0 files changed, 0 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.dir-locals.el b/.dir-locals.el
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f4b96445c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.dir-locals.el
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+;; Copyright (c) 2018 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
+;;
+;; This file is a part of  the programming language Ruby.  Permission is hereby
+;; granted, to either  redistribute and/or modify this file,  provided that the
+;; conditions mentioned  in the  file COPYING  are met.   Consult the  file for
+;; details.
+
+((nil .
+     ((indent-tabs-mode . nil)
+      (require-final-newline . t)
+      (tab-width . 8)
+      (show-trailing-whitespace . t)
+      (whitespace-line-column . 80))) ;; See also [Misc #12277]
+
+ ;; (bat-mode . ((buffer-file-coding-system . utf-8-dos)))
+
+ (ruby-mode . ((ruby-indent-level . 2)))
+
+ (rdoc-mode . ((fill-column . 74)))
+
+ (yaml-mode . ((yaml-indent-offset . 2)))
+
+ (makefile-mode . ((indent-tabs-mode . t)))
+
+ (c-mode . ((c-file-style . "ruby")))
+
+ (c++-mode . ((c-file-style . "ruby")))
+
+ (change-log-mode .
+     ((buffer-file-coding-system . us-ascii)
+      (indent-tabs-mode . t)
+      (change-log-indent-text . 2)
+      (add-log-time-format . (lambda (&optional x y)
+        (let* ((time (or x (current-time)))
+	       (system-time-locale "C")
+	       (diff (+ (cadr time) 32400))
+	       (lo (% diff 65536))
+	       (hi (+ (car time) (/ diff 65536))))
+        (format-time-string "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y" (list hi lo) t)))))))
diff --git a/.document b/.document
index ac7c493840..8616203552 100644
--- a/.document
+++ b/.document
@@ -5,11 +5,22 @@
 
 # Process all the C source files
 *.c
+*.y
 
 # prelude
 prelude.rb
-
 rbconfig.rb
+array.rb
+ast.rb
+dir.rb
+gc.rb
+integer.rb
+io.rb
+kernel.rb
+pack.rb
+trace_point.rb
+warning.rb
+ractor.rb
 
 # the lib/ directory (which has its own .document file)
 lib
@@ -18,11 +29,18 @@ lib
 ext
 
 # rdoc files
-ChangeLog
-
-NEWS
+NEWS.md
 
 README.md
 README.ja.md
 
+COPYING
+COPYING.ja
+CONTRIBUTING.md
+
+LEGAL
+
+# win32/README.win32 linked from README.md
+win32
+
 doc
diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig
index f404977180..4633a7acae 100644
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -2,19 +2,29 @@ root = true
 
 [*]
 end_of_line = lf
+indent_size = 4
+indent_style = space
 insert_final_newline = true
-trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 tab_width = 8
-indent_style = tab
-indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 
-[**.bat]
+[*.bat]
 end_of_line = crlf
 
-[**.rb]
-indent_style = space
+[*.gemspec]
+indent_size = 2
+
+[*.rb]
 indent_size = 2
 
 [*.yml]
 indent_size = 2
-indent_style = space
+
+[{*[Mm]akefile*,*.mak,*.mk,depend}]
+indent_style = tab
+
+[enc/*]
+indent_size = 2
+
+[reg*.[ch]]
+indent_size = 2
diff --git a/.gdbinit b/.gdbinit
index ab6eac45d9..49380951b8 100644
--- a/.gdbinit
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+set startup-with-shell off
+
 define hook-run
   set $color_type = 0
   set $color_highlite = 0
@@ -68,7 +70,9 @@ define rp
       print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ (ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX+0)
     else
       print (((struct RObject *)($arg0))->as.heap)
-      print/x *(((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.ivptr) @ (((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.numiv)
+      if (((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.numiv) > 0
+        print/x *(((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.ivptr) @ (((struct RObject*)($arg0))->as.heap.numiv)
+      end
     end
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_CLASS
@@ -95,14 +99,15 @@ define rp
     set $regsrc = ((struct RRegexp*)($arg0))->src
     set $rsflags = ((struct RBasic*)$regsrc)->flags
     printf "%sT_REGEXP%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
+    set $len = ($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+            ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.len : \
+            (($rsflags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
     set print address off
-    output (char *)(($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+    output *(char *)(($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
 	    ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.ptr : \
-	    ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.ary)
+	    ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.ary) @ $len
     set print address on
-    printf " len:%ld ", ($rsflags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
-            ((struct RString*)$regsrc)->as.heap.len : \
-            (($rsflags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+    printf " len:%ld ", $len
     if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER6
       printf "(none) "
     end
@@ -123,7 +128,7 @@ define rp
       if ($len == 0)
 	printf "{(empty)} "
       else
-	output/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+	print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
 	printf " "
       end
     else
@@ -131,7 +136,7 @@ define rp
       printf "%sT_ARRAY%s: len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, $len
       if ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2)
 	printf "(shared) shared="
-	output/x ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.aux.shared
+	output/x ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.aux.shared_root
 	printf " "
       else
 	printf "(ownership) capa=%ld ", ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.aux.capa
@@ -139,7 +144,7 @@ define rp
       if ($len == 0)
 	printf "{(empty)} "
       else
-	output/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr) @ $len
+	print/x *((VALUE*)((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr) @ $len
 	printf " "
       end
     end
@@ -151,34 +156,27 @@ define rp
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_HASH
     printf "%sT_HASH%s: ", $color_type, $color_end,
-    if ((struct RHash *)($arg0))->ntbl
-      printf "len=%ld ", ((struct RHash *)($arg0))->ntbl->num_entries
+    if (((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG)
+      printf "st len=%ld ", ((struct RHash *)($arg0))->as.st->num_entries
+    else
+      printf "li len=%ld bound=%ld ", \
+        ((((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_MASK) >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SHIFT), \
+        ((((struct RHash *)($arg0))->basic.flags & RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_MASK) >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SHIFT)
     end
     print (struct RHash *)($arg0)
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_STRUCT
-    printf "%sT_STRUCT%s: len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, \
-      (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
+    set $len = (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
        ($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+1) : \
        ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.heap.len)
+    printf "%sT_STRUCT%s: len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, $len
     print (struct RStruct *)($arg0)
-    x/xw (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
-          ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.ary : \
-          ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr)
+    output/x *(($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER1|RUBY_FL_USER2)) ? \
+              ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.ary : \
+              ((struct RStruct *)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr) @ $len
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_BIGNUM
-    printf "%sT_BIGNUM%s: sign=%d len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, \
-      (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) != 0), \
-      (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
-       ($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER3)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3) : \
-       ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.len)
-    if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER2
-      printf "(embed) "
-    end
-    print (struct RBignum *)($arg0)
-    x/xw (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
-          ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.ary : \
-          ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.digits)
+    rp_bignum $arg0
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_RATIONAL
     printf "%sT_RATIONAL%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
@@ -253,7 +251,7 @@ define rp
   else
   if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_IMEMO
     printf "%sT_IMEMO%s(", $color_type, $color_end
-    output (enum imemo_type)(($flags>>RUBY_FL_USHIFT)&imemo_mask)
+    output (enum imemo_type)(($flags>>RUBY_FL_USHIFT)&RUBY_IMEMO_MASK)
     printf "): "
     rp_imemo $arg0
   else
@@ -267,6 +265,10 @@ define rp
     printf "%sT_ZOMBIE%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
     print (struct RData *)($arg0)
   else
+  if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_MOVED
+    printf "%sT_MOVED%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
+    print *(struct RMoved *)$arg0
+  else
     printf "%sunknown%s: ", $color_type, $color_end
     print (struct RBasic *)($arg0)
   end
@@ -302,6 +304,7 @@ define rp
   end
   end
   end
+  end
 end
 document rp
   Print a Ruby's VALUE.
@@ -333,6 +336,9 @@ define rp_id
   if $id == idLTLT
     printf "(:<<)\n"
   else
+  if $id == idGTGT
+    printf "(:>>)\n"
+  else
   if $id == idLE
     printf "(:<=)\n"
   else
@@ -360,6 +366,18 @@ define rp_id
   if $id == idASET
     printf "(:[]=)\n"
   else
+  if $id == idCOLON2
+    printf "(:'::')\n"
+  else
+  if $id == idANDOP
+    printf "(:&&)\n"
+  else
+  if $id == idOROP
+    printf "(:||)\n"
+  else
+  if $id == idANDDOT
+    printf "(:&.)\n"
+  else
     if $id <= tLAST_OP_ID
       printf "O"
     else
@@ -391,12 +409,13 @@ define rp_id
       end
     end
     printf "(%ld): ", $id
-    set $str = lookup_id_str($id)
-    if $str
-      rp_string $str
-    else
-      echo undef\n
-    end
+    print_id $id
+    echo \n
+  end
+  end
+  end
+  end
+  end
   end
   end
   end
@@ -421,21 +440,33 @@ end
 
 define output_string
   set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
-  printf "%s", (char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+  set $len = ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+          ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.len : \
+          (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+  if $len > 0
+    output *(char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
 	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr : \
-	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary)
+	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+  else
+    output ""
+  end
 end
 
-define rp_string
+define print_string
   set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
-  set print address off
-  output (char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
-	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr : \
-	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary)
-  set print address on
-  printf " bytesize:%ld ", ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+  set $len = ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
           ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.len : \
           (($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6)) >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2)
+  if $len > 0
+    printf "%s", *(char *)(($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) ? \
+	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr : \
+	    ((struct RString*)($arg0))->as.ary) @ $len
+  end
+end
+
+define rp_string
+  output_string $arg0
+  printf " bytesize:%ld ", $len
   if !($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1)
     printf "(embed) "
   else
@@ -466,6 +497,51 @@ document rp_string
   Print the content of a String.
 end
 
+define rp_bignum
+  set $flags = ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->basic.flags
+  set $len = (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
+       ($flags & (RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER3)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3) : \
+       ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.len)
+  printf "%sT_BIGNUM%s: sign=%d len=%ld ", $color_type, $color_end, \
+         (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) != 0), $len
+  if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER2
+    printf "(embed) "
+  end
+  print (struct RBignum *)($arg0)
+  set $ptr = (($flags & RUBY_FL_USER2) ? \
+              ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.ary : \
+              ((struct RBignum*)($arg0))->as.heap.digits)
+  set $len = $len-1
+  printf "0x%x", $ptr[$len]
+  while $len > 0
+    set $len = $len-1
+    set $val = $ptr[$len]
+    set $w = sizeof($ptr[0])
+    printf "_"
+    if $w > 8
+      printf "%.32x", $val
+    else
+    if $w > 4
+      printf "%.16x", $val
+    else
+    if $w > 2
+      printf "%.8x", $val
+    else
+    if $w > 1
+      printf "%.4x", $val
+    else
+      printf "%.2x", $val
+    end
+    end
+    end
+    end
+  end
+  printf "\n"
+end
+document rp_bignum
+  Print the content of a Bignum.
+end
+
 define rp_class
   printf "(struct RClass *) %p", (void*)$arg0
   if ((struct RClass *)($arg0))->ptr.origin_ != $arg0
@@ -481,7 +557,7 @@ document rp_class
 end
 
 define rp_imemo
-  set $flags = (enum imemo_type)((((struct RBasic *)($arg0))->flags >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT) & imemo_mask)
+  set $flags = (enum imemo_type)((((struct RBasic *)($arg0))->flags >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT) & RUBY_IMEMO_MASK)
   if $flags == imemo_cref
     printf "(rb_cref_t *) %p\n", (void*)$arg0
     print *(rb_cref_t *)$arg0
@@ -633,12 +709,6 @@ define nd_cval
   rp ($arg0).u3.value
 end
 
-
-define nd_cnt
-  printf "%su3.cnt%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u3.cnt
-end
-
 define nd_tbl
   printf "%su1.tbl%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   p ($arg0).u1.tbl
@@ -677,12 +747,6 @@ define nd_lit
   rp ($arg0).u1.value
 end
 
-
-define nd_frml
-  printf "%su1.node%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  rp ($arg0).u1.node
-end
-
 define nd_rest
   printf "%su2.argc%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   p ($arg0).u2.argc
@@ -709,12 +773,6 @@ define nd_args
   rp ($arg0).u3.node
 end
 
-
-define nd_noex
-  printf "%su1.id%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u1.id
-end
-
 define nd_defn
   printf "%su3.node%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   rp ($arg0).u3.node
@@ -732,17 +790,6 @@ define nd_new
 end
 
 
-define nd_cfnc
-  printf "%su1.cfunc%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u1.cfunc
-end
-
-define nd_argc
-  printf "%su2.argc%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
-  p ($arg0).u2.argc
-end
-
-
 define nd_cname
   printf "%su1.id%s: ", $color_highlite, $color_end
   p ($arg0).u1.id
@@ -804,7 +851,7 @@ end
 
 define nd_tree
   set $buf = (struct RString *)rb_str_buf_new(0)
-  call dump_node((VALUE)($buf), rb_str_new(0, 0), 0, ($arg0))
+  call dump_node((VALUE)($buf), rb_str_tmp_new(0), 0, ($arg0))
   printf "%s\n", $buf->as.heap.ptr
 end
 
@@ -924,7 +971,7 @@ define iseq
 end
 
 define rb_ps
-  rb_ps_vm ruby_current_vm
+  rb_ps_vm ruby_current_vm_ptr
 end
 document rb_ps
 Dump all threads and their callstacks
@@ -956,45 +1003,74 @@ define print_lineno
     set $pos = $pos - 1
   end
 
-  set $i = 0
-  set $size = $iseq->body->line_info_size
-  set $table = $iseq->body->line_info_table
+  set $index = 0
+  set $size = $iseq->body->insns_info.size
+  set $table = $iseq->body->insns_info.body
+  set $positions = $iseq->body->insns_info.positions
   #printf "size: %d\n", $size
   if $size == 0
   else
-    set $i = 1
-    while $i < $size
-      #printf "table[%d]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %d\n", $i, $table[$i].position, $table[$i].line_no, $pos
-      if $table[$i].position > $pos
-        loop_break
+  if $size == 1
+    printf "%d", $table[0].line_no
+  else
+    if $positions
+      # get_insn_info_linear_search
+      set $index = 1
+      while $index < $size
+        #printf "table[%d]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %d\n", $i, $positions[$i], $table[$i].line_no, $pos
+        if $positions[$index] > $pos
+          loop_break
+        end
+        set $index = $index + 1
+        if $positions[$index] == $pos
+          loop_break
+        end
       end
-      set $i = $i + 1
-      if $table[$i].position == $pos
-        loop_break
+    else
+      # get_insn_info_succinct_bitvector
+      set $sd = $iseq->body->insns_info.succ_index_table
+      set $immediate_table_size = sizeof($sd->imm_part) / sizeof(uint64_t) * 9
+      if $pos < $immediate_table_size
+        set $i = $pos / 9
+        set $j = $pos % 9
+        set $index = ((int)($sd->imm_part[$i] >> ($j * 7))) & 0x7f
+      else
+        set $block_index = ($pos - $immediate_table_size) / 512
+        set $block = &$sd->succ_part[$block_index]
+        set $block_bit_index = ($pos - $immediate_table_size) % 512
+        set $small_block_index = $block_bit_index / 64
+        set $small_block_popcount = $small_block_index == 0 ? 0 : (((int)($block->small_block_ranks >> (($small_block_index - 1) * 9))) & 0x1ff)
+        set $x = $block->bits[$small_block_index] << (63 - $block_bit_index % 64)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x5555555555555555) + ($x >> 1 & 0x5555555555555555)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x3333333333333333) + ($x >> 2 & 0x3333333333333333)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x0707070707070707) + ($x >> 4 & 0x0707070707070707)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x001f001f001f001f) + ($x >> 8 & 0x001f001f001f001f)
+        set $x = ($x & 0x0000003f0000003f) + ($x >>16 & 0x0000003f0000003f)
+        set $popcnt = ($x & 0x7f) + ($x >>32 & 0x7f)
+        set $index = $block->rank + $small_block_popcount + $popcnt
       end
     end
-    printf "%d", $table[$i-1].line_no
+    printf "%d", $table[$index-1].line_no
+  end
   end
 end
 
 define check_method_entry
-  # get $immeo and $can_be_svar and return $me
   set $imemo = (struct RBasic *)$arg0
-  set $can_be_svar = $arg1
   if $imemo != RUBY_Qfalse
     set $type = ($imemo->flags >> 12) & 0x07
     if $type == imemo_ment
       set $me = (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)$imemo
     else
     if $type == imemo_svar
-      set $imemo == ((struct vm_svar *)$imemo)->cref_or_me
-      check_method_entry $imemo 0
+      set $imemo = ((struct vm_svar *)$imemo)->cref_or_me
+      check_method_entry $imemo
     end
     end
   end
 end
 
-define output_id
+define print_id
   set $id = $arg0
   # rb_id_to_serial
   if $id > tLAST_OP_ID
@@ -1002,9 +1078,9 @@ define output_id
   else
     set $serial = (rb_id_serial_t)$id
   end
-  if $serial && $serial <= global_symbols.last_id
+  if $serial && $serial <= ruby_global_symbols.last_id
     set $idx = $serial / ID_ENTRY_UNIT
-    set $ids = (struct RArray *)global_symbols.ids
+    set $ids = (struct RArray *)ruby_global_symbols.ids
     set $flags = $ids->basic.flags
     if ($flags & RUBY_FL_USER1)
       set $idsptr = $ids->as.ary
@@ -1026,31 +1102,59 @@ define output_id
           set $arylen = $ary->as.heap.len
         end
         set $result = $aryptr[($serial % ID_ENTRY_UNIT) * ID_ENTRY_SIZE + $t]
-        output_string $result
+	if $result != RUBY_Qnil
+          print_string $result
+	else
+	  echo undef
+	end
       end
     end
   end
 end
 
+define print_pathobj
+  set $flags = ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags
+  if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_STRING
+    print_string $arg0
+  end
+  if ($flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == RUBY_T_ARRAY
+    if $flags & RUBY_FL_USER1
+      set $str = ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.ary[0]
+    else
+      set $str = ((struct RArray*)($arg0))->as.heap.ptr[0]
+    end
+    print_string $str
+  end
+end
+
 define rb_ps_thread
   set $ps_thread = (struct RTypedData*)$arg0
   set $ps_thread_th = (rb_thread_t*)$ps_thread->data
   printf "* #<Thread:%p rb_thread_t:%p native_thread:%p>\n", \
     $ps_thread, $ps_thread_th, $ps_thread_th->thread_id
-  set $cfp = $ps_thread_th->cfp
-  set $cfpend = (rb_control_frame_t *)($ps_thread_th->stack + $ps_thread_th->stack_size)-1
+  set $cfp = $ps_thread_th->ec->cfp
+  set $cfpend = (rb_control_frame_t *)($ps_thread_th->ec->vm_stack + $ps_thread_th->ec->vm_stack_size)-1
   while $cfp < $cfpend
     if $cfp->iseq
+      if !((VALUE)$cfp->iseq & RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK) && (((imemo_ifunc << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_IMEMO)==$cfp->iseq->flags & ((RUBY_IMEMO_MASK << RUBY_FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_MASK))
+        printf "%d:ifunc ", $cfpend-$cfp
+        set print symbol-filename on
+        output/a $cfp->iseq.body
+        set print symbol-filename off
+        printf "\n"
+      else
       if $cfp->pc
         set $location = $cfp->iseq->body->location
-        output_string $location.path
+        printf "%d:", $cfpend-$cfp
+        print_pathobj $location.pathobj
         printf ":"
         print_lineno $cfp
         printf ":in `"
-        output_string $location.label
+        print_string $location.label
         printf "'\n"
       else
-        printf "???.rb:???:in `???'\n"
+        printf "%d: ???.rb:???:in `???'\n", $cfpend-$cfp
+      end
       end
     else
       # if VM_FRAME_TYPE($cfp->flag) == VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC
@@ -1062,7 +1166,7 @@ define rb_ps_thread
         set $env_specval = $ep[-1]
         set $env_me_cref = $ep[-2]
         while ($env_specval & 0x02) != 0
-          check_method_entry $env_me_cref 0
+          check_method_entry $env_me_cref
           if $me != 0
             loop_break
           end
@@ -1071,17 +1175,18 @@ define rb_ps_thread
           set $env_me_cref = $ep[-2]
         end
         if $me == 0
-          check_method_entry $env_me_cref 1
+          check_method_entry $env_me_cref
         end
+        printf "%d:", $cfpend-$cfp
         set print symbol-filename on
         output/a $me->def->body.cfunc.func
         set print symbol-filename off
         set $mid = $me->def->original_id
         printf ":in `"
-        output_id $mid
+        print_id $mid
         printf "'\n"
       else
-        printf "unknown_frame:???:in `???'\n"
+        printf "%d:unknown_frame:???:in `???'\n", $cfpend-$cfp
       end
     end
     set $cfp = $cfp + 1
@@ -1089,7 +1194,7 @@ define rb_ps_thread
 end
 
 define rb_count_objects
-  set $objspace = ruby_current_vm->objspace
+  set $objspace = ruby_current_vm_ptr->objspace
   set $counts_00 = 0
   set $counts_01 = 0
   set $counts_02 = 0
@@ -1174,7 +1279,7 @@ document rb_count_objects
   Counts all objects grouped by type.
 end
 
-# Details: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
+# Details: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
 define trace_machine_instructions
   set logging on
   set height 0
@@ -1213,3 +1318,34 @@ define dump_node
                         ((struct RString*)$str)->as.heap.ptr : \
                         ((struct RString*)$str)->as.ary)
 end
+
+define print_flags
+  printf "RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED: %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_FINALIZE    : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_FINALIZE ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_TAINT       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_TAINT ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED   : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_EXIVAR      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_EXIVAR ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_FREEZE      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_FREEZE ? "1" : "0"
+
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER0       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER0 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER1       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER1 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER2       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER2 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER3       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER3 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER4       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER4 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER5       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER5 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER6       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER6 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER7       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER7 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER8       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER8 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER9       : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER9 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER10      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER10 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER11      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER11 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER12      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER12 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER13      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER13 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER14      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER14 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER15      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER15 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER16      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER16 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER17      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER17 ? "1" : "0"
+  printf "RUBY_FL_USER18      : %s\n", ((struct RBasic*)($arg0))->flags & RUBY_FL_USER18 ? "1" : "0"
+end
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index d9785fad00..d0c2d266b4 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 *.gemspec diff=ruby
 *.rb diff=ruby
+bin svn-properties=svn:ignore=ruby
 bin/* diff=ruby
 tool/update-deps diff=ruby
 tool/make-snapshot diff=ruby
+tool/format-release diff=ruby
+tool/leaked-globals diff=ruby
diff --git a/.github/SECURITY.md b/.github/SECURITY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56baa29942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+See <https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/branches/>.
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+See <https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/security/>.
diff --git a/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml b/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7196708b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+name: "CodeQL config for the Ruby language"
+
+paths-ignore:
+  - '/ext/**/*/conftest.c'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16d1e4a85a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+name: BASERUBY Check
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  baseruby:
+    name: BASERUBY
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        ruby:
+          - ruby-2.2
+#         - ruby-2.3
+#         - ruby-2.4
+#         - ruby-2.5
+#         - ruby-2.6
+          - ruby-2.7
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+          bundler: none
+      - run: echo "make=make -sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf bison
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+      - run: ./configure --disable-install-doc
+      - run: $make update-unicode
+      - run: $make common-srcs
+      - run: $make incs
+      - run: $make all
+      - run: $make test
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / BASERUBY @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5c5ea3036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+name: Check Dependencies
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  update-deps:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-latest]
+      fail-fast: true
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')"
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          brew upgrade
+          brew install gdbm gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline
+        if: "contains(matrix.os, 'macos')"
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ./configure -C --disable-install-doc --disable-rubygems --with-gcc 'optflags=-O0' 'debugflags=-save-temps=obj -g'
+      - run: make all golf
+      - run: ruby tool/update-deps --fix
+      - run: git diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / Dependencies need to update",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f4bbc7093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+name: Miscellaneous checks
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  checks:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Check if C-sources are US-ASCII
+        run: |
+          ! grep -r -n '[^	 -~]' *.[chy] include internal win32/*.[ch]
+      - name: Check for header macros
+        run: |
+          ! for header in ruby/*.h; do \
+            git grep -l -F -e $header -e HAVE_`echo $header | tr a-z./ A-Z__` -- . > /dev/null || echo $header
+          done | grep -F .
+        working-directory: include
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fbabd35c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+name: "Code scanning - action"
+
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 12 * * 4'
+
+jobs:
+  CodeQL-Build:
+
+    # CodeQL runs on ubuntu-latest and windows-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Install libraries
+      run: |
+        set -x
+        sudo apt-get update -q || :
+        sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 2
+
+    - run: git checkout HEAD^2
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+    - name: Remove an obsolete rubygems vendored file
+      run: sudo rm /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
+
+    - name: Initialize CodeQL
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
+      with:
+        languages: cpp
+        config-file: ./.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
+
+    - name: Autobuild
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v1
+
+    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b954c64bd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+name: Compilations
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+# Github actions does not support YAML anchors.  This creative use of
+# environment variables (plus the "echo ::set-env" hack) is to reroute that
+# restriction.
+env:
+  default_cc: clang-11
+  append_cc: ''
+  crosshost: ''
+
+  # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests... Majority of time are consumed trying
+  # to optimize binaries.  Also Github Actions runs on a relatively modern CPU
+  # compared to, say, GCC 4 or Clang 3.  We don't specify `-march=native`
+  # because compilers tend not understand what the CPU is.
+  optflags: '-O1'
+
+  # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV.  Do not set that.
+  debugflags: '-ggdb3'
+
+  default_configure: >-
+    --enable-debug-env
+    --disable-install-doc
+    --with-ext=-test-/cxxanyargs,+
+  append_configure: >-
+    --without-valgrind
+    --without-jemalloc
+    --without-gmp
+
+  UPDATE_UNICODE: >-
+    UNICODE_FILES=.
+    UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=.
+    UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=.
+    UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=.
+  CONFIGURE_TTY: never
+  GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+  RUBY_DEBUG: ci rgengc
+  RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
+    -q
+    --color=always
+    --tty=no
+
+jobs:
+  compile:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        entry:
+          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-10,    value: gcc-10 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-9,     value: gcc-9 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-8,     value: gcc-8 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-7,     value: gcc-7 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-6,     value: gcc-6 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-5,     value: gcc-5 }
+          - { key: default_cc, name: gcc-4.8,   value: gcc-4.8 }
+          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-12,  value: clang-12 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-11,  value: clang-11 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-10,  value: clang-10 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-9,   value: clang-9 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-8,   value: clang-8 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-7,   value: clang-7 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-6.0, value: clang-6.0 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-5.0, value: clang-5.0 }
+#         - { key: default_cc, name: clang-4.0, value: clang-4.0 }
+          - { key: default_cc, name: clang-3.9, value: clang-3.9 }
+
+          - { key: crosshost, name: aarch64-linux-gnu,     value: aarch64-linux-gnu }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: arm-linux-gnueabi,     value: arm-linux-gnueabi }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: arm-linux-gnueabihf,   value: arm-linux-gnueabihf }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: i686-w64-mingw32,      value: i686-w64-mingw32 }
+#         - { key: crosshost, name: powerpc-linux-gnu,     value: powerpc-linux-gnu }
+          - { key: crosshost, name: powerpc64le-linux-gnu, value: powerpc64le-linux-gnu }
+          - { key: crosshost, name: s390x-linux-gnu,       value: s390x-linux-gnu }
+          - { key: crosshost, name: x86_64-w64-mingw32,    value: x86_64-w64-mingw32 }
+
+          - { key: append_cc, name: c99,   value: '-std=c99   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+#         - { key: append_cc, name: c11,   value: '-std=c11   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+#         - { key: append_cc, name: c17,   value: '-std=c17   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+          - { key: append_cc, name: c2x,   value: '-std=c2x   -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors' }
+          - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++98, value: '-std=c++98 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++11, value: '-std=c++11 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++14, value: '-std=c++14 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+#         - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++17, value: '-std=c++17 -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+          - { key: CXXFLAGS,  name: c++2a, value: '-std=c++2a -Werror=pedantic -pedantic-errors -Wno-c++11-long-long' }
+
+          - { key: optflags, name: '-O0', value: '-O0 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }
+#         - { key: optflags, name: '-O3', value: '-O3 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic' }
+
+          - { key: append_configure, name: gmp,                  value: '--with-gmp' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: jemalloc,             value: '--with-jemalloc' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: valgrind,             value: '--with-valgrind' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: 'coroutine=ucontext', value: '--with-coroutine=ucontext' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: 'coroutine=copy',     value: '--with-coroutine=copy' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-jit-support,  value: '--disable-jit-support' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-dln,          value: '--disable-dln' }
+          - { key: append_configure, name: disable-rubygems,     value: '--disable-rubygems' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=1,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=1' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=2,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=2' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: OPT_THREADED_CODE=3,            value: '-DOPT_THREADED_CODE=3' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: NDEBUG,                         value: '-DNDEBUG' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: RUBY_DEBUG,                     value: '-DRUBY_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: ARRAY_DEBUG,                    value: '-DARRAY_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: BIGNUM_DEBUG,                   value: '-DBIGNUM_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: CCAN_LIST_DEBUG,                value: '-DCCAN_LIST_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: CPDEBUG=-1,                     value: '-DCPDEBUG=-1' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: ENC_DEBUG,                      value: '-DENC_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_DEBUG,                       value: '-DGC_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: HASH_DEBUG,                     value: '-DHASH_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: ID_TABLE_DEBUG,                 value: '-DID_TABLE_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_DEBUG=-1,                value: '-DRGENGC_DEBUG=-1' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: SYMBOL_DEBUG,                   value: '-DSYMBOL_DEBUG' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: THREAD_DEBUG=-1,                value: '-DTHREAD_DEBUG=-1' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_CHECK_MODE,              value: '-DRGENGC_CHECK_MODE' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: TRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE,      value: '-DTRANSIENT_HEAP_CHECK_MODE' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_CHECK_MODE,                  value: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_EMBED_CI=0,                 value: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_FLONUM=0,                   value: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS, value: '-DUSE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: USE_LAZY_LOAD,                  value: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RINCGC=0,                   value: '-DUSE_RINCGC=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_SYMBOL_GC=0,                value: '-DUSE_SYMBOL_GC=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_THREAD_CACHE=0,             value: '-DUSE_THREAD_CACHE=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0,           value: '-DUSE_TRANSIENT_HEAP=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1,           value: '-DUSE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=1' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: DEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS,       value: '-DDEBUG_FIND_TIME_NUMGUESS' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: DEBUG_INTEGER_PACK,             value: '-DDEBUG_INTEGER_PACK' }
+          - { key: cppflags, name: ENABLE_PATH_CHECK,              value: '-DENABLE_PATH_CHECK' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS,       value: '-DGC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0,         value: '-DGC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP=0' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY,       value: '-DGC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMOTY' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL,         value: '-DGC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE,         value: '-DCALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK,    value: '-DMALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER,   value: '-DIBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC,      value: '-DRGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC,          value: '-DRGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_OBJ_INFO,                value: '-DRGENGC_OBJ_INFO' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK,        value: '-DRGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: RGENGC_PROFILE,                 value: '-DRGENGC_PROFILE' }
+
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK,              value: '-DVM_DEBUG_BP_CHECK' }
+#         - { key: cppflags, name: VM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE,   value: '-DVM_DEBUG_VERIFY_METHOD_CACHE' }
+
+          - { key: cppflags, name: MJIT_FORCE_ENABLE,              value: '-DMJIT_FORCE_ENABLE' }
+
+    name: ${{ matrix.entry.name }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:latest
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: setenv
+        run: |
+          echo "${{ matrix.entry.key }}=${{ matrix.entry.value }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "make=make -sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: |
+          if [ -n "${crosshost}" ]; then
+            ../src/configure -C \
+              ${default_configure} \
+              ${append_configure} \
+              --host="${crosshost}"
+          else
+            ../src/configure -C \
+              ${default_configure} \
+              ${append_configure} \
+              --with-gcc="${default_cc} ${append_cc}"
+          fi
+      - run: $make extract-extlibs
+      - run: $make incs
+      - run: $make
+      - run: $make test
+      - run: $make install
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: /usr/local/bin/gem install --no-doc timezone tzinfo
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: $make test-tool
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: $make test-all TESTS='-- ruby -ext-'
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+      - run: $make test-spec
+        if: "matrix.entry.name == '-O3'"
+
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.entry.name }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos.yml b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9c0a17302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+name: macOS
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check", "test-bundler-parallel" ] #, "test-bundled-gems" ] matrix tests has unknown issues
+      fail-fast: false
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Disable Firewall
+        run: |
+          sudo /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw --setglobalstate off
+          sudo /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw --getglobalstate
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          export WAITS='5 60'
+          tool/travis_retry.sh brew upgrade
+          tool/travis_retry.sh brew install gdbm gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(sysctl -n hw.activecpu)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1) --with-readline-dir=$(brew --prefix readline)
+      - run: make $JOBS incs
+      - run: make $JOBS
+      - run: make leaked-globals
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make prepare-gems
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make $JOBS -s ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: "rexml"
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a5d64c7b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+name: MinGW
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+# Notes:
+# Actions console encoding causes issues, see test-all & test-spec steps
+#
+jobs:
+  make:
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    name: ${{ github.workflow }} (${{ matrix.msystem }})
+    env:
+      MSYSTEM: MINGW64
+      MSYSTEM_PREFIX: /mingw64
+      MSYS2_ARCH: x86_64
+      CHOST: "x86_64-w64-mingw32"
+      CFLAGS:   "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      CXXFLAGS: "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe"
+      CPPFLAGS: "-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -DFD_SETSIZE=2048"
+      LDFLAGS:  "-pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      UPDATE_UNICODE: "UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check" ] # to make job names consistent
+      fail-fast: false
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --system core.autocrlf false
+          git config --system core.eol lf
+          git config --system advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Set up Ruby & MSYS2
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: 2.6
+          mingw: _upgrade_ gdbm gmp libffi libyaml openssl ragel readline
+          msys2: automake1.16 bison
+      - name: where check
+        run: |
+          # show where
+          Write-Host
+          $where = 'gcc.exe', 'ragel.exe', 'make.exe', 'bison.exe', 'libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll', 'libssl-1_1-x64.dll'
+          foreach ($e in $where) {
+            $rslt = where.exe $e 2>&1 | Out-String
+            if ($rslt.contains($e)) { Write-Host $rslt }
+            else { Write-Host "`nCan't find $e" }
+          }
+
+      - name: autogen
+        run: |
+          ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+        shell: sh
+
+      - name: configure
+        run: |
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          $config_args = "--build=$env:CHOST --host=$env:CHOST --target=$env:CHOST"
+          Write-Host $config_args
+          sh -c "../src/configure --disable-install-doc --prefix=/. $config_args"
+          # Write-Host "-------------------------------------- config.log"
+          # Get-Content ./config.log | foreach {Write-Output $_}
+
+      - name: update
+        run: |
+          $jobs = [int](2 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          make -j $jobs incs
+
+      - name: download gems
+        run: |
+          $jobs = [int](2 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          make -j $jobs update-gems
+
+      - name: make all
+        timeout-minutes: 40
+        run: |
+          $jobs = [int](2 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          make -j $jobs
+
+      - name: make install
+        run: |
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          make DESTDIR=../install install-nodoc
+
+      - name: test
+        timeout-minutes: 5
+        run: |
+          make test
+
+      - name: test-all
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+        run: |
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          $jobs = [int](1.5 * $env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS)
+          if ($env:BUNDLER_VERSION) { Remove-Item env:\BUNDLER_VERSION }
+          make test-all TESTOPTS="-j $jobs --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5"
+
+      - name: test-spec
+        timeout-minutes: 10
+        working-directory: src/spec/ruby
+        run: |
+          $env:Path = "$pwd/../../../install/bin;$env:Path"
+          # Actions uses UTF8, causes test failures, similar to normal OS setup
+          $PSDefaultParameterValues['*:Encoding'] = 'utf8'
+          [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          [Console]::InputEncoding  = [System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding("IBM437")
+          ruby -v
+          ruby ../mspec/bin/mspec -I../../tool/lib -j
+
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} ${{ matrix.msystem }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mjit.yml b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e3a6d6ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+name: MJIT
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check" ] # to make job names consistent
+        jit_opts: [ "--jit", "--jit-wait" ]
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    env:
+      TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
+      RUN_OPTS: '--disable-gems ${{ matrix.jit_opts }} --jit-debug=-ggdb3'
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Fixed world writable dirs
+        run: |
+          chmod -v go-w $HOME $HOME/.config
+          sudo chmod -R go-w /usr/share
+          sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v go-w $d; done' || :
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc cppflags=-DVM_CHECK_MODE
+      - run: make $JOBS incs
+      - run: make $JOBS
+      - run: sudo make $JOBS -s install
+      - run: sudo apt-get install gdb # used by test / test-all failure
+      - name: Run test
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          make $JOBS -s test RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+      - name: Run test-all
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          make $JOBS -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+      - name: Run test-spec
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          make $JOBS -s test-spec RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+        timeout-minutes: 60
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.jit_opts }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf053cdd05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Rubyspec Version Guards Check
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  rubyspec:
+    name: Rubyspec
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        # Specs from ruby/spec should still run on all supported Ruby versions.
+        # This also ensures the needed ruby_version_is guards are there, see spec/README.md.
+        ruby:
+          - ruby-2.5
+#         - ruby-2.6
+          - ruby-2.7
+          - ruby-3.0
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+          bundler: none
+      - run: gem install webrick
+      - run: ruby ../mspec/bin/mspec
+        working-directory: spec/ruby
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / rubyspec @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93187699be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+name: Ubuntu
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [ "check", "test-bundler-parallel", "test-bundled-gems", "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2" ]
+        os:
+          - ubuntu-20.04
+#         - ubuntu-18.04
+#         - ubuntu-16.04
+        debug: ["", "-DRUBY_DEBUG"]
+        exclude:
+          - test_task: test-bundler-parallel
+            os: ubuntu-16.04
+          - test_task: test-bundled-gems
+            os: ubuntu-16.04
+          - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
+            os: ubuntu-16.04
+          - os: ubuntu-16.04
+            debug: -DRUBY_DEBUG
+          - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
+            debug: -DRUBY_DEBUG
+      fail-fast: false
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+      RUBY_DEBUG: ci
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev bison autoconf ruby
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Fixed world writable dirs
+        run: |
+          chmod -v go-w $HOME $HOME/.config
+          sudo chmod -R go-w /usr/share
+          sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v go-w $d; done' || :
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "JOBS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc cppflags=${{ matrix.debug }}
+      - run: make $JOBS incs
+      - run: make $JOBS
+      - run: make leaked-globals
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make prepare-gems
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - name: Create dummy files in build dir
+        run: |
+          ./miniruby -e '(("a".."z").to_a+("A".."Z").to_a+("0".."9").to_a+%w[foo bar test zzz]).each{|basename|File.write("#{basename}.rb", "raise %(do not load #{basename}.rb)")}'
+        if: matrix.test_task == 'check'
+      - run: make $JOBS -s ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+        env:
+          RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
+          TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ""
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.debug }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows.yml b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98e59ae188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+name: Windows
+on: [push, pull_request]
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        test_task: [test]
+        os: [windows-2019]
+        vs: [2019]
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    env:
+      GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
+      VCVARS: C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.vs }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat
+    if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[ci skip]')"
+    steps:
+      - run: md build
+        working-directory:
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: C:\vcpkg\downloads
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ matrix.os }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-
+      - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
+        run: |
+          vcpkg --triplet x64-windows install readline zlib
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: C:\Users\runneradmin\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ matrix.os }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-
+      - name: Install libraries with chocolatey
+        run: |
+          choco install --no-progress openssl
+          choco install --no-progress winflexbison3 --version=2.5.18.20190508
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --system advice.detachedHead 0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - name: Configure
+        run: |
+          call "%VCVARS%"
+          ../src/win32/configure.bat --disable-install-doc --without-ext=+,dbm,gdbm --enable-bundled-libffi --with-opt-dir=C:/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows --with-openssl-dir="C:/Program Files/OpenSSL-Win64"
+      - name: nmake
+        run: |
+          call "%VCVARS%"
+          set YACC=win_bison
+          echo on
+          nmake incs
+          nmake extract-extlibs
+          nmake
+      - name: nmake test
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+        run: |
+          call "%VCVARS%"
+          nmake ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: failure() && github.event_name == 'push'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
+    shell: cmd
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 165f313e84..8d11d7278a 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 *.a
 *.bak
 *.bc
+*.bundle
 *.dSYM
 *.dmyh
 *.dylib
@@ -13,29 +14,40 @@
 *.log
 *.o
 *.obj
+*.old
 *.orig
+*.pch
 *.pdb
+*.rbinc
 *.rej
 *.s
 *.sav
+*.sl
+*.so
 *.swp
 *.yarb
 *~
-.*-*
 .*.list
 .*.time
 .DS_Store
+.bundle
 .ccmalloc
 .ext
 .pc
 .ppack
 .svn
+.time
+.ruby-version
 Makefile
-Makefile.old
 cygruby*.def
 extconf.h
 y.output
 y.tab.c
+*.gcda
+*.gcno
+*.gcov
+*.vscode
+lcov*.info
 
 # /
 /*-fake.rb
@@ -45,13 +57,13 @@ y.tab.c
 /*.pc
 /*.rc
 /*_prelude.c
+/.downloaded-cache
+/.top-enc.mk
+/build*/
 /COPYING.LIB
-/ChangeLog-*
-/ChangeLog.pre-alpha
-/ChangeLog.pre1_1
+/ChangeLog
 /Doxyfile
 /GNUmakefile
-/GNUmakefile.old
 /README.atheos
 /README.fat-patch
 /README.v6
@@ -59,6 +71,7 @@ y.tab.c
 /archive
 /autom4te*.cache
 /automake
+/benchmark/benchmark-driver
 /beos
 /bmlog-*
 /breakpoints.gdb
@@ -82,6 +95,9 @@ y.tab.c
 /goruby
 /id.[ch]
 /largefile.h
+/lcov-c-out
+/lcov-rb-out
+/lcov-out
 /lex.c
 /libruby*.*
 /miniprelude.c
@@ -97,19 +113,24 @@ y.tab.c
 /ppack
 /prelude.c
 /preview
+/probes.dmyh
 /probes.h
 /rbconfig.rb
 /rename2.h
 /repack
 /revision.h
+/revision.tmp
 /riscos
 /rubicon
 /ruby
 /ruby-runner
 /ruby-runner.h
 /ruby-man.rd.gz
+/run.gdb
 /sizes.c
+/static-ruby
 /test.rb
+/test-coverage.dat
 /tmp
 /transdb.h
 /uncommon.mk
@@ -118,7 +139,13 @@ y.tab.c
 /web
 /yasmdata.rb
 
+# /bin/
+
+/bin/*.exe
+/bin/*.dll
+
 # /benchmark/
+/benchmark/bm_require.data
 /benchmark/bmx_*.rb
 /benchmark/fasta.output.*
 /benchmark/wc.input
@@ -126,26 +153,35 @@ y.tab.c
 /enc/*.def
 /enc/*.exp
 /enc/*.lib
-/enc/unicode/data/*/*.txt
+/enc/jis/props.h
+/enc/unicode/data
+
+# /coroutine/
+!/coroutine/**/*.s
 
 # /enc/trans/
 /enc/trans/*.c
 /enc/trans/*.def
 /enc/trans/*.exp
 /enc/trans/*.lib
-/enc/trans/.time
+
+# /exe/
+/exe/goruby
+/exe/ruby
 
 # /ext/
 /ext/extinit.c
+/ext/configure-ext.mk
+/ext/*/exts.mk
+
+# /ext/-test-/cxxanyargs
+/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failure*.failed
 
 # /ext/-test-/win32/dln/
+/ext/-test-/win32/dln/dlntest.dll
 /ext/-test-/win32/dln/dlntest.exp
 /ext/-test-/win32/dln/dlntest.lib
 
-# /ext/dl/callback/
-/ext/dl/callback/callback-*.c
-/ext/dl/callback/callback.c
-
 # /ext/etc/
 /ext/etc/constdefs.h
 
@@ -154,9 +190,11 @@ y.tab.c
 
 # /ext/rbconfig/
 /ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c
+/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c
 
 # /ext/ripper/
 /ext/ripper/eventids1.c
+/ext/ripper/.eventids2-check
 /ext/ripper/eventids2table.c
 /ext/ripper/ripper.*
 /ext/ripper/ids1
@@ -169,10 +207,15 @@ y.tab.c
 
 # /gems
 /gems/*.gem
+/gems/src
+/gems/*-*
 
-# /spec/
-/spec/mspec
-/spec/rubyspec
+# /lib/
+/lib/ruby/[1-9]*.*
+/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby
+
+# /spec/bundler
+/.rspec_status
 
 # /tool/
 /tool/config.guess
@@ -180,4 +223,8 @@ y.tab.c
 
 # /win32/
 /win32/*.ico
-/win32/.time
+
+# MJIT
+/rb_mjit_header.h
+/mjit_config.h
+/include/ruby-*/*/rb_mjit_min_header-*.h
diff --git a/.indent.pro b/.indent.pro
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a207a0554..0000000000
--- a/.indent.pro
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
--bap
--nbbb
--nbc
--br
--nbs
--ncdb
--ce
--cli0.5
--ndj
--ei
--nfc1
--i4
--l120
--lp
--npcs
--psl
--sc
--sob
-
--TID
--TVALUE
diff --git a/.rspec_parallel b/.rspec_parallel
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aaff198a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.rspec_parallel
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+--format progress
+--format ParallelTests::RSpec::RuntimeLogger --out tmp/parallel_runtime_rspec.log
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 24837a4bd6..d480307dd6 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- YAML -*-
 # Copyright (C) 2011 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
 #
 # This file is  a part of the programming language  Ruby.  Permission is hereby
@@ -18,71 +19,273 @@
 
 language: c
 
-sudo: false
+os: linux
 
-compiler:
-  - gcc
+dist: xenial
 
-os:
-  - linux
+git:
+  quiet: true
 
-before_install:
-  - "CONFIG_FLAG="
-  - "JOBS='-j 4'"
+cache:
+  ccache: true
+  directories:
+    - $HOME/config_2nd
+    - $HOME/.downloaded-cache
+
+env:
+  global:
+    # Reset timestamps early
+    - _=$(touch NEWS && find . -type f -exec touch -r NEWS {} +)
+    - CONFIGURE_TTY=no
+    - CCACHE_COMPILERCHECK=none
+    - CCACHE_NOCOMPRESS=1
+    - CCACHE_MAXSIZE=512Mi
+    - NPROC="`nproc`"
+    # JOBS and SETARCH are overridden when necessary; see below.
+    - JOBS=-j$((1+${NPROC}))
+    - SETARCH=
+    - RUBY_PREFIX=/tmp/ruby-prefix
+    - GEMS_FOR_TEST='timezone tzinfo'
+    - UPDATE_UNICODE="UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
+    - BEFORE_INSTALL=true
+    # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-build/blob/e411371dda21430a60f61b8f3f57943d2fe4d344/lib/travis/build/bash/travis_apt_get_options.bash#L7
+    - travis_apt_get_options='--allow-downgrades --allow-remove-essential --allow-change-held-packages'
+    - travis_apt_get_options="-yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends $travis_apt_get_options"
+
+.org.ruby-lang.ci.matrix-definitions:
+
+  - &make-test-only
+    script:
+      - $SETARCH make -s test TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS=$JOBS -q --tty=no}"
+
+  - &gcc-8
+    compiler: gcc-8
+    # # Not using addon to control retries
+    # addons:
+    #   apt:
+    #     sources:
+    #       - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+    before_install:
+      - bash -cx "${BEFORE_INSTALL}"
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-add-repository -y "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test"
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        ccache
+        gcc-8
+        g++-8
+        libffi-dev
+        libgdbm-dev
+        libncurses5-dev
+        libncursesw5-dev
+        libreadline6-dev
+        libssl-dev
+        libyaml-dev
+        openssl
+        zlib1g-dev
+
+  - &clang-8
+    compiler: clang-8
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        # Not doing this manually unlike other sources, because it has been stable.
+        sources:
+          - llvm-toolchain-xenial-8
+        config:
+          retries: true
+    before_install:
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        clang-8
+        llvm-8-tools
+        libffi-dev
+        libgdbm-dev
+        libncurses5-dev
+        libncursesw5-dev
+        libreadline6-dev
+        libssl-dev
+        libyaml-dev
+        openssl
+        zlib1g-dev
+
+  # --------
+
+  - &x86_64-linux
+    name: x86_64-linux
+    <<: *gcc-8
+
+  - &arm64-linux
+    name: arm64-linux
+    arch: arm64
+    <<: *gcc-8
+
+  - &s390x-linux
+    name: s390x-linux
+    arch: s390x
+    <<: *gcc-8
+
+  - &i686-linux
+    name: i686-linux
+    compiler: gcc-8
+    env:
+      - GCC_FLAGS=-m32
+      - CXX='g++-8 -m32'
+      - debugflags=-g0
+      - SETARCH='setarch i686 --verbose --3gb'
+    # # Not using addon to control retries
+    # addons:
+    #   apt:
+    #     sources:
+    #       - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+    before_install:
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-add-repository -y "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test"
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        gcc-8-multilib
+        g++-8
+        g++-8-multilib
+        libstdc++-8-dev:i386
+        libffi-dev:i386
+        libffi6:i386
+        libgdbm-dev:i386
+        libgdbm3:i386
+        libncurses5-dev:i386
+        libncurses5:i386
+        libncursesw5-dev:i386
+        libreadline6-dev:i386
+        libreadline6:i386
+        libssl-dev:i386
+        libssl1.0.0:i386
+        linux-libc-dev:i386
+        zlib1g-dev:i386
+        zlib1g:i386
+
+  - &arm32-linux
+    name: arm32-linux
+    arch: arm64
+    # https://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/crossbuild-essential-armhf
+    compiler: arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc
+    env:
+      - debugflags=-g0
+      - SETARCH='setarch linux32 --verbose --32bit'
+    before_install:
+      - sudo dpkg --add-architecture armhf
+      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
+      - >-
+        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
+        ccache
+        crossbuild-essential-armhf
+        libc6:armhf
+        libstdc++-5-dev:armhf
+        libffi-dev:armhf
+        libffi6:armhf
+        libgdbm-dev:armhf
+        libgdbm3:armhf
+        libncurses5-dev:armhf
+        libncurses5:armhf
+        libncursesw5-dev:armhf
+        libreadline6-dev:armhf
+        libreadline6:armhf
+        libssl-dev:armhf
+        libssl1.0.0:armhf
+        linux-libc-dev:armhf
+        zlib1g-dev:armhf
+        zlib1g:armhf
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    # Build every commit:
+    - <<: *i686-linux
+    # Build every commit (Allowed Failures):
+    - <<: *arm32-linux
+    - <<: *arm64-linux
+    - <<: *s390x-linux
+  allow_failures:
+    - name: arm32-linux
+    - name: arm64-linux
+    - name: s390x-linux
+  fast_finish: true
 
 before_script:
-  - "uname -a"
-  - "uname -r"
-  - "rm -fr .ext autom4te.cache"
-  - "echo $TERM"
-  - "make -f common.mk BASERUBY=ruby MAKEDIRS='mkdir -p' srcdir=. update-config_files"
-  - "autoconf"
-  - "mkdir config_1st config_2nd"
-  - "./configure -C --disable-install-doc --with-gcc=$CC $CONFIG_FLAG"
-  - "cp -pr config.status .ext/include config_1st"
-  - "make reconfig"
-  - "cp -pr config.status .ext/include config_2nd"
-  - "diff -ru config_1st config_2nd"
-  - "make after-update BASERUBY=ruby"
-  - "make -s $JOBS"
-  - "make update-rubyspec"
+  - rm -fr .ext autom4te.cache
+  - |-
+    [ -d ~/.downloaded-cache ] ||
+    mkdir ~/.downloaded-cache
+  - ln -s ~/.downloaded-cache
+  - "> config.status"
+  - "> .rbconfig.time"
+  - sed -f tool/prereq.status template/Makefile.in common.mk > Makefile
+  - make touch-unicode-files
+  - make -s $JOBS $UPDATE_UNICODE up
+  - make -s $JOBS srcs
+  - rm -f config.status Makefile rbconfig.rb .rbconfig.time
+  - |-
+    if [ -d ~/config_2nd ]; then
+      cp -pr ~/config_2nd build
+    else
+      mkdir build
+    fi
+  - mkdir config_1st config_2nd
+  - chmod -R a-w .
+  - chmod -R u+w build config_1st config_2nd
+  - cd build
+  - |-
+    case "$CC" in
+    gcc*)   CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-diagnostics-color";;
+    clang*) CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-color-diagnostics";;
+    esac
+  - |-
+    [ ! -f config.cache ] ||
+    [ "$CC" = "`sed -n s/^ac_cv_prog_CC=//p config.cache`" ] ||
+    (set -x; exec rm config.cache)
+  - $SETARCH ../configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$RUBY_PREFIX $CONFIG_FLAG
+  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_1st
+  - $SETARCH make reconfig
+  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_2nd
+  - (cd .. && exec diff -ru config_1st config_2nd)
+  - chmod u+w ..
+  - rm -rf ~/config_2nd
+  - mv ../config_2nd ~
+  - chmod u-w ..
+  - $SETARCH make -s $JOBS
+  - make -s install
+  - |-
+    [ -z "${GEMS_FOR_TEST}" ] ||
+    $RUBY_PREFIX/bin/gem install --no-document $GEMS_FOR_TEST
+  - echo "raise 'do not load ~/.irbrc in test'" > ~/.irbrc
 
 script:
-  - "make test TESTOPTS=--color=never"
-  - "make test-all TESTOPTS='-q -j3 --color=never --job-status=normal'"
-  - "make test-rubyspec MSPECOPT=-fm"
+  - $SETARCH make -s test -o showflags TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS=$JOBS -q --tty=no}"
+  - travis_wait 50 $SETARCH make -s test-all -o exts TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS} ${TEST_ALL_OPTS}" RUBYOPT="-w"
+  - $SETARCH make -s test-spec MSPECOPT=-ff # not using `-j` because sometimes `mspec -j` silently dies
+  - $SETARCH make -s -o showflags leaked-globals
 
 # Branch matrix.  Not all branches are Travis-ready so we limit branches here.
 branches:
   only:
-    - trunk
-    - ruby_2_1
-    - ruby_2_2
-    - ruby_2_3
+    - master
     - ruby_2_4
-    - /^feature\//
-    - /^bug\//
+    - ruby_2_5
+    - ruby_2_6
+    - ruby_2_7
 
 # We want to be notified when something happens.
 notifications:
   irc:
     channels:
       - "chat.freenode.net#ruby-core"
-      - "chat.freenode.net#ruby-ja"
     on_success: change # [always|never|change] # default: always
     on_failure: always # [always|never|change] # default: always
     template:
       - "%{message} by @%{author}: See %{build_url}"
 
+  webhooks:
+    urls:
+      - secure: mRsoS/UbqDkKkW5p3AEqM27d4SZnV6Gsylo3bm8T/deltQzTsGzZwrm7OIBXZv0UFZdE68XmPlyHfZFLSP2V9QZ7apXMf9/vw0GtcSe1gchtnjpAPF6lYBn7nMCbVPPx9cS0dwL927fjdRM1vj7IKZ2bk4F0lAJ25R25S6teqdk= # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot (travis)
+    on_success: never
+    on_failure: always
+
   email:
     - ko1c-failure@atdot.net
-    - shibata.hiroshi@gmail.com
-
-# Local Variables:
-# mode: YAML
-# coding: utf-8-unix
-# indent-tabs-mode: nil
-# tab-width: 4
-# fill-column: 79
-# default-justification: full
-# End:
diff --git a/BSDL b/BSDL
index a009caefea..66d93598aa 100644
--- a/BSDL
+++ b/BSDL
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 are met:
 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
 THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING
index 426810a7fb..48e5a96de7 100644
--- a/COPYING
+++ b/COPYING
@@ -2,55 +2,55 @@ Ruby is copyrighted free software by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
 You can redistribute it and/or modify it under either the terms of the
 2-clause BSDL (see the file BSDL), or the conditions below:
 
-  1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
-     software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
-     original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
+1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
+   software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
+   original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
 
-  2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
-     you do at least ONE of the following:
+2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
+   you do at least ONE of the following:
 
-       a) place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
-          make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
-	  modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
-	  the author to include your modifications in the software.
+   a. place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
+      make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
+      modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
+      the author to include your modifications in the software.
 
-       b) use the modified software only within your corporation or
-          organization.
+   b. use the modified software only within your corporation or
+      organization.
 
-       c) give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
-          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+   c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
 
-       d) make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
 
-  3. You may distribute the software in object code or binary form,
-     provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
+3. You may distribute the software in object code or binary form,
+   provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
 
-       a) distribute the binaries and library files of the software,
-	  together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
-	  on where to get the original distribution.
+   a. distribute the binaries and library files of the software,
+      together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
+      on where to get the original distribution.
 
-       b) accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
-	  the software.
+   b. accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
+      the software.
 
-       c) give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
-          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+   c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
 
-       d) make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
 
-  4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
-     software (possibly commercial).  But some files in the distribution
-     are not written by the author, so that they are not under these terms.
+4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
+   software (possibly commercial).  But some files in the distribution
+   are not written by the author, so that they are not under these terms.
 
-     For the list of those files and their copying conditions, see the
-     file LEGAL.
+   For the list of those files and their copying conditions, see the
+   file LEGAL.
 
-  5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
-     output from the software do not automatically fall under the
-     copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
-     and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
-     software.
+5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
+   output from the software do not automatically fall under the
+   copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
+   and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
+   software.
 
-  6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
-     IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
-     WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
-     PURPOSE.
+6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
+   IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
+   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+   PURPOSE.
diff --git a/COPYING.ja b/COPYING.ja
index e50d01c8d1..230376bc60 100644
--- a/COPYING.ja
+++ b/COPYING.ja
@@ -2,50 +2,50 @@
 または以下に示す条件で本プログラムを再配布できます
 2-clause BSDLについてはBSDLファイルを参照して下さい．
 
-  1. 複製は制限なく自由です．
+1. 複製は制限なく自由です．
 
-  2. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムのソースを
-     自由に変更できます．
+2. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムのソースを
+   自由に変更できます．
 
-     (a) ネットニューズにポストしたり，作者に変更を送付する
-         などの方法で，変更を公開する．
+   a.  ネットニューズにポストしたり，作者に変更を送付する
+       などの方法で，変更を公開する．
 
-     (b) 変更した本プログラムを自分の所属する組織内部だけで
-         使う．
+   b.  変更した本プログラムを自分の所属する組織内部だけで
+       使う．
 
-     (c) 変更点を明示したうえ，ソフトウェアの名前を変更する．
-         そのソフトウェアを配布する時には変更前の本プログラ
-         ムも同時に配布する．または変更前の本プログラムのソー
-         スの入手法を明示する．
+   c.  変更点を明示したうえ，ソフトウェアの名前を変更する．
+       そのソフトウェアを配布する時には変更前の本プログラ
+       ムも同時に配布する．または変更前の本プログラムのソー
+       スの入手法を明示する．
 
-     (d) その他の変更条件を作者と合意する．
+   d.  その他の変更条件を作者と合意する．
 
-  3. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムをコンパイ
-     ルしたオブジェクトコードや実行形式でも配布できます．
+3. 以下の条件のいずれかを満たす時に本プログラムをコンパイ
+   ルしたオブジェクトコードや実行形式でも配布できます．
 
-     (a) バイナリを受け取った人がソースを入手できるように，
-         ソースの入手法を明示する．
+   a.  バイナリを受け取った人がソースを入手できるように，
+       ソースの入手法を明示する．
 
-     (b) 機械可読なソースコードを添付する．
+   b.  機械可読なソースコードを添付する．
 
-     (c) 変更を行ったバイナリは名前を変更したうえ，オリジナ
-         ルのソースコードの入手法を明示する．
+   c.  変更を行ったバイナリは名前を変更したうえ，オリジナ
+       ルのソースコードの入手法を明示する．
 
-     (d) その他の配布条件を作者と合意する．
+   d.  その他の配布条件を作者と合意する．
 
-  4. 他のプログラムへの引用はいかなる目的であれ自由です．た
-     だし，本プログラムに含まれる他の作者によるコードは，そ
-     れぞれの作者の意向による制限が加えられる場合があります．
+4. 他のプログラムへの引用はいかなる目的であれ自由です．た
+   だし，本プログラムに含まれる他の作者によるコードは，そ
+   れぞれの作者の意向による制限が加えられる場合があります．
 
-     それらファイルの一覧とそれぞれの配布条件などに付いては
-     LEGALファイルを参照してください．
+   それらファイルの一覧とそれぞれの配布条件などに付いては
+   LEGALファイルを参照してください．
 
-  5. 本プログラムへの入力となるスクリプトおよび，本プログラ
-     ムからの出力の権利は本プログラムの作者ではなく，それぞ
-     れの入出力を生成した人に属します．また，本プログラムに
-     組み込まれるための拡張ライブラリについても同様です．
+5. 本プログラムへの入力となるスクリプトおよび，本プログラ
+   ムからの出力の権利は本プログラムの作者ではなく，それぞ
+   れの入出力を生成した人に属します．また，本プログラムに
+   組み込まれるための拡張ライブラリについても同様です．
 
-  6. 本プログラムは無保証です．作者は本プログラムをサポート
-     する意志はありますが，プログラム自身のバグあるいは本プ
-     ログラムの実行などから発生するいかなる損害に対しても責
-     任を持ちません．
+6. 本プログラムは無保証です．作者は本プログラムをサポート
+   する意志はありますが，プログラム自身のバグあるいは本プ
+   ログラムの実行などから発生するいかなる損害に対しても責
+   任を持ちません．
diff --git a/LEGAL b/LEGAL
index 8080cfef61..2a7964e771 100644
--- a/LEGAL
+++ b/LEGAL
@@ -1,184 +1,342 @@
-LEGAL NOTICE INFORMATION
-------------------------
+# -*- rdoc -*-
+
+= LEGAL NOTICE INFORMATION
+--------------------------
 
 All the files in this distribution are covered under either the Ruby's
 license (see the file COPYING) or public-domain except some files
 mentioned below.
 
-ccan/build_assert/build_assert.h
-ccan/check_type/check_type.h
-ccan/container_of/container_of.h
-ccan/str/str.h
+[addr2line.c]
+
+  A part of this file is from FreeBSD.
 
-  These files are licensed under the CC0.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1986, 1988, 1991, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
-    https://creativecommons.org/choose/zero/
+    (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 
-ccan/list/list.h
+    All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
+    to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
+    Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
+    the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 
-  This file is licensed under the MIT License.
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+    4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+       without specific prior written permission.
 
-    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-    to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-    furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+	@(#)subr_prf.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
+
+
+[ccan/build_assert/build_assert.h]
+[ccan/check_type/check_type.h]
+[ccan/container_of/container_of.h]
+[ccan/str/str.h]
+
+  These files are licensed under the {CC0}[https://creativecommons.org/choose/zero/].
+
+[ccan/list/list.h]
+
+  This file is licensed under the {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License].
+
+[coroutine]
+
+  Unless otherwise specified, these files are licensed under the
+  {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License].
+
+[include/ruby/onigmo.h]
+[include/ruby/oniguruma.h]
+[regcomp.c]
+[regenc.c]
+[regenc.h]
+[regerror.c]
+[regexec.c]
+[regint.h]
+[regparse.c]
+[regparse.h]
+[enc/ascii.c]
+[enc/big5.c]
+[enc/cp949.c]
+[enc/emacs_mule.c]
+[enc/encdb.c]
+[enc/euc_jp.c]
+[enc/euc_kr.c]
+[enc/euc_tw.c]
+[enc/gb18030.c]
+[enc/gb2312.c]
+[enc/gbk.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_1.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_10.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_11.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_13.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_14.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_15.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_16.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_2.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_3.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_4.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_5.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_6.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_7.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_8.c]
+[enc/iso_8859_9.c]
+[enc/koi8_r.c]
+[enc/koi8_u.c]
+[enc/shift_jis.c]
+[enc/unicode.c]
+[enc/us_ascii.c]
+[enc/utf_16be.c]
+[enc/utf_16le.c]
+[enc/utf_32be.c]
+[enc/utf_32le.c]
+[enc/utf_8.c]
+[enc/windows_1251.c]
+[enc/windows_31j.c]
+
+  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) LICENSE
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2002-2009::  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    Copyright (c) 2011-2014::  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
 
-    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-    THE SOFTWARE.
-
-include/ruby/oniguruma.h:
-regcomp.c:
-regenc.[ch]:
-regerror.c:
-regexec.c:
-regint.h:
-regparse.[ch]:
-enc/ascii.c
-enc/big5.c
-enc/cp949.c
-enc/emacs_mule.c
-enc/encdb.c
-enc/euc_jp.c
-enc/euc_kr.c
-enc/euc_tw.c
-enc/gb18030.c
-enc/gb2312.c
-enc/gbk.c
-enc/iso_8859_1.c
-enc/iso_8859_10.c
-enc/iso_8859_11.c
-enc/iso_8859_13.c
-enc/iso_8859_14.c
-enc/iso_8859_15.c
-enc/iso_8859_16.c
-enc/iso_8859_2.c
-enc/iso_8859_3.c
-enc/iso_8859_4.c
-enc/iso_8859_5.c
-enc/iso_8859_6.c
-enc/iso_8859_7.c
-enc/iso_8859_8.c
-enc/iso_8859_9.c
-enc/koi8_r.c
-enc/koi8_u.c
-enc/shift_jis.c
-enc/unicode.c
-enc/us_ascii.c
-enc/utf_16be.c
-enc/utf_16le.c
-enc/utf_32be.c
-enc/utf_32le.c
-enc/utf_8.c
-enc/windows_1251.c
-
-Oniguruma  ----   (C) K.Kosako <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
-
-http://www.geocities.jp/kosako3/oniguruma/
-http://www.ruby-lang.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/oniguruma/
-http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/devel/oniguruma/
-
-   When this software is partly used or it is distributed with Ruby,
-   this of Ruby follows the license of Ruby.
-
-enc/trans/GB/GB12345%UCS.src:
-enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB12345.src:
-
-    Copyright (c) 1991-1994 Unicode, Inc.  All Rights reserved.
-
-    This file is provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. (The Unicode Consortium).
-    No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose.  No
-    warranties of any kind are expressed or implied.  The recipient
-    agrees to determine applicability of information provided.  If this
-    file has been provided on magnetic media by Unicode, Inc., the sole
-    remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90
-    days of receipt.
-
-    Recipient is granted the right to make copies in any form for
-    internal distribution and to freely use the information supplied
-    in the creation of products supporting Unicode.  Unicode, Inc.
-    specifically excludes the right to re-distribute this file directly
-    to third parties or other organizations whether for profit or not.
-
-
-enc/trans/GB/GB2312%UCS.src:
-enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB2312.src:
-
-    Copyright (c) 1991-1999 Unicode, Inc.  All Rights reserved.
-
-    This file is provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. (The Unicode Consortium).
-    No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose.  No
-    warranties of any kind are expressed or implied.  The recipient
-    agrees to determine applicability of information provided.  If this
-    file has been provided on optical media by Unicode, Inc., the sole
-    remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90
-    days of receipt.
-
-    Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information
-    supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting the
-    Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form for
-    internal or external distribution as long as this notice remains
-    attached.
-
-enc/trans/JIS/JISX0201-KANA%UCS.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/JISX0208@1990%UCS.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/JISX0212%UCS.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0201-KANA.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0208@1990.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0212.src:
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+  Oniguruma LICENSE
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2002-2009::  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+  * https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/
+  * https://github.com/kkos/oniguruma
+  * https://svnweb.freebsd.org/ports/head/devel/oniguruma/
+
+    When this software is partly used or it is distributed with Ruby,
+    this of Ruby follows the license of Ruby.
+
+[enc/windows_1250.c]
+[enc/windows_1252.c]
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2006-2007::  Byte      <byte AT mail DOT kna DOT ru>
+                               K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+[enc/cesu_8.c]
+[enc/windows_1253.c]
+[enc/windows_1254.c]
+[enc/windows_1257.c]
 
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2002-2007::  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+[enc/trans/GB/GB12345%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB12345.src]
+[enc/trans/GB/GB2312%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB2312.src]
+
+  These files have this explanatory texts.
+
+  >>>
+    This mapping data was created from files provided by Unicode, Inc.
+    (The Unicode Consortium). The files were used to create a product supporting
+    Unicode, as explicitly permitted in the files' copyright notices.
+    Please note that Unicode, Inc. never made any claims as to fitness of these
+    files for any particular purpose, and has ceased to publish the files many
+    years ago.
+
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0201-KANA%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0208\@1990%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0212%UCS.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0201-KANA.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0208@1990.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0212.src]
+
+  These files are copyrighted as the following.
+
+  >>>
     © 2015 Unicode®, Inc.
+
     For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/terms_of_use.html
 
-enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-1%UCS@BMP.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-1%UCS@SIP.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-2%UCS@BMP.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-2%UCS@SIP.src:
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-1%UCS@BMP.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-1%UCS@SIP.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-2%UCS@BMP.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/JISX0213-2%UCS@SIP.src]
+
+  These files are copyrighted as the following.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: earthian@tama.or.jp, All Rights Reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: I'O, All Rights Reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 2006:: Project X0213, All Rights Reserved.
+    You can use, modify, distribute this table freely.
+
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@BMP%JISX0213-1.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@BMP%JISX0213-2.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@SIP%JISX0213-1.src]
+[enc/trans/JIS/UCS@SIP%JISX0213-2.src]
+
+  These files are copyrighted as the following.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: earthian@tama.or.jp, All Rights Reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 2001:: I'O, All Rights Reserved.
+    You can use, modify, distribute this table freely.
 
- 	Copyright (C) 2001 earthian@tama.or.jp, All Rights Reserved.
- 	Copyright (C) 2001 I'O, All Rights Reserved.
- 	Copyright (C) 2006 Project X0213, All Rights Reserved.
- 	You can use, modify, distribute this table freely.
+[enc/trans/ucm/glibc-BIG5-2.3.3.ucm]
+[enc/trans/ucm/glibc-BIG5HKSCS-2.3.3.ucm]
 
-enc/trans/JIS/UCS@BMP%JISX0213-1.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/UCS@BMP%JISX0213-2.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/UCS@SIP%JISX0213-1.src:
-enc/trans/JIS/UCS@SIP%JISX0213-2.src:
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001-2005:: International Business Machines
+                              Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
 
- 	Copyright (C) 2001 earthian@tama.or.jp, All Rights Reserved.
- 	Copyright (C) 2001 I'O, All Rights Reserved.
- 	You can use, modify, distribute this table freely.
+[enc/trans/ucm/windows-950-2000.ucm]
+[enc/trans/ucm/windows-950_hkscs-2001.ucm]
 
-configure:
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 2001-2002:: International Business Machines
+                              Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
+
+
+[configure]
 
   This file is free software.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1992, 93, 94, 95, 96 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1992-1996, 1998-2012:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
     This configure script is free software; the Free Software Foundation
     gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.
 
-tool/config.guess:
-tool/config.sub:
+[aclocal.m4]
+
+  This file is free software.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1996-2020:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+    This file is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+    gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+    with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+[tool/config.guess]
+[tool/config.sub]
 
   As long as you distribute these files with the file configure, they
   are covered under the Ruby's license.
 
-      Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
-      Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  >>>
+    Copyright 1992-2018:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
     This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
     under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
     (at your option) any later version.
 
     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
@@ -187,54 +345,57 @@ tool/config.sub:
     General Public License for more details.
 
     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+    along with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
     As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you
     distribute this file as part of a program that contains a
     configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under
-    the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that program.
+    the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that
+    program.  This Exception is an additional permission under section 7
+    of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3").
 
-parse.c:
+[parse.c]
+[parse.h]
 
-  This file is licensed under the GPL, but is incorporated into Ruby and
+  These files are licensed under the GPL, but are incorporated into Ruby and
   redistributed under the terms of the Ruby license, as permitted by the
   exception to the GPL below.
 
-     Copyright (C) 1984, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
-     Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1984, 1989-1990, 2000-2015, 2018:: Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
-     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
-     any later version.
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
 
-     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-     GNU General Public License for more details.
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
 
-     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-     Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
-     Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.  */
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+    As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains
+    part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work
+    under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a
+    parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof
+    as a parser skeleton.  Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute
+    the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this
+    special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting
+    Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public
+    License without this special exception.
 
-  /* As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains
-     part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work
-     under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a
-     parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof
-     as a parser skeleton.  Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute
-     the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this
-     special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting
-     Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public
-     License without this special exception.
+    This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in
+    version 2.2 of Bison.
 
-     This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in
-     version 2.2 of Bison.  */
+[missing/dtoa.c]
 
-util.c (partly):
+  This file is under these licenses.
 
-    Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001:: by Lucent Technologies.
 
     Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
     purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
@@ -247,71 +408,73 @@ util.c (partly):
     REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY
     OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 
-win32/win32.[ch]:
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2004-2008:: David Schultz <das@FreeBSD.ORG>
+                              All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+    SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+[win32/win32.c]
+[include/ruby/win32.h]
 
   You can apply the Artistic License to these files. (or GPL,
   alternatively)
 
-    Copyright (c) 1993, Intergraph Corporation
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1993:: Intergraph Corporation
 
     You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
     License or the Artistic License, as specified in the perl README file.
 
-util.c (partly):
-
-   Copyright (c) 2004-2008 David Schultz <das@FreeBSD.ORG>
-   All rights reserved.
-
-   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-   are met:
-   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-   SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-random.c
+[missing/mt19937.c]
 
   This file is under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/2/10.
-    Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.
+  >>>
+    A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/2/10.::
+    Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.  
     This is a faster version by taking Shawn Cokus's optimization,
     Matthe Bellew's simplification, Isaku Wada's real version.
 
     Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed)
     or init_by_array(init_key, key_length).
 
-    Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
-    All rights reserved.
+    Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002:: Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+                                All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     are met:
 
-      1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-	 notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 
-      2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-	 notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-	 documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
-      3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
-	 products derived from this software without specific prior written
-	 permission.
+    3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+       products derived from this software without specific prior written
+       permission.
 
     THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
     "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
@@ -330,12 +493,15 @@ random.c
     http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/matumoto/emt.html
     email: matumoto@math.keio.ac.jp
 
-vm_dump.c:procstat_vm
+  The Wayback Machine url: http://web.archive.org/web/19990429082237/http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/matumoto/emt.html
+
+[missing/procstat_vm.c]
 
   This file is under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    Copyright (c) 2007 Robert N. M. Watson
-    All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2007:: Robert N. M. Watson
+                         All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
@@ -360,147 +526,69 @@ vm_dump.c:procstat_vm
 
     $FreeBSD: head/usr.bin/procstat/procstat_vm.c 261780 2014-02-11 21:57:37Z jhb $
 
-vsnprintf.c:
+[vsnprintf.c]
 
-  This file is under the old-style BSD license.  Note that the
-  paragraph 3 below is now null and void.
+  This file is under the {old-style BSD license}[rdoc-label:label-Old-style+BSD+license].
 
-    Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
-         The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1990, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
     This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
     Chris Torek.
 
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-    3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-       without specific prior written permission.
-
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-    SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-    IMPORTANT NOTE:
-    --------------
-    From ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
-    paragraph 3 above is now null and void.
-
-st.c:
-strftime.c:
-include/ruby/st.h:
-missing/acosh.c:
-missing/alloca.c:
-missing/dup2.c:
-missing/erf.c:
-missing/finite.c:
-missing/hypot.c:
-missing/isinf.c:
-missing/isnan.c:
-missing/lgamma_r.c:
-missing/memcmp.c:
-missing/memmove.c:
-missing/strchr.c:
-missing/strerror.c:
-missing/strstr.c:
-missing/strtol.c:
-missing/tgamma.c:
-ext/date/date_strftime.c:
-ext/digest/sha1/sha1.[ch]:
-ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c:
-ext/sdbm/sdbm.h:
+[st.c]
+[strftime.c]
+[include/ruby/st.h]
+[missing/acosh.c]
+[missing/alloca.c]
+[missing/dup2.c]
+[missing/erf.c]
+[missing/finite.c]
+[missing/hypot.c]
+[missing/isinf.c]
+[missing/isnan.c]
+[missing/lgamma_r.c]
+[missing/memcmp.c]
+[missing/memmove.c]
+[missing/strchr.c]
+[missing/strerror.c]
+[missing/strstr.c]
+[missing/tgamma.c]
+[ext/date/date_strftime.c]
+[ext/digest/sha1/sha1.c]
+[ext/digest/sha1/sha1.h]
 
   These files are all under public domain.
 
-missing/crypt.c:
+[missing/crypt.c]
 
-  This file is under the old-style BSD license.  Note that the
-  paragraph 3 below is now null and void.
+  This file is under the {old-style BSD license}[rdoc-label:label-Old-style+BSD+license].
 
-    Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
-    	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1989, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
     This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
     Tom Truscott.
 
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-    3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-       without specific prior written permission.
+[missing/setproctitle.c]
 
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-    SUCH DAMAGE.
+  This file is under the {old-style BSD license}[rdoc-label:label-Old-style+BSD+license].
 
-missing/setproctitle.c
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2003:: Damien Miller
+    Copyright (c) 1983, 1995-1997:: Eric P. Allman
+    Copyright (c) 1988, 1993::
+    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 
-  This file is under the old-style BSD license.  Note that the
-  paragraph 3 below is now null and void.
-
-    Copyright 2003 Damien Miller
-    Copyright (c) 1983, 1995-1997 Eric P. Allman
-    Copyright (c) 1988, 1993
-    	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-
-    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-    are met:
-    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-    3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-       without specific prior written permission.
-
-    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-    SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-missing/strlcat.c
-missing/strlcpy.c
+[missing/strlcat.c]
+[missing/strlcpy.c]
 
   These files are under an ISC-style license.
 
-    Copyright (c) 1998, 2015 Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 1998, 2015:: Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
 
     Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
     purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
@@ -514,23 +602,26 @@ missing/strlcpy.c
     ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
     OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 
-missing/langinfo.c
+[missing/langinfo.c]
 
   This file is from http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/langinfo.c.
   Ruby uses a modified version. The file contains the following
   author/copyright notice:
 
-  Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk -- 2002-03-11
-  Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
-  for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted. The author
-  disclaims all warranties with regard to this software.
+  >>>
+    Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk -- 2002-03-11::
+    Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
+    for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted. The author
+    disclaims all warranties with regard to this software.
 
-ext/digest/md5/md5.[ch]:
+[ext/digest/md5/md5.c]
+[ext/digest/md5/md5.h]
 
   These files are under the following license.  Ruby uses modified
   versions of them.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Aladdin Enterprises.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1999, 2000:: Aladdin Enterprises.  All rights reserved.
 
     This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
     warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
@@ -551,23 +642,27 @@ ext/digest/md5/md5.[ch]:
     L. Peter Deutsch
     ghost@aladdin.com
 
-ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.[ch]:
+[ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.c]
+[ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.h]
 
   These files have the following copyright information, and by the
   author we are allowed to use it under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    AUTHOR:   Antoon Bosselaers, ESAT-COSIC
+  >>>
+    AUTHOR::  Antoon Bosselaers, ESAT-COSIC
               (Arranged for libc by Todd C. Miller)
-    DATE:     1 March 1996
+    DATE::    1 March 1996
 
-    Copyright (c) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
+    Copyright (c):: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
     1996, All Rights Reserved
 
-ext/digest/sha2/sha2.[ch]:
+[ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c]
+[ext/digest/sha2/sha2.h]
 
   These files are under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    Copyright 2000 Aaron D. Gifford.  All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2000:: Aaron D. Gifford.  All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
@@ -593,51 +688,123 @@ ext/digest/sha2/sha2.[ch]:
     OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-ext/json/generator/generator.c:
+[ext/json/generator/generator.c]
+
+  The file contains the following copyright notice.
 
-    Copyright 2001-2004 Unicode, Inc.
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2001-2004:: Unicode, Inc.
 
-    Disclaimer
+    Disclaimer::
 
-    This source code is provided as is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are
-    made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any
-    kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine
-    applicability of information provided. If this file has been
-    purchased on magnetic or optical media from Unicode, Inc., the
-    sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media
-    within 90 days of receipt.
+      This source code is provided as is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are
+      made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any
+      kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine
+      applicability of information provided. If this file has been
+      purchased on magnetic or optical media from Unicode, Inc., the
+      sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media
+      within 90 days of receipt.
 
-    Limitations on Rights to Redistribute This Code
+    Limitations on Rights to Redistribute This Code::
 
-    Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information
-    supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting the
-    Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form
-    for internal or external distribution as long as this notice
-    remains attached.
+      Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information
+      supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting the
+      Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form
+      for internal or external distribution as long as this notice
+      remains attached.
 
-ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/config.h:
-ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c:
-ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c:
+[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/config.h]
+[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c]
+[ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c]
 
   These files are under the following license.  So to speak, it is
   copyrighted semi-public-domain software.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1987, Fujitsu LTD. (Itaru ICHIKAWA)
-       Everyone is permitted to do anything on this program
-       including copying, modifying, improving,
-       as long as you don't try to pretend that you wrote it.
-       i.e., the above copyright notice has to appear in all copies.
-       Binary distribution requires original version messages.
-       You don't have to ask before copying, redistribution or publishing.
-       THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1987:: Fujitsu LTD. (Itaru ICHIKAWA)
+
+    Everyone is permitted to do anything on this program
+    including copying, modifying, improving,
+    as long as you don't try to pretend that you wrote it.
+    i.e., the above copyright notice has to appear in all copies.
+    Binary distribution requires original version messages.
+    You don't have to ask before copying, redistribution or publishing.
+    THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+[ext/psych]
+[test/psych]
 
-ext/socket/addrinfo.h:
-ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c:
-ext/socket/getnameinfo.c:
+  The files under these directories are under the following license, except for
+  ext/psych/yaml.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright 2009:: Aaron Patterson, et al.
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+    this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in
+    the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+    use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+    of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+    so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+    copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+    SOFTWARE.
+
+[ext/psych/yaml]
+
+  The files under this directory are under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2006:: Kirill Simonov
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+    this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+    the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+    use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+    of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+    so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+    copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+    SOFTWARE.
+
+[ext/pty/pty.c]
+
+  >>>
+    C) Copyright 1998:: by Akinori Ito.
+
+    This software may be redistributed freely for this purpose, in full
+    or in part, provided that this entire copyright notice is included
+    on any copies of this software and applications and derivations thereof.
+
+    This software is provided on an "as is" basis, without warranty of any
+    kind, either expressed or implied, as to any matter including, but not
+    limited to warranty of fitness of purpose, or merchantability, or
+    results obtained from use of this software.
+
+[ext/socket/addrinfo.h]
+[ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c]
+[ext/socket/getnameinfo.c]
 
   These files are under the new-style BSD license.
 
-    Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 WIDE Project.
+  >>>
+    Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999:: WIDE Project.
     All rights reserved.
 
     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -664,23 +831,221 @@ ext/socket/getnameinfo.c:
     OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-ext/win32ole/win32ole.c:
+[ext/win32ole/win32ole.c]
 
   You can apply the Artistic License to this file. (or GPL,
   alternatively)
 
-    (c) 1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+  >>>
+    (c) 1995:: Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
     Developed by ActiveWare Internet Corp., http://www.ActiveWare.com
 
-    Other modifications Copyright (c) 1997, 1998 by Gurusamy Sarathy
+    Other modifications Copyright (c) 1997, 1998:: by Gurusamy Sarathy
     <gsar@umich.edu> and Jan Dubois <jan.dubois@ibm.net>
 
     You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
     License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file
     of the Perl distribution.
 
-lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/fonts.css:
+  The Wayback Machine url: http://web.archive.org/web/19970607104352/http://www.activeware.com:80/
+
+[lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/fonts.css]
+
+  This file is licensed under the {SIL Open Font License}[http://scripts.sil.org/OFL].
+
+[spec/mspec]
+[spec/ruby]
 
-  This file is licensed under the SIL Open Font License.
+  The files under these directories are under the following license.
 
-    http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2008:: Engine Yard, Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+    obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+    files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+    restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+    copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+    Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+    conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+    included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+    EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+    OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+    NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+    HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+    WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+    FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+    OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+[lib/rubygems.rb]
+[lib/rubygems]
+[test/rubygems]
+
+  RubyGems is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    RubyGems is copyrighted free software by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim
+    Weirich and others.  You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    either the terms of the {MIT license}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License], or the conditions
+    below:
+
+    1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
+       software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
+       original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
+
+    2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
+       you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+       a. place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
+          make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
+          modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
+          the author to include your modifications in the software.
+
+       b. use the modified software only within your corporation or
+          organization.
+
+       c. give non-standard executables non-standard names, with
+          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+       d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+    3. You may distribute the software in object code or executable
+       form, provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+       a. distribute the executables and library files of the software,
+          together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
+          on where to get the original distribution.
+
+       b. accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
+          the software.
+
+       c. give non-standard executables non-standard names, with
+          instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+       d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+    4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
+       software (possibly commercial).
+
+    5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
+       output from the software do not automatically fall under the
+       copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
+       and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
+       software.
+
+    6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
+       IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
+       WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+       PURPOSE.
+
+[lib/bundler]
+[lib/bundler.rb]
+[lib/bundler.gemspec]
+[spec/bundler]
+[man/bundle-*,gemfile.*]
+
+  Bundler is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Portions copyright (c) 2010:: Andre Arko
+    Portions copyright (c) 2009:: Engine Yard
+
+    {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
+
+[lib/did_you_mean]
+[lib/did_you_mean.rb]
+[test/did_you_mean]
+
+  did_you_mean is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2014-2016 Yuki Nishijima
+
+    {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
+
+[benchmark/so_ackermann.rb]
+[benchmark/so_array.rb]
+[benchmark/so_binary_trees.rb]
+[benchmark/so_concatenate.rb]
+[benchmark/so_count_words.yml]
+[benchmark/so_exception.rb]
+[benchmark/so_fannkuch.rb]
+[benchmark/so_fasta.rb]
+[benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml]
+[benchmark/so_lists.rb]
+[benchmark/so_mandelbrot.rb]
+[benchmark/so_matrix.rb]
+[benchmark/so_meteor_contest.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nbody.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nsieve.rb]
+[benchmark/so_nsieve_bits.rb]
+[benchmark/so_object.rb]
+[benchmark/so_partial_sums.rb]
+[benchmark/so_pidigits.rb]
+[benchmark/so_random.rb]
+[benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml]
+[benchmark/so_sieve.rb]
+[benchmark/so_spectralnorm.rb]
+
+  These files are very old copy of then-called "The Great Computer Language
+  Shootout".  LEGAL SITUATION OF THESE FILES ARE UNCLEAR because the original
+  site has been lost.  Upstream diverged to delete several benchmarks listed
+  above.
+
+== MIT License
+>>>
+      Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+      a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+      "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+      without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+      distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+      permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+      the following conditions:
+
+      The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+      included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+      THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+      EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+      MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+      NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+      LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+      OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+      WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+== Old-style BSD license
+>>>
+      Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+      modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+      are met:
+      1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+      2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+         documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+      3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+         may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+         without specific prior written permission.
+
+      THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+      ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+      IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+      ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+      FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+      DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+      OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+      HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+      LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+      OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+      SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+      IMPORTANT NOTE::
+
+      From ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
+      paragraph 3 above is now null and void.
diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in
deleted file mode 100644
index 52618232b0..0000000000
--- a/Makefile.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,549 +0,0 @@
-SHELL = /bin/sh
-NULLCMD = @NULLCMD@
-n=$(NULLCMD)
-ECHO1 = $(V:1=$n)
-RUNCMD = $(SHELL)
-CDPATH = .
-CHDIR = @CHDIR@
-exec = exec
-NULL = /dev/null
-PATH_SEPARATOR = @PATH_SEPARATOR@
-
-#### Start of system configuration section. ####
-
-srcdir = @srcdir@
-top_srcdir = $(srcdir)
-hdrdir = $(srcdir)/include
-PLATFORM_DIR = @PLATFORM_DIR@
-
-CC = @CC@
-CPP = @CPP@
-LD = @LD@
-YACC = bison
-PURIFY =
-AUTOCONF = autoconf
-ACLOCAL = aclocal
-CONFIGURE = @CONFIGURE@
-@SET_MAKE@
-MKFILES = @MAKEFILES@
-BASERUBY = @BASERUBY@
-HAVE_BASERUBY = @HAVE_BASERUBY@
-TEST_RUNNABLE = @TEST_RUNNABLE@
-CROSS_COMPILING = @CROSS_COMPILING@
-DOXYGEN = @DOXYGEN@
-
-prefix = @prefix@
-exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
-bindir = @bindir@
-sbindir = @sbindir@
-libdir = @libdir@
-libexecdir = @libexecdir@
-datarootdir = @datarootdir@
-datadir = @datadir@
-arch = @arch@
-sitearch = @sitearch@
-sitedir = @sitedir@
-archlibdir = @archlibdir@
-ruby_version = @ruby_version@
-
-TESTUI = console
-TESTS =
-INSTALLDOC = @INSTALLDOC@
-DOCTARGETS = @RDOCTARGET@ @CAPITARGET@
-
-EXTOUT = @EXTOUT@
-arch_hdrdir = $(EXTOUT)/include/$(arch)
-VPATH = $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby:$(hdrdir)/ruby:$(srcdir):$(srcdir)/missing
-
-empty =
-CC_VERSION = @CC_VERSION@
-OUTFLAG = @OUTFLAG@$(empty)
-COUTFLAG = @COUTFLAG@$(empty)
-ARCH_FLAG = @ARCH_FLAG@
-CFLAGS_NO_ARCH = @CFLAGS@
-CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS_NO_ARCH) $(ARCH_FLAG)
-cflags = @cflags@
-optflags = @optflags@
-debugflags = @debugflags@
-warnflags = @warnflags@ @strict_warnflags@
-cppflags = @cppflags@
-XCFLAGS = @XCFLAGS@
-CPPFLAGS = @CPPFLAGS@ $(INCFLAGS)
-LDFLAGS = @STATIC@ $(CFLAGS) @LDFLAGS@
-EXTLDFLAGS = @EXTLDFLAGS@
-XLDFLAGS = @XLDFLAGS@ $(EXTLDFLAGS)
-EXTLIBS =
-LIBS = @LIBS@ $(EXTLIBS)
-MISSING = @LIBOBJS@ @ALLOCA@
-LDSHARED = @LIBRUBY_LDSHARED@
-DLDFLAGS = @LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS@ $(XLDFLAGS) $(ARCH_FLAG)
-SOLIBS = @SOLIBS@
-MAINLIBS = @MAINLIBS@
-ARCHMINIOBJS = @MINIOBJS@
-DLNOBJ = @DLNOBJ@
-ENCOBJS = @ENCOBJS@
-EXTOBJS = @EXTOBJS@
-BUILTIN_ENCOBJS = @BUILTIN_ENCOBJS@
-BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS = @BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS@
-BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS = @BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS@
-POSTLINK = @POSTLINK@
-
-RUBY_BASE_NAME=@RUBY_BASE_NAME@
-RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION=@RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION@
-RUBY_INSTALL_NAME=@RUBY_INSTALL_NAME@
-RUBY_SO_NAME=@RUBY_SO_NAME@
-EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
-LIBEXT = @LIBEXT@
-PROGRAM=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
-RUBY = $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
-MINIRUBY = @MINIRUBY@\
-	$(MINIRUBYOPT)
-# RUNRUBY_COMMAND:: runruby.rb or baseruby. do not append options directly
-RUNRUBY_COMMAND = @RUNRUBY_COMMAND@
-# RUNRUBY:: run ruby with RUN_OPTS which is passed to ruby
-RUNRUBY = @RUNRUBY@ $(RUN_OPTS)
-# RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER:: debugging option for runruby.rb
-RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER = --debugger='gdb -x run.gdb --quiet --args'
-XRUBY = @XRUBY@
-BTESTRUBY = @BTESTRUBY@\
-	$(MINIRUBYOPT)
-INSTALL = @INSTALL@
-INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
-INSTALL_SCRIPT = @INSTALL_SCRIPT@
-INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@
-XRUBY_LIBDIR = @XRUBY_LIBDIR@
-XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR = @XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR@
-XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR = @XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR@
-BOOTSTRAPRUBY = @BOOTSTRAPRUBY@
-
-#### End of system configuration section. ####
-
-MAJOR=	@MAJOR@
-MINOR=	@MINOR@
-TEENY=	@TEENY@
-RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION = @RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION@
-
-LIBRUBY_A     = @LIBRUBY_A@
-LIBRUBY_SO    = @LIBRUBY_SO@
-LIBRUBY_ALIASES= @LIBRUBY_ALIASES@
-LIBRUBY	      = @LIBRUBY@
-LIBRUBYARG    = @LIBRUBYARG@
-LIBRUBYARG_STATIC = @LIBRUBYARG_STATIC@
-LIBRUBYARG_SHARED = @LIBRUBYARG_SHARED@
-LIBRUBY_RELATIVE = @LIBRUBY_RELATIVE@
-LIBRUBY_A_OBJS = @LIBRUBY_A_OBJS@
-
-DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS = $(DTRACE_REBUILD:yes=$(DTRACE_DEPENDENT_OBJS))
-
-DTRACE_DEPENDENT_OBJS = array.$(OBJEXT) \
-			eval.$(OBJEXT) \
-			gc.$(OBJEXT) \
-			hash.$(OBJEXT) \
-			load.$(OBJEXT) \
-			object.$(OBJEXT) \
-			parse.$(OBJEXT) \
-			string.$(OBJEXT) \
-			symbol.$(OBJEXT) \
-			vm.$(OBJEXT)
-
-THREAD_MODEL  = @THREAD_MODEL@
-
-PREP          = @PREP@
-ARCHFILE      = @ARCHFILE@
-SETUP         =
-EXTSTATIC     = @EXTSTATIC@
-ENCSTATIC     = @ENCSTATIC@
-SET_LC_MESSAGES = env LC_MESSAGES=C
-
-MAKEDIRS      = @MKDIR_P@
-CP            = cp
-MV            = mv
-RM            = rm -f
-RMDIR         = @RMDIR@
-RMDIRS        = @RMDIRS@
-RMALL         = @RMALL@
-NM            = @NM@
-AR            = @AR@
-ARFLAGS       = @ARFLAGS@
-RANLIB        = @RANLIB@
-AS            = @AS@
-ASFLAGS       = @ASFLAGS@ $(INCFLAGS)
-IFCHANGE      = $(srcdir)/tool/ifchange
-SET_LC_MESSAGES = env LC_MESSAGES=C
-OBJDUMP       = @OBJDUMP@
-OBJCOPY       = @OBJCOPY@
-VCS           = @VCS@
-VCSUP         = @VCSUP@
-DTRACE        = @DTRACE@ @DTRACE_OPT@
-DTRACE_EXT    = @DTRACE_EXT@
-DTRACE_OBJ    = @DTRACE_OBJ@
-DTRACE_REBUILD= @DTRACE_REBUILD@
-DTRACE_GLOMMED_OBJ = $(DTRACE_REBUILD:yes=ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT))
-
-OBJEXT        = @OBJEXT@
-ASMEXT        = S
-DLEXT         = @DLEXT@
-MANTYPE	      = @MANTYPE@
-SYMBOL_PREFIX = @SYMBOL_PREFIX@
-
-INSTALLED_LIST= .installed.list
-
-NEWLINE_C     = enc/trans/newline.c
-MINIPRELUDE_C = miniprelude.c
-PRELUDE_C     = prelude.c
-RBCONFIG      = .rbconfig.time
-
-SRC_FILE      = $<
-OS_SRC_FILE   = $<
-DEST_FILE     = $@
-OS_DEST_FILE  = $@
-
-MESSAGE_BEGIN = @for line in
-MESSAGE_END = ; do echo "$$line"; done
-ECHO_BEGIN = @sep=''; for word in
-ECHO_END = ; do echo @ECHO_N@ "$$sep'$$word'@ECHO_C@"; sep=' '; done; echo
-
-DESTDIR       = @DESTDIR@
-
-configure_args = @configure_args@
-#### End of variables
-
-.SUFFIXES: .inc .h .c .y .i .$(DTRACE_EXT)
-
-all:
-
-# Prevent GNU make v3 from overflowing arg limit on SysV.
-.NOEXPORT:
-
-miniruby$(EXEEXT):
-		@-if test -f $@; then $(MV) -f $@ $@.old; $(RM) $@.old; fi
-		$(ECHO) linking $@
-		$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(NORMALMAINOBJ) $(MINIOBJS) $(COMMONOBJS) $(MAINLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
-
-$(PROGRAM):
-		@$(RM) $@
-		$(ECHO) linking $@
-		$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(MAINOBJ) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBYARG) $(MAINLIBS) $(LIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
-		$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
-
-# We must `rm' the library each time this rule is invoked because "updating" a
-# MAB library on Apple/NeXT (see --enable-fat-binary in configure) is not
-# supported.
-$(LIBRUBY_A):
-		@$(RM) $@
-		$(ECHO) linking static-library $@
-		$(Q) $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS) $(INITOBJS)
-		@-$(RANLIB) $@ 2> /dev/null || true
-		$(ECHO) verifying static-library $@
-		@$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINLIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)conftest$(EXEEXT)
-		@$(RM) conftest$(EXEEXT) conftest.c
-
-$(LIBRUBY_SO):
-		@-$(PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE)
-		$(ECHO) linking shared-library $@
-		$(Q) $(LDSHARED) $(DLDFLAGS) $(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(SOLIBS) $(EXTSOLIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@
-		-$(Q) $(OBJCOPY) -w -L '$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)Init_*' -L '$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)ruby_static_id_*' \
-			-L '$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)*_threadptr_*' $@
-		$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
-		@-$(MINIRUBY) -e 'ARGV.each{|link| File.delete link rescue nil; \
-						  File.symlink "$(LIBRUBY_SO)", link}' \
-				$(LIBRUBY_ALIASES) || true
-
-ruby_pc = @ruby_pc@
-$(ruby_pc):
-		@./config.status --file=$@:$(srcdir)/template/ruby.pc.in
-
-ruby-runner.h: template/ruby-runner.h.in
-		@./config.status --file=$@:$(srcdir)/template/$(@F).in
-
-ruby-runner$(EXEEXT): ruby-runner.c ruby-runner.h
-	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DRUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) $(LDFLAGS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $<
-
-$(RBCONFIG): $(PREP)
-
-rbconfig.rb: $(RBCONFIG)
-
-install-cross: $(arch)-fake.rb $(RBCONFIG) rbconfig.rb $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h \
-	$(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(ARCHFILE)
-	$(ECHO) installing cross-compiling stuff
-	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch) $(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)/$(arch)/ruby
-	$(Q) sed '/^\$$:\.unshift/q' $(arch)-fake.rb > fake.rb
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -p \
-	-e '~/^\s*CONFIG\["LDFLAGS"\]/ and' \
-	-e '$$_[/(?=\s*"$$)/] = %q[ #{(CONFIG["LIBPATHFLAG"]%File.dirname(__FILE__)).strip}]' \
-	rbconfig.rb > fake-rbconfig.rb
-	$(INSTALL_SCRIPT) fake.rb $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)/fake.rb
-	$(INSTALL_SCRIPT) fake-rbconfig.rb $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)/rbconfig.rb
-	@$(RM) fake.rb fake-rbconfig.rb
-	$(INSTALL_DATA) $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h $(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)/$(arch)/ruby
-	$(INSTALL_DATA) $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby/win32.h $(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)/ruby
-	$(INSTALL_DATA) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)
-	$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)/$(arch)
-
-Makefile:	$(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in
-
-$(MKFILES): config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
-		@[ -f $@ ] && mv $@ $@.old
-		MAKE=$(MAKE) $(SHELL) ./config.status $@
-		@cmp $@ $@.old > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo $@ unchanged && exit 0; \
-		{ \
-		    echo "all:; -@rm -f conftest.mk"; \
-		    echo "conftest.mk: .force; @echo AUTO_REMAKE"; \
-		    echo ".force:"; \
-		} > conftest.mk || exit 1; \
-		$(MAKE) -f conftest.mk | grep '^AUTO_REMAKE$$' >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-		{ echo "$@ updated, restart."; exit 1; }
-
-uncommon.mk: $(srcdir)/common.mk
-		sed 's/{\$$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g' $< > $@
-
-.PHONY: reconfig
-reconfig-args = $(srcdir)/$(CONFIGURE) $(configure_args)
-config.status-args = ./config.status --recheck
-reconfig-exec-0 = test -t 1 && { CONFIGURE_TTY=yes; export CONFIGURE_TTY; }; exec 3>&1; exit `exec 4>&1; { "$$@" 3>&- 4>&-; echo $$? 1>&4; } | fgrep -v '(cached)' 1>&3 3>&- 4>&-`
-reconfig-exec-1 = set -x; "$$@"
-
-reconfig config.status:	$(srcdir)/$(CONFIGURE) $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in \
-			$(srcdir)/include/ruby/version.h
-	@PWD= MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)"; export MINIRUBY; \
-	set $(SHELL) $($@-args); $(reconfig-exec-$(V))
-
-$(srcdir)/$(CONFIGURE): $(srcdir)/configure.in $(srcdir)/aclocal.m4
-	$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && exec $(AUTOCONF) -o $(@F)
-
-$(srcdir)/aclocal.m4:
-	$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && \
-	type $(ACLOCAL) >/dev/null 2>&1 && exec $(ACLOCAL); \
-	touch $(@F)
-
-incs: id.h
-all-incs: probes.h
-
-# Things which should be considered:
-# * with gperf v.s. without gperf
-# * committers may have various versions of gperf
-# * ./configure v.s. ../ruby/configure
-# * GNU make v.s. HP-UX make	# HP-UX make invokes the action if lex.c and keywords has same mtime.
-# * svn checkout generate a file with mtime as current time
-# * ext4 and XFS has a mtime with fractional part
-lex.c: defs/keywords
-	@\
-	if cmp -s $(srcdir)/defs/lex.c.src $?; then \
-	  [ $(Q) ] && echo copying $@ || set -x; \
-	  $(CP) $(srcdir)/lex.c.blt $@; \
-	else \
-	  [ $(Q) ] && echo generating $@ || set -x; \
-	  gperf -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N rb_reserved_word -k1,3,$$ $? \
-	  | sed 's/(long)&((\(struct stringpool_t\) *\*)0)->\(stringpool_[a-z0-9]*\)/offsetof(\1, \2)/g' \
-	  > $@.tmp && \
-	  $(MV) $@.tmp $@ && \
-	  $(CP) $? $(srcdir)/defs/lex.c.src && \
-	  $(CP) $@ $(srcdir)/lex.c.blt; \
-	fi
-
-JIS_PROPS_OPTIONS = -k1,3 -7 -c -j1 -i1 -t -C -P -t --ignore-case -H onig_jis_property_hash -Q onig_jis_property_pool -N onig_jis_property
-
-enc/jis/props.h: enc/jis/props.kwd
-	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	@set +e; \
-	if cmp -s $(?:.kwd=.src) $?; then \
-	  set -x; \
-	  $(CP) $(?:.kwd=.h.blt) $@; \
-	else \
-	  set -x; \
-	  gperf $(JIS_PROPS_OPTIONS) $? | \
-	  sed 's/(int)(long)&((\([a-zA-Z_0-9 ]*[a-zA-Z_0-9]\) *\*)0)->\([a-zA-Z0-9_]*\),/(char)offsetof(\1, \2),/g' > $@ && \
-	  $(CP) $? $(?:.kwd=.src) && \
-	  $(CP) $@ $(?:.kwd=.h.blt); \
-	fi
-
-.c.@OBJEXT@:
-	@$(ECHO) compiling $<
-	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -c $<
-
-.s.@OBJEXT@:
-	@$(ECHO) assembling $<
-	$(Q) $(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<
-
-.c.S:
-	@$(ECHO) translating $<
-	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -S $<
-
-.c.i:
-	@$(ECHO) preprocessing $<
-	$(Q) $(CPP) $(warnflags) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -E $< > $@
-
-.d.h:
-	@$(ECHO) translating probes $<
-	$(Q) $(DTRACE) -o $@.tmp -h -C $(INCFLAGS) -s $<
-	$(Q) sed -e 's/RUBY_/RUBY_DTRACE_/g' -e 's/PROBES_H_TMP/RUBY_PROBES_H/' -e 's/(char \*/(const char */g' -e 's/, char \*/, const char */g' $@.tmp > $@
-	$(Q) $(RM) $@.tmp
-
-.dmyh.h:
-	@$(ECHO) making dummy $(DEST_FILE)
-	$(Q)echo '#include "$(*F).dmyh"' > $@
-
-probes.stamp: $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS)
-	$(Q) if test -f $@ -o -f probes.$(OBJEXT); then \
-	  $(RM) $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS) $@; \
-	  $(ECHO0) "rebuilding objects which were modified by \"dtrace -G\""; \
-	  $(MAKE) $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS); \
-	fi
-	$(Q) touch $@
-
-probes.@OBJEXT@: $(srcdir)/probes.d $(DTRACE_REBUILD:yes=probes.stamp)
-	@$(ECHO) processing probes in object files
-	$(Q) $(RM) $@
-	$(Q) $(DTRACE) -G -C $(INCFLAGS) -s $(srcdir)/probes.d -o $@ $(DTRACE_REBUILD_OBJS)
-
-# DTrace static library hacks described here:
-# http://mail.opensolaris.org/pipermail/dtrace-discuss/2005-August/000207.html
-ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT):
-	@$(ECHO) generating a glommed object with DTrace probes for static library
-	$(Q) $(LD) -r -o $@ $(OBJS)
-
-clean-local::
-	$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.c ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT) ext/ripper/y.output \
-		enc/encinit.c enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT)
-	-$(Q)$(RM) $(pkgconfig_DATA)
-
-distclean-local::
-	$(Q)$(RM) ext/config.cache $(RBCONFIG) Doxyfile
-	-$(Q)$(RM) run.gdb
-	-$(Q)$(RM) $(INSTALLED_LIST) $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h verconf.h
-	-$(Q)$(RMDIRS) $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby 2> /dev/null || true
-
-clean-ext distclean-ext realclean-ext::
-	@cd ext 2>/dev/null || exit 0; set dummy `echo "${EXTS}" | tr , ' '`; shift; \
-	test "$$#" = 0 && set .; \
-	set dummy `\
-	    find "$$@" -name Makefile -print | sed 's:^\./::;s:/Makefile$$::' | sort; \
-	`; shift; \
-	cd ..; \
-	for dir do \
-	    echo $(@:-ext=)ing "$$dir"; \
-	    (cd "ext/$$dir" && exec $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $(@:-ext=)) && \
-	    case "$@" in \
-	    *distclean-ext*|*realclean-ext*) \
-		$(RMDIRS) "ext/$$dir" 2> /dev/null || true;; \
-	    esac; \
-	done
-	-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)
-
-distclean-ext realclean-ext::
-	-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.c
-	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) ext 2> /dev/null || true
-
-clean-extout:
-
-clean-enc distclean-enc realclean-enc:
-	@test -f "$(ENC_MK)" || exit 0; \
-	echo $(@:-enc=ing) encodings; \
-	exec $(MAKE) $(MAKE_ENC) $(@:-enc=)
-
-ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT): ext/extinit.c $(SETUP)
-	$(ECHO) compiling $@
-	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -c ext/extinit.c
-
-enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT): enc/encinit.c $(SETUP)
-
-update-src::
-	@$(CHDIR) "$(srcdir)" && LC_TIME=C exec $(VCSUP)
-
-update-download:: update-config_files
-
-after-update:: common-srcs
-
-update-mspec:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d spec/mspec ]; then \
-	  echo updating mspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd spec/mspec && \
-	  exec git pull; \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving mspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone $(MSPEC_GIT_URL) spec/mspec; \
-	fi
-	$(Q)cd $(srcdir)/spec/mspec && exec git --no-pager log -1 --oneline
-
-update-rubyspec: update-mspec
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d spec/rubyspec ]; then \
-	  echo updating rubyspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd spec/rubyspec && \
-	  exec git pull; \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving rubyspec ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone $(RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL) spec/rubyspec; \
-	fi
-	$(Q)cd $(srcdir)/spec/rubyspec && exec git --no-pager log -1 --oneline
-
-test-rubyspec-precheck:
-	@if [ ! -d $(srcdir)/spec/rubyspec ]; then echo No rubyspec here.  make update-rubyspec first.; exit 1; fi
-
-update-doclie:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d coverage/doclie ]; then \
-	  echo updating doclie ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd coverage/doclie && \
-	  git fetch && \
-	  exec git checkout $(DOCLIE_GIT_REF); \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving doclie ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone --branch $(DOCLIE_GIT_REF) $(DOCLIE_GIT_URL) coverage/doclie; \
-	fi
-
-update-simplecov-html:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d coverage/simplecov-html ]; then \
-	  echo updating simplecov-html ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd coverage/simplecov-html && \
-	  git fetch && \
-	  exec git checkout $(SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF); \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving simplecov-html ...; \
-	  exec git clone --branch $(SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF) $(SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL) coverage/simplecov-html; \
-	fi
-
-update-simplecov:
-	@$(CHDIR) $(srcdir); \
-	if [ -d coverage/simplecov ]; then \
-	  echo updating simplecov ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  cd coverage/simplecov && \
-	  git fetch && \
-	  exec git checkout $(SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF); \
-	else \
-	  echo retrieving simplecov ...; \
-	  $(Q1:0=:) set -x; \
-	  exec git clone --branch $(SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF) $(SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL) coverage/simplecov; \
-	fi
-
-update-coverage: update-simplecov update-simplecov-html update-doclie
-
-INSNS	= opt_sc.inc optinsn.inc optunifs.inc insns.inc insns_info.inc \
-	  vmtc.inc vm.inc
-
-$(INSNS): $(srcdir)/insns.def vm_opts.h \
-	  $(srcdir)/defs/opt_operand.def $(srcdir)/defs/opt_insn_unif.def \
-	  $(srcdir)/tool/instruction.rb $(srcdir)/tool/insns2vm.rb
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -Ku $(srcdir)/tool/insns2vm.rb $(INSNS2VMOPT) $@
-
-verconf.h: $(RBCONFIG)
-
-loadpath: verconf.h
-	@$(CPP) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(srcdir)/loadpath.c | \
-	sed -e '1,/^const char ruby_initial_load_paths/d;/;/,$$d' \
-	    -e '/^ /!d;s/ *"\\0"$$//;s/" *"//g'
-
-un-runnable:
-	$(ECHO) cannot make runnable, configure with --enable-load-relative.
-	$(Q) exit 1
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c0f48c4a0..0000000000
--- a/NEWS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,398 +0,0 @@
-# -*- rdoc -*-
-
-= NEWS for Ruby 2.4.0
-
-This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
-releases except for bug fixes.
-
-Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or
-reference information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes
-with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
-(e.g. <tt>https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER</tt>)
-
-== Changes since the 2.3.0 release
-
-=== Language changes
-
-* Multiple assignment in conditional expression is now allowed.
-  [Feature #10617]
-
-* Refinements is enabled at method by Symbol#to_proc.  [Feature #9451]
-
-* Refinements is enabled with Kernel#send and BasicObject#__send__.
-  [Feature #11476]
-
-* Rescue modifier now applicable to method arguments.
-  [Feature #12686]
-
-* Toplevel return is now allowed.  [Feature #4840]
-
-=== Core classes updates (outstanding ones only)
-
-* Array
-
-  * Array#concat [Feature #12333]
-    Now takes multiple arguments.
-
-  * Array#max and Array#min.  [Feature #12172]
-    This may cause a tiny incompatibility: if you redefine
-    Enumerable#max and call max to an Array, your redefinition will be
-    now ignored.  You should also redefine Array#max.
-
-  * Array#pack [Feature #12754]
-    Now takes optional argument `buffer:' to reuse already allocated buffer.
-
-  * Array#sum  [Feature #12217]
-    This is different from Enumerable#sum in that Array#sum doesn't depend on
-    the definition of each method.
-
-* Comparable
-
-  * Comparable#clamp.  [Feature #10594]
-
-* Dir
-
-  * Dir.empty?.  [Feature #10121]
-
-* Enumerable
-
-  * Enumerable#chunk called without a block now return an Enumerator
-    [Feature #2172]
-  * Enumerable#sum  [Feature #12217]
-  * Enumerable#uniq  [Feature #11090]
-
-* Enumerator::Lazy
-
-  * Enumerator::Lazy#chunk_while  [GH-1186]
-  * Enumerator::Lazy#uniq  [Feature #11090]
-
-* File
-
-  * File.empty?.  [Feature #9969]
-
-* Float
-
-  * Float#ceil, Float#floor, and Float#truncate now take an optional
-    digits, as well as Float#round.  [Feature #12245]
-
-  * Float#round now takes an optional keyword argument, half option, and
-    the default behavior is round-up.  [Bug #12548] [Bug #12958]
-    half option can be one of :even, :up, and :down.  [Feature #12953]
-
-* Hash
-
-  * Hash#compact and Hash#compact!  [Feature #11818]
-  * Hash#transform_values and Hash#transform_values!  [Feature #12512]
-
-* Integer
-
-  * Fixnum and Bignum are unified into Integer  [Feature #12005]
-
-  * Integer#ceil, Integer#floor, and Integer#truncate now take an optional
-    digits, as well as Integer#round.  [Feature #12245]
-
-  * Integer#digits for extracting columns of place-value notation [Feature #12447]
-
-  * Integer#round now takes an optional keyword argument, half option, and the
-    default behavior is round-up now.  [Bug #12548] [Bug #12958]
-    half option can be one of :even, :up, and :down.  [Feature #12953]
-
-* IO
-
-  * IO#gets, IO#readline, IO#each_line, IO#readlines, IO.foreach now takes
-    an optional keyword argument, chomp flag.  [Feature #12553]
-
-* Kernel
-
-  * Kernel#clone now takes an optional keyword argument, freeze flag.
-    [Feature #12300]
-
-* MatchData
-
-  * MatchData#named_captures [Feature #11999]
-  * MatchData#values_at supports named captures [Feature #9179]
-
-* Module
-
-  * Module#refine accepts a module as the argument now. [Feature #12534]
-  * Module.used_modules [Feature #7418]
-
-* Numeric
-
-  * Numeric#finite?, Numeric#infinite? [Feature #12039]
-
-* Process
-
-  * Support CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX, CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW, and
-    CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX which are introduced by macOS 10.12.
-
-* Rational
-
-  * Rational#round now takes an optional keyword argument, half option, and
-    the default behavior is round-up now.  [Bug #12548] [Bug #12958]
-    half option can be one of :even, :up, and :down.  [Feature #12953]
-
-* Regexp
-
-  * meta character \X matches Unicode 9.0 characters with some workarounds
-    for UTR #51 Unicode Emoji, Version 4.0 emoji zwj sequences.
-
-  * Regexp#match? [Feature #8110]
-    This returns bool and doesn't save backref.
-
-  * Update Onigmo 6.1.1.
-    * Support absent operator https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/issues/82
-
-* Regexp/String: Updated Unicode version from 8.0.0 to 9.0.0 [Feature #12513]
-
-* RubyVM::Env
-
-  * RubyVM::Env was removed.
-
-* String
-
-  * String#casecmp? [Feature #12786]
-
-  * String#concat, String#prepend [Feature #12333]
-    Now takes multiple arguments.
-
-  * String#each_line, String#lines now takes an optional keyword argument,
-    chomp flag.  [Feature #12553]
-
-  * String#match? [Feature #12898]
-
-  * String#unpack1 [Feature #12752]
-
-  * String#upcase, String#downcase, String#capitalize, String#swapcase and
-    their bang variants work for all of Unicode, and are no longer limited
-    to ASCII. Supported encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16BE/LE, UTF-32BE/LE, and
-    ISO-8859-1~16. Variations are available with options. See the documentation
-    of String#downcase for details. [Feature #10085]
-
-  * String.new(capacity: size) [Feature #12024]
-
-* StringIO
-
-  * StringIO#gets, StringIO#readline, StringIO#each_line, StringIO#readlines now takes
-    an optional keyword argument, chomp flag.  [Feature #12553]
-
-* Symbol
-
-  * Symbol#casecmp? [Feature #12786]
-
-  * Symbol#match now returns MatchData.  [Bug #11991]
-
-  * Symbol#match? [Feature #12898]
-
-  * Symbol#upcase, Symbol#downcase, Symbol#capitalize, and Symbol#swapcase now
-    work for all of Unicode. See the documentation of String#downcase
-    for details. [Feature #10085]
-
-* Thread
-
-  * Thread#report_on_exception and Thread.report_on_exception
-    [Feature #6647]
-
-* TracePoint
-
-  * TracePoint#callee_id [Feature #12747]
-
-* Warning
-
-  * New module named Warning is introduced.  By default it has only
-    one singleton method, named warn.  This makes it possible for
-    3rd-party libraries to control the way warnings are handled.
-    [Feature #12299]
-
-=== Stdlib updates (outstanding ones only)
-
-* CGI
-
-  * Don't allow , as a separator [Bug #12791]
-
-* CSV
-
-  * Add a liberal_parsing option. [Feature #11839]
-
-* IPAddr
-
-  * IPAddr#== and IPAddr#<=> no longer raise an exception if coercion fails.
-    [Bug #12799]
-
-* IRB
-
-  * Binding#irb: Start a REPL session like `binding.pry` at r56624.
-
-* Logger
-
-  * Allow specifying logger parameters in constructor such
-    as level, progname, datetime_format, formatter. [Feature #12224]
-  * Add shift_period_suffix option. [Feature #10772]
-
-* Net::HTTP
-
-  * New method: Net::HTTP.post [Feature #12375]
-
-* Net::FTP
-
-  * Support TLS (RFC 4217).
-  * Support hash style options for Net::FTP.new.
-  * Add a new optional argument pathname to Net::FTP#status.
-    Contributed by soleboxy. [GH-1478] [Feature #12965]
-
-* OpenSSL
-
-  * Includes Ruby/OpenSSL 2.0. OpenSSL has been extracted as a Gem and is
-    maintained at a separate repository now: https://github.com/ruby/openssl.
-    It still remains as a 'default gem'.  [Feature #9612]
-    Refer to ext/openssl/History.md for the full release note.
-
-* optparse
-
-  * Add an into option. [Feature #11191]
-
-* pathname
-
-  * New method: Pathname#empty? [Feature #12596]
-
-* Readline
-
-  * Readline.quoting_detection_proc and Readline.quoting_detection_proc=
-    [Feature #12659]
-
-* REXML
-
-  * REXML::Element#[]: If String or Symbol is specified, attribute
-    value is returned. Otherwise, Nth child is returned. This is
-    backward compatible change.
-
-* set
-
-  * New methods: Set#compare_by_identity and Set#compare_by_identity?.
-    [Feature #12210]
-
-* WEBrick
-
-  * Don't allow , as a separator [Bug #12791]
-
-=== Compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
-
-* Array#sum and Enumerable#sum are implemented.  [Feature #12217]
-  Ruby itself has no compatibility problem because Ruby didn't have sum method
-  for arrays before Ruby 2.4.
-  However many third party gems, activesupport, facets, simple_stats, etc,
-  defines sum method.  These implementations are mostly compatible but
-  there are subtle differences.
-  Ruby's sum method should be mostly compatible but it is impossible to
-  be perfectly compatible with all of them.
-
-* Fixnum and Bignum are unified into Integer  [Feature #12005]
-  Fixnum class and Bignum class is removed.
-  Integer class is changed from abstract class to concrete class.
-  For example, 0 is an instance of Integer: 0.class returns Integer.
-  The constants Fixnum and Bignum is bound to Integer.
-  So obj.kind_of?(Fixnum) works as obj.kind_of?(Integer).
-  At C-level, Fixnum object and Bignum object should be distinguished by
-  FIXNUM_P(obj) and RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_BIGNUM).
-  RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION can be used to detect this feature at C-level.
-  0.class == Integer can be used to detect this feature at Ruby-level.
-  The C-level constants, rb_cFixnum and rb_cBignum, are removed.
-  They can cause compilation failure.
-
-* String/Symbol#upcase/downcase/swapcase/capitalize(!) now work for all of
-  Unicode, not only for ASCII. [Feature #10085]
-  No change is needed if the data is in ASCII anyway or if the limitation
-  to ASCII was only tolerated while waiting for a more extensive implementation.
-  A change (using the :ascii option) is needed in cases where Unicode data
-  is processed, but the operation has to be limited to ASCII only.
-  A good example of this are internationalized domain names.
-
-* TRUE / FALSE / NIL
-  These constants are now obsoleted. [Feature #12574]
-  Use true / false / nil resp. instead.
-
-=== Stdlib compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
-
-* DateTime
-
-  * DateTime#to_time now preserves timezone.  [Bug #12189]
-
-* PSych
-
-  * Update Psych 2.2.2
-
-* RDoc
-
-  * Update RDoc 5.0.0
-
-* RubyGems
-
-  * Update RubyGems 2.6.8
-
-* shellwords
-
-  * Shellwords.shellwords (shellsplit) treats the backslash as escape
-    character only when followed by one of the following characters:
-    $ ` " \ <newline>
-    [Bug #10055]
-
-* Time
-
-  * Time#to_time now preserves timezone.  [Bug #12271]
-
-* thread
-
-  * the extension library is removed.  Till 2.0 it was a pure ruby script
-    "thread.rb", which has precedence over "thread.so", and has been provided
-    in $LOADED_FEATURES since 2.1.
-
-* Tk
-
-  * Tk is removed from stdlib.  [Feature #8539]
-    https://github.com/ruby/tk is the new upstream.
-
-* XMLRPC
-
-  * XMLRPC is removed from stdlib, and bundled as gem. [Feature #12160][ruby-core:74239]
-    https://github.com/ruby/xmlrpc is the new upstream.
-
-* Zlib
-
-  * Zlib.gzip and Zlib.gunzip [Feature #13020]
-
-=== C API updates
-
-* ruby_show_version() will no longer exits the process, if
-  RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE is set to 0.  This will be the default in
-  the future.
-
-* rb_gc_adjust_memory_usage() [Feature #12690]
-
-=== Supported platform changes
-
-* FreeBSD < 4 is no longer supported
-
-=== Implementation improvements
-
-* In some condition, `[x, y].max` and `[x, y].min` are optimized
-  so that a temporal array is not created.  The concrete condition is
-  an implementation detail: currently, the array literal must have no
-  splat, must have at least one expression but literal, the length must
-  be <= 0x100, and Array#max and min must not be redefined.  It will work
-  in most casual and real-life use case where it is written with intent
-  to `Math.max(x, y)`.
-
-* Thread deadlock detection now shows their backtrace and dependency. [Feature #8214]
-
-* st_table (st.c) internal data structure is improved. [Feature #12142]
-
-* Rational is extensively optimized. [Feature #12484]
-
-=== Miscellaneous changes
-
-* ChangeLog is removed from the repository.
-  It is generated from commit messages in Subversion by `make dist`.
-  Also note that now people should follow Git style commit message.
-  The template is written at
-  [Short (50 chars or less) summary of changes](https://git-scm.com/book/ch5-2.html).
-  [Feature #12283]
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2dcfacb6e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+# NEWS for Ruby 3.0.0
+
+This document is a list of user visible feature changes
+since the **2.7.0** release, except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or reference
+information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes with all
+sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
+(e.g. `https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER`).
+
+## Language changes
+
+* Keyword arguments are now separated from positional arguments.
+  Code that resulted in deprecation warnings in Ruby 2.7 will now
+  result in ArgumentError or different behavior. [[Feature #14183]]
+
+* Procs accepting a single rest argument and keywords are no longer
+  subject to autosplatting.  This now matches the behavior of Procs
+  accepting a single rest argument and no keywords.
+  [[Feature #16166]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    pr = proc{|*a, **kw| [a, kw]}
+
+    pr.call([1])
+    # 2.7 => [[1], {}]
+    # 3.0 => [[[1]], {}]
+
+    pr.call([1, {a: 1}])
+    # 2.7 => [[1], {:a=>1}] # and deprecation warning
+    # 3.0 => [[[1, {:a=>1}]], {}]
+    ```
+
+* Arguments forwarding (`...`) now supports leading arguments.
+  [[Feature #16378]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    def method_missing(meth, ...)
+      send(:"do_#{meth}", ...)
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Pattern matching (`case/in`) is no longer experimental. [[Feature #17260]]
+
+* One-line pattern matching is redesigned.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+
+    * `=>` is added. It can be used like a rightward assignment.
+      [[Feature #17260]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        0 => a
+        p a #=> 0
+
+        {b: 0, c: 1} => {b:}
+        p b #=> 0
+        ```
+
+    * `in` is changed to return `true` or `false`. [[Feature #17371]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        # version 3.0
+        0 in 1 #=> false
+
+        # version 2.7
+        0 in 1 #=> raise NoMatchingPatternError
+        ```
+
+* Find-pattern is added.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+  [[Feature #16828]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    case ["a", 1, "b", "c", 2, "d", "e", "f", 3]
+    in [*pre, String => x, String => y, *post]
+      p pre  #=> ["a", 1]
+      p x    #=> "b"
+      p y    #=> "c"
+      p post #=> [2, "d", "e", "f", 3]
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Endless method definition is added.  [EXPERIMENTAL]
+  [[Feature #16746]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    def square(x) = x * x
+    ```
+
+* Interpolated String literals are no longer frozen when
+  `# frozen-string-literal: true` is used. [[Feature #17104]]
+
+* Magic comment `shareable_constant_value` added to freeze constants.
+  See {Magic Comments}[rdoc-ref:doc/syntax/comments.rdoc@Magic+Comments] for more details.
+  [[Feature #17273]]
+
+* A {static analysis}[rdoc-label:label-Static+analysis] foundation is
+  introduced.
+    * {RBS}[rdoc-label:label-RBS] is introduced. It is a type definition
+      language for Ruby programs.
+    * {TypeProf}[rdoc-label:label-TypeProf] is experimentally bundled. It is a
+      type analysis tool for Ruby programs.
+
+* Deprecation warnings are no longer shown by default (since Ruby 2.7.2).
+  Turn them on with `-W:deprecated` (or with `-w` to show other warnings too).
+  [[Feature #16345]]
+
+* $SAFE and $KCODE are now normal global variables with no special behavior.
+  C-API methods related to $SAFE have been removed.
+  [[Feature #16131]] [[Feature #17136]]
+
+* yield in singleton class definitions in methods is now a SyntaxError
+  instead of a warning. yield in a class definition outside of a method
+  is now a SyntaxError instead of a LocalJumpError.  [[Feature #15575]]
+
+* When a class variable is overtaken by the same definition in an
+  ancestor class/module, a RuntimeError is now raised (previously,
+  it only issued a warning in verbose mode).  Additionally, accessing a
+  class variable from the toplevel scope is now a RuntimeError.
+  [[Bug #14541]]
+
+* Assigning to a numbered parameter is now a SyntaxError instead of
+  a warning.
+
+## Command line options
+
+### `--help` option
+
+When the environment variable `RUBY_PAGER` or `PAGER` is present and has
+a non-empty value, and the standard input and output are tty, the `--help`
+option shows the help message via the pager designated by the value.
+[[Feature #16754]]
+
+### `--backtrace-limit` option
+
+The `--backtrace-limit` option limits the maximum length of a backtrace.
+[[Feature #8661]]
+
+## Core classes updates
+
+Outstanding ones only.
+
+* Array
+
+    * The following methods now return Array instances instead of
+      subclass instances when called on subclass instances:
+      [[Bug #6087]]
+
+        * Array#drop
+        * Array#drop_while
+        * Array#flatten
+        * Array#slice!
+        * Array#slice / Array#[]
+        * Array#take
+        * Array#take_while
+        * Array#uniq
+        * Array#*
+
+    * Can be sliced with Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
+
+        ```ruby
+        dirty_data = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
+        dirty_data[(1..).step(2)] # take each second element
+        # => ["data1", "data2", "data3"]
+        ```
+
+* Binding
+
+    * Binding#eval when called with one argument will use "(eval)"
+      for `__FILE__` and 1 for `__LINE__` in the evaluated code.
+      [[Bug #4352]] [[Bug #17419]]
+
+* ConditionVariable
+
+    * ConditionVariable#wait may now invoke the `block`/`unblock` scheduler
+      hooks in a non-blocking context. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Dir
+
+    * Dir.glob and Dir.[] now sort the results by default, and
+      accept the `sort:` keyword option.  [[Feature #8709]]
+
+* ENV
+
+    * ENV.except has been added, which returns a hash excluding the
+      given keys and their values.  [[Feature #15822]]
+
+    * Windows: Read ENV names and values as UTF-8 encoded Strings
+      [[Feature #12650]]
+
+* Encoding
+
+    * Added new encoding IBM720.  [[Feature #16233]]
+
+    * Changed default for Encoding.default_external to UTF-8 on Windows
+      [[Feature #16604]]
+
+* Fiber
+
+    * Fiber.new(blocking: true/false) allows you to create non-blocking
+      execution contexts. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Fiber#blocking? tells whether the fiber is non-blocking. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Fiber#backtrace and Fiber#backtrace_locations provide per-fiber backtrace.
+      [[Feature #16815]]
+
+    * The limitation of Fiber#transfer is relaxed. [[Bug #17221]]
+
+* GC
+
+    * GC.auto_compact= and GC.auto_compact have been added to control
+      when compaction runs.  Setting `auto_compact=` to true will cause
+      compaction to occur during major collections.  At the moment,
+      compaction adds significant overhead to major collections, so please
+      test first!  [[Feature #17176]]
+
+* Hash
+
+    * Hash#transform_keys and Hash#transform_keys! now accept a hash that maps
+      keys to new keys.  [[Feature #16274]]
+
+    * Hash#except has been added, which returns a hash excluding the
+      given keys and their values.  [[Feature #15822]]
+
+* IO
+
+    * IO#nonblock? now defaults to `true`. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable, IO#read, IO#write and other
+      related methods (e.g. IO#puts, IO#gets) may invoke the scheduler hook
+      `#io_wait(io, events, timeout)` in a non-blocking execution context.
+      [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Kernel
+
+    * Kernel#clone when called with the `freeze: false` keyword will call
+      `#initialize_clone` with the `freeze: false` keyword.
+      [[Bug #14266]]
+
+    * Kernel#clone when called with the `freeze: true` keyword will call
+      `#initialize_clone` with the `freeze: true` keyword, and will
+      return a frozen copy even if the receiver is unfrozen.
+      [[Feature #16175]]
+
+    * Kernel#eval when called with two arguments will use "(eval)"
+      for `__FILE__` and 1 for `__LINE__` in the evaluated code.
+      [[Bug #4352]]
+
+    * Kernel#lambda now warns if called without a literal block.
+      [[Feature #15973]]
+
+    * Kernel.sleep invokes the scheduler hook `#kernel_sleep(...)` in a
+      non-blocking execution context. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Module
+
+    * Module#include and Module#prepend now affect classes and modules
+      that have already included or prepended the receiver, mirroring the
+      behavior if the arguments were included in the receiver before
+      the other modules and classes included or prepended the receiver.
+      [[Feature #9573]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        class C; end
+        module M1; end
+        module M2; end
+        C.include M1
+        M1.include M2
+        p C.ancestors #=> [C, M1, M2, Object, Kernel, BasicObject]
+        ```
+
+    * Module#public, Module#protected, Module#private, Module#public_class_method,
+      Module#private_class_method, toplevel "private" and "public" methods
+      now accept single array argument with a list of method names. [[Feature #17314]]
+
+    * Module#attr_accessor, Module#attr_reader, Module#attr_writer and Module#attr
+      methods now return an array of defined method names as symbols.
+      [[Feature #17314]]
+
+    * Module#alias_method now returns the defined alias as a symbol.
+      [[Feature #17314]]
+
+* Mutex
+
+    * `Mutex` is now acquired per-`Fiber` instead of per-`Thread`. This change
+      should be compatible for essentially all usages and avoids blocking when
+      using a scheduler. [[Feature #16792]]
+
+* Proc
+
+    * Proc#== and Proc#eql? are now defined and will return true for
+      separate Proc instances if the procs were created from the same block.
+      [[Feature #14267]]
+
+* Queue / SizedQueue
+
+    * Queue#pop, SizedQueue#push and related methods may now invoke the
+      `block`/`unblock` scheduler hooks in a non-blocking context.
+      [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Ractor
+
+    * New class added to enable parallel execution. See rdoc-ref:ractor.md for
+      more details.
+
+* Random
+
+    * `Random::DEFAULT` now refers to the `Random` class instead of being a `Random` instance,
+      so it can work with `Ractor`.
+      [[Feature #17322]]
+
+    * `Random::DEFAULT` is deprecated since its value is now confusing and it is no longer global,
+      use `Kernel.rand`/`Random.rand` directly, or create a `Random` instance with `Random.new` instead.
+      [[Feature #17351]]
+
+
+* String
+
+    * The following methods now return or yield String instances
+      instead of subclass instances when called on subclass instances:
+      [[Bug #10845]]
+
+        * String#*
+        * String#capitalize
+        * String#center
+        * String#chomp
+        * String#chop
+        * String#delete
+        * String#delete_prefix
+        * String#delete_suffix
+        * String#downcase
+        * String#dump
+        * String#each_char
+        * String#each_grapheme_cluster
+        * String#each_line
+        * String#gsub
+        * String#ljust
+        * String#lstrip
+        * String#partition
+        * String#reverse
+        * String#rjust
+        * String#rpartition
+        * String#rstrip
+        * String#scrub
+        * String#slice!
+        * String#slice / String#[]
+        * String#split
+        * String#squeeze
+        * String#strip
+        * String#sub
+        * String#succ / String#next
+        * String#swapcase
+        * String#tr
+        * String#tr_s
+        * String#upcase
+
+* Symbol
+
+    * Symbol#to_proc now returns a lambda Proc.  [[Feature #16260]]
+
+    * Symbol#name has been added, which returns the name of the symbol
+      if it is named.  The returned string is frozen.  [[Feature #16150]]
+
+* Fiber
+
+    * Introduce Fiber.set_scheduler for intercepting blocking operations and
+      Fiber.scheduler for accessing the current scheduler. See
+      rdoc-ref:fiber.md for more details about what operations are supported and
+      how to implement the scheduler hooks. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Fiber.blocking? tells whether the current execution context is
+      blocking. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+    * Thread#join invokes the scheduler hooks `block`/`unblock` in a
+      non-blocking execution context. [[Feature #16786]]
+
+* Thread
+
+    * Thread.ignore_deadlock accessor has been added for disabling the
+      default deadlock detection, allowing the use of signal handlers to
+      break deadlock. [[Bug #13768]]
+
+* Warning
+
+    * Warning#warn now supports a category keyword argument.
+      [[Feature #17122]]
+
+## Stdlib updates
+
+Outstanding ones only.
+
+* BigDecimal
+
+    * Update to BigDecimal 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Bundler
+
+    * Update to Bundler 2.2.3
+
+* CGI
+
+    * Update to 0.2.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* CSV
+
+    * Update to CSV 3.1.9
+
+* Date
+
+    * Update to Date 3.1.1
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Digest
+
+    * Update to Digest 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Etc
+
+    * Update to Etc 1.2.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Fiddle
+
+    * Update to Fiddle 1.0.5
+
+* IRB
+
+    * Update to IRB 1.2.6
+
+* JSON
+
+    * Update to JSON 2.5.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Set
+
+    * Update to set 1.0.0
+
+    * SortedSet has been removed for dependency and performance reasons.
+
+    * Set#join is added as a shorthand for `.to_a.join`.
+
+    * Set#<=> is added.
+
+* Socket
+
+    * Add :connect_timeout to TCPSocket.new [[Feature #17187]]
+
+* Net::HTTP
+
+    * Net::HTTP#verify_hostname= and Net::HTTP#verify_hostname have been
+      added to skip hostname verification.  [[Feature #16555]]
+
+    * Net::HTTP.get, Net::HTTP.get_response, and Net::HTTP.get_print
+      can take the request headers as a Hash in the second argument when the
+      first argument is a URI.  [[Feature #16686]]
+
+* Net::SMTP
+
+    * Add SNI support.
+
+    * Net::SMTP.start arguments are keyword arguments.
+
+    * TLS should not check the host name by default.
+
+* OpenStruct
+
+    * Initialization is no longer lazy. [[Bug #12136]]
+
+    * Builtin methods can now be overridden safely. [[Bug #15409]]
+
+    * Implementation uses only methods ending with `!`.
+
+    * Ractor compatible.
+
+    * Improved support for YAML. [[Bug #8382]]
+
+    * Use officially discouraged. Read OpenStruct@Caveats section.
+
+* Pathname
+
+    * Ractor compatible.
+
+* Psych
+
+    * Update to Psych 3.3.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* Reline
+
+    * Update to Reline 0.1.5
+
+* RubyGems
+
+    * Update to RubyGems 3.2.3
+
+* StringIO
+
+    * Update to StringIO 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+* StringScanner
+
+    * Update to StringScanner 3.0.0
+
+    * This version is Ractor compatible.
+
+## Compatibility issues
+
+Excluding feature bug fixes.
+
+* Regexp literals and all Range objects are frozen. [[Feature #8948]] [[Feature #16377]] [[Feature #15504]]
+
+    ```ruby
+    /foo/.frozen? #=> true
+    (42...).frozen? # => true
+    ```
+
+* EXPERIMENTAL: Hash#each consistently yields a 2-element array. [[Bug #12706]]
+
+    * Now `{ a: 1 }.each(&->(k, v) { })` raises an ArgumentError
+      due to lambda's arity check.
+
+* When writing to STDOUT redirected to a closed pipe, no broken pipe
+  error message will be shown now.  [[Feature #14413]]
+
+* `TRUE`/`FALSE`/`NIL` constants are no longer defined.
+
+* Integer#zero? overrides Numeric#zero? for optimization.  [[Misc #16961]]
+
+* Enumerable#grep and Enumerable#grep_v when passed a Regexp and no block no longer modify
+  Regexp.last_match. [[Bug #17030]]
+
+* Requiring 'open-uri' no longer redefines `Kernel#open`.
+  Call `URI.open` directly or `use URI#open` instead. [[Misc #15893]]
+
+* SortedSet has been removed for dependency and performance reasons.
+
+## Stdlib compatibility issues
+
+* Default gems
+
+    * The following libraries are promoted to default gems from stdlib.
+
+        * English
+        * abbrev
+        * base64
+        * drb
+        * debug
+        * erb
+        * find
+        * net-ftp
+        * net-http
+        * net-imap
+        * net-protocol
+        * open-uri
+        * optparse
+        * pp
+        * prettyprint
+        * resolv-replace
+        * resolv
+        * rinda
+        * set
+        * securerandom
+        * shellwords
+        * tempfile
+        * tmpdir
+        * time
+        * tsort
+        * un
+        * weakref
+
+    * The following extensions are promoted to default gems from stdlib.
+
+        * digest
+        * io-nonblock
+        * io-wait
+        * nkf
+        * pathname
+        * syslog
+        * win32ole
+
+* Bundled gems
+
+    * net-telnet and xmlrpc have been removed from the bundled gems.
+      If you are interested in maintaining them, please comment on
+      your plan to https://github.com/ruby/xmlrpc
+      or https://github.com/ruby/net-telnet.
+
+* SDBM has been removed from the Ruby standard library. [[Bug #8446]]
+
+    * The issues of sdbm will be handled at https://github.com/ruby/sdbm
+
+* WEBrick has been removed from the Ruby standard library. [[Feature #17303]]
+
+    * The issues of WEBrick will be handled at https://github.com/ruby/webrick
+
+## C API updates
+
+* C API functions related to $SAFE have been removed.
+  [[Feature #16131]]
+
+* C API header file `ruby/ruby.h` was split. [[GH-2991]]
+
+    This should have no impact on extension libraries,
+    but users might experience slow compilations.
+
+* Memory view interface [EXPERIMENTAL]
+
+    * The memory view interface is a C-API set to exchange a raw memory area,
+      such as a numeric array or a bitmap image, between extension libraries.
+      The extension libraries can share also the metadata of the memory area
+      that consists of the shape, the element format, and so on.
+      Using these kinds of metadata, the extension libraries can share even
+      a multidimensional array appropriately.
+      This feature is designed by referring to Python's buffer protocol.
+      [[Feature #13767]] [[Feature #14722]]
+
+* Ractor related C APIs are introduced (experimental) in "include/ruby/ractor.h".
+
+## Implementation improvements
+
+* New method cache mechanism for Ractor. [[Feature #16614]]
+
+    * Inline method caches pointed from ISeq can be accessed by multiple Ractors
+      in parallel and synchronization is needed even for method caches. However,
+      such synchronization can be overhead so introducing new inline method cache
+      mechanisms, (1) Disposable inline method cache (2) per-Class method cache
+      and (3) new invalidation mechanism. (1) can avoid per-method call
+      synchronization because it only uses atomic operations.
+      See the ticket for more details.
+
+* The number of hashes allocated when using a keyword splat in
+  a method call has been reduced to a maximum of 1, and passing
+  a keyword splat to a method that accepts specific keywords
+  does not allocate a hash.
+
+* `super` is optimized when the same type of method is called in the previous call
+  if it's not refinements or an attr reader or writer.
+
+### JIT
+
+* Performance improvements of JIT-ed code
+
+    * Microarchitectural optimizations
+
+        * Native functions shared by multiple methods are deduplicated on JIT compaction.
+
+        * Decrease code size of hot paths by some optimizations and partitioning cold paths.
+
+    * Instance variables
+
+        * Eliminate some redundant checks.
+
+        * Skip checking a class and a object multiple times in a method when possible.
+
+        * Optimize accesses in some core classes like Hash and their subclasses.
+
+    * Method inlining support for some C methods
+
+        * `Kernel`: `#class`, `#frozen?`
+
+        * `Integer`: `#-@`, `#~`, `#abs`, `#bit_length`, `#even?`, `#integer?`, `#magnitude`,
+          `#odd?`, `#ord`, `#to_i`, `#to_int`, `#zero?`
+
+        * `Struct`: reader methods for 10th or later members
+
+    * Constant references are inlined.
+
+    * Always generate appropriate code for `==`, `nil?`, and `!` calls depending on
+      a receiver class.
+
+    * Reduce the number of PC accesses on branches and method returns.
+
+    * Optimize C method calls a little.
+
+* Compilation process improvements
+
+    * It does not keep temporary files in /tmp anymore.
+
+    * Throttle GC and compaction of JIT-ed code.
+
+    * Avoid GC-ing JIT-ed code when not necessary.
+
+    * GC-ing JIT-ed code is executed in a background thread.
+
+    * Reduce the number of locks between Ruby and JIT threads.
+
+## Static analysis
+
+### RBS
+
+* RBS is a new language for type definition of Ruby programs.
+  It allows writing types of classes and modules with advanced
+  types including union types, overloading, generics, and
+  _interface types_ for duck typing.
+
+* Ruby ships with type definitions for core/stdlib classes.
+
+* `rbs` gem is bundled to load and process RBS files.
+
+### TypeProf
+
+* TypeProf is a type analysis tool for Ruby code based on abstract interpretation.
+
+    * It reads non-annotated Ruby code, tries inferring its type signature, and prints
+      the analysis result in RBS format.
+
+    * Though it supports only a subset of the Ruby language yet, we will continuously
+      improve the coverage of language features, analysis performance, and usability.
+
+```ruby
+# test.rb
+def foo(x)
+  if x > 10
+    x.to_s
+  else
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+foo(42)
+```
+
+```
+$ typeprof test.rb
+# Classes
+class Object
+  def foo : (Integer) -> String?
+end
+```
+
+## Miscellaneous changes
+
+* Methods using `ruby2_keywords` will no longer keep empty keyword
+  splats, those are now removed just as they are for methods not
+  using `ruby2_keywords`.
+
+* When an exception is caught in the default handler, the error
+  message and backtrace are printed in order from the innermost.
+  [[Feature #8661]]
+
+* Accessing an uninitialized instance variable no longer emits a
+  warning in verbose mode. [[Feature #17055]]
+
+[Bug #4352]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/4352
+[Bug #6087]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/6087
+[Bug #8382]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8382
+[Bug #8446]:      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8446
+[Feature #8661]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8661
+[Feature #8709]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8709
+[Feature #8948]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8948
+[Feature #9573]:  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9573
+[Bug #10845]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10845
+[Bug #12136]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12136
+[Feature #12650]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12650
+[Bug #12706]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12706
+[Feature #13767]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13767
+[Bug #13768]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13768
+[Feature #14183]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14183
+[Bug #14266]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14266
+[Feature #14267]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14267
+[Feature #14413]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14413
+[Bug #14541]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14541
+[Feature #14722]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14722
+[Bug #15409]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15409
+[Feature #15504]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15504
+[Feature #15575]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15575
+[Feature #15822]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15822
+[Misc #15893]:    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15893
+[Feature #15921]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15921
+[Feature #15973]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15973
+[Feature #16131]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16131
+[Feature #16150]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16150
+[Feature #16166]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16166
+[Feature #16175]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16175
+[Feature #16233]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16233
+[Feature #16260]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16260
+[Feature #16274]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16274
+[Feature #16345]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16345
+[Feature #16377]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16377
+[Feature #16378]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16378
+[Feature #16555]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16555
+[Feature #16604]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16604
+[Feature #16614]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16614
+[Feature #16686]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16686
+[Feature #16746]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16746
+[Feature #16754]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16754
+[Feature #16786]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16786
+[Feature #16792]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16792
+[Feature #16815]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16815
+[Feature #16828]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16828
+[Misc #16961]:    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16961
+[Bug #17030]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17030
+[Feature #17055]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17055
+[Feature #17104]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17104
+[Feature #17122]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17122
+[Feature #17136]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17136
+[Feature #17176]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17176
+[Feature #17187]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17187
+[Bug #17221]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17221
+[Feature #17260]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17260
+[Feature #17273]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17273
+[Feature #17303]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17303
+[Feature #17314]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17314
+[Feature #17322]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17322
+[Feature #17351]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17351
+[Feature #17371]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17371
+[Bug #17419]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17419
+[GH-2991]:        https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2991
diff --git a/README.ja.md b/README.ja.md
index 953f949fa2..6663b94680 100644
--- a/README.ja.md
+++ b/README.ja.md
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/macOS/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"macOS")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MinGW/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MinGW")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MJIT/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MJIT")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Ubuntu")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
+
 # Rubyとは
 
 Rubyはシンプルかつ強力なオブジェクト指向スクリプト言語です． Rubyは純粋なオブジェクト指向言語として設計されているので，
@@ -10,40 +18,48 @@ Rubyはテキスト処理関係の能力などに優れ，Perlと同じくらい
 
 *   シンプルな文法
 *   普通のオブジェクト指向機能(クラス，メソッドコールなど)
-*   特殊なオブジェクト指向機能(Mixin, 特異メソッドなど)
+*   特殊なオブジェクト指向機能(Mixin，特異メソッドなど)
 *   演算子オーバーロード
 *   例外処理機能
 *   イテレータとクロージャ
 *   ガーベージコレクタ
 *   ダイナミックローディング (アーキテクチャによる)
-*   移植性が高い．多くのUnix-like/POSIX互換プラットフォーム上で動くだけでなく，Windows， Mac OS
-    X，Haikuなどの上でも動く cf.
-    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/SupportedPlatformsJa
+*   移植性が高い．多くのUnix-like/POSIX互換プラットフォーム上で動くだけでなく，Windows， macOS，
+    Haikuなどの上でも動く cf.
+    https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/doc/contributing.rdoc#platform-maintainers
 
 
 ## 入手法
 
-### FTPで
+サードパーティーツールを使った方法を含むRubyのインストール方法の一覧は
 
-以下の場所においてあります．
+https://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/downloads/
 
-ftp://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/
+を参照してください．
 
-### Subversionで
+### Git
 
-開発先端のソースコードは次のコマンドで取得できます．
+ミラーをGitHubに公開しています． 以下のコマンドでリポジトリを取得できます．
 
-    $ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/trunk/ ruby
+    $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
-他に開発中のブランチの一覧は次のコマンドで見られます．
+他のブランチの一覧は次のコマンドで見られます．
 
-    $ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
+    $ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+
+Rubyリポジトリの本来のmasterは https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git にあります．
+コミッタはこちらを使います．
+
+### Subversion
 
-### Gitで
+古いRubyのバージョンのソースコードは次のコマンドでも取得できます．
 
-SubversionのミラーをGitHubに公開しています． 以下のコマンドでリポジトリを取得できます．
+    $ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_2_6/ ruby
+
+他のブランチの一覧は次のコマンドで見られます．
+
+    $ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
 
-    $ git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
 ## ホームページ
 
@@ -55,38 +71,33 @@ https://www.ruby-lang.org/
 
 ## メーリングリスト
 
-Rubyのメーリングリストがあります．参加希望の方は
-
-mailto:ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org
-
-まで本文に
+Rubyのメーリングリストがあります．参加希望の方は [ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org] まで本文に
 
     subscribe
 
 と書いて送って下さい．
 
-Ruby開発者向けメーリングリストもあります．こちらではrubyのバグ，将来の仕様拡張など実装上の問題について議論されています． 参加希望の方は
-
-mailto:ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org
-
-までruby-listと同様の方法でメールしてください．
+Ruby開発者向けメーリングリストもあります．こちらではrubyのバグ，将来の仕様拡張など実装上の問題について議論されています．
+参加希望の方は [ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org] までruby-listと同様の方法でメールしてください．
 
 Ruby拡張モジュールについて話し合うruby-extメーリングリストと数学関係の話題について話し合うruby-mathメーリングリストと
 英語でrubyについて話し合うruby-talkメーリングリストもあります．参加方法はどれも同じです．
 
+[ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org]: mailto:ruby-list-request@ruby-lang.org?subject=Join%20Ruby%20Mailing%20List&body=subscribe
+[ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org]: mailto:ruby-dev-request@ruby-lang.org?subject=Join%20Ruby%20Mailing%20List&body=subscribe
+
 ## コンパイル・インストール
 
 以下の手順で行ってください．
 
-1.  もし `configure` ファイルが見つからない，もしくは `configure.in` より古いようなら， `autoconf` を実行して
-    新しく `configure` を生成する
+1.  (Gitリポジトリから取得したソースをビルドする場合) `./autogen.sh` を実行して新しく `configure` を生成する
 
 2.  `configure` を実行して `Makefile` などを生成する
 
     環境によってはデフォルトのCコンパイラ用オプションが付きます． `configure` オプションで `optflags=..`
     `warnflags=..` 等で上書きできます．
 
-3.  (必要ならば)`defines.h` を編集する
+3.  (必要ならば)`include/ruby/defines.h` を編集する
 
     多分，必要無いと思います．
 
@@ -95,7 +106,8 @@ Ruby拡張モジュールについて話し合うruby-extメーリングリス�
     `ext/Setup` に記述したモジュールは静的にリンクされます．
 
     ダイナミックローディングをサポートしていないアーキテクチャでは `Setup` の1行目の「`option nodynamic`」という行のコ
-    メントを外す必要があります．また，このアーキテクチャで拡張モジュールを利用するためには，あらかじめ静的にリンクをしておく必要があります．
+    メントを外す必要があります．
+    また，このアーキテクチャで拡張モジュールを利用するためには，あらかじめ静的にリンクをしておく必要があります．
 
 5.  `make` を実行してコンパイルする
 
@@ -166,6 +178,3 @@ stackoverflow (https://ja.stackoverflow.com/) などのWebサイトに投稿し�
 Rubyのオリジナル版は，1995年にまつもとゆきひろ氏によって設計・開発されました．
 
 <mailto:matz@ruby-lang.org>
-
----
-created at: Thu Aug  3 11:57:36 JST 1995
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 114fa9421c..bd7c7813a7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby)
-[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/trunk?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/trunk)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/ruby)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/macOS/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"macOS")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MinGW/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MinGW")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/MJIT/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"MJIT")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Ubuntu")
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 
 # What's Ruby
 
-Ruby is the interpreted scripting language for quick and easy object-oriented
-programming.  It has many features to process text files and to do system
-management tasks (as in Perl).  It is simple, straight-forward, and
-extensible.
+Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often
+used for web development. It also offers many scripting features
+to process plain text and serialized files, or manage system tasks.
+It is simple, straightforward, and extensible.
 
 ## Features of Ruby
 
 *   Simple Syntax
 *   **Normal** Object-oriented Features (e.g. class, method calls)
-*   **Advanced** Object-oriented Features (e.g. Mix-in, Singleton-method)
+*   **Advanced** Object-oriented Features (e.g. mix-in, singleton-method)
 *   Operator Overloading
 *   Exception Handling
 *   Iterators and Closures
 *   Garbage Collection
 *   Dynamic Loading of Object Files (on some architectures)
 *   Highly Portable (works on many Unix-like/POSIX compatible platforms as
-    well as Windows, Mac OS X, Haiku, etc.) cf.
-    https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/SupportedPlatforms
+    well as Windows, macOS, etc.) cf.
+    https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/doc/contributing.rdoc#label-Platform+Maintainers
 
 
 ## How to get Ruby
@@ -30,61 +35,62 @@ like rvm, see:
 
 https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/
 
-The Ruby distribution files can be found on the following FTP site:
+### Git
 
-ftp://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/
+The mirror of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following command:
 
-The trunk of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following
-command:
+    $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
-    $ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/trunk/ ruby
+There are some other branches under development. Try the following command
+to see the list of branches:
 
-Or if you are using git then use the following command:
+    $ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
 
-    $ git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+You may also want to use https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git (actual master of Ruby source)
+if you are a committer.
 
-There are some other branches under development.  Try the following command
-to see the list of branches:
+### Subversion
 
-    $ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
+Stable branches for older Ruby versions can be checked out with also the
+following command:
 
-Or if you are using git then use the following command:
+    $ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_2_6/ ruby
 
-    $ git ls-remote git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
+Try the following command to see the list of branches:
 
-## Ruby home page
+    $ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/
 
-The URL of the Ruby home page is:
+
+## Ruby home page
 
 https://www.ruby-lang.org/
 
 ## Mailing list
 
-There is a mailing list to talk about Ruby. To subscribe to this list, please
+There is a mailing list to discuss Ruby. To subscribe to this list, please
 send the following phrase:
 
     subscribe
 
-in the mail body (not subject) to the address
-<mailto:ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org>.
+in the mail body (not subject) to the address [ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org].
 
-## How to compile and install
+[ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org]: mailto:ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org?subject=Join%20Ruby%20Mailing%20List&body=subscribe
 
-This is what you need to do to compile and install Ruby:
+## How to compile and install
 
-1.  If you want to use Microsoft Visual C++ to compile ruby, read
-    win32/README.win32 instead of this document.
+1.  If you want to use Microsoft Visual C++ to compile Ruby, read
+    [win32/README.win32](win32/README.win32) instead of this document.
 
-2.  If `./configure` does not exist or is older than configure.in, run
-    `autoconf` to (re)generate configure.
+2.  Run `./autogen.sh` to generate configure, when you build the source checked
+    out from the Git repository.
 
 3.  Run `./configure`, which will generate `config.h` and `Makefile`.
 
     Some C compiler flags may be added by default depending on your
-    environment.  Specify `optflags=..` and `warnflags=..` as necessary to
+    environment. Specify `optflags=..` and `warnflags=..` as necessary to
     override them.
 
-4.  Edit `defines.h` if you need. Usually this step will not be needed.
+4.  Edit `include/ruby/defines.h` if you need. Usually this step will not be needed.
 
 5.  Remove comment mark(`#`) before the module names from `ext/Setup` (or add
     module names if not present), if you want to link modules statically.
@@ -102,9 +108,9 @@ This is what you need to do to compile and install Ruby:
 
 7.  Optionally, run '`make check`' to check whether the compiled Ruby
     interpreter works well. If you see the message "`check succeeded`", your
-    ruby works as it should (hopefully).
+    Ruby works as it should (hopefully).
 
-8.  Run '`make install`'
+8.  Run '`make install`'.
 
     This command will create the following directories and install files into
     them.
@@ -133,10 +139,9 @@ This is what you need to do to compile and install Ruby:
     **NOTE**: teeny of the API version may be different from one of Ruby's
     program version
 
-    You may have to be a super user to install ruby.
+    You may have to be a super user to install Ruby.
 
-
-If you fail to compile ruby, please send the detailed error report with the
+If you fail to compile Ruby, please send the detailed error report with the
 error log and machine/OS type, to help others.
 
 Some extension libraries may not get compiled because of lack of necessary
@@ -153,18 +158,16 @@ Questions about the Ruby language can be asked on the Ruby-Talk mailing list
 (https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/community/mailing-lists) or on websites like
 (https://stackoverflow.com).
 
-Bug reports should be filed at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read [HowToReport] for more information.
+Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read [HowToReport] for more information.
 
 [HowToReport]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/HowToReport
 
-##Contributing
+## Contributing
 
 See the file [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
-
 ## The Author
 
-Ruby was originally designed and developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz) in
-1995.
+Ruby was originally designed and developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz) in 1995.
 
-<mailto:matz@ruby-lang.org>
+<matz@ruby-lang.org>
diff --git a/acinclude.m4 b/acinclude.m4
deleted file mode 100644
index 99b24e6d93..0000000000
--- a/acinclude.m4
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# -*- autoconf -*-
-
-AC_DEFUN([_COLORIZE_RESULT_PREPARE], [
-    msg_checking= msg_result_yes= msg_result_no= msg_result_other= msg_reset=
-    AS_IF([test "x${CONFIGURE_TTY}" = xyes -o -t 1], [
-	msg_begin="`tput smso 2>/dev/null`"
-	AS_CASE(["$msg_begin"], ['@<:@'*m],
-	    [msg_begin="`echo "$msg_begin" | sed ['s/[0-9]*m$//']`"
-	    msg_checking="${msg_begin}33m"
-	    AS_IF([test ${TEST_COLORS:+set}], [
-		msg_result_yes=[`expr ":$TEST_COLORS:" : ".*:pass=\([^:]*\):"`]
-		msg_result_no=[`expr ":$TEST_COLORS:" : ".*:fail=\([^:]*\):"`]
-		msg_result_other=[`expr ":$TEST_COLORS:" : ".*:skip=\([^:]*\):"`]
-	    ])
-	    msg_result_yes="${msg_begin}${msg_result_yes:-32;1}m"
-	    msg_result_no="${msg_begin}${msg_result_no:-31;1}m"
-	    msg_result_other="${msg_begin}${msg_result_other:-33;1}m"
-	    msg_reset="${msg_begin}m"
-	    ])
-	AS_UNSET(msg_begin)
-	])
-    AS_REQUIRE_SHELL_FN([colorize_result],
-	[AS_FUNCTION_DESCRIBE([colorize_result], [MSG], [Colorize result])],
-        [AS_CASE(["$[]1"],
-            [yes], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_yes}$[]1${msg_reset}]")],
-            [no], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_no}$[]1${msg_reset}]")],
-            [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_other}$[]1${msg_reset}]")])])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([COLORIZE_RESULT], [AC_REQUIRE([_COLORIZE_RESULT_PREPARE])dnl
-    AS_LITERAL_IF([$1],
-	[m4_case([$1],
-		[yes], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_yes}$1${msg_reset}"])],
-		[no], [AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_no}$1${msg_reset}"])],
-		[AS_ECHO(["${msg_result_other}$1${msg_reset}"])])],
-	[colorize_result "$1"]) dnl
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([AC_CHECKING],[dnl
-AC_REQUIRE([_COLORIZE_RESULT_PREPARE])dnl
-AS_MESSAGE([checking ${msg_checking}$1${msg_reset}...])])
-
-AC_DEFUN([AC_MSG_RESULT], [dnl
-{ _AS_ECHO_LOG([result: $1])
-COLORIZE_RESULT([$1]); dnl
-}])
diff --git a/aclocal.m4 b/aclocal.m4
index 56e944be8f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/aclocal.m4
+++ b/aclocal.m4
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# generated automatically by aclocal 1.15 -*- Autoconf -*-
-
-# Copyright (C) 1996-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-# This file is free software; the Free Software Foundation
-# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
-# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
-
-# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without
-# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
-# PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-
-m4_ifndef([AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS], [m4_defun([_AM_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS], [])m4_defun([AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS], [_AM_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS($@)])])
-m4_include([acinclude.m4])
diff --git a/addr2line.c b/addr2line.c
index 3cfb199d8b..0029cffbca 100644
--- a/addr2line.c
+++ b/addr2line.c
@@ -8,14 +8,26 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wgnu-empty-initializer"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wgcc-compat"
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/defines.h"
 #include "ruby/missing.h"
 #include "addr2line.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
-#ifdef USE_ELF
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBPROC_H
+#include <libproc.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+
+#if defined(USE_ELF) || defined(HAVE_MACH_O_LOADER_H)
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <limits.h>
@@ -28,12 +40,6 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#ifdef __OpenBSD__
-#include <elf_abi.h>
-#else
-#include <elf.h>
-#endif
-
 /* Make alloca work the best possible way.  */
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 # ifndef alloca
@@ -57,24 +63,20 @@ void *alloca();
 # include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif
 
-#define DW_LNS_copy                     0x01
-#define DW_LNS_advance_pc               0x02
-#define DW_LNS_advance_line             0x03
-#define DW_LNS_set_file                 0x04
-#define DW_LNS_set_column               0x05
-#define DW_LNS_negate_stmt              0x06
-#define DW_LNS_set_basic_block          0x07
-#define DW_LNS_const_add_pc             0x08
-#define DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc         0x09
-#define DW_LNS_set_prologue_end         0x0a /* DWARF3 */
-#define DW_LNS_set_epilogue_begin       0x0b /* DWARF3 */
-#define DW_LNS_set_isa                  0x0c /* DWARF3 */
+#ifdef HAVE_MACH_O_LOADER_H
+# include <crt_externs.h>
+# include <mach-o/fat.h>
+# include <mach-o/loader.h>
+# include <mach-o/nlist.h>
+# include <mach-o/stab.h>
+#endif
 
-/* Line number extended opcode name. */
-#define DW_LNE_end_sequence             0x01
-#define DW_LNE_set_address              0x02
-#define DW_LNE_define_file              0x03
-#define DW_LNE_set_discriminator        0x04  /* DWARF4 */
+#ifdef USE_ELF
+# ifdef __OpenBSD__
+#  include <elf_abi.h>
+# else
+#  include <elf.h>
+# endif
 
 #ifndef ElfW
 # if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
@@ -90,13 +92,44 @@ void *alloca();
 #  define ELF_ST_TYPE ELF32_ST_TYPE
 # endif
 #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SHF_COMPRESSED
+# if defined(ELFCOMPRESS_ZLIB) && defined(HAVE_LIBZ)
+   /* FreeBSD 11.0 lacks ELFCOMPRESS_ZLIB */
+#  include <zlib.h>
+#  define SUPPORT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_LINE
+# endif
+#else /* compatibility with glibc < 2.22 */
+# define SHF_COMPRESSED 0
+#endif
+
 #ifndef PATH_MAX
 #define PATH_MAX 4096
 #endif
 
-int kprintf(const char *fmt, ...);
+#define DW_LNS_copy                     0x01
+#define DW_LNS_advance_pc               0x02
+#define DW_LNS_advance_line             0x03
+#define DW_LNS_set_file                 0x04
+#define DW_LNS_set_column               0x05
+#define DW_LNS_negate_stmt              0x06
+#define DW_LNS_set_basic_block          0x07
+#define DW_LNS_const_add_pc             0x08
+#define DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc         0x09
+#define DW_LNS_set_prologue_end         0x0a /* DWARF3 */
+#define DW_LNS_set_epilogue_begin       0x0b /* DWARF3 */
+#define DW_LNS_set_isa                  0x0c /* DWARF3 */
 
-typedef struct {
+/* Line number extended opcode name. */
+#define DW_LNE_end_sequence             0x01
+#define DW_LNE_set_address              0x02
+#define DW_LNE_define_file              0x03
+#define DW_LNE_set_discriminator        0x04  /* DWARF4 */
+
+PRINTF_ARGS(static int kprintf(const char *fmt, ...), 1, 2);
+
+typedef struct line_info {
     const char *dirname;
     const char *filename;
     const char *path; /* object path */
@@ -105,19 +138,56 @@ typedef struct {
     uintptr_t base_addr;
     uintptr_t saddr;
     const char *sname; /* function name */
+
+    struct line_info *next;
 } line_info_t;
-typedef struct obj_info obj_info_t;
-struct obj_info {
+
+struct dwarf_section {
+    char *ptr;
+    size_t size;
+    uint64_t flags;
+};
+
+typedef struct obj_info {
     const char *path; /* object path */
-    int fd;
-    void *mapped;
+    char *mapped;
     size_t mapped_size;
+    void *uncompressed;
     uintptr_t base_addr;
-    obj_info_t *next;
+    uintptr_t vmaddr;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_abbrev;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_info;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_line;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_ranges;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_str;
+    struct obj_info *next;
+} obj_info_t;
+
+#define DWARF_SECTION_COUNT 5
+
+static struct dwarf_section *
+obj_dwarf_section_at(obj_info_t *obj, int n)
+{
+    struct dwarf_section *ary[] = {
+        &obj->debug_abbrev,
+        &obj->debug_info,
+        &obj->debug_line,
+        &obj->debug_ranges,
+        &obj->debug_str
+    };
+    if (n < 0 || DWARF_SECTION_COUNT <= n) {
+        abort();
+    }
+    return ary[n];
+}
+
+struct debug_section_definition {
+    const char *name;
+    struct dwarf_section *dwarf;
 };
 
 /* Avoid consuming stack as this module may be used from signal handler */
-static char binary_filename[PATH_MAX];
+static char binary_filename[PATH_MAX + 1];
 
 static unsigned long
 uleb128(char **p)
@@ -177,8 +247,7 @@ get_nth_dirname(unsigned long dir, char *p)
 }
 
 static void
-fill_filename(int file, char *include_directories, char *filenames,
-	      line_info_t *line)
+fill_filename(int file, char *include_directories, char *filenames, line_info_t *line, obj_info_t *obj)
 {
     int i;
     char *p = filenames;
@@ -188,8 +257,8 @@ fill_filename(int file, char *include_directories, char *filenames,
 	filename = p;
 	if (!*p) {
 	    /* Need to output binary file name? */
-	    kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s\n",
-		    file, binary_filename);
+	    kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s at %tx\n",
+		    file, binary_filename, filenames - obj->mapped);
 	    return;
 	}
 	while (*p) p++;
@@ -213,104 +282,128 @@ fill_line(int num_traces, void **traces, uintptr_t addr, int file, int line,
 	  obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
 {
     int i;
-    addr += obj->base_addr;
+    addr += obj->base_addr - obj->vmaddr;
     for (i = offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
 	uintptr_t a = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
 	/* We assume one line code doesn't result >100 bytes of native code.
        We may want more reliable way eventually... */
 	if (addr < a && a < addr + 100) {
-	    fill_filename(file, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i]);
+	    fill_filename(file, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj);
 	    lines[i].line = line;
 	}
     }
 }
 
+struct LineNumberProgramHeader {
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint16_t version;
+    uint8_t format; /* 4 or 8 */
+    uint64_t header_length;
+    uint8_t minimum_instruction_length;
+    uint8_t maximum_operations_per_instruction;
+    uint8_t default_is_stmt;
+    int8_t line_base;
+    uint8_t line_range;
+    uint8_t opcode_base;
+    /* uint8_t standard_opcode_lengths[opcode_base-1]; */
+    const char *include_directories;
+    const char *filenames;
+    const char *cu_start;
+    const char *cu_end;
+};
+
 static int
-parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
-		obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
+parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
 {
-    char *p, *cu_end, *cu_start, *include_directories, *filenames;
-    unsigned long unit_length;
-    int default_is_stmt, line_base;
-    unsigned int header_length, minimum_instruction_length, line_range,
-		 opcode_base;
-    /* unsigned char *standard_opcode_lengths; */
-
-    /* The registers. */
-    unsigned long addr = 0;
-    unsigned int file = 1;
-    unsigned int line = 1;
-    /* unsigned int column = 0; */
-    int is_stmt;
-    /* int basic_block = 0; */
-    /* int end_sequence = 0; */
-    /* int prologue_end = 0; */
-    /* int epilogue_begin = 0; */
-    /* unsigned int isa = 0; */
-
-    p = *debug_line;
-
-    unit_length = *(unsigned int *)p;
-    p += sizeof(unsigned int);
-    if (unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
-	unit_length = *(unsigned long *)p;
-	p += sizeof(unsigned long);
+    const char *p = *pp;
+    header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+
+    header->format = 4;
+    if (header->unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+	header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
+	p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+        header->format = 8;
     }
 
-    cu_end = p + unit_length;
+    header->cu_end = p + header->unit_length;
 
-    /*dwarf_version = *(unsigned short *)p;*/
-    p += 2;
+    header->version = *(uint16_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint16_t);
+    if (header->version > 4) return -1;
 
-    header_length = *(unsigned int *)p;
-    p += sizeof(unsigned int);
+    header->header_length = header->format == 4 ? *(uint32_t *)p : *(uint64_t *)p;
+    p += header->format;
+    header->cu_start = p + header->header_length;
 
-    cu_start = p + header_length;
-
-    minimum_instruction_length = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
+    header->minimum_instruction_length = *(uint8_t *)p++;
 
-    is_stmt = default_is_stmt = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
-
-    line_base = *(signed char *)p;
-    p++;
-
-    line_range = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
-
-    opcode_base = *(unsigned char *)p;
-    p++;
+    if (header->version >= 4) {
+        /* maximum_operations_per_instruction = *(uint8_t *)p; */
+        if (*p != 1) return -1; /* For non-VLIW architectures, this field is 1 */
+        p++;
+    }
 
-    /* standard_opcode_lengths = (unsigned char *)p - 1; */
-    p += opcode_base - 1;
+    header->default_is_stmt = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    header->line_base = *(int8_t *)p++;
+    header->line_range = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    header->opcode_base = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    /* header->standard_opcode_lengths = (uint8_t *)p - 1; */
+    p += header->opcode_base - 1;
 
-    include_directories = p;
+    header->include_directories = p;
 
     /* temporary measure for compress-debug-sections */
-    if (p >= cu_end) return -1;
+    if (p >= header->cu_end) return -1;
 
     /* skip include directories */
     while (*p) {
-	p = memchr(p, '\0', cu_end - p);
+	p = memchr(p, '\0', header->cu_end - p);
 	if (!p) return -1;
 	p++;
     }
     p++;
 
-    filenames = p;
+    header->filenames = p;
+
+    *pp = header->cu_start;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
+		obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
+{
+    const char *p = (const char *)*debug_line;
+    struct LineNumberProgramHeader header;
+
+    /* The registers. */
+    unsigned long addr = 0;
+    unsigned int file = 1;
+    unsigned int line = 1;
+    /* unsigned int column = 0; */
+    int is_stmt;
+    /* int basic_block = 0; */
+    /* int end_sequence = 0; */
+    /* int prologue_end = 0; */
+    /* int epilogue_begin = 0; */
+    /* unsigned int isa = 0; */
 
-    p = cu_start;
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+        return -1;
+    is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
 
 #define FILL_LINE()						    \
     do {							    \
 	fill_line(num_traces, traces, addr, file, line,		    \
-		  include_directories, filenames,		    \
+                  (char *)header.include_directories,               \
+                  (char *)header.filenames,                         \
 		  obj, lines, offset);				    \
 	/*basic_block = prologue_end = epilogue_begin = 0;*/	    \
     } while (0)
 
-    while (p < cu_end) {
+    while (p < header.cu_end) {
 	unsigned long a;
 	unsigned char op = *p++;
 	switch (op) {
@@ -318,19 +411,19 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    FILL_LINE();
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_advance_pc:
-	    a = uleb128(&p);
+	    a = uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    addr += a;
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_advance_line: {
-	    long a = sleb128(&p);
+	    long a = sleb128((char **)&p);
 	    line += a;
 	    break;
 	}
 	case DW_LNS_set_file:
-	    file = (unsigned int)uleb128(&p);
+	    file = (unsigned int)uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_set_column:
-	    /*column = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
+	    /*column = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_negate_stmt:
 	    is_stmt = !is_stmt;
@@ -339,12 +432,13 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    /*basic_block = 1; */
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_const_add_pc:
-	    a = ((255 - opcode_base) / line_range) *
-		minimum_instruction_length;
+	    a = ((255UL - header.opcode_base) / header.line_range) *
+		header.minimum_instruction_length;
 	    addr += a;
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc:
-	    a = *(unsigned char *)p++;
+	    a = *(uint16_t *)p;
+	    p += sizeof(uint16_t);
 	    addr += a;
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_set_prologue_end:
@@ -354,7 +448,7 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    /* epilogue_begin = 1; */
 	    break;
 	case DW_LNS_set_isa:
-	    /* isa = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128(&p);
+	    /* isa = (unsigned int)*/(void)uleb128((char **)&p);
 	    break;
 	case 0:
 	    a = *(unsigned char *)p++;
@@ -367,7 +461,7 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 		file = 1;
 		line = 1;
 		/* column = 0; */
-		is_stmt = default_is_stmt;
+		is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
 		/* end_sequence = 0; */
 		/* isa = 0; */
 		break;
@@ -381,7 +475,7 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 		break;
 	    case DW_LNE_set_discriminator:
 		/* TODO:currently ignore */
-		uleb128(&p);
+		uleb128((char **)&p);
 		break;
 	    default:
 		kprintf("Unknown extended opcode: %d in %s\n",
@@ -389,18 +483,16 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, char **debug_line,
 	    }
 	    break;
 	default: {
-	    unsigned long addr_incr;
-	    unsigned long line_incr;
-	    a = op - opcode_base;
-	    addr_incr = (a / line_range) * minimum_instruction_length;
-	    line_incr = line_base + (a % line_range);
-	    addr += (unsigned int)addr_incr;
-	    line += (unsigned int)line_incr;
+            uint8_t adjusted_opcode = op - header.opcode_base;
+            uint8_t operation_advance = adjusted_opcode / header.line_range;
+            /* NOTE: this code doesn't support VLIW */
+            addr += operation_advance * header.minimum_instruction_length;
+            line += header.line_base + (adjusted_opcode % header.line_range);
 	    FILL_LINE();
 	}
 	}
     }
-    *debug_line = p;
+    *debug_line = (char *)p;
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -427,22 +519,38 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	   obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset);
 
 static void
-append_obj(obj_info_t **objp) {
+append_obj(obj_info_t **objp)
+{
     obj_info_t *newobj = calloc(1, sizeof(obj_info_t));
     if (*objp) (*objp)->next = newobj;
     *objp = newobj;
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_ELF
+/* Ideally we should check 4 paths to follow gnu_debuglink:
+ *
+ *   - /usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ab/cdef1234.debug
+ *   - /usr/bin/ruby.debug
+ *   - /usr/bin/.debug/ruby.debug
+ *   - /usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/ruby.debug.
+ *
+ * but we handle only two cases for now as the two formats are
+ * used by some linux distributions.
+ *
+ * See GDB's info for detail.
+ * https://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/Separate-Debug-Files.html
+ */
+
+// check the path pattern of "/usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/ruby.debug"
 static void
-follow_debuglink(char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
+follow_debuglink(const char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
 		 obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
 {
-    /* Ideally we should check 4 paths to follow gnu_debuglink,
-       but we handle only one case for now as this format is used
-       by some linux distributions. See GDB's info for detail. */
     static const char global_debug_dir[] = "/usr/lib/debug";
-    char *p, *subdir;
+    const size_t global_debug_dir_len = sizeof(global_debug_dir) - 1;
+    char *p;
     obj_info_t *o1 = *objp, *o2;
+    size_t len;
 
     p = strrchr(binary_filename, '/');
     if (!p) {
@@ -450,11 +558,44 @@ follow_debuglink(char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
     }
     p[1] = '\0';
 
-    subdir = (char *)alloca(strlen(binary_filename) + 1);
-    strcpy(subdir, binary_filename);
-    strcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir);
-    strlcat(binary_filename, subdir, PATH_MAX);
-    strlcat(binary_filename, debuglink, PATH_MAX);
+    len = strlen(binary_filename);
+    if (len >= PATH_MAX - global_debug_dir_len)
+	len = PATH_MAX - global_debug_dir_len - 1;
+    memmove(binary_filename + global_debug_dir_len, binary_filename, len);
+    memcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir, global_debug_dir_len);
+    len += global_debug_dir_len;
+    strlcpy(binary_filename + len, debuglink, PATH_MAX - len);
+
+    append_obj(objp);
+    o2 = *objp;
+    o2->base_addr = o1->base_addr;
+    o2->path = o1->path;
+    fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 0, objp, lines, offset);
+}
+
+// check the path pattern of "/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ab/cdef1234.debug"
+static void
+follow_debuglink_build_id(const char *build_id, size_t build_id_size, int num_traces, void **traces,
+                          obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
+{
+    static const char global_debug_dir[] = "/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/";
+    const size_t global_debug_dir_len = sizeof(global_debug_dir) - 1;
+    char *p;
+    obj_info_t *o1 = *objp, *o2;
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (PATH_MAX < global_debug_dir_len + 1 + build_id_size * 2 + 6) return;
+
+    memcpy(binary_filename, global_debug_dir, global_debug_dir_len);
+    p = binary_filename + global_debug_dir_len;
+    for (i = 0; i < build_id_size; i++) {
+        static const char tbl[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+        unsigned char n = build_id[i];
+        *p++ = tbl[n / 16];
+        *p++ = tbl[n % 16];
+        if (i == 0) *p++ = '/';
+    }
+    strcpy(p, ".debug");
 
     append_obj(objp);
     o2 = *objp;
@@ -462,6 +603,1054 @@ follow_debuglink(char *debuglink, int num_traces, void **traces,
     o2->path = o1->path;
     fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 0, objp, lines, offset);
 }
+#endif
+
+enum
+{
+    DW_TAG_compile_unit = 0x11,
+    DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine = 0x1d,
+    DW_TAG_subprogram = 0x2e,
+};
+
+/* Attributes encodings */
+enum
+{
+    DW_AT_sibling = 0x01,
+    DW_AT_location = 0x02,
+    DW_AT_name = 0x03,
+    /* Reserved 0x04 */
+    /* Reserved 0x05 */
+    /* Reserved 0x06 */
+    /* Reserved 0x07 */
+    /* Reserved 0x08 */
+    DW_AT_ordering = 0x09,
+    /* Reserved 0x0a */
+    DW_AT_byte_size = 0x0b,
+    /* Reserved 0x0c */
+    DW_AT_bit_size = 0x0d,
+    /* Reserved 0x0e */
+    /* Reserved 0x0f */
+    DW_AT_stmt_list = 0x10,
+    DW_AT_low_pc = 0x11,
+    DW_AT_high_pc = 0x12,
+    DW_AT_language = 0x13,
+    /* Reserved 0x14 */
+    DW_AT_discr = 0x15,
+    DW_AT_discr_value = 0x16,
+    DW_AT_visibility = 0x17,
+    DW_AT_import = 0x18,
+    DW_AT_string_length = 0x19,
+    DW_AT_common_reference = 0x1a,
+    DW_AT_comp_dir = 0x1b,
+    DW_AT_const_value = 0x1c,
+    DW_AT_containing_type = 0x1d,
+    DW_AT_default_value = 0x1e,
+    /* Reserved 0x1f */
+    DW_AT_inline = 0x20,
+    DW_AT_is_optional = 0x21,
+    DW_AT_lower_bound = 0x22,
+    /* Reserved 0x23 */
+    /* Reserved 0x24 */
+    DW_AT_producer = 0x25,
+    /* Reserved 0x26 */
+    DW_AT_prototyped = 0x27,
+    /* Reserved 0x28 */
+    /* Reserved 0x29 */
+    DW_AT_return_addr = 0x2a,
+    /* Reserved 0x2b */
+    DW_AT_start_scope = 0x2c,
+    /* Reserved 0x2d */
+    DW_AT_bit_stride = 0x2e,
+    DW_AT_upper_bound = 0x2f,
+    /* Reserved 0x30 */
+    DW_AT_abstract_origin = 0x31,
+    DW_AT_accessibility = 0x32,
+    DW_AT_address_class = 0x33,
+    DW_AT_artificial = 0x34,
+    DW_AT_base_types = 0x35,
+    DW_AT_calling_convention = 0x36,
+    DW_AT_count = 0x37,
+    DW_AT_data_member_location = 0x38,
+    DW_AT_decl_column = 0x39,
+    DW_AT_decl_file = 0x3a,
+    DW_AT_decl_line = 0x3b,
+    DW_AT_declaration = 0x3c,
+    DW_AT_discr_list = 0x3d,
+    DW_AT_encoding = 0x3e,
+    DW_AT_external = 0x3f,
+    DW_AT_frame_base = 0x40,
+    DW_AT_friend = 0x41,
+    DW_AT_identifier_case = 0x42,
+    /* Reserved 0x43 */
+    DW_AT_namelist_item = 0x44,
+    DW_AT_priority = 0x45,
+    DW_AT_segment = 0x46,
+    DW_AT_specification = 0x47,
+    DW_AT_static_link = 0x48,
+    DW_AT_type = 0x49,
+    DW_AT_use_location = 0x4a,
+    DW_AT_variable_parameter = 0x4b,
+    DW_AT_virtuality = 0x4c,
+    DW_AT_vtable_elem_location = 0x4d,
+    DW_AT_allocated = 0x4e,
+    DW_AT_associated = 0x4f,
+    DW_AT_data_location = 0x50,
+    DW_AT_byte_stride = 0x51,
+    DW_AT_entry_pc = 0x52,
+    DW_AT_use_UTF8 = 0x53,
+    DW_AT_extension = 0x54,
+    DW_AT_ranges = 0x55,
+    DW_AT_trampoline = 0x56,
+    DW_AT_call_column = 0x57,
+    DW_AT_call_file = 0x58,
+    DW_AT_call_line = 0x59,
+    DW_AT_description = 0x5a,
+    DW_AT_binary_scale = 0x5b,
+    DW_AT_decimal_scale = 0x5c,
+    DW_AT_small = 0x5d,
+    DW_AT_decimal_sign = 0x5e,
+    DW_AT_digit_count = 0x5f,
+    DW_AT_picture_string = 0x60,
+    DW_AT_mutable = 0x61,
+    DW_AT_threads_scaled = 0x62,
+    DW_AT_explicit = 0x63,
+    DW_AT_object_pointer = 0x64,
+    DW_AT_endianity = 0x65,
+    DW_AT_elemental = 0x66,
+    DW_AT_pure = 0x67,
+    DW_AT_recursive = 0x68,
+    DW_AT_signature = 0x69,
+    DW_AT_main_subprogram = 0x6a,
+    DW_AT_data_bit_offset = 0x6b,
+    DW_AT_const_expr = 0x6c,
+    DW_AT_enum_class = 0x6d,
+    DW_AT_linkage_name = 0x6e,
+    DW_AT_string_length_bit_size = 0x6f,
+    DW_AT_string_length_byte_size = 0x70,
+    DW_AT_rank = 0x71,
+    DW_AT_str_offsets_base = 0x72,
+    DW_AT_addr_base = 0x73,
+    DW_AT_rnglists_base = 0x74,
+    /* Reserved 0x75 */
+    DW_AT_dwo_name = 0x76,
+    DW_AT_reference = 0x77,
+    DW_AT_rvalue_reference = 0x78,
+    DW_AT_macros = 0x79,
+    DW_AT_call_all_calls = 0x7a,
+    DW_AT_call_all_source_calls = 0x7b,
+    DW_AT_call_all_tail_calls = 0x7c,
+    DW_AT_call_return_pc = 0x7d,
+    DW_AT_call_value = 0x7e,
+    DW_AT_call_origin = 0x7f,
+    DW_AT_call_parameter = 0x80,
+    DW_AT_call_pc = 0x81,
+    DW_AT_call_tail_call = 0x82,
+    DW_AT_call_target = 0x83,
+    DW_AT_call_target_clobbered = 0x84,
+    DW_AT_call_data_location = 0x85,
+    DW_AT_call_data_value = 0x86,
+    DW_AT_noreturn = 0x87,
+    DW_AT_alignment = 0x88,
+    DW_AT_export_symbols = 0x89,
+    DW_AT_deleted = 0x8a,
+    DW_AT_defaulted = 0x8b,
+    DW_AT_loclists_base = 0x8c,
+    DW_AT_lo_user = 0x2000,
+    DW_AT_hi_user = 0x3fff
+};
+
+/* Attribute form encodings */
+enum
+{
+    DW_FORM_addr = 0x01,
+    /* Reserved 0x02 */
+    DW_FORM_block2 = 0x03,
+    DW_FORM_block4 = 0x04,
+    DW_FORM_data2 = 0x05,
+    DW_FORM_data4 = 0x06,
+    DW_FORM_data8 = 0x07,
+    DW_FORM_string = 0x08,
+    DW_FORM_block = 0x09,
+    DW_FORM_block1 = 0x0a,
+    DW_FORM_data1 = 0x0b,
+    DW_FORM_flag = 0x0c,
+    DW_FORM_sdata = 0x0d,
+    DW_FORM_strp = 0x0e,
+    DW_FORM_udata = 0x0f,
+    DW_FORM_ref_addr = 0x10,
+    DW_FORM_ref1 = 0x11,
+    DW_FORM_ref2 = 0x12,
+    DW_FORM_ref4 = 0x13,
+    DW_FORM_ref8 = 0x14,
+    DW_FORM_ref_udata = 0x15,
+    DW_FORM_indirect = 0x16,
+    DW_FORM_sec_offset = 0x17,
+    DW_FORM_exprloc = 0x18,
+    DW_FORM_flag_present = 0x19,
+    DW_FORM_strx = 0x1a,
+    DW_FORM_addrx = 0x1b,
+    DW_FORM_ref_sup4 = 0x1c,
+    DW_FORM_strp_sup = 0x1d,
+    DW_FORM_data16 = 0x1e,
+    DW_FORM_line_strp = 0x1f,
+    DW_FORM_ref_sig8 = 0x20,
+    DW_FORM_implicit_const = 0x21,
+    DW_FORM_loclistx = 0x22,
+    DW_FORM_rnglistx = 0x23,
+    DW_FORM_ref_sup8 = 0x24,
+    DW_FORM_strx1 = 0x25,
+    DW_FORM_strx2 = 0x26,
+    DW_FORM_strx3 = 0x27,
+    DW_FORM_strx4 = 0x28,
+    DW_FORM_addrx1 = 0x29,
+    DW_FORM_addrx2 = 0x2a,
+    DW_FORM_addrx3 = 0x2b,
+    DW_FORM_addrx4 = 0x2c
+};
+
+enum {
+    VAL_none = 0,
+    VAL_cstr = 1,
+    VAL_data = 2,
+    VAL_uint = 3,
+    VAL_int = 4
+};
+
+# define ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE 256
+typedef struct {
+    obj_info_t *obj;
+    char *file;
+    char *current_cu;
+    uint64_t current_low_pc;
+    char *debug_line_cu_end;
+    char *debug_line_files;
+    char *debug_line_directories;
+    char *p;
+    char *cu_end;
+    char *pend;
+    char *q0;
+    char *q;
+    int format; // 4 or 8
+    uint8_t address_size;
+    int level;
+    char *abbrev_table[ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE];
+} DebugInfoReader;
+
+typedef struct {
+    ptrdiff_t pos;
+    int tag;
+    int has_children;
+} DIE;
+
+typedef struct {
+    union {
+        char *ptr;
+        uint64_t uint64;
+        int64_t int64;
+    } as;
+    uint64_t off;
+    uint64_t at;
+    uint64_t form;
+    size_t size;
+    int type;
+} DebugInfoValue;
+
+/* TODO: Big Endian */
+#define MERGE_2INTS(a,b,sz) (((uint64_t)(b)<<sz)|(a))
+
+static uint16_t
+get_uint16(const uint8_t *p)
+{
+    return (uint16_t)MERGE_2INTS(p[0],p[1],8);
+}
+
+static uint32_t
+get_uint32(const uint8_t *p)
+{
+    return (uint32_t)MERGE_2INTS(get_uint16(p),get_uint16(p+2),16);
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+get_uint64(const uint8_t *p)
+{
+    return MERGE_2INTS(get_uint32(p),get_uint32(p+4),32);
+}
+
+static uint8_t
+read_uint8(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 1);
+    return *p;
+}
+
+static uint16_t
+read_uint16(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 2);
+    return get_uint16(p);
+}
+
+static uint32_t
+read_uint24(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 3);
+    return (*p << 16) | get_uint16(p+1);
+}
+
+static uint32_t
+read_uint32(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 4);
+    return get_uint32(p);
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_uint64(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + 8);
+    return get_uint64(p);
+}
+
+static uintptr_t
+read_uintptr(char **ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)*ptr;
+    *ptr = (char *)(p + SIZEOF_VOIDP);
+#if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
+    return get_uint64(p);
+#else
+    return get_uint32(p);
+#endif
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_uint(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    if (reader->format == 4) {
+        return read_uint32(&reader->p);
+    } else { /* 64 bit */
+        return read_uint64(&reader->p);
+    }
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_uleb128(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    return uleb128(&reader->p);
+}
+
+static int64_t
+read_sleb128(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    return sleb128(&reader->p);
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_reader_init(DebugInfoReader *reader, obj_info_t *obj)
+{
+    reader->file = obj->mapped;
+    reader->obj = obj;
+    reader->p = obj->debug_info.ptr;
+    reader->pend = obj->debug_info.ptr + obj->debug_info.size;
+    reader->debug_line_cu_end = obj->debug_line.ptr;
+    reader->current_low_pc = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+di_read_debug_abbrev_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    uint64_t prev = 0;
+    char *p = reader->q0;
+    for (;;) {
+        uint64_t abbrev_number = uleb128(&p);
+        if (abbrev_number <= prev) break;
+        if (abbrev_number < ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE) {
+            reader->abbrev_table[abbrev_number] = p;
+        }
+        prev = abbrev_number;
+        uleb128(&p); /* tag */
+        p++; /* has_children */
+        /* skip content */
+        for (;;) {
+            uint64_t at = uleb128(&p);
+            uint64_t form = uleb128(&p);
+            if (!at && !form) break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+di_read_debug_line_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    const char *p;
+    struct LineNumberProgramHeader header;
+
+    p = (const char *)reader->debug_line_cu_end;
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+        return -1;
+
+    reader->debug_line_cu_end = (char *)header.cu_end;
+    reader->debug_line_directories = (char *)header.include_directories;
+    reader->debug_line_files = (char *)header.filenames;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+set_uint_value(DebugInfoValue *v, uint64_t n)
+{
+    v->as.uint64 = n;
+    v->type = VAL_uint;
+}
+
+static void
+set_int_value(DebugInfoValue *v, int64_t n)
+{
+    v->as.int64 = n;
+    v->type = VAL_int;
+}
+
+static void
+set_cstr_value(DebugInfoValue *v, char *s)
+{
+    v->as.ptr = s;
+    v->off = 0;
+    v->type = VAL_cstr;
+}
+
+static void
+set_cstrp_value(DebugInfoValue *v, char *s, uint64_t off)
+{
+    v->as.ptr = s;
+    v->off = off;
+    v->type = VAL_cstr;
+}
+
+static void
+set_data_value(DebugInfoValue *v, char *s)
+{
+    v->as.ptr = s;
+    v->type = VAL_data;
+}
+
+static const char *
+get_cstr_value(DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    if (v->as.ptr) {
+        return v->as.ptr + v->off;
+    } else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    switch (form) {
+      case DW_FORM_addr:
+        if (reader->address_size == 4) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
+            abort();
+        }
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block2:
+        v->size = read_uint16(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block4:
+        v->size = read_uint32(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_string:
+        v->size = strlen(reader->p);
+        set_cstr_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size + 1;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block:
+        v->size = uleb128(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_block1:
+        v->size = read_uint8(&reader->p);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_flag:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_sdata:
+        set_int_value(v, read_sleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strp:
+        set_cstrp_value(v, reader->obj->debug_str.ptr, read_uint(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_udata:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_addr:
+        if (reader->address_size == 4) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
+            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
+            abort();
+        }
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_udata:
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_indirect:
+        /* TODO: read the referred value */
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_sec_offset:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader)); /* offset */
+        /* addrptr: debug_addr */
+        /* lineptr: debug_line */
+        /* loclist: debug_loclists */
+        /* loclistptr: debug_loclists */
+        /* macptr: debug_macro */
+        /* rnglist: debug_rnglists */
+        /* rnglistptr: debug_rnglists */
+        /* stroffsetsptr: debug_str_offsets */
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_exprloc:
+        v->size = (size_t)read_uleb128(reader);
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_flag_present:
+        set_uint_value(v, 1);
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx:
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx:
+        /* TODO: read .debug_addr */
+        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_sup4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strp_sup:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader));
+        /* *p = reader->sup_file + reader->sup_str->sh_offset + ret; */
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_data16:
+        v->size = 16;
+        set_data_value(v, reader->p);
+        reader->p += v->size;
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_line_strp:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader));
+        /* *p = reader->file + reader->line->sh_offset + ret; */
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_sig8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_implicit_const:
+        set_int_value(v, sleb128(&reader->q));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_loclistx:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_rnglistx:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_ref_sup8:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx3:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_strx4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx1:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx2:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx3:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case DW_FORM_addrx4:
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        break;
+      case 0:
+        goto fail;
+        break;
+    }
+    return;
+
+  fail:
+    fprintf(stderr, "%d: unsupported form: %#"PRIx64"\n", __LINE__, form);
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+/* find abbrev in current compilation unit */
+static char *
+di_find_abbrev(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t abbrev_number)
+{
+    char *p;
+    if (abbrev_number < ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE) {
+        return reader->abbrev_table[abbrev_number];
+    }
+    p = reader->abbrev_table[ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    /* skip 255th record */
+    uleb128(&p); /* tag */
+    p++; /* has_children */
+    /* skip content */
+    for (;;) {
+        uint64_t at = uleb128(&p);
+        uint64_t form = uleb128(&p);
+        if (!at && !form) break;
+    }
+    for (uint64_t n = uleb128(&p); abbrev_number != n; n = uleb128(&p)) {
+        if (n == 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr,"%d: Abbrev Number %"PRId64" not found\n",__LINE__, abbrev_number);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        uleb128(&p); /* tag */
+        p++; /* has_children */
+        /* skip content */
+        for (;;) {
+            uint64_t at = uleb128(&p);
+            uint64_t form = uleb128(&p);
+            if (!at && !form) break;
+        }
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static void
+hexdump0(const unsigned char *p, size_t n)
+{
+    size_t i;
+    fprintf(stderr, "     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  A  B  C  D  E  F\n");
+    for (i=0; i < n; i++){
+        switch (i & 15) {
+          case 0:
+            fprintf(stderr, "%02zd: %02X ", i/16, p[i]);
+            break;
+          case 15:
+            fprintf(stderr, "%02X\n", p[i]);
+            break;
+          default:
+            fprintf(stderr, "%02X ", p[i]);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if ((i & 15) != 15) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    }
+}
+#define hexdump(p,n) hexdump0((const unsigned char *)p, n)
+
+static void
+div_inspect(DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    switch (v->type) {
+      case VAL_uint:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:%lx\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.uint64);
+        break;
+      case VAL_int:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:%ld\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,(int64_t)v->as.uint64);
+        break;
+      case VAL_cstr:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:'%s'\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size,v->as.ptr);
+        break;
+      case VAL_data:
+        fprintf(stderr,"%d: type:%d size:%zx v:\n",__LINE__,v->type,v->size);
+        hexdump(v->as.ptr, 16);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static DIE *
+di_read_die(DebugInfoReader *reader, DIE *die)
+{
+    uint64_t abbrev_number = uleb128(&reader->p);
+    if (abbrev_number == 0) {
+        reader->level--;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    reader->q = di_find_abbrev(reader, abbrev_number);
+
+    die->pos = reader->p - reader->obj->debug_info.ptr - 1;
+    die->tag = (int)uleb128(&reader->q); /* tag */
+    die->has_children = *reader->q++; /* has_children */
+    if (die->has_children) {
+        reader->level++;
+    }
+    return die;
+}
+
+static DebugInfoValue *
+di_read_record(DebugInfoReader *reader, DebugInfoValue *vp)
+{
+    uint64_t at = uleb128(&reader->q);
+    uint64_t form = uleb128(&reader->q);
+    if (!at || !form) return NULL;
+    vp->at = at;
+    vp->form = form;
+    debug_info_reader_read_value(reader, form, vp);
+    return vp;
+}
+
+static void
+di_skip_records(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    for (;;) {
+        DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+        uint64_t at = uleb128(&reader->q);
+        uint64_t form = uleb128(&reader->q);
+        if (!at || !form) return;
+        debug_info_reader_read_value(reader, form, &v);
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint64_t low_pc;
+    uint64_t high_pc;
+    uint64_t ranges;
+    bool low_pc_set;
+    bool high_pc_set;
+    bool ranges_set;
+} ranges_t;
+
+static void
+ranges_set(ranges_t *ptr, DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    switch (v->at) {
+      case DW_AT_low_pc:
+        ptr->low_pc = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->low_pc_set = true;
+        break;
+      case DW_AT_high_pc:
+        if (v->form == DW_FORM_addr) {
+            ptr->high_pc = v->as.uint64;
+        }
+        else {
+            ptr->high_pc = ptr->low_pc + v->as.uint64;
+        }
+        ptr->high_pc_set = true;
+        break;
+      case DW_AT_ranges:
+        ptr->ranges = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->ranges_set = true;
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static uintptr_t
+ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr)
+{
+    if (ptr->high_pc_set) {
+        if (ptr->ranges_set || !ptr->low_pc_set) {
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        if (ptr->low_pc <= addr && addr <= ptr->high_pc) {
+            return (uintptr_t)ptr->low_pc;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (ptr->ranges_set) {
+        /* TODO: support base address selection entry */
+        char *p = reader->obj->debug_ranges.ptr + ptr->ranges;
+        uint64_t base = ptr->low_pc_set ? ptr->low_pc : reader->current_low_pc;
+        for (;;) {
+            uintptr_t from = read_uintptr(&p);
+            uintptr_t to = read_uintptr(&p);
+            if (!from && !to) break;
+            if (from == UINTPTR_MAX) {
+                /* base address selection entry */
+                base = to;
+            }
+            else if (base + from <= addr && addr < base + to) {
+                return from;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else if (ptr->low_pc_set) {
+        if (ptr->low_pc == addr) {
+            return (uintptr_t)ptr->low_pc;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static void
+ranges_inspect(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr)
+{
+    if (ptr->high_pc_set) {
+        if (ptr->ranges_set || !ptr->low_pc_set) {
+            fprintf(stderr,"low_pc_set:%d high_pc_set:%d ranges_set:%d\n",ptr->low_pc_set,ptr->high_pc_set,ptr->ranges_set);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr,"low_pc:%"PRIx64" high_pc:%"PRIx64"\n",ptr->low_pc,ptr->high_pc);
+    }
+    else if (ptr->ranges_set) {
+        char *p = reader->obj->debug_ranges.ptr + ptr->ranges;
+        fprintf(stderr,"low_pc:%"PRIx64" ranges:%"PRIx64" %lx ",ptr->low_pc,ptr->ranges, p-reader->obj->mapped);
+        for (;;) {
+            uintptr_t from = read_uintptr(&p);
+            uintptr_t to = read_uintptr(&p);
+            if (!from && !to) break;
+            fprintf(stderr,"%"PRIx64"-%"PRIx64" ",ptr->low_pc+from,ptr->low_pc+to);
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr,"\n");
+    }
+    else if (ptr->low_pc_set) {
+        fprintf(stderr,"low_pc:%"PRIx64"\n",ptr->low_pc);
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(stderr,"empty\n");
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+di_read_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
+{
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint16_t version;
+    uint64_t debug_abbrev_offset;
+    reader->format = 4;
+    reader->current_cu = reader->p;
+    unit_length = read_uint32(&reader->p);
+    if (unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+        unit_length = read_uint64(&reader->p);
+        reader->format = 8;
+    }
+    reader->cu_end = reader->p + unit_length;
+    version = read_uint16(&reader->p);
+    if (version > 5) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    else if (version == 5) {
+        /* unit_type = */ read_uint8(&reader->p);
+        reader->address_size = read_uint8(&reader->p);
+        debug_abbrev_offset = read_uint(reader);
+    }
+    else {
+        debug_abbrev_offset = read_uint(reader);
+        reader->address_size = read_uint8(&reader->p);
+    }
+    reader->q0 = reader->obj->debug_abbrev.ptr + debug_abbrev_offset;
+
+    reader->level = 0;
+    di_read_debug_abbrev_cu(reader);
+    if (di_read_debug_line_cu(reader)) return -1;
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER_BUILD_DATE)
+    /* Though DWARF specifies "the applicable base address defaults to the base
+       address of the compilation unit", but GCC seems to use zero as default */
+#else
+    do {
+        DIE die;
+
+        if (!di_read_die(reader, &die)) continue;
+
+        if (die.tag != DW_TAG_compile_unit) {
+            di_skip_records(reader);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        /* enumerate abbrev */
+        for (;;) {
+            DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+            if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
+            switch (v.at) {
+              case DW_AT_low_pc:
+                reader->current_low_pc = v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    } while (0);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+read_abstract_origin(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t abstract_origin, line_info_t *line)
+{
+    char *p = reader->p;
+    char *q = reader->q;
+    int level = reader->level;
+    DIE die;
+
+    reader->p = reader->current_cu + abstract_origin;
+    if (!di_read_die(reader, &die)) goto finish;
+
+    /* enumerate abbrev */
+    for (;;) {
+        DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+        if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
+        switch (v.at) {
+          case DW_AT_name:
+            line->sname = get_cstr_value(&v);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+  finish:
+    reader->p = p;
+    reader->q = q;
+    reader->level = level;
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
+         line_info_t *lines, int offset) {
+    while (reader->p < reader->cu_end) {
+        DIE die;
+        ranges_t ranges = {};
+        line_info_t line = {};
+
+        if (!di_read_die(reader, &die)) continue;
+        /* fprintf(stderr,"%d:%tx: <%d>\n",__LINE__,die.pos,reader->level,die.tag); */
+
+        if (die.tag != DW_TAG_subprogram && die.tag != DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine) {
+          skip_die:
+            di_skip_records(reader);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* enumerate abbrev */
+        for (;;) {
+            DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+            /* ptrdiff_t pos = reader->p - reader->p0; */
+            if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
+            /* fprintf(stderr,"\n%d:%tx: AT:%lx FORM:%lx\n",__LINE__,pos,v.at,v.form); */
+            /* div_inspect(&v); */
+            switch (v.at) {
+              case DW_AT_name:
+                line.sname = get_cstr_value(&v);
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_call_file:
+                fill_filename((int)v.as.uint64, reader->debug_line_directories, reader->debug_line_files, &line, reader->obj);
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_call_line:
+                line.line = (int)v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_low_pc:
+              case DW_AT_high_pc:
+              case DW_AT_ranges:
+                ranges_set(&ranges, &v);
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_declaration:
+                goto skip_die;
+              case DW_AT_inline:
+                /* 1 or 3 */
+                break; /* goto skip_die; */
+              case DW_AT_abstract_origin:
+                read_abstract_origin(reader, v.as.uint64, &line);
+                break; /* goto skip_die; */
+            }
+        }
+        /* ranges_inspect(reader, &ranges); */
+        /* fprintf(stderr,"%d:%tx: %x ",__LINE__,diepos,die.tag); */
+        for (int i=offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
+            uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
+            uintptr_t offset = addr - reader->obj->base_addr + reader->obj->vmaddr;
+            uintptr_t saddr = ranges_include(reader, &ranges, offset);
+            if (saddr) {
+                /* fprintf(stderr, "%d:%tx: %d %lx->%lx %x %s: %s/%s %d %s %s %s\n",__LINE__,die.pos, i,addr,offset, die.tag,line.sname,line.dirname,line.filename,line.line,reader->obj->path,line.sname,lines[i].sname); */
+                if (lines[i].sname) {
+                    line_info_t *lp = malloc(sizeof(line_info_t));
+                    memcpy(lp, &lines[i], sizeof(line_info_t));
+                    lines[i].next = lp;
+                    lp->dirname = line.dirname;
+                    lp->filename = line.filename;
+                    lp->line = line.line;
+                    lp->saddr = 0;
+                }
+                lines[i].path = reader->obj->path;
+                lines[i].base_addr = line.base_addr;
+                lines[i].sname = line.sname;
+                lines[i].saddr = saddr + reader->obj->base_addr - reader->obj->vmaddr;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_ELF
+static unsigned long
+uncompress_debug_section(ElfW(Shdr) *shdr, char *file, char **ptr)
+{
+    *ptr = NULL;
+#ifdef SUPPORT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_LINE
+    ElfW(Chdr) *chdr = (ElfW(Chdr) *)(file + shdr->sh_offset);
+    unsigned long destsize = chdr->ch_size;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    if (chdr->ch_type != ELFCOMPRESS_ZLIB) {
+	/* unsupported compression type */
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    *ptr = malloc(destsize);
+    if (!*ptr) return 0;
+    ret = uncompress((Bytef *)*ptr, &destsize,
+	    (const Bytef*)chdr + sizeof(ElfW(Chdr)),
+            shdr->sh_size - sizeof(ElfW(Chdr)));
+    if (ret != Z_OK) goto fail;
+    return destsize;
+
+fail:
+    free(*ptr);
+    *ptr = NULL;
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
 
 /* read file and fill lines */
 static uintptr_t
@@ -470,10 +1659,10 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 {
     int i, j;
     char *shstr;
-    char *section_name;
     ElfW(Ehdr) *ehdr;
     ElfW(Shdr) *shdr, *shstr_shdr;
-    ElfW(Shdr) *debug_line_shdr = NULL, *gnu_debuglink_shdr = NULL;
+    ElfW(Shdr) *gnu_debuglink_shdr = NULL;
+    ElfW(Shdr) *note_gnu_build_id = NULL;
     int fd;
     off_t filesize;
     char *file;
@@ -509,6 +1698,7 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	kprintf("mmap: %s\n", strerror(e));
 	goto fail;
     }
+    close(fd);
 
     ehdr = (ElfW(Ehdr) *)file;
     if (memcmp(ehdr->e_ident, "\177ELF", 4) != 0) {
@@ -516,11 +1706,8 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	 * Huh? Maybe filename was overridden by setproctitle() and
 	 * it match non-elf file.
 	 */
-	close(fd);
 	goto fail;
     }
-
-    obj->fd = fd;
     obj->mapped = file;
     obj->mapped_size = (size_t)filesize;
 
@@ -530,7 +1717,7 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
     shstr = file + shstr_shdr->sh_offset;
 
     for (i = 0; i < ehdr->e_shnum; i++) {
-	section_name = shstr + shdr[i].sh_name;
+        char *section_name = shstr + shdr[i].sh_name;
 	switch (shdr[i].sh_type) {
 	  case SHT_STRTAB:
 	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".strtab")) {
@@ -548,13 +1735,40 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	    /* if (!strcmp(section_name, ".dynsym")) */
 	    dynsym_shdr = shdr + i;
 	    break;
+          case SHT_NOTE:
+            if (!strcmp(section_name, ".note.gnu.build-id")) {
+                note_gnu_build_id = shdr + i;
+            }
+            break;
 	  case SHT_PROGBITS:
-	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".debug_line")) {
-		debug_line_shdr = shdr + i;
-	    }
-	    else if (!strcmp(section_name, ".gnu_debuglink")) {
+	    if (!strcmp(section_name, ".gnu_debuglink")) {
 		gnu_debuglink_shdr = shdr + i;
 	    }
+            else {
+                const char *debug_section_names[] = {
+                    ".debug_abbrev",
+                    ".debug_info",
+                    ".debug_line",
+                    ".debug_ranges",
+                    ".debug_str"
+                };
+
+                for (j=0; j < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; j++) {
+                    struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, j);
+
+                    if (strcmp(section_name, debug_section_names[j]) != 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                    s->ptr = file + shdr[i].sh_offset;
+                    s->size = shdr[i].sh_size;
+                    s->flags = shdr[i].sh_flags;
+                    if (s->flags & SHF_COMPRESSED) {
+                        s->size = uncompress_debug_section(&shdr[i], file, &s->ptr);
+                        if (!s->size) goto fail;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
 	    break;
 	}
     }
@@ -566,20 +1780,22 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	    char *strtab = file + dynstr_shdr->sh_offset;
 	    ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + dynsym_shdr->sh_offset);
 	    int symtab_count = (int)(dynsym_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
-	    for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
-		ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
-		Dl_info info;
-		void *h, *s;
-		if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC || sym->st_size <= 0) continue;
-		h = dlopen(NULL, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_LOCAL);
-		if (!h) continue;
-		s = dlsym(h, strtab + sym->st_name);
-		if (!s) continue;
-		if (dladdr(s, &info)) {
-		    dladdr_fbase = (uintptr_t)info.dli_fbase;
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
+            void *handle = dlopen(NULL, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_LOCAL);
+            if (handle) {
+                for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
+                    ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
+                    Dl_info info;
+                    void *s;
+                    if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC || sym->st_size == 0) continue;
+                    s = dlsym(handle, strtab + sym->st_name);
+                    if (s && dladdr(s, &info)) {
+                        obj->base_addr = dladdr_fbase;
+                        dladdr_fbase = (uintptr_t)info.dli_fbase;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                dlclose(handle);
+            }
 	    if (ehdr->e_type == ET_EXEC) {
 		obj->base_addr = 0;
 	    }
@@ -590,33 +1806,48 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 	}
     }
 
-    if (!symtab_shdr) {
-	symtab_shdr = dynsym_shdr;
-	strtab_shdr = dynstr_shdr;
-    }
-
-    if (symtab_shdr && strtab_shdr) {
-	char *strtab = file + strtab_shdr->sh_offset;
-	ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + symtab_shdr->sh_offset);
-	int symtab_count = (int)(symtab_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
-	for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
-	    ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
-	    uintptr_t saddr = (uintptr_t)sym->st_value + obj->base_addr;
-	    if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC || sym->st_size <= 0) continue;
-	    for (i = offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
-		uintptr_t d = (uintptr_t)traces[i] - saddr;
-		if (lines[i].line > 0 || d <= 0 || d > (uintptr_t)sym->st_size)
-		    continue;
-		/* fill symbol name and addr from .symtab */
-		lines[i].sname = strtab + sym->st_name;
-		lines[i].saddr = saddr;
-		lines[i].path  = obj->path;
-		lines[i].base_addr = obj->base_addr;
-	    }
-	}
+    if (obj->debug_info.ptr && obj->debug_abbrev.ptr) {
+        DebugInfoReader reader;
+        debug_info_reader_init(&reader, obj);
+        i = 0;
+        while (reader.p < reader.pend) {
+            /* fprintf(stderr, "%d:%tx: CU[%d]\n", __LINE__, reader.p - reader.obj->debug_info.ptr, i++); */
+            if (di_read_cu(&reader)) goto use_symtab;
+            debug_info_read(&reader, num_traces, traces, lines, offset);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        /* This file doesn't have dwarf, use symtab or dynsym */
+use_symtab:
+        if (!symtab_shdr) {
+            /* This file doesn't have symtab, use dynsym instead */
+            symtab_shdr = dynsym_shdr;
+            strtab_shdr = dynstr_shdr;
+        }
+
+        if (symtab_shdr && strtab_shdr) {
+            char *strtab = file + strtab_shdr->sh_offset;
+            ElfW(Sym) *symtab = (ElfW(Sym) *)(file + symtab_shdr->sh_offset);
+            int symtab_count = (int)(symtab_shdr->sh_size / sizeof(ElfW(Sym)));
+            for (j = 0; j < symtab_count; j++) {
+                ElfW(Sym) *sym = &symtab[j];
+                uintptr_t saddr = (uintptr_t)sym->st_value + obj->base_addr;
+                if (ELF_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC) continue;
+                for (i = offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
+                    uintptr_t d = (uintptr_t)traces[i] - saddr;
+                    if (lines[i].line > 0 || d > (uintptr_t)sym->st_size)
+                        continue;
+                    /* fill symbol name and addr from .symtab */
+                    if (!lines[i].sname) lines[i].sname = strtab + sym->st_name;
+                    lines[i].saddr = saddr;
+                    lines[i].path  = obj->path;
+                    lines[i].base_addr = obj->base_addr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    if (!debug_line_shdr) {
+    if (!obj->debug_line.ptr) {
 	/* This file doesn't have .debug_line section,
 	   let's check .gnu_debuglink section instead. */
 	if (gnu_debuglink_shdr && check_debuglink) {
@@ -624,19 +1855,244 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
 			     num_traces, traces,
 			     objp, lines, offset);
 	}
+        if (note_gnu_build_id && check_debuglink) {
+            ElfW(Nhdr) *nhdr = (ElfW(Nhdr)*) (file + note_gnu_build_id->sh_offset);
+            const char *build_id = (char *)(nhdr + 1) + nhdr->n_namesz;
+            follow_debuglink_build_id(build_id, nhdr->n_descsz,
+			       num_traces, traces,
+			       objp, lines, offset);
+        }
 	goto finish;
     }
 
     if (parse_debug_line(num_traces, traces,
-			 file + debug_line_shdr->sh_offset,
-			 debug_line_shdr->sh_size,
-			 obj, lines, offset))
-	goto fail;
+            obj->debug_line.ptr,
+            obj->debug_line.size,
+            obj, lines, offset) == -1)
+        goto fail;
+
 finish:
     return dladdr_fbase;
 fail:
     return (uintptr_t)-1;
 }
+#else /* Mach-O */
+/* read file and fill lines */
+static uintptr_t
+fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
+        obj_info_t **objp, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
+{
+# ifdef __LP64__
+#  define LP(x) x##_64
+# else
+#  define LP(x) x
+# endif
+    int fd;
+    off_t filesize;
+    char *file, *p = NULL;
+    obj_info_t *obj = *objp;
+    struct LP(mach_header) *header;
+    uintptr_t dladdr_fbase = 0;
+
+    {
+        char *s = binary_filename;
+        char *base = strrchr(binary_filename, '/')+1;
+        size_t max = PATH_MAX;
+        size_t size = strlen(binary_filename);
+        size_t basesize = size - (base - binary_filename);
+        s += size;
+        max -= size;
+        p = s;
+        size = strlcpy(s, ".dSYM/Contents/Resources/DWARF/", max);
+        if (size == 0) goto fail;
+        s += size;
+        max -= size;
+        if (max <= basesize) goto fail;
+        memcpy(s, base, basesize);
+        s[basesize] = 0;
+
+        fd = open(binary_filename, O_RDONLY);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            *p = 0; /* binary_filename becomes original file name */
+            fd = open(binary_filename, O_RDONLY);
+            if (fd < 0) {
+                goto fail;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    filesize = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+    if (filesize < 0) {
+        int e = errno;
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("lseek: %s\n", strerror(e));
+        goto fail;
+    }
+#if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    if (filesize > (off_t)SIZE_MAX) {
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("Too large file %s\n", binary_filename);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+#endif
+    lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    /* async-signal unsafe */
+    file = (char *)mmap(NULL, (size_t)filesize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+    if (file == MAP_FAILED) {
+        int e = errno;
+        close(fd);
+        kprintf("mmap: %s\n", strerror(e));
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    close(fd);
+
+    obj->mapped = file;
+    obj->mapped_size = (size_t)filesize;
+
+    header = (struct LP(mach_header) *)file;
+    if (header->magic == LP(MH_MAGIC)) {
+        /* non universal binary */
+        p = file;
+    }
+    else if (header->magic == FAT_CIGAM) {
+        struct LP(mach_header) *mhp = _NSGetMachExecuteHeader();
+        struct fat_header *fat = (struct fat_header *)file;
+        char *q = file + sizeof(*fat);
+        uint32_t nfat_arch = __builtin_bswap32(fat->nfat_arch);
+        /* fprintf(stderr,"%d: fat:%s %d\n",__LINE__, binary_filename,nfat_arch); */
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nfat_arch; i++) {
+            struct fat_arch *arch = (struct fat_arch *)q;
+            cpu_type_t cputype = __builtin_bswap32(arch->cputype);
+            cpu_subtype_t cpusubtype = __builtin_bswap32(arch->cpusubtype);
+            uint32_t offset = __builtin_bswap32(arch->offset);
+            /* fprintf(stderr,"%d: fat %d %x/%x %x/%x\n",__LINE__, i, mhp->cputype,mhp->cpusubtype, cputype,cpusubtype); */
+            if (mhp->cputype == cputype &&
+                    (cpu_subtype_t)(mhp->cpusubtype & ~CPU_SUBTYPE_MASK) == cpusubtype) {
+                p = file + offset;
+                file = p;
+                header = (struct LP(mach_header) *)p;
+                if (header->magic == LP(MH_MAGIC)) {
+                    goto found_mach_header;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            q += sizeof(*arch);
+        }
+        kprintf("'%s' is not a Mach-O universal binary file!\n",binary_filename);
+        close(fd);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    else {
+        kprintf("'%s' is not a "
+# ifdef __LP64__
+                "64"
+# else
+                "32"
+# endif
+                "-bit Mach-O file!\n",binary_filename);
+        close(fd);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+found_mach_header:
+    p += sizeof(*header);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t)header->ncmds; i++) {
+        struct load_command *lcmd = (struct load_command *)p;
+        switch (lcmd->cmd) {
+          case LP(LC_SEGMENT):
+            {
+                static const char *debug_section_names[] = {
+                    "__debug_abbrev",
+                    "__debug_info",
+                    "__debug_line",
+                    "__debug_ranges",
+                    "__debug_str"
+                };
+                struct LP(segment_command) *scmd = (struct LP(segment_command) *)lcmd;
+                if (strcmp(scmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0) {
+                    obj->vmaddr = scmd->vmaddr;
+                }
+                else if (strcmp(scmd->segname, "__DWARF") == 0) {
+                    p += sizeof(struct LP(segment_command));
+                    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < scmd->nsects; i++) {
+                        struct LP(section) *sect = (struct LP(section) *)p;
+                        p += sizeof(struct LP(section));
+                        for (int j=0; j < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; j++) {
+                            struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, j);
+
+                            if (strcmp(sect->sectname, debug_section_names[j]) != 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                            s->ptr = file + sect->offset;
+                            s->size = sect->size;
+                            s->flags = sect->flags;
+                            if (s->flags & SHF_COMPRESSED) {
+                                goto fail;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+
+          case LC_SYMTAB:
+            {
+                struct symtab_command *cmd = (struct symtab_command *)lcmd;
+                struct LP(nlist) *nl = (struct LP(nlist) *)(file + cmd->symoff);
+                char *strtab = file + cmd->stroff, *sname = 0;
+                uint32_t j;
+                uintptr_t saddr = 0;
+                /* kprintf("[%2d]: %x/symtab %p\n", i, cmd->cmd, p); */
+                for (j = 0; j < cmd->nsyms; j++) {
+                    uintptr_t symsize, d;
+                    struct LP(nlist) *e = &nl[j];
+                        /* kprintf("[%2d][%4d]: %02x/%x/%x: %s %llx\n", i, j, e->n_type,e->n_sect,e->n_desc,strtab+e->n_un.n_strx,e->n_value); */
+                    if (e->n_type != N_FUN) continue;
+                    if (e->n_sect) {
+                        saddr = (uintptr_t)e->n_value + obj->base_addr - obj->vmaddr;
+                        sname = strtab + e->n_un.n_strx;
+                        /* kprintf("[%2d][%4d]: %02x/%x/%x: %s %llx\n", i, j, e->n_type,e->n_sect,e->n_desc,strtab+e->n_un.n_strx,e->n_value); */
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    for (int k = offset; k < num_traces; k++) {
+                        d = (uintptr_t)traces[k] - saddr;
+                        symsize = e->n_value;
+                        /* kprintf("%lx %lx %lx\n",saddr,symsize,traces[k]); */
+                        if (lines[k].line > 0 || d > (uintptr_t)symsize)
+                            continue;
+                        /* fill symbol name and addr from .symtab */
+                        if (!lines[k].sname) lines[k].sname = sname;
+                        lines[k].saddr = saddr;
+                        lines[k].path  = obj->path;
+                        lines[k].base_addr = obj->base_addr;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        p += lcmd->cmdsize;
+    }
+
+    if (obj->debug_info.ptr && obj->debug_abbrev.ptr) {
+        DebugInfoReader reader;
+        debug_info_reader_init(&reader, obj);
+        while (reader.p < reader.pend) {
+            if (di_read_cu(&reader)) goto fail;
+            debug_info_read(&reader, num_traces, traces, lines, offset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (parse_debug_line(num_traces, traces,
+            obj->debug_line.ptr,
+            obj->debug_line.size,
+            obj, lines, offset) == -1)
+        goto fail;
+
+    return dladdr_fbase;
+fail:
+    return (uintptr_t)-1;
+}
+#endif
 
 #define HAVE_MAIN_EXE_PATH
 #if defined(__FreeBSD__)
@@ -648,17 +2104,22 @@ fail:
  * and returns strlen(binary_filename).
  * it is NUL terminated.
  */
-#if defined(__linux__)
-ssize_t
+#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+static ssize_t
 main_exe_path(void)
 {
-# define PROC_SELF_EXE "/proc/self/exe"
+# if defined(__linux__)
+#  define PROC_SELF_EXE "/proc/self/exe"
+# elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+#  define PROC_SELF_EXE "/proc/curproc/exe"
+# endif
     ssize_t len = readlink(PROC_SELF_EXE, binary_filename, PATH_MAX);
+    if (len < 0) return 0;
     binary_filename[len] = 0;
     return len;
 }
 #elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
-ssize_t
+static ssize_t
 main_exe_path(void)
 {
     int mib[4] = {CTL_KERN, KERN_PROC, KERN_PROC_PATHNAME, -1};
@@ -671,10 +2132,66 @@ main_exe_path(void)
     len--; /* sysctl sets strlen+1 */
     return len;
 }
+#elif defined(HAVE_LIBPROC_H)
+static ssize_t
+main_exe_path(void)
+{
+    int len = proc_pidpath(getpid(), binary_filename, PATH_MAX);
+    if (len == 0) return 0;
+    binary_filename[len] = 0;
+    return len;
+}
 #else
 #undef HAVE_MAIN_EXE_PATH
 #endif
 
+static void
+print_line0(line_info_t *line, void *address)
+{
+    uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)address;
+    uintptr_t d = addr - line->saddr;
+    if (!address) {
+        /* inlined */
+        if (line->dirname && line->dirname[0]) {
+            kprintf("%s(%s) %s/%s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname, line->dirname, line->filename, line->line);
+        }
+        else {
+            kprintf("%s(%s) %s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname, line->filename, line->line);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!line->path) {
+        kprintf("[0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", addr);
+    }
+    else if (!line->saddr || !line->sname) {
+        kprintf("%s(0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", line->path, addr-line->base_addr, addr);
+    }
+    else if (line->line <= 0) {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"]\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr);
+    }
+    else if (!line->filename) {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"] ???:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr, line->line);
+    }
+    else if (line->dirname && line->dirname[0]) {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"] %s/%s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr, line->dirname, line->filename, line->line);
+    }
+    else {
+        kprintf("%s(%s+0x%"PRIxPTR") [0x%"PRIxPTR"] %s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
+                d, addr, line->filename, line->line);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+print_line(line_info_t *line, void *address)
+{
+    print_line0(line, address);
+    if (line->next) {
+        print_line(line->next, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
 void
 rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
 {
@@ -726,7 +2243,9 @@ rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
 	    path = info.dli_fname;
 	    obj->path = path;
 	    lines[i].path = path;
-	    strcpy(binary_filename, path);
+            lines[i].sname = info.dli_sname;
+            lines[i].saddr = (uintptr_t)info.dli_saddr;
+	    strlcpy(binary_filename, path, PATH_MAX);
 	    if (fill_lines(num_traces, traces, 1, &obj, lines, i) == (uintptr_t)-1)
 		break;
 	}
@@ -736,46 +2255,36 @@ next_line:
 
     /* output */
     for (i = 0; i < num_traces; i++) {
-	line_info_t *line = &lines[i];
-	uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
-	uintptr_t d = addr - line->saddr;
-	if (!line->path) {
-	    kprintf("[0x%lx]\n", addr);
-	}
-	else if (!line->saddr || !line->sname) {
-	    kprintf("%s [0x%lx]\n", line->path, addr);
-	}
-	else if (line->line <= 0) {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx]\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr);
-	}
-	else if (!line->filename) {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx] ???:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr, line->line);
-	}
-	else if (line->dirname && line->dirname[0]) {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx] %s/%s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr, line->dirname, line->filename, line->line);
-	}
-	else {
-	    kprintf("%s(%s+0x%lx) [0x%lx] %s:%d\n", line->path, line->sname,
-		    d, addr, line->filename, line->line);
-	}
+        print_line(&lines[i], traces[i]);
+
 	/* FreeBSD's backtrace may show _start and so on */
-	if (line->sname && strcmp("main", line->sname) == 0)
+	if (lines[i].sname && strcmp("main", lines[i].sname) == 0)
 	    break;
     }
 
     /* free */
     while (obj) {
 	obj_info_t *o = obj;
-	obj = o->next;
-	if (o->fd) {
-	    munmap(o->mapped, o->mapped_size);
-	    close(o->fd);
+        for (i=0; i < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; i++) {
+            struct dwarf_section *s = obj_dwarf_section_at(obj, i);
+            if (s->flags & SHF_COMPRESSED) {
+                free(s->ptr);
+            }
+        }
+	if (obj->mapped_size) {
+	    munmap(obj->mapped, obj->mapped_size);
 	}
+	obj = o->next;
 	free(o);
     }
+    for (i = 0; i < num_traces; i++) {
+        line_info_t *line = lines[i].next;
+        while (line) {
+            line_info_t *l = line;
+            line = line->next;
+            free(l);
+        }
+    }
     free(lines);
     free(dladdr_fbases);
 }
@@ -821,7 +2330,7 @@ next_line:
 #define MAXNBUF (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT + 1)
 static inline int toupper(int c) { return ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') ? (c&0x5f) : c; }
 #define    hex2ascii(hex)  (hex2ascii_data[hex])
-char const hex2ascii_data[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+static const char hex2ascii_data[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 static inline int imax(int a, int b) { return (a > b ? a : b); }
 static int kvprintf(char const *fmt, void (*func)(int), void *arg, int radix, va_list ap);
 
@@ -835,7 +2344,7 @@ static void putce(int c)
     (void)ret;
 }
 
-int
+static int
 kprintf(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
diff --git a/addr2line.h b/addr2line.h
index d99f010934..f09b665800 100644
--- a/addr2line.h
+++ b/addr2line.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
+#define RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
 /**********************************************************************
 
   addr2line.h -
@@ -8,10 +10,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#ifndef RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
-#define RUBY_ADDR2LINE_H
-
-#ifdef USE_ELF
+#if (defined(USE_ELF) || defined(HAVE_MACH_O_LOADER_H))
 
 void
 rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces);
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
index 1268a7f7e9..5ad4972f19 100644
--- a/appveyor.yml
+++ b/appveyor.yml
@@ -1,27 +1,96 @@
 ---
-shallow_clone: true
-platform: x64
+version: '{build}'
+init:
+  - git config --global user.name git
+  - git config --global user.email svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
+clone_depth: 10
+platform:
+  - x64
 environment:
-  ruby_version: "23-x64"
-install:
-  - SET
-  - '"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 12.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat" amd64'
-  - SET PATH=\usr\local\bin;C:\Ruby%ruby_version%\bin;C:\Ruby%ruby_version%\Devkit\mingw\bin;%PATH%;C:\msys64\usr\bin
-  - ruby --version
-  - 'cl'
-  - SET
-  - mkdir \usr\local\bin
-  - mkdir \usr\local\include
-  - mkdir \usr\local\lib
-  - appveyor DownloadFile http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/libpng/zlib/1.2.8/zlib128.zip
-  - 7z x -o%APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\ext\zlib zlib128.zip
-  - for %%I in (c:\OpenSSL-Win64\*.dll) do mklink /h \usr\local\bin\%%~nxI %%I
-build_script:
-  - cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
-  - win32\configure.bat --without-ext=+,dbm,gdbm,readline --with-opt-dir=/usr/local --with-openssl-dir=c:/OpenSSL-Win64
-  - nmake -l up
-  - nmake -l
-  - nmake install-nodoc
-test_script:
-  - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" btest
-  - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" test-basic
+  ruby_version: "24-%Platform%"
+  zlib_version: "1.2.12"
+  matrix:
+    - build: vs
+      vs: 120
+      ssl: OpenSSL
+      APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2013
+      GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
+    - build: vs
+      vs: 140
+      ssl: OpenSSL-v111
+      APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
+      GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
+  RELINE_TEST_ENCODING: "Windows-31J"
+  UPDATE_UNICODE: "UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
+for:
+-
+  matrix:
+    only:
+      - build: vs
+  install:
+    - ver
+    - chcp
+    - SET BITS=%Platform:x86=32%
+    - SET BITS=%BITS:x=%
+    - SET OPENSSL_DIR=C:\%ssl%-Win%BITS%
+    - CALL SET vcvars=%%^VS%VS%COMNTOOLS^%%..\..\VC\vcvarsall.bat
+    - SET vcvars
+    - '"%vcvars%" %Platform:x64=amd64%'
+    - SET ruby_path=C:\Ruby%ruby_version:-x86=%
+    - SET PATH=\usr\local\bin;%ruby_path%\bin;%PATH%;C:\msys64\mingw64\bin;C:\msys64\usr\bin
+    - ruby --version
+    - 'cl'
+    - echo> Makefile srcdir=.
+    - echo>> Makefile MSC_VER=0
+    - echo>> Makefile RT=none
+    - echo>> Makefile RT_VER=0
+    - echo>> Makefile BUILTIN_ENCOBJS=nul
+    - type win32\Makefile.sub >> Makefile
+    - nmake %mflags% touch-unicode-files
+    - nmake %mflags% %UPDATE_UNICODE% incs
+    - nmake %mflags% extract-extlibs
+    - del Makefile
+    - mkdir \usr\local\bin
+    - mkdir \usr\local\include
+    - mkdir \usr\local\lib
+    - SET ZLIB_ZIP=.downloaded-cache\zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
+    - if not exist %ZLIB_ZIP% curl -fsSL -o %ZLIB_ZIP% --retry 10 https://zlib.net/zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
+    - 7z x -aos -o%APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\ext\zlib %ZLIB_ZIP%
+    - for %%I in (%OPENSSL_DIR%\*.dll) do mklink /h \usr\local\bin\%%~nxI %%I
+    - attrib +r /s /d
+    - mkdir %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
+  build_script:
+    - cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
+    - cd %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
+    - ..\win32\configure.bat --without-ext=+,dbm,gdbm,readline --with-opt-dir=/usr/local --with-openssl-dir=%OPENSSL_DIR:\=/%
+    - nmake -l
+    - nmake install-nodoc
+    - \usr\bin\ruby -v -e "p :locale => Encoding.find('locale'), :filesystem => Encoding.find('filesystem')"
+    - if not "%GEMS_FOR_TEST%" == "" \usr\bin\gem install --no-document %GEMS_FOR_TEST%
+    - \usr\bin\ruby -ropenssl -e "puts 'Build    ' + OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION, 'Runtime  ' + OpenSSL::OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION"
+  test_script:
+    - set /a JOBS=%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS%
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" btest
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" test-basic
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor -j%JOBS% --exclude readline --exclude win32ole --exclude test_bignum --exclude test_syntax --exclude test_open-uri --exclude test_bundled_ca" test-all
+    # separately execute tests without -j which may crash worker with -j.
+    - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor" test-all TESTS="../test/win32ole ../test/ruby/test_bignum.rb ../test/ruby/test_syntax.rb ../test/open-uri/test_open-uri.rb ../test/rubygems/test_bundled_ca.rb"
+    - nmake -l test-spec MSPECOPT=-fs # not using `-j` because sometimes `mspec -j` silently dies on Windows
+notifications:
+  - provider: Webhook
+    method: POST
+    url:
+      secure: CcFlJNDJ/a6to7u3Z4Fnz6dScEPNx7hTha2GkSRlV+1U6dqmxY/7uBcLXYb9gR3jfQk6w+2o/HrjNAyXMNGU/JOka3s2WRI4VKitzM+lQ08owvJIh0R7LxrGH0J2e81U # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+    body: >-
+      {{^isPullRequest}}
+        {
+          "ci": "AppVeyor CI",
+          "env": "Visual Studio 2013 / 2015",
+          "url": "{{buildUrl}}",
+          "commit": "{{commitId}}",
+          "branch": "{{branch}}"
+        }
+      {{/isPullRequest}}
+    on_build_success: false
+    on_build_failure: true
+    on_build_status_changed: false
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index bd7cf0beff..b48a6431e7 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -11,45 +11,87 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "id.h"
 #include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/compar.h"
+#include "internal/enum.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
 #include "probes.h"
-#include "id.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "transient_heap.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
 
-#ifndef ARRAY_DEBUG
+#if !ARRAY_DEBUG
+# undef NDEBUG
 # define NDEBUG
 #endif
 #include "ruby_assert.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cArray;
 
-static ID id_cmp, id_div, id_power;
+/* for OPTIMIZED_CMP: */
+#define id_cmp idCmp
 
 #define ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE 16
 #define ARY_MAX_SIZE (LONG_MAX / (int)sizeof(VALUE))
+#define SMALL_ARRAY_LEN 16
 
-# define ARY_SHARED_P(ary) \
-    (assert(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
-     FL_TEST((ary),ELTS_SHARED)!=0)
-# define ARY_EMBED_P(ary) \
-    (assert(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
-     FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)!=0)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+static int
+should_be_T_ARRAY(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+static int
+should_not_be_shared_and_embedded(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return !FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG);
+}
+
+#define ARY_SHARED_P(ary) \
+  (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
+   assert(should_not_be_shared_and_embedded((VALUE)ary)), \
+   FL_TEST_RAW((ary),ELTS_SHARED)!=0)
+
+#define ARY_EMBED_P(ary) \
+  (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
+   assert(should_not_be_shared_and_embedded((VALUE)ary)), \
+   FL_TEST_RAW((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG) != 0)
 
 #define ARY_HEAP_PTR(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.ptr)
 #define ARY_HEAP_LEN(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.len)
+#define ARY_HEAP_CAPA(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(!ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(a)), \
+                          RARRAY(a)->as.heap.aux.capa)
+
 #define ARY_EMBED_PTR(a) (assert(ARY_EMBED_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.ary)
 #define ARY_EMBED_LEN(a) \
     (assert(ARY_EMBED_P(a)), \
      (long)((RBASIC(a)->flags >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT) & \
 	 (RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)))
-#define ARY_HEAP_SIZE(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a)), RARRAY(a)->as.heap.aux.capa * sizeof(VALUE))
+#define ARY_HEAP_SIZE(a) (assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(a)), assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a)), ARY_CAPA(a) * sizeof(VALUE))
+
+#define ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a) (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(a))), \
+                            !FL_TEST_RAW((a), ELTS_SHARED|RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
 
-#define ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(a) (!FL_TEST((a), ELTS_SHARED|RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
 #define FL_SET_EMBED(a) do { \
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(a)); \
     FL_SET((a), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG); \
+    RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(a); \
+    ary_verify(a); \
 } while (0)
+
 #define FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary) FL_UNSET((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG|RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK)
 #define FL_SET_SHARED(ary) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
@@ -98,7 +140,7 @@ static ID id_cmp, id_div, id_power;
 } while (0)
 
 #define ARY_CAPA(ary) (ARY_EMBED_P(ary) ? RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX : \
-		       ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa)
+                       ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary))
 #define ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, n) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary)); \
@@ -106,33 +148,116 @@ static ID id_cmp, id_div, id_power;
     RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (n); \
 } while (0)
 
-#define ARY_SHARED(ary) (assert(ARY_SHARED_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared)
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary) (assert(ARY_SHARED_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root)
 #define ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, value) do { \
     const VALUE _ary_ = (ary); \
     const VALUE _value_ = (value); \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(_ary_)); \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_P(_ary_)); \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(_value_)); \
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(_ary_, &RARRAY(_ary_)->as.heap.aux.shared, _value_); \
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(_ary_, &RARRAY(_ary_)->as.heap.aux.shared_root, _value_); \
 } while (0)
 #define RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG FL_USER5
-#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) (FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG))
-#define ARY_SHARED_NUM(ary) \
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) (assert(should_be_T_ARRAY((VALUE)(ary))), \
+                                FL_TEST_RAW((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG))
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) \
     (assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)), RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa)
-#define ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ary) (ARY_SHARED_NUM(ary) == 1)
-#define ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(ary, value) do { \
+#define ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary) (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary) == 1)
+#define ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary, value) do { \
     assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)); \
     RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa = (value); \
 } while (0)
 #define FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(ary) do { \
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); \
+    assert(!RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)); \
     FL_SET((ary), RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG); \
 } while (0)
 
-#define ARY_SET(a, i, v) RARRAY_ASET((assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(a)), (a)), (i), (v))
+static inline void
+ARY_SET(VALUE a, long i, VALUE v)
+{
+    assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(a));
+    assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(a));
+
+    RARRAY_ASET(a, i, v);
+}
+#undef RARRAY_ASET
+
+
+#if ARRAY_DEBUG
+#define ary_verify(ary) ary_verify_(ary, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+static VALUE
+ary_verify_(VALUE ary, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    assert(RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY));
+
+    if (FL_TEST(ary, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+        VALUE root = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root;
+        const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+        const VALUE *root_ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(root);
+        long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary), root_len = RARRAY_LEN(root);
+        assert(FL_TEST(root, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG));
+        assert(root_ptr <= ptr && ptr + len <= root_ptr + root_len);
+        ary_verify(root);
+    }
+    else if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
+        assert(!RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary));
+        assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
+        assert(RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
+    }
+    else {
+#if 1
+        const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+        long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        volatile VALUE v;
+        if (len > 1) len = 1; /* check only HEAD */
+        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+            v = ptr[i]; /* access check */
+        }
+        v = v;
+#endif
+    }
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        assert(rb_transient_heap_managed_ptr_p(RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    rb_transient_heap_verify();
+
+    return ary;
+}
 
 void
-rb_mem_clear(register VALUE *mem, register long size)
+rb_ary_verify(VALUE ary)
+{
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+#else
+#define ary_verify(ary) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+VALUE *
+rb_ary_ptr_use_start(VALUE ary)
+{
+#if ARRAY_DEBUG
+    FL_SET_RAW(ary, RARRAY_PTR_IN_USE_FLAG);
+#endif
+    return (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_ptr_use_end(VALUE ary)
+{
+#if ARRAY_DEBUG
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(ary, RARRAY_PTR_IN_USE_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+void
+rb_mem_clear(VALUE *mem, long size)
 {
     while (size--) {
 	*mem++ = Qnil;
@@ -142,7 +267,7 @@ rb_mem_clear(register VALUE *mem, register long size)
 static void
 ary_mem_clear(VALUE ary, long beg, long size)
 {
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	rb_mem_clear(ptr + beg, size);
     });
 }
@@ -158,7 +283,7 @@ memfill(register VALUE *mem, register long size, register VALUE val)
 static void
 ary_memfill(VALUE ary, long beg, long size, VALUE val)
 {
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	memfill(ptr + beg, size, val);
 	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(ary, Qundef, val);
     });
@@ -167,28 +292,22 @@ ary_memfill(VALUE ary, long beg, long size, VALUE val)
 static void
 ary_memcpy0(VALUE ary, long beg, long argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE buff_owner_ary)
 {
-#if 1
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(buff_owner_ary));
 
     if (argc > (int)(128/sizeof(VALUE)) /* is magic number (cache line size) */) {
-	rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(buff_owner_ary);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-	    MEMCPY(ptr+beg, argv, VALUE, argc);
-	});
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(buff_owner_ary);
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+            MEMCPY(ptr+beg, argv, VALUE, argc);
+        });
     }
     else {
-	int i;
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-	    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-		RB_OBJ_WRITE(buff_owner_ary, &ptr[i+beg], argv[i]);
-	    }
-	});
+        int i;
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+            for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+                RB_OBJ_WRITE(buff_owner_ary, &ptr[i+beg], argv[i]);
+            }
+        });
     }
-#else
-    /* giveup write barrier (traditional way) */
-    RARRAY_PTR(buff_owner_ary);
-    MEMCPY(RARRAY_PTR(ary)+beg, argv, VALUE, argc);
-#endif
 }
 
 static void
@@ -197,49 +316,175 @@ ary_memcpy(VALUE ary, long beg, long argc, const VALUE *argv)
     ary_memcpy0(ary, beg, argc, argv, ary);
 }
 
+static VALUE *
+ary_heap_alloc(VALUE ary, size_t capa)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr = rb_transient_heap_alloc(ary, sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
+
+    if (ptr != NULL) {
+        RARY_TRANSIENT_SET(ary);
+    }
+    else {
+        RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+        ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+    }
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static void
+ary_heap_free_ptr(VALUE ary, const VALUE *ptr, long size)
+{
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        /* ignore it */
+    }
+    else {
+        ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ptr, size);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ary_heap_free(VALUE ary)
+{
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+    }
+    else {
+        ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ary_heap_realloc(VALUE ary, size_t new_capa)
+{
+    size_t old_capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
+
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+        if (new_capa <= old_capa) {
+            /* do nothing */
+        }
+        else {
+            VALUE *new_ptr = rb_transient_heap_alloc(ary, sizeof(VALUE) * new_capa);
+
+            if (new_ptr == NULL) {
+                new_ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, new_capa);
+                RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+            }
+
+            MEMCPY(new_ptr, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), VALUE, old_capa);
+            ARY_SET_PTR(ary, new_ptr);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        SIZED_REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, new_capa, old_capa);
+    }
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+static inline void
+rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate_(VALUE ary, int transient, int promote)
+{
+    if (transient) {
+        VALUE *new_ptr;
+        const VALUE *old_ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+        long capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
+        long len  = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
+
+        if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
+            capa = len;
+        }
+
+        assert(ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary));
+        assert(RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary));
+        assert(!ARY_PTR_USING_P(ary));
+
+        if (promote) {
+            new_ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+            RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
+        }
+        else {
+            new_ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
+        }
+
+        MEMCPY(new_ptr, old_ptr, VALUE, capa);
+        /* do not use ARY_SET_PTR() because they assert !frozen */
+        RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr = new_ptr;
+    }
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(VALUE ary, int promote)
+{
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate_(ary, RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary), promote);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_detransient(VALUE ary)
+{
+    assert(RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary));
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate_(ary, TRUE, TRUE);
+}
+#else
+void
+rb_ary_detransient(VALUE ary)
+{
+    /* do nothing */
+}
+#endif
+
 static void
 ary_resize_capa(VALUE ary, long capacity)
 {
     assert(RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= capacity);
     assert(!OBJ_FROZEN(ary));
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
+
     if (capacity > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
             long len = ARY_EMBED_LEN(ary);
-            VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, (capacity));
+            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capacity);
+
             MEMCPY(ptr, ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
             FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
             ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
             ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
         }
         else {
-	    SIZED_REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, capacity, RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa);
+            ary_heap_realloc(ary, capacity);
         }
-        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, (capacity));
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capacity);
     }
     else {
         if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-            long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+            long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
+            long old_capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
+            const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
 
-	    if (len > capacity) len = capacity;
+            if (len > capacity) len = capacity;
             MEMCPY((VALUE *)RARRAY(ary)->as.ary, ptr, VALUE, len);
+            ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, ptr, old_capa);
+
             FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
             ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
-	    ruby_xfree((VALUE *)ptr);
         }
     }
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 static inline void
 ary_shrink_capa(VALUE ary)
 {
     long capacity = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
-    long old_capa = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa;
+    long old_capa = ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary);
     assert(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
     assert(old_capa >= capacity);
-    if (old_capa > capacity)
-	REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, capacity);
+    if (old_capa > capacity) ary_heap_realloc(ary, capacity);
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -255,19 +500,21 @@ ary_double_capa(VALUE ary, long min)
     }
     new_capa += min;
     ary_resize_capa(ary, new_capa);
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 static void
-rb_ary_decrement_share(VALUE shared)
+rb_ary_decrement_share(VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    if (shared) {
-	long num = ARY_SHARED_NUM(shared) - 1;
+    if (shared_root) {
+        long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root) - 1;
 	if (num == 0) {
-	    rb_ary_free(shared);
-	    rb_gc_force_recycle(shared);
+            rb_ary_free(shared_root);
+            rb_gc_force_recycle(shared_root);
 	}
 	else if (num > 0) {
-	    ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(shared, num);
+            ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num);
 	}
     }
 }
@@ -275,8 +522,8 @@ rb_ary_decrement_share(VALUE shared)
 static void
 rb_ary_unshare(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE shared = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared;
-    rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
+    VALUE shared_root = RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.shared_root;
+    rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
     FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
 }
 
@@ -289,65 +536,77 @@ rb_ary_unshare_safe(VALUE ary)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_increment_share(VALUE shared)
+rb_ary_increment_share(VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    long num = ARY_SHARED_NUM(shared);
+    long num = ARY_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root);
     if (num >= 0) {
-	ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(shared, num + 1);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared_root, num + 1);
     }
-    return shared;
+    return shared_root;
 }
 
 static void
-rb_ary_set_shared(VALUE ary, VALUE shared)
+rb_ary_set_shared(VALUE ary, VALUE shared_root)
 {
-    rb_ary_increment_share(shared);
+    rb_ary_increment_share(shared_root);
     FL_SET_SHARED(ary);
-    ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, shared);
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_create);
+    ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, shared_root);
 }
 
 static inline void
 rb_ary_modify_check(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_check_frozen(ary);
+    ary_verify(ary);
 }
 
 void
-rb_ary_modify(VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_cancel_sharing(VALUE ary)
 {
-    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	long shared_len, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
+        long shared_len, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
+
+        ary_verify(shared_root);
+
         if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	    const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+            const VALUE *ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
             FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
             FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
-	    MEMCPY((VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), ptr, VALUE, len);
-            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
+            MEMCPY((VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), ptr, VALUE, len);
+            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
             ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, len);
         }
-	else if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(shared) && len > ((shared_len = RARRAY_LEN(shared))>>1)) {
-	    long shift = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared);
-	    FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
-	    ARY_SET_PTR(ary, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared));
-	    ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, shared_len);
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-		MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+shift, VALUE, len);
-	    });
-	    FL_SET_EMBED(shared);
-	    rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
-	}
+        else if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(shared_root) && len > ((shared_len = RARRAY_LEN(shared_root))>>1)) {
+            long shift = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root);
+            FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
+            ARY_SET_PTR(ary, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root));
+            ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, shared_len);
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+                MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+shift, VALUE, len);
+            });
+            FL_SET_EMBED(shared_root);
+            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
+        }
         else {
-            VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, len);
-            MEMCPY(ptr, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
+            VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, len);
+            MEMCPY(ptr, ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), VALUE, len);
             rb_ary_unshare(ary);
             ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, len);
             ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
         }
 
-	rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(ary);
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(ary);
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ary_modify(VALUE ary)
+{
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    rb_ary_cancel_sharing(ary);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -362,11 +621,14 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_push(VALUE ary, long add_len)
     }
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	if (new_len > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	    VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
-	    if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(shared)) {
-		if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared) + new_len <= RARRAY_LEN(shared)) {
+            VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
+            if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(shared_root)) {
+                if (ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary) - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root) + new_len <= RARRAY_LEN(shared_root)) {
 		    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-		    return shared;
+
+                    ary_verify(ary);
+                    ary_verify(shared_root);
+                    return shared_root;
 		}
 		else {
 		    /* if array is shared, then it is likely it participate in push/shift pattern */
@@ -375,28 +637,37 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_push(VALUE ary, long add_len)
 		    if (new_len > capa - (capa >> 6)) {
 			ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
 		    }
+                    ary_verify(ary);
 		    return ary;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
+        ary_verify(ary);
+        rb_ary_modify(ary);
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     }
-    rb_ary_modify(ary);
     capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
     if (new_len > capa) {
 	ary_double_capa(ary, new_len);
     }
 
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *      ary.freeze -> ary
+ *    array.freeze -> self
  *
- *  Calls Object#freeze on +ary+ to prevent any further
- *  modification. A RuntimeError will be raised if a modification
- *  attempt is made.
+ *  Freezes +self+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = []
+ *    a.frozen? # => false
+ *    a.freeze
+ *    a.frozen? # => true
  *
+ *  An attempt to modify a frozen \Array raises FrozenError.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -405,21 +676,6 @@ rb_ary_freeze(VALUE ary)
     return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.frozen?  -> true or false
- *
- *  Return +true+ if this array is frozen (or temporarily frozen
- *  while being sorted). See also Object#frozen?
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_ary_frozen_p(VALUE ary)
-{
-    if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) return Qtrue;
-    return Qfalse;
-}
-
 /* This can be used to take a snapshot of an array (with
    e.g. rb_ary_replace) and check later whether the array has been
    modified from the snapshot.  The snapshot is cheap, though if
@@ -432,7 +688,7 @@ rb_ary_shared_with_p(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary1) && ARY_SHARED_P(ary1) &&
 	!ARY_EMBED_P(ary2) && ARY_SHARED_P(ary2) &&
-	RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.aux.shared == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.aux.shared &&
+        RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.aux.shared_root == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.aux.shared_root &&
 	RARRAY(ary1)->as.heap.len == RARRAY(ary2)->as.heap.len) {
 	return Qtrue;
     }
@@ -473,7 +729,7 @@ ary_new(VALUE klass, long capa)
 
     ary = ary_alloc(klass);
     if (capa > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
+        ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
         FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
         ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
         ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
@@ -514,12 +770,70 @@ VALUE
     return ary;
 }
 
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(VALUE klass, long n, const VALUE *elts)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    ary = ary_new(klass, n);
+    if (n > 0 && elts) {
+	ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
+	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_ary_new_from_values(long n, const VALUE *elts)
 {
+    return rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(rb_cArray, n, elts);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ec_ary_alloc(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass)
+{
+    RB_EC_NEWOBJ_OF(ec, ary, struct RArray, klass, T_ARRAY | RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
+    /* Created array is:
+     *   FL_SET_EMBED((VALUE)ary);
+     *   ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN((VALUE)ary, 0);
+     */
+    return (VALUE)ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ec_ary_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, long capa)
+{
+    VALUE ary,*ptr;
+
+    if (capa < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size (or size too big)");
+    }
+    if (capa > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
+    }
+
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(ARRAY, capa);
+
+    ary = ec_ary_alloc(ec, klass);
+
+    if (capa > RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
+        FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
+        ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
+        ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ec_ary_new_from_values(rb_execution_context_t *ec, long n, const VALUE *elts)
+{
     VALUE ary;
 
-    ary = rb_ary_new2(n);
+    ary = ec_ary_new(ec, rb_cArray, n);
     if (n > 0 && elts) {
 	ary_memcpy(ary, 0, n, elts);
 	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
@@ -531,7 +845,9 @@ rb_ary_new_from_values(long n, const VALUE *elts)
 VALUE
 rb_ary_tmp_new(long capa)
 {
-    return ary_new(0, capa);
+    VALUE ary = ary_new(0, capa);
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
+    return ary;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -540,6 +856,7 @@ rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(long capa)
     VALUE ary = ary_new(0, capa);
     ary_memfill(ary, 0, capa, Qnil);
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, capa);
+    rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -547,7 +864,29 @@ void
 rb_ary_free(VALUE ary)
 {
     if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary)) {
-	ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+        if (USE_DEBUG_COUNTER &&
+            !ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) &&
+            ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary) > RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_extracapa);
+        }
+
+        if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary)) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_transient);
+        }
+        else {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_ptr);
+            ary_heap_free(ary);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_embed);
+    }
+
+    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared);
+    }
+    if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) && ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ary)) {
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_root_occupied);
     }
 }
 
@@ -555,7 +894,7 @@ RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED size_t
 rb_ary_memsize(VALUE ary)
 {
     if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary)) {
-	return RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa * sizeof(VALUE);
+	return ARY_CAPA(ary) * sizeof(VALUE);
     }
     else {
 	return 0;
@@ -567,39 +906,52 @@ ary_discard(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_ary_free(ary);
     RBASIC(ary)->flags |= RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG;
-    RBASIC(ary)->flags &= ~RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK;
+    RBASIC(ary)->flags &= ~(RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK | RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ary_make_shared(VALUE ary)
 {
     assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
+    ary_verify(ary);
+
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	return ARY_SHARED(ary);
+        return ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
     }
     else if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
 	return ary;
     }
     else if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) {
+        rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
 	ary_shrink_capa(ary);
 	FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
-	ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM(ary, 1);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(ary, 1);
 	return ary;
     }
     else {
 	long capa = ARY_CAPA(ary), len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        const VALUE *ptr;
 	NEWOBJ_OF(shared, struct RArray, 0, T_ARRAY | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
-        FL_UNSET_EMBED(shared);
+        VALUE vshared = (VALUE)shared;
+
+        rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(ary, TRUE);
+        ptr = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
 
-	ARY_SET_LEN((VALUE)shared, capa);
-	ARY_SET_PTR((VALUE)shared, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
-	ary_mem_clear((VALUE)shared, len, capa - len);
-	FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(shared);
-	ARY_SET_SHARED_NUM((VALUE)shared, 1);
+        FL_UNSET_EMBED(vshared);
+        ARY_SET_LEN(vshared, capa);
+        ARY_SET_PTR(vshared, ptr);
+        ary_mem_clear(vshared, len, capa - len);
+        FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(vshared);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(vshared, 1);
 	FL_SET_SHARED(ary);
-	ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, (VALUE)shared);
-	OBJ_FREEZE(shared);
-	return (VALUE)shared;
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_create);
+        ARY_SET_SHARED(ary, vshared);
+        OBJ_FREEZE(vshared);
+
+        ary_verify(vshared);
+        ary_verify(ary);
+
+        return vshared;
     }
 }
 
@@ -610,7 +962,7 @@ ary_make_substitution(VALUE ary)
 
     if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
 	VALUE subst = rb_ary_new2(len);
-	ary_memcpy(subst, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+        ary_memcpy(subst, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(subst, len);
         return subst;
     }
@@ -625,35 +977,37 @@ rb_assoc_new(VALUE car, VALUE cdr)
     return rb_ary_new3(2, car, cdr);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-to_ary(VALUE ary)
+VALUE
+rb_to_array_type(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", idTo_ary);
 }
+#define to_ary rb_to_array_type
 
 VALUE
 rb_check_array_type(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_check_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+    return rb_check_convert_type_with_id(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", idTo_ary);
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_check_to_array(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return rb_check_convert_type_with_id(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", idTo_a);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Array.try_convert(obj) -> array or nil
+ *    Array.try_convert(object) -> object, new_array, or nil
  *
- *  Tries to convert +obj+ into an array, using +to_ary+ method.  Returns the
- *  converted array or +nil+ if +obj+ cannot be converted for any reason.
- *  This method can be used to check if an argument is an array.
+ *  If +object+ is an \Array object, returns +object+.
  *
- *     Array.try_convert([1])   #=> [1]
- *     Array.try_convert("1")   #=> nil
+ *  Otherwise if +object+ responds to <tt>:to_ary</tt>,
+ *  calls <tt>object.to_ary</tt> and returns the result.
  *
- *     if tmp = Array.try_convert(arg)
- *       # the argument is an array
- *     elsif tmp = String.try_convert(arg)
- *       # the argument is a string
- *     end
+ *  Returns +nil+ if +object+ does not respond to <tt>:to_ary</tt>
  *
+ *  Raises an exception unless <tt>object.to_ary</tt> returns an \Array object.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -664,58 +1018,46 @@ rb_ary_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Array.new(size=0, default=nil)
- *     Array.new(array)
- *     Array.new(size) {|index| block }
- *
- *  Returns a new array.
- *
- *  In the first form, if no arguments are sent, the new array will be empty.
- *  When a +size+ and an optional +default+ are sent, an array is created with
- *  +size+ copies of +default+.  Take notice that all elements will reference the
- *  same object +default+.
- *
- *  The second form creates a copy of the array passed as a parameter (the
- *  array is generated by calling to_ary on the parameter).
- *
- *    first_array = ["Matz", "Guido"]
- *
- *    second_array = Array.new(first_array) #=> ["Matz", "Guido"]
- *
- *    first_array.equal? second_array       #=> false
- *
- *  In the last form, an array of the given size is created.  Each element in
- *  this array is created by passing the element's index to the given block
- *  and storing the return value.
- *
- *    Array.new(3){ |index| index ** 2 }
- *    # => [0, 1, 4]
- *
- *  == Common gotchas
- *
- *  When sending the second parameter, the same object will be used as the
- *  value for all the array elements:
- *
- *     a = Array.new(2, Hash.new)
- *     # => [{}, {}]
- *
- *     a[0]['cat'] = 'feline'
- *     a # => [{"cat"=>"feline"}, {"cat"=>"feline"}]
- *
- *     a[1]['cat'] = 'Felix'
- *     a # => [{"cat"=>"Felix"}, {"cat"=>"Felix"}]
- *
- *  Since all the Array elements store the same hash, changes to one of them
- *  will affect them all.
- *
- *  If multiple copies are what you want, you should use the block
- *  version which uses the result of that block each time an element
- *  of the array needs to be initialized:
- *
- *     a = Array.new(2) { Hash.new }
- *     a[0]['cat'] = 'feline'
- *     a # => [{"cat"=>"feline"}, {}]
- *
+ *    Array.new -> new_empty_array
+ *    Array.new(array) -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size) -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size, default_value) -> new_array
+ *    Array.new(size) {|index| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array.
+ *
+ *  With no block and no arguments, returns a new empty \Array object.
+ *
+ *  With no block and a single \Array argument +array+,
+ *  returns a new \Array formed from +array+:
+ *    a = Array.new([:foo, 'bar', 2])
+ *    a.class # => Array
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  With no block and a single \Integer argument +size+,
+ *  returns a new \Array of the given size
+ *  whose elements are all +nil+:
+ *    a = Array.new(3)
+ *    a # => [nil, nil, nil]
+ *
+ *  With no block and arguments +size+ and +default_value+,
+ *  returns an \Array of the given size;
+ *  each element is that same +default_value+:
+ *    a = Array.new(3, 'x')
+ *    a # => ['x', 'x', 'x']
+ *
+ *  With a block and argument +size+,
+ *  returns an \Array of the given size;
+ *  the block is called with each successive integer +index+;
+ *  the element for that +index+ is the return value from the block:
+ *    a = Array.new(3) {|index| "Element #{index}" }
+ *    a # => ["Element 0", "Element 1", "Element 2"]
+ *
+ *  Raises ArgumentError if +size+ is negative.
+ *
+ *  With a block and no argument,
+ *  or a single argument +0+,
+ *  ignores the block and returns a new empty \Array.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -726,8 +1068,8 @@ rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (argc == 0) {
-	if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary) && RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) != 0) {
-	    ruby_sized_xfree((void *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+        if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(ary) && ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary) != NULL) {
+            ary_heap_free(ary);
 	}
         rb_ary_unshare_safe(ary);
         FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
@@ -778,7 +1120,7 @@ rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 /*
  * Returns a new array populated with the given objects.
  *
- *   Array.[]( 1, 'a', /^A/ ) # => [1, "a", /^A/]
+ *   Array.[]( 1, 'a', /^A/)  # => [1, "a", /^A/]
  *   Array[ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]    # => [1, "a", /^A/]
  *   [ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]         # => [1, "a", /^A/]
  */
@@ -834,7 +1176,7 @@ ary_make_partial(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len)
 
     if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
         VALUE result = ary_alloc(klass);
-	ary_memcpy(result, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) + offset);
+        ary_memcpy(result, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + offset);
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, len);
         return result;
     }
@@ -843,20 +1185,69 @@ ary_make_partial(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len)
         FL_UNSET_EMBED(result);
 
         shared = ary_make_shared(ary);
-        ARY_SET_PTR(result, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+        ARY_SET_PTR(result, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
         ARY_SET_LEN(result, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
         rb_ary_set_shared(result, shared);
 
         ARY_INCREASE_PTR(result, offset);
         ARY_SET_LEN(result, len);
+
+        ary_verify(shared);
+        ary_verify(result);
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_make_partial_step(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len, long step)
+{
+    assert(offset >= 0);
+    assert(len >= 0);
+    assert(offset+len <= RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+    assert(step != 0);
+
+    const VALUE *values = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+    const long orig_len = len;
+
+    if ((step > 0 && step >= len) || (step < 0 && (step < -len))) {
+        VALUE result = ary_new(klass, 1);
+        VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(result);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(result, ptr, values[offset]);
+        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, 1);
         return result;
     }
+
+    long ustep = (step < 0) ? -step : step;
+    len = (len + ustep - 1) / ustep;
+
+    long i;
+    long j = offset + ((step > 0) ? 0 : (orig_len - 1));
+    VALUE result = ary_new(klass, len);
+    if (len <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+        VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(result);
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            RB_OBJ_WRITE(result, ptr+i, values[j]);
+            j += step;
+        }
+        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, len);
+    }
+    else {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(result, ptr, {
+            for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                RB_OBJ_WRITE(result, ptr+i, values[j]);
+                j += step;
+            }
+        });
+        ARY_SET_LEN(result, len);
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ary_make_shared_copy(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return ary_make_partial(ary, rb_obj_class(ary), 0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+    return ary_make_partial(ary, rb_cArray, 0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
 }
 
 enum ary_take_pos_flags
@@ -868,13 +1259,17 @@ enum ary_take_pos_flags
 static VALUE
 ary_take_first_or_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary, enum ary_take_pos_flags last)
 {
-    VALUE nv;
     long n;
     long len;
     long offset = 0;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &nv);
-    n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+    argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    /* the case optional argument is omitted should be handled in
+     * callers of this function.  if another arity case is added,
+     * this arity check needs to rewrite. */
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(argc == 1);
+
+    n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (n > len) {
 	n = len;
@@ -890,26 +1285,28 @@ ary_take_first_or_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary, enum ary_take_pos
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary << obj            -> ary
+ *    array << object -> self
  *
- *  Append---Pushes the given object on to the end of this array. This
- *  expression returns the array itself, so several appends
- *  may be chained together.
- *
- *     [ 1, 2 ] << "c" << "d" << [ 3, 4 ]
- *             #=>  [ 1, 2, "c", "d", [ 3, 4 ] ]
+ *  Appends +object+ to +self+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a << :baz # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz]
  *
+ *  Appends +object+ as one element, even if it is another \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a << [3, 4]
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [3, 4]]
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_push(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
 {
-    long idx = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    long idx = RARRAY_LEN((ary_verify(ary), ary));
     VALUE target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_push(ary, 1);
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	RB_OBJ_WRITE(target_ary, &ptr[idx], item);
     });
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -925,18 +1322,22 @@ rb_ary_cat(VALUE ary, const VALUE *argv, long len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.push(obj, ... )   -> ary
- *
- *  Append --- Pushes the given object(s) on to the end of this array. This
- *  expression returns the array itself, so several appends
- *  may be chained together. See also Array#pop for the opposite
- *  effect.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.push("d", "e", "f")
- *             #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]
- *     [1, 2, 3].push(4).push(5)
- *             #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    array.push(*objects) -> self
+ *
+ *  Appends trailing elements.
+ *
+ *  Appends each argument in +objects+ to +self+;  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.push(:baz, :bat) # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bat]
+ *
+ *  Appends each argument as one element, even if it is another \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.push([:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad])
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]]
+ *
+ *  Array#append is an alias for \Array#push.
+ *
+ *  Related: #pop, #shift, #unshift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -960,25 +1361,36 @@ rb_ary_pop(VALUE ary)
     }
     --n;
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary, n);
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return RARRAY_AREF(ary, n);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.pop    -> obj or nil
- *     ary.pop(n) -> new_ary
+ *    array.pop -> object or nil
+ *    array.pop(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Removes and returns trailing elements.
+ *
+ *  When no argument is given and +self+ is not empty,
+ *  removes and returns the last element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.pop # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar"]
  *
- *  Removes the last element from +self+ and returns it, or
- *  +nil+ if the array is empty.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if the array is empty.
  *
- *  If a number +n+ is given, returns an array of the last +n+ elements
- *  (or less) just like <code>array.slice!(-n, n)</code> does. See also
- *  Array#push for the opposite effect.
+ *  When a non-negative \Integer argument +n+ is given and is in range,
+ *  removes and returns the last +n+ elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.pop(2) # => ["bar", 2]
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.pop     #=> "d"
- *     a.pop(2)  #=> ["b", "c"]
- *     a         #=> ["a"]
+ *  If +n+ is positive and out of range,
+ *  removes and returns all elements:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.pop(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Related: #push, #shift, #unshift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -993,6 +1405,7 @@ rb_ary_pop_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_LAST);
     ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -RARRAY_LEN(result));
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -1007,10 +1420,11 @@ rb_ary_shift(VALUE ary)
     top = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
     if (!ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	if (len < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 		MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+1, VALUE, len-1);
 	    }); /* WB: no new reference */
             ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -1);
+            ary_verify(ary);
 	    return top;
 	}
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)); /* ARY_EMBED_LEN_MAX < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE */
@@ -1018,36 +1432,45 @@ rb_ary_shift(VALUE ary)
 	ARY_SET(ary, 0, Qnil);
 	ary_make_shared(ary);
     }
-    else if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED(ary))) {
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, ptr[0] = Qnil);
+    else if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary))) {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, ptr[0] = Qnil);
     }
     ARY_INCREASE_PTR(ary, 1);		/* shift ptr */
     ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -1);
 
+    ary_verify(ary);
+
     return top;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.shift    -> obj or nil
- *     ary.shift(n) -> new_ary
+ *     array.shift -> object or nil
+ *     array.shift(n) -> new_array
  *
- *  Removes the first element of +self+ and returns it (shifting all
- *  other elements down by one). Returns +nil+ if the array
- *  is empty.
+ *  Removes and returns leading elements.
  *
- *  If a number +n+ is given, returns an array of the first +n+ elements
- *  (or less) just like <code>array.slice!(0, n)</code> does. With +ary+
- *  containing only the remainder elements, not including what was shifted to
- *  +new_ary+. See also Array#unshift for the opposite effect.
+ *  When no argument is given, removes and returns the first element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.shift # => :foo
+ *    a # => ['bar', 2]
  *
- *     args = [ "-m", "-q", "filename" ]
- *     args.shift     #=> "-m"
- *     args           #=> ["-q", "filename"]
+ *  Returns +nil+ if +self+ is empty.
  *
- *     args = [ "-m", "-q", "filename" ]
- *     args.shift(2)  #=> ["-m", "-q"]
- *     args           #=> ["filename"]
+ *  When positive \Integer argument +n+ is given, removes the first +n+ elements;
+ *  returns those elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.shift(2) # => [:foo, 'bar']
+ *    a # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is as large as or larger than <tt>self.length</tt>,
+ *  removes all elements; returns those elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.shift(3) # => [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is zero, returns a new empty \Array; +self+ is unmodified.
+ *
+ *  Related: #push, #pop, #unshift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1063,51 +1486,80 @@ rb_ary_shift_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_FIRST);
     n = RARRAY_LEN(result);
-    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED(ary))) {
-	  setup_occupied_shared:
-	    ary_mem_clear(ary, 0, n);
-	}
-        ARY_INCREASE_PTR(ary, n);
+    rb_ary_behead(ary,n);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+behead_shared(VALUE ary, long n)
+{
+    assert(ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    if (ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary))) {
+        ary_mem_clear(ary, 0, n);
+    }
+    ARY_INCREASE_PTR(ary, n);
+    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -n);
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+behead_transient(VALUE ary, long n)
+{
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+        MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+n, VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(ary)-n);
+    }); /* WB: no new reference */
+    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -n);
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_ary_behead(VALUE ary, long n)
+{
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        return ary;
+    }
+    else if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
+        return behead_shared(ary, n);
+    }
+    else if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) >= ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
+        ary_make_shared(ary);
+        return behead_shared(ary, n);
     }
     else {
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) < ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-		MEMMOVE(ptr, ptr+n, VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(ary)-n);
-	    }); /* WB: no new reference */
-	}
-	else {
-	    ary_make_shared(ary);
-	    goto setup_occupied_shared;
-	}
+        return behead_transient(ary, n);
     }
-    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -n);
+}
 
-    return result;
+static VALUE
+make_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, const VALUE *head, VALUE *sharedp, int argc, long capa, long len)
+{
+    if (head - sharedp < argc) {
+        long room = capa - len - argc;
+
+        room -= room >> 4;
+        MEMMOVE((VALUE *)sharedp + argc + room, head, VALUE, len);
+        head = sharedp + argc + room;
+    }
+    ARY_SET_PTR(ary, head - argc);
+    assert(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary)));
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    return ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
+ary_modify_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
 {
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     long new_len = len + argc;
     long capa;
     const VALUE *head, *sharedp;
 
-    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
-    }
-
-    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
-	VALUE shared = ARY_SHARED(ary);
-	capa = RARRAY_LEN(shared);
-	if (ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(shared) && capa > new_len) {
-	    head = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-	    sharedp = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(shared);
-	    goto makeroom_if_need;
-	}
-    }
-
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
     if (capa - (capa >> 6) <= new_len) {
@@ -1116,45 +1568,69 @@ ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
 
     /* use shared array for big "queues" */
     if (new_len > ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 4) {
-	/* make a room for unshifted items */
+        ary_verify(ary);
+
+        /* make a room for unshifted items */
 	capa = ARY_CAPA(ary);
 	ary_make_shared(ary);
 
-	head = sharedp = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-	goto makeroom;
-      makeroom_if_need:
-	if (head - sharedp < argc) {
-	    long room;
-	  makeroom:
-	    room = capa - new_len;
-	    room -= room >> 4;
-	    MEMMOVE((VALUE *)sharedp + argc + room, head, VALUE, len);
-	    head = sharedp + argc + room;
-	}
-	ARY_SET_PTR(ary, head - argc);
-	assert(ARY_SHARED_OCCUPIED(ARY_SHARED(ary)));
-	return ARY_SHARED(ary);
+        head = sharedp = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+        return make_room_for_unshift(ary, head, (void *)sharedp, argc, capa, len);
     }
     else {
 	/* sliding items */
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 	    MEMMOVE(ptr + argc, ptr, VALUE, len);
 	});
 
+        ary_verify(ary);
 	return ary;
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(VALUE ary, int argc)
+{
+    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    long new_len = len + argc;
+
+    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too big", new_len);
+    }
+    else if (! ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
+        return ary_modify_for_unshift(ary, argc);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(ary);
+        long capa = RARRAY_LEN(shared_root);
+
+        if (! ARY_SHARED_ROOT_OCCUPIED(shared_root)) {
+            return ary_modify_for_unshift(ary, argc);
+        }
+        else if (new_len > capa) {
+            return ary_modify_for_unshift(ary, argc);
+        }
+        else {
+            const VALUE * head = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+            void *sharedp = (void *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(shared_root);
+
+            rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+            return make_room_for_unshift(ary, head, sharedp, argc, capa, len);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.unshift(obj, ...)  -> ary
+ *    array.unshift(*objects) -> self
+ *
+ *  Prepends the given +objects+ to +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.unshift(:bam, :bat) # => [:bam, :bat, :foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *  Prepends objects to the front of +self+, moving other elements upwards.
- *  See also Array#shift for the opposite effect.
+ *  Array#prepend is an alias for Array#unshift.
  *
- *     a = [ "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.unshift("a")   #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *     a.unshift(1, 2)  #=> [ 1, 2, "a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *  Related: #push, #pop, #shift.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1195,21 +1671,11 @@ rb_ary_elt(VALUE ary, long offset)
 VALUE
 rb_ary_entry(VALUE ary, long offset)
 {
-    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-    if (len == 0) return Qnil;
-    if (offset < 0) {
-        offset += len;
-        if (offset < 0) return Qnil;
-    }
-    else if (len <= offset) {
-        return Qnil;
-    }
-    return ptr[offset];
+    return rb_ary_entry_internal(ary, offset);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_ary_subseq(VALUE ary, long beg, long len)
+rb_ary_subseq_step(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, long step)
 {
     VALUE klass;
     long alen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
@@ -1220,93 +1686,169 @@ rb_ary_subseq(VALUE ary, long beg, long len)
     if (alen < len || alen < beg + len) {
 	len = alen - beg;
     }
-    klass = rb_obj_class(ary);
+    klass = rb_cArray;
     if (len == 0) return ary_new(klass, 0);
+    if (step == 0)
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "slice step cannot be zero");
+    if (step == 1)
+        return ary_make_partial(ary, klass, beg, len);
+    else
+        return ary_make_partial_step(ary, klass, beg, len, step);
+}
 
-    return ary_make_partial(ary, klass, beg, len);
+VALUE
+rb_ary_subseq(VALUE ary, long beg, long len)
+{
+    return rb_ary_subseq_step(ary, beg, len, 1);
 }
 
+static VALUE rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary[index]                -> obj     or nil
- *     ary[start, length]        -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary[range]                -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary.slice(index)          -> obj     or nil
- *     ary.slice(start, length)  -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary.slice(range)          -> new_ary or nil
- *
- *  Element Reference --- Returns the element at +index+, or returns a
- *  subarray starting at the +start+ index and continuing for +length+
- *  elements, or returns a subarray specified by +range+ of indices.
- *
- *  Negative indices count backward from the end of the array (-1 is the last
- *  element).  For +start+ and +range+ cases the starting index is just before
- *  an element.  Additionally, an empty array is returned when the starting
- *  index for an element range is at the end of the array.
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if the index (or starting index) are out of range.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a[2] +  a[0] + a[1]    #=> "cab"
- *     a[6]                   #=> nil
- *     a[1, 2]                #=> [ "b", "c" ]
- *     a[1..3]                #=> [ "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a[4..7]                #=> [ "e" ]
- *     a[6..10]               #=> nil
- *     a[-3, 3]               #=> [ "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     # special cases
- *     a[5]                   #=> nil
- *     a[6, 1]                #=> nil
- *     a[5, 1]                #=> []
- *     a[5..10]               #=> []
- *
+ *    array[index] -> object or nil
+ *    array[start, length] -> object or nil
+ *    array[range] -> object or nil
+ *    array[aseq] -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(index) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(start, length) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(range) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice(aseq) -> object or nil
+ *
+ *  Returns elements from +self+; does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  When a single \Integer argument +index+ is given, returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0] # => :foo
+ *    a[2] # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is negative, counts relative to the end of +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-1] # => 2
+ *    a[-2] # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When two \Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given,
+ *  returns a new \Array of size +length+ containing successive elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0, 2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a[1, 2] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start + length</tt> is greater than <tt>self.length</tt>,
+ *  returns all elements from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    a[1, 3] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a[2, 2] # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start == self.size</tt> and <tt>length >= 0</tt>,
+ *  returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is negative, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When a single \Range argument +range+ is given,
+ *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ above
+ *  and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ above:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0..1] # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a[1..2] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Special case: If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, calculates the end index from the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0..-1] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *    a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a[0..-3] # => [:foo]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is negative, calculates the start index from the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-1..2] # => [2]
+ *    a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a[-3..2] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is larger than the array size, returns +nil+.
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[4..1] # => nil
+ *    a[4..0] # => nil
+ *    a[4..-1] # => nil
+ *
+ *  When a single Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence argument +aseq+ is given,
+ *  returns an Array of elements corresponding to the indexes produced by
+ *  the sequence.
+ *    a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
+ *    a[(1..).step(2)] # => ["data1", "data2", "data3"]
+ *
+ *  Unlike slicing with range, if the start or the end of the arithmetic sequence
+ *  is larger than array size, throws RangeError.
+ *    a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
+ *    a[(1..11).step(2)]
+ *    # RangeError (((1..11).step(2)) out of range)
+ *    a[(7..).step(2)]
+ *    # RangeError (((7..).step(2)) out of range)
+ *
+ *  If given a single argument, and its type is not one of the listed, tries to
+ *  convert it to Integer, and raises if it is impossible:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into Integer):
+ *    a[:foo]
+ *
+ *  Array#slice is an alias for Array#[].
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_aref(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE arg;
-    long beg, len;
-
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
     if (argc == 2) {
-	beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
-	if (beg < 0) {
-	    beg += RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	}
-	return rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len);
+	return rb_ary_aref2(ary, argv[0], argv[1]);
     }
-    if (argc != 1) {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", NULL, NULL);
+    return rb_ary_aref1(ary, argv[0]);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_aref2(VALUE ary, VALUE b, VALUE e)
+{
+    long beg = NUM2LONG(b);
+    long len = NUM2LONG(e);
+    if (beg < 0) {
+	beg += RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     }
-    arg = argv[0];
+    return rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len);
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_ary_aref1(VALUE ary, VALUE arg)
+{
+    long beg, len, step;
+
     /* special case - speeding up */
     if (FIXNUM_P(arg)) {
 	return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(arg));
     }
-    /* check if idx is Range */
-    switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg, &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
+    /* check if idx is Range or ArithmeticSequence */
+    switch (rb_arithmetic_sequence_beg_len_step(arg, &beg, &len, &step, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
       case Qfalse:
-	break;
+        break;
       case Qnil:
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
       default:
-	return rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len);
+        return rb_ary_subseq_step(ary, beg, len, step);
     }
+
     return rb_ary_entry(ary, NUM2LONG(arg));
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.at(index)   ->   obj  or nil
- *
- *  Returns the element at +index+. A negative index counts from the end of
- *  +self+. Returns +nil+ if the index is out of range. See also
- *  Array#[].
+ *    array.at(index) -> object
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a.at(0)     #=> "a"
- *     a.at(-1)    #=> "e"
+ *  Returns the element at \Integer offset +index+; does not modify +self+.
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.at(0) # => :foo
+ *    a.at(2) # => 2
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1317,19 +1859,33 @@ rb_ary_at(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.first     ->   obj or nil
- *     ary.first(n)  ->   new_ary
+ *    array.first -> object or nil
+ *    array.first(n) -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns the first element, or the first +n+ elements, of the array.
- *  If the array is empty, the first form returns +nil+, and the
- *  second form returns an empty array. See also Array#last for
- *  the opposite effect.
+ *  Returns elements from +self+; does not modify +self+.
  *
- *     a = [ "q", "r", "s", "t" ]
- *     a.first     #=> "q"
- *     a.first(2)  #=> ["q", "r"]
+ *  When no argument is given, returns the first element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first # => :foo
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When non-negative \Integer argument +n+ is given,
+ *  returns the first +n+ elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first(2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>n >= array.size</tt>, returns all elements:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>n == 0</tt> returns an new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.first(0) # []
+ *
+ *  Related: #last.
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -1344,17 +1900,32 @@ rb_ary_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.last     ->  obj or nil
- *     ary.last(n)  ->  new_ary
+ *    array.last  -> object or nil
+ *    array.last(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns elements from +self+; +self+ is not modified.
+ *
+ *  When no argument is given, returns the last element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  Returns the last element(s) of +self+. If the array is empty,
- *  the first form returns +nil+.
+ *  When non-negative \Innteger argument +n+ is given,
+ *  returns the last +n+ elements in a new \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last(2) # => ["bar", 2]
  *
- *  See also Array#first for the opposite effect.
+ *  If <tt>n >= array.size</tt>, returns all elements:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
  *
- *     a = [ "w", "x", "y", "z" ]
- *     a.last     #=> "z"
- *     a.last(2)  #=> ["y", "z"]
+ *  If <tt>n == 0</tt>, returns an new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.last(0) # []
+ *
+ *  Related: #first.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1372,26 +1943,35 @@ rb_ary_last(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.fetch(index)                    -> obj
- *     ary.fetch(index, default)           -> obj
- *     ary.fetch(index) { |index| block }  -> obj
- *
- *  Tries to return the element at position +index+, but throws an IndexError
- *  exception if the referenced +index+ lies outside of the array bounds.  This
- *  error can be prevented by supplying a second argument, which will act as a
- *  +default+ value.
- *
- *  Alternatively, if a block is given it will only be executed when an
- *  invalid +index+ is referenced.
- *
- *  Negative values of +index+ count from the end of the array.
- *
- *     a = [ 11, 22, 33, 44 ]
- *     a.fetch(1)               #=> 22
- *     a.fetch(-1)              #=> 44
- *     a.fetch(4, 'cat')        #=> "cat"
- *     a.fetch(100) { |i| puts "#{i} is out of bounds" }
- *                              #=> "100 is out of bounds"
+ *    array.fetch(index) -> element
+ *    array.fetch(index, default_value) -> element
+ *    array.fetch(index) {|index| ... } -> element
+ *
+ *  Returns the element at offset  +index+.
+ *
+ *  With the single \Integer argument +index+,
+ *  returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(1) # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is negative, counts from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(-1) # => 2
+ *    a.fetch(-2) # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  With arguments +index+ and +default_value+,
+ *  returns the element at offset +index+ if index is in range,
+ *  otherwise returns +default_value+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(1, nil) # => "bar"
+ *
+ *  With argument +index+ and a block,
+ *  returns the element at offset +index+ if index is in range
+ *  (and the block is not called); otherwise calls the block with index and returns its return value:
+ *
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.fetch(1) {|index| raise 'Cannot happen' } # => "bar"
+ *    a.fetch(50) {|index| "Value for #{index}" } # => "Value for 50"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1424,36 +2004,44 @@ rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.find_index(obj)             ->  int or nil
- *     ary.find_index { |item| block } ->  int or nil
- *     ary.find_index                  ->  Enumerator
- *     ary.index(obj)             ->  int or nil
- *     ary.index { |item| block } ->  int or nil
- *     ary.index                  ->  Enumerator
+ *    array.index(object) -> integer or nil
+ *    array.index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    array.index -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns the index of a specified element.
+ *
+ *  When argument +object+ is given but no block,
+ *  returns the index of the first element +element+
+ *  for which <tt>object == element</tt>:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.index('bar') # => 1
  *
- *  Returns the _index_ of the first object in +ary+ such that the object is
- *  <code>==</code> to +obj+.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such element found.
  *
- *  If a block is given instead of an argument, returns the _index_ of the
- *  first object for which the block returns +true+.  Returns +nil+ if no
- *  match is found.
+ *  When both argument +object+ and a block are given,
+ *  calls the block with each successive element;
+ *  returns the index of the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.index {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 1
  *
- *  See also Array#rindex.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if the block never returns a truthy value.
  *
- *  An Enumerator is returned if neither a block nor argument is given.
+ *  When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.index
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:index>
+ *    e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 1
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.index("b")              #=> 1
- *     a.index("z")              #=> nil
- *     a.index { |x| x == "b" }  #=> 1
+ *  Array#find_index is an alias for Array#index.
+ *
+ *  Related: #rindex.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    const VALUE *ptr;
     VALUE val;
-    long i, len;
+    long i;
 
     if (argc == 0) {
 	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
@@ -1468,52 +2056,49 @@ rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     val = argv[0];
     if (rb_block_given_p())
 	rb_warn("given block not used");
-    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	VALUE e = ptr[i];
-	switch (rb_equal_opt(e, val)) {
-	  case Qundef:
-	    if (!rb_equal(e, val)) break;
-	  case Qtrue:
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
 	    return LONG2NUM(i);
-	  case Qfalse:
-	    continue;
 	}
-	len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rindex(obj)             ->  int or nil
- *     ary.rindex { |item| block } ->  int or nil
- *     ary.rindex                  ->  Enumerator
+ *    array.rindex(object) -> integer or nil
+ *    array.rindex {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    array.rindex -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns the index of the last element for which <tt>object == element</tt>.
+ *
+ *  When argument +object+ is given but no block, returns the index of the last such element found:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.rindex('bar') # => 3
  *
- *  Returns the _index_ of the last object in +self+ <code>==</code> to +obj+.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such object found.
  *
- *  If a block is given instead of an argument, returns the _index_ of the
- *  first object for which the block returns +true+, starting from the last
- *  object.
+ *  When a block is given but no argument, calls the block with each successive element;
+ *  returns the index of the last element for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.rindex {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no match is found.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if the block never returns a truthy value.
  *
- *  See also Array#index.
+ *  When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new \Enumerator:
  *
- *  If neither block nor argument is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    e = a.rindex
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, "bar"]:rindex>
+ *    e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.rindex("b")             #=> 3
- *     a.rindex("z")             #=> nil
- *     a.rindex { |x| x == "b" } #=> 3
+ *  Related: #index.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_rindex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    const VALUE *ptr;
     VALUE val;
     long i = RARRAY_LEN(ary), len;
 
@@ -1532,21 +2117,14 @@ rb_ary_rindex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     val = argv[0];
     if (rb_block_given_p())
 	rb_warn("given block not used");
-    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
     while (i--) {
-	VALUE e = ptr[i];
-	switch (rb_equal_opt(e, val)) {
-	  case Qundef:
-	    if (!rb_equal(e, val)) break;
-	  case Qtrue:
+	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
 	    return LONG2NUM(i);
-	  case Qfalse:
-	    continue;
-	}
-	if (i > (len = RARRAY_LEN(ary))) {
-	    i = len;
 	}
-	ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+        if (i > RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+            break;
+        }
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1580,7 +2158,7 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, const VALUE *rptr, long rlen)
     }
 
     {
-	const VALUE *optr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+        const VALUE *optr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
 	rofs = (rptr >= optr && rptr < optr + olen) ? rptr - optr : -1;
     }
 
@@ -1593,7 +2171,7 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, const VALUE *rptr, long rlen)
 	len = beg + rlen;
 	ary_mem_clear(ary, olen, beg - olen);
 	if (rlen > 0) {
-	    if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) + rofs;
+            if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + rofs;
 	    ary_memcpy0(ary, beg, rlen, rptr, target_ary);
 	}
 	ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
@@ -1611,14 +2189,21 @@ rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, const VALUE *rptr, long rlen)
 	}
 
 	if (len != rlen) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr,
-			   MEMMOVE(ptr + beg + rlen, ptr + beg + len,
-				   VALUE, olen - (beg + len)));
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr,
+                                     MEMMOVE(ptr + beg + rlen, ptr + beg + len,
+                                             VALUE, olen - (beg + len)));
 	    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, alen);
 	}
 	if (rlen > 0) {
-	    if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) + rofs;
-	    MEMMOVE(RARRAY_PTR(ary) + beg, rptr, VALUE, rlen);
+            if (rofs != -1) rptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary) + rofs;
+            /* give up wb-protected ary */
+            RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(ARRAY, ary);
+
+            /* do not use RARRAY_PTR() because it can causes GC.
+             * ary can contain T_NONE object because it is not cleared.
+             */
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr,
+                                     MEMMOVE(ptr + beg, rptr, VALUE, rlen));
 	}
     }
 }
@@ -1676,96 +2261,184 @@ rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len)
     }
     else {
 	if (olen > len + ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE) {
-	    SIZED_REALLOC_N(RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.ptr, VALUE, len, RARRAY(ary)->as.heap.aux.capa);
+            ary_heap_realloc(ary, len);
 	    ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, len);
 	}
 	ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(VALUE ary, long key, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_ary_store(ary, key, val);
+    return val;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long beg, long len, VALUE val)
+{
+    VALUE rpl = rb_ary_to_ary(val);
+    rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(rpl), RARRAY_LEN(rpl));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(rpl);
+    return val;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary[index]         = obj                      ->  obj
- *     ary[start, length] = obj or other_ary or nil  ->  obj or other_ary or nil
- *     ary[range]         = obj or other_ary or nil  ->  obj or other_ary or nil
- *
- *  Element Assignment --- Sets the element at +index+, or replaces a subarray
- *  from the +start+ index for +length+ elements, or replaces a subarray
- *  specified by the +range+ of indices.
- *
- *  If indices are greater than the current capacity of the array, the array
- *  grows automatically.  Elements are inserted into the array at +start+ if
- *  +length+ is zero.
- *
- *  Negative indices will count backward from the end of the array.  For
- *  +start+ and +range+ cases the starting index is just before an element.
- *
- *  An IndexError is raised if a negative index points past the beginning of
- *  the array.
- *
- *  See also Array#push, and Array#unshift.
- *
- *     a = Array.new
- *     a[4] = "4";                 #=> [nil, nil, nil, nil, "4"]
- *     a[0, 3] = [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ] #=> ["a", "b", "c", nil, "4"]
- *     a[1..2] = [ 1, 2 ]          #=> ["a", 1, 2, nil, "4"]
- *     a[0, 2] = "?"               #=> ["?", 2, nil, "4"]
- *     a[0..2] = "A"               #=> ["A", "4"]
- *     a[-1]   = "Z"               #=> ["A", "Z"]
- *     a[1..-1] = nil              #=> ["A", nil]
- *     a[1..-1] = []               #=> ["A"]
- *     a[0, 0] = [ 1, 2 ]          #=> [1, 2, "A"]
- *     a[3, 0] = "B"               #=> [1, 2, "A", "B"]
+ *    array[index] = object -> object
+ *    array[start, length] = object -> object
+ *    array[range] = object -> object
+ *
+ *  Assigns elements in +self+; returns the given +object+.
+ *
+ *  When \Integer argument +index+ is given, assigns +object+ to an element in +self+.
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is non-negative, assigns +object+ the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => ["foo", "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is greater than <tt>self.length</tt>, extends the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[7] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-1] = 'two' # => "two"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", "two"]
+ *
+ *  When \Integer arguments +start+ and +length+ are given and +object+ is not an \Array,
+ *  removes <tt>length - 1</tt> elements beginning at offset +start+,
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => ["foo", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-2, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is non-negative and outside the array (<tt> >= self.size</tt>),
+ *  extends the array with +nil+, assigns +object+ at offset +start+,
+ *  and ignores +length+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[6, 50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero, shifts elements at and following offset +start+
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1, 0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is too large for the existing array, does not extend the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1, 5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  When \Range argument +range+ is given and +object+ is an \Array,
+ *  removes <tt>length - 1</tt> elements beginning at offset +start+,
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[0..1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => ["foo", 2]
+ *
+ *  if <tt>range.begin</tt> is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[-2..2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If the array length is less than <tt>range.begin</tt>,
+ *  assigns +object+ at offset <tt>range.begin</tt>, and ignores +length+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[6..50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is zero, shifts elements at and following offset +start+
+ *  and assigns +object+ at offset +start+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, assigns +object+ at offset +start+,
+ *  retains <tt>range.end.abs -1</tt> elements past that, and removes those beyond:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..-1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..-2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", 2]
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..-3] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is too large for the existing array,
+ *  replaces array elements, but does not extend the array with +nil+ values:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a[1..5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
+ *    a # => [:foo, "foo"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_aset(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long offset, beg, len;
-    VALUE rpl;
 
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
+    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (argc == 3) {
-	rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
 	beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
 	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
-	goto range;
+        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[2]);
     }
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 2);
-    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (FIXNUM_P(argv[0])) {
 	offset = FIX2LONG(argv[0]);
-	goto fixnum;
+        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
     }
     if (rb_range_beg_len(argv[0], &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
 	/* check if idx is Range */
-      range:
-	rpl = rb_ary_to_ary(argv[argc-1]);
-	rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(rpl), RARRAY_LEN(rpl));
-	RB_GC_GUARD(rpl);
-	return argv[argc-1];
+        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[1]);
     }
 
     offset = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-fixnum:
-    rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
-    return argv[1];
+    return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.insert(index, obj...)  -> ary
+ *    array.insert(index, *objects) -> self
  *
- *  Inserts the given values before the element with the given +index+.
- *
- *  Negative indices count backwards from the end of the array, where +-1+ is
- *  the last element. If a negative index is used, the given values will be
- *  inserted after that element, so using an index of +-1+ will insert the
- *  values at the end of the array.
+ *  Inserts given +objects+ before or after the element at \Integer index +offset+;
+ *  returns +self+.
  *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d }
- *     a.insert(2, 99)         #=> ["a", "b", 99, "c", "d"]
- *     a.insert(-2, 1, 2, 3)   #=> ["a", "b", 99, "c", 1, 2, 3, "d"]
+ *  When +index+ is non-negative, inserts all given +objects+
+ *  before the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(1, :bat, :bam) # => [:foo, :bat, :bam, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Extends the array if +index+ is beyond the array (<tt>index >= self.size</tt>):
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(5, :bat, :bam)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, :bat, :bam]
+ *
+ *  Does nothing if no objects given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(1)
+ *    a.insert(50)
+ *    a.insert(-50)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  When +index+ is negative, inserts all given +objects+
+ *  _after_ the element at offset <tt>index+self.size</tt>:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.insert(-2, :bat, :bam)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", :bat, :bam, 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1775,12 +2448,17 @@ rb_ary_insert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-    if (argc == 1) return ary;
     pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
+    if (argc == 1) return ary;
     if (pos == -1) {
 	pos = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     }
-    if (pos < 0) {
+    else if (pos < 0) {
+	long minpos = -RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
+	if (pos < minpos) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
+		     pos, minpos);
+	}
 	pos++;
     }
     rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, 0, argv + 1, argc - 1);
@@ -1798,27 +2476,48 @@ ary_enum_length(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.each { |item| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.each                   -> Enumerator
+ *    array.each {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.each -> Enumerator
+ *
+ *  Iterates over array elements.
+ *
+ *  When a block given, passes each successive array element to the block;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
  *
- *  Calls the given block once for each element in +self+, passing that element
- *  as a parameter.  Returns the array itself.
+ *  Output:
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *    String bar
+ *    Integer 2
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned.
+ *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.each {|x| print x, " -- " }
+ *  Output:
+ *    foo
+ *    bar
  *
- *  produces:
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.each
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each>
+ *    a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
  *
- *     a -- b -- c --
+ *  Output:
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *    String bar
+ *    Integer 2
+ *
+ *  Related: #each_index, #reverse_each.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
 {
     long i;
-
+    ary_verify(ary);
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
@@ -1828,20 +2527,41 @@ rb_ary_each(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.each_index { |index| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.each_index                    -> Enumerator
+ *    array.each_index {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.each_index -> Enumerator
  *
- *  Same as Array#each, but passes the +index+ of the element instead of the
- *  element itself.
+ *  Iterates over array indexes.
  *
- *  An Enumerator is returned if no block is given.
+ *  When a block given, passes each successive array index to the block;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each_index {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}" }
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.each_index {|x| print x, " -- " }
+ *  Output:
+ *    0 foo
+ *    1 bar
+ *    2 2
  *
- *  produces:
+ *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.each_index {|index| puts index; a.clear if index > 0 }
  *
- *     0 -- 1 -- 2 --
+ *  Output:
+ *    0
+ *    1
+ *
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.each_index
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each_index>
+ *    a1 = e.each {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}"}
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    0 foo
+ *    1 bar
+ *    2 2
+ *
+ *  Related: #each, #reverse_each.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1858,17 +2578,40 @@ rb_ary_each_index(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reverse_each { |item| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.reverse_each                   -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Same as Array#each, but traverses +self+ in reverse order.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.reverse_each {|x| print x, " " }
- *
- *  produces:
- *
- *     c b a
+ *    array.reverse_each {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.reverse_each -> Enumerator
+ *
+ *  Iterates backwards over array elements.
+ *
+ *  When a block given, passes, in reverse order, each element to the block;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.reverse_each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    Integer 2
+ *    String bar
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *
+ *  Allows the array to be modified during iteration:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.reverse_each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    2
+ *    bar
+ *
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    e = a.reverse_each
+ *    e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reverse_each>
+ *    a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }
+ *  Output:
+ *    Integer 2
+ *    String bar
+ *    Symbol foo
+ *
+ *  Related: #each, #each_index.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1891,12 +2634,9 @@ rb_ary_reverse_each(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.length -> int
- *
- *  Returns the number of elements in +self+. May be zero.
+ *    array.length -> an_integer
  *
- *     [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ].length   #=> 5
- *     [].length                  #=> 0
+ *  Returns the count of elements in +self+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1908,11 +2648,10 @@ rb_ary_length(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.empty?   -> true or false
+ *    array.empty?  -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ contains no elements.
- *
- *     [].empty?   #=> true
+ *  Returns +true+ if the count of elements in +self+ is zero,
+ *  +false+ otherwise.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1928,15 +2667,18 @@ rb_ary_dup(VALUE ary)
 {
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(len);
-    ary_memcpy(dup, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+    ary_memcpy(dup, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
     ARY_SET_LEN(dup, len);
+
+    ary_verify(ary);
+    ary_verify(dup);
     return dup;
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_resurrect(VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_ary_new4(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
+    return ary_make_partial(ary, rb_cArray, 0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
 }
 
 extern VALUE rb_output_fs;
@@ -1961,7 +2703,7 @@ recursive_join(VALUE obj, VALUE argp, int recur)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-static void
+static long
 ary_join_0(VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long max, VALUE result)
 {
     long i;
@@ -1970,10 +2712,39 @@ ary_join_0(VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long max, VALUE result)
     if (max > 0) rb_enc_copy(result, RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0));
     for (i=0; i<max; i++) {
 	val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) break;
 	if (i > 0 && !NIL_P(sep))
 	    rb_str_buf_append(result, sep);
 	rb_str_buf_append(result, val);
-	if (OBJ_TAINTED(val)) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+static void
+ary_join_1_str(VALUE dst, VALUE src, int *first)
+{
+    rb_str_buf_append(dst, src);
+    if (*first) {
+        rb_enc_copy(dst, src);
+        *first = FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ary_join_1_ary(VALUE obj, VALUE ary, VALUE sep, VALUE result, VALUE val, int *first)
+{
+    if (val == ary) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array join");
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE args[4];
+
+        *first = FALSE;
+        args[0] = val;
+        args[1] = sep;
+        args[2] = result;
+        args[3] = (VALUE)first;
+        rb_exec_recursive(recursive_join, obj, (VALUE)args);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1988,44 +2759,19 @@ ary_join_1(VALUE obj, VALUE ary, VALUE sep, long i, VALUE result, int *first)
 
 	val = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
-	  str_join:
-	    rb_str_buf_append(result, val);
-	    *first = FALSE;
+            ary_join_1_str(result, val, first);
 	}
 	else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_ARRAY)) {
-	    obj = val;
-	  ary_join:
-	    if (val == ary) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array join");
-	    }
-	    else {
-		VALUE args[4];
-
-		args[0] = val;
-		args[1] = sep;
-		args[2] = result;
-		args[3] = (VALUE)first;
-		rb_exec_recursive(recursive_join, obj, (VALUE)args);
-	    }
+            ary_join_1_ary(val, ary, sep, result, val, first);
 	}
-	else {
-	    tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
-	    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-		val = tmp;
-		goto str_join;
-	    }
-	    tmp = rb_check_convert_type(val, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-	    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-		obj = val;
-		val = tmp;
-		goto ary_join;
-	    }
-	    val = rb_obj_as_string(val);
-	    if (*first) {
-		rb_enc_copy(result, val);
-		*first = FALSE;
-	    }
-	    goto str_join;
+        else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_check_string_type(val))) {
+            ary_join_1_str(result, tmp, first);
+        }
+        else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_check_array_type(val))) {
+            ary_join_1_ary(val, ary, sep, result, tmp, first);
+        }
+        else {
+            ary_join_1_str(result, rb_obj_as_string(val), first);
 	}
     }
 }
@@ -2034,11 +2780,9 @@ VALUE
 rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 {
     long len = 1, i;
-    int taint = FALSE;
     VALUE val, tmp, result;
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0) return rb_usascii_str_new(0, 0);
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(ary)) taint = TRUE;
 
     if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
 	StringValue(sep);
@@ -2050,10 +2794,11 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 
 	if (NIL_P(tmp) || tmp != val) {
 	    int first;
-	    result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (RARRAY_LEN(ary)-i)*10);
+            long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+            if (i > n) i = n;
+            result = rb_str_buf_new(len + (n-i)*10);
 	    rb_enc_associate(result, rb_usascii_encoding());
-	    if (taint) OBJ_TAINT(result);
-	    ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
+            i = ary_join_0(ary, sep, i, result);
 	    first = i == 0;
 	    ary_join_1(ary, ary, sep, i, result, &first);
 	    return result;
@@ -2062,8 +2807,9 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 	len += RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
     }
 
-    result = rb_str_buf_new(len);
-    if (taint) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+    result = rb_str_new(0, len);
+    rb_str_set_len(result, 0);
+
     ary_join_0(ary, sep, RARRAY_LEN(ary), result);
 
     return result;
@@ -2071,24 +2817,38 @@ rb_ary_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.join(separator=$,)    -> str
- *
- *  Returns a string created by converting each element of the array to
- *  a string, separated by the given +separator+.
- *  If the +separator+ is +nil+, it uses current $,.
- *  If both the +separator+ and $, are nil, it uses empty string.
- *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].join        #=> "abc"
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].join("-")   #=> "a-b-c"
+ *    array.join ->new_string
+ *    array.join(separator = $,) -> new_string
+ *
+ *  Returns the new \String formed by joining the array elements after conversion.
+ *  For each element +element+
+ *  - Uses <tt>element.to_s</tt> if +element+ is not a <tt>kind_of?(Array)</tt>.
+ *  - Uses recursive <tt>element.join(separator)</tt> if +element+ is a <tt>kind_of?(Array)</tt>.
+ *
+ *  With no argument, joins using the output field separator, <tt>$,</tt>:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    $, # => nil
+ *    a.join # => "foobar2"
+ *
+ *  With \string argument +separator+, joins using that separator:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.join("\n") # => "foo\nbar\n2"
+ *
+ *  Joins recursively for nested Arrays:
+ *   a = [:foo, [:bar, [:baz, :bat]]]
+ *   a.join # => "foobarbazbat"
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE sep;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &sep);
-    if (NIL_P(sep)) sep = rb_output_fs;
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0 || NIL_P(sep = argv[0])) {
+        sep = rb_output_fs;
+        if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
+            rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "$, is set to non-nil value");
+        }
+    }
 
     return rb_ary_join(ary, sep);
 }
@@ -2096,7 +2856,6 @@ rb_ary_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 static VALUE
 inspect_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 {
-    int tainted = OBJ_TAINTED(ary);
     long i;
     VALUE s, str;
 
@@ -2104,24 +2863,24 @@ inspect_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE dummy, int recur)
     str = rb_str_buf_new2("[");
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	s = rb_inspect(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	if (OBJ_TAINTED(s)) tainted = TRUE;
 	if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
 	else rb_enc_copy(str, s);
 	rb_str_buf_append(str, s);
     }
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "]");
-    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.inspect  -> string
- *     ary.to_s     -> string
+ *    array.inspect -> new_string
  *
- *  Creates a string representation of +self+.
+ *  Returns the new \String formed by calling method <tt>#inspect</tt>
+ *  on each array element:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.inspect # => "[:foo, \"bar\", 2]"
  *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].to_s     #=> "[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]"
+ *  Array#to_s is an alias for Array#inspect.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2139,11 +2898,20 @@ rb_ary_to_s(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.to_a     -> ary
- *
- *  Returns +self+.
- *
- *  If called on a subclass of Array, converts the receiver to an Array object.
+ *    to_a -> self or new_array
+ *
+ *  When +self+ is an instance of \Array, returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.to_a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Otherwise, returns a new \Array containing the elements of +self+:
+ *    class MyArray < Array; end
+ *    a = MyArray.new(['foo', 'bar', 'two'])
+ *    a.instance_of?(Array) # => false
+ *    a.kind_of?(Array) # => true
+ *    a1 = a.to_a
+ *    a1 # => ["foo", "bar", "two"]
+ *    a1.class # => Array # Not MyArray
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2159,22 +2927,36 @@ rb_ary_to_a(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.to_h     -> hash
- *
- *  Returns the result of interpreting <i>ary</i> as an array of
- *  <tt>[key, value]</tt> pairs.
- *
- *     [[:foo, :bar], [1, 2]].to_h
- *       # => {:foo => :bar, 1 => 2}
+ *    array.to_h -> new_hash
+ *    array.to_h {|item| ... } -> new_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Hash formed from +self+.
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, calls the block with each array element;
+ *  the block must return a 2-element \Array whose two elements
+ *  form a key-value pair in the returned \Hash:
+ *    a = ['foo', :bar, 1, [2, 3], {baz: 4}]
+ *    h = a.to_h {|item| [item, item] }
+ *    h # => {"foo"=>"foo", :bar=>:bar, 1=>1, [2, 3]=>[2, 3], {:baz=>4}=>{:baz=>4}}
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, +self+ must be an \Array of 2-element sub-arrays,
+ *  each sub-array is formed into a key-value pair in the new \Hash:
+ *    [].to_h # => {}
+ *    a = [['foo', 'zero'], ['bar', 'one'], ['baz', 'two']]
+ *    h = a.to_h
+ *    h # => {"foo"=>"zero", "bar"=>"one", "baz"=>"two"}
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_to_h(VALUE ary)
 {
     long i;
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+    int block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	const VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+	const VALUE e = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+	const VALUE elt = block_given ? rb_yield_force_blockarg(e) : e;
 	const VALUE key_value_pair = rb_check_array_type(elt);
 	if (NIL_P(key_value_pair)) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong element type %"PRIsVALUE" at %ld (expected array)",
@@ -2191,7 +2973,7 @@ rb_ary_to_h(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.to_ary -> ary
+ *    array.to_ary -> self
  *
  *  Returns +self+.
  */
@@ -2220,9 +3002,9 @@ rb_ary_reverse(VALUE ary)
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     if (len > 1) {
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, p1, {
-	    p2 = p1 + len - 1;	/* points last item */
-	    ary_reverse(p1, p2);
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, p1, {
+            p2 = p1 + len - 1;	/* points last item */
+            ary_reverse(p1, p2);
 	}); /* WB: no new reference */
     }
     return ary;
@@ -2230,13 +3012,11 @@ rb_ary_reverse(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reverse!   -> ary
+ *    array.reverse! -> self
  *
- *  Reverses +self+ in place.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.reverse!       #=> ["c", "b", "a"]
- *     a                #=> ["c", "b", "a"]
+ *  Reverses +self+ in place:
+ *    a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
+ *    a.reverse! # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2247,12 +3027,12 @@ rb_ary_reverse_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reverse    -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array containing +self+'s elements in reverse order.
+ *    array.reverse -> new_array
  *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].reverse   #=> ["c", "b", "a"]
- *     [ 1 ].reverse               #=> [1]
+ *  Returns a new \Array with the elements of +self+ in reverse order.
+ *    a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
+ *    a1 = a.reverse
+ *    a1 # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2262,8 +3042,8 @@ rb_ary_reverse_m(VALUE ary)
     VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(len);
 
     if (len > 0) {
-	const VALUE *p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
-	VALUE *p2 = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(dup) + len - 1;
+        const VALUE *p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+        VALUE *p2 = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(dup) + len - 1;
 	do *p2-- = *p1++; while (--len > 0);
     }
     ARY_SET_LEN(dup, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
@@ -2276,73 +3056,127 @@ rotate_count(long cnt, long len)
     return (cnt < 0) ? (len - (~cnt % len) - 1) : (cnt % len);
 }
 
+static void
+ary_rotate_ptr(VALUE *ptr, long len, long cnt)
+{
+    if (cnt == 1) {
+        VALUE tmp = *ptr;
+        memmove(ptr, ptr + 1, sizeof(VALUE)*(len - 1));
+        *(ptr + len - 1) = tmp;
+    } else if (cnt == len - 1) {
+        VALUE tmp = *(ptr + len - 1);
+        memmove(ptr + 1, ptr, sizeof(VALUE)*(len - 1));
+        *ptr = tmp;
+    } else {
+        --len;
+        if (cnt < len) ary_reverse(ptr + cnt, ptr + len);
+        if (--cnt > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + cnt);
+        if (len > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + len);
+    }
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_ary_rotate(VALUE ary, long cnt)
 {
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
 
     if (cnt != 0) {
-	VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_PTR(ary);
-	long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-
-	if (len > 0 && (cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len)) > 0) {
-	    --len;
-	    if (cnt < len) ary_reverse(ptr + cnt, ptr + len);
-	    if (--cnt > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + cnt);
-	    if (len > 0) ary_reverse(ptr, ptr + len);
-	    return ary;
-	}
+        long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        if (len > 1 && (cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len)) > 0) {
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, ary_rotate_ptr(ptr, len, cnt));
+            return ary;
+        }
     }
-
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rotate!(count=1)   -> ary
- *
- *  Rotates +self+ in place so that the element at +count+ comes first, and
- *  returns +self+.
- *
- *  If +count+ is negative then it rotates in the opposite direction, starting
- *  from the end of the array where +-1+ is the last element.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.rotate!        #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
- *     a                #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
- *     a.rotate!(2)     #=> ["d", "a", "b", "c"]
- *     a.rotate!(-3)    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    array.rotate! -> self
+ *    array.rotate!(count) -> self
+ *
+ *  Rotates +self+ in place by moving elements from one end to the other; returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no argument given, rotates the first element to the last position:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a.rotate! # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]
+ *
+ *  When given a non-negative \Integer +count+,
+ *  rotates +count+ elements from the beginning to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(2)
+ *    a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is large, uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(20)
+ *    a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is zero, returns +self+ unmodified:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(0)
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  When given a negative Integer +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
+ *  from end to beginning:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(-2)
+ *    a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is small (far from zero), uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.rotate!(-5)
+ *    a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_rotate_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    long n = 1;
-
-    switch (argc) {
-      case 1: n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-      case 0: break;
-      default: rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
-    }
+    long n = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);
     rb_ary_rotate(ary, n);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rotate(count=1)    -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array by rotating +self+ so that the element at +count+ is
- *  the first element of the new array.
- *
- *  If +count+ is negative then it rotates in the opposite direction, starting
- *  from the end of +self+ where +-1+ is the last element.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.rotate         #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
- *     a                #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
- *     a.rotate(2)      #=> ["c", "d", "a", "b"]
- *     a.rotate(-3)     #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
+ *    array.rotate -> new_array
+ *    array.rotate(count) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array formed from +self+ with elements
+ *  rotated from one end to the other.
+ *
+ *  When no argument given, returns a new \Array that is like +self+,
+ *  except that the first element has been rotated to the last position:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
+ *    a1 = a.rotate
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]
+ *
+ *  When given a non-negative \Integer +count+,
+ *  returns a new \Array with +count+ elements rotated from the beginning to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(2)
+ *    a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is large, uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(20)
+ *    a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is zero, returns a copy of +self+, unmodified:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(0)
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  When given a negative \Integer +count+, rotates in the opposite direction,
+ *  from end to beginning:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(-2)
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is small (far from zero), uses <tt>count % array.size</tt> as the count:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.rotate(-5)
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2350,19 +3184,14 @@ rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE rotated;
     const VALUE *ptr;
-    long len, cnt = 1;
-
-    switch (argc) {
-      case 1: cnt = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
-      case 0: break;
-      default: rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
-    }
+    long len;
+    long cnt = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);
 
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     rotated = rb_ary_new2(len);
     if (len > 0) {
 	cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len);
-	ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+        ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
 	len -= cnt;
 	ary_memcpy(rotated, 0, len, ptr + cnt);
 	ary_memcpy(rotated, len, cnt, ptr);
@@ -2391,9 +3220,12 @@ sort_1(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
     struct ary_sort_data *data = dummy;
     VALUE retval = sort_reentered(data->ary);
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
+    VALUE args[2];
     int n;
 
-    retval = rb_yield_values(2, a, b);
+    args[0] = a;
+    args[1] = b;
+    retval = rb_yield_values2(2, args);
     n = rb_cmpint(retval, a, b);
     sort_reentered(data->ary);
     return n;
@@ -2407,7 +3239,7 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
     int n;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Fixnum)) {
+    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Integer)) {
 	if ((long)a > (long)b) return 1;
 	if ((long)a < (long)b) return -1;
 	return 0;
@@ -2415,6 +3247,9 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
     if (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, String)) {
 	return rb_str_cmp(a, b);
     }
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Float)) {
+	return rb_float_cmp(a, b);
+    }
 
     retval = rb_funcallv(a, id_cmp, 1, &b);
     n = rb_cmpint(retval, a, b);
@@ -2425,26 +3260,38 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sort!                   -> ary
- *     ary.sort! { |a, b| block }  -> ary
- *
- *  Sorts +self+ in place.
- *
- *  Comparisons for the sort will be done using the <code><=></code> operator
- *  or using an optional code block.
- *
- *  The block must implement a comparison between +a+ and +b+ and return
- *  an integer less than 0 when +b+ follows +a+, +0+ when +a+ and +b+
- *  are equivalent, or an integer greater than 0 when +a+ follows +b+.
- *
- *  The result is not guaranteed to be stable.  When the comparison of two
- *  elements returns +0+, the order of the elements is unpredictable.
- *
- *     a = [ "d", "a", "e", "c", "b" ]
- *     a.sort!                    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
- *     a.sort! { |x,y| y <=> x }  #=> ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#sort_by.
+ *    array.sort! -> self
+ *    array.sort! {|a, b| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Returns +self+ with its elements sorted in place.
+ *
+ *  With no block, compares elements using operator <tt><=></tt>
+ *  (see Comparable):
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a.sort!
+ *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *
+ *  With a block, calls the block with each element pair;
+ *  for each element pair +a+ and +b+, the block should return an integer:
+ *  - Negative when +b+ is to follow +a+.
+ *  - Zero when +a+ and +b+ are equivalent.
+ *  - Positive when +a+ is to follow +b+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a.sort! {|a, b| a <=> b }
+ *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *    a.sort! {|a, b| b <=> a }
+ *    a # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
+ *
+ *  When the block returns zero, the order for +a+ and +b+ is indeterminate,
+ *  and may be unstable:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a.sort! {|a, b| 0 }
+ *    a # => ["d", "e", "c", "a", "b"]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -2456,14 +3303,13 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
 	VALUE tmp = ary_make_substitution(ary); /* only ary refers tmp */
 	struct ary_sort_data data;
 	long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-
 	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(tmp);
 	data.ary = tmp;
 	data.cmp_opt.opt_methods = 0;
 	data.cmp_opt.opt_inited = 0;
 	RARRAY_PTR_USE(tmp, ptr, {
-	    ruby_qsort(ptr, len, sizeof(VALUE),
-		       rb_block_given_p()?sort_1:sort_2, &data);
+            ruby_qsort(ptr, len, sizeof(VALUE),
+                       rb_block_given_p()?sort_1:sort_2, &data);
 	}); /* WB: no new reference */
 	rb_ary_modify(ary);
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(tmp)) {
@@ -2489,46 +3335,61 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
                     rb_ary_unshare(ary);
                 }
                 else {
-		    ruby_sized_xfree((void *)ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary), ARY_HEAP_SIZE(ary));
+                    ary_heap_free(ary);
                 }
-                ARY_SET_PTR(ary, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tmp));
+                ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ARY_HEAP_PTR(tmp));
                 ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
-                ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, RARRAY_LEN(tmp));
+                ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, ARY_HEAP_LEN(tmp));
             }
             /* tmp was lost ownership for the ptr */
             FL_UNSET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
             FL_SET_EMBED(tmp);
             ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(tmp, 0);
             FL_SET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
-	}
+        }
         /* tmp will be GC'ed. */
         RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(tmp, rb_cArray); /* rb_cArray must be marked */
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sort                   -> new_ary
- *     ary.sort { |a, b| block }  -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array created by sorting +self+.
- *
- *  Comparisons for the sort will be done using the <code><=></code> operator
- *  or using an optional code block.
- *
- *  The block must implement a comparison between +a+ and +b+ and return
- *  an integer less than 0 when +b+ follows +a+, +0+ when +a+ and +b+
- *  are equivalent, or an integer greater than 0 when +a+ follows +b+.
- *
- *  The result is not guaranteed to be stable.  When the comparison of two
- *  elements returns +0+, the order of the elements is unpredictable.
- *
- *     a = [ "d", "a", "e", "c", "b" ]
- *     a.sort                    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
- *     a.sort { |x,y| y <=> x }  #=> ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#sort_by.
+ *    array.sort -> new_array
+ *    array.sort {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array whose elements are those from +self+, sorted.
+ *
+ *  With no block, compares elements using operator <tt><=></tt>
+ *  (see Comparable):
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a1 = a.sort
+ *    a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *
+ *  With a block, calls the block with each element pair;
+ *  for each element pair +a+ and +b+, the block should return an integer:
+ *  - Negative when +b+ is to follow +a+.
+ *  - Zero when +a+ and +b+ are equivalent.
+ *  - Positive when +a+ is to follow +b+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a1 = a.sort {|a, b| a <=> b }
+ *    a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+ *    a2 = a.sort {|a, b| b <=> a }
+ *    a2 # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
+ *
+ *  When the block returns zero, the order for +a+ and +b+ is indeterminate,
+ *  and may be unstable:
+ *    a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
+ *    a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
+ *    a1 = a.sort {|a, b| 0 }
+ *    a1 # =>  ["c", "e", "b", "d", "a"]
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#sort_by.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -2543,55 +3404,93 @@ static VALUE rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| block }  -> elem
+ *    array.bsearch {|element| ... } -> object
+ *    array.bsearch -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns an element from +self+ selected by a binary search.
+ *  +self+ should be sorted, but this is not checked.
  *
  *  By using binary search, finds a value from this array which meets
- *  the given condition in O(log n) where n is the size of the array.
- *
- *  You can use this method in two use cases: a find-minimum mode and
- *  a find-any mode.  In either case, the elements of the array must be
- *  monotone (or sorted) with respect to the block.
- *
- *  In find-minimum mode (this is a good choice for typical use case),
- *  the block must return true or false, and there must be an index i
- *  (0 <= i <= ary.size) so that:
- *
- *  - the block returns false for any element whose index is less than
- *    i, and
- *  - the block returns true for any element whose index is greater
- *    than or equal to i.
- *
- *  This method returns the i-th element.  If i is equal to ary.size,
- *  it returns nil.
- *
- *     ary = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >=   4 } #=> 4
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >=   6 } #=> 7
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >=  -1 } #=> 0
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| x >= 100 } #=> nil
- *
- *  In find-any mode (this behaves like libc's bsearch(3)), the block
- *  must return a number, and there must be two indices i and j
- *  (0 <= i <= j <= ary.size) so that:
- *
- *  - the block returns a positive number for ary[k] if 0 <= k < i,
- *  - the block returns zero for ary[k] if i <= k < j, and
- *  - the block returns a negative number for ary[k] if
- *    j <= k < ary.size.
- *
- *  Under this condition, this method returns any element whose index
- *  is within i...j.  If i is equal to j (i.e., there is no element
- *  that satisfies the block), this method returns nil.
- *
- *     ary = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
- *     # try to find v such that 4 <= v < 8
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| 1 - x / 4 } #=> 4 or 7
- *     # try to find v such that 8 <= v < 10
- *     ary.bsearch {|x| 4 - x / 2 } #=> nil
- *
- *  You must not mix the two modes at a time; the block must always
- *  return either true/false, or always return a number.  It is
- *  undefined which value is actually picked up at each iteration.
+ *  the given condition in <tt>O(log n)</tt> where +n+ is the size of the array.
+ *
+ *  There are two search modes:
+ *  - <b>Find-minimum mode</b>: the block should return +true+ or +false+.
+ *  - <b>Find-any mode</b>: the block should return a numeric value.
+ *
+ *  The block should not mix the modes by and sometimes returning +true+ or +false+
+ *  and sometimes returning a numeric value, but this is not checked.
+ *
+ *  <b>Find-Minimum Mode</b>
+ *
+ *  In find-minimum mode, the block always returns +true+ or +false+.
+ *  The further requirement (though not checked) is that
+ *  there are no indexes +i+ and +j+ such that:
+ *  - <tt>0 <= i < j <= self.size</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns +true+ for <tt>self[i]</tt> and +false+ for <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *
+ *  In find-minimum mode, method bsearch returns the first element for which the block returns true.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= 4 } # => 4
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= 6 } # => 7
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= -1 } # => 0
+ *    a.bsearch {|x| x >= 100 } # => nil
+ *
+ *  Less formally: the block is such that all +false+-evaluating elements
+ *  precede all +true+-evaluating elements.
+ *
+ *  These make sense as blocks in find-minimum mode:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= 4 } # => [false, true, true, true, true]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= 6 } # => [false, false, true, true, true]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= -1 } # => [true, true, true, true, true]
+ *    a.map {|x| x >= 100 } # => [false, false, false, false, false]
+ *
+ *  This would not make sense:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|x| x == 7 } # => [false, false, true, false, false]
+ *
+ *  <b>Find-Any Mode</b>
+ *
+ *  In find-any mode, the block always returns a numeric value.
+ *  The further requirement (though not checked) is that
+ *  there are no indexes +i+ and +j+ such that:
+ *  - <tt>0 <= i < j <= self.size</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns a negative value for <tt>self[i]</tt>
+ *    and a positive value for <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns a negative value for <tt>self[i]</tt> and zero <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *  - The block returns zero for <tt>self[i]</tt> and a positive value for <tt>self[j]</tt>.
+ *
+ *  In find-any mode, method bsearch returns some element
+ *  for which the block returns zero, or +nil+ if no such element is found.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| 7 <=> element } # => 7
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| -1 <=> element } # => nil
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| 5 <=> element } # => nil
+ *    a.bsearch {|element| 15 <=> element } # => nil
+ *
+ *  Less formally: the block is such that:
+ *  - All positive-evaluating elements precede all zero-evaluating elements.
+ *  - All positive-evaluating elements precede all negative-evaluating elements.
+ *  - All zero-evaluating elements precede all negative-evaluating elements.
+ *
+ *  These make sense as blocks in find-any mode:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|element| 7 <=> element } # => [1, 1, 0, -1, -1]
+ *    a.map {|element| -1 <=> element } # => [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1]
+ *    a.map {|element| 5 <=> element } # => [1, 1, -1, -1, -1]
+ *    a.map {|element| 15 <=> element } # => [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+ *
+ *  This would not make sense:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.map {|element| element <=> 7 } # => [-1, -1, 0, 1, 1]
+ *
+ *  Returns an enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+ *    a.bsearch # => #<Enumerator: [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]:bsearch>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2607,15 +3506,11 @@ rb_ary_bsearch(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.bsearch_index {|x| block }  -> int or nil
+ *    array.bsearch_index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
+ *    array.bsearch_index -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  By using binary search, finds an index of a value from this array which
- *  meets the given condition in O(log n) where n is the size of the array.
- *
- *  It supports two modes, depending on the nature of the block and they are
- *  exactly the same as in the case of #bsearch method with the only difference
- *  being that this method returns the index of the element instead of the
- *  element itself. For more details consult the documentation for #bsearch.
+ *  Searches +self+ as described at method #bsearch,
+ *  but returns the _index_ of the found element instead of the element itself.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2674,18 +3569,26 @@ sort_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, dummy))
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sort_by! { |obj| block }    -> ary
- *     ary.sort_by!                    -> Enumerator
+ *    array.sort_by! {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.sort_by! -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Sorts the elements of +self+ in place,
+ *  using an ordering determined by the block; returns self.
  *
- *  Sorts +self+ in place using a set of keys generated by mapping the
- *  values in +self+ through the given block.
+ *  Calls the block with each successive element;
+ *  sorts elements based on the values returned from the block.
  *
- *  The result is not guaranteed to be stable.  When two keys are equal,
- *  the order of the corresponding elements is unpredictable.
+ *  For duplicates returned by the block, the ordering is indeterminate, and may be unstable.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  This example sorts strings based on their sizes:
+ *    a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
+ *    a.sort_by! {|element| element.size }
+ *    a # => ["d", "cc", "bbb", "aaaa"]
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#sort_by.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *
+ *    a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
+ *    a.sort_by! # => #<Enumerator: ["aaaa", "bbb", "cc", "d"]:sort_by!>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2703,23 +3606,21 @@ rb_ary_sort_by_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.collect { |item| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.map     { |item| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.collect                   -> Enumerator
- *     ary.map                       -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Invokes the given block once for each element of +self+.
+ *    array.map {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.map -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Creates a new array containing the values returned by the block.
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with each element of +self+;
+ *  returns a new \Array whose elements are the return values from the block:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.map {|element| element.class }
+ *    a1 # => [Symbol, String, Integer]
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#collect.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.map
+ *    a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map>
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.collect { |x| x + "!" }         #=> ["a!", "b!", "c!", "d!"]
- *     a.map.with_index { |x, i| x * i } #=> ["", "b", "cc", "ddd"]
- *     a                                 #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *  Array#collect is an alias for Array#map.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2731,7 +3632,7 @@ rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     collect = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	rb_ary_push(collect, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
+        rb_ary_push(collect, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
     }
     return collect;
 }
@@ -2739,23 +3640,20 @@ rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.collect! {|item| block }   -> ary
- *     ary.map!     {|item| block }   -> ary
- *     ary.collect!                   -> Enumerator
- *     ary.map!                       -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Invokes the given block once for each element of +self+, replacing the
- *  element with the value returned by the block.
+ *    array.map! {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.map! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#collect.
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with each element;
+ *  replaces the element with the block's return value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.map! { |element| element.class } # => [Symbol, String, Integer]
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = a.map!
+ *    a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map!>
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.map! {|x| x + "!" }
- *     a #=>  [ "a!", "b!", "c!", "d!" ]
- *     a.collect!.with_index {|x, i| x[0...i] }
- *     a #=>  ["", "b", "c!", "d!"]
+ *  Array#collect! is an alias for Array#map!.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2797,47 +3695,98 @@ rb_get_values_at(VALUE obj, long olen, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE (*func
     return result;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+append_values_at_single(VALUE result, VALUE ary, long olen, VALUE idx)
+{
+    long beg, len;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(idx)) {
+	beg = FIX2LONG(idx);
+    }
+    /* check if idx is Range */
+    else if (rb_range_beg_len(idx, &beg, &len, olen, 1)) {
+	if (len > 0) {
+            const VALUE *const src = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+	    const long end = beg + len;
+	    const long prevlen = RARRAY_LEN(result);
+	    if (beg < olen) {
+		rb_ary_cat(result, src + beg, end > olen ? olen-beg : len);
+	    }
+	    if (end > olen) {
+		rb_ary_store(result, prevlen + len - 1, Qnil);
+	    }
+	}
+	return result;
+    }
+    else {
+	beg = NUM2LONG(idx);
+    }
+    return rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_entry(ary, beg));
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.values_at(selector, ...)  -> new_ary
+ *    array.values_at(*indexes) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array whose elements are the elements
+ *  of +self+ at the given \Integer +indexes+.
+ *
+ *  For each positive +index+, returns the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, 2) # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  The given +indexes+ may be in any order, and may repeat:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(2, 0, 1, 0, 2) # => [2, :foo, "bar", :foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  Assigns +nil+ for an +index+ that is too large:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, 3, 1, 3) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil]
  *
- *  Returns an array containing the elements in +self+ corresponding to the
- *  given +selector+(s).
+ *  Returns a new empty \Array if no arguments given.
  *
- *  The selectors may be either integer indices or ranges.
+ *  For each negative +index+, counts backward from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(-1, -3) # => [2, :foo]
  *
- *  See also Array#select.
+ *  Assigns +nil+ for an +index+ that is too small:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, -5, 1, -6, 2) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil, 2]
  *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d e f }
- *     a.values_at(1, 3, 5)          # => ["b", "d", "f"]
- *     a.values_at(1, 3, 5, 7)       # => ["b", "d", "f", nil]
- *     a.values_at(-1, -2, -2, -7)   # => ["f", "e", "e", nil]
- *     a.values_at(4..6, 3...6)      # => ["e", "f", nil, "d", "e", "f"]
+ *  The given +indexes+ may have a mixture of signs:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.values_at(0, -2, 1, -1) # => [:foo, "bar", "bar", 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    return rb_get_values_at(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary), argc, argv, rb_ary_entry);
+    long i, olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_new_capa(argc);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+	append_values_at_single(result, ary, olen, argv[i]);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(ary);
+    return result;
 }
 
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.select { |item| block } -> new_ary
- *     ary.select                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Returns a new array containing all elements of +ary+
- *  for which the given +block+ returns a true value.
+ *    array.select {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.select -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with each element of +self+;
+ *  returns a new \Array containing those elements of +self+
+ *  for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a1 = a.select {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *    a1 # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *     [1,2,3,4,5].select { |num|  num.even?  }   #=> [2, 4]
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.select # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select>
  *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d e f }
- *     a.select { |v| v =~ /[aeiou]/ }  #=> ["a", "e"]
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#select.
+ *  Array#filter is an alias for Array#select.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2889,9 +3838,10 @@ select_bang_ensure(VALUE a)
 
     if (i2 < len && i2 < i1) {
 	long tail = 0;
+        rb_ary_modify(ary);
 	if (i1 < len) {
 	    tail = len - i1;
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
 		    MEMMOVE(ptr + i2, ptr + i1, VALUE, tail);
 		});
 	}
@@ -2902,20 +3852,23 @@ select_bang_ensure(VALUE a)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.select!  {|item| block } -> ary or nil
- *     ary.select!                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Invokes the given block passing in successive elements from +self+,
- *  deleting elements for which the block returns a +false+ value.
+ *    array.select! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    array.select! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  The array may not be changed instantly every time the block is called.
+ *  Calls the block, if given  with each element of +self+;
+ *  removes from +self+ those elements for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+.
  *
- *  If changes were made, it will return +self+, otherwise it returns +nil+.
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements were removed:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.select! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *  See also Array#keep_if
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements were removed.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.select! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select!>
  *
+ *  Array#filter! is an alias for Array#select!.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2933,18 +3886,17 @@ rb_ary_select_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.keep_if { |item| block } -> ary
- *     ary.keep_if                  -> Enumerator
+ *    array.keep_if {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.keep_if -> new_enumeration
  *
- *  Deletes every element of +self+ for which the given block evaluates to
- *  +false+.
+ *  Retains those elements for which the block returns a truthy value;
+ *  deletes all other elements; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.keep_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]
  *
- *  See also Array#select!
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     a = %w{ a b c d e f }
- *     a.keep_if { |v| v =~ /[aeiou]/ }  #=> ["a", "e"]
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
+ *    a.keep_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:keep_if>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2970,22 +3922,34 @@ ary_resize_smaller(VALUE ary, long len)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.delete(obj)            -> item or nil
- *     ary.delete(obj) { block }  -> item or result of block
- *
- *  Deletes all items from +self+ that are equal to +obj+.
- *
- *  Returns the last deleted item, or +nil+ if no matching item is found.
- *
- *  If the optional code block is given, the result of the block is returned if
- *  the item is not found.  (To remove +nil+ elements and get an informative
- *  return value, use Array#compact!)
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.delete("b")                   #=> "b"
- *     a                               #=> ["a", "c"]
- *     a.delete("z")                   #=> nil
- *     a.delete("z") { "not found" }   #=> "not found"
+ *    array.delete(obj) -> deleted_object
+ *    array.delete(obj) {|nosuch| ... } -> deleted_object or block_return
+ *
+ *  Removes zero or more elements from +self+; returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given,
+ *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == obj</tt>;
+ *  returns the last deleted element:
+ *    s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
+ *    a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
+ *    a.delete('bar') # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
+ *
+ *  When a block is given,
+ *  removes from +self+ each element +ele+ such that <tt>ele == obj</tt>.
+ *
+ *  If any such elements are found, ignores the block
+ *  and returns the last deleted element:
+ *    s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
+ *    a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
+ *    deleted_obj = a.delete('bar') {|obj| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  If no such elements are found, returns the block's return value:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete(:nosuch) {|obj| "#{obj} not found" } # => "nosuch not found"
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3015,6 +3979,7 @@ rb_ary_delete(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
 
     ary_resize_smaller(ary, i2);
 
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return v;
 }
 
@@ -3055,27 +4020,33 @@ rb_ary_delete_at(VALUE ary, long pos)
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     del = RARRAY_AREF(ary, pos);
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
-	MEMMOVE(ptr+pos, ptr+pos+1, VALUE, len-pos-1);
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr, {
+        MEMMOVE(ptr+pos, ptr+pos+1, VALUE, len-pos-1);
     });
     ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -1);
-
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return del;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.delete_at(index)  -> obj or nil
+ *    array.delete_at(index) -> deleted_object or nil
+ *
+ *  Deletes an element from +self+, per the given \Integer +index+.
  *
- *  Deletes the element at the specified +index+, returning that element, or
- *  +nil+ if the +index+ is out of range.
+ *  When +index+ is non-negative, deletes the element at offset +index+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete_at(1) # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  See also Array#slice!
+ *  If index is too large, returns +nil+.
  *
- *     a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
- *     a.delete_at(2)    #=> "cat"
- *     a                 #=> ["ant", "bat", "dog"]
- *     a.delete_at(99)   #=> nil
+ *  When +index+ is negative, counts backward from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete_at(-2) # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  If +index+ is too small (far from zero), returns nil.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3084,66 +4055,118 @@ rb_ary_delete_at_m(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
     return rb_ary_delete_at(ary, NUM2LONG(pos));
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(VALUE ary, long pos, long len)
+{
+    const long orig_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (pos < -orig_len) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (pos < 0) {
+        pos += orig_len;
+    }
+    else if (orig_len < pos) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (orig_len < pos + len) {
+        len = orig_len - pos;
+    }
+    if (len == 0) {
+        return rb_ary_new2(0);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE arg2 = rb_ary_new4(len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)+pos);
+        rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len, 0, 0);
+        return arg2;
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.slice!(index)         -> obj or nil
- *     ary.slice!(start, length) -> new_ary or nil
- *     ary.slice!(range)         -> new_ary or nil
- *
- *  Deletes the element(s) given by an +index+ (optionally up to +length+
- *  elements) or by a +range+.
- *
- *  Returns the deleted object (or objects), or +nil+ if the +index+ is out of
- *  range.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.slice!(1)     #=> "b"
- *     a               #=> ["a", "c"]
- *     a.slice!(-1)    #=> "c"
- *     a               #=> ["a"]
- *     a.slice!(100)   #=> nil
- *     a               #=> ["a"]
+ *    array.slice!(n) -> object or nil
+ *    array.slice!(start, length) -> new_array or nil
+ *    array.slice!(range) -> new_array or nil
+ *
+ *  Removes and returns elements from +self+.
+ *
+ *  When the only argument is an \Integer +n+,
+ *  removes and returns the _nth_ element in +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(1) # => "bar"
+ *    a # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is negative, counts backwards from the end of +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(-1) # => 2
+ *    a # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is out of range, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When the only arguments are Integers +start+ and +length+,
+ *  removes +length+ elements from +self+ beginning at offset  +start+;
+ *  returns the deleted objects in a new Array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(0, 2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start + length</tt> exceeds the array size,
+ *  removes and returns all elements from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(1, 50) # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a # => [:foo]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>start == a.size</tt> and +length+ is non-negative,
+ *  returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is negative, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  When the only argument is a \Range object +range+,
+ *  treats <tt>range.min</tt> as +start+ above and <tt>range.size</tt> as +length+ above:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.slice!(1..2) # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a # => [:foo]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start == a.size</tt>, returns a new empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is larger than the array size, returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(0..-2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *    a # => [2]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.start</tt> is negative,
+ *  calculates the start index backwards from the end of the array:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.slice!(-2..2) # => ["bar", 2]
+ *    a # => [:foo]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_slice_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE arg1, arg2;
-    long pos, len, orig_len;
+    VALUE arg1;
+    long pos, len;
 
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    arg1 = argv[0];
+
     if (argc == 2) {
 	pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
 	len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
-      delete_pos_len:
-	if (len < 0) return Qnil;
-	orig_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-	if (pos < 0) {
-	    pos += orig_len;
-	    if (pos < 0) return Qnil;
-	}
-	else if (orig_len < pos) return Qnil;
-	if (orig_len < pos + len) {
-	    len = orig_len - pos;
-	}
-	if (len == 0) return rb_ary_new2(0);
-	arg2 = rb_ary_new4(len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary)+pos);
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(arg2, rb_obj_class(ary));
-	rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len, 0, 0);
-	return arg2;
+        return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
     }
 
-    if (argc != 1) {
-	/* error report */
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", NULL, NULL);
-    }
-    arg1 = argv[0];
-
     if (!FIXNUM_P(arg1)) {
 	switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &pos, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
 	  case Qtrue:
 	    /* valid range */
-	    goto delete_pos_len;
+            return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
 	  case Qnil:
 	    /* invalid range */
 	    return Qnil;
@@ -3163,7 +4186,8 @@ ary_reject(VALUE orig, VALUE result)
 
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(orig); i++) {
 	VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(orig, i);
-	if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) {
+
+        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(v))) {
 	    rb_ary_push(result, v);
 	}
     }
@@ -3192,7 +4216,6 @@ static VALUE
 ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 {
     struct select_bang_arg args;
-
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     args.ary = ary;
     args.len[0] = args.len[1] = 0;
@@ -3201,37 +4224,44 @@ ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reject! { |item| block }  -> ary or nil
- *     ary.reject!                   -> Enumerator
+ *    array.reject! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    array.reject! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Deletes every element of +self+ for which the block evaluates to +true+,
- *  if no changes were made returns +nil+.
+ *  Removes each element for which the block returns a truthy value.
  *
- *  The array may not be changed instantly every time the block is called.
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
+ *    a.reject! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#reject and Array#delete_if.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.reject! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject!>
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
 {
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
+    rb_ary_modify(ary);
     return ary_reject_bang(ary);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.reject  {|item| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.reject                   -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Returns a new array containing the items in +self+ for which the given
- *  block is not +true+. The ordering of non-rejected elements is maintained.
- *
- *  See also Array#delete_if
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *    array.reject {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.reject -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array whose elements are all those from +self+
+ *  for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
+ *    a1 = a.reject {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
+ *    a1 # => [:foo, 2]
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.reject # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3247,25 +4277,23 @@ rb_ary_reject(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.delete_if { |item| block }  -> ary
- *     ary.delete_if                   -> Enumerator
+ *    array.delete_if {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.delete_if -> Enumerator
  *
- *  Deletes every element of +self+ for which block evaluates to +true+.
+ *  Removes each element in +self+ for which the block returns a truthy value;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
+ *    a.delete_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]
  *
- *  The array is changed instantly every time the block is called, not after
- *  the iteration is over.
- *
- *  See also Array#reject!
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     scores = [ 97, 42, 75 ]
- *     scores.delete_if {|score| score < 80 }   #=> [97]
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:delete_if>
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_delete_if(VALUE ary)
 {
+    ary_verify(ary);
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
     ary_reject_bang(ary);
     return ary;
@@ -3275,7 +4303,8 @@ static VALUE
 take_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, cbarg))
 {
     VALUE *args = (VALUE *)cbarg;
-    if (args[1]-- == 0) rb_iter_break();
+    if (args[1] == 0) rb_iter_break();
+    else args[1]--;
     if (argc > 1) val = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
     rb_ary_push(args[0], val);
     return Qnil;
@@ -3299,26 +4328,51 @@ take_items(VALUE obj, long n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.zip(arg, ...)                  -> new_ary
- *     ary.zip(arg, ...) { |arr| block }  -> nil
- *
- *  Converts any arguments to arrays, then merges elements of +self+ with
- *  corresponding elements from each argument.
- *
- *  This generates a sequence of <code>ary.size</code> _n_-element arrays,
- *  where _n_ is one more than the count of arguments.
- *
- *  If the size of any argument is less than the size of the initial array,
- *  +nil+ values are supplied.
- *
- *  If a block is given, it is invoked for each output +array+, otherwise an
- *  array of arrays is returned.
- *
- *     a = [ 4, 5, 6 ]
- *     b = [ 7, 8, 9 ]
- *     [1, 2, 3].zip(a, b)   #=> [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]
- *     [1, 2].zip(a, b)      #=> [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8]]
- *     a.zip([1, 2], [8])    #=> [[4, 1, 8], [5, 2, nil], [6, nil, nil]]
+ *    array.zip(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    array.zip(*other_arrays) {|other_array| ... } -> nil
+ *
+ *  When no block given, returns a new \Array +new_array+ of size <tt>self.size</tt>
+ *  whose elements are Arrays.
+ *
+ *  Each nested array <tt>new_array[n]</tt> is of size <tt>other_arrays.size+1</tt>,
+ *  and contains:
+ *  - The _nth_ element of +self+.
+ *  - The _nth_ element of each of the +other_arrays+.
+ *
+ *  If all +other_arrays+ and +self+ are the same size:
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
+ *    d = a.zip(b, c)
+ *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
+ *
+ *  If any array in +other_arrays+ is smaller than +self+,
+ *  fills to <tt>self.size</tt> with +nil+:
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1]
+ *    d = a.zip(b, c)
+ *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, nil], [:a3, nil, nil]]
+ *
+ *  If any array in +other_arrays+ is larger than +self+,
+ *  its trailing elements are ignored:
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3, :b4]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3, :c4, :c5]
+ *    d = a.zip(b, c)
+ *    d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, calls the block with each of the sub-arrays (formed as above); returns nil
+ *    a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
+ *    b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
+ *    c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
+ *    a.zip(b, c) {|sub_array| p sub_array} # => nil
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *    [:a0, :b0, :c0]
+ *    [:a1, :b1, :c1]
+ *    [:a2, :b2, :c2]
+ *    [:a3, :b3, :c3]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3381,15 +4435,12 @@ rb_ary_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.transpose -> new_ary
- *
- *  Assumes that +self+ is an array of arrays and transposes the rows and
- *  columns.
+ *    array.transpose -> new_array
  *
- *     a = [[1,2], [3,4], [5,6]]
- *     a.transpose   #=> [[1, 3, 5], [2, 4, 6]]
- *
- *  If the length of the subarrays don't match, an IndexError is raised.
+ *  Transposes the rows and columns in an \Array of Arrays;
+ *  the nested Arrays must all be the same size:
+ *    a = [[:a0, :a1], [:b0, :b1], [:c0, :c1]]
+ *    a.transpose # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1]]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3422,15 +4473,11 @@ rb_ary_transpose(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.replace(other_ary)  -> ary
- *     ary.initialize_copy(other_ary)	-> ary
- *
- *  Replaces the contents of +self+ with the contents of +other_ary+,
- *  truncating or expanding if necessary.
+ *    array.replace(other_array) -> self
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a.replace([ "x", "y", "z" ])   #=> ["x", "y", "z"]
- *     a                              #=> ["x", "y", "z"]
+ *  Replaces the content of +self+ with the content of +other_array+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.replace(['foo', :bar, 3]) # => ["foo", :bar, 3]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3441,93 +4488,236 @@ rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
     if (copy == orig) return copy;
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(orig) <= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-        VALUE shared = 0;
+        VALUE shared_root = 0;
 
         if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(copy)) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(copy, ptr, ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, ARY_HEAP_SIZE(copy)));
+            ary_heap_free(copy);
 	}
         else if (ARY_SHARED_P(copy)) {
-            shared = ARY_SHARED(copy);
+            shared_root = ARY_SHARED_ROOT(copy);
             FL_UNSET_SHARED(copy);
         }
         FL_SET_EMBED(copy);
-	ary_memcpy(copy, 0, RARRAY_LEN(orig), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
-        if (shared) {
-            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared);
+        ary_memcpy(copy, 0, RARRAY_LEN(orig), RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(orig));
+        if (shared_root) {
+            rb_ary_decrement_share(shared_root);
         }
         ARY_SET_LEN(copy, RARRAY_LEN(orig));
     }
     else {
-        VALUE shared = ary_make_shared(orig);
+        VALUE shared_root = ary_make_shared(orig);
         if (ARY_OWNS_HEAP_P(copy)) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR_USE(copy, ptr, ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, ARY_HEAP_SIZE(copy)));
+            ary_heap_free(copy);
         }
         else {
             rb_ary_unshare_safe(copy);
         }
         FL_UNSET_EMBED(copy);
-        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
-        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, RARRAY_LEN(orig));
-        rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared);
+        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ARY_HEAP_PTR(orig));
+        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, ARY_HEAP_LEN(orig));
+        rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared_root);
     }
+    ary_verify(copy);
     return copy;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.clear    -> ary
+ *     array.clear -> self
  *
- *  Removes all elements from +self+.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
- *     a.clear    #=> [ ]
+ *  Removes all elements from +self+:
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.clear # => []
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
-    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
     if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
 	if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
 	    rb_ary_unshare(ary);
 	    FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
+            ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, 0);
 	}
     }
-    else if (ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
-	ary_resize_capa(ary, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2);
+    else {
+        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
+        if (ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
+            ary_resize_capa(ary, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2);
+        }
     }
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.fill(obj)                                 -> ary
- *     ary.fill(obj, start [, length])               -> ary
- *     ary.fill(obj, range )                         -> ary
- *     ary.fill { |index| block }                    -> ary
- *     ary.fill(start [, length] ) { |index| block } -> ary
- *     ary.fill(range) { |index| block }             -> ary
- *
- *  The first three forms set the selected elements of +self+ (which
- *  may be the entire array) to +obj+.
- *
- *  A +start+ of +nil+ is equivalent to zero.
- *
- *  A +length+ of +nil+ is equivalent to the length of the array.
- *
- *  The last three forms fill the array with the value of the given block,
- *  which is passed the absolute index of each element to be filled.
- *
- *  Negative values of +start+ count from the end of the array, where +-1+ is
- *  the last element.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     a.fill("x")              #=> ["x", "x", "x", "x"]
- *     a.fill("z", 2, 2)        #=> ["x", "x", "z", "z"]
- *     a.fill("y", 0..1)        #=> ["y", "y", "z", "z"]
- *     a.fill { |i| i*i }       #=> [0, 1, 4, 9]
- *     a.fill(-2) { |i| i*i*i } #=> [0, 1, 8, 27]
+ *    array.fill(obj) -> self
+ *    array.fill(obj, start) -> self
+ *    array.fill(obj, start, length) -> self
+ *    array.fill(obj, range) -> self
+ *    array.fill {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.fill(start) {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.fill(start, length) {|index| ... } -> self
+ *    array.fill(range) {|index| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Replaces specified elements in +self+ with specified objects; returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  With argument +obj+ and no block given, replaces all elements with that one object:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(:X) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+ and \Integer +start+, and no block given,
+ *  replaces elements based on the given start.
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is in range (<tt>0 <= start < array.size</tt>),
+ *  replaces all elements from offset +start+ through the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is too large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), does nothing:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 4) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 5) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end (starting index is <tt>start + array.size</tt>):
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is too small (less than and far from zero), replaces all elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -6) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -50) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+, \Integer +start+, and \Integer +length+, and no block given,
+ *  replaces elements based on the given +start+ and +length+.
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is in range, replaces +length+ elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 1, 1) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, -2, 1) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), extends +self+ with +nil+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 5, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 5, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, :X, :X]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero or negative, replaces no elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, 1, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(:X, 1, -1) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+ and \Range +range+, and no block given,
+ *  replaces elements based on the given range.
+ *
+ *  If the range is positive and ascending (<tt>0 < range.begin <= range.end</tt>),
+ *  replaces elements from <tt>range.begin</tt> to <tt>range.end</tt>:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (1..1)) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.first</tt> is negative, replaces no elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (-1..1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.last</tt> is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (0..-2)) # => [:X, :X, :X, "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (1..-2)) # => ["a", :X, :X, "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.last</tt> and <tt>range.last</tt> are both negative,
+ *  both count from the end of the array:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (-1..-1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", :X]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(:X, (-2..-2)) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]
+ *
+ *  With no arguments and a block given, calls the block with each index;
+ *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  With argument +start+ and a block given, calls the block with each index
+ *  from offset +start+ to the end; replaces the corresponding element
+ *  with the block's return value:
+ *
+ *  If start is in range (<tt>0 <= start < array.size</tt>),
+ *  replaces from offset +start+ to the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is too large(<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), does nothing:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  If start is too small (<tt>start <= -array.size</tt>, replaces all elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-6) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-50) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +start+ and +length+, and a block given,
+ *  calls the block for each index specified by start length;
+ *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value.
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is in range, replaces +length+ elements beginning at offset +start+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If start is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-2, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +start+ is large (<tt>start >= array.size</tt>), extends +self+ with +nil+:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(5, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(5, 2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "new_5", "new_6"]
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero or less, replaces no elements:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    a.fill(1, -1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  With arguments +obj+ and +range+, and a block given,
+ *  calls the block with each index in the given range;
+ *  replaces the corresponding element with the block's return value.
+ *
+ *  If the range is positive and ascending (<tt>range 0 < range.begin <= range.end</tt>,
+ *  replaces elements from <tt>range.begin</tt> to <tt>range.end</tt>:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1..1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If +range.first+ is negative, does nothing:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-1..1) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.last</tt> is negative, counts from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(0..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(1..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]
+ *
+ *  If <tt>range.first</tt> and <tt>range.last</tt> are both negative,
+ *  both count from the end:
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-1..-1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "new_3"]
+ *    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+ *    a.fill(-2..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3596,25 +4786,14 @@ rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary + other_ary   -> new_ary
- *
- *  Concatenation --- Returns a new array built by concatenating the
- *  two arrays together to produce a third array.
+ *    array + other_array -> new_array
  *
- *     [ 1, 2, 3 ] + [ 4, 5 ]    #=> [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     c = a + [ "d", "e", "f" ]
- *     c                         #=> [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f" ]
- *     a                         #=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all elements of +array+
+ *  followed by all elements of +other_array+:
+ *    a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
+ *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  Note that
- *     x += y
- *  is the same as
- *     x = x + y
- *  This means that it produces a new array. As a consequence,
- *  repeated use of <code>+=</code> on arrays can be quite inefficient.
- *
- *  See also Array#concat.
+ *  Related: #concat.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3629,8 +4808,8 @@ rb_ary_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     len = xlen + ylen;
     z = rb_ary_new2(len);
 
-    ary_memcpy(z, 0, xlen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(x));
-    ary_memcpy(z, xlen, ylen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(y));
+    ary_memcpy(z, 0, xlen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(x));
+    ary_memcpy(z, xlen, ylen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(y));
     ARY_SET_LEN(z, len);
     return z;
 }
@@ -3640,29 +4819,19 @@ ary_append(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     long n = RARRAY_LEN(y);
     if (n > 0) {
-	rb_ary_splice(x, RARRAY_LEN(x), 0, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(y), n);
+        rb_ary_splice(x, RARRAY_LEN(x), 0, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(y), n);
     }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(y);
     return x;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.concat(other_ary1, other_ary2,...)   -> ary
- *
- *  Appends the elements of +other_ary+s to +self+.
- *
- *     [ "a", "b" ].concat( ["c", "d"] ) #=> [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     [ "a" ].concat( ["b"], ["c", "d"] ) #=> [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     [ "a" ].concat #=> [ "a" ]
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
- *     a.concat( [ 4, 5 ] )
- *     a                                 #=> [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2 ]
- *     a.concat(a, a)                    #=> [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
+ *    array.concat(*other_arrays) -> self
  *
- *  See also Array#+.
+ *  Adds to +array+ all elements from each \Array in +other_arrays+; returns +self+:
+ *    a = [0, 1]
+ *    a.concat([2, 3], [4, 5]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3670,7 +4839,10 @@ rb_ary_concat_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
 
-    if (argc > 0) {
+    if (argc == 1) {
+	rb_ary_concat(ary, argv[0]);
+    }
+    else if (argc > 1) {
 	int i;
 	VALUE args = rb_ary_tmp_new(argc);
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
@@ -3679,6 +4851,7 @@ rb_ary_concat_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	ary_append(ary, args);
     }
 
+    ary_verify(ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -3690,19 +4863,17 @@ rb_ary_concat(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary * int     -> new_ary
- *     ary * str     -> new_string
- *
- *  Repetition --- With a String argument, equivalent to
- *  <code>ary.join(str)</code>.
- *
- *  Otherwise, returns a new array built by concatenating the +int+ copies of
- *  +self+.
+ *    array * n -> new_array
+ *    array * string_separator -> new_string
  *
+ *  When non-negative argument \Integer +n+ is given,
+ *  returns a new \Array built by concatenating the +n+ copies of +self+:
+ *    a = ['x', 'y']
+ *    a * 3 # => ["x", "y", "x", "y", "x", "y"]
  *
- *     [ 1, 2, 3 ] * 3    #=> [ 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3 ]
- *     [ 1, 2, 3 ] * ","  #=> "1,2,3"
- *
+ *  When \String argument +string_separator+ is given,
+ *  equivalent to <tt>array.join(string_separator)</tt>:
+ *    [0, [0, 1], {foo: 0}] * ', ' # => "0, 0, 1, {:foo=>0}"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3719,7 +4890,7 @@ rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
 
     len = NUM2LONG(times);
     if (len == 0) {
-	ary2 = ary_new(rb_obj_class(ary), 0);
+        ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, 0);
 	goto out;
     }
     if (len < 0) {
@@ -3730,45 +4901,37 @@ rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
     }
     len *= RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
-    ary2 = ary_new(rb_obj_class(ary), len);
+    ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, len);
     ARY_SET_LEN(ary2, len);
 
-    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
     t = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (0 < t) {
 	ary_memcpy(ary2, 0, t, ptr);
 	while (t <= len/2) {
-	    ary_memcpy(ary2, t, t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
+            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2));
             t *= 2;
         }
         if (t < len) {
-	    ary_memcpy(ary2, t, len-t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
+            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, len-t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2));
         }
     }
   out:
-    OBJ_INFECT(ary2, ary);
-
     return ary2;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.assoc(obj)   -> element_ary  or  nil
+ *    array.assoc(obj) -> found_array or nil
  *
- *  Searches through an array whose elements are also arrays comparing +obj+
- *  with the first element of each contained array using <code>obj.==</code>.
+ *  Returns the first element in +self+ that is an \Array
+ *  whose first element <tt>==</tt> +obj+:
+ *    a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
+ *    a.assoc(4) # => [4, 5, 6]
  *
- *  Returns the first contained array that matches (that is, the first
- *  associated array), or +nil+ if no match is found.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such element is found.
  *
- *  See also Array#rassoc
- *
- *     s1 = [ "colors", "red", "blue", "green" ]
- *     s2 = [ "letters", "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     s3 = "foo"
- *     a  = [ s1, s2, s3 ]
- *     a.assoc("letters")  #=> [ "letters", "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.assoc("foo")      #=> nil
+ *  Related: #rassoc.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3788,20 +4951,16 @@ rb_ary_assoc(VALUE ary, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.rassoc(obj) -> element_ary or nil
- *
- *  Searches through the array whose elements are also arrays.
+ *    array.rassoc(obj) -> found_array or nil
  *
- *  Compares +obj+ with the second element of each contained array using
- *  <code>obj.==</code>.
+ *  Returns the first element in +self+ that is an \Array
+ *  whose second element <tt>==</tt> +obj+:
+ *    a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
+ *    a.rassoc(4) # => [2, 4]
  *
- *  Returns the first contained array that matches +obj+.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such element is found.
  *
- *  See also Array#assoc.
- *
- *     a = [ [ 1, "one"], [2, "two"], [3, "three"], ["ii", "two"] ]
- *     a.rassoc("two")    #=> [2, "two"]
- *     a.rassoc("four")   #=> nil
+ *  Related: #assoc.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3828,6 +4987,7 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
     if (recur) return Qtrue; /* Subtle! */
 
+    /* rb_equal() can evacuate ptrs */
     p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1);
     p2 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2);
     len1 = RARRAY_LEN(ary1);
@@ -3840,8 +5000,8 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 		    return Qfalse;
 		if (len1 < i)
 		    return Qtrue;
-		p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) + i;
-		p2 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2) + i;
+                p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) + i;
+                p2 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2) + i;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		return Qfalse;
@@ -3855,16 +5015,19 @@ recursive_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary == other_ary   ->   bool
+ *    array == other_array -> true or false
  *
- *  Equality --- Two arrays are equal if they contain the same number of
- *  elements and if each element is equal to (according to Object#==) the
- *  corresponding element in +other_ary+.
+ *  Returns +true+ if both <tt>array.size == other_array.size</tt>
+ *  and for each index +i+ in +array+, <tt>array[i] == other_array[i]</tt>:
+ *    a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2.0]
+ *    a1 == a0 # => true
+ *    [] == [] # => true
  *
- *     [ "a", "c" ]    == [ "a", "c", 7 ]     #=> false
- *     [ "a", "c", 7 ] == [ "a", "c", 7 ]     #=> true
- *     [ "a", "c", 7 ] == [ "a", "d", "f" ]   #=> false
+ *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
  *
+ *  This method is different from method Array#eql?,
+ *  which compares elements using <tt>Object#eql?</tt>.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3878,7 +5041,7 @@ rb_ary_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 	return rb_equal(ary2, ary1);
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
-    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
+    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2)) return Qtrue;
     return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_equal, ary1, ary2, ary2);
 }
 
@@ -3897,10 +5060,18 @@ recursive_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.eql?(other)  -> true or false
+ *    array.eql? other_array -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other_array+ are the same size,
+ *  and if, for each index +i+ in +self+, <tt>self[i].eql? other_array[i]</tt>:
+ *    a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a1.eql?(a0) # => true
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other+ are the same object,
- *  or are both arrays with the same content (according to Object#eql?).
+ *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
+ *
+ *  This method is different from method {Array#==}[#method-i-3D-3D],
+ *  which compares using method <tt>Object#==</tt>.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3909,20 +5080,19 @@ rb_ary_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary2, T_ARRAY)) return Qfalse;
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
-    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
+    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary2)) return Qtrue;
     return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, ary1, ary2, ary2);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.hash   -> integer
- *
- *  Compute a hash-code for this array.
+ *    array.hash -> integer
  *
- *  Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash code (and will
- *  compare using #eql?).
+ *  Returns the integer hash value for +self+.
  *
- *  See also Object#hash.
+ *  Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash code (and will compare using eql?):
+ *    [0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 2].hash # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 3].hash # => false
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3944,14 +5114,12 @@ rb_ary_hash(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.include?(object)   -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns +true+ if the given +object+ is present in +self+ (that is, if any
- *  element <code>==</code> +object+), otherwise returns +false+.
+ *    array.include?(obj) -> true or false
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.include?("b")   #=> true
- *     a.include?("z")   #=> false
+ *  Returns +true+ if for some index +i+ in +self+, <tt>obj == self[i]</tt>;
+ *  otherwise +false+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].include?(2) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].include?(3) # => false
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3962,17 +5130,27 @@ rb_ary_includes(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	switch (rb_equal_opt(e, item)) {
-	  case Qundef:
-	    if (rb_equal(e, item)) return Qtrue;
-	    break;
-	  case Qtrue:
+	if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
 	    return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_includes_by_eql(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
+{
+    long i;
+    VALUE e;
+
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+	if (rb_eql(item, e)) {
+	    return Qtrue;
+	}
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
 
 static VALUE
 recursive_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
@@ -3996,32 +5174,24 @@ recursive_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2, int recur)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary <=> other_ary   ->  -1, 0, +1 or nil
+ *    array <=> other_array -> -1, 0, or 1
  *
- *  Comparison --- Returns an integer (+-1+, +0+, or <code>+1</code>) if this
- *  array is less than, equal to, or greater than +other_ary+.
+ *  Returns -1, 0, or 1 as +self+ is less than, equal to, or greater than +other_array+.
+ *  For each index +i+ in +self+, evaluates <tt>result = self[i] <=> other_array[i]</tt>.
  *
- *  Each object in each array is compared (using the <=> operator).
+ *  Returns -1 if any result is -1:
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 3] # => -1
  *
- *  Arrays are compared in an "element-wise" manner; the first element of +ary+
- *  is compared with the first one of +other_ary+ using the <=> operator, then
- *  each of the second elements, etc...
- *  As soon as the result of any such comparison is non zero (i.e. the two
- *  corresponding elements are not equal), that result is returned for the
- *  whole array comparison.
- *
- *  If all the elements are equal, then the result is based on a comparison of
- *  the array lengths. Thus, two arrays are "equal" according to Array#<=> if,
- *  and only if, they have the same length and the value of each element is
- *  equal to the value of the corresponding element in the other array.
- *
- *  +nil+ is returned if the +other_ary+ is not an array or if the comparison
- *  of two elements returned +nil+.
- *
- *     [ "a", "a", "c" ]    <=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]   #=> -1
- *     [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ] <=> [ 1, 2 ]            #=> +1
- *     [ 1, 2 ]             <=> [ 1, :two ]         #=> nil
+ *  Returns 1 if any result is 1:
+ *    [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 1] # => 1
  *
+ *  When all results are zero:
+ *  - Returns -1 if +array+ is smaller than +other_array+:
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3] # => -1
+ *  - Returns 1 if +array+ is larger than +other_array+:
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1] # => 1
+ *  - Returns 0 if +array+ and +other_array+ are the same size:
+ *      [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2] # => 0
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4054,9 +5224,10 @@ ary_add_hash(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-ary_tmp_hash_new(void)
+ary_tmp_hash_new(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+    long size = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(size);
 
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(hash);
     return hash;
@@ -4065,7 +5236,7 @@ ary_tmp_hash_new(void)
 static VALUE
 ary_make_hash(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new();
+    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new(ary);
     return ary_add_hash(hash, ary);
 }
 
@@ -4084,36 +5255,34 @@ ary_add_hash_by(VALUE hash, VALUE ary)
 static VALUE
 ary_make_hash_by(VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new();
+    VALUE hash = ary_tmp_hash_new(ary);
     return ary_add_hash_by(hash, ary);
 }
 
 static inline void
 ary_recycle_hash(VALUE hash)
 {
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl) {
-	st_table *tbl = RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
-	RHASH(hash)->ntbl = 0;
+    assert(RBASIC_CLASS(hash) == 0);
+    if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        st_table *tbl = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
 	st_free_table(tbl);
+        RHASH_ST_CLEAR(hash);
     }
-    RB_GC_GUARD(hash);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary - other_ary    -> new_ary
- *
- *  Array Difference
- *
- *  Returns a new array that is a copy of the original array, removing any
- *  items that also appear in +other_ary+. The order is preserved from the
- *  original array.
+ *    array - other_array -> new_array
  *
- *  It compares elements using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing only those elements from +array+
+ *  that are not found in \Array +other_array+;
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>;
+ *  the order from +array+ is preserved:
+ *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1] # => [0, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3] - [3, 0] # => [1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2] - [4] # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *     [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 ] - [ 1, 2, 4 ]  #=>  [ 3, 3, 5 ]
- *
- *  If you need set-like behavior, see the library class Set.
+ *  Related: Array#difference.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4123,11 +5292,21 @@ rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     VALUE hash;
     long i;
 
-    hash = ary_make_hash(to_ary(ary2));
+    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
     ary3 = rb_ary_new();
 
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+	    VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i);
+	    if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, elt)) continue;
+	    rb_ary_push(ary3, elt);
+	}
+	return ary3;
+    }
+
+    hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
-	if (st_lookup(rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash), RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i), 0)) continue;
+        if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(hash, RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i), NULL)) continue;
 	rb_ary_push(ary3, rb_ary_elt(ary1, i));
     }
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
@@ -4136,17 +5315,70 @@ rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary & other_ary      -> new_ary
+ *    array.difference(*other_arrays) -> new_array
  *
- *  Set Intersection --- Returns a new array containing unique elements common to the
- *  two arrays. The order is preserved from the original array.
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing only those elements from +self+
+ *  that are not found in any of the Arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>;  order from +self+ is preserved:
+ *    [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1].difference([1]) # => [0, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3]) # => [2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].difference([4]) # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  It compares elements using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
  *
- *     [ 1, 1, 3, 5 ] & [ 3, 2, 1 ]                 #=> [ 1, 3 ]
- *     [ 'a', 'b', 'b', 'z' ] & [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]   #=> [ 'a', 'b' ]
+ *  Related: Array#-.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_difference_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE ary_diff;
+    long i, length;
+    volatile VALUE t0;
+    bool *is_hash = ALLOCV_N(bool, t0, argc);
+    ary_diff = rb_ary_new();
+    length = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        argv[i] = to_ary(argv[i]);
+        is_hash[i] = (length > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(argv[i]) > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN);
+        if (is_hash[i]) argv[i] = ary_make_hash(argv[i]);
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        int j;
+        VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+        for (j = 0; j < argc; j++) {
+            if (is_hash[j]) {
+                if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(argv[j], RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), NULL))
+                    break;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(argv[j], elt)) break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (j == argc) rb_ary_push(ary_diff, elt);
+    }
+
+    ALLOCV_END(t0);
+
+    return ary_diff;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array & other_array -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing each element found in both +array+ and \Array +other_array+;
+ *  duplicates are omitted; items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3] & [1, 2] # => [1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 0, 1] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]
+ *
+ *  Preserves order from +array+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2] & [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  See also Array#uniq.
+ *  Related: Array#intersection.
  */
 
 
@@ -4154,20 +5386,29 @@ static VALUE
 rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     VALUE hash, ary3, v;
-    st_table *table;
     st_data_t vv;
     long i;
 
     ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
     ary3 = rb_ary_new();
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return ary3;
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) == 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return ary3;
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+	    v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
+	    if (!rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) continue;
+	    if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary3, v)) continue;
+	    rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
+	}
+	return ary3;
+    }
+
     hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
-    table = rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash);
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
 	v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
 	vv = (st_data_t)v;
-	if (st_delete(table, &vv, 0)) {
+        if (rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &vv, 0)) {
 	    rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
 	}
     }
@@ -4176,6 +5417,37 @@ rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     return ary3;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.intersection(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing each element found both in +self+
+ *  and in all of the given Arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  duplicates are omitted; items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]
+ *
+ *  Preserves order from +self+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].intersection([2, 1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#&.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_intersection_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        result = rb_ary_and(result, argv[i]);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 static int
 ary_hash_orset(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 {
@@ -4184,36 +5456,59 @@ ary_hash_orset(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static void
+rb_ary_union(VALUE ary_union, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
+        if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary_union, elt)) continue;
+        rb_ary_push(ary_union, elt);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+rb_ary_union_hash(VALUE hash, VALUE ary2)
+{
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary2); i++) {
+        VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary2, i);
+        if (!rb_hash_stlike_update(hash, (st_data_t)elt, ary_hash_orset, (st_data_t)elt)) {
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, elt);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary | other_ary     -> new_ary
- *
- *  Set Union --- Returns a new array by joining +ary+ with +other_ary+,
- *  excluding any duplicates and preserving the order from the given arrays.
- *
- *  It compares elements using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *    array | other_array -> new_array
  *
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ] | [ "c", "d", "a" ]    #=> [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
- *     [ "c", "d", "a" ] | [ "a", "b", "c" ]    #=> [ "c", "d", "a", "b" ]
+ *  Returns the union of +array+ and \Array +other_array+;
+ *  duplicates are removed; order is preserved;
+ *  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1] | [2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 1] | [2, 2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2] | [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *  See also Array#uniq.
+ *  Related: Array#union.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_or(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     VALUE hash, ary3;
-    long i;
 
     ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) + RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+	ary3 = rb_ary_new();
+        rb_ary_union(ary3, ary1);
+        rb_ary_union(ary3, ary2);
+	return ary3;
+    }
+
     hash = ary_make_hash(ary1);
+    rb_ary_union_hash(hash, ary2);
 
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary2); i++) {
-	VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary2, i);
-	if (!st_update(RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash), (st_data_t)elt, ary_hash_orset, (st_data_t)elt)) {
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, elt);
-	}
-    }
     ary3 = rb_hash_values(hash);
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
     return ary3;
@@ -4221,25 +5516,170 @@ rb_ary_or(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.max                     -> obj
- *     ary.max { |a, b| block }    -> obj
- *     ary.max(n)                  -> array
- *     ary.max(n) { |a, b| block } -> array
+ *    array.union(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array that is the union of +self+ and all given Arrays +other_arrays+;
+ *  duplicates are removed;  order is preserved;  items are compared using <tt>eql?</tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].union([4, 5], [6, 7]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+ *    [0, 1, 1].union([2, 1], [3, 1]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].union([3, 2], [1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ if no arguments given.
+ *
+ *  Related: Array#|.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_union_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    int i;
+    long sum;
+    VALUE hash, ary_union;
+
+    sum = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        argv[i] = to_ary(argv[i]);
+        sum += RARRAY_LEN(argv[i]);
+    }
+
+    if (sum <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
+        ary_union = rb_ary_new();
+
+        rb_ary_union(ary_union, ary);
+        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) rb_ary_union(ary_union, argv[i]);
+
+        return ary_union;
+    }
+
+    hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) rb_ary_union_hash(hash, argv[i]);
+
+    ary_union = rb_hash_values(hash);
+    ary_recycle_hash(hash);
+    return ary_union;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_generic(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(vmax, id_cmp, 1, &v), vmax, v) < 0) {
+            vmax = v;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_opt_fixnum(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(vmax));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (FIXNUM_P(v)) {
+            if ((long)vmax < (long)v) {
+                vmax = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_max_generic(ary, i, vmax);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_opt_float(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(vmax));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v)) {
+            if (rb_float_cmp(vmax, v) < 0) {
+                vmax = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_max_generic(ary, i, vmax);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_max_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(STRING_P(vmax));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (STRING_P(v)) {
+            if (rb_str_cmp(vmax, v) < 0) {
+                vmax = v;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_max_generic(ary, i, vmax);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmax;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.max -> element
+ *    array.max {|a, b| ... } -> element
+ *    array.max(n) -> new_array
+ *    array.max(n) {|a, b| ... } -> new_array
  *
- *  Returns the object in _ary_ with the maximum value. The
- *  first form assumes all objects implement <code>Comparable</code>;
- *  the second uses the block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
+ *  Returns one of the following:
+ *  - The maximum-valued element from +self+.
+ *  - A new \Array of maximum-valued elements selected from +self+.
  *
- *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
- *     a.max                                   #=> "horse"
- *     a.max { |a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> "albatross"
+ *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
+ *  with an \Integer.
  *
- *  If the +n+ argument is given, maximum +n+ elements are returned
- *  as an array.
+ *  With no argument and no block, returns the element in +self+
+ *  having the maximum value per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].max # => 2
  *
- *     a = %w[albatross dog horse]
- *     a.max(2)                                  #=> ["horse", "dog"]
- *     a.max(2) {|a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> ["albatross", "horse"]
+ *  With an argument \Integer +n+ and no block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in descending order per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].max(3) # => [3, 2, 1]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].max(6) # => [3, 2, 1]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, the block must return an \Integer.
+ *
+ *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  returns the element having the maximum value per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].max {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "000"
+ *
+ *  With an argument +n+ and a block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in descending order per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].max(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["000", "00"]
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
@@ -4249,11 +5689,10 @@ rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     VALUE num;
     long i;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
-
-    if (!NIL_P(num))
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
        return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 1, 1);
 
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
@@ -4262,39 +5701,149 @@ rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	   }
 	}
     }
-    else {
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	   if (result == Qundef || OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, result, cmp_opt) > 0) {
-	       result = v;
-	   }
-	}
+    else if (n > 0) {
+        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
+        if (n > 1) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+                return ary_max_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+                return ary_max_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+                return ary_max_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else {
+                return ary_max_generic(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+        }
     }
     if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ary_min_generic(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+
+    VALUE v;
+    for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(vmin, id_cmp, 1, &v), vmin, v) > 0) {
+            vmin = v;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_min_opt_fixnum(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(vmin));
+
+    VALUE a;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        a = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (FIXNUM_P(a)) {
+            if ((long)vmin > (long)a) {
+                vmin = a;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_min_generic(ary, i, vmin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_min_opt_float(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(vmin));
+
+    VALUE a;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        a = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a)) {
+            if (rb_float_cmp(vmin, a) > 0) {
+                vmin = a;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_min_generic(ary, i, vmin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ary_min_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
+{
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i > 0 && i < n);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(STRING_P(vmin));
+
+    VALUE a;
+    for (; i < n; ++i) {
+        a = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (STRING_P(a)) {
+            if (rb_str_cmp(vmin, a) > 0) {
+                vmin = a;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            return ary_min_generic(ary, i, vmin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vmin;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.min                     -> obj
- *     ary.min {| a,b | block }    -> obj
- *     ary.min(n)                  -> array
- *     ary.min(n) {| a,b | block } -> array
+ *    array.min -> element
+ *    array.min { |a, b| ... } -> element
+ *    array.min(n) -> new_array
+ *    array.min(n) { |a, b| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns one of the following:
+ *  - The minimum-valued element from +self+.
+ *  - A new \Array of minimum-valued elements selected from +self+.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
+ *  with an \Integer.
+ *
+ *  With no argument and no block, returns the element in +self+
+ *  having the minimum value per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].min # => 0
  *
- *  Returns the object in _ary_ with the minimum value. The
- *  first form assumes all objects implement <code>Comparable</code>;
- *  the second uses the block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
+ *  With \Integer argument +n+ and no block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in ascending order per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(3) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(6) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  *
- *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
- *     a.min                                   #=> "albatross"
- *     a.min { |a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> "dog"
+ *  When a block is given, the block must return an Integer.
  *
- *  If the +n+ argument is given, minimum +n+ elements are returned
- *  as an array.
+ *  With a block and no argument, calls the block <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  returns the element having the minimum value per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].min { |a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "0"
  *
- *     a = %w[albatross dog horse]
- *     a.min(2)                                  #=> ["albatross", "dog"]
- *     a.min(2) {|a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> ["dog", "horse"]
+ *  With an argument +n+ and a block, returns a new \Array with at most +n+ elements,
+ *  in ascending order per the block:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(3) # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].min(6) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
@@ -4304,11 +5853,10 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     VALUE num;
     long i;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
-
-    if (!NIL_P(num))
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
        return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 0, 1);
 
+    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
@@ -4317,18 +5865,56 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	   }
 	}
     }
-    else {
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	   v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	   if (result == Qundef || OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, result, cmp_opt) < 0) {
-	       result = v;
-	   }
-	}
+    else if (n > 0) {
+        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
+        if (n > 1) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+                return ary_min_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+                return ary_min_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+                return ary_min_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+            else {
+                return ary_min_generic(ary, 1, result);
+            }
+        }
     }
     if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.minmax -> [min_val, max_val]
+ *    array.minmax {|a, b| ... } -> [min_val, max_val]
+ *
+ *  Returns a new 2-element \Array containing the minimum and maximum values
+ *  from +self+, either per method <tt><=></tt> or per a given block:.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, each element in +self+ must respond to method <tt><=></tt>
+ *  with an \Integer;
+ *  returns a new 2-element \Array containing the minimum and maximum values
+ *  from +self+, per method <tt><=></tt>:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].minmax # => [0, 2]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, the block must return an \Integer;
+ *  the block is called <tt>self.size-1</tt> times to compare elements;
+ *  returns a new 2-element \Array containing the minimum and maximum values
+ *  from +self+, per the block:
+ *    ['0', '00', '000'].minmax {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["0", "000"]
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_minmax(VALUE ary)
+{
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        return rb_call_super(0, NULL);
+    }
+    return rb_assoc_new(rb_ary_min(0, 0, ary), rb_ary_max(0, 0, ary));
+}
+
 static int
 push_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ary)
 {
@@ -4338,31 +5924,31 @@ push_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.uniq!                -> ary or nil
- *     ary.uniq! { |item| ... } -> ary or nil
- *
- *  Removes duplicate elements from +self+.
+ *    array.uniq! -> self or nil
+ *    array.uniq! {|element| ... } -> self or nil
  *
- *  If a block is given, it will use the return value of the block for
- *  comparison.
+ *  Removes duplicate elements from +self+, the first occurrence always being retained;
+ *  returns +self+ if any elements removed, +nil+ otherwise.
  *
- *  It compares values using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
+ *  With no block given, identifies and removes elements using method <tt>eql?</tt>
+ *  to compare.
  *
- *  +self+ is traversed in order, and the first occurrence is kept.
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *    a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
+ *    a.uniq! # => [0, 1, 2]
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no changes are made (that is, no duplicates are found).
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
  *
- *     a = [ "a", "a", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.uniq!   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+ *  With a block given, calls the block for each element;
+ *  identifies (using method <tt>eql?</tt>) and removes
+ *  elements for which the block returns duplicate values.
  *
- *     b = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     b.uniq!   # => nil
- *
- *     c = [["student","sam"], ["student","george"], ["teacher","matz"]]
- *     c.uniq! { |s| s.first } # => [["student", "sam"], ["teacher", "matz"]]
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed:
+ *    a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
+ *    a.uniq! {|element| element.size } # => ['a', 'aa', 'aaa']
  *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no elements removed.
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -4388,7 +5974,7 @@ rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
 	FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
     }
     ary_resize_capa(ary, hash_size);
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash), push_value, ary);
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, push_value, ary);
     ary_recycle_hash(hash);
 
     return ary;
@@ -4396,23 +5982,22 @@ rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.uniq                -> new_ary
- *     ary.uniq { |item| ... } -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array by removing duplicate values in +self+.
- *
- *  If a block is given, it will use the return value of the block for comparison.
- *
- *  It compares values using their #hash and #eql? methods for efficiency.
- *
- *  +self+ is traversed in order, and the first occurrence is kept.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "a", "b", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.uniq   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
- *
- *     b = [["student","sam"], ["student","george"], ["teacher","matz"]]
- *     b.uniq { |s| s.first } # => [["student", "sam"], ["teacher", "matz"]]
- *
+ *    array.uniq -> new_array
+ *    array.uniq {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing those elements from +self+ that are not duplicates,
+ *  the first occurrence always being retained.
+ *
+ *  With no block given, identifies and omits duplicates using method <tt>eql?</tt>
+ *  to compare.
+ *    a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
+ *    a.uniq # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *
+ *  With a block given, calls the block for each element;
+ *  identifies (using method <tt>eql?</tt>) and omits duplicate values,
+ *  that is, those elements for which the block returns the same value:
+ *    a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
+ *    a.uniq {|element| element.size } # => ["a", "aa", "aaa"]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4420,9 +6005,11 @@ rb_ary_uniq(VALUE ary)
 {
     VALUE hash, uniq;
 
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= 1)
-        return rb_ary_dup(ary);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= 1) {
+        hash = 0;
+        uniq = rb_ary_dup(ary);
+    }
+    else if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
 	uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
     }
@@ -4430,22 +6017,20 @@ rb_ary_uniq(VALUE ary)
 	hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
 	uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
     }
-    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(uniq, rb_obj_class(ary));
-    ary_recycle_hash(hash);
+    if (hash) {
+        ary_recycle_hash(hash);
+    }
 
     return uniq;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.compact!    -> ary  or  nil
+ *    array.compact! -> self or nil
  *
- *  Removes +nil+ elements from the array.
+ *  Removes all +nil+ elements from +self+.
  *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no changes were made, otherwise returns the array.
- *
- *     [ "a", nil, "b", nil, "c" ].compact! #=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].compact!           #=> nil
+ *  Returns +self+ if any elements removed, otherwise +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4455,14 +6040,14 @@ rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
     long n;
 
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
-    p = t = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary); /* WB: no new reference */
+    p = t = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary); /* WB: no new reference */
     end = p + RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
     while (t < end) {
 	if (NIL_P(*t)) t++;
 	else *p++ = *t++;
     }
-    n = p - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
+    n = p - RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == n) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
@@ -4473,12 +6058,11 @@ rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.compact     -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a copy of +self+ with all +nil+ elements removed.
+ *    array.compact -> new_array
  *
- *     [ "a", nil, "b", nil, "c", nil ].compact
- *                       #=> [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all non-+nil+ elements from +self+:
+ *    a = [nil, 0, nil, 1, nil, 2, nil]
+ *    a.compact # => [0, 1, 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4491,23 +6075,26 @@ rb_ary_compact(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.count                   -> int
- *     ary.count(obj)              -> int
- *     ary.count { |item| block }  -> int
+ *    array.count -> an_integer
+ *    array.count(obj) -> an_integer
+ *    array.count {|element| ... } -> an_integer
  *
- *  Returns the number of elements.
+ *  Returns a count of specified elements.
  *
- *  If an argument is given, counts the number of elements which equal +obj+
- *  using <code>==</code>.
+ *  With no argument and no block, returns the count of all elements:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].count # => 3
+ *    [].count # => 0
  *
- *  If a block is given, counts the number of elements for which the block
- *  returns a true value.
+ *  With argument +obj+, returns the count of elements <tt>eql?</tt> to +obj+:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 0].count(0) # => 2
+ *    [0, 1, 2].count(3) # => 0
  *
- *     ary = [1, 2, 4, 2]
- *     ary.count                  #=> 4
- *     ary.count(2)               #=> 2
- *     ary.count { |x| x%2 == 0 } #=> 3
+ *  With no argument and a block given, calls the block with each element;
+ *  returns the count of elements for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    [0, 1, 2, 3].count {|element| element > 1} # => 2
  *
+ *  With argument +obj+ and a block given, issues a warning, ignores the block,
+ *  and returns the count of elements <tt>eql?</tt> to +obj+:
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4515,7 +6102,7 @@ rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long i, n = 0;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
 	VALUE v;
 
 	if (!rb_block_given_p())
@@ -4527,9 +6114,8 @@ rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	VALUE obj;
+        VALUE obj = argv[0];
 
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &obj);
 	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	    rb_warn("given block not used");
 	}
@@ -4542,18 +6128,43 @@ rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-flatten(VALUE ary, int level, int *modified)
+flatten(VALUE ary, int level)
 {
-    long i = 0;
-    VALUE stack, result, tmp, elt;
-    st_table *memo;
+    long i;
+    VALUE stack, result, tmp = 0, elt, vmemo;
+    st_table *memo = 0;
     st_data_t id;
 
-    stack = ary_new(0, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE);
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        tmp = rb_check_array_type(elt);
+        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (i == RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+        return ary;
+    }
+
     result = ary_new(0, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
-    memo = st_init_numtable();
-    st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)ary, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
-    *modified = 0;
+    ary_memcpy(result, 0, i, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
+    ARY_SET_LEN(result, i);
+
+    stack = ary_new(0, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE);
+    rb_ary_push(stack, ary);
+    rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i + 1));
+
+    if (level < 0) {
+	vmemo = rb_hash_new();
+	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(vmemo);
+	memo = st_init_numtable();
+	rb_hash_st_table_set(vmemo, memo);
+	st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)ary, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+	st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)tmp, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
+    }
+
+    ary = tmp;
+    i = 0;
 
     while (1) {
 	while (i < RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
@@ -4564,19 +6175,24 @@ flatten(VALUE ary, int level, int *modified)
 	    }
 	    tmp = rb_check_array_type(elt);
 	    if (RBASIC(result)->klass) {
+		if (memo) {
+		    RB_GC_GUARD(vmemo);
+		    st_clear(memo);
+		}
 		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "flatten reentered");
 	    }
 	    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
 		rb_ary_push(result, elt);
 	    }
 	    else {
-		*modified = 1;
-		id = (st_data_t)tmp;
-		if (st_lookup(memo, id, 0)) {
-		    st_free_table(memo);
-		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
+		if (memo) {
+		    id = (st_data_t)tmp;
+		    if (st_is_member(memo, id)) {
+			st_clear(memo);
+			rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to flatten recursive array");
+		    }
+		    st_insert(memo, id, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
 		}
-		st_insert(memo, id, (st_data_t)Qtrue);
 		rb_ary_push(stack, ary);
 		rb_ary_push(stack, LONG2NUM(i));
 		ary = tmp;
@@ -4586,37 +6202,49 @@ flatten(VALUE ary, int level, int *modified)
 	if (RARRAY_LEN(stack) == 0) {
 	    break;
 	}
-	id = (st_data_t)ary;
-	st_delete(memo, &id, 0);
+	if (memo) {
+	    id = (st_data_t)ary;
+	    st_delete(memo, &id, 0);
+	}
 	tmp = rb_ary_pop(stack);
 	i = NUM2LONG(tmp);
 	ary = rb_ary_pop(stack);
     }
 
-    st_free_table(memo);
+    if (memo) {
+	st_clear(memo);
+    }
 
-    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(result, rb_obj_class(ary));
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(result, rb_cArray);
     return result;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.flatten!        -> ary or nil
- *     ary.flatten!(level) -> ary or nil
- *
- *  Flattens +self+ in place.
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if no modifications were made (i.e., the array contains no
- *  subarrays.)
- *
- *  The optional +level+ argument determines the level of recursion to flatten.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
- *     a.flatten!   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     a.flatten!   #=> nil
- *     a            #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
- *     a.flatten!(1) #=> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+ *    array.flatten! -> self or nil
+ *    array.flatten!(level) -> self or nil
+ *
+ *  Replaces each nested \Array in +self+ with the elements from that \Array;
+ *  returns +self+ if any changes, +nil+ otherwise.
+ *
+ *  With non-negative \Integer argument +level+, flattens recursively through +level+ levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten!(1) # => nil
+ *
+ *  With no argument, a +nil+ argument, or with negative argument +level+, flattens all levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten! # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten! # => nil
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten!(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten!(-1) # => nil
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4625,14 +6253,13 @@ rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     int mod = 0, level = -1;
     VALUE result, lv;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &lv);
+    lv = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil);
     rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
     if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
     if (level == 0) return Qnil;
 
-    result = flatten(ary, level, &mod);
-    if (mod == 0) {
-	ary_discard(result);
+    result = flatten(ary, level);
+    if (result == ary) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
     if (!(mod = ARY_EMBED_P(result))) rb_obj_freeze(result);
@@ -4644,89 +6271,68 @@ rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.flatten -> new_ary
- *     ary.flatten(level) -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array that is a one-dimensional flattening of +self+
- *  (recursively).
- *
- *  That is, for every element that is an array, extract its elements into
- *  the new array.
- *
- *  The optional +level+ argument determines the level of recursion to
- *  flatten.
- *
- *     s = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *     t = [ 4, 5, 6, [7, 8] ]   #=> [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]]
- *     a = [ s, t, 9, 10 ]       #=> [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]], 9, 10]
- *     a.flatten                 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
- *     a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
- *     a.flatten(1)              #=> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+ *    array.flatten -> new_array
+ *    array.flatten(level) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array that is a recursive flattening of +self+:
+ *  - Each non-Array element is unchanged.
+ *  - Each \Array is replaced by its individual elements.
+ *
+ *  With non-negative \Integer argument +level+, flattens recursively through +level+ levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(0) # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *
+ *  With no argument, a +nil+ argument, or with negative argument +level+, flattens all levels:
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
+ *    a.flatten(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    [0, 1, 2].flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_flatten(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    int mod = 0, level = -1;
-    VALUE result, lv;
+    int level = -1;
+    VALUE result;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &lv);
-    if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
-    if (level == 0) return ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0])) {
+        level = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
+        if (level == 0) return ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
+    }
 
-    result = flatten(ary, level, &mod);
-    OBJ_INFECT(result, ary);
+    result = flatten(ary, level);
+    if (result == ary) {
+        result = ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
+    }
 
     return result;
 }
 
-#define OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts) \
-    (argc > 0 && !NIL_P((opts) = rb_check_hash_type(argv[argc-1])) && (--argc, 1))
-static ID id_random;
-
 #define RAND_UPTO(max) (long)rb_random_ulong_limited((randgen), (max)-1)
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.shuffle!              -> ary
- *     ary.shuffle!(random: rng) -> ary
- *
- *  Shuffles elements in +self+ in place.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *     a.shuffle!                #=> [2, 3, 1]
- *     a                         #=> [2, 3, 1]
- *
- *  The optional +rng+ argument will be used as the random number generator.
- *
- *     a.shuffle!(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
- */
-
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_shuffle_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_shuffle_bang(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen)
 {
-    VALUE opts, randgen = rb_cRandom;
     long i, len;
 
-    if (OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts)) {
-	VALUE rnd;
-	ID keyword_ids[1];
-
-	keyword_ids[0] = id_random;
-	rb_get_kwargs(opts, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &rnd);
-	if (rnd != Qundef) {
-	    randgen = rnd;
-	}
-    }
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 0);
     rb_ary_modify(ary);
     i = len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
 	while (i) {
 	    long j = RAND_UPTO(i);
 	    VALUE tmp;
-	    if (len != RARRAY_LEN(ary) || ptr != RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "modified during shuffle");
+            if (len != RARRAY_LEN(ary) || ptr != RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "modified during shuffle");
 	    }
 	    tmp = ptr[--i];
 	    ptr[i] = ptr[j];
@@ -4736,76 +6342,24 @@ rb_ary_shuffle_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     return ary;
 }
 
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.shuffle              -> new_ary
- *     ary.shuffle(random: rng) -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns a new array with elements of +self+ shuffled.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *     a.shuffle                 #=> [2, 3, 1]
- *     a                         #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *
- *  The optional +rng+ argument will be used as the random number generator.
- *
- *     a.shuffle(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
- */
-
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_shuffle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_shuffle(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen)
 {
     ary = rb_ary_dup(ary);
-    rb_ary_shuffle_bang(argc, argv, ary);
+    rb_ary_shuffle_bang(ec, ary, randgen);
     return ary;
 }
 
-
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     ary.sample                  -> obj
- *     ary.sample(random: rng)     -> obj
- *     ary.sample(n)               -> new_ary
- *     ary.sample(n, random: rng)  -> new_ary
- *
- *  Choose a random element or +n+ random elements from the array.
- *
- *  The elements are chosen by using random and unique indices into the array
- *  in order to ensure that an element doesn't repeat itself unless the array
- *  already contained duplicate elements.
- *
- *  If the array is empty the first form returns +nil+ and the second form
- *  returns an empty array.
- *
- *  The optional +rng+ argument will be used as the random number generator.
- *
- *     a = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]
- *     a.sample         #=> 7
- *     a.sample(4)      #=> [6, 4, 2, 5]
- */
-
-
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_sample(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE randgen, VALUE nv, VALUE to_array)
 {
-    VALUE nv, result;
-    VALUE opts, randgen = rb_cRandom;
+    VALUE result;
     long n, len, i, j, k, idx[10];
     long rnds[numberof(idx)];
+    long memo_threshold;
 
-    if (OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts)) {
-	VALUE rnd;
-	ID keyword_ids[1];
-
-	keyword_ids[0] = id_random;
-	rb_get_kwargs(opts, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &rnd);
-	if (rnd != Qundef) {
-	    randgen = rnd;
-	}
-    }
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    if (!to_array) {
 	if (len < 2)
 	    i = 0;
 	else
@@ -4813,7 +6367,6 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
 	return rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
     }
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &nv);
     n = NUM2LONG(nv);
     if (n < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative sample number");
     if (n > len) n = len;
@@ -4835,7 +6388,7 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
       case 1:
 	i = rnds[0];
-	return rb_ary_new_from_values(1, &RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+	return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
       case 2:
 	i = rnds[0];
 	j = rnds[1];
@@ -4852,6 +6405,11 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	}
 	return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, j), RARRAY_AREF(ary, k));
     }
+    memo_threshold =
+	len < 2560 ? len / 128 :
+	len < 5120 ? len / 64 :
+	len < 10240 ? len / 32 :
+	len / 16;
     if (n <= numberof(idx)) {
 	long sorted[numberof(idx)];
 	sorted[0] = idx[0] = rnds[0];
@@ -4865,12 +6423,44 @@ rb_ary_sample(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	    sorted[j] = idx[i] = k;
 	}
 	result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(result, ptr_result, {
 	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
 		ptr_result[i] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx[i]);
 	    }
 	});
     }
+    else if (n <= memo_threshold / 2) {
+	long max_idx = 0;
+#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
+#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
+	VALUE vmemo = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, 0);
+	st_table *memo = st_init_numtable_with_size(n);
+	DATA_PTR(vmemo) = memo;
+	result = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+	RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr_result, {
+	    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+		long r = RAND_UPTO(len-i) + i;
+		ptr_result[i] = r;
+		if (r > max_idx) max_idx = r;
+	    }
+	    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+	    if (len <= max_idx) n = 0;
+	    else if (n > len) n = len;
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr_ary, {
+		for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+		    long j2 = j = ptr_result[i];
+		    long i2 = i;
+		    st_data_t value;
+		    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)i, &value)) i2 = (long)value;
+		    if (st_lookup(memo, (st_data_t)j, &value)) j2 = (long)value;
+		    st_insert(memo, (st_data_t)j, (st_data_t)i2);
+		    ptr_result[i] = ptr_ary[j2];
+		}
+	    });
+	});
+	DATA_PTR(vmemo) = 0;
+	st_free_table(memo);
+    }
     else {
 	result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
 	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(result);
@@ -4899,47 +6489,55 @@ rb_ary_cycle_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 	n = RARRAY_AREF(args, 0);
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(self) == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
-    if (n == Qnil) return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+    if (n == Qnil) return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
     mul = NUM2LONG(n);
     if (mul <= 0) return INT2FIX(0);
     n = LONG2FIX(mul);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_ary_length(self), '*', 1, &n);
+    return rb_fix_mul_fix(rb_ary_length(self), n);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.cycle(n=nil) { |obj| block }  -> nil
- *     ary.cycle(n=nil)                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Calls the given block for each element +n+ times or forever if +nil+ is
- *  given.
- *
- *  Does nothing if a non-positive number is given or the array is empty.
- *
- *  Returns +nil+ if the loop has finished without getting interrupted.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     a = ["a", "b", "c"]
- *     a.cycle { |x| puts x }     # print, a, b, c, a, b, c,.. forever.
- *     a.cycle(2) { |x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c.
- *
+ *    array.cycle {|element| ... } -> nil
+ *    array.cycle(count) {|element| ... } -> nil
+ *    array.cycle -> new_enumerator
+ *    array.cycle(count) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  When called with positive \Integer argument +count+ and a block,
+ *  calls the block with each element, then does so again,
+ *  until it has done so +count+ times; returns +nil+:
+ *    output = []
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(2) {|element| output.push(element) } # => nil
+ *    output # => [0, 1, 0, 1]
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is zero or negative, does not call the block:
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(0) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(-1) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, and argument is omitted or +nil+, cycles forever:
+ *    # Prints 0 and 1 forever.
+ *    [0, 1].cycle {|element| puts element }
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(nil) {|element| puts element }
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *
+ *    [0, 1].cycle(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle(2)>
+ *    [0, 1].cycle # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle>
+ *    [0, 1].cycle.first(5) # => [0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long n, i;
-    VALUE nv = Qnil;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nv);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_cycle_size);
-    if (NIL_P(nv)) {
+    if (argc == 0 || NIL_P(argv[0])) {
         n = -1;
     }
     else {
-        n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+        n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
         if (n <= 0) return Qnil;
     }
 
@@ -4951,8 +6549,6 @@ rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-#define tmpbuf(n, size) rb_str_tmp_new((n)*(size))
-#define tmpbuf_discard(s) (rb_str_resize((s), 0L), RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(s, rb_cString))
 #define tmpary(n) rb_ary_tmp_new(n)
 #define tmpary_discard(a) (ary_discard(a), RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(a, rb_cArray))
 
@@ -4965,11 +6561,9 @@ static int
 yield_indexed_values(const VALUE values, const long r, const long *const p)
 {
     const VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(r);
-    VALUE *const result_array = RARRAY_PTR(result);
-    const VALUE *const values_array = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(values);
     long i;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) result_array[i] = values_array[p[i]];
+    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) ARY_SET(result, i, RARRAY_AREF(values, p[i]));
     ARY_SET_LEN(result, r);
     rb_yield(result);
     return !RBASIC(values)->klass;
@@ -5024,15 +6618,21 @@ permute0(const long n, const long r, long *const p, char *const used, const VALU
 
 /*
  * Returns the product of from, from-1, ..., from - how_many + 1.
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochhammer_symbol
+ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochhammer_symbol
  */
 static VALUE
 descending_factorial(long from, long how_many)
 {
-    VALUE cnt = LONG2FIX(how_many >= 0);
-    while (how_many-- > 0) {
-	VALUE v = LONG2FIX(from--);
-	cnt = rb_funcallv(cnt, '*', 1, &v);
+    VALUE cnt;
+    if (how_many > 0) {
+	cnt = LONG2FIX(from);
+	while (--how_many > 0) {
+	    long v = --from;
+	    cnt = rb_int_mul(cnt, LONG2FIX(v));
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	cnt = LONG2FIX(how_many == 0);
     }
     return cnt;
 }
@@ -5040,16 +6640,23 @@ descending_factorial(long from, long how_many)
 static VALUE
 binomial_coefficient(long comb, long size)
 {
-    VALUE r, v;
+    VALUE r;
+    long i;
     if (comb > size-comb) {
 	comb = size-comb;
     }
     if (comb < 0) {
 	return LONG2FIX(0);
     }
-    r = descending_factorial(size, comb);
-    v = descending_factorial(comb, comb);
-    return rb_funcallv(r, id_div, 1, &v);
+    else if (comb == 0) {
+	return LONG2FIX(1);
+    }
+    r = LONG2FIX(size);
+    for (i = 1; i < comb; ++i) {
+	r = rb_int_mul(r, LONG2FIX(size - i));
+	r = rb_int_idiv(r, LONG2FIX(i + 1));
+    }
+    return r;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5063,42 +6670,78 @@ rb_ary_permutation_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.permutation { |p| block }          -> ary
- *     ary.permutation                        -> Enumerator
- *     ary.permutation(n) { |p| block }       -> ary
- *     ary.permutation(n)                     -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of length +n+ of the
- * elements of the array, then return the array itself.
- *
- * If +n+ is not specified, yield all permutations of all elements.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the
- * permutations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *   a = [1, 2, 3]
- *   a.permutation.to_a    #=> [[1,2,3],[1,3,2],[2,1,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2],[3,2,1]]
- *   a.permutation(1).to_a #=> [[1],[2],[3]]
- *   a.permutation(2).to_a #=> [[1,2],[1,3],[2,1],[2,3],[3,1],[3,2]]
- *   a.permutation(3).to_a #=> [[1,2,3],[1,3,2],[2,1,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2],[3,2,1]]
- *   a.permutation(0).to_a #=> [[]] # one permutation of length 0
- *   a.permutation(4).to_a #=> []   # no permutations of length 4
+ *    array.permutation {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.permutation(n) {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.permutation -> new_enumerator
+ *    array.permutation(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of elements of +self+; returns +self+.
+ *  The order of permutations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and an in-range positive \Integer argument +n+ (<tt>0 < n <= self.size</tt>)
+ *  are given, calls the block with all +n+-tuple permutations of +self+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 0]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *    [2, 0]
+ *    [2, 1]
+ *  Another example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(3) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 2, 1]
+ *    [1, 0, 2]
+ *    [1, 2, 0]
+ *    [2, 0, 1]
+ *    [2, 1, 0]
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(0) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    []
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is out of range (negative or larger than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *  does not call the block:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    a.permutation(4) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  When a block given but no argument,
+ *  behaves the same as <tt>a.permutation(a.size)</tt>:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1, 2]
+ *    [0, 2, 1]
+ *    [1, 0, 2]
+ *    [1, 2, 0]
+ *    [2, 0, 1]
+ *    [2, 1, 0]
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.permutation # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation>
+ *    a.permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_permutation(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    VALUE num;
     long r, n, i;
 
     n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);                  /* Array length */
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_permutation_size);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
-    r = NIL_P(num) ? n : NUM2LONG(num);   /* Permutation size from argument */
+    r = n;
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0]))
+        r = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);            /* Permutation size from argument */
 
     if (r < 0 || n < r) {
 	/* no permutations: yield nothing */
@@ -5159,27 +6802,44 @@ rb_ary_combination_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.combination(n) { |c| block }    -> ary
- *     ary.combination(n)                  -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yields all combinations of length +n+ of elements
- * from the array and then returns the array itself.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the
- * combinations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
- *     a.combination(1).to_a  #=> [[1],[2],[3],[4]]
- *     a.combination(2).to_a  #=> [[1,2],[1,3],[1,4],[2,3],[2,4],[3,4]]
- *     a.combination(3).to_a  #=> [[1,2,3],[1,2,4],[1,3,4],[2,3,4]]
- *     a.combination(4).to_a  #=> [[1,2,3,4]]
- *     a.combination(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one combination of length 0
- *     a.combination(5).to_a  #=> []   # no combinations of length 5
- *
+ *    array.combination(n) {|element| ... } -> self
+ *    array.combination(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block, if given, with combinations of elements of +self+;
+ *  returns +self+. The order of combinations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and an in-range positive \Integer argument +n+ (<tt>0 < n <= self.size</tt>)
+ *  are given, calls the block with all +n+-tuple combinations of +self+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(2) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *
+ *  Another example:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(3) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 1, 2]
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is zero, calls the block once with a new empty \Array:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a1 = a.combination(0) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    []
+ *
+ *  When +n+ is out of range (negative or larger than <tt>self.size</tt>),
+ *  does not call the block:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    a.combination(4) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5254,39 +6914,71 @@ rb_ary_repeated_permutation_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
     long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
     long k = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0));
-    VALUE v;
 
     if (k < 0) {
 	return LONG2FIX(0);
     }
-
-    v = LONG2NUM(k);
-    return rb_funcallv(LONG2NUM(n), id_power, 1, &v);
+    if (n <= 0) {
+	return LONG2FIX(!k);
+    }
+    return rb_int_positive_pow(n, (unsigned long)k);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.repeated_permutation(n) { |p| block } -> ary
- *     ary.repeated_permutation(n)               -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yield all repeated permutations of length +n+ of
- * the elements of the array, then return the array itself.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the repeated
- * permutations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *     a = [1, 2]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(1).to_a  #=> [[1], [2]]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(2).to_a  #=> [[1,1],[1,2],[2,1],[2,2]]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(3).to_a  #=> [[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,2,1],[1,2,2],
- *                                     #    [2,1,1],[2,1,2],[2,2,1],[2,2,2]]
- *     a.repeated_permutation(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one permutation of length 0
+ *    array.repeated_permutation(n) {|permutation| ... } -> self
+ *    array.repeated_permutation(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block with each repeated permutation of length +n+ of the elements of +self+;
+ *  each permutation is an \Array;
+ *  returns +self+. The order of the permutations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and a positive \Integer argument +n+ are given, calls the block with each
+ *  +n+-tuple repeated permutation of the elements of +self+.
+ *  The number of permutations is <tt>self.size**n</tt>.
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 1:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(1) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0]
+ *    [1]
+ *    [2]
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 2:
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 0]
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 0]
+ *    [1, 1]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *    [2, 0]
+ *    [2, 1]
+ *    [2, 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is negative, does not call the block:
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>
+ *
+ *  Using Enumerators, it's convenient to show the permutations and counts
+ *  for some values of +n+:
+ *    e = a.repeated_permutation(0)
+ *    e.size # => 1
+ *    e.to_a # => [[]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_permutation(1)
+ *    e.size # => 3
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_permutation(2)
+ *    e.size # => 9
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1], [2, 2]]
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_repeated_permutation(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 {
@@ -5356,29 +7048,55 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination_size(VALUE ary, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.repeated_combination(n) { |c| block } -> ary
- *     ary.repeated_combination(n)               -> Enumerator
- *
- * When invoked with a block, yields all repeated combinations of length +n+ of
- * elements from the array and then returns the array itself.
- *
- * The implementation makes no guarantees about the order in which the repeated
- * combinations are yielded.
- *
- * If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- * Examples:
- *
- *   a = [1, 2, 3]
- *   a.repeated_combination(1).to_a  #=> [[1], [2], [3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(2).to_a  #=> [[1,1],[1,2],[1,3],[2,2],[2,3],[3,3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(3).to_a  #=> [[1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,1,3],[1,2,2],[1,2,3],
- *                                   #    [1,3,3],[2,2,2],[2,2,3],[2,3,3],[3,3,3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(4).to_a  #=> [[1,1,1,1],[1,1,1,2],[1,1,1,3],[1,1,2,2],[1,1,2,3],
- *                                   #    [1,1,3,3],[1,2,2,2],[1,2,2,3],[1,2,3,3],[1,3,3,3],
- *                                   #    [2,2,2,2],[2,2,2,3],[2,2,3,3],[2,3,3,3],[3,3,3,3]]
- *   a.repeated_combination(0).to_a  #=> [[]] # one combination of length 0
- *
+ *    array.repeated_combination(n) {|combination| ... } -> self
+ *    array.repeated_combination(n) -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block with each repeated combination of length +n+ of the elements of +self+;
+ *  each combination is an \Array;
+ *  returns +self+. The order of the combinations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When a block and a positive \Integer argument +n+ are given, calls the block with each
+ *  +n+-tuple repeated combination of the elements of +self+.
+ *  The number of combinations is <tt>(n+1)(n+2)/2</tt>.
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 1:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_combination(1) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0]
+ *    [1]
+ *    [2]
+ *
+ *  +n+ = 2:
+ *    a.repeated_combination(2) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 0]
+ *    [0, 1]
+ *    [0, 2]
+ *    [1, 1]
+ *    [1, 2]
+ *    [2, 2]
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is zero, calls the block once with an empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is negative, does not call the block:
+ *    a.repeated_combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.repeated_combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>
+ *
+ *  Using Enumerators, it's convenient to show the combinations and counts
+ *  for some values of +n+:
+ *    e = a.repeated_combination(0)
+ *    e.size # => 1
+ *    e.to_a # => [[]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_combination(1)
+ *    e.size # => 3
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
+ *    e = a.repeated_combination(2)
+ *    e.size # => 6
+ *    e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2]]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5418,23 +7136,51 @@ rb_ary_repeated_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.product(other_ary, ...)                -> new_ary
- *     ary.product(other_ary, ...) { |p| block }  -> ary
- *
- *  Returns an array of all combinations of elements from all arrays.
- *
- *  The length of the returned array is the product of the length of +self+ and
- *  the argument arrays.
- *
- *  If given a block, #product will yield all combinations and return +self+
- *  instead.
- *
- *     [1,2,3].product([4,5])     #=> [[1,4],[1,5],[2,4],[2,5],[3,4],[3,5]]
- *     [1,2].product([1,2])       #=> [[1,1],[1,2],[2,1],[2,2]]
- *     [1,2].product([3,4],[5,6]) #=> [[1,3,5],[1,3,6],[1,4,5],[1,4,6],
- *                                #     [2,3,5],[2,3,6],[2,4,5],[2,4,6]]
- *     [1,2].product()            #=> [[1],[2]]
- *     [1,2].product([])          #=> []
+ *    array.product(*other_arrays) -> new_array
+ *    array.product(*other_arrays) {|combination| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Computes and returns or yields all combinations of elements from all the Arrays,
+ *  including both +self+ and +other_arrays+.
+ *  - The number of combinations is the product of the sizes of all the arrays,
+ *    including both +self+ and +other_arrays+.
+ *  - The order of the returned combinations is indeterminate.
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, returns the combinations as an \Array of Arrays:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a1 = [3, 4]
+ *    a2 = [5, 6]
+ *    p = a.product(a1)
+ *    p.size # => 6 # a.size * a1.size
+ *    p # => [[0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4]]
+ *    p = a.product(a1, a2)
+ *    p.size # => 12 # a.size * a1.size * a2.size
+ *    p # => [[0, 3, 5], [0, 3, 6], [0, 4, 5], [0, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 6], [1, 4, 5], [1, 4, 6], [2, 3, 5], [2, 3, 6], [2, 4, 5], [2, 4, 6]]
+ *
+ *  If any argument is an empty \Array, returns an empty \Array.
+ *
+ *  If no argument is given, returns an \Array of 1-element Arrays,
+ *  each containing an element of +self+:
+ *    a.product # => [[0], [1], [2]]
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, yields each combination as an \Array; returns +self+:
+ *    a.product(a1) {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0, 3]
+ *    [0, 4]
+ *    [1, 3]
+ *    [1, 4]
+ *    [2, 3]
+ *    [2, 4]
+ *
+ *  If any argument is an empty \Array, does not call the block:
+ *    a.product(a1, a2, []) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+ *
+ *  If no argument is given, yields each element of +self+ as a 1-element \Array:
+ *    a.product {|combination| p combination }
+ *  Output:
+ *    [0]
+ *    [1]
+ *    [2]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5442,15 +7188,14 @@ rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     int n = argc+1;    /* How many arrays we're operating on */
     volatile VALUE t0 = tmpary(n);
-    volatile VALUE t1 = tmpbuf(n, sizeof(int));
+    volatile VALUE t1 = Qundef;
     VALUE *arrays = RARRAY_PTR(t0); /* The arrays we're computing the product of */
-    int *counters = (int*)RSTRING_PTR(t1); /* The current position in each one */
+    int *counters = ALLOCV_N(int, t1, n); /* The current position in each one */
     VALUE result = Qnil;      /* The array we'll be returning, when no block given */
     long i,j;
     long resultlen = 1;
 
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(t0);
-    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(t1);
 
     /* initialize the arrays of arrays */
     ARY_SET_LEN(t0, n);
@@ -5521,24 +7266,25 @@ rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     }
 done:
     tmpary_discard(t0);
-    tmpbuf_discard(t1);
+    ALLOCV_END(t1);
 
     return NIL_P(result) ? ary : result;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.take(n)               -> new_ary
- *
- *  Returns first +n+ elements from the array.
- *
- *  If a negative number is given, raises an ArgumentError.
- *
- *  See also Array#drop
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.take(3)             #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *
+ *    array.take(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing the first +n+ element of +self+,
+ *  where +n+ is a non-negative \Integer;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.take(1) # => [0]
+ *    a.take(2) # => [0, 1]
+ *    a.take(50) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5553,19 +7299,22 @@ rb_ary_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.take_while { |obj| block }  -> new_ary
- *     ary.take_while                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Passes elements to the block until the block returns +nil+ or +false+, then
- *  stops iterating and returns an array of all prior elements.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *  See also Array#drop_while
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.take_while { |i| i < 3 }  #=> [1, 2]
- *
+ *    array.take_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.take_while -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing zero or more leading elements of +self+;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
+ *
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of +self+;
+ *  stops if the block returns +false+ or +nil+;
+ *  returns a new Array containing those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.take_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [0, 1, 2]
+ *    a.take_while {|element| true } # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *
+ *  With no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    [0, 1].take_while # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:take_while>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5582,18 +7331,17 @@ rb_ary_take_while(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.drop(n)               -> new_ary
- *
- *  Drops first +n+ elements from +ary+ and returns the rest of the elements in
- *  an array.
- *
- *  If a negative number is given, raises an ArgumentError.
+ *    array.drop(n) -> new_array
  *
- *  See also Array#take
- *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.drop(3)             #=> [4, 5, 0]
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all but the first +n+ element of +self+,
+ *  where +n+ is a non-negative \Integer;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
  *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop(0) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop(1) # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop(2) # => [2, 3, 4, 5]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5612,20 +7360,20 @@ rb_ary_drop(VALUE ary, VALUE n)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.drop_while { |obj| block }   -> new_ary
- *     ary.drop_while                  -> Enumerator
- *
- *  Drops elements up to, but not including, the first element for which the
- *  block returns +nil+ or +false+ and returns an array containing the
- *  remaining elements.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *  See also Array#take_while
+ *    array.drop_while {|element| ... } -> new_array
+ *    array.drop_while -> new_enumerator
+
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing zero or more trailing elements of +self+;
+ *  does not modify +self+.
  *
- *     a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
- *     a.drop_while {|i| i < 3 }   #=> [3, 4, 5, 0]
+ *  With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of +self+;
+ *  stops if the block returns +false+ or +nil+;
+ *  returns a new Array _omitting_ those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *    a.drop_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [3, 4, 5]
  *
+ *  With no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    [0, 1].drop_while # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:drop_while>
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5642,20 +7390,53 @@ rb_ary_drop_while(VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ary.any? [{ |obj| block }]   -> true or false
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#any?
+ *    array.any? -> true or false
+ *    array.any? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.any?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if any element of +self+ meets a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has any truthy element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, 0, false].any? # => true
+ *    [nil, false].any? # => false
+ *    [].any? # => false
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block returns any truthy value, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 2 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if +obj+.<tt>===</tt> any element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].any?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].any?(/bar/) # => false
+ *    [].any?(/foo/) # => false
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any?(1) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].any?(3) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#any?
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ary_any_p(VALUE ary)
+rb_ary_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
     long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
 
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     if (!len) return Qfalse;
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-	for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) if (RTEST(ptr[i])) return Qtrue;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+	    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
+	}
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qtrue;
+        }
     }
     else {
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
@@ -5666,22 +7447,208 @@ rb_ary_any_p(VALUE ary)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   ary.dig(idx, ...)                 -> object
- *
- * Extracts the nested value specified by the sequence of <i>idx</i>
- * objects by calling +dig+ at each step, returning +nil+ if any
- * intermediate step is +nil+.
- *
- *   a = [[1, [2, 3]]]
- *
- *   a.dig(0, 1, 1)                    #=> 3
- *   a.dig(1, 2, 3)                    #=> nil
- *   a.dig(0, 0, 0)                    #=> TypeError: Integer does not have #dig method
- *   [42, {foo: :bar}].dig(1, :foo)    #=> :bar
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.all? -> true or false
+ *    array.all? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.all?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if all elements of +self+ meet a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ contains only truthy elements,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, :foo].all? # => true
+ *    [0, nil, 2].all? # => false
+ *    [].all? # => true
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block returns only truthy values, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 3 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 2 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> every element, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    ['food', 'fool', 'foot'].all?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].all?(/bar/) # => false
+ *    [].all?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    [0, 0, 0].all?(0) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].all?(1) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#all?
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_all_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (!len) return Qtrue;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (!RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (!RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.none? -> true or false
+ *    array.none? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.none?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if no element of +self+ meet a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has no truthy elements,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, false].none? # => true
+ *    [nil, 0, false].none? # => false
+ *    [].none? # => true
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block returns no truthy value, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 3 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 1 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> no element, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/bar/) # => true
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].none?(/foo/) # => false
+ *    [].none?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none?(3) # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].none?(1) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#none?
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_none_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (!len) return Qtrue;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.one? -> true or false
+ *    array.one? {|element| ... } -> true or false
+ *    array.one?(obj) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if exactly one element of +self+ meets a given criterion.
+ *
+ *  With no block given and no argument, returns +true+ if +self+ has exactly one truthy element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [nil, 0].one? # => true
+ *    [0, 0].one? # => false
+ *    [nil, nil].one? # => false
+ *    [].one? # => false
+ *
+ *  With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in +self+;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block a truthy value for exactly one element, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 0 } # => false
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 2 } # => false
+ *
+ *  If argument +obj+ is given, returns +true+ if <tt>obj.===</tt> exactly one element,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    [0, 1, 2].one?(0) # => true
+ *    [0, 0, 1].one?(0) # => false
+ *    [1, 1, 2].one?(0) # => false
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].one?(/bar/) # => false
+ *    ['food', 'drink'].one?(/foo/) # => true
+ *    [].one?(/foo/) # => false
+ *
+ *  Related: Enumerable#one?
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_one_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    VALUE result = Qfalse;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (!len) return Qfalse;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
+                if (result) return Qfalse;
+                result = Qtrue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) {
+                if (result) return Qfalse;
+                result = Qtrue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
+                if (result) return Qfalse;
+                result = Qtrue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.dig(index, *identifiers) -> object
+ *
+ *  Finds and returns the object in nested objects
+ *  that is specified by +index+ and +identifiers+.
+ *  The nested objects may be instances of various classes.
+ *  See {Dig Methods}[rdoc-ref:doc/dig_methods.rdoc].
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [:foo, [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]]
+ *    a.dig(1) # => [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]
+ *    a.dig(1, 2) # => [:bat, :bam]
+ *    a.dig(1, 2, 0) # => :bat
+ *    a.dig(1, 2, 3) # => nil
+ */
+
+static VALUE
 rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
@@ -5691,46 +7658,51 @@ rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return rb_obj_dig(argc, argv, self, Qnil);
 }
 
+static inline VALUE
+finish_exact_sum(long n, VALUE r, VALUE v, int z)
+{
+    if (n != 0)
+        v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
+    if (r != Qundef) {
+        v = rb_rational_plus(r, v);
+    }
+    else if (!n && z) {
+        v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(0), v);
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ary.sum(init=0)                    -> number
- *   ary.sum(init=0) {|e| expr }        -> number
- *
- * Returns the sum of elements.
- * For example, [e1, e2, e3].sum returns init + e1 + e2 + e3.
- *
- * If a block is given, the block is applied to each element
- * before addition.
- *
- * If <i>ary</i> is empty, it returns <i>init</i>.
- *
- *   [].sum                             #=> 0
- *   [].sum(0.0)                        #=> 0.0
- *   [1, 2, 3].sum                      #=> 6
- *   [3, 5.5].sum                       #=> 8.5
- *   [2.5, 3.0].sum(0.0) {|e| e * e }   #=> 15.25
- *   [Object.new].sum                   #=> TypeError
- *
- * The (arithmetic) mean value of an array can be obtained as follows.
- *
- *   mean = ary.sum(0.0) / ary.length
- *
- * This method can be used for non-numeric objects by
- * explicit <i>init</i> argument.
- *
- *   ["a", "b", "c"].sum("")            #=> "abc"
- *   [[1], [[2]], [3]].sum([])          #=> [1, [2], 3]
- *
- * However, Array#join and Array#flatten is faster than Array#sum for
- * array of strings and array of arrays.
- *
- *   ["a", "b", "c"].join               #=> "abc"
- *   [[1], [[2]], [3]].flatten(1)       #=> [1, [2], 3]
- *
- *
- * Array#sum method may not respect method redefinition of "+" methods
- * such as Integer#+.
- *
+ *   array.sum(init = 0) -> object
+ *   array.sum(init = 0) {|element| ... } -> object
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, returns the object equivalent to:
+ *    sum = init
+ *    array.each {|element| sum += element }
+ *    sum
+ *  For example, <tt>[e1, e2, e3].sum</tt> returns </tt>init + e1 + e2 + e3</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    a = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *    a.sum # => 6
+ *    a.sum(100) # => 106
+ *
+ *  The elements need not be numeric, but must be <tt>+</tt>-compatible
+ *  with each other and with +init+:
+ *    a = ['abc', 'def', 'ghi']
+ *    a.sum('jkl') # => "jklabcdefghi"
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, it is called with each element
+ *  and the block's return value (instead of the element itself) is used as the addend:
+ *    a = ['zero', 1, :two]
+ *    s = a.sum('Coerced and concatenated: ') {|element| element.to_s }
+ *    s # => "Coerced and concatenated: zero1two"
+ *
+ *  Notes:
+ *  - Array#join and Array#flatten may be faster than Array#sum
+ *    for an \Array of Strings or an \Array of Arrays.
+ *  - Array#sum method may not respect method redefinition of "+" methods such as Integer#+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5740,8 +7712,7 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     long i, n;
     int block_given;
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &v) == 0)
-        v = LONG2FIX(0);
+    v = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : LONG2FIX(0));
 
     block_given = rb_block_given_p();
 
@@ -5772,44 +7743,24 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         else
             goto not_exact;
     }
-    if (n != 0)
-        v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
-    if (r != Qundef) {
-        /* r can be an Integer when mathn is loaded */
-        if (FIXNUM_P(r))
-            v = rb_fix_plus(r, v);
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_BIGNUM))
-            v = rb_big_plus(r, v);
-        else
-            v = rb_rational_plus(r, v);
-    }
+    v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, argc!=0);
     return v;
 
   not_exact:
-    if (n != 0)
-        v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
-    if (r != Qundef) {
-        /* r can be an Integer when mathn is loaded */
-        if (FIXNUM_P(r))
-            v = rb_fix_plus(r, v);
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_BIGNUM))
-            v = rb_big_plus(r, v);
-        else
-            v = rb_rational_plus(r, v);
-    }
+    v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, i!=0);
 
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e)) {
         /*
          * Kahan-Babuska balancing compensated summation algorithm
-         * See http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-005-0139-x
+         * See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-005-0139-x
          */
         double f, c;
+        double x, t;
 
         f = NUM2DBL(v);
         c = 0.0;
         goto has_float_value;
         for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-            double x, t;
             e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
             if (block_given)
                 e = rb_yield(e);
@@ -5825,6 +7776,20 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
             else
                 goto not_float;
 
+            if (isnan(f)) continue;
+            if (isnan(x)) {
+                f = x;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (isinf(x)) {
+                if (isinf(f) && signbit(x) != signbit(f))
+                    f = NAN;
+                else
+                    f = x;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (isinf(f)) continue;
+
             t = f + x;
             if (fabs(f) >= fabs(x))
                 c += ((f - t) + x);
@@ -5850,13 +7815,39 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     return v;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return ary;
+}
+
 /*
- *  Arrays are ordered, integer-indexed collections of any object.
+ *  An \Array is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects,
+ *  called _elements_.  Any object may be an \Array element.
+ *
+ *  == \Array Indexes
+ *
+ *  \Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.
+ *
+ *  A positive index is an offset from the first element:
+ *  - Index 0 indicates the first element.
+ *  - Index 1 indicates the second element.
+ *  - ...
+ *
+ *  A negative index is an offset, backwards, from the end of the array:
+ *  - Index -1 indicates the last element.
+ *  - Index -2 indicates the next-to-last element.
+ *  - ...
  *
- *  Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.  A negative index is assumed
- *  to be relative to the end of the array---that is, an index of -1 indicates
- *  the last element of the array, -2 is the next to last element in the
- *  array, and so on.
+ *  A non-negative index is <i>in range</i> if it is smaller than
+ *  the size of the array.  For a 3-element array:
+ *  - Indexes 0 through 2 are in range.
+ *  - Index 3 is out of range.
+ *
+ *  A negative index is <i>in range</i> if its absolute value is
+ *  not larger than the size of the array.  For a 3-element array:
+ *  - Indexes -1 through -3 are in range.
+ *  - Index -4 is out of range.
  *
  *  == Creating Arrays
  *
@@ -5883,11 +7874,12 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *  This method is safe to use with mutable objects such as hashes, strings or
  *  other arrays:
  *
- *     Array.new(4) { Hash.new } #=> [{}, {}, {}, {}]
+ *     Array.new(4) {Hash.new}    #=> [{}, {}, {}, {}]
+ *     Array.new(4) {|i| i.to_s } #=> ["0", "1", "2", "3"]
  *
  *  This is also a quick way to build up multi-dimensional arrays:
  *
- *     empty_table = Array.new(3) { Array.new(3) }
+ *     empty_table = Array.new(3) {Array.new(3)}
  *     #=> [[nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil]]
  *
  *  An array can also be created by using the Array() method, provided by
@@ -6034,7 +8026,7 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *  Note that this operation leaves the array unchanged.
  *
  *     arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     arr.each { |a| print a -= 10, " " }
+ *     arr.each {|a| print a -= 10, " "}
  *     # prints: -9 -8 -7 -6 -5
  *     #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  *
@@ -6043,15 +8035,15 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *
  *     words = %w[first second third fourth fifth sixth]
  *     str = ""
- *     words.reverse_each { |word| str += "#{word} " }
+ *     words.reverse_each {|word| str += "#{word} "}
  *     p str #=> "sixth fifth fourth third second first "
  *
  *  The #map method can be used to create a new array based on the original
  *  array, but with the values modified by the supplied block:
  *
- *     arr.map { |a| 2*a }   #=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
+ *     arr.map {|a| 2*a}     #=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
  *     arr                   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
- *     arr.map! { |a| a**2 } #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+ *     arr.map! {|a| a**2}   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
  *     arr                   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
  *
  *  == Selecting Items from an Array
@@ -6065,9 +8057,9 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *  === Non-destructive Selection
  *
  *     arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.select { |a| a > 3 }     #=> [4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.reject { |a| a < 3 }     #=> [3, 4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.drop_while { |a| a < 4 } #=> [4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.select {|a| a > 3}       #=> [4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.reject {|a| a < 3}       #=> [3, 4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.drop_while {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
  *     arr                          #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
  *
  *  === Destructive Selection
@@ -6078,21 +8070,17 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *  Similar to #select vs. #reject, #delete_if and #keep_if have the exact
  *  opposite result when supplied with the same block:
  *
- *     arr.delete_if { |a| a < 4 } #=> [4, 5, 6]
+ *     arr.delete_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
  *     arr                         #=> [4, 5, 6]
  *
  *     arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
- *     arr.keep_if { |a| a < 4 } #=> [1, 2, 3]
+ *     arr.keep_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [1, 2, 3]
  *     arr                       #=> [1, 2, 3]
- *
  */
 
 void
 Init_Array(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
     rb_cArray  = rb_define_class("Array", rb_cObject);
     rb_include_module(rb_cArray, rb_mEnumerable);
 
@@ -6107,7 +8095,6 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "to_a", rb_ary_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "to_h", rb_ary_to_h, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "to_ary", rb_ary_to_ary_m, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "frozen?",  rb_ary_frozen_p, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "==", rb_ary_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "eql?", rb_ary_eql, 1);
@@ -6120,17 +8107,22 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "first", rb_ary_first, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "last", rb_ary_last, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "concat", rb_ary_concat_multi, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "union", rb_ary_union_multi, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "difference", rb_ary_difference_multi, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "intersection", rb_ary_intersection_multi, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "<<", rb_ary_push, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "push", rb_ary_push_m, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "append", "push");
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "pop", rb_ary_pop_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shift", rb_ary_shift_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "unshift", rb_ary_unshift_m, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "prepend", "unshift");
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "insert", rb_ary_insert, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "each", rb_ary_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "each_index", rb_ary_each_index, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "reverse_each", rb_ary_reverse_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "length", rb_ary_length, 0);
-    rb_define_alias(rb_cArray,  "size", "length");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "size", rb_ary_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "empty?", rb_ary_empty_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "find_index", rb_ary_index, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "index", rb_ary_index, -1);
@@ -6149,6 +8141,8 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "map!", rb_ary_collect_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "select", rb_ary_select, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "select!", rb_ary_select_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "filter", rb_ary_select, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "filter!", rb_ary_select_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "keep_if", rb_ary_keep_if, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "values_at", rb_ary_values_at, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "delete", rb_ary_delete, 1);
@@ -6179,6 +8173,7 @@ Init_Array(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "max", rb_ary_max, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "min", rb_ary_min, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "minmax", rb_ary_minmax, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "uniq", rb_ary_uniq, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "uniq!", rb_ary_uniq_bang, 0);
@@ -6187,9 +8182,6 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten", rb_ary_flatten, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten!", rb_ary_flatten_bang, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "count", rb_ary_count, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shuffle!", rb_ary_shuffle_bang, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "shuffle", rb_ary_shuffle, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "sample", rb_ary_sample, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "cycle", rb_ary_cycle, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "permutation", rb_ary_permutation, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "combination", rb_ary_combination, 1);
@@ -6203,12 +8195,14 @@ Init_Array(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "drop_while", rb_ary_drop_while, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "bsearch", rb_ary_bsearch, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "bsearch_index", rb_ary_bsearch_index, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "any?", rb_ary_any_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "any?", rb_ary_any_p, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "all?", rb_ary_all_p, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "none?", rb_ary_none_p, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "one?", rb_ary_one_p, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "dig", rb_ary_dig, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "sum", rb_ary_sum, -1);
 
-    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
-    id_random = rb_intern("random");
-    id_div = rb_intern("div");
-    id_power = rb_intern("**");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "deconstruct", rb_ary_deconstruct, 0);
 }
+
+#include "array.rbinc"
diff --git a/array.rb b/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a43a3b27b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+class Array
+  # call-seq:
+  #    array.shuffle!(random: Random) -> array
+  #
+  # Shuffles the elements of +self+ in place.
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
+  #    a.shuffle!    #=> [2, 3, 1]
+  #    a             #=> [2, 3, 1]
+  #
+  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
+  #    a.shuffle!(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
+  def shuffle!(random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle_bang(random)
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    array.shuffle(random: Random) -> new_ary
+  #
+  # Returns a new array with elements of +self+ shuffled.
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
+  #    a.shuffle     #=> [2, 3, 1]
+  #    a             #=> [1, 2, 3]
+  #
+  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
+  #    a.shuffle(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]
+  def shuffle(random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle(random)
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    array.sample(random: Random) -> object
+  #    array.sample(n, random: Random) -> new_ary
+  #
+  # Returns random elements from +self+.
+  #
+  # When no arguments are given, returns a random element from +self+:
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+  #    a.sample # => 3
+  #    a.sample # => 8
+  # If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
+  #
+  # When argument +n+ is given, returns a new \Array containing +n+ random
+  # elements from +self+:
+  #    a.sample(3) # => [8, 9, 2]
+  #    a.sample(6) # => [9, 6, 10, 3, 1, 4]
+  # Returns no more than <tt>a.size</tt> elements
+  # (because no new duplicates are introduced):
+  #    a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [6, 4, 1, 8, 5, 9, 10, 2, 3, 7]
+  # But +self+ may contain duplicates:
+  #    a = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
+  #    a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]
+  # Returns a new empty \Array if +self+ is empty.
+  #
+  # The optional +random+ argument will be used as the random number generator:
+  #    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+  #    a.sample(random: Random.new(1))     #=> 6
+  #    a.sample(4, random: Random.new(1))  #=> [6, 10, 9, 2]
+  def sample(n = (ary = false), random: Random)
+    Primitive.rb_ary_sample(random, n, ary)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ast.c b/ast.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2af0b3e530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ast.c
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+/* indent-tabs-mode: nil */
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/parse.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "node.h"
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+static VALUE rb_mAST;
+static VALUE rb_cNode;
+
+struct ASTNodeData {
+    rb_ast_t *ast;
+    const NODE *node;
+};
+
+static void
+node_gc_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data = (struct ASTNodeData *)ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)data->ast);
+}
+
+static size_t
+node_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data = (struct ASTNodeData *)ptr;
+    return rb_ast_memsize(data->ast);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_node_type = {
+    "AST/node",
+    {node_gc_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, node_memsize,},
+    0, 0,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static VALUE rb_ast_node_alloc(VALUE klass);
+
+static void
+setup_node(VALUE obj, rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+    data->ast = ast;
+    data->node = node;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_new_internal(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = rb_ast_node_alloc(rb_cNode);
+    setup_node(obj, ast, node);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array);
+
+static VALUE
+ast_parse_new(void)
+{
+    return rb_parser_set_context(rb_parser_new(), NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_parse_done(rb_ast_t *ast)
+{
+    if (!ast->body.root) {
+        rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+        rb_exc_raise(GET_EC()->errinfo);
+    }
+
+    return ast_new_internal(ast, (NODE *)ast->body.root);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_parse(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_ast_parse_str(str);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str)
+{
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
+
+    StringValue(str);
+    ast = rb_parser_compile_string_path(ast_parse_new(), Qnil, str, 1);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_parse_file(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE path)
+{
+    return rb_ast_parse_file(path);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path)
+{
+    VALUE f;
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
+    rb_encoding *enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
+
+    FilePathValue(path);
+    f = rb_file_open_str(path, "r");
+    rb_funcall(f, rb_intern("set_encoding"), 2, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), rb_str_new_cstr("-"));
+    ast = rb_parser_compile_file_path(ast_parse_new(), Qnil, f, 1);
+    rb_io_close(f);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+lex_array(VALUE array, int index)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_ary_entry(array, index);
+    if (!NIL_P(str)) {
+        StringValue(str);
+        if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(rb_enc_get(str))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid source encoding");
+        }
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array)
+{
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
+
+    array = rb_check_array_type(array);
+    ast = rb_parser_compile_generic(ast_parse_new(), lex_array, Qnil, array, 1);
+    return ast_parse_done(ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE node_children(rb_ast_t*, const NODE*);
+
+static VALUE
+node_find(VALUE self, const int node_id)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+    long i;
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    if (nd_node_id(data->node) == node_id) return self;
+
+    ary = node_children(data->ast, data->node);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        VALUE child = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+        if (CLASS_OF(child) == rb_cNode) {
+            VALUE result = node_find(child, node_id);
+            if (RTEST(result)) return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+extern VALUE rb_e_script;
+
+static VALUE
+script_lines(VALUE path)
+{
+    VALUE hash, lines;
+    ID script_lines;
+    CONST_ID(script_lines, "SCRIPT_LINES__");
+    if (!rb_const_defined_at(rb_cObject, script_lines)) return Qnil;
+    hash = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, script_lines);
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH)) return Qnil;
+    lines = rb_hash_lookup(hash, path);
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(lines, T_ARRAY)) return Qnil;
+    return lines;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body)
+{
+    VALUE path, node, lines;
+    int node_id;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = NULL;
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(body)) {
+        iseq = vm_proc_iseq(body);
+
+        if (!rb_obj_is_iseq((VALUE)iseq)) {
+            iseq = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        iseq = rb_method_iseq(body);
+    }
+
+    if (!iseq) return Qnil;
+
+    path = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
+    node_id = iseq->body->location.node_id;
+    if (!NIL_P(lines = script_lines(path))) {
+        node = rb_ast_parse_array(lines);
+    }
+    else if (RSTRING_LEN(path) == 2 && memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(path), "-e", 2) == 0) {
+        node = rb_ast_parse_str(rb_e_script);
+    }
+    else {
+        node = rb_ast_parse_file(path);
+    }
+
+    return node_find(node, node_id);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ast_node_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static const char*
+node_type_to_str(const NODE *node)
+{
+    return (ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)) + rb_strlen_lit("NODE_"));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_type(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(node_type_to_str(data->node));
+}
+
+#define NEW_CHILD(ast, node) node ? ast_new_internal(ast, node) : Qnil
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ary_new_from_node_args(rb_ast_t *ast, long n, ...)
+{
+    va_list ar;
+    VALUE ary;
+    long i;
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(n);
+
+    va_start(ar, n);
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        NODE *node;
+        node = va_arg(ar, NODE *);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node));
+    }
+    va_end(ar);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dump_block(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    do {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head));
+    } while (node->nd_next &&
+        nd_type(node->nd_next) == NODE_BLOCK &&
+        (node = node->nd_next, 1));
+    if (node->nd_next) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_next));
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dump_array(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head));
+
+    while (node->nd_next && nd_type(node->nd_next) == NODE_LIST) {
+        node = node->nd_next;
+        rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head));
+    }
+    rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_next));
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+var_name(ID id)
+{
+    if (!id) return Qnil;
+    if (!rb_id2str(id)) return Qnil;
+    return ID2SYM(id);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+no_name_rest(void)
+{
+    ID rest;
+    CONST_ID(rest, "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST");
+    return ID2SYM(rest);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rest_arg(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *rest_arg)
+{
+    return NODE_NAMED_REST_P(rest_arg) ? NEW_CHILD(ast, rest_arg) : no_name_rest();
+}
+
+static VALUE
+node_children(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
+{
+    char name[DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT) + 2]; /* including '$' */
+
+    enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_BLOCK:
+        return dump_block(ast, node);
+      case NODE_IF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_cond, node->nd_body, node->nd_else);
+      case NODE_UNLESS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_cond, node->nd_body, node->nd_else);
+      case NODE_CASE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_CASE2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_CASE3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_WHEN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_head, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_IN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_head, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_WHILE:
+      case NODE_UNTIL:
+        return rb_ary_push(rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_cond, node->nd_body),
+                           (node->nd_state ? Qtrue : Qfalse));
+      case NODE_ITER:
+      case NODE_FOR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_iter, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_var);
+      case NODE_BREAK:
+      case NODE_NEXT:
+      case NODE_RETURN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_stts);
+      case NODE_REDO:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_RETRY:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_BEGIN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_RESCUE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_head, node->nd_resq, node->nd_else);
+      case NODE_RESBODY:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_args, node->nd_body, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_ENSURE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_ensr);
+      case NODE_AND:
+      case NODE_OR:
+        {
+            VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+
+            while (1) {
+                rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_1st));
+                if (!node->nd_2nd || nd_type(node->nd_2nd) != (int)type)
+                    break;
+                node = node->nd_2nd;
+            }
+            rb_ary_push(ary, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_2nd));
+            return ary;
+        }
+      case NODE_MASGN:
+        if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_args)) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_value, node->nd_head, node->nd_args);
+        }
+        else {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head),
+                                        no_name_rest());
+        }
+      case NODE_LASGN:
+      case NODE_DASGN:
+      case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
+      case NODE_IASGN:
+      case NODE_CVASGN:
+      case NODE_GASGN:
+        if (NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(node)) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(node->nd_vid), ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD")));
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, var_name(node->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_CDECL:
+        if (node->nd_vid) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_else), ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(4, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args->nd_head),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args->nd_body));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(5, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv),
+                                    node->nd_next->nd_aid ? Qtrue : Qfalse,
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_next->nd_vid),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_next->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head), ID2SYM(idANDOP),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head), ID2SYM(idOROP),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_OP_CDECL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_aid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_value));
+      case NODE_CALL:
+      case NODE_OPCALL:
+      case NODE_QCALL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv),
+                                    ID2SYM(node->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args));
+      case NODE_FCALL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args));
+      case NODE_VCALL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+      case NODE_SUPER:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_args);
+      case NODE_ZSUPER:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_LIST:
+      case NODE_VALUES:
+        return dump_array(ast, node);
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_HASH:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_YIELD:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_LVAR:
+      case NODE_DVAR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, var_name(node->nd_vid));
+      case NODE_IVAR:
+      case NODE_CONST:
+      case NODE_CVAR:
+      case NODE_GVAR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+      case NODE_NTH_REF:
+        snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "$%ld", node->nd_nth);
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(rb_intern(name)));
+      case NODE_BACK_REF:
+        name[0] = '$';
+        name[1] = (char)node->nd_nth;
+        name[2] = '\0';
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(rb_intern(name)));
+      case NODE_MATCH2:
+        if (node->nd_args) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_recv, node->nd_value, node->nd_args);
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_recv, node->nd_value);
+      case NODE_MATCH3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_recv, node->nd_value);
+      case NODE_MATCH:
+      case NODE_LIT:
+      case NODE_STR:
+      case NODE_XSTR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, node->nd_lit);
+      case NODE_ONCE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+      case NODE_DXSTR:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_DSYM:
+        {
+            NODE *n = node->nd_next;
+            VALUE head = Qnil, next = Qnil;
+            if (n) {
+                head = NEW_CHILD(ast, n->nd_head);
+                next = NEW_CHILD(ast, n->nd_next);
+            }
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, node->nd_lit, head, next);
+        }
+      case NODE_EVSTR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_SPLAT:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_head, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_DEFN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_defn));
+      case NODE_DEFS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_defn));
+      case NODE_ALIAS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_1st, node->nd_2nd);
+      case NODE_VALIAS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(node->nd_alias), ID2SYM(node->nd_orig));
+      case NODE_UNDEF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_undef);
+      case NODE_CLASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 3, node->nd_cpath, node->nd_super, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_MODULE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_cpath, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_SCLASS:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_recv, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_COLON2:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_head), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+      case NODE_COLON3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+      case NODE_DOT2:
+      case NODE_DOT3:
+      case NODE_FLIP2:
+      case NODE_FLIP3:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_beg, node->nd_end);
+      case NODE_SELF:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_NIL:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_ERRINFO:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_head);
+      case NODE_POSTEXE:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_ATTRASGN:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_recv), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args));
+      case NODE_LAMBDA:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 1, node->nd_body);
+      case NODE_OPT_ARG:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_KW_ARG:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_body, node->nd_next);
+      case NODE_POSTARG:
+        if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_1st)) {
+            return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 2, node->nd_1st, node->nd_2nd);
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, no_name_rest(),
+                                    NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_2nd));
+      case NODE_ARGS:
+        {
+            struct rb_args_info *ainfo = node->nd_ainfo;
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(10,
+                                        INT2NUM(ainfo->pre_args_num),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->pre_init),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->opt_args),
+                                        var_name(ainfo->first_post_arg),
+                                        INT2NUM(ainfo->post_args_num),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->post_init),
+                                        (ainfo->rest_arg == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA
+                                            ? ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA"))
+                                            : var_name(ainfo->rest_arg)),
+                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->kw_args)),
+                                        (ainfo->no_kwarg ? Qfalse : NEW_CHILD(ast, ainfo->kw_rest_arg)),
+                                        var_name(ainfo->block_arg));
+        }
+      case NODE_SCOPE:
+        {
+            ID *tbl = node->nd_tbl;
+            int i, size = tbl ? (int)*tbl++ : 0;
+            VALUE locals = rb_ary_new_capa(size);
+            for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                rb_ary_push(locals, var_name(tbl[i]));
+            }
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3, locals, NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_args), NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_body));
+        }
+      case NODE_ARYPTN:
+        {
+            struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo = node->nd_apinfo;
+            VALUE rest = rest_arg(ast, apinfo->rest_arg);
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pconst),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, apinfo->pre_args),
+                                        rest,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, apinfo->post_args));
+        }
+      case NODE_FNDPTN:
+        {
+            struct rb_fnd_pattern_info *fpinfo = node->nd_fpinfo;
+            VALUE pre_rest = rest_arg(ast, fpinfo->pre_rest_arg);
+            VALUE post_rest = rest_arg(ast, fpinfo->post_rest_arg);
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pconst),
+                                        pre_rest,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, fpinfo->args),
+                                        post_rest);
+        }
+      case NODE_HSHPTN:
+        {
+            VALUE kwrest = node->nd_pkwrestarg == NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD ? ID2SYM(rb_intern("NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD")) :
+                                                                                 NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pkwrestarg);
+
+            return rb_ary_new_from_args(3,
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pconst),
+                                        NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pkwargs),
+                                        kwrest);
+        }
+      case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
+      case NODE_LAST:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    rb_bug("node_children: unknown node: %s", ruby_node_name(type));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_children(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return node_children(data->ast, data->node);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_first_lineno(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_first_lineno(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_first_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_first_column(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_last_lineno(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_last_lineno(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_last_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return INT2NUM(nd_last_column(data->node));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_node_inspect(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE cname;
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    cname = rb_class_path(rb_obj_class(self));
+    str = rb_str_new2("#<");
+
+    rb_str_append(str, cname);
+    rb_str_catf(str, ":%s@%d:%d-%d:%d>",
+                node_type_to_str(data->node),
+                nd_first_lineno(data->node), nd_first_column(data->node),
+                nd_last_lineno(data->node), nd_last_column(data->node));
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+#include "ast.rbinc"
+
+void
+Init_ast(void)
+{
+    rb_mAST = rb_define_module_under(rb_cRubyVM, "AbstractSyntaxTree");
+    rb_cNode = rb_define_class_under(rb_mAST, "Node", rb_cObject);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cNode);
+}
diff --git a/ast.rb b/ast.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34fa645671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ast.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# for ast.c
+
+class RubyVM
+
+  # AbstractSyntaxTree provides methods to parse Ruby code into
+  # abstract syntax trees. The nodes in the tree
+  # are instances of RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node.
+  #
+  # This module is MRI specific as it exposes implementation details
+  # of the MRI abstract syntax tree.
+  #
+  # This module is experimental and its API is not stable, therefore it might
+  # change without notice. As examples, the order of children nodes is not
+  # guaranteed, the number of children nodes might change, there is no way to
+  # access children nodes by name, etc.
+  #
+  # If you are looking for a stable API or an API working under multiple Ruby
+  # implementations, consider using the _parser_ gem or Ripper. If you would
+  # like to make RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree stable, please join the discussion
+  # at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14844.
+  #
+  module AbstractSyntaxTree
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(string) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #
+    #  Parses the given _string_ into an abstract syntax tree,
+    #  returning the root node of that tree.
+    #
+    #  SyntaxError is raised if the given _string_ is invalid syntax.
+    #
+    #    RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2")
+    #    # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-1:9>
+    def self.parse string
+      Primitive.ast_s_parse string
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(pathname) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #
+    #   Reads the file from _pathname_, then parses it like ::parse,
+    #   returning the root node of the abstract syntax tree.
+    #
+    #   SyntaxError is raised if _pathname_'s contents are not
+    #   valid Ruby syntax.
+    #
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file("my-app/app.rb")
+    #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-31:3>
+    def self.parse_file pathname
+      Primitive.ast_s_parse_file pathname
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc)   -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+    #
+    #   Returns AST nodes of the given _proc_ or _method_.
+    #
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc {1 + 2})
+    #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:35-1:42>
+    #
+    #     def hello
+    #       puts "hello, world"
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method(:hello))
+    #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-3:3>
+    def self.of body
+      Primitive.ast_s_of body
+    end
+
+    # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node instances are created by parse methods in
+    # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.
+    #
+    # This class is MRI specific.
+    #
+    class Node
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.type -> symbol
+      #
+      #  Returns the type of this node as a symbol.
+      #
+      #    root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2")
+      #    root.type # => :SCOPE
+      #    lasgn = root.children[2]
+      #    lasgn.type # => :LASGN
+      #    call = lasgn.children[1]
+      #    call.type # => :OPCALL
+      def type
+        Primitive.ast_node_type
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.first_lineno -> integer
+      #
+      #  The line number in the source code where this AST's text began.
+      def first_lineno
+        Primitive.ast_node_first_lineno
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.first_column -> integer
+      #
+      #  The column number in the source code where this AST's text began.
+      def first_column
+        Primitive.ast_node_first_column
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.last_lineno -> integer
+      #
+      #  The line number in the source code where this AST's text ended.
+      def last_lineno
+        Primitive.ast_node_last_lineno
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.last_column -> integer
+      #
+      #  The column number in the source code where this AST's text ended.
+      def last_column
+        Primitive.ast_node_last_column
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.children -> array
+      #
+      #  Returns AST nodes under this one.  Each kind of node
+      #  has different children, depending on what kind of node it is.
+      #
+      #  The returned array may contain other nodes or <code>nil</code>.
+      def children
+        Primitive.ast_node_children
+      end
+
+      #  call-seq:
+      #     node.inspect -> string
+      #
+      #  Returns debugging information about this node as a string.
+      def inspect
+        Primitive.ast_node_inspect
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/autogen.sh b/autogen.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..44a1922cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/autogen.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+PWD=
+case "$0" in
+*/*) srcdir=`dirname $0`;;
+*) srcdir="";;
+esac
+
+exec ${AUTORECONF:-autoreconf} --install --symlink "$@" ${srcdir:+"$srcdir"}
diff --git a/basictest/test.rb b/basictest/test.rb
index 25d52ca1ef..52008b78db 100755
--- a/basictest/test.rb
+++ b/basictest/test.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class Progress
       # dircolors-like style
       colors = (colors = ENV['TEST_COLORS']) ? Hash[colors.scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/)] : {}
       begin
-        File.read(File.join(__dir__, "../test/colors")).scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/) do |n, c|
+        File.read(File.join(__dir__, "../tool/colors")).scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/) do |n, c|
           colors[n] ||= c
         end
       rescue
@@ -984,13 +984,6 @@ test_ok($z == 0)
 
 test_check "iterator"
 
-test_ok(!iterator?)
-
-def ttt
-  test_ok(iterator?)
-end
-ttt{}
-
 # yield at top level
 test_ok(!defined?(yield))
 
@@ -1432,9 +1425,6 @@ marity_test(:test_ok)
 marity_test(:marity_test)
 marity_test(:p)
 
-lambda(&method(:test_ok)).call(true)
-lambda(&block_get{|a,n| test_ok(a,n)}).call(true, 2)
-
 class ITER_TEST1
    def a
      block_given?
@@ -1739,7 +1729,7 @@ a = nil
 test_ok(defined?(a))
 test_ok(a == nil)
 
-# multiple asignment
+# multiple assignment
 a, b = 1, 2
 test_ok(a == 1 && b == 2)
 
@@ -2147,7 +2137,7 @@ $_ = foobar
 test_ok($_ == foobar)
 
 class Gods
-  @@rule = "Uranus"		# private to Gods
+  @@rule = "Uranus"
   def ruler0
     @@rule
   end
@@ -2170,7 +2160,7 @@ module Olympians
 end
 
 class Titans < Gods
-  @@rule = "Cronus"		# do not affect @@rule in Gods
+  @@rule = "Cronus"		# modifies @@rule in Gods
   include Olympians
   def ruler4
     @@rule
@@ -2185,7 +2175,14 @@ test_ok(Titans.ruler2 == "Cronus")
 atlas = Titans.new
 test_ok(atlas.ruler0 == "Cronus")
 test_ok(atlas.ruler3 == "Zeus")
-test_ok(atlas.ruler4 == "Cronus")
+begin
+  atlas.ruler4
+rescue RuntimeError => e
+  test_ok(e.message.include?("class variable @@rule of Olympians is overtaken by Gods"))
+else
+  test_ok(false)
+end
+test_ok(atlas.ruler3 == "Zeus")
 
 test_check "trace"
 $x = 1234
diff --git a/benchmark/README.md b/benchmark/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39a5aa139b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# ruby/benchmark
+
+This directory has benchmark definitions to be run with
+[benchmark\_driver.gem](https://github.com/benchmark-driver/benchmark-driver).
+
+## Normal usage
+
+Execute `gem install benchmark_driver` and run a command like:
+
+```bash
+# Run a benchmark script with the ruby in the $PATH
+benchmark-driver benchmark/app_fib.rb
+
+# Run benchmark scripts with multiple Ruby executables or options
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.rb -e /path/to/ruby -e '/path/to/ruby --jit'
+
+# Or compare Ruby versions managed by rbenv
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.rb --rbenv '2.5.1;2.6.0-preview2 --jit'
+
+# You can collect many metrics in many ways
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.rb --runner memory --output markdown
+
+# Some are defined with YAML for complex setup or accurate measurement
+benchmark-driver benchmark/*.yml
+```
+
+See also:
+
+```console
+Usage: benchmark-driver [options] RUBY|YAML...
+    -r, --runner TYPE                Specify runner type: ips, time, memory, once (default: ips)
+    -o, --output TYPE                Specify output type: compare, simple, markdown, record (default: compare)
+    -e, --executables EXECS          Ruby executables (e1::path1 arg1; e2::path2 arg2;...)
+        --rbenv VERSIONS             Ruby executables in rbenv (x.x.x arg1;y.y.y arg2;...)
+        --repeat-count NUM           Try benchmark NUM times and use the fastest result or the worst memory usage
+        --repeat-result TYPE         Yield "best", "average" or "worst" result with --repeat-count (default: best)
+        --bundler                    Install and use gems specified in Gemfile
+        --filter REGEXP              Filter out benchmarks with given regexp
+        --run-duration SECONDS       Warmup estimates loop_count to run for this duration (default: 3)
+    -v, --verbose                    Verbose mode. Multiple -v options increase visilibity (max: 2)
+```
+
+## make benchmark
+
+Using `make benchmark`, `make update-benchmark-driver` automatically downloads
+the supported version of benchmark\_driver, and it runs benchmarks with the downloaded
+benchmark\_driver.
+
+```bash
+# Run all benchmarks with the ruby in the $PATH and the built ruby
+make benchmark
+
+# Or compare with specific ruby binary
+make benchmark COMPARE_RUBY="/path/to/ruby --jit"
+
+# Run vm benchmarks
+make benchmark ITEM=vm
+
+# Run some limited benchmarks in ITEM-matched files
+make benchmark ITEM=vm OPTS=--filter=block
+
+# You can specify the benchmark by an exact filename instead of using the default argument:
+# ARGS = $$(find $(srcdir)/benchmark -maxdepth 1 -name '*$(ITEM)*.yml' -o -name '*$(ITEM)*.rb')
+make benchmark ARGS=benchmark/erb_render.yml
+
+# You can specify any option via $OPTS
+make benchmark OPTS="--help"
+
+# With `make benchmark`, some special runner plugins are available:
+#   -r peak, -r size, -r total, -r utime, -r stime, -r cutime, -r cstime
+make benchmark ITEM=vm_bigarray OPTS="-r peak"
+```
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_answer.rb b/benchmark/app_answer.rb
index 3cd8a8fd37..3cd8a8fd37 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_answer.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_answer.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/app_aobench.rb b/benchmark/app_aobench.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16296af12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/app_aobench.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# coding: US-ASCII
+
+# AO render benchmark
+# Original program (C) Syoyo Fujita in Javascript (and other languages)
+#      https://code.google.com/p/aobench/
+# Ruby(yarv2llvm) version by Hideki Miura
+#
+
+IMAGE_WIDTH = 256
+IMAGE_HEIGHT = 256
+NSUBSAMPLES = 2
+NAO_SAMPLES = 8
+
+srand(0)
+
+class Vec
+  def initialize(x, y, z)
+    @x = x
+    @y = y
+    @z = z
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :x, :y, :z
+
+  def vadd(b)
+    Vec.new(@x + b.x, @y + b.y, @z + b.z)
+  end
+
+  def vsub(b)
+    Vec.new(@x - b.x, @y - b.y, @z - b.z)
+  end
+
+  def vcross(b)
+    Vec.new(@y * b.z - @z * b.y,
+            @z * b.x - @x * b.z,
+            @x * b.y - @y * b.x)
+  end
+
+  def vdot(b)
+    @x * b.x + @y * b.y + @z * b.z
+  end
+
+  def vlength
+    Math.sqrt(@x * @x + @y * @y + @z * @z)
+  end
+
+  def vnormalize
+    len = vlength
+    v = Vec.new(@x, @y, @z)
+    if len > 1.0e-17 then
+      v.x = v.x / len
+      v.y = v.y / len
+      v.z = v.z / len
+    end
+    v
+  end
+end
+
+
+class Sphere
+  def initialize(center, radius)
+    @center = center
+    @radius = radius
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :center, :radius
+
+  def intersect(ray, isect)
+    rs = ray.org.vsub(@center)
+    b = rs.vdot(ray.dir)
+    c = rs.vdot(rs) - (@radius * @radius)
+    d = b * b - c
+    if d > 0.0 then
+      t = - b - Math.sqrt(d)
+
+      if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
+        isect.t = t
+        isect.hit = true
+        isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + ray.dir.x * t,
+                          ray.org.y + ray.dir.y * t,
+                          ray.org.z + ray.dir.z * t)
+        n = isect.pl.vsub(@center)
+        isect.n = n.vnormalize
+      else
+        0.0
+      end
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+class Plane
+  def initialize(p, n)
+    @p = p
+    @n = n
+  end
+
+  def intersect(ray, isect)
+    d = -@p.vdot(@n)
+    v = ray.dir.vdot(@n)
+    v0 = v
+    if v < 0.0 then
+      v0 = -v
+    end
+    if v0 < 1.0e-17 then
+      return
+    end
+
+    t = -(ray.org.vdot(@n) + d) / v
+
+    if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
+      isect.hit = true
+      isect.t = t
+      isect.n = @n
+      isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + t * ray.dir.x,
+                        ray.org.y + t * ray.dir.y,
+                        ray.org.z + t * ray.dir.z)
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+class Ray
+  def initialize(org, dir)
+    @org = org
+    @dir = dir
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :org, :dir
+end
+
+class Isect
+  def initialize
+    @t = 10000000.0
+    @hit = false
+    @pl = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+    @n = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :t, :hit, :pl, :n
+end
+
+def clamp(f)
+  i = f * 255.5
+  if i > 255.0 then
+    i = 255.0
+  end
+  if i < 0.0 then
+    i = 0.0
+  end
+  i.to_i
+end
+
+def otherBasis(basis, n)
+  basis[2] = Vec.new(n.x, n.y, n.z)
+  basis[1] = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+
+  if n.x < 0.6 and n.x > -0.6 then
+    basis[1].x = 1.0
+  elsif n.y < 0.6 and n.y > -0.6 then
+    basis[1].y = 1.0
+  elsif n.z < 0.6 and n.z > -0.6 then
+    basis[1].z = 1.0
+  else
+    basis[1].x = 1.0
+  end
+
+  basis[0] = basis[1].vcross(basis[2])
+  basis[0] = basis[0].vnormalize
+
+  basis[1] = basis[2].vcross(basis[0])
+  basis[1] = basis[1].vnormalize
+end
+
+class Scene
+  def initialize
+    @spheres = Array.new
+    @spheres[0] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-2.0, 0.0, -3.5), 0.5)
+    @spheres[1] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-0.5, 0.0, -3.0), 0.5)
+    @spheres[2] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(1.0, 0.0, -2.2), 0.5)
+    @plane = Plane.new(Vec.new(0.0, -0.5, 0.0), Vec.new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
+  end
+
+  def ambient_occlusion(isect)
+    basis = Array.new
+    otherBasis(basis, isect.n)
+
+    ntheta    = NAO_SAMPLES
+    nphi      = NAO_SAMPLES
+    eps       = 0.0001
+    occlusion = 0.0
+
+    p0 = Vec.new(isect.pl.x + eps * isect.n.x,
+                isect.pl.y + eps * isect.n.y,
+                isect.pl.z + eps * isect.n.z)
+    nphi.times do |j|
+      ntheta.times do |i|
+        r = rand
+        phi = 2.0 * 3.14159265 * rand
+        x = Math.cos(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
+        y = Math.sin(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
+        z = Math.sqrt(r)
+
+        rx = x * basis[0].x + y * basis[1].x + z * basis[2].x
+        ry = x * basis[0].y + y * basis[1].y + z * basis[2].y
+        rz = x * basis[0].z + y * basis[1].z + z * basis[2].z
+
+        raydir = Vec.new(rx, ry, rz)
+        ray = Ray.new(p0, raydir)
+
+        occisect = Isect.new
+        @spheres[0].intersect(ray, occisect)
+        @spheres[1].intersect(ray, occisect)
+        @spheres[2].intersect(ray, occisect)
+        @plane.intersect(ray, occisect)
+        if occisect.hit then
+          occlusion = occlusion + 1.0
+        else
+          0.0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    occlusion = (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f - occlusion) / (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f)
+
+    Vec.new(occlusion, occlusion, occlusion)
+  end
+
+  def render(w, h, nsubsamples)
+    cnt = 0
+    nsf = nsubsamples.to_f
+    h.times do |y|
+      w.times do |x|
+        rad = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+
+        # Subsampling
+        nsubsamples.times do |v|
+          nsubsamples.times do |u|
+
+            cnt = cnt + 1
+            wf = w.to_f
+            hf = h.to_f
+            xf = x.to_f
+            yf = y.to_f
+            uf = u.to_f
+            vf = v.to_f
+
+            px = (xf + (uf / nsf) - (wf / 2.0)) / (wf / 2.0)
+            py = -(yf + (vf / nsf) - (hf / 2.0)) / (hf / 2.0)
+
+            eye = Vec.new(px, py, -1.0).vnormalize
+
+            ray = Ray.new(Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), eye)
+
+            isect = Isect.new
+            @spheres[0].intersect(ray, isect)
+            @spheres[1].intersect(ray, isect)
+            @spheres[2].intersect(ray, isect)
+            @plane.intersect(ray, isect)
+            if isect.hit then
+              col = ambient_occlusion(isect)
+              rad.x = rad.x + col.x
+              rad.y = rad.y + col.y
+              rad.z = rad.z + col.z
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        r = rad.x / (nsf * nsf)
+        g = rad.y / (nsf * nsf)
+        b = rad.z / (nsf * nsf)
+        printf("%c", clamp(r))
+        printf("%c", clamp(g))
+        printf("%c", clamp(b))
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+alias printf_orig printf
+def printf *args
+  # $fp.printf(*args)
+end
+
+# File.open("ao.ppm", "w") do |fp|
+  # $fp = fp
+  printf("P6\n")
+  printf("%d %d\n", IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT)
+  printf("255\n")
+  Scene.new.render(IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT, NSUBSAMPLES)
+# end
+
+undef printf
+alias printf printf_orig
diff --git a/benchmark/app_erb.yml b/benchmark/app_erb.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31e29b7644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/app_erb.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#
+# Create many HTML strings with ERB.
+#
+prelude: |
+  require 'erb'
+
+  data = <<erb
+  <html>
+    <head> <%= title %> </head>
+    <body>
+      <h1> <%= title %> </h1>
+      <p>
+        <%= content %>
+      </p>
+    </body>
+  </html>
+  erb
+
+  title = "hello world!"
+  content = "hello world!\n" * 10
+benchmark:
+  app_erb: ERB.new(data).result(binding)
+loop_count: 15000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_factorial.rb b/benchmark/app_factorial.rb
index 45f471dfdb..45f471dfdb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_factorial.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_factorial.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_fib.rb b/benchmark/app_fib.rb
index 34a7b2e725..34a7b2e725 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_fib.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_fib.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb b/benchmark/app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb
index f09574bbeb..f09574bbeb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_lc_fizzbuzz.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_mandelbrot.rb b/benchmark/app_mandelbrot.rb
index 801b75e8e2..801b75e8e2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_mandelbrot.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_mandelbrot.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/app_pentomino.rb b/benchmark/app_pentomino.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47be7b203f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/app_pentomino.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/ruby
+# This program is contributed by Shin Nishiyama
+
+
+# modified by K.Sasada
+
+NP = 5
+ROW = 8 + NP
+COL = 8
+
+$p = []
+$b = []
+$no = 0
+
+def piece(n, a, nb)
+  nb.each{|x|
+    a[n] = x
+    if n == NP-1
+      $p << [a.sort]
+    else
+      nbc=nb.dup
+      [-ROW, -1, 1, ROW].each{|d|
+        if x+d > 0 and not a.include?(x+d) and not nbc.include?(x+d)
+          nbc << x+d
+        end
+      }
+      nbc.delete x
+      piece(n+1,a[0..n],nbc)
+    end
+  }
+end
+
+def kikaku(a)
+  a.collect {|x| x - a[0]}
+end
+def ud(a)
+  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ((x+NP)%ROW)-ROW*((x+NP)/ROW) }.sort)
+end
+def rl(a)
+  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)/ROW)+ROW-((x+NP)%ROW)}.sort)
+end
+def xy(a)
+  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)%ROW) + (x+NP)/ROW }.sort)
+end
+
+def mkpieces
+  piece(0,[],[0])
+  $p.each do |a|
+    a0 = a[0]
+    a[1] = ud(a0)
+    a[2] = rl(a0)
+    a[3] = ud(rl(a0))
+    a[4] = xy(a0)
+    a[5] = ud(xy(a0))
+    a[6] = rl(xy(a0))
+    a[7] = ud(rl(xy(a0)))
+    a.sort!
+    a.uniq!
+  end
+  $p.uniq!.sort! {|x,y| x[0] <=> y[0] }
+end
+
+def mkboard
+  (0...ROW*COL).each{|i|
+    if i % ROW >= ROW-NP
+      $b[i] = -2
+    else
+      $b[i] = -1
+    end
+    $b[3*ROW+3]=$b[3*ROW+4]=$b[4*ROW+3]=$b[4*ROW+4]=-2
+  }
+end
+
+def pboard
+  return # skip print
+  print "No. #$no\n"
+  (0...COL).each{|i|
+    print "|"
+    (0...ROW-NP).each{|j|
+      x = $b[i*ROW+j]
+      if x < 0
+        print "..|"
+      else
+        printf "%2d|",x+1
+      end
+    }
+    print "\n"
+  }
+  print "\n"
+end
+
+$pnum=[]
+def setpiece(a,pos)
+  if a.length == $p.length then
+    $no += 1
+    pboard
+    return
+  end
+  while $b[pos] != -1
+    pos += 1
+  end
+  ($pnum - a).each do |i|
+    $p[i].each do |x|
+      f = 0
+      x.each{|s|
+        if $b[pos+s] != -1
+          f=1
+          break
+        end
+      }
+      if f == 0 then
+        x.each{|s|
+          $b[pos+s] = i
+        }
+        a << i
+        setpiece(a.dup, pos)
+        a.pop
+        x.each{|s|
+          $b[pos+s] = -1
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+mkpieces
+mkboard
+$p[4] = [$p[4][0]]
+$pnum = (0...$p.length).to_a
+setpiece([],0)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_raise.rb b/benchmark/app_raise.rb
index 5db8f95d50..5db8f95d50 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_raise.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_raise.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_strconcat.rb b/benchmark/app_strconcat.rb
index 7eed7c1aed..7eed7c1aed 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_strconcat.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_strconcat.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_tak.rb b/benchmark/app_tak.rb
index efe5380f4e..efe5380f4e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_tak.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_tak.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_tarai.rb b/benchmark/app_tarai.rb
index 4c146f5ccf..4c146f5ccf 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_tarai.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_tarai.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_uri.rb b/benchmark/app_uri.rb
index 586edfd5dc..586edfd5dc 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_uri.rb
+++ b/benchmark/app_uri.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/array_flatten.yml b/benchmark/array_flatten.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88ef544ba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_flatten.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+prelude: |
+  small_flat_ary = 5.times.to_a
+  large_flat_ary = 100.times.to_a
+  small_pairs_ary = [[1, 2]] * 5
+  large_pairs_ary = [[1, 2]] * 100
+  mostly_flat_ary = 100.times.to_a.push([101, 102])
+
+benchmark:
+  small_flat_ary.flatten: small_flat_ary.flatten
+  small_flat_ary.flatten!: small_flat_ary.flatten!
+  large_flat_ary.flatten: large_flat_ary.flatten
+  large_flat_ary.flatten!: large_flat_ary.flatten!
+  small_pairs_ary.flatten: small_pairs_ary.flatten
+  small_pairs_ary.flatten!: small_pairs_ary.dup.flatten!
+  large_pairs_ary.flatten: large_pairs_ary.flatten
+  large_pairs_ary.flatten!: large_pairs_ary.dup.flatten!
+  mostly_flat_ary.flatten: mostly_flat_ary.flatten
+  mostly_flat_ary.flatten!: mostly_flat_ary.dup.flatten!
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/array_intersection.yml b/benchmark/array_intersection.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26705323fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_intersection.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  small1 = [1, 2, 3]
+  small2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  small3 = [2, 3, 4, 5]
+  small4 = [2]
+  big1 = [1, 2, 3, 4] * 64
+  big2 = [1, 2, 3] * 64
+  big3 = [1, 2] * 64
+
+benchmark:
+  small-&: small1 & small2 & small3 & small4
+  small-intersection: small1.intersection(small2, small3, small4)
+  big-&: big1 & big2 & big3
+  big-intersection: big1.intersection(big2, big3)
diff --git a/benchmark/array_max_float.yml b/benchmark/array_max_float.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ace1ae2e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_max_float.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.map(&:to_f).shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.max: ary2.max
+  ary10.max: ary10.max
+  ary100.max: ary100.max
+  ary500.max: ary500.max
+  ary1000.max: ary1000.max
+  ary2000.max: ary2000.max
+  ary3000.max: ary3000.max
+  ary5000.max: ary5000.max
+  ary10000.max: ary10000.max
+  ary20000.max: ary20000.max
+  ary50000.max: ary50000.max
+  ary100000.max: ary100000.max
+
+loop_count: 10000
+
diff --git a/benchmark/array_max_int.yml b/benchmark/array_max_int.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acd83684d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_max_int.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000000 = 1000000.times.to_a.shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.max: ary2.max
+  ary10.max: ary10.max
+  ary100.max: ary100.max
+  ary500.max: ary500.max
+  ary1000.max: ary1000.max
+  ary2000.max: ary2000.max
+  ary3000.max: ary3000.max
+  ary5000.max: ary5000.max
+  ary10000.max: ary10000.max
+  ary20000.max: ary20000.max
+  ary50000.max: ary50000.max
+  ary100000.max: ary100000.max
+  ary1000000.max: ary1000000.max
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/array_max_str.yml b/benchmark/array_max_str.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aeed010f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_max_str.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.map(&:to_s).shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.max: ary2.max
+  ary10.max: ary10.max
+  ary100.max: ary100.max
+  ary500.max: ary500.max
+  ary1000.max: ary1000.max
+  ary2000.max: ary2000.max
+  ary3000.max: ary3000.max
+  ary5000.max: ary5000.max
+  ary10000.max: ary10000.max
+  ary20000.max: ary20000.max
+  ary50000.max: ary50000.max
+  ary100000.max: ary100000.max
+
+loop_count: 10000
+
diff --git a/benchmark/array_min.yml b/benchmark/array_min.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53e5072b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_min.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary500 = 500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary2000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary3000 = 2500.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary5000 = 5000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary20000 = 20000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary50000 = 50000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100000 = 100000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000000 = 1000000.times.to_a.shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.min: ary2.min
+  ary10.min: ary10.min
+  ary100.min: ary100.min
+  ary500.min: ary500.min
+  ary1000.min: ary1000.min
+  ary2000.min: ary2000.min
+  ary3000.min: ary3000.min
+  ary5000.min: ary5000.min
+  ary10000.min: ary10000.min
+  ary20000.min: ary20000.min
+  ary50000.min: ary50000.min
+  ary100000.min: ary100000.min
+  ary1000000.min: ary1000000.min
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k_10.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_10.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f41ecc32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_10.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 10}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k_11.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_11.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18b1715319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k_11.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 11}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k__100.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__100.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22863afe89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__100.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 100}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k__1k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__1k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cd79e6c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__1k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 1000}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k__6k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__6k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3d264249e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k__6k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 6000}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k___10k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___10k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5dd55ec058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___10k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 10_000}
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sample_100k___50k.rb b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___50k.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1506732c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sample_100k___50k.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = [*0...100000]
+10_000.times {arr.sample 50_000}
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_array_shift.rb b/benchmark/array_shift.rb
index 798bb9e3f4..798bb9e3f4 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_array_shift.rb
+++ b/benchmark/array_shift.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/array_small_and.rb b/benchmark/array_small_and.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e53a6edae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_small_and.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+MIN_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MIN', 0).to_i
+MAX_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MAX', 16).to_i
+ITERATIONS = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_ITERATIONS', 100).to_i
+
+ARRAYS = (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size1|
+  (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size2|
+    [Array.new(size1) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }, Array.new(size2) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }]
+  end
+end
+
+ITERATIONS.times do
+  ARRAYS.each do |group|
+    group.each do |arr1, arr2|
+      arr1 & arr2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/array_small_diff.rb b/benchmark/array_small_diff.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9661ee48db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_small_diff.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+MIN_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MIN', 0).to_i
+MAX_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MAX', 16).to_i
+ITERATIONS = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_ITERATIONS', 100).to_i
+
+ARRAYS = (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size1|
+  (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size2|
+    [Array.new(size1) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }, Array.new(size2) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }]
+  end
+end
+
+ITERATIONS.times do
+  ARRAYS.each do |group|
+    group.each do |arr1, arr2|
+      arr1 - arr2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/array_small_or.rb b/benchmark/array_small_or.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c58b5fd1ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_small_or.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+MIN_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MIN', 0).to_i
+MAX_SIZE = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_MAX', 16).to_i
+ITERATIONS = ENV.fetch('SMALL_ARRAY_ITERATIONS', 100).to_i
+
+ARRAYS = (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size1|
+  (MIN_SIZE..MAX_SIZE).map do |size2|
+    [Array.new(size1) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }, Array.new(size2) { rand(MAX_SIZE) }]
+  end
+end
+
+ITERATIONS.times do
+  ARRAYS.each do |group|
+    group.each do |arr1, arr2|
+      arr1 | arr2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sort_block.rb b/benchmark/array_sort_block.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3579786056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sort_block.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ary = Array.new(1000) { rand(1000) }
+10000.times { ary.sort { |a, b| a <=> b } }
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sort_float.rb b/benchmark/array_sort_float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a6e2f8bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sort_float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+arr = Array.new(1000) { rand }
+10000.times { arr.sort }
diff --git a/benchmark/array_values_at_int.rb b/benchmark/array_values_at_int.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cb394cb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_values_at_int.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ary = Array.new(10000) {|i| i}
+100000.times { ary.values_at(500) }
diff --git a/benchmark/array_values_at_range.rb b/benchmark/array_values_at_range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b53806d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_values_at_range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ary = Array.new(10000) {|i| i}
+100000.times { ary.values_at(1..2000) }
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_bighash.rb b/benchmark/bighash.rb
index e2ad5a5c94..e2ad5a5c94 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_bighash.rb
+++ b/benchmark/bighash.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb b/benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bd6acfaf8..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_aobench.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-# AO render benchmark
-# Original program (C) Syoyo Fujita in Javascript (and other languages)
-#      https://code.google.com/p/aobench/
-# Ruby(yarv2llvm) version by Hideki Miura
-#
-
-IMAGE_WIDTH = 256
-IMAGE_HEIGHT = 256
-NSUBSAMPLES = 2
-NAO_SAMPLES = 8
-
-class Vec
-  def initialize(x, y, z)
-    @x = x
-    @y = y
-    @z = z
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :x, :y, :z
-
-  def vadd(b)
-    Vec.new(@x + b.x, @y + b.y, @z + b.z)
-  end
-
-  def vsub(b)
-    Vec.new(@x - b.x, @y - b.y, @z - b.z)
-  end
-
-  def vcross(b)
-    Vec.new(@y * b.z - @z * b.y,
-            @z * b.x - @x * b.z,
-            @x * b.y - @y * b.x)
-  end
-
-  def vdot(b)
-    @x * b.x + @y * b.y + @z * b.z
-  end
-
-  def vlength
-    Math.sqrt(@x * @x + @y * @y + @z * @z)
-  end
-
-  def vnormalize
-    len = vlength
-    v = Vec.new(@x, @y, @z)
-    if len > 1.0e-17 then
-      v.x = v.x / len
-      v.y = v.y / len
-      v.z = v.z / len
-    end
-    v
-  end
-end
-
-
-class Sphere
-  def initialize(center, radius)
-    @center = center
-    @radius = radius
-  end
-
-  attr_reader :center, :radius
-
-  def intersect(ray, isect)
-    rs = ray.org.vsub(@center)
-    b = rs.vdot(ray.dir)
-    c = rs.vdot(rs) - (@radius * @radius)
-    d = b * b - c
-    if d > 0.0 then
-      t = - b - Math.sqrt(d)
-
-      if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
-        isect.t = t
-        isect.hit = true
-        isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + ray.dir.x * t,
-                          ray.org.y + ray.dir.y * t,
-                          ray.org.z + ray.dir.z * t)
-        n = isect.pl.vsub(@center)
-        isect.n = n.vnormalize
-      else
-        0.0
-      end
-    end
-    nil
-  end
-end
-
-class Plane
-  def initialize(p, n)
-    @p = p
-    @n = n
-  end
-
-  def intersect(ray, isect)
-    d = -@p.vdot(@n)
-    v = ray.dir.vdot(@n)
-    v0 = v
-    if v < 0.0 then
-      v0 = -v
-    end
-    if v0 < 1.0e-17 then
-      return
-    end
-
-    t = -(ray.org.vdot(@n) + d) / v
-
-    if t > 0.0 and t < isect.t then
-      isect.hit = true
-      isect.t = t
-      isect.n = @n
-      isect.pl = Vec.new(ray.org.x + t * ray.dir.x,
-                        ray.org.y + t * ray.dir.y,
-                        ray.org.z + t * ray.dir.z)
-    end
-    nil
-  end
-end
-
-class Ray
-  def initialize(org, dir)
-    @org = org
-    @dir = dir
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :org, :dir
-end
-
-class Isect
-  def initialize
-    @t = 10000000.0
-    @hit = false
-    @pl = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-    @n = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :t, :hit, :pl, :n
-end
-
-def clamp(f)
-  i = f * 255.5
-  if i > 255.0 then
-    i = 255.0
-  end
-  if i < 0.0 then
-    i = 0.0
-  end
-  i.to_i
-end
-
-def otherBasis(basis, n)
-  basis[2] = Vec.new(n.x, n.y, n.z)
-  basis[1] = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-
-  if n.x < 0.6 and n.x > -0.6 then
-    basis[1].x = 1.0
-  elsif n.y < 0.6 and n.y > -0.6 then
-    basis[1].y = 1.0
-  elsif n.z < 0.6 and n.z > -0.6 then
-    basis[1].z = 1.0
-  else
-    basis[1].x = 1.0
-  end
-
-  basis[0] = basis[1].vcross(basis[2])
-  basis[0] = basis[0].vnormalize
-
-  basis[1] = basis[2].vcross(basis[0])
-  basis[1] = basis[1].vnormalize
-end
-
-class Scene
-  def initialize
-    @spheres = Array.new
-    @spheres[0] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-2.0, 0.0, -3.5), 0.5)
-    @spheres[1] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(-0.5, 0.0, -3.0), 0.5)
-    @spheres[2] = Sphere.new(Vec.new(1.0, 0.0, -2.2), 0.5)
-    @plane = Plane.new(Vec.new(0.0, -0.5, 0.0), Vec.new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
-  end
-
-  def ambient_occlusion(isect)
-    basis = Array.new
-    otherBasis(basis, isect.n)
-
-    ntheta    = NAO_SAMPLES
-    nphi      = NAO_SAMPLES
-    eps       = 0.0001
-    occlusion = 0.0
-
-    p0 = Vec.new(isect.pl.x + eps * isect.n.x,
-                isect.pl.y + eps * isect.n.y,
-                isect.pl.z + eps * isect.n.z)
-    nphi.times do |j|
-      ntheta.times do |i|
-        r = rand
-        phi = 2.0 * 3.14159265 * rand
-        x = Math.cos(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
-        y = Math.sin(phi) * Math.sqrt(1.0 - r)
-        z = Math.sqrt(r)
-
-        rx = x * basis[0].x + y * basis[1].x + z * basis[2].x
-        ry = x * basis[0].y + y * basis[1].y + z * basis[2].y
-        rz = x * basis[0].z + y * basis[1].z + z * basis[2].z
-
-        raydir = Vec.new(rx, ry, rz)
-        ray = Ray.new(p0, raydir)
-
-        occisect = Isect.new
-        @spheres[0].intersect(ray, occisect)
-        @spheres[1].intersect(ray, occisect)
-        @spheres[2].intersect(ray, occisect)
-        @plane.intersect(ray, occisect)
-        if occisect.hit then
-          occlusion = occlusion + 1.0
-        else
-          0.0
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    occlusion = (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f - occlusion) / (ntheta.to_f * nphi.to_f)
-
-    Vec.new(occlusion, occlusion, occlusion)
-  end
-
-  def render(w, h, nsubsamples)
-    cnt = 0
-    nsf = nsubsamples.to_f
-    h.times do |y|
-      w.times do |x|
-        rad = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-
-        # Subsampling
-        nsubsamples.times do |v|
-          nsubsamples.times do |u|
-
-            cnt = cnt + 1
-            wf = w.to_f
-            hf = h.to_f
-            xf = x.to_f
-            yf = y.to_f
-            uf = u.to_f
-            vf = v.to_f
-
-            px = (xf + (uf / nsf) - (wf / 2.0)) / (wf / 2.0)
-            py = -(yf + (vf / nsf) - (hf / 2.0)) / (hf / 2.0)
-
-            eye = Vec.new(px, py, -1.0).vnormalize
-
-            ray = Ray.new(Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), eye)
-
-            isect = Isect.new
-            @spheres[0].intersect(ray, isect)
-            @spheres[1].intersect(ray, isect)
-            @spheres[2].intersect(ray, isect)
-            @plane.intersect(ray, isect)
-            if isect.hit then
-              col = ambient_occlusion(isect)
-              rad.x = rad.x + col.x
-              rad.y = rad.y + col.y
-              rad.z = rad.z + col.z
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        r = rad.x / (nsf * nsf)
-        g = rad.y / (nsf * nsf)
-        b = rad.z / (nsf * nsf)
-        printf("%c", clamp(r))
-        printf("%c", clamp(g))
-        printf("%c", clamp(b))
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    nil
-  end
-end
-
-alias printf_orig printf
-def printf *args
-end
-
-# File.open("ao.ppm", "w") do |fp|
-  printf("P6\n")
-  printf("%d %d\n", IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT)
-  printf("255\n", IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT)
-  Scene.new.render(IMAGE_WIDTH, IMAGE_HEIGHT, NSUBSAMPLES)
-# end
-
-undef printf
-alias printf printf_orig
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_erb.rb b/benchmark/bm_app_erb.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 77c66a7949..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_erb.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Create many HTML strings with ERB.
-#
-
-require 'erb'
-
-data = DATA.read
-max = 15_000
-title = "hello world!"
-content = "hello world!\n" * 10
-
-max.times{
-  ERB.new(data).result(binding)
-}
-
-__END__
-
-<html>
-  <head> <%= title %> </head>
-  <body>
-    <h1> <%= title %> </h1>
-    <p>
-      <%= content %>
-    </p>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_app_pentomino.rb b/benchmark/bm_app_pentomino.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 59c63f358e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_app_pentomino.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/local/bin/ruby
-# This program is contributed by Shin Nishiyama
-
-
-# modified by K.Sasada
-
-NP = 5
-ROW = 8 + NP
-COL = 8
-
-$p = []
-$b = []
-$no = 0
-
-def piece(n, a, nb)
-  nb.each{|x|
-    a[n] = x
-    if n == NP-1
-      $p << [a.sort]
-    else
-      nbc=nb.dup
-      [-ROW, -1, 1, ROW].each{|d|
-        if x+d > 0 and not a.include?(x+d) and not nbc.include?(x+d)
-          nbc << x+d
-        end
-      }
-      nbc.delete x
-      piece(n+1,a[0..n],nbc)
-    end
-  }
-end
-
-def kikaku(a)
-  a.collect {|x| x - a[0]}
-end
-def ud(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ((x+NP)%ROW)-ROW*((x+NP)/ROW) }.sort)
-end
-def rl(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)/ROW)+ROW-((x+NP)%ROW)}.sort)
-end
-def xy(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)%ROW) + (x+NP)/ROW }.sort)
-end
-
-def mkpieces
-  piece(0,[],[0])
-  $p.each do |a|
-    a0 = a[0]
-    a[1] = ud(a0)
-    a[2] = rl(a0)
-    a[3] = ud(rl(a0))
-    a[4] = xy(a0)
-    a[5] = ud(xy(a0))
-    a[6] = rl(xy(a0))
-    a[7] = ud(rl(xy(a0)))
-    a.sort!
-    a.uniq!
-  end
-  $p.uniq!.sort! {|x,y| x[0] <=> y[0] }
-end
-
-def mkboard
-  (0...ROW*COL).each{|i|
-    if i % ROW >= ROW-NP
-      $b[i] = -2
-    else
-      $b[i] = -1
-    end
-    $b[3*ROW+3]=$b[3*ROW+4]=$b[4*ROW+3]=$b[4*ROW+4]=-2
-  }
-end
-
-def pboard
-  return # skip print
-  print "No. #$no\n"
-  (0...COL).each{|i|
-    print "|"
-    (0...ROW-NP).each{|j|
-      x = $b[i*ROW+j]
-      if x < 0
-        print "..|"
-      else
-        printf "%2d|",x+1
-      end
-    }
-    print "\n"
-  }
-  print "\n"
-end
-
-$pnum=[]
-def setpiece(a,pos)
-  if a.length == $p.length then
-    $no += 1
-    pboard
-    return
-  end
-  while $b[pos] != -1
-    pos += 1
-  end
-  ($pnum - a).each do |i|
-    $p[i].each do |x|
-      f = 0
-      x.each{|s|
-        if $b[pos+s] != -1
-          f=1
-          break
-        end
-      }
-      if f == 0 then
-        x.each{|s|
-          $b[pos+s] = i
-        }
-        a << i
-        setpiece(a.dup, pos)
-        a.pop
-        x.each{|s|
-          $b[pos+s] = -1
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-mkpieces
-mkboard
-$p[4] = [$p[4][0]]
-$pnum = (0...$p.length).to_a
-setpiece([],0)
-
-
-__END__
-
-# original
-
-NP = 5
-ROW = 8 + NP
-COL = 8
-
-$p = []
-$b = []
-$no = 0
-
-def piece(n,a,nb)
-  for x in nb
-    a[n] = x
-    if n == NP-1
-      $p << [a.sort]
-    else
-      nbc=nb.dup
-      for d in [-ROW, -1, 1, ROW]
-        if x+d > 0 and not a.include?(x+d) and not nbc.include?(x+d)
-          nbc << x+d
-        end
-      end
-      nbc.delete x
-      piece(n+1,a[0..n],nbc)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-def kikaku(a)
-  a.collect {|x| x - a[0]}
-end
-def ud(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ((x+NP)%ROW)-ROW*((x+NP)/ROW) }.sort)
-end
-def rl(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)/ROW)+ROW-((x+NP)%ROW)}.sort)
-end
-def xy(a)
-  kikaku(a.collect {|x| ROW*((x+NP)%ROW) + (x+NP)/ROW }.sort)
-end
-
-def mkpieces
-  piece(0,[],[0])
-  $p.each do |a|
-    a0 = a[0]
-    a[1] = ud(a0)
-    a[2] = rl(a0)
-    a[3] = ud(rl(a0))
-    a[4] = xy(a0)
-    a[5] = ud(xy(a0))
-    a[6] = rl(xy(a0))
-    a[7] = ud(rl(xy(a0)))
-    a.sort!
-    a.uniq!
-  end
-  $p.uniq!.sort! {|x,y| x[0] <=> y[0] }
-end
-
-def mkboard
-  for i in 0...ROW*COL
-    if i % ROW >= ROW-NP
-      $b[i] = -2
-    else
-      $b[i] = -1
-    end
-    $b[3*ROW+3]=$b[3*ROW+4]=$b[4*ROW+3]=$b[4*ROW+4]=-2
-  end
-end
-
-def pboard
-  print "No. #$no\n"
-  for i in 0...COL
-    print "|"
-    for j in 0...ROW-NP
-      x = $b[i*ROW+j]
-      if x < 0
-        print "..|"
-      else
-        printf "%2d|",x+1
-      end
-    end
-    print "\n"
-  end
-  print "\n"
-end
-
-$pnum=[]
-def setpiece(a,pos)
-  if a.length == $p.length then
-    $no += 1
-    pboard
-    return
-  end
-  while $b[pos] != -1
-    pos += 1
-  end
-  ($pnum - a).each do |i|
-    $p[i].each do |x|
-      f = 0
-      for s in x do
-        if $b[pos+s] != -1
-          f=1
-          break
-        end
-      end
-      if f == 0 then
-        for s in x do
-          $b[pos+s] = i
-        end
-        a << i
-        setpiece(a.dup, pos)
-        a.pop
-        for s in x do
-          $b[pos+s] = -1
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-mkpieces
-mkboard
-$p[4] = [$p[4][0]]
-$pnum = (0...$p.length).to_a
-setpiece([],0)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_require.rb b/benchmark/bm_require.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b8abc88f41..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_require.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-$:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
-
-1.upto(10000) do |i|
-  require "c#{i}"
-end
-
-$:.pop
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb b/benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e54db6c6e5..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_require_thread.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-$:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
-
-i=0
-t = Thread.new do
-  while true
-    i = i+1 # dummy loop
-  end
-end
-
-1.upto(100) do |i|
-  require "c#{i}"
-end
-
-$:.pop
-t.kill
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_ackermann.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_ackermann.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7db5be9050..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_ackermann.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: ackermann-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:40:41 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-
-def ack(m, n)
-    if m == 0 then
-        n + 1
-    elsif n == 0 then
-        ack(m - 1, 1)
-    else
-        ack(m - 1, ack(m, n - 1))
-    end
-end
-
-NUM = 9
-ack(3, NUM)
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_array.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_array.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b8fce8f99..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_array.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: ary-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:27 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# with help from Paul Brannan and Mark Hubbart
-
-n = 9000 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
-
-x = Array.new(n)
-y = Array.new(n, 0)
-
-n.times{|bi|
-  x[bi] = bi + 1
-}
-
-(0 .. 999).each do |e|
-  (n-1).step(0,-1) do |bi|
-    y[bi] += x.at(bi)
-  end
-end
-# puts "#{y.first} #{y.last}"
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_concatenate.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_concatenate.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 873214de7c..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_concatenate.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: strcat-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:28 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# based on code from Aristarkh A Zagorodnikov and Dat Nguyen
-
-STUFF = "hello\n"
-i = 0
-while i<10
-  i += 1
-  hello = ''
-  4_000_000.times do |e|
-    hello << STUFF
-  end
-end
-# puts hello.length
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_count_words.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_count_words.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 65f6337a4a..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_count_words.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: wc-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:32 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# with help from Paul Brannan
-
-input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input'), 'rb')
-
-nl = nw = nc = 0
-while true
-  tmp = input.read(4096) or break
-  data = tmp << (input.gets || "")
-  nc += data.length
-  nl += data.count("\n")
-  ((data.strip! || data).tr!("\n", " ") || data).squeeze!
-  nw += data.count(" ") + 1
-end
-# STDERR.puts "#{nl} #{nw} #{nc}"
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_exception.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_exception.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index deb003a594..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_exception.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: except-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:33 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-
-$HI = 0
-$LO = 0
-NUM = 250000 # Integer(ARGV[0] || 1)
-
-
-class Lo_Exception < Exception
-  def initialize(num)
-    @value = num
-  end
-end
-
-class Hi_Exception < Exception
-  def initialize(num)
-    @value = num
-  end
-end
-
-def some_function(num)
-  begin
-    hi_function(num)
-  rescue
-    print "We shouldn't get here, exception is: #{$!.type}\n"
-  end
-end
-
-def hi_function(num)
-  begin
-    lo_function(num)
-  rescue Hi_Exception
-    $HI = $HI + 1
-  end
-end
-
-def lo_function(num)
-  begin
-    blowup(num)
-  rescue Lo_Exception
-    $LO = $LO + 1
-  end
-end
-
-def blowup(num)
-  if num % 2 == 0
-    raise Lo_Exception.new(num)
-  else
-    raise Hi_Exception.new(num)
-  end
-end
-
-
-i = 1
-max = NUM+1
-while i < max
-  i += 1
-  some_function(i+1)
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_k_nucleotide.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_k_nucleotide.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dadab3e79c..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_k_nucleotide.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# The Computer Language Shootout
-# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org
-#
-# contributed by jose fco. gonzalez
-# modified by Sokolov Yura
-
-seq = String.new
-
-def frecuency( seq,length )
-    n, table = seq.length - length + 1, Hash.new(0)
-    f, i = nil, nil
-    (0 ... length).each do |f|
-        (f ... n).step(length) do |i|
-            table[seq[i,length]] += 1
-        end
-    end
-    [n,table]
-
-end
-
-def sort_by_freq( seq,length )
-    n,table = frecuency( seq,length )
-    a, b, v = nil, nil, nil
-    table.sort{|a,b| b[1] <=> a[1]}.each do |v|
-        puts "%s %.3f" % [v[0].upcase,((v[1]*100).to_f/n)]
-    end
-    puts
-end
-
-def find_seq( seq,s )
-    n,table = frecuency( seq,s.length )
-    puts "#{table[s].to_s}\t#{s.upcase}"
-end
-
-input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.100000'), 'rb')
-
-line = input.gets while line !~ /^>THREE/
-line = input.gets
-
-while (line !~ /^>/) & line do
-    seq << line.chomp
-    line = input.gets
-end
-
-[1,2].each {|i| sort_by_freq( seq,i ) }
-
-%w(ggt ggta ggtatt ggtattttaatt ggtattttaatttatagt).each{|s| find_seq( seq,s) }
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_matrix.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_matrix.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e2c5c8e559..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_matrix.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: matrix-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:14 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-
-n = 60 #Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
-
-size = 40
-
-def mkmatrix(rows, cols)
-    count = 1
-    mx = Array.new(rows)
-    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
-        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
-        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
-            row[j] = count
-            count += 1
-        end
-        mx[bi] = row
-    end
-    mx
-end
-
-def mmult(rows, cols, m1, m2)
-    m3 = Array.new(rows)
-    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
-        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
-        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
-            val = 0
-            (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |k|
-                val += m1.at(bi).at(k) * m2.at(k).at(j)
-            end
-            row[j] = val
-        end
-        m3[bi] = row
-    end
-    m3
-end
-
-m1 = mkmatrix(size, size)
-m2 = mkmatrix(size, size)
-mm = Array.new
-n.times do
-    mm = mmult(size, size, m1, m2)
-end
-# puts "#{mm[0][0]} #{mm[2][3]} #{mm[3][2]} #{mm[4][4]}"
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nested_loop.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_nested_loop.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a0513f8c47..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nested_loop.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: nestedloop-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:22 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# from Avi Bryant
-
-n = 16 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
-x = 0
-n.times do
-    n.times do
-        n.times do
-            n.times do
-                n.times do
-                    n.times do
-                        x += 1
-                    end
-                end
-            end
-        end
-    end
-end
-# puts x
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_object.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_object.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e8607c7199..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_object.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# $Id: objinst-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:25 bfulgham Exp $
-# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
-# with help from Aristarkh Zagorodnikov
-
-class Toggle
-    def initialize(start_state)
-        @bool = start_state
-    end
-
-    def value
-        @bool
-    end
-
-    def activate
-        @bool = !@bool
-        self
-    end
-end
-
-class NthToggle < Toggle
-    def initialize(start_state, max_counter)
-        super start_state
-        @count_max = max_counter
-        @counter = 0
-    end
-
-    def activate
-        @counter += 1
-        if @counter >= @count_max
-            @bool = !@bool
-            @counter = 0
-        end
-        self
-    end
-end
-
-n = 1500000 # (ARGV.shift || 1).to_i
-
-toggle = Toggle.new 1
-5.times do
-    toggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
-end
-n.times do
-    toggle = Toggle.new 1
-end
-
-ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
-8.times do
-    ntoggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
-end
-n.times do
-    ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_reverse_complement.rb b/benchmark/bm_so_reverse_complement.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 82ea666994..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_reverse_complement.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# The Great Computer Language Shootout
-# http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
-#
-# Contributed by Peter Bjarke Olsen
-# Modified by Doug King
-
-seq=Array.new
-
-def revcomp(seq)
-  seq.reverse!.tr!('wsatugcyrkmbdhvnATUGCYRKMBDHVN','WSTAACGRYMKVHDBNTAACGRYMKVHDBN')
-  stringlen=seq.length
-  0.step(stringlen-1,60) {|x| print seq.slice(x,60) , "\n"}
-end
-
-input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.2500000'), 'rb')
-
-while input.gets
-  if $_ =~ />/
-    if seq.length != 0
-      revcomp(seq.join)
-      seq=Array.new
-    end
-    puts $_
-  else
-    $_.sub(/\n/,'')
-    seq.push $_
-  end
-end
-revcomp(seq.join)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 16906f3605..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_reader :a, :b
-  def initialize
-    @a = nil
-    @b = nil
-  end
-end
-obj = C.new
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  j = obj.a
-  k = obj.b
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e7a6b48c0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_attr_ivar_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_accessor :a, :b
-  def initialize
-    @a = nil
-    @b = nil
-  end
-end
-obj = C.new
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  obj.a = 1
-  obj.b = 2
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_block.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_block.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a9f56b15ea..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_block.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  yield
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  m{
-  }
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_const.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_const.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac59ebccf1..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_const.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-Const = 1
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  j = Const
-  k = Const
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ensure.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_ensure.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a1596145f2..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ensure.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # benchmark loop 1
-  i += 1
-  begin
-    begin
-    ensure
-    end
-  ensure
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_float_simple.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_float_simple.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d4581439ff..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_float_simple.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-i = 0.0; f = 0.0
-while i<30_000_000
-  i += 1
-  f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
-  f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
-  f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_lived.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_lived.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e78bca5668..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_lived.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b66052dee0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_complex_long.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-def nested_hash h, n
-  if n == 0
-    ''
-  else
-    10.times{
-      h[Object.new] = nested_hash(h, n-1)
-    }
-  end
-end
-
-long_lived = Hash.new
-nested_hash long_lived, 6
-
-GC.start
-GC.start
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_long.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_long.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 298dbc845b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_long.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-long_lived = Array.new(1_000_000){|i| "#{i}"}
-GC.start
-GC.start
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_symbol.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_symbol.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b15c1b7bf..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_short_with_symbol.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# make many symbols
-50_000.times{|i| sym = "sym#{i}".to_sym}
-GC.start
-GC.start
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  a = '' # short-lived String
-  b = ''
-  c = ''
-  d = ''
-  e = ''
-  f = ''
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 881528845b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-short_lived_ary = []
-
-if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
-  GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false)
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  short_lived_ary[0] = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c8279c956..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_ary_promoted.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-long_lived = []
-
-if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2.0"
-  3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false) }
-elsif
-  GC.start
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  long_lived[0] = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a4067af36b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_accessor :foo
-end
-short_lived_obj = C.new
-
-if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
-  GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false)
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  short_lived_obj.foo = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eee07a0248..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_gc_wb_obj_promoted.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  attr_accessor :foo
-end
-long_lived = C.new
-
-if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
-  3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, lazy_sweep: false) }
-elsif
-  GC.start
-end
-
-i = 0
-short_lived = ''
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  long_lived.foo = short_lived # write barrier
-  i+=1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a73cf92f..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-@a = 1
-
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  j = @a
-  k = @a
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bd81b06c34..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_ivar_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  @a = 1
-  @b = 2
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_length.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_length.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 353de3ab0e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_length.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-a = 'abc'
-b = [1, 2, 3]
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  a.length
-  b.length
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_init.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_init.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 36f2068811..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_init.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-def m v
-  unless v
-    # unreachable code
-    v1 = v2 = v3 = v4 = v5 = v6 = v7 = v8 = v9 = v10 =
-    v11 = v12 = v13 = v14 = v15 = v16 = v17 = v18 = v19 = v20 =
-    v21 = v22 = v23 = v24 = v25 = v26 = v27 = v28 = v29 = v30 =
-    v31 = v32 = v33 = v34 = v35 = v36 = v37 = v38 = v39 = v40 =
-    v41 = v42 = v43 = v44 = v45 = v46 = v47 = v48 = v49 = v50 = 1
-  end
-end
-
-i = 0
-
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  m i
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 222e864134..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_lvar_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  a = b = c = d = e = f = g = h = j = k = l = m = n = o = p = q = r = 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_neq.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_neq.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bbb4ae07a4..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_neq.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-obj1 = Object.new
-obj2 = Object.new
-
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  obj1 != obj2
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_not.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_not.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b09ecdcc21..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_not.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-obj = Object.new
-
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  !obj
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_rescue.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_rescue.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b0d3e2bdfa..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_rescue.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  begin
-  rescue
-  end
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_simplereturn.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_simplereturn.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 63f9f21675..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_simplereturn.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  return 1
-end
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  m
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_swap.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_swap.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 918f8b2112..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_swap.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-a = 1
-b = 2
-i = 0
-while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-  i += 1
-  a, b = b, a
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm1_yield.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm1_yield.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 775597cea6..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm1_yield.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  i = 0
-  while i<30_000_000 # while loop 1
-    i += 1
-    yield
-  end
-end
-
-m{}
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_array.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_array.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index df9037c83c..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_array.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bigarray.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_bigarray.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b02509d6a2..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bigarray.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  a = [
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-    1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
-  ]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bighash.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_bighash.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e3f437bb8..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_bighash.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<60_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  a = {0=>0, 1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3, 4=>4, 5=>5, 6=>6, 7=>7, 8=>8, 9=>9, 10=>10, 11=>11, 12=>12, 13=>13, 14=>14, 15=>15, 16=>16, 17=>17, 18=>18, 19=>19, 20=>20, 21=>21, 22=>22, 23=>23, 24=>24, 25=>25, 26=>26, 27=>27, 28=>28, 29=>29, 30=>30, 31=>31, 32=>32, 33=>33, 34=>34, 35=>35, 36=>36, 37=>37, 38=>38, 39=>39, 40=>40, 41=>41, 42=>42, 43=>43, 44=>44, 45=>45, 46=>46, 47=>47, 48=>48, 49=>49, 50=>50, 51=>51, 52=>52, 53=>53, 54=>54, 55=>55, 56=>56, 57=>57, 58=>58, 59=>59, 60=>60, 61=>61, 62=>62, 63=>63, 64=>64, 65=>65, 66=>66, 67=>67, 68=>68, 69=>69, 70=>70, 71=>71, 72=>72, 73=>73, 74=>74, 75=>75, 76=>76, 77=>77, 78=>78, 79=>79, 80=>80, 81=>81, 82=>82, 83=>83, 84=>84, 85=>85, 86=>86, 87=>87, 88=>88, 89=>89, 90=>90, 91=>91, 92=>92, 93=>93, 94=>94, 95=>95, 96=>96, 97=>97, 98=>98, 99=>99, 100=>100, 101=>101, 102=>102, 103=>103, 104=>104, 105=>105, 106=>106, 107=>107, 108=>108, 109=>109, 110=>110, 111=>111, 112=>112, 113=>113, 114=>114, 115=>115, 116=>116, 117=>117, 118=>118, 119=>119, 120=>120, 121=>121, 122=>122, 123=>123, 124=>124, 125=>125, 126=>126, 127=>127, 128=>128, 129=>129, 130=>130, 131=>131, 132=>132, 133=>133, 134=>134, 135=>135, 136=>136, 137=>137, 138=>138, 139=>139, 140=>140, 141=>141, 142=>142, 143=>143, 144=>144, 145=>145, 146=>146, 147=>147, 148=>148, 149=>149, 150=>150, 151=>151, 152=>152, 153=>153, 154=>154, 155=>155, 156=>156, 157=>157, 158=>158, 159=>159, 160=>160, 161=>161, 162=>162, 163=>163, 164=>164, 165=>165, 166=>166, 167=>167, 168=>168, 169=>169, 170=>170, 171=>171, 172=>172, 173=>173, 174=>174, 175=>175, 176=>176, 177=>177, 178=>178, 179=>179, 180=>180, 181=>181, 182=>182, 183=>183, 184=>184, 185=>185, 186=>186, 187=>187, 188=>188, 189=>189, 190=>190, 191=>191, 192=>192, 193=>193, 194=>194, 195=>195, 196=>196, 197=>197, 198=>198, 199=>199, 200=>200, 201=>201, 202=>202, 203=>203, 204=>204, 205=>205, 206=>206, 207=>207, 208=>208, 209=>209, 210=>210, 211=>211, 212=>212, 213=>213, 214=>214, 215=>215, 216=>216, 217=>217, 218=>218, 219=>219, 220=>220, 221=>221, 222=>222, 223=>223, 224=>224, 225=>225, 226=>226, 227=>227, 228=>228, 229=>229, 230=>230, 231=>231, 232=>232, 233=>233, 234=>234, 235=>235, 236=>236, 237=>237, 238=>238, 239=>239, 240=>240, 241=>241, 242=>242, 243=>243, 244=>244, 245=>245, 246=>246, 247=>247, 248=>248, 249=>249, 250=>250, 251=>251, 252=>252, 253=>253, 254=>254, 255=>255, 256=>256, 257=>257, 258=>258, 259=>259, 260=>260, 261=>261, 262=>262, 263=>263, 264=>264, 265=>265, 266=>266, 267=>267, 268=>268, 269=>269, 270=>270, 271=>271, 272=>272, 273=>273, 274=>274, 275=>275, 276=>276, 277=>277, 278=>278, 279=>279, 280=>280, 281=>281, 282=>282, 283=>283, 284=>284, 285=>285, 286=>286, 287=>287, 288=>288, 289=>289, 290=>290, 291=>291, 292=>292, 293=>293, 294=>294, 295=>295, 296=>296, 297=>297, 298=>298, 299=>299, 300=>300, 301=>301, 302=>302, 303=>303, 304=>304, 305=>305, 306=>306, 307=>307, 308=>308, 309=>309, 310=>310, 311=>311, 312=>312, 313=>313, 314=>314, 315=>315, 316=>316, 317=>317, 318=>318, 319=>319, 320=>320, 321=>321, 322=>322, 323=>323, 324=>324, 325=>325, 326=>326, 327=>327, 328=>328, 329=>329, 330=>330, 331=>331, 332=>332, 333=>333, 334=>334, 335=>335, 336=>336, 337=>337, 338=>338, 339=>339, 340=>340, 341=>341, 342=>342, 343=>343, 344=>344, 345=>345, 346=>346, 347=>347, 348=>348, 349=>349, 350=>350, 351=>351, 352=>352, 353=>353, 354=>354, 355=>355, 356=>356, 357=>357, 358=>358, 359=>359, 360=>360, 361=>361, 362=>362, 363=>363, 364=>364, 365=>365, 366=>366, 367=>367, 368=>368, 369=>369, 370=>370, 371=>371, 372=>372, 373=>373, 374=>374, 375=>375, 376=>376, 377=>377, 378=>378, 379=>379, 380=>380, 381=>381, 382=>382, 383=>383, 384=>384, 385=>385, 386=>386, 387=>387, 388=>388, 389=>389, 390=>390, 391=>391, 392=>392, 393=>393, 394=>394, 395=>395, 396=>396, 397=>397, 398=>398, 399=>399, 400=>400, 401=>401, 402=>402, 403=>403, 404=>404, 405=>405, 406=>406, 407=>407, 408=>408, 409=>409, 410=>410, 411=>411, 412=>412, 413=>413, 414=>414, 415=>415, 416=>416, 417=>417, 418=>418, 419=>419, 420=>420, 421=>421, 422=>422, 423=>423, 424=>424, 425=>425, 426=>426, 427=>427, 428=>428, 429=>429, 430=>430, 431=>431, 432=>432, 433=>433, 434=>434, 435=>435, 436=>436, 437=>437, 438=>438, 439=>439, 440=>440, 441=>441, 442=>442, 443=>443, 444=>444, 445=>445, 446=>446, 447=>447, 448=>448, 449=>449, 450=>450, 451=>451, 452=>452, 453=>453, 454=>454, 455=>455, 456=>456, 457=>457, 458=>458, 459=>459, 460=>460, 461=>461, 462=>462, 463=>463, 464=>464, 465=>465, 466=>466, 467=>467, 468=>468, 469=>469, 470=>470, 471=>471, 472=>472, 473=>473, 474=>474, 475=>475, 476=>476, 477=>477, 478=>478, 479=>479, 480=>480, 481=>481, 482=>482, 483=>483, 484=>484, 485=>485, 486=>486, 487=>487, 488=>488, 489=>489, 490=>490, 491=>491, 492=>492, 493=>493, 494=>494, 495=>495, 496=>496, 497=>497, 498=>498, 499=>499, 500=>500,}
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index adc6e4df0a..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # while loop 2
-  case :foo
-  when :bar
-    raise
-  when :baz
-    raise
-  when :boo
-    raise
-  when :foo
-    i += 1
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c62b294e0e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_case_lit.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-@ret = [ "foo", true, false, :sym, 6, nil, 0.1, 0xffffffffffffffff ]
-def foo(i)
-  @ret[i % @ret.size]
-end
-
-while i<6_000_000 # while loop 2
-  case foo(i)
-  when "foo" then :foo
-  when true then true
-  when false then false
-  when :sym then :sym
-  when 6 then :fix
-  when nil then nil
-  when 0.1 then :float
-  when 0xffffffffffffffff then :big
-  end
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_defined_method.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_defined_method.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 053ed6c912..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_defined_method.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-class Object
-  define_method(:m){}
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_dstr.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_dstr.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 58c0f7bbc3..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_dstr.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-x = y = 'z'
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  str = "foo#{x}bar#{y}baz"
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_eval.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_eval.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 307cfc28ef..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_eval.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  eval("1")
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_method.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a8ccff7138..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  nil
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_missing.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_missing.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2badc73101..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_missing.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  def method_missing mid
-  end
-end
-
-obj = C.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m;
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_with_block.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_with_block.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b4efb4f520..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_method_with_block.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-def m
-  nil
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{};
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_module_ann_const_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_module_ann_const_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 12ccfd2ff3..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_module_ann_const_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  Module.new.const_set(:X, Module.new)
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_module_const_set.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_module_const_set.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f4d4c1b2e7..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_module_const_set.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-module M
-end
-$VERBOSE = nil
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  M.const_set(:X, Module.new)
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_mutex.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_mutex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d16480c6b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_mutex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread'
-
-m = Thread::Mutex.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m.synchronize{}
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_newlambda.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_newlambda.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6422c9b0d0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_newlambda.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  lambda {}
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c82c0e4bce..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-class C1
-  def m
-    1
-  end
-end
-class C2
-  def m
-    2
-  end
-end
-
-o1 = C1.new
-o2 = C2.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
-  o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method_ov.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method_ov.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aa5fd1dd38..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_method_ov.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-class C1
-  def m
-    1
-  end
-end
-class C2
-  def m
-    2
-  end
-end
-
-o1 = C1.new
-o2 = C2.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
-#  o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_singleton.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_singleton.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0dba4320c4..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_poly_singleton.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class C1
-  def m; 1; end
-end
-
-o1 = C1.new
-o2 = C1.new
-o2.singleton_class
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
-  o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_proc.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_proc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 65e5217371..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_proc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-def m &b
-  b
-end
-
-pr = m{
-  a = 1
-}
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  pr.call
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise1.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aa5387987f..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-def rec n
-  if n > 0
-    rec n-1
-  else
-    raise
-  end
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-
-  begin
-    rec 1
-  rescue
-    # ignore
-  end
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise2.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise2.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f61c63157..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_raise2.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-def rec n
-  if n > 0
-    rec n-1
-  else
-    raise
-  end
-end
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-
-  begin
-    rec 10
-  rescue
-    # ignore
-  end
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_regexp.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_regexp.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 55f9e957a3..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_regexp.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-str = 'xxxhogexxx'
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  /hoge/ =~ str
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_send.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_send.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a3ab6fdab..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_send.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-class C
-  def m
-  end
-end
-
-o = C.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  o.__send__ :m
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_string_literal.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_string_literal.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d73036849..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_string_literal.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_hi.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_hi.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 22cb26b0a5..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_hi.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.z # x[25]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_lo.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_lo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e61a7087e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aref_lo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.k # x[10]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a1c3d16f3..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_aset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.k = i # x[10] = i
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fff940a80a..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_hi.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:z]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e4085d59d..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_href_lo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:k]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c0cee4141..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_big_hset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:k] = i
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aref.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aref.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8eaa555b41..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aref.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.a
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ecd0f95669..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_aset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x.a = i
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c88fee6bf..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_href.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:a]
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 33c36d20f1..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_struct_small_hset.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
-x = s.new
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  x[:a] = 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_super.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_super.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index afd8579e7b..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_super.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-
-class C
-  def m
-    1
-  end
-end
-
-class CC < C
-  def m
-    super()
-  end
-end
-
-obj = CC.new
-
-i = 0
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  obj.m
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_unif1.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_unif1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1774625942..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_unif1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-def m a, b
-end
-
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  i += 1
-  m 100, 200
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm2_zsuper.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm2_zsuper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a43e62217..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm2_zsuper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-i = 0
-
-class C
-  def m a
-    1
-  end
-end
-
-class CC < C
-  def m a
-    super
-  end
-end
-
-obj = CC.new
-
-while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
-  obj.m 10
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_alive_check1.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_alive_check1.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c993accdda..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_alive_check1.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-5_000.times{
-  t = Thread.new{}
-  while t.alive?
-    Thread.pass
-  end
-}
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b5b3c0bc85..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# Plenty Thtread.pass
-# A performance may depend on GVL implementation.
-
-tmax = (ARGV.shift || 2).to_i
-lmax = 200_000 / tmax
-
-(1..tmax).map{
-  Thread.new{
-    lmax.times{
-      Thread.pass
-    }
-  }
-}.each{|t| t.join}
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass_flood.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 27157d1a6f..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-1000.times{
-  Thread.new{loop{Thread.pass}}
-}
-
-i = 0
-while i<10000
-  i += 1
-end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_queue.rb b/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_queue.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 274ceda366..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_queue.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread'
-
-n = 1_000_000
-q = Thread::Queue.new
-consumer = Thread.new{
-  while q.pop
-    # consuming
-  end
-}
-
-producer = Thread.new{
-  n.times{
-    q.push true
-  }
-  q.push nil
-}
-
-consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af6abd08ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+prelude: require 'cgi/escape'
+benchmark:
+  - name: escape_html_blank
+    prelude: str = ""
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - name: escape_html_short_none
+    prelude: str = "abcde"
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - name: escape_html_short_one
+    prelude: str = "abcd<"
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - name: escape_html_short_all
+    prelude: str = "'&\"<>"
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 5000000
+  - name: escape_html_long_none
+    prelude: str = "abcde" * 300
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - name: escape_html_long_all
+    prelude: str = "'&\"<>" * 10
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - name: escape_html_real
+    prelude: | # http://example.com/
+      str = <<~HTML
+        <body>
+        <div>
+            <h1>Example Domain</h1>
+            <p>This domain is established to be used for illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
+            domain in examples without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
+            <p><a href="http://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
+        </div>
+        </body>
+      HTML
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_add.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_add.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0150c5e5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_add.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_add: c = a + b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_div.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_div.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9f5e1d51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_div.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_div: c = a / b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_mul.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_mul.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59b096a6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_mul.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_mul: c = a * b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_new.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_new.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fcde3125b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_new.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_new: c = Complex(a, b)
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_power.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_power.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c40a31ab55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_power.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_power: c = a ** b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/complex_float_sub.yml b/benchmark/complex_float_sub.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fafe7cdbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex_float_sub.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  max, min = 1000.0, -1000.0
+  a = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+  b = Complex(rand(max)+min, rand(max)+min)
+benchmark:
+  complex_float_sub: c = a - b
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/dir_empty_p.rb b/benchmark/dir_empty_p.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8329c757cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/dir_empty_p.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require 'tmpdir'
+max = 100_000
+Dir.mktmpdir('bm_dir_empty_p') do |dir|
+  max.times { Dir.empty?(dir) }
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/driver.rb b/benchmark/driver.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb976b4a90..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/driver.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,427 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Ruby Benchmark driver
-#
-
-first = true
-
-begin
-  require 'optparse'
-rescue LoadError
-  if first
-    first = false
-    $:.unshift File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../lib')
-    retry
-  else
-    raise
-  end
-end
-
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'pp'
-require 'tempfile'
-
-class BenchmarkDriver
-  def self.benchmark(opt)
-    driver = self.new(opt[:execs], opt[:dir], opt)
-    begin
-      driver.run
-    ensure
-      driver.show_results
-    end
-  end
-
-  def self.load(input, type, opt)
-    case type
-    when 'yaml'
-      require 'yaml'
-      h = YAML.load(input)
-    when 'json'
-      require 'json'
-      h = JSON.load(input)
-    else
-      h = eval(input.read)
-    end
-    obj = allocate
-    obj.instance_variable_set("@execs", h[:executables] || h["executables"])
-    obj.instance_variable_set("@results", h[:results] || h["results"])
-    obj.instance_variable_set("@opt", opt)
-    obj
-  end
-
-  def output *args
-    puts(*args)
-    @output and @output.puts(*args)
-  end
-
-  def message *args
-    output(*args) if @verbose
-  end
-
-  def message_print *args
-    if @verbose
-      print(*args)
-      STDOUT.flush
-      @output and @output.print(*args)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def progress_message *args
-    unless STDOUT.tty?
-      STDERR.print(*args)
-      STDERR.flush
-    end
-  end
-
-  def initialize execs, dir, opt = {}
-    @execs = execs.map{|e|
-      e.strip!
-      next if e.empty?
-
-      if /(.+)::(.+)/ =~ e
-        # ex) ruby-a::/path/to/ruby-a
-        label = $1.strip
-        path = $2
-        version = `#{path} -v`.chomp
-      else
-        path = e
-        version = label = `#{path} -v`.chomp
-      end
-      [path, label, version]
-    }.compact
-
-    @dir = dir
-    @repeat = opt[:repeat] || 1
-    @repeat = 1 if @repeat < 1
-    @pattern = opt[:pattern] || nil
-    @exclude = opt[:exclude] || nil
-    @verbose = opt[:quiet] ? false : (opt[:verbose] || false)
-    @output = opt[:output] ? open(opt[:output], 'w') : nil
-    @loop_wl1 = @loop_wl2 = nil
-    @ruby_arg = opt[:ruby_arg] || nil
-    @measure_target = opt[:measure_target]
-    @opt = opt
-
-    # [[name, [[r-1-1, r-1-2, ...], [r-2-1, r-2-2, ...]]], ...]
-    @results = []
-
-    if @verbose
-      @start_time = Time.now
-      message @start_time
-      @execs.each_with_index{|(path, label, version), i|
-        message "target #{i}: " + (label == version ? "#{label}" : "#{label} (#{version})") + " at \"#{path}\""
-      }
-      message "measure target: #{@measure_target}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def adjusted_results name, results
-    s = nil
-    results.each_with_index{|e, i|
-      r = e.min
-      case name
-      when /^vm1_/
-        if @loop_wl1
-          r -= @loop_wl1[i]
-          r = 0 if r < 0
-          s = '*'
-        end
-      when /^vm2_/
-        if @loop_wl2
-          r -= @loop_wl2[i]
-          r = 0 if r < 0
-          s = '*'
-        end
-      end
-      yield r
-    }
-    s
-  end
-
-  def show_results
-    case @opt[:format]
-    when :tsv
-      strformat = "\t%1$s"
-      numformat = "\t%1$*2$.3f"
-      minwidth = 0
-      name_width = 0
-    when :markdown
-      markdown = true
-      strformat = "|%1$-*2$s"
-      numformat = "|%1$*2$.3f"
-    when :plain
-      strformat = " %1$-*2$s"
-      numformat = " %1$*2$.3f"
-    end
-
-    name_width ||= @results.map {|v,*| v.size}.max
-    minwidth ||= 7
-    width = @execs.map{|(_, v)| [v.size, minwidth].max}
-
-    output
-
-    if @verbose
-      message '-----------------------------------------------------------'
-      message 'raw data:'
-      message
-      message PP.pp(@results, "", 79)
-      message
-      message "Elapsed time: #{Time.now - @start_time} (sec)"
-    end
-
-    if rawdata_output = @opt[:rawdata_output]
-      h = {}
-      h[:cpuinfo] = File.read('/proc/cpuinfo') if File.exist?('/proc/cpuinfo')
-      h[:executables] = @execs
-      h[:results] = @results
-      if (type = File.extname(rawdata_output)).empty?
-        type = rawdata_output
-        rawdata_output = @output.path.sub(/\.[^.\/]+\z/, '') << '.' << rawdata_output
-      end
-      case type
-      when 'yaml'
-        require 'yaml'
-        h = YAML.dump(h)
-      when 'json'
-        require 'json'
-        h = JSON.pretty_generate(h)
-      else
-        require 'pp'
-        h = h.pretty_inspect
-      end
-      open(rawdata_output, 'w') {|f| f.puts h}
-    end
-
-    output '-----------------------------------------------------------'
-    output 'benchmark results:'
-
-    if @verbose and @repeat > 1
-      output "minimum results in each #{@repeat} measurements."
-    end
-
-    output({
-      real: "Execution time (sec)",
-      peak: "Memory usage (peak) (B)",
-      size: "Memory usage (last size) (B)",
-    }[@measure_target])
-    output if markdown
-    output ["name".ljust(name_width), @execs.map.with_index{|(_, v), i| sprintf(strformat, v, width[i])}].join("").rstrip
-    output ["-"*name_width, width.map{|n|":".rjust(n, "-")}].join("|") if markdown
-    @results.each{|v, result|
-      rets = []
-      s = adjusted_results(v, result){|r|
-        rets << sprintf(numformat, r, width[rets.size])
-      }
-      v += s if s
-      output [v.ljust(name_width), rets].join("")
-    }
-
-    if @execs.size > 1
-      output
-      output({
-        real: "Speedup ratio: compare with the result of `#{@execs[0][1]}' (greater is better)",
-        peak: "Memory consuming ratio (peak) with the result of `#{@execs[0][1]}' (greater is better)",
-        size: "Memory consuming ratio (size) with the result of `#{@execs[0][1]}' (greater is better)",
-      }[@measure_target])
-      output if markdown
-      output ["name".ljust(name_width), @execs[1..-1].map.with_index{|(_, v), i| sprintf(strformat, v, width[i])}].join("").rstrip
-      output ["-"*name_width, width[1..-1].map{|n|":".rjust(n, "-")}].join("|") if markdown
-      @results.each{|v, result|
-        rets = []
-        first_value = nil
-        s = adjusted_results(v, result){|r|
-          if first_value
-            if r == 0
-              rets << "Error"
-            else
-              rets << sprintf(numformat, first_value/Float(r), width[rets.size+1])
-            end
-          else
-            first_value = r
-          end
-        }
-        v += s if s
-        output [v.ljust(name_width), rets].join("")
-      }
-    end
-
-    if @opt[:output]
-      output
-      output "Log file: #{@opt[:output]}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def files
-    flag = {}
-    @files = Dir.glob(File.join(@dir, 'bm*.rb')).map{|file|
-      next if @pattern && /#{@pattern}/ !~ File.basename(file)
-      next if @exclude && /#{@exclude}/ =~ File.basename(file)
-      case file
-      when /bm_(vm[12])_/, /bm_loop_(whileloop2?).rb/
-        flag[$1] = true
-      end
-      file
-    }.compact
-
-    if flag['vm1'] && !flag['whileloop']
-      @files << File.join(@dir, 'bm_loop_whileloop.rb')
-    elsif flag['vm2'] && !flag['whileloop2']
-      @files << File.join(@dir, 'bm_loop_whileloop2.rb')
-    end
-
-    @files.sort!
-    progress_message "total: #{@files.size * @repeat} trial(s) (#{@repeat} trial(s) for #{@files.size} benchmark(s))\n"
-    @files
-  end
-
-  def run
-    files.each_with_index{|file, i|
-      @i = i
-      r = measure_file(file)
-
-      if /bm_loop_whileloop.rb/ =~ file
-        @loop_wl1 = r[1].map{|e| e.min}
-      elsif /bm_loop_whileloop2.rb/ =~ file
-        @loop_wl2 = r[1].map{|e| e.min}
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  def measure_file file
-    name = File.basename(file, '.rb').sub(/^bm_/, '')
-    prepare_file = File.join(File.dirname(file), "prepare_#{name}.rb")
-    load prepare_file if FileTest.exist?(prepare_file)
-
-    if @verbose
-      output
-      output '-----------------------------------------------------------'
-      output name
-      output
-      output File.read(file)
-      output
-    end
-
-    result = [name]
-    result << @execs.map{|(e, v)|
-      (0...@repeat).map{
-        message_print "#{v}\t"
-        progress_message '.'
-
-        m = measure(e, file)
-        message "#{m}"
-        m
-      }
-    }
-    @results << result
-    result
-  end
-
-  unless defined?(File::NULL)
-    if File.exist?('/dev/null')
-      File::NULL = '/dev/null'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def measure executable, file
-    case @measure_target
-    when :real
-      cmd = "#{executable} #{@ruby_arg} #{file}"
-      m = Benchmark.measure{
-        system(cmd, out: File::NULL)
-      }
-      result = m.real
-    when :peak, :size
-      tmp = Tempfile.new("benchmark-memory-wrapper-data")
-      wrapper = "#{File.join(__dir__, 'memory_wrapper.rb')} #{tmp.path} #{@measure_target}"
-      cmd = "#{executable} #{@ruby_arg} #{wrapper} #{file}"
-      system(cmd, out: File::NULL)
-      result = tmp.read.to_i
-      tmp.close
-    else
-      raise "unknown measure target"
-    end
-
-    if $? != 0
-      raise $?.inspect if $? && $?.signaled?
-      output "\`#{cmd}\' exited with abnormal status (#{$?})"
-      0
-    else
-      result
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  opt = {
-    :execs => [],
-    :dir => File.dirname(__FILE__),
-    :repeat => 1,
-    :measure_target => :real,
-    :output => nil,
-    :raw_output => nil,
-    :format => :tsv,
-  }
-  formats = {
-    :tsv => ".tsv",
-    :markdown => ".md",
-    :plain => ".txt",
-  }
-
-  parser = OptionParser.new{|o|
-    o.on('-e', '--executables [EXECS]',
-      "Specify benchmark one or more targets (e1::path1; e2::path2; e3::path3;...)"){|e|
-       e.split(/;/).each{|path|
-         opt[:execs] << path
-       }
-    }
-    o.on('-d', '--directory [DIRECTORY]', "Benchmark suites directory"){|d|
-      opt[:dir] = d
-    }
-    o.on('-p', '--pattern [PATTERN]', "Benchmark name pattern"){|p|
-      opt[:pattern] = p
-    }
-    o.on('-x', '--exclude [PATTERN]', "Benchmark exclude pattern"){|e|
-      opt[:exclude] = e
-    }
-    o.on('-r', '--repeat-count [NUM]', "Repeat count"){|n|
-      opt[:repeat] = n.to_i
-    }
-    o.on('-o', '--output-file [FILE]', "Output file"){|f|
-      opt[:output] = f
-    }
-    o.on('--ruby-arg [ARG]', "Optional argument for ruby"){|a|
-      opt[:ruby_arg] = a
-    }
-    o.on('--measure-target [TARGET]', 'real (execution time), peak, size (memory)'){|mt|
-      opt[:measure_target] = mt.to_sym
-    }
-    o.on('--rawdata-output [FILE]', 'output rawdata'){|r|
-      opt[:rawdata_output] = r
-    }
-    o.on('--load-rawdata=FILE', 'input rawdata'){|r|
-      opt[:rawdata_input] = r
-    }
-    o.on('-f', "--format=FORMAT", "output format (#{formats.keys.join(",")})", formats.keys){|r|
-      opt[:format] = r
-    }
-    o.on('-v', '--verbose'){|v|
-      opt[:verbose] = v
-    }
-    o.on('-q', '--quiet', "Run without notify information except result table."){|q|
-      opt[:quiet] = q
-      opt[:verbose] = false
-    }
-  }
-
-  parser.parse!(ARGV)
-  opt[:output] ||= "bmlog-#{Time.now.strftime('%Y%m%d-%H%M%S')}.#{$$}#{formats[opt[:format]]}"
-
-  if input = opt[:rawdata_input]
-    b = open(input) {|f|
-      BenchmarkDriver.load(f, File.extname(input)[1..-1], opt)
-    }
-    b.show_results
-  else
-    BenchmarkDriver.benchmark(opt)
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_flat_map.yml b/benchmark/enum_lazy_flat_map.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ee390a441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_flat_map.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  num = (1..).lazy.take(100)
+  ary2 = [[1,2]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary10 = [[*1..10]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary20 = [[*1..20]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary50 = [[*1..50]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+  ary100 = [[*1..100]].cycle.lazy.take(10)
+
+benchmark:
+  num3: num.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  num10: num.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary2:  ary2.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary10: ary10.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary20: ary20.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary50: ary50.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
+  ary100: ary100.flat_map {|x| x}.take(3).to_a
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_100.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_100.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8832392e65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_100.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+grep_data = (1..10).to_a * 1000
+N = 100
+enum = grep_data.lazy.grep_v(->(i){i == 0}).grep_v(->(i){i == 0})
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_20.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_20.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..329509fa8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_20.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+grep_data = (1..10).to_a * 1000
+N = 100
+enum = grep_data.lazy.grep_v(->(i){i > 2}).grep_v(->(i){i > 2})
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_50.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_50.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02ea4d4e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_grep_v_50.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+grep_data = (1..10).to_a * 1000
+N = 100
+enum = grep_data.lazy.grep_v(->(i){i > 5}).grep_v(->(i){i > 5})
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_100.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_100.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e6434d9c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_100.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+uniq_data = (1..10_000).to_a
+N = 100
+enum = uniq_data.lazy.uniq {|i| i % 10000}.uniq {|i| i % 10000}
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_20.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_20.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75e6398fee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_20.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+uniq_data = (1..10_000).to_a
+N = 100
+enum = uniq_data.lazy.uniq {|i| i % 2000}.uniq {|i| i % 2000}
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_50.rb b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_50.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59a39b78ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_uniq_50.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+uniq_data = (1..10_000).to_a
+N = 100
+enum = uniq_data.lazy.uniq {|i| i % 5000}.uniq {|i| i % 5000}
+N.times {enum.each {}}
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_lazy_zip.yml b/benchmark/enum_lazy_zip.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4566ff0261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_lazy_zip.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+prelude: |
+  a = (1..3).lazy
+  b = a.map {|x| x}
+
+benchmark:
+  first_ary: a.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).first
+  first_nonary: a.zip("a".."c").first
+  first_noarg: a.zip.first
+
+  take3_ary: a.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).take(3).force
+  take3_nonary: a.zip("a".."c").take(3).force
+  take3_noarg: a.zip.take(3).force
+
+  chain-first_ary: b.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).first
+  chain-first_nonary: b.zip("a".."c").first
+  chain-first_noarg: b.zip.first
+
+  chain-take3_ary: b.zip(["a", "b", "c"]).take(3).force
+  chain-take3_nonary: b.zip("a".."c").take(3).force
+  chain-take3_noarg: b.zip.take(3).force
+
+  block: a.zip("a".."c") {|x, y| [x, y]}
diff --git a/benchmark/erb_render.yml b/benchmark/erb_render.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15f6c3880b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/erb_render.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'erb'
+
+  data = <<erb
+  <html>
+    <head> <%= title %> </head>
+    <body>
+      <h1> <%= title %> </h1>
+      <p>
+        <%= content %>
+      </p>
+    </body>
+  </html>
+  erb
+
+  title = "hello world!"
+  content = "hello world!\n" * 10
+
+  src = "def self.render(title, content); #{ERB.new(data).src}; end"
+  mod = Module.new
+  mod.instance_eval(src, "(ERB)")
+benchmark:
+  erb_render: mod.render(title, content)
+loop_count: 1500000
diff --git a/benchmark/fiber_chain.yml b/benchmark/fiber_chain.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a36c759f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/fiber_chain.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+prelude: |
+  def make_link(previous)
+    Fiber.new do
+      while message = previous.resume
+        Fiber.yield(message)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def make_chain(length = 1000, &block)
+    chain = Fiber.new(&block)
+
+    (length - 1).times do
+      chain = make_link(chain)
+    end
+
+    return chain
+  end
+
+  message = "Hello World!"
+
+  chain = make_chain do
+    while true
+      Fiber.yield(message)
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  make_chain: |
+    make_chain(100) do
+      while true
+        Fiber.yield(message)
+      end
+    end
+  resume_chain: |
+    chain.resume
+loop_count: 5000
diff --git a/benchmark/fiber_locals.yml b/benchmark/fiber_locals.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8588686477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/fiber_locals.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  th = Thread.current
+  th[:key] = :val
+benchmark:
+  key?: th.key?(:key)
+  []: th[:key]
+  keys: th.keys
+loop_count: 1_000_000
diff --git a/benchmark/file_chmod.rb b/benchmark/file_chmod.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cd4760c9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_chmod.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# chmod file
+require 'tempfile'
+max = 200_000
+tmp = Tempfile.new('chmod')
+path = tmp.path
+max.times do
+  File.chmod(0777, path)
+end
+tmp.close!
diff --git a/benchmark/file_rename.rb b/benchmark/file_rename.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbb44aebac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/file_rename.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# rename file
+require 'tempfile'
+
+max = 100_000
+tmp = [ Tempfile.new('rename-a'), Tempfile.new('rename-b') ]
+a, b = tmp.map { |x| x.path }
+tmp.each { |t| t.close } # Windows can't rename files without closing them
+max.times do
+  File.rename(a, b)
+  File.rename(b, a)
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb b/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb
index 2eed7abc83..275f58b924 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/aobench.rb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-require_relative '../bm_app_aobench.rb'
+require_relative '../app_aobench'
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb b/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb
index af8ea722aa..83347cdd20 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/binary_trees.rb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-require_relative '../bm_so_binary_trees.rb'
+require_relative '../so_binary_trees'
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb b/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb
index 09a404466a..23d0b91c6c 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/gcbench.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ require 'pp'
 require 'optparse'
 
 $list = true
-$gcprof = true
+$gcprof = false
 
 opt = OptionParser.new
 opt.on('-q'){$list = false}
 opt.on('-d'){$gcprof = false}
+opt.on('-p'){$gcprof = true}
 opt.parse!(ARGV)
 
 script = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), ARGV.shift)
diff --git a/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb b/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb
index 94ba74be89..8ebdff7d1d 100644
--- a/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb
+++ b/benchmark/gc/pentomino.rb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-require_relative '../bm_app_pentomino.rb'
+require_relative '../app_pentomino'
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym.rb
index af4f8c36d4..af4f8c36d4 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym_long.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym_long.rb
index 9d7759379e..9d7759379e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_dsym_long.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_dsym_long.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_fix.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_fix.rb
index 1346890582..1346890582 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_fix.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_fix.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_flo.rb
index 2217274c82..2217274c82 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_flo.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_flo.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_miss.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_miss.rb
index b0913dd4bb..b0913dd4bb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_miss.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_miss.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_str.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_str.rb
index 19439b061b..19439b061b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_str.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_str.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym.rb
index f75d163fe6..f75d163fe6 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym_long.rb b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym_long.rb
index 9dab8df7be..9dab8df7be 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_aref_sym_long.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_aref_sym_long.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_defaults.yml b/benchmark/hash_defaults.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..833f10e1c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_defaults.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  h = Hash.new { :foo }
+benchmark:
+  default_aref: h[1]
+  default_method: h.default(1)
+loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_dup.yml b/benchmark/hash_dup.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65f521ec94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_dup.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  small_hash = { a: 1 }
+  larger_hash = 20.times.map { |i| [('a'.ord + i).chr.to_sym, i] }.to_h
+
+benchmark:
+  dup_small: small_hash.dup
+  dup_larger: larger_hash.dup
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_flatten.rb b/benchmark/hash_flatten.rb
index e944aae9f2..e944aae9f2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_flatten.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_flatten.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_flo.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_flo.rb
index 0c7edfed3e..0c7edfed3e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_flo.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_flo.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_num.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_num.rb
index b226736c6f..b226736c6f 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_num.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_num.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_obj.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_obj.rb
index 4b3b58edec..4b3b58edec 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_obj.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_obj.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_str.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_str.rb
index 8582b38e31..8582b38e31 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_str.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_str.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_sym.rb b/benchmark/hash_ident_sym.rb
index 4c81e3d28e..4c81e3d28e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_ident_sym.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_ident_sym.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_keys.rb b/benchmark/hash_keys.rb
index 6863cd01f9..6863cd01f9 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_keys.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_keys.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_literal_small2.rb b/benchmark/hash_literal_small2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c188529260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_literal_small2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+1_000_000.times.map { { "foo" => "bar", "bar" => "baz" }  }
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_literal_small4.rb b/benchmark/hash_literal_small4.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..739f71b5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_literal_small4.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+1_000_000.times.map { { "foo" => "bar", "bar" => "baz", "baz" => "lol", "lol" => "lgtm" } }
diff --git a/benchmark/hash_literal_small8.rb b/benchmark/hash_literal_small8.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53d80af535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/hash_literal_small8.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+1_000_000.times.map { { "foo" => "bar", "bar" => "baz", "baz" => "lol", "lol" => "lgtm", "lgtm" => "nope", "nope" => "ok", "ok" => "again", "again" => "wait" } }
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_long.rb b/benchmark/hash_long.rb
index 03d9109602..03d9109602 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_long.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_long.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift.rb
index a645671a5b..a645671a5b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u16.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift_u16.rb
index ec800d0342..ec800d0342 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u16.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift_u16.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u24.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift_u24.rb
index de4e0fa696..de4e0fa696 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u24.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift_u24.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u32.rb b/benchmark/hash_shift_u32.rb
index 656aa55583..656aa55583 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_shift_u32.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_shift_u32.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_small2.rb b/benchmark/hash_small2.rb
index 45485d9c71..45485d9c71 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_small2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_small2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_small4.rb b/benchmark/hash_small4.rb
index acd4084334..acd4084334 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_small4.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_small4.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_small8.rb b/benchmark/hash_small8.rb
index 9cffcc91b6..9cffcc91b6 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_small8.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_small8.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_to_proc.rb b/benchmark/hash_to_proc.rb
index 2b675bf509..2b675bf509 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_to_proc.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_to_proc.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_hash_values.rb b/benchmark/hash_values.rb
index 069441302f..069441302f 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_hash_values.rb
+++ b/benchmark/hash_values.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/int_quo.rb b/benchmark/int_quo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e22a3f8c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/int_quo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+5000000.times { 42.quo(3) }
diff --git a/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write.rb b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fd87250a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# The goal of this is to use a synthetic (non-IO) reader
+# to trigger the read/write loop of IO.copy_stream,
+# bypassing in-kernel mechanisms like sendfile for zero copy,
+# so we wrap the /dev/zero IO object:
+
+class Zero
+  def initialize
+    @n = 100000
+    @in = File.open('/dev/zero', 'rb')
+  end
+
+  def read(len, buf)
+    return if (@n -= 1) == 0
+    @in.read(len, buf)
+  end
+end
+
+begin
+  src = Zero.new
+  dst = File.open(IO::NULL, 'wb')
+  n = IO.copy_stream(src, dst)
+rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  # not *nix
+end if IO.respond_to?(:copy_stream) && IO.const_defined?(:NULL)
diff --git a/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write_socket.rb b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write_socket.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11f369bd0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_copy_stream_write_socket.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# The goal of this is to use a synthetic (non-IO) reader
+# to trigger the read/write loop of IO.copy_stream,
+# bypassing in-kernel mechanisms like sendfile for zero copy,
+# so we wrap the /dev/zero IO object:
+class Zero
+  def initialize
+    @n = 100000
+    @in = File.open('/dev/zero', 'rb')
+  end
+
+  def read(len, buf)
+    return if (@n -= 1) == 0
+    @in.read(len, buf)
+  end
+end
+
+begin
+  require 'socket'
+  src = Zero.new
+  rd, wr = UNIXSocket.pair
+  pid = fork do
+    wr.close
+    buf = String.new
+    while rd.read(16384, buf)
+    end
+  end
+  rd.close
+  IO.copy_stream(src, wr)
+rescue Errno::ENOENT, NotImplementedError, NameError
+  # not *nix: missing /dev/zero, fork, or UNIXSocket
+rescue LoadError # no socket?
+ensure
+  wr.close if wr
+  Process.waitpid(pid) if pid
+end if IO.respond_to?(:copy_stream)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_file_create.rb b/benchmark/io_file_create.rb
index 2f205c1333..2f205c1333 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_file_create.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_file_create.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_file_read.rb b/benchmark/io_file_read.rb
index b9e796ed30..b9e796ed30 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_file_read.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_file_read.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_file_write.rb b/benchmark/io_file_write.rb
index aa1be0e5fe..aa1be0e5fe 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_file_write.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_file_write.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex.rb
index da9357fdc6..da9357fdc6 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex2.rb b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex2.rb
index 56819d049b..56819d049b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_nonblock_noex2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_nonblock_noex2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/io_pipe_rw.rb b/benchmark/io_pipe_rw.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6862a8ae61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/io_pipe_rw.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Measure uncontended GVL performance via read/write with 1:1 threading
+# If we switch to M:N threading, this will benchmark something else...
+r, w = IO.pipe
+src = '0'.freeze
+dst = String.new
+i = 0
+while i < 1_000_000
+  i += 1
+  w.write(src)
+  r.read(1, dst)
+end
+w.close
+r.close
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_select.rb b/benchmark/io_select.rb
index 19248daeb1..19248daeb1 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_select.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_select.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_select2.rb b/benchmark/io_select2.rb
index 10e37d71b2..10e37d71b2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_select2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_select2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_io_select3.rb b/benchmark/io_select3.rb
index 7d0ba1f092..7d0ba1f092 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_io_select3.rb
+++ b/benchmark/io_select3.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/irb_color.yml b/benchmark/irb_color.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebdc8d7e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/irb_color.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'irb/color'
+  code = <<~'CODE'
+    def self.foo # bar
+      :"erb #{ERB.new("<%= self %>", trim_mode: ?-).result}"
+    end
+  CODE
+benchmark:
+  irb_color_complete: |
+    IRB::Color.colorize_code(code, complete: true)
+  irb_color_incomplete: |
+    IRB::Color.colorize_code(code, complete: false)
+loop_count: 2000000
diff --git a/benchmark/irb_exec.yml b/benchmark/irb_exec.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28933f8b38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/irb_exec.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  require 'rbconfig'
+  irb_f = [File.join(File.dirname(RbConfig.ruby), 'irb'), '-f']
+benchmark:
+  irb_exec: |
+    IO.popen(irb_f, 'w') do |io|
+      io.write('exit')
+    end
+loop_count: 30
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_clone.yml b/benchmark/kernel_clone.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..069b23abcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_clone.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: "object = Object.new"
+benchmark:
+  clone: "object.clone"
+  clone_true: "object.clone(freeze: true)"
+  clone_false: "object.clone(freeze: false)"
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_float.yml b/benchmark/kernel_float.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..215f6750fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_float.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+benchmark:
+  float: "Float(42)"
+  float_true: "Float(42, exception: true)"
+  float_false: "Float(42, exception: false)"
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_tap.yml b/benchmark/kernel_tap.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dcbb31b4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_tap.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  obj = Object.new
+  x = nil
+benchmark:
+  kernel_tap: obj.tap { |o| x = o }
+loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/kernel_then.yml b/benchmark/kernel_then.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85f7341e33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/kernel_then.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+benchmark:
+  kernel_then: 1.then { |i| i + 1 }
+  kernel_then_enum: 1.then
+  kernel_yield_self: 1.yield_self { |i| i + 1 }
+  kernel_yield_self_enum: 1.yield_self
+loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/keyword_arguments.yml b/benchmark/keyword_arguments.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fce6bce0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/keyword_arguments.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  h = {a: 1}
+  def kw(a: 1) a end
+  def kws(**kw) kw end
+benchmark:
+  kw_to_kw: "kw(a: 1)"
+  kw_splat_to_kw: "kw(**h)"
+  kw_to_kw_splat: "kws(a: 1)"
+  kw_splat_to_kw_splat: "kws(**h)"
+  kw_and_splat_to_kw: "kw(a: 1, **h)"
+  kw_splats_to_kw: "kw(**h, **h)"
+  kw_and_splat_to_kw_splat: "kws(a: 1, **h)"
+  kw_splats_to_kw_splat: "kws(**h, **h)"
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/output/driver.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/output/driver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d22236e9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/output/driver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/output/simple'
+
+# This replicates the legacy benchmark/driver.rb behavior.
+class BenchmarkDriver::Output::Driver < BenchmarkDriver::Output::Simple
+  def initialize(*)
+    super
+    @stdout = $stdout
+    @strio  = StringIO.new
+    $stdout = IOMultiplexer.new(@stdout, @strio)
+  end
+
+  def with_benchmark(*)
+    super
+  ensure
+    logfile = "bmlog-#{Time.now.strftime('%Y%m%d-%H%M%S')}.#{$$}.log"
+    puts "\nLog file: #{logfile}"
+
+    $stdout = @stdout
+    File.write(logfile, @strio.tap(&:rewind).read)
+  end
+
+  class IOMultiplexer
+    def initialize(io1, io2)
+      @io1 = io1
+      @io2 = io2
+    end
+
+    [:write, :sync, :sync=, :puts, :print, :flush].each do |method|
+      define_method(method) do |*args|
+        @io1.send(method, *args)
+        @io2.send(method, *args)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :IOMultiplexer
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cstime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cstime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c3453e527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cstime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Cstime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'cstime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :cstime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cutime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cutime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e139962ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/cutime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Cutime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'cutime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :cutime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d4693e8be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'erb'
+
+# A runner to measure after-JIT performance easily
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Mjit < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC]).extend(Module.new{
+    def parse(**)
+      jobs = super
+      jobs.map do |job|
+        job = job.dup
+        job.prelude = "#{job.prelude}\n#{<<~EOS}"
+          if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+            __bmdv_ruby_i = 0
+            while __bmdv_ruby_i < 10000 # jit_min_calls
+              #{job.script}
+              __bmdv_ruby_i += 1
+            end
+            RubyVM::MJIT.pause # compile
+            #{job.script}
+            RubyVM::MJIT.resume; RubyVM::MJIT.pause # recompile
+            #{job.script}
+            RubyVM::MJIT.resume; RubyVM::MJIT.pause # recompile 2
+          end
+        EOS
+        job
+      end
+    end
+  })
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eac3dfba84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'erb'
+
+# A special runner dedicated for measuring mjit_exec overhead.
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::MjitExec
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'Iteration per second', unit: 'i/s')
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(
+    :name,        # @param [String] name - This is mandatory for all runner
+    :metrics,     # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Metric>]
+    :num_methods, # @param [Integer] num_methods - The number of methods to be defined
+    :loop_count,  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+    :from_jit,    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] from_jit - Whether the mjit_exec() is from JIT or not
+    :to_jit,      # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] to_jit - Whether the mjit_exec() is to JIT or not
+  )
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  class << JobParser = Module.new
+    # @param [Array,String] num_methods
+    # @param [Integer] loop_count
+    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] from_jit
+    # @param [TrueClass,FalseClass] to_jit
+    def parse(num_methods:, loop_count:, from_jit:, to_jit:)
+      if num_methods.is_a?(String)
+        num_methods = eval(num_methods)
+      end
+
+      num_methods.map do |num|
+        if num_methods.size > 1
+          suffix = "[#{'%4d' % num}]"
+        else
+          suffix = "_#{num}"
+        end
+        Job.new(
+          name: "mjit_exec_#{from_jit ? 'JT' : 'VM'}2#{to_jit ? 'JT' : 'VM'}#{suffix}",
+          metrics: [METRIC],
+          num_methods: num,
+          loop_count: loop_count,
+          from_jit: from_jit,
+          to_jit: to_jit,
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Config::RunnerConfig] config
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Output] output
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] contexts
+  def initialize(config:, output:, contexts:)
+    @config = config
+    @output = output
+    @contexts = contexts
+  end
+
+  # This method is dynamically called by `BenchmarkDriver::JobRunner.run`
+  # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak::Job>] jobs
+  def run(jobs)
+    @output.with_benchmark do
+      jobs.each do |job|
+        @output.with_job(name: job.name) do
+          @contexts.each do |context|
+            result = BenchmarkDriver::Repeater.with_repeat(config: @config, larger_better: true, rest_on_average: :average) do
+              run_benchmark(job, context: context)
+            end
+            value, duration = result.value
+            @output.with_context(name: context.name, executable: context.executable, gems: context.gems, prelude: context.prelude) do
+              @output.report(values: { METRIC => value }, duration: duration, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips::Job] job - loop_count is not nil
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] context
+  # @return [BenchmarkDriver::Metrics]
+  def run_benchmark(job, context:)
+    if job.from_jit
+      if job.to_jit
+        benchmark = BenchmarkJT2JT.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+      else
+        raise NotImplementedError, "JT2VM is not implemented yet"
+      end
+    else
+      if job.to_jit
+        benchmark = BenchmarkVM2JT.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+      else
+        benchmark = BenchmarkVM2VM.new(num_methods: job.num_methods, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+      end
+    end
+
+    duration = Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-result', '.txt']) do |f|
+      with_script(benchmark.render(result: f.path)) do |path|
+        opt = []
+        if context.executable.command.any? { |c| c.start_with?('--jit') }
+          opt << '--jit-min-calls=2'
+        end
+        IO.popen([*context.executable.command, '--disable-gems', *opt, path], &:read)
+        if $?.success?
+          Float(f.read)
+        else
+          BenchmarkDriver::Result::ERROR
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    [job.loop_count.to_f / duration, duration]
+  end
+
+  def with_script(script)
+    if @config.verbose >= 2
+      sep = '-' * 30
+      $stdout.puts "\n\n#{sep}[Script begin]#{sep}\n#{script}#{sep}[Script end]#{sep}\n\n"
+    end
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      f.puts script
+      f.close
+      return yield(f.path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [Integer] num_methods
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkVM2VM = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:)
+      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
+        % num_methods.times do |i|
+        def a<%= i %>
+          nil
+        end
+        % end
+        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+
+        def vm
+          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          i = 0
+          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
+        % 1000.times do |i|
+            a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+            i += 1
+          end
+        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
+          a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
+        end
+
+        vm # warmup call cache
+        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, vm)
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkVM2VM
+
+  # @param [Integer] num_methods
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkVM2JT = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:)
+      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
+        % num_methods.times do |i|
+        def a<%= i %>
+          nil
+        end
+        a<%= i %>
+        a<%= i %> # --jit-min-calls=2
+        % end
+        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+
+        def vm
+          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          i = 0
+          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
+        % 1000.times do |i|
+            a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+            i += 1
+          end
+        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
+          a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
+        end
+
+        vm # warmup call cache
+        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, vm)
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkVM2JT
+
+  # @param [Integer] num_methods
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkJT2JT = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:num_methods, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:)
+      ERB.new(<<~EOS, trim_mode: '%').result(binding)
+        % num_methods.times do |i|
+        def a<%= i %>
+          nil
+        end
+        % end
+
+        # You may need to:
+        #   * Increase `JIT_ISEQ_SIZE_THRESHOLD` to 10000000 in mjit.h
+        #   * Always return false in `inlinable_iseq_p()` of mjit_compile.c
+        def jit
+          t = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          i = 0
+          while i < <%= loop_count / 1000 %>
+        % 1000.times do |i|
+            a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+            i += 1
+          end
+        % (loop_count % 1000).times do |i|
+          a<%= i % num_methods %>
+        % end
+          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - t
+        end
+
+        jit
+        jit
+        RubyVM::MJIT.pause if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
+        File.write(<%= result.dump %>, jit)
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkJT2JT
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/peak.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/peak.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d04f2e51ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/peak.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job_parser'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(
+    name: 'Peak memory usage', unit: 'bytes', larger_better: false, worse_word: 'larger',
+  )
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Config::RunnerConfig] config
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Output] output
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] contexts
+  def initialize(config:, output:, contexts:)
+    @config = config
+    @output = output
+    @contexts = contexts
+  end
+
+  # This method is dynamically called by `BenchmarkDriver::JobRunner.run`
+  # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak::Job>] jobs
+  def run(jobs)
+    if jobs.any? { |job| job.loop_count.nil? }
+      jobs = jobs.map do |job|
+        job.loop_count ? job : Job.new(job.to_h.merge(loop_count: 1))
+      end
+    end
+
+    @output.with_benchmark do
+      jobs.each do |job|
+        @output.with_job(name: job.name) do
+          job.runnable_contexts(@contexts).each do |context|
+            value = BenchmarkDriver::Repeater.with_repeat(config: @config, larger_better: false) do
+              run_benchmark(job, context: context)
+            end
+            @output.with_context(name: context.name, executable: context.executable, gems: context.gems, prelude: context.prelude) do
+              @output.report(values: { metric => value }, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips::Job] job - loop_count is not nil
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] context
+  # @return [BenchmarkDriver::Metrics]
+  def run_benchmark(job, context:)
+    benchmark = BenchmarkScript.new(
+      preludes:   [context.prelude, job.prelude],
+      script:     job.script,
+      teardown:   job.teardown,
+      loop_count: job.loop_count,
+    )
+
+    memory_status = File.expand_path('../../../../tool/lib/memory_status', __dir__)
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      with_script(benchmark.render) do |path|
+        output = IO.popen([*context.executable.command, path, f.path, target, memory_status], &:read)
+        if $?.success?
+          Integer(f.read)
+        else
+          $stdout.print(output)
+          BenchmarkDriver::Result::ERROR
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Overridden by BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Size
+  def target
+    'peak'
+  end
+
+  # Overridden by BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Size
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  def with_script(script)
+    if @config.verbose >= 2
+      sep = '-' * 30
+      $stdout.puts "\n\n#{sep}[Script begin]#{sep}\n#{script}#{sep}[Script end]#{sep}\n\n"
+    end
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      f.puts script
+      f.close
+      return yield(f.path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [String] prelude
+  # @param [String] script
+  # @param [String] teardown
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkScript = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:preludes, :script, :teardown, :loop_count) do
+    def render
+      prelude = preludes.reject(&:nil?).reject(&:empty?).join("\n")
+      <<-RUBY
+#{prelude}
+#{while_loop(script, loop_count)}
+#{teardown}
+
+result_file, target, memory_status = ARGV
+require_relative memory_status
+
+ms = Memory::Status.new
+case target.to_sym
+when :peak
+  key = ms.respond_to?(:hwm) ? :hwm : :peak
+when :size
+  key = ms.respond_to?(:rss) ? :rss : :size
+else
+  raise('unexpected target: ' + target)
+end
+
+File.write(result_file, ms[key])
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def while_loop(content, times)
+      if !times.is_a?(Integer) || times <= 0
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Unexpected times: #{times.inspect}")
+      end
+
+      if times > 1
+        <<-RUBY
+__bmdv_i = 0
+while __bmdv_i < #{times}
+  #{content}
+  __bmdv_i += 1
+end
+        RUBY
+      else
+        content
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkScript
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/size.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/size.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b31f901c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/size.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/peak'
+
+# Actually the same as BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Memory
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Size < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(
+    name: 'Max resident set size', unit: 'bytes', larger_better: false, worse_word: 'larger',
+  )
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Peak#target
+  def target
+    'size'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/stime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/stime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4577fb0bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/stime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Stime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'stime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :stime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/total.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/total.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64dc14f84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/total.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/struct'
+require 'benchmark_driver/metric'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job'
+require 'benchmark_driver/default_job_parser'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'Total time', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Config::RunnerConfig] config
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Output] output
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] contexts
+  def initialize(config:, output:, contexts:)
+    @config = config
+    @output = output
+    @contexts = contexts
+  end
+
+  # This method is dynamically called by `BenchmarkDriver::JobRunner.run`
+  # @param [Array<BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total::Job>] jobs
+  def run(jobs)
+    if jobs.any? { |job| job.loop_count.nil? }
+      raise 'missing loop_count is not supported in Ruby repository'
+    end
+
+    @output.with_benchmark do
+      jobs.each do |job|
+        @output.with_job(name: job.name) do
+          job.runnable_contexts(@contexts).each do |context|
+            duration = BenchmarkDriver::Repeater.with_repeat(config: @config, larger_better: false) do
+              run_benchmark(job, context: context)
+            end
+            @output.with_context(name: context.name, executable: context.executable, gems: context.gems, prelude: context.prelude) do
+              @output.report(values: { metric => duration }, duration: duration, loop_count: job.loop_count)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips::Job] job - loop_count is not nil
+  # @param [BenchmarkDriver::Context] context
+  # @return [BenchmarkDriver::Metrics]
+  def run_benchmark(job, context:)
+    benchmark = BenchmarkScript.new(
+      preludes:   [context.prelude, job.prelude],
+      script:     job.script,
+      teardown:   job.teardown,
+      loop_count: job.loop_count,
+    )
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      with_script(benchmark.render(result: f.path, target: target)) do |path|
+        IO.popen([*context.executable.command, path], &:read) # TODO: print stdout if verbose=2
+        if $?.success?
+          Float(f.read)
+        else
+          BenchmarkDriver::Result::ERROR
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This method is overridden by some subclasses
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # This method is overridden by some subclasses
+  def target
+    :total
+  end
+
+  def with_script(script)
+    if @config.verbose >= 2
+      sep = '-' * 30
+      $stdout.puts "\n\n#{sep}[Script begin]#{sep}\n#{script}#{sep}[Script end]#{sep}\n\n"
+    end
+
+    Tempfile.open(['benchmark_driver-', '.rb']) do |f|
+      f.puts script
+      f.close
+      return yield(f.path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @param [String] prelude
+  # @param [String] script
+  # @param [String] teardown
+  # @param [Integer] loop_count
+  BenchmarkScript = ::BenchmarkDriver::Struct.new(:preludes, :script, :teardown, :loop_count) do
+    # @param [String] result - A file to write result
+    def render(result:, target:)
+      prelude = preludes.reject(&:nil?).reject(&:empty?).join("\n")
+      <<-RUBY
+#{prelude}
+
+require 'benchmark'
+__bmdv_result = Benchmark.measure {
+  #{while_loop(script, loop_count)}
+}
+
+#{teardown}
+
+File.write(#{result.dump}, __bmdv_result.#{target})
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def while_loop(content, times)
+      if !times.is_a?(Integer) || times <= 0
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Unexpected times: #{times.inspect}")
+      elsif times == 1
+        return content
+      end
+
+      # TODO: execute in batch
+      <<-RUBY
+__bmdv_i = 0
+while __bmdv_i < #{times}
+  #{content}
+  __bmdv_i += 1
+end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+  private_constant :BenchmarkScript
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/utime.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/utime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b61d83a188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/utime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'benchmark_driver/runner/total'
+
+class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Utime < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total
+  METRIC = BenchmarkDriver::Metric.new(name: 'utime', unit: 's', larger_better: false)
+
+  # JobParser returns this, `BenchmarkDriver::Runner.runner_for` searches "*::Job"
+  Job = Class.new(BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJob)
+  # Dynamically fetched and used by `BenchmarkDriver::JobParser.parse`
+  JobParser = BenchmarkDriver::DefaultJobParser.for(klass: Job, metrics: [METRIC])
+
+  private
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#metric
+  def metric
+    METRIC
+  end
+
+  # Overriding BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Total#target
+  def target
+    :utime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/load.rb b/benchmark/lib/load.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31b770c484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/lib/load.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# How to use this file:
+#   1. write a `$(srcdir)/test.rb` like:
+=begin
+require_relative 'benchmark/lib/load'
+
+Benchmark.driver(repeat_count: 5){|x|
+  x.executable name: 'clean-miniruby', command: %w'../clean-trunk/miniruby'
+  x.executable name: 'modif-miniruby', command: %w'./miniruby'
+
+  x.report %q{
+    h = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4}
+  }
+}
+=end
+#
+#  2. `make run`
+$:.unshift(File.join(__dir__, '../benchmark-driver/lib'))
+require 'benchmark_driver'
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_for.rb b/benchmark/loop_for.rb
index 0fc4cc1511..0fc4cc1511 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_for.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_for.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_generator.rb b/benchmark/loop_generator.rb
index d3375c744c..d3375c744c 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_generator.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_generator.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_times.rb b/benchmark/loop_times.rb
index 521f72ad1a..521f72ad1a 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_times.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_times.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop.rb b/benchmark/loop_whileloop.rb
index 0072822c06..0072822c06 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_whileloop.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop2.rb b/benchmark/loop_whileloop2.rb
index 47d02dffc4..47d02dffc4 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_loop_whileloop2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/loop_whileloop2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/make_fasta_output.rb b/benchmark/make_fasta_output.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b6d787ae27..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/make_fasta_output.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# prepare 'fasta.output'
-
-def prepare_fasta_output n
-  filebase = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output')
-  script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
-  file = "#{filebase}.#{n}"
-
-  unless FileTest.exist?(file)
-    STDERR.puts "preparing #{file}"
-
-    open(file, 'w'){|f|
-      ARGV[0] = n
-      $stdout = f
-      load script
-      $stdout = STDOUT
-    }
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_flo.rb b/benchmark/marshal_dump_flo.rb
index 9b8d0c6afb..9b8d0c6afb 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_flo.rb
+++ b/benchmark/marshal_dump_flo.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb
index 8252ad90fa..8252ad90fa 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb
+++ b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_geniv.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_time.rb b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_time.rb
index e29743b791..e29743b791 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_marshal_dump_load_time.rb
+++ b/benchmark/marshal_dump_load_time.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/match_gt4.rb b/benchmark/match_gt4.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffda109912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/match_gt4.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1000000.times { /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.") }
diff --git a/benchmark/match_small.rb b/benchmark/match_small.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b743d484a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/match_small.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1000000.times { 'haystack'.match(/hay/) }
diff --git a/benchmark/memory_wrapper.rb b/benchmark/memory_wrapper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f4451a037..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/memory_wrapper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-
-write_file, target, script_file = ARGV
-
-load(script_file)
-require_relative '../test/lib/memory_status'
-open(write_file, 'wb'){|f|
-  ms = Memory::Status.new
-  case target.to_sym
-  when :peak
-    key = ms.respond_to?(:hwm) ? :hwm : :peak
-  when :size
-    key = ms.respond_to?(:rss) ? :rss : :size
-  end
-
-  f.puts ms[key]
-}
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c303c7a44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exec_jt2jt.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
+num_methods: [1]
+#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
+loop_count: 50000000
+from_jit: true
+to_jit: true
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..764883f070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2jt.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
+num_methods: [1]
+#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
+loop_count: 50000000
+from_jit: false
+to_jit: true
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..030aa76c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exec_vm2vm.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit_exec
+num_methods: [1]
+#num_methods: (1..100).to_a + [200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000]
+loop_count: 50000000
+from_jit: false
+to_jit: false
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_exivar.yml b/benchmark/mjit_exivar.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2584fa6410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_exivar.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  class Bench < Hash
+    def initialize
+      @exivar = nil
+    end
+
+    def exivar
+      @exivar
+    end
+  end
+
+  bench = Bench.new
+
+benchmark:
+  mjit_exivar: bench.exivar
+
+loop_count: 200000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_integer.yml b/benchmark/mjit_integer.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edc3556479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_integer.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_abs(int)        int.abs        end
+  def mjit_bit_length(int) int.bit_length end
+  def mjit_comp(int)       ~int           end
+  def mjit_even?(int)      int.even?      end
+  def mjit_integer?(int)   int.integer?   end
+  def mjit_magnitude(int)  int.magnitude  end
+  def mjit_odd?(int)       int.odd?       end
+  def mjit_ord(int)        int.ord        end
+  def mjit_to_i(int)       int.to_i       end
+  def mjit_to_int(int)     int.to_int     end
+  def mjit_uminus(int)     -int           end
+  def mjit_zero?(int)      int.zero?      end
+
+benchmark:
+  - mjit_abs(-1)
+  - mjit_bit_length(100)
+  - mjit_comp(1)
+  - mjit_even?(2)
+  - mjit_integer?(0)
+  - mjit_magnitude(-1)
+  - mjit_odd?(1)
+  - mjit_ord(1)
+  - mjit_to_i(1)
+  - mjit_to_int(1)
+  - mjit_uminus(1)
+  - mjit_zero?(0)
+
+loop_count: 40000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_kernel.yml b/benchmark/mjit_kernel.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7720e65c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_kernel.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_class(obj)
+    obj.class
+  end
+
+  def mjit_frozen?(obj)
+    obj.frozen?
+  end
+
+  str = ""
+  fstr = "".freeze
+
+benchmark:
+  - mjit_class(self)
+  - mjit_class(1)
+  - mjit_frozen?(str)
+  - mjit_frozen?(fstr)
+
+loop_count: 40000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_leave.yml b/benchmark/mjit_leave.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ac68b164b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_leave.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def leave
+    nil
+  end
+benchmark:
+  mjit_leave: leave
+loop_count: 200000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_opt_cc_insns.yml b/benchmark/mjit_opt_cc_insns.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fed6d34bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_opt_cc_insns.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# opt_* insns using vm_method_cfunc_is with send-compatible operands:
+#   * opt_nil_p
+#   * opt_not
+#   * opt_eq
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_nil?(obj)
+    obj.nil?
+  end
+
+  def mjit_not(obj)
+    !obj
+  end
+
+  def mjit_eq(a, b)
+    a == b
+  end
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: mjit_nil?(1)
+    loop_count: 40000000
+  - script: mjit_not(1)
+    loop_count: 40000000
+  - script: mjit_eq(1, nil)
+    loop_count: 8000000
+  - script: mjit_eq(nil, 1)
+    loop_count: 8000000
diff --git a/benchmark/mjit_struct_aref.yml b/benchmark/mjit_struct_aref.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfba1323f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/mjit_struct_aref.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+type: lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit
+prelude: |
+  def mjit_struct_aref(struct)
+    struct.aa
+  end
+  struct = Struct.new(:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3, :a4, :a5, :a6, :a7, :a8, :a9, :aa).new
+
+benchmark: mjit_struct_aref(struct)
+
+loop_count: 40000000
diff --git a/benchmark/nil_p.yml b/benchmark/nil_p.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79ba4f2177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/nil_p.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Niller; def nil?; true; end; end
+  xnil, notnil = nil, Object.new
+  niller = Niller.new
+benchmark:
+  - xnil.nil?
+  - notnil.nil?
+  - niller.nil?
+loop_count: 10000000
diff --git a/benchmark/num_zero_p.yml b/benchmark/num_zero_p.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2195963433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/num_zero_p.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+benchmark:
+  - 0.zero?
+  - 1.zero?
+  - 0r.zero?
+  - 1r.zero?
+  - 0i.zero?
+  - 1i.zero?
+loop_count: 50000000
diff --git a/benchmark/object_allocate.yml b/benchmark/object_allocate.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93ff463e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/object_allocate.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Eight
+    8.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  class ThirtyTwo
+    32.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  class SixtyFour
+    64.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  class OneTwentyEight
+    128.times { include(Module.new) }
+  end
+  # Disable GC to see raw throughput:
+  GC.disable
+benchmark:
+  allocate_8_deep: Eight.new
+  allocate_32_deep: ThirtyTwo.new
+  allocate_64_deep: SixtyFour.new
+  allocate_128_deep: OneTwentyEight.new
+loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/objspace_dump_all.yml b/benchmark/objspace_dump_all.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebab562d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/objspace_dump_all.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'objspace'
+  require 'tempfile'
+  $objs = 1_000.times.map { Object.new }
+  $strings = 1_000.times.map { |i| "string #{i}" }
+  $file = Tempfile.new('heap')
+  $dev_null = File.open(File::NULL, 'w+')
+
+benchmark:
+  dump_all_string: "ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string)"
+  dump_all_file: "ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: $file)"
+  dump_all_dev_null: "ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: $dev_null)"
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py b/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py
index 01593965d9..1ce9f76275 100644
--- a/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py
+++ b/benchmark/other-lang/fact.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 def factL(n):
 	r = 1
-	for x in range(2, n):
+	for x in range(2, n+1):
 		r *= x
 	return r
 
diff --git a/benchmark/pm_array.yml b/benchmark/pm_array.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..babb65a289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/pm_array.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+prelude: |
+  def call(*val)
+    case val
+      in [String => body]
+        [200, {}, [body]]
+      in [Integer => status]
+        [status, {}, [""]]
+      in [Integer, String] => response
+        [response[0], {}, [response[1]]]
+      in [Integer, Hash, String] => response
+        [response[0], response[1], [response[2]]]
+    end
+  end
+
+benchmark:
+  first_match: call("ok")
+  second_match: call(401)
+  third_match: call(200, "ok")
+  fourth_match: call(201, {}, "created")
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_require.rb b/benchmark/prepare_require.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c4786f04ad..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_require.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-require "fileutils"
-
-def prepare
-  num_files = 10000
-
-  basename = File.dirname($0)
-  data_dir = File.join(basename, "bm_require.data")
-
-  # skip if all of files exists
-  if File.exist?(File.join(data_dir, "c#{num_files}.rb"))
-    return
-  end
-
-  FileUtils.mkdir_p(data_dir)
-
-  1.upto(num_files) do |i|
-    f = File.open("#{data_dir}/c#{i}.rb", "w")
-    f.puts <<-END
-      class C#{i}
-      end
-    END
-  end
-end
-
-prepare
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_require_thread.rb b/benchmark/prepare_require_thread.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 339ecb8b39..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_require_thread.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-load File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "prepare_require.rb")
-
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_so_count_words.rb b/benchmark/prepare_so_count_words.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee2138cdb2..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_so_count_words.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# prepare 'wc.input'
-
-def prepare_wc_input
-  wcinput = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input')
-  wcbase  = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input.base')
-  unless FileTest.exist?(wcinput)
-    data = File.read(wcbase)
-    13.times{
-      data << data
-    }
-    open(wcinput, 'w'){|f| f.write data}
-  end
-end
-
-prepare_wc_input
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_so_k_nucleotide.rb b/benchmark/prepare_so_k_nucleotide.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d83aeb7a7e..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_so_k_nucleotide.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require_relative 'make_fasta_output'
-prepare_fasta_output(100_000)
diff --git a/benchmark/prepare_so_reverse_complement.rb b/benchmark/prepare_so_reverse_complement.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index da3ec2df14..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/prepare_so_reverse_complement.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require_relative 'make_fasta_output'
-prepare_fasta_output(2_500_000)
diff --git a/benchmark/range_last.yml b/benchmark/range_last.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6674f82ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/range_last.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  - (1..1_000_000).last(100)
+  - (1..1_000_000).last(1000)
+  - (1..1_000_000).last(10000)
diff --git a/benchmark/realpath.yml b/benchmark/realpath.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90a029d5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/realpath.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+prelude: |
+  f = File
+  pwd = Dir.pwd
+  Dir.mkdir('b') unless f.directory?('b')
+  f.write('b/a', '') unless f.file?('b/a')
+
+  relative = 'b/a'
+  absolute = File.join(pwd, relative)
+  dir = 'b'
+  file = 'a'
+
+  relative_dir = 'b/c'
+  absolute_dir = File.join(pwd, relative_dir)
+  file_dir = 'c'
+benchmark:
+  relative_nil: "f.realpath(relative, nil)"
+  absolute_nil: "f.realpath(absolute, nil)"
+  relative_relative: "f.realpath(file, dir)"
+  absolute_relative: "f.realpath(absolute, dir)"
+  relative_absolute: "f.realpath(relative, pwd)"
+  relative_nil_dir: "f.realdirpath(relative_dir, nil)"
+  absolute_nil_dir: "f.realdirpath(absolute_dir, nil)"
+  relative_relative_dir: "f.realdirpath(file_dir, dir)"
+  absolute_relative_dir: "f.realdirpath(absolute_dir, dir)"
+  relative_absolute_dir: "f.realdirpath(relative_dir, pwd)"
+  relative_nil_notexist: "f.realpath(relative_dir, nil) rescue nil"
+  absolute_nil_notexist: "f.realpath(absolute_dir, nil) rescue nil"
+  relative_relative_notexist: "f.realpath(file_dir, dir) rescue nil"
+  absolute_relative_notexist: "f.realpath(absolute_dir, dir) rescue nil"
+  relative_absolute_notexist: "f.realpath(relative_dir, pwd) rescue nil"
diff --git a/benchmark/report.rb b/benchmark/report.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d2dc56b1e1..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/report.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-#
-# YARV benchmark driver
-#
-
-require 'yarvutil'
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-def exec_command type, file, w
-  <<-EOP
-  $DRIVER_PATH = '#{File.dirname($0)}'
-  $LOAD_PATH.replace $LOAD_PATH | #{$LOAD_PATH.inspect}
-  require 'benchmark'
-  require 'yarvutil'
-#  print '#{type}'
-  begin
-    puts Benchmark.measure{
-      #{w}('#{file}')
-    }.utime
-  rescue Exception => exec_command_error_variable
-    puts "\t" + exec_command_error_variable.message
-  end
-  EOP
-end
-
-def benchmark cmd
-  rubybin = ENV['RUBY'] || RbConfig.ruby
-
-  IO.popen(rubybin, 'r+'){|io|
-    io.write cmd
-    io.close_write
-    return io.gets
-  }
-end
-
-def ruby_exec file
-  prog = exec_command 'ruby', file, 'load'
-  benchmark prog
-end
-
-def yarv_exec file
-  prog = exec_command 'yarv', file, 'YARVUtil.load_bm'
-  benchmark prog
-end
-
-$wr = $wy = nil
-
-def measure bench
-  file = File.dirname($0) + "/bm_#{bench}.rb"
-  r = ruby_exec(file).to_f
-  y = yarv_exec(file).to_f
-  puts "#{bench}\t#{r}\t#{y}"
-end
-
-def measure2
-  r = ruby_exec.to_f
-  y = yarv_exec.to_f
-  puts r/y
-end
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  %w{
-    whileloop
-    whileloop2
-    times
-    const
-    method
-    poly_method
-    block
-    rescue
-    rescue2
-  }.each{|bench|
-    measure bench
-  }
-end
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/require.yml b/benchmark/require.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09f218cf08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/require.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+prelude: |
+  require "fileutils"
+
+  def prepare
+    num_files = 10000
+
+    basename = File.dirname($0)
+    data_dir = File.join(basename, "bm_require.data")
+
+    # skip if all of files exists
+    if File.exist?(File.join(data_dir, "c#{num_files}.rb"))
+      return
+    end
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(data_dir)
+
+    1.upto(num_files) do |i|
+      File.write("#{data_dir}/c#{i}.rb", "class C#{i}\n""end\n")
+    end
+  end
+
+  prepare
+benchmark:
+  require: |
+    $:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
+
+    1.upto(10000) do |i|
+      require "c#{i}"
+    end
+
+    $:.pop
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/require_thread.yml b/benchmark/require_thread.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c63257106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/require_thread.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+prelude: |
+  require "fileutils"
+
+  def prepare
+    num_files = 10000
+
+    basename = File.dirname($0)
+    data_dir = File.join(basename, "bm_require.data")
+
+    # skip if all of files exists
+    if File.exist?(File.join(data_dir, "c#{num_files}.rb"))
+      return
+    end
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(data_dir)
+
+    1.upto(num_files) do |i|
+      File.write("#{data_dir}/c#{i}.rb", "class C#{i}\n""end\n")
+    end
+  end
+
+  prepare
+benchmark:
+  require_thread: |
+    $:.push File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "bm_require.data")
+
+    i=0
+    t = Thread.new do
+      while true
+        i = i+1 # dummy loop
+      end
+    end
+
+    1.upto(100) do |i|
+      require "c#{i}"
+    end
+
+    $:.pop
+    t.kill
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/run.rb b/benchmark/run.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0cd2363849..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/run.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Ruby benchmark driver
-#
-
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-$matzrubyonly = false
-$rubyonly = false
-
-$results  = []
-
-# prepare 'wc.input'
-def prepare_wc_input
-  wcinput = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input')
-  wcbase  = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input.base')
-  unless FileTest.exist?(wcinput)
-    data = File.read(wcbase)
-    13.times{
-      data << data
-    }
-    open(wcinput, 'w'){|f| f.write data}
-  end
-end
-
-prepare_wc_input
-
-def bm file
-  prog = File.readlines(file).map{|e| e.rstrip}.join("\n")
-  return if prog.empty?
-
-  /[a-z]+_(.+)\.rb/ =~ file
-  bm_name = $1
-  puts '-----------------------------------------------------------' unless $rubyonly || $matzrubyonly
-  puts "#{bm_name}: "
-
-
-puts <<EOS unless $matzrubyonly || $rubyonly
-#{prog}
---
-EOS
-  begin
-    result = [bm_name]
-    result << matzruby_exec(file) unless $rubyonly
-    result << ruby_exec(file) unless $matzrubyonly
-    $results << result
-
-  rescue Exception => e
-    puts
-    puts "** benchmark failure: #{e}"
-    puts e.backtrace
-  end
-end
-
-def benchmark file, bin
-  m = Benchmark.measure{
-    `#{bin} #{$opts} #{file}`
-  }
-  sec = '%.3f' % m.real
-  puts " #{sec}"
-  sec
-end
-
-def ruby_exec file
-  print 'ruby'
-  benchmark file, $ruby_program
-end
-
-def matzruby_exec file
-  print 'matz'
-  rubylib = ENV['RUBYLIB']
-  ENV['RUBYLIB'] = ''
-  r = benchmark file, $matzruby_program
-  ENV['RUBYLIB'] = rubylib
-  r
-end
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  ARGV.each{|arg|
-    case arg
-    when /\A--ruby=(.+)/
-      $ruby_program = $1
-    when /\A--matzruby=(.+)/
-      $matzruby_program = $1
-    when /\A--opts=(.+)/
-      $opts = $1
-    when /\A(-r|--only-ruby)\z/
-      $rubyonly = true
-    when /\A(-m|--only-matzruby)\z/
-      $matzrubyonly = true
-    end
-  }
-  ARGV.delete_if{|arg|
-    /\A-/ =~ arg
-  }
-
-  puts "MatzRuby:"
-  system("#{$matzruby_program} -v")
-  puts "Ruby:"
-  system("#{$ruby_program} -v")
-  puts
-
-  if ARGV.empty?
-    Dir.glob(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/bm_*.rb').sort.each{|file|
-      bm file
-    }
-  else
-    ARGV.each{|file|
-      Dir.glob(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), file + '*')){|ef|
-        # file = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/#{file}.rb"
-        bm ef
-      }
-    }
-  end
-
-  puts
-  puts "-- benchmark summary ---------------------------"
-  $results.each{|res|
-    print res.shift, "\t"
-    (res||[]).each{|result|
-      /([\d\.]+)/ =~ result
-      print $1 + "\t" if $1
-    }
-    puts
-  }
-end
-
diff --git a/benchmark/runc.rb b/benchmark/runc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 97c5cef045..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/runc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#
-
-require 'benchmark'
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-$rubybin = ENV['RUBY'] || RbConfig.ruby
-
-def runfile file
-  puts file
-  file = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'contrib', file)
-  Benchmark.bm{|x|
-    x.report('ruby'){
-      system("#{$rubybin} #{file}")
-    }
-    x.report('yarv'){
-      system("#{$rubybin} -rite -I.. #{file}")
-    }
-  }
-end
-
-ARGV.each{|file|
-  runfile file
-}
-
-
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_securerandom.rb b/benchmark/securerandom.rb
index a082ea6d5b..a082ea6d5b 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_securerandom.rb
+++ b/benchmark/securerandom.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_ackermann.rb b/benchmark/so_ackermann.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4effa1ecaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_ackermann.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: ackermann-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:40:41 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+
+def ack(m, n)
+    if m == 0 then
+        n + 1
+    elsif n == 0 then
+        ack(m - 1, 1)
+    else
+        ack(m - 1, ack(m, n - 1))
+    end
+end
+
+NUM = 9
+ack(3, NUM)
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/so_array.rb b/benchmark/so_array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..767e03db5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: ary-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:27 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# with help from Paul Brannan and Mark Hubbart
+
+n = 9000 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
+
+x = Array.new(n)
+y = Array.new(n, 0)
+
+n.times{|bi|
+  x[bi] = bi + 1
+}
+
+(0 .. 999).each do |e|
+  (n-1).step(0,-1) do |bi|
+    y[bi] += x.at(bi)
+  end
+end
+# puts "#{y.first} #{y.last}"
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_binary_trees.rb b/benchmark/so_binary_trees.rb
index b1693e4109..b1693e4109 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_binary_trees.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_binary_trees.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_concatenate.rb b/benchmark/so_concatenate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4468e20ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_concatenate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: strcat-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:28 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# based on code from Aristarkh A Zagorodnikov and Dat Nguyen
+
+STUFF = "hello\n"
+i = 0
+while i<10
+  i += 1
+  hello = ''
+  4_000_000.times do |e|
+    hello << STUFF
+  end
+end
+# puts hello.length
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/so_count_words.yml b/benchmark/so_count_words.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99683505f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_count_words.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+prelude: |
+  #!/usr/bin/ruby
+
+  wc_input_base = <<EOS
+  Subject:      Re: Who was Izchak Miller?
+  From:         "Jane D. Anonymous" <nobody@yale.edu>
+  Date:         1996/04/28
+  Message-Id:   <4lv7bc$oh@news.ycc.yale.edu>
+  References:   <317C405E.5DFA@panix.com> <4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net>
+  To:           75176.2330@compuserve.com
+  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
+  Organization: Yale University
+  X-Url:        news:4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net
+  Mime-Version: 1.0
+  Newsgroups:   rec.games.roguelike.nethack
+  X-Mailer:     Mozilla 1.1N (Macintosh; I; 68K)
+
+  Hello there, Izchak Miller was my father.  When I was younger I spent 
+  many a night, hunched over the keyboard with a cup of tea, playing 
+  nethack with him and my brother.  my dad was a philosopher with a strong 
+  weakness for fantasy/sci fi.  I remember when he started to get involved 
+  with the Nethack team- my brother's Dungeons and Dragons monster book 
+  found a regular place beside my dad's desk. it's nice to see him living 
+  on in the game he loved so much :-).  
+                                                                    Tamar Miller
+
+  The following is a really long word of 5000 characters:
+
+  wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
+  EOS
+
+  # prepare 'wc.input'
+
+  def prepare_wc_input(wcbase)
+    wcinput = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input')
+    unless FileTest.exist?(wcinput)
+      data = wcbase.dup
+      13.times{
+        data << data
+      }
+      open(wcinput, 'w'){|f| f.write data}
+    end
+  end
+
+  prepare_wc_input(wc_input_base)
+
+benchmark:
+  so_count_words: |
+    # $Id: wc-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:43:32 bfulgham Exp $
+    # http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+    # with help from Paul Brannan
+    input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'wc.input'), 'rb')
+
+    nl = nw = nc = 0
+    while true
+      tmp = input.read(4096) or break
+      data = tmp << (input.gets || "")
+      nc += data.length
+      nl += data.count("\n")
+      ((data.strip! || data).tr!("\n", " ") || data).squeeze!
+      nw += data.count(" ") + 1
+    end
+    # STDERR.puts "#{nl} #{nw} #{nc}"
+
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/so_exception.rb b/benchmark/so_exception.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb205b4df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_exception.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: except-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:41:33 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+
+$HI = 0
+$LO = 0
+NUM = 250000 # Integer(ARGV[0] || 1)
+
+
+class Lo_Exception < Exception
+  def initialize(num)
+    @value = num
+  end
+end
+
+class Hi_Exception < Exception
+  def initialize(num)
+    @value = num
+  end
+end
+
+def some_function(num)
+  begin
+    hi_function(num)
+  rescue
+    print "We shouldn't get here, exception is: #{$!.type}\n"
+  end
+end
+
+def hi_function(num)
+  begin
+    lo_function(num)
+  rescue Hi_Exception
+    $HI = $HI + 1
+  end
+end
+
+def lo_function(num)
+  begin
+    blowup(num)
+  rescue Lo_Exception
+    $LO = $LO + 1
+  end
+end
+
+def blowup(num)
+  if num % 2 == 0
+    raise Lo_Exception.new(num)
+  else
+    raise Hi_Exception.new(num)
+  end
+end
+
+
+i = 1
+max = NUM+1
+while i < max
+  i += 1
+  some_function(i+1)
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_fannkuch.rb b/benchmark/so_fannkuch.rb
index bac5ecd44c..bac5ecd44c 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_fannkuch.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_fannkuch.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_fasta.rb b/benchmark/so_fasta.rb
index dcc6b39507..dcc6b39507 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_fasta.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_fasta.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml b/benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7df086c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_k_nucleotide.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+prelude: |
+  bm_so_fasta = <<'EOS'
+  # The Computer Language Shootout
+  # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+  # Contributed by Sokolov Yura
+
+  $last = 42.0
+  def gen_random(max, im=139968, ia=3877, ic=29573)
+      (max * ($last = ($last * ia + ic) % im)) / im
+  end
+
+  alu =
+     "GGCCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGG"+
+     "GAGGCCGAGGCGGGCGGATCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTCGAGA"+
+     "CCAGCCTGGCCAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAAT"+
+     "ACAAAAATTAGCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGCGCGCCTGTAATCCCA"+
+     "GCTACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATCGCTTGAACCCGGG"+
+     "AGGCGGAGGTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCC"+
+     "AGCCTGGGCGACAGAGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAA"
+
+  iub = [
+      ["a", 0.27],
+      ["c", 0.12],
+      ["g", 0.12],
+      ["t", 0.27],
+
+      ["B", 0.02],
+      ["D", 0.02],
+      ["H", 0.02],
+      ["K", 0.02],
+      ["M", 0.02],
+      ["N", 0.02],
+      ["R", 0.02],
+      ["S", 0.02],
+      ["V", 0.02],
+      ["W", 0.02],
+      ["Y", 0.02],
+  ]
+  homosapiens = [
+      ["a", 0.3029549426680],
+      ["c", 0.1979883004921],
+      ["g", 0.1975473066391],
+      ["t", 0.3015094502008],
+  ]
+
+  def make_repeat_fasta(id, desc, src, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      v = nil
+      width = 60
+      l = src.length
+      s = src * ((n / l) + 1)
+      s.slice!(n, l)
+      puts(s.scan(/.{1,#{width}}/).join("\n"))
+  end
+
+  def make_random_fasta(id, desc, table, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      rand, v = nil,nil
+      width = 60
+      chunk = 1 * width
+      prob = 0.0
+      table.each{|v| v[1]= (prob += v[1])}
+      for i in 1..(n/width)
+          puts((1..width).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+      if n%width != 0
+          puts((1..(n%width)).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+  end
+
+
+  n = (ARGV[0] or 250_000).to_i
+
+  make_repeat_fasta('ONE', 'Homo sapiens alu', alu, n*2)
+  make_random_fasta('TWO', 'IUB ambiguity codes', iub, n*3)
+  make_random_fasta('THREE', 'Homo sapiens frequency', homosapiens, n*5)
+  EOS
+benchmark:
+  - name: so_k_nucleotide
+    prelude: |
+      script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+      File.write(script, bm_so_fasta)
+
+      def prepare_fasta_output n
+        filebase = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output')
+        script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+        file = "#{filebase}.#{n}"
+
+        unless FileTest.exist?(file)
+          STDERR.puts "preparing #{file}"
+
+          open(file, 'w'){|f|
+            ARGV[0] = n
+            $stdout = f
+            load script
+            $stdout = STDOUT
+          }
+        end
+      end
+      prepare_fasta_output(100_000)
+    script: |
+      # The Computer Language Shootout
+      # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org
+      #
+      # contributed by jose fco. gonzalez
+      # modified by Sokolov Yura
+
+      seq = String.new
+
+      def frecuency( seq,length )
+          n, table = seq.length - length + 1, Hash.new(0)
+          f, i = nil, nil
+          (0 ... length).each do |f|
+              (f ... n).step(length) do |i|
+                  table[seq[i,length]] += 1
+              end
+          end
+          [n,table]
+
+      end
+
+      def sort_by_freq( seq,length )
+          n,table = frecuency( seq,length )
+          a, b, v = nil, nil, nil
+          table.sort{|a,b| b[1] <=> a[1]}.each do |v|
+              puts "%s %.3f" % [v[0].upcase,((v[1]*100).to_f/n)]
+          end
+          puts
+      end
+
+      def find_seq( seq,s )
+          n,table = frecuency( seq,s.length )
+          puts "#{table[s].to_s}\t#{s.upcase}"
+      end
+
+      input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.100000'), 'rb')
+
+      line = input.gets while line !~ /^>THREE/
+      line = input.gets
+
+      while (line !~ /^>/) & line do
+          seq << line.chomp
+          line = input.gets
+      end
+
+      [1,2].each {|i| sort_by_freq( seq,i ) }
+
+      %w(ggt ggta ggtatt ggtattttaatt ggtattttaatttatagt).each{|s| find_seq( seq,s) }
+    loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_lists.rb b/benchmark/so_lists.rb
index e8f4a2a5f7..e8f4a2a5f7 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_lists.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_lists.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_mandelbrot.rb b/benchmark/so_mandelbrot.rb
index 76331c64b8..76331c64b8 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_mandelbrot.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_mandelbrot.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_matrix.rb b/benchmark/so_matrix.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d1e72bda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_matrix.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: matrix-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:14 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+
+n = 60 #Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
+
+size = 40
+
+def mkmatrix(rows, cols)
+    count = 1
+    mx = Array.new(rows)
+    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
+        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
+        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
+            row[j] = count
+            count += 1
+        end
+        mx[bi] = row
+    end
+    mx
+end
+
+def mmult(rows, cols, m1, m2)
+    m3 = Array.new(rows)
+    (0 .. (rows - 1)).each do |bi|
+        row = Array.new(cols, 0)
+        (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |j|
+            val = 0
+            (0 .. (cols - 1)).each do |k|
+                val += m1.at(bi).at(k) * m2.at(k).at(j)
+            end
+            row[j] = val
+        end
+        m3[bi] = row
+    end
+    m3
+end
+
+m1 = mkmatrix(size, size)
+m2 = mkmatrix(size, size)
+mm = Array.new
+n.times do
+    mm = mmult(size, size, m1, m2)
+end
+# puts "#{mm[0][0]} #{mm[2][3]} #{mm[3][2]} #{mm[4][4]}"
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_meteor_contest.rb b/benchmark/so_meteor_contest.rb
index 8c136baa6c..8c136baa6c 100755..100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_meteor_contest.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_meteor_contest.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nbody.rb b/benchmark/so_nbody.rb
index d6c5bb9e61..d6c5bb9e61 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nbody.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_nbody.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb b/benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..766fcf7b84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_nested_loop.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: nestedloop-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:22 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# from Avi Bryant
+
+n = 16 # Integer(ARGV.shift || 1)
+x = 0
+n.times do
+    n.times do
+        n.times do
+            n.times do
+                n.times do
+                    n.times do
+                        x += 1
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+# puts x
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve.rb b/benchmark/so_nsieve.rb
index a65cc78233..a65cc78233 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_nsieve.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve_bits.rb b/benchmark/so_nsieve_bits.rb
index 6f958ee44e..6f958ee44e 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_nsieve_bits.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_nsieve_bits.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_object.rb b/benchmark/so_object.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..131f44624c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_object.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#!/usr/bin/ruby
+# -*- Ruby -*-
+# $Id: objinst-ruby.code,v 1.4 2004/11/13 07:42:25 bfulgham Exp $
+# http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
+# with help from Aristarkh Zagorodnikov
+
+class Toggle
+    def initialize(start_state)
+        @bool = start_state
+    end
+
+    def value
+        @bool
+    end
+
+    def activate
+        @bool = !@bool
+        self
+    end
+end
+
+class NthToggle < Toggle
+    def initialize(start_state, max_counter)
+        super start_state
+        @count_max = max_counter
+        @counter = 0
+    end
+
+    def activate
+        @counter += 1
+        if @counter >= @count_max
+            @bool = !@bool
+            @counter = 0
+        end
+        self
+    end
+end
+
+n = 1500000 # (ARGV.shift || 1).to_i
+
+toggle = Toggle.new 1
+5.times do
+    toggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
+end
+n.times do
+    toggle = Toggle.new 1
+end
+
+ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
+8.times do
+    ntoggle.activate.value ? 'true' : 'false'
+end
+n.times do
+    ntoggle = NthToggle.new 1, 3
+end
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_partial_sums.rb b/benchmark/so_partial_sums.rb
index 630b45cb8d..630b45cb8d 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_partial_sums.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_partial_sums.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_pidigits.rb b/benchmark/so_pidigits.rb
index 9a537b2d1c..9a537b2d1c 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_pidigits.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_pidigits.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_random.rb b/benchmark/so_random.rb
index a66b9e8e63..a66b9e8e63 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_random.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_random.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml b/benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de05eedfc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/so_reverse_complement.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+prelude: |
+  bm_so_fasta = <<'EOS'
+  # The Computer Language Shootout
+  # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+  # Contributed by Sokolov Yura
+
+  $last = 42.0
+  def gen_random(max, im=139968, ia=3877, ic=29573)
+      (max * ($last = ($last * ia + ic) % im)) / im
+  end
+
+  alu =
+     "GGCCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGG"+
+     "GAGGCCGAGGCGGGCGGATCACCTGAGGTCAGGAGTTCGAGA"+
+     "CCAGCCTGGCCAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAAT"+
+     "ACAAAAATTAGCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGCGCGCCTGTAATCCCA"+
+     "GCTACTCGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATCGCTTGAACCCGGG"+
+     "AGGCGGAGGTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCC"+
+     "AGCCTGGGCGACAGAGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAA"
+
+  iub = [
+      ["a", 0.27],
+      ["c", 0.12],
+      ["g", 0.12],
+      ["t", 0.27],
+
+      ["B", 0.02],
+      ["D", 0.02],
+      ["H", 0.02],
+      ["K", 0.02],
+      ["M", 0.02],
+      ["N", 0.02],
+      ["R", 0.02],
+      ["S", 0.02],
+      ["V", 0.02],
+      ["W", 0.02],
+      ["Y", 0.02],
+  ]
+  homosapiens = [
+      ["a", 0.3029549426680],
+      ["c", 0.1979883004921],
+      ["g", 0.1975473066391],
+      ["t", 0.3015094502008],
+  ]
+
+  def make_repeat_fasta(id, desc, src, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      v = nil
+      width = 60
+      l = src.length
+      s = src * ((n / l) + 1)
+      s.slice!(n, l)
+      puts(s.scan(/.{1,#{width}}/).join("\n"))
+  end
+
+  def make_random_fasta(id, desc, table, n)
+      puts ">#{id} #{desc}"
+      rand, v = nil,nil
+      width = 60
+      chunk = 1 * width
+      prob = 0.0
+      table.each{|v| v[1]= (prob += v[1])}
+      for i in 1..(n/width)
+          puts((1..width).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+      if n%width != 0
+          puts((1..(n%width)).collect{
+              rand = gen_random(1.0)
+              table.find{|v| v[1]>rand}[0]
+          }.join)
+      end
+  end
+
+
+  n = (ARGV[0] or 250_000).to_i
+
+  make_repeat_fasta('ONE', 'Homo sapiens alu', alu, n*2)
+  make_random_fasta('TWO', 'IUB ambiguity codes', iub, n*3)
+  make_random_fasta('THREE', 'Homo sapiens frequency', homosapiens, n*5)
+  EOS
+benchmark:
+  - name: so_reverse_complement
+    prelude: |
+      script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+      File.write(script, bm_so_fasta)
+
+      def prepare_fasta_output n
+        filebase = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output')
+        script = File.join(File.dirname($0), 'bm_so_fasta.rb')
+        file = "#{filebase}.#{n}"
+
+        unless FileTest.exist?(file)
+          STDERR.puts "preparing #{file}"
+
+          open(file, 'w'){|f|
+            ARGV[0] = n
+            $stdout = f
+            load script
+            $stdout = STDOUT
+          }
+        end
+      end
+      prepare_fasta_output(2_500_000)
+    script: |
+      # The Great Computer Language Shootout
+      # http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
+      #
+      # Contributed by Peter Bjarke Olsen
+      # Modified by Doug King
+
+      seq=Array.new
+
+      def revcomp(seq)
+        seq.reverse!.tr!('wsatugcyrkmbdhvnATUGCYRKMBDHVN','WSTAACGRYMKVHDBNTAACGRYMKVHDBN')
+        stringlen=seq.length
+        0.step(stringlen-1,60) {|x| print seq.slice(x,60) , "\n"}
+      end
+
+      input = open(File.join(File.dirname($0), 'fasta.output.2500000'), 'rb')
+
+      while input.gets
+        if $_ =~ />/
+          if seq.length != 0
+            revcomp(seq.join)
+            seq=Array.new
+          end
+          puts $_
+        else
+          $_.sub(/\n/,'')
+          seq.push $_
+        end
+      end
+      revcomp(seq.join)
+    loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_sieve.rb b/benchmark/so_sieve.rb
index 43dc302648..43dc302648 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_sieve.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_sieve.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_so_spectralnorm.rb b/benchmark/so_spectralnorm.rb
index 6b97206689..6b97206689 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_so_spectralnorm.rb
+++ b/benchmark/so_spectralnorm.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/string_capitalize.yml b/benchmark/string_capitalize.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d23fd3d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_capitalize.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"a".."m",*"N".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  capitalize-1: str1.capitalize
+  capitalize-10: str10.capitalize
+  capitalize-100: str100.capitalize
+  capitalize-1000: str1000.capitalize
diff --git a/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2354040a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_casecmp.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+prelude: |
+  lstr1 = [*"a".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  lstr10 = lstr1 * 10
+  lstr100 = lstr10 * 10
+  lstr1000 = lstr100 * 10
+  lnonascii1 = [*"\u{e0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  lnonascii10 = lnonascii1 * 10
+  lnonascii100 = lnonascii10 * 10
+  lnonascii1000 = lnonascii100 * 10
+  ustr1 = [*"A".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  ustr10 = ustr1 * 10
+  ustr100 = ustr10 * 10
+  ustr1000 = ustr100 * 10
+  unonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{df}"].join("")
+  unonascii10 = unonascii1 * 10
+  unonascii100 = unonascii10 * 10
+  unonascii1000 = unonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  casecmp-1: lstr1.casecmp(ustr1)
+  casecmp-10: lstr10.casecmp(ustr10)
+  casecmp-100: lstr100.casecmp(ustr100)
+  casecmp-1000: lstr1000.casecmp(ustr1000)
+  casecmp-nonascii1: lnonascii1.casecmp(unonascii1)
+  casecmp-nonascii10: lnonascii10.casecmp(unonascii10)
+  casecmp-nonascii100: lnonascii100.casecmp(unonascii100)
+  casecmp-nonascii1000: lnonascii1000.casecmp(unonascii1000)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_casecmp_p.yml b/benchmark/string_casecmp_p.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a790ce7d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_casecmp_p.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+prelude: |
+  lstr1 = [*"a".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  lstr10 = lstr1 * 10
+  lstr100 = lstr10 * 10
+  lstr1000 = lstr100 * 10
+  lnonascii1 = [*"\u{e0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  lnonascii10 = lnonascii1 * 10
+  lnonascii100 = lnonascii10 * 10
+  lnonascii1000 = lnonascii100 * 10
+  ustr1 = [*"A".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  ustr10 = ustr1 * 10
+  ustr100 = ustr10 * 10
+  ustr1000 = ustr100 * 10
+  unonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{df}"].join("")
+  unonascii10 = unonascii1 * 10
+  unonascii100 = unonascii10 * 10
+  unonascii1000 = unonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  casecmp_p-1: lstr1.casecmp?(ustr1)
+  casecmp_p-10: lstr10.casecmp?(ustr10)
+  casecmp_p-100: lstr100.casecmp?(ustr100)
+  casecmp_p-1000: lstr1000.casecmp?(ustr1000)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii1: lnonascii1.casecmp?(unonascii1)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii10: lnonascii10.casecmp?(unonascii10)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii100: lnonascii100.casecmp?(unonascii100)
+  casecmp_p-nonascii1000: lnonascii1000.casecmp?(unonascii1000)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_downcase.yml b/benchmark/string_downcase.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fea6afbec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_downcase.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"A".."Z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+  nonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{df}"].join("")
+  nonascii10 = nonascii1 * 10
+  nonascii100 = nonascii10 * 10
+  nonascii1000 = nonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  downcase-1: str1.upcase
+  downcase-10: str10.upcase
+  downcase-100: str100.upcase
+  downcase-1000: str1000.upcase
+  downcase-nonascii1: nonascii1.downcase
+  downcase-nonascii10: nonascii10.downcase
+  downcase-nonascii100: nonascii100.downcase
+  downcase-nonascii1000: nonascii1000.downcase
diff --git a/benchmark/string_index.rb b/benchmark/string_index.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7783111082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_index.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+str1 = "あ" * 1024 + "い" # not single byte optimizable
+str2 = "い"
+100_000.times { str1.index(str2) }
diff --git a/benchmark/string_scan_re.rb b/benchmark/string_scan_re.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0d60201a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_scan_re.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+str = Array.new(1_000, 'abc').join(',')
+1_000.times { str.scan(/abc/) }
diff --git a/benchmark/string_scan_str.rb b/benchmark/string_scan_str.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42440bd948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_scan_str.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+str = Array.new(1_000, 'abc').join(',')
+1_000.times { str.scan('abc') }
diff --git a/benchmark/string_slice.yml b/benchmark/string_slice.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc2393c5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_slice.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+prelude: |
+  long_string = "x"*1000+"-hår"
+benchmark:
+  regexp-short: |
+    "x-hår".slice!(/-(.)(.)(.)/, 3)
+  regexp-long: |
+    long_string.dup.slice!(/-(.)(.)(.)/, 3)
+  string-short: |
+    "x-hår".slice!("r")
+  string-long: |
+    long_string.dup.slice!("r")
diff --git a/benchmark/string_split.yml b/benchmark/string_split.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc2c7d7855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_split.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*0..5].join(" ") + " "
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  to_chars-1: str1.split('')
+  to_chars-10: str10.split('')
+  to_chars-100: str100.split('')
+  to_chars-1000: str1000.split('')
+  to_words-1: str1.split(' ')
+  to_words-10: str10.split(' ')
+  to_words-100: str100.split(' ')
+  to_words-1000: str1000.split(' ')
+  re_chars-1: str1.split(//)
+  re_chars-10: str10.split(//)
+  re_chars-100: str100.split(//)
+  re_chars-1000: str1000.split(//)
+  re_space-1: str1.split(/ /)
+  re_space-10: str10.split(/ /)
+  re_space-100: str100.split(/ /)
+  re_space-1000: str1000.split(/ /)
diff --git a/benchmark/string_swapcase.yml b/benchmark/string_swapcase.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eeb5928907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_swapcase.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"A".."M",*"n".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+  nonascii1 = [*"\u{c0}".."\u{cf}",*"\u{f0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  nonascii10 = nonascii1 * 10
+  nonascii100 = nonascii10 * 10
+  nonascii1000 = nonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  swapcase-1: str1.swapcase
+  swapcase-10: str10.swapcase
+  swapcase-100: str100.swapcase
+  swapcase-1000: str1000.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii1: nonascii1.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii10: nonascii10.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii100: nonascii100.swapcase
+  swapcase-nonascii1000: nonascii1000.swapcase
diff --git a/benchmark/string_upcase.yml b/benchmark/string_upcase.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dab84bbde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/string_upcase.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  str1 = [*"a".."z",*"0".."9"].join("")
+  str10 = str1 * 10
+  str100 = str10 * 10
+  str1000 = str100 * 10
+  nonascii1 = [*"\u{e0}".."\u{ff}"].join("")
+  nonascii10 = nonascii1 * 10
+  nonascii100 = nonascii10 * 10
+  nonascii1000 = nonascii100 * 10
+benchmark:
+  upcase-1: str1.upcase
+  upcase-10: str10.upcase
+  upcase-100: str100.upcase
+  upcase-1000: str1000.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii1: nonascii1.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii10: nonascii10.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii100: nonascii100.upcase
+  upcase-nonascii1000: nonascii1000.upcase
diff --git a/benchmark/time_strptime.yml b/benchmark/time_strptime.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d89ebb7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/time_strptime.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'time'
+benchmark:
+  - Time.strptime("28/Aug/2005:06:54:20 +0000", "%d/%b/%Y:%T %z")
+  - Time.strptime("1", "%s")
+  - Time.strptime("0 +0100", "%s %z")
+  - Time.strptime("0 UTC", "%s %z")
+  - Time.strptime("1.5", "%s.%N")
+  - Time.strptime("1.000000000001", "%s.%N")
+  - Time.strptime("20010203 -0200", "%Y%m%d %z")
+  - Time.strptime("20010203 UTC", "%Y%m%d %z")
+  - Time.strptime("2018-365", "%Y-%j")
+  - Time.strptime("2018-091", "%Y-%j")
diff --git a/benchmark/time_subsec.rb b/benchmark/time_subsec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..505021c701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/time_subsec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+t = Time.now
+4000000.times { t.subsec }
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_array.yml b/benchmark/vm_array.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a177237ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_array.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_array: |
+    a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar.yml b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75b803478e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_reader :a, :b
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+    end
+  end
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_attr_ivar: |
+    j = obj.a
+    k = obj.b
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0d379b18a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_attr_ivar_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_accessor :a, :b
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+    end
+  end
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_attr_ivar_set: |
+    obj.a = 1
+    obj.b = 2
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_backtrace.rb b/benchmark/vm_backtrace.rb
index 0fbf73e1ca..0fbf73e1ca 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_backtrace.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_backtrace.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_bigarray.yml b/benchmark/vm_bigarray.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b2d3f3443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_bigarray.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_bigarray: |
+    a = [
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+      1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
+    ]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_bighash.yml b/benchmark/vm_bighash.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dacfde793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_bighash.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_bighash: |
+    a = {0=>0, 1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3, 4=>4, 5=>5, 6=>6, 7=>7, 8=>8, 9=>9, 10=>10, 11=>11, 12=>12, 13=>13, 14=>14, 15=>15, 16=>16, 17=>17, 18=>18, 19=>19, 20=>20, 21=>21, 22=>22, 23=>23, 24=>24, 25=>25, 26=>26, 27=>27, 28=>28, 29=>29, 30=>30, 31=>31, 32=>32, 33=>33, 34=>34, 35=>35, 36=>36, 37=>37, 38=>38, 39=>39, 40=>40, 41=>41, 42=>42, 43=>43, 44=>44, 45=>45, 46=>46, 47=>47, 48=>48, 49=>49, 50=>50, 51=>51, 52=>52, 53=>53, 54=>54, 55=>55, 56=>56, 57=>57, 58=>58, 59=>59, 60=>60, 61=>61, 62=>62, 63=>63, 64=>64, 65=>65, 66=>66, 67=>67, 68=>68, 69=>69, 70=>70, 71=>71, 72=>72, 73=>73, 74=>74, 75=>75, 76=>76, 77=>77, 78=>78, 79=>79, 80=>80, 81=>81, 82=>82, 83=>83, 84=>84, 85=>85, 86=>86, 87=>87, 88=>88, 89=>89, 90=>90, 91=>91, 92=>92, 93=>93, 94=>94, 95=>95, 96=>96, 97=>97, 98=>98, 99=>99, 100=>100, 101=>101, 102=>102, 103=>103, 104=>104, 105=>105, 106=>106, 107=>107, 108=>108, 109=>109, 110=>110, 111=>111, 112=>112, 113=>113, 114=>114, 115=>115, 116=>116, 117=>117, 118=>118, 119=>119, 120=>120, 121=>121, 122=>122, 123=>123, 124=>124, 125=>125, 126=>126, 127=>127, 128=>128, 129=>129, 130=>130, 131=>131, 132=>132, 133=>133, 134=>134, 135=>135, 136=>136, 137=>137, 138=>138, 139=>139, 140=>140, 141=>141, 142=>142, 143=>143, 144=>144, 145=>145, 146=>146, 147=>147, 148=>148, 149=>149, 150=>150, 151=>151, 152=>152, 153=>153, 154=>154, 155=>155, 156=>156, 157=>157, 158=>158, 159=>159, 160=>160, 161=>161, 162=>162, 163=>163, 164=>164, 165=>165, 166=>166, 167=>167, 168=>168, 169=>169, 170=>170, 171=>171, 172=>172, 173=>173, 174=>174, 175=>175, 176=>176, 177=>177, 178=>178, 179=>179, 180=>180, 181=>181, 182=>182, 183=>183, 184=>184, 185=>185, 186=>186, 187=>187, 188=>188, 189=>189, 190=>190, 191=>191, 192=>192, 193=>193, 194=>194, 195=>195, 196=>196, 197=>197, 198=>198, 199=>199, 200=>200, 201=>201, 202=>202, 203=>203, 204=>204, 205=>205, 206=>206, 207=>207, 208=>208, 209=>209, 210=>210, 211=>211, 212=>212, 213=>213, 214=>214, 215=>215, 216=>216, 217=>217, 218=>218, 219=>219, 220=>220, 221=>221, 222=>222, 223=>223, 224=>224, 225=>225, 226=>226, 227=>227, 228=>228, 229=>229, 230=>230, 231=>231, 232=>232, 233=>233, 234=>234, 235=>235, 236=>236, 237=>237, 238=>238, 239=>239, 240=>240, 241=>241, 242=>242, 243=>243, 244=>244, 245=>245, 246=>246, 247=>247, 248=>248, 249=>249, 250=>250, 251=>251, 252=>252, 253=>253, 254=>254, 255=>255, 256=>256, 257=>257, 258=>258, 259=>259, 260=>260, 261=>261, 262=>262, 263=>263, 264=>264, 265=>265, 266=>266, 267=>267, 268=>268, 269=>269, 270=>270, 271=>271, 272=>272, 273=>273, 274=>274, 275=>275, 276=>276, 277=>277, 278=>278, 279=>279, 280=>280, 281=>281, 282=>282, 283=>283, 284=>284, 285=>285, 286=>286, 287=>287, 288=>288, 289=>289, 290=>290, 291=>291, 292=>292, 293=>293, 294=>294, 295=>295, 296=>296, 297=>297, 298=>298, 299=>299, 300=>300, 301=>301, 302=>302, 303=>303, 304=>304, 305=>305, 306=>306, 307=>307, 308=>308, 309=>309, 310=>310, 311=>311, 312=>312, 313=>313, 314=>314, 315=>315, 316=>316, 317=>317, 318=>318, 319=>319, 320=>320, 321=>321, 322=>322, 323=>323, 324=>324, 325=>325, 326=>326, 327=>327, 328=>328, 329=>329, 330=>330, 331=>331, 332=>332, 333=>333, 334=>334, 335=>335, 336=>336, 337=>337, 338=>338, 339=>339, 340=>340, 341=>341, 342=>342, 343=>343, 344=>344, 345=>345, 346=>346, 347=>347, 348=>348, 349=>349, 350=>350, 351=>351, 352=>352, 353=>353, 354=>354, 355=>355, 356=>356, 357=>357, 358=>358, 359=>359, 360=>360, 361=>361, 362=>362, 363=>363, 364=>364, 365=>365, 366=>366, 367=>367, 368=>368, 369=>369, 370=>370, 371=>371, 372=>372, 373=>373, 374=>374, 375=>375, 376=>376, 377=>377, 378=>378, 379=>379, 380=>380, 381=>381, 382=>382, 383=>383, 384=>384, 385=>385, 386=>386, 387=>387, 388=>388, 389=>389, 390=>390, 391=>391, 392=>392, 393=>393, 394=>394, 395=>395, 396=>396, 397=>397, 398=>398, 399=>399, 400=>400, 401=>401, 402=>402, 403=>403, 404=>404, 405=>405, 406=>406, 407=>407, 408=>408, 409=>409, 410=>410, 411=>411, 412=>412, 413=>413, 414=>414, 415=>415, 416=>416, 417=>417, 418=>418, 419=>419, 420=>420, 421=>421, 422=>422, 423=>423, 424=>424, 425=>425, 426=>426, 427=>427, 428=>428, 429=>429, 430=>430, 431=>431, 432=>432, 433=>433, 434=>434, 435=>435, 436=>436, 437=>437, 438=>438, 439=>439, 440=>440, 441=>441, 442=>442, 443=>443, 444=>444, 445=>445, 446=>446, 447=>447, 448=>448, 449=>449, 450=>450, 451=>451, 452=>452, 453=>453, 454=>454, 455=>455, 456=>456, 457=>457, 458=>458, 459=>459, 460=>460, 461=>461, 462=>462, 463=>463, 464=>464, 465=>465, 466=>466, 467=>467, 468=>468, 469=>469, 470=>470, 471=>471, 472=>472, 473=>473, 474=>474, 475=>475, 476=>476, 477=>477, 478=>478, 479=>479, 480=>480, 481=>481, 482=>482, 483=>483, 484=>484, 485=>485, 486=>486, 487=>487, 488=>488, 489=>489, 490=>490, 491=>491, 492=>492, 493=>493, 494=>494, 495=>495, 496=>496, 497=>497, 498=>498, 499=>499, 500=>500,}
+loop_count: 60000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_block.yml b/benchmark/vm_block.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68b3e40bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_block.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    yield
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_block: |
+    m{
+    }
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_block_handler.yml b/benchmark/vm_block_handler.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..461d7953ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_block_handler.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# :FIXME: is there a way to benchmark block_handler_type_ifunc?
+
+prelude: |
+  p = proc{_1}
+  o = Object.new
+  def o.each
+    i = 0
+    while i < 3_000_000 do
+      yield i
+      i += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+benchmark:
+  - name: block_handler_type_iseq
+    script: |
+      o.each{_1}
+
+  - name: block_handler_type_symbol
+    script: |
+      o.each(&:itself)
+
+  - name: block_handler_type_proc
+    script: |
+      o.each(&p)
+
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e5a0170a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m &b
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam: |
+    m{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam_call.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_call.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7d8d366ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_call.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m &b
+    b.call
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam_call: |
+    m{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam_pass.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_pass.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..841f5e7a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_pass.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  def bp_yield
+    yield
+  end
+
+  def bp_pass &b
+    bp_yield &b
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam_pass: |
+    bp_pass{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_blockparam_yield.yml b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_yield.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ea9b46ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_blockparam_yield.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def bp_yield &b
+    yield
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_blockparam_yield: |
+    bp_yield{}
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_case.yml b/benchmark/vm_case.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b26a491a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_case.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_case: |
+    case :foo
+    when :bar
+      raise
+    when :baz
+      raise
+    when :boo
+      raise
+    when :foo
+      # noop
+    end
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_case_lit.yml b/benchmark/vm_case_lit.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f91801544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_case_lit.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_case_lit: |
+    i = 0
+    @ret = [ "foo", true, false, :sym, 6, nil, 0.1, 0xffffffffffffffff ]
+    def foo(i)
+      @ret[i % @ret.size]
+    end
+
+    while i<6_000_000
+      case foo(i)
+      when "foo" then :foo
+      when true then true
+      when false then false
+      when :sym then :sym
+      when 6 then :fix
+      when nil then nil
+      when 0.1 then :float
+      when 0xffffffffffffffff then :big
+      end
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_clearmethodcache.rb b/benchmark/vm_clearmethodcache.rb
index 9661323cd2..9661323cd2 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_clearmethodcache.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_clearmethodcache.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_const.yml b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6064d4eed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  Const = 1
+benchmark:
+  vm_const: |
+    j = Const
+    k = Const
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_defined_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_defined_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..347e0cfd33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_defined_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Object
+    define_method(:m){}
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_defined_method: |
+    m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_dstr.yml b/benchmark/vm_dstr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30c7a3193c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_dstr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  x = y = 'z'
+benchmark:
+  vm_dstr: |
+    str = "foo#{x}bar#{y}baz"
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ensure.yml b/benchmark/vm_ensure.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ea62f30de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ensure.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Not utilizing loop_count since using it for this is too unstable for now
+benchmark:
+  vm_ensure: |
+    i = 0
+    while i<30_000_000
+      i += 1
+      begin
+        begin
+        ensure
+        end
+      ensure
+      end
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_eval.yml b/benchmark/vm_eval.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ba1a8d1de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_eval.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_eval: |
+    eval("1")
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_allocate.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_allocate.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5a54e1ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_allocate.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  # Disable GC to see raw throughput:
+  GC.disable
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_allocate: |
+    fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+    fiber.resume
+loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_count.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_count.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b83d3152d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_count.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# On Linux, you will need to increase the maximum number of memory maps:
+# sudo sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=200000
+prelude: |
+  fibers = []
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_count: |
+    fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+    fibers << fiber
+    fiber.resume
+loop_count: 100000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ca41085b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  GC.disable
+  fibers = []
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_reuse: |
+    1024.times do
+      fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+      fibers << fiber
+      fiber.resume
+    end
+
+    fibers.clear
+    GC.start
+loop_count: 200
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse_gc.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse_gc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..892622f121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_reuse_gc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16009
+prelude: |
+  fibers = []
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_reuse_gc: |
+    2000.times do
+      fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+      fibers << fiber
+      fiber.resume
+    end
+    fibers.clear
+loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_fiber_switch.yml b/benchmark/vm_fiber_switch.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3de36b66eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_fiber_switch.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+prelude: |
+  # based on benchmark for [ruby-core:65518] [Feature #10341] by Knut Franke
+  fib = Fiber.new do
+    loop { Fiber.yield }
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_fiber_switch: |
+    fib.resume
+loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_float_simple.yml b/benchmark/vm_float_simple.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92f5fd52ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_float_simple.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  f = 0.0
+benchmark:
+  vm_float_simple: |
+    f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
+    f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
+    f += 0.1; f -= 0.1
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_freezestring.yml b/benchmark/vm_freezestring.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..facc9aa043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_freezestring.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+prelude: |
+  class String
+    def freeze
+      -self
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_freezestring: |
+    "tXnL1BP5T1WPXMjuFNLQtallEtRcay1t2lHtJSrlVsDgvunlbtfpr/DGdH0NGYE9".freeze
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc.rb
index e668026915..e668026915 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc_old_full.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_full.rb
index cfdfc8c5a5..cfdfc8c5a5 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc_old_full.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_full.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc_old_immediate.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_immediate.rb
index ad22feb655..ad22feb655 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc_old_immediate.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_immediate.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc_old_lazy.rb b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_lazy.rb
index b74d44baf1..b74d44baf1 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm3_gc_old_lazy.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_old_lazy.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_lived.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_lived.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29c803fee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_lived.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_lived: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_complex_long.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_complex_long.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b6c3ed7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_complex_long.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  def nested_hash h, n
+    if n == 0
+      ''
+    else
+      10.times{
+        h[Object.new] = nested_hash(h, n-1)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  long_lived = Hash.new
+  nested_hash long_lived, 6
+
+  GC.start
+  GC.start
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_with_complex_long: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_long.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_long.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03ba0f95a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_long.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  long_lived = Array.new(1_000_000){|i| "#{i}"}
+  GC.start
+  GC.start
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_with_long: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_symbol.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_symbol.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..129b8bf4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_short_with_symbol.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prelude: |
+  50_000.times{|i| sym = "sym#{i}".to_sym}
+  GC.start
+  GC.start
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_short_with_symbol: |
+    a = '' # short-lived String
+    b = ''
+    c = ''
+    d = ''
+    e = ''
+    f = ''
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e3293e72d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  short_lived_ary = []
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
+    GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true)
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_ary: |
+    short_lived_ary[0] = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..003995945b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  long_lived = []
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2.0"
+    3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) }
+  elsif
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_ary_promoted: |
+    long_lived[0] = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2a2ce2d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_accessor :foo
+  end
+  short_lived_obj = C.new
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
+    GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true)
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_obj: |
+    short_lived_obj.foo = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted.yml b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00a454ba72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    attr_accessor :foo
+  end
+  long_lived = C.new
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.2.0"
+    3.times{ GC.start(full_mark: false, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) }
+  elsif
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  short_lived = ''
+benchmark:
+  vm_gc_wb_obj_promoted: |
+    long_lived.foo = short_lived # write barrier
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_iclass_super.yml b/benchmark/vm_iclass_super.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21bb7db247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_iclass_super.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m
+      1
+    end
+
+    ("A".."M").each do |module_name|
+      eval <<-EOM
+          module #{module_name}
+            def m; super; end
+          end
+          prepend #{module_name}
+      EOM
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_iclass_super: obj.m
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..119531d5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: "@a = 1\n"
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar: |
+    j = @a
+    k = @a
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6f1633907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_init.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+      @c = nil
+      @d = nil
+      @e = nil
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_init: |
+    C.new
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bbb60043b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_set: |
+    @a = 1
+    @b = 2
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2653d36ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_set_subclass.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+prelude: |
+  class A
+    def initialize
+      @a = nil
+      @b = nil
+      @c = nil
+      @d = nil
+      @e = nil
+    end
+  end
+  class B < A; end
+  class C < A; end
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_init_subclass: |
+    B.new
+    C.new
+loop_count: 3000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_length.yml b/benchmark/vm_length.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fd94e7d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_length.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  a = 'abc'
+  b = [1, 2, 3]
+benchmark:
+  vm_length: |
+    a.length
+    b.length
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_lvar_init.yml b/benchmark/vm_lvar_init.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70a9b1c0ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_lvar_init.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# while loop cost is not removed because `i` is used in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_lvar_init: |
+    def m v
+      unless v
+        # unreachable code
+        v1 = v2 = v3 = v4 = v5 = v6 = v7 = v8 = v9 = v10 =
+        v11 = v12 = v13 = v14 = v15 = v16 = v17 = v18 = v19 = v20 =
+        v21 = v22 = v23 = v24 = v25 = v26 = v27 = v28 = v29 = v30 =
+        v31 = v32 = v33 = v34 = v35 = v36 = v37 = v38 = v39 = v40 =
+        v41 = v42 = v43 = v44 = v45 = v46 = v47 = v48 = v49 = v50 = 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    i = 0
+
+    while i<30_000_000
+      i += 1
+      m i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_lvar_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_lvar_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f29f763d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_lvar_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_lvar_set: |
+    a = b = c = d = e = f = g = h = j = k = l = m = n = o = p = q = r = 1
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d45e4ec572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    nil
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_method: |
+    m; m; m; m; m; m; m; m;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_method_missing.yml b/benchmark/vm_method_missing.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3da456c0bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_method_missing.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def method_missing mid
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = C.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_method_missing: |
+    obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m; obj.m;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_method_with_block.yml b/benchmark/vm_method_with_block.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..281a481394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_method_with_block.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    nil
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_method_with_block: |
+    m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{}; m{};
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_module_ann_const_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_module_ann_const_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..243229ba4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_module_ann_const_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_module_ann_const_set: |
+    Module.new.const_set(:X, Module.new)
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_module_const_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_module_const_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5a24181a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_module_const_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  module M
+  end
+  $VERBOSE = nil
+benchmark:
+  vm_module_const_set: |
+    M.const_set(:X, Module.new)
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_mutex.yml b/benchmark/vm_mutex.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..abcf1e28ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_mutex.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  require 'thread'
+
+  m = Thread::Mutex.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_mutex: |
+    m.synchronize{}
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_neq.yml b/benchmark/vm_neq.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb04d15ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_neq.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  obj1 = Object.new
+  obj2 = Object.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_neq: |
+    obj1 != obj2
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_newlambda.yml b/benchmark/vm_newlambda.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b9787d91a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_newlambda.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_newlambda: |
+    lambda {}
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_not.yml b/benchmark/vm_not.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c68dde3c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_not.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+  obj = Object.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_not: |
+    !obj
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd2f4e71de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_method: |
+    class C1
+      def m
+        1
+      end
+    end
+    class C2
+      def m
+        2
+      end
+    end
+
+    o1 = C1.new
+    o2 = C2.new
+
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
+      o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_method_ov.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_method_ov.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bca1b62729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_method_ov.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_method_ov: |
+    class C1
+      def m
+        1
+      end
+    end
+    class C2
+      def m
+        2
+      end
+    end
+
+    o1 = C1.new
+    o2 = C2.new
+
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
+    #  o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_same_method.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_same_method.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c5404ac84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_same_method.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  module AR; end
+  class AR::Base
+    def create_or_update
+      nil
+    end
+    def save
+      create_or_update
+    end
+  end
+  class Foo < AR::Base; end
+  class Bar < AR::Base; end
+  o1 = Foo.new
+  o2 = Bar.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_same_method: |
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+    o1.save; o2.save;
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_poly_singleton.yml b/benchmark/vm_poly_singleton.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7923160fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_poly_singleton.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_poly_singleton: |
+    class C1
+      def m; 1; end
+    end
+
+    o1 = C1.new
+    o2 = C1.new
+    o2.singleton_class
+
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000 # benchmark loop 2
+      o = (i % 2 == 0) ? o1 : o2
+      o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m; o.m
+      i += 1
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_proc.yml b/benchmark/vm_proc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f8de6c272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_proc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m &b
+    b
+  end
+
+  pr = m{
+    a = 1
+  }
+benchmark:
+  vm_proc: |
+    pr.call
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_raise1.yml b/benchmark/vm_raise1.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..247d9f70ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_raise1.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  def rec n
+    if n > 0
+      rec n-1
+    else
+      raise
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_raise1: |
+    begin
+      rec 1
+    rescue
+      # ignore
+    end
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_raise2.yml b/benchmark/vm_raise2.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0fa047b3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_raise2.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+prelude: |
+  def rec n
+    if n > 0
+      rec n-1
+    else
+      raise
+    end
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_raise2: |
+    begin
+      rec 10
+    rescue
+      # ignore
+    end
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml b/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aa3d94dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_regexp.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+prelude: |
+  str = 'xxxhogexxx'
+benchmark:
+  vm_regexp: |
+    /hoge/ =~ str
+  vm_regexp_invert: |
+    str =~ /hoge/
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_rescue.yml b/benchmark/vm_rescue.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4a0af521f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_rescue.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_rescue: |
+    begin
+    rescue
+    end
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_send.yml b/benchmark/vm_send.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f31bc7ac89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_send.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m
+    end
+  end
+
+  o = C.new
+  m = :m
+benchmark:
+  vm_send: |
+    o.__send__ :m
+  vm_send_var: |
+    o.__send__ m
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_send_cfunc.yml b/benchmark/vm_send_cfunc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b114ac317d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_send_cfunc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_send_cfunc: self.class
+loop_count: 100000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_simplereturn.yml b/benchmark/vm_simplereturn.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9829cff0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_simplereturn.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m
+    return 1
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_simplereturn: m
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_string_literal.yml b/benchmark/vm_string_literal.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64439c7980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_string_literal.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_string_literal: |
+    x = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_hi.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_hi.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cf78970cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_hi.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_aref_hi: |
+    x.z # x[25]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_lo.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_lo.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c91af27fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aref_lo.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_aref_lo: |
+    x.k # x[10]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69550d14ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_aset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_aset: |
+    s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+    x = s.new
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      i += 1
+      x.k = i # x[10] = i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_hi.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_hi.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09b764dd13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_hi.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_href_hi: |
+    x[:z]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_lo.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_lo.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2f00b220f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_href_lo.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_href_lo: |
+    x[:k]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_big_hset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_hset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc45cbee9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_big_hset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_big_hset: |
+    s = Struct.new(*('a'..'z').map { |x| x.to_sym })
+    x = s.new
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      i += 1
+      x[:k] = i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aref.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aref.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a83251d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aref.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_aref: |
+    x.a
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74f435f126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_aset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# loop_count is not utilized since `i` is involved in the script
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_aset: |
+    s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+    x = s.new
+    i = 0
+    while i<6_000_000
+      i += 1
+      x.a = i
+    end
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_href.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_href.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b7d7f39e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_href.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_href: |
+    x[:a]
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_struct_small_hset.yml b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_hset.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d43b150de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_struct_small_hset.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  s = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c)
+  x = s.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_struct_small_hset: |
+    x[:a] = 1
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_super.yml b/benchmark/vm_super.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d1e965c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_super.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CC < C
+    def m
+      super()
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = CC.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_super: obj.m
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_swap.yml b/benchmark/vm_swap.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e824a65e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_swap.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  a = 1
+  b = 2
+benchmark:
+  vm_swap: |
+    a, b = b, a
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_symbol_block_pass.rb b/benchmark/vm_symbol_block_pass.rb
index 1d433353e1..1d433353e1 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_symbol_block_pass.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_symbol_block_pass.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_alive_check.yml b/benchmark/vm_thread_alive_check.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d21737d3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_alive_check.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_thread_alive_check: |
+    t = Thread.new{}
+    while t.alive?
+      Thread.pass
+    end
+loop_count: 50_000
+
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_close.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_close.rb
index 3e9a265ce8..3e9a265ce8 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_close.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_close.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar1.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar1.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf5706b23e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar1.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# two threads, two mutex, two condvar ping-pong
+require 'thread'
+m1 = Mutex.new
+m2 = Mutex.new
+cv1 = ConditionVariable.new
+cv2 = ConditionVariable.new
+max = 100000
+i = 0
+wait = nil
+m2.synchronize do
+  wait = Thread.new do
+    m1.synchronize do
+      m2.synchronize { cv2.signal }
+      while (i += 1) < max
+        cv1.wait(m1)
+        cv2.signal
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  cv2.wait(m2)
+end
+m1.synchronize do
+  while i < max
+    cv1.signal
+    cv2.wait(m1)
+  end
+end
+wait.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar2.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c8dc19481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_condvar2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# many threads, one mutex, many condvars
+require 'thread'
+m = Mutex.new
+cv1 = ConditionVariable.new
+cv2 = ConditionVariable.new
+max = 1000
+n = 100
+waiting = 0
+scvs = []
+waiters = n.times.map do |i|
+  start_cv = ConditionVariable.new
+  scvs << start_cv
+  start_mtx = Mutex.new
+  start_mtx.synchronize do
+    th = Thread.new(start_mtx, start_cv) do |sm, scv|
+      m.synchronize do
+        sm.synchronize { scv.signal }
+        max.times do
+          cv2.signal if (waiting += 1) == n
+          cv1.wait(m)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    start_cv.wait(start_mtx)
+    th
+  end
+end
+m.synchronize do
+  max.times do
+    cv2.wait(m) until waiting == n
+    waiting = 0
+    cv1.broadcast
+  end
+end
+waiters.each(&:join)
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_create_join.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_create_join.rb
index 393cd45df9..393cd45df9 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_create_join.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_create_join.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex1.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex1.rb
index 66e42c85e1..66e42c85e1 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex1.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex1.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex2.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex2.rb
index 6e6c804c31..6e6c804c31 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex2.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex2.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex3.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex3.rb
index c750dc542a..c750dc542a 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_mutex3.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_mutex3.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_pass.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..438bd08d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Plenty Thread.pass
+# A performance may depend on GVL implementation.
+
+tmax = (ARGV.shift || 8).to_i
+lmax = 400_000 / tmax
+
+(1..tmax).map{
+  Thread.new{
+    lmax.times{
+      Thread.pass
+    }
+  }
+}.each{|t| t.join}
+
+
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_pass_flood.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65df8e6154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_pass_flood.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# n.b. this is a good test for GVL when pinned to a single CPU
+
+5_000.times{
+  Thread.new{loop{Thread.pass}}
+}
+
+i = 0
+while i<10_000
+  i += 1
+end
diff --git a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pipe.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_pipe.rb
index 112a621905..112a621905 100644
--- a/benchmark/bm_vm_thread_pipe.rb
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_pipe.rb
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_queue.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_queue.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1dd3696a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_queue.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'thread'
+
+n = 10_000_000
+q = Thread::Queue.new
+consumer = Thread.new{
+  while q.pop
+    # consuming
+  end
+}
+
+producer = Thread.new{
+  n.times{
+    q.push true
+  }
+  q.push nil
+}
+
+consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b9af5482b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'thread'
+# on producer, one consumer
+
+n = 1_000_000
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumer = Thread.new{
+  while q.pop
+    # consuming
+  end
+}
+
+producer = Thread.new{
+  while n > 0
+    q.push true
+    n -= 1
+  end
+  q.push nil
+}
+
+consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue2.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de9f55e978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'thread'
+# one producer, many consumers
+n = 1_000_000
+m = 10
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumers = m.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while q.pop
+      # consuming
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+producer = Thread.new do
+  while n > 0
+    q.push true
+    n -= 1
+  end
+  m.times { q.push nil }
+end
+
+producer.join
+consumers.each(&:join)
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue3.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue3.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce5f1796d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue3.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'thread'
+# many producers, one consumer
+n = 1_000_000
+m = 10
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumer = Thread.new do
+  while q.pop
+    # consuming
+  end
+end
+
+producers = m.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while n > 0
+      q.push true
+      n -= 1
+    end
+  end
+end
+producers.each(&:join)
+q.push nil
+consumer.join
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue4.rb b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue4.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9b7d80ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sized_queue4.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'thread'
+# many producers, many consumers
+nr = 1_000_000
+n = 10
+m = 10
+q = Thread::SizedQueue.new(100)
+consumers = n.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while q.pop
+      # consuming
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+producers = m.times.map do
+  Thread.new do
+    while nr > 0
+      q.push true
+      nr -= 1
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+producers.each(&:join)
+n.times { q.push nil }
+consumers.each(&:join)
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_thread_sleep.yml b/benchmark/vm_thread_sleep.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96901d8466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_thread_sleep.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_thread_sleep: |
+    Thread.new { sleep }
+loop_count: 10_000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_unif1.yml b/benchmark/vm_unif1.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04187bb0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_unif1.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+prelude: |
+  def m a, b
+  end
+benchmark:
+  vm_unif1: |
+    m 100, 200
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_yield.yml b/benchmark/vm_yield.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..230be3d84f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_yield.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# while loop cost is not removed due to benchmark_driver.gem's limitation
+benchmark:
+  vm_yield: |
+    def m
+      i = 0
+      while i<30_000_000
+        i += 1
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    m{}
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_zsuper.yml b/benchmark/vm_zsuper.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfb5837578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_zsuper.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+prelude: |
+  class C
+    def m a
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CC < C
+    def m a
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = CC.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_zsuper: |
+    obj.m 10
+loop_count: 6000000
diff --git a/benchmark/wc.input.base b/benchmark/wc.input.base
deleted file mode 100644
index 41143fbac0..0000000000
--- a/benchmark/wc.input.base
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-Subject:      Re: Who was Izchak Miller?
-From:         "Jane D. Anonymous" <nobody@yale.edu>
-Date:         1996/04/28
-Message-Id:   <4lv7bc$oh@news.ycc.yale.edu>
-References:   <317C405E.5DFA@panix.com> <4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net>
-To:           75176.2330@compuserve.com
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Organization: Yale University
-X-Url:        news:4lk6vl$gde@ns.oar.net
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Newsgroups:   rec.games.roguelike.nethack
-X-Mailer:     Mozilla 1.1N (Macintosh; I; 68K)
-
-Hello there, Izchak Miller was my father.  When I was younger I spent 
-many a night, hunched over the keyboard with a cup of tea, playing 
-nethack with him and my brother.  my dad was a philosopher with a strong 
-weakness for fantasy/sci fi.  I remember when he started to get involved 
-with the Nethack team- my brother's Dungeons and Dragons monster book 
-found a regular place beside my dad's desk. it's nice to see him living 
-on in the game he loved so much :-).  
-                                                                  Tamar Miller
-
-The following is a really long word of 5000 characters:
-
-wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index 4b50737bb6..7c55366ecb 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -9,31 +9,42 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/thread.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <math.h>
 
 #ifdef HAVE_STRINGS_H
-#include <strings.h>
+# include <strings.h>
 #endif
-#include <math.h>
-#include <float.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
-#include <ieeefp.h>
+# include <ieeefp.h>
 #endif
-#include "ruby_assert.h"
 
 #if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
-#define USE_GMP
-#include <gmp.h>
+# define USE_GMP
+# include <gmp.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+
 #define RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(x) RB_TYPE_P((x), T_BIGNUM)
 
-#ifndef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-VALUE rb_cBignum;
-#endif
 const char ruby_digitmap[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
 
 #ifndef SIZEOF_BDIGIT_DBL
@@ -64,7 +75,6 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_BDIGIT % SIZEOF_LONG == 0);
 #else
 #   define HOST_BIGENDIAN_P 0
 #endif
-#define ALIGNOF(type) ((int)offsetof(struct { char f1; type f2; }, f2))
 /* (!LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ? 0 : (n)) is same as n but suppress a warning, C4293, by Visual Studio.  */
 #define LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ((n) < sizeof(d) * CHAR_BIT)
 #define LSHIFTX(d, n) (!LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ? 0 : ((d) << (!LSHIFTABLE(d, n) ? 0 : (n))))
@@ -138,6 +148,11 @@ STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_and_sizeof_bdigit, SIZEOF_BDIGIT % SIZEOF_LONG == 0);
 #define GMP_DIV_DIGITS 20
 #define GMP_BIG2STR_DIGITS 20
 #define GMP_STR2BIG_DIGITS 20
+#ifdef USE_GMP
+# define NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS GMP_MUL_DIGITS
+#else
+# define NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS
+#endif
 
 typedef void (mulfunc_t)(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn, BDIGIT *wds, size_t wn);
 
@@ -380,6 +395,7 @@ bdigitdbl2bary(BDIGIT *ds, size_t n, BDIGIT_DBL num)
 static int
 bary_cmp(const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
+    size_t i;
     BARY_TRUNC(xds, xn);
     BARY_TRUNC(yds, yn);
 
@@ -388,11 +404,12 @@ bary_cmp(const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     if (xn > yn)
         return 1;
 
-    while (xn-- && xds[xn] == yds[xn])
-        ;
-    if (xn == (size_t)-1)
+    for (i = 0; i < xn; i++)
+        if (xds[xn - i - 1] != yds[yn - i - 1])
+            break;
+    if (i == xn)
         return 0;
-    return xds[xn] < yds[xn] ? -1 : 1;
+    return xds[xn - i - 1] < yds[yn - i - 1] ? -1 : 1;
 }
 
 static BDIGIT
@@ -413,22 +430,22 @@ bary_small_lshift(BDIGIT *zds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t n, int shift)
 static void
 bary_small_rshift(BDIGIT *zds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t n, int shift, BDIGIT higher_bdigit)
 {
+    size_t i;
     BDIGIT_DBL num = 0;
-    BDIGIT x;
 
     assert(0 <= shift && shift < BITSPERDIG);
 
     num = BIGUP(higher_bdigit);
-    while (n--) {
-	num = (num | xds[n]) >> shift;
-        x = xds[n];
-	zds[n] = BIGLO(num);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        BDIGIT x = xds[n - i - 1];
+	num = (num | x) >> shift;
+        zds[n - i - 1] = BIGLO(num);
 	num = BIGUP(x);
     }
 }
 
 static int
-bary_zero_p(BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
+bary_zero_p(const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
 {
     if (xn == 0)
         return 1;
@@ -441,8 +458,9 @@ bary_zero_p(BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn)
 static void
 bary_neg(BDIGIT *ds, size_t n)
 {
-    while (n--)
-        ds[n] = BIGLO(~ds[n]);
+    size_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        ds[n - i - 1] = BIGLO(~ds[n - i - 1]);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -612,8 +630,12 @@ static int
 bytes_2comp(unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
 {
     size_t i;
-    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
-        buf[i] = ~buf[i];
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        signed char c = buf[i];
+        signed int d = ~c;
+        unsigned int e = d & 0xFF;
+        buf[i] = e;
+    }
     for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         buf[i]++;
         if (buf[i] != 0)
@@ -663,7 +685,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                     return ((1 < de - dp || CLEAR_LOWBITS(d, 8) != 0) ? 2 : 1) * sign;
                 }
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT16_T) && 2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
                     uint16_t u = (uint16_t)(d = dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap16(u);
                     *((uint16_t *)words) = u;
@@ -671,7 +693,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT32_T) && 4 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
                     uint32_t u = (uint32_t)(d = dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap32(u);
                     *((uint32_t *)words) = u;
@@ -679,7 +701,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT64_T) && 8 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
                     uint64_t u = (uint64_t)(d = dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap64(u);
                     *((uint64_t *)words) = u;
@@ -694,7 +716,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                     return (1 < de - dp || FILL_LOWBITS(d, 8) != -1) ? -2 : -1;
                 }
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT16_T) && 2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
                     uint16_t u = (uint16_t)(d = -(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap16(u);
                     *((uint16_t *)words) = u;
@@ -703,7 +725,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT32_T) && 4 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
                     uint32_t u = (uint32_t)(d = -(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap32(u);
                     *((uint32_t *)words) = u;
@@ -712,7 +734,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
                 }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT64_T) && 8 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
+                if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
                     uint64_t u = (uint64_t)(d = -(BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)dp[0]);
                     if (need_swap) u = swap64(u);
                     *((uint64_t *)words) = u;
@@ -755,7 +777,7 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
         }
 #endif
         if (nails == 0 && SIZEOF_BDIGIT == sizeof(BDIGIT) &&
-            wordsize % SIZEOF_BDIGIT == 0 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(BDIGIT) == 0) {
+            wordsize % SIZEOF_BDIGIT == 0 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(BDIGIT) == 0) {
             size_t bdigits_per_word = wordsize / SIZEOF_BDIGIT;
             size_t src_num_bdigits = de - dp;
             size_t dst_num_bdigits = numwords * bdigits_per_word;
@@ -898,8 +920,6 @@ bary_pack(int sign, BDIGIT *ds, size_t num_bdigits, void *words, size_t numwords
     }
 
     if ((flags & INTEGER_PACK_2COMP) && (sign < 0 && numwords != 0)) {
-        unsigned char *buf;
-
         int word_num_partialbits;
         size_t word_num_fullbytes;
 
@@ -1077,6 +1097,13 @@ integer_unpack_single_bdigit(BDIGIT u, size_t size, int flags, BDIGIT *dp)
     return sign;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_ASSUME_ALIGNED
+#define reinterpret_cast(type, value) (type) \
+    __builtin_assume_aligned((value), sizeof(*(type)NULL));
+#else
+#define reinterpret_cast(type, value) (type)value
+#endif
+
 static int
 bary_unpack_internal(BDIGIT *bdigits, size_t num_bdigits, const void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails, int flags, int nlp_bits)
 {
@@ -1097,23 +1124,24 @@ bary_unpack_internal(BDIGIT *bdigits, size_t num_bdigits, const void *words, siz
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(*(uint8_t *)buf, sizeof(uint8_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT16_T) && 2 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-            if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
-                uint16_t u = *(uint16_t *)buf;
+            if (wordsize == 2 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint16_t) == 0) {
+                uint16_t u = *reinterpret_cast(const uint16_t *, buf);
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(need_swap ? swap16(u) : u, sizeof(uint16_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT32_T) && 4 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-            if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
-                uint32_t u = *(uint32_t *)buf;
+            if (wordsize == 4 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint32_t) == 0) {
+                uint32_t u = *reinterpret_cast(const uint32_t *, buf);
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(need_swap ? swap32(u) : u, sizeof(uint32_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_UINT64_T) && 8 <= SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-            if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
-                uint64_t u = *(uint64_t *)buf;
+            if (wordsize == 8 && (uintptr_t)words % RUBY_ALIGNOF(uint64_t) == 0) {
+                uint64_t u = *reinterpret_cast(const uint64_t *, buf);
                 return integer_unpack_single_bdigit(need_swap ? swap64(u) : u, sizeof(uint64_t), flags, dp);
             }
 #endif
+#undef reinterpret_cast
         }
 #if !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
         if (nails == 0 && SIZEOF_BDIGIT == sizeof(BDIGIT) &&
@@ -1429,7 +1457,9 @@ bary_add_one(BDIGIT *ds, size_t n)
 {
     size_t i;
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-	ds[i] = BIGLO(ds[i]+1);
+        BDIGIT_DBL n = ds[i];
+        n += 1;
+        ds[i] = BIGLO(n);
         if (ds[i] != 0)
             return 0;
     }
@@ -1497,15 +1527,16 @@ bigdivrem_mulsub(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, BDIGIT x, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     i = 0;
 
     do {
-        BDIGIT_DBL ee;
+        BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED ee;
         t2 += (BDIGIT_DBL)yds[i] * x;
         ee = num - BIGLO(t2);
-        num = (BDIGIT_DBL)zds[i] + ee;
+        num = (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)zds[i] + ee;
         if (ee) zds[i] = BIGLO(num);
         num = BIGDN(num);
         t2 = BIGDN(t2);
     } while (++i < yn);
-    num += zds[i] - t2; /* borrow from high digit; don't update */
+    num -= (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)t2;
+    num += (BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED)zds[yn]; /* borrow from high digit; don't update */
     return num;
 }
 
@@ -1975,7 +2006,7 @@ bary_mul_toom3(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGI
     }
 
     /*
-     * ref. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toom%E2%80%93Cook_multiplication
+     * ref. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toom%E2%80%93Cook_multiplication
      *
      * x(b) = x0 * b^0 + x1 * b^1 + x2 * b^2
      * y(b) = y0 * b^0 + y1 * b^1 + y2 * b^2
@@ -2256,10 +2287,23 @@ rb_big_mul_toom3(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_GMP
+static inline void
+bdigits_to_mpz(mpz_t mp, const BDIGIT *digits, size_t len)
+{
+    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
+    mpz_import(mp, len, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, digits);
+}
+
+static inline void
+bdigits_from_mpz(mpz_t mp, BDIGIT *digits, size_t *len)
+{
+    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
+    mpz_export(digits, len, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, mp);
+}
+
 static void
 bary_mul_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     mpz_t x, y, z;
     size_t count;
 
@@ -2268,15 +2312,15 @@ bary_mul_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT
     mpz_init(x);
     mpz_init(y);
     mpz_init(z);
-    mpz_import(x, xn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, xds);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(x, xds, xn);
     if (xds == yds && xn == yn) {
         mpz_mul(z, x, x);
     }
     else {
-        mpz_import(y, yn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, yds);
+        bdigits_to_mpz(y, yds, yn);
         mpz_mul(z, x, y);
     }
-    mpz_export(zds, &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, z);
+    bdigits_from_mpz(z, zds, &count);
     BDIGITS_ZERO(zds+count, zn-count);
     mpz_clear(x);
     mpz_clear(y);
@@ -2315,9 +2359,9 @@ bary_sparse_p(const BDIGIT *ds, size_t n)
 {
     long c = 0;
 
-    if (          ds[rb_genrand_ulong_limited(n / 2) + n / 4]) c++;
-    if (c <= 1 && ds[rb_genrand_ulong_limited(n / 2) + n / 4]) c++;
-    if (c <= 1 && ds[rb_genrand_ulong_limited(n / 2) + n / 4]) c++;
+    if (          ds[2 * n / 5]) c++;
+    if (c <= 1 && ds[    n / 2]) c++;
+    if (c <= 1 && ds[3 * n / 5]) c++;
 
     return (c <= 1) ? 1 : 0;
 }
@@ -2425,12 +2469,7 @@ bary_mul_karatsuba_branch(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn,
 {
     /* normal multiplication when x is small */
     if (xn < KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS) {
-      normal:
-        if (xds == yds && xn == yn)
-            bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
-        else
-            bary_short_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn);
-        return;
+        goto normal;
     }
 
     /* normal multiplication when x or y is a sparse bignum */
@@ -2448,6 +2487,15 @@ bary_mul_karatsuba_branch(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn,
 
     /* multiplication by karatsuba method */
     bary_mul_karatsuba(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn, wds, wn);
+    return;
+
+  normal:
+    if (xds == yds && xn == yn) {
+        bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
+    }
+    else {
+        bary_short_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, yds, yn);
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2487,13 +2535,8 @@ bary_mul_toom3_start(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const
 static void
 bary_mul(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
-#ifdef USE_GMP
-    const size_t naive_threshold = GMP_MUL_DIGITS;
-#else
-    const size_t naive_threshold = KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS;
-#endif
     if (xn <= yn) {
-        if (xn < naive_threshold) {
+        if (xn < NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS) {
             if (xds == yds && xn == yn)
                 bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
             else
@@ -2502,7 +2545,7 @@ bary_mul(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds
         }
     }
     else {
-        if (yn < naive_threshold) {
+        if (yn < NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS) {
             bary_short_mul(zds, zn, yds, yn, xds, xn);
             return;
         }
@@ -2556,6 +2599,7 @@ bigdivrem1(void *ptr)
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* async-signal-safe */
 static void
 rb_big_stop(void *ptr)
 {
@@ -2578,10 +2622,9 @@ bigdivrem_single1(BDIGIT *qds, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, BDIGIT x_higher_bdi
         size_t i;
         BDIGIT_DBL t2;
         t2 = x_higher_bdigit;
-        i = xn;
-        while (i--) {
-            t2 = BIGUP(t2) + xds[i];
-            qds[i] = (BDIGIT)(t2 / y);
+        for (i = 0; i < xn; i++) {
+            t2 = BIGUP(t2) + xds[xn - i - 1];
+            qds[xn - i - 1] = (BDIGIT)(t2 / y);
             t2 %= y;
         }
         return (BDIGIT)t2;
@@ -2621,7 +2664,7 @@ bigdivrem_restoring(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
     if (bds.zn > 10000 || bds.yn > 10000) {
       retry:
 	bds.stop = Qfalse;
-	rb_thread_call_without_gvl(bigdivrem1, &bds, rb_big_stop, &bds);
+        rb_nogvl(bigdivrem1, &bds, rb_big_stop, &bds, RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE);
 
 	if (bds.stop == Qtrue) {
 	    /* execute trap handler, but exception was not raised. */
@@ -2732,7 +2775,6 @@ rb_big_divrem_normal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 static void
 bary_divmod_gmp(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     mpz_t x, y, q, r;
     size_t count;
 
@@ -2746,8 +2788,8 @@ bary_divmod_gmp(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xd
     if (qds) mpz_init(q);
     if (rds) mpz_init(r);
 
-    mpz_import(x, xn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, xds);
-    mpz_import(y, yn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, yds);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(x, xds, xn);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(y, yds, yn);
 
     if (!rds) {
         mpz_fdiv_q(q, x, y);
@@ -2763,13 +2805,13 @@ bary_divmod_gmp(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xd
     mpz_clear(y);
 
     if (qds) {
-        mpz_export(qds, &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, q);
+        bdigits_from_mpz(q, qds, &count);
         BDIGITS_ZERO(qds+count, qn-count);
         mpz_clear(q);
     }
 
     if (rds) {
-        mpz_export(rds, &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, r);
+        bdigits_from_mpz(r, rds, &count);
         BDIGITS_ZERO(rds+count, rn-count);
         mpz_clear(r);
     }
@@ -2868,29 +2910,8 @@ bary_divmod(BDIGIT *qds, size_t qn, BDIGIT *rds, size_t rn, const BDIGIT *xds, s
 }
 
 
-#define BIGNUM_DEBUG 0
-#if BIGNUM_DEBUG
-#define ON_DEBUG(x) do { x; } while (0)
-static void
-dump_bignum(VALUE x)
-{
-    long i;
-    printf("%c0x0", BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? '+' : '-');
-    for (i = BIGNUM_LEN(x); i--; ) {
-        printf("_%0*"PRIxBDIGIT, SIZEOF_BDIGIT*2, BDIGITS(x)[i]);
-    }
-    printf(", len=%"PRIuSIZE, BIGNUM_LEN(x));
-    puts("");
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_big_dump(VALUE x)
-{
-    dump_bignum(x);
-    return x;
-}
-#else
-#define ON_DEBUG(x)
+#ifndef BIGNUM_DEBUG
+# define BIGNUM_DEBUG (0+RUBY_DEBUG)
 #endif
 
 static int
@@ -2928,7 +2949,7 @@ rb_cmpint(VALUE val, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 }
 
 #define BIGNUM_SET_LEN(b,l) \
-    ((RBASIC(b)->flags & BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG) ? \
+    (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(b) ? \
      (void)(RBASIC(b)->flags = \
 	    (RBASIC(b)->flags & ~BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK) | \
 	    ((l) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)) : \
@@ -2938,19 +2959,19 @@ static void
 rb_big_realloc(VALUE big, size_t len)
 {
     BDIGIT *ds;
-    if (RBASIC(big)->flags & BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG) {
+    if (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(big)) {
 	if (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX < len) {
 	    ds = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
 	    MEMCPY(ds, RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, BDIGIT, BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
 	    RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = BIGNUM_LEN(big);
 	    RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ds;
-	    RBASIC(big)->flags &= ~BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG;
+            FL_UNSET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
 	}
     }
     else {
 	if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
 	    ds = RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits;
-	    RBASIC(big)->flags |= BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG;
+            FL_SET_RAW(big, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
 	    BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
             (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, sizeof(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary));
 	    if (ds) {
@@ -2980,18 +3001,19 @@ static VALUE
 bignew_1(VALUE klass, size_t len, int sign)
 {
     NEWOBJ_OF(big, struct RBignum, klass, T_BIGNUM | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
-    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(big, sign);
+    VALUE bigv = (VALUE)big;
+    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(bigv, sign);
     if (len <= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-	RBASIC(big)->flags |= BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG;
-	BIGNUM_SET_LEN(big, len);
-        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary, sizeof(RBIGNUM(big)->as.ary));
+        FL_SET_RAW(bigv, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
+        BIGNUM_SET_LEN(bigv, len);
+        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)big->as.ary, sizeof(big->as.ary));
     }
     else {
-	RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
-	RBIGNUM(big)->as.heap.len = len;
+        big->as.heap.digits = ALLOC_N(BDIGIT, len);
+        big->as.heap.len = len;
     }
-    OBJ_FREEZE(big);
-    return (VALUE)big;
+    OBJ_FREEZE(bigv);
+    return bigv;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -3139,7 +3161,7 @@ rb_big_norm(VALUE x)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_uint2big(VALUE n)
+rb_uint2big(uintptr_t n)
 {
     long i;
     VALUE big = bignew(bdigit_roomof(SIZEOF_VALUE), 1);
@@ -3161,7 +3183,7 @@ rb_uint2big(VALUE n)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_int2big(SIGNED_VALUE n)
+rb_int2big(intptr_t n)
 {
     long neg = 0;
     VALUE u;
@@ -3182,14 +3204,14 @@ rb_int2big(SIGNED_VALUE n)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_uint2inum(VALUE n)
+rb_uint2inum(uintptr_t n)
 {
     if (POSFIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX(n);
     return rb_uint2big(n);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_int2inum(SIGNED_VALUE n)
+rb_int2inum(intptr_t n)
 {
     if (FIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX(n);
     return rb_int2big(n);
@@ -3368,7 +3390,7 @@ rb_absint_numwords(VALUE val, size_t word_numbits, size_t *nlz_bits_ret)
     size_t numbytes;
     int nlz_bits_in_msbyte;
     size_t numwords;
-    size_t nlz_bits;
+    size_t nlz_bits = 0;
 
     if (word_numbits == 0)
         return (size_t)-1;
@@ -3570,7 +3592,7 @@ rb_integer_pack(VALUE val, void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t
 }
 
 /*
- * Import an integer into a buffer.
+ * Import an integer from a buffer.
  *
  * [words] buffer to import.
  * [numwords] the size of given buffer as number of words.
@@ -3725,12 +3747,12 @@ str2big_scan_digits(const char *s, const char *str, int base, int badcheck, size
 	return TRUE;
     }
 
-    if (badcheck && *str == '_') goto bad;
+    if (badcheck && *str == '_') return FALSE;
 
     while ((c = *str++) != 0) {
 	if (c == '_') {
 	    if (nondigit) {
-		if (badcheck) goto bad;
+                if (badcheck) return FALSE;
 		break;
 	    }
 	    nondigit = (char) c;
@@ -3745,7 +3767,7 @@ str2big_scan_digits(const char *s, const char *str, int base, int badcheck, size
 	}
 	if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
     }
-    if (badcheck && nondigit) goto bad;
+    if (badcheck && nondigit) return FALSE;
     if (badcheck && len) {
 	str--;
 	while (*str && ISSPACE(*str)) {
@@ -3753,7 +3775,6 @@ str2big_scan_digits(const char *s, const char *str, int base, int badcheck, size
 	    if (len > 0 && !--len) break;
 	}
 	if (len && *str) {
-	  bad:
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
     }
@@ -3940,7 +3961,6 @@ str2big_gmp(
     size_t num_bdigits,
     int base)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     char *buf, *p;
     const char *q;
     VALUE tmps;
@@ -3963,7 +3983,7 @@ str2big_gmp(
     zn = num_bdigits;
     z = bignew(zn, sign);
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
-    mpz_export(BDIGITS(z), &count, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, mz);
+    bdigits_from_mpz(mz, BDIGITS(z), &count);
     BDIGITS_ZERO(zds+count, zn-count);
     mpz_clear(mz);
 
@@ -3974,6 +3994,8 @@ str2big_gmp(
 }
 #endif
 
+static VALUE rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base);
+
 /*
  * Parse +str+ as Ruby Integer, i.e., underscores, 0d and 0b prefixes.
  *
@@ -4011,22 +4033,28 @@ rb_cstr_to_inum(const char *str, int base, int badcheck)
  *       be NUL-terminated.
  * endp: if non-NULL, the address after parsed part is stored.  if
  *       NULL, Qnil is returned when +str+ is not valid as an Integer.
+ * ndigits: if non-NULL, the number of parsed digits is stored.
  * base: see +rb_cstr_to_inum+
+ * flags: bitwise OR of below flags:
+ *       RB_INT_PARSE_SIGN: allow preceding spaces and +/- sign
+ *       RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE: allow an underscore between digits
+ *       RB_INT_PARSE_PREFIX: allow preceding prefix
  */
 
 VALUE
-rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
+rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits,
+		  int base, int flags)
 {
     const char *const s = str;
     char sign = 1;
     int c;
-    VALUE z;
+    VALUE z = Qnil;
 
     unsigned long val;
     int ov;
 
     const char *digits_start, *digits_end;
-    size_t num_digits;
+    size_t num_digits = 0;
     size_t num_bdigits;
     const ssize_t len0 = len;
     const int badcheck = !endp;
@@ -4042,11 +4070,9 @@ rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
     } while (0)
 
     if (!str) {
-      bad:
-	if (endp) *endp = (char *)str;
-	return Qnil;
+        goto bad;
     }
-    if (len) {
+    if (len && (flags & RB_INT_PARSE_SIGN)) {
 	while (ISSPACE(*str)) ADV(1);
 
 	if (str[0] == '+') {
@@ -4088,7 +4114,7 @@ rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
 	    base = 10;
 	}
     }
-    else if (len == 1) {
+    else if (len == 1 || !(flags & RB_INT_PARSE_PREFIX)) {
 	/* no prefix */
     }
     else if (base == 2) {
@@ -4115,15 +4141,19 @@ rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
         invalid_radix(base);
     }
     if (!len) goto bad;
+    num_digits = str - s;
     if (*str == '0' && len != 1) { /* squeeze preceding 0s */
 	int us = 0;
 	const char *end = len < 0 ? NULL : str + len;
-	while ((c = *++str) == '0' || c == '_') {
+	++num_digits;
+	while ((c = *++str) == '0' ||
+	       ((flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE) && c == '_')) {
 	    if (c == '_') {
 		if (++us >= 2)
 		    break;
 	    }
 	    else {
+		++num_digits;
 		us = 0;
 	    }
 	    if (str == end) break;
@@ -4135,14 +4165,18 @@ rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
     c = *str;
     c = conv_digit(c);
     if (c < 0 || c >= base) {
+	if (!badcheck && num_digits) z = INT2FIX(0);
 	goto bad;
     }
 
+    if (ndigits) *ndigits = num_digits;
     val = ruby_scan_digits(str, len, base, &num_digits, &ov);
     if (!ov) {
 	const char *end = &str[num_digits];
-	if (num_digits > 0 && *end == '_') goto bigparse;
+	if (num_digits > 0 && *end == '_' && (flags & RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE))
+	    goto bigparse;
 	if (endp) *endp = (char *)end;
+	if (ndigits) *ndigits += num_digits;
 	if (badcheck) {
 	    if (num_digits == 0) return Qnil; /* no number */
 	    while (len < 0 ? *end : end < str + len) {
@@ -4170,6 +4204,7 @@ rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
     if (!str2big_scan_digits(s, str, base, badcheck, &num_digits, &len))
 	goto bad;
     if (endp) *endp = (char *)(str + len);
+    if (ndigits) *ndigits += num_digits;
     digits_end = digits_start + len;
 
     if (POW2_P(base)) {
@@ -4199,10 +4234,22 @@ rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
     }
 
     return bignorm(z);
+
+  bad:
+    if (endp) *endp = (char *)str;
+    if (ndigits) *ndigits = num_digits;
+    return z;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base)
+{
+    return rb_int_parse_cstr(str, len, endp, NULL, base,
+			     RB_INT_PARSE_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_str_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck)
+rb_str_convert_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck, int raise_exception)
 {
     VALUE ret;
     const char *s;
@@ -4214,13 +4261,22 @@ rb_str_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck)
     RSTRING_GETMEM(str, s, len);
     ret = rb_cstr_parse_inum(s, len, (badcheck ? NULL : &end), base);
     if (NIL_P(ret)) {
-	if (badcheck) invalid_integer(str);
-	ret = INT2FIX(0);
+        if (badcheck) {
+            if (!raise_exception) return Qnil;
+            invalid_integer(str);
+        }
+        ret = INT2FIX(0);
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_str_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck)
+{
+    return rb_str_convert_to_inum(str, base, badcheck, TRUE);
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_str2big_poweroftwo(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck)
 {
     int positive_p = 1;
@@ -4462,7 +4518,7 @@ rb_uint128t2big(uint128_t n)
     return big;
 }
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_int128t2big(int128_t n)
 {
     int neg = 0;
@@ -4602,12 +4658,6 @@ static size_t base36_numdigits_cache[35][MAX_BASE36_POWER_TABLE_ENTRIES];
 static void
 power_cache_init(void)
 {
-    int i, j;
-    for (i = 0; i < 35; ++i) {
-	for (j = 0; j < MAX_BASE36_POWER_TABLE_ENTRIES; ++j) {
-	    base36_power_cache[i][j] = Qnil;
-	}
-    }
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -4630,8 +4680,8 @@ power_cache_get_power(int base, int power_level, size_t *numdigits_ret)
     if (MAX_BASE36_POWER_TABLE_ENTRIES <= power_level)
         rb_bug("too big power number requested: maxpow_in_bdigit_dbl(%d)**(2**%d)", base, power_level);
 
-    if (NIL_P(base36_power_cache[base - 2][power_level])) {
-        VALUE power;
+    VALUE power = base36_power_cache[base - 2][power_level];
+    if (!power) {
         size_t numdigits;
         if (power_level == 0) {
             int numdigits0;
@@ -4651,7 +4701,7 @@ power_cache_get_power(int base, int power_level, size_t *numdigits_ret)
     }
     if (numdigits_ret)
         *numdigits_ret = base36_numdigits_cache[base - 2][power_level];
-    return base36_power_cache[base - 2][power_level];
+    return power;
 }
 
 struct big2str_struct {
@@ -4960,7 +5010,6 @@ rb_big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base)
 static VALUE
 big2str_gmp(VALUE x, int base)
 {
-    const size_t nails = (sizeof(BDIGIT)-SIZEOF_BDIGIT)*CHAR_BIT;
     mpz_t mx;
     size_t size;
     VALUE str;
@@ -4968,7 +5017,7 @@ big2str_gmp(VALUE x, int base)
     size_t xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
 
     mpz_init(mx);
-    mpz_import(mx, xn, -1, sizeof(BDIGIT), 0, nails, xds);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(mx, xds, xn);
 
     size = mpz_sizeinbase(mx, base);
 
@@ -5046,6 +5095,9 @@ rb_big2str(VALUE x, int base)
 static unsigned long
 big2ulong(VALUE x, const char *type)
 {
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_BDIGIT
+    size_t i;
+#endif
     size_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
     unsigned long num;
     BDIGIT *ds;
@@ -5060,9 +5112,9 @@ big2ulong(VALUE x, const char *type)
     num = (unsigned long)ds[0];
 #else
     num = 0;
-    while (len--) {
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 	num <<= BITSPERDIG;
-	num += (unsigned long)ds[len]; /* overflow is already checked */
+        num += (unsigned long)ds[len - i - 1]; /* overflow is already checked */
     }
 #endif
     return num;
@@ -5104,6 +5156,9 @@ rb_big2long(VALUE x)
 static unsigned LONG_LONG
 big2ull(VALUE x, const char *type)
 {
+#if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > SIZEOF_BDIGIT
+    size_t i;
+#endif
     size_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
     unsigned LONG_LONG num;
     BDIGIT *ds = BDIGITS(x);
@@ -5116,9 +5171,9 @@ big2ull(VALUE x, const char *type)
     num = (unsigned LONG_LONG)ds[0];
 #else
     num = 0;
-    while (len--) {
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 	num = BIGUP(num);
-	num += ds[len];
+        num += ds[len - i - 1];
     }
 #endif
     return num;
@@ -5225,8 +5280,13 @@ big2dbl(VALUE x)
 		    }
 		}
 		if (carry) {
-		    dl &= BDIGMAX << bits;
-		    dl = BIGLO(dl + ((BDIGIT)1 << bits));
+                    BDIGIT mask = BDIGMAX;
+                    BDIGIT bit = 1;
+                    mask <<= bits;
+                    bit <<= bits;
+                    dl &= mask;
+                    dl += bit;
+                    dl = BIGLO(dl);
 		    if (!dl) d += 1;
 		}
 	    }
@@ -5310,6 +5370,15 @@ rb_integer_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return INT2FIX(-1);
 }
 
+#if SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT >= DBL_MANT_DIG /* assume FLT_RADIX == 2 */
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#if __has_warning("-Wimplicit-int-float-conversion")
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wimplicit-int-float-conversion)
+#endif
+static const double LONG_MAX_as_double = LONG_MAX;
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+#endif
+
 VALUE
 rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5329,7 +5398,7 @@ rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
         return Qtrue;
 #else
         long xn, yn;
-        if (yi < LONG_MIN || LONG_MAX < yi)
+        if (yi < LONG_MIN || LONG_MAX_as_double <= yi)
             return Qfalse;
         xn = FIX2LONG(x);
         yn = (long)yi;
@@ -5342,6 +5411,7 @@ rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_big_eq(x, y);
 }
 
+
 VALUE
 rb_big_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -5365,7 +5435,7 @@ rb_big_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
         return rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, rb_intern("<=>"));
+	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, idCmp);
     }
     return INT2FIX(BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? 1 : -1);
 }
@@ -5393,9 +5463,9 @@ big_op(VALUE x, VALUE y, enum big_op_t op)
 	ID id = 0;
 	switch (op) {
 	  case big_op_gt: id = '>'; break;
-	  case big_op_ge: id = rb_intern(">="); break;
+	  case big_op_ge: id = idGE; break;
 	  case big_op_lt: id = '<'; break;
-	  case big_op_le: id = rb_intern("<="); break;
+	  case big_op_le: id = idLE; break;
 	}
 	return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, id);
     }
@@ -5441,8 +5511,8 @@ rb_big_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     big == obj  -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> has the same value
- *  as <i>big</i>. Contrast this with <code>Integer#eql?</code>, which
- *  requires <i>obj</i> to be a <code>Integer</code>.
+ *  as <i>big</i>. Contrast this with Integer#eql?, which requires
+ *  <i>obj</i> to be an Integer.
  *
  *     68719476736 == 68719476736.0   #=> true
  */
@@ -5820,17 +5890,10 @@ bigsq(VALUE x)
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
     zds = BDIGITS(z);
 
-#ifdef USE_GMP
-    if (xn < GMP_MUL_DIGITS)
+    if (xn < NAIVE_MUL_DIGITS)
         bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
     else
         bary_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, xds, xn);
-#else
-    if (xn < KARATSUBA_MUL_DIGITS)
-        bary_sq_fast(zds, zn, xds, xn);
-    else
-        bary_mul(zds, zn, xds, xn, xds, xn);
-#endif
 
     RB_GC_GUARD(x);
     return z;
@@ -5912,7 +5975,7 @@ bigdivrem(VALUE x, VALUE y, volatile VALUE *divp, volatile VALUE *modp)
 	zds = BDIGITS(z);
         dd = bigdivrem_single(zds, xds, xn, dd);
 	if (modp) {
-	    *modp = rb_uint2big((VALUE)dd);
+	    *modp = rb_uint2big((uintptr_t)dd);
 	    BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(*modp, BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
 	}
 	if (divp) *divp = z;
@@ -6002,12 +6065,15 @@ rb_big_divide(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID op)
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	if (op == '/') {
-	    return DBL2NUM(rb_big2dbl(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+            double dx = rb_big2dbl(x);
+            return rb_flo_div_flo(DBL2NUM(dx), y);
 	}
 	else {
+            VALUE v;
 	    double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
 	    if (dy == 0.0) rb_num_zerodiv();
-	    return rb_dbl2big(rb_big2dbl(x) / dy);
+            v = rb_big_divide(x, y, '/');
+            return rb_dbl2big(RFLOAT_VALUE(v));
 	}
     }
     else {
@@ -6027,7 +6093,7 @@ rb_big_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 VALUE
 rb_big_idiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    return rb_big_divide(x, y, rb_intern("div"));
+    return rb_big_divide(x, y, idDiv);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -6071,7 +6137,7 @@ rb_big_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (!RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("divmod"));
+        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idDivmod);
     }
     bigdivmod(x, y, &div, &mod);
 
@@ -6088,10 +6154,11 @@ big_shift(VALUE x, long n)
     return x;
 }
 
+enum {DBL_BIGDIG = ((DBL_MANT_DIG + BITSPERDIG) / BITSPERDIG)};
+
 static double
 big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y, long ey)
 {
-#define DBL_BIGDIG ((DBL_MANT_DIG + BITSPERDIG) / BITSPERDIG)
     VALUE z;
     long l, ex;
 
@@ -6108,7 +6175,7 @@ big_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y, long ey)
 #if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
     {
 	/* Visual C++ can't be here */
-	if (l > INT_MAX) return INFINITY;
+	if (l > INT_MAX) return HUGE_VAL;
 	if (l < INT_MIN) return 0.0;
     }
 #endif
@@ -6139,6 +6206,7 @@ double
 rb_big_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     double dx, dy;
+    VALUE v;
 
     dx = big2dbl(x);
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
@@ -6147,9 +6215,7 @@ rb_big_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	    return big_fdiv_int(x, rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y)));
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
-	dy = rb_big2dbl(y);
-	if (isinf(dx) || isinf(dy))
-	    return big_fdiv_int(x, y);
+	return big_fdiv_int(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
@@ -6159,9 +6225,10 @@ rb_big_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	    return big_fdiv_float(x, y);
     }
     else {
-	return RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("fdiv")));
+        return NUM2DBL(rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idFdiv));
     }
-    return dx / dy;
+    v = rb_flo_div_flo(DBL2NUM(dx), DBL2NUM(dy));
+    return NUM2DBL(v);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -6178,10 +6245,12 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
   again:
     if (y == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(1);
+    if (y == INT2FIX(1)) return x;
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	d = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-	if ((BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x) && !BIGZEROP(x)) && d != round(d))
-	    return rb_funcall(rb_complex_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
+	if ((BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x) && !BIGZEROP(x))) {
+            return rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(pow(-rb_big2dbl(x), d), d);
+	}
     }
     else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	y = bignorm(y);
@@ -6193,8 +6262,13 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     else if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
 	yy = FIX2LONG(y);
 
-	if (yy < 0)
-	    return rb_funcall(rb_rational_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
+        if (yy < 0) {
+            x = rb_big_pow(x, LONG2NUM(-yy));
+            if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+                return rb_rational_raw(INT2FIX(1), x);
+            else
+                return DBL2NUM(1.0 / NUM2DBL(x));
+        }
 	else {
 	    VALUE z = 0;
 	    SIGNED_VALUE mask;
@@ -6219,7 +6293,7 @@ rb_big_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("**"));
+	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idPow);
     }
     return DBL2NUM(pow(rb_big2dbl(x), d));
 }
@@ -6614,7 +6688,6 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	    return INT2FIX(0);
 	bigtrunc(y);
 	if (BIGSIZE(y) > sizeof(size_t)) {
-	  out_of_range:
 	    return BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
 	}
 #if SIZEOF_SIZE_T <= SIZEOF_LONG
@@ -6632,7 +6705,8 @@ rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     s2 = shift%BITSPERDIG;
     bit = (BDIGIT)1 << s2;
 
-    if (s1 >= BIGNUM_LEN(x)) goto out_of_range;
+    if (s1 >= BIGNUM_LEN(x))
+        return BIGNUM_SIGN(x) ? INT2FIX(0) : INT2FIX(1);
 
     xds = BDIGITS(x);
     if (BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(x))
@@ -6768,6 +6842,317 @@ rb_big_even_p(VALUE num)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+unsigned long rb_ulong_isqrt(unsigned long);
+#if SIZEOF_BDIGIT*2 > SIZEOF_LONG
+BDIGIT rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(BDIGIT_DBL);
+# ifdef ULL_TO_DOUBLE
+#   define BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(n) ULL_TO_DOUBLE(n)
+# endif
+#else
+# define rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(x) (BDIGIT)rb_ulong_isqrt(x)
+#endif
+#ifndef BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE
+# define BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(n) (double)(n)
+#endif
+
+static BDIGIT *
+estimate_initial_sqrt(VALUE *xp, const size_t xn, const BDIGIT *nds, size_t len)
+{
+    enum {dbl_per_bdig = roomof(DBL_MANT_DIG,BITSPERDIG)};
+    const int zbits = nlz(nds[len-1]);
+    VALUE x = *xp = bignew_1(0, xn, 1); /* division may release the GVL */
+    BDIGIT *xds = BDIGITS(x);
+    BDIGIT_DBL d = bary2bdigitdbl(nds+len-dbl_per_bdig, dbl_per_bdig);
+    BDIGIT lowbits = 1;
+    int rshift = (int)((BITSPERDIG*2-zbits+(len&BITSPERDIG&1) - DBL_MANT_DIG + 1) & ~1);
+    double f;
+
+    if (rshift > 0) {
+	lowbits = (BDIGIT)d & ~(~(BDIGIT)1U << rshift);
+	d >>= rshift;
+    }
+    else if (rshift < 0) {
+	d <<= -rshift;
+	d |= nds[len-dbl_per_bdig-1] >> (BITSPERDIG+rshift);
+    }
+    f = sqrt(BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(d));
+    d = (BDIGIT_DBL)ceil(f);
+    if (BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(d) == f) {
+	if (lowbits || (lowbits = !bary_zero_p(nds, len-dbl_per_bdig)))
+	    ++d;
+    }
+    else {
+	lowbits = 1;
+    }
+    rshift /= 2;
+    rshift += (2-(len&1))*BITSPERDIG/2;
+    if (rshift >= 0) {
+        if (nlz((BDIGIT)d) + rshift >= BITSPERDIG) {
+            /* (d << rshift) does cause overflow.
+             * example: Integer.sqrt(0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffff ** 2)
+             */
+            d = ~(BDIGIT_DBL)0;
+        }
+        else {
+            d <<= rshift;
+        }
+    }
+    BDIGITS_ZERO(xds, xn-2);
+    bdigitdbl2bary(&xds[xn-2], 2, d);
+
+    if (!lowbits) return NULL; /* special case, exact result */
+    return xds;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_big_isqrt(VALUE n)
+{
+    BDIGIT *nds = BDIGITS(n);
+    size_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(n);
+    size_t xn = (len+1) / 2;
+    VALUE x;
+    BDIGIT *xds;
+
+    if (len <= 2) {
+	BDIGIT sq = rb_bdigit_dbl_isqrt(bary2bdigitdbl(nds, len));
+#if SIZEOF_BDIGIT > SIZEOF_LONG
+	return ULL2NUM(sq);
+#else
+	return ULONG2NUM(sq);
+#endif
+    }
+    else if ((xds = estimate_initial_sqrt(&x, xn, nds, len)) != 0) {
+	size_t tn = xn + BIGDIVREM_EXTRA_WORDS;
+	VALUE t = bignew_1(0, tn, 1);
+	BDIGIT *tds = BDIGITS(t);
+	tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
+
+	/* t = n/x */
+	while (bary_divmod_branch(tds, tn, NULL, 0, nds, len, xds, xn),
+	       bary_cmp(tds, tn, xds, xn) < 0) {
+	    int carry;
+	    BARY_TRUNC(tds, tn);
+	    /* x = (x+t)/2 */
+	    carry = bary_add(xds, xn, xds, xn, tds, tn);
+	    bary_small_rshift(xds, xds, xn, 1, carry);
+	    tn = BIGNUM_LEN(t);
+	}
+	rb_big_realloc(t, 0);
+	rb_gc_force_recycle(t);
+    }
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(x, rb_cInteger);
+    return x;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_GMP
+static void
+bary_powm_gmp(BDIGIT *zds, size_t zn, const BDIGIT *xds, size_t xn, const BDIGIT *yds, size_t yn, const BDIGIT *mds, size_t mn)
+{
+    mpz_t z, x, y, m;
+    size_t count;
+    mpz_init(x);
+    mpz_init(y);
+    mpz_init(m);
+    mpz_init(z);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(x, xds, xn);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(y, yds, yn);
+    bdigits_to_mpz(m, mds, mn);
+    mpz_powm(z, x, y, m);
+    bdigits_from_mpz(z, zds, &count);
+    BDIGITS_ZERO(zds+count, zn-count);
+    mpz_clear(x);
+    mpz_clear(y);
+    mpz_clear(m);
+    mpz_clear(z);
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+int_pow_tmp3(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE m, int nega_flg)
+{
+#ifdef USE_GMP
+    VALUE z;
+    size_t xn, yn, mn, zn;
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
+       x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
+    }
+    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
+       y = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(y));
+    }
+    assert(RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(m));
+    xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+    yn = BIGNUM_LEN(y);
+    mn = BIGNUM_LEN(m);
+    zn = mn;
+    z = bignew(zn, 1);
+    bary_powm_gmp(BDIGITS(z), zn, BDIGITS(x), xn, BDIGITS(y), yn, BDIGITS(m), mn);
+    if (nega_flg & BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(z)) {
+        z = rb_big_minus(z, m);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(x);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(y);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(m);
+    return rb_big_norm(z);
+#else
+    VALUE tmp = LONG2FIX(1L);
+    long yy;
+
+    for (/*NOP*/; ! FIXNUM_P(y); y = rb_big_rshift(y, LONG2FIX(1L))) {
+        if (RTEST(rb_int_odd_p(y))) {
+            tmp = rb_int_mul(tmp, x);
+            tmp = rb_int_modulo(tmp, m);
+        }
+        x = rb_int_mul(x, x);
+        x = rb_int_modulo(x, m);
+    }
+    for (yy = FIX2LONG(y); yy; yy >>= 1L) {
+        if (yy & 1L) {
+            tmp = rb_int_mul(tmp, x);
+            tmp = rb_int_modulo(tmp, m);
+        }
+        x = rb_int_mul(x, x);
+        x = rb_int_modulo(x, m);
+    }
+
+    if (nega_flg && rb_int_positive_p(tmp)) {
+        tmp = rb_int_minus(tmp, m);
+    }
+    return tmp;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Integer#pow
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+int_pow_tmp1(VALUE x, VALUE y, long mm, int nega_flg)
+{
+    long xx = FIX2LONG(x);
+    long tmp = 1L;
+    long yy;
+
+    for (/*NOP*/; ! FIXNUM_P(y); y = rb_big_rshift(y, LONG2FIX(1L))) {
+        if (RTEST(rb_int_odd_p(y))) {
+            tmp = (tmp * xx) % mm;
+        }
+        xx = (xx * xx) % mm;
+    }
+    for (yy = FIX2LONG(y); yy; yy >>= 1L) {
+        if (yy & 1L) {
+            tmp = (tmp * xx) % mm;
+        }
+        xx = (xx * xx) % mm;
+    }
+
+    if (nega_flg && tmp) {
+        tmp -= mm;
+    }
+    return LONG2FIX(tmp);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_pow_tmp2(VALUE x, VALUE y, long mm, int nega_flg)
+{
+    long tmp = 1L;
+    long yy;
+#ifdef DLONG
+    const DLONG m = mm;
+    long tmp2 = tmp;
+    long xx = FIX2LONG(x);
+# define MUL_MODULO(a, b, c) (long)(((DLONG)(a) * (DLONG)(b)) % (c))
+#else
+    const VALUE m = LONG2FIX(mm);
+    VALUE tmp2 = LONG2FIX(tmp);
+    VALUE xx = x;
+# define MUL_MODULO(a, b, c) rb_int_modulo(rb_fix_mul_fix((a), (b)), (c))
+#endif
+
+    for (/*NOP*/; ! FIXNUM_P(y); y = rb_big_rshift(y, LONG2FIX(1L))) {
+        if (RTEST(rb_int_odd_p(y))) {
+            tmp2 = MUL_MODULO(tmp2, xx, m);
+        }
+        xx = MUL_MODULO(xx, xx, m);
+    }
+    for (yy = FIX2LONG(y); yy; yy >>= 1L) {
+        if (yy & 1L) {
+            tmp2 = MUL_MODULO(tmp2, xx, m);
+        }
+        xx = MUL_MODULO(xx, xx, m);
+    }
+
+#ifdef DLONG
+    tmp = tmp2;
+#else
+    tmp = FIX2LONG(tmp2);
+#endif
+    if (nega_flg && tmp) {
+        tmp -= mm;
+    }
+    return LONG2FIX(tmp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: Integer#pow
+ * call-seq:
+ *    integer.pow(numeric)           ->  numeric
+ *    integer.pow(integer, integer)  ->  integer
+ *
+ * Returns (modular) exponentiation as:
+ *
+ *   a.pow(b)     #=> same as a**b
+ *   a.pow(b, m)  #=> same as (a**b) % m, but avoids huge temporary values
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_int_powm(int const argc, VALUE * const argv, VALUE const num)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+
+    if (argc == 1) {
+        return rb_int_pow(num, argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE const a = num;
+        VALUE const b = argv[0];
+        VALUE m = argv[1];
+        int nega_flg = 0;
+        if ( ! RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(b)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Integer#pow() 2nd argument not allowed unless a 1st argument is integer");
+        }
+        if (rb_int_negative_p(b)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "Integer#pow() 1st argument cannot be negative when 2nd argument specified");
+        }
+        if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(m)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Integer#pow() 2nd argument not allowed unless all arguments are integers");
+        }
+
+        if (rb_int_negative_p(m)) {
+            m = rb_int_uminus(m);
+            nega_flg = 1;
+        }
+
+        if (FIXNUM_P(m)) {
+            long const half_val = (long)HALF_LONG_MSB;
+            long const mm = FIX2LONG(m);
+            if (!mm) rb_num_zerodiv();
+            if (mm == 1) return INT2FIX(0);
+            if (mm <= half_val) {
+                return int_pow_tmp1(rb_int_modulo(a, m), b, mm, nega_flg);
+            }
+            else {
+                return int_pow_tmp2(rb_int_modulo(a, m), b, mm, nega_flg);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (rb_bigzero_p(m)) rb_num_zerodiv();
+	    if (bignorm(m) == INT2FIX(1)) return INT2FIX(0);
+            return int_pow_tmp3(rb_int_modulo(a, m), b, m, nega_flg);
+        }
+    }
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
 /*
  *  Bignum objects hold integers outside the range of
  *  Fixnum. Bignum objects are created
@@ -6789,9 +7174,7 @@ rb_big_even_p(VALUE num)
 void
 Init_Bignum(void)
 {
-#ifndef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-    rb_cBignum = rb_cInteger;
-#endif
+    /* An obsolete class, use Integer */
     rb_define_const(rb_cObject, "Bignum", rb_cInteger);
     rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cObject, "Bignum");
 
diff --git a/bin/bundle b/bin/bundle
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1a0b06b005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/bundle
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'bundler' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
+
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('bundler', 'bundle', version)
+else
+gem "bundler", version
+load Gem.bin_path("bundler", "bundle", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/bundler b/bin/bundler
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..e15eb39ed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/bundler
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'bundler' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
+
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('bundler', 'bundler', version)
+else
+gem "bundler", version
+load Gem.bin_path("bundler", "bundler", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/erb b/bin/erb
index 6a88c3b26a..89d74fc525 100755
--- a/bin/erb
+++ b/bin/erb
@@ -1,171 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
-# Tiny eRuby --- ERB2
-# Copyright (c) 1999-2000,2002 Masatoshi SEKI
-# You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
-
-require 'erb'
-
-class ERB
-  module Main
-    def ARGV.switch
-      return nil if self.empty?
-      arg = self.shift
-      return nil if arg == '--'
-      case arg
-      when /\A-(.)(.*)/
-        if $1 == '-'
-          arg, @maybe_arg = arg.split(/=/, 2)
-          return arg
-        end
-        raise 'unknown switch "-"' if $2[0] == ?- and $1 != 'T'
-        if $2.size > 0
-          self.unshift "-#{$2}"
-          @maybe_arg = $2
-        else
-          @maybe_arg = nil
-        end
-        "-#{$1}"
-      when /\A(\w+)=/
-        arg
-      else
-        self.unshift arg
-        nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def ARGV.req_arg
-      (@maybe_arg || self.shift || raise('missing argument')).tap {
-        @maybe_arg = nil
-      }
-    end
-
-    def trim_mode_opt(trim_mode, disable_percent)
-      return trim_mode if disable_percent
-      case trim_mode
-      when 0
-        return '%'
-      when 1
-        return '%>'
-      when 2
-        return '%<>'
-      when '-'
-        return '%-'
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :trim_mode_opt
-
-    def run(factory=ERB)
-      trim_mode = 0
-      disable_percent = false
-      variables = {}
-      begin
-        while switch = ARGV.switch
-          case switch
-          when '-x'                        # ruby source
-            output = true
-          when '-n'                        # line number
-            number = true
-          when '-v'                        # verbose
-            $VERBOSE = true
-          when '--version'                 # version
-            STDERR.puts factory.version
-            exit
-          when '-d', '--debug'             # debug
-            $DEBUG = true
-          when '-r'                        # require
-            require ARGV.req_arg
-          when '-S'                        # security level
-            arg = ARGV.req_arg
-            raise "invalid safe_level #{arg.dump}" unless arg =~ /\A[0-1]\z/
-            safe_level = arg.to_i
-          when '-T'                        # trim mode
-            arg = ARGV.req_arg
-            if arg == '-'
-              trim_mode = arg
-              next
-            end
-            raise "invalid trim mode #{arg.dump}" unless arg =~ /\A[0-2]\z/
-            trim_mode = arg.to_i
-          when '-E', '--encoding'
-            arg = ARGV.req_arg
-            set_encoding(*arg.split(/:/, 2))
-          when '-U'
-            set_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_8)
-          when '-P'
-            disable_percent = true
-          when '--help'
-            raise "print this help"
-          when /\A-/
-            raise "unknown switch #{switch.dump}"
-          else
-            var, val = *switch.split('=', 2)
-            (variables ||= {})[var] = val
-          end
-        end
-      rescue                               # usage
-        STDERR.puts $!.to_s
-        STDERR.puts File.basename($0) +
-          " [switches] [var=value...] [inputfile]"
-        STDERR.puts <<EOU
-  -x               print ruby script
-  -n               print ruby script with line number
-  -v               enable verbose mode
-  -d               set $DEBUG to true
-  -r library       load a library
-  -S safe_level    set $SAFE (0..1)
-  -E ex[:in]       set default external/internal encodings
-  -U               set default encoding to UTF-8.
-  -T trim_mode     specify trim_mode (0..2, -)
-  -P               ignore lines which start with "%"
-  var=value        set variable
-EOU
-        exit 1
-      end
-
-      $<.set_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, nil)
-      src = $<.read
-      filename = $FILENAME
-      exit 2 unless src
-      trim = trim_mode_opt(trim_mode, disable_percent)
-      erb = factory.new(src.untaint, safe_level, trim)
-      erb.filename = filename
-      if output
-        if number
-          erb.src.each_line.with_index do |line, l|
-            puts "%3d %s"%[l+1, line]
-          end
-        else
-          puts erb.src
-        end
-      else
-        bind = TOPLEVEL_BINDING.taint
-        if variables
-          enc = erb.encoding
-          for var, val in variables do
-            val = val.encode(enc) if val
-            bind.local_variable_set(var, val)
-          end
-        end
-        erb.run(bind)
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :run
-
-    def set_encoding(extern, intern = nil)
-      verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
-      Encoding.default_external = extern unless extern.nil? || extern == ""
-      Encoding.default_internal = intern unless intern.nil? || intern == ""
-      [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].each do |io|
-        io.set_encoding(extern, intern)
-      end
-    ensure
-      $VERBOSE = verbose
-    end
-    module_function :set_encoding
-    class << self; private :set_encoding; end
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'erb' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
   end
 end
 
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  ERB::Main.run
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('erb', 'erb', version)
+else
+gem "erb", version
+load Gem.bin_path("erb", "erb", version)
 end
diff --git a/bin/irb b/bin/irb
index c64ee85fbd..ae6d358c9d 100755
--- a/bin/irb
+++ b/bin/irb
@@ -1,11 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 #
-#   irb.rb - interactive ruby
-#   	$Release Version: 0.9.6 $
-#   	$Revision$
-#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
 #
+# The application 'irb' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
 
-require "irb"
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
 
-IRB.start(__FILE__)
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('irb', 'irb', version)
+else
+gem "irb", version
+load Gem.bin_path("irb", "irb", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/racc b/bin/racc
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..3ddac532b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/racc
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'racc' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
+
+if ARGV.first
+  str = ARGV.first
+  str = str.dup.force_encoding("BINARY") if str.respond_to? :force_encoding
+  if str =~ /\A_(.*)_\z/ and Gem::Version.correct?($1) then
+    version = $1
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
+
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('racc', 'racc', version)
+else
+gem "racc", version
+load Gem.bin_path("racc", "racc", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/rdoc b/bin/rdoc
index aaa23292df..8fa948cddb 100755
--- a/bin/rdoc
+++ b/bin/rdoc
@@ -1,44 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 #
-#  RDoc: Documentation tool for source code
-#        (see lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb for more information)
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'rdoc' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
 #
-#  Copyright (c) 2003 Dave Thomas
-#  Released under the same terms as Ruby
 
-begin
-  gem 'rdoc'
-rescue NameError => e # --disable-gems
-  raise unless e.name == :gem
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
+require 'rubygems'
 
-require 'rdoc/rdoc'
+version = ">= 0.a"
 
-begin
-  r = RDoc::RDoc.new
-  r.document ARGV
-rescue Errno::ENOSPC
-  $stderr.puts 'Ran out of space creating documentation'
-  $stderr.puts
-  $stderr.puts 'Please free up some space and try again'
-rescue SystemExit
-  raise
-rescue Exception => e
-  if $DEBUG_RDOC then
-    $stderr.puts e.message
-    $stderr.puts "#{e.backtrace.join "\n\t"}"
-    $stderr.puts
-  elsif Interrupt === e then
-    $stderr.puts
-    $stderr.puts 'Interrupted'
-  else
-    $stderr.puts "uh-oh! RDoc had a problem:"
-    $stderr.puts e.message
-    $stderr.puts
-    $stderr.puts "run with --debug for full backtrace"
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
   end
-
-  exit 1
 end
 
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('rdoc', 'rdoc', version)
+else
+gem "rdoc", version
+load Gem.bin_path("rdoc", "rdoc", version)
+end
diff --git a/bin/ri b/bin/ri
index 7fbed0c099..0cc2f73bb6 100755
--- a/bin/ri
+++ b/bin/ri
@@ -1,12 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# This file was generated by RubyGems.
+#
+# The application 'rdoc' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
 
-begin
-  gem 'rdoc'
-rescue NameError => e # --disable-gems
-  raise unless e.name == :gem
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
+require 'rubygems'
+
+version = ">= 0.a"
 
-require 'rdoc/ri/driver'
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\A_(.*)_\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
+    ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
 
-RDoc::RI::Driver.run ARGV
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
+load Gem.activate_bin_path('rdoc', 'ri', version)
+else
+gem "rdoc", version
+load Gem.bin_path("rdoc", "ri", version)
+end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/pending.rb b/bootstraptest/pending.rb
index 744c0adac1..2c4b85a419 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/pending.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/pending.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,3 @@
-assert_equal 'A', %q{
-  class A
-    @@a = 'A'
-    def a=(x)
-      @@a = x
-    end
-    def a
-      @@a
-    end
-  end
-
-  B = A.dup
-  B.new.a = 'B'
-  A.new.a
-}, '[ruby-core:17019]'
-
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   def m
     lambda{
@@ -31,9 +15,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   end
 }
 
-assert_normal_exit %q{
-  r = Range.allocate
-  def r.<=>(o) true end
-  r.instance_eval { initialize r, r }
-  r.inspect
+# This randomly fails on mswin.
+assert_equal %q{[]}, %q{
+  Thread.new{sleep}.backtrace
 }
diff --git a/bootstraptest/runner.rb b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
index 754c3f0f3b..2cd91ffd07 100755
--- a/bootstraptest/runner.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"exec" "${RUBY-ruby}" "-x" "$0" "$@" || true # -*- mode: ruby; coding: utf-8 -*-
+"exec" "${RUBY-ruby}" "-x" "$0" "$@" || true # -*- Ruby -*-
 #!./ruby
 # $Id$
 
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 # Never use optparse in this file.
 # Never use test/unit in this file.
 # Never use Ruby extensions in this file.
+# Maintain Ruby 1.8 compatibility for now
 
 begin
   require 'fileutils'
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ End
     # dircolors-like style
     colors = (colors = ENV['TEST_COLORS']) ? Hash[colors.scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/)] : {}
     begin
-      File.read(File.join(__dir__, "../test/colors")).scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/) do |n, c|
+      File.read(File.join(__dir__, "../tool/colors")).scan(/(\w+)=([^:\n]*)/) do |n, c|
         colors[n] ||= c
       end
     rescue
@@ -170,8 +171,8 @@ End
 end
 
 def erase(e = true)
-  if e and @columns > 0 and !@verbose
-    "\r#{" "*@columns}\r"
+  if e and @columns > 0 and @tty and !@verbose
+    "\e[1K\r"
   else
     ""
   end
@@ -207,6 +208,9 @@ def exec_test(pathes)
     $stderr.puts unless @quiet and @tty and @error == error
   end
   $stderr.print(erase) if @quiet
+  @errbuf.each do |msg|
+    $stderr.puts msg
+  end
   if @error == 0
     if @count == 0
       $stderr.puts "No tests, no problem"
@@ -215,9 +219,6 @@ def exec_test(pathes)
     end
     exit true
   else
-    @errbuf.each do |msg|
-      $stderr.puts msg
-    end
     $stderr.puts "#{@failed}FAIL#{@reset} #{@error}/#{@count} tests failed"
     exit false
   end
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ def show_progress(message = '')
   else
     $stderr.print "#{@failed}F"
     $stderr.printf(" %.3f", t) if @verbose
-    $stderr.print "#{@reset}"
+    $stderr.print @reset
     $stderr.puts if @verbose
     error faildesc, message
     unless errout.empty?
@@ -254,30 +255,41 @@ def show_progress(message = '')
     end
   end
 rescue Interrupt
-  raise Interrupt
+  $stderr.puts "\##{@count} #{@location}"
+  raise
 rescue Exception => err
   $stderr.print 'E'
   $stderr.puts if @verbose
   error err.message, message
+ensure
+  begin
+    check_coredump
+  rescue CoreDumpError => err
+    $stderr.print 'E'
+    $stderr.puts if @verbose
+    error err.message, message
+  end
 end
 
-# NativeClient is special.  The binary is cross-compiled.  But runs on the build environment.
-# So RUBY_PLATFORM in this process is not useful to detect it.
-def nacl?
-  @ruby and File.basename(@ruby.split(/\s/).first)['sel_ldr']
+def show_limit(testsrc, opt = '', **argh)
+  result = get_result_string(testsrc, opt, **argh)
+  if @tty and @verbose
+    $stderr.puts ".{#@reset}\n#{erase}#{result}"
+  else
+    @errbuf.push result
+  end
 end
 
-def assert_check(testsrc, message = '', opt = '')
+def assert_check(testsrc, message = '', opt = '', **argh)
   show_progress(message) {
-    result = get_result_string(testsrc, opt)
-    check_coredump
+    result = get_result_string(testsrc, opt, **argh)
     yield(result)
   }
 end
 
-def assert_equal(expected, testsrc, message = '')
+def assert_equal(expected, testsrc, message = '', opt = '', **argh)
   newtest
-  assert_check(testsrc, message) {|result|
+  assert_check(testsrc, message, opt, **argh) {|result|
     if expected == result
       nil
     else
@@ -318,13 +330,10 @@ def assert_valid_syntax(testsrc, message = '')
   }
 end
 
-def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest)
+def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest, timeout: nil, **opt)
   newtest
-  opt = {}
-  opt = rest.pop if Hash === rest.last
   message, ignore_signals = rest
   message ||= ''
-  timeout = opt[:timeout]
   show_progress(message) {
     faildesc = nil
     filename = make_srcfile(testsrc)
@@ -374,6 +383,9 @@ def assert_normal_exit(testsrc, *rest)
 end
 
 def assert_finish(timeout_seconds, testsrc, message = '')
+  if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # for --jit-wait
+    timeout_seconds *= 3
+  end
   newtest
   show_progress(message) {
     faildesc = nil
@@ -382,12 +394,24 @@ def assert_finish(timeout_seconds, testsrc, message = '')
     pid = io.pid
     waited = false
     tlimit = Time.now + timeout_seconds
-    while Time.now < tlimit
+    diff = timeout_seconds
+    while diff > 0
       if Process.waitpid pid, Process::WNOHANG
         waited = true
         break
       end
-      sleep 0.1
+      if io.respond_to?(:read_nonblock)
+        if IO.select([io], nil, nil, diff)
+          begin
+            io.read_nonblock(1024)
+          rescue Errno::EAGAIN, IO::WaitReadable, EOFError
+            break
+          end while true
+        end
+      else
+        sleep 0.1
+      end
+      diff = tlimit - Time.now
     end
     if !waited
       Process.kill(:KILL, pid)
@@ -419,23 +443,23 @@ def untabify(str)
   str.gsub(/^\t+/) {' ' * (8 * $&.size) }
 end
 
-def make_srcfile(src)
+def make_srcfile(src, frozen_string_literal: nil)
   filename = 'bootstraptest.tmp.rb'
   File.open(filename, 'w') {|f|
+    f.puts "#frozen_string_literal:true" if frozen_string_literal
     f.puts "GC.stress = true" if $stress
     f.puts "print(begin; #{src}; end)"
   }
   filename
 end
 
-def get_result_string(src, opt = '')
+def get_result_string(src, opt = '', **argh)
   if @ruby
-    filename = make_srcfile(src)
+    filename = make_srcfile(src, **argh)
     begin
       `#{@ruby} -W0 #{opt} #{filename}`
     ensure
       raise Interrupt if $? and $?.signaled? && $?.termsig == Signal.list["INT"]
-      raise CoreDumpError, "core dumped" if $? and $?.coredump?
     end
   else
     eval(src).to_s
@@ -495,7 +519,21 @@ def in_temporary_working_directory(dir)
 end
 
 def cleanup_coredump
-  FileUtils.rm_f 'core'
+  if File.file?('core')
+    require 'time'
+    Dir.glob('/tmp/bootstraptest-core.*').each do |f|
+      if Time.now - File.mtime(f) > 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 # 7 days
+        warn "Deleting an old core file: #{f}"
+        FileUtils.rm(f)
+      end
+    end
+    core_path = "/tmp/bootstraptest-core.#{Time.now.utc.iso8601}"
+    warn "A core file is found. Saving it at: #{core_path.dump}"
+    FileUtils.mv('core', core_path)
+    cmd = ['gdb', @ruby, '-c', core_path, '-ex', 'bt', '-batch']
+    p cmd # debugging why it's not working
+    system(*cmd)
+  end
   FileUtils.rm_f Dir.glob('core.*')
   FileUtils.rm_f @ruby+'.stackdump' if @ruby
 end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_env.rb b/bootstraptest/test_env.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d1b45b75e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_env.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+assert_equal "true", %q{
+  ENV["ENVTEST"] = "\u{e9 3042 d76c}"
+  env = ENV["ENVTEST"]
+  env.valid_encoding?
+}
+
+# different encoding is used for PATH
+assert_equal "true", %q{
+  ENV["PATH"] = "\u{e9 3042 d76c}"
+  env = ENV["PATH"]
+  env.valid_encoding?
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb b/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
index 8e90ac2728..5d2593c306 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_eval.rb
@@ -190,7 +190,8 @@ assert_equal %q{[10, main]}, %q{
 }
 
 %w[break next redo].each do |keyword|
-  assert_match %r"Can't escape from eval with #{keyword}\z", %{
+  assert_match %r"Can't escape from eval with #{keyword}\b", %{
+    STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
     begin
       eval "0 rescue #{keyword}"
     rescue SyntaxError => e
@@ -249,7 +250,9 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   begin
-    12.instance_eval { @@a }
+    class A
+      12.instance_eval { @@a }
+    end
   rescue NameError
     :ok
   end
@@ -257,7 +260,9 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   begin
-    12.instance_exec { @@a }
+    class A
+      12.instance_exec { @@a }
+    end
   rescue NameError
     :ok
   end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb b/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb
index 35c8d25e37..0fb6f552b8 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_exception.rb
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ assert_equal 'nil', %q{
   exc.inspect
 }, '[ruby-dev:32608]'
 
-assert_equal 'exception class/object expected', %q{
+assert_equal 'divided by 0', %q{
   class ZeroDivisionError
     def self.new(message)
       42
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35e1bf6851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_fiber.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+show_limit %q{
+  fibers = []
+  begin
+    fiber = Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}
+    fiber.resume
+    fibers << fiber
+
+    raise Exception, "skipping" if fibers.count >= 10_000
+  rescue Exception => error
+    puts "Fiber count: #{fibers.count} (#{error})"
+    break
+  end while true
+}
+
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+  Fiber.new{
+  }.resume
+  :ok
+}
+
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+  10_000.times.collect{Fiber.new{}}
+  :ok
+}
+
+assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+  fibers = 100.times.collect{Fiber.new{Fiber.yield}}
+  fibers.each(&:resume)
+  fibers.each(&:resume)
+  :ok
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  at_exit { Fiber.new{}.resume }
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  Fiber.new(&Object.method(:class_eval)).resume("foo")
+}, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb b/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
index 0390062a24..35f19db588 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_flow.rb
@@ -534,11 +534,11 @@ assert_equal %Q{ENSURE\n}, %q{
  ['[ruby-core:39125]', %q{
   class Bug5234
     include Enumerable
-    def each
+    def each(&block)
       begin
         yield :foo
       ensure
-        proc
+        proc(&block)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -547,11 +547,11 @@ assert_equal %Q{ENSURE\n}, %q{
  ['[ruby-dev:45656]', %q{
   class Bug6460
     include Enumerable
-    def each
+    def each(&block)
       begin
         yield :foo
       ensure
-        1.times { Proc.new }
+        1.times { Proc.new(&block) }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -589,3 +589,13 @@ assert_equal "foo", %q{
   end
   Bug6460.new.m1
 }, '[ruby-dev:46372]'
+
+assert_equal "foo", %q{
+  obj = "foo"
+  if obj || any1
+    any2 = any2
+  else
+    raise obj.inspect
+  end
+  obj
+}, '[ruby-core:87830]'
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb b/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
index 1cd9f7ac6c..83923dad97 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_fork.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ assert_finish 10, %q{
   end
 }, '[ruby-core:22158]'
 
-assert_normal_exit(<<'End', '[ruby-dev:37934]')
+# temporarily stop this test to enable explicit failure when
+# timer thread couldn't be created (r61706 and r61717).
+assert_normal_exit(<<'End', '[ruby-dev:37934]') if false
   main = Thread.current
   Thread.new { sleep 0.01 until main.stop?; Thread.kill main }
   Process.setrlimit(:NPROC, 1) if defined?(Process::RLIMIT_NPROC)
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9052cad7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_insns.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+# C0 coverage of each instructions
+
+# :NOTE: This is for development purpose; never consider this file as
+# ISeq compilation specification.
+
+begin
+  # This library brings some additional coverage.
+  # Not mandatory.
+  require 'rbconfig/sizeof'
+rescue LoadError
+  # OK, just skip
+else
+  if defined? RbConfig::LIMITS
+    $FIXNUM_MAX = RbConfig::LIMITS["FIXNUM_MAX"]
+    $FIXNUM_MIN = RbConfig::LIMITS["FIXNUM_MIN"]
+  end
+end
+
+fsl   = { frozen_string_literal: true } # used later
+tests = [
+  # insn ,   expression to generate such insn
+  [ 'nop',   %q{ raise rescue true }, ],
+
+  [ 'setlocal *, 0', %q{ x = true }, ],
+  [ 'setlocal *, 1', %q{ x = nil; -> { x = true }.call }, ],
+  [ 'setlocal',      %q{ x = nil; -> { -> { x = true }.() }.() }, ],
+  [ 'getlocal *, 0', %q{ x = true; x }, ],
+  [ 'getlocal *, 1', %q{ x = true; -> { x }.call }, ],
+  [ 'getlocal',      %q{ x = true; -> { -> { x }.() }.() }, ],
+
+  [ 'setblockparam', <<-'},', ], # {
+    def m&b
+      b = # here
+        proc { true }
+    end
+    m { false }.call
+  },
+  [ 'getblockparam', <<-'},', ], # {
+    def m&b
+      b # here
+    end
+    m { true }.call
+  },
+  [ 'getblockparamproxy', <<-'},', ], # {
+    def m&b
+      b # here
+        .call
+    end
+    m { true }
+  },
+
+  [ 'setspecial', %q{ true if true..true }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $&.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $`.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $'.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $+.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $1.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'getspecial', %q{ $128.nil? }, ],
+
+  [ 'getglobal', %q{ String === $0 }, ],
+  [ 'getglobal', %q{ $_.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'setglobal', %q{ $0 = "true" }, ],
+
+  [ 'setinstancevariable', %q{ @x = true }, ],
+  [ 'getinstancevariable', %q{ @x = true; @x }, ],
+
+  [ 'setclassvariable', %q{ class A; @@x = true; end }, ],
+  [ 'getclassvariable', %q{ class A; @@x = true; @@x end }, ],
+
+  [ 'setconstant', %q{ X = true }, ],
+  [ 'setconstant', %q{ Object::X = true }, ],
+  [ 'getconstant', %q{ X = true; X }, ],
+  [ 'getconstant', %q{ X = true; Object::X }, ],
+
+  [ 'getinlinecache / setinlinecache', %q{ def x; X; end; X = true; x; x; x }, ],
+
+  [ 'putnil',               %q{ $~ == nil }, ],
+  [ 'putself',              %q{ $~ != self }, ],
+  [ 'putobject INT2FIX(0)', %q{ $~ != 0 }, ],
+  [ 'putobject INT2FIX(1)', %q{ $~ != 1 }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != -1 }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != /x/ }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != :x }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != (1..2) }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ $~ != true }, ],
+  [ 'putobject',            %q{ /(?<x>x)/ =~ "x"; x == "x" }, ],
+
+  [ 'putspecialobject',         %q{ {//=>true}[//] }, ],
+  [ 'putstring',                %q{ "true" }, ],
+  [ 'tostring / concatstrings', %q{ "#{true}" }, ],
+  [ 'toregexp',                 %q{ /#{true}/ =~ "true" && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'intern',                   %q{ :"#{true}" }, ],
+
+  [ 'newarray',    %q{ ["true"][0] }, ],
+  [ 'newarraykwsplat', %q{ [**{x:'true'}][0][:x] }, ],
+  [ 'duparray',    %q{ [ true ][0] }, ],
+  [ 'expandarray', %q{ y = [ true, false, nil ]; x, = y; x }, ],
+  [ 'expandarray', %q{ y = [ true, false, nil ]; x, *z = y; x }, ],
+  [ 'expandarray', %q{ y = [ true, false, nil ]; x, *z, w = y; x }, ],
+  [ 'splatarray',  %q{ x, = *(y = true), false; x }, ],
+  [ 'concatarray', %q{ ["t", "r", *x = "u", "e"].join }, ],
+  [ 'concatarray', <<-'},', ],  # {
+    class X; def to_a; ['u']; end; end
+    ['t', 'r', *X.new, 'e'].join
+  },
+  [ 'concatarray', <<-'},', ],  # {
+    r = false
+    t = [true, nil]
+    q, w, e = r, *t             # here
+    w
+  },
+
+  [ 'newhash',  %q{ x = {}; x[x] = true }, ],
+  [ 'newhash',  %q{ x = true; { x => x }[x] }, ],
+  [ 'newhashfromarray', %q{ { a: true }[:a] }, ],
+  [ 'newrange', %q{ x = 1; [*(0..x)][0] == 0 }, ],
+  [ 'newrange', %q{ x = 1; [*(0...x)][0] == 0 }, ],
+
+  [ 'pop',     %q{ def x; true; end; x }, ],
+  [ 'dup',     %q{ x = y = true; x }, ],
+  [ 'dupn',    %q{ Object::X ||= true }, ],
+  [ 'reverse', %q{ q, (w, e), r = 1, [2, 3], 4; e == 3 }, ],
+  [ 'swap',    <<-'},', ],      # {
+    x = [[false, true]]
+    for i, j in x               # here
+      ;
+    end
+    j
+  },
+
+  [ 'topn',        %q{ x, y = [], 0; x[*y], = [true, false]; x[0] }, ],
+  [ 'setn',        %q{ x, y = [], 0; x[*y]  =  true        ; x[0] }, ],
+  [ 'adjuststack', %q{ x = [true]; x[0] ||= nil; x[0] }, ],
+
+  [ 'defined',      %q{ !defined?(x) }, ],
+  [ 'checkkeyword', %q{ def x x:rand;x end; x x: true }, ],
+  [ 'checktype',    %q{ x = true; "#{x}" }, ],
+  [ 'checkmatch',   <<-'},', ], # {
+    x = y = true
+    case x
+    when false
+      y = false
+    when true                   # here
+      y = nil
+    end
+    y == nil
+  },
+  [ 'checkmatch',   <<-'},', ], # {
+    x, y = true, [false]
+    case x
+    when *y                     # here
+      z = false
+    else
+      z = true
+    end
+    z
+  },
+  [ 'checkmatch',   <<-'},', ], # {
+    x = false
+    begin
+      raise
+    rescue                      # here
+      x = true
+    end
+    x
+  },
+
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{                 module X;    true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Module.new; module X;    true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{                 class X;     true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Class.new;  class X;     true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Class.new;  class Y < X; true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', %q{ X = Class.new;  class << X;  true end }, ],
+  [ 'defineclass', <<-'},', ], # {
+    X = Class.new
+    Y = Class.new(X)
+    class Y < X
+      true
+    end
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_send_without_block', %q{ true.to_s }, ],
+  [ 'send',                   %q{ true.tap {|i| i.to_s } }, ],
+  [ 'leave',                  %q{ def x; true; end; x }, ],
+  [ 'invokesuper',            <<-'},', ], # {
+    class X < String
+      def empty?
+        super                   # here
+      end
+    end
+   X.new.empty?
+  },
+  [ 'invokeblock',            <<-'},', ], # {
+    def x
+      return yield self         # here
+    end
+    x do
+      true
+    end
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_str_freeze', %q{ 'true'.freeze }, ],
+  [ 'opt_nil_p',      %q{ nil.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_nil_p',      %q{ !Object.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_nil_p',      %q{ Class.new{def nil?; true end}.new.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_str_uminus', %q{ -'true' }, ],
+  [ 'opt_str_freeze', <<-'},', ], # {
+    class String
+      def freeze
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    'true'.freeze
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_newarray_max', %q{ [ ].max.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_max', %q{ [1, x = 2, 3].max == 3 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_max', <<-'},', ], # {
+    class Array
+      def max
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    [1, x = 2, 3].max
+  },
+  [ 'opt_newarray_min', %q{ [ ].min.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_min', %q{ [3, x = 2, 1].min == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_newarray_min', <<-'},', ], # {
+    class Array
+      def min
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    [3, x = 2, 1].min
+  },
+
+  [ 'throw',        %q{ false.tap { break true } }, ],
+  [ 'branchif',     %q{ x = nil;  x ||= true }, ],
+  [ 'branchif',     %q{ x = true; x ||= nil; x }, ],
+  [ 'branchunless', %q{ x = 1;    x &&= true }, ],
+  [ 'branchunless', %q{ x = nil;  x &&= true; x.nil? }, ],
+  [ 'branchnil',    %q{ x = true; x&.to_s }, ],
+  [ 'branchnil',    %q{ x = nil;  (x&.to_s).nil? }, ],
+  [ 'jump',         <<-'},', ], # {
+    y = 1
+    x = if y == 0 then nil elsif y == 1 then true else nil end
+    x
+  },
+  [ 'jump',         <<-'},', ], # {
+    # ultra complicated situation: this ||= assignment only generates
+    # 15 instructions, not including the class definition.
+    class X; attr_accessor :x; end
+    x = X.new
+    x&.x ||= true               # here
+  },
+
+  [ 'once', %q{ /#{true}/o =~ "true" && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'once', <<-'},', ],         # {
+    def once expr
+      return /#{expr}/o         # here
+    end
+    x = once(true); x = once(false); x = once(nil);
+    x =~ "true" && $~
+  },
+  [ 'once', <<-'},', ],         # {
+    # recursive once
+    def once n
+      return %r/#{
+        if n == 0
+          true
+        else
+          once(n-1)             # here
+        end
+      }/ox
+    end
+    x = once(128); x = once(7); x = once(16);
+    x =~ "true" && $~
+  },
+  [ 'once', <<-'},', ],         # {
+    # inter-thread lockup situation
+    def once n
+      return Thread.start n do |m|
+        Thread.pass
+        next %r/#{
+          sleep m               # here
+          true
+        }/ox
+      end
+    end
+    x = once(1); y = once(0.1); z = y.value
+    z =~ "true" && $~
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_case_dispatch', %q{ case   0 when 1.1 then false else true end }, ],
+  [ 'opt_case_dispatch', %q{ case 1.0 when 1.1 then false else true end }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ 1 + 1 == 2 }, ],
+  if defined? $FIXNUM_MAX then
+    [ 'opt_plus',  %Q{ #{ $FIXNUM_MAX } + 1 == #{ $FIXNUM_MAX + 1 } }, ]
+  end,
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ 1.0 + 1.0 == 2.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x + x >= x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ 't' + 'rue' }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ ( ['t'] + ['r', ['u', ['e'], ], ] ).join }, ],
+  [ 'opt_plus',    %q{ Time.at(1) + 1 == Time.at(2) }, ],
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ 1 - 1 == 0 }, ],
+  if defined? $FIXNUM_MIN then
+    [ 'opt_minus', %Q{ #{ $FIXNUM_MIN } - 1 == #{ $FIXNUM_MIN - 1 } }, ]
+  end,
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ 1.0 - 1.0 == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ x = -0.0.prev_float; x - x == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_minus',   %q{ ( [false, true] - [false] )[0] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ 1 * 1 == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ 1.0 * 1.0 == 1.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x * x <= x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mult',    %q{ ( "ruet" * 3 )[7,4] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ 1 / 1 == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ 1.0 / 1.0 == 1.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x / x >= x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_div',     %q{ x = 1/2r; x / x == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ 1 % 1 == 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ 1.0 % 1.0 == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ x = +0.0.next_float; x % x == 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_mod',     %q{ '%s' % [ true ] }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_eq', %q{ 1 == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_eq', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class X; def == other; true; end; end
+    X.new == true
+  },
+  [ 'opt_neq', %q{ 1 != 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_neq', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class X; def != other; true; end; end
+    X.new != true
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{            -1   <  0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{            -1.0 <  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{ -0.0.prev_float <  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_lt', %q{              ?a <  ?z }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{            -1   <= 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{            -1.0 <= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{ -0.0.prev_float <= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_le', %q{              ?a <= ?z }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{             1   >  0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{             1.0 >  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{ +0.0.next_float >  0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_gt', %q{              ?z >  ?a }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{             1   >= 0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{             1.0 >= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{ +0.0.next_float >= 0.0 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ge', %q{              ?z >= ?a }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_ltlt', %q{  '' << 'true' }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ltlt', %q{ ([] << 'true').join }, ],
+  [ 'opt_ltlt', %q{ (1 << 31) == 2147483648 }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_aref', %q{ ['true'][0] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aref', %q{ { 0 => 'true'}[0] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aref', %q{ 'true'[0] == ?t }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', %q{ [][0] = true }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', %q{ {}[0] = true }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', %q{ x = 'frue'; x[0] = 't'; x }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset', <<-'},', ], # {
+    # opt_aref / opt_aset mixup situation
+    class X; def x; {}; end; end
+    x = X.new
+    x&.x[true] ||= true         # here
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ { 'true' => true }['true'] }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aref_with', %q{ Struct.new(:nil).new['nil'].nil? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ {}['true'] = true }, ],
+  [ 'opt_aset_with', %q{ Struct.new(:true).new['true'] = true }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{   'true'       .length == 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{   :true        .length == 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{ [ 'true' ]     .length == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_length',  %q{ { 'true' => 1 }.length == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{   'true'       .size   == 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{               1.size   >= 4 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{ [ 'true' ]     .size   == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_size',    %q{ { 'true' => 1 }.size   == 1 }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ ''.empty? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ [].empty? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ {}.empty? }, ],
+  [ 'opt_empty_p', %q{ Queue.new.empty? }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_succ',  %q{ 1.succ == 2 }, ],
+  if defined? $FIXNUM_MAX then
+    [ 'opt_succ',%Q{ #{ $FIXNUM_MAX }.succ == #{ $FIXNUM_MAX + 1 } }, ]
+  end,
+  [ 'opt_succ',  %q{ '1'.succ == '2' }, ],
+
+  [ 'opt_not',  %q{ ! false }, ],
+  [ 'opt_neq', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class X; def !; true; end; end
+    ! X.new
+  },
+
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2',  %q{ /true/ =~ 'true' && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class Regexp; def =~ other; true; end; end
+    /true/ =~ 'true'
+  },
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2',  %q{ 'true' =~ /true/ && $~ }, ],
+  [ 'opt_regexpmatch2', <<-'},', ],       # {
+    class String; def =~ other; true; end; end
+    'true' =~ /true/
+  },
+]
+
+# normal path
+tests.compact.each do |(insn, expr, *a)|
+  if a.last.is_a?(Hash)
+    a = a.dup
+    kw = a.pop
+    assert_equal 'true', expr, insn, *a, **kw
+  else
+    assert_equal 'true', expr, insn, *a
+  end
+end
+
+# with trace
+tests.compact.each {|(insn, expr, *a)|
+  progn = "set_trace_func(proc{})\n" + expr
+  if a.last.is_a?(Hash)
+    a = a.dup
+    kw = a.pop
+    assert_equal 'true', progn, 'trace_' + insn, *a, **kw
+  else
+    assert_equal 'true', progn, 'trace_' + insn, *a
+  end
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit("#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-'end;'}")
+begin;
+  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("", debug_level: 5)
+end;
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
index 1d2b19368a..89c00d0b88 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   STDIN.reopen(rw)
   STDIN.reopen(save)
   rw.close
-  File.unlink(tmpname) unless RUBY_PLATFORM['nacl']
+  File.unlink(tmpname)
   :ok
 }
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   STDIN.print "a"
   STDIN.reopen(save)
   rw.close
-  File.unlink(tmpname) unless RUBY_PLATFORM['nacl']
+  File.unlink(tmpname)
   :ok
 }
 
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb b/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb
index 595aaa7c4b..18a2737ea3 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_jump.rb
@@ -146,15 +146,16 @@ assert_equal %q{131}, %q{
     end
   }
 }
-assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
+assert_match %r{Invalid retry}, %q{
+STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
 begin
   eval %q{
     1.times{
       retry
     }
   }
-rescue SyntaxError
-  :ok
+rescue SyntaxError => e
+  e.message
 end
 }
 assert_equal %q{3}, %q{
@@ -295,14 +296,19 @@ assert_equal "true", %q{
   s.return_eigenclass == class << s; self; end
 }, '[ruby-core:21379]'
 
-assert_equal "true", %q{
-  class Object
-    def yield_eigenclass
-      class << self
-        yield self
+assert_match %r{Invalid yield}, %q{
+STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+begin
+  eval %q{
+    class Object
+      def yield_eigenclass
+        class << self
+          yield self
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
-  s = "foo"
-  s.yield_eigenclass {|c| c == class << s; self; end }
-}, '[ruby-dev:40975]'
+  }
+rescue SyntaxError => e
+  e.message
+end
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb b/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
index e79092e411..9b3c10d519 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_literal.rb
@@ -65,10 +65,8 @@ assert_equal ':a3c',            ':"a#{1+2}c".inspect'
 assert_equal 'Symbol',          ':"a#{1+2}c".class'
 
 # xstring
-unless nacl?
-  assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(`echo foo`)
-  assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(s = "foo"; `echo #{s}`)
-end
+assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(`echo foo`)
+assert_equal "foo\n",           %q(s = "foo"; `echo #{s}`)
 
 # regexp
 assert_equal '',                '//.source'
@@ -225,6 +223,24 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{ #  long hash literal (optimized)
   :ok
 }
 
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{ #  Bug #15536
+  eval <<-END
+    {
+      **{
+        a0: nil, a1: nil, a2: nil, a3: nil, a4: nil, a5: nil, a6: nil, a7: nil, a8: nil,
+      },
+      a0: nil, a1: nil, a2: nil, a3: nil, a4: nil, a5: nil, a6: nil, a7: nil, a8: nil,
+      **{
+        c: nil
+      },
+      b0: nil, b1: nil, b2: nil, b3: nil, b4: nil, b5: nil, b6: nil, b7: nil, b8: nil,
+      b9: nil, b10: nil, b11: nil, b12: nil, b13: nil, b14: nil, b15: nil, b16: nil,
+      b17: nil, b18: nil, b19: nil, b20: nil, b21: nil,
+    }
+  END
+  :ok
+}
+
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   [print(:ok), exit] # void literal with side-effect
   :dummy
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb b/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb
index 4316c9e040..c36fa7078f 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_literal_suffix.rb
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ assert_equal '1',               '1rescue nil'
 assert_equal '10000000000000000001/10000000000000000000',
              '1.0000000000000000001r'
 
-assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected tIDENTIFIER, expecting end-of-input',
+assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected local variable or method, expecting end-of-input',
              %q{begin eval('1ir', nil, '', 0); rescue SyntaxError => e; e.message[/\A:(?:\d+:)? (.*)/, 1] end}
-assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected tIDENTIFIER, expecting end-of-input',
+assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected local variable or method, expecting end-of-input',
              %q{begin eval('1.2ir', nil, '', 0); rescue SyntaxError => e; e.message[/\A:(?:\d+:)? (.*)/, 1] end}
-assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected tIDENTIFIER, expecting end-of-input',
+assert_equal 'syntax error, unexpected local variable or method, expecting end-of-input',
              %q{begin eval('1e1r', nil, '', 0); rescue SyntaxError => e; e.message[/\A:(?:\d+:)? (.*)/, 1] end}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb b/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb
index 24a1a0ce2c..63a8d99322 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_objectspace.rb
@@ -44,3 +44,12 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
     Thread.new {}
   end
 }, '[ruby-core:37858]'
+
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  objects_and_ids = 1000.times.map { o = Object.new; [o, o.object_id] }
+  objects_and_ids.each { |expected, id|
+    actual = ObjectSpace._id2ref(id)
+    raise "expected #{expected.inspect}, got #{actual.inspect}" unless actual.equal?(expected)
+  }
+  'ok'
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb b/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb
index c23394e8d2..637603243d 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_proc.rb
@@ -224,19 +224,6 @@ assert_equal %q{[[nil, []], [1, []], [1, [2]], [1, [2, 3]]]}, %q{
   Proc.new{|a, *b| [a, b]}.call(1, 2, 3),
   ]
 }
-assert_equal %q{0}, %q{
-  pr = proc{
-    $SAFE
-  }
-  $SAFE = 1
-  pr.call
-}
-assert_equal %q{[1, 0]}, %q{
-  pr = proc{
-    $SAFE += 1
-  }
-  [pr.call, $SAFE]
-}
 assert_equal %q{1}, %q{
   def m(&b)
     b
@@ -380,8 +367,8 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 
 assert_equal 'ok', %q{
   class Foo
-    def call_it
-      p = Proc.new
+    def call_it(&block)
+      p = Proc.new(&block)
       p.call
     end
   end
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d920c31b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1444 @@
+# Ractor.current returns a current ractor
+assert_equal 'Ractor', %q{
+  Ractor.current.class
+}
+
+# Ractor.new returns new Ractor
+assert_equal 'Ractor', %q{
+  Ractor.new{}.class
+}
+
+# Ractor.allocate is not supported
+assert_equal "[:ok, :ok]", %q{
+  rs = []
+  begin
+    Ractor.allocate
+  rescue => e
+    rs << :ok if e.message == 'allocator undefined for Ractor'
+  end
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{}.dup
+  rescue
+    rs << :ok if e.message == 'allocator undefined for Ractor'
+  end
+
+  rs
+}
+
+# A Ractor can have a name
+assert_equal 'test-name', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new name: 'test-name' do
+  end
+  r.name
+}
+
+# If Ractor doesn't have a name, Ractor#name returns nil.
+assert_equal 'nil', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+  end
+  r.name.inspect
+}
+
+# Raises exceptions if initialize with an invalid name
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  begin
+    r = Ractor.new(name: [{}]) {}
+  rescue TypeError => e
+    'ok'
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor.new must call with a block
+assert_equal "must be called with a block", %q{
+  begin
+    Ractor.new
+  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor#inspect
+# Return only id and status for main ractor
+assert_equal "#<Ractor:#1 running>", %q{
+  Ractor.current.inspect
+}
+
+# Return id, loc, and status for no-name ractor
+assert_match /^#<Ractor:#([^ ]*?) .+:[0-9]+ terminated>$/, %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { '' }
+  r.take
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+  r.inspect
+}
+
+# Return id, name, loc, and status for named ractor
+assert_match /^#<Ractor:#([^ ]*?) Test Ractor .+:[0-9]+ terminated>$/, %q{
+  r = Ractor.new(name: 'Test Ractor') { '' }
+  r.take
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+  r.inspect
+}
+
+# A return value of a Ractor block will be a message from the Ractor.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # join
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    'ok'
+  end
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Passed arguments to Ractor.new will be a block parameter
+# The values are passed with Ractor-communication pass.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # ping-pong with arg
+  r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
+    msg
+  end
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Pass multiple arguments to Ractor.new
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # ping-pong with two args
+  r =  Ractor.new 'ping', 'pong' do |msg, msg2|
+    [msg, msg2]
+  end
+  'ok' if r.take == ['ping', 'pong']
+}
+
+# Ractor#send passes an object with copy to a Ractor
+# and Ractor.receive in the Ractor block can receive the passed value.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    msg = Ractor.receive
+  end
+  r.send 'ok'
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Ractor#receive_if can filter the message
+assert_equal '[2, 3, 1]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    main << 1
+    main << 2
+    main << 3
+  end
+  a = []
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 2}
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 3}
+  a << Ractor.receive
+}
+
+# Ractor#receive_if with break
+assert_equal '[2, [1, :break], 3]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    main << 1
+    main << 2
+    main << 3
+  end
+
+  a = []
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg == 2}
+  a << Ractor.receive_if{|msg| break [msg, :break]}
+  a << Ractor.receive
+}
+
+# Ractor#receive_if can't be called recursively
+assert_equal '[[:e1, 1], [:e2, 2]]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    main << 1
+    main << 2
+    main << 3
+  end
+
+  a = []
+
+  Ractor.receive_if do |msg|
+    begin
+      Ractor.receive
+    rescue Ractor::Error
+      a << [:e1, msg]
+    end
+    true # delete 1 from queue
+  end
+
+  Ractor.receive_if do |msg|
+    begin
+      Ractor.receive_if{}
+    rescue Ractor::Error
+      a << [:e2, msg]
+    end
+    true # delete 2 from queue
+  end
+
+  a #
+}
+
+# dtoa race condition
+assert_equal '[:ok, :ok, :ok]', %q{
+  n = 3
+  n.times.map{
+    Ractor.new{
+      10_000.times{ rand.to_s }
+      :ok
+    }
+  }.map(&:take)
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
+assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e]', %q{
+  v1, v2, v3, v4, v5 = :a, :b, :c, :d, :e
+  closure = Proc.new { [v1, v2, v3, v4, v5] }
+
+  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable issue for locals in proc [Bug #18023]
+assert_equal '[:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g]', %q{
+  a = :a
+  closure = -> {
+    b, c, d = :b, :c, :d
+    -> {
+      e, f, g = :e, :f, :g
+      -> { [a, b, c, d, e, f, g] }
+    }.call
+  }.call
+
+  Ractor.make_shareable(closure).call
+}
+
+###
+###
+# Ractor still has several memory corruption so skip huge number of tests
+if ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] &&
+   ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW'] == 'Compilations'
+   # ignore the follow
+else
+
+# Ractor.select(*ractors) receives a values from a ractors.
+# It is similar to select(2) and Go's select syntax.
+# The return value is [ch, received_value]
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  # select 1
+  r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+  r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
+  'ok' if r == r1 and obj == 'r1'
+}
+
+# Ractor.select from two ractors.
+assert_equal '["r1", "r2"]', %q{
+  # select 2
+  r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+  r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
+  rs = [r1, r2]
+  as = []
+  r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  rs.delete(r)
+  as << obj
+  r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  as << obj
+  as.sort #=> ["r1", "r2"]
+}
+
+# Ractor.select from multiple ractors.
+assert_equal 30.times.map { 'ok' }.to_s, %q{
+  def test n
+    rs = (1..n).map do |i|
+      Ractor.new(i) do |i|
+        "r#{i}"
+      end
+    end
+    as = []
+    all_rs = rs.dup
+
+    n.times{
+      r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+      as << [r, obj]
+      rs.delete(r)
+    }
+
+    if as.map{|r, o| r.object_id}.sort == all_rs.map{|r| r.object_id}.sort &&
+       as.map{|r, o| o}.sort == (1..n).map{|i| "r#{i}"}.sort
+      'ok'
+    else
+      'ng'
+    end
+  end
+
+  30.times.map{|i|
+    test i
+  }
+} unless ENV['RUN_OPTS'] =~ /--jit-min-calls=5/ # This always fails with --jit-wait --jit-min-calls=5
+
+# Exception for empty select
+assert_match /specify at least one ractor/, %q{
+  begin
+    Ractor.select
+  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Outgoing port of a ractor will be closed when the Ractor is terminated.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    'finish'
+  end
+
+  r.take
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+
+  begin
+    o = r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    "ng: #{o}"
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a terminated ractor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+  end
+
+  r.take # closed
+  sleep 0.1 until r.inspect =~ /terminated/
+
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a closed actor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  r.close_incoming
+
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to take from closed actor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.yield 1
+    Ractor.receive
+  end
+
+  r.close_outgoing
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Can mix with Thread#interrupt and Ractor#take [Bug #17366]
+assert_equal 'err', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    t = Thread.current
+    begin
+      Thread.new{ t.raise "err" }.join
+    rescue => e
+      e.message
+    end
+  }.take
+}
+
+# Killed Ractor's thread yields nil
+assert_equal 'nil', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    t = Thread.current
+    Thread.new{ t.kill }.join
+  }.take.inspect #=> nil
+}
+
+# Ractor.yield raises Ractor::ClosedError when outgoing port is closed.
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    Ractor.receive
+    main << true
+    Ractor.yield 1
+  end
+
+  r.close_outgoing
+  r << true
+  Ractor.receive
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to send into a ractor with closed incoming port
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new { Ractor.receive }
+  r.close_incoming
+
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# A ractor with closed incoming port still can send messages out
+assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.yield 1
+    2
+  end
+  r.close_incoming
+
+  [r.take, r.take]
+}
+
+# Raise Ractor::ClosedError when try to take from a ractor with closed outgoing port
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.yield 1
+    Ractor.receive
+  end
+
+  sleep 0.01 # wait for Ractor.yield in r
+  r.close_outgoing
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# A ractor with closed outgoing port still can receive messages from incoming port
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Ractor.receive
+  end
+
+  r.close_outgoing
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ng'
+  else
+    'ok'
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor.main returns main ractor
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    Ractor.main
+  }.take == Ractor.current
+}
+
+# a ractor with closed outgoing port should terminate
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  Ractor.new do
+    close_outgoing
+  end
+
+  true until Ractor.count == 1
+  :ok
+}
+
+# multiple Ractors can receive (wait) from one Ractor
+assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
+  pipe = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
+    end
+  end
+
+  RN = 10
+  rs = RN.times.map{|i|
+    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
+      msg = pipe.take
+      msg # ping-pong
+    end
+  }
+  RN.times{|i|
+    pipe << i
+  }
+  RN.times.map{
+    r, n = Ractor.select(*rs)
+    rs.delete r
+    n
+  }.sort
+}
+
+# Ractor.select also support multiple take, receive and yield
+assert_equal '[true, true, true]', %q{
+  RN = 10
+  CR = Ractor.current
+
+  rs = (1..RN).map{
+    Ractor.new do
+      CR.send 'send' + CR.take #=> 'sendyield'
+      'take'
+    end
+  }
+  received = []
+  take = []
+  yielded = []
+  until rs.empty?
+    r, v = Ractor.select(CR, *rs, yield_value: 'yield')
+    case r
+    when :receive
+      received << v
+    when :yield
+      yielded << v
+    else
+      take << v
+      rs.delete r
+    end
+  end
+  [received.all?('sendyield'), yielded.all?(nil), take.all?('take')]
+}
+
+# multiple Ractors can send to one Ractor
+assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
+  pipe = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
+    end
+  end
+
+  RN = 10
+  RN.times.map{|i|
+    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
+      pipe << i
+    end
+  }
+  RN.times.map{
+    pipe.take
+  }.sort
+}
+
+# an exception in a Ractor will be re-raised at Ractor#receive
+assert_equal '[RuntimeError, "ok", true]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred receiver
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    [e.cause.class,   #=> RuntimeError
+     e.cause.message, #=> 'ok'
+     e.ractor == r]   #=> true
+  end
+}
+
+# threads in a ractor will killed
+assert_equal '{:ok=>3}', %q{
+  Ractor.new Ractor.current do |main|
+    q = Queue.new
+    Thread.new do
+      q << true
+      loop{}
+    ensure
+      main << :ok
+    end
+
+    Thread.new do
+      q << true
+      while true
+      end
+    ensure
+      main << :ok
+    end
+
+    Thread.new do
+      q << true
+      sleep 1
+    ensure
+      main << :ok
+    end
+
+    # wait for the start of all threads
+    3.times{q.pop}
+  end
+
+  3.times.map{Ractor.receive}.tally
+}
+
+# unshareable object are copied
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  obj = 'str'.dup
+  r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+    msg.object_id
+  end
+
+  obj.object_id == r.take
+}
+
+# To copy the object, now Marshal#dump is used
+assert_equal "allocator undefined for Thread", %q{
+  obj = Thread.new{}
+  begin
+    r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+      msg
+    end
+  rescue TypeError => e
+    e.message #=> no _dump_data is defined for class Thread
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+}
+
+# send shareable and unshareable objects
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  echo_ractor = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      v = Ractor.receive
+      Ractor.yield v
+    end
+  end
+
+  class C; end
+  module M; end
+  S = Struct.new(:a, :b, :c, :d)
+
+  shareable_objects = [
+    true,
+    false,
+    nil,
+    1,
+    1.1,    # Float
+    1+2r,   # Rational
+    3+4i,   # Complex
+    2**128, # Bignum
+    :sym,   # Symbol
+    'xyzzy'.to_sym, # dynamic symbol
+    'frozen'.freeze, # frozen String
+    /regexp/, # regexp literal
+    /reg{true}exp/.freeze, # frozen dregexp
+    [1, 2].freeze,   # frozen Array which only refers to shareable
+    {a: 1}.freeze,   # frozen Hash which only refers to shareable
+    [{a: 1}.freeze, 'str'.freeze].freeze, # nested frozen container
+    S.new(1, 2).freeze, # frozen Struct
+    S.new(1, 2, 3, 4).freeze, # frozen Struct
+    (1..2), # Range on Struct
+    (1..),  # Range on Struct
+    (..1),  # Range on Struct
+    C, # class
+    M, # module
+    Ractor.current, # Ractor
+  ]
+
+  unshareable_objects = [
+    'mutable str'.dup,
+    [:array],
+    {hash: true},
+    S.new(1, 2),
+    S.new(1, 2, 3, 4),
+    S.new("a", 2).freeze, # frozen, but refers to an unshareable object
+  ]
+
+  results = []
+
+  shareable_objects.map{|o|
+    echo_ractor << o
+    o2 = echo_ractor.take
+    results << "#{o} is copied" unless o.object_id == o2.object_id
+  }
+
+  unshareable_objects.map{|o|
+    echo_ractor << o
+    o2 = echo_ractor.take
+    results << "#{o.inspect} is not copied" if o.object_id == o2.object_id
+  }
+
+  if results.empty?
+    :ok
+  else
+    results.inspect
+  end
+}
+
+# frozen Objects are shareable
+assert_equal [false, true, false].inspect, %q{
+  class C
+    def initialize freeze
+      @a = 1
+      @b = :sym
+      @c = 'frozen_str'
+      @c.freeze if freeze
+      @d = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def check obj1
+    obj2 = Ractor.new obj1 do |obj|
+      obj
+    end.take
+
+    obj1.object_id == obj2.object_id
+  end
+
+  results = []
+  results << check(C.new(true))         # false
+  results << check(C.new(true).freeze)  # true
+  results << check(C.new(false).freeze) # false
+}
+
+# move example2: String
+# touching moved object causes an error
+assert_equal 'hello world', %q{
+  # move
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    obj = Ractor.receive
+    obj << ' world'
+  end
+
+  str = 'hello'
+  r.send str, move: true
+  modified = r.take
+
+  begin
+    str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
+  rescue Ractor::MovedError
+    modified #=> 'hello world'
+  else
+    raise 'unreachable'
+  end
+}
+
+# move example2: Array
+assert_equal '[0, 1]', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    ary = Ractor.receive
+    ary << 1
+  end
+
+  a1 = [0]
+  r.send a1, move: true
+  a2 = r.take
+  begin
+    a1 << 2 # raise Ractor::MovedError
+  rescue Ractor::MovedError
+    a2.inspect
+  end
+}
+
+# move with yield
+assert_equal 'hello', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    Thread.current.report_on_exception = false
+    obj = 'hello'
+    Ractor.yield obj, move: true
+    obj << 'world'
+  end
+
+  str = r.take
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+    str #=> "hello"
+  end
+}
+
+# yield/move should not make moved object when the yield is not succeeded
+assert_equal '"str"', %q{
+  R = Ractor.new{}
+  M = Ractor.current
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    s = 'str'
+    selected_r, v = Ractor.select R, yield_value: s, move: true
+    raise if selected_r != R # taken from R
+    M.send s.inspect # s should not be a moved object
+  end
+
+  Ractor.receive
+}
+
+# yield/move can fail
+assert_equal "allocator undefined for Thread", %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    obj = Thread.new{}
+    Ractor.yield obj
+  rescue => e
+    e.message
+  end
+  r.take
+}
+
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited
+assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  $gv = 1
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    $gv
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Access to global-variables are prohibited
+assert_equal 'can not access global variables $gv from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    $gv = 1
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# $stdin,out,err is Ractor local, but shared fds
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].map{|io|
+      [io.object_id, io.fileno]
+    }
+  end
+
+  [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].zip(r.take){|io, (oid, fno)|
+    raise "should not be different object" if io.object_id == oid
+    raise "fd should be same" unless io.fileno == fno
+  }
+  'ok'
+}
+
+# $stdin,out,err belong to Ractor
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    $stdin.itself
+    $stdout.itself
+    $stderr.itself
+    'ok'
+  end
+
+  r.take
+}
+
+# $DEBUG, $VERBOSE are Ractor local
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  $DEBUG = true
+  $VERBOSE = true
+
+  def ractor_local_globals
+    /a(b)(c)d/ =~ 'abcd' # for $~
+    `echo foo` unless  /solaris/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+
+    {
+     # ractor-local (derived from created ractor): debug
+     '$DEBUG' => $DEBUG,
+     '$-d' => $-d,
+
+     # ractor-local (derived from created ractor): verbose
+     '$VERBOSE' => $VERBOSE,
+     '$-w' => $-w,
+     '$-W' => $-W,
+     '$-v' => $-v,
+
+     # process-local (readonly): other commandline parameters
+     '$-p' => $-p,
+     '$-l' => $-l,
+     '$-a' => $-a,
+
+     # process-local (readonly): getpid
+     '$$'  => $$,
+
+     # thread local: process result
+     '$?'  => $?,
+
+     # scope local: match
+     '$~'  => $~.inspect,
+     '$&'  => $&,
+     '$`'  => $`,
+     '$\''  => $',
+     '$+'  => $+,
+     '$1'  => $1,
+
+     # scope local: last line
+     '$_' => $_,
+
+     # scope local: last backtrace
+     '$@' => $@,
+     '$!' => $!,
+
+     # ractor local: stdin, out, err
+     '$stdin'  => $stdin.inspect,
+     '$stdout' => $stdout.inspect,
+     '$stderr' => $stderr.inspect,
+    }
+  end
+
+  h = Ractor.new do
+    ractor_local_globals
+  end.take
+  ractor_local_globals == h #=> true
+}
+
+# selfs are different objects
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    self.object_id
+  end
+  r.take == self.object_id #=> false
+}
+
+# self is a Ractor instance
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    self.object_id
+  end
+  r.object_id == r.take #=> true
+}
+
+# given block Proc will be isolated, so can not access outer variables.
+assert_equal 'ArgumentError', %q{
+  begin
+    a = true
+    r = Ractor.new do
+      a
+    end
+  rescue => e
+    e.class
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class C
+    @iv = 'str'
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    class C
+      p @iv
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  shared = Ractor.new{}
+  shared.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 'str')
+
+  r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+    p shared.instance_variable_get(:@iv)
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor, by @iv (get)
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class Ractor
+    def setup
+      @foo = ''
+    end
+
+    def foo
+      @foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared = Ractor.new{}
+  shared.setup
+
+  r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+    p shared.foo
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# ivar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor, by @iv (set)
+assert_equal 'can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class Ractor
+    def setup
+      @foo = ''
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared = Ractor.new{}
+
+  r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+    p shared.setup
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# But a shareable object is frozen, it is allowed to access ivars from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal '11', %q{
+  [Object.new, [], ].map{|obj|
+    obj.instance_variable_set('@a', 1)
+    Ractor.make_shareable obj = obj.freeze
+
+    Ractor.new obj do |obj|
+      obj.instance_variable_get('@a')
+    end.take.to_s
+  }.join
+}
+
+# cvar in shareable-objects are not allowed to access from non-main Ractor
+assert_equal 'can not access class variables from non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class C
+    @@cv = 'str'
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    class C
+      p @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Getting non-shareable objects via constants by other Ractors is not allowed
+assert_equal 'can not access non-shareable objects in constant C::CONST by non-main Ractor.', %q{
+  class C
+    CONST = 'str'
+  end
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    C::CONST
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Constant cache should care about non-sharable constants
+assert_equal "can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::STR by non-main Ractor.", %q{
+  STR = "hello"
+  def str; STR; end
+  s = str() # fill const cache
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{ str() }.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Setting non-shareable objects into constants by other Ractors is not allowed
+assert_equal 'can not set constants with non-shareable objects by non-main Ractors', %q{
+  class C
+  end
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    C::CONST = 'str'
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# define_method is not allowed
+assert_equal "defined in a different Ractor", %q{
+  str = "foo"
+  define_method(:buggy){|i| str << "#{i}"}
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{buggy(10)}.take
+  rescue => e
+    e.cause.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Immutable Array and Hash are shareable, so it can be shared with constants
+assert_equal '[1000, 3]', %q{
+  A = Array.new(1000).freeze # [nil, ...]
+  H = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.freeze
+
+  Ractor.new{ [A.size, H.size] }.take
+}
+
+# Ractor.count
+assert_equal '[1, 4, 3, 2, 1]', %q{
+  counts = []
+  counts << Ractor.count
+  ractors = (1..3).map { Ractor.new { Ractor.receive } }
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  ractors[0].send('End 0').take
+  sleep 0.1 until ractors[0].inspect =~ /terminated/
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  ractors[1].send('End 1').take
+  sleep 0.1 until ractors[1].inspect =~ /terminated/
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  ractors[2].send('End 2').take
+  sleep 0.1 until ractors[2].inspect =~ /terminated/
+  counts << Ractor.count
+
+  counts.inspect
+}
+
+# ObjectSpace.each_object can not handle unshareable objects with Ractors
+assert_equal '0', %q{
+  Ractor.new{
+    n = 0
+    ObjectSpace.each_object{|o| n += 1 unless Ractor.shareable?(o)}
+    n
+  }.take
+}
+
+# ObjectSpace._id2ref can not handle unshareable objects with Ractors
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  s = 'hello'
+
+  Ractor.new s.object_id do |id ;s|
+    begin
+      s = ObjectSpace._id2ref(id)
+    rescue => e
+      :ok
+    end
+  end.take
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(obj)
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class C
+    def initialize
+      @a = 'foo'
+      @b = 'bar'
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @c = [:freeze_called]
+      super
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :a, :b, :c
+  end
+  S = Struct.new(:s1, :s2)
+  str = "hello"
+  str.instance_variable_set("@iv", "hello")
+  /a/ =~ 'a'
+  m = $~
+  class N < Numeric
+    def /(other)
+      1
+    end
+  end
+  ary = []; ary << ary
+
+  a = [[1, ['2', '3']],
+       {Object.new => "hello"},
+       C.new,
+       S.new("x", "y"),
+       ("a".."b"),
+       str,
+       ary,             # cycle
+       /regexp/,
+       /#{'r'.upcase}/,
+       m,
+       Complex(N.new,0),
+       Rational(N.new,0),
+       true,
+       false,
+       nil,
+       1, 1.2, 1+3r, 1+4i, # Numeric
+  ]
+  Ractor.make_shareable(a)
+
+  # check all frozen
+  a.each{|o|
+    raise o.inspect unless o.frozen?
+
+    case o
+    when C
+      raise o.a.inspect unless o.a.frozen?
+      raise o.b.inspect unless o.b.frozen?
+      raise o.c.inspect unless o.c.frozen? && o.c == [:freeze_called]
+    when Rational
+      raise o.numerator.inspect unless o.numerator.frozen?
+    when Complex
+      raise o.real.inspect unless o.real.frozen?
+    when Array
+      if o[0] == 1
+        raise o[1][1].inspect unless o[1][1].frozen?
+      end
+    when Hash
+      o.each{|k, v|
+        raise k.inspect unless k.frozen?
+        raise v.inspect unless v.frozen?
+      }
+    end
+  }
+
+  Ractor.shareable?(a)
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(obj) doesn't freeze shareable objects
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  r = Ractor.new{}
+  Ractor.make_shareable(a = [r])
+  [a.frozen?, a[0].frozen?] == [true, false]
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  a = [1, [2, 3], {a: "4"}]
+  pr = Proc.new do
+    a
+  end
+  Ractor.make_shareable(a) # referred value should be shareable
+  Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
+  Ractor.shareable?(pr)
+}
+
+# Ractor.shareable?(recursive_objects)
+assert_equal '[false, false]', %q{
+  y = []
+  x = [y, {}].freeze
+  y << x
+  y.freeze
+  [Ractor.shareable?(x), Ractor.shareable?(y)]
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(recursive_objects)
+assert_equal '[:ok, false, false]', %q{
+  o = Object.new
+  def o.freeze; raise; end
+  y = []
+  x = [y, o].freeze
+  y << x
+  y.freeze
+  [(Ractor.make_shareable(x) rescue :ok), Ractor.shareable?(x), Ractor.shareable?(y)]
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable with Class/Module
+assert_equal '[C, M]', %q{
+  class C; end
+  module M; end
+
+  Ractor.make_shareable(ary = [C, M])
+}
+
+# define_method() can invoke different Ractor's proc if the proc is shareable.
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  class C
+    a = 1
+    define_method "foo", Ractor.make_shareable(Proc.new{ a })
+    a = 2
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new{ C.new.foo }.take
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(a_proc) makes a proc shareable.
+assert_equal 'can not make a Proc shareable because it accesses outer variables (a).', %q{
+  a = b = nil
+  pr = Proc.new do
+    c = b # assign to a is okay because c is block local variable
+          # reading b is okay
+    a = b # assign to a is not allowed #=> Ractor::Error
+  end
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.make_shareable(pr)
+  rescue => e
+    e.message
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: true) makes copied shareable object.
+assert_equal '[false, false, true, true]', %q{
+  r = []
+  o1 = [1, 2, ["3"]]
+
+  o2 = Ractor.make_shareable(o1, copy: true)
+  r << Ractor.shareable?(o1) # false
+  r << (o1.object_id == o2.object_id) # false
+
+  o3 = Ractor.make_shareable(o1)
+  r << Ractor.shareable?(o1) # true
+  r << (o1.object_id == o3.object_id) # false
+  r
+}
+
+# TracePoint with normal Proc should be Ractor local
+assert_equal '[4, 8]', %q{
+  rs = []
+  TracePoint.new(:line){|tp| rs << tp.lineno if tp.path == __FILE__}.enable do
+    Ractor.new{ # line 4
+      a = 1
+      b = 2
+    }.take
+    c = 3       # line 8
+  end
+  rs
+}
+
+# Ractor deep copies frozen objects (ary)
+assert_equal '[true, false]', %q{
+  Ractor.new([[]].freeze) { |ary|
+    [ary.frozen?, ary.first.frozen? ]
+  }.take
+}
+
+# Ractor deep copies frozen objects (str)
+assert_equal '[true, false]', %q{
+  s = String.new.instance_eval { @x = []; freeze}
+  Ractor.new(s) { |s|
+    [s.frozen?, s.instance_variable_get(:@x).frozen?]
+  }.take
+}
+
+# Can not trap with not isolated Proc on non-main ractor
+assert_equal '[:ok, :ok]', %q{
+  a = []
+  Ractor.new{
+    trap(:INT){p :ok}
+  }.take
+  a << :ok
+
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{
+      s = 'str'
+      trap(:INT){p s}
+    }.take
+  rescue => Ractor::RemoteError
+    a << :ok
+  end
+}
+
+# Ractor-local storage
+assert_equal '[nil, "b", "a"]', %q{
+  ans = []
+  Ractor.current[:key] = 'a'
+  r = Ractor.new{
+    Ractor.yield self[:key]
+    self[:key] = 'b'
+    self[:key]
+  }
+  ans << r.take
+  ans << r.take
+  ans << Ractor.current[:key]
+}
+
+###
+### Synchronization tests
+###
+
+N = 100_000
+
+# fstring pool
+assert_equal "#{N}#{N}", %Q{
+  N = #{N}
+  2.times.map{
+    Ractor.new{
+      N.times{|i| -(i.to_s)}
+    }
+  }.map{|r| r.take}.join
+}
+
+# enc_table
+assert_equal "#{N/10}", %Q{
+  Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Encoding.find("test-enc-#{rand(5_000)}").inspect
+    rescue ArgumentError => e
+    end
+  end
+
+  src = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
+  #{N/10}.times{|i|
+    src.replicate("test-enc-\#{i}")
+  }
+}
+
+# Generic ivtbl
+n = N/2
+assert_equal "#{n}#{n}", %Q{
+  2.times.map{
+    Ractor.new do
+      #{n}.times do
+        obj = ''
+        obj.instance_variable_set("@a", 1)
+        obj.instance_variable_set("@b", 1)
+        obj.instance_variable_set("@c", 1)
+        obj.instance_variable_defined?("@a")
+      end
+    end
+  }.map{|r| r.take}.join
+}
+
+# NameError
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  begin
+    bar
+  rescue => err
+  end
+  begin
+    Ractor.new{} << err
+  rescue TypeError
+    'ok'
+  end
+}
+
+# Can yield back values while GC is sweeping [Bug #18117]
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  workers = (0...8).map do
+    Ractor.new do
+      loop do
+        10_000.times.map { Object.new }
+        Ractor.yield Time.now
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  1_000.times { idle_worker, tmp_reporter = Ractor.select(*workers) }
+  "ok"
+}
+
+end # if !ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW']
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb b/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
index a111990a1f..fa27bf2aeb 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_syntax.rb
@@ -268,8 +268,10 @@ assert_equal %q{}, %q{
   defined?(@@a)
 }
 assert_equal %q{class variable}, %q{
-  @@a = 1
-  defined?(@@a)
+  class A
+    @@a = 1
+    defined?(@@a)
+  end
 }
 assert_equal %q{}, %q{
   defined?($a)
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb b/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
index d16295de8b..38a55ff229 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_thread.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
-# Thread and Fiber
+show_limit %q{
+  threads = []
+  begin
+    threads << Thread.new{sleep}
+
+    raise Exception, "skipping" if threads.count >= 10_000
+  rescue Exception => error
+    puts "Thread count: #{threads.count} (#{error})"
+    break
+  end while true
+} if false # disable to pass CI
 
 assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
   Thread.new{
@@ -36,7 +46,7 @@ begin
     }
   }
 rescue ThreadError => e
-  :ok if /can't create Thread/ =~ e.message
+  /can't create Thread/ =~ e.message ? :ok : e.message
 end
 }
 assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
@@ -50,7 +60,7 @@ begin
     }
   }
 rescue ThreadError => e
-  :ok if /can't create Thread/ =~ e.message
+  /can't create Thread/ =~ e.message ? :ok : e.message
 end
 }
 assert_equal %q{ok}, %q{
@@ -299,10 +309,6 @@ assert_equal 'ok', %q{
 }, '[ruby-dev:34492]'
 
 assert_normal_exit %q{
-  at_exit { Fiber.new{}.resume }
-}
-
-assert_normal_exit %q{
   g = enum_for(:local_variables)
   loop { g.next }
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
@@ -328,10 +334,6 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
 
 assert_normal_exit %q{
-  Fiber.new(&Object.method(:class_eval)).resume("foo")
-}, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
-
-assert_normal_exit %q{
   Thread.new("foo", &Object.method(:class_eval)).join
 }, '[ruby-dev:34128]'
 
@@ -482,3 +484,17 @@ assert_equal 'foo', %q{
   GC.start
   f.call.source
 }
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  class C
+    def inspect
+      sleep 0.5
+      'C!!'
+    end
+  end
+  Thread.new{
+    loop{
+      p C.new
+    }
+  }
+  sleep 0.1
+}, timeout: 5
diff --git a/builtin.c b/builtin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c3653dab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+#if CROSS_COMPILING
+
+#define INCLUDED_BY_BUILTIN_C 1
+#include "mini_builtin.c"
+
+#else
+
+#include "builtin_binary.inc"
+
+static const unsigned char *
+bin4feature(const struct builtin_binary *bb, const char *feature, size_t *psize)
+{
+    *psize = bb->bin_size;
+    return strcmp(bb->feature, feature) ? NULL : bb->bin;
+}
+
+static const unsigned char*
+builtin_lookup(const char *feature, size_t *psize)
+{
+    static int index = 0;
+    const unsigned char *bin = bin4feature(&builtin_binary[index++], feature, psize);
+
+    // usually, `builtin_binary` order is loading order at miniruby.
+    for (const struct builtin_binary *bb = &builtin_binary[0]; bb->feature &&! bin; bb++) {
+        bin = bin4feature(bb++, feature, psize);
+    }
+    return bin;
+}
+
+void
+rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
+{
+    // search binary
+    size_t size;
+    const unsigned char *bin = builtin_lookup(feature_name, &size);
+    if (! bin) {
+        rb_bug("builtin_lookup: can not find %s\n", feature_name);
+    }
+
+    // load binary
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    if (vm->builtin_function_table != NULL) rb_bug("vm->builtin_function_table should be NULL.");
+    vm->builtin_function_table = table;
+    vm->builtin_inline_index = 0;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_ibf_load_bytes((const char *)bin, size);
+    vm->builtin_function_table = NULL;
+
+    // exec
+    rb_iseq_eval(rb_iseq_check(iseq));
+}
+
+#endif
+
+void
+Init_builtin(void)
+{
+    // nothing
+}
+
+void
+Init_builtin_features(void)
+{
+    rb_load_with_builtin_functions("gem_prelude", NULL);
+}
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b2f477654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#ifndef BUILTIN_H_INCLUDED
+#define BUILTIN_H_INCLUDED
+
+// invoke
+
+struct rb_builtin_function {
+    // for invocation
+    const void * const func_ptr;
+    const int argc;
+
+    // for load
+    const int index;
+    const char * const name;
+
+    // for jit
+    void (*compiler)(FILE *, long, unsigned, bool);
+};
+
+#define RB_BUILTIN_FUNCTION(_i, _name, _fname, _arity, _compiler) {\
+  .name = #_name, \
+  .func_ptr = (void *)_fname, \
+  .argc = _arity, \
+  .index = _i, \
+  .compiler = _compiler, \
+}
+
+void rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table);
+
+#ifndef rb_execution_context_t
+typedef struct rb_execution_context_struct rb_execution_context_t;
+#define rb_execution_context_t rb_execution_context_t
+#endif
+
+/* The following code is generated by the following Ruby script:
+
+16.times{|i|
+  args = (i > 0 ? ', ' : '') + (0...i).map{"VALUE"}.join(', ')
+  puts "static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity#{i}(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self#{args})){}"
+}
+*/
+
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity0(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity1(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity2(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity3(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity4(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity5(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity6(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity7(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity8(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity9(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity10(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity11(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity12(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity13(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity14(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+static inline void rb_builtin_function_check_arity15(VALUE (*f)(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)){}
+
+VALUE rb_vm_lvar_exposed(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index);
+
+// __builtin_inline!
+
+PUREFUNC(static inline VALUE rb_vm_lvar(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index));
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_vm_lvar(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int index)
+{
+#if VM_CORE_H_EC_DEFINED
+    return ec->cfp->ep[index];
+#else
+    return rb_vm_lvar_exposed(ec, index);
+#endif
+}
+
+// dump/load
+
+struct builtin_binary {
+    const char *feature;          // feature name
+    const unsigned char *bin;     // binary by ISeq#to_binary
+    size_t bin_size;
+};
+
+#endif // BUILTIN_H_INCLUDED
diff --git a/ccan/list/list.h b/ccan/list/list.h
index ca9f9f1f7f..7d219307bc 100644
--- a/ccan/list/list.h
+++ b/ccan/list/list.h
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ struct list_head
  * Example:
  *	static struct list_head my_list = LIST_HEAD_INIT(my_list);
  */
-#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { { &name.n, &name.n } }
+#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { { &(name).n, &(name).n } }
 
 /**
  * LIST_HEAD - define and initialize an empty list_head
@@ -238,6 +238,21 @@ static inline int list_empty_nodebug(const struct list_head *h)
 #endif
 
 /**
+ * list_empty_nocheck - is a list empty?
+ * @h: the list_head
+ *
+ * If the list is empty, returns true. This doesn't perform any
+ * debug check for list consistency, so it can be called without
+ * locks, racing with the list being modified. This is ok for
+ * checks where an incorrect result is not an issue (optimized
+ * bail out path for example).
+ */
+static inline bool list_empty_nocheck(const struct list_head *h)
+{
+	return h->n.next == &h->n;
+}
+
+/**
  * list_del - delete an entry from an (unknown) linked list.
  * @n: the list_node to delete from the list.
  *
@@ -639,7 +654,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
 /**
  * list_for_each_off - iterate through a list of memory regions.
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
  * This is a low-level wrapper to iterate @i over the entire list, used to
@@ -647,12 +662,12 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
  * so you can break and continue as normal.
  *
  * WARNING! Being the low-level macro that it is, this wrapper doesn't know
- * nor care about the type of @i. The only assumtion made is that @i points
+ * nor care about the type of @i. The only assumption made is that @i points
  * to a chunk of memory that at some @offset, relative to @i, contains a
- * properly filled `struct node_list' which in turn contains pointers to
- * memory chunks and it's turtles all the way down. Whith all that in mind
+ * properly filled `struct list_node' which in turn contains pointers to
+ * memory chunks and it's turtles all the way down. With all that in mind
  * remember that given the wrong pointer/offset couple this macro will
- * happilly churn all you memory untill SEGFAULT stops it, in other words
+ * happily churn all you memory until SEGFAULT stops it, in other words
  * caveat emptor.
  *
  * It is worth mentioning that one of legitimate use-cases for that wrapper
@@ -671,7 +686,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
 /**
  * list_for_each_rev_off - iterate through a list of memory regions backwards
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
  * See list_for_each_off for details
@@ -683,7 +698,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
  * list_for_each_safe_off - iterate through a list of memory regions, maybe
  * during deletion
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @nxt: the structure containing the list_node
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
@@ -702,7 +717,7 @@ static inline void list_prepend_list_(struct list_head *to,
  * list_for_each_rev_safe_off - iterate backwards through a list of
  * memory regions, maybe during deletion
  * @h: the list_head
- * @i: the pointer to a memory region wich contains list node data.
+ * @i: the pointer to a memory region which contains list node data.
  * @nxt: the structure containing the list_node
  * @off: offset(relative to @i) at which list node data resides.
  *
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index 5c54b0c7d4..682a21d488 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -23,15 +23,27 @@
  * \{
  */
 
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "constant.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
 #include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "constant.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
-#include "id_table.h"
-#include <ctype.h>
 
 #define id_attached id__attached__
 
+#define METACLASS_OF(k) RBASIC(k)->klass
+#define SET_METACLASS_OF(k, cls) RBASIC_SET_CLASS(k, cls)
+
 void
 rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
      */
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN((VALUE)obj, (VALUE)obj);
     RCLASS_SERIAL(obj) = rb_next_class_serial();
-    RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(obj) = Qnil;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(obj), Qnil);
     RCLASS_EXT(obj)->allocator = 0;
 
     return (VALUE)obj;
@@ -205,7 +217,6 @@ rb_class_boot(VALUE super)
     RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, super);
     RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, super);
     return (VALUE)klass;
 }
 
@@ -220,7 +231,7 @@ void
 rb_check_inheritable(VALUE super)
 {
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(super, T_CLASS)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass must be a Class (%"PRIsVALUE" given)",
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass must be an instance of Class (given an instance of %"PRIsVALUE")",
 		 rb_obj_class(super));
     }
     if (RBASIC(super)->flags & FL_SINGLETON) {
@@ -309,20 +320,9 @@ class_init_copy_check(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     }
 }
 
-/* :nodoc: */
-VALUE
-rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
+static void
+copy_tables(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 {
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
-	class_init_copy_check(clone, orig);
-    }
-    if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(clone, orig)) return clone;
-    if (!FL_TEST(CLASS_OF(clone), FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(orig));
-	rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, (VALUE)clone);
-    }
-    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(orig));
-    RCLASS_EXT(clone)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(orig)->allocator;
     if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone)) {
 	st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone));
 	RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = 0;
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig)) {
 	st_data_t id;
 
-	RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = rb_st_copy(clone, RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig));
+	rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
 	CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
 	st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
 	CONST_ID(id, "__classpath__");
@@ -350,6 +350,31 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 	arg.klass = clone;
 	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig), clone_const_i, &arg);
     }
+}
+
+static void ensure_origin(VALUE klass);
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+VALUE
+rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
+        class_init_copy_check(clone, orig);
+    }
+    if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(clone, orig)) return clone;
+
+    /* cloned flag is refer at constant inline cache
+     * see vm_get_const_key_cref() in vm_insnhelper.c
+     */
+    FL_SET(clone, RCLASS_CLONED);
+    FL_SET(orig , RCLASS_CLONED);
+
+    if (!FL_TEST(CLASS_OF(clone), FL_SINGLETON)) {
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(orig));
+        rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, (VALUE)clone);
+    }
+    RCLASS_EXT(clone)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(orig)->allocator;
+    copy_tables(clone, orig);
     if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig)) {
 	struct clone_method_arg arg;
 	arg.old_klass = orig;
@@ -358,6 +383,75 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig), clone_method_i, &arg);
     }
 
+    if (RCLASS_ORIGIN(orig) == orig) {
+        RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(orig));
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE p = RCLASS_SUPER(orig);
+        VALUE orig_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(orig);
+        VALUE prev_clone_p = clone;
+        VALUE origin_stack = rb_ary_tmp_new(2);
+        VALUE origin[2];
+        VALUE clone_p = 0;
+        long origin_len;
+        int add_subclass;
+        VALUE clone_origin;
+
+        ensure_origin(clone);
+        clone_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(clone);
+
+        while (p && p != orig_origin) {
+            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) != T_ICLASS) {
+                rb_bug("non iclass between module/class and origin");
+            }
+            clone_p = class_alloc(RBASIC(p)->flags, RBASIC(p)->klass);
+            RCLASS_SET_SUPER(prev_clone_p, clone_p);
+            prev_clone_p = clone_p;
+            RCLASS_M_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_M_TBL(p);
+            RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(p);
+            RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(p);
+            RCLASS_EXT(clone_p)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(p)->allocator;
+            if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
+                RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(clone_p, clone);
+            }
+            add_subclass = TRUE;
+            if (p != RCLASS_ORIGIN(p)) {
+                origin[0] = clone_p;
+                origin[1] = RCLASS_ORIGIN(p);
+                rb_ary_cat(origin_stack, origin, 2);
+            }
+            else if ((origin_len = RARRAY_LEN(origin_stack)) > 1 &&
+                     RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, origin_len - 1) == p) {
+                RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), clone_p);
+                RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(clone_p);
+                rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
+                add_subclass = FALSE;
+            }
+            if (add_subclass) {
+                rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(RBASIC(p)->klass, clone_p);
+            }
+            p = RCLASS_SUPER(p);
+        }
+
+        if (p == orig_origin) {
+            if (clone_p) {
+                RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone_p, clone_origin);
+                RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(orig_origin));
+            }
+            copy_tables(clone_origin, orig_origin);
+            if (RCLASS_M_TBL(orig_origin)) {
+                struct clone_method_arg arg;
+                arg.old_klass = orig;
+                arg.new_klass = clone;
+                RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone_origin);
+                rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(orig_origin), clone_method_i, &arg);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_bug("no origin for class that has origin");
+        }
+    }
+
     return clone;
 }
 
@@ -367,28 +461,41 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone(VALUE obj)
     return rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(obj, Qundef);
 }
 
+// Clone and return the singleton class of `obj` if it has been created and is attached to `obj`.
 VALUE
 rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
 {
     const VALUE klass = RBASIC(obj)->klass;
 
-    if (!FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON))
-	return klass;
+    // Note that `rb_singleton_class()` can create situations where `klass` is
+    // attached to an object other than `obj`. In which case `obj` does not have
+    // a material singleton class attached yet and there is no singleton class
+    // to clone.
+    if (!(FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) && rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
+        // nothing to clone
+        return klass;
+    }
     else {
 	/* copy singleton(unnamed) class */
+        bool klass_of_clone_is_new;
 	VALUE clone = class_alloc(RBASIC(klass)->flags, 0);
 
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
+            klass_of_clone_is_new = true;
 	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, clone);
 	}
 	else {
-	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(klass));
+            VALUE klass_metaclass_clone = rb_singleton_class_clone(klass);
+            // When `METACLASS_OF(klass) == klass_metaclass_clone`, it means the
+            // recursive call did not clone `METACLASS_OF(klass)`.
+            klass_of_clone_is_new = (METACLASS_OF(klass) != klass_metaclass_clone);
+            RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, klass_metaclass_clone);
 	}
 
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
 	RCLASS_EXT(clone)->allocator = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->allocator;
 	if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass)) {
-	    RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = rb_st_copy(clone, RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass));
+	    rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
 	}
 	if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)) {
 	    struct clone_const_arg arg;
@@ -406,7 +513,9 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
 	    arg.new_klass = clone;
 	    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(klass), clone_method_i, &arg);
 	}
-	rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, clone);
+        if (klass_of_clone_is_new) {
+            rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC(clone)->klass, clone);
+        }
 	FL_SET(clone, FL_SINGLETON);
 
 	return clone;
@@ -428,11 +537,6 @@ rb_singleton_class_attached(VALUE klass, VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
-
-
-#define METACLASS_OF(k) RBASIC(k)->klass
-#define SET_METACLASS_OF(k, cls) RBASIC_SET_CLASS(k, cls)
-
 /*!
  * whether k is a meta^(n)-class of Class class
  * @retval 1 if \a k is a meta^(n)-class of Class class (n >= 0)
@@ -505,8 +609,6 @@ make_metaclass(VALUE klass)
     while (RB_TYPE_P(super, T_ICLASS)) super = RCLASS_SUPER(super);
     RCLASS_SET_SUPER(metaclass, super ? ENSURE_EIGENCLASS(super) : rb_cClass);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(metaclass, RCLASS_SUPER(metaclass));
-
     return metaclass;
 }
 
@@ -537,8 +639,8 @@ boot_defclass(const char *name, VALUE super)
     VALUE obj = rb_class_boot(super);
     ID id = rb_intern(name);
 
-    rb_name_class(obj, id);
     rb_const_set((rb_cObject ? rb_cObject : obj), id, obj);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(obj);
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -550,7 +652,7 @@ Init_class_hierarchy(void)
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_cObject);
 
     /* resolve class name ASAP for order-independence */
-    rb_class_name(rb_cObject);
+    rb_set_class_path_string(rb_cObject, rb_cObject, rb_fstring_lit("Object"));
 
     rb_cModule = boot_defclass("Module", rb_cObject);
     rb_cClass =  boot_defclass("Class",  rb_cModule);
@@ -616,7 +718,7 @@ rb_define_class_id(ID id, VALUE super)
  * \return the value \c Class#inherited's returns
  * \pre Each of \a super and \a klass must be a \c Class object.
  */
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_class_inherited(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
     ID inherited;
@@ -658,14 +760,16 @@ rb_define_class(const char *name, VALUE super)
 	if (rb_class_real(RCLASS_SUPER(klass)) != super) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class %s", name);
 	}
+
+        /* Class may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
+        rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
 	return klass;
     }
     if (!super) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no super class for `%s'", name);
     }
     klass = rb_define_class_id(id, super);
-    rb_vm_add_root_module(id, klass);
-    rb_name_class(klass, id);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
     rb_const_set(rb_cObject, id, klass);
     rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
 
@@ -730,6 +834,9 @@ rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
 		     " (%"PRIsVALUE" is given but was %"PRIsVALUE")",
 		     outer, rb_id2str(id), RCLASS_SUPER(klass), super);
 	}
+        /* Class may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
+        rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
+
 	return klass;
     }
     if (!super) {
@@ -740,7 +847,7 @@ rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
     rb_set_class_path_string(klass, outer, rb_id2str(id));
     rb_const_set(outer, id, klass);
     rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
-    rb_gc_register_mark_object(klass);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
 
     return klass;
 }
@@ -753,15 +860,11 @@ rb_module_new(void)
     return (VALUE)mdl;
 }
 
+// Kept for compatibility. Use rb_module_new() instead.
 VALUE
 rb_define_module_id(ID id)
 {
-    VALUE mdl;
-
-    mdl = rb_module_new();
-    rb_name_class(mdl, id);
-
-    return mdl;
+    return rb_module_new();
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -777,10 +880,12 @@ rb_define_module(const char *name)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a module (%"PRIsVALUE")",
 		     name, rb_obj_class(module));
 	}
+        /* Module may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
+        rb_vm_add_root_module(module);
 	return module;
     }
-    module = rb_define_module_id(id);
-    rb_vm_add_root_module(id, module);
+    module = rb_module_new();
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(module);
     rb_const_set(rb_cObject, id, module);
 
     return module;
@@ -806,7 +911,7 @@ rb_define_module_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id)
 	}
 	return module;
     }
-    module = rb_define_module_id(id);
+    module = rb_module_new();
     rb_const_set(outer, id, module);
     rb_set_class_path_string(module, outer, rb_id2str(id));
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(module);
@@ -819,9 +924,13 @@ rb_include_class_new(VALUE module, VALUE super)
 {
     VALUE klass = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, rb_cClass);
 
+    RCLASS_M_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_M_TBL(module);
+
+    RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, klass);
     if (BUILTIN_TYPE(module) == T_ICLASS) {
 	module = RBASIC(module)->klass;
     }
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_ICLASS));
     if (!RCLASS_IV_TBL(module)) {
 	RCLASS_IV_TBL(module) = st_init_numtable();
     }
@@ -831,36 +940,59 @@ rb_include_class_new(VALUE module, VALUE super)
     RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(module);
     RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
 
-    RCLASS_M_TBL(OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(klass)) =
-      RCLASS_M_TBL(OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(RCLASS_ORIGIN(module))); /* TODO: unprotected? */
-
     RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, super);
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(module, T_ICLASS)) {
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(klass, RBASIC(module)->klass);
-    }
-    else {
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(klass, module);
-    }
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, module);
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, super);
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(klass, module);
 
     return (VALUE)klass;
 }
 
 static int include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super);
 
+static void
+ensure_includable(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+{
+    rb_class_modify_check(klass);
+    Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
+    if (!NIL_P(rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(module))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "refinement module is not allowed");
+    }
+}
+
 void
 rb_include_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 {
     int changed = 0;
 
-    rb_frozen_class_p(klass);
-    Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, module);
+    ensure_includable(klass, module);
 
     changed = include_modules_at(klass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass), module, TRUE);
     if (changed < 0)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic include detected");
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
+        rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->subclasses;
+        int do_include = 1;
+        while (iclass) {
+            VALUE check_class = iclass->klass;
+            /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
+             * has not yet been swept. */
+            if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(check_class)) {
+                while (check_class) {
+                    if (RB_TYPE_P(check_class, T_ICLASS) &&
+                            (RBASIC(check_class)->klass == module)) {
+                        do_include = 0;
+                    }
+                    check_class = RCLASS_SUPER(check_class);
+                }
+
+                if (do_include) {
+                    include_modules_at(iclass->klass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(iclass->klass), module, TRUE);
+                }
+            }
+
+            iclass = iclass->next;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
@@ -870,27 +1002,40 @@ add_refined_method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+clear_module_cache_i(ID id, VALUE val, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
+    rb_clear_method_cache(klass, id);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static int
 include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
 {
-    VALUE p, iclass;
-    int method_changed = 0, constant_changed = 0;
+    VALUE p, iclass, origin_stack = 0;
+    int method_changed = 0, constant_changed = 0, add_subclass;
+    long origin_len;
     struct rb_id_table *const klass_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass));
+    VALUE original_klass = klass;
 
     while (module) {
+        int origin_seen = FALSE;
 	int superclass_seen = FALSE;
 	struct rb_id_table *tbl;
 
-	if (RCLASS_ORIGIN(module) != module)
-	    goto skip;
+        if (klass == c)
+            origin_seen = TRUE;
 	if (klass_m_tbl && klass_m_tbl == RCLASS_M_TBL(module))
 	    return -1;
 	/* ignore if the module included already in superclasses */
-	for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(klass); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
+        for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(klass); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
 	    int type = BUILTIN_TYPE(p);
+            if (c == p)
+                origin_seen = TRUE;
 	    if (type == T_ICLASS) {
 		if (RCLASS_M_TBL(p) == RCLASS_M_TBL(module)) {
-		    if (!superclass_seen) {
+                    if (!superclass_seen && origin_seen) {
 			c = p;  /* move insertion point */
 		    }
 		    goto skip;
@@ -898,36 +1043,66 @@ include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
 	    }
 	    else if (type == T_CLASS) {
 		if (!search_super) break;
-		superclass_seen = TRUE;
+                superclass_seen = TRUE;
 	    }
 	}
-	iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, RCLASS_SUPER(c));
+
+        VALUE super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(c);
+
+        // invalidate inline method cache
+        tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(module);
+        if (tbl && rb_id_table_size(tbl)) {
+            if (search_super) { // include
+                if (super_class && !RB_TYPE_P(super_class, T_MODULE)) {
+                    rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, clear_module_cache_i, (void *)super_class);
+                }
+            }
+            else { // prepend
+                if (!RB_TYPE_P(original_klass, T_MODULE)) {
+                    rb_id_table_foreach(tbl, clear_module_cache_i, (void *)original_klass);
+                }
+            }
+            method_changed = 1;
+        }
+
+        // setup T_ICLASS for the include/prepend module
+	iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, super_class);
 	c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, iclass);
+        RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(iclass, klass);
+        add_subclass = TRUE;
+        if (module != RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)) {
+            if (!origin_stack) origin_stack = rb_ary_tmp_new(2);
+            VALUE origin[2] = {iclass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)};
+            rb_ary_cat(origin_stack, origin, 2);
+        }
+        else if (origin_stack && (origin_len = RARRAY_LEN(origin_stack)) > 1 &&
+                 RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, origin_len - 1) == module) {
+            RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), iclass);
+            RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(iclass);
+            rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
+            add_subclass = FALSE;
+        }
 
 	{
 	    VALUE m = module;
-	    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = RBASIC(m)->klass;
-	    rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
+            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = RBASIC(m)->klass;
+            if (add_subclass) rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
 	}
 
 	if (FL_TEST(klass, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
 	    VALUE refined_class =
 		rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(klass);
 
-	    rb_id_table_foreach(RMODULE_M_TBL(module), add_refined_method_entry_i, (void *)refined_class);
+            rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(module), add_refined_method_entry_i, (void *)refined_class);
 	    FL_SET(c, RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT);
 	}
 
-	tbl = RMODULE_M_TBL(module);
-	if (tbl && rb_id_table_size(tbl)) method_changed = 1;
-
-	tbl = RMODULE_CONST_TBL(module);
+        tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
 	if (tbl && rb_id_table_size(tbl)) constant_changed = 1;
       skip:
 	module = RCLASS_SUPER(module);
     }
 
-    if (method_changed) rb_clear_method_cache_by_class(klass);
     if (constant_changed) rb_clear_constant_cache();
 
     return method_changed;
@@ -936,22 +1111,22 @@ include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 move_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 {
-    rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *) value;
-    VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
-    struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+    rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *)value;
 
     if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
-	if (me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
+        VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
+        struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+
+        if (me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
 	    const rb_method_entry_t *orig_me = me->def->body.refined.orig_me, *new_me;
 	    RB_OBJ_WRITE(me, &me->def->body.refined.orig_me, NULL);
 	    new_me = rb_method_entry_clone(me);
-	    rb_id_table_insert(tbl, key, (VALUE)new_me);
-	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(klass, Qundef, new_me);
+            rb_method_table_insert(klass, tbl, key, new_me);
 	    rb_method_entry_copy(me, orig_me);
 	    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 	}
 	else {
-	    rb_id_table_insert(tbl, key, (VALUE)me);
+            rb_method_table_insert(klass, tbl, key, me);
 	    return ID_TABLE_DELETE;
 	}
     }
@@ -960,50 +1135,98 @@ move_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cache_clear_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 {
-    VALUE origin;
-    int changed = 0;
+    rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *) value;
 
-    rb_frozen_class_p(klass);
-    Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
-    OBJ_INFECT(klass, module);
+    if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED && me->def->body.refined.orig_me) {
+        VALUE klass = (VALUE)data;
+        rb_clear_method_cache(klass, me->called_id);
+    }
+    // Refined method entries without an orig_me is going to stay in the method
+    // table of klass, like before the move, so no need to clear the cache.
 
-    origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+ensure_origin(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     if (origin == klass) {
 	origin = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, klass);
-	OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(origin); /* TODO: conservative shading. Need more survey. */
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(origin, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
 	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(klass, origin);
 	RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(klass, origin);
 	RCLASS_M_TBL(origin) = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
 	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), cache_clear_refined_method, (void *)klass);
 	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method, (void *)klass);
     }
+}
+
+void
+rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+{
+    int changed = 0;
+    bool klass_had_no_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass) == klass;
+
+    ensure_includable(klass, module);
+    ensure_origin(klass);
     changed = include_modules_at(klass, klass, module, FALSE);
     if (changed < 0)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic prepend detected");
     if (changed) {
 	rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(klass);
     }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
+        rb_subclass_entry_t *iclass = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->subclasses;
+        VALUE klass_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
+        struct rb_id_table *klass_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass);
+        struct rb_id_table *klass_origin_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass_origin);
+        while (iclass) {
+            /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
+             * has not yet been swept. */
+            if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(iclass->klass)) {
+                if (klass_had_no_origin && klass_origin_m_tbl == RCLASS_M_TBL(iclass->klass)) {
+                    // backfill an origin iclass to handle refinements and future prepends
+                    rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(iclass->klass), clear_module_cache_i, (void *)iclass->klass);
+                    RCLASS_M_TBL(iclass->klass) = klass_m_tbl;
+                    VALUE origin = rb_include_class_new(klass_origin, RCLASS_SUPER(iclass->klass));
+                    RCLASS_SET_SUPER(iclass->klass, origin);
+                    RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(origin, RCLASS_INCLUDER(iclass->klass));
+                    RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(iclass->klass, origin);
+                    RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(origin);
+                }
+                include_modules_at(iclass->klass, iclass->klass, module, FALSE);
+            }
+
+            iclass = iclass->next;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     mod.included_modules -> array
  *
- *  Returns the list of modules included in <i>mod</i>.
+ *  Returns the list of modules included or prepended in <i>mod</i>
+ *  or one of <i>mod</i>'s ancestors.
+ *
+ *     module Sub
+ *     end
  *
  *     module Mixin
+ *       prepend Sub
  *     end
  *
  *     module Outer
  *       include Mixin
  *     end
  *
- *     Mixin.included_modules   #=> []
- *     Outer.included_modules   #=> [Mixin]
+ *     Mixin.included_modules   #=> [Sub]
+ *     Outer.included_modules   #=> [Sub, Mixin]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1014,7 +1237,7 @@ rb_mod_included_modules(VALUE mod)
     VALUE origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod);
 
     for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(mod); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
-	if (p != origin && BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
+        if (p != origin && RCLASS_ORIGIN(p) == p && BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
 	    VALUE m = RBASIC(p)->klass;
 	    if (RB_TYPE_P(m, T_MODULE))
 		rb_ary_push(ary, m);
@@ -1027,8 +1250,8 @@ rb_mod_included_modules(VALUE mod)
  *  call-seq:
  *     mod.include?(module)    -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>module</i> is included in
- *  <i>mod</i> or one of <i>mod</i>'s ancestors.
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>module</i> is included
+ *  or prepended in <i>mod</i> or one of <i>mod</i>'s ancestors.
  *
  *     module A
  *     end
@@ -1049,7 +1272,7 @@ rb_mod_include_p(VALUE mod, VALUE mod2)
 
     Check_Type(mod2, T_MODULE);
     for (p = RCLASS_SUPER(mod); p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS && !FL_TEST(p, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN)) {
 	    if (RBASIC(p)->klass == mod2) return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
@@ -1080,10 +1303,11 @@ rb_mod_ancestors(VALUE mod)
     VALUE p, ary = rb_ary_new();
 
     for (p = mod; p; p = RCLASS_SUPER(p)) {
+        if (p != RCLASS_ORIGIN(p)) continue;
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(p) == T_ICLASS) {
 	    rb_ary_push(ary, RBASIC(p)->klass);
 	}
-	else if (p == RCLASS_ORIGIN(p)) {
+        else {
 	    rb_ary_push(ary, p);
 	}
     }
@@ -1155,7 +1379,7 @@ method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
 	if (!me) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 	if (!arg->recur && me->owner != owner) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
     }
-    if (!st_lookup(arg->list, key, 0)) {
+    if (!st_is_member(arg->list, key)) {
 	if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
 	    type = METHOD_VISI_UNDEF; /* none */
 	}
@@ -1167,20 +1391,39 @@ method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static void
+add_instance_method_list(VALUE mod, struct method_entry_arg *me_arg)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(mod);
+    if (!m_tbl) return;
+    rb_id_table_foreach(m_tbl, method_entry_i, me_arg);
+}
+
+static bool
+particular_class_p(VALUE mod)
+{
+    if (!mod) return false;
+    if (FL_TEST(mod, FL_SINGLETON)) return true;
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS) return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 class_instance_method_list(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int (*func) (st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t))
 {
     VALUE ary;
-    int recur, prepended = 0;
+    int recur = TRUE, prepended = 0;
     struct method_entry_arg me_arg;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	recur = TRUE;
-    }
-    else {
-	VALUE r;
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &r);
-	recur = RTEST(r);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) recur = RTEST(argv[0]);
+
+    me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
+    me_arg.recur = recur;
+
+    if (obj) {
+        for (; particular_class_p(mod); mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod)) {
+            add_instance_method_list(mod, &me_arg);
+        }
     }
 
     if (!recur && RCLASS_ORIGIN(mod) != mod) {
@@ -1188,15 +1431,12 @@ class_instance_method_list(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod, int obj, int
 	prepended = 1;
     }
 
-    me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
-    me_arg.recur = recur;
     for (; mod; mod = RCLASS_SUPER(mod)) {
-	if (RCLASS_M_TBL(mod)) rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(mod), method_entry_i, &me_arg);
+        add_instance_method_list(mod, &me_arg);
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(mod) == T_ICLASS && !prepended) continue;
-	if (obj && FL_TEST(mod, FL_SINGLETON)) continue;
 	if (!recur) break;
     }
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(me_arg.list->num_entries);
     st_foreach(me_arg.list, func, ary);
     st_free_table(me_arg.list);
 
@@ -1297,7 +1537,7 @@ rb_class_public_instance_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
  *  <i>obj</i>. This will include all the methods accessible in
  *  <i>obj</i>'s ancestors.
  *  If the optional parameter is <code>false</code>, it
- *  returns an array of <i>obj<i>'s public and protected singleton methods,
+ *  returns an array of <i>obj</i>'s public and protected singleton methods,
  *  the array will not include methods in modules included in <i>obj</i>.
  *
  *     class Klass
@@ -1410,31 +1650,30 @@ rb_obj_public_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 VALUE
 rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE recur, ary, klass, origin;
+    VALUE ary, klass, origin;
     struct method_entry_arg me_arg;
     struct rb_id_table *mtbl;
+    int recur = TRUE;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	recur = Qtrue;
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &recur);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) recur = RTEST(argv[0]);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS) && FL_TEST(obj, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+        rb_singleton_class(obj);
     }
     klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
     origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     me_arg.list = st_init_numtable();
-    me_arg.recur = RTEST(recur);
+    me_arg.recur = recur;
     if (klass && FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
 	if ((mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(origin)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
 	klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     }
-    if (RTEST(recur)) {
+    if (recur) {
 	while (klass && (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))) {
 	    if (klass != origin && (mtbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(klass)) != 0) rb_id_table_foreach(mtbl, method_entry_i, &me_arg);
 	    klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
 	}
     }
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(me_arg.list->num_entries);
     st_foreach(me_arg.list, ins_methods_i, ary);
     st_free_table(me_arg.list);
 
@@ -1498,24 +1737,36 @@ rb_obj_singleton_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  * \{
  */
 
+#ifdef rb_define_method_id
+#undef rb_define_method_id
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_method_id(VALUE klass, ID mid, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
     rb_add_method_cfunc(klass, mid, func, argc, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
 }
 
+#ifdef rb_define_method
+#undef rb_define_method
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_method(VALUE klass, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
     rb_add_method_cfunc(klass, rb_intern(name), func, argc, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
 }
 
+#ifdef rb_define_protected_method
+#undef rb_define_protected_method
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_protected_method(VALUE klass, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
     rb_add_method_cfunc(klass, rb_intern(name), func, argc, METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED);
 }
 
+#ifdef rb_define_private_method
+#undef rb_define_private_method
+#endif
 void
 rb_define_private_method(VALUE klass, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
 {
@@ -1553,19 +1804,15 @@ rb_undef_methods_from(VALUE klass, VALUE super)
  * \{
  */
 
-#define SPECIAL_SINGLETON(x,c) do {\
-    if (obj == (x)) {\
-	return (c);\
-    }\
-} while (0)
-
 static inline VALUE
 special_singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
 {
-    SPECIAL_SINGLETON(Qnil, rb_cNilClass);
-    SPECIAL_SINGLETON(Qfalse, rb_cFalseClass);
-    SPECIAL_SINGLETON(Qtrue, rb_cTrueClass);
-    return Qnil;
+    switch (obj) {
+      case Qnil:   return rb_cNilClass;
+      case Qfalse: return rb_cFalseClass;
+      case Qtrue:  return rb_cTrueClass;
+      default:     return Qnil;
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1588,40 +1835,35 @@ singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE klass;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(obj) || FLONUM_P(obj) || STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
-      no_singleton:
+    switch (TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't define singleton");
-    }
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+
+      case T_FALSE:
+      case T_TRUE:
+      case T_NIL:
 	klass = special_singleton_class_of(obj);
 	if (NIL_P(klass))
 	    rb_bug("unknown immediate %p", (void *)obj);
 	return klass;
-    }
-    else {
-	switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-	  case T_FLOAT: case T_BIGNUM: case T_SYMBOL:
-	    goto no_singleton;
-	  case T_STRING:
-	    if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RSTRING_FSTR)) goto no_singleton;
-	    break;
-	}
+
+      case T_STRING:
+        if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RSTRING_FSTR)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't define singleton");
+        }
     }
 
     klass = RBASIC(obj)->klass;
     if (!(FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) &&
-	  rb_ivar_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
+          rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
 	rb_serial_t serial = RCLASS_SERIAL(klass);
 	klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
 	RCLASS_SERIAL(klass) = serial;
     }
 
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(obj)) {
-	OBJ_TAINT(klass);
-    }
-    else {
-	FL_UNSET(klass, FL_TAINT);
-    }
     RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
 
     return klass;
@@ -1657,7 +1899,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj)
     }
     klass = RBASIC(obj)->klass;
     if (!FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) return Qnil;
-    if (rb_ivar_get(klass, id_attached) != obj) return Qnil;
+    if (rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) != obj) return Qnil;
     return klass;
 }
 
@@ -1665,7 +1907,7 @@ rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj)
  * Returns the singleton class of \a obj. Creates it if necessary.
  *
  * \param obj an arbitrary object.
- * \throw TypeError if \a obj is a Integer or a Symbol.
+ * \throw TypeError if \a obj is an Integer or a Symbol.
  * \return the singleton class.
  *
  * \post \a obj has its own singleton class.
@@ -1698,6 +1940,9 @@ rb_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
  * \{
  */
 
+#ifdef rb_define_singleton_method
+#undef rb_define_singleton_method
+#endif
 /*!
  * Defines a singleton method for \a obj.
  * \param obj    an arbitrary object
@@ -1711,8 +1956,9 @@ rb_define_singleton_method(VALUE obj, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS),
     rb_define_method(singleton_class_of(obj), name, func, argc);
 }
 
-
-
+#ifdef rb_define_module_function
+#undef rb_define_module_function
+#endif
 /*!
  * Defines a module function for \a module.
  * \param module  an module or a class.
@@ -1727,7 +1973,9 @@ rb_define_module_function(VALUE module, const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS)
     rb_define_singleton_method(module, name, func, argc);
 }
 
-
+#ifdef rb_define_global_function
+#undef rb_define_global_function
+#endif
 /*!
  * Defines a global function
  * \param name    name of the function
@@ -1766,32 +2014,22 @@ rb_define_attr(VALUE klass, const char *name, int read, int write)
     rb_attr(klass, rb_intern(name), read, write, FALSE);
 }
 
-int
-rb_obj_basic_to_s_p(VALUE obj)
-{
-    const rb_method_entry_t *me = rb_method_entry(CLASS_OF(obj), rb_intern("to_s"));
-    if (me && me->def && me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC &&
-	me->def->body.cfunc.func == rb_any_to_s)
-	return 1;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_keyword_error_new(const char *error, VALUE keys)
 {
-    const char *msg = "";
-    VALUE error_message;
+    long i = 0, len = RARRAY_LEN(keys);
+    VALUE error_message = rb_sprintf("%s keyword%.*s", error, len > 1, "s");
 
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(keys) == 1) {
-	keys = RARRAY_AREF(keys, 0);
-    }
-    else {
-	keys = rb_ary_join(keys, rb_usascii_str_new2(", "));
-	msg = "s";
+    if (len > 0) {
+	rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ": ");
+	while (1) {
+            const VALUE k = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
+	    rb_str_append(error_message, rb_inspect(k));
+	    if (++i >= len) break;
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(error_message, ", ");
+	}
     }
 
-    error_message = rb_sprintf("%s keyword%s: %"PRIsVALUE, error, msg, keys);
-
     return rb_exc_new_str(rb_eArgError, error_message);
 }
 
@@ -1806,23 +2044,19 @@ NORETURN(static void unknown_keyword_error(VALUE hash, const ID *table, int keyw
 static void
 unknown_keyword_error(VALUE hash, const ID *table, int keywords)
 {
-    st_table *tbl = rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash);
-    VALUE keys;
     int i;
     for (i = 0; i < keywords; i++) {
 	st_data_t key = ID2SYM(table[i]);
-	st_delete(tbl, &key, NULL);
+        rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &key, NULL);
     }
-    keys = rb_funcallv(hash, rb_intern("keys"), 0, 0);
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(keys, T_ARRAY)) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown keyword");
-    rb_keyword_error("unknown", keys);
+    rb_keyword_error("unknown", rb_hash_keys(hash));
 }
 
+
 static int
 separate_symbol(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
 {
     VALUE *kwdhash = (VALUE *)arg;
-
     if (!SYMBOL_P(key)) kwdhash++;
     if (!*kwdhash) *kwdhash = rb_hash_new();
     rb_hash_aset(*kwdhash, (VALUE)key, (VALUE)value);
@@ -1839,10 +2073,10 @@ rb_extract_keywords(VALUE *orighash)
 	*orighash = 0;
 	return hash;
     }
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash), separate_symbol, (st_data_t)&parthash);
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, separate_symbol, (st_data_t)&parthash);
     *orighash = parthash[1];
     if (parthash[1] && RBASIC_CLASS(hash) != rb_cHash) {
-	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(parthash[1], RBASIC_CLASS(hash));
+        RBASIC_SET_CLASS(parthash[1], RBASIC_CLASS(hash));
     }
     return parthash[0];
 }
@@ -1857,8 +2091,8 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
 
 #define extract_kwarg(keyword, val) \
     (key = (st_data_t)(keyword), values ? \
-     st_delete(rb_hash_tbl_raw(keyword_hash), &key, (val)) : \
-     st_lookup(rb_hash_tbl_raw(keyword_hash), key, (val)))
+     (rb_hash_stlike_delete(keyword_hash, &key, &(val)) || ((val) = Qundef, 0)) : \
+     rb_hash_stlike_lookup(keyword_hash, key, NULL))
 
     if (NIL_P(keyword_hash)) keyword_hash = 0;
 
@@ -1866,18 +2100,11 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
 	rest = 1;
 	optional = -1-optional;
     }
-    if (values) {
-	for (j = 0; j < required + optional; j++) {
-	    values[j] = Qundef;
-	}
-    }
     if (required) {
 	for (; i < required; i++) {
 	    VALUE keyword = ID2SYM(table[i]);
 	    if (keyword_hash) {
-		st_data_t val;
-		if (extract_kwarg(keyword, &val)) {
-		    if (values) values[i] = (VALUE)val;
+                if (extract_kwarg(keyword, values[i])) {
 		    continue;
 		}
 	    }
@@ -1891,9 +2118,7 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
     j = i;
     if (optional && keyword_hash) {
 	for (i = 0; i < optional; i++) {
-	    st_data_t val;
-	    if (extract_kwarg(ID2SYM(table[required+i]), &val)) {
-		if (values) values[required+i] = (VALUE)val;
+            if (extract_kwarg(ID2SYM(table[required+i]), values[required+i])) {
 		j++;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -1903,88 +2128,101 @@ rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, V
 	    unknown_keyword_error(keyword_hash, table, required+optional);
 	}
     }
+    if (values && !keyword_hash) {
+        for (i = 0; i < required + optional; i++) {
+            values[i] = Qundef;
+        }
+    }
     return j;
 #undef extract_kwarg
 }
 
-#undef rb_scan_args
-int
-rb_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
+struct rb_scan_args_t {
+    int kw_flag;
+    int n_lead;
+    int n_opt;
+    int n_trail;
+    bool f_var;
+    bool f_hash;
+    bool f_block;
+};
+
+static void
+rb_scan_args_parse(int kw_flag, const char *fmt, struct rb_scan_args_t *arg)
 {
-    int i;
     const char *p = fmt;
-    VALUE *var;
-    va_list vargs;
-    int f_var = 0, f_hash = 0, f_block = 0;
-    int n_lead = 0, n_opt = 0, n_trail = 0, n_mand;
-    int argi = 0;
-    VALUE hash = Qnil;
+
+    memset(arg, 0, sizeof(*arg));
+    arg->kw_flag = kw_flag;
 
     if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
-	n_lead = *p - '0';
+        arg->n_lead = *p - '0';
 	p++;
 	if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
-	    n_opt = *p - '0';
+            arg->n_opt = *p - '0';
 	    p++;
 	}
     }
     if (*p == '*') {
-	f_var = 1;
+        arg->f_var = 1;
 	p++;
     }
     if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
-	n_trail = *p - '0';
+        arg->n_trail = *p - '0';
 	p++;
     }
     if (*p == ':') {
-	f_hash = 1;
+        arg->f_hash = 1;
 	p++;
     }
     if (*p == '&') {
-	f_block = 1;
+        arg->f_block = 1;
 	p++;
     }
     if (*p != '\0') {
 	rb_fatal("bad scan arg format: %s", fmt);
     }
-    n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
-
-    if (argc < n_mand)
-	goto argc_error;
+}
 
-    va_start(vargs, fmt);
+static int
+rb_scan_args_assign(const struct rb_scan_args_t *arg, int argc, const VALUE *const argv, va_list vargs)
+{
+    int i, argi = 0;
+    VALUE *var, hash = Qnil;
+#define rb_scan_args_next_param() va_arg(vargs, VALUE *)
+    const int kw_flag = arg->kw_flag;
+    const int n_lead = arg->n_lead;
+    const int n_opt = arg->n_opt;
+    const int n_trail = arg->n_trail;
+    const int n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
+    const bool f_var = arg->f_var;
+    const bool f_hash = arg->f_hash;
+    const bool f_block = arg->f_block;
 
-    /* capture an option hash - phase 1: pop */
-    if (f_hash && n_mand < argc) {
-	VALUE last = argv[argc - 1];
+    /* capture an option hash - phase 1: pop from the argv */
+    if (f_hash && argc > 0) {
+        VALUE last = argv[argc - 1];
+        if (rb_scan_args_keyword_p(kw_flag, last)) {
+            hash = rb_hash_dup(last);
+            argc--;
+        }
+    }
 
-	if (NIL_P(last)) {
-	    /* nil is taken as an empty option hash only if it is not
-	       ambiguous; i.e. '*' is not specified and arguments are
-	       given more than sufficient */
-	    if (!f_var && n_mand + n_opt < argc)
-		argc--;
-	}
-	else {
-	    hash = rb_check_hash_type(last);
-	    if (!NIL_P(hash)) {
-		VALUE opts = rb_extract_keywords(&hash);
-		if (!hash) argc--;
-		hash = opts ? opts : Qnil;
-	    }
-	}
+    if (argc < n_mand) {
+        goto argc_error;
     }
+
     /* capture leading mandatory arguments */
-    for (i = n_lead; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+    for (i = 0; i < n_lead; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = argv[argi];
 	argi++;
     }
     /* capture optional arguments */
-    for (i = n_opt; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (argi < argc - n_trail) {
-	    if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+    for (i = 0; i < n_opt; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (argi < argc - n_trail) {
+            if (var) *var = argv[argi];
 	    argi++;
 	}
 	else {
@@ -1993,11 +2231,11 @@ rb_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
     }
     /* capture variable length arguments */
     if (f_var) {
-	int n_var = argc - argi - n_trail;
+        int n_var = argc - argi - n_trail;
 
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
 	if (0 < n_var) {
-	    if (var) *var = rb_ary_new4(n_var, &argv[argi]);
+            if (var) *var = rb_ary_new_from_values(n_var, &argv[argi]);
 	    argi += n_var;
 	}
 	else {
@@ -2005,19 +2243,19 @@ rb_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
 	}
     }
     /* capture trailing mandatory arguments */
-    for (i = n_trail; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+    for (i = 0; i < n_trail; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = argv[argi];
 	argi++;
     }
     /* capture an option hash - phase 2: assignment */
     if (f_hash) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
-	if (var) *var = hash;
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = hash;
     }
     /* capture iterator block */
     if (f_block) {
-	var = va_arg(vargs, VALUE *);
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
 	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	    *var = rb_block_proc();
 	}
@@ -2025,14 +2263,58 @@ rb_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
 	    *var = Qnil;
 	}
     }
-    va_end(vargs);
 
-    if (argi < argc) {
-      argc_error:
-	rb_error_arity(argc, n_mand, f_var ? UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS : n_mand + n_opt);
+    if (argi == argc) {
+        return argc;
+    }
+
+  argc_error:
+    return -(argc + 1);
+#undef rb_scan_args_next_param
+}
+
+static int
+rb_scan_args_result(const struct rb_scan_args_t *const arg, int argc)
+{
+    const int n_lead = arg->n_lead;
+    const int n_opt = arg->n_opt;
+    const int n_trail = arg->n_trail;
+    const int n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
+    const bool f_var = arg->f_var;
+
+    if (argc >= 0) {
+        return argc;
     }
 
-    return argc;
+    argc = -argc - 1;
+    rb_error_arity(argc, n_mand, f_var ? UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS : n_mand + n_opt);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(-1);
+}
+
+#undef rb_scan_args
+int
+rb_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list vargs;
+    struct rb_scan_args_t arg;
+    rb_scan_args_parse(RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS, fmt, &arg);
+    va_start(vargs,fmt);
+    argc = rb_scan_args_assign(&arg, argc, argv, vargs);
+    va_end(vargs);
+    return rb_scan_args_result(&arg, argc);
+}
+
+#undef rb_scan_args_kw
+int
+rb_scan_args_kw(int kw_flag, int argc, const VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list vargs;
+    struct rb_scan_args_t arg;
+    rb_scan_args_parse(kw_flag, fmt, &arg);
+    va_start(vargs,fmt);
+    argc = rb_scan_args_assign(&arg, argc, argv, vargs);
+    va_end(vargs);
+    return rb_scan_args_result(&arg, argc);
 }
 
 int
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index 3f4bcf6c3a..2c76f24924 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+# -*- mode: makefile-gmake; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+
 bin: $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM)
 lib: $(LIBRUBY)
 dll: $(LIBRUBY_SO)
 
-.SUFFIXES: .inc .h .c .y .i .$(DTRACE_EXT)
+.SUFFIXES: .rbinc .rb .inc .h .c .y .i .$(ASMEXT) .$(DTRACE_EXT)
 
 # V=0 quiet, V=1 verbose.  other values don't work.
 V = 0
@@ -11,13 +13,20 @@ Q = $(Q1:0=@)
 ECHO0 = $(ECHO1:0=echo)
 ECHO = @$(ECHO0)
 
-UNICODE_VERSION = 9.0.0
+mflags = $(MFLAGS)
+gnumake_recursive =
+enable_shared = $(ENABLE_SHARED:no=)
+
+UNICODE_VERSION = 12.1.0
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = 12.1
+UNICODE_BETA = NO
 
 ### set the following environment variable or uncomment the line if
 ### the Unicode data files should be updated completely on every update ('make up',...).
 # ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE = yes
-UNICODE_DATA_DIR = enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION)
+UNICODE_DATA_DIR = enc/unicode/data/$(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd
 UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR = $(srcdir)/$(UNICODE_DATA_DIR)
+UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR = $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/data/emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION)
 UNICODE_HDR_DIR = $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/$(UNICODE_VERSION)
 UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS = \
 	$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h \
@@ -29,46 +38,51 @@ RUBYLIB       = $(PATH_SEPARATOR)
 RUBYOPT       = -
 RUN_OPTS      = --disable-gems
 
+# GITPULLOPTIONS = --no-tags
+
 INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)
 
 GEM_HOME =
 GEM_PATH =
 GEM_VENDOR =
 
-SPEC_GIT_BASE = git://github.com/ruby
-MSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/mspec.git
-RUBYSPEC_GIT_URL = $(SPEC_GIT_BASE)/spec.git
-
-SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL = git://github.com/colszowka/simplecov.git
-SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF = v0.10.0
-SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL = git://github.com/colszowka/simplecov-html.git
-SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF = v0.10.0
-DOCLIE_GIT_URL = git://github.com/ms-ati/docile.git
-DOCLIE_GIT_REF = v1.1.5
+BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_URL = https://github.com/benchmark-driver/benchmark-driver
+BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_REF = v0.15.15
+SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov.git
+SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF = v0.17.0
+SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov-html.git
+SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_REF = v0.10.2
+DOCLIE_GIT_URL = https://github.com/ms-ati/docile.git
+DOCLIE_GIT_REF = v1.3.2
 
 STATIC_RUBY   = static-ruby
 
 TIMESTAMPDIR  = $(EXTOUT)/.timestamp
+RUBYCOMMONDIR = $(EXTOUT)/common
 EXTCONF       = extconf.rb
 LIBRUBY_EXTS  = ./.libruby-with-ext.time
 REVISION_H    = ./.revision.time
 PLATFORM_D    = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.$(PLATFORM_DIR).time
 ENC_TRANS_D   = $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.enc-trans.time
+RDOC          = $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/libexec/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --encoding=UTF-8 --all
 RDOCOUT       = $(EXTOUT)/rdoc
 HTMLOUT       = $(EXTOUT)/html
 CAPIOUT       = doc/capi
+INSTALL_DOC_OPTS = --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)" --html-output="$(HTMLOUT)"
+RDOC_GEN_OPTS = --page-dir "$(srcdir)/doc" --no-force-update
 
 INITOBJS      = dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)
 NORMALMAINOBJ = main.$(OBJEXT)
 MAINOBJ       = $(NORMALMAINOBJ)
 DLDOBJS	      = $(INITOBJS)
 EXTSOLIBS     =
-MINIOBJS      = $(ARCHMINIOBJS) miniinit.$(OBJEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) miniprelude.$(OBJEXT)
+MINIOBJS      = $(ARCHMINIOBJS) miniinit.$(OBJEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT)
 ENC_MK        = enc.mk
 MAKE_ENC      = -f $(ENC_MK) V="$(V)" UNICODE_HDR_DIR="$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)" \
-		RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" $(MFLAGS)
+		RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" $(mflags)
 
 COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
+		ast.$(OBJEXT) \
 		bignum.$(OBJEXT) \
 		class.$(OBJEXT) \
 		compar.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -76,6 +90,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		complex.$(OBJEXT) \
 		cont.$(OBJEXT) \
 		debug.$(OBJEXT) \
+		debug_counter.$(OBJEXT) \
 		dir.$(OBJEXT) \
 		dln_find.$(OBJEXT) \
 		encoding.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -92,6 +107,9 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		load.$(OBJEXT) \
 		marshal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		math.$(OBJEXT) \
+		memory_view.$(OBJEXT) \
+		mjit.$(OBJEXT) \
+		mjit_compile.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		numeric.$(OBJEXT) \
 		object.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -99,6 +117,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		parse.$(OBJEXT) \
 		proc.$(OBJEXT) \
 		process.$(OBJEXT) \
+		ractor.$(OBJEXT) \
 		random.$(OBJEXT) \
 		range.$(OBJEXT) \
 		rational.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -110,7 +129,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		regparse.$(OBJEXT) \
 		regsyntax.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby.$(OBJEXT) \
-		safe.$(OBJEXT) \
+		scheduler.$(OBJEXT) \
 		signal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		sprintf.$(OBJEXT) \
 		st.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -121,13 +140,16 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		thread.$(OBJEXT) \
 		time.$(OBJEXT) \
 		transcode.$(OBJEXT) \
+		transient_heap.$(OBJEXT) \
 		util.$(OBJEXT) \
 		variable.$(OBJEXT) \
 		version.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm_dump.$(OBJEXT) \
+		vm_sync.$(OBJEXT) \
 		vm_trace.$(OBJEXT) \
+		$(COROUTINE_OBJ) \
 		$(DTRACE_OBJ) \
 		$(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS) \
 		$(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS) \
@@ -138,15 +160,15 @@ EXPORTOBJS    = $(DLNOBJ) \
 		loadpath.$(OBJEXT) \
 		$(COMMONOBJS)
 
-OBJS          = $(EXPORTOBJS) prelude.$(OBJEXT)
+OBJS          = $(EXPORTOBJS) builtin.$(OBJEXT)
 ALLOBJS       = $(NORMALMAINOBJ) $(MINIOBJS) $(COMMONOBJS) $(INITOBJS)
 
 GOLFOBJS      = goruby.$(OBJEXT) golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT)
 
 DEFAULT_PRELUDES = $(GEM_PRELUDE)
-PRELUDE_SCRIPTS = $(srcdir)/prelude.rb $(srcdir)/enc/prelude.rb $(DEFAULT_PRELUDES)
-GEM_PRELUDE   = $(srcdir)/gem_prelude.rb
-PRELUDES      = {$(srcdir)}prelude.c {$(srcdir)}miniprelude.c
+PRELUDE_SCRIPTS = $(DEFAULT_PRELUDES)
+GEM_PRELUDE   =
+PRELUDES      = {$(srcdir)}miniprelude.c
 GOLFPRELUDES  = {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.c
 
 SCRIPT_ARGS   =	--dest-dir="$(DESTDIR)" \
@@ -157,7 +179,7 @@ EXTMK_ARGS    =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) --extension $(EXTS) --extstatic $(EXTSTATIC) \
 		--make-flags="V=$(V) MINIRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'" \
 		--gnumake=$(gnumake) --extflags="$(EXTLDFLAGS)" \
 		--
-INSTRUBY      =	$(SUDO) $(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/tool/rbinstall.rb
+INSTRUBY      =	$(SUDO) $(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(tooldir)/rbinstall.rb
 INSTRUBY_ARGS =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
 		--data-mode=$(INSTALL_DATA_MODE) \
 		--prog-mode=$(INSTALL_PROG_MODE) \
@@ -166,30 +188,69 @@ INSTRUBY_ARGS =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
 INSTALL_PROG_MODE = 0755
 INSTALL_DATA_MODE = 0644
 
-PRE_LIBRUBY_UPDATE = $(MINIRUBY) -e 'ARGV[1] or File.unlink(ARGV[0]) rescue nil' -- \
-			$(LIBRUBY_EXTS) $(LIBRUBY_SO_UPDATE)
-
 TESTSDIR      = $(srcdir)/test
+TOOL_TESTSDIR = $(tooldir)/test
 TEST_EXCLUDES = --excludes-dir=$(TESTSDIR)/excludes --name=!/memory_leak/
-EXCLUDE_TESTFRAMEWORK = --exclude=/testunit/ --exclude=/minitest/
 TESTWORKDIR   = testwork
 TESTOPTS      = $(RUBY_TESTOPTS)
 
 TESTRUN_SCRIPT = $(srcdir)/test.rb
 
-COMPILE_PRELUDE = $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl
+COMPILE_PRELUDE = $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl \
+	$(tooldir)/ruby_vm/helpers/c_escape.rb
 
 SHOWFLAGS = showflags
 
+MAKE_LINK = $(MINIRUBY) -rfileutils -e "include FileUtils::Verbose" \
+	  -e "src, dest = ARGV" \
+	  -e "exit if File.identical?(src, dest) or cmp(src, dest) rescue nil" \
+	  -e "def noraise; yield; rescue; rescue NotImplementedError; end" \
+	  -e "noraise {ln_sf('../'*dest.count('/')+src, dest)} or" \
+	  -e "noraise {ln(src, dest)} or" \
+	  -e "cp(src, dest)"
+
+
 all: $(SHOWFLAGS) main docs
 
-main: $(SHOWFLAGS) exts $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs
+main: $(SHOWFLAGS) exts $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs programs
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
+mjit-headers: $(MJIT_SUPPORT)-mjit-headers
+no-mjit-headers: PHONY
+yes-mjit-headers: mjit_config.h PHONY
+
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): mjit_config.h
+mjit_config.h: Makefile
+
+
+# These rules using MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX must be in common.mk, not
+# Makefile.in, in order to override the macro in defs/universal.mk.
+
+# Other `-Dxxx`s preceding `-DMJIT_HEADER` will be removed in transform_mjit_header.rb.
+# So `-DMJIT_HEADER` should be passed first when rb_mjit_header.h is generated.
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).time: probes.h vm.$(OBJEXT) \
+		$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time $(tooldir)/mjit_tabs.rb $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG)
+	$(ECHO) building $(@F:.time=.h)
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mjit_tabs.rb "$(MJIT_TABS)" \
+		$(CPP) -DMJIT_HEADER $(MJIT_HEADER_FLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(srcdir)/vm.c $(CPPOUTFLAG)$(@F:.time=.h).new
+	$(Q) $(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" $(@F:.time=.h) $(@F:.time=.h).new
+
+$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).h: $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).time
+
+$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).h: \
+		$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).time \
+		$(tooldir)/transform_mjit_header.rb $(PREP) \
+		$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX).h
+	$(ECHO) building $@
+	$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/transform_mjit_header.rb "$(CC) $(ARCH_FLAG) $(CFLAGS)" $(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_ARCH).h $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)
+	$(Q) $(MAKE_LINK) $@ $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)/$(@F)
+
 .PHONY: showflags
 exts enc trans: $(SHOWFLAGS)
 showflags:
 	$(MESSAGE_BEGIN) \
+	"	BASERUBY = $(BASERUBY)" \
 	"	CC = $(CC)" \
 	"	LD = $(LD)" \
 	"	LDSHARED = $(LDSHARED)" \
@@ -198,6 +259,10 @@ showflags:
 	"	CPPFLAGS = $(CPPFLAGS)" \
 	"	DLDFLAGS = $(DLDFLAGS)" \
 	"	SOLIBS = $(SOLIBS)" \
+	"	LANG = $(LANG)" \
+	"	LC_ALL = $(LC_ALL)" \
+	"	LC_CTYPE = $(LC_CTYPE)" \
+	"	MFLAGS = $(MFLAGS)" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
 	-@$(CC_VERSION)
 
@@ -207,20 +272,44 @@ showconfig:
 	$(configure_args) \
 	$(ECHO_END)
 
+EXTS_NOTE = -f $(EXTS_MK) $(mflags) RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" top_srcdir="$(srcdir)" note
+
 exts: build-ext
 
 EXTS_MK = exts.mk
-$(EXTS_MK): $(MKFILES) all-incs $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG) $(LIBRUBY) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.$(arch).time
+$(EXTS_MK): ext/configure-ext.mk $(srcdir)/template/exts.mk.tmpl \
+	    $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.RUBYCOMMONDIR.time
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) -f ext/configure-ext.mk $(mflags) V=$(V) EXTSTATIC=$(EXTSTATIC) \
+		gnumake=$(gnumake) MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" \
+		EXTLDFLAGS="$(EXTLDFLAGS)" srcdir="$(srcdir)"
 	$(ECHO) generating makefile $@
-	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/ext/extmk.rb --make="$(MAKE)" --command-output=$(EXTS_MK) $(EXTMK_ARGS) configure
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ -c \
+	    $(srcdir)/template/exts.mk.tmpl --gnumake=$(gnumake) --configure-exts=ext/configure-ext.mk
+
+ext/configure-ext.mk: $(PREP) all-incs $(MKFILES) $(RBCONFIG) $(LIBRUBY) \
+		$(srcdir)/template/configure-ext.mk.tmpl
+	$(ECHO) generating makefiles $@
+	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ -c \
+	    $(srcdir)/template/$(@F).tmpl --srcdir="$(srcdir)" \
+	    --miniruby="$(MINIRUBY)" --script-args='$(SCRIPT_ARGS)'
 
 configure-ext: $(EXTS_MK)
 
 build-ext: $(EXTS_MK)
-	$(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(EXTS_MK) $(MFLAGS) libdir="$(libdir)" LIBRUBY_EXTS=$(LIBRUBY_EXTS) \
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(EXTS_MK) $(mflags) libdir="$(libdir)" LIBRUBY_EXTS=$(LIBRUBY_EXTS) \
 	    EXTENCS="$(ENCOBJS)" UPDATE_LIBRARIES=no $(EXTSTATIC)
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(EXTS_NOTE)
+
+exts-note: $(EXTS_MK)
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(EXTS_NOTE)
+
+ext/extinit.c: $(srcdir)/template/extinit.c.tmpl $(PREP)
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ -c \
+	    $(srcdir)/template/extinit.c.tmpl $(EXTINITS)
 
 prog: program wprogram
+programs: $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(arch)-fake.rb
 
 $(PREP): $(MKFILES)
 
@@ -229,19 +318,27 @@ miniruby$(EXEEXT): config.status $(ALLOBJS) $(ARCHFILE)
 objs: $(ALLOBJS)
 
 GORUBY = go$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
-golf: $(LIBRUBY) $(GOLFOBJS) PHONY
-	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) MAINOBJ="$(GOLFOBJS)" PROGRAM=$(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) program
+GOLF = $(GORUBY)
+golf: $(GOLF)
+$(GOLF): $(LIBRUBY) $(GOLFOBJS) PHONY
+	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(mflags) \
+		GOLF=_dummy_golf_target_to_avoid_conflict_just_in_case_ \
+		MAINOBJ=goruby.$(OBJEXT) \
+		EXTOBJS="golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT) $(EXTOBJS)" \
+		PROGRAM=$(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) \
+		V=$(V) \
+	program
 capi: $(CAPIOUT)/.timestamp PHONY
 
 $(CAPIOUT)/.timestamp: Doxyfile $(PREP)
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(@D)"
 	$(ECHO) generating capi
 	-$(Q) $(DOXYGEN) -b
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) -e 'File.open(ARGV[0], "w"){|f| f.puts(Time.now)}' "$@"
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) -e 'File.open(ARGV[0], "w"){'"|f|"' f.puts(Time.now)}' "$@"
 
-Doxyfile: $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl $(PREP) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(RBCONFIG)
+Doxyfile: $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl $(PREP) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(RBCONFIG)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl \
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/Doxyfile.tmpl \
 	--srcdir="$(srcdir)" --miniruby="$(MINIRUBY)"
 
 program: $(SHOWFLAGS) $(PROGRAM)
@@ -252,18 +349,22 @@ $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM): $(LIBRUBY) $(MAINOBJ) $(OBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(SETUP) $(PREP
 
 $(LIBRUBY_A):	$(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(INITOBJS) $(ARCHFILE)
 
-$(LIBRUBY_SO):	$(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(LIBRUBY_SO_UPDATE) $(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
+$(LIBRUBY_SO):	$(OBJS) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
 
 $(LIBRUBY_EXTS):
-	@exit > $@
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT): $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A)
 	$(Q)$(RM) $@
-	$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINLIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS)
+	$(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MAINOBJ) $(DLDOBJS) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(MAINLIBS) $(EXTLIBS) $(LIBS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS)
 
 ruby.imp: $(COMMONOBJS)
-	$(Q)$(NM) -Pgp $(COMMONOBJS) | \
-	awk 'BEGIN{print "#!"}; $$2~/^[BDT]$$/&&$$1!~/^(Init_|ruby_static_id_|.*_threadptr_|\.)/{print $$1}' | \
+	$(Q){ \
+	$(NM) -Pgp $(COMMONOBJS) | \
+	awk 'BEGIN{print "#!"}; $$2~/^[A-TV-Z]$$/&&$$1!~/^$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)(Init_|InitVM_|ruby_static_id_|.*_threadptr_|rb_ec_)|^\./{print $$1}'; \
+	($(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && \
+	 exec sed -n '/^MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED/!d;N;s/.*\n\(rb_[a-zA-Z_0-9]*\).*/$(SYMBOL_PREFIX)\1/p' cont.c gc.c thread*c vm*.c) \
+	} | \
 	sort -u -o $@
 
 install: install-$(INSTALLDOC)
@@ -272,17 +373,17 @@ pkgconfig-data: $(ruby_pc)
 $(ruby_pc): $(srcdir)/template/ruby.pc.in config.status
 
 install-all: docs pre-install-all do-install-all post-install-all
-pre-install-all:: all pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-doc
+pre-install-all:: all pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem pre-install-doc
 do-install-all: pre-install-all
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
-post-install-all:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-doc
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
+post-install-all:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem post-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 install-nodoc: pre-install-nodoc do-install-nodoc post-install-nodoc
-pre-install-nodoc:: pre-install-local pre-install-ext
+pre-install-nodoc:: pre-install-local pre-install-ext pre-install-gem
 do-install-nodoc: main pre-install-nodoc
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS)
-post-install-nodoc:: post-install-local post-install-ext
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --exclude=doc
+post-install-nodoc:: post-install-local post-install-ext post-install-gem
 
 install-local: pre-install-local do-install-local post-install-local
 pre-install-local:: pre-install-bin pre-install-lib pre-install-man
@@ -356,12 +457,12 @@ what-where-all: no-install-all
 no-install-all: pre-no-install-all dont-install-all post-no-install-all
 pre-no-install-all:: pre-no-install-local pre-no-install-ext pre-no-install-doc
 dont-install-all: $(PROGRAM)
-	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=all $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-no-install-all:: post-no-install-local post-no-install-ext post-no-install-doc
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 uninstall: $(INSTALLED_LIST) sudo-precheck
-	$(Q)$(SUDO) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/rbuninstall.rb --destdir=$(DESTDIR) $(INSTALLED_LIST)
+	$(Q)$(SUDO) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/rbuninstall.rb --destdir=$(DESTDIR) $(INSTALLED_LIST)
 
 reinstall: all uninstall install
 
@@ -443,28 +544,35 @@ post-no-install-man::
 install-doc: rdoc pre-install-doc do-install-doc post-install-doc
 pre-install-doc:: install-prereq
 do-install-doc: $(PROGRAM) pre-install-doc
-	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-install-doc::
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
 install-gem: pre-install-gem do-install-gem post-install-gem
-pre-install-gem:: pre-install-bin pre-install-lib pre-install-man
+pre-install-gem:: prepare-gems pre-install-bin pre-install-lib pre-install-man
 do-install-gem: $(PROGRAM) pre-install-gem
 	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=gem
 post-install-gem::
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
+install-dbg: pre-install-dbg do-install-dbg post-install-dbg
+pre-install-dbg::
+do-install-dbg: $(PROGRAM) pre-install-dbg
+	$(INSTRUBY) --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=dbg
+post-install-dbg::
+	@$(NULLCMD)
+
 rdoc: PHONY main
 	@echo Generating RDoc documentation
-	$(Q) $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --page-dir "$(srcdir)/doc" --encoding=UTF-8 --no-force-update --all --ri --op "$(RDOCOUT)" --debug $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --ri --op "$(RDOCOUT)" $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
 
 html: PHONY main
 	@echo Generating RDoc HTML files
-	$(Q) $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --page-dir "$(srcdir)/doc" --encoding=UTF-8 --no-force-update --all --op "$(HTMLOUT)" --debug $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --op "$(HTMLOUT)" $(RDOC_GEN_OPTS) $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
 
 rdoc-coverage: PHONY main
 	@echo Generating RDoc coverage report
-	$(Q) $(XRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bin/rdoc" --root "$(srcdir)" --encoding=UTF-8 --all --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
+	$(Q) $(RDOC) --quiet -C $(RDOCFLAGS) "$(srcdir)"
 
 RDOCBENCHOUT=/tmp/rdocbench
 
@@ -482,7 +590,7 @@ what-where-doc: no-install-doc
 no-install-doc: pre-no-install-doc dont-install-doc post-no-install-doc
 pre-no-install-doc:: install-prereq
 dont-install-doc:: $(PREP)
-	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc --rdoc-output="$(RDOCOUT)"
+	$(INSTRUBY) -n --make="$(MAKE)" $(INSTRUBY_ARGS) --install=rdoc $(INSTALL_DOC_OPTS)
 post-no-install-doc::
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
@@ -493,17 +601,21 @@ install-prereq: $(CLEAR_INSTALLED_LIST) yes-fake sudo-precheck PHONY
 clear-installed-list: PHONY
 	@> $(INSTALLED_LIST) set MAKE="$(MAKE)"
 
-clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-rdoc clean-capi clean-extout clean-local clean-platform
+clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-docs clean-extout clean-local clean-platform clean-spec
 clean-local:: clean-runnable
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MINIOBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE) .*.time
-	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT)
-	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
-clean-runnable:: PHONY
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) bin 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) bin/*.$(DLEXT) 2>$(NULL) || exit 0
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) lib 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/vendor_ruby 2>$(NULL) || exit 0
-	$(Q)$(RMDIR) lib/$(RUBY_BASE_NAME) lib bin 2>$(NULL) || exit 0
+	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
+	$(Q)$(RM) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT) ruby.imp ChangeLog $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT)
+	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.inc
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+
+bin/clean-runnable:: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(CHDIR) bin 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) bin/*.$(DLEXT) 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+lib/clean-runnable:: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(CHDIR) lib 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) $(RUBY_BASE_NAME)/vendor_ruby 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+clean-runnable:: bin/clean-runnable lib/clean-runnable PHONY
+	$(Q)$(RMDIR) lib/$(RUBY_BASE_NAME) lib bin 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 clean-ext:: PHONY
 clean-golf: PHONY
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) $(GOLFOBJS)
@@ -512,40 +624,85 @@ clean-html: PHONY
 clean-capi: PHONY
 clean-platform: PHONY
 clean-extout: PHONY
-	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) $(EXTOUT)/$(arch) $(EXTOUT) 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) $(EXTOUT)/$(arch) $(EXTOUT) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 clean-docs: clean-rdoc clean-html clean-capi
+clean-spec: PHONY
+clean-rubyspec: clean-spec
 
-distclean: distclean-ext distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-extout distclean-local distclean-platform
+distclean: distclean-ext distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-docs distclean-extout distclean-local distclean-platform distclean-spec
 distclean-local:: clean-local
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(MKFILES) yasmdata.rb *.inc $(PRELUDES)
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(MKFILES) yasmdata.rb *.inc $(PRELUDES) *.rbinc
 	$(Q)$(RM) config.cache config.status config.status.lineno
 	$(Q)$(RM) *~ *.bak *.stackdump core *.core gmon.out $(PREP)
 	-$(Q)$(RMALL) $(srcdir)/autom4te.cache
 distclean-ext:: PHONY
 distclean-golf: clean-golf
-distclean-rdoc: PHONY
-distclean-html: PHONY
-distclean-capi: PHONY
+distclean-rdoc: clean-rdoc
+distclean-html: clean-html
+distclean-capi: clean-capi
+distclean-docs: clean-docs
 distclean-extout: clean-extout
 distclean-platform: clean-platform
+distclean-spec: clean-spec
+distclean-rubyspec: distclean-spec
 
 realclean:: realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean-extout
-realclean-local:: distclean-local
+realclean-local:: distclean-local realclean-srcs-local
+
+clean-srcs:: clean-srcs-local clean-srcs-ext
+realclean-srcs:: realclean-srcs-local realclean-srcs-ext
+
+clean-srcs-local::
 	$(Q)$(RM) parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c revision.h
-	$(Q)$(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(exec) $(RM) parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c $(PRELUDES) revision.h
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(exec) $(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh
-	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(exec) $(RM) configure aclocal.m4 tool/config.guess tool/config.sub gems/*.gem
+	$(Q)$(RM) id.c id.h probes.dmyh probes.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) encdb.h transdb.h verconf.h ruby-runner.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) mjit_config.h rb_mjit_header.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(MJIT_MIN_HEADER) $(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=)$(MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX:%=*).h
+
+realclean-srcs-local:: clean-srcs-local
+	$(Q)$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(RM) \
+	  parse.c parse.h lex.c enc/trans/newline.c $(PRELUDES) revision.h \
+	  id.c id.h probes.dmyh configure aclocal.m4 tool/config.guess tool/config.sub gems/*.gem \
+	|| $(NULLCMD)
+
+clean-srcs-ext::
+realclean-srcs-ext:: clean-srcs-ext
+
 realclean-ext:: PHONY
 realclean-golf: distclean-golf
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(GOLFPRELUDES)
-realclean-capi: PHONY
+realclean-rdoc: distclean-rdoc
+realclean-html: distclean-html
+realclean-capi: distclean-capi
+realclean-docs: distclean-docs
 realclean-extout: distclean-extout
+realclean-platform: distclean-platform
+realclean-spec: distclean-spec
+realclean-rubyspec: realclean-spec
+
+clean-ext:: ext/clean gems/clean timestamp/clean
+distclean-ext:: ext/distclean gems/distclean timestamp/distclean
+realclean-ext:: ext/realclean gems/realclean timestamp/realclean
+
+ext/clean.mk ext/distclean.mk ext/realclean.mk::
+ext/clean:: ext/clean.mk
+ext/distclean:: ext/distclean.mk
+ext/realclean:: ext/realclean.mk
+
+timestamp/clean:: ext/clean gems/clean
+timestamp/distclean:: ext/distclean gems/distclean
+timestamp/realclean:: ext/realclean gems/realclean
+
+timestamp/clean timestamp/distclean timestamp/realclean::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.*.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time
+	$(Q)$(RMDIRS) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch) $(TIMESTAMPDIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
-clean-ext distclean-ext realclean-ext::
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXTS_MK)
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.*.time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.$(arch).time $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time
-	$(Q)$(RMDIR) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch) $(TIMESTAMPDIR) 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+clean-ext::
+	-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)
+
+distclean-ext realclean-ext::
+	-$(Q)$(RM) $(EXTS_MK) ext/extinit.* ext/configure-ext.mk
+	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) ext 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-enc distclean-enc realclean-enc: PHONY
 
@@ -553,7 +710,7 @@ clean-enc: clean-enc.d
 
 clean-enc.d: PHONY
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(ENC_TRANS_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 clean-rdoc distclean-rdoc realclean-rdoc:
 	@echo $(@:-rdoc=ing) rdoc
@@ -567,12 +724,23 @@ clean-capi distclean-capi realclean-capi:
 	@echo $(@:-capi=ing) capi
 	$(Q)$(RMALL) $(CAPIOUT)
 
-clean-platform:
+clean-platform distclean-platform realclean-platform:
 	$(Q) $(RM) $(PLATFORM_D)
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) 2> $(NULL) || exit 0
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) $(PLATFORM_DIR) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+
+RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT = spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext
+clean-spec: PHONY
+	-$(Q) $(RM) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.$(OBJEXT) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.$(DLEXT)
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIRS) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+	-$(Q) $(RMALL) rubyspec_temp
 
-check: main test test-testframework test-almost
+check: main test test-tool test-all test-spec
 	$(ECHO) check succeeded
+	-$(Q) if [ x"$(GIT)" != x ] && $(CHDIR) "$(srcdir)" && \
+	    b=`$(GIT) symbolic-ref --short HEAD 2>&1` && \
+	    u=`$(GIT) branch --list --format='%(upstream:short)' $$b`; then \
+	  set -x; $(GIT) --no-pager log --format=oneline -G "^ *# *include" $$u..HEAD --; \
+	fi
 check-ruby: test test-ruby
 
 fake: $(CROSS_COMPILING)-fake
@@ -581,21 +749,24 @@ no-fake -fake: PHONY
 
 # really doesn't depend on .o, just ensure newer than headers which
 # version.o depends on.
-$(arch)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb version.$(OBJEXT) miniruby$(EXEEXT)
+$(arch)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb version.$(OBJEXT) miniruby$(EXEEXT)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CPP) $(warnflags) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) "$(srcdir)/version.c" | \
-	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ "$(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in" \
+	$(Q) $(CPP) -DRUBY_EXPORT $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) "$(srcdir)/version.c" | \
+	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ "$(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in" \
 		i=- srcdir="$(srcdir)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
 btest: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest
 no-btest: PHONY
 yes-btest: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS)
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
 
 btest-ruby: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest-ruby
 no-btest-ruby: PHONY
 yes-btest-ruby: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" -q $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS)
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" -q $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
+
+rtest: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" --sets=ractor -v
 
 test-basic: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-basic
 no-test-basic: PHONY
@@ -610,58 +781,69 @@ yes-test-knownbug: prog PHONY
 
 test-testframework: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-testframework
 yes-test-testframework: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS) testunit minitest
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS) testunit minitest
 no-test-testframework: PHONY
 
+test-tool: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-tool
+yes-test-tool: prog PHONY
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TOOL_TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TESTOPTS)
+no-test-tool: PHONY
+
 test-sample: test-basic # backward compatibility for mswin-build
-test: btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic
+test-short: btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic
+test: test-short
 
 # $ make test-all TESTOPTS="--help" displays more detail
 # for example, make test-all TESTOPTS="-j2 -v -n test-name -- test-file-name"
 test-all: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-all
-yes-test-all: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS)
+yes-test-all: programs PHONY
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS)
 TESTS_BUILD = mkmf
 no-test-all: PHONY
-	$(MINIRUBY) -I"$(srcdir)/lib" "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS_BUILD)
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(MINIRUBY) -I"$(srcdir)/lib" "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" $(TESTOPTS) $(TESTS_BUILD)
 
-test-almost: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-almost
-yes-test-almost: prog PHONY
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) $(EXCLUDE_TESTFRAMEWORK) $(TESTS)
-no-test-almost: PHONY
+test-almost: test-all
+yes-test-almost: yes-test-all
+no-test-almost: no-test-all
 
 test-ruby: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-ruby
 no-test-ruby: PHONY
 yes-test-ruby: prog encs PHONY
-	$(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/test/runner.rb" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) -- ruby -ext-
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(RUNRUBY) "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) -- ruby -ext-
 
 extconf: $(PREP)
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(EXTCONFDIR)"
 	$(RUNRUBY) -C "$(EXTCONFDIR)" $(EXTCONF) $(EXTCONFARGS)
 
-$(RBCONFIG): $(srcdir)/tool/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
+$(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
 	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) -n \
 	-e 'BEGIN{version=ARGV.shift;mis=ARGV.dup}' \
 	-e 'END{abort "UNICODE version mismatch: #{mis}" unless mis.empty?}' \
 	-e '(mis.delete(ARGF.path); ARGF.close) if /ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING +"#{Regexp.quote(version)}"/o' \
 	$(UNICODE_VERSION) $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
-	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/mkconfig.rb \
-		-cross_compiling=$(CROSS_COMPILING) \
+	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb \
 		-arch=$(arch) -version=$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) \
 		-install_name=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) \
 		-so_name=$(RUBY_SO_NAME) \
 		-unicode_version=$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
+		-unicode_emoji_version=$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) \
 	> rbconfig.tmp
 	$(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" rbconfig.rb rbconfig.tmp
 
-test-rubyspec-precheck:
+test-rubyspec: test-spec
+yes-test-rubyspec: yes-test-spec
+
+test-spec-precheck: main
 
-test-rubyspec: test-rubyspec-precheck $(arch)-fake.rb
-	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec $(MSPECOPT)
+test-spec: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-spec
+yes-test-spec: test-spec-precheck
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) \
+	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec -I$(srcdir)/tool/lib $(MSPECOPT) $(SPECOPTS)
+no-test-spec:
 
 RUNNABLE = $(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE:no=un)-runnable
-runnable: $(RUNNABLE) prog $(srcdir)/tool/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/mkrunnable.rb -v $(EXTOUT)
+runnable: $(RUNNABLE) prog $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb -v $(EXTOUT)
 yes-runnable: PHONY
 
 encs: enc trans
@@ -674,6 +856,7 @@ encs enc trans libencs libenc libtrans: $(SHOWFLAGS) $(ENC_MK) $(LIBRUBY) $(PREP
 libenc enc: {$(VPATH)}encdb.h
 libtrans trans: {$(VPATH)}transdb.h
 
+# Use MINIRUBY which loads fake.rb for cross compiling
 $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc/depend \
 	$(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb $(srcdir)/lib/mkmf.rb $(RBCONFIG) fake
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
@@ -687,45 +870,69 @@ $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc
 .PHONY: clean clean-ext clean-local clean-enc clean-golf clean-rdoc clean-html clean-extout
 .PHONY: distclean distclean-ext distclean-local distclean-enc distclean-golf distclean-extout
 .PHONY: realclean realclean-ext realclean-local realclean-enc realclean-golf realclean-extout
-.PHONY: check test test-all btest btest-ruby test-basic test-knownbug
-.PHONY: run runruby parse benchmark benchmark-each tbench gdb gdb-ruby
-.PHONY: update-mspec update-rubyspec test-rubyspec
+.PHONY: exam check test test-short test-all btest btest-ruby test-basic test-knownbug
+.PHONY: run runruby parse benchmark gdb gdb-ruby
+.PHONY: update-mspec update-rubyspec test-rubyspec test-spec
+.PHONY: touch-unicode-files
 
 PHONY:
 
-{$(VPATH)}parse.c: {$(VPATH)}parse.y $(srcdir)/tool/ytab.sed {$(VPATH)}id.h
+{$(VPATH)}parse.c: {$(VPATH)}parse.y $(tooldir)/ytab.sed {$(VPATH)}id.h
 {$(VPATH)}parse.h: {$(VPATH)}parse.c
 
 {$(srcdir)}.y.c:
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ --vpath=$(VPATH) id.h $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ --vpath=$(VPATH) id.h $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/pure_parser.rb parse.tmp.y $(YACC)
+	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y.bak
 	$(Q)$(YACC) -d $(YFLAGS) -o y.tab.c parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y
-	$(Q)sed -f $(srcdir)/tool/ytab.sed -e "/^#/s!parse\.tmp\.[iy]!parse.y!" -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" y.tab.c > $@.new
+	$(Q)sed -f $(tooldir)/ytab.sed -e "/^#/s|parse\.tmp\.[iy]|$(SRC_FILE)|" -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" y.tab.c > $@.new
 	$(Q)$(MV) $@.new $@
 	$(Q)sed -e "/^#line.*y\.tab\.h/d;/^#line.*parse.*\.y/d" y.tab.h > $(@:.c=.h)
 	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.tab.h
 
 $(PLATFORM_D):
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(PLATFORM_DIR) $(@D)
-	@exit > $@
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
+
+exe/$(PROGRAM): ruby-runner.c ruby-runner.h exe/.time miniruby$(EXEEXT) {$(VPATH)}config.h
+	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DRUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$(@F) $(COUTFLAG)ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) -c $(CSRCFLAG)$(srcdir)/ruby-runner.c
+	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) $(LIBS)
+	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
+	$(Q) ./miniruby$(EXEEXT) \
+	    -e 'prog, dest, inst = ARGV; dest += "/ruby"' \
+	    -e 'exit unless prog==inst' \
+	    -e 'unless prog=="ruby"' \
+	    -e '  begin File.unlink(dest); rescue Errno::ENOENT; end' \
+	    -e '  File.symlink(prog, dest)' \
+	    -e 'end' \
+	$(@F) $(@D) $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
+
+exe/.time:
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 $(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS) $(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS): $(ENC_TRANS_D)
 
 $(ENC_TRANS_D):
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) enc/trans $(@D)
-	@exit > $@
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
-$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.$(arch).time:
-	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)
-	@exit > $@
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$(arch)/.time:
+	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(EXTOUT)/$(arch)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
+
+$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.RUBYCOMMONDIR.time:
+	$(Q)$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(RUBYCOMMONDIR)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 ###
 CCAN_DIR = {$(VPATH)}ccan
 
 RUBY_H_INCLUDES    = {$(VPATH)}ruby.h {$(VPATH)}config.h {$(VPATH)}defines.h \
 		     {$(VPATH)}intern.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h {$(VPATH)}st.h \
-		     {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+		     {$(VPATH)}assert.h {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 
 ###
 
@@ -747,36 +954,39 @@ strerror.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strerror.c
 strlcat.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strlcat.c
 strlcpy.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strlcpy.c
 strstr.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strstr.c
-strtod.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strtod.c
-strtol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}strtol.c
 nt.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}nt.c
-ia64.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ia64.s
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $<
+
+.coroutine_obj $(COROUTINE_OBJ): \
+	{$(VPATH)}$(COROUTINE_SRC) \
+	$(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
+$(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time):
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
 ###
 
 # dependencies for generated C sources.
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}parse.c
 miniprelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
-prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prelude.c
 
 # dependencies for optional sources.
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}opt_sc.inc {$(VPATH)}optunifs.inc
 
 win32/win32.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}win32/win32.c {$(VPATH)}win32/file.h \
   {$(VPATH)}dln.h {$(VPATH)}dln_find.c {$(VPATH)}encindex.h \
-  {$(VPATH)}internal.h {$(VPATH)}util.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(PLATFORM_D)
+  {$(VPATH)}internal.h {$(VPATH)}util.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) \
+  {$(VPATH)}vm.h $(PLATFORM_D)
 win32/file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}win32/file.c {$(VPATH)}win32/file.h \
   $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(PLATFORM_D)
 
-$(NEWLINE_C): $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans $(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb
+$(NEWLINE_C): $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans $(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo $@ $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) "$(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo $@ $(srcdir)/enc/trans/newline.trans
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): $(NEWLINE_C)
 
-verconf.h: $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb
+verconf.h: $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb
 	$(ECHO) creating $@
-	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/verconf.h.tmpl
 
 ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT): $(OBJS)
 
@@ -784,24 +994,47 @@ $(OBJS):  {$(VPATH)}config.h {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 
 INSNS2VMOPT = --srcdir="$(srcdir)"
 
-{$(VPATH)}minsns.inc: $(srcdir)/template/minsns.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}opt_sc.inc: $(srcdir)/template/opt_sc.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}optinsn.inc: $(srcdir)/template/optinsn.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}optunifs.inc: $(srcdir)/template/optunifs.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}insns.inc: $(srcdir)/template/insns.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}insns_info.inc: $(srcdir)/template/insns_info.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}vmtc.inc: $(srcdir)/template/vmtc.inc.tmpl
-
-{$(VPATH)}vm.inc: $(srcdir)/template/vm.inc.tmpl
+srcs_vpath = {$(VPATH)}
+
+inc_common_headers = $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_copyright.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_notice.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)opt_sc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/opt_sc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)optinsn.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/optinsn.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)optunifs.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/optunifs.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)insns.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)insns_info.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns_info.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_type_chars.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_name_info.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_len_info.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_operand_info.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_attributes.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_comptime_insn_stack_increase.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_sp_pc_dependency.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)vmtc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vmtc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
+$(srcs_vpath)vm.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vm.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_entry.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_trace_instruction.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)mjit_compile.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/mjit_compile.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_send.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_ivar.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn_body.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_pc_and_sp.erb \
+  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_invokebuiltin.erb
+
+BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
+		$(srcdir)/ast.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/dir.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/gc.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/integer.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/io.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/pack.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/trace_point.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/warning.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/array.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/kernel.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/ractor.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/prelude.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/gem_prelude.rb \
+		$(empty)
+BUILTIN_RB_INCS = $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS:.rb=.rbinc)
 
-common-srcs: {$(VPATH)}parse.c {$(VPATH)}lex.c {$(VPATH)}enc/trans/newline.c {$(VPATH)}id.c \
-	     srcs-lib srcs-ext
+common-srcs: $(srcs_vpath)parse.c $(srcs_vpath)lex.c $(srcs_vpath)enc/trans/newline.c $(srcs_vpath)id.c \
+	     $(BUILTIN_RB_INCS) \
+	     srcs-lib srcs-ext incs
 
 missing-srcs: $(srcdir)/missing/des_tables.c
 
@@ -809,14 +1042,22 @@ srcs: common-srcs missing-srcs srcs-enc
 
 EXT_SRCS = $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c \
 	   $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c \
+	   $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c \
 	   $(srcdir)/ext/socket/constdefs.c \
+	   $(srcdir)/ext/etc/constdefs.h \
 	   # EXT_SRCS
 
 srcs-ext: $(EXT_SRCS)
+realclean-srcs-ext::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXT_SRCS)
+
+EXTRA_SRCS = $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c \
+	     $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h \
+	     $(empty)
 
-srcs-extra: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c \
-	    $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h \
-	    $(empty)
+srcs-extra: $(EXTRA_SRCS)
+realclean-srcs-extra::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(EXTRA_SRCS)
 
 LIB_SRCS = $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
 
@@ -835,149 +1076,169 @@ incs: $(INSNS) {$(VPATH)}node_name.inc {$(VPATH)}known_errors.inc \
 
 insns: $(INSNS)
 
-id.h: $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
+id.h: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/id.h.tmpl
 
-id.c: $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
+id.c: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/id.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/id.def
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/id.c.tmpl
 
-node_name.inc: {$(VPATH)}node.h
+node_name.inc: $(tooldir)/node_name.rb $(srcdir)/node.h
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -n $(srcdir)/tool/node_name.rb < $? > $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -n $(tooldir)/node_name.rb < $(srcdir)/node.h > $@
 
-encdb.h: $(PREP) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
+encdb.h: $(PREP) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
 
-transdb.h: $(PREP) srcs-enc $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
+transdb.h: $(PREP) srcs-enc $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
 
 enc/encinit.c: $(ENC_MK) $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb
 
 known_errors.inc: $(srcdir)/template/known_errors.inc.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/known_errors.def
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/known_errors.inc.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/known_errors.def
-
-vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc: $(srcdir)/tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb > $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/known_errors.inc.tmpl $(srcdir)/defs/known_errors.def
 
-$(MINIPRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE)
+vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc: $(srcdir)/template/call_iseq_optimized.inc.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -o $@ \
-		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/call_iseq_optimized.inc.tmpl
 
-$(PRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) \
-	   $(PRELUDE_SCRIPTS)
+$(MINIPRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -c -o $@ \
-		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl $(PRELUDE_SCRIPTS)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -o $@ \
+		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS)
 
-{$(VPATH)}golf_prelude.c: $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.rb
+$(GOLF_PRELUDE_C): $(COMPILE_PRELUDE) {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.rb
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -c -o $@ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -I$(srcdir) -c -o $@ \
 		$(srcdir)/template/prelude.c.tmpl golf_prelude.rb
 
-{$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh: {$(srcdir)}probes.d $(srcdir)/tool/gen_dummy_probes.rb
+MAINCPPFLAGS = $(ENABLE_DEBUG_ENV:yes=-DRUBY_DEBUG_ENV=1)
+
+$(MAINOBJ): $(srcdir)/$(MAINSRC)
+	$(ECHO) compiling $(srcdir)/$(MAINSRC)
+	$(Q) $(CC) $(MAINCPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -c $(CSRCFLAG)$(srcdir)/$(MAINSRC)
+
+{$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh: {$(srcdir)}probes.d $(tooldir)/gen_dummy_probes.rb
 
 probes.dmyh:
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/gen_dummy_probes.rb $(srcdir)/probes.d > $@
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/gen_dummy_probes.rb $(srcdir)/probes.d > $@
 
 probes.h: {$(VPATH)}probes.$(DTRACE_EXT)
 
 prereq: incs srcs preludes PHONY
 
-preludes: {$(VPATH)}prelude.c
 preludes: {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
 preludes: {$(srcdir)}golf_prelude.c
 
+{$(srcdir)}.rb.rbinc:
+	$(ECHO) making $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/mk_builtin_loader.rb $<
+
+builtin_binary.inc: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl
+	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -o $@ \
+		$(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary.inc.tmpl -- --cross=$(CROSS_COMPILING)
+
+$(BUILTIN_RB_INCS): $(top_srcdir)/tool/mk_builtin_loader.rb
+
 $(srcdir)/revision.h:
-	@exit > $@
+	$(Q)$(gnumake:yes=#) $(RM) $(@F)
+	$(Q)$(gnumake:yes=#) $(NULLCMD) > $@ || $(NULLCMD) > $(@F)
+
+revision.tmp::
+	$(Q) $(NULLCMD) > $@
+revision.$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tmp):: $(srcdir)/version.h $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb $(REVISION_FORCE)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h --srcdir="$(srcdir)" > $@
 
-$(REVISION_H): $(srcdir)/version.h $(srcdir)/tool/file2lastrev.rb $(REVISION_FORCE)
-	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/file2lastrev.rb --revision.h "$(srcdir)" > revision.tmp
+$(REVISION_H): revision.tmp
 	$(Q)$(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" "$(srcdir)/revision.h" revision.tmp
 
-$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: $(srcdir)/parse.y id.h
+$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/parse.y id.h $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed /AUTOGENERATED/q depend | \
-	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(MFLAGS) \
-		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM)" top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH="$(PWD)" \
-		RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" PATH_SEPARATOR="$(PATH_SEPARATOR)"
+	$(Q) VPATH=$${PWD-`pwd`} && $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
+	sed -e 's/{\$$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g' -e /AUTOGENERATED/q depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM)" BISON=$(YACC) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH="$${VPATH}" \
+		RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" PATH_SEPARATOR="$(PATH_SEPARATOR)" LANG=C
 
-$(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.rl
+$(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.rl $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(MFLAGS) \
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
-$(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h: $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.list
+$(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.h: $(srcdir)/ext/date/zonetab.list $(srcdir)/ext/date/prereq.mk
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(MFLAGS) \
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && $(exec) $(MAKE) -f prereq.mk $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
-		$(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/configure.in
+		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/configure.ac
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
 	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
-	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(MFLAGS) \
-		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
+
+$(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
+		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/limits.c.tmpl
+	$(ECHO) generating $@
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
+	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/socket/constdefs.c: $(srcdir)/ext/socket/depend
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
 	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
-	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(MFLAGS) \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
+
+$(srcdir)/ext/etc/constdefs.h: $(srcdir)/ext/etc/depend
+	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
+	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
 ##
 
 run: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(BTESTRUBY) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
+	$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
 runruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
-	$(RUNRUBY) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	$(RUNRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
 parse: fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(BTESTRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/parse.rb $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	$(BTESTRUBY) --dump=parsetree_with_comment,insns $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
 
 bisect: PHONY
-	$(srcdir)/tool/bisect.sh miniruby $(srcdir)
+	$(tooldir)/bisect.sh miniruby $(srcdir)
 
 bisect-ruby: PHONY
-	$(srcdir)/tool/bisect.sh ruby $(srcdir)
+	$(tooldir)/bisect.sh ruby $(srcdir)
 
 COMPARE_RUBY = $(BASERUBY)
+BENCH_RUBY = $(RUNRUBY)
+BENCH_OPTS = --output=markdown --output-compare
 ITEM =
+ARGS = $$(find $(srcdir)/benchmark -maxdepth 1 -name '$(ITEM)' -o -name '*$(ITEM)*.yml' -o -name '*$(ITEM)*.rb' | sort)
 OPTS =
 
-# You can pass several options through OPTS environment variable.
-# $ make benchmark OPTS="--help" displays more detail.
-# for example,
-#  $ make benchmark COMPARE_RUBY="ruby-trunk" OPTS="-e ruby-2.2.2"
-# This command compares trunk and built-ruby and 2.2.2
-benchmark: miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/benchmark/driver.rb -v \
-	            --executables="$(COMPARE_RUBY) -I$(srcdir)/lib -I. -I$(EXTOUT)/common --disable-gem; built-ruby::$(MINIRUBY) --disable-gem" \
-	            --pattern='bm_' --directory=$(srcdir)/benchmark $(OPTS)
-
-benchmark-each: miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/benchmark/driver.rb -v \
-	            --executables="$(COMPARE_RUBY) -I$(srcdir)/lib -I. -I$(EXTOUT)/common --disable-gem; built-ruby::$(MINIRUBY) --disable-gem" \
-	            --pattern=$(ITEM) --directory=$(srcdir)/benchmark $(OPTS)
-
-tbench: miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/benchmark/driver.rb -v \
-	            --executables="$(COMPARE_RUBY) -I$(srcdir)/lib -I. -I$(EXTOUT)/common --disable-gem; built-ruby::$(MINIRUBY) --disable-gem" \
-	            --pattern='bmx_' --directory=$(srcdir)/benchmark $(OPTS)
+# See benchmark/README.md for details.
+benchmark: miniruby$(EXEEXT) update-benchmark-driver PHONY
+	$(BASERUBY) -rrubygems -I$(srcdir)/benchmark/lib $(srcdir)/benchmark/benchmark-driver/exe/benchmark-driver \
+	            --executables="compare-ruby::$(COMPARE_RUBY) -I$(EXTOUT)/common --disable-gem" \
+	            --executables="built-ruby::$(BENCH_RUBY) --disable-gem" \
+	            $(BENCH_OPTS) $(ARGS) $(OPTS)
 
 run.gdb:
 	echo set breakpoint pending on         > run.gdb
+	echo b rb_assert_failure              >> run.gdb
+	echo b rb_bug                         >> run.gdb
 	echo b ruby_debug_breakpoint          >> run.gdb
 	echo '# handle SIGINT nostop'         >> run.gdb
 	echo '# handle SIGPIPE nostop'        >> run.gdb
@@ -992,63 +1253,144 @@ run.gdb:
 
 
 gdb: miniruby$(EXEEXT) run.gdb PHONY
-	gdb -x run.gdb --quiet --args $(MINIRUBY) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	gdb -x run.gdb --quiet --args $(MINIRUBY) $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
 gdb-ruby: $(PROGRAM) run.gdb PHONY
-	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) $(RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER) -- $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT)
+	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) $(RUNRUBY_DEBUGGER) -- $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
+
+LLDB_INIT = command script import -r $(srcdir)/misc/lldb_cruby.py
+
+lldb: miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
+	lldb -o '$(LLDB_INIT)' miniruby$(EXEEXT) -- $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
+
+lldb-ruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
+	lldb $(enable_shared:yes=-o 'target modules add ${LIBRUBY_SO}') -o '$(LLDB_INIT)' $(PROGRAM) -- $(RUNOPT0) $(TESTRUN_SCRIPT) $(RUNOPT)
 
+DISTPKGS = gzip,zip,all
+PKGSDIR = tmp
 dist:
-	$(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/make-snapshot \
-	-srcdir=$(srcdir) \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/make-snapshot \
+	-srcdir=$(srcdir) -packages=$(DISTPKGS) \
 	-unicode-version=$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
-	tmp $(RELNAME)
+	$(DISTOPTS) $(PKGSDIR) $(RELNAME)
 
 up:: update-remote
 
 up::
-	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) Q=$(Q) REVISION_FORCE=PHONY "$(REVISION_H)"
+	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(mflags) Q=$(Q) REVISION_FORCE=PHONY after-update
 
-up::
-	-$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) Q=$(Q) after-update
+yes::
+no::
 
+after-update:: $(REVISION_H)
 after-update:: extract-extlibs
+after-update:: extract-gems
+
+update-remote:: update-src update-download
+update-download:: $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
+update-download:: update-gems
+update-download:: download-extlibs
 
-update-remote:: update-src update-rubyspec update-download
-update-download:: update-unicode update-gems download-extlibs
+update-mspec:
+update-rubyspec:
 
 update-config_files: PHONY
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)/tool" \
-	    ../tool/downloader.rb -e gnu \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" tool/downloader.rb -d tool --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) -e gnu \
 	    config.guess config.sub
 
-update-gems: PHONY
+refresh-gems: update-bundled_gems prepare-gems
+prepare-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=extract-gems)
+
+update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem files...
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)/gems" \
-	    -I../tool -rdownloader -answ \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -I./tool -rdownloader -answ \
 	    -e 'gem, ver = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("#{gem}-*.gem")' \
+	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("gems/#{gem}-*.gem")' \
 	    -e 'gem = "#{gem}-#{ver}.gem"' \
-	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, nil, nil) and' \
-	    -e 'File.unlink(*(old-[gem]))' \
-	    bundled_gems
+	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, "gems", nil) and' \
+	    -e '(old.delete("gems/#{gem}"); !old.empty?) and' \
+	    -e 'File.unlink(*old) and' \
+	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})' \
+	    gems/bundled_gems
 
-extract-gems: PHONY
+extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Extracting bundled gem files...
-	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)/gems" \
-	    -I../tool -rgem-unpack -answ \
+	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -Itool -rgem-unpack -answ \
+	    -e 'BEGIN {FileUtils.mkdir_p(d = ".bundle/gems")}' \
 	    -e 'gem, ver = *$$F' \
-	    -e 'Gem.unpack("#{gem}-#{ver}.gem")' \
-	    bundled_gems
+	    -e 'next if !ver or /^#/=~gem' \
+	    -e 'g = "#{gem}-#{ver}"' \
+	    -e 'File.directory?("#{d}/#{g}") or Gem.unpack("gems/#{g}.gem", d)' \
+	    gems/bundled_gems
 
 update-bundled_gems: PHONY
 	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -rrubygems \
-	    -pla \
-	    -e '$$_=Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.detect(:latest) {|s|' \
-	    -e   'break "#{s.name} #{s.version}" if s.platform=="ruby"&&s.name==$$F[0]' \
-	    -e '}' \
+	     $(tooldir)/update-bundled_gems.rb \
 	     "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" | \
 	"$(IFCHANGE)" "$(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems" -
 
+test-bundled-gems-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-precheck
+yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck: main
+no-test-bundled-gems-precheck:
+
+test-bundled-gems-fetch: $(PREP)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C $(srcdir)/gems ../tool/fetch-bundled_gems.rb src bundled_gems
+
+test-bundled-gems-prepare: test-bundled-gems-precheck test-bundled-gems-fetch
+test-bundled-gems-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems-prepare
+no-test-bundled-gems-prepare: no-test-bundled-gems-precheck
+yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck
+	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
+		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "bundler" "minitest:~> 5" "test-unit" "rake" "hoe" "yard" "pry" "packnga" "rexml" "json-schema" "rbs:~> 1.6.2"
+
+PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS = test-bundled-gems-prepare
+test-bundled-gems: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundled-gems
+yes-test-bundled-gems: test-bundled-gems-run
+no-test-bundled-gems:
+
+# Override this to allow failure of specific gems on CI
+# TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES =
+
+BUNDLED_GEMS =
+test-bundled-gems-run: $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS)
+	$(Q) $(XRUBY) $(tooldir)/test-bundled-gems.rb $(BUNDLED_GEMS)
+
+test-bundler-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-precheck
+no-test-bundler-precheck:
+yes-test-bundler-precheck: main
+
+no-test-bundler-prepare: no-test-bundler-precheck
+yes-test-bundler-prepare: yes-test-bundler-precheck
+	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
+		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "rspec:~> 3.8" "rake:~> 13.0" "parallel_tests:~> 2.29"
+
+RSPECOPTS =
+BUNDLER_SPECS =
+test-bundler: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler
+yes-test-bundler: yes-test-bundler-prepare
+	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec \
+		--require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
+no-test-bundler:
+
+PARALLELRSPECOPTS = --runtime-log $(srcdir)/tmp/parallel_runtime_rspec.log
+test-bundler-parallel: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-parallel
+yes-test-bundler-parallel: yes-test-bundler-prepare
+	$(XRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/spec/bundler \
+		-e "ENV['PARALLEL_TESTS_EXECUTABLE'] = ARGV.shift" \
+		-e "load ARGV.shift" \
+		"$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec" \
+		$(srcdir)/.bundle/bin/parallel_rspec \
+		-o "--require spec_helper" \
+		$(PARALLELRSPECOPTS) $(srcdir)/spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
+no-test-bundler-parallel:
+
+GEM = up
+sync-default-gems:
+	$(Q) $(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" tool/sync_default_gems.rb $(GEM)
+
 UNICODE_FILES = $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CompositionExclusions.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/NormalizationTest.txt \
@@ -1064,51 +1406,102 @@ UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES =  \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/PropertyAliases.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/PropertyValueAliases.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/Scripts.txt \
+		$(empty)
+
+UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES =  \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakProperty.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakTest.txt \
 		$(empty)
 
-update-unicode: $(UNICODE_FILES)
+UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES = \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-data.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-sequences.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-test.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-variation-sequences.txt \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt \
+		$(empty)
+
+update-unicode: $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
+		$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
 
+CACHE_DIR = $(srcdir)/.downloaded-cache
 UNICODE_DOWNLOAD = \
-	$(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" tool/downloader.rb \
-	    -d $(UNICODE_DATA_DIR) \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
+	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
+	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) \
 	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd \
 	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD = \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
+	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
+	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary \
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/auxiliary \
+	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
+	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
+	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) \
+	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) \
+	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+
+$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES): update-unicode-files
+update-unicode-files:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data and  property files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES):
-	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) property files...
+$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES): update-unicode-auxiliary-files
+update-unicode-auxiliary-files:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) auxiliary files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary"
-	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_FILES):
-	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data files...
-	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)"
-	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES): update-unicode-emoji-files
+update-unicode-emoji-files:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)"
+	$(Q) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
 
-$(srcdir)/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb): \
+$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tables.rb): \
 	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
 
-$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): $(UNICODE_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
+	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
+	$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+
+touch-unicode-files:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
+	touch $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
 
-$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb \
-		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl
-	$(Q) $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=exit &&) $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) Q=$(Q) UNICODE_VERSION=$(UNICODE_VERSION) update-unicode
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb \
-		-c -t$@ -o $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb \
+UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP = yes
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl \
+		$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
+	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(@D)
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
+		-c $(UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP:yes=-t$@) \
+		-o $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb \
 		-I $(srcdir) \
 		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl \
 		$(UNICODE_DATA_DIR) lib/unicode_normalize
 
-# UPDATE_NAME2CTYPE=    : toplevel
-# UPDATE_NAME2CTYPE=yes : sub-make to update name2ctype.h
-$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(UPDATE_NAME2CTYPE:yes=.ignore.)name2ctype.h:
-	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) Q=$(Q) UPDATE_NAME2CTYPE=yes UNICODE_VERSION=$(UNICODE_VERSION) $@
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR):
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $@
 
-$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(UPDATE_NAME2CTYPE:yes=name2ctype.h): \
+$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=name2ctype.h): \
+		$(tooldir)/enc-unicode.rb \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
-		$(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
+		$(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
+		$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+
+$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/enc-unicode.rb --header $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) > $@
+	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/enc-unicode.rb --header \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) > $@.new
+	$(MV) $@.new $@
 
 # the next non-comment line was:
 # $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h: $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
@@ -1116,12 +1509,12 @@ $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(UPDATE_NAME2CTYPE:yes=name2ctype.h): \
 unicode-up: $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
 
 $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=casefold.h): \
+		$(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/SpecialCasing.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CaseFolding.txt
 
-$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h: $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb
-	$(Q) $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=exit &&) $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) Q=$(Q) UNICODE_VERSION=$(UNICODE_VERSION) update-unicode
+$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
 		--output-file=$@ \
@@ -1151,58 +1544,69 @@ info-libruby_so: PHONY
 info-arch: PHONY
 	@echo arch=$(arch)
 
-change: PHONY
-	$(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" ./tool/change_maker.rb $(CHANGES) > change.log
-
-exam: check test-rubyspec
+exam: check
 
-love: sudo-precheck up all test install check
+love: sudo-precheck up all test exam install
 	@echo love is all you need
 
-yes-test-all: sudo-precheck
+great: exam
+
+yes-test-all no-test-all: sudo-precheck
 
 sudo-precheck: PHONY
 	@$(SUDO) echo > $(NULL)
 
 update-man-date: PHONY
-	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(srcdir)/tool" -rvcs -i -p \
+	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(tooldir)/lib" -rvcs -i -p \
 	-e 'BEGIN{@vcs=VCS.detect(ARGV.shift)}' \
 	-e '$$_.sub!(/^(\.Dd ).*/){$$1+@vcs.modified(ARGF.path).strftime("%B %d, %Y")}' \
 	"$(srcdir)" "$(srcdir)"/man/*.1
 
+.PHONY: ChangeLog
+ChangeLog:
+	$(ECHO) Generating $@
+	-$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -I"$(tooldir)/lib" -rvcs \
+	-e 'VCS.detect(ARGV[0]).export_changelog("@", nil, nil, ARGV[1])' \
+	"$(srcdir)" $@
+
+HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = ""
+
 help: PHONY
 	$(MESSAGE_BEGIN) \
 	"                Makefile of Ruby" \
 	"" \
 	"targets:" \
-	"  all (default):   builds all of below" \
-	"  miniruby:        builds only miniruby" \
-	"  encs:            builds encodings" \
-	"  exts:            builds extensions" \
-	"  main:            builds encodings, extensions and ruby" \
-	"  docs:            builds documents" \
-	"  run:             runs test.rb by miniruby" \
-	"  runruby:         runs test.rb by ruby you just built" \
-	"  gdb:             runs test.rb by miniruby under gdb" \
-	"  gdb-ruby:        runs test.rb by ruby under gdb" \
-	"  check:           equals make test test-all" \
-	"  exam:            equals make check test-rubyspec" \
-	"  test:            ruby core tests" \
-	"  test-all:        all ruby tests [TESTOPTS=-j4 TESTS=\"<test files>\"]" \
-	"  test-rubyspec:   run the Ruby spec suite" \
-	"  up:              update local copy and autogenerated files" \
-	"  update-rubyspec: update local copy of the Ruby spec suite" \
-	"  benchmark:       benchmark this ruby and COMPARE_RUBY." \
-	"  gcbench:         gc benchmark [GCBENCH_ITEM=<item_name>]" \
-	"  gcbench-rdoc:    gc benchmark with GCBENCH_ITEM=rdoc" \
-	"  install:         install all ruby distributions" \
-	"  install-nodoc:   install without rdoc" \
-	"  install-cross:   install cross compiling stuff" \
-	"  clean:           clean for tarball" \
-	"  distclean:       clean for repository" \
-	"  change:          make change log template" \
-	"  golf:            for golfers" \
-	"" \
+	"  all (default):       builds all of below" \
+	"  miniruby:            builds only miniruby" \
+	"  encs:                builds encodings" \
+	"  exts:                builds extensions" \
+	"  main:                builds encodings, extensions and ruby" \
+	"  docs:                builds documents" \
+	"  install-capi:        builds C API documents" \
+	"  run:                 runs test.rb by miniruby" \
+	"  runruby:             runs test.rb by ruby you just built" \
+	"  gdb:                 runs test.rb by miniruby under gdb" \
+	"  gdb-ruby:            runs test.rb by ruby under gdb" \
+	"  check:               equals make test test-tool test-all test-spec" \
+	"  test:                ruby core tests [BTESTS=<bootstraptest files>]" \
+	"  test-all:            all ruby tests [TESTOPTS=-j4 TESTS=<test files>]" \
+	"  test-spec:           run the Ruby spec suite [SPECOPTS=<specs, opts>]" \
+	"  test-bundler:        run the Bundler spec" \
+	"  test-bundled-gems:   run the test suite of bundled gems" \
+	"  test-tool:           tests under the tool/test" \
+	"  update-gems:         download files of the bundled gems" \
+	"  update-bundled_gems: update the latest version of bundled gems" \
+	"  sync-default-gems:   sync default gems from upstream [GEM=<gem_name>]" \
+	"  up:                  update local copy and autogenerated files" \
+	"  benchmark:           benchmark this ruby and COMPARE_RUBY." \
+	"  gcbench:             gc benchmark [GCBENCH_ITEM=<item_name>]" \
+	"  install:             install all ruby distributions" \
+	"  install-nodoc:       install without rdoc" \
+	"  install-cross:       install cross compiling stuff" \
+	"  clean:               clean for tarball" \
+	"  distclean:           clean for repository" \
+	"  golf:                build goruby for golfers" \
+	$(HELP_EXTRA_TASKS) \
 	"see DeveloperHowto for more detail: " \
 	"  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
@@ -1210,61 +1614,995 @@ help: PHONY
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.c
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
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@@ -1319,19 +2999,191 @@ compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
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 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
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 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_jump.c
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
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+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/token_paste.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
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 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regenc.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
@@ -1641,32 +5840,193 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
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 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
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 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
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+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
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+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
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 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
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 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}golf_prelude.c
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 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
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+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
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+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
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+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
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+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
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 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
@@ -1674,95 +6034,936 @@ golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
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 golf_prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
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 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
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 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
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+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
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+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
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+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.c
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node_name.inc
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
@@ -1771,28 +6972,198 @@ iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/dir.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/file.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/load.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/parse.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
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+load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
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+load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
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 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
@@ -1804,47 +7175,522 @@ load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
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 loadpath.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
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 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
@@ -1852,56 +7698,1327 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
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@@ -1986,20 +9794,20 @@ prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
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-prelude.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
-prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
+prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gem_prelude.rb
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
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 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prelude.c
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
@@ -2008,27 +9816,193 @@ prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 prelude.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
-proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/artificial.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/constexpr.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noalias.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/weakref.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/constant_p.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rarray.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbasic.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbignum.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rclass.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rdata.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rfile.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rhash.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rregexp.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstring.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstruct.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/gc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/glob.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/array.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/bignum.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/class.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/compar.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/complex.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/cont.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/dir.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enum.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enumerator.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/error.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/eval.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/file.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/gc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/hash.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/io.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/load.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/marshal.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/numeric.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/object.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/parse.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/proc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/process.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/random.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/range.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/rational.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/re.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/ruby.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/signal.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/sprintf.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/string.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/struct.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/thread.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/interpreter.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/iterator.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/memory.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/method.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/module.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/rgengc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/scan_args.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/token_paste.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}proc.c
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
@@ -2038,27 +10012,205 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/dir.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/process.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/scheduler.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}$(COROUTINE_H)
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dln.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}hrtime.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/artificial.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/constexpr.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noalias.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/weakref.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/constant_p.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rarray.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbasic.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbignum.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rclass.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rdata.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rfile.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rhash.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rregexp.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstring.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstruct.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/gc.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/glob.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
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+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
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+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
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+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/method.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/module.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/rgengc.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
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@@ -2369,28 +13617,220 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}string.c
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
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 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
@@ -2399,12 +13839,35 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}struct.c
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
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+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
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+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
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+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
@@ -2414,8 +13877,149 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.c
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
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+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defs/opt_operand.def
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
@@ -2547,28 +15420,174 @@ vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}insns.def
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}insns.inc
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}insns_info.inc
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
-vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/artificial.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/cold.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/const.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/constexpr.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/deprecated.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/error.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/forceinline.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/format.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noalias.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/warning.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/weakref.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/cast.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_since.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/config.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/constant_p.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rarray.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbasic.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rbignum.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rclass.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rdata.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rfile.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rhash.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rregexp.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstring.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rstruct.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/gc.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/glob.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/attribute.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/extension.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/warning.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/array.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/bignum.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/class.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/compar.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/complex.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/cont.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/dir.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enum.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/enumerator.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/error.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/eval.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/file.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/gc.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/hash.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/io.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/load.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/marshal.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/numeric.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/object.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/parse.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/proc.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/process.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/random.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/range.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/rational.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/re.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/ruby.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/signal.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/sprintf.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/string.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/struct.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/thread.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/interpreter.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/iterator.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/memory.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/method.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/module.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/rgengc.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/scan_args.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/token_paste.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes_helper.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}variable.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm.c
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm.inc
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_args.c
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_call_iseq_optimized.inc
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_eval.c
@@ -2578,13 +15597,33 @@ vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.c
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_method.c
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vmtc.inc
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
@@ -2593,11 +15632,151 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
-vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
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 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
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 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
@@ -2607,27 +15786,189 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_backtrace.c
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 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
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+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
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+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
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 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_dump.c
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
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+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
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+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
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+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
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 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
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 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
-vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/artificial.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/robject.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/fl_type.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/globals.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/builtin.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/c_attribute.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/has/feature.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/marshal.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/numeric.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/process.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/random.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/range.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/rational.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/re.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/ruby.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/select/largesize.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/sprintf.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/string.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/struct.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/thread.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/time.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/variable.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/intern/vm.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/iterator.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/newobj.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/rgengc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/scan_args.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/special_consts.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/static_assert.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdalign.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/stdbool.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/symbol.h
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+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}trace_point.rbinc
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
-vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_trace.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/compar.c b/compar.c
index 02529c9960..04d4ff8c70 100644
--- a/compar.c
+++ b/compar.c
@@ -9,8 +9,12 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/compar.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 VALUE rb_mComparable;
 
@@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ cmpint(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     obj > other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns 1.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value greater than 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -110,7 +114,7 @@ cmp_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     obj >= other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns 0 or 1.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value greater than or equal to 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -125,7 +129,7 @@ cmp_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     obj < other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns -1.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value less than 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -140,7 +144,7 @@ cmp_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     obj <= other    -> true or false
  *
  *  Compares two objects based on the receiver's <code><=></code>
- *  method, returning true if it returns -1 or 0.
+ *  method, returning true if it returns a value less than or equal to 0.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -154,9 +158,9 @@ cmp_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.between?(min, max)    -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns <code>false</code> if <i>obj</i> <code><=></code>
- *  <i>min</i> is less than zero or if <i>anObject</i> <code><=></code>
- *  <i>max</i> is greater than zero, <code>true</code> otherwise.
+ *  Returns <code>false</code> if _obj_ <code><=></code> _min_ is less
+ *  than zero or if _obj_ <code><=></code> _max_ is greater than zero,
+ *  <code>true</code> otherwise.
  *
  *     3.between?(1, 5)               #=> true
  *     6.between?(1, 5)               #=> false
@@ -176,10 +180,12 @@ cmp_between(VALUE x, VALUE min, VALUE max)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.clamp(min, max) ->  obj
+ *     obj.clamp(range)    ->  obj
  *
- * Returns <i>min</i> if <i>obj</i> <code><=></code> <i>min</i> is less
- * than zero, <i>max</i> if <i>obj</i> <code><=></code> <i>max</i> is
- * greater than zero and <i>obj</i> otherwise.
+ * In <code>(min, max)</code> form, returns _min_ if _obj_
+ * <code><=></code> _min_ is less than zero, _max_ if _obj_
+ * <code><=></code> _max_ is greater than zero, and _obj_
+ * otherwise.
  *
  *     12.clamp(0, 100)         #=> 12
  *     523.clamp(0, 100)        #=> 100
@@ -187,36 +193,76 @@ cmp_between(VALUE x, VALUE min, VALUE max)
  *
  *     'd'.clamp('a', 'f')      #=> 'd'
  *     'z'.clamp('a', 'f')      #=> 'f'
+ *
+ * In <code>(range)</code> form, returns _range.begin_ if _obj_
+ * <code><=></code> _range.begin_ is less than zero, _range.end_
+ * if _obj_ <code><=></code> _range.end_ is greater than zero, and
+ * _obj_ otherwise.
+ *
+ *     12.clamp(0..100)         #=> 12
+ *     523.clamp(0..100)        #=> 100
+ *     -3.123.clamp(0..100)     #=> 0
+ *
+ *     'd'.clamp('a'..'f')      #=> 'd'
+ *     'z'.clamp('a'..'f')      #=> 'f'
+ *
+ * If _range.begin_ is +nil+, it is considered smaller than _obj_,
+ * and if _range.end_ is +nil+, it is considered greater than
+ * _obj_.
+ *
+ *     -20.clamp(0..)           #=> 0
+ *     523.clamp(..100)         #=> 100
+ *
+ * When _range.end_ is excluded and not +nil+, an exception is
+ * raised.
+ *
+ *     100.clamp(0...100)       # ArgumentError
  */
 
 static VALUE
-cmp_clamp(VALUE x, VALUE min, VALUE max)
+cmp_clamp(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE x)
 {
-    int c;
-
-    if (cmpint(min, max) > 0) {
+    VALUE min, max;
+    int c, excl = 0;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &min, &max) == 1) {
+        VALUE range = min;
+        if (!rb_range_values(range, &min, &max, &excl)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected Range)",
+                     rb_builtin_class_name(range));
+        }
+        if (!NIL_P(max)) {
+            if (excl) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot clamp with an exclusive range");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(min) && !NIL_P(max) && cmpint(min, max) > 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "min argument must be smaller than max argument");
     }
 
-    c = cmpint(x, min);
-    if (c == 0) return x;
-    if (c < 0) return min;
-    c = cmpint(x, max);
-    if (c > 0) return max;
+    if (!NIL_P(min)) {
+        c = cmpint(x, min);
+        if (c == 0) return x;
+        if (c < 0) return min;
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(max)) {
+        c = cmpint(x, max);
+        if (c > 0) return max;
+    }
     return x;
 }
 
 /*
- *  The <code>Comparable</code> mixin is used by classes whose objects
- *  may be ordered. The class must define the <code><=></code> operator,
- *  which compares the receiver against another object, returning -1, 0,
- *  or +1 depending on whether the receiver is less than, equal to, or
- *  greater than the other object. If the other object is not comparable
- *  then the <code><=></code> operator should return nil.
- *  <code>Comparable</code> uses
- *  <code><=></code> to implement the conventional comparison operators
- *  (<code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>>=</code>,
- *  and <code>></code>) and the method <code>between?</code>.
+ *  The Comparable mixin is used by classes whose objects may be
+ *  ordered. The class must define the <code><=></code> operator,
+ *  which compares the receiver against another object, returning a
+ *  value less than 0, returning 0, or returning a value greater than 0,
+ *  depending on whether the receiver is less than, equal to,
+ *  or greater than the other object. If the other object is not
+ *  comparable then the <code><=></code> operator should return +nil+.
+ *  Comparable uses <code><=></code> to implement the conventional
+ *  comparison operators (<code><</code>, <code><=</code>,
+ *  <code>==</code>, <code>>=</code>, and <code>></code>) and the
+ *  method <code>between?</code>.
  *
  *     class SizeMatters
  *       include Comparable
@@ -248,9 +294,6 @@ cmp_clamp(VALUE x, VALUE min, VALUE max)
 void
 Init_Comparable(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
     rb_mComparable = rb_define_module("Comparable");
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "==", cmp_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, ">", cmp_gt, 1);
@@ -258,5 +301,5 @@ Init_Comparable(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "<", cmp_lt, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "<=", cmp_le, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "between?", cmp_between, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "clamp", cmp_clamp, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mComparable, "clamp", cmp_clamp, -1);
 }
diff --git a/compile.c b/compile.c
index 1c2618c822..9844c145bc 100644
--- a/compile.c
+++ b/compile.c
@@ -9,23 +9,41 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/re.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #include <math.h>
 
-#define USE_INSN_STACK_INCREASE 1
-#include "vm_core.h"
-#include "iseq.h"
-#include "insns.inc"
-#include "insns_info.inc"
-#include "id_table.h"
-#include "gc.h"
-
 #ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
 # include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "encindex.h"
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/compile.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/re.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "ruby/re.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
+#include "vm_debug.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "insns.inc"
+#include "insns_info.inc"
+
 #undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
 #define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
 
@@ -34,10 +52,11 @@
 
 typedef struct iseq_link_element {
     enum {
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_NONE,
+	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,
 	ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL,
 	ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN,
-	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST
+	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST,
+        ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE,
     } type;
     struct iseq_link_element *next;
     struct iseq_link_element *prev;
@@ -64,15 +83,19 @@ typedef struct iseq_label_data {
     int refcnt;
     unsigned int set: 1;
     unsigned int rescued: 2;
+    unsigned int unremovable: 1;
 } LABEL;
 
 typedef struct iseq_insn_data {
     LINK_ELEMENT link;
     enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id;
-    unsigned int line_no;
     int operand_size;
     int sc_state;
     VALUE *operands;
+    struct {
+	int line_no;
+	rb_event_flag_t events;
+    } insn_info;
 } INSN;
 
 typedef struct iseq_adjust_data {
@@ -81,6 +104,12 @@ typedef struct iseq_adjust_data {
     int line_no;
 } ADJUST;
 
+typedef struct iseq_trace_data {
+    LINK_ELEMENT link;
+    rb_event_flag_t event;
+    long data;
+} TRACE;
+
 struct ensure_range {
     LABEL *begin;
     LABEL *end;
@@ -88,11 +117,13 @@ struct ensure_range {
 };
 
 struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack {
-    NODE *ensure_node;
+    const NODE *ensure_node;
     struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *prev;
     struct ensure_range *erange;
 };
 
+const ID rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl[] = {idERROR_INFO};
+
 /**
  * debug function(macro) interface depend on CPDEBUG
  * if it is less than 0, runtime option is in effect.
@@ -143,35 +174,24 @@ struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack {
 
 #define debug_node_start(node)  ((void) \
   (compile_debug_print_indent(1) && \
-   (ruby_debug_print_node(1, CPDEBUG, "", (NODE *)(node)), gl_node_level)), \
+   (ruby_debug_print_node(1, CPDEBUG, "", (const NODE *)(node)), gl_node_level)), \
    gl_node_level++)
 
 #define debug_node_end()  gl_node_level --
 
 #else
 
-static inline ID
-r_id(ID id)
-{
-    return id;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-r_value(VALUE value)
-{
-    return value;
-}
-
-#define debugi(header, id)                 r_id(id)
-#define debugp(header, value)              r_value(value)
-#define debugp_verbose(header, value)      r_value(value)
-#define debugp_verbose_node(header, value) r_value(value)
-#define debugp_param(header, value)        r_value(value)
+#define debugi(header, id)                 ((void)0)
+#define debugp(header, value)              ((void)0)
+#define debugp_verbose(header, value)      ((void)0)
+#define debugp_verbose_node(header, value) ((void)0)
+#define debugp_param(header, value)        ((void)0)
 #define debug_node_start(node)             ((void)0)
 #define debug_node_end()                   ((void)0)
 #endif
 
 #if CPDEBUG > 1 || CPDEBUG < 0
+#undef printf
 #define printf ruby_debug_printf
 #define debugs if (compile_debug_print_indent(1)) ruby_debug_printf
 #define debug_compile(msg, v) ((void)(compile_debug_print_indent(1) && fputs((msg), stderr)), (v))
@@ -184,9 +204,7 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 
 /* create new label */
 #define NEW_LABEL(l) new_label_body(iseq, (l))
-
-#define iseq_path(iseq) ((iseq)->body->location.path)
-#define iseq_absolute_path(iseq) ((iseq)->body->location.absolute_path)
+#define LABEL_FORMAT "<L%03d>"
 
 #define NEW_ISEQ(node, name, type, line_no) \
   new_child_iseq(iseq, (node), rb_fstring(name), 0, (type), (line_no))
@@ -202,18 +220,27 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define ADD_INSN(seq, line, insn) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
 
-/* insert an instruction before prev */
-#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(prev, line, insn) \
-  INSERT_ELEM_PREV(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
+/* insert an instruction before next */
+#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(next, line, insn) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&(next)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
+
+/* insert an instruction after prev */
+#define INSERT_AFTER_INSN(prev, line, insn) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))
 
 /* add an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) */
 #define ADD_INSN1(seq, line, insn, op1) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
            new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))
 
-/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) before prev */
-#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(prev, line, insn, op1) \
-  INSERT_ELEM_PREV(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
+/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) before next */
+#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(next, line, insn, op1) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&(next)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
+           new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))
+
+/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) after prev */
+#define INSERT_AFTER_INSN1(prev, line, insn, op1) \
+  ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
            new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))
 
 #define LABEL_REF(label) ((label)->refcnt++)
@@ -251,29 +278,16 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define ADD_SEND_R(seq, line, id, argc, block, flag, keywords) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_send(iseq, (line), (id), (VALUE)(argc), (block), (VALUE)(flag), (keywords)))
 
-#define ADD_TRACE(seq, line, event) \
-  do { \
-      if ((event) == RUBY_EVENT_LINE && ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && \
-	  (line) > 0 && \
-	  (line) != ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_coverable_line) { \
-	  RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq), (line) - 1, INT2FIX(0)); \
-	  ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_coverable_line = (line); \
-	  ADD_INSN1((seq), (line), trace, INT2FIX(RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE)); \
-      } \
-      if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->trace_instruction) { \
-	  ADD_INSN1((seq), (line), trace, INT2FIX(event)); \
-      } \
-  } while (0)
-
-#define ADD_GETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) \
-  do { \
-      ADD_INSN2((seq), (line), getlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)); \
-  } while (0)
-
-#define ADD_SETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) \
-  do { \
-      ADD_INSN2((seq), (line), setlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)); \
-  } while (0)
+#define ADD_TRACE(seq, event) \
+  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *)new_trace_body(iseq, (event), 0))
+#define ADD_TRACE_WITH_DATA(seq, event, data) \
+  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *)new_trace_body(iseq, (event), (data)))
+
+static void iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level);
+static void iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level);
+
+#define ADD_GETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) iseq_add_getlocal(iseq, (seq), (line), (idx), (level))
+#define ADD_SETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) iseq_add_setlocal(iseq, (seq), (line), (idx), (level))
 
 /* add label */
 #define ADD_LABEL(seq, label) \
@@ -288,13 +302,17 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(seq, label) \
   ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_adjust_body(iseq, (label), -1))
 
+#define LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(label) \
+    ((label) ? (LABEL_REF(label), (label)->unremovable=1) : 0)
 #define ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, ls, le, iseqv, lc) do {				\
     VALUE _e = rb_ary_new3(5, (type),						\
 			   (VALUE)(ls) | 1, (VALUE)(le) | 1,			\
 			   (VALUE)(iseqv), (VALUE)(lc) | 1);			\
-    if (ls) LABEL_REF(ls);							\
-    if (le) LABEL_REF(le);							\
-    if (lc) LABEL_REF(lc);							\
+    LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(ls);							\
+    LABEL_REF(le);								\
+    LABEL_REF(lc);								\
+    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) \
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, rb_ary_tmp_new(3)); \
     rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, freeze_hide_obj(_e));	\
 } while (0)
 
@@ -316,7 +334,7 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define COMPILE_RECV(anchor, desc, node) \
     (private_recv_p(node) ? \
      (ADD_INSN(anchor, nd_line(node), putself), VM_CALL_FCALL) : \
-     (COMPILE(anchor, desc, node->nd_recv), 0))
+     COMPILE(anchor, desc, node->nd_recv) ? 0 : -1)
 
 #define OPERAND_AT(insn, idx) \
   (((INSN*)(insn))->operands[(idx)])
@@ -327,17 +345,22 @@ r_value(VALUE value)
 #define IS_INSN(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN)
 #define IS_LABEL(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL)
 #define IS_ADJUST(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST)
+#define IS_TRACE(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE)
 #define IS_INSN_ID(iobj, insn) (INSN_OF(iobj) == BIN(insn))
+#define IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(link, insn) \
+    ((link)->next && IS_INSN((link)->next) && IS_INSN_ID((link)->next, insn))
 
 /* error */
-typedef void (*compile_error_func)(rb_iseq_t *, int, const char *, ...);
+#if CPDEBUG > 0
+NORETURN(static void append_compile_error(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...));
+#endif
 
 static void
-append_compile_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+append_compile_error(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     VALUE err_info = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info;
-    VALUE file = iseq->body->location.path;
-    VALUE err = err_info;
+    VALUE file = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
+    VALUE err = err_info == Qtrue ? Qfalse : err_info;
     va_list args;
 
     va_start(args, fmt);
@@ -347,66 +370,70 @@ append_compile_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
 	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, err);
 	rb_set_errinfo(err);
     }
+    else if (!err_info) {
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, Qtrue);
+    }
+    if (compile_debug) {
+        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(err)) err = rb_eSyntaxError;
+        rb_exc_fatal(err);
+    }
 }
 
+#if 0
 static void
 compile_bug(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list args;
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    rb_report_bug_valist(iseq->body->location.path, line, fmt, args);
+    rb_report_bug_valist(rb_iseq_path(iseq), line, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
     abort();
 }
+#endif
 
-NOINLINE(static compile_error_func prepare_compile_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq));
-
-static compile_error_func
-prepare_compile_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
-{
-    if (compile_debug) return &compile_bug;
-    return &append_compile_error;
-}
-
-#define COMPILE_ERROR prepare_compile_error(iseq)
+#define COMPILE_ERROR append_compile_error
 
 #define ERROR_ARGS_AT(n) iseq, nd_line(n),
 #define ERROR_ARGS ERROR_ARGS_AT(node)
 
-#define EXPECT_NODE(prefix, node, ndtype) \
+#define EXPECT_NODE(prefix, node, ndtype, errval) \
 do { \
-    NODE *error_node = (node); \
+    const NODE *error_node = (node); \
     enum node_type error_type = nd_type(error_node); \
     if (error_type != (ndtype)) { \
-	compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) \
-		    prefix ": " #ndtype " is expected, but %s", \
-		    ruby_node_name(error_type)); \
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) \
+		      prefix ": " #ndtype " is expected, but %s", \
+		      ruby_node_name(error_type)); \
+	return errval; \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
-#define EXPECT_NODE_NONULL(prefix, parent, ndtype) \
+#define EXPECT_NODE_NONULL(prefix, parent, ndtype, errval) \
 do { \
-    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS_AT(parent) \
-		prefix ": must be " #ndtype ", but 0"); \
+    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(parent) \
+		  prefix ": must be " #ndtype ", but 0"); \
+    return errval; \
 } while (0)
 
-#define UNKNOWN_NODE(prefix, node) \
+#define UNKNOWN_NODE(prefix, node, errval) \
 do { \
-    NODE *error_node = (node); \
-    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) prefix ": unknown node (%s)", \
-		ruby_node_name(nd_type(error_node))); \
+    const NODE *error_node = (node); \
+    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) prefix ": unknown node (%s)", \
+		  ruby_node_name(nd_type(error_node))); \
+    return errval; \
 } while (0)
 
 #define COMPILE_OK 1
 #define COMPILE_NG 0
 
 #define CHECK(sub) if (!(sub)) {BEFORE_RETURN;return COMPILE_NG;}
+#define NO_CHECK(sub) (void)(sub)
 #define BEFORE_RETURN
 
 /* leave name uninitialized so that compiler warn if INIT_ANCHOR is
  * missing */
 #define DECL_ANCHOR(name) \
-    LINK_ANCHOR name[1] = {{{0,},}}
+    LINK_ANCHOR name[1] = {{{ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,},}}
 #define INIT_ANCHOR(name) \
     (name->last = &name->anchor)
 
@@ -436,7 +463,8 @@ freeze_hide_obj(VALUE obj)
 #define gl_node_level ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->node_level
 #endif
 
-static void dump_disasm_list(LINK_ELEMENT *elem);
+static void dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(const LINK_ELEMENT *link, const LINK_ELEMENT *curr, const LABEL *dest);
+static void dump_disasm_list(const LINK_ELEMENT *elem);
 
 static int insn_data_length(INSN *iobj);
 static int calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *iobj);
@@ -444,21 +472,27 @@ static int calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *iobj);
 static INSN *new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int argc, ...);
 static LABEL *new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line);
 static ADJUST *new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line);
+static TRACE *new_trace_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t event, long data);
+
 
-static int iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, NODE *n, int);
+static int iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, const NODE *n, int);
 static int iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
+static int iseq_setup_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 static int iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 static int iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 
 static int iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const ID *tbl);
 static int iseq_set_exception_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
-static int iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, NODE *node);
+static int iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, const NODE *const node);
 
 static int iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 static int iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
 static int iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 static int iseq_set_optargs_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 
+static int compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, VALUE needstr);
+static int compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int method_call_keywords, int popped);
+
 /*
  * To make Array to LinkedList, use link_anchor
  */
@@ -495,6 +529,44 @@ verify_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE const char *info, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 #define verify_list(info, anchor) verify_list(iseq, (info), (anchor))
 #endif
 
+static void
+verify_call_cache(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+#if CPDEBUG
+    // fprintf(stderr, "ci_size:%d\t", iseq->body->ci_size); rp(iseq);
+
+    VALUE *original = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
+    size_t i = 0;
+    while (i < iseq->body->iseq_size) {
+        VALUE insn = original[i];
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+
+        for (int j=0; types[j]; j++) {
+            if (types[j] == TS_CALLDATA) {
+                struct rb_call_data *cd = (struct rb_call_data *)original[i+j+1];
+                const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cd->ci;
+                const struct rb_callcache *cc = cd->cc;
+                if (cc != vm_cc_empty()) {
+                    vm_ci_dump(ci);
+                    rb_bug("call cache is not initialized by vm_cc_empty()");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        i += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+
+    for (unsigned int i=0; i<iseq->body->ci_size; i++) {
+        struct rb_call_data *cd = &iseq->body->call_data[i];
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cd->ci;
+        const struct rb_callcache *cc = cd->cc;
+        if (cc != NULL && cc != vm_cc_empty()) {
+            vm_ci_dump(ci);
+            rb_bug("call cache is not initialized by vm_cc_empty()");
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
  * elem1, elem2 => elem1, elem2, elem
  */
@@ -526,25 +598,97 @@ APPEND_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *before, LI
 #endif
 
 static int
-iseq_add_mark_object(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE v)
+branch_coverage_valid_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int first_line)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
-	rb_iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, v);
-    }
-    return COMPILE_OK;
+    if (!ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)) return 0;
+    if (!ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq)) return 0;
+    if (first_line <= 0) return 0;
+    return 1;
 }
 
-#define ruby_sourcefile		RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.path)
+static VALUE
+decl_branch_base(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node, const char *type)
+{
+    const int first_lineno = nd_first_lineno(node), first_column = nd_first_column(node);
+    const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node), last_column = nd_last_column(node);
 
-static int
-iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE v)
+    if (!branch_coverage_valid_p(iseq, first_lineno)) return Qundef;
+
+    /*
+     * if !structure[node]
+     *   structure[node] = [type, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column, branches = {}]
+     * else
+     *   branches = structure[node][5]
+     * end
+     */
+
+    VALUE structure = RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq), 0);
+    VALUE key = (VALUE)node | 1; // FIXNUM for hash key
+    VALUE branch_base = rb_hash_aref(structure, key);
+    VALUE branches;
+
+    if (NIL_P(branch_base)) {
+        branch_base = rb_ary_tmp_new(6);
+        rb_hash_aset(structure, key, branch_base);
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(first_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(first_column));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(last_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, INT2FIX(last_column));
+        branches = rb_hash_new();
+        rb_obj_hide(branches);
+        rb_ary_push(branch_base, branches);
+    }
+    else {
+        branches = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 5);
+    }
+
+    return branches;
+}
+
+static void
+add_trace_branch_coverage(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, const NODE *node, int branch_id, const char *type, VALUE branches)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
-	rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->mark_ary, v);
+    const int first_lineno = nd_first_lineno(node), first_column = nd_first_column(node);
+    const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node), last_column = nd_last_column(node);
+
+    if (!branch_coverage_valid_p(iseq, first_lineno)) return;
+
+    /*
+     * if !branches[branch_id]
+     *   branches[branch_id] = [type, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column, counter_idx]
+     * else
+     *   counter_idx= branches[branch_id][5]
+     * end
+     */
+
+    VALUE key = INT2FIX(branch_id);
+    VALUE branch = rb_hash_aref(branches, key);
+    long counter_idx;
+
+    if (NIL_P(branch)) {
+        branch = rb_ary_tmp_new(6);
+        rb_hash_aset(branches, key, branch);
+        rb_ary_push(branch, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(first_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(first_column));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(last_lineno));
+        rb_ary_push(branch, INT2FIX(last_column));
+        VALUE counters = RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq), 1);
+        counter_idx = RARRAY_LEN(counters);
+        rb_ary_push(branch, LONG2FIX(counter_idx));
+        rb_ary_push(counters, INT2FIX(0));
     }
-    return COMPILE_OK;
+    else {
+        counter_idx = FIX2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(branch, 5));
+    }
+
+    ADD_TRACE_WITH_DATA(seq, RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH, counter_idx);
+    ADD_INSN(seq, last_lineno, nop);
 }
 
+#define ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq) (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line)
+
 static int
 validate_label(st_data_t name, st_data_t label, st_data_t arg)
 {
@@ -554,7 +698,7 @@ validate_label(st_data_t name, st_data_t label, st_data_t arg)
 	do {
 	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, lobj->position,
 			  "%"PRIsVALUE": undefined label",
-			  rb_id2str((ID)name));
+			  rb_sym2str((VALUE)name));
 	} while (0);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -568,15 +712,34 @@ validate_labels(rb_iseq_t *iseq, st_table *labels_table)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node)
+rb_iseq_compile_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func * ifunc)
+{
+    DECL_ANCHOR(ret);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(ret);
+
+    (*ifunc->func)(iseq, ret, ifunc->data);
+
+    ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, leave);
+
+    CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
+    return iseq_setup(iseq, ret);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
 {
     DECL_ANCHOR(ret);
     INIT_ANCHOR(ret);
 
+    if (IMEMO_TYPE_P(node, imemo_ifunc)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected imemo_ifunc");
+    }
+
     if (node == 0) {
-	COMPILE(ret, "nil", node);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nil", node));
 	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
     }
+    /* assume node is T_NODE */
     else if (nd_type(node) == NODE_SCOPE) {
 	/* iseq type of top, method, class, block */
 	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, node->nd_tbl);
@@ -591,29 +754,33 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node)
 		start->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
 		end->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
 
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+		ADD_INSN (ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), nop);
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
 		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body));
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, end);
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, nd_line(node), RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = iseq->body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno;
 
 		/* wide range catch handler must put at last */
-		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, 0, start);
-		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, 0, end);
+		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, NULL, start);
+		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, NULL, end);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
 	    {
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
 		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, nd_line(node), RUBY_EVENT_END);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_END);
+		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD:
 	    {
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
 		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
-		ADD_TRACE(ret, nd_line(node), RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  default: {
@@ -622,22 +789,18 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node)
 	  }
 	}
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P((VALUE)node, T_IMEMO)) {
-	const struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = (struct vm_ifunc *)node;
-	/* user callback */
-	(*ifunc->func)(iseq, ret, ifunc->data);
-    }
     else {
+	const char *m;
+#define INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(type) \
+	ISEQ_TYPE_##type: m = #type; goto invalid_iseq_type
 	switch (iseq->body->type) {
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "compile/should not be reached: %s:%d",
-			  __FILE__, __LINE__);
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(METHOD);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(CLASS);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(BLOCK);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(EVAL);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(MAIN);
+	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(TOP);
+#undef INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE /* invalid iseq types end */
 	  case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
 	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
 	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue", node));
@@ -646,12 +809,15 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node)
 	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
 	    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "ensure", node));
 	    break;
-	  case ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD:
-	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defined guard", node));
+	  case ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN:
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "ensure", node));
 	    break;
 	  default:
-	    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "unknown scope");
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown scope: %d", iseq->body->type);
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	  invalid_iseq_type:
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "compile/ISEQ_TYPE_%s should not be reached", m);
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
 	}
     }
 
@@ -663,17 +829,18 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node)
 	ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, leave);
     }
 
-#if SUPPORT_JOKE
+#if OPT_SUPPORT_JOKE
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table) {
 	st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
 	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = 0;
 	validate_labels(iseq, labels_table);
     }
 #endif
+    CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
     return iseq_setup(iseq, ret);
 }
 
-int
+static int
 rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
 #if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
@@ -687,26 +854,11 @@ rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 	encoded[i] = (VALUE)table[insn];
 	i += len;
     }
+    FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED);
 #endif
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
-#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
-static int
-rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(const void *addr) /* cold path */
-{
-    int insn;
-    const void * const *table = rb_vm_get_insns_address_table();
-
-    for (insn = 0; insn < VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; insn++) {
-	if (table[insn] == addr) {
-	    return insn;
-	}
-    }
-    rb_bug("rb_vm_insn_addr2insn: invalid insn address: %p", addr);
-}
-#endif
-
 VALUE *
 rb_iseq_original_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) /* cold path */
 {
@@ -746,6 +898,16 @@ rb_iseq_original_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) /* cold path */
   #define STRICT_ALIGNMENT
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Some OpenBSD platforms (including sparc64) require strict alignment.
+ */
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__)
+  #include <sys/endian.h>
+  #ifdef __STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+    #define STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+  #endif
+#endif
+
 #ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
   #if defined(HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG) && SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > SIZEOF_VALUE
     #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
@@ -786,11 +948,10 @@ calc_padding(void *ptr, size_t size)
 #endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
 
 static void *
-compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
+compile_data_alloc_with_arena(struct iseq_compile_data_storage **arena, size_t size)
 {
     void *ptr = 0;
-    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage =
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_current;
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage = *arena;
 #ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
     size_t padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos], size);
 #else
@@ -806,8 +967,8 @@ compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
 	    alloc_size *= 2;
 	}
 	storage->next = (void *)ALLOC_N(char, alloc_size +
-					SIZEOF_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE);
-	storage = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_current = storage->next;
+					offsetof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage, buff));
+	storage = *arena = storage->next;
 	storage->next = 0;
 	storage->pos = 0;
 	storage->size = alloc_size;
@@ -825,10 +986,34 @@ compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
     return ptr;
 }
 
+static void *
+compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
+{
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage ** arena = &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->node.storage_current;
+    return compile_data_alloc_with_arena(arena, size);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+compile_data_alloc2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    size_t size = rb_size_mul_or_raise(x, y, rb_eRuntimeError);
+    return compile_data_alloc(iseq, size);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+compile_data_calloc2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    size_t size = rb_size_mul_or_raise(x, y, rb_eRuntimeError);
+    void *p = compile_data_alloc(iseq, size);
+    memset(p, 0, size);
+    return p;
+}
+
 static INSN *
 compile_data_alloc_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    return (INSN *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(INSN));
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage ** arena = &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->insn.storage_current;
+    return (INSN *)compile_data_alloc_with_arena(arena, sizeof(INSN));
 }
 
 static LABEL *
@@ -843,11 +1028,17 @@ compile_data_alloc_adjust(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     return (ADJUST *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(ADJUST));
 }
 
+static TRACE *
+compile_data_alloc_trace(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return (TRACE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(TRACE));
+}
+
 /*
  * elem1, elemX => elem1, elem2, elemX
  */
 static void
-INSERT_ELEM_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
+ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 {
     elem2->next = elem1->next;
     elem2->prev = elem1;
@@ -861,7 +1052,7 @@ INSERT_ELEM_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
  * elem1, elemX => elemX, elem2, elem1
  */
 static void
-INSERT_ELEM_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
+ELEM_INSERT_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 {
     elem2->prev = elem1->prev;
     elem2->next = elem1;
@@ -871,12 +1062,11 @@ INSERT_ELEM_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
     }
 }
 
-#if 0
 /*
  * elemX, elem1, elemY => elemX, elem2, elemY
  */
 static void
-REPLACE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
+ELEM_REPLACE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 {
     elem2->prev = elem1->prev;
     elem2->next = elem1->next;
@@ -887,10 +1077,9 @@ REPLACE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
 	elem1->next->prev = elem2;
     }
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
-REMOVE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
+ELEM_REMOVE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 {
     elem->prev->next = elem->next;
     if (elem->next) {
@@ -899,7 +1088,7 @@ REMOVE_ELEM(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
 }
 
 static LINK_ELEMENT *
-FIRST_ELEMENT(LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+FIRST_ELEMENT(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     return anchor->anchor.next;
 }
@@ -923,14 +1112,42 @@ POP_ELEMENT(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 #define POP_ELEMENT(anchor) POP_ELEMENT(iseq, (anchor))
 #endif
 
+static LINK_ELEMENT *
+ELEM_FIRST_INSN(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
+{
+    while (elem) {
+	switch (elem->type) {
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+	    return elem;
+	  default:
+	    elem = elem->next;
+	}
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 static int
-LIST_SIZE_ZERO(LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
-    if (anchor->anchor.next == 0) {
-	return 1;
+    LINK_ELEMENT *first_insn = ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+    if (first_insn != NULL &&
+	ELEM_FIRST_INSN(first_insn->next) == NULL) {
+	return TRUE;
     }
     else {
-	return 0;
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+{
+    if (ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor)) == NULL) {
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+	return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
@@ -955,38 +1172,9 @@ APPEND_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *const anc2)
 #define APPEND_LIST(anc1, anc2) APPEND_LIST(iseq, (anc1), (anc2))
 #endif
 
-/*
- * anc1: e1, e2, e3
- * anc2: e4, e5
- *#=>
- * anc1: e4, e5, e1, e2, e3
- * anc2: e4, e5 (broken)
- */
-static void
-INSERT_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *const anc2)
-{
-    if (anc2->anchor.next) {
-	LINK_ELEMENT *first = anc1->anchor.next;
-	anc1->anchor.next = anc2->anchor.next;
-	anc1->anchor.next->prev = &anc1->anchor;
-	anc2->last->next = first;
-	if (first) {
-	    first->prev = anc2->last;
-	}
-	else {
-	    anc1->last = anc2->last;
-	}
-    }
-
-    verify_list("append", anc1);
-}
-#if CPDEBUG < 0
-#define INSERT_LIST(anc1, anc2) INSERT_LIST(iseq, (anc1), (anc2))
-#endif
-
 #if CPDEBUG && 0
 static void
-debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *cur)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     printf("----\n");
@@ -994,19 +1182,34 @@ debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 	   anchor->anchor.next, anchor->last);
     while (list) {
 	printf("curr: %p, next: %p, prev: %p, type: %d\n", list, list->next,
-	       list->prev, FIX2INT(list->type));
+	       list->prev, (int)list->type);
 	list = list->next;
     }
     printf("----\n");
 
-    dump_disasm_list(anchor->anchor.next);
+    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(anchor->anchor.next, cur, 0);
     verify_list("debug list", anchor);
 }
 #if CPDEBUG < 0
-#define debug_list(anc) debug_list(iseq, (anc))
+#define debug_list(anc, cur) debug_list(iseq, (anc), (cur))
 #endif
+#else
+#define debug_list(anc, cur) ((void)0)
 #endif
 
+static TRACE *
+new_trace_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t event, long data)
+{
+    TRACE *trace = compile_data_alloc_trace(iseq);
+
+    trace->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE;
+    trace->link.next = NULL;
+    trace->event = event;
+    trace->data = data;
+
+    return trace;
+}
+
 static LABEL *
 new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line)
 {
@@ -1021,6 +1224,7 @@ new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line)
     labelobj->refcnt = 0;
     labelobj->set = 0;
     labelobj->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_NONE;
+    labelobj->unremovable = 0;
     return labelobj;
 }
 
@@ -1032,7 +1236,7 @@ new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line)
     adjust->link.next = 0;
     adjust->label = label;
     adjust->line_no = line;
-    if (label) LABEL_REF(label);
+    LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(label);
     return adjust;
 }
 
@@ -1041,12 +1245,14 @@ new_insn_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no,
 	      int insn_id, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     INSN *iobj = compile_data_alloc_insn(iseq);
+
     /* printf("insn_id: %d, line: %d\n", insn_id, line_no); */
 
     iobj->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN;
     iobj->link.next = 0;
     iobj->insn_id = insn_id;
-    iobj->line_no = line_no;
+    iobj->insn_info.line_no = line_no;
+    iobj->insn_info.events = 0;
     iobj->operands = argv;
     iobj->operand_size = argc;
     iobj->sc_state = 0;
@@ -1060,8 +1266,8 @@ new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int a
     va_list argv;
     if (argc > 0) {
 	int i;
-	va_init_list(argv, argc);
-	operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
+        va_start(argv, argc);
+        operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 	    VALUE v = va_arg(argv, VALUE);
 	    operands[i] = v;
@@ -1071,61 +1277,159 @@ new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int a
     return new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
 }
 
-static struct rb_call_info *
-new_callinfo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID mid, int argc, unsigned int flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg, int has_blockiseq)
+static const struct rb_callinfo *
+new_callinfo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID mid, int argc, unsigned int flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg, int has_blockiseq)
 {
-    size_t size = kw_arg != NULL ? sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) : sizeof(struct rb_call_info);
-    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, size);
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)ci;
+    VM_ASSERT(argc >= 0);
 
-    ci->mid = mid;
-    ci->flag = flag;
-    ci->orig_argc = argc;
+    if (!(flag & (VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT)) &&
+        kw_arg == NULL && !has_blockiseq) {
+        flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
+    }
 
     if (kw_arg) {
-	ci->flag |= VM_CALL_KWARG;
-	ci_kw->kw_arg = kw_arg;
-	ci->orig_argc += kw_arg->keyword_len;
-	iseq->body->ci_kw_size++;
-    }
-    else {
-	iseq->body->ci_size++;
+        flag |= VM_CALL_KWARG;
+        argc += kw_arg->keyword_len;
     }
 
-    if (!(ci->flag & (VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG)) &&
-	kw_arg == NULL && !has_blockiseq) {
-	ci->flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
-    }
+    // fprintf(stderr, "[%d] id:%s\t", (int)iseq->body->ci_size, rb_id2name(mid)); rp(iseq);
+    iseq->body->ci_size++;
+    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = vm_ci_new(mid, flag, argc, kw_arg);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
     return ci;
 }
 
 static INSN *
-new_insn_send(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, ID id, VALUE argc, const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq, VALUE flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords)
+new_insn_send(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, ID id, VALUE argc, const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq, VALUE flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords)
 {
-    VALUE *operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * 3);
-    operands[0] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, id, FIX2INT(argc), FIX2INT(flag), keywords, blockiseq != NULL);
-    operands[1] = Qfalse; /* cache */
-    operands[2] = (VALUE)blockiseq;
-    return new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, BIN(send), 3, operands);
+    VALUE *operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), 2);
+    VALUE ci = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, id, FIX2INT(argc), FIX2INT(flag), keywords, blockiseq != NULL);
+    operands[0] = ci;
+    operands[1] = (VALUE)blockiseq;
+    if (blockiseq) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, blockiseq);
+    }
+    INSN *insn = new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, BIN(send), 2, operands);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(ci);
+    return insn;
 }
 
 static rb_iseq_t *
-new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node,
+new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
 	       VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
 {
     rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;
+    rb_ast_body_t ast;
+
+    ast.root = node;
+    ast.compile_option = 0;
+    ast.line_count = -1;
 
     debugs("[new_child_iseq]> ---------------------------------------\n");
-    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(node, name,
-				    iseq_path(iseq), iseq_absolute_path(iseq),
-				    INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
+    int isolated_depth = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth;
+    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast, name,
+				    rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
+                                    INT2FIX(line_no), parent,
+                                    isolated_depth ? isolated_depth + 1 : 0,
+                                    type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
     debugs("[new_child_iseq]< ---------------------------------------\n");
-    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, (VALUE)ret_iseq);
     return ret_iseq;
 }
 
+static rb_iseq_t *
+new_child_iseq_with_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc,
+		     VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
+{
+    rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;
+
+    debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]> ---------------------------------------\n");
+    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_callback(ifunc, name,
+				 rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
+				 INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
+    debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]< ---------------------------------------\n");
+    return ret_iseq;
+}
+
+static void
+set_catch_except_p(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
+    if (body->parent_iseq != NULL) {
+        set_catch_except_p(body->parent_iseq->body);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Set body->catch_except_p to TRUE if the ISeq may catch an exception. If it is FALSE,
+   JIT-ed code may be optimized.  If we are extremely conservative, we should set TRUE
+   if catch table exists.  But we want to optimize while loop, which always has catch
+   table entries for break/next/redo.
+
+   So this function sets TRUE for limited ISeqs with break/next/redo catch table entries
+   whose child ISeq would really raise an exception. */
+static void
+update_catch_except_flags(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    unsigned int pos;
+    size_t i;
+    int insn;
+    const struct iseq_catch_table *ct = body->catch_table;
+
+    /* This assumes that a block has parent_iseq which may catch an exception from the block, and that
+       BREAK/NEXT/REDO catch table entries are used only when `throw` insn is used in the block. */
+    pos = 0;
+    while (pos < body->iseq_size) {
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
+#else
+        insn = (int)body->iseq_encoded[pos];
+#endif
+        if (insn == BIN(throw)) {
+            set_catch_except_p(body);
+            break;
+        }
+        pos += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+
+    if (ct == NULL)
+        return;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
+        const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry =
+            UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);
+        if (entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_BREAK
+            && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_NEXT
+            && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_REDO) {
+            body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    VALUE catch_table_ary = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (NIL_P(catch_table_ary)) return;
+    unsigned int i, tlen = (unsigned int)RARRAY_LEN(catch_table_ary);
+    const VALUE *tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(catch_table_ary);
+    for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
+        const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(tptr[i]);
+        LINK_ELEMENT *end = (LINK_ELEMENT *)(ptr[2] & ~1);
+        LINK_ELEMENT *cont = (LINK_ELEMENT *)(ptr[4] & ~1);
+        LINK_ELEMENT *e;
+        for (e = end; e && (IS_LABEL(e) || IS_TRACE(e)); e = e->next) {
+            if (e == cont) {
+                INSN *nop = new_insn_core(iseq, 0, BIN(nop), 0, 0);
+                ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(end, &nop->link);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static int
-iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+iseq_setup_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
     if (RTEST(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info))
 	return COMPILE_NG;
@@ -1155,6 +1459,20 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
     }
 
+    debugs("[compile step 3.4 (iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont)]\n");
+    iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont(iseq);
+    if (compile_debug > 5)
+        dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+{
+    if (RTEST(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info))
+        return COMPILE_NG;
+
     debugs("[compile step 4.1 (iseq_set_sequence)]\n");
     if (!iseq_set_sequence(iseq, anchor)) return COMPILE_NG;
     if (compile_debug > 5)
@@ -1169,10 +1487,21 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
     debugs("[compile step 5 (iseq_translate_threaded_code)] \n");
     if (!rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq)) return COMPILE_NG;
 
+    debugs("[compile step 6 (update_catch_except_flags)] \n");
+    update_catch_except_flags(iseq->body);
+
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+    if (iseq->body->insns_info.succ_index_table == NULL) {
+        debugs("[compile step 7 (rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions)] \n");
+        rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions(iseq);
+    }
+#endif
+
     if (compile_debug > 1) {
 	VALUE str = rb_iseq_disasm(iseq);
 	printf("%s\n", StringValueCStr(str));
     }
+    verify_call_cache(iseq);
     debugs("[compile step: finish]\n");
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -1181,16 +1510,8 @@ iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 static int
 iseq_set_exception_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    /* TODO: every id table is same -> share it.
-     * Current problem is iseq_free().
-     */
-    ID id_dollar_bang;
-    ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, 1);
-
-    CONST_ID(id_dollar_bang, "#$!");
-    iseq->body->local_table_size = 1;
-    ids[0] = id_dollar_bang;
-    iseq->body->local_table = ids;
+    iseq->body->local_table_size = numberof(rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl);
+    iseq->body->local_table = rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl;
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -1224,7 +1545,8 @@ get_local_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id)
     int idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq->body->local_iseq, id);
 
     if (idx < 0) {
-	rb_bug("get_local_var_idx: %d", idx);
+        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq),
+                      "get_local_var_idx: %d", idx);
     }
 
     return idx;
@@ -1234,6 +1556,7 @@ static int
 get_dyna_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *level, int *ls)
 {
     int lv = 0, idx = -1;
+    const rb_iseq_t *const topmost_iseq = iseq;
 
     while (iseq) {
 	idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, id);
@@ -1245,7 +1568,8 @@ get_dyna_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *level, int *ls)
     }
 
     if (idx < 0) {
-	rb_bug("get_dyna_var_idx: -1");
+        COMPILE_ERROR(topmost_iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(topmost_iseq),
+                      "get_dyna_var_idx: -1");
     }
 
     *level = lv;
@@ -1253,69 +1577,184 @@ get_dyna_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *level, int *ls)
     return idx;
 }
 
+static int
+iseq_local_block_param_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, unsigned int idx, unsigned int level)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body;
+    while (level > 0) {
+	iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+	level--;
+    }
+    body = iseq->body;
+    if (body->local_iseq == iseq && /* local variables */
+	body->param.flags.has_block &&
+	body->local_table_size - body->param.block_start == idx) {
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_block_param_id_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *pidx, int *plevel)
+{
+    int level, ls;
+    int idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &level, &ls);
+    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, ls - idx, level)) {
+	*pidx = ls - idx;
+	*plevel = level;
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+access_outer_variables(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int level, ID id, bool write)
+{
+    int isolated_depth = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth;
+
+    if (isolated_depth && level >= isolated_depth) {
+        if (id == rb_intern("yield")) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq), "can not yield from isolated Proc", rb_id2name(id));
+        }
+        else {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq), "can not access variable `%s' from isolated Proc", rb_id2name(id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i=0; i<level; i++) {
+        VALUE val;
+        struct rb_id_table *ovs = iseq->body->outer_variables;
+
+        if (!ovs) {
+            ovs = iseq->body->outer_variables = rb_id_table_create(8);
+        }
+
+        if (rb_id_table_lookup(iseq->body->outer_variables, id, &val)) {
+            if (write && !val) {
+                rb_id_table_insert(iseq->body->outer_variables, id, Qtrue);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_id_table_insert(iseq->body->outer_variables, id, write ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+        }
+
+        iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+    }
+}
+
+static ID
+iseq_lvar_id(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int idx, int level)
+{
+    for (int i=0; i<level; i++) {
+        iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+    }
+
+    ID id = iseq->body->local_table[iseq->body->local_table_size - idx];
+    // fprintf(stderr, "idx:%d level:%d ID:%s\n", idx, level, rb_id2name(id));
+    return id;
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level)
+{
+    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, getblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    else {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, getlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qfalse);
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level)
+{
+    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, setblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    else {
+	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, setlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+    }
+    if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qtrue);
+}
+
+
+
 static void
 iseq_calc_param_size(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_post ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_block ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw ||
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    if (body->param.flags.has_opt ||
+	body->param.flags.has_post ||
+	body->param.flags.has_rest ||
+	body->param.flags.has_block ||
+	body->param.flags.has_kw ||
+	body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
 
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_block) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.block_start + 1;
+	if (body->param.flags.has_block) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.block_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start + 1;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->rest_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.keyword->bits_start + 1;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_kw) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->bits_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_post) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.post_start + iseq->body->param.post_num;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_post) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.rest_start + 1;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.rest_start + 1;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
-	    iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.lead_num + iseq->body->param.opt_num;
+	else if (body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+	    body->param.size = body->param.lead_num + body->param.opt_num;
 	}
 	else {
-	    rb_bug("unreachable");
+            UNREACHABLE;
 	}
     }
     else {
-	iseq->body->param.size = iseq->body->param.lead_num;
+	body->param.size = body->param.lead_num;
     }
 }
 
-static void
+static int
 iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
-			    const struct rb_args_info *args)
+			    const struct rb_args_info *args, int arg_size)
 {
-    NODE *node = args->kw_args;
+    const NODE *node = args->kw_args;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword;
     const VALUE default_values = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
     const VALUE complex_mark = rb_str_tmp_new(0);
     int kw = 0, rkw = 0, di = 0, i;
 
-    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;
-    iseq->body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
-    keyword->bits_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid);
+    body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;
+    body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
 
     while (node) {
-	NODE *val_node = node->nd_body->nd_value;
+	kw++;
+	node = node->nd_next;
+    }
+    arg_size += kw;
+    keyword->bits_start = arg_size++;
+
+    node = args->kw_args;
+    while (node) {
+	const NODE *val_node = node->nd_body->nd_value;
 	VALUE dv;
 
-	if (val_node == (NODE *)-1) {
+        if (val_node == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
 	    ++rkw;
 	}
 	else {
 	    switch (nd_type(val_node)) {
 	      case NODE_LIT:
 		dv = val_node->nd_lit;
-		iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, dv);
 		break;
 	      case NODE_NIL:
 		dv = Qnil;
@@ -1327,7 +1766,7 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
 		dv = Qfalse;
 		break;
 	      default:
-		COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "kwarg", node); /* nd_type(node) == NODE_KW_ARG */
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "kwarg", node)); /* nd_type(node) == NODE_KW_ARG */
 		dv = complex_mark;
 	    }
 
@@ -1335,18 +1774,17 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
 	    rb_ary_push(default_values, dv);
 	}
 
-	kw++;
 	node = node->nd_next;
     }
 
     keyword->num = kw;
 
-    if (args->kw_rest_arg->nd_cflag != 0) {
-	keyword->rest_start =  get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->kw_rest_arg->nd_cflag);
-	iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
+    if (args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid != 0) {
+	keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
+	body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
     }
     keyword->required_num = rkw;
-    keyword->table = &iseq->body->local_table[keyword->bits_start - keyword->num];
+    keyword->table = &body->local_table[keyword->bits_start - keyword->num];
 
     {
 	VALUE *dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(default_values));
@@ -1354,45 +1792,46 @@ iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(default_values); i++) {
 	    VALUE dv = RARRAY_AREF(default_values, i);
 	    if (dv == complex_mark) dv = Qundef;
+	    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(dv)) {
+		RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, dv);
+	    }
 	    dvs[i] = dv;
 	}
 
 	keyword->default_values = dvs;
     }
+    return arg_size;
 }
 
 static int
-iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, NODE *node_args)
+iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, const NODE *const node_args)
 {
     debugs("iseq_set_arguments: %s\n", node_args ? "" : "0");
 
     if (node_args) {
+	struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
 	struct rb_args_info *args = node_args->nd_ainfo;
 	ID rest_id = 0;
 	int last_comma = 0;
 	ID block_id = 0;
+	int arg_size;
 
-	EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS);
+	EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS, COMPILE_NG);
 
-	iseq->body->param.lead_num = (int)args->pre_args_num;
-	if (iseq->body->param.lead_num > 0) iseq->body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
-	debugs("  - argc: %d\n", iseq->body->param.lead_num);
+        body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = args->ruby2_keywords;
+	body->param.lead_num = arg_size = (int)args->pre_args_num;
+	if (body->param.lead_num > 0) body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
+	debugs("  - argc: %d\n", body->param.lead_num);
 
 	rest_id = args->rest_arg;
-	if (rest_id == 1) {
+        if (rest_id == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA) {
 	    last_comma = 1;
 	    rest_id = 0;
 	}
 	block_id = args->block_arg;
 
-	if (args->first_post_arg) {
-	    iseq->body->param.post_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->first_post_arg);
-	    iseq->body->param.post_num = args->post_args_num;
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
-	}
-
 	if (args->opt_args) {
-	    NODE *node = args->opt_args;
+	    const NODE *node = args->opt_args;
 	    LABEL *label;
 	    VALUE labels = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
 	    VALUE *opt_table;
@@ -1402,7 +1841,7 @@ iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, NODE *node_args)
 		label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
 		rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
 		ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);
-		COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "optarg", node->nd_body);
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "optarg", node->nd_body));
 		node = node->nd_next;
 		i += 1;
 	    }
@@ -1414,61 +1853,73 @@ iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, NODE *node_args)
 
 	    opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, i+1);
 
-	    MEMCPY(opt_table, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(labels), VALUE, i+1);
+            MEMCPY(opt_table, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(labels), VALUE, i+1);
 	    for (j = 0; j < i+1; j++) {
 		opt_table[j] &= ~1;
 	    }
 	    rb_ary_clear(labels);
 
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt = TRUE;
-	    iseq->body->param.opt_num = i;
-	    iseq->body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
+	    body->param.flags.has_opt = TRUE;
+	    body->param.opt_num = i;
+	    body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
+	    arg_size += i;
 	}
 
-	if (args->kw_args) {
-	    iseq_set_arguments_keywords(iseq, optargs, args);
+	if (rest_id) {
+	    body->param.rest_start = arg_size++;
+	    body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
+	    assert(body->param.rest_start != -1);
 	}
-	else if (args->kw_rest_arg) {
-	    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
-	    keyword->rest_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid);
-	    iseq->body->param.keyword = keyword;
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
+
+	if (args->first_post_arg) {
+	    body->param.post_start = arg_size;
+	    body->param.post_num = args->post_args_num;
+	    body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
+	    arg_size += args->post_args_num;
+
+	    if (body->param.flags.has_rest) { /* TODO: why that? */
+		body->param.post_start = body->param.rest_start + 1;
+	    }
 	}
 
-	if (args->pre_init) { /* m_init */
-	    COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (m)", args->pre_init);
+	if (args->kw_args) {
+	    arg_size = iseq_set_arguments_keywords(iseq, optargs, args, arg_size);
 	}
-	if (args->post_init) { /* p_init */
-	    COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (p)", args->post_init);
+	else if (args->kw_rest_arg) {
+	    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+	    keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
+	    body->param.keyword = keyword;
+	    body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
 	}
-
-	if (rest_id) {
-	    iseq->body->param.rest_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, rest_id);
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
-	    assert(iseq->body->param.rest_start != -1);
-
-	    if (iseq->body->param.post_start == 0) { /* TODO: why that? */
-		iseq->body->param.post_start = iseq->body->param.rest_start + 1;
-	    }
+	else if (args->no_kwarg) {
+	    body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = TRUE;
 	}
 
 	if (block_id) {
-	    iseq->body->param.block_start = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, block_id);
-	    iseq->body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
+	    body->param.block_start = arg_size++;
+	    body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
 	}
 
 	iseq_calc_param_size(iseq);
+	body->param.size = arg_size;
 
-	if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-	    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt    == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_post   == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest   == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw     == FALSE &&
-		iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest == FALSE) {
+	if (args->pre_init) { /* m_init */
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (m)", args->pre_init));
+	}
+	if (args->post_init) { /* p_init */
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (p)", args->post_init));
+	}
 
-		if (iseq->body->param.lead_num == 1 && last_comma == 0) {
+	if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+	    if (body->param.flags.has_opt    == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_post   == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_rest   == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_kw     == FALSE &&
+		body->param.flags.has_kwrest == FALSE) {
+
+		if (body->param.lead_num == 1 && last_comma == 0) {
 		    /* {|a|} */
-		    iseq->body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
+		    body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
@@ -1504,27 +1955,71 @@ iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const ID *tbl)
 static int
 cdhash_cmp(VALUE val, VALUE lit)
 {
-    if (val == lit) return 0;
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) {
-	return val != lit;
+    int tval, tlit;
+
+    if (val == lit) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else if ((tlit = OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(lit)) == -1) {
+        return val != lit;
+    }
+    else if ((tval = OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(val)) == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    else if (tlit != tval) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_SYMBOL) {
+        return val != lit;
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_STRING) {
+        return rb_str_hash_cmp(lit, val);
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_BIGNUM) {
+        long x = FIX2LONG(rb_big_cmp(lit, val));
+
+        /* Given lit and val are both Bignum, x must be -1, 0, 1.
+         * There is no need to call rb_fix2int here. */
+        RUBY_ASSERT((x == 1) || (x == 0) || (x == -1));
+        return (int)x;
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_FLOAT) {
+        return rb_float_cmp(lit, val);
+    }
+    else if (tlit == T_RATIONAL) {
+        const struct RRational *rat1 = RRATIONAL(val);
+        const struct RRational *rat2 = RRATIONAL(lit);
+        return cdhash_cmp(rat1->num, rat2->num) || cdhash_cmp(rat1->den, rat2->den);
     }
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(val) || BUILTIN_TYPE(val) != BUILTIN_TYPE(lit)) {
-	return -1;
+    else if (tlit == T_COMPLEX) {
+        const struct RComplex *comp1 = RCOMPLEX(val);
+        const struct RComplex *comp2 = RCOMPLEX(lit);
+        return cdhash_cmp(comp1->real, comp2->real) || cdhash_cmp(comp1->imag, comp2->imag);
     }
-    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(lit) == T_STRING) {
-	return rb_str_hash_cmp(lit, val);
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(-1);
     }
-    return !rb_eql(lit, val);
 }
 
 static st_index_t
 cdhash_hash(VALUE a)
 {
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) return (st_index_t)a;
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(a, T_STRING)) return rb_str_hash(a);
-    {
-	VALUE hval = rb_hash(a);
-	return (st_index_t)FIX2LONG(hval);
+    switch (OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(a)) {
+      case -1:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+        return (st_index_t)a;
+      case T_STRING:
+        return rb_str_hash(a);
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+        return FIX2LONG(rb_big_hash(a));
+      case T_FLOAT:
+        return rb_dbl_long_hash(RFLOAT_VALUE(a));
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+        return rb_rational_hash(a);
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        return rb_complex_hash(a);
+      default:
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1540,7 +2035,7 @@ struct cdhash_set_label_struct {
 };
 
 static int
-cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, void *ptr)
+cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE ptr)
 {
     struct cdhash_set_label_struct *data = (struct cdhash_set_label_struct *)ptr;
     LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)(val & ~1);
@@ -1568,74 +2063,259 @@ get_ivar_ic_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq,ID id)
     return val;
 }
 
+#define BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, dest) \
+    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor), list, dest)
+
+#define BADINSN_ERROR \
+    (xfree(generated_iseq), \
+     xfree(insns_info), \
+     BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL), \
+     COMPILE_ERROR)
+
+static int
+fix_sp_depth(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
+{
+    int stack_max = 0, sp = 0, line = 0;
+    LINK_ELEMENT *list;
+
+    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
+	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL) {
+	    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+	    lobj->set = TRUE;
+	}
+    }
+
+    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
+	switch (list->type) {
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+	    {
+		int j, len, insn;
+		const char *types;
+		VALUE *operands;
+		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+
+		/* update sp */
+		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
+		if (sp < 0) {
+		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+				  "argument stack underflow (%d)", sp);
+		    return -1;
+		}
+		if (sp > stack_max) {
+		    stack_max = sp;
+		}
+
+		line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
+		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
+		operands = iobj->operands;
+		insn = iobj->insn_id;
+		types = insn_op_types(insn);
+		len = insn_len(insn);
+
+		/* operand check */
+		if (iobj->operand_size != len - 1) {
+		    /* printf("operand size miss! (%d, %d)\n", iobj->operand_size, len); */
+		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+				  "operand size miss! (%d for %d)",
+				  iobj->operand_size, len - 1);
+		    return -1;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+		    if (types[j] == TS_OFFSET) {
+			/* label(destination position) */
+			LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
+			if (!lobj->set) {
+			    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+					  "unknown label: "LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
+			    return -1;
+			}
+			if (lobj->sp == -1) {
+			    lobj->sp = sp;
+                        } else if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                            debugs("%s:%d: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                                   RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), line,
+                                   lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                        }
+		    }
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+	    {
+		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
+		if (lobj->sp == -1) {
+		    lobj->sp = sp;
+		}
+		else {
+                    if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                        debugs("%s:%d: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                                RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), line,
+                                lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                    }
+		    sp = lobj->sp;
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+	    {
+		/* ignore */
+		break;
+	    }
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+	    {
+		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
+		int orig_sp = sp;
+
+		sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
+		if (adjust->line_no != -1 && orig_sp - sp < 0) {
+		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
+				  "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug %d < %d",
+				  orig_sp, sp);
+		    return -1;
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	  default:
+	    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "unknown list type: %d", list->type);
+	    return -1;
+	}
+    }
+    return stack_max;
+}
+
+static int
+add_insn_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions,
+              int insns_info_index, int code_index, const INSN *iobj)
+{
+    if (insns_info_index == 0 ||
+        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].line_no != iobj->insn_info.line_no ||
+        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].events  != iobj->insn_info.events) {
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = iobj->insn_info.events;
+        positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+add_adjust_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions,
+                int insns_info_index, int code_index, const ADJUST *adjust)
+{
+    if (insns_info_index > 0 ||
+        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].line_no != adjust->line_no) {
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = adjust->line_no;
+        insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = 0;
+        positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
 /**
   ruby insn object list -> raw instruction sequence
  */
 static int
 iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 {
-    struct iseq_line_info_entry *line_info_table;
-    unsigned int last_line = 0;
+    VALUE iseqv = (VALUE)iseq;
+    struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    unsigned int *positions;
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
     VALUE *generated_iseq;
+    rb_event_flag_t events = 0;
+    long data = 0;
 
-    int insn_num, code_index, line_info_index, sp, stack_max = 0, line = 0;
+    int insn_num, code_index, insns_info_index, sp = 0;
+    int stack_max = fix_sp_depth(iseq, anchor);
+
+    if (stack_max < 0) return COMPILE_NG;
 
     /* fix label position */
-    list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
     insn_num = code_index = 0;
-    while (list) {
+    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
 	switch (list->type) {
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
 	    {
 		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
-		line = iobj->line_no;
-		code_index += insn_data_length(iobj);
+		/* update sp */
+		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
 		insn_num++;
+                events = iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
+                if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
+                    if (ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE) &&
+                        !(rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES)) {
+                        int line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
+                        if (line >= 1) {
+                            RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq), line - 1, INT2FIX(0));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH)) {
+                        while (RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq)) <= code_index) {
+                            rb_ary_push(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq), Qnil);
+                        }
+                        RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq), code_index, INT2FIX(data));
+                    }
+		}
+                code_index += insn_data_length(iobj);
+		events = 0;
+                data = 0;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
 	    {
 		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
 		lobj->position = code_index;
-		lobj->set = TRUE;
+                if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                    debugs("%s: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                           RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)),
+                           lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                }
+		sp = lobj->sp;
 		break;
 	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_NONE:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
 	    {
-		/* ignore */
+		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
+		events |= trace->event;
+                if (trace->event & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH) data = trace->data;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
 	    {
 		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
 		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
-		    code_index += 2 /* insn + 1 operand */;
-		    insn_num++;
+		    int orig_sp = sp;
+		    sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
+		    if (orig_sp - sp > 0) {
+			if (orig_sp - sp > 1) code_index++; /* 1 operand */
+			code_index++; /* insn */
+			insn_num++;
+		    }
 		}
 		break;
 	    }
-	  default:
-	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
-	    dump_disasm_list(list);
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "error: set_sequence");
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
+	  default: break;
 	}
-	list = list->next;
     }
 
     /* make instruction sequence */
     generated_iseq = ALLOC_N(VALUE, code_index);
-    line_info_table = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_line_info_entry, insn_num);
-    iseq->body->is_entries = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, iseq->body->is_size);
-    iseq->body->ci_entries = (struct rb_call_info *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info) * iseq->body->ci_size +
-								 sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) * iseq->body->ci_kw_size);
-    iseq->body->cc_entries = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_cache, iseq->body->ci_size + iseq->body->ci_kw_size);
-
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index = 0;
+    insns_info = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_insn_info_entry, insn_num);
+    positions = ALLOC_N(unsigned int, insn_num);
+    body->is_entries = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, body->is_size);
+    body->call_data = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_data, body->ci_size);
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index = 0;
 
     list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
-    line_info_index = code_index = sp = 0;
+    insns_info_index = code_index = sp = 0;
 
     while (list) {
 	switch (list->type) {
@@ -1648,10 +2328,6 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 
 		/* update sp */
 		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
-		if (sp > stack_max) {
-		    stack_max = sp;
-		}
-
 		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
 		operands = iobj->operands;
 		insn = iobj->insn_id;
@@ -1659,18 +2335,6 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 		types = insn_op_types(insn);
 		len = insn_len(insn);
 
-		/* operand check */
-		if (iobj->operand_size != len - 1) {
-		    /* printf("operand size miss! (%d, %d)\n", iobj->operand_size, len); */
-		    dump_disasm_list(list);
-		    xfree(generated_iseq);
-		    xfree(line_info_table);
-		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->line_no,
-				  "operand size miss! (%d for %d)",
-				  iobj->operand_size, len - 1);
-		    return COMPILE_NG;
-		}
-
 		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
 		    char type = types[j];
 		    /* printf("--> [%c - (%d-%d)]\n", type, k, j); */
@@ -1679,14 +2343,6 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 			{
 			    /* label(destination position) */
 			    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
-			    if (!lobj->set) {
-				COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->line_no,
-					      "unknown label");
-				return COMPILE_NG;
-			    }
-			    if (lobj->sp == -1) {
-				lobj->sp = sp;
-			    }
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = lobj->position - (code_index + len);
 			    break;
 			}
@@ -1702,101 +2358,80 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 			    rb_hash_rehash(map);
 			    freeze_hide_obj(map);
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = map;
+			    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
+                            FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
 			    break;
 			}
 		      case TS_LINDEX:
 		      case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
 			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = FIX2INT(operands[j]);
 			break;
-		      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
-			{
-			    VALUE v = operands[j];
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = v;
-			    break;
-			}
 		      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
+		      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
 			{
 			    VALUE v = operands[j];
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = v;
 			    /* to mark ruby object */
-			    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, v);
+			    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
+				RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
+                                FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+			    }
 			    break;
 			}
 		      case TS_IC: /* inline cache */
+		      case TS_ISE: /* inline storage entry */
+		      case TS_IVC: /* inline ivar cache */
 			{
 			    unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
-			    IC ic = (IC)&iseq->body->is_entries[ic_index];
-			    if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= iseq->body->is_size)) {
-				rb_bug("iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d", ic_index, iseq->body->is_size);
+			    IC ic = (IC)&body->is_entries[ic_index];
+			    if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= body->is_size)) {
+                                BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, &iobj->link, 0);
+                                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                              "iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d",
+                                              ic_index, body->is_size);
 			    }
 			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
+                            FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
 			    break;
 			}
-		      case TS_CALLINFO: /* call info */
-			{
-			    struct rb_call_info *base_ci = (struct rb_call_info *)operands[j];
-			    struct rb_call_info *ci;
-
-			    if (base_ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) {
-				struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&iseq->body->ci_entries[iseq->body->ci_size];
-				struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw = &ci_kw_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index++];
-				*ci_kw = *((struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)base_ci);
-				ci = (struct rb_call_info *)ci_kw;
-				assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index <= iseq->body->ci_kw_size);
-			    }
-			    else {
-				ci = &iseq->body->ci_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index++];
-				*ci = *base_ci;
-				assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index <= iseq->body->ci_size);
-			    }
-
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ci;
-			    break;
-			}
-		      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-			{
-			    struct rb_call_cache *cc = &iseq->body->cc_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index + ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index - 1];
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)cc;
-			    break;
-			}
+                        case TS_CALLDATA:
+                        {
+                            const struct rb_callinfo *source_ci = (const struct rb_callinfo *)operands[j];
+                            struct rb_call_data *cd = &body->call_data[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index++];
+                            assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index <= body->ci_size);
+                            cd->ci = source_ci;
+                            cd->cc = vm_cc_empty();
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)cd;
+                            break;
+                        }
 		      case TS_ID: /* ID */
 			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = SYM2ID(operands[j]);
 			break;
-		      case TS_GENTRY:
-			{
-			    struct rb_global_entry *entry =
-				(struct rb_global_entry *)(operands[j] & (~1));
-			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)entry;
-			}
-			break;
 		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
 			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
 			break;
+                      case TS_BUILTIN:
+                        generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
+                        break;
 		      default:
-			xfree(generated_iseq);
-			xfree(line_info_table);
-			COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->line_no,
+			BADINSN_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
 				      "unknown operand type: %c", type);
 			return COMPILE_NG;
 		    }
 		}
-		if (last_line != iobj->line_no) {
-		    line_info_table[line_info_index].line_no = last_line = iobj->line_no;
-		    line_info_table[line_info_index].position = code_index;
-		    line_info_index++;
-		}
+		if (add_insn_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, iobj)) insns_info_index++;
 		code_index += len;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
 	    {
 		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
-		if (lobj->sp == -1) {
-		    lobj->sp = sp;
-		}
-		else {
-		    sp = lobj->sp;
-		}
+                if (lobj->sp != sp) {
+                    debugs("%s: sp inconsistency found but ignored (" LABEL_FORMAT " sp: %d, calculated sp: %d)\n",
+                           RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)),
+                           lobj->label_no, lobj->sp, sp);
+                }
+		sp = lobj->sp;
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
@@ -1812,29 +2447,27 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 		}
 
 		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
-		    if (orig_sp - sp > 0) {
-			if (last_line != (unsigned int)adjust->line_no) {
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].line_no = last_line = adjust->line_no;
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].position = code_index;
-			    line_info_index++;
-			}
+		    const int diff = orig_sp - sp;
+		    if (diff > 0) {
+			if (add_adjust_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, adjust)) insns_info_index++;
+		    }
+		    if (diff > 1) {
 			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(adjuststack);
 			generated_iseq[code_index++] = orig_sp - sp;
 		    }
-		    else if (orig_sp - sp == 0) {
-			/* jump to next insn */
-			if (last_line != (unsigned int)adjust->line_no) {
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].line_no = last_line = adjust->line_no;
-			    line_info_table[line_info_index].position = code_index;
-			    line_info_index++;
-			}
-			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(nop);
-			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(nop);
+		    else if (diff == 1) {
+			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(pop);
 		    }
-		    else {
-			compile_bug(iseq, adjust->line_no,
-				    "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug %d < %d",
-				    orig_sp, sp);
+		    else if (diff < 0) {
+			int label_no = adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1;
+			xfree(generated_iseq);
+			xfree(insns_info);
+			xfree(positions);
+			debug_list(anchor, list);
+			COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
+				      "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug to %d %d < %d",
+				      label_no, orig_sp, sp);
+			return COMPILE_NG;
 		    }
 		}
 		break;
@@ -1846,13 +2479,19 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 	list = list->next;
     }
 
-    iseq->body->iseq_encoded = (void *)generated_iseq;
-    iseq->body->iseq_size = code_index;
-    iseq->body->stack_max = stack_max;
+    body->iseq_encoded = (void *)generated_iseq;
+    body->iseq_size = code_index;
+    body->stack_max = stack_max;
 
-    REALLOC_N(line_info_table, struct iseq_line_info_entry, line_info_index);
-    iseq->body->line_info_table = line_info_table;
-    iseq->body->line_info_size = line_info_index;
+    /* get rid of memory leak when REALLOC failed */
+    body->insns_info.body = insns_info;
+    body->insns_info.positions = positions;
+
+    REALLOC_N(insns_info, struct iseq_insn_info_entry, insns_info_index);
+    body->insns_info.body = insns_info;
+    REALLOC_N(positions, unsigned int, insns_info_index);
+    body->insns_info.positions = positions;
+    body->insns_info.size = insns_info_index;
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -1876,25 +2515,23 @@ iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     unsigned int tlen, i;
     struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;
 
+    iseq->body->catch_table = NULL;
+    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) return COMPILE_OK;
     tlen = (int)RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
-    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
+    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
 
     if (tlen > 0) {
 	struct iseq_catch_table *table = xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(tlen));
 	table->size = tlen;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < table->size; i++) {
-	    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tptr[i]);
-	    entry = &table->entries[i];
+            ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(tptr[i]);
+	    entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(table, entries[i]);
 	    entry->type = (enum catch_type)(ptr[0] & 0xffff);
 	    entry->start = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[1] & ~1));
 	    entry->end = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[2] & ~1));
 	    entry->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)ptr[3];
-
-	    /* register iseq as mark object */
-	    if (entry->iseq != 0) {
-		iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, (VALUE)entry->iseq);
-	    }
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, entry->iseq);
 
 	    /* stack depth */
 	    if (ptr[4]) {
@@ -1916,9 +2553,6 @@ iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 	iseq->body->catch_table = table;
 	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, 0); /* free */
     }
-    else {
-	iseq->body->catch_table = NULL;
-    }
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -1951,14 +2585,32 @@ get_destination_insn(INSN *iobj)
 {
     LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
     LINK_ELEMENT *list;
+    rb_event_flag_t events = 0;
 
     list = lobj->link.next;
     while (list) {
-	if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
+	switch (list->type) {
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
+	    goto found;
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
+	    /* ignore */
 	    break;
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
+	    {
+		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
+		events |= trace->event;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  default: break;
 	}
 	list = list->next;
     }
+  found:
+    if (list && IS_INSN(list)) {
+	INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+	iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
+    }
     return list;
 }
 
@@ -1995,7 +2647,7 @@ unref_destination(INSN *iobj, int pos)
 {
     LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, pos);
     --lobj->refcnt;
-    if (!lobj->refcnt) REMOVE_ELEM(&lobj->link);
+    if (!lobj->refcnt) ELEM_REMOVE(&lobj->link);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2007,14 +2659,63 @@ replace_destination(INSN *dobj, INSN *nobj)
     --dl->refcnt;
     ++nl->refcnt;
     OPERAND_AT(dobj, 0) = n;
-    if (!dl->refcnt) REMOVE_ELEM(&dl->link);
+    if (!dl->refcnt) ELEM_REMOVE(&dl->link);
+}
+
+static LABEL*
+find_destination(INSN *i)
+{
+    int pos, len = insn_len(i->insn_id);
+    for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
+	if (insn_op_types(i->insn_id)[pos] == TS_OFFSET) {
+	    return (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(i, pos);
+	}
+    }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
 remove_unreachable_chunk(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *i)
 {
-    int removed = 0;
-    while (i) {
+    LINK_ELEMENT *first = i, *end;
+    int *unref_counts = 0, nlabels = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->label_no;
+
+    if (!i) return 0;
+    unref_counts = ALLOCA_N(int, nlabels);
+    MEMZERO(unref_counts, int, nlabels);
+    end = i;
+    do {
+	LABEL *lab;
+	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
+	    if (IS_INSN_ID(i, leave)) {
+		end = i;
+		break;
+	    }
+	    else if ((lab = find_destination((INSN *)i)) != 0) {
+		if (lab->unremovable) break;
+		unref_counts[lab->label_no]++;
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (IS_LABEL(i)) {
+	    lab = (LABEL *)i;
+	    if (lab->unremovable) return 0;
+	    if (lab->refcnt > unref_counts[lab->label_no]) {
+		if (i == first) return 0;
+		break;
+	    }
+	    continue;
+	}
+	else if (IS_TRACE(i)) {
+	    /* do nothing */
+	}
+	else if (IS_ADJUST(i)) {
+	    LABEL *dest = ((ADJUST *)i)->label;
+	    if (dest && dest->unremovable) return 0;
+	}
+	end = i;
+    } while ((i = i->next) != 0);
+    i = first;
+    do {
 	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
 	    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
 	    VALUE insn = INSN_OF(i);
@@ -2024,43 +2725,164 @@ remove_unreachable_chunk(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *i)
 		  case TS_OFFSET:
 		    unref_destination((INSN *)i, pos);
 		    break;
-		  case TS_CALLINFO:
-		    if (((struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(i, pos))->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG)
-			--(body->ci_kw_size);
-		    else
-			--(body->ci_size);
+                  case TS_CALLDATA:
+                    --(body->ci_size);
 		    break;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
-	else if (IS_LABEL(i)) {
-	    if (((LABEL *)i)->refcnt > 0) break;
+	ELEM_REMOVE(i);
+    } while ((i != end) && (i = i->next) != 0);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_pop_newarray(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
+{
+    switch (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) {
+      case INT2FIX(0): /* empty array */
+	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	return TRUE;
+      case INT2FIX(1): /* single element array */
+	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	return FALSE;
+      default:
+	iobj->insn_id = BIN(adjuststack);
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+is_frozen_putstring(INSN *insn, VALUE *op)
+{
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(insn, putstring)) {
+        *op = OPERAND_AT(insn, 0);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else if (IS_INSN_ID(insn, putobject)) { /* frozen_string_literal */
+        *op = OPERAND_AT(insn, 0);
+        return RB_TYPE_P(*op, T_STRING);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+optimize_checktype(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
+{
+    /*
+     *   putobject obj
+     *   dup
+     *   checktype T_XXX
+     *   branchif l1
+     * l2:
+     *   ...
+     * l1:
+     *
+     * => obj is a T_XXX
+     *
+     *   putobject obj (T_XXX)
+     *   jump L1
+     * L1:
+     *
+     * => obj is not a T_XXX
+     *
+     *   putobject obj (T_XXX)
+     *   jump L2
+     * L2:
+     */
+    int line;
+    INSN *niobj, *ciobj, *dup = 0;
+    LABEL *dest = 0;
+    VALUE type;
+
+    switch (INSN_OF(iobj)) {
+      case BIN(putstring):
+	type = INT2FIX(T_STRING);
+	break;
+      case BIN(putnil):
+	type = INT2FIX(T_NIL);
+	break;
+      case BIN(putobject):
+	type = INT2FIX(TYPE(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)));
+	break;
+      default: return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, jump)) {
+	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn((INSN*)OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0));
+    }
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, dup)) {
+	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(dup = ciobj);
+    }
+    if (!ciobj || !IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, checktype)) return FALSE;
+    niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(ciobj);
+    if (!niobj) {
+	/* TODO: putobject true/false */
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+    switch (INSN_OF(niobj)) {
+      case BIN(branchif):
+	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) == type) {
+	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+	}
+	break;
+      case BIN(branchunless):
+	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) != type) {
+	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+	}
+	break;
+      default:
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    line = ciobj->insn_info.line_no;
+    if (!dest) {
+	if (niobj->link.next && IS_LABEL(niobj->link.next)) {
+	    dest = (LABEL *)niobj->link.next; /* reuse label */
+	}
+	else {
+	    dest = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&niobj->link, &dest->link);
 	}
-	else break;
-	REMOVE_ELEM(i);
-	removed = 1;
-	i = i->next;
     }
-    return removed;
+    INSERT_AFTER_INSN1(iobj, line, jump, dest);
+    LABEL_REF(dest);
+    if (!dup) INSERT_AFTER_INSN(iobj, line, pop);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static const struct rb_callinfo *
+ci_flag_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_callinfo *ci, unsigned int add)
+{
+    const struct rb_callinfo *nci = vm_ci_new(vm_ci_mid(ci),
+                                             vm_ci_flag(ci) | add,
+                                             vm_ci_argc(ci),
+                                             vm_ci_kwarg(ci));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, ci, nci);
+    return nci;
+}
+
+static const struct rb_callinfo *
+ci_argc_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_callinfo *ci, int argc)
+{
+    const struct rb_callinfo *nci = vm_ci_new(vm_ci_mid(ci),
+                                              vm_ci_flag(ci),
+                                              argc,
+                                              vm_ci_kwarg(ci));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, ci, nci);
+    return nci;
 }
 
 static int
 iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcallopt)
 {
-    INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
+    INSN *const iobj = (INSN *)list;
+
   again:
+    optimize_checktype(iseq, iobj);
+
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, jump)) {
-	INSN *niobj, *diobj, *piobj;
-	/*
-	 *  useless jump elimination:
-	 *     jump LABEL1
-	 *     ...
-	 *   LABEL1:
-	 *     jump LABEL2
-	 *
-	 *   => in this case, first jump instruction should jump to
-	 *      LABEL2 directly
-	 */
+        INSN *niobj, *diobj, *piobj;
 	diobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
 	niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
 
@@ -2072,15 +2894,28 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	     *   LABEL:
 	     */
 	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
-	    REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	    return COMPILE_OK;
 	}
-	else if (iobj != diobj && IS_INSN_ID(diobj, jump) &&
-		 OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) != OPERAND_AT(diobj, 0)) {
+        else if (iobj != diobj && IS_INSN(&diobj->link) &&
+                 IS_INSN_ID(diobj, jump) &&
+		 OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) != OPERAND_AT(diobj, 0) &&
+                 diobj->insn_info.events == 0) {
+	    /*
+	     *  useless jump elimination:
+	     *     jump LABEL1
+	     *     ...
+	     *   LABEL1:
+	     *     jump LABEL2
+	     *
+	     *   => in this case, first jump instruction should jump to
+	     *      LABEL2 directly
+	     */
 	    replace_destination(iobj, diobj);
 	    remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
 	    goto again;
 	}
-	else if (IS_INSN_ID(diobj, leave)) {
+        else if (IS_INSN_ID(diobj, leave)) {
 	    /*
 	     *  jump LABEL
 	     *  ...
@@ -2092,44 +2927,100 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	     * LABEL:
 	     *  leave
 	     */
-	    INSN *popiobj = new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->line_no,
-					  BIN(pop), 0, 0);
 	    /* replace */
 	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
-	    iobj->insn_id = BIN(leave);
+            iobj->insn_id = BIN(leave);
 	    iobj->operand_size = 0;
-	    INSERT_ELEM_NEXT(&iobj->link, &popiobj->link);
+	    iobj->insn_info = diobj->insn_info;
 	    goto again;
 	}
-	/*
-	 * useless jump elimination (if/unless destination):
-	 *   if   L1
-	 *   jump L2
-	 * L1:
-	 *   ...
-	 * L2:
-	 *
-	 * ==>
-	 *   unless L2
-	 * L1:
-	 *   ...
-	 * L2:
-	 */
-	else if ((piobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj)) != 0 &&
+        else if (IS_INSN(iobj->link.prev) &&
+                 (piobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev) &&
 		 (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif) ||
 		  IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchunless))) {
-	    if (niobj == (INSN *)get_destination_insn(piobj)) {
+	    INSN *pdiobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(piobj);
+	    if (niobj == pdiobj) {
+		int refcnt = IS_LABEL(piobj->link.next) ?
+		    ((LABEL *)piobj->link.next)->refcnt : 0;
+		/*
+		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless destination):
+		 *   if   L1
+		 *   jump L2
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 * L2:
+		 *
+		 * ==>
+		 *   unless L2
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 * L2:
+		 */
 		piobj->insn_id = (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif))
 		  ? BIN(branchunless) : BIN(branchif);
 		replace_destination(piobj, iobj);
-		REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
+		if (refcnt <= 1) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+		}
+		else {
+		    /* TODO: replace other branch destinations too */
+		}
+		return COMPILE_OK;
+	    }
+	    else if (diobj == pdiobj) {
+		/*
+		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless before jump):
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 *   if   L1
+		 *   jump L1
+		 *
+		 * ==>
+		 * L1:
+		 *   ...
+		 *   pop
+		 *   jump L1
+		 */
+		INSN *popiobj = new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+					      BIN(pop), 0, 0);
+		ELEM_REPLACE(&piobj->link, &popiobj->link);
 	    }
 	}
-	else if (remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next)) {
+	if (remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next)) {
 	    goto again;
 	}
     }
 
+    /*
+     * putstring "beg"
+     * putstring "end"
+     * newrange excl
+     *
+     * ==>
+     *
+     * putobject "beg".."end"
+     */
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, checkmatch)) {
+        INSN *range = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj);
+        INSN *beg, *end;
+        VALUE str_beg, str_end;
+
+	if (range && IS_INSN_ID(range, newrange) &&
+                (end = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(range)) != 0 &&
+                is_frozen_putstring(end, &str_end) &&
+                (beg = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(end)) != 0 &&
+                is_frozen_putstring(beg, &str_beg)) {
+	    int excl = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(range, 0));
+	    VALUE lit_range = rb_range_new(str_beg, str_end, excl);
+
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&beg->link);
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&end->link);
+	    range->insn_id = BIN(putobject);
+	    OPERAND_AT(range, 0) = lit_range;
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit_range);
+	}
+    }
+
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, leave)) {
 	remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
     }
@@ -2146,97 +3037,135 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	 *   if L2
 	 */
 	INSN *nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
-	INSN *pobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev;
-	int prev_dup = 0;
-	if (pobj) {
-	    if (!IS_INSN(&pobj->link))
-		pobj = 0;
-	    else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, dup))
-		prev_dup = 1;
-	}
-
-	for (;;) {
-	    if (IS_INSN_ID(nobj, jump)) {
-		replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
-	    }
-	    else if (prev_dup && IS_INSN_ID(nobj, dup) &&
-		     !!(nobj = (INSN *)nobj->link.next) &&
-		     /* basic blocks, with no labels in the middle */
-		     nobj->insn_id == iobj->insn_id) {
-		/*
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L1
-		 *   ...
-		 * L1:
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L2
-		 * =>
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L2
-		 *   ...
-		 * L1:
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L2
-		 */
-		replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
-	    }
-	    else if (pobj) {
-		/*
-		 *   putnil
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   # nothing
-		 *
-		 *   putobject true
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   jump L1
-		 *
-		 *   putstring ".."
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   jump L1
-		 *
-		 *   putstring ".."
-		 *   dup
-		 *   if L1
-		 * =>
-		 *   putstring ".."
-		 *   jump L1
-		 *
-		 */
-		int cond;
-		if (prev_dup && IS_INSN(pobj->link.prev)) {
-		    pobj = (INSN *)pobj->link.prev;
-		}
-		if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putobject)) {
-		    cond = (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif) ?
-			    OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) != Qfalse :
-			    IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless) ?
-			    OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) == Qfalse :
-			    FALSE);
-		}
-		else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putstring)) {
-		    cond = IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
-		}
-		else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putnil)) {
-		    cond = !IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
-		}
-		else break;
-		REMOVE_ELEM(iobj->link.prev);
-		if (cond) {
-		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(jump);
-		    goto again;
-		}
-		else {
-		    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
-		    REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	    else break;
-	    nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(nobj);
-	}
+
+        /* This is super nasty hack!!!
+         *
+         * This jump-jump optimization may ignore event flags of the jump
+         * instruction being skipped.  Actually, Line 2 TracePoint event
+         * is never fired in the following code:
+         *
+         *   1: raise if 1 == 2
+         *   2: while true
+         *   3:   break
+         *   4: end
+         *
+         * This is critical for coverage measurement.  [Bug #15980]
+         *
+         * This is a stopgap measure: stop the jump-jump optimization if
+         * coverage measurement is enabled and if the skipped instruction
+         * has any event flag.
+         *
+         * Note that, still, TracePoint Line event does not occur on Line 2.
+         * This should be fixed in future.
+         */
+        int stop_optimization =
+	    ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) &&
+            nobj->insn_info.events;
+	if (!stop_optimization) {
+            INSN *pobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev;
+            int prev_dup = 0;
+            if (pobj) {
+                if (!IS_INSN(&pobj->link))
+                    pobj = 0;
+                else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, dup))
+                    prev_dup = 1;
+            }
+
+            for (;;) {
+                if (IS_INSN(&nobj->link) && IS_INSN_ID(nobj, jump)) {
+                    replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
+                }
+                else if (prev_dup && IS_INSN_ID(nobj, dup) &&
+                         !!(nobj = (INSN *)nobj->link.next) &&
+                         /* basic blocks, with no labels in the middle */
+                         nobj->insn_id == iobj->insn_id) {
+                    /*
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L1
+                     *   ...
+                     * L1:
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L2
+                     * =>
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L2
+                     *   ...
+                     * L1:
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L2
+                     */
+                    replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
+                }
+                else if (pobj) {
+                    /*
+                     *   putnil
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   # nothing
+                     *
+                     *   putobject true
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   jump L1
+                     *
+                     *   putstring ".."
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   jump L1
+                     *
+                     *   putstring ".."
+                     *   dup
+                     *   if L1
+                     * =>
+                     *   putstring ".."
+                     *   jump L1
+                     *
+                     */
+                    int cond;
+                    if (prev_dup && IS_INSN(pobj->link.prev)) {
+                        pobj = (INSN *)pobj->link.prev;
+                    }
+                    if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putobject)) {
+                        cond = (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif) ?
+                                OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) != Qfalse :
+                                IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless) ?
+                                OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) == Qfalse :
+                                FALSE);
+                    }
+                    else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putstring) ||
+                             IS_INSN_ID(pobj, duparray) ||
+                             IS_INSN_ID(pobj, newarray)) {
+                        cond = IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
+                    }
+                    else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putnil)) {
+                        cond = !IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
+                    }
+                    else break;
+                    if (prev_dup || !IS_INSN_ID(pobj, newarray)) {
+                        ELEM_REMOVE(iobj->link.prev);
+                    }
+                    else if (!iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, pobj)) {
+                        pobj = new_insn_core(iseq, pobj->insn_info.line_no, BIN(pop), 0, NULL);
+                        ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&iobj->link, &pobj->link);
+                    }
+                    if (cond) {
+                        if (prev_dup) {
+                            pobj = new_insn_core(iseq, pobj->insn_info.line_no, BIN(putnil), 0, NULL);
+                            ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, &pobj->link);
+                        }
+                        iobj->insn_id = BIN(jump);
+                        goto again;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        unref_destination(iobj, 0);
+                        ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                else break;
+                nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(nobj);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, pop)) {
@@ -2250,11 +3179,34 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	if (IS_INSN(prev)) {
 	    enum ruby_vminsn_type previ = ((INSN *)prev)->insn_id;
 	    if (previ == BIN(putobject) || previ == BIN(putnil) ||
-		previ == BIN(putself) || previ == BIN(putstring)) {
+		previ == BIN(putself) || previ == BIN(putstring) ||
+		previ == BIN(dup) ||
+		previ == BIN(getlocal) ||
+		previ == BIN(getblockparam) ||
+		previ == BIN(getblockparamproxy) ||
+		/* getinstancevariable may issue a warning */
+		previ == BIN(duparray)) {
 		/* just push operand or static value and pop soon, no
 		 * side effects */
-		REMOVE_ELEM(prev);
-		REMOVE_ELEM(&iobj->link);
+		ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
+		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	    }
+	    else if (previ == BIN(newarray) && iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, (INSN*)prev)) {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	    }
+	    else if (previ == BIN(concatarray)) {
+		INSN *piobj = (INSN *)prev;
+		INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(piobj, piobj->insn_info.line_no, splatarray, Qfalse);
+		INSN_OF(piobj) = BIN(pop);
+	    }
+	    else if (previ == BIN(concatstrings)) {
+		if (OPERAND_AT(prev, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
+		}
+		else {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+		    INSN_OF(prev) = BIN(adjuststack);
+		}
 	    }
 	}
     }
@@ -2275,7 +3227,72 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
 	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, splatarray)) {
 	    /* remove splatarray following always-array insn */
-	    REMOVE_ELEM(next);
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, tostring)) {
+	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+	/*
+	 *  tostring
+	 *  concatstrings 1
+	 * =>
+	 *  tostring
+	 */
+	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings) &&
+	    OPERAND_AT(next, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putstring) ||
+	(IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putobject) && RB_TYPE_P(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0), T_STRING))) {
+	/*
+	 *  putstring ""
+	 *  concatstrings N
+	 * =>
+	 *  concatstrings N-1
+	 */
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, concatstrings) &&
+	    RSTRING_LEN(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) == 0) {
+	    INSN *next = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
+	    if ((OPERAND_AT(next, 0) = FIXNUM_INC(OPERAND_AT(next, 0), -1)) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(&next->link);
+	    }
+	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatstrings)) {
+	/*
+	 *  concatstrings N
+	 *  concatstrings M
+	 * =>
+	 *  concatstrings N+M-1
+	 */
+	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
+	INSN *jump = 0;
+	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, jump))
+	    next = get_destination_insn(jump = (INSN *)next);
+	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings)) {
+	    int n = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) + FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(next, 0)) - 1;
+	    OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = INT2FIX(n);
+	    if (jump) {
+		LABEL *label = ((LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(jump, 0));
+		if (!--label->refcnt) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&label->link);
+		}
+		else {
+		    label = NEW_LABEL(0);
+		    OPERAND_AT(jump, 0) = (VALUE)label;
+		}
+		label->refcnt++;
+		ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(next, &label->link);
+		CHECK(iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, get_next_insn(jump), do_tailcallopt));
+	    }
+	    else {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(next);
+	    }
 	}
     }
 
@@ -2301,7 +3318,6 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 		}
 		switch (INSN_OF(next)) {
 		  case BIN(nop):
-		  /*case BIN(trace):*/
 		    next = next->next;
 		    break;
 		  case BIN(jump):
@@ -2313,6 +3329,7 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 		    break;
 		  case BIN(leave):
 		    piobj = iobj;
+                    /* fall through */
 		  default:
 		    next = NULL;
 		    break;
@@ -2321,28 +3338,69 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
 	}
 
 	if (piobj) {
-	    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)piobj->operands[0];
-	    if (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, send) || IS_INSN_ID(piobj, invokesuper)) {
-		if (piobj->operands[2] == 0) { /* no blockiseq */
-		    ci->flag |= VM_CALL_TAILCALL;
+            const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0);
+	    if (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, send) ||
+                IS_INSN_ID(piobj, invokesuper)) {
+                if (OPERAND_AT(piobj, 1) == 0) { /* no blockiseq */
+                    ci = ci_flag_set(iseq, ci, VM_CALL_TAILCALL);
+                    OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+                    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
 		}
 	    }
 	    else {
-		ci->flag |= VM_CALL_TAILCALL;
+                ci = ci_flag_set(iseq, ci, VM_CALL_TAILCALL);
+                OPERAND_AT(piobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
 	    }
 	}
     }
 
-    #define IS_TRACE_LINE(insn) \
-	(IS_INSN_ID(insn, trace) && \
-	 OPERAND_AT(insn, 0) == INT2FIX(RUBY_EVENT_LINE))
-    if (IS_TRACE_LINE(iobj) && iobj->link.prev && IS_INSN(iobj->link.prev)) {
-	INSN *piobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev;
-	if (IS_TRACE_LINE(piobj)) {
-	    REMOVE_ELEM(iobj->link.prev);
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, dup)) {
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, setlocal)) {
+	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = iobj->link.next, *set2 = NULL;
+	    if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, setlocal)) {
+		set2 = set1->next;
+		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
+		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
+		}
+	    }
+	    else if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, dup) &&
+		     IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1->next, setlocal)) {
+		set2 = set1->next->next;
+		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
+		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1->next);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(set2);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, getlocal)) {
+	LINK_ELEMENT *niobj = &iobj->link;
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, dup)) {
+	    niobj = niobj->next;
+	}
+	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, setlocal)) {
+	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = niobj->next;
+	    if (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) &&
+		OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 1)) {
+		ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
+		ELEM_REMOVE(niobj);
+	    }
 	}
     }
 
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_invokebuiltin_delegate)) {
+        if (IS_TRACE(iobj->link.next)) {
+            if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(iobj->link.next, leave)) {
+                iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -2354,12 +3412,10 @@ insn_set_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int insn_id)
 
     if (insn_id == BIN(opt_neq)) {
 	VALUE *old_operands = iobj->operands;
-	iobj->operand_size = 4;
-	iobj->operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, iobj->operand_size * sizeof(VALUE));
-	iobj->operands[0] = old_operands[0];
-	iobj->operands[1] = Qfalse; /* CALL_CACHE */
-	iobj->operands[2] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, idEq, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
-	iobj->operands[3] = Qfalse; /* CALL_CACHE */
+        iobj->operand_size = 2;
+        iobj->operands = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, iobj->operand_size, sizeof(VALUE));
+        iobj->operands[0] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, idEq, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
+        iobj->operands[1] = old_operands[0];
     }
 
     return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -2375,16 +3431,16 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 	 */
 	INSN *niobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
 	if (IS_INSN_ID(niobj, send)) {
-	    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
-	    if ((ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) && ci->orig_argc == 0) {
-		switch (ci->mid) {
+            const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
+            if ((vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) && vm_ci_argc(ci) == 0) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
 		  case idMax:
 		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_max);
-		    REMOVE_ELEM(&niobj->link);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
 		    return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idMin:
 		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_min);
-		    REMOVE_ELEM(&niobj->link);
+		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
 		    return COMPILE_OK;
 		}
 	    }
@@ -2392,23 +3448,24 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
     }
 
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send)) {
-	struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
-	const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 2);
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
+        const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1);
 
 #define SP_INSN(opt) insn_set_specialized_instruction(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_##opt))
-	if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) {
-	    switch (ci->orig_argc) {
+	if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) {
+	    switch (vm_ci_argc(ci)) {
 	      case 0:
-		switch (ci->mid) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
 		  case idLength: SP_INSN(length); return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idSize:	 SP_INSN(size);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idEmptyP: SP_INSN(empty_p);return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idNilP:   SP_INSN(nil_p);  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idSucc:	 SP_INSN(succ);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idNot:	 SP_INSN(not);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		}
 		break;
 	      case 1:
-		switch (ci->mid) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
 		  case idPLUS:	 SP_INSN(plus);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idMINUS:	 SP_INSN(minus);  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idMULT:	 SP_INSN(mult);	  return COMPILE_OK;
@@ -2416,23 +3473,26 @@ iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
 		  case idMOD:	 SP_INSN(mod);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idEq:	 SP_INSN(eq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idNeq:	 SP_INSN(neq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+		  case idEqTilde:SP_INSN(regexpmatch2);return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idLT:	 SP_INSN(lt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idLE:	 SP_INSN(le);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idGT:	 SP_INSN(gt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idGE:	 SP_INSN(ge);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idLTLT:	 SP_INSN(ltlt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		  case idAREF:	 SP_INSN(aref);	  return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idAnd:    SP_INSN(and);    return COMPILE_OK;
+                  case idOr:     SP_INSN(or);    return COMPILE_OK;
 		}
 		break;
 	      case 2:
-		switch (ci->mid) {
+		switch (vm_ci_mid(ci)) {
 		  case idASET:	 SP_INSN(aset);	  return COMPILE_OK;
 		}
 		break;
 	    }
 	}
 
-	if ((ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL) {
+	if ((vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL) {
 	    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_send_without_block);
 	    iobj->operand_size = insn_len(iobj->insn_id) - 1;
 	}
@@ -2520,8 +3580,7 @@ new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
     }
 
     if (argc > 0) {
-	ptr = operands =
-	    (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
+	ptr = operands = compile_data_alloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
     }
 
     /* copy operands */
@@ -2533,7 +3592,7 @@ new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 	list = list->next;
     }
 
-    return new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
+    return new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -2601,7 +3660,7 @@ iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 #include "opt_sc.inc"
 
 static int
-insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int state)
+insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const LINK_ELEMENT *anchor, INSN *iobj, int state)
 {
     int nstate;
     int insn_id;
@@ -2616,11 +3675,11 @@ insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int state)
 
 	if (lobj->sc_state != 0) {
 	    if (lobj->sc_state != nstate) {
-		dump_disasm_list((LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj);
-		dump_disasm_list((LINK_ELEMENT *)lobj);
-		printf("\n-- %d, %d\n", lobj->sc_state, nstate);
-		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->line_no,
-			      "insn_set_sc_state error\n");
+		BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, iobj, lobj);
+		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+			      "insn_set_sc_state error: %d at "LABEL_FORMAT
+			      ", %d expected\n",
+			      lobj->sc_state, lobj->label_no, nstate);
 		return COMPILE_NG;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -2688,7 +3747,7 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 				new_insn_body(iseq, 0, BIN(reput), 0);
 
 			    /* replace this insn */
-			    REPLACE_ELEM(list, (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj);
+			    ELEM_REPLACE(list, (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj);
 			    list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj;
 			    goto redo_point;
 			}
@@ -2699,7 +3758,7 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 			if (state == SCS_AB || state == SCS_BA) {
 			    state = (state == SCS_AB ? SCS_BA : SCS_AB);
 
-			    REMOVE_ELEM(list);
+			    ELEM_REMOVE(list);
 			    list = list->next;
 			    goto redo_point;
 			}
@@ -2721,12 +3780,12 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 			  case SCS_XX:
 			    goto normal_insn;
 			  default:
-			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->line_no,
+			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
 					  "unreachable");
 			    return COMPILE_NG;
 			}
 			/* remove useless pop */
-			REMOVE_ELEM(list);
+			ELEM_REMOVE(list);
 			list = list->next;
 			goto redo_point;
 		    }
@@ -2734,7 +3793,7 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 		    /* none */
 		}		/* end of switch */
 	      normal_insn:
-		state = insn_set_sc_state(iseq, iobj, state);
+		state = insn_set_sc_state(iseq, anchor, iobj, state);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
@@ -2754,9 +3813,32 @@ iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int *cntp)
+all_string_result_p(const NODE *node)
+{
+    if (!node) return FALSE;
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_STR: case NODE_DSTR:
+	return TRUE;
+      case NODE_IF: case NODE_UNLESS:
+	if (!node->nd_body || !node->nd_else) return FALSE;
+	if (all_string_result_p(node->nd_body))
+	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_else);
+	return FALSE;
+      case NODE_AND: case NODE_OR:
+	if (!node->nd_2nd)
+	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st);
+	if (!all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st))
+	    return FALSE;
+	return all_string_result_p(node->nd_2nd);
+      default:
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int *cntp)
 {
-    NODE *list = node->nd_next;
+    const NODE *list = node->nd_next;
     VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
     LINK_ELEMENT *first_lit = 0;
     int cnt = 0;
@@ -2765,29 +3847,32 @@ compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int
     if (!NIL_P(lit)) {
 	cnt++;
 	if (!RB_TYPE_P(lit, T_STRING)) {
-	    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "dstr: must be string: %s",
-			rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(lit)));
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "dstr: must be string: %s",
+			  rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(lit)));
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
 	}
-	lit = node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(lit);
+	lit = rb_fstring(lit);
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, lit);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	if (RSTRING_LEN(lit) == 0) first_lit = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
     }
 
     while (list) {
-	node = list->nd_head;
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_STR) {
-	    node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, node->nd_lit);
+	const NODE *const head = list->nd_head;
+	if (nd_type(head) == NODE_STR) {
+	    lit = rb_fstring(head->nd_lit);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(head), putobject, lit);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	    lit = Qnil;
 	}
 	else {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "each string", node));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "each string", head));
 	}
 	cnt++;
 	list = list->nd_next;
     }
     if (NIL_P(lit) && first_lit) {
-	REMOVE_ELEM(first_lit);
+	ELEM_REMOVE(first_lit);
 	--cnt;
     }
     *cntp = cnt;
@@ -2796,16 +3881,24 @@ compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int
 }
 
 static int
-compile_dstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
+compile_dstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
     int cnt;
-    CHECK(compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt));
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), concatstrings, INT2FIX(cnt));
+    if (!node->nd_next) {
+        VALUE lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+        const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putstring, lit);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
+    }
+    else {
+        CHECK(compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), concatstrings, INT2FIX(cnt));
+    }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
 static int
-compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
+compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
     int cnt;
     CHECK(compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt));
@@ -2814,7 +3907,7 @@ compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int again,
+compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int again,
 		  LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
 {
     const int line = nd_line(node);
@@ -2847,86 +3940,115 @@ compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int again
 }
 
 static int
-compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *cond,
+compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *cond,
 			 LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
 {
+  again:
     switch (nd_type(cond)) {
       case NODE_AND:
 	{
 	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
 	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, label,
 					   else_label));
+            if (!label->refcnt) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(cond), putnil);
+                break;
+            }
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_2nd, then_label,
-					   else_label));
-	    break;
+	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
+	    goto again;
 	}
       case NODE_OR:
 	{
 	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
 	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, then_label,
 					   label));
+            if (!label->refcnt) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(cond), putnil);
+                break;
+            }
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_2nd, then_label,
-				     else_label);
-	    break;
+	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
+	    goto again;
 	}
-      case NODE_LIT:		/* NODE_LIT is always not true */
+      case NODE_LIT:		/* NODE_LIT is always true */
       case NODE_TRUE:
       case NODE_STR:
-      case NODE_DSTR:
-      case NODE_XSTR:
-      case NODE_DXSTR:
-      case NODE_DREGX:
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
-      case NODE_DSYM:
-      case NODE_ARRAY:
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:
-      case NODE_HASH:
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
       case NODE_LAMBDA:
-      case NODE_DEFN:
-      case NODE_DEFS:
 	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n",  ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
 	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
-	break;
+        return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_FALSE:
       case NODE_NIL:
 	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n", ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
 	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, else_label);
-	break;
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+      case NODE_LIST:
+      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "branch condition", cond));
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
+        return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_FLIP2:
 	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, TRUE, then_label, else_label));
-	break;
+        return COMPILE_OK;
       case NODE_FLIP3:
 	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, FALSE, then_label, else_label));
-	break;
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+	CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, cond, Qfalse));
+        break;
       default:
 	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "branch condition", cond));
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), branchunless, else_label);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
-	break;
+        break;
     }
+
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), branchunless, else_label);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
+#define HASH_BRACE 1
+
 static int
-compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
+keyword_node_p(const NODE *const node)
+{
+    return nd_type(node) == NODE_HASH && (node->nd_brace & HASH_BRACE) != HASH_BRACE;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 			  const NODE *const root_node,
-			  struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **const kw_arg_ptr)
+			  struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **const kw_arg_ptr,
+			  unsigned int *flag)
 {
     if (kw_arg_ptr == NULL) return FALSE;
 
-    if (nd_type(root_node) == NODE_HASH && root_node->nd_head && nd_type(root_node->nd_head) == NODE_ARRAY) {
-	NODE *node = root_node->nd_head;
+    if (root_node->nd_head && nd_type(root_node->nd_head) == NODE_LIST) {
+	const NODE *node = root_node->nd_head;
+        int seen_nodes = 0;
 
 	while (node) {
-	    NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+	    const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+            seen_nodes++;
 
-	    assert(nd_type(node) == NODE_ARRAY);
-	    if (key_node && nd_type(key_node) == NODE_LIT && RB_TYPE_P(key_node->nd_lit, T_SYMBOL)) {
+	    assert(nd_type(node) == NODE_LIST);
+            if (key_node && nd_type(key_node) == NODE_LIT && RB_TYPE_P(key_node->nd_lit, T_SYMBOL)) {
 		/* can be keywords */
 	    }
 	    else {
+                if (flag) {
+                    *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
+                    if (seen_nodes > 1 || node->nd_next->nd_next) {
+                        /* A new hash will be created for the keyword arguments
+                         * in this case, so mark the method as passing mutable
+                         * keyword splat.
+                         */
+                        *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
+                    }
+                }
 		return FALSE;
 	    }
 	    node = node->nd_next; /* skip value node */
@@ -2937,7 +4059,8 @@ compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 	node = root_node->nd_head;
 	{
 	    int len = (int)node->nd_alen / 2;
-	    struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg  = (struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info_kw_arg) + sizeof(VALUE) * (len - 1));
+            struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg =
+                rb_xmalloc_mul_add(len, sizeof(VALUE), sizeof(struct rb_callinfo_kwarg));
 	    VALUE *keywords = kw_arg->keywords;
 	    int i = 0;
 	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
@@ -2945,10 +4068,10 @@ compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 	    *kw_arg_ptr = kw_arg;
 
 	    for (i=0; node != NULL; i++, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
-		NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
-		NODE *val_node = node->nd_next->nd_head;
+		const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
+		const NODE *val_node = node->nd_next->nd_head;
 		keywords[i] = key_node->nd_lit;
-		COMPILE(ret, "keyword values", val_node);
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword values", val_node));
 	    }
 	    assert(i == len);
 	    return TRUE;
@@ -2957,14 +4080,35 @@ compile_array_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-enum compile_array_type_t {
-    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY,
-    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH,
-    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS
-};
+static int
+compile_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node,
+                   struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords_ptr, unsigned int *flag)
+{
+    int len = 0;
+
+    for (; node; len++, node = node->nd_next) {
+        if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
+            EXPECT_NODE("compile_args", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_next == NULL && keyword_node_p(node->nd_head)) { /* last node */
+            if (compile_keyword_arg(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, keywords_ptr, flag)) {
+                len--;
+            }
+            else {
+                compile_hash(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, TRUE, FALSE);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node->nd_head, FALSE));
+        }
+    }
+
+    return len;
+}
 
 static inline int
-static_literal_node_p(NODE *node)
+static_literal_node_p(const NODE *node, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     node = node->nd_head;
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
@@ -2973,13 +4117,15 @@ static_literal_node_p(NODE *node)
       case NODE_TRUE:
       case NODE_FALSE:
 	return TRUE;
+      case NODE_STR:
+        return ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal;
       default:
 	return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-static_literal_value(NODE *node)
+static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     node = node->nd_head;
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
@@ -2989,182 +4135,349 @@ static_literal_value(NODE *node)
 	return Qtrue;
       case NODE_FALSE:
 	return Qfalse;
+      case NODE_STR:
+        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
+            VALUE lit;
+            VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX((int)nd_line(node)));
+            lit = rb_str_dup(node->nd_lit);
+            rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
+            return rb_str_freeze(lit);
+        }
+        else {
+            return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+        }
       default:
 	return node->nd_lit;
     }
 }
 
 static int
-compile_array_(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE* node_root,
-	       enum compile_array_type_t type, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **keywords_ptr, int popped)
+compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
 {
-    NODE *node = node_root;
     int line = (int)nd_line(node);
-    int len = 0;
 
-    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ZARRAY) {
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ZLIST) {
 	if (!popped) {
-	    switch (type) {
-	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY: ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0)); break;
-	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH: ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0)); break;
-	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS: /* do nothing */ break;
-	    }
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
 	}
-    }
-    else {
-	int opt_p = 1;
-	int first = 1, i;
-
-	while (node) {
-	    NODE *start_node = node, *end_node;
-	    NODE *kw = 0;
-	    const int max = 0x100;
-	    DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
-
-	    for (i=0; i<max && node; i++, len++, node = node->nd_next) {
-		if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
-		    EXPECT_NODE("compile_array", node, NODE_ARRAY);
-		}
-
-		if (type != COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY && !node->nd_head) {
-		    kw = node->nd_next;
-		    node = 0;
-		    if (kw) {
-			opt_p = 0;
-			node = kw->nd_next;
-			kw = kw->nd_head;
-		    }
-		    break;
-		}
-		if (opt_p && !static_literal_node_p(node)) {
-		    opt_p = 0;
-		}
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_NODE("compile_array", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+
+    if (popped) {
+        for (; node; node = node->nd_next) {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node->nd_head, popped));
+        }
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Compilation of an array literal.
+     * The following code is essentially the same as:
+     *
+     *     for (int count = 0; node; count++; node->nd_next) {
+     *         compile(node->nd_head);
+     *     }
+     *     ADD_INSN(newarray, count);
+     *
+     * However, there are three points.
+     *
+     * - The code above causes stack overflow for a big string literal.
+     *   The following limits the stack length up to max_stack_len.
+     *
+     *   [x1,x2,...,x10000] =>
+     *     push x1  ; push x2  ; ...; push x256; newarray 256;
+     *     push x257; push x258; ...; push x512; newarray 256; concatarray;
+     *     push x513; push x514; ...; push x768; newarray 256; concatarray;
+     *     ...
+     *
+     * - Long subarray can be optimized by pre-allocating a hidden array.
+     *
+     *   [1,2,3,...,100] =>
+     *     duparray [1,2,3,...,100]
+     *
+     *   [x, 1,2,3,...,100, z] =>
+     *     push x; newarray 1;
+     *     putobject [1,2,3,...,100] (<- hidden array); concatarray;
+     *     push z; newarray 1; concatarray
+     *
+     * - If the last element is a keyword, newarraykwsplat should be emitted
+     *   to check and remove empty keyword arguments hash from array.
+     *   (Note: a keyword is NODE_HASH which is not static_literal_node_p.)
+     *
+     *   [1,2,3,**kw] =>
+     *     putobject 1; putobject 2; putobject 3; push kw; newarraykwsplat
+     */
 
-		if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS && node->nd_next == NULL /* last node */ && compile_array_keyword_arg(iseq, anchor, node->nd_head, keywords_ptr)) {
-		    len--;
-		}
-		else {
-		    COMPILE_(anchor, "array element", node->nd_head, popped);
-		}
-	    }
+    const int max_stack_len = 0x100;
+    const int min_tmp_ary_len = 0x40;
+    int stack_len = 0;
+    int first_chunk = 1;
 
-	    if (opt_p && type != COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS) {
-		if (!popped) {
-		    VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(i);
+    /* Convert pushed elements to an array, and concatarray if needed */
+#define FLUSH_CHUNK(newarrayinsn)                               \
+    if (stack_len) {                                            \
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarrayinsn, INT2FIX(stack_len)); \
+        if (!first_chunk) ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);     \
+        first_chunk = stack_len = 0;                            \
+    }
 
-		    end_node = node;
-		    node = start_node;
+    while (node) {
+        int count = 1;
+
+        /* pre-allocation check (this branch can be omittable) */
+        if (static_literal_node_p(node, iseq)) {
+            /* count the elements that are optimizable */
+            const NODE *node_tmp = node->nd_next;
+            for (; node_tmp && static_literal_node_p(node_tmp, iseq); node_tmp = node_tmp->nd_next)
+                count++;
+
+            if ((first_chunk && stack_len == 0 && !node_tmp) || count >= min_tmp_ary_len) {
+                /* The literal contains only optimizable elements, or the subarray is long enough */
+                VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(count);
+
+                /* Create a hidden array */
+                for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next)
+                    rb_ary_push(ary, static_literal_value(node, iseq));
+                OBJ_FREEZE(ary);
+
+                /* Emit optimized code */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK(newarray);
+                if (first_chunk) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, ary);
+                    first_chunk = 0;
+                }
+                else {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
+                }
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ary);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Base case: Compile "count" elements */
+        for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next) {
+            if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
+                EXPECT_NODE("compile_array", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+            }
+
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node->nd_head, 0));
+            stack_len++;
+
+            if (!node->nd_next && keyword_node_p(node->nd_head)) {
+                /* Reached the end, and the last element is a keyword */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK(newarraykwsplat);
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            /* If there are many pushed elements, flush them to avoid stack overflow */
+            if (stack_len >= max_stack_len) FLUSH_CHUNK(newarray);
+        }
+    }
+
+    FLUSH_CHUNK(newarray);
+#undef FLUSH_CHUNK
+    return 1;
+}
 
-		    while (node != end_node) {
-			rb_ary_push(ary, static_literal_value(node));
-			node = node->nd_next;
-		    }
-		    while (node && node->nd_next &&
-			   static_literal_node_p(node) &&
-			   static_literal_node_p(node->nd_next)) {
-			VALUE elem[2];
-			elem[0] = static_literal_value(node);
-			elem[1] = static_literal_value(node->nd_next);
-			rb_ary_cat(ary, elem, 2);
-			node = node->nd_next->nd_next;
-			len++;
-		    }
+static inline int
+static_literal_node_pair_p(const NODE *node, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return node->nd_head && static_literal_node_p(node, iseq) && static_literal_node_p(node->nd_next, iseq);
+}
 
-		    OBJ_FREEZE(ary);
+static int
+compile_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int method_call_keywords, int popped)
+{
+    int line = (int)nd_line(node);
 
-		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, ary);
+    node = node->nd_head;
 
-		    if (first) {
-			first = 0;
-			if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY) {
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, ary);
-			}
-			else { /* COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH */
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
-			    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_from_ary, INT2FIX(1));
-			}
-		    }
-		    else {
-			if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY) {
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
-			    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
-			}
-			else {
-#if 0
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
-			    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_ary, INT2FIX(1));
-			    /* wrong number of arguments -----------------------^ */
-#else
-			    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "core#hash_merge_ary");
-#endif
-			}
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		if (!popped) {
-		    switch (type) {
-		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY:
-			ADD_INSN1(anchor, line, newarray, INT2FIX(i));
+    if (!node || nd_type(node) == NODE_ZLIST) {
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+	}
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_NODE("compile_hash", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+
+    if (popped) {
+        for (; node; node = node->nd_next) {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "hash element", node->nd_head, popped));
+        }
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Compilation of a hash literal (or keyword arguments).
+     * This is very similar to compile_array, but there are some differences:
+     *
+     * - It contains key-value pairs.  So we need to take every two elements.
+     *   We can assume that the length is always even.
+     *
+     * - Merging is done by a method call (id_core_hash_merge_ptr).
+     *   Sometimes we need to insert the receiver, so "anchor" is needed.
+     *   In addition, a method call is much slower than concatarray.
+     *   So it pays only when the subsequence is really long.
+     *   (min_tmp_hash_len must be much larger than min_tmp_ary_len.)
+     *
+     * - We need to handle keyword splat: **kw.
+     *   For **kw, the key part (node->nd_head) is NULL, and the value part
+     *   (node->nd_next->nd_head) is "kw".
+     *   The code is a bit difficult to avoid hash allocation for **{}.
+     */
 
-			if (first) {
-			    first = 0;
-			}
-			else {
-			    ADD_INSN(anchor, line, concatarray);
-			}
+    const int max_stack_len = 0x100;
+    const int min_tmp_hash_len = 0x800;
+    int stack_len = 0;
+    int first_chunk = 1;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
 
-			APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-			break;
-		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH:
-			if (i > 0) {
-			    if (first) {
-				ADD_INSN1(anchor, line, newhash, INT2FIX(i));
-				APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-			    }
-			    else {
-				ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-				ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-				APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-				ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i + 1));
-			    }
-			}
-			if (kw) {
-			    VALUE nhash = (i > 0 || !first) ? INT2FIX(2) : INT2FIX(1);
-			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-			    if (i > 0 || !first) ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-			    COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw);
-			    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, nhash);
-			    if (nhash == INT2FIX(1)) ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
-			}
-			first = 0;
-			break;
-		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS:
-			APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-			break;
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* popped */
-		    APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+    /* Convert pushed elements to a hash, and merge if needed */
+#define FLUSH_CHUNK()                                                                   \
+    if (stack_len) {                                                                    \
+        if (first_chunk) {                                                              \
+            APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);                                                   \
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(stack_len));                          \
+        }                                                                               \
+        else {                                                                          \
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));  \
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);                                                  \
+            APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);                                                   \
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(stack_len + 1));        \
+        }                                                                               \
+        INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);                                                            \
+        first_chunk = stack_len = 0;                                                    \
     }
-    return len;
-}
 
-static VALUE
-compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE* node_root, enum compile_array_type_t type)
-{
-    return compile_array_(iseq, ret, node_root, type, NULL, 0);
+    while (node) {
+        int count = 1;
+
+        /* pre-allocation check (this branch can be omittable) */
+        if (static_literal_node_pair_p(node, iseq)) {
+            /* count the elements that are optimizable */
+            const NODE *node_tmp = node->nd_next->nd_next;
+            for (; node_tmp && static_literal_node_pair_p(node_tmp, iseq); node_tmp = node_tmp->nd_next->nd_next)
+                count++;
+
+            if ((first_chunk && stack_len == 0 && !node_tmp) || count >= min_tmp_hash_len) {
+                /* The literal contains only optimizable elements, or the subsequence is long enough */
+                VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(count);
+
+                /* Create a hidden hash */
+                for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
+                    VALUE elem[2];
+                    elem[0] = static_literal_value(node, iseq);
+                    elem[1] = static_literal_value(node->nd_next, iseq);
+                    rb_ary_cat(ary, elem, 2);
+                }
+                VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary) / 2);
+                rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary), hash);
+                hash = rb_obj_hide(hash);
+                OBJ_FREEZE(hash);
+
+                /* Emit optimized code */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK();
+                if (first_chunk) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duphash, hash);
+                    first_chunk = 0;
+                }
+                else {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, hash);
+
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
+                }
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, hash);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Base case: Compile "count" elements */
+        for (; count; count--, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
+
+            if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
+                EXPECT_NODE("compile_hash", node, NODE_LIST, -1);
+            }
+
+            if (node->nd_head) {
+                /* Normal key-value pair */
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(anchor, "hash key element", node->nd_head, 0));
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE_(anchor, "hash value element", node->nd_next->nd_head, 0));
+                stack_len += 2;
+
+                /* If there are many pushed elements, flush them to avoid stack overflow */
+                if (stack_len >= max_stack_len) FLUSH_CHUNK();
+            }
+            else {
+                /* kwsplat case: foo(..., **kw, ...) */
+                FLUSH_CHUNK();
+
+                const NODE *kw = node->nd_next->nd_head;
+                int empty_kw = nd_type(kw) == NODE_LIT && RB_TYPE_P(kw->nd_lit, T_HASH); /* foo(  ..., **{}, ...) */
+                int first_kw = first_chunk && stack_len == 0; /* foo(1,2,3, **kw, ...) */
+                int last_kw = !node->nd_next->nd_next;        /* foo(  ..., **kw) */
+                int only_kw = last_kw && first_kw;            /* foo(1,2,3, **kw) */
+
+                if (empty_kw) {
+                    if (only_kw && method_call_keywords) {
+                        /* **{} appears at the only keyword argument in method call,
+                         * so it won't be modified.
+                         * kw is a special NODE_LIT that contains a special empty hash,
+                         * so this emits: putobject {}.
+                         * This is only done for method calls and not for literal hashes,
+                         * because literal hashes should always result in a new hash.
+                         */
+                        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw));
+                    }
+                    else if (first_kw) {
+                        /* **{} appears as the first keyword argument, so it may be modified.
+                         * We need to create a fresh hash object.
+                         */
+                        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+                    }
+                    /* Any empty keyword splats that are not the first can be ignored.
+                     * since merging an empty hash into the existing hash is the same
+                     * as not merging it. */
+                }
+                else {
+                    if (only_kw && method_call_keywords) {
+                        /* **kw is only keyword argument in method call.
+                         * Use directly.  This will be not be flagged as mutable.
+                         * This is only done for method calls and not for literal hashes,
+                         * because literal hashes should always result in a new hash.
+                         */
+                        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /* There is more than one keyword argument, or this is not a method
+                         * call.  In that case, we need to add an empty hash (if first keyword),
+                         * or merge the hash to the accumulated hash (if not the first keyword).
+                         */
+                        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+                        if (first_kw) ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+                        else ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+
+                        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw));
+
+                        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                first_chunk = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    FLUSH_CHUNK();
+#undef FLUSH_CHUNK
+    return 1;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-case_when_optimizable_literal(NODE *node)
+VALUE
+rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(const NODE *const node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_LIT: {
@@ -3186,41 +4499,36 @@ case_when_optimizable_literal(NODE *node)
       case NODE_FALSE:
 	return Qfalse;
       case NODE_STR:
-	return node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+	return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
     }
     return Qundef;
 }
 
 static int
-when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, NODE *vals,
+when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
 	  LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
 {
     while (vals) {
-	NODE* val = vals->nd_head;
-	VALUE lit = case_when_optimizable_literal(val);
+	const NODE *val = vals->nd_head;
+        VALUE lit = rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(val);
 
 	if (lit == Qundef) {
 	    only_special_literals = 0;
 	}
-	else {
-	    if (rb_hash_lookup(literals, lit) != Qnil) {
-		rb_compile_warning(ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(val),
-				   "duplicated when clause is ignored");
-	    }
-	    else {
-		rb_hash_aset(literals, lit, (VALUE)(l1) | 1);
-	    }
+        else if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(literals, lit))) {
+            rb_hash_aset(literals, lit, (VALUE)(l1) | 1);
 	}
 
 	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(val), dup); /* dup target */
 
 	if (nd_type(val) == NODE_STR) {
-	    val->nd_lit = rb_fstring(val->nd_lit);
 	    debugp_param("nd_lit", val->nd_lit);
-	    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(val), putobject, val->nd_lit);
+	    lit = rb_fstring(val->nd_lit);
+	    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(val), putobject, lit);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(cond_seq, "when cond", val);
+	    if (!COMPILE(cond_seq, "when cond", val)) return -1;
 	}
 
 	ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
@@ -3231,26 +4539,72 @@ when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, NODE *vals,
 }
 
 static int
-compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
+when_splat_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
+                LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(vals);
+
+    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+      case NODE_LIST:
+        if (when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals) < 0)
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        break;
+      case NODE_SPLAT:
+        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when splat", vals->nd_head));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
+        break;
+      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_head, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_body, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+        break;
+      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_head, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
+        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when argspush body", vals->nd_body));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
+        break;
+      default:
+        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when val", vals));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
+        break;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+
+static int
+compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_ATTRASGN: {
 	INSN *iobj;
-	struct rb_call_info *ci;
 	VALUE dupidx;
 	int line = nd_line(node);
 
 	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn lhs (NODE_ATTRASGN)", node));
 
 	iobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn((INSN *)LAST_ELEMENT(ret)); /* send insn */
-	ci = (struct rb_call_info *)iobj->operands[0];
-	ci->orig_argc += 1;
-	dupidx = INT2FIX(ci->orig_argc);
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
+        int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci) + 1;
+        ci = ci_argc_set(iseq, ci, argc);
+        OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
+        dupidx = INT2FIX(argc);
 
 	INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, topn, dupidx);
-	if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
-	    --ci->orig_argc;
-	    INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+	if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
+            int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci);
+            ci = ci_argc_set(iseq, ci, argc - 1);
+            OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = (VALUE)ci;
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, iobj);
+            INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
 	    INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, line, concatarray);
 	}
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);	/* result */
@@ -3260,7 +4614,7 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
 	DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
 	INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
 	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "nest masgn lhs", node));
-	REMOVE_ELEM(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+	ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, anchor);
 	break;
       }
@@ -3268,7 +4622,7 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
 	DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
 	INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
 	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "masgn lhs", node));
-	REMOVE_ELEM(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
+	ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, anchor);
       }
     }
@@ -3277,7 +4631,7 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *lhsn)
+compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *lhsn)
 {
     if (lhsn) {
 	CHECK(compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_next));
@@ -3288,14 +4642,14 @@ compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *lhsn)
 
 static int
 compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
-		    NODE *rhsn, NODE *orig_lhsn)
+		    const NODE *rhsn, const NODE *orig_lhsn)
 {
     VALUE mem[64];
     const int memsize = numberof(mem);
     int memindex = 0;
     int llen = 0, rlen = 0;
     int i;
-    NODE *lhsn = orig_lhsn;
+    const NODE *lhsn = orig_lhsn;
 
 #define MEMORY(v) { \
     int i; \
@@ -3306,12 +4660,12 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
     mem[memindex++] = (v); \
 }
 
-    if (rhsn == 0 || nd_type(rhsn) != NODE_ARRAY) {
+    if (rhsn == 0 || nd_type(rhsn) != NODE_LIST) {
 	return 0;
     }
 
     while (lhsn) {
-	NODE *ln = lhsn->nd_head;
+	const NODE *ln = lhsn->nd_head;
 	switch (nd_type(ln)) {
 	  case NODE_LASGN:
 	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
@@ -3319,7 +4673,6 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 	  case NODE_DASGN:
 	  case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
 	  case NODE_IASGN:
-	  case NODE_IASGN2:
 	  case NODE_CVASGN:
 	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
 	    break;
@@ -3332,10 +4685,10 @@ compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 
     while (rhsn) {
 	if (llen <= rlen) {
-	    COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn val (popped)", rhsn->nd_head);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn val (popped)", rhsn->nd_head));
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "masgn val", rhsn->nd_head);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "masgn val", rhsn->nd_head));
 	}
 	rhsn = rhsn->nd_next;
 	rlen++;
@@ -3363,12 +4716,12 @@ adjust_stack(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, int line, int rlen, int ll
 }
 
 static int
-compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int popped)
+compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
 {
-    NODE *rhsn = node->nd_value;
-    NODE *splatn = node->nd_args;
-    NODE *lhsn = node->nd_head;
-    int lhs_splat = (splatn && (VALUE)splatn != (VALUE)-1) ? 1 : 0;
+    const NODE *rhsn = node->nd_value;
+    const NODE *splatn = node->nd_args;
+    const NODE *lhsn = node->nd_head;
+    int lhs_splat = (splatn && NODE_NAMED_REST_P(splatn)) ? 1 : 0;
 
     if (!popped || splatn || !compile_massign_opt(iseq, ret, rhsn, lhsn)) {
 	int llen = 0;
@@ -3383,7 +4736,7 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int popped)
 	    lhsn = lhsn->nd_next;
 	}
 
-	COMPILE(ret, "normal masgn rhs", rhsn);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "normal masgn rhs", rhsn));
 
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), dup);
@@ -3422,15 +4775,15 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int popped)
 	if (lhs_splat) {
 	    if (nd_type(splatn) == NODE_POSTARG) {
 		/*a, b, *r, p1, p2 */
-		NODE *postn = splatn->nd_2nd;
-		NODE *restn = splatn->nd_1st;
+		const NODE *postn = splatn->nd_2nd;
+		const NODE *restn = splatn->nd_1st;
 		int num = (int)postn->nd_alen;
-		int flag = 0x02 | (((VALUE)restn == (VALUE)-1) ? 0x00 : 0x01);
+		int flag = 0x02 | (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(restn) ? 0x01 : 0x00);
 
 		ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(splatn), expandarray,
 			  INT2FIX(num), INT2FIX(flag));
 
-		if ((VALUE)restn != (VALUE)-1) {
+		if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(restn)) {
 		    CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, restn));
 		}
 		while (postn) {
@@ -3448,24 +4801,27 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int popped)
 }
 
 static int
-compile_colon2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node,
-	       LINK_ANCHOR *const pref, LINK_ANCHOR *const body)
+compile_const_prefix(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
+		     LINK_ANCHOR *const pref, LINK_ANCHOR *const body)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_CONST:
-	debugi("compile_colon2 - colon", node->nd_vid);
-	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon", node->nd_vid);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
 	break;
       case NODE_COLON3:
-	debugi("compile_colon2 - colon3", node->nd_mid);
+	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon3", node->nd_mid);
 	ADD_INSN(body, nd_line(node), pop);
 	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, rb_cObject);
-	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
 	break;
       case NODE_COLON2:
-	compile_colon2(iseq, node->nd_head, pref, body);
-	debugi("compile_colon2 - colon2", node->nd_mid);
-	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+	CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node->nd_head, pref, body));
+	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon2", node->nd_mid);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
 	break;
       default:
 	CHECK(COMPILE(pref, "const colon2 prefix", node));
@@ -3474,36 +4830,48 @@ compile_colon2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node,
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-compile_cpath(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *cpath)
+static int
+compile_cpath(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *cpath)
 {
     if (nd_type(cpath) == NODE_COLON3) {
 	/* toplevel class ::Foo */
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(cpath), putobject, rb_cObject);
-	return Qfalse;
+	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
     }
     else if (cpath->nd_head) {
 	/* Bar::Foo */
-	COMPILE(ret, "nd_else->nd_head", cpath->nd_head);
-	return Qfalse;
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_else->nd_head", cpath->nd_head));
+	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
     }
     else {
 	/* class at cbase Foo */
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(cpath), putspecialobject,
 		  INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
-	return Qtrue;
+	return 0;
     }
 }
 
-#define private_recv_p(node) (nd_type((node)->nd_recv) == NODE_SELF)
+static inline int
+private_recv_p(const NODE *node)
+{
+    if (nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_SELF) {
+        NODE *self = node->nd_recv;
+        return self->nd_state != 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
 
-#define defined_expr defined_expr0
-static int
+static void
 defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
-	     NODE *node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
+	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr);
+
+static void
+defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
+	      const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
 {
-    enum defined_type expr_type = 0;
+    enum defined_type expr_type = DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED;
     enum node_type type;
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
 
     switch (type = nd_type(node)) {
 
@@ -3521,21 +4889,22 @@ defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 	expr_type = DEFINED_FALSE;
 	break;
 
-      case NODE_ARRAY:{
-	NODE *vals = node;
+      case NODE_LIST:{
+	const NODE *vals = node;
 
 	do {
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, vals->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
+	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, vals->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
 
 	    if (!lfinish[1]) {
-		lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+                lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
 	} while ((vals = vals->nd_next) != NULL);
       }
+        /* fall through */
       case NODE_STR:
       case NODE_LIT:
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:
       default:
@@ -3549,103 +4918,99 @@ defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
 	break;
 
       case NODE_IVAR:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_IVAR),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_IVAR),
 		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_GVAR:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR),
-		  ID2SYM(node->nd_entry->id), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR),
+		  ID2SYM(node->nd_entry), needstr);
+        return;
 
       case NODE_CVAR:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR),
 		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_CONST:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
 		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
       case NODE_COLON2:
 	if (!lfinish[1]) {
-	    lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	}
-	defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+	defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head));
 
-	if (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid)) {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
-	}
-	else {
-	    COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
-		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
-	}
-	return 1;
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined,
+		  (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid) ?
+		   INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM) : INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD)),
+		  ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
+        return;
       case NODE_COLON3:
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, rb_cObject);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined,
-		  INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
-	return 1;
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined,
+		  INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
+        return;
 
 	/* method dispatch */
       case NODE_CALL:
+      case NODE_OPCALL:
       case NODE_VCALL:
       case NODE_FCALL:
       case NODE_ATTRASGN:{
 	const int explicit_receiver =
-	    (type == NODE_CALL ||
+	    (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL ||
 	     (type == NODE_ATTRASGN && !private_recv_p(node)));
 
-	if (!lfinish[1]) {
-	    lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+	if (!lfinish[1] && (node->nd_args || explicit_receiver)) {
+            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	}
 	if (node->nd_args) {
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_args, lfinish, Qfalse);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_args, lfinish, Qfalse);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
 	}
 	if (explicit_receiver) {
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_recv, lfinish, Qfalse);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(node), branchunless, lfinish[1]);
-	    COMPILE(ret, "defined/recv", node->nd_recv);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
+	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_recv, lfinish, Qfalse);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defined/recv", node->nd_recv));
+            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
 		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
 	}
 	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putself);
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_FUNC),
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
+            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_FUNC),
 		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
 	}
-	return 1;
+        return;
       }
 
       case NODE_YIELD:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_YIELD), 0,
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_YIELD), 0,
 		  needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_BACK_REF:
       case NODE_NTH_REF:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF),
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF),
 		  INT2FIX((node->nd_nth << 1) | (type == NODE_BACK_REF)),
 		  needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_SUPER:
       case NODE_ZSUPER:
-	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), putnil);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, nd_line(node), defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0,
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0,
 		  needstr);
-	return 1;
+        return;
 
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
@@ -3658,48 +5023,77 @@ defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
       case NODE_GASGN:
       case NODE_IASGN:
       case NODE_CDECL:
-      case NODE_CVDECL:
       case NODE_CVASGN:
 	expr_type = DEFINED_ASGN;
 	break;
     }
 
-    if (expr_type) {
-	if (needstr != Qfalse) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(expr_type);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, str);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, Qtrue);
-	}
-	return 1;
+    assert(expr_type != DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED);
+
+    if (needstr != Qfalse) {
+        VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(expr_type);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
     }
-    return 0;
 }
-#undef defined_expr
 
-static int
+static void
+build_defined_rescue_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const void *unused)
+{
+    ADD_INSN(ret, 0, putnil);
+    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
+}
+
+static void
 defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
-	     NODE *node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
+	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
 {
     LINK_ELEMENT *lcur = ret->last;
-    int done = defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node, lfinish, needstr);
+    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node, lfinish, needstr);
     if (lfinish[1]) {
 	int line = nd_line(node);
 	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	const rb_iseq_t *rescue = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(NEW_NIL(),
-						 rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2
-							       ("defined guard in "),
-							       iseq->body->location.label),
-						 ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD, 0);
+	const rb_iseq_t *rescue;
+        struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
+            rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build_defined_rescue_iseq, NULL);
+        rescue = new_child_iseq_with_callback(iseq, ifunc,
+				      rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("defined guard in "),
+						    iseq->body->location.label),
+				      iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, 0);
 	lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
 	lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
 	APPEND_LABEL(ret, lcur, lstart);
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lfinish[1]);
     }
-    return done;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, VALUE needstr)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    if (!node->nd_head) {
+	VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(DEFINED_NIL);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
+    }
+    else {
+	LABEL *lfinish[2];
+	LINK_ELEMENT *last = ret->last;
+	lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	lfinish[1] = 0;
+	defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, needstr);
+	if (lfinish[1]) {
+	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(last, &new_insn_body(iseq, line, BIN(putnil), 0)->link);
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);
+	}
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3728,7 +5122,7 @@ make_name_for_block(const rb_iseq_t *orig_iseq)
 static void
 push_ensure_entry(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 		  struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enl,
-		  struct ensure_range *er, NODE *node)
+		  struct ensure_range *er, const NODE *const node)
 {
     enl->ensure_node = node;
     enl->prev = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;	/* prev */
@@ -3764,7 +5158,7 @@ add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
 
     INIT_ANCHOR(ensure);
     while (enlp) {
-	if (enlp->erange != 0) {
+	if (enlp->erange != NULL) {
 	    DECL_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
 	    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(0);
 	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(0);
@@ -3774,7 +5168,7 @@ add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
 
 	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enlp->prev;
 	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lstart);
-	    COMPILE_POPPED(ensure_part, "ensure part", enlp->ensure_node);
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ensure_part, "ensure part", enlp->ensure_node));
 	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lend);
 	    ADD_SEQ(ensure, ensure_part);
 	}
@@ -3789,111 +5183,137 @@ add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
     ADD_SEQ(ret, ensure);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-setup_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, NODE *argn,
-	   unsigned int *flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **keywords)
+static int
+check_keyword(const NODE *node)
 {
-    VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
-    int nsplat = 0;
-    DECL_ANCHOR(arg_block);
-    DECL_ANCHOR(args_splat);
+    /* This check is essentially a code clone of compile_keyword_arg. */
 
-    INIT_ANCHOR(arg_block);
-    INIT_ANCHOR(args_splat);
-    if (argn && nd_type(argn) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
-	COMPILE(arg_block, "block", argn->nd_body);
-	*flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG;
-	argn = argn->nd_head;
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_LIST) {
+        while (node->nd_next) {
+            node = node->nd_next;
+        }
+        node = node->nd_head;
     }
 
-  setup_argn:
-    if (argn) {
-	switch (nd_type(argn)) {
-	  case NODE_SPLAT: {
-	    COMPILE(args, "args (splat)", argn->nd_head);
-	    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, nsplat ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
-	    argc = INT2FIX(1);
-	    nsplat++;
-	    *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
-	    break;
-	  }
-	  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	  case NODE_ARGSPUSH: {
-	    int next_is_array = (nd_type(argn->nd_head) == NODE_ARRAY);
-	    DECL_ANCHOR(tmp);
-
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(tmp);
-	    COMPILE(tmp, "args (cat: splat)", argn->nd_body);
-	    if (nd_type(argn) == NODE_ARGSCAT) {
-		ADD_INSN1(tmp, nd_line(argn), splatarray, nsplat ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_INSN1(tmp, nd_line(argn), newarray, INT2FIX(1));
-	    }
-	    INSERT_LIST(args_splat, tmp);
-	    nsplat++;
-	    *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
-
-	    if (next_is_array) {
-		argc = INT2FIX(compile_array(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS) + 1);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		argn = argn->nd_head;
-		goto setup_argn;
-	    }
-	    break;
-	  }
-	  case NODE_ARRAY:
-	    {
-		argc = INT2FIX(compile_array_(iseq, args, argn, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARGS, keywords, FALSE));
-		break;
-	    }
-	  default: {
-	    UNKNOWN_NODE("setup_arg", argn);
-	  }
-	}
-    }
+    return keyword_node_p(node);
+}
 
-    if (nsplat > 1) {
-	int i;
-	for (i=1; i<nsplat; i++) {
-	    ADD_INSN(args_splat, nd_line(args), concatarray);
-	}
-    }
+static VALUE
+setup_args_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
+                int dup_rest, unsigned int *flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords)
+{
+    if (argn) {
+        switch (nd_type(argn)) {
+          case NODE_SPLAT: {
+            NO_CHECK(COMPILE(args, "args (splat)", argn->nd_head));
+            ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, dup_rest ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+            if (flag) *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
+            return INT2FIX(1);
+          }
+          case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+          case NODE_ARGSPUSH: {
+            int next_is_list = (nd_type(argn->nd_head) == NODE_LIST);
+            VALUE argc = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, 1, NULL, NULL);
+            if (nd_type(argn->nd_body) == NODE_LIST) {
+                /* This branch is needed to avoid "newarraykwsplat" [Bug #16442] */
+                int rest_len = compile_args(iseq, args, argn->nd_body, NULL, NULL);
+                ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), newarray, INT2FIX(rest_len));
+            }
+            else {
+                NO_CHECK(COMPILE(args, "args (cat: splat)", argn->nd_body));
+            }
+            if (flag) {
+                *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
+                /* This is a dirty hack.  It traverses the AST twice.
+                 * In a long term, it should be fixed by a redesign of keyword arguments */
+                if (check_keyword(argn->nd_body))
+                    *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
+            }
+            if (nd_type(argn) == NODE_ARGSCAT) {
+                if (next_is_list) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qtrue);
+                    return INT2FIX(FIX2INT(argc) + 1);
+                }
+                else {
+                    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qfalse);
+                    ADD_INSN(args, nd_line(argn), concatarray);
+                    return argc;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN(args, nd_line(argn), concatarray);
+                return argc;
+            }
+          }
+          case NODE_LIST: {
+            int len = compile_args(iseq, args, argn, keywords, flag);
+            return INT2FIX(len);
+          }
+          default: {
+            UNKNOWN_NODE("setup_arg", argn, Qnil);
+          }
+        }
+    }
+    return INT2FIX(0);
+}
 
-    if (!LIST_SIZE_ZERO(args_splat)) {
-	ADD_SEQ(args, args_splat);
+static VALUE
+setup_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
+	   unsigned int *flag, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **keywords)
+{
+    VALUE ret;
+    if (argn && nd_type(argn) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
+        unsigned int dup_rest = 1;
+        DECL_ANCHOR(arg_block);
+        INIT_ANCHOR(arg_block);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE(arg_block, "block", argn->nd_body));
+
+        *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG;
+
+        if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(arg_block)) {
+            LINK_ELEMENT *elem = FIRST_ELEMENT(arg_block);
+            if (elem->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
+                INSN *iobj = (INSN *)elem;
+                if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(getblockparam)) {
+                    iobj->insn_id = BIN(getblockparamproxy);
+                }
+                dup_rest = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        ret = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, dup_rest, flag, keywords);
+        ADD_SEQ(args, arg_block);
     }
-
-    if (*flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) {
-	ADD_SEQ(args, arg_block);
+    else {
+        ret = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn, 0, flag, keywords);
     }
-    return argc;
+    return ret;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-build_postexe_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *body)
+static void
+build_postexe_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const void *ptr)
 {
+    const NODE *body = ptr;
     int line = nd_line(body);
     VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
     const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(body, make_name_for_block(iseq->body->parent_iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
 
     ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
     ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, id_core_set_postexe, argc, block);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block);
     iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
-    return Qnil;
 }
 
 static void
-compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node)
+compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
 {
-    NODE *vars;
+    const NODE *vars;
     LINK_ELEMENT *last;
     int line = nd_line(node);
     LABEL *fail_label = NEW_LABEL(line), *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
 
 #if !(defined(NAMED_CAPTURE_BY_SVAR) && NAMED_CAPTURE_BY_SVAR-0)
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal, ((VALUE)rb_global_entry(idBACKREF) | 1));
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal, ID2SYM(idBACKREF));
 #else
     ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~' */, INT2FIX(0));
 #endif
@@ -3906,11 +5326,11 @@ compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
 	last = ret->last;
-	COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head));
 	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
 	cap = new_insn_send(iseq, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1),
 			    NULL, INT2FIX(0), NULL);
-	INSERT_ELEM_PREV(last->next, (LINK_ELEMENT *)cap);
+	ELEM_INSERT_PREV(last->next, (LINK_ELEMENT *)cap);
 #if !defined(NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT) || NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT-0
 	if (!vars->nd_next && vars == node) {
 	    /* only one name */
@@ -3935,7 +5355,7 @@ compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node
     ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
     for (vars = node; vars; vars = vars->nd_next) {
 	last = ret->last;
-	COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head);
+        NO_CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head));
 	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
 	((INSN*)last)->insn_id = BIN(putnil);
 	((INSN*)last)->operand_size = 0;
@@ -3944,749 +5364,2263 @@ compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node
 }
 
 static int
-number_literal_p(NODE *n)
+optimizable_range_item_p(const NODE *n)
 {
-    return (n && nd_type(n) == NODE_LIT && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(n->nd_lit));
+    if (!n) return FALSE;
+    switch (nd_type(n)) {
+      case NODE_LIT:
+        return RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(n->nd_lit);
+      case NODE_NIL:
+        return TRUE;
+      default:
+        return FALSE;
+    }
 }
 
-/**
-  compile each node
-
-  self:  InstructionSequence
-  node:  Ruby compiled node
-  popped: This node will be popped
- */
 static int
-iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int popped)
+compile_if(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped, const enum node_type type)
 {
-    enum node_type type;
-    LINK_ELEMENT *saved_last_element = 0;
-    int line;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const NODE *const node_body = type == NODE_IF ? node->nd_body : node->nd_else;
+    const NODE *const node_else = type == NODE_IF ? node->nd_else : node->nd_body;
 
-    if (node == 0) {
-	if (!popped) {
-	    debugs("node: NODE_NIL(implicit)\n");
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, putnil);
-	}
-	return COMPILE_OK;
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(then_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(else_seq);
+    LABEL *then_label, *else_label, *end_label;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+    int ci_size;
+    VALUE catch_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    long catch_table_size = NIL_P(catch_table) ? 0 : RARRAY_LEN(catch_table);
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(then_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(else_seq);
+    then_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    end_label = 0;
+
+    compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, node->nd_cond,
+			     then_label, else_label);
+
+    ci_size = body->ci_size;
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(then_seq, "then", node_body, popped));
+    catch_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (!then_label->refcnt) {
+        body->ci_size = ci_size;
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) rb_ary_set_len(catch_table, catch_table_size);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) catch_table_size = RARRAY_LEN(catch_table);
     }
 
-    line = (int)nd_line(node);
-
-    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line == line) {
-	/* ignore */
+    ci_size = body->ci_size;
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(else_seq, "else", node_else, popped));
+    catch_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (!else_label->refcnt) {
+        body->ci_size = ci_size;
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) rb_ary_set_len(catch_table, catch_table_size);
     }
     else {
-	if (node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = line;
-	    ADD_TRACE(ret, line, RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
-	    saved_last_element = ret->last;
-	}
+        if (!NIL_P(catch_table)) catch_table_size = RARRAY_LEN(catch_table);
     }
 
-    debug_node_start(node);
-#undef BEFORE_RETURN
-#define BEFORE_RETURN debug_node_end()
-
-    type = nd_type(node);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
 
-    switch (type) {
-      case NODE_BLOCK:{
-	while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_BLOCK) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK body", node->nd_head,
-			   (node->nd_next ? 1 : popped)));
-	    node = node->nd_next;
-	}
-	if (node) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK next", node->nd_next, popped));
-	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_IF:{
-	DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(then_seq);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(else_seq);
-	LABEL *then_label, *else_label, *end_label;
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(then_seq);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(else_seq);
-	then_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, node->nd_cond,
-				 then_label, else_label);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(then_seq, "then", node->nd_body, popped));
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(else_seq, "else", node->nd_else, popped));
-
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
+    if (then_label->refcnt && else_label->refcnt) {
+	branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, type == NODE_IF ? "if" : "unless");
+    }
 
+    if (then_label->refcnt) {
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, then_label);
+	if (else_label->refcnt) {
+	    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		ret,
+                node_body ? node_body : node,
+                0,
+		type == NODE_IF ? "then" : "else",
+		branches);
+	    end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	    ADD_INSNL(then_seq, line, jump, end_label);
+            if (!popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(then_seq, line, pop);
+            }
+	}
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, then_seq);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, end_label);
+    }
 
+    if (else_label->refcnt) {
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
+	if (then_label->refcnt) {
+	    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		ret,
+                node_else ? node_else : node,
+                1,
+		type == NODE_IF ? "else" : "then",
+		branches);
+	}
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, else_seq);
+    }
 
+    if (end_label) {
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+    }
 
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_CASE:{
-	NODE *vals;
-	NODE *tempnode = node;
-	LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
-	DECL_ANCHOR(head);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-	int only_special_literals = 1;
-	VALUE literals = rb_hash_new();
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(head);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
-
-	rb_hash_tbl_raw(literals)->type = &cdhash_type;
-
-	if (node->nd_head == 0) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "when", node->nd_body, popped));
-	    break;
-	}
-	CHECK(COMPILE(head, "case base", node->nd_head));
-
-	node = node->nd_body;
-	type = nd_type(node);
-	line = nd_line(node);
-
-	if (type != NODE_WHEN) {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_CASE: unexpected node. must be NODE_WHEN, but %s", ruby_node_name(type));
-	  ng:
-	    debug_node_end();
-	    return COMPILE_NG;
-	}
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+static int
+compile_case(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
+{
+    const NODE *vals;
+    const NODE *node = orig_node;
+    LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(head);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    int only_special_literals = 1;
+    VALUE literals = rb_hash_new();
+    int line;
+    enum node_type type;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+    int branch_id = 0;
 
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */
+    INIT_ANCHOR(head);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
 
-	while (type == NODE_WHEN) {
-	    LABEL *l1;
+    RHASH_TBL_RAW(literals)->type = &cdhash_type;
 
-	    l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
-	    ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when body", node->nd_body, popped));
-	    ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+    CHECK(COMPILE(head, "case base", node->nd_head));
 
-	    vals = node->nd_head;
-	    if (vals) {
-		switch (nd_type(vals)) {
-		  case NODE_ARRAY:
-		    only_special_literals = when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals);
-		    break;
-		  case NODE_SPLAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-		    only_special_literals = 0;
-		    ADD_INSN (cond_seq, nd_line(vals), dup);
-		    CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when/cond splat", vals));
-		    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
-		    ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(vals), branchif, l1);
-		    break;
-		  default:
-		    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_CASE", vals);
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_ARRAY);
-	    }
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, "case");
 
-	    node = node->nd_next;
-	    if (!node) {
+    node = node->nd_body;
+    EXPECT_NODE("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_WHEN, COMPILE_NG);
+    type = nd_type(node);
+    line = nd_line(node);
+
+    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */
+
+    while (type == NODE_WHEN) {
+	LABEL *l1;
+
+	l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+	ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		body_seq,
+                node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+                branch_id++,
+		"when",
+		branches);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when body", node->nd_body, popped));
+	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+
+	vals = node->nd_head;
+	if (vals) {
+	    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+	      case NODE_LIST:
+		only_special_literals = when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals);
+		if (only_special_literals < 0) return COMPILE_NG;
+		break;
+	      case NODE_SPLAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+		only_special_literals = 0;
+		CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
 		break;
+	      default:
+		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_CASE", vals, COMPILE_NG);
 	    }
-	    type = nd_type(node);
-	    line = nd_line(node);
-	}
-	/* else */
-	if (node) {
-	    ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
-	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
-	    ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
 	}
 	else {
-	    debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
-	    ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
-	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(tempnode), pop);
-	    if (!popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(tempnode), putnil);
-	    }
-	    ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(tempnode), jump, endlabel);
+	    EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_LIST, COMPILE_NG);
 	}
 
-	if (only_special_literals) {
-	    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, literals);
-
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(tempnode), dup);
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(tempnode), opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
-	    LABEL_REF(elselabel);
+	node = node->nd_next;
+	if (!node) {
+	    break;
+	}
+	type = nd_type(node);
+	line = nd_line(node);
+    }
+    /* else */
+    if (node) {
+	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
+	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+    }
+    else {
+	debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
+	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, orig_node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putnil);
 	}
+	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+    }
 
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_WHEN:{
-	NODE *vals;
-	NODE *val;
-	NODE *orig_node = node;
-	LABEL *endlabel;
-	DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
-	endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_WHEN) {
-	    LABEL *l1 = NEW_LABEL(line = nd_line(node));
-	    ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when", node->nd_body, popped));
-	    ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
-
-	    vals = node->nd_head;
-	    if (!vals) {
-		compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_WHEN: must be NODE_ARRAY, but 0");
-	    }
-	    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
-	      case NODE_ARRAY:
-		while (vals) {
-		    val = vals->nd_head;
-		    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "when2", val));
-		    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(val), branchif, l1);
-		    vals = vals->nd_next;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case NODE_SPLAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-		ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(vals), putnil);
-		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "when2/cond splat", vals));
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
-		ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(vals), branchif, l1);
-		break;
-	      default:
-		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_WHEN", vals);
+    if (only_special_literals && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(orig_node), dup);
+	ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(orig_node), opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, literals);
+	LABEL_REF(elselabel);
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_case2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
+{
+    const NODE *vals;
+    const NODE *val;
+    const NODE *node = orig_node->nd_body;
+    LABEL *endlabel;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+    int branch_id = 0;
+
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, orig_node, "case");
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+
+    while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_WHEN) {
+	const int line = nd_line(node);
+	LABEL *l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+	add_trace_branch_coverage(
+                iseq,
+		body_seq,
+		node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+                branch_id++,
+		"when",
+		branches);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when", node->nd_body, popped));
+	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+
+	vals = node->nd_head;
+	if (!vals) {
+            EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_WHEN", node, NODE_LIST, COMPILE_NG);
+	}
+	switch (nd_type(vals)) {
+	  case NODE_LIST:
+	    while (vals) {
+		LABEL *lnext;
+		val = vals->nd_head;
+		lnext = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(val));
+		debug_compile("== when2\n", (void)0);
+		CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, val, l1, lnext));
+		ADD_LABEL(ret, lnext);
+		vals = vals->nd_next;
 	    }
-	    node = node->nd_next;
+	    break;
+	  case NODE_SPLAT:
+	  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+	  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(vals), putnil);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "when2/cond splat", vals));
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(vals), branchif, l1);
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_WHEN", vals, COMPILE_NG);
 	}
-	/* else */
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "else", node, popped));
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+	node = node->nd_next;
+    }
+    /* else */
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        iseq,
+	ret,
+        node ? node : orig_node,
+        branch_id,
+	"else",
+	branches);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "else", node, popped));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+static int iseq_compile_pattern_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *unmatched, int in_alt_pattern, int deconstructed_pos);
 
-	break;
+static int iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *deconstruct, LABEL *deconstructed, LABEL *match_failed, LABEL *type_error, int deconstructed_pos);
+
+static int
+iseq_compile_pattern_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *matched, LABEL *unmatched, int in_alt_pattern, int deconstructed_pos)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_ARYPTN: {
+        /*
+         *   if pattern.use_rest_num?
+         *     rest_num = 0
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
+         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct)
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *   d = obj.deconstruct
+         *   unless Array === d
+         *     goto type_error
+         *   end
+         *   min_argc = pattern.pre_args_num + pattern.post_args_num
+         *   if pattern.has_rest_arg?
+         *     unless d.length >= min_argc
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   else
+         *     unless d.length == min_argc
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   pattern.pre_args_num.each do |i|
+         *     unless pattern.pre_args[i].match?(d[i])
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.use_rest_num?
+         *     rest_num = d.length - min_argc
+         *     if pattern.has_rest_arg? && pattern.has_rest_arg_id # not `*`, but `*rest`
+         *       unless pattern.rest_arg.match?(d[pattern.pre_args_num, rest_num])
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   pattern.post_args_num.each do |i|
+         *     j = pattern.pre_args_num + i
+         *     j += rest_num
+         *     unless pattern.post_args[i].match?(d[j])
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   goto matched
+         * type_error:
+         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
+         * match_failed:
+         *   goto unmatched
+         */
+        struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo = node->nd_apinfo;
+        const NODE *args = apinfo->pre_args;
+        const int pre_args_num = apinfo->pre_args ? rb_long2int(apinfo->pre_args->nd_alen) : 0;
+        const int post_args_num = apinfo->post_args ? rb_long2int(apinfo->post_args->nd_alen) : 0;
+
+        const int min_argc = pre_args_num + post_args_num;
+        const int use_rest_num = apinfo->rest_arg && (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg) ||
+                                                      (!NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg) && post_args_num > 0));
+
+        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error, *deconstruct, *deconstructed;
+        int i;
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstruct = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstructed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0)); /* allocate stack for rest_num */
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+            if (deconstructed_pos) {
+                deconstructed_pos++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pconst) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(iseq, ret, node, deconstruct, deconstructed, match_failed, type_error, deconstructed_pos));
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, apinfo->rest_arg ? idGE : idEq, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < pre_args_num; i++) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(i));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+            CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            args = args->nd_next;
+        }
+
+        if (apinfo->rest_arg) {
+            if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg)) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(pre_args_num));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(4));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
+
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, apinfo->rest_arg, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+            else {
+                if (post_args_num > 0) {
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(2));
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        args = apinfo->post_args;
+        for (i = 0; i < post_args_num; i++) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(pre_args_num + i));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+            CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            args = args->nd_next;
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        }
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct must return Array"));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        if (use_rest_num) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+
+        break;
       }
-      case NODE_OPT_N:
-      case NODE_WHILE:
-      case NODE_UNTIL:{
-	LABEL *prev_start_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label;
-	LABEL *prev_end_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label;
-	LABEL *prev_redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label;
-	int prev_loopval_popped = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped;
+      case NODE_FNDPTN: {
+        /*
+         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
+         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct)
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *   d = obj.deconstruct
+         *   unless Array === d
+         *     goto type_error
+         *   end
+         *   unless d.length >= pattern.args_num
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *
+         *   begin
+         *     len = d.length
+         *     limit = d.length - pattern.args_num
+         *     i = 0
+         *     while i <= limit
+         *       if pattern.args_num.times.all? {|j| pattern.args[j].match?(d[i+j]) }
+         *         if pattern.has_pre_rest_arg_id
+         *           unless pattern.pre_rest_arg.match?(d[0, i])
+         *             goto find_failed
+         *           end
+         *         end
+         *         if pattern.has_post_rest_arg_id
+         *           unless pattern.post_rest_arg.match?(d[i+pattern.args_num, len])
+         *             goto find_failed
+         *           end
+         *         end
+         *         goto find_succeeded
+         *       end
+         *       i+=1
+         *     end
+         *   find_failed:
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   find_succeeded:
+         *   end
+         *
+         *   goto matched
+         * type_error:
+         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
+         * match_failed:
+         *   goto unmatched
+         */
+        struct rb_fnd_pattern_info *fpinfo = node->nd_fpinfo;
+        const NODE *args = fpinfo->args;
+        const int args_num = fpinfo->args ? rb_long2int(fpinfo->args->nd_alen) : 0;
+
+        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error, *deconstruct, *deconstructed;
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstruct = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        deconstructed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        if (node->nd_pconst) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(iseq, ret, node, deconstruct, deconstructed, match_failed, type_error, deconstructed_pos));
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(args_num));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idGE, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+        {
+            LABEL *while_begin = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            LABEL *next_loop = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            LABEL *find_succeeded = NEW_LABEL(line);
+            LABEL *find_failed = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+            int j;
+
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* allocate stack for len */
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* allocate stack for limit */
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(args_num));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
+
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0)); /* allocate stack for i */
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, while_begin);
+
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(2));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLE, INT2FIX(1));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, find_failed);
+
+            for (j = 0; j < args_num; j++) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+                if (j != 0) {
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(j));
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                }
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, next_loop, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+                args = args->nd_next;
+            }
+
+            if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(fpinfo->pre_rest_arg)) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(2));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, fpinfo->pre_rest_arg, find_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+            if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(fpinfo->post_rest_arg)) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(args_num));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, fpinfo->post_rest_arg, find_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, find_succeeded);
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, next_loop);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, while_begin);
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, find_failed);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, match_failed);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
+
+            ADD_LABEL(ret, find_succeeded);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct must return Array"));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_HSHPTN: {
+        /*
+         *   keys = nil
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_args_node? && !pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *     keys = pattern.kw_args_node.keys
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
+         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct_keys)
+         *     goto match_failed
+         *   end
+         *   d = obj.deconstruct_keys(keys)
+         *   unless Hash === d
+         *     goto type_error
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *     d = d.dup
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_args_node?
+         *     pattern.kw_args_node.each |k,|
+         *       unless d.key?(k)
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *     pattern.kw_args_node.each |k, pat|
+         *       if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *         unless pat.match?(d.delete(k))
+         *           goto match_failed
+         *         end
+         *       else
+         *         unless pat.match?(d[k])
+         *           goto match_failed
+         *         end
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *   else
+         *     unless d.empty?
+         *       goto match_failed
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
+         *     if pattern.no_rest_keyword?
+         *       unless d.empty?
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     else
+         *       unless pattern.kw_rest_arg_node.match?(d)
+         *         goto match_failed
+         *       end
+         *     end
+         *   end
+         *   goto matched
+         * type_error:
+         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
+         * match_failed:
+         *   goto unmatched
+         */
+        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error;
+        VALUE keys = Qnil;
+
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwargs && !node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
+            const NODE *kw_args = node->nd_pkwargs->nd_head;
+            keys = rb_ary_new_capa(kw_args ? kw_args->nd_alen/2 : 0);
+            while (kw_args) {
+                rb_ary_push(keys, kw_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
+                kw_args = kw_args->nd_next->nd_next;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pconst) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct_keys")));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+        if (NIL_P(keys)) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, keys);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, rb_obj_hide(keys));
+        }
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("deconstruct_keys"), INT2FIX(1));
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checktype, INT2FIX(T_HASH));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, type_error);
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwargs) {
+            int i;
+            int keys_num;
+            const NODE *args;
+            args = node->nd_pkwargs->nd_head;
+            if (args) {
+                DECL_ANCHOR(match_values);
+                INIT_ANCHOR(match_values);
+                keys_num = rb_long2int(args->nd_alen) / 2;
+                for (i = 0; i < keys_num; i++) {
+                    NODE *key_node = args->nd_head;
+                    NODE *value_node = args->nd_next->nd_head;
+                    VALUE key;
+
+                    if (nd_type(key_node) != NODE_LIT) {
+                        UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_IN", key_node, COMPILE_NG);
+                    }
+                    key = key_node->nd_lit;
+
+                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, key);
+                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("key?"), INT2FIX(1));
+                    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+
+                    ADD_INSN(match_values, line, dup);
+                    ADD_INSN1(match_values, line, putobject, key);
+                    ADD_SEND(match_values, line, node->nd_pkwrestarg ? rb_intern("delete") : idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+                    CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, match_values, value_node, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+                    args = args->nd_next->nd_next;
+                }
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, match_values);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEmptyP, INT2FIX(0));
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+
+        if (node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
+            if (node->nd_pkwrestarg == NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEmptyP, INT2FIX(0));
+                ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+                CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, node->nd_pkwrestarg, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+            }
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct_keys must return Hash"));
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_LIT:
+      case NODE_STR:
+      case NODE_XSTR:
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+      case NODE_DSYM:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_LIST:
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
+      case NODE_LAMBDA:
+      case NODE_DOT2:
+      case NODE_DOT3:
+      case NODE_CONST:
+      case NODE_LVAR:
+      case NODE_DVAR:
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+      case NODE_SELF:
+      case NODE_NIL:
+      case NODE_COLON2:
+      case NODE_COLON3:
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "case in literal", node));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, matched);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+        break;
+      case NODE_LASGN: {
+        struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+        ID id = node->nd_vid;
+        int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
+
+        if (in_alt_pattern) {
+            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);
+            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                              rb_id2str(id));
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_DASGN:
+      case NODE_DASGN_CURR: {
+        int idx, lv, ls;
+        ID id = node->nd_vid;
+
+        idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);
+
+        if (in_alt_pattern) {
+            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);
+            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                              rb_id2str(id));
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (idx < 0) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+                          rb_id2str(id));
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_IF:
+      case NODE_UNLESS: {
+        LABEL *match_failed;
+        match_failed = unmatched;
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, unmatched, in_alt_pattern, deconstructed_pos));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "case in if", node->nd_cond));
+        if (nd_type(node) == NODE_IF) {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, match_failed);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_HASH: {
+        NODE *n;
+        LABEL *match_failed;
+        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        n = node->nd_head;
+        if (! (nd_type(n) == NODE_LIST && n->nd_alen == 2)) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unexpected node");
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_match(iseq, ret, n->nd_head, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, deconstructed_pos ? deconstructed_pos + 1 : FALSE));
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, n->nd_next->nd_head, matched, match_failed, in_alt_pattern, FALSE));
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, unmatched);
+        break;
+      }
+      case NODE_OR: {
+        LABEL *match_succeeded, *fin;
+        match_succeeded = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        fin = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_1st, match_succeeded, fin, TRUE, deconstructed_pos ? deconstructed_pos + 1 : FALSE));
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, matched);
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
+        CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_2nd, matched, unmatched, TRUE, deconstructed_pos));
+        break;
+      }
+      default:
+        UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_IN", node, COMPILE_NG);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
+static int
+iseq_compile_pattern_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *unmatched, int in_alt_pattern, int deconstructed_pos)
+{
+    LABEL *fin = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
+    CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node, fin, unmatched, in_alt_pattern, deconstructed_pos));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	LABEL *next_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* next  */
-	LABEL *redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* redo  */
-	LABEL *break_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* break */
-	LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *adjust_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+static int
+iseq_compile_array_deconstruct(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, LABEL *deconstruct, LABEL *deconstructed, LABEL *match_failed, LABEL *type_error, int deconstructed_pos)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
 
-	LABEL *next_catch_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *tmp_label = NULL;
+    // NOTE: this optimization allows us to re-use the #deconstruct value
+    // (or its absence).
+    // `deconstructed_pos` contains the distance to the stack relative location
+    // where the value is stored.
+    if (deconstructed_pos) {
+        // If value is nil then we haven't tried to deconstruct
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchnil, deconstruct);
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = 0;
-	push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, 0, 0);
+        // If false then the value is not deconstructable
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
 
-	if (type == NODE_OPT_N || node->nd_state == 1) {
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
-	}
-	else {
-	    tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, tmp_label);
-	}
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, adjust_label);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, next_catch_label);
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
-	if (tmp_label) ADD_LABEL(ret, tmp_label);
+        // Drop value, add deconstructed to the stack and jump
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos - 1));
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, deconstructed);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, deconstruct);
+    }
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, redo_label);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "while body", node->nd_body));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, next_label);	/* next */
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, deconstruct);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct")));
+    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));
 
-	if (type == NODE_WHILE) {
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
-				     redo_label, end_label);
-	}
-	else if (type == NODE_UNTIL) {
-	    /* until */
-	    compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
-				     end_label, redo_label);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idGets, INT2FIX(0));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, redo_label);
-	    /* opt_n */
-	}
+    // Cache the result of respond_to? (in case it's false is stays there, if true - it's overwritten after #deconstruct)
+    if (deconstructed_pos) {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos + 1));
+    }
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
-	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
 
-	if (node->nd_state == Qundef) {
-	    /* ADD_INSN(ret, line, putundef); */
-	    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	}
+    ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("deconstruct"), INT2FIX(0));
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, break_label);	/* break */
+    // Cache the result (if it's cacheable - currently, only top-level array patterns)
+    if (deconstructed_pos) {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(deconstructed_pos));
+    }
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checktype, INT2FIX(T_ARRAY));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, type_error);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, deconstructed);
 
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, redo_label, break_label,
-			0, break_label);
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, redo_label, break_label, 0,
-			next_catch_label);
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, redo_label, break_label, 0,
-			ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, deconstructed);
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = prev_start_label;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end_label;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = prev_redo_label;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = prev_loopval_popped;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->prev;
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_FOR:
-	if (node->nd_var) {
-	    /* massign to var in "for"
-	     * args.length == 1 && Array === (tmp = args[0]) ? tmp : args
-	     */
-	    NODE *var = node->nd_var;
-	    LABEL *not_single = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
-	    LABEL *not_ary = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "for var", var));
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idEq, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_single);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cArray);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idEqq, INT2FIX(1));
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_ary);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_ary);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_single);
-	    break;
-	}
-      case NODE_ITER:{
-	const rb_iseq_t *prevblock = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
-	LABEL *retry_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FOR) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller (for)", node->nd_iter));
+static int
+compile_case3(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
+{
+    const NODE *pattern;
+    const NODE *node = orig_node;
+    LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
+    DECL_ANCHOR(head);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
+    int line;
+    enum node_type type;
+    VALUE branches = 0;
+    int branch_id = 0;
 
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
-							       ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
-	    ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idEach, INT2FIX(0), ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
-							       ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter));
-	}
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_end_l);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(head);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, "case");
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;
+    node = node->nd_body;
+    EXPECT_NODE("NODE_CASE3", node, NODE_IN, COMPILE_NG);
+    type = nd_type(node);
+    line = nd_line(node);
+
+    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+    ADD_INSN(head, line, putnil); /* allocate stack for cached #deconstruct value */
+
+    CHECK(COMPILE(head, "case base", orig_node->nd_head));
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */
+
+    while (type == NODE_IN) {
+        LABEL *l1;
+
+        if (branch_id) {
+            ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, putnil);
+        }
+        l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
+        ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
+        ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop); /* discard cached #deconstruct value */
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(
+            iseq,
+            body_seq,
+            node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+            branch_id++,
+            "in",
+            branches);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "in body", node->nd_body, popped));
+        ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+
+        pattern = node->nd_head;
+        if (pattern) {
+            int pat_line = nd_line(pattern);
+            LABEL *next_pat = NEW_LABEL(pat_line);
+            ADD_INSN (cond_seq, pat_line, dup);
+            // NOTE: set deconstructed_pos to the current cached value location
+            // (it's "under" the matchee value, so it's position is 2)
+            CHECK(iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, cond_seq, pattern, l1, next_pat, FALSE, 2));
+            ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, next_pat);
+            LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(next_pat);
+        }
+        else {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unexpected node");
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+
+        node = node->nd_next;
+        if (!node) {
+            break;
+        }
+        type = nd_type(node);
+        line = nd_line(node);
+    }
+    /* else */
+    if (node) {
+        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop); /* discard cached #deconstruct value */
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+        CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
+        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
+        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, orig_node, branch_id, "else", branches);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putobject, rb_eNoMatchingPatternError);
+        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), topn, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_SEND(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop); /* discard cached #deconstruct value */
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putnil);
+        }
+        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
+        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, putnil);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, 0, retry_end_l);
+static int
+compile_loop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped, const enum node_type type)
+{
+    const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
 
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_BREAK:{
-	unsigned long level = 0;
+    LABEL *prev_start_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label;
+    LABEL *prev_end_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label;
+    LABEL *prev_redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label;
+    int prev_loopval_popped = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
 
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
-	    /* while/until */
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "break val (while/until)", node->nd_stts,
-			   ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped));
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
 
-	    if (!popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-	  break_by_insn:
-	    /* escape from block */
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "break val (block)", node->nd_stts));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(level | TAG_BREAK));
-	    if (popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-	  break_in_eval:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with break");
-	    goto ng;
-	}
-	else {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+    LABEL *next_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* next  */
+    LABEL *redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* redo  */
+    LABEL *break_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* break */
+    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *adjust_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
 
-	    while (ip) {
-		if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		    ip = 0;
-		    break;
-		}
+    LABEL *next_catch_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *tmp_label = NULL;
 
-		level++;
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		    level = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
-		    goto break_by_insn;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		    level <<= VM_THROW_LEVEL_SHIFT;
-		    goto break_by_insn;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-		    goto break_in_eval;
-		}
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = 0;
+    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, NULL, NULL);
 
-		ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
-	    }
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid break");
-	    goto ng;
+    if (node->nd_state == 1) {
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
+    }
+    else {
+	tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, tmp_label);
+    }
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, adjust_label);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, next_catch_label);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
+    if (tmp_label) ADD_LABEL(ret, tmp_label);
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, redo_label);
+    branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, type == NODE_WHILE ? "while" : "until");
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(
+        iseq,
+	ret,
+        node->nd_body ? node->nd_body : node,
+        0,
+	"body",
+	branches);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "while body", node->nd_body));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, next_label);	/* next */
+
+    if (type == NODE_WHILE) {
+	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
+				 redo_label, end_label);
+    }
+    else {
+	/* until */
+	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
+				 end_label, redo_label);
+    }
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);
+
+    if (node->nd_state == Qundef) {
+	/* ADD_INSN(ret, line, putundef); */
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
+	return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    else {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+    }
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, break_label);	/* break */
+
+    if (popped) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
+		    break_label);
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
+		    next_catch_label);
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
+		    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = prev_start_label;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end_label;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = prev_redo_label;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = prev_loopval_popped;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->prev;
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_iter(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    const rb_iseq_t *prevblock = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
+    LABEL *retry_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq;
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FOR) {
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller (for)", node->nd_iter));
+
+	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
+	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
+			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+	ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idEach, INT2FIX(0), child_iseq);
+    }
+    else {
+	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
+	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
+			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter));
+    }
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_end_l);
+
+    if (popped) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;
+
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, child_iseq, retry_end_l);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_for_masgn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    /* massign to var in "for"
+     * (args.length == 1 && Array.try_convert(args[0])) || args
+     */
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    const NODE *var = node->nd_var;
+    LABEL *not_single = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
+    LABEL *not_ary = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
+    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "for var", var));
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idEq, INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_single);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cArray);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+    ADD_CALL(ret, line, rb_intern("try_convert"), INT2FIX(1));
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_ary);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_ary);
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_single);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_break(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    unsigned long throw_flag = 0;
+
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
+	/* while/until */
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "break val (while/until)", node->nd_stts,
+		       ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped));
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_NEXT:{
-	unsigned long level = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    debugs("next in while loop\n");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val/valid syntax?", node->nd_stts));
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-	    if (!popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	while (ip) {
+	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+		ip = 0;
+		break;
 	    }
-	}
-	else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    debugs("next in block\n");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
 
-	    if (!popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+                throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
 	    }
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+                throw_flag = 0;
+	    }
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with break");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+	    }
+            else {
+                ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            /* escape from block */
+            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "break val (block)", node->nd_stts));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_BREAK));
+            if (popped) {
+                ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+            }
+            return COMPILE_OK;
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-	  next_in_eval:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with next");
-	    goto ng;
-	}
-	else {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid break");
+	return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	    while (ip) {
-		if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		    ip = 0;
-		    break;
-		}
+static int
+compile_next(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    unsigned long throw_flag = 0;
+
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	debugs("next in while loop\n");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val/valid syntax?", node->nd_stts));
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	}
+    }
+    else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	debugs("next in block\n");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+	splabel->unremovable = FALSE;
 
-		level = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		    /* while loop */
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-		    goto next_in_eval;
-		}
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-		ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
+	while (ip) {
+	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+		ip = 0;
+		break;
 	    }
-	    if (ip != 0) {
-		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(level | TAG_NEXT));
 
-		if (popped) {
-		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-		}
+            throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
+	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+		/* while loop */
+		break;
 	    }
-	    else {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid next");
-		goto ng;
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+		break;
 	    }
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with next");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+	    }
+
+	    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_REDO:{
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-	    debugs("redo in while");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-	    if (!popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	if (ip != 0) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_NEXT));
+
+	    if (popped) {
+		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    }
 	}
-	else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-	  redo_in_eval:
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with redo");
-	    goto ng;
+	else {
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid next");
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
 	}
-	else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label) {
-	    LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	    debugs("redo in block");
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
-	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
-	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+static int
+compile_redo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
 
-	    if (!popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    }
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	debugs("redo in while");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 	}
-	else {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
-	    const unsigned long level = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
+    }
+    else if (iseq->body->type != ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label) {
+	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
 
-	    while (ip) {
-		if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
-		    ip = 0;
-		    break;
-		}
+	debugs("redo in block");
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
+	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
+	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
 
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
-		    break;
-		}
-		else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
-		    goto redo_in_eval;
-		}
+	if (!popped) {
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
 
-		ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
+	while (ip) {
+	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
+		ip = 0;
+		break;
 	    }
-	    if (ip != 0) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(level | TAG_REDO));
 
-		if (popped) {
-		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-		}
+	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
+		break;
 	    }
-	    else {
-		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid redo");
-		goto ng;
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
+		break;
 	    }
+	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with redo");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+	    }
+
+	    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RETRY:{
-	if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
+	if (ip != 0) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG | TAG_REDO));
 
 	    if (popped) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid retry");
-	    goto ng;
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid redo");
+	    return COMPILE_NG;
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_BEGIN:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_BEGIN", node->nd_body, popped));
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RESCUE:{
-	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	const rb_iseq_t *rescue = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_resq,
-						 rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("rescue in "), iseq->body->location.label),
-						 ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, line);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
-	lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue head", node->nd_head));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	if (node->nd_else) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue else", node->nd_else));
-	}
-	ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
+static int
+compile_retry(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+
+    if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));
 
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
+    }
+    else {
+	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid retry");
+	return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
 
-	/* register catch entry */
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lcont);
-	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RETRY, lend, lcont, 0, lstart);
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RESBODY:{
-	NODE *resq = node;
-	NODE *narg;
-	LABEL *label_miss, *label_hit;
-
-	while (resq) {
-	    label_miss = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    label_hit = NEW_LABEL(line);
-
-	    narg = resq->nd_args;
-	    if (narg) {
-		switch (nd_type(narg)) {
-		  case NODE_ARRAY:
-		    while (narg) {
-			ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-			CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue arg", narg->nd_head));
-			ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
-			ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
-			narg = narg->nd_next;
-		    }
-		    break;
-		  case NODE_SPLAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-		  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+static int
+compile_rescue(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    const rb_iseq_t *rescue = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_resq,
+					     rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("rescue in "), iseq->body->location.label),
+					     ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, line);
+
+    lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
+    lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
+    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue head", node->nd_head));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+    if (node->nd_else) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue else", node->nd_else));
+    }
+    ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
+
+    if (popped) {
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+
+    /* register catch entry */
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lcont);
+    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RETRY, lend, lcont, NULL, lstart);
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_resbody(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    const NODE *resq = node;
+    const NODE *narg;
+    LABEL *label_miss, *label_hit;
+
+    while (resq) {
+	label_miss = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	label_hit = NEW_LABEL(line);
+
+	narg = resq->nd_args;
+	if (narg) {
+	    switch (nd_type(narg)) {
+	      case NODE_LIST:
+		while (narg) {
 		    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-		    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue/cond splat", narg));
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
+		    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue arg", narg->nd_head));
+		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
 		    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
-		    break;
-		  default:
-		    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_RESBODY", narg);
+		    narg = narg->nd_next;
 		}
-	    }
-	    else {
+		break;
+	      case NODE_SPLAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
 		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
+		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue/cond splat", narg));
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
+		break;
+	      default:
+		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_RESBODY", narg, COMPILE_NG);
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label_miss);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label_hit);
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "resbody body", resq->nd_body));
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
-	    }
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label_miss);
-	    resq = resq->nd_head;
 	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_ENSURE:{
-	DECL_ANCHOR(ensr);
-	const rb_iseq_t *ensure = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_ensr,
-						 rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2 ("ensure in "), iseq->body->location.label),
-						 ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE, line);
-	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	LINK_ELEMENT *last;
-	int last_leave = 0;
-	struct ensure_range er;
-	struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
-	struct ensure_range *erange;
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(ensr);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ensr, "ensure ensr", node->nd_ensr));
-	last = ensr->last;
-	last_leave = last && IS_INSN(last) && IS_INSN_ID(last, leave);
-	if (!popped && last_leave)
-	    popped = 1;
-
-	er.begin = lstart;
-	er.end = lend;
-	er.next = 0;
-	push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, &er, node->nd_ensr);
-
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "ensure head", node->nd_head, popped));
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
-	if (ensr->anchor.next == 0) {
+	else {
+	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
+	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
+	}
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label_miss);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_hit);
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "resbody body", resq->nd_body));
+	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
 	}
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_miss);
+	resq = resq->nd_head;
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_ensure(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(ensr);
+    const rb_iseq_t *ensure = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_ensr,
+					     rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2 ("ensure in "), iseq->body->location.label),
+					     ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE, line);
+    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    LINK_ELEMENT *last;
+    int last_leave = 0;
+    struct ensure_range er;
+    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
+    struct ensure_range *erange;
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(ensr);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ensr, "ensure ensr", node->nd_ensr));
+    last = ensr->last;
+    last_leave = last && IS_INSN(last) && IS_INSN_ID(last, leave);
+
+    er.begin = lstart;
+    er.end = lend;
+    er.next = 0;
+    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, &er, node->nd_ensr);
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "ensure head", node->nd_head, (popped | last_leave)));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, ensr);
+    if (!popped && last_leave) ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
+    if (last_leave) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+
+    erange = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->erange;
+    if (lstart->link.next != &lend->link) {
+	while (erange) {
+	    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end,
+			    ensure, lcont);
+	    erange = erange->next;
+	}
+    }
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl.prev;
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_return(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = nd_line(node);
+
+    if (iseq) {
+	enum iseq_type type = iseq->body->type;
+	const rb_iseq_t *is = iseq;
+	enum iseq_type t = type;
+	const NODE *retval = node->nd_stts;
+	LABEL *splabel = 0;
+
+	while (t == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || t == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
+	    if (!(is = is->body->parent_iseq)) break;
+	    t = is->body->type;
+	}
+	switch (t) {
+	  case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
+	  case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
+            if (retval) {
+                rb_warn("argument of top-level return is ignored");
+            }
+	    if (is == iseq) {
+		/* plain top-level, leave directly */
+		type = ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    break;
+	}
+
+	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
+	    splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
+	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
+	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, 0);
+	}
+
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "return nd_stts (return val)", retval));
+
+	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
+	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1);
+	    ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
+	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
+
+	    if (!popped) {
+		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
+	    }
+	}
 	else {
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, ensr);
+	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
+	    if (popped) {
+		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+	    }
 	}
-	ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
-	if (last_leave) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_evstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
+{
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "nd_body", node, popped));
+
+    if (!popped && !all_string_result_p(node)) {
+	const int line = nd_line(node);
+	const unsigned int flag = VM_CALL_FCALL;
+	LABEL *isstr = NEW_LABEL(line);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checktype, INT2FIX(T_STRING));
+	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, isstr);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+	ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, idTo_s, INT2FIX(0), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), NULL);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, tostring);
+	ADD_LABEL(ret, isstr);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+static LABEL *
+qcall_branch_start(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const recv, VALUE *branches, const NODE *node, int line)
+{
+    LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    VALUE br = 0;
+
+    br = decl_branch_base(iseq, node, "&.");
+    *branches = br;
+    ADD_INSN(recv, line, dup);
+    ADD_INSNL(recv, line, branchnil, else_label);
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, recv, node, 0, "then", br);
+    return else_label;
+}
+
+static void
+qcall_branch_end(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *else_label, VALUE branches, const NODE *node, int line)
+{
+    LABEL *end_label;
+    if (!else_label) return;
+    end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, end_label);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
+    add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, node, 1, "else", branches);
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
+}
+
+static int
+compile_call_precheck_freeze(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int line, int popped)
+{
+    /* optimization shortcut
+     *   "literal".freeze -> opt_str_freeze("literal")
+     */
+    if (node->nd_recv && nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_STR &&
+        (node->nd_mid == idFreeze || node->nd_mid == idUMinus) &&
+        node->nd_args == NULL &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
+        VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_recv->nd_lit);
+        if (node->nd_mid == idUMinus) {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_str_uminus, str,
+                      new_callinfo(iseq, idUMinus, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_str_freeze, str,
+                      new_callinfo(iseq, idFreeze, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+        }
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    /* optimization shortcut
+     *   obj["literal"] -> opt_aref_with(obj, "literal")
+     */
+    if (node->nd_mid == idAREF && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
+        nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_LIST && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 1 &&
+        nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
+        !ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
+        VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_aref_with, str,
+                  new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
+        if (popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_has_builtin_function_table(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->builtin_function_table != NULL;
+}
+
+static const struct rb_builtin_function *
+iseq_builtin_function_lookup(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const char *name)
+{
+    int i;
+    const struct rb_builtin_function *table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->builtin_function_table;
+    for (i=0; table[i].index != -1; i++) {
+        if (strcmp(table[i].name, name) == 0) {
+            return &table[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static const char *
+iseq_builtin_function_name(const enum node_type type, const NODE *recv, ID mid)
+{
+    const char *name = rb_id2name(mid);
+    static const char prefix[] = "__builtin_";
+    const size_t prefix_len = sizeof(prefix) - 1;
+
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_CALL:
+        if (recv) {
+            switch (nd_type(recv)) {
+              case NODE_VCALL:
+                if (recv->nd_mid == rb_intern("__builtin")) {
+                    return name;
+                }
+                break;
+              case NODE_CONST:
+                if (recv->nd_vid == rb_intern("Primitive")) {
+                    return name;
+                }
+                break;
+              default: break;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      case NODE_VCALL:
+      case NODE_FCALL:
+        if (UNLIKELY(strncmp(prefix, name, prefix_len) == 0)) {
+            return &name[prefix_len];
+        }
+        break;
+      default: break;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int
+delegate_call_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, unsigned int argc, const LINK_ANCHOR *args, unsigned int *pstart_index)
+{
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        *pstart_index = 0;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else if (argc <= iseq->body->local_table_size) {
+        unsigned int start=0;
+
+        // local_table: [p1, p2, p3, l1, l2, l3]
+        // arguments:           [p3, l1, l2]     -> 2
+        for (start = 0;
+             argc + start <= iseq->body->local_table_size;
+             start++) {
+            const LINK_ELEMENT *elem = FIRST_ELEMENT(args);
+
+            for (unsigned int i=start; i-start<argc; i++) {
+                if (elem->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN &&
+                    INSN_OF(elem) == BIN(getlocal)) {
+                    int local_index = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(elem, 0));
+                    int local_level = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(elem, 1));
+
+                    if (local_level == 0) {
+                        unsigned int index = iseq->body->local_table_size - (local_index - VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE + 1);
+                        if (0) { // for debug
+                            fprintf(stderr, "lvar:%s (%d), id:%s (%d) local_index:%d, local_size:%d\n",
+                                    rb_id2name(iseq->body->local_table[i]),     i,
+                                    rb_id2name(iseq->body->local_table[index]), index,
+                                    local_index, (int)iseq->body->local_table_size);
+                        }
+                        if (i == index) {
+                            elem = elem->next;
+                            continue; /* for */
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            goto next;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        goto fail; // level != 0 is unsupported
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    goto fail; // insn is not a getlocal
+                }
+            }
+            goto success;
+          next:;
+        }
+      fail:
+        return FALSE;
+      success:
+        *pstart_index = start;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+compile_builtin_function_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int line, int popped,
+                              const rb_iseq_t *parent_block, LINK_ANCHOR *args, const char *builtin_func)
+{
+    NODE *args_node = node->nd_args;
+
+    if (parent_block != NULL) {
+        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "should not call builtins here.");
+        return COMPILE_NG;
+    }
+    else {
+# define BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX "_bi"
+        char inline_func[DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT) + sizeof(BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX)];
+        bool cconst = false;
+      retry:;
+        const struct rb_builtin_function *bf = iseq_builtin_function_lookup(iseq, builtin_func);
+
+        if (bf == NULL) {
+            if (strcmp("cstmt!", builtin_func) == 0 ||
+                strcmp("cexpr!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                // ok
+            }
+            else if (strcmp("cconst!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                cconst = true;
+            }
+            else if (strcmp("cinit!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                // ignore
+                GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index++;
+                return COMPILE_OK;
+            }
+            else if (strcmp("attr!", builtin_func) == 0) {
+                // There's only "inline" attribute for now
+                iseq->body->builtin_inline_p = true;
+                return COMPILE_OK;
+            }
+            else if (1) {
+                rb_bug("can't find builtin function:%s", builtin_func);
+            }
+            else {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "can't find builtin function:%s", builtin_func);
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+
+            if (GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index == INT_MAX) {
+                rb_bug("builtin inline function index overflow:%s", builtin_func);
+            }
+            int inline_index = GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index++;
+            snprintf(inline_func, sizeof(inline_func), BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX "%d", inline_index);
+            builtin_func = inline_func;
+            args_node = NULL;
+            goto retry;
+        }
+
+        if (cconst) {
+            typedef VALUE(*builtin_func0)(void *, VALUE);
+            VALUE const_val = (*(builtin_func0)bf->func_ptr)(NULL, Qnil);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, const_val);
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+
+        // fprintf(stderr, "func_name:%s -> %p\n", builtin_func, bf->func_ptr);
+
+        unsigned int flag = 0;
+        struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
+        VALUE argc = setup_args(iseq, args, args_node, &flag, &keywords);
+
+        if (FIX2INT(argc) != bf->argc) {
+            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "argc is not match for builtin function:%s (expect %d but %d)",
+                          builtin_func, bf->argc, FIX2INT(argc));
+            return COMPILE_NG;
+        }
+
+        unsigned int start_index;
+        if (delegate_call_p(iseq, FIX2INT(argc), args, &start_index)) {
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_invokebuiltin_delegate, bf, INT2FIX(start_index));
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret,line, invokebuiltin, bf);
+        }
+
+        if (popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+    }
+}
 
-	erange = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->erange;
-	if (lstart->link.next != &lend->link) {
-	    while (erange) {
-		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end,
-				ensure, lcont);
-		erange = erange->next;
+static int
+compile_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, const enum node_type type, int line, int popped)
+{
+    /* call:  obj.method(...)
+     * fcall: func(...)
+     * vcall: func
+     */
+    DECL_ANCHOR(recv);
+    DECL_ANCHOR(args);
+    ID mid = node->nd_mid;
+    VALUE argc;
+    unsigned int flag = 0;
+    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
+    const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
+    LABEL *else_label = NULL;
+    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
+
+    INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
+    INIT_ANCHOR(args);
+#if OPT_SUPPORT_JOKE
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_VCALL) {
+        ID id_bitblt;
+        ID id_answer;
+
+        CONST_ID(id_bitblt, "bitblt");
+        CONST_ID(id_answer, "the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything");
+
+        if (mid == id_bitblt) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, bitblt);
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+        else if (mid == id_answer) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, answer);
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+    }
+    /* only joke */
+    {
+        ID goto_id;
+        ID label_id;
+
+        CONST_ID(goto_id, "__goto__");
+        CONST_ID(label_id, "__label__");
+
+        if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FCALL &&
+            (mid == goto_id || mid == label_id)) {
+            LABEL *label;
+            st_data_t data;
+            st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
+            VALUE label_name;
+
+            if (!labels_table) {
+                labels_table = st_init_numtable();
+                ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = labels_table;
+            }
+            if (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_LIT &&
+                SYMBOL_P(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit)) {
+
+                label_name = node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit;
+                if (!st_lookup(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, &data)) {
+                    label = NEW_LABEL(line);
+                    label->position = line;
+                    st_insert(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, (st_data_t)label);
+                }
+                else {
+                    label = (LABEL *)data;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "invalid goto/label format");
+                return COMPILE_NG;
+            }
+
+            if (mid == goto_id) {
+                ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label);
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
+            }
+            return COMPILE_OK;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    const char *builtin_func;
+    if (UNLIKELY(iseq_has_builtin_function_table(iseq)) &&
+        (builtin_func = iseq_builtin_function_name(type, node->nd_recv, mid)) != NULL) {
+        return compile_builtin_function_call(iseq, ret, node, line, popped, parent_block, args, builtin_func);
+    }
+
+    /* receiver */
+    if (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL || type == NODE_QCALL) {
+        int idx, level;
+
+        if (mid == idCall &&
+            nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_LVAR &&
+            iseq_block_param_id_p(iseq, node->nd_recv->nd_vid, &idx, &level)) {
+            ADD_INSN2(recv, nd_line(node->nd_recv), getblockparamproxy, INT2FIX(idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
+        }
+        else if (private_recv_p(node)) {
+            ADD_INSN(recv, nd_line(node), putself);
+            flag |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
+        }
+        else {
+            CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "recv", node->nd_recv));
+        }
+
+        if (type == NODE_QCALL) {
+            else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, line);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (type == NODE_FCALL || type == NODE_VCALL) {
+        ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(recv, line);
+    }
+
+    /* args */
+    if (type != NODE_VCALL) {
+        argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
+        CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
+    }
+    else {
+        argc = INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
+    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+
+    debugp_param("call args argc", argc);
+    debugp_param("call method", ID2SYM(mid));
+
+    switch ((int)type) {
+      case NODE_VCALL:
+        flag |= VM_CALL_VCALL;
+        /* VCALL is funcall, so fall through */
+      case NODE_FCALL:
+        flag |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
+    }
+
+    ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, mid, argc, parent_block, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
+
+    qcall_branch_end(iseq, ret, else_label, branches, node, line);
+    if (popped) {
+        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+    }
+    return COMPILE_OK;
+}
+
+
+static int iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped);
+/**
+  compile each node
+
+  self:  InstructionSequence
+  node:  Ruby compiled node
+  popped: This node will be popped
+ */
+static int
+iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
+{
+    if (node == 0) {
+        if (!popped) {
+            int lineno = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line;
+            if (lineno == 0) lineno = FIX2INT(rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq));
+            debugs("node: NODE_NIL(implicit)\n");
+            ADD_INSN(ret, lineno, putnil);
+        }
+        return COMPILE_OK;
+    }
+    return iseq_compile_each0(iseq, ret, node, popped);
+}
+
+static int
+check_yield_place(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    switch (iseq->body->local_iseq->body->type) {
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
+        return FALSE;
+      default:
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
+{
+    const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
+    const enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+
+    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line == line) {
+	/* ignore */
+    }
+    else {
+	if (node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
+	    int event = RUBY_EVENT_LINE;
+	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = line;
+	    if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
+		event |= RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE;
 	    }
+	    ADD_TRACE(ret, event);
 	}
+    }
 
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl.prev;
+    debug_node_start(node);
+#undef BEFORE_RETURN
+#define BEFORE_RETURN debug_node_end()
+
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_BLOCK:{
+	while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_BLOCK) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK body", node->nd_head,
+			   (node->nd_next ? 1 : popped)));
+	    node = node->nd_next;
+	}
+	if (node) {
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK next", node->nd_next, popped));
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+      case NODE_IF:
+      case NODE_UNLESS:
+	CHECK(compile_if(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+	break;
+      case NODE_CASE:
+	CHECK(compile_case(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_CASE2:
+	CHECK(compile_case2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_CASE3:
+        CHECK(compile_case3(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+        break;
+      case NODE_WHILE:
+      case NODE_UNTIL:
+	CHECK(compile_loop(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
+	break;
+      case NODE_FOR:
+      case NODE_ITER:
+	CHECK(compile_iter(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
+	CHECK(compile_for_masgn(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_BREAK:
+	CHECK(compile_break(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_NEXT:
+	CHECK(compile_next(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_REDO:
+	CHECK(compile_redo(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_RETRY:
+	CHECK(compile_retry(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_BEGIN:{
+	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_BEGIN", node->nd_body, popped));
 	break;
       }
+      case NODE_RESCUE:
+	CHECK(compile_rescue(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_RESBODY:
+	CHECK(compile_resbody(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
+      case NODE_ENSURE:
+	CHECK(compile_ensure(iseq, ret, node, popped));
+	break;
 
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:{
@@ -4716,9 +7650,9 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 
       case NODE_LASGN:{
 	ID id = node->nd_vid;
-	int idx = iseq->body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
+	int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
 
-	debugs("lvar: %"PRIsVALUE" idx: %d\n", rb_id2str(id), idx);
+	debugs("lvar: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
 	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rvalue", node->nd_value));
 
 	if (!popped) {
@@ -4730,18 +7664,20 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       case NODE_DASGN:
       case NODE_DASGN_CURR:{
 	int idx, lv, ls;
+	ID id = node->nd_vid;
 	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "dvalue", node->nd_value));
-	debugi("dassn id", rb_id2str(node->nd_vid) ? node->nd_vid : '*');
+	debugi("dassn id", rb_id2str(id) ? id : '*');
 
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
 
-	idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, node->nd_vid, &lv, &ls);
+	idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);
 
 	if (idx < 0) {
-	    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-			rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+			  rb_id2str(id));
+	    goto ng;
 	}
 	ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
 	break;
@@ -4752,12 +7688,10 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	}
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setglobal,
-		  ((VALUE)node->nd_entry | 1));
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_IASGN:
-      case NODE_IASGN2:{
+      case NODE_IASGN:{
 	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
@@ -4768,20 +7702,20 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_CDECL:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
 
-	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	}
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
+        }
 
 	if (node->nd_vid) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject,
 		      INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
 	}
 	else {
 	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_else);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid));
 	}
 	break;
       }
@@ -4795,10 +7729,9 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1: {
-	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	VALUE argc;
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	unsigned int asgnflag = 0;
+	int asgnflag = 0;
 	ID id = node->nd_mid;
 	int boff = 0;
 
@@ -4829,24 +7762,24 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
 	}
 	asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 recv", node);
+        CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
 	switch (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head)) {
-	  case NODE_ZARRAY:
+	  case NODE_ZLIST:
 	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
 	    break;
 	  case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
 	    boff = 1;
+            /* fall through */
 	  default:
-	    INIT_ANCHOR(args);
-	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args->nd_head, &flag, NULL);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
+	    argc = setup_args(iseq, ret, node->nd_args->nd_head, &flag, NULL);
+	    CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
 	}
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1 + boff));
+        flag |= asgnflag;
 	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idAREF, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
-	flag |= asgnflag;
 
-	if (id == 0 || id == 1) {
-	    /* 0: or, 1: and
-	       a[x] ||= y
+	if (id == idOROP || id == idANDOP) {
+	    /* a[x] ||= y  or  a[x] &&= y
 
 	       unless/if a[x]
 	       a[x]= y
@@ -4858,12 +7791,10 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	    LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    if (id == 0) {
-		/* or */
+	    if (id == idOROP) {
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label);
 	    }
-	    else {
-		/* and */
+	    else { /* idANDOP */
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, label);
 	    }
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -4935,7 +7866,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:{
 	ID atype = node->nd_next->nd_mid;
 	ID vid = node->nd_next->nd_vid, aid = rb_id_attrset(vid);
-	VALUE asgnflag;
+        int asgnflag;
 	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lcfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lskip = 0;
@@ -4982,20 +7913,21 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	*/
 
 	asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2#recv", node);
+        CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
 	if (node->nd_next->nd_aid) {
 	    lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchnil, lskip);
 	}
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	ADD_SEND(ret, line, vid, INT2FIX(0));
+        ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, vid, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 
-	if (atype == 0 || atype == 1) {	/* 0: OR or 1: AND */
+	if (atype == idOROP || atype == idANDOP) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
-	    if (atype == 0) {
+	    if (atype == idOROP) {
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lcfin);
 	    }
-	    else {
+	    else { /* idANDOP */
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lcfin);
 	    }
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -5026,8 +7958,11 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
 	    }
 	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
+	    if (lskip && popped) {
+		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
+	    }
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    if (lskip) {
+	    if (lskip && !popped) {
 		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
 	    }
 	}
@@ -5052,22 +7987,23 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	}
 	mid = node->nd_head->nd_mid;
 	/* cref */
-	if (node->nd_aid == 0) {
+	if (node->nd_aid == idOROP) {
 	    lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref cref */
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
+	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM),
 		      ID2SYM(mid), Qfalse); /* cref bool */
 	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lassign); /* cref */
 	}
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref cref */
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref obj */
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref obj */
 
-	if (node->nd_aid == 0 || node->nd_aid == 1) {
+	if (node->nd_aid == idOROP || node->nd_aid == idANDOP) {
 	    lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref [obj] obj */
-	    if (node->nd_aid == 0)
+	    if (node->nd_aid == idOROP)
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lfin);
-	    else
+	    else /* idANDOP */
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfin);
 	    /* cref [obj] */
 	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop); /* cref */
@@ -5104,7 +8040,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lassign;
 
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_OP_ASGN_OR) {
+	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_OP_ASGN_OR && nd_type(node->nd_head) != NODE_IVAR) {
 	    LABEL *lfinish[2];
 	    lfinish[0] = lfin;
 	    lfinish[1] = 0;
@@ -5140,226 +8076,78 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_CALL:
-	/* optimization shortcut
-	 *   "literal".freeze -> opt_str_freeze("literal")
-	 */
-	if (node->nd_recv && nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_STR &&
-	    node->nd_mid == idFreeze && node->nd_args == NULL &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_recv->nd_lit);
-	    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, str);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_str_freeze, str);
-	    if (popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    }
-	    break;
-	}
-	/* optimization shortcut
-	 *   obj["literal"] -> opt_aref_with(obj, "literal")
-	 */
-	if (node->nd_mid == idAREF && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
-	    nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_ARRAY && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 1 &&
-	    nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
-	    node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit = str;
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_aref_with,
-		      new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE),
-		      NULL/* CALL_CACHE */, str);
-	    if (popped) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    }
-	    break;
-	}
-      case NODE_QCALL:
-      case NODE_FCALL:
-      case NODE_VCALL:{		/* VCALL: variable or call */
-	/*
-	  call:  obj.method(...)
-	  fcall: func(...)
-	  vcall: func
-	*/
-	DECL_ANCHOR(recv);
-	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
-	LABEL *lskip = 0;
-	ID mid = node->nd_mid;
-	VALUE argc;
-	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
-	const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
-	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
-#if SUPPORT_JOKE
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_VCALL) {
-	    ID id_bitblt;
-	    ID id_answer;
-
-	    CONST_ID(id_bitblt, "bitblt");
-	    CONST_ID(id_answer, "the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything");
-
-	    if (mid == id_bitblt) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, bitblt);
-		break;
-	    }
-	    else if (mid == id_answer) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, answer);
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	/* only joke */
-	{
-	    ID goto_id;
-	    ID label_id;
-
-	    CONST_ID(goto_id, "__goto__");
-	    CONST_ID(label_id, "__label__");
-
-	    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FCALL &&
-		(mid == goto_id || mid == label_id)) {
-		LABEL *label;
-		st_data_t data;
-		st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
-		ID label_name;
-
-		if (!labels_table) {
-		    labels_table = st_init_numtable();
-		    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = labels_table;
-		}
-		if (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_LIT &&
-		    SYMBOL_P(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit)) {
-
-		    label_name = SYM2ID(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
-		    if (!st_lookup(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, &data)) {
-			label = NEW_LABEL(line);
-			label->position = line;
-			st_insert(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, (st_data_t)label);
-		    }
-		    else {
-			label = (LABEL *)data;
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "invalid goto/label format");
-		    goto ng;
-		}
-
-
-		if (mid == goto_id) {
-		    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label);
-		}
-		else {
-		    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
-		}
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-	/* receiver */
-	if (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_QCALL) {
-	    CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "recv", node->nd_recv));
-	    if (type == NODE_QCALL) {
-		lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
-		ADD_INSN(recv, line, dup);
-		ADD_INSNL(recv, line, branchnil, lskip);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (type == NODE_FCALL || type == NODE_VCALL) {
-	    ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(recv, line);
-	}
-
-	/* args */
-	if (nd_type(node) != NODE_VCALL) {
-	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
-	}
-	else {
-	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
-	}
-
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
-
-	debugp_param("call args argc", argc);
-	debugp_param("call method", ID2SYM(mid));
-
-	switch (nd_type(node)) {
-	  case NODE_VCALL:
-	    flag |= VM_CALL_VCALL;
-	    /* VCALL is funcall, so fall through */
-	  case NODE_FCALL:
-	    flag |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
-	}
-
-	ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, mid, argc, parent_block, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
-
-	if (lskip) {
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-	}
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
-	break;
-      }
+      case NODE_CALL:   /* obj.foo */
+      case NODE_OPCALL: /* foo[] */
+        if (compile_call_precheck_freeze(iseq, ret, node, line, popped) == TRUE) {
+            break;
+        }
+      case NODE_QCALL: /* obj&.foo */
+      case NODE_FCALL: /* foo() */
+      case NODE_VCALL: /* foo (variable or call) */
+        if (compile_call(iseq, ret, node, type, line, popped) == COMPILE_NG) {
+            goto ng;
+        }
+        break;
       case NODE_SUPER:
       case NODE_ZSUPER:{
 	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	int argc;
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
+	struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
 	const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
 
 	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
 	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_SUPER) {
+	if (type == NODE_SUPER) {
 	    VALUE vargc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
+	    CHECK(!NIL_P(vargc));
 	    argc = FIX2INT(vargc);
 	}
 	else {
 	    /* NODE_ZSUPER */
 	    int i;
-	    const rb_iseq_t *liseq = iseq->body->local_iseq;
+	    const rb_iseq_t *liseq = body->local_iseq;
+	    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const local_body = liseq->body;
+	    const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const local_kwd = local_body->param.keyword;
 	    int lvar_level = get_lvar_level(iseq);
 
-	    argc = liseq->body->param.lead_num;
+	    argc = local_body->param.lead_num;
 
 	    /* normal arguments */
-	    for (i = 0; i < liseq->body->param.lead_num; i++) {
-		int idx = liseq->body->local_table_size - i;
+	    for (i = 0; i < local_body->param.lead_num; i++) {
+		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - i;
 		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 	    }
 
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_opt) {
 		/* optional arguments */
 		int j;
-		for (j = 0; j < liseq->body->param.opt_num; j++) {
-		    int idx = liseq->body->local_table_size - (i + j);
+		for (j = 0; j < local_body->param.opt_num; j++) {
+		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (i + j);
 		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		}
 		i += j;
 		argc = i;
 	    }
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		/* rest argument */
-		int idx = liseq->body->local_table_size - liseq->body->param.rest_start;
+		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_body->param.rest_start;
+
 		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
+		ADD_INSN1(args, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
 
-		argc = liseq->body->param.rest_start + 1;
+		argc = local_body->param.rest_start + 1;
 		flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
 	    }
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_post) {
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_post) {
 		/* post arguments */
-		int post_len = liseq->body->param.post_num;
-		int post_start = liseq->body->param.post_start;
+		int post_len = local_body->param.post_num;
+		int post_start = local_body->param.post_start;
 
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		    int j;
 		    for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
-			int idx = liseq->body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
+			int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
 			ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		    }
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(j));
@@ -5369,61 +8157,60 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 		else {
 		    int j;
 		    for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
-			int idx = liseq->body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
+			int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
 			ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		    }
 		    argc = post_len + post_start;
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_kw) { /* TODO: support keywords */
-		int local_size = liseq->body->local_table_size;
+	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_kw) { /* TODO: support keywords */
+		int local_size = local_body->local_table_size;
 		argc++;
 
 		ADD_INSN1(args, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-		    int idx = liseq->body->local_table_size - liseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start;
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
 		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
-		    ADD_SEND (args, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
 		}
 		else {
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
+                    flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
 		}
-		for (i = 0; i < liseq->body->param.keyword->num; ++i) {
-		    ID id = liseq->body->param.keyword->table[i];
+		for (i = 0; i < local_kwd->num; ++i) {
+		    ID id = local_kwd->table[i];
 		    int idx = local_size - get_local_var_idx(liseq, id);
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, putobject, ID2SYM(id));
 		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 		}
 		ADD_SEND(args, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i * 2 + 1));
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
 		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
 		    --argc;
 		}
+		flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
 	    }
-	    else if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
-		int idx = liseq->body->local_table_size - liseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start;
+	    else if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
 		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
 
-		ADD_SEND (args, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
-		if (liseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
 		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
 		}
 		else {
 		    argc++;
 		}
+		flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
 	    }
 	}
 
-	/* dummy receiver */
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, nd_type(node) == NODE_ZSUPER ? Qfalse : Qtrue);
+	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
 	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
-	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, invokesuper,
-		  new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag | VM_CALL_SUPER | VM_CALL_FCALL, keywords, parent_block != NULL),
-		  Qnil, /* CALL_CACHE */
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, invokesuper,
+                  new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag | VM_CALL_SUPER | (type == NODE_ZSUPER ? VM_CALL_ZSUPER : 0) | VM_CALL_FCALL, keywords, parent_block != NULL),
 		  parent_block);
 
 	if (popped) {
@@ -5431,112 +8218,50 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_ARRAY:{
-	compile_array_(iseq, ret, node, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, popped);
+      case NODE_LIST:{
+        CHECK(compile_array(iseq, ret, node, popped) >= 0);
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:{
+      case NODE_ZLIST:{
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_VALUES:{
-	NODE *n = node;
+	const NODE *n = node;
+	if (popped) {
+	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_VALUES: must not be popped");
+	}
 	while (n) {
 	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "values item", n->nd_head));
 	    n = n->nd_next;
 	}
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(node->nd_alen));
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_HASH:{
-	DECL_ANCHOR(list);
-	int type = node->nd_head ? nd_type(node->nd_head) : NODE_ZARRAY;
-
-	INIT_ANCHOR(list);
-	switch (type) {
-	  case NODE_ARRAY:
-	    compile_array(iseq, list, node->nd_head, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, list);
-	    break;
-
-	  case NODE_ZARRAY:
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
-	    break;
-
-	  default:
-	    compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS_AT(node->nd_head) "can't make hash with this node: %s",
-			ruby_node_name(type));
-	}
-
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
-	break;
-      }
-      case NODE_RETURN:{
-	rb_iseq_t *is = iseq;
-
-	if (is) {
-	    enum iseq_type type = is->body->type;
-	    const rb_iseq_t *parent_iseq = is->body->parent_iseq;
-	    enum iseq_type parent_type = parent_iseq ? parent_iseq->body->type : type;
-
-	    if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP || type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN ||
-		((type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) &&
-		 (parent_type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP || parent_type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN))) {
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-		ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		LABEL *splabel = 0;
-
-		if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
-		    splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
-		    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
-		    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, 0);
-		}
-
-		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "return nd_stts (return val)", node->nd_stts));
-
-		if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
-		    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1);
-		    ADD_TRACE(ret, line, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
-		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
-		    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-
-		    if (!popped) {
-			ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
-		    if (popped) {
-			ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+      case NODE_HASH:
+        CHECK(compile_hash(iseq, ret, node, FALSE, popped) >= 0);
+        break;
+      case NODE_RETURN:
+	CHECK(compile_return(iseq, ret, node, popped));
 	break;
-      }
       case NODE_YIELD:{
 	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	VALUE argc;
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
+	struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
 
 	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
-	if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP) {
+
+        if (check_yield_place(iseq) == FALSE) {
 	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid yield");
-	    goto ng;
-	}
+            goto ng;
+        }
 
 	if (node->nd_head) {
 	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_head, &flag, &keywords);
+	    CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
 	}
 	else {
 	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
@@ -5548,14 +8273,21 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
+
+        int level = 0;
+        const rb_iseq_t *tmp_iseq = iseq;
+        for (; tmp_iseq != iseq->body->local_iseq; level++ ) {
+            tmp_iseq = tmp_iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+        }
+        if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, rb_intern("yield"), true);
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_LVAR:{
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ID id = node->nd_vid;
-	    int idx = iseq->body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
+	    int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);
 
-	    debugs("id: %"PRIsVALUE" idx: %d\n", rb_id2str(id), idx);
+	    debugs("id: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
 	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5566,16 +8298,16 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	if (!popped) {
 	    idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, node->nd_vid, &lv, &ls);
 	    if (idx < 0) {
-		compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "unknown dvar (%"PRIsVALUE")",
-			    rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
+		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown dvar (%"PRIsVALUE")",
+			      rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
+		goto ng;
 	    }
 	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_GVAR:{
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal,
-		  ((VALUE)node->nd_entry | 1));
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal, ID2SYM(node->nd_entry));
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
@@ -5595,16 +8327,18 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 
 	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
 	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
+	    int ic_index = body->is_size++;
 
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 	}
 	else {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
 	}
 
 	if (popped) {
@@ -5661,26 +8395,9 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	    break;
 	}
 
-	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
-	    /* TODO: detect by node */
-	    if (recv->last == recv->anchor.next &&
-		INSN_OF(recv->last) == BIN(putobject) &&
-		nd_type(node) == NODE_MATCH2) {
-		ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_regexpmatch1,
-			  OPERAND_AT(recv->last, 0));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-		ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
-		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_regexpmatch2, new_callinfo(iseq, idEqTilde, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE), Qnil);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
-	    ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
-	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEqTilde, INT2FIX(1));
-	}
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
+        ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
+        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEqTilde, INT2FIX(1));
 
 	if (node->nd_args) {
 	    compile_named_capture_assign(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);
@@ -5695,27 +8412,31 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	debugp_param("lit", node->nd_lit);
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, node->nd_lit);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_STR:{
 	debugp_param("nd_lit", node->nd_lit);
 	if (!popped) {
-	    node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+	    VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
 	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putstring, node->nd_lit);
+		lit = rb_fstring(lit);
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putstring, lit);
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
-		    VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, iseq->body->location.path, INT2FIX(line));
-		    VALUE str = rb_str_dup(node->nd_lit);
-		    rb_ivar_set(str, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_obj_freeze(str));
-		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, str);
+		    VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX(line));
+		    lit = rb_str_dup(lit);
+		    rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
+		    lit = rb_str_freeze(lit);
 		}
 		else {
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+		    lit = rb_fstring(lit);
 		}
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, lit);
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, lit);
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
@@ -5726,22 +8447,13 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
-	else {
-	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
-		VALUE debug_info = Qnil;
-		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
-		    debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, iseq->body->location.path, INT2FIX(line));
-		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
-		}
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, freezestring, debug_info);
-	    }
-	}
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_XSTR:{
-	node->nd_lit = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
 	ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+        VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
 	ADD_CALL(ret, line, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));
 
 	if (popped) {
@@ -5759,17 +8471,9 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_EVSTR:{
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_body", node->nd_body));
-
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
-	else {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, tostring);
-	}
+      case NODE_EVSTR:
+	CHECK(compile_evstr(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, popped));
 	break;
-      }
       case NODE_DREGX:{
 	compile_dregx(iseq, ret, node);
 
@@ -5778,13 +8482,13 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:{
-	int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
-	NODE *dregx_node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DREGX, node->u1.value, node->u2.value, node->u3.value);
-	NODE *block_node = NEW_NODE(NODE_SCOPE, 0, dregx_node, 0);
-	const rb_iseq_t * block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(block_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+      case NODE_ONCE:{
+	int ic_index = body->is_size++;
+	const rb_iseq_t *block_iseq;
+	block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN, line);
 
 	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, once, block_iseq, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block_iseq);
 
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -5832,46 +8536,42 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_DEFN:{
+        ID mid = node->nd_mid;
 	const rb_iseq_t *method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
-						rb_id2str(node->nd_mid),
+                                                rb_id2str(mid),
 						ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
 
 	debugp_param("defn/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(method_iseq));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, definemethod, ID2SYM(mid), method_iseq);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)method_iseq);
 
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putiseq, method_iseq);
-	ADD_SEND (ret, line, id_core_define_method, INT2FIX(2));
-
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
 	}
 
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_DEFS:{
-	const rb_iseq_t * singleton_method = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
-						      rb_id2str(node->nd_mid),
-						      ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
-
-	debugp_param("defs/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(singleton_method));
+        ID mid = node->nd_mid;
+        const rb_iseq_t * singleton_method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
+                                                           rb_id2str(mid),
+                                                           ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);
 
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defs: recv", node->nd_recv));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putiseq, singleton_method);
-	ADD_SEND (ret, line, id_core_define_singleton_method, INT2FIX(3));
+        debugp_param("defs/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(singleton_method_iseq));
+        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defs: recv", node->nd_recv));
+        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, definesmethod, ID2SYM(mid), singleton_method_iseq);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)singleton_method_iseq);
 
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	}
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
+        }
 	break;
       }
       case NODE_ALIAS:{
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg1", node->u1.node));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg2", node->u2.node));
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg1", node->nd_1st));
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg2", node->nd_2nd));
 	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_set_method_alias, INT2FIX(3));
 
 	if (popped) {
@@ -5881,8 +8581,8 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       }
       case NODE_VALIAS:{
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->u1.id));
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->u2.id));
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_alias));
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_orig));
 	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_set_variable_alias, INT2FIX(2));
 
 	if (popped) {
@@ -5893,7 +8593,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       case NODE_UNDEF:{
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "undef arg", node->u2.node));
+	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "undef arg", node->nd_undef));
 	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_undef_method, INT2FIX(2));
 
 	if (popped) {
@@ -5905,13 +8605,13 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	const rb_iseq_t *class_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
 						     rb_sprintf("<class:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid)),
 						     ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
-	VALUE noscope = compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
-	int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS;
+	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS |
+	    (node->nd_super ? VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS : 0) |
+	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
 
-	if (!noscope) flags |= VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
-	if (node->nd_super) flags |= VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS;
 	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "super", node->nd_super));
 	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), class_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)class_iseq);
 
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -5922,12 +8622,12 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
         const rb_iseq_t *module_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
 						      rb_sprintf("<module:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid)),
 						      ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
-	VALUE noscope = compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
-	int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE;
+	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE |
+	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);
 
-	if (!noscope) flags |= VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
 	ADD_INSN (ret, line, putnil); /* dummy */
 	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), module_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)module_iseq);
 
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -5936,7 +8636,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       }
       case NODE_SCLASS:{
 	ID singletonclass;
-	const rb_iseq_t *singleton_class = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_body, rb_str_new2("singleton class"),
+	const rb_iseq_t *singleton_class = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_body, rb_fstring_lit("singleton class"),
 						    ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
 
 	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "sclass#recv", node->nd_recv));
@@ -5945,6 +8645,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass,
 		  ID2SYM(singletonclass), singleton_class,
 		  INT2FIX(VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)singleton_class);
 
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -5955,17 +8656,17 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	if (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid)) {
 	    /* constant */
 	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
+	    int ic_index = body->is_size++;
 
 	    DECL_ANCHOR(pref);
 	    DECL_ANCHOR(body);
 
 	    INIT_ANCHOR(pref);
 	    INIT_ANCHOR(body);
-	    compile_colon2(iseq, node, pref, body);
-	    if (LIST_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
+	    CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node, pref, body));
+	    if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
 		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-		    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+                    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 		}
 		else {
 		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
@@ -5974,7 +8675,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 		ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
 
 		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 		    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 		}
 	    }
@@ -5996,21 +8697,22 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       }
       case NODE_COLON3:{
 	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	int ic_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
+	int ic_index = body->is_size++;
 
 	debugi("colon3#nd_mid", node->nd_mid);
 
 	/* add cache insn */
 	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
-	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
 
 	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
 	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
 	}
 
@@ -6023,24 +8725,24 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       case NODE_DOT3:{
 	int excl = type == NODE_DOT3;
 	VALUE flag = INT2FIX(excl);
-	NODE *b = node->nd_beg;
-	NODE *e = node->nd_end;
-	if (number_literal_p(b) && number_literal_p(e)) {
+	const NODE *b = node->nd_beg;
+	const NODE *e = node->nd_end;
+
+        if (optimizable_range_item_p(b) && optimizable_range_item_p(e)) {
 	    if (!popped) {
-		VALUE val = rb_range_new(b->nd_lit, e->nd_lit, excl);
-		iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, val);
-		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, val);
+                VALUE bv = nd_type(b) == NODE_LIT ? b->nd_lit : Qnil;
+                VALUE ev = nd_type(e) == NODE_LIT ? e->nd_lit : Qnil;
+                VALUE val = rb_range_new(bv, ev, excl);
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, val);
+                RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, val);
 	    }
-	    break;
-	}
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "min", (NODE *) node->nd_beg));
-	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "max", (NODE *) node->nd_end));
-	if (popped) {
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	}
 	else {
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newrange, flag);
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "min", b, popped));
+	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "max", e, popped));
+	    if (!popped) {
+		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newrange, flag);
+	    }
 	}
 	break;
       }
@@ -6049,8 +8751,8 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *ltrue = NEW_LABEL(line);
 	LABEL *lfalse = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node, ltrue, lfalse);
-	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lend);
+	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, node, type == NODE_FLIP2,
+				ltrue, lfalse));
 	ADD_LABEL(ret, ltrue);
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
 	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lend);
@@ -6085,7 +8787,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       }
       case NODE_ERRINFO:{
 	if (!popped) {
-	    if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
+	    if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
 		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
 	    }
 	    else {
@@ -6108,36 +8810,24 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	}
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_DEFINED:{
-	if (popped) break;
-	if (!node->nd_head) {
-	    VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(DEFINED_NIL);
-	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, str);
-	}
-	else {
-	    LABEL *lfinish[2];
-	    lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    lfinish[1] = 0;
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
-	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qtrue);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
-	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-	    if (lfinish[1]) {
-		ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);
-	    }
-	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
+      case NODE_DEFINED:
+	if (!popped) {
+	    CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, node, Qtrue));
 	}
 	break;
-      }
       case NODE_POSTEXE:{
 	/* compiled to:
 	 *   ONCE{ rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore::core#set_postexe{ ... } }
 	 */
-	int is_index = iseq->body->is_size++;
-	const rb_iseq_t *once_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ((NODE *)IFUNC_NEW(build_postexe_iseq, node->nd_body, 0),
-						    make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
+	int is_index = body->is_size++;
+        struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
+            rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build_postexe_iseq, node->nd_body);
+	const rb_iseq_t *once_iseq =
+            new_child_iseq_with_callback(iseq, ifunc,
+				 rb_fstring(make_name_for_block(iseq)), iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
 
 	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, once, once_iseq, INT2FIX(is_index));
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)once_iseq);
 
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -6147,25 +8837,27 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       case NODE_KW_ARG:
 	{
 	    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
-	    NODE *default_value = node->nd_body->nd_value;
+	    const NODE *default_value = node->nd_body->nd_value;
 
-	    if (default_value == (NODE *)-1) {
+            if (default_value == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
 		/* required argument. do nothing */
-		compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		goto ng;
 	    }
 	    else if (nd_type(default_value) == NODE_LIT ||
 		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_NIL ||
 		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_TRUE ||
 		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_FALSE) {
-		compile_bug(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
+		goto ng;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		/* if keywordcheck(_kw_bits, nth_keyword)
 		 *   kw = default_value
 		 * end
 		 */
-		int kw_bits_idx = iseq->body->local_table_size - iseq->body->param.keyword->bits_start;
-		int keyword_idx = iseq->body->param.keyword->num;
+		int kw_bits_idx = body->local_table_size - body->param.keyword->bits_start;
+		int keyword_idx = body->param.keyword->num;
 
 		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, checkkeyword, INT2FIX(kw_bits_idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(keyword_idx));
 		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, end_label);
@@ -6178,7 +8870,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
       case NODE_DSYM:{
 	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
 	if (!popped) {
-	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idIntern, INT2FIX(0));
+	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, intern);
 	}
 	else {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -6190,30 +8882,30 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
 	unsigned int flag = 0;
 	ID mid = node->nd_mid;
-	LABEL *lskip = 0;
 	VALUE argc;
+        LABEL *else_label = NULL;
+        VALUE branches = Qfalse;
 
 	/* optimization shortcut
 	 *   obj["literal"] = value -> opt_aset_with(obj, "literal", value)
 	 */
 	if (mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
-	    nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_ARRAY && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
+	    nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_LIST && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
 	    nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
 	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
+            !ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
 	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction)
 	{
 	    VALUE str = rb_fstring(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
-	    node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit = str;
-	    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, str);
 	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
 	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "value", node->nd_args->nd_next->nd_head));
 	    if (!popped) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
 	    }
-	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_aset_with,
-		      new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE),
-		      NULL/* CALL_CACHE */, str);
+            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_aset_with, str,
+                      new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE));
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, str);
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 	    break;
 	}
@@ -6221,8 +8913,11 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
 	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
 	argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, NULL);
+	CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
 
-	flag |= COMPILE_RECV(recv, "recv", node);
+        int asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(recv, "recv", node);
+        CHECK(asgnflag != -1);
+        flag |= (unsigned int)asgnflag;
 
 	debugp_param("argc", argc);
 	debugp_param("nd_mid", ID2SYM(mid));
@@ -6230,9 +8925,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	if (!rb_is_attrset_id(mid)) {
 	    /* safe nav attr */
 	    mid = rb_id_attrset(mid);
-	    ADD_INSN(recv, line, dup);
-	    lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
-	    ADD_INSNL(recv, line, branchnil, lskip);
+            else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, line);
 	}
 	if (!popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
@@ -6243,7 +8936,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
 		if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
 		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
-		    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+                    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 		}
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 3));
 		ADD_INSN (ret, line, pop);
@@ -6251,7 +8944,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	    else if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
 		ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
-		ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
+                ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2));
 		ADD_INSN (ret, line, pop);
 	    }
@@ -6264,23 +8957,11 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
 	}
 	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, mid, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
-	if (lskip) ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
+        qcall_branch_end(iseq, ret, else_label, branches, node, line);
 	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
 
 	break;
       }
-      case NODE_PRELUDE:{
-	const rb_compile_option_t *orig_opt = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option;
-	if (node->nd_orig) {
-	    rb_compile_option_t new_opt = *orig_opt;
-	    rb_iseq_make_compile_option(&new_opt, node->nd_orig);
-	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option = &new_opt;
-	}
-	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "prelude", node->nd_head));
-	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "body", node->nd_body, popped));
-	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option = orig_opt;
-	break;
-      }
       case NODE_LAMBDA:{
 	/* compile same as lambda{...} */
 	const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
@@ -6288,6 +8969,7 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 
 	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
 	ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idLambda, argc, block);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)block);
 
 	if (popped) {
 	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
@@ -6295,17 +8977,12 @@ iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, NODE *node, int poppe
 	break;
       }
       default:
-	UNKNOWN_NODE("iseq_compile_each", node);
+	UNKNOWN_NODE("iseq_compile_each", node, COMPILE_NG);
+      ng:
+	debug_node_end();
 	return COMPILE_NG;
     }
 
-    /* check & remove redundant trace(line) */
-    if (saved_last_element &&
-	ret->last == saved_last_element &&
-	((INSN *)saved_last_element)->insn_id == BIN(trace)) {
-	POP_ELEMENT(ret);
-    }
-
     debug_node_end();
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -6323,21 +9000,22 @@ insn_data_length(INSN *iobj)
 static int
 calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *insn)
 {
-    return insn_stack_increase(depth, insn->insn_id, insn->operands);
+    return comptime_insn_stack_increase(depth, insn->insn_id, insn->operands);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 opobj_inspect(VALUE obj)
 {
-    struct RBasic *r = (struct RBasic *) obj;
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(r)  && r->klass == 0) {
-	switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(r)) {
+    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && !RBASIC_CLASS(obj)) {
+        switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
 	  case T_STRING:
 	    obj = rb_str_new_cstr(RSTRING_PTR(obj));
 	    break;
 	  case T_ARRAY:
 	    obj = rb_ary_dup(obj);
 	    break;
+          default:
+            break;
 	}
     }
     return rb_inspect(obj);
@@ -6361,7 +9039,7 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 	      case TS_OFFSET:	/* label(destination position) */
 		{
 		    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    rb_str_catf(str, "<L%03d>", lobj->label_no);
+		    rb_str_catf(str, LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
 		    break;
 		}
 		break;
@@ -6380,33 +9058,27 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 	      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
 		{
 		    VALUE v = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(v));
+                    if (!CLASS_OF(v))
+                        rb_str_cat2(str, "<hidden>");
+                    else {
+                        rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(v));
+                    }
 		    break;
 		}
 	      case TS_ID:	/* ID */
 		rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
 		break;
-	      case TS_GENTRY:
-		{
-		    struct rb_global_entry *entry = (struct rb_global_entry *)
-		      (OPERAND_AT(iobj, j) & (~1));
-		    rb_str_append(str, rb_id2str(entry->id));
-		    break;
-		}
 	      case TS_IC:	/* inline cache */
+	      case TS_IVC:	/* inline ivar cache */
+	      case TS_ISE:	/* inline storage entry */
 		rb_str_catf(str, "<ic:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
 		break;
-	      case TS_CALLINFO: /* call info */
-		{
-		    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-		    rb_str_cat2(str, "<callinfo:");
-		    if (ci->mid) rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(ci->mid));
-		    rb_str_catf(str, ", %d>", ci->orig_argc);
-		    break;
-		}
-	      case TS_CALLCACHE: /* call cache */
+              case TS_CALLDATA: /* we store these as call infos at compile time */
 		{
-		    rb_str_catf(str, "<call cache>");
+                    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+                    rb_str_cat2(str, "<calldata:");
+                    if (vm_ci_mid(ci)) rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(vm_ci_mid(ci)));
+                    rb_str_catf(str, ", %d>", vm_ci_argc(ci));
 		    break;
 		}
 	      case TS_CDHASH:	/* case/when condition cache */
@@ -6414,7 +9086,7 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 		break;
 	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
 		{
-		    rb_insn_func_t func = (rb_insn_func_t)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+		    void *func = (void *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
 #ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
 		    Dl_info info;
 		    if (dladdr(func, &info) && info.dli_sname) {
@@ -6425,6 +9097,9 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 		    rb_str_catf(str, "<%p>", func);
 		}
 		break;
+              case TS_BUILTIN:
+                rb_str_cat2(str, "<TS_BUILTIN>");
+                break;
 	      default:{
 		rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand type: %c", type);
 	      }
@@ -6438,7 +9113,13 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
 }
 
 static void
-dump_disasm_list(struct iseq_link_element *link)
+dump_disasm_list(const LINK_ELEMENT *link)
+{
+    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(link, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(const LINK_ELEMENT *link, const LINK_ELEMENT *curr, const LABEL *dest)
 {
     int pos = 0;
     INSN *iobj;
@@ -6448,30 +9129,33 @@ dump_disasm_list(struct iseq_link_element *link)
     printf("-- raw disasm--------\n");
 
     while (link) {
+	if (curr) printf(curr == link ? "*" : " ");
 	switch (link->type) {
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
 	    {
 		iobj = (INSN *)link;
 		str = insn_data_to_s_detail(iobj);
-		printf("%04d %-65s(%4u)\n", pos, StringValueCStr(str), iobj->line_no);
+		printf("  %04d %-65s(%4u)\n", pos, StringValueCStr(str), iobj->insn_info.line_no);
 		pos += insn_data_length(iobj);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
 	    {
 		lobj = (LABEL *)link;
-		printf("<L%03d>\n", lobj->label_no);
+		printf(LABEL_FORMAT" [sp: %d]%s\n", lobj->label_no, lobj->sp,
+		       dest == lobj ? " <---" : "");
 		break;
 	    }
-	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_NONE:
+	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
 	    {
-		printf("[none]\n");
+		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)link;
+		printf("  trace: %0x\n", trace->event);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
 	    {
 		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)link;
-		printf("adjust: [label: %d]\n", adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1);
+		printf("  adjust: [label: %d]\n", adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1);
 		break;
 	    }
 	  default:
@@ -6487,16 +9171,16 @@ dump_disasm_list(struct iseq_link_element *link)
 const char *
 rb_insns_name(int i)
 {
-    return insn_name_info[i];
+    return insn_name(i);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_insns_name_array(void)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE);
     int i;
-    for (i = 0; i < numberof(insn_name_info); i++) {
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring(rb_str_new2(insn_name_info[i])));
+    for (i = 0; i < VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
+	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring_cstr(insn_name(i)));
     }
     return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
 }
@@ -6506,7 +9190,7 @@ register_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table, VALUE obj)
 {
     LABEL *label = 0;
     st_data_t tmp;
-    obj = rb_convert_type(obj, T_SYMBOL, "Symbol", "to_sym");
+    obj = rb_to_symbol_type(obj);
 
     if (st_lookup(labels_table, obj, &tmp) == 0) {
 	label = NEW_LABEL(0);
@@ -6522,18 +9206,16 @@ register_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 get_exception_sym2type(VALUE sym)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
     static VALUE symRescue, symEnsure, symRetry;
     static VALUE symBreak, symRedo, symNext;
 
     if (symRescue == 0) {
-	symRescue = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rescue"));
-	symEnsure = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ensure"));
-	symRetry  = ID2SYM(rb_intern("retry"));
-	symBreak  = ID2SYM(rb_intern("break"));
-	symRedo   = ID2SYM(rb_intern("redo"));
-	symNext   = ID2SYM(rb_intern("next"));
+	symRescue = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("rescue"));
+	symEnsure = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("ensure"));
+	symRetry  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("retry"));
+	symBreak  = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("break"));
+	symRedo   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("redo"));
+	symNext   = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("next"));
     }
 
     if (sym == symRescue) return CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE;
@@ -6555,30 +9237,34 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_exception(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table,
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(exception); i++) {
 	const rb_iseq_t *eiseq;
 	VALUE v, type;
-	const VALUE *ptr;
 	LABEL *lstart, *lend, *lcont;
 	unsigned int sp;
 
-	v = rb_convert_type(RARRAY_AREF(exception, i), T_ARRAY,
-					 "Array", "to_ary");
+	v = rb_to_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(exception, i));
 	if (RARRAY_LEN(v) != 6) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "wrong exception entry");
 	}
-	ptr  = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(v);
-	type = get_exception_sym2type(ptr[0]);
-	if (ptr[1] == Qnil) {
+        type = get_exception_sym2type(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0));
+        if (RARRAY_AREF(v, 1) == Qnil) {
 	    eiseq = NULL;
 	}
 	else {
-	    eiseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(rb_iseq_load(ptr[1], (VALUE)iseq, Qnil));
-	}
+            eiseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(rb_iseq_load(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), (VALUE)iseq, Qnil));
+        }
 
-	lstart = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ptr[2]);
-	lend   = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ptr[3]);
-	lcont  = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ptr[4]);
-	sp     = NUM2UINT(ptr[5]);
+        lstart = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 2));
+        lend   = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 3));
+        lcont  = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 4));
+        sp     = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(v, 5));
 
-	(void)sp;
+	/* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
+	if (type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
+	    type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
+	    type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
+	    ++sp;
+	}
+
+	lcont->sp = sp;
 
 	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, lstart, lend, eiseq, lcont);
 
@@ -6592,10 +9278,10 @@ insn_make_insn_table(void)
 {
     struct st_table *table;
     int i;
-    table = st_init_numtable();
+    table = st_init_numtable_with_size(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE);
 
     for (i=0; i<VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
-	st_insert(table, ID2SYM(rb_intern(insn_name(i))), i);
+	st_insert(table, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(insn_name(i))), i);
     }
 
     return table;
@@ -6618,7 +9304,6 @@ iseq_build_load_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
     }
 
     loaded_iseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(iseqw);
-    iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, (VALUE)loaded_iseq);
     return loaded_iseq;
 }
 
@@ -6628,13 +9313,13 @@ iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
     ID mid = 0;
     int orig_argc = 0;
     unsigned int flag = 0;
-    struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = 0;
+    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg = 0;
 
     if (!NIL_P(op)) {
-	VALUE vmid = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("mid")));
-	VALUE vflag = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("flag")));
-	VALUE vorig_argc = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("orig_argc")));
-	VALUE vkw_arg = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("kw_arg")));
+	VALUE vmid = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("mid")));
+	VALUE vflag = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("flag")));
+	VALUE vorig_argc = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("orig_argc")));
+	VALUE vkw_arg = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("kw_arg")));
 
 	if (!NIL_P(vmid)) mid = SYM2ID(vmid);
 	if (!NIL_P(vflag)) flag = NUM2UINT(vflag);
@@ -6643,7 +9328,7 @@ iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
 	if (!NIL_P(vkw_arg)) {
 	    int i;
 	    int len = RARRAY_LENINT(vkw_arg);
-	    size_t n = rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes(len);
+	    size_t n = rb_callinfo_kwarg_bytes(len);
 
 	    kw_arg = xmalloc(n);
 	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
@@ -6655,7 +9340,24 @@ iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
 	}
     }
 
-    return (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, mid, orig_argc, flag, kw_arg, (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) == 0);
+    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = new_callinfo(iseq, mid, orig_argc, flag, kw_arg, (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) == 0);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, ci);
+    return (VALUE)ci;
+}
+
+static rb_event_flag_t
+event_name_to_flag(VALUE sym)
+{
+#define CHECK_EVENT(ev) if (sym == ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#ev))) return ev;
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_END);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+#undef CHECK_EVENT
+    return RUBY_EVENT_NONE;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -6663,7 +9365,6 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
 			 VALUE body, VALUE labels_wrapper)
 {
     /* TODO: body should be frozen */
-    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(body);
     long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(body);
     struct st_table *labels_table = DATA_PTR(labels_wrapper);
     int j;
@@ -6680,11 +9381,17 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
     }
 
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	VALUE obj = ptr[i];
+        VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(body, i);
 
 	if (SYMBOL_P(obj)) {
-	    LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, obj);
-	    ADD_LABEL(anchor, label);
+	    rb_event_flag_t event;
+	    if ((event = event_name_to_flag(obj)) != RUBY_EVENT_NONE) {
+		ADD_TRACE(anchor, event);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, obj);
+		ADD_LABEL(anchor, label);
+	    }
 	}
 	else if (FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
 	    line_no = NUM2INT(obj);
@@ -6712,7 +9419,13 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
 	    }
 
 	    if (argc > 0) {
-		argv = compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
+                argv = compile_data_calloc2(iseq, sizeof(VALUE), argc);
+
+                // add element before operand setup to make GC root
+                ADD_ELEM(anchor,
+                         (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, line_no,
+                                                      (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, argv));
+
 		for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
 		    VALUE op = rb_ary_entry(obj, j+1);
 		    switch (insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j)) {
@@ -6728,45 +9441,42 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
 			break;
 		      case TS_VALUE:
 			argv[j] = op;
-			iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, op);
+			RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, op);
 			break;
 		      case TS_ISEQ:
 			{
 			    if (op != Qnil) {
-				argv[j] = (VALUE)iseq_build_load_iseq(iseq, op);
+				VALUE v = (VALUE)iseq_build_load_iseq(iseq, op);
+				argv[j] = v;
+				RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
 			    }
 			    else {
 				argv[j] = 0;
 			    }
 			}
 			break;
-		      case TS_GENTRY:
-			op = rb_convert_type(op, T_SYMBOL, "Symbol", "to_sym");
-			argv[j] = (VALUE)rb_global_entry(SYM2ID(op));
-			break;
+		      case TS_ISE:
 		      case TS_IC:
+                      case TS_IVC:  /* inline ivar cache */
 			argv[j] = op;
 			if (NUM2UINT(op) >= iseq->body->is_size) {
 			    iseq->body->is_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
 			}
+                        FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
 			break;
-		      case TS_CALLINFO:
+                      case TS_CALLDATA:
 			argv[j] = iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(iseq, op);
 			break;
-		      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-			argv[j] = Qfalse;
-			break;
 		      case TS_ID:
-			argv[j] = rb_convert_type(op, T_SYMBOL,
-						  "Symbol", "to_sym");
+			argv[j] = rb_to_symbol_type(op);
 			break;
 		      case TS_CDHASH:
 			{
 			    int i;
-			    VALUE map = rb_hash_new();
+			    VALUE map = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(op)/2);
 
-			    rb_hash_tbl_raw(map)->type = &cdhash_type;
-			    op = rb_convert_type(op, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+                            RHASH_TBL_RAW(map)->type = &cdhash_type;
+			    op = rb_to_array_type(op);
 			    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(op); i+=2) {
 				VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(op, i);
 				VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(op, i+1);
@@ -6776,7 +9486,7 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
 			    }
 			    RB_GC_GUARD(op);
 			    argv[j] = map;
-			    rb_iseq_add_mark_object(iseq, map);
+			    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
 			}
 			break;
 		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
@@ -6794,9 +9504,11 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
 		    }
 		}
 	    }
-	    ADD_ELEM(anchor,
-		     (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, line_no,
-						  (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, argv));
+            else {
+                ADD_ELEM(anchor,
+                         (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, line_no,
+                                                      (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, NULL));
+            }
 	}
 	else {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unexpected object for instruction");
@@ -6808,20 +9520,18 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
     return iseq_setup(iseq, anchor);
 }
 
-#define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_convert_type((v), T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary")
-#define CHECK_SYMBOL(v)  rb_convert_type((v), T_SYMBOL, "Symbol", "to_sym")
+#define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_to_array_type(v)
+#define CHECK_SYMBOL(v)  rb_to_symbol_type(v)
 
 static int
 int_param(int *dst, VALUE param, VALUE sym)
 {
     VALUE val = rb_hash_aref(param, sym);
-    switch (TYPE(val)) {
-      case T_NIL:
-	return FALSE;
-      case T_FIXNUM:
+    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
 	*dst = FIX2INT(val);
 	return TRUE;
-      default:
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid %+"PRIsVALUE" Fixnum: %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 sym, val);
     }
@@ -6842,10 +9552,10 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
     iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;
 
     keyword->num = len;
-#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern(#s))
+#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
     (void)int_param(&keyword->bits_start, params, SYM(kwbits));
     i = keyword->bits_start - keyword->num;
-    ids = (VALUE *)&iseq->body->local_table[i];
+    ids = (ID *)&iseq->body->local_table[i];
 #undef SYM
 
     /* required args */
@@ -6862,10 +9572,14 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
   default_values: /* note: we intentionally preserve `i' from previous loop */
     default_len = len - i;
     if (default_len == 0) {
+	keyword->table = ids;
 	return keyword;
     }
+    else if (default_len < 0) {
+        UNREACHABLE;
+    }
 
-    dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, default_len);
+    dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, (unsigned int)default_len);
 
     for (j = 0; i < len; i++, j++) {
 	key = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);
@@ -6894,17 +9608,72 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
 }
 
 void
+rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage)
+{
+    INSN *iobj = 0;
+    size_t size = sizeof(INSN);
+    unsigned int pos = 0;
+
+    while (storage) {
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+        size_t padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[pos], size);
+#else
+        const size_t padding = 0; /* expected to be optimized by compiler */
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
+        size_t offset = pos + size + padding;
+        if (offset > storage->size || offset > storage->pos) {
+            pos = 0;
+            storage = storage->next;
+        }
+        else {
+#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
+            pos += (int)padding;
+#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
+
+            iobj = (INSN *)&storage->buff[pos];
+
+            if (iobj->operands) {
+                int j;
+                const char *types = insn_op_types(iobj->insn_id);
+
+                for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+                    char type = types[j];
+                    switch (type) {
+                      case TS_CDHASH:
+                      case TS_ISEQ:
+                      case TS_VALUE:
+                      case TS_CALLDATA: // ci is stored.
+                        {
+                            VALUE op = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
+
+                            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(op)) {
+                                rb_gc_mark(op);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      default:
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            pos += (int)size;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
 rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 			 VALUE exception, VALUE body)
 {
-#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern(#s))
+#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
     int i, len;
+    unsigned int arg_size, local_size, stack_max;
     ID *tbl;
     struct st_table *labels_table = st_init_numtable();
-    VALUE labels_wrapper = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, labels_table);
+    VALUE labels_wrapper = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, rb_mark_set, st_free_table, labels_table);
     VALUE arg_opt_labels = rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(opt));
     VALUE keywords = rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(keyword));
-    VALUE sym_arg_rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("#arg_rest"));
+    VALUE sym_arg_rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("#arg_rest"));
     DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
     INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
 
@@ -6923,11 +9692,6 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 	}
     }
 
-    /*
-     * we currently ignore misc params,
-     * local_size, stack_size and param.size are all calculated
-     */
-
 #define INT_PARAM(F) int_param(&iseq->body->param.F, params, SYM(F))
     if (INT_PARAM(lead_num)) {
 	iseq->body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
@@ -6937,9 +9701,16 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
     if (INT_PARAM(rest_start)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
     if (INT_PARAM(block_start)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
 #undef INT_PARAM
+    {
+#define INT_PARAM(F) F = (int_param(&x, misc, SYM(F)) ? (unsigned int)x : 0)
+	int x;
+	INT_PARAM(arg_size);
+	INT_PARAM(local_size);
+	INT_PARAM(stack_max);
+#undef INT_PARAM
+    }
 
-    switch (TYPE(arg_opt_labels)) {
-      case T_ARRAY:
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg_opt_labels, T_ARRAY)) {
 	len = RARRAY_LENINT(arg_opt_labels);
 	iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt = !!(len - 1 >= 0);
 
@@ -6955,19 +9726,16 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 	    iseq->body->param.opt_num = len - 1;
 	    iseq->body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
 	}
-      case T_NIL:
-	break;
-      default:
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(arg_opt_labels)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":opt param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 arg_opt_labels);
     }
 
-    switch (TYPE(keywords)) {
-      case T_ARRAY:
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(keywords, T_ARRAY)) {
 	iseq->body->param.keyword = iseq_build_kw(iseq, params, keywords);
-      case T_NIL:
-	break;
-      default:
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(keywords)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":keywords param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 keywords);
     }
@@ -6992,46 +9760,48 @@ rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
 
     /* body */
     iseq_build_from_ary_body(iseq, anchor, body, labels_wrapper);
+
+    iseq->body->param.size = arg_size;
+    iseq->body->local_table_size = local_size;
+    iseq->body->stack_max = stack_max;
 }
 
 /* for parser */
 
 int
-rb_dvar_defined(ID id, const struct rb_block *base_block)
-{
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
-
-    if (base_block && (iseq = vm_block_iseq(base_block)) != NULL) {
-	while (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL ||
-	       iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN
+rb_dvar_defined(ID id, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if (iseq) {
+	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+	while (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL ||
+	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN
 	       ) {
 	    unsigned int i;
 
-	    for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
-		if (iseq->body->local_table[i] == id) {
+	    for (i = 0; i < body->local_table_size; i++) {
+		if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
 		    return 1;
 		}
 	    }
-	    iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
+	    iseq = body->parent_iseq;
+	    body = iseq->body;
 	}
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 int
-rb_local_defined(ID id, const struct rb_block *base_block)
+rb_local_defined(ID id, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
-
-    if (base_block && (iseq = vm_block_iseq(base_block)) != NULL) {
+    if (iseq) {
 	unsigned int i;
-	iseq = iseq->body->local_iseq;
+	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body->local_iseq->body;
 
-	for (i=0; i<iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
-	    if (iseq->body->local_table[i] == id) {
+	for (i=0; i<body->local_table_size; i++) {
+	    if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
 		return 1;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -7040,102 +9810,119 @@ rb_local_defined(ID id, const struct rb_block *base_block)
 }
 
 static int
-caller_location(VALUE *path, VALUE *absolute_path)
+caller_location(VALUE *path, VALUE *realpath)
 {
-    const rb_thread_t *const th = GET_THREAD();
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     const rb_control_frame_t *const cfp =
-	rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(th, th->cfp);
+        rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);
 
     if (cfp) {
 	int line = rb_vm_get_sourceline(cfp);
-	*path = cfp->iseq->body->location.path;
-	*absolute_path = cfp->iseq->body->location.absolute_path;
+	*path = rb_iseq_path(cfp->iseq);
+	*realpath = rb_iseq_realpath(cfp->iseq);
 	return line;
     }
     else {
-	*path = rb_fstring_cstr("<compiled>");
-	*absolute_path = *path;
+	*path = rb_fstring_lit("<compiled>");
+	*realpath = *path;
 	return 1;
     }
 }
 
 typedef struct {
     VALUE arg;
-    rb_insn_func_t func;
+    VALUE func;
     int line;
 } accessor_args;
 
 static const rb_iseq_t *
-method_for_self(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func,
-		VALUE (*build)(rb_iseq_t *, LINK_ANCHOR *const, VALUE))
+method_for_self(VALUE name, VALUE arg, const struct rb_builtin_function *func,
+                void (*build)(rb_iseq_t *, LINK_ANCHOR *, const void *))
 {
-    VALUE path, absolute_path;
+    VALUE path, realpath;
     accessor_args acc;
 
     acc.arg = arg;
-    acc.func = func;
-    acc.line = caller_location(&path, &absolute_path);
-    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt((NODE *)IFUNC_NEW(build, (VALUE)&acc, 0),
-				rb_sym2str(name), path, absolute_path,
-				INT2FIX(acc.line), 0, ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, 0);
+    acc.func = (VALUE)func;
+    acc.line = caller_location(&path, &realpath);
+    struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
+        rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build, &acc);
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_callback(ifunc,
+			     rb_sym2str(name), path, realpath,
+			     INT2FIX(acc.line), 0, ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, 0);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-for_self_aref(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, VALUE a)
+static void
+for_self_aref(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const void *a)
 {
     const accessor_args *const args = (void *)a;
     const int line = args->line;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
 
     iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
-    iseq->body->param.lead_num = 0;
-    iseq->body->param.size = 0;
+    body->param.lead_num = 0;
+    body->param.size = 0;
 
     ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, args->arg);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_call_c_function, (VALUE)args->func);
-    return Qnil;
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, invokebuiltin, args->func);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-for_self_aset(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, VALUE a)
+static void
+for_self_aset(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const void *a)
 {
     const accessor_args *const args = (void *)a;
     const int line = args->line;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     static const ID vars[] = {1, idUScore};
 
     iseq_set_local_table(iseq, vars);
-    iseq->body->param.lead_num = 1;
-    iseq->body->param.size = 1;
+    body->param.lead_num = 1;
+    body->param.size = 1;
 
     ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, numberof(vars)-1, 0);
     ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, args->arg);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_call_c_function, (VALUE)args->func);
-    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
-    return Qnil;
+    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, invokebuiltin, args->func);
 }
 
 /*
  * func (index) -> (value)
  */
 const rb_iseq_t *
-rb_method_for_self_aref(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func)
+rb_method_for_self_aref(VALUE name, VALUE arg, const struct rb_builtin_function *func)
 {
     return method_for_self(name, arg, func, for_self_aref);
 }
 
 /*
- * func (index, value) -> (index, value)
+ * func (index, value) -> (value)
  */
 const rb_iseq_t *
-rb_method_for_self_aset(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func)
+rb_method_for_self_aset(VALUE name, VALUE arg, const struct rb_builtin_function *func)
 {
     return method_for_self(name, arg, func, for_self_aset);
 }
 
 /* ISeq binary format */
 
+#ifndef IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+#define IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+#define IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER 0
+#endif
+
 typedef unsigned int ibf_offset_t;
 #define IBF_OFFSET(ptr) ((ibf_offset_t)(VALUE)(ptr))
 
+#define IBF_MAJOR_VERSION ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION
+#if RUBY_DEVEL
+#define IBF_DEVEL_VERSION 3
+#define IBF_MINOR_VERSION (ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION * 10000 + IBF_DEVEL_VERSION)
+#else
+#define IBF_MINOR_VERSION ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION
+#endif
+
 struct ibf_header {
     char magic[4]; /* YARB */
     unsigned int major_version;
@@ -7144,81 +9931,202 @@ struct ibf_header {
     unsigned int extra_size;
 
     unsigned int iseq_list_size;
-    unsigned int id_list_size;
-    unsigned int object_list_size;
-
+    unsigned int global_object_list_size;
     ibf_offset_t iseq_list_offset;
-    ibf_offset_t id_list_offset;
-    ibf_offset_t object_list_offset;
+    ibf_offset_t global_object_list_offset;
 };
 
-struct ibf_id_entry {
-    enum {
-	ibf_id_enc_ascii,
-	ibf_id_enc_utf8,
-	ibf_id_enc_other
-    } enc : 2;
-    char body[1];
+struct ibf_dump_buffer {
+    VALUE str;
+    st_table *obj_table; /* obj -> obj number */
 };
 
 struct ibf_dump {
-    VALUE str;
-    VALUE iseq_list;      /* [iseq0 offset, ...] */
-    VALUE obj_list;       /* [objs] */
     st_table *iseq_table; /* iseq -> iseq number */
-    st_table *id_table;   /* id -> id number */
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer global_buffer;
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer *current_buffer;
 };
 
 rb_iseq_t * iseq_alloc(void);
 
-struct ibf_load {
+struct ibf_load_buffer {
     const char *buff;
+    ibf_offset_t size;
+
+    VALUE obj_list; /* [obj0, ...] */
+    unsigned int obj_list_size;
+    ibf_offset_t obj_list_offset;
+};
+
+struct ibf_load {
     const struct ibf_header *header;
-    ID *id_list;     /* [id0, ...] */
-    VALUE iseq_list; /* [iseq0, ...] */
-    VALUE obj_list;  /* [obj0, ...] */
+    VALUE iseq_list;       /* [iseq0, ...] */
+    struct ibf_load_buffer global_buffer;
     VALUE loader_obj;
-    VALUE str;
     rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    VALUE str;
+    struct ibf_load_buffer *current_buffer;
+};
+
+struct pinned_list {
+    long size;
+    VALUE * buffer;
+};
+
+static void
+pinned_list_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    long i;
+    struct pinned_list *list = (struct pinned_list *)ptr;
+    for (i = 0; i < list->size; i++) {
+        if (list->buffer[i]) {
+            rb_gc_mark(list->buffer[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+pinned_list_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct pinned_list *list = (struct pinned_list *)ptr;
+    xfree(list->buffer);
+    xfree(ptr);
+}
+
+static size_t
+pinned_list_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    struct pinned_list *list = (struct pinned_list *)ptr;
+    return sizeof(struct pinned_list) + (list->size * sizeof(VALUE *));
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t pinned_list_type = {
+    "pinned_list",
+    {pinned_list_mark, pinned_list_free, pinned_list_memsize,},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
+static VALUE
+pinned_list_fetch(VALUE list, long offset)
+{
+    struct pinned_list * ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(list, struct pinned_list, &pinned_list_type, ptr);
+
+    if (offset >= ptr->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object index out of range: %ld", offset);
+    }
+
+    return ptr->buffer[offset];
+}
+
+static void
+pinned_list_store(VALUE list, long offset, VALUE object)
+{
+    struct pinned_list * ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(list, struct pinned_list, &pinned_list_type, ptr);
+
+    if (offset >= ptr->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object index out of range: %ld", offset);
+    }
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(list, &ptr->buffer[offset], object);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pinned_list_new(long size)
+{
+    struct pinned_list * ptr;
+    VALUE obj_list =
+        TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct pinned_list, &pinned_list_type, ptr);
+
+    ptr->buffer = xcalloc(size, sizeof(VALUE));
+    ptr->size = size;
+
+    return obj_list;
+}
+
 static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_pos(struct ibf_dump *dump)
 {
-    return (unsigned int)rb_str_strlen(dump->str);
+    long pos = RSTRING_LEN(dump->current_buffer->str);
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
+    if (pos >= UINT_MAX) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "dump size exceeds");
+    }
+#endif
+    return (unsigned int)pos;
+}
+
+static void
+ibf_dump_align(struct ibf_dump *dump, size_t align)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t pos = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    if (pos % align) {
+        static const char padding[sizeof(VALUE)];
+        size_t size = align - ((size_t)pos % align);
+#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
+        if (pos + size >= UINT_MAX) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "dump size exceeds");
+        }
+#endif
+        for (; size > sizeof(padding); size -= sizeof(padding)) {
+            rb_str_cat(dump->current_buffer->str, padding, sizeof(padding));
+        }
+        rb_str_cat(dump->current_buffer->str, padding, size);
+    }
 }
 
 static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_write(struct ibf_dump *dump, const void *buff, unsigned long size)
 {
     ibf_offset_t pos = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
-    rb_str_cat(dump->str, (const char *)buff, size);
+    rb_str_cat(dump->current_buffer->str, (const char *)buff, size);
     /* TODO: overflow check */
     return pos;
 }
 
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_write_byte(struct ibf_dump *dump, unsigned char byte)
+{
+    return ibf_dump_write(dump, &byte, sizeof(unsigned char));
+}
+
 static void
 ibf_dump_overwrite(struct ibf_dump *dump, void *buff, unsigned int size, long offset)
 {
-    VALUE str = dump->str;
+    VALUE str = dump->current_buffer->str;
     char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if ((unsigned long)(size + offset) > (unsigned long)RSTRING_LEN(str))
-	rb_bug("ibf_dump_overwrite: overflow");
+        rb_bug("ibf_dump_overwrite: overflow");
     memcpy(ptr + offset, buff, size);
 }
 
+static const void *
+ibf_load_ptr(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset, int size)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t beg = *offset;
+    *offset += size;
+    return load->current_buffer->buff + beg;
+}
+
 static void *
-ibf_load_alloc(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t offset, int size)
+ibf_load_alloc(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t offset, size_t x, size_t y)
 {
-    void *buff = ruby_xmalloc(size);
-    memcpy(buff, load->buff + offset, size);
+    void *buff = ruby_xmalloc2(x, y);
+    size_t size = x * y;
+    memcpy(buff, load->current_buffer->buff + offset, size);
     return buff;
 }
 
-#define IBF_W(b, type, n) (type *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, (b), sizeof(type) * (n))
+#define IBF_W_ALIGN(type) (RUBY_ALIGNOF(type) > 1 ? ibf_dump_align(dump, RUBY_ALIGNOF(type)) : (void)0)
+
+#define IBF_W(b, type, n) (IBF_W_ALIGN(type), (type *)(VALUE)IBF_WP(b, type, n))
 #define IBF_WV(variable)   ibf_dump_write(dump, &(variable), sizeof(variable))
 #define IBF_WP(b, type, n) ibf_dump_write(dump, (b), sizeof(type) * (n))
-#define IBF_R(val, type, n) (type *)ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(val), sizeof(type) * (n))
+#define IBF_R(val, type, n) (type *)ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(val), sizeof(type), (n))
+#define IBF_ZERO(variable) memset(&(variable), 0, sizeof(variable))
 
 static int
 ibf_table_lookup(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
@@ -7226,21 +10134,21 @@ ibf_table_lookup(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
     st_data_t val;
 
     if (st_lookup(table, key, &val)) {
-	return (int)val;
+        return (int)val;
     }
     else {
-	return -1;
+        return -1;
     }
 }
 
 static int
-ibf_table_index(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
+ibf_table_find_or_insert(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
 {
     int index = ibf_table_lookup(table, key);
 
     if (index < 0) { /* not found */
-	index = (int)table->num_entries;
-	st_insert(table, key, (st_data_t)index);
+        index = (int)table->num_entries;
+        st_insert(table, key, (st_data_t)index);
     }
 
     return index;
@@ -7248,464 +10156,826 @@ ibf_table_index(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
 
 /* dump/load generic */
 
+static void ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, ibf_offset_t *obj_list_offset, unsigned int *obj_list_size);
+
 static VALUE ibf_load_object(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE object_index);
 static rb_iseq_t *ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq);
 
+static st_table *
+ibf_dump_object_table_new(void)
+{
+    st_table *obj_table = st_init_numtable(); /* need free */
+    st_insert(obj_table, (st_data_t)Qnil, (st_data_t)0); /* 0th is nil */
+
+    return obj_table;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 ibf_dump_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    long index = RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list);
-    long i;
-    for (i=0; i<index; i++) {
-	if (RARRAY_AREF(dump->obj_list, i) == obj) return (VALUE)i; /* dedup */
-    }
-    rb_ary_push(dump->obj_list, obj);
-    return (VALUE)index;
+    return ibf_table_find_or_insert(dump->current_buffer->obj_table, (st_data_t)obj);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_dump_id(struct ibf_dump *dump, ID id)
 {
-    return (VALUE)ibf_table_index(dump->id_table, (st_data_t)id);
+    if (id == 0 || rb_id2name(id) == NULL) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return ibf_dump_object(dump, rb_id2sym(id));
 }
 
 static ID
 ibf_load_id(const struct ibf_load *load, const ID id_index)
 {
-    ID id;
-
     if (id_index == 0) {
-	id = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	id = load->id_list[(long)id_index];
-
-	if (id == 0) {
-	    long *indices = (long *)(load->buff + load->header->id_list_offset);
-	    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, indices[id_index]);
-	    id = NIL_P(str) ? 0 : rb_intern_str(str); /* str == nil -> internal junk id */
-	    load->id_list[(long)id_index] = id;
-	}
+        return 0;
     }
-
-    return id;
+    VALUE sym = ibf_load_object(load, id_index);
+    return rb_sym2id(sym);
 }
 
 /* dump/load: code */
 
-static VALUE
-ibf_dump_callinfo(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_call_info *ci)
-{
-    return (ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-}
-
 static ibf_offset_t ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 
-static rb_iseq_t *
+static int
 ibf_dump_iseq(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     if (iseq == NULL) {
-	return (rb_iseq_t *)-1;
+        return -1;
     }
     else {
-	int iseq_index = ibf_table_lookup(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
-	if (iseq_index < 0) {
-	    iseq_index = ibf_table_index(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
-	    rb_ary_store(dump->iseq_list, iseq_index, LONG2NUM(ibf_dump_iseq_each(dump, rb_iseq_check(iseq))));
-	}
-	return (rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)iseq_index;
+        return ibf_table_find_or_insert(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
     }
 }
 
-static VALUE
-ibf_dump_gentry(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_global_entry *entry)
+static unsigned char
+ibf_load_byte(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
+{
+    if (*offset >= load->current_buffer->size) { rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid bytecode"); }
+    return (unsigned char)load->current_buffer->buff[(*offset)++];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Small uint serialization
+ * 0x00000000_00000000 - 0x00000000_0000007f: 1byte | XXXX XXX1 |
+ * 0x00000000_00000080 - 0x00000000_00003fff: 2byte | XXXX XX10 | XXXX XXXX |
+ * 0x00000000_00004000 - 0x00000000_001fffff: 3byte | XXXX X100 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ * 0x00000000_00020000 - 0x00000000_0fffffff: 4byte | XXXX 1000 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ * ...
+ * 0x00010000_00000000 - 0x00ffffff_ffffffff: 8byte | 1000 0000 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ * 0x01000000_00000000 - 0xffffffff_ffffffff: 9byte | 0000 0000 | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX | XXXX XXXX |
+ */
+static void
+ibf_dump_write_small_value(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE x)
 {
-    return (VALUE)ibf_dump_id(dump, entry->id);
+    if (sizeof(VALUE) > 8 || CHAR_BIT != 8) {
+        ibf_dump_write(dump, &x, sizeof(VALUE));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    enum { max_byte_length = sizeof(VALUE) + 1 };
+
+    unsigned char bytes[max_byte_length];
+    ibf_offset_t n;
+
+    for (n = 0; n < sizeof(VALUE) && (x >> (7 - n)); n++, x >>= 8) {
+        bytes[max_byte_length - 1 - n] = (unsigned char)x;
+    }
+
+    x <<= 1;
+    x |= 1;
+    x <<= n;
+    bytes[max_byte_length - 1 - n] = (unsigned char)x;
+    n++;
+
+    ibf_dump_write(dump, bytes + max_byte_length - n, n);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ibf_load_gentry(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_global_entry *entry)
+ibf_load_small_value(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
 {
-    ID gid = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)(VALUE)entry);
-    return (VALUE)rb_global_entry(gid);
+    if (sizeof(VALUE) > 8 || CHAR_BIT != 8) {
+        union { char s[sizeof(VALUE)]; VALUE v; } x;
+
+        memcpy(x.s, load->current_buffer->buff + *offset, sizeof(VALUE));
+        *offset += sizeof(VALUE);
+
+        return x.v;
+    }
+
+    enum { max_byte_length = sizeof(VALUE) + 1 };
+
+    const unsigned char *buffer = (const unsigned char *)load->current_buffer->buff;
+    const unsigned char c = buffer[*offset];
+
+    ibf_offset_t n =
+        c & 1 ? 1 :
+        c == 0 ? 9 : ntz_int32(c) + 1;
+    VALUE x = (VALUE)c >> n;
+
+    if (*offset + n > load->current_buffer->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid byte sequence");
+    }
+
+    ibf_offset_t i;
+    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+        x <<= 8;
+        x |= (VALUE)buffer[*offset + i];
+    }
+
+    *offset += n;
+    return x;
 }
 
-static VALUE *
-ibf_dump_code(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+static void
+ibf_dump_builtin(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_builtin_function *bf)
 {
-    const int iseq_size = iseq->body->iseq_size;
-    int code_index;
-    VALUE *code;
-    const VALUE *orig_code = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
+    // short: index
+    // short: name.length
+    // bytes: name
+    // // omit argc (only verify with name)
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)bf->index);
 
-    code = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, iseq_size);
+    size_t len = strlen(bf->name);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)len);
+    ibf_dump_write(dump, bf->name, len);
+}
 
-    for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
-	const VALUE insn = orig_code[code_index];
-	const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
-	int op_index;
-
-	code[code_index++] = (VALUE)insn;
-
-	for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
-	    VALUE op = orig_code[code_index];
-	    switch (types[op_index]) {
-	      case TS_CDHASH:
-	      case TS_VALUE:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_object(dump, op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_ISEQ:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_iseq(dump, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_IC:
-		{
-		    unsigned int i;
-		    for (i=0; i<iseq->body->is_size; i++) {
-			if (op == (VALUE)&iseq->body->is_entries[i]) {
-			    break;
-			}
-		    }
-		    code[code_index] = i;
-		}
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLINFO:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_callinfo(dump, (const struct rb_call_info *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-		code[code_index] = 0;
-		break;
-	      case TS_ID:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_id(dump, (ID)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_GENTRY:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_gentry(dump, (const struct rb_global_entry *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
-		break;
-	      default:
-		code[code_index] = op;
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	assert(insn_len(insn) == op_index+1);
+static const struct rb_builtin_function *
+ibf_load_builtin(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
+{
+    int i = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, offset);
+    int len = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, offset);
+    const char *name = (char *)ibf_load_ptr(load, offset, len);
+
+    if (0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%.*s!!\n", len, name);
+    }
+
+    const struct rb_builtin_function *table = GET_VM()->builtin_function_table;
+    if (table == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "builtin function table is not provided");
+    if (strncmp(table[i].name, name, len) != 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "builtin function index (%d) mismatch (expect %s but %s)", i, name, table[i].name);
     }
+    // fprintf(stderr, "load-builtin: name:%s(%d)\n", table[i].name, table[i].argc);
 
-    return IBF_W(code, VALUE, iseq_size);
+    return &table[i];
 }
 
-static VALUE *
-ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_code(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     const int iseq_size = body->iseq_size;
     int code_index;
-    VALUE *code = IBF_R(body->iseq_encoded, VALUE, iseq_size);
+    const VALUE *orig_code = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
 
-    struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = iseq->body->ci_entries;
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&iseq->body->ci_entries[iseq->body->ci_size];
-    struct rb_call_cache *cc_entries = iseq->body->cc_entries;
-    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries = iseq->body->is_entries;
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
 
     for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
-	const VALUE insn = code[code_index++];
-	const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
-	int op_index;
-
-	for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
-	    VALUE op = code[code_index];
+        const VALUE insn = orig_code[code_index++];
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+        int op_index;
+
+        /* opcode */
+        if (insn >= 0x100) { rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "invalid instruction"); }
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, insn);
+
+        /* operands */
+        for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
+            VALUE op = orig_code[code_index];
+            VALUE wv;
+
+            switch (types[op_index]) {
+              case TS_CDHASH:
+              case TS_VALUE:
+                wv = ibf_dump_object(dump, op);
+                break;
+              case TS_ISEQ:
+                wv = (VALUE)ibf_dump_iseq(dump, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
+                break;
+              case TS_IC:
+              case TS_IVC:
+              case TS_ISE:
+                {
+                    unsigned int i;
+                    for (i=0; i<body->is_size; i++) {
+                        if (op == (VALUE)&body->is_entries[i]) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    wv = (VALUE)i;
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_CALLDATA:
+                {
+                    goto skip_wv;
+                }
+              case TS_ID:
+                wv = ibf_dump_id(dump, (ID)op);
+                break;
+              case TS_FUNCPTR:
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
+                goto skip_wv;
+              case TS_BUILTIN:
+                ibf_dump_builtin(dump, (const struct rb_builtin_function *)op);
+                goto skip_wv;
+              default:
+                wv = op;
+                break;
+            }
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, wv);
+          skip_wv:;
+        }
+        assert(insn_len(insn) == op_index+1);
+    }
+
+    return offset;
+}
 
-	    switch (types[op_index]) {
-	      case TS_CDHASH:
-	      case TS_VALUE:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_load_object(load, op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_ISEQ:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_IC:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)&is_entries[(int)op];
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLINFO:
-		code[code_index] = op ? (VALUE)ci_kw_entries++ : (VALUE)ci_entries++; /* op is Qtrue (kw) or Qfalse (!kw) */
-		break;
-	      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-		code[code_index] = (VALUE)cc_entries++;
-		break;
-	      case TS_ID:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_GENTRY:
-		code[code_index] = ibf_load_gentry(load, (const struct rb_global_entry *)op);
-		break;
-	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
-		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
-		break;
-	      default:
-		/* code[code_index] = op; */
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-	assert(insn_len(insn) == op_index+1);
-    };
+static VALUE *
+ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecode_offset, ibf_offset_t bytecode_size, unsigned int iseq_size)
+{
+    VALUE iseqv = (VALUE)iseq;
+    unsigned int code_index;
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = bytecode_offset;
+    VALUE *code = ALLOC_N(VALUE, iseq_size);
 
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body;
+    struct rb_call_data *cd_entries = load_body->call_data;
+    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries = load_body->is_entries;
 
+    for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
+        /* opcode */
+        const VALUE insn = code[code_index++] = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+        int op_index;
+
+        /* operands */
+        for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
+            switch (types[op_index]) {
+              case TS_CDHASH:
+              case TS_VALUE:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    VALUE v = ibf_load_object(load, op);
+                    code[code_index] = v;
+                    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
+                        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseqv, Qundef, v);
+                        FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+              case TS_ISEQ:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = (VALUE)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    VALUE v = (VALUE)ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
+                    code[code_index] = v;
+                    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
+                        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseqv, Qundef, v);
+                        FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+              case TS_ISE:
+              case TS_IC:
+              case TS_IVC:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)&is_entries[op];
+                }
+                FL_SET(iseqv, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
+                break;
+              case TS_CALLDATA:
+                {
+                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)cd_entries++;
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_ID:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    code[code_index] = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)(VALUE)op);
+                }
+                break;
+              case TS_FUNCPTR:
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
+                break;
+              case TS_BUILTIN:
+                code[code_index] = (VALUE)ibf_load_builtin(load, &reading_pos);
+                break;
+              default:
+                code[code_index] = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (insn_len(insn) != op_index+1) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "operand size mismatch");
+        }
+    }
+    load_body->iseq_encoded = code;
+    load_body->iseq_size = code_index;
+
+    assert(code_index == iseq_size);
+    assert(reading_pos == bytecode_offset + bytecode_size);
     return code;
 }
 
-static VALUE *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_param_opt_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     int opt_num = iseq->body->param.opt_num;
 
     if (opt_num > 0) {
-	return IBF_W(iseq->body->param.opt_table, VALUE, opt_num + 1);
+        IBF_W_ALIGN(VALUE);
+        return ibf_dump_write(dump, iseq->body->param.opt_table, sizeof(VALUE) * (opt_num + 1));
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return ibf_dump_pos(dump);
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE *
-ibf_load_param_opt_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+ibf_load_param_opt_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t opt_table_offset, int opt_num)
 {
-    int opt_num = body->param.opt_num;
-
     if (opt_num > 0) {
-	ibf_offset_t offset = IBF_OFFSET(body->param.opt_table);
-	VALUE *table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, opt_num+1);
-	MEMCPY(table, load->buff + offset, VALUE, opt_num+1);
-	return table;
+        VALUE *table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, opt_num+1);
+        MEMCPY(table, load->current_buffer->buff + opt_table_offset, VALUE, opt_num+1);
+        return table;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_param_keyword(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = iseq->body->param.keyword;
 
     if (kw) {
-	struct rb_iseq_param_keyword dump_kw = *kw;
-	int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
-	ID *ids = kw->num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(ID, kw->num) : NULL;
-	VALUE *dvs = dv_num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(VALUE, dv_num) : NULL;
-	int i;
+        struct rb_iseq_param_keyword dump_kw = *kw;
+        int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
+        ID *ids = kw->num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(ID, kw->num) : NULL;
+        VALUE *dvs = dv_num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(VALUE, dv_num) : NULL;
+        int i;
 
-	for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) ids[i] = (ID)ibf_dump_id(dump, kw->table[i]);
-	for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) dvs[i] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw->default_values[i]);
+        for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) ids[i] = (ID)ibf_dump_id(dump, kw->table[i]);
+        for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) dvs[i] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw->default_values[i]);
 
-	dump_kw.table = IBF_W(ids, ID, kw->num);
-	dump_kw.default_values = IBF_W(dvs, VALUE, dv_num);
-	return IBF_W(&dump_kw, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+        dump_kw.table = IBF_W(ids, ID, kw->num);
+        dump_kw.default_values = IBF_W(dvs, VALUE, dv_num);
+        IBF_W_ALIGN(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword);
+        return ibf_dump_write(dump, &dump_kw, sizeof(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword) * 1);
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return 0;
     }
 }
 
 static const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *
-ibf_load_param_keyword(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
-{
-    if (body->param.keyword) {
-	struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = IBF_R(body->param.keyword, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
-	ID *ids = IBF_R(kw->table, ID, kw->num);
-	int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
-	VALUE *dvs = IBF_R(kw->default_values, VALUE, dv_num);
-	int i;
+ibf_load_param_keyword(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t param_keyword_offset)
+{
+    if (param_keyword_offset) {
+        struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = IBF_R(param_keyword_offset, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
+        ID *ids = IBF_R(kw->table, ID, kw->num);
+        int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
+        VALUE *dvs = IBF_R(kw->default_values, VALUE, dv_num);
+        int i;
+
+        for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) {
+            ids[i] = ibf_load_id(load, ids[i]);
+        }
+        for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) {
+            dvs[i] = ibf_load_object(load, dvs[i]);
+        }
+
+        kw->table = ids;
+        kw->default_values = dvs;
+        return kw;
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
 
-	for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) {
-	    ids[i] = ibf_load_id(load, ids[i]);
-	}
-	for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) {
-	    dvs[i] = ibf_load_object(load, dvs[i]);
-	}
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_insns_info_body(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entries = iseq->body->insns_info.body;
 
-	kw->table = ids;
-	kw->default_values = dvs;
-	return kw;
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->insns_info.size; i++) {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, entries[i].line_no);
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, entries[i].events);
     }
-    else {
-	return NULL;
+
+    return offset;
+}
+
+static struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+ibf_load_insns_info_body(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t body_offset, unsigned int size)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = body_offset;
+    struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entries = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_insn_info_entry, size);
+
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        entries[i].line_no = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        entries[i].events = (rb_event_flag_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     }
+
+    return entries;
 }
 
-static struct iseq_line_info_entry *
-ibf_dump_line_info_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_insns_info_positions(struct ibf_dump *dump, const unsigned int *positions, unsigned int size)
 {
-    return IBF_W(iseq->body->line_info_table, struct iseq_line_info_entry, iseq->body->line_info_size);
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    unsigned int last = 0;
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, positions[i] - last);
+        last = positions[i];
+    }
+
+    return offset;
 }
 
-static struct iseq_line_info_entry *
-ibf_load_line_info_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+static unsigned int *
+ibf_load_insns_info_positions(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t positions_offset, unsigned int size)
 {
-    return IBF_R(body->line_info_table, struct iseq_line_info_entry, body->line_info_size);
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = positions_offset;
+    unsigned int *positions = ALLOC_N(unsigned int, size);
+
+    unsigned int last = 0;
+    unsigned int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        positions[i] = last + (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        last = positions[i];
+    }
+
+    return positions;
 }
 
-static ID *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_local_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    const int size = iseq->body->local_table_size;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const int size = body->local_table_size;
     ID *table = ALLOCA_N(ID, size);
     int i;
 
     for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	table[i] = ibf_dump_id(dump, iseq->body->local_table[i]);
+        table[i] = ibf_dump_id(dump, body->local_table[i]);
     }
 
-    return IBF_W(table, ID, size);
+    IBF_W_ALIGN(ID);
+    return ibf_dump_write(dump, table, sizeof(ID) * size);
 }
 
 static ID *
-ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t local_table_offset, int size)
 {
-    const int size = body->local_table_size;
-
     if (size > 0) {
-	ID *table = IBF_R(body->local_table, ID, size);
-	int i;
+        ID *table = IBF_R(local_table_offset, ID, size);
+        int i;
 
-	for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	    table[i] = ibf_load_id(load, table[i]);
-	}
-	return table;
+        for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
+            table[i] = ibf_load_id(load, table[i]);
+        }
+        return table;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static struct iseq_catch_table *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_catch_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     const struct iseq_catch_table *table = iseq->body->catch_table;
 
     if (table) {
-	int byte_size = iseq_catch_table_bytes(iseq->body->catch_table->size);
-	struct iseq_catch_table *dump_table = (struct iseq_catch_table *)ALLOCA_N(char, byte_size);
-	unsigned int i;
-	dump_table->size = table->size;
-	for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
-	    dump_table->entries[i] = table->entries[i];
-	    dump_table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_dump_iseq(dump, table->entries[i].iseq);
-	}
-	return (struct iseq_catch_table *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, dump_table, byte_size);
+        int *iseq_indices = ALLOCA_N(int, table->size);
+        unsigned int i;
+
+        for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
+            iseq_indices[i] = ibf_dump_iseq(dump, table->entries[i].iseq);
+        }
+
+        const ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+        for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, iseq_indices[i]);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].type);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].start);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].end);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].cont);
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, table->entries[i].sp);
+        }
+        return offset;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return ibf_dump_pos(dump);
     }
 }
 
 static struct iseq_catch_table *
-ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset, unsigned int size)
 {
-    if (body->catch_table) {
-	struct iseq_catch_table *table;
-	unsigned int i;
-	unsigned int size;
-	size = *(unsigned int *)(load->buff + IBF_OFFSET(body->catch_table));
-	table = ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(body->catch_table), iseq_catch_table_bytes(size));
-	for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	    table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, table->entries[i].iseq);
-	}
-	return table;
+    if (size) {
+        struct iseq_catch_table *table = ruby_xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(size));
+        table->size = size;
+
+        ibf_offset_t reading_pos = catch_table_offset;
+
+        unsigned int i;
+        for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
+            int iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].type = (enum catch_type)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].start = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].end = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].cont = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            table->entries[i].sp = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+            table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)iseq_index);
+        }
+        return table;
     }
     else {
-	return NULL;
+        return NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static struct rb_call_info *
+static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_ci_entries(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    const unsigned int ci_size = iseq->body->ci_size;
-    const unsigned int ci_kw_size = iseq->body->ci_kw_size;
-    const struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = iseq->body->ci_entries;
-    struct rb_call_info *dump_ci_entries;
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *dump_ci_kw_entries;
-    int byte_size = ci_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info) +
-                    ci_kw_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg);
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const unsigned int ci_size = body->ci_size;
+    const struct rb_call_data *cds = body->call_data;
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
     unsigned int i;
 
-    dump_ci_entries = (struct rb_call_info *)ALLOCA_N(char, byte_size);
-    dump_ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&dump_ci_entries[ci_size];
-    memcpy(dump_ci_entries, ci_entries, byte_size);
+    for (i = 0; i < ci_size; i++) {
+        const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cds[i].ci;
+        if (ci != NULL) {
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, ibf_dump_id(dump, vm_ci_mid(ci)));
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, vm_ci_flag(ci));
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, vm_ci_argc(ci));
 
-    for (i=0; i<ci_size; i++) { /* conver ID for each ci */
-	dump_ci_entries[i].mid = ibf_dump_id(dump, dump_ci_entries[i].mid);
+            const struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kwarg = vm_ci_kwarg(ci);
+            if (kwarg) {
+                int len = kwarg->keyword_len;
+                ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, len);
+                for (int j=0; j<len; j++) {
+                    VALUE keyword = ibf_dump_object(dump, kwarg->keywords[j]);
+                    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, keyword);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, 0);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            // TODO: truncate NULL ci from call_data.
+            ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)-1);
+        }
     }
-    for (i=0; i<ci_kw_size; i++) {
-	const struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = dump_ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg;
-	int j;
-	VALUE *keywords = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, kw_arg->keyword_len);
-	for (j=0; j<kw_arg->keyword_len; j++) {
-	    keywords[j] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw_arg->keywords[j]); /* kw_arg->keywords[n] is Symbol */
-	}
-	dump_ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg = (struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, &kw_arg->keyword_len, sizeof(int));
-	ibf_dump_write(dump, keywords, sizeof(VALUE) * kw_arg->keyword_len);
 
-	dump_ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid = ibf_dump_id(dump, dump_ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid);
+    return offset;
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+dump_outer_variable(ID id, VALUE val, void *dump)
+{
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, ibf_dump_id(dump, id));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, val);
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static ibf_offset_t
+ibf_dump_outer_variables(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table * ovs = iseq->body->outer_variables;
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    if (ovs) {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)rb_id_table_size(ovs));
+        rb_id_table_foreach(ovs, dump_outer_variable, (void *)dump);
     }
-    return (struct rb_call_info *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, dump_ci_entries, byte_size);
+    else {
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)0);
+    }
+
+    return offset;
 }
 
-static struct rb_call_info *
-ibf_load_ci_entries(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+/* note that we dump out rb_call_info but load back rb_call_data */
+static void
+ibf_load_ci_entries(const struct ibf_load *load,
+                    ibf_offset_t ci_entries_offset,
+                    unsigned int ci_size,
+                    struct rb_call_data **cd_ptr)
 {
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = ci_entries_offset;
+
     unsigned int i;
-    const unsigned int ci_size = body->ci_size;
-    const unsigned int ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
-    struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(body->ci_entries),
-						     sizeof(struct rb_call_info) * body->ci_size +
-						     sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) * body->ci_kw_size);
-    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&ci_entries[ci_size];
 
-    for (i=0; i<ci_size; i++) {
-	ci_entries[i].mid = ibf_load_id(load, ci_entries[i].mid);
+    struct rb_call_data *cds = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_data, ci_size);
+    *cd_ptr = cds;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ci_size; i++) {
+        VALUE mid_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        if (mid_index != (VALUE)-1) {
+            ID mid = ibf_load_id(load, mid_index);
+            unsigned int flag = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            unsigned int argc = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+            struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kwarg = NULL;
+            int kwlen = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            if (kwlen > 0) {
+                kwarg = rb_xmalloc_mul_add(kwlen, sizeof(VALUE), sizeof(struct rb_callinfo_kwarg));
+                kwarg->keyword_len = kwlen;
+                for (int j=0; j<kwlen; j++) {
+                    VALUE keyword = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    kwarg->keywords[j] = ibf_load_object(load, keyword);
+                }
+            }
+
+            cds[i].ci = vm_ci_new(mid, flag, argc, kwarg);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(load->iseq, Qundef, cds[i].ci);
+            cds[i].cc = vm_cc_empty();
+        }
+        else {
+            // NULL ci
+            cds[i].ci = NULL;
+            cds[i].cc = NULL;
+        }
     }
-    for (i=0; i<ci_kw_size; i++) {
-	int j;
-	ibf_offset_t kw_arg_offset = IBF_OFFSET(ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg);
-	const int keyword_len = *(int *)(load->buff + kw_arg_offset);
-	const VALUE *keywords = (VALUE *)(load->buff + kw_arg_offset + sizeof(int));
-	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info_kw_arg) + sizeof(VALUE) * (keyword_len - 1));
-	kw_arg->keyword_len = keyword_len;
-	for (j=0; j<kw_arg->keyword_len; j++) {
-	    kw_arg->keywords[j] = (VALUE)ibf_load_object(load, keywords[j]);
-	}
-	ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg = kw_arg;
-	ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid = ibf_load_id(load, ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid);
+}
+
+static struct rb_id_table *
+ibf_load_outer_variables(const struct ibf_load * load, ibf_offset_t outer_variables_offset)
+{
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = outer_variables_offset;
+
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = NULL;
+
+    size_t table_size = (size_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+    if (table_size > 0) {
+        tbl = rb_id_table_create(table_size);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < table_size; i++) {
+        ID key = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+        VALUE value = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        rb_id_table_insert(tbl, key, value);
     }
 
-    return ci_entries;
+    return tbl;
 }
 
 static ibf_offset_t
 ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    struct rb_iseq_constant_body dump_body;
-    dump_body = *iseq->body;
+    assert(dump->current_buffer == &dump->global_buffer);
+
+    unsigned int *positions;
+
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+
+    const VALUE location_pathobj_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, body->location.pathobj); /* TODO: freeze */
+    const VALUE location_base_label_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, body->location.base_label);
+    const VALUE location_label_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, body->location.label);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    ibf_offset_t iseq_start = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
 
-    dump_body.location.path = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.path);
-    dump_body.location.absolute_path = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.absolute_path);
-    dump_body.location.base_label = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.base_label);
-    dump_body.location.label = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.label);
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer *saved_buffer = dump->current_buffer;
+    struct ibf_dump_buffer buffer;
+    buffer.str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    buffer.obj_table = ibf_dump_object_table_new();
+    dump->current_buffer = &buffer;
+#endif
+
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_offset =        ibf_dump_code(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_size =          ibf_dump_pos(dump) - bytecode_offset;
+    const ibf_offset_t param_opt_table_offset = ibf_dump_param_opt_table(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t param_keyword_offset =   ibf_dump_param_keyword(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_body_offset = ibf_dump_insns_info_body(dump, iseq);
+
+    positions = rb_iseq_insns_info_decode_positions(iseq->body);
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_positions_offset = ibf_dump_insns_info_positions(dump, positions, body->insns_info.size);
+    ruby_xfree(positions);
+
+    const ibf_offset_t local_table_offset = ibf_dump_local_table(dump, iseq);
+    const unsigned int catch_table_size =   body->catch_table ? body->catch_table->size : 0;
+    const ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset = ibf_dump_catch_table(dump, iseq);
+    const int parent_iseq_index =           ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->parent_iseq);
+    const int local_iseq_index =            ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->local_iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t ci_entries_offset =  ibf_dump_ci_entries(dump, iseq);
+    const ibf_offset_t outer_variables_offset = ibf_dump_outer_variables(dump, iseq);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    ibf_offset_t local_obj_list_offset;
+    unsigned int local_obj_list_size;
+
+    ibf_dump_object_list(dump, &local_obj_list_offset, &local_obj_list_size);
+#endif
 
-    dump_body.iseq_encoded =    ibf_dump_code(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.param.opt_table = ibf_dump_param_opt_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.param.keyword =   ibf_dump_param_keyword(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.line_info_table = ibf_dump_line_info_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.local_table =     ibf_dump_local_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.catch_table =     ibf_dump_catch_table(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.parent_iseq =     ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->parent_iseq);
-    dump_body.local_iseq =      ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->local_iseq);
-    dump_body.is_entries =      NULL;
-    dump_body.ci_entries =      ibf_dump_ci_entries(dump, iseq);
-    dump_body.cc_entries =      NULL;
-    dump_body.mark_ary =        ISEQ_FLIP_CNT(iseq);
+    ibf_offset_t body_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    /* dump the constant body */
+    unsigned int param_flags =
+        (body->param.flags.has_lead         << 0) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_opt          << 1) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_rest         << 2) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_post         << 3) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_kw           << 4) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_kwrest       << 5) |
+        (body->param.flags.has_block        << 6) |
+        (body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 << 7) |
+        (body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg << 8) |
+        (body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords   << 9);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (x)
+#else
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (body_offset - (x))
+#endif
 
-    return ibf_dump_write(dump, &dump_body, sizeof(dump_body));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->type);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->iseq_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(bytecode_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, bytecode_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, param_flags);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.lead_num);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.opt_num);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.rest_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.post_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.post_num);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->param.block_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(param_opt_table_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, param_keyword_offset);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, location_pathobj_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, location_base_label_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, location_label_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.first_lineno);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.node_id);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.beg_pos.lineno);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.beg_pos.column);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->location.code_location.end_pos.column);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(insns_info_body_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(insns_info_positions_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->insns_info.size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(local_table_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, catch_table_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(catch_table_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, parent_iseq_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, local_iseq_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ci_entries_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, IBF_BODY_OFFSET(outer_variables_offset));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->variable.flip_count);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->local_table_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->is_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->ci_size);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->stack_max);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->catch_except_p);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body->builtin_inline_p);
+
+#undef IBF_BODY_OFFSET
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    ibf_offset_t iseq_length_bytes = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    dump->current_buffer = saved_buffer;
+    ibf_dump_write(dump, RSTRING_PTR(buffer.str), iseq_length_bytes);
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, iseq_start);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, iseq_length_bytes);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, body_offset);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, local_obj_list_offset);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, local_obj_list_size);
+
+    st_free_table(buffer.obj_table); // TODO: this leaks in case of exception
+
+    return offset;
+#else
+    return body_offset;
+#endif
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7713,106 +10983,223 @@ ibf_load_location_str(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE str_index)
 {
     VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, str_index);
     if (str != Qnil) {
-	str = rb_fstring(str);
+        str = rb_fstring(str);
     }
     return str;
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_load_iseq_each(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
-{
-    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
-    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = (struct rb_iseq_constant_body *)(load->buff + offset);
-
-    /* memcpy(load_body, load->buff + offset, sizeof(*load_body)); */
-    load_body->type = body->type;
-    load_body->stack_max = body->stack_max;
-    load_body->iseq_size = body->iseq_size;
-    load_body->param = body->param;
-    load_body->local_table_size = body->local_table_size;
-    load_body->is_size = body->is_size;
-    load_body->ci_size = body->ci_size;
-    load_body->ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
-    load_body->line_info_size = body->line_info_size;
-
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->mark_ary, iseq_mark_ary_create((int)body->mark_ary));
-
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.path,          ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.path));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.absolute_path, ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.absolute_path));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.base_label,    ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.base_label));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.label,         ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.label));
-    load_body->location.first_lineno = body->location.first_lineno;
-
-    load_body->is_entries      = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, body->is_size);
-    load_body->ci_entries      = ibf_load_ci_entries(load, body);
-    load_body->cc_entries      = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_cache, body->ci_size + body->ci_kw_size);
-    load_body->param.opt_table = ibf_load_param_opt_table(load, body);
-    load_body->param.keyword   = ibf_load_param_keyword(load, body);
-    load_body->line_info_table = ibf_load_line_info_table(load, body);
-    load_body->local_table     = ibf_load_local_table(load, body);
-    load_body->catch_table     = ibf_load_catch_table(load, body);
-    load_body->parent_iseq     = ibf_load_iseq(load, body->parent_iseq);
-    load_body->local_iseq      = ibf_load_iseq(load, body->local_iseq);
-
-    load_body->iseq_encoded    = ibf_load_code(load, iseq, body);
+ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
+{
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body = rb_iseq_constant_body_alloc();
 
-    rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq);
-}
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
 
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    struct ibf_load_buffer *saved_buffer = load->current_buffer;
+    load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
 
-static void
-ibf_dump_iseq_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
-{
-    const long size = RARRAY_LEN(dump->iseq_list);
-    ibf_offset_t *list = ALLOCA_N(ibf_offset_t, size);
-    long i;
+    const ibf_offset_t iseq_start = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t iseq_length_bytes = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t body_offset = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
 
-    for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	list[i] = (ibf_offset_t)NUM2LONG(rb_ary_entry(dump->iseq_list, i));
-    }
+    struct ibf_load_buffer buffer;
+    buffer.buff = load->global_buffer.buff + iseq_start;
+    buffer.size = iseq_length_bytes;
+    buffer.obj_list_offset = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    buffer.obj_list_size = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    buffer.obj_list = pinned_list_new(buffer.obj_list_size);
 
-    header->iseq_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, list, sizeof(ibf_offset_t) * size);
-    header->iseq_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
+    load->current_buffer = &buffer;
+    reading_pos = body_offset;
+#endif
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (x)
+#else
+#  define IBF_BODY_OFFSET(x) (offset - (x))
+#endif
+
+    const unsigned int type = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int iseq_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t bytecode_size = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int param_flags = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int param_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_lead_num = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_opt_num = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_rest_start = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_post_start = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_post_num = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int param_block_start = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t param_opt_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t param_keyword_offset = (ibf_offset_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_pathobj_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_base_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const VALUE location_first_lineno = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_node_id = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_beg_pos_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_beg_pos_column = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_end_pos_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_code_location_end_pos_column = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_body_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t insns_info_positions_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const unsigned int insns_info_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t local_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const unsigned int catch_table_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t catch_table_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const int parent_iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int local_iseq_index = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const ibf_offset_t ci_entries_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const ibf_offset_t outer_variables_offset = (ibf_offset_t)IBF_BODY_OFFSET(ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos));
+    const rb_snum_t variable_flip_count = (rb_snum_t)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int local_table_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int is_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int ci_size = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const unsigned int stack_max = (unsigned int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const char catch_except_p = (char)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const bool builtin_inline_p = (bool)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+#undef IBF_BODY_OFFSET
+
+    load_body->type = type;
+    load_body->stack_max = stack_max;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_lead = (param_flags >> 0) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_opt = (param_flags >> 1) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_rest = (param_flags >> 2) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_post = (param_flags >> 3) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_kw = FALSE;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_kwrest = (param_flags >> 5) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.has_block = (param_flags >> 6) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = (param_flags >> 7) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = (param_flags >> 8) & 1;
+    load_body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = (param_flags >> 9) & 1;
+    load_body->param.size = param_size;
+    load_body->param.lead_num = param_lead_num;
+    load_body->param.opt_num = param_opt_num;
+    load_body->param.rest_start = param_rest_start;
+    load_body->param.post_start = param_post_start;
+    load_body->param.post_num = param_post_num;
+    load_body->param.block_start = param_block_start;
+    load_body->local_table_size = local_table_size;
+    load_body->is_size = is_size;
+    load_body->ci_size = ci_size;
+    load_body->insns_info.size = insns_info_size;
+
+    ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, Qnil);
+    ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_CLEAR(iseq);
+    iseq->body->variable.flip_count = variable_flip_count;
+
+    load_body->location.first_lineno = location_first_lineno;
+    load_body->location.node_id = location_node_id;
+    load_body->location.code_location.beg_pos.lineno = location_code_location_beg_pos_lineno;
+    load_body->location.code_location.beg_pos.column = location_code_location_beg_pos_column;
+    load_body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno = location_code_location_end_pos_lineno;
+    load_body->location.code_location.end_pos.column = location_code_location_end_pos_column;
+    load_body->catch_except_p = catch_except_p;
+    load_body->builtin_inline_p = builtin_inline_p;
+
+    load_body->is_entries           = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, is_size);
+                                      ibf_load_ci_entries(load, ci_entries_offset, ci_size, &load_body->call_data);
+    load_body->outer_variables      = ibf_load_outer_variables(load, outer_variables_offset);
+    load_body->param.opt_table      = ibf_load_param_opt_table(load, param_opt_table_offset, param_opt_num);
+    load_body->param.keyword        = ibf_load_param_keyword(load, param_keyword_offset);
+    load_body->param.flags.has_kw   = (param_flags >> 4) & 1;
+    load_body->insns_info.body      = ibf_load_insns_info_body(load, insns_info_body_offset, insns_info_size);
+    load_body->insns_info.positions = ibf_load_insns_info_positions(load, insns_info_positions_offset, insns_info_size);
+    load_body->local_table          = ibf_load_local_table(load, local_table_offset, local_table_size);
+    load_body->catch_table          = ibf_load_catch_table(load, catch_table_offset, catch_table_size);
+    load_body->parent_iseq          = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)parent_iseq_index);
+    load_body->local_iseq           = ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)local_iseq_index);
+
+    ibf_load_code(load, iseq, bytecode_offset, bytecode_size, iseq_size);
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+    rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions(iseq);
+#endif
+
+    rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
+#endif
+
+    {
+        VALUE realpath = Qnil, path = ibf_load_object(load, location_pathobj_index);
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) {
+            realpath = path = rb_fstring(path);
+        }
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
+            VALUE pathobj = path;
+            if (RARRAY_LEN(pathobj) != 2) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "path object size mismatch");
+            }
+            path = rb_fstring(RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 0));
+            realpath = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 1);
+            if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
+                if (!RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING)) {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected realpath %"PRIxVALUE
+                             "(%x), path=%+"PRIsVALUE,
+                             realpath, TYPE(realpath), path);
+                }
+                realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected path object");
+        }
+        rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
+    }
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.base_label,    ibf_load_location_str(load, location_base_label_index));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.label,         ibf_load_location_str(load, location_label_index));
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_ENABLE_LOCAL_BUFFER
+    load->current_buffer = saved_buffer;
+#endif
+    verify_call_cache(iseq);
 }
 
-struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg {
+struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg
+{
     struct ibf_dump *dump;
-    long *list;
-    int current_i;
+    VALUE offset_list;
 };
 
 static int
-ibf_dump_id_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
+ibf_dump_iseq_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
 {
-    struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg *arg = (struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg *)ptr;
-    int i = (int)val;
-    ID id = (ID)key;
-    assert(arg->current_i == i);
-    arg->current_i++;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = (const rb_iseq_t *)key;
+    struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg *args = (struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg *)ptr;
 
-    if (rb_id2name(id)) {
-	arg->list[i] = (long)ibf_dump_object(arg->dump, rb_id2str(id));
-    }
-    else {
-	arg->list[i] = 0;
-    }
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_iseq_each(args->dump, iseq);
+    rb_ary_push(args->offset_list, UINT2NUM(offset));
 
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_dump_id_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
+ibf_dump_iseq_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
 {
-    const long size = dump->id_table->num_entries;
-    struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg arg;
-    arg.list = ALLOCA_N(long, size);
-    arg.dump = dump;
-    arg.current_i = 0;
+    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_tmp_new(dump->iseq_table->num_entries);
+
+    struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg args;
+    args.dump = dump;
+    args.offset_list = offset_list;
 
-    st_foreach(dump->id_table, ibf_dump_id_list_i, (st_data_t)&arg);
+    st_foreach(dump->iseq_table, ibf_dump_iseq_list_i, (st_data_t)&args);
 
-    header->id_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, arg.list, sizeof(long) * size);
-    header->id_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
+    st_index_t i;
+    st_index_t size = dump->iseq_table->num_entries;
+    ibf_offset_t *offsets = ALLOCA_N(ibf_offset_t, size);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        offsets[i] = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(offset_list, i));
+    }
+
+    ibf_dump_align(dump, sizeof(ibf_offset_t));
+    header->iseq_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, offsets, sizeof(ibf_offset_t) * size);
+    header->iseq_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
 }
 
 #define IBF_OBJECT_INTERNAL FL_PROMOTED0
@@ -7833,13 +11220,9 @@ struct ibf_object_header {
 enum ibf_object_class_index {
     IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT,
     IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY,
-    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR
-};
-
-struct ibf_object_string {
-    long encindex;
-    long len;
-    char ptr[1];
+    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR,
+    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_NO_MATCHING_PATTERN_ERROR,
+    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE_ERROR,
 };
 
 struct ibf_object_regexp {
@@ -7847,14 +11230,9 @@ struct ibf_object_regexp {
     char option;
 };
 
-struct ibf_object_array {
-    long len;
-    long ary[1];
-};
-
 struct ibf_object_hash {
     long len;
-    long keyval[1];
+    long keyval[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
 };
 
 struct ibf_object_struct_range {
@@ -7867,11 +11245,11 @@ struct ibf_object_struct_range {
 
 struct ibf_object_bignum {
     ssize_t slen;
-    BDIGIT digits[1];
+    BDIGIT digits[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
 };
 
 enum ibf_object_data_type {
-    IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING
+    IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING,
 };
 
 struct ibf_object_complex_rational {
@@ -7882,21 +11260,37 @@ struct ibf_object_symbol {
     long str;
 };
 
-#define IBF_OBJHEADER(offset)     (struct ibf_object_header *)(load->buff + (offset))
-#define IBF_OBJBODY(type, offset) (type *)(load->buff + sizeof(struct ibf_object_header) + (offset))
+#define IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(align, offset) /* offset > 0 */ \
+    ((((offset) - 1) / (align) + 1) * (align))
+#define IBF_OBJBODY(type, offset) (const type *)\
+    ibf_load_check_offset(load, IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(RUBY_ALIGNOF(type), offset))
+
+static const void *
+ibf_load_check_offset(const struct ibf_load *load, size_t offset)
+{
+    if (offset >= load->current_buffer->size) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %"PRIdSIZE, offset);
+    }
+    return load->current_buffer->buff + offset;
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void ibf_dump_object_unsupported(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj));
 
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_unsupported(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
-    rb_bug("ibf_dump_object_unsupported: unsupported");
+    char buff[0x100];
+    rb_raw_obj_info(buff, sizeof(buff), obj);
+    rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "ibf_dump_object_unsupported: %s", buff);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE ibf_load_object_unsupported(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset));
+
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_unsupported(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    rb_bug("unsupported");
-    return Qnil;
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported");
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -7904,27 +11298,32 @@ ibf_dump_object_class(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     enum ibf_object_class_index cindex;
     if (obj == rb_cObject) {
-	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT;
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT;
     }
     else if (obj == rb_cArray) {
-	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY;
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY;
     }
     else if (obj == rb_eStandardError) {
-	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR;
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR;
+    }
+    else if (obj == rb_eNoMatchingPatternError) {
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_NO_MATCHING_PATTERN_ERROR;
+    }
+    else if (obj == rb_eTypeError) {
+        cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE_ERROR;
     }
     else {
-	rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
-	rb_p(obj);
-	rb_bug("unsupported class");
+        rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
+        rb_p(obj);
+        rb_bug("unsupported class");
     }
-    ibf_dump_write(dump, &cindex, sizeof(cindex));
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)cindex);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_class(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    enum ibf_object_class_index *cindexp = IBF_OBJBODY(enum ibf_object_class_index, offset);
-    enum ibf_object_class_index cindex = *cindexp;
+    enum ibf_object_class_index cindex = (enum ibf_object_class_index)ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
 
     switch (cindex) {
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT:
@@ -7933,9 +11332,13 @@ ibf_load_object_class(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_heade
 	return rb_cArray;
       case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR:
 	return rb_eStandardError;
+      case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_NO_MATCHING_PATTERN_ERROR:
+        return rb_eNoMatchingPatternError;
+      case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE_ERROR:
+        return rb_eTypeError;
     }
 
-    rb_bug("ibf_load_object_class: unknown class (%d)", (int)cindex);
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ibf_load_object_class: unknown class (%d)", (int)cindex);
 }
 
 
@@ -7943,13 +11346,13 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_float(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     double dbl = RFLOAT_VALUE(obj);
-    ibf_dump_write(dump, &dbl, sizeof(dbl));
+    (void)IBF_W(&dbl, double, 1);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_float(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    double *dblp = IBF_OBJBODY(double, offset);
+    const double *dblp = IBF_OBJBODY(double, offset);
     return DBL2NUM(*dblp);
 }
 
@@ -7961,26 +11364,30 @@ ibf_dump_object_string(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
     const char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(obj);
 
     if (encindex > RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX) {
-	rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_from_index((int)encindex);
-	const char *enc_name = rb_enc_name(enc);
-	encindex = RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX + ibf_dump_object(dump, rb_str_new2(enc_name));
+        rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_from_index((int)encindex);
+        const char *enc_name = rb_enc_name(enc);
+        encindex = RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX + ibf_dump_object(dump, rb_str_new2(enc_name));
     }
 
-    IBF_WV(encindex);
-    IBF_WV(len);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, encindex);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, len);
     IBF_WP(ptr, char, len);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_string(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_string *string = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_string, offset);
-    VALUE str = rb_str_new(string->ptr, string->len);
-    int encindex = (int)string->encindex;
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
+
+    int encindex = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const long len = (long)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const char *ptr = load->current_buffer->buff + reading_pos;
+
+    VALUE str = rb_str_new(ptr, len);
 
     if (encindex > RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX) {
-	VALUE enc_name_str = ibf_load_object(load, encindex - RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX);
-	encindex = rb_enc_find_index(RSTRING_PTR(enc_name_str));
+        VALUE enc_name_str = ibf_load_object(load, encindex - RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX);
+        encindex = rb_enc_find_index(RSTRING_PTR(enc_name_str));
     }
     rb_enc_associate_index(str, encindex);
 
@@ -7993,19 +11400,24 @@ ibf_load_object_string(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_regexp(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
+    VALUE srcstr = RREGEXP_SRC(obj);
     struct ibf_object_regexp regexp;
-    regexp.srcstr = RREGEXP_SRC(obj);
     regexp.option = (char)rb_reg_options(obj);
-    regexp.srcstr = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, regexp.srcstr);
-    IBF_WV(regexp);
+    regexp.srcstr = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, srcstr);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_byte(dump, (unsigned char)regexp.option);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, regexp.srcstr);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_regexp(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_regexp *regexp = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_regexp, offset);
-    VALUE srcstr = ibf_load_object(load, regexp->srcstr);
-    VALUE reg = rb_reg_compile(srcstr, (int)regexp->option, NULL, 0);
+    struct ibf_object_regexp regexp;
+    regexp.option = ibf_load_byte(load, &offset);
+    regexp.srcstr = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+
+    VALUE srcstr = ibf_load_object(load, regexp.srcstr);
+    VALUE reg = rb_reg_compile(srcstr, (int)regexp.option, NULL, 0);
 
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(reg);
     if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(reg);
@@ -8016,23 +11428,27 @@ ibf_load_object_regexp(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_head
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_array(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    long i, len = (int)RARRAY_LEN(obj);
-    IBF_WV(len);
+    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(obj);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, len);
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-	long index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RARRAY_AREF(obj, i));
-	IBF_WV(index);
+        long index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RARRAY_AREF(obj, i));
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, index);
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_array(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_array *array = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_array, offset);
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(array->len);
+    ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
+
+    const long len = (long)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(len);
     int i;
 
-    for (i=0; i<array->len; i++) {
-	rb_ary_push(ary, ibf_load_object(load, array->ary[i]));
+    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+        const VALUE index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ibf_load_object(load, index));
     }
 
     if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(ary);
@@ -8045,10 +11461,12 @@ static int
 ibf_dump_object_hash_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
-    long key_index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)key);
-    long val_index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)val);
-    IBF_WV(key_index);
-    IBF_WV(val_index);
+
+    VALUE key_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)key);
+    VALUE val_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)val);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, key_index);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, val_index);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -8056,21 +11474,25 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_hash(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     long len = RHASH_SIZE(obj);
-    IBF_WV(len);
-    if (len > 0) st_foreach(RHASH(obj)->ntbl, ibf_dump_object_hash_i, (st_data_t)dump);
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, (VALUE)len);
+
+    if (len > 0) rb_hash_foreach(obj, ibf_dump_object_hash_i, (VALUE)dump);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_hash(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const struct ibf_object_hash *hash = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_hash, offset);
-    VALUE obj = rb_hash_new();
+    long len = (long)ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+    VALUE obj = rb_hash_new_with_size(len);
     int i;
 
-    for (i=0; i<hash->len; i++) {
-	VALUE key = ibf_load_object(load, hash->keyval[i*2  ]);
-	VALUE val = ibf_load_object(load, hash->keyval[i*2+1]);
-	rb_hash_aset(obj, key, val);
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        VALUE key_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+        VALUE val_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+
+        VALUE key = ibf_load_object(load, key_index);
+        VALUE val = ibf_load_object(load, val_index);
+        rb_hash_aset(obj, key, val);
     }
     rb_hash_rehash(obj);
 
@@ -8084,19 +11506,22 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_struct(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cRange)) {
-	struct ibf_object_struct_range range;
-	VALUE beg, end;
-	range.len = 3;
-	range.class_index = 0;
+        struct ibf_object_struct_range range;
+        VALUE beg, end;
+        IBF_ZERO(range);
+        range.len = 3;
+        range.class_index = 0;
 
-	rb_range_values(obj, &beg, &end, &range.excl);
-	range.beg = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, beg);
-	range.end = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, end);
+        rb_range_values(obj, &beg, &end, &range.excl);
+        range.beg = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, beg);
+        range.end = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, end);
 
-	IBF_WV(range);
+        IBF_W_ALIGN(struct ibf_object_struct_range);
+        IBF_WV(range);
     }
     else {
-	rb_bug("ibf_dump_object_struct: unsupported class");
+        rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "ibf_dump_object_struct: unsupported class %"PRIsVALUE,
+                 rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -8119,7 +11544,7 @@ ibf_dump_object_bignum(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
     ssize_t slen = BIGNUM_SIGN(obj) > 0 ? len : len * -1;
     BDIGIT *d = BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj);
 
-    IBF_WV(slen);
+    (void)IBF_W(&slen, ssize_t, 1);
     IBF_WP(d, BDIGIT, len);
 }
 
@@ -8140,32 +11565,34 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_data(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_data_is_encoding(obj)) {
-	rb_encoding *enc = rb_to_encoding(obj);
-	const char *name = rb_enc_name(enc);
-	enum ibf_object_data_type type = IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING;
-	long len = strlen(name) + 1;
-	IBF_WV(type);
-	IBF_WV(len);
-	IBF_WP(name, char, strlen(name) + 1);
+        rb_encoding *enc = rb_to_encoding(obj);
+        const char *name = rb_enc_name(enc);
+        long len = strlen(name) + 1;
+        long data[2];
+        data[0] = IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING;
+        data[1] = len;
+        (void)IBF_W(data, long, 2);
+        IBF_WP(name, char, len);
     }
     else {
-	ibf_dump_object_unsupported(dump, obj);
+        ibf_dump_object_unsupported(dump, obj);
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_data(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    const enum ibf_object_data_type *typep = IBF_OBJBODY(enum ibf_object_data_type, offset);
-    /* const long *lenp = IBF_OBJBODY(long, offset + sizeof(enum ibf_object_data_type)); */
-    const char *data = IBF_OBJBODY(char, offset + sizeof(enum ibf_object_data_type) + sizeof(long));
+    const long *body = IBF_OBJBODY(long, offset);
+    const enum ibf_object_data_type type = (enum ibf_object_data_type)body[0];
+    /* const long len = body[1]; */
+    const char *data = (const char *)&body[2];
 
-    switch (*typep) {
+    switch (type) {
       case IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING:
-	{
-	    VALUE encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_find(data));
-	    return encobj;
-	}
+        {
+            VALUE encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_find(data));
+            return encobj;
+        }
     }
 
     return ibf_load_object_unsupported(load, header, offset);
@@ -8174,11 +11601,11 @@ ibf_load_object_data(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header
 static void
 ibf_dump_object_complex_rational(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
-    long real = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
-    long imag = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);
+    long data[2];
+    data[0] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
+    data[1] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);
 
-    IBF_WV(real);
-    IBF_WV(imag);
+    (void)IBF_W(data, long, 2);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -8199,16 +11626,16 @@ static void
 ibf_dump_object_symbol(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_sym2str(obj);
-    long str_index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, str);
-    IBF_WV(str_index);
+    VALUE str_index = ibf_dump_object(dump, str);
+
+    ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, str_index);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object_symbol(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
 {
-    /* const struct ibf_object_header *header = IBF_OBJHEADER(offset); */
-    const struct ibf_object_symbol *symbol = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_symbol, offset);
-    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, symbol->str);
+    VALUE str_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &offset);
+    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, str_index);
     ID id = rb_intern_str(str);
     return ID2SYM(id);
 }
@@ -8246,41 +11673,67 @@ static ibf_dump_object_function dump_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
     ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_ICLASS 0x1c */
     ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_ZOMBIE 0x1d */
     ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x1e */
-    ibf_dump_object_unsupported  /* 0x1f */
+    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x1f */
 };
 
+static void
+ibf_dump_object_object_header(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct ibf_object_header header)
+{
+    unsigned char byte =
+        (header.type          << 0) |
+        (header.special_const << 5) |
+        (header.frozen        << 6) |
+        (header.internal      << 7);
+
+    IBF_WV(byte);
+}
+
+static struct ibf_object_header
+ibf_load_object_object_header(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t *offset)
+{
+    unsigned char byte = ibf_load_byte(load, offset);
+
+    struct ibf_object_header header;
+    header.type          = (byte >> 0) & 0x1f;
+    header.special_const = (byte >> 5) & 0x01;
+    header.frozen        = (byte >> 6) & 0x01;
+    header.internal      = (byte >> 7) & 0x01;
+
+    return header;
+}
+
 static ibf_offset_t
-lbf_dump_object_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
+ibf_dump_object_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
 {
     struct ibf_object_header obj_header;
-    ibf_offset_t current_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    ibf_offset_t current_offset;
+    IBF_ZERO(obj_header);
     obj_header.type = TYPE(obj);
 
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_SYMBOL) ||
-	    RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FLOAT)) {
-	    obj_header.internal = FALSE;
-	    goto dump_object;
-	}
-	obj_header.special_const = TRUE;
-	obj_header.frozen = TRUE;
-	obj_header.internal = TRUE;
-	IBF_WV(obj_header);
-	IBF_WV(obj);
+    IBF_W_ALIGN(ibf_offset_t);
+    current_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) &&
+        ! (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_SYMBOL) ||
+           RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FLOAT))) {
+        obj_header.special_const = TRUE;
+        obj_header.frozen = TRUE;
+        obj_header.internal = TRUE;
+        ibf_dump_object_object_header(dump, obj_header);
+        ibf_dump_write_small_value(dump, obj);
     }
     else {
-	obj_header.internal = (RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-      dump_object:
-	obj_header.special_const = FALSE;
-	obj_header.frozen = FL_TEST(obj, FL_FREEZE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-	IBF_WV(obj_header);
-	(*dump_object_functions[obj_header.type])(dump, obj);
+        obj_header.internal = SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) ? FALSE : (RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+        obj_header.special_const = FALSE;
+        obj_header.frozen = FL_TEST(obj, FL_FREEZE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+        ibf_dump_object_object_header(dump, obj_header);
+        (*dump_object_functions[obj_header.type])(dump, obj);
     }
 
     return current_offset;
 }
 
-typedef VALUE (*ibf_load_object_function)(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t);
+typedef VALUE (*ibf_load_object_function)(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset);
 static ibf_load_object_function load_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_NONE */
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_OBJECT */
@@ -8313,82 +11766,116 @@ static ibf_load_object_function load_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_ICLASS 0x1c */
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_ZOMBIE 0x1d */
     ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x1e */
-    ibf_load_object_unsupported  /* 0x1f */
+    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x1f */
 };
 
 static VALUE
 ibf_load_object(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE object_index)
 {
     if (object_index == 0) {
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-    else if (object_index >= load->header->object_list_size) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object index out of range: %"PRIdVALUE, object_index);
+        return Qnil;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE obj = rb_ary_entry(load->obj_list, (long)object_index);
-	if (obj == Qnil) { /* TODO: avoid multiple Qnil load */
-	    ibf_offset_t *offsets = (ibf_offset_t *)(load->header->object_list_offset + load->buff);
-	    ibf_offset_t offset = offsets[object_index];
-	    const struct ibf_object_header *header = IBF_OBJHEADER(offset);
+        VALUE obj = pinned_list_fetch(load->current_buffer->obj_list, (long)object_index);
+        if (!obj) {
+            ibf_offset_t *offsets = (ibf_offset_t *)(load->current_buffer->obj_list_offset + load->current_buffer->buff);
+            ibf_offset_t offset = offsets[object_index];
+            const struct ibf_object_header header = ibf_load_object_object_header(load, &offset);
+
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: list=%#x offsets=%p offset=%#x\n",
+                    load->current_buffer->obj_list_offset, (void *)offsets, offset);
+            fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: type=%#x special=%d frozen=%d internal=%d\n",
+                    header.type, header.special_const, header.frozen, header.internal);
+#endif
+            if (offset >= load->current_buffer->size) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %u", offset);
+            }
+
+            if (header.special_const) {
+                ibf_offset_t reading_pos = offset;
+
+                obj = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = (*load_object_functions[header.type])(load, &header, offset);
+            }
+
+            pinned_list_store(load->current_buffer->obj_list, (long)object_index, obj);
+        }
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+        fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: index=%#"PRIxVALUE" obj=%#"PRIxVALUE"\n",
+                object_index, obj);
+#endif
+        return obj;
+    }
+}
 
-	    if (header->special_const) {
-		VALUE *vp = IBF_OBJBODY(VALUE, offset);
-		obj = *vp;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		obj = (*load_object_functions[header->type])(load, header, offset);
-	    }
+struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg
+{
+    struct ibf_dump *dump;
+    VALUE offset_list;
+};
 
-	    rb_ary_store(load->obj_list, (long)object_index, obj);
-	}
-	iseq_add_mark_object(load->iseq, obj);
-	return obj;
-    }
+static int
+ibf_dump_object_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
+{
+    VALUE obj = (VALUE)key;
+    struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg *args = (struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg *)ptr;
+
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_object_object(args->dump, obj);
+    rb_ary_push(args->offset_list, UINT2NUM(offset));
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
+ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, ibf_offset_t *obj_list_offset, unsigned int *obj_list_size)
 {
-    VALUE list = rb_ary_tmp_new(RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list));
-    int i, size;
+    st_table *obj_table = dump->current_buffer->obj_table;
+    VALUE offset_list = rb_ary_tmp_new(obj_table->num_entries);
 
-    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list); i++) {
-	VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(dump->obj_list, i);
-	ibf_offset_t offset = lbf_dump_object_object(dump, obj);
-	rb_ary_push(list, UINT2NUM(offset));
-    }
-    size = i;
-    header->object_list_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+    struct ibf_dump_object_list_arg args;
+    args.dump = dump;
+    args.offset_list = offset_list;
+
+    st_foreach(obj_table, ibf_dump_object_list_i, (st_data_t)&args);
+
+    IBF_W_ALIGN(ibf_offset_t);
+    *obj_list_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
+
+    st_index_t size = obj_table->num_entries;
+    st_index_t i;
 
     for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
-	ibf_offset_t offset = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(list, i));
-	IBF_WV(offset);
+        ibf_offset_t offset = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(offset_list, i));
+        IBF_WV(offset);
     }
 
-    header->object_list_size = size;
+    *obj_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
 }
 
 static void
 ibf_dump_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
-    rb_gc_mark(dump->str);
-    rb_gc_mark(dump->iseq_list);
-    rb_gc_mark(dump->obj_list);
+    rb_gc_mark(dump->global_buffer.str);
+
+    rb_mark_set(dump->global_buffer.obj_table);
+    rb_mark_set(dump->iseq_table);
 }
 
 static void
 ibf_dump_free(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
-    if (dump->iseq_table) {
-	st_free_table(dump->iseq_table);
-	dump->iseq_table = 0;
+    if (dump->global_buffer.obj_table) {
+        st_free_table(dump->global_buffer.obj_table);
+        dump->global_buffer.obj_table = 0;
     }
-    if (dump->id_table) {
-	st_free_table(dump->id_table);
-	dump->id_table = 0;
+    if (dump->iseq_table) {
+        st_free_table(dump->iseq_table);
+        dump->iseq_table = 0;
     }
     ruby_xfree(dump);
 }
@@ -8399,7 +11886,7 @@ ibf_dump_memsize(const void *ptr)
     struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
     size_t size = sizeof(*dump);
     if (dump->iseq_table) size += st_memsize(dump->iseq_table);
-    if (dump->id_table) size += st_memsize(dump->id_table);
+    if (dump->global_buffer.obj_table) size += st_memsize(dump->global_buffer.obj_table);
     return size;
 }
 
@@ -8412,18 +11899,18 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ibf_dump_type = {
 static void
 ibf_dump_setup(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE dumper_obj)
 {
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->str, rb_str_new(0, 0));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->iseq_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->obj_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(1));
-    rb_ary_push(dump->obj_list, Qnil); /* 0th is nil */
+    dump->global_buffer.obj_table = NULL; // GC may run before a value is assigned
+    dump->iseq_table = NULL;
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->global_buffer.str, rb_str_new(0, 0));
+    dump->global_buffer.obj_table = ibf_dump_object_table_new();
     dump->iseq_table = st_init_numtable(); /* need free */
-    dump->id_table = st_init_numtable();   /* need free */
 
-    ibf_table_index(dump->id_table, 0); /* id_index:0 is 0 */
+    dump->current_buffer = &dump->global_buffer;
 }
 
 VALUE
-iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
+rb_iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
 {
     struct ibf_dump *dump;
     struct ibf_header header = {{0}};
@@ -8431,11 +11918,11 @@ iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
     VALUE str;
 
     if (iseq->body->parent_iseq != NULL ||
-	iseq->body->local_iseq != iseq) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should be top of iseq");
+        iseq->body->local_iseq != iseq) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should be top of iseq");
     }
     if (RTEST(ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should not compile with coverage");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should not compile with coverage");
     }
 
     dump_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_dump, &ibf_dump_type, dump);
@@ -8449,26 +11936,25 @@ iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
     header.magic[1] = 'A';
     header.magic[2] = 'R';
     header.magic[3] = 'B';
-    header.major_version = ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION;
-    header.minor_version = ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION;
+    header.major_version = IBF_MAJOR_VERSION;
+    header.minor_version = IBF_MINOR_VERSION;
     ibf_dump_iseq_list(dump, &header);
-    ibf_dump_id_list(dump, &header);
-    ibf_dump_object_list(dump, &header);
+    ibf_dump_object_list(dump, &header.global_object_list_offset, &header.global_object_list_size);
     header.size = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
 
     if (RTEST(opt)) {
-	VALUE opt_str = opt;
-	const char *ptr = StringValuePtr(opt_str);
-	header.extra_size = RSTRING_LENINT(opt_str);
-	ibf_dump_write(dump, ptr, header.extra_size);
+        VALUE opt_str = opt;
+        const char *ptr = StringValuePtr(opt_str);
+        header.extra_size = RSTRING_LENINT(opt_str);
+        ibf_dump_write(dump, ptr, header.extra_size);
     }
     else {
-	header.extra_size = 0;
+        header.extra_size = 0;
     }
 
     ibf_dump_overwrite(dump, &header, sizeof(header), 0);
 
-    str = dump->str;
+    str = dump->global_buffer.str;
     ibf_dump_free(dump);
     DATA_PTR(dump_obj) = NULL;
     RB_GC_GUARD(dump_obj);
@@ -8478,26 +11964,33 @@ iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
 static const ibf_offset_t *
 ibf_iseq_list(const struct ibf_load *load)
 {
-    return (ibf_offset_t *)(load->buff + load->header->iseq_list_offset);
+    return (const ibf_offset_t *)(load->global_buffer.buff + load->header->iseq_list_offset);
 }
 
 void
-ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     struct ibf_load *load = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(iseq->aux.loader.obj);
     rb_iseq_t *prev_src_iseq = load->iseq;
+    ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_iseq_list(load)[iseq->aux.loader.index];
     load->iseq = iseq;
-    ibf_load_iseq_each(load, iseq, ibf_iseq_list(load)[iseq->aux.loader.index]);
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq) = NULL;
-    FL_UNSET(iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, "rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete: index=%#x offset=%#x size=%#x\n",
+	    iseq->aux.loader.index, offset,
+	    load->header->size);
+#endif
+    ibf_load_iseq_each(load, iseq, offset);
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_CLEAR(iseq);
+    FL_UNSET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
+    rb_iseq_init_trace(iseq);
     load->iseq = prev_src_iseq;
 }
 
 #if USE_LAZY_LOAD
-const rb_iseq_t *
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED const rb_iseq_t *
 rb_iseq_complete(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    ibf_load_iseq_complete((rb_iseq_t *)iseq);
+    rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete((rb_iseq_t *)iseq);
     return iseq;
 }
 #endif
@@ -8507,93 +12000,130 @@ ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq)
 {
     int iseq_index = (int)(VALUE)index_iseq;
 
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: index_iseq=%p iseq_list=%p\n",
+	    (void *)index_iseq, (void *)load->iseq_list);
+#endif
     if (iseq_index == -1) {
 	return NULL;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE iseqv = rb_ary_entry(load->iseq_list, iseq_index);
+	VALUE iseqv = pinned_list_fetch(load->iseq_list, iseq_index);
 
-	if (iseqv != Qnil) {
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseqv=%p\n", (void *)iseqv);
+#endif
+	if (iseqv) {
 	    return (rb_iseq_t *)iseqv;
 	}
 	else {
 	    rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_imemo_alloc();
-	    FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: new iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
+#endif
+	    FL_SET((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
 	    iseq->aux.loader.obj = load->loader_obj;
 	    iseq->aux.loader.index = iseq_index;
-	    rb_ary_store(load->iseq_list, iseq_index, (VALUE)iseq);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loader_obj=%p index=%d\n",
+		    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->loader_obj, iseq_index);
+#endif
+	    pinned_list_store(load->iseq_list, iseq_index, (VALUE)iseq);
 
 #if !USE_LAZY_LOAD
-	    ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: loading iseq=%p\n", (void *)iseq);
+#endif
+            rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
+#else
+            if (GET_VM()->builtin_function_table) {
+                rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
+            }
 #endif /* !USE_LAZY_LOAD */
 
-	    if (load->iseq) {
-		iseq_add_mark_object(load->iseq, (VALUE)iseq);
-	    }
+#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loaded %p\n",
+		    (void *)iseq, (void *)load->iseq);
+#endif
 	    return iseq;
 	}
     }
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_load_setup(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, VALUE str)
+ibf_load_setup_bytes(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, const char *bytes, size_t size)
 {
-    rb_check_safe_obj(str);
-
-    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)sizeof(struct ibf_header)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
-    }
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->str, str);
     load->loader_obj = loader_obj;
-    load->buff = StringValuePtr(str);
-    load->header = (struct ibf_header *)load->buff;
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->iseq_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->obj_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
-    load->id_list = ZALLOC_N(ID, load->header->id_list_size);
+    load->global_buffer.buff = bytes;
+    load->header = (struct ibf_header *)load->global_buffer.buff;
+    load->global_buffer.size = load->header->size;
+    load->global_buffer.obj_list_offset = load->header->global_object_list_offset;
+    load->global_buffer.obj_list_size = load->header->global_object_list_size;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->iseq_list, pinned_list_new(load->header->iseq_list_size));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->global_buffer.obj_list, pinned_list_new(load->global_buffer.obj_list_size));
     load->iseq = NULL;
 
-    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)load->header->size) {
+    load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
+
+    if (size < load->header->size) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
     }
     if (strncmp(load->header->magic, "YARB", 4) != 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown binary format");
     }
-    if (load->header->major_version != ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION ||
-	load->header->minor_version != ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION) {
+    if (load->header->major_version != IBF_MAJOR_VERSION ||
+	load->header->minor_version != IBF_MINOR_VERSION) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched version file (%u.%u for %u.%u)",
-		 load->header->major_version, load->header->minor_version, ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION, ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION);
+		 load->header->major_version, load->header->minor_version, IBF_MAJOR_VERSION, IBF_MINOR_VERSION);
     }
-    if (strcmp(load->buff + sizeof(struct ibf_header), RUBY_PLATFORM) != 0) {
+    if (strcmp(load->global_buffer.buff + sizeof(struct ibf_header), RUBY_PLATFORM) != 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched platform");
     }
+    if (load->header->iseq_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(ibf_offset_t)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned iseq list offset: %u",
+                 load->header->iseq_list_offset);
+    }
+    if (load->global_buffer.obj_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(ibf_offset_t)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned object list offset: %u",
+                 load->global_buffer.obj_list_offset);
+    }
 }
 
 static void
-ibf_loader_mark(void *ptr)
+ibf_load_setup(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, VALUE str)
 {
-    if (ptr) {
-	struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
-	rb_gc_mark(load->str);
-	rb_gc_mark(load->iseq_list);
-	rb_gc_mark(load->obj_list);
+    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)sizeof(struct ibf_header)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
     }
+
+#if USE_LAZY_LOAD
+    str = rb_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+#endif
+
+    ibf_load_setup_bytes(load, loader_obj, StringValuePtr(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->str, str);
+}
+
+static void
+ibf_loader_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark(load->str);
+    rb_gc_mark(load->iseq_list);
+    rb_gc_mark(load->global_buffer.obj_list);
 }
 
 static void
 ibf_loader_free(void *ptr)
 {
-    if (ptr) {
-	struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
-	ruby_xfree(load->id_list);
-	ruby_xfree(load);
-    }
+    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
+    ruby_xfree(load);
 }
 
 static size_t
 ibf_loader_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
-    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
-    return sizeof(struct ibf_load) + load->header->id_list_size * sizeof(ID);
+    return sizeof(struct ibf_load);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t ibf_load_type = {
@@ -8603,10 +12133,10 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ibf_load_type = {
 };
 
 const rb_iseq_t *
-iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str)
+rb_iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str)
 {
     struct ibf_load *load;
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
     VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);
 
     ibf_load_setup(load, loader_obj, str);
@@ -8616,15 +12146,29 @@ iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str)
     return iseq;
 }
 
+const rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_ibf_load_bytes(const char *bytes, size_t size)
+{
+    struct ibf_load *load;
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);
+
+    ibf_load_setup_bytes(load, loader_obj, bytes, size);
+    iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, 0);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(loader_obj);
+    return iseq;
+}
+
 VALUE
-iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str)
+rb_iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str)
 {
     struct ibf_load *load;
     VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);
     VALUE extra_str;
 
     ibf_load_setup(load, loader_obj, str);
-    extra_str = rb_str_new(load->buff + load->header->size, load->header->extra_size);
+    extra_str = rb_str_new(load->global_buffer.buff + load->header->size, load->header->extra_size);
     RB_GC_GUARD(loader_obj);
     return extra_str;
 }
diff --git a/complex.c b/complex.c
index 4737891270..27c1f131e3 100644
--- a/complex.c
+++ b/complex.c
@@ -5,21 +5,37 @@
   which is written in ruby.
 */
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #if defined _MSC_VER
 /* Microsoft Visual C does not define M_PI and others by default */
 # define _USE_MATH_DEFINES 1
 #endif
+
+#include <ctype.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include "internal.h"
 
+#undef NDEBUG
 #define NDEBUG
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/math.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
 #include "ruby_assert.h"
 
 #define ZERO INT2FIX(0)
 #define ONE INT2FIX(1)
 #define TWO INT2FIX(2)
+#if USE_FLONUM
 #define RFLOAT_0 DBL2NUM(0)
+#else
+static VALUE RFLOAT_0;
+#endif
 #if defined(HAVE_SIGNBIT) && defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__sun) && \
     !defined(signbit)
 extern int signbit(double);
@@ -27,26 +43,21 @@ extern int signbit(double);
 
 VALUE rb_cComplex;
 
-static VALUE nucomp_abs(VALUE self);
-static VALUE nucomp_arg(VALUE self);
-
 static ID id_abs, id_arg,
-    id_denominator, id_expt, id_fdiv,
-    id_negate, id_numerator, id_quo,
-    id_real_p, id_to_f, id_to_i, id_to_r,
-    id_i_real, id_i_imag,
+    id_denominator, id_numerator,
+    id_real_p, id_i_real, id_i_imag,
     id_finite_p, id_infinite_p, id_rationalize,
     id_PI;
+#define id_to_i idTo_i
+#define id_to_r idTo_r
+#define id_negate idUMinus
+#define id_expt idPow
+#define id_to_f idTo_f
+#define id_quo idQuo
+#define id_fdiv idFdiv
 
 #define f_boolcast(x) ((x) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
 
-#define binop(n,op) \
-inline static VALUE \
-f_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(x, (op), 1, y);\
-}
-
 #define fun1(n) \
 inline static VALUE \
 f_##n(VALUE x)\
@@ -61,31 +72,32 @@ f_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
     return rb_funcall(x, id_##n, 1, y);\
 }
 
-#define math1(n) \
-inline static VALUE \
-m_##n(VALUE x)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mMath, id_##n, 1, x);\
-}
-
-#define math2(n) \
-inline static VALUE \
-m_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mMath, id_##n, 2, x, y);\
-}
-
 #define PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_add(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-#ifndef PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y) && FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
-	return x;
-    else if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x))
-	return y;
-#endif
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x) &&
+        LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, idPLUS))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x))
+            return y;
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return x;
+        return rb_int_plus(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cFloat, idPLUS))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return x;
+        return rb_float_plus(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cRational, idPLUS))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return x;
+        return rb_rational_plus(x, y);
+    }
+
     return rb_funcall(x, '+', 1, y);
 }
 
@@ -117,44 +129,104 @@ f_gt_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 inline static VALUE
 f_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-#ifndef PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	long iy = FIX2LONG(y);
-	if (iy == 0) {
-	    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
-		return ZERO;
-	}
-	else if (iy == 1)
-	    return x;
-    }
-    else if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
-	long ix = FIX2LONG(x);
-	if (ix == 0) {
-	    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y))
-		return ZERO;
-	}
-	else if (ix == 1)
-	    return y;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x) &&
+        LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, idMULT))) {
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+            return ZERO;
+        if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y))
+            return ZERO;
+        if (x == ONE) return y;
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
+        return rb_int_mul(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cFloat, idMULT))) {
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
+        return rb_float_mul(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL) &&
+             LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cRational, idMULT))) {
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
+        return rb_rational_mul(x, y);
+    }
+    else if (LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(x), idMULT))) {
+        if (y == ONE) return x;
     }
-#endif
     return rb_funcall(x, '*', 1, y);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_sub(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-#ifndef PRESERVE_SIGNEDZERO
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y) && FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+    if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y) &&
+        LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(x), idMINUS))) {
 	return x;
-#endif
+    }
     return rb_funcall(x, '-', 1, y);
 }
 
-fun1(abs)
-fun1(arg)
-fun1(denominator)
+inline static VALUE
+f_abs(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_int_abs(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_float_abs(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return rb_rational_abs(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return rb_complex_abs(x);
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_abs, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE numeric_arg(VALUE self);
+static VALUE float_arg(VALUE self);
 
-static VALUE nucomp_negate(VALUE self);
+inline static VALUE
+f_arg(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return numeric_arg(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return float_arg(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return numeric_arg(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return rb_complex_arg(x);
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_arg, 0);
+}
+
+inline static VALUE
+f_numerator(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return RRATIONAL(x)->num;
+    }
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_float_numerator(x);
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+inline static VALUE
+f_denominator(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return RRATIONAL(x)->den;
+    }
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return rb_float_denominator(x);
+    }
+    return INT2FIX(1);
+}
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_negate(VALUE x)
@@ -169,13 +241,30 @@ f_negate(VALUE x)
         return rb_rational_uminus(x);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
-        return nucomp_negate(x);
+        return rb_complex_uminus(x);
     }
     return rb_funcall(x, id_negate, 0);
 }
 
-fun1(numerator)
-fun1(real_p)
+static bool nucomp_real_p(VALUE self);
+
+static inline bool
+f_real_p(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return nucomp_real_p(x);
+    }
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_real_p, 0);
+}
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_to_i(VALUE x)
@@ -184,6 +273,7 @@ f_to_i(VALUE x)
 	return rb_str_to_inum(x, 10, 0);
     return rb_funcall(x, id_to_i, 0);
 }
+
 inline static VALUE
 f_to_f(VALUE x)
 {
@@ -206,7 +296,19 @@ f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 fun2(expt)
 fun2(fdiv)
-fun2(quo)
+
+static VALUE
+f_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_numeric_quo(x, y);
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_float_div(x, y);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL))
+        return rb_numeric_quo(x, y);
+
+    return rb_funcallv(x, id_quo, 1, &y);
+}
 
 inline static int
 f_negative_p(VALUE x)
@@ -225,7 +327,10 @@ f_negative_p(VALUE x)
 inline static int
 f_zero_p(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return FLOAT_ZERO_P(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
         return FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
@@ -237,6 +342,38 @@ f_zero_p(VALUE x)
 
 #define f_nonzero_p(x) (!f_zero_p(x))
 
+VALUE rb_flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num);
+inline static int
+f_finite_p(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+	return (int)rb_flo_is_finite_p(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    return RTEST(rb_funcallv(x, id_finite_p, 0, 0));
+}
+
+VALUE rb_flo_is_infinite_p(VALUE num);
+inline static VALUE
+f_infinite_p(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
+	return rb_flo_is_infinite_p(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    return rb_funcallv(x, id_infinite_p, 0, 0);
+}
+
 inline static int
 f_kind_of_p(VALUE x, VALUE c)
 {
@@ -266,6 +403,7 @@ nucomp_s_new_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE real, VALUE imag)
 
     RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(obj, real);
     RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(obj, imag);
+    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW((VALUE)obj);
 
     return (VALUE)obj;
 }
@@ -276,30 +414,6 @@ nucomp_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, ZERO, ZERO);
 }
 
-#if 0
-static VALUE
-nucomp_s_new_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
-{
-    VALUE real, imag;
-
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &real, &imag)) {
-      case 1:
-	if (!k_numeric_p(real))
-	    real = f_to_i(real);
-	imag = ZERO;
-	break;
-      default:
-	if (!k_numeric_p(real))
-	    real = f_to_i(real);
-	if (!k_numeric_p(imag))
-	    imag = f_to_i(imag);
-	break;
-    }
-
-    return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
-}
-#endif
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_complex_new_bang1(VALUE klass, VALUE x)
 {
@@ -315,22 +429,6 @@ f_complex_new_bang2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
-#ifdef CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN
-#define CANON
-#endif
-
-#ifdef CANON
-static int canonicalization = 0;
-
-RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void
-nucomp_canonicalization(int f)
-{
-    canonicalization = f;
-}
-#else
-#define canonicalization 0
-#endif
-
 inline static void
 nucomp_real_check(VALUE num)
 {
@@ -345,26 +443,20 @@ nucomp_real_check(VALUE num)
 inline static VALUE
 nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE real, VALUE imag)
 {
-#ifdef CANON
-#define CL_CANON
-#ifdef CL_CANON
-    if (k_exact_zero_p(imag) && canonicalization)
-	return real;
-#else
-    if (f_zero_p(imag) && canonicalization)
-	return real;
-#endif
-#endif
-    if (f_real_p(real) && f_real_p(imag))
+    int complex_r, complex_i;
+    complex_r = RB_TYPE_P(real, T_COMPLEX);
+    complex_i = RB_TYPE_P(imag, T_COMPLEX);
+    if (!complex_r && !complex_i) {
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
-    else if (f_real_p(real)) {
+    }
+    else if (!complex_r) {
 	get_dat1(imag);
 
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
 				     f_sub(real, dat->imag),
 				     f_add(ZERO, dat->real));
     }
-    else if (f_real_p(imag)) {
+    else if (!complex_i) {
 	get_dat1(real);
 
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass,
@@ -415,11 +507,12 @@ f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
+static VALUE nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise);
 static VALUE nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Complex(x[, y])  ->  numeric
+ *    Complex(x[, y], exception: true)  ->  numeric or nil
  *
  * Returns x+i*y;
  *
@@ -428,6 +521,9 @@ static VALUE nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
  *    Complex(nil)     #=> TypeError
  *    Complex(1, nil)  #=> TypeError
  *
+ *    Complex(1, nil, exception: false)  #=> nil
+ *    Complex('1+2', exception: false)   #=> nil
+ *
  * Syntax of string form:
  *
  *   string form = extra spaces , complex , extra spaces ;
@@ -453,7 +549,19 @@ static VALUE nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
 static VALUE
 nucomp_f_complex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    return nucomp_s_convert(argc, argv, rb_cComplex);
+    VALUE a1, a2, opts = Qnil;
+    int raise = TRUE;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &a1, &a2, &opts) == 1) {
+        a2 = Qundef;
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(opts)) {
+        raise = rb_opts_exception_p(opts, raise);
+    }
+    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(a1) == rb_cComplex && a2 == Qundef) {
+        return a1;
+    }
+    return nucomp_convert(rb_cComplex, a1, a2, raise);
 }
 
 #define imp1(n) \
@@ -479,7 +587,7 @@ imp1(sinh)
 static VALUE
 m_cos(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (f_real_p(x))
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX))
 	return m_cos_bang(x);
     {
 	get_dat1(x);
@@ -494,7 +602,7 @@ m_cos(VALUE x)
 static VALUE
 m_sin(VALUE x)
 {
-    if (f_real_p(x))
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX))
 	return m_sin_bang(x);
     {
 	get_dat1(x);
@@ -506,50 +614,18 @@ m_sin(VALUE x)
     }
 }
 
-#if 0
-imp1(sqrt)
-
-VALUE
-rb_complex_sqrt(VALUE x)
-{
-    int pos;
-    VALUE a, re, im;
-    get_dat1(x);
-
-    pos = f_positive_p(dat->imag);
-    a = f_abs(x);
-    re = m_sqrt_bang(f_div(f_add(a, dat->real), TWO));
-    im = m_sqrt_bang(f_div(f_sub(a, dat->real), TWO));
-    if (!pos) im = f_negate(im);
-    return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex, re, im);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-m_sqrt(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (f_real_p(x)) {
-	if (f_positive_p(x))
-	    return m_sqrt_bang(x);
-	return f_complex_new2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, m_sqrt_bang(f_negate(x)));
-    }
-    return rb_complex_sqrt(x);
-}
-#endif
-
 static VALUE
 f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
     assert(!RB_TYPE_P(y, T_COMPLEX));
     if (f_zero_p(x) || f_zero_p(y)) {
-	if (canonicalization) return x;
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, RFLOAT_0);
     }
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	const double arg = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
 	if (arg == M_PI) {
 	    x = f_negate(x);
-	    if (canonicalization) return x;
 	    y = RFLOAT_0;
 	}
 	else if (arg == M_PI_2) {
@@ -564,13 +640,12 @@ f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	    const double abs = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
 	    const double real = abs * cos(arg), imag = abs * sin(arg);
 	    x = DBL2NUM(real);
-	    if (canonicalization && imag == 0.0) return x;
 	    y = DBL2NUM(imag);
 	}
 	else {
-	    y = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(sin(arg)));
-	    x = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(cos(arg)));
-	    if (canonicalization && f_zero_p(y)) return x;
+            const double ax = sin(arg), ay = cos(arg);
+            y = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(ax));
+            x = f_mul(x, DBL2NUM(ay));
 	}
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
     }
@@ -579,6 +654,38 @@ f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 					  f_mul(x, m_sin(y)));
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE___COSPI
+# define cospi(x) __cospi(x)
+#else
+# define cospi(x) cos((x) * M_PI)
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE___SINPI
+# define sinpi(x) __sinpi(x)
+#else
+# define sinpi(x) sin((x) * M_PI)
+#endif
+/* returns a Complex or Float of ang*PI-rotated abs */
+VALUE
+rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(double abs, double ang)
+{
+    double fi;
+    const double fr = modf(ang, &fi);
+    int pos = fr == +0.5;
+
+    if (pos || fr == -0.5) {
+	if ((modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != fr) ^ pos) abs = -abs;
+	return rb_complex_new(RFLOAT_0, DBL2NUM(abs));
+    }
+    else if (fr == 0.0) {
+	if (modf(fi / 2.0, &fi) != 0.0) abs = -abs;
+	return DBL2NUM(abs);
+    }
+    else {
+        const double real = abs * cospi(ang), imag = abs * sinpi(ang);
+        return rb_complex_new(DBL2NUM(real), DBL2NUM(imag));
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    Complex.polar(abs[, arg])  ->  complex
@@ -598,13 +705,20 @@ nucomp_s_polar(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &abs, &arg)) {
       case 1:
 	nucomp_real_check(abs);
-	if (canonicalization) return abs;
 	return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, abs, ZERO);
       default:
 	nucomp_real_check(abs);
 	nucomp_real_check(arg);
 	break;
     }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(abs, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        get_dat1(abs);
+        abs = dat->real;
+    }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        get_dat1(arg);
+        arg = dat->real;
+    }
     return f_complex_polar(klass, abs, arg);
 }
 
@@ -617,8 +731,8 @@ nucomp_s_polar(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *    Complex(7).real      #=> 7
  *    Complex(9, -4).real  #=> 9
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_real(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_real(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return dat->real;
@@ -634,8 +748,8 @@ nucomp_real(VALUE self)
  *    Complex(7).imaginary      #=> 0
  *    Complex(9, -4).imaginary  #=> -4
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_imag(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_imag(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return dat->imag;
@@ -649,12 +763,12 @@ nucomp_imag(VALUE self)
  *
  *    -Complex(1, 2)  #=> (-1-2i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_negate(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_uminus(VALUE self)
 {
-  get_dat1(self);
-  return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			f_negate(dat->real), f_negate(dat->imag));
+    get_dat1(self);
+    return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
+			  f_negate(dat->real), f_negate(dat->imag));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -703,8 +817,8 @@ rb_complex_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *    Complex(9, 8)  - 4               #=> (5+8i)
  *    Complex(20, 9) - 9.8             #=> (10.2+9i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_sub(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_minus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	VALUE real, imag;
@@ -738,6 +852,19 @@ safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, int az, int bz)
     return f_mul(a, b);
 }
 
+static void
+comp_mul(VALUE areal, VALUE aimag, VALUE breal, VALUE bimag, VALUE *real, VALUE *imag)
+{
+    int arzero = f_zero_p(areal);
+    int aizero = f_zero_p(aimag);
+    int brzero = f_zero_p(breal);
+    int bizero = f_zero_p(bimag);
+    *real = f_sub(safe_mul(areal, breal, arzero, brzero),
+                  safe_mul(aimag, bimag, aizero, bizero));
+    *imag = f_add(safe_mul(areal, bimag, arzero, bizero),
+                  safe_mul(aimag, breal, aizero, brzero));
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    cmp * numeric  ->  complex
@@ -755,19 +882,9 @@ rb_complex_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	VALUE real, imag;
-	VALUE areal, aimag, breal, bimag;
-	int arzero, aizero, brzero, bizero;
-
 	get_dat2(self, other);
 
-	arzero = f_zero_p(areal = adat->real);
-	aizero = f_zero_p(aimag = adat->imag);
-	brzero = f_zero_p(breal = bdat->real);
-	bizero = f_zero_p(bimag = bdat->imag);
-	real = f_sub(safe_mul(areal, breal, arzero, brzero),
-		     safe_mul(aimag, bimag, aizero, bizero));
-	imag = f_add(safe_mul(areal, bimag, arzero, bizero),
-		     safe_mul(aimag, breal, aizero, brzero));
+        comp_mul(adat->real, adat->imag, bdat->real, bdat->imag, &real, &imag);
 
 	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), real, imag);
     }
@@ -780,13 +897,13 @@ rb_complex_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, '*');
 }
-#define nucomp_mul rb_complex_mul
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
 	 VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), ID id)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        VALUE r, n, x, y;
 	int flo;
 	get_dat2(self, other);
 
@@ -794,42 +911,29 @@ f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
 	       RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->real) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bdat->imag));
 
 	if (f_gt_p(f_abs(bdat->real), f_abs(bdat->imag))) {
-	    VALUE r, n;
-
 	    r = (*func)(bdat->imag, bdat->real);
 	    n = f_mul(bdat->real, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
-	    if (flo)
-		return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				      (*func)(self, n),
-				      (*func)(f_negate(f_mul(self, r)), n));
-	    return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				  (*func)(f_add(adat->real,
-						f_mul(adat->imag, r)), n),
-				  (*func)(f_sub(adat->imag,
-						f_mul(adat->real, r)), n));
+            x = (*func)(f_add(adat->real, f_mul(adat->imag, r)), n);
+            y = (*func)(f_sub(adat->imag, f_mul(adat->real, r)), n);
 	}
 	else {
-	    VALUE r, n;
-
 	    r = (*func)(bdat->real, bdat->imag);
 	    n = f_mul(bdat->imag, f_add(ONE, f_mul(r, r)));
-	    if (flo)
-		return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				      (*func)(f_mul(self, r), n),
-				      (*func)(f_negate(self), n));
-	    return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-				  (*func)(f_add(f_mul(adat->real, r),
-						adat->imag), n),
-				  (*func)(f_sub(f_mul(adat->imag, r),
-						adat->real), n));
+            x = (*func)(f_add(f_mul(adat->real, r), adat->imag), n);
+            y = (*func)(f_sub(f_mul(adat->imag, r), adat->real), n);
 	}
+        if (!flo) {
+            x = rb_rational_canonicalize(x);
+            y = rb_rational_canonicalize(y);
+        }
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), x, y);
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
+        VALUE x, y;
 	get_dat1(self);
-
-	return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
-			      (*func)(dat->real, other),
-			      (*func)(dat->imag, other));
+        x = rb_rational_canonicalize((*func)(dat->real, other));
+        y = rb_rational_canonicalize((*func)(dat->imag, other));
+        return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), x, y);
     }
     return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, id);
 }
@@ -849,13 +953,13 @@ f_divide(VALUE self, VALUE other,
  *    Complex(9, 8)  / 4               #=> ((9/4)+(2/1)*i)
  *    Complex(20, 9) / 9.8             #=> (2.0408163265306123+0.9183673469387754i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     return f_divide(self, other, f_quo, id_quo);
 }
 
-#define nucomp_quo nucomp_div
+#define nucomp_quo rb_complex_div
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -886,8 +990,8 @@ f_reciprocal(VALUE x)
  *    Complex('i') ** 2              #=> (-1+0i)
  *    Complex(-8) ** Rational(1, 3)  #=> (1.0000000000000002+1.7320508075688772i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && k_exact_zero_p(other))
 	return f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), ONE);
@@ -917,38 +1021,45 @@ nucomp_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	return f_complex_polar(CLASS_OF(self), nr, ntheta);
     }
     if (FIXNUM_P(other)) {
-	if (f_gt_p(other, ZERO)) {
-	    VALUE x, z;
-	    long n;
-
-	    x = self;
-	    z = x;
-	    n = FIX2LONG(other) - 1;
-
-	    while (n) {
-		long q, r;
-
-		while (1) {
-		    get_dat1(x);
-
-		    q = n / 2;
-		    r = n % 2;
-
-		    if (r)
-			break;
-
-		    x = nucomp_s_new_internal(CLASS_OF(self),
-				       f_sub(f_mul(dat->real, dat->real),
-					     f_mul(dat->imag, dat->imag)),
-				       f_mul(f_mul(TWO, dat->real), dat->imag));
-		    n = q;
-		}
-		z = f_mul(z, x);
-		n--;
-	    }
-	    return z;
+        long n = FIX2LONG(other);
+        if (n == 0) {
+            return nucomp_s_new_internal(CLASS_OF(self), ONE, ZERO);
+        }
+        if (n < 0) {
+            self = f_reciprocal(self);
+            other = rb_int_uminus(other);
+            n = -n;
+        }
+        {
+            get_dat1(self);
+            VALUE xr = dat->real, xi = dat->imag, zr = xr, zi = xi;
+
+            if (f_zero_p(xi)) {
+                zr = rb_num_pow(zr, other);
+            }
+            else if (f_zero_p(xr)) {
+                zi = rb_num_pow(zi, other);
+                if (n & 2) zi = f_negate(zi);
+                if (!(n & 1)) {
+                    VALUE tmp = zr;
+                    zr = zi;
+                    zi = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (--n) {
+                    long q, r;
+
+                    for (; q = n / 2, r = n % 2, r == 0; n = q) {
+                        VALUE tmp = f_sub(f_mul(xr, xr), f_mul(xi, xi));
+                        xi = f_mul(f_mul(TWO, xr), xi);
+                        xr = tmp;
+                    }
+                    comp_mul(zr, zi, xr, xi, &zr, &zi);
+                }
+            }
+            return nucomp_s_new_internal(CLASS_OF(self), zr, zi);
 	}
-	return f_expt(f_reciprocal(self), rb_int_uminus(other));
     }
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other)) {
 	VALUE r, theta;
@@ -994,14 +1105,51 @@ nucomp_eqeq_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return f_boolcast(f_eqeq_p(other, self));
 }
 
+static bool
+nucomp_real_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    get_dat1(self);
+    return(f_zero_p(dat->imag) ? true : false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cmp <=> object  ->  0, 1, -1, or nil
+ *
+ * If +cmp+'s imaginary part is zero, and +object+ is also a
+ * real number (or a Complex number where the imaginary part is zero),
+ * compare the real part of +cmp+ to object.  Otherwise, return nil.
+ *
+ *    Complex(2, 3)  <=> Complex(2, 3)   #=> nil
+ *    Complex(2, 3)  <=> 1               #=> nil
+ *    Complex(2)     <=> 1               #=> 1
+ *    Complex(2)     <=> 2               #=> 0
+ *    Complex(2)     <=> 3               #=> -1
+ */
+static VALUE
+nucomp_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    if (nucomp_real_p(self) && k_numeric_p(other)) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX) && nucomp_real_p(other)) {
+            get_dat2(self, other);
+            return rb_funcall(adat->real, idCmp, 1, bdat->real);
+        }
+        else if (f_real_p(other)) {
+            get_dat1(self);
+            return rb_funcall(dat->real, idCmp, 1, other);
+        }
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other))
-	return rb_assoc_new(f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), other), self);
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX))
 	return rb_assoc_new(other, self);
+    if (k_numeric_p(other) && f_real_p(other))
+        return rb_assoc_new(f_complex_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), other), self);
 
     rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" can't be coerced into %"PRIsVALUE,
 	     rb_obj_class(other), rb_obj_class(self));
@@ -1018,8 +1166,8 @@ nucomp_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *    Complex(-1).abs         #=> 1
  *    Complex(3.0, -4.0).abs  #=> 5.0
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_abs(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_abs(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
 
@@ -1065,8 +1213,8 @@ nucomp_abs2(VALUE self)
  *
  *    Complex.polar(3, Math::PI/2).arg  #=> 1.5707963267948966
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_arg(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_arg(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return rb_math_atan2(dat->imag, dat->real);
@@ -1111,27 +1259,19 @@ nucomp_polar(VALUE self)
  *
  *    Complex(1, 2).conjugate  #=> (1-2i)
  */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_conj(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_complex_conjugate(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
     return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self), dat->real, f_negate(dat->imag));
 }
 
-#if 0
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_true(VALUE self)
-{
-    return Qtrue;
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    cmp.real?  ->  false
+ *    Complex(1).real?     ->  false
+ *    Complex(1, 2).real?  ->  false
  *
- * Returns false.
+ * Returns false, even if the complex number has no imaginary part.
  */
 static VALUE
 nucomp_false(VALUE self)
@@ -1139,23 +1279,6 @@ nucomp_false(VALUE self)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-#if 0
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_exact_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    get_dat1(self);
-    return f_boolcast(k_exact_p(dat->real) && k_exact_p(dat->imag));
-}
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_inexact_p(VALUE self)
-{
-    return f_boolcast(!nucomp_exact_p(self));
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    cmp.denominator  ->  integer
@@ -1196,7 +1319,7 @@ nucomp_numerator(VALUE self)
 
     get_dat1(self);
 
-    cd = f_denominator(self);
+    cd = nucomp_denominator(self);
     return f_complex_new2(CLASS_OF(self),
 			  f_mul(f_numerator(dat->real),
 				f_div(cd, f_denominator(dat->real))),
@@ -1205,8 +1328,8 @@ nucomp_numerator(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nucomp_hash(VALUE self)
+st_index_t
+rb_complex_hash(VALUE self)
 {
     st_index_t v, h[2];
     VALUE n;
@@ -1217,7 +1340,13 @@ nucomp_hash(VALUE self)
     n = rb_hash(dat->imag);
     h[1] = NUM2LONG(n);
     v = rb_memhash(h, sizeof(h));
-    return LONG2FIX(v);
+    return v;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+nucomp_hash(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ST2FIX(rb_complex_hash(self));
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -1320,34 +1449,26 @@ nucomp_inspect(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    cmp.finite?  ->  true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if +cmp+'s magnitude is finite number,
- * oterwise returns +false+.
+ * Returns +true+ if +cmp+'s real and imaginary parts are both finite numbers,
+ * otherwise returns +false+.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_complex_finite_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE magnitude = nucomp_abs(self);
+    get_dat1(self);
 
-    if (FINITE_TYPE_P(magnitude)) {
+    if (f_finite_p(dat->real) && f_finite_p(dat->imag)) {
 	return Qtrue;
     }
-    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(magnitude)) {
-	const double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(magnitude);
-	return isinf(f) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
-    }
-    else {
-	return rb_funcall(magnitude, id_finite_p, 0);
-    }
+    return Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    cmp.infinite?  ->  nil or 1 or -1
- *
- * Returns values corresponding to the value of +cmp+'s magnitude:
+ *    cmp.infinite?  ->  nil or 1
  *
- * +finite+::    +nil+
- * ++Infinity+:: ++1+
+ * Returns +1+ if +cmp+'s real or imaginary part is an infinite number,
+ * otherwise returns +nil+.
  *
  *  For example:
  *
@@ -1357,21 +1478,12 @@ rb_complex_finite_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 rb_complex_infinite_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE magnitude = nucomp_abs(self);
+    get_dat1(self);
 
-    if (FINITE_TYPE_P(magnitude)) {
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(magnitude)) {
-	const double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(magnitude);
-	if (isinf(f)) {
-	    return INT2FIX(f < 0 ? -1 : 1);
-	}
+    if (NIL_P(f_infinite_p(dat->real)) && NIL_P(f_infinite_p(dat->imag))) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
-    else {
-	return rb_funcall(magnitude, id_infinite_p, 0);
-    }
+    return ONE;
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -1389,6 +1501,7 @@ nucomp_loader(VALUE self, VALUE a)
 
     RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(dat, rb_ivar_get(a, id_i_real));
     RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(dat, rb_ivar_get(a, id_i_imag));
+    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(self);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1432,12 +1545,18 @@ rb_complex_new(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_complex_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+rb_complex_new_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     return f_complex_polar(rb_cComplex, x, y);
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_complex_polar(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return rb_complex_new_polar(x, y);
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_Complex(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     VALUE a[2];
@@ -1446,24 +1565,17 @@ rb_Complex(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nucomp_s_convert(2, a, rb_cComplex);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Creates a Complex object.
+ *
+ * \param real    real part value
+ * \param imag    imaginary part value
+ * \return        a new Complex object
+ */
 VALUE
-rb_complex_set_real(VALUE cmp, VALUE r)
-{
-    RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(cmp, r);
-    return cmp;
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_complex_set_imag(VALUE cmp, VALUE i)
-{
-    RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(cmp, i);
-    return cmp;
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_complex_abs(VALUE cmp)
+rb_dbl_complex_new(double real, double imag)
 {
-    return nucomp_abs(cmp);
+    return rb_complex_raw(DBL2NUM(real), DBL2NUM(imag));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1555,7 +1667,7 @@ nucomp_rationalize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 
     if (!k_exact_zero_p(dat->imag)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Rational",
@@ -1603,8 +1715,6 @@ numeric_to_c(VALUE self)
     return rb_complex_new1(self);
 }
 
-#include <ctype.h>
-
 inline static int
 issign(int c)
 {
@@ -1801,7 +1911,7 @@ read_comp(const char **s, int strict,
 	    return 0; /* e.g. "1@-" */
 	}
 	num2 = str2num(bb);
-	*ret = rb_complex_polar(num, num2);
+	*ret = rb_complex_new_polar(num, num2);
 	if (!st)
 	    return 0; /* e.g. "1@2." */
 	else
@@ -1844,8 +1954,7 @@ skip_ws(const char **s)
 }
 
 static int
-parse_comp(const char *s, int strict,
-	   VALUE *num)
+parse_comp(const char *s, int strict, VALUE *num)
 {
     char *buf, *b;
     VALUE tmp;
@@ -1856,14 +1965,14 @@ parse_comp(const char *s, int strict,
 
     skip_ws(&s);
     if (!read_comp(&s, strict, num, &b)) {
-	ret = 0;
+        ret = 0;
     }
     else {
-	skip_ws(&s);
+        skip_ws(&s);
 
-	if (strict)
-	    if (*s != '\0')
-		ret = 0;
+        if (strict)
+            if (*s != '\0')
+                ret = 0;
     }
     ALLOCV_END(tmp);
 
@@ -1871,7 +1980,7 @@ parse_comp(const char *s, int strict,
 }
 
 static VALUE
-string_to_c_strict(VALUE self)
+string_to_c_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
 {
     char *s;
     VALUE num;
@@ -1880,8 +1989,10 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self)
 
     s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
 
-    if (!s || memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(self)))
+    if (!s || memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(self))) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string contains null byte");
+    }
 
     if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
 	rb_str_modify(self);
@@ -1893,6 +2004,7 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self)
 	s = (char *)"";
 
     if (!parse_comp(s, 1, &num)) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for convert(): %+"PRIsVALUE,
 		 self);
     }
@@ -1948,28 +2060,29 @@ string_to_c(VALUE self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+to_complex(VALUE val)
 {
-    VALUE a1, a2, backref;
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &a1, &a2);
+    return rb_convert_type(val, T_COMPLEX, "Complex", "to_c");
+}
 
-    if (NIL_P(a1) || (argc == 2 && NIL_P(a2)))
+static VALUE
+nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(a1) || NIL_P(a2)) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Complex");
-
-    backref = rb_backref_get();
-    rb_match_busy(backref);
+    }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_STRING)) {
-	a1 = string_to_c_strict(a1);
+	a1 = string_to_c_strict(a1, raise);
+        if (NIL_P(a1)) return Qnil;
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_STRING)) {
-	a2 = string_to_c_strict(a2);
+	a2 = string_to_c_strict(a2, raise);
+        if (NIL_P(a2)) return Qnil;
     }
 
-    rb_backref_set(backref);
-
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
 	{
 	    get_dat1(a1);
@@ -1989,16 +2102,19 @@ nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	if (argc == 1 || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
+	if (a2 == Qundef || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
 	    return a1;
     }
 
-    if (argc == 1) {
+    if (a2 == Qundef) {
 	if (k_numeric_p(a1) && !f_real_p(a1))
 	    return a1;
 	/* should raise exception for consistency */
-	if (!k_numeric_p(a1))
-	    return rb_convert_type(a1, T_COMPLEX, "Complex", "to_c");
+	if (!k_numeric_p(a1)) {
+            if (!raise)
+                return rb_protect(to_complex, a1, NULL);
+	    return to_complex(a1);
+        }
     }
     else {
 	if ((k_numeric_p(a1) && k_numeric_p(a2)) &&
@@ -2009,13 +2125,35 @@ nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
+        int argc;
 	VALUE argv2[2];
 	argv2[0] = a1;
-	argv2[1] = a2;
+        if (a2 == Qundef) {
+            argv2[1] = Qnil;
+            argc = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!raise && !RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a2) && !RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a2) && !RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_RATIONAL))
+                return Qnil;
+            argv2[1] = a2;
+            argc = 2;
+        }
 	return nucomp_s_new(argc, argv2, klass);
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE a1, a2;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &a1, &a2) == 1) {
+        a2 = Qundef;
+    }
+
+    return nucomp_convert(klass, a1, a2, TRUE);
+}
+
 /* --- */
 
 /*
@@ -2184,41 +2322,24 @@ void
 Init_Complex(void)
 {
     VALUE compat;
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
-    assert(fprintf(stderr, "assert() is now active\n"));
-
-    id_abs = rb_intern("abs");
-    id_arg = rb_intern("arg");
-    id_denominator = rb_intern("denominator");
-    id_expt = rb_intern("**");
-    id_fdiv = rb_intern("fdiv");
-    id_negate = rb_intern("-@");
-    id_numerator = rb_intern("numerator");
-    id_quo = rb_intern("quo");
-    id_real_p = rb_intern("real?");
-    id_to_f = rb_intern("to_f");
-    id_to_i = rb_intern("to_i");
-    id_to_r = rb_intern("to_r");
-    id_i_real = rb_intern("@real");
-    id_i_imag = rb_intern("@image"); /* @image, not @imag */
-    id_finite_p = rb_intern("finite?");
-    id_infinite_p = rb_intern("infinite?");
-    id_rationalize = rb_intern("rationalize");
-    id_PI = rb_intern("PI");
+    id_abs = rb_intern_const("abs");
+    id_arg = rb_intern_const("arg");
+    id_denominator = rb_intern_const("denominator");
+    id_numerator = rb_intern_const("numerator");
+    id_real_p = rb_intern_const("real?");
+    id_i_real = rb_intern_const("@real");
+    id_i_imag = rb_intern_const("@image"); /* @image, not @imag */
+    id_finite_p = rb_intern_const("finite?");
+    id_infinite_p = rb_intern_const("infinite?");
+    id_rationalize = rb_intern_const("rationalize");
+    id_PI = rb_intern_const("PI");
 
     rb_cComplex = rb_define_class("Complex", rb_cNumeric);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cComplex, nucomp_s_alloc);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "allocate");
 
-#if 0
-    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "new!", nucomp_s_new_bang, -1);
-    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "new", nucomp_s_new, -1);
-#else
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "new");
-#endif
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cComplex, "rectangular", nucomp_s_new, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cComplex, "rect", nucomp_s_new, -1);
@@ -2226,9 +2347,8 @@ Init_Complex(void)
 
     rb_define_global_function("Complex", nucomp_f_complex, -1);
 
-    rb_undef_methods_from(rb_cComplex, rb_mComparable);
+    rb_undef_methods_from(rb_cComplex, RCLASS_ORIGIN(rb_mComparable));
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "%");
-    rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "<=>");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "div");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "divmod");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "floor");
@@ -2240,43 +2360,36 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "truncate");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cComplex, "i");
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "real", nucomp_real, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imaginary", nucomp_imag, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imag", nucomp_imag, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "real", rb_complex_real, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imaginary", rb_complex_imag, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "imag", rb_complex_imag, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-@", nucomp_negate, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-@", rb_complex_uminus, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "+", rb_complex_plus, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-", nucomp_sub, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "*", nucomp_mul, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "/", nucomp_div, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "-", rb_complex_minus, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "*", rb_complex_mul, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "/", rb_complex_div, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "quo", nucomp_quo, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "fdiv", nucomp_fdiv, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "**", nucomp_expt, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "**", rb_complex_pow, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "==", nucomp_eqeq_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "<=>", nucomp_cmp, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "coerce", nucomp_coerce, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "abs", nucomp_abs, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "magnitude", nucomp_abs, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "abs", rb_complex_abs, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "magnitude", rb_complex_abs, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "abs2", nucomp_abs2, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "arg", nucomp_arg, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "angle", nucomp_arg, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "phase", nucomp_arg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "arg", rb_complex_arg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "angle", rb_complex_arg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "phase", rb_complex_arg, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "rectangular", nucomp_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "rect", nucomp_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "polar", nucomp_polar, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conjugate", nucomp_conj, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conj", nucomp_conj, 0);
-#if 0
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "~", nucomp_conj, 0); /* gcc */
-#endif
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conjugate", rb_complex_conjugate, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "conj", rb_complex_conjugate, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "real?", nucomp_false, 0);
-#if 0
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "complex?", nucomp_true, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "exact?", nucomp_exact_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "inexact?", nucomp_inexact_p, 0);
-#endif
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "numerator", nucomp_numerator, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "denominator", nucomp_denominator, 0);
@@ -2294,7 +2407,8 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cComplex, "infinite?", rb_complex_infinite_p, 0);
 
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cComplex, "marshal_dump", nucomp_marshal_dump, 0);
-    compat = rb_define_class_under(rb_cComplex, "compatible", rb_cObject); /* :nodoc: */
+    /* :nodoc: */
+    compat = rb_define_class_under(rb_cComplex, "compatible", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_private_method(compat, "marshal_load", nucomp_marshal_load, 1);
     rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_cComplex, compat, nucomp_dumper, nucomp_loader);
 
@@ -2337,11 +2451,9 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_cComplex, "I",
 		    f_complex_new_bang2(rb_cComplex, ZERO, ONE));
 
+#if !USE_FLONUM
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(RFLOAT_0 = DBL2NUM(0.0));
+#endif
+
     rb_provide("complex.so");	/* for backward compatibility */
 }
-
-/*
-Local variables:
-c-file-style: "ruby"
-End:
-*/
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49e0c79a4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -0,0 +1,4235 @@
+dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
+AC_INIT
+{
+AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR(tool)
+
+AC_PREREQ(2.67)
+
+tooldir="$srcdir/tool"
+
+AC_DISABLE_OPTION_CHECKING
+
+m4_include([tool/m4/_colorize_result_prepare.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ac_msg_result.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/colorize_result.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_append_option.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_append_options.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_builtin_func.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_builtin_setjmp.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_printf_prefix.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_setjmp.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_signedness.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_sizeof.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_check_sysconf.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_cppoutfile.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_decl_attribute.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_default_arch.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_define_if.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_defint.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_dtrace_available.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_dtrace_postprocess.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_func_attribute.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_mingw32.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_prepend_option.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_prog_gnu_ld.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_replace_funcs.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_replace_type.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_rm_recursive.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_setjmp_type.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_stack_grow_direction.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_try_cflags.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_try_cxxflags.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_try_ldflags.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_universal_arch.m4])
+m4_include([tool/m4/ruby_werror_flag.m4])
+
+AC_ARG_VAR([cflags], [additional CFLAGS (ignored when CFLAGS is given)])
+AC_ARG_VAR([cppflags], [additional CPPFLAGS (ignored when CPPFLAGS is given)])
+AC_ARG_VAR([cxxflags], [additional CXXFLAGS (ignored when CXXFLAGS is given)])
+
+: "environment section" && {
+HAVE_BASERUBY=yes
+BASERUBY_VERSION=
+AC_ARG_WITH(baseruby,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-baseruby=RUBY], [use RUBY as baseruby; RUBY is the pathname of ruby]),
+	[AS_CASE(["$withval"],
+	    [*ruby*],[BASERUBY=$withval],
+	    [no],[HAVE_BASERUBY=no],
+	    [AC_MSG_ERROR(need ruby)])
+	],
+	[
+		AC_PATH_PROG([BASERUBY], [ruby], [false])
+	])
+AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" != no -a "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems -e 'print 42 if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2"' 2>/dev/null`" = 42], [
+    BASERUBY="$BASERUBY --disable=gems"
+    BASERUBY_VERSION=`$BASERUBY -v`
+    $BASERUBY -C "$srcdir" tool/downloader.rb -d tool -e gnu config.guess config.sub >&AS_MESSAGE_FD
+], [
+    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
+    HAVE_BASERUBY=no
+])
+AC_SUBST(BASERUBY)
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_BASERUBY)
+
+: ${GIT=git}
+HAVE_GIT=yes
+AC_ARG_WITH(git,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--without-git], [never use git]),
+	[AS_CASE([$withval],
+	    [no],  [GIT=never-use HAVE_GIT=no],
+	    [yes], [],
+	    [GIT=$withval])])
+AS_IF([test x"$HAVE_GIT" = xyes], [command -v "$GIT" > /dev/null || HAVE_GIT=no])
+AC_SUBST(GIT)
+AC_SUBST(HAVE_GIT)
+
+eval `sed -n -e ['s/^@%:@define RUBY_[A-Z_]*VERSION_\([A-Z][A-Z][A-Z_0-9]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)$/\1=\2/p'] \
+      -e ['s/^@%:@define \(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL\) \(.*\)/\1=\2/p'] \
+     $srcdir/include/ruby/version.h $srcdir/version.h`
+for v in MAJOR MINOR TEENY; do
+    AS_IF([eval "test \"\$$v\" = ''"], [
+	AC_MSG_ERROR(could not determine $v number from version.h)
+    ])
+done
+AC_SUBST(MAJOR)
+AC_SUBST(MINOR)
+AC_SUBST(TEENY)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_API_VERSION, '$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)')
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION, '$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(TEENY)')
+
+AS_IF([test "$program_prefix" = NONE], [
+  program_prefix=
+])
+AS_IF([test "$prefix" -ef .], [
+  AC_MSG_ERROR(--prefix cannot be the current working directory.)
+])
+RUBY_BASE_NAME=`echo ruby | sed "$program_transform_name"`
+RUBYW_BASE_NAME=`echo rubyw | sed "$program_transform_name"`
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_BASE_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_VERSION_NAME, '${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${ruby_version}')
+
+dnl checks for alternative programs
+AC_CANONICAL_BUILD
+AC_CANONICAL_HOST
+AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
+AC_ARG_PROGRAM
+RUBY_RM_RECURSIVE
+AC_ARG_WITH(gcc,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gcc], [never use gcc]),
+	[
+	AS_CASE([$withval],
+	    [no],  [: ${CC=cc}],
+	    [yes], [: ${CC=gcc}],
+	           [CC=$withval])])
+dnl If the user switches compilers, we can't believe the cache
+AS_IF([test ! -z "$ac_cv_prog_CC" -a ! -z "$CC" -a "$CC" != "$ac_cv_prog_CC"], [
+  AC_MSG_ERROR(cached CC is different -- throw away $cache_file
+(it is also a good idea to do 'make clean' before compiling))
+])
+AS_CASE(["${build_os}"], [linux*|cygwin*], [
+    AC_CHECK_TOOLS([CC], [gcc clang cc])
+], [
+    # OpenBSD wants to prefer cc over gcc.
+    # See https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2443
+    AC_CHECK_TOOLS([CC], [cl.exe clang cc gcc c99 /usr/ucb/cc])
+])
+
+AC_ARG_VAR([AR],       [Archiver command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([AS],       [Assembler command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([CC],       [C compiler command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([CXX],      [C++ compiler command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([LD],       [Linker command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([NM],       [Symbol list command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([OBJCOPY],  [Objcopy command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([OBJDUMP],  [Objdump command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([RANLIB],   [Ranlib command])
+AC_ARG_VAR([STRIP],    [Strip command])
+
+# We don't want to bother things like `ccache gcc`, `clang -shared-libgcc`, ...
+set rb_dummy ${CC}
+rb_CC=$2
+AS_CASE(["/${rb_CC} "],
+[*@<:@\ /@:>@"cc "*], [
+    # Don't try g++/clang++ when CC=cc
+    AC_CHECK_TOOLS([CXX],    [cl.exe CC c++])
+],
+[*icc*],              [
+    # Intel C++ has interprocedural optimizations.  It tends to come with its
+    # own linker etc.
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/icc/xiar/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([CXX],     [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/icc/icpc/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([LD],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/icc/xild/`])
+],
+[*gcc*],              [
+    # Dito for GCC.
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([LD],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/ld/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/gcc-ar/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([CXX],     [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/g++/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([NM],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/gcc-nm/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([RANLIB],  [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/gcc/gcc-ranlib/`])
+],
+[*clang*],            [
+    # Dito for LLVM.  Note however that llvm-as is a LLVM-IR to LLVM bitcode
+    # assembler that does not target your machine native binary.
+    : ${LD:="${CC}"}         # ... try -fuse-ld=lld ?
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-ar/`])
+#   AC_CHECK_TOOL([AS],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-as/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([CXX],     [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/clang++/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([NM],      [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-nm/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([OBJCOPY], [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-objcopy/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([OBJDUMP], [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-objdump/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([RANLIB],  [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-ranlib/`])
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL([STRIP],   [`echo "${rb_CC}" | sed s/clang/llvm-strip/`])
+])
+AS_UNSET(rb_CC)
+AS_UNSET(rb_dummy)
+
+AS_CASE(["${build_os}"],
+[solaris*], [
+    AC_PATH_TOOL([LD], [ld], [/usr/ccs/bin/ld], [/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH])
+],
+[aix*], [
+    AC_PATH_TOOL([NM], [nm], [/usr/ccs/bin/nm], [/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH])
+])
+AS_CASE(["${target_os}"],
+[cygwin*|mingw*], [
+    ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_OBJCOPY=":"
+])
+
+rb_test_CFLAGS=${CFLAGS+yes}
+rb_test_CXXFLAGS=${CXXFLAGS+yes}
+
+# BSD's ports and MacPorts prefix GNU binutils with 'g'
+
+dnl Seems necessarily in order to add -std=gnu99 option for gcc 4.9.
+m4_version_prereq([2.70], [], [AC_PROG_CC_C99])
+
+AC_PROG_CXX
+AC_PROG_CPP
+AC_PROG_RANLIB
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([AR],      [gar ar])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([AS],      [gas as])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([LD],      [gld ld]) # ... try gold ?
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([NM],      [gnm nm])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([OBJCOPY], [gobjcopy objcopy])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([OBJDUMP], [gobjdump objdump])
+AC_CHECK_TOOLS([STRIP],   [gstrip strip], [:])
+
+AS_IF([test ! $rb_test_CFLAGS], [AS_UNSET(CFLAGS)]); AS_UNSET(rb_test_CFLAGS)
+AS_IF([test ! $rb_test_CXXFLAGS], [AS_UNSET(CXXFLAGS)]); AS_UNSET(rb_save_CXXFLAGS)
+
+AS_IF([test "${CXX}" = "g++" -a -z "${GXX}"], [
+    # AC_PROG_CXX sets $CXX to "g++" when it purposefully finds that there is
+    # _no_ g++.  This brain-damaged design must be worked around.  Thankfully,
+    # similar thing doesn't happen for AC_PROG_CC.
+    rb_there_is_in_fact_no_gplusplus_but_autoconf_is_cheating_us=true
+])
+
+test x"$target_alias" = x &&
+target_os=`echo $target_os | sed 's/linux-gnu$/linux/;s/linux-gnu/linux-/'`
+ac_install_sh='' # unusable for extension libraries.
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(os-version-style,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-os-version-style=TYPE],
+		       [OS version number for target and target_os [[full]]]
+		       [(full|teeny|minor+0|minor|major+0|major|none)]),
+	[os_version_style=$withval],
+	[os_version_style=full
+	    AS_CASE($target_os, [[*[0-9].*]],
+		[AS_CASE([`/usr/bin/ruby -e 'puts RUBY_PLATFORM' 2>/dev/null`],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].*.0]], [os_version_style=minor+0],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].*.*]], [os_version_style=full],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].0]  ], [os_version_style=major+0],
+		    [[*-*[0-9].*]  ], [os_version_style=minor],
+		    [[*-*[0-9]]    ], [os_version_style=major],
+		)])
+	])
+os_version_style_transform=
+AS_CASE("${os_version_style}",
+	[full|teeny], [],
+	[minor+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
+	[minor],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
+	[major+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
+	[major],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
+	[none],    [os_version_style_transform=['s/[0-9]*\.[0-9][.0-9]*$//']],
+	[AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown --with-os-version-style: $withval)])
+AS_IF([test -z "$target_alias" -a -n "$os_version_style_transform"],
+	[
+	target=`echo ${target} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
+	target_os=`echo ${target_os} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
+	])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(arch,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-arch=ARCHS],
+		       [build an Apple/NeXT Multi Architecture Binary (MAB);
+                          ARCHS is a comma-delimited list of architectures for
+                          which to build; if this option is disabled or omitted
+			  entirely, then the package will be built only for the
+			  target platform]),
+       [target_archs="$withval"], [unset target_archs])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(load-relative,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-load-relative], [resolve load paths at run time]),
+       [load_relative=$enableval])
+
+# checks for UNIX variants that set C preprocessor variables
+AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
+
+dnl Checks for programs.
+
+cflagspat=
+test -z "$optflags" ||
+    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${optflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
+test -z "$debugflags" ||
+    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${debugflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
+test -z "$warnflags" ||
+    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${warnflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
+AS_IF([test -z "${CFLAGS+set}"], [
+    cflags=`echo " $cflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
+    orig_cflags="$cflags"
+    cflags="$cflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
+])
+dnl AS_IF([test -z "${CXXFLAGS+set}"], [
+dnl     cxxflags=`echo " $cxxflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
+dnl     orig_cxxflags="$cxxflags"
+dnl     cxxflags="$cxxflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
+dnl ])
+
+AS_CASE(["$host_os:$build_os"],
+[darwin*:darwin*], [
+    # Following Apple deployed clang are broken
+    # clang version 1.0 (http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/cfe/tags/Apple/clang-23 exported)
+    # Apple clang version 2.0 (tags/Apple/clang-137) (based on LLVM 2.9svn)
+    # Apple clang version 2.1 (tags/Apple/clang-163.7.1) (based on LLVM 3.0svn)
+    AC_PREPROC_IFELSE(
+	[AC_LANG_PROGRAM([
+	    @%:@if defined __APPLE_CC__ && defined __clang_major__ && __clang_major__ < 3
+	    @%:@error premature clang
+	    @%:@endif
+	])],
+	[],
+	[AC_MSG_ERROR([clang version 3.0 or later is required])])
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[darwin*], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING(if minimum required OS X version is supported)
+    AC_PREPROC_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[@%:@include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
+	@%:@if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < __MAC_10_5
+	@%:@error pre OS X 10.5
+	[!<===== pre OS X 10.5 =====>]
+	@%:@endif
+	]])],
+	[macosx_min_required=yes],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([Unsupported OS X version is required])])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(${macosx_min_required})
+])
+
+RUBY_MINGW32
+AC_SUBST(GCC)
+AC_SUBST(LD)
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    linker_flag=-Wl,
+    : ${optflags=-O3}
+    gcc_major=`echo =__GNUC__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
+    gcc_minor=`echo =__GNUC_MINOR__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
+    test -n "$gcc_major" || gcc_major=0
+    test -n "$gcc_minor" || gcc_minor=0
+    icc_version=`echo =__ICC | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///;/^__ICC/d'`
+    test -n "$icc_version" || icc_version=0
+    # RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, ["-include ruby/config.h" "-include ruby/missing.h"])
+], [
+    linker_flag=
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes -a "$gcc_major" -lt 3 ], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([too old GCC])
+])
+
+RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD
+RUBY_CPPOUTFILE
+
+: ${OUTFLAG='-o '}
+: ${COUTFLAG=${OUTFLAG}}
+: ${CSRCFLAG=''}
+AC_SUBST(OUTFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(COUTFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(CSRCFLAG)
+
+: ${MJIT_CC=$CC}
+AS_IF([test "x$cross_compiling" = xno], [
+    AC_PATH_PROG([MJIT_CC], ${MJIT_CC})
+
+    # if $CC is in /usr/lib/ccache/$CC, search original $CC (disable ccache)
+    AS_IF([echo $RUBY_DEBUG | grep ci > /dev/null &&
+           echo $MJIT_CC | grep ^/usr/lib/ccache > /dev/null], [
+           PATH=`echo $PATH | sed "s/\/usr\/lib\/ccache://"` MJIT_CC=`which $CC`])
+
+    AS_CASE([$target_os],
+	[*mingw*], [command -v cygpath > /dev/null && MJIT_CC=`cygpath -ma $MJIT_CC`])
+    shift 2
+    MJIT_CC="$MJIT_CC${1+ }$*"
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$build_os"],
+  [darwin1*.*], [
+    # Xcode linker warns for deprecated architecture and wrongly
+    # installed TBD files.
+    CC_WRAPPER=""
+    echo 'int main(void) {return 0;}' > conftest.c
+    AS_IF([$CC -framework Foundation -o conftest conftest.c 2>&1 |
+	   grep '^ld: warning: text-based stub file' >/dev/null], [
+	CC_WRAPPER=`cd -P "${tooldir}" && pwd`/darwin-cc
+	CC="$CC_WRAPPER $CC"
+    ])
+    rm -fr conftest*
+  ])
+
+cc_version=
+for option in --version -v -V -qversion; do
+    cc_version_message=`$CC $option 2>&1`
+    cc_version_status=$?
+    AS_CASE($cc_version_status, [0], [:], [continue])
+    AS_CASE($cc_version_message, [*Warning*], [continue])
+    cc_version='$(CC) '$option
+    break
+done
+AC_SUBST(CC_VERSION, $cc_version)
+AC_SUBST(CC_VERSION_MESSAGE, $cc_version_message)
+
+: ${DLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"}
+
+RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH
+AS_IF([test "$target_cpu" != "$host_cpu" -a "$GCC" = yes -a "$cross_compiling" = no -a "${universal_binary:-no}" = no], [
+    RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH("$target_cpu")
+])
+host_os=$target_os
+host_vendor=$target_vendor
+host_cpu=$target_cpu
+host=$target
+host_alias=$target_alias
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for $AR flags], [rb_cv_arflags], [
+    AS_IF([$AR rcD conftest.a > /dev/null 2>&1 && rm conftest.a],
+	[rb_cv_arflags=rcD], [rb_cv_arflags=rcu])
+])
+AC_SUBST(ARFLAGS, ["$rb_cv_arflags "])
+AC_SUBST(ASFLAGS)
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[cygwin*|mingw*], [
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL(WINDRES, windres)
+    AC_CHECK_TOOL(DLLWRAP, dllwrap)
+    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
+    target_alias=`echo $target_alias | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
+    target_cpu=`echo $target_cpu | sed s/i.86/i386/`
+    AS_CASE(["$target"], [-*], [ target="$target_cpu${target}"])
+    AS_CASE(["$target_alias"], [-*], [ target_alias="$target_cpu${target_alias}"])
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [mingw*], [
+	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && unset rb_cv_msvcrt
+	AC_CACHE_CHECK(for mingw32 runtime DLL, rb_cv_msvcrt, [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <stdio.h>]],
+		    [[FILE* volatile f = stdin; return 0;]])],
+		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=`$OBJDUMP -p conftest$ac_exeext |
+				   tr A-Z a-z |
+				   sed -n '/^[[ 	]]*dll name: \(msvc.*\)\.dll$/{s//\1/p;q;}'`],
+		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
+	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
+	RT_VER=`echo "$rb_cv_msvcrt" | tr -cd [0-9]`
+	test "$RT_VER" = "" && RT_VER=60
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION, $RT_VER)
+	sysconfdir=
+    ])
+    : ${enable_shared=yes}
+    ],
+[hiuxmpp*], [AC_DEFINE(__HIUX_MPP__)])    # by TOYODA Eizi <toyoda@npd.kishou.go.jp>
+
+AC_PROG_LN_S
+AC_PROG_MAKE_SET
+AC_PROG_INSTALL
+AC_PROG_MKDIR_P
+AS_IF([test "x$MKDIR_P" = "x -d"], [
+  AS_IF([test x"$as_mkdir_p" != xfalse], [
+    MKDIR_P='mkdir -p'
+    echo "use 'mkdir -p' as MKDIR_P"
+  ], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([mkdir -p is required])
+  ])
+])
+MAKEDIRS="$MKDIR_P"
+AC_SUBST(MAKEDIRS)
+
+AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace])
+AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling:$ac_cv_prog_DTRACE" = no: -a -n "$ac_tool_prefix"], [
+    AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [dtrace], [dtrace])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOT, dot)
+AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOXYGEN, doxygen)
+
+for prog in ${ac_tool_prefix:+${ac_tool_prefix}pkg-config} pkg-config; do
+    AC_CHECK_PROG(PKG_CONFIG, $prog, [$prog], [], [],
+        [`"$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1 || echo "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"`])
+    test -z "${PKG_CONFIG}" || break
+done
+
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether it is Android])
+AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	@%:@ifdef __ANDROID__
+	@%:@error android
+	@%:@endif
+]], [[]])],
+[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
+[
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
+	target_os=${target_os}-android
+	AC_MSG_CHECKING([for Android API version])
+        # hacky workaround: https://github.com/termux/termux-packages/issues/6176
+        rb_android_api=`getprop ro.build.version.sdk`
+        AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_android_api)
+        RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D__ANDROID_API__=$rb_android_api -Wno-macro-redefined)
+])
+
+AC_SUBST(RM, ['rm -f'])
+AC_SUBST(CP, ['cp'])
+RMDIRS='$(top_srcdir)/tool/rmdirs'
+RMDIR=rmdir
+mkdir "rmdirs_$$_test" "rmdirs_$$_test/a"
+rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null &&
+RMDIR='rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty'
+$RMDIR -p "rmdirs_$$_test/a" 2>/dev/null &&
+{ test -d "rmdirs_$$_test" || RMDIRS="$RMDIR -p"; }
+rmdir "rmdirs_$$_test/a" "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null
+AC_SUBST(RMDIR)
+AC_SUBST(RMDIRS)
+AC_SUBST(RMALL, ['rm -fr'])
+
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([for cd using physical directory])
+rm -fr conf$$.dir
+mkdir conf$$.dir &&
+(cd conf$$.dir && mkdir src build && cd src &&
+$as_ln_s ../build . > /dev/null 2>&1 && cd build &&
+for chdir in 'cd -P' 'PWD= cd'; do
+    /bin/sh -c "$chdir ../src && echo '$chdir' > cdcmd" 2> /dev/null && break
+done)
+AS_IF([test -f conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd], [
+    read CHDIR < conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd 2> /dev/null
+], [
+    CHDIR=cd
+])
+rm -fr conf$$.dir
+AC_MSG_RESULT([$CHDIR])
+AC_SUBST(CHDIR)
+}
+
+: "compiler section" && {
+RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether CFLAGS is valid])
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
+	[
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"])
+	]
+    )
+
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether LDFLAGS is valid])
+    {
+	mkdir tmp.$$.try_link &&
+	cd tmp.$$.try_link &&
+	cp ../confdefs.h . &&
+	echo '<?xml?><plist><dict><key>CFBundleIdentifier</key><string></string></dict></plist>' > Info.plist &&
+	:
+    } || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to make temporary directory])
+    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
+	[
+	cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"])
+	]
+    )
+    cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
+])
+
+: ${RPATHFLAG=''}
+rpathflag=''
+AS_IF([test x"${RPATHFLAG}" = x], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[hpux*], [AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = no], [rpathflag='+b '])],
+	[aix*], [rpathflag='-blibpath:'],
+	[for rpathflag in -R "-rpath "; do
+	    AS_CASE("$rpathflag",
+		    [*" "], [AS_CASE(["${linker_flag}"],
+				     [*,], [rpathflag=`echo "$rpathflag" | tr ' ' ,`])])
+	    rpathflag="${linker_flag}${rpathflag}"
+	    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${rpathflag}.], [], [rpathflag=])
+	    AS_IF([test "x${rpathflag}" != x], [])
+        done])
+], [
+    rpathflag=`echo "$RPATHFLAG" | sed 's/%.*//'`
+])
+
+RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fdeclspec, [
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CC, -fdeclspec)
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(MJIT_CC, -fdeclspec)
+])
+RUBY_TRY_CXXFLAGS(-fdeclspec, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CXX, -fdeclspec)])
+
+AS_CASE([$RUBY_PATCHLEVEL], [-*],
+	[RUBY_DEVEL=yes], [RUBY_DEVEL=no])
+particular_werror_flags=$RUBY_DEVEL
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(werror,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-werror],
+		       [don't make warnings into errors
+		       even if a compiler support -Werror feature
+		       [[disabled by default unless development version]]]),
+	[particular_werror_flags=$enableval])
+
+rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
+AS_CASE(["$GCC:${warnflags+set}:${extra_warnflags:+set}:"],
+[yes::*|yes:*:set:], [# GCC && (!warnflags || extra_warnflags)
+    AS_IF([test $gcc_major -ge 4], [
+	extra_warnflags="$extra_warnflags -Werror=extra-tokens"
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test $gcc_major -ge 5 -a $gcc_major -le 6], [
+	extra_warnflags="$extra_warnflags -Wno-maybe-uninitialized"
+    ])
+    # ICC doesn't support -Werror=
+    AS_IF([test $icc_version -gt 0], [
+	particular_werror_flags=no
+    ])
+    for wflag in \
+		 -Werror=deprecated-declarations \
+		 -Werror=division-by-zero \
+		 -Werror=duplicated-cond \
+		 -Werror=implicit-function-declaration \
+		 -Werror=implicit-int \
+		 -Werror=misleading-indentation \
+		 -Werror=pointer-arith \
+		 -Werror=shorten-64-to-32 \
+		 -Werror=write-strings \
+		 -Wimplicit-fallthrough=0 \
+		 -Wmissing-noreturn \
+		 -Wno-cast-function-type \
+		 -Wno-constant-logical-operand \
+		 -Wno-long-long \
+		 -Wno-missing-field-initializers \
+		 -Wno-overlength-strings \
+		 -Wno-packed-bitfield-compat \
+		 -Wno-parentheses-equality \
+		 -Wno-self-assign \
+		 -Wno-tautological-compare \
+		 -Wno-unused-parameter \
+		 -Wno-unused-value \
+		 -Wsuggest-attribute=format \
+		 -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn \
+		 -Wunused-variable \
+		 -diag-disable=175,188,1684,2259,2312 \
+		 $extra_warnflags \
+		 ; do
+	AS_IF([test "$particular_werror_flags" != yes], [
+	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/;s/^x//'`
+	])
+	ok=no
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
+	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
+	    ok=yes
+	])
+	AS_CASE([$ok:$wflag], [no:-Werror=*], [
+	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/'`
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
+		particular_werror_flags=no
+	    ])
+	])
+    done
+    AS_CASE([" $warnflags "],[*" -Wno-missing-field-initializers "*], [wflag="-Wall -Wextra"],
+                             [wflag=-Wall])
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [warnflags="$wflag${warnflags+ $warnflags}"])
+    # Disable warnflags while conftest. -Werror=* flags might make bad OS capability guess.
+    rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
+    warnflags=
+])
+RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-Qunused-arguments, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(rb_cv_wsuppress_flags, -Qunused-arguments)])
+AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
+    AC_LANG_PROGRAM([
+@%:@if !(defined(__SUNPRO_C)||defined(__SUNPRO_CC))
+@%:@error not sunpro
+@%:@endif],[])], [
+    for e in \
+        E_STATEMENT_NOT_REACHED \
+        E_INIT_SIGN_EXTEND \
+        E_INIT_DOES_NOT_FIT \
+        E_INITIALIZATION_TYPE_MISMATCH
+    do
+        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([-erroff=${e}], [
+            RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(rb_cv_warnflags, [-erroff=${e}])
+        ])
+    done
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(compress-debug-sections,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-compress-debug-sections=type],
+	    [enable debug section compression]),
+	[compress_debug_sections=$withval], [compress_debug_sections=])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    # -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE
+    # When defined _FORTIFY_SOURCE, glibc enables some additional sanity
+    # argument check. The performance drop is very little and Ubuntu enables
+    # _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 by default. So, let's support it for protecting us from
+    # a mistake of silly C extensions.
+
+    # TODO: check if link succeeds with _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2.
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [mingw*], [
+	fortify_source=no
+    ])
+    AC_ARG_ENABLE(fortify_source,
+		  AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-fortify-source],
+				 [disable -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 option, which causes link error on mingw]),
+		  [fortify_source=$enableval])
+    AS_IF([test "x$fortify_source" != xno], [
+        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([$optflags -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2], [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)], [],
+                        [@%:@include <stdio.h>])
+    ])
+
+    : ${MJIT_HEADER_FLAGS='-P -dD'}
+
+    # -fstack-protector
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [mingw*|haiku*], [
+	stack_protector=no
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test -z "${stack_protector+set}"], [
+	AS_FOR(option, opt, [-fstack-protector-strong -fstack-protector], [
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(option, [stack_protector=yes])
+	    AS_IF([test "x$stack_protector" = xyes], [
+		RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(option, [], [stack_protector=])
+	    ])
+	    AS_IF([test "x$stack_protector" = xyes], [stack_protector=option; break])
+	])
+    ])
+    AS_CASE(["$stack_protector"], [-*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, $stack_protector)
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $stack_protector)
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LDFLAGS, $stack_protector)
+    ])
+
+    AS_CASE("${compress_debug_sections:-zlib}",
+    [none|no], [], [
+    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(${linker_flag}--compress-debug-sections=${compress_debug_sections:-zlib},
+		     [compress_debug_sections=${compress_debug_sections:-zlib}],
+		     [compress_debug_sections=no])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "x$compress_debug_sections" != xno], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(DLDFLAGS, ${linker_flag}--compress-debug-sections=$compress_debug_sections)
+    ])
+
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*], [
+      # On  Windows  platforms,   system  provided  headers  are  VC++
+      # optimized.  That  is, C++  habits are often  contaminated into
+      # various  headers.  Most frequent  situation is  the use  of //
+      # comments.   We  bypass  ANSI   C  mode  for  them.   Otherwise
+      # extension libs cannot include those headers.
+
+      # Since math.h in some mingw64 wrongly declares frexp and modf
+      # to be pure, the variables pointed by the second arguments are
+      # considered uninitialized unexpectedly.
+      AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether frexp and modf are broken],
+	rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf,
+	[
+	  save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
+	  AS_IF([test "$particular_werror_flags" = "yes"], [
+	    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Werror=uninitialized"
+	  ], [
+	    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Werror -Wuninitialized"
+	  ])
+	  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <math.h>
+	    int foo(double x)
+	    {
+	      int exp;
+	      frexp(x, &exp);
+	      return exp;
+	    }]], [[if (foo(0.0)) return 1;]])],
+	    [rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf=no],
+	    [rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf=yes])
+	  CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
+	])
+      AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_MINGW64_BROKEN_FREXP_MODF)
+      ])
+    ],
+    [cygwin*|darwin*|netbsd*], [
+      # need lgamma_r(), finite()
+    ])
+
+    # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [solaris*], [
+      # Because "-std=gnu99" affects existence of functions on Solaris,
+      # "-std=gnu99" will be appended to CPPFLAGS.
+	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, ${ansi_options})
+	    ], [ansi_options=])
+	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
+	done
+    ],
+    [
+      # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
+      rb_tmp_std_check=`echo $CC $CFLAGS $optflags $warnflags $debugflags | fgrep std= | tr -d  '\015'`
+      AS_IF([test "x$rb_tmp_std_check" = "x"],
+      [
+	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
+	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, ${ansi_options})
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(strict_warnflags, ${ansi_options})
+	    ], [ansi_options=])
+	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
+	done
+      ])
+    ])
+
+    # suppress annoying -Wstrict-overflow warnings
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-strict-overflow, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fno-strict-overflow)])
+
+    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb3, [debugflags=-ggdb3])}
+    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb, [debugflags=-ggdb])}
+    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-g3, [debugflags=-g3])}
+])
+test $ac_cv_prog_cc_g = yes && : ${debugflags=-g}
+AS_IF([test "x$RUBY_DEVEL" = xyes], [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_DEVEL=1)])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = ""], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[warnflags="$warnflags -qinfo=por" rb_cv_warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags -qinfo=por"])
+])
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    AS_IF([test "$gcc_major" -ge 4], [
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fvisibility=hidden, [visibility_option=yes], [visibility_option=no])
+    ])
+    AC_SUBST(WERRORFLAG, "-Werror")
+    AS_IF([test "$visibility_option" = yes], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fvisibility=hidden)
+	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN, [_Pragma("GCC visibility push(default)")])
+	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END,   [_Pragma("GCC visibility pop")])
+    ], [
+	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*], [visibility_option=ld], [visibility_option=no])
+    ])
+    test "$visibility_option" = no || OBJCOPY=:
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    # optflags
+
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [mingw*], [
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-omit-frame-pointer, [optflags="${optflags+$optflags }-fno-omit-frame-pointer"])
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-static-libgcc, [static_libgcc=yes], [static_libgcc=no])
+	AS_IF([test "$static_libgcc" = yes], [
+	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, -static-libgcc)
+	])
+    ])
+
+    # disable fast-math
+    for oflag in -fno-fast-math; do
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($oflag, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, $oflag)])
+    done
+    for oflag in -fexcess-precision=standard -fp-model\ precise; do
+	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($oflag, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, $oflag)])
+    done
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"], [[i[3-6]86*]], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync_val_compare_and_swap], [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas], [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned long atomic_var;]],
+	    [[__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);]])],
+	    [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=yes],
+	    [
+	    save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -march=i486"
+	    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned long atomic_var;]],
+		[[__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);]])],
+		[rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=i486],
+		[rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=no])
+	    CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
+	    ])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas" = i486], [ARCH_FLAG="-march=i486"])
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(opt-dir,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-opt-dir=DIR-LIST],
+		       [add optional headers and libraries directories separated by $PATH_SEPARATOR]),
+	[
+		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -I\1/include|g;s/^ //"`
+		CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $val"
+		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -L\1/lib${rpathflag:+ $rpathflag\\\\1/lib}|g;s/^ //"`
+		LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $val"
+		LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
+		OPT_DIR="$withval"
+	], [OPT_DIR=])
+
+test -z "${ac_env_CFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cflags+set}" && eval CFLAGS="\"$cflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
+test -z "${ac_env_CXXFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cxxflags+set}" && eval CXXFLAGS="\"$cxxflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
+}
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether compiler has statement and declarations in expressions],
+  rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]],[[ __extension__ ({ int a = 0; a; }); ]])],
+  [rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr=yes],
+  [rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr=no])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have_stmt_and_decl_in_expr" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR)
+])
+
+: "header and library section" && {
+AC_ARG_WITH(winnt-ver,
+  AS_HELP_STRING([--with-winnt-ver=0xXXXX], [target Windows NT version (default to 0x0600)]),
+  [with_winnt_ver="$withval"], [with_winnt_ver="0x0600"])
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[mingw*], [
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D_WIN32_WINNT=$with_winnt_ver)
+  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D__MINGW_USE_VC2005_COMPAT)
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[freebsd*], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread should be enabled by default],
+    rb_cv_enable_pthread_default,
+    [AC_PREPROC_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <osreldate.h>
+#if __FreeBSD_version < 502102
+#error pthread should be disabled on this platform
+#endif
+      ]])],
+      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=yes,
+      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=no)])
+  enable_pthread=$rb_cv_enable_pthread_default
+  ],
+[mingw*], [
+  enable_pthread=no
+  ],
+[
+  enable_pthread=yes
+  ])
+
+dnl Checks for libraries.
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[*bsd*|dragonfly*],[],[ac_cv_func_daemon=no])
+
+AS_UNSET(ORIG_LIBS)
+POSTLINK=:
+AC_SUBST(POSTLINK)
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[nextstep*], [	],
+[openstep*], [	],
+[rhapsody*], [	],
+[darwin*], [
+		ORIG_LIBS="$LIBS"
+		RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION(LIBS, -lobjc)
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_C_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT -D_REENTRANT)
+		AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether syscall(2) is deprecated], rb_cv_syscall_deprecated,
+		    [RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+			AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <unistd.h>]],
+							   [[if (syscall(0)) return 1;]])],
+			    [rb_cv_syscall_deprecated=no],
+			    [rb_cv_syscall_deprecated=yes])])])
+		AS_IF([test $rb_cv_syscall_deprecated = yes], [
+		    ac_cv_func___syscall=no
+		    ac_cv_func_syscall=no
+		    ac_cv_header_sys_syscall_h=no
+		    ac_cv_header_syscall_h=no
+		])
+		ac_cv_func_getcontext=no
+		ac_cv_func_setcontext=no
+		incs=`$CC -v -E -xc - < /dev/null 2>&1 | sed ['1,/^@%:@include </d;s/^ *//;s|[^./][^/]*/\.\./||g;/\/include$/!d;s||/lib|;/\/usr\/lib/d']`
+		for d in `$CC -print-search-dirs | sed -e '/^libraries: */!d;s///' | tr : '\012' | fgrep -v /../ | sed -n 's|^\(/.*/lib\)/$|\1|p'`; do
+		    incs=`echo "$incs" | fgrep -v "$d"`
+		done
+		for d in $incs; do
+		    test -d "$d" && RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LDFLAGS, "-L$d")
+		done
+		ac_cv_type_getgroups=gid_t # getgroups() on Rosetta fills garbage
+		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
+		ac_cv_func_fdatasync=no # Mac OS X wrongly reports it has fdatasync()
+		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
+		AS_IF([test $gcc_major -lt 4 -o \( $gcc_major -eq 4 -a $gcc_minor -lt 3 \)], [
+		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		])
+		with_setjmp_type=sigsetjmp # to hijack SIGCHLD handler
+		AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken crypt with 8bit chars, rb_cv_broken_crypt,
+		    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void
+broken_crypt(const char *salt, const char *buf1, const char *buf2)
+{
+#if 0
+    printf("%.2x%.2x: %s -> %s\n", (unsigned char)salt[0], (unsigned char)salt[1],
+	   buf1+2, buf2+2);
+#endif
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+    int i;
+    char salt[2], buf[256], *s;
+    for (i = 0; i < 128*128; i++) {
+	salt[0] = 0x80 | (i & 0x7f);
+	salt[1] = 0x80 | (i >> 7);
+	strcpy(buf, crypt("", salt));
+	if (strcmp(buf, s = crypt("", salt))) {
+	    broken_crypt(salt, buf, s);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    }
+    salt[0] = salt[1] = ' ';
+    strcpy(buf, crypt("", salt));
+    salt[0] = salt[1] = 0x80 | ' ';
+    if (strcmp(buf, s = crypt("", salt))) {
+	broken_crypt(salt, buf, s);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+]])],
+		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=no,
+		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes,
+		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes)])
+		AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_broken_crypt" = yes], [
+		   AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CRYPT, 1)
+		])
+		POSTLINK=""
+		AC_CHECK_PROGS(codesign, codesign)
+		AC_CHECK_PROGS(dsymutil, dsymutil)
+		AS_IF([test -n "$codesign"], [
+		    POSTLINK="{ test -z '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' || $codesign -s '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' -f \$@; }${POSTLINK:+; $POSTLINK}"
+		])
+		AS_IF([test -n "$dsymutil"], [
+		    POSTLINK="$dsymutil \$@${POSTLINK:+; $POSTLINK}"
+		])
+		AS_IF([test -n "${POSTLINK}"], [
+		    LINK_SO="$LINK_SO
+\$(POSTLINK)"
+		])
+		AC_CHECK_HEADERS(crt_externs.h, [], [], [
+		    #include <crt_externs.h>
+		])
+		],
+[hpux*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_c_inline=no],
+[solaris*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
+		AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether _XOPEN_SOURCE is already given)
+		AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <unistd.h>
+			#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
+			#error _XOPEN_SOURCE is not defined
+			#endif
+			]], [[]])],
+		        [given_xopen_source=yes], [given_xopen_source=no])
+		AC_MSG_RESULT($given_xopen_source)
+		AS_IF([test $given_xopen_source = no], [
+		  AC_MSG_CHECKING(appropriate _XOPEN_SOURCE value to define)
+		  define_xopen_source=""
+		  for tmp_xpg in 7 6 5; do
+		    AS_IF([test x"$define_xopen_source" != x], [
+		      break
+		    ])
+		    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+			#define _XOPEN_SOURCE ${tmp_xpg}00
+			#include <unistd.h>
+			#ifndef _XPG${tmp_xpg}
+			#error _XPG${tmp_xpg} should be defined by _XOPEN_SOURCE=${tmp_xpg}00
+			#endif
+			]], [[]])],
+			[define_xopen_source=${tmp_xpg}00], [])
+			])
+		  done
+		  AS_IF([test x"$define_xopen_source" = x], [
+		    define_xopen_source=no
+		  ])
+		  AC_MSG_RESULT($define_xopen_source)
+		  AS_IF([test x"$define_xopen_source" != xno], [
+		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=$define_xopen_source)
+		    # _XOPEN_SOURCE should not be defined for C++ on Solaris.
+		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CXXFLAGS, -U_XOPEN_SOURCE)
+		  ])
+		])
+		],
+[haiku*], [
+		LIBS="$LIBS" # m lib is include in root
+		],
+[cygwin*], [	ac_cv_header_langinfo_h=yes
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_GNU_SOURCE)
+		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cygwin_conv_path)
+		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
+		],
+[mingw*], [	LIBS="-lshell32 -lws2_32 -liphlpapi -limagehlp -lshlwapi $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_header_a_out_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_pwd_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_utime_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_ioctl_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_param_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_select_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_time_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_times_h=no
+		ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no
+		ac_cv_func_lstat=yes
+		ac_cv_func_times=yes
+		ac_cv_func_waitpid=yes
+		ac_cv_func_fsync=yes
+		ac_cv_func_seekdir=yes
+		ac_cv_func_telldir=yes
+		ac_cv_func_lchown=yes
+		ac_cv_func_link=yes
+		ac_cv_func_readlink=yes
+		ac_cv_func_symlink=yes
+		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
+		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=no
+		ac_cv_func_memcmp_working=yes
+		ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen=no
+		rb_cv_binary_elf=no
+		rb_cv_negative_time_t=no
+		ac_cv_func_fcntl=yes
+		ac_cv_func_flock=yes
+		ac_cv_func_gmtime_r=yes
+		rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes
+		ac_cv_type_struct_timeval=yes
+                ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
+                ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
+		ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=no
+		ac_cv_type_off_t=yes
+		ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8
+		AS_IF([test "$target_cpu" = x64], [
+		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=yes
+		    ac_cv_func_round=no
+		    rb_cv_coroutine=yes
+		])
+		ac_cv_func_tgamma=no
+		rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes
+		AC_CHECK_TYPE([NET_LUID], [], [],
+			      [@%:@include <winsock2.h>
+			      @%:@include <iphlpapi.h>])
+		AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_type_NET_LUID" = xyes], [
+		    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TYPE_NET_LUID, 1)
+		])
+		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_gmtime64_s)
+		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_wfreopen_s)
+		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
+		],
+[bsdi*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
+		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
+                ac_cv_sizeof_rlim_t=8],
+[freebsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_func_getpeername=no
+		ac_cv_func_getsockname=no
+		ac_cv_func_shutdown=no
+		ac_cv_func_close=no
+		],
+[netbsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		],
+[dragonfly*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		],
+[aix*],[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		ac_cv_func_round=no
+		ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		],
+[linux*],[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
+		# __builtin_longjmp in ppc64* Linux does not restore
+		# the TOC register (r2), which is problematic
+		# when a global exit happens from JITted .so code.
+		AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"], [powerpc64*], [
+			ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		])
+		# With gcc-8's -fcf-protection, MJIT's __builtin_longjmp fails.
+		AS_CASE(["$CC $CFLAGS "], [*" -fcf-protection "*], [cf_protection=yes], [cf_protection=no])
+		AS_IF([test "$cf_protection" = yes], [
+			ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
+		])
+		],
+[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"])
+: ${ORIG_LIBS=$LIBS}
+
+AS_IF([test -n "${rb_there_is_in_fact_no_gplusplus_but_autoconf_is_cheating_us}"], [
+    AC_MSG_NOTICE([Test skipped due to lack of a C++ compiler.])
+],
+[test -n "${CXX}"], [
+    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether CXXFLAGS is valid])
+        AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
+        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <cstdio>]], [[]])],
+	    [AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],[
+            AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
+            # The message mentions CXXFLAGS, but CPPFLAGS might also affects.
+            AC_MSG_WARN([something wrong with CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"])
+            CXX=false
+        ])
+        AC_LANG_POP(C++)
+    ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_LIB(crypt, crypt)      # glibc (GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd, GNU/kFreeBSD)
+AC_CHECK_LIB(dl, dlopen)	# Dynamic linking for SunOS/Solaris and SYSV
+AC_CHECK_LIB(dld, shl_load)	# Dynamic linking for HP-UX
+AC_CHECK_LIB(socket, shutdown)  # SunOS/Solaris
+
+dnl Checks for header files.
+AC_HEADER_DIRENT
+dnl AC_HEADER_STDC has been checked in AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
+AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
+AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
+
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(a.out.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(atomic.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(copyfile.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(direct.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(grp.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(fcntl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(float.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ieeefp.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(intrinsics.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(langinfo.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(limits.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(locale.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc/malloc.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc_np.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(net/socket.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(process.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pwd.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sanitizer/asan_interface.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sanitizer/msan_interface.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(setjmpex.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdalign.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/attr.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/eventfd.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/fcntl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/file.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/id.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/ioctl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/mkdev.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/param.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/prctl.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/resource.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/select.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/sendfile.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/socket.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/syscall.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/sysmacros.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/time.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/times.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/uio.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/utime.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(syscall.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(time.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ucontext.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h)
+AS_CASE("$target_cpu", [x64|x86_64|i[3-6]86*], [
+  AC_CHECK_HEADERS(x86intrin.h)
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
+  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
+    [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
+  [],
+  [with_gmp=yes])
+AS_IF([test "x$with_gmp" != xno],
+  [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(gmp.h)
+   AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_gmp_h" != xno],
+     AC_SEARCH_LIBS([__gmpz_init], [gmp],
+       [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBGMP, 1)]))])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH([jemalloc],
+  [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-jemalloc],[use jemalloc allocator])],
+  [with_jemalloc=$withval], [with_jemalloc=no])
+AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xno],[
+  AC_SEARCH_LIBS([malloc_conf], [jemalloc],
+    [
+      AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBJEMALLOC, 1)
+      with_jemalloc=yes
+    ],
+    [test x$with_jemalloc = xyes && with_jemalloc=no])
+  AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc/jemalloc.h, [
+    AC_DEFINE(RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER, [<jemalloc/jemalloc.h>])
+  ],
+  [test x$with_jemalloc = xyes && with_jemalloc=no])
+  AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xyes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for jemalloc with JEMALLOC_MANGLE], rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle,
+      [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([@%:@define JEMALLOC_MANGLE 1
+      @%:@ifdef RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
+      @%:@include RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
+      @%:@else
+      @%:@include <jemalloc.h>
+      @%:@endif], [return !&malloc_conf])],
+      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=yes],
+      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=no])
+    ])
+  ])
+  AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle" = xyes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(JEMALLOC_MANGLE)
+    with_jemalloc=yes
+  ])
+  AS_CASE(["$with_jemalloc"],
+    [yes],
+    [
+      AC_DEFINE(HAVE_MALLOC_CONF)
+      ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=yes
+    ],
+    [no],
+    [AC_MSG_ERROR([jemalloc requested but not found])
+  ])
+])
+
+dnl check for large file stuff
+mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
+: > confdefs.h
+AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
+# On 32-bit Solaris, it is safe to define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
+# which is not added by AC_SYS_LARGEFILE.
+AS_IF([test x"$enable_largefile" != xno], [
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [solaris*], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([wheather _LARGEFILE_SOURCE should be defined])
+    AS_CASE(["${ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits}:${ac_cv_sys_large_files}"],
+      ["64:"|"64:no"|"64:unknown"], [
+	# insert _LARGEFILE_SOURCE before _FILE_OFFSET_BITS line
+	# that is the same order as "getconf LFS_CFLAGS" output
+	mv confdefs.h largefile0.h
+	: > confdefs.h
+	AC_DEFINE(_LARGEFILE_SOURCE)
+	cat largefile0.h >> confdefs.h
+	rm largefile0.h
+	AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
+      ], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
+  ])
+])
+mv confdefs.h largefile.h
+mv confdefs1.h confdefs.h
+cat largefile.h >> confdefs.h
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [aix*], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu:$ac_cv_sys_large_files"],
+	[ppc64:*|powerpc64:*], [],
+	[*:no|*:unknown], [],
+	[
+	    # AIX currently does not support a 32-bit call to posix_fadvise()
+	    # if _LARGE_FILES is defined.
+	    ac_cv_func_posix_fadvise=no
+	])
+    ])
+
+AC_C_BIGENDIAN
+AC_C_CONST
+AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
+AC_C_INLINE
+AC_C_VOLATILE
+AC_C_TYPEOF
+AC_C_RESTRICT
+
+AS_CASE(":$ac_cv_c_const:$ac_cv_c_volatile:",
+    [*:no:*], [AC_MSG_ERROR(ANSI C-conforming const and volatile are mandatory)])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([long long, off_t])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([char bit], [rb_cv_char_bit],
+    [test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=yes
+    AC_COMPUTE_INT([rb_cv_char_bit], [CHAR_BIT],
+	[AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <limits.h>])], [rb_cv_char_bit=8])
+    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=$real_cross_compiling])
+
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(int, [], [ILP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(short)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long, [int], [ILP LP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long long)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(__int64, [8], [ILP LP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(__int128, [16], [ILP LP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(off_t)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(void*, [int long "long long"], [ILP LP LLP])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(float)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(double)
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(time_t, [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(clock_t, [], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(packed struct attribute, rb_cv_packed_struct,
+    [rb_cv_packed_struct=no
+    for mac in \
+	"__pragma(pack(push, 1)) x __pragma(pack(pop))" \
+	"x __attribute__((packed))" \
+	; do
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@define PACKED_STRUCT(x) $mac
+			PACKED_STRUCT(struct { int a; });]], [[]])],
+		[rb_cv_packed_struct=$mac; break])
+    done])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_packed_struct" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], [$rb_cv_packed_struct])
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-Wno-address-of-packed-member, [AC_DEFINE(USE_UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS)])
+], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], x)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(long long, ll I64, LL)
+], [test "x$ac_cv_type___int64" = xyes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(__int64, ll I64, LL)
+])
+
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(pid_t, int, PIDT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(uid_t, int, UIDT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(gid_t, int, GIDT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(time_t, [], TIMET, [@%:@include <time.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(dev_t, [int long "long long"], DEVT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(mode_t, ["unsigned short" "unsigned int" long], MODET, [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(rlim_t, [int long "long long"], RLIM, [
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+@%:@include <sys/types.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@include <sys/resource.h>
+])
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(off_t, [], OFFT)
+RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(clockid_t, [], CLOCKID, [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+# __VA_ARGS__ is also tested in AC_PROG_CC_C99 since autoconf 2.60a (around
+# 2006). The check below is redundant and should always success.  Remain not
+# deleted for backward compat.
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for variable length macro, rb_cv_va_args_macro,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+int foo(const char*);
+@%:@define FOO(...) foo(@%:@__VA_ARGS__)
+]], [[FOO(1);FOO(1,2);FOO(1,2,3);]])],
+  rb_cv_va_args_macro=yes,
+  rb_cv_va_args_macro=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_va_args_macro" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
+])
+
+# We want C11's  `_Alignof`.  GCC (and alike) have  `__alignof__`, which behave
+# slightly differently  than the  C11's.  We cannot  use `__alignof__`  for our
+# purpose.   The problem  is, however,  that  old gcc  and old  clang had  both
+# implemented `_Alignof` as  a synonym of `__alignof__`.  They are  not what we
+# want.  We have to check sanity.
+#
+# See also: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=52023
+# See also: https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=26547
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([if _Alignof() works], rb_cv_have__alignof,[
+    rb_cv_have__alignof=no
+    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+            @%:@ifdef HAVE_STDALIGN_H
+            @%:@include <stdalign.h>
+            @%:@endif
+            @%:@ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+            @%:@include <stddef.h>
+            @%:@endif
+            @%:@ifndef __GNUC__
+            @%:@define __extension__
+            @%:@endif
+        ]], [[
+            typedef struct conftest_tag {
+                char _;
+                double d;
+            } T;
+            static int conftest_ary@<:@
+                offsetof(T, d) == __extension__ _Alignof(double)
+                ? 1 : -1
+            @:>@;
+            return conftest_ary@<:@0@:>@;
+        ]])],[
+            rb_cv_have__alignof=yes
+        ],[])
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have__alignof" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE__ALIGNOF)
+])
+
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__const__, CONSTFUNC)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__pure__, PUREFUNC)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__noreturn__, NORETURN)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__deprecated__, DEPRECATED)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__deprecated__("by "@%:@n), DEPRECATED_BY(n,x), rb_cv_func_deprecated_by)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__noinline__, NOINLINE)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__always_inline__, ALWAYS_INLINE)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__no_sanitize__(san), NO_SANITIZE(san, x), rb_cv_func_no_sanitize)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__no_sanitize_address__, NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__no_address_safety_analysis__, NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__warn_unused_result__, WARN_UNUSED_RESULT)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__unused__, MAYBE_UNUSED)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__error__ mesg, ERRORFUNC(mesg,x), rb_cv_func___error__)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__warning__ mesg, WARNINGFUNC(mesg,x), rb_cv_func___warning__)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__weak__, WEAK, rb_cv_func_weak)
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_func_weak" != x], [
+   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_FUNC_WEAK)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __attribute__((__depreacted__(msg))) in C++],
+  rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround,
+  RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+    AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
+      [AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
+        [],
+        [__attribute__((__deprecated__("message"))) int conftest(...);])],
+      [rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround=yes],
+      [rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround=no])
+    AC_LANG_POP()]))
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_CentOS6_CXX_workaround" != no],[
+  AC_DEFINE([RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED(msg)],
+    [__attribute__((__deprecated__(msg)))])])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for std::nullptr_t], rb_cv_CXX_nullptr, [
+  AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])
+  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
+    [AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
+      [@%:@include <cstddef>],
+      [static std::nullptr_t const *const conftest = nullptr;])],
+    [rb_cv_CXX_nullptr=yes],
+    [rb_cv_CXX_nullptr=no])
+  AC_LANG_POP()])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_CXX_nullptr" != no],[AC_DEFINE(HAVE_NULLPTR)])
+
+if_i386=${universal_binary+[defined __i386__]}
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__stdcall__,  FUNC_STDCALL,  rb_cv_func_stdcall,  ${if_i386})
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__cdecl__,    FUNC_CDECL,    rb_cv_func_cdecl,    ${if_i386})
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__fastcall__, FUNC_FASTCALL, rb_cv_func_fastcall, ${if_i386})
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__optimize__("O0"), FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED, rb_cv_func_unoptimized)
+RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__optimize__("-Os","-fomit-frame-pointer"), FUNC_MINIMIZED, rb_cv_func_minimized)
+
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for function alias], [rb_cv_gcc_function_alias],
+	[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=no
+	for a in alias weak,alias; do
+	    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[void foo(void) {}
+		void bar(void) __attribute__(($a("foo")));]], [[bar()]])],
+		[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=$a; break])
+	done])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_function_alias" != no], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_FUNCTION_ALIAS)
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(type, prot, name, args)],
+			   [type prot __attribute__(($rb_cv_gcc_function_alias(@%:@name)));])
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID(prot, name, args)],
+			   [RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(void, prot, name, args)])
+    ])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __atomic builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins], [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned int atomic_var;]],
+		    [[
+			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_fetch_add(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_fetch_sub(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+			__atomic_or_fetch(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
+		    ]])],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=yes],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=no])])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
+    ])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins], [
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[unsigned int atomic_var;]],
+		    [[
+			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 0);
+			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_fetch_and_add(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_fetch_and_sub(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_or_and_fetch(&atomic_var, 1);
+			__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
+		    ]])],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=yes],
+		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=no])])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
+    ])
+])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_unreachable, rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable,
+    [RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
+    [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[volatile int zero;]],
+	[[if (zero) __builtin_unreachable();]])],
+	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=yes],
+	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=no])
+    ])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UNREACHABLE, [__builtin_unreachable()])
+    ])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for exported function attribute, rb_cv_func_exported, [
+rb_cv_func_exported=no
+RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+for mac in '__attribute__ ((__visibility__("default")))' '__declspec(dllexport)'; do
+  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@define RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED $mac extern
+    RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void conftest_attribute_check(void);]], [[]])],
+    [rb_cv_func_exported="$mac"; break])
+done
+])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_func_exported" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED, [$rb_cv_func_exported extern])
+])
+RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE([__nonnull__(n)], [RUBY_FUNC_NONNULL(n,x)], [rb_cv_func_nonnull],
+                    [], [function], [
+@%:@define x int conftest_attribute_check(void *p)
+@%:@define n 1
+])
+
+RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_EXPORT)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(mathn,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-mathn], [enable canonicalization for mathn]),
+    [AC_MSG_ERROR([mathn support has been dropped])])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for function name string predefined identifier,
+    rb_cv_function_name_string,
+    [AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[openbsd*],[
+      rb_cv_function_name_string=__func__
+     ],[
+     rb_cv_function_name_string=no
+      RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        for func in __func__ __FUNCTION__; do
+            AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <stdio.h>]],
+			 		    [[puts($func);]])],
+            [rb_cv_function_name_string=$func
+            break])
+        done
+      ])])]
+)
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_function_name_string" != no], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, [$rb_cv_function_name_string])
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(if enum over int is allowed, rb_cv_enum_over_int, [
+    rb_cv_enum_over_int=no
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes], [
+	type="unsigned long long" max="ULLONG_MAX"
+    ], [
+	type="unsigned long" max="ULONG_MAX"
+    ])
+    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
+        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
+            AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
+                    @%:@include <limits.h>
+                    enum {conftest_max = $max};
+                ], [
+                    (conftest_max == $max) &&
+                    (sizeof(conftest_max) == sizeof($type))
+                ]
+	    )],
+	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=yes],
+	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=no]
+	)
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test $rb_cv_enum_over_int = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(ENUM_OVER_INT, 1)
+])
+
+dnl Check whether we need to define sys_nerr locally
+AC_CHECK_DECLS([sys_nerr], [], [], [$ac_includes_default
+@%:@include <errno.h>])
+
+AC_CHECK_DECLS([getenv])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
+[alpha*|sh4|sh4el|sh4eb], [AS_CASE(["$target_os"::"$GCC"],
+		[*::yes],  # gcc
+			[CFLAGS="-mieee $CFLAGS"],
+		[osf*],    # ccc
+			[CFLAGS="-ieee $CFLAGS"],
+		)],
+[sparc*], [AC_LIBOBJ([sparc])])
+
+ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=no}
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_header_net_socket_h" = yes], [
+    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no}
+], [
+    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=yes}
+])
+
+
+AC_TYPE_SIZE_T
+RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS(size_t, [AC_MSG_ERROR(size_t is signed)], [],
+		      [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(size_t, [int long void*], [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(ptrdiff_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <stddef.h>])
+RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(size_t, z)
+RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(ptrdiff_t, t)
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blksize])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blocks])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_rdev])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_size], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" = yes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_blocks], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+])
+RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_ino], [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atim])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimespec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimensec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtim])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimespec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimensec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctim])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimespec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimensec])
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_birthtimespec])
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_birthtimespec" != xyes],
+    [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct statx.stx_btime])])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timeval], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+AS_IF([test "${ac_cv_type_struct_timeval}" = yes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct timeval.tv_sec], [time_t long "long long"], [],
+		      [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+    AS_CASE(${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_timeval_tv_sec},
+	    [SIZEOF_INT], [t=int],
+	    [SIZEOF_LONG], [t=long],
+	    [SIZEOF_LONG_LONG], [t=LONG_LONG],
+	    [t=])
+    AS_IF([test "${t}" != ""], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(TYPEOF_TIMEVAL_TV_SEC, [$t])
+    ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timespec], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timezone], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <time.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
+@%:@endif])
+
+AC_CACHE_VAL([rb_cv_large_fd_select],
+    [AC_CHECK_TYPE(fd_mask, [rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes], [rb_cv_large_fd_select=no], [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([])
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
+@%:@ include <sys/select.h>
+@%:@endif])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_large_fd_select" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT, 1)
+])
+
+RUBY_DEFINT(int8_t, 1)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint8_t, 1, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int16_t, 2)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint16_t, 2, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int32_t, 4)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint32_t, 4, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int64_t, 8)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint64_t, 8, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(int128_t, 16)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uint128_t, 16, unsigned)
+RUBY_DEFINT(intptr_t, void*)
+RUBY_DEFINT(uintptr_t, void*, unsigned)
+AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_type_intptr_t" != xno], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(intptr_t, '' ll I64 l, PTR)
+])
+RUBY_DEFINT(ssize_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])	dnl may differ from int, so not use AC_TYPE_SSIZE_T.
+AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_type_int64_t" != xno], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(int64_t, ll I64 l, 64)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for stack end address, rb_cv_stack_end_address,
+[rb_cv_stack_end_address=no
+  AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
+      [[extern void *__libc_stack_end;]],
+      [[if (!__libc_stack_end) return 1;]])],
+    [rb_cv_stack_end_address="__libc_stack_end"])
+])
+AS_IF([test $rb_cv_stack_end_address != no], [
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_END_ADDRESS, $rb_cv_stack_end_address)
+])
+
+dnl Checks for library functions.
+AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
+AS_CASE(["${target_cpu}-${target_os}:${target_archs}"],
+[powerpc-darwin*], [
+  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
+  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
+  AC_DEFINE(C_ALLOCA)
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(alloca, alloca)
+  ],
+[universal-darwin*:*ppc*], [
+  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
+  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], C_ALLOCA, 1)
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], alloca, alloca)
+  ],
+[
+  AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
+  ])
+AS_IF([test "x$ALLOCA" = "x"], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for dynamic size alloca], rb_cv_dynamic_alloca, [
+    for chk in ok __chkstk; do
+	AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
+	    @%:@include <alloca.h>
+	    @%:@endif
+	    void $chk() {}
+	    int dynamic_alloca_test;
+	    int dynamic_alloca_result;]],
+	    [[dynamic_alloca_result = alloca(dynamic_alloca_test) != 0;]])],
+	    [rb_cv_dynamic_alloca=$chk; break])
+    done])
+    AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca" = "x__chkstk"], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ALLOCA_CHKSTK, _$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca)
+	AS_CASE("$target_cpu",
+	[x64|x86_64], [
+	    AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}x86_64-chkstk.${ac_objext}])
+	],)
+    ])
+])
+AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[freebsd*],[
+	 AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CLOSE)
+	 AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(close)
+	 ])
+
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(acosh)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(cbrt)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(crypt)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(dup2)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(erf)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(explicit_bzero)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(ffs)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(flock)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(hypot)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(lgamma_r)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(memmove)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(nan)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(nextafter)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(setproctitle)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strchr)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strerror)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcat)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcpy)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strstr)
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(tgamma)
+
+RUBY_REPLACE_FUNC([finite], [@%:@include <math.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_FUNC([isinf], [@%:@include <math.h>])
+RUBY_REPLACE_FUNC([isnan], [@%:@include <math.h>])
+
+# for missing/setproctitle.c
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[aix* | k*bsd*-gnu | kopensolaris*-gnu | linux* | darwin*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_REUSEARGV)],
+[hpux*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_PSTAT) ],
+[])
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/pstat.h)
+
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for signbit, rb_cv_have_signbit,
+  [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+#include <math.h>
+]], [[int v = signbit(-0.0);]])],
+	rb_cv_have_signbit=yes,
+	rb_cv_have_signbit=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have_signbit" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SIGNBIT)
+], [
+  AC_LIBOBJ([signbit])
+])
+
+AC_FUNC_FORK
+
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__syscall)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_longjmp)		# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
+# we don't use _setjmp if _longjmp doesn't exist.
+test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(arc4random_buf)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(atan2l atan2f)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chroot)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chsize)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_gettime)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(copy_file_range)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cosh)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(crypt_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(daemon)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dirfd)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dl_iterate_phdr)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dlopen)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dladdr)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup3)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(eaccess)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(endgrent)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(eventfd)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(explicit_memset)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fcopyfile)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchmod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchown)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fcntl)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fdatasync)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fdopendir)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fgetattrlist)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fmod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fstatat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fsync)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate64)		# used for Win32 platform
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getattrlist)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcwd)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgidx)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgroups)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getlogin)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getlogin_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgrp)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpriority)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwnam)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwnam_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwuid_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getrandom)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getrlimit)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getsid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gettimeofday)		# for making ac_cv_func_gettimeofday
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getuidx)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gmtime_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(grantpt)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(initgroups)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ioctl)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(isfinite)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(issetugid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(killpg)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchmod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchown)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(link)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(llabs)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lockf)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(log2)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lstat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lutimes)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_usable_size)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_size)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mblen)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memalign)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memset_s)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(writev)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memrchr)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memmem)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mkfifo)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mknod)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mktime)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(openat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pipe2)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(poll)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_fadvise)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_memalign)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ppoll)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pread)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pwrite)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(qsort_r)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(qsort_s)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(readlink)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(realpath)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(round)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_getaffinity)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seekdir)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(select_large_fdset)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sendfile)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setegid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setenv)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seteuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgroups)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgrp)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setregid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setreuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrgid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrlimit)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setruid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setsid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setuid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(shutdown)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaction)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaltstack)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigprocmask)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sinh)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(spawnv)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(symlink)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(syscall)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sysconf)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(tanh)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(telldir)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(timegm)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(times)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate64)		# used for Win32
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(unsetenv)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimensat)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimes)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(wait4)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(waitpid)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__cospi)
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__sinpi)
+
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_member_struct_statx_stx_btime" = xyes],
+    [AC_CHECK_FUNCS(statx)])
+
+AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_func_memset_s:$ac_cv_func_qsort_s"], [*yes*],
+    [RUBY_DEFINE_IF([!defined __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], [__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], 1)])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_getcwd" = yes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(if getcwd allocates buffer if NULL is given, [rb_cv_getcwd_malloc],
+	[AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+@%:@include <stddef.h>
+@%:@include <stdio.h>
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+@%:@include <unistd.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
+@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+@%:@endif
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    if (!getcwd(NULL, 0)) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+]])],
+	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes,
+	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no,
+	    AS_CASE($target_os,
+		[linux*|darwin*|*bsd|cygwin*|mingw*|mswin*],
+		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes],
+		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no]))])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_getcwd_malloc" = no], [AC_DEFINE(NO_GETCWD_MALLOC, 1)])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_crypt_r" = yes],
+    [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(crypt.h)])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_crypt_r:$ac_cv_header_crypt_h" = yes:yes],
+    [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct crypt_data.initialized], [], [],
+		      [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <crypt.h>])])])
+
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_alloca_with_align, [__builtin_alloca_with_align(1, 4096)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_assume_aligned, [__builtin_assume_aligned((void*)32, 32)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap16, [__builtin_bswap16(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap32, [__builtin_bswap32(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap64, [__builtin_bswap64(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_popcount, [__builtin_popcount(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_popcountll, [__builtin_popcountll(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clz, [__builtin_clz(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzl, [__builtin_clzl(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzll, [__builtin_clzll(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_ctz, [__builtin_ctz(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_ctzll, [__builtin_ctzll(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_add_overflow, [int x;__builtin_add_overflow(0,0,&x)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_sub_overflow, [int x;__builtin_sub_overflow(0,0,&x)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_mul_overflow, [int x;__builtin_mul_overflow(0,0,&x)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_mul_overflow_p, [__builtin_mul_overflow_p(0,0,(int)0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_constant_p, [__builtin_constant_p(0)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr, [
+    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(1, 1, -1))]];
+    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(0, -1, 1))]];
+    ])
+AS_IF([test x$rb_cv_builtin___builtin_choose_expr = xyes], [
+    RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr_constant_p, [
+    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(1), 1, -1))]];
+    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(foo), -1, 1))]];
+    ])
+])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_types_compatible_p, [__builtin_types_compatible_p(int, int)])
+RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_trap, [__builtin_trap()])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_qsort_r" != no], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is GNU version, rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+@%:@include <stdlib.h>
+void (qsort_r)(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+	    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *, void *),
+	    void *arg);
+]], [[ ]])],
+      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=yes],
+      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=no])
+  ])
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is BSD version, rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+@%:@include <stdlib.h>
+void (qsort_r)(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+	     void *arg, int (*compar)(void *, const void *, const void *));
+]], [[ ]])],
+      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=yes],
+      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=no])
+  ])
+  AS_CASE("$rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r:$rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r",
+  [yes:no], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GNU_QSORT_R, 1)
+  ],
+  [no:yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_BSD_QSORT_R, 1)
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether atan2 handles Inf as C99, rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99, [
+    AS_IF([test $ac_cv_func_atan2f:$ac_cv_func_atan2l = yes:yes], [
+	AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+@%:@include <math.h>
+@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+@%:@include <unistd.h>
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+@%:@endif
+@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
+@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+@%:@endif
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    if (fabs(atan2(INFINITY, INFINITY) - M_PI_4) <= 0.01) return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+]])],
+	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes],
+	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no],
+	[AS_CASE($target_os, [mingw*|mswin*], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes])]
+	)
+    ], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no])
+])
+AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99" = xyes], [AC_DEFINE(ATAN2_INF_C99)])
+
+# Some platform need -lrt for clock_gettime, but the other don't.
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_func_clock_gettime" != xyes], [
+    # glibc 2.17 moves clock_* functions from librt to the main C library.
+    # http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-announce/2012/msg00001.html
+    AC_CHECK_LIB(rt, clock_gettime)
+    AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_clock_gettime" = xyes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME, 1)
+    ])
+])
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_getres) # clock_getres should be tested after clock_gettime test including librt test.
+AC_CHECK_LIB([rt], [timer_create])
+AC_CHECK_LIB([rt], [timer_settime])
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_timer_create" = xyes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TIMER_CREATE, 1)
+])
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_timer_settime" = xyes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TIMER_SETTIME, 1)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for unsetenv returns a value, rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+]], [[int v = unsetenv("foo");]])],
+	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=yes,
+	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value" = no], [
+  AC_DEFINE(VOID_UNSETENV)
+])
+
+# End of setjmp check.
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(setreuid,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-setreuid], [use setreuid()/setregid() according to need even if obsolete]),
+       [use_setreuid=$enableval])
+AS_IF([test "$use_setreuid" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREUID)
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREGID)
+])
+AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for struct tm.tm_gmtoff, rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff,
+  [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+@%:@define _BSD_SOURCE
+@%:@define _DEFAULT_SOURCE
+@%:@include <time.h>
+    ]],
+    [[struct tm t; t.tm_gmtoff = 3600;]])],
+  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=yes],
+  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=no])])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_GMTOFF)
+])
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for external int daylight, rb_cv_have_daylight,
+  [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <time.h>
+  int i;]],
+	[[i = daylight;]])],
+	rb_cv_have_daylight=yes,
+	rb_cv_have_daylight=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_have_daylight" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DAYLIGHT)
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for negative time_t for gmtime(3), rb_cv_negative_time_t,
+  [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+void
+check(tm, y, m, d, h, s)
+    struct tm *tm;
+    int y, m, d, h, s;
+{
+    if (!tm ||
+	tm->tm_year != y ||
+	tm->tm_mon  != m-1 ||
+	tm->tm_mday != d ||
+	tm->tm_hour != h ||
+	tm->tm_sec  != s) {
+	exit(1);
+    }
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+   time_t t = -1;
+   struct tm *tm;
+
+   check(gmtime(&t), 69, 12, 31, 23, 59);
+   t = ~(time_t)0 << 31;
+   check(gmtime(&t), 1, 12, 13, 20, 52);
+   return 0;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes,
+	rb_cv_negative_time_t=no,
+	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_negative_time_t" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(NEGATIVE_TIME_T)
+])
+
+# [ruby-dev:40910] overflow of time on FreeBSD
+# http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=145341
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(for localtime(3) overflow correctly, rb_cv_localtime_overflow,
+  [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+void
+check(time_t t1)
+{
+    struct tm *tm;
+    time_t t2;
+    tm = localtime(&t1);
+    if (!tm)
+	return; /* overflow detected.  ok. */
+    t2 = mktime(tm);
+    if (t1 == t2)
+        return; /* round-trip.  ok. */
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+    time_t t;
+    if (~(time_t)0 <= 0) {
+        t = (((time_t)1) << (sizeof(time_t) * 8 - 2));
+        t |= t - 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        t = ~(time_t)0;
+    }
+    check(t);
+    return 0;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=yes,
+	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no,
+	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_localtime_overflow" = no], [
+  AC_DEFINE(LOCALTIME_OVERFLOW_PROBLEM)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_sigprocmask" = yes && test "$ac_cv_func_sigaction" = yes], [
+   AC_DEFINE(POSIX_SIGNAL)
+], [
+  AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigsetmask)
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for BSD signal semantics, rb_cv_bsd_signal,
+    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+void
+sig_handler(dummy)
+     int dummy;
+{
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+  signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
+  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
+  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
+  return 0;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_bsd_signal=yes,
+	rb_cv_bsd_signal=no,
+	rb_cv_bsd_signal=$ac_cv_func_sigsetmask)])
+  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_bsd_signal" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(BSD_SIGNAL)
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_TYPES([sig_t],[],[],[@%:@include <signal.h>])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_getpgid" = no], [
+  # AC_FUNC_GETPGRP fails when cross-compiling with old autoconf.
+  # autoconf is changed between 2.52d and 2.52f?
+  # http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnu-utils/2001-09/msg00181.html
+  # "autoconf cleanup for AC_FUNC_GETPGRP and GETPGRP_VOID"
+AC_FUNC_GETPGRP
+])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_setpgid:$ac_cv_func_setpgrp" = no:yes], [
+  # AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails when cross-compiling.  (until autoconf 2.69?)
+  # https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-autoconf/2013-02/msg00002.html
+  # "AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails to work properly when cross-compiling"
+AC_FUNC_SETPGRP
+])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_func_dirfd" = xno], [
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[solaris*],
+          [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([DIR.d_fd, DIR.dd_fd],,,[
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+])])
+])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether right shift preserve sign bit, rb_cv_rshift_sign,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([], [(-1==(-1>>1))])],
+	rb_cv_rshift_sign=yes,
+	rb_cv_rshift_sign=no)])
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_rshift_sign" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), ((x)>>(int)(y)))
+], [
+  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), (((x)<0) ? ~((~(x))>>(int)(y)) : (x)>>(int)(y)))
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_copy_file_range" = no], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK([for copy_file_range],
+    rb_cv_use_copy_file_range,
+    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifndef O_TMPFILE
+  #define O_TMPFILE __O_TMPFILE
+#endif
+
+int
+main()
+{
+#ifdef __NR_copy_file_range
+   int ret, fd_in, fd_out;
+   fd_in = open("/tmp", O_TMPFILE|O_RDWR, S_IRUSR);
+   fd_out = open("/tmp", O_TMPFILE|O_WRONLY, S_IWUSR);
+   ret = syscall(__NR_copy_file_range, fd_in, NULL, fd_out, NULL, 0, 0);
+   close(fd_in);
+   close(fd_out);
+   if (ret == -1) { return 1; }
+   return 0;
+#else
+   return 1;
+#endif
+}
+  ]])],
+    [rb_cv_use_copy_file_range=yes],
+    [rb_cv_use_copy_file_range=no],
+    [rb_cv_use_copy_file_range=no])])
+])
+AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_func_copy_file_range:$rb_cv_use_copy_file_range"], [*yes*], [
+  AC_DEFINE(USE_COPY_FILE_RANGE)
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_func_gettimeofday:$ac_cv_func_clock_gettime"],
+[*yes*], [],
+[
+    AC_MSG_ERROR(clock_gettime() or gettimeofday() must exist)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_sysconf" = yes], [
+  RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF(CLK_TCK)
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ], [
+    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
+    save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
+    save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" new_ldflags=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
+    stack_dir=
+    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
+	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
+	LDFLAGS="$new_ldflags -arch $archs"
+	RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($archs, dir)
+	AS_IF([test x$stack_dir = x], [
+	    stack_dir=$dir
+	], [test x$stack_dir != x$dir], [
+	    stack_dir=no
+	])
+    done
+    CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS"
+    AS_IF([test x$stack_dir = xno], [
+	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
+	    eval dir=\$[rb_cv_stack_grow_dir_]AS_TR_SH([$archs])
+	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__], STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
+	done
+    ], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $stack_dir)
+    ])
+], [
+    RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($target_cpu, dir)
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(coroutine,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-coroutine=IMPLEMENTATION], [specify the coroutine implementation to use]),
+    [rb_cv_coroutine=$withval])
+AS_CASE([$rb_cv_coroutine], [yes|''], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING(native coroutine implementation for ${target_cpu}-${target_os})
+    rb_cv_coroutine=
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
+        [x*64-darwin*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=amd64
+        ],
+        [arm64-darwin*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=arm64
+        ],
+        [x*64-linux*], [
+            AS_CASE(["$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp"],
+                [8], [ rb_cv_coroutine=amd64 ],
+                [4], [ rb_cv_coroutine=x86 ],
+                dnl unknown pointer size, bail out as no Context.h soon.
+            )
+        ],
+        [*86-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=x86
+        ],
+        [x64-mingw32], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=win64
+        ],
+        [*86-mingw32], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=win32
+        ],
+        [arm*-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=arm32
+        ],
+        [aarch64-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=arm64
+        ],
+        [powerpc64le-linux*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=ppc64le
+        ],
+        [x86_64-openbsd*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=amd64
+        ],
+        [i386-openbsd*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=x86
+        ],
+        [*-openbsd*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=copy
+        ],
+        [*-haiku*], [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=copy
+        ],
+        [
+            rb_cv_coroutine=ucontext
+        ]
+    )
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(${rb_cv_coroutine})
+])
+COROUTINE_H=coroutine/$rb_cv_coroutine/Context.h
+AS_IF([test ! -f "$srcdir/$COROUTINE_H"],
+      [AC_MSG_ERROR('$rb_cv_coroutine' is not supported as coroutine)])
+AS_CASE([$rb_cv_coroutine],
+    [copy|ucontext], [
+        COROUTINE_SRC=coroutine/$rb_cv_coroutine/Context.c
+    ],
+    [
+        COROUTINE_SRC=coroutine/$rb_cv_coroutine/Context.'$(ASMEXT)'
+    ]
+)
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(COROUTINE_H, ["$COROUTINE_H"])
+AC_SUBST(X_COROUTINE_H, [$COROUTINE_H])
+AC_SUBST(X_COROUTINE_SRC, [$COROUTINE_SRC])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$enable_pthread" = xyes], [
+    for pthread_lib in thr pthread pthreads c c_r root; do
+	AC_CHECK_LIB($pthread_lib, pthread_create,
+		     rb_with_pthread=yes, rb_with_pthread=no)
+	AS_IF([test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"], [break])
+    done
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes], [
+	AC_DEFINE(_REENTRANT)
+	AC_DEFINE(_THREAD_SAFE)
+	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBPTHREAD)
+	AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread_np.h, [], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
+	AS_CASE(["$pthread_lib:$target_os"],
+		[c:*], [],
+		[root:*], [],
+		[c_r:*|*:openbsd*|*:mirbsd*],  [LIBS="-pthread $LIBS"],
+		[LIBS="-l$pthread_lib $LIBS"])
+    ], [
+	AC_MSG_WARN("Don't know how to find pthread library on your system -- thread support disabled")
+    ])
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread_t is scalar type], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t], [
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	    @%:@include <pthread.h>
+	    ]], [[
+	    pthread_t thread_id;
+	    thread_id = 0;
+	    if (!thread_id) return 0;
+	    ]])],[rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=yes],[rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=no])
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t" = xyes], [
+	: # RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(pthread_t, [void* int long], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
+    ], [
+	AC_DEFINE(NON_SCALAR_THREAD_ID)
+    ])
+    AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_yield pthread_attr_setinheritsched \
+	pthread_attr_get_np pthread_attr_getstack pthread_attr_getguardsize \
+	pthread_get_stackaddr_np pthread_get_stacksize_np \
+	thr_stksegment pthread_stackseg_np pthread_getthrds_np \
+	pthread_condattr_setclock \
+	pthread_sigmask pthread_setname_np pthread_set_name_np)
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[ac_cv_func_pthread_getattr_np=no],[AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_getattr_np)])
+    set_current_thread_name=
+    AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_setname_np" = yes], [
+	AC_CACHE_CHECK([arguments of pthread_setname_np], [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments],
+	    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments=
+	    # Linux,AIX,  (pthread_self(), name)
+	    # NetBSD (pthread_self(), \"%s\", name)
+	    # Darwin (name)
+	    for mac in \
+		"(pthread_self(), name)" \
+		"(pthread_self(), \"%s\", name)" \
+		"(name)" \
+		; do
+		AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+		    @%:@include <pthread.h>
+		    @%:@ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_NP_H
+		    @%:@include <pthread_np.h>
+		    @%:@endif
+		    @%:@define SET_THREAD_NAME(name) pthread_setname_np${mac}
+		    ]],
+		    [[if (SET_THREAD_NAME("conftest")) return 1;]])],
+		    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments="${mac}"
+		    break])
+	    done
+	    ]
+	)
+	AS_IF([test -n "${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"], [
+	    set_current_thread_name="pthread_setname_np${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"
+	])
+    ], [test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_set_name_np" = yes], [
+	set_current_thread_name="pthread_set_name_np(pthread_self(), name)"
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test -n "$set_current_thread_name"], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME(name), $set_current_thread_name)
+	AS_CASE([$set_current_thread_name],
+	    [*'pthread_self()'*], [
+		set_another_thread_name=`echo "$set_current_thread_name" | sed 's/pthread_self()/thid/'`
+		AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME(thid,name), $set_another_thread_name)
+	    ])
+    ])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xno], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if signal.h defines ucontext_t], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h],
+	[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <signal.h>]],
+					    [[size_t size = sizeof(ucontext_t);]])],
+	[rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=yes], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=no])])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes], [
+	    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UCONTEXT_IN_SIGNAL_H, 1)
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xyes -o x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if mcontext_t is a pointer], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr],
+	[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+	    @%:@include <signal.h>
+	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_UCONTEXT_H
+	    @%:@include <ucontext.h>
+	    @%:@endif
+        mcontext_t test(mcontext_t mc) {return mc+1;}
+	  ]],
+	  [[test(0);]])],
+	[rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=yes], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=no])])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr" = xyes], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t mc = (uc)->uc_mcontext)
+    ], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t *mc = &(uc)->uc_mcontext)
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcontext setcontext)
+    ])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_fork_works" = "yes" -a "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if fork works with pthread], rb_cv_fork_with_pthread,
+	[AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+#endif
+#ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
+#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+#endif
+
+void *
+thread_func(void *dmy)
+{
+    return dmy;
+}
+
+int
+use_threads(void)
+{
+    pthread_t tid;
+    if (pthread_create(&tid, 0, thread_func, 0) != 0) {
+	return -1;
+    }
+    if (pthread_join(tid, 0) != 0) {
+	return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    pid_t pid;
+    if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    pid = fork();
+
+    if (pid) {
+	int loc;
+	sleep(1);
+	if (waitpid(pid, &loc, WNOHANG) == 0) {
+	    kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+	}
+        if (!WIFEXITED(loc) || WEXITSTATUS(loc) != EXIT_SUCCESS)
+           return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    else {
+	if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}]])],
+	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes,
+	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=no,
+	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes)])
+    test x$rb_cv_fork_with_pthread = xyes || AC_DEFINE(CANNOT_FORK_WITH_PTHREAD)
+])
+}
+
+: "runtime section" && {
+dnl wheather use dln_a_out or not
+AC_ARG_WITH(dln-a-out,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-dln-a-out], [use dln_a_out if possible]),
+	[
+	AS_CASE([$withval],
+	[yes], [
+	    AS_IF([test "$enable_shared" = yes], [
+		AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out can not make shared library)
+	    ])
+	    with_dln_a_out=yes],
+	[
+	    with_dln_a_out=no])], [with_dln_a_out=no])
+
+AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
+[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],[
+AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
+[.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
+rb_cv_binary_elf=no)])
+
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+  AC_DEFINE(USE_ELF)
+  AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out does not work with ELF)
+  ])
+  AC_CHECK_HEADERS([elf.h elf_abi.h])
+  AS_IF([test $ac_cv_header_elf_h = yes -o $ac_cv_header_elf_abi_h = yes], [
+    AC_LIBOBJ([addr2line])
+    AC_CHECK_LIB([z], [uncompress])
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS([mach-o/loader.h])
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_header_mach_o_loader_h" = yes], [
+  AC_LIBOBJ([addr2line])
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu], [
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = no], [
+	with_dln_a_out=yes
+    ], [
+	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
+    ])])
+LIBEXT=a
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(mjit-tabs,
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--without-mjit-tabs], [expand tabs in mjit header]),
+    [AS_IF([test $withval = no], [MJIT_TABS=false])])
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_TABS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(DLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(ARCH_FLAG)dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_HEADER_FLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_CC)dnl
+AS_IF([test "$GCC" = "yes"], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[mjit_std_cflag="-std=gnu99"])
+])
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_CFLAGS, [${MJIT_CFLAGS-"-w ${mjit_std_cflag} ${orig_cflags}"}])dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_OPTFLAGS, [${MJIT_OPTFLAGS-'$(optflags)'}])dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_DEBUGFLAGS, [${MJIT_DEBUGFLAGS-'$(debugflags)'}])dnl
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_LDSHARED)dnl
+
+AC_SUBST(STATIC)dnl
+AC_SUBST(CCDLFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LDSHARED)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LDSHAREDXX)dnl
+AC_SUBST(DLEXT)dnl
+AC_SUBST(DLEXT2)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LIBEXT)dnl
+AC_SUBST(ASMEXT, S)dnl
+
+STATIC=
+
+AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes], [
+  rb_cv_dlopen=unknown
+  AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether OS depend dynamic link works)
+  AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [darwin*], [
+      # The -fno-common is needed if we wish to embed the Ruby interpreter
+      # into a plugin module of some project (as opposed to embedding it
+      # within the project's application).  The -I/usr/local/include is
+      # needed because CPP as discovered by configure (cc -E -traditional)
+      # fails to consult /usr/local/include by default.  This causes
+      # mkmf.rb's have_header() to fail if the desired resource happens to be
+      # installed in the /usr/local tree.
+      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fno-common)],
+    [bsdi*|cygwin*|mingw*|aix*|interix*], [ ],
+    [
+      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fPIC)])
+  ], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[hpux*],          [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS +Z"],
+	[solaris*|irix*], [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
+	[sunos*],         [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -PIC"],
+	[esix*|uxpds*],   [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
+	                  [: ${CCDLFLAGS=""}])
+  ])
+
+
+  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
+       enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
+       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
+
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[hpux*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -E"
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -b'}
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=SHLIB_PATH}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[solaris*], [	AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes], [
+				LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			    ])
+			], [
+			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -G'}
+			])
+			AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp" = 8], [
+			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64}
+			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_64}
+			], [
+			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_32}
+			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_32}
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[sunos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -assert nodefinitions'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[irix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[sysv4*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[nto-qnx*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[esix*|uxpds*], [ : ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[osf*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared -expect_unresolved "*"'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[bsdi3*], [	AS_CASE(["$CC"],
+			[*shlicc*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -r'}
+					rb_cv_dlopen=yes])],
+	[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | netbsd* | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-export-dynamic"
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[interix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
+			    DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-soname,$@'
+			], [
+			  test "$GCC" = yes && test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes || LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable'
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[openbsd*|mirbsd*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared ${CCDLFLAGS}'}
+			AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
+			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
+			])
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[darwin*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamic -bundle'}
+			: ${DLDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamiclib'}
+			: ${LDFLAGS=""}
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH}
+			: ${PRELOADENV=DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+        [aix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC)'}
+			AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+			    LDSHARED="$LDSHARED ${linker_flag}-G -shared"
+			], [
+			    LDSHARED="$LDSHARED ${linker_flag}-G"
+			])
+			EXTDLDFLAGS='-e$(TARGET_ENTRY)'
+			XLDFLAGS="${linker_flag}"'-bE:$(ARCHFILE)'" ${linker_flag}-brtl"
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS ${linker_flag}-blibpath:${prefix}/lib:${LIBPATH:-/usr/lib:/lib}"
+			: ${ARCHFILE="ruby.imp"}
+                        TRY_LINK='$(CC) -oconftest $(INCFLAGS) -I$(hdrdir) $(CPPFLAGS)'
+                        TRY_LINK="$TRY_LINK"' $(CFLAGS) $(src) $(LIBPATH) $(LDFLAGS) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)'
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=LIBPATH}
+			: ${PRELOADENV=LDR_PRELOAD}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[nto-qnx*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable -x'}
+			LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[cygwin*|mingw*], [
+			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,--stack,0x00200000,--enable-auto-import"
+			DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS} -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base,--enable-auto-import"
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=PATH}
+			: ${PRELOADENV=""}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[hiuxmpp], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -r'}],
+	[atheos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
+			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
+	[	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
+  AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
+
+  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes], [
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+      [darwin*], [
+	for flag in \
+	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
+	  "-multiply_defined suppress" \
+	  ; do
+	  test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
+	  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
+	  AS_IF([test "x$flag" != x], [
+	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
+	  ])
+	done
+      ])
+  ])
+
+  AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath:${RPATHFLAG}" = yes:], [
+      AS_IF([test "x$rpathflag" != x], [
+	  RPATHFLAG=" ${rpathflag}%1\$-s"
+      ])
+  ])
+])
+AS_IF([test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""], [
+    AS_CASE(["${LDSHARED}"],
+	[*'$(CC)'*], [
+	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\$(CC)/$(CXX)/'`
+	    ],
+	[*'${CC}'*], [
+	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\${CC}/${CXX}/'`
+	    ],
+	[*$CC*], [
+	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed "s|$CC|$CXX|"`
+	    ],
+	[ld" "*], [
+	    ])
+])
+AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
+
+AC_SUBST(LINK_SO)
+AC_SUBST(LIBPATHFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(RPATHFLAG)
+AC_SUBST(LIBPATHENV, "${LIBPATHENV-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}")
+AC_SUBST(PRELOADENV, "${PRELOADENV-LD_PRELOAD}")
+AC_SUBST(TRY_LINK)
+
+AS_IF([test "x$OPT_DIR" != x], [
+    pat=`echo "${LDFLAGS_OPTDIR}" | sed ['s/[][\\.*|]/\\\\&/']`
+    LDFLAGS=`echo "${LDFLAGS}" | sed "s| ${pat}||"`
+    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
+        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
+            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
+            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
+        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
+    AS_IF([test x"$val" != x], [
+	test x"${LDFLAGS}" = x || LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS "
+	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS$val"
+	test x"${DLDFLAGS}" = x || DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "
+	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS$val"
+    ])
+    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
+])
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+[freebsd*], [
+    AC_CHECK_LIB([procstat], [procstat_open_sysctl])
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_lib_procstat_procstat_open_sysctl" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(procstat_getvmmap)
+    ])
+    ])
+AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
+[*-darwin*], [
+    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libproc.h])
+    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
+	AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libunwind.h])
+    ])],
+[*-freebsd*|x86_64-netbsd*], [
+    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
+    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes], [
+	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
+	AC_CHECK_LIB([unwind], [unw_backtrace])
+    ])])
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS(backtrace)
+
+AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_func_backtrace" = xyes], [
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken backtrace, rb_cv_broken_backtrace,
+    [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <execinfo.h>
+
+]`grep '^@%:@ *define  *RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE' ${srcdir}/signal.c`[
+#define TRACE_SIZE 256
+
+void sigsegv(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *ctx){
+    void *trace[TRACE_SIZE];
+    int n = backtrace(trace, TRACE_SIZE);
+    if (n > 0) {
+	/*fprintf(stdout, "backtrace:%d\n",n);*/
+    } else {
+	_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+int
+main(void)
+{
+    volatile int *a = NULL;
+    stack_t ss;
+    struct sigaction sa;
+
+    ss.ss_sp = malloc(RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE);
+    if (ss.ss_sp == NULL) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "cannot allocate memory for sigaltstack\n");
+	return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    ss.ss_size = RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE;
+    ss.ss_flags = 0;
+    if (sigaltstack(&ss, NULL) == -1) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "sigaltstack failed\n");
+	return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(struct sigaction));
+    sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
+    sa.sa_sigaction = sigsegv;
+    sa.sa_flags |= SA_SIGINFO;
+    sa.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
+    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);
+    a[0] = 1;
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+]])],
+	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no,
+	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=yes,
+	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no)])
+  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_broken_backtrace" = yes], [
+    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_BACKTRACE, 1)
+  ])
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(valgrind,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--without-valgrind],[disable valgrind memcheck support]),
+        [], with_valgrind=yes)
+AS_IF([test x$with_valgrind != xno],
+        [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(valgrind/memcheck.h)])
+
+dln_a_out_works=no
+AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_header_a_out_h" = yes], [
+  AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes || test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = unknown], [
+    cat confdefs.h > config.h
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether matz's dln works, rb_cv_dln_a_out,
+    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
+#define USE_DLN_A_OUT
+#include "dln.c"
+]], [[]])],
+	rb_cv_dln_a_out=yes,
+	rb_cv_dln_a_out=no)])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dln_a_out" = yes], [
+      dln_a_out_works=yes
+      AC_DEFINE(USE_DLN_A_OUT)
+    ])
+  ])
+])
+
+AS_IF([test "$dln_a_out_works" = yes], [
+  AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+    STATIC=-static
+  ], [
+    STATIC=-Bstatic
+  ])
+  DLEXT=so
+  CCDLFLAGS=
+], [
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [hpux*], [
+	DLEXT=sl],
+    [darwin*], [
+	SOEXT=dylib
+	DLEXT=bundle],
+    [cygwin*|mingw*|*djgpp*], [
+	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
+	SOEXT=dll
+	DLEXT=so],
+    [
+	DLEXT=so])
+])
+: ${SOEXT="${DLEXT}"}
+AC_SUBST(SOEXT)
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen:$load_relative" = yes:yes], [
+    AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_dladdr" = yes], [
+	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
+    ])
+])
+AS_IF([test x"$LOAD_RELATIVE" = x1], [
+    load_relative=yes
+], [
+    unset load_relative
+])
+
+len=2 # .rb
+n=`expr "$DLEXT"  : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
+n=`expr "$DLEXT2" : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
+AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT_MAXLEN, `expr $len + 1`)
+test ".$DLEXT"  = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT,  ".$DLEXT")
+test ".$DLEXT2" = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT2, ".$DLEXT2")
+AC_SUBST(DLEXT)
+
+AS_IF([test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes], [
+  STRIP=true
+], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for $STRIP flags])
+    AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM], [AS_IF(
+        ["${STRIP}" -A -n conftest$ac_exeext 2>/dev/null], [
+            AC_MSG_RESULT([-A -n])
+            STRIP="${STRIP} -A -n"
+        ],
+        ["${STRIP}" -S -x conftest$ac_exeext 2>/dev/null], [
+            AC_MSG_RESULT([-S -x])
+            STRIP="${STRIP} -S -x"
+        ], [
+            AC_MSG_RESULT([none needed])
+        ])
+    ])
+])
+
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(ext,
+            AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ext=EXTS],
+                           [pass to --with-ext option of extmk.rb]))
+AC_ARG_WITH(out-ext,
+            AS_HELP_STRING([--with-out-ext=EXTS],
+                           [pass to --without-ext option of extmk.rb]))
+EXTSTATIC=
+AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
+AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
+            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
+AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
+  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
+  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
+], [
+  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
+])
+AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
+AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(setup,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setup=SETUP], [use extension libraries setup]),
+	    [setup=$withval])
+AS_IF([test -n "$setup"], [
+    AS_IF([! test -f "ext/$setup" -o -f "$srcdir/ext/$setup"], [
+	AC_MSG_ERROR(Setup file $setup not found under ext or $srcdir/ext)
+    ])
+], [test -f "$srcdir/ext/Setup.$target_os"], [
+    setup="Setup.$target_os"
+], [
+    setup=
+    for file in "$srcdir"/ext/Setup.*; do
+	AS_CASE(["$file"], [*~|*.bak|*.orig|*.rej|*.tmp], [continue])
+	setup=`basename "$file"`
+	AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [`expr "$setup" : 'Setup.\(.*\)'`*], [break])
+	platform=`sed '/^option  *platform  */!d;s///;s/|/*|/g;q' "$file"`
+	AS_IF([test "x$platform" != x], [
+	    eval "AS_CASE([\"\$target_os\"], [$platform*], [break])"
+	])
+	setup=
+    done
+    : ${setup:=Setup}
+])
+AC_SUBST(setup)
+
+rubylibprefix='${libdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubylibprefix,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubylibprefix=DIR], [prefix for ruby libraries [[LIBDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME]]]),
+	    [AS_IF([test "x$withval" = xno], [
+		AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby, No libprefix])
+	    ])
+	    rubylibprefix="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(rubylibprefix)
+
+AS_IF([test x"${exec_prefix}" != xNONE], [
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$exec_prefix"
+], [test x"$prefix" != xNONE], [
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$prefix"
+], [
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=$ac_default_prefix
+])
+pat=`echo "${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}" | tr -c '\012' .`'\(.*\)'
+for var in bindir libdir rubylibprefix; do
+    eval val='"$'$var'"'
+    AS_CASE(["$val"], ["${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}"*], [val='${exec_prefix}'"`expr \"$val\" : \"$pat\"`"])
+    eval $var='"$val"'
+done
+
+BTESTRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
+BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(BASERUBY)'
+AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
+  test x"$MINIRUBY" = x && MINIRUBY="${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -I`$CHDIR .; pwd` "-r'$(arch)-fake'
+  XRUBY_LIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]']`
+  XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"]']`
+  XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubyhdrdir"]']`
+  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_LIBDIR)
+  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)
+  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)
+  PREP='$(arch)-fake.rb'
+  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd`'
+  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)'
+  XRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
+  TEST_RUNNABLE=no
+  CROSS_COMPILING=yes
+  AC_DEFINE(CROSS_COMPILING, 1)
+], [
+  MINIRUBY='./miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I$(srcdir)/lib -I.'
+  MINIRUBY="$MINIRUBY"' -I$(EXTOUT)/common'
+  PREP='miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
+  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT) $(RUNRUBYOPT)'
+  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) --'
+  XRUBY='$(RUNRUBY)'
+  AS_CASE(["$HAVE_BASERUBY:$build_os"], [no:*|*:mingw*], [BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'])
+  TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
+  CROSS_COMPILING=no
+])
+AC_SUBST(TEST_RUNNABLE)
+AC_SUBST(CROSS_COMPILING)
+AC_SUBST(MINIRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(BTESTRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(PREP)
+AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)
+AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(XRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(EXTOUT, [${EXTOUT=.ext}])
+
+FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
+LIBRUBY_A='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static.a'
+LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_A)'
+LIBRUBYARG_STATIC='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static'
+LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)'
+SOLIBS='$(MAINLIBS)'
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+  [cygwin*|mingw*|haiku*|darwin*], [
+    : ${DLDLIBS=""}
+    ],
+  [
+    DLDLIBS="$DLDLIBS -lc"
+    ])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(multiarch,
+	      AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-multiarch], [enable multiarch compatible directories]),
+	      [multiarch=], [unset multiarch])
+AS_IF([test ${multiarch+set}], [
+   AC_DEFINE(ENABLE_MULTIARCH)
+   MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR=include/'${arch}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'
+], [
+   MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR=include/'${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/${arch}'
+])
+
+archlibdir='${libdir}/${arch}'
+sitearchlibdir='${libdir}/${sitearch}'
+archincludedir='${includedir}/${arch}'
+sitearchincludedir='${includedir}/${sitearch}'
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(soname,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-soname=SONAME], [base name of shared library]),
+	[RUBY_SO_NAME=$withval],
+	[
+	    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	    [darwin*], [
+	        RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME).$(RUBY_API_VERSION)'
+	    ],
+	    [cygwin*], [
+	        RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)0'
+	    ],
+	    [mingw*], [
+		RUBY_SO_NAME="${rb_cv_msvcrt}"'-$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)0'
+		AS_IF([test x"${target_cpu}" != xi386], [
+		    RUBY_SO_NAME="${target_cpu}-${RUBY_SO_NAME}"
+		])
+	    ],
+	    [RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'])
+	])
+
+LIBRUBY_LDSHARED=${DLDSHARED=${LDSHARED}}
+LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS=$DLDFLAGS
+LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
+LIBRUBY_SONAME='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(RUBY_API_VERSION)'
+LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+ENABLE_SHARED=no
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(shared,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-shared], [build a shared library for Ruby]),
+       [enable_shared=$enableval])
+libprefix=${multiarch+'$(archlibdir)'}${multiarch-'$(libdir)'}
+LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=${load_relative-no}
+AS_CASE("$enable_shared", [yes], [
+  LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
+  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
+  LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)'
+  LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=no
+  test -z "$CCDLFLAGS" || CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $CCDLFLAGS"
+  ENABLE_SHARED=yes
+
+  # libdir can be overridden in config.site file (on OpenSUSE at least).
+  libdir_basename=lib
+  AS_IF([test "$bindir" = '${exec_prefix}/bin'], [
+    AS_CASE(["$libdir"], ['${exec_prefix}/'*], [libdir_basename=`basename "$libdir"`])
+  ])
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBDIR_BASENAME, ["${libdir_basename}"])
+  libdir_basename="${libdir_basename}"${multiarch+'/${arch}'}
+
+  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${linker_flag}--no-as-needed], [no_as_needed=yes], [no_as_needed=no])
+  AS_IF([test "$no_as_needed" = yes], [
+      RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LDFLAGS, [${linker_flag}--no-as-needed])
+  ])
+
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [],
+    [
+     AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
+       RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${linker_flag}--no-undefined], [no_undefined=yes], [no_undefined=no])
+       AS_IF([test "no_undefined" = yes], [
+	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, [${linker_flag}--no-undefined])
+       ])
+     ])
+    ])
+
+  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [sunos4*], [
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	],
+    [linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | atheos* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ['-Wl,-soname,$(LIBRUBY_SONAME)' "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	AS_IF([test "$load_relative" = yes], [
+	    libprefix="'\$\${ORIGIN}/../${libdir_basename}'"
+	    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,${libprefix}"
+	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
+	])
+	],
+    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)'
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
+	AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" != "yes" ], [
+	    LIBRUBY_SO="$LIBRUBY_SO.\$(TEENY)"
+	    LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
+	])
+	],
+    [netbsd*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)'
+	LIBRUBY_SO="${LIBRUBY_SONAME}"'.$(TEENY)'
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ['-Wl,-soname,$(LIBRUBY_SONAME)' "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
+	AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [ # ELF platforms
+	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	], [	# a.out platforms
+	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES=""
+	])
+	],
+    [openbsd*|mirbsd*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR).'`expr ${MINOR} \* 10 + ${TEENY}`
+	],
+    [solaris*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(MAJOR)'
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT).$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ["${linker_flag}-h${linker_flag:+,}"'$(@F)'])
+	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-R${libdir}'
+	],
+    [hpux*], [
+	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-Wl,+s,+b,$(libdir)'
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='$(LIBRUBY_SONAME) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	],
+    [aix*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ["${linker_flag}-bnoentry" "$XLDFLAGS" "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
+	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L${libdir} -l${RUBY_SO_NAME}'
+	LIBS="$LIBS -lm -lc"
+	],
+    [darwin*], [
+	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	LIBRUBY_SONAME='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).$(SOEXT)'
+	AS_IF([test "$load_relative" = yes], [
+	    libprefix="@executable_path/../${libdir_basename}"
+	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
+	])
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS -install_name ${libprefix}"'/$(LIBRUBY_SONAME)'
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-compatibility_version $(RUBY_API_VERSION)'
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-current_version $(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
+	AS_IF([test "$visibility_option" = ld], [
+	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*'
+	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_ruby_static_id_*'
+	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,*_threadptr_*'
+	])
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "' $(XLDFLAGS)'
+	],
+    [interix*], [
+	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L. -L${libdir} -l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
+	],
+    [mingw*|cygwin*|mswin*], [
+	LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
+	])
+], [
+  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED=
+
+  # enable PIE if possible
+  AC_ARG_ENABLE(pie,
+          AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-pie], [disable PIE feature]),
+          [pie=$enableval], [pie=])
+  AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes -a -z "$EXTSTATIC" -a "x$pie" != xno], [
+    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fPIE, [pie=yes], [pie=no])
+    AS_IF([test "$pie" = yes], [
+      # Use -fPIE when testing -pie.  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS sets
+      # $save_CFLAGS internally, so set other name here.
+      save_CFLAGS_before_pie="$CFLAGS"
+      CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -fPIE"
+
+      # gcc need -pie but clang need -Wl,-pie.
+      for pie in -pie -Wl,-pie; do
+	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$pie], [], [pie=])
+	AS_IF([test "x$pie" != x], [
+	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fPIE)
+	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $pie)
+	  break
+	])
+      done
+      CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS_before_pie"
+    ])
+  ])
+])
+AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath" = yes], [
+    test -z "$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS" || LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS "
+    rpathflag="${RPATHFLAG}"
+    AS_CASE(["${cross_compiling}${load_relative}"], [*yes*], [], [rpathflag="$RPATHFLAG$LIBPATHFLAG"])
+    rpathflag=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
+        echo x "$rpathflag" |
+        sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g"
+    `
+    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS${rpathflag}"
+    LIBRUBYARG_SHARED="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_SHARED"
+    LIBRUBYARG_STATIC="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_STATIC"
+])
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE)
+
+LDFLAGS="-L. $LDFLAGS"
+AC_SUBST(ARCHFILE)
+
+AS_IF([test "$EXEEXT" = .exe], [
+    EXECUTABLE_EXTS='".exe",".com",".cmd",".bat"'
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXECUTABLE_EXTS, $EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
+    EXECUTABLE_EXTS=`echo $EXECUTABLE_EXTS | tr -d '"' | tr , ' '`
+    AC_SUBST(EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
+])
+
+AS_CASE("$cross_compiling:${LIBPATHENV}", [yes:* | no:], [], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether wrapper for $LIBPATHENV is needed)
+    AS_IF([env ${LIBPATHENV}=/lib /bin/sh -c ': ${'${LIBPATHENV}'?}' 2>/dev/null],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
+	[PREP="$PREP"' exe/$(PROGRAM)'
+	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)]
+    )
+])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(dtrace,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-dtrace],
+        [enable DTrace for tracing inside ruby. enabled by default on systems having dtrace]),
+        [enable_dtrace=$enableval], [enable_dtrace=auto])
+
+LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(OBJS)'
+DTRACE_REBUILD=
+AS_CASE(["${enable_dtrace}"],
+[yes|auto], [
+    RUBY_DTRACE_AVAILABLE()
+], [
+    rb_cv_dtrace_available=no
+])
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[freebsd*],[
+         rb_cv_dtrace_available=no
+	 ])
+AS_IF([test "${enable_dtrace}" = yes], [dnl
+    AS_IF([test -z "$DTRACE"], [dnl
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([dtrace(1) is missing])
+    ], [test "$cross_compiling" = yes], [dnl
+	AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, cross compiling])
+    ], [test "${rb_cv_dtrace_available}" = "no"], [dnl
+       AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, USDT is not available])
+    ])
+])
+AS_CASE([$rb_cv_dtrace_available],
+[yes*], [dnl
+    RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS()
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" != no], [dnl
+	DTRACE_OBJ='probes.$(OBJEXT)'
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" = rebuild], [dnl
+	DTRACE_REBUILD=yes
+	LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(DTRACE_GLOMMED_OBJ)'
+    ])
+    AS_CASE("${target_os}", [freebsd*], [dnl
+        # FreeBSD's dtrace requires libelf
+        LIBS="-lelf $LIBS"
+    ])
+    DTRACE_EXT=d
+], [dnl
+    enable_dtrace=no
+    DTRACE_EXT=dmyh
+])
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_EXT)
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OBJ)
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_REBUILD)
+AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OPT)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(gcov,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-gcov], [enable coverage measurement by gcov]),
+       [gcov=yes])
+AS_IF([test x"$gcov" = xyes], [
+    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -coverage"
+    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -coverage"
+])
+
+RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE
+}
+
+: "build section" && {
+dnl build rdoc index if requested
+RDOCTARGET=""
+CAPITARGET=""
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-doc,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-doc], [do not install either rdoc indexes or C API documents during install]),
+       [install_doc=$enableval], [install_doc=yes])
+AC_ARG_WITH(rdoc,
+      AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rdoc=ri,html], [comma/space separated list of RDoc formats to install]),
+      [install_rdoc=`echo ,$withval, | sed 'y/,/ /;s/ ri / rdoc /;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`], [
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-rdoc,
+      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-rdoc], [do not install rdoc indexes during install]),
+      [install_rdoc=$enableval], [install_rdoc=yes])
+])
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-capi,
+      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-capi], [do not install C API documents during install]),
+      [install_capi=$enableval], [install_capi=no])
+
+AS_IF([test "$install_doc" != no], [
+    AS_CASE(["$install_rdoc"],
+    [yes], [
+	RDOCTARGET="rdoc"
+    ],
+    [all], [
+	RDOCTARGET="rdoc html"
+    ],
+    [no|''], [
+	RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
+    ],
+    [
+	RDOCTARGET="$install_rdoc"
+    ])
+    AS_IF([test "$install_capi" != no -a -n "$DOXYGEN"], [
+	CAPITARGET="capi"
+    ], [
+	CAPITARGET="nodoc"
+    ])
+], [
+    RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
+    CAPITARGET="nodoc"
+])
+
+AC_SUBST(RDOCTARGET)
+AC_SUBST(CAPITARGET)
+
+AS_CASE(["$RDOCTARGET:$CAPITARGET"],[nodoc:nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=all])
+AC_SUBST(INSTALLDOC)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(jit-support,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-jit-support], [disable JIT features]),
+        [MJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval
+         AS_IF([test x"$enable_jit_support" = "xyes"],
+                 [AC_DEFINE(USE_MJIT, 1)],
+                 [AC_DEFINE(USE_MJIT, 0)])],
+        [MJIT_SUPPORT=yes
+         AC_DEFINE(USE_MJIT, 1)])
+
+AC_SUBST(MJIT_SUPPORT)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-static-library,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-static-library], [do not install static ruby library]),
+	[INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=$enableval],
+	AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes],
+	    [INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=no],
+	    [INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=yes]))
+AC_SUBST(INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY)
+
+AS_IF([test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"], [
+    THREAD_MODEL=pthread
+])
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for prefix of external symbols], rb_cv_symbol_prefix, [
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[extern void conftest_external(void) {}]], [[]])],[
+	rb_cv_symbol_prefix=`$NM conftest.$ac_objext |
+			     sed -n ['/.*T[ 	]\([^ 	]*\)conftest_external.*/!d;s//\1/p;q']`
+	],
+	[rb_cv_symbol_prefix=''])
+    test -n "$rb_cv_symbol_prefix" || rb_cv_symbol_prefix=NONE
+])
+SYMBOL_PREFIX="$rb_cv_symbol_prefix"
+test "x$SYMBOL_PREFIX" = xNONE && SYMBOL_PREFIX=''
+DLNOBJ=dln.o
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(dln,
+	      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-dln], [disable dynamic link feature]),
+	      [test "$enableval" = yes || DLNOBJ=dmydln.o])
+AC_SUBST(DLNOBJ)
+MINIDLNOBJ=dmydln.o
+
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+    [linux*], [
+	],
+    [netbsd*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
+	],
+    [darwin*], [
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
+	    AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([@%:@include <AvailabilityMacros.h>],
+		[MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7])],
+	    [dnl
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework Security])
+		RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC, [-framework Security])
+	    ]dnl
+	)
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework Foundation])
+	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC, [-framework Foundation])
+	],
+    [osf*], [
+	AS_IF([test "$GCC" != "yes" ], [
+	  # compile something small: taint.c is fine for this.
+	  # the main point is the '-v' flag of 'cc'.
+	  AS_CASE(["`cc -v -I. -c main.c -o /tmp/main.o 2>&1`"],
+	  [*/gemc_cc*], [   # we have the new DEC GEM CC
+                        CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -oldc"
+                        ],
+          [            # we have the old MIPS CC
+                        ])
+	  # cleanup
+	  rm -f /tmp/main.o
+	  CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -std"
+	])
+	],
+    [cygwin*|mingw*], [
+	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' -Wl,--out-implib=$(LIBRUBY)'
+	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+	[cygwin*], [
+	    AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
+		LIBRUBY_SO='cyg$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
+		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
+	    ])
+	    ],
+	[mingw*], [
+	    AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
+		LIBRUBY_SO='$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
+		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
+	    ])
+	    EXPORT_PREFIX=' '
+	    DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS}"' $(DEFFILE)'
+	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/win32])
+	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/file])
+	    COMMON_LIBS=m
+#	    COMMON_MACROS="WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN="
+	    COMMON_HEADERS="winsock2.h windows.h"
+	    THREAD_MODEL=win32
+	    PLATFORM_DIR=win32
+	    ])
+	LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
+	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
+	AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
+	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dll.a'
+	], [
+	    LIBRUBY_SO=dummy
+	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).a'
+	    LIBRUBYARG='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
+	])
+	],
+    [hpux*], [
+	AS_CASE(["$YACC"],[*yacc*], [
+	    XCFLAGS="$XCFLAGS -DYYMAXDEPTH=300"
+	    YACC="$YACC -Nl40000 -Nm40000"
+	])
+])
+
+MINIOBJS="$MINIDLNOBJ"
+
+AS_CASE(["$THREAD_MODEL"],
+[pthread], [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread.h)],
+[win32],   [],
+[""],      [AC_MSG_ERROR(thread model is missing)],
+           [AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown thread model $THREAD_MODEL)])
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(debug-env,
+       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debug-env], [enable RUBY_DEBUG environment variable]),
+       [AC_SUBST(ENABLE_DEBUG_ENV, yes)])
+
+AS_CASE(["$FIRSTMAKEFILE"], [*GNUmakefile:*], [gnumake=yes], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([if ${MAKE-make} is GNU make])
+    mkdir conftest.dir
+    echo "all:; @echo yes" > conftest.dir/GNUmakefile
+    echo "all:; @echo no" > conftest.dir/Makefile
+    gnumake=`(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make})`
+    rm -fr conftest.dir
+    AS_CASE(["$gnumake"],
+    [*yes*], [
+	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:template/GNUmakefile.in
+	gnumake=yes],
+    [
+	gnumake=no])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($gnumake)
+])
+AS_IF([test "$gnumake" = yes], [ NULLCMD=: ], [
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for safe null command for ${MAKE-make}])
+    mkdir conftest.dir
+    NULLCMD=
+    for cmd in : true; do
+	echo 'A=1' > conftest.dir/Makefile
+	echo 'B=$(A:1=@'$cmd')' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
+	echo 'all:; $B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
+	AS_IF([(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make} >/dev/null 2>/dev/null)], [
+	    NULLCMD=$cmd
+	    break
+	])
+    done
+    rm -fr conftest.dir
+    AS_IF([test -z "$NULLCMD"], [
+	AC_MSG_ERROR(no candidate for safe null command)
+    ])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($NULLCMD)
+])
+AC_SUBST(NULLCMD)
+
+AS_IF([test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ], [
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for architecture macros], rb_cv_architecture_macros, [
+    mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
+    : > confdefs.h
+    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@if defined __`echo ${universal_archnames} |
+    sed 's/=[^ ]*//g;s/ /__ || defined __/g'`__
+@%:@else
+@%:@error
+>>>>>><<<<<<
+@%:@endif]], [[]])],[
+    rb_cv_architecture_macros=yes
+    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
+], [
+    rb_cv_architecture_macros=no
+    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
+    new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
+    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	cpu=${archs@%:@*=}
+	archs=${archs%=*}
+	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
+	archs="__${archs}__"
+	AC_MSG_CHECKING([for macro ${archs} on ${cpu}])
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@ifndef ${archs}
+@%:@error
+@%:@endif]], [[]])],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
+    done
+    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([failed])
+    ])])
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether __ARCHITECTURE__ is available, rb_cv_architecture_available,
+	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[@%:@include <stdio.h>
+		const char arch[[]] = __ARCHITECTURE__;]], [[puts(arch);]])],
+		[rb_cv_architecture_available=yes], [rb_cv_architecture_available=no]))
+])
+
+: ${MJIT_LDSHARED=`echo "$LDSHARED" | sed ['s|\$(LD)|'"${LD}"'|g;s|\$(CC)|$(MJIT_CC)|g']`}
+
+MAINLIBS="$LIBS"
+LIBS=$ORIG_LIBS
+AS_IF([test -n "${LIBS}"], [
+    libspat=`echo "${LIBS}" | sed 's/[[][|.*$^]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
+    MAINFLAGS=`echo " $MAINLIBS " | sed "s|$libspat"'||;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+])
+LIBRUBYARG_STATIC="${LIBRUBYARG_STATIC} \$(MAINLIBS)"
+CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "'$(DEFS)'
+test -z "$CPPFLAGS" || CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "; CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"'${cppflags}'
+AS_IF([test -n "${cflags+set}"], [
+    cflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
+    CFLAGS=`echo " $CFLAGS " | sed "s|$cflagspat"'|${cflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+])
+AS_IF([test -n "${cxxflags+set}"], [
+    cxxflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cxxflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
+    CXXFLAGS=`echo " $CXXFLAGS " | sed "s|$cxxflagspat"'|${cxxflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+])
+AS_IF([test "${ARCH_FLAG}"], [
+    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
+    CFLAGS=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
+    CXXFLAGS=`echo "$CXXFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
+    LDFLAGS=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
+])
+rb_cv_warnflags=`echo "$rb_cv_warnflags" | sed 's/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
+warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags"
+AC_SUBST(cppflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(cflags, ["${orig_cflags:+$orig_cflags }"'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'])dnl
+AC_SUBST(cxxflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(optflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(debugflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(warnflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(strict_warnflags)dnl
+AC_SUBST(XCFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(XLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(EXTLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(EXTDLDFLAGS)dnl
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_LDSHARED)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(rubyw_install_name)
+AC_SUBST(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_SO_NAME)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_SO)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_SONAME)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)
+AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)
+AC_SUBST(SOLIBS)
+AC_SUBST(DLDLIBS)
+AC_SUBST(DLDSHARED)
+AC_SUBST(ENABLE_SHARED)
+AC_SUBST(MAINLIBS)
+AC_SUBST(COMMON_LIBS)
+AC_SUBST(COMMON_MACROS)
+AC_SUBST(COMMON_HEADERS)
+AC_SUBST(EXPORT_PREFIX)
+AC_SUBST(SYMBOL_PREFIX)
+AC_SUBST(MINIOBJS)
+AC_SUBST(THREAD_MODEL)
+AC_SUBST(PLATFORM_DIR)
+
+firstmf=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/:.*//'`
+firsttmpl=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/.*://'`
+MAKEFILES="Makefile $firstmf"
+MAKEFILES="`echo $MAKEFILES`"
+AC_SUBST(MAKEFILES)
+
+ri_prefix=
+test "$program_prefix" != NONE &&
+  ri_prefix=$program_prefix
+
+ri_suffix=
+test "$program_suffix" != NONE &&
+  ri_suffix=$program_suffix
+
+RUBY_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+  [cygwin*|mingw*], [
+    RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
+    rubyw_install_name='$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)'
+    ])
+
+rubylibdir='${rubylibprefix}/${ruby_version}'
+rubyarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubyarchprefix}/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibdir}/${arch}'}
+
+rubyarchprefix=${multiarch+'${archlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${arch}'}
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchprefix,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchprefix=DIR],
+			   [prefix for architecture dependent ruby libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/ARCH]]]),
+	    [rubyarchprefix="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(rubyarchprefix)
+
+rubysitearchprefix=${multiarch+'${sitearchlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${sitearch}'}
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubysitearchprefix,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubysitearchprefix=DIR],
+			   [prefix for architecture dependent site libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/SITEARCH]]]),
+	    [rubysitearchprefix="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(rubysitearchprefix)
+
+RI_BASE_NAME=`echo ${RUBY_BASE_NAME} | sed 's/ruby/ri/'`
+ridir='${datarootdir}/${RI_BASE_NAME}'
+AC_ARG_WITH(ridir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ridir=DIR], [ri documentation [[DATAROOTDIR/ri]]]),
+	    [ridir=$withval])
+AC_SUBST(ridir)
+AC_SUBST(RI_BASE_NAME)
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(ruby-version,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-version=STR], [ruby version string for version specific directories [[full]] (full|minor|STR)]),
+            [ruby_version=$withval],
+            [ruby_version=full])
+unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION
+unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE
+AS_CASE(["$ruby_version"],
+  [full],  [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='3	/* full */'],
+  [minor], [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='2	/* minor */'])
+AS_IF([test ${RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE+set}], [
+    {
+    echo "#define RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE $RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE"
+    echo '#define STRINGIZE(x) x'
+    test -f revision.h -o -f "${srcdir}/revision.h" || echo '#define RUBY_REVISION 0'
+    echo '#include "version.h"'
+    echo 'ruby_version=RUBY_LIB_VERSION'
+    } > conftest.c
+    ruby_version="`$CPP -I. -I"${srcdir}" -I"${srcdir}/include" conftest.c | sed '/^ruby_version=/!d;s/ //g'`"
+    eval $ruby_version
+], [test -z "${ruby_version}"], [
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby version, No place for bundled libraries])
+], [
+    RUBY_LIB_VERSION="${ruby_version}"
+])
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE)
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION)
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitedir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitedir=DIR], [site libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/site_ruby]], "no" to disable site directory]),
+            [sitedir=$withval],
+            [sitedir='${rubylibprefix}/site_ruby'])
+sitelibdir='${sitedir}/${ruby_version}'
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent site libraries in DIR [[SITEDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable site directory]),
+            [sitearchdir=$withval],
+            [sitearchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/site_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${sitelibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendordir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendordir=DIR], [vendor libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/vendor_ruby]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
+            [vendordir=$withval],
+            [vendordir='${rubylibprefix}/vendor_ruby'])
+vendorlibdir='${vendordir}/${ruby_version}'
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent vendor libraries in DIR [[VENDORDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
+            [vendorarchdir=$withval],
+            [vendorarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/vendor_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${vendorlibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AS_IF([test "${LOAD_RELATIVE+set}"], [
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LOAD_RELATIVE, $LOAD_RELATIVE)
+    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=''
+])
+
+AC_SUBST(RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX)
+
+AC_SUBST(libdirname, ${multiarch+arch}libdir)
+AC_SUBST(archlibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchlibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(archincludedir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchincludedir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(arch)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearch)dnl
+AC_SUBST(ruby_version)dnl
+AC_SUBST(rubylibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(rubyarchdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitedir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitelibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendordir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorlibdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorarchdir)dnl
+
+AC_SUBST(CONFIGURE, "`echo $0 | sed 's|.*/||'`")dnl
+AC_SUBST(configure_args, "`echo "${ac_configure_args}" | sed 's/\\$/$$/g'`")dnl
+
+AS_IF([test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ], [
+    arch="universal-${target_os}"
+    AS_IF([test "${rb_cv_architecture_available}" = yes], [
+	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, __ARCHITECTURE__)
+    ], [
+	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
+	    cpu=`echo $archs | sed 's/.*=//'`
+	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
+	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__ &&! defined RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU], RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, ["${cpu}"])
+	done
+    ])
+    ints='long int short'
+    test "$ac_cv_type_long_long" = yes && ints="'long long' $ints"
+    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_ARCHNAMES, "${universal_archnames}")
+    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_INTS, "${ints}")
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_OS, "${target_os}")
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ARCH, "universal-" RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "universal." RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU "-" RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
+], [
+    arch="${target_cpu}-${target_os}"
+    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "$arch")
+])
+
+unset sitearch
+AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*],[sitearch="$target_cpu-$rb_cv_msvcrt"])
+: ${sitearch='${arch}'}
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(search-path,
+		AS_HELP_STRING([--with-search-path=DIR], [specify the additional search path]),
+		[search_path=$withval])
+AS_IF([test "$search_path" != ""], [
+    AC_SUBST(RUBY_SEARCH_PATH, $search_path)
+])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubyhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyhdrdir=DIR], [core headers in DIR [[INCLUDEDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME-RUBY_VERSION]]]),
+	    [rubyhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [rubyhdrdir='${includedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchhdrdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent core headers in DIR [[$(rubyhdrdir)/$(arch)]]]),
+	    [rubyarchhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [rubyarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${archincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubyhdrdir}/${arch}'}])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitehdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitehdrdir=DIR], [core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
+	    [sitehdrdir=$withval],
+	    [sitehdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/site_ruby'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchhdrdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
+	    [sitearchhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [sitearchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/site_ruby'}${multiarch-'${sitehdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendorhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorhdrdir=DIR], [core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
+	    [vendorhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [vendorhdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/vendor_ruby'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchhdrdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchhdrdir=DIR],
+			   [architecture dependent core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
+	    [vendorarchhdrdir=$withval],
+	    [vendorarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/vendor_ruby'}${multiarch-'${vendorhdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
+
+AC_SUBST(rubyhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitehdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(rubyarchhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(sitearchhdrdir)dnl
+AC_SUBST(vendorarchhdrdir)dnl
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(mantype,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-mantype=TYPE], [specify man page type; TYPE is one of man and doc]),
+		[
+			AS_CASE(["$withval"],
+			[man|man.gz|man.bz2|doc|doc.gz|doc.bz2], [MANTYPE=$withval],
+			[AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid man type: $withval)])
+		])
+AS_IF([test -z "$MANTYPE"], [
+	dnl Looks for nroff with -mdoc support.
+	AC_CACHE_VAL([ac_cv_path_NROFF], [
+		AC_PATH_PROGS_FEATURE_CHECK([NROFF],
+			[nroff awf mandoc],
+			[$ac_path_NROFF -mdoc ${srcdir}/man/ruby.1 \
+				>/dev/null 2>&1 &&
+				ac_cv_path_NROFF=$ac_path_NROFF \
+				ac_path_NROFF_found=:],
+			[], ["/usr/bin:/usr/ucb"]
+		)
+	])
+	AS_IF([test -n "$ac_cv_path_NROFF"], [
+		MANTYPE=doc
+	], [
+		MANTYPE=man
+	])
+])
+AC_SUBST(MANTYPE)
+
+AC_ARG_ENABLE(rubygems,
+	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-rubygems], [disable rubygems by default]),
+	[enable_rubygems="$enableval"], [enable_rubygems=yes])
+AS_IF([test x"$enable_rubygems" = xno], [
+    USE_RUBYGEMS=no
+], [
+    USE_RUBYGEMS=yes
+])
+AC_SUBST(USE_RUBYGEMS)
+
+arch_hdrdir="${EXTOUT}/include/${arch}/ruby"
+AS_MKDIR_P("${arch_hdrdir}")
+config_h="${arch_hdrdir}/config.h"
+guard=INCLUDE_RUBY_CONFIG_H
+{
+  echo "#ifndef $guard"
+  echo "#define $guard 1"
+  grep -v "^#define PACKAGE_" confdefs.h
+  echo "#endif /* $guard */"
+} | tr -d '\015' |
+(
+  AS_IF([test "x$CONFIGURE_TTY" = xyes], [color=--color], [color=])
+  exec ${tooldir}/ifchange $color "${config_h}" -
+) >&AS_MESSAGE_FD || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to create ${config_h}])
+tr -d '\015' < largefile.h > confdefs.h
+rm largefile.h
+
+BUILTIN_ENCS=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_ENCS[ 	]*=/{' \
+	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
+	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
+BUILTIN_ENCOBJS=
+for e in $BUILTIN_ENCS; do BUILTIN_ENCOBJS="$BUILTIN_ENCOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.c$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`; done
+AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
+
+BUILTIN_TRANSES=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_TRANSES[ 	]*=/{' \
+	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
+	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
+BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS=
+BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS=
+for e in $BUILTIN_TRANSES; do
+  BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS="$BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.c/'`
+  BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS="$BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`
+done
+AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS)
+AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)
+
+PACKAGE=$RUBY_BASE_NAME
+AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
+AS_MESSAGE([$PACKAGE library version = $ruby_version])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$CC_WRAPPER" != x], [
+    CC='$(CC_WRAPPER) '"${CC@%:@$CC_WRAPPER }"
+    CPP='$(CC_WRAPPER) '"${CPP@%:@$CC_WRAPPER }"
+    CC_WRAPPER='$(rubyarchdir)/darwin-cc'
+    XCC_WRAPPER='$(top_srcdir)/tool/darwin-cc'
+])
+AC_SUBST(CC_WRAPPER, '')
+AC_SUBST(XCC_WRAPPER)
+
+AS_CASE([" $CPP "], [*" $CC "*], [CPP=`echo " $CPP " | sed "s| $CC |"' $(CC) |;s/^ *//;s/  *$//'`])
+
+AS_IF([test x"$firstmf" != x], [
+    AC_CONFIG_FILES($firstmf:$firsttmpl, [], [firstmf="$firstmf" firsttmpl="$firsttmpl"])
+])
+AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
+    tmpmk=confmk$$.tmp
+    {
+	AS_IF([test ${VCS+set}], [
+	    :
+	], [git_dir=`$GIT --work-tree="$srcdir" --git-dir="$srcdir/.git" rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null`], [
+	    VCS='$(GIT)'
+	], [
+	    VCS='echo cannot'
+	])
+	AS_CASE("$VCS",
+		['$(GIT)'|git], [VCSUP='$(VCS) pull --rebase $(GITPULLOPTIONS)'],
+		[VCSUP='$(VCS)'])
+	sed -n \
+	    -e '[/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_[A-Z]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/]{' \
+	    -e   's//\1 = \2/' \
+	    -e   '[s/ \([0-9]\)$/ 0\1/]' \
+	    -e   p \
+	    -e '}' "$srcdir/version.h"
+	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g;/^VCS *=/s#@VCS@#'"$VCS"'#;/^VCSUP *=/s#@VCSUP@#'"$VCSUP"'#' Makefile
+	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
+	AS_IF([test "$gnumake" != yes], [
+	    echo ['$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/common.mk']
+	    sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
+	], [
+	    echo 'distclean-local::; @$(RM) GNUmakefile uncommon.mk'
+	])
+    } > $tmpmk && AS_IF([! grep '^ruby:' $tmpmk > /dev/null], [
+	AS_IF([test "${gnumake}" = yes], [
+	    tmpgmk=confgmk$$.tmp
+	    {
+		echo "include $tmpmk"
+		echo "-include uncommon.mk"
+	    } > $tmpgmk
+	], [
+	    tmpgmk=$tmpmk
+	]) &&
+	test -z "`${MAKE-make} -f $tmpgmk info-program | grep '^PROGRAM=ruby$'`" &&
+	echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);' >> $tmpmk
+	test "$tmpmk" = "$tmpgmk" || rm -f "$tmpgmk"
+    ]) && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
+[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' MAKE='${MAKE-make}' gnumake='$gnumake' GIT='$GIT'])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH([ruby-pc],
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-pc=FILENAME], [pc file basename]),
+	    [ruby_pc="$withval"],
+	    [ruby_pc="${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.pc"])
+AC_SUBST(ruby_pc)
+AC_SUBST(exec, [exec])
+
+AC_ARG_WITH(destdir,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-destdir=DESTDIR], [specify default directory to install]),
+	    [DESTDIR="$withval"])
+AC_SUBST(DESTDIR)
+
+AC_CONFIG_FILES($ruby_pc:template/ruby.pc.in,
+    [
+    AS_IF([sed ['s/\$(\([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\))/${\1}/g;s/@[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*@//'] $ruby_pc > ruby.tmp.pc &&
+	{
+	    test -z "$PKG_CONFIG" ||
+	    PKG_CONFIG_PATH=. $PKG_CONFIG --print-errors ruby.tmp
+	}],
+    [
+	mv -f ruby.tmp.pc $ruby_pc
+    ], [
+	exit 1
+    ])
+    ],
+    [ruby_pc='$ruby_pc' PKG_CONFIG='$PKG_CONFIG'])
+
+AC_OUTPUT
+}
+}
+
+AS_IF([test "$silent" = yes], [], [
+AS_IF([${FOLD+:} false], [], [
+AS_IF([test "`echo abcdefg hijklmno | fold -s -w10 | sed 1d`" = hijklmno], [FOLD="fold"], [FOLD=])
+])
+fold_width=`expr $COLUMNS - 30 2>/dev/null` || fold_width=50
+AS_REQUIRE_SHELL_FN([config_summary],
+    [AS_FUNCTION_DESCRIBE([config_summary], [NAME, VAL], [configuration summary])],
+    [AS_IF([test -z "$2"], [], [
+	AS_ECHO_N(["   * $1:                     "]) | dd bs=1 count=26 2>/dev/null
+	AS_IF([test "$FOLD"], [
+	    echo "$2" | fold -s -w$fold_width |
+	    sed '1!s/^/                          /;$!s/$/\\/'
+	], [echo "$2"])
+    ])]
+)
+
+AS_IF([test $install_doc = yes],
+    [DOCTARGETS=`echo " $RDOCTARGET $CAPITARGET " | sed 's/ nodoc //g;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`],
+    [DOCTARGETS=no])
+echo "---"
+echo "Configuration summary for $RUBY_BASE_NAME version $MAJOR.$MINOR.$TEENY"
+echo ""
+config_summary "Installation prefix" "$prefix"
+config_summary "exec prefix"         "$exec_prefix"
+config_summary "arch"                "$arch"
+config_summary "site arch"           "$sitearch"
+config_summary "RUBY_BASE_NAME"      "$RUBY_BASE_NAME"
+config_summary "enable shared"       "$enable_shared"
+config_summary "ruby lib prefix"     "$rubylibprefix"
+config_summary "site libraries path" "$rubysitearchprefix"
+config_summary "vendor path"         "$vendordir"
+config_summary "target OS"           "$target_os"
+config_summary "compiler"            "$CC"
+config_summary "with pthread"        "$enable_pthread"
+config_summary "with coroutine"      "$rb_cv_coroutine"
+config_summary "enable shared libs"  "$ENABLE_SHARED"
+config_summary "dynamic library ext" "$DLEXT"
+config_summary "CFLAGS"              "$cflags"
+config_summary "CPPFLAGS"            "$cppflags"
+config_summary "LDFLAGS"             "$LDFLAGS"
+config_summary "DLDFLAGS"            "$DLDFLAGS"
+config_summary "optflags"            "$optflags"
+config_summary "debugflags"          "$debugflags"
+config_summary "warnflags"           "$warnflags"
+config_summary "strip command"       "$STRIP"
+config_summary "install doc"         "$DOCTARGETS"
+config_summary "JIT support"         "$MJIT_SUPPORT"
+config_summary "man page type"       "$MANTYPE"
+config_summary "search path"         "$search_path"
+config_summary "static-linked-ext"   ${EXTSTATIC:+"yes"}
+config_summary "BASERUBY -v"         "$BASERUBY_VERSION"
+echo ""
+echo "---"
+])
diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c862e87d9..0000000000
--- a/configure.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4747 +0,0 @@
-dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
-AC_INIT()
-{
-AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR(tool)
-
-AC_PREREQ(2.67)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PREREQ_AC],
-	[m4_if(m4_version_compare(m4_defn([m4_PACKAGE_VERSION]), [$1]), [-1],
-		AC_MSG_ERROR([Autoconf version ]$1[ or higher is required]$2))])
-
-AC_DISABLE_OPTION_CHECKING
-
-AC_ARG_VAR([cflags], [additional CFLAGS])
-AC_ARG_VAR([cppflags], [additional CPPFLAGS])
-AC_ARG_VAR([cxxflags], [additional CXXFLAGS])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_RM_RECURSIVE], [
-m4_if(m4_version_compare(m4_defn([m4_PACKAGE_VERSION]), [2.70]), [-1], [
-# suppress error messages, rm: cannot remove 'conftest.dSYM', from
-# AC_EGREP_CPP with CFLAGS=-g on Darwin.
-#
-# TODO: remove this hack when AC_PREREQ() becomes 2.70 or later.
-AS_CASE([$build_os], [darwin*], [
-rm() {
-    rm_recursive=''
-    for arg do
-	AS_CASE("$arg",
-		[--*], [],
-		[-*r*], [break],
-		[conftest.*], [if test -d "$arg"; then rm_recursive=-r; break; fi],
-		[])
-    done
-    command rm $rm_recursive "[$]@"
-}
-])])])
-
-{ # environment section
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(baseruby,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-baseruby=RUBY], [use RUBY as baseruby; RUBY is the pathname of ruby]),
-	[
-		AS_CASE(["$withval"],[*ruby*],[BASERUBY=$withval],[AC_MSG_ERROR(need ruby)])
-	],
-	[
-		AC_PATH_PROG([BASERUBY], [ruby], [false])
-	])
-if test "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY -e 'print 42' 2>/dev/null`" = 42; then
-    if test "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems -e 'print 42' 2>/dev/null`" = 42; then
-	BASERUBY="$BASERUBY --disable=gems"
-    fi
-    $BASERUBY -C "$srcdir/tool" downloader.rb -e gnu config.guess config.sub
-    HAVE_BASERUBY=yes
-else
-    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
-    HAVE_BASERUBY=no
-fi
-AC_SUBST(BASERUBY)
-AC_SUBST(HAVE_BASERUBY)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_MINGW32],
-[AS_CASE(["$host_os"],
-[cygwin*], [
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for mingw32 environment, rb_cv_mingw32,
-[AC_TRY_CPP([
-#ifndef __MINGW32__
-# error
-#endif
-], rb_cv_mingw32=yes,rb_cv_mingw32=no)
-rm -f conftest*])
-if test "$rb_cv_mingw32" = yes; then
-    target_os="mingw32"
-    : ${ac_tool_prefix:="`expr "$CC" : ['\(.*-\)g\?cc[^/]*$']`"}
-fi
-])
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [mingw*msvc], [
-target_os="`echo ${target_os} | sed 's/msvc$//'`"
-])
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"], [x86_64-mingw*], [
-target_cpu=x64
-])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_NACL],
-[
- AS_CASE(["${host_os}"],
-[nacl], [
-  ac_cv_exeext=.nexe
-  host_vendor=chromium
-  ac_cv_host=chromium
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([wheather \$NACL_SDK_ROOT is set])
-  if test x"${NACL_SDK_ROOT}" = x; then
-    AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([You need to set \$NACL_SDK_ROOT environment variable to build for NativeClient])
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
-
-  nacl_cv_build_variant=glibc
-  AC_ARG_WITH(newlib,
-              AS_HELP_STRING([--with-newlib], [uses newlib version of NativeClient SDK]),
-              [AS_CASE([$withval],
-                       [no], [nacl_cv_build_variant=glibc],
-                       [yes], [nacl_cv_build_variant=newlib])])
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
-          [x86_64], [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=x86
-                     nacl_cv_cpu_nick2=x86_64],
-          [i?86], [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=x86
-                   nacl_cv_cpu_nick2=x86_32],
-          [le32], [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=pnacl
-                   nacl_cv_cpu_nick2=pnacl
-                   ac_cv_exeext=.pexe],
-          [nacl_cv_cpu_nick=$target_cpu])
-  AS_CASE(["$build_os"],
-          [linux*], [nacl_cv_os_nick=linux],
-          [darwin*], [nacl_cv_os_nick=mac],
-          [cygwin*|mingw*], [nacl_cv_os_nick=win],
-          [nacl_cv_os_nick=$build_os])
-
-  host="$host_cpu-chromium-$host_os-"
-  ac_tool_prefix="$host_cpu-nacl-"
-
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([NativeClient toolchain])
-  if test x"$nacl_cv_cpu_nick" = xpnacl; then
-    NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_pnacl"
-    ac_tool_prefix=pnacl-
-  elif test -d \
-    "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}_${nacl_cv_build_variant}"; then
-    NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}_${nacl_cv_build_variant}"
-  elif test -d \
-    "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_x86_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}/${nacl_cv_build_variant}"; then
-    NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_x86_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}/${nacl_cv_build_variant}"
-  else
-    AS_CASE(
-      ["${nacl_cv_build_variant}"],
-      [glibc], [if test \
-        -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}_newlib" \
-        -a -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}"; then
-        NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}"
-      fi],
-      [newlib], [ NACL_TOOLCHAIN="${nacl_cv_os_nick}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}" ])
-  fi
-  if test ! -e "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/${ac_tool_prefix}gcc"; then
-    if test "${build_cpu}" = i686 -a -e "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/nacl-gcc"; then
-      ac_tool_prefix=nacl-
-    fi
-    if test "${build_cpu}" = x86_64 -a -e "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/nacl-gcc"; then
-      ac_tool_prefix=nacl64-
-    fi
-  fi
-  if test -z "${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}"; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([Unrecognized --host and --build combination or NaCl SDK is not installed])
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT(${NACL_TOOLCHAIN})
-
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([path to SDK])
-  if ! echo -- "${PATH}" | grep -F "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/bin" > /dev/null; then
-    PATH="${PATH}:${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/bin"
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT(${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/toolchain/${NACL_TOOLCHAIN}/bin)
-
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, '-I$(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/include')
-  if test x"${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}" = xpnacl; then
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, '-isystem $(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/include/pnacl')
-  elif test x"${nacl_cv_build_variant}" = xnewlib; then
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, '-isystem $(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/include/newlib')
-  fi
-
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING([nacl library path])
-  if test -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/lib/${nacl_cv_build_variant}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}/Release"; then
-    nacl_cv_libpath="${nacl_cv_build_variant}_${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}"
-  elif test -d "${NACL_SDK_ROOT}/lib/${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}/Release"; then
-    nacl_cv_libpath="${nacl_cv_cpu_nick2}"
-  else
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([not found])
-  fi
-  AC_MSG_RESULT([${nacl_cv_libpath}])
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XLDFLAGS, '-L$(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/'"lib/${nacl_cv_libpath}/Release")
-
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_TOOLCHAIN)
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_SDK_ROOT)
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_SDK_VARIANT, "${nacl_cv_build_variant}")
-  AC_SUBST(NACL_LIB_PATH, "${nacl_cv_libpath}")
-  AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CC, [clang gcc])
-  AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CXX, [clang++ g++])
-])])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_NACL_CHECK_PEPPER_TYPES],
-[AS_CASE(["${host_os}"],
-[nacl], [
- AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct PPB_Core, struct PPB_Messaging, struct PPB_Var,
-              struct PPB_URLLoader, struct PPB_URLRequestInfo,
-              struct PPB_URLResponseInfo, struct PPB_FileRef,
-              struct PPP_Instance])
-])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CPPOUTFILE],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ${CPP} accepts -o, rb_cv_cppoutfile,
-[save_CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"
-CPPFLAGS='-o conftest-1.i'
-rb_cv_cppoutfile=no
-AC_TRY_CPP([test-for-cppout],
-	   [grep test-for-cppout conftest-1.i > /dev/null && rb_cv_cppoutfile=yes])
-CPPFLAGS="$save_CPPFLAGS"
-rm -f conftest*])
-if test "$rb_cv_cppoutfile" = yes; then
-  CPPOUTFILE='-o conftest.i'
-elif test "$rb_cv_cppoutfile" = no; then
-  CPPOUTFILE='> conftest.i'
-elif test -n "$rb_cv_cppoutfile"; then
-  CPPOUTFILE="$rb_cv_cppoutfile"
-fi
-AC_SUBST(CPPOUTFILE)])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether the linker is GNU ld, rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld,
-[if `$CC $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS --print-prog-name=ld 2>&1` -v 2>&1 | grep "GNU ld" > /dev/null; then
-  rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld=yes
-else
-  rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld=no
-fi
-])
-GNU_LD=$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld
-AC_SUBST(GNU_LD)])
-
-eval `sed -n ['s/^@%:@define RUBY_API_VERSION_\([A-Z][A-Z_0-9]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/API_\1=\2/p'] $srcdir/include/ruby/version.h`
-RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION=`sed -n 's/^@%:@define RUBY_VERSION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $srcdir/version.h`
-MAJOR=`echo $RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION | cut -d. -f1`
-MINOR=`echo $RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION | cut -d. -f2`
-TEENY=`echo $RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION | cut -d. -f3`
-for v in MAJOR MINOR TEENY; do
-    if eval "test \"\$$v\" = ''"; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(could not determine $v number from version.h)
-    fi
-done
-AS_IF([test "$MAJOR.$MINOR" != "$API_MAJOR.$API_MINOR"], [
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([API version $API_MAJOR.$API_MINOR differs from program version $MAJOR.$MINOR])
-])
-AC_SUBST(MAJOR)
-AC_SUBST(MINOR)
-AC_SUBST(TEENY)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)
-RUBY_PATCHLEVEL=`sed -n 's/^#define RUBY_PATCHLEVEL //p' $srcdir/version.h`
-AC_DEFINE(CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN)
-dnl checks for alternative programs
-AC_CANONICAL_BUILD
-RUBY_RM_RECURSIVE
-AC_ARG_WITH(gcc,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gcc], [never use gcc]),
-	[
-	AS_CASE([$withval],
-	    [no],  [: ${CC=cc}],
-	    [yes], [: ${CC=gcc}],
-	           [CC=$withval])])
-dnl If the user switches compilers, we can't believe the cache
-if test ! -z "$ac_cv_prog_CC" -a ! -z "$CC" -a "$CC" != "$ac_cv_prog_CC"
-then
-  AC_MSG_ERROR(cached CC is different -- throw away $cache_file
-(it is also a good idea to do 'make clean' before compiling))
-fi
-test -z "$CC" || ac_cv_prog_CC="$CC"
-
-if test "$program_prefix" = NONE; then
-  program_prefix=
-fi
-if test "$prefix" -ef .; then
-  AC_MSG_ERROR(--prefix cannot be the current working directory.)
-fi
-RUBY_BASE_NAME=`echo ruby | sed "$program_transform_name"`
-RUBYW_BASE_NAME=`echo rubyw | sed "$program_transform_name"`
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_BASE_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_VERSION_NAME, '${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${ruby_version}')
-
-AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
-test x"$target_alias" = x &&
-target_os=`echo $target_os | sed 's/linux-gnu$/linux/;s/linux-gnu/linux-/'`
-ac_install_sh='' # unusable for extension libraries.
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(os-version-style,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-os-version-style=TYPE],
-		       [OS version number for target and target_os [[full]]]
-		       [(full|teeny|minor+0|minor|major+0|major|none)]),
-	[os_version_style=$withval],
-	[os_version_style=full
-	    AS_CASE($target_os, [[*[0-9].*]],
-		[AS_CASE([`/usr/bin/ruby -e 'puts RUBY_PLATFORM' 2>/dev/null`],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].*.0]], [os_version_style=minor+0],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].*.*]], [os_version_style=full],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].0]  ], [os_version_style=major+0],
-		    [[*-*[0-9].*]  ], [os_version_style=minor],
-		    [[*-*[0-9]]    ], [os_version_style=major],
-		)])
-	])
-os_version_style_transform=
-AS_CASE("${os_version_style}",
-	[full|teeny], [],
-	[minor+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
-	[minor],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]*\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
-	[major+0], [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1.0/']],
-	[major],   [os_version_style_transform=['s/\([0-9]\)\.[0-9][.0-9]*$/\1/']],
-	[none],    [os_version_style_transform=['s/[0-9]\.[0-9][.0-9]*$//']],
-	[AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown --with-os-version-style: $withval)])
-AS_IF([test -z "$target_alias" -a -n "$os_version_style_transform"],
-	[
-	target=`echo ${target} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
-	target_os=`echo ${target_os} | sed "$os_version_style_transform"`
-	])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_APPEND_OPTION],
-	[# RUBY_APPEND_OPTION($1)
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*" $2 "*], [], ['  '], [ $1="$2"], [ $1="[$]$1 $2"])])
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS],
-	[# RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS($1)
-	for rb_opt in $2; do
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*" [$]{rb_opt} "*], [], ['  '], [ $1="[$]{rb_opt}"], [ $1="[$]$1 [$]{rb_opt}"])
-	done])
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION],
-	[# RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION($1)
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*" $2 "*], [], ['  '], [ $1="$2"], [ $1="$2 [$]$1"])])
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_PREPEND_OPTIONS],
-	[# RUBY_PREPEND_OPTIONS($1)
-	unset rb_opts; for rb_opt in $2; do
-	AS_CASE([" [$]{rb_opts} [$]{$1-} "],
-	[*" [$]{rb_opt} "*], [], ['  '], [ $1="[$]{rb_opt}"], [ rb_opts="[$]{rb_opts}[$]{rb_opt} "])
-	done
-	$1="[$]{rb_opts}[$]$1"])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(arch,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-arch=ARCHS],
-		       [build an Apple/NeXT Multi Architecture Binary (MAB);
-                          ARCHS is a comma-delimited list of architectures for
-                          which to build; if this option is disabled or omitted
-			  entirely, then the package will be built only for the
-			  target platform]),
-       [target_archs="$withval"], [unset target_archs])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH], [
-AC_MSG_CHECKING([arch option])
-AS_CASE([$1],
-	[*64],        [ARCH_FLAG=-m64],
-	[[i[3-6]86]], [ARCH_FLAG=-m32],
-	[AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown target architecture: $target_archs)]
-	)
-AC_MSG_RESULT([$ARCH_FLAG])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH], [
-# RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH begin
-ARCH_FLAG=`expr " $CXXFLAGS " : ['.* \(-m[0-9][0-9]*\) ']`
-test ${CXXFLAGS+set} && CXXFLAGS=`echo "$CXXFLAGS" | sed [-e 's/ *-arch  *[^ ]*//g' -e 's/ *-m32//g' -e 's/ *-m64//g']`
-ARCH_FLAG=`expr " $CFLAGS " : ['.* \(-m[0-9][0-9]*\) ']`
-test ${CFLAGS+set} && CFLAGS=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed [-e 's/ *-arch  *[^ ]*//g' -e 's/ *-m32//g' -e 's/ *-m64//g']`
-test ${LDFLAGS+set} && LDFLAGS=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed [-e 's/ *-arch  *[^ ]*//g' -e 's/ *-m32//g' -e 's/ *-m64//g']`
-unset universal_binary universal_archnames
-if test ${target_archs+set}; then
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([target architectures])
-    target_archs=`echo $target_archs | tr , ' '`
-    # /usr/lib/arch_tool -archify_list $TARGET_ARCHS
-    for archs in $target_archs
-    do
-	AS_CASE([",$universal_binary,"],[*",$archs,"*], [],[
-	    cpu=`$SHELL "$ac_aux_dir/config.sub" "${archs}-${target_os}" 2>&1` || {
-	        AC_MSG_RESULT([failed])
-		AC_MSG_ERROR([$cpu])
-	    }
-	    cpu=`echo $cpu | sed 's/-.*-.*//'`
-	    universal_binary="${universal_binary+$universal_binary,}$cpu"
-	    universal_archnames="${universal_archnames} ${archs}=${cpu}"
-	    ARCH_FLAG="${ARCH_FLAG+$ARCH_FLAG }-arch $archs"
-	    ])
-    done
-    target_archs="$universal_binary"
-    unset universal_binary
-    AS_CASE(["$target_archs"],
-      [*,*], [universal_binary=yes],
-             [unset universal_archnames])
-    AC_MSG_RESULT([$target_archs])
-
-    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    target_alias=`echo $target_alias | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes; then
-	AC_SUBST(try_header,try_compile)
-	target_cpu=universal
-	real_cross_compiling=$cross_compiling
-    else
-	if test x"$target_cpu" != x"${target_archs}"; then
-	    echo 'int main(){return 0;}' > conftest.c
-	    if $CC $CFLAGS $ARCH_FLAG -o conftest conftest.c > /dev/null 2>&1; then
-		rm -fr conftest.*
-	    else
-		RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH("$target_archs")
-	    fi
-	fi
-	target_cpu=${target_archs}
-    fi
-    AS_CASE(["$target"], [-*], [ target="$target_cpu${target}"])
-    AS_CASE(["$target_alias"], [-*], [ target_alias="$target_cpu${target_alias}"])
-else
-    if test x"$target_alias" = x; then
-	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	  [darwin*], [
-	    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for real target cpu])
-	    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-	    target_cpu=`$CC -E - 2>/dev/null <<EOF |
-#ifdef __x86_64__
-"processor-name=x86_64"
-#endif
-#ifdef __i386__
-"processor-name=i386"
-#endif
-#ifdef __ppc__
-"processor-name=powerpc"
-#endif
-#ifdef __ppc64__
-"processor-name=powerpc64"
-#endif
-EOF
-	    sed -n 's/^"processor-name=\(.*\)"/\1/p'`
-	    target="$target_cpu${target}"
-	    AC_MSG_RESULT([$target_cpu])
-	    ])
-    fi
-    target_archs="$target_cpu"
-fi
-if test "${target_archs}" != "${rb_cv_target_archs-${target_archs}}"; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([target arch(s) has changed from ${rb_cv_target_archs-nothing} to ${target_archs}])
-else
-    rb_cv_target_archs=${target_archs}
-fi
-if test "x${ARCH_FLAG}" != x; then
-    CFLAGS="${CFLAGS:+$CFLAGS }${ARCH_FLAG}"
-    LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS:+$LDFLAGS }${ARCH_FLAG}"
-fi
-# RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH end
-])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(load-relative,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-load-relative], [resolve load paths at run time]),
-       [load_relative=$enableval])
-
-AC_ARG_PROGRAM
-
-dnl Checks for programs.
-
-cflagspat=
-test -z "$optflags" ||
-    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${optflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
-test -z "$debugflags" ||
-    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${debugflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
-test -z "warnflags" ||
-    cflagspat="$cflagspat;s|"`eval echo '"'"${warnflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^ */ /;s/ *$/ /'`'| |g'
-if test -z "${CFLAGS+set}"; then
-    cflags=`echo " $cflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
-    orig_cflags="$cflags"
-    cflags="$cflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
-fi
-if test -z "${CXXFLAGS+set}"; then
-    cxxflags=`echo " $cxxflags " | sed "$cflagspat;s/^ *//;s/ *$//"`
-    orig_cxxflags="$cxxflags"
-    cxxflags="$cxxflags "'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'
-fi
-
-RUBY_NACL
-AS_CASE(["$host_os:$build_os"],
-[darwin*:darwin*], [
-    AC_CHECK_TOOLS(CC, [clang gcc cc])
-    # Following Apple deployed clang are broken
-    # clang version 1.0 (http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/cfe/tags/Apple/clang-23 exported)
-    # Apple clang version 2.0 (tags/Apple/clang-137) (based on LLVM 2.9svn)
-    # Apple clang version 2.1 (tags/Apple/clang-163.7.1) (based on LLVM 3.0svn)
-    if ! $CC -E -xc - <<SRC >/dev/null; then
-	@%:@if defined __APPLE_CC__ && defined __clang_major__ && __clang_major__ < 3
-	@%:@error premature clang
-	@%:@endif
-SRC
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([clang version 3.0 or later is required])
-    fi
-])
-if test x"${build}" != x"${host}"; then
-  AC_CHECK_TOOL(CC, gcc)
-fi
-
-AC_PROG_CC
-
-dnl Select the appropriate C++ compiler in OS X
-AS_CASE(["$build_os"],
-  [darwin1*.*], [
-    AS_CASE(["x$CC"],
-      [xgcc-4.2|x/usr/bin/gcc-4.2], [: ${CXX=g++-4.2}],
-      [xgcc|x/usr/bin/gcc],         [: ${CXX=g++}],
-      [xcc|x/usr/bin/cc],           [: ${CXX=c++}],
-      [xicc],                       [: ${CXX=icpc}],
-      [xclang|x/usr/bin/clang],     [: ${CXX=clang++}])
-  ])
-test -z "$CXX" || ac_cv_prog_CXX="$CXX"
-
-AC_PROG_CXX
-RUBY_MINGW32
-AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
-AC_SUBST(GCC)
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[solaris*], [AC_PATH_TOOL([LD], [ld], [/usr/ccs/bin/ld], [/usr/ccs/bin:$PATH])],
-[AC_CHECK_TOOL([LD], [ld], [ld])])
-AC_SUBST(LD)
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    linker_flag=-Wl,
-    : ${optflags=-O3}
-    gcc_major=`echo =__GNUC__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
-    gcc_minor=`echo =__GNUC_MINOR__ | $CC -E -xc - | sed '/^=/!d;s///'`
-    test -n "$gcc_major" || gcc_major=0
-    test -n "$gcc_minor" || gcc_minor=0
-    # RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(XCFLAGS, ["-include ruby/config.h" "-include ruby/missing.h"])
-else
-    linker_flag=
-fi
-
-RUBY_PROG_GNU_LD
-RUBY_CPPOUTFILE
-
-: ${OUTFLAG='-o '}
-: ${COUTFLAG=${OUTFLAG}}
-: ${CSRCFLAG=''}
-AC_SUBST(OUTFLAG)
-AC_SUBST(COUTFLAG)
-AC_SUBST(CSRCFLAG)
-
-cc_version=
-for option in --version -v -V -qversion; do
-    cc_version_message=`$CC $option 2>&1`
-    cc_version_status=$?
-    AS_CASE($cc_version_status, [0], [:], [continue])
-    AS_CASE($cc_version_message, [*Warning*], [continue])
-    cc_version='$(CC) '$option
-    break
-done
-AC_SUBST(CC_VERSION, $cc_version)
-AC_SUBST(CC_VERSION_MESSAGE, $cc_version_message)
-
-RUBY_UNIVERSAL_ARCH
-if test "$target_cpu" != "$host_cpu" -a "$GCC" = yes -a "$cross_compiling" = no -a "$universal_binary" = no; then
-    RUBY_DEFAULT_ARCH("$target_cpu")
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"], [[i[3-6]86*]], [
-	 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync_val_compare_and_swap], [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas], [
-			 AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned long atomic_var;],
-				     [
-				      __sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
-				      ],
-				      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=yes],
-				      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=no])])
-	 if test "$rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas" = no; then
-		 unset rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas
-		 save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
-		 CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -march=i486"
-		 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync_val_compare_and_swap with -march=i486], [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas], [
-				 AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned long atomic_var;],
-					     [
-					      __sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
-					      ],
-					      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=yes
-					       ARCH_FLAG="-march=i486"],
-					      [rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas=no])])
-		 CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
-	 fi])
-
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(RANLIB, ranlib, :)
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(AR, ar)
-if test -z "$AR"; then
-  AC_CHECK_PROGS(AR, aal, ar)
-fi
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for $AR D option], [rb_cv_ar_D_option], [
-    AS_IF([$AR rcD conftest.a > /dev/null 2>&1 && rm conftest.a],
-	[rb_cv_ar_D_option=yes], [rb_cv_ar_D_option=no])
-])
-AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_ar_D_option" = yes], [ARFLAGS='rcD '], [ARFLAGS='rcu '])
-AC_SUBST(ARFLAGS)
-
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(AS, as)
-ASFLAGS=$ASFLAGS
-AC_SUBST(ASFLAGS)
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[cygwin*|mingw*], [ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_OBJCOPY=":"])
-
-# BSD's ports and MacPorts prefix GNU binutils with 'g'
-AC_CHECK_TOOLS(OBJDUMP, [objdump gobjdump])
-AC_CHECK_TOOLS(OBJCOPY, [objcopy gobjcopy])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[cygwin*|mingw*], [
-    AC_CHECK_TOOL(WINDRES, windres)
-    AC_CHECK_TOOL(DLLWRAP, dllwrap)
-    target=`echo $target | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    target_alias=`echo $target_alias | sed "s/^$target_cpu-/-/"`
-    target_cpu=`echo $target_cpu | sed s/i.86/i386/`
-    AS_CASE(["$target"], [-*], [ target="$target_cpu${target}"])
-    AS_CASE(["$target_alias"], [-*], [ target_alias="$target_cpu${target_alias}"])
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*], [
-	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && unset rb_cv_msvcrt
-	AC_CACHE_CHECK(for mingw32 runtime DLL, rb_cv_msvcrt, [
-	AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <stdio.h>],
-		    [FILE* volatile f = stdin; return 0;],
-		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=`$OBJDUMP -p conftest$ac_exeext |
-				   tr A-Z a-z |
-				   sed -n '/^[[ 	]]*dll name: \(msvc.*\)\.dll$/{s//\1/p;q;}'`],
-		    [rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
-	test "$rb_cv_msvcrt" = "" && rb_cv_msvcrt=msvcrt])
-	RT_VER=`echo "$rb_cv_msvcrt" | tr -cd [0-9]`
-	test "$RT_VER" = "" && RT_VER=60
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION, $RT_VER)
-    ])
-    : ${enable_shared=yes}
-    ],
-[aix*],     [AC_CHECK_TOOL(NM, nm, /usr/ccs/bin/nm, /usr/ccs/bin:$PATH)],
-[hiuxmpp*], [AC_DEFINE(__HIUX_MPP__)])    # by TOYODA Eizi <toyoda@npd.kishou.go.jp>
-AC_CHECK_TOOL(NM, nm)
-
-AC_PROG_LN_S
-AC_PROG_MAKE_SET
-AC_PROG_INSTALL
-AC_PROG_MKDIR_P
-if test "x$MKDIR_P" = "x -d"; then
-  if test x"$as_mkdir_p" != xfalse; then
-    MKDIR_P='mkdir -p'
-    echo "use 'mkdir -p' as MKDIR_P"
-  else
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([mkdir -p is required])
-  fi
-fi
-MAKEDIRS="$MKDIR_P"
-AC_SUBST(MAKEDIRS)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DTRACE_AVAILABLE],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether dtrace USDT is available, rb_cv_dtrace_available,
-[
-    echo "provider conftest{ probe fire(); };" > conftest_provider.d
-    rb_cv_dtrace_available=no
-    AS_FOR(opt, rb_dtrace_opt, ["-xnolibs" ""], [dnl
-	AS_IF([$DTRACE opt -h -o conftest_provider.h -s conftest_provider.d >/dev/null 2>/dev/null],
-	    [], [continue])
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include "conftest_provider.h"], [CONFTEST_FIRE();],
-	    [], [continue])
-	# DTrace is available on the system
-	rb_cv_dtrace_available=yes${rb_dtrace_opt:+"(opt)"}
-	break
-    ])
-    rm -f conftest.[co] conftest_provider.[dho]
-])
-AS_CASE(["$rb_cv_dtrace_available"], ["yes("*")"],
-    [DTRACE_OPT=`expr "$rb_cv_dtrace_available" : "yes(\(.*\))"`])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS],
-[AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether $DTRACE needs post processing, rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g,
-[
-  rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g=no
-  if {
-    cat >conftest_provider.d <<_PROBES &&
-    provider conftest {
-      probe fire();
-    };
-_PROBES
-    $DTRACE ${DTRACE_OPT} -h -o conftest_provider.h -s conftest_provider.d >/dev/null 2>/dev/null &&
-    :
-  }; then
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include "conftest_provider.h"], [CONFTEST_FIRE();], [
-	if {
-	    cp -p conftest.${ac_objext} conftest.${ac_objext}.save &&
-	    $DTRACE ${DTRACE_OPT} -G -s conftest_provider.d conftest.${ac_objext} 2>/dev/null &&
-	    :
-	}; then
-	    if cmp -s conftest.o conftest.${ac_objext}.save; then
-		rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g=yes
-	    else
-		rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g=rebuild
-	    fi
-	fi])
-  fi
-  rm -f conftest.[co] conftest_provider.[dho]
-])
-])
-
-AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace], [${ac_tool_prefix}dtrace])
-if test "$cross_compiling:$ac_cv_prog_DTRACE" = no: -a -n "$ac_tool_prefix"; then
-    AC_CHECK_PROG([DTRACE], [dtrace], [dtrace])
-fi
-
-AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOT, dot)
-AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOXYGEN, doxygen)
-AS_CASE(["${host_os}"], [nacl], [AC_PATH_PROG(PYTHON, python)])
-
-AC_CHECK_PROG(PKG_CONFIG, pkg-config, [pkg-config], [], [],
-    [`"$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1 || echo "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"`])
-
-# checks for UNIX variants that set C preprocessor variables
-AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
-
-AC_SUBST(RM, ['rm -f'])
-AC_SUBST(CP, ['cp'])
-RMDIRS='$(top_srcdir)/tool/rmdirs'
-RMDIR=rmdir
-mkdir "rmdirs_$$_test" "rmdirs_$$_test/a"
-rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null &&
-RMDIR='rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty'
-$RMDIR -p "rmdirs_$$_test/a" 2>/dev/null &&
-{ test -d "rmdirs_$$_test" || RMDIRS="$RMDIR -p"; }
-rmdir "rmdirs_$$_test/a" "rmdirs_$$_test" 2>/dev/null
-AC_SUBST(RMDIR)
-AC_SUBST(RMDIRS)
-AC_SUBST(RMALL, ['rm -fr'])
-
-AC_MSG_CHECKING([for cd using physical directory])
-rm -fr conf$$.dir
-mkdir conf$$.dir &&
-(cd conf$$.dir && mkdir src build && cd src &&
-$as_ln_s ../build . > /dev/null 2>&1 && cd build &&
-for chdir in 'cd -P' 'PWD= cd'; do
-    /bin/sh -c "$chdir ../src && echo '$chdir' > cdcmd" 2> /dev/null && break
-done)
-if test -f conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd; then
-    read CHDIR < conf$$.dir/src/cdcmd 2> /dev/null
-else
-    CHDIR=cd
-fi
-rm -fr conf$$.dir
-AC_MSG_RESULT([$CHDIR])
-AC_SUBST(CHDIR)
-
-}
-{ # compiler section
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_WERROR_FLAG], [dnl
-save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
-CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $rb_cv_warnflags"
-if test "${ac_c_werror_flag+set}"; then
-  rb_c_werror_flag="$ac_c_werror_flag"
-else
-  unset rb_c_werror_flag
-fi
-ac_c_werror_flag=yes
-$1
-CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
-save_CFLAGS=
-if test "${rb_c_werror_flag+set}"; then
-  ac_c_werror_flag="$rb_c_werror_flag"
-else
-  unset ac_c_werror_flag
-fi])
-
-RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether CFLAGS is valid])
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([], [],
-	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"])
-	]
-    )
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether LDFLAGS is valid])
-    {
-	mkdir tmp.$$.try_link &&
-	cd tmp.$$.try_link &&
-	cp ../confdefs.h . &&
-	echo '<?xml?><plist><dict><key>CFBundleIdentifier</key><string></string></dict></plist>' > Info.plist &&
-	:
-    } || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to make temporary directory])
-    AC_TRY_LINK([], [],
-	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[
-	cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([something wrong with LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"])
-	]
-    )
-    cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether ]$1[ is accepted as CFLAGS])
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-    CFLAGS="[$]CFLAGS $1"
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([$4], [$5],
-	[$2
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[$3
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)])
-    ])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS], [
-    save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"
-    LDFLAGS="[$]LDFLAGS $1"
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $1 is accepted as LDFLAGS])
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-    AC_TRY_LINK([$4], [$5],
-	[$2
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
-	[$3
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(no)])
-    ])
-    LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS"
-    save_LDFLAGS=
-])
-
-: ${DLDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"}
-
-AS_CASE([$RUBY_PATCHLEVEL], [-*],
-	[particular_werror_flags=yes], [particular_werror_flags=no])
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(werror,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-werror],
-		       [don't make warnings into errors
-		       even if a compiler support -Werror feature
-		       [[disabled by default unless development version]]]),
-	[particular_werror_flags=$enableval])
-
-rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
-if test "$GCC:${warnflags+set}:no" = yes::no; then
-    if test $gcc_major -ge 4; then
-	extra_warning=-Werror=extra-tokens
-    else
-	extra_warning=
-    fi
-    if test $gcc_major -ge 5 -a $gcc_major -le 6; then
-	extra_warning="$extra_warning -Wno-maybe-uninitialized"
-    fi
-    for wflag in -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-parentheses -Wno-long-long \
-                 -diag-disable=2259 \
-		 -Wno-missing-field-initializers \
-		 -Wno-tautological-compare \
-		 -Wno-parentheses-equality \
-		 -Wno-constant-logical-operand \
-		 -Wno-self-assign \
-		 -Wunused-variable \
-		 -Werror=implicit-int \
-		 -Werror=pointer-arith \
-		 -Werror=write-strings \
-		 -Werror=declaration-after-statement \
-		 -Werror=shorten-64-to-32 \
-		 -Werror=implicit-function-declaration \
-		 -Werror=division-by-zero \
-		 -Werror=deprecated-declarations \
-		 -Wno-packed-bitfield-compat \
-		 -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn \
-		 -Wsuggest-attribute=format \
-		 -Wimplicit-fallthrough=0 \
-		 $extra_warning \
-		 ; do
-	if test "$particular_werror_flags" != yes; then
-	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/;s/^x//'`
-	fi
-	ok=no
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
-	    ok=yes
-	])
-	AS_CASE([$ok:$wflag], [no:-Werror=*], [
-	    wflag=`echo x$wflag | sed 's/^x-Werror=/-W/'`
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, $wflag)
-		particular_werror_flags=no
-	    ])
-	])
-    done
-    AS_CASE([" $warnflags "],[*" -Wno-missing-field-initializers "*], [wflag="-Wall -Wextra"],
-                             [wflag=-Wall])
-    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($wflag, [warnflags="$wflag${warnflags+ $warnflags}"])
-    # Disable warnflags while conftest. -Werror=* flags might make bad OS capability guess.
-    rb_cv_warnflags="$warnflags"
-    warnflags=
-fi
-RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-Qunused-arguments, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(rb_cv_wsuppress_flags, -Qunused-arguments)])
-
-for n in infinity nan; do
-    m=AS_TR_CPP($n)
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether $m is available without C99 option], rb_cv_$n,
-	[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-	    [AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY(AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <math.h>
-@%:@ifndef $m
-@%:@error no $m
-@%:@endif
-]), [1])], [eval rb_cv_$n=yes], [eval rb_cv_$n=no])])
-    if eval test '"$rb_cv_'$n'"' = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([HAVE_]$m)
-    fi
-done
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(compress-debug-sections,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-compress-debug-sections=type],
-	    [enable debug section compression]),
-	[compress_debug_sections=$withval], [compress_debug_sections=])
-
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    # NaCl's glibc build generates undefined references to __memset_chk.
-    # TODO(sbc): Remove this once NaCl's glibc is fixed.
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [nacl], [], [
-      # -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE
-      # When defined _FORTIFY_SOURCE, glibc enables some additional sanity
-      # argument check. The performance drop is very little and Ubuntu enables
-      # _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 by default. So, let's support it for protecting us from
-      # a mistake of silly C extensions.
-      RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)])
-   ])
-
-    # -fstack-protector
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*|nacl], [
-	stack_protector=no
-    ])
-    if test -z "${stack_protector+set}"; then
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fstack-protector, [stack_protector=yes], [stack_protector=no])
-	if test "x$stack_protector" = xyes; then
-	    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(-fstack-protector, [], [stack_protector=broken])
-	fi
-    fi
-    if test "x$stack_protector" = xyes; then
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fstack-protector)
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, -fstack-protector)
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LDFLAGS, -fstack-protector)
-    fi
-
-    AS_CASE("${compress_debug_sections:-zlib}",
-    [none|no], [], [
-    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(${linker_flag}--compress-debug-sections=${compress_debug_sections:-zlib},
-		     [compress_debug_sections=${compress_debug_sections:-zlib}],
-		     [compress_debug_sections=no])
-    ])
-    if test "x$compress_debug_sections" != xno; then
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(DLDFLAGS, ${linker_flag}--compress-debug-sections=$compress_debug_sections)
-    fi
-
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*], [
-      # On  Windows  platforms,   system  provided  headers  are  VC++
-      # optimized.  That  is, C++  habits are often  contaminated into
-      # various  headers.  Most frequent  situation is  the use  of //
-      # comments.   We  bypass  ANSI   C  mode  for  them.   Otherwise
-      # extension libs cannot include those headers.
-
-      # Since math.h in some mingw64 wrongly delcares frexp and modf
-      # to be pure, the variables pointed by the second arguments are
-      # considered uninitialized unexpectedly.
-      AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether frexp and modf are broken],
-	rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf,
-	[
-	  save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
-	  if test "$particular_werror_flags" = "yes"; then
-	    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Werror=uninitialized"
-	  else
-	    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Werror -Wuninitialized"
-	  fi
-	  AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <math.h>
-	    int foo(double x)
-	    {
-	      int exp;
-	      frexp(x, &exp);
-	      return exp;
-	    }], [if (foo(0.0)) return 1;],
-	    [rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf=no],
-	    [rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf=yes])
-	  CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS"
-	])
-      if test "$rb_cv_mingw64_broken_frexp_modf" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_MINGW64_BROKEN_FREXP_MODF)
-      fi
-    ],
-    [cygwin*|darwin*|netbsd*|nacl], [
-      # need lgamma_r(), finite()
-    ],
-    [
-      # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
-	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(strict_warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-	    ], [ansi_options=])
-	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
-	done
-    ])
-
-    # suppress annoying -Wstrict-overflow warnings
-    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-strict-overflow, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fno-strict-overflow)])
-
-    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb3, [debugflags=-ggdb3])}
-    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-ggdb, [debugflags=-ggdb])}
-    test "${debugflags+set}" || {RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-g3, [debugflags=-g3])}
-fi
-test $ac_cv_prog_cc_g = yes && : ${debugflags=-g}
-
-if test "$GCC" = ""; then
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[warnflags="$warnflags -qinfo=por" rb_cv_warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags -qinfo=por"])
-fi
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    if test "$gcc_major" -ge 4; then
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fvisibility=hidden, [visibility_option=yes], [visibility_option=no])
-    fi
-    AC_SUBST(WERRORFLAG, "-Werror")
-    if test "$visibility_option" = yes; then
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fvisibility=hidden)
-	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN, [_Pragma("GCC visibility push(default)")])
-	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END,   [_Pragma("GCC visibility pop")])
-    else
-	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*], [visibility_option=ld], [visibility_option=no])
-    fi
-    test "$visibility_option" = no -o "$host_os" = nacl || OBJCOPY=:
-fi
-
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    # optflags
-
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [mingw*], [
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-omit-frame-pointer, [optflags="${optflags+$optflags }-fno-omit-frame-pointer"])
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-static-libgcc, [static_libgcc=yes], [static_libgcc=no])
-	if test "$static_libgcc" = yes; then
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, -static-libgcc)
-	fi
-    ])
-
-    # disable fast-math
-    for oflag in -fno-fast-math; do
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($oflag, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(optflags, $oflag)])
-    done
-    for oflag in -fexcess-precision=standard -fp-model\ precise; do
-	RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS($oflag, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, $oflag)])
-    done
-fi
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(opt-dir,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-opt-dir=DIR-LIST],
-		       [add optional headers and libraries directories separated by $PATH_SEPARATOR]),
-	[
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -I\1/include|g;s/^ //"`
-		CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $val"
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -L\1/lib|g;s/^ //"`
-		LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $val"
-		LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-		OPT_DIR="$withval"
-	], [OPT_DIR=])
-
-test -z "${ac_env_CFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cflags+set}" && eval CFLAGS="\"$cflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
-test -z "${ac_env_CXXFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cxxflags+set}" && eval CXXFLAGS="\"$cxxflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
-
-}
-{ # header and library section
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(winnt-ver,
-  AS_HELP_STRING([--with-winnt-ver=0xXXXX], [target Windows NT version (default to 0x0501)]),
-  [with_winnt_ver="$withval"], [with_winnt_ver="0x0501"])
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[mingw*], [
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D_WIN32_WINNT=$with_winnt_ver)
-  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -D__MINGW_USE_VC2005_COMPAT)
-])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[freebsd*], [
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread should be enabled by default],
-    rb_cv_enable_pthread_default,
-    [AC_TRY_CPP([
-#include <osreldate.h>
-#if __FreeBSD_version < 502102
-#error pthread should be disabled on this platform
-#endif
-      ],
-      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=yes,
-      rb_cv_enable_pthread_default=no)])
-  enable_pthread=$rb_cv_enable_pthread_default
-  ],
-[mingw*], [
-  enable_pthread=no
-  ],
-[
-  enable_pthread=yes
-  ])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(pthread,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-pthread], [obsolete, and ignored]))
-
-dnl Checks for libraries.
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[*bsd*|dragonfly*],[],[ac_cv_func_daemon=no])
-
-POSTLINK=:
-AC_SUBST(POSTLINK)
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[nextstep*], [	],
-[openstep*], [	],
-[rhapsody*], [	],
-[darwin*], [	RUBY_PREPEND_OPTION(LIBS, -lobjc)
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_C_SOURCE -D_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT -D_REENTRANT)
-		AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether Mac OS X 10.5 or later)
-		AC_TRY_CPP([#include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
-		    #if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED <= 1040
-		    #error pre OS X 10.4
-		    [!<===== pre OS X 10.4 =====>]
-		    #endif
-		    ],
-		    [macosx_10_5=yes], [macosx_10_5=no])
-		AC_MSG_RESULT($macosx_10_5)
-		if test $macosx_10_5 = yes; then
-		    ac_cv_func_getcontext=no
-		    ac_cv_func_setcontext=no
-		else
-		    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
-		    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
-		fi
-		incs=`$CC -v -E -xc - < /dev/null 2>&1 | sed ['1,/^@%:@include </d;s/^ *//;s|[^./][^/]*/\.\./||g;/\/include$/!d;s||/lib|;/\/usr\/lib/d']`
-		for d in `$CC -print-search-dirs | sed -e '/^libraries: */!d;s///' | tr : '\012' | fgrep -v /../ | sed -n 's|^\(/.*/lib\)/$|\1|p'`; do
-		    incs=`echo "$incs" | fgrep -v "$d"`
-		done
-		for d in $incs; do
-		    test -d "$d" && RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LDFLAGS, "-L$d")
-		done
-		ac_cv_type_getgroups=gid_t # getgroups() on Rosetta fills garbage
-		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
-		ac_cv_func_fdatasync=no # Mac OS X wrongly reports it has fdatasync()
-		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
-		if test $gcc_major -lt 4 -o \( $gcc_major -eq 4 -a $gcc_minor -lt 3 \); then
-		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
-		fi
-		AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken crypt with 8bit chars, rb_cv_broken_crypt,
-		    [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-void
-broken_crypt(const char *salt, const char *buf1, const char *buf2)
-{
-#if 0
-    printf("%.2x%.2x: %s -> %s\n", (unsigned char)salt[0], (unsigned char)salt[1],
-	   buf1+2, buf2+2);
-#endif
-}
-
-int
-main()
-{
-    int i;
-    char salt[2], buf[256], *s;
-    for (i = 0; i < 128*128; i++) {
-	salt[0] = 0x80 | (i & 0x7f);
-	salt[1] = 0x80 | (i >> 7);
-	strcpy(buf, crypt("", salt));
-	if (strcmp(buf, s = crypt("", salt))) {
-	    broken_crypt(salt, buf, s);
-	    return 1;
-	}
-    }
-    salt[0] = salt[1] = ' ';
-    strcpy(buf, crypt("", salt));
-    salt[0] = salt[1] = 0x80 | ' ';
-    if (strcmp(buf, s = crypt("", salt))) {
-	broken_crypt(salt, buf, s);
-	return 1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-],
-		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=no,
-		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes,
-		    rb_cv_broken_crypt=yes)])
-		if test "$rb_cv_broken_crypt" = yes; then
-		   AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CRYPT, 1)
-		fi
-		AC_CHECK_PROGS(codesign, codesign)
-		if test -n "$codesign"; then
-		    POSTLINK="test -z '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' || $codesign -s '\$(RUBY_CODESIGN)' -f \$@"
-		    LINK_SO="$LINK_SO
-\$(POSTLINK)"
-		fi
-		AC_CHECK_HEADERS(crt_externs.h, [], [], [
-		    #include <crt_externs.h>
-		])
-		],
-[hpux*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_c_inline=no],
-[solaris*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_func_vfork=no
-		AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether _XOPEN_SOURCE is already given)
-		AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <unistd.h>
-		    #ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
-		    #error _XOPEN_SOURCE is not defined
-		    #endif
-		    ], [],
-		    [given_xopen_source=yes], [given_xopen_source=no])
-		AC_MSG_RESULT($given_xopen_source)
-		if test $given_xopen_source = no; then
-		  # On Solaris, with gcc, -std=iso9899:1999 in $ansi_options
-		  # is often also needed in CPPFLAGS, because some feature
-		  # definitions vary depending on such standards options.
-		  AS_CASE(["${ansi_options}"],
-		  [*-std=iso9899:1999*], [
-		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, ${ansi_options})
-		  ])
-		  AC_MSG_CHECKING(appropriate _XOPEN_SOURCE value to define)
-		  define_xopen_source=""
-		  for tmp_xpg in 7 6 5; do
-		    if test x"$define_xopen_source" != x; then
-		        break
-		    fi
-		    # Both AC_TRY_CPP and AC_TRY_COMPILE should pass
-		    # because some options may not be set to CPPFLAGS.
-		    AC_TRY_CPP([
-			#define _XOPEN_SOURCE ${tmp_xpg}00
-			#include <unistd.h>
-			#ifndef _XPG${tmp_xpg}
-			#error _XPG${tmp_xpg} should be defined by _XOPEN_SOURCE=${tmp_xpg}00
-			#endif
-			], [
-			AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-			#define _XOPEN_SOURCE ${tmp_xpg}00
-			#include <unistd.h>
-			#ifndef _XPG${tmp_xpg}
-			#error _XPG${tmp_xpg} should be defined by _XOPEN_SOURCE=${tmp_xpg}00
-			#endif
-			], [],
-			[define_xopen_source=${tmp_xpg}00], [])
-			], [])
-		  done
-		  if test x"$define_xopen_source" = x; then
-		    define_xopen_source=no
-		  fi
-		  AC_MSG_RESULT($define_xopen_source)
-		  if test x"$define_xopen_source" != xno; then
-		    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=$define_xopen_source)
-		  fi
-		fi
-		],
-[haiku*], [
-		LIBS="$LIBS" # m lib is include in root
-		],
-[cygwin*], [	ac_cv_header_langinfo_h=yes
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, -D_XOPEN_SOURCE -D_GNU_SOURCE)
-		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cygwin_conv_path)
-		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
-		],
-[mingw*], [	LIBS="-lshell32 -lws2_32 -liphlpapi -limagehlp -lshlwapi $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_header_a_out_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_pwd_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_utime_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_ioctl_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_param_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_select_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_time_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_times_h=no
-		ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no
-		ac_cv_func_lstat=yes
-		ac_cv_func_times=yes
-		ac_cv_func_waitpid=yes
-		ac_cv_func_fsync=yes
-		ac_cv_func_seekdir=yes
-		ac_cv_func_telldir=yes
-		ac_cv_func_isinf=yes
-		ac_cv_func_isnan=yes
-		ac_cv_func_finite=yes
-		ac_cv_func_lchown=yes
-		ac_cv_func_link=yes
-		ac_cv_func_readlink=yes
-		ac_cv_func_symlink=yes
-		ac_cv_lib_crypt_crypt=no
-		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=no
-		ac_cv_func_memcmp_working=yes
-		ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen=no
-		rb_cv_binary_elf=no
-		rb_cv_negative_time_t=no
-		ac_cv_func_fcntl=yes
-		ac_cv_func_flock=yes
-		ac_cv_func_gmtime_r=yes
-		rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes
-		ac_cv_type_struct_timeval=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
-		ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=no
-		AS_IF([test "$target_cpu" = x64], [
-		    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
-		    ac_cv_func_round=no
-		])
-		AC_CHECK_TYPE([NET_LUID], [], [],
-			      [@%:@include <winsock2.h>
-			      @%:@include <iphlpapi.h>])
-		if test x"$ac_cv_type_NET_LUID" = xyes; then
-		    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TYPE_NET_LUID, 1)
-		fi
-		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_gmtime64_s)
-		AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_wfreopen_s)
-		AC_LIBOBJ([langinfo])
-		],
-[bsdi*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREUID, 1)
-		AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_SETREGID, 1)
-                ac_cv_sizeof_rlim_t=8],
-[freebsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_func_getpeername=no
-		ac_cv_func_getsockname=no
-		ac_cv_func_shutdown=no
-		ac_cv_func_close=no
-		],
-[netbsd*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		],
-[dragonfly*], [	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		# isinf() and isnan() are macros on DragonFly.
-		ac_cv_func_isinf=yes
-		ac_cv_func_isnan=yes
-		],
-[aix*],[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-		ac_cv_func_round=no
-		],
-[nacl], [
-  LIBS="-lm $LIBS"
-  if test "${nacl_cv_build_variant}" = "newlib"; then
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CPPFLAGS, -DNACL_NEWLIB)
-  else
-    RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fPIC)
-  fi
-  ],
-[	LIBS="-lm $LIBS"])
-
-AC_CHECK_LIB(crypt, crypt)      # glibc (GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd, GNU/kFreeBSD)
-AC_CHECK_LIB(dl, dlopen)	# Dynamic linking for SunOS/Solaris and SYSV
-AC_CHECK_LIB(dld, shl_load)	# Dynamic linking for HP-UX
-AC_CHECK_LIB(socket, shutdown)  # SunOS/Solaris
-
-dnl Checks for header files.
-AC_HEADER_DIRENT
-dnl AC_HEADER_STDC has been checked in AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
-AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
-AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
-
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(a.out.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(atomic.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(direct.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(grp.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(fcntl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(float.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ieeefp.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(intrinsics.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(langinfo.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(limits.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(locale.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc/malloc.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(malloc_np.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(net/socket.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(process.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pwd.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(setjmpex.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/attr.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/fcntl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/file.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/id.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/ioctl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/mkdev.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/param.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/prctl.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/resource.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/select.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/sendfile.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/socket.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/syscall.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/sysmacros.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/time.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/times.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/uio.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/utime.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(syscall.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(time.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ucontext.h)
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
-  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
-    [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
-  [],
-  [with_gmp=yes])
-AS_IF([test "x$with_gmp" != xno],
-  [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(gmp.h)
-   AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_gmp_h" != xno],
-     AC_CHECK_LIB([gmp], [__gmpz_init]))
-   with_gmp="$ac_cv_lib_gmp___gmpz_init"
-   AS_IF([test -z "$with_gmp"], [with_gmp=no])])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH([jemalloc],
-  [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-jemalloc],[use jemalloc allocator])],
-  [with_jemalloc=$withval], [with_jemalloc=no])
-AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" = xyes],[
-  AC_CHECK_LIB([jemalloc], [malloc_conf], [], [with_jemalloc=no])
-  AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc/jemalloc.h, [
-    AC_DEFINE(RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER, [<jemalloc/jemalloc.h>])
-  ])
-  AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" = xno], [
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for jemalloc with JEMALLOC_MANGLE], rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle,
-      [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([@%:@define JEMALLOC_MANGLE 1
-      @%:@ifdef RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
-      @%:@include RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
-      @%:@else
-      @%:@include <jemalloc.h>
-      @%:@endif], [return !&malloc_conf])],
-      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=yes],
-      [rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle=no])
-    ])
-  ])
-  AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_jemalloc_demangle" = xyes], [
-    AC_DEFINE(JEMALLOC_MANGLE)
-    with_jemalloc=yes
-  ])
-  AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" = xyes],
-    [
-      ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=yes
-    ],
-    [AC_MSG_ERROR([jemalloc requested but not found])
-  ])
-])
-
-dnl check for large file stuff
-mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
-: > confdefs.h
-AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
-# On 32-bit Solaris, it is safe to define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
-# which is not added by AC_SYS_LARGEFILE.
-if test x"$enable_largefile" != xno; then
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [solaris*], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([wheather _LARGEFILE_SOURCE should be defined])
-    AS_CASE(["${ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits}:${ac_cv_sys_large_files}"],
-      ["64:"|"64:no"|"64:unknown"], [
-	# insert _LARGEFILE_SOURCE before _FILE_OFFSET_BITS line
-	# that is the same order as "getconf LFS_CFLAGS" output
-	mv confdefs.h largefile0.h
-	: > confdefs.h
-	AC_DEFINE(_LARGEFILE_SOURCE)
-	cat largefile0.h >> confdefs.h
-	rm largefile0.h
-	AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
-      ], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
-  ])
-fi
-mv confdefs.h largefile.h
-mv confdefs1.h confdefs.h
-cat largefile.h >> confdefs.h
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*], [ac_cv_type_off_t=yes;ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8],
-    [aix*], [
-    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu:$ac_cv_sys_large_files"],
-	[ppc64:*|powerpc64:*], [],
-	[*:no|*:unknown], [],
-	[
-	    # AIX currently does not support a 32-bit call to posix_fadvise()
-	    # if _LARGE_FILES is defined.
-	    ac_cv_func_posix_fadvise=no
-	])
-    ])
-
-AC_C_BIGENDIAN
-AC_C_CONST
-AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
-AC_C_INLINE
-AC_C_VOLATILE
-AC_C_TYPEOF
-
-AS_CASE(":$ac_cv_c_const:$ac_cv_c_volatile:",
-    [*:no:*], [AC_MSG_ERROR(ANSI C-conforming const and volatile are mandatory)])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([long long, off_t])
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([char bit], [rb_cv_char_bit],
-    [test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=yes
-    AC_COMPUTE_INT([rb_cv_char_bit], [CHAR_BIT],
-	[AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <limits.h>])], [rb_cv_char_bit=8])
-    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=$real_cross_compiling])
-
-dnl RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF [typename], [maybe same size types], [macros], [include]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF],
-[dnl
-AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([rbcv_var], [rbcv_sizeof_var])dnl
-AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([cond], [rbcv_sizeof_cond])dnl
-AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([t], [rbcv_sizeof_type])dnl
-AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([s], [rbcv_sizeof_size])dnl
-]
-[m4_bmatch([$1], [\.], [], [if test "$universal_binary" = yes; then])
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([size of $1], [AS_TR_SH([ac_cv_sizeof_$1])], [
-    unset AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)
-    rbcv_var="
-typedef m4_bpatsubst([$1], [\..*]) ac__type_sizeof_;
-static ac__type_sizeof_ *rbcv_ptr;
-@%:@define AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) sizeof((*rbcv_ptr)[]m4_bmatch([$1], [\.], .m4_bpatsubst([$1], [^[^.]*\.])))
-"
-    m4_ifval([$2], [test -z "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+set}" && {
-    for t in $2; do
-	AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-	    [AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY(AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4]
-		[$rbcv_var]),
-		[AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) == sizeof($t)])], [
-		AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)=AS_TR_CPP([SIZEOF_]$t)
-		break])
-    done
-    }], [
-	AC_COMPUTE_INT([AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)], [AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1)],
-	    [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])
-$rbcv_var],
-	    [AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)=])
-    ])
-    unset cond
-    m4_ifval([$3], [test -z "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+set}" && {
-    for s in 32 64 128; do
-	for t in $3; do
-	    cond="${cond}
-@%:@${cond+el}if defined(__${t}${s}__) || defined(__${t}${s}) || defined(_${t}${s}) || defined(${t}${s})"
-	    hdr="AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4
-@%:@if defined(__${t}${s}__) || defined(__${t}${s}) || defined(_${t}${s}) || defined(${t}${s})
-@%:@ define AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1) 1
-@%:@else
-@%:@ define AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1) 0
-@%:@endif])"
-	    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([$hdr], [!AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1)])], [continue])
-	    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([$hdr]
-				[$rbcv_var],
-				[AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1) == (AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) == ($s / $rb_cv_char_bit))])],
-		[AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)="${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)-} }${t}${s}"; continue])
-	    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([$hdr]
-[
-@%:@if AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1)
-$rbcv_var
-@%:@else
-@%:@define AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) 0
-@%:@endif
-],
-		    [AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_$1) == (AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) == (m4_bmatch([$2], [^[0-9][0-9]*$], [$2], [($s / $rb_cv_char_bit)])))])],
-		[AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)="${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)-} }${t}${s}m4_bmatch([$2], [^[0-9][0-9]*$], [:$2])"])
-	done
-    done
-    }])
-    test "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)@%:@@<:@1-9@:>@}" = "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)}" &&
-    m4_ifval([$2][$3],
-	[test "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)@%:@SIZEOF_}" = "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)}" && ]){
-    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=yes
-    AC_COMPUTE_INT([t], AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1), [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])]
-[${cond+$cond
-@%:@else}
-$rbcv_var
-${cond+@%:@endif}
-@%:@ifndef AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1)
-@%:@define AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) 0
-@%:@endif], [t=0])
-    test "$universal_binary" = yes && cross_compiling=$real_cross_compiling
-    if test ${t-0} != 0; then
-	AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)="${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)+${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)-} }${t}"
-    fi
-    }
-    : ${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)=0}
-])
-{
-    unset cond
-    for t in ${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_sizeof_$1)-}; do
-	AS_CASE(["$t"],
-	[[[0-9]*|SIZEOF_*]], [
-	    ${cond+echo "@%:@else"}
-	    echo "[@%:@define ]AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) $t"
-	    break
-	    ],
-	[
-	    s=`expr $t : ['.*[^0-9]\([0-9][0-9]*\)$']`
-	    AS_CASE([$t], [*:*], [t="${t%:*}"], [s=`expr $s / $rb_cv_char_bit`])
-	    echo "@%:@${cond+el}if defined(__${t}__) || defined(__${t}) || defined(_${t}) || defined($t)"
-	    echo "@%:@define AS_TR_CPP(SIZEOF_$1) $s"
-	    cond=1
-	    ])
-    done
-    ${cond+echo "@%:@endif"}
-} >> confdefs.h
-m4_bmatch([$1], [\.], [], [else
-AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([$1], 0, [$4])
-fi])
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([rbcv_var])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([cond])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([t])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([s])dnl
-])
-
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(int, [], [ILP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(short)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long, [int], [ILP LP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(long long)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(__int64, [8], [ILP LP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(__int128, [16], [ILP LP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(off_t)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(void*, [int long "long long"], [ILP LP LLP])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(float)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(double)
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(time_t, [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(clock_t, [], [], [@%:@include <time.h>])
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(packed struct attribute, rb_cv_packed_struct,
-    [rb_cv_packed_struct=no
-    for mac in \
-	"__pragma(pack(push, 1)) x __pragma(pack(pop))" \
-	"x __attribute__((packed))" \
-	; do
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@define PACKED_STRUCT(x) $mac
-			PACKED_STRUCT(struct { int a; });], [],
-		[rb_cv_packed_struct=$mac; break])
-    done])
-packed_struct_unaligned=x
-if test "$rb_cv_packed_struct" != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], [$rb_cv_packed_struct])
-else
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PACKED_STRUCT(x)], x)
-fi
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(x), $packed_struct_unaligned)
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX], [
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for printf prefix for $1], [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1),[
-    [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)=[NONE]
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CFLAGS, $rb_cv_wsuppress_flags)
-    for pri in $2; do
-        AC_TRY_COMPILE(
-            [@%:@include <stdio.h>
-	    @%:@include <stddef.h>
-            @%:@ifdef __GNUC__
-            @%:@define PRINTF_ARGS(decl, string_index, first_to_check) \
-              decl __attribute__((format(printf, string_index, first_to_check)))
-            @%:@else
-            @%:@define PRINTF_ARGS(decl, string_index, first_to_check) decl
-            @%:@endif
-	    PRINTF_ARGS(void test_sprintf(const char*, ...), 1, 2);],
-            [printf("%]${pri}[d", (]$1[)42);
-            test_sprintf("%]${pri}[d", (]$1[)42);],
-            [rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)[=[$pri]; break])
-    done)])
-if test "[$rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)" != NONE; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([PRI_]m4_ifval($3,$3,AS_TR_CPP(m4_bpatsubst([$1],[_t$])))[_PREFIX],
-        "[$rb_cv_pri_prefix_]AS_TR_SH($1)")
-fi
-])
-
-if test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(long long, ll I64, LL)
-elif test "x$ac_cv_type___int64" = xyes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(__int64, ll I64, LL)
-fi
-
-dnl RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS [typename] [if-signed] [if-unsigned] [included]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS], [dnl
-    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])], [($1)-1 > 0])],
-		      [$3], [$2])])
-
-dnl RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE [typename] [default type] [macro type] [included]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE], [dnl
-    AC_CHECK_TYPE([$1],
-		  [n="patsubst([$1],["],[\\"])"],
-		  [n="patsubst([$2],["],[\\"])"],
-		  [$4])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for convertible type of [$1]], rb_cv_[$1]_convertible, [
-	u= t=
-	AS_CASE(["$n "],
-	  [*" signed "*], [ ],
-	  [*" unsigned "*], [
-	    u=U],
-	  [RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS($n, [], [u=U], [$4])])
-	if test x"$t" = x; then
-	    for t in "long long" long int short; do
-		test -n "$u" && t="unsigned $t"
-		AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
-		    [AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])]
-			[typedef $n rbcv_conftest_target_type;
-			typedef $t rbcv_conftest_replace_type;
-			extern rbcv_conftest_target_type rbcv_conftest_var;
-			extern rbcv_conftest_replace_type rbcv_conftest_var;
-			extern rbcv_conftest_target_type rbcv_conftest_func(void);
-			extern rbcv_conftest_replace_type rbcv_conftest_func(void);
-			], [sizeof(rbcv_conftest_target_type) == sizeof(rbcv_conftest_replace_type)])],
-		    [n="$t"; break])
-	    done
-	fi
-	AS_CASE([" $n "],
-	  [*" long long "*], [
-	    t=LL],
-	  [*" long "*], [
-	    t=LONG],
-	  [
-	    t=INT])
-	rb_cv_[$1]_convertible=${u}${t}])
-    if test "${AS_TR_SH(ac_cv_type_[$1])}" = "yes"; then
-	n="$1"
-    else
-	AS_CASE(["${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}"],
-		[*LL], [n="long long"],
-		[*LONG], [n="long"],
-		[n="int"])
-	AS_CASE(["${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}"],
-		[U*], [n="unsigned $n"])
-    fi
-    AS_CASE("${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}", [U*], [u=+1], [u=-1])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(rb_[$1], $n)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([SIGNEDNESS_OF_]AS_TR_CPP($1), $u)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([$3]2NUM[(v)], [${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}2NUM(v)])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(NUM2[$3][(v)], [NUM2${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible}(v)])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PRI_[$3]_PREFIX,
-	[PRI_`echo ${rb_cv_[$1]_convertible} | sed ['s/^U//']`_PREFIX])
-])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(pid_t, int, PIDT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(uid_t, int, UIDT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(gid_t, int, GIDT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(time_t, [], TIMET, [@%:@include <time.h>])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(dev_t, [int long "long long"], DEVT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(mode_t, ["unsigned int" long], MODET, [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(rlim_t, [int long "long long"], RLIM, [
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
-@%:@include <sys/types.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@include <sys/resource.h>
-])
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(off_t, [], OFFT)
-RUBY_REPLACE_TYPE(clockid_t, [], CLOCKID)
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for prototypes, rb_cv_have_prototypes,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([int foo(int x) { return 0; }], [return foo(10);],
-	rb_cv_have_prototypes=yes,
-	rb_cv_have_prototypes=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_have_prototypes" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_PROTOTYPES)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(token paste string, rb_cv_tokenpaste,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@define paste(a,b) a@%:@@%:@b],
-		  [int xy = 1; return paste(x,y);],
-		  rb_cv_tokenpaste=ansi,
-		  rb_cv_tokenpaste=knr)])
-if test "$rb_cv_tokenpaste" = ansi; then
-  AC_DEFINE(TOKEN_PASTE(x,y),[x@%:@@%:@y])
-else
-  AC_DEFINE(TOKEN_PASTE(x,y),[x/**/y])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(stringization, rb_cv_stringization, [
-  rb_cv_stringization=no
-  for string in "#expr" '"expr"'; do
-    AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
-      AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
-#define STRINGIZE0(expr) $string
-#define STRINGIZE(expr) STRINGIZE0(expr)
-#undef real_test_for_stringization
-#define test_for_stringization -.real_test_for_stringization.-
-const char stringized[[]] = STRINGIZE(test_for_stringization);
-], [sizeof(stringized) == 32])],
-      [rb_cv_stringization="$string"; break],
-      [rb_cv_stringization=no])
-  done]
-)
-AC_DEFINE(STRINGIZE(expr),STRINGIZE0(expr))
-if test x"$rb_cv_stringization" != xno -a "$rb_cv_stringization" != "#expr"; then
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STRINGIZE0(expr),$rb_cv_stringization)
-  AC_DEFINE(OLD_FASHIONED_STRINGIZATION,1)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([string literal concatenation],
-  rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation, [
-  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
-    AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
-const char concatenated_literal[[]] = "literals" "to"
-  "be" "concatenated.";
-], [sizeof(concatenated_literal) == 26])],
-    [rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation=yes],
-    [rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation=no])]
-)
-if test "$rb_cv_string_literal_concatenation" = no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(NO_STRING_LITERAL_CONCATENATION,1)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for variable length prototypes and stdarg.h, rb_cv_stdarg,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#include <stdarg.h>
-int foo(int x, ...) {
-	va_list va;
-	va_start(va, x);
-	va_arg(va, int);
-	va_arg(va, char *);
-	va_arg(va, double);
-	return 0;
-}
-], [return foo(10, "", 3.14);],
-	rb_cv_stdarg=yes,
-	rb_cv_stdarg=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_stdarg" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES)
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for variable length macro, rb_cv_va_args_macro,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-int foo(int x, ...);
-@%:@define FOO(a, ...) foo(a, @%:@@%:@__VA_ARGS__)
-], [FOO(1);FOO(1,2);FOO(1,2,3);],
-  rb_cv_va_args_macro=yes,
-  rb_cv_va_args_macro=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_va_args_macro" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
-fi
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DEFINE_IF], [dnl
-    m4_ifval([$1], [AS_LITERAL_IF([$1], [], [test "X$1" = X || ])cat <<EOH >> confdefs.h
-@%:@if $1
-EOH
-])dnl
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED($2, $3)dnl
-    m4_ifval([$1], [AS_LITERAL_IF([$1], [], [test "X$1" = X || ])cat <<EOH >> confdefs.h
-@%:@endif /* $1 */
-EOH
-])dnl
-])dnl
-
-dnl RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE(attrib, macroname, cachevar, condition, type, code)
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE], [dnl
-m4_ifval([$2], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([attrib], m4_bpatsubst([$2], [(.*)], []))], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([attrib], m4_toupper(m4_format(%.4s, [$5]))[_]AS_TR_CPP($1))] dnl
-)dnl
-m4_ifval([$3], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([rbcv],[$3])], dnl
-  [AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([rbcv],[rb_cv_]m4_format(%.4s, [$5])[_][$1])]dnl
-)dnl
-m4_pushdef([attrib_code],[m4_bpatsubst([$1],["],[\\"])])dnl
-m4_pushdef([attrib_params],[m4_bpatsubst([$2(x)],[^[^()]*(\([^()]*\)).*],[\1])])dnl
-m4_ifval([$4], [rbcv_cond=["$4"]; test "$rbcv_cond" || unset rbcv_cond])
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for m4_ifval([$2],[m4_bpatsubst([$2], [(.*)], [])],[$1]) [$5] attribute, rbcv, dnl
-[rbcv=x
-RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-for mac in \
-    "__attribute__ ((attrib_code)) x" \
-    "x __attribute__ ((attrib_code))" \
-    "__declspec(attrib_code) x" \
-    x; do
-  m4_ifval([$4],mac="$mac"${rbcv_cond+" /* only if $rbcv_cond */"})
-  AC_TRY_COMPILE(
-    m4_ifval([$4],${rbcv_cond+[@%:@if ]$rbcv_cond})
-[@%:@define ]attrib[](attrib_params)[ $mac]
-m4_ifval([$4],${rbcv_cond+[@%:@else]}
-${rbcv_cond+[@%:@define ]attrib[](attrib_params)[ x]}
-${rbcv_cond+[@%:@endif]})
-$6
-@%:@define mesg ("")
-    attrib[](attrib_params)[;], [],
-    [rbcv="$mac"; break])
-done
-])])
-if test "$rbcv" != x; then
-    RUBY_DEFINE_IF(m4_ifval([$4],[${rbcv_cond}]), attrib[](attrib_params)[], $rbcv)
-fi
-m4_ifval([$4], [unset rbcv_cond]) dnl
-m4_popdef([attrib_params])dnl
-m4_popdef([attrib_code])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([attrib])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([rbcv])dnl
-])
-
-dnl RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(attrib, macroname, cachevar, condition)
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE], [dnl
-    RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE([$1], [$2], [$3], [$4],
-	[function], [@%:@define x int conftest_attribute_check(void)]
-    )
-])
-
-dnl RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE(attrib, macroname, cachevar, condition)
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE], [dnl
-    RUBY_DECL_ATTRIBUTE([$1], [$2], [$3], [$4],
-	[type], [
-@%:@define x struct conftest_attribute_check {int i;}
-])
-])
-
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__const__, CONSTFUNC)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__pure__, PUREFUNC)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__noreturn__, NORETURN)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__deprecated__, DEPRECATED)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__deprecated__("by "@%:@n), DEPRECATED_BY(n,x), rb_cv_func_deprecated_by)
-RUBY_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE(__deprecated__ mesg, DEPRECATED_TYPE(mesg,x), rb_cv_type_deprecated)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__noinline__, NOINLINE)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__always_inline__, ALWAYS_INLINE)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__warn_unused_result__, WARN_UNUSED_RESULT)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__unused__, MAYBE_UNUSED)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__error__ mesg, ERRORFUNC(mesg,x), rb_cv_func___error__)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__warning__ mesg, WARNINGFUNC(mesg,x), rb_cv_func___warning__)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__weak__, WEAK, rb_cv_func_weak)
-if test "$rb_cv_func_weak" != x; then
-   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_FUNC_WEAK)
-fi
-
-if_i386=${universal_binary+[defined __i386__]}
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__stdcall__,  FUNC_STDCALL,  rb_cv_func_stdcall,  ${if_i386})
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__cdecl__,    FUNC_CDECL,    rb_cv_func_cdecl,    ${if_i386})
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__fastcall__, FUNC_FASTCALL, rb_cv_func_fastcall, ${if_i386})
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__optimize__("O0"), FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED, rb_cv_func_unoptimized)
-RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE(__optimize__("-Os","-fomit-frame-pointer"), FUNC_MINIMIZED, rb_cv_func_minimized)
-
-if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for function alias], [rb_cv_gcc_function_alias],
-	[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=no
-	for a in alias weak,alias; do
-	    AC_TRY_LINK([void foo(void) {}
-		void bar(void) __attribute__(($a("foo")));], [bar()],
-		[rb_cv_gcc_function_alias=$a; break])
-	done])
-    if test "$rb_cv_gcc_function_alias" != no; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_FUNCTION_ALIAS)
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(type, prot, name, args)],
-			   [type prot __attribute__(($rb_cv_gcc_function_alias(@%:@name)));])
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID(prot, name, args)],
-			   [RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(void, prot, name, args)])
-    fi
-
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __atomic builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins], [
-	AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned char atomic_var;],
-		    [
-			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_exchange_n(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_fetch_add(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_fetch_sub(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-			__atomic_or_fetch(&atomic_var, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
-		    ],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=yes],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins=no])])
-    if test "$rb_cv_gcc_atomic_builtins" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS)
-    fi
-
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __sync builtins], [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins], [
-	AC_TRY_LINK([unsigned char atomic_var;],
-		    [
-			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 0);
-			__sync_lock_test_and_set(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_fetch_and_add(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_fetch_and_sub(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_or_and_fetch(&atomic_var, 1);
-			__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&atomic_var, 0, 1);
-		    ],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=yes],
-		    [rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins=no])])
-    if test "$rb_cv_gcc_sync_builtins" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS)
-    fi
-
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_unreachable, rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable,
-    [RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
-    [AC_TRY_LINK([volatile int zero;],
-	[if (zero) __builtin_unreachable();],
-	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=yes],
-	[rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable=no])
-    ])
-    ])
-    if test "$rb_cv_func___builtin_unreachable" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UNREACHABLE, [__builtin_unreachable()])
-    fi
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for exported function attribute, rb_cv_func_exported, [
-rb_cv_func_exported=no
-RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-for mac in '__attribute__ ((__visibility__("default")))' '__declspec(dllexport)'; do
-  AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@define RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED $mac extern
-    RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void conftest_attribute_check(void);], [],
-    [rb_cv_func_exported="$mac"; break])
-done
-])])
-if test "$rb_cv_func_exported" != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED, [$rb_cv_func_exported extern])
-fi
-
-RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -DRUBY_EXPORT)
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for function name string predefined identifier,
-    rb_cv_function_name_string,
-    [rb_cv_function_name_string=no
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-	for func in __func__ __FUNCTION__; do
-	    AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <stdio.h>],
-			[puts($func);],
-			[rb_cv_function_name_string=$func
-			break])
-	done
-    ])]
-)
-if test "$rb_cv_function_name_string" != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, [$rb_cv_function_name_string])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(if enum over int is allowed, rb_cv_enum_over_int, [
-    rb_cv_enum_over_int=no
-    if test "x$ac_cv_type_long_long" = xyes; then
-	type="unsigned long long" max="ULLONG_MAX"
-    else
-	type="unsigned long" max="ULONG_MAX"
-    fi
-    RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
-        AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
-            AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([
-                    @%:@include <limits.h>
-                    enum {conftest_max = $max};
-                ], [
-                    (conftest_max == $max) &&
-                    (sizeof(conftest_max) == sizeof($type))
-                ]
-	    )],
-	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=yes],
-	    [rb_cv_enum_over_int=no]
-	)
-    ])
-])
-if test $rb_cv_enum_over_int = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(ENUM_OVER_INT, 1)
-fi
-
-dnl Check whether we need to define sys_nerr locally
-AC_CHECK_DECLS([sys_nerr], [], [], [$ac_includes_default
-@%:@include <errno.h>])
-
-AC_CHECK_DECLS([getenv])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
-[alpha*|sh4|sh4el|sh4eb], [AS_CASE(["$target_os"::"$GCC"],
-		[*::yes],  # gcc
-			[CFLAGS="-mieee $CFLAGS"],
-		[osf*],    # ccc
-			[CFLAGS="-ieee $CFLAGS"],
-		)],
-[sparc*], [AC_LIBOBJ([sparc])])
-
-ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_net_socket_h=no}
-if test "$ac_cv_header_net_socket_h" = yes; then
-    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=no}
-else
-    ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=yes}
-fi
-
-
-AC_TYPE_SIZE_T
-RUBY_CHECK_SIGNEDNESS(size_t, [AC_MSG_ERROR(size_t is signed)], [],
-		      [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(size_t, [int long void*], [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(ptrdiff_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <stddef.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(size_t, z)
-RUBY_CHECK_PRINTF_PREFIX(ptrdiff_t, t)
-AC_STRUCT_ST_BLKSIZE
-AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS
-AC_STRUCT_ST_RDEV
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_size], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-if test "$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" = yes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_blocks], [off_t int long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-fi
-RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct stat.st_ino], [long "long long"], [], [@%:@include <sys/stat.h>])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atim])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimespec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_atimensec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtim])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimespec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_mtimensec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctim])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimespec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_ctimensec])
-AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_birthtimespec])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timeval], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-if test "${ac_cv_type_struct_timeval}" = yes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([struct timeval.tv_sec], [time_t long "long long"], [],
-		      [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-    AS_CASE(${ac_cv_sizeof_struct_timeval_tv_sec},
-	    [SIZEOF_INT], [t=int],
-	    [SIZEOF_LONG], [t=long],
-	    [SIZEOF_LONG_LONG], [t=LONG_LONG],
-	    [t=])
-    if test "${t}" != ""; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(TYPEOF_TIMEVAL_TV_SEC, [$t])
-    fi
-fi
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timespec], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([struct timezone], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([clockid_t], [], [], [@%:@ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <time.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-@%:@ include <sys/time.h>
-@%:@endif])
-
-AC_CACHE_VAL([rb_cv_large_fd_select],
-    [AC_CHECK_TYPE(fd_mask, [rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes], [rb_cv_large_fd_select=no])])
-if test "$rb_cv_large_fd_select" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT, 1)
-fi
-
-dnl RUBY_DEFINT TYPENAME, SIZE, [UNSIGNED], [INCLUDES = DEFAULT-INCLUDES]
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_DEFINT], [dnl
-AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([cond], [rb_defint_cond])dnl
-AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([type], [rb_defint_type])dnl
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for $1], [rb_cv_type_$1],
-[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])
-typedef $1 t; int s = sizeof(t) == 42;])],
-   [rb_cv_type_$1=yes],
-   [AS_CASE([m4_bmatch([$2], [^[1-9][0-9]*$], $2, [$ac_cv_sizeof_]AS_TR_SH($2))],
-    ["1"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [signed ], [$3 ])char"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_short"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])short"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_int"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])int"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_long"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])long"],
-    ["$ac_cv_sizeof_long_long"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])long long"],
-    ["${ac_cv_sizeof___int64@%:@*:}"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])__int64"],
-    ["${ac_cv_sizeof___int128@%:@*:}"], [ rb_cv_type_$1="m4_if([$3], [], [], [$3 ])__int128"],
-    [ rb_cv_type_$1=no])])])
-if test "${rb_cv_type_$1}" != no; then
-    type="${rb_cv_type_$1@%:@@%:@unsigned }"
-    AS_IF([test "$type" != yes && eval 'test -n "${ac_cv_sizeof_'$type'+set}"'], [
-	eval cond='"${ac_cv_sizeof_'$type'}"'
-	AS_CASE([$cond], [*:*], [
-	    cond=AS_TR_CPP($type)
-	    echo "@%:@if defined SIZEOF_"$cond" && SIZEOF_"$cond" > 0" >> confdefs.h
-	], [cond=])
-    ], [cond=])
-    AC_DEFINE([HAVE_]AS_TR_CPP($1), 1)
-    if test "${rb_cv_type_$1}" = yes; then
-	m4_bmatch([$2], [^[1-9][0-9]*$], [AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([$1], 0, [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])])],
-			[RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF([$1], [$2], [], [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$4])])])
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED($1, [$rb_cv_type_$1])
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([SIZEOF_]AS_TR_CPP($1), [SIZEOF_]AS_TR_CPP([$type]))
-    fi
-    test -n "$cond" && echo "@%:@endif /* $cond */" >> confdefs.h
-fi
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([cond])dnl
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([type])dnl
-])
-
-RUBY_DEFINT(int8_t, 1)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint8_t, 1, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(int16_t, 2)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint16_t, 2, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(int32_t, 4)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint32_t, 4, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(int64_t, 8)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint64_t, 8, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(int128_t, 16)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uint128_t, 16, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(intptr_t, void*)
-RUBY_DEFINT(uintptr_t, void*, unsigned)
-RUBY_DEFINT(ssize_t, size_t, [], [@%:@include <sys/types.h>])	dnl may differ from int, so not use AC_TYPE_SSIZE_T.
-
-RUBY_NACL_CHECK_PEPPER_TYPES
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for stack end address, rb_cv_stack_end_address,
-[rb_cv_stack_end_address=no
-  AC_TRY_LINK(
-    [extern void *__libc_stack_end;],
-    [if (!__libc_stack_end) return 1;],
-    [rb_cv_stack_end_address="__libc_stack_end"])
-])
-if test $rb_cv_stack_end_address != no; then
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_END_ADDRESS, $rb_cv_stack_end_address)
-fi
-
-# posix_memalign(memptr, alignment, size) implemented for OpenBSD 4.8 doesn't work if alignment > MALLOC_PAGESIZE.
-# [ruby-core:42158] https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/5901
-# OpenBSD 5.2 fixed the problem. (src/lib/libc/stdlib/malloc.c:1.142)
-# MirOS #10semel has the problem but fixed in the repository.  (src/lib/libc/stdlib/malloc.c:1.9)
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[openbsd*|mirbsd*], [
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for heap align log on openbsd, rb_cv_page_size_log,
-    [rb_cv_page_size_log=no
-     for page_log in 12 13; do
-       AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <math.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-int
-main() {
-  if ((int)log2((double)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) != $page_log) return 1;
-  return 0;
-}
-       ],
-       rb_cv_page_size_log="$page_log"; break)
-     done])
-  if test $rb_cv_page_size_log != no; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(HEAP_ALIGN_LOG, $rb_cv_page_size_log)
-  else
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(HEAP_ALIGN_LOG, 12)
-  fi
-])
-
-dnl Checks for library functions.
-AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
-AC_TYPE_SIGNAL
-AS_CASE(["${target_cpu}-${target_os}:${target_archs}"],
-[powerpc-darwin*], [
-  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
-  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
-  AC_DEFINE(C_ALLOCA)
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(alloca, alloca)
-  ],
-[universal-darwin*:*ppc*], [
-  AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
-  AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], C_ALLOCA, 1)
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], alloca, alloca)
-  ],
-[
-  AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
-  ])
-if test "x$ALLOCA" = "x"; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for dynamic size alloca], rb_cv_dynamic_alloca, [
-    for chk in ok __chkstk; do
-	AC_TRY_LINK([
-	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
-	    @%:@include <alloca.h>
-	    @%:@endif
-	    void $chk() {}
-	    int dynamic_alloca_test;
-	    int dynamic_alloca_result;],
-	    [dynamic_alloca_result = alloca(dynamic_alloca_test) != 0;],
-	    [rb_cv_dynamic_alloca=$chk; break])
-    done])
-    if test "x$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca" = "x__chkstk"; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ALLOCA_CHKSTK, _$rb_cv_dynamic_alloca)
-	AS_CASE("$target_cpu",
-	[x64|x86_64], [
-	    AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}x86_64-chkstk.${ac_objext}])
-	],)
-    fi
-fi
-AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
-
-# http://sources.redhat.com/ml/libc-hacker/2005-08/msg00008.html
-# Debian GNU/Linux Etch's libc6.1 2.3.6.ds1-13etch5 has this problem.
-# Debian GNU/Linux Lenny's libc6.1 2.7-10 has no problem.
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken erfc of glibc-2.3.6 on IA64, rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc,
-  [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <math.h>
-int
-main()
-{
-   erfc(10000.0);
-   return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=no,
-	rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=yes,
-	rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc=no)])
-AS_CASE([$rb_cv_broken_glibc_ia64_erfc],[yes],[ac_cv_func_erf=no])
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[freebsd*],[
-	 AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_CLOSE)
-	 AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(close)
-	 ])
-
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(acosh)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(cbrt)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(crypt)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(dup2)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(erf)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(explicit_bzero)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(ffs)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(finite)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(flock)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(hypot)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(isinf)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(isnan)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(lgamma_r)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(memmove)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(nextafter)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(setproctitle)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strchr)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strerror)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcat)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strlcpy)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strstr)
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(tgamma)
-
-# for missing/setproctitle.c
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[aix* | k*bsd*-gnu | kopensolaris*-gnu | linux* | darwin*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_REUSEARGV)],
-[hpux*], [AC_DEFINE(SPT_TYPE,SPT_PSTAT) ],
-[])
-AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/pstat.h)
-
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for signbit, rb_cv_have_signbit,
-  [AC_TRY_LINK([
-#include <math.h>
-], [int v = signbit(-0.0);],
-	rb_cv_have_signbit=yes,
-	rb_cv_have_signbit=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_have_signbit" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SIGNBIT)
-else
-  AC_LIBOBJ([signbit])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken memmem, rb_cv_broken_memmem, [
-    AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <string.h>
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    const char *str = "hogefugafoobar";
-    const char *rs = "foo";
-    const char *empty = "";
-    char *p;
-
-    p = memmem(str, strlen(str), rs, strlen(rs));
-    if (p == str+8) {
-	p = memmem(str, strlen(str), empty, strlen(empty));
-	if (p == str)
-	    return 0;
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-    ],
-    rb_cv_broken_memmem=no,
-    rb_cv_broken_memmem=yes,
-    rb_cv_broken_memmem=yes)
-])
-test x"$rb_cv_broken_memmem" = xyes && ac_cv_func_memmem=no
-
-AC_FUNC_FORK
-
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(__syscall)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_longjmp)		# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
-# we don't use _setjmp if _longjmp doesn't exist.
-test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(arc4random_buf)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(atan2l atan2f)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chroot)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chsize)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_gettime)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(cosh)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(crypt_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(daemon)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dirfd)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dl_iterate_phdr)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dlopen)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dladdr)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup3)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(eaccess)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(endgrent)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchmod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fchown)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fcntl)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fdatasync)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fgetattrlist)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fmod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(fsync)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ftruncate64)		# used for Win32 platform
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getattrlist)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcwd)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgidx)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgrnam_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getgroups)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpgrp)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpriority)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwnam_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getresuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getrlimit)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getsid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gettimeofday)		# for making ac_cv_func_gettimeofday
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getuidx)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gmtime_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(initgroups)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ioctl)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(isfinite)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(issetugid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(killpg)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchmod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lchown)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(link)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(llabs)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lockf)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(log2)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(lstat)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_usable_size)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(malloc_size)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mblen)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memalign)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memset_s)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(writev)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memrchr)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(memmem)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mkfifo)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mknod)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mktime)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pipe2)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(poll)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_fadvise)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(posix_memalign)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(ppoll)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pread)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(qsort_r)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(qsort_s)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(readlink)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(round)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_getaffinity)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seekdir)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(select_large_fdset)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sendfile)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setegid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setenv)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(seteuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setgroups)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setpgrp)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setregid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setresuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setreuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrgid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setrlimit)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setruid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setsid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(setuid)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(shutdown)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaction)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigaltstack)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigprocmask)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sinh)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(spawnv)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(symlink)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(syscall)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sysconf)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(tanh)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(telldir)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(timegm)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(times)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(truncate64)		# used for Win32
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(unsetenv)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimensat)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(utimes)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(wait4)
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(waitpid)
-
-AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_memset_s" = yes],
-    [RUBY_DEFINE_IF([!defined __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], [__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__], 1)])
-
-AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_getcwd" = yes], [
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(if getcwd allocates buffer if NULL is given, [rb_cv_getcwd_malloc],
-	[AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <stddef.h>
-@%:@include <stdio.h>
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-@%:@include <unistd.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-@%:@endif
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    if (!getcwd(NULL, 0)) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}
-],
-	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes,
-	    rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no,
-	    AS_CASE($target_os,
-		[linux*|darwin*|*bsd|cygwin*|mingw*|mswin*],
-		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes],
-		[rb_cv_getcwd_malloc=no]))])
-    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_getcwd_malloc" = no], [AC_DEFINE(NO_GETCWD_MALLOC, 1)])
-])
-
-AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_crypt_r" = yes],
-    [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(crypt.h)])
-AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_crypt_r:$ac_cv_header_crypt_h" = yes:yes],
-    [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct crypt_data.initialized], [], [],
-		      [AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([@%:@include <crypt.h>])])])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC], [dnl
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for $1], AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1),
-  [AC_LINK_IFELSE(
-    [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([int foo;], [$2;])],
-    [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1)=yes],
-    [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1)=no])])
-if test "${AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_builtin_$1)}" != no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_BUILTIN_$1))
-fi])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap16, [__builtin_bswap16(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap32, [__builtin_bswap32(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_bswap64, [__builtin_bswap64(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_popcount, [__builtin_popcount(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_popcountll, [__builtin_popcountll(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clz, [__builtin_clz(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzl, [__builtin_clzl(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_clzll, [__builtin_clzll(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_ctz, [__builtin_ctz(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_ctzll, [__builtin_ctzll(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_constant_p, [__builtin_constant_p(0)])
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr, [
-    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(1, 1, -1))]];
-    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(0, -1, 1))]];
-    ])
-if test x$rb_cv_builtin___builtin_choose_expr = xyes; then
-    RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_choose_expr_constant_p, [
-    [int x[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(1), 1, -1))]];
-    [int y[__extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(foo), -1, 1))]];
-    ])
-fi
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_FUNC(__builtin_types_compatible_p, [__builtin_types_compatible_p(int, int)])
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_qsort_r" != no; then
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is GNU version, rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-@%:@include <stdlib.h>
-void qsort_r(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
-	    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *, void *),
-	    void *arg);
-],[ ],
-      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=yes],
-      [rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r=no])
-  ])
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether qsort_r is BSD version, rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-@%:@include <stdlib.h>
-void qsort_r(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
-	     void *arg, int (*compar)(void *, const void *, const void *));
-],[ ],
-      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=yes],
-      [rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r=no])
-  ])
-  AS_CASE("$rb_cv_gnu_qsort_r:$rb_cv_bsd_qsort_r",
-  [yes:no], [
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GNU_QSORT_R, 1)
-  ],
-  [no:yes], [
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE_BSD_QSORT_R, 1)
-  ])
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether atan2 handles Inf as C99, rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99, [
-    AS_IF([test $ac_cv_func_atan2f:$ac_cv_func_atan2l = yes:yes], [
-	AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <math.h>
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-@%:@include <unistd.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-@%:@endif
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    if (fabs(atan2(INFINITY, INFINITY) - M_PI_4) <= 0.01) return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-}
-],
-	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes],
-	[rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no],
-	[AS_CASE($target_os, [mingw*|mswin*], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=yes])]
-	)
-    ], [rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99=no])
-])
-AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_atan2_inf_c99" = xyes], [AC_DEFINE(ATAN2_INF_C99)])
-
-AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_func_lgamma_r" = xyes], [
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether lgamma_r handles +0.0 and -0.0, rb_cv_lgamma_r_pm0, [
-	AC_TRY_RUN([
-@%:@include <math.h>
-@%:@ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-@%:@include <unistd.h>
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-@%:@define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-@%:@endif
-@%:@ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-@%:@define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-@%:@endif
-
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    int sign = 0;
-    double x = lgamma_r(-0.0, &sign);
-
-    /* should be [+inf, -1] */
-    if (x <= 0) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    if (!isinf(x)) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    if (sign != -1) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-
-    /* should be [+inf, 1] */
-    x = lgamma_r(+0.0, &sign);
-    if (x <= 0) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    if (!isinf(x)) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    if (sign != 1) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}
-],
-	[rb_cv_lgamma_r_pm0=yes],
-	[rb_cv_lgamma_r_pm0=no],
-	[rb_cv_lgamma_r_pm0=yes]
-	)
-    ])
-    AS_IF([test "x$rb_cv_lgamma_r_pm0" = xno], [AC_DEFINE(LGAMMA_R_PM0_FIX)])
-])
-
-# Some platform need -lrt for clock_gettime, but the other don't.
-if test x"$ac_cv_func_clock_gettime" != xyes; then
-    # glibc 2.17 moves clock_* functions from librt to the main C library.
-    # http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-announce/2012/msg00001.html
-    AC_CHECK_LIB(rt, clock_gettime)
-    if test x"$ac_cv_lib_rt_clock_gettime" = xyes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME, 1)
-    fi
-fi
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(clock_getres) # clock_getres should be tested after clock_gettime test including librt test.
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for unsetenv returns a value, rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-], [int v = unsetenv("foo");],
-	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=yes,
-	rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_unsetenv_return_value" = no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(VOID_UNSETENV)
-fi
-
-# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SETJMP], [
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for ]$1[ as a macro or function], ac_cv_func_$1,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-@%:@include <setjmp.h>
-]AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT([$3])[
-@%:@define JMPARGS_1 env
-@%:@define JMPARGS_2 env,1
-@%:@define JMPARGS JMPARGS_]m4_ifval($2,2,1)[
-],
-    m4_ifval($2,$2,jmp_buf)[ env; $1(JMPARGS);],
-    ac_cv_func_$1=yes,
-    ac_cv_func_$1=no)]
-)
-AS_IF([test "$ac_cv_func_]$1[" = yes], [AC_DEFINE([HAVE_]AS_TR_CPP($1), 1)])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_SETJMP], [
-if test x"${ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp}" = xyes; then
-   unset ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp
-fi
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __builtin_setjmp, ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp,
-    [
-    ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp=no
-    for cast in "" "(void **)"; do
-	RUBY_WERROR_FLAG(
-	[AC_TRY_LINK([@%:@include <setjmp.h>
-	    @%:@include <stdio.h>
-	    jmp_buf jb;
-	    @%:@ifdef NORETURN
-	    NORETURN(void t(void));
-	    @%:@endif
-	    void t(void) {__builtin_longjmp($cast jb, 1);}
-	    int jump(void) {(void)(__builtin_setjmp($cast jb) ? 1 : 0); return 0;}],
-	    [
-	    void (*volatile f)(void) = t;
-	    if (!jump()) printf("%d\n", f != 0);
-	    ],
-	    [ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp="yes with cast ($cast)"])
-	])
-	test "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" = no || break
-    done])
-])
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE], [
-RUBY_CHECK_BUILTIN_SETJMP
-RUBY_CHECK_SETJMP(_setjmpex, [], [@%:@include <setjmpex.h>])
-RUBY_CHECK_SETJMP(_setjmp)
-RUBY_CHECK_SETJMP(sigsetjmp, [sigjmp_buf])
-AC_MSG_CHECKING(for setjmp type)
-setjmp_suffix=
-AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setjmp-type], [select setjmp type]),
-	[
-	AS_CASE([$withval],
-	[__builtin_setjmp], [setjmp=__builtin_setjmp],
-	[_setjmp], [ setjmp_prefix=_],
-	[sigsetjmp], [ setjmp_prefix=sig],
-	[setjmp], [ setjmp_prefix=],
-	[setjmpex], [ setjmp_prefix= setjmp_suffix=ex],
-	[''], [ unset setjmp_prefix],
-	[   AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid setjmp type: $withval)])], [unset setjmp_prefix])
-setjmp_cast=
-if test ${setjmp_prefix+set}; then
-    if test "${setjmp_prefix}" && eval test '$ac_cv_func_'${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix} = no; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix} is not available)
-    fi
-elif { AS_CASE("$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp", [yes*], [true], [false]) }; then
-    setjmp_cast=`expr "$ac_cv_func___builtin_setjmp" : "yes with cast (\(.*\))"`
-    setjmp_prefix=__builtin_
-    setjmp_suffix=
-elif test "$ac_cv_header_setjmpex_h:$ac_cv_func__setjmpex" = yes:yes; then
-    setjmp_prefix=
-    setjmp_suffix=ex
-elif test "$ac_cv_func__setjmp" = yes; then
-    setjmp_prefix=_
-    setjmp_suffix=
-elif test "$ac_cv_func_sigsetjmp" = yes; then
-    AS_CASE([$target_os],[solaris*|cygwin*],[setjmp_prefix=],[setjmp_prefix=sig])
-    setjmp_suffix=
-else
-    setjmp_prefix=
-    setjmp_suffix=
-fi
-if test x$setjmp_prefix = xsig; then
-    setjmp_sigmask=yes
-else
-    unset setjmp_sigmask
-fi
-AC_MSG_RESULT(${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix}${setjmp_cast:+\($setjmp_cast\)})
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_SETJMP(env)], [${setjmp_prefix}setjmp${setjmp_suffix}($setjmp_cast(env)${setjmp_sigmask+,0})])
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([RUBY_LONGJMP(env,val)], [${setjmp_prefix}longjmp($setjmp_cast(env),val)])
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_JMP_BUF, ${setjmp_sigmask+${setjmp_prefix}}jmp_buf)
-AS_IF([test x$setjmp_suffix = xex], [AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_USE_SETJMPEX, 1)])
-])
-# End of setjmp check.
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(setreuid,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-setreuid], [use setreuid()/setregid() according to need even if obsolete]),
-       [use_setreuid=$enableval])
-if test "$use_setreuid" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREUID)
-    AC_DEFINE(USE_SETREGID)
-fi
-AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for struct tm.tm_gmtoff, rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff,
-  [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-@%:@define _BSD_SOURCE
-@%:@define _DEFAULT_SOURCE
-@%:@include <time.h>
-   ],
-    [struct tm t; t.tm_gmtoff = 3600;],
-  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=yes],
-  [rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff=no])])
-if test "$rb_cv_member_struct_tm_tm_gmtoff" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_GMTOFF)
-fi
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for external int daylight, rb_cv_have_daylight,
-  [AC_TRY_LINK([#include <time.h>
-  int i;],
-	[i = daylight;],
-	rb_cv_have_daylight=yes,
-	rb_cv_have_daylight=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_have_daylight" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DAYLIGHT)
-fi
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE], [dnl
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for external $1], AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1),
-  [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)=no
-  AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 1
-#endif
-$2
-;
-const volatile void *volatile t;],
-    [t = &(&$1)[0];],
-    [for t in $3; do
-      AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 1
-#endif
-$2
-;
-extern $t $1;
-const volatile void *volatile t;],
-        [t = &(&$1)[0];],
-        [AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)=$t; break])
-    done])])
-if test "${AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)}" != no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(AS_TR_CPP(HAVE_VAR_$1))
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(AS_TR_CPP(TYPEOF_VAR_$1), ${AS_TR_SH(rb_cv_var_$1)})
-fi])
-RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE(timezone, [@%:@include <time.h>], [long int])
-RUBY_CHECK_VARTYPE(altzone, [@%:@include <time.h>], [long int])
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(timezone)
-if test "$ac_cv_func_timezone" = yes; then
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether timezone requires zero arguments], rb_cv_func_timezone_void,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <time.h>],
-      [(void)timezone(0, 0);],
-      [rb_cv_func_timezone_void=no],
-      [rb_cv_func_timezone_void=yes])]
-  )
-  if test $rb_cv_func_timezone_void = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(TIMEZONE_VOID)
-  fi
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for negative time_t for gmtime(3), rb_cv_negative_time_t,
-  [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-void
-check(tm, y, m, d, h, s)
-    struct tm *tm;
-    int y, m, d, h, s;
-{
-    if (!tm ||
-	tm->tm_year != y ||
-	tm->tm_mon  != m-1 ||
-	tm->tm_mday != d ||
-	tm->tm_hour != h ||
-	tm->tm_sec  != s) {
-	exit(1);
-    }
-}
-
-int
-main()
-{
-   time_t t = -1;
-   struct tm *tm;
-
-   check(gmtime(&t), 69, 12, 31, 23, 59);
-   t = ~(time_t)0 << 31;
-   check(gmtime(&t), 1, 12, 13, 20, 52);
-   return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes,
-	rb_cv_negative_time_t=no,
-	rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes)])
-if test "$rb_cv_negative_time_t" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(NEGATIVE_TIME_T)
-fi
-
-# [ruby-dev:40910] overflow of time on FreeBSD
-# http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=145341
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(for localtime(3) overflow correctly, rb_cv_localtime_overflow,
-  [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-void
-check(time_t t1)
-{
-    struct tm *tm;
-    time_t t2;
-    tm = localtime(&t1);
-    if (!tm)
-	return; /* overflow detected.  ok. */
-    t2 = mktime(tm);
-    if (t1 == t2)
-        return; /* round-trip.  ok. */
-    exit(1);
-}
-
-int
-main()
-{
-    time_t t;
-    if (~(time_t)0 <= 0) {
-        t = (((time_t)1) << (sizeof(time_t) * 8 - 2));
-        t |= t - 1;
-    }
-    else {
-        t = ~(time_t)0;
-    }
-    check(t);
-    return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=yes,
-	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no,
-	rb_cv_localtime_overflow=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_localtime_overflow" = no; then
-  AC_DEFINE(LOCALTIME_OVERFLOW_PROBLEM)
-fi
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_sigprocmask" = yes && test "$ac_cv_func_sigaction" = yes; then
-   AC_DEFINE(POSIX_SIGNAL)
-else
-  AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sigsetmask)
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for BSD signal semantics, rb_cv_bsd_signal,
-    [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-
-void
-sig_handler(dummy)
-     int dummy;
-{
-}
-
-int
-main()
-{
-  signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
-  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
-  kill(getpid(), SIGINT);
-  return 0;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_bsd_signal=yes,
-	rb_cv_bsd_signal=no,
-	rb_cv_bsd_signal=$ac_cv_func_sigsetmask)])
-  if test "$rb_cv_bsd_signal" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(BSD_SIGNAL)
-  fi
-fi
-
-AC_CHECK_TYPES([sig_t],[],[],[@%:@include <signal.h>])
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_getpgid" = no; then
-  # AC_FUNC_GETPGRP fails when cross-compiling with old autoconf.
-  # autoconf is changed between 2.52d and 2.52f?
-  # http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnu-utils/2001-09/msg00181.html
-  # "autoconf cleanup for AC_FUNC_GETPGRP and GETPGRP_VOID"
-AC_FUNC_GETPGRP
-fi
-if test "$ac_cv_func_setpgid:$ac_cv_func_setpgrp" = no:yes; then
-  # AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails when cross-compiling.  (until autoconf 2.69?)
-  # https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-autoconf/2013-02/msg00002.html
-  # "AC_FUNC_SETPGRP fails to work properly when cross-compiling"
-AC_FUNC_SETPGRP
-fi
-
-if test x"$ac_cv_func_dirfd" = xno; then
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[solaris*],
-          [AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([DIR.d_fd, DIR.dd_fd],,,[
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
-])])
-fi
-
-if test x"$target_cpu" = xia64; then
-    AC_LIBOBJ([ia64])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(for __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base,
-                   rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base,
-    [rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base=no
-    AC_TRY_LINK(
-      [extern unsigned long __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;],
-      [unsigned long p = __libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base;
-       printf("%ld\n", p);],
-      [rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base=yes])])
-    if test $rb_cv___libc_ia64_register_backing_store_base = yes; then
-      AC_DEFINE(HAVE___LIBC_IA64_REGISTER_BACKING_STORE_BASE)
-    fi
-fi
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether right shift preserve sign bit, rb_cv_rshift_sign,
-    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_BOOL_COMPILE_TRY([], [(-1==(-1>>1))])],
-	rb_cv_rshift_sign=yes,
-	rb_cv_rshift_sign=no)])
-if test "$rb_cv_rshift_sign" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), ((x)>>(int)(y)))
-else
-  AC_DEFINE(RSHIFT(x,y), (((x)<0) ? ~((~(x))>>(int)(y)) : (x)>>(int)(y)))
-fi
-
-if test x"$ac_cv_func_gettimeofday" != xyes; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR(gettimeofday() must exist)
-fi
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_sysconf" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFUN([RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF], [dnl
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether _SC_$1 is supported], rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1),
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <unistd.h>
-      ],
-      [_SC_$1 >= 0],
-      rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1)=yes,
-      rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1)=no)
-    ])
-  if test "$rb_cv_have_sc_[]m4_tolower($1)" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(HAVE__SC_$1)
-  fi
-  ])
-  RUBY_CHECK_SYSCONF(CLK_TCK)
-fi
-
-AC_DEFUN([RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION], [
-    AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([stack_grow_dir], [rb_cv_stack_grow_dir_$1])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(stack growing direction on $1, stack_grow_dir, [
-AS_CASE(["$1"],
-[m68*|x86*|x64|i?86|ia64|ppc*|sparc*|alpha*], [ $2=-1],
-[hppa*], [ $2=+1],
-[
-  AC_TRY_RUN([
-/* recurse to get rid of inlining */
-static int
-stack_growup_p(addr, n)
-    volatile int *addr, n;
-{
-    volatile int end;
-    if (n > 0)
-	return *addr = stack_growup_p(addr, n - 1);
-    else
-	return (&end > addr);
-}
-int main()
-{
-    int x;
-    return stack_growup_p(&x, 10);
-}
-], $2=-1, $2=+1, $2=0)
-  ])
-eval stack_grow_dir=\$$2])
-eval $2=\$stack_grow_dir
-AS_VAR_POPDEF([stack_grow_dir])])
-if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ; then
-    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
-    save_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS" new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
-    save_LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS" new_ldflags=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
-    stack_dir=
-    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
-	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
-	LDFLAGS="$new_ldflags -arch $archs"
-	RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($archs, dir)
-	if test x$stack_dir = x; then
-	    stack_dir=$dir
-	elif test x$stack_dir != x$dir; then
-	    stack_dir=no
-	fi
-    done
-    CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$save_LDFLAGS"
-    if test x$stack_dir = xno; then
-	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
-	    eval dir=\$[rb_cv_stack_grow_dir_]AS_TR_SH([$archs])
-	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__], STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
-	done
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $stack_dir)
-    fi
-else
-    RUBY_STACK_GROW_DIRECTION($target_cpu, dir)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(STACK_GROW_DIRECTION, $dir)
-fi
-
-if test x"$enable_pthread" = xyes; then
-    for pthread_lib in thr pthread pthreads c c_r root; do
-	AC_CHECK_LIB($pthread_lib, pthread_kill,
-		     rb_with_pthread=yes, rb_with_pthread=no)
-	if test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"; then break; fi
-    done
-    if test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes; then
-	AC_DEFINE(_REENTRANT)
-	AC_DEFINE(_THREAD_SAFE)
-	AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBPTHREAD)
-	AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread_np.h, [], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
-	AS_CASE([$pthread_lib],
-	[c],    [],
-	[root], [],
-	[c_r],  [MAINLIBS="-pthread $MAINLIBS"],
-	        [AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-		    [openbsd*|mirbsd*], [LIBS="-pthread $LIBS"],
-		    [LIBS="-l$pthread_lib $LIBS"])])
-    else
-	AC_MSG_WARN("Don't know how to find pthread library on your system -- thread support disabled")
-    fi
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether pthread_t is scalar type], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t], [
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-	    @%:@include <pthread.h>
-	    ], [
-	    pthread_t thread_id;
-	    thread_id = 0;
-	    if (!thread_id) return 0;
-	    ], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=yes], [rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t=no])
-    ])
-    if test x"$rb_cv_scalar_pthread_t" = xyes; then
-	: # RUBY_CHECK_SIZEOF(pthread_t, [void* int long], [], [@%:@include <pthread.h>])
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE(NON_SCALAR_THREAD_ID)
-    fi
-    AC_CHECK_FUNCS(sched_yield pthread_attr_setinheritsched \
-	pthread_attr_get_np pthread_attr_getstack\
-	pthread_get_stackaddr_np pthread_get_stacksize_np \
-	thr_stksegment pthread_stackseg_np pthread_getthrds_np \
-	pthread_cond_init pthread_condattr_setclock pthread_condattr_init \
-	pthread_sigmask pthread_setname_np pthread_set_name_np)
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[aix*],[ac_cv_func_pthread_getattr_np=no],[AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_getattr_np)])
-    if test "${host_os}" = "nacl"; then
-      ac_cv_func_pthread_attr_init=no
-    else
-      AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_attr_init)
-    fi
-    set_current_thread_name=
-    if test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_setname_np" = yes; then
-	AC_CACHE_CHECK([arguments of pthread_setname_np], [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments],
-	    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments=
-	    # Linux,AIX,  (pthread_self(), name)
-	    # NetBSD (pthread_self(), name, \"%s\")
-	    # Darwin (name)
-	    for mac in \
-		"(pthread_self(), name)" \
-		"(pthread_self(), name, \"%s\")" \
-		"(name)" \
-		; do
-		AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-		    @%:@include <pthread.h>
-		    @%:@ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_NP_H
-		    @%:@include <pthread_np.h>
-		    @%:@endif
-		    @%:@define SET_THREAD_NAME(name) pthread_setname_np${mac}
-		    ],
-		    [if (SET_THREAD_NAME("conftest")) return 1;],
-		    [rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments="${mac}"
-		    break])
-	    done
-	    ]
-	)
-	if test -n "${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"; then
-	    set_current_thread_name="pthread_setname_np${rb_cv_func_pthread_setname_np_arguments}"
-	fi
-    elif test "$ac_cv_func_pthread_set_name_np" = yes; then
-	set_current_thread_name="pthread_set_name_np(pthread_self(), name)"
-    fi
-    AS_IF([test -n "$set_current_thread_name"], [
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_CURRENT_THREAD_NAME(name), $set_current_thread_name)
-	AS_CASE([$set_current_thread_name],
-	    [*'pthread_self()'*], [
-		set_another_thread_name=`echo "$set_current_thread_name" | sed 's/pthread_self()/thid/'`
-		AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SET_ANOTHER_THREAD_NAME(thid,name), $set_another_thread_name)
-	    ])
-    ])
-fi
-
-if test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xno; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if signal.h defines ucontext_t], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h],
-	[AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <signal.h>],
-	[size_t size = sizeof(ucontext_t);],
-	[rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=yes], [rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h=no])])
-    if test x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes; then
-	    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(UCONTEXT_IN_SIGNAL_H, 1)
-    fi
-fi
-if test x"$ac_cv_header_ucontext_h" = xyes -o x"$rb_cv_ucontext_in_signal_h" = xyes; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if mcontext_t is a pointer], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr],
-	[AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-	    @%:@include <signal.h>
-	    @%:@ifdef HAVE_UCONTEXT_H
-	    @%:@include <ucontext.h>
-	    @%:@endif
-        mcontext_t test(mcontext_t mc) {return mc+1;}
-	],
-	[test(0);],
-	[rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=yes], [rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr=no])])
-    if test x"$rb_cv_mcontext_t_ptr" = xyes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t mc = (uc)->uc_mcontext)
-    else
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mc, uc), mcontext_t *mc = &(uc)->uc_mcontext)
-    fi
-    if test x"$rb_with_pthread" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getcontext setcontext)
-    fi
-fi
-
-if test "$ac_cv_func_fork_works" = "yes" -a "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if fork works with pthread], rb_cv_fork_with_pthread,
-	[AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
-#endif
-#ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
-#endif
-
-void *
-thread_func(void *dmy)
-{
-    return dmy;
-}
-
-int
-use_threads(void)
-{
-    pthread_t tid;
-    if (pthread_create(&tid, 0, thread_func, 0) != 0) {
-	return -1;
-    }
-    if (pthread_join(tid, 0) != 0) {
-	return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int
-main(int argc, char *argv[])
-{
-    pid_t pid;
-    if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    pid = fork();
-
-    if (pid) {
-	int loc;
-	sleep(1);
-	if (waitpid(pid, &loc, WNOHANG) == 0) {
-	    kill(pid, SIGKILL);
-	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-	}
-        if (!WIFEXITED(loc) || WEXITSTATUS(loc) != EXIT_SUCCESS)
-           return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    else {
-	if (use_threads()) return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}],
-	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes,
-	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=no,
-	rb_cv_fork_with_pthread=yes)])
-    test x$rb_cv_fork_with_pthread = xyes || AC_DEFINE(CANNOT_FORK_WITH_PTHREAD)
-fi
-
-
-}
-{ # runtime section
-
-dnl wheather use dln_a_out or not
-AC_ARG_WITH(dln-a-out,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-dln-a-out], [use dln_a_out if possible]),
-	[
-	AS_CASE([$withval],
-	[yes], [
-	    if test "$enable_shared" = yes; then
-		AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out can not make shared library)
-	    fi
-	    with_dln_a_out=yes],
-	[
-	    with_dln_a_out=no])], [with_dln_a_out=no])
-
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
-[AC_TRY_LINK([],[], [
-AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
-[.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
-rb_cv_binary_elf=no)])
-
-if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-  AC_DEFINE(USE_ELF)
-  if test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR(dln_a_out does not work with ELF)
-  fi
-  AC_CHECK_HEADERS([elf.h elf_abi.h])
-  if test $ac_cv_header_elf_h = yes -o $ac_cv_header_elf_abi_h = yes; then
-    AC_LIBOBJ([addr2line])
-  fi
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu | nacl], [
-    if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = no; then
-	with_dln_a_out=yes
-    else
-	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
-    fi])
-LIBEXT=a
-
-AC_SUBST(DLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(ARCH_FLAG)dnl
-
-AC_SUBST(STATIC)dnl
-AC_SUBST(CCDLFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LDSHARED)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LDSHAREDXX)dnl
-AC_SUBST(DLEXT)dnl
-AC_SUBST(DLEXT2)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LIBEXT)dnl
-AC_SUBST(ASMEXT, S)dnl
-
-STATIC=
-: ${PATHFLAG=''}
-
-if test "$with_dln_a_out" != yes; then
-  rb_cv_dlopen=unknown
-  AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether OS depend dynamic link works)
-  if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [darwin*], [
-      # The -fno-common is needed if we wish to embed the Ruby interpreter
-      # into a plugin module of some project (as opposed to embedding it
-      # within the project's application).  The -I/usr/local/include is
-      # needed because CPP as discovered by configure (cc -E -traditional)
-      # fails to consult /usr/local/include by default.  This causes
-      # mkmf.rb's have_header() to fail if the desired resource happens to be
-      # installed in the /usr/local tree.
-      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fno-common)],
-    [bsdi*|cygwin*|mingw*|aix*|interix*], [ ],
-    [
-      RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CCDLFLAGS, -fPIC)])
-  else
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	[hpux*],          [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS +Z"],
-	[solaris*|irix*], [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
-	[sunos*],         [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -PIC"],
-	[esix*|uxpds*],   [CCDLFLAGS="$CCDLFLAGS -KPIC"],
-	                  [: ${CCDLFLAGS=""}])
-  fi
-
-
-  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
-       enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
-       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	[hpux*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -E"
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -b'}
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=SHLIB_PATH}
-			if test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = no; then
-			    RPATHFLAG=' +b %1$-s'
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[solaris*], [	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			    if test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes; then
-				LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			    fi
-			else
-			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -G'}
-			fi
-			if test "$ac_cv_sizeof_voidp" = 8; then
-			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64}
-			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_64}
-			else
-			    : ${LIBPATHENV=LD_LIBRARY_PATH_32}
-			    : ${PRELOADENV=LD_PRELOAD_32}
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[sunos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -assert nodefinitions'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[irix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[sysv4*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[nto-qnx*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[esix*|uxpds*], [ : ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -G'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[osf*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -shared -expect_unresolved "*"'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[bsdi3*], [	AS_CASE(["$CC"],
-			[*shlicc*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -r'}
-					rb_cv_dlopen=yes])],
-	[linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | netbsd* | bsdi* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-export-dynamic"
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[interix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -rdynamic"
-			    DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-soname,$@'
-			else
-			  test "$GCC" = yes && test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes || LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable'
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[openbsd*|mirbsd*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared ${CCDLFLAGS}'}
-			if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-			    LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			fi
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[darwin*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamic -bundle'}
-			: ${LDFLAGS=""}
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH}
-			: ${PRELOADENV=DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-        [aix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC)'}
-			LDSHARED="$LDSHARED ${linker_flag}-G"
-			EXTDLDFLAGS='-e$(TARGET_ENTRY)'
-			XLDFLAGS="${linker_flag}"'-bE:$(ARCHFILE)'" ${linker_flag}-brtl"
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS ${linker_flag}-blibpath:${prefix}/lib:${LIBPATH:-/usr/lib:/lib}"
-			: ${ARCHFILE="ruby.imp"}
-                        TRY_LINK='$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -oconftest $(INCFLAGS) -I$(hdrdir) $(CPPFLAGS)'
-                        TRY_LINK="$TRY_LINK"' $(CFLAGS) $(src) $(LIBPATH) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)'
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=LIBPATH}
-			RPATHFLAG=" ${linker_flag}-blibpath:%1\$-s:${prefix}/lib:${LIBPATH:-/usr/lib:/lib}"
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[nto-qnx*], [	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -Bshareable -x'}
-			LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -L/lib -L/usr/lib -L/usr/local/lib"
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[cygwin*|mingw*], [
-			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared $(if $(filter-out -g -g0,$(debugflags)),,-s)'}
-			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,--stack,0x00200000,--enable-auto-import"
-			DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS} -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base,--enable-auto-import"
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=""}
-			: ${PRELOADENV=""}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-	[hiuxmpp], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD) -r'}],
-	[atheos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
-			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
-        [nacl], [ LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared' ],
-	[	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
-  AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
-
-  if test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes; then
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-      [darwin*], [
-	for flag in \
-	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
-	  "-multiply_defined suppress" \
-	  ; do
-	  test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
-	  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
-	  if test "x$flag" != x; then
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
-	  fi
-	done
-      ])
-  fi
-
-  if test "$enable_rpath" = yes; then
-    if test x"${RPATHFLAG}" = x; then
-      for rpathflag in -R "-rpath "; do
-	AS_CASE("$rpathflag",
-		[*" "], [AS_CASE(["${linker_flag}"],
-				 [*,], [rpathflag=`echo "$rpathflag" | tr ' ' ,`])])
-	rpathflag="${linker_flag}${rpathflag}"
-	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${rpathflag}.], [], [rpathflag=])
-	if test "x${rpathflag}" != x; then
-	  RPATHFLAG=" ${rpathflag}%1\$-s"
-	  break
-	fi
-      done
-    fi
-  fi
-fi
-if test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""; then
-    AS_CASE(["${LDSHARED}"],
-	[*'$(CC)'*], [
-	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\$(CC)/$(CXX)/'`
-	    ],
-	[*'${CC}'*], [
-	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed 's/\${CC}/${CXX}/'`
-	    ],
-	[*$CC*], [
-	    LDSHAREDXX=`echo "${LDSHARED}" | sed "s|$CC|$CXX|"`
-	    ],
-	[ld" "*], [
-	    ])
-fi
-AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
-
-AC_SUBST(LINK_SO)
-AC_SUBST(LIBPATHFLAG)
-AC_SUBST(RPATHFLAG)
-AC_SUBST(LIBPATHENV, "${LIBPATHENV-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}")
-AC_SUBST(PRELOADENV, "${PRELOADENV-LD_PRELOAD}")
-AC_SUBST(TRY_LINK)
-
-if test "x$OPT_DIR" != x; then
-    pat=`echo "${LDFLAGS_OPTDIR}" | sed ['s/[][\\.*|]/\\\\&/']`
-    LDFLAGS=`echo "${LDFLAGS}" | sed "s| ${pat}||"`
-    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
-        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
-            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
-            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
-        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
-    if test x"$val" != x; then
-	test x"${LDFLAGS}" = x || LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS "
-	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS$val"
-	test x"${DLDFLAGS}" = x || DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "
-	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS$val"
-    fi
-    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-[freebsd*], [
-    AC_CHECK_LIB([procstat], [procstat_open_sysctl])
-    if test "x$ac_cv_lib_procstat_procstat_open_sysctl" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_FUNCS(procstat_getvmmap)
-    fi
-    ])
-AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
-[*-darwin*], [
-    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
-    if test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
-	AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libunwind.h])
-    fi],
-[*-freebsd*|x86_64-netbsd*], [
-    AC_CHECK_HEADERS([execinfo.h])
-    if test "x$ac_cv_header_execinfo_h" = xyes; then
-	AC_CHECK_LIB([execinfo], [backtrace])
-	AC_CHECK_LIB([unwind], [unw_backtrace])
-    fi])
-AC_CHECK_FUNCS(backtrace)
-
-if test "x$ac_cv_func_backtrace" = xyes; then
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK(for broken backtrace, rb_cv_broken_backtrace,
-    [AC_TRY_RUN([
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <execinfo.h>
-
-#define TRACE_SIZE 256
-
-void sigsegv(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *ctx){
-    void *trace[TRACE_SIZE];
-    int n = backtrace(trace, TRACE_SIZE);
-    if (n > 0) {
-	/*fprintf(stdout, "backtrace:%d\n",n);*/
-    } else {
-	_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-    _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
-}
-int
-main(void)
-{
-    volatile int *a = NULL;
-    stack_t ss;
-    ss.ss_sp = malloc(SIGSTKSZ);
-    if (ss.ss_sp == NULL) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "cannot allocate memory for sigaltstack\n");
-	return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    ss.ss_size = SIGSTKSZ;
-    ss.ss_flags = 0;
-    if (sigaltstack(&ss, NULL) == -1) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "sigaltstack failed\n");
-	return EXIT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    struct sigaction sa;
-    memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(struct sigaction));
-    sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
-    sa.sa_sigaction = sigsegv;
-    sa.sa_flags |= SA_SIGINFO;
-    sa.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
-    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);
-    a[0] = 1;
-    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}
-],
-	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no,
-	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=yes,
-	rb_cv_broken_backtrace=no)])
-  if test "$rb_cv_broken_backtrace" = yes; then
-    AC_DEFINE(BROKEN_BACKTRACE, 1)
-  fi
-fi
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(valgrind,
-        AS_HELP_STRING([--without-valgrind],[disable valgrind memcheck support]),
-        [], with_valgrind=yes)
-AS_IF([test x$with_valgrind != xno],
-        [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(valgrind/memcheck.h)])
-
-dln_a_out_works=no
-if test "$ac_cv_header_a_out_h" = yes; then
-  if test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes || test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = unknown; then
-    cat confdefs.h > config.h
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether matz's dln works, rb_cv_dln_a_out,
-    [AC_TRY_COMPILE([
-#define USE_DLN_A_OUT
-#include "dln.c"
-],
-	[],
-	rb_cv_dln_a_out=yes,
-	rb_cv_dln_a_out=no)])
-    if test "$rb_cv_dln_a_out" = yes; then
-      dln_a_out_works=yes
-      AC_DEFINE(USE_DLN_A_OUT)
-    fi
-  fi
-fi
-
-if test "$dln_a_out_works" = yes; then
-  if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-    STATIC=-static
-  else
-    STATIC=-Bstatic
-  fi
-  DLEXT=so
-  CCDLFLAGS=
-else
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [hpux*], [
-	DLEXT=sl],
-    [darwin*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-Wl,-u,_objc_msgSend])
-	DLEXT=bundle],
-    [cygwin*|mingw*|*djgpp*], [
-	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
-	DLEXT=so],
-    [
-	DLEXT=so])
-fi
-if test "$rb_cv_dlopen:$load_relative" = yes:yes; then
-    if test "$ac_cv_func_dladdr" = yes; then
-	LOAD_RELATIVE=1
-    fi
-fi
-if test x"$LOAD_RELATIVE" = x1; then
-    load_relative=yes
-else
-    unset load_relative
-fi
-
-len=2 # .rb
-n=`expr "$DLEXT"  : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
-n=`expr "$DLEXT2" : '.*'`; test "$n" -gt "$len" && len=$n
-AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT_MAXLEN, `expr $len + 1`)
-test ".$DLEXT"  = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT,  ".$DLEXT")
-test ".$DLEXT2" = "." || AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DLEXT2, ".$DLEXT2")
-AC_SUBST(DLEXT)
-
-if test "$with_dln_a_out" = yes; then
-  STRIP=true
-else
-  AC_CHECK_TOOL(STRIP, strip, :)dnl
-fi
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | kopensolaris*-gnu], [
-	STRIP="$STRIP -S -x"],
-  [darwin*], [
-	STRIP="$STRIP -A -n"])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(ext,
-            AC_HELP_STRING([--with-ext=EXTS],
-                           [pass to --with-ext option of extmk.rb]))
-AC_ARG_WITH(out-ext,
-            AC_HELP_STRING([--with-out-ext=EXTS],
-                           [pass to --without-ext option of extmk.rb]))
-EXTSTATIC=
-AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
-AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
-            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
-AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
-  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
-  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
-], [
-  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
-])
-AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
-AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(setup,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setup=SETUP], [use extension libraries setup]),
-	    [setup=$withval])
-if test -n "$setup"; then
-    if ! test -f "ext/$setup" -o -f "$srcdir/ext/$setup"; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(Setup file $setup not found under ext or $srcdir/ext)
-    fi
-elif test -f "$srcdir/ext/Setup.$target_os"; then
-    setup="Setup.$target_os"
-else
-    setup=
-    for file in "$srcdir"/ext/Setup.*; do
-	AS_CASE(["$file"], [*~|*.bak|*.orig|*.rej|*.tmp], [continue])
-	setup=`basename "$file"`
-	AS_CASE(["$target_os"], [`expr "$setup" : 'Setup.\(.*\)'`*], [break])
-	platform=`sed '/^option  *platform  */!d;s///;s/|/*|/g;q' "$file"`
-	if test "x$platform" != x; then
-	    eval "AS_CASE([\"\$target_os\"], [$platform*], [break])"
-	fi
-	setup=
-    done
-    : ${setup:=Setup}
-fi
-AC_SUBST(setup)
-
-rubylibprefix='${libdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubylibprefix,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubylibprefix=DIR], [prefix for ruby libraries [[LIBDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME]]]),
-	    [if test "x$withval" = xno; then
-		AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby, No libprefix])
-	    fi
-	    rubylibprefix="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(rubylibprefix)
-
-if test x"${exec_prefix}" != xNONE; then
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$exec_prefix"
-elif test x"$prefix" != xNONE; then
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX="$prefix"
-else
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=$ac_default_prefix
-fi
-pat=`echo "${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}" | tr -c '\012' .`'\(.*\)'
-for var in bindir libdir rubylibprefix; do
-    eval val='"$'$var'"'
-    AS_CASE(["$val"], ["${RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX}"*], [val='${exec_prefix}'"`expr \"$val\" : \"$pat\"`"])
-    eval $var='"$val"'
-done
-
-BTESTRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-if test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes; then
-  test x"$MINIRUBY" = x && MINIRUBY="${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -I`$CHDIR .; pwd` "-r'$(arch)-fake'
-  XRUBY_LIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]']`
-  XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"]']`
-  XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["rubyhdrdir"]']`
-  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_LIBDIR)
-  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)
-  AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)
-  PREP='$(arch)-fake.rb'
-  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd`'
-  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)'
-  XRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-  BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(BASERUBY)'
-  TEST_RUNNABLE=no
-  CROSS_COMPILING=yes
-
-  if test "$host_os" = "nacl"; then
-      if test "$build_cpu" = "$host_cpu" || test "${nacl_cv_cpu_nick}" = "x86" -a "$host_cpu" = "i686"; then
-          nacl_cv_sel_ldr='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb sel_ldr`'
-          nacl_cv_irt_core='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb irt_core`'
-          nacl_cv_runnable_ld='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb runnable_ld`'
-          nacl_cv_host_lib='`$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/nacl-config.rb host_lib`'
-          TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
-          BTESTRUBY="${nacl_cv_sel_ldr} -a -B ${nacl_cv_irt_core} -w 1:3 -w 2:4"
-          BTESTRUBY="$BTESTRUBY -- ${nacl_cv_runnable_ld} --library-path ${nacl_cv_host_lib}"
-          BTESTRUBY="$BTESTRUBY `pwd`/"'miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd` -I.'
-          BTESTRUBY="$BTESTRUBY"' -I$(EXTOUT)/common 3>&1 4>&2 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/null '
-      fi
-  fi
-else
-  MINIRUBY='./miniruby$(EXEEXT) -I$(srcdir)/lib -I.'
-  MINIRUBY="$MINIRUBY"' -I$(EXTOUT)/common'
-  PREP='miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
-  RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/tool/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT) $(RUNRUBYOPT)'
-  RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) --'
-  XRUBY='$(RUNRUBY)'
-  BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-  TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
-  CROSS_COMPILING=no
-fi
-AC_SUBST(TEST_RUNNABLE)
-AC_SUBST(CROSS_COMPILING)
-AC_SUBST(MINIRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(BTESTRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(PREP)
-AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)
-AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(XRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(EXTOUT, [${EXTOUT=.ext}])
-
-FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
-LIBRUBY_A='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static.a'
-LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_A)'
-LIBRUBYARG_STATIC='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)-static'
-LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)'
-SOLIBS=
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [cygwin*|mingw*|haiku*|darwin*], [
-    : ${DLDLIBS=""}
-    ],
-  [
-    DLDLIBS="$DLDLIBS -lc"
-    ])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(multiarch,
-	      AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-multiarch], [enable multiarch compatible directories]),
-	      [multiarch=], [unset multiarch])
-if test ${multiarch+set}; then
-   AC_DEFINE(ENABLE_MULTIARCH)
-fi
-
-archlibdir='${libdir}/${arch}'
-sitearchlibdir='${libdir}/${sitearch}'
-archincludedir='${includedir}/${arch}'
-sitearchincludedir='${includedir}/${sitearch}'
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(soname,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-soname=SONAME], [base name of shared library]),
-	[RUBY_SO_NAME=$withval], [RUBY_SO_NAME='$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'])
-
-LIBRUBY_LDSHARED=$LDSHARED
-LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS=$DLDFLAGS
-LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
-LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-ENABLE_SHARED=no
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(shared,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-shared], [build a shared library for Ruby]),
-       [enable_shared=$enableval])
-libprefix=${multiarch+'$(archlibdir)'}${multiarch-'$(libdir)'}
-LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=${load_relative-no}
-AS_CASE("$enable_shared", [yes], [
-  LIBRUBY='$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
-  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
-  LIBRUBYARG='$(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)'
-  LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=no
-  test -z "$CCDLFLAGS" || CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $CCDLFLAGS"
-  ENABLE_SHARED=yes
-  if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then
-    SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-  fi
-
-  # libdir can be overridden in config.site file (on OpenSUSE at least).
-  libdir_basename=lib
-  if test "$bindir" = '${exec_prefix}/bin'; then
-    AS_CASE(["$libdir"], ['${exec_prefix}/'*], [libdir_basename=`basename "$libdir"`])
-  fi
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBDIR_BASENAME, ["${libdir_basename}"])
-  libdir_basename="${libdir_basename}"${multiarch+'/${arch}'}
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [],
-    [
-     if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-       RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${linker_flag}--no-undefined], [no_undefined=yes], [no_undefined=no])
-       if test "no_undefined" = yes; then
-	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(EXTLDFLAGS, [${linker_flag}--no-undefined])
-       fi
-     fi
-    ])
-
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [sunos4*], [
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	],
-    [linux* | gnu* | k*bsd*-gnu | atheos* | kopensolaris*-gnu | haiku*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ['-Wl,-soname,lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR)' "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	if test "$load_relative" = yes; then
-	    libprefix="'\$\${ORIGIN}/../${libdir_basename}'"
-	    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,${libprefix}"
-	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
-	fi
-	],
-    [freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)'
-	if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" != "yes" ; then
-	    LIBRUBY_SO="$LIBRUBY_SO.\$(TEENY)"
-	    LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
-	fi
-	],
-    [netbsd*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR).$(TEENY)'
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ['-Wl,-soname,lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)' "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
-	if test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes; then # ELF platforms
-	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	else	# a.out platforms
-	   LIBRUBY_ALIASES=""
-	fi
-	],
-    [openbsd*|mirbsd*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR).'`expr ${MINOR} \* 10 + ${TEENY}`
-	],
-    [solaris*], [
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(MAJOR)'
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so.$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).so'
-	if test "$GCC" = yes; then
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-h,$(@F)'
-	else
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "'-h $(@F)'
-	fi
-	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-R${libdir}'
-	],
-    [hpux*], [
-	XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS "'-Wl,+s,+b,$(libdir)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl.$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl.$(MAJOR).$(MINOR) lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).sl'
-	],
-    [aix*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS, ["${linker_flag}-bnoentry" "$XLDFLAGS" "$LDFLAGS_OPTDIR"])
-	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L${libdir} -l${RUBY_SO_NAME}'
-	SOLIBS='-lm -lc'
-	],
-    [darwin*], [
-	RUBY_SO_NAME="$RUBY_SO_NAME"'.$(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
-	LIBRUBY_LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamiclib'
-	if test "$load_relative" = yes; then
-	    libprefix="@executable_path/../${libdir_basename}"
-	    LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
-	fi
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-install_name '${libprefix}'/$(LIBRUBY_SO)'
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-compatibility_version $(MAJOR).$(MINOR)'
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-current_version $(RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION)'
-	if test "$visibility_option" = ld; then
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_Init_*'
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,_ruby_static_id_*'
-	    LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "'-Wl,-unexported_symbol,*_threadptr_*'
-	fi
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS "' $(XLDFLAGS)'
-	LIBRUBY_SO='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dylib'
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES='lib$(RUBY_BASE_NAME).$(MAJOR).$(MINOR).dylib lib$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).dylib'
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	],
-    [interix*], [
-	LIBRUBYARG_SHARED='-L. -L${libdir} -l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
-	],
-    [mingw*|cygwin*|mswin*], [
-	LIBRUBY_RELATIVE=yes
-	])
-], [
-  LIBRUBYARG_SHARED=
-
-  # enable PIE if possible
-  AC_ARG_ENABLE(pie,
-          AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-pie], [disable PIE feature]),
-          [pie=$enableval], [pie=])
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [nacl], [
-    # -pie implies -shared for NaCl.
-    pie=no
-  ])
-  if test "$GCC" = yes -a -z "$EXTSTATIC" -a "x$pie" != xno; then
-    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fPIE, [pie=yes], [pie=no])
-    if test "$pie" = yes; then
-      # Use -fPIE when testing -pie.  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS sets
-      # $save_CFLAGS internally, so set other name here.
-      save_CFLAGS_before_pie="$CFLAGS"
-      CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -fPIE"
-
-      # gcc need -pie but clang need -Wl,-pie.
-      for pie in -pie -Wl,-pie; do
-	RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$pie], [], [pie=])
-	if test "x$pie" != x; then
-	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fPIE)
-	  RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $pie)
-	  break
-	fi
-      done
-      CFLAGS="$save_CFLAGS_before_pie"
-    fi
-  fi
-])
-if test "$enable_rpath" = yes; then
-    test -z "$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS" || LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS "
-    rpathflag="${RPATHFLAG}"
-    AS_CASE(["${cross_compiling}${load_relative}"], [*yes*], [], [rpathflag="$RPATHFLAG$LIBPATHFLAG"])
-    rpathflag=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
-        echo x "$rpathflag" |
-        sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${libprefix}${IFS}g"
-    `
-    LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS${rpathflag}"
-    LIBRUBYARG_SHARED="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_SHARED"
-    LIBRUBYARG_STATIC="$LIBRUBY_RPATHFLAGS $LIBRUBYARG_STATIC"
-fi
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE)
-
-LDFLAGS="-L. $LDFLAGS"
-AC_SUBST(ARCHFILE)
-
-if test "$EXEEXT" = .exe; then
-    EXECUTABLE_EXTS='".exe",".com",".cmd",".bat"'
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXECUTABLE_EXTS, $EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
-    EXECUTABLE_EXTS=`echo $EXECUTABLE_EXTS | tr -d '"' | tr , ' '`
-    AC_SUBST(EXECUTABLE_EXTS)
-fi
-
-AS_CASE("$cross_compiling:${LIBPATHENV}", [yes:* | no:], [], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether wrapper for $LIBPATHENV is needed)
-    AS_IF([env ${LIBPATHENV}=/lib /bin/sh -c ': ${'${LIBPATHENV}'?}' 2>/dev/null],
-	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
-	[PREP="$PREP"' ruby-runner$(EXEEXT)'
-	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)]
-    )
-])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(dtrace,
-        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-dtrace],
-        [enable DTrace for tracing inside ruby. enabled by default on systems having dtrace]),
-        [enable_dtrace=$enableval], [enable_dtrace=auto])
-
-LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(OBJS)'
-DTRACE_REBUILD=
-AS_CASE(["${enable_dtrace}"],
-[yes|auto], [
-    RUBY_DTRACE_AVAILABLE()
-], [
-    rb_cv_dtrace_available=no
-])
-AS_IF([test "${enable_dtrace}" = yes], [dnl
-    AS_IF([test -z "$DTRACE"], [dnl
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([dtrace(1) is missing])
-    ], [test "$cross_compiling" = yes], [dnl
-	AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, cross compiling])
-    ], [test "${rb_cv_dtrace_available}" = "no"], [dnl
-       AC_MSG_ERROR([--enable-dtrace, however, USDT is not available])
-    ])
-])
-AS_CASE([$rb_cv_dtrace_available],
-[yes*], [dnl
-    RUBY_DTRACE_POSTPROCESS()
-    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" != no], [dnl
-	DTRACE_OBJ='probes.$(OBJEXT)'
-    ])
-    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_dtrace_g" = rebuild], [dnl
-	DTRACE_REBUILD=yes
-	LIBRUBY_A_OBJS='$(DTRACE_GLOMMED_OBJ)'
-    ])
-    AS_CASE("${target_os}", [freebsd*], [dnl
-        # FreeBSD's dtrace requires libelf
-        LIBS="-lelf $LIBS"
-    ])
-    DTRACE_EXT=d
-], [dnl
-    enable_dtrace=no
-    DTRACE_EXT=dmyh
-])
-AC_SUBST(DTRACE_EXT)
-AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OBJ)
-AC_SUBST(DTRACE_REBUILD)
-AC_SUBST(DTRACE_OPT)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A_OBJS)
-
-RUBY_SETJMP_TYPE
-}
-{ # build section
-
-dnl build rdoc index if requested
-RDOCTARGET=""
-CAPITARGET=""
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-doc,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-doc], [do not install either rdoc indexes or C API documents during install]),
-       [install_doc=$enableval], [install_doc=yes])
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-rdoc,
-      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-rdoc], [do not install rdoc indexes during install]),
-      [install_rdoc=$enableval], [install_rdoc=yes])
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-capi,
-      AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-capi], [do not install C API documents during install]),
-      [install_capi=$enableval], [install_capi=no])
-
-if test "$install_doc" != no; then
-    if test "$install_rdoc" != no; then
-	RDOCTARGET="rdoc"
-    else
-	RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
-    fi
-    if test "$install_capi" != no -a -n "$DOXYGEN"; then
-	CAPITARGET="capi"
-    else
-	CAPITARGET="nodoc"
-    fi
-else
-    RDOCTARGET="nodoc"
-    CAPITARGET="nodoc"
-fi
-
-AC_SUBST(RDOCTARGET)
-AC_SUBST(CAPITARGET)
-
-AS_CASE(["$RDOCTARGET:$CAPITARGET"],[nodoc:nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=nodoc],[INSTALLDOC=all])
-AC_SUBST(INSTALLDOC)
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(install-static-library,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-install-static-library], [do not install static ruby library]),
-	[INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=$enableval],
-	AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes],
-	    [INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=no],
-	    [INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY=yes]))
-AC_SUBST(INSTALL_STATIC_LIBRARY)
-
-if test "$rb_with_pthread" = "yes"; then
-    THREAD_MODEL=pthread
-fi
-AC_CACHE_CHECK([for prefix of external symbols], rb_cv_symbol_prefix, [
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([extern void conftest_external(void) {}], [], [
-	rb_cv_symbol_prefix=`$NM conftest.$ac_objext |
-			     sed -n ['/.*T[ 	]\([^ 	]*\)conftest_external.*/!d;s//\1/p;q']`
-	],
-	[rb_cv_symbol_prefix=''])
-    test -n "$rb_cv_symbol_prefix" || rb_cv_symbol_prefix=NONE
-])
-SYMBOL_PREFIX="$rb_cv_symbol_prefix"
-test "x$SYMBOL_PREFIX" = xNONE && SYMBOL_PREFIX=''
-DLNOBJ=dln.o
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(dln,
-	      AC_HELP_STRING([--disable-dln], [disable dynamic link feature]),
-	      [test "$enableval" = yes || DLNOBJ=dmydln.o])
-AC_SUBST(DLNOBJ)
-MINIDLNOBJ=dmydln.o
-
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [linux*], [
-	],
-    [netbsd*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
-	],
-    [darwin*], [
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(CFLAGS, -pipe)
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, [-framework CoreFoundation])
-	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC, [-framework CoreFoundation])
-	],
-    [osf*], [
-	if test "$GCC" != "yes" ; then
-	  # compile something small: taint.c is fine for this.
-	  # the main point is the '-v' flag of 'cc'.
-	  AS_CASE(["`cc -v -I. -c main.c -o /tmp/main.o 2>&1`"],
-	  [*/gemc_cc*], [   # we have the new DEC GEM CC
-                        CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -oldc"
-                        ],
-          [            # we have the old MIPS CC
-                        ])
-	  # cleanup
-	  rm -f /tmp/main.o
-	  CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -std"
-	fi
-	],
-    [cygwin*|mingw*], [
-	RUBY_SO_NAME="${RUBY_SO_NAME}"'$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)0'
-	LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS}"' -Wl,--out-implib=$(LIBRUBY)'
-	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-	[cygwin*], [
-	    if test x"$enable_shared" = xyes; then
-		LIBRUBY_SO='cyg$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
-		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
-	    fi
-	    ],
-	[mingw*], [
-	    RUBY_SO_NAME="${rb_cv_msvcrt}-${RUBY_SO_NAME}"
-	    if test x"${target_cpu}" != xi386; then
-		RUBY_SO_NAME="${target_cpu}-${RUBY_SO_NAME}"
-	    fi
-	    if test x"$enable_shared" = xyes; then
-		LIBRUBY_SO='$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'.dll
-		LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS="${LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS}"' $(RUBYDEF)'
-	    fi
-	    EXPORT_PREFIX=' '
-	    DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS}"' $(DEFFILE)'
-	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/win32])
-	    AC_LIBOBJ([win32/file])
-	    COMMON_LIBS=m
-#	    COMMON_MACROS="WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN="
-	    COMMON_HEADERS="winsock2.h windows.h"
-	    THREAD_MODEL=win32
-	    PLATFORM_DIR=win32
-	    ])
-	LIBRUBY_ALIASES=''
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
-	SOLIBS='$(LIBS)'
-	if test x"$enable_shared" = xyes; then
-	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).dll.a'
-	else
-	    LIBRUBY_SO=dummy
-	    LIBRUBY='lib$(RUBY_SO_NAME).a'
-	    LIBRUBYARG='-l$(RUBY_SO_NAME)'
-	fi
-	],
-    [hpux*], [
-	AS_CASE(["$YACC"],[*yacc*], [
-	    XCFLAGS="$XCFLAGS -DYYMAXDEPTH=300"
-	    YACC="$YACC -Nl40000 -Nm40000"
-	])],
-    [nacl], [
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:nacl/GNUmakefile.in
-	])
-
-AS_CASE(["$with_gmp: $SOLIBS "], [no:* | *' -lgmp '*|*' $(LIBS) '*], [],
-	[SOLIBS="-lgmp $SOLIBS"])
-
-AS_CASE(["$with_jemalloc: $LIBS "], [no:* | *' -ljemalloc '*], [],
-	[LIBS="-ljemalloc $LIBS"])
-
-MINIOBJS="$MINIDLNOBJ"
-
-AS_CASE(["$THREAD_MODEL"],
-[pthread], [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(pthread.h)],
-[win32],   [],
-[""],      [AC_MSG_ERROR(thread model is missing)],
-           [AC_MSG_ERROR(unknown thread model $THREAD_MODEL)])
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(debug-env,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-debug-env], [enable RUBY_DEBUG environment variable]),
-       [AC_DEFINE(RUBY_DEBUG_ENV)])
-
-AS_CASE(["$FIRSTMAKEFILE"], [*GNUmakefile:*], [gnumake=yes], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([if ${MAKE-make} is GNU make])
-    mkdir conftest.dir
-    echo "all:; @echo yes" > conftest.dir/GNUmakefile
-    echo "all:; @echo no" > conftest.dir/Makefile
-    gnumake=`(cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make})`
-    rm -fr conftest.dir
-    AS_CASE(["$gnumake"],
-    [*yes*], [
-	FIRSTMAKEFILE=GNUmakefile:template/GNUmakefile.in
-	gnumake=yes],
-    [
-	gnumake=no])
-    AC_MSG_RESULT($gnumake)
-])
-AS_IF([test "$gnumake" = yes], [ NULLCMD=: ], [
-    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for safe null command for ${MAKE-make}])
-    mkdir conftest.dir
-    NULLCMD=
-    for cmd in : true; do
-	echo 'A=1' > conftest.dir/Makefile
-	echo 'B=$(A:1=@'$cmd')' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
-	echo 'all:; $B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' >> conftest.dir/Makefile
-	if (cd conftest.dir; ${MAKE-make} >/dev/null 2>/dev/null); then
-	    NULLCMD=$cmd
-	    break
-	fi
-    done
-    rm -fr conftest.dir
-    if test -z "$NULLCMD"; then
-	AC_MSG_ERROR(no candidate for safe null command)
-    fi
-    AC_MSG_RESULT($NULLCMD)
-])
-AC_SUBST(NULLCMD)
-
-if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ; then
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([for architecture macros], rb_cv_architecture_macros, [
-    mv confdefs.h confdefs1.h
-    : > confdefs.h
-    AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@if defined __`echo ${universal_archnames} |
-    sed 's/=[^ ]*//g;s/ /__ || defined __/g'`__
-@%:@else
-@%:@error
->>>>>><<<<<<
-@%:@endif], [],
-[
-    rb_cv_architecture_macros=yes
-    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
-], [
-    rb_cv_architecture_macros=no
-    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
-    new_cflags=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s|$archflagpat"'||'`
-    for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	cpu=${archs@%:@*=}
-	archs=${archs%=*}
-	CFLAGS="$new_cflags -arch $archs"
-	archs="__${archs}__"
-	AC_MSG_CHECKING([for macro ${archs} on ${cpu}])
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@ifndef ${archs}
-@%:@error
-@%:@endif], [], [AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])], [AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])
-    done
-    mv -f confdefs1.h confdefs.h
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([failed])
-    ])])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether __ARCHITECTURE__ is available, rb_cv_architecture_available,
-	AC_TRY_COMPILE([@%:@include <stdio.h>
-		const char arch[[]] = __ARCHITECTURE__;], [puts(arch);],
-		[rb_cv_architecture_available=yes], [rb_cv_architecture_available=no]))
-fi
-
-CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "'$(DEFS)'
-test -z "$CPPFLAGS" || CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS "; CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"'${cppflags}'
-if test -n "${cflags+set}"; then
-    cflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
-    CFLAGS=`echo " $CFLAGS " | sed "s|$cflagspat"'|${cflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
-fi
-if test -n "${cxxflags+set}"; then
-    cxxflagspat=`eval echo '"'"${cxxflags}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g;s/^  */ /;s/^  *$/ /'`
-    CXXFLAGS=`echo " $CXXFLAGS " | sed "s|$cxxflagspat"'|${cxxflags}|;s/^ *//;s/ *$//'`
-fi
-if test "${ARCH_FLAG}"; then
-    archflagpat=`eval echo '"'"${ARCH_FLAG}"'"' | sed 's/[[][|.*]]/\\&/g'`
-    CFLAGS=`echo "$CFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
-    CXXFLAGS=`echo "$CXXFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
-    LDFLAGS=`echo "$LDFLAGS" | sed "s| *$archflagpat"'||'`
-fi
-warnflags="$rb_cv_warnflags"
-AC_SUBST(cppflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(cflags, ["${orig_cflags:+$orig_cflags }"'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'])dnl
-AC_SUBST(cxxflags, ["${orig_cxxflags:+$orig_cxxflags }"'${optflags} ${debugflags} ${warnflags}'])dnl
-AC_SUBST(optflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(debugflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(warnflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(strict_warnflags)dnl
-AC_SUBST(XCFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(XLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(EXTLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(EXTDLDFLAGS)dnl
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_LDSHARED)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_DLDFLAGS)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(rubyw_install_name)
-AC_SUBST(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_SO_NAME)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_A)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_SO)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_STATIC)
-AC_SUBST(LIBRUBYARG_SHARED)
-AC_SUBST(SOLIBS)
-AC_SUBST(DLDLIBS)
-AC_SUBST(ENABLE_SHARED)
-AC_SUBST(MAINLIBS)
-AC_SUBST(COMMON_LIBS)
-AC_SUBST(COMMON_MACROS)
-AC_SUBST(COMMON_HEADERS)
-AC_SUBST(EXPORT_PREFIX)
-AC_SUBST(SYMBOL_PREFIX)
-AC_SUBST(MINIOBJS)
-AC_SUBST(THREAD_MODEL)
-AC_SUBST(PLATFORM_DIR)
-
-firstmf=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/:.*//'`
-firsttmpl=`echo $FIRSTMAKEFILE | sed 's/.*://'`
-MAKEFILES="Makefile $firstmf"
-MAKEFILES="`echo $MAKEFILES`"
-AC_SUBST(MAKEFILES)
-
-ri_prefix=
-test "$program_prefix" != NONE &&
-  ri_prefix=$program_prefix
-
-ri_suffix=
-test "$program_suffix" != NONE &&
-  ri_suffix=$program_suffix
-
-RUBY_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-  [cygwin*|mingw*], [
-    RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME="${ri_prefix}"'$(RUBYW_BASE_NAME)'"${ri_suffix}"
-    rubyw_install_name='$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)'
-    ])
-
-rubylibdir='${rubylibprefix}/${ruby_version}'
-rubyarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubyarchprefix}/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibdir}/${arch}'}
-
-rubyarchprefix=${multiarch+'${archlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${arch}'}
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchprefix,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchprefix=DIR],
-			   [prefix for architecture dependent ruby libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/ARCH]]]),
-	    [rubyarchprefix="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(rubyarchprefix)
-
-rubysitearchprefix=${multiarch+'${sitearchlibdir}/${RUBY_BASE_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubylibprefix}/${sitearch}'}
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubysitearchprefix,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubysitearchprefix=DIR],
-			   [prefix for architecture dependent site libraries [[RUBYLIBPREFIX/SITEARCH]]]),
-	    [rubysitearchprefix="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(rubysitearchprefix)
-
-RI_BASE_NAME=`echo ${RUBY_BASE_NAME} | sed 's/ruby/ri/'`
-ridir='${datarootdir}/${RI_BASE_NAME}'
-AC_ARG_WITH(ridir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ridir=DIR], [ri documentation [[DATAROOTDIR/ri]]]),
-	    [ridir=$withval])
-AC_SUBST(ridir)
-AC_SUBST(RI_BASE_NAME)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(ruby-version,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-version=STR], [ruby version string for version specific directories [[full]] (full|minor|STR)]),
-            [ruby_version=$withval],
-            [ruby_version=full])
-unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION
-unset RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE
-AS_CASE(["$ruby_version"],
-  [full],  [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='3	/* full */'],
-  [minor], [RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE='2	/* minor */'])
-if test ${RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE+set}; then
-    {
-    echo "#define RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE $RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE"
-    echo '#define STRINGIZE(x) x'
-    test -f revision.h -o -f "${srcdir}/revision.h" || echo '#define RUBY_REVISION 0'
-    echo '#include "version.h"'
-    echo 'ruby_version=RUBY_LIB_VERSION'
-    } > conftest.c
-    ruby_version="`$CPP -I. -I"${srcdir}" -I"${srcdir}/include" conftest.c | sed '/^ruby_version=/!d;s/ //g'`"
-    eval $ruby_version
-elif test -z "${ruby_version}"; then
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([No ruby version, No place for bundled libraries])
-else
-    RUBY_LIB_VERSION="${ruby_version}"
-fi
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION_STYLE)
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_LIB_VERSION)
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitedir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitedir=DIR], [site libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/site_ruby]], "no" to disable site directory]),
-            [sitedir=$withval],
-            [sitedir='${rubylibprefix}/site_ruby'])
-sitelibdir='${sitedir}/${ruby_version}'
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent site libraries in DIR [[SITEDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable site directory]),
-            [sitearchdir=$withval],
-            [sitearchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/site_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${sitelibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendordir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendordir=DIR], [vendor libraries in DIR [[RUBY_LIB_PREFIX/vendor_ruby]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
-            [vendordir=$withval],
-            [vendordir='${rubylibprefix}/vendor_ruby'])
-vendorlibdir='${vendordir}/${ruby_version}'
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent vendor libraries in DIR [[VENDORDIR/SITEARCH]], "no" to disable vendor directory]),
-            [vendorarchdir=$withval],
-            [vendorarchdir=${multiarch+'${rubysitearchprefix}/vendor_ruby/${ruby_version}'}${multiarch-'${vendorlibdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-if test "${LOAD_RELATIVE+set}"; then
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LOAD_RELATIVE, $LOAD_RELATIVE)
-    RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX=''
-fi
-
-AC_SUBST(RUBY_EXEC_PREFIX)
-
-AC_SUBST(libdirname, ${multiarch+arch}libdir)
-AC_SUBST(archlibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchlibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(archincludedir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchincludedir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(arch)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearch)dnl
-AC_SUBST(ruby_version)dnl
-AC_SUBST(rubylibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(rubyarchdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitedir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitelibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendordir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorlibdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorarchdir)dnl
-
-AC_SUBST(CONFIGURE, "`echo $0 | sed 's|.*/||'`")dnl
-AC_SUBST(configure_args, "`echo "${ac_configure_args}" | sed 's/\\$/$$/g'`")dnl
-
-if test "${universal_binary-no}" = yes ; then
-    arch="universal-${target_os}"
-    if test "${rb_cv_architecture_available}" = yes; then
-	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, __ARCHITECTURE__)
-    else
-	for archs in ${universal_archnames}; do
-	    cpu=`echo $archs | sed 's/.*=//'`
-	    archs=`echo $archs | sed 's/=.*//'`
-	    RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __${archs}__], RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU, ["${cpu}"])
-	done
-    fi
-    ints='long int short'
-    test "$ac_cv_type_long_long" = yes && ints="'long long' $ints"
-    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_ARCHNAMES, "${universal_archnames}")
-    AC_SUBST(UNIVERSAL_INTS, "${ints}")
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM_OS, "${target_os}")
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_ARCH, "universal-"RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "universal."RUBY_PLATFORM_CPU"-"RUBY_PLATFORM_OS)
-else
-    arch="${target_cpu}-${target_os}"
-    AS_CASE(["$arch"], [le32-nacl], [arch="pnacl"])
-    AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_PLATFORM, "$arch")
-fi
-
-unset sitearch
-AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[mingw*],[sitearch="$target_cpu-$rb_cv_msvcrt"])
-: ${sitearch='${arch}'}
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(search-path,
-		AS_HELP_STRING([--with-search-path=DIR], [specify the additional search path]),
-		[search_path=$withval])
-if test "$search_path" != ""; then
-    AC_SUBST(RUBY_SEARCH_PATH, $search_path)
-fi
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubyhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyhdrdir=DIR], [core headers in DIR [[INCLUDEDIR/RUBY_BASE_NAME-RUBY_VERSION]]]),
-	    [rubyhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [rubyhdrdir='${includedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(rubyarchhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-rubyarchhdrdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent core headers in DIR [[$(rubyhdrdir)/$(arch)]]]),
-	    [rubyarchhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [rubyarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${archincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}'}${multiarch-'${rubyhdrdir}/${arch}'}])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitehdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitehdrdir=DIR], [core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
-	    [sitehdrdir=$withval],
-	    [sitehdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/site_ruby'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(sitearchhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sitearchhdrdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent core site headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/site_ruby]]]),
-	    [sitearchhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [sitearchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/site_ruby'}${multiarch-'${sitehdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendorhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorhdrdir=DIR], [core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
-	    [vendorhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [vendorhdrdir='${rubyhdrdir}/vendor_ruby'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(vendorarchhdrdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-vendorarchhdrdir=DIR],
-			   [architecture dependent core vendor headers in DIR [[RUBYHDRDIR/vendor_ruby]]]),
-	    [vendorarchhdrdir=$withval],
-	    [vendorarchhdrdir=${multiarch+'${sitearchincludedir}/${RUBY_VERSION_NAME}/vendor_ruby'}${multiarch-'${vendorhdrdir}/${sitearch}'}])
-
-AC_SUBST(rubyhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitehdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(rubyarchhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(sitearchhdrdir)dnl
-AC_SUBST(vendorarchhdrdir)dnl
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(mantype,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-mantype=TYPE], [specify man page type; TYPE is one of man and doc]),
-		[
-			AS_CASE(["$withval"],
-			[man|man.gz|man.bz2|doc|doc.gz|doc.bz2], [MANTYPE=$withval],
-			[AC_MSG_ERROR(invalid man type: $withval)])
-		])
-if test -z "$MANTYPE"; then
-	AC_PATH_PROGS(NROFF, nroff awf, /bin/false, "/usr/bin:/usr/ucb")
-	if ${NROFF} -mdoc ${srcdir}/man/ruby.1 >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-		MANTYPE=doc
-	else
-		MANTYPE=man
-	fi
-fi
-AC_SUBST(MANTYPE)
-
-AC_ARG_ENABLE(rubygems,
-	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-rubygems], [disable rubygems by default]),
-	[enable_rubygems="$enableval"], [enable_rubygems=yes])
-if test x"$enable_rubygems" = xno; then
-    AC_DEFINE(DISABLE_RUBYGEMS, 1)
-    USE_RUBYGEMS=NO
-else
-    USE_RUBYGEMS=YES
-fi
-AC_SUBST(USE_RUBYGEMS)
-
-arch_hdrdir="${EXTOUT}/include/${arch}/ruby"
-AS_MKDIR_P("${arch_hdrdir}")
-config_h="${arch_hdrdir}/config.h"
-guard=INCLUDE_RUBY_CONFIG_H
-{
-  echo "#ifndef $guard"
-  echo "#define $guard 1"
-  grep -v "^#define PACKAGE_" confdefs.h
-  echo "#endif /* $guard */"
-} | tr -d '\015' |
-(
-  if test "x$CONFIGURE_TTY" = xyes; then color=--color; else color=; fi
-  exec ${srcdir}/tool/ifchange $color "${config_h}" -
-) || AC_MSG_ERROR([failed to create ${config_h}])
-tr -d '\015' < largefile.h > confdefs.h
-rm largefile.h
-
-BUILTIN_ENCS=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_ENCS[ 	]*=/{' \
-	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
-	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
-BUILTIN_ENCOBJS=
-for e in $BUILTIN_ENCS; do BUILTIN_ENCOBJS="$BUILTIN_ENCOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.c$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`; done
-AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)
-
-BUILTIN_TRANSES=["`sed -n -e '/^BUILTIN_TRANSES[ 	]*=/{' \
-	-e s/// -e :l -e '/\\\\$/N' -e 's/\\\\\\n/ /' -e 't l' -e p \
-	-e '}' "${srcdir}/enc/Makefile.in"`"]
-BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS=
-BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS=
-for e in $BUILTIN_TRANSES; do
-  BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS="$BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.c/'`
-  BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS="$BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS "`echo $e | sed 's/\.trans$/.$(OBJEXT)/'`
-done
-AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSSRCS)
-AC_SUBST(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)
-
-PACKAGE=$RUBY_BASE_NAME
-AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
-AS_MESSAGE([$PACKAGE library version = $ruby_version])
-
-AS_CASE([" $CPP "], [*" $CC "*], [CPP=`echo " $CPP " | sed "s| $CC |"' $(CC) |;s/^ *//;s/  *$//'`])
-
-if test x"$firstmf" != x; then
-    AC_CONFIG_FILES($firstmf:$firsttmpl, [], [firstmf="$firstmf" firsttmpl="$firsttmpl"])
-fi
-AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile, [
-    tmpmk=confmk$$.tmp
-    {
-	if test ${VCS+set}; then
-	    :
-	elif svn info "$srcdir" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
-	    VCS='svn'
-	elif git_dir=`git --work-tree="$srcdir" --git-dir="$srcdir/.git" rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null`; then
-	    if test -d "$git_dir/svn"; then
-		VCS='git svn'
-	    else
-		VCS='git'
-	    fi
-	else
-	    VCS='echo cannot'
-	fi
-	AS_CASE("$VCS",
-		[svn],       [VCSUP='$(VCS) up $(SVNUPOPTIONS)'],
-		["git svn"], [VCSUP='$(VCS) rebase $(GITSVNREBASEOPTIONS)'],
-		[git],       [VCSUP='$(VCS) pull $(GITPULLOPTIONS)'],
-		[VCSUP='$(VCS)'])
-	sed -n \
-	    -e '[/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_[A-Z]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/]{' \
-	    -e   's//\1 = \2/' \
-	    -e   '[s/ \([0-9]\)$/ 0\1/]' \
-	    -e   p \
-	    -e '}' "$srcdir/version.h"
-	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g;/^VCS *=/s#@VCS@#'"$VCS"'#;/^VCSUP *=/s#@VCSUP@#'"$VCSUP"'#' Makefile
-	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
-	if test "$gnumake" != yes; then
-	    echo ['$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/common.mk']
-	    sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
-	else
-	    echo 'distclean-local::; @$(RM) GNUmakefile uncommon.mk'
-	fi
-    } > $tmpmk && if ! grep '^ruby:' $tmpmk > /dev/null; then
-	if test "${gnumake}" = yes; then
-	    tmpgmk=confgmk$$.tmp
-	    {
-		echo "include $tmpmk"
-		echo "-include uncommon.mk"
-	    } > $tmpgmk
-	else
-	    tmpgmk=$tmpmk
-	fi &&
-	test -z "`${MAKE-make} -f $tmpgmk info-program | grep '^PROGRAM=ruby$'`" &&
-	echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);' >> $tmpmk
-	test "$tmpmk" = "$tmpgmk" || rm -f "$tmpgmk"
-    fi && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
-[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' gnumake='$gnumake'])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH([ruby-pc],
-	    AC_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-pc=FILENAME], [pc file basename]),
-	    [ruby_pc="$withval"],
-	    [ruby_pc="${RUBY_BASE_NAME}-${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.pc"])
-AC_SUBST(ruby_pc)
-AC_SUBST(exec, [exec])
-
-AC_ARG_WITH(destdir,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-destdir=DESTDIR], [specify default directory to install]),
-	    [DESTDIR="$withval"])
-AC_SUBST(DESTDIR)
-
-AC_CONFIG_FILES($ruby_pc:template/ruby.pc.in,
-    [
-    if sed ['s/\$(\([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\))/${\1}/g;s/@[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*@//'] $ruby_pc > ruby.tmp.pc &&
-	{
-	    test -z "$PKG_CONFIG" ||
-	    PKG_CONFIG_PATH=. $PKG_CONFIG --print-errors ruby.tmp
-	}
-    then
-	mv -f ruby.tmp.pc $ruby_pc
-    else
-	exit 1
-    fi
-    ],
-    [ruby_pc='$ruby_pc' PKG_CONFIG='$PKG_CONFIG'])
-
-AC_OUTPUT
-}
-}
-
-AS_IF([${FOLD+:} false], [], [
-AS_IF([test "`echo abcdefg hijklmno | fold -s -w10 | sed 1d`" = hijklmno], [FOLD="fold"], [FOLD=])
-])
-AS_REQUIRE_SHELL_FN([config_summary],
-    [AS_FUNCTION_DESCRIBE([config_summary], [NAME, VAL], [configuration summary])],
-    [AS_IF([test -z "$2"], [], [
-	AS_ECHO_N(["   * $1:                     "]) | head -c26
-	AS_IF([test "$FOLD"], [
-	    echo "$2" | fold -s -w50 |
-	    sed '1!s/^/                          /;$!s/$/\\/'
-	], [echo "$2"])
-    ])]
-)
-
-echo "---"
-echo "Configuration summary for $RUBY_BASE_NAME version $RUBY_PROGRAM_VERSION"
-echo ""
-config_summary "Installation prefix" "$prefix"
-config_summary "exec prefix"         "$exec_prefix"
-config_summary "arch"                "$arch"
-config_summary "site arch"           "$sitearch"
-config_summary "RUBY_BASE_NAME"      "$RUBY_BASE_NAME"
-config_summary "enable shared"       "$enable_shared"
-config_summary "ruby lib prefix"     "$rubylibprefix"
-config_summary "site libraries path" "$rubysitearchprefix"
-config_summary "vendor path"         "$vendordir"
-config_summary "target OS"           "$target_os"
-config_summary "compiler"            "$CC"
-config_summary "with pthread"        "$enable_pthread"
-config_summary "enable shared libs"  "$ENABLE_SHARED"
-config_summary "dynamic library ext" "$DLEXT"
-config_summary "CFLAGS"              "$cflags"
-config_summary "CPPFLAGS"            "$cppflags"
-config_summary "LDFLAGS"             "$LDFLAGS"
-config_summary "optflags"            "$optflags"
-config_summary "debugflags"          "$debugflags"
-config_summary "warnflags"           "$warnflags"
-config_summary "strip command"       "$STRIP"
-config_summary "install doc"         "$install_doc"
-config_summary "man page type"       "$MANTYPE"
-config_summary "search path"         "$search_path"
-config_summary "static-linked-ext"   ${EXTSTATIC:+"yes"}
-echo ""
-echo "---"
diff --git a/constant.h b/constant.h
index 76b59fa047..e0d36909e1 100644
--- a/constant.h
+++ b/constant.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef CONSTANT_H
+#define CONSTANT_H
 /**********************************************************************
 
   constant.h -
@@ -8,8 +10,8 @@
   Copyright (C) 2009 Yusuke Endoh
 
 **********************************************************************/
-#ifndef CONSTANT_H
-#define CONSTANT_H
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
 
 typedef enum {
     CONST_DEPRECATED = 0x100,
@@ -31,20 +33,23 @@ typedef enum {
 typedef struct rb_const_entry_struct {
     rb_const_flag_t flag;
     int line;
-    const VALUE value;            /* should be mark */
-    const VALUE file;             /* should be mark */
+    VALUE value;            /* should be mark */
+    VALUE file;             /* should be mark */
 } rb_const_entry_t;
 
 VALUE rb_mod_private_constant(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_mod_public_constant(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_mod_deprecate_constant(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
 void rb_free_const_table(struct rb_id_table *tbl);
-VALUE rb_public_const_get(VALUE klass, ID id);
+VALUE rb_const_source_location(VALUE, ID);
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+int rb_autoloading_value(VALUE mod, ID id, VALUE *value, rb_const_flag_t *flag);
+rb_const_entry_t *rb_const_lookup(VALUE klass, ID id);
 VALUE rb_public_const_get_at(VALUE klass, ID id);
 VALUE rb_public_const_get_from(VALUE klass, ID id);
-int rb_public_const_defined(VALUE klass, ID id);
-int rb_public_const_defined_at(VALUE klass, ID id);
 int rb_public_const_defined_from(VALUE klass, ID id);
-rb_const_entry_t *rb_const_lookup(VALUE klass, ID id);
+VALUE rb_const_source_location_at(VALUE, ID);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #endif /* CONSTANT_H */
diff --git a/cont.c b/cont.c
index ab4f2bc830..a7103a087e 100644
--- a/cont.c
+++ b/cont.c
@@ -9,264 +9,947 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
-#include "gc.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
-
-/* FIBER_USE_NATIVE enables Fiber performance improvement using system
- * dependent method such as make/setcontext on POSIX system or
- * CreateFiber() API on Windows.
- * This hack make Fiber context switch faster (x2 or more).
- * However, it decrease maximum number of Fiber.  For example, on the
- * 32bit POSIX OS, ten or twenty thousands Fiber can be created.
- *
- * Details is reported in the paper "A Fast Fiber Implementation for Ruby 1.9"
- * in Proc. of 51th Programming Symposium, pp.21--28 (2010) (in Japanese).
- */
-
-#if !defined(FIBER_USE_NATIVE)
-# if defined(HAVE_GETCONTEXT) && defined(HAVE_SETCONTEXT)
-#   if 0
-#   elif defined(__NetBSD__)
-/* On our experience, NetBSD doesn't support using setcontext() and pthread
- * simultaneously.  This is because pthread_self(), TLS and other information
- * are represented by stack pointer (higher bits of stack pointer).
- * TODO: check such constraint on configure.
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   elif defined(__sun)
-/* On Solaris because resuming any Fiber caused SEGV, for some reason.
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   elif defined(__ia64)
-/* At least, Linux/ia64's getcontext(3) doesn't save register window.
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   elif defined(__GNU__)
-/* GNU/Hurd doesn't fully support getcontext, setcontext, makecontext
- * and swapcontext functions. Disabling their usage till support is
- * implemented. More info at
- * http://darnassus.sceen.net/~hurd-web/open_issues/glibc/#getcontext
- */
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#   else
-#     define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 1
-#   endif
-# elif defined(_WIN32)
-#  define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 1
-# endif
-#endif
-#if !defined(FIBER_USE_NATIVE)
-#define FIBER_USE_NATIVE 0
-#endif
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
 #ifndef _WIN32
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <ucontext.h>
 #endif
+
+#include COROUTINE_H
+
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/cont.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "internal/scheduler.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
+
+static const int DEBUG = 0;
+
 #define RB_PAGE_SIZE (pagesize)
 #define RB_PAGE_MASK (~(RB_PAGE_SIZE - 1))
 static long pagesize;
-#endif /*FIBER_USE_NATIVE*/
+
+static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type, fiber_data_type;
+static VALUE rb_cContinuation;
+static VALUE rb_cFiber;
+static VALUE rb_eFiberError;
+#ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
+static VALUE rb_cFiberPool;
+#endif
 
 #define CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK 1
 
+// Defined in `coroutine/$arch/Context.h`:
+#ifdef COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+#define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+#define FIBER_POOL_INITIAL_SIZE 8
+#define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_MAXIMUM_SIZE 32
+#else
+#define FIBER_POOL_INITIAL_SIZE 32
+#define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_MAXIMUM_SIZE 1024
+#endif
+
 enum context_type {
     CONTINUATION_CONTEXT = 0,
-    FIBER_CONTEXT = 1,
-    ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT = 2
+    FIBER_CONTEXT = 1
+};
+
+struct cont_saved_vm_stack {
+    VALUE *ptr;
+#ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
+    size_t slen;  /* length of stack (head of ec->vm_stack) */
+    size_t clen;  /* length of control frames (tail of ec->vm_stack) */
+#endif
+};
+
+struct fiber_pool;
+
+// Represents a single stack.
+struct fiber_pool_stack {
+    // A pointer to the memory allocation (lowest address) for the stack.
+    void * base;
+
+    // The current stack pointer, taking into account the direction of the stack.
+    void * current;
+
+    // The size of the stack excluding any guard pages.
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The available stack capacity w.r.t. the current stack offset.
+    size_t available;
+
+    // The pool this stack should be allocated from.
+    struct fiber_pool * pool;
+
+    // If the stack is allocated, the allocation it came from.
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation;
+};
+
+// A linked list of vacant (unused) stacks.
+// This structure is stored in the first page of a stack if it is not in use.
+// @sa fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer
+struct fiber_pool_vacancy {
+    // Details about the vacant stack:
+    struct fiber_pool_stack stack;
+
+    // The vacancy linked list.
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * previous;
+#endif
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * next;
+};
+
+// Manages singly linked list of mapped regions of memory which contains 1 more more stack:
+//
+// base = +-------------------------------+-----------------------+  +
+//        |VM Stack       |VM Stack       |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        +-------------------------------+                       |  |
+//        |Machine Stack  |Machine Stack  |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               | .  .  .  .            |  |  size
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        |               |               |                       |  |
+//        +-------------------------------+                       |  |
+//        |Guard Page     |Guard Page     |                       |  |
+//        +-------------------------------+-----------------------+  v
+//
+//        +------------------------------------------------------->
+//
+//                                  count
+//
+struct fiber_pool_allocation {
+    // A pointer to the memory mapped region.
+    void * base;
+
+    // The size of the individual stacks.
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The stride of individual stacks (including any guard pages or other accounting details).
+    size_t stride;
+
+    // The number of stacks that were allocated.
+    size_t count;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    // The number of stacks used in this allocation.
+    size_t used;
+#endif
+
+    struct fiber_pool * pool;
+
+    // The allocation linked list.
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * previous;
+#endif
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * next;
+};
+
+// A fiber pool manages vacant stacks to reduce the overhead of creating fibers.
+struct fiber_pool {
+    // A singly-linked list of allocations which contain 1 or more stacks each.
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocations;
+
+    // Provides O(1) stack "allocation":
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancies;
+
+    // The size of the stack allocations (excluding any guard page).
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The total number of stacks that have been allocated in this pool.
+    size_t count;
+
+    // The initial number of stacks to allocate.
+    size_t initial_count;
+
+    // Whether to madvise(free) the stack or not:
+    int free_stacks;
+
+    // The number of stacks that have been used in this pool.
+    size_t used;
+
+    // The amount to allocate for the vm_stack:
+    size_t vm_stack_size;
 };
 
 typedef struct rb_context_struct {
     enum context_type type;
     int argc;
+    int kw_splat;
     VALUE self;
     VALUE value;
-    VALUE *vm_stack;
-#ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-    size_t vm_stack_slen;  /* length of stack (head of th->stack) */
-    size_t vm_stack_clen;  /* length of control frames (tail of th->stack) */
-#endif
+
+    struct cont_saved_vm_stack saved_vm_stack;
+
     struct {
-	VALUE *stack;
-	VALUE *stack_src;
-	size_t stack_size;
-#ifdef __ia64
-	VALUE *register_stack;
-	VALUE *register_stack_src;
-	int register_stack_size;
-#endif
+        VALUE *stack;
+        VALUE *stack_src;
+        size_t stack_size;
     } machine;
-    rb_thread_t saved_thread; /* selected properties of GET_THREAD() (see cont_save_thread) */
+    rb_execution_context_t saved_ec;
     rb_jmpbuf_t jmpbuf;
     rb_ensure_entry_t *ensure_array;
-    rb_ensure_list_t *ensure_list;
+    /* Pointer to MJIT info about the continuation.  */
+    struct mjit_cont *mjit_cont;
 } rb_context_t;
 
+
+/*
+ * Fiber status:
+ *    [Fiber.new] ------> FIBER_CREATED
+ *                        | [Fiber#resume]
+ *                        v
+ *                   +--> FIBER_RESUMED ----+
+ *    [Fiber#resume] |    | [Fiber.yield]   |
+ *                   |    v                 |
+ *                   +-- FIBER_SUSPENDED    | [Terminate]
+ *                                          |
+ *                       FIBER_TERMINATED <-+
+ */
 enum fiber_status {
-    CREATED,
-    RUNNING,
-    TERMINATED
+    FIBER_CREATED,
+    FIBER_RESUMED,
+    FIBER_SUSPENDED,
+    FIBER_TERMINATED
 };
 
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE && !defined(_WIN32)
-#define MAX_MACHINE_STACK_CACHE  10
-static int machine_stack_cache_index = 0;
-typedef struct machine_stack_cache_struct {
-    void *ptr;
-    size_t size;
-} machine_stack_cache_t;
-static machine_stack_cache_t machine_stack_cache[MAX_MACHINE_STACK_CACHE];
-static machine_stack_cache_t terminated_machine_stack;
-#endif
+#define FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber)    ((fiber)->status == FIBER_CREATED)
+#define FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber)    ((fiber)->status == FIBER_RESUMED)
+#define FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(fiber)  ((fiber)->status == FIBER_SUSPENDED)
+#define FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber) ((fiber)->status == FIBER_TERMINATED)
+#define FIBER_RUNNABLE_P(fiber)   (FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber) || FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(fiber))
 
 struct rb_fiber_struct {
     rb_context_t cont;
+    VALUE first_proc;
     struct rb_fiber_struct *prev;
-    enum fiber_status status;
-    /* If a fiber invokes "transfer",
-     * then this fiber can't "resume" any more after that.
-     * You shouldn't mix "transfer" and "resume".
-     */
-    int transferred;
+    VALUE resuming_fiber;
+
+    BITFIELD(enum fiber_status, status, 2);
+    /* Whether the fiber is allowed to implicitly yield. */
+    unsigned int yielding : 1;
+    unsigned int blocking : 1;
+
+    struct coroutine_context context;
+    struct fiber_pool_stack stack;
+};
+
+static struct fiber_pool shared_fiber_pool = {NULL, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+static ID fiber_initialize_keywords[2] = {0};
+
+/*
+ * FreeBSD require a first (i.e. addr) argument of mmap(2) is not NULL
+ * if MAP_STACK is passed.
+ * http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=158755
+ */
+#if defined(MAP_STACK) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
+#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON | MAP_STACK)
+#else
+#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON)
+#endif
+
+#define ERRNOMSG strerror(errno)
+
+// Locates the stack vacancy details for the given stack.
+// Requires that fiber_pool_vacancy fits within one page.
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(void * base, size_t size)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    return (struct fiber_pool_vacancy *)(
+        (char*)base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size - RB_PAGE_SIZE)
+    );
+}
+
+// Reset the current stack pointer and available size of the given stack.
+inline static void
+fiber_pool_stack_reset(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    stack->current = (char*)stack->base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, stack->size);
+    stack->available = stack->size;
+}
+
+// A pointer to the base of the current unused portion of the stack.
+inline static void *
+fiber_pool_stack_base(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(stack->current);
+
+    return STACK_DIR_UPPER(stack->current, (char*)stack->current - stack->available);
+}
+
+// Allocate some memory from the stack. Used to allocate vm_stack inline with machine stack.
+// @sa fiber_initialize_coroutine
+inline static void *
+fiber_pool_stack_alloca(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack, size_t offset)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_alloca(%p): %"PRIuSIZE"/%"PRIuSIZE"\n", (void*)stack, offset, stack->available);
+    VM_ASSERT(stack->available >= offset);
+
+    // The pointer to the memory being allocated:
+    void * pointer = STACK_DIR_UPPER(stack->current, (char*)stack->current - offset);
+
+    // Move the stack pointer:
+    stack->current = STACK_DIR_UPPER((char*)stack->current + offset, (char*)stack->current - offset);
+    stack->available -= offset;
+
+    return pointer;
+}
+
+// Reset the current stack pointer and available size of the given stack.
+inline static void
+fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy)
+{
+    fiber_pool_stack_reset(&vacancy->stack);
+
+    // Consume one page of the stack because it's used for the vacancy list:
+    fiber_pool_stack_alloca(&vacancy->stack, RB_PAGE_SIZE);
+}
+
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_push(struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy, struct fiber_pool_vacancy * head)
+{
+    vacancy->next = head;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    if (head) {
+        head->previous = vacancy;
+        vacancy->previous = NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return vacancy;
+}
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+static void
+fiber_pool_vacancy_remove(struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy)
+{
+    if (vacancy->next) {
+        vacancy->next->previous = vacancy->previous;
+    }
+
+    if (vacancy->previous) {
+        vacancy->previous->next = vacancy->next;
+    }
+    else {
+        // It's the head of the list:
+        vacancy->stack.pool->vacancies = vacancy->next;
+    }
+}
+
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(struct fiber_pool * pool)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = pool->vacancies;
+
+    if (vacancy) {
+        fiber_pool_vacancy_remove(vacancy);
+    }
+
+    return vacancy;
+}
+#else
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(struct fiber_pool * pool)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = pool->vacancies;
+
+    if (vacancy) {
+        pool->vacancies = vacancy->next;
+    }
+
+    return vacancy;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Initialize the vacant stack. The [base, size] allocation should not include the guard page.
+// @param base The pointer to the lowest address of the allocated memory.
+// @param size The size of the allocated memory.
+inline static struct fiber_pool_vacancy *
+fiber_pool_vacancy_initialize(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancies, void * base, size_t size)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(base, size);
+
+    vacancy->stack.base = base;
+    vacancy->stack.size = size;
+
+    fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(vacancy);
+
+    vacancy->stack.pool = fiber_pool;
+
+    return fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, vacancies);
+}
+
+// Allocate a maximum of count stacks, size given by stride.
+// @param count the number of stacks to allocate / were allocated.
+// @param stride the size of the individual stacks.
+// @return [void *] the allocated memory or NULL if allocation failed.
+inline static void *
+fiber_pool_allocate_memory(size_t * count, size_t stride)
+{
+    // We use a divide-by-2 strategy to try and allocate memory. We are trying
+    // to allocate `count` stacks. In normal situation, this won't fail. But
+    // if we ran out of address space, or we are allocating more memory than
+    // the system would allow (e.g. overcommit * physical memory + swap), we
+    // divide count by two and try again. This condition should only be
+    // encountered in edge cases, but we handle it here gracefully.
+    while (*count > 1) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        void * base = VirtualAlloc(0, (*count)*stride, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
+
+        if (!base) {
+            *count = (*count) >> 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            return base;
+        }
+#else
+        errno = 0;
+        void * base = mmap(NULL, (*count)*stride, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, FIBER_STACK_FLAGS, -1, 0);
+
+        if (base == MAP_FAILED) {
+            // If the allocation fails, count = count / 2, and try again.
+            *count = (*count) >> 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            return base;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Given an existing fiber pool, expand it by the specified number of stacks.
+// @param count the maximum number of stacks to allocate.
+// @return the allocated fiber pool.
+// @sa fiber_pool_allocation_free
+static struct fiber_pool_allocation *
+fiber_pool_expand(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, size_t count)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    size_t size = fiber_pool->size;
+    size_t stride = size + RB_PAGE_SIZE;
+
+    // Allocate the memory required for the stacks:
+    void * base = fiber_pool_allocate_memory(&count, stride);
+
+    if (base == NULL) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't alloc machine stack to fiber (%"PRIuSIZE" x %"PRIuSIZE" bytes): %s", count, size, ERRNOMSG);
+    }
+
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancies = fiber_pool->vacancies;
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation = RB_ALLOC(struct fiber_pool_allocation);
+
+    // Initialize fiber pool allocation:
+    allocation->base = base;
+    allocation->size = size;
+    allocation->stride = stride;
+    allocation->count = count;
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    allocation->used = 0;
+#endif
+    allocation->pool = fiber_pool;
+
+    if (DEBUG) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_expand(%"PRIuSIZE"): %p, %"PRIuSIZE"/%"PRIuSIZE" x [%"PRIuSIZE":%"PRIuSIZE"]\n",
+                count, (void*)fiber_pool, fiber_pool->used, fiber_pool->count, size, fiber_pool->vm_stack_size);
+    }
+
+    // Iterate over all stacks, initializing the vacancy list:
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
+        void * base = (char*)allocation->base + (stride * i);
+        void * page = (char*)base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(size, 0);
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        DWORD old_protect;
+
+        if (!VirtualProtect(page, RB_PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_READWRITE | PAGE_GUARD, &old_protect)) {
+            VirtualFree(allocation->base, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
+            rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't set a guard page: %s", ERRNOMSG);
+        }
+#else
+        if (mprotect(page, RB_PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE) < 0) {
+            munmap(allocation->base, count*stride);
+            rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't set a guard page: %s", ERRNOMSG);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_initialize(
+            fiber_pool, vacancies,
+            (char*)base + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, RB_PAGE_SIZE),
+            size
+        );
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+        vacancies->stack.allocation = allocation;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    // Insert the allocation into the head of the pool:
+    allocation->next = fiber_pool->allocations;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    if (allocation->next) {
+        allocation->next->previous = allocation;
+    }
+
+    allocation->previous = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    fiber_pool->allocations = allocation;
+    fiber_pool->vacancies = vacancies;
+    fiber_pool->count += count;
+
+    return allocation;
+}
+
+// Initialize the specified fiber pool with the given number of stacks.
+// @param vm_stack_size The size of the vm stack to allocate.
+static void
+fiber_pool_initialize(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, size_t size, size_t count, size_t vm_stack_size)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(vm_stack_size < size);
+
+    fiber_pool->allocations = NULL;
+    fiber_pool->vacancies = NULL;
+    fiber_pool->size = ((size / RB_PAGE_SIZE) + 1) * RB_PAGE_SIZE;
+    fiber_pool->count = 0;
+    fiber_pool->initial_count = count;
+    fiber_pool->free_stacks = 1;
+    fiber_pool->used = 0;
+
+    fiber_pool->vm_stack_size = vm_stack_size;
+
+    fiber_pool_expand(fiber_pool, count);
+}
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+// Free the list of fiber pool allocations.
+static void
+fiber_pool_allocation_free(struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation)
+{
+    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(allocation->used == 0);
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_allocation_free: %p base=%p count=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", allocation, allocation->base, allocation->count);
+
+    size_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < allocation->count; i += 1) {
+        void * base = (char*)allocation->base + (allocation->stride * i) + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, RB_PAGE_SIZE);
+
+        struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(base, allocation->size);
+
+        // Pop the vacant stack off the free list:
+        fiber_pool_vacancy_remove(vacancy);
+    }
 
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
 #ifdef _WIN32
-    void *fib_handle;
+    VirtualFree(allocation->base, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
 #else
-    ucontext_t context;
-    /* Because context.uc_stack.ss_sp and context.uc_stack.ss_size
-     * are not necessarily valid after makecontext() or swapcontext(),
-     * they are saved in these variables for later use.
-     */
-    void *ss_sp;
-    size_t ss_size;
+    munmap(allocation->base, allocation->stride * allocation->count);
 #endif
+
+    if (allocation->previous) {
+        allocation->previous->next = allocation->next;
+    }
+    else {
+        // We are the head of the list, so update the pool:
+        allocation->pool->allocations = allocation->next;
+    }
+
+    if (allocation->next) {
+        allocation->next->previous = allocation->previous;
+    }
+
+    allocation->pool->count -= allocation->count;
+
+    ruby_xfree(allocation);
+}
 #endif
-};
 
-static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type, fiber_data_type;
-static VALUE rb_cContinuation;
-static VALUE rb_cFiber;
-static VALUE rb_eFiberError;
+// Acquire a stack from the given fiber pool. If none are available, allocate more.
+static struct fiber_pool_stack
+fiber_pool_stack_acquire(struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool) {
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(fiber_pool);
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_acquire: %p used=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", (void*)fiber_pool->vacancies, fiber_pool->used);
+
+    if (!vacancy) {
+        const size_t maximum = FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_MAXIMUM_SIZE;
+        const size_t minimum = fiber_pool->initial_count;
+
+        size_t count = fiber_pool->count;
+        if (count > maximum) count = maximum;
+        if (count < minimum) count = minimum;
+
+        fiber_pool_expand(fiber_pool, count);
+
+        // The free list should now contain some stacks:
+        VM_ASSERT(fiber_pool->vacancies);
+
+        vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pop(fiber_pool);
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(vacancy);
+    VM_ASSERT(vacancy->stack.base);
+
+    // Take the top item from the free list:
+    fiber_pool->used += 1;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    vacancy->stack.allocation->used += 1;
+#endif
+
+    fiber_pool_stack_reset(&vacancy->stack);
+
+    return vacancy->stack;
+}
+
+// We advise the operating system that the stack memory pages are no longer being used.
+// This introduce some performance overhead but allows system to relaim memory when there is pressure.
+static inline void
+fiber_pool_stack_free(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    void * base = fiber_pool_stack_base(stack);
+    size_t size = stack->available;
+
+    // If this is not true, the vacancy information will almost certainly be destroyed:
+    VM_ASSERT(size <= (stack->size - RB_PAGE_SIZE));
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_free: %p+%"PRIuSIZE" [base=%p, size=%"PRIuSIZE"]\n", base, size, stack->base, stack->size);
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // This immediately discards the pages and the memory is reset to zero.
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
+#elif defined(MADV_FREE_REUSABLE)
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE_REUSABLE);
+#elif defined(MADV_FREE)
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE);
+#elif defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    VirtualAlloc(base, size, MEM_RESET, PAGE_READWRITE);
+    // Not available in all versions of Windows.
+    //DiscardVirtualMemory(base, size);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Release and return a stack to the vacancy list.
+static void
+fiber_pool_stack_release(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * pool = stack->pool;
+    struct fiber_pool_vacancy * vacancy = fiber_pool_vacancy_pointer(stack->base, stack->size);
+
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_release: %p used=%"PRIuSIZE"\n", stack->base, stack->pool->used);
+
+    // Copy the stack details into the vacancy area:
+    vacancy->stack = *stack;
+    // After this point, be careful about updating/using state in stack, since it's copied to the vacancy area.
+
+    // Reset the stack pointers and reserve space for the vacancy data:
+    fiber_pool_vacancy_reset(vacancy);
 
-#define GetContPtr(obj, ptr)  \
-    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), rb_context_t, &cont_data_type, (ptr))
+    // Push the vacancy into the vancancies list:
+    pool->vacancies = fiber_pool_vacancy_push(vacancy, stack->pool->vacancies);
+    pool->used -= 1;
+
+#ifdef FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
+    struct fiber_pool_allocation * allocation = stack->allocation;
+
+    allocation->used -= 1;
+
+    // Release address space and/or dirty memory:
+    if (allocation->used == 0) {
+        fiber_pool_allocation_free(allocation);
+    }
+    else if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
+    }
+#else
+    // This is entirely optional, but clears the dirty flag from the stack memory, so it won't get swapped to disk when there is memory pressure:
+    if (stack->pool->free_stacks) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_free(&vacancy->stack);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static COROUTINE
+fiber_entry(struct coroutine_context * from, struct coroutine_context * to)
+{
+    rb_fiber_start();
+}
+
+// Initialize a fiber's coroutine's machine stack and vm stack.
+static VALUE *
+fiber_initialize_coroutine(rb_fiber_t *fiber, size_t * vm_stack_size)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = fiber->stack.pool;
+    rb_execution_context_t *sec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    void * vm_stack = NULL;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber_pool != NULL);
+
+    fiber->stack = fiber_pool_stack_acquire(fiber_pool);
+    vm_stack = fiber_pool_stack_alloca(&fiber->stack, fiber_pool->vm_stack_size);
+    *vm_stack_size = fiber_pool->vm_stack_size;
+
+#ifdef COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+    coroutine_initialize(&fiber->context, fiber_entry, fiber_pool_stack_base(&fiber->stack), fiber->stack.available, sec->machine.stack_start);
+    // The stack for this execution context is still the main machine stack, so don't adjust it.
+    // If this is not managed correctly, you will fail in `rb_ec_stack_check`.
+
+    // We limit the machine stack usage to the fiber stack size.
+    if (sec->machine.stack_maxsize > fiber->stack.available) {
+        sec->machine.stack_maxsize = fiber->stack.available;
+    }
+#else
+    coroutine_initialize(&fiber->context, fiber_entry, fiber_pool_stack_base(&fiber->stack), fiber->stack.available);
+
+    // The stack for this execution context is the one we allocated:
+    sec->machine.stack_start = fiber->stack.current;
+    sec->machine.stack_maxsize = fiber->stack.available;
+#endif
+
+    return vm_stack;
+}
+
+// Release the stack from the fiber, it's execution context, and return it to the fiber pool.
+static void
+fiber_stack_release(rb_fiber_t * fiber)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
 
-#define GetFiberPtr(obj, ptr)  do {\
-    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), rb_fiber_t, &fiber_data_type, (ptr)); \
-    if (!(ptr)) rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "uninitialized fiber"); \
-} while (0)
+    if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_stack_release: %p, stack.base=%p\n", (void*)fiber, fiber->stack.base);
+
+    // Return the stack back to the fiber pool if it wasn't already:
+    if (fiber->stack.base) {
+        fiber_pool_stack_release(&fiber->stack);
+        fiber->stack.base = NULL;
+    }
+
+    // The stack is no longer associated with this execution context:
+    rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(ec);
+}
+
+static const char *
+fiber_status_name(enum fiber_status s)
+{
+    switch (s) {
+      case FIBER_CREATED: return "created";
+      case FIBER_RESUMED: return "resumed";
+      case FIBER_SUSPENDED: return "suspended";
+      case FIBER_TERMINATED: return "terminated";
+    }
+    VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_status_name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+fiber_verify(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr == fiber);
+
+    switch (fiber->status) {
+      case FIBER_RESUMED:
+        VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.vm_stack != NULL);
+        break;
+      case FIBER_SUSPENDED:
+        VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.saved_ec.vm_stack != NULL);
+        break;
+      case FIBER_CREATED:
+      case FIBER_TERMINATED:
+        /* TODO */
+        break;
+      default:
+        VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_verify);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+inline static void
+fiber_status_set(rb_fiber_t *fiber, enum fiber_status s)
+{
+    // if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber: %p, status: %s -> %s\n", (void *)fiber, fiber_status_name(fiber->status), fiber_status_name(s));
+    VM_ASSERT(!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber));
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->status != s);
+    fiber_verify(fiber);
+    fiber->status = s;
+}
+
+static inline void
+ec_switch(rb_thread_t *th, rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    rb_ractor_set_current_ec(th->ractor, th->ec = ec);
+    // ruby_current_execution_context_ptr = th->ec = ec;
+
+    /*
+     * timer-thread may set trap interrupt on previous th->ec at any time;
+     * ensure we do not delay (or lose) the trap interrupt handling.
+     */
+    if (th->vm->ractor.main_thread == th &&
+        rb_signal_buff_size() > 0) {
+        RUBY_VM_SET_TRAP_INTERRUPT(ec);
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0 || ec->vm_stack != NULL);
+}
+
+static rb_context_t *
+cont_ptr(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_context_t *cont;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_context_t, &cont_data_type, cont);
+
+    return cont;
+}
+
+static rb_fiber_t *
+fiber_ptr(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_fiber_t, &fiber_data_type, fiber);
+    if (!fiber) rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "uninitialized fiber");
+
+    return fiber;
+}
 
 NOINLINE(static VALUE cont_capture(volatile int *volatile stat));
 
 #define THREAD_MUST_BE_RUNNING(th) do { \
-	if (!(th)->tag) rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "not running thread");	\
+        if (!(th)->ec->tag) rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "not running thread"); \
     } while (0)
 
+rb_thread_t*
+rb_fiber_threadptr(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+cont_thread_value(const rb_context_t *cont)
+{
+    return cont->saved_ec.thread_ptr->self;
+}
+
+static void
+cont_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
+
+    if (cont->self) {
+        cont->self = rb_gc_location(cont->self);
+    }
+    cont->value = rb_gc_location(cont->value);
+    rb_execution_context_update(&cont->saved_ec);
+}
+
 static void
 cont_mark(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
+
     RUBY_MARK_ENTER("cont");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
-	rb_gc_mark(cont->value);
+    if (cont->self) {
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(cont->self);
+    }
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(cont->value);
 
-	rb_thread_mark(&cont->saved_thread);
-	rb_gc_mark(cont->saved_thread.self);
+    rb_execution_context_mark(&cont->saved_ec);
+    rb_gc_mark(cont_thread_value(cont));
 
-	if (cont->vm_stack) {
+    if (cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr) {
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->vm_stack,
-				 cont->vm_stack + cont->vm_stack_slen + cont->vm_stack_clen);
+        rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+                             cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr + cont->saved_vm_stack.slen + cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->vm_stack,
-				 cont->vm_stack, cont->saved_thread.stack_size);
+        rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+                             cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr, cont->saved_ec.stack_size);
 #endif
-	}
+    }
 
-	if (cont->machine.stack) {
-	    if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
-		/* cont */
-		rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
-				     cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
+    if (cont->machine.stack) {
+        if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
+            /* cont */
+            rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
+                                 cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* fiber */
+            const rb_fiber_t *fiber = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
+
+            if (!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+                rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
+                                     cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
             }
-            else {
-		/* fiber */
-		rb_thread_t *th;
-                rb_fiber_t *fib = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
-		GetThreadPtr(cont->saved_thread.self, th);
-		if ((th->fiber != fib) && fib->status == RUNNING) {
-		    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.stack,
-					 cont->machine.stack + cont->machine.stack_size);
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-#ifdef __ia64
-	if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
-	    rb_gc_mark_locations(cont->machine.register_stack,
-				 cont->machine.register_stack + cont->machine.register_stack_size);
-	}
-#endif
+        }
     }
+
     RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("cont");
 }
 
+#if 0
+static int
+fiber_is_root_p(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber == fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr->root_fiber;
+}
+#endif
+
 static void
 cont_free(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
+
     RUBY_FREE_ENTER("cont");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_context_t *cont = ptr;
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->saved_thread.stack);
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-	if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
-	    /* cont */
-	    ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
-	    RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
-	}
-	else {
-	    /* fiber */
-	    rb_fiber_t *fib = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
-	    const rb_thread_t *const th = GET_THREAD();
-#ifdef _WIN32
-	    if (th && th->fiber != fib && cont->type != ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT) {
-		/* don't delete root fiber handle */
-		if (fib->fib_handle) {
-		    DeleteFiber(fib->fib_handle);
-		}
-	    }
-#else /* not WIN32 */
-	    if (th && th->fiber != fib) {
-                if (fib->ss_sp) {
-                    if (cont->type == ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT) {
-			rb_bug("Illegal root fiber parameter");
-                    }
-		    munmap((void*)fib->ss_sp, fib->ss_size);
-		}
-	    }
-            else {
-		/* It may reached here when finalize */
-		/* TODO examine whether it is a bug */
-                /* rb_bug("cont_free: release self"); */
-            }
-#endif
-	}
-#else /* not FIBER_USE_NATIVE */
-	ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
-#endif
-#ifdef __ia64
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.register_stack);
-#endif
-	RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->vm_stack);
 
-	/* free rb_cont_t or rb_fiber_t */
-	ruby_xfree(ptr);
+    if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
+        ruby_xfree(cont->saved_ec.vm_stack);
+        ruby_xfree(cont->ensure_array);
+        RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->machine.stack);
     }
+    else {
+        rb_fiber_t *fiber = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
+        coroutine_destroy(&fiber->context);
+        fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+    }
+
+    RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr);
+
+    if (mjit_enabled) {
+        VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont != NULL);
+        mjit_cont_free(cont->mjit_cont);
+    }
+    /* free rb_cont_t or rb_fiber_t */
+    ruby_xfree(ptr);
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("cont");
 }
 
@@ -277,73 +960,99 @@ cont_memsize(const void *ptr)
     size_t size = 0;
 
     size = sizeof(*cont);
-    if (cont->vm_stack) {
+    if (cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr) {
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-	size_t n = (cont->vm_stack_slen + cont->vm_stack_clen);
+        size_t n = (cont->saved_vm_stack.slen + cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-	size_t n = cont->saved_thread.stack_size;
+        size_t n = cont->saved_ec.vm_stack_size;
 #endif
-	size += n * sizeof(*cont->vm_stack);
+        size += n * sizeof(*cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr);
     }
 
     if (cont->machine.stack) {
-	size += cont->machine.stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.stack);
-    }
-#ifdef __ia64
-    if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
-	size += cont->machine.register_stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.register_stack);
+        size += cont->machine.stack_size * sizeof(*cont->machine.stack);
     }
-#endif
+
     return size;
 }
 
 void
-rb_fiber_mark_self(rb_fiber_t *fib)
+rb_fiber_update_self(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 {
-    if (fib)
-	rb_gc_mark(fib->cont.self);
+    if (fiber->cont.self) {
+        fiber->cont.self = rb_gc_location(fiber->cont.self);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_execution_context_update(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_fiber_mark_self(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    if (fiber->cont.self) {
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(fiber->cont.self);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_execution_context_mark(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+fiber_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
+    fiber->first_proc = rb_gc_location(fiber->first_proc);
+
+    if (fiber->prev) rb_fiber_update_self(fiber->prev);
+
+    cont_compact(&fiber->cont);
+    fiber_verify(fiber);
 }
 
 static void
 fiber_mark(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
     RUBY_MARK_ENTER("cont");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_fiber_t *fib = ptr;
-	rb_fiber_mark_self(fib->prev);
-	cont_mark(&fib->cont);
-    }
+    fiber_verify(fiber);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(fiber->first_proc);
+    if (fiber->prev) rb_fiber_mark_self(fiber->prev);
+    cont_mark(&fiber->cont);
     RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("cont");
 }
 
 static void
 fiber_free(void *ptr)
 {
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
     RUBY_FREE_ENTER("fiber");
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_fiber_t *fib = ptr;
-	if (fib->cont.type != ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT &&
-	    fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage) {
-	    st_free_table(fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage);
-	}
 
-	cont_free(&fib->cont);
+    //if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_free: %p[%p]\n", fiber, fiber->stack.base);
+
+    if (fiber->cont.saved_ec.local_storage) {
+        rb_id_table_free(fiber->cont.saved_ec.local_storage);
     }
+
+    cont_free(&fiber->cont);
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("fiber");
 }
 
 static size_t
 fiber_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
-    const rb_fiber_t *fib = ptr;
-    size_t size = 0;
+    const rb_fiber_t *fiber = ptr;
+    size_t size = sizeof(*fiber);
+    const rb_execution_context_t *saved_ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    const rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(saved_ec);
 
-    size = sizeof(*fib);
-    if (fib->cont.type != ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT &&
-	fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage != NULL) {
-	size += st_memsize(fib->cont.saved_thread.local_storage);
+    /*
+     * vm.c::thread_memsize already counts th->ec->local_storage
+     */
+    if (saved_ec->local_storage && fiber != th->root_fiber) {
+        size += rb_id_table_memsize(saved_ec->local_storage);
     }
-    size += cont_memsize(&fib->cont);
+    size += cont_memsize(&fiber->cont);
     return size;
 }
 
@@ -351,10 +1060,10 @@ VALUE
 rb_obj_is_fiber(VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &fiber_data_type)) {
-	return Qtrue;
+        return Qtrue;
     }
     else {
-	return Qfalse;
+        return Qfalse;
     }
 }
 
@@ -363,83 +1072,56 @@ cont_save_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th, rb_context_t *cont)
 {
     size_t size;
 
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
-#ifdef __ia64
-    th->machine.register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp();
-#endif
+    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->ec->machine.stack_end);
 
-    if (th->machine.stack_start > th->machine.stack_end) {
-	size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_start - th->machine.stack_end;
-	cont->machine.stack_src = th->machine.stack_end;
+    if (th->ec->machine.stack_start > th->ec->machine.stack_end) {
+        size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_start - th->ec->machine.stack_end;
+        cont->machine.stack_src = th->ec->machine.stack_end;
     }
     else {
-	size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_end - th->machine.stack_start;
-	cont->machine.stack_src = th->machine.stack_start;
+        size = cont->machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_end - th->ec->machine.stack_start;
+        cont->machine.stack_src = th->ec->machine.stack_start;
     }
 
     if (cont->machine.stack) {
-	REALLOC_N(cont->machine.stack, VALUE, size);
+        REALLOC_N(cont->machine.stack, VALUE, size);
     }
     else {
-	cont->machine.stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
+        cont->machine.stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
     }
 
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
     MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack, cont->machine.stack_src, VALUE, size);
-
-#ifdef __ia64
-    rb_ia64_flushrs();
-    size = cont->machine.register_stack_size = th->machine.register_stack_end - th->machine.register_stack_start;
-    cont->machine.register_stack_src = th->machine.register_stack_start;
-    if (cont->machine.register_stack) {
-	REALLOC_N(cont->machine.register_stack, VALUE, size);
-    }
-    else {
-	cont->machine.register_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
-    }
-
-    MEMCPY(cont->machine.register_stack, cont->machine.register_stack_src, VALUE, size);
-#endif
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t cont_data_type = {
     "continuation",
-    {cont_mark, cont_free, cont_memsize,},
+    {cont_mark, cont_free, cont_memsize, cont_compact},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 static inline void
 cont_save_thread(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *sth = &cont->saved_thread;
+    rb_execution_context_t *sec = &cont->saved_ec;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(th->status == THREAD_RUNNABLE);
 
     /* save thread context */
-    sth->stack = th->stack;
-    sth->stack_size = th->stack_size;
-    sth->local_storage = th->local_storage;
-    sth->cfp = th->cfp;
-    sth->safe_level = th->safe_level;
-    sth->raised_flag = th->raised_flag;
-    sth->state = th->state;
-    sth->status = th->status;
-    sth->tag = th->tag;
-    sth->protect_tag = th->protect_tag;
-    sth->errinfo = th->errinfo;
-    sth->first_proc = th->first_proc;
-    sth->root_lep = th->root_lep;
-    sth->root_svar = th->root_svar;
-    sth->ensure_list = th->ensure_list;
-
-    sth->trace_arg = th->trace_arg;
-
-    /* saved_thread->machine.stack_(start|end) should be NULL */
+    *sec = *th->ec;
+
+    /* saved_ec->machine.stack_end should be NULL */
     /* because it may happen GC afterward */
-    sth->machine.stack_start = 0;
-    sth->machine.stack_end = 0;
-#ifdef __ia64
-    sth->machine.register_stack_start = 0;
-    sth->machine.register_stack_end = 0;
-#endif
+    sec->machine.stack_end = NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+cont_init_mjit_cont(rb_context_t *cont)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont == NULL);
+    if (mjit_enabled) {
+        cont->mjit_cont = mjit_cont_new(&(cont->saved_ec));
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -447,12 +1129,11 @@ cont_init(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
     /* save thread context */
     cont_save_thread(cont, th);
-    cont->saved_thread.self = th->self;
-    cont->saved_thread.machine.stack_maxsize = th->machine.stack_maxsize;
-    cont->saved_thread.fiber = th->fiber;
-    cont->saved_thread.local_storage = 0;
-    cont->saved_thread.local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
-    cont->saved_thread.local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
+    cont->saved_ec.thread_ptr = th;
+    cont->saved_ec.local_storage = NULL;
+    cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
+    cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
+    cont_init_mjit_cont(cont);
 }
 
 static rb_context_t *
@@ -469,273 +1150,221 @@ cont_new(VALUE klass)
     return cont;
 }
 
+VALUE rb_fiberptr_self(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber->cont.self;
+}
+
+unsigned int rb_fiberptr_blocking(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    return fiber->blocking;
+}
+
+// This is used for root_fiber because other fibers call cont_init_mjit_cont through cont_new.
+void
+rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    cont_init_mjit_cont(&fiber->cont);
+}
+
+#if 0
+void
+show_vm_stack(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    VALUE *p = ec->vm_stack;
+    while (p < ec->cfp->sp) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%3d ", (int)(p - ec->vm_stack));
+        rb_obj_info_dump(*p);
+        p++;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+show_vm_pcs(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp,
+            const rb_control_frame_t *end_of_cfp)
+{
+    int i=0;
+    while (cfp != end_of_cfp) {
+        int pc = 0;
+        if (cfp->iseq) {
+            pc = cfp->pc - cfp->iseq->body->iseq_encoded;
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr, "%2d pc: %d\n", i++, pc);
+        cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#ifdef __clang__
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wduplicate-decl-specifier)
+#endif
 static VALUE
 cont_capture(volatile int *volatile stat)
 {
     rb_context_t *volatile cont;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
     volatile VALUE contval;
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = th->ec;
 
     THREAD_MUST_BE_RUNNING(th);
-    rb_vm_stack_to_heap(th);
+    rb_vm_stack_to_heap(th->ec);
     cont = cont_new(rb_cContinuation);
     contval = cont->self;
 
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-    cont->vm_stack_slen = th->cfp->sp - th->stack;
-    cont->vm_stack_clen = th->stack + th->stack_size - (VALUE*)th->cfp;
-    cont->vm_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, cont->vm_stack_slen + cont->vm_stack_clen);
-    MEMCPY(cont->vm_stack, th->stack, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_slen);
-    MEMCPY(cont->vm_stack + cont->vm_stack_slen, (VALUE*)th->cfp, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_clen);
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.slen = ec->cfp->sp - ec->vm_stack;
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.clen = ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size - (VALUE*)ec->cfp;
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.slen + cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
+    MEMCPY(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+           ec->vm_stack,
+           VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.slen);
+    MEMCPY(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr + cont->saved_vm_stack.slen,
+           (VALUE*)ec->cfp,
+           VALUE,
+           cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-    cont->vm_stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, th->stack_size);
-    MEMCPY(cont->vm_stack, th->stack, VALUE, th->stack_size);
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, ec->vm_stack_size);
+    MEMCPY(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr, ec->vm_stack, VALUE, ec->vm_stack_size);
 #endif
-    cont->saved_thread.stack = NULL;
-
+    // At this point, `cfp` is valid but `vm_stack` should be cleared:
+    rb_ec_set_vm_stack(&cont->saved_ec, NULL, 0);
+    VM_ASSERT(cont->saved_ec.cfp != NULL);
     cont_save_machine_stack(th, cont);
 
     /* backup ensure_list to array for search in another context */
     {
-	rb_ensure_list_t *p;
-	int size = 0;
-	rb_ensure_entry_t *entry;
-	for (p=th->ensure_list; p; p=p->next)
-	    size++;
-	entry = cont->ensure_array = ALLOC_N(rb_ensure_entry_t,size+1);
-	for (p=th->ensure_list; p; p=p->next) {
-	    if (!p->entry.marker)
-		p->entry.marker = rb_ary_tmp_new(0); /* dummy object */
-	    *entry++ = p->entry;
-	}
-	entry->marker = 0;
+        rb_ensure_list_t *p;
+        int size = 0;
+        rb_ensure_entry_t *entry;
+        for (p=th->ec->ensure_list; p; p=p->next)
+            size++;
+        entry = cont->ensure_array = ALLOC_N(rb_ensure_entry_t,size+1);
+        for (p=th->ec->ensure_list; p; p=p->next) {
+            if (!p->entry.marker)
+                p->entry.marker = rb_ary_tmp_new(0); /* dummy object */
+            *entry++ = p->entry;
+        }
+        entry->marker = 0;
     }
 
     if (ruby_setjmp(cont->jmpbuf)) {
-	VALUE value;
+        VALUE value;
 
-	VAR_INITIALIZED(cont);
-	value = cont->value;
-	if (cont->argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(value);
-	cont->value = Qnil;
-	*stat = 1;
-	return value;
+        VAR_INITIALIZED(cont);
+        value = cont->value;
+        if (cont->argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(value);
+        cont->value = Qnil;
+        *stat = 1;
+        return value;
     }
     else {
-	*stat = 0;
-	return contval;
+        *stat = 0;
+        return contval;
     }
 }
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+
+static inline void
+fiber_restore_thread(rb_thread_t *th, rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    ec_switch(th, fiber);
+    VM_ASSERT(th->ec->fiber_ptr == fiber);
+}
 
 static inline void
 cont_restore_thread(rb_context_t *cont)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD(), *sth = &cont->saved_thread;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
     /* restore thread context */
     if (cont->type == CONTINUATION_CONTEXT) {
-	/* continuation */
-	rb_fiber_t *fib;
-
-	th->fiber = sth->fiber;
-	fib = th->fiber ? th->fiber : th->root_fiber;
-
-	if (fib && fib->cont.saved_thread.stack) {
-	    th->stack_size = fib->cont.saved_thread.stack_size;
-	    th->stack = fib->cont.saved_thread.stack;
-	}
+        /* continuation */
+        rb_execution_context_t *sec = &cont->saved_ec;
+        rb_fiber_t *fiber = NULL;
+
+        if (sec->fiber_ptr != NULL) {
+            fiber = sec->fiber_ptr;
+        }
+        else if (th->root_fiber) {
+            fiber = th->root_fiber;
+        }
+
+        if (fiber && th->ec != &fiber->cont.saved_ec) {
+            ec_switch(th, fiber);
+        }
+
+        if (th->ec->trace_arg != sec->trace_arg) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't call across trace_func");
+        }
+
+        /* copy vm stack */
 #ifdef CAPTURE_JUST_VALID_VM_STACK
-	MEMCPY(th->stack, cont->vm_stack, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_slen);
-	MEMCPY(th->stack + sth->stack_size - cont->vm_stack_clen,
-	       cont->vm_stack + cont->vm_stack_slen, VALUE, cont->vm_stack_clen);
-#else
-	MEMCPY(th->stack, cont->vm_stack, VALUE, sth->stack_size);
-#endif
-    }
-    else {
-	/* fiber */
-	th->stack = sth->stack;
-	sth->stack = NULL;
-	th->stack_size = sth->stack_size;
-	th->local_storage = sth->local_storage;
-	th->local_storage_recursive_hash = sth->local_storage_recursive_hash;
-	th->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = sth->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace;
-	th->fiber = (rb_fiber_t*)cont;
-    }
-
-    th->cfp = sth->cfp;
-    th->safe_level = sth->safe_level;
-    th->raised_flag = sth->raised_flag;
-    th->state = sth->state;
-    th->status = sth->status;
-    th->tag = sth->tag;
-    th->protect_tag = sth->protect_tag;
-    th->errinfo = sth->errinfo;
-    th->first_proc = sth->first_proc;
-    th->root_lep = sth->root_lep;
-    th->root_svar = sth->root_svar;
-    th->ensure_list = sth->ensure_list;
-}
-
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-#ifdef _WIN32
-static void
-fiber_set_stack_location(void)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    VALUE *ptr;
-
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&ptr);
-    th->machine.stack_start = (void*)(((VALUE)ptr & RB_PAGE_MASK) + STACK_UPPER((void *)&ptr, 0, RB_PAGE_SIZE));
-}
-
-static VOID CALLBACK
-fiber_entry(void *arg)
-{
-    fiber_set_stack_location();
-    rb_fiber_start();
-}
-#else /* _WIN32 */
-
-/*
- * FreeBSD require a first (i.e. addr) argument of mmap(2) is not NULL
- * if MAP_STACK is passed.
- * http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=158755
- */
-#if defined(MAP_STACK) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
-#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON | MAP_STACK)
+        MEMCPY(th->ec->vm_stack,
+               cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr,
+               VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.slen);
+        MEMCPY(th->ec->vm_stack + th->ec->vm_stack_size - cont->saved_vm_stack.clen,
+               cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr + cont->saved_vm_stack.slen,
+               VALUE, cont->saved_vm_stack.clen);
 #else
-#define FIBER_STACK_FLAGS (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON)
+        MEMCPY(th->ec->vm_stack, cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr, VALUE, sec->vm_stack_size);
 #endif
+        /* other members of ec */
 
-static char*
-fiber_machine_stack_alloc(size_t size)
-{
-    char *ptr;
+        th->ec->cfp = sec->cfp;
+        th->ec->raised_flag = sec->raised_flag;
+        th->ec->tag = sec->tag;
+        th->ec->protect_tag = sec->protect_tag;
+        th->ec->root_lep = sec->root_lep;
+        th->ec->root_svar = sec->root_svar;
+        th->ec->ensure_list = sec->ensure_list;
+        th->ec->errinfo = sec->errinfo;
 
-    if (machine_stack_cache_index > 0) {
-	if (machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index - 1].size == (size / sizeof(VALUE))) {
-	    ptr = machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index - 1].ptr;
-	    machine_stack_cache_index--;
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].ptr = NULL;
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].size = 0;
-	}
-	else{
-            /* TODO handle multiple machine stack size */
-	    rb_bug("machine_stack_cache size is not canonicalized");
-	}
+        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->vm_stack != NULL);
     }
     else {
-	void *page;
-	STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
-
-	errno = 0;
-	ptr = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, FIBER_STACK_FLAGS, -1, 0);
-	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't alloc machine stack to fiber: %s", strerror(errno));
-	}
-
-	/* guard page setup */
-	page = ptr + STACK_DIR_UPPER(size - RB_PAGE_SIZE, 0);
-	if (mprotect(page, RB_PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE) < 0) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "mprotect failed");
-	}
+        /* fiber */
+        fiber_restore_thread(th, (rb_fiber_t*)cont);
     }
-
-    return ptr;
 }
-#endif
+
+NOINLINE(static void fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *new_fiber, rb_fiber_t *old_fiber));
 
 static void
-fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context(rb_fiber_t *fib, size_t size)
+fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *new_fiber, rb_fiber_t *old_fiber)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *sth = &fib->cont.saved_thread;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-# if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1200
-#   define CreateFiberEx(cs, stacksize, flags, entry, param) \
-    CreateFiber((stacksize), (entry), (param))
-# endif
-    fib->fib_handle = CreateFiberEx(size - 1, size, 0, fiber_entry, NULL);
-    if (!fib->fib_handle) {
-	/* try to release unnecessary fibers & retry to create */
-	rb_gc();
-	fib->fib_handle = CreateFiberEx(size - 1, size, 0, fiber_entry, NULL);
-	if (!fib->fib_handle) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't create fiber");
-	}
-    }
-    sth->machine.stack_maxsize = size;
-#else /* not WIN32 */
-    ucontext_t *context = &fib->context;
-    char *ptr;
-    STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+    /* save old_fiber's machine stack - to ensure efficient garbage collection */
+    if (!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(old_fiber)) {
+        STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
+        SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->ec->machine.stack_end);
+        if (STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, 1)) {
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_start - th->ec->machine.stack_end;
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack = th->ec->machine.stack_end;
+        }
+        else {
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack_size = th->ec->machine.stack_end - th->ec->machine.stack_start;
+            old_fiber->cont.machine.stack = th->ec->machine.stack_start;
+        }
+    }
 
-    getcontext(context);
-    ptr = fiber_machine_stack_alloc(size);
-    context->uc_link = NULL;
-    context->uc_stack.ss_sp = ptr;
-    context->uc_stack.ss_size = size;
-    fib->ss_sp = ptr;
-    fib->ss_size = size;
-    makecontext(context, rb_fiber_start, 0);
-    sth->machine.stack_start = (VALUE*)(ptr + STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, size));
-    sth->machine.stack_maxsize = size - RB_PAGE_SIZE;
-#endif
-#ifdef __ia64
-    sth->machine.register_stack_maxsize = sth->machine.stack_maxsize;
-#endif
-}
+    /* exchange machine_stack_start between old_fiber and new_fiber */
+    old_fiber->cont.saved_ec.machine.stack_start = th->ec->machine.stack_start;
 
-NOINLINE(static void fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *newfib, rb_fiber_t *oldfib));
+    /* old_fiber->machine.stack_end should be NULL */
+    old_fiber->cont.saved_ec.machine.stack_end = NULL;
 
-static void
-fiber_setcontext(rb_fiber_t *newfib, rb_fiber_t *oldfib)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD(), *sth = &newfib->cont.saved_thread;
+    /* restore thread context */
+    fiber_restore_thread(th, new_fiber);
 
-    if (newfib->status != RUNNING) {
-	fiber_initialize_machine_stack_context(newfib, th->vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size);
-    }
+    // if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_setcontext: %p[%p] -> %p[%p]\n", old_fiber, old_fiber->stack.base, new_fiber, new_fiber->stack.base);
 
-    /* restore thread context */
-    cont_restore_thread(&newfib->cont);
-    th->machine.stack_maxsize = sth->machine.stack_maxsize;
-    if (sth->machine.stack_end && (newfib != oldfib)) {
-	rb_bug("fiber_setcontext: sth->machine.stack_end has non zero value");
-    }
-
-    /* save  oldfib's machine stack */
-    if (oldfib->status != TERMINATED) {
-	STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION;
-	SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
-	if (STACK_DIR_UPPER(0, 1)) {
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_start - th->machine.stack_end;
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack = th->machine.stack_end;
-	}
-	else {
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack_size = th->machine.stack_end - th->machine.stack_start;
-	    oldfib->cont.machine.stack = th->machine.stack_start;
-	}
-    }
-    /* exchange machine_stack_start between oldfib and newfib */
-    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine.stack_start = th->machine.stack_start;
-    th->machine.stack_start = sth->machine.stack_start;
-    /* oldfib->machine.stack_end should be NULL */
-    oldfib->cont.saved_thread.machine.stack_end = 0;
-#ifndef _WIN32
-    if (!newfib->context.uc_stack.ss_sp && th->root_fiber != newfib) {
-	rb_bug("non_root_fiber->context.uc_stac.ss_sp should not be NULL");
-    }
-#endif
     /* swap machine context */
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    SwitchToFiber(newfib->fib_handle);
-#else
-    swapcontext(&oldfib->context, &newfib->context);
-#endif
+    coroutine_transfer(&old_fiber->context, &new_fiber->context);
+
+    // It's possible to get here, and new_fiber is already freed.
+    // if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_setcontext: %p[%p] <- %p[%p]\n", old_fiber, old_fiber->stack.base, new_fiber, new_fiber->stack.base);
 }
-#endif
 
 NOINLINE(NORETURN(static void cont_restore_1(rb_context_t *)));
 
@@ -747,66 +1376,24 @@ cont_restore_1(rb_context_t *cont)
     /* restore machine stack */
 #ifdef _M_AMD64
     {
-	/* workaround for x64 SEH */
-	jmp_buf buf;
-	setjmp(buf);
-	((_JUMP_BUFFER*)(&cont->jmpbuf))->Frame =
-	    ((_JUMP_BUFFER*)(&buf))->Frame;
+        /* workaround for x64 SEH */
+        jmp_buf buf;
+        setjmp(buf);
+        _JUMP_BUFFER *bp = (void*)&cont->jmpbuf;
+        bp->Frame = ((_JUMP_BUFFER*)((void*)&buf))->Frame;
     }
 #endif
     if (cont->machine.stack_src) {
-	FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
-	MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack_src, cont->machine.stack,
-		VALUE, cont->machine.stack_size);
+        FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
+        MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack_src, cont->machine.stack,
+               VALUE, cont->machine.stack_size);
     }
 
-#ifdef __ia64
-    if (cont->machine.register_stack_src) {
-	MEMCPY(cont->machine.register_stack_src, cont->machine.register_stack,
-	       VALUE, cont->machine.register_stack_size);
-    }
-#endif
-
     ruby_longjmp(cont->jmpbuf, 1);
 }
 
 NORETURN(NOINLINE(static void cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *, VALUE *)));
 
-#ifdef __ia64
-#define C(a) rse_##a##0, rse_##a##1, rse_##a##2, rse_##a##3, rse_##a##4
-#define E(a) rse_##a##0= rse_##a##1= rse_##a##2= rse_##a##3= rse_##a##4
-static volatile int C(a), C(b), C(c), C(d), C(e);
-static volatile int C(f), C(g), C(h), C(i), C(j);
-static volatile int C(k), C(l), C(m), C(n), C(o);
-static volatile int C(p), C(q), C(r), C(s), C(t);
-#if 0
-{/* the above lines make cc-mode.el confused so much */}
-#endif
-int rb_dummy_false = 0;
-NORETURN(NOINLINE(static void register_stack_extend(rb_context_t *, VALUE *, VALUE *)));
-static void
-register_stack_extend(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *vp, VALUE *curr_bsp)
-{
-    if (rb_dummy_false) {
-        /* use registers as much as possible */
-        E(a) = E(b) = E(c) = E(d) = E(e) =
-        E(f) = E(g) = E(h) = E(i) = E(j) =
-        E(k) = E(l) = E(m) = E(n) = E(o) =
-        E(p) = E(q) = E(r) = E(s) = E(t) = 0;
-        E(a) = E(b) = E(c) = E(d) = E(e) =
-        E(f) = E(g) = E(h) = E(i) = E(j) =
-        E(k) = E(l) = E(m) = E(n) = E(o) =
-        E(p) = E(q) = E(r) = E(s) = E(t) = 0;
-    }
-    if (curr_bsp < cont->machine.register_stack_src+cont->machine.register_stack_size) {
-        register_stack_extend(cont, vp, (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp());
-    }
-    cont_restore_0(cont, vp);
-}
-#undef C
-#undef E
-#endif
-
 static void
 cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
 {
@@ -816,48 +1403,45 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
 #else
 #define STACK_PAD_SIZE 1024
 #endif
-	VALUE space[STACK_PAD_SIZE];
+        VALUE space[STACK_PAD_SIZE];
 
 #if !STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
-	if (addr_in_prev_frame > &space[0]) {
-	    /* Stack grows downward */
+        if (addr_in_prev_frame > &space[0]) {
+            /* Stack grows downward */
 #endif
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION <= 0
-	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src;
-	    if (&space[0] > end) {
+            volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src;
+            if (&space[0] > end) {
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
-		volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, &space[0] - end);
-		space[0] = *sp;
+                volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, &space[0] - end);
+                space[0] = *sp;
 # else
-		cont_restore_0(cont, &space[0]);
+                cont_restore_0(cont, &space[0]);
 # endif
-	    }
+            }
 #endif
 #if !STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
-	}
-	else {
-	    /* Stack grows upward */
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Stack grows upward */
 #endif
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION >= 0
-	    volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src + cont->machine.stack_size;
-	    if (&space[STACK_PAD_SIZE] < end) {
+            volatile VALUE *const end = cont->machine.stack_src + cont->machine.stack_size;
+            if (&space[STACK_PAD_SIZE] < end) {
 # ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
-		volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, end - &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE]);
-		space[0] = *sp;
+                volatile VALUE *sp = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, end - &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE]);
+                space[0] = *sp;
 # else
-		cont_restore_0(cont, &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE-1]);
+                cont_restore_0(cont, &space[STACK_PAD_SIZE-1]);
 # endif
-	    }
+            }
 #endif
 #if !STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
-	}
+        }
 #endif
     }
     cont_restore_1(cont);
 }
-#ifdef __ia64
-#define cont_restore_0(cont, vp) register_stack_extend((cont), (vp), (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp())
-#endif
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: Continuation
@@ -865,7 +1449,7 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
  *  Continuation objects are generated by Kernel#callcc,
  *  after having +require+d <i>continuation</i>. They hold
  *  a return address and execution context, allowing a nonlocal return
- *  to the end of the <code>callcc</code> block from anywhere within a
+ *  to the end of the #callcc block from anywhere within a
  *  program. Continuations are somewhat analogous to a structured
  *  version of C's <code>setjmp/longjmp</code> (although they contain
  *  more state, so you might consider them closer to threads).
@@ -909,7 +1493,7 @@ cont_restore_0(rb_context_t *cont, VALUE *addr_in_prev_frame)
  *     require "continuation"
  *     callcc {|cont|
  *       for i in 0..4
- *         print "\n#{i}: "
+ *         print "#{i}: "
  *         for j in i*5...(i+1)*5
  *           cont.call() if j == 17
  *           printf "%3d", j
@@ -949,10 +1533,10 @@ rb_callcc(VALUE self)
     volatile VALUE val = cont_capture(&called);
 
     if (called) {
-	return val;
+        return val;
     }
     else {
-	return rb_yield(val);
+        return rb_yield(val);
     }
 }
 
@@ -960,35 +1544,39 @@ static VALUE
 make_passing_arg(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
     switch (argc) {
+      case -1:
+        return argv[0];
       case 0:
-	return Qnil;
+        return Qnil;
       case 1:
-	return argv[0];
+        return argv[0];
       default:
-	return rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
+        return rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
     }
 }
 
+typedef VALUE e_proc(VALUE);
+
 /* CAUTION!! : Currently, error in rollback_func is not supported  */
 /* same as rb_protect if set rollback_func to NULL */
 void
-ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(VALUE (*ensure_func)(ANYARGS), VALUE (*rollback_func)(ANYARGS))
+ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(e_proc *ensure_func, e_proc *rollback_func)
 {
     st_table **table_p = &GET_VM()->ensure_rollback_table;
     if (UNLIKELY(*table_p == NULL)) {
-	*table_p = st_init_numtable();
+        *table_p = st_init_numtable();
     }
     st_insert(*table_p, (st_data_t)ensure_func, (st_data_t)rollback_func);
 }
 
-static inline VALUE
-lookup_rollback_func(VALUE (*ensure_func)(ANYARGS))
+static inline e_proc *
+lookup_rollback_func(e_proc *ensure_func)
 {
     st_table *table = GET_VM()->ensure_rollback_table;
     st_data_t val;
     if (table && st_lookup(table, (st_data_t)ensure_func, &val))
-	return (VALUE) val;
-    return Qundef;
+        return (e_proc *) val;
+    return (e_proc *) Qundef;
 }
 
 
@@ -997,62 +1585,63 @@ rollback_ensure_stack(VALUE self,rb_ensure_list_t *current,rb_ensure_entry_t *ta
 {
     rb_ensure_list_t *p;
     rb_ensure_entry_t *entry;
-    size_t i;
+    size_t i, j;
     size_t cur_size;
     size_t target_size;
     size_t base_point;
-    VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS);
+    e_proc *func;
 
     cur_size = 0;
     for (p=current; p; p=p->next)
-	cur_size++;
+        cur_size++;
     target_size = 0;
     for (entry=target; entry->marker; entry++)
-	target_size++;
+        target_size++;
 
     /* search common stack point */
     p = current;
     base_point = cur_size;
     while (base_point) {
-	if (target_size >= base_point &&
-	    p->entry.marker == target[target_size - base_point].marker)
-	    break;
-	base_point --;
-	p = p->next;
+        if (target_size >= base_point &&
+            p->entry.marker == target[target_size - base_point].marker)
+            break;
+        base_point --;
+        p = p->next;
     }
 
     /* rollback function check */
     for (i=0; i < target_size - base_point; i++) {
-	if (!lookup_rollback_func(target[i].e_proc)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called from out of critical rb_ensure scope");
-	}
+        if (!lookup_rollback_func(target[i].e_proc)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called from out of critical rb_ensure scope");
+        }
     }
     /* pop ensure stack */
     while (cur_size > base_point) {
-	/* escape from ensure block */
-	(*current->entry.e_proc)(current->entry.data2);
-	current = current->next;
-	cur_size--;
+        /* escape from ensure block */
+        (*current->entry.e_proc)(current->entry.data2);
+        current = current->next;
+        cur_size--;
     }
     /* push ensure stack */
-    while (i--) {
-	func = (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS)) lookup_rollback_func(target[i].e_proc);
-	if ((VALUE)func != Qundef) {
-	    (*func)(target[i].data2);
-	}
+    for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+        func = lookup_rollback_func(target[i - j - 1].e_proc);
+        if ((VALUE)func != Qundef) {
+            (*func)(target[i - j - 1].data2);
+        }
     }
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval));
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     cont.call(args, ...)
  *     cont[args, ...]
  *
- *  Invokes the continuation. The program continues from the end of the
- *  <code>callcc</code> block. If no arguments are given, the original
- *  <code>callcc</code> returns <code>nil</code>. If one argument is
- *  given, <code>callcc</code> returns it. Otherwise, an array
- *  containing <i>args</i> is returned.
+ *  Invokes the continuation. The program continues from the end of
+ *  the #callcc block. If no arguments are given, the original #callcc
+ *  returns +nil+. If one argument is given, #callcc returns
+ *  it. Otherwise, an array containing <i>args</i> is returned.
  *
  *     callcc {|cont|  cont.call }           #=> nil
  *     callcc {|cont|  cont.call 1 }         #=> 1
@@ -1062,30 +1651,27 @@ rollback_ensure_stack(VALUE self,rb_ensure_list_t *current,rb_ensure_entry_t *ta
 static VALUE
 rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
 {
-    rb_context_t *cont;
+    rb_context_t *cont = cont_ptr(contval);
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    GetContPtr(contval, cont);
 
-    if (cont->saved_thread.self != th->self) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across threads");
+    if (cont_thread_value(cont) != th->self) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across threads");
     }
-    if (cont->saved_thread.protect_tag != th->protect_tag) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across stack rewinding barrier");
+    if (cont->saved_ec.protect_tag != th->ec->protect_tag) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across stack rewinding barrier");
     }
-    if (cont->saved_thread.fiber) {
-	if (th->fiber != cont->saved_thread.fiber) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across fiber");
-	}
+    if (cont->saved_ec.fiber_ptr) {
+        if (th->ec->fiber_ptr != cont->saved_ec.fiber_ptr) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "continuation called across fiber");
+        }
     }
-    rollback_ensure_stack(contval, th->ensure_list, cont->ensure_array);
+    rollback_ensure_stack(contval, th->ec->ensure_list, cont->ensure_array);
 
     cont->argc = argc;
     cont->value = make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
 
-    /* restore `tracing' context. see [Feature #4347] */
-    th->trace_arg = cont->saved_thread.trace_arg;
     cont_restore_0(cont, &contval);
-    return Qnil; /* unreachable */
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 /*********/
@@ -1107,10 +1693,10 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *  manpage to configure the size of the fiber stack(s).
  *
  *  When a fiber is created it will not run automatically. Rather it must
- *  be explicitly asked to run using the <code>Fiber#resume</code> method.
+ *  be explicitly asked to run using the Fiber#resume method.
  *  The code running inside the fiber can give up control by calling
- *  <code>Fiber.yield</code> in which case it yields control back to caller
- *  (the caller of the <code>Fiber#resume</code>).
+ *  Fiber.yield in which case it yields control back to caller (the
+ *  caller of the Fiber#resume).
  *
  *  Upon yielding or termination the Fiber returns the value of the last
  *  executed expression
@@ -1132,10 +1718,10 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *    2
  *    FiberError: dead fiber called
  *
- *  The <code>Fiber#resume</code> method accepts an arbitrary number of
- *  parameters, if it is the first call to <code>resume</code> then they
- *  will be passed as block arguments. Otherwise they will be the return
- *  value of the call to <code>Fiber.yield</code>
+ *  The Fiber#resume method accepts an arbitrary number of parameters,
+ *  if it is the first call to #resume then they will be passed as
+ *  block arguments. Otherwise they will be the return value of the
+ *  call to Fiber.yield
  *
  *  Example:
  *
@@ -1144,20 +1730,42 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *    end
  *
  *    puts fiber.resume 10
- *    puts fiber.resume 14
- *    puts fiber.resume 18
+ *    puts fiber.resume 1_000_000
+ *    puts fiber.resume "The fiber will be dead before I can cause trouble"
  *
  *  <em>produces</em>
  *
  *    12
- *    14
+ *    1000000
  *    FiberError: dead fiber called
  *
+ *  == Non-blocking Fibers
+ *
+ *  Since Ruby 3.0, the concept of <em>non-blocking fiber</em> was introduced.
+ *  Non-blocking fiber, when reaching any potentially blocking operation (like
+ *  sleep, wait for another process, wait for I/O data to be ready), instead
+ *  of just freezing itself and all execution in the thread, yields control
+ *  to other fibers, and allows the <em>scheduler</em> to handle waiting and waking
+ *  (resuming) the fiber when it can proceed.
+ *
+ *  For Fiber to behave as non-blocking, it should be created in Fiber.new with
+ *  <tt>blocking: false</tt> (which is the default now), and Fiber.scheduler
+ *  should be set with Fiber.set_scheduler. If Fiber.scheduler is not set in
+ *  the current thread, blocking and non-blocking fiber's behavior is identical.
+ *
+ *  Ruby doesn't provide a scheduler class: it is expected to be implemented by
+ *  the user and correspond to Fiber::SchedulerInterface.
+ *
+ *  There is also Fiber.schedule method, which is expected to immediately perform
+ *  passed block in a non-blocking manner (but its actual implementation is up to
+ *  the scheduler).
+ *
+ *
  */
 
 static const rb_data_type_t fiber_data_type = {
     "fiber",
-    {fiber_mark, fiber_free, fiber_memsize,},
+    {fiber_mark, fiber_free, fiber_memsize, fiber_compact,},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
@@ -1168,186 +1776,405 @@ fiber_alloc(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static rb_fiber_t*
-fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fibval)
+fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fiber_value, unsigned int blocking)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-    if (DATA_PTR(fibval) != 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot initialize twice");
+    if (DATA_PTR(fiber_value) != 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot initialize twice");
     }
 
     THREAD_MUST_BE_RUNNING(th);
-    fib = ZALLOC(rb_fiber_t);
-    fib->cont.self = fibval;
-    fib->cont.type = FIBER_CONTEXT;
-    cont_init(&fib->cont, th);
-    fib->prev = NULL;
-    fib->status = CREATED;
-
-    DATA_PTR(fibval) = fib;
-
-    return fib;
-}
-
-rb_control_frame_t *
-rb_vm_push_frame(rb_thread_t *th,
-		 const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
-		 VALUE type,
-		 VALUE self,
-		 VALUE specval,
-		 VALUE cref_or_me,
-		 const VALUE *pc,
-		 VALUE *sp,
-		 int local_size,
-		 int stack_max);
+    fiber = ZALLOC(rb_fiber_t);
+    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
+    fiber->cont.type = FIBER_CONTEXT;
+    fiber->blocking = blocking;
+    cont_init(&fiber->cont, th);
+
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr = fiber;
+    rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(&fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+
+    fiber->prev = NULL;
+
+    /* fiber->status == 0 == CREATED
+     * So that we don't need to set status: fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_CREATED); */
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber));
+
+    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
+
+    return fiber;
+}
 
 static VALUE
-fiber_init(VALUE fibval, VALUE proc)
+fiber_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE proc, struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, unsigned int blocking)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_t_alloc(self, blocking);
+
+    fiber->first_proc = proc;
+    fiber->stack.base = NULL;
+    fiber->stack.pool = fiber_pool;
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static void
+fiber_prepare_stack(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib = fiber_t_alloc(fibval);
-    rb_context_t *cont = &fib->cont;
-    rb_thread_t *th = &cont->saved_thread;
-    rb_thread_t *cth = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_context_t *cont = &fiber->cont;
+    rb_execution_context_t *sec = &cont->saved_ec;
+
+    size_t vm_stack_size = 0;
+    VALUE *vm_stack = fiber_initialize_coroutine(fiber, &vm_stack_size);
 
     /* initialize cont */
-    cont->vm_stack = 0;
-
-    th->stack = NULL;
-    th->stack_size = 0;
-
-    th->stack_size = cth->vm->default_params.fiber_vm_stack_size / sizeof(VALUE);
-    th->stack = ALLOC_N(VALUE, th->stack_size);
-    th->cfp = (void *)(th->stack + th->stack_size);
-
-    rb_vm_push_frame(th,
-		     NULL,
-		     VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY | VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL | VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH | VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME,
-		     Qnil, /* self */
-		     VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE,
-		     0, /* specval */
-		     NULL, /* pc */
-		     th->stack, /* sp */
-		     0, /* local_size */
-		     0);
-
-    th->tag = 0;
-    th->local_storage = st_init_numtable();
-    th->local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
-    th->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
-
-    th->first_proc = proc;
-
-#if !FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-    MEMCPY(&cont->jmpbuf, &cth->root_jmpbuf, rb_jmpbuf_t, 1);
-#endif
+    cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr = NULL;
+    rb_ec_initialize_vm_stack(sec, vm_stack, vm_stack_size / sizeof(VALUE));
 
-    return fibval;
+    sec->tag = NULL;
+    sec->local_storage = NULL;
+    sec->local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
+    sec->local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
+}
+
+static struct fiber_pool *
+rb_fiber_pool_default(VALUE pool)
+{
+    return &shared_fiber_pool;
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_fiber_init(VALUE fibval)
+rb_fiber_initialize_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self, int kw_splat)
 {
-    return fiber_init(fibval, rb_block_proc());
+    VALUE pool = Qnil;
+    VALUE blocking = Qfalse;
+
+    if (kw_splat != RB_NO_KEYWORDS) {
+        VALUE options = Qnil;
+        VALUE arguments[2] = {Qundef};
+
+        argc = rb_scan_args_kw(kw_splat, argc, argv, ":", &options);
+        rb_get_kwargs(options, fiber_initialize_keywords, 0, 2, arguments);
+
+        if (arguments[0] != Qundef) {
+            blocking = arguments[0];
+        }
+
+        if (arguments[1] != Qundef) {
+            pool = arguments[1];
+        }
+    }
+
+    return fiber_initialize(self, rb_block_proc(), rb_fiber_pool_default(pool), RTEST(blocking));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.new(blocking: false) { |*args| ... } -> fiber
+ *
+ *  Creates new Fiber. Initially, fiber is not running, but can be resumed with
+ *  #resume. Arguments to the first #resume call would be passed to the block:
+ *
+ *      f = Fiber.new do |initial|
+ *         current = initial
+ *         loop do
+ *           puts "current: #{current.inspect}"
+ *           current = Fiber.yield
+ *         end
+ *      end
+ *      f.resume(100)     # prints: current: 100
+ *      f.resume(1, 2, 3) # prints: current: [1, 2, 3]
+ *      f.resume          # prints: current: nil
+ *      # ... and so on ...
+ *
+ *  if <tt>blocking: false</tt> is passed to the <tt>Fiber.new</tt>, _and_ current thread
+ *  has Fiber.scheduler defined, the Fiber becomes non-blocking (see "Non-blocking
+ *  fibers" section in class docs).
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_fiber_initialize_kw(argc, argv, self, rb_keyword_given_p());
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_new(VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), VALUE obj)
+rb_fiber_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE obj)
 {
-    return fiber_init(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj));
+    return fiber_initialize(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj), rb_fiber_pool_default(Qnil), 1);
 }
 
-static void rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fib);
+static VALUE
+rb_f_fiber_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, int kw_splat)
+{
+    rb_thread_t * th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE scheduler = th->scheduler;
+    VALUE fiber = Qnil;
+
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        fiber = rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(scheduler, rb_intern("fiber"), argc, argv, kw_splat);
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "No scheduler is available!");
+    }
+
+    return fiber;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.schedule { |*args| ... } -> fiber
+ *
+ *  The method is <em>expected</em> to immediately run the provided block of code in a
+ *  separate non-blocking fiber.
+ *
+ *     puts "Go to sleep!"
+ *
+ *     Fiber.set_scheduler(MyScheduler.new)
+ *
+ *     Fiber.schedule do
+ *       puts "Going to sleep"
+ *       sleep(1)
+ *       puts "I slept well"
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     puts "Wakey-wakey, sleepyhead"
+ *
+ *  Assuming MyScheduler is properly implemented, this program will produce:
+ *
+ *     Go to sleep!
+ *     Going to sleep
+ *     Wakey-wakey, sleepyhead
+ *     ...1 sec pause here...
+ *     I slept well
+ *
+ *  ...e.g. on the first blocking operation inside the Fiber (<tt>sleep(1)</tt>),
+ *  the control is yielded at the outside code (main fiber), and <em>at the end
+ *  of the execution</em>, the scheduler takes care of properly resuming all the
+ *  blocked fibers.
+ *
+ *  Note that the behavior described above is how the method is <em>expected</em>
+ *  to behave, actual behavior is up to the current scheduler's implementation of
+ *  Fiber::SchedulerInterface#fiber method. Ruby doesn't enforce this method to
+ *  behave in any particular way.
+ *
+ *  If the scheduler is not set, the method raises
+ *  <tt>RuntimeError (No scheduler is available!)</tt>.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_f_fiber(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_f_fiber_kw(argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.scheduler -> obj or nil
+ *
+ *  Fiber scheduler, set in the current thread with Fiber.set_scheduler. If the scheduler
+ *  is +nil+ (which is the default), non-blocking fibers behavior is the same as blocking.
+ *  (see "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details about the scheduler concept).
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return rb_scheduler_get();
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.set_scheduler(scheduler) -> scheduler
+ *
+ *  Sets Fiber scheduler for the current thread. If the scheduler is set, non-blocking
+ *  fibers (created by Fiber.new with <tt>blocking: false</tt>, or by Fiber.schedule)
+ *  call that scheduler's hook methods on potentially blocking operations, and the current
+ *  thread will call scheduler's +close+ method on finalization (allowing the scheduler to
+ *  properly manage all non-finished fibers).
+ *
+ *  +scheduler+ can be an object of any class corresponding to Fiber::SchedulerInterface. Its
+ *  implementation is up to the user.
+ *
+ *  See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_set_scheduler(VALUE klass, VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    // if (rb_scheduler_get() != Qnil) {
+    //     rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "Scheduler is already defined!");
+    // }
+
+    return rb_scheduler_set(scheduler);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int need_interrupt));
 
 void
 rb_fiber_start(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_fiber_t *fib = th->fiber;
+    rb_thread_t * volatile th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
     rb_proc_t *proc;
-    int state;
-
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	rb_context_t *cont = &VAR_FROM_MEMORY(fib)->cont;
-	int argc;
-	const VALUE *argv, args = cont->value;
-	GetProcPtr(cont->saved_thread.first_proc, proc);
-	argv = (argc = cont->argc) > 1 ? RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args) : &args;
-	cont->value = Qnil;
-	th->errinfo = Qnil;
-	th->root_lep = rb_vm_proc_local_ep(cont->saved_thread.first_proc);
-	th->root_svar = Qfalse;
-	fib->status = RUNNING;
-
-	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qnil);
-	cont->value = rb_vm_invoke_proc(th, proc, argc, argv, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE);
-    }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
+    int need_interrupt = TRUE;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(th->ec == GET_EC());
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+
+    if (fiber->blocking) {
+        th->blocking += 1;
+    }
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(th->ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+        rb_context_t *cont = &VAR_FROM_MEMORY(fiber)->cont;
+        int argc;
+        const VALUE *argv, args = cont->value;
+        GetProcPtr(fiber->first_proc, proc);
+        argv = (argc = cont->argc) > 1 ? RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args) : &args;
+        cont->value = Qnil;
+        th->ec->errinfo = Qnil;
+        th->ec->root_lep = rb_vm_proc_local_ep(fiber->first_proc);
+        th->ec->root_svar = Qfalse;
+
+        EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th->ec, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qnil);
+        cont->value = rb_vm_invoke_proc(th->ec, proc, argc, argv, cont->kw_splat, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE);
+    }
+    EC_POP_TAG();
 
     if (state) {
-	if (state == TAG_RAISE || state == TAG_FATAL) {
-	    rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, th->errinfo);
-	}
-	else {
-	    VALUE err = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, th->errinfo);
-	    if (!NIL_P(err))
-		rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, err);
-	}
-	RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th);
+        VALUE err = th->ec->errinfo;
+        VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+
+        if (state == TAG_RAISE || state == TAG_FATAL) {
+            rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, err);
+        }
+        else {
+            err = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, err);
+            if (!NIL_P(err)) {
+                rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(th, err);
+            }
+        }
+        need_interrupt = TRUE;
     }
 
-    rb_fiber_terminate(fib);
-    rb_bug("rb_fiber_start: unreachable");
+    rb_fiber_terminate(fiber, need_interrupt);
+    VM_UNREACHABLE(rb_fiber_start);
 }
 
 static rb_fiber_t *
 root_fiber_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    /* no need to allocate vm stack */
-    fib = fiber_t_alloc(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber));
-    fib->cont.type = ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT;
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    fib->fib_handle = ConvertThreadToFiber(0);
-#endif
+    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(DATA_PTR(fiber_value) == NULL);
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->status == FIBER_RESUMED);
+
+    th->root_fiber = fiber;
+    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
+
+#ifdef COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+    fiber->stack = fiber_pool_stack_acquire(&shared_fiber_pool);
+    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context, fiber_pool_stack_base(&fiber->stack), fiber->stack.available, th->ec->machine.stack_start);
+#else
+    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
 #endif
-    fib->status = RUNNING;
 
-    return fib;
+    return fiber;
+}
+
+void
+rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = ruby_mimmalloc(sizeof(rb_fiber_t));
+    if (!fiber) {
+        rb_bug("%s", strerror(errno)); /* ... is it possible to call rb_bug here? */
+    }
+    MEMZERO(fiber, rb_fiber_t, 1);
+    fiber->cont.type = FIBER_CONTEXT;
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.fiber_ptr = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr = th;
+    fiber->blocking = 1;
+    fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_RESUMED); /* skip CREATED */
+    th->ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
+    // This skips mjit_cont_new for the initial thread because mjit_enabled is always false
+    // at this point. mjit_init calls rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont again for this root_fiber.
+    rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(fiber);
+}
+
+void
+rb_threadptr_root_fiber_release(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    if (th->root_fiber) {
+        /* ignore. A root fiber object will free th->ec */
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+
+        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->fiber_ptr->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
+        VM_ASSERT(th->ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0);
+
+        if (th->ec == ec) {
+            rb_ractor_set_current_ec(th->ractor, NULL);
+        }
+        fiber_free(th->ec->fiber_ptr);
+        th->ec = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_threadptr_root_fiber_terminate(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    fiber->status = FIBER_TERMINATED;
+
+    // The vm_stack is `alloca`ed on the thread stack, so it's gone too:
+    rb_ec_clear_vm_stack(th->ec);
 }
 
 static inline rb_fiber_t*
 fiber_current(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    if (th->fiber == 0) {
-	/* save root */
-	rb_fiber_t *fib = root_fiber_alloc(th);
-	th->root_fiber = th->fiber = fib;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    if (ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0) {
+        root_fiber_alloc(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec));
     }
-    return th->fiber;
+    return ec->fiber_ptr;
 }
 
 static inline rb_fiber_t*
-return_fiber(void)
+return_fiber(bool terminate)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib = fiber_current();
-    rb_fiber_t *prev = fib->prev;
-
-    if (!prev) {
-	rb_fiber_t *root_fiber = GET_THREAD()->root_fiber;
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_current();
+    rb_fiber_t *prev = fiber->prev;
 
-	if (root_fiber == fib) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "can't yield from root fiber");
-	}
-	return root_fiber;
+    if (prev) {
+        fiber->prev = NULL;
+        prev->resuming_fiber = Qnil;
+        return prev;
     }
     else {
-	fib->prev = NULL;
-	return prev;
+        if (!terminate) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to yield on a not resumed fiber");
+        }
+
+        rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+        rb_fiber_t *root_fiber = th->root_fiber;
+
+        VM_ASSERT(root_fiber != NULL);
+
+        // search resuming fiber
+        for (fiber = root_fiber;
+             RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber);
+             fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        }
+
+        return fiber;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1357,180 +2184,261 @@ rb_fiber_current(void)
     return fiber_current()->cont.self;
 }
 
+// Prepare to execute next_fiber on the given thread.
 static inline VALUE
-fiber_store(rb_fiber_t *next_fib, rb_thread_t *th)
+fiber_store(rb_fiber_t *next_fiber, rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber;
 
-    if (th->fiber) {
-	fib = th->fiber;
-	cont_save_thread(&fib->cont, th);
+    if (th->ec->fiber_ptr != NULL) {
+        fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
     }
     else {
-	/* create current fiber */
-	fib = root_fiber_alloc(th);
-	th->root_fiber = th->fiber = fib;
+        /* create root fiber */
+        fiber = root_fiber_alloc(th);
     }
 
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-    fiber_setcontext(next_fib, fib);
-    /* restored */
-#ifndef _WIN32
-    if (terminated_machine_stack.ptr) {
-	if (machine_stack_cache_index < MAX_MACHINE_STACK_CACHE) {
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].ptr = terminated_machine_stack.ptr;
-	    machine_stack_cache[machine_stack_cache_index].size = terminated_machine_stack.size;
-	    machine_stack_cache_index++;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (terminated_machine_stack.ptr != fib->cont.machine.stack) {
-		munmap((void*)terminated_machine_stack.ptr, terminated_machine_stack.size * sizeof(VALUE));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		rb_bug("terminated fiber resumed");
-	    }
-	}
-	terminated_machine_stack.ptr = NULL;
-	terminated_machine_stack.size = 0;
-    }
-#endif /* not _WIN32 */
-    fib = th->fiber;
-    if (fib->cont.argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(fib->cont.value);
-    return fib->cont.value;
-
-#else /* FIBER_USE_NATIVE */
-    cont_save_machine_stack(th, &fib->cont);
-    if (ruby_setjmp(fib->cont.jmpbuf)) {
-	/* restored */
-	fib = th->fiber;
-	if (fib->cont.argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(fib->cont.value);
-	if (next_fib->cont.value == Qundef) {
-	    cont_restore_0(&next_fib->cont, &next_fib->cont.value);
-	    rb_bug("rb_fiber_resume: unreachable");
-	}
-	return fib->cont.value;
+    if (FIBER_CREATED_P(next_fiber)) {
+        fiber_prepare_stack(next_fiber);
     }
-    else {
-	VALUE undef = Qundef;
-	cont_restore_0(&next_fib->cont, &undef);
-	rb_bug("rb_fiber_resume: unreachable");
-    }
-#endif /* FIBER_USE_NATIVE */
+
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber) || FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber));
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RUNNABLE_P(next_fiber));
+
+    if (FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber)) fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_SUSPENDED);
+
+    fiber_status_set(next_fiber, FIBER_RESUMED);
+    fiber_setcontext(next_fiber, fiber);
+
+    fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    /* Raise an exception if that was the result of executing the fiber */
+    if (fiber->cont.argc == -1) rb_exc_raise(fiber->cont.value);
+
+    return fiber->cont.value;
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-fiber_switch(rb_fiber_t *fib, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int is_resume)
+fiber_switch(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE resuming_fiber, bool yielding)
 {
     VALUE value;
-    rb_context_t *cont = &fib->cont;
+    rb_context_t *cont = &fiber->cont;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-    if (th->fiber == fib) {
-	/* ignore fiber context switch
+    /* make sure the root_fiber object is available */
+    if (th->root_fiber == NULL) root_fiber_alloc(th);
+
+    if (th->ec->fiber_ptr == fiber) {
+        /* ignore fiber context switch
          * because destination fiber is same as current fiber
-	 */
-	return make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
+         */
+        return make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
     }
 
-    if (cont->saved_thread.self != th->self) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across threads");
+    if (cont_thread_value(cont) != th->self) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across threads");
     }
-    else if (cont->saved_thread.protect_tag != th->protect_tag) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across stack rewinding barrier");
+    else if (cont->saved_ec.protect_tag != th->ec->protect_tag) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "fiber called across stack rewinding barrier");
     }
-    else if (fib->status == TERMINATED) {
-	value = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFiberError, "dead fiber called");
+    else if (FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+        value = rb_exc_new2(rb_eFiberError, "dead fiber called");
 
-	if (th->fiber->status != TERMINATED) rb_exc_raise(value);
+        if (!FIBER_TERMINATED_P(th->ec->fiber_ptr)) {
+            rb_exc_raise(value);
+            VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_switch);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* th->ec->fiber_ptr is also dead => switch to root fiber */
+            /* (this means we're being called from rb_fiber_terminate, */
+            /* and the terminated fiber's return_fiber() is already dead) */
+            VM_ASSERT(FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(th->root_fiber));
 
-	/* th->fiber is also dead => switch to root fiber */
-	/* (this means we're being called from rb_fiber_terminate, */
-	/* and the terminated fiber's return_fiber() is already dead) */
-	cont = &th->root_fiber->cont;
-	cont->argc = -1;
-	cont->value = value;
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
-	fiber_setcontext(th->root_fiber, th->fiber);
-#else
-	cont_restore_0(cont, &value);
-#endif
-	/* unreachable */
+            cont = &th->root_fiber->cont;
+            cont->argc = -1;
+            cont->value = value;
+
+            fiber_setcontext(th->root_fiber, th->ec->fiber_ptr);
+
+            VM_UNREACHABLE(fiber_switch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RUNNABLE_P(fiber));
+
+    rb_fiber_t *current_fiber = fiber_current();
+
+    VM_ASSERT(!RTEST(current_fiber->resuming_fiber));
+    if (RTEST(resuming_fiber)) {
+        current_fiber->resuming_fiber = resuming_fiber;
+        fiber->prev = fiber_current();
+        fiber->yielding = 0;
     }
 
-    if (is_resume) {
-	fib->prev = fiber_current();
+    VM_ASSERT(!current_fiber->yielding);
+    if (yielding) {
+        current_fiber->yielding = 1;
     }
-    else {
-	/* restore `tracing' context. see [Feature #4347] */
-	th->trace_arg = cont->saved_thread.trace_arg;
+
+    if (current_fiber->blocking) {
+        th->blocking -= 1;
     }
 
     cont->argc = argc;
+    cont->kw_splat = kw_splat;
     cont->value = make_passing_arg(argc, argv);
 
-    value = fiber_store(fib, th);
-    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+    value = fiber_store(fiber, th);
+
+    if (RTEST(resuming_fiber) && FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+        fiber_stack_release(fiber);
+    }
+
+    if (fiber_current()->blocking) {
+        th->blocking += 1;
+    }
+
+    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th->ec);
 
-    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qnil);
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th->ec, RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH, th->self, 0, 0, 0, Qnil);
 
     return value;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_transfer(VALUE fibval, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+rb_fiber_transfer(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return fiber_switch(fiber_ptr(fiber_value), argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS, Qfalse, false);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.blocking? -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +fiber+ is blocking and +false+ otherwise.
+ *  Fiber is non-blocking if it was created via passing <tt>blocking: false</tt>
+ *  to Fiber.new, or via Fiber.schedule.
+ *
+ *  Note, that even if the method returns +false+, Fiber behaves differently
+ *  only if Fiber.scheduler is set in the current thread.
+ *
+ *  See the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details.
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_blocking_p(VALUE fiber)
+{
+    return (fiber_ptr(fiber)->blocking == 0) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.blocking? -> false or number
+ *
+ *  Returns +false+ if the current fiber is non-blocking.
+ *  Fiber is non-blocking if it was created via passing <tt>blocking: false</tt>
+ *  to Fiber.new, or via Fiber.schedule.
+ *
+ *  If the current Fiber is blocking, the method, unlike usual
+ *  predicate methods, returns a *number* of blocking fibers currently
+ *  running (TBD: always 1?).
+ *
+ *  Note, that even if the method returns +false+, Fiber behaves differently
+ *  only if Fiber.scheduler is set in the current thread.
+ *
+ *  See the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_f_fiber_blocking_p(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *thread = GET_THREAD();
+    unsigned blocking = thread->blocking;
+
+    if (blocking == 0)
+        return Qfalse;
+
+    return INT2NUM(blocking);
+}
+
+void
+rb_fiber_close(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
-    return fiber_switch(fib, argc, argv, 0);
+    fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_TERMINATED);
 }
 
 static void
-rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fib)
-{
-    VALUE value = fib->cont.value;
-    fib->status = TERMINATED;
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE && !defined(_WIN32)
-    /* Ruby must not switch to other thread until storing terminated_machine_stack */
-    terminated_machine_stack.ptr = fib->ss_sp;
-    terminated_machine_stack.size = fib->ss_size / sizeof(VALUE);
-    fib->ss_sp = NULL;
-    fib->context.uc_stack.ss_sp = NULL;
-    fib->cont.machine.stack = NULL;
-    fib->cont.machine.stack_size = 0;
-#endif
-    fiber_switch(return_fiber(), 1, &value, 0);
+rb_fiber_terminate(rb_fiber_t *fiber, int need_interrupt)
+{
+    VALUE value = fiber->cont.value;
+    rb_fiber_t *next_fiber;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+    rb_fiber_close(fiber);
+
+    coroutine_destroy(&fiber->context);
+
+    fiber->cont.machine.stack = NULL;
+    fiber->cont.machine.stack_size = 0;
+
+    next_fiber = return_fiber(true);
+    if (need_interrupt) RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(&next_fiber->cont.saved_ec);
+    fiber_switch(next_fiber, 1, &value, RB_NO_KEYWORDS, Qfalse, false);
+    ruby_stop(0);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_resume(VALUE fibval, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+rb_fiber_resume_kw(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    rb_fiber_t *current_fiber = fiber_current();
 
-    if (fib->prev != 0 || fib->cont.type == ROOT_FIBER_CONTEXT) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "double resume");
+    if (argc == -1 && FIBER_CREATED_P(fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "cannot raise exception on unborn fiber");
+    }
+    else if (FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a terminated fiber");
     }
-    if (fib->transferred != 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "cannot resume transferred Fiber");
+    else if (fiber == current_fiber) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume the current fiber");
+    }
+    else if (fiber->prev != NULL) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a resumed fiber (double resume)");
+    }
+    else if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a resuming fiber");
+    }
+    else if (fiber->prev == NULL &&
+             (!fiber->yielding && fiber->status != FIBER_CREATED)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to resume a transferring fiber");
     }
 
-    return fiber_switch(fib, argc, argv, 1);
+    return fiber_switch(fiber, argc, argv, kw_splat, fiber_value, false);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_resume(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return rb_fiber_resume_kw(fiber_value, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_yield_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
+{
+    return fiber_switch(return_fiber(false), argc, argv, kw_splat, Qfalse, true);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_fiber_yield(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
-    return fiber_switch(return_fiber(), argc, argv, 0);
+    return fiber_switch(return_fiber(false), argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS, Qfalse, true);
 }
 
 void
-rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(VALUE thval)
+rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th;
-
-    GetThreadPtr(thval, th);
-    if (th->root_fiber && th->root_fiber != th->fiber) {
-	th->local_storage = th->root_fiber->cont.saved_thread.local_storage;
+    if (th->root_fiber && th->root_fiber != th->ec->fiber_ptr) {
+        th->ec->local_storage = th->root_fiber->cont.saved_ec.local_storage;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1544,32 +2452,146 @@ rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(VALUE thval)
  *  before using this method.
  */
 VALUE
-rb_fiber_alive_p(VALUE fibval)
+rb_fiber_alive_p(VALUE fiber_value)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
-    return fib->status != TERMINATED ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return FIBER_TERMINATED_P(fiber_ptr(fiber_value)) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     fiber.resume(args, ...) -> obj
  *
- *  Resumes the fiber from the point at which the last <code>Fiber.yield</code>
- *  was called, or starts running it if it is the first call to
- *  <code>resume</code>. Arguments passed to resume will be the value of
- *  the <code>Fiber.yield</code> expression or will be passed as block
- *  parameters to the fiber's block if this is the first <code>resume</code>.
+ *  Resumes the fiber from the point at which the last Fiber.yield was
+ *  called, or starts running it if it is the first call to
+ *  #resume. Arguments passed to resume will be the value of the
+ *  Fiber.yield expression or will be passed as block parameters to
+ *  the fiber's block if this is the first #resume.
  *
  *  Alternatively, when resume is called it evaluates to the arguments passed
- *  to the next <code>Fiber.yield</code> statement inside the fiber's block
+ *  to the next Fiber.yield statement inside the fiber's block
  *  or to the block value if it runs to completion without any
- *  <code>Fiber.yield</code>
+ *  Fiber.yield
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_fiber_m_resume(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fib)
+rb_fiber_m_resume(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber)
 {
-    return rb_fiber_resume(fib, argc, argv);
+    return rb_fiber_resume_kw(fiber, argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_fiber_transfer_kw(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat);
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.raise                                 -> obj
+ *     fiber.raise(string)                         -> obj
+ *     fiber.raise(exception [, string [, array]]) -> obj
+ *
+ *  Raises an exception in the fiber at the point at which the last
+ *  +Fiber.yield+ was called. If the fiber has not been started or has
+ *  already run to completion, raises +FiberError+. If the fiber is
+ *  yielding, it is resumed. If it is transferring, it is transferred into.
+ *  But if it is resuming, raises +FiberError+.
+ *
+ *  With no arguments, raises a +RuntimeError+. With a single +String+
+ *  argument, raises a +RuntimeError+ with the string as a message.  Otherwise,
+ *  the first parameter should be the name of an +Exception+ class (or an
+ *  object that returns an +Exception+ object when sent an +exception+
+ *  message). The optional second parameter sets the message associated with
+ *  the exception, and the third parameter is an array of callback information.
+ *  Exceptions are caught by the +rescue+ clause of <code>begin...end</code>
+ *  blocks.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    VALUE exc = rb_make_exception(argc, argv);
+    if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to raise a resuming fiber");
+    }
+    else if (FIBER_SUSPENDED_P(fiber) && !fiber->yielding) {
+        return rb_fiber_transfer_kw(fiber_value, -1, &exc, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_fiber_resume_kw(fiber_value, -1, &exc, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.backtrace -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace(start) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace(start, count) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace(start..end) -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns the current execution stack of the fiber. +start+, +count+ and +end+ allow
+ *  to select only parts of the backtrace.
+ *
+ *     def level3
+ *       Fiber.yield
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     def level2
+ *       level3
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     def level1
+ *       level2
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     f = Fiber.new { level1 }
+ *
+ *     # It is empty before the fiber started
+ *     f.backtrace
+ *     #=> []
+ *
+ *     f.resume
+ *
+ *     f.backtrace
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:2:in `yield'", "test.rb:2:in `level3'", "test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'", "test.rb:13:in `block in <main>'"]
+ *     p f.backtrace(1) # start from the item 1
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:2:in `level3'", "test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'", "test.rb:13:in `block in <main>'"]
+ *     p f.backtrace(2, 2) # start from item 2, take 2
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'"]
+ *     p f.backtrace(1..3) # take items from 1 to 3
+ *     #=> ["test.rb:2:in `level3'", "test.rb:6:in `level2'", "test.rb:10:in `level1'"]
+ *
+ *     f.resume
+ *
+ *     # It is nil after the fiber is finished
+ *     f.backtrace
+ *     #=> nil
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_backtrace(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber)
+{
+    return rb_vm_backtrace(argc, argv, &fiber_ptr(fiber)->cont.saved_ec);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations(start) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations(start, count) -> array
+ *     fiber.backtrace_locations(start..end) -> array
+ *
+ *  Like #backtrace, but returns each line of the execution stack as a
+ *  Thread::Backtrace::Location. Accepts the same arguments as #backtrace.
+ *
+ *    f = Fiber.new { Fiber.yield }
+ *    f.resume
+ *    loc = f.backtrace_locations.first
+ *    loc.label  #=> "yield"
+ *    loc.path   #=> "test.rb"
+ *    loc.lineno #=> 1
+ *
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_backtrace_locations(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber)
+{
+    return rb_vm_backtrace_locations(argc, argv, &fiber_ptr(fiber)->cont.saved_ec);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1579,51 +2601,101 @@ rb_fiber_m_resume(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fib)
  *  Transfer control to another fiber, resuming it from where it last
  *  stopped or starting it if it was not resumed before. The calling
  *  fiber will be suspended much like in a call to
- *  <code>Fiber.yield</code>. You need to <code>require 'fiber'</code>
+ *  Fiber.yield. You need to <code>require 'fiber'</code>
  *  before using this method.
  *
  *  The fiber which receives the transfer call is treats it much like
  *  a resume call. Arguments passed to transfer are treated like those
  *  passed to resume.
  *
- *  You cannot resume a fiber that transferred control to another one.
- *  This will cause a double resume error. You need to transfer control
- *  back to this fiber before it can yield and resume.
+ *  The two style of control passing to and from fiber (one is #resume and
+ *  Fiber::yield, another is #transfer to and from fiber) can't be freely
+ *  mixed.
+ *
+ *  * If the Fiber's lifecycle had started with transfer, it will never
+ *    be able to yield or be resumed control passing, only
+ *    finish or transfer back. (It still can resume other fibers that
+ *    are allowed to be resumed.)
+ *  * If the Fiber's lifecycle had started with resume, it can yield
+ *    or transfer to another Fiber, but can receive control back only
+ *    the way compatible with the way it was given away: if it had
+ *    transferred, it only can be transferred back, and if it had
+ *    yielded, it only can be resumed back. After that, it again can
+ *    transfer or yield.
+ *
+ *  If those rules are broken FiberError is raised.
+ *
+ *  For an individual Fiber design, yield/resume is more easy to use
+ *  style (the Fiber just gives away control, it doesn't need to think
+ *  about who the control is given to), while transfer is more flexible
+ *  for complex cases, allowing to build arbitrary graphs of Fibers
+ *  dependent on each other.
+ *
  *
  *  Example:
  *
- *    fiber1 = Fiber.new do
- *      puts "In Fiber 1"
- *      Fiber.yield
- *    end
+ *     require 'fiber'
  *
- *    fiber2 = Fiber.new do
- *      puts "In Fiber 2"
- *      fiber1.transfer
- *      puts "Never see this message"
- *    end
+ *     manager = nil # For local var to be visible inside worker block
  *
- *    fiber3 = Fiber.new do
- *      puts "In Fiber 3"
- *    end
+ *     # This fiber would be started with transfer
+ *     # It can't yield, and can't be resumed
+ *     worker = Fiber.new { |work|
+ *       puts "Worker: starts"
+ *       puts "Worker: Performed #{work.inspect}, transferring back"
+ *       # Fiber.yield     # this would raise FiberError: attempt to yield on a not resumed fiber
+ *       # manager.resume  # this would raise FiberError: attempt to resume a resumed fiber (double resume)
+ *       manager.transfer(work.capitalize)
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     # This fiber would be started with resume
+ *     # It can yield or transfer, and can be transferred
+ *     # back or resumed
+ *     manager = Fiber.new {
+ *       puts "Manager: starts"
+ *       puts "Manager: transferring 'something' to worker"
+ *       result = worker.transfer('something')
+ *       puts "Manager: worker returned #{result.inspect}"
+ *       # worker.resume    # this would raise FiberError: attempt to resume a transferring fiber
+ *       Fiber.yield        # this is OK, the fiber transferred from and to, now it can yield
+ *       puts "Manager: finished"
+ *     }
  *
- *    fiber2.resume
- *    fiber3.resume
+ *     puts "Starting the manager"
+ *     manager.resume
+ *     puts "Resuming the manager"
+ *     # manager.transfer  # this would raise FiberError: attempt to transfer to a yielding fiber
+ *     manager.resume
  *
  *  <em>produces</em>
  *
- *    In fiber 2
- *    In fiber 1
- *    In fiber 3
+ *     Starting the manager
+ *     Manager: starts
+ *     Manager: transferring 'something' to worker
+ *     Worker: starts
+ *     Worker: Performed "something", transferring back
+ *     Manager: worker returned "Something"
+ *     Resuming the manager
+ *     Manager: finished
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_fiber_m_transfer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fibval)
+rb_fiber_m_transfer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fiber_value)
 {
-    rb_fiber_t *fib;
-    GetFiberPtr(fibval, fib);
-    fib->transferred = 1;
-    return fiber_switch(fib, argc, argv, 0);
+    return rb_fiber_transfer_kw(fiber_value, argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_transfer_kw(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to transfer to a resuming fiber");
+    }
+    if (fiber->yielding) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFiberError, "attempt to transfer to a yielding fiber");
+    }
+    return fiber_switch(fiber, argc, argv, kw_splat, Qfalse, false);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1632,14 +2704,14 @@ rb_fiber_m_transfer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE fibval)
  *
  *  Yields control back to the context that resumed the fiber, passing
  *  along any arguments that were passed to it. The fiber will resume
- *  processing at this point when <code>resume</code> is called next.
- *  Any arguments passed to the next <code>resume</code> will be the
- *  value that this <code>Fiber.yield</code> expression evaluates to.
+ *  processing at this point when #resume is called next.
+ *  Any arguments passed to the next #resume will be the value that
+ *  this Fiber.yield expression evaluates to.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiber_s_yield(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    return rb_fiber_yield(argc, argv);
+    return rb_fiber_yield_kw(argc, argv, rb_keyword_given_p());
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1656,7 +2728,119 @@ rb_fiber_s_current(VALUE klass)
     return rb_fiber_current();
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   fiber.to_s   -> string
+ *
+ * Returns fiber information string.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_to_s(VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    const rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    const rb_proc_t *proc;
+    char status_info[0x20];
+
+    if (RTEST(fiber->resuming_fiber)) {
+        snprintf(status_info, 0x20, " (%s by resuming)", fiber_status_name(fiber->status));
+    }
+    else {
+        snprintf(status_info, 0x20, " (%s)", fiber_status_name(fiber->status));
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_obj_is_proc(fiber->first_proc)) {
+        VALUE str = rb_any_to_s(fiber_value);
+        strlcat(status_info, ">", sizeof(status_info));
+        rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str)-1);
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(str, status_info);
+        return str;
+    }
+    GetProcPtr(fiber->first_proc, proc);
+    return rb_block_to_s(fiber_value, &proc->block, status_info);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
+void
+rb_fiber_atfork(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    if (th->root_fiber) {
+        if (&th->root_fiber->cont.saved_ec != th->ec) {
+            th->root_fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+        }
+        th->root_fiber->prev = 0;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
+static void
+fiber_pool_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = ptr;
+    RUBY_FREE_ENTER("fiber_pool");
+
+    fiber_pool_free_allocations(fiber_pool->allocations);
+    ruby_xfree(fiber_pool);
+
+    RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("fiber_pool");
+}
+
+static size_t
+fiber_pool_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    const struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = ptr;
+    size_t size = sizeof(*fiber_pool);
+
+    size += fiber_pool->count * fiber_pool->size;
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t FiberPoolDataType = {
+    "fiber_pool",
+    {NULL, fiber_pool_free, fiber_pool_memsize,},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_pool_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = RB_ALLOC(struct fiber_pool);
+
+    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &FiberPoolDataType, fiber_pool);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_pool_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE size = Qnil, count = Qnil, vm_stack_size = Qnil;
+    struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool = NULL;
 
+    // Maybe these should be keyword arguments.
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &size, &count, &vm_stack_size);
+
+    if (NIL_P(size)) {
+        size = INT2NUM(th->vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size);
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(count)) {
+        count = INT2NUM(128);
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(vm_stack_size)) {
+        vm_stack_size = INT2NUM(th->vm->default_params.fiber_vm_stack_size);
+    }
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct fiber_pool, &FiberPoolDataType, fiber_pool);
+
+    fiber_pool_initialize(fiber_pool, NUM2SIZET(size), NUM2SIZET(count), NUM2SIZET(vm_stack_size));
+
+    return self;
+}
+#endif
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: FiberError
@@ -1671,11 +2855,198 @@ rb_fiber_s_current(VALUE klass)
  *     fiber.resume #=> FiberError: dead fiber called
  */
 
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Fiber::SchedulerInterface
+ *
+ *  This is not an existing class, but documentation of the interface that Scheduler
+ *  object should comply in order to be used as Fiber.scheduler and handle non-blocking
+ *  fibers. See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in Fiber class docs for explanations
+ *  of some concepts.
+ *
+ *  Scheduler's behavior and usage are expected to be as follows:
+ *
+ *  * When the execution in the non-blocking Fiber reaches some blocking operation (like
+ *    sleep, wait for a process, or a non-ready I/O), it calls some of the scheduler's
+ *    hook methods, listed below.
+ *  * Scheduler somehow registers what the current fiber is waited for, and yields control
+ *    to other fibers with Fiber.yield (so the fiber would be suspended while expecting its
+ *    wait to end, and other fibers in the same thread can perform)
+ *  * At the end of the current thread execution, the scheduler's method #close is called
+ *  * The scheduler runs into a wait loop, checking all the blocked fibers (which it has
+ *    registered on hook calls) and resuming them when the awaited resource is ready (I/O
+ *    ready, sleep time passed).
+ *
+ *  A typical implementation would probably rely for this closing loop on a gem like
+ *  EventMachine[https://github.com/eventmachine/eventmachine] or
+ *  Async[https://github.com/socketry/async].
+ *
+ *  This way concurrent execution will be achieved in a way that is transparent for every
+ *  individual Fiber's code.
+ *
+ *  Hook methods are:
+ *
+ *  * #io_wait
+ *  * #process_wait
+ *  * #kernel_sleep
+ *  * #block and #unblock
+ *  * (the list is expanded as Ruby developers make more methods having non-blocking calls)
+ *
+ *  When not specified otherwise, the hook implementations are mandatory: if they are not
+ *  implemented, the methods trying to call hook will fail. To provide backward compatibility,
+ *  in the future hooks will be optional (if they are not implemented, due to the scheduler
+ *  being created for the older Ruby version, the code which needs this hook will not fail,
+ *  and will just behave in a blocking fashion).
+ *
+ *  It is also strongly suggested that the scheduler implement the #fiber method, which is
+ *  delegated to by Fiber.schedule.
+ *
+ *  Sample _toy_ implementation of the scheduler can be found in Ruby's code, in
+ *  <tt>test/fiber/scheduler.rb</tt>
+ *
+ */
+
+#if 0 /* for RDoc */
+/*
+ *
+ *  Document-method: Fiber::SchedulerInterface#close
+ *
+ *  Called when the current thread exits. The scheduler is expected to implement this
+ *  method in order to allow all waiting fibers to finalize their execution.
+ *
+ *  The suggested pattern is to implement the main event loop in the #close method.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#process_wait
+ *  call-seq: process_wait(pid, flags)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by Process::Status.wait in order to wait for a specified process.
+ *  See that method description for arguments description.
+ *
+ *  Suggested minimal implementation:
+ *
+ *      Thread.new do
+ *        Process::Status.wait(pid, flags)
+ *      end.value
+ *
+ *  This hook is optional: if it is not present in the current scheduler,
+ *  Process::Status.wait will behave as a blocking method.
+ *
+ *  Expected to returns a Process::Status instance.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_wait
+ *  call-seq: io_wait(io, events, timeout)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by IO#wait, IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable to ask whether the
+ *  specified descriptor is ready for specified events within
+ *  the specified +timeout+.
+ *
+ *  +events+ is a bit mask of <tt>IO::READABLE</tt>, <tt>IO::WRITABLE</tt>, and
+ *  <tt>IO::PRIORITY</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Suggested implementation should register which Fiber is waiting for which
+ *  resources and immediately calling Fiber.yield to pass control to other
+ *  fibers. Then, in the #close method, the scheduler might dispatch all the
+ *  I/O resources to fibers waiting for it.
+ *
+ *  Expected to return the subset of events that are ready immediately.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#kernel_sleep
+ *  call-seq: kernel_sleep(duration = nil)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by Kernel#sleep and Mutex#sleep and is expected to provide
+ *  an implementation of sleeping in a non-blocking way. Implementation might
+ *  register the current fiber in some list of "what fiber waits till what
+ *  moment", call Fiber.yield to pass control, and then in #close resume
+ *  the fibers whose wait period have ended.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#block
+ *  call-seq: block(blocker, timeout = nil)
+ *
+ *  Invoked by methods like Thread.join, and by Mutex, to signify that current
+ *  Fiber is blocked till further notice (e.g. #unblock) or till +timeout+ will
+ *  pass.
+ *
+ *  +blocker+ is what we are waiting on, informational only (for debugging and
+ *  logging). There are no guarantees about its value.
+ *
+ *  Expected to return boolean, specifying whether the blocking operation was
+ *  successful or not.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#unblock
+ *  call-seq: unblock(blocker, fiber)
+ *
+ *  Invoked to wake up Fiber previously blocked with #block (for example, Mutex#lock
+ *  calls #block and Mutex#unlock calls #unblock). The scheduler should use
+ *  the +fiber+ parameter to understand which fiber is unblocked.
+ *
+ *  +blocker+ is what was awaited for, but it is informational only (for debugging
+ *  and logging), and it is not guaranteed to be the same value as the +blocker+ for
+ *  #block.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#fiber
+ *  call-seq: fiber(&block)
+ *
+ *  Implementation of the Fiber.schedule. The method is <em>expected</em> to immediately
+ *  run passed block of code in a separate non-blocking fiber, and to return that Fiber.
+ *
+ *  Minimal suggested implementation is:
+ *
+ *     def fiber(&block)
+ *       Fiber.new(blocking: false, &block).tap(&:resume)
+ *     end
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
 void
 Init_Cont(void)
 {
-#if FIBER_USE_NATIVE
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    size_t vm_stack_size = th->vm->default_params.fiber_vm_stack_size;
+    size_t machine_stack_size = th->vm->default_params.fiber_machine_stack_size;
+    size_t stack_size = machine_stack_size + vm_stack_size;
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
     SYSTEM_INFO info;
@@ -1684,15 +3055,54 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 #else /* not WIN32 */
     pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
 #endif
-    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end);
-#endif
+    SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->ec->machine.stack_end);
+
+    fiber_pool_initialize(&shared_fiber_pool, stack_size, FIBER_POOL_INITIAL_SIZE, vm_stack_size);
+
+    fiber_initialize_keywords[0] = rb_intern_const("blocking");
+    fiber_initialize_keywords[1] = rb_intern_const("pool");
+
+    char * fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks = getenv("RUBY_SHARED_FIBER_POOL_FREE_STACKS");
+    if (fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks) {
+        shared_fiber_pool.free_stacks = atoi(fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks);
+    }
 
     rb_cFiber = rb_define_class("Fiber", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cFiber, fiber_alloc);
     rb_eFiberError = rb_define_class("FiberError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "yield", rb_fiber_s_yield, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "initialize", rb_fiber_init, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "initialize", rb_fiber_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking?", rb_fiber_blocking_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "resume", rb_fiber_m_resume, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "raise", rb_fiber_raise, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "backtrace", rb_fiber_backtrace, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "backtrace_locations", rb_fiber_backtrace_locations, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "to_s", fiber_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cFiber, "inspect", "to_s");
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking?", rb_f_fiber_blocking_p, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "scheduler", rb_fiber_scheduler, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "set_scheduler", rb_fiber_set_scheduler, 1);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "schedule", rb_f_fiber, -1);
+    //rb_define_global_function("Fiber", rb_f_fiber, -1);
+
+#if 0 /* for RDoc */
+    rb_cFiberScheduler = rb_define_class_under(rb_cFiber, "SchedulerInterface", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "close", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "process_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "kernel_sleep", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "block", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "unblock", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "fiber", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber, 0);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
+    rb_cFiberPool = rb_define_class("Pool", rb_cFiber);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cFiberPool, fiber_pool_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberPool, "initialize", rb_fiber_pool_initialize, -1);
+#endif
 }
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
@@ -1711,6 +3121,9 @@ ruby_Init_Continuation_body(void)
 void
 ruby_Init_Fiber_as_Coroutine(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "transfer", rb_fiber_m_transfer, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "alive?", rb_fiber_alive_p, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "current", rb_fiber_s_current, 0);
diff --git a/coroutine/Stack.h b/coroutine/Stack.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0fc703622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/Stack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/11/2020.
+ *  Copyright, 2020, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#include COROUTINE_H
+
+#ifdef COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_LOCAL(type, name) type *name = ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(type))
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_FREE(name) ruby_xfree(name)
+#else
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_LOCAL(type, name) type name##_local; type * name = &name##_local
+#define COROUTINE_STACK_FREE(name)
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/amd64/Context.S b/coroutine/amd64/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..051db1c5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/amd64/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+
+	# Save caller state
+	pushq %rbp
+	pushq %rbx
+	pushq %r12
+	pushq %r13
+	pushq %r14
+	pushq %r15
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer
+	movq %rsp, (%rdi)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer
+	movq (%rsi), %rsp
+
+	# Restore callee state
+	popq %r15
+	popq %r14
+	popq %r13
+	popq %r12
+	popq %rbx
+	popq %rbp
+
+	# Put the first argument into the return value
+	movq %rdi, %rax
+
+	# We pop the return address and jump to it
+	ret
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/amd64/Context.h b/coroutine/amd64/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..581525b67e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/amd64/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 6};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/arm32/Context.S b/coroutine/arm32/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1850c4c408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm32/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.file "Context.S"
+.text
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+.align 2
+.type PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer),%function
+.syntax unified
+
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+	# Save caller state (8 registers + return address)
+	push {r4-r11,lr}
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer
+	str sp, [r0]
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer
+	ldr sp, [r1]
+
+	# Restore callee state (8 registers program counter)
+	pop {r4-r11,pc}
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/arm32/Context.h b/coroutine/arm32/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69f4b2eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm32/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 8};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/arm64/Context.S b/coroutine/arm64/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04e3f6d1ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm64/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+.align 2
+
+.global PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+
+	# Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	sub sp, sp, 0xb0
+
+	# Save caller registers
+	stp d8, d9, [sp, 0x00]
+	stp d10, d11, [sp, 0x10]
+	stp d12, d13, [sp, 0x20]
+	stp d14, d15, [sp, 0x30]
+	stp x19, x20, [sp, 0x40]
+	stp x21, x22, [sp, 0x50]
+	stp x23, x24, [sp, 0x60]
+	stp x25, x26, [sp, 0x70]
+	stp x27, x28, [sp, 0x80]
+	stp x29, x30, [sp, 0x90]
+
+	# Save return address
+	str x30, [sp, 0xa0]
+
+	# Save stack pointer to x0 (first argument)
+	mov x2, sp
+	str x2, [x0, 0]
+
+	# Load stack pointer from x1 (second argument)
+	ldr x3, [x1, 0]
+	mov sp, x3
+
+	# Restore caller registers
+	ldp d8, d9, [sp, 0x00]
+	ldp d10, d11, [sp, 0x10]
+	ldp d12, d13, [sp, 0x20]
+	ldp d14, d15, [sp, 0x30]
+	ldp x19, x20, [sp, 0x40]
+	ldp x21, x22, [sp, 0x50]
+	ldp x23, x24, [sp, 0x60]
+	ldp x25, x26, [sp, 0x70]
+	ldp x27, x28, [sp, 0x80]
+	ldp x29, x30, [sp, 0x90]
+
+	# Load return address into x4
+	ldr x4, [sp, 0xa0]
+
+	# Pop stack frame
+	add sp, sp, 0xb0
+
+	# Jump to return address (in x4)
+	ret x4
diff --git a/coroutine/arm64/Context.h b/coroutine/arm64/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34be995a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/arm64/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 0xb0 / 8};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+
+    context->stack_pointer[0xa0 / 8] = (void*)start;
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/copy/Context.c b/coroutine/copy/Context.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa8bb2ff05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/copy/Context.c
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 24/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#include "Context.h"
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Alternate-Keywords.html
+#ifndef __GNUC__
+#define __asm__ asm
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__sparc)
+__attribute__((noinline))
+// https://marc.info/?l=linux-sparc&m=131914569320660&w=2
+static void coroutine_flush_register_windows(void) {
+    __asm__
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+    __volatile__
+#endif
+#if defined(__sparcv9) || defined(__sparc_v9__) || defined(__arch64__)
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+    ("flushw" : : : "%o7")
+#else
+    ("flushw")
+#endif
+#else
+    ("ta 0x03")
+#endif
+    ;
+}
+#else
+static void coroutine_flush_register_windows(void) {}
+#endif
+
+__attribute__((noinline))
+void *coroutine_stack_pointer(void) {
+    return (void*)(
+        (char*)__builtin_frame_address(0)
+    );
+}
+
+// Save the current stack to a private area. It is likely that when restoring the stack, this stack frame will be incomplete. But that is acceptable since the previous stack frame which called `setjmp` should be correctly restored.
+__attribute__((noinline))
+int coroutine_save_stack_1(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    assert(context->stack);
+    assert(context->base);
+
+    void *stack_pointer = coroutine_stack_pointer();
+
+    // At this point, you may need to ensure on architectures that use register windows, that all registers are flushed to the stack, otherwise the copy of the stack will not contain the valid registers:
+    coroutine_flush_register_windows();
+
+    // Save stack to private area:
+    if (stack_pointer < context->base) {
+        size_t size = (char*)context->base - (char*)stack_pointer;
+        assert(size <= context->size);
+
+        memcpy(context->stack, stack_pointer, size);
+        context->used = size;
+    } else {
+        size_t size = (char*)stack_pointer - (char*)context->base;
+        assert(size <= context->size);
+
+        memcpy(context->stack, context->base, size);
+        context->used = size;
+    }
+
+    // Initialized:
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Copy the current stack to a private memory buffer.
+int coroutine_save_stack(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    if (_setjmp(context->state)) {
+        // Restored.
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // We need to invoke the memory copy from one stack frame deeper than the one that calls setjmp. That is because if you don't do this, the setjmp might be restored into an invalid stack frame (truncated, etc):
+    return coroutine_save_stack_1(context);
+}
+
+__attribute__((noreturn, noinline))
+void coroutine_restore_stack_padded(struct coroutine_context *context, void * buffer) {
+    void *stack_pointer = coroutine_stack_pointer();
+
+    assert(context->base);
+
+    // At this point, you may need to ensure on architectures that use register windows, that all registers are flushed to the stack, otherwise when we copy in the new stack, the registers would not be updated:
+    coroutine_flush_register_windows();
+
+    // Restore stack from private area:
+    if (stack_pointer < context->base) {
+        void * bottom = (char*)context->base - context->used;
+        assert(bottom > stack_pointer);
+
+        memcpy(bottom, context->stack, context->used);
+    } else {
+        void * top = (char*)context->base + context->used;
+        assert(top < stack_pointer);
+
+        memcpy(context->base, context->stack, context->used);
+    }
+
+    // Restore registers. The `buffer` is to force the compiler NOT to elide he buffer and `alloca`:
+    _longjmp(context->state, (int)(1 | (intptr_t)buffer));
+}
+
+// In order to swap between coroutines, we need to swap the stack and registers.
+// `setjmp` and `longjmp` are able to swap registers, but what about swapping stacks? You can use `memcpy` to copy the current stack to a private area and `memcpy` to copy the private stack of the next coroutine to the main stack.
+// But if the stack yop are copying in to the main stack is bigger than the currently executing stack, the `memcpy` will clobber the current stack frame (including the context argument). So we use `alloca` to push the current stack frame *beyond* the stack we are about to copy in. This ensures the current stack frame in `coroutine_restore_stack_padded` remains valid for calling `longjmp`.
+__attribute__((noreturn))
+void coroutine_restore_stack(struct coroutine_context *context) {
+    void *stack_pointer = coroutine_stack_pointer();
+    void *buffer = NULL;
+
+    // We must ensure that the next stack frame is BEYOND the stack we are restoring:
+    if (stack_pointer < context->base) {
+        intptr_t offset = (intptr_t)stack_pointer - ((intptr_t)context->base - context->used);
+        if (offset > 0) buffer = alloca(offset);
+    } else {
+        intptr_t offset = ((intptr_t)context->base + context->used) - (intptr_t)stack_pointer;
+        if (offset > 0) buffer = alloca(offset);
+    }
+
+    assert(context->used > 0);
+
+    coroutine_restore_stack_padded(context, buffer);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context *coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context *current, struct coroutine_context *target)
+{
+    struct coroutine_context *previous = target->from;
+
+    // In theory, either this condition holds true, or we should assign the base address to target:
+    assert(current->base == target->base);
+    // If you are trying to copy the coroutine to a different thread
+    // target->base = current->base
+
+    target->from = current;
+
+    assert(current != target);
+
+    // It's possible to come here, even thought the current fiber has been terminated. We are never going to return so we don't bother saving the stack.
+
+    if (current->stack) {
+        if (coroutine_save_stack(current) == 0) {
+            coroutine_restore_stack(target);
+        }
+    } else {
+        coroutine_restore_stack(target);
+    }
+
+    target->from = previous;
+
+    return target;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/copy/Context.h b/coroutine/copy/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6038f00cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/copy/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 27/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* OpenBSD supports alloca, but does not include alloca.h */
+#ifndef __OpenBSD__
+#include <alloca.h>
+#endif
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+#if INTPTR_MAX <= INT32_MAX
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+#endif
+
+// This stack copying implementation which uses a private stack for each coroutine, including the main one.
+#define COROUTINE_PRIVATE_STACK
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    // Private stack:
+    void *stack;
+    size_t size, used;
+
+    // The top (or bottom) of the currently executing stack:
+    void *base;
+
+    jmp_buf state;
+
+    struct coroutine_context *from;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(*coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+int coroutine_save_stack(struct coroutine_context * context);
+COROUTINE coroutine_restore_stack(struct coroutine_context *context);
+
+// @param stack The private stack area memory allocation (pointer to lowest address).
+// @param size The size of the private stack area.
+// @param base A stack pointer to the base of the main stack. On x86 hardware, this is the upper extent of the region that will be copied to the private stack.
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context *context, void *stack, size_t size, void *base) {
+    assert(stack);
+    assert(size >= 1024);
+
+    context->stack = stack;
+    context->size = size;
+    context->used = 0;
+
+    assert(base);
+    context->base = base;
+
+    context->from = NULL;
+}
+
+// @param start The start function to invoke.
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size,
+    void *base
+) {
+    assert(start);
+
+    coroutine_initialize_main(context, stack, size, base);
+
+    if (coroutine_save_stack(context)) {
+        start(context->from, context);
+    }
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context *coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context *current, register struct coroutine_context *target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context *context)
+{
+    context->stack = NULL;
+    context->size = 0;
+    context->from = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.S b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61be9efcf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+.align 2
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+.type   PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer), @function
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+	# Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	addi 1,1,-152
+
+	# Save caller registers
+	std 14,0(1)
+	std 15,8(1)
+	std 16,16(1)
+	std 17,24(1)
+	std 18,32(1)
+	std 19,40(1)
+	std 20,48(1)
+	std 21,56(1)
+	std 22,64(1)
+	std 23,72(1)
+	std 24,80(1)
+	std 25,88(1)
+	std 26,96(1)
+	std 27,104(1)
+	std 28,112(1)
+	std 29,120(1)
+	std 30,128(1)
+	std 31,136(1)
+
+	# Save return address
+	mflr 0
+	std 0,144(1)
+
+	# Save stack pointer to first argument
+	std 1,0(3)
+
+	# Load stack pointer from second argument
+	ld 1,0(4)
+
+	# Restore caller registers
+	ld 14,0(1)
+	ld 15,8(1)
+	ld 16,16(1)
+	ld 17,24(1)
+	ld 18,32(1)
+	ld 19,40(1)
+	ld 20,48(1)
+	ld 21,56(1)
+	ld 22,64(1)
+	ld 23,72(1)
+	ld 24,80(1)
+	ld 25,88(1)
+	ld 26,96(1)
+	ld 27,104(1)
+	ld 28,112(1)
+	ld 29,120(1)
+	ld 30,128(1)
+	ld 31,136(1)
+
+	# Load return address
+	ld 0,144(1)
+	mtlr 0
+
+	# Pop stack frame
+	addi 1,1,152
+
+	# Jump to return address
+	blr
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.h b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e36f9c3583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64le/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+enum {
+  COROUTINE_REGISTERS =
+  19  /* 18 general purpose registers (r14-r31) and 1 return address */
+  + 4  /* space for fiber_entry() to store the link register */
+};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+
+    /* Skip a global prologue that sets the TOC register */
+    context->stack_pointer[18] = ((char*)start) + 8;
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/ucontext/Context.c b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ba76ee628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.c
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 24/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+/* According to Solaris' ucontext.h, makecontext, etc. are removed in SUSv4.
+ * To enable the prototype declarations, we need to define __EXTENSIONS__.
+ */
+#if defined(__sun) && !defined(__EXTENSIONS__)
+#define __EXTENSIONS__
+#endif
+#include "Context.h"
+
+void coroutine_trampoline(void * _start, void * _context)
+{
+    coroutine_start start = (coroutine_start)_start;
+    struct coroutine_context * context = _context;
+
+    start(context->from, context);
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/ucontext/Context.h b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b2a593793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/ucontext/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 24/6/2019.
+ *  Copyright, 2019, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <ucontext.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+
+#if INTPTR_MAX <= INT32_MAX
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+#endif
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    ucontext_t state;
+    struct coroutine_context * from;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+COROUTINE coroutine_trampoline(void * _start, void * _context);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->from = NULL;
+    getcontext(&context->state);
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    coroutine_initialize_main(context);
+
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_size = size;
+    // Despite what it's called, this is not actually a stack pointer. It points to the address of the stack allocation (the lowest address).
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_sp = (char*)stack;
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_flags = 0;
+    context->state.uc_link = NULL;
+
+    makecontext(&context->state, (void(*)(void))coroutine_trampoline, 2, (void*)start, (void*)context);
+}
+
+static inline struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target)
+{
+    struct coroutine_context * previous = target->from;
+
+    target->from = current;
+    swapcontext(&current->state, &target->state);
+    target->from = previous;
+
+    return target;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_sp = NULL;
+    context->state.uc_stack.ss_size = 0;
+    context->from = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/win32/Context.S b/coroutine/win32/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d14bf435e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win32/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Lars Kanis on 06/06/2019.
+##
+
+.text
+
+# Using fastcall is a big win (and it's the same as how x64 works).
+# In coroutine transfer, the arguments are passed in ecx and edx. We don't need
+# to touch these in order to pass them to the destination coroutine.
+
+.globl @coroutine_transfer@8
+@coroutine_transfer@8:
+	# Save the thread information block:
+	pushl %fs:0
+	pushl %fs:4
+	pushl %fs:8
+
+	# Save caller registers:
+	pushl %ebp
+	pushl %ebx
+	pushl %edi
+	pushl %esi
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer:
+	movl %esp, (%ecx)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer:
+	movl (%edx), %esp
+
+	# Restore callee stack:
+	popl %esi
+	popl %edi
+	popl %ebx
+	popl %ebp
+
+	# Restore the thread information block:
+	popl %fs:8
+	popl %fs:4
+	popl %fs:0
+
+	# Save the first argument as the return value:
+	movl %ecx, %eax
+
+	# Jump to the address on the stack:
+	ret
diff --git a/coroutine/win32/Context.asm b/coroutine/win32/Context.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8f431239b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win32/Context.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+;;
+;;  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+;;
+;;  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+;;  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+;;
+
+.386
+.model flat
+
+.code
+
+assume fs:nothing
+
+; Using fastcall is a big win (and it's the same has how x64 works).
+; In coroutine transfer, the arguments are passed in ecx and edx. We don't need
+; to touch these in order to pass them to the destination coroutine.
+
+@coroutine_transfer@8 proc
+	; Save the thread information block:
+	push fs:[0]
+	push fs:[4]
+	push fs:[8]
+
+	; Save caller registers:
+	push ebp
+	push ebx
+	push edi
+	push esi
+
+	; Save caller stack pointer:
+	mov dword ptr [ecx], esp
+
+	; Restore callee stack pointer:
+	mov esp, dword ptr [edx]
+
+	; Restore callee stack:
+	pop esi
+	pop edi
+	pop ebx
+	pop ebp
+
+	; Restore the thread information block:
+	pop fs:[8]
+	pop fs:[4]
+	pop fs:[0]
+
+	; Save the first argument as the return value:
+	mov eax, dword ptr ecx
+
+	; Jump to the address on the stack:
+	ret
+@coroutine_transfer@8 endp
+
+end
diff --git a/coroutine/win32/Context.h b/coroutine/win32/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e20342a98d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win32/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __declspec(noreturn) void __fastcall
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+
+/* This doesn't include thread information block */
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 4};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef void(__fastcall * coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    /* Windows Thread Information Block */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)0xFFFFFFFF; /* fs:[0] */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)top; /* fs:[4] */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)stack;  /* fs:[8] */
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * __fastcall coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/win64/Context.S b/coroutine/win64/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0ee38e006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win64/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 4/11/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+.text
+
+.globl coroutine_transfer
+coroutine_transfer:
+	# Save the thread information block:
+	pushq %gs:8
+	pushq %gs:16
+
+	# Save caller registers:
+	pushq %rbp
+	pushq %rbx
+	pushq %rdi
+	pushq %rsi
+	pushq %r12
+	pushq %r13
+	pushq %r14
+	pushq %r15
+
+	movaps %xmm15, -168(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm14, -152(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm13, -136(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm12, -120(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm11, -104(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm10, -88(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm9, -72(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm8, -56(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm7, -40(%rsp)
+	movaps %xmm6, -24(%rsp)
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer:
+	mov %rsp, (%rcx)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer:
+	mov (%rdx), %rsp
+
+	movaps -24(%rsp), %xmm6
+	movaps -40(%rsp), %xmm7
+	movaps -56(%rsp), %xmm8
+	movaps -72(%rsp), %xmm9
+	movaps -88(%rsp), %xmm10
+	movaps -104(%rsp), %xmm11
+	movaps -120(%rsp), %xmm12
+	movaps -136(%rsp), %xmm13
+	movaps -152(%rsp), %xmm14
+	movaps -168(%rsp), %xmm15
+
+	# Restore callee stack:
+	popq %r15
+	popq %r14
+	popq %r13
+	popq %r12
+	popq %rsi
+	popq %rdi
+	popq %rbx
+	popq %rbp
+
+	# Restore the thread information block:
+	popq %gs:16
+	popq %gs:8
+
+	# Put the first argument into the return value:
+	mov %rcx, %rax
+
+	# We pop the return address and jump to it:
+	ret
+
+.globl coroutine_trampoline
+coroutine_trampoline:
+	# Do not remove this. This forces 16-byte alignment when entering the coroutine.
+	ret
diff --git a/coroutine/win64/Context.asm b/coroutine/win64/Context.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c4dea1c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win64/Context.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+;;
+;;  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+;;
+;;  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+;;  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+;;
+
+.code
+
+coroutine_transfer proc
+	; Save the thread information block:
+	push qword ptr gs:[8]
+	push qword ptr gs:[16]
+
+	; Save caller registers:
+	push rbp
+	push rbx
+	push rdi
+	push rsi
+	push r12
+	push r13
+	push r14
+	push r15
+
+	movaps [rsp - 24], xmm6
+	movaps [rsp - 40], xmm7
+	movaps [rsp - 56], xmm8
+	movaps [rsp - 72], xmm9
+	movaps [rsp - 88], xmm10
+	movaps [rsp - 104], xmm11
+	movaps [rsp - 120], xmm12
+	movaps [rsp - 136], xmm13
+	movaps [rsp - 152], xmm14
+	movaps [rsp - 168], xmm15
+
+	; Save caller stack pointer:
+	mov [rcx], rsp
+
+	; Restore callee stack pointer:
+	mov rsp, [rdx]
+
+	movaps xmm15, [rsp - 168]
+	movaps xmm14, [rsp - 152]
+	movaps xmm13, [rsp - 136]
+	movaps xmm12, [rsp - 120]
+	movaps xmm11, [rsp - 104]
+	movaps xmm10, [rsp - 88]
+	movaps xmm9, [rsp - 72]
+	movaps xmm8, [rsp - 56]
+	movaps xmm7, [rsp - 40]
+	movaps xmm6, [rsp - 24]
+
+	; Restore callee stack:
+	pop r15
+	pop r14
+	pop r13
+	pop r12
+	pop rsi
+	pop rdi
+	pop rbx
+	pop rbp
+
+	; Restore the thread information block:
+	pop qword ptr gs:[16]
+	pop qword ptr gs:[8]
+
+	; Put the first argument into the return value:
+	mov rax, rcx
+
+	; We pop the return address and jump to it:
+	ret
+coroutine_transfer endp
+
+coroutine_trampoline proc
+	; Do not remove this. This forces 16-byte alignment when entering the coroutine.
+	ret
+coroutine_trampoline endp
+
+end
diff --git a/coroutine/win64/Context.h b/coroutine/win64/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e28e6a6ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/win64/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 10/5/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __declspec(noreturn) void
+
+enum {
+    COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 8,
+    COROUTINE_XMM_REGISTERS = 1+10*2,
+};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef void(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self);
+
+void coroutine_trampoline();
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    /* Win64 ABI requires space for arguments */
+    context->stack_pointer -= 4;
+
+    /* Return address */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = 0;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)coroutine_trampoline;
+
+    /* Windows Thread Information Block */
+    /* *--context->stack_pointer = 0; */ /* gs:[0x00] is not used */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)top; /* gs:[0x08] */
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)stack;  /* gs:[0x10] */
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+    memset(context->stack_pointer - COROUTINE_XMM_REGISTERS, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_XMM_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+}
diff --git a/coroutine/x86/Context.S b/coroutine/x86/Context.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6983f21c3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/x86/Context.S
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+##
+##  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+##
+##  Created by Samuel Williams on 3/11/2018.
+##  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+##
+
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+#define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
+
+.text
+
+.globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+
+	# Save caller registers
+	pushl %ebp
+	pushl %ebx
+	pushl %edi
+	pushl %esi
+
+	# Save caller stack pointer
+	movl %esp, (%ecx)
+
+	# Restore callee stack pointer
+	movl (%edx), %esp
+
+	# Restore callee stack
+	popl %esi
+	popl %edi
+	popl %ebx
+	popl %ebp
+
+	# Save the first argument as the return value
+	movl %ecx, %eax
+
+	# Jump to the address on the stack
+	ret
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__ELF__)
+.section .note.GNU-stack,"",%progbits
+#endif
diff --git a/coroutine/x86/Context.h b/coroutine/x86/Context.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfdde24f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/coroutine/x86/Context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ *  This file is part of the "Coroutine" project and released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Created by Samuel Williams on 3/11/2018.
+ *  Copyright, 2018, by Samuel Williams.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn, fastcall)) void
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
+
+enum {COROUTINE_REGISTERS = 4};
+
+struct coroutine_context
+{
+    void **stack_pointer;
+};
+
+typedef COROUTINE(* coroutine_start)(struct coroutine_context *from, struct coroutine_context *self) __attribute__((fastcall));
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context) {
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void coroutine_initialize(
+    struct coroutine_context *context,
+    coroutine_start start,
+    void *stack,
+    size_t size
+) {
+    assert(start && stack && size >= 1024);
+
+    // Stack grows down. Force 16-byte alignment.
+    char * top = (char*)stack + size;
+    context->stack_pointer = (void**)((uintptr_t)top & ~0xF);
+
+    *--context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+    *--context->stack_pointer = (void*)start;
+
+    context->stack_pointer -= COROUTINE_REGISTERS;
+    memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
+}
+
+struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target) __attribute__((fastcall));
+
+static inline void coroutine_destroy(struct coroutine_context * context)
+{
+    context->stack_pointer = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/coverage/README b/coverage/README
index 7e4ff59e2a..78a01826aa 100644
--- a/coverage/README
+++ b/coverage/README
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The make task `update-coverage' retrieves simplecov for coverage report.
 
 COVERAGE=1 make test-all TESTS=test/cgi
 
-it generate test coverage to coverage directory.
+it generates test coverage to coverage directory.
 
 Limitation
 
diff --git a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
index 2f93102efe..86098814a1 100644
--- a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
+++ b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-override MFLAGS := $(filter-out -j%,$(MFLAGS))
-override MAKEFLAGS := $(filter-out -j%,$(MAKEFLAGS))
+gnumake = yes
+
 include Makefile
 
 ENABLE_SHARED=@ENABLE_SHARED@
 DLLWRAP = @DLLWRAP@ --target=@target_os@ --driver-name="$(CC)"
-WINDRES = @WINDRES@ --preprocessor="$(CPP) -xc" -DRC_INVOKED
+windres-cpp := $(CPP) -xc
+windres-cpp := --preprocessor=$(firstword $(windres-cpp)) \
+	$(addprefix --preprocessor-arg=,$(wordlist 2,$(words $(windres-cpp)),$(windres-cpp)))
+WINDRES = @WINDRES@ $(windres-cpp) -DRC_INVOKED
 STRIP = @STRIP@
 
 ifeq (@target_os@,cygwin)
@@ -96,13 +99,5 @@ $(RUBYDEF): $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG)
 
 clean-local::
 	@$(RM) $(RUBYDEF)
-
-ifeq (@target_os@,cygwin)
-cygwin-$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME)$(MAJOR)$(MINOR)0.dll: $(LIBRUBY_A) $(RUBYDEF)
-	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) @DLLWRAP@ -s --def=$(RUBYDEF) -o $@
-endif
-
-clean-local::
 	@$(RM) $(RUBY_EXP) $(RCFILES:.rc=.res.@OBJEXT@)
 	@$(RM) $(RCFILES)
diff --git a/debug.c b/debug.c
index 8a5e69bbf5..75d4cc6569 100644
--- a/debug.c
+++ b/debug.c
@@ -9,13 +9,33 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal/signal.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "vm_debug.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
-#include "id.h"
+#include "vm_debug.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
+#include "ruby/thread_native.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
+
+/* This is the only place struct RIMemo is actually used */
+struct RIMemo {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE v0;
+    VALUE v1;
+    VALUE v2;
+    VALUE v3;
+};
 
 /* for gdb */
 const union {
@@ -26,15 +46,49 @@ const union {
     enum ruby_method_ids        method_ids;
     enum ruby_id_types          id_types;
     enum ruby_fl_type           fl_types;
+    enum ruby_fl_ushift         fl_ushift;
     enum ruby_encoding_consts   encoding_consts;
     enum ruby_coderange_type    enc_coderange_types;
     enum ruby_econv_flag_type   econv_flag_types;
+    rb_econv_result_t           econv_result;
+    enum ruby_robject_flags     robject_flags;
+    enum ruby_robject_consts    robject_consts;
+    enum ruby_rmodule_flags     rmodule_flags;
+    enum ruby_rstring_flags     rstring_flags;
+    enum ruby_rstring_consts    rstring_consts;
+    enum ruby_rarray_flags      rarray_flags;
+    enum ruby_rarray_consts     rarray_consts;
     enum {
+	RUBY_FMODE_READABLE		= FMODE_READABLE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_WRITABLE		= FMODE_WRITABLE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_READWRITE		= FMODE_READWRITE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_BINMODE		= FMODE_BINMODE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_SYNC 		= FMODE_SYNC,
+	RUBY_FMODE_TTY			= FMODE_TTY,
+	RUBY_FMODE_DUPLEX		= FMODE_DUPLEX,
+	RUBY_FMODE_APPEND		= FMODE_APPEND,
+	RUBY_FMODE_CREATE		= FMODE_CREATE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_NOREVLOOKUP		= 0x00000100,
+	RUBY_FMODE_TRUNC		= FMODE_TRUNC,
+	RUBY_FMODE_TEXTMODE		= FMODE_TEXTMODE,
+	RUBY_FMODE_PREP 		= 0x00010000,
+	RUBY_FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM	= FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM,
+	RUBY_FMODE_UNIX 		= 0x00200000,
+	RUBY_FMODE_INET 		= 0x00400000,
+	RUBY_FMODE_INET6		= 0x00800000,
+
         RUBY_NODE_TYPESHIFT = NODE_TYPESHIFT,
         RUBY_NODE_TYPEMASK  = NODE_TYPEMASK,
         RUBY_NODE_LSHIFT    = NODE_LSHIFT,
         RUBY_NODE_FL_NEWLINE   = NODE_FL_NEWLINE
     } various;
+    union {
+	enum imemo_type                     types;
+	enum {RUBY_IMEMO_MASK = IMEMO_MASK} mask;
+	struct RIMemo                      *ptr;
+    } imemo;
+    struct RSymbol *symbol_ptr;
+    enum vm_call_flag_bits vm_call_flags;
 } ruby_dummy_gdb_enums;
 
 const SIGNED_VALUE RUBY_NODE_LMASK = NODE_LMASK;
@@ -106,29 +160,352 @@ ruby_debug_breakpoint(void)
     /* */
 }
 
-static void
-set_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
-{
-#if defined _WIN32 && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
-    extern int ruby_w32_rtc_error;
+#if defined _WIN32
+# if RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
+extern int ruby_w32_rtc_error;
+# endif
+#endif
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
+#include <windows.h>
+UINT ruby_w32_codepage[2];
 #endif
+extern int ruby_rgengc_debug;
+extern int ruby_on_ci;
+
+int
+ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
+{
+    int ov;
+    size_t retlen;
+    unsigned long n;
 #define SET_WHEN(name, var, val) do {	    \
 	if (len == sizeof(name) - 1 &&	    \
 	    strncmp(str, (name), len) == 0) { \
 	    (var) = (val);		    \
-	    return;			    \
+	    return 1;			    \
 	}				    \
     } while (0)
+#define NAME_MATCH_VALUE(name)				\
+    ((size_t)len >= sizeof(name)-1 &&			\
+     strncmp(str, (name), sizeof(name)-1) == 0 &&	\
+     ((len == sizeof(name)-1 && !(len = 0)) ||		\
+      (str[sizeof(name)-1] == '=' &&			\
+       (str += sizeof(name), len -= sizeof(name), 1))))
+#define SET_UINT(val) do { \
+	n = ruby_scan_digits(str, len, 10, &retlen, &ov); \
+	if (!ov && retlen) { \
+	    val = (unsigned int)n; \
+	} \
+	str += retlen; \
+	len -= retlen; \
+    } while (0)
+#define SET_UINT_LIST(name, vals, num) do { \
+	int i; \
+	for (i = 0; i < (num); ++i) { \
+	    SET_UINT((vals)[i]); \
+	    if (!len || *str != ':') break; \
+	    ++str; \
+	    --len; \
+	} \
+	if (len > 0) { \
+	    fprintf(stderr, "ignored "name" option: `%.*s'\n", len, str); \
+	} \
+    } while (0)
+#define SET_WHEN_UINT(name, vals, num, req) \
+    if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE(name)) SET_UINT_LIST(name, vals, num);
+
     SET_WHEN("gc_stress", *ruby_initial_gc_stress_ptr, Qtrue);
     SET_WHEN("core", ruby_enable_coredump, 1);
-#if defined _WIN32 && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
+    SET_WHEN("ci", ruby_on_ci, 1);
+    if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE("rgengc")) {
+	if (!len) ruby_rgengc_debug = 1;
+	else SET_UINT_LIST("rgengc", &ruby_rgengc_debug, 1);
+	return 1;
+    }
+#if defined _WIN32
+# if RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
     SET_WHEN("rtc_error", ruby_w32_rtc_error, 1);
+# endif
+#endif
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
+    if (NAME_MATCH_VALUE("codepage")) {
+	if (!len) fprintf(stderr, "missing codepage argument");
+	else SET_UINT_LIST("codepage", ruby_w32_codepage, numberof(ruby_w32_codepage));
+	return 1;
+    }
 #endif
-    fprintf(stderr, "unexpected debug option: %.*s\n", len, str);
+    return 0;
 }
 
+static void
+set_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
+{
+    if (!ruby_env_debug_option(str, len, arg)) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "unexpected debug option: %.*s\n", len, str);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+STATIC_ASSERT(USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG, USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG ? RUBY_DEVEL : 1);
+#endif
+
+#if RUBY_DEVEL
+static void setup_debug_log(void);
+#else
+#define setup_debug_log()
+#endif
+
 void
 ruby_set_debug_option(const char *str)
 {
     ruby_each_words(str, set_debug_option, 0);
+    setup_debug_log();
+}
+
+#if RUBY_DEVEL
+
+// RUBY_DEBUG_LOG features
+// See vm_debug.h comments for details.
+
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG             0x1000
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN 0x0200
+#define MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER      0x0010
+
+enum ruby_debug_log_mode ruby_debug_log_mode;
+
+static struct {
+    char *mem;
+    unsigned int cnt;
+    char filters[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER][MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER];
+    unsigned int filters_num;
+    rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
+    FILE *output;
+} debug_log;
+
+static char *
+RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_MEM_ENTRY(unsigned int index)
+{
+    return &debug_log.mem[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN * index];
+}
+
+static void
+setup_debug_log(void)
+{
+    // check RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+    const char *log_config = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_LOG");
+    if (log_config) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=%s\n", log_config);
+
+        if  (strcmp(log_config, "mem") == 0) {
+            debug_log.mem = (char *)malloc(MAX_DEBUG_LOG * MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN);
+            if (debug_log.mem == NULL) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "setup_debug_log failed (can't allocate memory)\n");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            ruby_debug_log_mode |= ruby_debug_log_memory;
+        }
+        else if (strcmp(log_config, "stderr") == 0) {
+            ruby_debug_log_mode |= ruby_debug_log_stderr;
+        }
+        else {
+            ruby_debug_log_mode |= ruby_debug_log_file;
+            if ((debug_log.output = fopen(log_config, "w")) == NULL) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "can not open %s for RUBY_DEBUG_LOG\n", log_config);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            setvbuf(debug_log.output, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
+        }
+
+        rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&debug_log.lock);
+    }
+
+    // check RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER
+    const char *filter_config = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER");
+    if (filter_config && strlen(filter_config) > 0) {
+        unsigned int i;
+        for (i=0; i<MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER; i++) {
+            const char *p;
+            if ((p = strchr(filter_config, ',')) == NULL) {
+                if (strlen(filter_config) >= MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "too long: %s (max:%d)\n", filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+                strncpy(debug_log.filters[i], filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER - 1);
+                i++;
+                break;
+            }
+            else {
+                size_t n = p - filter_config;
+                if (n >= MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "too long: %s (max:%d)\n", filter_config, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+                strncpy(debug_log.filters[i], filter_config, n);
+                filter_config = p+1;
+            }
+        }
+        debug_log.filters_num = i;
+        for (i=0; i<debug_log.filters_num; i++) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_FILTER[%d]=%s\n", i, debug_log.filters[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+ruby_debug_log_filter(const char *func_name)
+{
+    if (debug_log.filters_num > 0) {
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i<debug_log.filters_num; i++) {
+            if (strstr(func_name, debug_log.filters[i]) != NULL) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *
+pretty_filename(const char *path)
+{
+    // basename is one idea.
+    const char *s;
+    while ((s = strchr(path, '/')) != NULL) {
+        path = s+1;
+    }
+    return path;
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_log(const char *file, int line, const char *func_name, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    char buff[MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN] = {0};
+    int len = 0;
+    int r = 0;
+
+    // message title
+    if (func_name && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN, "%s\t", func_name);
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // message
+    if (fmt && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        va_list args;
+        va_start(args, fmt);
+        r = vsnprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, fmt, args);
+        va_end(args);
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log vsnprintf() returns %d", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // optional information
+
+    // C location
+    if (file && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN, "\t%s:%d", pretty_filename(file), line);
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // Ruby location
+    int ruby_line;
+    const char *ruby_file = rb_source_location_cstr(&ruby_line);
+    if (len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+        if (ruby_file) {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t%s:%d", pretty_filename(ruby_file), ruby_line);
+        }
+        else {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\t");
+        }
+        if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+        len += r;
+    }
+
+    // ractor information
+    if (ruby_single_main_ractor == NULL) {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        if (r && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tr:#%u/%u",
+                         (unsigned int)rb_ractor_id(cr), GET_VM()->ractor.cnt);
+            if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+            len += r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // thread information
+    if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
+        const rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+        if (r && len < MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN) {
+            r = snprintf(buff + len, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN - len, "\tth:%p", (void *)th);
+            if (r < 0) rb_bug("ruby_debug_log returns %d\n", r);
+            len += r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_nativethread_lock_lock(&debug_log.lock);
+    {
+        unsigned int cnt = debug_log.cnt++;
+
+        if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_memory) {
+            unsigned int index = cnt % MAX_DEBUG_LOG;
+            char *dst = RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_MEM_ENTRY(index);
+            strncpy(dst, buff, MAX_DEBUG_LOG_MESSAGE_LEN);
+        }
+        if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_stderr) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%4u: %s\n", cnt, buff);
+        }
+        if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_file) {
+            fprintf(debug_log.output, "%u\t%s\n", cnt, buff);
+        }
+    }
+    rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&debug_log.lock);
+}
+
+// for debugger
+static void
+debug_log_dump(FILE *out, unsigned int n)
+{
+    if (ruby_debug_log_mode & ruby_debug_log_memory) {
+        unsigned int size = debug_log.cnt > MAX_DEBUG_LOG ? MAX_DEBUG_LOG : debug_log.cnt;
+        unsigned int current_index = debug_log.cnt % MAX_DEBUG_LOG;
+        if (n == 0) n = size;
+        if (n > size) n = size;
+
+        for (unsigned int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+            int index = current_index - size + i;
+            if (index < 0) index += MAX_DEBUG_LOG;
+            VM_ASSERT(index <= MAX_DEBUG_LOG);
+            const char *mesg = RUBY_DEBUG_LOG_MEM_ENTRY(index);;
+            fprintf(out, "%4u: %s\n", debug_log.cnt - size + i, mesg);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(stderr, "RUBY_DEBUG_LOG=mem is not specified.");
+    }
+}
+
+// for debuggers
+
+void
+ruby_debug_log_print(unsigned int n)
+{
+    debug_log_dump(stderr, n);
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_log_dump(const char *fname, unsigned int n)
+{
+    FILE *fp = fopen(fname, "w");
+    if (fp == NULL) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't open %s. give up.\n", fname);
+    }
+    else {
+        debug_log_dump(fp, n);
+        fclose(fp);
+    }
 }
+#endif // #if RUBY_DEVEL
diff --git a/debug_counter.c b/debug_counter.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7b0bb0acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debug_counter.c
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  debug_counter.c -
+
+  created at: Tue Feb 21 16:51:18 2017
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Koichi Sasada
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include "ruby/thread_native.h"
+
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+
+static const char *const debug_counter_names[] = {
+    ""
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(name) #name,
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#undef RB_DEBUG_COUNTER
+};
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+size_t rb_debug_counter[numberof(debug_counter_names)];
+void rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+rb_nativethread_lock_t debug_counter_lock;
+
+__attribute__((constructor))
+static void
+debug_counter_setup(void)
+{
+    rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&debug_counter_lock);
+}
+
+void
+rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add)
+{
+    rb_nativethread_lock_lock(&debug_counter_lock);
+    {
+        rb_debug_counter[(int)type] += add;
+    }
+    rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&debug_counter_lock);
+}
+
+int debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit = 0;
+
+// note that this operation is not atomic.
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_reset(void)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+        switch (i) {
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_unit_queue:
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_active_units:
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_compact_units:
+          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_stale_units:
+            // These counters may be decreased and should not be reset.
+            break;
+          default:
+            rb_debug_counter[i] = 0;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// note that this operation is not atomic.
+size_t
+ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr)
+{
+    int i;
+    if (names_ptr != NULL) {
+        for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+            names_ptr[i] = debug_counter_names[i];
+        }
+    }
+    if (counters_ptr != NULL) {
+        for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+            counters_ptr[i] = rb_debug_counter[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    return RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX;
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(int enable)
+{
+    debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit = !enable;
+}
+
+void
+rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg)
+{
+    const char *env = getenv("RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_DISABLE");
+
+    setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "");
+
+    if (env == NULL || strcmp("1", env) != 0) {
+	int i;
+        fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%d %s\n", getpid(), msg);
+	for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%-30s\t%'14"PRIuSIZE"\n",
+		    debug_counter_names[i],
+		    rb_debug_counter[i]);
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_debug_counter_show(RB_UNUSED_VAR(VALUE klass))
+{
+    rb_debug_counter_show_results("show_debug_counters");
+    ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(FALSE);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_debug_counter_reset(RB_UNUSED_VAR(VALUE klass))
+{
+    ruby_debug_counter_reset();
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+__attribute__((destructor))
+static void
+debug_counter_show_results_at_exit(void)
+{
+    if (debug_counter_disable_show_at_exit == 0) {
+        rb_debug_counter_show_results("normal exit.");
+    }
+}
+
+#else
+
+void
+rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg)
+{
+}
+
+size_t
+ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_reset(void)
+{
+}
+
+void
+ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(int enable)
+{
+}
+
+#endif /* USE_DEBUG_COUNTER */
diff --git a/debug_counter.h b/debug_counter.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c20821db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debug_counter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  debug_counter.h -
+
+  created at: Tue Feb 21 16:51:18 2017
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Koichi Sasada
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+#define USE_DEBUG_COUNTER 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_DEBUG_COUNTER
+
+// method cache (IMC: inline method cache)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_hit)              // IMC hit
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_klass)       // IMC miss by different class
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_invalidated) // IMC miss by invalidated ME
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_empty)       // IMC miss because prev is empty slot
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_same_cc)     // IMC miss, but same CC
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_same_cme)    // IMC miss, but same CME
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_same_def)    // IMC miss, but same definition
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_inline_miss_diff)        // IMC miss, different methods
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_cme_complement)          // number of acquiring complement CME
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_cme_complement_hit)      // number of cache hit for complemented CME
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_search)                  // count for method lookup in class tree
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_search_notfound)         //           method lookup, but not found
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mc_search_super)            // total traversed classes
+
+// callinfo
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_packed)  // number of packed CI
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_kw)      //           non-packed CI w/ keywords
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_nokw)    //           non-packed CI w/o keywords
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ci_runtime) //           creating temporary CI
+
+// callcache
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_new)        // number of CC
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_temp)       //           dummy CC (stack-allocated)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_found_in_ccs)      // count for CC lookup success in CCS
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_not_found_in_ccs)  // count for CC lookup success in CCS
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_ent_invalidate) // count for invalidating cc (cc->klass = 0)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_cme_invalidate) // count for invalidating CME
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_leaf)          // count for invalidating klass if klass has no-sublcasses
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_leaf_ccs)      //                        corresponding CCS
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_leaf_callable) //                        complimented cache (no-subclasses)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_tree)          // count for invalidating klass if klass has sublcasses
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_tree_cme)      //                        cme if cme is found in this class or superclasses
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_tree_callable) //                        complimented cache (subclasses)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(cc_invalidate_negative)      // count for invalidating negative cache
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_free)   // count for free'ing ccs
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_maxlen) // maximum length of ccs
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_found)      // count for finding corresponding ccs on method lookup
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccs_not_found)  // count for not found corresponding ccs on method lookup
+
+// vm_eval.c
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(call0_public)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(call0_other)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gccct_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gccct_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gccct_null)
+
+// iseq
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(iseq_num)    // number of total created iseq
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(iseq_cd_num) // number of total created cd (call_data)
+
+/*
+ * call cache fastpath usage
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_general)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_setup)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_setup_0start)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_setup_tailcall_0start)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_fix) /* several functions created with tool/mk_call_iseq_optimized.rb */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_opt) /* has_opt == TRUE (has optional parameters), but other flags are FALSE */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_kw1) /* vm_call_iseq_setup_kwparm_kwarg() */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_iseq_kw2) /* vm_call_iseq_setup_kwparm_nokwarg() */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_cfunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_cfunc_with_frame)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_ivar) /* attr_reader */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_attrset) /* attr_writer */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_method_missing)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_zsuper)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_bmethod)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_opt_send)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_opt_call)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_opt_block_call)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ccf_super_method)
+
+/*
+ * control frame push counts.
+ *
+ * * frame_push: frame push counts.
+ * * frame_push_*: frame push counts per each type.
+ * * frame_R2R: Ruby frame to Ruby frame
+ * * frame_R2C: Ruby frame to C frame
+ * * frame_C2C: C frame to C frame
+ * * frame_C2R: C frame to Ruby frame
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_method)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_block)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_class)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_top)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_cfunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_ifunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_eval)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_rescue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_push_dummy)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_R2R)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_R2C)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2C)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2R)
+
+/* instance variable counts
+ *
+ * * ivar_get_ic_hit/miss: ivar_get inline cache (ic) hit/miss counts (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get_ic_miss_serial: ivar_get ic miss reason by serial (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get_ic_miss_unset:                      ... by unset (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject:                   ... by "not T_OBJECT" (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_set_...: same counts with ivar_set (VM insn)
+ * * ivar_get/set_base: call counts of "rb_ivar_get/set()".
+ *                      because of (1) ic miss.
+ *                                 (2) direct call by C extensions.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_serial)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_unset)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_serial)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_unset)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_iv_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_noobject)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_base)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_base)
+
+/* local variable counts
+ *
+ * * lvar_get: total lvar get counts (VM insn)
+ * * lvar_get_dynamic: lvar get counts if accessing upper env (VM insn)
+ * * lvar_set*: same as "get"
+ * * lvar_set_slowpath: counts using vm_env_write_slowpath()
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_get)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_get_dynamic)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_set)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_set_dynamic)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(lvar_set_slowpath)
+
+/* GC counts:
+ *
+ * * count: simple count
+ * * _minor: minor gc
+ * * _major: major gc
+ * * other suffix is corresponding to last_gc_info or
+ *   gc_profile_record_flag in gc.c.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_count)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_newobj)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_malloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_method)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_capi)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_minor_stress)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_nofree)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_oldgen)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_shady)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_force)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_major_oldmalloc)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_start)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_mark_continue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_sweep_continue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_rest)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_enter_finalizer)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_trial)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_range)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_align)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(gc_isptr_maybe)
+
+/* object allocation counts:
+ *
+ * * obj_newobj: newobj counts
+ * * obj_newobj_slowpath: newobj with slowpath counts
+ * * obj_newobj_wb_unprotected: newobj for wb_unprotected.
+ * * obj_free: obj_free() counts
+ * * obj_promote: promoted counts (oldgen)
+ * * obj_wb_unprotect: wb unprotect counts
+ *
+ * * obj_[type]_[attr]: *free'ed counts* for each type.
+ *                      Note that it is not a allocated counts.
+ * * [type]
+ *   * _obj: T_OBJECT
+ *   * _str: T_STRING
+ *   * _ary: T_ARRAY
+ *   * _xxx: T_XXX (hash, struct, ...)
+ *
+ * * [attr]
+ *   * _ptr: R?? is not embed.
+ *   * _embed: R?? is embed.
+ *   * _transient: R?? uses transient heap.
+ * * type specific attr.
+ *   * str_shared: str is shared.
+ *   * str_nofree:        nofree
+ *   * str_fstr:          fstr
+ *   * hash_empty: hash is empty
+ *   * hash_1_4:       has 1 to 4 entries
+ *   * hash_5_8:       has 5 to 8 entries
+ *   * hash_g8:        has n entries (n>8)
+ *   * match_under4:    has under 4 oniguruma regions allocated
+ *   * match_ge4:       has n regions allocated (4<=n<8)
+ *   * match_ge8:       has n regions allocated (8<=n)
+ *   * data_empty: T_DATA but no memory free.
+ *   * data_xfree:        free'ed by xfree().
+ *   * data_imm_free:     free'ed immediately.
+ *   * data_zombie:       free'ed with zombie.
+ *   * imemo_*: T_IMEMO with each type.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_newobj)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_newobj_slowpath)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_newobj_wb_unprotected)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_free)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_promote)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_wb_unprotect)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_shared)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_nofree)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_fstr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_extracapa)
+/*
+  ary_shared_create: shared ary by Array#dup and so on.
+  ary_shared: finished in shard.
+  ary_shared_root_occupied: shared_root but has only 1 refcnt.
+    The number (ary_shared - ary_shared_root_occupied) is meaningful.
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_shared_create)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_shared)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_ary_shared_root_occupied)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_empty)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_1)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_2)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_3)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_4)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_5_8)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_g8)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_null)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_ar)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_st)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_hash_force_convert)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_struct_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_struct_transient)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_struct_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_empty)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_xfree)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_imm_free)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_data_zombie)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_under4)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_ge4)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_ge8)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_match_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_iclass_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_class_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_module_ptr)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_bignum_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_bignum_embed)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_float)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_complex)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_rational)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_regexp_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_file_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_symbol)
+
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ment)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_iseq)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_env)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_tmpbuf)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ast)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_cref)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_svar)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_throw_data)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_ifunc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_memo)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_parser_strterm)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_callinfo)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_callcache)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_imemo_constcache)
+
+/* ar_table */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(artable_hint_hit)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(artable_hint_miss)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(artable_hint_notfound)
+
+/* heap function counts
+ *
+ * * heap_xmalloc/realloc/xfree: call counts
+ */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(heap_xmalloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(heap_xrealloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(heap_xfree)
+
+/* transient_heap */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(theap_alloc)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(theap_alloc_fail)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(theap_evacuate)
+
+// VM sync
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_nb)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_cr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_barrier)
+
+/* mjit_exec() counts */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_added)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_ready)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_compiled)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_call_func)
+
+/* MJIT enqueue / unload */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_add_iseq_to_process)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_unload_units)
+
+/* MJIT <-> VM frame push counts */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2VM)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2JT)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2JT)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2VM)
+
+/* MJIT cancel counters */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_ivar_inline)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_exivar_inline)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_send_inline)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_opt_insn) /* CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_invalidate_all)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_leave)
+
+/* rb_mjit_unit_list length */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_unit_queue)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_active_units)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_compact_units)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_stale_units)
+
+/* Other MJIT counters */
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_compile_failures)
+
+/* load (not implemented yet) */
+/*
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(load_files)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(load_path_is_not_realpath)
+*/
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_H
+#define RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_H 1
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) && USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+#error "USE_DEBUG_COUNTER is not supported by other than __GNUC__"
+#endif
+
+enum rb_debug_counter_type {
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(name) RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##name,
+#include __FILE__
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX
+#undef RB_DEBUG_COUNTER
+};
+
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+extern size_t rb_debug_counter[];
+RUBY_EXTERN struct rb_ractor_struct *ruby_single_main_ractor;
+RUBY_EXTERN void rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add);
+
+inline static int
+rb_debug_counter_add(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add, int cond)
+{
+    if (cond) {
+        if (ruby_single_main_ractor != NULL) {
+            rb_debug_counter[(int)type] += add;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(type, add);
+        }
+    }
+    return cond;
+}
+
+inline static int
+rb_debug_counter_max(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, unsigned int num)
+{
+    // TODO: sync
+    if (rb_debug_counter[(int)type] < num) {
+        rb_debug_counter[(int)type] = num;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE rb_debug_counter_reset(VALUE klass);
+VALUE rb_debug_counter_show(VALUE klass);
+
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(type)                rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, 1, 1)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_UNLESS(type, cond) (!rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, 1, !(cond)))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(type, cond)       rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, 1, !!(cond))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_ADD(type, num)           rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, (num), 1)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_SETMAX(type, num)        rb_debug_counter_max(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_##type, (unsigned int)(num))
+
+#else
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(type)              ((void)0)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_UNLESS(type, cond) (!!(cond))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(type, cond)     (!!(cond))
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_ADD(type, num)         ((void)0)
+#define RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_SETMAX(type, num)      0
+#endif
+
+void rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+size_t ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr);
+void ruby_debug_counter_reset(void);
+void ruby_debug_counter_show_at_exit(int enable);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER_H */
diff --git a/defs/gmake.mk b/defs/gmake.mk
index 2233627f8c..f093fd4e26 100644
--- a/defs/gmake.mk
+++ b/defs/gmake.mk
@@ -1,13 +1,32 @@
-# -*- makefile-gmake -*-
-gnumake = yes
+# -*- mode: makefile-gmake; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
 
-CHECK_TARGETS := exam love check%
-TEST_TARGETS := $(filter check test check% test% btest%,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
-TEST_TARGETS += $(subst check,test-all,$(patsubst check-%,test-%,$(TEST_TARGETS)))
-TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-%,yes-test-%,$(patsubst btest-%,yes-btest-%,$(TEST_TARGETS)))
-TEST_DEPENDS := $(if $(TEST_TARGETS),$(filter all main exts,$(MAKECMDGOALS)))
-TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS)),main)
-TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter main,$(TEST_DEPENDS)),$(if $(filter all,$(INSTALLDOC)),docs))
+reconfig config.status: export MAKE:=$(MAKE)
+override gnumake_recursive := $(if $(findstring n,$(firstword $(MFLAGS))),,+)
+override mflags := $(filter-out -j%,$(MFLAGS))
+MSPECOPT += $(if $(filter -j%,$(MFLAGS)),-j)
+nproc = $(subst -j,,$(filter -j%,$(MFLAGS)))
+
+CHECK_TARGETS := great exam love check test check% test% btest%
+# expand test targets, and those dependents
+TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out commit $(TEST_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst great,exam,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out great $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst exam,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst check,test-spec test-all test-tool test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-rubyspec,test-spec,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out exam check test-spec $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst love,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out love $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-almost,test-all,$(patsubst check-%,test test-%,$(TEST_TARGETS)))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test-all $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test,test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-short,btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test-short $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
+TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter great exam love check,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),all exts)
+
+in-srcdir := $(if $(filter-out .,$(srcdir)),$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) &&)
 
 ifneq ($(filter -O0 -Od,$(optflags)),)
 override XCFLAGS := $(filter-out -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=%,$(XCFLAGS))
@@ -36,25 +55,25 @@ define archcmd
 %.i: %.$(1).i
 endef
 
-$(foreach arch,$(filter -arch=%,$(subst -arch ,-arch=,$(ARCH_FLAG))),\
+$(foreach arch,$(arch_flags),\
 	$(eval $(call archcmd,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(value arch)),$(patsubst -arch=%,-arch %,$(value arch)))))
 endif
 
-ifneq ($(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS) test,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
-yes-test-basic: $(TEST_DEPENDS) yes-test-knownbug
-yes-test-knownbug: $(TEST_DEPENDS) yes-btest-ruby
-yes-btest-ruby: $(TEST_DEPENDS)
-endif
-ifneq ($(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS)) $(filter yes-test-all,$(TEST_TARGETS)),)
-yes-test-testframework yes-test-almost yes-test-ruby: $(filter-out %test-all %test-ruby check%,$(TEST_TARGETS)) \
-	yes-test-basic
-endif
-ifneq ($(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))$(if $(filter test-all,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter test-knownbug,$(MAKECMDGOALS))),)
-yes-test-testframework yes-test-almost yes-test-ruby: yes-test-knownbug
-yes-test-almost: yes-test-testframework
+.PHONY: $(addprefix yes-,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+
+ifneq ($(filter-out btest%,$(TEST_TARGETS)),)
+$(addprefix yes-,$(TEST_TARGETS)): $(TEST_DEPENDS)
 endif
 
-$(TEST_TARGETS): $(TEST_DEPENDS)
+ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(TEST_TARGETS), \
+	btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic \
+	test-testframework test-tool test-ruby test-all \
+	test-spec test-bundler-prepare test-bundler test-bundler-parallel \
+	)
+prev_test := $(if $(filter test-spec,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS)),test-spec-precheck)
+$(foreach test,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS), \
+	$(eval yes-$(value test) no-$(value test): $(value prev_test)); \
+	$(eval prev_test := $(value test)))
 
 ifneq ($(if $(filter install,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))),)
 install-targets := $(filter install uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
@@ -66,25 +85,23 @@ install-prereq: uninstall
 uninstall sudo-precheck: all $(if $(filter all,$(INSTALLDOC)),docs)
 endif
 
-ifneq ($(filter exam,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
-test-rubyspec: check
-yes-test-all no-test-all: test
-endif
-
 ifneq ($(filter love,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
 showflags: up
 sudo-precheck: test yes-test-testframework no-test-testframework
 install-prereq: sudo-precheck
 yes-test-all no-test-all: install
-yes-test-almost no-test-almost: install
 endif
+yes-test-bundler-parallel: PARALLELRSPECOPTS += $(if $(nproc),-n$(shell expr $(nproc) + $(nproc) / 2))
+
+# Cross reference needs to parse all files at once
+love install reinstall: RDOCFLAGS = --force-update
 
 $(srcdir)/missing/des_tables.c: $(srcdir)/missing/crypt.c
 ifeq ($(if $(filter yes,$(CROSS_COMPILING)),,$(CC)),)
 	touch $@
 else
 	@$(ECHO) building make_des_table
-	$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) -DDUMP $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(LIBS) -omake_des_table $(srcdir)/missing/crypt.c
+	$(CC) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DDUMP $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(LIBS) -omake_des_table $(srcdir)/missing/crypt.c
 	@[ -x ./make_des_table ]
 	@$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
@@ -93,10 +110,12 @@ else
 	$(Q) $(RMALL) make_des_table*
 endif
 
+config.status: $(wildcard config.cache)
+
 STUBPROGRAM = rubystub$(EXEEXT)
 IGNOREDPATTERNS = %~ .% %.orig %.rej \#%\#
 SCRIPTBINDIR := $(if $(EXEEXT),,exec/)
-SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addprefix $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/bin/*)))))
+SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addprefix $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/libexec/*)))))
 
 stub: $(STUBPROGRAM)
 scriptbin: $(SCRIPTPROGRAMS)
@@ -125,3 +144,253 @@ $(SCRIPTBINDIR)%$(EXEEXT): bin/% $(STUBPROGRAM) \
 $(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.exec.time:
 	$(Q) mkdir exec
 	$(Q) exit > $@
+
+.PHONY: commit
+commit: $(if $(filter commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter-out commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS))) up
+	@$(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" -I./tool/lib -rvcs -e 'VCS.detect(".").commit'
+	+$(Q) \
+	{ \
+	  $(in-srcdir) \
+	  exec sed -f tool/prereq.status defs/gmake.mk template/Makefile.in common.mk; \
+	} | \
+	$(MAKE) $(mflags) Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) srcdir="$(srcdir)" srcs_vpath="" CHDIR="$(CHDIR)" \
+		BOOTSTRAPRUBY="$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(BASERUBY)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)" \
+		VCSUP="" ENC_MK=.top-enc.mk REVISION_FORCE=PHONY CONFIGURE="$(CONFIGURE)" -f - \
+		update-src srcs all-incs
+
+GITHUB_RUBY_URL = https://github.com/ruby/ruby
+PR =
+
+COMMIT_GPG_SIGN = $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" config commit.gpgsign)
+REMOTE_GITHUB_URL = $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" config remote.github.url)
+COMMITS_NOTES = commits
+
+.PHONY: fetch-github
+fetch-github:
+	$(call fetch-github,$(PR))
+
+define fetch-github
+	$(if $(1),,\
+	  echo "usage:"; echo "  make $@ PR=1234"; \
+	  exit 1; \
+	)
+	$(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL))
+	$(if $(REMOTE_GITHUB_URL),, \
+	  echo adding $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL) as remote github; \
+	  git -C "$(srcdir)" remote add github $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL); \
+	  git -C "$(srcdir)" config --add remote.github.fetch +refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES):refs/notes/$(COMMITS_NOTES)
+	  $(eval REMOTE_GITHUB_URL := $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)) \
+	)
+	$(if $(git -C "$(srcdir)" rev-parse "github/pull/$(1)/head" -- 2> /dev/null), \
+	    git -C "$(srcdir)" branch -f "gh-$(1)" "github/pull/$(1)/head", \
+	    git -C "$(srcdir)" fetch -f github "pull/$(1)/head:gh-$(1)" \
+	)
+endef
+
+.PHONY: checkout-github
+checkout-github: fetch-github
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$(PR)"
+
+.PHONY: update-github
+update-github: fetch-github
+	$(eval PULL_REQUEST_API := https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/ruby/pulls/$(PR))
+	$(eval PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH := $(shell \
+	  curl -s $(if $(GITHUB_TOKEN),-H "Authorization: bearer $(GITHUB_TOKEN)") $(PULL_REQUEST_API) | \
+	  $(BASERUBY) -rjson -e 'JSON.parse(STDIN.read)["head"].tap { |h| print "#{h["repo"]["full_name"]} #{h["ref"]}" }' \
+	))
+	$(eval FORK_REPO := $(word 1,$(PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH)))
+	$(eval PR_BRANCH := $(word 2,$(PULL_REQUEST_FORK_BRANCH)))
+
+	$(eval GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(PR)-XXXXXX"))
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(PR)"
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" merge master --no-edit
+	@$(BASERUBY) -e 'print "Are you sure to push this to PR=$(PR)? [Y/n]: "; exit(gets.chomp != "n")'
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" remote add fork-$(PR) git@github.com:$(FORK_REPO).git
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE)" push fork-$(PR) gh-$(PR):$(PR_BRANCH)
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" remote rm fork-$(PR)
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree remove $(notdir $(GITHUB_UPDATE_WORKTREE))
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" branch -D gh-$(PR)
+
+.PHONY: pull-github
+pull-github: fetch-github
+	$(call pull-github,$(PR))
+
+define pull-github
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BASE := $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" log -1 --format=format:%H))
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH := $(shell git -C "$(srcdir)" symbolic-ref --short HEAD))
+	$(eval GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE := $(shell mktemp -d "$(srcdir)/gh-$(1)-XXXXXX"))
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" worktree add $(notdir $(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)) "gh-$(1)"
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase $(GITHUB_MERGE_BRANCH)
+	$(eval COMMIT_GPG_SIGN := $(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN))
+	$(if $(filter true,$(COMMIT_GPG_SIGN)), \
+	  git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "git commit --amend --no-edit -S" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"; \
+	)
+	git -C "$(GITHUB_MERGE_WORKTREE)" rebase --exec "git notes add --message 'Merged: $(GITHUB_RUBY_URL)/pull/$(1)'" "$(GITHUB_MERGE_BASE)"
+endef
+
+.PHONY: fetch-github-%
+fetch-github-%:
+	$(call fetch-github,$*)
+
+.PHONY: checkout-github-%
+checkout-github-%: fetch-github-%
+	git -C "$(srcdir)" checkout "gh-$*"
+
+.PHONY: pr-% pull-github-%
+pr-% pull-github-%: fetch-github-%
+	$(call pull-github,$*)
+
+HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = \
+	"  checkout-github:     checkout GitHub Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
+	"  pull-github:         rebase GitHub Pull Request to new worktree [PR=1234]" \
+	"  update-github:       merge master branch and push it to Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
+	""
+
+extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
+
+bundled-gems := $(shell sed '/^[ 	]*\#/d;/^[ 	]*$$/d;s/[ 	][ 	]*/-/;s/[ 	].*//' $(srcdir)/gems/bundled_gems)
+
+update-gems: | $(patsubst %,gems/%.gem,$(bundled-gems))
+
+test-bundler-precheck: | $(srcdir)/.bundle/cache
+
+$(srcdir)/.bundle/cache:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D) $(CACHE_DIR)
+	$(LN_S) ../.downloaded-cache $@
+
+gems/%.gem:
+	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem $*...
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -I./tool -rdownloader \
+	    -e 'gem = "$(@F)"' \
+	    -e 'old = Dir.glob("gems/"+gem.sub(/-[^-]*$$/, "-*.gem"))' \
+	    -e 'Downloader::RubyGems.download(gem, "gems", nil) and' \
+	    -e '(old.delete("gems/#{gem}"); !old.empty?) and' \
+	    -e 'File.unlink(*old) and' \
+	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})'
+
+extract-gems: | $(patsubst %,.bundle/gems/%,$(bundled-gems))
+
+.bundle/gems/%: gems/%.gem | .bundle/gems
+	$(ECHO) Extracting bundle gem $*...
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" \
+	    -Itool -rgem-unpack \
+	    -e 'Gem.unpack("gems/$(@F).gem", ".bundle/gems")'
+
+$(srcdir)/.bundle/gems:
+	$(MAKEDIRS) $@
+
+ifneq ($(filter update-bundled_gems refresh-gems,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
+update-gems: update-bundled_gems
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(filter 0 1,$(words $(arch_flags))),)
+$(foreach x,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(arch_flags)), \
+	  $(eval $$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).h \
+		 $$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).h \
+		 $$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).time \
+		 : ARCH_FLAG := -arch $(value x)))
+
+$(foreach x,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(arch_flags)), \
+	$(eval $$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).h: \
+		$$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/$$(MJIT_HEADER:.h=)-$(value x).time))
+
+mjit_min_headers := $(patsubst -arch=%,$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER:.h=-%.h),$(arch_flags))
+$(MJIT_MIN_HEADER): $(mjit_min_headers) $(PREP)
+	@ set -e; set $(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(arch_flags)); \
+	cd $(@D); h=$(@F:.h=); \
+	exec > $(@F).new; \
+	echo '#if 0'; \
+	for arch; do\
+	  echo "#elif defined __$${arch}__"; \
+	  echo "# include \"$$h-$$arch.h\""; \
+	done; \
+	echo "#else"; echo "# error unsupported platform"; echo "#endif"
+	$(IFCHANGE) $@ $@.new
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)
+	$(Q) $(MAKE_LINK) $@ $(MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR)/$(@F)
+
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(if $(wildcard $(filter-out .,$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES))),,\
+	   $(wildcard $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb)),)
+# Needs the dependency when any Unicode data file exists, or
+# normalization tables script doesn't.  Otherwise, when the target
+# only exists, use it as-is.
+.PHONY: $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
+UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP =
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: \
+	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
+endif
+
+REVISION_IN_HEADER := $(shell sed -n 's/^\#define RUBY_FULL_REVISION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $(srcdir)/revision.h 2>/dev/null)
+REVISION_LATEST := $(shell $(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && git log -1 --format=%H 2>/dev/null)
+ifneq ($(REVISION_IN_HEADER),$(REVISION_LATEST))
+# GNU make treat the target as unmodified when its dependents get
+# updated but it is not updated, while others may not.
+$(srcdir)/revision.h: $(REVISION_H)
+endif
+
+# Query on the generated rdoc
+#
+#   $ make rdoc:Integer#+
+rdoc\:%: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(RUNRUBY) $(srcdir)/libexec/ri --no-standard-docs --doc-dir=$(RDOCOUT) $(patsubst rdoc:%,%,$@)
+
+test_%.rb test/%: programs PHONY
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(TESTSDIR)/runner.rb" --ruby="$(RUNRUBY)" $(TEST_EXCLUDES) $(TESTOPTS) -- $(patsubst test/%,%,$@)
+
+spec/bundler/%: PHONY
+	$(Q)$(exec) $(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec --require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) $@
+
+spec/bundler: test-bundler-parallel
+	$(Q)$(NULLCMD)
+
+spec/%: programs exts PHONY
+	$(RUNRUBY) -r./$(arch)-fake $(srcdir)/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run -B $(srcdir)/spec/default.mspec $(SPECOPTS) $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/%,$@)
+
+benchmark/%: miniruby$(EXEEXT) update-benchmark-driver PHONY
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) -rrubygems -I$(srcdir)/benchmark/lib $(srcdir)/benchmark/benchmark-driver/exe/benchmark-driver \
+	            --executables="compare-ruby::$(COMPARE_RUBY) -I$(EXTOUT)/common --disable-gem" \
+	            --executables="built-ruby::$(BENCH_RUBY) --disable-gem" \
+	            $(srcdir)/$@ $(BENCH_OPTS) $(OPTS)
+
+clean-srcs-ext::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(patsubst $(srcdir)/%,%,$(EXT_SRCS))
+
+clean-srcs-extra::
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(patsubst $(srcdir)/%,%,$(EXTRA_SRCS))
+
+ifneq ($(filter $(VCS),git),)
+update-src::
+	@$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/lib/colorize.rb pass "Latest commit hash = $(shell $(filter-out svn,$(VCS)) -C $(srcdir) rev-parse --short=10 HEAD)"
+endif
+
+# Update dependencies and commit the updates to the current branch.
+update-deps:
+	$(eval update_deps := $(shell date +update-deps-%Y%m%d))
+	$(eval deps_dir := $(shell mktemp -d)/$(update_deps))
+	$(eval GIT_DIR := $(shell git -C $(srcdir) rev-parse --absolute-git-dir))
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree add $(deps_dir)
+	cp $(tooldir)/config.guess $(tooldir)/config.sub $(deps_dir)/tool
+	[ -f config.status ] && cp config.status $(deps_dir)
+	cd $(deps_dir) && autoconf && \
+	exec ./configure -q -C --enable-load-relative --disable-install-doc --disable-rubygems 'optflags=-O0' 'debugflags=-save-temps=obj -g'
+	$(RUNRUBY) -C $(deps_dir) tool/update-deps --fix
+	git -C $(deps_dir) diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code || \
+	    git -C $(deps_dir) commit --all --message='Update dependencies'
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) worktree remove $(deps_dir)
+	$(RMDIR) $(dir $(deps_dir))
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) merge --no-edit --ff-only $(update_deps)
+	git --git-dir=$(GIT_DIR) branch --delete $(update_deps)
+
+# order-only-prerequisites doesn't work for $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)
+# because the same named directory exists in the source tree.
+$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.$(DLEXT): $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.c $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/rubyspec.h $(RUBY_H_INCLUDES) $(LIBRUBY_SO)
+	$(ECHO) building $@
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) $(DLDSHARED) $(XDLDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) $(ARCH_FLAG) $(ARCH_FLAG) $(CFLAGS) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ $< $(LIBRUBY_SO)
+	$(Q) $(RMALL) $@.*
+
+rubyspec-capiext: $(patsubst %.c,$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/%.$(DLEXT),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/$(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT)/*.c)))
+	@ $(NULLCMD)
diff --git a/defs/id.def b/defs/id.def
index 4fe9d3ccd8..fc7a04ffbc 100644
--- a/defs/id.def
+++ b/defs/id.def
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   max
   min
   freeze
+  nil?
   inspect
   intern
   object_id
@@ -38,13 +39,37 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   to_a
   to_s
   to_i
+  to_f
+  to_r
   bt
   bt_locations
   call
   mesg
   exception
+  locals
+  not                                                   NOT
+  and                                                   AND
+  or                                                    OR
+  div
+  divmod
+  fdiv
+  quo
+  name
+  nil
 
   _                                                     UScore
+
+  # MUST be successive
+  _1  NUMPARAM_1
+  _2  NUMPARAM_2
+  _3  NUMPARAM_3
+  _4  NUMPARAM_4
+  _5  NUMPARAM_5
+  _6  NUMPARAM_6
+  _7  NUMPARAM_7
+  _8  NUMPARAM_8
+  _9  NUMPARAM_9
+
   "/*NULL*/"                                            NULL
   empty?
   eql?
@@ -58,25 +83,26 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   core#define_method
   core#define_singleton_method
   core#set_postexe
-  core#hash_from_ary
-  core#hash_merge_ary
   core#hash_merge_ptr
   core#hash_merge_kwd
+  core#raise
 
   -                                                     debug#created_info
 
   $_                                                    LASTLINE
   $~                                                    BACKREF
+  $!                                                    ERROR_INFO
 ]
 
 # VM ID         OP      Parser Token
 token_ops = %[\
   Dot2          ..      DOT2
   Dot3          ...     DOT3
+  BDot2         ..      BDOT2
+  BDot3         ...     BDOT3
   UPlus         +@      UPLUS
   UMinus        -@      UMINUS
   Pow           **      POW
-  DSTAR         **
   Cmp           <=>     CMP
   PLUS          +
   MINUS         -
@@ -93,13 +119,14 @@ token_ops = %[\
   Eqq           ===     EQQ
   Neq           !=      NEQ
   Not           !
+  And           &
+  Or            |
   Backquote     `
   EqTilde       =~      MATCH
   NeqTilde      !~      NMATCH
   AREF          []
   ASET          []=
   COLON2        ::
-  COLON3        ::
   ANDOP         &&
   OROP          ||
   ANDDOT        &.
diff --git a/defs/keywords b/defs/keywords
index e0d931cd1f..fc30ec2d15 100644
--- a/defs/keywords
+++ b/defs/keywords
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 %{
-struct kwtable {int name, id[2], state;};
+struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 %}
 
diff --git a/defs/known_errors.def b/defs/known_errors.def
index b9c490d3a2..e9694cfbda 100644
--- a/defs/known_errors.def
+++ b/defs/known_errors.def
@@ -1,148 +1,157 @@
-EPERM
-ENOENT
-ESRCH
-EINTR
-EIO
-ENXIO
 E2BIG
-ENOEXEC
-EBADF
-ECHILD
-EAGAIN
-ENOMEM
 EACCES
-EFAULT
-ENOTBLK
-EBUSY
-EEXIST
-EXDEV
-ENODEV
-ENOTDIR
-EISDIR
-EINVAL
-ENFILE
-EMFILE
-ENOTTY
-ETXTBSY
-EFBIG
-ENOSPC
-ESPIPE
-EROFS
-EMLINK
-EPIPE
-EDOM
-ERANGE
-EDEADLK
-ENAMETOOLONG
-ENOLCK
-ENOSYS
-ENOTEMPTY
-ELOOP
-EWOULDBLOCK
-ENOMSG
-EIDRM
-ECHRNG
-EL2NSYNC
-EL3HLT
-EL3RST
-ELNRNG
-EUNATCH
-ENOCSI
-EL2HLT
+EADDRINUSE
+EADDRNOTAVAIL
+EADV
+EAFNOSUPPORT
+EAGAIN
+EALREADY
+EAUTH
+EBADARCH
 EBADE
+EBADEXEC
+EBADF
+EBADFD
+EBADMACHO
+EBADMSG
 EBADR
-EXFULL
-ENOANO
+EBADRPC
 EBADRQC
 EBADSLT
-EDEADLOCK
 EBFONT
-ENOSTR
-ENODATA
-ETIME
-ENOSR
-ENONET
-ENOPKG
-EREMOTE
-ENOLINK
-EADV
-ESRMNT
+EBUSY
+ECANCELED
+ECAPMODE
+ECHILD
+ECHRNG
 ECOMM
-EPROTO
-EMULTIHOP
-EDOTDOT
-EBADMSG
-EOVERFLOW
-ENOTUNIQ
-EBADFD
-EREMCHG
-ELIBACC
-ELIBBAD
-ELIBSCN
-ELIBMAX
-ELIBEXEC
-EILSEQ
-ERESTART
-ESTRPIPE
-EUSERS
-ENOTSOCK
-EDESTADDRREQ
-EMSGSIZE
-EPROTOTYPE
-ENOPROTOOPT
-EPROTONOSUPPORT
-ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
-EOPNOTSUPP
-EPFNOSUPPORT
-EAFNOSUPPORT
-EADDRINUSE
-EADDRNOTAVAIL
-ENETDOWN
-ENETUNREACH
-ENETRESET
 ECONNABORTED
-ECONNRESET
-ENOBUFS
-EISCONN
-ENOTCONN
-ESHUTDOWN
-ETOOMANYREFS
-ETIMEDOUT
 ECONNREFUSED
+ECONNRESET
+EDEADLK
+EDEADLOCK
+EDESTADDRREQ
+EDEVERR
+EDOM
+EDOOFUS
+EDOTDOT
+EDQUOT
+EEXIST
+EFAULT
+EFBIG
+EFTYPE
 EHOSTDOWN
 EHOSTUNREACH
-EALREADY
+EHWPOISON
+EIDRM
+EILSEQ
 EINPROGRESS
-ESTALE
-EUCLEAN
-ENOTNAM
-ENAVAIL
+EINTR
+EINVAL
+EIO
+EIPSEC
+EISCONN
+EISDIR
 EISNAM
-EREMOTEIO
-EDQUOT
-ECANCELED
 EKEYEXPIRED
 EKEYREJECTED
 EKEYREVOKED
+EL2HLT
+EL2NSYNC
+EL3HLT
+EL3RST
+ELAST
+ELIBACC
+ELIBBAD
+ELIBEXEC
+ELIBMAX
+ELIBSCN
+ELNRNG
+ELOOP
 EMEDIUMTYPE
+EMFILE
+EMLINK
+EMSGSIZE
+EMULTIHOP
+ENAMETOOLONG
+ENAVAIL
+ENEEDAUTH
+ENETDOWN
+ENETRESET
+ENETUNREACH
+ENFILE
+ENOANO
+ENOATTR
+ENOBUFS
+ENOCSI
+ENODATA
+ENODEV
+ENOENT
+ENOEXEC
 ENOKEY
+ENOLCK
+ENOLINK
 ENOMEDIUM
+ENOMEM
+ENOMSG
+ENONET
+ENOPKG
+ENOPOLICY
+ENOPROTOOPT
+ENOSPC
+ENOSR
+ENOSTR
+ENOSYS
+ENOTBLK
+ENOTCAPABLE
+ENOTCONN
+ENOTDIR
+ENOTEMPTY
+ENOTNAM
 ENOTRECOVERABLE
-EOWNERDEAD
-ERFKILL
-EAUTH
-EBADRPC
-EDOOFUS
-EFTYPE
-ENEEDAUTH
-ENOATTR
+ENOTSOCK
 ENOTSUP
+ENOTTY
+ENOTUNIQ
+ENXIO
+EOPNOTSUPP
+EOVERFLOW
+EOWNERDEAD
+EPERM
+EPFNOSUPPORT
+EPIPE
 EPROCLIM
 EPROCUNAVAIL
 EPROGMISMATCH
 EPROGUNAVAIL
+EPROTO
+EPROTONOSUPPORT
+EPROTOTYPE
+EPWROFF
+EQFULL
+ERANGE
+EREMCHG
+EREMOTE
+EREMOTEIO
+ERESTART
+ERFKILL
+EROFS
 ERPCMISMATCH
-EIPSEC
-EHWPOISON
-ECAPMODE
-ENOTCAPABLE
+ESHLIBVERS
+ESHUTDOWN
+ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
+ESPIPE
+ESRCH
+ESRMNT
+ESTALE
+ESTRPIPE
+ETIME
+ETIMEDOUT
+ETOOMANYREFS
+ETXTBSY
+EUCLEAN
+EUNATCH
+EUSERS
+EWOULDBLOCK
+EXDEV
+EXFULL
diff --git a/defs/lex.c.src b/defs/lex.c.src
index e0d931cd1f..fc30ec2d15 100644
--- a/defs/lex.c.src
+++ b/defs/lex.c.src
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 %{
-struct kwtable {int name, id[2], state;};
+struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 %}
 
diff --git a/defs/separated_version.mk b/defs/separated_version.mk
index f086f4b24a..72ee093da7 100644
--- a/defs/separated_version.mk
+++ b/defs/separated_version.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ******** FOR DEVELEPERS ONLY ********
 # Separate version.o into a shared library which varies every
-# revisions, in order to make the rest sharable.
+# revisions, in order to make the rest shareable.
 
 include $(firstword $(wildcard GNUmakefile Makefile))
 
diff --git a/defs/universal.mk b/defs/universal.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c34a31b356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/defs/universal.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+arch_flags := $(filter -arch=%,$(subst -arch ,-arch=,$(ARCH_FLAG)))
+ifeq ($(filter 0 1,$(words $(arch_flags))),)
+override MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX = -%
+override MJIT_HEADER_ARCH = -$(word 2,$(ARCH_FLAG))
+endif
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index f701fe928c..c19ef637a1 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
@@ -21,6 +22,23 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifndef O_CLOEXEC
+#  define O_CLOEXEC 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef USE_OPENDIR_AT
+# if defined(HAVE_FDOPENDIR) && defined(HAVE_DIRFD) && \
+    defined(HAVE_OPENAT) && defined(HAVE_FSTATAT)
+#   define USE_OPENDIR_AT 1
+# else
+#   define USE_OPENDIR_AT 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+# include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+
 #undef HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN
 #if defined HAVE_DIRENT_H && !defined _WIN32
 # include <dirent.h>
@@ -45,12 +63,6 @@
 #  include "win32/dir.h"
 # endif
 #endif
-#if defined(__native_client__) && defined(NACL_NEWLIB)
-# include "nacl/dirent.h"
-# include "nacl/stat.h"
-#endif
-
-#include <errno.h>
 
 #ifndef HAVE_STDLIB_H
 char *getenv();
@@ -60,25 +72,6 @@ char *getenv();
 char *strchr(char*,char);
 #endif
 
-#include <ctype.h>
-
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-
-/* define system APIs */
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#undef chdir
-#define chdir(p) rb_w32_uchdir(p)
-#undef mkdir
-#define mkdir(p, m) rb_w32_umkdir((p), (m))
-#undef rmdir
-#define rmdir(p) rb_w32_urmdir(p)
-#undef opendir
-#define opendir(p) rb_w32_uopendir(p)
-#define IS_WIN32 1
-#else
-#define IS_WIN32 0
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_ATTR_H
 #include <sys/attr.h>
 #endif
@@ -102,15 +95,53 @@ char *strchr(char*,char);
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 # define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 1
+# include <sys/param.h>
+# include <sys/mount.h>
+# include <sys/vnode.h>
 #else
 # define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 0
 #endif
 
-#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/vnode.h>
+#include "encindex.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/dir.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+#ifndef AT_FDCWD
+# define AT_FDCWD -1
+#endif
+
+#define vm_initialized rb_cThread
+
+/* define system APIs */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# undef chdir
+# define chdir(p) rb_w32_uchdir(p)
+# undef mkdir
+# define mkdir(p, m) rb_w32_umkdir((p), (m))
+# undef rmdir
+# define rmdir(p) rb_w32_urmdir(p)
+# undef opendir
+# define opendir(p) rb_w32_uopendir(p)
+# define ruby_getcwd() rb_w32_ugetcwd(NULL, 0)
+# define IS_WIN32 1
+#else
+# define IS_WIN32 0
+#endif
 
+#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 # if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST || !defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST
 #   define need_normalization(dirp, path) need_normalization(dirp)
 # else
@@ -156,7 +187,7 @@ has_nonascii(const char *ptr, size_t len)
 #endif
 
 #ifndef IFTODT
-# define IFTODT(m)	(((m) & S_IFMT) / ((~S_IFMT & S_IFMT-1) + 1))
+# define IFTODT(m)	(((m) & S_IFMT) / ((~S_IFMT & (S_IFMT-1)) + 1))
 #endif
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -190,6 +221,7 @@ typedef enum {
 #else
 #define FNM_SHORTNAME	0
 #endif
+#define FNM_GLOB_NOSORT 0x40
 
 #define FNM_NOMATCH	1
 #define FNM_ERROR	2
@@ -421,7 +453,7 @@ VALUE rb_cDir;
 
 struct dir_data {
     DIR *dir;
-    VALUE path;
+    const VALUE path;
     rb_encoding *enc;
 };
 
@@ -436,9 +468,8 @@ static void
 dir_free(void *ptr)
 {
     struct dir_data *dir = ptr;
-    if (dir) {
-	if (dir->dir) closedir(dir->dir);
-    }
+
+    if (dir->dir) closedir(dir->dir);
     xfree(dir);
 }
 
@@ -451,20 +482,11 @@ dir_memsize(const void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t dir_data_type = {
     "dir",
     {dir_mark, dir_free, dir_memsize,},
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 static VALUE dir_close(VALUE);
 
-#define GlobPathValue(str, safe) \
-    /* can contain null bytes as separators */	\
-    (!RB_TYPE_P((str), T_STRING) ?		\
-     (void)FilePathValue(str) :			\
-     (void)(check_safe_glob((str), (safe)),		\
-      check_glob_encoding(str), (str)))
-#define check_safe_glob(str, safe) ((safe) ? rb_check_safe_obj(str) : (void)0)
-#define check_glob_encoding(str) rb_enc_check((str), rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_usascii_encoding()))
-
 static VALUE
 dir_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -472,48 +494,43 @@ dir_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
     VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);
 
     dirp->dir = NULL;
-    dirp->path = Qnil;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dirp->path, Qnil);
     dirp->enc = NULL;
 
     return obj;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir.new( string ) -> aDir
- *     Dir.new( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
- *
- *  Returns a new directory object for the named directory.
- *
- *  The optional <i>enc</i> argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
- *  If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
- */
-static VALUE
-dir_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE dir)
+static void *
+nogvl_opendir(void *ptr)
 {
-    struct dir_data *dp;
-    rb_encoding  *fsenc;
-    VALUE dirname, opt, orig;
-    static ID keyword_ids[1];
-    const char *path;
+    const char *path = ptr;
 
-    if (!keyword_ids[0]) {
-	keyword_ids[0] = rb_id_encoding();
-    }
+    return (void *)opendir(path);
+}
 
-    fsenc = rb_filesystem_encoding();
+static DIR *
+opendir_without_gvl(const char *path)
+{
+    if (vm_initialized) {
+	union { const void *in; void *out; } u;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &dirname, &opt);
+	u.in = path;
 
-    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
-	VALUE enc;
-	rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &enc);
-	if (enc != Qundef && !NIL_P(enc)) {
-	    fsenc = rb_to_encoding(enc);
-	}
+	return rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_opendir, u.out, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
     }
+    else
+	return opendir(path);
+}
 
-    GlobPathValue(dirname, FALSE);
+static VALUE
+dir_initialize(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE dir, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
+{
+    struct dir_data *dp;
+    VALUE orig;
+    const char *path;
+    rb_encoding *fsenc = NIL_P(enc) ? rb_filesystem_encoding() : rb_to_encoding(enc);
+
+    FilePathValue(dirname);
     orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
     dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
     dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
@@ -521,21 +538,21 @@ dir_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE dir)
     TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);
     if (dp->dir) closedir(dp->dir);
     dp->dir = NULL;
-    dp->path = Qnil;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, Qnil);
     dp->enc = fsenc;
     path = RSTRING_PTR(dirname);
-    dp->dir = opendir(path);
+    dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
     if (dp->dir == NULL) {
 	int e = errno;
 	if (rb_gc_for_fd(e)) {
-	    dp->dir = opendir(path);
+	    dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
 	}
 #ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
 	else if (e == EIO) {
 	    u_int32_t attrbuf[1];
 	    struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0};
 	    if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW) == 0) {
-		dp->dir = opendir(path);
+		dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
 	    }
 	}
 #endif
@@ -544,41 +561,30 @@ dir_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE dir)
 	    rb_syserr_fail_path(e, orig);
 	}
     }
-    dp->path = orig;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, orig);
 
     return dir;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir.open( string ) -> aDir
- *     Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
- *     Dir.open( string ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
- *     Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
- *
- *  The optional <i>enc</i> argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
- *  If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
- *
- *  With no block, <code>open</code> is a synonym for
- *  <code>Dir::new</code>. If a block is present, it is passed
- *  <i>aDir</i> as a parameter. The directory is closed at the end of
- *  the block, and <code>Dir::open</code> returns the value of the
- *  block.
- */
 static VALUE
-dir_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+dir_s_open(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
 {
     struct dir_data *dp;
     VALUE dir = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);
 
-    dir_initialize(argc, argv, dir);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	return rb_ensure(rb_yield, dir, dir_close, dir);
-    }
+    dir_initialize(ec, dir, dirname, enc);
 
     return dir;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+dir_s_close(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dir)
+{
+    return dir_close(dir);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void dir_closed(void));
+
 static void
 dir_closed(void)
 {
@@ -623,7 +629,7 @@ dir_inspect(VALUE dir)
 	rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
 	return str;
     }
-    return rb_funcallv(dir, rb_intern("to_s"), 0, 0);
+    return rb_funcallv(dir, idTo_s, 0, 0);
 }
 
 /* Workaround for Solaris 10 that does not have dirfd.
@@ -707,6 +713,8 @@ fundamental_encoding_p(rb_encoding *enc)
 #else
 # define READDIR(dir, enc) readdir((dir))
 #endif
+
+/* safe to use without GVL */
 static int
 to_be_skipped(const struct dirent *dp)
 {
@@ -759,6 +767,14 @@ dir_read(VALUE dir)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE dir_each_entry(VALUE, VALUE (*)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE, int);
+
+static VALUE
+dir_yield(VALUE arg, VALUE path)
+{
+    return rb_yield(path);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     dir.each { |filename| block }  -> dir
@@ -782,11 +798,17 @@ dir_read(VALUE dir)
 static VALUE
 dir_each(VALUE dir)
 {
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
+    return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, FALSE);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dir_each_entry(VALUE dir, VALUE (*each)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg, int children_only)
+{
     struct dir_data *dirp;
     struct dirent *dp;
     IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(int norm_p);
 
-    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
     GetDIR(dir, dirp);
     rewinddir(dirp->dir);
     IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp->dir, RSTRING_PTR(dirp->path)));
@@ -794,6 +816,11 @@ dir_each(VALUE dir)
 	const char *name = dp->d_name;
 	size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
 	VALUE path;
+
+	if (children_only && name[0] == '.') {
+	    if (namlen == 1) continue; /* current directory */
+	    if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') continue; /* parent directory */
+	}
 #if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 	if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen) &&
 	    !NIL_P(path = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
@@ -802,8 +829,7 @@ dir_each(VALUE dir)
 	else
 #endif
 	path = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(name, namlen, dirp->enc);
-	rb_yield(path);
-	if (dirp->dir == NULL) dir_closed();
+	(*each)(arg, path);
     }
     return dir;
 }
@@ -814,8 +840,7 @@ dir_each(VALUE dir)
  *     dir.pos -> integer
  *     dir.tell -> integer
  *
- *  Returns the current position in <em>dir</em>. See also
- *  <code>Dir#seek</code>.
+ *  Returns the current position in <em>dir</em>. See also Dir#seek.
  *
  *     d = Dir.new("testdir")
  *     d.tell   #=> 0
@@ -842,7 +867,7 @@ dir_tell(VALUE dir)
  *     dir.seek( integer ) -> dir
  *
  *  Seeks to a particular location in <em>dir</em>. <i>integer</i>
- *  must be a value returned by <code>Dir#tell</code>.
+ *  must be a value returned by Dir#tell.
  *
  *     d = Dir.new("testdir")   #=> #<Dir:0x401b3c40>
  *     d.read                   #=> "."
@@ -870,8 +895,7 @@ dir_seek(VALUE dir, VALUE pos)
  *  call-seq:
  *     dir.pos = integer  -> integer
  *
- *  Synonym for <code>Dir#seek</code>, but returns the position
- *  parameter.
+ *  Synonym for Dir#seek, but returns the position parameter.
  *
  *     d = Dir.new("testdir")   #=> #<Dir:0x401b3c40>
  *     d.read                   #=> "."
@@ -934,6 +958,14 @@ dir_close(VALUE dir)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static void *
+nogvl_chdir(void *ptr)
+{
+    const char *path = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)chdir(path);
+}
+
 static void
 dir_chdir(VALUE path)
 {
@@ -950,8 +982,9 @@ struct chdir_data {
 };
 
 static VALUE
-chdir_yield(struct chdir_data *args)
+chdir_yield(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct chdir_data *args = (void *)v;
     dir_chdir(args->new_path);
     args->done = TRUE;
     chdir_blocking++;
@@ -961,8 +994,9 @@ chdir_yield(struct chdir_data *args)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-chdir_restore(struct chdir_data *args)
+chdir_restore(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct chdir_data *args = (void *)v;
     if (args->done) {
 	chdir_blocking--;
 	if (chdir_blocking == 0)
@@ -980,8 +1014,8 @@ chdir_restore(struct chdir_data *args)
  *  Changes the current working directory of the process to the given
  *  string. When called without an argument, changes the directory to
  *  the value of the environment variable <code>HOME</code>, or
- *  <code>LOGDIR</code>. <code>SystemCallError</code> (probably
- *  <code>Errno::ENOENT</code>) if the target directory does not exist.
+ *  <code>LOGDIR</code>. SystemCallError (probably Errno::ENOENT) if
+ *  the target directory does not exist.
  *
  *  If a block is given, it is passed the name of the new current
  *  directory, and the block is executed with that as the current
@@ -990,7 +1024,8 @@ chdir_restore(struct chdir_data *args)
  *  block. <code>chdir</code> blocks can be nested, but in a
  *  multi-threaded program an error will be raised if a thread attempts
  *  to open a <code>chdir</code> block while another thread has one
- *  open.
+ *  open or a call to <code>chdir</code> without a block occurs inside
+ *  a block passed to <code>chdir</code> (even in the same thread).
  *
  *     Dir.chdir("/var/spool/mail")
  *     puts Dir.pwd
@@ -1016,9 +1051,8 @@ dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE path = Qnil;
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &path) == 1) {
-	FilePathValue(path);
-	path = rb_str_encode_ospath(path);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
+        path = rb_str_encode_ospath(rb_get_path(argv[0]));
     }
     else {
 	const char *dist = getenv("HOME");
@@ -1030,8 +1064,10 @@ dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     if (chdir_blocking > 0) {
-	if (!rb_block_given_p() || rb_thread_current() != chdir_thread)
-	    rb_warn("conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
+	if (rb_thread_current() != chdir_thread)
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
+        if (!rb_block_given_p())
+            rb_warn("conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
     }
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -1042,31 +1078,61 @@ dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	args.done = FALSE;
 	return rb_ensure(chdir_yield, (VALUE)&args, chdir_restore, (VALUE)&args);
     }
-    dir_chdir(path);
+    else {
+	char *p = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+	int r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_chdir, p,
+							RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+	if (r < 0)
+	    rb_sys_fail_path(path);
+    }
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
+#ifndef _WIN32
 VALUE
-rb_dir_getwd(void)
+rb_dir_getwd_ospath(void)
 {
     char *path;
     VALUE cwd;
-    int fsenc = rb_enc_to_index(rb_filesystem_encoding());
+    VALUE path_guard;
 
-    if (fsenc == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII) fsenc = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
-    path = my_getcwd();
+#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
+#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
+    path_guard = Data_Wrap_Struct((VALUE)0, NULL, RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE, NULL);
+    path = ruby_getcwd();
+    DATA_PTR(path_guard) = path;
 #ifdef __APPLE__
     cwd = rb_str_normalize_ospath(path, strlen(path));
-    OBJ_TAINT(cwd);
 #else
-    cwd = rb_tainted_str_new2(path);
+    cwd = rb_str_new2(path);
 #endif
-    rb_enc_associate_index(cwd, fsenc);
+    DATA_PTR(path_guard) = 0;
 
     xfree(path);
     return cwd;
 }
+#endif
+
+VALUE
+rb_dir_getwd(void)
+{
+    rb_encoding *fs = rb_filesystem_encoding();
+    int fsenc = rb_enc_to_index(fs);
+    VALUE cwd = rb_dir_getwd_ospath();
+
+    switch (fsenc) {
+      case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
+	fsenc = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
+      case ENCINDEX_ASCII:
+	break;
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
+      default:
+	return rb_str_conv_enc(cwd, NULL, fs);
+#endif
+    }
+    return rb_enc_associate_index(cwd, fsenc);
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -1129,17 +1195,29 @@ dir_s_chroot(VALUE dir, VALUE path)
 #define dir_s_chroot rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
+struct mkdir_arg {
+    const char *path;
+    mode_t mode;
+};
+
+static void *
+nogvl_mkdir(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct mkdir_arg *m = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)mkdir(m->path, m->mode);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Dir.mkdir( string [, integer] ) -> 0
  *
  *  Makes a new directory named by <i>string</i>, with permissions
  *  specified by the optional parameter <i>anInteger</i>. The
- *  permissions may be modified by the value of
- *  <code>File::umask</code>, and are ignored on NT. Raises a
- *  <code>SystemCallError</code> if the directory cannot be created. See
- *  also the discussion of permissions in the class documentation for
- *  <code>File</code>.
+ *  permissions may be modified by the value of File::umask, and are
+ *  ignored on NT. Raises a SystemCallError if the directory cannot be
+ *  created. See also the discussion of permissions in the class
+ *  documentation for File.
  *
  *    Dir.mkdir(File.join(Dir.home, ".foo"), 0700) #=> 0
  *
@@ -1147,37 +1225,53 @@ dir_s_chroot(VALUE dir, VALUE path)
 static VALUE
 dir_s_mkdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
+    struct mkdir_arg m;
     VALUE path, vmode;
-    int mode;
+    int r;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &path, &vmode) == 2) {
-	mode = NUM2INT(vmode);
+	m.mode = NUM2MODET(vmode);
     }
     else {
-	mode = 0777;
+	m.mode = 0777;
     }
 
     path = check_dirname(path);
-    if (mkdir(RSTRING_PTR(path), mode) == -1)
+    m.path = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+    r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_mkdir, &m, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    if (r < 0)
 	rb_sys_fail_path(path);
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
+static void *
+nogvl_rmdir(void *ptr)
+{
+    const char *path = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)rmdir(path);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Dir.delete( string ) -> 0
  *     Dir.rmdir( string ) -> 0
  *     Dir.unlink( string ) -> 0
  *
- *  Deletes the named directory. Raises a subclass of
- *  <code>SystemCallError</code> if the directory isn't empty.
+ *  Deletes the named directory. Raises a subclass of SystemCallError
+ *  if the directory isn't empty.
  */
 static VALUE
 dir_s_rmdir(VALUE obj, VALUE dir)
 {
+    const char *p;
+    int r;
+
     dir = check_dirname(dir);
-    if (rmdir(RSTRING_PTR(dir)) < 0)
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(dir);
+    r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_rmdir, (void *)p, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    if (r < 0)
 	rb_sys_fail_path(dir);
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -1223,9 +1317,34 @@ sys_enc_warning_in(const char *func, const char *mesg, rb_encoding *enc)
 #define sys_warning(val, enc) \
     ((flags & GLOB_VERBOSE) ? sys_enc_warning_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, (val), (enc)) :(void)0)
 
+static inline size_t
+glob_alloc_size(size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    size_t z;
+    if (rb_mul_size_overflow(x, y, SSIZE_MAX, &z)) {
+        rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
+    }
+    else {
+        return z;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void *
+glob_alloc_n(size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    return malloc(glob_alloc_size(x, y));
+}
+
+static inline void *
+glob_realloc_n(void *p, size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    return realloc(p, glob_alloc_size(x, y));
+}
+
 #define GLOB_ALLOC(type) ((type *)malloc(sizeof(type)))
-#define GLOB_ALLOC_N(type, n) ((type *)malloc(sizeof(type) * (n)))
+#define GLOB_ALLOC_N(type, n) ((type *)glob_alloc_n(sizeof(type), n))
 #define GLOB_REALLOC(ptr, size) realloc((ptr), (size))
+#define GLOB_REALLOC_N(ptr, n) glob_realloc_n(ptr, sizeof(*(ptr)), n)
 #define GLOB_FREE(ptr) free(ptr)
 #define GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status) (((status) == -1) ? rb_memerror() : rb_jump_tag(status))
 
@@ -1241,29 +1360,55 @@ to_be_ignored(int e)
 }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#define STAT(p, s)	rb_w32_ustati64((p), (s))
+#define STAT(p, s)	rb_w32_ustati128((p), (s))
 #undef lstat
-#define lstat(p, s)	rb_w32_ulstati64((p), (s))
+#define lstat(p, s)	rb_w32_ulstati128((p), (s))
 #else
 #define STAT(p, s)	stat((p), (s))
 #endif
 
+typedef int ruby_glob_errfunc(const char*, VALUE, const void*, int);
+typedef struct {
+    ruby_glob_func *match;
+    ruby_glob_errfunc *error;
+} ruby_glob_funcs_t;
+
+static const char *
+at_subpath(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path)
+{
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    if (fd != (int)AT_FDCWD && baselen > 0) {
+	path += baselen;
+	if (*path == '/') ++path;
+    }
+#endif
+    return *path ? path : ".";
+}
+
 /* System call with warning */
 static int
-do_stat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+do_stat(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    int ret = fstatat(fd, at_subpath(fd, baselen, path), pst, 0);
+#else
     int ret = STAT(path, pst);
+#endif
     if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
 	sys_warning(path, enc);
 
     return ret;
 }
 
-#if defined HAVE_LSTAT || defined lstat
+#if defined HAVE_LSTAT || defined lstat || USE_OPENDIR_AT
 static int
-do_lstat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+do_lstat(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    int ret = fstatat(fd, at_subpath(fd, baselen, path), pst, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
+#else
     int ret = lstat(path, pst);
+#endif
     if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
 	sys_warning(path, enc);
 
@@ -1273,8 +1418,85 @@ do_lstat(const char *path, struct stat *pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 #define do_lstat do_stat
 #endif
 
+struct opendir_at_arg {
+    int basefd;
+    const char *path;
+};
+
+static void *
+with_gvl_gc_for_fd(void *ptr)
+{
+    int *e = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(rb_gc_for_fd(*e) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+}
+
+static int
+gc_for_fd_with_gvl(int e)
+{
+    if (vm_initialized)
+	return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_with_gvl(with_gvl_gc_for_fd, &e);
+    else
+	return rb_gc_for_fd(e) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static void *
+nogvl_opendir_at(void *ptr)
+{
+    const struct opendir_at_arg *oaa = ptr;
+    DIR *dirp;
+
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    const int opendir_flags = (O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|
+#  ifdef O_DIRECTORY
+			       O_DIRECTORY|
+#  endif /* O_DIRECTORY */
+			       0);
+    int fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);
+
+    dirp = fd >= 0 ? fdopendir(fd) : 0;
+    if (!dirp) {
+	int e = errno;
+
+	switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
+	  default:
+	    if (fd < 0) fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);
+	    if (fd >= 0) dirp = fdopendir(fd);
+	    if (dirp) return dirp;
+
+	    e = errno;
+	    /* fallthrough*/
+	  case 0:
+	    if (fd >= 0) close(fd);
+	    errno = e;
+	}
+    }
+#else  /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */
+    dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
+    if (!dirp && gc_for_fd_with_gvl(errno))
+	dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
+#endif /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */
+
+    return dirp;
+}
+
+static DIR *
+opendir_at(int basefd, const char *path)
+{
+    struct opendir_at_arg oaa;
+
+    oaa.basefd = basefd;
+    oaa.path = path;
+
+    if (vm_initialized)
+	return rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_opendir_at, &oaa, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    else
+	return nogvl_opendir_at(&oaa);
+}
+
 static DIR *
-do_opendir(const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+do_opendir(const int basefd, size_t baselen, const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc,
+	   ruby_glob_errfunc *errfunc, VALUE arg, int *status)
 {
     DIR *dirp;
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -1285,18 +1507,18 @@ do_opendir(const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 	path = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
     }
 #endif
-    dirp = opendir(path);
+    dirp = opendir_at(basefd, at_subpath(basefd, baselen, path));
     if (!dirp) {
 	int e = errno;
-	switch (rb_gc_for_fd(e)) {
-	  default:
-	    dirp = opendir(path);
-	    if (dirp) break;
-	    e = errno;
-	    /* fallback */
-	  case 0:
-	    if (to_be_ignored(e)) break;
-	    sys_warning(path, enc);
+
+	*status = 0;
+	if (!to_be_ignored(e)) {
+	    if (errfunc) {
+		*status = (*errfunc)(path, arg, enc, e);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		sys_warning(path, enc);
+	    }
 	}
     }
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -1307,7 +1529,7 @@ do_opendir(const char *path, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 }
 
 /* Globing pattern */
-enum glob_pattern_type { PLAIN, ALPHA, MAGICAL, RECURSIVE, MATCH_ALL, MATCH_DIR };
+enum glob_pattern_type { PLAIN, ALPHA, BRACE, MAGICAL, RECURSIVE, MATCH_ALL, MATCH_DIR };
 
 /* Return nonzero if S has any special globbing chars in it.  */
 static enum glob_pattern_type
@@ -1315,15 +1537,20 @@ has_magic(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
     int hasalpha = 0;
+    int hasmagical = 0;
 
     register char c;
 
     while (p < pend && (c = *p++) != 0) {
 	switch (c) {
+	  case '{':
+	    return BRACE;
+
 	  case '*':
 	  case '?':
 	  case '[':
-	    return MAGICAL;
+	    hasmagical = 1;
+	    break;
 
 	  case '\\':
 	    if (escape && p++ >= pend)
@@ -1348,7 +1575,7 @@ has_magic(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 	p = Next(p-1, pend, enc);
     }
 
-    return hasalpha ? ALPHA : PLAIN;
+    return hasmagical ? MAGICAL : hasalpha ? ALPHA : PLAIN;
 }
 
 /* Find separator in globbing pattern. */
@@ -1369,6 +1596,13 @@ find_dirsep(const char *p, const char *pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 	    open = 0;
 	    continue;
 
+	  case '{':
+	    open = 1;
+	    continue;
+	  case '}':
+	    open = 0;
+	    continue;
+
 	  case '/':
 	    if (!open)
 		return (char *)p-1;
@@ -1475,10 +1709,7 @@ glob_make_pattern(const char *p, const char *e, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
 
     tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
     if (!tmp) {
-      error:
-	*tail = 0;
-	glob_free_pattern(list);
-	return 0;
+        goto error;
     }
     tmp->type = dirsep ? MATCH_DIR : MATCH_ALL;
     tmp->str = 0;
@@ -1486,6 +1717,11 @@ glob_make_pattern(const char *p, const char *e, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
     tmp->next = 0;
 
     return list;
+
+  error:
+    *tail = 0;
+    glob_free_pattern(list);
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1501,7 +1737,7 @@ glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list)
 }
 
 static char *
-join_path(const char *path, long len, int dirsep, const char *name, size_t namlen)
+join_path(const char *path, size_t len, int dirsep, const char *name, size_t namlen)
 {
     char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len+namlen+(dirsep?1:0)+1);
 
@@ -1516,8 +1752,13 @@ join_path(const char *path, long len, int dirsep, const char *name, size_t namle
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
+# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
+#   define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(dirp)
+# else
+#   define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(path)
+# endif
 static int
-is_case_sensitive(DIR *dirp)
+is_case_sensitive(DIR *dirp, const char *path)
 {
     struct {
 	u_int32_t length;
@@ -1528,8 +1769,13 @@ is_case_sensitive(DIR *dirp)
     const int idx = VOL_CAPABILITIES_FORMAT;
     const uint32_t mask = VOL_CAP_FMT_CASE_SENSITIVE;
 
+#   if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
     if (fgetattrlist(dirfd(dirp), &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW))
 	return -1;
+#   else
+    if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW))
+	return -1;
+#   endif
     if (!(cap->valid[idx] & mask))
 	return -1;
     return (cap->capabilities[idx] & mask) != 0;
@@ -1680,6 +1926,8 @@ replace_real_basename(char *path, long base, rb_encoding *enc, int norm_p, int f
 struct glob_args {
     void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *);
     const char *path;
+    const char *base;
+    size_t baselen;
     VALUE value;
     rb_encoding *enc;
 };
@@ -1695,8 +1943,74 @@ glob_func_caller(VALUE val)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+struct glob_error_args {
+    const char *path;
+    rb_encoding *enc;
+    int error;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+glob_func_warning(VALUE val)
+{
+    struct glob_error_args *arg = (struct glob_error_args *)val;
+    rb_syserr_enc_warning(arg->error, arg->enc, "%s", arg->path);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static int
+rb_glob_warning(const char *path, VALUE a, const void *enc, int error)
+{
+    int status;
+    struct glob_error_args args;
+
+    args.path = path;
+    args.enc = enc;
+    args.error = error;
+    rb_protect(glob_func_warning, (VALUE)&args, &status);
+    return status;
+}
+#endif
+
+NORETURN(static VALUE glob_func_error(VALUE val));
+
+static VALUE
+glob_func_error(VALUE val)
+{
+    struct glob_error_args *arg = (struct glob_error_args *)val;
+    VALUE path = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(arg->path, arg->enc);
+    rb_syserr_fail_str(arg->error, path);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_glob_error(const char *path, VALUE a, const void *enc, int error)
+{
+    int status;
+    struct glob_error_args args;
+    VALUE (*errfunc)(VALUE) = glob_func_error;
+
+    if (error == EACCES) {
+	errfunc = glob_func_warning;
+    }
+    args.path = path;
+    args.enc = enc;
+    args.error = error;
+    rb_protect(errfunc, (VALUE)&args, &status);
+    return status;
+}
+
+typedef struct rb_dirent {
+    long d_namlen;
+    const char *d_name;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    const char *d_altname;
+#endif
+    uint8_t d_type;
+} rb_dirent_t;
+
 static inline int
-dirent_match(const char *pat, rb_encoding *enc, const char *name, const struct dirent *dp, int flags)
+dirent_match(const char *pat, rb_encoding *enc, const char *name, const rb_dirent_t *dp, int flags)
 {
     if (fnmatch(pat, enc, name, flags) == 0) return 1;
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -1707,24 +2021,259 @@ dirent_match(const char *pat, rb_encoding *enc, const char *name, const struct d
     return 0;
 }
 
+struct push_glob_args {
+    int fd;
+    const char *path;
+    size_t baselen;
+    size_t namelen;
+    int dirsep; /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
+    rb_pathtype_t pathtype; /* type of 'path' */
+    int flags;
+    const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
+    VALUE arg;
+};
+
+struct dirent_brace_args {
+    const char *name;
+    const rb_dirent_t *dp;
+    int flags;
+};
+
+static int
+dirent_match_brace(const char *pattern, VALUE val, void *enc)
+{
+    struct dirent_brace_args *arg = (struct dirent_brace_args *)val;
+
+    return dirent_match(pattern, enc, arg->name, arg->dp, arg->flags);
+}
+
+/* join paths from pattern list of glob_make_pattern() */
+static char*
+join_path_from_pattern(struct glob_pattern **beg)
+{
+    struct glob_pattern *p;
+    char *path = NULL;
+    size_t path_len = 0;
+
+    for (p = *beg; p; p = p->next) {
+	const char *str;
+	switch (p->type) {
+	  case RECURSIVE:
+	    str = "**";
+	    break;
+	  case MATCH_DIR:
+	    /* append last slash */
+	    str = "";
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    str = p->str;
+	    if (!str) continue;
+	}
+	if (!path) {
+	    path_len = strlen(str);
+	    path = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, path_len + 1);
+            if (path) {
+                memcpy(path, str, path_len);
+                path[path_len] = '\0';
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+	    size_t len = strlen(str);
+	    char *tmp;
+	    tmp = GLOB_REALLOC(path, path_len + len + 2);
+	    if (tmp) {
+		path = tmp;
+		path[path_len++] = '/';
+		memcpy(path + path_len, str, len);
+		path_len += len;
+		path[path_len] = '\0';
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return path;
+}
+
+static int push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc);
+
+static int ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
+			     rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var);
+
+static const size_t rb_dirent_name_offset =
+    offsetof(rb_dirent_t, d_type) + sizeof(uint8_t);
+
+static rb_dirent_t *
+dirent_copy(const struct dirent *dp, rb_dirent_t *rdp)
+{
+    if (!dp) return NULL;
+    size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
+    const size_t altlen =
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        dp->d_altlen ? dp->d_altlen + 1 :
+#endif
+        0;
+    rb_dirent_t *newrdp = rdp;
+    if (!rdp && !(newrdp = malloc(rb_dirent_name_offset + namlen + 1 + altlen)))
+        return NULL;
+    newrdp->d_namlen = namlen;
+    if (!rdp) {
+        char *name = (char *)newrdp + rb_dirent_name_offset;
+        memcpy(name, dp->d_name, namlen);
+        name[namlen] = '\0';
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        newrdp->d_altname = NULL;
+        if (altlen) {
+            char *const altname = name + namlen + 1;
+            memcpy(altname, dp->d_altname, altlen - 1);
+            altname[altlen - 1] = '\0';
+            newrdp->d_altname = altname;
+        }
+#endif
+        newrdp->d_name = name;
+    }
+    else {
+        newrdp->d_name = dp->d_name;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        newrdp->d_altname = dp->d_altname;
+#endif
+    }
+#ifdef DT_UNKNOWN
+    newrdp->d_type = dp->d_type;
+#else
+    newrdp->d_type = 0;
+#endif
+    return newrdp;
+}
+
+typedef union {
+    struct {
+        DIR *dirp;
+        rb_dirent_t ent;
+    } nosort;
+    struct {
+        size_t count, idx;
+        rb_dirent_t **entries;
+    } sort;
+} ruby_glob_entries_t;
+
+static int
+glob_sort_cmp(const void *a, const void *b, void *e)
+{
+    const rb_dirent_t *ent1 = *(void **)a;
+    const rb_dirent_t *ent2 = *(void **)b;
+    return strcmp(ent1->d_name, ent2->d_name);
+}
+
+static void
+glob_dir_finish(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, int flags)
+{
+    if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
+        closedir(ent->nosort.dirp);
+        ent->nosort.dirp = NULL;
+    }
+    else if (ent->sort.entries) {
+        for (size_t i = 0, count = ent->sort.count; i < count;) {
+            GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries[i++]);
+        }
+        GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries);
+        ent->sort.entries = NULL;
+        ent->sort.count = ent->sort.idx = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static ruby_glob_entries_t *
+glob_opendir(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, DIR *dirp, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    MEMZERO(ent, ruby_glob_entries_t, 1);
+    if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
+        ent->nosort.dirp = dirp;
+        return ent;
+    }
+    else {
+        void *newp;
+        struct dirent *dp;
+        size_t count = 0, capacity = 0;
+        ent->sort.count = 0;
+        ent->sort.idx = 0;
+        ent->sort.entries = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        if ((capacity = dirp->nfiles) > 0) {
+            if (!(newp = GLOB_ALLOC_N(rb_dirent_t, capacity))) {
+                closedir(dirp);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            ent->sort.entries = newp;
+        }
+#endif
+	while ((dp = READDIR(dirp, enc)) != NULL) {
+            rb_dirent_t *rdp = dirent_copy(dp, NULL);
+            if (!rdp) {
+                goto nomem;
+            }
+            if (count >= capacity) {
+                capacity += 256;
+                if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, capacity)))
+                    goto nomem;
+                ent->sort.entries = newp;
+            }
+            ent->sort.entries[count++] = rdp;
+            ent->sort.count = count;
+        }
+        closedir(dirp);
+        if (count < capacity) {
+            if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, count))) {
+                glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            ent->sort.entries = newp;
+        }
+        ruby_qsort(ent->sort.entries, ent->sort.count, sizeof(ent->sort.entries[0]),
+                   glob_sort_cmp, NULL);
+        return ent;
+    }
+
+  nomem:
+    glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
+    closedir(dirp);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static rb_dirent_t *
+glob_getent(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
+        return dirent_copy(READDIR(ent->nosort.dirp, enc), &ent->nosort.ent);
+    }
+    else if (ent->sort.idx < ent->sort.count) {
+        return ent->sort.entries[ent->sort.idx++];
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 glob_helper(
+    int fd,
     const char *path,
-    long pathlen,
+    size_t baselen,
+    size_t namelen,
     int dirsep, /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
     rb_pathtype_t pathtype, /* type of 'path' */
     struct glob_pattern **beg,
     struct glob_pattern **end,
     int flags,
-    ruby_glob_func *func,
+    const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs,
     VALUE arg,
     rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     struct stat st;
     int status = 0;
     struct glob_pattern **cur, **new_beg, **new_end;
-    int plain = 0, magical = 0, recursive = 0, match_all = 0, match_dir = 0;
+    int plain = 0, brace = 0, magical = 0, recursive = 0, match_all = 0, match_dir = 0;
     int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
+    size_t pathlen = baselen + namelen;
+
+    rb_check_stack_overflow();
 
     for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
 	struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
@@ -1743,6 +2292,11 @@ glob_helper(
 	    magical = 1;
 #endif
 	    break;
+	  case BRACE:
+	    if (!recursive) {
+		brace = 1;
+	    }
+	    break;
 	  case MAGICAL:
 	    magical = 2;
 	    break;
@@ -1757,17 +2311,35 @@ glob_helper(
 	}
     }
 
+    if (brace) {
+	struct push_glob_args args;
+	char* brace_path = join_path_from_pattern(beg);
+	if (!brace_path) return -1;
+	args.fd = fd;
+	args.path = path;
+	args.baselen = baselen;
+	args.namelen = namelen;
+	args.dirsep = dirsep;
+	args.pathtype = pathtype;
+	args.flags = flags;
+	args.funcs = funcs;
+	args.arg = arg;
+	status = ruby_brace_expand(brace_path, flags, push_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
+	GLOB_FREE(brace_path);
+	return status;
+    }
+
     if (*path) {
 	if (match_all && pathtype == path_unknown) {
-	    if (do_lstat(path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
+	    if (do_lstat(fd, baselen, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
 		pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		pathtype = path_noent;
 	    }
 	}
-	if (match_dir && pathtype == path_unknown) {
-	    if (do_stat(path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
+	if (match_dir && (pathtype == path_unknown || pathtype == path_symlink)) {
+	    if (do_stat(fd, baselen, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
 		pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 	    }
 	    else {
@@ -1775,13 +2347,16 @@ glob_helper(
 	    }
 	}
 	if (match_all && pathtype > path_noent) {
-	    status = glob_call_func(func, path, arg, enc);
+	    const char *subpath = path + baselen + (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
+	    status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, subpath, arg, enc);
 	    if (status) return status;
 	}
 	if (match_dir && pathtype == path_directory) {
-	    char *tmp = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, "", 0);
+	    int seplen = (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
+	    const char *subpath = path + baselen + seplen;
+	    char *tmp = join_path(subpath, namelen - seplen, dirsep, "", 0);
 	    if (!tmp) return -1;
-	    status = glob_call_func(func, tmp, arg, enc);
+	    status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, tmp, arg, enc);
 	    GLOB_FREE(tmp);
 	    if (status) return status;
 	}
@@ -1790,7 +2365,7 @@ glob_helper(
     if (pathtype == path_noent) return 0;
 
     if (magical || recursive) {
-	struct dirent *dp;
+	rb_dirent_t *dp;
 	DIR *dirp;
 # if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 	char *plainname = 0;
@@ -1800,12 +2375,14 @@ glob_helper(
 	if (cur + 1 == end && (*cur)->type <= ALPHA) {
 	    plainname = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, (*cur)->str, strlen((*cur)->str));
 	    if (!plainname) return -1;
-	    dirp = do_opendir(plainname, flags, enc);
+	    dirp = do_opendir(fd, basename, plainname, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
 	    GLOB_FREE(plainname);
 	}
 	else
+# else
+	    ;
 # endif
-	dirp = do_opendir(*path ? path : ".", flags, enc);
+	dirp = do_opendir(fd, baselen, path, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
 	if (dirp == NULL) {
 # if FNM_SYSCASE || NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 	    if ((magical < 2) && !recursive && (errno == EACCES)) {
@@ -1813,7 +2390,7 @@ glob_helper(
 		goto literally;
 	    }
 # endif
-	    return 0;
+	    return status;
 	}
 	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp, *path ? path : "."));
 
@@ -1824,10 +2401,21 @@ glob_helper(
 	}
 # endif
 # ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
-	if (is_case_sensitive(dirp) == 0)
+	if (is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) == 0)
 	    flags |= FNM_CASEFOLD;
 # endif
-	while ((dp = READDIR(dirp, enc)) != NULL) {
+        ruby_glob_entries_t globent;
+        if (!glob_opendir(&globent, dirp, flags, enc)) {
+            status = 0;
+            if (funcs->error) {
+                status = (*funcs->error)(path, arg, enc, ENOMEM);
+            }
+            else {
+                sys_warning(path, enc);
+            }
+            return status;
+        }
+	while ((dp = glob_getent(&globent, flags, enc)) != NULL) {
 	    char *buf;
 	    rb_pathtype_t new_pathtype = path_unknown;
 	    const char *name;
@@ -1835,21 +2423,22 @@ glob_helper(
 	    int dotfile = 0;
 	    IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(VALUE utf8str = Qnil);
 
-	    if (recursive && dp->d_name[0] == '.') {
+	    name = dp->d_name;
+	    namlen = dp->d_namlen;
+	    if (recursive && name[0] == '.') {
 		++dotfile;
-		if (!dp->d_name[1]) {
+		if (namlen == 1) {
 		    /* unless DOTMATCH, skip current directories not to recurse infinitely */
 		    if (!(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH)) continue;
 		    ++dotfile;
+		    new_pathtype = path_directory; /* force to skip stat/lstat */
 		}
-		else if (dp->d_name[1] == '.' && !dp->d_name[2]) {
+		else if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') {
 		    /* always skip parent directories not to recurse infinitely */
 		    continue;
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    name = dp->d_name;
-	    namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
 # if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
 	    if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen)) {
 		if (!NIL_P(utf8str = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
@@ -1864,16 +2453,16 @@ glob_helper(
 		break;
 	    }
 	    name = buf + pathlen + (dirsep != 0);
-	    if (recursive && dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1)) {
 #ifdef DT_UNKNOWN
-		if ((new_pathtype = dp->d_type) != (rb_pathtype_t)DT_UNKNOWN)
-		    /* Got it. We need nothing more. */
-		    ;
-		else
-		    /* fall back to call lstat(2) */
+	    if (dp->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN) {
+		/* Got it. We need no more lstat. */
+		new_pathtype = dp->d_type;
+	    }
 #endif
+	    if (recursive && dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1) &&
+		new_pathtype == path_unknown) {
 		/* RECURSIVE never match dot files unless FNM_DOTMATCH is set */
-		if (do_lstat(buf, &st, flags, enc) == 0)
+		if (do_lstat(fd, baselen, buf, &st, flags, enc) == 0)
 		    new_pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
 		else
 		    new_pathtype = path_noent;
@@ -1888,13 +2477,24 @@ glob_helper(
 
 	    for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
 		struct glob_pattern *p = *cur;
+		struct dirent_brace_args args;
 		if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
 		    if (new_pathtype == path_directory || /* not symlink but real directory */
-			new_pathtype == path_exist)
-			*new_end++ = p; /* append recursive pattern */
+			new_pathtype == path_exist) {
+			if (dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1))
+			    *new_end++ = p; /* append recursive pattern */
+		    }
 		    p = p->next; /* 0 times recursion */
 		}
 		switch (p->type) {
+		  case BRACE:
+		    args.name = name;
+		    args.dp = dp;
+		    args.flags = flags;
+		    if (ruby_brace_expand(p->str, flags, dirent_match_brace,
+					  (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse) > 0)
+			*new_end++ = p->next;
+		    break;
 		  case ALPHA:
 # if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
 		    if (plainname) {
@@ -1911,15 +2511,15 @@ glob_helper(
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    status = glob_helper(buf, name - buf + namlen, 1,
+	    status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, name - buf - baselen + namlen, 1,
 				 new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
-				 flags, func, arg, enc);
+				 flags, funcs, arg, enc);
 	    GLOB_FREE(buf);
 	    GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
 	    if (status) break;
 	}
 
-	closedir(dirp);
+        glob_dir_finish(&globent, flags);
     }
     else if (plain) {
 	struct glob_pattern **copy_beg, **copy_end, **cur2;
@@ -1970,14 +2570,16 @@ glob_helper(
 		}
 #if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
 		if ((*cur)->type == ALPHA) {
-		    long base = pathlen + (dirsep != 0);
-		    buf = replace_real_basename(buf, base, enc, IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(1)+0,
+		    buf = replace_real_basename(buf, pathlen + (dirsep != 0), enc,
+						IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(1)+0,
 						flags, &new_pathtype);
+		    if (!buf) break;
 		}
 #endif
-		status = glob_helper(buf, pathlen + strlen(buf + pathlen), 1,
+		status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen,
+				     namelen + strlen(buf + pathlen), 1,
 				     new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
-				     flags, func, arg, enc);
+				     flags, funcs, arg, enc);
 		GLOB_FREE(buf);
 		GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
 		if (status) break;
@@ -1991,15 +2593,64 @@ glob_helper(
 }
 
 static int
-ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_encoding *enc)
+push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
+{
+    struct push_glob_args *arg = (struct push_glob_args *)val;
+    struct glob_pattern *list;
+    int status;
+
+    list = glob_make_pattern(path, path + strlen(path), arg->flags, enc);
+    if (!list) {
+	return -1;
+    }
+    status = glob_helper(arg->fd, arg->path, arg->baselen, arg->namelen, arg->dirsep,
+			 arg->pathtype, &list, &list + 1, arg->flags, arg->funcs,
+			 arg->arg, enc);
+    glob_free_pattern(list);
+    return status;
+}
+
+static int ruby_glob0(const char *path, int fd, const char *base, int flags,
+                      const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs, VALUE arg, rb_encoding *enc);
+
+struct push_glob0_args {
+    int fd;
+    const char *base;
+    int flags;
+    const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
+    VALUE arg;
+};
+
+static int
+push_glob0_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
+{
+    struct push_glob0_args *arg = (struct push_glob0_args *)val;
+    return ruby_glob0(path, arg->fd, arg->base, arg->flags, arg->funcs, arg->arg, enc);
+}
+
+static int
+ruby_glob0(const char *path, int fd, const char *base, int flags,
+	   const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs, VALUE arg,
+	   rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     struct glob_pattern *list;
     const char *root, *start;
     char *buf;
-    size_t n;
-    int status;
+    size_t n, baselen = 0;
+    int status, dirsep = FALSE;
 
     start = root = path;
+
+    if (*root == '{') {
+        struct push_glob0_args args;
+        args.fd = fd;
+        args.base = base;
+        args.flags = flags;
+        args.funcs = funcs;
+        args.arg = arg;
+        return ruby_brace_expand(path, flags, push_glob0_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
+    }
+
     flags |= FNM_SYSCASE;
 #if defined DOSISH
     root = rb_enc_path_skip_prefix(root, root + strlen(root), enc);
@@ -2008,6 +2659,12 @@ ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_enco
     if (*root == '/') root++;
 
     n = root - start;
+    if (!n && base) {
+	n = strlen(base);
+	baselen = n;
+	start = base;
+	dirsep = TRUE;
+    }
     buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, n + 1);
     if (!buf) return -1;
     MEMCPY(buf, start, char, n);
@@ -2018,8 +2675,9 @@ ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_enco
 	GLOB_FREE(buf);
 	return -1;
     }
-    status = glob_helper(buf, n, 0, path_unknown, &list, &list + 1,
-			 flags, func, arg, enc);
+    status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, n-baselen, dirsep,
+			 path_unknown, &list, &list + 1,
+			 flags, funcs, arg, enc);
     glob_free_pattern(list);
     GLOB_FREE(buf);
 
@@ -2029,8 +2687,11 @@ ruby_glob0(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg, rb_enco
 int
 ruby_glob(const char *path, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg)
 {
-    return ruby_glob0(path, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE, func, arg,
-		      rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+    ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
+    funcs.match = func;
+    funcs.error = 0;
+    return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE,
+		      &funcs, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2044,6 +2705,10 @@ rb_glob_caller(const char *path, VALUE a, void *enc)
     return status;
 }
 
+static const ruby_glob_funcs_t rb_glob_funcs = {
+    rb_glob_caller, rb_glob_error,
+};
+
 void
 rb_glob(const char *path, void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), VALUE arg)
 {
@@ -2054,8 +2719,8 @@ rb_glob(const char *path, void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), VALUE arg)
     args.value = arg;
     args.enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
 
-    status = ruby_glob0(path, GLOB_VERBOSE, rb_glob_caller, (VALUE)&args,
-			args.enc);
+    status = ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, GLOB_VERBOSE, &rb_glob_funcs,
+			(VALUE)&args, args.enc);
     if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
 }
 
@@ -2065,7 +2730,6 @@ push_pattern(const char *path, VALUE ary, void *enc)
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
     VALUE name = rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(path);
     rb_encoding *eenc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
-    OBJ_TAINT(name);
     name = rb_str_conv_enc(name, NULL, eenc ? eenc : enc);
 #else
     VALUE name = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(path, strlen(path), enc);
@@ -2075,7 +2739,7 @@ push_pattern(const char *path, VALUE ary, void *enc)
 
 static int
 ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
-		  rb_encoding *enc)
+		  rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var)
 {
     const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
     const char *p = str;
@@ -2120,7 +2784,7 @@ ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
 	    }
 	    memcpy(buf+shift, t, p-t);
 	    strlcpy(buf+shift+(p-t), rbrace+1, len-(shift+(p-t)));
-	    status = ruby_brace_expand(buf, flags, func, arg, enc);
+	    status = ruby_brace_expand(buf, flags, func, arg, enc, var);
 	    if (status) break;
 	}
 	GLOB_FREE(buf);
@@ -2129,11 +2793,12 @@ ruby_brace_expand(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg,
 	status = glob_call_func(func, s, arg, enc);
     }
 
+    RB_GC_GUARD(var);
     return status;
 }
 
 struct brace_args {
-    ruby_glob_func *func;
+    ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
     VALUE value;
     int flags;
 };
@@ -2143,7 +2808,7 @@ glob_brace(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
 {
     struct brace_args *arg = (struct brace_args *)val;
 
-    return ruby_glob0(path, arg->flags, arg->func, arg->value, enc);
+    return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, arg->flags, &arg->funcs, arg->value, enc);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2152,10 +2817,11 @@ ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE
     struct brace_args args;
 
     flags &= ~GLOB_VERBOSE;
-    args.func = func;
+    args.funcs.match = func;
+    args.funcs.error = 0;
     args.value = arg;
     args.flags = flags;
-    return ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, glob_brace, (VALUE)&args, enc);
+    return ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, glob_brace, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2164,23 +2830,11 @@ ruby_brace_glob(const char *str, int flags, ruby_glob_func *func, VALUE arg)
     return ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(str, flags, func, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
 }
 
-struct push_glob_args {
-    struct glob_args glob;
-    int flags;
-};
-
-static int
-push_caller(const char *path, VALUE val, void *enc)
-{
-    struct push_glob_args *arg = (struct push_glob_args *)val;
-
-    return ruby_glob0(path, arg->flags, rb_glob_caller, (VALUE)&arg->glob, enc);
-}
-
 static int
-push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, int flags)
+push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags)
 {
-    struct push_glob_args args;
+    struct glob_args args;
+    int fd;
     rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(str);
 
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
@@ -2191,174 +2845,117 @@ push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, int flags)
     if (rb_enc_to_index(enc) == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII)
 	enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
     flags |= GLOB_VERBOSE;
-    args.glob.func = push_pattern;
-    args.glob.value = ary;
-    args.glob.enc = enc;
-    args.flags = flags;
+    args.func = push_pattern;
+    args.value = ary;
+    args.enc = enc;
+    args.base = 0;
+    fd = AT_FDCWD;
+    if (!NIL_P(base)) {
+	if (!RB_TYPE_P(base, T_STRING) || !rb_enc_check(str, base)) {
+	    struct dir_data *dirp = DATA_PTR(base);
+	    if (!dirp->dir) dir_closed();
+#ifdef HAVE_DIRFD
+	    if ((fd = dirfd(dirp->dir)) == -1)
+		rb_sys_fail_path(dir_inspect(base));
+#endif
+	    base = dirp->path;
+	}
+	args.base = RSTRING_PTR(base);
+    }
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
     enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
 #endif
 
-    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
-    return ruby_brace_expand(RSTRING_PTR(str), flags,
-			     push_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc);
+    return ruby_glob0(RSTRING_PTR(str), fd, args.base, flags, &rb_glob_funcs,
+		      (VALUE)&args, enc);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_push_glob(VALUE str, int flags) /* '\0' is delimiter */
+rb_push_glob(VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags) /* '\0' is delimiter */
 {
-    long offset = 0;
     VALUE ary;
+    int status;
 
-    GlobPathValue(str, TRUE);
+    /* can contain null bytes as separators */
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING)) {
+	FilePathValue(str);
+    }
+    else if (!rb_str_to_cstr(str)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "nul-separated glob pattern is deprecated");
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_enc_check(str, rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_usascii_encoding()));
+    }
     ary = rb_ary_new();
 
-    while (offset < RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
-	char *p, *pend;
-	int status;
-	p = RSTRING_PTR(str) + offset;
-	status = push_glob(ary, rb_enc_str_new(p, strlen(p), rb_enc_get(str)),
-			   flags);
-	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
-	if (offset >= RSTRING_LEN(str)) break;
-	p += strlen(p) + 1;
-	pend = RSTRING_PTR(str) + RSTRING_LEN(str);
-	while (p < pend && !*p)
-	    p++;
-	offset = p - RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    }
+    status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
+    if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
 
     return ary;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-dir_globs(long argc, const VALUE *argv, int flags)
+dir_globs(VALUE args, VALUE base, int flags)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
     long i;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(args); ++i) {
 	int status;
-	VALUE str = argv[i];
-	GlobPathValue(str, TRUE);
-	status = push_glob(ary, str, flags);
+	VALUE str = RARRAY_AREF(args, i);
+	FilePathValue(str);
+	status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
 	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
     }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(args);
 
     return ary;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir[ string [, string ...] ] -> array
- *
- *  Equivalent to calling
- *  <code>Dir.glob([</code><i>string,...</i><code>],0)</code>.
- *
- */
 static VALUE
-dir_s_aref(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+dir_glob_option_base(VALUE base)
 {
-    if (argc == 1) {
-	return rb_push_glob(argv[0], 0);
+    if (base == Qundef || NIL_P(base)) {
+	return Qnil;
     }
-    return dir_globs(argc, argv, 0);
+#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
+    if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(base, &dir_data_type)) {
+	return base;
+    }
+#endif
+    FilePathValue(base);
+    if (!RSTRING_LEN(base)) return Qnil;
+    return base;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Dir.glob( pattern, [flags] ) -> matches
- *     Dir.glob( pattern, [flags] ) { |filename| block }  -> nil
- *
- *  Expands +pattern+, which is an Array of patterns or a pattern String, and
- *  returns the results as +matches+ or as arguments given to the block.
- *
- *  Note that this pattern is not a regexp, it's closer to a shell glob.  See
- *  File::fnmatch for the meaning of the +flags+ parameter.  Note that case
- *  sensitivity depends on your system (so File::FNM_CASEFOLD is ignored), as
- *  does the order in which the results are returned.
- *
- *  <code>*</code>::
- *    Matches any file. Can be restricted by other values in the glob.
- *    Equivalent to <code>/ .* /x</code> in regexp.
- *
- *    <code>*</code>::     Matches all files
- *    <code>c*</code>::    Matches all files beginning with <code>c</code>
- *    <code>*c</code>::    Matches all files ending with <code>c</code>
- *    <code>\*c\*</code>:: Match all files that have <code>c</code> in them
- *                         (including at the beginning or end).
- *
- *    Note, this will not match Unix-like hidden files (dotfiles).  In order
- *    to include those in the match results, you must use the
- *    File::FNM_DOTMATCH flag or something like <code>"{*,.*}"</code>.
- *
- *  <code>**</code>::
- *    Matches directories recursively.
- *
- *  <code>?</code>::
- *    Matches any one character. Equivalent to <code>/.{1}/</code> in regexp.
- *
- *  <code>[set]</code>::
- *    Matches any one character in +set+.  Behaves exactly like character sets
- *    in Regexp, including set negation (<code>[^a-z]</code>).
- *
- *  <code>{p,q}</code>::
- *    Matches either literal <code>p</code> or literal <code>q</code>.
- *    Equivalent to pattern alternation in regexp.
- *
- *    Matching literals may be more than one character in length.  More than
- *    two literals may be specified.
- *
- *  <code> \\ </code>::
- *    Escapes the next metacharacter.
- *
- *    Note that this means you cannot use backslash on windows as part of a
- *    glob, i.e.  <code>Dir["c:\\foo*"]</code> will not work, use
- *    <code>Dir["c:/foo*"]</code> instead.
- *
- *  Examples:
- *
- *     Dir["config.?"]                     #=> ["config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("config.?")                #=> ["config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("*.[a-z][a-z]")            #=> ["main.rb"]
- *     Dir.glob("*.[^r]*")                 #=> ["config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("*.{rb,h}")                #=> ["main.rb", "config.h"]
- *     Dir.glob("*")                       #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
- *     Dir.glob("*", File::FNM_DOTMATCH)   #=> [".", "..", "config.h", "main.rb"]
- *
- *     rbfiles = File.join("**", "*.rb")
- *     Dir.glob(rbfiles)                   #=> ["main.rb",
- *                                         #    "lib/song.rb",
- *                                         #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
- *     libdirs = File.join("**", "lib")
- *     Dir.glob(libdirs)                   #=> ["lib"]
- *
- *     librbfiles = File.join("**", "lib", "**", "*.rb")
- *     Dir.glob(librbfiles)                #=> ["lib/song.rb",
- *                                         #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
- *
- *     librbfiles = File.join("**", "lib", "*.rb")
- *     Dir.glob(librbfiles)                #=> ["lib/song.rb"]
- */
-static VALUE
-dir_s_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+static int
+dir_glob_option_sort(VALUE sort)
 {
-    VALUE str, rflags, ary;
-    int flags;
+    return (sort ? 0 : FNM_GLOB_NOSORT);
+}
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &rflags) == 2)
-	flags = NUM2INT(rflags);
-    else
-	flags = 0;
+static VALUE
+dir_s_aref(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
+{
+    const int flags = dir_glob_option_sort(sort);
+    base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(args) == 1) {
+	return rb_push_glob(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0), base, flags);
+    }
+    return dir_globs(args, base, flags);
+}
 
-    ary = rb_check_array_type(str);
+static VALUE
+dir_s_glob(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE str, VALUE rflags, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_check_array_type(str);
+    const int flags = NUM2INT(rflags) | dir_glob_option_sort(sort);
+    base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
     if (NIL_P(ary)) {
-	ary = rb_push_glob(str, flags);
+	ary = rb_push_glob(str, base, flags);
     }
     else {
-	VALUE v = ary;
-	ary = dir_globs(RARRAY_LEN(v), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(v), flags);
-	RB_GC_GUARD(v);
+        ary = dir_globs(ary, base, flags);
     }
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -2371,7 +2968,7 @@ dir_s_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 dir_open_dir(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
-    VALUE dir = rb_funcallv(rb_cDir, rb_intern("open"), argc, argv);
+    VALUE dir = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, rb_intern("open"), argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 
     rb_check_typeddata(dir, &dir_data_type);
     return dir;
@@ -2411,17 +3008,25 @@ dir_foreach(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+dir_collect(VALUE dir)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    dir_each_entry(dir, rb_ary_push, ary, FALSE);
+    return ary;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Dir.entries( dirname )                -> array
  *     Dir.entries( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> array
  *
  *  Returns an array containing all of the filenames in the given
- *  directory. Will raise a <code>SystemCallError</code> if the named
- *  directory doesn't exist.
+ *  directory. Will raise a SystemCallError if the named directory
+ *  doesn't exist.
  *
- *  The optional <i>enc</i> argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
- *  If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+ *  The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the
+ *  directory. If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
  *
  *     Dir.entries("testdir")   #=> [".", "..", "config.h", "main.rb"]
  *
@@ -2432,7 +3037,115 @@ dir_entries(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     VALUE dir;
 
     dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
-    return rb_ensure(rb_Array, dir, dir_close, dir);
+    return rb_ensure(dir_collect, dir, dir_close, dir);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+dir_each_child(VALUE dir)
+{
+    return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname ) {| filename | block }                 -> nil
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname, encoding: enc ) {| filename | block }  -> nil
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname )                                       -> an_enumerator
+ *     Dir.each_child( dirname, encoding: enc )                        -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block once for each entry except for "." and ".." in the
+ *  named directory, passing the filename of each entry as a parameter
+ *  to the block.
+ *
+ *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *
+ *     Dir.each_child("testdir") {|x| puts "Got #{x}" }
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Got config.h
+ *     Got main.rb
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_s_each_child(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+{
+    VALUE dir;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, argc, argv);
+    dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
+    rb_ensure(dir_each_child, dir, dir_close, dir);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dir.each_child {| filename | block }  -> dir
+ *     dir.each_child                        -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block once for each entry except for "." and ".." in
+ *  this directory, passing the filename of each entry as a parameter
+ *  to the block.
+ *
+ *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *
+ *     d = Dir.new("testdir")
+ *     d.each_child  {|x| puts "Got #{x}" }
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Got config.h
+ *     Got main.rb
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_each_child_m(VALUE dir)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
+    return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     dir.children  -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array containing all of the filenames except for "."
+ *  and ".." in this directory.
+ *
+ *     d = Dir.new("testdir")
+ *     d.children   #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_collect_children(VALUE dir)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    dir_each_entry(dir, rb_ary_push, ary, TRUE);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Dir.children( dirname )                -> array
+ *     Dir.children( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array containing all of the filenames except for "."
+ *  and ".." in the given directory. Will raise a SystemCallError if
+ *  the named directory doesn't exist.
+ *
+ *  The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the
+ *  directory. If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+ *
+ *     Dir.children("testdir")   #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dir_s_children(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+{
+    VALUE dir;
+
+    dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
+    return rb_ensure(dir_collect_children, dir, dir_close, dir);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2520,6 +3233,7 @@ fnmatch_brace(const char *pattern, VALUE val, void *enc)
  *
  *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT')                     #=> false # case sensitive
  *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_CASEFOLD) #=> true  # case insensitive
+ *     File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_SYSCASE)  #=> true or false # depends on the system default
  *
  *     File.fnmatch('?',   '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false # wildcard doesn't match '/' on FNM_PATHNAME
  *     File.fnmatch('*',   '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME)  #=> false # ditto
@@ -2566,7 +3280,7 @@ file_s_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     else
 	flags = 0;
 
-    StringValue(pattern);
+    StringValueCStr(pattern);
     FilePathStringValue(path);
 
     if (flags & FNM_EXTGLOB) {
@@ -2575,7 +3289,7 @@ file_s_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	args.value = path;
 	args.flags = flags;
 	if (ruby_brace_expand(RSTRING_PTR(pattern), flags, fnmatch_brace,
-			      (VALUE)&args, rb_enc_get(pattern)) > 0)
+			      (VALUE)&args, rb_enc_get(pattern), pattern) > 0)
 	    return Qtrue;
     }
     else {
@@ -2632,19 +3346,46 @@ rb_file_directory_p(void)
 }
 #endif
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   Dir.exists?(file_name)  ->  true or false
- *
- * Deprecated method. Don't use.
- */
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 rb_dir_exists_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    rb_warning("Dir.exists? is a deprecated name, use Dir.exist? instead");
+    rb_warn_deprecated("Dir.exists?", "Dir.exist?");
     return rb_file_directory_p(obj, fname);
 }
 
+static void *
+nogvl_dir_empty_p(void *ptr)
+{
+    const char *path = ptr;
+    DIR *dir = opendir(path);
+    struct dirent *dp;
+    VALUE result = Qtrue;
+
+    if (!dir) {
+	int e = errno;
+	switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
+	  default:
+	    dir = opendir(path);
+	    if (dir) break;
+	    e = errno;
+	    /* fall through */
+	  case 0:
+	    if (e == ENOTDIR) return (void *)Qfalse;
+	    errno = e; /* for rb_sys_fail_path */
+	    return (void *)Qundef;
+	}
+    }
+    while ((dp = READDIR(dir, NULL)) != NULL) {
+	if (!to_be_skipped(dp)) {
+	    result = Qfalse;
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    closedir(dir);
+    return (void *)result;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Dir.empty?(path_name)  ->  true or false
@@ -2655,13 +3396,11 @@ rb_dir_exists_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 static VALUE
 rb_dir_s_empty_p(VALUE obj, VALUE dirname)
 {
-    DIR *dir;
-    struct dirent *dp;
-    VALUE result = Qtrue, orig;
+    VALUE result, orig;
     const char *path;
     enum {false_on_notdir = 1};
 
-    GlobPathValue(dirname, FALSE);
+    FilePathValue(dirname);
     orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
     dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
     dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
@@ -2686,36 +3425,18 @@ rb_dir_s_empty_p(VALUE obj, VALUE dirname)
     }
 #endif
 
-    dir = opendir(path);
-    if (!dir) {
-	int e = errno;
-	switch (rb_gc_for_fd(e)) {
-	  default:
-	    dir = opendir(path);
-	    if (dir) break;
-	    e = errno;
-	    /* fall through */
-	  case 0:
-	    if (false_on_notdir && e == ENOTDIR) return Qfalse;
-	    rb_syserr_fail_path(e, orig);
-	}
+    result = (VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_dir_empty_p, (void *)path,
+					    RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    if (result == Qundef) {
+	rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
     }
-    errno = 0;
-    while ((dp = READDIR(dir, NULL)) != NULL) {
-	if (!to_be_skipped(dp)) {
-	    result = Qfalse;
-	    break;
-	}
-    }
-    closedir(dir);
     return result;
 }
 
 /*
- *  Objects of class <code>Dir</code> are directory streams representing
- *  directories in the underlying file system. They provide a variety of
- *  ways to list directories and their contents. See also
- *  <code>File</code>.
+ *  Objects of class Dir are directory streams representing
+ *  directories in the underlying file system. They provide a variety
+ *  of ways to list directories and their contents. See also File.
  *
  *  The directory used in these examples contains the two regular files
  *  (<code>config.h</code> and <code>main.rb</code>), the parent
@@ -2730,17 +3451,19 @@ Init_Dir(void)
     rb_include_module(rb_cDir, rb_mEnumerable);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cDir, dir_s_alloc);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "open", dir_s_open, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "foreach", dir_foreach, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "entries", dir_entries, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "each_child", dir_s_each_child, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "children", dir_s_children, -1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"initialize", dir_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"fileno", dir_fileno, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"path", dir_path, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"to_path", dir_path, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"inspect", dir_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"read", dir_read, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each", dir_each, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each_child", dir_each_child_m, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"children", dir_collect_children, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"rewind", dir_rewind, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"tell", dir_tell, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"seek", dir_seek, 1);
@@ -2758,8 +3481,6 @@ Init_Dir(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"unlink", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"home", dir_s_home, -1);
 
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"glob", dir_s_glob, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"[]", dir_s_aref, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"exist?", rb_file_directory_p, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"exists?", rb_dir_exists_p, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"empty?", rb_dir_s_empty_p, 1);
@@ -2814,3 +3535,5 @@ Init_Dir(void)
      */
     rb_file_const("FNM_SHORTNAME", INT2FIX(FNM_SHORTNAME));
 }
+
+#include "dir.rbinc"
diff --git a/dir.rb b/dir.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb46305013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dir.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+class Dir
+  #    Dir.open( string ) -> aDir
+  #    Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
+  #    Dir.open( string ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
+  #    Dir.open( string, encoding: enc ) {| aDir | block } -> anObject
+  #
+  # The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
+  # If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+  #
+  # With no block, <code>open</code> is a synonym for Dir::new. If a
+  # block is present, it is passed <i>aDir</i> as a parameter. The
+  # directory is closed at the end of the block, and Dir::open returns
+  # the value of the block.
+  def self.open(name, encoding: nil, &block)
+    dir = Primitive.dir_s_open(name, encoding)
+    if block
+      begin
+        yield dir
+      ensure
+        Primitive.dir_s_close(dir)
+      end
+    else
+      dir
+    end
+  end
+
+  #    Dir.new( string ) -> aDir
+  #    Dir.new( string, encoding: enc ) -> aDir
+  #
+  # Returns a new directory object for the named directory.
+  #
+  # The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the directory.
+  # If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
+  def initialize(name, encoding: nil)
+    Primitive.dir_initialize(name, encoding)
+  end
+
+  #    Dir[ string [, string ...] [, base: path] [, sort: true] ] -> array
+  #
+  # Equivalent to calling
+  # <code>Dir.glob([</code><i>string,...</i><code>], 0)</code>.
+  def self.[](*args, base: nil, sort: true)
+    Primitive.dir_s_aref(args, base, sort)
+  end
+
+  #    Dir.glob( pattern, [flags], [base: path] [, sort: true] )                       -> array
+  #    Dir.glob( pattern, [flags], [base: path] [, sort: true] ) { |filename| block }  -> nil
+  #
+  # Expands +pattern+, which is a pattern string or an Array of pattern
+  # strings, and returns an array containing the matching filenames.
+  # If a block is given, calls the block once for each matching filename,
+  # passing the filename as a parameter to the block.
+  #
+  # The optional +base+ keyword argument specifies the base directory for
+  # interpreting relative pathnames instead of the current working directory.
+  # As the results are not prefixed with the base directory name in this
+  # case, you will need to prepend the base directory name if you want real
+  # paths.
+  #
+  # The results which matched single wildcard or character set are sorted in
+  # binary ascending order, unless false is given as the optional +sort+
+  # keyword argument.  The order of an Array of pattern strings and braces
+  # are preserved.
+  #
+  # Note that the pattern is not a regexp, it's closer to a shell glob.
+  # See File::fnmatch for the meaning of the +flags+ parameter.
+  # Case sensitivity depends on your system (File::FNM_CASEFOLD is ignored).
+  #
+  # <code>*</code>::
+  #   Matches any file. Can be restricted by other values in the glob.
+  #   Equivalent to <code>/ .* /mx</code> in regexp.
+  #
+  #   <code>*</code>::     Matches all files
+  #   <code>c*</code>::    Matches all files beginning with <code>c</code>
+  #   <code>*c</code>::    Matches all files ending with <code>c</code>
+  #   <code>\*c\*</code>:: Match all files that have <code>c</code> in them
+  #                        (including at the beginning or end).
+  #
+  #   Note, this will not match Unix-like hidden files (dotfiles).  In order
+  #   to include those in the match results, you must use the
+  #   File::FNM_DOTMATCH flag or something like <code>"{*,.*}"</code>.
+  #
+  # <code>**</code>::
+  #   Matches directories recursively if followed by <code>/</code>.  If
+  #   this path segment contains any other characters, it is the same as the
+  #   usual <code>*</code>.
+  #
+  # <code>?</code>::
+  #   Matches any one character. Equivalent to <code>/.{1}/</code> in regexp.
+  #
+  # <code>[set]</code>::
+  #   Matches any one character in +set+.  Behaves exactly like character sets
+  #   in Regexp, including set negation (<code>[^a-z]</code>).
+  #
+  # <code>{p,q}</code>::
+  #   Matches either literal <code>p</code> or literal <code>q</code>.
+  #   Equivalent to pattern alternation in regexp.
+  #
+  #   Matching literals may be more than one character in length.  More than
+  #   two literals may be specified.
+  #
+  # <code> \\ </code>::
+  #   Escapes the next metacharacter.
+  #
+  #   Note that this means you cannot use backslash on windows as part of a
+  #   glob, i.e.  <code>Dir["c:\\foo*"]</code> will not work, use
+  #   <code>Dir["c:/foo*"]</code> instead.
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #    Dir["config.?"]                     #=> ["config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("config.?")                #=> ["config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*.[a-z][a-z]")            #=> ["main.rb"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*.[^r]*")                 #=> ["config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*.{rb,h}")                #=> ["main.rb", "config.h"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*")                       #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
+  #    Dir.glob("*", File::FNM_DOTMATCH)   #=> [".", "..", "config.h", "main.rb"]
+  #    Dir.glob(["*.rb", "*.h"])           #=> ["main.rb", "config.h"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/*.rb")                 #=> ["main.rb",
+  #                                        #    "lib/song.rb",
+  #                                        #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/*.rb", base: "lib")    #=> ["song.rb",
+  #                                        #    "song/karaoke.rb"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/lib")                  #=> ["lib"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/lib/**/*.rb")          #=> ["lib/song.rb",
+  #                                        #    "lib/song/karaoke.rb"]
+  #
+  #    Dir.glob("**/lib/*.rb")             #=> ["lib/song.rb"]
+  def self.glob(pattern, _flags = 0, flags: _flags, base: nil, sort: true)
+    Primitive.dir_s_glob(pattern, flags, base, sort)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/dln.c b/dln.c
index f52fc9f021..caaa685a6e 100644
--- a/dln.c
+++ b/dln.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 static void dln_loaderror(const char *format, ...);
 #endif
 #include "dln.h"
+#include "internal.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
 # include <stdlib.h>
@@ -231,13 +232,13 @@ load_header(int fd, struct exec *hdrp, long disp)
 #  define R_RIGHTSHIFT(r)	(reloc_r_rightshift[(r)->r_type])
 #  define R_BITSIZE(r) 		(reloc_r_bitsize[(r)->r_type])
 #  define R_LENGTH(r)		(reloc_r_length[(r)->r_type])
-static int reloc_r_rightshift[] = {
+static const int reloc_r_rightshift[] = {
   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 };
-static int reloc_r_bitsize[] = {
+static const int reloc_r_bitsize[] = {
   8, 16, 32, 8, 16, 32, 30, 22, 22, 22, 13, 10, 32, 32, 16,
 };
-static int reloc_r_length[] = {
+static const int reloc_r_length[] = {
   0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
 };
 #  define R_PCREL(r) \
@@ -1170,7 +1171,7 @@ dln_strerror(void)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if defined(_AIX) && ! defined(_IA64)
+#if defined(_AIX)
 static void
 aix_loaderror(const char *pathname)
 {
@@ -1242,6 +1243,23 @@ rb_w32_check_imported(HMODULE ext, HMODULE mine)
 #define translit_separator(str) (void)(str)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_DLN_DLOPEN
+# include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+# include "internal/warnings.h"
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#if defined(__clang__) || GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4, 2, 0)
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wpedantic)
+#endif
+static bool
+dln_incompatible_library_p(void *handle)
+{
+    void *ex = dlsym(handle, EXTERNAL_PREFIX"ruby_xmalloc");
+    void *const fp = (void *)ruby_xmalloc;
+    return ex && ex != fp;
+}
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+#endif
+
 void*
 dln_load(const char *file)
 {
@@ -1250,7 +1268,6 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 #endif
 #if !defined(_AIX) && !defined(NeXT)
     const char *error = 0;
-#define DLN_ERROR() (error = dln_strerror(), strcpy(ALLOCA_N(char, strlen(error) + 1), error))
 #endif
 
 #if defined _WIN32
@@ -1330,8 +1347,7 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 	}
 # if defined RUBY_EXPORT
 	{
-	    void *ex = dlsym(handle, EXTERNAL_PREFIX"ruby_xmalloc");
-	    if (ex && ex != ruby_xmalloc) {
+	    if (dln_incompatible_library_p(handle)) {
 
 #   if defined __APPLE__ && \
     defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED) && \
@@ -1349,7 +1365,8 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 
 	init_fct = (void(*)())(VALUE)dlsym(handle, buf);
 	if (init_fct == NULL) {
-	    error = DLN_ERROR();
+	    const size_t errlen = strlen(error = dln_strerror()) + 1;
+	    error = memcpy(ALLOCA_N(char, errlen), error, errlen);
 	    dlclose(handle);
 	    goto failed;
 	}
@@ -1386,7 +1403,7 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
     }
 #endif /* hpux */
 
-#if defined(_AIX) && ! defined(_IA64)
+#if defined(_AIX)
 #define DLN_DEFINED
     {
 	void (*init_fct)();
diff --git a/dln.h b/dln.h
index d98b2607e2..99106fd22b 100644
--- a/dln.h
+++ b/dln.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef DLN_H
+#define DLN_H
 /**********************************************************************
 
   dln.h -
@@ -9,24 +11,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#ifndef DLN_H
-#define DLN_H
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-# ifndef  HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-# ifndef  HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#undef _
-#ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-# define _(args) args
-#else
-# define _(args) ()
-#endif
+#include "ruby/defines.h"       /* for RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN */
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
diff --git a/dln_find.c b/dln_find.c
index b08612764e..ca62441631 100644
--- a/dln_find.c
+++ b/dln_find.c
@@ -248,26 +248,14 @@ dln_find_1(const char *fname, const char *path, char *fbuf, size_t size,
 	/* now append the file name */
 	i = fnlen;
 	if (fspace < i) {
-	  toolong:
-	    PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
-	    goto next;
+            goto toolong;
 	}
 	fspace -= i;
 	memcpy(bp, fname, i + 1);
 
 #if defined(DOSISH)
 	if (exe_flag && !ext) {
-	  needs_extension:
-	    for (j = 0; j < sizeof(extension) / sizeof(extension[0]); j++) {
-		if (fspace < strlen(extension[j])) {
-		    PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
-		    continue;
-		}
-		strlcpy(bp + i, extension[j], fspace);
-		if (stat(fbuf, &st) == 0)
-		    return fbuf;
-	    }
-	    goto next;
+            goto needs_extension;
 	}
 #endif
 
@@ -284,7 +272,25 @@ dln_find_1(const char *fname, const char *path, char *fbuf, size_t size,
 	if (*ep == '\0') {
 	    return NULL;
 	}
+        continue;
+
+      toolong:
+        PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
+        goto next;
 
+#if defined(DOSISH)
+      needs_extension:
+        for (j = 0; j < sizeof(extension) / sizeof(extension[0]); j++) {
+            if (fspace < strlen(extension[j])) {
+                PATHNAME_TOO_LONG();
+                continue;
+            }
+            strlcpy(bp + i, extension[j], fspace);
+            if (stat(fbuf, &st) == 0)
+                return fbuf;
+        }
+        goto next;
+#endif
 	/* otherwise try the next component in the search path */
     }
 }
diff --git a/dmydln.c b/dmydln.c
index 0fc0a5325e..d05cda0b8e 100644
--- a/dmydln.c
+++ b/dmydln.c
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ dln_load(const char *file)
 {
     rb_loaderror("this executable file can't load extension libraries");
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
 }
diff --git a/doc/.document b/doc/.document
index b48c0387a7..ad17aada6d 100644
--- a/doc/.document
+++ b/doc/.document
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
+*.md
 *.rdoc
-ChangeLog*
 NEWS-*
 syntax
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1 b/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1
index 33b0326892..bd5f140dc3 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-0.60_to_1.1
@@ -3166,7 +3166,7 @@ Fri Aug 11 14:37:03 1995  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 
 	* io.c: マクロREAD_DATA_PENDINGの定義を変更(Linux対応)
 
-	* io.c (io_fptr_finalize): fptrの開放時の処理を指定できるように．
+	* io.c (io_fptr_finalize): fptrの解放時の処理を指定できるように．
 
 Wed Aug  9 16:52:41 1995  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@caelum.co.jp>
 
@@ -3448,7 +3448,7 @@ Thu May 18 12:27:23 1995  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ix-02>
 	  無くなった(と思う)．
 
 	* gc.c (gc): the_scopeをマークしていなかったので，ローカル変数の指
-	  しているオブジェクトが間違って開放される場合があった．
+	  しているオブジェクトが間違って解放される場合があった．
 
 	* gc.c (mark_locations_array): 若干の高速化．
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
index 3f7d6bfb3c..6d9453d011 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-1.8.0
@@ -13020,7 +13020,7 @@ Tue Jun 12 00:41:18 2001  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 Mon Jun 11 14:29:41 2001  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 
-	* confgure.in: add RUBY_CANONICAL_BUILD.
+	* configure.in: add RUBY_CANONICAL_BUILD.
 
 Sun Jun 10 17:31:47 2001  Guy Decoux  <decoux@moulon.inra.fr>
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3 b/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
index 9461209291..d6aaea7f19 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-1.9.3
@@ -3325,7 +3325,7 @@ Thu May 19 06:30:38 2011  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
 Thu May 19 06:16:41 2011  Eric Hodel  <drbrain@segment7.net>
 
 	* lib:  Convert tabs to spaces for ruby files per
-	  http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto#coding-style
+	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto#coding-style
 	  Patch by Steve Klabnik [Ruby 1.9 - Bug #4730]
 	  Patch by Jason Dew [Ruby 1.9 - Feature #4718]
 
@@ -82601,7 +82601,7 @@ Sat Sep 18 14:10:23 2004  Yukihiro Matsumoto  <matz@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* dir.c (dir_s_chdir): avoid memory leak and unnecessary chdir to
 	  the original directory when exception has caused in changing
-	  direcotry or within block.  thanks to Johan Holmberg
+	  directory or within block.  thanks to Johan Holmberg
 	  <holmberg@iar.se> [ruby-core:03446]
 
 Fri Sep 17 20:29:33 2004  NAKAMURA Usaku  <usa@ruby-lang.org>
@@ -92076,7 +92076,7 @@ Mon Sep  1 16:59:10 2003  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* eval.c (rb_thread_start_0): should not error_print() within
 	  terminated thread, because $stderr used by it might be
-	  overriden now.  [ruby-dev:21280]
+	  overridden now.  [ruby-dev:21280]
 
 Sun Aug 31 22:46:55 2003  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
index a1a79b8dca..b51d742203 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-2.0.0
@@ -9758,7 +9758,7 @@ Thu Aug 23 16:20:04 2012  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	  are b10.
 	  If flonum is activated, then USE_FLONUM macro is 1.
 	  I'll write detailed in this technique on
-	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/Flonum_tech
+	  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/Flonum_tech
 
 	* benchmark/bmx_temp.rb: add an benchmark for simple
 	  Float calculation.
@@ -13008,7 +13008,7 @@ Thu Jun  7 15:53:03 2012  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 
 	* .gdbinit: add function `trace_machine_instructions' to trace
 	  in native machine assemble.
-	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
+	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/MachineInstructionsTraceWithGDB
 	  for more details.
 
 Wed Jun  6 21:31:21 2012  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
@@ -14711,7 +14711,7 @@ Fri Apr 27 01:45:05 2012  NARUSE, Yui  <naruse@ruby-lang.org>
 	  (22) main thread waits at gvl_yield:112 (native_cond_wait)
 	  As described above, the main thread can't escape from
 	  rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts_common.
-	  See extended memo: http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/R35480_ExtendedMemo
+	  See extended memo: http://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/R35480_ExtendedMemo
 
 Fri Apr 27 07:15:07 2012  Tanaka Akira  <akr@fsij.org>
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
index 76edfd3ce7..5b670b31c9 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-2.1.0
@@ -3596,7 +3596,7 @@ Tue Oct 22 19:19:05 2013  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	    maintains all pages.
 	    For example, pages are allocated from the heap_pages.
 
-	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/GC_design
+	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/GC_design
 	  and https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/attachments/4015/data-heap_structure_with_multiple_heaps.png
 	  for more details.
 
@@ -8612,7 +8612,7 @@ Wed Jul 17 14:31:13 2013  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	  (4) heap::sorted is an array of "slots", sorted by an address of
 	      slot::body.
 
-	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/GC_design
+	  See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/GC_design
 	  for more details (figure).
 
 	* gc.c: Avoid "heaps" terminology. It is ambiguous.
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.4.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.4.0
index 1714b7caec..96b5ecb077 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-2.4.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-2.4.0
@@ -4690,7 +4690,7 @@ Thu May 19 13:22:44 2016  Kazuki Yamaguchi  <k@rhe.jp>
 	* ext/openssl/ossl.c (Init_openssl): register an ex_data index for
 	  X509_STORE and X509_STORE_CTX respectively. Since they don't share
 	  the ex_data index registry, we can't use the same index.
-	  (ossl_verify_cb): use the the correct index.
+	  (ossl_verify_cb): use the correct index.
 
 	* ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c (ossl_ssl_verify_callback): ditto.
 
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2016 b/doc/ChangeLog-2016
deleted file mode 100644
index c708428a93..0000000000
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-2016
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-r56645 | naruse | 2016-11-07 00:56:27 +0900 (Mon, 07 Nov 2016) | 1 line
-
-Obsolete ChangeLog [Feature #12283]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-1.8.7 b/doc/NEWS-1.8.7
index 38571fe103..5da39ff265 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS-1.8.7
+++ b/doc/NEWS-1.8.7
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
     * FTP
       * URI('ftp://example.com/foo').path #=> 'foo'
       * URI('ftp://example.com/%2Ffoo').path #=> '/foo'
-      * URI::FTP.build([nil, 'example.com', nil, '/foo', 'i').to_s #=> 'ftp://example.com/%2Ffoo;type=i'
+      * URI::FTP.build([nil, 'example.com', nil, '/foo', 'i']).to_s #=> 'ftp://example.com/%2Ffoo;type=i'
     * URI merge
       * URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?q').merge('?y') == URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?y')
       * URI('http://a/b/c/d;p?q').merge('/./g') == URI('http://a/g')
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
     New method to set the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is
     set to 10000.  See the following URL for details.
 
-    http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml/
+    https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml/
 
 * stringio
 
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-1.9.2 b/doc/NEWS-1.9.2
index 9cf58c9aff..430c6cc4f5 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS-1.9.2
+++ b/doc/NEWS-1.9.2
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
     * new alias of item.guid.isPermaLink=
 
 * DL
-  * Now uses libffi as a backend if avaiable.
+  * Now uses libffi as a backend if available.
     It means DL works fine on more platforms.
 
 * Fiddle
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
     New method to set the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is
     set to 10000.  See the following URL for details.
 
-    http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml/
+    https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml/
 
 * RDoc
 
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-2.0.0 b/doc/NEWS-2.0.0
index 9ad7254317..712d3a693b 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS-2.0.0
+++ b/doc/NEWS-2.0.0
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
       required caller size.
     * Kernel#to_enum and enum_for accept a block for lazy size evaluation.
   * incompatible changes:
-    * system() and exec() closes non-standard file descriptors
+    * system() and exec() close non-standard file descriptors
       (The default of :close_others option is changed to true by default.)
     * respond_to? against a protected method now returns false unless
       the second argument is true.
@@ -116,8 +116,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
       corresponding method in the prepending module.
     * added Module.prepended and Module.prepend_features, similar
       to included and append_features.
-    * added Module#refine, which extends a class or module locally.
-      [experimental]
+    * added Module#refine, which extends a class or module locally. [experimental]
   * extended method:
     * Module#define_method accepts a UnboundMethod from a Module.
     * Module#const_get accepts a qualified constant string, e.g.
@@ -497,7 +496,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
     * Dir.mktmpdir uses FileUtils.remove_entry instead of
       FileUtils.remove_entry_secure.  This means that applications should not
       change the permission of the created temporary directory to make
-      accessible from other users.
+      writable from other users.
 
 * yaml
   * Syck has been removed.  YAML now completely depends on libyaml being
@@ -528,4 +527,3 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
 * NUM2SHORT() and NUM2USHORT() added. They are similar to NUM2INT, but short.
 
 * rb_newobj_of() and NEWOBJ_OF() added. They create a new object of a given class.
-
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-2.2.0 b/doc/NEWS-2.2.0
index 5564c606ae..98e252ec77 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS-2.2.0
+++ b/doc/NEWS-2.2.0
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
 
 * Method
   * New methods:
-    * Method#curry([arity]) returns a curried Proc.
+    * Method#curry([ arity ]) returns a curried Proc.
     * Method#super_method returns a Method of superclass, which would be called
       when super is used.
 
@@ -250,8 +250,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
   * Logger::Application is extracted to logger-application gem. It's unmaintain code.
 
 * ObjectSpace (after requiring "objspace")
-  * ObjectSpace.memsize_of(obj) returns a size includes sizeof(RVALUE).
-    [Bug #8984]
+  * ObjectSpace.memsize_of(obj) returns a size includes sizeof(RVALUE). [Bug #8984]
 
 * Prime
   * incompatible changes:
@@ -353,8 +352,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file.
 * VM
     * Use frozen string literals for Hash#[] and Hash#[]=
     * Fast keyword arguments passing [Feature #10440]
-    * Allow to receive huge splatted array by a rest argument
-      [Feature #10440]
+    * Allow to receive huge splatted array by a rest argument [Feature #10440]
 
 * Process
     * Process creation methods, such as spawn(), uses vfork() system call.
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-2.3.0 b/doc/NEWS-2.3.0
index 489aba4a89..065515257e 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS-2.3.0
+++ b/doc/NEWS-2.3.0
@@ -16,20 +16,19 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 
 * frozen-string-literal pragma:
 
-  * new pragma, frozen-string-literal has been experimentally introduced.
-    [Feature #8976]
+  * new pragma, frozen-string-literal has been experimentally introduced. [Feature #8976]
   * besides, --enable/--disable=frozen-string-literal options also have
     been introduced. [Feature #8976]
   * command line options --debug or --debug=frozen-string-literal enable
     additional debugging mode which shows created location with at frozen
-    object error (RuntimeError).
-    [Feature #11725]
+    object error (RuntimeError). [Feature #11725]
 
 * safe navigation operator:
 
   * new method call syntax, `object&.foo', method #foo is called on
-    `object' if it is not nil.
-    this is similar to `try!' in Active Support, except:
+    `object' if it is not nil. [Feature #11537]
+
+    This is similar to `try!' in Active Support, except:
     * method name is syntactically required
           obj.try! {} # valid
           obj&. {}    # syntax error
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
           obj&.foo(bar())        # bar() is conditionally evaluated
     * attribute assignment is valid
           obj&.attr += 1
-    [Feature #11537]
 
 * the did_you_mean gem:
 
@@ -53,15 +51,13 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 * indented here document:
 
   * new string literal, here document starts with `<<~`.
-    refer doc/syntax/literals.rdoc for more details.
-    [Feature #9098]
+    refer doc/syntax/literals.rdoc for more details. [Feature #9098]
 
 === Core classes updates (outstanding ones only)
 
 * ARGF
 
-  * ARGF.read_nonblock supports `exception: false' like IO#read_nonblock.
-    [Feature #11358]
+  * ARGF.read_nonblock supports `exception: false' like IO#read_nonblock. [Feature #11358]
 
 * Array
 
@@ -78,8 +74,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 
 * Enumerable
 
-  * Enumerable#grep_v is added as inverse version of Enumerable#grep.
-    [Feature #11049]
+  * Enumerable#grep_v is added as inverse version of Enumerable#grep. [Feature #11049]
   * Enumerable#chunk_while [Feature #10769]
 
 * Enumerator::Lazy
@@ -105,8 +100,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
     this affect only files opened as binary.  [Feature #11218]
 
   * new option parameter `flags' is added.
-    this parameter is bitwise-ORed to oflags generated by normal mode argument.
-    [Feature #11253]
+    this parameter is bitwise-ORed to oflags generated by normal mode argument. [Feature #11253]
 
   * IO#advise no longer raises Errno::ENOSYS in cases where it was
     detected at build time but not available at runtime.  [Feature #11806]
@@ -125,8 +119,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 * Numeric
 
   * Numeric#positive? and Numeric#negative? are added, which return
-    true when the receiver is positive and negative respectively.
-    [Feature #11151]
+    true when the receiver is positive and negative respectively. [Feature #11151]
 
 * Proc
 
@@ -152,11 +145,9 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 
 * String
 
-  * String#+@ and String#-@ are added to get mutable/frozen strings.
-    [Feature #11782]
+  * String#+@ and String#-@ are added to get mutable/frozen strings. [Feature #11782]
 
-  * String.new now accepts new option parameter `encoding'.
-    [Feature #11785]
+  * String.new now accepts new option parameter `encoding'. [Feature #11785]
 
 * Struct
   * Struct#dig [Feature #11688]
@@ -233,12 +224,10 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 
 * OpenSSL
   * OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#accept_nonblock and
-    OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#connect_nonblock supports `exception: false`.
-    [Feature #10532]
+    OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#connect_nonblock supports `exception: false`. [Feature #10532]
 
 * Pathname
-  * Pathname#descend and Pathname#ascend supported blockless form.
-    [Feature #11052]
+  * Pathname#descend and Pathname#ascend supported blockless form. [Feature #11052]
 
 * Socket
   * Socket#connect_nonblock, Socket#accept_nonblock,
@@ -246,8 +235,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
     BasicSocket#recv_nonblock, BasicSocket#recvmsg_nonblock,
     BasicSocket#sendmsg_nonblock all support `exception: false` to return
     :wait_readable or :wait_writable symbols instead of raising
-    IO::WaitReadable or IO::WaitWritable exceptions
-    [Feature #10532] [Feature #11229]
+    IO::WaitReadable or IO::WaitWritable exceptions [Feature #10532] [Feature #11229]
   * BasicSocket#recv and BasicSocket#recv_nonblock allow an output
     String buffer argument like IO#read and IO#read_nonblock to reduce
     GC overhead [Feature #11242]
@@ -255,8 +243,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 * StringIO
   * In read-only mode, StringIO#set_encoding no longer sets the encoding
     of its buffer string.  Setting the encoding of the string directly
-    without StringIO#set_encoding may cause unpredictable behavior now.
-    [Bug #11827]
+    without StringIO#set_encoding may cause unpredictable behavior now. [Bug #11827]
 
 * timeout
   * Object#timeout is now warned as deprecated when called.
@@ -297,8 +284,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
   * default value of Net::HTTP#open_timeout is now 60 (was nil).
 
 * Net::Telnet
-  * Net::Telnet is extracted to net-telnet gem. It's unmaintain code.
-    [Feature #11083]
+  * Net::Telnet is extracted to net-telnet gem. It's unmaintain code. [Feature #11083]
 
 * Psych
   * Updated to Psych 2.0.17
@@ -330,8 +316,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
   class is already defined but its superclass does not match the given
   superclass, as well as definitions in ruby level.
 
-* rb_timespec_now() is added to fetch current datetime as struct timespec.
-  [Feature #11558]
+* rb_timespec_now() is added to fetch current datetime as struct timespec. [Feature #11558]
 
 * rb_time_timespec_new() is added to create a time object with epoch,
   nanosecond, and UTC/localtime/time offset arguments.  [Feature #11558]
@@ -354,11 +339,9 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 
 === Implementation improvements
 
-* Optimize Proc#call to eliminate method frame construction.
-  [Feature #11569]
+* Optimize Proc#call to eliminate method frame construction. [Feature #11569]
 
-* Reconsidering method entry data structure.
-  [Bug #11278]
+* Reconsidering method entry data structure. [Bug #11278]
 
 * Introducing new table data structure for ID keys tables used by
   method table and so on. New table structure is simple and fast
@@ -367,13 +350,11 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
 * Machine code level tuning for object allocation and method calling
   code. r52099, r52254
 
-* RubyVM::InstructionSequence is extended for future improvement.
-  [Feature #11788]
+* RubyVM::InstructionSequence is extended for future improvement. [Feature #11788]
 
 * Case dispatch is now optimized for all special constant literals
   including nil, true, and false.  Previously, only literal strings,
-  symbols, integers and floats compiled to optimized case dispatch.
-  [Feature #11769]
+  symbols, integers and floats compiled to optimized case dispatch. [Feature #11769]
 
 * Instance variables on non-pure Ruby classes (T_DATA, T_FILE,
   etc..) is less expensive to store than before. [Feature #11170]
@@ -382,8 +363,7 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
   constant-time.  Previously, Struct elements beyond the first 10
   elements used a linear scan. [Feature #10585]
 
-* The Set class got several speed up.
-  [Misc #10754], [r52591]
+* The Set class got several speed up. [Misc #10754], [r52591]
 
 * Socket and I/O-related improvements
 
@@ -397,8 +377,8 @@ with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
     addition to reducing expensive exceptions. [Feature #11044]
 
   * (Linux-only) waiting on a single FD anywhere in the stdlib no longer
-    uses select(2), making it immune to slowdowns with high-numbered FDs.
-    [Feature #11081] [Feature #11377]
+    uses select(2), making it immune to slowdowns with high-numbered
+    FDs. [Feature #11081] [Feature #11377]
 
 * CGI.escapeHTML is optimized with C extension.
   https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1164
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-2.4.0 b/doc/NEWS-2.4.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a02f03809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/NEWS-2.4.0
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# -*- rdoc -*-
+
+= NEWS for Ruby 2.4.0
+
+This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
+releases except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or
+reference information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes
+with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
+(e.g. <tt>https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER</tt>)
+
+== Changes since the 2.3.0 release
+
+=== Language changes
+
+* Multiple assignment in conditional expression is now allowed.  [Feature #10617]
+
+* Refinements is enabled at method by Symbol#to_proc.  [Feature #9451]
+
+* Refinements is enabled with Kernel#send and BasicObject#__send__.  [Feature #11476]
+
+* Rescue modifier now applicable to method arguments.  [Feature #12686]
+
+* Toplevel return is now allowed.  [Feature #4840]
+
+=== Core classes updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+* Array
+
+  * Array#concat [Feature #12333]
+
+    Now takes multiple arguments.
+
+  * Array#max and Array#min.  [Feature #12172]
+
+    This may cause a tiny incompatibility: if you redefine
+    Enumerable#max and call max to an Array, your redefinition will be
+    now ignored.  You should also redefine Array#max.
+
+  * Array#pack [Feature #12754]
+
+    Now takes optional argument `buffer:' to reuse already allocated buffer.
+
+  * Array#sum  [Feature #12217]
+
+    This is different from Enumerable#sum in that Array#sum doesn't depend on
+    the definition of each method.
+
+* Comparable
+
+  * Comparable#clamp.  [Feature #10594]
+
+* Dir
+
+  * Dir.empty?.  [Feature #10121]
+
+* Enumerable
+
+  * Enumerable#chunk called without a block now return an Enumerator  [Feature #2172]
+  * Enumerable#sum  [Feature #12217]
+  * Enumerable#uniq  [Feature #11090]
+
+* Enumerator::Lazy
+
+  * Enumerator::Lazy#chunk_while  [GH-1186]
+  * Enumerator::Lazy#uniq  [Feature #11090]
+
+* File
+
+  * File.empty?.  [Feature #9969]
+
+* Float
+
+  * Float#ceil, Float#floor, and Float#truncate now take an optional
+    digits, as well as Float#round.  [Feature #12245]
+
+  * Float#round now takes an optional keyword argument, half option, and
+    the default behavior is round-up.  [Bug #12548] [Bug #12958]
+    half option can be one of :even, :up, and :down.  [Feature #12953]
+
+* Hash
+
+  * Hash#compact and Hash#compact!  [Feature #11818]
+  * Hash#transform_values and Hash#transform_values!  [Feature #12512]
+
+* Integer
+
+  * Fixnum and Bignum are unified into Integer  [Feature #12005]
+
+  * Integer#ceil, Integer#floor, and Integer#truncate now take an optional
+    digits, as well as Integer#round.  [Feature #12245]
+
+  * Integer#digits for extracting columns of place-value notation [Feature #12447]
+
+  * Integer#round now takes an optional keyword argument, half option, and the
+    default behavior is round-up now.  [Bug #12548] [Bug #12958]
+
+    half option can be one of :even, :up, and :down.  [Feature #12953]
+
+* IO
+
+  * IO#gets, IO#readline, IO#each_line, IO#readlines, IO.foreach now takes
+    an optional keyword argument, chomp flag.  [Feature #12553]
+
+* Kernel
+
+  * Kernel#clone now takes an optional keyword argument, freeze flag.  [Feature #12300]
+
+* MatchData
+
+  * MatchData#named_captures [Feature #11999]
+  * MatchData#values_at supports named captures [Feature #9179]
+
+* Module
+
+  * Module#refine accepts a module as the argument now. [Feature #12534]
+  * Module.used_modules [Feature #7418]
+
+* Numeric
+
+  * Numeric#finite?, Numeric#infinite? [Feature #12039]
+
+* Process
+
+  * Support CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX, CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW, and
+    CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX which are introduced by macOS 10.12.
+
+* Rational
+
+  * Rational#round now takes an optional keyword argument, half option, and
+    the default behavior is round-up now.  [Bug #12548] [Bug #12958]
+    half option can be one of :even, :up, and :down.  [Feature #12953]
+
+* Regexp
+
+  * meta character \X matches Unicode 9.0 characters with some workarounds
+    for UTR #51 Unicode Emoji, Version 4.0 emoji zwj sequences.
+
+  * Regexp#match? [Feature #8110]
+
+    This returns bool and doesn't save backref.
+
+  * Update to Onigmo 6.0.0.
+
+* Regexp/String: Update Unicode version from 8.0.0 to 9.0.0 [Feature #12513]
+
+* RubyVM::Env
+
+  * RubyVM::Env was removed.
+
+* String
+
+  * String#casecmp? [Feature #12786]
+
+  * String#concat, String#prepend [Feature #12333]
+
+    Now takes multiple arguments.
+
+  * String#each_line, String#lines now takes an optional keyword argument,
+    chomp flag.  [Feature #12553]
+
+  * String#match? [Feature #12898]
+
+  * String#unpack1 [Feature #12752]
+
+  * String#upcase, String#downcase, String#capitalize, String#swapcase and
+    their bang variants work for all of Unicode, and are no longer limited
+    to ASCII. Supported encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16BE/LE, UTF-32BE/LE, and
+    ISO-8859-1~16. Variations are available with options. See the documentation
+    of String#downcase for details. [Feature #10085]
+
+  * String.new(capacity: size) [Feature #12024]
+
+* StringIO
+
+  * StringIO#gets, StringIO#readline, StringIO#each_line, StringIO#readlines now takes
+    an optional keyword argument, chomp flag.  [Feature #12553]
+
+* Symbol
+
+  * Symbol#casecmp? [Feature #12786]
+
+  * Symbol#match now returns MatchData.  [Bug #11991]
+
+  * Symbol#match? [Feature #12898]
+
+  * Symbol#upcase, Symbol#downcase, Symbol#capitalize, and Symbol#swapcase now
+    work for all of Unicode. See the documentation of String#downcase
+    for details. [Feature #10085]
+
+* Thread
+
+  * Thread#report_on_exception and Thread.report_on_exception [Feature #6647]
+
+* TracePoint
+
+  * TracePoint#callee_id [Feature #12747]
+
+* Warning
+
+  * New module named Warning is introduced.  By default it has only
+    one singleton method, named warn.  This makes it possible for
+    3rd-party libraries to control the way warnings are handled. [Feature #12299]
+
+=== Stdlib updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+* CGI
+
+  * Don't allow , as a separator [Bug #12791]
+
+* CSV
+
+  * Add a liberal_parsing option. [Feature #11839]
+
+* IPAddr
+
+  * IPAddr#== and IPAddr#<=> no longer raise an exception if coercion fails. [Bug #12799]
+
+* IRB
+
+  * Binding#irb: Start a REPL session like `binding.pry` at r56624.
+
+* Logger
+
+  * Allow specifying logger parameters in constructor such
+    as level, progname, datetime_format, formatter. [Feature #12224]
+  * Add shift_period_suffix option. [Feature #10772]
+
+* Net::HTTP
+
+  * New method: Net::HTTP.post [Feature #12375]
+
+* Net::FTP
+
+  * Support TLS (RFC 4217).
+  * Support hash style options for Net::FTP.new.
+  * Add a new optional argument pathname to Net::FTP#status.
+    Contributed by soleboxy. [GH-1478] [Feature #12965]
+
+* OpenSSL
+
+  * Includes Ruby/OpenSSL 2.0. OpenSSL has been extracted as a Gem and is
+    maintained at a separate repository now: https://github.com/ruby/openssl.
+    It still remains as a 'default gem'.  [Feature #9612]
+    Refer to ext/openssl/History.md for the full release note.
+
+* optparse
+
+  * Add an into option. [Feature #11191]
+
+* pathname
+
+  * New method: Pathname#empty? [Feature #12596]
+
+* Readline
+
+  * Readline.quoting_detection_proc and Readline.quoting_detection_proc= [Feature #12659]
+
+* REXML
+
+  * REXML::Element#[]: If String or Symbol is specified, attribute
+    value is returned. Otherwise, Nth child is returned. This is
+    backward compatible change.
+
+* set
+
+  * New methods: Set#compare_by_identity and Set#compare_by_identity?. [Feature #12210]
+
+* WEBrick
+
+  * Don't allow , as a separator [Bug #12791]
+
+=== Compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* Array#sum and Enumerable#sum are implemented.  [Feature #12217]
+
+  Ruby itself has no compatibility problem because Ruby didn't have sum method
+  for arrays before Ruby 2.4.
+  However many third party gems, activesupport, facets, simple_stats, etc,
+  defines sum method.  These implementations are mostly compatible but
+  there are subtle differences.
+  Ruby's sum method should be mostly compatible but it is impossible to
+  be perfectly compatible with all of them.
+
+* Fixnum and Bignum are unified into Integer  [Feature #12005]
+
+  Fixnum class and Bignum class is removed.
+  Integer class is changed from abstract class to concrete class.
+  For example, 0 is an instance of Integer: 0.class returns Integer.
+  The constants Fixnum and Bignum is bound to Integer.
+  So obj.kind_of?(Fixnum) works as obj.kind_of?(Integer).
+  At C-level, Fixnum object and Bignum object should be distinguished by
+  FIXNUM_P(obj) and RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_BIGNUM).
+  RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION can be used to detect this feature at C-level.
+  0.class == Integer can be used to detect this feature at Ruby-level.
+  The C-level constants, rb_cFixnum and rb_cBignum, are removed.
+  They can cause compilation failure.
+
+* String/Symbol#upcase/downcase/swapcase/capitalize(!) now work for all of
+  Unicode, not only for ASCII. [Feature #10085]
+
+  No change is needed if the data is in ASCII anyway or if the limitation
+  to ASCII was only tolerated while waiting for a more extensive implementation.
+  A change (using the :ascii option) is needed in cases where Unicode data
+  is processed, but the operation has to be limited to ASCII only.
+  A good example of this are internationalized domain names.
+
+* TRUE / FALSE / NIL
+
+  These constants are now obsoleted. [Feature #12574]
+  Use true / false / nil resp. instead.
+
+=== Stdlib compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* DateTime
+
+  * DateTime#to_time now preserves timezone.  [Bug #12189]
+
+* Psych
+
+  * Update to Psych 2.2.2
+
+* RDoc
+
+  * Update to RDoc 5.0.0
+
+* RubyGems
+
+  * Update to RubyGems 2.6.8
+
+* shellwords
+
+  * Shellwords.shellwords (shellsplit) treats the backslash as escape
+    character only when followed by one of the following characters:
+    $ ` " \ <newline> [Bug #10055]
+
+* Time
+
+  * Time#to_time now preserves timezone.  [Bug #12271]
+
+* thread
+
+  * the extension library is removed.  Till 2.0 it was a pure ruby script
+    "thread.rb", which has precedence over "thread.so", and has been provided
+    in $LOADED_FEATURES since 2.1.
+
+* Tk
+
+  * Tk is removed from stdlib.  [Feature #8539]
+
+    https://github.com/ruby/tk is the new upstream.
+
+* XMLRPC
+
+  * XMLRPC is removed from stdlib, and bundled as gem. [Feature #12160][ruby-core:74239]
+
+    https://github.com/ruby/xmlrpc is the new upstream.
+
+* Zlib
+
+  * Zlib.gzip and Zlib.gunzip [Feature #13020]
+
+=== C API updates
+
+* ruby_show_version() will no longer exits the process, if
+  RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE is set to 0.  This will be the default in
+  the future.
+
+* rb_gc_adjust_memory_usage() [Feature #12690]
+
+=== Supported platform changes
+
+* FreeBSD < 4 is no longer supported
+
+=== Implementation improvements
+
+* In some condition, `[x, y].max` and `[x, y].min` are optimized
+  so that a temporal array is not created.  The concrete condition is
+  an implementation detail: currently, the array literal must have no
+  splat, must have at least one expression but literal, the length must
+  be <= 0x100, and Array#max and min must not be redefined.  It will work
+  in most casual and real-life use case where it is written with intent
+  to `Math.max(x, y)`.
+
+* Thread deadlock detection now shows their backtrace and dependency. [Feature #8214]
+
+* st_table (st.c) internal data structure is improved. [Feature #12142]
+
+* Rational is extensively optimized. [Feature #12484]
+
+=== Miscellaneous changes
+
+* ChangeLog is removed from the repository.
+
+  It is generated from commit messages in Subversion by `make dist`.
+  Also note that now people should follow Git style commit message.
+  The template is written at {Short (50 chars or less) summary of
+  changes}[https://git-scm.com/book/ch5-2.html].  [Feature #12283]
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-2.5.0 b/doc/NEWS-2.5.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c891317b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/NEWS-2.5.0
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+# -*- rdoc -*-
+
+= NEWS for Ruby 2.5.0
+
+This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
+releases except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or
+reference information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes
+with all sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
+(e.g. <tt>https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER</tt>)
+
+== Changes since the 2.4.0 release
+
+=== Language changes
+
+* Top-level constant look-up is removed.  [Feature #11547]
+
+* rescue/else/ensure are allowed inside do/end blocks.  [Feature #12906]
+
+* refinements take place in string interpolations.  [Feature #13812]
+
+=== Core classes updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+* Array
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Array#append  [Feature #12746]
+    * Array#prepend  [Feature #12746]
+
+* Data
+
+  * Is deprecated. It was a base class for C extensions, and it's not
+    necessary to expose in Ruby level. [Feature #3072]
+
+* Exception
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Exception#full_message to retrieve a String expression of an exception,
+      formatted in the same way in which Ruby prints out an uncaught
+      exception.  [Feature #14141] [experimental]
+
+* Dir
+
+  * Dir.glob provides new optional keyword argument, +:base+ .  [Feature #13056]
+  * Dir.chdir (without block arg), Dir.open, Dir.new, Dir.mkdir, Dir.rmdir,
+    Dir.empty? releases GVL
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Dir.children  [Feature #11302]
+    * Dir.each_child  [Feature #11302]
+
+* Enumerable
+
+  * Enumerable#any?, Enumerable#all?, Enumerable#none? and Enumerable#one?
+    accept a pattern argument. [Feature #11286]
+
+* File
+
+  * File.open accepts +:newline+ option to imply text mode. [Bug #13350]
+  * File#path raises an IOError for files opened with
+    File::Constants::TMPFILE option. [Feature #13568]
+  * File.stat, File.exist? and other <code>rb_stat()</code>-using methods
+    release GVL. [Bug #13941]
+  * File.rename releases GVL. [Feature #13951]
+  * File::Stat#atime, File::Stat#mtime and File::Stat#ctime support fractional
+    second timestamps on Windows 8 and later.  [Feature #13726]
+  * File::Stat#ino and File.identical? support ReFS 128bit ino on Windows 8.1
+    and later.  [Feature #13731]
+  * File.readable?, File.readable_real?, File.writable?, File.writable_real?,
+    File.executable?, File.executable_real?, File.mkfifo, File.readlink,
+    File.truncate, File#truncate, File.chmod, File.lchmod, File.chown,
+    File.lchown, File.unlink, File.utime, File.lstat release GVL
+
+  * New method:
+
+    * File.lutime  [Feature #4052]
+
+* Hash
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Hash#transform_keys  [Feature #13583]
+    * Hash#transform_keys!  [Feature #13583]
+    * Hash#slice  [Feature #8499]
+
+* IO
+
+  * IO.copy_stream tries copy offload with copy_file_range(2) [Feature #13867]
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * IO#pread  [Feature #4532]
+    * IO#pwrite  [Feature #4532]
+    * IO#write accepts multiple arguments  [Feature #9323]
+
+* IOError
+
+  * IO#close might raise an error with message "stream closed",
+    but it is refined to "stream closed in another thread". The new message
+    is more clear for user. [Bug #13405]
+
+* Integer
+
+  * Integer#round, Integer#floor, Integer#ceil and Integer#truncate always
+    return an Integer. [Bug #13420]
+  * Integer#pow accepts modulo argument for calculating modular
+    exponentiation.  [Feature #12508] [Feature #11003]
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Integer#allbits?, Integer#anybits?, Integer#nobits? [Feature #12753]
+    * Integer.sqrt  [Feature #13219]
+
+* Kernel
+
+  * Kernel#yield_self   [Feature #6721]
+  * Kernel#pp  [Feature #14123]
+  * Kernel#warn(..., uplevel:n)  [Feature #12882]
+
+* Method
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Method#=== that invokes Method#call, as same as Proc#=== [Feature #14142]
+
+* Module
+
+  * Module#attr, Module#attr_accessor, Module#attr_reader and Module#attr_writer
+    become public. [Feature #14132]
+  * Module#define_method, Module#alias_method, Module#undef_method and
+    Module#remove_method become public. [Feature #14133]
+
+* Numeric
+
+  * Numeric#step no longer hides errors from coerce method when
+    given a step value which cannot be compared with #> to 0. [Feature #7688]
+  * Numerical comparison operators (<,<=,>=,>) no longer hide exceptions
+    from #coerce method internally. Return nil in #coerce if the coercion is
+    impossible.  [Feature #7688]
+
+* Process
+
+  * Precision of Process.times is improved if getrusage(2) exists. [Feature #11952]
+
+  * New method:
+
+    * Process.last_status as an alias of $? [Feature #14043]
+
+* Range
+  * Range#initialize no longer hides exceptions when comparing begin and
+    end with #<=> and raise a "bad value for range" ArgumentError
+    but instead lets the exception from the #<=> call go through. [Feature #7688]
+
+* Regexp
+
+  * Update to Onigmo 6.1.3-669ac9997619954c298da971fcfacccf36909d05.
+
+    * Support absence operator https://github.com/k-takata/Onigmo/issues/82
+
+  * Support new 5 emoji-related Unicode character properties
+
+* RubyVM::InstructionSequence
+
+  * New method:
+
+    * RubyVM::InstructionSequence#each_child
+    * RubyVM::InstructionSequence#trace_points
+
+* String
+
+  * <code>String#-@</code> deduplicates unfrozen strings.  Already-frozen
+    strings remain unchanged for compatibility.  [Feature #13077]
+  * <code>-"literal"</code> (<code>String#-@</code>) optimized to return the same object
+    (same as <code>"literal".freeze</code> in Ruby 2.1+) [Feature #13295]
+  * String#casecmp and String#casecmp? return nil for non-string arguments
+    instead of raising a TypeError. [Bug #13312]
+  * String#start_with? accepts a regexp [Feature #13712]
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * String#delete_prefix, String#delete_prefix! [Feature #12694]
+    * String#delete_suffix, String#delete_suffix! [Feature #13665]
+    * String#each_grapheme_cluster and String#grapheme_clusters to
+      enumerate grapheme clusters [Feature #13780]
+    * String#undump to unescape String#dump'ed string [Feature #12275]
+
+* Struct
+
+  * Struct.new takes `keyword_init: true` option to initialize members
+    with keyword arguments. [Feature #11925]
+
+* Regexp/String: Update Unicode version from 9.0.0 to 10.0.0 [Feature #13685]
+
+* Thread
+
+  * Description set by Thread#name= is now visible on Windows 10.
+
+  * New method:
+    * Thread#fetch  [Feature #13009]
+
+  * The default of Thread.report_on_exception is now true,
+    showing unhandled exceptions terminating threads on $stderr. [Feature #14143]
+
+* Time
+
+  * Time.at receives 3rd argument which specifies the unit of 2nd argument. [Feature #13919]
+
+* KeyError
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * KeyError#receiver [Feature #12063]
+    * KeyError#key      [Feature #12063]
+
+* FrozenError
+
+  * New exception class. [Feature #13224]
+
+=== Stdlib updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+* BigDecimal
+
+  * Update to BigDecimal 1.3.4
+
+  * The following features are added:
+
+    * BigDecimal::VERSION
+
+  * The following features have been deprecated,
+    and are planned to be removed in the version 1.4.0:
+
+    * BigDecimal.new
+
+    * BigDecimal.ver
+
+  * BigDecimal#clone and #dup now do not make a new instance,
+    but returns the receiver itself.
+
+* Coverage
+
+  * Support branch coverage and method coverage measurement. [Feature #13901]
+    Branch coverage tells you which branches are executed, and which not.
+    Method coverage tells you which methods are invoked, and which not.
+    By running a test suite with this new feature, you can know which branches
+    and methods are executed by a test, and evaluate total coverage of a test
+    suite more strictly.
+
+    You can specify the measuring target by an option to `Coverage.start`:
+
+        Coverage.start(lines: true, branches: true, methods: true)
+
+    After some Ruby files are loaded, you can use `Coverage.result` to get
+    the coverage result:
+
+        Coverage.result
+        #=> { "/path/to/file.rb"=>
+        #     { :lines => [1, 2, 0, nil, ...],
+        #       :branches =>
+        #         { [:if, 0, 2, 1, 6, 4] =>
+        #             { [:then, 1, 3, 2, 3, 8] => 0,
+        #               [:else, 2, 5, 2, 5, 8] => 2
+        #             }
+        #         },
+        #       :methods => {
+        #          [Object, :foo, 1, 0, 7, 3] => 2
+        #       }
+        #     }
+        #   }
+
+    The result type of line coverage is not changed; it is just an array that
+    contains numbers, which means the count that each line was executed,
+    or `nil`s, which means that the line is not relevant.
+
+    The result type of branch coverage is:
+
+        { (jump base) => { (jump target) => (counter) } }
+
+    where jump base and targets have the format
+
+        [type, unique-id, start lineno, start column, end lineno, end column]
+
+    For example, `[:if, 0, 2, 1, 6, 4]` reads an `if` statement that ranges from
+    line 2 and column 1, to line 6 and column 4.  `[:then, 1, 3, 2, 3, 8]` reads
+    a `then` clause that ranges from line 3 and column 2, to line 3 and column 8.
+    Note that lineno starts from 1, and that columnno starts from 0.  So, the
+    above example shows a branch from the `if` to the `then` was never executed,
+    and a branch from the `if` to the `else` was executed twice.
+
+    The result type of method coverage is:
+
+        { (method key) => (counter) }
+
+    where method key has the format
+
+        [class, method-name, start lineno, start column, end lineno, end column]
+
+    For example, `[Object, :foo, 1, 0, 7, 3]` reads `Object#foo` that ranges from
+    line 1 and column 0, to line 7 and column 3.  The above example shows this
+    `Object#foo` was invoked twice.
+
+    Note: To keep compatibility, passing no option to `Coverage.start` will measure
+    only line coverage, and `Coverage.result` will return the old format:
+
+        Coverage.result
+        #=> { "/path/to/file.rb"=> [1, 2, 0, nil, ...] }
+
+* DRb
+
+  * ACL::ACLEntry.new no longer suppresses IPAddr::InvalidPrefixError.
+
+* ERB
+
+  * Add ERB#result_with_hash to render a template with local variables passed
+    with a Hash object. [Feature #8631]
+
+  * Default template file encoding is changed from ASCII-8BIT to UTF-8 in erb
+    command. [Bug #14095]
+
+  * Carriage returns are changed to be trimmed properly if trim_mode is specified
+    and used. Duplicated newlines will be removed on Windows. [Bug #5339] [Bug #11464]
+
+* IPAddr
+
+  * IPAddr no longer accepts invalid address mask. [Bug #13399]
+  * IPAddr#ipv4_compat and IPAddr#ipv4_compat? are marked for deprecation. [Bug #13769]
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * IPAddr#prefix
+    * IPAddr#loopback?
+    * IPAddr#private? [Feature #11666]
+    * IPAddr#link_local? [Feature #10912]
+
+* IRB
+
+  * Print backtrace and error message in reverse order [Feature #8661] [experimental]
+  * `binding.irb` automatically requires irb and runs [Bug #13099] [experimental]
+  * `binding.irb` on its start shows source around the line where it was called [Feature #14124]
+
+* Matrix
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Matrix.combine and Matrix#combine [Feature #10903]
+    * Matrix#hadamard_product and Matrix#entrywise_product
+
+* Net::HTTP
+
+  * Net::HTTP.new supports no_proxy parameter [Feature #11195]
+  * Net::HTTP#min_version and Net::HTTP#max_version [Feature #9450]
+  * Add more HTTP status classes
+  * Net::HTTP::STATUS_CODES is added as HTTP Status Code Repository [Misc #12935]
+  * Net::HTTP#proxy_user and Net::HTTP#proxy_pass reflect http_proxy environment
+    variable if the system's environment variable is multiuser safe. [Bug #12921]
+
+* open-uri
+  * URI.open method defined as an alias to open-uri's Kernel.open.
+    open-uri's Kernel.open will be deprecated in future.
+
+* OpenSSL
+
+  * Updated Ruby/OpenSSL from version 2.0 to 2.1. Changes are noted in
+    "Version 2.1.0" section in ext/openssl/History.md.
+
+* Pathname
+
+  * New method:
+
+    * Pathname#glob [Feature #7360]
+
+* Psych
+
+  * Update to Psych 3.0.2.
+
+    * Convert fallback option to a keyword argument
+      https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/342
+    * Add :symbolize_names option to Psych.load, Psych.safe_load like JSON.parse
+      https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/333, https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/337
+    * Add Psych::Handler#event_location
+      https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/326
+    * Make frozen string literal = true
+      https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/320
+    * Preserve time zone offset when deserializing times
+      https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/316
+    * Remove deprecated method aliases for syck gem
+      https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/312
+
+* RbConfig
+
+  * RbConfig::LIMITS is added to provide the limits of C types.
+    This is available when rbconfig/sizeof is loaded.
+
+* Ripper
+
+  * Ripper::EXPR_BEG and so on for Ripper#state.
+
+  * New method:
+
+    * Ripper#state to tell the state of scanner. [Feature #13686]
+
+* RDoc
+
+  * Update to RDoc 6.0.1.
+
+    * Replace IRB based lexer with Ripper.
+      * https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/pull/512
+      * This much improves the speed of generating documents.
+      * It also facilitates supporting new syntax in the future.
+    * Support many new syntaxes of Ruby from the past few years.
+    * Use "frozen_string_literal: true".
+      Performance survey: https://gist.github.com/aycabta/abdfaa75ea8a6877eeb734e942e73800
+    * Support did_you_mean.
+
+* Rubygems
+
+  * Update to Rubygems 2.7.3.
+    * http://blog.rubygems.org/2017/11/28/2.7.3-released.html
+    * http://blog.rubygems.org/2017/11/08/2.7.2-released.html
+    * http://blog.rubygems.org/2017/11/03/2.7.1-released.html
+    * http://blog.rubygems.org/2017/11/01/2.7.0-released.html
+    * http://blog.rubygems.org/2017/10/09/2.6.14-released.html
+    * http://blog.rubygems.org/2017/08/27/2.6.13-released.html
+
+* SecureRandom
+
+  * New method:
+
+    * SecureRandom.alphanumeric
+
+* Set
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * Set#to_s as alias to #inspect [Feature #13676]
+    * Set#=== as alias to #include? [Feature #13801]
+    * Set#reset [Feature #6589]
+
+* StringIO
+
+  * StringIO#write accepts multiple arguments
+
+* StringScanner
+
+  * New methods:
+
+    * StringScanner#size, StringScanner#captures, StringScanner#values_at  [Feature #836]
+
+* URI
+
+  * Relative path operations no longer collapse consecutive slashes to a single slash. [Bug #8352]
+
+* WEBrick
+
+  * Add Server Name Indication (SNI) support [Feature #13729]
+  * support Proc objects as body responses [Feature #855]
+  * released as a RubyGem [Feature #13173]
+  * avoid unintended behavior from Kernel#open [Misc #14216]
+
+* Zlib
+
+  * Zlib::GzipWriter#write accepts multiple arguments
+
+=== Compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* Socket
+
+  * BasicSocket#read_nonblock and BasicSocket#write_nonblock no
+    longer set the O_NONBLOCK file description flag as side effect
+    (on Linux only) [Feature #13362]
+
+* Random
+
+  * Random.raw_seed renamed to become Random.urandom.  It is now
+    applicable to non-seeding purposes due to [Bug #9569].
+
+* Socket
+
+  * Socket::Ifaddr#vhid is added [Feature #13803]
+
+* ConditionVariable, Queue and SizedQueue reimplemented for speed.
+  They no longer subclass Struct. [Feature #13552]
+
+=== Stdlib compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* Gemification
+
+  * Promote following standard libraries to default gems.
+    * cmath
+    * csv
+    * date
+    * dbm
+    * etc
+    * fcntl
+    * fiddle
+    * fileutils
+    * gdbm
+    * ipaddr
+    * scanf
+    * sdbm
+    * stringio
+    * strscan
+    * webrick
+    * zlib
+
+* Logger
+
+  * Logger.new("| command") had been working to open a command
+    unintentionally. It was prohibited, and now Logger#initialize
+    treats a String argument only as a filename, as its specification. [Bug #14212]
+
+* Net::HTTP
+
+  * Net::HTTP#start now passes :ENV to p_addr by default. [Bug #13351]
+    To avoid this, pass nil explicitly.
+
+* mathn.rb
+
+  * Removed from stdlib. [Feature #10169]
+
+* Rubygems
+
+  * Removed "ubygems.rb" file from stdlib. It's needless since Ruby 1.9.
+
+=== Supported platform changes
+
+* Drop support of NaCl platform
+
+  * https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=239656#c160
+
+=== Implementation improvements
+
+* (This might not be a "user visible feature change" but) Hash class's
+  hash function is now SipHash13. [Feature #13017]
+
+* SecureRandom now prefers OS-provided sources than OpenSSL. [Bug #9569]
+
+* Mutex rewritten to be smaller and faster [Feature #13517]
+
+* Performance of block passing using block parameters is improved by
+  lazy Proc allocation [Feature #14045]
+
+* Dynamic instrumentation for TracePoint hooks instead of using "trace"
+  instruction to avoid overhead [Feature #14104]
+
+* ERB now generates code from a template twice as fast as Ruby 2.4
+
+=== Miscellaneous changes
+
+* Print backtrace and error message in reverse order if $stderr is unchanged
+  and a tty. [Feature #8661] [experimental]
+
+* Print error message in bold/underlined text if $stderr is unchanged and a
+  tty. [Feature #14140] [experimental]
+
+* configure option --with-ext now mandates its arguments.  So for
+  instance if you run ./configure --with-ext=openssl,+ then the
+  openssl library is guaranteed compiled, otherwise the build fails
+  abnormally.
+
+  Note however to always add the ",+" at the end of the argument.
+  Otherwise nothing but openssl are built.  [Feature #13302]
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-2.6.0 b/doc/NEWS-2.6.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e70696de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/NEWS-2.6.0
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+# -*- rdoc -*-
+
+= NEWS for Ruby 2.6.0
+
+This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
+releases except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or reference
+information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes with all
+sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
+(e.g. <tt>https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER</tt>)
+
+== Changes since the 2.5.0 release
+
+=== Language changes
+
+* <code>$SAFE</code> now is a process global state and can be set to 0 again. [Feature #14250]
+
+* Refinements take place at block passing.  [Feature #14223]
+
+* Refinements take place at Kernel#public_send.  [Feature #15326]
+
+* Refinements take place at Kernel#respond_to?.  [Feature #15327]
+
+* +else+ without +rescue+ now causes a syntax error.  [EXPERIMENTAL] [Feature #14606]
+
+* Constant names may start with a non-ASCII capital letter. [Feature #13770]
+
+* Endless ranges are introduced.  You can use a Range that has no end,
+  like <code>(0..)</code> (or similarly <code>(0...)</code>).  [Feature #12912]
+
+  The following shows typical use cases:
+
+    ary[1..]                              # identical to ary[1..-1]
+    (1...).each {|index| block }          # infinite loop from index 1
+    ary.zip(1..) {|elem, index| block }   # ary.each.with_index(1) { }
+
+* Non-Symbol keys in a keyword arguments hash cause an exception.
+
+* The "shadowing outer local variable" warning is removed.  [Feature #12490]
+
+  You can now write the following without warning:
+
+    user = users.find {|user| cond(user) }
+
+* Print +cause+ of the exception if the exception is not caught and printed
+  its backtraces and error message. [Feature #8257]
+
+* The flip-flop syntax is deprecated. [Feature #5400]
+
+=== Core classes updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+[Array]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Array#union and Array#difference instance methods.  [Feature #14097]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Array#to_h now accepts a block that maps elements to new key/value pairs.  [Feature #15143]
+
+  [Aliased methods]
+
+    * Array#filter is a new alias for Array#select. [Feature #13784]
+    * Array#filter! is a new alias for Array#select!. [Feature #13784]
+
+[Binding]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added Binding#source_location.  [Feature #14230]
+
+      This method returns the source location of the binding, a 2-element
+      array of <code>__FILE__</code> and <code>__LINE__</code>.
+      Traditionally, the same information could be retrieved by
+      <code>eval("[__FILE__, __LINE__]", binding)</code>, but we are
+      planning to change this behavior so that Kernel#eval ignores
+      binding's source location [Bug #4352].  So, users should use this
+      newly-introduced method instead of Kernel#eval.
+
+[Dir]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Dir#each_child and Dir#children instance methods. [Feature #13969]
+
+[Enumerable]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Enumerable#chain returns an enumerator object that iterates over the
+      elements of the receiver and then those of each argument
+      in sequence.  [Feature #15144]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Enumerable#to_h now accepts a block that maps elements to new key/value pairs.  [Feature #15143]
+
+  [Aliased method]
+
+    * Enumerable#filter is a new alias for Enumerable#select. [Feature #13784]
+
+[Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence]
+
+  * This is a new class to represent a generator of an arithmetic sequence,
+    that is a number sequence defined by a common difference. It can be used
+    for representing what is similar to Python's slice. You can get an
+    instance of this class from Numeric#step and Range#step.
+
+[Enumerator::Chain]
+
+  * This is a new class to represent a chain of enumerables that works as a
+    single enumerator, generated by such methods as Enumerable#chain and
+    Enumerator#+.
+
+[Enumerator::Lazy]
+
+  [Aliased method]
+
+    * Enumerator::Lazy#filter is a new alias for
+      Enumerator::Lazy#select.  [Feature #13784]
+
+[Enumerator]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Enumerator#+ returns an enumerator object that iterates over the
+      elements of the receiver and then those of the other operand.  [Feature #15144]
+
+[ENV]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * ENV.to_h now accepts a block that maps names and values to new keys and values.  [Feature #15143]
+
+[Exception]
+
+  [New options]
+
+    * Exception#full_message takes +:highlight+ and +:order+
+      options. [Bug #14324]
+
+[Hash]
+
+  [Modified methods]
+
+    * Hash#merge, Hash#merge!, and Hash#update now accept multiple
+      arguments.  [Feature #15111]
+
+    * Hash#to_h now accepts a block that maps keys and values to new keys and values.  [Feature #15143]
+
+  [Aliased methods]
+
+    * Hash#filter is a new alias for Hash#select.  [Feature #13784]
+
+    * Hash#filter! is a new alias for Hash#select!. [Feature #13784]
+
+[IO]
+
+  [New option]
+
+    * Added new mode character <code>'x'</code> to open files for exclusive
+      access. [Feature #11258]
+
+[Kernel]
+
+  [Aliased method]
+
+    * Kernel#then is a new alias for Kernel#yield_self. [Feature #14594]
+
+  [New options]
+
+    * Kernel#Complex, Kernel#Float, Kernel#Integer, and
+      Kernel#Rational take an +:exception+ option to specify the way of
+      error handling.  [Feature #12732]
+
+    * Kernel#system takes an +:exception+ option to raise an exception
+      on failure.  [Feature #14386]
+
+  [Incompatible changes]
+
+    * Kernel#system and Kernel#exec do not close non-standard file descriptors
+      (the default of the +:close_others+ option is changed to +false+,
+      but we still set the +FD_CLOEXEC+ flag on descriptors we
+      create).  [Misc #14907]
+
+[KeyError]
+
+  [New options]
+
+    * KeyError.new accepts +:receiver+ and +:key+ options to set receiver and
+      key in Ruby code.  [Feature #14313]
+
+[Method]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Method#<< and Method#>> for Proc composition.  [Feature #6284]
+
+[Module]
+
+  [Modified methods]
+
+    * Module#method_defined?, Module#private_method_defined?, and
+      Module#protected_method_defined? now accept the second
+      parameter as optional. If it is +true+ (the default value), it checks
+      ancestor modules/classes, or checks only the class itself. [Feature #14944]
+
+[NameError]
+
+  [New option]
+
+    * NameError.new accepts a +:receiver+ option to set receiver in Ruby
+      code.  [Feature #14313]
+
+[NilClass]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * NilClass#=~ is added for compatibility.  [Feature #15231]
+
+[NoMethodError]
+
+  [New option]
+
+    * NoMethodError.new accepts a +:receiver+ option to set receiver in Ruby
+      code.  [Feature #14313]
+
+[Numeric]
+
+  [Incompatible changes]
+
+    * Numeric#step now returns an instance of the Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
+      class rather than one of the Enumerator class.
+
+[OpenStruct]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * OpenStruct#to_h now accepts a block that maps keys and values to new keys and values.  [Feature #15143]
+
+[Proc]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Proc#<< and Proc#>> for Proc composition.  [Feature #6284]
+
+  [Incompatible changes]
+
+    * Proc#call doesn't change <code>$SAFE</code> any more.  [Feature #14250]
+
+[Random]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added Random.bytes.  [Feature #4938]
+
+[Range]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added Range#% instance method.  [Feature #14697]
+
+  [Incompatible changes]
+
+    * Range#=== now uses the +#cover?+ instead of the +#include?+ method. [Feature #14575]
+    * Range#cover? now accepts a Range object. [Feature #14473]
+    * Range#step now returns an instance of the Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
+      class rather than one of the Enumerator class.
+
+[Regexp/String]
+
+    * Update Unicode version from 10.0.0 to 11.0.0. [Feature #14802]
+
+      This includes a rewrite of the grapheme cluster (/\X/) algorithm
+      and special-casing for Georgian MTAVRULI on String#downcase.
+
+    * Update Emoji version from 5.0 to 11.0.0 [Feature #14802]
+
+[RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse parses a given string and returns AST
+      nodes. [experimental]
+
+    * RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file parses a given file and returns AST
+      nodes.  [experimental]
+
+    * RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of returns AST nodes of the given proc or
+      method.  [experimental]
+
+[RubyVM]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * RubyVM.resolve_feature_path identifies the file that will be loaded by
+      "require(feature)". [experimental] [Feature #15230]
+
+[String]
+
+  * String#crypt is now deprecated. [Feature #14915]
+
+  [New features]
+
+    * String#split yields each substring to the block if given. [Feature #4780]
+
+[Struct]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Struct#to_h now accepts a block that maps keys and values to new keys and values.  [Feature #15143]
+
+  [Aliased method]
+
+    * Struct#filter is a new alias for Struct#select. [Feature #13784]
+
+[Time]
+
+  [New features]
+
+    * Time.new and Time#getlocal accept a timezone object as well as
+      a UTC offset string. Time#+, Time#-, and Time#succ also preserve
+      the timezone.  [Feature #14850]
+
+[TracePoint]
+
+  [New features]
+
+    * "script_compiled" event is supported. [Feature #15287]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * TracePoint#parameters [Feature #14694]
+
+    * TracePoint#instruction_sequence [Feature #15287]
+
+    * TracePoint#eval_script [Feature #15287]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * TracePoint#enable accepts new keywords "target:" and
+      "target_line:".  [Feature #15289]
+
+=== Stdlib updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+[BigDecimal]
+
+  Update to version 1.4.0.  This version includes several compatibility
+  issues, see Compatibility issues section below for details.
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * BigDecimal() accepts the new keyword "exception:" similar to Float().
+
+  [Note for the differences among recent versions]
+
+    You should want to know the differences among recent versions of bigdecimal.
+    Please select the suitable version of bigdecimal according to the following
+    information.
+
+    * 1.3.5 has BigDecimal.new without "exception:" keyword.  You can see the
+      deprecation warning of BigDecimal.new when you specify "-w" option.
+      BigDecimal(), BigDecimal.new, and Object#to_d methods are the same.
+
+    * 1.4.0 has BigDecimal.new with "exception:" keyword.  You always see the
+      deprecation warning of BigDecimal.new.  Object#to_d method is different
+      from BigDecimal() and BigDecimal.new.
+
+    * 2.0.0 will be released soon after releasing Ruby 2.6.0.  This version
+      will not have the BigDecimal.new method.
+
+[Bundler]
+
+  * Add Bundler to Standard Library. [Feature #12733]
+
+  * Use 1.17.2, the latest stable version.
+
+[Coverage]
+
+  A oneshot_lines mode is added.  [Feature #15022]
+
+  This mode checks "whether each line was executed at least once or not",
+  instead of "how many times each line was executed".
+  A hook for each line is fired at most once, and after it is fired
+  the hook flag is removed, i.e., it runs with zero overhead.
+
+  [New options]
+
+    * Add +:oneshot_lines+ keyword argument to Coverage.start.
+
+    * Add +:stop+ and +:clear+ keyword arguments to Coverage.result.
+      If +clear+ is true, it clears the counters to zero.
+      If +stop+ is true, it disables coverage measurement.
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Coverage.line_stub, which is a simple helper function that
+      creates the "stub" of line coverage from a given source code.
+
+[CSV]
+
+  * Upgrade to 3.0.2. This includes performance improvements especially
+    for writing. Writing is about 2 times faster.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/csv/blob/master/NEWS.md.
+
+[ERB]
+
+  [New options]
+
+    * Add +:trim_mode+ and +:eoutvar+ keyword arguments to ERB.new.
+      Now non-keyword arguments other than the first one are softly deprecated
+      and will be removed when Ruby 2.5 becomes EOL. [Feature #14256]
+
+    * erb command's <tt>-S</tt> option is deprecated, and will be removed
+      in the next version.
+
+[FileUtils]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * FileUtils#cp_lr.  [Feature #4189]
+
+[Matrix]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Matrix#antisymmetric?, Matrix#skew_symmetric?
+
+    * Matrix#map!, Matrix#collect! [Feature #14151]
+
+    * Matrix#[]=
+
+    * Vector#map!, Vector#collect!
+
+    * Vector#[]=
+
+[Net]
+
+  [New options]
+
+    * Add +:write_timeout+ keyword argument to Net::HTTP.new. [Feature #13396]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Add Net::HTTP#write_timeout and Net::HTTP#write_timeout=.  [Feature #13396]
+
+  [New constant]
+
+    * Add Net::HTTPClientException to deprecate Net::HTTPServerException,
+      whose name is misleading.  [Bug #14688]
+
+[NKF]
+
+  * Upgrade to nkf v2.1.5
+
+[Psych]
+
+  * Upgrade to Psych 3.1.0
+
+[RDoc]
+
+  * Become about 2 times faster.
+
+  * Use SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH to generate files.
+
+  * Fix method line number that slipped off.
+
+  * Enable <code>--width</code>, <code>--exclude</code>,
+    and <code>--line-numbers</code> that were ignored.
+
+  * Add support for blockquote by ">>>" in default markup notation.
+
+  * Add support for "Raises" lines in TomDoc notation.
+
+  * Fix syntax error output.
+
+  * Fix many parsing bugs.
+
+[REXML]
+
+  * Upgrade to REXML 3.1.9.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/rexml/blob/master/NEWS.md.
+
+  [Improved some XPath implementations]
+
+    * <code>concat()</code> function: Stringify all arguments before concatenating.
+
+    * <code>string()</code> function: Support context node.
+
+    * <code>string()</code> function: Support processing instruction node.
+
+    * Support <code>"*:#{ELEMENT_NAME}"</code> syntax in XPath 2.0.
+
+  [Fixed some XPath implementations]
+
+    * <code>"//#{ELEMENT_NAME}[#{POSITION}]"</code> case
+
+    * <code>string()</code> function: Fix <code>function(document)</code>
+      returns nodes that are out of root elements.
+
+    * <code>"/ #{ELEMENT_NAME} "</code> case
+
+    * <code>"/ #{ELEMENT_NAME} [ #{PREDICATE} ]"</code> case
+
+    * <code>"/ #{AXIS}::#{ELEMENT_NAME}"</code> case
+
+    * <code>"#{N}-#{M}"</code> case: One or more white spaces were required
+      before <code>"-"</code>
+
+    * <code>"/child::node()"</code> case
+
+    * <code>"#{FUNCTION}()/#{PATH}"</code> case
+
+    * <code>"@#{ATTRIBUTE}/parent::"</code> case
+
+    * <code>"name(#{NODE_SET})"</code> case
+
+[RSS]
+
+  [New options]
+
+    * RSS::Parser.parse now accepts options as Hash. +:validate+ ,
+      +:ignore_unknown_element+ , +:parser_class+ options are available.
+
+[RubyGems]
+
+  * Upgrade to RubyGems 3.0.1
+
+  * https://blog.rubygems.org/2018/12/19/3.0.0-released.html
+
+  * https://blog.rubygems.org/2018/12/23/3.0.1-released.html
+
+[Set]
+
+  [Aliased method]
+
+    * Set#filter! is a new alias for Set#select!.  [Feature #13784]
+
+[URI]
+
+  [New constant]
+
+    * Add URI::File to handle the file URI scheme.  [Feature #14035]
+
+=== Compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+[Dir]
+
+  * Dir.glob with <code>'\0'</code>-separated pattern list will be deprecated,
+    and is now warned.  [Feature #14643]
+
+[File]
+
+  * File.read, File.binread, File.write, File.binwrite, File.foreach, and
+    File.readlines do not invoke external commands even if the path starts
+    with the pipe character <code>'|'</code>. [Feature #14245]
+
+[Object]
+
+  * Object#=~ is deprecated.  [Feature #15231]
+
+=== Stdlib compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* These standard libraries have been promoted to default gems.
+
+  * e2mmap
+  * forwardable
+  * irb
+  * logger
+  * matrix
+  * mutex_m
+  * ostruct
+  * prime
+  * rexml
+  * rss
+  * shell
+  * sync
+  * thwait
+  * tracer
+
+[BigDecimal]
+
+  * The following methods are removed.
+
+    * BigDecimal.allocate
+    * BigDecimal.ver
+
+  * Every BigDecimal object is frozen. [Feature #13984]
+
+  * BigDecimal() parses the given string similar to Float().
+
+  * String#to_d parses the receiver string similar to String#to_f.
+
+  * BigDecimal.new will be removed in version 2.0.
+
+[Pathname]
+
+  * Pathname#read, Pathname#binread, Pathname#write, Pathname#binwrite,
+    Pathname#each_line and Pathname#readlines do not invoke external
+    commands even if the path starts with the pipe character <code>'|'</code>.
+    This follows [Feature #14245].
+
+=== Implementation improvements
+
+* Speedup Proc#call because we don't need to care about <code>$SAFE</code>
+  any more. [Feature #14318]
+
+  With +lc_fizzbuzz+ benchmark which uses Proc#call many times we can
+  measure x1.4 improvements.  [Bug #10212]
+
+* Speedup block.call where +block+ is passed block parameter. [Feature #14330]
+
+  Ruby 2.5 improves block passing performance. [Feature #14045]
+
+  Additionally, Ruby 2.6 improves the performance of passed block calling.
+
+* Introduce an initial implementation of a JIT (Just-in-time) compiler. [Feature #14235] [experimental]
+
+  * <tt>--jit</tt> command line option is added to enable JIT. <tt>--jit-verbose=1</tt>
+    is good for inspection.  See <tt>ruby --help</tt> for others.
+  * To generate machine code, this JIT compiler uses the C compiler used for building
+    the interpreter. Currently GCC, Clang, and Microsoft Visual C++ are supported for it.
+  * <tt>--disable-mjit-support</tt> option is added to configure. This is added for JIT debugging,
+    but if you get an error on building a header file for JIT, you can use this option to skip
+    building it as a workaround.
+  * rb_waitpid reimplemented on Unix-like platforms to maintain
+    compatibility with processes created for JIT [Bug #14867]
+
+* VM generator script renewal; makes the generated VM more optimized. [GH-1779]
+
+* Thread cache enabled for pthreads platforms (for Thread.new and
+  Thread.start).  [Feature #14757]
+
+* timer thread is eliminated for platforms with POSIX timers. [Misc #14937]
+
+* Transient Heap (theap) is supported. [Bug #14858] [Feature #14989]
+
+  theap is a managed heap for short-living memory objects. For example,
+  making a small and short-living Hash object is x2 faster. With rdoc benchmark,
+  we measured 6-7% performance improvement.
+
+* Native implementations (arm32, arm64, ppc64le, win32, win64, x86, amd64) of
+  coroutines to improve performance of Fiber significantly. [Feature #14739]
+
+=== Miscellaneous changes
+
+* On macOS, shared libraries no longer include a full version number of Ruby
+  in their names.  This eliminates the burden of each teeny upgrade on the
+  platform that users need to rebuild every extension library.
+
+  [Before]
+    * libruby.2.6.0.dylib
+    * libruby.2.6.dylib -> libruby.2.6.0.dylib
+    * libruby.dylib -> libruby.2.6.0.dylib
+
+  [After]
+    * libruby.2.6.dylib
+    * libruby.dylib -> libruby.2.6.dylib
+
+* Extracted misc/*.el files to https://github.com/ruby/elisp
diff --git a/doc/NEWS-2.7.0 b/doc/NEWS-2.7.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e6b98c1fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/NEWS-2.7.0
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+# -*- rdoc -*-
+
+= NEWS for Ruby 2.7.0
+
+This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
+releases except for bug fixes.
+
+Note that each entry is kept so brief that no reason behind or reference
+information is supplied with.  For a full list of changes with all
+sufficient information, see the ChangeLog file or Redmine
+(e.g. <tt>https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/$FEATURE_OR_BUG_NUMBER</tt>).
+
+== Changes since the 2.6.0 release
+
+=== Language changes
+
+==== Pattern matching
+
+* Pattern matching is introduced as an experimental feature. [Feature #14912]
+
+    case [0, [1, 2, 3]]
+    in [a, [b, *c]]
+      p a #=> 0
+      p b #=> 1
+      p c #=> [2, 3]
+    end
+
+    case {a: 0, b: 1}
+    in {a: 0, x: 1}
+      :unreachable
+    in {a: 0, b: var}
+      p var #=> 1
+    end
+
+    case -1
+    in 0 then :unreachable
+    in 1 then :unreachable
+    end #=> NoMatchingPatternError
+
+    json = <<END
+    {
+      "name": "Alice",
+      "age": 30,
+      "children": [{ "name": "Bob", "age": 2 }]
+    }
+    END
+
+    JSON.parse(json, symbolize_names: true) in {name: "Alice", children: [{name: name, age: age}]}
+
+    p name #=> "Bob"
+    p age  #=> 2
+
+    JSON.parse(json, symbolize_names: true) in {name: "Alice", children: [{name: "Charlie", age: age}]}
+    #=> NoMatchingPatternError
+
+* See the following slides for more details:
+  * https://speakerdeck.com/k_tsj/pattern-matching-new-feature-in-ruby-2-dot-7
+  * Note that the slides are slightly obsolete.
+
+* The warning against pattern matching can be suppressed with
+  {-W:no-experimental option}[#label-Warning+option].
+
+==== The spec of keyword arguments is changed towards 3.0
+
+* Automatic conversion of keyword arguments and positional arguments is
+  deprecated, and conversion will be removed in Ruby 3.  [Feature #14183]
+
+  * When a method call passes a Hash at the last argument, and when it
+    passes no keywords, and when the called method accepts keywords,
+    a warning is emitted.  To continue treating the hash as keywords,
+    add a double splat operator to avoid the warning and ensure
+    correct behavior in Ruby 3.
+
+      def foo(key: 42); end; foo({key: 42})   # warned
+      def foo(**kw);    end; foo({key: 42})   # warned
+      def foo(key: 42); end; foo(**{key: 42}) # OK
+      def foo(**kw);    end; foo(**{key: 42}) # OK
+
+  * When a method call passes keywords to a method that accepts keywords,
+    but it does not pass enough required positional arguments, the
+    keywords are treated as a final required positional argument, and a
+    warning is emitted.  Pass the argument as a hash instead of keywords
+    to avoid the warning and ensure correct behavior in Ruby 3.
+
+      def foo(h, **kw); end; foo(key: 42)      # warned
+      def foo(h, key: 42); end; foo(key: 42)   # warned
+      def foo(h, **kw); end; foo({key: 42})    # OK
+      def foo(h, key: 42); end; foo({key: 42}) # OK
+
+  * When a method accepts specific keywords but not a keyword splat, and
+    a hash or keywords splat is passed to the method that includes both
+    Symbol and non-Symbol keys, the hash will continue to be split, and
+    a warning will be emitted.  You will need to update the calling code
+    to pass separate hashes to ensure correct behavior in Ruby 3.
+
+      def foo(h={}, key: 42); end; foo("key" => 43, key: 42)   # warned
+      def foo(h={}, key: 42); end; foo({"key" => 43, key: 42}) # warned
+      def foo(h={}, key: 42); end; foo({"key" => 43}, key: 42) # OK
+
+  * If a method does not accept keywords, and is called with keywords,
+    the keywords are still treated as a positional hash, with no warning.
+    This behavior will continue to work in Ruby 3.
+
+      def foo(opt={});  end; foo( key: 42 )   # OK
+
+* Non-symbols are allowed as keyword argument keys if the method accepts
+  arbitrary keywords. [Feature #14183]
+
+  * Non-Symbol keys in a keyword arguments hash were prohibited in 2.6.0,
+    but are now allowed again.  [Bug #15658]
+
+      def foo(**kw); p kw; end; foo("str" => 1) #=> {"str"=>1}
+
+* <code>**nil</code> is allowed in method definitions to explicitly mark
+  that the method accepts no keywords. Calling such a method with keywords
+  will result in an ArgumentError. [Feature #14183]
+
+    def foo(h, **nil); end; foo(key: 1)       # ArgumentError
+    def foo(h, **nil); end; foo(**{key: 1})   # ArgumentError
+    def foo(h, **nil); end; foo("str" => 1)   # ArgumentError
+    def foo(h, **nil); end; foo({key: 1})     # OK
+    def foo(h, **nil); end; foo({"str" => 1}) # OK
+
+* Passing an empty keyword splat to a method that does not accept keywords
+  no longer passes an empty hash, unless the empty hash is necessary for
+  a required parameter, in which case a warning will be emitted.  Remove
+  the double splat to continue passing a positional hash.  [Feature #14183]
+
+    h = {}; def foo(*a) a end; foo(**h) # []
+    h = {}; def foo(a) a end; foo(**h)  # {} and warning
+    h = {}; def foo(*a) a end; foo(h)   # [{}]
+    h = {}; def foo(a) a end; foo(h)    # {}
+
+* Above warnings can be suppressed also with {-W:no-deprecated option}[#label-Warning+option].
+
+==== Numbered parameters
+
+* Numbered parameters as default block parameters are introduced. [Feature #4475]
+
+    [1, 2, 10].map { _1.to_s(16) }    #=> ["1", "2", "a"]
+    [[1, 2], [3, 4]].map { _1 + _2 }  #=> [3, 7]
+
+  You can still define a local variable named +_1+ and so on,
+  and that is honored when present, but renders a warning.
+
+    _1 = 0            #=> warning: `_1' is reserved for numbered parameter; consider another name
+    [1].each { p _1 } # prints 0 instead of 1
+
+==== proc/lambda without block is deprecated
+
+* Proc.new and Kernel#proc with no block in a method called with a block will
+  now display a warning.
+
+    def foo
+      proc
+    end
+    foo { puts "Hello" } #=> warning: Capturing the given block using Kernel#proc is deprecated; use `&block` instead
+
+  This warning can be suppressed with {-W:no-deprecated option}[#label-Warning+option].
+
+* Kernel#lambda with no block in a method called with a block raises an exception.
+
+    def bar
+      lambda
+    end
+    bar { puts "Hello" } #=> tried to create Proc object without a block (ArgumentError)
+
+==== Other miscellaneous changes
+
+* A beginless range is experimentally introduced.  It might be useful
+  in +case+, new call-sequence of the <code>Comparable#clamp</code>,
+  constants and DSLs.  [Feature #14799]
+
+     ary[..3]  # identical to ary[0..3]
+
+     case RUBY_VERSION
+     when ..."2.4" then puts "EOL"
+     # ...
+     end
+
+     age.clamp(..100)
+
+     where(sales: ..100)
+
+* Setting <code>$;</code> to a non-nil value will now display a warning. [Feature #14240]
+  This includes the usage in String#split.
+  This warning can be suppressed with {-W:no-deprecated option}[#label-Warning+option].
+
+* Setting <code>$,</code> to a non-nil value will now display a warning. [Feature #14240]
+  This includes the usage in Array#join.
+  This warning can be suppressed with {-W:no-deprecated option}[#label-Warning+option].
+
+* Quoted here-document identifiers must end within the same line.
+
+     <<"EOS
+     " # This had been warned since 2.4; Now it raises a SyntaxError
+     EOS
+
+* The flip-flop syntax deprecation is reverted. [Feature #5400]
+
+* Comment lines can be placed between fluent dot now.
+
+    foo
+      # .bar
+      .baz # => foo.baz
+
+* Calling a private method with a literal +self+ as the receiver
+  is now allowed. [Feature #11297] [Feature #16123]
+
+* Modifier rescue now operates the same for multiple assignment as single
+  assignment. [Bug #8279]
+
+    a, b = raise rescue [1, 2]
+    # Previously parsed as: (a, b = raise) rescue [1, 2]
+    # Now parsed as:         a, b = (raise rescue [1, 2])
+
+* +yield+ in singleton class syntax will now display a warning. This behavior
+  will soon be deprecated. [Feature #15575].
+
+   def foo
+     class << Object.new
+       yield #=> warning: `yield' in class syntax will not be supported from Ruby 3.0. [Feature #15575]
+     end
+   end
+   foo { p :ok }
+
+  This warning can be suppressed with {-W:no-deprecated option}[#label-Warning+option].
+
+* Argument forwarding by <code>(...)</code> is introduced. [Feature #16253]
+
+    def foo(...)
+      bar(...)
+    end
+
+  All arguments to +foo+ are forwarded to +bar+, including keyword and
+  block arguments.
+  Note that the parentheses are mandatory.  <code>bar ...</code> is parsed
+  as an endless range.
+
+* Access and setting of <code>$SAFE</code> will now always display a warning.
+  <code>$SAFE</code> will become a normal global variable in Ruby 3.0.  [Feature #16131]
+
+* <code>Object#{taint,untaint,trust,untrust}</code> and related functions in the C-API
+  no longer have an effect (all objects are always considered untainted), and will now
+  display a warning in verbose mode. This warning will be disabled even in non-verbose mode in
+  Ruby 3.0, and the methods and C functions will be removed in Ruby 3.2. [Feature #16131]
+
+* Refinements take place at Object#method and Module#instance_method. [Feature #15373]
+
+=== Command line options
+
+==== Warning option
+
+The +-W+ option has been extended with a following +:+, to manage categorized
+warnings.  [Feature #16345] [Feature #16420]
+
+* To suppress deprecation warnings:
+
+    $ ruby -e '$; = ""'
+    -e:1: warning: `$;' is deprecated
+
+    $ ruby -W:no-deprecated -e '$; = //'
+
+* It works with the +RUBYOPT+ environment variable:
+
+    $ RUBYOPT=-W:no-deprecated ruby -e '$; = //'
+
+* To suppress experimental feature warnings:
+
+    $ ruby -e '0 in a'
+    -e:1: warning: Pattern matching is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby!
+
+    $ ruby -W:no-experimental -e '0 in a'
+
+* To suppress both by using +RUBYOPT+, set space separated values:
+
+    $ RUBYOPT='-W:no-deprecated -W:no-experimental' ruby -e '($; = "") in a'
+
+See also Warning in {Core classes updates}[#label-Core+classes+updates+-28outstanding+ones+only-29].
+
+=== Core classes updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+[Array]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Array#intersection. [Feature #16155]
+
+    * Added Array#minmax, with a faster implementation than Enumerable#minmax. [Bug #15929]
+
+[Comparable]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Comparable#clamp now accepts a Range argument. [Feature #14784]
+
+        -1.clamp(0..2) #=> 0
+         1.clamp(0..2) #=> 1
+         3.clamp(0..2) #=> 2
+        # With beginless and endless ranges:
+        -1.clamp(0..)  #=> 0
+         3.clamp(..2)  #=> 2
+
+
+[Complex]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added Complex#<=>.
+      So <code>0 <=> 0i</code> will not raise NoMethodError. [Bug #15857]
+
+[Dir]
+
+  [Modified methods]
+
+    * Dir.glob and Dir.[] no longer allow NUL-separated glob pattern.
+      Use Array instead.  [Feature #14643]
+
+[Encoding]
+
+  [New encoding]
+
+    * Added new encoding CESU-8. [Feature #15931]
+
+[Enumerable]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Enumerable#filter_map.  [Feature #15323]
+
+        [1, 2, 3].filter_map {|x| x.odd? ? x.to_s : nil } #=> ["1", "3"]
+
+    * Added Enumerable#tally.  [Feature #11076]
+
+        ["A", "B", "C", "B", "A"].tally #=> {"A"=>2, "B"=>2, "C"=>1}
+
+[Enumerator]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Enumerator.produce to generate an Enumerator from any custom
+      data transformation.  [Feature #14781]
+
+        require "date"
+        dates = Enumerator.produce(Date.today, &:succ) #=> infinite sequence of dates
+        dates.detect(&:tuesday?) #=> next Tuesday
+
+    * Added Enumerator::Lazy#eager that generates a non-lazy enumerator
+      from a lazy enumerator.  [Feature #15901]
+
+        a = %w(foo bar baz)
+        e = a.lazy.map {|x| x.upcase }.map {|x| x + "!" }.eager
+        p e.class               #=> Enumerator
+        p e.map {|x| x + "?" }  #=> ["FOO!?", "BAR!?", "BAZ!?"]
+
+    * Added Enumerator::Yielder#to_proc so that a Yielder object
+      can be directly passed to another method as a block
+      argument.  [Feature #15618]
+
+[Fiber]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added Fiber#raise that behaves like Fiber#resume but raises an
+      exception on the resumed fiber.  [Feature #10344]
+
+[File]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * File.extname now returns a dot string for names ending with a dot on
+      non-Windows platforms.  [Bug #15267]
+
+          File.extname("foo.") #=> "."
+
+[FrozenError]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added FrozenError#receiver to return the frozen object on which
+      modification was attempted.  To set this object when raising
+      FrozenError in Ruby code, FrozenError.new accepts a +:receiver+
+      option.  [Feature #15751]
+
+[GC]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added GC.compact method for compacting the heap.
+      This function compacts live objects in the heap so that fewer pages may
+      be used, and the heap may be more CoW (copy-on-write) friendly. [Feature #15626]
+
+      Details on the algorithm and caveats can be found here:
+      https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15626
+
+[IO]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added IO#set_encoding_by_bom to check the BOM and set the external
+      encoding.  [Bug #15210]
+
+[Integer]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Integer#[] now supports range operations.  [Feature #8842]
+
+         0b01001101[2, 4]  #=> 0b0011
+         0b01001100[2..5]  #=> 0b0011
+         0b01001100[2...6] #=> 0b0011
+         #   ^^^^
+
+[Method]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Method#inspect shows more information. [Feature #14145]
+
+[Module]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Module#const_source_location to retrieve the location where a
+      constant is defined.  [Feature #10771]
+
+    * Added Module#ruby2_keywords for marking a method as passing keyword
+      arguments through a regular argument splat, useful when delegating
+      all arguments to another method in a way that can be backwards
+      compatible with older Ruby versions.  [Bug #16154]
+
+  [Modified methods]
+
+    * Module#autoload? now takes an +inherit+ optional argument, like
+      Module#const_defined?.  [Feature #15777]
+
+    * Module#name now always returns a frozen String. The returned String is
+      always the same for a given Module. This change is
+      experimental. [Feature #16150]
+
+[NilClass / TrueClass / FalseClass]
+
+  [Modified methods]
+
+    * NilClass#to_s, TrueClass#to_s, and FalseClass#to_s now always return a
+      frozen String. The returned String is always the same for each of these
+      values. This change is experimental. [Feature #16150]
+
+[ObjectSpace::WeakMap]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * ObjectSpace::WeakMap#[]= now accepts special objects as either key or
+      values.  [Feature #16035]
+
+[Proc]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added Proc#ruby2_keywords for marking the proc as passing keyword
+      arguments through a regular argument splat, useful when delegating
+      all arguments to another method or proc in a way that can be backwards
+      compatible with older Ruby versions.  [Feature #16404]
+
+[Range]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added Range#minmax, with a faster implementation than Enumerable#minmax.
+      It returns a maximum that now corresponds to Range#max. [Bug #15807]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Range#=== now uses Range#cover? for String arguments, too (in Ruby 2.6, it was
+      changed from Range#include? for all types except strings). [Bug #15449]
+
+
+[RubyVM]
+
+  [Removed method]
+
+    * +RubyVM.resolve_feature_path+ moved to
+      <code>$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path</code>.  [Feature #15903] [Feature #15230]
+
+[String]
+
+  [Unicode]
+
+    * Update Unicode version and Emoji version from 11.0.0 to
+      12.0.0.  [Feature #15321]
+
+    * Update Unicode version to 12.1.0, adding support for
+      U+32FF SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA.  [Feature #15195]
+
+    * Update Unicode Emoji version to 12.1. [Feature #16272]
+
+[Symbol]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Symbol#start_with? and Symbol#end_with? methods.  [Feature #16348]
+
+[Time]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Time#ceil method.  [Feature #15772]
+
+    * Added Time#floor method.  [Feature #15653]
+
+  [Modified method]
+
+    * Time#inspect is separated from Time#to_s and it shows
+      the time's sub second.  [Feature #15958]
+
+[UnboundMethod]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added UnboundMethod#bind_call method.  [Feature #15955]
+
+      <code>umethod.bind_call(obj, ...)</code> is semantically equivalent
+      to <code>umethod.bind(obj).call(...)</code>.  This idiom is used in
+      some libraries to call a method that is overridden.  The added
+      method does the same without allocation of an intermediate Method
+      object.
+
+          class Foo
+            def add_1(x)
+              x + 1
+            end
+          end
+          class Bar < Foo
+            def add_1(x) # override
+              x + 2
+            end
+          end
+
+          obj = Bar.new
+          p obj.add_1(1) #=> 3
+          p Foo.instance_method(:add_1).bind(obj).call(1) #=> 2
+          p Foo.instance_method(:add_1).bind_call(obj, 1) #=> 2
+
+[Warning]
+
+  [New methods]
+
+    * Added Warning.[] and Warning.[]= to manage emitting/suppressing
+      some categories of warnings.  [Feature #16345] [Feature #16420]
+
+[$LOAD_PATH]
+
+  [New method]
+
+    * Added <code>$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path</code>.  [Feature #15903] [Feature #15230]
+
+=== Stdlib updates (outstanding ones only)
+
+[Bundler]
+
+  * Upgrade to Bundler 2.1.2.
+    See https://github.com/bundler/bundler/releases/tag/v2.1.2
+
+[CGI]
+
+  * CGI.escapeHTML becomes 2~5x faster when there is at least one escaped character.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2226
+
+[CSV]
+
+  * Upgrade to 3.1.2.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/csv/blob/master/NEWS.md.
+
+[Date]
+
+  * Date.jisx0301, Date#jisx0301, and Date.parse support the new Japanese
+    era.  [Feature #15742]
+
+[Delegator]
+
+  * Object#DelegateClass accepts a block and module_evals it in the context
+    of the returned class, similar to Class.new and Struct.new.
+
+[ERB]
+
+  * Prohibit marshaling ERB instance.
+
+[IRB]
+
+  * Introduce syntax highlighting inspired by the Pry gem to Binding#irb
+    source lines, REPL input, and inspect output of some core-class objects.
+
+  * Introduce multiline editing mode provided by Reline.
+
+  * Show documentation when completion.
+
+  * Enable auto indent and save/load history by default.
+
+[JSON]
+
+  * Upgrade to 2.3.0.
+
+[Net::FTP]
+
+  * Add Net::FTP#features to check available features, and Net::FTP#option to
+    enable/disable each of them.  [Feature #15964]
+
+[Net::HTTP]
+
+  * Add +ipaddr+ optional parameter to Net::HTTP#start to replace the address for
+    the TCP/IP connection. [Feature #5180]
+
+[Net::IMAP]
+
+  * Add Server Name Indication (SNI) support.  [Feature #15594]
+
+[open-uri]
+
+  * Warn open-uri's "open" method at Kernel.
+    Use URI.open instead.  [Misc #15893]
+
+  * The default charset of "text/*" media type is UTF-8 instead of
+    ISO-8859-1.  [Bug #15933]
+
+[OptionParser]
+
+  * Now show "Did you mean?" for unknown options.  [Feature #16256]
+
+    test.rb:
+
+      require "optparse"
+      OptionParser.new do |opts|
+        opts.on("-f", "--foo", "foo") {|v| }
+        opts.on("-b", "--bar", "bar") {|v| }
+        opts.on("-c", "--baz", "baz") {|v| }
+      end.parse!
+
+    example:
+
+      $ ruby test.rb --baa
+      Traceback (most recent call last):
+      test.rb:7:in `<main>': invalid option: --baa (OptionParser::InvalidOption)
+      Did you mean?  baz
+                     bar
+
+[Pathname]
+
+  * Pathname.glob now delegates 3 arguments to Dir.glob
+    to accept +base+ keyword. [Feature #14405]
+
+[Racc]
+
+  * Merge 1.4.15 from upstream repository and added cli of racc.
+
+[Reline]
+
+  * New stdlib that is compatible with the readline stdlib but is
+    implemented in pure Ruby. It also provides a multiline editing mode.
+
+[REXML]
+
+  * Upgrade to 3.2.3.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/rexml/blob/master/NEWS.md.
+
+[RSS]
+
+  * Upgrade to RSS 0.2.8.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/rss/blob/master/NEWS.md.
+
+[RubyGems]
+
+  * Upgrade to RubyGems 3.1.2.
+    * https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v3.1.0
+    * https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v3.1.1
+    * https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v3.1.2
+
+[StringScanner]
+
+  * Upgrade to 1.0.3.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/strscan/blob/master/NEWS.md.
+
+=== Compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* The following libraries are no longer bundled gems.
+  Install corresponding gems to use these features.
+  * CMath (cmath gem)
+  * Scanf (scanf gem)
+  * Shell (shell gem)
+  * Synchronizer (sync gem)
+  * ThreadsWait (thwait gem)
+  * E2MM (e2mmap gem)
+
+[Proc]
+  * The Proc#to_s format was changed. [Feature #16101]
+
+[Range]
+  * Range#minmax used to iterate on the range to determine the maximum.
+    It now uses the same algorithm as Range#max. In rare cases (e.g.
+    ranges of Floats or Strings), this may yield different results. [Bug #15807]
+
+=== Stdlib compatibility issues (excluding feature bug fixes)
+
+* Promote stdlib to default gems
+  * The following default gems were published on rubygems.org
+    * benchmark
+    * cgi
+    * delegate
+    * getoptlong
+    * net-pop
+    * net-smtp
+    * open3
+    * pstore
+    * readline
+    * readline-ext
+    * singleton
+  * The following default gems were only promoted at ruby-core,
+    but not yet published on rubygems.org.
+    * monitor
+    * observer
+    * timeout
+    * tracer
+    * uri
+    * yaml
+* The <tt>did_you_mean</tt> gem has been promoted up to a default gem from a bundled gem
+
+[pathname]
+
+  * Kernel#Pathname when called with a Pathname argument now returns
+    the argument instead of creating a new Pathname. This is more
+    similar to other Kernel methods, but can break code that modifies
+    the return value and expects the argument not to be modified.
+
+[profile.rb, Profiler__]
+
+  * Removed from standard library. It was unmaintained since Ruby 2.0.0.
+
+=== C API updates
+
+* Many <code>*_kw</code> functions have been added for setting whether
+  the final argument being passed should be treated as keywords. You
+  may need to switch to these functions to avoid keyword argument
+  separation warnings, and to ensure correct behavior in Ruby 3.
+
+* The <code>:</code> character in rb_scan_args format string is now
+  treated as keyword arguments. Passing a positional hash instead of
+  keyword arguments will emit a deprecation warning.
+
+* C API declarations with +ANYARGS+ are changed not to use +ANYARGS+.
+  See https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2404
+
+=== Implementation improvements
+
+[Fiber]
+
+  * Allow selecting different coroutine implementations by using
+    +--with-coroutine=+, e.g.
+
+         $ ./configure --with-coroutine=ucontext
+         $ ./configure --with-coroutine=copy
+
+  * Replace previous stack cache with fiber pool cache. The fiber pool
+    allocates many stacks in a single memory region. Stack allocation
+    becomes O(log N) and fiber creation is amortized O(1). Around 10x
+    performance improvement was measured in micro-benchmarks.
+    https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2224
+
+[File]
+  * File.realpath now uses realpath(3) on many platforms, which can
+    significantly improve performance. [Feature #15797]
+
+[Hash]
+  * Change data structure of small Hash objects. [Feature #15602]
+
+[Monitor]
+  * Monitor class is written in C-extension. [Feature #16255]
+
+[Thread]
+
+  * VM stack memory allocation is now combined with native thread stack,
+    improving thread allocation performance and reducing allocation related
+    failures. Around 10x performance improvement was measured in micro-benchmarks.
+
+[JIT]
+
+  * JIT-ed code is recompiled to less-optimized code when an optimization assumption is invalidated.
+
+  * Method inlining is performed when a method is considered as pure.
+    This optimization is still experimental and many methods are NOT considered as pure yet.
+
+  * The default value of +--jit-max-cache+ is changed from 1,000 to 100.
+
+  * The default value of +--jit-min-calls+ is changed from 5 to 10,000.
+
+[RubyVM]
+
+  * Per-call-site method cache, which has been there since around 1.9, was
+    improved: cache hit rate raised from 89% to 94%.
+    See https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/2583
+
+[RubyVM::InstructionSequence]
+
+  * RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_binary method generates compiled binary.
+    The binary size is reduced. [Feature #16163]
+
+=== Miscellaneous changes
+
+* Support for IA64 architecture has been removed. Hardware for testing was
+  difficult to find, native fiber code is difficult to implement, and it added
+  non-trivial complexity to the interpreter. [Feature #15894]
+
+* Require compilers to support C99. [Misc #15347]
+
+  * Details of our dialect: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/C99
+
+* Ruby's upstream repository is changed from Subversion to Git.
+
+  * https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git
+
+  * RUBY_REVISION class is changed from Integer to String.
+
+  * RUBY_DESCRIPTION includes Git revision instead of Subversion's one.
+
+* Support built-in methods in Ruby with the <code>_\_builtin_</code> syntax. [Feature #16254]
+
+  Some methods are defined in *.rb (such as trace_point.rb).
+  For example, it is easy to define a method which accepts keyword arguments.
diff --git a/doc/bug_triaging.rdoc b/doc/bug_triaging.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83fe88cabe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/bug_triaging.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+= Bug Triaging Guide
+
+This guide discusses recommendations for triaging bugs in Ruby's bug tracker.
+
+== Bugs with Reproducible Examples
+
+These are the best bug reports.  First, consider whether the bug reported is
+actually an issue or if it is expected Ruby behavior.  If it is expected Ruby
+behavior, update the issue with why the behavior is expected, and set the
+status to Rejected.
+
+If the bug reported appears to be an actual bug, try reproducing the bug with
+the master branch.  If you are not able to reproduce the issue on the master
+branch, try reproducing it on the latest version for the branch the bug was
+reported on.  If you cannot reproduce the issue in either case, update
+the issue stating you cannot reproduce the issue, ask the reporter if they
+can reproduce the issue with either the master branch or a later release,
+and set the status to Feedback.
+
+If you can reproduce the example with the master branch, try to figure out
+what is causing the issue.  If you feel comfortable, try working on a
+patch for the issue, update the issue, and attach the patch.  Try to figure
+out which committer should be assigned to the issue, and set them as the
+assignee, and set the status to Assigned.
+
+If you cannot reproduce the example with the master branch, but can reproduce
+the issue on the latest version for the branch, then it is likely the bug has
+already been fixed, but it has not been backported yet.  Try to determine
+which commit fixed it, and update the issue noting that the issue has been
+fixed but not yet backported.  If the Ruby version is in the security
+maintenance phase or no longer supported, change the status to Closed. This
+change can be made without adding a note to avoid spamming the mailing list.
+
+For issues that may require backwards incompatible changes or may benefit from
+general committer attention or discussion, consider adding them as agenda
+items for the next committer meeting (https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14770).
+
+== Crash Bugs Without Reproducers
+
+Many bugs reported have little more than a crash report, often with no way to
+reproduce the issue.  These bugs are difficult to triage as they often do not
+contain enough information.
+
+For these bugs, if the Ruby version is the master branch or is the latest
+release for the branch and the branch is in normal maintenance phase, look at
+the backtrace and see if you can determine what could be causing the issue.
+If you can guess what could be causing the issue, see if you can put together
+a reproducible example (this is in general quite difficult).  If you cannot
+guess what could be causing the issue, or cannot put together a reproducible
+example yourself, please ask the reporter to provide a reproducible example,
+and change the status to Feedback.
+
+If the Ruby version is no longer current (e.g. 2.5.0 when the latest version
+on the Ruby 2.5 branch is 2.5.5), add a note to the issue asking the reporter
+to try the latest Ruby version for the branch and report back, and change the
+status to Feedback.  If the Ruby version is in the security maintenance phase
+or no longer supported, change the status to Closed. This change can be made
+without adding a note.
+
+== Crash Bugs With 3rd Party C Extensions
+
+If the crash happens inside a 3rd party C extension, try to figure out inside
+which C extension it happens, and add a note to the issue to report the
+issue to that C extension, and set the status to Third Party's Issue.
+
+== Non-Bug reports
+
+Any issues in the bug tracker that are not reports of problems should have
+the tracker changed from Bug to either Feature (new features or performance
+improvements) or Misc. This change can be made without adding a note.
+
+== Stale Issues
+
+There are many issues that are stale, with no updates in months or even years.
+For stale issues in Feedback state, where the feedback has not been received,
+you can change the status to Closed without adding a note.  For stale issues
+in Assigned state, you can reach out to the assignee and see if they can update
+the issue.  If the assignee is no longer an active committer, remove them
+as the assignee and change the status to Open.
diff --git a/doc/contributing.rdoc b/doc/contributing.rdoc
index d0340d4d82..d7395627ca 100644
--- a/doc/contributing.rdoc
+++ b/doc/contributing.rdoc
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ on your ticket.
   stable release. See
   {Downloading Ruby}[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/].
 * Look to see if anyone already reported your issue, try
-  {searching on redmine}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/issues]
+  {searching on redmine}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/issues]
   for your problem.
 * If you can't find a ticket addressing your issue,
-  {create a new one}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/issues/new].
+  {create a new one}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/issues/new].
 * Choose the target version, usually current. Bugs will be first fixed in the
   current release and then {backported}[rdoc-label:label-Backport+Requests].
 * Fill in the Ruby version you're using when experiencing this issue
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ on your ticket.
 
 You can report downstream issues for the following distributions via their bug tracker:
 
-* {debian}[http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?src=ruby-defaults]
+* {debian}[https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?src=ruby-defaults]
 * {freebsd}[http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi?text=ruby]
 * {redhat}[https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED&bug_status=MODIFIED]
-* {macports}[http://trac.macports.org/query?status=assigned&status=new&status=reopened&port=~ruby]
+* {macports}[https://trac.macports.org/query?status=assigned&status=new&status=reopened&port=~ruby]
 * etc (add your distribution bug tracker here)
 
 === Platform Maintainers
@@ -66,14 +66,10 @@ maintainer for a specific platform.
 
 The current active platform maintainers are as follows:
 
-[mswin32, mswin64 (Microsoft Windows)]
+[mswin64 (Microsoft Windows)]
   NAKAMURA Usaku (usa)
 [mingw32 (Minimalist GNU for Windows)]
   Nobuyoshi Nakada (nobu)
-[IA-64 (Debian GNU/Linux)]
-  TAKANO Mitsuhiro (takano32)
-[Symbian OS]
-  Alexander Zavorine (azov)
 [AIX]
   Yutaka Kanemoto (kanemoto)
 [FreeBSD]
@@ -81,10 +77,12 @@ The current active platform maintainers are as follows:
 [Solaris]
   Naohisa Goto (ngoto)
 [RHEL, CentOS]
-  KOSAKI Motohiro kosaki
-[Mac OS X]
+  KOSAKI Motohiro (kosaki)
+[macOS]
   Kenta Murata (mrkn)
-[cygwin, bcc32, djgpp, wince, ...]
+[OpenBSD]
+  Jeremy Evans (jeremyevans0)
+[cygwin, ...]
   none. (Maintainer WANTED)
 
 == Reporting Security Issues
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ these? Quite a bit, actually:
 
 When a bug report goes for a while without any feedback, it goes to the bug
 graveyard which is unfortunate. If you check the {issues
-list}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/issues] you will find lots
+list}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/issues] you will find lots
 of delinquent bugs that require attention.
 
 You can help by verifying the existing tickets, try to reproduce the reported
@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@ redmine, if gone without notice. In this case the +patch+ command is your
 friend, see <code>man patch</code> for more information. Basically this would
 go something like this:
 
-  cd path/to/ruby/trunk
+  cd path/to/ruby
   patch -p0 < path/to/patch
 
 You will then be prompted to apply the patch with the associated files. After
@@ -158,8 +156,8 @@ If there's a new feature that you want to see added to Ruby, you will need to
 write a convincing proposal and patch to implement the feature.
 
 For new features in CRuby, use the {'Feature'
-tracker}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/issues?set_filter=1&tracker_id=2]
-on ruby-trunk. For non-CRuby dependent features, features that would apply to
+tracker}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/issues?set_filter=1&tracker_id=2]
+on ruby-master. For non-CRuby dependent features, features that would apply to
 alternate Ruby implementations such as JRuby and Rubinius, use the {CommonRuby
 tracker}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/common-ruby].
 
@@ -197,29 +195,10 @@ A good template for a feature proposal should look something like this:
 [See also]
   Links to the other related resources
 
-=== Slideshow
-
-At the Ruby Developer Meeting in Japan, committers discuss Feature Proposals together in Tokyo. We will judge proposals and then accept, reject, or give feedback for them.
-If you have a stalled proposal, making a slide to submit is good way to get feedback.
-
-Slides should be:
-
-* One-page slide
-* Include a corresponding ticket number
-* MUST include a figure and/or short example code
-* SHOULD have less sentence in natural language (try to write less than 140 characters)
-* It is RECOMMENDED to itemize: motivation/use case, proposal, pros/cons, corner case
-* PDF or Image (Web browsers can show it)
-
-Please note:
-
-* Even if the proposal is generally acceptable, it won't be accepted without writing corner cases in the ticket
-* Slide's example: DevelopersMeeting20130727Japan
-
 == Backport Requests
 
 When a new version of Ruby is released, it starts at patch level 0 (p0), and
-bugs will be fixed first on the trunk branch. If it's determined that a bug
+bugs will be fixed first on the master branch. If it's determined that a bug
 exists in a previous version of Ruby that is still in the bug fix stage of
 maintenance, then a patch will be backported. After the maintenance stage of a
 particular Ruby version ends, it goes into "security fix only" mode which
@@ -249,34 +228,28 @@ Status and maintainers of branches are listed on the
 In order to help resolve existing issues and contributing patches to Ruby you
 need to be able to run the test suite.
 
-CRuby uses subversion for source control, you can find installation
-instructions and lots of great info to learn subversion on the
-{svnbook.red-bean.com}[http://svnbook.red-bean.com/]. For other resources see
-the {ruby-core documentation on
+CRuby uses git for source control, the {git homepage}[https://git-scm.com/]
+has installation instructions with links to documentation for learning more
+about git. There is a mirror of the repository on {github}[https://github.com/ruby/ruby].
+For other resources see the {ruby-core documentation on
 ruby-lang.org}[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/community/ruby-core/].
 
-This guide will use git for contributing.  The {git
-homepage}[http://git-scm.com/] has installation instructions with links to
-documentation for learning more about git. There is a mirror of the subversion
-repository on {github}[https://github.com/ruby/ruby].
-
 Install the prerequisite dependencies for building the CRuby interpreter to
 run tests.
 
 * C compiler
-* autoconf
-* bison
-* gperf
-* ruby - Ruby itself is prerequisite in order to build Ruby from source. It
-  can be 1.8.
+* autoconf - 2.67 or later, preferably 2.69.
+* bison - 2.0 or later, preferably 3.4.
+* gperf - 3.0.3 or later, preferably 3.1.
+* ruby - Ruby itself is prerequisite in order to build Ruby from source.
+  You should use [a maintained version of Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/).
 
 You should also have access to development headers for the following
 libraries, but these are not required:
 
-* Tcl/Tk
 * NDBM/QDBM
 * GDBM
-* OpenSSL
+* OpenSSL/LibreSSL
 * readline/editline(libedit)
 * zlib
 * libffi
@@ -287,15 +260,15 @@ Now let's build CRuby:
 
 * Checkout the CRuby source code:
 
-    git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git ruby-trunk
+    git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git ruby-master
 
 * Generate the configuration files and build:
 
-    cd ruby-trunk
+    cd ruby-master
     autoconf
     mkdir build && cd build # its good practice to build outside of source dir
-    mkdir ~/.rubies # we will install to .rubies/ruby-trunk in our home dir
-    ../configure --prefix="${HOME}/.rubies/ruby-trunk"
+    mkdir ~/.rubies # we will install to .rubies/ruby-master in our home dir
+    ../configure --prefix="${HOME}/.rubies/ruby-master"
     make up && make install
 
 After adding Ruby to your PATH, you should be ready to run the test suite:
@@ -319,7 +292,7 @@ For older versions of Ruby you will need to run the build setup again after
 checking out the associated branch in git, for example if you wanted to
 checkout 1.9.3:
 
-    git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git --branch ruby_1_9_3
+    git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git --branch ruby_1_9_3
 
 Once you checked out the source code, you can update the local copy by:
 
@@ -332,11 +305,11 @@ Or, update, build, install and check, by just:
 == Contributing Documentation
 
 If you're interested in contributing documentation directly to CRuby there is
-a wealth of information available at
-{documenting-ruby.org}[http://documenting-ruby.org/].
+some information available at
+{Contributing}[https://github.com/ruby/ruby#contributing].
 
 There is also the {Ruby Reference
-Manual}[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/rurema] in Japanese.
+Manual}[https://github.com/rurema/doctree/wiki] in Japanese.
 
 == Contributing A Patch
 
@@ -352,7 +325,7 @@ Before you submit a patch, there are a few things you should know:
 
 To improve the chance your patch will be accepted please follow these simple rules:
 
-* Bug fixes should be committed on trunk first
+* Bug fixes should be committed on master first
 * Format of the patch file must be a unified diff (ie: diff -pu, svn diff, or git diff)
 * Don't introduce cosmetic changes
 * Follow the original coding style of the code
@@ -360,23 +333,24 @@ To improve the chance your patch will be accepted please follow these simple rul
 
 First thing you should do is check out the code if you haven't already:
 
-  git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git ruby-trunk
+  git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git ruby-master
 
 Now create a dedicated branch:
 
-  cd ruby-trunk
+  cd ruby-master
   git checkout -b my_new_branch
 
 The name of your branch doesn't really matter because it will only exist on
 your local computer and won't be part of the official Ruby repository. It will
 be used to create patches based on the differences between your branch and
-trunk, or edge Ruby.
+master, or edge Ruby.
 
 === Coding style
 
 Here are some general rules to follow when writing Ruby and C code for CRuby:
 
-* Indent 4 spaces for C with tabs for eight-space indentation (emacs default)
+* Indent 4 spaces for C without tabs (old codes might use tabs for eight-space indentation,
+  but newer codes recommend to use spaces only)
 * Indent 2 space tabs for Ruby
 * Do not use TABs in ruby codes
 * ANSI C style for 1.9+ for function declarations
@@ -387,48 +361,25 @@ Here are some general rules to follow when writing Ruby and C code for CRuby:
 * ABBRs should be all upper case.
 * Do as others do
 
-=== ChangeLog
-
-Although not required, if you wish to add a ChangeLog entry for your change
-please note:
-
-You can use the following template for the ChangeLog entry on your commit:
-
-  Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 2004  Your Name  <yourmail@example.com>
-
-  	* filename (function): short description of this commit.
-  	  This should include your intention of this change.
-  	  [bug:#number] [mailinglist:number]
-
-  	* filename2 (function2): additional description for this file/function.
+=== Commit messages
 
-This follows {GNU Coding Standards for Change
-Logs}[http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Change-Logs.html#Change-Logs],
-some other requirements and tips:
+When you're ready to commit:
 
-* Timestamps must be in JST (+09:00) in the style as above.
-* Two spaces between the timestamp and your name. Two spaces between
-  your name and your mail address.
-* One blank line between the timestamp and the description.
-* Indent the description with TAB. 2nd line should begin with TAB+2SP.
-* Write a entry (*) for each change.
-* Refer to redmine issue or discussion on the mailing list.
-* For GitHub issues, use [GH-#] (such as [Fixes GH-234]
-* One blank line between entries.
-* Do as other committers do.
+   git commit path/to/files
 
-You can generate the ChangeLog entry by running <code>make change</code>
+This will open your editor in which you write your commit message.
+Use the following style for commit messages:
 
-When you're ready to commit, copy your ChangeLog entry into the commit message,
-keeping the same formatting and select your files:
+* Use a succinct subject line.
+* Include reasoning behind the change in the commit message, focusing on why
+  the change is being made.
+* Refer to redmine issue (such as Fixes [Bug #1234] or Implements
+  [Feature #3456]), or discussion on the mailing list
+  (such as [ruby-core:12345]).
+* For GitHub issues, use [GH-#] (such as [Fixes GH-234]).
+* Follow the style used by other committers.
 
-    git commit ChangeLog path/to/files
-
-In the likely event that your branch becomes outdated, you will have to update
-your working branch:
-
-    git fetch origin
-    git rebase remotes/origin/master
+=== Contributing your code
 
 Now that you've got some code you want to contribute, let's get set up to
 generate a patch. Start by forking the github mirror, check the {github docs on
@@ -445,7 +396,7 @@ Next copy the writable url for your fork and add it as a git remote, replace
 
 In order to generate a patch that you can upload to the bug tracker, we can use
 the github interface to review our changes just visit
-https://github.com/my_username/ruby/compare/trunk...my_new_branch
+https://github.com/my_username/ruby/compare/master...my_new_branch
 
 Next, you can simply add '.patch' to the end of this URL and it will generate
 the patch for you, save the file to your computer and upload it to the bug
@@ -456,7 +407,22 @@ Since git is a distributed system, you are welcome to host your git repository
 on any {publicly accessible hosting
 site}[https://git.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/GitHosting], including {hosting your
 own}[https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html#public-repositories]
-You may use the {'git format-patch'}[http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch]
+You may use the {'git format-patch'}[https://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch]
 command to generate patch files to upload to redmine.  You may also use
-the {'git request-pull'}[http://git-scm.com/docs/git-request-pull] command for
+the {'git request-pull'}[https://git-scm.com/docs/git-request-pull] command for
 formatting pull request messages to redmine.
+
+=== Updating the official repository
+
+If you are a committer, you can push changes directly into the official
+repository:
+
+    git push origin your-branch-name:master
+
+However, it is likely will have become outdated, and you will have to
+update it.  In that case, run:
+
+    git fetch origin
+    git rebase remotes/origin/master
+
+and then try pushing your changes again.
diff --git a/doc/contributors.rdoc b/doc/contributors.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index ced4eb1cd0..0000000000
--- a/doc/contributors.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,778 +0,0 @@
-= Contributors to Ruby
-
-The following list might be incomplete. Feel free to add your name if your
-patch was accepted into Ruby.
-
-== A
-
-Ayumu AIZAWA (ayumin)
-* committer
-
-AKIYOSHI, Masamichi (akiyoshi)
-* committer
-* He had maintained the VMS support on 2003-2004.
-
-Muhammad Ali
-* wrote rdoc for Fiber
-
-Minero Aoki (aamine)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of:
-  * fileutils
-  * net/http, net/https
-  * net/pop
-  * net/smtp
-  * racc
-  * ripper
-  * strscan
-
-Wakou Aoyama (wakou)
-* committer
-* He was the maintainer of some standard libraries.
-
-Koji Arai
-* committer
-
-arton
-* He is the distributor of ActiveScriptRuby and experimental 1.9.0-x installers for win32.
-* Wrote patches for win32ole, gc.c, tmpdir.rb
-
-== B
-
-Daniel Berger
-* a patch for irb
-* documentation
-* He wrote forwardable.rb
-
-David Black (dblack)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of scanf
-
-Ken Bloom
-* a patch for REXML.
-
-Oliver M. Bolzer
-* a patch for soap
-
-Alexey Borzenkov
-* a patch for mkmf.rb
-
-Richard Brown
-* a patch for configure.in
-
-Dirkjan Bussink
-* a patch for date.rb
-
-Daniel Bovensiepen
-* documentation
-* a patch for irb
-
-== C
-
-Brian Candler
-* a patch for configure.in, net/telnet
-
-keith cascio
-* a patch for optparse.rb
-
-Frederick Cheung
-* a patch for test/ruby/test_symbol.rb
-
-Christoph
-* patches for set.rb
-
-Sean Chittenden
-* pathces for net/http, cgi
-
-William D. Clinger
-* ruby_strtod is based on his paper.
-
-== D
-
-Ryan Davis (ryan)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of miniunit
-
-Guy Decoux (ts)
-* committer
-
-Zach Dennis
-
-Martin Duerst (duerst)
-* committer
-* M17N
-
-Paul Duncan
-* pathces for rdoc
-
-Alexander Dymo
-* a patch for lib/benchmark.rb
-
-== E
-
-Yusuke Endoh (mame)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of base64 library (1.9)
-* did much upon YARV compiler.
-
-erlercw
-* wrote Integer::gcd2
-
-== F
-
-Frank S.Fejes
-* a patch for net/pop
-
-Fundakowski Feldman
-* a patch for process.c
-
-Mauricio Fernandez
-* patches for parse.y
-
-David Flanagan (davidflanagan)
-* committer
-* M17N
-
-Takeyuki Fujioka (xibbar)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of cgi/*
-
-FUKUMOTO, Atsushi
-* a patch for tracer.rb
-
-Shota Fukumori (sorah)
-* committer
-* #4415 parallel unit/test
-
-Tadayoshi Funaba (tadf)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of
-  * date
-  * parsedate (1.8)
-* He ported rational.rb and complex.rb, which 1.8 contains, into rational.c and complex.c of 1.9.
-
-== G
-
-David M. Gay
-* ruby_strtod
-
-Florian Gilcher
-* documentation
-
-GOTOU, Kentaro (gotoken)
-* committer
-* He wrote benchmark.rb
-* He is the maintainer of:
-  * benchmark.rb
-  * open3
-
-GOTOU, Yuuzou (gotoyuzo)
-* committer
-
-James Edward Gray II (jeg2)
-* committer
-* He wrote the faster implementation of CSV and is the maintainer of csv.
-* Wrote documentation for rdoc
-
-== H
-
-Phil Hagelberg
-* patch for ruby-mode.el's documentation.
-
-Kirk Haines (wyhaines)
-* committer
-* the maintainer of ruby_1_8_6 branch
-
-Shinichiro Hamaji
-* fixed memory leaks (marshal.c, string.c)
-
-Shin-ichiro HARA
-* the developer and the sysop of ruby-{dev,list,core,talk} archive.
-* a patch for numeric.c
-
-Chris Heath (traumdeutung)
-* a patch for proc.c
-
-HIROKAWA Hisashi
-* fixed socket/socket.c
-
-Daniel Hob
-* He wrote:
-  * SMTP-TLS support for net/smtp.
-  * POP3S support
-
-Eric Hodel (drbrain)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of:
-  * rdoc
-  * ri
-  * rubygems
-
-Erik Hollensbe
-* a patch for delegate.rb
-
-Johan Holmberg
-* a patch for dir.c
-* documentation
-
-Erik Huelsmann
-
-Dae San Hwang
-* built a continuous integration environment on OpenSolaris.
-
-== I
-
-Nobuhiro IMAI
-* a patch for logger.rb
-
-"incorporate"
-* a patch for sprintf.c
-
-Keiju Ishitsuka (keiju)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of:
-  * cmath.rb (1.9)
-  * complex.rb (1.8)
-  * e2mmap.rb
-  * forwardable.rb
-  * irb
-  * mathn
-  * matrix.rb
-  * mutex_m.rb
-  * rational.rb (1.8)
-  * sync.rb
-  * shell/*
-  * thwait.rb
-  * tracer.rb
-
-== J
-
-Curtis Jackson
-* missing/dup2.c
-
-Alan Johnson
-* a patch for net/ftp
-
-Lyle Johnson
-* patches for nkf, bigdecimal, numeric.c
-
-== K
-
-Yoshihiro Kambayashi
-* a patch for enc/trans/single_byte.trans.
-* He wrote supports for some encodings.
-
-Yutaka Kanemoto
-* patches for common.mk, AIX AF_INET6 support
-
-Motoyuki Kasahara
-* He wrote getoptlong.rb
-
-Masahiro Kawato
-* a patch for shellwords.rb
-
-Wataru Kimura
-* a patch for configure.in
-
-Michael Klishin
-* patch for make help.
-
-Noritada Kobayashi
-* a patch for optparse.rb
-
-Shigeo Kobayashi (shigek)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of bigdecimal
-
-KONISHI, Hiromasa (H_Konishi)
-* committer
-* He had maintained the bcc32 support in 2004.
-
-Kornelius "murphy" Kalnbach
-* documentation
-
-K.Kosako (kosako)
-* committer
-* He wrote Oniguruma.
-
-Takehiro Kubo
-* patches for dl 64bit support.
-
-== L
-
-Marc-Andre Lafortune (marcandre)
-* committer
-* patches for hash.c, array.c, thread.c, enumc, string.c, range.c and rdoc documentation.
-
-Hongli Lai
-* improved pstore.rb
-* patch for tool/file2lastrev.rb.
-
-raspberry lemon
-* a patch for webrick/httpproxy.rb.
-
-Christian Loew
-* a patch for fileutils.rb
-
-== M
-
-Shugo Maeda (shugo)
-* committer
-* A system administrator of ruby-lang.org servers.
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of:
-  * monitor.rb
-  * net/ftp
-  * net/imap
-
-Stephan Maka (mathew)
-* documentation
-
-Yukihiro Matsumoto (matz)
-* Matz -- the founder, language designer of Ruby.
-* committer
-* Ruby itself, most of Ruby.
-* He is the maintainer of:
-  * singleton
-  * timeout
-  * gdbm
-  * sdbm
-
-Konrad Meyer
-* documentation
-
-Mib Software
-* missing/vsnprintf.c
-
-Todd C. Miller
-* missing/strlcat.c
-* missing/strlcpy.c
-
-MIYASAKA, Masaru
-* a patch for cgi.rb
-
-Stefan Monnier
-* regex.c was fixed with based on his Emacs21 patch.
-
-Marcel Moolenaar
-* patches for eval.c and gc.c.
-
-moonwolf
-* a patch for REXML, xmlrpc
-
-Hiroshi Moriyama
-* a patch for yaml.
-
-Kyosuke Morohashi
-* a patch for gem_prelude.rb
-
-Kenta Murata
-* patches for json, bignum.c
-
-Akinori MUSHA (knu)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of:
-  * abbrev.rb
-  * generator (1.8)
-  * enumerator (1.8)
-  * set
-  * ipaddr.rb
-  * digest/*
-  * syslog
-* He is the branch maintainer of ruby_1_8, the release manager of 1.8 series.
-
-== N
-
-Hidetoshi NAGAI (nagai)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of tk/*
-
-Nobuyoshi Nakada (nobu)
-* committer
-* a.k.a. the "patch monster"
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of:
-  * optparse
-  * stringio
-  * io/wait
-  * iconv
-
-Satoshi Nakagawa
-* patches for util.c
-
-Narihiro Nakamura (nari)
-* committer
-* a.k.a. authorNari
-* working at GC
-
-NAKAMURA, Hiroshi (nahi)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of:
-  * csv.rb (1.8)
-  * logger.rb
-  * soap/* (1.8)
-  * wsdl/* (1.8)
-  * xsd/* (1.8)
-
-NAKAMURA, Usaku (usa)
-* committer
-* a.k.a. unak
-* He is the maintainer of mswin32 and mswin64 support.
-
-NARUSE, Yui (naruse)
-* committer
-* a.k.a. "nurse"
-* Did much upon m17n.
-* He is the maintainer of:
-  * json
-  * nkf
-
-Christian Neukirchen
-* a patch for webrick/httputils
-
-Michael Neumann (mneumann)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of
-  * xmlrpc (1.8)
-  * gserver (1.8)
-
-NISHIO Hirokazu
-* wrote a patch for CVE-2010-0541
-
-Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA (kazu)
-* committer
-* a.k.a. znz
-
-Go Noguchi
-
-Martin Nordholts
-* misc/rdebug.el
-
-nmu
-* a patch for socket
-
-== O
-
-okkez
-* He is a sysop of the Ruby Reference Manual Renewal Project.
-* fixed ipaddr.rb, ext/etc
-
-Haruhiko Okumura
-* some of missing/* is based on his book:
-  * missing/erf.c
-  * missing/lgamma_r.c
-  * missing/tgamma.c
-
-OMAE, jun
-* a patch for debug.rb
-
-Eugene Ossintsev
-* documentation
-
-== P
-
-Heesob Park
-* a patch for win32/win32.c.
-
-pegacorn
-* a patch for instruby.rb
-
-== Q
-
-== R
-
-Gaston Ramos
-* documentation
-
-The Regents of the University of California
-* missing/crypt.c
-* missing/vsnprintf.c
-
-Sam Roberts
-* patch for socket
-* documentation
-
-Michal Rokos (michal)
-* committer
-* He was the maintainer of DJGPP support.
-
-rubikitch
-* a patch for io.c
-
-Marcus Rueckert
-* a patch for mkconfig.rb.
-
-Run Paint Run Run
-* patch for enc/unicode.c
-* documentation
-
-Sean Russell (ser)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of REXML.
-
-== S
-
-Kazuo Saito (ksaito)
-* committer
-* M17N
-
-Tadashi Saito
-* patches for test/ruby/test_math.rb, thread_*.c, bignum.c
-* working upon BigDecimal.
-* did much upon documentation
-
-Masahiro Sakai
-* a patch for io.c
-
-Laurent Sansonetti
-* a patch for tool/ytab.sed
-
-Jeff Saracco
-* documentation
-
-Koichi Sasada (ko1)
-* committer
-* He wrote YARV.
-
-Hugh Sasse
-* a patch for net/http
-* documentation
-
-Charlie Savage
-* a patch for win32/Makefile.sub
-
-Michael Scholz
-* a patch for ruby-mode.el
-
-Arthur Schreiber
-* patch for net/http and rdoc.
-
-Masatoshi SEKI (seki)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of:
-  * drb/*
-  * erb
-  * rinda
-
-Roman Shterenzon
-* a patch for open-uri.
-
-Kent Sibilev
-
-Gavin Sinclair (gsinclair)
-* committer
-
-John W. Small
-* He wrote gserver.rb
-
-Yuki Sonoda (yugui)
-* committer
-* She is the maintainer of man/* manual pages and is the release manager of 1.9 series.
-* She wrote prime.rb.
-* A developer and a sysop of redmine.ruby-lang.org.
-
-SOUMA, Yutaka
-* a patch for pack.c.
-
-Tatsuki Sugiura
-* WebDAV support for net/http
-
-Masaki Suketa (suke)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of win32ole
-
-sheepman
-* patches for ruby.c, thread.c, stringio, enum.c, webrick, net/http
-
-Siena. (siena)
-* committer
-
-Kirill A. Shutemov
-* a patch for parse.y
-
-Darren Smith
-* a patch for golf_prelude.rb
-
-Richard M. Stallman
-* missing/alloca.c
-
-Robin Stocker
-* documentation
-
-Adam Strzelecki
-* a patch for compile.c
-
-Masashi Sumi
-* improved net/pop.rb
-
-Eric Sunshine
-* NeXT OpenStep, Rhapsody support
-
-Kouhei Sutou (kou)
-* committer
-* He wrote and is the maintainer of rss/*
-
-David Symonds
-* documentation
-
-== T
-
-TAKANO Mitsuhiro (takano32)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of IA-64 support.
-* BigDecimal
-
-TAKAO, Kouji (kouji)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of readline.
-
-Nathaniel Talbott (ntalbott)
-* committer
-* He was the maintainer of test/unit, runit, rubyunit.
-
-TANAKA, Akira (akr)
-* committer
-* Did much upon m17n.
-* And he is the maintainer of:
-  * open-uri
-  * pathname
-  * pp
-  * resolv-replace
-  * resolv
-  * time
-  * tsort
-
-Takaaki Tateishi (ttate)
-* committer
-* He was the maintainer of dl
-
-Technorama Ltd. (technoroma)
-* committer
-* openssl
-
-Andrew Thompson
-* a patch for socket.c IRIX support.
-
-Dave Thomas (dave)
-* committer
-* a.k.a. the Pragmatic Programmer.
-* He wrote rdoc.
-
-Tietew
-* patches for win32 support
-
-Masahiro Tomita
-* a patch for cgi.rb
-
-Jakub Travnik
-* a patch for eval.c
-
-Tom Truscott
-* missing/crypt.c
-
-== U
-
-UEDA, Satoshi
-* a patch for uri
-
-Takaaki Uematsu (uema2)
-* committer
-* He was the maintainer of WinCE support.
-
-UENO, Katsuhiro (katsu)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of zlib
-
-Hajimu UMEMOTO
-* He wrote ipaddr.rb
-
-URABE, Shyouhei (shyouhei)
-* committer
-* a.k.a. mput.
-* He is the branch maintainer of ruby_1_8_6 and ruby_1_8_7
-* and is the release manager of 1.8.x-pXXX.
-
-== V
-
-Joel VanderWerf
-* a patch for numeric.c
-
-Peter Vanbroekhoven
-
-Corinna Vinschen
-
-== W
-
-wanabe (wanabe)
-* committer
-* fixed YARV and Oniguruma.
-
-Chun Wang
-* a patch for time.rb
-
-WATANABE, Hirofumi (eban)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of
-  * ftools (1.8)
-  * tmpdir
-  * un
-  * Win32API
-
-WATANABE, Tetsuya
-* a patch for ruby.c
-
-William Webber (wew)
-* committer
-
-Jim Weirich (jim)
-* committer
-* He wrote Rake.
-
-Nathan Weizenbaum
-* fixed misc/ruby-mode.el.
-
-why the lukky stiff (why)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of syck
-
-Caley Woods
-* documentation
-
-Gary Wright
-* documentation
-
-== X
-
-== Y
-
-Akira Yamada (akira)
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer of ruby related packages at Debian project.
-
-Keita Yamaguchi
-* patches for enum.c, parse.y
-* documentation
-
-Hirokazu Yamamoto (ocean)
-* committer
-
-Hirotaka Yoshioka
-* a patch for improving SEGV handling
-
-== Z
-
-Aristarkh A Zagorodnikov
-* a patch for io.c
-
-Alexander Zavorine
-* committer
-* He is the maintainer for Symbian OS.
-
-Chiyuan Zhang
-* a patch for misc/ruby-mode.el.
-
-Dee Zsombor (zunda)
-* a patch for thread_pthread.c
-
-Dan Zwell
-* a patch for net/pop
-
-
diff --git a/doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc b/doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5fe1d1975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+* Argument +io+ should be an IO object that is:
+  * Open for reading; on return, the IO object will be closed.
+  * Positioned at the beginning.
+    To position at the end, for appending, use method CSV.generate.
+    For any other positioning, pass a preset \StringIO object instead.
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05769b5773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+====== Option +col_sep+
+
+Specifies the \String field separator to be used
+for both parsing and generating.
+The \String will be transcoded into the data's \Encoding before use.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:col_sep) # => "," (comma)
+
+Using the default (comma):
+  str = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Using +:+ (colon):
+  col_sep = ':'
+  str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo:0\nbar:1\nbaz:2\n"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Using +::+ (two colons):
+  col_sep = '::'
+  str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo::0\nbar::1\nbaz::2\n"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Using <tt>''</tt> (empty string):
+  col_sep = ''
+  str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n"
+
+---
+
+Raises an exception if parsing with the empty \String:
+  col_sep = ''
+  # Raises ArgumentError (:col_sep must be 1 or more characters: "")
+  CSV.parse("foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n", col_sep: col_sep)
+
+Raises an exception if the given value is not String-convertible:
+  col_sep = BasicObject.new
+  # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
+  CSV.generate(line, col_sep: col_sep)
+  # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
+  CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67fd3af68b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+====== Option +quote_char+
+
+Specifies the character (\String of length 1) used used to quote fields
+in both parsing and generating.
+This String will be transcoded into the data's \Encoding before use.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_char) # => "\"" (double quote)
+
+This is useful for an application that incorrectly uses <tt>'</tt> (single-quote)
+to quote fields, instead of the correct <tt>"</tt> (double-quote).
+
+Using the default (double quote):
+  str = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    csv << ['foo', 0]
+    csv << ["'bar'", 1]
+    csv << ['"baz"', 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0\n'bar',1\n\"\"\"baz\"\"\",2\n"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]
+
+Using <tt>'</tt> (single-quote):
+  quote_char = "'"
+  str = CSV.generate(quote_char: quote_char) do |csv|
+    csv << ['foo', 0]
+    csv << ["'bar'", 1]
+    csv << ['"baz"', 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0\n'''bar''',1\n\"baz\",2\n"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, quote_char: quote_char)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]
+
+---
+
+Raises an exception if the \String length is greater than 1:
+  # Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
+  CSV.new('', quote_char: 'xx')
+
+Raises an exception if the value is not a \String:
+  # Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
+  CSV.new('', quote_char: :foo)
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..872d9d1f3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+====== Option +row_sep+
+
+Specifies the row separator, a \String or the \Symbol <tt>:auto</tt> (see below),
+to be used for both parsing and generating.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:row_sep) # => :auto
+
+---
+
+When +row_sep+ is a \String, that \String becomes the row separator.
+The String will be transcoded into the data's Encoding before use.
+
+Using <tt>"\n"</tt>:
+  row_sep = "\n"
+  str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Using <tt>|</tt> (pipe):
+  row_sep = '|'
+  str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0|bar,1|baz,2|"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Using <tt>--</tt> (two hyphens):
+  row_sep = '--'
+  str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0--bar,1--baz,2--"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Using <tt>''</tt> (empty string):
+  row_sep = ''
+  str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0bar,1baz,2"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0bar", "1baz", "2"]]
+
+---
+
+When +row_sep+ is the \Symbol +:auto+ (the default),
+generating uses <tt>"\n"</tt> as the row separator:
+  str = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+
+Parsing, on the other hand, invokes auto-discovery of the row separator.
+
+Auto-discovery reads ahead in the data looking for the next <tt>\r\n</tt>, +\n+, or +\r+ sequence.
+The sequence will be selected even if it occurs in a quoted field,
+assuming that you would have the same line endings there.
+
+Example:
+  str = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    csv << [:foo, 0]
+    csv << [:bar, 1]
+    csv << [:baz, 2]
+  end
+  str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  ary = CSV.parse(str)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+The default <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>) is used
+if any of the following is true:
+* None of those sequences is found.
+* Data is +ARGF+, +STDIN+, +STDOUT+, or +STDERR+.
+* The stream is only available for output.
+
+Obviously, discovery takes a little time. Set manually if speed is important. Also note that IO objects should be opened in binary mode on Windows if this feature will be used as the line-ending translation can cause problems with resetting the document position to where it was before the read ahead.
+
+---
+
+Raises an exception if the given value is not String-convertible:
+  row_sep = BasicObject.new
+  # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
+  CSV.generate(ary, row_sep: row_sep)
+  # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `to_s' for #<BasicObject:>)
+  CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/generating/force_quotes.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/generating/force_quotes.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11afd1a16c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/generating/force_quotes.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+====== Option +force_quotes+
+
+Specifies the boolean that determines whether each output field is to be double-quoted.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:force_quotes) # => false
+
+For examples in this section:
+  ary = ['foo', 0, nil]
+
+Using the default, +false+:
+  str = CSV.generate_line(ary)
+  str # => "foo,0,\n"
+
+Using +true+:
+  str = CSV.generate_line(ary, force_quotes: true)
+  str # => "\"foo\",\"0\",\"\"\n"
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/generating/quote_empty.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/generating/quote_empty.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c5645c662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/generating/quote_empty.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+====== Option +quote_empty+
+
+Specifies the boolean that determines whether an empty value is to be double-quoted.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_empty) # => true
+
+With the default +true+:
+  CSV.generate_line(['"', ""]) # => "\"\"\"\",\"\"\n"
+
+With +false+:
+    CSV.generate_line(['"', ""], quote_empty: false) # => "\"\"\"\",\n"
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/generating/write_converters.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_converters.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e5fae5fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_converters.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+====== Option +write_converters+
+
+Specifies converters to be used in generating fields.
+See {Write Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Write+Converters]
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_converters) # => nil
+
+With no write converter:
+  str = CSV.generate_line(["\na\n", "\tb\t", " c "])
+  str # => "\"\na\n\",\tb\t, c \n"
+
+With a write converter:
+  strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+  str = CSV.generate_line(["\na\n", "\tb\t", " c "], write_converters: strip_converter)
+  str # => "a,b,c\n"
+
+With two write converters (called in order):
+  upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.upcase }
+  downcase_converter = proc {|field| field.downcase }
+  write_converters = [upcase_converter, downcase_converter]
+  str = CSV.generate_line(['a', 'b', 'c'], write_converters: write_converters)
+  str # => "a,b,c\n"
+
+See also {Write Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Write+Converters]
+
+---
+
+Raises an exception if the converter returns a value that is neither +nil+
+nor \String-convertible:
+  bad_converter = proc {|field| BasicObject.new }
+  # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `is_a?' for #<BasicObject:>)
+  CSV.generate_line(['a', 'b', 'c'], write_converters: bad_converter)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/generating/write_empty_value.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_empty_value.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67be5662cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_empty_value.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+====== Option +write_empty_value+
+
+Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each field
+that has an empty \String.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_empty_value) # => ""
+
+Without the option:
+  str = CSV.generate_line(['a', '', 'c', ''])
+  str # => "a,\"\",c,\"\"\n"
+
+With the option:
+  str = CSV.generate_line(['a', '', 'c', ''], write_empty_value: "x")
+  str # => "a,x,c,x\n"
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/generating/write_headers.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_headers.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9faa9d438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_headers.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+====== Option +write_headers+
+
+Specifies the boolean that determines whether a header row is included in the output;
+ignored if there are no headers.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_headers) # => nil
+
+Without +write_headers+:
+  file_path = 't.csv'
+  CSV.open(file_path,'w',
+      :headers => ['Name','Value']
+    ) do |csv|
+      csv << ['foo', '0']
+  end
+  CSV.open(file_path) do |csv|
+    csv.shift
+  end # => ["foo", "0"]
+
+With +write_headers+":
+  CSV.open(file_path,'w',
+      :write_headers=> true,
+      :headers => ['Name','Value']
+    ) do |csv|
+      csv << ['foo', '0']
+  end
+  CSV.open(file_path) do |csv|
+    csv.shift
+  end # => ["Name", "Value"]
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/generating/write_nil_value.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_nil_value.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65d33ff54e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/generating/write_nil_value.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+====== Option +write_nil_value+
+
+Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each +nil+-valued field.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_nil_value) # => nil
+
+Without the option:
+  str = CSV.generate_line(['a', nil, 'c', nil])
+  str # => "a,,c,\n"
+
+With the option:
+  str = CSV.generate_line(['a', nil, 'c', nil], write_nil_value: "x")
+  str # => "a,x,c,x\n"
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/converters.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/converters.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..211fa48de6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/converters.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+====== Option +converters+
+
+Specifies converters to be used in parsing fields.
+See {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters]
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:converters) # => nil
+
+The value may be a field converter name
+(see {Stored Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Stored+Converters]):
+  str = '1,2,3'
+  # Without a converter
+  array = CSV.parse_line(str)
+  array # => ["1", "2", "3"]
+  # With built-in converter :integer
+  array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: :integer)
+  array # => [1, 2, 3]
+
+The value may be a converter list
+(see {Converter Lists}[#class-CSV-label-Converter+Lists]):
+  str = '1,3.14159'
+  # Without converters
+  array = CSV.parse_line(str)
+  array # => ["1", "3.14159"]
+  # With built-in converters
+  array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: [:integer, :float])
+  array # => [1, 3.14159]
+
+The value may be a \Proc custom converter:
+(see {Custom Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Field+Converters]):
+  str = ' foo  ,  bar  ,  baz  '
+  # Without a converter
+  array = CSV.parse_line(str)
+  array # => [" foo  ", "  bar  ", "  baz  "]
+  # With a custom converter
+  array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: proc {|field| field.strip })
+  array # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+
+See also {Custom Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Field+Converters]
+
+---
+
+Raises an exception if the converter is not a converter name or a \Proc:
+  str = 'foo,0'
+  # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
+  CSV.parse(str, converters: :foo)
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/empty_value.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/empty_value.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d3bcc078c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/empty_value.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+====== Option +empty_value+
+
+Specifies the object that is to be substituted
+for each field that has an empty \String.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:empty_value) # => "" (empty string)
+
+With the default, <tt>""</tt>:
+  CSV.parse_line('a,"",b,"",c') # => ["a", "", "b", "", "c"]
+
+With a different object:
+  CSV.parse_line('a,"",b,"",c', empty_value: 'x') # => ["a", "x", "b", "x", "c"]
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/field_size_limit.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/field_size_limit.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..797c5776fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/field_size_limit.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+====== Option +field_size_limit+
+
+Specifies the \Integer field size limit.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:field_size_limit) # => nil
+
+This is a maximum size CSV will read ahead looking for the closing quote for a field.
+(In truth, it reads to the first line ending beyond this size.)
+If a quote cannot be found within the limit CSV will raise a MalformedCSVError,
+assuming the data is faulty.
+You can use this limit to prevent what are effectively DoS attacks on the parser.
+However, this limit can cause a legitimate parse to fail;
+therefore the default value is +nil+ (no limit).
+
+For the examples in this section:
+  str = <<~EOT
+    "a","b"
+    "
+    2345
+    ",""
+  EOT
+  str # => "\"a\",\"b\"\n\"\n2345\n\",\"\"\n"
+
+Using the default +nil+:
+  ary = CSV.parse(str)
+  ary # => [["a", "b"], ["\n2345\n", ""]]
+
+Using <tt>50</tt>:
+  field_size_limit = 50
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, field_size_limit: field_size_limit)
+  ary # => [["a", "b"], ["\n2345\n", ""]]
+
+---
+
+Raises an exception if a field is too long:
+  big_str = "123456789\n" * 1024
+  # Raises CSV::MalformedCSVError (Field size exceeded in line 1.)
+  CSV.parse('valid,fields,"' + big_str + '"', field_size_limit: 2048)
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/header_converters.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/header_converters.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..309180805f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/header_converters.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+====== Option +header_converters+
+
+Specifies converters to be used in parsing headers.
+See {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters]
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:header_converters) # => nil
+
+Identical in functionality to option {converters}[#class-CSV-label-Option+converters]
+except that:
+- The converters apply only to the header row.
+- The built-in header converters are +:downcase+ and +:symbol+.
+
+This section assumes prior execution of:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  Name,Value
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  baz,2
+  EOT
+  # With no header converter
+  table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true)
+  table.headers # => ["Name", "Value"]
+
+The value may be a header converter name
+(see {Stored Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Stored+Converters]):
+  table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+  table.headers # => ["name", "value"]
+
+The value may be a converter list
+(see {Converter Lists}[#class-CSV-label-Converter+Lists]):
+  header_converters = [:downcase, :symbol]
+  table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: header_converters)
+  table.headers # => [:name, :value]
+
+The value may be a \Proc custom converter
+(see {Custom Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Header+Converters]):
+  upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.upcase }
+  table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
+  table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+
+See also {Custom Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Header+Converters]
+
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/headers.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/headers.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ea151f24b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/headers.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+====== Option +headers+
+
+Specifies a boolean, \Symbol, \Array, or \String to be used
+to define column headers.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:headers) # => false
+
+---
+
+Without +headers+:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  Name,Count
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  bax,2
+  EOT
+  csv = CSV.new(str)
+  csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+  csv.headers # => nil
+  csv.shift # => ["Name", "Count"]
+
+---
+
+If set to +true+ or the \Symbol +:first_row+,
+the first row of the data is treated as a row of headers:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  Name,Count
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  bax,2
+  EOT
+  csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true)
+  csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:2 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"" headers:["Name", "Count"]>
+  csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+  csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+
+---
+
+If set to an \Array, the \Array elements are treated as headers:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  bax,2
+  EOT
+  csv = CSV.new(str, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
+  csv
+  csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+  csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+
+---
+
+If set to a \String +str+, method <tt>CSV::parse_line(str, options)</tt> is called
+with the current +options+, and the returned \Array is treated as headers:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  bax,2
+  EOT
+  csv = CSV.new(str, headers: 'Name,Count')
+  csv
+  csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+  csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/liberal_parsing.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/liberal_parsing.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8b9b00c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/liberal_parsing.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+====== Option +liberal_parsing+
+
+Specifies the boolean value that determines whether
+CSV will attempt to parse input not conformant with RFC 4180,
+such as double quotes in unquoted fields.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:liberal_parsing) # => false
+
+For examples in this section:
+  str = 'is,this "three, or four",fields'
+
+Without +liberal_parsing+:
+  # Raises CSV::MalformedCSVError (Illegal quoting in str 1.)
+  CSV.parse_line(str)
+
+With +liberal_parsing+:
+  ary = CSV.parse_line(str, liberal_parsing: true)
+  ary # => ["is", "this \"three", " or four\"", "fields"]
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/nil_value.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/nil_value.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..412e8795e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/nil_value.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+====== Option +nil_value+
+
+Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each null (no-text) field.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:nil_value) # => nil
+
+With the default, +nil+:
+  CSV.parse_line('a,,b,,c') # => ["a", nil, "b", nil, "c"]
+
+With a different object:
+  CSV.parse_line('a,,b,,c', nil_value: 0) # => ["a", 0, "b", 0, "c"]
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/return_headers.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/return_headers.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45d2e3f3de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/return_headers.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+====== Option +return_headers+
+
+Specifies the boolean that determines whether method #shift
+returns or ignores the header row.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:return_headers) # => false
+
+Examples:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  Name,Count
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  bax,2
+  EOT
+  # Without return_headers first row is str.
+  csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true)
+  csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+  # With return_headers first row is headers.
+  csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true, return_headers: true)
+  csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Name" "Count":"Count">
+
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_blanks.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_blanks.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c8f7b7bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_blanks.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+====== Option +skip_blanks+
+
+Specifies a boolean that determines whether blank lines in the input will be ignored;
+a line that contains a column separator is not considered to be blank.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:skip_blanks) # => false
+
+See also option {skiplines}[#class-CSV-label-Option+skip_lines].
+
+For examples in this section:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  foo,0
+
+  bar,1
+  baz,2
+
+  ,
+  EOT
+
+Using the default, +false+:
+  ary = CSV.parse(str)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], [], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [], [nil, nil]]
+
+Using +true+:
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_blanks: true)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [nil, nil]]
+
+Using a truthy value:
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_blanks: :foo)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [nil, nil]]
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_lines.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_lines.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1481c40a5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_lines.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+====== Option +skip_lines+
+
+Specifies an object to use in identifying comment lines in the input that are to be ignored:
+* If a \Regexp, ignores lines that match it.
+* If a \String, converts it to a \Regexp, ignores lines that match it.
+* If +nil+, no lines are considered to be comments.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:skip_lines) # => nil
+
+For examples in this section:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  # Comment
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  baz,2
+  # Another comment
+  EOT
+  str # => "# Comment\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n# Another comment\n"
+
+Using the default, +nil+:
+  ary = CSV.parse(str)
+  ary # => [["# Comment"], ["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], ["# Another comment"]]
+
+Using a \Regexp:
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: /^#/)
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Using a \String:
+  ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: '#')
+  ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+---
+
+Raises an exception if given an object that is not a \Regexp, a \String, or +nil+:
+  # Raises ArgumentError (:skip_lines has to respond to #match: 0)
+  CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: 0)
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/strip.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/strip.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56ae4310c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/strip.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+====== Option +strip+
+
+Specifies the boolean value that determines whether
+whitespace is stripped from each input field.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:strip) # => false
+
+With default value +false+:
+  ary = CSV.parse_line(' a , b ')
+  ary # => [" a ", " b "]
+
+With value +true+:
+  ary = CSV.parse_line(' a , b ', strip: true)
+  ary # => ["a", "b"]
diff --git a/doc/csv/options/parsing/unconverted_fields.rdoc b/doc/csv/options/parsing/unconverted_fields.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e7f839d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/options/parsing/unconverted_fields.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+====== Option +unconverted_fields+
+
+Specifies the boolean that determines whether unconverted field values are to be available.
+
+Default value:
+  CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:unconverted_fields) # => nil
+
+The unconverted field values are those found in the source data,
+prior to any conversions performed via option +converters+.
+
+When option +unconverted_fields+ is +true+,
+each returned row (\Array or \CSV::Row) has an added method,
++unconverted_fields+, that returns the unconverted field values:
+  str = <<-EOT
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  baz,2
+  EOT
+  # Without unconverted_fields
+  csv = CSV.parse(str, converters: :integer)
+  csv # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+  csv.first.respond_to?(:unconverted_fields) # => false
+  # With unconverted_fields
+  csv = CSV.parse(str, converters: :integer, unconverted_fields: true)
+  csv # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+  csv.first.respond_to?(:unconverted_fields) # => true
+  csv.first.unconverted_fields # => ["foo", "0"]
diff --git a/doc/csv/recipes/filtering.rdoc b/doc/csv/recipes/filtering.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..470649d09a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/recipes/filtering.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+== Recipes for Filtering \CSV
+
+For other recipes, see {Recipes for CSV}[./recipes_rdoc.html].
+
+All code snippets on this page assume that the following has been executed:
+  require 'csv'
+
+=== Contents
+
+- {Source and Output Formats}[#label-Source+and+Output+Formats]
+  - {Filtering String to String}[#label-Filtering+String+to+String]
+    - {Recipe: Filter String to String with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+String+to+String+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Filter String to String Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+String+to+String+Without+Headers]
+  - {Filtering String to IO Stream}[#label-Filtering+String+to+IO+Stream]
+    - {Recipe: Filter String to IO Stream with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+String+to+IO+Stream+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Filter String to IO Stream Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+String+to+IO+Stream+Without+Headers]
+  - {Filtering IO Stream to String}[#label-Filtering+IO+Stream+to+String]
+    - {Recipe: Filter IO Stream to String with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+IO+Stream+to+String+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Filter IO Stream to String Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+IO+Stream+to+String+Without+Headers]
+  - {Filtering IO Stream to IO Stream}[#label-Filtering+IO+Stream+to+IO+Stream]
+    - {Recipe: Filter IO Stream to IO Stream with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+IO+Stream+to+IO+Stream+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Filter IO Stream to IO Stream Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+IO+Stream+to+IO+Stream+Without+Headers]
+
+=== Source and Output Formats
+
+You can use a Unix-style "filter" for \CSV data.
+The filter reads source \CSV data and writes output \CSV data as modified by the filter.
+The input and output \CSV data may be any mixture of \Strings and \IO streams.
+
+==== Filtering \String to \String
+
+You can filter one \String to another, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \String to \String with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter with option +headers+ to filter a \String to another \String:
+  in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  out_string = ''
+  CSV.filter(in_string, out_string, headers: true) do |row|
+    row[0] = row[0].upcase
+    row[1] *= 4
+  end
+  out_string # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \String to \String Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter without option +headers+ to filter a \String to another \String:
+  in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  out_string = ''
+  CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
+    row[0] = row[0].upcase
+    row[1] *= 4
+  end
+  out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+
+==== Filtering \String to \IO Stream
+
+You can filter a \String to an \IO stream, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \String to \IO Stream with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter with option +headers+ to filter a \String to an \IO stream:
+  in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.open(path, 'w') do |out_io|
+    CSV.filter(in_string, out_io, headers: true) do |row|
+      row[0] = row[0].upcase
+      row[1] *= 4
+    end
+  end
+  p File.read(path) # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \String to \IO Stream Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter without option +headers+ to filter a \String to an \IO stream:
+  in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.open(path, 'w') do |out_io|
+    CSV.filter(in_string, out_io) do |row|
+      row[0] = row[0].upcase
+      row[1] *= 4
+    end
+  end
+  p File.read(path) # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+
+==== Filtering \IO Stream to \String
+
+You can filter an \IO stream to a \String, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \IO Stream to \String with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter with option +headers+ to filter an \IO stream to a \String:
+  in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.write(path, in_string)
+  out_string = ''
+  File.open(path, headers: true) do |in_io|
+    CSV.filter(in_io, out_string, headers: true) do |row|
+      row[0] = row[0].upcase
+      row[1] *= 4
+    end
+  end
+  out_string # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \IO Stream to \String Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter without option +headers+ to filter an \IO stream to a \String:
+  in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.write(path, in_string)
+  out_string = ''
+  File.open(path) do |in_io|
+    CSV.filter(in_io, out_string) do |row|
+      row[0] = row[0].upcase
+      row[1] *= 4
+    end
+  end
+  out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+
+==== Filtering \IO Stream to \IO Stream
+
+You can filter an \IO stream to another \IO stream, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \IO Stream to \IO Stream with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter with option +headers+ to filter an \IO stream to another \IO stream:
+  in_path = 't.csv'
+  in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  File.write(in_path, in_string)
+  out_path = 'u.csv'
+  File.open(in_path) do |in_io|
+    File.open(out_path, 'w') do |out_io|
+      CSV.filter(in_io, out_io, headers: true) do |row|
+        row[0] = row[0].upcase
+        row[1] *= 4
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  p File.read(out_path) # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Filter \IO Stream to \IO Stream Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.filter without option +headers+ to filter an \IO stream to another \IO stream:
+  in_path = 't.csv'
+  in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  File.write(in_path, in_string)
+  out_path = 'u.csv'
+  File.open(in_path) do |in_io|
+    File.open(out_path, 'w') do |out_io|
+      CSV.filter(in_io, out_io) do |row|
+        row[0] = row[0].upcase
+        row[1] *= 4
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  p File.read(out_path) # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
diff --git a/doc/csv/recipes/generating.rdoc b/doc/csv/recipes/generating.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ef6df99b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/recipes/generating.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+== Recipes for Generating \CSV
+
+For other recipes, see {Recipes for CSV}[./recipes_rdoc.html].
+
+All code snippets on this page assume that the following has been executed:
+  require 'csv'
+
+=== Contents
+
+- {Output Formats}[#label-Output+Formats]
+  - {Generating to a String}[#label-Generating+to+a+String]
+    - {Recipe: Generate to String with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+to+String+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Generate to String Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+to+String+Without+Headers]
+  - {Generating to a File}[#label-Generating+to+a+File]
+    - {Recipe: Generate to File with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+to+File+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Generate to File Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+to+File+Without+Headers]
+  - {Generating to IO an Stream}[#label-Generating+to+an+IO+Stream]
+    - {Recipe: Generate to IO Stream with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+to+IO+Stream+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Generate to IO Stream Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+to+IO+Stream+Without+Headers]
+- {Converting Fields}[#label-Converting+Fields]
+  - {Recipe: Filter Generated Field Strings}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+Generated+Field+Strings]
+  - {Recipe: Specify Multiple Write Converters}[#label-Recipe-3A+Specify+Multiple+Write+Converters]
+- {RFC 4180 Compliance}[#label-RFC+4180+Compliance]
+  - {Row Separator}[#label-Row+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Generate Compliant Row Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+Compliant+Row+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Generate Non-Compliant Row Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+Non-Compliant+Row+Separator]
+  - {Column Separator}[#label-Column+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Generate Compliant Column Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+Compliant+Column+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Generate Non-Compliant Column Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+Non-Compliant+Column+Separator]
+  - {Quote Character}[#label-Quote+Character]
+    - {Recipe: Generate Compliant Quote Character}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+Compliant+Quote+Character]
+    - {Recipe: Generate Non-Compliant Quote Character}[#label-Recipe-3A+Generate+Non-Compliant+Quote+Character]
+
+=== Output Formats
+
+You can generate \CSV output to a \String, to a \File (via its path), or to an \IO stream.
+
+==== Generating to a \String
+
+You can generate \CSV output to a \String, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Generate to \String with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.generate with option +headers+ to generate to a \String.
+
+This example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows
+that are to be generated:
+  output_string = CSV.generate('', headers: ['Name', 'Value'], write_headers: true) do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "Name,Value\nFoo,0\nBar,1\nBaz,2\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Generate to \String Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.generate without option +headers+ to generate to a \String.
+
+This example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows
+that are to be generated:
+  output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "Foo,0\nBar,1\nBaz,2\n"
+
+==== Generating to a \File
+
+You can generate /CSV data to a \File, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Generate to \File with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.open with option +headers+ generate to a \File.
+
+This example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows
+that are to be generated:
+  path = 't.csv'
+  CSV.open(path, 'w', headers: ['Name', 'Value'], write_headers: true) do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  p File.read(path) # => "Name,Value\nFoo,0\nBar,1\nBaz,2\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Generate to \File Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.open without option +headers+ to generate to a \File.
+
+This example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows
+that are to be generated:
+  path = 't.csv'
+  CSV.open(path, 'w') do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  p File.read(path) # => "Foo,0\nBar,1\nBaz,2\n"
+
+==== Generating to an \IO Stream
+
+You can generate \CSV data to an \IO stream, with or without headers.
+
+==== Recipe: Generate to \IO Stream with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.new with option +headers+ to generate \CSV data to an \IO stream:
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.open(path, 'w') do |file|
+    csv = CSV.new(file, headers: ['Name', 'Value'], write_headers: true)
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  p File.read(path) # => "Name,Value\nFoo,0\nBar,1\nBaz,2\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Generate to \IO Stream Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.new without option +headers+ to generate \CSV data to an \IO stream:
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.open(path, 'w') do |file|
+    csv = CSV.new(file)
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  p File.read(path) # => "Foo,0\nBar,1\nBaz,2\n"
+
+=== Converting Fields
+
+You can use _write_ _converters_ to convert fields when generating \CSV.
+
+==== Recipe: Filter Generated Field Strings
+
+Use option <tt>:write_converters</tt> and a custom converter to convert field values when generating \CSV.
+
+This example defines and uses a custom write converter to strip whitespace from generated fields:
+  strip_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:strip) ? field.strip : field }
+  output_string = CSV.generate(write_converters: strip_converter) do |csv|
+    csv << [' foo ', 0]
+    csv << [' bar ', 1]
+    csv << [' baz ', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+
+==== Recipe: Specify Multiple Write Converters
+
+Use option <tt>:write_converters</tt> and multiple custom coverters
+to convert field values when generating \CSV.
+
+This example defines and uses two custom write converters to strip and upcase generated fields:
+  strip_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:strip) ? field.strip : field }
+  upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:upcase) ? field.upcase : field }
+  converters = [strip_converter, upcase_converter]
+  output_string = CSV.generate(write_converters: converters) do |csv|
+    csv << [' foo ', 0]
+    csv << [' bar ', 1]
+    csv << [' baz ', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,1\nBAZ,2\n"
+
+=== RFC 4180 Compliance
+
+By default, \CSV generates data that is compliant with
+{RFC 4180}[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180]
+with respect to:
+- Column separator.
+- Quote character.
+
+==== Row Separator
+
+RFC 4180 specifies the row separator CRLF (Ruby <tt>"\r\n"</tt>).
+
+===== Recipe: Generate Compliant Row Separator
+
+For strict compliance, use option +:row_sep+ to specify row separator <tt>"\r\n"</tt>:
+  output_string = CSV.generate('', row_sep: "\r\n") do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "Foo,0\r\nBar,1\r\nBaz,2\r\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Generate Non-Compliant Row Separator
+
+For data with non-compliant row separators, use option +:row_sep+ with a different value:
+This example source uses semicolon (<tt>";'</tt>) as its row separator:
+  output_string = CSV.generate('', row_sep: ";") do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "Foo,0;Bar,1;Baz,2;"
+
+==== Column Separator
+
+RFC 4180 specifies column separator COMMA (Ruby <tt>","</tt>).
+
+===== Recipe: Generate Compliant Column Separator
+
+Because the \CSV default comma separator is <tt>","</tt>,
+you need not specify option +:col_sep+ for compliant data:
+  output_string = CSV.generate('') do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "Foo,0\nBar,1\nBaz,2\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Generate Non-Compliant Column Separator
+
+For data with non-compliant column separators, use option +:col_sep+.
+This example source uses TAB (<tt>"\t"</tt>) as its column separator:
+  output_string = CSV.generate('', col_sep: "\t") do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "Foo\t0\nBar\t1\nBaz\t2\n"
+
+==== Quote Character
+
+RFC 4180 specifies quote character DQUOTE (Ruby <tt>"\""</tt>).
+
+===== Recipe: Generate Compliant Quote Character
+
+Because the \CSV default quote character is <tt>"\""</tt>,
+you need not specify option +:quote_char+ for compliant data:
+  output_string = CSV.generate('', force_quotes: true) do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "\"Foo\",\"0\"\n\"Bar\",\"1\"\n\"Baz\",\"2\"\n"
+
+===== Recipe: Generate Non-Compliant Quote Character
+
+For data with non-compliant quote characters, use option +:quote_char+.
+This example source uses SQUOTE (<tt>"'"</tt>) as its quote character:
+  output_string = CSV.generate('', quote_char: "'", force_quotes: true) do |csv|
+    csv << ['Foo', 0]
+    csv << ['Bar', 1]
+    csv << ['Baz', 2]
+  end
+  output_string # => "'Foo','0'\n'Bar','1'\n'Baz','2'\n"
diff --git a/doc/csv/recipes/parsing.rdoc b/doc/csv/recipes/parsing.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6312cea5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/recipes/parsing.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+== Recipes for Parsing \CSV
+
+For other recipes, see {Recipes for CSV}[./recipes_rdoc.html].
+
+All code snippets on this page assume that the following has been executed:
+  require 'csv'
+
+=== Contents
+
+- {Source Formats}[#label-Source+Formats]
+  - {Parsing from a String}[#label-Parsing+from+a+String]
+    - {Recipe: Parse from String with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Parse+from+String+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Parse from String Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Parse+from+String+Without+Headers]
+  - {Parsing from a File}[#label-Parsing+from+a+File]
+    - {Recipe: Parse from File with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Parse+from+File+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Parse from File Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Parse+from+File+Without+Headers]
+  - {Parsing from an IO Stream}[#label-Parsing+from+an+IO+Stream]
+    - {Recipe: Parse from IO Stream with Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Parse+from+IO+Stream+with+Headers]
+    - {Recipe: Parse from IO Stream Without Headers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Parse+from+IO+Stream+Without+Headers]
+- {RFC 4180 Compliance}[#label-RFC+4180+Compliance]
+  - {Row Separator}[#label-Row+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Compliant Row Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Compliant+Row+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Non-Compliant Row Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Non-Compliant+Row+Separator]
+  - {Column Separator}[#label-Column+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Compliant Column Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Compliant+Column+Separator]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Non-Compliant Column Separator}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Non-Compliant+Column+Separator]
+  - {Quote Character}[#label-Quote+Character]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Compliant Quote Character}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Compliant+Quote+Character]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Non-Compliant Quote Character}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Non-Compliant+Quote+Character]
+  - {Recipe: Allow Liberal Parsing}[#label-Recipe-3A+Allow+Liberal+Parsing]
+- {Special Handling}[#label-Special+Handling]
+  - {Special Line Handling}[#label-Special+Line+Handling]
+    - {Recipe: Ignore Blank Lines}[#label-Recipe-3A+Ignore+Blank+Lines]
+    - {Recipe: Ignore Selected Lines}[#label-Recipe-3A+Ignore+Selected+Lines]
+  - {Special Field Handling}[#label-Special+Field+Handling]
+    - {Recipe: Strip Fields}[#label-Recipe-3A+Strip+Fields]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Null Fields}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Null+Fields]
+    - {Recipe: Handle Empty Fields}[#label-Recipe-3A+Handle+Empty+Fields]
+- {Converting Fields}[#label-Converting+Fields]
+  - {Converting Fields to Objects}[#label-Converting+Fields+to+Objects]
+    - {Recipe: Convert Fields to Integers}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Fields+to+Integers]
+    - {Recipe: Convert Fields to Floats}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Fields+to+Floats]
+    - {Recipe: Convert Fields to Numerics}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Fields+to+Numerics]
+    - {Recipe: Convert Fields to Dates}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Fields+to+Dates]
+    - {Recipe: Convert Fields to DateTimes}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Fields+to+DateTimes]
+    - {Recipe: Convert Assorted Fields to Objects}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Assorted+Fields+to+Objects]
+    - {Recipe: Convert Fields to Other Objects}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Fields+to+Other+Objects]
+  - {Recipe: Filter Field Strings}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+Field+Strings]
+  - {Recipe: Register Field Converters}[#label-Recipe-3A+Register+Field+Converters]
+  - {Using Multiple Field Converters}[#label-Using+Multiple+Field+Converters]
+    - {Recipe: Specify Multiple Field Converters in Option :converters}[#label-Recipe-3A+Specify+Multiple+Field+Converters+in+Option+-3Aconverters]
+    - {Recipe: Specify Multiple Field Converters in a Custom Converter List}[#label-Recipe-3A+Specify+Multiple+Field+Converters+in+a+Custom+Converter+List]
+- {Converting Headers}[#label-Converting+Headers]
+  - {Recipe: Convert Headers to Lowercase}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Headers+to+Lowercase]
+  - {Recipe: Convert Headers to Symbols}[#label-Recipe-3A+Convert+Headers+to+Symbols]
+  - {Recipe: Filter Header Strings}[#label-Recipe-3A+Filter+Header+Strings]
+  - {Recipe: Register Header Converters}[#label-Recipe-3A+Register+Header+Converters]
+  - {Using Multiple Header Converters}[#label-Using+Multiple+Header+Converters]
+    - {Recipe: Specify Multiple Header Converters in Option :header_converters}[#label-Recipe-3A+Specify+Multiple+Header+Converters+in+Option+-3Aheader_converters]
+    - {Recipe: Specify Multiple Header Converters in a Custom Header Converter List}[#label-Recipe-3A+Specify+Multiple+Header+Converters+in+a+Custom+Header+Converter+List]
+- {Diagnostics}[#label-Diagnostics]
+  - {Recipe: Capture Unconverted Fields}[#label-Recipe-3A+Capture+Unconverted+Fields]
+  - {Recipe: Capture Field Info}[#label-Recipe-3A+Capture+Field+Info]
+
+=== Source Formats
+
+You can parse \CSV data from a \String, from a \File (via its path), or from an \IO stream.
+
+==== Parsing from a \String
+
+You can parse \CSV data from a \String, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Parse from \String with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.parse with option +headers+ to read a source \String all at once
+(may have memory resource implications):
+  string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  CSV.parse(string, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+
+Use instance method CSV#each with option +headers+ to read a source \String one row at a time:
+  CSV.new(string, headers: true).each do |row|
+    p row
+  end
+Output:
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+
+===== Recipe: Parse from \String Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.parse without option +headers+ to read a source \String all at once
+(may have memory resource implications):
+  string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  CSV.parse(string) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Use instance method CSV#each without option +headers+ to read a source \String one row at a time:
+  CSV.new(string).each do |row|
+    p row
+  end
+Output:
+  ["foo", "0"]
+  ["bar", "1"]
+  ["baz", "2"]
+
+==== Parsing from a \File
+
+You can parse \CSV data from a \File, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Parse from \File with Headers
+
+Use instance method CSV#read with option +headers+ to read a file all at once:
+  string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.write(path, string)
+  CSV.read(path, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+
+Use class method CSV.foreach with option +headers+ to read one row at a time:
+  CSV.foreach(path, headers: true) do |row|
+    p row
+  end
+Output:
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+
+===== Recipe: Parse from \File Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.read without option +headers+ to read a file all at once:
+  string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.write(path, string)
+  CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Use class method CSV.foreach without option +headers+ to read one row at a time:
+  CSV.foreach(path) do |row|
+    p row
+  end
+Output:
+  ["foo", "0"]
+  ["bar", "1"]
+  ["baz", "2"]
+
+==== Parsing from an \IO Stream
+
+You can parse \CSV data from an \IO stream, with or without headers.
+
+===== Recipe: Parse from \IO Stream with Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.parse with option +headers+ to read an \IO stream all at once:
+  string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.write(path, string)
+  File.open(path) do |file|
+    CSV.parse(file, headers: true)
+  end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+
+Use class method CSV.foreach with option +headers+ to read one row at a time:
+  File.open(path) do |file|
+    CSV.foreach(file, headers: true) do |row|
+      p row
+    end
+  end
+Output:
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+
+===== Recipe: Parse from \IO Stream Without Headers
+
+Use class method CSV.parse without option +headers+ to read an \IO stream all at once:
+  string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  path = 't.csv'
+  File.write(path, string)
+  File.open(path) do |file|
+    CSV.parse(file)
+  end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+Use class method CSV.foreach without option +headers+ to read one row at a time:
+  File.open(path) do |file|
+    CSV.foreach(file) do |row|
+      p row
+    end
+  end
+Output:
+  ["foo", "0"]
+  ["bar", "1"]
+  ["baz", "2"]
+
+=== RFC 4180 Compliance
+
+By default, \CSV parses data that is compliant with
+{RFC 4180}[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180]
+with respect to:
+- Row separator.
+- Column separator.
+- Quote character.
+
+==== Row Separator
+
+RFC 4180 specifies the row separator CRLF (Ruby <tt>"\r\n"</tt>).
+
+Although the \CSV default row separator is <tt>"\n"</tt>,
+the parser also by default handles row separator <tt>"\r"</tt> and the RFC-compliant <tt>"\r\n"</tt>.
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Compliant Row Separator
+
+For strict compliance, use option +:row_sep+ to specify row separator <tt>"\r\n"</tt>,
+which allows the compliant row separator:
+  source = "foo,1\r\nbar,1\r\nbaz,2\r\n"
+  CSV.parse(source, row_sep: "\r\n") # => [["foo", "1"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+But rejects other row separators:
+  source = "foo,1\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  CSV.parse(source, row_sep: "\r\n") # Raised MalformedCSVError
+  source = "foo,1\rbar,1\rbaz,2\r"
+  CSV.parse(source, row_sep: "\r\n") # Raised MalformedCSVError
+  source = "foo,1\n\rbar,1\n\rbaz,2\n\r"
+  CSV.parse(source, row_sep: "\r\n") # Raised MalformedCSVError
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Non-Compliant Row Separator
+
+For data with non-compliant row separators, use option +:row_sep+.
+This example source uses semicolon (<tt>";"</tt>) as its row separator:
+  source = "foo,1;bar,1;baz,2;"
+  CSV.parse(source, row_sep: ';') # => [["foo", "1"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+==== Column Separator
+
+RFC 4180 specifies column separator COMMA (Ruby <tt>","</tt>).
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Compliant Column Separator
+
+Because the \CSV default comma separator is ',',
+you need not specify option +:col_sep+ for compliant data:
+  source = "foo,1\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  CSV.parse(source) # => [["foo", "1"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Non-Compliant Column Separator
+
+For data with non-compliant column separators, use option +:col_sep+.
+This example source uses TAB (<tt>"\t"</tt>) as its column separator:
+  source = "foo,1\tbar,1\tbaz,2"
+  CSV.parse(source, col_sep: "\t") # => [["foo", "1"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+==== Quote Character
+
+RFC 4180 specifies quote character DQUOTE (Ruby <tt>"\""</tt>).
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Compliant Quote Character
+
+Because the \CSV default quote character is <tt>"\""</tt>,
+you need not specify option +:quote_char+ for compliant data:
+  source = "\"foo\",\"1\"\n\"bar\",\"1\"\n\"baz\",\"2\"\n"
+  CSV.parse(source) # => [["foo", "1"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Non-Compliant Quote Character
+
+For data with non-compliant quote characters, use option +:quote_char+.
+This example source uses SQUOTE (<tt>"'"</tt>) as its quote character:
+  source = "'foo','1'\n'bar','1'\n'baz','2'\n"
+  CSV.parse(source, quote_char: "'") # => [["foo", "1"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+==== Recipe: Allow Liberal Parsing
+
+Use option +:liberal_parsing+ to specify that \CSV should
+attempt to parse input not conformant with RFC 4180, such as double quotes in unquoted fields:
+  source = 'is,this "three, or four",fields'
+  CSV.parse(source) # Raises MalformedCSVError
+  CSV.parse(source, liberal_parsing: true) # => [["is", "this \"three", " or four\"", "fields"]]
+
+=== Special Handling
+
+You can use parsing options to specify special handling for certain lines and fields.
+
+==== Special Line Handling
+
+Use parsing options to specify special handling for blank lines, or for other selected lines.
+
+===== Recipe: Ignore Blank Lines
+
+Use option +:skip_blanks+ to ignore blank lines:
+  source = <<-EOT
+  foo,0
+
+  bar,1
+  baz,2
+
+  ,
+  EOT
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, skip_blanks: true)
+  parsed # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [nil, nil]]
+
+===== Recipe: Ignore Selected Lines
+
+Use option +:skip_lines+ to ignore selected lines.
+  source = <<-EOT
+  # Comment
+  foo,0
+  bar,1
+  baz,2
+  # Another comment
+  EOT
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, skip_lines: /^#/)
+  parsed # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+
+==== Special Field Handling
+
+Use parsing options to specify special handling for certain field values.
+
+===== Recipe: Strip Fields
+
+Use option +:strip+ to strip parsed field values:
+  CSV.parse_line(' a , b ', strip: true) # => ["a", "b"]
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Null Fields
+
+Use option +:nil_value+ to specify a value that will replace each field
+that is null (no text):
+  CSV.parse_line('a,,b,,c', nil_value: 0) # => ["a", 0, "b", 0, "c"]
+
+===== Recipe: Handle Empty Fields
+
+Use option +:empty_value+ to specify a value that will replace each field
+that is empty (\String of length 0);
+  CSV.parse_line('a,"",b,"",c', empty_value: 'x') # => ["a", "x", "b", "x", "c"]
+
+=== Converting Fields
+
+You can use field converters to change parsed \String fields into other objects,
+or to otherwise modify the \String fields.
+
+==== Converting Fields to Objects
+
+Use field converters to change parsed \String objects into other, more specific, objects.
+
+There are built-in field converters for converting to objects of certain classes:
+- \Float
+- \Integer
+- \Date
+- \DateTime
+
+Other built-in field converters include:
+- +:numeric+: converts to \Integer and \Float.
+- +:all+: converts to \DateTime, \Integer, \Float.
+
+You can also define field converters to convert to objects of other classes.
+
+===== Recipe: Convert Fields to Integers
+
+Convert fields to \Integer objects using built-in converter +:integer+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :integer)
+  parsed.map {|row| row['Value'].class} # => [Integer, Integer, Integer]
+
+===== Recipe: Convert Fields to Floats
+
+Convert fields to \Float objects using built-in converter +:float+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :float)
+  parsed.map {|row| row['Value'].class} # => [Float, Float, Float]
+
+===== Recipe: Convert Fields to Numerics
+
+Convert fields to \Integer and \Float objects using built-in converter +:numeric+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1.1\nbaz,2.2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :numeric)
+  parsed.map {|row| row['Value'].class} # => [Integer, Float, Float]
+
+===== Recipe: Convert Fields to Dates
+
+Convert fields to \Date objects using built-in converter +:date+:
+  source = "Name,Date\nfoo,2001-02-03\nbar,2001-02-04\nbaz,2001-02-03\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :date)
+  parsed.map {|row| row['Date'].class} # => [Date, Date, Date]
+
+===== Recipe: Convert Fields to DateTimes
+
+Convert fields to \DateTime objects using built-in converter +:date_time+:
+  source = "Name,DateTime\nfoo,2001-02-03\nbar,2001-02-04\nbaz,2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :date_time)
+  parsed.map {|row| row['DateTime'].class} # => [DateTime, DateTime, DateTime]
+
+===== Recipe: Convert Assorted Fields to Objects
+
+Convert assorted fields to objects using built-in converter +:all+:
+  source = "Type,Value\nInteger,0\nFloat,1.0\nDateTime,2001-02-04\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :all)
+  parsed.map {|row| row['Value'].class} # => [Integer, Float, DateTime]
+
+===== Recipe: Convert Fields to Other Objects
+
+Define a custom field converter to convert \String fields into other objects.
+This example defines and uses a custom field converter
+that converts each column-1 value to a \Rational object:
+  rational_converter = proc do |field, field_context|
+    field_context.index == 1 ? field.to_r : field
+  end
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: rational_converter)
+  parsed.map {|row| row['Value'].class} # => [Rational, Rational, Rational]
+
+==== Recipe: Filter Field Strings
+
+Define a custom field converter to modify \String fields.
+This example defines and uses a custom field converter
+that strips whitespace from each field value:
+  strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+  source = "Name,Value\n foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: strip_converter)
+  parsed['Name'] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+  parsed['Value'] # => ["0", "1", "2"]
+
+==== Recipe: Register Field Converters
+
+Register a custom field converter, assigning it a name;
+then refer to the converter by its name:
+  rational_converter = proc do |field, field_context|
+    field_context.index == 1 ? field.to_r : field
+  end
+  CSV::Converters[:rational] = rational_converter
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :rational)
+  parsed['Value'] # => [(0/1), (1/1), (2/1)]
+
+==== Using Multiple Field Converters
+
+You can use multiple field converters in either of these ways:
+- Specify converters in option +:converters+.
+- Specify converters in a custom converter list.
+
+===== Recipe: Specify Multiple Field Converters in Option +:converters+
+
+Apply multiple field converters by specifying them in option +:conveters+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1.0\nbaz,2.0\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: [:integer, :float])
+  parsed['Value'] # => [0, 1.0, 2.0]
+
+===== Recipe: Specify Multiple Field Converters in a Custom Converter List
+
+Apply multiple field converters by defining and registering a custom converter list:
+  strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+  CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
+  CSV::Converters[:my_converters] = [:integer, :float, :strip]
+  source = "Name,Value\n foo , 0 \n bar , 1.0 \n baz , 2.0 \n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, converters: :my_converters)
+  parsed['Name'] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+  parsed['Value'] # => [0, 1.0, 2.0]
+
+=== Converting Headers
+
+You can use header converters to modify parsed \String headers.
+
+Built-in header converters include:
+- +:symbol+: converts \String header to \Symbol.
+- +:downcase+: converts \String header to lowercase.
+
+You can also define header converters to otherwise modify header \Strings.
+
+==== Recipe: Convert Headers to Lowercase
+
+Convert headers to lowercase using built-in converter +:downcase+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+  parsed.headers # => ["name", "value"]
+
+==== Recipe: Convert Headers to Symbols
+
+Convert headers to downcased Symbols using built-in converter +:symbol+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, header_converters: :symbol)
+  parsed.headers # => [:name, :value]
+  parsed.headers.map {|header| header.class} # => [Symbol, Symbol]
+
+==== Recipe: Filter Header Strings
+
+Define a custom header converter to modify \String fields.
+This example defines and uses a custom header converter
+that capitalizes each header \String:
+  capitalize_converter = proc {|header| header.capitalize }
+  source = "NAME,VALUE\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, header_converters: capitalize_converter)
+  parsed.headers # => ["Name", "Value"]
+
+==== Recipe: Register Header Converters
+
+Register a custom header converter, assigning it a name;
+then refer to the converter by its name:
+  capitalize_converter = proc {|header| header.capitalize }
+  CSV::HeaderConverters[:capitalize] = capitalize_converter
+  source = "NAME,VALUE\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, header_converters: :capitalize)
+  parsed.headers # => ["Name", "Value"]
+
+==== Using Multiple Header Converters
+
+You can use multiple header converters in either of these ways:
+- Specify header converters in option +:header_converters+.
+- Specify header converters in a custom header converter list.
+
+===== Recipe: Specify Multiple Header Converters in Option :header_converters
+
+Apply multiple header converters by specifying them in option +:header_conveters+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1.0\nbaz,2.0\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, header_converters: [:downcase, :symbol])
+  parsed.headers # => [:name, :value]
+
+===== Recipe: Specify Multiple Header Converters in a Custom Header Converter List
+
+Apply multiple header converters by defining and registering a custom header converter list:
+  CSV::HeaderConverters[:my_header_converters] = [:symbol, :downcase]
+  source = "NAME,VALUE\nfoo,0\nbar,1.0\nbaz,2.0\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, headers: true, header_converters: :my_header_converters)
+  parsed.headers # => [:name, :value]
+
+=== Diagnostics
+
+==== Recipe: Capture Unconverted Fields
+
+To capture unconverted field values, use option +:unconverted_fields+:
+  source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, converters: :integer, unconverted_fields: true)
+  parsed # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+  parsed.each {|row| p row.unconverted_fields }
+Output:
+  ["Name", "Value"]
+  ["foo", "0"]
+  ["bar", "1"]
+  ["baz", "2"]
+
+==== Recipe: Capture Field Info
+
+To capture field info in a custom converter, accept two block arguments.
+The first is the field value; the second is a +CSV::FieldInfo+ object:
+  strip_converter = proc {|field, field_info| p field_info; field.strip }
+  source = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+  parsed = CSV.parse(source, converters: strip_converter)
+  parsed # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+Output:
+  #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>
+  #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>
+  #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>
+  #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>
+  #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>
+  #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>
diff --git a/doc/csv/recipes/recipes.rdoc b/doc/csv/recipes/recipes.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e4eaa1da4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/csv/recipes/recipes.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+== Recipes for \CSV
+
+See:
+- {Recipes for Parsing CSV}[./parsing_rdoc.html]
+- {Recipes for Generating CSV}[./generating_rdoc.html]
+- {Recipes for Filtering CSV}[./filtering_rdoc.html]
diff --git a/doc/dig_methods.rdoc b/doc/dig_methods.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..366275d451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/dig_methods.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+= Dig Methods
+
+Ruby's +dig+ methods are useful for accessing nested data structures.
+
+Consider this data:
+    item = {
+      id: "0001",
+      type: "donut",
+      name: "Cake",
+      ppu: 0.55,
+      batters: {
+        batter: [
+          {id: "1001", type: "Regular"},
+          {id: "1002", type: "Chocolate"},
+          {id: "1003", type: "Blueberry"},
+          {id: "1004", type: "Devil's Food"}
+        ]
+      },
+      topping: [
+        {id: "5001", type: "None"},
+        {id: "5002", type: "Glazed"},
+        {id: "5005", type: "Sugar"},
+        {id: "5007", type: "Powdered Sugar"},
+        {id: "5006", type: "Chocolate with Sprinkles"},
+        {id: "5003", type: "Chocolate"},
+        {id: "5004", type: "Maple"}
+      ]
+    }
+
+Without a +dig+ method, you can write:
+    item[:batters][:batter][1][:type] # => "Chocolate"
+
+With a +dig+ method, you can write:
+    item.dig(:batters, :batter, 1, :type) # => "Chocolate"
+
+Without a +dig+ method, you can write, erroneously
+(raises <tt>NoMethodError (undefined method `[]' for nil:NilClass)</tt>):
+    item[:batters][:BATTER][1][:type]
+
+With a +dig+ method, you can write (still erroneously, but avoiding the exception):
+    item.dig(:batters, :BATTER, 1, :type) # => nil
+
+== Why Is +dig+ Better?
+
+- It has fewer syntactical elements (to get wrong).
+- It reads better.
+- It does not raise an exception if an item is not found.
+
+== How Does +dig+ Work?
+
+The call sequence is:
+  obj.dig(*identifiers)
+
+The +identifiers+ define a "path" into the nested data structures:
+- For each identifier in +identifiers+, calls method \#dig on a receiver
+  with that identifier.
+- The first receiver is +self+.
+- Each successive receiver is the value returned by the previous call to +dig+.
+- The value finally returned is the value returned by the last call to +dig+.
+
+A +dig+ method raises an exception if any receiver does not respond to \#dig:
+  h = { foo: 1 }
+  # Raises TypeError (Integer does not have #dig method):
+  h.dig(:foo, :bar)
+
+== What Else?
+
+The structure above has \Hash objects and \Array objects,
+both of which have instance method +dig+.
+
+Altogether there are six built-in Ruby classes that have method +dig+,
+three in the core classes and three in the standard library.
+
+In the core:
+- Array#dig: the first argument is an \Integer index.
+- Hash#dig: the first argument is a key.
+- Struct#dig: the first argument is a key.
+
+In the standard library:
+- OpenStruct#dig: the first argument is a \String name.
+- CSV::Table#dig: the first argument is an \Integer index or a \String header.
+- CSV::Row#dig: the first argument is an \Integer index or a \String header.
diff --git a/doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc b/doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc
index d2cdd56902..1b20597ab4 100644
--- a/doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc
+++ b/doc/dtrace_probes.rdoc
@@ -52,15 +52,21 @@ with when they are fired and the arguments they take:
 [ruby:::method-entry(classname, methodname, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired just before a method is entered.
 
-    classname name of the class (a string)
-    methodname name of the method about to be executed (a string)
-    filename the file name where the method is _being called_ (a string)
-    lineno the line number where the method is _being called_ (an int)
+  classname::    name of the class (a string)
+  methodname::   name of the method about to be executed (a string)
+  filename::     the file name where the method is _being called_ (a string)
+  lineno::       the line number where the method is _being called_ (an int)
+
+  *NOTE*: will only be fired if tracing is enabled, e.g. with: <code>TracePoint.new{}.enable</code>.
+  See Feature#14104[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14104] for more details.
 
 [ruby:::method-return(classname, methodname, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired just after a method has returned. The arguments are the
   same as "ruby:::method-entry".
 
+  *NOTE*: will only be fired if tracing is enabled, e.g. with: <code>TracePoint.new{}.enable</code>.
+  See Feature#14104[https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14104] for more details.
+
 [ruby:::cmethod-entry(classname, methodname, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired just before a C method is entered. The arguments are the
   same as "ruby:::method-entry".
@@ -72,9 +78,9 @@ with when they are fired and the arguments they take:
 [ruby:::require-entry(requiredfile, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired on calls to rb_require_safe (when a file is required).
 
-    requiredfile is the name of the file to be required (string).
-    filename is the file that called "require" (string).
-    lineno is the line number where the call to require was made (int).
+  requiredfile:: the name of the file to be required (string).
+  filename::     the file that called "+require+" (string).
+  lineno::       the line number where the call to require was made (int).
 
 [ruby:::require-return(requiredfile, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired just before rb_require_safe (when a file is required)
@@ -84,11 +90,11 @@ with when they are fired and the arguments they take:
 [ruby:::find-require-entry(requiredfile, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired right before search_required is called. search_required
   determines whether the file has already been required by searching loaded
-  features ($"), and if not, figures out which file must be loaded.
+  features (<code>$"</code>), and if not, figures out which file must be loaded.
 
-    requiredfile is the file to be required (string).
-    filename is the file that called "require" (string).
-    lineno is the line number where the call to require was made (int).
+  requiredfile:: the file to be required (string).
+  filename::     the file that called "require" (string).
+  lineno::       the line number where the call to require was made (int).
 
 [ruby:::find-require-return(requiredfile, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired right after search_required returns. See the
@@ -106,56 +112,56 @@ with when they are fired and the arguments they take:
 [ruby:::raise(classname, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired when an exception is raised.
 
-    classname is the class name of the raised exception (string)
-    filename the name of the file where the exception was raised (string)
-    lineno the line number in the file where the exception was raised (int)
+  classname::    the class name of the raised exception (string)
+  filename::     the name of the file where the exception was raised (string)
+  lineno::       the line number in the file where the exception was raised (int)
 
 [ruby:::object-create(classname, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired when an object is about to be allocated.
 
-    classname the class of the allocated object (string)
-    filename the name of the file where the object is allocated (string)
-    lineno the line number in the file where the object is allocated (int)
+  classname::    the class of the allocated object (string)
+  filename::     the name of the file where the object is allocated (string)
+  lineno::       the line number in the file where the object is allocated (int)
 
 [ruby:::array-create(length, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired when an Array is about to be allocated.
 
-    length the size of the array (long)
-    filename the name of the file where the array is allocated (string)
-    lineno the line number in the file where the array is allocated (int)
+  length::       the size of the array (long)
+  filename::     the name of the file where the array is allocated (string)
+  lineno::       the line number in the file where the array is allocated (int)
 
 [ruby:::hash-create(length, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired when a Hash is about to be allocated.
 
-    length the size of the hash (long)
-    filename the name of the file where the hash is allocated (string)
-    lineno the line number in the file where the hash is allocated (int)
+  length::       the size of the hash (long)
+  filename::     the name of the file where the hash is allocated (string)
+  lineno::       the line number in the file where the hash is allocated (int)
 
 [ruby:::string-create(length, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired when a String is about to be allocated.
 
-    length the size of the string (long)
-    filename the name of the file where the string is allocated (string)
-    lineno the line number in the file where the string is allocated (int)
+  length::       the size of the string (long)
+  filename::     the name of the file where the string is allocated (string)
+  lineno::       the line number in the file where the string is allocated (int)
 
 [ruby:::symbol-create(str, filename, lineno);]
   This probe is fired when a Symbol is about to be allocated.
 
-    str the contents of the symbol (string)
-    filename the name of the file where the string is allocated (string)
-    lineno the line number in the file where the string is allocated (int)
+  str::          the contents of the symbol (string)
+  filename::     the name of the file where the string is allocated (string)
+  lineno::       the line number in the file where the string is allocated (int)
 
 [ruby:::parse-begin(sourcefile, lineno);]
   Fired just before parsing and compiling a source file.
 
-    sourcefile the file being parsed (string)
-    lineno the line number where the source starts (int)
+  sourcefile::   the file being parsed (string)
+  lineno::       the line number where the source starts (int)
 
 [ruby:::parse-end(sourcefile, lineno);]
   Fired just after parsing and compiling a source file.
 
-    sourcefile the file being parsed (string)
-    lineno the line number where the source ended (int)
+  sourcefile::   the file being parsed (string)
+  lineno::       the line number where the source ended (int)
 
 [ruby:::gc-mark-begin();]
   Fired at the beginning of a mark phase.
@@ -172,7 +178,7 @@ with when they are fired and the arguments they take:
 [ruby:::method-cache-clear(class, sourcefile, lineno);]
   Fired when the method cache is cleared.
 
-    class is the classname being cleared, or "global" (string)
-    sourcefile the file being parsed (string)
-    lineno the line number where the source ended (int)
+  class::        the classname being cleared, or "global" (string)
+  sourcefile::   the file being parsed (string)
+  lineno::       the line number where the source ended (int)
 
diff --git a/doc/etc.rd.ja b/doc/etc.rd.ja
deleted file mode 100644
index b4ff6ed04e..0000000000
--- a/doc/etc.rd.ja
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-# etc.rd.ja -  -*- mode: rd; coding: utf-8; -*- created at: Fri Jul 14 00:47:15 JST 1995
-=begin
-
-= Etc(モジュール)
-
-実行しているOSからの情報を得るためのモジュール．クラスにインクルード
-して使うこともできる．
-
-== Module Function
-
---- getlogin
-
-	自分のlogin名を返す．これが失敗した場合はgetpwuid()を用いると
-	良い．
-
---- getpwnam(name)
-
-	/etc/passwdファイル(あるいはDBMファイルやNISデータベース)を検
-	索し，nameの名前を持つpasswdエントリを返す．戻り値はpasswd構造
-	体で以下のメンバを持つ．
-
-	  struct passwd
-	    name 	# ユーザ名(文字列)
-	    passwd	# パスワード(文字列)
-	    uid		# ユーザID(整数)
-	    gid		# グループID(整数)
-	    gecos	# gecosフィールド(文字列)
-	    dir		# ホームディレクトリ(文字列)
-	    shell	# ログインシェル(文字列)
-	    # 以降のメンバはシステムによっては提供されない．
-	    change	# パスワード変更時間(整数)
-	    quota	# クォータ(整数)
-	    age		# エージ(整数)
-	    class	# ユーザアクセスクラス(文字列)
-	    comment	# コメント(文字列)
-	    expire	# アカウント有効期限(整数)
-	  end
-
-	詳細はgetpwnam(3)を参照のこと．
-
---- getpwuid([uid])
-
-	uidをユーザIDとするpasswdエントリを返す．戻り値はgetpwnam()と
-	同様である．引数を省略した場合にはgetuid()の値を用いる．詳細は
-	getpwuid(3)を参照のこと．
-
---- getgrgid(gid)
-
-	/etc/groupファイル(あるいは…getpwnam参照)を検索し，gidをグルー
-	プIDとするグループエントリを返す．戻り値はgroup構造体で以下の
-	メンバを持つ．
-
-	  struct group
-	    name 	# グループ名(文字列)
-	    passwd	# グループのパスワード(文字列)
-	    gid		# グループID(整数)
-	    mem		# グループメンバ名の配列
-	  end
-
-	詳細はgetgrgid(3)を参照のこと．
-
---- getgrnam(name)
-
-	nameという名前のグループエントリを返す．戻り値はgetgrgid()と同
-	様である．詳細はgetgrnam(3)を参照．
-
---- group
-
-	全てのグループエントリを順にアクセスするためのイテレータ．
-
---- passwd
-
-	全てのpasswdエントリを順にアクセスするためのイテレータ．
-
-=end
diff --git a/doc/extension.ja.rdoc b/doc/extension.ja.rdoc
index 5ae96a96ae..fe483e50d3 100644
--- a/doc/extension.ja.rdoc
+++ b/doc/extension.ja.rdoc
@@ -215,16 +215,9 @@ rb_str_new_literal(const char *ptr) ::
 
   Cのリテラル文字列からRubyの文字列を生成する．
 
-rb_tainted_str_new(const char *ptr, long len) ::
+rb_str_append(VALUE str1, VALUE str2) ::
 
-  汚染マークが付加された新しいRubyの文字列を生成する．外部
-  からのデータに基づく文字列には汚染マークが付加されるべき
-  である．
-
-rb_tainted_str_new2(const char *ptr) ::
-rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr) ::
-
-  Cの文字列から汚染マークが付加されたRubyの文字列を生成する．
+  Rubyの文字列str1にRubyの文字列str2を追加する．
 
 rb_sprintf(const char *format, ...) ::
 rb_vsprintf(const char *format, va_list ap) ::
@@ -251,15 +244,15 @@ rb_str_vcatf(VALUE str, const char* format, va_list ap) ::
 
   Cの文字列formatと続く引数をprintf(3)のフォーマットにしたがって
   整形し，Rubyの文字列strに追加する．この関数の機能は，それぞれ
-  rb_str_cat2(str, rb_sprintf(format, ...)) や
-  rb_str_cat2(str, rb_vsprintf(format, ap)) と同等である．
+  rb_str_append(str, rb_sprintf(format, ...)) や
+  rb_str_append(str, rb_vsprintf(format, ap)) と同等である．
 
 rb_enc_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc) ::
 rb_enc_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc) ::
 
   指定されたエンコーディングでRubyの文字列を生成する.
 
-rb_enc_str_new_literal(const char *ptr) ::
+rb_enc_str_new_literal(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc) ::
 
   Cのリテラル文字列から指定されたエンコーディングでRubyの文字列を生成する．
 
@@ -297,6 +290,14 @@ rb_str_set_len(VALUE str, long len) ::
   lenバイトまでの内容は保存される．lenはstrの容量を越えてい
   てはならない．
 
+rb_str_modify(VALUE str) ::
+
+  Rubyの文字列の変更する準備をする．strが変更可能でなければ例
+  外が発生する．strのバッファが共有されている場合は，新しいバッ
+  ファを割り当てて共有されていない状態にする．RSTRING_PTRを使っ
+  て中身を変更したり，rb_str_set_lenを呼んだりする前には，
+  必ずこの関数を呼ばなけれならない．
+
 ==== 配列に対する関数
 
 rb_ary_new() ::
@@ -328,7 +329,7 @@ rb_ary_to_ary(VALUE obj) ::
 引数aryに配列を渡さなければならない. さもないと
 コアを吐く.
 
-rb_ary_aref(argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary) ::
+rb_ary_aref(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary) ::
 
   Array#[]と同等.
 
@@ -707,6 +708,8 @@ Dataから派生しない場合には, 必ずrb_undef_alloc_func(klass)
 
 rb_data_type_tは次のように定義されています．
 
+  typedef struct rb_data_type_struct rb_data_type_t;
+
   struct rb_data_type_struct {
           const char *wrap_struct_name;
           struct {
@@ -777,8 +780,8 @@ RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED ::
   メソッドの実装に適切にライトバリアを挿入する責任があります．
   さもなくばRubyは実行時にクラッシュする可能性があります．
 
-  ライトバリアについてはdoc/extension.rdocのAppendix D
-  "Generational GC"も参照してください．
+  ライトバリアについてはdoc/extension.ja.rdocのAppendix D
+  "世代別GC"も参照してください．
 
 
 Cの構造体の割当と対応するオブジェクトの生成を同時に行うマク
@@ -1237,7 +1240,6 @@ Data_Get_Struct(data, type, sval) ::
   RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(value)
   RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(value)
   void Check_Type(VALUE value, int type)
-  SafeStringValue(value)
 
 === 型変換
 
@@ -1319,8 +1321,13 @@ void rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *name, VALUE *var, VALUE (*getter)(),
 
 void rb_global_variable(VALUE *var) ::
 
-  GCのため，Rubyプログラムからはアクセスされないが, Rubyオブ
-  ジェクトを含む大域変数をマークする．
+  マークする必要のあるRubyオブジェクトを含む大域変数を，GC
+  によって解放されないように保護する．
+
+void rb_gc_register_mark_object(VALUE object) ::
+
+  マークする必要のあるRubyオブジェクトを，GCによって解放さ
+  れないように登録する．
 
 === 定数
 
@@ -1822,6 +1829,17 @@ rb_ary_store() などの，適切な API 関数を利用するようにして下
 そのほか，対応についての詳細は extension.rdoc の「Appendix D. Generational
 GC」を参照して下さい．
 
+== Appendix E. Ractor サポート
+
+Ruby 3.0 から、Ruby プログラムを並列に実行するための仕組みである Ractor
+が導入されました。適切に並列に実行するためには、Ractor サポートが必要に
+なります。サポートしていないライブラリは、メイン Ractor 以外で実行すると
+エラーになります（Ractor::UnsafeError）。
+
+Ractor をサポートするための詳細は、extension.rdoc の「Appendix F. Ractor
+support」を参照してください。
+
+
 :enddoc: Local variables:
 :enddoc: fill-column: 60
 :enddoc: end:
diff --git a/doc/extension.rdoc b/doc/extension.rdoc
index 303c7a2c32..71a03cbf52 100644
--- a/doc/extension.rdoc
+++ b/doc/extension.rdoc
@@ -190,16 +190,6 @@ rb_str_new_literal(const char *ptr) ::
 
   Creates a new Ruby string from a C string literal.
 
-rb_tainted_str_new(const char *ptr, long len) ::
-
-  Creates a new tainted Ruby string.  Strings from external data
-  sources should be tainted.
-
-rb_tainted_str_new2(const char *ptr) ::
-rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr) ::
-
-  Creates a new tainted Ruby string from a C string.
-
 rb_sprintf(const char *format, ...) ::
 rb_vsprintf(const char *format, va_list ap) ::
 
@@ -210,6 +200,10 @@ rb_vsprintf(const char *format, va_list ap) ::
   must be a VALUE).  Since it conflicts with "%i", for integers in
   format strings, use "%d".
 
+rb_str_append(VALUE str1, VALUE str2) ::
+
+  Appends Ruby string str2 to Ruby string str1.
+
 rb_str_cat(VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len) ::
 
   Appends len bytes of data from ptr to the Ruby string.
@@ -225,15 +219,15 @@ rb_str_vcatf(VALUE str, const char* format, va_list ap) ::
 
   Appends C string format and successive arguments to Ruby string
   str according to a printf-like format.  These functions are
-  equivalent to rb_str_cat2(str, rb_sprintf(format, ...)) and
-  rb_str_cat2(str, rb_vsprintf(format, ap)), respectively.
+  equivalent to rb_str_append(str, rb_sprintf(format, ...)) and
+  rb_str_append(str, rb_vsprintf(format, ap)), respectively.
 
 rb_enc_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc) ::
 rb_enc_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc) ::
 
   Creates a new Ruby string with the specified encoding.
 
-rb_enc_str_new_literal(const char *ptr) ::
+rb_enc_str_new_literal(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc) ::
 
   Creates a new Ruby string from a C string literal with the specified
   encoding.
@@ -275,6 +269,14 @@ rb_str_set_len(VALUE str, long len) ::
   up to len bytes, regardless RSTRING_LEN(str).  len must not exceed
   the capacity of str.
 
+rb_str_modify(VALUE str) ::
+
+  Prepares a Ruby string to modify.  If str is not modifiable, this
+  function raises an exception, or if the buffer of str is shared,
+  this function allocates new buffer to make it unshared.  Always
+  you MUST call this function before modifying the contents using
+  RSTRING_PTR and/or rb_str_set_len.
+
 ==== Array Functions
 
 rb_ary_new() ::
@@ -305,7 +307,7 @@ rb_ary_to_ary(VALUE obj) ::
 There are many functions to operate an array.  They may dump core if other
 types are given.
 
-rb_ary_aref(argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary) ::
+rb_ary_aref(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary) ::
 
   Equivalent to Array#[].
 
@@ -446,6 +448,18 @@ you may rely on:
 
   VALUE rb_call_super(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 
+To specify whether keyword arguments are passed when calling super:
+
+  VALUE rb_call_super(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
+
++kw_splat+ can have these possible values (used by all methods that accept
++kw_splat+ argument):
+
+RB_NO_KEYWORDS :: Do not pass keywords
+RB_PASS_KEYWORDS :: Pass keywords, final argument should be a hash of keywords
+RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS :: Pass keywords if current method was called with
+                           keywords, useful for argument delegation
+
 To achieve the receiver of the current scope (if no other way is
 available), you can use:
 
@@ -654,13 +668,16 @@ If it doesn't, you have to call rb_undef_alloc_func(klass).
 rb_data_type_t is defined like this.  Let's take a look at each
 member of the struct.
 
+  typedef struct rb_data_type_struct rb_data_type_t;
+
   struct rb_data_type_struct {
           const char *wrap_struct_name;
           struct {
                   void (*dmark)(void*);
                   void (*dfree)(void*);
                   size_t (*dsize)(const void *);
-                  void *reserved[2];
+                  void (*dcompact)(void*);
+                  void *reserved[1];
           } function;
           const rb_data_type_t *parent;
           void *data;
@@ -692,7 +709,15 @@ Its parameter is a pointer to your struct.
 You can pass 0 as dsize if it is hard to implement such a function.
 But it is still recommended to avoid 0.
 
-You have to fill reserved and parent with 0.
+dcompact is invoked when memory compaction took place.
+Referred Ruby objects that were marked by rb_gc_mark_movable()
+can here be updated per rb_gc_location().
+
+You have to fill reserved with 0.
+
+parent can point to another C type definition that the Ruby object
+is inherited from. Then TypedData_Get_Struct() does also accept
+derived objects.
 
 You can fill "data" with an arbitrary value for your use.
 Ruby does nothing with the member.
@@ -708,7 +733,7 @@ RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY ::
   You can specify this flag if the dfree never unlocks Ruby's
   internal lock (GVL).
 
-  If this flag is not set, Ruby defers invokation of dfree()
+  If this flag is not set, Ruby defers invocation of dfree()
   and invokes dfree() at the same time as finalizers.
 
 RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED ::
@@ -724,6 +749,14 @@ RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED ::
   More about write barriers can be found in "Generational GC" in
   Appendix D.
 
+RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE ::
+
+  This flag indicates that the object is shareable object
+  if the object is frozen. See Appendix F more details.
+
+  If this flag is not set, the object can not become a shareable
+  object by Ractor.make_shareable() method.
+
 You can allocate and wrap the structure in one step.
 
   TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval)
@@ -740,7 +773,7 @@ be assigned to sval, which should be a pointer of the type specified.
 ==== Ruby object to C struct
 
 To retrieve the C pointer from the Data object, use the macro
-Data_Get_Struct().
+TypedData_Get_Struct().
 
   TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, type, &data_type, sval)
 
@@ -889,6 +922,10 @@ but are not exported to the Ruby world.  You need to protect them by
 
   void rb_global_variable(VALUE *var)
 
+or the objects themselves by
+
+  void rb_gc_register_mark_object(VALUE object)
+
 === Prepare extconf.rb
 
 If the file named extconf.rb exists, it will be executed to generate
@@ -1178,10 +1215,6 @@ void Check_Type(VALUE value, int type) ::
 
   Ensures +value+ is of the given internal +type+ or raises a TypeError
 
-SafeStringValue(value) ::
-
-  Checks that +value+ is a String and is not tainted
-
 === Data Type Conversion
 
 FIX2INT(value), INT2FIX(i) ::
@@ -1331,8 +1364,11 @@ void rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *name, VALUE *var, VALUE (*getter)(),
 
 void rb_global_variable(VALUE *var) ::
 
-  GC requires C global variables which hold Ruby values to be marked.
-  rb_global_variable tells GC to protect these variables.
+  Tells GC to protect C global variable, which holds Ruby value to be marked.
+
+void rb_gc_register_mark_object(VALUE object) ::
+
+  Tells GC to protect the +object+, which may not be referenced anywhere.
 
 === Constant Definition
 
@@ -1377,7 +1413,7 @@ rb_scan_args(int argc, VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...) ::
   according to the format string.  The format can be described in ABNF
   as follows:
 
-    scan-arg-spec  := param-arg-spec [option-hash-arg-spec] [block-arg-spec]
+    scan-arg-spec  := param-arg-spec [keyword-arg-spec] [block-arg-spec]
 
     param-arg-spec := pre-arg-spec [post-arg-spec] / post-arg-spec /
                       pre-opt-post-arg-spec
@@ -1386,7 +1422,7 @@ rb_scan_args(int argc, VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...) ::
                       [num-of-trailing-mandatory-args]
     pre-opt-post-arg-spec := num-of-leading-mandatory-args num-of-optional-args
                              num-of-trailing-mandatory-args
-    option-hash-arg-spec := sym-for-option-hash-arg
+    keyword-arg-spec := sym-for-keyword-arg
     block-arg-spec := sym-for-block-arg
 
     num-of-leading-mandatory-args  := DIGIT ; The number of leading
@@ -1398,18 +1434,10 @@ rb_scan_args(int argc, VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...) ::
                                             ; captured as a ruby array
     num-of-trailing-mandatory-args := DIGIT ; The number of trailing
                                             ; mandatory arguments
-    sym-for-option-hash-arg        := ":"   ; Indicates that an option
-                                            ; hash is captured if the last
-                                            ; argument is a hash or can be
-                                            ; converted to a hash with
-                                            ; #to_hash.  When the last
-                                            ; argument is nil, it is
-                                            ; captured if it is not
-                                            ; ambiguous to take it as
-                                            ; empty option hash; i.e. '*'
-                                            ; is not specified and
-                                            ; arguments are given more
-                                            ; than sufficient.
+    sym-for-keyword-arg            := ":"   ; Indicates that keyword
+                                            ; argument captured as a hash.
+                                            ; If keyword arguments are not
+                                            ; provided, returns nil.
     sym-for-block-arg              := "&"   ; Indicates that an iterator
                                             ; block should be captured if
                                             ; given
@@ -1424,6 +1452,19 @@ rb_scan_args(int argc, VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...) ::
   The number of given arguments, excluding an option hash or iterator
   block, is returned.
 
+rb_scan_args_kw(int kw_splat, int argc, VALUE *argv, const char *fmt, ...) ::
+
+  The same as +rb_scan_args+, except the +kw_splat+ argument specifies whether
+  keyword arguments are provided (instead of being determined by the call
+  from Ruby to the C function). +kw_splat+ should be one of the following
+  values:
+
+  RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS :: Same behavior as +rb_scan_args+.
+  RB_SCAN_ARGS_KEYWORDS :: The final argument should be a hash treated as
+                           keywords.
+  RB_SCAN_ARGS_LAST_HASH_KEYWORDS :: Treat a final argument as keywords if it
+                                     is a hash, and not as keywords otherwise.
+
 int rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, VALUE *values) ::
 
   Retrieves argument VALUEs bound to keywords, which directed by +table+
@@ -1462,11 +1503,41 @@ VALUE rb_funcallv(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv) ::
   Invokes a method, passing arguments as an array of values.
   Able to call even private/protected methods.
 
+VALUE rb_funcallv_kw(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat) ::
+
+  Same as rb_funcallv, using +kw_splat+ to determine whether keyword
+  arguments are passed.
+
 VALUE rb_funcallv_public(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv) ::
 
   Invokes a method, passing arguments as an array of values.
   Able to call only public methods.
 
+VALUE rb_funcallv_public_kw(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat) ::
+
+  Same as rb_funcallv_public, using +kw_splat+ to determine whether keyword
+  arguments are passed.
+
+VALUE rb_funcall_passing_block(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE* argv) ::
+
+  Same as rb_funcallv_public, except is passes the currently active block as
+  the block when calling the method.
+
+VALUE rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE* argv, int kw_splat) ::
+
+  Same as rb_funcall_passing_block, using +kw_splat+ to determine whether
+  keyword arguments are passed.
+
+VALUE rb_funcall_with_block(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_procval) ::
+
+  Same as rb_funcallv_public, except +passed_procval+ specifies the block to
+  pass to the method.
+
+VALUE rb_funcall_with_block_kw(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_procval, int kw_splat) ::
+
+  Same as rb_funcall_with_block, using +kw_splat+ to determine whether
+  keyword arguments are passed.
+
 VALUE rb_eval_string(const char *str) ::
 
   Compiles and executes the string as a Ruby program.
@@ -1511,6 +1582,11 @@ VALUE rb_block_call(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE (*func) (A
   whereas yielded values can be gotten via argc/argv of the third/fourth
   arguments.
 
+VALUE rb_block_call_kw(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE (*func) (ANYARGS), VALUE data2, int kw_splat) ::
+
+  Same as rb_funcall_with_block, using +kw_splat+ to determine whether
+  keyword arguments are passed.
+
 \[OBSOLETE] VALUE rb_iterate(VALUE (*func1)(), VALUE arg1, VALUE (*func2)(), VALUE arg2) ::
 
   Calls the function func1, supplying func2 as the block.  func1 will be
@@ -1522,7 +1598,32 @@ VALUE rb_block_call(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE (*func) (A
 
 VALUE rb_yield(VALUE val) ::
 
-  Evaluates the block with value val.
+  Yields val as a single argument to the block.
+
+VALUE rb_yield_values(int n, ...) ::
+
+  Yields +n+ number of arguments to the block, using one C argument per Ruby
+  argument.
+
+VALUE rb_yield_values2(int n, VALUE *argv) ::
+
+  Yields +n+ number of arguments to the block, with all Ruby arguments in the
+  C argv array.
+
+VALUE rb_yield_values_kw(int n, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat) ::
+
+  Same as rb_yield_values2, using +kw_splat+ to determine whether
+  keyword arguments are passed.
+
+VALUE rb_yield_splat(VALUE args) ::
+
+  Same as rb_yield_values2, except arguments are specified by the Ruby
+  array +args+.
+
+VALUE rb_yield_splat_kw(VALUE args, int kw_splat) ::
+
+  Same as rb_yield_splat, using +kw_splat+ to determine whether
+  keyword arguments are passed.
 
 VALUE rb_rescue(VALUE (*func1)(ANYARGS), VALUE arg1, VALUE (*func2)(ANYARGS), VALUE arg2) ::
 
@@ -1599,6 +1700,96 @@ Note: In the format string, "%"PRIsVALUE can be used for Object#to_s
 must be a VALUE).  Since it conflicts with "%i", for integers in
 format strings, use "%d".
 
+=== Threading
+
+As of Ruby 1.9, Ruby supports native 1:1 threading with one kernel
+thread per Ruby Thread object.  Currently, there is a GVL (Global VM Lock)
+which prevents simultaneous execution of Ruby code which may be released
+by the rb_thread_call_without_gvl and rb_thread_call_without_gvl2 functions.
+These functions are tricky-to-use and documented in thread.c; do not
+use them before reading comments in thread.c.
+
+void rb_thread_schedule(void) ::
+
+  Give the scheduler a hint to pass execution to another thread.
+
+=== Input/Output (IO) on a single file descriptor
+
+int rb_io_wait_readable(int fd) ::
+
+  Wait indefinitely for the given FD to become readable, allowing other
+  threads to be scheduled.  Returns a true value if a read may be
+  performed, false if there is an unrecoverable error.
+
+int rb_io_wait_writable(int fd) ::
+
+  Like rb_io_wait_readable, but for writability.
+
+int rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *timeout) ::
+
+  Allows waiting on a single FD for one or multiple events with a
+  specified timeout.
+
+  +events+ is a mask of any combination of the following values:
+
+  * RB_WAITFD_IN - wait for readability of normal data
+  * RB_WAITFD_OUT - wait for writability
+  * RB_WAITFD_PRI - wait for readability of urgent data
+
+  Use a NULL +timeout+ to wait indefinitely.
+
+=== I/O Multiplexing
+
+Ruby supports I/O multiplexing based on the select(2) system call.
+The Linux select_tut(2) manpage
+<http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/select_tut.2.html>
+provides a good overview on how to use select(2), and the Ruby API has
+analogous functions and data structures to the well-known select API.
+Understanding of select(2) is required to understand this section.
+
+typedef struct rb_fdset_t ::
+
+  The data structure which wraps the fd_set bitmap used by select(2).
+  This allows Ruby to use FD sets larger than that allowed by
+  historic limitations on modern platforms.
+
+void rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *) ::
+
+  Initializes the rb_fdset_t, it must be initialized before other rb_fd_*
+  operations.  Analogous to calling malloc(3) to allocate an fd_set.
+
+void rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *) ::
+
+  Destroys the rb_fdset_t, releasing any memory and resources it used.
+  It must be reinitialized using rb_fd_init before future use.
+  Analogous to calling free(3) to release memory for an fd_set.
+
+void rb_fd_zero(rb_fdset_t *) ::
+
+  Clears all FDs from the rb_fdset_t, analogous to FD_ZERO(3).
+
+void rb_fd_set(int fd, rb_fdset_t *) ::
+
+  Adds a given FD in the rb_fdset_t, analogous to FD_SET(3).
+
+void rb_fd_clr(int fd, rb_fdset_t *) ::
+
+  Removes a given FD from the rb_fdset_t, analogous to FD_CLR(3).
+
+int rb_fd_isset(int fd, const rb_fdset_t *) ::
+
+  Returns true if a given FD is set in the rb_fdset_t, false if not.
+  Analogous to FD_ISSET(3).
+
+int rb_thread_fd_select(int nfds, rb_fdset_t *readfds, rb_fdset_t *writefds, rb_fdset_t *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout) ::
+
+  Analogous to the select(2) system call, but allows other Ruby
+  threads to be scheduled while waiting.
+
+  When only waiting on a single FD, favor rb_io_wait_readable,
+  rb_io_wait_writable, or rb_wait_for_single_fd functions since
+  they can be optimized for specific platforms (currently, only Linux).
+
 === Initialize and Start the Interpreter
 
 The embedding API functions are below (not needed for extension libraries):
@@ -1706,6 +1897,49 @@ RB_EVENT_HOOKS_HAVE_CALLBACK_DATA ::
   Means that rb_add_event_hook() takes the third argument `data', to be
   passed to the given event hook function.
 
+=== Defining backward compatible macros for keyword argument functions
+
+Most ruby C extensions are designed to support multiple Ruby versions.
+In order to correctly support Ruby 2.7+ in regards to keyword
+argument separation, C extensions need to use <code>*_kw</code>
+functions.  However, these functions do not exist in Ruby 2.6 and
+below, so in those cases macros should be defined to allow you to use
+the same code on multiple Ruby versions.  Here are example macros
+you can use in extensions that support Ruby 2.6 (or below) when using
+the <code>*_kw</code> functions introduced in Ruby 2.7.
+
+  #ifndef RB_PASS_KEYWORDS
+  /* Only define macros on Ruby <2.7 */
+  #define rb_funcallv_kw(o, m, c, v, kw) rb_funcallv(o, m, c, v)
+  #define rb_funcallv_public_kw(o, m, c, v, kw) rb_funcallv_public(o, m, c, v)
+  #define rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(o, m, c, v, kw) rb_funcall_passing_block(o, m, c, v)
+  #define rb_funcall_with_block_kw(o, m, c, v, b, kw) rb_funcall_with_block(o, m, c, v, b)
+  #define rb_scan_args_kw(kw, c, v, s, ...) rb_scan_args(c, v, s, __VA_ARGS__)
+  #define rb_call_super_kw(c, v, kw) rb_call_super(c, v)
+  #define rb_yield_values_kw(c, v, kw) rb_yield_values2(c, v)
+  #define rb_yield_splat_kw(a, kw) rb_yield_splat(a)
+  #define rb_block_call_kw(o, m, c, v, f, p, kw) rb_block_call(o, m, c, v, f, p)
+  #define rb_fiber_resume_kw(o, c, v, kw) rb_fiber_resume(o, c, v)
+  #define rb_fiber_yield_kw(c, v, kw) rb_fiber_yield(c, v)
+  #define rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(o, m, c, v, f, kw) rb_enumeratorize_with_size(o, m, c, v, f)
+  #define SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat) \
+      rb_enumeratorize_with_size((obj), ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), \
+                                 (argc), (argv), (size_fn))
+  #define RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat) do { \
+          if (!rb_block_given_p())                                            \
+              return SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, size_fn);              \
+      } while (0)
+  #define RETURN_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, kw_splat) RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, 0)
+  #define rb_check_funcall_kw(o, m, c, v, kw) rb_check_funcall(o, m, c, v)
+  #define rb_obj_call_init_kw(o, c, v, kw) rb_obj_call_init(o, c, v)
+  #define rb_class_new_instance_kw(c, v, k, kw) rb_class_new_instance(c, v, k)
+  #define rb_proc_call_kw(p, a, kw) rb_proc_call(p, a)
+  #define rb_proc_call_with_block_kw(p, c, v, b, kw) rb_proc_call_with_block(p, c, v, b)
+  #define rb_method_call_kw(c, v, m, kw) rb_method_call(c, v, m)
+  #define rb_method_call_with_block_kw(c, v, m, b, kw) rb_method_call_with_block(c, v, m, b)
+  #define rb_eval_cmd_kwd(c, a, kw) rb_eval_cmd(c, a, 0)
+  #endif
+
 == Appendix C. Functions available for use in extconf.rb
 
 See documentation for {mkmf}[rdoc-ref:MakeMakefile].
@@ -1717,7 +1951,7 @@ RGenGC (mostly) keeps compatibility.
 
 Generally, the use of the technique called write barriers is required in
 extension libraries for generational GC
-(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29).
+(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_%28computer_science%29).
 RGenGC works fine without write barriers in extension libraries.
 
 If your library adheres to the following tips, performance can
@@ -1807,7 +2041,7 @@ Before inserting write barriers, you need to know about RGenGC algorithm
 available in include/ruby/ruby.h. An example is available in iseq.c.
 
 For a complete guide for RGenGC and write barriers, please refer to
-<https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/RGenGC>.
+<https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/RGenGC>.
 
 == Appendix E. RB_GC_GUARD to protect from premature GC
 
@@ -1858,6 +2092,89 @@ keyword in C.  RB_GC_GUARD has the following advantages:
    compilers and architectures. RB_GC_GUARD is customizable for broken
    systems/compilers without negatively affecting other systems.
 
+== Appendix F. Ractor support
+
+Ractor is parallel execution mechanism introduced from Ruby 3.0. All
+ractrors can run in parallel by different OS thread (underlying system
+provided thread), so the C extension should be thread-safe. Now we call
+the property that C extension can run in multiple ractors "Ractor-safe".
+
+By default, all C extensions are recognized as Ractor-unsafe. If C
+extension becomes Ractor-safe, the extension should call
+rb_ext_ractor_safe(true) at the Init_ function and all defined method
+marked as Ractor-safe. Ractor-unsafe C-methods only been called from
+main-ractor. If non-main ractor calls it, then Ractor::UnsafeError is
+raised.
+
+BTW non-"Ractor-safe" extensions raises an error on non-main ractors, so
+that it is "safe" because unsafe operations are not allowed.
+"Ractor-safe" property means "multi-Ractor-ready" or "safe on
+multi-ractors execution". "Ractor-safe" term comes from "Thread-safe".
+
+To make "Ractor-safe" C extension, we need to check the following points:
+
+(1) Do not share unshareable objects between ractors
+
+For example, C's global variable can lead sharing an unshareable objects
+betwee ractors.
+
+  VALUE g_var;
+  VALUE set(VALUE self, VALUE v){ return g_var = v; }
+  VALUE get(VALUE self){ return g_var; }
+
+set() and get() pair can share an unshareable objects using g_var, and
+it is Ractor-unsafe.
+
+Not only using global variables directly, some indirect data structure
+such as global st_table can share the objects, so please take care.
+
+Note that class and module objects are shareable objects, so you can
+keep the code "cFoo = rb_define_class(...)" with C's global variables.
+
+(2) Check the thread-safety of the extension
+
+An extension should be thread-safe. For example, the following code is
+not thread-safe:
+
+  bool g_called = false;
+  VALUE call(VALUE self) {
+    if (g_called) rb_raise("recursive call is not allowed.");
+    g_called = true;
+    VALUE ret = do_something();
+    g_called = false;
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+because g_called global variable should be synchronized by other
+ractor's threads. To avoid such data-race, some synchronization should
+be used. Check include/ruby/thread_native.h and include/ruby/atomic.h.
+
+On the Ractor mechanism, most of objects given by the method parameters
+or the receiver are isolated by Ractor's boundary, it is easy to make
+thread-safe code than usual thread-programming in general. For example,
+we don't need to lock an array object to access the element of it.
+
+(3) Check the thread-safety of using library
+
+If an extension relies on the external library libfoo and the function
+foo(), the function foo() should be thread safe.
+
+(4) Make an object shareable
+
+This is not required to make an extension Ractor-safe.
+
+If an extension provides special objects defined by rb_data_type_t,
+consider these objects can become shareable or not.
+
+RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE flag indicates that these objects can be
+shareable objects if the object is frozen. This means that if the object
+is frozen, the mutation of wrapped data is not allowed.
+
+(5) Others
+
+Maybe there are more points which should be considered to make
+Ractor-safe extension, so this document will be extended.
+
 :enddoc: Local variables:
 :enddoc: fill-column: 70
 :enddoc: end:
diff --git a/doc/fiber.md b/doc/fiber.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5abd848677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/fiber.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# Fiber
+
+Fibers provide a mechanism for cooperative concurrency.
+
+## Context Switching
+
+Fibers execute a user-provided block. During the execution, the block may call `Fiber.yield` or `Fiber.transfer` to switch to another fiber. `Fiber#resume` is used to continue execution from the point where `Fiber.yield` was called.
+
+``` ruby
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+puts "1: Start program."
+
+f = Fiber.new do
+  puts "3: Entered fiber."
+  Fiber.yield
+  puts "5: Resumed fiber."
+end
+
+puts "2: Resume fiber first time."
+f.resume
+
+puts "4: Resume fiber second time."
+f.resume
+
+puts "6: Finished."
+```
+
+This program demonstrates the flow control of fibers.
+
+## Scheduler
+
+The scheduler interface is used to intercept blocking operations. A typical
+implementation would be a wrapper for a gem like `EventMachine` or `Async`. This
+design provides separation of concerns between the event loop implementation
+and application code. It also allows for layered schedulers which can perform
+instrumentation.
+
+To set the scheduler for the current thread:
+
+``` ruby
+Fiber.set_scheduler(MyScheduler.new)
+```
+
+When the thread exits, there is an implicit call to `set_scheduler`:
+
+``` ruby
+Fiber.set_scheduler(nil)
+```
+
+### Interface
+
+This is the interface you need to implement.
+
+``` ruby
+class Scheduler
+  # Wait for the specified process ID to exit.
+  # This hook is optional.
+  # @parameter pid [Integer] The process ID to wait for.
+  # @parameter flags [Integer] A bit-mask of flags suitable for `Process::Status.wait`.
+  # @returns [Process::Status] A process status instance.
+  def process_wait(pid, flags)
+    Thread.new do
+      Process::Status.wait(pid, flags)
+    end.value
+  end
+
+  # Wait for the given file descriptor to match the specified events within
+  # the specified timeout.
+  # @parameter event [Integer] A bit mask of `IO::READABLE`,
+  #   `IO::WRITABLE` and `IO::PRIORITY`.
+  # @parameter timeout [Numeric] The amount of time to wait for the event in seconds.
+  # @returns [Integer] The subset of events that are ready.
+  def io_wait(io, events, timeout)
+  end
+
+  # Sleep the current task for the specified duration, or forever if not
+  # specified.
+  # @param duration [Numeric] The amount of time to sleep in seconds.
+  def kernel_sleep(duration = nil)
+  end
+
+  # Block the calling fiber.
+  # @parameter blocker [Object] What we are waiting on, informational only.
+  # @parameter timeout [Numeric | Nil] The amount of time to wait for in seconds.
+  # @returns [Boolean] Whether the blocking operation was successful or not.
+  def block(blocker, timeout = nil)
+  end
+
+  # Unblock the specified fiber.
+  # @parameter blocker [Object] What we are waiting on, informational only.
+  # @parameter fiber [Fiber] The fiber to unblock.
+  # @reentrant Thread safe.
+  def unblock(blocker, fiber)
+  end
+
+  # Intercept the creation of a non-blocking fiber.
+  # @returns [Fiber]
+  def fiber(&block)
+    Fiber.new(blocking: false, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Invoked when the thread exits.
+  def close
+    self.run
+  end
+
+  def run
+    # Implement event loop here.
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Additional hooks may be introduced in the future, we will use feature detection
+in order to enable these hooks.
+
+### Non-blocking Execution
+
+The scheduler hooks will only be used in special non-blocking execution
+contexts. Non-blocking execution contexts introduce non-determinism because the
+execution of scheduler hooks may introduce context switching points into your
+program.
+
+#### Fibers
+
+Fibers can be used to create non-blocking execution contexts.
+
+``` ruby
+Fiber.new do
+  puts Fiber.current.blocking? # false
+
+  # May invoke `Fiber.scheduler&.io_wait`.
+  io.read(...)
+
+  # May invoke `Fiber.scheduler&.io_wait`.
+  io.write(...)
+
+  # Will invoke `Fiber.scheduler&.kernel_sleep`.
+  sleep(n)
+end.resume
+```
+
+We also introduce a new method which simplifies the creation of these
+non-blocking fibers:
+
+``` ruby
+Fiber.schedule do
+  puts Fiber.current.blocking? # false
+end
+```
+
+The purpose of this method is to allow the scheduler to internally decide the
+policy for when to start the fiber, and whether to use symmetric or asymmetric
+fibers.
+
+You can also create blocking execution contexts:
+
+``` ruby
+Fiber.new(blocking: true) do
+  # Won't use the scheduler:
+  sleep(n)
+end
+```
+
+However you should generally avoid this unless you are implementing a scheduler.
+
+#### IO
+
+By default, I/O is non-blocking. Not all operating systems support non-blocking
+I/O. Windows is a notable example where socket I/O can be non-blocking but pipe
+I/O is blocking. Provided that there *is* a scheduler and the current thread *is
+non-blocking*, the operation will invoke the scheduler.
+
+#### Mutex
+
+The `Mutex` class can be used in a non-blocking context and is fiber specific.
+
+#### ConditionVariable
+
+The `ConditionVariable` class can be used in a non-blocking context and is
+fiber-specific.
+
+#### Queue / SizedQueue
+
+The `Queue` and `SizedQueue` classes can be used in a non-blocking context and
+are fiber-specific.
+
+#### Thread
+
+The `Thread#join` operation can be used in a non-blocking context and is
+fiber-specific.
diff --git a/doc/globals.rdoc b/doc/globals.rdoc
index 3bc7e05623..1d7cda69f9 100644
--- a/doc/globals.rdoc
+++ b/doc/globals.rdoc
@@ -1,70 +1,69 @@
 # -*- mode: rdoc; coding: utf-8; fill-column: 74; -*-
 
-== Pre-defined variables
+== Pre-defined global variables
 
-$!::   The exception information message set by 'raise'.
-$@::   Array of backtrace of the last exception thrown.
+$!::   The Exception object set by Kernel#raise.
+$@::   The same as <code>$!.backtrace</code>.
+$~::   The information about the last match in the current scope (thread-local and frame-local).
 $&::   The string matched by the last successful match.
 $`::   The string to the left  of the last successful match.
 $'::   The string to the right of the last successful match.
 $+::   The highest group matched by the last successful match.
 $1::   The Nth group of the last successful match. May be > 1.
-$~::   The information about the last match in the current scope.
-$=::   The flag for case insensitive, nil by default.
-$/::   The input record separator, newline by default.
-$\::   The output record separator for the print and IO#write. Default is nil.
-$,::   The output field separator for the print and Array#join.
-$;::   The default separator for String#split.
+$=::   This variable is no longer effective. Deprecated.
+$/::   The input record separator, newline by default. Aliased to $-0.
+$\::   The output record separator for Kernel#print and IO#write. Default is +nil+.
+$,::   The output field separator for Kernel#print and Array#join. Non-nil $, will be deprecated.
+$;::   The default separator for String#split. Non-nil $; will be deprecated. Aliased to $-F.
 $.::   The current input line number of the last file that was read.
-$<::   The virtual concatenation file of the files given on command line (or from $stdin if no files were given).
-$>::   The default output for print, printf. $stdout by default.
+$<::   The same as ARGF.
+$>::   The default output stream for Kernel#print and Kernel#printf. $stdout by default.
 $_::   The last input line of string by gets or readline.
 $0::   Contains the name of the script being executed. May be assignable.
-$*::   Command line arguments given for the script sans args.
-$$::   The process number of the Ruby running this script.
-$?::   The status of the last executed child process.  This value is
-       thread-local.
-$:::   Load path for scripts and binary modules by load or require.
-$"::   The array contains the module names loaded by require.
-$DEBUG::     The debug flag, which is set by the -d switch.  Enabling debug
+$*::   The same as ARGV.
+$$::   The process number of the Ruby running this script. Same as Process.pid.
+$?::   The status of the last executed child process (thread-local).
+$LOAD_PATH::   Load path for searching Ruby scripts and extension libraries used
+               by Kernel#load and Kernel#require. Aliased to $: and $-I.
+               Has a singleton method <code>$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path(feature)</code>
+               that returns [+:rb+ or +:so+, path], which resolves the feature to
+               the path the original Kernel#require method would load.
+$LOADED_FEATURES::   The array contains the module names loaded by require.
+                     Aliased to $".
+$DEBUG::     The debug flag, which is set by the <tt>-d</tt> switch.  Enabling debug
              output prints each exception raised to $stderr (but not its
              backtrace).  Setting this to a true value enables debug output as
-             if -d were given on the command line.  Setting this to a false
-             value disables debug output.
-$LOADED_FEATURES:: The alias to the $".
-$FILENAME::  Current input file from $<. Same as $<.filename.
-$LOAD_PATH:: The alias to the $:.
+             if <tt>-d</tt> were given on the command line.  Setting this to a false
+             value disables debug output. Aliased to $-d.
+$FILENAME::  Current input filename from ARGF. Same as ARGF.filename.
 $stderr::    The current standard error output.
 $stdin::     The current standard input.
 $stdout::    The current standard output.
-$VERBOSE::   The verbose flag, which is set by the -w or -v switch.  Setting
-             this to a true value enables warnings as if -w or -v were given
-             on the command line.  Setting this to nil disables warnings,
-             including from Kernel#warn.
-$-0::  The alias to $/.
-$-a::  True if option -a is set. Read-only variable.
-$-d::  The alias of $DEBUG.  See $DEBUG above for further discussion.
-$-F::  The alias to $;.
-$-i::  In in-place-edit mode, this variable holds the extension, otherwise nil.
-$-I::  The alias to $:.
-$-l::  True if option -l is set. Read-only variable.
-$-p::  True if option -p is set. Read-only variable.
-$-v::  An alias of $VERBOSE.  See $VERBOSE above for further discussion.
-$-w::  An alias of $VERBOSE.  See $VERBOSE above for further discussion.
+$VERBOSE::   The verbose flag, which is set by the <tt>-w</tt> or <tt>-v</tt> switch.
+             Setting this to a true value enables warnings as if <tt>-w</tt> or <tt>-v</tt> were given
+             on the command line.  Setting this to +nil+ disables warnings,
+             including from Kernel#warn. Aliased to $-v and $-w.
+$-a::  True if option <tt>-a</tt> is set. Read-only variable.
+$-i::  In in-place-edit mode, this variable holds the extension, otherwise +nil+.
+$-l::  True if option <tt>-l</tt> is set. Read-only variable.
+$-p::  True if option <tt>-p</tt> is set. Read-only variable.
 
 == Pre-defined global constants
 
-TRUE::              The typical true value.
-FALSE::             The false itself.
-NIL::               The nil itself.
 STDIN::             The standard input. The default value for $stdin.
 STDOUT::            The standard output. The default value for $stdout.
 STDERR::            The standard error output. The default value for $stderr.
 ENV::               The hash contains current environment variables.
-ARGF::              The alias to the $<.
-ARGV::              The alias to the $*.
-DATA::              The file object of the script, pointing just after __END__.
-RUBY_VERSION::      The ruby version string (VERSION was deprecated).
+ARGF::              The virtual concatenation of the files given on command line (or from $stdin if no files were given).
+ARGV::              An Array of command line arguments given for the script.
+DATA::              The file object of the script, pointing just after <code>__END__</code>.
+TOPLEVEL_BINDING::  The Binding of the top level scope.
+RUBY_VERSION::      The Ruby language version.
 RUBY_RELEASE_DATE:: The release date string.
 RUBY_PLATFORM::     The platform identifier.
-
+RUBY_PATCHLEVEL::   The patchlevel for this Ruby.  If this is a development build of Ruby the patchlevel will be -1.
+RUBY_REVISION::     The GIT commit hash for this Ruby.
+RUBY_COPYRIGHT::    The copyright string for Ruby.
+RUBY_ENGINE::       The name of the Ruby implementation.
+RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION:: The version of the Ruby implementation.
+RUBY_DESCRIPTION::  The same as <tt>ruby --version</tt>, a String describing various aspects of the Ruby implementation.
diff --git a/doc/implicit_conversion.rdoc b/doc/implicit_conversion.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c2a1d4971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/implicit_conversion.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+== Implicit Conversions
+
+Some Ruby methods accept one or more objects
+that can be either:
+* <i>Of a given class</i>, and so accepted as is.
+* <i>Implicitly convertible to that class</i>, in which case
+  the called method converts the object.
+
+For each of the relevant classes, the conversion is done by calling
+a specific conversion method:
+
+* Array: +to_ary+
+* Hash: +to_hash+
+* Integer: +to_int+
+* String: +to_str+
+
+=== Array-Convertible Objects
+
+An <i>Array-convertible object</i> is an object that:
+* Has instance method +to_ary+.
+* The method accepts no arguments.
+* The method returns an object +obj+ for which <tt>obj.kind_of?(Array)</tt> returns +true+.
+
+The examples in this section use method <tt>Array#replace</tt>,
+which accepts an Array-convertible argument.
+
+This class is Array-convertible:
+
+    class ArrayConvertible
+      def to_ary
+        [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+      end
+    end
+    a = []
+    a.replace(ArrayConvertible.new) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+
+This class is not Array-convertible (no +to_ary+ method):
+
+    class NotArrayConvertible; end
+    a = []
+    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of NotArrayConvertible into Array)
+    a.replace(NotArrayConvertible.new)
+
+This class is not Array-convertible (method +to_ary+ takes arguments):
+
+    class NotArrayConvertible
+      def to_ary(x)
+        [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+      end
+    end
+    a = []
+    # Raises ArgumentError (wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1))
+    a.replace(NotArrayConvertible.new)
+
+This class is not Array-convertible (method +to_ary+ returns non-Array):
+
+    class NotArrayConvertible
+      def to_ary
+        :foo
+      end
+    end
+    a = []
+    # Raises TypeError (can't convert NotArrayConvertible to Array (NotArrayConvertible#to_ary gives Symbol))
+    a.replace(NotArrayConvertible.new)
+
+=== Hash-Convertible Objects
+
+A <i>Hash-convertible object</i> is an object that:
+* Has instance method +to_hash+.
+* The method accepts no arguments.
+* The method returns an object +obj+ for which <tt>obj.kind_of?(Hash)</tt> returns +true+.
+
+The examples in this section use method <tt>Hash#merge</tt>,
+which accepts a Hash-convertible argument.
+
+This class is Hash-convertible:
+
+    class HashConvertible
+      def to_hash
+        {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+      end
+    end
+    h = {}
+    h.merge(HashConvertible.new) # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+
+This class is not Hash-convertible (no +to_hash+ method):
+
+    class NotHashConvertible; end
+    h = {}
+    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of NotHashConvertible into Hash)
+    h.merge(NotHashConvertible.new)
+
+This class is not Hash-convertible (method +to_hash+ takes arguments):
+
+    class NotHashConvertible
+      def to_hash(x)
+        {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+      end
+    end
+    h = {}
+    # Raises ArgumentError (wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1))
+    h.merge(NotHashConvertible.new)
+
+This class is not Hash-convertible (method +to_hash+ returns non-Hash):
+
+    class NotHashConvertible
+      def to_hash
+        :foo
+      end
+    end
+    h = {}
+    # Raises TypeError (can't convert NotHashConvertible to Hash (ToHashReturnsNonHash#to_hash gives Symbol))
+    h.merge(NotHashConvertible.new)
+
+=== Integer-Convertible Objects
+
+An <i>Integer-convertible object</i> is an object that:
+* Has instance method +to_int+.
+* The method accepts no arguments.
+* The method returns an object +obj+ for which <tt>obj.kind_of?(Integer)</tt> returns +true+.
+
+The examples in this section use method <tt>Array.new</tt>,
+which accepts an Integer-convertible argument.
+
+This user-defined class is Integer-convertible:
+
+    class IntegerConvertible
+      def to_int
+        3
+      end
+    end
+    a = Array.new(IntegerConvertible.new).size
+    a # => 3
+
+This class is not Integer-convertible (method +to_int+ takes arguments):
+
+    class NotIntegerConvertible
+      def to_int(x)
+        3
+      end
+    end
+    # Raises ArgumentError (wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1))
+    Array.new(NotIntegerConvertible.new)
+
+This class is not Integer-convertible (method +to_int+ returns non-Integer):
+
+    class NotIntegerConvertible
+      def to_int
+        :foo
+      end
+    end
+    # Raises TypeError (can't convert NotIntegerConvertible to Integer (NotIntegerConvertible#to_int gives Symbol))
+    Array.new(NotIntegerConvertible.new)
+
+=== String-Convertible Objects
+
+A <i>String-convertible object</i> is an object that:
+* Has instance method +to_str+.
+* The method accepts no arguments.
+* The method returns an object +obj+ for which <tt>obj.kind_of?(String)</tt> returns +true+.
+
+The examples in this section use method <tt>String::new</tt>,
+which accepts a String-convertible argument.
+
+This class is String-convertible:
+
+    class StringConvertible
+      def to_str
+        'foo'
+      end
+    end
+    String.new(StringConvertible.new) # => "foo"
+
+This class is not String-convertible (no +to_str+ method):
+
+    class NotStringConvertible; end
+    # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of NotStringConvertible into String)
+    String.new(NotStringConvertible.new)
+
+This class is not String-convertible (method +to_str+ takes arguments):
+
+    class NotStringConvertible
+      def to_str(x)
+        'foo'
+      end
+    end
+    # Raises ArgumentError (wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1))
+    String.new(NotStringConvertible.new)
+
+This class is not String-convertible (method +to_str+ returns non-String):
+
+    class NotStringConvertible
+      def to_str
+        :foo
+      end
+    end
+    # Raises TypeError (can't convert NotStringConvertible to String (NotStringConvertible#to_str gives Symbol))
+    String.new(NotStringConvertible.new)
diff --git a/doc/irb/irb.rd.ja b/doc/irb/irb.rd.ja
index 416dec3906..81247ce4b0 100644
--- a/doc/irb/irb.rd.ja
+++ b/doc/irb/irb.rd.ja
@@ -40,39 +40,46 @@ irbの使い方は, Rubyさえ知っていればいたって簡単です. 基本
   irb.rb [options] file_name opts
   options:
   -f		    ~/.irbrc を読み込まない.
-  -m		    bcモード(分数, 行列の計算ができる)
   -d                $DEBUG をtrueにする(ruby -d と同じ)
-  -Kc		    ruby -Kcと同じ
   -r load-module    ruby -r と同じ.
-  --verbose	    これから実行する行を表示する(デフォルト)
-  --noverbose	    これから実行する行を表示しない
-  --echo	    実行結果を表示する(デフォルト)
-  --noecho	    実行結果を表示しない
-  --inspect	    結果出力にinspectを用いる(bcモード以外はデフォルト).
+  -I path           $LOAD_PATH に path を追加する.
+  -U                ruby -U と同じ.
+  -E enc            ruby -E と同じ.
+  -w                ruby -w と同じ.
+  -W[level=2]       ruby -W と同じ.
+  --context-mode n  新しいワークスペースを作成した時に関連する Binding
+		    オブジェクトの作成方法を 0 から 3 のいずれかに設定する.
+  --echo	    実行結果を表示する(デフォルト).
+  --noecho	    実行結果を表示しない.
+  --inspect	    結果出力にinspectを用いる.
   --noinspect	    結果出力にinspectを用いない.
-  --readline	    readlineライブラリを利用する.
-  --noreadline	    readlineライブラリを利用しない. デフォルトの動作は,
-		    inf-ruby-mode以外でreadlineライブラリを利用しよう
-		    とする.
-  --prompt prompt-mode
-  --prompt-mode prompt-mode
+  --singleline      シングルラインエディタを利用する.
+  --nosingleline    シングルラインエディタを利用しない. デフォルトの動
+                    作は, inf-ruby-mode以外でシングルラインエディタを利
+                    用しようとする.
+  --colorize	    色付けを利用する.
+  --nocolorize	    色付けを利用しない.
+  --prompt prompt-mode/--prompt-mode prompt-mode
 		    プロンプトモードを切替えます. 現在定義されているプ
 		    ロンプトモードは, default, simple, xmp, inf-rubyが
-		    用意されています. デフォルトはdefaultプロンプトモー
-		    ドになっています.
-
+		    用意されています.
   --inf-ruby-mode   emacsのinf-ruby-mode用のプロンプト表示を行なう. 特
-		    に指定がない限り, readlineライブラリは使わなくなる.
+		    に指定がない限り, ラインエディタは使わなくなる.
   --simple-prompt
 		    非常にシンプルなプロンプトを用いるモードです.
   --noprompt	    プロンプト表示を行なわない.
+  --single-irb	    irb 中で self を実行して得られるオブジェクトをサ
+		    ブ irb と共有する.
   --tracer	    コマンド実行時にトレースを行なう.
   --back-trace-limit n
 		    バックトレース表示をバックトレースの頭から n, 後ろ
 		    からnだけ行なう. デフォルトは16
-  --irb_debug n	    irbのデバッグデバッグレベルをnに設定する(利用しな
-		    い方が無難でしょう).
-  -v, --version	    irbのバージョンを表示する
+
+  --verbose	    詳細なメッセージを出力する.
+  --noverbose	    詳細なメッセージを出力しない(デフォルト).
+  -v, --version	    irbのバージョンを表示する.
+  -h, --help	    irb のヘルプを表示する.
+  --		    以降のコマンドライン引数をオプションとして扱わない.
 
 = コンフィギュレーション
 
@@ -83,7 +90,6 @@ irb起動時に``~/.irbrc''を読み込みます. もし存在しない場合は
 できます.
 
   IRB.conf[:IRB_NAME]="irb"
-  IRB.conf[:MATH_MODE]=false
   IRB.conf[:USE_TRACER]=false
   IRB.conf[:USE_LOADER]=false
   IRB.conf[:IGNORE_SIGINT]=true
@@ -92,13 +98,12 @@ irb起動時に``~/.irbrc''を読み込みます. もし存在しない場合は
   IRB.conf[:IRB_RC] = nil
   IRB.conf[:BACK_TRACE_LIMIT]=16
   IRB.conf[:USE_LOADER] = false
-  IRB.conf[:USE_READLINE] = nil
+  IRB.conf[:USE_SINGLELINE] = nil
   IRB.conf[:USE_TRACER] = false
   IRB.conf[:IGNORE_SIGINT] = true
   IRB.conf[:IGNORE_EOF] = false
   IRB.conf[:PROMPT_MODE] = :DEFAULT
   IRB.conf[:PROMPT] = {...}
-  IRB.conf[:DEBUG_LEVEL]=0
   IRB.conf[:VERBOSE]=true
 
 == プロンプトの設定
@@ -184,9 +189,6 @@ irb拡張コマンドは, 簡単な名前と頭に`irb_'をつけた名前と両
     バックトレース表示をバックトレースの頭からn, 後ろからnだけ行なう.
     デフォルトは16
 
---- conf.debug_level = N
-    irb用のデバッグレベルの設定
-
 --- conf.ignore_eof = true/false
     ^Dが入力された時の動作を設定する. trueの時は^Dを無視する, falseの
     時はirbを終了する.
@@ -198,7 +200,8 @@ irb拡張コマンドは, 簡単な名前と頭に`irb_'をつけた名前と両
       実行中: 実行を中止する.
 
 --- conf.inf_ruby_mode = true/false
-    inf-ruby-mode用のプロンプト表示を行なう. デフォルトはfalse.
+    inf-ruby-mode用のプロンプト表示を行なう. デフォルトはfalse. 特に指定
+    がない限り, ラインエディタは使わなくなる.
 
 --- conf.inspect_mode = true/false/nil
     インスペクトモードを設定する.
@@ -207,9 +210,6 @@ irb拡張コマンドは, 簡単な名前と頭に`irb_'をつけた名前と両
     nil: 通常モードであれば, inspect modeとなり, mathモードの時は, non
 	 inspect modeとなる.
 
---- conf.math_mode
-    参照のみ. bcモード(分数, 行列の計算ができます)かどうか?
-
 --- conf.use_loader = true/false
     load/require時にirbのfile読み込み機能を用いるモードのスイッチ(デフォ
     ルトは用いない). このモードはIRB全体に反映される.
@@ -229,12 +229,19 @@ irb拡張コマンドは, 簡単な名前と頭に`irb_'をつけた名前と両
 --- conf.use_prompt = true/false
     プロンプト表示するかどうか? デフォルトではプロンプトを表示する.
 
---- conf.use_readline = true/false/nil
-    readlineを使うかどうか?
-    true: readlineを使う.
-    false: readlineを使わない.
-    nil: (デフォルト)inf-ruby-mode以外でreadlineライブラリを利用しよ
-         うとする.
+--- conf.use_multiline = true/false/nil
+    マルチラインエディタを使うかどうか?
+    true: マルチラインエディタを使う.
+    false: マルチラインエディタを使わない.
+    nil: (デフォルト)inf-ruby-mode以外でマルチラインエディタを利用しよう
+    とする.
+
+--- conf.use_singleline = true/false/nil
+    シングルラインエディタを使うかどうか?
+    true: シングルラインエディタを使う.
+    false: シングルラインエディタを使わない.
+    nil: (デフォルト)inf-ruby-modeとマルチラインエディタ以外でシングルラ
+         インエディタを利用しようとする.
 #
 #--- conf.verbose=T/F
 #    irbからいろいろなメッセージを出力するか?
@@ -409,4 +416,3 @@ rubyでは, 以下のプログラムはエラーになります.
 % comment-end: "\n"
 % End:
 %
-
diff --git a/doc/keywords.rdoc b/doc/keywords.rdoc
index 98bbd5e864..cb1cff33f0 100644
--- a/doc/keywords.rdoc
+++ b/doc/keywords.rdoc
@@ -76,12 +76,14 @@ for::
   expressions}[rdoc-ref:syntax/control_expressions.rdoc]
 
 if::
-  Used for +if+ and modifier +if+ expressions.  See {control
+  Used for +if+ and modifier +if+ statements.  See {control
   expressions}[rdoc-ref:syntax/control_expressions.rdoc]
 
 in::
   Used to separate the iterable object and iterator variable in a +for+ loop.
   See {control expressions}[rdoc-ref:syntax/control_expressions.rdoc]
+  It also serves as a pattern in a +case+ expression.
+  See {pattern matching}[rdoc-ref:syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc]
 
 module::
   Creates or opens a module.  See {modules and classes
@@ -115,7 +117,9 @@ retry::
   handling}[rdoc-ref:syntax/exceptions.rdoc]
 
 return::
-  Exits a method.  See {methods}[rdoc-ref:syntax/methods.rdoc]
+  Exits a method.  See {methods}[rdoc-ref:syntax/methods.rdoc].
+  If met in top-level scope, immediately stops interpretation of
+  the current file.
 
 self::
   The object the current method is attached to.  See
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ undef::
   See {modules and classes}[rdoc-ref:syntax/modules_and_classes.rdoc]
 
 unless::
-  Used for +unless+ and modifier +unless+ expressions.  See {control
+  Used for +unless+ and modifier +unless+ statements.  See {control
   expressions}[rdoc-ref:syntax/control_expressions.rdoc]
 
 until::
diff --git a/doc/maintainers.rdoc b/doc/maintainers.rdoc
index d22d09f7a4..64510b2559 100644
--- a/doc/maintainers.rdoc
+++ b/doc/maintainers.rdoc
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ A module maintainer is responsible for a certain part of Ruby.
 * They have "developer" role on the Redmine to modify issues.
 * They have authority to decide the feature of their part. But they should always respect discussions on ruby-core/ruby-dev.
 
-A submaintainer of a module is like a maintainer. But The submaintainer does
+A submaintainer of a module is like a maintainer. But the submaintainer does
 not have authority to change/add a feature on his/her part. They need consensus
 on ruby-core/ruby-dev before changing/adding. Some of submaintainers have
 commit right, others don't.
@@ -30,223 +30,388 @@ Koichi Sasada (ko1)
 
 Yukihiro Matsumoto (matz)
 
-=== Documentation
+== Standard Library Maintainers
 
-Zachary Scott (zzak)
+=== Libraries
 
-== Library Maintainers
+[lib/mkmf.rb]
+  _unmaintained_
+[lib/rubygems.rb, lib/rubygems/*]
+  Eric Hodel (drbrain), Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems
+[lib/unicode_normalize.rb, lib/unicode_normalize/*]
+  Martin J. Dürst
 
-[lib/English.rb]
+=== Extensions
+
+[ext/continuation]
+  Koichi Sasada (ko1)
+[ext/coverage]
+  Yusuke Endoh (mame)
+[ext/fiber]
+  Koichi Sasada (ko1)
+[ext/monitor]
+  Koichi Sasada (ko1)
+[ext/objspace]
+  _unmaintained_
+[ext/pty]
   _unmaintained_
+[ext/ripper]
+  _unmaintained_
+[ext/socket]
+  * Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  * API change needs matz's approval
+[ext/win32]
+  NAKAMURA Usaku (usa)
+
+== Default gems Maintainers
+
+=== Libraries
+
 [lib/abbrev.rb]
   Akinori MUSHA (knu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/abbrev
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/abbrev
 [lib/base64.rb]
   Yusuke Endoh (mame)
+  https://github.com/ruby/base64
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/base64
 [lib/benchmark.rb]
   _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/benchmark
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/benchmark
+[lib/bundler.rb, lib/bundler/*]
+  Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/bundler
 [lib/cgi.rb, lib/cgi/*]
   Takeyuki Fujioka (xibbar)
-[lib/cmath.rb]
-  _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/cgi
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/cgi
 [lib/csv.rb]
-  James Edward Gray II (jeg2)
-[lib/drb.rb, lib/drb/*]
-  Masatoshi SEKI (seki)
+  Kenta Murata (mrkn), Kouhei Sutou (kou)
+  https://github.com/ruby/csv
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/csv
+[lib/English.rb]
+  _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/English
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/English
 [lib/debug.rb]
   _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/debug
 [lib/delegate.rb]
   _unmaintained_
-[lib/e2mmap.rb]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
-[lib/erb.rb]
+  https://github.com/ruby/delegate
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/delegate
+[lib/did_you_mean.rb]
+  Yuki Nishijima (yuki24)
+  https://github.com/ruby/did_you_mean
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/did_you_mean
+[ext/digest, ext/digest/*]
+  Akinori MUSHA (knu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/digest
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/digest
+[lib/drb.rb, lib/drb/*]
   Masatoshi SEKI (seki)
+  https://github.com/ruby/drb
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/drb
+[lib/erb.rb]
+  Masatoshi SEKI (seki), Takashi Kokubun (k0kubun)
+  https://github.com/ruby/erb
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/erb
 [lib/fileutils.rb]
   _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/fileutils
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/fileutils
 [lib/find.rb]
   Kazuki Tsujimoto (ktsj)
+  https://github.com/ruby/find
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/find
 [lib/forwardable.rb]
   Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/forwardable
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/forwardable
 [lib/getoptlong.rb]
   _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/getoptlong
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/getoptlong
 [lib/ipaddr.rb]
   Akinori MUSHA (knu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/ipaddr
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/ipaddr
 [lib/irb.rb, lib/irb/*]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  aycabta
+  https://github.com/ruby/irb
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/irb
+[lib/optparse.rb, lib/optparse/*]
+  Nobuyuki Nakada (nobu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/optparse
 [lib/logger.rb]
   Naotoshi Seo (sonots)
-[lib/mathn.rb]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/logger
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/logger
 [lib/matrix.rb]
-  Marc-Andre Lafortune (marcandre)
-[lib/mkmf.rb]
-  _unmaintained_
-[lib/monitor.rb]
-  Shugo Maeda (shugo)
+  Marc-André Lafortune (marcandre)
+  https://github.com/ruby/matrix
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/matrix
 [lib/mutex_m.rb]
   Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/mutex_m
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/mutex_m
 [lib/net/ftp.rb]
   Shugo Maeda (shugo)
-[lib/net/imap.rb]
-  Shugo Maeda (shugo)
+  https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/net-ftp
 [lib/net/http.rb, lib/net/https.rb]
   NARUSE, Yui (naruse)
+  https://github.com/ruby/net-http
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/net-http
+[lib/net/imap.rb]
+  Shugo Maeda (shugo)
+  https://github.com/ruby/net-imap
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/net-imap
 [lib/net/pop.rb]
   _unmaintained_
-[lib/net/protocol.rb]
-  _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/net-pop
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/net-pop
 [lib/net/smtp.rb]
   _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/net-smtp
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/net-smtp
+[lib/net/protocol.rb]
+  _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/net-protocol
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/net-protocol
 [lib/observer.rb]
   _unmaintained_
-[lib/open-uri.rb]
-  Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/observer
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/observer
 [lib/open3.rb]
   _unmaintained_
-[lib/optparse.rb, lib/optparse/*]
-  Nobuyuki Nakada (nobu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/open3
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/open3
+[lib/open-uri.rb]
+  Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/open-uri
 [lib/ostruct.rb]
-  Marc-Andre Lafortune (marcandre)
+  Marc-André Lafortune (marcandre)
+  https://github.com/ruby/ostruct
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/ostruct
 [lib/pp.rb]
   Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/pp
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/pp
 [lib/prettyprint.rb]
   Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/prettyprint
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/prettyprint
 [lib/prime.rb]
-  Yuki Sonoda (yugui)
-[lib/profile.rb]
-  _unmaintained_
-[lib/profiler.rb]
-  _unmaintained_
+  Marc-André Lafortune (marcandre)
+  https://github.com/ruby/prime
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/prime
 [lib/pstore.rb]
   _unmaintained_
-[lib/racc/*]
-  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove)
-[lib/rbconfig/*]
-  _unmaintained_
-[lib/rdoc.rb, lib/rdoc/*]
-  Eric Hodel (drbrain)
-[lib/resolv-replace.rb]
-  Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/pstore
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/pstore
+[lib/racc.rb, lib/racc/*]
+  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove), Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/ruby/racc
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/racc
+[lib/readline.rb]
+  aycabta
+  https://github.com/ruby/readline
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/readline
 [lib/resolv.rb]
   Tanaka Akira (akr)
-[lib/rexml/*]
-  Kouhei Sutou (kou)
+  https://github.com/ruby/resolv
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/resolv
+[lib/resolv-replace.rb]
+  Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/resolv-replace
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/resolv-replace
+[lib/rdoc.rb, lib/rdoc/*]
+  Eric Hodel (drbrain), Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/ruby/rdoc
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/rdoc
+[lib/reline.rb, lib/reline/*]
+  aycabta
+  https://github.com/ruby/reline
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/reline
 [lib/rinda/*]
   Masatoshi SEKI (seki)
-[lib/rss.rb, lib/rss/*]
-  Kouhei Sutou (kou)
-[lib/rubygems.rb, lib/ubygems.rb, lib/rubygems/*]
-  Eric Hodel (drbrain)
-[lib/scanf.rb]
-  David A. Black (dblack)
-[lib/set.rb]
-  Akinori MUSHA (knu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/rinda
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/rinda
 [lib/securerandom.rb]
   Tanaka Akira (akr)
-[lib/shell.rb, lib/shell/*]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/securerandom
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/securerandom
+[lib/set.rb]
+  Akinori MUSHA (knu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/set
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/set
 [lib/shellwords.rb]
   Akinori MUSHA (knu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/shellwords
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/shellwords
 [lib/singleton.rb]
   Yukihiro Matsumoto (matz)
-[lib/sync.rb]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/singleton
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/singleton
 [lib/tempfile.rb]
   _unmaintained_
-[lib/tmpdir.rb]
-  _unmaintained_
-[lib/thwait.rb]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/tempfile
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/tempfile
 [lib/time.rb]
   Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/time
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/time
 [lib/timeout.rb]
   Yukihiro Matsumoto (matz)
+  https://github.com/ruby/timeout
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/timeout
+[lib/thwait.rb]
+  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/thwait
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/thwait
+[lib/tmpdir.rb]
+  _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/tmpdir
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/tmpdir
 [lib/tracer.rb]
   Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  https://github.com/ruby/tracer
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/tracer
 [lib/tsort.rb]
   Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/tsort
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/tsort
 [lib/un.rb]
   WATANABE Hirofumi (eban)
-[lib/unicode_normalize.rb, lib/unicode_normalize/*]
-  Martin J. Dürst
+  https://github.com/ruby/un
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/un
 [lib/uri.rb, lib/uri/*]
   YAMADA, Akira (akira)
+  https://github.com/ruby/uri
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/uri
+[lib/yaml.rb, lib/yaml/*]
+  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove), Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/ruby/yaml
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/yaml
 [lib/weakref.rb]
   _unmaintained_
-[lib/webrick.rb, lib/webrick/*]
-  Hiroshi Nakamura (nahi)
-[lib/yaml.rb, lib/yaml/*]
-  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove)
+  https://github.com/ruby/weakref
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/weakref
 
-== Extension Maintainers
+=== Extensions
 
 [ext/bigdecimal]
   Kenta Murata (mrkn)
+  https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/bigdecimal
 [ext/cgi]
   Nobuyoshi Nakada (nobu)
-[ext/continuation]
-  Koichi Sasada (ko1)
-[ext/coverage]
-  Yusuke Endoh (mame)
+  https://github.com/ruby/cgi
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/cgi
 [ext/date]
   _unmaintained_
+  https://github.com/ruby/date
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/date
 [ext/dbm]
   _unmaintained_
-[ext/digest, ext/digest/*]
-  Akinori MUSHA (knu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/dbm
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/dbm
 [ext/etc]
-  _unmaintained_
+  Ruby core team
+  https://github.com/ruby/etc
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/etc
 [ext/fcntl]
-  _unmaintained_
-[ext/fiber]
-  Koichi Sasada (ko1)
+  Ruby core team
+  https://github.com/ruby/fcntl
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/fcntl
 [ext/fiddle]
   Aaron Patterson (tenderlove)
+  https://github.com/ruby/fiddle
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/fiddle
 [ext/gdbm]
   Yukihiro Matsumoto (matz)
+  https://github.com/ruby/gdbm
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/gdbm
 [ext/io/console]
   Nobuyuki Nakada (nobu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/io-console
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/io-console
 [ext/io/nonblock]
   Nobuyuki Nakada (nobu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/io-nonblock
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/io-nonblock
 [ext/io/wait]
   Nobuyuki Nakada (nobu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/io-wait
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/io-wait
 [ext/json]
-  NARUSE, Yui (naruse)
-[ext/mathn/complex]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
-[ext/mathn/rational]
-  Keiju ISHITSUKA (keiju)
+  NARUSE, Yui (naruse), Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/flori/json
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/json
 [ext/nkf]
-  NARUSE, Yui (narse)
-[ext/objspace]
-  _unmaintained_
+  NARUSE, Yui (naruse)
+  https://github.com/ruby/nkf
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/nkf
 [ext/openssl]
   Kazuki Yamaguchi (rhe)
+  https://github.com/ruby/openssl
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/openssl
 [ext/pathname]
   Tanaka Akira (akr)
+  https://github.com/ruby/pathname
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/pathname
 [ext/psych]
-  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove)
-[ext/pty]
-  _unmaintained_
+  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove), Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/ruby/psych
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/psych
 [ext/racc]
-  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove)
+  Aaron Patterson (tenderlove), Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
+  https://github.com/ruby/racc
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/racc
 [ext/readline]
   TAKAO Kouji (kouji)
-[ext/ripper]
-  _unmaintained_
-[ext/sdbm]
-  Yukihiro Matsumoto (matz)
-[ext/socket]
-  * Tanaka Akira (akr)
-  * API change needs matz's approval
+  https://github.com/ruby/readline-ext
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/readline-ext
 [ext/stringio]
   Nobuyuki Nakada (nobu)
+  https://github.com/ruby/stringio
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/stringio
 [ext/strscan]
-  _unmaintained_
+  Kouhei Sutou (kou)
+  https://github.com/ruby/strscan
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/strscan
 [ext/syslog]
   Akinori MUSHA (knu)
-[ext/win32]
-  NAKAMURA Usaku (usa)
+  https://github.com/ruby/syslog
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/syslog
 [ext/win32ole]
   Masaki Suketa (suke)
+  https://github.com/ruby/win32ole
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/win32ole
 [ext/zlib]
-  _unmaintained_
+  NARUSE, Yui (naruse)
+  https://github.com/ruby/zlib
+  https://rubygems.org/gems/zlib
+
+== Bundled gems upstream repositories
+
+[minitest]
+  https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest
+[power_assert]
+  https://github.com/ruby/power_assert
+[rake]
+  https://github.com/ruby/rake
+[test-unit]
+  https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit
+[rexml]
+  https://github.com/ruby/rexml
+[rss]
+  https://github.com/ruby/rss
+[rbs]
+  https://github.com/ruby/rbs
+[typeprof]
+  https://github.com/ruby/typeprof
diff --git a/doc/make_cheatsheet.md b/doc/make_cheatsheet.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf245bea03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/make_cheatsheet.md
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# How to use "configure" and "make" commands for Ruby
+
+This is for developers of Ruby.
+If you are a user of Ruby, please see README.md.
+
+## In-place build
+
+```
+$ autoconf
+$ ./configure --prefix=$PWD/local
+$ make
+$ make install
+$ ./local/bin/ruby -e 'puts "Hello"'
+Hello
+```
+
+## Out-of-place build
+
+```
+$ autoconf
+$ mkdir ../ruby-build
+$ cd ../ruby-build
+$ ../ruby-src/configure --prefix=$PWD/local
+$ make
+$ make install
+$ ./local/bin/ruby -e 'puts "Hello"'
+Hello
+```
+
+## How to run the whole test suite
+
+```
+$ make check
+```
+
+It runs (about) three test suites:
+
+* `make test` (a test suite for the interpreter core)
+* `make test-all` (for all builtin classes and libraries)
+* `make test-spec` (a conformance test suite for Ruby implementations)
+* `make test-bundler` (a test suite for the bundler examples)
+
+## How to run the test suite with log
+
+```
+$ make test OPTS=-v
+
+$ make test-all TESTS=-v
+
+$ make test-spec MSPECOPT=-Vfs
+```
+
+## How to run a part of the test suite
+
+### Runs a directory
+```
+$ make test-all TESTS=test/rubygems
+$ make test-all TESTS=rubygems
+```
+
+### Runs a file
+```
+$ make test-all TESTS=test/ruby/test_foo.rb
+$ make test-all TESTS=ruby/foo
+```
+
+### Runs a test whose name includes test_bar
+```
+$ make test-all TESTS="test/ruby/test_foo.rb -n /test_bar/"
+```
+
+### Runs a file or directory with GNU make
+```
+$ make test/ruby/test_foo.rb
+$ make test/ruby/test_foo.rb TESTOPTS="-n /test_bar/"
+```
+
+### Runs a ruby-spec directory
+```
+$ make test-spec MSPECOPT=spec/ruby/core/foo
+```
+
+### Runs a ruby-spec file
+```
+$ make test-spec MSPECOPT=spec/ruby/core/foo/bar_spec.rb
+```
+
+### Runs a ruby-spec file or directory with GNU make
+```
+$ make spec/ruby/core/foo/bar_spec.rb
+```
+
+### Runs a bundler spec file
+```
+$ make test-bundler BUNDLER_SPECS=commands/exec_spec.rb:58
+```
+
+## How to measure coverage of C and Ruby code
+
+You need to be able to use gcc (gcov) and lcov visualizer.
+
+```
+$ autoconf
+$ ./configure --enable-gcov
+$ make
+$ make update-coverage
+$ rm -f test-coverage.dat
+$ make test-all COVERAGE=true
+$ make lcov
+$ open lcov-out/index.html
+```
+
+If you need only C code coverage, you can remove `COVERAGE=true` from the above process.
+You can also use `gcov` command directly to get per-file coverage.
+
+If you need only Ruby code coverage, you can remove `--enable-gcov`.
+Note that `test-coverage.dat` accumulates all runs of `make test-all`.
+Make sure that you remove the file if you want to measure one test run.
+
+You can see the coverage result of CI: https://rubyci.org/coverage
+
+## How to benchmark
+
+see https://github.com/ruby/ruby/tree/master/benchmark#make-benchmark
diff --git a/doc/marshal.rdoc b/doc/marshal.rdoc
index a51f1bf873..78a3d29d4a 100644
--- a/doc/marshal.rdoc
+++ b/doc/marshal.rdoc
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ The first byte has the following special values:
   a positive little-endian integer.
 
 "\xfd"::
-  The total size of the integer is two bytes.  The following three bytes are a
+  The total size of the integer is four bytes.  The following three bytes are a
   negative little-endian integer.
 
 "\x04"::
diff --git a/doc/memory_view.md b/doc/memory_view.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..646a35423a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/memory_view.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# MemoryView
+
+MemoryView provides the features to share multidimensional homogeneous arrays of
+fixed-size element on memory among extension libraries.
+
+## Disclaimer
+
+* This feature is still experimental.  The specification described here can be changed in the future.
+
+* This document is under construction.  Please refer the master branch of ruby for the latest version of this document.
+
+## Overview
+
+We sometimes deal with certain kinds of objects that have arrays of the same typed fixed-size elements on a contiguous memory area as its internal representation.
+Numo::NArray in numo-narray and Magick::Image in rmagick are typical examples of such objects.
+MemoryView plays the role of the hub to share the internal data of such objects without copy among such libraries.
+
+Copy-less sharing of data is very important in some field such as data analysis, machine learning, and image processing.  In these field, people need to handle large amount of on-memory data with several libraries.  If we are forced to copy to exchange large data among libraries, a large amount of the data processing time must be occupied by copying data.  You can avoid such wasting time by using MemoryView.
+
+MemoryView has two categories of APIs:
+
+1. Producer API
+
+    Classes can register own MemoryView entry which allows objects of that classes to expose their MemoryView
+
+2. Consumer API
+
+    Consumer API allows us to obtain and manage the MemoryView of an object
+
+## MemoryView structure
+
+A MemoryView structure, `rb_memory_view_t`, is used for exporting objects' MemoryView.
+This structure contains the reference of the object, which is the owner of the MemoryView, the pointer to the head of exported memory, and the metadata that describes the structure of the memory.  The metadata can describe multidimensional arrays with strides.
+
+### The member of MemoryView structure
+
+The MemoryView structure consists of the following members.
+
+- `VALUE obj`
+
+    The reference to the original object that has the memory exported via the MemoryView.
+
+    RubyVM manages the reference count of the MemoryView-exported objects to guard them from the garbage collection.  The consumers do not have to struggle to guard this object from GC.
+
+- `void *data`
+
+    The pointer to the head of the exported memory.
+
+- `ssize_t byte_size`
+
+    The numbero f bytes in the memory pointed by `data`.
+
+- `bool readonly`
+
+    `true` for readonly memory, `false` for writable memory.
+
+- `const char *format`
+
+    A string to describeth e format of an element, or NULL for unsigned byte.
+
+- `ssize_t item_size`
+
+    The number of bytes in each element.
+
+- `const rb_memory_view_item_component_t *item_desc.components`
+
+    The array of the metadata of the component in an element.
+
+- `size_t item_desc.length`
+
+    The number of items in `item_desc.components`.
+
+- `ssize_t ndim`
+
+    The number of dimensions.
+
+- `const ssize_t *shape`
+
+    A `ndim` size array indicating the number of elements in each dimension.
+    This can be `NULL` when `ndim` is 1.
+
+- `const ssize_t *strides`
+
+    A `ndim` size array indicating the number of bytes to skip to go to the next element in each dimension.
+    This can be `NULL` when `ndim` is 1.
+
+- `const ssize_t *sub_offsets`
+
+    A `ndim` size array consisting of the offsets in each dimension when the MemoryView exposes a nested array.
+    This can be `NULL` when the MemoryView exposes a flat array.
+
+- `void *const private`
+
+    The private data that MemoryView provider uses internally.
+    This can be `NULL` when any private data is unnecessary.
+
+## MemoryView APIs
+
+### For consumers
+
+- `bool rb_memory_view_available_p(VALUE obj)`
+
+    Return `true` if `obj` supports to export a MemoryView.  Return `false` otherwise.
+
+    If this function returns `true`, it doesn't mean the function `rb_memory_view_get` will succeed.
+
+- `bool rb_memory_view_get(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t *view, int flags)`
+
+    If the given `obj` supports to export a MemoryView that conforms the given `flags`, this function fills `view` by the information of the MemoryView and returns `true`.  In this case, the reference count of `obj` is increased.
+
+    If the given combination of `obj` and `flags` cannot export a MemoryView, this function returns `false`. The content of `view` is not touched in this case.
+
+    The exported MemoryView must be released by `rb_memory_view_release` when the MemoryView is no longer needed.
+
+- `bool rb_memory_view_release(rb_memory_view_t *view)`
+
+    Release the given MemoryView `view` and decrement the reference count of `view->obj`.
+
+    Consumers must call this function when the MemoryView is no longer needed.  Missing to call this function leads memory leak.
+
+- `ssize_t rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format(const char *format, const char **err)`
+
+    Calculate the number of bytes occupied by an element.
+
+    When the calculation fails, the failed location in `format` is stored into `err`, and returns `-1`.
+
+- `void *rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer(rb_memory_view_t *view, const ssize_t *indices)`
+
+    Calculate the location of the item indicated by the given `indices`.
+    The length of `indices` must equal to `view->ndim`.
+    This function initializes `view->item_desc` if needed.
+
+- `VALUE rb_memory_view_get_item(rb_memory_view_t *view, const ssize_t *indices)`
+
+    Return the Ruby object representation of the item indicated by the given `indices`.
+    The length of `indices` must equal to `view->ndim`.
+    This function uses `rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer`.
+
+- `rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array(rb_memory_view_t *view, VALUE obj, void *data, const ssize_t len, const bool readonly)`
+
+  Fill the members of `view` as an 1-dimensional byte array.
+
+- `void rb_memory_view_fill_contiguous_strides(const ssize_t ndim, const ssize_t item_size, const ssize_t *const shape, const bool row_major_p, ssize_t *const strides)`
+
+  Fill the `strides` array with byte-Strides of a contiguous array of the given shape with the given element size.
+
+- `void rb_memory_view_prepare_item_desc(rb_memory_view_t *view)`
+
+  Fill the `item_desc` member of `view`.
+
+- `bool rb_memory_view_is_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view)`
+
+  Return `true` if the data in the MemoryView `view` is row-major or column-major contiguous.
+
+  Return `false` otherwise.
+
+- `bool rb_memory_view_is_row_major_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view)`
+
+  Return `true` if the data in the MemoryView `view` is row-major contiguous.
+
+  Return `false` otherwise.
+
+- `bool rb_memory_view_is_column_major_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view)`
+
+  Return `true` if the data in the MemoryView `view` is column-major contiguous.
+
+  Return `false` otherwise.
diff --git a/doc/method_documentation.rdoc b/doc/method_documentation.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0432216868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/method_documentation.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+= Method Documentation Guide
+
+This guide discusses recommendations for documenting methods for Ruby core
+classes and classes in the standard library.
+
+== Goal
+
+The goal when documenting a method is to impart the most important
+information about the method in the least amount of time.  A reader
+of the method documentation should be able to quickly understand
+the purpose of the method and how to use it.  Providing too little
+information about the method is not good, but providing unimportant
+information or unnecessary examples is not good either.  Use your
+judgment about what the user of the method needs to know to use the
+method correctly.
+
+== General Structure
+
+The general structure of the method documentation should be:
+
+* call-seq (for methods written in C)
+* Synopsis (Short Description)
+* Details and Examples
+* Argument Description (if necessary)
+* Corner Cases and Exceptions
+* Aliases
+* Related Methods (optional)
+
+== call-seq (for methods written in C)
+
+For methods written in C, RDoc cannot determine what arguments
+the method accepts, so those need to be documented using a
+<tt>call-seq</tt>.  Here's an example <tt>call-seq</tt>:
+
+  *  call-seq:
+  *    array.count -> integer
+  *    array.count(obj) -> integer
+  *    array.count {|element| ... } -> integer
+
+When creating the <tt>call-seq</tt>, use the form
+
+  receiver_type.method_name(arguments) {|block_arguments|} -> return_type
+
+Omit the parentheses for cases where the method does not accept arguments,
+and omit the block for cases where a block is not accepted.
+
+In the cases where method can return multiple different types, separate the
+types with "or".  If the method can return any type, use "object".  If the
+method returns the receiver, use "self".
+
+In cases where the method accepts optional arguments, use a <tt>call-seq</tt>
+with an optional argument if the method has the same behavior when an argument
+is omitted as when the argument is passed with the default value.  For example,
+use:
+
+  *     obj.respond_to?(symbol, include_all=false) -> true or false
+
+Instead of:
+
+  *     obj.respond_to?(symbol) -> true or false
+  *     obj.respond_to?(symbol, include_all) -> true or false
+
+However, as shown above for <tt>Array#count</tt>, use separate lines if the
+behavior is different if the argument is omitted.
+
+Omit aliases from the call-seq.
+
+== Synopsis
+
+The synopsis comes next, and is a short description of what the
+method does and why you would want to use it.  Ideally, this
+is a single sentence, but for more complex methods it may require
+an entire paragraph.
+
+For <tt>Array#count</tt>, the synopsis is:
+
+  Returns a count of specified elements.
+
+This is great as it is short and descriptive.  Avoid documenting
+too much in the synopsis, stick to the most important information
+for the benefit of the reader.
+
+== Details and Examples
+
+Most non-trivial methods benefit from examples, as well as details
+beyond what is given in the synopsis.  In the details and examples
+section, you can document how the method handles different types
+of arguments, and provides examples on proper usage.  In this
+section, focus on how to use the method properly, not on how the
+method handles improper arguments or corner cases.
+
+Not every behavior of a method requires an example.  If the method
+is documented to return +self+, you don't need to provide an example
+showing the return value is the same as the receiver.  If the method
+is documented to return +nil+, you don't need to provide an example
+showing that it returns +nil+.  If the details mention that for a
+certain argument type, an empty array is returned, you don't need
+to provide an example for that.
+
+Only add an example if it provides the user additional information,
+do not add an example if it provides the same information given
+in the synopsis or details.  The purpose of examples is not to prove
+what the details are stating.
+
+== Argument Description (if necessary)
+
+For methods that require arguments, if not obvious and not explicitly
+mentioned in the details or implicitly shown in the examples, you can
+provide details about the types of arguments supported.  When discussing
+the types of arguments, use simple language even if less-precise, such
+as "level must be an integer", not "level must be an Integer-convertible
+object".  The vast majority of use will be with the expected type, not an
+argument that is explicitly convertible to the expected type, and
+documenting the difference is not important.
+
+For methods that take blocks, it can be useful to document the type of
+argument passed if it is not obvious, not explicitly mentioned in the
+details, and not implicitly shown in the examples.
+
+If there is more than one argument or block argument, use an RDoc
+definition list:
+
+argument_name1 :: type and description
+argument_name2 :: type and description
+
+== Corner Cases and Exceptions
+
+For corner cases of methods, such as atypical usage, briefly mention
+the behavior, but do not provide any examples.
+
+Only document exceptions raised if they are not obvious.  For example,
+if you have stated earlier than an argument type must be an integer,
+you do not need to document that a TypeError is raised if a non-integer
+is passed.  Do not provide examples of exceptions being raised unless
+that is a common case, such as Hash#fetch raising KeyError.
+
+== Aliases
+
+Mention aliases in the form "Array#find_index is an alias for Array#index."
+
+== Related Methods (optional)
+
+In some cases, it is useful to document which methods are related to
+the current method.  For example, documentation for Hash#[] might
+mention Hash#fetch as a related method, and Hash#merge might mention
+#merge! as a related method.  Consider which methods may be related
+to the current method, and if you think the reader would benefit it,
+at the end of the method documentation, add a line starting with
+"Related: " (e.g. "Related: #fetch").  Don't list more than three
+related methods. If you think more than three methods are related,
+pick the three you think are most important and list those three.
+
+== Methods Accepting Multiple Argument Types
+
+For methods that accept multiple argument types, in some cases it can
+be useful to document the different argument types separately.  It's
+best to use a separate paragraph for each case you are discussing.
+
+== Use of English
+
+Readers of this documentation may not be native speakers of English.
+Documentation should be written with this in mind.
+
+Use short sentences and group them into paragraphs that cover a single
+topic.  Avoid complex verb tenses, excessive comma-separated phrases,
+and idioms.
+
+When writing documentation, define unusual or critical concepts in
+simple language.  Provide links to authoritative sources, or add a
+general description to the top-level documentation for the class or
+module.
+
+== Formatting
+
+Extraneous formatting such as headings and horizontal lines should be
+avoided in general.  It is best to keep the formatting as simple as
+possible.  Only use headings and other formatting for the most complex
+cases where the method documentation is very long due to the complexity
+of the method.
+
+Methods are documented using RDoc syntax.  See the
+{RDoc Markup Reference}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/RDoc/Markup.html#class-RDoc::Markup-label-RDoc+Markup+Reference]
+for more information on formatting with RDoc syntax.
diff --git a/doc/ractor.md b/doc/ractor.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ca36326ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/ractor.md
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+# Ractor - Ruby's Actor-like concurrent abstraction
+
+Ractor is designed to provide a parallel execution feature of Ruby without thread-safety concerns.
+
+## Summary
+
+### Multiple Ractors in an interpreter process
+
+You can make multiple Ractors and they run in parallel.
+
+* `Ractor.new{ expr }` creates a new Ractor and `expr` is run in parallel on a parallel computer.
+* Interpreter invokes with the first Ractor (called *main Ractor*).
+* If main Ractor terminated, all Ractors receive terminate request like Threads (if main thread (first invoked Thread), Ruby interpreter sends all running threads to terminate execution).
+* Each Ractor has 1 or more Threads.
+  * Threads in a Ractor shares a Ractor-wide global lock like GIL (GVL in MRI terminology), so they can't run in parallel (without releasing GVL explicitly in C-level). Threads in different ractors run in parallel.
+  * The overhead of creating a Ractor is similar to overhead of one Thread creation.
+
+### Limited sharing between multiple ractors
+
+Ractors don't share everything, unlike threads.
+
+* Most objects are *Unshareable objects*, so you don't need to care about thread-safety problem which is caused by sharing.
+* Some objects are *Shareable objects*.
+  * Immutable objects: frozen objects which don't refer to unshareable-objects.
+    * `i = 123`: `i` is an immutable object.
+    * `s = "str".freeze`: `s` is an immutable object.
+    * `a = [1, [2], 3].freeze`: `a` is not an immutable object because `a` refers unshareable-object `[2]` (which is not frozen).
+    * `h = {c: Object}.freeze`: `h` is an immutable object because `h` refers Symbol `:c` and shareable `Object` class object which is not frozen.
+  * Class/Module objects
+  * Special shareable objects
+    * Ractor object itself.
+    * And more...
+
+### Two-types communication between Ractors
+
+Ractors communicate with each other and synchronize the execution by message exchanging between Ractors. There are two message exchange protocols: push type (message passing) and pull type.
+
+* Push type message passing: `Ractor#send(obj)` and `Ractor.receive()` pair.
+  * Sender ractor passes the `obj` to the ractor `r` by `r.send(obj)` and receiver ractor receives the message with `Ractor.receive`.
+  * Sender knows the destination Ractor `r` and the receiver does not know the sender (accept all message from any ractors).
+  * Receiver has infinite queue and sender enqueues the message. Sender doesn't block to put message into this queue.
+  * This type message exchangin is employed by many other Actor-based language.
+  * `Ractor.receive_if{ filter_expr }` is a variant of `Ractor.receive` to select a message.
+* Pull type communication: `Ractor.yield(obj)` and `Ractor#take()` pair.
+  * Sender ractor declare to yield the `obj` by `Ractor.yield(obj)` and receiver Ractor take it with `r.take`.
+  * Sender doesn't know a destination Ractor and receiver knows the sender Ractor `r`.
+  * Sender or receiver will block if there is no other side.
+
+### Copy & Move semantics to send messages
+
+To send unshareable objects as messages, objects are copied or moved.
+
+* Copy: use deep-copy.
+* Move: move membership.
+  * Sender can not access the moved object after moving the object.
+  * Guarantee that at least only 1 Ractor can access the object.
+
+### Thread-safety
+
+Ractor helps to write a thread-safe concurrent program, but we can make thread-unsafe programs with Ractors.
+
+* GOOD: Sharing limitation
+  * Most objects are unshareable, so we can't make data-racy and race-conditional programs.
+  * Shareable objects are protected by an interpreter or locking mechanism.
+* BAD: Class/Module can violate this assumption
+  * To make it compatible with old behavior, classes and modules can introduce data-race and so on.
+  * Ruby programmers should take care if they modify class/module objects on multi Ractor programs.
+* BAD: Ractor can't solve all thread-safety problems
+  * There are several blocking operations (waiting send, waiting yield and waiting take) so you can make a program which has dead-lock and live-lock issues.
+  * Some kind of shareable objects can introduce transactions (STM, for example). However, misusing transactions will generate inconsistent state.
+
+Without Ractor, we need to trace all of state-mutations to debug thread-safety issues.
+With Ractor, you can concentrate to suspicious code which are shared with Ractors.
+
+## Creation and termination
+
+### `Ractor.new`
+
+* `Ractor.new{ expr }` generates another Ractor.
+
+```ruby
+# Ractor.new with a block creates new Ractor
+r = Ractor.new do
+  # This block will be run in parallel with other ractors
+end
+
+# You can name a Ractor with `name:` argument.
+r = Ractor.new name: 'test-name' do
+end
+
+# and Ractor#name returns its name.
+r.name #=> 'test-name'
+```
+
+### Given block isolation
+
+The Ractor execute given `expr` in a given block.
+Given block will be isolated from outer scope by `Proc#isolate`. To prevent sharing unshareable objects between ractors, block outer-variables, `self` and other information are isolated.
+
+Given block will be isolated by `Proc#isolate` method (not exposed yet for Ruby users). `Proc#isolate` is called at Ractor creation timing (`Ractor.new` is called). If given Proc object is not enable to isolate because of outer variables and so on, an error will be raised.
+
+```ruby
+begin
+  a = true
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    a #=> ArgumentError because this block accesses `a`.
+  end
+  r.take # see later
+rescue ArgumentError
+end
+```
+
+* The `self` of the given block is `Ractor` object itself.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  p self.class #=> Ractor
+  self.object_id
+end
+r.take == self.object_id #=> false
+```
+
+Passed arguments to `Ractor.new()` becomes block parameters for the given block. However, an interpreter does not pass the parameter object references, but send them as messages (see below for details).
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
+  msg #=> 'ok'
+end
+r.take #=> 'ok'
+```
+
+```ruby
+# almost similar to the last example
+r = Ractor.new do
+  msg = Ractor.receive
+  msg
+end
+r.send 'ok'
+r.take #=> 'ok'
+```
+
+### An execution result of given block
+
+Return value of the given block becomes an outgoing message (see below for details).
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  'ok'
+end
+r.take #=> `ok`
+```
+
+```ruby
+# almost similar to the last example
+r = Ractor.new do
+  Ractor.yield 'ok'
+end
+r.take #=> 'ok'
+```
+
+Error in the given block will be propagated to the receiver of an outgoing message.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred to the receiver
+end
+
+begin
+  r.take
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+  e.cause.class   #=> RuntimeError
+  e.cause.message #=> 'ok'
+  e.ractor        #=> r
+end
+```
+
+## Communication between Ractors
+
+Communication between Ractors is achieved by sending and receiving messages. There is two way to communicate each other.
+
+* (1) Message sending/receiving
+  * (1-1) push type send/receive (sender knows receiver). similar to the Actor model.
+  * (1-2) pull type yield/take (receiver knows sender).
+* (2) Using shareable container objects
+  * Ractor::TVar gem ([ko1/ractor-tvar](https://github.com/ko1/ractor-tvar))
+  * more?
+
+Users can control program execution timing with (1), but should not control with (2) (only manage as critical section).
+
+For message sending and receiving, there are two types APIs: push type and pull type.
+
+* (1-1) send/receive (push type)
+  * `Ractor#send(obj)` (`Ractor#<<(obj)` is an aliases) send a message to the Ractor's incoming port. Incoming port is connected to the infinite size incoming queue so `Ractor#send` will never block.
+  * `Ractor.receive` dequeue a message from its own incoming queue. If the incoming queue is empty, `Ractor.receive` calling will block.
+  * `Ractor.receive_if{|msg| filter_expr }` is variant of `Ractor.receive`. `receive_if` only receives a message which `filter_expr` is true (So `Ractor.receive` is same as `Ractor.receive_if{ true }`.
+* (1-2) yield/take (pull type)
+  * `Ractor.yield(obj)` send an message to a Ractor which are calling `Ractor#take` via outgoing port . If no Ractors are waiting for it, the `Ractor.yield(obj)` will block. If multiple Ractors are waiting for `Ractor.yield(obj)`, only one Ractor can receive the message.
+  * `Ractor#take` receives a message which is waiting by `Ractor.yield(obj)` method from the specified Ractor. If the Ractor does not call `Ractor.yield` yet, the `Ractor#take` call will block.
+* `Ractor.select()` can wait for the success of `take`, `yield` and `receive`.
+* You can close the incoming port or outgoing port.
+  * You can close then with `Ractor#close_incoming` and `Ractor#close_outgoing`.
+  * If the incoming port is closed for a Ractor, you can't `send` to the Ractor. If `Ractor.receive` is blocked for the closed incoming port, then it will raise an exception.
+  * If the outgoing port is closed for a Ractor, you can't call `Ractor#take` and `Ractor.yield` on the Ractor. If ractors are blocking by `Ractor#take` or `Ractor.yield`, closing outgoing port will raise an exception on these blocking ractors.
+  * When a Ractor is terminated, the Ractor's ports are closed.
+* There are 3 way to send an object as a message
+  * (1) Send a reference: Sending a shareable object, send only a reference to the object (fast)
+  * (2) Copy an object: Sending an unshareable object by copying an object deeply (slow). Note that you can not send an object which is not support deep copy. Some `T_DATA` objects are not supported.
+  * (3) Move an object: Sending an unshareable object reference with a membership. Sender Ractor can not access moved objects anymore (raise an exception) after moving it. Current implementation makes new object as a moved object for receiver Ractor and copy references of sending object to moved object.
+  * You can choose "Copy" and "Move" by the `move:` keyword, `Ractor#send(obj, move: true/false)` and `Ractor.yield(obj, move: true/false)` (default is `false` (COPY)).
+
+### Sending/Receiving ports
+
+Each Ractor has _incoming-port_ and _outgoing-port_. Incoming-port is connected to the infinite sized incoming queue.
+
+```
+                  Ractor r
+                 +-------------------------------------------+
+                 | incoming                         outgoing |
+                 | port                                 port |
+   r.send(obj) ->*->[incoming queue]     Ractor.yield(obj) ->*-> r.take
+                 |                |                          |
+                 |                v                          |
+                 |           Ractor.receive                  |
+                 +-------------------------------------------+
+
+
+Connection example: r2.send obj on r1、Ractor.receive on r2
+  +----+     +----+
+  * r1 |---->* r2 *
+  +----+     +----+
+
+
+Connection example: Ractor.yield(obj) on r1, r1.take on r2
+  +----+     +----+
+  * r1 *---->- r2 *
+  +----+     +----+
+
+Connection example: Ractor.yield(obj) on r1 and r2,
+                    and waiting for both simultaneously by Ractor.select(r1, r2)
+
+  +----+
+  * r1 *------+
+  +----+      |
+              +----> Ractor.select(r1, r2)
+  +----+      |
+  * r2 *------|
+  +----+
+```
+
+```ruby
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    msg = Ractor.receive # Receive from r's incoming queue
+    msg # send back msg as block return value
+  end
+  r.send 'ok' # Send 'ok' to r's incoming port -> incoming queue
+  r.take      # Receive from r's outgoing port
+```
+
+The last example shows the following ractor network.
+
+```
+       
+  +------+        +---+
+  * main |------> * r *---+
+  +-----+         +---+   |
+      ^                   |
+      +-------------------+
+```
+
+And this code can be rewrite more simple way by using an argument for `Ractor.new`.
+
+```ruby
+  # Actual argument 'ok' for `Ractor.new()` will be send to created Ractor.
+  r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
+    # Values for formal parameters will be received from incoming queue.
+    # Similar to: msg = Ractor.receive
+
+    msg # Return value of the given block will be sent via outgoing port
+  end
+
+  # receive from the r's outgoing port.
+  r.take #=> `ok`
+```
+
+### Return value of a block for `Ractor.new`
+
+As already explained, the return value of `Ractor.new` (an evaluated value of `expr` in `Ractor.new{ expr }`) can be taken by `Ractor#take`.
+
+```ruby
+Ractor.new{ 42 }.take #=> 42
+```
+
+When the block return value is available, the Ractor is dead so that no ractors except taken Ractor can touch the return value, so any values can be sent with this communication path without any modification.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  a = "hello"
+  binding
+end
+
+r.take.eval("p a") #=> "hello" (other communication path can not send a Binding object directly)
+```
+
+### Wait for multiple Ractors with `Ractor.select`
+
+You can wait multiple Ractor's `yield` with `Ractor.select(*ractors)`.
+The return value of `Ractor.select()` is `[r, msg]` where `r` is yielding Ractor and `msg` is yielded message.
+
+Wait for a single ractor (same as `Ractor.take`):
+
+```ruby
+r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+
+r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
+r == r1 and obj == 'r1' #=> true
+```
+
+Wait for two ractors:
+
+```ruby
+r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
+r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
+rs = [r1, r2]
+as = []
+
+# Wait for r1 or r2's Ractor.yield
+r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+rs.delete(r)
+as << obj
+
+# Second try (rs only contain not-closed ractors)
+r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
+rs.delete(r)
+as << obj
+as.sort == ['r1', 'r2'] #=> true
+```
+
+Complex example:
+
+```ruby
+  pipe = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
+    end
+  end
+
+  RN = 10
+  rs = RN.times.map{|i|
+    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
+      msg = pipe.take
+      msg # ping-pong
+    end
+  }
+  RN.times{|i|
+    pipe << i
+  }
+  RN.times.map{
+    r, n = Ractor.select(*rs)
+    rs.delete r
+    n
+  }.sort #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+```
+
+Multiple Ractors can send to one Ractor.
+
+```ruby
+# Create 10 ractors and they send objects to pipe ractor.
+# pipe ractor yield received objects
+
+  pipe = Ractor.new do
+    loop do
+      Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
+    end
+  end
+
+  RN = 10
+  rs = RN.times.map{|i|
+    Ractor.new pipe, i do |pipe, i|
+      pipe << i
+    end
+  }
+
+  RN.times.map{
+    pipe.take
+  }.sort #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+```
+
+TODO: Current `Ractor.select()` has the same issue of `select(2)`, so this interface should be refined.
+
+TODO: `select` syntax of go-language uses round-robin technique to make fair scheduling. Now `Ractor.select()` doesn't use it.
+
+### Closing Ractor's ports
+
+* `Ractor#close_incoming/outgoing` close incoming/outgoing ports (similar to `Queue#close`).
+* `Ractor#close_incoming`
+  * `r.send(obj) ` where `r`'s incoming port is closed, will raise an exception.
+  * When the incoming queue is empty and incoming port is closed, `Ractor.receive` raise an exception. If the incoming queue is not empty, it dequeues an object without exceptions.
+* `Ractor#close_outgoing`
+  * `Ractor.yield` on a Ractor which closed the outgoing port, it will raise an exception.
+  * `Ractor#take` for a Ractor which closed the outgoing port, it will raise an exception. If `Ractor#take` is blocking, it will raise an exception.
+* When a Ractor terminates, the ports are closed automatically.
+  * Return value of the Ractor's block will be yielded as `Ractor.yield(ret_val)`, even if the implementation terminates the based native thread.
+
+Example (try to take from closed Ractor):
+
+```ruby
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    'finish'
+  end
+  r.take # success (will return 'finish')
+  begin
+    o = r.take # try to take from closed Ractor
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    "ng: #{o}"
+  end
+```
+
+Example (try to send to closed (terminated) Ractor):
+
+```ruby
+  r = Ractor.new do
+  end
+
+  r.take # wait terminate
+
+  begin
+    r.send(1)
+  rescue Ractor::ClosedError
+    'ok'
+  else
+    'ng'
+  end
+```
+
+When multiple Ractors waiting for `Ractor.yield()`, `Ractor#close_outgoing` will cancel all blocking by raise an exception (`ClosedError`).
+
+### Send a message by copying
+
+`Ractor#send(obj)` or `Ractor.yield(obj)` copy `obj` deeply if `obj` is an unshareable object.
+
+```ruby
+obj = 'str'.dup
+r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+  # return received msg's object_id
+  msg.object_id
+end
+
+obj.object_id == r.take #=> false
+```
+
+Some objects are not supported to copy the value, and raise an exception.
+
+```ruby
+obj = Thread.new{}
+begin
+  Ractor.new obj do |msg|
+    msg
+  end
+rescue TypeError => e
+  e.message #=> #<TypeError: allocator undefined for Thread>
+else
+  'ng' # unreachable here
+end
+```
+
+### Send a message by moving
+
+`Ractor#send(obj, move: true)` or `Ractor.yield(obj, move: true)` move `obj` to the destination Ractor.
+If the source Ractor touches the moved object (for example, call the method like `obj.foo()`), it will be an error.
+
+```ruby
+# move with Ractor#send
+r = Ractor.new do
+  obj = Ractor.receive
+  obj << ' world'
+end
+
+str = 'hello'
+r.send str, move: true
+modified = r.take #=> 'hello world'
+
+# str is moved, and accessing str from this Ractor is prohibited
+
+begin
+  # Error because it touches moved str.
+  str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
+rescue Ractor::MovedError
+  modified #=> 'hello world'
+else
+  raise 'unreachable'
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+  # move with Ractor.yield
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    obj = 'hello'
+    Ractor.yield obj, move: true
+    obj << 'world'  # raise Ractor::MovedError
+  end
+
+  str = r.take
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+    p str #=> "hello"
+  end
+```
+
+Some objects are not supported to move, and an exception will be raise.
+
+```ruby
+r = Ractor.new do
+  Ractor.receive
+end
+
+r.send(Thread.new{}, move: true) #=> allocator undefined for Thread (TypeError)
+```
+
+To achieve the access prohibition for moved objects, _class replacement_ technique is used to implement it.
+
+### Shareable objects
+
+The following objects are shareable.
+
+* Immutable objects
+  * Small integers, some symbols, `true`, `false`, `nil` (a.k.a. `SPECIAL_CONST_P()` objects in internal)
+  * Frozen native objects
+    * Numeric objects: `Float`, `Complex`, `Rational`, big integers (`T_BIGNUM` in internal)
+    * All Symbols.
+  * Frozen `String` and `Regexp` objects (their instance variables should refer only sharble objects)
+* Class, Module objects (`T_CLASS`, `T_MODULE` and `T_ICLASS` in internal)
+* `Ractor` and other special objects which care about synchronization.
+
+Implementation: Now shareable objects (`RVALUE`) have `FL_SHAREABLE` flag. This flag can be added lazily.
+
+To make sharable objects, `Ractor.make_shareable(obj)` method is provided. In this case, try to make sharaeble by freezing `obj` and recursively travasible objects. This method accepts `copy:` keyword (default value is false).`Ractor.make_sharable(obj, copy: true)` tries to make a deep copy of `obj` and make the copied object sharable.
+
+## Language changes to isolate unshareable objects between Ractors
+
+To isolate unshareable objects between Ractors, we introduced additional language semantics on multi-Ractor Ruby programs.
+
+Note that without using Ractors, these additional semantics is not needed (100% compatible with Ruby 2).
+
+### Global variables
+
+Only the main Ractor (a Ractor created at starting of interpreter) can access global variables.
+
+```ruby
+  $gv = 1
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    $gv
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message #=> 'can not access global variables from non-main Ractors'
+  end
+```
+
+Note that some special global variables are ractor-local, like `$stdin`, `$stdout`, `$stderr`. See [[Bug #17268]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17268) for more details.
+
+### Instance variables of shareable objects
+
+Only the main Ractor can access instance variables of shareable objects.
+
+```ruby
+  class C
+    @iv = 'str'
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    class C
+      p @iv
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue => e
+    e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
+  end
+```
+
+```ruby
+  shared = Ractor.new{}
+  shared.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 'str')
+
+  r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
+    p shared.instance_variable_get(:@iv)
+  end
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
+    e.cause.message #=> can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors (Ractor::IsolationError)
+  end
+```
+
+Note that instance variables for class/module objects are also prohibited on Ractors.
+
+### Class variables
+
+Only the main Ractor can access class variables.
+
+```ruby
+  class C
+    @@cv = 'str'
+  end
+
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    class C
+      p @@cv
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue => e
+    e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
+  end
+```
+
+### Constants
+
+Only the main Ractor can read constants which refer to the unshareable object.
+
+```ruby
+  class C
+    CONST = 'str'
+  end
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    C::CONST
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue => e
+    e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
+  end
+```
+
+Only the main Ractor can define constants which refer to the unshareable object.
+
+```ruby
+  class C
+  end
+  r = Ractor.new do
+    C::CONST = 'str'
+  end
+  begin
+    r.take
+  rescue => e
+    e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
+  end
+```
+
+To make multi-ractor supported library, the constants should only refer sharable objects.
+
+```ruby
+TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}
+```
+
+In this case, `TABLE` reference an unsharable Hash object. So that other ractors can not refer `TABLE` constant. To make it shareable, we can use `Ractor.make_sharable()` like that.
+
+```ruby
+TABLE = Ractor.make_sharable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )
+```
+
+To make it easy, Ruby 3.0 introduced new `shareable_constant_value` Directive.
+
+```ruby
+shareable_constant_value: literal
+
+TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}
+#=> Same as: TABLE = Ractor.make_sharable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )
+```
+
+`shareable_constant_value` directive accepts the following modes (descriptions use the example: `CONST = expr`):
+
+* none: Do nothing. Same as: `CONST = expr`
+* literal:
+  * if `expr` is consites of literals, replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_sharable(expr)`.
+  * otherwise: replaced to `CONST = expr.tap{|o| raise unless Ractor.shareable?}`.
+* experimental_everything: replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_sharable(expr)`.
+* experimental_copy: replaced to `CONST = Ractor.make_sharable(expr, copy: true)`.
+
+Except the `none` mode (default), it is guaranteed that the assigned constants refer to only sharable objects.
+
+See [doc/syntax/comment.rdoc](syntax/comment.rdoc) for more details.
+
+## Implementation note
+
+* Each Ractor has its own thread, it means each Ractor has at least 1 native thread.
+* Each Ractor has its own ID (`rb_ractor_t::pub::id`).
+  * On debug mode, all unshareable objects are labeled with current Ractor's id, and it is checked to detect unshareable object leak (access an object from different Ractor) in VM.
+
+## Examples
+
+### Traditional Ring example in Actor-model
+
+```ruby
+RN = 1_000
+CR = Ractor.current
+
+r = Ractor.new do
+  p Ractor.receive
+  CR << :fin
+end
+
+RN.times{
+  r = Ractor.new r do |next_r|
+    next_r << Ractor.receive
+  end
+}
+
+p :setup_ok
+r << 1
+p Ractor.receive
+```
+
+### Fork-join
+
+```ruby
+def fib n
+  if n < 2
+    1
+  else
+    fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
+  end
+end
+
+RN = 10
+rs = (1..RN).map do |i|
+  Ractor.new i do |i|
+    [i, fib(i)]
+  end
+end
+
+until rs.empty?
+  r, v = Ractor.select(*rs)
+  rs.delete r
+  p answer: v
+end
+```
+
+### Worker pool
+
+```ruby
+require 'prime'
+
+pipe = Ractor.new do
+  loop do
+    Ractor.yield Ractor.receive
+  end
+end
+
+N = 1000
+RN = 10
+workers = (1..RN).map do
+  Ractor.new pipe do |pipe|
+    while n = pipe.take
+      Ractor.yield [n, n.prime?]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+(1..N).each{|i|
+  pipe << i
+}
+
+pp (1..N).map{
+  _r, (n, b) = Ractor.select(*workers)
+  [n, b]
+}.sort_by{|(n, b)| n}
+```
+
+### Pipeline
+
+```ruby
+# pipeline with yield/take
+r1 = Ractor.new do
+  'r1'
+end
+
+r2 = Ractor.new r1 do |r1|
+  r1.take + 'r2'
+end
+
+r3 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
+  r2.take + 'r3'
+end
+
+p r3.take #=> 'r1r2r3'
+```
+
+```ruby
+# pipeline with send/receive
+
+r3 = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |cr|
+  cr.send Ractor.receive + 'r3'
+end
+
+r2 = Ractor.new r3 do |r3|
+  r3.send Ractor.receive + 'r2'
+end
+
+r1 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
+  r2.send Ractor.receive + 'r1'
+end
+
+r1 << 'r0'
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r1r2r3"
+```
+
+### Supervise
+
+```ruby
+# ring example again
+
+r = Ractor.current
+(1..10).map{|i|
+  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    r.send Ractor.receive + "r#{i}"
+  end
+}
+
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
+```
+
+```ruby
+# ring example with an error
+
+r = Ractor.current
+rs = (1..10).map{|i|
+  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    loop do
+      msg = Ractor.receive
+      raise if /e/ =~ msg
+      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
+    end
+  end
+}
+
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current) #=> [:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
+r.send "e0"
+p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+#=>
+#<Thread:0x000056262de28bd8 run> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+        2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
+        1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
+/home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+        2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
+        1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
+/home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
+        1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:21:in `<main>'
+<internal:ractor>:69:in `select': thrown by remote Ractor. (Ractor::RemoteError)
+```
+
+```ruby
+# resend non-error message
+
+r = Ractor.current
+rs = (1..10).map{|i|
+  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    loop do
+      msg = Ractor.receive
+      raise if /e/ =~ msg
+      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
+    end
+  end
+}
+
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
+r.send "r0"
+p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+[:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
+msg = 'e0'
+begin
+  r.send msg
+  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+  msg = 'r0'
+  retry
+end
+
+#=> <internal:ractor>:100:in `send': The incoming-port is already closed (Ractor::ClosedError)
+# because r == r[-1] is terminated.
+```
+
+```ruby
+# ring example with supervisor and re-start
+
+def make_ractor r, i
+  Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
+    loop do
+      msg = Ractor.receive
+      raise if /e/ =~ msg
+      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+r = Ractor.current
+rs = (1..10).map{|i|
+  r = make_ractor(r, i)
+}
+
+msg = 'e0' # error causing message
+begin
+  r.send msg
+  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
+rescue Ractor::RemoteError
+  r = rs[-1] = make_ractor(rs[-2], rs.size-1)
+  msg = 'x0'
+  retry
+end
+
+#=> [:receive, "x0r9r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
+```
diff --git a/doc/regexp.rdoc b/doc/regexp.rdoc
index 49fce51a8d..d84cae1771 100644
--- a/doc/regexp.rdoc
+++ b/doc/regexp.rdoc
@@ -63,12 +63,14 @@ The following are <i>metacharacters</i> <tt>(</tt>, <tt>)</tt>,
 <tt>[</tt>, <tt>]</tt>, <tt>{</tt>, <tt>}</tt>, <tt>.</tt>, <tt>?</tt>,
 <tt>+</tt>, <tt>*</tt>. They have a specific meaning when appearing in a
 pattern. To match them literally they must be backslash-escaped. To match
-a backslash literally backslash-escape that: <tt>\\\\\\</tt>.
+a backslash literally, backslash-escape it: <tt>\\\\</tt>.
 
     /1 \+ 2 = 3\?/.match('Does 1 + 2 = 3?') #=> #<MatchData "1 + 2 = 3?">
+    /a\\\\b/.match('a\\\\b')                    #=> #<MatchData "a\\b">
 
-Patterns behave like double-quoted strings so can contain the same
-backslash escapes.
+Patterns behave like double-quoted strings and can contain the same
+backslash escapes (the meaning of <tt>\s</tt> is different, however,
+see below[#label-Character+Classes]).
 
     /\s\u{6771 4eac 90fd}/.match("Go to 東京都")
         #=> #<MatchData " 東京都">
@@ -130,6 +132,9 @@ The following metacharacters also behave like character classes:
 * <tt>/\H/</tt> - A non-hexdigit character (<tt>[^0-9a-fA-F]</tt>)
 * <tt>/\s/</tt> - A whitespace character: <tt>/[ \t\r\n\f\v]/</tt>
 * <tt>/\S/</tt> - A non-whitespace character: <tt>/[^ \t\r\n\f\v]/</tt>
+* <tt>/\R/</tt> - A linebreak: <tt>\n</tt>, <tt>\v</tt>, <tt>\f</tt>, <tt>\r</tt>
+  <tt>\u0085</tt> (NEXT LINE), <tt>\u2028</tt> (LINE SEPARATOR), <tt>\u2029</tt> (PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR)
+  or <tt>\r\n</tt>.
 
 POSIX <i>bracket expressions</i> are also similar to character classes.
 They provide a portable alternative to the above, with the added benefit
@@ -188,8 +193,11 @@ At least one uppercase character ('H'), at least one lowercase character
 Repetition is <i>greedy</i> by default: as many occurrences as possible
 are matched while still allowing the overall match to succeed. By
 contrast, <i>lazy</i> matching makes the minimal amount of matches
-necessary for overall success. A greedy metacharacter can be made lazy by
-following it with <tt>?</tt>.
+necessary for overall success. Most greedy metacharacters can be made lazy
+by following them with <tt>?</tt>. For the <tt>{n}</tt> pattern, because
+it specifies an exact number of characters to match and not a variable
+number of characters, the <tt>?</tt> metacharacter instead makes the
+repeated pattern optional.
 
 Both patterns below match the string. The first uses a greedy quantifier so
 '.+' matches '<a><b>'; the second uses a lazy quantifier so '.+?' matches
@@ -227,7 +235,7 @@ Capture groups can be referred to by name when defined with the
 constructs.
 
     /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/.match("$3.67")
-        => #<MatchData "$3.67" dollars:"3" cents:"67">
+        #=> #<MatchData "$3.67" dollars:"3" cents:"67">
     /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/.match("$3.67")[:dollars] #=> "3"
 
 Named groups can be backreferenced with <tt>\k<</tt><i>name</i><tt>></tt>,
@@ -237,7 +245,15 @@ where _name_ is the group name.
         #=> #<MatchData "ototo" vowel:"o">
 
 *Note*: A regexp can't use named backreferences and numbered
-backreferences simultaneously.
+backreferences simultaneously. Also, if a named capture is used in a
+regexp, then parentheses used for grouping which would otherwise result
+in a unnamed capture are treated as non-capturing.
+
+    /(\w)(\w)/.match("ab").captures # => ["a", "b"]
+    /(\w)(\w)/.match("ab").named_captures # => {}
+
+    /(?<c>\w)(\w)/.match("ab").captures # => ["a"]
+    /(?<c>\w)(\w)/.match("ab").named_captures # => {"c"=>"a"}
 
 When named capture groups are used with a literal regexp on the left-hand
 side of an expression and the <tt>=~</tt> operator, the captured text is
@@ -540,10 +556,15 @@ options which control how the pattern can match.
 subexpression level with the
 <tt>(?</tt><i>on</i><tt>-</tt><i>off</i><tt>)</tt> construct, which
 enables options <i>on</i>, and disables options <i>off</i> for the
-expression enclosed by the parentheses.
+expression enclosed by the parentheses:
+
+    /a(?i:b)c/.match('aBc')   #=> #<MatchData "aBc">
+    /a(?-i:b)c/i.match('ABC') #=> nil
+
+Additionally, these options can also be toggled for the remainder of the
+pattern:
 
-    /a(?i:b)c/.match('aBc') #=> #<MatchData "aBc">
-    /a(?i:b)c/.match('abc') #=> #<MatchData "abc">
+    /a(?i)bc/.match('abC') #=> #<MatchData "abC">
 
 Options may also be used with <tt>Regexp.new</tt>:
 
@@ -607,9 +628,9 @@ regexp's encoding can be explicitly fixed by supplying
 <tt>Regexp.new</tt>:
 
     r = Regexp.new("a".force_encoding("iso-8859-1"),Regexp::FIXEDENCODING)
-    r =~"a\u3042"
-       #=> Encoding::CompatibilityError: incompatible encoding regexp match
-            (ISO-8859-1 regexp with UTF-8 string)
+    r =~ "a\u3042"
+       # raises Encoding::CompatibilityError: incompatible encoding regexp match
+       #         (ISO-8859-1 regexp with UTF-8 string)
 
 == Special global variables
 
diff --git a/doc/security.rdoc b/doc/security.rdoc
index d7d6464ce1..ae20ed30fa 100644
--- a/doc/security.rdoc
+++ b/doc/security.rdoc
@@ -15,19 +15,6 @@ mailto:security@ruby-lang.org ({the PGP public
 key}[https://www.ruby-lang.org/security.asc]), which is a private mailing list.
 Reported problems will be published after fixes.
 
-== <code>$SAFE</code>
-
-Ruby provides a mechanism to restrict what operations can be performed by Ruby
-code in the form of the <code>$SAFE</code> variable.
-
-However, <code>$SAFE</code> does not provide a secure environment for executing
-untrusted code.
-
-If you need to execute untrusted code, you should use an operating system level
-sandboxing mechanism. On Linux, ptrace or LXC can be used to sandbox
-potentially malicious code. Other similar mechanisms exist on every major
-operating system.
-
 == +Marshal.load+
 
 Ruby's +Marshal+ module provides methods for serializing and deserializing Ruby
diff --git a/doc/shell.rd.ja b/doc/shell.rd.ja
deleted file mode 100644
index a9507fe92a..0000000000
--- a/doc/shell.rd.ja
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,335 +0,0 @@
- -- shell.rb
-				$Release Version: 0.6.0 $
-			   	$Revision$
-			   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ishitsuka.com)
-
-=begin
-
-= 目的
-
-ruby上でsh/cshのようにコマンドの実行及びフィルタリングを手軽に行う.
-sh/cshの制御文はrubyの機能を用いて実現する.
-
-= 主なクラス一覧
-
-== Shell
-
-Shellオブジェクトはカレントディレクトリを持ち, コマンド実行はそこからの
-相対パスになります.
-
---- Shell#cwd
---- Shell#dir
---- Shell#getwd
---- Shell#pwd
-
-      カレントディレクトリを返す。
-
---- Shell#system_path
-
-      コマンドサーチパスの配列を返す。
-
---- Shell#umask
-
-      umaskを返す。
-
-== Filter
-
-コマンドの実行結果はすべてFilterとしてかえります. Enumerableをincludeし
-ています.
-
-= 主なメソッド一覧
-
-== コマンド定義
-
-OS上のコマンドを実行するにはまず, Shellのメソッドとして定義します.
-
-注) コマンドを定義しなくとも直接実行できるShell#systemコマンドもあります.
-
---- Shell.def_system_command(command, path = command)
-
-      Shellのメソッドとしてcommandを登録します.
-
-      例)
-      Shell.def_system_command "ls"
-        ls を定義
-
-      Shell.def_system_command "sys_sort", "sort"
-        sortコマンドをsys_sortとして定義
-
---- Shell.undef_system_command(command)
-
-      commandを削除します.
-
---- Shell.alias_command(ali, command, *opts) {...}
-
-      commandのaliasをします.
-
-      例)
-        Shell.alias_command "lsC", "ls", "-CBF", "--show-control-chars"
-        Shell.alias_command("lsC", "ls"){|*opts| ["-CBF", "--show-control-chars", *opts]}
-
---- Shell.unalias_command(ali)
-
-      commandのaliasを削除します.
-
---- Shell.install_system_commands(pre = "sys_")
-
-      system_path上にある全ての実行可能ファイルをShellに定義する. メソッ
-      ド名は元のファイル名の頭にpreをつけたものとなる.
-
-== 生成
-
---- Shell.new
-
-      プロセスのカレントディレクトリをカレントディレクトリとするShellオ
-      ブジェクトを生成します.
-
---- Shell.cd(path)
-
-      pathをカレントディレクトリとするShellオブジェクトを生成します.
-
-== プロセス管理
-
---- Shell#jobs
-
-      スケジューリングされているjobの一覧を返す.
-
---- Shell#kill sig, job
-
-      jobにシグナルsigを送る
-
-== カレントディレクトリ操作
-
---- Shell#cd(path, &block)
---- Shell#chdir
-
-      カレントディレクトリをpathにする. イテレータとして呼ばれたときには
-      ブロック実行中のみカレントディレクトリを変更する.
-
---- Shell#pushd(path = nil, &block)
---- Shell#pushdir
-
-      カレントディレクトリをディレクトリスタックにつみ, カレントディレク
-      トリをpathにする. pathが省略されたときには, カレントディレクトリと
-      ディレクトリスタックのトップを交換する. イテレータとして呼ばれたと
-      きには, ブロック実行中のみpushdする.
-
---- Shell#popd
---- Shell#popdir
-
-      ディレクトリスタックからポップし, それをカレントディレクトリにする.
-
-== ファイル/ディレクトリ操作
-
---- Shell#foreach(path = nil, &block)
-
-      pathがファイルなら, File#foreach
-      pathがディレクトリなら, Dir#foreach
-
---- Shell#open(path, mode)
-
-      pathがファイルなら, File#open
-      pathがディレクトリなら, Dir#open
-
---- Shell#unlink(path)
-
-      pathがファイルなら, File#unlink
-      pathがディレクトリなら, Dir#unlink
-
---- Shell#test(command, file1, file2)
---- Shell#[command, file1, file2]
-
-      ファイルテスト関数testと同じ.
-      例)
-          sh[?e, "foo"]
-          sh[:e, "foo"]
-          sh["e", "foo"]
-          sh[:exists?, "foo"]
-          sh["exists?", "foo"]
-
---- Shell#mkdir(*path)
-
-      Dir.mkdirと同じ(複数可)
-
---- Shell#rmdir(*path)
-
-      Dir.rmdirと同じ(複数可)
-
-== コマンド実行
-
---- System#system(command, *opts)
-
-      commandを実行する.
-      例)
-        print sh.system("ls", "-l")
-        sh.system("ls", "-l") | sh.head > STDOUT
-
---- System#rehash
-
-      リハッシュする
-
---- Shell#transact &block
-
-      ブロック中ではshellをselfとして実行する.
-      例)
-        sh.transact{system("ls", "-l") | head > STDOUT}
-
---- Shell#out(dev = STDOUT, &block)
-
-      transactを呼び出しその結果をdevに出力する.
-
-== 内部コマンド
-
---- Shell#echo(*strings)
---- Shell#cat(*files)
---- Shell#glob(patten)
---- Shell#tee(file)
-
-      これらは実行すると, それらを内容とするFilterオブジェクトを返します.
-
---- Filter#each &block
-
-      フィルタの一行ずつをblockに渡す.
-
---- Filter#<(src)
-
-      srcをフィルタの入力とする. srcが, 文字列ならばファイルを, IOであれ
-      ばそれをそのまま入力とする.
-
---- Filter#>(to)
-
-      srcをフィルタの出力とする. toが, 文字列ならばファイルに, IOであれ
-      ばそれをそのまま出力とする.
-
---- Filter#>>(to)
-
-      srcをフィルタに追加する. toが, 文字列ならばファイルに, IOであれば
-      それをそのまま出力とする.
-
---- Filter#|(filter)
-
-      パイプ結合
-
---- Filter#+(filter)
-
-      filter1 + filter2 は filter1の出力の後, filter2の出力を行う.
-
---- Filter#to_a
---- Filter#to_s
-
-== 組込みコマンド
-
---- Shell#atime(file)
---- Shell#basename(file, *opt)
---- Shell#chmod(mode, *files)
---- Shell#chown(owner, group, *file)
---- Shell#ctime(file)
---- Shell#delete(*file)
---- Shell#dirname(file)
---- Shell#ftype(file)
---- Shell#join(*file)
---- Shell#link(file_from, file_to)
---- Shell#lstat(file)
---- Shell#mtime(file)
---- Shell#readlink(file)
---- Shell#rename(file_from, file_to)
---- Shell#split(file)
---- Shell#stat(file)
---- Shell#symlink(file_from, file_to)
---- Shell#truncate(file, length)
---- Shell#utime(atime, mtime, *file)
-
-      これらはFileクラスにある同名のクラスメソッドと同じです.
-
---- Shell#blockdev?(file)
---- Shell#chardev?(file)
---- Shell#directory?(file)
---- Shell#executable?(file)
---- Shell#executable_real?(file)
---- Shell#exist?(file)/Shell#exists?(file)
---- Shell#file?(file)
---- Shell#grpowned?(file)
---- Shell#owned?(file)
---- Shell#pipe?(file)
---- Shell#readable?(file)
---- Shell#readable_real?(file)
---- Shell#setgid?(file)
---- Shell#setuid?(file)
---- Shell#size(file)/Shell#size?(file)
---- Shell#socket?(file)
---- Shell#sticky?(file)
---- Shell#symlink?(file)
---- Shell#writable?(file)
---- Shell#writable_real?(file)
---- Shell#zero?(file)
-
-      これらはFileTestクラスにある同名のクラスメソッドと同じです.
-
---- Shell#syscopy(filename_from, filename_to)
---- Shell#copy(filename_from, filename_to)
---- Shell#move(filename_from, filename_to)
---- Shell#compare(filename_from, filename_to)
---- Shell#safe_unlink(*filenames)
---- Shell#makedirs(*filenames)
---- Shell#install(filename_from, filename_to, mode)
-
-      これらはFileToolsクラスにある同名のクラスメソッドと同じです.
-
-      その他, 以下のものがエイリアスされています.
-
---- Shell#cmp	<- Shell#compare
---- Shell#mv	<- Shell#move
---- Shell#cp	<- Shell#copy
---- Shell#rm_f	<- Shell#safe_unlink
---- Shell#mkpath	<- Shell#makedirs
-
-= サンプル
-
-== ex1
-
-  sh = Shell.cd("/tmp")
-  sh.mkdir "shell-test-1" unless sh.exists?("shell-test-1")
-  sh.cd("shell-test-1")
-  for dir in ["dir1", "dir3", "dir5"]
-    if !sh.exists?(dir)
-      sh.mkdir dir
-      sh.cd(dir) do
-	f = sh.open("tmpFile", "w")
-	f.print "TEST\n"
-	f.close
-      end
-      print sh.pwd
-    end
-  end
-
-== ex2
-
-  sh = Shell.cd("/tmp")
-  sh.transact do
-    mkdir "shell-test-1" unless exists?("shell-test-1")
-    cd("shell-test-1")
-    for dir in ["dir1", "dir3", "dir5"]
-      if !exists?(dir)
-	mkdir dir
-	cd(dir) do
-	  f = open("tmpFile", "w")
-	  f.print "TEST\n"
-	  f.close
-	end
-	print pwd
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-== ex3
-
-  sh.cat("/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee1") > "tee2"
-  (sh.cat < "/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee11") > "tee12"
-  sh.cat("/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee1") >> "tee2"
-  (sh.cat < "/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee11") >> "tee12"
-
-== ex4
-
-  print sh.cat("/etc/passwd").head.collect{|l| l =~ /keiju/}
-
-=end
diff --git a/doc/signals.rdoc b/doc/signals.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..403eb66549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/signals.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+= Caveats for implementing Signal.trap callbacks
+
+As with implementing signal handlers in C or most other languages,
+all code passed to Signal.trap must be reentrant.  If you are not
+familiar with reentrancy, you need to read up on it at
+{Wikipedia}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentrancy_(computing)] or
+elsewhere before reading the rest of this document.
+
+Most importantly, "thread-safety" does not guarantee reentrancy;
+and methods such as Mutex#lock and Mutex#synchronize which are
+commonly used for thread-safety even prevent reentrancy.
+
+== An implementation detail of the Ruby VM
+
+The Ruby VM defers Signal.trap callbacks from running until it is safe
+for its internal data structures, but it does not know when it is safe
+for data structures in YOUR code.  Ruby implements deferred signal
+handling by registering short C functions with only
+{async-signal-safe functions}[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal-safety.7.html] as
+signal handlers.  These short C functions only do enough tell the VM to
+run callbacks registered via Signal.trap later in the main Ruby Thread.
+
+== Unsafe methods to call in Signal.trap blocks
+
+When in doubt, consider anything not listed as safe below as being
+unsafe.
+
+* Mutex#lock, Mutex#synchronize and any code using them are explicitly
+  unsafe.  This includes Monitor in the standard library which uses
+  Mutex to provide reentrancy.
+
+* Dir.chdir with block
+
+* any IO write operations when IO#sync is false;
+  including IO#write, IO#write_nonblock, IO#puts.
+  Pipes and sockets default to `IO#sync = true', so it is safe to
+  write to them unless IO#sync was disabled.
+
+* File#flock, as the underlying flock(2) call is not specified by POSIX
+
+== Commonly safe operations inside Signal.trap blocks
+
+* Assignment and retrieval of local, instance, and class variables
+
+* Most object allocations and initializations of common types
+  including Array, Hash, String, Struct, Time.
+
+* Common Array, Hash, String, Struct operations which do not execute a block
+  are generally safe; but beware if iteration is occurring elsewhere.
+
+* Hash#[], Hash#[]= (unless Hash.new was given an unsafe block)
+
+* Thread::Queue#push and Thread::SizedQueue#push (since Ruby 2.1)
+
+* Creating a new Thread via Thread.new/Thread.start can used to get
+  around the unusability of Mutexes inside a signal handler
+
+* Signal.trap is safe to use inside blocks passed to Signal.trap
+
+* arithmetic on Integer and Float (`+', `-', '%', '*', '/')
+
+  Additionally, signal handlers do not run between two successive
+  local variable accesses, so shortcuts such as `+=' and `-=' will
+  not trigger a data race when used on Integer and Float classes in
+  signal handlers.
+
+== System call wrapper methods which are safe inside Signal.trap
+
+Since Ruby has wrappers around many
+{async-signal-safe C functions}[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal-safety.7.html]
+the corresponding wrappers for many IO, File, Dir, and Socket methods
+are safe.
+
+(Incomplete list)
+
+* Dir.chdir (without block arg)
+* Dir.mkdir
+* Dir.open
+* File#truncate
+* File.link
+* File.open
+* File.readlink
+* File.rename
+* File.stat
+* File.symlink
+* File.truncate
+* File.unlink
+* File.utime
+* IO#close
+* IO#dup
+* IO#fsync
+* IO#read
+* IO#read_nonblock
+* IO#stat
+* IO#sysread
+* IO#syswrite
+* IO.select
+* IO.pipe
+* Process.clock_gettime
+* Process.exit!
+* Process.fork
+* Process.kill
+* Process.pid
+* Process.ppid
+* Process.waitpid
+...
diff --git a/doc/standard_library.rdoc b/doc/standard_library.rdoc
index 8fa4fb5232..e4418aea81 100644
--- a/doc/standard_library.rdoc
+++ b/doc/standard_library.rdoc
@@ -8,18 +8,34 @@ description.
 
 == Libraries
 
+MakeMakefile:: Module used to generate a Makefile for C extensions
+RbConfig:: Information of your configure and build of Ruby
+Gem:: Package management framework for Ruby
+
+== Extensions
+
+Coverage:: Provides coverage measurement for Ruby
+Monitor:: Provides an object or module to use safely by more than one thread
+objspace:: Extends ObjectSpace module to add methods for internal statistics
+PTY:: Creates and manages pseudo terminals
+Ripper:: Provides an interface for parsing Ruby programs into S-expressions
+Socket:: Access underlying OS socket implementations
+
+= Default gems
+
+== Libraries
+
 Abbrev:: Calculates a set of unique abbreviations for a given set of strings
 Base64:: Support for encoding and decoding binary data using a Base64 representation
 Benchmark:: Provides methods to measure and report the time used to execute code
+Bundler:: Manage your Ruby application's gem dependencies
 CGI:: Support for the Common Gateway Interface protocol
-CMath:: Provides Trigonometric and Transcendental functions for complex numbers
-ConditionVariable:: Augments the Mutex class
 CSV:: Provides an interface to read and write CSV files and data
 DEBUGGER__:: Debugging functionality for Ruby
 Delegator:: Provides three abilities to delegate method calls to an object
+DidYouMean:: "Did you mean?" experience in Ruby
 DRb:: Distributed object system for Ruby
-E2MM:: Module for defining custom exceptions with specific messages
-English.rb:: Require 'English.rb' to reference global variables with less cryptic names
+English:: Provides references to special global variables with less cryptic names
 ERB:: An easy to use but powerful templating system for Ruby
 FileUtils:: Several file utility methods for copying, moving, removing, etc
 Find:: This module supports top-down traversal of a set of file paths
@@ -27,11 +43,9 @@ Forwardable:: Provides delegation of specified methods to a designated object
 GetoptLong:: Parse command line options similar to the GNU C getopt_long()
 IPAddr:: Provides methods to manipulate IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses
 IRB:: Interactive Ruby command-line tool for REPL (Read Eval Print Loop)
+OptionParser:: Ruby-oriented class for command-line option analysis
 Logger:: Provides a simple logging utility for outputting messages
-mathn.rb:: Deprecated library that extends math operations
-MakeMakefile:: Module used to generate a Makefile for C extensions
 Matrix:: Represents a mathematical matrix.
-Monitor:: Provides an object or module to use safely by more than one thread
 Mutex_m:: Mixin to extend objects to be handled like a Mutex
 Net::FTP:: Support for the File Transfer Protocol
 Net::HTTP:: HTTP client api for Ruby
@@ -39,35 +53,22 @@ Net::IMAP:: Ruby client api for Internet Message Access Protocol
 Net::POP3:: Ruby client library for POP3
 Net::SMTP:: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol client library for Ruby
 Observable:: Provides a mechanism for publish/subscribe pattern in Ruby
-OpenURI:: An easy-to-use wrapper for Net::HTTP, Net::HTTPS and Net::FTP
 Open3:: Provides access to stdin, stdout and stderr when running other programs
-OptionParser:: Ruby-oriented class for command-line option analysis
 OpenStruct:: Class to build custom data structures, similar to a Hash
+OpenURI:: An easy-to-use wrapper for Net::HTTP, Net::HTTPS and Net::FTP
 PP:: Provides a PrettyPrinter for Ruby objects
 PrettyPrinter:: Implements a pretty printing algorithm for readable structure
 Prime:: Prime numbers and factorization library
-profile.rb:: Runs the Ruby Profiler__
-Profiler__:: Provides a way to profile your Ruby application
 PStore:: Implements a file based persistence mechanism based on a Hash
-Queue:: Synchronized communication between threads
-Racc:: A LALR(1) parser generator written in Ruby.
-RbConfig:: Information of your configure and build of Ruby
-RDoc:: Produces HTML and command-line documentation for Ruby
-resolv-replace.rb:: Replace Socket DNS with Resolv
 Resolv::  Thread-aware DNS resolver library in Ruby
-REXML:: An XML toolkit for Ruby
+resolv-replace.rb:: Replace Socket DNS with Resolv
+RDoc:: Produces HTML and command-line documentation for Ruby
 Rinda:: The Linda distributed computing paradigm in Ruby
-RSS:: Family of libraries that support various formats of XML "feeds"
-Gem:: Package management framework for Ruby
-Scanf:: A Ruby implementation of the C function scanf(3)
 SecureRandom:: Interface for secure random number generator
 Set:: Provides a class to deal with collections of unordered, unique values
-Shell:: An idiomatic Ruby interface for common UNIX shell commands
 Shellwords:: Manipulates strings with word parsing rules of UNIX Bourne shell
 Singleton:: Implementation of the Singleton pattern for Ruby
-Synchronizer:: A module that provides a two-phase lock with a counter
 Tempfile:: A utility class for managing temporary files
-ThreadsWait:: Watches for termination of multiple threads
 Time:: Extends the Time class with methods for parsing and conversion
 Timeout:: Auto-terminate potentially long-running operations in Ruby
 tmpdir.rb:: Extends the Dir class to manage the OS temporary file path
@@ -75,15 +76,12 @@ Tracer:: Outputs a source level execution trace of a Ruby program
 TSort:: Topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm
 un.rb:: Utilities to replace common UNIX commands
 URI:: A Ruby module providing support for Uniform Resource Identifiers
-WeakRef:: Allows a referenced object to be garbage-collected
-WEBrick:: An HTTP server toolkit for Ruby
-XMLRPC:: Remote Procedure Call over HTTP support for Ruby
 YAML:: Ruby client library for the Psych YAML implementation
+WeakRef:: Allows a referenced object to be garbage-collected
 
 == Extensions
 
 BigDecimal:: Provides arbitrary-precision floating point decimal arithmetic
-Coverage:: Provides coverage measurement for Ruby
 Date:: A subclass of Object includes Comparable module for handling dates
 DateTime:: Subclass of Date to handling dates, hours, minutes, seconds, offsets
 DBM:: Provides a wrapper for the UNIX-style Database Manager Library
@@ -92,20 +90,29 @@ Etc:: Provides access to information typically stored in UNIX /etc directory
 Fcntl:: Loads constants defined in the OS fcntl.h C header file
 Fiddle:: A libffi wrapper for Ruby
 GDBM:: Ruby extension for the GNU dbm (gdbm) library
-IO:: Extensions for Ruby IO class, including #wait and ::console
+IO:: Extensions for Ruby IO class, including #wait, #nonblock and ::console
 JSON:: Implements Javascript Object Notation for Ruby
 NKF:: Ruby extension for Network Kanji Filter
-objspace:: Extends ObjectSpace module to add methods for internal statistics
 OpenSSL:: Provides SSL, TLS and general purpose cryptography for Ruby
 Pathname:: Representation of the name of a file or directory on the filesystem
 Psych:: A YAML parser and emitter for Ruby
-PTY:: Creates and manages pseudo terminals
+Racc:: A LALR(1) parser generator written in Ruby.
 Readline:: Provides an interface for GNU Readline and Edit Line (libedit)
-Ripper:: Provides an interface for parsing Ruby programs into S-expressions
-SDBM:: Provides a simple file-based key-value store with String keys and values
-Socket:: Access underlying OS socket implementations
 StringIO:: Pseudo I/O on String objects
 StringScanner:: Provides lexical scanning operations on a String
 Syslog:: Ruby interface for the POSIX system logging facility
 WIN32OLE:: Provides an interface for OLE Automation in Ruby
 Zlib:: Ruby interface for the zlib compression/decompression library
+
+= Bundled gems
+
+== Libraries
+
+MiniTest:: A test suite with TDD, BDD, mocking and benchmarking
+PowerAssert:: Power Assert for Ruby.
+Rake:: Ruby build program with capabilities similar to make
+Test::Unit:: A compatibility layer for MiniTest
+REXML:: An XML toolkit for Ruby
+RSS:: Family of libraries that support various formats of XML "feeds"
+RBS:: RBS is a language to describe the structure of Ruby programs
+TypeProf:: A type analysis tool for Ruby code based on abstract interpretation
diff --git a/doc/syntax.rdoc b/doc/syntax.rdoc
index fe0f98ce4c..5895673f36 100644
--- a/doc/syntax.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax.rdoc
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ Assignment[rdoc-ref:syntax/assignment.rdoc] ::
 {Control Expressions}[rdoc-ref:syntax/control_expressions.rdoc] ::
   +if+, +unless+, +while+, +until+, +for+, +break+, +next+, +redo+
 
+{Pattern matching}[rdoc-ref:syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc] ::
+  Experimental structural pattern matching and variable binding syntax
+
 Methods[rdoc-ref:syntax/methods.rdoc] ::
   Method and method argument syntax
 
@@ -27,8 +30,10 @@ Precedence[rdoc-ref:syntax/precedence.rdoc] ::
   Precedence of ruby operators
 
 Refinements[rdoc-ref:syntax/refinements.rdoc] ::
-  Use and behavior of the experimental refinements feature
+  Use and behavior of the refinements feature
 
 Miscellaneous[rdoc-ref:syntax/miscellaneous.rdoc] ::
   +alias+, +undef+, +BEGIN+, +END+
 
+Comments[rdoc-ref:syntax/comments.rdoc] ::
+  Line and block code comments
diff --git a/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc b/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc
index 83300cbece..a1806e4c48 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/assignment.rdoc
@@ -92,8 +92,9 @@ Now any reference to +big_calculation+ is considered a local variable and will
 be cached.  To call the method, use <code>self.big_calculation</code>.
 
 You can force a method call by using empty argument parentheses as shown above
-or by using an explicit receiver like <code>self.</code>.  Using an explicit
-receiver may raise a NameError if the method's visibility is not public.
+or by using an explicit receiver like <code>self</code>.  Using an explicit
+receiver may raise a NameError if the method's visibility is not public or the
+receiver is the literal <code>self</code>.
 
 Another commonly confusing case is when using a modifier +if+:
 
@@ -109,6 +110,28 @@ The confusion comes from the out-of-order execution of the expression.  First
 the local variable is assigned-to then you attempt to call a nonexistent
 method.
 
+== Local Variables and eval
+
+Using +eval+ to evaluate Ruby code will allow access to local variables defined
+in the same scope, even if the local variables are not defined until after the
+call to +eval+.  However, local variables defined inside the call to +eval+
+will not be reflected in the surrounding scope.  Inside the call to +eval+,
+local variables defined in the surrounding scope and local variables defined
+inside the call to +eval+ will be accessible.  However, you will not be able
+to access local variables defined in previous or subsequent calls to +eval+ in
+the same scope. Consider each +eval+ call a separate nested scope. Example:
+
+  def m
+    eval "bar = 1"
+    lvs = eval "baz = 2; ary = [local_variables, foo, baz]; x = 2; ary"
+    eval "quux = 3"
+    foo = 1
+    lvs << local_variables
+  end
+
+  m
+  # => [[:baz, :ary, :x, :lvs, :foo], nil, 2, [:lvs, :foo]]
+
 == Instance Variables
 
 Instance variables are shared across all methods for the same object.
diff --git a/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc b/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc
index ec86ef05ee..fc806d5c31 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/calling_methods.rdoc
@@ -27,13 +27,66 @@ This sends the +my_method+ message to +my_object+.  Any object can be a
 receiver but depending on the method's visibility sending a message may raise a
 NoMethodError.
 
-You may use <code>&.</code> to designate a receiver, then +my_method+ is not
-invoked and the result is +nil+ when the receiver is +nil+.  In that case, the
-arguments of +my_method+ are not evaluated.
-
 You may also use <code>::</code> to designate a receiver, but this is rarely
 used due to the potential for confusion with <code>::</code> for namespaces.
 
+=== Chaining \Method Calls
+
+You can "chain" method calls by immediately following one method call with another.
+
+This example chains methods Array#append and Array#compact:
+
+  a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+  a1 = [:baz, nil, :bam, nil]
+  a2 = a.append(*a1).compact
+  a2 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bam]
+
+Details:
+
+- First method <tt>merge</tt> creates a copy of <tt>a</tt>,
+  appends (separately) each element of <tt>a1</tt> to the copy, and returns
+    [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, nil, :bam, nil]
+- Chained method <tt>compact</tt> creates a copy of that return value,
+  removes its <tt>nil</tt>-valued entries, and returns
+     [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bam]
+
+You can chain methods that are in different classes.
+This example chains methods Hash#to_a and Array#reverse:
+
+  h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+  h.to_a.reverse # => [[:baz, 2], [:bar, 1], [:foo, 0]]
+
+Details:
+
+- First method Hash#to_a converts <tt>a</tt> to an \Array, and returns
+    [[:foo, 0], [:bar, 1], [:baz, 2]]
+- Chained method Array#reverse creates copy of that return value,
+  reverses it, and  returns
+    [[:baz, 2], [:bar, 1], [:foo, 0]]
+
+=== Safe Navigation Operator
+
+<code>&.</code>, called "safe navigation operator", allows to skip method call
+when receiver is +nil+. It returns +nil+ and doesn't evaluate method's arguments
+if the call is skipped.
+
+  REGEX = /(ruby) is (\w+)/i
+  "Ruby is awesome!".match(REGEX).values_at(1, 2)
+  # => ["Ruby", "awesome"]
+  "Python is fascinating!".match(REGEX).values_at(1, 2)
+  # NoMethodError: undefined method `values_at' for nil:NilClass
+  "Python is fascinating!".match(REGEX)&.values_at(1, 2)
+  # => nil
+
+This allows to easily chain methods which could return empty value. Note that
+<code>&.</code> skips only one next call, so for a longer chain it is necessary
+to add operator on each level:
+
+  "Python is fascinating!".match(REGEX)&.values_at(1, 2).join(' - ')
+  # NoMethodError: undefined method `join' for nil:NilClass
+  "Python is fascinating!".match(REGEX)&.values_at(1, 2)&.join(' - ')
+  # => nil
+
 == Arguments
 
 There are three types of arguments when sending a message, the positional
@@ -79,7 +132,7 @@ to:
 If the method definition has a <code>*argument</code> extra positional
 arguments will be assigned to +argument+ in the method as an Array.
 
-If the method definition doesn't include keyword arguments the keyword or
+If the method definition doesn't include keyword arguments, the keyword or
 hash-type arguments are assigned as a single hash to the last argument:
 
   def my_method(options)
@@ -153,7 +206,8 @@ like positional arguments:
   my_method(positional1, keyword1: value1, keyword2: value2)
 
 Any keyword arguments not given will use the default value from the method
-definition.  If a keyword argument is given that the method did not list an
+definition.  If a keyword argument is given that the method did not list,
+and the method definition does not accept arbitrary keyword arguments, an
 ArgumentError will be raised.
 
 === Block Argument
@@ -259,6 +313,9 @@ hash at the end of the array into keyword arguments:
   arguments = [1, 2, { c: 4 }]
   my_method(*arguments)
 
+Note that this behavior is currently deprecated and will emit a warning.
+This behavior will be removed in Ruby 3.0.
+
 You may also use the <code>**</code> (described next) to convert a Hash into
 keyword arguments.
 
@@ -266,7 +323,10 @@ If the number of objects in the Array do not match the number of arguments for
 the method, an ArgumentError will be raised.
 
 If the splat operator comes first in the call, parentheses must be used to
-avoid a warning.
+avoid a warning:
+
+  my_method *arguments  # warning
+  my_method(*arguments) # no warning
 
 === Hash to Keyword Arguments Conversion
 
@@ -275,7 +335,8 @@ Given the following method:
   def my_method(first: 1, second: 2, third: 3)
   end
 
-You can turn a Hash into keyword arguments with the <code>**</code> operator:
+You can turn a Hash into keyword arguments with the <code>**</code>
+(keyword splat) operator:
 
   arguments = { first: 3, second: 4, third: 5 }
   my_method(**arguments)
@@ -289,8 +350,9 @@ Both are equivalent to:
 
   my_method(first: 3, second: 4, third: 5)
 
-If the method definition uses <code>**</code> to gather arbitrary keyword
-arguments, they will not be gathered by <code>*</code>:
+If the method definition uses the keyword splat operator to
+gather arbitrary keyword arguments, they will not be gathered
+by <code>*</code>:
 
   def my_method(*a, **kw)
     p arguments: a, keywords: kw
@@ -300,10 +362,7 @@ arguments, they will not be gathered by <code>*</code>:
 
 Prints:
 
-  {:arguments=>[1, 2, {"3"=>4}], :keywords=>{:five=>6}}
-
-Unlike the splat operator described above, the <code>**</code> operator has no
-commonly recognized name.
+  {:arguments=>[1, 2], :keywords=>{'3'=>4, :five=>6}}
 
 === Proc to Block Conversion
 
@@ -314,17 +373,17 @@ Given a method that use a block:
   end
 
 You can convert a proc or lambda to a block argument with the <code>&</code>
-operator:
+(block conversion) operator:
 
   argument = proc { |a| puts "#{a.inspect} was yielded" }
 
   my_method(&argument)
 
-If the splat operator comes first in the call, parenthesis must be used to
-avoid a warning.
+If the block conversion operator comes first in the call, parenthesis must be
+used to avoid a warning:
 
-Unlike the splat operator described above, the <code>&</code> operator has no
-commonly recognized name.
+  my_method &argument  # warning
+  my_method(&argument) # no warning
 
 == Method Lookup
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/comments.rdoc b/doc/syntax/comments.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..650d13c2dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/syntax/comments.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+= Code Comments
+
+Ruby has two types of comments: inline and block.
+
+Inline comments start with the <code>#</code> character and continue until the
+end of the line:
+
+  # On a separate line
+  class Foo # or at the end of the line
+    # can be indented
+    def bar
+    end
+  end
+
+Block comments start with <code>=begin</code> and end with <code>=end</code>.
+Each should start on a separate line.
+
+  =begin
+  This is
+  commented out
+  =end
+
+  class Foo
+  end
+
+  =begin some_tag
+  this works, too
+  =end
+
+<code>=begin</code> and <code>=end</code> can not be indented, so this is a
+syntax error:
+
+  class Foo
+    =begin
+    Will not work
+    =end
+  end
+
+== Magic Comments
+
+While comments are typically ignored by Ruby, special "magic comments" contain
+directives that affect how the code is interpreted.
+
+Top-level magic comments must start on the first line, or on the second line if
+the first line looks like <tt>#! shebang line</tt>.
+
+NOTE: Magic comments affect only the file in which they appear;
+other files are unaffected.
+
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+  var = 'hello'
+  var.frozen? # => true
+
+=== Alternative syntax
+
+Magic comments may consist of a single directive (as in the example above).
+Alternatively, multiple directives may appear on the same line if separated by ";"
+and wrapped between "-*-" (see Emacs' {file variables}[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Specifying-File-Variables.html]).
+
+  # emacs-compatible; -*- coding: big5; mode: ruby -*-
+
+  p 'hello'.frozen? # => true
+  p 'hello'.encoding # => #<Encoding:Big5>
+
+=== +encoding+ Directive
+
+Indicates which string encoding should be used for string literals,
+regexp literals and <code>__ENCODING__</code>:
+
+  # encoding: big5
+
+  ''.encoding # => #<Encoding:Big5>
+
+Default encoding is UTF-8.
+
+It must appear in the first comment section of a file.
+
+The word "coding" may be used instead of "encoding".
+
+=== +frozen_string_literal+ Directive
+
+Indicates that string literals should be allocated once at parse time and frozen.
+
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+  3.times do
+    p 'hello'.object_id # => prints same number
+  end
+  p 'world'.frozen? # => true
+
+The default is false; this can be changed with <code>--enable=frozen-string-literal</code>.
+Without the directive, or with <code># frozen_string_literal: false</code>,
+the example above would print 3 different numbers and "false".
+
+Starting in Ruby 3.0, string literals that are dynamic are not frozen nor reused:
+
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+  p "Addition: #{2 + 2}".frozen? # => false
+
+It must appear in the first comment section of a file.
+
+=== +warn_indent+ Directive
+
+This directive can turn on detection of bad indentation for statements that follow it:
+
+  def foo
+    end # => no warning
+
+  # warn_indent: true
+  def bar
+    end # => warning: mismatched indentations at 'end' with 'def' at 6
+
+Another way to get these warnings to show is by running Ruby with warnings (<code>ruby -w</code>). Using a directive to set this false will prevent these warnings to show.
+
+=== +shareable_constant_value+ Directive
+
+Note: This directive is experimental in Ruby 3.0 and may change in future releases.
+
+This special directive helps to create constants that hold only immutable objects, or {Ractor-shareable}[rdoc-ref:Ractor@Shareable+and+unshareable+objects] constants.
+
+The directive can specify special treatment for values assigned to constants:
+
+* +none+: (default)
+* +literal+: literals are implicitly frozen, others must be Ractor-shareable
+* +experimental_everything+: all made shareable
+* +experimental_copy+: copy deeply and make it shareable
+
+==== Mode +none+ (default)
+
+No special treatment in this mode (as in Ruby 2.x): no automatic freezing and no checks.
+
+It has always been a good idea to deep-freeze constants; Ractor makes this
+an even better idea as only the main ractor can access non-shareable constants:
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: none
+  A = {foo: []}
+  A.frozen? # => false
+  Ractor.new { puts A } # => can not access non-shareable objects by non-main Ractor.
+
+==== Mode +literal+
+
+In "literal" mode, constants assigned to literals will be deeply-frozen:
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: literal
+  X = [{foo: []}] # => same as [{foo: [].freeze}.freeze].freeze
+
+Other values must be shareable:
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: literal
+  X = Object.new # => cannot assign unshareable object to X
+
+Note that only literals directly assigned to constants, or recursively held in such literals will be frozen:
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: literal
+  var = [{foo: []}]
+  var.frozen? # => false (assignment was made to local variable)
+  X = var # => cannot assign unshareable object to X
+
+  X = Set[1, 2, {foo: []}].freeze # => cannot assign unshareable object to X
+                                  # (`Set[...]` is not a literal and
+                                  # `{foo: []}` is an argument to `Set.[]`)
+
+The method Module#const_set is not affected.
+
+==== Mode +experimental_everything+
+
+In this mode, all values assigned to constants are made shareable.
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+  FOO = Set[1, 2, {foo: []}]
+  # same as FOO = Ractor.make_sharable(...)
+  # OR same as `FOO = Set[1, 2, {foo: [].freeze}.freeze].freeze`
+
+  var = [{foo: []}]
+  var.frozen? # => false (assignment was made to local variable)
+  X = var # => calls `Ractor.make_shareable(var)`
+  var.frozen? # => true
+
+This mode is "experimental", because it might be error prone, for
+example by deep-freezing the constants of an external resource which
+could cause errors:
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+  FOO = SomeGem::Something::FOO
+  # => deep freezes the gem's constant!
+
+This will be revisited before Ruby 3.1 to either allow `everything`
+or to instead remove this mode.
+
+The method Module#const_set is not affected.
+
+==== Mode +experimental_copy+
+
+In this mode, all values assigned to constants are deeply copied and
+made shareable. It is safer mode than +experimental_everything+.
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+  var = [{foo: []}]
+  var.frozen? # => false (assignment was made to local variable)
+  X = var # => calls `Ractor.make_shareable(var, copy: true)`
+  var.frozen? # => false
+  Ractor.shareable?(X) #=> true
+  var.object_id == X.object_id #=> false
+
+This mode is "experimental" and has not been discussed thoroughly.
+This will be revisited before Ruby 3.1 to either allow `copy`
+or to instead remove this mode.
+
+The method Module#const_set is not affected.
+
+==== Scope
+
+This directive can be used multiple times in the same file:
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: none
+  A = {foo: []}
+  A.frozen? # => false
+  Ractor.new { puts A } # => can not access non-shareable objects by non-main Ractor.
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: literal
+  B = {foo: []}
+  B.frozen? # => true
+  B[:foo].frozen? # => true
+
+  C = [Object.new] # => cannot assign unshareable object to C (Ractor::IsolationError)
+
+  D = [Object.new.freeze]
+  D.frozen? # => true
+
+  # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+  E = Set[1, 2, Object.new]
+  E.frozen? # => true
+  E.all(&:frozen?) # => true
+
+The directive affects only subsequent constants and only for the current scope:
+
+  module Mod
+    # shareable_constant_value: literal
+    A = [1, 2, 3]
+    module Sub
+      B = [4, 5]
+    end
+  end
+
+  C = [4, 5]
+
+  module Mod
+    D = [6]
+  end
+  p Mod::A.frozen?, Mod::Sub::B.frozen? # => true, true
+  p C.frozen?, Mod::D.frozen? # => false, false
diff --git a/doc/syntax/control_expressions.rdoc b/doc/syntax/control_expressions.rdoc
index 65f7b431e3..e91b03e72d 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/control_expressions.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/control_expressions.rdoc
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ expression.
 == Modifier +if+ and +unless+
 
 +if+ and +unless+ can also be used to modify an expression.  When used as a
-modifier the left-hand side is the "then" expression and the right-hand side
+modifier the left-hand side is the "then" statement and the right-hand side
 is the "test" expression:
 
   a = 0
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ This will print 1.
 This will print 0.
 
 While the modifier and standard versions have both a "test" expression and a
-"then" expression, they are not exact transformations of each other due to
+"then" statement, they are not exact transformations of each other due to
 parse order.  Here is an example that shows the difference:
 
   p a if a = 0.zero?
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ You may use +then+ after the +when+ condition.  This is most frequently used
 to place the body of the +when+ on a single line.
 
   case a
-  when 1, 2 then puts "a is one or two
+  when 1, 2 then puts "a is one or two"
   when 3    then puts "a is three"
   else           puts "I don't know what a is"
   end
@@ -255,6 +255,20 @@ Again, the +then+ and +else+ are optional.
 The result value of a +case+ expression is the last value executed in the
 expression.
 
+Since Ruby 2.7, +case+ expressions also provide a more powerful experimental
+pattern matching feature via the +in+ keyword:
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in a: Integer => m
+    "matched: #{m}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  # => "matched: 1"
+
+The pattern matching syntax is described on
+{its own page}[rdoc-ref:syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc].
+
 == +while+ Loop
 
 The +while+ loop executes while a condition is true:
@@ -439,6 +453,64 @@ longer true, now you will receive a SyntaxError when you use +retry+ outside
 of a +rescue+ block.  See {Exceptions}[rdoc-ref:syntax/exceptions.rdoc]
 for proper usage of +retry+.
 
+== Modifier Statements
+
+Ruby's grammar differentiates between statements and expressions.  All
+expressions are statements (an expression is a type of statement), but
+not all statements are expressions.  Some parts of the grammar accept
+expressions and not other types of statements, which causes code that
+looks similar to be parsed differently.
+
+For example, when not used as a modifier, +if+, +else+, +while+, +until+,
+and +begin+ are expressions (and also statements).  However, when
+used as a modifier, +if+, +else+, +while+, +until+ and +rescue+
+are statements but not expressions.
+
+  if true; 1 end # expression (and therefore statement)
+  1 if true      # statement (not expression)
+
+Statements that are not expressions cannot be used in contexts where an
+expression is expected, such as method arguments.
+
+  puts( 1 if true )      #=> SyntaxError
+
+You can wrap a statement in parentheses to create an expression.
+
+  puts((1 if true))      #=> 1
+
+If you put a space between the method name and opening parenthesis, you
+do not need two sets of parentheses.
+
+  puts (1 if true)       #=> 1, because of optional parentheses for method
+
+This is because this is parsed similar to a method call without
+parentheses.  It is equivalent to the following code, without the creation
+of a local variable:
+
+  x = (1 if true)
+  p x
+
+In a modifier statement, the left-hand side must be a statement and the
+right-hand side must be an expression.
+
+So in <code>a if b rescue c</code>, because <code>b rescue c</code> is a
+statement that is not an expression, and therefore is not allowed as the
+right-hand side of the +if+ modifier statement, the code is necessarily
+parsed as <code>(a if b) rescue c</code>.
+
+This interacts with operator precedence in such a way that:
+
+  stmt if v = expr rescue x
+  stmt if v = expr unless x
+
+are parsed as:
+
+  stmt if v = (expr rescue x)
+  (stmt if v = expr) unless x
+
+This is because modifier +rescue+ has higher precedence than <code>=</code>,
+and modifier +if+ has lower precedence than <code>=</code>.
+
 == Flip-Flop
 
 The flip-flop is a rarely seen conditional expression.  It's primary use is
diff --git a/doc/syntax/exceptions.rdoc b/doc/syntax/exceptions.rdoc
index a2e75616fb..31e2f0175c 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/exceptions.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/exceptions.rdoc
@@ -17,7 +17,14 @@ wish to limit the scope of rescued exceptions:
     # ...
   end
 
-The same is true for a +class+ or +module+.
+The same is true for a +class+, +module+, and +block+:
+
+  [0, 1, 2].map do |i|
+    10 / i
+  rescue ZeroDivisionError
+    nil
+  end
+  #=> [nil, 10, 5]
 
 You can assign the exception to a local variable by using <tt>=>
 variable_name</tt> at the end of the +rescue+ line:
diff --git a/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc b/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
index b8ed7f7c54..d6d677806e 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@ Literals create objects you can use in your program.  Literals include:
 +true+ is a true value.  All objects except +nil+ and +false+ evaluate to a
 true value in conditional expressions.
 
-(There are also the constants +TRUE+, +FALSE+ and +NIL+, but the lowercase
-literal forms are preferred.)
-
 == Numbers
 
 You can write integers of any size as follows:
@@ -71,6 +68,33 @@ Examples:
 All these numbers have the same decimal value, 170.  Like integers and floats
 you may use an underscore for readability.
 
+=== Rational numbers
+
+Numbers suffixed by +r+ are Rational numbers.
+
+  12r         #=> (12/1)
+  12.3r       #=> (123/10)
+
+Rational numbers are exact, whereas Float numbers are inexact.
+
+  0.1r + 0.2r #=> (3/10)
+  0.1 + 0.2   #=> 0.30000000000000004
+
+=== Complex numbers
+
+Numbers suffixed by +i+ are Complex (or imaginary) numbers.
+
+  1i          #=> (0+1i)
+  1i * 1i     #=> (-1+0i)
+
+Also Rational numbers may be imaginary numbers.
+
+  12.3ri      #=> (0+(123/10)*i)
+
++i+ must be placed after +r+, the opposite is not allowed.
+
+  12.3ir      #=> syntax error
+
 == Strings
 
 The most common way of writing strings is using <tt>"</tt>:
@@ -119,6 +143,10 @@ Double-quote strings allow interpolation of other values using
 Any expression may be placed inside the interpolated section, but it's best to
 keep the expression small for readability.
 
+You can also use <tt>#@foo</tt>, <tt>#@@foo</tt> and <tt>#$foo</tt> as a
+shorthand for, respectively, <tt>#{ @foo }</tt>, <tt>#{ @@foo }</tt> and
+<tt>#{ $foo }</tt>.
+
 Interpolation may be disabled by escaping the "#" character or using
 single-quote strings:
 
@@ -166,7 +194,7 @@ a single codepoint in the script encoding:
   ?\C-\M-a #=> "\x81", same as above
   ?あ      #=> "あ"
 
-=== Here Documents
+=== Here Documents (heredocs)
 
 If you are writing a large block of text you may use a "here document" or
 "heredoc":
@@ -228,6 +256,9 @@ behaves like Kernel#`:
   cat #{__FILE__}
   HEREDOC
 
+When surrounding with quotes, any character but that quote and newline
+(CR and/or LF) can be used as the identifier.
+
 To call a method on a heredoc place it after the opening identifier:
 
   expected_result = <<-EXPECTED.chomp
@@ -306,6 +337,8 @@ its ending value.
 
   (1..2)  # includes its ending value
   (1...2) # excludes its ending value
+  (1..)   # endless range, representing infinite sequence from 1 to Infinity
+  (..1)   # beginless range, representing infinite sequence from -Infinity to 1
 
 You may create a range of any object.  See the Range documentation for details
 on the methods you need to implement.
@@ -330,7 +363,7 @@ See Regexp for a description of the syntax of regular expressions.
 
 == Procs
 
-A proc can be created with <tt>-></tt>:
+A lambda proc can be created with <tt>-></tt>:
 
   -> { 1 + 1 }
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc b/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc
index d41c6fcba5..c11bd449bc 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/methods.rdoc
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ on calling methods}[rdoc-ref:syntax/calling_methods.rdoc].
 == Method Names
 
 Method names may be one of the operators or must start a letter or a character
-with the eight bit set. It may contain letters, numbers, an <code>_</code>
-(underscore or low line) or a character with the eight bit set. The convention
+with the eighth bit set. It may contain letters, numbers, an <code>_</code>
+(underscore or low line) or a character with the eighth bit set. The convention
 is to use underscores to separate words in a multiword method name:
 
   def method_name
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ is to use underscores to separate words in a multiword method name:
   end
 
 Ruby programs must be written in a US-ASCII-compatible character set such as
-UTF-8, ISO-8859-1 etc. In such character sets if the eight bit is set it
+UTF-8, ISO-8859-1 etc. In such character sets if the eighth bit is set it
 indicates an extended character. Ruby allows method names and other identifiers
 to contain such characters. Ruby programs cannot contain some characters like
 ASCII NUL (<code>\x00</code>).
 
-The following are the examples of valid ruby methods:
+The following are examples of valid Ruby methods:
 
   def hello
     "hello"
@@ -45,29 +45,27 @@ Typically method names are US-ASCII compatible since the keys to type them
 exist on all keyboards.
 
 Method names may end with a <code>!</code> (bang or exclamation mark), a
-<code>?</code> (question mark) or <code>=</code> equals sign.
+<code>?</code> (question mark), or <code>=</code> (equals sign).
 
-The bang methods (<code>!</code> at the end of method name) are called and
+The bang methods (<code>!</code> at the end of the method name) are called and
 executed just like any other method. However, by convention, a method with an
-exclamation point or bang is considered dangerous. In ruby core library the
+exclamation point or bang is considered dangerous. In Ruby's core library the
 dangerous method implies that when a method ends with a bang (<code>!</code>),
 it indicates that unlike its non-bang equivalent, permanently modifies its
-receiver. Almost always, ruby core library will have a non-bang
+receiver. Almost always, the Ruby core library will have a non-bang
 counterpart (method name which does NOT end with <code>!</code>) of every bang
 method (method name which does end with <code>!</code>) that does not modify
-the receiver. This convention is typically true for ruby core library but
-may or may not hold true for other ruby libraries.
+the receiver. This convention is typically true for the Ruby core library but
+may or may not hold true for other Ruby libraries.
 
 Methods that end with a question mark by convention return boolean, but they
 may not always return just +true+ or +false+.  Often, they will return an
 object to indicate a true value (or "truthy" value).
 
-Methods that end with an equals sign indicate an assignment method.  For
-assignment methods, the return value is ignored and the arguments are returned
-instead.
+Methods that end with an equals sign indicate an assignment method.
 
-These are method names for the various ruby operators.  Each of these
-operators accept only one argument.  Following the operator is the typical
+These are method names for the various Ruby operators.  Each of these
+operators accepts only one argument.  Following the operator is the typical
 use or name of the operator.  Creating an alternate meaning for the operator
 may lead to confusion as the user expects plus to add things, minus to
 subtract things, etc.  Additionally, you cannot alter the precedence of the
@@ -94,8 +92,8 @@ operators.
 <code>></code>   :: greater-than
 <code>>=</code>  :: greater-than or equal
 
-To define unary methods minus, plus, tilde and not (<code>!</code>) follow the
-operator with an <code>@</code> as in <code>+@</code> or <code>!@</code>:
+To define unary methods minus and plus, follow the operator with an
+<code>@</code> as in <code>+@</code>:
 
   class C
     def -@
@@ -107,6 +105,13 @@ operator with an <code>@</code> as in <code>+@</code> or <code>!@</code>:
 
   -obj # prints "you inverted this object"
 
+The <code>@</code> is needed to differentiate unary minus and plus
+operators from binary minus and plus operators.
+
+You can also follow tilde and not (<code>!</code>) unary methods with
+<code>@</code>, but it is not required as there are no binary tilde
+and not operators.
+
 Unary methods accept zero arguments.
 
 Additionally, methods for element reference and assignment may be defined:
@@ -147,14 +152,18 @@ evaluated.
     1 + 1  # this expression is never evaluated
   end
 
-Note that for assignment methods the return value will always be ignored.
-Instead, the argument will be returned:
+Note that for assignment methods the return value will be ignored when using
+the assignment syntax.  Instead, the argument will be returned:
 
   def a=(value)
     return 1 + value
   end
 
-  p(a = 5) # prints 5
+  p(self.a = 5) # prints 5
+
+The actual return value will be returned when invoking the method directly:
+
+  p send(:a=, 5) # prints 6
 
 == Scope
 
@@ -279,6 +288,25 @@ This will raise a SyntaxError:
     a + b + c
   end
 
+Default argument values can refer to arguments that have already been
+evaluated as local variables, and argument values are always evaluated
+left to right. So this is allowed:
+
+  def add_values(a = 1, b = a)
+    a + b
+  end
+  add_values
+  # => 2
+
+But this will raise a +NameError+ (unless there is a method named
++b+ defined):
+
+  def add_values(a = b, b = 1)
+    a + b
+  end
+  add_values
+  # NameError (undefined local variable or method `b' for main:Object)
+
 === Array Decomposition
 
 You can decompose (unpack or extract values from) an Array using extra
@@ -351,12 +379,23 @@ converted to an Array:
 
   gather_arguments 1, 2, 3 # prints [1, 2, 3]
 
-The array argument must be the last positional argument, it must appear before
-any keyword arguments.
+The array argument must appear before any keyword arguments.
+
+It is possible to gather arguments at the beginning or in the middle:
+
+  def gather_arguments(first_arg, *middle_arguments, last_arg)
+    p middle_arguments
+  end
+
+  gather_arguments 1, 2, 3, 4 # prints [2, 3]
 
 The array argument will capture a Hash as the last entry if a hash was sent by
 the caller after all positional arguments.
 
+  def gather_arguments(*arguments)
+    p arguments
+  end
+
   gather_arguments 1, a: 2 # prints [1, {:a=>2}]
 
 However, this only occurs if the method does not declare any keyword arguments.
@@ -391,12 +430,116 @@ Arbitrary keyword arguments will be accepted with <code>**</code>:
   # prints 1 then {:second=>2, :third=>3}
 
 When calling a method with keyword arguments the arguments may appear in any
-order.  If an unknown keyword argument is sent by the caller an ArgumentError
-is raised.
+order.  If an unknown keyword argument is sent by the caller, and the method
+does not accept arbitrary keyword arguments, an ArgumentError is raised.
+
+To require a specific keyword argument, do not include a default value
+for the keyword argument:
+
+  def add_values(first:, second:)
+    first + second
+  end
+  add_values
+  # ArgumentError (missing keywords: first, second)
+  add_values(first: 1, second: 2)
+  # => 3
 
 When mixing keyword arguments and positional arguments, all positional
 arguments must appear before any keyword arguments.
 
+Also, note that <code>**</code> can be used to ignore keyword arguments:
+
+  def ignore_keywords(**)
+  end
+
+To mark a method as accepting keywords, but not actually accepting
+keywords, you can use the <code>**nil</code>:
+
+  def no_keywords(**nil)
+  end
+
+Calling such a method with keywords or a non-empty keyword splat will
+result in an ArgumentError. This syntax is supported so that keywords
+can be added to the method later without affected backwards compatibility.
+
+=== Keyword and Positional Argument Separation
+
+Between Ruby 2.0 and 2.6, keyword and positional arguments were not
+separated, and a keyword argument could be used as a positional argument
+and vice-versa.  In Ruby 3.0, keyword and positional arguments will
+be separated if the method definition includes keyword arguments.
+In Ruby 3.0, if the method definition does not include keyword arguments,
+keyword arguments provided when calling the method will continue to be
+treated as a final positional hash argument.
+
+Currently, the keyword and positional arguments are not separated,
+but cases where behavior will change in Ruby 3.0 will result in a
+warning being emitted.
+
+There are a few different types of keyword argument separation issues.
+
+==== Conversion of Hash to Keywords
+
+If a method is called with the hash, the hash could be treated as
+keywords:
+
+  def my_method(**keywords)
+    keywords
+  end
+  my_method({a: 1}) # {:a => 1}
+
+This occurs even if the hash could be an optional positional argument
+or an element of a rest argument:
+
+  def my_method(hash=nil, **keywords)
+    [hash, keywords]
+  end
+  my_method({a: 1}) # [nil, {:a => 1}]
+
+  def my_method(*args, **keywords)
+    [args, keywords]
+  end
+  my_method({a: 1}) # [[], {:a => 1}]
+
+However, if the hash is needed for a mandatory positional argument,
+it would not be treated as keywords:
+
+  def my_method(hash, **keywords)
+    [hash, keywords]
+  end
+  my_method({a: 1}) # [{:a => 1}, {}]
+
+==== Conversion of Keywords to Positional Arguments
+
+If a method is called with keywords, but it is missing one
+mandatory positional argument, the keywords are converted to
+a hash and the hash used as the mandatory positional argument:
+
+  def my_method(hash, **keywords)
+    [hash, keywords]
+  end
+  my_method(a: 1) # [{:a => 1}, {}]
+
+This is also true for empty keyword splats:
+
+  kw = {}
+  my_method(**kw) # [{}, {}]
+
+==== Splitting of Positional Hashes or Keywords
+
+If a method definition accepts specific keywords and not arbitrary keywords,
+keywords or a positional hash may be split if the hash includes both Symbol
+keys and non-Symbol keys and the keywords or positional hash are not needed
+as a mandatory positional argument.  In this case, the non-Symbol keys are
+separated into a positional argument hash, and the Symbol keys are used
+as the keyword arguments:
+
+  def my_method(hash=3, a: 4)
+    [hash, a]
+  end
+  my_method(a: 1, 'a' => 2)   # [{"a"=>2}, 1]
+  my_method({a: 1, 'a' => 2}) # [{"a"=>2}, 1]
+
 == Block Argument
 
 The block argument is indicated by <code>&</code> and must come last:
@@ -420,15 +563,6 @@ in this section:
     yield self
   end
 
-There is also a performance benefit to using yield over a calling a block
-parameter.  When a block argument is assigned to a variable a Proc object is
-created which holds the block.  When using yield this Proc object is not
-created.
-
-If you only need to use the block sometimes you can use Proc.new to create a
-proc from the block that was passed to your method.  See Proc.new for further
-details.
-
 == Exception Handling
 
 Methods have an implied exception handling block so you do not need to use
@@ -450,6 +584,28 @@ May be written as:
     # handle exception
   end
 
+Similarly, if you wish to always run code even if an exception is raised,
+you can use +ensure+ without +begin+ and +end+:
+
+  def my_method
+    # code that may raise an exception
+  ensure
+    # code that runs even if previous code raised an exception
+  end
+
+You can also combine +rescue+ with +ensure+ and/or +else+, without
++begin+ and +end+:
+
+  def my_method
+    # code that may raise an exception
+  rescue
+    # handle exception
+  else
+    # only run if no exception raised above
+  ensure
+    # code that runs even if previous code raised an exception
+  end
+
 If you wish to rescue an exception for only part of your method, use +begin+ and
 +end+.  For more details see the page on {exception
 handling}[rdoc-ref:syntax/exceptions.rdoc].
diff --git a/doc/syntax/miscellaneous.rdoc b/doc/syntax/miscellaneous.rdoc
index d5691f8d60..d5cfd3e474 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/miscellaneous.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/miscellaneous.rdoc
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ most frequently used with <code>ruby -e</code>.
 Ruby does not require any indentation.  Typically, ruby programs are indented
 two spaces.
 
-If you run ruby with warnings enabled and have an indentation mis-match, you
+If you run ruby with warnings enabled and have an indentation mismatch, you
 will receive a warning.
 
 == +alias+
@@ -83,6 +83,36 @@ Using the specific reflection methods such as instance_variable_defined? for
 instance variables or const_defined? for constants is less error prone than
 using +defined?+.
 
++defined?+ handles some regexp global variables specially based on whether
+there is an active regexp match and how many capture groups there are:
+
+  /b/ =~ 'a'
+  defined?($~) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($&) # => nil
+  defined?($`) # => nil
+  defined?($') # => nil
+  defined?($+) # => nil
+  defined?($1) # => nil
+  defined?($2) # => nil
+
+  /./ =~ 'a'
+  defined?($~) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($&) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($`) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($') # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($+) # => nil
+  defined?($1) # => nil
+  defined?($2) # => nil
+
+  /(.)/ =~ 'a'
+  defined?($~) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($&) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($`) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($') # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($+) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($1) # => "global-variable"
+  defined?($2) # => nil
+
 == +BEGIN+ and +END+
 
 +BEGIN+ defines a block that is run before any other code in the current file.
diff --git a/doc/syntax/modules_and_classes.rdoc b/doc/syntax/modules_and_classes.rdoc
index dd70d4ac21..6122f6e08e 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/modules_and_classes.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/modules_and_classes.rdoc
@@ -190,9 +190,41 @@ Here is an example:
   b.n b #=> 1 -- m called on defining class
   a.n b # raises NoMethodError A is not a subclass of B
 
-The third visibility is +private+.  A private method may not be called with a
-receiver, not even +self+.  If a private method is called with a receiver a
-NoMethodError will be raised.
+The third visibility is +private+.  A private method may only be called from
+inside the owner class without a receiver, or with a literal +self+
+as a receiver.  If a private method is called with a
+receiver other than a literal +self+, a NoMethodError will be raised.
+
+  class A
+    def without
+      m
+    end
+
+    def with_self
+      self.m
+    end
+
+    def with_other
+      A.new.m
+    end
+
+    def with_renamed
+      copy = self
+      copy.m
+    end
+
+    def m
+      1
+    end
+
+    private :m
+  end
+
+  a = A.new
+  a.without      #=> 1
+  a.with_self    #=> 1
+  a.with_other   # NoMethodError (private method `m' called for #<A:0x0000559c287f27d0>)
+  a.with_renamed # NoMethodError (private method `m' called for #<A:0x0000559c285f8330>)
 
 === +alias+ and +undef+
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc b/doc/syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f6954f1cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/syntax/pattern_matching.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+= Pattern matching
+
+Pattern matching is a feature allowing deep matching of structured values: checking the structure and binding the matched parts to local variables.
+
+Pattern matching in Ruby is implemented with the +case+/+in+ expression:
+
+    case <expression>
+    in <pattern1>
+      ...
+    in <pattern2>
+      ...
+    in <pattern3>
+      ...
+    else
+      ...
+    end
+
+(Note that +in+ and +when+ branches can NOT be mixed in one +case+ expression.)
+
+Or with the <code>=></code> operator and the +in+ operator, which can be used in a standalone expression:
+
+    <expression> => <pattern>
+
+    <expression> in <pattern>
+
+The +case+/+in+ expression is _exhaustive_: if the value of the expression does not match any branch of the +case+ expression (and the +else+ branch is absent), +NoMatchingPatternError+ is raised.
+
+Therefore, the +case+ expression might be used for conditional matching and unpacking:
+
+  config = {db: {user: 'admin', password: 'abc123'}}
+
+  case config
+  in db: {user:} # matches subhash and puts matched value in variable user
+    puts "Connect with user '#{user}'"
+  in connection: {username: }
+    puts "Connect with user '#{username}'"
+  else
+    puts "Unrecognized structure of config"
+  end
+  # Prints: "Connect with user 'admin'"
+
+whilst the <code>=></code> operator is most useful when the expected data structure is known beforehand, to just unpack parts of it:
+
+  config = {db: {user: 'admin', password: 'abc123'}}
+
+  config => {db: {user:}} # will raise if the config's structure is unexpected
+
+  puts "Connect with user '#{user}'"
+  # Prints: "Connect with user 'admin'"
+
+<code><expression> in <pattern></code> is the same as <code>case <expression>; in <pattern>; true; else false; end</code>.
+You can use it when you only want to know if a pattern has been matched or not:
+
+  users = [{name: "Alice", age: 12}, {name: "Bob", age: 23}]
+  users.any? {|user| user in {name: /B/, age: 20..} } #=> true
+
+See below for more examples and explanations of the syntax.
+
+== Patterns
+
+Patterns can be:
+
+* any Ruby object (matched by the <code>===</code> operator, like in +when+); (<em>Value pattern</em>)
+* array pattern: <code>[<subpattern>, <subpattern>, <subpattern>, ...]</code>; (<em>Array pattern</em>)
+* find pattern: <code>[*variable, <subpattern>, <subpattern>, <subpattern>, ..., *variable]</code>; (<em>Find pattern</em>)
+* hash pattern: <code>{key: <subpattern>, key: <subpattern>, ...}</code>; (<em>Hash pattern</em>)
+* combination of patterns with <code>|</code>; (<em>Alternative pattern</em>)
+* variable capture: <code><pattern> => variable</code> or <code>variable</code>; (<em>As pattern</em>, <em>Variable pattern</em>)
+
+Any pattern can be nested inside array/find/hash patterns where <code><subpattern></code> is specified.
+
+Array patterns and find patterns match arrays, or objects that respond to +deconstruct+ (see below about the latter).
+Hash patterns match hashes, or objects that respond to +deconstruct_keys+ (see below about the latter). Note that only symbol keys are supported for hash patterns.
+
+An important difference between array and hash pattern behavior is that arrays match only a _whole_ array:
+
+  case [1, 2, 3]
+  in [Integer, Integer]
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "not matched"
+
+while the hash matches even if there are other keys besides the specified part:
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in {a: Integer}
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+<code>{}</code> is the only exclusion from this rule. It matches only if an empty hash is given:
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in {}
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "not matched"
+
+  case {}
+  in {}
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+There is also a way to specify there should be no other keys in the matched hash except those explicitly specified by the pattern, with <code>**nil</code>:
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2}
+  in {a: Integer, **nil} # this will not match the pattern having keys other than a:
+    "matched a part"
+  in {a: Integer, b: Integer, **nil}
+    "matched a whole"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched a whole"
+
+Both array and hash patterns support "rest" specification:
+
+  case [1, 2, 3]
+  in [Integer, *]
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in {a: Integer, **}
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+In +case+ (but not in <code>=></code> and +in+) expressions, parentheses around both kinds of patterns could be omitted:
+
+  case [1, 2]
+  in Integer, Integer
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in a: Integer
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+Find pattern is similar to array pattern but it can be used to check if the given object has any elements that match the pattern:
+
+  case ["a", 1, "b", "c", 2]
+  in [*, String, String, *]
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+
+== Variable binding
+
+Besides deep structural checks, one of the very important features of the pattern matching is the binding of the matched parts to local variables. The basic form of binding is just specifying <code>=> variable_name</code> after the matched (sub)pattern (one might find this similar to storing exceptions in local variables in a <code>rescue ExceptionClass => var</code> clause):
+
+  case [1, 2]
+  in Integer => a, Integer
+    "matched: #{a}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in a: Integer => m
+    "matched: #{m}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
+If no additional check is required, for only binding some part of the data to a variable, a simpler form could be used:
+
+  case [1, 2]
+  in a, Integer
+    "matched: #{a}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in a: m
+    "matched: #{m}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
+For hash patterns, even a simpler form exists: key-only specification (without any sub-pattern) binds the local variable with the key's name, too:
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in a:
+    "matched: #{a}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
+Binding works for nested patterns as well:
+
+  case {name: 'John', friends: [{name: 'Jane'}, {name: 'Rajesh'}]}
+  in name:, friends: [{name: first_friend}, *]
+    "matched: #{first_friend}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: Jane"
+
+The "rest" part of a pattern also can be bound to a variable:
+
+  case [1, 2, 3]
+  in a, *rest
+    "matched: #{a}, #{rest}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1, [2, 3]"
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
+  in a:, **rest
+    "matched: #{a}, #{rest}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1, {:b=>2, :c=>3}"
+
+Binding to variables currently does NOT work for alternative patterns joined with <code>|</code>:
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2}
+  in {a: } | Array
+    "matched: #{a}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  # SyntaxError (illegal variable in alternative pattern (a))
+
+Variables that start with <code>_</code> are the only exclusions from this rule:
+
+  case {a: 1, b: 2}
+  in {a: _, b: _foo} | Array
+    "matched: #{_}, #{_foo}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  # => "matched: 1, 2"
+
+It is, though, not advised to reuse the bound value, as this pattern's goal is to signify a discarded value.
+
+== Variable pinning
+
+Due to the variable binding feature, existing local variable can not be straightforwardly used as a sub-pattern:
+
+  expectation = 18
+
+  case [1, 2]
+  in expectation, *rest
+    "matched. expectation was: #{expectation}"
+  else
+    "not matched. expectation was: #{expectation}"
+  end
+  # expected: "not matched. expectation was: 18"
+  # real: "matched. expectation was: 1" -- local variable just rewritten
+
+For this case, the pin operator <code>^</code> can be used, to tell Ruby "just use this value as part of the pattern":
+
+  expectation = 18
+  case [1, 2]
+  in ^expectation, *rest
+    "matched. expectation was: #{expectation}"
+  else
+    "not matched. expectation was: #{expectation}"
+  end
+  #=> "not matched. expectation was: 18"
+
+One important usage of variable pinning is specifying that the same value should occur in the pattern several times:
+
+  jane = {school: 'high', schools: [{id: 1, level: 'middle'}, {id: 2, level: 'high'}]}
+  john = {school: 'high', schools: [{id: 1, level: 'middle'}]}
+
+  case jane
+  in school:, schools: [*, {id:, level: ^school}] # select the last school, level should match
+    "matched. school: #{id}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched. school: 2"
+
+  case john # the specified school level is "high", but last school does not match
+  in school:, schools: [*, {id:, level: ^school}]
+    "matched. school: #{id}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "not matched"
+
+== Matching non-primitive objects: +deconstruct+ and +deconstruct_keys+
+
+As already mentioned above, array, find, and hash patterns besides literal arrays and hashes will try to match any object implementing +deconstruct+ (for array/find patterns) or +deconstruct_keys+ (for hash patterns).
+
+  class Point
+    def initialize(x, y)
+      @x, @y = x, y
+    end
+
+    def deconstruct
+      puts "deconstruct called"
+      [@x, @y]
+    end
+
+    def deconstruct_keys(keys)
+      puts "deconstruct_keys called with #{keys.inspect}"
+      {x: @x, y: @y}
+    end
+  end
+
+  case Point.new(1, -2)
+  in px, Integer  # sub-patterns and variable binding works
+    "matched: #{px}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  # prints "deconstruct called"
+  "matched: 1"
+
+  case Point.new(1, -2)
+  in x: 0.. => px
+    "matched: #{px}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  # prints: deconstruct_keys called with [:x]
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
++keys+ are passed to +deconstruct_keys+ to provide a room for optimization in the matched class: if calculating a full hash representation is expensive, one may calculate only the necessary subhash. When the <code>**rest</code> pattern is used, +nil+ is passed as a +keys+ value:
+
+  case Point.new(1, -2)
+  in x: 0.. => px, **rest
+    "matched: #{px}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  # prints: deconstruct_keys called with nil
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
+Additionally, when matching custom classes, the expected class can be specified as part of the pattern and is checked with <code>===</code>
+
+  class SuperPoint < Point
+  end
+
+  case Point.new(1, -2)
+  in SuperPoint(x: 0.. => px)
+    "matched: #{px}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "not matched"
+
+  case SuperPoint.new(1, -2)
+  in SuperPoint[x: 0.. => px] # [] or () parentheses are allowed
+    "matched: #{px}"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched: 1"
+
+== Guard clauses
+
++if+ can be used to attach an additional condition (guard clause) when the pattern matches. This condition may use bound variables:
+
+  case [1, 2]
+  in a, b if b == a*2
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+  case [1, 1]
+  in a, b if b == a*2
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "not matched"
+
++unless+ works, too:
+
+  case [1, 1]
+  in a, b unless b == a*2
+    "matched"
+  else
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  #=> "matched"
+
+== Current feature status
+
+As of Ruby 3.0, one-line pattern matching and find patterns are considered _experimental_: its syntax can change in the future. Every time you use these features in code, a warning will be printed:
+
+  [0] => [*, 0, *]
+  # warning: Find pattern is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby!
+  # warning: One-line pattern matching is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby!
+
+To suppress this warning, one may use the Warning::[]= method:
+
+  Warning[:experimental] = false
+  eval('[0] => [*, 0, *]')
+  # ...no warning printed...
+
+Note that pattern-matching warnings are raised at compile time, so this will not suppress the warning:
+
+  Warning[:experimental] = false # At the time this line is evaluated, the parsing happened and warning emitted
+  [0] => [*, 0, *]
+
+So, only subsequently loaded files or `eval`-ed code is affected by switching the flag.
+
+Alternatively, the command line option <code>-W:no-experimental</code> can be used to turn off "experimental" feature warnings.
+
+== Appendix A. Pattern syntax
+
+Approximate syntax is:
+
+  pattern: value_pattern
+         | variable_pattern
+         | alternative_pattern
+         | as_pattern
+         | array_pattern
+         | find_pattern
+         | hash_pattern
+
+  value_pattern: literal
+               | Constant
+               | ^variable
+
+  variable_pattern: variable
+
+  alternative_pattern: pattern | pattern | ...
+
+  as_pattern: pattern => variable
+
+  array_pattern: [pattern, ..., *variable]
+               | Constant(pattern, ..., *variable)
+               | Constant[pattern, ..., *variable]
+
+  find_pattern: [*variable, pattern, ..., *variable]
+              | Constant(*variable, pattern, ..., *variable)
+              | Constant[*variable, pattern, ..., *variable]
+
+  hash_pattern: {key: pattern, key:, ..., **variable}
+              | Constant(key: pattern, key:, ..., **variable)
+              | Constant[key: pattern, key:, ..., **variable]
+
+== Appendix B. Some undefined behavior examples
+
+To leave room for optimization in the future, the specification contains some undefined behavior.
+
+Use of a variable in an unmatched pattern:
+
+  case [0, 1]
+  in [a, 2]
+    "not matched"
+  in b
+    "matched"
+  in c
+    "not matched"
+  end
+  a #=> undefined
+  c #=> undefined
+
+Number of +deconstruct+, +deconstruct_keys+ method calls:
+
+  $i = 0
+  ary = [0]
+  def ary.deconstruct
+    $i += 1
+    self
+  end
+  case ary
+  in [0, 1]
+    "not matched"
+  in [0]
+    "matched"
+  end
+  $i #=> undefined
diff --git a/doc/syntax/precedence.rdoc b/doc/syntax/precedence.rdoc
index 515626c74f..f64691ab1f 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/precedence.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/precedence.rdoc
@@ -49,10 +49,14 @@ Unary <code>+</code> and unary <code>-</code> are for <code>+1</code>,
 <code>-1</code> or <code>-(a + b)</code>.
 
 Modifier-if, modifier-unless, etc. are for the modifier versions of those
-keywords.  For example, this is a modifier-unless expression:
+keywords.  For example, this is a modifier-unless statement:
 
   a += 1 unless a.zero?
 
+Note that <code>(a if b rescue c)</code> is parsed as <code>((a if b) rescue
+c)</code> due to reasons not related to precedence. See {modifier
+statements}[control_expressions_rdoc.html#label-Modifier+Statements].
+
 <code>{ ... }</code> blocks have priority below all listed operations, but
 <code>do ... end</code> blocks have lower priority.
 
diff --git a/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc b/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc
index 1419fea509..c900ab1bdc 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/refinements.rdoc
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ changes.  This can cause unintended side-effects or breakage of programs.
 
 Refinements are designed to reduce the impact of monkey patching on other
 users of the monkey-patched class.  Refinements provide a way to extend a
-class locally.
+class locally.  Refinements can modify both classes and modules.
 
 Here is a basic refinement:
 
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ Here is a basic refinement:
   end
 
 First, a class +C+ is defined.  Next a refinement for +C+ is created using
-Module#refine.  Refinements only modify classes, not modules so the argument
-must be a class.
+Module#refine.
 
 Module#refine creates an anonymous module that contains the changes or
 refinements to the class (+C+ in the example).  +self+ in the refine block is
@@ -49,13 +48,13 @@ until the end of the current class or module definition, or until the end of
 the current file if used at the top-level.
 
 You may activate refinements in a string passed to Kernel#eval. Refinements
-are active the end of the eval string.
+are active until the end of the eval string.
 
 Refinements are lexical in scope.  Refinements are only active within a scope
-after the call to using. Any code before the using statement will not have the
+after the call to +using+. Any code before the +using+ statement will not have the
 refinement activated.
 
-When control is transferred outside the scope the refinement is deactivated.
+When control is transferred outside the scope, the refinement is deactivated.
 This means that if you require or load a file or call a method that is defined
 outside the current scope the refinement will be deactivated:
 
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ outside the current scope the refinement will be deactivated:
   x.foo       # prints "C#foo in M"
   call_foo(x) #=> raises NoMethodError
 
-If a method is defined in a scope where a refinement is active the refinement
+If a method is defined in a scope where a refinement is active, the refinement
 will be active when the method is called.  This example spans multiple files:
 
 c.rb:
@@ -159,8 +158,8 @@ In a class:
   end
   # not activated here
 
-Note that the refinements in M are not activated automatically if the class
-Foo is reopened later.
+Note that the refinements in +M+ are *not* activated automatically if the class
++Foo+ is reopened later.
 
 In eval:
 
@@ -180,9 +179,9 @@ When not evaluated:
   end
   # not activated here
 
-When defining multiple refinements in the same module, inside a refine block
-all refinements from the same module are active when a refined method is
-called:
+When defining multiple refinements in the same module inside multiple +refine+ blocks,
+all refinements from the same module are active when a refined method
+(any of the +to_json+ methods from the example below) is called:
 
   module ToJSON
     refine Integer do
@@ -225,12 +224,13 @@ If no method was found at any point this repeats with the superclass of +C+.
 
 Note that methods in a subclass have priority over refinements in a
 superclass.  For example, if the method <code>/</code> is defined in a
-refinement for Integer <code>1 / 2</code> invokes the original Fixnum#/
-because Fixnum is a subclass of Integer and is searched before the refinements
-for the superclass Integer.
+refinement for Numeric <code>1 / 2</code> invokes the original Integer#/
+because Integer is a subclass of Numeric and is searched before the refinements
+for the superclass Numeric. Since the method <code>/</code> is also present
+in child +Integer+, the method lookup does not move up to the superclass.
 
-If a method +foo+ is defined on Integer in a refinement, <code>1.foo</code>
-invokes that method since +foo+ does not exist on Fixnum.
+However, if a method +foo+ is defined on Numeric in a refinement, <code>1.foo</code>
+invokes that method since +foo+ does not exist on Integer.
 
 == +super+
 
@@ -245,18 +245,40 @@ When +super+ is invoked method lookup checks:
 
 Note that +super+ in a method of a refinement invokes the method in the
 refined class even if there is another refinement which has been activated in
-the same context.
+the same context. This is only true for +super+ in a method of a refinement, it
+does not apply to +super+ in a method in a module that is included in a refinement.
 
-== Indirect Method Calls
+== Methods Introspection
 
-When using indirect method access such as Kernel#send, Kernel#method or
-Kernel#respond_to? refinements are not honored for the caller context during
-method lookup.
+When using introspection methods such as Kernel#method or Kernel#methods refinements are not honored.
 
 This behavior may be changed in the future.
 
+== Refinement inheritance by Module#include
+
+When a module X is included into a module Y, Y inherits refinements from X.
+
+For example, C inherits refinements from A and B in the following code:
+
+  module A
+    refine X do ... end
+    refine Y do ... end
+  end
+  module B
+    refine Z do ... end
+  end
+  module C
+    include A
+    include B
+  end
+
+  using C
+  # Refinements in A and B are activated here.
+
+Refinements in descendants have higher precedence than those of ancestors.
+
 == Further Reading
 
-See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-trunk/wiki/RefinementsSpec for the
+See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby-master/wiki/RefinementsSpec for the
 current specification for implementing refinements.  The specification also
 contains more details.
diff --git a/template/yarvarch.en b/doc/yarvarch.en
index 7a76e25b7e..7a76e25b7e 100644
--- a/template/yarvarch.en
+++ b/doc/yarvarch.en
diff --git a/template/yarvarch.ja b/doc/yarvarch.ja
index 2739ec6b14..2739ec6b14 100644
--- a/template/yarvarch.ja
+++ b/doc/yarvarch.ja
diff --git a/enc/Makefile.in b/enc/Makefile.in
index 8385236494..9203874386 100644
--- a/enc/Makefile.in
+++ b/enc/Makefile.in
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
 libdir = @libdir@
 top_srcdir = $(encsrcdir:/enc=)
 srcdir = $(top_srcdir)
+tooldir = $(top_srcdir)/tool
 arch = @arch@
 EXTOUT = @EXTOUT@
 hdrdir = $(srcdir)/include
diff --git a/enc/ascii.c b/enc/ascii.c
index 8b32c414fe..a2fef2f879 100644
--- a/enc/ascii.c
+++ b/enc/ascii.c
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(ascii, ASCII) = {
 ENC_ALIAS("BINARY", "ASCII-8BIT")
 ENC_REPLICATE("IBM437", "ASCII-8BIT")
 ENC_ALIAS("CP437", "IBM437")
+ENC_REPLICATE("IBM720", "ASCII-8BIT")
+ENC_ALIAS("CP720", "IBM720")
 ENC_REPLICATE("IBM737", "ASCII-8BIT")
 ENC_ALIAS("CP737", "IBM737")
 ENC_REPLICATE("IBM775", "ASCII-8BIT")
diff --git a/enc/cesu_8.c b/enc/cesu_8.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..decbb928f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enc/cesu_8.c
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+  cesu_8.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+**********************************************************************/
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2007  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "regenc.h"
+#ifdef RUBY
+# include "encindex.h"
+#endif
+
+#define USE_INVALID_CODE_SCHEME
+
+#ifdef USE_INVALID_CODE_SCHEME
+/* virtual codepoint values for invalid encoding byte 0xfe and 0xff */
+# define INVALID_CODE_FE  0xfffffffe
+# define INVALID_CODE_FF  0xffffffff
+#endif
+#define VALID_CODE_LIMIT  0x0010ffff
+
+#define utf8_islead(c)     ((UChar )((c) & 0xc0) != 0x80)
+
+static const int EncLen_CESU8[] = {
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+  3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
+};
+
+typedef enum {
+  FAILURE = -2,
+  ACCEPT,
+  S0, S1, S2, S3,
+  S4, S5, S6, S7
+} state_t;
+#define A ACCEPT
+#define F FAILURE
+static const signed char trans[][0x100] = {
+  { /* S0   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 1 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 2 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 3 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 4 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 5 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 6 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 7 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 8 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 9 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* a */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* b */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* c */ F, F, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* d */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* e */ 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S1   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 5 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 6 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 7 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 8 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 9 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* a */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* b */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* c */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* d */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* e */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S2   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 5 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 6 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 7 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 8 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 9 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* a */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* b */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* c */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* d */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* e */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S3   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 5 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 6 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 7 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 8 */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* 9 */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* a */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* b */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* c */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* d */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* e */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S4   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 5 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 6 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 7 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 8 */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* 9 */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* a */ 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
+    /* b */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* c */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* d */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* e */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S5   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 5 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 6 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 7 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 8 */ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+    /* 9 */ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+    /* a */ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+    /* b */ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+    /* c */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* d */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* e */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S6   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 5 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 6 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 7 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 8 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 9 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* a */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* b */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* c */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* d */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* e */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, 7, F, F,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S7   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 5 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 6 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 7 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 8 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 9 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* a */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* b */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* c */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* d */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* e */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* f */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F
+  },
+};
+#undef A
+#undef F
+
+static int
+mbc_enc_len(const UChar* p, const UChar* e, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  int firstbyte = *p++;
+  state_t s;
+  s = trans[0][firstbyte];
+  if (s < 0) return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(1) :
+                                  ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+
+  if (p == e) return ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_NEEDMORE(EncLen_CESU8[firstbyte]-1);
+  s = trans[s][*p++];
+  if (s < 0) return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(2) :
+                                  ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+
+  if (p == e) {
+      int len = EncLen_CESU8[firstbyte];
+      if (s == 4) { /* S4 is CESU-8's surrogate pair; len is 6 */
+          len = 6;
+      }
+      return ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_NEEDMORE(len-2);
+  }
+  s = trans[s][*p++];
+  if (s < 0) return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(3) :
+                                  ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+
+  if (p == e) return ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_NEEDMORE(3);
+  s = trans[s][*p++];
+  if (s < 0) return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(4) :
+                                  ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+
+  if (p == e) return ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_NEEDMORE(2);
+  s = trans[s][*p++];
+  if (s < 0) return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(5) :
+                                  ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+
+  if (p == e) return ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_NEEDMORE(1);
+  s = trans[s][*p++];
+  return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(6) :
+                       ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+}
+
+static int
+is_mbc_newline(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  if (p < end) {
+    if (*p == 0x0a) return 1;
+
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_ALL_LINE_TERMINATORS
+    if (*p == 0x0b || *p == 0x0c || *p == 0x0d) return 1;
+    if (p + 1 < end) {
+      if (*(p+1) == 0x85 && *p == 0xc2) /* U+0085 */
+	return 1;
+      if (p + 2 < end) {
+	if ((*(p+2) == 0xa8 || *(p+2) == 0xa9)
+	    && *(p+1) == 0x80 && *p == 0xe2)  /* U+2028, U+2029 */
+	  return 1;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static OnigCodePoint
+mbc_to_code(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int len;
+
+  len = mbc_enc_len(p, end, enc);
+  switch (len) {
+    case 1:
+      return *p;
+    case 2:
+      return ((p[0] & 0x1F)  << 6) | (p[1] & 0x3f);
+    case 3:
+      return ((p[0] & 0xF) << 12) | ((p[1] & 0x3f) << 6) | (p[2] & 0x3f);
+    case 6:
+      {
+          int high = ((p[0] & 0xF) << 12) | ((p[1] & 0x3f) << 6) | (p[2] & 0x3f);
+          int low  = ((p[3] & 0xF) << 12) | ((p[4] & 0x3f) << 6) | (p[5] & 0x3f);
+          return ((high & 0x03ff) << 10) + (low & 0x03ff) + 0x10000;
+      }
+  }
+#ifdef USE_INVALID_CODE_SCHEME
+  if (*p > 0xfd) {
+      return ((*p == 0xfe) ? INVALID_CODE_FE : INVALID_CODE_FF);
+  }
+#endif
+  return (OnigCodePoint )*p;
+}
+
+static int
+code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  if      ((code & 0xffffff80) == 0) return 1;
+  else if ((code & 0xfffff800) == 0) return 2;
+  else if ((code & 0xffff0000) == 0) return 3;
+  else if (code <= VALID_CODE_LIMIT) return 6;
+#ifdef USE_INVALID_CODE_SCHEME
+  else if (code == INVALID_CODE_FE) return 1;
+  else if (code == INVALID_CODE_FF) return 1;
+#endif
+  else
+    return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+}
+
+static int
+code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+#define UTF8_TRAILS(code, shift) (UChar )((((code) >> (shift)) & 0x3f) | 0x80)
+#define UTF8_TRAIL0(code)        (UChar )(((code) & 0x3f) | 0x80)
+
+  if ((code & 0xffffff80) == 0) {
+    *buf = (UChar )code;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else {
+    UChar *p = buf;
+
+    if ((code & 0xfffff800) == 0) {
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>6)& 0x1f) | 0xc0);
+    }
+    else if ((code & 0xffff0000) == 0) {
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 6);
+    }
+    else if (code <= VALID_CODE_LIMIT) {
+      unsigned int high = (code >> 10) + 0xD7C0;
+      code = (code & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00;
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((high>>12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(high, 6);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAIL0(high);
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 6);
+    }
+#ifdef USE_INVALID_CODE_SCHEME
+    else if (code == INVALID_CODE_FE) {
+      *p = 0xfe;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    else if (code == INVALID_CODE_FF) {
+      *p = 0xff;
+      return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    else {
+      return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    *p++ = UTF8_TRAIL0(code);
+    return (int )(p - buf);
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+mbc_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag, const UChar** pp,
+	      const UChar* end, UChar* fold, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  const UChar* p = *pp;
+
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)) {
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_CASE_FOLD_TURKISH_AZERI
+    if ((flag & ONIGENC_CASE_FOLD_TURKISH_AZERI) != 0) {
+      if (*p == 0x49) {
+	*fold++ = 0xc4;
+	*fold   = 0xb1;
+	(*pp)++;
+	return 2;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    *fold = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
+    (*pp)++;
+    return 1; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
+  }
+  else {
+    return onigenc_unicode_mbc_case_fold(enc, flag, pp, end, fold);
+  }
+}
+
+
+static int
+get_ctype_code_range(OnigCtype ctype, OnigCodePoint *sb_out,
+		     const OnigCodePoint* ranges[], OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  *sb_out = 0x80;
+  return onigenc_unicode_ctype_code_range(ctype, ranges);
+}
+
+
+static UChar*
+left_adjust_char_head(const UChar* start, const UChar* s, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  const UChar *p;
+
+  if (s <= start) return (UChar* )s;
+  p = s;
+
+  while (!utf8_islead(*p) && p > start) p--;
+  return (UChar* )p;
+}
+
+static int
+get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
+    const OnigUChar* p, const OnigUChar* end, OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[],
+    OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  return onigenc_unicode_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(enc, flag, p, end, items);
+}
+
+OnigEncodingDefine(cesu_8, CESU_8) = {
+  mbc_enc_len,
+  "CESU-8",     /* name */
+  6,           /* max byte length */
+  1,           /* min byte length */
+  is_mbc_newline,
+  mbc_to_code,
+  code_to_mbclen,
+  code_to_mbc,
+  mbc_case_fold,
+  onigenc_unicode_apply_all_case_fold,
+  get_case_fold_codes_by_str,
+  onigenc_unicode_property_name_to_ctype,
+  onigenc_unicode_is_code_ctype,
+  get_ctype_code_range,
+  left_adjust_char_head,
+  onigenc_always_true_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+  onigenc_unicode_case_map,
+  ENCINDEX_UTF_8,
+  ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE,
+};
diff --git a/enc/cp949.c b/enc/cp949.c
index bd2c8d21a4..1600d0cd5b 100644
--- a/enc/cp949.c
+++ b/enc/cp949.c
@@ -218,5 +218,5 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(cp949, CP949) = {
 /*
  * Name: CP949
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/dbcs/949.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUC-KR#EUC-KR
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUC-KR#EUC-KR
  */
diff --git a/enc/depend b/enc/depend
index fd2e5ea996..26f8e70c15 100644
--- a/enc/depend
+++ b/enc/depend
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ $(ENCSOS) $(TRANSSOS): $(ENC_TRANS_SO_D)
 
 <%=transvpath_prefix%>.trans<%=transvpath_prefix%>.c:
 	$(ECHO) generating table from $@
-	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) "$(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo "$@" "$<"
+	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) "$(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb" -vo "$@" "$<"
 
 % unless ENCS.empty? or TRANS.empty?
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ enc/<%=e%>.$(OBJEXT): <%=deps.map {|n| rule_subst % n}.join(' ')%>
 %     if src.empty?
 %       src = trans.scan(/^\s*transcode_tblgen_\w+\s+[\'\"]([^\'\"]*)/).flatten.map{|c|c.downcase+"-tbl.rb"}
 %     end
-<%=transvpath % "#{e}.c"%>: <%= src.map {|s| transvpath % "#{s}"}.join(" ")%> $(srcdir)/tool/transcode-tblgen.rb
+<%=transvpath % "#{e}.c"%>: <%= src.map {|s| transvpath % "#{s}"}.join(" ")%> $(tooldir)/transcode-tblgen.rb
 %   end
 
 % end
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ clean:
 % end
 % @ignore_error = $nmake ? '' : ' 2> /dev/null || true'
 % unless inplace
-	$(Q)$(RM) enc/unicode/name2ctype.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) enc/unicode/*/casefold.h enc/unicode/*/name2ctype.h
 	$(Q)$(RM) enc/jis/props.h
 	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) enc/unicode<%=@ignore_error%>
 % end
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ clean:
 clean-srcs:
 	$(Q)$(RM) <%=pathrep['$(TRANSCSRCS)']%>
 	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) <%=pathrep['enc/trans']%><%=@ignore_error%>
-	$(Q)$(RM) enc/unicode/name2ctype.h
+	$(Q)$(RM) enc/unicode/*/casefold.h enc/unicode/*/name2ctype.h
 	$(Q)$(RM) enc/jis/props.h
 	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) <%=pathrep['enc/unicode']%><%=@ignore_error%>
 	-$(Q)$(RMDIR) <%=pathrep['enc/props']%><%=@ignore_error%>
@@ -178,231 +178,2206 @@ clean-srcs:
 <%# vim: set ft=eruby noexpandtab ts=8 sw=2 : -%>
 
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): enc/ascii.c
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): encoding.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): intern.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): missing.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): onigmo.h
 enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): oniguruma.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): st.h
+enc/ascii.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): enc/big5.c
 enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): missing.h
-enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): oniguruma.h
+enc/big5.$(OBJEXT): onigmo.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/encindex.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): config.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): enc/cesu_8.c
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): encoding.h
+enc/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): intern.h
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+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
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+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
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+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
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+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/big5.c
@@ -410,9 +2385,319 @@ enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): intern.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): missing.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/big5.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
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+enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/cesu_8.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
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 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
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+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
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+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
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+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
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+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/chinese.c
@@ -422,7 +2707,157 @@ enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/chinese.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
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+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
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+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
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+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/ebcdic.c
@@ -432,7 +2867,157 @@ enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/ebcdic.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/emoji.c
@@ -442,7 +3027,157 @@ enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/emoji.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.c
@@ -452,7 +3187,157 @@ enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/emoji_iso2022_kddi.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.c
@@ -462,7 +3347,157 @@ enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_docomo.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
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+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.c
@@ -472,7 +3507,157 @@ enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_kddi.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.c
@@ -482,7 +3667,157 @@ enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/emoji_sjis_softbank.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
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+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
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+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
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+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
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+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
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+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
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+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
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+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/escape.c
@@ -492,7 +3827,157 @@ enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/escape.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
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+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/gb18030.c
@@ -502,7 +3987,157 @@ enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/gb18030.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
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+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
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+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/gbk.c
@@ -512,7 +4147,157 @@ enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/gbk.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
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+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
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+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
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+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
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+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
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+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
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+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/iso2022.c
@@ -522,7 +4307,157 @@ enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
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+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
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+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
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+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/japanese.c
@@ -532,7 +4467,157 @@ enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/japanese.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/japanese_euc.c
@@ -542,7 +4627,157 @@ enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/japanese_euc.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/japanese_sjis.c
@@ -552,7 +4787,157 @@ enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/japanese_sjis.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/korean.c
@@ -562,6 +4947,156 @@ enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/korean.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/constant_p.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rarray.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rclass.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rdata.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rfile.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rhash.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/robject.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstring.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/ctype.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/error.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/eval.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/event.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/fl_type.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/gc.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/glob.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/globals.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/array.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/bignum.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/class.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/compar.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/complex.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/cont.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/dir.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enum.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/error.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/eval.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/file.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/gc.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/hash.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/io.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/load.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/marshal.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/numeric.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/object.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/parse.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/proc.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/process.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/random.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/range.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/ruby.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/signal.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/string.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/struct.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/thread.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/time.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/variable.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/interpreter.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/iterator.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/memory.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/method.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/newline.c
@@ -571,7 +5106,157 @@ enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/newline.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
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+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/scan_args.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/single_byte.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/single_byte.c
@@ -583,7 +5268,157 @@ enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/transdb.c
 enc/trans/transdb.$(OBJEXT): transdb.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/constexpr.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/rational.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/re.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/select/largesize.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/sprintf.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/intern/vm.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/module.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/newobj.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/rgengc.h
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+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/special_consts.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/static_assert.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/symbol.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/value.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/value_type.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/variable.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/inttypes.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/limits.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/utf8_mac.c
@@ -593,7 +5428,157 @@ enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/utf8_mac.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/transcode_data.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/anyargs.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
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 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
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+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
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+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
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 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): enc/trans/utf_16_32.c
@@ -601,92 +5586,1131 @@ enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): intern.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): missing.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): st.h
 enc/trans/utf_16_32.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
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 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/regint.h
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 enc/unicode.$(OBJEXT): missing.h
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+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): config.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): enc/iso_8859.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): enc/windows_1257.c
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): missing.h
+enc/windows_1257.$(OBJEXT): onigmo.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
-enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/regint.h
-enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/assume.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/cold.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/const.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/error.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/format.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/warning.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/cast.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/compiler_since.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/config.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/dllexport.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/dosish.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/attribute.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/builtin.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/extension.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/feature.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/has/warning.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdalign.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/stdbool.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/token_paste.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/warning_push.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): internal/xmalloc.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): assert.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/assume.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/attributes.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/bool.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/long_long.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdalign.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): backward/2/stdarg.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): config.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): defines.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): enc/jis/props.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): enc/jis/props.kwd
-enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): enc/shift_jis.c
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): enc/shift_jis.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): enc/windows_31j.c
-enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): intern.h
 enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): missing.h
-enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): oniguruma.h
-enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): st.h
-enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): subst.h
+enc/windows_31j.$(OBJEXT): onigmo.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/enc/encdb.c b/enc/encdb.c
index a41e4edc6d..a1936df804 100644
--- a/enc/encdb.c
+++ b/enc/encdb.c
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
 
 #define ENC_REPLICATE(name, orig) rb_encdb_replicate((name), (orig))
 #define ENC_ALIAS(name, orig) rb_encdb_alias((name), (orig))
diff --git a/enc/euc_jp.c b/enc/euc_jp.c
index ded051af69..d283bf4ebb 100644
--- a/enc/euc_jp.c
+++ b/enc/euc_jp.c
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ ENC_ALIAS("eucJP", "EUC-JP") /* UI-OSF Application Platform Profile for Japanese
  * Name: eucJP-ms
  * Link: http://home.m05.itscom.net/numa/cde/ucs-conv/ucs-conv.html
  * Link: http://www2d.biglobe.ne.jp/~msyk/charcode/cp932/eucJP-ms.html
- * Link: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUC-JP
+ * Link: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUC-JP
  */
 ENC_REPLICATE("eucJP-ms", "EUC-JP") /* TOG/JVC CDE/Motif Technical WG */
 ENC_ALIAS("euc-jp-ms", "eucJP-ms")
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ ENC_REPLICATE("CP51932", "EUC-JP")
 
 /*
  * Name: EUC-JIS-2004
- * Link: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUC-JIS-2004
+ * Link: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUC-JIS-2004
  */
 ENC_REPLICATE("EUC-JIS-2004", "EUC-JP") /* defined at JIS X 0213:2004 */
 ENC_ALIAS("EUC-JISX0213", "EUC-JIS-2004") /* defined at JIS X 0213:2000, and obsolete at JIS X 0213:2004 */
diff --git a/enc/gb2312.c b/enc/gb2312.c
index 6fc15735fc..20c8f5b7cc 100644
--- a/enc/gb2312.c
+++ b/enc/gb2312.c
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-#include <ruby/ruby.h>
-#include <ruby/encoding.h>
 #include "regenc.h"
 
 void
 Init_gb2312(void)
 {
-    rb_enc_register("GB2312", rb_enc_find("EUC-KR"));
 }
 
+ENC_REPLICATE("GB2312", "EUC-KR")
 ENC_ALIAS("EUC-CN", "GB2312")
 ENC_ALIAS("eucCN", "GB2312")
 ENC_REPLICATE("GB12345", "GB2312")
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_11.c b/enc/iso_8859_11.c
index 85e8f2cdb4..b9c6119fd9 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_11.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_11.c
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ ENC_ALIAS("ISO8859-11", "ISO-8859-11")
 /*
  * Name: TIS-620
  * MIBenum: 2259
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533
  */
 ENC_REPLICATE("TIS-620", "ISO-8859-11")
 
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_6.c b/enc/iso_8859_6.c
index 6d852ac8c0..cdb74054d1 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_6.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_6.c
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ ENC_ALIAS("ISO8859-6", "ISO-8859-6")
  * MIBenum: 2256
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1256.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1256
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1256
  */
 ENC_REPLICATE("Windows-1256", "ISO-8859-6")
 ENC_ALIAS("CP1256", "Windows-1256")
diff --git a/enc/iso_8859_8.c b/enc/iso_8859_8.c
index 0a7a29e82e..e256855f21 100644
--- a/enc/iso_8859_8.c
+++ b/enc/iso_8859_8.c
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ ENC_ALIAS("ISO8859-8", "ISO-8859-8")
  * MIBenum: 2255
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1255.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1255
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1255
  */
 ENC_REPLICATE("Windows-1255", "ISO-8859-8")
 ENC_ALIAS("CP1255", "Windows-1255")
diff --git a/enc/jis/props.h b/enc/jis/props.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ae2e1fd23..0000000000
--- a/enc/jis/props.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
-/* Command-line: gperf -k1,3 -7 -c -j1 -i1 -t -C -P -t --ignore-case -H onig_jis_property_hash -Q onig_jis_property_pool -N onig_jis_property enc/jis/props.kwd  */
-
-#if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
-      && ('%' == 37) && ('&' == 38) && ('\'' == 39) && ('(' == 40) \
-      && (')' == 41) && ('*' == 42) && ('+' == 43) && (',' == 44) \
-      && ('-' == 45) && ('.' == 46) && ('/' == 47) && ('0' == 48) \
-      && ('1' == 49) && ('2' == 50) && ('3' == 51) && ('4' == 52) \
-      && ('5' == 53) && ('6' == 54) && ('7' == 55) && ('8' == 56) \
-      && ('9' == 57) && (':' == 58) && (';' == 59) && ('<' == 60) \
-      && ('=' == 61) && ('>' == 62) && ('?' == 63) && ('A' == 65) \
-      && ('B' == 66) && ('C' == 67) && ('D' == 68) && ('E' == 69) \
-      && ('F' == 70) && ('G' == 71) && ('H' == 72) && ('I' == 73) \
-      && ('J' == 74) && ('K' == 75) && ('L' == 76) && ('M' == 77) \
-      && ('N' == 78) && ('O' == 79) && ('P' == 80) && ('Q' == 81) \
-      && ('R' == 82) && ('S' == 83) && ('T' == 84) && ('U' == 85) \
-      && ('V' == 86) && ('W' == 87) && ('X' == 88) && ('Y' == 89) \
-      && ('Z' == 90) && ('[' == 91) && ('\\' == 92) && (']' == 93) \
-      && ('^' == 94) && ('_' == 95) && ('a' == 97) && ('b' == 98) \
-      && ('c' == 99) && ('d' == 100) && ('e' == 101) && ('f' == 102) \
-      && ('g' == 103) && ('h' == 104) && ('i' == 105) && ('j' == 106) \
-      && ('k' == 107) && ('l' == 108) && ('m' == 109) && ('n' == 110) \
-      && ('o' == 111) && ('p' == 112) && ('q' == 113) && ('r' == 114) \
-      && ('s' == 115) && ('t' == 116) && ('u' == 117) && ('v' == 118) \
-      && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
-      && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126))
-/* The character set is not based on ISO-646.  */
-error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>."
-#endif
-
-#line 1 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-/* -*- c -*- */
-#define GPERF_DOWNCASE 1
-#define GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP 1
-
-static inline int
-gperf_case_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, unsigned int n)
-{
-    const UChar *str = (const UChar *)s1;
-    const UChar *s = (const UChar *)s2;
-    return onigenc_with_ascii_strnicmp(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, str, str + n, s, n);
-}
-
-enum onigenc_jis_ctype {
-    onigenc_jis_min = ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE,
-    onigenc_jis_hiragana,
-    onigenc_jis_katakana,
-    onigenc_jis_han,
-    onigenc_jis_latin,
-    onigenc_jis_greek,
-    onigenc_jis_cyrillic,
-    onigenc_jis_max
-};
-
-enum {PropertyListNum = onigenc_jis_max - onigenc_jis_min - 1};
-
-static const OnigCodePoint* const PropertyList[PropertyListNum] = {
-    CR_Hiragana,
-    CR_Katakana,
-    CR_Han,
-    CR_Latin,
-    CR_Greek,
-    CR_Cyrillic,
-};
-
-struct enc_property {
-    signed char name;
-    unsigned char ctype;
-};
-
-static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(const char *str, unsigned int len);
-#line 43 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-struct enc_property;
-
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 6
-#define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 3
-#define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 8
-#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 5
-#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 12
-/* maximum key range = 8, duplicates = 0 */
-
-#ifndef GPERF_DOWNCASE
-#define GPERF_DOWNCASE 1
-static unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
-  {
-      0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,
-     15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,
-     30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,  44,
-     45,  46,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  53,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,
-     60,  61,  62,  63,  64,  97,  98,  99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,
-    107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
-    122,  91,  92,  93,  94,  95,  96,  97,  98,  99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
-    105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
-    120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
-    135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
-    150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
-    165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,
-    180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194,
-    195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
-    210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
-    225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239,
-    240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254,
-    255
-  };
-#endif
-
-#ifndef GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP
-#define GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP 1
-static int
-gperf_case_strncmp (s1, s2, n)
-     register const char *s1;
-     register const char *s2;
-     register unsigned int n;
-{
-  for (; n > 0;)
-    {
-      unsigned char c1 = gperf_downcase[(unsigned char)*s1++];
-      unsigned char c2 = gperf_downcase[(unsigned char)*s2++];
-      if (c1 != 0 && c1 == c2)
-        {
-          n--;
-          continue;
-        }
-      return (int)c1 - (int)c2;
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-#endif
-
-#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__)
-inline
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
-__inline
-#endif
-static unsigned int
-onig_jis_property_hash (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
-{
-  static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
-    {
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,  3, 13,  2,
-      13,  1,  1, 13, 13,  2,  1, 13,  1, 13,
-      13, 13,  1, 13,  1, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13,  3,
-      13,  2, 13,  1,  1, 13, 13,  2,  1, 13,
-       1, 13, 13, 13,  1, 13,  1, 13, 13, 13,
-      13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13
-    };
-  return len + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]] + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
-}
-
-struct onig_jis_property_pool_t
-  {
-    char onig_jis_property_pool_str5[sizeof("han")];
-    char onig_jis_property_pool_str7[sizeof("latin")];
-    char onig_jis_property_pool_str8[sizeof("greek")];
-    char onig_jis_property_pool_str10[sizeof("hiragana")];
-    char onig_jis_property_pool_str11[sizeof("katakana")];
-    char onig_jis_property_pool_str12[sizeof("cyrillic")];
-  };
-static const struct onig_jis_property_pool_t onig_jis_property_pool_contents =
-  {
-    "han",
-    "latin",
-    "greek",
-    "hiragana",
-    "katakana",
-    "cyrillic"
-  };
-#define onig_jis_property_pool ((const char *) &onig_jis_property_pool_contents)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
-const struct enc_property *
-onig_jis_property (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
-{
-  static const struct enc_property wordlist[] =
-    {
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 48 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str5),      onigenc_jis_han},
-      {-1},
-#line 49 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str7),    onigenc_jis_latin},
-#line 50 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str8),    onigenc_jis_greek},
-      {-1},
-#line 46 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str10), onigenc_jis_hiragana},
-#line 47 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str11), onigenc_jis_katakana},
-#line 51 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str12), onigenc_jis_cyrillic}
-    };
-
-  if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
-    {
-      register int key = onig_jis_property_hash (str, len);
-
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
-        {
-          register int o = wordlist[key].name;
-          if (o >= 0)
-            {
-              register const char *s = o + onig_jis_property_pool;
-
-              if ((((unsigned char)*str ^ (unsigned char)*s) & ~32) == 0 && !gperf_case_strncmp (str, s, len) && s[len] == '\0')
-                return &wordlist[key];
-            }
-        }
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-#line 52 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-
diff --git a/enc/jis/props.h.blt b/enc/jis/props.h.blt
index 4ae2e1fd23..54aa94f8bc 100644
--- a/enc/jis/props.h.blt
+++ b/enc/jis/props.h.blt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
 /* Command-line: gperf -k1,3 -7 -c -j1 -i1 -t -C -P -t --ignore-case -H onig_jis_property_hash -Q onig_jis_property_pool -N onig_jis_property enc/jis/props.kwd  */
 
 #if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
@@ -25,20 +25,21 @@
       && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
       && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126))
 /* The character set is not based on ISO-646.  */
-error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>."
+#error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gperf@gnu.org>."
 #endif
 
+#define gperf_offsetof(s, n) (short)offsetof(struct s##_t, s##_str##n)
 #line 1 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
 /* -*- c -*- */
 #define GPERF_DOWNCASE 1
 #define GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP 1
 
 static inline int
-gperf_case_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, unsigned int n)
+gperf_case_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n)
 {
     const UChar *str = (const UChar *)s1;
     const UChar *s = (const UChar *)s2;
-    return onigenc_with_ascii_strnicmp(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, str, str + n, s, n);
+    return onigenc_with_ascii_strnicmp(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, str, str + n, s, (int)n);
 }
 
 enum onigenc_jis_ctype {
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ struct enc_property {
     unsigned char ctype;
 };
 
-static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(const char *str, unsigned int len);
+static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(/*const char *str, unsigned int len*/);
 #line 43 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
 struct enc_property;
 
@@ -107,10 +108,7 @@ static unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
 #ifndef GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP
 #define GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP 1
 static int
-gperf_case_strncmp (s1, s2, n)
-     register const char *s1;
-     register const char *s2;
-     register unsigned int n;
+gperf_case_strncmp (register const char *s1, register const char *s2, register size_t n)
 {
   for (; n > 0;)
     {
@@ -127,15 +125,15 @@ gperf_case_strncmp (s1, s2, n)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__)
-inline
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#ifdef __GNUC__
 __inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
 #endif
 static unsigned int
-onig_jis_property_hash (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+onig_jis_property_hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
   static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
     {
@@ -153,7 +151,7 @@ onig_jis_property_hash (str, len)
        1, 13, 13, 13,  1, 13,  1, 13, 13, 13,
       13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13
     };
-  return len + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]] + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
+  return (unsigned int)len + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]] + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
 }
 
 struct onig_jis_property_pool_t
@@ -175,41 +173,33 @@ static const struct onig_jis_property_pool_t onig_jis_property_pool_contents =
     "cyrillic"
   };
 #define onig_jis_property_pool ((const char *) &onig_jis_property_pool_contents)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
 const struct enc_property *
-onig_jis_property (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+onig_jis_property (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
   static const struct enc_property wordlist[] =
     {
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 48 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str5),      onigenc_jis_han},
+      {gperf_offsetof(onig_jis_property_pool, 5),      onigenc_jis_han},
       {-1},
 #line 49 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str7),    onigenc_jis_latin},
+      {gperf_offsetof(onig_jis_property_pool, 7),    onigenc_jis_latin},
 #line 50 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str8),    onigenc_jis_greek},
+      {gperf_offsetof(onig_jis_property_pool, 8),    onigenc_jis_greek},
       {-1},
 #line 46 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str10), onigenc_jis_hiragana},
+      {gperf_offsetof(onig_jis_property_pool, 10), onigenc_jis_hiragana},
 #line 47 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str11), onigenc_jis_katakana},
+      {gperf_offsetof(onig_jis_property_pool, 11), onigenc_jis_katakana},
 #line 51 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
-      {(char)offsetof(struct onig_jis_property_pool_t, onig_jis_property_pool_str12), onigenc_jis_cyrillic}
+      {gperf_offsetof(onig_jis_property_pool, 12), onigenc_jis_cyrillic}
     };
 
   if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
     {
-      register int key = onig_jis_property_hash (str, len);
+      register unsigned int key = onig_jis_property_hash (str, len);
 
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
         {
           register int o = wordlist[key].name;
           if (o >= 0)
diff --git a/enc/jis/props.kwd b/enc/jis/props.kwd
index f3235c0100..659cf0aff4 100644
--- a/enc/jis/props.kwd
+++ b/enc/jis/props.kwd
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 #define GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP 1
 
 static inline int
-gperf_case_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, unsigned int n)
+gperf_case_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n)
 {
     const UChar *str = (const UChar *)s1;
     const UChar *s = (const UChar *)s2;
-    return onigenc_with_ascii_strnicmp(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, str, str + n, s, n);
+    return onigenc_with_ascii_strnicmp(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, str, str + n, s, (int)n);
 }
 
 enum onigenc_jis_ctype {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct enc_property {
     unsigned char ctype;
 };
 
-static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(const char *str, unsigned int len);
+static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(/*!ANSI{*/const char *str, unsigned int len/*}!ANSI*/);
 %}
 
 struct enc_property;
diff --git a/enc/jis/props.src b/enc/jis/props.src
index f3235c0100..659cf0aff4 100644
--- a/enc/jis/props.src
+++ b/enc/jis/props.src
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 #define GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP 1
 
 static inline int
-gperf_case_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, unsigned int n)
+gperf_case_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n)
 {
     const UChar *str = (const UChar *)s1;
     const UChar *s = (const UChar *)s2;
-    return onigenc_with_ascii_strnicmp(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, str, str + n, s, n);
+    return onigenc_with_ascii_strnicmp(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, str, str + n, s, (int)n);
 }
 
 enum onigenc_jis_ctype {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct enc_property {
     unsigned char ctype;
 };
 
-static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(const char *str, unsigned int len);
+static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(/*!ANSI{*/const char *str, unsigned int len/*}!ANSI*/);
 %}
 
 struct enc_property;
diff --git a/enc/make_encmake.rb b/enc/make_encmake.rb
index 4ab85f36e3..bc0597e3f4 100755
--- a/enc/make_encmake.rb
+++ b/enc/make_encmake.rb
@@ -121,7 +121,11 @@ ENCS, ENC_DEPS = target_encodings
 ATRANS, TRANS = target_transcoders
 
 if File.exist?(depend = File.join($srcdir, "depend"))
-  erb = ERB.new(File.read(depend), nil, '%')
+  if ERB.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.assoc(:key) # Ruby 2.6+
+    erb = ERB.new(File.read(depend), trim_mode: '%')
+  else
+    erb = ERB.new(File.read(depend), nil, '%')
+  end
   erb.filename = depend
   tmp = erb.result(binding)
   dep = "\n#### depend ####\n\n" << depend_rules(tmp).join
@@ -135,7 +139,11 @@ open(ARGV[0], 'wb') {|f|
 }
 if MODULE_TYPE == :static
   filename = "encinit.c.erb"
-  erb = ERB.new(File.read(File.join($srcdir, filename)), nil, '%-')
+  if ERB.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.assoc(:key) # Ruby 2.6+
+    erb = ERB.new(File.read(File.join($srcdir, filename)), trim_mode: '%-')
+  else
+    erb = ERB.new(File.read(File.join($srcdir, filename)), nil, '%-')
+  end
   erb.filename = "enc/#{filename}"
   tmp = erb.result(binding)
   begin
diff --git a/enc/prelude.rb b/enc/prelude.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index be7c0c9445..0000000000
--- a/enc/prelude.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-begin
-  require 'unicode_normalize'
-rescue LoadError
-end
diff --git a/enc/shift_jis.c b/enc/shift_jis.c
index eacca9a5db..f1355d2d95 100644
--- a/enc/shift_jis.c
+++ b/enc/shift_jis.c
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 /**********************************************************************
-  sjis.c -  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
+  shift_jis.c -  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
- * Copyright (c) 2002-2008  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
- * Copyright (c) 2011       K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2009  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2017  K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -28,524 +28,8 @@
  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-#include "regenc.h"
+#include "shift_jis.h"
 
-static const int EncLen_SJIS[] = {
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
-  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
-  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1
-};
-
-static const char SJIS_CAN_BE_TRAIL_TABLE[256] = {
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0
-};
-
-static const OnigPairCaseFoldCodes CaseFoldMap[] = {
-  /* Fullwidth Alphabet */
-  { 0x8260, 0x8281 },
-  { 0x8261, 0x8282 },
-  { 0x8262, 0x8283 },
-  { 0x8263, 0x8284 },
-  { 0x8264, 0x8285 },
-  { 0x8265, 0x8286 },
-  { 0x8266, 0x8287 },
-  { 0x8267, 0x8288 },
-  { 0x8268, 0x8289 },
-  { 0x8269, 0x828a },
-  { 0x826a, 0x828b },
-  { 0x826b, 0x828c },
-  { 0x826c, 0x828d },
-  { 0x826d, 0x828e },
-  { 0x826e, 0x828f },
-  { 0x826f, 0x8290 },
-  { 0x8270, 0x8291 },
-  { 0x8271, 0x8292 },
-  { 0x8272, 0x8293 },
-  { 0x8273, 0x8294 },
-  { 0x8274, 0x8295 },
-  { 0x8275, 0x8296 },
-  { 0x8276, 0x8297 },
-  { 0x8277, 0x8298 },
-  { 0x8278, 0x8299 },
-  { 0x8279, 0x829a },
-
-  /* Greek */
-  { 0x839f, 0x83bf },
-  { 0x83a0, 0x83c0 },
-  { 0x83a1, 0x83c1 },
-  { 0x83a2, 0x83c2 },
-  { 0x83a3, 0x83c3 },
-  { 0x83a4, 0x83c4 },
-  { 0x83a5, 0x83c5 },
-  { 0x83a6, 0x83c6 },
-  { 0x83a7, 0x83c7 },
-  { 0x83a8, 0x83c8 },
-  { 0x83a9, 0x83c9 },
-  { 0x83aa, 0x83ca },
-  { 0x83ab, 0x83cb },
-  { 0x83ac, 0x83cc },
-  { 0x83ad, 0x83cd },
-  { 0x83ae, 0x83ce },
-  { 0x83af, 0x83cf },
-  { 0x83b0, 0x83d0 },
-  { 0x83b1, 0x83d1 },
-  { 0x83b2, 0x83d2 },
-  { 0x83b3, 0x83d3 },
-  { 0x83b4, 0x83d4 },
-  { 0x83b5, 0x83d5 },
-  { 0x83b6, 0x83d6 },
-
-  /* Cyrillic */
-  { 0x8440, 0x8470 },
-  { 0x8441, 0x8471 },
-  { 0x8442, 0x8472 },
-  { 0x8443, 0x8473 },
-  { 0x8444, 0x8474 },
-  { 0x8445, 0x8475 },
-  { 0x8446, 0x8476 },
-  { 0x8447, 0x8477 },
-  { 0x8448, 0x8478 },
-  { 0x8449, 0x8479 },
-  { 0x844a, 0x847a },
-  { 0x844b, 0x847b },
-  { 0x844c, 0x847c },
-  { 0x844d, 0x847d },
-  { 0x844e, 0x847e },
-  { 0x844f, 0x8480 },
-  { 0x8450, 0x8481 },
-  { 0x8451, 0x8482 },
-  { 0x8452, 0x8483 },
-  { 0x8453, 0x8484 },
-  { 0x8454, 0x8485 },
-  { 0x8455, 0x8486 },
-  { 0x8456, 0x8487 },
-  { 0x8457, 0x8488 },
-  { 0x8458, 0x8489 },
-  { 0x8459, 0x848a },
-  { 0x845a, 0x848b },
-  { 0x845b, 0x848c },
-  { 0x845c, 0x848d },
-  { 0x845d, 0x848e },
-  { 0x845e, 0x848f },
-  { 0x845f, 0x8490 },
-  { 0x8460, 0x8491 },
-};
-
-#define SJIS_ISMB_FIRST(byte)  (EncLen_SJIS[byte] > 1)
-#define SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(byte)  SJIS_CAN_BE_TRAIL_TABLE[(byte)]
-
-typedef enum { FAILURE = -2, ACCEPT = -1, S0 = 0, S1 } state_t;
-#define A ACCEPT
-#define F FAILURE
-static const signed char trans[][0x100] = {
-  { /* S0   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
-    /* 0 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 1 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 2 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 3 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 4 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 5 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 6 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 7 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 8 */ F, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-    /* 9 */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-    /* a */ F, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* b */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* c */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* d */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* e */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-    /* f */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, F, F, F
-  },
-  { /* S1   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
-    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
-    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
-    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
-    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
-    /* 4 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 5 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 6 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 7 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, F,
-    /* 8 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* 9 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* a */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* b */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* c */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* d */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* e */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
-    /* f */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, F, F, F
-  }
-};
-#undef A
-#undef F
-
-static int
-mbc_enc_len(const UChar* p, const UChar* e, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
-{
-  int firstbyte = *p++;
-  state_t s;
-  s = trans[0][firstbyte];
-  if (s < 0) return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(1) :
-                                  ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
-  if (p == e) return ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_NEEDMORE(EncLen_SJIS[firstbyte]-1);
-  s = trans[s][*p++];
-  return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(2) :
-                       ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
-}
-
-static int
-code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
-{
-  if (code < 256) {
-    if (EncLen_SJIS[(int )code] == 1)
-      return 1;
-    else
-      return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
-  }
-  else if (code <= 0xffff) {
-    int low = code & 0xff;
-    if (! SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(low))
-      return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
-    return 2;
-  }
-  else
-    return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
-}
-
-static OnigCodePoint
-mbc_to_code(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
-{
-  int c, i, len;
-  OnigCodePoint n;
-
-  len = mbc_enc_len(p, end, enc);
-  c = *p++;
-  n = c;
-  if (len == 1) return n;
-
-  for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
-    if (p >= end) break;
-    c = *p++;
-    n <<= 8;  n += c;
-  }
-  return n;
-}
-
-static int
-code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf, OnigEncoding enc)
-{
-  UChar *p = buf;
-
-  if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) *p++ = (UChar )(((code >>  8) & 0xff));
-  *p++ = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
-
-#if 0
-  if (mbc_enc_len(buf, p, enc) != (p - buf))
-    return REGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
-#endif
-  return (int )(p - buf);
-}
-
-static int
-apply_all_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
-		    OnigApplyAllCaseFoldFunc f, void* arg, OnigEncoding enc)
-{
-  return onigenc_apply_all_case_fold_with_map(
-            numberof(CaseFoldMap), CaseFoldMap, 0,
-            flag, f, arg);
-}
-
-static OnigCodePoint
-get_lower_case(OnigCodePoint code)
-{
-  if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8260, 0x8279)) {
-    /* Fullwidth Alphabet */
-    return (OnigCodePoint )(code + 0x0021);
-  }
-  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x839f, 0x83b6)) {
-    /* Greek */
-    return (OnigCodePoint )(code + 0x0020);
-  }
-  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8440, 0x8460)) {
-    /* Cyrillic */
-    int d = (code >= 0x844f) ? 1 : 0;
-    return (OnigCodePoint )(code + (0x0030 + d));
-  }
-  return code;
-}
-
-static OnigCodePoint
-get_upper_case(OnigCodePoint code)
-{
-  if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8281, 0x829a)) {
-    /* Fullwidth Alphabet */
-    return (OnigCodePoint )(code - 0x0021);
-  }
-  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x83bf, 0x83d6)) {
-    /* Greek */
-    return (OnigCodePoint )(code - 0x0020);
-  }
-  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8470, 0x847e) ||
-	   ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8480, 0x8491)) {
-    /* Cyrillic */
-    int d = (code >= 0x8480) ? 1 : 0;
-    return (OnigCodePoint )(code - (0x0030 - d));
-  }
-  return code;
-}
-
-static int
-get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
-			   const OnigUChar* p, const OnigUChar* end,
-			   OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[], OnigEncoding enc)
-{
-  int len;
-  OnigCodePoint code, code_lo, code_up;
-
-  code = mbc_to_code(p, end, enc);
-  if (ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE(code))
-    return onigenc_ascii_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(flag, p, end, items, enc);
-
-  len = mbc_enc_len(p, end, enc);
-  code_lo = get_lower_case(code);
-  code_up = get_upper_case(code);
-
-  if (code != code_lo) {
-    items[0].byte_len = len;
-    items[0].code_len = 1;
-    items[0].code[0] = code_lo;
-    return 1;
-  }
-  else if (code != code_up) {
-    items[0].byte_len = len;
-    items[0].code_len = 1;
-    items[0].code[0] = code_up;
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-mbc_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
-	      const UChar** pp, const UChar* end, UChar* lower,
-	      OnigEncoding enc)
-{
-  const UChar* p = *pp;
-
-  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)) {
-    *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
-    (*pp)++;
-    return 1;
-  }
-  else {
-    OnigCodePoint code;
-    int len;
-
-    code = get_lower_case(mbc_to_code(p, end, enc));
-    len = code_to_mbc(code, lower, enc);
-    (*pp) += len;
-    return len; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
-  }
-}
-
-#if 0
-static int
-is_mbc_ambiguous(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
-		 const UChar** pp, const UChar* end)
-{
-  return onigenc_mbn_is_mbc_ambiguous(enc, flag, pp, end);
-
-}
-#endif
-
-#if 0
-static int
-is_code_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype)
-{
-  if (code < 128)
-    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
-  else {
-    if (CTYPE_IS_WORD_GRAPH_PRINT(ctype)) {
-      return (code_to_mbclen(code) > 1 ? TRUE : FALSE);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return FALSE;
-}
-#endif
-
-static UChar*
-left_adjust_char_head(const UChar* start, const UChar* s, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
-{
-  const UChar *p;
-  int len;
-
-  if (s <= start) return (UChar* )s;
-  p = s;
-
-  if (SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(*p)) {
-    while (p > start) {
-      if (! SJIS_ISMB_FIRST(*--p)) {
-	p++;
-	break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  len = mbc_enc_len(p, end, enc);
-  if (p + len > s) return (UChar* )p;
-  p += len;
-  return (UChar* )(p + ((s - p) & ~1));
-}
-
-static int
-is_allowed_reverse_match(const UChar* s, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
-{
-  const UChar c = *s;
-  return (SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(c) ? FALSE : TRUE);
-}
-
-
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hiragana[] = {
-  1,
-  0x829f, 0x82f1
-}; /* CR_Hiragana */
-
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Katakana[] = {
-  4,
-  0x00a6, 0x00af,
-  0x00b1, 0x00dd,
-  0x8340, 0x837e,
-  0x8380, 0x8396,
-}; /* CR_Katakana */
-
-#ifdef ENC_CP932
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
-  6,
-  0x8157, 0x8157,
-  0x889f, 0x9872,	/* Kanji level 1 */
-  0x989f, 0x9ffc,	/* Kanji level 2 */
-  0xe040, 0xeaa4,	/* Kanji level 2 */
-  0xed40, 0xeeec,	/* NEC-selected IBM extended characters (without symbols) */
-  0xfa5c, 0xfc4b,	/* IBM extended characters (without symbols) */
-}; /* CR_Han */
-#else
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
-  4,
-  0x8157, 0x8157,
-  0x889f, 0x9872,	/* Kanji level 1 */
-  0x989f, 0x9ffc,	/* Kanji level 2 */
-  0xe040, 0xeaa4,	/* Kanji level 2 */
-}; /* CR_Han */
-#endif
-
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
-  4,
-  0x0041, 0x005a,
-  0x0061, 0x007a,
-  0x8260, 0x8279,
-  0x8281, 0x829a,
-}; /* CR_Latin */
-
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Greek[] = {
-  2,
-  0x839f, 0x83b6,
-  0x83bf, 0x83d6,
-}; /* CR_Greek */
-
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cyrillic[] = {
-  3,
-  0x8440, 0x8460,
-  0x8470, 0x847f,
-  0x8480, 0x8491,
-}; /* CR_Cyrillic */
-
-#include "enc/jis/props.h"
-
-static int
-property_name_to_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, const UChar* p, const UChar* end)
-{
-  const UChar *s = p, *e = end;
-  const struct enc_property *prop =
-    onig_jis_property((const char* )s, (unsigned int )(e - s));
-
-  if (!prop) {
-    return onigenc_minimum_property_name_to_ctype(enc, s, e);
-  }
-
-  return (int )prop->ctype;
-}
-
-static int
-is_code_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype, OnigEncoding enc)
-{
-  if (ctype <= ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE) {
-    if (code < 128)
-      return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
-    else {
-      if (CTYPE_IS_WORD_GRAPH_PRINT(ctype)) {
-	return TRUE;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    ctype -= (ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE + 1);
-    if (ctype >= (unsigned int )PropertyListNum)
-      return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
-
-    return onig_is_in_code_range((UChar* )PropertyList[ctype], code);
-  }
-
-  return FALSE;
-}
-
-static int
-get_ctype_code_range(OnigCtype ctype, OnigCodePoint* sb_out,
-		     const OnigCodePoint* ranges[], OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
-{
-  if (ctype <= ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE) {
-    return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
-  }
-  else {
-    *sb_out = 0x80;
-
-    ctype -= (ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE + 1);
-    if (ctype >= (OnigCtype )PropertyListNum)
-      return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
-
-    *ranges = PropertyList[ctype];
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#ifndef ENC_CP932
 OnigEncodingDefine(shift_jis, Shift_JIS) = {
   mbc_enc_len,
   "Shift_JIS",   /* name */
@@ -571,14 +55,13 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(shift_jis, Shift_JIS) = {
  * Name: Shift_JIS
  * MIBenum: 17
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
- * Link: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS
+ * Link: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS
  */
 
 /*
  * Name: MacJapanese
  * Link: http://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/JAPANESE.TXT
- * Link: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacJapanese
+ * Link: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacJapanese
  */
 ENC_REPLICATE("MacJapanese", "Shift_JIS")
 ENC_ALIAS("MacJapan", "MacJapanese")
-#endif
diff --git a/enc/shift_jis.h b/enc/shift_jis.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d552401595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enc/shift_jis.h
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+  shift_jis.h -  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
+**********************************************************************/
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2008  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011       K.Takata  <kentkt AT csc DOT jp>
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "regenc.h"
+
+static const int EncLen_SJIS[] = {
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1
+};
+
+static const char SJIS_CAN_BE_TRAIL_TABLE[256] = {
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0
+};
+
+static const OnigPairCaseFoldCodes CaseFoldMap[] = {
+  /* Fullwidth Alphabet */
+  { 0x8260, 0x8281 },
+  { 0x8261, 0x8282 },
+  { 0x8262, 0x8283 },
+  { 0x8263, 0x8284 },
+  { 0x8264, 0x8285 },
+  { 0x8265, 0x8286 },
+  { 0x8266, 0x8287 },
+  { 0x8267, 0x8288 },
+  { 0x8268, 0x8289 },
+  { 0x8269, 0x828a },
+  { 0x826a, 0x828b },
+  { 0x826b, 0x828c },
+  { 0x826c, 0x828d },
+  { 0x826d, 0x828e },
+  { 0x826e, 0x828f },
+  { 0x826f, 0x8290 },
+  { 0x8270, 0x8291 },
+  { 0x8271, 0x8292 },
+  { 0x8272, 0x8293 },
+  { 0x8273, 0x8294 },
+  { 0x8274, 0x8295 },
+  { 0x8275, 0x8296 },
+  { 0x8276, 0x8297 },
+  { 0x8277, 0x8298 },
+  { 0x8278, 0x8299 },
+  { 0x8279, 0x829a },
+
+  /* Greek */
+  { 0x839f, 0x83bf },
+  { 0x83a0, 0x83c0 },
+  { 0x83a1, 0x83c1 },
+  { 0x83a2, 0x83c2 },
+  { 0x83a3, 0x83c3 },
+  { 0x83a4, 0x83c4 },
+  { 0x83a5, 0x83c5 },
+  { 0x83a6, 0x83c6 },
+  { 0x83a7, 0x83c7 },
+  { 0x83a8, 0x83c8 },
+  { 0x83a9, 0x83c9 },
+  { 0x83aa, 0x83ca },
+  { 0x83ab, 0x83cb },
+  { 0x83ac, 0x83cc },
+  { 0x83ad, 0x83cd },
+  { 0x83ae, 0x83ce },
+  { 0x83af, 0x83cf },
+  { 0x83b0, 0x83d0 },
+  { 0x83b1, 0x83d1 },
+  { 0x83b2, 0x83d2 },
+  { 0x83b3, 0x83d3 },
+  { 0x83b4, 0x83d4 },
+  { 0x83b5, 0x83d5 },
+  { 0x83b6, 0x83d6 },
+
+  /* Cyrillic */
+  { 0x8440, 0x8470 },
+  { 0x8441, 0x8471 },
+  { 0x8442, 0x8472 },
+  { 0x8443, 0x8473 },
+  { 0x8444, 0x8474 },
+  { 0x8445, 0x8475 },
+  { 0x8446, 0x8476 },
+  { 0x8447, 0x8477 },
+  { 0x8448, 0x8478 },
+  { 0x8449, 0x8479 },
+  { 0x844a, 0x847a },
+  { 0x844b, 0x847b },
+  { 0x844c, 0x847c },
+  { 0x844d, 0x847d },
+  { 0x844e, 0x847e },
+  { 0x844f, 0x8480 },
+  { 0x8450, 0x8481 },
+  { 0x8451, 0x8482 },
+  { 0x8452, 0x8483 },
+  { 0x8453, 0x8484 },
+  { 0x8454, 0x8485 },
+  { 0x8455, 0x8486 },
+  { 0x8456, 0x8487 },
+  { 0x8457, 0x8488 },
+  { 0x8458, 0x8489 },
+  { 0x8459, 0x848a },
+  { 0x845a, 0x848b },
+  { 0x845b, 0x848c },
+  { 0x845c, 0x848d },
+  { 0x845d, 0x848e },
+  { 0x845e, 0x848f },
+  { 0x845f, 0x8490 },
+  { 0x8460, 0x8491 },
+};
+
+#define SJIS_ISMB_FIRST(byte)  (EncLen_SJIS[byte] > 1)
+#define SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(byte)  SJIS_CAN_BE_TRAIL_TABLE[(byte)]
+
+typedef enum { FAILURE = -2, ACCEPT = -1, S0 = 0, S1 } state_t;
+#define A ACCEPT
+#define F FAILURE
+static const signed char trans[][0x100] = {
+  { /* S0   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 1 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 2 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 3 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 4 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 5 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 6 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 7 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 8 */ F, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* 9 */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* a */ F, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* b */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* c */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* d */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* e */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    /* f */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, F, F, F
+  },
+  { /* S1   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f */
+    /* 0 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 1 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 2 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 3 */ F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+    /* 4 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 5 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 6 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 7 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, F,
+    /* 8 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* 9 */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* a */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* b */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* c */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* d */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* e */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A,
+    /* f */ A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, F, F, F
+  }
+};
+#undef A
+#undef F
+
+static int
+mbc_enc_len(const UChar* p, const UChar* e, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  int firstbyte = *p++;
+  state_t s;
+  s = trans[0][firstbyte];
+  if (s < 0) return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(1) :
+                                  ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+  if (p == e) return ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_NEEDMORE(EncLen_SJIS[firstbyte]-1);
+  s = trans[s][*p++];
+  return s == ACCEPT ? ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_CHARFOUND(2) :
+                       ONIGENC_CONSTRUCT_MBCLEN_INVALID();
+}
+
+static int
+code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  if (code < 256) {
+    if (EncLen_SJIS[(int )code] == 1)
+      return 1;
+    else
+      return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
+  }
+  else if (code <= 0xffff) {
+    int low = code & 0xff;
+    if (! SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(low))
+      return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
+    return 2;
+  }
+  else
+    return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+}
+
+static OnigCodePoint
+mbc_to_code(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int c, i, len;
+  OnigCodePoint n;
+
+  len = mbc_enc_len(p, end, enc);
+  c = *p++;
+  n = c;
+  if (len == 1) return n;
+
+  for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+    if (p >= end) break;
+    c = *p++;
+    n <<= 8;  n += c;
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+static int
+code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  UChar *p = buf;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) *p++ = (UChar )(((code >>  8) & 0xff));
+  *p++ = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
+
+#if 0
+  if (mbc_enc_len(buf, p, enc) != (p - buf))
+    return REGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
+#endif
+  return (int )(p - buf);
+}
+
+static int
+apply_all_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
+		    OnigApplyAllCaseFoldFunc f, void* arg, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  return onigenc_apply_all_case_fold_with_map(
+            numberof(CaseFoldMap), CaseFoldMap, 0,
+            flag, f, arg);
+}
+
+static OnigCodePoint
+get_lower_case(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8260, 0x8279)) {
+    /* Fullwidth Alphabet */
+    return (OnigCodePoint )(code + 0x0021);
+  }
+  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x839f, 0x83b6)) {
+    /* Greek */
+    return (OnigCodePoint )(code + 0x0020);
+  }
+  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8440, 0x8460)) {
+    /* Cyrillic */
+    int d = (code >= 0x844f) ? 1 : 0;
+    return (OnigCodePoint )(code + (0x0030 + d));
+  }
+  return code;
+}
+
+static OnigCodePoint
+get_upper_case(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8281, 0x829a)) {
+    /* Fullwidth Alphabet */
+    return (OnigCodePoint )(code - 0x0021);
+  }
+  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x83bf, 0x83d6)) {
+    /* Greek */
+    return (OnigCodePoint )(code - 0x0020);
+  }
+  else if (ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8470, 0x847e) ||
+	   ONIGENC_IS_IN_RANGE(code, 0x8480, 0x8491)) {
+    /* Cyrillic */
+    int d = (code >= 0x8480) ? 1 : 0;
+    return (OnigCodePoint )(code - (0x0030 - d));
+  }
+  return code;
+}
+
+static int
+get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
+			   const OnigUChar* p, const OnigUChar* end,
+			   OnigCaseFoldCodeItem items[], OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int len;
+  OnigCodePoint code, code_lo, code_up;
+
+  code = mbc_to_code(p, end, enc);
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE(code))
+    return onigenc_ascii_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(flag, p, end, items, enc);
+
+  len = mbc_enc_len(p, end, enc);
+  code_lo = get_lower_case(code);
+  code_up = get_upper_case(code);
+
+  if (code != code_lo) {
+    items[0].byte_len = len;
+    items[0].code_len = 1;
+    items[0].code[0] = code_lo;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else if (code != code_up) {
+    items[0].byte_len = len;
+    items[0].code_len = 1;
+    items[0].code[0] = code_up;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+mbc_case_fold(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
+	      const UChar** pp, const UChar* end, UChar* lower,
+	      OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  const UChar* p = *pp;
+
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)) {
+    *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
+    (*pp)++;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else {
+    OnigCodePoint code;
+    int len;
+
+    code = get_lower_case(mbc_to_code(p, end, enc));
+    len = code_to_mbc(code, lower, enc);
+    (*pp) += len;
+    return len; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
+  }
+}
+
+#if 0
+static int
+is_mbc_ambiguous(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
+		 const UChar** pp, const UChar* end)
+{
+  return onigenc_mbn_is_mbc_ambiguous(enc, flag, pp, end);
+
+}
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+static int
+is_code_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype)
+{
+  if (code < 128)
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+  else {
+    if (CTYPE_IS_WORD_GRAPH_PRINT(ctype)) {
+      return (code_to_mbclen(code) > 1 ? TRUE : FALSE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return FALSE;
+}
+#endif
+
+static UChar*
+left_adjust_char_head(const UChar* start, const UChar* s, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  const UChar *p;
+  int len;
+
+  if (s <= start) return (UChar* )s;
+  p = s;
+
+  if (SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(*p)) {
+    while (p > start) {
+      if (! SJIS_ISMB_FIRST(*--p)) {
+	p++;
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  len = mbc_enc_len(p, end, enc);
+  if (p + len > s) return (UChar* )p;
+  p += len;
+  return (UChar* )(p + ((s - p) & ~1));
+}
+
+static int
+is_allowed_reverse_match(const UChar* s, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  const UChar c = *s;
+  return (SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(c) ? FALSE : TRUE);
+}
+
+
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hiragana[] = {
+  1,
+  0x829f, 0x82f1
+}; /* CR_Hiragana */
+
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Katakana[] = {
+  4,
+  0x00a6, 0x00af,
+  0x00b1, 0x00dd,
+  0x8340, 0x837e,
+  0x8380, 0x8396,
+}; /* CR_Katakana */
+
+#ifdef ENC_CP932
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
+  6,
+  0x8157, 0x8157,
+  0x889f, 0x9872,	/* Kanji level 1 */
+  0x989f, 0x9ffc,	/* Kanji level 2 */
+  0xe040, 0xeaa4,	/* Kanji level 2 */
+  0xed40, 0xeeec,	/* NEC-selected IBM extended characters (without symbols) */
+  0xfa5c, 0xfc4b,	/* IBM extended characters (without symbols) */
+}; /* CR_Han */
+#else
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
+  4,
+  0x8157, 0x8157,
+  0x889f, 0x9872,	/* Kanji level 1 */
+  0x989f, 0x9ffc,	/* Kanji level 2 */
+  0xe040, 0xeaa4,	/* Kanji level 2 */
+}; /* CR_Han */
+#endif
+
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
+  4,
+  0x0041, 0x005a,
+  0x0061, 0x007a,
+  0x8260, 0x8279,
+  0x8281, 0x829a,
+}; /* CR_Latin */
+
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Greek[] = {
+  2,
+  0x839f, 0x83b6,
+  0x83bf, 0x83d6,
+}; /* CR_Greek */
+
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cyrillic[] = {
+  3,
+  0x8440, 0x8460,
+  0x8470, 0x847f,
+  0x8480, 0x8491,
+}; /* CR_Cyrillic */
+
+#include "enc/jis/props.h"
+
+static int
+property_name_to_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, const UChar* p, const UChar* end)
+{
+  const UChar *s = p, *e = end;
+  const struct enc_property *prop =
+    onig_jis_property((const char* )s, (unsigned int )(e - s));
+
+  if (!prop) {
+    return onigenc_minimum_property_name_to_ctype(enc, s, e);
+  }
+
+  return (int )prop->ctype;
+}
+
+static int
+is_code_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  if (ctype <= ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE) {
+    if (code < 128)
+      return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+    else {
+      if (CTYPE_IS_WORD_GRAPH_PRINT(ctype)) {
+	return TRUE;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    ctype -= (ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE + 1);
+    if (ctype >= (unsigned int )PropertyListNum)
+      return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+
+    return onig_is_in_code_range((UChar* )PropertyList[ctype], code);
+  }
+
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+get_ctype_code_range(OnigCtype ctype, OnigCodePoint* sb_out,
+		     const OnigCodePoint* ranges[], OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
+{
+  if (ctype <= ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE) {
+    return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
+  }
+  else {
+    *sb_out = 0x80;
+
+    ctype -= (ONIGENC_MAX_STD_CTYPE + 1);
+    if (ctype >= (OnigCtype )PropertyListNum)
+      return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+
+    *ranges = PropertyList[ctype];
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/enc/trans/GB/GB12345%UCS.src b/enc/trans/GB/GB12345%UCS.src
index 0b4115bed9..9f1daad751 100644
--- a/enc/trans/GB/GB12345%UCS.src
+++ b/enc/trans/GB/GB12345%UCS.src
@@ -9,62 +9,11 @@ DST_UNIT_BITS	16
 
 BEGIN_MAP
 #
-# This mapping data is made from the mapping data provided by Unicode, Inc.
-# Original notice:
-#
-#	Name:             GB12345-80 to Unicode table (complete, hex format)
-#	Unicode version:  1.1
-#	Table version:    0.0d1
-#	Table format:     Format A
-#	Date:             6 December 1993
-#	Author:           Glenn Adams <glenn@metis.com>
-#                     John H. Jenkins <John_Jenkins@taligent.com>
-#
-#	Copyright (c) 1991-1994 Unicode, Inc.  All Rights reserved.
-#
-#	This file is provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. (The Unicode Consortium).
-#	No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose.  No
-#	warranties of any kind are expressed or implied.  The recipient
-#	agrees to determine applicability of information provided.  If this
-#	file has been provided on magnetic media by Unicode, Inc., the sole
-#	remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90
-#	days of receipt.
-#
-#	Recipient is granted the right to make copies in any form for
-#	internal distribution and to freely use the information supplied
-#	in the creation of products supporting Unicode.  Unicode, Inc.
-#	specifically excludes the right to re-distribute this file directly
-#	to third parties or other organizations whether for profit or not.
-#
-#	General notes:
-#
-#	This table contains the data Metis and Taligent currently have on how
-#       GB12345-90 characters map into Unicode.
-#
-#	Format:  Three tab-separated columns
-#		 Column #1 is the GB12345 code (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #2 is the Unicode (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #3 the Unicode name (follows a comment sign, '#')
-#					The official names for Unicode characters U+4E00
-#					to U+9FA5, inclusive, is "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-XXXX",
-#					where XXXX is the code point.  Including all these
-#					names in this file increases its size substantially
-#					and needlessly.  The token "<CJK>" is used for the
-#					name of these characters.  If necessary, it can be
-#					expanded algorithmically by a parser or editor.
-#
-#	The entries are in GB12345 order
-#
-#	The following algorithms can be used to change the hex form
-#		of GB12345 to other standard forms:
-#
-#		To change hex to EUC form, add 0x8080
-#		To change hex to kuten form, first subtract 0x2020.  Then
-#			the high and low bytes correspond to the ku and ten of
-#			the kuten form.  For example, 0x2121 -> 0x0101 -> 0101;
-#			0x777E -> 0x575E -> 8794
-#
-#	Any comments or problems, contact <John_Jenkins@taligent.com>
+# The mapping data below was created from a file provided by Unicode, Inc.
+# (The Unicode Consortium). The file was used to create a product supporting
+# Unicode, as explicitly permitted in the file's copyright notice. Please note
+# that Unicode, Inc. never made any claims as to fitness of that file for any
+# particular purpose, and has ceased to publish the file many years ago.
 #
 #
 0x2121 = 0x3000
diff --git a/enc/trans/GB/GB2312%UCS.src b/enc/trans/GB/GB2312%UCS.src
index d196bab535..dc222203fd 100644
--- a/enc/trans/GB/GB2312%UCS.src
+++ b/enc/trans/GB/GB2312%UCS.src
@@ -9,76 +9,11 @@ DST_UNIT_BITS	16
 
 BEGIN_MAP
 #
-# This mapping data is made from the mapping data provided by Unicode, Inc.
-# Original notice:
-#
-#	Name:             GB2312-80 to Unicode table (complete, hex format)
-#	Unicode version:  3.0
-#	Table version:    1.0
-#	Table format:     Format A
-#	Date:             1999 October 8
-#
-#	Copyright (c) 1991-1999 Unicode, Inc.  All Rights reserved.
-#
-#	This file is provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. (The Unicode Consortium).
-#	No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose.  No
-#	warranties of any kind are expressed or implied.  The recipient
-#	agrees to determine applicability of information provided.  If this
-#	file has been provided on optical media by Unicode, Inc., the sole
-#	remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90
-#	days of receipt.
-#
-#	Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information
-#	supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting the
-#	Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form for
-#	internal or external distribution as long as this notice remains
-#	attached.
-#
-#	General notes:
-#
-#
-# This table contains one set of mappings from GB2312-80 into Unicode.
-# Note that these data are *possible* mappings only and may not be the
-# same as those used by actual products, nor may they be the best suited
-# for all uses.  For more information on the mappings between various code
-# pages incorporating the repertoire of GB2312-80 and Unicode, consult the
-# VENDORS mapping data.  Normative information on the mapping between
-# GB2312-80 and Unicode may be found in the Unihan.txt file in the
-# latest Unicode Character Database.
-#
-# If you have carefully considered the fact that the mappings in
-# this table are only one possible set of mappings between GB2312-80 and
-# Unicode and have no normative status, but still feel that you
-# have located an error in the table that requires fixing, you may
-# report any such error to errata@unicode.org.
-#
-#
-#	Format:  Three tab-separated columns
-#		 Column #1 is the GB2312 code (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #2 is the Unicode (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #3 the Unicode name (follows a comment sign, '#')
-#			The official names for Unicode characters U+4E00
-#			to U+9FA5, inclusive, is "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-XXXX",
-#			where XXXX is the code point.  Including all these
-#			names in this file increases its size substantially
-#			and needlessly.  The token "<CJK>" is used for the
-#			name of these characters.  If necessary, it can be
-#			expanded algorithmically by a parser or editor.
-#
-#	The entries are in GB2312 order
-#
-#	The following algorithms can be used to change the hex form
-#		of GB2312 to other standard forms:
-#
-#		To change hex to EUC form, add 0x8080
-#		To change hex to kuten form, first subtract 0x2020.  Then
-#			the high and low bytes correspond to the ku and ten of
-#			the kuten form.  For example, 0x2121 -> 0x0101 -> 0101;
-#			0x777E -> 0x575E -> 8794
-#
-#	Version history
-#	1.0 version updates 0.0d2 version by correcting mapping for 0x212C
-#             from U+2225 to U+2016.
+# The mapping data below was created from a file provided by Unicode, Inc.
+# (The Unicode Consortium). The file was used to create a product supporting
+# Unicode, as explicitly permitted in the file's copyright notice. Please note
+# that Unicode, Inc. never made any claims as to fitness of that file for any
+# particular purpose, and has ceased to publish the file many years ago.
 #
 #
 
diff --git a/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB12345.src b/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB12345.src
index 8ec8318438..a876bdaca8 100644
--- a/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB12345.src
+++ b/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB12345.src
@@ -9,62 +9,11 @@ DST_UNIT_BITS	16
 
 BEGIN_MAP
 #
-# This mapping data is made from the mapping data provided by Unicode, Inc.
-# Original notice:
-#
-#	Name:             GB12345-80 to Unicode table (complete, hex format)
-#	Unicode version:  1.1
-#	Table version:    0.0d1
-#	Table format:     Format A
-#	Date:             6 December 1993
-#	Author:           Glenn Adams <glenn@metis.com>
-#                     John H. Jenkins <John_Jenkins@taligent.com>
-#
-#	Copyright (c) 1991-1994 Unicode, Inc.  All Rights reserved.
-#
-#	This file is provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. (The Unicode Consortium).
-#	No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose.  No
-#	warranties of any kind are expressed or implied.  The recipient
-#	agrees to determine applicability of information provided.  If this
-#	file has been provided on magnetic media by Unicode, Inc., the sole
-#	remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90
-#	days of receipt.
-#
-#	Recipient is granted the right to make copies in any form for
-#	internal distribution and to freely use the information supplied
-#	in the creation of products supporting Unicode.  Unicode, Inc.
-#	specifically excludes the right to re-distribute this file directly
-#	to third parties or other organizations whether for profit or not.
-#
-#	General notes:
-#
-#	This table contains the data Metis and Taligent currently have on how
-#       GB12345-90 characters map into Unicode.
-#
-#	Format:  Three tab-separated columns
-#		 Column #1 is the GB12345 code (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #2 is the Unicode (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #3 the Unicode name (follows a comment sign, '#')
-#					The official names for Unicode characters U+4E00
-#					to U+9FA5, inclusive, is "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-XXXX",
-#					where XXXX is the code point.  Including all these
-#					names in this file increases its size substantially
-#					and needlessly.  The token "<CJK>" is used for the
-#					name of these characters.  If necessary, it can be
-#					expanded algorithmically by a parser or editor.
-#
-#	The entries are in GB12345 order
-#
-#	The following algorithms can be used to change the hex form
-#		of GB12345 to other standard forms:
-#
-#		To change hex to EUC form, add 0x8080
-#		To change hex to kuten form, first subtract 0x2020.  Then
-#			the high and low bytes correspond to the ku and ten of
-#			the kuten form.  For example, 0x2121 -> 0x0101 -> 0101;
-#			0x777E -> 0x575E -> 8794
-#
-#	Any comments or problems, contact <John_Jenkins@taligent.com>
+# The mapping data below was created from a file provided by Unicode, Inc.
+# (The Unicode Consortium). The file was used to create a product supporting
+# Unicode, as explicitly permitted in the file's copyright notice. Please note
+# that Unicode, Inc. never made any claims as to fitness of that file for any
+# particular purpose, and has ceased to publish the file many years ago.
 #
 #
 0x00A4 = 0x2168
diff --git a/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB2312.src b/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB2312.src
index 3293fea604..4f4d52a54a 100644
--- a/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB2312.src
+++ b/enc/trans/GB/UCS%GB2312.src
@@ -9,76 +9,11 @@ DST_UNIT_BITS	16
 
 BEGIN_MAP
 #
-# This mapping data is made from the mapping data provided by Unicode, Inc.
-# Original notice:
-#
-#	Name:             GB2312-80 to Unicode table (complete, hex format)
-#	Unicode version:  3.0
-#	Table version:    1.0
-#	Table format:     Format A
-#	Date:             1999 October 8
-#
-#	Copyright (c) 1991-1999 Unicode, Inc.  All Rights reserved.
-#
-#	This file is provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. (The Unicode Consortium).
-#	No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose.  No
-#	warranties of any kind are expressed or implied.  The recipient
-#	agrees to determine applicability of information provided.  If this
-#	file has been provided on optical media by Unicode, Inc., the sole
-#	remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90
-#	days of receipt.
-#
-#	Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information
-#	supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting the
-#	Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form for
-#	internal or external distribution as long as this notice remains
-#	attached.
-#
-#	General notes:
-#
-#
-# This table contains one set of mappings from GB2312-80 into Unicode.
-# Note that these data are *possible* mappings only and may not be the
-# same as those used by actual products, nor may they be the best suited
-# for all uses.  For more information on the mappings between various code
-# pages incorporating the repertoire of GB2312-80 and Unicode, consult the
-# VENDORS mapping data.  Normative information on the mapping between
-# GB2312-80 and Unicode may be found in the Unihan.txt file in the
-# latest Unicode Character Database.
-#
-# If you have carefully considered the fact that the mappings in
-# this table are only one possible set of mappings between GB2312-80 and
-# Unicode and have no normative status, but still feel that you
-# have located an error in the table that requires fixing, you may
-# report any such error to errata@unicode.org.
-#
-#
-#	Format:  Three tab-separated columns
-#		 Column #1 is the GB2312 code (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #2 is the Unicode (in hex as 0xXXXX)
-#		 Column #3 the Unicode name (follows a comment sign, '#')
-#			The official names for Unicode characters U+4E00
-#			to U+9FA5, inclusive, is "CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-XXXX",
-#			where XXXX is the code point.  Including all these
-#			names in this file increases its size substantially
-#			and needlessly.  The token "<CJK>" is used for the
-#			name of these characters.  If necessary, it can be
-#			expanded algorithmically by a parser or editor.
-#
-#	The entries are in GB2312 order
-#
-#	The following algorithms can be used to change the hex form
-#		of GB2312 to other standard forms:
-#
-#		To change hex to EUC form, add 0x8080
-#		To change hex to kuten form, first subtract 0x2020.  Then
-#			the high and low bytes correspond to the ku and ten of
-#			the kuten form.  For example, 0x2121 -> 0x0101 -> 0101;
-#			0x777E -> 0x575E -> 8794
-#
-#	Version history
-#	1.0 version updates 0.0d2 version by correcting mapping for 0x212C
-#             from U+2225 to U+2016.
+# The mapping data below was created from a file provided by Unicode, Inc.
+# (The Unicode Consortium). The file was used to create a product supporting
+# Unicode, as explicitly permitted in the file's copyright notice. Please note
+# that Unicode, Inc. never made any claims as to fitness of that file for any
+# particular purpose, and has ceased to publish the file many years ago.
 #
 #
 0x00A4 = 0x2168
diff --git a/enc/trans/JIS/JISX0212%UCS.src b/enc/trans/JIS/JISX0212%UCS.src
index aa51257b99..0e1ab4c9b9 100644
--- a/enc/trans/JIS/JISX0212%UCS.src
+++ b/enc/trans/JIS/JISX0212%UCS.src
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ BEGIN_MAP
 #
 #	   However, JIS X 0212 maintains the distinction between
 #	   the lowercase forms of these two elements at 0x2942 and 0x2943.
-#	   Given the structre of these JIS encodings, it is clear that
+#	   Given the structure of these JIS encodings, it is clear that
 #	   0x2922 and 0x2942 are intended to be a capital/small pair.
 #	   Consequently, in the Unicode mapping, 0x2922 is treated as
 #	   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE.
diff --git a/enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0212.src b/enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0212.src
index 65383a1c9f..c7711c8ac0 100644
--- a/enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0212.src
+++ b/enc/trans/JIS/UCS%JISX0212.src
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ BEGIN_MAP
 #
 #	   However, JIS X 0212 maintains the distinction between
 #	   the lowercase forms of these two elements at 0x2942 and 0x2943.
-#	   Given the structre of these JIS encodings, it is clear that
+#	   Given the structure of these JIS encodings, it is clear that
 #	   0x2922 and 0x2942 are intended to be a capital/small pair.
 #	   Consequently, in the Unicode mapping, 0x2922 is treated as
 #	   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE.
diff --git a/enc/trans/cesu_8.trans b/enc/trans/cesu_8.trans
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e17b1ddbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enc/trans/cesu_8.trans
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include "transcode_data.h"
+
+<%
+  map = {}
+  map["{00-7f}"] = :nomap
+  map["{c2-df}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["e0{a0-bf}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["{e1-ec}{80-bf}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["ed{80-9f}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["{ee-ef}{80-bf}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["ed{a0-af}{80-bf}ed{b0-bf}{80-bf}"] = :func_so # surrogate pairs
+  transcode_generate_node(ActionMap.parse(map), "from_CESU_8")
+
+  map = {}
+  map["{00-7f}"] = :nomap
+  map["{c2-df}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["e0{a0-bf}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["{e1-ec}{80-bf}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["ed{80-9f}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["{ee-ef}{80-bf}{80-bf}"] = :nomap
+  map["f0{90-bf}{80-bf}{80-bf}"] = :func_so      # planes 1-3
+  map["{f1-f3}{80-bf}{80-bf}{80-bf}"] = :func_so # planes 4-15
+  map["f4{80-8f}{80-bf}{80-bf}"] = :func_so      # plane 16
+  transcode_generate_node(ActionMap.parse(map), "to_CESU_8")
+%>
+
+<%= transcode_generated_code %>
+
+static ssize_t
+fun_so_from_cesu_8(void *statep, const unsigned char *s, size_t l, unsigned char *o, size_t osize)
+{
+    unsigned int scalar = ( ((s[1]&0x0F)<<16) | ((s[2]&0x3F)<<10)
+                          | ((s[4]&0x0F)<< 6) |  (s[5]&0x3F)
+                          ) + 0x10000;
+    o[0] = 0xF0 |  (scalar>>18);
+    o[1] = 0x80 | ((scalar>>12)&0x3F);
+    o[2] = 0x80 | ((scalar>> 6)&0x3F);
+    o[3] = 0x80 | ( scalar     &0x3F);
+    return 4;
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+fun_so_to_cesu_8(void *statep, const unsigned char *s, size_t l, unsigned char *o, size_t osize)
+{
+    unsigned int scalar = ((s[0]&0x07)<<18) | ((s[1]&0x3F)<<12)
+                        | ((s[2]&0x3F)<< 6) |  (s[3]&0x3F);
+    scalar -= 0x10000;
+    o[0] = 0xED;
+    o[1] = 0xA0 |  (scalar>>16);
+    o[2] = 0x80 | ((scalar>>10)&0x3F);
+    o[3] = 0xED;
+    o[4] = 0xB0 | ((scalar>> 6)&0x0F);
+    o[5] = 0x80 | (scalar      &0x3F);
+    return 6;
+}
+
+static const rb_transcoder
+rb_from_CESU_8 = {
+    "CESU-8", "UTF-8", from_CESU_8,
+    TRANSCODE_TABLE_INFO,
+    1, /* input_unit_length */
+    6, /* max_input */
+    4, /* max_output */
+    asciicompat_decoder, /* asciicompat_type */
+    0, NULL, NULL, /* state_size, state_init, state_fini */
+    NULL, NULL, NULL, fun_so_from_cesu_8
+};
+
+static const rb_transcoder
+rb_to_CESU_8 = {
+    "UTF-8", "CESU-8", to_CESU_8,
+    TRANSCODE_TABLE_INFO,
+    1, /* input_unit_length */
+    4, /* max_input */
+    6, /* max_output */
+    asciicompat_encoder, /* asciicompat_type */
+    0, NULL, NULL, /* state_size, state_init, state_fini */
+    NULL, NULL, NULL, fun_so_to_cesu_8
+};
+
+TRANS_INIT(cesu_8)
+{
+    rb_register_transcoder(&rb_from_CESU_8);
+    rb_register_transcoder(&rb_to_CESU_8);
+}
diff --git a/enc/trans/escape.trans b/enc/trans/escape.trans
index c76ffa0e06..36d9dd0f13 100644
--- a/enc/trans/escape.trans
+++ b/enc/trans/escape.trans
@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@
   ], nil)
 
   transcode_tblgen("", "xml_attr_content_escape", [
-    ["{00-21,23-25,27-3B,3D,3F-FF}", :nomap],
+    ["{00-21,23-25,28-3B,3D,3F-FF}", :nomap],
     ["22", hexstr("&quot;")],
     ["26", hexstr("&amp;")],
+    ["27", hexstr("&apos;")],
     ["3C", hexstr("&lt;")],
     ["3E", hexstr("&gt;")]
   ], nil)
diff --git a/enc/trans/ibm720-tbl.rb b/enc/trans/ibm720-tbl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..558684d649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enc/trans/ibm720-tbl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+IBM720_TO_UCS_TBL = [
+  ["FF",0xA0],
+  ["9C",0xA3],
+  ["94",0xA4],
+  ["AE",0xAB],
+  ["F8",0xB0],
+  ["FD",0xB2],
+  ["E6",0xB5],
+  ["FA",0xB7],
+  ["AF",0xBB],
+  ["85",0xE0],
+  ["83",0xE2],
+  ["87",0xE7],
+  ["8A",0xE8],
+  ["82",0xE9],
+  ["88",0xEA],
+  ["89",0xEB],
+  ["8C",0xEE],
+  ["8B",0xEF],
+  ["93",0xF4],
+  ["97",0xF9],
+  ["96",0xFB],
+  ["98",0x621],
+  ["99",0x622],
+  ["9A",0x623],
+  ["9B",0x624],
+  ["9D",0x625],
+  ["9E",0x626],
+  ["9F",0x627],
+  ["A0",0x628],
+  ["A1",0x629],
+  ["A2",0x62A],
+  ["A3",0x62B],
+  ["A4",0x62C],
+  ["A5",0x62D],
+  ["A6",0x62E],
+  ["A7",0x62F],
+  ["A8",0x630],
+  ["A9",0x631],
+  ["AA",0x632],
+  ["AB",0x633],
+  ["AC",0x634],
+  ["AD",0x635],
+  ["E0",0x636],
+  ["E1",0x637],
+  ["E2",0x638],
+  ["E3",0x639],
+  ["E4",0x63A],
+  ["95",0x640],
+  ["E5",0x641],
+  ["E7",0x642],
+  ["E8",0x643],
+  ["E9",0x644],
+  ["EA",0x645],
+  ["EB",0x646],
+  ["EC",0x647],
+  ["ED",0x648],
+  ["EE",0x649],
+  ["EF",0x64A],
+  ["F1",0x64B],
+  ["F2",0x64C],
+  ["F3",0x64D],
+  ["F4",0x64E],
+  ["F5",0x64F],
+  ["F6",0x650],
+  ["91",0x651],
+  ["92",0x652],
+  ["FC",0x207F],
+  ["F9",0x2219],
+  ["FB",0x221A],
+  ["F7",0x2248],
+  ["F0",0x2261],
+  ["C4",0x2500],
+  ["B3",0x2502],
+  ["DA",0x250C],
+  ["BF",0x2510],
+  ["C0",0x2514],
+  ["D9",0x2518],
+  ["C3",0x251C],
+  ["B4",0x2524],
+  ["C2",0x252C],
+  ["C1",0x2534],
+  ["C5",0x253C],
+  ["CD",0x2550],
+  ["BA",0x2551],
+  ["D5",0x2552],
+  ["D6",0x2553],
+  ["C9",0x2554],
+  ["B8",0x2555],
+  ["B7",0x2556],
+  ["BB",0x2557],
+  ["D4",0x2558],
+  ["D3",0x2559],
+  ["C8",0x255A],
+  ["BE",0x255B],
+  ["BD",0x255C],
+  ["BC",0x255D],
+  ["C6",0x255E],
+  ["C7",0x255F],
+  ["CC",0x2560],
+  ["B5",0x2561],
+  ["B6",0x2562],
+  ["B9",0x2563],
+  ["D1",0x2564],
+  ["D2",0x2565],
+  ["CB",0x2566],
+  ["CF",0x2567],
+  ["D0",0x2568],
+  ["CA",0x2569],
+  ["D8",0x256A],
+  ["D7",0x256B],
+  ["CE",0x256C],
+  ["DF",0x2580],
+  ["DC",0x2584],
+  ["DB",0x2588],
+  ["DD",0x258C],
+  ["DE",0x2590],
+  ["B0",0x2591],
+  ["B1",0x2592],
+  ["B2",0x2593],
+  ["FE",0x25A0],
+]
diff --git a/enc/trans/newline.trans b/enc/trans/newline.trans
index a200ec00a7..9e763407f9 100644
--- a/enc/trans/newline.trans
+++ b/enc/trans/newline.trans
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ rb_universal_newline = {
     2, /* max_output */
     asciicompat_converter, /* asciicompat_type */
     2, universal_newline_init, universal_newline_init, /* state_size, state_init, state_fini */
-    NULL, NULL, NULL, fun_so_universal_newline,
+    0, 0, 0, fun_so_universal_newline,
     universal_newline_finish
 };
 
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ rb_crlf_newline = {
     1, /* max_input */
     2, /* max_output */
     asciicompat_converter, /* asciicompat_type */
-    0, NULL, NULL, /* state_size, state_init, state_fini */
-    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL
+    0, 0, 0, /* state_size, state_init, state_fini */
+    0, 0, 0, 0
 };
 
 static const rb_transcoder
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ rb_cr_newline = {
     1, /* max_input */
     1, /* max_output */
     asciicompat_converter, /* asciicompat_type */
-    0, NULL, NULL, /* state_size, state_init, state_fini */
-    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL
+    0, 0, 0, /* state_size, state_init, state_fini */
+    0, 0, 0, 0
 };
 
 void
diff --git a/enc/trans/single_byte.trans b/enc/trans/single_byte.trans
index cf521bed38..0d5407b918 100644
--- a/enc/trans/single_byte.trans
+++ b/enc/trans/single_byte.trans
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@
   transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "WINDOWS-1256"
   transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "WINDOWS-1257"
   transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM437"
-  transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM775"
+  transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM720"
   transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM737"
+  transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM775"
   transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM852"
   transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM855"
   transcode_tblgen_singlebyte "IBM857"
diff --git a/enc/unicode.c b/enc/unicode.c
index 72ff5a96e7..18fba02476 100644
--- a/enc/unicode.c
+++ b/enc/unicode.c
@@ -493,6 +493,10 @@ onigenc_unicode_get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigEncoding enc,
 #endif
 
   if ((to = onigenc_unicode_fold_lookup(code)) != 0) {
+    if (OnigCodePointCount(to->n) == 0) {
+      /* any codepoint should not be empty */
+      UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
+    }
     if (OnigCodePointCount(to->n) == 1) {
       OnigCodePoint orig_code = code;
 
@@ -683,8 +687,10 @@ onigenc_unicode_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP,
 	  MODIFIED;
 	  if (flags & ONIGENC_CASE_FOLD_TURKISH_AZERI && code == 'i')
 	    code = I_WITH_DOT_ABOVE;
-	  else
-	    code += 'A' - 'a';
+          else {
+            code -= 'a';
+            code += 'A';
+          }
 	}
       }
       else if (code >= 'A' && code <= 'Z') {
@@ -717,7 +723,11 @@ onigenc_unicode_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP,
 	}
       }
       else if ((folded = onigenc_unicode_fold_lookup(code)) != 0) { /* data about character found in CaseFold_11_Table */
-	if ((flags & ONIGENC_CASE_TITLECASE)                                 /* Titlecase needed, */
+	if ((flags & ONIGENC_CASE_TITLECASE) && code>=0x1C90 && code<=0x1CBF) { /* Georgian MTAVRULI */
+          MODIFIED;
+	  code += 0x10D0 - 0x1C90;
+        }
+        else if ((flags & ONIGENC_CASE_TITLECASE)                            /* Titlecase needed, */
 	    && (OnigCaseFoldFlags(folded->n) & ONIGENC_CASE_IS_TITLECASE)) { /* but already Titlecase  */
 	  /* already Titlecase, no changes needed */
 	}
@@ -770,10 +780,15 @@ SpecialsCopy:
 	  }
 	}
       }
-      else if ((folded = onigenc_unicode_unfold1_lookup(code)) != 0  /* data about character found in CaseUnfold_11_Table */
-	  && flags & OnigCaseFoldFlags(folded->n)) { /* needs and data availability match */
-	MODIFIED;
-	code = folded->code[(flags & OnigCaseFoldFlags(folded->n) & ONIGENC_CASE_TITLECASE) ? 1 : 0];
+      else if ((folded = onigenc_unicode_unfold1_lookup(code)) != 0) { /* data about character found in CaseUnfold_11_Table */
+	if ((flags & ONIGENC_CASE_TITLECASE)                                 /* Titlecase needed, */
+	    && (OnigCaseFoldFlags(folded->n) & ONIGENC_CASE_IS_TITLECASE)) { /* but already Titlecase */
+	  /* already Titlecase, no changes needed */
+	}
+	else if (flags & OnigCaseFoldFlags(folded->n)) { /* needs and data availability match */
+	  MODIFIED;
+	  code = folded->code[(flags & OnigCaseFoldFlags(folded->n) & ONIGENC_CASE_TITLECASE) ? 1 : 0];
+	}
       }
     }
     to += ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, code, to);
diff --git a/enc/unicode/12.1.0/casefold.h b/enc/unicode/12.1.0/casefold.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c62f0faee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enc/unicode/12.1.0/casefold.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7428 @@
+/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE. */
+/* Generated by enc/unicode/case-folding.rb */
+
+#if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 12 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 1 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
+      1)
+# error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
+#endif
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "12.1.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 12
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 1
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
+
+static const CaseFold_11_Type CaseFold_11_Table[] = {
+#define CaseFold (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[1485])(CaseFold_11_Table+0))
+  {0x0041, {1|F|D, {0x0061}}},
+  {0x0042, {1|F|D, {0x0062}}},
+  {0x0043, {1|F|D, {0x0063}}},
+  {0x0044, {1|F|D, {0x0064}}},
+  {0x0045, {1|F|D, {0x0065}}},
+  {0x0046, {1|F|D, {0x0066}}},
+  {0x0047, {1|F|D, {0x0067}}},
+  {0x0048, {1|F|D, {0x0068}}},
+  {0x004a, {1|F|D, {0x006a}}},
+  {0x004b, {1|F|D, {0x006b}}},
+  {0x004c, {1|F|D, {0x006c}}},
+  {0x004d, {1|F|D, {0x006d}}},
+  {0x004e, {1|F|D, {0x006e}}},
+  {0x004f, {1|F|D, {0x006f}}},
+  {0x0050, {1|F|D, {0x0070}}},
+  {0x0051, {1|F|D, {0x0071}}},
+  {0x0052, {1|F|D, {0x0072}}},
+  {0x0053, {1|F|D, {0x0073}}},
+  {0x0054, {1|F|D, {0x0074}}},
+  {0x0055, {1|F|D, {0x0075}}},
+  {0x0056, {1|F|D, {0x0076}}},
+  {0x0057, {1|F|D, {0x0077}}},
+  {0x0058, {1|F|D, {0x0078}}},
+  {0x0059, {1|F|D, {0x0079}}},
+  {0x005a, {1|F|D, {0x007a}}},
+  {0x00b5, {1|F|SU|I(0), {0x03bc}}},
+  {0x00c0, {1|F|D, {0x00e0}}},
+  {0x00c1, {1|F|D, {0x00e1}}},
+  {0x00c2, {1|F|D, {0x00e2}}},
+  {0x00c3, {1|F|D, {0x00e3}}},
+  {0x00c4, {1|F|D, {0x00e4}}},
+  {0x00c5, {1|F|D, {0x00e5}}},
+  {0x00c6, {1|F|D, {0x00e6}}},
+  {0x00c7, {1|F|D, {0x00e7}}},
+  {0x00c8, {1|F|D, {0x00e8}}},
+  {0x00c9, {1|F|D, {0x00e9}}},
+  {0x00ca, {1|F|D, {0x00ea}}},
+  {0x00cb, {1|F|D, {0x00eb}}},
+  {0x00cc, {1|F|D, {0x00ec}}},
+  {0x00cd, {1|F|D, {0x00ed}}},
+  {0x00ce, {1|F|D, {0x00ee}}},
+  {0x00cf, {1|F|D, {0x00ef}}},
+  {0x00d0, {1|F|D, {0x00f0}}},
+  {0x00d1, {1|F|D, {0x00f1}}},
+  {0x00d2, {1|F|D, {0x00f2}}},
+  {0x00d3, {1|F|D, {0x00f3}}},
+  {0x00d4, {1|F|D, {0x00f4}}},
+  {0x00d5, {1|F|D, {0x00f5}}},
+  {0x00d6, {1|F|D, {0x00f6}}},
+  {0x00d8, {1|F|D, {0x00f8}}},
+  {0x00d9, {1|F|D, {0x00f9}}},
+  {0x00da, {1|F|D, {0x00fa}}},
+  {0x00db, {1|F|D, {0x00fb}}},
+  {0x00dc, {1|F|D, {0x00fc}}},
+  {0x00dd, {1|F|D, {0x00fd}}},
+  {0x00de, {1|F|D, {0x00fe}}},
+  {0x00df, {2|F|ST|SU|I(1), {0x0073, 0x0073}}},
+  {0x0100, {1|F|D, {0x0101}}},
+  {0x0102, {1|F|D, {0x0103}}},
+  {0x0104, {1|F|D, {0x0105}}},
+  {0x0106, {1|F|D, {0x0107}}},
+  {0x0108, {1|F|D, {0x0109}}},
+  {0x010a, {1|F|D, {0x010b}}},
+  {0x010c, {1|F|D, {0x010d}}},
+  {0x010e, {1|F|D, {0x010f}}},
+  {0x0110, {1|F|D, {0x0111}}},
+  {0x0112, {1|F|D, {0x0113}}},
+  {0x0114, {1|F|D, {0x0115}}},
+  {0x0116, {1|F|D, {0x0117}}},
+  {0x0118, {1|F|D, {0x0119}}},
+  {0x011a, {1|F|D, {0x011b}}},
+  {0x011c, {1|F|D, {0x011d}}},
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+  {0x10c99, {1|F|D, {0x10cd9}}},
+  {0x10c9a, {1|F|D, {0x10cda}}},
+  {0x10c9b, {1|F|D, {0x10cdb}}},
+  {0x10c9c, {1|F|D, {0x10cdc}}},
+  {0x10c9d, {1|F|D, {0x10cdd}}},
+  {0x10c9e, {1|F|D, {0x10cde}}},
+  {0x10c9f, {1|F|D, {0x10cdf}}},
+  {0x10ca0, {1|F|D, {0x10ce0}}},
+  {0x10ca1, {1|F|D, {0x10ce1}}},
+  {0x10ca2, {1|F|D, {0x10ce2}}},
+  {0x10ca3, {1|F|D, {0x10ce3}}},
+  {0x10ca4, {1|F|D, {0x10ce4}}},
+  {0x10ca5, {1|F|D, {0x10ce5}}},
+  {0x10ca6, {1|F|D, {0x10ce6}}},
+  {0x10ca7, {1|F|D, {0x10ce7}}},
+  {0x10ca8, {1|F|D, {0x10ce8}}},
+  {0x10ca9, {1|F|D, {0x10ce9}}},
+  {0x10caa, {1|F|D, {0x10cea}}},
+  {0x10cab, {1|F|D, {0x10ceb}}},
+  {0x10cac, {1|F|D, {0x10cec}}},
+  {0x10cad, {1|F|D, {0x10ced}}},
+  {0x10cae, {1|F|D, {0x10cee}}},
+  {0x10caf, {1|F|D, {0x10cef}}},
+  {0x10cb0, {1|F|D, {0x10cf0}}},
+  {0x10cb1, {1|F|D, {0x10cf1}}},
+  {0x10cb2, {1|F|D, {0x10cf2}}},
+  {0x118a0, {1|F|D, {0x118c0}}},
+  {0x118a1, {1|F|D, {0x118c1}}},
+  {0x118a2, {1|F|D, {0x118c2}}},
+  {0x118a3, {1|F|D, {0x118c3}}},
+  {0x118a4, {1|F|D, {0x118c4}}},
+  {0x118a5, {1|F|D, {0x118c5}}},
+  {0x118a6, {1|F|D, {0x118c6}}},
+  {0x118a7, {1|F|D, {0x118c7}}},
+  {0x118a8, {1|F|D, {0x118c8}}},
+  {0x118a9, {1|F|D, {0x118c9}}},
+  {0x118aa, {1|F|D, {0x118ca}}},
+  {0x118ab, {1|F|D, {0x118cb}}},
+  {0x118ac, {1|F|D, {0x118cc}}},
+  {0x118ad, {1|F|D, {0x118cd}}},
+  {0x118ae, {1|F|D, {0x118ce}}},
+  {0x118af, {1|F|D, {0x118cf}}},
+  {0x118b0, {1|F|D, {0x118d0}}},
+  {0x118b1, {1|F|D, {0x118d1}}},
+  {0x118b2, {1|F|D, {0x118d2}}},
+  {0x118b3, {1|F|D, {0x118d3}}},
+  {0x118b4, {1|F|D, {0x118d4}}},
+  {0x118b5, {1|F|D, {0x118d5}}},
+  {0x118b6, {1|F|D, {0x118d6}}},
+  {0x118b7, {1|F|D, {0x118d7}}},
+  {0x118b8, {1|F|D, {0x118d8}}},
+  {0x118b9, {1|F|D, {0x118d9}}},
+  {0x118ba, {1|F|D, {0x118da}}},
+  {0x118bb, {1|F|D, {0x118db}}},
+  {0x118bc, {1|F|D, {0x118dc}}},
+  {0x118bd, {1|F|D, {0x118dd}}},
+  {0x118be, {1|F|D, {0x118de}}},
+  {0x118bf, {1|F|D, {0x118df}}},
+  {0x16e40, {1|F|D, {0x16e60}}},
+  {0x16e41, {1|F|D, {0x16e61}}},
+  {0x16e42, {1|F|D, {0x16e62}}},
+  {0x16e43, {1|F|D, {0x16e63}}},
+  {0x16e44, {1|F|D, {0x16e64}}},
+  {0x16e45, {1|F|D, {0x16e65}}},
+  {0x16e46, {1|F|D, {0x16e66}}},
+  {0x16e47, {1|F|D, {0x16e67}}},
+  {0x16e48, {1|F|D, {0x16e68}}},
+  {0x16e49, {1|F|D, {0x16e69}}},
+  {0x16e4a, {1|F|D, {0x16e6a}}},
+  {0x16e4b, {1|F|D, {0x16e6b}}},
+  {0x16e4c, {1|F|D, {0x16e6c}}},
+  {0x16e4d, {1|F|D, {0x16e6d}}},
+  {0x16e4e, {1|F|D, {0x16e6e}}},
+  {0x16e4f, {1|F|D, {0x16e6f}}},
+  {0x16e50, {1|F|D, {0x16e70}}},
+  {0x16e51, {1|F|D, {0x16e71}}},
+  {0x16e52, {1|F|D, {0x16e72}}},
+  {0x16e53, {1|F|D, {0x16e73}}},
+  {0x16e54, {1|F|D, {0x16e74}}},
+  {0x16e55, {1|F|D, {0x16e75}}},
+  {0x16e56, {1|F|D, {0x16e76}}},
+  {0x16e57, {1|F|D, {0x16e77}}},
+  {0x16e58, {1|F|D, {0x16e78}}},
+  {0x16e59, {1|F|D, {0x16e79}}},
+  {0x16e5a, {1|F|D, {0x16e7a}}},
+  {0x16e5b, {1|F|D, {0x16e7b}}},
+  {0x16e5c, {1|F|D, {0x16e7c}}},
+  {0x16e5d, {1|F|D, {0x16e7d}}},
+  {0x16e5e, {1|F|D, {0x16e7e}}},
+  {0x16e5f, {1|F|D, {0x16e7f}}},
+  {0x1e900, {1|F|D, {0x1e922}}},
+  {0x1e901, {1|F|D, {0x1e923}}},
+  {0x1e902, {1|F|D, {0x1e924}}},
+  {0x1e903, {1|F|D, {0x1e925}}},
+  {0x1e904, {1|F|D, {0x1e926}}},
+  {0x1e905, {1|F|D, {0x1e927}}},
+  {0x1e906, {1|F|D, {0x1e928}}},
+  {0x1e907, {1|F|D, {0x1e929}}},
+  {0x1e908, {1|F|D, {0x1e92a}}},
+  {0x1e909, {1|F|D, {0x1e92b}}},
+  {0x1e90a, {1|F|D, {0x1e92c}}},
+  {0x1e90b, {1|F|D, {0x1e92d}}},
+  {0x1e90c, {1|F|D, {0x1e92e}}},
+  {0x1e90d, {1|F|D, {0x1e92f}}},
+  {0x1e90e, {1|F|D, {0x1e930}}},
+  {0x1e90f, {1|F|D, {0x1e931}}},
+  {0x1e910, {1|F|D, {0x1e932}}},
+  {0x1e911, {1|F|D, {0x1e933}}},
+  {0x1e912, {1|F|D, {0x1e934}}},
+  {0x1e913, {1|F|D, {0x1e935}}},
+  {0x1e914, {1|F|D, {0x1e936}}},
+  {0x1e915, {1|F|D, {0x1e937}}},
+  {0x1e916, {1|F|D, {0x1e938}}},
+  {0x1e917, {1|F|D, {0x1e939}}},
+  {0x1e918, {1|F|D, {0x1e93a}}},
+  {0x1e919, {1|F|D, {0x1e93b}}},
+  {0x1e91a, {1|F|D, {0x1e93c}}},
+  {0x1e91b, {1|F|D, {0x1e93d}}},
+  {0x1e91c, {1|F|D, {0x1e93e}}},
+  {0x1e91d, {1|F|D, {0x1e93f}}},
+  {0x1e91e, {1|F|D, {0x1e940}}},
+  {0x1e91f, {1|F|D, {0x1e941}}},
+  {0x1e920, {1|F|D, {0x1e942}}},
+  {0x1e921, {1|F|D, {0x1e943}}},
+#define CaseFold_Locale (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[2])(CaseFold_11_Table+1485))
+  {0x0049, {1|F|D, {0x0069}}},
+  {0x0130, {2|F|D, {0x0069, 0x0307}}},
+};
+
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
+/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup -n  */
+
+/* maximum key range = 3500, duplicates = 0 */
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
+#endif
+/*ARGSUSED*/
+static unsigned int
+onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash(const OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
+    {
+         5,  273,    4,    8,    3,    1,   86,    9,    2,  289,
+       290,    3, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510,
+      3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510,   50, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510,
+      3510, 3510, 3510,  225, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510,   28,
+      3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510,  394,
+      3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510, 3510,   47, 3510, 3510,
+       255,   40,  286,    1, 3510, 3510,  599,    8, 3510, 3510,
+      3510, 3510, 3510,  282, 3510, 3510,  267,  667,  473,   39,
+      2019,  189,   47,  175, 2001,  107, 1626,    6,   12,   25,
+      1961,  678, 1128,  526, 1945,  148, 1923,  371, 1720,  134,
+      1857,   80, 1375,   66, 1705,  300, 1635,  445, 1611,  472,
+      1795,  216, 1303,  499, 1552,  270, 1511,  243,  121,  619,
+      1284,  540,  875,  592, 1484,  567,  412,  703, 1692,  387,
+      1782,  781, 1767,  664, 1718,  648, 1316,  608, 1647,  715,
+      1592,  771, 1544, 1029, 1563,  887, 1296,  861, 1194,  978,
+        95,  899, 1257,  835, 1335,  765, 1529,  984,  862,  938,
+      1460,  759,  329, 1079, 1159,  940,  234, 1101, 1204,  990,
+       949, 1493,   92, 1438,   77, 1391,    7, 1073,   44, 1377,
+         2, 1435,    4, 1321,  428, 1274,  332, 1206,   11, 1426,
+        46,  478,  200, 1502,   31, 1400,  153, 1663,  352, 1820,
+       229, 1733,  265, 1405,  315, 1879,  198
+    };
+  return asso_values[bits_of(code, 2)+79] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 1)] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 0)];
+}
+
+static const CodePointList3 *
+onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  enum
+    {
+      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x41,
+      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1e921,
+      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1487,
+      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
+      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
+      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 10,
+      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 3509
+    };
+
+  static const short wordlist[] =
+    {
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1fe7*/ 848,
+      /*0x10408*/ 1268,
+      /*0x1f88*/ 775,
+      /*0x0408*/ 305,
+      /*0x0208*/ 194,
+      /*0x0108*/ 61,
+      /*0xab88*/ 1166,
+      /*0x10409*/ 1269,
+      /*0x1f89*/ 776,
+      /*0x0409*/ 306,
+      /*0x0388*/ 235,
+      /*0x2c67*/ 962,
+      /*0xab89*/ 1167,
+      /*0x2c08*/ 919,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0189*/ 126,
+      /*0x0389*/ 236,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c6d*/ 965,
+      /*0x2c09*/ 920,
+      /*0x1040a*/ 1270,
+      /*0x1f8a*/ 777,
+      /*0x040a*/ 307,
+      /*0x020a*/ 195,
+      /*0x010a*/ 62,
+      /*0xab8a*/ 1168,
+      /*0x2c88*/ 977,
+      /*0x1ff3*/ 855,
+      /*0x018a*/ 127,
+      /*0x038a*/ 237,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2ced*/ 1024,
+      /*0x2c0a*/ 921,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10400*/ 1260,
+      /*0x1f80*/ 767,
+      /*0x0400*/ 297,
+      /*0x0200*/ 190,
+      /*0x0100*/ 57,
+      /*0xab80*/ 1158,
+      /*0x1fe3*/ 845,
+      /*0x1e88*/ 653,
+      /*0x10403*/ 1263,
+      /*0x1f83*/ 770,
+      /*0x0403*/ 300,
+      /*0x2c8a*/ 978,
+      /*0x2c00*/ 911,
+      /*0xab83*/ 1161,
+      /*0x1c88*/ 538,
+      /*0x10c88*/ 1344,
+      /*0x2183*/ 884,
+      /*0x2c63*/ 960,
+      /*0x1e908*/ 1459,
+      /*0x2c6f*/ 967,
+      /*0x2c03*/ 914,
+      /*0x10c89*/ 1345,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e909*/ 1460,
+      /*0x2c80*/ 973,
+      /*0x1e8a*/ 654,
+      /*0x10418*/ 1284,
+      /*0x1f98*/ 791,
+      /*0x0418*/ 321,
+      /*0x0218*/ 202,
+      /*0x0118*/ 69,
+      /*0xab98*/ 1182,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10c8a*/ 1346,
+      /*0x0198*/ 137,
+      /*0x0398*/ 249,
+      /*0x1e90a*/ 1461,
+      /*0xa780*/ 1105,
+      /*0x2c18*/ 935,
+      /*0x1e80*/ 649,
+      /*0x10416*/ 1282,
+      /*0x1f96*/ 789,
+      /*0x0416*/ 319,
+      /*0x0216*/ 201,
+      /*0x0116*/ 68,
+      /*0xab96*/ 1180,
+      /*0x1c80*/ 530,
+      /*0x10c80*/ 1336,
+      /*0x0196*/ 135,
+      /*0x0396*/ 247,
+      /*0x1e900*/ 1451,
+      /*0x2c98*/ 985,
+      /*0x2c16*/ 933,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1c83*/ 533,
+      /*0x10c83*/ 1339,
+      /*0x1fc7*/ 830,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e903*/ 1454,
+      /*0x0147*/ 91,
+      /*0x0047*/ 6,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01c7*/ 159,
+      /*0xa798*/ 1114,
+      /*0x2c96*/ 984,
+      /*0x1e98*/ 662,
+      /*0x10406*/ 1266,
+      /*0x1f86*/ 773,
+      /*0x0406*/ 303,
+      /*0x0206*/ 193,
+      /*0x0106*/ 60,
+      /*0xab86*/ 1164,
+      /*0x1c98*/ 547,
+      /*0x10c98*/ 1360,
+      /*0x0186*/ 124,
+      /*0x0386*/ 234,
+      /*0x1e918*/ 1475,
+      /*0xa796*/ 1113,
+      /*0x2c06*/ 917,
+      /*0x1e96*/ 660,
+      /*0x10427*/ 1299,
+      /*0x1fa7*/ 806,
+      /*0x0427*/ 336,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xaba7*/ 1197,
+      /*0x1c96*/ 545,
+      /*0x10c96*/ 1358,
+      /*0x01a7*/ 145,
+      /*0x03a7*/ 263,
+      /*0x1e916*/ 1473,
+      /*0x2c86*/ 976,
+      /*0x2c27*/ 950,
+      /*0x10414*/ 1280,
+      /*0x1f94*/ 787,
+      /*0x0414*/ 317,
+      /*0x0214*/ 200,
+      /*0x0114*/ 67,
+      /*0xab94*/ 1178,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x0194*/ 134,
+      /*0x0394*/ 245,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa786*/ 1108,
+      /*0x2c14*/ 931,
+      /*0x1e86*/ 652,
+      /*0x10410*/ 1276,
+      /*0x1f90*/ 783,
+      /*0x0410*/ 313,
+      /*0x0210*/ 198,
+      /*0x0110*/ 65,
+      /*0xab90*/ 1174,
+      /*0x1c86*/ 536,
+      /*0x10c86*/ 1342,
+      /*0x0190*/ 131,
+      /*0x0390*/ 241,
+      /*0x1e906*/ 1457,
+      /*0x2c94*/ 983,
+      /*0x2c10*/ 927,
+      -1,
+      /*0x03f5*/ 290,
+      /*0xfb00*/ 1222,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c75*/ 970,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1ca7*/ 562,
+      /*0x10ca7*/ 1375,
+      -1,
+      /*0xfb03*/ 1225,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c90*/ 981,
+      /*0x1e94*/ 659,
+      /*0x10404*/ 1264,
+      /*0x1f84*/ 771,
+      /*0x0404*/ 301,
+      /*0x0204*/ 192,
+      /*0x0104*/ 59,
+      /*0xab84*/ 1162,
+      /*0x1c94*/ 543,
+      /*0x10c94*/ 1356,
+      /*0x0184*/ 123,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e914*/ 1471,
+      /*0xa790*/ 1111,
+      /*0x2c04*/ 915,
+      /*0x1e90*/ 657,
+      /*0x10402*/ 1262,
+      /*0x1f82*/ 769,
+      /*0x0402*/ 299,
+      /*0x0202*/ 191,
+      /*0x0102*/ 58,
+      /*0xab82*/ 1160,
+      /*0x1c90*/ 539,
+      /*0x10c90*/ 1352,
+      /*0x0182*/ 122,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e910*/ 1467,
+      /*0x2c84*/ 975,
+      /*0x2c02*/ 913,
+      /*0x017f*/ 120,
+      -1,
+      /*0xfb16*/ 1232,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x03ff*/ 296,
+      /*0x01f1*/ 181,
+      /*0x03f1*/ 288,
+      /*0x2c7f*/ 972,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa784*/ 1107,
+      /*0x2c82*/ 974,
+      /*0x1e84*/ 651,
+      /*0x10420*/ 1292,
+      /*0x1fa0*/ 799,
+      /*0x0420*/ 329,
+      /*0x0220*/ 206,
+      /*0x0120*/ 73,
+      /*0xaba0*/ 1190,
+      /*0x1c84*/ 534,
+      /*0x10c84*/ 1340,
+      /*0x01a0*/ 141,
+      /*0x03a0*/ 257,
+      /*0x1e904*/ 1455,
+      /*0xa782*/ 1106,
+      /*0x2c20*/ 943,
+      /*0x1e82*/ 650,
+      /*0x1ff9*/ 860,
+      /*0xfb06*/ 1228,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0179*/ 117,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1fd7*/ 839,
+      /*0x1c82*/ 532,
+      /*0x10c82*/ 1338,
+      /*0x03f9*/ 292,
+      /*0x0057*/ 21,
+      /*0x1e902*/ 1453,
+      /*0x2ca0*/ 989,
+      /*0x01d7*/ 168,
+      /*0x10426*/ 1298,
+      /*0x1fa6*/ 805,
+      /*0x0426*/ 335,
+      /*0x0226*/ 209,
+      /*0x0126*/ 76,
+      /*0xaba6*/ 1196,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01a6*/ 144,
+      /*0x03a6*/ 262,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa7a0*/ 1118,
+      /*0x2c26*/ 949,
+      /*0x1ea0*/ 667,
+      /*0x13f9*/ 525,
+      /*0xfb14*/ 1230,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e08*/ 589,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1ca0*/ 555,
+      /*0x10ca0*/ 1368,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1ffb*/ 862,
+      /*0x1e920*/ 1483,
+      /*0x2ca6*/ 992,
+      /*0x017b*/ 118,
+      /*0x10424*/ 1296,
+      /*0x1fa4*/ 803,
+      /*0x0424*/ 333,
+      /*0x0224*/ 208,
+      /*0x0124*/ 75,
+      /*0xaba4*/ 1194,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01a4*/ 143,
+      /*0x03a4*/ 260,
+      /*0x1e0a*/ 590,
+      /*0xa7a6*/ 1121,
+      /*0x2c24*/ 947,
+      /*0x1ea6*/ 670,
+      /*0x037f*/ 233,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1ca6*/ 561,
+      /*0x10ca6*/ 1374,
+      /*0x1f08*/ 715,
+      /*0x13fb*/ 527,
+      /*0x1e00*/ 585,
+      /*0x2ca4*/ 991,
+      /*0x0508*/ 425,
+      /*0x1f6d*/ 764,
+      /*0x1f09*/ 716,
+      /*0xfb04*/ 1226,
+      /*0x1041a*/ 1286,
+      /*0x1f9a*/ 793,
+      /*0x041a*/ 323,
+      /*0x021a*/ 203,
+      /*0x011a*/ 70,
+      /*0xab9a*/ 1184,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa7a4*/ 1120,
+      /*0x039a*/ 251,
+      /*0x1ea4*/ 669,
+      /*0x1f0a*/ 717,
+      /*0x2c1a*/ 937,
+      /*0xfb02*/ 1224,
+      /*0x048a*/ 362,
+      /*0x050a*/ 426,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1ca4*/ 559,
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+      /*0x00c1*/ 27,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1c9f*/ 554,
+      /*0x10c9f*/ 1367,
+      /*0xfb13*/ 1229,
+      /*0x24c1*/ 896,
+      /*0x1e91f*/ 1482,
+      -1,
+      /*0x13f8*/ 524,
+      /*0xa764*/ 1095,
+      /*0x104c1*/ 1317,
+      -1,
+      /*0x04c1*/ 390,
+      /*0x0541*/ 461,
+      /*0xab79*/ 1151,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10415*/ 1281,
+      /*0x1f95*/ 788,
+      /*0x0415*/ 318,
+      /*0x1ef8*/ 711,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab95*/ 1179,
+      /*0xa760*/ 1093,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x0395*/ 246,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c15*/ 932,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10bb*/ 511,
+      /*0x216a*/ 878,
+      /*0x24bd*/ 892,
+      -1,
+      /*0x118ad*/ 1400,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1f3d*/ 742,
+      /*0x104bd*/ 1313,
+      -1,
+      /*0x047e*/ 360,
+      /*0x053d*/ 457,
+      /*0x16e52*/ 1437,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x01fe*/ 189,
+      /*0x03fe*/ 295,
+      /*0x16e4c*/ 1431,
+      /*0xab7b*/ 1153,
+      /*0x2c7e*/ 971,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f1d*/ 728,
+      /*0xa76e*/ 1100,
+      /*0xff2d*/ 1246,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118a5*/ 1392,
+      /*0x1c95*/ 544,
+      /*0x10c95*/ 1357,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa766*/ 1096,
+      /*0x1e915*/ 1472,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa75e*/ 1092,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10b1*/ 501,
+      /*0x1e76*/ 644,
+      /*0x1efe*/ 714,
+      /*0x2168*/ 876,
+      /*0x1f1b*/ 726,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10411*/ 1277,
+      /*0x1f91*/ 784,
+      /*0x0411*/ 314,
+      /*0xff25*/ 1238,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab91*/ 1175,
+      /*0x24bb*/ 890,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0191*/ 132,
+      /*0x0391*/ 242,
+      /*0x1f3b*/ 740,
+      /*0x104bb*/ 1311,
+      /*0x2c11*/ 928,
+      /*0x118bf*/ 1418,
+      /*0x053b*/ 455,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xab7d*/ 1155,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10b7*/ 507,
+      /*0x118a3*/ 1390,
+      /*0x1040f*/ 1275,
+      /*0x1f8f*/ 782,
+      /*0x040f*/ 312,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xab8f*/ 1173,
+      -1,
+      /*0x04f6*/ 416,
+      /*0x018f*/ 130,
+      /*0x038f*/ 240,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c0f*/ 926,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e4a*/ 1429,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1040b*/ 1271,
+      /*0x1f8b*/ 778,
+      /*0x040b*/ 308,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa75c*/ 1091,
+      /*0xab8b*/ 1169,
+      /*0xff23*/ 1236,
+      -1,
+      /*0x018b*/ 128,
+      /*0x1c91*/ 540,
+      /*0x10c91*/ 1353,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c0b*/ 922,
+      /*0x1e911*/ 1468,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2164*/ 872,
+      /*0xab77*/ 1149,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104b1*/ 1301,
+      -1,
+      /*0xfb15*/ 1231,
+      /*0x0531*/ 445,
+      -1,
+      /*0x118bd*/ 1416,
+      /*0x16e44*/ 1423,
+      /*0x16e4f*/ 1434,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e7a*/ 646,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2160*/ 868,
+      /*0x1f19*/ 724,
+      /*0x10b5*/ 505,
+      /*0x10c8f*/ 1351,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e90f*/ 1466,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa78b*/ 1109,
+      /*0x24b7*/ 886,
+      /*0x10405*/ 1265,
+      /*0x1f85*/ 772,
+      /*0x0405*/ 302,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104b7*/ 1307,
+      /*0xab85*/ 1163,
+      /*0x10b3*/ 503,
+      /*0x0537*/ 451,
+      /*0x10c8b*/ 1347,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e42*/ 1421,
+      /*0x1e90b*/ 1462,
+      /*0x2c05*/ 916,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10401*/ 1261,
+      /*0x1f81*/ 768,
+      /*0x0401*/ 298,
+      /*0x04fa*/ 418,
+      /*0x16e48*/ 1427,
+      /*0xab81*/ 1159,
+      /*0x216e*/ 882,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0181*/ 121,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c01*/ 912,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2166*/ 874,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118bb*/ 1414,
+      /*0x00b5*/ 25,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1c85*/ 535,
+      /*0x10c85*/ 1341,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e905*/ 1456,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104b5*/ 1305,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x0535*/ 449,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e50*/ 1435,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e56*/ 1441,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1c81*/ 531,
+      /*0x10c81*/ 1337,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104b3*/ 1303,
+      /*0x1e901*/ 1452,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0533*/ 447,
+      /*0x16e5b*/ 1446,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e78*/ 645,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x118b1*/ 1404,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e46*/ 1425,
+      /*0xab70*/ 1142,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff31*/ 1250,
+      /*0x16e4e*/ 1433,
+      /*0x04f8*/ 417,
+      /*0x118b7*/ 1410,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e5a*/ 1445,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xfb05*/ 1227,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xff37*/ 1256,
+      /*0x1e7e*/ 648,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xfb01*/ 1223,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e40*/ 1419,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118b5*/ 1408,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x04fe*/ 420,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x118b3*/ 1406,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xff35*/ 1254,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xff33*/ 1252,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e54*/ 1439,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e58*/ 1443,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f0f*/ 722,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f0b*/ 718,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e55*/ 1440,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e45*/ 1424,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e59*/ 1444,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa77e*/ 1104,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e49*/ 1428,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e43*/ 1422,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e4b*/ 1430,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e5e*/ 1449,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e51*/ 1436,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e5c*/ 1447,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e4d*/ 1432,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e41*/ 1420,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xab74*/ 1146,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab7c*/ 1154,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab72*/ 1144,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab76*/ 1148,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab7a*/ 1152,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xab78*/ 1150,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xab7e*/ 1156
+    };
+
+  if (code <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && code >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
+    {
+      register unsigned int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash(code);
+
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
+        {
+          register short s = wordlist[key];
+
+          if (s >= 0 && code1_equal(code, CaseFold_11_Table[s].from))
+            return &CaseFold_11_Table[s].to;
+        }
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static const CaseUnfold_11_Type CaseUnfold_11_Table[] = {
+#define CaseUnfold_11 (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1352])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+0))
+  {0x0061, {1|U, {0x0041}}},
+  {0x0062, {1|U, {0x0042}}},
+  {0x0063, {1|U, {0x0043}}},
+  {0x0064, {1|U, {0x0044}}},
+  {0x0065, {1|U, {0x0045}}},
+  {0x0066, {1|U, {0x0046}}},
+  {0x0067, {1|U, {0x0047}}},
+  {0x0068, {1|U, {0x0048}}},
+  {0x006a, {1|U, {0x004a}}},
+  {0x006b, {2|U, {0x004b, 0x212a}}},
+  {0x006c, {1|U, {0x004c}}},
+  {0x006d, {1|U, {0x004d}}},
+  {0x006e, {1|U, {0x004e}}},
+  {0x006f, {1|U, {0x004f}}},
+  {0x0070, {1|U, {0x0050}}},
+  {0x0071, {1|U, {0x0051}}},
+  {0x0072, {1|U, {0x0052}}},
+  {0x0073, {2|U, {0x0053, 0x017f}}},
+  {0x0074, {1|U, {0x0054}}},
+  {0x0075, {1|U, {0x0055}}},
+  {0x0076, {1|U, {0x0056}}},
+  {0x0077, {1|U, {0x0057}}},
+  {0x0078, {1|U, {0x0058}}},
+  {0x0079, {1|U, {0x0059}}},
+  {0x007a, {1|U, {0x005a}}},
+  {0x00e0, {1|U, {0x00c0}}},
+  {0x00e1, {1|U, {0x00c1}}},
+  {0x00e2, {1|U, {0x00c2}}},
+  {0x00e3, {1|U, {0x00c3}}},
+  {0x00e4, {1|U, {0x00c4}}},
+  {0x00e5, {2|U, {0x00c5, 0x212b}}},
+  {0x00e6, {1|U, {0x00c6}}},
+  {0x00e7, {1|U, {0x00c7}}},
+  {0x00e8, {1|U, {0x00c8}}},
+  {0x00e9, {1|U, {0x00c9}}},
+  {0x00ea, {1|U, {0x00ca}}},
+  {0x00eb, {1|U, {0x00cb}}},
+  {0x00ec, {1|U, {0x00cc}}},
+  {0x00ed, {1|U, {0x00cd}}},
+  {0x00ee, {1|U, {0x00ce}}},
+  {0x00ef, {1|U, {0x00cf}}},
+  {0x00f0, {1|U, {0x00d0}}},
+  {0x00f1, {1|U, {0x00d1}}},
+  {0x00f2, {1|U, {0x00d2}}},
+  {0x00f3, {1|U, {0x00d3}}},
+  {0x00f4, {1|U, {0x00d4}}},
+  {0x00f5, {1|U, {0x00d5}}},
+  {0x00f6, {1|U, {0x00d6}}},
+  {0x00f8, {1|U, {0x00d8}}},
+  {0x00f9, {1|U, {0x00d9}}},
+  {0x00fa, {1|U, {0x00da}}},
+  {0x00fb, {1|U, {0x00db}}},
+  {0x00fc, {1|U, {0x00dc}}},
+  {0x00fd, {1|U, {0x00dd}}},
+  {0x00fe, {1|U, {0x00de}}},
+  {0x00ff, {1|U, {0x0178}}},
+  {0x0101, {1|U, {0x0100}}},
+  {0x0103, {1|U, {0x0102}}},
+  {0x0105, {1|U, {0x0104}}},
+  {0x0107, {1|U, {0x0106}}},
+  {0x0109, {1|U, {0x0108}}},
+  {0x010b, {1|U, {0x010a}}},
+  {0x010d, {1|U, {0x010c}}},
+  {0x010f, {1|U, {0x010e}}},
+  {0x0111, {1|U, {0x0110}}},
+  {0x0113, {1|U, {0x0112}}},
+  {0x0115, {1|U, {0x0114}}},
+  {0x0117, {1|U, {0x0116}}},
+  {0x0119, {1|U, {0x0118}}},
+  {0x011b, {1|U, {0x011a}}},
+  {0x011d, {1|U, {0x011c}}},
+  {0x011f, {1|U, {0x011e}}},
+  {0x0121, {1|U, {0x0120}}},
+  {0x0123, {1|U, {0x0122}}},
+  {0x0125, {1|U, {0x0124}}},
+  {0x0127, {1|U, {0x0126}}},
+  {0x0129, {1|U, {0x0128}}},
+  {0x012b, {1|U, {0x012a}}},
+  {0x012d, {1|U, {0x012c}}},
+  {0x012f, {1|U, {0x012e}}},
+  {0x0133, {1|U, {0x0132}}},
+  {0x0135, {1|U, {0x0134}}},
+  {0x0137, {1|U, {0x0136}}},
+  {0x013a, {1|U, {0x0139}}},
+  {0x013c, {1|U, {0x013b}}},
+  {0x013e, {1|U, {0x013d}}},
+  {0x0140, {1|U, {0x013f}}},
+  {0x0142, {1|U, {0x0141}}},
+  {0x0144, {1|U, {0x0143}}},
+  {0x0146, {1|U, {0x0145}}},
+  {0x0148, {1|U, {0x0147}}},
+  {0x014b, {1|U, {0x014a}}},
+  {0x014d, {1|U, {0x014c}}},
+  {0x014f, {1|U, {0x014e}}},
+  {0x0151, {1|U, {0x0150}}},
+  {0x0153, {1|U, {0x0152}}},
+  {0x0155, {1|U, {0x0154}}},
+  {0x0157, {1|U, {0x0156}}},
+  {0x0159, {1|U, {0x0158}}},
+  {0x015b, {1|U, {0x015a}}},
+  {0x015d, {1|U, {0x015c}}},
+  {0x015f, {1|U, {0x015e}}},
+  {0x0161, {1|U, {0x0160}}},
+  {0x0163, {1|U, {0x0162}}},
+  {0x0165, {1|U, {0x0164}}},
+  {0x0167, {1|U, {0x0166}}},
+  {0x0169, {1|U, {0x0168}}},
+  {0x016b, {1|U, {0x016a}}},
+  {0x016d, {1|U, {0x016c}}},
+  {0x016f, {1|U, {0x016e}}},
+  {0x0171, {1|U, {0x0170}}},
+  {0x0173, {1|U, {0x0172}}},
+  {0x0175, {1|U, {0x0174}}},
+  {0x0177, {1|U, {0x0176}}},
+  {0x017a, {1|U, {0x0179}}},
+  {0x017c, {1|U, {0x017b}}},
+  {0x017e, {1|U, {0x017d}}},
+  {0x0180, {1|U, {0x0243}}},
+  {0x0183, {1|U, {0x0182}}},
+  {0x0185, {1|U, {0x0184}}},
+  {0x0188, {1|U, {0x0187}}},
+  {0x018c, {1|U, {0x018b}}},
+  {0x0192, {1|U, {0x0191}}},
+  {0x0195, {1|U, {0x01f6}}},
+  {0x0199, {1|U, {0x0198}}},
+  {0x019a, {1|U, {0x023d}}},
+  {0x019e, {1|U, {0x0220}}},
+  {0x01a1, {1|U, {0x01a0}}},
+  {0x01a3, {1|U, {0x01a2}}},
+  {0x01a5, {1|U, {0x01a4}}},
+  {0x01a8, {1|U, {0x01a7}}},
+  {0x01ad, {1|U, {0x01ac}}},
+  {0x01b0, {1|U, {0x01af}}},
+  {0x01b4, {1|U, {0x01b3}}},
+  {0x01b6, {1|U, {0x01b5}}},
+  {0x01b9, {1|U, {0x01b8}}},
+  {0x01bd, {1|U, {0x01bc}}},
+  {0x01bf, {1|U, {0x01f7}}},
+  {0x01c6, {2|U|ST, {0x01c4, 0x01c5}}},
+  {0x01c9, {2|U|ST, {0x01c7, 0x01c8}}},
+  {0x01cc, {2|U|ST, {0x01ca, 0x01cb}}},
+  {0x01ce, {1|U, {0x01cd}}},
+  {0x01d0, {1|U, {0x01cf}}},
+  {0x01d2, {1|U, {0x01d1}}},
+  {0x01d4, {1|U, {0x01d3}}},
+  {0x01d6, {1|U, {0x01d5}}},
+  {0x01d8, {1|U, {0x01d7}}},
+  {0x01da, {1|U, {0x01d9}}},
+  {0x01dc, {1|U, {0x01db}}},
+  {0x01dd, {1|U, {0x018e}}},
+  {0x01df, {1|U, {0x01de}}},
+  {0x01e1, {1|U, {0x01e0}}},
+  {0x01e3, {1|U, {0x01e2}}},
+  {0x01e5, {1|U, {0x01e4}}},
+  {0x01e7, {1|U, {0x01e6}}},
+  {0x01e9, {1|U, {0x01e8}}},
+  {0x01eb, {1|U, {0x01ea}}},
+  {0x01ed, {1|U, {0x01ec}}},
+  {0x01ef, {1|U, {0x01ee}}},
+  {0x01f3, {2|U|ST, {0x01f1, 0x01f2}}},
+  {0x01f5, {1|U, {0x01f4}}},
+  {0x01f9, {1|U, {0x01f8}}},
+  {0x01fb, {1|U, {0x01fa}}},
+  {0x01fd, {1|U, {0x01fc}}},
+  {0x01ff, {1|U, {0x01fe}}},
+  {0x0201, {1|U, {0x0200}}},
+  {0x0203, {1|U, {0x0202}}},
+  {0x0205, {1|U, {0x0204}}},
+  {0x0207, {1|U, {0x0206}}},
+  {0x0209, {1|U, {0x0208}}},
+  {0x020b, {1|U, {0x020a}}},
+  {0x020d, {1|U, {0x020c}}},
+  {0x020f, {1|U, {0x020e}}},
+  {0x0211, {1|U, {0x0210}}},
+  {0x0213, {1|U, {0x0212}}},
+  {0x0215, {1|U, {0x0214}}},
+  {0x0217, {1|U, {0x0216}}},
+  {0x0219, {1|U, {0x0218}}},
+  {0x021b, {1|U, {0x021a}}},
+  {0x021d, {1|U, {0x021c}}},
+  {0x021f, {1|U, {0x021e}}},
+  {0x0223, {1|U, {0x0222}}},
+  {0x0225, {1|U, {0x0224}}},
+  {0x0227, {1|U, {0x0226}}},
+  {0x0229, {1|U, {0x0228}}},
+  {0x022b, {1|U, {0x022a}}},
+  {0x022d, {1|U, {0x022c}}},
+  {0x022f, {1|U, {0x022e}}},
+  {0x0231, {1|U, {0x0230}}},
+  {0x0233, {1|U, {0x0232}}},
+  {0x023c, {1|U, {0x023b}}},
+  {0x023f, {1|U, {0x2c7e}}},
+  {0x0240, {1|U, {0x2c7f}}},
+  {0x0242, {1|U, {0x0241}}},
+  {0x0247, {1|U, {0x0246}}},
+  {0x0249, {1|U, {0x0248}}},
+  {0x024b, {1|U, {0x024a}}},
+  {0x024d, {1|U, {0x024c}}},
+  {0x024f, {1|U, {0x024e}}},
+  {0x0250, {1|U, {0x2c6f}}},
+  {0x0251, {1|U, {0x2c6d}}},
+  {0x0252, {1|U, {0x2c70}}},
+  {0x0253, {1|U, {0x0181}}},
+  {0x0254, {1|U, {0x0186}}},
+  {0x0256, {1|U, {0x0189}}},
+  {0x0257, {1|U, {0x018a}}},
+  {0x0259, {1|U, {0x018f}}},
+  {0x025b, {1|U, {0x0190}}},
+  {0x025c, {1|U, {0xa7ab}}},
+  {0x0260, {1|U, {0x0193}}},
+  {0x0261, {1|U, {0xa7ac}}},
+  {0x0263, {1|U, {0x0194}}},
+  {0x0265, {1|U, {0xa78d}}},
+  {0x0266, {1|U, {0xa7aa}}},
+  {0x0268, {1|U, {0x0197}}},
+  {0x0269, {1|U, {0x0196}}},
+  {0x026a, {1|U, {0xa7ae}}},
+  {0x026b, {1|U, {0x2c62}}},
+  {0x026c, {1|U, {0xa7ad}}},
+  {0x026f, {1|U, {0x019c}}},
+  {0x0271, {1|U, {0x2c6e}}},
+  {0x0272, {1|U, {0x019d}}},
+  {0x0275, {1|U, {0x019f}}},
+  {0x027d, {1|U, {0x2c64}}},
+  {0x0280, {1|U, {0x01a6}}},
+  {0x0282, {1|U, {0xa7c5}}},
+  {0x0283, {1|U, {0x01a9}}},
+  {0x0287, {1|U, {0xa7b1}}},
+  {0x0288, {1|U, {0x01ae}}},
+  {0x0289, {1|U, {0x0244}}},
+  {0x028a, {1|U, {0x01b1}}},
+  {0x028b, {1|U, {0x01b2}}},
+  {0x028c, {1|U, {0x0245}}},
+  {0x0292, {1|U, {0x01b7}}},
+  {0x029d, {1|U, {0xa7b2}}},
+  {0x029e, {1|U, {0xa7b0}}},
+  {0x0371, {1|U, {0x0370}}},
+  {0x0373, {1|U, {0x0372}}},
+  {0x0377, {1|U, {0x0376}}},
+  {0x037b, {1|U, {0x03fd}}},
+  {0x037c, {1|U, {0x03fe}}},
+  {0x037d, {1|U, {0x03ff}}},
+  {0x03ac, {1|U, {0x0386}}},
+  {0x03ad, {1|U, {0x0388}}},
+  {0x03ae, {1|U, {0x0389}}},
+  {0x03af, {1|U, {0x038a}}},
+  {0x03b1, {1|U, {0x0391}}},
+  {0x03b2, {2|U, {0x0392, 0x03d0}}},
+  {0x03b3, {1|U, {0x0393}}},
+  {0x03b4, {1|U, {0x0394}}},
+  {0x03b5, {2|U, {0x0395, 0x03f5}}},
+  {0x03b6, {1|U, {0x0396}}},
+  {0x03b7, {1|U, {0x0397}}},
+  {0x03b8, {3|U, {0x0398, 0x03d1, 0x03f4}}},
+  {0x03b9, {3|U, {0x0399, 0x0345, 0x1fbe}}},
+  {0x03ba, {2|U, {0x039a, 0x03f0}}},
+  {0x03bb, {1|U, {0x039b}}},
+  {0x03bc, {2|U, {0x039c, 0x00b5}}},
+  {0x03bd, {1|U, {0x039d}}},
+  {0x03be, {1|U, {0x039e}}},
+  {0x03bf, {1|U, {0x039f}}},
+  {0x03c0, {2|U, {0x03a0, 0x03d6}}},
+  {0x03c1, {2|U, {0x03a1, 0x03f1}}},
+  {0x03c3, {2|U, {0x03a3, 0x03c2}}},
+  {0x03c4, {1|U, {0x03a4}}},
+  {0x03c5, {1|U, {0x03a5}}},
+  {0x03c6, {2|U, {0x03a6, 0x03d5}}},
+  {0x03c7, {1|U, {0x03a7}}},
+  {0x03c8, {1|U, {0x03a8}}},
+  {0x03c9, {2|U, {0x03a9, 0x2126}}},
+  {0x03ca, {1|U, {0x03aa}}},
+  {0x03cb, {1|U, {0x03ab}}},
+  {0x03cc, {1|U, {0x038c}}},
+  {0x03cd, {1|U, {0x038e}}},
+  {0x03ce, {1|U, {0x038f}}},
+  {0x03d7, {1|U, {0x03cf}}},
+  {0x03d9, {1|U, {0x03d8}}},
+  {0x03db, {1|U, {0x03da}}},
+  {0x03dd, {1|U, {0x03dc}}},
+  {0x03df, {1|U, {0x03de}}},
+  {0x03e1, {1|U, {0x03e0}}},
+  {0x03e3, {1|U, {0x03e2}}},
+  {0x03e5, {1|U, {0x03e4}}},
+  {0x03e7, {1|U, {0x03e6}}},
+  {0x03e9, {1|U, {0x03e8}}},
+  {0x03eb, {1|U, {0x03ea}}},
+  {0x03ed, {1|U, {0x03ec}}},
+  {0x03ef, {1|U, {0x03ee}}},
+  {0x03f2, {1|U, {0x03f9}}},
+  {0x03f3, {1|U, {0x037f}}},
+  {0x03f8, {1|U, {0x03f7}}},
+  {0x03fb, {1|U, {0x03fa}}},
+  {0x0430, {1|U, {0x0410}}},
+  {0x0431, {1|U, {0x0411}}},
+  {0x0432, {2|U, {0x0412, 0x1c80}}},
+  {0x0433, {1|U, {0x0413}}},
+  {0x0434, {2|U, {0x0414, 0x1c81}}},
+  {0x0435, {1|U, {0x0415}}},
+  {0x0436, {1|U, {0x0416}}},
+  {0x0437, {1|U, {0x0417}}},
+  {0x0438, {1|U, {0x0418}}},
+  {0x0439, {1|U, {0x0419}}},
+  {0x043a, {1|U, {0x041a}}},
+  {0x043b, {1|U, {0x041b}}},
+  {0x043c, {1|U, {0x041c}}},
+  {0x043d, {1|U, {0x041d}}},
+  {0x043e, {2|U, {0x041e, 0x1c82}}},
+  {0x043f, {1|U, {0x041f}}},
+  {0x0440, {1|U, {0x0420}}},
+  {0x0441, {2|U, {0x0421, 0x1c83}}},
+  {0x0442, {3|U, {0x0422, 0x1c84, 0x1c85}}},
+  {0x0443, {1|U, {0x0423}}},
+  {0x0444, {1|U, {0x0424}}},
+  {0x0445, {1|U, {0x0425}}},
+  {0x0446, {1|U, {0x0426}}},
+  {0x0447, {1|U, {0x0427}}},
+  {0x0448, {1|U, {0x0428}}},
+  {0x0449, {1|U, {0x0429}}},
+  {0x044a, {2|U, {0x042a, 0x1c86}}},
+  {0x044b, {1|U, {0x042b}}},
+  {0x044c, {1|U, {0x042c}}},
+  {0x044d, {1|U, {0x042d}}},
+  {0x044e, {1|U, {0x042e}}},
+  {0x044f, {1|U, {0x042f}}},
+  {0x0450, {1|U, {0x0400}}},
+  {0x0451, {1|U, {0x0401}}},
+  {0x0452, {1|U, {0x0402}}},
+  {0x0453, {1|U, {0x0403}}},
+  {0x0454, {1|U, {0x0404}}},
+  {0x0455, {1|U, {0x0405}}},
+  {0x0456, {1|U, {0x0406}}},
+  {0x0457, {1|U, {0x0407}}},
+  {0x0458, {1|U, {0x0408}}},
+  {0x0459, {1|U, {0x0409}}},
+  {0x045a, {1|U, {0x040a}}},
+  {0x045b, {1|U, {0x040b}}},
+  {0x045c, {1|U, {0x040c}}},
+  {0x045d, {1|U, {0x040d}}},
+  {0x045e, {1|U, {0x040e}}},
+  {0x045f, {1|U, {0x040f}}},
+  {0x0461, {1|U, {0x0460}}},
+  {0x0463, {2|U, {0x0462, 0x1c87}}},
+  {0x0465, {1|U, {0x0464}}},
+  {0x0467, {1|U, {0x0466}}},
+  {0x0469, {1|U, {0x0468}}},
+  {0x046b, {1|U, {0x046a}}},
+  {0x046d, {1|U, {0x046c}}},
+  {0x046f, {1|U, {0x046e}}},
+  {0x0471, {1|U, {0x0470}}},
+  {0x0473, {1|U, {0x0472}}},
+  {0x0475, {1|U, {0x0474}}},
+  {0x0477, {1|U, {0x0476}}},
+  {0x0479, {1|U, {0x0478}}},
+  {0x047b, {1|U, {0x047a}}},
+  {0x047d, {1|U, {0x047c}}},
+  {0x047f, {1|U, {0x047e}}},
+  {0x0481, {1|U, {0x0480}}},
+  {0x048b, {1|U, {0x048a}}},
+  {0x048d, {1|U, {0x048c}}},
+  {0x048f, {1|U, {0x048e}}},
+  {0x0491, {1|U, {0x0490}}},
+  {0x0493, {1|U, {0x0492}}},
+  {0x0495, {1|U, {0x0494}}},
+  {0x0497, {1|U, {0x0496}}},
+  {0x0499, {1|U, {0x0498}}},
+  {0x049b, {1|U, {0x049a}}},
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+  {0xa7a7, {1|U, {0xa7a6}}},
+  {0xa7a9, {1|U, {0xa7a8}}},
+  {0xa7b5, {1|U, {0xa7b4}}},
+  {0xa7b7, {1|U, {0xa7b6}}},
+  {0xa7b9, {1|U, {0xa7b8}}},
+  {0xa7bb, {1|U, {0xa7ba}}},
+  {0xa7bd, {1|U, {0xa7bc}}},
+  {0xa7bf, {1|U, {0xa7be}}},
+  {0xa7c3, {1|U, {0xa7c2}}},
+  {0xab53, {1|U, {0xa7b3}}},
+  {0xff41, {1|U, {0xff21}}},
+  {0xff42, {1|U, {0xff22}}},
+  {0xff43, {1|U, {0xff23}}},
+  {0xff44, {1|U, {0xff24}}},
+  {0xff45, {1|U, {0xff25}}},
+  {0xff46, {1|U, {0xff26}}},
+  {0xff47, {1|U, {0xff27}}},
+  {0xff48, {1|U, {0xff28}}},
+  {0xff49, {1|U, {0xff29}}},
+  {0xff4a, {1|U, {0xff2a}}},
+  {0xff4b, {1|U, {0xff2b}}},
+  {0xff4c, {1|U, {0xff2c}}},
+  {0xff4d, {1|U, {0xff2d}}},
+  {0xff4e, {1|U, {0xff2e}}},
+  {0xff4f, {1|U, {0xff2f}}},
+  {0xff50, {1|U, {0xff30}}},
+  {0xff51, {1|U, {0xff31}}},
+  {0xff52, {1|U, {0xff32}}},
+  {0xff53, {1|U, {0xff33}}},
+  {0xff54, {1|U, {0xff34}}},
+  {0xff55, {1|U, {0xff35}}},
+  {0xff56, {1|U, {0xff36}}},
+  {0xff57, {1|U, {0xff37}}},
+  {0xff58, {1|U, {0xff38}}},
+  {0xff59, {1|U, {0xff39}}},
+  {0xff5a, {1|U, {0xff3a}}},
+  {0x10428, {1|U, {0x10400}}},
+  {0x10429, {1|U, {0x10401}}},
+  {0x1042a, {1|U, {0x10402}}},
+  {0x1042b, {1|U, {0x10403}}},
+  {0x1042c, {1|U, {0x10404}}},
+  {0x1042d, {1|U, {0x10405}}},
+  {0x1042e, {1|U, {0x10406}}},
+  {0x1042f, {1|U, {0x10407}}},
+  {0x10430, {1|U, {0x10408}}},
+  {0x10431, {1|U, {0x10409}}},
+  {0x10432, {1|U, {0x1040a}}},
+  {0x10433, {1|U, {0x1040b}}},
+  {0x10434, {1|U, {0x1040c}}},
+  {0x10435, {1|U, {0x1040d}}},
+  {0x10436, {1|U, {0x1040e}}},
+  {0x10437, {1|U, {0x1040f}}},
+  {0x10438, {1|U, {0x10410}}},
+  {0x10439, {1|U, {0x10411}}},
+  {0x1043a, {1|U, {0x10412}}},
+  {0x1043b, {1|U, {0x10413}}},
+  {0x1043c, {1|U, {0x10414}}},
+  {0x1043d, {1|U, {0x10415}}},
+  {0x1043e, {1|U, {0x10416}}},
+  {0x1043f, {1|U, {0x10417}}},
+  {0x10440, {1|U, {0x10418}}},
+  {0x10441, {1|U, {0x10419}}},
+  {0x10442, {1|U, {0x1041a}}},
+  {0x10443, {1|U, {0x1041b}}},
+  {0x10444, {1|U, {0x1041c}}},
+  {0x10445, {1|U, {0x1041d}}},
+  {0x10446, {1|U, {0x1041e}}},
+  {0x10447, {1|U, {0x1041f}}},
+  {0x10448, {1|U, {0x10420}}},
+  {0x10449, {1|U, {0x10421}}},
+  {0x1044a, {1|U, {0x10422}}},
+  {0x1044b, {1|U, {0x10423}}},
+  {0x1044c, {1|U, {0x10424}}},
+  {0x1044d, {1|U, {0x10425}}},
+  {0x1044e, {1|U, {0x10426}}},
+  {0x1044f, {1|U, {0x10427}}},
+  {0x104d8, {1|U, {0x104b0}}},
+  {0x104d9, {1|U, {0x104b1}}},
+  {0x104da, {1|U, {0x104b2}}},
+  {0x104db, {1|U, {0x104b3}}},
+  {0x104dc, {1|U, {0x104b4}}},
+  {0x104dd, {1|U, {0x104b5}}},
+  {0x104de, {1|U, {0x104b6}}},
+  {0x104df, {1|U, {0x104b7}}},
+  {0x104e0, {1|U, {0x104b8}}},
+  {0x104e1, {1|U, {0x104b9}}},
+  {0x104e2, {1|U, {0x104ba}}},
+  {0x104e3, {1|U, {0x104bb}}},
+  {0x104e4, {1|U, {0x104bc}}},
+  {0x104e5, {1|U, {0x104bd}}},
+  {0x104e6, {1|U, {0x104be}}},
+  {0x104e7, {1|U, {0x104bf}}},
+  {0x104e8, {1|U, {0x104c0}}},
+  {0x104e9, {1|U, {0x104c1}}},
+  {0x104ea, {1|U, {0x104c2}}},
+  {0x104eb, {1|U, {0x104c3}}},
+  {0x104ec, {1|U, {0x104c4}}},
+  {0x104ed, {1|U, {0x104c5}}},
+  {0x104ee, {1|U, {0x104c6}}},
+  {0x104ef, {1|U, {0x104c7}}},
+  {0x104f0, {1|U, {0x104c8}}},
+  {0x104f1, {1|U, {0x104c9}}},
+  {0x104f2, {1|U, {0x104ca}}},
+  {0x104f3, {1|U, {0x104cb}}},
+  {0x104f4, {1|U, {0x104cc}}},
+  {0x104f5, {1|U, {0x104cd}}},
+  {0x104f6, {1|U, {0x104ce}}},
+  {0x104f7, {1|U, {0x104cf}}},
+  {0x104f8, {1|U, {0x104d0}}},
+  {0x104f9, {1|U, {0x104d1}}},
+  {0x104fa, {1|U, {0x104d2}}},
+  {0x104fb, {1|U, {0x104d3}}},
+  {0x10cc0, {1|U, {0x10c80}}},
+  {0x10cc1, {1|U, {0x10c81}}},
+  {0x10cc2, {1|U, {0x10c82}}},
+  {0x10cc3, {1|U, {0x10c83}}},
+  {0x10cc4, {1|U, {0x10c84}}},
+  {0x10cc5, {1|U, {0x10c85}}},
+  {0x10cc6, {1|U, {0x10c86}}},
+  {0x10cc7, {1|U, {0x10c87}}},
+  {0x10cc8, {1|U, {0x10c88}}},
+  {0x10cc9, {1|U, {0x10c89}}},
+  {0x10cca, {1|U, {0x10c8a}}},
+  {0x10ccb, {1|U, {0x10c8b}}},
+  {0x10ccc, {1|U, {0x10c8c}}},
+  {0x10ccd, {1|U, {0x10c8d}}},
+  {0x10cce, {1|U, {0x10c8e}}},
+  {0x10ccf, {1|U, {0x10c8f}}},
+  {0x10cd0, {1|U, {0x10c90}}},
+  {0x10cd1, {1|U, {0x10c91}}},
+  {0x10cd2, {1|U, {0x10c92}}},
+  {0x10cd3, {1|U, {0x10c93}}},
+  {0x10cd4, {1|U, {0x10c94}}},
+  {0x10cd5, {1|U, {0x10c95}}},
+  {0x10cd6, {1|U, {0x10c96}}},
+  {0x10cd7, {1|U, {0x10c97}}},
+  {0x10cd8, {1|U, {0x10c98}}},
+  {0x10cd9, {1|U, {0x10c99}}},
+  {0x10cda, {1|U, {0x10c9a}}},
+  {0x10cdb, {1|U, {0x10c9b}}},
+  {0x10cdc, {1|U, {0x10c9c}}},
+  {0x10cdd, {1|U, {0x10c9d}}},
+  {0x10cde, {1|U, {0x10c9e}}},
+  {0x10cdf, {1|U, {0x10c9f}}},
+  {0x10ce0, {1|U, {0x10ca0}}},
+  {0x10ce1, {1|U, {0x10ca1}}},
+  {0x10ce2, {1|U, {0x10ca2}}},
+  {0x10ce3, {1|U, {0x10ca3}}},
+  {0x10ce4, {1|U, {0x10ca4}}},
+  {0x10ce5, {1|U, {0x10ca5}}},
+  {0x10ce6, {1|U, {0x10ca6}}},
+  {0x10ce7, {1|U, {0x10ca7}}},
+  {0x10ce8, {1|U, {0x10ca8}}},
+  {0x10ce9, {1|U, {0x10ca9}}},
+  {0x10cea, {1|U, {0x10caa}}},
+  {0x10ceb, {1|U, {0x10cab}}},
+  {0x10cec, {1|U, {0x10cac}}},
+  {0x10ced, {1|U, {0x10cad}}},
+  {0x10cee, {1|U, {0x10cae}}},
+  {0x10cef, {1|U, {0x10caf}}},
+  {0x10cf0, {1|U, {0x10cb0}}},
+  {0x10cf1, {1|U, {0x10cb1}}},
+  {0x10cf2, {1|U, {0x10cb2}}},
+  {0x118c0, {1|U, {0x118a0}}},
+  {0x118c1, {1|U, {0x118a1}}},
+  {0x118c2, {1|U, {0x118a2}}},
+  {0x118c3, {1|U, {0x118a3}}},
+  {0x118c4, {1|U, {0x118a4}}},
+  {0x118c5, {1|U, {0x118a5}}},
+  {0x118c6, {1|U, {0x118a6}}},
+  {0x118c7, {1|U, {0x118a7}}},
+  {0x118c8, {1|U, {0x118a8}}},
+  {0x118c9, {1|U, {0x118a9}}},
+  {0x118ca, {1|U, {0x118aa}}},
+  {0x118cb, {1|U, {0x118ab}}},
+  {0x118cc, {1|U, {0x118ac}}},
+  {0x118cd, {1|U, {0x118ad}}},
+  {0x118ce, {1|U, {0x118ae}}},
+  {0x118cf, {1|U, {0x118af}}},
+  {0x118d0, {1|U, {0x118b0}}},
+  {0x118d1, {1|U, {0x118b1}}},
+  {0x118d2, {1|U, {0x118b2}}},
+  {0x118d3, {1|U, {0x118b3}}},
+  {0x118d4, {1|U, {0x118b4}}},
+  {0x118d5, {1|U, {0x118b5}}},
+  {0x118d6, {1|U, {0x118b6}}},
+  {0x118d7, {1|U, {0x118b7}}},
+  {0x118d8, {1|U, {0x118b8}}},
+  {0x118d9, {1|U, {0x118b9}}},
+  {0x118da, {1|U, {0x118ba}}},
+  {0x118db, {1|U, {0x118bb}}},
+  {0x118dc, {1|U, {0x118bc}}},
+  {0x118dd, {1|U, {0x118bd}}},
+  {0x118de, {1|U, {0x118be}}},
+  {0x118df, {1|U, {0x118bf}}},
+  {0x16e60, {1|U, {0x16e40}}},
+  {0x16e61, {1|U, {0x16e41}}},
+  {0x16e62, {1|U, {0x16e42}}},
+  {0x16e63, {1|U, {0x16e43}}},
+  {0x16e64, {1|U, {0x16e44}}},
+  {0x16e65, {1|U, {0x16e45}}},
+  {0x16e66, {1|U, {0x16e46}}},
+  {0x16e67, {1|U, {0x16e47}}},
+  {0x16e68, {1|U, {0x16e48}}},
+  {0x16e69, {1|U, {0x16e49}}},
+  {0x16e6a, {1|U, {0x16e4a}}},
+  {0x16e6b, {1|U, {0x16e4b}}},
+  {0x16e6c, {1|U, {0x16e4c}}},
+  {0x16e6d, {1|U, {0x16e4d}}},
+  {0x16e6e, {1|U, {0x16e4e}}},
+  {0x16e6f, {1|U, {0x16e4f}}},
+  {0x16e70, {1|U, {0x16e50}}},
+  {0x16e71, {1|U, {0x16e51}}},
+  {0x16e72, {1|U, {0x16e52}}},
+  {0x16e73, {1|U, {0x16e53}}},
+  {0x16e74, {1|U, {0x16e54}}},
+  {0x16e75, {1|U, {0x16e55}}},
+  {0x16e76, {1|U, {0x16e56}}},
+  {0x16e77, {1|U, {0x16e57}}},
+  {0x16e78, {1|U, {0x16e58}}},
+  {0x16e79, {1|U, {0x16e59}}},
+  {0x16e7a, {1|U, {0x16e5a}}},
+  {0x16e7b, {1|U, {0x16e5b}}},
+  {0x16e7c, {1|U, {0x16e5c}}},
+  {0x16e7d, {1|U, {0x16e5d}}},
+  {0x16e7e, {1|U, {0x16e5e}}},
+  {0x16e7f, {1|U, {0x16e5f}}},
+  {0x1e922, {1|U, {0x1e900}}},
+  {0x1e923, {1|U, {0x1e901}}},
+  {0x1e924, {1|U, {0x1e902}}},
+  {0x1e925, {1|U, {0x1e903}}},
+  {0x1e926, {1|U, {0x1e904}}},
+  {0x1e927, {1|U, {0x1e905}}},
+  {0x1e928, {1|U, {0x1e906}}},
+  {0x1e929, {1|U, {0x1e907}}},
+  {0x1e92a, {1|U, {0x1e908}}},
+  {0x1e92b, {1|U, {0x1e909}}},
+  {0x1e92c, {1|U, {0x1e90a}}},
+  {0x1e92d, {1|U, {0x1e90b}}},
+  {0x1e92e, {1|U, {0x1e90c}}},
+  {0x1e92f, {1|U, {0x1e90d}}},
+  {0x1e930, {1|U, {0x1e90e}}},
+  {0x1e931, {1|U, {0x1e90f}}},
+  {0x1e932, {1|U, {0x1e910}}},
+  {0x1e933, {1|U, {0x1e911}}},
+  {0x1e934, {1|U, {0x1e912}}},
+  {0x1e935, {1|U, {0x1e913}}},
+  {0x1e936, {1|U, {0x1e914}}},
+  {0x1e937, {1|U, {0x1e915}}},
+  {0x1e938, {1|U, {0x1e916}}},
+  {0x1e939, {1|U, {0x1e917}}},
+  {0x1e93a, {1|U, {0x1e918}}},
+  {0x1e93b, {1|U, {0x1e919}}},
+  {0x1e93c, {1|U, {0x1e91a}}},
+  {0x1e93d, {1|U, {0x1e91b}}},
+  {0x1e93e, {1|U, {0x1e91c}}},
+  {0x1e93f, {1|U, {0x1e91d}}},
+  {0x1e940, {1|U, {0x1e91e}}},
+  {0x1e941, {1|U, {0x1e91f}}},
+  {0x1e942, {1|U, {0x1e920}}},
+  {0x1e943, {1|U, {0x1e921}}},
+#define CaseUnfold_11_Locale (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+1352))
+  {0x0069, {1|U, {0x0049}}},
+};
+
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
+/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup -n  */
+
+/* maximum key range = 2507, duplicates = 0 */
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
+#endif
+/*ARGSUSED*/
+static unsigned int
+onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash(const OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
+    {
+         1, 2510,    2,    7,    4,  582,    9,  308,  197,  674,
+       297,   20,    2,    3,  303,  351, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510,
+      2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510,  112,
+      2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510,  120, 2510, 2510,
+      2510, 2510, 2510,    1, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510,
+      2510, 2510, 2510,  278, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510, 2510,
+      2510, 2510,   12,    1,    7,    8,  218,  878,  222, 1178,
+       480, 1102,   54, 1340,  151, 1615,    8,   15,  106, 1607,
+       225,  854,   87,  490,   44, 1351,    5, 1281,    3, 1470,
+        11, 1215,  377,   10,  441,  599,  152, 1642,  127, 1334,
+       702,  841,  594,  827,  123,  916,  146, 1118,  117, 1363,
+       254,  812,  249, 1096, 1630,  945,  437,  745, 1600,  718,
+      1593,  704,  152, 1005,  383, 1064, 1493,  975,  236,  676,
+       761,  579, 1017,  557, 1241,  628, 1195,  614, 1506,  464,
+      1576,  535, 1432,  513, 1159,  423, 1026,  276, 1460,  291,
+      1453,  392, 1263,  201, 1442,   85, 1412,   70, 1430,  100,
+      1632,  129, 1410,    1, 1386,   25, 1373,   35,  656,   55,
+      1188,   45, 1308,  160,  687,  227,  355,  175, 1201,  328,
+      1030,  367, 1483,  414, 1479, 1166, 1418,  783,  994,  937,
+      1083,  959, 1463,  967
+    };
+  return asso_values[bits_of(code, 2)+66] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 1)+4] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 0)];
+}
+
+static const CodePointList3 *
+onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  enum
+    {
+      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x61,
+      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1e943,
+      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1353,
+      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
+      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
+      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 3,
+      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 2509
+    };
+
+  static const short wordlist[] =
+    {
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x13e1*/ 589,
+      /*0x0461*/ 340,
+      /*0x04e1*/ 400,
+      /*0x0061*/ 0,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104e1*/ 1176,
+      /*0x1e61*/ 661,
+      /*0x1ee1*/ 720,
+      /*0x0161*/ 102,
+      /*0x2ce1*/ 952,
+      -1,
+      /*0x049b*/ 365,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x24e1*/ 840,
+      /*0x1e1b*/ 626,
+      /*0x048b*/ 357,
+      /*0x011b*/ 69,
+      /*0x2c9b*/ 917,
+      /*0x03e1*/ 280,
+      /*0x1e0b*/ 618,
+      /*0x1e8b*/ 682,
+      /*0x010b*/ 61,
+      /*0x2c8b*/ 909,
+      /*0x13e3*/ 591,
+      /*0x0463*/ 341,
+      /*0x04e3*/ 401,
+      /*0x0063*/ 2,
+      -1,
+      /*0x104e3*/ 1178,
+      /*0x1e63*/ 662,
+      /*0x1ee3*/ 721,
+      /*0x0163*/ 103,
+      /*0x2ce3*/ 953,
+      /*0x13e5*/ 593,
+      /*0x0465*/ 342,
+      /*0x04e5*/ 402,
+      /*0x0065*/ 4,
+      /*0x24e3*/ 842,
+      /*0x104e5*/ 1180,
+      /*0x1e65*/ 663,
+      /*0x1ee5*/ 722,
+      /*0x0165*/ 104,
+      /*0x03e3*/ 281,
+      /*0x13e9*/ 597,
+      /*0x0469*/ 344,
+      /*0x04e9*/ 404,
+      /*0x0069*/ 1352,
+      /*0x24e5*/ 844,
+      /*0x104e9*/ 1184,
+      /*0x1e69*/ 665,
+      /*0x1ee9*/ 724,
+      /*0x0169*/ 106,
+      /*0x03e5*/ 282,
+      /*0x13e7*/ 595,
+      /*0x0467*/ 343,
+      /*0x04e7*/ 403,
+      /*0x0067*/ 6,
+      /*0x24e9*/ 848,
+      /*0x104e7*/ 1182,
+      /*0x1e67*/ 664,
+      /*0x1ee7*/ 723,
+      /*0x0167*/ 105,
+      /*0x03e9*/ 284,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x24e7*/ 846,
+      /*0x13db*/ 583,
+      /*0x045b*/ 335,
+      /*0x04db*/ 397,
+      -1,
+      /*0x03e7*/ 283,
+      /*0x104db*/ 1170,
+      /*0x1e5b*/ 658,
+      /*0x1edb*/ 717,
+      /*0x015b*/ 99,
+      /*0x2cdb*/ 949,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x24db*/ 834,
+      /*0x13d9*/ 581,
+      /*0x0459*/ 333,
+      /*0x04d9*/ 396,
+      /*0xa761*/ 1064,
+      /*0x03db*/ 277,
+      /*0x104d9*/ 1168,
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+      /*0x217c*/ 818,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c68*/ 899,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x10cd4*/ 1223,
+      /*0x1f13*/ 747,
+      -1,
+      /*0x01d6*/ 145,
+      /*0x2c46*/ 871,
+      /*0x10d4*/ 482,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10cd2*/ 1221,
+      /*0x00fa*/ 50,
+      /*0x13ca*/ 566,
+      /*0x044a*/ 318,
+      /*0x04ca*/ 388,
+      /*0x10d2*/ 480,
+      /*0x1044a*/ 1161,
+      /*0x2184*/ 822,
+      /*0x10fe*/ 522,
+      /*0x0515*/ 426,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0195*/ 123,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1f64*/ 780,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa785*/ 1077,
+      /*0x13b6*/ 546,
+      /*0x0436*/ 298,
+      /*0x03ca*/ 270,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10436*/ 1141,
+      /*0x10f6*/ 516,
+      -1,
+      /*0x13b4*/ 544,
+      /*0x0434*/ 296,
+      /*0x10f4*/ 514,
+      /*0x1f62*/ 778,
+      /*0x10434*/ 1139,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0260*/ 209,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa7a9*/ 1092,
+      /*0x048d*/ 358,
+      /*0x056a*/ 449,
+      /*0x00f2*/ 43,
+      /*0x03b6*/ 251,
+      /*0x1e0d*/ 619,
+      /*0x1e8d*/ 683,
+      /*0x010d*/ 62,
+      /*0x2c8d*/ 910,
+      /*0x2c44*/ 869,
+      /*0x2d03*/ 960,
+      /*0x03b4*/ 249,
+      /*0x10cc8*/ 1211,
+      /*0x1e09*/ 617,
+      /*0x1e89*/ 681,
+      /*0x0109*/ 60,
+      /*0x2c89*/ 908,
+      -1,
+      /*0x025c*/ 208,
+      /*0x1f60*/ 776,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x13b0*/ 540,
+      /*0x0430*/ 292,
+      /*0x13de*/ 586,
+      /*0x045e*/ 338,
+      /*0x10430*/ 1135,
+      /*0x1f78*/ 792,
+      /*0x0521*/ 432,
+      /*0x104de*/ 1173,
+      /*0x214e*/ 805,
+      /*0x2c56*/ 887,
+      -1,
+      /*0x01a1*/ 127,
+      /*0x0507*/ 419,
+      -1,
+      /*0x049f*/ 367,
+      /*0x2177*/ 813,
+      /*0x24de*/ 837,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1e1f*/ 628,
+      /*0x0254*/ 203,
+      /*0x011f*/ 71,
+      /*0x2c9f*/ 919,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0513*/ 425,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2d19*/ 982,
+      /*0x0252*/ 201,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x00fc*/ 52,
+      /*0x052b*/ 437,
+      /*0x0217*/ 176,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa783*/ 1076,
+      /*0x16e7b*/ 1313,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e92b*/ 1327,
+      /*0x0564*/ 443,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2170*/ 806,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c6a*/ 900,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0562*/ 441,
+      /*0x023c*/ 190,
+      /*0x10cca*/ 1213,
+      /*0x16e7d*/ 1315,
+      /*0x118da*/ 1280,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f76*/ 790,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e7f*/ 1317,
+      /*0x1f74*/ 788,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa799*/ 1084,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa68f*/ 1027,
+      -1,
+      /*0x118dc*/ 1282,
+      -1,
+      /*0x118cc*/ 1266,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x01da*/ 147,
+      /*0x0578*/ 463,
+      /*0x2d15*/ 978,
+      /*0x118d8*/ 1278,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e7a*/ 1312,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa681*/ 1020,
+      /*0x118d4*/ 1274,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x01dc*/ 148,
+      -1,
+      /*0x01cc*/ 140,
+      /*0x118d2*/ 1272,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x10cde*/ 1233,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01d8*/ 146,
+      -1,
+      /*0x10de*/ 492,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01d4*/ 144,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e72*/ 1304,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x057e*/ 469,
+      -1,
+      /*0x01d2*/ 143,
+      -1,
+      /*0x00e8*/ 33,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x0517*/ 427,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2d21*/ 990,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2d07*/ 964,
+      /*0x0576*/ 461,
+      /*0x00f0*/ 41,
+      /*0xff42*/ 1102,
+      -1,
+      /*0x0574*/ 459,
+      /*0x118c8*/ 1262,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c5a*/ 891,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2d13*/ 976,
+      /*0xff50*/ 1116,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x020d*/ 171,
+      /*0x1e93c*/ 1344,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c5c*/ 893,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c4c*/ 877,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1f36*/ 764,
+      /*0x0209*/ 169,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e7c*/ 1314,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1f34*/ 762,
+      /*0x2c58*/ 889,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1fb1*/ 799,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa7a1*/ 1088,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c54*/ 885,
+      /*0xa787*/ 1078,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c52*/ 883,
+      -1,
+      /*0x021f*/ 180,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa793*/ 1081,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f30*/ 758,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0283*/ 226,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c76*/ 903,
+      /*0x118ca*/ 1264,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c3c*/ 861,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c48*/ 873,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x00ea*/ 35,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2178*/ 814,
+      /*0x16e77*/ 1309,
+      -1,
+      /*0x01b6*/ 134,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1fd0*/ 800,
+      /*0x1e936*/ 1338,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x01b4*/ 133,
+      -1,
+      /*0x050d*/ 422,
+      /*0x2d17*/ 980,
+      /*0x1e934*/ 1336,
+      /*0x118de*/ 1284,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0509*/ 420,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e68*/ 1294,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff4e*/ 1114,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e70*/ 1302,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x01b0*/ 132,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1e930*/ 1332,
+      /*0x217e*/ 820,
+      -1,
+      /*0x051f*/ 431,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c4a*/ 875,
+      -1,
+      /*0x00e4*/ 29,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa685*/ 1022,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2176*/ 812,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa797*/ 1083,
+      /*0xff46*/ 1106,
+      /*0x2174*/ 810,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x00e2*/ 27,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2c36*/ 855,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c34*/ 853,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x00e0*/ 25,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x00f8*/ 48,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2c30*/ 849,
+      /*0xff44*/ 1104,
+      /*0x2c5e*/ 895,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0287*/ 227,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff56*/ 1122,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa683*/ 1021,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e6a*/ 1296,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x00fe*/ 54,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x2d0d*/ 970,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x2d09*/ 966,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x00f6*/ 47,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x00f4*/ 45,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa699*/ 1032,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x2d1f*/ 988,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e64*/ 1290,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e62*/ 1288,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa79f*/ 1087,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xa695*/ 1030,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e60*/ 1286,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x16e78*/ 1310,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff5a*/ 1126,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa687*/ 1023,
+      /*0x16e7e*/ 1316,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xff4c*/ 1112,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa693*/ 1029,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0xff58*/ 1124,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e76*/ 1308,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x16e74*/ 1306,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff54*/ 1120,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff52*/ 1118,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff48*/ 1108,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1,
+      /*0x1fe0*/ 802,
+      /*0x0289*/ 229,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa697*/ 1031,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xff4a*/ 1110,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0xa68d*/ 1026,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0xa689*/ 1024,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1,
+      /*0x1fb0*/ 798
+    };
+
+  if (code <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && code >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
+    {
+      register unsigned int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash(code);
+
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
+        {
+          register short s = wordlist[key];
+
+          if (s >= 0 && code1_equal(code, CaseUnfold_11_Table[s].from))
+            return &CaseUnfold_11_Table[s].to;
+        }
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static const CaseUnfold_12_Type CaseUnfold_12_Table[] = {
+#define CaseUnfold_12 (*(CaseUnfold_12_Type (*)[58])(CaseUnfold_12_Table+0))
+  {{0x0061, 0x02be}, {1, {0x1e9a}}},
+  {{0x0066, 0x0066}, {1, {0xfb00}}},
+  {{0x0066, 0x0069}, {1, {0xfb01}}},
+  {{0x0066, 0x006c}, {1, {0xfb02}}},
+  {{0x0068, 0x0331}, {1, {0x1e96}}},
+  {{0x006a, 0x030c}, {1, {0x01f0}}},
+  {{0x0073, 0x0073}, {2, {0x00df, 0x1e9e}}},
+  {{0x0073, 0x0074}, {2, {0xfb05, 0xfb06}}},
+  {{0x0074, 0x0308}, {1, {0x1e97}}},
+  {{0x0077, 0x030a}, {1, {0x1e98}}},
+  {{0x0079, 0x030a}, {1, {0x1e99}}},
+  {{0x02bc, 0x006e}, {1, {0x0149}}},
+  {{0x03ac, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fb4}}},
+  {{0x03ae, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fc4}}},
+  {{0x03b1, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fb6}}},
+  {{0x03b1, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fb3, 0x1fbc}}},
+  {{0x03b7, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fc6}}},
+  {{0x03b7, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fc3, 0x1fcc}}},
+  {{0x03b9, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fd6}}},
+  {{0x03c1, 0x0313}, {1, {0x1fe4}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0313}, {1, {0x1f50}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fe6}}},
+  {{0x03c9, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1ff6}}},
+  {{0x03c9, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1ff3, 0x1ffc}}},
+  {{0x03ce, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1ff4}}},
+  {{0x0565, 0x0582}, {1, {0x0587}}},
+  {{0x0574, 0x0565}, {1, {0xfb14}}},
+  {{0x0574, 0x056b}, {1, {0xfb15}}},
+  {{0x0574, 0x056d}, {1, {0xfb17}}},
+  {{0x0574, 0x0576}, {1, {0xfb13}}},
+  {{0x057e, 0x0576}, {1, {0xfb16}}},
+  {{0x1f00, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f80, 0x1f88}}},
+  {{0x1f01, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f81, 0x1f89}}},
+  {{0x1f02, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f82, 0x1f8a}}},
+  {{0x1f03, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f83, 0x1f8b}}},
+  {{0x1f04, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f84, 0x1f8c}}},
+  {{0x1f05, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f85, 0x1f8d}}},
+  {{0x1f06, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f86, 0x1f8e}}},
+  {{0x1f07, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f87, 0x1f8f}}},
+  {{0x1f20, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f90, 0x1f98}}},
+  {{0x1f21, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f91, 0x1f99}}},
+  {{0x1f22, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f92, 0x1f9a}}},
+  {{0x1f23, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f93, 0x1f9b}}},
+  {{0x1f24, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f94, 0x1f9c}}},
+  {{0x1f25, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f95, 0x1f9d}}},
+  {{0x1f26, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f96, 0x1f9e}}},
+  {{0x1f27, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f97, 0x1f9f}}},
+  {{0x1f60, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa0, 0x1fa8}}},
+  {{0x1f61, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa1, 0x1fa9}}},
+  {{0x1f62, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa2, 0x1faa}}},
+  {{0x1f63, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa3, 0x1fab}}},
+  {{0x1f64, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa4, 0x1fac}}},
+  {{0x1f65, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa5, 0x1fad}}},
+  {{0x1f66, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa6, 0x1fae}}},
+  {{0x1f67, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa7, 0x1faf}}},
+  {{0x1f70, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fb2}}},
+  {{0x1f74, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fc2}}},
+  {{0x1f7c, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1ff2}}},
+#define CaseUnfold_12_Locale (*(CaseUnfold_12_Type (*)[1])(CaseUnfold_12_Table+58))
+  {{0x0069, 0x0307}, {1, {0x0130}}},
+};
+
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
+/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3,4,5,6 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_lookup -n  */
+
+/* maximum key range = 71, duplicates = 0 */
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
+#endif
+/*ARGSUSED*/
+static unsigned int
+onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_hash(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
+{
+  static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
+    {
+       3, 58, 54, 57, 56, 16,  8,  2, 43, 82,
+       3,  1, 23, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82,  4,
+      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82,
+      82, 82, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45,
+      82, 82, 82, 82, 43, 82, 42, 82, 82, 13,
+      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 11, 82,  1, 82, 82,
+      14, 82,  1, 82, 82, 31,  3, 82, 82, 30,
+      82, 82, 82, 10, 82, 82, 82, 82, 37, 82,
+      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82,
+      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 37, 15, 36, 35,
+      34, 17,  1, 33, 12,  4, 23, 23, 26, 21,
+      13, 82, 27, 82, 82,  2,  5, 82, 11, 16,
+      82, 15, 82, 82, 23, 82,  8, 82
+    };
+  return asso_values[bits_at(codes, 5)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 4)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 3)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 2)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 1)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 0)];
+}
+
+static const CodePointList2 *
+onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_lookup(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
+{
+  enum
+    {
+      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x61,
+      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1f7c,
+      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 59,
+      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 6,
+      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 6,
+      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 11,
+      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 81
+    };
+
+  static const short wordlist[] =
+    {
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x1f66,0x03b9*/ 53,
+      /*0x1f07,0x03b9*/ 38,
+      /*0x1f00,0x03b9*/ 31,
+      /*0x0066,0x0066*/ 1,
+      /*0x1f74,0x03b9*/ 56,
+      /*0x0073,0x0073*/ 6,
+      /*0x0066,0x0069*/ 2,
+      /*0x1f06,0x03b9*/ 37,
+      /*0x0073,0x0074*/ 7,
+      /*0x03b9,0x0342*/ 18,
+      /*0x03c9,0x03b9*/ 23,
+      /*0x03b7,0x03b9*/ 17,
+      /*0x0069,0x0307*/ 58,
+      /*0x03b1,0x03b9*/ 15,
+      /*0x1f61,0x03b9*/ 48,
+      /*0x1f05,0x03b9*/ 36,
+      /*0x1f65,0x03b9*/ 52,
+      /*0x0574,0x0576*/ 29,
+      /*0x03c9,0x0342*/ 22,
+      /*0x03b7,0x0342*/ 16,
+      /*0x057e,0x0576*/ 30,
+      /*0x03b1,0x0342*/ 14,
+      /*0x1f7c,0x03b9*/ 57,
+      /*0x0574,0x0565*/ 26,
+      /*0x0079,0x030a*/ 10,
+      /*0x0077,0x030a*/ 9,
+      /*0x1f70,0x03b9*/ 55,
+      /*0x0574,0x056d*/ 28,
+      /*0x0066,0x006c*/ 3,
+      /*0x0574,0x056b*/ 27,
+      /*0x0061,0x02be*/ 0,
+      /*0x0068,0x0331*/ 4,
+      /*0x1f67,0x03b9*/ 54,
+      /*0x1f64,0x03b9*/ 51,
+      /*0x1f63,0x03b9*/ 50,
+      /*0x1f62,0x03b9*/ 49,
+      /*0x1f60,0x03b9*/ 47,
+      /*0x03ce,0x03b9*/ 24,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0342*/ 21,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0313*/ 20,
+      /*0x03c1,0x0313*/ 19,
+      /*0x02bc,0x006e*/ 11,
+      /*0x03ae,0x03b9*/ 13,
+      /*0x03ac,0x03b9*/ 12,
+      /*0x1f27,0x03b9*/ 46,
+      /*0x1f26,0x03b9*/ 45,
+      /*0x1f25,0x03b9*/ 44,
+      /*0x1f24,0x03b9*/ 43,
+      /*0x1f23,0x03b9*/ 42,
+      /*0x1f22,0x03b9*/ 41,
+      /*0x1f21,0x03b9*/ 40,
+      /*0x1f20,0x03b9*/ 39,
+      /*0x006a,0x030c*/ 5,
+      /*0x1f02,0x03b9*/ 33,
+      /*0x0074,0x0308*/ 8,
+      /*0x1f04,0x03b9*/ 35,
+      /*0x1f03,0x03b9*/ 34,
+      /*0x1f01,0x03b9*/ 32,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0565,0x0582*/ 25
+    };
+
+  if (codes[0] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[0] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE &&
+      codes[1] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[1] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
+    {
+      register unsigned int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_hash(codes);
+
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
+        {
+          register short s = wordlist[key];
+
+          if (s >= 0 && code2_equal(codes, CaseUnfold_12_Table[s].from))
+            return &CaseUnfold_12_Table[s].to;
+        }
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static const CaseUnfold_13_Type CaseUnfold_13_Table[] = {
+#define CaseUnfold_13 (*(CaseUnfold_13_Type (*)[14])(CaseUnfold_13_Table+0))
+  {{0x0066, 0x0066, 0x0069}, {1, {0xfb03}}},
+  {{0x0066, 0x0066, 0x006c}, {1, {0xfb04}}},
+  {{0x03b1, 0x0342, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fb7}}},
+  {{0x03b7, 0x0342, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fc7}}},
+  {{0x03b9, 0x0308, 0x0300}, {1, {0x1fd2}}},
+  {{0x03b9, 0x0308, 0x0301}, {2, {0x0390, 0x1fd3}}},
+  {{0x03b9, 0x0308, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fd7}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0308, 0x0300}, {1, {0x1fe2}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0308, 0x0301}, {2, {0x03b0, 0x1fe3}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0308, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fe7}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0313, 0x0300}, {1, {0x1f52}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0313, 0x0301}, {1, {0x1f54}}},
+  {{0x03c5, 0x0313, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1f56}}},
+  {{0x03c9, 0x0342, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1ff7}}},
+};
+
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
+/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_lookup -n  */
+
+/* maximum key range = 20, duplicates = 0 */
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
+#endif
+/*ARGSUSED*/
+static unsigned int
+onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_hash(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
+{
+  static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
+    {
+       7,  4, 47, 47, 47, 47,  1,  1,  2, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,  1,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 11,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 10, 47,  2, 47, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,  1, 47, 47,  1,
+      47, 47, 47,  9, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
+      47, 47,  1, 47, 47,  2, 47, 47,  1, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
+      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47
+    };
+  return asso_values[bits_at(codes, 8)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 7)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 6)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 5)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 4)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 3)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 2)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 1)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 0)];
+}
+
+static const CodePointList2 *
+onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_lookup(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
+{
+  enum
+    {
+      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x66,
+      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x3c9,
+      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 14,
+      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 9,
+      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 9,
+      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 27,
+      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 46
+    };
+
+  static const short wordlist[] =
+    {
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0313,0x0342*/ 12,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0308,0x0342*/ 9,
+      /*0x03b9,0x0308,0x0342*/ 6,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0313,0x0301*/ 11,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0308,0x0301*/ 8,
+      /*0x03b9,0x0308,0x0301*/ 5,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0313,0x0300*/ 10,
+      /*0x03c5,0x0308,0x0300*/ 7,
+      /*0x03b9,0x0308,0x0300*/ 4,
+      /*0x03c9,0x0342,0x03b9*/ 13,
+      /*0x03b7,0x0342,0x03b9*/ 3,
+      /*0x03b1,0x0342,0x03b9*/ 2,
+      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+      /*0x0066,0x0066,0x006c*/ 1,
+      /*0x0066,0x0066,0x0069*/ 0
+    };
+
+  if (codes[0] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[0] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE &&
+      codes[1] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[1] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE &&
+      codes[2] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[2] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
+    {
+      register unsigned int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_hash(codes);
+
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
+        {
+          register short s = wordlist[key];
+
+          if (s >= 0 && code3_equal(codes, CaseUnfold_13_Table[s].from))
+            return &CaseUnfold_13_Table[s].to;
+        }
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static const OnigCodePoint CaseMappingSpecials[] = {
+    L(1)|0x039C,
+    L(2)|0x0053, 0x0073, L(2)|0x0053, 0x0053,
+    L(2)|0x02BC, 0x004E,
+    L(1)|0x0053,
+    L(1)|0x01C5,
+    L(2)|0x0064, 0x017D, L(1)|0x01C4,
+    L(1)|0x01C8,
+    L(2)|0x006C, 0x004A, L(1)|0x01C7,
+    L(1)|0x01CB,
+    L(2)|0x006E, 0x004A, L(1)|0x01CA,
+    L(2)|0x004A, 0x030C,
+    L(1)|0x01F2,
+    L(2)|0x0064, 0x005A, L(1)|0x01F1,
+    L(1)|0x0399,
+    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0301,
+    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0301,
+    L(1)|0x03A3,
+    L(1)|0x0392,
+    L(1)|0x0398,
+    L(1)|0x03A6,
+    L(1)|0x03A0,
+    L(1)|0x039A,
+    L(1)|0x03A1,
+    L(1)|0x0395,
+    L(2)|0x0535, 0x0582, L(2)|0x0535, 0x0552,
+    L(1)|0x0412,
+    L(1)|0x0414,
+    L(1)|0x041E,
+    L(1)|0x0421,
+    L(1)|0x0422,
+    L(1)|0x0422,
+    L(1)|0x042A,
+    L(1)|0x0462,
+    L(1)|0xA64A,
+    L(2)|0x0048, 0x0331,
+    L(2)|0x0054, 0x0308,
+    L(2)|0x0057, 0x030A,
+    L(2)|0x0059, 0x030A,
+    L(2)|0x0041, 0x02BE,
+    L(1)|0x1E60,
+    L(1)|0x00DF,
+    L(2)|0x03A5, 0x0313,
+    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0313, 0x0300,
+    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0313, 0x0301,
+    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0313, 0x0342,
+    L(1)|0x1F88, L(2)|0x1F08, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F89, L(2)|0x1F09, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F8A, L(2)|0x1F0A, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F8B, L(2)|0x1F0B, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F8C, L(2)|0x1F0C, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F8D, L(2)|0x1F0D, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F8E, L(2)|0x1F0E, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F8F, L(2)|0x1F0F, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F00, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F80, L(2)|0x1F08, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F01, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F81, L(2)|0x1F09, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F02, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F82, L(2)|0x1F0A, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F03, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F83, L(2)|0x1F0B, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F04, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F84, L(2)|0x1F0C, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F05, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F85, L(2)|0x1F0D, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F06, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F86, L(2)|0x1F0E, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F07, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F87, L(2)|0x1F0F, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F98, L(2)|0x1F28, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F99, L(2)|0x1F29, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F9A, L(2)|0x1F2A, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F9B, L(2)|0x1F2B, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F9C, L(2)|0x1F2C, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F9D, L(2)|0x1F2D, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F9E, L(2)|0x1F2E, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1F9F, L(2)|0x1F2F, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F20, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F90, L(2)|0x1F28, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F21, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F91, L(2)|0x1F29, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F22, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F92, L(2)|0x1F2A, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F23, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F93, L(2)|0x1F2B, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F24, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F94, L(2)|0x1F2C, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F25, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F95, L(2)|0x1F2D, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F26, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F96, L(2)|0x1F2E, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F27, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F97, L(2)|0x1F2F, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FA8, L(2)|0x1F68, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FA9, L(2)|0x1F69, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FAA, L(2)|0x1F6A, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FAB, L(2)|0x1F6B, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FAC, L(2)|0x1F6C, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FAD, L(2)|0x1F6D, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FAE, L(2)|0x1F6E, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FAF, L(2)|0x1F6F, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F60, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA0, L(2)|0x1F68, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F61, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA1, L(2)|0x1F69, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F62, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA2, L(2)|0x1F6A, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F63, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA3, L(2)|0x1F6B, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F64, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA4, L(2)|0x1F6C, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F65, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA5, L(2)|0x1F6D, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F66, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA6, L(2)|0x1F6E, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1F67, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA7, L(2)|0x1F6F, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1FBA, 0x0345, L(2)|0x1FBA, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FBC, L(2)|0x0391, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x0386, 0x0345, L(2)|0x0386, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x0391, 0x0342,
+    L(3)|0x0391, 0x0342, 0x0345, L(3)|0x0391, 0x0342, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x03B1, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FB3, L(2)|0x0391, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x1FCA, 0x0345, L(2)|0x1FCA, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FCC, L(2)|0x0397, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x0389, 0x0345, L(2)|0x0389, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x0397, 0x0342,
+    L(3)|0x0397, 0x0342, 0x0345, L(3)|0x0397, 0x0342, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x03B7, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FC3, L(2)|0x0397, 0x0399,
+    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0300,
+    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0301,
+    L(2)|0x0399, 0x0342,
+    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0342,
+    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0300,
+    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0301,
+    L(2)|0x03A1, 0x0313,
+    L(2)|0x03A5, 0x0342,
+    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0342,
+    L(2)|0x1FFA, 0x0345, L(2)|0x1FFA, 0x0399,
+    L(1)|0x1FFC, L(2)|0x03A9, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x038F, 0x0345, L(2)|0x038F, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x03A9, 0x0342,
+    L(3)|0x03A9, 0x0342, 0x0345, L(3)|0x03A9, 0x0342, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x03C9, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FF3, L(2)|0x03A9, 0x0399,
+    L(2)|0x0046, 0x0066, L(2)|0x0046, 0x0046,
+    L(2)|0x0046, 0x0069, L(2)|0x0046, 0x0049,
+    L(2)|0x0046, 0x006C, L(2)|0x0046, 0x004C,
+    L(3)|0x0046, 0x0066, 0x0069, L(3)|0x0046, 0x0046, 0x0049,
+    L(3)|0x0046, 0x0066, 0x006C, L(3)|0x0046, 0x0046, 0x004C,
+    L(2)|0x0053, 0x0074, L(2)|0x0053, 0x0054,
+    L(2)|0x0053, 0x0074, L(2)|0x0053, 0x0054,
+    L(2)|0x0544, 0x0576, L(2)|0x0544, 0x0546,
+    L(2)|0x0544, 0x0565, L(2)|0x0544, 0x0535,
+    L(2)|0x0544, 0x056B, L(2)|0x0544, 0x053B,
+    L(2)|0x054E, 0x0576, L(2)|0x054E, 0x0546,
+    L(2)|0x0544, 0x056D, L(2)|0x0544, 0x053D,
+};
diff --git a/enc/unicode/12.1.0/name2ctype.h b/enc/unicode/12.1.0/name2ctype.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2270d5cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enc/unicode/12.1.0/name2ctype.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41810 @@
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
+/* Command-line: gperf -7 -c -j1 -i1 -t -C -P -T -H uniname2ctype_hash -Q uniname2ctype_pool -N uniname2ctype_p  */
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+/* Computed positions: -k'1,3' */
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+/* Computed positions: -k'1-3,5-6,12,16,$' */
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+
+#if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
+      && ('%' == 37) && ('&' == 38) && ('\'' == 39) && ('(' == 40) \
+      && (')' == 41) && ('*' == 42) && ('+' == 43) && (',' == 44) \
+      && ('-' == 45) && ('.' == 46) && ('/' == 47) && ('0' == 48) \
+      && ('1' == 49) && ('2' == 50) && ('3' == 51) && ('4' == 52) \
+      && ('5' == 53) && ('6' == 54) && ('7' == 55) && ('8' == 56) \
+      && ('9' == 57) && (':' == 58) && (';' == 59) && ('<' == 60) \
+      && ('=' == 61) && ('>' == 62) && ('?' == 63) && ('A' == 65) \
+      && ('B' == 66) && ('C' == 67) && ('D' == 68) && ('E' == 69) \
+      && ('F' == 70) && ('G' == 71) && ('H' == 72) && ('I' == 73) \
+      && ('J' == 74) && ('K' == 75) && ('L' == 76) && ('M' == 77) \
+      && ('N' == 78) && ('O' == 79) && ('P' == 80) && ('Q' == 81) \
+      && ('R' == 82) && ('S' == 83) && ('T' == 84) && ('U' == 85) \
+      && ('V' == 86) && ('W' == 87) && ('X' == 88) && ('Y' == 89) \
+      && ('Z' == 90) && ('[' == 91) && ('\\' == 92) && (']' == 93) \
+      && ('^' == 94) && ('_' == 95) && ('a' == 97) && ('b' == 98) \
+      && ('c' == 99) && ('d' == 100) && ('e' == 101) && ('f' == 102) \
+      && ('g' == 103) && ('h' == 104) && ('i' == 105) && ('j' == 106) \
+      && ('k' == 107) && ('l' == 108) && ('m' == 109) && ('n' == 110) \
+      && ('o' == 111) && ('p' == 112) && ('q' == 113) && ('r' == 114) \
+      && ('s' == 115) && ('t' == 116) && ('u' == 117) && ('v' == 118) \
+      && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
+      && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126))
+/* The character set is not based on ISO-646.  */
+#error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gperf@gnu.org>."
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* 'NEWLINE': [[:NEWLINE:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_NEWLINE[] = {
+	1,
+	0x000a, 0x000a,
+}; /* CR_NEWLINE */
+
+/* 'Alpha': [[:Alpha:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
+	679,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0370, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x0620, 0x0657,
+	0x0659, 0x065f,
+	0x066e, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
+	0x06e1, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ed, 0x06ef,
+	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x073f,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
+	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x0817,
+	0x081a, 0x082c,
+	0x0840, 0x0858,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d4, 0x08df,
+	0x08e3, 0x08e9,
+	0x08f0, 0x093b,
+	0x093d, 0x094c,
+	0x094e, 0x0950,
+	0x0955, 0x0963,
+	0x0971, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bd, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
+	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4c,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a70, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abd, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0af9, 0x0afc,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3d, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbd, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
+	0x0e4d, 0x0e4d,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ecd, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
+	0x0f88, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x1000, 0x1036,
+	0x1038, 0x1038,
+	0x103b, 0x103f,
+	0x1050, 0x108f,
+	0x109a, 0x109d,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1713,
+	0x1720, 0x1733,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x17b6, 0x17c8,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x1938,
+	0x1950, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a61, 0x1a74,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b35, 0x1b43,
+	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b80, 0x1ba9,
+	0x1bac, 0x1baf,
+	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
+	0x1be7, 0x1bf1,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c36,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
+	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1de7, 0x1df4,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
+	0x3005, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x3038, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309d, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa61f,
+	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66e,
+	0xa674, 0xa67b,
+	0xa67f, 0xa6ef,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa805,
+	0xa807, 0xa827,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
+	0xa8c5, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa8ff,
+	0xa90a, 0xa92a,
+	0xa930, 0xa952,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9b4, 0xa9bf,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9ef,
+	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaabe,
+	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
+	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf5,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabea,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d27,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x11045,
+	0x11082, 0x110b8,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x11100, 0x11132,
+	0x11144, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11172,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111bf,
+	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
+	0x111da, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x11234,
+	0x11237, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112e8,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133d, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134c,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11400, 0x11441,
+	0x11443, 0x11445,
+	0x11447, 0x1144a,
+	0x1145f, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c1,
+	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115be,
+	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x1163e,
+	0x11640, 0x11640,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11680, 0x116b5,
+	0x116b8, 0x116b8,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172a,
+	0x11800, 0x11838,
+	0x118a0, 0x118df,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119df,
+	0x119e1, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a35, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a97,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3e,
+	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d41,
+	0x11d43, 0x11d43,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d96,
+	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9e, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
+	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
+	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_Alpha */
+
+/* 'Blank': [[:Blank:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Blank[] = {
+	8,
+	0x0009, 0x0009,
+	0x0020, 0x0020,
+	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
+	0x1680, 0x1680,
+	0x2000, 0x200a,
+	0x202f, 0x202f,
+	0x205f, 0x205f,
+	0x3000, 0x3000,
+}; /* CR_Blank */
+
+/* 'Cntrl': [[:Cntrl:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cntrl[] = {
+	2,
+	0x0000, 0x001f,
+	0x007f, 0x009f,
+}; /* CR_Cntrl */
+
+/* 'Digit': [[:Digit:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Digit[] = {
+	59,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x0660, 0x0669,
+	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
+	0x07c0, 0x07c9,
+	0x0966, 0x096f,
+	0x09e6, 0x09ef,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a6f,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
+	0x1040, 0x1049,
+	0x1090, 0x1099,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1946, 0x194f,
+	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
+	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
+	0x1bb0, 0x1bb9,
+	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c50, 0x1c59,
+	0xa620, 0xa629,
+	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa900, 0xa909,
+	0xa9d0, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9f0, 0xa9f9,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xff10, 0xff19,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x11066, 0x1106f,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11136, 0x1113f,
+	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11450, 0x11459,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11730, 0x11739,
+	0x118e0, 0x118e9,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+}; /* CR_Digit */
+
+/* 'Graph': [[:Graph:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
+	671,
+	0x0021, 0x007e,
+	0x00a1, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x200b, 0x2027,
+	0x202a, 0x202e,
+	0x2030, 0x205e,
+	0x2060, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e4f,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3001, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xe000, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
+	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
+}; /* CR_Graph */
+
+/* 'Lower': [[:Lower:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
+	649,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00df, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
+	0x0101, 0x0101,
+	0x0103, 0x0103,
+	0x0105, 0x0105,
+	0x0107, 0x0107,
+	0x0109, 0x0109,
+	0x010b, 0x010b,
+	0x010d, 0x010d,
+	0x010f, 0x010f,
+	0x0111, 0x0111,
+	0x0113, 0x0113,
+	0x0115, 0x0115,
+	0x0117, 0x0117,
+	0x0119, 0x0119,
+	0x011b, 0x011b,
+	0x011d, 0x011d,
+	0x011f, 0x011f,
+	0x0121, 0x0121,
+	0x0123, 0x0123,
+	0x0125, 0x0125,
+	0x0127, 0x0127,
+	0x0129, 0x0129,
+	0x012b, 0x012b,
+	0x012d, 0x012d,
+	0x012f, 0x012f,
+	0x0131, 0x0131,
+	0x0133, 0x0133,
+	0x0135, 0x0135,
+	0x0137, 0x0138,
+	0x013a, 0x013a,
+	0x013c, 0x013c,
+	0x013e, 0x013e,
+	0x0140, 0x0140,
+	0x0142, 0x0142,
+	0x0144, 0x0144,
+	0x0146, 0x0146,
+	0x0148, 0x0149,
+	0x014b, 0x014b,
+	0x014d, 0x014d,
+	0x014f, 0x014f,
+	0x0151, 0x0151,
+	0x0153, 0x0153,
+	0x0155, 0x0155,
+	0x0157, 0x0157,
+	0x0159, 0x0159,
+	0x015b, 0x015b,
+	0x015d, 0x015d,
+	0x015f, 0x015f,
+	0x0161, 0x0161,
+	0x0163, 0x0163,
+	0x0165, 0x0165,
+	0x0167, 0x0167,
+	0x0169, 0x0169,
+	0x016b, 0x016b,
+	0x016d, 0x016d,
+	0x016f, 0x016f,
+	0x0171, 0x0171,
+	0x0173, 0x0173,
+	0x0175, 0x0175,
+	0x0177, 0x0177,
+	0x017a, 0x017a,
+	0x017c, 0x017c,
+	0x017e, 0x0180,
+	0x0183, 0x0183,
+	0x0185, 0x0185,
+	0x0188, 0x0188,
+	0x018c, 0x018d,
+	0x0192, 0x0192,
+	0x0195, 0x0195,
+	0x0199, 0x019b,
+	0x019e, 0x019e,
+	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
+	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
+	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
+	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
+	0x01aa, 0x01ab,
+	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
+	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
+	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
+	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
+	0x01b9, 0x01ba,
+	0x01bd, 0x01bf,
+	0x01c6, 0x01c6,
+	0x01c9, 0x01c9,
+	0x01cc, 0x01cc,
+	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
+	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
+	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
+	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
+	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
+	0x01d8, 0x01d8,
+	0x01da, 0x01da,
+	0x01dc, 0x01dd,
+	0x01df, 0x01df,
+	0x01e1, 0x01e1,
+	0x01e3, 0x01e3,
+	0x01e5, 0x01e5,
+	0x01e7, 0x01e7,
+	0x01e9, 0x01e9,
+	0x01eb, 0x01eb,
+	0x01ed, 0x01ed,
+	0x01ef, 0x01f0,
+	0x01f3, 0x01f3,
+	0x01f5, 0x01f5,
+	0x01f9, 0x01f9,
+	0x01fb, 0x01fb,
+	0x01fd, 0x01fd,
+	0x01ff, 0x01ff,
+	0x0201, 0x0201,
+	0x0203, 0x0203,
+	0x0205, 0x0205,
+	0x0207, 0x0207,
+	0x0209, 0x0209,
+	0x020b, 0x020b,
+	0x020d, 0x020d,
+	0x020f, 0x020f,
+	0x0211, 0x0211,
+	0x0213, 0x0213,
+	0x0215, 0x0215,
+	0x0217, 0x0217,
+	0x0219, 0x0219,
+	0x021b, 0x021b,
+	0x021d, 0x021d,
+	0x021f, 0x021f,
+	0x0221, 0x0221,
+	0x0223, 0x0223,
+	0x0225, 0x0225,
+	0x0227, 0x0227,
+	0x0229, 0x0229,
+	0x022b, 0x022b,
+	0x022d, 0x022d,
+	0x022f, 0x022f,
+	0x0231, 0x0231,
+	0x0233, 0x0239,
+	0x023c, 0x023c,
+	0x023f, 0x0240,
+	0x0242, 0x0242,
+	0x0247, 0x0247,
+	0x0249, 0x0249,
+	0x024b, 0x024b,
+	0x024d, 0x024d,
+	0x024f, 0x0293,
+	0x0295, 0x02b8,
+	0x02c0, 0x02c1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0371, 0x0371,
+	0x0373, 0x0373,
+	0x0377, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x0390, 0x0390,
+	0x03ac, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d1,
+	0x03d5, 0x03d7,
+	0x03d9, 0x03d9,
+	0x03db, 0x03db,
+	0x03dd, 0x03dd,
+	0x03df, 0x03df,
+	0x03e1, 0x03e1,
+	0x03e3, 0x03e3,
+	0x03e5, 0x03e5,
+	0x03e7, 0x03e7,
+	0x03e9, 0x03e9,
+	0x03eb, 0x03eb,
+	0x03ed, 0x03ed,
+	0x03ef, 0x03f3,
+	0x03f5, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f8, 0x03f8,
+	0x03fb, 0x03fc,
+	0x0430, 0x045f,
+	0x0461, 0x0461,
+	0x0463, 0x0463,
+	0x0465, 0x0465,
+	0x0467, 0x0467,
+	0x0469, 0x0469,
+	0x046b, 0x046b,
+	0x046d, 0x046d,
+	0x046f, 0x046f,
+	0x0471, 0x0471,
+	0x0473, 0x0473,
+	0x0475, 0x0475,
+	0x0477, 0x0477,
+	0x0479, 0x0479,
+	0x047b, 0x047b,
+	0x047d, 0x047d,
+	0x047f, 0x047f,
+	0x0481, 0x0481,
+	0x048b, 0x048b,
+	0x048d, 0x048d,
+	0x048f, 0x048f,
+	0x0491, 0x0491,
+	0x0493, 0x0493,
+	0x0495, 0x0495,
+	0x0497, 0x0497,
+	0x0499, 0x0499,
+	0x049b, 0x049b,
+	0x049d, 0x049d,
+	0x049f, 0x049f,
+	0x04a1, 0x04a1,
+	0x04a3, 0x04a3,
+	0x04a5, 0x04a5,
+	0x04a7, 0x04a7,
+	0x04a9, 0x04a9,
+	0x04ab, 0x04ab,
+	0x04ad, 0x04ad,
+	0x04af, 0x04af,
+	0x04b1, 0x04b1,
+	0x04b3, 0x04b3,
+	0x04b5, 0x04b5,
+	0x04b7, 0x04b7,
+	0x04b9, 0x04b9,
+	0x04bb, 0x04bb,
+	0x04bd, 0x04bd,
+	0x04bf, 0x04bf,
+	0x04c2, 0x04c2,
+	0x04c4, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c6, 0x04c6,
+	0x04c8, 0x04c8,
+	0x04ca, 0x04ca,
+	0x04cc, 0x04cc,
+	0x04ce, 0x04cf,
+	0x04d1, 0x04d1,
+	0x04d3, 0x04d3,
+	0x04d5, 0x04d5,
+	0x04d7, 0x04d7,
+	0x04d9, 0x04d9,
+	0x04db, 0x04db,
+	0x04dd, 0x04dd,
+	0x04df, 0x04df,
+	0x04e1, 0x04e1,
+	0x04e3, 0x04e3,
+	0x04e5, 0x04e5,
+	0x04e7, 0x04e7,
+	0x04e9, 0x04e9,
+	0x04eb, 0x04eb,
+	0x04ed, 0x04ed,
+	0x04ef, 0x04ef,
+	0x04f1, 0x04f1,
+	0x04f3, 0x04f3,
+	0x04f5, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f7, 0x04f7,
+	0x04f9, 0x04f9,
+	0x04fb, 0x04fb,
+	0x04fd, 0x04fd,
+	0x04ff, 0x04ff,
+	0x0501, 0x0501,
+	0x0503, 0x0503,
+	0x0505, 0x0505,
+	0x0507, 0x0507,
+	0x0509, 0x0509,
+	0x050b, 0x050b,
+	0x050d, 0x050d,
+	0x050f, 0x050f,
+	0x0511, 0x0511,
+	0x0513, 0x0513,
+	0x0515, 0x0515,
+	0x0517, 0x0517,
+	0x0519, 0x0519,
+	0x051b, 0x051b,
+	0x051d, 0x051d,
+	0x051f, 0x051f,
+	0x0521, 0x0521,
+	0x0523, 0x0523,
+	0x0525, 0x0525,
+	0x0527, 0x0527,
+	0x0529, 0x0529,
+	0x052b, 0x052b,
+	0x052d, 0x052d,
+	0x052f, 0x052f,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1e01, 0x1e01,
+	0x1e03, 0x1e03,
+	0x1e05, 0x1e05,
+	0x1e07, 0x1e07,
+	0x1e09, 0x1e09,
+	0x1e0b, 0x1e0b,
+	0x1e0d, 0x1e0d,
+	0x1e0f, 0x1e0f,
+	0x1e11, 0x1e11,
+	0x1e13, 0x1e13,
+	0x1e15, 0x1e15,
+	0x1e17, 0x1e17,
+	0x1e19, 0x1e19,
+	0x1e1b, 0x1e1b,
+	0x1e1d, 0x1e1d,
+	0x1e1f, 0x1e1f,
+	0x1e21, 0x1e21,
+	0x1e23, 0x1e23,
+	0x1e25, 0x1e25,
+	0x1e27, 0x1e27,
+	0x1e29, 0x1e29,
+	0x1e2b, 0x1e2b,
+	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
+	0x1e2f, 0x1e2f,
+	0x1e31, 0x1e31,
+	0x1e33, 0x1e33,
+	0x1e35, 0x1e35,
+	0x1e37, 0x1e37,
+	0x1e39, 0x1e39,
+	0x1e3b, 0x1e3b,
+	0x1e3d, 0x1e3d,
+	0x1e3f, 0x1e3f,
+	0x1e41, 0x1e41,
+	0x1e43, 0x1e43,
+	0x1e45, 0x1e45,
+	0x1e47, 0x1e47,
+	0x1e49, 0x1e49,
+	0x1e4b, 0x1e4b,
+	0x1e4d, 0x1e4d,
+	0x1e4f, 0x1e4f,
+	0x1e51, 0x1e51,
+	0x1e53, 0x1e53,
+	0x1e55, 0x1e55,
+	0x1e57, 0x1e57,
+	0x1e59, 0x1e59,
+	0x1e5b, 0x1e5b,
+	0x1e5d, 0x1e5d,
+	0x1e5f, 0x1e5f,
+	0x1e61, 0x1e61,
+	0x1e63, 0x1e63,
+	0x1e65, 0x1e65,
+	0x1e67, 0x1e67,
+	0x1e69, 0x1e69,
+	0x1e6b, 0x1e6b,
+	0x1e6d, 0x1e6d,
+	0x1e6f, 0x1e6f,
+	0x1e71, 0x1e71,
+	0x1e73, 0x1e73,
+	0x1e75, 0x1e75,
+	0x1e77, 0x1e77,
+	0x1e79, 0x1e79,
+	0x1e7b, 0x1e7b,
+	0x1e7d, 0x1e7d,
+	0x1e7f, 0x1e7f,
+	0x1e81, 0x1e81,
+	0x1e83, 0x1e83,
+	0x1e85, 0x1e85,
+	0x1e87, 0x1e87,
+	0x1e89, 0x1e89,
+	0x1e8b, 0x1e8b,
+	0x1e8d, 0x1e8d,
+	0x1e8f, 0x1e8f,
+	0x1e91, 0x1e91,
+	0x1e93, 0x1e93,
+	0x1e95, 0x1e9d,
+	0x1e9f, 0x1e9f,
+	0x1ea1, 0x1ea1,
+	0x1ea3, 0x1ea3,
+	0x1ea5, 0x1ea5,
+	0x1ea7, 0x1ea7,
+	0x1ea9, 0x1ea9,
+	0x1eab, 0x1eab,
+	0x1ead, 0x1ead,
+	0x1eaf, 0x1eaf,
+	0x1eb1, 0x1eb1,
+	0x1eb3, 0x1eb3,
+	0x1eb5, 0x1eb5,
+	0x1eb7, 0x1eb7,
+	0x1eb9, 0x1eb9,
+	0x1ebb, 0x1ebb,
+	0x1ebd, 0x1ebd,
+	0x1ebf, 0x1ebf,
+	0x1ec1, 0x1ec1,
+	0x1ec3, 0x1ec3,
+	0x1ec5, 0x1ec5,
+	0x1ec7, 0x1ec7,
+	0x1ec9, 0x1ec9,
+	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
+	0x1ecd, 0x1ecd,
+	0x1ecf, 0x1ecf,
+	0x1ed1, 0x1ed1,
+	0x1ed3, 0x1ed3,
+	0x1ed5, 0x1ed5,
+	0x1ed7, 0x1ed7,
+	0x1ed9, 0x1ed9,
+	0x1edb, 0x1edb,
+	0x1edd, 0x1edd,
+	0x1edf, 0x1edf,
+	0x1ee1, 0x1ee1,
+	0x1ee3, 0x1ee3,
+	0x1ee5, 0x1ee5,
+	0x1ee7, 0x1ee7,
+	0x1ee9, 0x1ee9,
+	0x1eeb, 0x1eeb,
+	0x1eed, 0x1eed,
+	0x1eef, 0x1eef,
+	0x1ef1, 0x1ef1,
+	0x1ef3, 0x1ef3,
+	0x1ef5, 0x1ef5,
+	0x1ef7, 0x1ef7,
+	0x1ef9, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1efb, 0x1efb,
+	0x1efd, 0x1efd,
+	0x1eff, 0x1f07,
+	0x1f10, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f27,
+	0x1f30, 0x1f37,
+	0x1f40, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f60, 0x1f67,
+	0x1f70, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1f87,
+	0x1f90, 0x1f97,
+	0x1fa0, 0x1fa7,
+	0x1fb0, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fb7,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fc7,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fd7,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fe7,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ff7,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x210a, 0x210a,
+	0x210e, 0x210f,
+	0x2113, 0x2113,
+	0x212f, 0x212f,
+	0x2134, 0x2134,
+	0x2139, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213d,
+	0x2146, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2170, 0x217f,
+	0x2184, 0x2184,
+	0x24d0, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c61, 0x2c61,
+	0x2c65, 0x2c66,
+	0x2c68, 0x2c68,
+	0x2c6a, 0x2c6a,
+	0x2c6c, 0x2c6c,
+	0x2c71, 0x2c71,
+	0x2c73, 0x2c74,
+	0x2c76, 0x2c7d,
+	0x2c81, 0x2c81,
+	0x2c83, 0x2c83,
+	0x2c85, 0x2c85,
+	0x2c87, 0x2c87,
+	0x2c89, 0x2c89,
+	0x2c8b, 0x2c8b,
+	0x2c8d, 0x2c8d,
+	0x2c8f, 0x2c8f,
+	0x2c91, 0x2c91,
+	0x2c93, 0x2c93,
+	0x2c95, 0x2c95,
+	0x2c97, 0x2c97,
+	0x2c99, 0x2c99,
+	0x2c9b, 0x2c9b,
+	0x2c9d, 0x2c9d,
+	0x2c9f, 0x2c9f,
+	0x2ca1, 0x2ca1,
+	0x2ca3, 0x2ca3,
+	0x2ca5, 0x2ca5,
+	0x2ca7, 0x2ca7,
+	0x2ca9, 0x2ca9,
+	0x2cab, 0x2cab,
+	0x2cad, 0x2cad,
+	0x2caf, 0x2caf,
+	0x2cb1, 0x2cb1,
+	0x2cb3, 0x2cb3,
+	0x2cb5, 0x2cb5,
+	0x2cb7, 0x2cb7,
+	0x2cb9, 0x2cb9,
+	0x2cbb, 0x2cbb,
+	0x2cbd, 0x2cbd,
+	0x2cbf, 0x2cbf,
+	0x2cc1, 0x2cc1,
+	0x2cc3, 0x2cc3,
+	0x2cc5, 0x2cc5,
+	0x2cc7, 0x2cc7,
+	0x2cc9, 0x2cc9,
+	0x2ccb, 0x2ccb,
+	0x2ccd, 0x2ccd,
+	0x2ccf, 0x2ccf,
+	0x2cd1, 0x2cd1,
+	0x2cd3, 0x2cd3,
+	0x2cd5, 0x2cd5,
+	0x2cd7, 0x2cd7,
+	0x2cd9, 0x2cd9,
+	0x2cdb, 0x2cdb,
+	0x2cdd, 0x2cdd,
+	0x2cdf, 0x2cdf,
+	0x2ce1, 0x2ce1,
+	0x2ce3, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2cec, 0x2cec,
+	0x2cee, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf3, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0xa641, 0xa641,
+	0xa643, 0xa643,
+	0xa645, 0xa645,
+	0xa647, 0xa647,
+	0xa649, 0xa649,
+	0xa64b, 0xa64b,
+	0xa64d, 0xa64d,
+	0xa64f, 0xa64f,
+	0xa651, 0xa651,
+	0xa653, 0xa653,
+	0xa655, 0xa655,
+	0xa657, 0xa657,
+	0xa659, 0xa659,
+	0xa65b, 0xa65b,
+	0xa65d, 0xa65d,
+	0xa65f, 0xa65f,
+	0xa661, 0xa661,
+	0xa663, 0xa663,
+	0xa665, 0xa665,
+	0xa667, 0xa667,
+	0xa669, 0xa669,
+	0xa66b, 0xa66b,
+	0xa66d, 0xa66d,
+	0xa681, 0xa681,
+	0xa683, 0xa683,
+	0xa685, 0xa685,
+	0xa687, 0xa687,
+	0xa689, 0xa689,
+	0xa68b, 0xa68b,
+	0xa68d, 0xa68d,
+	0xa68f, 0xa68f,
+	0xa691, 0xa691,
+	0xa693, 0xa693,
+	0xa695, 0xa695,
+	0xa697, 0xa697,
+	0xa699, 0xa699,
+	0xa69b, 0xa69d,
+	0xa723, 0xa723,
+	0xa725, 0xa725,
+	0xa727, 0xa727,
+	0xa729, 0xa729,
+	0xa72b, 0xa72b,
+	0xa72d, 0xa72d,
+	0xa72f, 0xa731,
+	0xa733, 0xa733,
+	0xa735, 0xa735,
+	0xa737, 0xa737,
+	0xa739, 0xa739,
+	0xa73b, 0xa73b,
+	0xa73d, 0xa73d,
+	0xa73f, 0xa73f,
+	0xa741, 0xa741,
+	0xa743, 0xa743,
+	0xa745, 0xa745,
+	0xa747, 0xa747,
+	0xa749, 0xa749,
+	0xa74b, 0xa74b,
+	0xa74d, 0xa74d,
+	0xa74f, 0xa74f,
+	0xa751, 0xa751,
+	0xa753, 0xa753,
+	0xa755, 0xa755,
+	0xa757, 0xa757,
+	0xa759, 0xa759,
+	0xa75b, 0xa75b,
+	0xa75d, 0xa75d,
+	0xa75f, 0xa75f,
+	0xa761, 0xa761,
+	0xa763, 0xa763,
+	0xa765, 0xa765,
+	0xa767, 0xa767,
+	0xa769, 0xa769,
+	0xa76b, 0xa76b,
+	0xa76d, 0xa76d,
+	0xa76f, 0xa778,
+	0xa77a, 0xa77a,
+	0xa77c, 0xa77c,
+	0xa77f, 0xa77f,
+	0xa781, 0xa781,
+	0xa783, 0xa783,
+	0xa785, 0xa785,
+	0xa787, 0xa787,
+	0xa78c, 0xa78c,
+	0xa78e, 0xa78e,
+	0xa791, 0xa791,
+	0xa793, 0xa795,
+	0xa797, 0xa797,
+	0xa799, 0xa799,
+	0xa79b, 0xa79b,
+	0xa79d, 0xa79d,
+	0xa79f, 0xa79f,
+	0xa7a1, 0xa7a1,
+	0xa7a3, 0xa7a3,
+	0xa7a5, 0xa7a5,
+	0xa7a7, 0xa7a7,
+	0xa7a9, 0xa7a9,
+	0xa7af, 0xa7af,
+	0xa7b5, 0xa7b5,
+	0xa7b7, 0xa7b7,
+	0xa7b9, 0xa7b9,
+	0xa7bb, 0xa7bb,
+	0xa7bd, 0xa7bd,
+	0xa7bf, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c3, 0xa7c3,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa7fa,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0x10428, 0x1044f,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x118c0, 0x118df,
+	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x1d41a, 0x1d433,
+	0x1d44e, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d467,
+	0x1d482, 0x1d49b,
+	0x1d4b6, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d4cf,
+	0x1d4ea, 0x1d503,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d537,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d56b,
+	0x1d586, 0x1d59f,
+	0x1d5ba, 0x1d5d3,
+	0x1d5ee, 0x1d607,
+	0x1d622, 0x1d63b,
+	0x1d656, 0x1d66f,
+	0x1d68a, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6e1,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d71b,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d755,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d78f,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7c9,
+	0x1d7cb, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
+}; /* CR_Lower */
+
+/* 'Print': [[:Print:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
+	668,
+	0x0020, 0x007e,
+	0x00a0, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2027,
+	0x202a, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e4f,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xe000, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
+	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
+}; /* CR_Print */
+
+/* 'XPosixPunct': [[:Punct:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_XPosixPunct[] = {
+	177,
+	0x0021, 0x002f,
+	0x003a, 0x0040,
+	0x005b, 0x0060,
+	0x007b, 0x007e,
+	0x00a1, 0x00a1,
+	0x00a7, 0x00a7,
+	0x00ab, 0x00ab,
+	0x00b6, 0x00b7,
+	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
+	0x00bf, 0x00bf,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0387, 0x0387,
+	0x055a, 0x055f,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x05be, 0x05be,
+	0x05c0, 0x05c0,
+	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
+	0x05c6, 0x05c6,
+	0x05f3, 0x05f4,
+	0x0609, 0x060a,
+	0x060c, 0x060d,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x066a, 0x066d,
+	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
+	0x0700, 0x070d,
+	0x07f7, 0x07f9,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0964, 0x0965,
+	0x0970, 0x0970,
+	0x09fd, 0x09fd,
+	0x0a76, 0x0a76,
+	0x0af0, 0x0af0,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c77,
+	0x0c84, 0x0c84,
+	0x0df4, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e4f, 0x0e4f,
+	0x0e5a, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0f04, 0x0f12,
+	0x0f14, 0x0f14,
+	0x0f3a, 0x0f3d,
+	0x0f85, 0x0f85,
+	0x0fd0, 0x0fd4,
+	0x0fd9, 0x0fda,
+	0x104a, 0x104f,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1360, 0x1368,
+	0x1400, 0x1400,
+	0x166e, 0x166e,
+	0x169b, 0x169c,
+	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
+	0x1735, 0x1736,
+	0x17d4, 0x17d6,
+	0x17d8, 0x17da,
+	0x1800, 0x180a,
+	0x1944, 0x1945,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aa6,
+	0x1aa8, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b5a, 0x1b60,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1bff,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c3f,
+	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
+	0x2010, 0x2027,
+	0x2030, 0x2043,
+	0x2045, 0x2051,
+	0x2053, 0x205e,
+	0x207d, 0x207e,
+	0x208d, 0x208e,
+	0x2308, 0x230b,
+	0x2329, 0x232a,
+	0x2768, 0x2775,
+	0x27c5, 0x27c6,
+	0x27e6, 0x27ef,
+	0x2983, 0x2998,
+	0x29d8, 0x29db,
+	0x29fc, 0x29fd,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2cfc,
+	0x2cfe, 0x2cff,
+	0x2d70, 0x2d70,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e2e,
+	0x2e30, 0x2e4f,
+	0x3001, 0x3003,
+	0x3008, 0x3011,
+	0x3014, 0x301f,
+	0x3030, 0x3030,
+	0x303d, 0x303d,
+	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
+	0x30fb, 0x30fb,
+	0xa4fe, 0xa4ff,
+	0xa60d, 0xa60f,
+	0xa673, 0xa673,
+	0xa67e, 0xa67e,
+	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa874, 0xa877,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
+	0xa8f8, 0xa8fa,
+	0xa8fc, 0xa8fc,
+	0xa92e, 0xa92f,
+	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
+	0xa9c1, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
+	0xaade, 0xaadf,
+	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
+	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
+	0xfd3e, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe61,
+	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
+	0xfe6a, 0xfe6b,
+	0xff01, 0xff03,
+	0xff05, 0xff0a,
+	0xff0c, 0xff0f,
+	0xff1a, 0xff1b,
+	0xff1f, 0xff20,
+	0xff3b, 0xff3d,
+	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
+	0xff5b, 0xff5b,
+	0xff5d, 0xff5d,
+	0xff5f, 0xff65,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
+	0x103d0, 0x103d0,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10857, 0x10857,
+	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a7f, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10af0, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
+	0x11047, 0x1104d,
+	0x110bb, 0x110bc,
+	0x110be, 0x110c1,
+	0x11140, 0x11143,
+	0x11174, 0x11175,
+	0x111c5, 0x111c8,
+	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
+	0x111db, 0x111db,
+	0x111dd, 0x111df,
+	0x11238, 0x1123d,
+	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
+	0x1144b, 0x1144f,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
+	0x114c6, 0x114c6,
+	0x115c1, 0x115d7,
+	0x11641, 0x11643,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
+	0x1183b, 0x1183b,
+	0x119e2, 0x119e2,
+	0x11a3f, 0x11a46,
+	0x11a9a, 0x11a9c,
+	0x11a9e, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
+	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fff, 0x11fff,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b37, 0x16b3b,
+	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
+	0x16e97, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16fe2, 0x16fe2,
+	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
+	0x1da87, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+}; /* CR_XPosixPunct */
+
+/* 'Space': [[:Space:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Space[] = {
+	10,
+	0x0009, 0x000d,
+	0x0020, 0x0020,
+	0x0085, 0x0085,
+	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
+	0x1680, 0x1680,
+	0x2000, 0x200a,
+	0x2028, 0x2029,
+	0x202f, 0x202f,
+	0x205f, 0x205f,
+	0x3000, 0x3000,
+}; /* CR_Space */
+
+/* 'Upper': [[:Upper:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Upper[] = {
+	641,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00de,
+	0x0100, 0x0100,
+	0x0102, 0x0102,
+	0x0104, 0x0104,
+	0x0106, 0x0106,
+	0x0108, 0x0108,
+	0x010a, 0x010a,
+	0x010c, 0x010c,
+	0x010e, 0x010e,
+	0x0110, 0x0110,
+	0x0112, 0x0112,
+	0x0114, 0x0114,
+	0x0116, 0x0116,
+	0x0118, 0x0118,
+	0x011a, 0x011a,
+	0x011c, 0x011c,
+	0x011e, 0x011e,
+	0x0120, 0x0120,
+	0x0122, 0x0122,
+	0x0124, 0x0124,
+	0x0126, 0x0126,
+	0x0128, 0x0128,
+	0x012a, 0x012a,
+	0x012c, 0x012c,
+	0x012e, 0x012e,
+	0x0130, 0x0130,
+	0x0132, 0x0132,
+	0x0134, 0x0134,
+	0x0136, 0x0136,
+	0x0139, 0x0139,
+	0x013b, 0x013b,
+	0x013d, 0x013d,
+	0x013f, 0x013f,
+	0x0141, 0x0141,
+	0x0143, 0x0143,
+	0x0145, 0x0145,
+	0x0147, 0x0147,
+	0x014a, 0x014a,
+	0x014c, 0x014c,
+	0x014e, 0x014e,
+	0x0150, 0x0150,
+	0x0152, 0x0152,
+	0x0154, 0x0154,
+	0x0156, 0x0156,
+	0x0158, 0x0158,
+	0x015a, 0x015a,
+	0x015c, 0x015c,
+	0x015e, 0x015e,
+	0x0160, 0x0160,
+	0x0162, 0x0162,
+	0x0164, 0x0164,
+	0x0166, 0x0166,
+	0x0168, 0x0168,
+	0x016a, 0x016a,
+	0x016c, 0x016c,
+	0x016e, 0x016e,
+	0x0170, 0x0170,
+	0x0172, 0x0172,
+	0x0174, 0x0174,
+	0x0176, 0x0176,
+	0x0178, 0x0179,
+	0x017b, 0x017b,
+	0x017d, 0x017d,
+	0x0181, 0x0182,
+	0x0184, 0x0184,
+	0x0186, 0x0187,
+	0x0189, 0x018b,
+	0x018e, 0x0191,
+	0x0193, 0x0194,
+	0x0196, 0x0198,
+	0x019c, 0x019d,
+	0x019f, 0x01a0,
+	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
+	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
+	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
+	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
+	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
+	0x01ae, 0x01af,
+	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
+	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
+	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
+	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
+	0x01c4, 0x01c4,
+	0x01c7, 0x01c7,
+	0x01ca, 0x01ca,
+	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
+	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
+	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
+	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
+	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
+	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
+	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
+	0x01db, 0x01db,
+	0x01de, 0x01de,
+	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
+	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
+	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
+	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
+	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
+	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
+	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
+	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
+	0x01f1, 0x01f1,
+	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
+	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
+	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
+	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
+	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
+	0x0200, 0x0200,
+	0x0202, 0x0202,
+	0x0204, 0x0204,
+	0x0206, 0x0206,
+	0x0208, 0x0208,
+	0x020a, 0x020a,
+	0x020c, 0x020c,
+	0x020e, 0x020e,
+	0x0210, 0x0210,
+	0x0212, 0x0212,
+	0x0214, 0x0214,
+	0x0216, 0x0216,
+	0x0218, 0x0218,
+	0x021a, 0x021a,
+	0x021c, 0x021c,
+	0x021e, 0x021e,
+	0x0220, 0x0220,
+	0x0222, 0x0222,
+	0x0224, 0x0224,
+	0x0226, 0x0226,
+	0x0228, 0x0228,
+	0x022a, 0x022a,
+	0x022c, 0x022c,
+	0x022e, 0x022e,
+	0x0230, 0x0230,
+	0x0232, 0x0232,
+	0x023a, 0x023b,
+	0x023d, 0x023e,
+	0x0241, 0x0241,
+	0x0243, 0x0246,
+	0x0248, 0x0248,
+	0x024a, 0x024a,
+	0x024c, 0x024c,
+	0x024e, 0x024e,
+	0x0370, 0x0370,
+	0x0372, 0x0372,
+	0x0376, 0x0376,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x038f,
+	0x0391, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
+	0x03cf, 0x03cf,
+	0x03d2, 0x03d4,
+	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
+	0x03da, 0x03da,
+	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
+	0x03de, 0x03de,
+	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
+	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
+	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
+	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
+	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
+	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
+	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
+	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
+	0x03f4, 0x03f4,
+	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
+	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
+	0x03fd, 0x042f,
+	0x0460, 0x0460,
+	0x0462, 0x0462,
+	0x0464, 0x0464,
+	0x0466, 0x0466,
+	0x0468, 0x0468,
+	0x046a, 0x046a,
+	0x046c, 0x046c,
+	0x046e, 0x046e,
+	0x0470, 0x0470,
+	0x0472, 0x0472,
+	0x0474, 0x0474,
+	0x0476, 0x0476,
+	0x0478, 0x0478,
+	0x047a, 0x047a,
+	0x047c, 0x047c,
+	0x047e, 0x047e,
+	0x0480, 0x0480,
+	0x048a, 0x048a,
+	0x048c, 0x048c,
+	0x048e, 0x048e,
+	0x0490, 0x0490,
+	0x0492, 0x0492,
+	0x0494, 0x0494,
+	0x0496, 0x0496,
+	0x0498, 0x0498,
+	0x049a, 0x049a,
+	0x049c, 0x049c,
+	0x049e, 0x049e,
+	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
+	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
+	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
+	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
+	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
+	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
+	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
+	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
+	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
+	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
+	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
+	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
+	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
+	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
+	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
+	0x04be, 0x04be,
+	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
+	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
+	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
+	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
+	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
+	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
+	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
+	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
+	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
+	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
+	0x04da, 0x04da,
+	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
+	0x04de, 0x04de,
+	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
+	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
+	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
+	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
+	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
+	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
+	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
+	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
+	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
+	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
+	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
+	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
+	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
+	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
+	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
+	0x0500, 0x0500,
+	0x0502, 0x0502,
+	0x0504, 0x0504,
+	0x0506, 0x0506,
+	0x0508, 0x0508,
+	0x050a, 0x050a,
+	0x050c, 0x050c,
+	0x050e, 0x050e,
+	0x0510, 0x0510,
+	0x0512, 0x0512,
+	0x0514, 0x0514,
+	0x0516, 0x0516,
+	0x0518, 0x0518,
+	0x051a, 0x051a,
+	0x051c, 0x051c,
+	0x051e, 0x051e,
+	0x0520, 0x0520,
+	0x0522, 0x0522,
+	0x0524, 0x0524,
+	0x0526, 0x0526,
+	0x0528, 0x0528,
+	0x052a, 0x052a,
+	0x052c, 0x052c,
+	0x052e, 0x052e,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
+	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
+	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
+	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
+	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
+	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
+	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
+	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
+	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
+	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
+	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
+	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
+	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
+	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
+	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
+	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
+	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
+	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
+	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
+	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
+	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
+	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
+	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
+	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
+	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
+	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
+	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
+	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
+	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
+	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
+	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
+	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
+	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
+	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
+	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
+	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
+	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
+	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
+	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
+	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
+	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
+	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
+	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
+	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
+	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
+	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
+	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
+	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
+	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
+	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
+	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
+	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
+	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
+	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
+	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
+	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
+	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
+	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
+	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
+	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
+	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
+	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
+	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
+	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
+	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
+	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
+	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
+	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
+	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
+	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
+	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
+	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
+	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
+	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
+	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
+	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
+	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
+	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
+	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
+	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
+	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
+	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
+	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
+	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
+	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
+	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
+	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
+	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
+	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
+	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
+	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
+	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
+	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
+	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
+	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
+	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
+	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
+	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
+	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
+	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
+	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
+	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
+	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
+	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
+	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
+	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
+	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
+	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
+	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
+	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
+	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
+	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
+	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
+	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
+	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
+	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
+	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
+	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
+	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
+	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
+	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
+	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
+	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
+	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
+	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
+	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
+	0x1fb8, 0x1fbb,
+	0x1fc8, 0x1fcb,
+	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff8, 0x1ffb,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210b, 0x210d,
+	0x2110, 0x2112,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x2130, 0x2133,
+	0x213e, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2145,
+	0x2160, 0x216f,
+	0x2183, 0x2183,
+	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
+	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
+	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
+	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
+	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
+	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
+	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
+	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
+	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
+	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
+	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
+	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
+	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
+	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
+	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
+	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
+	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
+	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
+	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
+	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
+	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
+	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
+	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
+	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
+	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
+	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
+	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
+	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
+	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
+	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
+	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
+	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
+	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
+	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
+	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
+	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
+	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
+	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
+	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
+	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
+	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
+	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
+	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
+	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
+	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
+	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
+	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
+	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
+	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
+	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
+	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
+	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
+	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
+	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
+	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
+	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
+	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
+	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
+	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
+	0xa640, 0xa640,
+	0xa642, 0xa642,
+	0xa644, 0xa644,
+	0xa646, 0xa646,
+	0xa648, 0xa648,
+	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
+	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
+	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
+	0xa650, 0xa650,
+	0xa652, 0xa652,
+	0xa654, 0xa654,
+	0xa656, 0xa656,
+	0xa658, 0xa658,
+	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
+	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
+	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
+	0xa660, 0xa660,
+	0xa662, 0xa662,
+	0xa664, 0xa664,
+	0xa666, 0xa666,
+	0xa668, 0xa668,
+	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
+	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
+	0xa680, 0xa680,
+	0xa682, 0xa682,
+	0xa684, 0xa684,
+	0xa686, 0xa686,
+	0xa688, 0xa688,
+	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
+	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
+	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
+	0xa690, 0xa690,
+	0xa692, 0xa692,
+	0xa694, 0xa694,
+	0xa696, 0xa696,
+	0xa698, 0xa698,
+	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
+	0xa722, 0xa722,
+	0xa724, 0xa724,
+	0xa726, 0xa726,
+	0xa728, 0xa728,
+	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
+	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
+	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
+	0xa732, 0xa732,
+	0xa734, 0xa734,
+	0xa736, 0xa736,
+	0xa738, 0xa738,
+	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
+	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
+	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
+	0xa740, 0xa740,
+	0xa742, 0xa742,
+	0xa744, 0xa744,
+	0xa746, 0xa746,
+	0xa748, 0xa748,
+	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
+	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
+	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
+	0xa750, 0xa750,
+	0xa752, 0xa752,
+	0xa754, 0xa754,
+	0xa756, 0xa756,
+	0xa758, 0xa758,
+	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
+	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
+	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
+	0xa760, 0xa760,
+	0xa762, 0xa762,
+	0xa764, 0xa764,
+	0xa766, 0xa766,
+	0xa768, 0xa768,
+	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
+	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
+	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
+	0xa779, 0xa779,
+	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
+	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
+	0xa780, 0xa780,
+	0xa782, 0xa782,
+	0xa784, 0xa784,
+	0xa786, 0xa786,
+	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
+	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
+	0xa790, 0xa790,
+	0xa792, 0xa792,
+	0xa796, 0xa796,
+	0xa798, 0xa798,
+	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
+	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
+	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
+	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
+	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
+	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
+	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
+	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
+	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
+	0xa7b8, 0xa7b8,
+	0xa7ba, 0xa7ba,
+	0xa7bc, 0xa7bc,
+	0xa7be, 0xa7be,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c2,
+	0xa7c4, 0xa7c6,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0x10400, 0x10427,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d419,
+	0x1d434, 0x1d44d,
+	0x1d468, 0x1d481,
+	0x1d49c, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b5,
+	0x1d4d0, 0x1d4e9,
+	0x1d504, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d538, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d56c, 0x1d585,
+	0x1d5a0, 0x1d5b9,
+	0x1d5d4, 0x1d5ed,
+	0x1d608, 0x1d621,
+	0x1d63c, 0x1d655,
+	0x1d670, 0x1d689,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6e2, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d71c, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d756, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d790, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7ca, 0x1d7ca,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
+	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
+}; /* CR_Upper */
+
+/* 'XDigit': [[:XDigit:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_XDigit[] = {
+	3,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x0041, 0x0046,
+	0x0061, 0x0066,
+}; /* CR_XDigit */
+
+/* 'Word': [[:Word:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
+	716,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x005f, 0x005f,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0300, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x0483, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x0620, 0x0669,
+	0x066e, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
+	0x06df, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x0963,
+	0x0966, 0x096f,
+	0x0971, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f3e, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x1000, 0x1049,
+	0x1050, 0x109d,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1734,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17d3,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1946, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x203f, 0x2040,
+	0x2054, 0x2054,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
+	0x3005, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x302f,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x3038, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x309a,
+	0x309d, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa672,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa827,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa92d,
+	0xa930, 0xa953,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9c0,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabea,
+	0xabec, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
+	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff10, 0xff19,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x11046,
+	0x11066, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110ba,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x1113f,
+	0x11144, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11173,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111c4,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x111d0, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x1144a,
+	0x11450, 0x11459,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
+	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11640,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x11739,
+	0x11800, 0x1183a,
+	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a99,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
+	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_Word */
+
+/* 'Alnum': [[:Alnum:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
+	715,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0370, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x0620, 0x0657,
+	0x0659, 0x0669,
+	0x066e, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
+	0x06e1, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ed, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x073f,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07ea,
+	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x0817,
+	0x081a, 0x082c,
+	0x0840, 0x0858,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d4, 0x08df,
+	0x08e3, 0x08e9,
+	0x08f0, 0x093b,
+	0x093d, 0x094c,
+	0x094e, 0x0950,
+	0x0955, 0x0963,
+	0x0966, 0x096f,
+	0x0971, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bd, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
+	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4c,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abd, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af9, 0x0afc,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3d, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbd, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
+	0x0e4d, 0x0e4d,
+	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ecd, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
+	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
+	0x0f88, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x1000, 0x1036,
+	0x1038, 0x1038,
+	0x103b, 0x1049,
+	0x1050, 0x109d,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1713,
+	0x1720, 0x1733,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x17b6, 0x17c8,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x1938,
+	0x1946, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a61, 0x1a74,
+	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b35, 0x1b43,
+	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
+	0x1b80, 0x1ba9,
+	0x1bac, 0x1be5,
+	0x1be7, 0x1bf1,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c36,
+	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1de7, 0x1df4,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
+	0x3005, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x3038, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309d, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66e,
+	0xa674, 0xa67b,
+	0xa67f, 0xa6ef,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa805,
+	0xa807, 0xa827,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
+	0xa8c5, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa92a,
+	0xa930, 0xa952,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9b4, 0xa9bf,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaabe,
+	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
+	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf5,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabea,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff10, 0xff19,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x11045,
+	0x11066, 0x1106f,
+	0x11082, 0x110b8,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11132,
+	0x11136, 0x1113f,
+	0x11144, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11172,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111bf,
+	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
+	0x111d0, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x11234,
+	0x11237, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112e8,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133d, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134c,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11400, 0x11441,
+	0x11443, 0x11445,
+	0x11447, 0x1144a,
+	0x11450, 0x11459,
+	0x1145f, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c1,
+	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115be,
+	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x1163e,
+	0x11640, 0x11640,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11680, 0x116b5,
+	0x116b8, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172a,
+	0x11730, 0x11739,
+	0x11800, 0x11838,
+	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119df,
+	0x119e1, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a35, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a97,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3e,
+	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d41,
+	0x11d43, 0x11d43,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d96,
+	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9e, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
+	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
+	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_Alnum */
+
+/* 'ASCII': [[:ASCII:]] */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_ASCII[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0000, 0x007f,
+}; /* CR_ASCII */
+
+/* 'Punct' */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Punct[] = {
+	182,
+	0x0021, 0x0023,
+	0x0025, 0x002a,
+	0x002c, 0x002f,
+	0x003a, 0x003b,
+	0x003f, 0x0040,
+	0x005b, 0x005d,
+	0x005f, 0x005f,
+	0x007b, 0x007b,
+	0x007d, 0x007d,
+	0x00a1, 0x00a1,
+	0x00a7, 0x00a7,
+	0x00ab, 0x00ab,
+	0x00b6, 0x00b7,
+	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
+	0x00bf, 0x00bf,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0387, 0x0387,
+	0x055a, 0x055f,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x05be, 0x05be,
+	0x05c0, 0x05c0,
+	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
+	0x05c6, 0x05c6,
+	0x05f3, 0x05f4,
+	0x0609, 0x060a,
+	0x060c, 0x060d,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x066a, 0x066d,
+	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
+	0x0700, 0x070d,
+	0x07f7, 0x07f9,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0964, 0x0965,
+	0x0970, 0x0970,
+	0x09fd, 0x09fd,
+	0x0a76, 0x0a76,
+	0x0af0, 0x0af0,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c77,
+	0x0c84, 0x0c84,
+	0x0df4, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e4f, 0x0e4f,
+	0x0e5a, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0f04, 0x0f12,
+	0x0f14, 0x0f14,
+	0x0f3a, 0x0f3d,
+	0x0f85, 0x0f85,
+	0x0fd0, 0x0fd4,
+	0x0fd9, 0x0fda,
+	0x104a, 0x104f,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1360, 0x1368,
+	0x1400, 0x1400,
+	0x166e, 0x166e,
+	0x169b, 0x169c,
+	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
+	0x1735, 0x1736,
+	0x17d4, 0x17d6,
+	0x17d8, 0x17da,
+	0x1800, 0x180a,
+	0x1944, 0x1945,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aa6,
+	0x1aa8, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b5a, 0x1b60,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1bff,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c3f,
+	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
+	0x2010, 0x2027,
+	0x2030, 0x2043,
+	0x2045, 0x2051,
+	0x2053, 0x205e,
+	0x207d, 0x207e,
+	0x208d, 0x208e,
+	0x2308, 0x230b,
+	0x2329, 0x232a,
+	0x2768, 0x2775,
+	0x27c5, 0x27c6,
+	0x27e6, 0x27ef,
+	0x2983, 0x2998,
+	0x29d8, 0x29db,
+	0x29fc, 0x29fd,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2cfc,
+	0x2cfe, 0x2cff,
+	0x2d70, 0x2d70,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e2e,
+	0x2e30, 0x2e4f,
+	0x3001, 0x3003,
+	0x3008, 0x3011,
+	0x3014, 0x301f,
+	0x3030, 0x3030,
+	0x303d, 0x303d,
+	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
+	0x30fb, 0x30fb,
+	0xa4fe, 0xa4ff,
+	0xa60d, 0xa60f,
+	0xa673, 0xa673,
+	0xa67e, 0xa67e,
+	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa874, 0xa877,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
+	0xa8f8, 0xa8fa,
+	0xa8fc, 0xa8fc,
+	0xa92e, 0xa92f,
+	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
+	0xa9c1, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
+	0xaade, 0xaadf,
+	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
+	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
+	0xfd3e, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe61,
+	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
+	0xfe6a, 0xfe6b,
+	0xff01, 0xff03,
+	0xff05, 0xff0a,
+	0xff0c, 0xff0f,
+	0xff1a, 0xff1b,
+	0xff1f, 0xff20,
+	0xff3b, 0xff3d,
+	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
+	0xff5b, 0xff5b,
+	0xff5d, 0xff5d,
+	0xff5f, 0xff65,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
+	0x103d0, 0x103d0,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10857, 0x10857,
+	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a7f, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10af0, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
+	0x11047, 0x1104d,
+	0x110bb, 0x110bc,
+	0x110be, 0x110c1,
+	0x11140, 0x11143,
+	0x11174, 0x11175,
+	0x111c5, 0x111c8,
+	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
+	0x111db, 0x111db,
+	0x111dd, 0x111df,
+	0x11238, 0x1123d,
+	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
+	0x1144b, 0x1144f,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
+	0x114c6, 0x114c6,
+	0x115c1, 0x115d7,
+	0x11641, 0x11643,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
+	0x1183b, 0x1183b,
+	0x119e2, 0x119e2,
+	0x11a3f, 0x11a46,
+	0x11a9a, 0x11a9c,
+	0x11a9e, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
+	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fff, 0x11fff,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b37, 0x16b3b,
+	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
+	0x16e97, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16fe2, 0x16fe2,
+	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
+	0x1da87, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+}; /* CR_Punct */
+
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+/* 'Any': - */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Any[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0000, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Any */
+
+/* 'Assigned': - */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
+	666,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e4f,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
+	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
+}; /* CR_Assigned */
+
+/* 'C': Major Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
+	668,
+	0x0000, 0x001f,
+	0x007f, 0x009f,
+	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
+	0x0378, 0x0379,
+	0x0380, 0x0383,
+	0x038b, 0x038b,
+	0x038d, 0x038d,
+	0x03a2, 0x03a2,
+	0x0530, 0x0530,
+	0x0557, 0x0558,
+	0x058b, 0x058c,
+	0x0590, 0x0590,
+	0x05c8, 0x05cf,
+	0x05eb, 0x05ee,
+	0x05f5, 0x0605,
+	0x061c, 0x061d,
+	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
+	0x070e, 0x070f,
+	0x074b, 0x074c,
+	0x07b2, 0x07bf,
+	0x07fb, 0x07fc,
+	0x082e, 0x082f,
+	0x083f, 0x083f,
+	0x085c, 0x085d,
+	0x085f, 0x085f,
+	0x086b, 0x089f,
+	0x08b5, 0x08b5,
+	0x08be, 0x08d2,
+	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
+	0x0984, 0x0984,
+	0x098d, 0x098e,
+	0x0991, 0x0992,
+	0x09a9, 0x09a9,
+	0x09b1, 0x09b1,
+	0x09b3, 0x09b5,
+	0x09ba, 0x09bb,
+	0x09c5, 0x09c6,
+	0x09c9, 0x09ca,
+	0x09cf, 0x09d6,
+	0x09d8, 0x09db,
+	0x09de, 0x09de,
+	0x09e4, 0x09e5,
+	0x09ff, 0x0a00,
+	0x0a04, 0x0a04,
+	0x0a0b, 0x0a0e,
+	0x0a11, 0x0a12,
+	0x0a29, 0x0a29,
+	0x0a31, 0x0a31,
+	0x0a34, 0x0a34,
+	0x0a37, 0x0a37,
+	0x0a3a, 0x0a3b,
+	0x0a3d, 0x0a3d,
+	0x0a43, 0x0a46,
+	0x0a49, 0x0a4a,
+	0x0a4e, 0x0a50,
+	0x0a52, 0x0a58,
+	0x0a5d, 0x0a5d,
+	0x0a5f, 0x0a65,
+	0x0a77, 0x0a80,
+	0x0a84, 0x0a84,
+	0x0a8e, 0x0a8e,
+	0x0a92, 0x0a92,
+	0x0aa9, 0x0aa9,
+	0x0ab1, 0x0ab1,
+	0x0ab4, 0x0ab4,
+	0x0aba, 0x0abb,
+	0x0ac6, 0x0ac6,
+	0x0aca, 0x0aca,
+	0x0ace, 0x0acf,
+	0x0ad1, 0x0adf,
+	0x0ae4, 0x0ae5,
+	0x0af2, 0x0af8,
+	0x0b00, 0x0b00,
+	0x0b04, 0x0b04,
+	0x0b0d, 0x0b0e,
+	0x0b11, 0x0b12,
+	0x0b29, 0x0b29,
+	0x0b31, 0x0b31,
+	0x0b34, 0x0b34,
+	0x0b3a, 0x0b3b,
+	0x0b45, 0x0b46,
+	0x0b49, 0x0b4a,
+	0x0b4e, 0x0b55,
+	0x0b58, 0x0b5b,
+	0x0b5e, 0x0b5e,
+	0x0b64, 0x0b65,
+	0x0b78, 0x0b81,
+	0x0b84, 0x0b84,
+	0x0b8b, 0x0b8d,
+	0x0b91, 0x0b91,
+	0x0b96, 0x0b98,
+	0x0b9b, 0x0b9b,
+	0x0b9d, 0x0b9d,
+	0x0ba0, 0x0ba2,
+	0x0ba5, 0x0ba7,
+	0x0bab, 0x0bad,
+	0x0bba, 0x0bbd,
+	0x0bc3, 0x0bc5,
+	0x0bc9, 0x0bc9,
+	0x0bce, 0x0bcf,
+	0x0bd1, 0x0bd6,
+	0x0bd8, 0x0be5,
+	0x0bfb, 0x0bff,
+	0x0c0d, 0x0c0d,
+	0x0c11, 0x0c11,
+	0x0c29, 0x0c29,
+	0x0c3a, 0x0c3c,
+	0x0c45, 0x0c45,
+	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
+	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
+	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
+	0x0c5b, 0x0c5f,
+	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
+	0x0c70, 0x0c76,
+	0x0c8d, 0x0c8d,
+	0x0c91, 0x0c91,
+	0x0ca9, 0x0ca9,
+	0x0cb4, 0x0cb4,
+	0x0cba, 0x0cbb,
+	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
+	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
+	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
+	0x0cd7, 0x0cdd,
+	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
+	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
+	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
+	0x0cf3, 0x0cff,
+	0x0d04, 0x0d04,
+	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
+	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
+	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
+	0x0d49, 0x0d49,
+	0x0d50, 0x0d53,
+	0x0d64, 0x0d65,
+	0x0d80, 0x0d81,
+	0x0d84, 0x0d84,
+	0x0d97, 0x0d99,
+	0x0db2, 0x0db2,
+	0x0dbc, 0x0dbc,
+	0x0dbe, 0x0dbf,
+	0x0dc7, 0x0dc9,
+	0x0dcb, 0x0dce,
+	0x0dd5, 0x0dd5,
+	0x0dd7, 0x0dd7,
+	0x0de0, 0x0de5,
+	0x0df0, 0x0df1,
+	0x0df5, 0x0e00,
+	0x0e3b, 0x0e3e,
+	0x0e5c, 0x0e80,
+	0x0e83, 0x0e83,
+	0x0e85, 0x0e85,
+	0x0e8b, 0x0e8b,
+	0x0ea4, 0x0ea4,
+	0x0ea6, 0x0ea6,
+	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
+	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
+	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
+	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
+	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
+	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
+	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
+	0x0f6d, 0x0f70,
+	0x0f98, 0x0f98,
+	0x0fbd, 0x0fbd,
+	0x0fcd, 0x0fcd,
+	0x0fdb, 0x0fff,
+	0x10c6, 0x10c6,
+	0x10c8, 0x10cc,
+	0x10ce, 0x10cf,
+	0x1249, 0x1249,
+	0x124e, 0x124f,
+	0x1257, 0x1257,
+	0x1259, 0x1259,
+	0x125e, 0x125f,
+	0x1289, 0x1289,
+	0x128e, 0x128f,
+	0x12b1, 0x12b1,
+	0x12b6, 0x12b7,
+	0x12bf, 0x12bf,
+	0x12c1, 0x12c1,
+	0x12c6, 0x12c7,
+	0x12d7, 0x12d7,
+	0x1311, 0x1311,
+	0x1316, 0x1317,
+	0x135b, 0x135c,
+	0x137d, 0x137f,
+	0x139a, 0x139f,
+	0x13f6, 0x13f7,
+	0x13fe, 0x13ff,
+	0x169d, 0x169f,
+	0x16f9, 0x16ff,
+	0x170d, 0x170d,
+	0x1715, 0x171f,
+	0x1737, 0x173f,
+	0x1754, 0x175f,
+	0x176d, 0x176d,
+	0x1771, 0x1771,
+	0x1774, 0x177f,
+	0x17de, 0x17df,
+	0x17ea, 0x17ef,
+	0x17fa, 0x17ff,
+	0x180e, 0x180f,
+	0x181a, 0x181f,
+	0x1879, 0x187f,
+	0x18ab, 0x18af,
+	0x18f6, 0x18ff,
+	0x191f, 0x191f,
+	0x192c, 0x192f,
+	0x193c, 0x193f,
+	0x1941, 0x1943,
+	0x196e, 0x196f,
+	0x1975, 0x197f,
+	0x19ac, 0x19af,
+	0x19ca, 0x19cf,
+	0x19db, 0x19dd,
+	0x1a1c, 0x1a1d,
+	0x1a5f, 0x1a5f,
+	0x1a7d, 0x1a7e,
+	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
+	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
+	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
+	0x1abf, 0x1aff,
+	0x1b4c, 0x1b4f,
+	0x1b7d, 0x1b7f,
+	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
+	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
+	0x1c4a, 0x1c4c,
+	0x1c89, 0x1c8f,
+	0x1cbb, 0x1cbc,
+	0x1cc8, 0x1ccf,
+	0x1cfb, 0x1cff,
+	0x1dfa, 0x1dfa,
+	0x1f16, 0x1f17,
+	0x1f1e, 0x1f1f,
+	0x1f46, 0x1f47,
+	0x1f4e, 0x1f4f,
+	0x1f58, 0x1f58,
+	0x1f5a, 0x1f5a,
+	0x1f5c, 0x1f5c,
+	0x1f5e, 0x1f5e,
+	0x1f7e, 0x1f7f,
+	0x1fb5, 0x1fb5,
+	0x1fc5, 0x1fc5,
+	0x1fd4, 0x1fd5,
+	0x1fdc, 0x1fdc,
+	0x1ff0, 0x1ff1,
+	0x1ff5, 0x1ff5,
+	0x1fff, 0x1fff,
+	0x200b, 0x200f,
+	0x202a, 0x202e,
+	0x2060, 0x206f,
+	0x2072, 0x2073,
+	0x208f, 0x208f,
+	0x209d, 0x209f,
+	0x20c0, 0x20cf,
+	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
+	0x218c, 0x218f,
+	0x2427, 0x243f,
+	0x244b, 0x245f,
+	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
+	0x2b96, 0x2b97,
+	0x2c2f, 0x2c2f,
+	0x2c5f, 0x2c5f,
+	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
+	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
+	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
+	0x2d2e, 0x2d2f,
+	0x2d68, 0x2d6e,
+	0x2d71, 0x2d7e,
+	0x2d97, 0x2d9f,
+	0x2da7, 0x2da7,
+	0x2daf, 0x2daf,
+	0x2db7, 0x2db7,
+	0x2dbf, 0x2dbf,
+	0x2dc7, 0x2dc7,
+	0x2dcf, 0x2dcf,
+	0x2dd7, 0x2dd7,
+	0x2ddf, 0x2ddf,
+	0x2e50, 0x2e7f,
+	0x2e9a, 0x2e9a,
+	0x2ef4, 0x2eff,
+	0x2fd6, 0x2fef,
+	0x2ffc, 0x2fff,
+	0x3040, 0x3040,
+	0x3097, 0x3098,
+	0x3100, 0x3104,
+	0x3130, 0x3130,
+	0x318f, 0x318f,
+	0x31bb, 0x31bf,
+	0x31e4, 0x31ef,
+	0x321f, 0x321f,
+	0x4db6, 0x4dbf,
+	0x9ff0, 0x9fff,
+	0xa48d, 0xa48f,
+	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
+	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
+	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
+	0xa7c0, 0xa7c1,
+	0xa7c7, 0xa7f6,
+	0xa82c, 0xa82f,
+	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
+	0xa878, 0xa87f,
+	0xa8c6, 0xa8cd,
+	0xa8da, 0xa8df,
+	0xa954, 0xa95e,
+	0xa97d, 0xa97f,
+	0xa9ce, 0xa9ce,
+	0xa9da, 0xa9dd,
+	0xa9ff, 0xa9ff,
+	0xaa37, 0xaa3f,
+	0xaa4e, 0xaa4f,
+	0xaa5a, 0xaa5b,
+	0xaac3, 0xaada,
+	0xaaf7, 0xab00,
+	0xab07, 0xab08,
+	0xab0f, 0xab10,
+	0xab17, 0xab1f,
+	0xab27, 0xab27,
+	0xab2f, 0xab2f,
+	0xab68, 0xab6f,
+	0xabee, 0xabef,
+	0xabfa, 0xabff,
+	0xd7a4, 0xd7af,
+	0xd7c7, 0xd7ca,
+	0xd7fc, 0xf8ff,
+	0xfa6e, 0xfa6f,
+	0xfada, 0xfaff,
+	0xfb07, 0xfb12,
+	0xfb18, 0xfb1c,
+	0xfb37, 0xfb37,
+	0xfb3d, 0xfb3d,
+	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
+	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
+	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
+	0xfbc2, 0xfbd2,
+	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
+	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
+	0xfdc8, 0xfdef,
+	0xfdfe, 0xfdff,
+	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
+	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
+	0xfe67, 0xfe67,
+	0xfe6c, 0xfe6f,
+	0xfe75, 0xfe75,
+	0xfefd, 0xff00,
+	0xffbf, 0xffc1,
+	0xffc8, 0xffc9,
+	0xffd0, 0xffd1,
+	0xffd8, 0xffd9,
+	0xffdd, 0xffdf,
+	0xffe7, 0xffe7,
+	0xffef, 0xfffb,
+	0xfffe, 0xffff,
+	0x1000c, 0x1000c,
+	0x10027, 0x10027,
+	0x1003b, 0x1003b,
+	0x1003e, 0x1003e,
+	0x1004e, 0x1004f,
+	0x1005e, 0x1007f,
+	0x100fb, 0x100ff,
+	0x10103, 0x10106,
+	0x10134, 0x10136,
+	0x1018f, 0x1018f,
+	0x1019c, 0x1019f,
+	0x101a1, 0x101cf,
+	0x101fe, 0x1027f,
+	0x1029d, 0x1029f,
+	0x102d1, 0x102df,
+	0x102fc, 0x102ff,
+	0x10324, 0x1032c,
+	0x1034b, 0x1034f,
+	0x1037b, 0x1037f,
+	0x1039e, 0x1039e,
+	0x103c4, 0x103c7,
+	0x103d6, 0x103ff,
+	0x1049e, 0x1049f,
+	0x104aa, 0x104af,
+	0x104d4, 0x104d7,
+	0x104fc, 0x104ff,
+	0x10528, 0x1052f,
+	0x10564, 0x1056e,
+	0x10570, 0x105ff,
+	0x10737, 0x1073f,
+	0x10756, 0x1075f,
+	0x10768, 0x107ff,
+	0x10806, 0x10807,
+	0x10809, 0x10809,
+	0x10836, 0x10836,
+	0x10839, 0x1083b,
+	0x1083d, 0x1083e,
+	0x10856, 0x10856,
+	0x1089f, 0x108a6,
+	0x108b0, 0x108df,
+	0x108f3, 0x108f3,
+	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
+	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
+	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
+	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
+	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
+	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
+	0x10a07, 0x10a0b,
+	0x10a14, 0x10a14,
+	0x10a18, 0x10a18,
+	0x10a36, 0x10a37,
+	0x10a3b, 0x10a3e,
+	0x10a49, 0x10a4f,
+	0x10a59, 0x10a5f,
+	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
+	0x10ae7, 0x10aea,
+	0x10af7, 0x10aff,
+	0x10b36, 0x10b38,
+	0x10b56, 0x10b57,
+	0x10b73, 0x10b77,
+	0x10b92, 0x10b98,
+	0x10b9d, 0x10ba8,
+	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
+	0x10c49, 0x10c7f,
+	0x10cb3, 0x10cbf,
+	0x10cf3, 0x10cf9,
+	0x10d28, 0x10d2f,
+	0x10d3a, 0x10e5f,
+	0x10e7f, 0x10eff,
+	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
+	0x10f5a, 0x10fdf,
+	0x10ff7, 0x10fff,
+	0x1104e, 0x11051,
+	0x11070, 0x1107e,
+	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
+	0x110c2, 0x110cf,
+	0x110e9, 0x110ef,
+	0x110fa, 0x110ff,
+	0x11135, 0x11135,
+	0x11147, 0x1114f,
+	0x11177, 0x1117f,
+	0x111ce, 0x111cf,
+	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
+	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
+	0x11212, 0x11212,
+	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
+	0x11287, 0x11287,
+	0x11289, 0x11289,
+	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
+	0x1129e, 0x1129e,
+	0x112aa, 0x112af,
+	0x112eb, 0x112ef,
+	0x112fa, 0x112ff,
+	0x11304, 0x11304,
+	0x1130d, 0x1130e,
+	0x11311, 0x11312,
+	0x11329, 0x11329,
+	0x11331, 0x11331,
+	0x11334, 0x11334,
+	0x1133a, 0x1133a,
+	0x11345, 0x11346,
+	0x11349, 0x1134a,
+	0x1134e, 0x1134f,
+	0x11351, 0x11356,
+	0x11358, 0x1135c,
+	0x11364, 0x11365,
+	0x1136d, 0x1136f,
+	0x11375, 0x113ff,
+	0x1145a, 0x1145a,
+	0x1145c, 0x1145c,
+	0x11460, 0x1147f,
+	0x114c8, 0x114cf,
+	0x114da, 0x1157f,
+	0x115b6, 0x115b7,
+	0x115de, 0x115ff,
+	0x11645, 0x1164f,
+	0x1165a, 0x1165f,
+	0x1166d, 0x1167f,
+	0x116b9, 0x116bf,
+	0x116ca, 0x116ff,
+	0x1171b, 0x1171c,
+	0x1172c, 0x1172f,
+	0x11740, 0x117ff,
+	0x1183c, 0x1189f,
+	0x118f3, 0x118fe,
+	0x11900, 0x1199f,
+	0x119a8, 0x119a9,
+	0x119d8, 0x119d9,
+	0x119e5, 0x119ff,
+	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
+	0x11aa3, 0x11abf,
+	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
+	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
+	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
+	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
+	0x11c6d, 0x11c6f,
+	0x11c90, 0x11c91,
+	0x11ca8, 0x11ca8,
+	0x11cb7, 0x11cff,
+	0x11d07, 0x11d07,
+	0x11d0a, 0x11d0a,
+	0x11d37, 0x11d39,
+	0x11d3b, 0x11d3b,
+	0x11d3e, 0x11d3e,
+	0x11d48, 0x11d4f,
+	0x11d5a, 0x11d5f,
+	0x11d66, 0x11d66,
+	0x11d69, 0x11d69,
+	0x11d8f, 0x11d8f,
+	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
+	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
+	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
+	0x11ef9, 0x11fbf,
+	0x11ff2, 0x11ffe,
+	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
+	0x1246f, 0x1246f,
+	0x12475, 0x1247f,
+	0x12544, 0x12fff,
+	0x1342f, 0x143ff,
+	0x14647, 0x167ff,
+	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
+	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
+	0x16a6a, 0x16a6d,
+	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
+	0x16aee, 0x16aef,
+	0x16af6, 0x16aff,
+	0x16b46, 0x16b4f,
+	0x16b5a, 0x16b5a,
+	0x16b62, 0x16b62,
+	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
+	0x16b90, 0x16e3f,
+	0x16e9b, 0x16eff,
+	0x16f4b, 0x16f4e,
+	0x16f88, 0x16f8e,
+	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
+	0x16fe4, 0x16fff,
+	0x187f8, 0x187ff,
+	0x18af3, 0x1afff,
+	0x1b11f, 0x1b14f,
+	0x1b153, 0x1b163,
+	0x1b168, 0x1b16f,
+	0x1b2fc, 0x1bbff,
+	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
+	0x1bc7d, 0x1bc7f,
+	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
+	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
+	0x1bca0, 0x1cfff,
+	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
+	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
+	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
+	0x1d1e9, 0x1d1ff,
+	0x1d246, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d2f4, 0x1d2ff,
+	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
+	0x1d379, 0x1d3ff,
+	0x1d455, 0x1d455,
+	0x1d49d, 0x1d49d,
+	0x1d4a0, 0x1d4a1,
+	0x1d4a3, 0x1d4a4,
+	0x1d4a7, 0x1d4a8,
+	0x1d4ad, 0x1d4ad,
+	0x1d4ba, 0x1d4ba,
+	0x1d4bc, 0x1d4bc,
+	0x1d4c4, 0x1d4c4,
+	0x1d506, 0x1d506,
+	0x1d50b, 0x1d50c,
+	0x1d515, 0x1d515,
+	0x1d51d, 0x1d51d,
+	0x1d53a, 0x1d53a,
+	0x1d53f, 0x1d53f,
+	0x1d545, 0x1d545,
+	0x1d547, 0x1d549,
+	0x1d551, 0x1d551,
+	0x1d6a6, 0x1d6a7,
+	0x1d7cc, 0x1d7cd,
+	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
+	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
+	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
+	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
+	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
+	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
+	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
+	0x1e02b, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e12d, 0x1e12f,
+	0x1e13e, 0x1e13f,
+	0x1e14a, 0x1e14d,
+	0x1e150, 0x1e2bf,
+	0x1e2fa, 0x1e2fe,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e7ff,
+	0x1e8c5, 0x1e8c6,
+	0x1e8d7, 0x1e8ff,
+	0x1e94c, 0x1e94f,
+	0x1e95a, 0x1e95d,
+	0x1e960, 0x1ec70,
+	0x1ecb5, 0x1ed00,
+	0x1ed3e, 0x1edff,
+	0x1ee04, 0x1ee04,
+	0x1ee20, 0x1ee20,
+	0x1ee23, 0x1ee23,
+	0x1ee25, 0x1ee26,
+	0x1ee28, 0x1ee28,
+	0x1ee33, 0x1ee33,
+	0x1ee38, 0x1ee38,
+	0x1ee3a, 0x1ee3a,
+	0x1ee3c, 0x1ee41,
+	0x1ee43, 0x1ee46,
+	0x1ee48, 0x1ee48,
+	0x1ee4a, 0x1ee4a,
+	0x1ee4c, 0x1ee4c,
+	0x1ee50, 0x1ee50,
+	0x1ee53, 0x1ee53,
+	0x1ee55, 0x1ee56,
+	0x1ee58, 0x1ee58,
+	0x1ee5a, 0x1ee5a,
+	0x1ee5c, 0x1ee5c,
+	0x1ee5e, 0x1ee5e,
+	0x1ee60, 0x1ee60,
+	0x1ee63, 0x1ee63,
+	0x1ee65, 0x1ee66,
+	0x1ee6b, 0x1ee6b,
+	0x1ee73, 0x1ee73,
+	0x1ee78, 0x1ee78,
+	0x1ee7d, 0x1ee7d,
+	0x1ee7f, 0x1ee7f,
+	0x1ee8a, 0x1ee8a,
+	0x1ee9c, 0x1eea0,
+	0x1eea4, 0x1eea4,
+	0x1eeaa, 0x1eeaa,
+	0x1eebc, 0x1eeef,
+	0x1eef2, 0x1efff,
+	0x1f02c, 0x1f02f,
+	0x1f094, 0x1f09f,
+	0x1f0af, 0x1f0b0,
+	0x1f0c0, 0x1f0c0,
+	0x1f0d0, 0x1f0d0,
+	0x1f0f6, 0x1f0ff,
+	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
+	0x1f16d, 0x1f16f,
+	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
+	0x1f203, 0x1f20f,
+	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
+	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
+	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
+	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
+	0x1f6d6, 0x1f6df,
+	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
+	0x1f6fb, 0x1f6ff,
+	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
+	0x1f7d9, 0x1f7df,
+	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ff,
+	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
+	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
+	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
+	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
+	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1f90c, 0x1f90c,
+	0x1f972, 0x1f972,
+	0x1f977, 0x1f979,
+	0x1f9a3, 0x1f9a4,
+	0x1f9ab, 0x1f9ad,
+	0x1f9cb, 0x1f9cc,
+	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
+	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
+	0x1fa74, 0x1fa77,
+	0x1fa7b, 0x1fa7f,
+	0x1fa83, 0x1fa8f,
+	0x1fa96, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2a6d7, 0x2a6ff,
+	0x2b735, 0x2b73f,
+	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
+	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
+	0x2ebe1, 0x2f7ff,
+	0x2fa1e, 0xe00ff,
+	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_C */
+
+/* 'Cc': General Category */
+#define CR_Cc CR_Cntrl
+
+/* 'Cf': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cf[] = {
+	20,
+	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
+	0x0600, 0x0605,
+	0x061c, 0x061c,
+	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
+	0x070f, 0x070f,
+	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
+	0x180e, 0x180e,
+	0x200b, 0x200f,
+	0x202a, 0x202e,
+	0x2060, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x206f,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xfff9, 0xfffb,
+	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+}; /* CR_Cf */
+
+/* 'Cn': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
+	666,
+	0x0378, 0x0379,
+	0x0380, 0x0383,
+	0x038b, 0x038b,
+	0x038d, 0x038d,
+	0x03a2, 0x03a2,
+	0x0530, 0x0530,
+	0x0557, 0x0558,
+	0x058b, 0x058c,
+	0x0590, 0x0590,
+	0x05c8, 0x05cf,
+	0x05eb, 0x05ee,
+	0x05f5, 0x05ff,
+	0x061d, 0x061d,
+	0x070e, 0x070e,
+	0x074b, 0x074c,
+	0x07b2, 0x07bf,
+	0x07fb, 0x07fc,
+	0x082e, 0x082f,
+	0x083f, 0x083f,
+	0x085c, 0x085d,
+	0x085f, 0x085f,
+	0x086b, 0x089f,
+	0x08b5, 0x08b5,
+	0x08be, 0x08d2,
+	0x0984, 0x0984,
+	0x098d, 0x098e,
+	0x0991, 0x0992,
+	0x09a9, 0x09a9,
+	0x09b1, 0x09b1,
+	0x09b3, 0x09b5,
+	0x09ba, 0x09bb,
+	0x09c5, 0x09c6,
+	0x09c9, 0x09ca,
+	0x09cf, 0x09d6,
+	0x09d8, 0x09db,
+	0x09de, 0x09de,
+	0x09e4, 0x09e5,
+	0x09ff, 0x0a00,
+	0x0a04, 0x0a04,
+	0x0a0b, 0x0a0e,
+	0x0a11, 0x0a12,
+	0x0a29, 0x0a29,
+	0x0a31, 0x0a31,
+	0x0a34, 0x0a34,
+	0x0a37, 0x0a37,
+	0x0a3a, 0x0a3b,
+	0x0a3d, 0x0a3d,
+	0x0a43, 0x0a46,
+	0x0a49, 0x0a4a,
+	0x0a4e, 0x0a50,
+	0x0a52, 0x0a58,
+	0x0a5d, 0x0a5d,
+	0x0a5f, 0x0a65,
+	0x0a77, 0x0a80,
+	0x0a84, 0x0a84,
+	0x0a8e, 0x0a8e,
+	0x0a92, 0x0a92,
+	0x0aa9, 0x0aa9,
+	0x0ab1, 0x0ab1,
+	0x0ab4, 0x0ab4,
+	0x0aba, 0x0abb,
+	0x0ac6, 0x0ac6,
+	0x0aca, 0x0aca,
+	0x0ace, 0x0acf,
+	0x0ad1, 0x0adf,
+	0x0ae4, 0x0ae5,
+	0x0af2, 0x0af8,
+	0x0b00, 0x0b00,
+	0x0b04, 0x0b04,
+	0x0b0d, 0x0b0e,
+	0x0b11, 0x0b12,
+	0x0b29, 0x0b29,
+	0x0b31, 0x0b31,
+	0x0b34, 0x0b34,
+	0x0b3a, 0x0b3b,
+	0x0b45, 0x0b46,
+	0x0b49, 0x0b4a,
+	0x0b4e, 0x0b55,
+	0x0b58, 0x0b5b,
+	0x0b5e, 0x0b5e,
+	0x0b64, 0x0b65,
+	0x0b78, 0x0b81,
+	0x0b84, 0x0b84,
+	0x0b8b, 0x0b8d,
+	0x0b91, 0x0b91,
+	0x0b96, 0x0b98,
+	0x0b9b, 0x0b9b,
+	0x0b9d, 0x0b9d,
+	0x0ba0, 0x0ba2,
+	0x0ba5, 0x0ba7,
+	0x0bab, 0x0bad,
+	0x0bba, 0x0bbd,
+	0x0bc3, 0x0bc5,
+	0x0bc9, 0x0bc9,
+	0x0bce, 0x0bcf,
+	0x0bd1, 0x0bd6,
+	0x0bd8, 0x0be5,
+	0x0bfb, 0x0bff,
+	0x0c0d, 0x0c0d,
+	0x0c11, 0x0c11,
+	0x0c29, 0x0c29,
+	0x0c3a, 0x0c3c,
+	0x0c45, 0x0c45,
+	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
+	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
+	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
+	0x0c5b, 0x0c5f,
+	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
+	0x0c70, 0x0c76,
+	0x0c8d, 0x0c8d,
+	0x0c91, 0x0c91,
+	0x0ca9, 0x0ca9,
+	0x0cb4, 0x0cb4,
+	0x0cba, 0x0cbb,
+	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
+	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
+	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
+	0x0cd7, 0x0cdd,
+	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
+	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
+	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
+	0x0cf3, 0x0cff,
+	0x0d04, 0x0d04,
+	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
+	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
+	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
+	0x0d49, 0x0d49,
+	0x0d50, 0x0d53,
+	0x0d64, 0x0d65,
+	0x0d80, 0x0d81,
+	0x0d84, 0x0d84,
+	0x0d97, 0x0d99,
+	0x0db2, 0x0db2,
+	0x0dbc, 0x0dbc,
+	0x0dbe, 0x0dbf,
+	0x0dc7, 0x0dc9,
+	0x0dcb, 0x0dce,
+	0x0dd5, 0x0dd5,
+	0x0dd7, 0x0dd7,
+	0x0de0, 0x0de5,
+	0x0df0, 0x0df1,
+	0x0df5, 0x0e00,
+	0x0e3b, 0x0e3e,
+	0x0e5c, 0x0e80,
+	0x0e83, 0x0e83,
+	0x0e85, 0x0e85,
+	0x0e8b, 0x0e8b,
+	0x0ea4, 0x0ea4,
+	0x0ea6, 0x0ea6,
+	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
+	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
+	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
+	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
+	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
+	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
+	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
+	0x0f6d, 0x0f70,
+	0x0f98, 0x0f98,
+	0x0fbd, 0x0fbd,
+	0x0fcd, 0x0fcd,
+	0x0fdb, 0x0fff,
+	0x10c6, 0x10c6,
+	0x10c8, 0x10cc,
+	0x10ce, 0x10cf,
+	0x1249, 0x1249,
+	0x124e, 0x124f,
+	0x1257, 0x1257,
+	0x1259, 0x1259,
+	0x125e, 0x125f,
+	0x1289, 0x1289,
+	0x128e, 0x128f,
+	0x12b1, 0x12b1,
+	0x12b6, 0x12b7,
+	0x12bf, 0x12bf,
+	0x12c1, 0x12c1,
+	0x12c6, 0x12c7,
+	0x12d7, 0x12d7,
+	0x1311, 0x1311,
+	0x1316, 0x1317,
+	0x135b, 0x135c,
+	0x137d, 0x137f,
+	0x139a, 0x139f,
+	0x13f6, 0x13f7,
+	0x13fe, 0x13ff,
+	0x169d, 0x169f,
+	0x16f9, 0x16ff,
+	0x170d, 0x170d,
+	0x1715, 0x171f,
+	0x1737, 0x173f,
+	0x1754, 0x175f,
+	0x176d, 0x176d,
+	0x1771, 0x1771,
+	0x1774, 0x177f,
+	0x17de, 0x17df,
+	0x17ea, 0x17ef,
+	0x17fa, 0x17ff,
+	0x180f, 0x180f,
+	0x181a, 0x181f,
+	0x1879, 0x187f,
+	0x18ab, 0x18af,
+	0x18f6, 0x18ff,
+	0x191f, 0x191f,
+	0x192c, 0x192f,
+	0x193c, 0x193f,
+	0x1941, 0x1943,
+	0x196e, 0x196f,
+	0x1975, 0x197f,
+	0x19ac, 0x19af,
+	0x19ca, 0x19cf,
+	0x19db, 0x19dd,
+	0x1a1c, 0x1a1d,
+	0x1a5f, 0x1a5f,
+	0x1a7d, 0x1a7e,
+	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
+	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
+	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
+	0x1abf, 0x1aff,
+	0x1b4c, 0x1b4f,
+	0x1b7d, 0x1b7f,
+	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
+	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
+	0x1c4a, 0x1c4c,
+	0x1c89, 0x1c8f,
+	0x1cbb, 0x1cbc,
+	0x1cc8, 0x1ccf,
+	0x1cfb, 0x1cff,
+	0x1dfa, 0x1dfa,
+	0x1f16, 0x1f17,
+	0x1f1e, 0x1f1f,
+	0x1f46, 0x1f47,
+	0x1f4e, 0x1f4f,
+	0x1f58, 0x1f58,
+	0x1f5a, 0x1f5a,
+	0x1f5c, 0x1f5c,
+	0x1f5e, 0x1f5e,
+	0x1f7e, 0x1f7f,
+	0x1fb5, 0x1fb5,
+	0x1fc5, 0x1fc5,
+	0x1fd4, 0x1fd5,
+	0x1fdc, 0x1fdc,
+	0x1ff0, 0x1ff1,
+	0x1ff5, 0x1ff5,
+	0x1fff, 0x1fff,
+	0x2065, 0x2065,
+	0x2072, 0x2073,
+	0x208f, 0x208f,
+	0x209d, 0x209f,
+	0x20c0, 0x20cf,
+	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
+	0x218c, 0x218f,
+	0x2427, 0x243f,
+	0x244b, 0x245f,
+	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
+	0x2b96, 0x2b97,
+	0x2c2f, 0x2c2f,
+	0x2c5f, 0x2c5f,
+	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
+	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
+	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
+	0x2d2e, 0x2d2f,
+	0x2d68, 0x2d6e,
+	0x2d71, 0x2d7e,
+	0x2d97, 0x2d9f,
+	0x2da7, 0x2da7,
+	0x2daf, 0x2daf,
+	0x2db7, 0x2db7,
+	0x2dbf, 0x2dbf,
+	0x2dc7, 0x2dc7,
+	0x2dcf, 0x2dcf,
+	0x2dd7, 0x2dd7,
+	0x2ddf, 0x2ddf,
+	0x2e50, 0x2e7f,
+	0x2e9a, 0x2e9a,
+	0x2ef4, 0x2eff,
+	0x2fd6, 0x2fef,
+	0x2ffc, 0x2fff,
+	0x3040, 0x3040,
+	0x3097, 0x3098,
+	0x3100, 0x3104,
+	0x3130, 0x3130,
+	0x318f, 0x318f,
+	0x31bb, 0x31bf,
+	0x31e4, 0x31ef,
+	0x321f, 0x321f,
+	0x4db6, 0x4dbf,
+	0x9ff0, 0x9fff,
+	0xa48d, 0xa48f,
+	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
+	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
+	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
+	0xa7c0, 0xa7c1,
+	0xa7c7, 0xa7f6,
+	0xa82c, 0xa82f,
+	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
+	0xa878, 0xa87f,
+	0xa8c6, 0xa8cd,
+	0xa8da, 0xa8df,
+	0xa954, 0xa95e,
+	0xa97d, 0xa97f,
+	0xa9ce, 0xa9ce,
+	0xa9da, 0xa9dd,
+	0xa9ff, 0xa9ff,
+	0xaa37, 0xaa3f,
+	0xaa4e, 0xaa4f,
+	0xaa5a, 0xaa5b,
+	0xaac3, 0xaada,
+	0xaaf7, 0xab00,
+	0xab07, 0xab08,
+	0xab0f, 0xab10,
+	0xab17, 0xab1f,
+	0xab27, 0xab27,
+	0xab2f, 0xab2f,
+	0xab68, 0xab6f,
+	0xabee, 0xabef,
+	0xabfa, 0xabff,
+	0xd7a4, 0xd7af,
+	0xd7c7, 0xd7ca,
+	0xd7fc, 0xd7ff,
+	0xfa6e, 0xfa6f,
+	0xfada, 0xfaff,
+	0xfb07, 0xfb12,
+	0xfb18, 0xfb1c,
+	0xfb37, 0xfb37,
+	0xfb3d, 0xfb3d,
+	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
+	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
+	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
+	0xfbc2, 0xfbd2,
+	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
+	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
+	0xfdc8, 0xfdef,
+	0xfdfe, 0xfdff,
+	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
+	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
+	0xfe67, 0xfe67,
+	0xfe6c, 0xfe6f,
+	0xfe75, 0xfe75,
+	0xfefd, 0xfefe,
+	0xff00, 0xff00,
+	0xffbf, 0xffc1,
+	0xffc8, 0xffc9,
+	0xffd0, 0xffd1,
+	0xffd8, 0xffd9,
+	0xffdd, 0xffdf,
+	0xffe7, 0xffe7,
+	0xffef, 0xfff8,
+	0xfffe, 0xffff,
+	0x1000c, 0x1000c,
+	0x10027, 0x10027,
+	0x1003b, 0x1003b,
+	0x1003e, 0x1003e,
+	0x1004e, 0x1004f,
+	0x1005e, 0x1007f,
+	0x100fb, 0x100ff,
+	0x10103, 0x10106,
+	0x10134, 0x10136,
+	0x1018f, 0x1018f,
+	0x1019c, 0x1019f,
+	0x101a1, 0x101cf,
+	0x101fe, 0x1027f,
+	0x1029d, 0x1029f,
+	0x102d1, 0x102df,
+	0x102fc, 0x102ff,
+	0x10324, 0x1032c,
+	0x1034b, 0x1034f,
+	0x1037b, 0x1037f,
+	0x1039e, 0x1039e,
+	0x103c4, 0x103c7,
+	0x103d6, 0x103ff,
+	0x1049e, 0x1049f,
+	0x104aa, 0x104af,
+	0x104d4, 0x104d7,
+	0x104fc, 0x104ff,
+	0x10528, 0x1052f,
+	0x10564, 0x1056e,
+	0x10570, 0x105ff,
+	0x10737, 0x1073f,
+	0x10756, 0x1075f,
+	0x10768, 0x107ff,
+	0x10806, 0x10807,
+	0x10809, 0x10809,
+	0x10836, 0x10836,
+	0x10839, 0x1083b,
+	0x1083d, 0x1083e,
+	0x10856, 0x10856,
+	0x1089f, 0x108a6,
+	0x108b0, 0x108df,
+	0x108f3, 0x108f3,
+	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
+	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
+	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
+	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
+	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
+	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
+	0x10a07, 0x10a0b,
+	0x10a14, 0x10a14,
+	0x10a18, 0x10a18,
+	0x10a36, 0x10a37,
+	0x10a3b, 0x10a3e,
+	0x10a49, 0x10a4f,
+	0x10a59, 0x10a5f,
+	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
+	0x10ae7, 0x10aea,
+	0x10af7, 0x10aff,
+	0x10b36, 0x10b38,
+	0x10b56, 0x10b57,
+	0x10b73, 0x10b77,
+	0x10b92, 0x10b98,
+	0x10b9d, 0x10ba8,
+	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
+	0x10c49, 0x10c7f,
+	0x10cb3, 0x10cbf,
+	0x10cf3, 0x10cf9,
+	0x10d28, 0x10d2f,
+	0x10d3a, 0x10e5f,
+	0x10e7f, 0x10eff,
+	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
+	0x10f5a, 0x10fdf,
+	0x10ff7, 0x10fff,
+	0x1104e, 0x11051,
+	0x11070, 0x1107e,
+	0x110c2, 0x110cc,
+	0x110ce, 0x110cf,
+	0x110e9, 0x110ef,
+	0x110fa, 0x110ff,
+	0x11135, 0x11135,
+	0x11147, 0x1114f,
+	0x11177, 0x1117f,
+	0x111ce, 0x111cf,
+	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
+	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
+	0x11212, 0x11212,
+	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
+	0x11287, 0x11287,
+	0x11289, 0x11289,
+	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
+	0x1129e, 0x1129e,
+	0x112aa, 0x112af,
+	0x112eb, 0x112ef,
+	0x112fa, 0x112ff,
+	0x11304, 0x11304,
+	0x1130d, 0x1130e,
+	0x11311, 0x11312,
+	0x11329, 0x11329,
+	0x11331, 0x11331,
+	0x11334, 0x11334,
+	0x1133a, 0x1133a,
+	0x11345, 0x11346,
+	0x11349, 0x1134a,
+	0x1134e, 0x1134f,
+	0x11351, 0x11356,
+	0x11358, 0x1135c,
+	0x11364, 0x11365,
+	0x1136d, 0x1136f,
+	0x11375, 0x113ff,
+	0x1145a, 0x1145a,
+	0x1145c, 0x1145c,
+	0x11460, 0x1147f,
+	0x114c8, 0x114cf,
+	0x114da, 0x1157f,
+	0x115b6, 0x115b7,
+	0x115de, 0x115ff,
+	0x11645, 0x1164f,
+	0x1165a, 0x1165f,
+	0x1166d, 0x1167f,
+	0x116b9, 0x116bf,
+	0x116ca, 0x116ff,
+	0x1171b, 0x1171c,
+	0x1172c, 0x1172f,
+	0x11740, 0x117ff,
+	0x1183c, 0x1189f,
+	0x118f3, 0x118fe,
+	0x11900, 0x1199f,
+	0x119a8, 0x119a9,
+	0x119d8, 0x119d9,
+	0x119e5, 0x119ff,
+	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
+	0x11aa3, 0x11abf,
+	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
+	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
+	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
+	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
+	0x11c6d, 0x11c6f,
+	0x11c90, 0x11c91,
+	0x11ca8, 0x11ca8,
+	0x11cb7, 0x11cff,
+	0x11d07, 0x11d07,
+	0x11d0a, 0x11d0a,
+	0x11d37, 0x11d39,
+	0x11d3b, 0x11d3b,
+	0x11d3e, 0x11d3e,
+	0x11d48, 0x11d4f,
+	0x11d5a, 0x11d5f,
+	0x11d66, 0x11d66,
+	0x11d69, 0x11d69,
+	0x11d8f, 0x11d8f,
+	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
+	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
+	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
+	0x11ef9, 0x11fbf,
+	0x11ff2, 0x11ffe,
+	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
+	0x1246f, 0x1246f,
+	0x12475, 0x1247f,
+	0x12544, 0x12fff,
+	0x1342f, 0x1342f,
+	0x13439, 0x143ff,
+	0x14647, 0x167ff,
+	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
+	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
+	0x16a6a, 0x16a6d,
+	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
+	0x16aee, 0x16aef,
+	0x16af6, 0x16aff,
+	0x16b46, 0x16b4f,
+	0x16b5a, 0x16b5a,
+	0x16b62, 0x16b62,
+	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
+	0x16b90, 0x16e3f,
+	0x16e9b, 0x16eff,
+	0x16f4b, 0x16f4e,
+	0x16f88, 0x16f8e,
+	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
+	0x16fe4, 0x16fff,
+	0x187f8, 0x187ff,
+	0x18af3, 0x1afff,
+	0x1b11f, 0x1b14f,
+	0x1b153, 0x1b163,
+	0x1b168, 0x1b16f,
+	0x1b2fc, 0x1bbff,
+	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
+	0x1bc7d, 0x1bc7f,
+	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
+	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
+	0x1bca4, 0x1cfff,
+	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
+	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
+	0x1d1e9, 0x1d1ff,
+	0x1d246, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d2f4, 0x1d2ff,
+	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
+	0x1d379, 0x1d3ff,
+	0x1d455, 0x1d455,
+	0x1d49d, 0x1d49d,
+	0x1d4a0, 0x1d4a1,
+	0x1d4a3, 0x1d4a4,
+	0x1d4a7, 0x1d4a8,
+	0x1d4ad, 0x1d4ad,
+	0x1d4ba, 0x1d4ba,
+	0x1d4bc, 0x1d4bc,
+	0x1d4c4, 0x1d4c4,
+	0x1d506, 0x1d506,
+	0x1d50b, 0x1d50c,
+	0x1d515, 0x1d515,
+	0x1d51d, 0x1d51d,
+	0x1d53a, 0x1d53a,
+	0x1d53f, 0x1d53f,
+	0x1d545, 0x1d545,
+	0x1d547, 0x1d549,
+	0x1d551, 0x1d551,
+	0x1d6a6, 0x1d6a7,
+	0x1d7cc, 0x1d7cd,
+	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
+	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
+	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
+	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
+	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
+	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
+	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
+	0x1e02b, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e12d, 0x1e12f,
+	0x1e13e, 0x1e13f,
+	0x1e14a, 0x1e14d,
+	0x1e150, 0x1e2bf,
+	0x1e2fa, 0x1e2fe,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e7ff,
+	0x1e8c5, 0x1e8c6,
+	0x1e8d7, 0x1e8ff,
+	0x1e94c, 0x1e94f,
+	0x1e95a, 0x1e95d,
+	0x1e960, 0x1ec70,
+	0x1ecb5, 0x1ed00,
+	0x1ed3e, 0x1edff,
+	0x1ee04, 0x1ee04,
+	0x1ee20, 0x1ee20,
+	0x1ee23, 0x1ee23,
+	0x1ee25, 0x1ee26,
+	0x1ee28, 0x1ee28,
+	0x1ee33, 0x1ee33,
+	0x1ee38, 0x1ee38,
+	0x1ee3a, 0x1ee3a,
+	0x1ee3c, 0x1ee41,
+	0x1ee43, 0x1ee46,
+	0x1ee48, 0x1ee48,
+	0x1ee4a, 0x1ee4a,
+	0x1ee4c, 0x1ee4c,
+	0x1ee50, 0x1ee50,
+	0x1ee53, 0x1ee53,
+	0x1ee55, 0x1ee56,
+	0x1ee58, 0x1ee58,
+	0x1ee5a, 0x1ee5a,
+	0x1ee5c, 0x1ee5c,
+	0x1ee5e, 0x1ee5e,
+	0x1ee60, 0x1ee60,
+	0x1ee63, 0x1ee63,
+	0x1ee65, 0x1ee66,
+	0x1ee6b, 0x1ee6b,
+	0x1ee73, 0x1ee73,
+	0x1ee78, 0x1ee78,
+	0x1ee7d, 0x1ee7d,
+	0x1ee7f, 0x1ee7f,
+	0x1ee8a, 0x1ee8a,
+	0x1ee9c, 0x1eea0,
+	0x1eea4, 0x1eea4,
+	0x1eeaa, 0x1eeaa,
+	0x1eebc, 0x1eeef,
+	0x1eef2, 0x1efff,
+	0x1f02c, 0x1f02f,
+	0x1f094, 0x1f09f,
+	0x1f0af, 0x1f0b0,
+	0x1f0c0, 0x1f0c0,
+	0x1f0d0, 0x1f0d0,
+	0x1f0f6, 0x1f0ff,
+	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
+	0x1f16d, 0x1f16f,
+	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
+	0x1f203, 0x1f20f,
+	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
+	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
+	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
+	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
+	0x1f6d6, 0x1f6df,
+	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
+	0x1f6fb, 0x1f6ff,
+	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
+	0x1f7d9, 0x1f7df,
+	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ff,
+	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
+	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
+	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
+	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
+	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1f90c, 0x1f90c,
+	0x1f972, 0x1f972,
+	0x1f977, 0x1f979,
+	0x1f9a3, 0x1f9a4,
+	0x1f9ab, 0x1f9ad,
+	0x1f9cb, 0x1f9cc,
+	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
+	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
+	0x1fa74, 0x1fa77,
+	0x1fa7b, 0x1fa7f,
+	0x1fa83, 0x1fa8f,
+	0x1fa96, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2a6d7, 0x2a6ff,
+	0x2b735, 0x2b73f,
+	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
+	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
+	0x2ebe1, 0x2f7ff,
+	0x2fa1e, 0xe0000,
+	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
+	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
+	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
+	0xffffe, 0xfffff,
+	0x10fffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Cn */
+
+/* 'Co': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Co[] = {
+	3,
+	0xe000, 0xf8ff,
+	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
+	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
+}; /* CR_Co */
+
+/* 'Cs': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cs[] = {
+	1,
+	0xd800, 0xdfff,
+}; /* CR_Cs */
+
+/* 'L': Major Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
+	609,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0370, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0620, 0x064a,
+	0x066e, 0x066f,
+	0x0671, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
+	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
+	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
+	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x0710,
+	0x0712, 0x072f,
+	0x074d, 0x07a5,
+	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
+	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
+	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x0815,
+	0x081a, 0x081a,
+	0x0824, 0x0824,
+	0x0828, 0x0828,
+	0x0840, 0x0858,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x0904, 0x0939,
+	0x093d, 0x093d,
+	0x0950, 0x0950,
+	0x0958, 0x0961,
+	0x0971, 0x0980,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
+	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e1,
+	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
+	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0eb0,
+	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
+	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
+	0x1000, 0x102a,
+	0x103f, 0x103f,
+	0x1050, 0x1055,
+	0x105a, 0x105d,
+	0x1061, 0x1061,
+	0x1065, 0x1066,
+	0x106e, 0x1070,
+	0x1075, 0x1081,
+	0x108e, 0x108e,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16f1, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1711,
+	0x1720, 0x1731,
+	0x1740, 0x1751,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x1884,
+	0x1887, 0x18a8,
+	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1950, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
+	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
+	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
+	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2183, 0x2184,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
+	0x3005, 0x3006,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x303b, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309d, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa61f,
+	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66e,
+	0xa67f, 0xa69d,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6e5,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
+	0xa803, 0xa805,
+	0xa807, 0xa80a,
+	0xa80c, 0xa822,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
+	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa8fe,
+	0xa90a, 0xa925,
+	0xa930, 0xa946,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
+	0xa9e6, 0xa9ef,
+	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
+	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
+	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
+	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
+	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
+	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
+	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
+	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf4,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabe2,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
+	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x10340,
+	0x10342, 0x10349,
+	0x10350, 0x10375,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
+	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d23,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11003, 0x11037,
+	0x11083, 0x110af,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x11103, 0x11126,
+	0x11144, 0x11144,
+	0x11150, 0x11172,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11183, 0x111b2,
+	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
+	0x111da, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112de,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x1135d, 0x11361,
+	0x11400, 0x11434,
+	0x11447, 0x1144a,
+	0x1145f, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114af,
+	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x11580, 0x115ae,
+	0x115d8, 0x115db,
+	0x11600, 0x1162f,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11680, 0x116aa,
+	0x116b8, 0x116b8,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x11800, 0x1182b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118df,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d0,
+	0x119e1, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e3,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a00,
+	0x11a0b, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a3a, 0x11a3a,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a50,
+	0x11a5c, 0x11a89,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
+	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d30,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
+	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
+	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_L */
+
+/* 'LC': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
+	131,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x01ba,
+	0x01bc, 0x01bf,
+	0x01c4, 0x0293,
+	0x0295, 0x02af,
+	0x0370, 0x0373,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037b, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1d00, 0x1d2b,
+	0x1d6b, 0x1d77,
+	0x1d79, 0x1d9a,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2134,
+	0x2139, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2183, 0x2184,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c7b,
+	0x2c7e, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0xa640, 0xa66d,
+	0xa680, 0xa69b,
+	0xa722, 0xa76f,
+	0xa771, 0xa787,
+	0xa78b, 0xa78e,
+	0xa790, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7fa, 0xa7fa,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab60, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0x10400, 0x1044f,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118df,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+}; /* CR_LC */
+
+/* 'Ll': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
+	642,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00df, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
+	0x0101, 0x0101,
+	0x0103, 0x0103,
+	0x0105, 0x0105,
+	0x0107, 0x0107,
+	0x0109, 0x0109,
+	0x010b, 0x010b,
+	0x010d, 0x010d,
+	0x010f, 0x010f,
+	0x0111, 0x0111,
+	0x0113, 0x0113,
+	0x0115, 0x0115,
+	0x0117, 0x0117,
+	0x0119, 0x0119,
+	0x011b, 0x011b,
+	0x011d, 0x011d,
+	0x011f, 0x011f,
+	0x0121, 0x0121,
+	0x0123, 0x0123,
+	0x0125, 0x0125,
+	0x0127, 0x0127,
+	0x0129, 0x0129,
+	0x012b, 0x012b,
+	0x012d, 0x012d,
+	0x012f, 0x012f,
+	0x0131, 0x0131,
+	0x0133, 0x0133,
+	0x0135, 0x0135,
+	0x0137, 0x0138,
+	0x013a, 0x013a,
+	0x013c, 0x013c,
+	0x013e, 0x013e,
+	0x0140, 0x0140,
+	0x0142, 0x0142,
+	0x0144, 0x0144,
+	0x0146, 0x0146,
+	0x0148, 0x0149,
+	0x014b, 0x014b,
+	0x014d, 0x014d,
+	0x014f, 0x014f,
+	0x0151, 0x0151,
+	0x0153, 0x0153,
+	0x0155, 0x0155,
+	0x0157, 0x0157,
+	0x0159, 0x0159,
+	0x015b, 0x015b,
+	0x015d, 0x015d,
+	0x015f, 0x015f,
+	0x0161, 0x0161,
+	0x0163, 0x0163,
+	0x0165, 0x0165,
+	0x0167, 0x0167,
+	0x0169, 0x0169,
+	0x016b, 0x016b,
+	0x016d, 0x016d,
+	0x016f, 0x016f,
+	0x0171, 0x0171,
+	0x0173, 0x0173,
+	0x0175, 0x0175,
+	0x0177, 0x0177,
+	0x017a, 0x017a,
+	0x017c, 0x017c,
+	0x017e, 0x0180,
+	0x0183, 0x0183,
+	0x0185, 0x0185,
+	0x0188, 0x0188,
+	0x018c, 0x018d,
+	0x0192, 0x0192,
+	0x0195, 0x0195,
+	0x0199, 0x019b,
+	0x019e, 0x019e,
+	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
+	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
+	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
+	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
+	0x01aa, 0x01ab,
+	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
+	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
+	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
+	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
+	0x01b9, 0x01ba,
+	0x01bd, 0x01bf,
+	0x01c6, 0x01c6,
+	0x01c9, 0x01c9,
+	0x01cc, 0x01cc,
+	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
+	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
+	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
+	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
+	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
+	0x01d8, 0x01d8,
+	0x01da, 0x01da,
+	0x01dc, 0x01dd,
+	0x01df, 0x01df,
+	0x01e1, 0x01e1,
+	0x01e3, 0x01e3,
+	0x01e5, 0x01e5,
+	0x01e7, 0x01e7,
+	0x01e9, 0x01e9,
+	0x01eb, 0x01eb,
+	0x01ed, 0x01ed,
+	0x01ef, 0x01f0,
+	0x01f3, 0x01f3,
+	0x01f5, 0x01f5,
+	0x01f9, 0x01f9,
+	0x01fb, 0x01fb,
+	0x01fd, 0x01fd,
+	0x01ff, 0x01ff,
+	0x0201, 0x0201,
+	0x0203, 0x0203,
+	0x0205, 0x0205,
+	0x0207, 0x0207,
+	0x0209, 0x0209,
+	0x020b, 0x020b,
+	0x020d, 0x020d,
+	0x020f, 0x020f,
+	0x0211, 0x0211,
+	0x0213, 0x0213,
+	0x0215, 0x0215,
+	0x0217, 0x0217,
+	0x0219, 0x0219,
+	0x021b, 0x021b,
+	0x021d, 0x021d,
+	0x021f, 0x021f,
+	0x0221, 0x0221,
+	0x0223, 0x0223,
+	0x0225, 0x0225,
+	0x0227, 0x0227,
+	0x0229, 0x0229,
+	0x022b, 0x022b,
+	0x022d, 0x022d,
+	0x022f, 0x022f,
+	0x0231, 0x0231,
+	0x0233, 0x0239,
+	0x023c, 0x023c,
+	0x023f, 0x0240,
+	0x0242, 0x0242,
+	0x0247, 0x0247,
+	0x0249, 0x0249,
+	0x024b, 0x024b,
+	0x024d, 0x024d,
+	0x024f, 0x0293,
+	0x0295, 0x02af,
+	0x0371, 0x0371,
+	0x0373, 0x0373,
+	0x0377, 0x0377,
+	0x037b, 0x037d,
+	0x0390, 0x0390,
+	0x03ac, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d1,
+	0x03d5, 0x03d7,
+	0x03d9, 0x03d9,
+	0x03db, 0x03db,
+	0x03dd, 0x03dd,
+	0x03df, 0x03df,
+	0x03e1, 0x03e1,
+	0x03e3, 0x03e3,
+	0x03e5, 0x03e5,
+	0x03e7, 0x03e7,
+	0x03e9, 0x03e9,
+	0x03eb, 0x03eb,
+	0x03ed, 0x03ed,
+	0x03ef, 0x03f3,
+	0x03f5, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f8, 0x03f8,
+	0x03fb, 0x03fc,
+	0x0430, 0x045f,
+	0x0461, 0x0461,
+	0x0463, 0x0463,
+	0x0465, 0x0465,
+	0x0467, 0x0467,
+	0x0469, 0x0469,
+	0x046b, 0x046b,
+	0x046d, 0x046d,
+	0x046f, 0x046f,
+	0x0471, 0x0471,
+	0x0473, 0x0473,
+	0x0475, 0x0475,
+	0x0477, 0x0477,
+	0x0479, 0x0479,
+	0x047b, 0x047b,
+	0x047d, 0x047d,
+	0x047f, 0x047f,
+	0x0481, 0x0481,
+	0x048b, 0x048b,
+	0x048d, 0x048d,
+	0x048f, 0x048f,
+	0x0491, 0x0491,
+	0x0493, 0x0493,
+	0x0495, 0x0495,
+	0x0497, 0x0497,
+	0x0499, 0x0499,
+	0x049b, 0x049b,
+	0x049d, 0x049d,
+	0x049f, 0x049f,
+	0x04a1, 0x04a1,
+	0x04a3, 0x04a3,
+	0x04a5, 0x04a5,
+	0x04a7, 0x04a7,
+	0x04a9, 0x04a9,
+	0x04ab, 0x04ab,
+	0x04ad, 0x04ad,
+	0x04af, 0x04af,
+	0x04b1, 0x04b1,
+	0x04b3, 0x04b3,
+	0x04b5, 0x04b5,
+	0x04b7, 0x04b7,
+	0x04b9, 0x04b9,
+	0x04bb, 0x04bb,
+	0x04bd, 0x04bd,
+	0x04bf, 0x04bf,
+	0x04c2, 0x04c2,
+	0x04c4, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c6, 0x04c6,
+	0x04c8, 0x04c8,
+	0x04ca, 0x04ca,
+	0x04cc, 0x04cc,
+	0x04ce, 0x04cf,
+	0x04d1, 0x04d1,
+	0x04d3, 0x04d3,
+	0x04d5, 0x04d5,
+	0x04d7, 0x04d7,
+	0x04d9, 0x04d9,
+	0x04db, 0x04db,
+	0x04dd, 0x04dd,
+	0x04df, 0x04df,
+	0x04e1, 0x04e1,
+	0x04e3, 0x04e3,
+	0x04e5, 0x04e5,
+	0x04e7, 0x04e7,
+	0x04e9, 0x04e9,
+	0x04eb, 0x04eb,
+	0x04ed, 0x04ed,
+	0x04ef, 0x04ef,
+	0x04f1, 0x04f1,
+	0x04f3, 0x04f3,
+	0x04f5, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f7, 0x04f7,
+	0x04f9, 0x04f9,
+	0x04fb, 0x04fb,
+	0x04fd, 0x04fd,
+	0x04ff, 0x04ff,
+	0x0501, 0x0501,
+	0x0503, 0x0503,
+	0x0505, 0x0505,
+	0x0507, 0x0507,
+	0x0509, 0x0509,
+	0x050b, 0x050b,
+	0x050d, 0x050d,
+	0x050f, 0x050f,
+	0x0511, 0x0511,
+	0x0513, 0x0513,
+	0x0515, 0x0515,
+	0x0517, 0x0517,
+	0x0519, 0x0519,
+	0x051b, 0x051b,
+	0x051d, 0x051d,
+	0x051f, 0x051f,
+	0x0521, 0x0521,
+	0x0523, 0x0523,
+	0x0525, 0x0525,
+	0x0527, 0x0527,
+	0x0529, 0x0529,
+	0x052b, 0x052b,
+	0x052d, 0x052d,
+	0x052f, 0x052f,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1d00, 0x1d2b,
+	0x1d6b, 0x1d77,
+	0x1d79, 0x1d9a,
+	0x1e01, 0x1e01,
+	0x1e03, 0x1e03,
+	0x1e05, 0x1e05,
+	0x1e07, 0x1e07,
+	0x1e09, 0x1e09,
+	0x1e0b, 0x1e0b,
+	0x1e0d, 0x1e0d,
+	0x1e0f, 0x1e0f,
+	0x1e11, 0x1e11,
+	0x1e13, 0x1e13,
+	0x1e15, 0x1e15,
+	0x1e17, 0x1e17,
+	0x1e19, 0x1e19,
+	0x1e1b, 0x1e1b,
+	0x1e1d, 0x1e1d,
+	0x1e1f, 0x1e1f,
+	0x1e21, 0x1e21,
+	0x1e23, 0x1e23,
+	0x1e25, 0x1e25,
+	0x1e27, 0x1e27,
+	0x1e29, 0x1e29,
+	0x1e2b, 0x1e2b,
+	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
+	0x1e2f, 0x1e2f,
+	0x1e31, 0x1e31,
+	0x1e33, 0x1e33,
+	0x1e35, 0x1e35,
+	0x1e37, 0x1e37,
+	0x1e39, 0x1e39,
+	0x1e3b, 0x1e3b,
+	0x1e3d, 0x1e3d,
+	0x1e3f, 0x1e3f,
+	0x1e41, 0x1e41,
+	0x1e43, 0x1e43,
+	0x1e45, 0x1e45,
+	0x1e47, 0x1e47,
+	0x1e49, 0x1e49,
+	0x1e4b, 0x1e4b,
+	0x1e4d, 0x1e4d,
+	0x1e4f, 0x1e4f,
+	0x1e51, 0x1e51,
+	0x1e53, 0x1e53,
+	0x1e55, 0x1e55,
+	0x1e57, 0x1e57,
+	0x1e59, 0x1e59,
+	0x1e5b, 0x1e5b,
+	0x1e5d, 0x1e5d,
+	0x1e5f, 0x1e5f,
+	0x1e61, 0x1e61,
+	0x1e63, 0x1e63,
+	0x1e65, 0x1e65,
+	0x1e67, 0x1e67,
+	0x1e69, 0x1e69,
+	0x1e6b, 0x1e6b,
+	0x1e6d, 0x1e6d,
+	0x1e6f, 0x1e6f,
+	0x1e71, 0x1e71,
+	0x1e73, 0x1e73,
+	0x1e75, 0x1e75,
+	0x1e77, 0x1e77,
+	0x1e79, 0x1e79,
+	0x1e7b, 0x1e7b,
+	0x1e7d, 0x1e7d,
+	0x1e7f, 0x1e7f,
+	0x1e81, 0x1e81,
+	0x1e83, 0x1e83,
+	0x1e85, 0x1e85,
+	0x1e87, 0x1e87,
+	0x1e89, 0x1e89,
+	0x1e8b, 0x1e8b,
+	0x1e8d, 0x1e8d,
+	0x1e8f, 0x1e8f,
+	0x1e91, 0x1e91,
+	0x1e93, 0x1e93,
+	0x1e95, 0x1e9d,
+	0x1e9f, 0x1e9f,
+	0x1ea1, 0x1ea1,
+	0x1ea3, 0x1ea3,
+	0x1ea5, 0x1ea5,
+	0x1ea7, 0x1ea7,
+	0x1ea9, 0x1ea9,
+	0x1eab, 0x1eab,
+	0x1ead, 0x1ead,
+	0x1eaf, 0x1eaf,
+	0x1eb1, 0x1eb1,
+	0x1eb3, 0x1eb3,
+	0x1eb5, 0x1eb5,
+	0x1eb7, 0x1eb7,
+	0x1eb9, 0x1eb9,
+	0x1ebb, 0x1ebb,
+	0x1ebd, 0x1ebd,
+	0x1ebf, 0x1ebf,
+	0x1ec1, 0x1ec1,
+	0x1ec3, 0x1ec3,
+	0x1ec5, 0x1ec5,
+	0x1ec7, 0x1ec7,
+	0x1ec9, 0x1ec9,
+	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
+	0x1ecd, 0x1ecd,
+	0x1ecf, 0x1ecf,
+	0x1ed1, 0x1ed1,
+	0x1ed3, 0x1ed3,
+	0x1ed5, 0x1ed5,
+	0x1ed7, 0x1ed7,
+	0x1ed9, 0x1ed9,
+	0x1edb, 0x1edb,
+	0x1edd, 0x1edd,
+	0x1edf, 0x1edf,
+	0x1ee1, 0x1ee1,
+	0x1ee3, 0x1ee3,
+	0x1ee5, 0x1ee5,
+	0x1ee7, 0x1ee7,
+	0x1ee9, 0x1ee9,
+	0x1eeb, 0x1eeb,
+	0x1eed, 0x1eed,
+	0x1eef, 0x1eef,
+	0x1ef1, 0x1ef1,
+	0x1ef3, 0x1ef3,
+	0x1ef5, 0x1ef5,
+	0x1ef7, 0x1ef7,
+	0x1ef9, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1efb, 0x1efb,
+	0x1efd, 0x1efd,
+	0x1eff, 0x1f07,
+	0x1f10, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f27,
+	0x1f30, 0x1f37,
+	0x1f40, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f60, 0x1f67,
+	0x1f70, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1f87,
+	0x1f90, 0x1f97,
+	0x1fa0, 0x1fa7,
+	0x1fb0, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fb7,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fc7,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fd7,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fe7,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ff7,
+	0x210a, 0x210a,
+	0x210e, 0x210f,
+	0x2113, 0x2113,
+	0x212f, 0x212f,
+	0x2134, 0x2134,
+	0x2139, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213d,
+	0x2146, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2184, 0x2184,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c61, 0x2c61,
+	0x2c65, 0x2c66,
+	0x2c68, 0x2c68,
+	0x2c6a, 0x2c6a,
+	0x2c6c, 0x2c6c,
+	0x2c71, 0x2c71,
+	0x2c73, 0x2c74,
+	0x2c76, 0x2c7b,
+	0x2c81, 0x2c81,
+	0x2c83, 0x2c83,
+	0x2c85, 0x2c85,
+	0x2c87, 0x2c87,
+	0x2c89, 0x2c89,
+	0x2c8b, 0x2c8b,
+	0x2c8d, 0x2c8d,
+	0x2c8f, 0x2c8f,
+	0x2c91, 0x2c91,
+	0x2c93, 0x2c93,
+	0x2c95, 0x2c95,
+	0x2c97, 0x2c97,
+	0x2c99, 0x2c99,
+	0x2c9b, 0x2c9b,
+	0x2c9d, 0x2c9d,
+	0x2c9f, 0x2c9f,
+	0x2ca1, 0x2ca1,
+	0x2ca3, 0x2ca3,
+	0x2ca5, 0x2ca5,
+	0x2ca7, 0x2ca7,
+	0x2ca9, 0x2ca9,
+	0x2cab, 0x2cab,
+	0x2cad, 0x2cad,
+	0x2caf, 0x2caf,
+	0x2cb1, 0x2cb1,
+	0x2cb3, 0x2cb3,
+	0x2cb5, 0x2cb5,
+	0x2cb7, 0x2cb7,
+	0x2cb9, 0x2cb9,
+	0x2cbb, 0x2cbb,
+	0x2cbd, 0x2cbd,
+	0x2cbf, 0x2cbf,
+	0x2cc1, 0x2cc1,
+	0x2cc3, 0x2cc3,
+	0x2cc5, 0x2cc5,
+	0x2cc7, 0x2cc7,
+	0x2cc9, 0x2cc9,
+	0x2ccb, 0x2ccb,
+	0x2ccd, 0x2ccd,
+	0x2ccf, 0x2ccf,
+	0x2cd1, 0x2cd1,
+	0x2cd3, 0x2cd3,
+	0x2cd5, 0x2cd5,
+	0x2cd7, 0x2cd7,
+	0x2cd9, 0x2cd9,
+	0x2cdb, 0x2cdb,
+	0x2cdd, 0x2cdd,
+	0x2cdf, 0x2cdf,
+	0x2ce1, 0x2ce1,
+	0x2ce3, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2cec, 0x2cec,
+	0x2cee, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf3, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0xa641, 0xa641,
+	0xa643, 0xa643,
+	0xa645, 0xa645,
+	0xa647, 0xa647,
+	0xa649, 0xa649,
+	0xa64b, 0xa64b,
+	0xa64d, 0xa64d,
+	0xa64f, 0xa64f,
+	0xa651, 0xa651,
+	0xa653, 0xa653,
+	0xa655, 0xa655,
+	0xa657, 0xa657,
+	0xa659, 0xa659,
+	0xa65b, 0xa65b,
+	0xa65d, 0xa65d,
+	0xa65f, 0xa65f,
+	0xa661, 0xa661,
+	0xa663, 0xa663,
+	0xa665, 0xa665,
+	0xa667, 0xa667,
+	0xa669, 0xa669,
+	0xa66b, 0xa66b,
+	0xa66d, 0xa66d,
+	0xa681, 0xa681,
+	0xa683, 0xa683,
+	0xa685, 0xa685,
+	0xa687, 0xa687,
+	0xa689, 0xa689,
+	0xa68b, 0xa68b,
+	0xa68d, 0xa68d,
+	0xa68f, 0xa68f,
+	0xa691, 0xa691,
+	0xa693, 0xa693,
+	0xa695, 0xa695,
+	0xa697, 0xa697,
+	0xa699, 0xa699,
+	0xa69b, 0xa69b,
+	0xa723, 0xa723,
+	0xa725, 0xa725,
+	0xa727, 0xa727,
+	0xa729, 0xa729,
+	0xa72b, 0xa72b,
+	0xa72d, 0xa72d,
+	0xa72f, 0xa731,
+	0xa733, 0xa733,
+	0xa735, 0xa735,
+	0xa737, 0xa737,
+	0xa739, 0xa739,
+	0xa73b, 0xa73b,
+	0xa73d, 0xa73d,
+	0xa73f, 0xa73f,
+	0xa741, 0xa741,
+	0xa743, 0xa743,
+	0xa745, 0xa745,
+	0xa747, 0xa747,
+	0xa749, 0xa749,
+	0xa74b, 0xa74b,
+	0xa74d, 0xa74d,
+	0xa74f, 0xa74f,
+	0xa751, 0xa751,
+	0xa753, 0xa753,
+	0xa755, 0xa755,
+	0xa757, 0xa757,
+	0xa759, 0xa759,
+	0xa75b, 0xa75b,
+	0xa75d, 0xa75d,
+	0xa75f, 0xa75f,
+	0xa761, 0xa761,
+	0xa763, 0xa763,
+	0xa765, 0xa765,
+	0xa767, 0xa767,
+	0xa769, 0xa769,
+	0xa76b, 0xa76b,
+	0xa76d, 0xa76d,
+	0xa76f, 0xa76f,
+	0xa771, 0xa778,
+	0xa77a, 0xa77a,
+	0xa77c, 0xa77c,
+	0xa77f, 0xa77f,
+	0xa781, 0xa781,
+	0xa783, 0xa783,
+	0xa785, 0xa785,
+	0xa787, 0xa787,
+	0xa78c, 0xa78c,
+	0xa78e, 0xa78e,
+	0xa791, 0xa791,
+	0xa793, 0xa795,
+	0xa797, 0xa797,
+	0xa799, 0xa799,
+	0xa79b, 0xa79b,
+	0xa79d, 0xa79d,
+	0xa79f, 0xa79f,
+	0xa7a1, 0xa7a1,
+	0xa7a3, 0xa7a3,
+	0xa7a5, 0xa7a5,
+	0xa7a7, 0xa7a7,
+	0xa7a9, 0xa7a9,
+	0xa7af, 0xa7af,
+	0xa7b5, 0xa7b5,
+	0xa7b7, 0xa7b7,
+	0xa7b9, 0xa7b9,
+	0xa7bb, 0xa7bb,
+	0xa7bd, 0xa7bd,
+	0xa7bf, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c3, 0xa7c3,
+	0xa7fa, 0xa7fa,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab60, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0x10428, 0x1044f,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x118c0, 0x118df,
+	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x1d41a, 0x1d433,
+	0x1d44e, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d467,
+	0x1d482, 0x1d49b,
+	0x1d4b6, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d4cf,
+	0x1d4ea, 0x1d503,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d537,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d56b,
+	0x1d586, 0x1d59f,
+	0x1d5ba, 0x1d5d3,
+	0x1d5ee, 0x1d607,
+	0x1d622, 0x1d63b,
+	0x1d656, 0x1d66f,
+	0x1d68a, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6e1,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d71b,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d755,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d78f,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7c9,
+	0x1d7cb, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
+}; /* CR_Ll */
+
+/* 'Lm': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lm[] = {
+	60,
+	0x02b0, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0374, 0x0374,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0640, 0x0640,
+	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
+	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x081a, 0x081a,
+	0x0824, 0x0824,
+	0x0828, 0x0828,
+	0x0971, 0x0971,
+	0x0e46, 0x0e46,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x10fc, 0x10fc,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x1843, 0x1843,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1c78, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
+	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
+	0x1d9b, 0x1dbf,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
+	0x3005, 0x3005,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x303b, 0x303b,
+	0x309d, 0x309e,
+	0x30fc, 0x30fe,
+	0xa015, 0xa015,
+	0xa4f8, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa60c, 0xa60c,
+	0xa67f, 0xa67f,
+	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa770, 0xa770,
+	0xa788, 0xa788,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xa9e6, 0xa9e6,
+	0xaa70, 0xaa70,
+	0xaadd, 0xaadd,
+	0xaaf3, 0xaaf4,
+	0xab5c, 0xab5f,
+	0xff70, 0xff70,
+	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
+}; /* CR_Lm */
+
+/* 'Lo': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
+	476,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x01bb, 0x01bb,
+	0x01c0, 0x01c3,
+	0x0294, 0x0294,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0620, 0x063f,
+	0x0641, 0x064a,
+	0x066e, 0x066f,
+	0x0671, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
+	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
+	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x0710,
+	0x0712, 0x072f,
+	0x074d, 0x07a5,
+	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
+	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
+	0x0800, 0x0815,
+	0x0840, 0x0858,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x0904, 0x0939,
+	0x093d, 0x093d,
+	0x0950, 0x0950,
+	0x0958, 0x0961,
+	0x0972, 0x0980,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
+	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e1,
+	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
+	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e45,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0eb0,
+	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
+	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
+	0x1000, 0x102a,
+	0x103f, 0x103f,
+	0x1050, 0x1055,
+	0x105a, 0x105d,
+	0x1061, 0x1061,
+	0x1065, 0x1066,
+	0x106e, 0x1070,
+	0x1075, 0x1081,
+	0x108e, 0x108e,
+	0x1100, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16f1, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1711,
+	0x1720, 0x1731,
+	0x1740, 0x1751,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
+	0x1820, 0x1842,
+	0x1844, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x1884,
+	0x1887, 0x18a8,
+	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1950, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
+	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
+	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
+	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
+	0x1c5a, 0x1c77,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x2135, 0x2138,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x3006, 0x3006,
+	0x303c, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309f, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30ff, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa014,
+	0xa016, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4f7,
+	0xa500, 0xa60b,
+	0xa610, 0xa61f,
+	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
+	0xa66e, 0xa66e,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6e5,
+	0xa78f, 0xa78f,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa7f7,
+	0xa7fb, 0xa801,
+	0xa803, 0xa805,
+	0xa807, 0xa80a,
+	0xa80c, 0xa822,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
+	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa8fe,
+	0xa90a, 0xa925,
+	0xa930, 0xa946,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
+	0xa9e7, 0xa9ef,
+	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
+	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa6f,
+	0xaa71, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
+	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
+	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
+	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
+	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
+	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
+	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadc,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf2,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xabc0, 0xabe2,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
+	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff66, 0xff6f,
+	0xff71, 0xff9d,
+	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x10340,
+	0x10342, 0x10349,
+	0x10350, 0x10375,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x10450, 0x1049d,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
+	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d23,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11003, 0x11037,
+	0x11083, 0x110af,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x11103, 0x11126,
+	0x11144, 0x11144,
+	0x11150, 0x11172,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11183, 0x111b2,
+	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
+	0x111da, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112de,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x1135d, 0x11361,
+	0x11400, 0x11434,
+	0x11447, 0x1144a,
+	0x1145f, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114af,
+	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x11580, 0x115ae,
+	0x115d8, 0x115db,
+	0x11600, 0x1162f,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11680, 0x116aa,
+	0x116b8, 0x116b8,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x11800, 0x1182b,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d0,
+	0x119e1, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e3,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a00,
+	0x11a0b, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a3a, 0x11a3a,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a50,
+	0x11a5c, 0x11a89,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
+	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d30,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
+	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_Lo */
+
+/* 'Lt': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lt[] = {
+	10,
+	0x01c5, 0x01c5,
+	0x01c8, 0x01c8,
+	0x01cb, 0x01cb,
+	0x01f2, 0x01f2,
+	0x1f88, 0x1f8f,
+	0x1f98, 0x1f9f,
+	0x1fa8, 0x1faf,
+	0x1fbc, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fcc, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1ffc, 0x1ffc,
+}; /* CR_Lt */
+
+/* 'Lu': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lu[] = {
+	636,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00de,
+	0x0100, 0x0100,
+	0x0102, 0x0102,
+	0x0104, 0x0104,
+	0x0106, 0x0106,
+	0x0108, 0x0108,
+	0x010a, 0x010a,
+	0x010c, 0x010c,
+	0x010e, 0x010e,
+	0x0110, 0x0110,
+	0x0112, 0x0112,
+	0x0114, 0x0114,
+	0x0116, 0x0116,
+	0x0118, 0x0118,
+	0x011a, 0x011a,
+	0x011c, 0x011c,
+	0x011e, 0x011e,
+	0x0120, 0x0120,
+	0x0122, 0x0122,
+	0x0124, 0x0124,
+	0x0126, 0x0126,
+	0x0128, 0x0128,
+	0x012a, 0x012a,
+	0x012c, 0x012c,
+	0x012e, 0x012e,
+	0x0130, 0x0130,
+	0x0132, 0x0132,
+	0x0134, 0x0134,
+	0x0136, 0x0136,
+	0x0139, 0x0139,
+	0x013b, 0x013b,
+	0x013d, 0x013d,
+	0x013f, 0x013f,
+	0x0141, 0x0141,
+	0x0143, 0x0143,
+	0x0145, 0x0145,
+	0x0147, 0x0147,
+	0x014a, 0x014a,
+	0x014c, 0x014c,
+	0x014e, 0x014e,
+	0x0150, 0x0150,
+	0x0152, 0x0152,
+	0x0154, 0x0154,
+	0x0156, 0x0156,
+	0x0158, 0x0158,
+	0x015a, 0x015a,
+	0x015c, 0x015c,
+	0x015e, 0x015e,
+	0x0160, 0x0160,
+	0x0162, 0x0162,
+	0x0164, 0x0164,
+	0x0166, 0x0166,
+	0x0168, 0x0168,
+	0x016a, 0x016a,
+	0x016c, 0x016c,
+	0x016e, 0x016e,
+	0x0170, 0x0170,
+	0x0172, 0x0172,
+	0x0174, 0x0174,
+	0x0176, 0x0176,
+	0x0178, 0x0179,
+	0x017b, 0x017b,
+	0x017d, 0x017d,
+	0x0181, 0x0182,
+	0x0184, 0x0184,
+	0x0186, 0x0187,
+	0x0189, 0x018b,
+	0x018e, 0x0191,
+	0x0193, 0x0194,
+	0x0196, 0x0198,
+	0x019c, 0x019d,
+	0x019f, 0x01a0,
+	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
+	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
+	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
+	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
+	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
+	0x01ae, 0x01af,
+	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
+	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
+	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
+	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
+	0x01c4, 0x01c4,
+	0x01c7, 0x01c7,
+	0x01ca, 0x01ca,
+	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
+	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
+	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
+	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
+	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
+	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
+	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
+	0x01db, 0x01db,
+	0x01de, 0x01de,
+	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
+	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
+	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
+	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
+	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
+	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
+	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
+	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
+	0x01f1, 0x01f1,
+	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
+	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
+	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
+	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
+	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
+	0x0200, 0x0200,
+	0x0202, 0x0202,
+	0x0204, 0x0204,
+	0x0206, 0x0206,
+	0x0208, 0x0208,
+	0x020a, 0x020a,
+	0x020c, 0x020c,
+	0x020e, 0x020e,
+	0x0210, 0x0210,
+	0x0212, 0x0212,
+	0x0214, 0x0214,
+	0x0216, 0x0216,
+	0x0218, 0x0218,
+	0x021a, 0x021a,
+	0x021c, 0x021c,
+	0x021e, 0x021e,
+	0x0220, 0x0220,
+	0x0222, 0x0222,
+	0x0224, 0x0224,
+	0x0226, 0x0226,
+	0x0228, 0x0228,
+	0x022a, 0x022a,
+	0x022c, 0x022c,
+	0x022e, 0x022e,
+	0x0230, 0x0230,
+	0x0232, 0x0232,
+	0x023a, 0x023b,
+	0x023d, 0x023e,
+	0x0241, 0x0241,
+	0x0243, 0x0246,
+	0x0248, 0x0248,
+	0x024a, 0x024a,
+	0x024c, 0x024c,
+	0x024e, 0x024e,
+	0x0370, 0x0370,
+	0x0372, 0x0372,
+	0x0376, 0x0376,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x038f,
+	0x0391, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
+	0x03cf, 0x03cf,
+	0x03d2, 0x03d4,
+	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
+	0x03da, 0x03da,
+	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
+	0x03de, 0x03de,
+	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
+	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
+	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
+	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
+	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
+	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
+	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
+	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
+	0x03f4, 0x03f4,
+	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
+	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
+	0x03fd, 0x042f,
+	0x0460, 0x0460,
+	0x0462, 0x0462,
+	0x0464, 0x0464,
+	0x0466, 0x0466,
+	0x0468, 0x0468,
+	0x046a, 0x046a,
+	0x046c, 0x046c,
+	0x046e, 0x046e,
+	0x0470, 0x0470,
+	0x0472, 0x0472,
+	0x0474, 0x0474,
+	0x0476, 0x0476,
+	0x0478, 0x0478,
+	0x047a, 0x047a,
+	0x047c, 0x047c,
+	0x047e, 0x047e,
+	0x0480, 0x0480,
+	0x048a, 0x048a,
+	0x048c, 0x048c,
+	0x048e, 0x048e,
+	0x0490, 0x0490,
+	0x0492, 0x0492,
+	0x0494, 0x0494,
+	0x0496, 0x0496,
+	0x0498, 0x0498,
+	0x049a, 0x049a,
+	0x049c, 0x049c,
+	0x049e, 0x049e,
+	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
+	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
+	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
+	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
+	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
+	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
+	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
+	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
+	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
+	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
+	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
+	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
+	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
+	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
+	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
+	0x04be, 0x04be,
+	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
+	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
+	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
+	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
+	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
+	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
+	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
+	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
+	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
+	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
+	0x04da, 0x04da,
+	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
+	0x04de, 0x04de,
+	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
+	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
+	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
+	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
+	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
+	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
+	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
+	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
+	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
+	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
+	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
+	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
+	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
+	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
+	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
+	0x0500, 0x0500,
+	0x0502, 0x0502,
+	0x0504, 0x0504,
+	0x0506, 0x0506,
+	0x0508, 0x0508,
+	0x050a, 0x050a,
+	0x050c, 0x050c,
+	0x050e, 0x050e,
+	0x0510, 0x0510,
+	0x0512, 0x0512,
+	0x0514, 0x0514,
+	0x0516, 0x0516,
+	0x0518, 0x0518,
+	0x051a, 0x051a,
+	0x051c, 0x051c,
+	0x051e, 0x051e,
+	0x0520, 0x0520,
+	0x0522, 0x0522,
+	0x0524, 0x0524,
+	0x0526, 0x0526,
+	0x0528, 0x0528,
+	0x052a, 0x052a,
+	0x052c, 0x052c,
+	0x052e, 0x052e,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
+	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
+	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
+	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
+	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
+	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
+	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
+	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
+	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
+	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
+	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
+	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
+	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
+	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
+	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
+	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
+	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
+	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
+	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
+	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
+	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
+	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
+	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
+	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
+	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
+	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
+	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
+	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
+	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
+	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
+	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
+	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
+	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
+	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
+	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
+	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
+	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
+	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
+	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
+	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
+	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
+	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
+	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
+	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
+	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
+	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
+	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
+	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
+	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
+	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
+	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
+	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
+	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
+	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
+	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
+	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
+	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
+	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
+	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
+	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
+	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
+	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
+	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
+	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
+	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
+	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
+	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
+	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
+	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
+	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
+	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
+	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
+	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
+	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
+	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
+	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
+	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
+	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
+	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
+	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
+	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
+	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
+	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
+	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
+	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
+	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
+	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
+	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
+	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
+	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
+	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
+	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
+	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
+	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
+	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
+	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
+	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
+	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
+	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
+	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
+	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
+	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
+	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
+	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
+	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
+	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
+	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
+	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
+	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
+	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
+	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
+	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
+	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
+	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
+	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
+	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
+	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
+	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
+	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
+	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
+	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
+	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
+	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
+	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
+	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
+	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
+	0x1fb8, 0x1fbb,
+	0x1fc8, 0x1fcb,
+	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff8, 0x1ffb,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210b, 0x210d,
+	0x2110, 0x2112,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x2130, 0x2133,
+	0x213e, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2145,
+	0x2183, 0x2183,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
+	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
+	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
+	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
+	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
+	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
+	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
+	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
+	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
+	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
+	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
+	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
+	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
+	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
+	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
+	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
+	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
+	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
+	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
+	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
+	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
+	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
+	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
+	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
+	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
+	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
+	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
+	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
+	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
+	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
+	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
+	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
+	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
+	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
+	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
+	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
+	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
+	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
+	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
+	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
+	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
+	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
+	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
+	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
+	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
+	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
+	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
+	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
+	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
+	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
+	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
+	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
+	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
+	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
+	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
+	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
+	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
+	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
+	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
+	0xa640, 0xa640,
+	0xa642, 0xa642,
+	0xa644, 0xa644,
+	0xa646, 0xa646,
+	0xa648, 0xa648,
+	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
+	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
+	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
+	0xa650, 0xa650,
+	0xa652, 0xa652,
+	0xa654, 0xa654,
+	0xa656, 0xa656,
+	0xa658, 0xa658,
+	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
+	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
+	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
+	0xa660, 0xa660,
+	0xa662, 0xa662,
+	0xa664, 0xa664,
+	0xa666, 0xa666,
+	0xa668, 0xa668,
+	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
+	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
+	0xa680, 0xa680,
+	0xa682, 0xa682,
+	0xa684, 0xa684,
+	0xa686, 0xa686,
+	0xa688, 0xa688,
+	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
+	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
+	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
+	0xa690, 0xa690,
+	0xa692, 0xa692,
+	0xa694, 0xa694,
+	0xa696, 0xa696,
+	0xa698, 0xa698,
+	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
+	0xa722, 0xa722,
+	0xa724, 0xa724,
+	0xa726, 0xa726,
+	0xa728, 0xa728,
+	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
+	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
+	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
+	0xa732, 0xa732,
+	0xa734, 0xa734,
+	0xa736, 0xa736,
+	0xa738, 0xa738,
+	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
+	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
+	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
+	0xa740, 0xa740,
+	0xa742, 0xa742,
+	0xa744, 0xa744,
+	0xa746, 0xa746,
+	0xa748, 0xa748,
+	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
+	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
+	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
+	0xa750, 0xa750,
+	0xa752, 0xa752,
+	0xa754, 0xa754,
+	0xa756, 0xa756,
+	0xa758, 0xa758,
+	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
+	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
+	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
+	0xa760, 0xa760,
+	0xa762, 0xa762,
+	0xa764, 0xa764,
+	0xa766, 0xa766,
+	0xa768, 0xa768,
+	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
+	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
+	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
+	0xa779, 0xa779,
+	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
+	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
+	0xa780, 0xa780,
+	0xa782, 0xa782,
+	0xa784, 0xa784,
+	0xa786, 0xa786,
+	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
+	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
+	0xa790, 0xa790,
+	0xa792, 0xa792,
+	0xa796, 0xa796,
+	0xa798, 0xa798,
+	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
+	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
+	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
+	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
+	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
+	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
+	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
+	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
+	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
+	0xa7b8, 0xa7b8,
+	0xa7ba, 0xa7ba,
+	0xa7bc, 0xa7bc,
+	0xa7be, 0xa7be,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c2,
+	0xa7c4, 0xa7c6,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0x10400, 0x10427,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d419,
+	0x1d434, 0x1d44d,
+	0x1d468, 0x1d481,
+	0x1d49c, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b5,
+	0x1d4d0, 0x1d4e9,
+	0x1d504, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d538, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d56c, 0x1d585,
+	0x1d5a0, 0x1d5b9,
+	0x1d5d4, 0x1d5ed,
+	0x1d608, 0x1d621,
+	0x1d63c, 0x1d655,
+	0x1d670, 0x1d689,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6e2, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d71c, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d756, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d790, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7ca, 0x1d7ca,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
+}; /* CR_Lu */
+
+/* 'M': Major Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
+	280,
+	0x0300, 0x036f,
+	0x0483, 0x0489,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x064b, 0x065f,
+	0x0670, 0x0670,
+	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
+	0x06df, 0x06e4,
+	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
+	0x0711, 0x0711,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
+	0x07eb, 0x07f3,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0816, 0x0819,
+	0x081b, 0x0823,
+	0x0825, 0x0827,
+	0x0829, 0x082d,
+	0x0859, 0x085b,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x0903,
+	0x093a, 0x093c,
+	0x093e, 0x094f,
+	0x0951, 0x0957,
+	0x0962, 0x0963,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
+	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
+	0x0abe, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0afa, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
+	0x0b3e, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c04,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
+	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
+	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
+	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x102b, 0x103e,
+	0x1056, 0x1059,
+	0x105e, 0x1060,
+	0x1062, 0x1064,
+	0x1067, 0x106d,
+	0x1071, 0x1074,
+	0x1082, 0x108d,
+	0x108f, 0x108f,
+	0x109a, 0x109d,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1712, 0x1714,
+	0x1732, 0x1734,
+	0x1752, 0x1753,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x17b4, 0x17d3,
+	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0x1885, 0x1886,
+	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1a17, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a55, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b04,
+	0x1b34, 0x1b44,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1b82,
+	0x1ba1, 0x1bad,
+	0x1be6, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1c24, 0x1c37,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1ce8,
+	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
+	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
+	0x1cf7, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1dc0, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x302a, 0x302f,
+	0x3099, 0x309a,
+	0xa66f, 0xa672,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
+	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa802, 0xa802,
+	0xa806, 0xa806,
+	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
+	0xa823, 0xa827,
+	0xa880, 0xa881,
+	0xa8b4, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
+	0xa8ff, 0xa8ff,
+	0xa926, 0xa92d,
+	0xa947, 0xa953,
+	0xa980, 0xa983,
+	0xa9b3, 0xa9c0,
+	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
+	0xaa29, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
+	0xaa4c, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa7b, 0xaa7d,
+	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
+	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
+	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
+	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
+	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
+	0xaaeb, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf5, 0xaaf6,
+	0xabe3, 0xabea,
+	0xabec, 0xabed,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10376, 0x1037a,
+	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
+	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
+	0x11000, 0x11002,
+	0x11038, 0x11046,
+	0x1107f, 0x11082,
+	0x110b0, 0x110ba,
+	0x11100, 0x11102,
+	0x11127, 0x11134,
+	0x11145, 0x11146,
+	0x11173, 0x11173,
+	0x11180, 0x11182,
+	0x111b3, 0x111c0,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x1122c, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x112df, 0x112ea,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x1133b, 0x1133c,
+	0x1133e, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x11362, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11435, 0x11446,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145e,
+	0x114b0, 0x114c3,
+	0x115af, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
+	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
+	0x11630, 0x11640,
+	0x116ab, 0x116b7,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x1182c, 0x1183a,
+	0x119d1, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e0,
+	0x119e4, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a01, 0x11a0a,
+	0x11a33, 0x11a39,
+	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a51, 0x11a5b,
+	0x11a8a, 0x11a99,
+	0x11c2f, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d31, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d45,
+	0x11d47, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d8a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d97,
+	0x11ef3, 0x11ef6,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
+	0x16f51, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
+	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_M */
+
+/* 'Mc': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mc[] = {
+	168,
+	0x0903, 0x0903,
+	0x093b, 0x093b,
+	0x093e, 0x0940,
+	0x0949, 0x094c,
+	0x094e, 0x094f,
+	0x0982, 0x0983,
+	0x09be, 0x09c0,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x0a03, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a40,
+	0x0a83, 0x0a83,
+	0x0abe, 0x0ac0,
+	0x0ac9, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
+	0x0b02, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b3e, 0x0b3e,
+	0x0b40, 0x0b40,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
+	0x0b57, 0x0b57,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bbf,
+	0x0bc1, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c41, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cbe,
+	0x0cc0, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d40,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd1,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
+	0x0f7f, 0x0f7f,
+	0x102b, 0x102c,
+	0x1031, 0x1031,
+	0x1038, 0x1038,
+	0x103b, 0x103c,
+	0x1056, 0x1057,
+	0x1062, 0x1064,
+	0x1067, 0x106d,
+	0x1083, 0x1084,
+	0x1087, 0x108c,
+	0x108f, 0x108f,
+	0x109a, 0x109c,
+	0x17b6, 0x17b6,
+	0x17be, 0x17c5,
+	0x17c7, 0x17c8,
+	0x1923, 0x1926,
+	0x1929, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x1931,
+	0x1933, 0x1938,
+	0x1a19, 0x1a1a,
+	0x1a55, 0x1a55,
+	0x1a57, 0x1a57,
+	0x1a61, 0x1a61,
+	0x1a63, 0x1a64,
+	0x1a6d, 0x1a72,
+	0x1b04, 0x1b04,
+	0x1b35, 0x1b35,
+	0x1b3b, 0x1b3b,
+	0x1b3d, 0x1b41,
+	0x1b43, 0x1b44,
+	0x1b82, 0x1b82,
+	0x1ba1, 0x1ba1,
+	0x1ba6, 0x1ba7,
+	0x1baa, 0x1baa,
+	0x1be7, 0x1be7,
+	0x1bea, 0x1bec,
+	0x1bee, 0x1bee,
+	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1c24, 0x1c2b,
+	0x1c34, 0x1c35,
+	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
+	0x1cf7, 0x1cf7,
+	0x302e, 0x302f,
+	0xa823, 0xa824,
+	0xa827, 0xa827,
+	0xa880, 0xa881,
+	0xa8b4, 0xa8c3,
+	0xa952, 0xa953,
+	0xa983, 0xa983,
+	0xa9b4, 0xa9b5,
+	0xa9ba, 0xa9bb,
+	0xa9be, 0xa9c0,
+	0xaa2f, 0xaa30,
+	0xaa33, 0xaa34,
+	0xaa4d, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa7b, 0xaa7b,
+	0xaa7d, 0xaa7d,
+	0xaaeb, 0xaaeb,
+	0xaaee, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf5, 0xaaf5,
+	0xabe3, 0xabe4,
+	0xabe6, 0xabe7,
+	0xabe9, 0xabea,
+	0xabec, 0xabec,
+	0x11000, 0x11000,
+	0x11002, 0x11002,
+	0x11082, 0x11082,
+	0x110b0, 0x110b2,
+	0x110b7, 0x110b8,
+	0x1112c, 0x1112c,
+	0x11145, 0x11146,
+	0x11182, 0x11182,
+	0x111b3, 0x111b5,
+	0x111bf, 0x111c0,
+	0x1122c, 0x1122e,
+	0x11232, 0x11233,
+	0x11235, 0x11235,
+	0x112e0, 0x112e2,
+	0x11302, 0x11303,
+	0x1133e, 0x1133f,
+	0x11341, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x11362, 0x11363,
+	0x11435, 0x11437,
+	0x11440, 0x11441,
+	0x11445, 0x11445,
+	0x114b0, 0x114b2,
+	0x114b9, 0x114b9,
+	0x114bb, 0x114be,
+	0x114c1, 0x114c1,
+	0x115af, 0x115b1,
+	0x115b8, 0x115bb,
+	0x115be, 0x115be,
+	0x11630, 0x11632,
+	0x1163b, 0x1163c,
+	0x1163e, 0x1163e,
+	0x116ac, 0x116ac,
+	0x116ae, 0x116af,
+	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
+	0x11720, 0x11721,
+	0x11726, 0x11726,
+	0x1182c, 0x1182e,
+	0x11838, 0x11838,
+	0x119d1, 0x119d3,
+	0x119dc, 0x119df,
+	0x119e4, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a39, 0x11a39,
+	0x11a57, 0x11a58,
+	0x11a97, 0x11a97,
+	0x11c2f, 0x11c2f,
+	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
+	0x11cb1, 0x11cb1,
+	0x11cb4, 0x11cb4,
+	0x11d8a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d94,
+	0x11d96, 0x11d96,
+	0x11ef5, 0x11ef6,
+	0x16f51, 0x16f87,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d166,
+	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
+}; /* CR_Mc */
+
+/* 'Me': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Me[] = {
+	5,
+	0x0488, 0x0489,
+	0x1abe, 0x1abe,
+	0x20dd, 0x20e0,
+	0x20e2, 0x20e4,
+	0xa670, 0xa672,
+}; /* CR_Me */
+
+/* 'Mn': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
+	318,
+	0x0300, 0x036f,
+	0x0483, 0x0487,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x064b, 0x065f,
+	0x0670, 0x0670,
+	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
+	0x06df, 0x06e4,
+	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
+	0x0711, 0x0711,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
+	0x07eb, 0x07f3,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0816, 0x0819,
+	0x081b, 0x0823,
+	0x0825, 0x0827,
+	0x0829, 0x082d,
+	0x0859, 0x085b,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x0902,
+	0x093a, 0x093a,
+	0x093c, 0x093c,
+	0x0941, 0x0948,
+	0x094d, 0x094d,
+	0x0951, 0x0957,
+	0x0962, 0x0963,
+	0x0981, 0x0981,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09c1, 0x09c4,
+	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
+	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a41, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
+	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a82,
+	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
+	0x0ac1, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac8,
+	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0afa, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b01,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
+	0x0b3f, 0x0b3f,
+	0x0b41, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b56,
+	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
+	0x0bc0, 0x0bc0,
+	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c00,
+	0x0c04, 0x0c04,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c40,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c81,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
+	0x0cbf, 0x0cbf,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc6,
+	0x0ccc, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d01,
+	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
+	0x0d41, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dd2, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
+	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
+	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f7e,
+	0x0f80, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
+	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x102d, 0x1030,
+	0x1032, 0x1037,
+	0x1039, 0x103a,
+	0x103d, 0x103e,
+	0x1058, 0x1059,
+	0x105e, 0x1060,
+	0x1071, 0x1074,
+	0x1082, 0x1082,
+	0x1085, 0x1086,
+	0x108d, 0x108d,
+	0x109d, 0x109d,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1712, 0x1714,
+	0x1732, 0x1734,
+	0x1752, 0x1753,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
+	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
+	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
+	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
+	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0x1885, 0x1886,
+	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
+	0x1920, 0x1922,
+	0x1927, 0x1928,
+	0x1932, 0x1932,
+	0x1939, 0x193b,
+	0x1a17, 0x1a18,
+	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
+	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
+	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
+	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
+	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
+	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
+	0x1b36, 0x1b3a,
+	0x1b3c, 0x1b3c,
+	0x1b42, 0x1b42,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
+	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
+	0x1ba8, 0x1ba9,
+	0x1bab, 0x1bad,
+	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
+	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
+	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
+	0x1bef, 0x1bf1,
+	0x1c2c, 0x1c33,
+	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
+	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
+	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
+	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1dc0, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
+	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
+	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
+	0x20e5, 0x20f0,
+	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x302a, 0x302d,
+	0x3099, 0x309a,
+	0xa66f, 0xa66f,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
+	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa802, 0xa802,
+	0xa806, 0xa806,
+	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
+	0xa825, 0xa826,
+	0xa8c4, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
+	0xa8ff, 0xa8ff,
+	0xa926, 0xa92d,
+	0xa947, 0xa951,
+	0xa980, 0xa982,
+	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
+	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
+	0xa9bc, 0xa9bd,
+	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
+	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
+	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
+	0xaa35, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
+	0xaa4c, 0xaa4c,
+	0xaa7c, 0xaa7c,
+	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
+	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
+	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
+	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
+	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
+	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
+	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
+	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
+	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
+	0xabed, 0xabed,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10376, 0x1037a,
+	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
+	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
+	0x11001, 0x11001,
+	0x11038, 0x11046,
+	0x1107f, 0x11081,
+	0x110b3, 0x110b6,
+	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
+	0x11100, 0x11102,
+	0x11127, 0x1112b,
+	0x1112d, 0x11134,
+	0x11173, 0x11173,
+	0x11180, 0x11181,
+	0x111b6, 0x111be,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x1122f, 0x11231,
+	0x11234, 0x11234,
+	0x11236, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x112df, 0x112df,
+	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
+	0x11300, 0x11301,
+	0x1133b, 0x1133c,
+	0x11340, 0x11340,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11438, 0x1143f,
+	0x11442, 0x11444,
+	0x11446, 0x11446,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145e,
+	0x114b3, 0x114b8,
+	0x114ba, 0x114ba,
+	0x114bf, 0x114c0,
+	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
+	0x115b2, 0x115b5,
+	0x115bc, 0x115bd,
+	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
+	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
+	0x11633, 0x1163a,
+	0x1163d, 0x1163d,
+	0x1163f, 0x11640,
+	0x116ab, 0x116ab,
+	0x116ad, 0x116ad,
+	0x116b0, 0x116b5,
+	0x116b7, 0x116b7,
+	0x1171d, 0x1171f,
+	0x11722, 0x11725,
+	0x11727, 0x1172b,
+	0x1182f, 0x11837,
+	0x11839, 0x1183a,
+	0x119d4, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119db,
+	0x119e0, 0x119e0,
+	0x11a01, 0x11a0a,
+	0x11a33, 0x11a38,
+	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a51, 0x11a56,
+	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
+	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
+	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
+	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11caa, 0x11cb0,
+	0x11cb2, 0x11cb3,
+	0x11cb5, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d31, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d45,
+	0x11d47, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
+	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
+	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_Mn */
+
+/* 'N': Major Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
+	130,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x00b2, 0x00b3,
+	0x00b9, 0x00b9,
+	0x00bc, 0x00be,
+	0x0660, 0x0669,
+	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
+	0x07c0, 0x07c9,
+	0x0966, 0x096f,
+	0x09e6, 0x09ef,
+	0x09f4, 0x09f9,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a6f,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
+	0x0b72, 0x0b77,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7e,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d58, 0x0d5e,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d78,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0f20, 0x0f33,
+	0x1040, 0x1049,
+	0x1090, 0x1099,
+	0x1369, 0x137c,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f0,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1946, 0x194f,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
+	0x1bb0, 0x1bb9,
+	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c50, 0x1c59,
+	0x2070, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x2079,
+	0x2080, 0x2089,
+	0x2150, 0x2182,
+	0x2185, 0x2189,
+	0x2460, 0x249b,
+	0x24ea, 0x24ff,
+	0x2776, 0x2793,
+	0x2cfd, 0x2cfd,
+	0x3007, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3038, 0x303a,
+	0x3192, 0x3195,
+	0x3220, 0x3229,
+	0x3248, 0x324f,
+	0x3251, 0x325f,
+	0x3280, 0x3289,
+	0x32b1, 0x32bf,
+	0xa620, 0xa629,
+	0xa6e6, 0xa6ef,
+	0xa830, 0xa835,
+	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa900, 0xa909,
+	0xa9d0, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9f0, 0xa9f9,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xff10, 0xff19,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10140, 0x10178,
+	0x1018a, 0x1018b,
+	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10341, 0x10341,
+	0x1034a, 0x1034a,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10858, 0x1085f,
+	0x10879, 0x1087f,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108fb, 0x108ff,
+	0x10916, 0x1091b,
+	0x109bc, 0x109bd,
+	0x109c0, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x109ff,
+	0x10a40, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a7d, 0x10a7e,
+	0x10a9d, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10aef,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b5f,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f1d, 0x10f26,
+	0x10f51, 0x10f54,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11136, 0x1113f,
+	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11450, 0x11459,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11730, 0x1173b,
+	0x118e0, 0x118f2,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11fd4,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16e80, 0x16e96,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecab,
+	0x1ecad, 0x1ecaf,
+	0x1ecb1, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed2d,
+	0x1ed2f, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+}; /* CR_N */
+
+/* 'Nd': General Category */
+#define CR_Nd CR_Digit
+
+/* 'Nl': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nl[] = {
+	12,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f0,
+	0x2160, 0x2182,
+	0x2185, 0x2188,
+	0x3007, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3038, 0x303a,
+	0xa6e6, 0xa6ef,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x10341, 0x10341,
+	0x1034a, 0x1034a,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+}; /* CR_Nl */
+
+/* 'No': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_No[] = {
+	70,
+	0x00b2, 0x00b3,
+	0x00b9, 0x00b9,
+	0x00bc, 0x00be,
+	0x09f4, 0x09f9,
+	0x0b72, 0x0b77,
+	0x0bf0, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7e,
+	0x0d58, 0x0d5e,
+	0x0d70, 0x0d78,
+	0x0f2a, 0x0f33,
+	0x1369, 0x137c,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x19da, 0x19da,
+	0x2070, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x2079,
+	0x2080, 0x2089,
+	0x2150, 0x215f,
+	0x2189, 0x2189,
+	0x2460, 0x249b,
+	0x24ea, 0x24ff,
+	0x2776, 0x2793,
+	0x2cfd, 0x2cfd,
+	0x3192, 0x3195,
+	0x3220, 0x3229,
+	0x3248, 0x324f,
+	0x3251, 0x325f,
+	0x3280, 0x3289,
+	0x32b1, 0x32bf,
+	0xa830, 0xa835,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10175, 0x10178,
+	0x1018a, 0x1018b,
+	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10858, 0x1085f,
+	0x10879, 0x1087f,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108fb, 0x108ff,
+	0x10916, 0x1091b,
+	0x109bc, 0x109bd,
+	0x109c0, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x109ff,
+	0x10a40, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a7d, 0x10a7e,
+	0x10a9d, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10aef,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b5f,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f1d, 0x10f26,
+	0x10f51, 0x10f54,
+	0x11052, 0x11065,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x1173a, 0x1173b,
+	0x118ea, 0x118f2,
+	0x11c5a, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11fd4,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16e80, 0x16e96,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecab,
+	0x1ecad, 0x1ecaf,
+	0x1ecb1, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed2d,
+	0x1ed2f, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+}; /* CR_No */
+
+/* 'P': Major Category */
+#define CR_P CR_Punct
+
+/* 'Pc': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pc[] = {
+	6,
+	0x005f, 0x005f,
+	0x203f, 0x2040,
+	0x2054, 0x2054,
+	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
+	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
+	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
+}; /* CR_Pc */
+
+/* 'Pd': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pd[] = {
+	17,
+	0x002d, 0x002d,
+	0x058a, 0x058a,
+	0x05be, 0x05be,
+	0x1400, 0x1400,
+	0x1806, 0x1806,
+	0x2010, 0x2015,
+	0x2e17, 0x2e17,
+	0x2e1a, 0x2e1a,
+	0x2e3a, 0x2e3b,
+	0x2e40, 0x2e40,
+	0x301c, 0x301c,
+	0x3030, 0x3030,
+	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
+	0xfe31, 0xfe32,
+	0xfe58, 0xfe58,
+	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
+	0xff0d, 0xff0d,
+}; /* CR_Pd */
+
+/* 'Pe': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pe[] = {
+	72,
+	0x0029, 0x0029,
+	0x005d, 0x005d,
+	0x007d, 0x007d,
+	0x0f3b, 0x0f3b,
+	0x0f3d, 0x0f3d,
+	0x169c, 0x169c,
+	0x2046, 0x2046,
+	0x207e, 0x207e,
+	0x208e, 0x208e,
+	0x2309, 0x2309,
+	0x230b, 0x230b,
+	0x232a, 0x232a,
+	0x2769, 0x2769,
+	0x276b, 0x276b,
+	0x276d, 0x276d,
+	0x276f, 0x276f,
+	0x2771, 0x2771,
+	0x2773, 0x2773,
+	0x2775, 0x2775,
+	0x27c6, 0x27c6,
+	0x27e7, 0x27e7,
+	0x27e9, 0x27e9,
+	0x27eb, 0x27eb,
+	0x27ed, 0x27ed,
+	0x27ef, 0x27ef,
+	0x2984, 0x2984,
+	0x2986, 0x2986,
+	0x2988, 0x2988,
+	0x298a, 0x298a,
+	0x298c, 0x298c,
+	0x298e, 0x298e,
+	0x2990, 0x2990,
+	0x2992, 0x2992,
+	0x2994, 0x2994,
+	0x2996, 0x2996,
+	0x2998, 0x2998,
+	0x29d9, 0x29d9,
+	0x29db, 0x29db,
+	0x29fd, 0x29fd,
+	0x2e23, 0x2e23,
+	0x2e25, 0x2e25,
+	0x2e27, 0x2e27,
+	0x2e29, 0x2e29,
+	0x3009, 0x3009,
+	0x300b, 0x300b,
+	0x300d, 0x300d,
+	0x300f, 0x300f,
+	0x3011, 0x3011,
+	0x3015, 0x3015,
+	0x3017, 0x3017,
+	0x3019, 0x3019,
+	0x301b, 0x301b,
+	0x301e, 0x301f,
+	0xfd3e, 0xfd3e,
+	0xfe18, 0xfe18,
+	0xfe36, 0xfe36,
+	0xfe38, 0xfe38,
+	0xfe3a, 0xfe3a,
+	0xfe3c, 0xfe3c,
+	0xfe3e, 0xfe3e,
+	0xfe40, 0xfe40,
+	0xfe42, 0xfe42,
+	0xfe44, 0xfe44,
+	0xfe48, 0xfe48,
+	0xfe5a, 0xfe5a,
+	0xfe5c, 0xfe5c,
+	0xfe5e, 0xfe5e,
+	0xff09, 0xff09,
+	0xff3d, 0xff3d,
+	0xff5d, 0xff5d,
+	0xff60, 0xff60,
+	0xff63, 0xff63,
+}; /* CR_Pe */
+
+/* 'Pf': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pf[] = {
+	10,
+	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
+	0x2019, 0x2019,
+	0x201d, 0x201d,
+	0x203a, 0x203a,
+	0x2e03, 0x2e03,
+	0x2e05, 0x2e05,
+	0x2e0a, 0x2e0a,
+	0x2e0d, 0x2e0d,
+	0x2e1d, 0x2e1d,
+	0x2e21, 0x2e21,
+}; /* CR_Pf */
+
+/* 'Pi': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pi[] = {
+	11,
+	0x00ab, 0x00ab,
+	0x2018, 0x2018,
+	0x201b, 0x201c,
+	0x201f, 0x201f,
+	0x2039, 0x2039,
+	0x2e02, 0x2e02,
+	0x2e04, 0x2e04,
+	0x2e09, 0x2e09,
+	0x2e0c, 0x2e0c,
+	0x2e1c, 0x2e1c,
+	0x2e20, 0x2e20,
+}; /* CR_Pi */
+
+/* 'Po': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Po[] = {
+	179,
+	0x0021, 0x0023,
+	0x0025, 0x0027,
+	0x002a, 0x002a,
+	0x002c, 0x002c,
+	0x002e, 0x002f,
+	0x003a, 0x003b,
+	0x003f, 0x0040,
+	0x005c, 0x005c,
+	0x00a1, 0x00a1,
+	0x00a7, 0x00a7,
+	0x00b6, 0x00b7,
+	0x00bf, 0x00bf,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0387, 0x0387,
+	0x055a, 0x055f,
+	0x0589, 0x0589,
+	0x05c0, 0x05c0,
+	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
+	0x05c6, 0x05c6,
+	0x05f3, 0x05f4,
+	0x0609, 0x060a,
+	0x060c, 0x060d,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x066a, 0x066d,
+	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
+	0x0700, 0x070d,
+	0x07f7, 0x07f9,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0964, 0x0965,
+	0x0970, 0x0970,
+	0x09fd, 0x09fd,
+	0x0a76, 0x0a76,
+	0x0af0, 0x0af0,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c77,
+	0x0c84, 0x0c84,
+	0x0df4, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e4f, 0x0e4f,
+	0x0e5a, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0f04, 0x0f12,
+	0x0f14, 0x0f14,
+	0x0f85, 0x0f85,
+	0x0fd0, 0x0fd4,
+	0x0fd9, 0x0fda,
+	0x104a, 0x104f,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1360, 0x1368,
+	0x166e, 0x166e,
+	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
+	0x1735, 0x1736,
+	0x17d4, 0x17d6,
+	0x17d8, 0x17da,
+	0x1800, 0x1805,
+	0x1807, 0x180a,
+	0x1944, 0x1945,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aa6,
+	0x1aa8, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b5a, 0x1b60,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1bff,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c3f,
+	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
+	0x2016, 0x2017,
+	0x2020, 0x2027,
+	0x2030, 0x2038,
+	0x203b, 0x203e,
+	0x2041, 0x2043,
+	0x2047, 0x2051,
+	0x2053, 0x2053,
+	0x2055, 0x205e,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2cfc,
+	0x2cfe, 0x2cff,
+	0x2d70, 0x2d70,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e01,
+	0x2e06, 0x2e08,
+	0x2e0b, 0x2e0b,
+	0x2e0e, 0x2e16,
+	0x2e18, 0x2e19,
+	0x2e1b, 0x2e1b,
+	0x2e1e, 0x2e1f,
+	0x2e2a, 0x2e2e,
+	0x2e30, 0x2e39,
+	0x2e3c, 0x2e3f,
+	0x2e41, 0x2e41,
+	0x2e43, 0x2e4f,
+	0x3001, 0x3003,
+	0x303d, 0x303d,
+	0x30fb, 0x30fb,
+	0xa4fe, 0xa4ff,
+	0xa60d, 0xa60f,
+	0xa673, 0xa673,
+	0xa67e, 0xa67e,
+	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa874, 0xa877,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
+	0xa8f8, 0xa8fa,
+	0xa8fc, 0xa8fc,
+	0xa92e, 0xa92f,
+	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
+	0xa9c1, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
+	0xaade, 0xaadf,
+	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
+	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
+	0xfe10, 0xfe16,
+	0xfe19, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe30,
+	0xfe45, 0xfe46,
+	0xfe49, 0xfe4c,
+	0xfe50, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe57,
+	0xfe5f, 0xfe61,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
+	0xfe6a, 0xfe6b,
+	0xff01, 0xff03,
+	0xff05, 0xff07,
+	0xff0a, 0xff0a,
+	0xff0c, 0xff0c,
+	0xff0e, 0xff0f,
+	0xff1a, 0xff1b,
+	0xff1f, 0xff20,
+	0xff3c, 0xff3c,
+	0xff61, 0xff61,
+	0xff64, 0xff65,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
+	0x103d0, 0x103d0,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10857, 0x10857,
+	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a7f, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10af0, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
+	0x11047, 0x1104d,
+	0x110bb, 0x110bc,
+	0x110be, 0x110c1,
+	0x11140, 0x11143,
+	0x11174, 0x11175,
+	0x111c5, 0x111c8,
+	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
+	0x111db, 0x111db,
+	0x111dd, 0x111df,
+	0x11238, 0x1123d,
+	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
+	0x1144b, 0x1144f,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
+	0x114c6, 0x114c6,
+	0x115c1, 0x115d7,
+	0x11641, 0x11643,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
+	0x1183b, 0x1183b,
+	0x119e2, 0x119e2,
+	0x11a3f, 0x11a46,
+	0x11a9a, 0x11a9c,
+	0x11a9e, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
+	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fff, 0x11fff,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b37, 0x16b3b,
+	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
+	0x16e97, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16fe2, 0x16fe2,
+	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
+	0x1da87, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+}; /* CR_Po */
+
+/* 'Ps': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ps[] = {
+	75,
+	0x0028, 0x0028,
+	0x005b, 0x005b,
+	0x007b, 0x007b,
+	0x0f3a, 0x0f3a,
+	0x0f3c, 0x0f3c,
+	0x169b, 0x169b,
+	0x201a, 0x201a,
+	0x201e, 0x201e,
+	0x2045, 0x2045,
+	0x207d, 0x207d,
+	0x208d, 0x208d,
+	0x2308, 0x2308,
+	0x230a, 0x230a,
+	0x2329, 0x2329,
+	0x2768, 0x2768,
+	0x276a, 0x276a,
+	0x276c, 0x276c,
+	0x276e, 0x276e,
+	0x2770, 0x2770,
+	0x2772, 0x2772,
+	0x2774, 0x2774,
+	0x27c5, 0x27c5,
+	0x27e6, 0x27e6,
+	0x27e8, 0x27e8,
+	0x27ea, 0x27ea,
+	0x27ec, 0x27ec,
+	0x27ee, 0x27ee,
+	0x2983, 0x2983,
+	0x2985, 0x2985,
+	0x2987, 0x2987,
+	0x2989, 0x2989,
+	0x298b, 0x298b,
+	0x298d, 0x298d,
+	0x298f, 0x298f,
+	0x2991, 0x2991,
+	0x2993, 0x2993,
+	0x2995, 0x2995,
+	0x2997, 0x2997,
+	0x29d8, 0x29d8,
+	0x29da, 0x29da,
+	0x29fc, 0x29fc,
+	0x2e22, 0x2e22,
+	0x2e24, 0x2e24,
+	0x2e26, 0x2e26,
+	0x2e28, 0x2e28,
+	0x2e42, 0x2e42,
+	0x3008, 0x3008,
+	0x300a, 0x300a,
+	0x300c, 0x300c,
+	0x300e, 0x300e,
+	0x3010, 0x3010,
+	0x3014, 0x3014,
+	0x3016, 0x3016,
+	0x3018, 0x3018,
+	0x301a, 0x301a,
+	0x301d, 0x301d,
+	0xfd3f, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfe17, 0xfe17,
+	0xfe35, 0xfe35,
+	0xfe37, 0xfe37,
+	0xfe39, 0xfe39,
+	0xfe3b, 0xfe3b,
+	0xfe3d, 0xfe3d,
+	0xfe3f, 0xfe3f,
+	0xfe41, 0xfe41,
+	0xfe43, 0xfe43,
+	0xfe47, 0xfe47,
+	0xfe59, 0xfe59,
+	0xfe5b, 0xfe5b,
+	0xfe5d, 0xfe5d,
+	0xff08, 0xff08,
+	0xff3b, 0xff3b,
+	0xff5b, 0xff5b,
+	0xff5f, 0xff5f,
+	0xff62, 0xff62,
+}; /* CR_Ps */
+
+/* 'S': Major Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
+	226,
+	0x0024, 0x0024,
+	0x002b, 0x002b,
+	0x003c, 0x003e,
+	0x005e, 0x005e,
+	0x0060, 0x0060,
+	0x007c, 0x007c,
+	0x007e, 0x007e,
+	0x00a2, 0x00a6,
+	0x00a8, 0x00a9,
+	0x00ac, 0x00ac,
+	0x00ae, 0x00b1,
+	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
+	0x00b8, 0x00b8,
+	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
+	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
+	0x02c2, 0x02c5,
+	0x02d2, 0x02df,
+	0x02e5, 0x02eb,
+	0x02ed, 0x02ed,
+	0x02ef, 0x02ff,
+	0x0375, 0x0375,
+	0x0384, 0x0385,
+	0x03f6, 0x03f6,
+	0x0482, 0x0482,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0606, 0x0608,
+	0x060b, 0x060b,
+	0x060e, 0x060f,
+	0x06de, 0x06de,
+	0x06e9, 0x06e9,
+	0x06fd, 0x06fe,
+	0x07f6, 0x07f6,
+	0x07fe, 0x07ff,
+	0x09f2, 0x09f3,
+	0x09fa, 0x09fb,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b70, 0x0b70,
+	0x0bf3, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c7f, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0d4f, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d79,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e3f,
+	0x0f01, 0x0f03,
+	0x0f13, 0x0f13,
+	0x0f15, 0x0f17,
+	0x0f1a, 0x0f1f,
+	0x0f34, 0x0f34,
+	0x0f36, 0x0f36,
+	0x0f38, 0x0f38,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fc5,
+	0x0fc7, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fcf,
+	0x0fd5, 0x0fd8,
+	0x109e, 0x109f,
+	0x1390, 0x1399,
+	0x166d, 0x166d,
+	0x17db, 0x17db,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x19de, 0x19ff,
+	0x1b61, 0x1b6a,
+	0x1b74, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
+	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
+	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
+	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2044, 0x2044,
+	0x2052, 0x2052,
+	0x207a, 0x207c,
+	0x208a, 0x208c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x2100, 0x2101,
+	0x2103, 0x2106,
+	0x2108, 0x2109,
+	0x2114, 0x2114,
+	0x2116, 0x2118,
+	0x211e, 0x2123,
+	0x2125, 0x2125,
+	0x2127, 0x2127,
+	0x2129, 0x2129,
+	0x212e, 0x212e,
+	0x213a, 0x213b,
+	0x2140, 0x2144,
+	0x214a, 0x214d,
+	0x214f, 0x214f,
+	0x218a, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2307,
+	0x230c, 0x2328,
+	0x232b, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x249c, 0x24e9,
+	0x2500, 0x2767,
+	0x2794, 0x27c4,
+	0x27c7, 0x27e5,
+	0x27f0, 0x2982,
+	0x2999, 0x29d7,
+	0x29dc, 0x29fb,
+	0x29fe, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bff,
+	0x2ce5, 0x2cea,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3004, 0x3004,
+	0x3012, 0x3013,
+	0x3020, 0x3020,
+	0x3036, 0x3037,
+	0x303e, 0x303f,
+	0x309b, 0x309c,
+	0x3190, 0x3191,
+	0x3196, 0x319f,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x3200, 0x321e,
+	0x322a, 0x3247,
+	0x3250, 0x3250,
+	0x3260, 0x327f,
+	0x328a, 0x32b0,
+	0x32c0, 0x33ff,
+	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa700, 0xa716,
+	0xa720, 0xa721,
+	0xa789, 0xa78a,
+	0xa828, 0xa82b,
+	0xa836, 0xa839,
+	0xaa77, 0xaa79,
+	0xab5b, 0xab5b,
+	0xfb29, 0xfb29,
+	0xfbb2, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfdfc, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe62, 0xfe62,
+	0xfe64, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe69, 0xfe69,
+	0xff04, 0xff04,
+	0xff0b, 0xff0b,
+	0xff1c, 0xff1e,
+	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
+	0xff40, 0xff40,
+	0xff5c, 0xff5c,
+	0xff5e, 0xff5e,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfffc, 0xfffd,
+	0x10137, 0x1013f,
+	0x10179, 0x10189,
+	0x1018c, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
+	0x10877, 0x10878,
+	0x10ac8, 0x10ac8,
+	0x1173f, 0x1173f,
+	0x11fd5, 0x11ff1,
+	0x16b3c, 0x16b3f,
+	0x16b45, 0x16b45,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d164,
+	0x1d16a, 0x1d16c,
+	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
+	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
+	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d241,
+	0x1d245, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d6c1, 0x1d6c1,
+	0x1d6db, 0x1d6db,
+	0x1d6fb, 0x1d6fb,
+	0x1d715, 0x1d715,
+	0x1d735, 0x1d735,
+	0x1d74f, 0x1d74f,
+	0x1d76f, 0x1d76f,
+	0x1d789, 0x1d789,
+	0x1d7a9, 0x1d7a9,
+	0x1d7c3, 0x1d7c3,
+	0x1d800, 0x1d9ff,
+	0x1da37, 0x1da3a,
+	0x1da6d, 0x1da74,
+	0x1da76, 0x1da83,
+	0x1da85, 0x1da86,
+	0x1e14f, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1ecac, 0x1ecac,
+	0x1ecb0, 0x1ecb0,
+	0x1ed2e, 0x1ed2e,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+}; /* CR_S */
+
+/* 'Sc': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sc[] = {
+	21,
+	0x0024, 0x0024,
+	0x00a2, 0x00a5,
+	0x058f, 0x058f,
+	0x060b, 0x060b,
+	0x07fe, 0x07ff,
+	0x09f2, 0x09f3,
+	0x09fb, 0x09fb,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0bf9, 0x0bf9,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e3f,
+	0x17db, 0x17db,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0xa838, 0xa838,
+	0xfdfc, 0xfdfc,
+	0xfe69, 0xfe69,
+	0xff04, 0xff04,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe1,
+	0xffe5, 0xffe6,
+	0x11fdd, 0x11fe0,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1ecb0, 0x1ecb0,
+}; /* CR_Sc */
+
+/* 'Sk': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sk[] = {
+	29,
+	0x005e, 0x005e,
+	0x0060, 0x0060,
+	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
+	0x00af, 0x00af,
+	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
+	0x00b8, 0x00b8,
+	0x02c2, 0x02c5,
+	0x02d2, 0x02df,
+	0x02e5, 0x02eb,
+	0x02ed, 0x02ed,
+	0x02ef, 0x02ff,
+	0x0375, 0x0375,
+	0x0384, 0x0385,
+	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
+	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
+	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
+	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
+	0x309b, 0x309c,
+	0xa700, 0xa716,
+	0xa720, 0xa721,
+	0xa789, 0xa78a,
+	0xab5b, 0xab5b,
+	0xfbb2, 0xfbc1,
+	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
+	0xff40, 0xff40,
+	0xffe3, 0xffe3,
+	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
+}; /* CR_Sk */
+
+/* 'Sm': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sm[] = {
+	64,
+	0x002b, 0x002b,
+	0x003c, 0x003e,
+	0x007c, 0x007c,
+	0x007e, 0x007e,
+	0x00ac, 0x00ac,
+	0x00b1, 0x00b1,
+	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
+	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
+	0x03f6, 0x03f6,
+	0x0606, 0x0608,
+	0x2044, 0x2044,
+	0x2052, 0x2052,
+	0x207a, 0x207c,
+	0x208a, 0x208c,
+	0x2118, 0x2118,
+	0x2140, 0x2144,
+	0x214b, 0x214b,
+	0x2190, 0x2194,
+	0x219a, 0x219b,
+	0x21a0, 0x21a0,
+	0x21a3, 0x21a3,
+	0x21a6, 0x21a6,
+	0x21ae, 0x21ae,
+	0x21ce, 0x21cf,
+	0x21d2, 0x21d2,
+	0x21d4, 0x21d4,
+	0x21f4, 0x22ff,
+	0x2320, 0x2321,
+	0x237c, 0x237c,
+	0x239b, 0x23b3,
+	0x23dc, 0x23e1,
+	0x25b7, 0x25b7,
+	0x25c1, 0x25c1,
+	0x25f8, 0x25ff,
+	0x266f, 0x266f,
+	0x27c0, 0x27c4,
+	0x27c7, 0x27e5,
+	0x27f0, 0x27ff,
+	0x2900, 0x2982,
+	0x2999, 0x29d7,
+	0x29dc, 0x29fb,
+	0x29fe, 0x2aff,
+	0x2b30, 0x2b44,
+	0x2b47, 0x2b4c,
+	0xfb29, 0xfb29,
+	0xfe62, 0xfe62,
+	0xfe64, 0xfe66,
+	0xff0b, 0xff0b,
+	0xff1c, 0xff1e,
+	0xff5c, 0xff5c,
+	0xff5e, 0xff5e,
+	0xffe2, 0xffe2,
+	0xffe9, 0xffec,
+	0x1d6c1, 0x1d6c1,
+	0x1d6db, 0x1d6db,
+	0x1d6fb, 0x1d6fb,
+	0x1d715, 0x1d715,
+	0x1d735, 0x1d735,
+	0x1d74f, 0x1d74f,
+	0x1d76f, 0x1d76f,
+	0x1d789, 0x1d789,
+	0x1d7a9, 0x1d7a9,
+	0x1d7c3, 0x1d7c3,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+}; /* CR_Sm */
+
+/* 'So': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
+	180,
+	0x00a6, 0x00a6,
+	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
+	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
+	0x00b0, 0x00b0,
+	0x0482, 0x0482,
+	0x058d, 0x058e,
+	0x060e, 0x060f,
+	0x06de, 0x06de,
+	0x06e9, 0x06e9,
+	0x06fd, 0x06fe,
+	0x07f6, 0x07f6,
+	0x09fa, 0x09fa,
+	0x0b70, 0x0b70,
+	0x0bf3, 0x0bf8,
+	0x0bfa, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c7f, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0d4f, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d79,
+	0x0f01, 0x0f03,
+	0x0f13, 0x0f13,
+	0x0f15, 0x0f17,
+	0x0f1a, 0x0f1f,
+	0x0f34, 0x0f34,
+	0x0f36, 0x0f36,
+	0x0f38, 0x0f38,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fc5,
+	0x0fc7, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fcf,
+	0x0fd5, 0x0fd8,
+	0x109e, 0x109f,
+	0x1390, 0x1399,
+	0x166d, 0x166d,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x19de, 0x19ff,
+	0x1b61, 0x1b6a,
+	0x1b74, 0x1b7c,
+	0x2100, 0x2101,
+	0x2103, 0x2106,
+	0x2108, 0x2109,
+	0x2114, 0x2114,
+	0x2116, 0x2117,
+	0x211e, 0x2123,
+	0x2125, 0x2125,
+	0x2127, 0x2127,
+	0x2129, 0x2129,
+	0x212e, 0x212e,
+	0x213a, 0x213b,
+	0x214a, 0x214a,
+	0x214c, 0x214d,
+	0x214f, 0x214f,
+	0x218a, 0x218b,
+	0x2195, 0x2199,
+	0x219c, 0x219f,
+	0x21a1, 0x21a2,
+	0x21a4, 0x21a5,
+	0x21a7, 0x21ad,
+	0x21af, 0x21cd,
+	0x21d0, 0x21d1,
+	0x21d3, 0x21d3,
+	0x21d5, 0x21f3,
+	0x2300, 0x2307,
+	0x230c, 0x231f,
+	0x2322, 0x2328,
+	0x232b, 0x237b,
+	0x237d, 0x239a,
+	0x23b4, 0x23db,
+	0x23e2, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x249c, 0x24e9,
+	0x2500, 0x25b6,
+	0x25b8, 0x25c0,
+	0x25c2, 0x25f7,
+	0x2600, 0x266e,
+	0x2670, 0x2767,
+	0x2794, 0x27bf,
+	0x2800, 0x28ff,
+	0x2b00, 0x2b2f,
+	0x2b45, 0x2b46,
+	0x2b4d, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bff,
+	0x2ce5, 0x2cea,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3004, 0x3004,
+	0x3012, 0x3013,
+	0x3020, 0x3020,
+	0x3036, 0x3037,
+	0x303e, 0x303f,
+	0x3190, 0x3191,
+	0x3196, 0x319f,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x3200, 0x321e,
+	0x322a, 0x3247,
+	0x3250, 0x3250,
+	0x3260, 0x327f,
+	0x328a, 0x32b0,
+	0x32c0, 0x33ff,
+	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa828, 0xa82b,
+	0xa836, 0xa837,
+	0xa839, 0xa839,
+	0xaa77, 0xaa79,
+	0xfdfd, 0xfdfd,
+	0xffe4, 0xffe4,
+	0xffe8, 0xffe8,
+	0xffed, 0xffee,
+	0xfffc, 0xfffd,
+	0x10137, 0x1013f,
+	0x10179, 0x10189,
+	0x1018c, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
+	0x10877, 0x10878,
+	0x10ac8, 0x10ac8,
+	0x1173f, 0x1173f,
+	0x11fd5, 0x11fdc,
+	0x11fe1, 0x11ff1,
+	0x16b3c, 0x16b3f,
+	0x16b45, 0x16b45,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d164,
+	0x1d16a, 0x1d16c,
+	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
+	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
+	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d241,
+	0x1d245, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d800, 0x1d9ff,
+	0x1da37, 0x1da3a,
+	0x1da6d, 0x1da74,
+	0x1da76, 0x1da83,
+	0x1da85, 0x1da86,
+	0x1e14f, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1ecac, 0x1ecac,
+	0x1ed2e, 0x1ed2e,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f3fa,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+}; /* CR_So */
+
+/* 'Z': Major Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Z[] = {
+	8,
+	0x0020, 0x0020,
+	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
+	0x1680, 0x1680,
+	0x2000, 0x200a,
+	0x2028, 0x2029,
+	0x202f, 0x202f,
+	0x205f, 0x205f,
+	0x3000, 0x3000,
+}; /* CR_Z */
+
+/* 'Zl': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zl[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2028, 0x2028,
+}; /* CR_Zl */
+
+/* 'Zp': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zp[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2029, 0x2029,
+}; /* CR_Zp */
+
+/* 'Zs': General Category */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zs[] = {
+	7,
+	0x0020, 0x0020,
+	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
+	0x1680, 0x1680,
+	0x2000, 0x200a,
+	0x202f, 0x202f,
+	0x205f, 0x205f,
+	0x3000, 0x3000,
+}; /* CR_Zs */
+
+/* 'Math': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Math[] = {
+	138,
+	0x002b, 0x002b,
+	0x003c, 0x003e,
+	0x005e, 0x005e,
+	0x007c, 0x007c,
+	0x007e, 0x007e,
+	0x00ac, 0x00ac,
+	0x00b1, 0x00b1,
+	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
+	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d2,
+	0x03d5, 0x03d5,
+	0x03f0, 0x03f1,
+	0x03f4, 0x03f6,
+	0x0606, 0x0608,
+	0x2016, 0x2016,
+	0x2032, 0x2034,
+	0x2040, 0x2040,
+	0x2044, 0x2044,
+	0x2052, 0x2052,
+	0x2061, 0x2064,
+	0x207a, 0x207e,
+	0x208a, 0x208e,
+	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
+	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
+	0x20e5, 0x20e6,
+	0x20eb, 0x20ef,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2118, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2128, 0x2129,
+	0x212c, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2131,
+	0x2133, 0x2138,
+	0x213c, 0x2149,
+	0x214b, 0x214b,
+	0x2190, 0x21a7,
+	0x21a9, 0x21ae,
+	0x21b0, 0x21b1,
+	0x21b6, 0x21b7,
+	0x21bc, 0x21db,
+	0x21dd, 0x21dd,
+	0x21e4, 0x21e5,
+	0x21f4, 0x22ff,
+	0x2308, 0x230b,
+	0x2320, 0x2321,
+	0x237c, 0x237c,
+	0x239b, 0x23b5,
+	0x23b7, 0x23b7,
+	0x23d0, 0x23d0,
+	0x23dc, 0x23e2,
+	0x25a0, 0x25a1,
+	0x25ae, 0x25b7,
+	0x25bc, 0x25c1,
+	0x25c6, 0x25c7,
+	0x25ca, 0x25cb,
+	0x25cf, 0x25d3,
+	0x25e2, 0x25e2,
+	0x25e4, 0x25e4,
+	0x25e7, 0x25ec,
+	0x25f8, 0x25ff,
+	0x2605, 0x2606,
+	0x2640, 0x2640,
+	0x2642, 0x2642,
+	0x2660, 0x2663,
+	0x266d, 0x266f,
+	0x27c0, 0x27ff,
+	0x2900, 0x2aff,
+	0x2b30, 0x2b44,
+	0x2b47, 0x2b4c,
+	0xfb29, 0xfb29,
+	0xfe61, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
+	0xff0b, 0xff0b,
+	0xff1c, 0xff1e,
+	0xff3c, 0xff3c,
+	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
+	0xff5c, 0xff5c,
+	0xff5e, 0xff5e,
+	0xffe2, 0xffe2,
+	0xffe9, 0xffec,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+}; /* CR_Math */
+
+/* 'Alphabetic': Derived Property */
+#define CR_Alphabetic CR_Alpha
+
+/* 'Lowercase': Derived Property */
+#define CR_Lowercase CR_Lower
+
+/* 'Uppercase': Derived Property */
+#define CR_Uppercase CR_Upper
+
+/* 'Cased': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
+	140,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x01ba,
+	0x01bc, 0x01bf,
+	0x01c4, 0x0293,
+	0x0295, 0x02b8,
+	0x02c0, 0x02c1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0370, 0x0373,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2134,
+	0x2139, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x217f,
+	0x2183, 0x2184,
+	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0xa640, 0xa66d,
+	0xa680, 0xa69d,
+	0xa722, 0xa787,
+	0xa78b, 0xa78e,
+	0xa790, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa7fa,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0x10400, 0x1044f,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118df,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
+	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
+}; /* CR_Cased */
+
+/* 'Case_Ignorable': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
+	401,
+	0x0027, 0x0027,
+	0x002e, 0x002e,
+	0x003a, 0x003a,
+	0x005e, 0x005e,
+	0x0060, 0x0060,
+	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
+	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
+	0x00af, 0x00af,
+	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
+	0x00b7, 0x00b8,
+	0x02b0, 0x036f,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x0384, 0x0385,
+	0x0387, 0x0387,
+	0x0483, 0x0489,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x05f4, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0605,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x061c, 0x061c,
+	0x0640, 0x0640,
+	0x064b, 0x065f,
+	0x0670, 0x0670,
+	0x06d6, 0x06dd,
+	0x06df, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
+	0x070f, 0x070f,
+	0x0711, 0x0711,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
+	0x07eb, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0816, 0x082d,
+	0x0859, 0x085b,
+	0x08d3, 0x0902,
+	0x093a, 0x093a,
+	0x093c, 0x093c,
+	0x0941, 0x0948,
+	0x094d, 0x094d,
+	0x0951, 0x0957,
+	0x0962, 0x0963,
+	0x0971, 0x0971,
+	0x0981, 0x0981,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09c1, 0x09c4,
+	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
+	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a41, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
+	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a82,
+	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
+	0x0ac1, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac8,
+	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0afa, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b01,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
+	0x0b3f, 0x0b3f,
+	0x0b41, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b56,
+	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
+	0x0bc0, 0x0bc0,
+	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c00,
+	0x0c04, 0x0c04,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c40,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c81,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
+	0x0cbf, 0x0cbf,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc6,
+	0x0ccc, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d01,
+	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
+	0x0d41, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dd2, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
+	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e46, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
+	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f7e,
+	0x0f80, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
+	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x102d, 0x1030,
+	0x1032, 0x1037,
+	0x1039, 0x103a,
+	0x103d, 0x103e,
+	0x1058, 0x1059,
+	0x105e, 0x1060,
+	0x1071, 0x1074,
+	0x1082, 0x1082,
+	0x1085, 0x1086,
+	0x108d, 0x108d,
+	0x109d, 0x109d,
+	0x10fc, 0x10fc,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1712, 0x1714,
+	0x1732, 0x1734,
+	0x1752, 0x1753,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
+	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
+	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
+	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
+	0x180b, 0x180e,
+	0x1843, 0x1843,
+	0x1885, 0x1886,
+	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
+	0x1920, 0x1922,
+	0x1927, 0x1928,
+	0x1932, 0x1932,
+	0x1939, 0x193b,
+	0x1a17, 0x1a18,
+	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
+	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
+	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
+	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
+	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
+	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
+	0x1b36, 0x1b3a,
+	0x1b3c, 0x1b3c,
+	0x1b42, 0x1b42,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
+	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
+	0x1ba8, 0x1ba9,
+	0x1bab, 0x1bad,
+	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
+	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
+	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
+	0x1bef, 0x1bf1,
+	0x1c2c, 0x1c33,
+	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c78, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
+	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
+	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
+	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
+	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
+	0x1d9b, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
+	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
+	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
+	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
+	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
+	0x200b, 0x200f,
+	0x2018, 0x2019,
+	0x2024, 0x2024,
+	0x2027, 0x2027,
+	0x202a, 0x202e,
+	0x2060, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x206f,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
+	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
+	0x3005, 0x3005,
+	0x302a, 0x302d,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x303b, 0x303b,
+	0x3099, 0x309e,
+	0x30fc, 0x30fe,
+	0xa015, 0xa015,
+	0xa4f8, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa60c, 0xa60c,
+	0xa66f, 0xa672,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa67f, 0xa67f,
+	0xa69c, 0xa69f,
+	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa700, 0xa721,
+	0xa770, 0xa770,
+	0xa788, 0xa78a,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
+	0xa802, 0xa802,
+	0xa806, 0xa806,
+	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
+	0xa825, 0xa826,
+	0xa8c4, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
+	0xa8ff, 0xa8ff,
+	0xa926, 0xa92d,
+	0xa947, 0xa951,
+	0xa980, 0xa982,
+	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
+	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
+	0xa9bc, 0xa9bd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xa9e5, 0xa9e6,
+	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
+	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
+	0xaa35, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
+	0xaa4c, 0xaa4c,
+	0xaa70, 0xaa70,
+	0xaa7c, 0xaa7c,
+	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
+	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
+	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
+	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
+	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
+	0xaadd, 0xaadd,
+	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
+	0xaaf3, 0xaaf4,
+	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab5b, 0xab5f,
+	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
+	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
+	0xabed, 0xabed,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
+	0xfbb2, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe13, 0xfe13,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0xfe52, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe55, 0xfe55,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff07, 0xff07,
+	0xff0e, 0xff0e,
+	0xff1a, 0xff1a,
+	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
+	0xff40, 0xff40,
+	0xff70, 0xff70,
+	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
+	0xffe3, 0xffe3,
+	0xfff9, 0xfffb,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10376, 0x1037a,
+	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
+	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
+	0x11001, 0x11001,
+	0x11038, 0x11046,
+	0x1107f, 0x11081,
+	0x110b3, 0x110b6,
+	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
+	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x11100, 0x11102,
+	0x11127, 0x1112b,
+	0x1112d, 0x11134,
+	0x11173, 0x11173,
+	0x11180, 0x11181,
+	0x111b6, 0x111be,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x1122f, 0x11231,
+	0x11234, 0x11234,
+	0x11236, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x112df, 0x112df,
+	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
+	0x11300, 0x11301,
+	0x1133b, 0x1133c,
+	0x11340, 0x11340,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11438, 0x1143f,
+	0x11442, 0x11444,
+	0x11446, 0x11446,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145e,
+	0x114b3, 0x114b8,
+	0x114ba, 0x114ba,
+	0x114bf, 0x114c0,
+	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
+	0x115b2, 0x115b5,
+	0x115bc, 0x115bd,
+	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
+	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
+	0x11633, 0x1163a,
+	0x1163d, 0x1163d,
+	0x1163f, 0x11640,
+	0x116ab, 0x116ab,
+	0x116ad, 0x116ad,
+	0x116b0, 0x116b5,
+	0x116b7, 0x116b7,
+	0x1171d, 0x1171f,
+	0x11722, 0x11725,
+	0x11727, 0x1172b,
+	0x1182f, 0x11837,
+	0x11839, 0x1183a,
+	0x119d4, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119db,
+	0x119e0, 0x119e0,
+	0x11a01, 0x11a0a,
+	0x11a33, 0x11a38,
+	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a51, 0x11a56,
+	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
+	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
+	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
+	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11caa, 0x11cb0,
+	0x11cb2, 0x11cb3,
+	0x11cb5, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d31, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d45,
+	0x11d47, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
+	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d173, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e944, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_Case_Ignorable */
+
+/* 'Changes_When_Lowercased': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Lowercased[] = {
+	599,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00de,
+	0x0100, 0x0100,
+	0x0102, 0x0102,
+	0x0104, 0x0104,
+	0x0106, 0x0106,
+	0x0108, 0x0108,
+	0x010a, 0x010a,
+	0x010c, 0x010c,
+	0x010e, 0x010e,
+	0x0110, 0x0110,
+	0x0112, 0x0112,
+	0x0114, 0x0114,
+	0x0116, 0x0116,
+	0x0118, 0x0118,
+	0x011a, 0x011a,
+	0x011c, 0x011c,
+	0x011e, 0x011e,
+	0x0120, 0x0120,
+	0x0122, 0x0122,
+	0x0124, 0x0124,
+	0x0126, 0x0126,
+	0x0128, 0x0128,
+	0x012a, 0x012a,
+	0x012c, 0x012c,
+	0x012e, 0x012e,
+	0x0130, 0x0130,
+	0x0132, 0x0132,
+	0x0134, 0x0134,
+	0x0136, 0x0136,
+	0x0139, 0x0139,
+	0x013b, 0x013b,
+	0x013d, 0x013d,
+	0x013f, 0x013f,
+	0x0141, 0x0141,
+	0x0143, 0x0143,
+	0x0145, 0x0145,
+	0x0147, 0x0147,
+	0x014a, 0x014a,
+	0x014c, 0x014c,
+	0x014e, 0x014e,
+	0x0150, 0x0150,
+	0x0152, 0x0152,
+	0x0154, 0x0154,
+	0x0156, 0x0156,
+	0x0158, 0x0158,
+	0x015a, 0x015a,
+	0x015c, 0x015c,
+	0x015e, 0x015e,
+	0x0160, 0x0160,
+	0x0162, 0x0162,
+	0x0164, 0x0164,
+	0x0166, 0x0166,
+	0x0168, 0x0168,
+	0x016a, 0x016a,
+	0x016c, 0x016c,
+	0x016e, 0x016e,
+	0x0170, 0x0170,
+	0x0172, 0x0172,
+	0x0174, 0x0174,
+	0x0176, 0x0176,
+	0x0178, 0x0179,
+	0x017b, 0x017b,
+	0x017d, 0x017d,
+	0x0181, 0x0182,
+	0x0184, 0x0184,
+	0x0186, 0x0187,
+	0x0189, 0x018b,
+	0x018e, 0x0191,
+	0x0193, 0x0194,
+	0x0196, 0x0198,
+	0x019c, 0x019d,
+	0x019f, 0x01a0,
+	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
+	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
+	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
+	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
+	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
+	0x01ae, 0x01af,
+	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
+	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
+	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
+	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
+	0x01c4, 0x01c5,
+	0x01c7, 0x01c8,
+	0x01ca, 0x01cb,
+	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
+	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
+	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
+	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
+	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
+	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
+	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
+	0x01db, 0x01db,
+	0x01de, 0x01de,
+	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
+	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
+	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
+	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
+	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
+	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
+	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
+	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
+	0x01f1, 0x01f2,
+	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
+	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
+	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
+	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
+	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
+	0x0200, 0x0200,
+	0x0202, 0x0202,
+	0x0204, 0x0204,
+	0x0206, 0x0206,
+	0x0208, 0x0208,
+	0x020a, 0x020a,
+	0x020c, 0x020c,
+	0x020e, 0x020e,
+	0x0210, 0x0210,
+	0x0212, 0x0212,
+	0x0214, 0x0214,
+	0x0216, 0x0216,
+	0x0218, 0x0218,
+	0x021a, 0x021a,
+	0x021c, 0x021c,
+	0x021e, 0x021e,
+	0x0220, 0x0220,
+	0x0222, 0x0222,
+	0x0224, 0x0224,
+	0x0226, 0x0226,
+	0x0228, 0x0228,
+	0x022a, 0x022a,
+	0x022c, 0x022c,
+	0x022e, 0x022e,
+	0x0230, 0x0230,
+	0x0232, 0x0232,
+	0x023a, 0x023b,
+	0x023d, 0x023e,
+	0x0241, 0x0241,
+	0x0243, 0x0246,
+	0x0248, 0x0248,
+	0x024a, 0x024a,
+	0x024c, 0x024c,
+	0x024e, 0x024e,
+	0x0370, 0x0370,
+	0x0372, 0x0372,
+	0x0376, 0x0376,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x038f,
+	0x0391, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
+	0x03cf, 0x03cf,
+	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
+	0x03da, 0x03da,
+	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
+	0x03de, 0x03de,
+	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
+	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
+	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
+	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
+	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
+	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
+	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
+	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
+	0x03f4, 0x03f4,
+	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
+	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
+	0x03fd, 0x042f,
+	0x0460, 0x0460,
+	0x0462, 0x0462,
+	0x0464, 0x0464,
+	0x0466, 0x0466,
+	0x0468, 0x0468,
+	0x046a, 0x046a,
+	0x046c, 0x046c,
+	0x046e, 0x046e,
+	0x0470, 0x0470,
+	0x0472, 0x0472,
+	0x0474, 0x0474,
+	0x0476, 0x0476,
+	0x0478, 0x0478,
+	0x047a, 0x047a,
+	0x047c, 0x047c,
+	0x047e, 0x047e,
+	0x0480, 0x0480,
+	0x048a, 0x048a,
+	0x048c, 0x048c,
+	0x048e, 0x048e,
+	0x0490, 0x0490,
+	0x0492, 0x0492,
+	0x0494, 0x0494,
+	0x0496, 0x0496,
+	0x0498, 0x0498,
+	0x049a, 0x049a,
+	0x049c, 0x049c,
+	0x049e, 0x049e,
+	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
+	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
+	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
+	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
+	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
+	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
+	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
+	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
+	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
+	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
+	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
+	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
+	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
+	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
+	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
+	0x04be, 0x04be,
+	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
+	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
+	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
+	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
+	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
+	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
+	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
+	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
+	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
+	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
+	0x04da, 0x04da,
+	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
+	0x04de, 0x04de,
+	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
+	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
+	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
+	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
+	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
+	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
+	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
+	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
+	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
+	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
+	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
+	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
+	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
+	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
+	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
+	0x0500, 0x0500,
+	0x0502, 0x0502,
+	0x0504, 0x0504,
+	0x0506, 0x0506,
+	0x0508, 0x0508,
+	0x050a, 0x050a,
+	0x050c, 0x050c,
+	0x050e, 0x050e,
+	0x0510, 0x0510,
+	0x0512, 0x0512,
+	0x0514, 0x0514,
+	0x0516, 0x0516,
+	0x0518, 0x0518,
+	0x051a, 0x051a,
+	0x051c, 0x051c,
+	0x051e, 0x051e,
+	0x0520, 0x0520,
+	0x0522, 0x0522,
+	0x0524, 0x0524,
+	0x0526, 0x0526,
+	0x0528, 0x0528,
+	0x052a, 0x052a,
+	0x052c, 0x052c,
+	0x052e, 0x052e,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
+	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
+	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
+	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
+	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
+	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
+	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
+	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
+	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
+	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
+	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
+	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
+	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
+	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
+	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
+	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
+	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
+	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
+	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
+	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
+	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
+	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
+	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
+	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
+	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
+	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
+	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
+	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
+	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
+	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
+	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
+	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
+	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
+	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
+	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
+	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
+	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
+	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
+	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
+	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
+	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
+	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
+	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
+	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
+	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
+	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
+	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
+	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
+	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
+	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
+	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
+	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
+	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
+	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
+	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
+	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
+	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
+	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
+	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
+	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
+	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
+	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
+	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
+	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
+	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
+	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
+	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
+	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
+	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
+	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
+	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
+	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
+	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
+	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
+	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
+	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
+	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
+	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
+	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
+	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
+	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
+	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
+	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
+	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
+	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
+	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
+	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
+	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
+	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
+	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
+	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
+	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
+	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
+	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
+	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
+	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
+	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
+	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
+	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
+	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
+	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
+	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
+	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
+	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
+	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
+	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
+	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
+	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
+	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
+	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
+	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
+	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
+	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
+	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
+	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
+	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
+	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
+	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
+	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
+	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
+	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
+	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
+	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
+	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
+	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
+	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
+	0x1f88, 0x1f8f,
+	0x1f98, 0x1f9f,
+	0x1fa8, 0x1faf,
+	0x1fb8, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fc8, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff8, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x212a, 0x212b,
+	0x2132, 0x2132,
+	0x2160, 0x216f,
+	0x2183, 0x2183,
+	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
+	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
+	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
+	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
+	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
+	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
+	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
+	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
+	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
+	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
+	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
+	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
+	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
+	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
+	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
+	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
+	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
+	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
+	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
+	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
+	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
+	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
+	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
+	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
+	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
+	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
+	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
+	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
+	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
+	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
+	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
+	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
+	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
+	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
+	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
+	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
+	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
+	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
+	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
+	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
+	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
+	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
+	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
+	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
+	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
+	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
+	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
+	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
+	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
+	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
+	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
+	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
+	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
+	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
+	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
+	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
+	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
+	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
+	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
+	0xa640, 0xa640,
+	0xa642, 0xa642,
+	0xa644, 0xa644,
+	0xa646, 0xa646,
+	0xa648, 0xa648,
+	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
+	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
+	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
+	0xa650, 0xa650,
+	0xa652, 0xa652,
+	0xa654, 0xa654,
+	0xa656, 0xa656,
+	0xa658, 0xa658,
+	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
+	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
+	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
+	0xa660, 0xa660,
+	0xa662, 0xa662,
+	0xa664, 0xa664,
+	0xa666, 0xa666,
+	0xa668, 0xa668,
+	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
+	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
+	0xa680, 0xa680,
+	0xa682, 0xa682,
+	0xa684, 0xa684,
+	0xa686, 0xa686,
+	0xa688, 0xa688,
+	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
+	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
+	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
+	0xa690, 0xa690,
+	0xa692, 0xa692,
+	0xa694, 0xa694,
+	0xa696, 0xa696,
+	0xa698, 0xa698,
+	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
+	0xa722, 0xa722,
+	0xa724, 0xa724,
+	0xa726, 0xa726,
+	0xa728, 0xa728,
+	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
+	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
+	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
+	0xa732, 0xa732,
+	0xa734, 0xa734,
+	0xa736, 0xa736,
+	0xa738, 0xa738,
+	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
+	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
+	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
+	0xa740, 0xa740,
+	0xa742, 0xa742,
+	0xa744, 0xa744,
+	0xa746, 0xa746,
+	0xa748, 0xa748,
+	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
+	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
+	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
+	0xa750, 0xa750,
+	0xa752, 0xa752,
+	0xa754, 0xa754,
+	0xa756, 0xa756,
+	0xa758, 0xa758,
+	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
+	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
+	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
+	0xa760, 0xa760,
+	0xa762, 0xa762,
+	0xa764, 0xa764,
+	0xa766, 0xa766,
+	0xa768, 0xa768,
+	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
+	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
+	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
+	0xa779, 0xa779,
+	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
+	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
+	0xa780, 0xa780,
+	0xa782, 0xa782,
+	0xa784, 0xa784,
+	0xa786, 0xa786,
+	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
+	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
+	0xa790, 0xa790,
+	0xa792, 0xa792,
+	0xa796, 0xa796,
+	0xa798, 0xa798,
+	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
+	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
+	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
+	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
+	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
+	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
+	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
+	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
+	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
+	0xa7b8, 0xa7b8,
+	0xa7ba, 0xa7ba,
+	0xa7bc, 0xa7bc,
+	0xa7be, 0xa7be,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c2,
+	0xa7c4, 0xa7c6,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0x10400, 0x10427,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
+}; /* CR_Changes_When_Lowercased */
+
+/* 'Changes_When_Uppercased': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Uppercased[] = {
+	616,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00df, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
+	0x0101, 0x0101,
+	0x0103, 0x0103,
+	0x0105, 0x0105,
+	0x0107, 0x0107,
+	0x0109, 0x0109,
+	0x010b, 0x010b,
+	0x010d, 0x010d,
+	0x010f, 0x010f,
+	0x0111, 0x0111,
+	0x0113, 0x0113,
+	0x0115, 0x0115,
+	0x0117, 0x0117,
+	0x0119, 0x0119,
+	0x011b, 0x011b,
+	0x011d, 0x011d,
+	0x011f, 0x011f,
+	0x0121, 0x0121,
+	0x0123, 0x0123,
+	0x0125, 0x0125,
+	0x0127, 0x0127,
+	0x0129, 0x0129,
+	0x012b, 0x012b,
+	0x012d, 0x012d,
+	0x012f, 0x012f,
+	0x0131, 0x0131,
+	0x0133, 0x0133,
+	0x0135, 0x0135,
+	0x0137, 0x0137,
+	0x013a, 0x013a,
+	0x013c, 0x013c,
+	0x013e, 0x013e,
+	0x0140, 0x0140,
+	0x0142, 0x0142,
+	0x0144, 0x0144,
+	0x0146, 0x0146,
+	0x0148, 0x0149,
+	0x014b, 0x014b,
+	0x014d, 0x014d,
+	0x014f, 0x014f,
+	0x0151, 0x0151,
+	0x0153, 0x0153,
+	0x0155, 0x0155,
+	0x0157, 0x0157,
+	0x0159, 0x0159,
+	0x015b, 0x015b,
+	0x015d, 0x015d,
+	0x015f, 0x015f,
+	0x0161, 0x0161,
+	0x0163, 0x0163,
+	0x0165, 0x0165,
+	0x0167, 0x0167,
+	0x0169, 0x0169,
+	0x016b, 0x016b,
+	0x016d, 0x016d,
+	0x016f, 0x016f,
+	0x0171, 0x0171,
+	0x0173, 0x0173,
+	0x0175, 0x0175,
+	0x0177, 0x0177,
+	0x017a, 0x017a,
+	0x017c, 0x017c,
+	0x017e, 0x0180,
+	0x0183, 0x0183,
+	0x0185, 0x0185,
+	0x0188, 0x0188,
+	0x018c, 0x018c,
+	0x0192, 0x0192,
+	0x0195, 0x0195,
+	0x0199, 0x019a,
+	0x019e, 0x019e,
+	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
+	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
+	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
+	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
+	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
+	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
+	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
+	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
+	0x01b9, 0x01b9,
+	0x01bd, 0x01bd,
+	0x01bf, 0x01bf,
+	0x01c5, 0x01c6,
+	0x01c8, 0x01c9,
+	0x01cb, 0x01cc,
+	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
+	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
+	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
+	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
+	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
+	0x01d8, 0x01d8,
+	0x01da, 0x01da,
+	0x01dc, 0x01dd,
+	0x01df, 0x01df,
+	0x01e1, 0x01e1,
+	0x01e3, 0x01e3,
+	0x01e5, 0x01e5,
+	0x01e7, 0x01e7,
+	0x01e9, 0x01e9,
+	0x01eb, 0x01eb,
+	0x01ed, 0x01ed,
+	0x01ef, 0x01f0,
+	0x01f2, 0x01f3,
+	0x01f5, 0x01f5,
+	0x01f9, 0x01f9,
+	0x01fb, 0x01fb,
+	0x01fd, 0x01fd,
+	0x01ff, 0x01ff,
+	0x0201, 0x0201,
+	0x0203, 0x0203,
+	0x0205, 0x0205,
+	0x0207, 0x0207,
+	0x0209, 0x0209,
+	0x020b, 0x020b,
+	0x020d, 0x020d,
+	0x020f, 0x020f,
+	0x0211, 0x0211,
+	0x0213, 0x0213,
+	0x0215, 0x0215,
+	0x0217, 0x0217,
+	0x0219, 0x0219,
+	0x021b, 0x021b,
+	0x021d, 0x021d,
+	0x021f, 0x021f,
+	0x0223, 0x0223,
+	0x0225, 0x0225,
+	0x0227, 0x0227,
+	0x0229, 0x0229,
+	0x022b, 0x022b,
+	0x022d, 0x022d,
+	0x022f, 0x022f,
+	0x0231, 0x0231,
+	0x0233, 0x0233,
+	0x023c, 0x023c,
+	0x023f, 0x0240,
+	0x0242, 0x0242,
+	0x0247, 0x0247,
+	0x0249, 0x0249,
+	0x024b, 0x024b,
+	0x024d, 0x024d,
+	0x024f, 0x0254,
+	0x0256, 0x0257,
+	0x0259, 0x0259,
+	0x025b, 0x025c,
+	0x0260, 0x0261,
+	0x0263, 0x0263,
+	0x0265, 0x0266,
+	0x0268, 0x026c,
+	0x026f, 0x026f,
+	0x0271, 0x0272,
+	0x0275, 0x0275,
+	0x027d, 0x027d,
+	0x0280, 0x0280,
+	0x0282, 0x0283,
+	0x0287, 0x028c,
+	0x0292, 0x0292,
+	0x029d, 0x029e,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0371, 0x0371,
+	0x0373, 0x0373,
+	0x0377, 0x0377,
+	0x037b, 0x037d,
+	0x0390, 0x0390,
+	0x03ac, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d1,
+	0x03d5, 0x03d7,
+	0x03d9, 0x03d9,
+	0x03db, 0x03db,
+	0x03dd, 0x03dd,
+	0x03df, 0x03df,
+	0x03e1, 0x03e1,
+	0x03e3, 0x03e3,
+	0x03e5, 0x03e5,
+	0x03e7, 0x03e7,
+	0x03e9, 0x03e9,
+	0x03eb, 0x03eb,
+	0x03ed, 0x03ed,
+	0x03ef, 0x03f3,
+	0x03f5, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f8, 0x03f8,
+	0x03fb, 0x03fb,
+	0x0430, 0x045f,
+	0x0461, 0x0461,
+	0x0463, 0x0463,
+	0x0465, 0x0465,
+	0x0467, 0x0467,
+	0x0469, 0x0469,
+	0x046b, 0x046b,
+	0x046d, 0x046d,
+	0x046f, 0x046f,
+	0x0471, 0x0471,
+	0x0473, 0x0473,
+	0x0475, 0x0475,
+	0x0477, 0x0477,
+	0x0479, 0x0479,
+	0x047b, 0x047b,
+	0x047d, 0x047d,
+	0x047f, 0x047f,
+	0x0481, 0x0481,
+	0x048b, 0x048b,
+	0x048d, 0x048d,
+	0x048f, 0x048f,
+	0x0491, 0x0491,
+	0x0493, 0x0493,
+	0x0495, 0x0495,
+	0x0497, 0x0497,
+	0x0499, 0x0499,
+	0x049b, 0x049b,
+	0x049d, 0x049d,
+	0x049f, 0x049f,
+	0x04a1, 0x04a1,
+	0x04a3, 0x04a3,
+	0x04a5, 0x04a5,
+	0x04a7, 0x04a7,
+	0x04a9, 0x04a9,
+	0x04ab, 0x04ab,
+	0x04ad, 0x04ad,
+	0x04af, 0x04af,
+	0x04b1, 0x04b1,
+	0x04b3, 0x04b3,
+	0x04b5, 0x04b5,
+	0x04b7, 0x04b7,
+	0x04b9, 0x04b9,
+	0x04bb, 0x04bb,
+	0x04bd, 0x04bd,
+	0x04bf, 0x04bf,
+	0x04c2, 0x04c2,
+	0x04c4, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c6, 0x04c6,
+	0x04c8, 0x04c8,
+	0x04ca, 0x04ca,
+	0x04cc, 0x04cc,
+	0x04ce, 0x04cf,
+	0x04d1, 0x04d1,
+	0x04d3, 0x04d3,
+	0x04d5, 0x04d5,
+	0x04d7, 0x04d7,
+	0x04d9, 0x04d9,
+	0x04db, 0x04db,
+	0x04dd, 0x04dd,
+	0x04df, 0x04df,
+	0x04e1, 0x04e1,
+	0x04e3, 0x04e3,
+	0x04e5, 0x04e5,
+	0x04e7, 0x04e7,
+	0x04e9, 0x04e9,
+	0x04eb, 0x04eb,
+	0x04ed, 0x04ed,
+	0x04ef, 0x04ef,
+	0x04f1, 0x04f1,
+	0x04f3, 0x04f3,
+	0x04f5, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f7, 0x04f7,
+	0x04f9, 0x04f9,
+	0x04fb, 0x04fb,
+	0x04fd, 0x04fd,
+	0x04ff, 0x04ff,
+	0x0501, 0x0501,
+	0x0503, 0x0503,
+	0x0505, 0x0505,
+	0x0507, 0x0507,
+	0x0509, 0x0509,
+	0x050b, 0x050b,
+	0x050d, 0x050d,
+	0x050f, 0x050f,
+	0x0511, 0x0511,
+	0x0513, 0x0513,
+	0x0515, 0x0515,
+	0x0517, 0x0517,
+	0x0519, 0x0519,
+	0x051b, 0x051b,
+	0x051d, 0x051d,
+	0x051f, 0x051f,
+	0x0521, 0x0521,
+	0x0523, 0x0523,
+	0x0525, 0x0525,
+	0x0527, 0x0527,
+	0x0529, 0x0529,
+	0x052b, 0x052b,
+	0x052d, 0x052d,
+	0x052f, 0x052f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1d79, 0x1d79,
+	0x1d7d, 0x1d7d,
+	0x1d8e, 0x1d8e,
+	0x1e01, 0x1e01,
+	0x1e03, 0x1e03,
+	0x1e05, 0x1e05,
+	0x1e07, 0x1e07,
+	0x1e09, 0x1e09,
+	0x1e0b, 0x1e0b,
+	0x1e0d, 0x1e0d,
+	0x1e0f, 0x1e0f,
+	0x1e11, 0x1e11,
+	0x1e13, 0x1e13,
+	0x1e15, 0x1e15,
+	0x1e17, 0x1e17,
+	0x1e19, 0x1e19,
+	0x1e1b, 0x1e1b,
+	0x1e1d, 0x1e1d,
+	0x1e1f, 0x1e1f,
+	0x1e21, 0x1e21,
+	0x1e23, 0x1e23,
+	0x1e25, 0x1e25,
+	0x1e27, 0x1e27,
+	0x1e29, 0x1e29,
+	0x1e2b, 0x1e2b,
+	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
+	0x1e2f, 0x1e2f,
+	0x1e31, 0x1e31,
+	0x1e33, 0x1e33,
+	0x1e35, 0x1e35,
+	0x1e37, 0x1e37,
+	0x1e39, 0x1e39,
+	0x1e3b, 0x1e3b,
+	0x1e3d, 0x1e3d,
+	0x1e3f, 0x1e3f,
+	0x1e41, 0x1e41,
+	0x1e43, 0x1e43,
+	0x1e45, 0x1e45,
+	0x1e47, 0x1e47,
+	0x1e49, 0x1e49,
+	0x1e4b, 0x1e4b,
+	0x1e4d, 0x1e4d,
+	0x1e4f, 0x1e4f,
+	0x1e51, 0x1e51,
+	0x1e53, 0x1e53,
+	0x1e55, 0x1e55,
+	0x1e57, 0x1e57,
+	0x1e59, 0x1e59,
+	0x1e5b, 0x1e5b,
+	0x1e5d, 0x1e5d,
+	0x1e5f, 0x1e5f,
+	0x1e61, 0x1e61,
+	0x1e63, 0x1e63,
+	0x1e65, 0x1e65,
+	0x1e67, 0x1e67,
+	0x1e69, 0x1e69,
+	0x1e6b, 0x1e6b,
+	0x1e6d, 0x1e6d,
+	0x1e6f, 0x1e6f,
+	0x1e71, 0x1e71,
+	0x1e73, 0x1e73,
+	0x1e75, 0x1e75,
+	0x1e77, 0x1e77,
+	0x1e79, 0x1e79,
+	0x1e7b, 0x1e7b,
+	0x1e7d, 0x1e7d,
+	0x1e7f, 0x1e7f,
+	0x1e81, 0x1e81,
+	0x1e83, 0x1e83,
+	0x1e85, 0x1e85,
+	0x1e87, 0x1e87,
+	0x1e89, 0x1e89,
+	0x1e8b, 0x1e8b,
+	0x1e8d, 0x1e8d,
+	0x1e8f, 0x1e8f,
+	0x1e91, 0x1e91,
+	0x1e93, 0x1e93,
+	0x1e95, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea1, 0x1ea1,
+	0x1ea3, 0x1ea3,
+	0x1ea5, 0x1ea5,
+	0x1ea7, 0x1ea7,
+	0x1ea9, 0x1ea9,
+	0x1eab, 0x1eab,
+	0x1ead, 0x1ead,
+	0x1eaf, 0x1eaf,
+	0x1eb1, 0x1eb1,
+	0x1eb3, 0x1eb3,
+	0x1eb5, 0x1eb5,
+	0x1eb7, 0x1eb7,
+	0x1eb9, 0x1eb9,
+	0x1ebb, 0x1ebb,
+	0x1ebd, 0x1ebd,
+	0x1ebf, 0x1ebf,
+	0x1ec1, 0x1ec1,
+	0x1ec3, 0x1ec3,
+	0x1ec5, 0x1ec5,
+	0x1ec7, 0x1ec7,
+	0x1ec9, 0x1ec9,
+	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
+	0x1ecd, 0x1ecd,
+	0x1ecf, 0x1ecf,
+	0x1ed1, 0x1ed1,
+	0x1ed3, 0x1ed3,
+	0x1ed5, 0x1ed5,
+	0x1ed7, 0x1ed7,
+	0x1ed9, 0x1ed9,
+	0x1edb, 0x1edb,
+	0x1edd, 0x1edd,
+	0x1edf, 0x1edf,
+	0x1ee1, 0x1ee1,
+	0x1ee3, 0x1ee3,
+	0x1ee5, 0x1ee5,
+	0x1ee7, 0x1ee7,
+	0x1ee9, 0x1ee9,
+	0x1eeb, 0x1eeb,
+	0x1eed, 0x1eed,
+	0x1eef, 0x1eef,
+	0x1ef1, 0x1ef1,
+	0x1ef3, 0x1ef3,
+	0x1ef5, 0x1ef5,
+	0x1ef7, 0x1ef7,
+	0x1ef9, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1efb, 0x1efb,
+	0x1efd, 0x1efd,
+	0x1eff, 0x1f07,
+	0x1f10, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f27,
+	0x1f30, 0x1f37,
+	0x1f40, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f60, 0x1f67,
+	0x1f70, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fb7,
+	0x1fbc, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fc7,
+	0x1fcc, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fd7,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fe7,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ff7,
+	0x1ffc, 0x1ffc,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2170, 0x217f,
+	0x2184, 0x2184,
+	0x24d0, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c61, 0x2c61,
+	0x2c65, 0x2c66,
+	0x2c68, 0x2c68,
+	0x2c6a, 0x2c6a,
+	0x2c6c, 0x2c6c,
+	0x2c73, 0x2c73,
+	0x2c76, 0x2c76,
+	0x2c81, 0x2c81,
+	0x2c83, 0x2c83,
+	0x2c85, 0x2c85,
+	0x2c87, 0x2c87,
+	0x2c89, 0x2c89,
+	0x2c8b, 0x2c8b,
+	0x2c8d, 0x2c8d,
+	0x2c8f, 0x2c8f,
+	0x2c91, 0x2c91,
+	0x2c93, 0x2c93,
+	0x2c95, 0x2c95,
+	0x2c97, 0x2c97,
+	0x2c99, 0x2c99,
+	0x2c9b, 0x2c9b,
+	0x2c9d, 0x2c9d,
+	0x2c9f, 0x2c9f,
+	0x2ca1, 0x2ca1,
+	0x2ca3, 0x2ca3,
+	0x2ca5, 0x2ca5,
+	0x2ca7, 0x2ca7,
+	0x2ca9, 0x2ca9,
+	0x2cab, 0x2cab,
+	0x2cad, 0x2cad,
+	0x2caf, 0x2caf,
+	0x2cb1, 0x2cb1,
+	0x2cb3, 0x2cb3,
+	0x2cb5, 0x2cb5,
+	0x2cb7, 0x2cb7,
+	0x2cb9, 0x2cb9,
+	0x2cbb, 0x2cbb,
+	0x2cbd, 0x2cbd,
+	0x2cbf, 0x2cbf,
+	0x2cc1, 0x2cc1,
+	0x2cc3, 0x2cc3,
+	0x2cc5, 0x2cc5,
+	0x2cc7, 0x2cc7,
+	0x2cc9, 0x2cc9,
+	0x2ccb, 0x2ccb,
+	0x2ccd, 0x2ccd,
+	0x2ccf, 0x2ccf,
+	0x2cd1, 0x2cd1,
+	0x2cd3, 0x2cd3,
+	0x2cd5, 0x2cd5,
+	0x2cd7, 0x2cd7,
+	0x2cd9, 0x2cd9,
+	0x2cdb, 0x2cdb,
+	0x2cdd, 0x2cdd,
+	0x2cdf, 0x2cdf,
+	0x2ce1, 0x2ce1,
+	0x2ce3, 0x2ce3,
+	0x2cec, 0x2cec,
+	0x2cee, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf3, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0xa641, 0xa641,
+	0xa643, 0xa643,
+	0xa645, 0xa645,
+	0xa647, 0xa647,
+	0xa649, 0xa649,
+	0xa64b, 0xa64b,
+	0xa64d, 0xa64d,
+	0xa64f, 0xa64f,
+	0xa651, 0xa651,
+	0xa653, 0xa653,
+	0xa655, 0xa655,
+	0xa657, 0xa657,
+	0xa659, 0xa659,
+	0xa65b, 0xa65b,
+	0xa65d, 0xa65d,
+	0xa65f, 0xa65f,
+	0xa661, 0xa661,
+	0xa663, 0xa663,
+	0xa665, 0xa665,
+	0xa667, 0xa667,
+	0xa669, 0xa669,
+	0xa66b, 0xa66b,
+	0xa66d, 0xa66d,
+	0xa681, 0xa681,
+	0xa683, 0xa683,
+	0xa685, 0xa685,
+	0xa687, 0xa687,
+	0xa689, 0xa689,
+	0xa68b, 0xa68b,
+	0xa68d, 0xa68d,
+	0xa68f, 0xa68f,
+	0xa691, 0xa691,
+	0xa693, 0xa693,
+	0xa695, 0xa695,
+	0xa697, 0xa697,
+	0xa699, 0xa699,
+	0xa69b, 0xa69b,
+	0xa723, 0xa723,
+	0xa725, 0xa725,
+	0xa727, 0xa727,
+	0xa729, 0xa729,
+	0xa72b, 0xa72b,
+	0xa72d, 0xa72d,
+	0xa72f, 0xa72f,
+	0xa733, 0xa733,
+	0xa735, 0xa735,
+	0xa737, 0xa737,
+	0xa739, 0xa739,
+	0xa73b, 0xa73b,
+	0xa73d, 0xa73d,
+	0xa73f, 0xa73f,
+	0xa741, 0xa741,
+	0xa743, 0xa743,
+	0xa745, 0xa745,
+	0xa747, 0xa747,
+	0xa749, 0xa749,
+	0xa74b, 0xa74b,
+	0xa74d, 0xa74d,
+	0xa74f, 0xa74f,
+	0xa751, 0xa751,
+	0xa753, 0xa753,
+	0xa755, 0xa755,
+	0xa757, 0xa757,
+	0xa759, 0xa759,
+	0xa75b, 0xa75b,
+	0xa75d, 0xa75d,
+	0xa75f, 0xa75f,
+	0xa761, 0xa761,
+	0xa763, 0xa763,
+	0xa765, 0xa765,
+	0xa767, 0xa767,
+	0xa769, 0xa769,
+	0xa76b, 0xa76b,
+	0xa76d, 0xa76d,
+	0xa76f, 0xa76f,
+	0xa77a, 0xa77a,
+	0xa77c, 0xa77c,
+	0xa77f, 0xa77f,
+	0xa781, 0xa781,
+	0xa783, 0xa783,
+	0xa785, 0xa785,
+	0xa787, 0xa787,
+	0xa78c, 0xa78c,
+	0xa791, 0xa791,
+	0xa793, 0xa794,
+	0xa797, 0xa797,
+	0xa799, 0xa799,
+	0xa79b, 0xa79b,
+	0xa79d, 0xa79d,
+	0xa79f, 0xa79f,
+	0xa7a1, 0xa7a1,
+	0xa7a3, 0xa7a3,
+	0xa7a5, 0xa7a5,
+	0xa7a7, 0xa7a7,
+	0xa7a9, 0xa7a9,
+	0xa7b5, 0xa7b5,
+	0xa7b7, 0xa7b7,
+	0xa7b9, 0xa7b9,
+	0xa7bb, 0xa7bb,
+	0xa7bd, 0xa7bd,
+	0xa7bf, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c3, 0xa7c3,
+	0xab53, 0xab53,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0x10428, 0x1044f,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x118c0, 0x118df,
+	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
+}; /* CR_Changes_When_Uppercased */
+
+/* 'Changes_When_Titlecased': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Titlecased[] = {
+	615,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00df, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
+	0x0101, 0x0101,
+	0x0103, 0x0103,
+	0x0105, 0x0105,
+	0x0107, 0x0107,
+	0x0109, 0x0109,
+	0x010b, 0x010b,
+	0x010d, 0x010d,
+	0x010f, 0x010f,
+	0x0111, 0x0111,
+	0x0113, 0x0113,
+	0x0115, 0x0115,
+	0x0117, 0x0117,
+	0x0119, 0x0119,
+	0x011b, 0x011b,
+	0x011d, 0x011d,
+	0x011f, 0x011f,
+	0x0121, 0x0121,
+	0x0123, 0x0123,
+	0x0125, 0x0125,
+	0x0127, 0x0127,
+	0x0129, 0x0129,
+	0x012b, 0x012b,
+	0x012d, 0x012d,
+	0x012f, 0x012f,
+	0x0131, 0x0131,
+	0x0133, 0x0133,
+	0x0135, 0x0135,
+	0x0137, 0x0137,
+	0x013a, 0x013a,
+	0x013c, 0x013c,
+	0x013e, 0x013e,
+	0x0140, 0x0140,
+	0x0142, 0x0142,
+	0x0144, 0x0144,
+	0x0146, 0x0146,
+	0x0148, 0x0149,
+	0x014b, 0x014b,
+	0x014d, 0x014d,
+	0x014f, 0x014f,
+	0x0151, 0x0151,
+	0x0153, 0x0153,
+	0x0155, 0x0155,
+	0x0157, 0x0157,
+	0x0159, 0x0159,
+	0x015b, 0x015b,
+	0x015d, 0x015d,
+	0x015f, 0x015f,
+	0x0161, 0x0161,
+	0x0163, 0x0163,
+	0x0165, 0x0165,
+	0x0167, 0x0167,
+	0x0169, 0x0169,
+	0x016b, 0x016b,
+	0x016d, 0x016d,
+	0x016f, 0x016f,
+	0x0171, 0x0171,
+	0x0173, 0x0173,
+	0x0175, 0x0175,
+	0x0177, 0x0177,
+	0x017a, 0x017a,
+	0x017c, 0x017c,
+	0x017e, 0x0180,
+	0x0183, 0x0183,
+	0x0185, 0x0185,
+	0x0188, 0x0188,
+	0x018c, 0x018c,
+	0x0192, 0x0192,
+	0x0195, 0x0195,
+	0x0199, 0x019a,
+	0x019e, 0x019e,
+	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
+	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
+	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
+	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
+	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
+	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
+	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
+	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
+	0x01b9, 0x01b9,
+	0x01bd, 0x01bd,
+	0x01bf, 0x01bf,
+	0x01c4, 0x01c4,
+	0x01c6, 0x01c7,
+	0x01c9, 0x01ca,
+	0x01cc, 0x01cc,
+	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
+	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
+	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
+	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
+	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
+	0x01d8, 0x01d8,
+	0x01da, 0x01da,
+	0x01dc, 0x01dd,
+	0x01df, 0x01df,
+	0x01e1, 0x01e1,
+	0x01e3, 0x01e3,
+	0x01e5, 0x01e5,
+	0x01e7, 0x01e7,
+	0x01e9, 0x01e9,
+	0x01eb, 0x01eb,
+	0x01ed, 0x01ed,
+	0x01ef, 0x01f1,
+	0x01f3, 0x01f3,
+	0x01f5, 0x01f5,
+	0x01f9, 0x01f9,
+	0x01fb, 0x01fb,
+	0x01fd, 0x01fd,
+	0x01ff, 0x01ff,
+	0x0201, 0x0201,
+	0x0203, 0x0203,
+	0x0205, 0x0205,
+	0x0207, 0x0207,
+	0x0209, 0x0209,
+	0x020b, 0x020b,
+	0x020d, 0x020d,
+	0x020f, 0x020f,
+	0x0211, 0x0211,
+	0x0213, 0x0213,
+	0x0215, 0x0215,
+	0x0217, 0x0217,
+	0x0219, 0x0219,
+	0x021b, 0x021b,
+	0x021d, 0x021d,
+	0x021f, 0x021f,
+	0x0223, 0x0223,
+	0x0225, 0x0225,
+	0x0227, 0x0227,
+	0x0229, 0x0229,
+	0x022b, 0x022b,
+	0x022d, 0x022d,
+	0x022f, 0x022f,
+	0x0231, 0x0231,
+	0x0233, 0x0233,
+	0x023c, 0x023c,
+	0x023f, 0x0240,
+	0x0242, 0x0242,
+	0x0247, 0x0247,
+	0x0249, 0x0249,
+	0x024b, 0x024b,
+	0x024d, 0x024d,
+	0x024f, 0x0254,
+	0x0256, 0x0257,
+	0x0259, 0x0259,
+	0x025b, 0x025c,
+	0x0260, 0x0261,
+	0x0263, 0x0263,
+	0x0265, 0x0266,
+	0x0268, 0x026c,
+	0x026f, 0x026f,
+	0x0271, 0x0272,
+	0x0275, 0x0275,
+	0x027d, 0x027d,
+	0x0280, 0x0280,
+	0x0282, 0x0283,
+	0x0287, 0x028c,
+	0x0292, 0x0292,
+	0x029d, 0x029e,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0371, 0x0371,
+	0x0373, 0x0373,
+	0x0377, 0x0377,
+	0x037b, 0x037d,
+	0x0390, 0x0390,
+	0x03ac, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d1,
+	0x03d5, 0x03d7,
+	0x03d9, 0x03d9,
+	0x03db, 0x03db,
+	0x03dd, 0x03dd,
+	0x03df, 0x03df,
+	0x03e1, 0x03e1,
+	0x03e3, 0x03e3,
+	0x03e5, 0x03e5,
+	0x03e7, 0x03e7,
+	0x03e9, 0x03e9,
+	0x03eb, 0x03eb,
+	0x03ed, 0x03ed,
+	0x03ef, 0x03f3,
+	0x03f5, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f8, 0x03f8,
+	0x03fb, 0x03fb,
+	0x0430, 0x045f,
+	0x0461, 0x0461,
+	0x0463, 0x0463,
+	0x0465, 0x0465,
+	0x0467, 0x0467,
+	0x0469, 0x0469,
+	0x046b, 0x046b,
+	0x046d, 0x046d,
+	0x046f, 0x046f,
+	0x0471, 0x0471,
+	0x0473, 0x0473,
+	0x0475, 0x0475,
+	0x0477, 0x0477,
+	0x0479, 0x0479,
+	0x047b, 0x047b,
+	0x047d, 0x047d,
+	0x047f, 0x047f,
+	0x0481, 0x0481,
+	0x048b, 0x048b,
+	0x048d, 0x048d,
+	0x048f, 0x048f,
+	0x0491, 0x0491,
+	0x0493, 0x0493,
+	0x0495, 0x0495,
+	0x0497, 0x0497,
+	0x0499, 0x0499,
+	0x049b, 0x049b,
+	0x049d, 0x049d,
+	0x049f, 0x049f,
+	0x04a1, 0x04a1,
+	0x04a3, 0x04a3,
+	0x04a5, 0x04a5,
+	0x04a7, 0x04a7,
+	0x04a9, 0x04a9,
+	0x04ab, 0x04ab,
+	0x04ad, 0x04ad,
+	0x04af, 0x04af,
+	0x04b1, 0x04b1,
+	0x04b3, 0x04b3,
+	0x04b5, 0x04b5,
+	0x04b7, 0x04b7,
+	0x04b9, 0x04b9,
+	0x04bb, 0x04bb,
+	0x04bd, 0x04bd,
+	0x04bf, 0x04bf,
+	0x04c2, 0x04c2,
+	0x04c4, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c6, 0x04c6,
+	0x04c8, 0x04c8,
+	0x04ca, 0x04ca,
+	0x04cc, 0x04cc,
+	0x04ce, 0x04cf,
+	0x04d1, 0x04d1,
+	0x04d3, 0x04d3,
+	0x04d5, 0x04d5,
+	0x04d7, 0x04d7,
+	0x04d9, 0x04d9,
+	0x04db, 0x04db,
+	0x04dd, 0x04dd,
+	0x04df, 0x04df,
+	0x04e1, 0x04e1,
+	0x04e3, 0x04e3,
+	0x04e5, 0x04e5,
+	0x04e7, 0x04e7,
+	0x04e9, 0x04e9,
+	0x04eb, 0x04eb,
+	0x04ed, 0x04ed,
+	0x04ef, 0x04ef,
+	0x04f1, 0x04f1,
+	0x04f3, 0x04f3,
+	0x04f5, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f7, 0x04f7,
+	0x04f9, 0x04f9,
+	0x04fb, 0x04fb,
+	0x04fd, 0x04fd,
+	0x04ff, 0x04ff,
+	0x0501, 0x0501,
+	0x0503, 0x0503,
+	0x0505, 0x0505,
+	0x0507, 0x0507,
+	0x0509, 0x0509,
+	0x050b, 0x050b,
+	0x050d, 0x050d,
+	0x050f, 0x050f,
+	0x0511, 0x0511,
+	0x0513, 0x0513,
+	0x0515, 0x0515,
+	0x0517, 0x0517,
+	0x0519, 0x0519,
+	0x051b, 0x051b,
+	0x051d, 0x051d,
+	0x051f, 0x051f,
+	0x0521, 0x0521,
+	0x0523, 0x0523,
+	0x0525, 0x0525,
+	0x0527, 0x0527,
+	0x0529, 0x0529,
+	0x052b, 0x052b,
+	0x052d, 0x052d,
+	0x052f, 0x052f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1d79, 0x1d79,
+	0x1d7d, 0x1d7d,
+	0x1d8e, 0x1d8e,
+	0x1e01, 0x1e01,
+	0x1e03, 0x1e03,
+	0x1e05, 0x1e05,
+	0x1e07, 0x1e07,
+	0x1e09, 0x1e09,
+	0x1e0b, 0x1e0b,
+	0x1e0d, 0x1e0d,
+	0x1e0f, 0x1e0f,
+	0x1e11, 0x1e11,
+	0x1e13, 0x1e13,
+	0x1e15, 0x1e15,
+	0x1e17, 0x1e17,
+	0x1e19, 0x1e19,
+	0x1e1b, 0x1e1b,
+	0x1e1d, 0x1e1d,
+	0x1e1f, 0x1e1f,
+	0x1e21, 0x1e21,
+	0x1e23, 0x1e23,
+	0x1e25, 0x1e25,
+	0x1e27, 0x1e27,
+	0x1e29, 0x1e29,
+	0x1e2b, 0x1e2b,
+	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
+	0x1e2f, 0x1e2f,
+	0x1e31, 0x1e31,
+	0x1e33, 0x1e33,
+	0x1e35, 0x1e35,
+	0x1e37, 0x1e37,
+	0x1e39, 0x1e39,
+	0x1e3b, 0x1e3b,
+	0x1e3d, 0x1e3d,
+	0x1e3f, 0x1e3f,
+	0x1e41, 0x1e41,
+	0x1e43, 0x1e43,
+	0x1e45, 0x1e45,
+	0x1e47, 0x1e47,
+	0x1e49, 0x1e49,
+	0x1e4b, 0x1e4b,
+	0x1e4d, 0x1e4d,
+	0x1e4f, 0x1e4f,
+	0x1e51, 0x1e51,
+	0x1e53, 0x1e53,
+	0x1e55, 0x1e55,
+	0x1e57, 0x1e57,
+	0x1e59, 0x1e59,
+	0x1e5b, 0x1e5b,
+	0x1e5d, 0x1e5d,
+	0x1e5f, 0x1e5f,
+	0x1e61, 0x1e61,
+	0x1e63, 0x1e63,
+	0x1e65, 0x1e65,
+	0x1e67, 0x1e67,
+	0x1e69, 0x1e69,
+	0x1e6b, 0x1e6b,
+	0x1e6d, 0x1e6d,
+	0x1e6f, 0x1e6f,
+	0x1e71, 0x1e71,
+	0x1e73, 0x1e73,
+	0x1e75, 0x1e75,
+	0x1e77, 0x1e77,
+	0x1e79, 0x1e79,
+	0x1e7b, 0x1e7b,
+	0x1e7d, 0x1e7d,
+	0x1e7f, 0x1e7f,
+	0x1e81, 0x1e81,
+	0x1e83, 0x1e83,
+	0x1e85, 0x1e85,
+	0x1e87, 0x1e87,
+	0x1e89, 0x1e89,
+	0x1e8b, 0x1e8b,
+	0x1e8d, 0x1e8d,
+	0x1e8f, 0x1e8f,
+	0x1e91, 0x1e91,
+	0x1e93, 0x1e93,
+	0x1e95, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea1, 0x1ea1,
+	0x1ea3, 0x1ea3,
+	0x1ea5, 0x1ea5,
+	0x1ea7, 0x1ea7,
+	0x1ea9, 0x1ea9,
+	0x1eab, 0x1eab,
+	0x1ead, 0x1ead,
+	0x1eaf, 0x1eaf,
+	0x1eb1, 0x1eb1,
+	0x1eb3, 0x1eb3,
+	0x1eb5, 0x1eb5,
+	0x1eb7, 0x1eb7,
+	0x1eb9, 0x1eb9,
+	0x1ebb, 0x1ebb,
+	0x1ebd, 0x1ebd,
+	0x1ebf, 0x1ebf,
+	0x1ec1, 0x1ec1,
+	0x1ec3, 0x1ec3,
+	0x1ec5, 0x1ec5,
+	0x1ec7, 0x1ec7,
+	0x1ec9, 0x1ec9,
+	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
+	0x1ecd, 0x1ecd,
+	0x1ecf, 0x1ecf,
+	0x1ed1, 0x1ed1,
+	0x1ed3, 0x1ed3,
+	0x1ed5, 0x1ed5,
+	0x1ed7, 0x1ed7,
+	0x1ed9, 0x1ed9,
+	0x1edb, 0x1edb,
+	0x1edd, 0x1edd,
+	0x1edf, 0x1edf,
+	0x1ee1, 0x1ee1,
+	0x1ee3, 0x1ee3,
+	0x1ee5, 0x1ee5,
+	0x1ee7, 0x1ee7,
+	0x1ee9, 0x1ee9,
+	0x1eeb, 0x1eeb,
+	0x1eed, 0x1eed,
+	0x1eef, 0x1eef,
+	0x1ef1, 0x1ef1,
+	0x1ef3, 0x1ef3,
+	0x1ef5, 0x1ef5,
+	0x1ef7, 0x1ef7,
+	0x1ef9, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1efb, 0x1efb,
+	0x1efd, 0x1efd,
+	0x1eff, 0x1f07,
+	0x1f10, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f27,
+	0x1f30, 0x1f37,
+	0x1f40, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f60, 0x1f67,
+	0x1f70, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1f87,
+	0x1f90, 0x1f97,
+	0x1fa0, 0x1fa7,
+	0x1fb0, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fb7,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fc7,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fd7,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fe7,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ff7,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2170, 0x217f,
+	0x2184, 0x2184,
+	0x24d0, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c61, 0x2c61,
+	0x2c65, 0x2c66,
+	0x2c68, 0x2c68,
+	0x2c6a, 0x2c6a,
+	0x2c6c, 0x2c6c,
+	0x2c73, 0x2c73,
+	0x2c76, 0x2c76,
+	0x2c81, 0x2c81,
+	0x2c83, 0x2c83,
+	0x2c85, 0x2c85,
+	0x2c87, 0x2c87,
+	0x2c89, 0x2c89,
+	0x2c8b, 0x2c8b,
+	0x2c8d, 0x2c8d,
+	0x2c8f, 0x2c8f,
+	0x2c91, 0x2c91,
+	0x2c93, 0x2c93,
+	0x2c95, 0x2c95,
+	0x2c97, 0x2c97,
+	0x2c99, 0x2c99,
+	0x2c9b, 0x2c9b,
+	0x2c9d, 0x2c9d,
+	0x2c9f, 0x2c9f,
+	0x2ca1, 0x2ca1,
+	0x2ca3, 0x2ca3,
+	0x2ca5, 0x2ca5,
+	0x2ca7, 0x2ca7,
+	0x2ca9, 0x2ca9,
+	0x2cab, 0x2cab,
+	0x2cad, 0x2cad,
+	0x2caf, 0x2caf,
+	0x2cb1, 0x2cb1,
+	0x2cb3, 0x2cb3,
+	0x2cb5, 0x2cb5,
+	0x2cb7, 0x2cb7,
+	0x2cb9, 0x2cb9,
+	0x2cbb, 0x2cbb,
+	0x2cbd, 0x2cbd,
+	0x2cbf, 0x2cbf,
+	0x2cc1, 0x2cc1,
+	0x2cc3, 0x2cc3,
+	0x2cc5, 0x2cc5,
+	0x2cc7, 0x2cc7,
+	0x2cc9, 0x2cc9,
+	0x2ccb, 0x2ccb,
+	0x2ccd, 0x2ccd,
+	0x2ccf, 0x2ccf,
+	0x2cd1, 0x2cd1,
+	0x2cd3, 0x2cd3,
+	0x2cd5, 0x2cd5,
+	0x2cd7, 0x2cd7,
+	0x2cd9, 0x2cd9,
+	0x2cdb, 0x2cdb,
+	0x2cdd, 0x2cdd,
+	0x2cdf, 0x2cdf,
+	0x2ce1, 0x2ce1,
+	0x2ce3, 0x2ce3,
+	0x2cec, 0x2cec,
+	0x2cee, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf3, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0xa641, 0xa641,
+	0xa643, 0xa643,
+	0xa645, 0xa645,
+	0xa647, 0xa647,
+	0xa649, 0xa649,
+	0xa64b, 0xa64b,
+	0xa64d, 0xa64d,
+	0xa64f, 0xa64f,
+	0xa651, 0xa651,
+	0xa653, 0xa653,
+	0xa655, 0xa655,
+	0xa657, 0xa657,
+	0xa659, 0xa659,
+	0xa65b, 0xa65b,
+	0xa65d, 0xa65d,
+	0xa65f, 0xa65f,
+	0xa661, 0xa661,
+	0xa663, 0xa663,
+	0xa665, 0xa665,
+	0xa667, 0xa667,
+	0xa669, 0xa669,
+	0xa66b, 0xa66b,
+	0xa66d, 0xa66d,
+	0xa681, 0xa681,
+	0xa683, 0xa683,
+	0xa685, 0xa685,
+	0xa687, 0xa687,
+	0xa689, 0xa689,
+	0xa68b, 0xa68b,
+	0xa68d, 0xa68d,
+	0xa68f, 0xa68f,
+	0xa691, 0xa691,
+	0xa693, 0xa693,
+	0xa695, 0xa695,
+	0xa697, 0xa697,
+	0xa699, 0xa699,
+	0xa69b, 0xa69b,
+	0xa723, 0xa723,
+	0xa725, 0xa725,
+	0xa727, 0xa727,
+	0xa729, 0xa729,
+	0xa72b, 0xa72b,
+	0xa72d, 0xa72d,
+	0xa72f, 0xa72f,
+	0xa733, 0xa733,
+	0xa735, 0xa735,
+	0xa737, 0xa737,
+	0xa739, 0xa739,
+	0xa73b, 0xa73b,
+	0xa73d, 0xa73d,
+	0xa73f, 0xa73f,
+	0xa741, 0xa741,
+	0xa743, 0xa743,
+	0xa745, 0xa745,
+	0xa747, 0xa747,
+	0xa749, 0xa749,
+	0xa74b, 0xa74b,
+	0xa74d, 0xa74d,
+	0xa74f, 0xa74f,
+	0xa751, 0xa751,
+	0xa753, 0xa753,
+	0xa755, 0xa755,
+	0xa757, 0xa757,
+	0xa759, 0xa759,
+	0xa75b, 0xa75b,
+	0xa75d, 0xa75d,
+	0xa75f, 0xa75f,
+	0xa761, 0xa761,
+	0xa763, 0xa763,
+	0xa765, 0xa765,
+	0xa767, 0xa767,
+	0xa769, 0xa769,
+	0xa76b, 0xa76b,
+	0xa76d, 0xa76d,
+	0xa76f, 0xa76f,
+	0xa77a, 0xa77a,
+	0xa77c, 0xa77c,
+	0xa77f, 0xa77f,
+	0xa781, 0xa781,
+	0xa783, 0xa783,
+	0xa785, 0xa785,
+	0xa787, 0xa787,
+	0xa78c, 0xa78c,
+	0xa791, 0xa791,
+	0xa793, 0xa794,
+	0xa797, 0xa797,
+	0xa799, 0xa799,
+	0xa79b, 0xa79b,
+	0xa79d, 0xa79d,
+	0xa79f, 0xa79f,
+	0xa7a1, 0xa7a1,
+	0xa7a3, 0xa7a3,
+	0xa7a5, 0xa7a5,
+	0xa7a7, 0xa7a7,
+	0xa7a9, 0xa7a9,
+	0xa7b5, 0xa7b5,
+	0xa7b7, 0xa7b7,
+	0xa7b9, 0xa7b9,
+	0xa7bb, 0xa7bb,
+	0xa7bd, 0xa7bd,
+	0xa7bf, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c3, 0xa7c3,
+	0xab53, 0xab53,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0x10428, 0x1044f,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x118c0, 0x118df,
+	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
+	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
+}; /* CR_Changes_When_Titlecased */
+
+/* 'Changes_When_Casefolded': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casefolded[] = {
+	612,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00df,
+	0x0100, 0x0100,
+	0x0102, 0x0102,
+	0x0104, 0x0104,
+	0x0106, 0x0106,
+	0x0108, 0x0108,
+	0x010a, 0x010a,
+	0x010c, 0x010c,
+	0x010e, 0x010e,
+	0x0110, 0x0110,
+	0x0112, 0x0112,
+	0x0114, 0x0114,
+	0x0116, 0x0116,
+	0x0118, 0x0118,
+	0x011a, 0x011a,
+	0x011c, 0x011c,
+	0x011e, 0x011e,
+	0x0120, 0x0120,
+	0x0122, 0x0122,
+	0x0124, 0x0124,
+	0x0126, 0x0126,
+	0x0128, 0x0128,
+	0x012a, 0x012a,
+	0x012c, 0x012c,
+	0x012e, 0x012e,
+	0x0130, 0x0130,
+	0x0132, 0x0132,
+	0x0134, 0x0134,
+	0x0136, 0x0136,
+	0x0139, 0x0139,
+	0x013b, 0x013b,
+	0x013d, 0x013d,
+	0x013f, 0x013f,
+	0x0141, 0x0141,
+	0x0143, 0x0143,
+	0x0145, 0x0145,
+	0x0147, 0x0147,
+	0x0149, 0x014a,
+	0x014c, 0x014c,
+	0x014e, 0x014e,
+	0x0150, 0x0150,
+	0x0152, 0x0152,
+	0x0154, 0x0154,
+	0x0156, 0x0156,
+	0x0158, 0x0158,
+	0x015a, 0x015a,
+	0x015c, 0x015c,
+	0x015e, 0x015e,
+	0x0160, 0x0160,
+	0x0162, 0x0162,
+	0x0164, 0x0164,
+	0x0166, 0x0166,
+	0x0168, 0x0168,
+	0x016a, 0x016a,
+	0x016c, 0x016c,
+	0x016e, 0x016e,
+	0x0170, 0x0170,
+	0x0172, 0x0172,
+	0x0174, 0x0174,
+	0x0176, 0x0176,
+	0x0178, 0x0179,
+	0x017b, 0x017b,
+	0x017d, 0x017d,
+	0x017f, 0x017f,
+	0x0181, 0x0182,
+	0x0184, 0x0184,
+	0x0186, 0x0187,
+	0x0189, 0x018b,
+	0x018e, 0x0191,
+	0x0193, 0x0194,
+	0x0196, 0x0198,
+	0x019c, 0x019d,
+	0x019f, 0x01a0,
+	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
+	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
+	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
+	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
+	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
+	0x01ae, 0x01af,
+	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
+	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
+	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
+	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
+	0x01c4, 0x01c5,
+	0x01c7, 0x01c8,
+	0x01ca, 0x01cb,
+	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
+	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
+	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
+	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
+	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
+	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
+	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
+	0x01db, 0x01db,
+	0x01de, 0x01de,
+	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
+	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
+	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
+	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
+	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
+	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
+	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
+	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
+	0x01f1, 0x01f2,
+	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
+	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
+	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
+	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
+	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
+	0x0200, 0x0200,
+	0x0202, 0x0202,
+	0x0204, 0x0204,
+	0x0206, 0x0206,
+	0x0208, 0x0208,
+	0x020a, 0x020a,
+	0x020c, 0x020c,
+	0x020e, 0x020e,
+	0x0210, 0x0210,
+	0x0212, 0x0212,
+	0x0214, 0x0214,
+	0x0216, 0x0216,
+	0x0218, 0x0218,
+	0x021a, 0x021a,
+	0x021c, 0x021c,
+	0x021e, 0x021e,
+	0x0220, 0x0220,
+	0x0222, 0x0222,
+	0x0224, 0x0224,
+	0x0226, 0x0226,
+	0x0228, 0x0228,
+	0x022a, 0x022a,
+	0x022c, 0x022c,
+	0x022e, 0x022e,
+	0x0230, 0x0230,
+	0x0232, 0x0232,
+	0x023a, 0x023b,
+	0x023d, 0x023e,
+	0x0241, 0x0241,
+	0x0243, 0x0246,
+	0x0248, 0x0248,
+	0x024a, 0x024a,
+	0x024c, 0x024c,
+	0x024e, 0x024e,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0370, 0x0370,
+	0x0372, 0x0372,
+	0x0376, 0x0376,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x038f,
+	0x0391, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
+	0x03c2, 0x03c2,
+	0x03cf, 0x03d1,
+	0x03d5, 0x03d6,
+	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
+	0x03da, 0x03da,
+	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
+	0x03de, 0x03de,
+	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
+	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
+	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
+	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
+	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
+	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
+	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
+	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
+	0x03f0, 0x03f1,
+	0x03f4, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
+	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
+	0x03fd, 0x042f,
+	0x0460, 0x0460,
+	0x0462, 0x0462,
+	0x0464, 0x0464,
+	0x0466, 0x0466,
+	0x0468, 0x0468,
+	0x046a, 0x046a,
+	0x046c, 0x046c,
+	0x046e, 0x046e,
+	0x0470, 0x0470,
+	0x0472, 0x0472,
+	0x0474, 0x0474,
+	0x0476, 0x0476,
+	0x0478, 0x0478,
+	0x047a, 0x047a,
+	0x047c, 0x047c,
+	0x047e, 0x047e,
+	0x0480, 0x0480,
+	0x048a, 0x048a,
+	0x048c, 0x048c,
+	0x048e, 0x048e,
+	0x0490, 0x0490,
+	0x0492, 0x0492,
+	0x0494, 0x0494,
+	0x0496, 0x0496,
+	0x0498, 0x0498,
+	0x049a, 0x049a,
+	0x049c, 0x049c,
+	0x049e, 0x049e,
+	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
+	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
+	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
+	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
+	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
+	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
+	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
+	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
+	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
+	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
+	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
+	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
+	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
+	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
+	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
+	0x04be, 0x04be,
+	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
+	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
+	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
+	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
+	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
+	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
+	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
+	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
+	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
+	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
+	0x04da, 0x04da,
+	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
+	0x04de, 0x04de,
+	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
+	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
+	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
+	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
+	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
+	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
+	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
+	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
+	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
+	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
+	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
+	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
+	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
+	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
+	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
+	0x0500, 0x0500,
+	0x0502, 0x0502,
+	0x0504, 0x0504,
+	0x0506, 0x0506,
+	0x0508, 0x0508,
+	0x050a, 0x050a,
+	0x050c, 0x050c,
+	0x050e, 0x050e,
+	0x0510, 0x0510,
+	0x0512, 0x0512,
+	0x0514, 0x0514,
+	0x0516, 0x0516,
+	0x0518, 0x0518,
+	0x051a, 0x051a,
+	0x051c, 0x051c,
+	0x051e, 0x051e,
+	0x0520, 0x0520,
+	0x0522, 0x0522,
+	0x0524, 0x0524,
+	0x0526, 0x0526,
+	0x0528, 0x0528,
+	0x052a, 0x052a,
+	0x052c, 0x052c,
+	0x052e, 0x052e,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0587, 0x0587,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
+	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
+	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
+	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
+	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
+	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
+	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
+	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
+	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
+	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
+	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
+	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
+	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
+	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
+	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
+	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
+	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
+	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
+	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
+	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
+	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
+	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
+	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
+	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
+	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
+	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
+	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
+	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
+	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
+	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
+	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
+	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
+	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
+	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
+	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
+	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
+	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
+	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
+	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
+	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
+	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
+	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
+	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
+	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
+	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
+	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
+	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
+	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
+	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
+	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
+	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
+	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
+	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
+	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
+	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
+	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
+	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
+	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
+	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
+	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
+	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
+	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
+	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
+	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
+	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
+	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
+	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
+	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
+	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
+	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
+	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
+	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
+	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
+	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
+	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
+	0x1e9a, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
+	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
+	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
+	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
+	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
+	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
+	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
+	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
+	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
+	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
+	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
+	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
+	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
+	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
+	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
+	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
+	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
+	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
+	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
+	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
+	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
+	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
+	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
+	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
+	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
+	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
+	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
+	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
+	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
+	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
+	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
+	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
+	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
+	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
+	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
+	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
+	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
+	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
+	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
+	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
+	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
+	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
+	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
+	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
+	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
+	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
+	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
+	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
+	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
+	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
+	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
+	0x1f80, 0x1faf,
+	0x1fb2, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb7, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc7, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff7, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x212a, 0x212b,
+	0x2132, 0x2132,
+	0x2160, 0x216f,
+	0x2183, 0x2183,
+	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
+	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
+	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
+	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
+	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
+	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
+	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
+	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
+	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
+	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
+	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
+	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
+	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
+	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
+	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
+	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
+	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
+	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
+	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
+	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
+	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
+	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
+	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
+	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
+	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
+	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
+	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
+	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
+	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
+	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
+	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
+	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
+	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
+	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
+	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
+	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
+	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
+	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
+	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
+	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
+	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
+	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
+	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
+	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
+	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
+	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
+	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
+	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
+	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
+	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
+	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
+	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
+	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
+	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
+	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
+	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
+	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
+	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
+	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
+	0xa640, 0xa640,
+	0xa642, 0xa642,
+	0xa644, 0xa644,
+	0xa646, 0xa646,
+	0xa648, 0xa648,
+	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
+	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
+	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
+	0xa650, 0xa650,
+	0xa652, 0xa652,
+	0xa654, 0xa654,
+	0xa656, 0xa656,
+	0xa658, 0xa658,
+	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
+	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
+	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
+	0xa660, 0xa660,
+	0xa662, 0xa662,
+	0xa664, 0xa664,
+	0xa666, 0xa666,
+	0xa668, 0xa668,
+	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
+	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
+	0xa680, 0xa680,
+	0xa682, 0xa682,
+	0xa684, 0xa684,
+	0xa686, 0xa686,
+	0xa688, 0xa688,
+	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
+	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
+	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
+	0xa690, 0xa690,
+	0xa692, 0xa692,
+	0xa694, 0xa694,
+	0xa696, 0xa696,
+	0xa698, 0xa698,
+	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
+	0xa722, 0xa722,
+	0xa724, 0xa724,
+	0xa726, 0xa726,
+	0xa728, 0xa728,
+	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
+	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
+	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
+	0xa732, 0xa732,
+	0xa734, 0xa734,
+	0xa736, 0xa736,
+	0xa738, 0xa738,
+	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
+	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
+	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
+	0xa740, 0xa740,
+	0xa742, 0xa742,
+	0xa744, 0xa744,
+	0xa746, 0xa746,
+	0xa748, 0xa748,
+	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
+	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
+	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
+	0xa750, 0xa750,
+	0xa752, 0xa752,
+	0xa754, 0xa754,
+	0xa756, 0xa756,
+	0xa758, 0xa758,
+	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
+	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
+	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
+	0xa760, 0xa760,
+	0xa762, 0xa762,
+	0xa764, 0xa764,
+	0xa766, 0xa766,
+	0xa768, 0xa768,
+	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
+	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
+	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
+	0xa779, 0xa779,
+	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
+	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
+	0xa780, 0xa780,
+	0xa782, 0xa782,
+	0xa784, 0xa784,
+	0xa786, 0xa786,
+	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
+	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
+	0xa790, 0xa790,
+	0xa792, 0xa792,
+	0xa796, 0xa796,
+	0xa798, 0xa798,
+	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
+	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
+	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
+	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
+	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
+	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
+	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
+	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
+	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
+	0xa7b8, 0xa7b8,
+	0xa7ba, 0xa7ba,
+	0xa7bc, 0xa7bc,
+	0xa7be, 0xa7be,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c2,
+	0xa7c4, 0xa7c6,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0x10400, 0x10427,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e5f,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
+}; /* CR_Changes_When_Casefolded */
+
+/* 'Changes_When_Casemapped': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casemapped[] = {
+	123,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x0137,
+	0x0139, 0x018c,
+	0x018e, 0x019a,
+	0x019c, 0x01a9,
+	0x01ac, 0x01b9,
+	0x01bc, 0x01bd,
+	0x01bf, 0x01bf,
+	0x01c4, 0x0220,
+	0x0222, 0x0233,
+	0x023a, 0x0254,
+	0x0256, 0x0257,
+	0x0259, 0x0259,
+	0x025b, 0x025c,
+	0x0260, 0x0261,
+	0x0263, 0x0263,
+	0x0265, 0x0266,
+	0x0268, 0x026c,
+	0x026f, 0x026f,
+	0x0271, 0x0272,
+	0x0275, 0x0275,
+	0x027d, 0x027d,
+	0x0280, 0x0280,
+	0x0282, 0x0283,
+	0x0287, 0x028c,
+	0x0292, 0x0292,
+	0x029d, 0x029e,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x0370, 0x0373,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037b, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03d1,
+	0x03d5, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x03fb,
+	0x03fd, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1d79, 0x1d79,
+	0x1d7d, 0x1d7d,
+	0x1d8e, 0x1d8e,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x212a, 0x212b,
+	0x2132, 0x2132,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x217f,
+	0x2183, 0x2184,
+	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c70,
+	0x2c72, 0x2c73,
+	0x2c75, 0x2c76,
+	0x2c7e, 0x2ce3,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0xa640, 0xa66d,
+	0xa680, 0xa69b,
+	0xa722, 0xa72f,
+	0xa732, 0xa76f,
+	0xa779, 0xa787,
+	0xa78b, 0xa78d,
+	0xa790, 0xa794,
+	0xa796, 0xa7ae,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xab53, 0xab53,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0x10400, 0x1044f,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118df,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+}; /* CR_Changes_When_Casemapped */
+
+/* 'ID_Start': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
+	609,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0370, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0620, 0x064a,
+	0x066e, 0x066f,
+	0x0671, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
+	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
+	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
+	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x0710,
+	0x0712, 0x072f,
+	0x074d, 0x07a5,
+	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
+	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
+	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x0815,
+	0x081a, 0x081a,
+	0x0824, 0x0824,
+	0x0828, 0x0828,
+	0x0840, 0x0858,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x0904, 0x0939,
+	0x093d, 0x093d,
+	0x0950, 0x0950,
+	0x0958, 0x0961,
+	0x0971, 0x0980,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
+	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e1,
+	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
+	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0eb0,
+	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
+	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
+	0x1000, 0x102a,
+	0x103f, 0x103f,
+	0x1050, 0x1055,
+	0x105a, 0x105d,
+	0x1061, 0x1061,
+	0x1065, 0x1066,
+	0x106e, 0x1070,
+	0x1075, 0x1081,
+	0x108e, 0x108e,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1711,
+	0x1720, 0x1731,
+	0x1740, 0x1751,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18a8,
+	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1950, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
+	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
+	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
+	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2118, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x3005, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x3038, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309b, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa61f,
+	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66e,
+	0xa67f, 0xa69d,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
+	0xa803, 0xa805,
+	0xa807, 0xa80a,
+	0xa80c, 0xa822,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
+	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa8fe,
+	0xa90a, 0xa925,
+	0xa930, 0xa946,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
+	0xa9e6, 0xa9ef,
+	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
+	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
+	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
+	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
+	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
+	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
+	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
+	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf4,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabe2,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
+	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x10375,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
+	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d23,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11003, 0x11037,
+	0x11083, 0x110af,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x11103, 0x11126,
+	0x11144, 0x11144,
+	0x11150, 0x11172,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11183, 0x111b2,
+	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
+	0x111da, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112de,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x1135d, 0x11361,
+	0x11400, 0x11434,
+	0x11447, 0x1144a,
+	0x1145f, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114af,
+	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x11580, 0x115ae,
+	0x115d8, 0x115db,
+	0x11600, 0x1162f,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11680, 0x116aa,
+	0x116b8, 0x116b8,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x11800, 0x1182b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118df,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d0,
+	0x119e1, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e3,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a00,
+	0x11a0b, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a3a, 0x11a3a,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a50,
+	0x11a5c, 0x11a89,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
+	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d30,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
+	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
+	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_ID_Start */
+
+/* 'ID_Continue': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
+	713,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x005f, 0x005f,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0300, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x0483, 0x0487,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x0620, 0x0669,
+	0x066e, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
+	0x06df, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x0963,
+	0x0966, 0x096f,
+	0x0971, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f3e, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x1000, 0x1049,
+	0x1050, 0x109d,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1369, 0x1371,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1734,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17d3,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1946, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x203f, 0x2040,
+	0x2054, 0x2054,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
+	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
+	0x20e5, 0x20f0,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2118, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x3005, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x302f,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x3038, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66f,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa827,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa92d,
+	0xa930, 0xa953,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9c0,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabea,
+	0xabec, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
+	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff10, 0xff19,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x11046,
+	0x11066, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110ba,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x1113f,
+	0x11144, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11173,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111c4,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x111d0, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x1144a,
+	0x11450, 0x11459,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
+	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11640,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x11739,
+	0x11800, 0x1183a,
+	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a99,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_ID_Continue */
+
+/* 'XID_Start': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
+	616,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0370, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037b, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0620, 0x064a,
+	0x066e, 0x066f,
+	0x0671, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
+	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
+	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
+	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x0710,
+	0x0712, 0x072f,
+	0x074d, 0x07a5,
+	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
+	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
+	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x0815,
+	0x081a, 0x081a,
+	0x0824, 0x0824,
+	0x0828, 0x0828,
+	0x0840, 0x0858,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x0904, 0x0939,
+	0x093d, 0x093d,
+	0x0950, 0x0950,
+	0x0958, 0x0961,
+	0x0971, 0x0980,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
+	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e1,
+	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
+	0x0e32, 0x0e32,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0eb0,
+	0x0eb2, 0x0eb2,
+	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
+	0x1000, 0x102a,
+	0x103f, 0x103f,
+	0x1050, 0x1055,
+	0x105a, 0x105d,
+	0x1061, 0x1061,
+	0x1065, 0x1066,
+	0x106e, 0x1070,
+	0x1075, 0x1081,
+	0x108e, 0x108e,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1711,
+	0x1720, 0x1731,
+	0x1740, 0x1751,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18a8,
+	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1950, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
+	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
+	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
+	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2118, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x3005, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x3038, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309d, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa61f,
+	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66e,
+	0xa67f, 0xa69d,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
+	0xa803, 0xa805,
+	0xa807, 0xa80a,
+	0xa80c, 0xa822,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
+	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa8fe,
+	0xa90a, 0xa925,
+	0xa930, 0xa946,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
+	0xa9e6, 0xa9ef,
+	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
+	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
+	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
+	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
+	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
+	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
+	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
+	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf4,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabe2,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
+	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfc5d,
+	0xfc64, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdf9,
+	0xfe71, 0xfe71,
+	0xfe73, 0xfe73,
+	0xfe77, 0xfe77,
+	0xfe79, 0xfe79,
+	0xfe7b, 0xfe7b,
+	0xfe7d, 0xfe7d,
+	0xfe7f, 0xfefc,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xff9d,
+	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x10375,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
+	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d23,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11003, 0x11037,
+	0x11083, 0x110af,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x11103, 0x11126,
+	0x11144, 0x11144,
+	0x11150, 0x11172,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11183, 0x111b2,
+	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
+	0x111da, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112de,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x1135d, 0x11361,
+	0x11400, 0x11434,
+	0x11447, 0x1144a,
+	0x1145f, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114af,
+	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x11580, 0x115ae,
+	0x115d8, 0x115db,
+	0x11600, 0x1162f,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11680, 0x116aa,
+	0x116b8, 0x116b8,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x11800, 0x1182b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118df,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d0,
+	0x119e1, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e3,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a00,
+	0x11a0b, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a3a, 0x11a3a,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a50,
+	0x11a5c, 0x11a89,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
+	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d30,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
+	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
+	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_XID_Start */
+
+/* 'XID_Continue': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
+	720,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x005f, 0x005f,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
+	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
+	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
+	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
+	0x0300, 0x0374,
+	0x0376, 0x0377,
+	0x037b, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0386, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
+	0x03f7, 0x0481,
+	0x0483, 0x0487,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0560, 0x0588,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f2,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x0620, 0x0669,
+	0x066e, 0x06d3,
+	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
+	0x06df, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06fc,
+	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
+	0x0710, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07f5,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x0963,
+	0x0966, 0x096f,
+	0x0971, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
+	0x09fc, 0x09fc,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
+	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f3e, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x1000, 0x1049,
+	0x1050, 0x109d,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1369, 0x1371,
+	0x1380, 0x138f,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1401, 0x166c,
+	0x166f, 0x167f,
+	0x1681, 0x169a,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1734,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17d3,
+	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
+	0x17dc, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1946, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
+	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
+	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
+	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
+	0x203f, 0x2040,
+	0x2054, 0x2054,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
+	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
+	0x20e5, 0x20f0,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2118, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0x2128, 0x2128,
+	0x212a, 0x2139,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
+	0x2ceb, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x3005, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x302f,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x3038, 0x303c,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x309a,
+	0x309d, 0x309f,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
+	0xa500, 0xa60c,
+	0xa610, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66f,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa717, 0xa71f,
+	0xa722, 0xa788,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa827,
+	0xa840, 0xa873,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f7,
+	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa8fd, 0xa92d,
+	0xa930, 0xa953,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9c0,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
+	0xaa7a, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf2, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabea,
+	0xabec, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
+	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfc5d,
+	0xfc64, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdf9,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
+	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
+	0xfe71, 0xfe71,
+	0xfe73, 0xfe73,
+	0xfe77, 0xfe77,
+	0xfe79, 0xfe79,
+	0xfe7b, 0xfe7b,
+	0xfe7d, 0xfe7d,
+	0xfe7f, 0xfefc,
+	0xff10, 0xff19,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+	0xff66, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10140, 0x10174,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031f,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
+	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10860, 0x10876,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x10900, 0x10915,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
+	0x10ac9, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x11046,
+	0x11066, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110ba,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x1113f,
+	0x11144, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11173,
+	0x11176, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111c4,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x111d0, 0x111da,
+	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x1144a,
+	0x11450, 0x11459,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c5,
+	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
+	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11640,
+	0x11644, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x11739,
+	0x11800, 0x1183a,
+	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e1,
+	0x119e3, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a99,
+	0x11a9d, 0x11a9d,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c40,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
+	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
+	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e7f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_XID_Continue */
+
+/* 'Default_Ignorable_Code_Point': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point[] = {
+	17,
+	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
+	0x034f, 0x034f,
+	0x061c, 0x061c,
+	0x115f, 0x1160,
+	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
+	0x180b, 0x180e,
+	0x200b, 0x200f,
+	0x202a, 0x202e,
+	0x2060, 0x206f,
+	0x3164, 0x3164,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xffa0, 0xffa0,
+	0xfff0, 0xfff8,
+	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
+	0xe0000, 0xe0fff,
+}; /* CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Extend': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
+	335,
+	0x0300, 0x036f,
+	0x0483, 0x0489,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x064b, 0x065f,
+	0x0670, 0x0670,
+	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
+	0x06df, 0x06e4,
+	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
+	0x0711, 0x0711,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
+	0x07eb, 0x07f3,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0816, 0x0819,
+	0x081b, 0x0823,
+	0x0825, 0x0827,
+	0x0829, 0x082d,
+	0x0859, 0x085b,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x0902,
+	0x093a, 0x093a,
+	0x093c, 0x093c,
+	0x0941, 0x0948,
+	0x094d, 0x094d,
+	0x0951, 0x0957,
+	0x0962, 0x0963,
+	0x0981, 0x0981,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09be,
+	0x09c1, 0x09c4,
+	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a41, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
+	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a82,
+	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
+	0x0ac1, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac8,
+	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0afa, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b01,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
+	0x0b3e, 0x0b3f,
+	0x0b41, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bbe,
+	0x0bc0, 0x0bc0,
+	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c00,
+	0x0c04, 0x0c04,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c40,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c81,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
+	0x0cbf, 0x0cbf,
+	0x0cc2, 0x0cc2,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc6,
+	0x0ccc, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d01,
+	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d3e,
+	0x0d41, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dcf,
+	0x0dd2, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0ddf, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
+	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
+	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f7e,
+	0x0f80, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
+	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x102d, 0x1030,
+	0x1032, 0x1037,
+	0x1039, 0x103a,
+	0x103d, 0x103e,
+	0x1058, 0x1059,
+	0x105e, 0x1060,
+	0x1071, 0x1074,
+	0x1082, 0x1082,
+	0x1085, 0x1086,
+	0x108d, 0x108d,
+	0x109d, 0x109d,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1712, 0x1714,
+	0x1732, 0x1734,
+	0x1752, 0x1753,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
+	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
+	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
+	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
+	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0x1885, 0x1886,
+	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
+	0x1920, 0x1922,
+	0x1927, 0x1928,
+	0x1932, 0x1932,
+	0x1939, 0x193b,
+	0x1a17, 0x1a18,
+	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
+	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
+	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
+	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
+	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
+	0x1b34, 0x1b3a,
+	0x1b3c, 0x1b3c,
+	0x1b42, 0x1b42,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
+	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
+	0x1ba8, 0x1ba9,
+	0x1bab, 0x1bad,
+	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
+	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
+	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
+	0x1bef, 0x1bf1,
+	0x1c2c, 0x1c33,
+	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
+	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
+	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
+	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1dc0, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
+	0x200c, 0x200c,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x302a, 0x302f,
+	0x3099, 0x309a,
+	0xa66f, 0xa672,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
+	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa802, 0xa802,
+	0xa806, 0xa806,
+	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
+	0xa825, 0xa826,
+	0xa8c4, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
+	0xa8ff, 0xa8ff,
+	0xa926, 0xa92d,
+	0xa947, 0xa951,
+	0xa980, 0xa982,
+	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
+	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
+	0xa9bc, 0xa9bd,
+	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
+	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
+	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
+	0xaa35, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
+	0xaa4c, 0xaa4c,
+	0xaa7c, 0xaa7c,
+	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
+	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
+	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
+	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
+	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
+	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
+	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
+	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
+	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
+	0xabed, 0xabed,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10376, 0x1037a,
+	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
+	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
+	0x11001, 0x11001,
+	0x11038, 0x11046,
+	0x1107f, 0x11081,
+	0x110b3, 0x110b6,
+	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
+	0x11100, 0x11102,
+	0x11127, 0x1112b,
+	0x1112d, 0x11134,
+	0x11173, 0x11173,
+	0x11180, 0x11181,
+	0x111b6, 0x111be,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x1122f, 0x11231,
+	0x11234, 0x11234,
+	0x11236, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x112df, 0x112df,
+	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
+	0x11300, 0x11301,
+	0x1133b, 0x1133c,
+	0x1133e, 0x1133e,
+	0x11340, 0x11340,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11438, 0x1143f,
+	0x11442, 0x11444,
+	0x11446, 0x11446,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145e,
+	0x114b0, 0x114b0,
+	0x114b3, 0x114b8,
+	0x114ba, 0x114ba,
+	0x114bd, 0x114bd,
+	0x114bf, 0x114c0,
+	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
+	0x115af, 0x115af,
+	0x115b2, 0x115b5,
+	0x115bc, 0x115bd,
+	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
+	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
+	0x11633, 0x1163a,
+	0x1163d, 0x1163d,
+	0x1163f, 0x11640,
+	0x116ab, 0x116ab,
+	0x116ad, 0x116ad,
+	0x116b0, 0x116b5,
+	0x116b7, 0x116b7,
+	0x1171d, 0x1171f,
+	0x11722, 0x11725,
+	0x11727, 0x1172b,
+	0x1182f, 0x11837,
+	0x11839, 0x1183a,
+	0x119d4, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119db,
+	0x119e0, 0x119e0,
+	0x11a01, 0x11a0a,
+	0x11a33, 0x11a38,
+	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a51, 0x11a56,
+	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
+	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
+	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
+	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11caa, 0x11cb0,
+	0x11cb2, 0x11cb3,
+	0x11cb5, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d31, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d45,
+	0x11d47, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
+	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d165,
+	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d16e, 0x1d172,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
+	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Extend */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Base': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
+	819,
+	0x0020, 0x007e,
+	0x00a0, 0x00ac,
+	0x00ae, 0x02ff,
+	0x0370, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x0482,
+	0x048a, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x05be, 0x05be,
+	0x05c0, 0x05c0,
+	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
+	0x05c6, 0x05c6,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0606, 0x060f,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x064a,
+	0x0660, 0x066f,
+	0x0671, 0x06d5,
+	0x06de, 0x06de,
+	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
+	0x06e9, 0x06e9,
+	0x06ee, 0x070d,
+	0x0710, 0x0710,
+	0x0712, 0x072f,
+	0x074d, 0x07a5,
+	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07ea,
+	0x07f4, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fe, 0x0815,
+	0x081a, 0x081a,
+	0x0824, 0x0824,
+	0x0828, 0x0828,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x0858,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x0903, 0x0939,
+	0x093b, 0x093b,
+	0x093d, 0x0940,
+	0x0949, 0x094c,
+	0x094e, 0x0950,
+	0x0958, 0x0961,
+	0x0964, 0x0980,
+	0x0982, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
+	0x09bf, 0x09c0,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
+	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e1,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fd,
+	0x0a03, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a40,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a6f,
+	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a76, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a83, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abd, 0x0ac0,
+	0x0ac9, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
+	0x0b02, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
+	0x0b40, 0x0b40,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbf, 0x0bbf,
+	0x0bc1, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
+	0x0c41, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c80,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbd, 0x0cbe,
+	0x0cc0, 0x0cc1,
+	0x0cc3, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
+	0x0d3f, 0x0d40,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
+	0x0d58, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dd0, 0x0dd1,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0dde,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
+	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e46,
+	0x0e4f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0eb0,
+	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
+	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f17,
+	0x0f1a, 0x0f34,
+	0x0f36, 0x0f36,
+	0x0f38, 0x0f38,
+	0x0f3a, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f7f, 0x0f7f,
+	0x0f85, 0x0f85,
+	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fc5,
+	0x0fc7, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x102c,
+	0x1031, 0x1031,
+	0x1038, 0x1038,
+	0x103b, 0x103c,
+	0x103f, 0x1057,
+	0x105a, 0x105d,
+	0x1061, 0x1070,
+	0x1075, 0x1081,
+	0x1083, 0x1084,
+	0x1087, 0x108c,
+	0x108e, 0x109c,
+	0x109e, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x1360, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1711,
+	0x1720, 0x1731,
+	0x1735, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1751,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1780, 0x17b3,
+	0x17b6, 0x17b6,
+	0x17be, 0x17c5,
+	0x17c7, 0x17c8,
+	0x17d4, 0x17dc,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180a,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x1884,
+	0x1887, 0x18a8,
+	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1923, 0x1926,
+	0x1929, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x1931,
+	0x1933, 0x1938,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a16,
+	0x1a19, 0x1a1a,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a55,
+	0x1a57, 0x1a57,
+	0x1a61, 0x1a61,
+	0x1a63, 0x1a64,
+	0x1a6d, 0x1a72,
+	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b04, 0x1b33,
+	0x1b3b, 0x1b3b,
+	0x1b3d, 0x1b41,
+	0x1b43, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b6a,
+	0x1b74, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b82, 0x1ba1,
+	0x1ba6, 0x1ba7,
+	0x1baa, 0x1baa,
+	0x1bae, 0x1be5,
+	0x1be7, 0x1be7,
+	0x1bea, 0x1bec,
+	0x1bee, 0x1bee,
+	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c2b,
+	0x1c34, 0x1c35,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
+	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf7,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x200a,
+	0x2010, 0x2027,
+	0x202f, 0x205f,
+	0x2070, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cee,
+	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e4f,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x3029,
+	0x3030, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309b, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa66e,
+	0xa673, 0xa673,
+	0xa67e, 0xa69d,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
+	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
+	0xa803, 0xa805,
+	0xa807, 0xa80a,
+	0xa80c, 0xa824,
+	0xa827, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8f2, 0xa8fe,
+	0xa900, 0xa925,
+	0xa92e, 0xa946,
+	0xa952, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa983, 0xa9b2,
+	0xa9b4, 0xa9b5,
+	0xa9ba, 0xa9bb,
+	0xa9be, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9e4,
+	0xa9e6, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
+	0xaa2f, 0xaa30,
+	0xaa33, 0xaa34,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
+	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
+	0xaa4d, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
+	0xaa7d, 0xaaaf,
+	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
+	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
+	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
+	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
+	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaeb,
+	0xaaee, 0xaaf5,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabe4,
+	0xabe6, 0xabe7,
+	0xabe9, 0xabec,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
+	0xfb1f, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xff01, 0xff9d,
+	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfffc, 0xfffd,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x10375,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a00,
+	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a40, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae4,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d23,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f45,
+	0x10f51, 0x10f59,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x11000,
+	0x11002, 0x11037,
+	0x11047, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x11082, 0x110b2,
+	0x110b7, 0x110b8,
+	0x110bb, 0x110bc,
+	0x110be, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11103, 0x11126,
+	0x1112c, 0x1112c,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11172,
+	0x11174, 0x11176,
+	0x11182, 0x111b5,
+	0x111bf, 0x111c8,
+	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1122e,
+	0x11232, 0x11233,
+	0x11235, 0x11235,
+	0x11238, 0x1123d,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112de,
+	0x112e0, 0x112e2,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11302, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
+	0x1133f, 0x1133f,
+	0x11341, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11400, 0x11437,
+	0x11440, 0x11441,
+	0x11445, 0x11445,
+	0x11447, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
+	0x1145f, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114af,
+	0x114b1, 0x114b2,
+	0x114b9, 0x114b9,
+	0x114bb, 0x114bc,
+	0x114be, 0x114be,
+	0x114c1, 0x114c1,
+	0x114c4, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115ae,
+	0x115b0, 0x115b1,
+	0x115b8, 0x115bb,
+	0x115be, 0x115be,
+	0x115c1, 0x115db,
+	0x11600, 0x11632,
+	0x1163b, 0x1163c,
+	0x1163e, 0x1163e,
+	0x11641, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116aa,
+	0x116ac, 0x116ac,
+	0x116ae, 0x116af,
+	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
+	0x116b8, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x11720, 0x11721,
+	0x11726, 0x11726,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x11800, 0x1182e,
+	0x11838, 0x11838,
+	0x1183b, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d3,
+	0x119dc, 0x119df,
+	0x119e1, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a00,
+	0x11a0b, 0x11a32,
+	0x11a39, 0x11a3a,
+	0x11a3f, 0x11a46,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a50,
+	0x11a57, 0x11a58,
+	0x11a5c, 0x11a89,
+	0x11a97, 0x11a97,
+	0x11a9a, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c2f,
+	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
+	0x11c40, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
+	0x11cb1, 0x11cb1,
+	0x11cb4, 0x11cb4,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d30,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d94,
+	0x11d96, 0x11d96,
+	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x11ef5, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
+	0x16b37, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
+	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d164,
+	0x1d166, 0x1d166,
+	0x1d16a, 0x1d16d,
+	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
+	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
+	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d241,
+	0x1d245, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d9ff,
+	0x1da37, 0x1da3a,
+	0x1da6d, 0x1da74,
+	0x1da76, 0x1da83,
+	0x1da85, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
+	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Base */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Link': Derived Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Link[] = {
+	52,
+	0x094d, 0x094d,
+	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
+	0x0a4d, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
+	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0c4d, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0ccd, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
+	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0e3a, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0eba, 0x0eba,
+	0x0f84, 0x0f84,
+	0x1039, 0x103a,
+	0x1714, 0x1714,
+	0x1734, 0x1734,
+	0x17d2, 0x17d2,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
+	0x1b44, 0x1b44,
+	0x1baa, 0x1bab,
+	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
+	0xa806, 0xa806,
+	0xa8c4, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa953, 0xa953,
+	0xa9c0, 0xa9c0,
+	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
+	0xabed, 0xabed,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x11046, 0x11046,
+	0x1107f, 0x1107f,
+	0x110b9, 0x110b9,
+	0x11133, 0x11134,
+	0x111c0, 0x111c0,
+	0x11235, 0x11235,
+	0x112ea, 0x112ea,
+	0x1134d, 0x1134d,
+	0x11442, 0x11442,
+	0x114c2, 0x114c2,
+	0x115bf, 0x115bf,
+	0x1163f, 0x1163f,
+	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
+	0x1172b, 0x1172b,
+	0x11839, 0x11839,
+	0x119e0, 0x119e0,
+	0x11a34, 0x11a34,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a99, 0x11a99,
+	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
+	0x11d44, 0x11d45,
+	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Link */
+
+/* 'Common': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
+	172,
+	0x0000, 0x0040,
+	0x005b, 0x0060,
+	0x007b, 0x00a9,
+	0x00ab, 0x00b9,
+	0x00bb, 0x00bf,
+	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
+	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
+	0x02b9, 0x02df,
+	0x02e5, 0x02e9,
+	0x02ec, 0x02ff,
+	0x0374, 0x0374,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0385, 0x0385,
+	0x0387, 0x0387,
+	0x0589, 0x0589,
+	0x0605, 0x0605,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0640, 0x0640,
+	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
+	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
+	0x0964, 0x0965,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e3f,
+	0x0fd5, 0x0fd8,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
+	0x1735, 0x1736,
+	0x1802, 0x1803,
+	0x1805, 0x1805,
+	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
+	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
+	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
+	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
+	0x1cf5, 0x1cf7,
+	0x1cfa, 0x1cfa,
+	0x2000, 0x200b,
+	0x200e, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x207e,
+	0x2080, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x2100, 0x2125,
+	0x2127, 0x2129,
+	0x212c, 0x2131,
+	0x2133, 0x214d,
+	0x214f, 0x215f,
+	0x2189, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x27ff,
+	0x2900, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bff,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e4f,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x3004,
+	0x3006, 0x3006,
+	0x3008, 0x3020,
+	0x3030, 0x3037,
+	0x303c, 0x303f,
+	0x309b, 0x309c,
+	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
+	0x30fb, 0x30fc,
+	0x3190, 0x319f,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x3220, 0x325f,
+	0x327f, 0x32cf,
+	0x32ff, 0x32ff,
+	0x3358, 0x33ff,
+	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
+	0xa700, 0xa721,
+	0xa788, 0xa78a,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa92e, 0xa92e,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xab5b, 0xab5b,
+	0xfd3e, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xff20,
+	0xff3b, 0xff40,
+	0xff5b, 0xff65,
+	0xff70, 0xff70,
+	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1013f,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
+	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
+	0x16fe2, 0x16fe3,
+	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d166,
+	0x1d16a, 0x1d17a,
+	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
+	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
+	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f1ff,
+	0x1f201, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+}; /* CR_Common */
+
+/* 'Latin': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
+	32,
+	0x0041, 0x005a,
+	0x0061, 0x007a,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
+	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
+	0x00f8, 0x02b8,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x1d00, 0x1d25,
+	0x1d2c, 0x1d5c,
+	0x1d62, 0x1d65,
+	0x1d6b, 0x1d77,
+	0x1d79, 0x1dbe,
+	0x1e00, 0x1eff,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x212a, 0x212b,
+	0x2132, 0x2132,
+	0x214e, 0x214e,
+	0x2160, 0x2188,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c7f,
+	0xa722, 0xa787,
+	0xa78b, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa7ff,
+	0xab30, 0xab5a,
+	0xab5c, 0xab64,
+	0xab66, 0xab67,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xff21, 0xff3a,
+	0xff41, 0xff5a,
+}; /* CR_Latin */
+
+/* 'Greek': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Greek[] = {
+	36,
+	0x0370, 0x0373,
+	0x0375, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037d,
+	0x037f, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x0384,
+	0x0386, 0x0386,
+	0x0388, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03e1,
+	0x03f0, 0x03ff,
+	0x1d26, 0x1d2a,
+	0x1d5d, 0x1d61,
+	0x1d66, 0x1d6a,
+	0x1dbf, 0x1dbf,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2126, 0x2126,
+	0xab65, 0xab65,
+	0x10140, 0x1018e,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+}; /* CR_Greek */
+
+/* 'Cyrillic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cyrillic[] = {
+	8,
+	0x0400, 0x0484,
+	0x0487, 0x052f,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
+	0x1d2b, 0x1d2b,
+	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0xa640, 0xa69f,
+	0xfe2e, 0xfe2f,
+}; /* CR_Cyrillic */
+
+/* 'Armenian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Armenian[] = {
+	5,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x0588,
+	0x058a, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+}; /* CR_Armenian */
+
+/* 'Hebrew': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hebrew[] = {
+	9,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfb4f,
+}; /* CR_Hebrew */
+
+/* 'Arabic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Arabic[] = {
+	57,
+	0x0600, 0x0604,
+	0x0606, 0x060b,
+	0x060d, 0x061a,
+	0x061c, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x061e,
+	0x0620, 0x063f,
+	0x0641, 0x064a,
+	0x0656, 0x066f,
+	0x0671, 0x06dc,
+	0x06de, 0x06ff,
+	0x0750, 0x077f,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x08ff,
+	0xfb50, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+}; /* CR_Arabic */
+
+/* 'Syriac': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Syriac[] = {
+	4,
+	0x0700, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x074f,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+}; /* CR_Syriac */
+
+/* 'Thaana': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Thaana[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0780, 0x07b1,
+}; /* CR_Thaana */
+
+/* 'Devanagari': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Devanagari[] = {
+	4,
+	0x0900, 0x0950,
+	0x0955, 0x0963,
+	0x0966, 0x097f,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8ff,
+}; /* CR_Devanagari */
+
+/* 'Bengali': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bengali[] = {
+	14,
+	0x0980, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+}; /* CR_Bengali */
+
+/* 'Gurmukhi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Gurmukhi[] = {
+	16,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+}; /* CR_Gurmukhi */
+
+/* 'Gujarati': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Gujarati[] = {
+	14,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+}; /* CR_Gujarati */
+
+/* 'Oriya': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Oriya[] = {
+	14,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+}; /* CR_Oriya */
+
+/* 'Tamil': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tamil[] = {
+	18,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x11fff,
+}; /* CR_Tamil */
+
+/* 'Telugu': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Telugu[] = {
+	12,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c7f,
+}; /* CR_Telugu */
+
+/* 'Kannada': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kannada[] = {
+	13,
+	0x0c80, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+}; /* CR_Kannada */
+
+/* 'Malayalam': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Malayalam[] = {
+	8,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+}; /* CR_Malayalam */
+
+/* 'Sinhala': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sinhala[] = {
+	13,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+}; /* CR_Sinhala */
+
+/* 'Thai': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Thai[] = {
+	2,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e5b,
+}; /* CR_Thai */
+
+/* 'Lao': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lao[] = {
+	11,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+}; /* CR_Lao */
+
+/* 'Tibetan': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tibetan[] = {
+	7,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fd4,
+	0x0fd9, 0x0fda,
+}; /* CR_Tibetan */
+
+/* 'Myanmar': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Myanmar[] = {
+	3,
+	0x1000, 0x109f,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa7f,
+}; /* CR_Myanmar */
+
+/* 'Georgian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Georgian[] = {
+	10,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
+	0x10fc, 0x10ff,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cbf,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+}; /* CR_Georgian */
+
+/* 'Hangul': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hangul[] = {
+	14,
+	0x1100, 0x11ff,
+	0x302e, 0x302f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3200, 0x321e,
+	0x3260, 0x327e,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+}; /* CR_Hangul */
+
+/* 'Ethiopic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ethiopic[] = {
+	32,
+	0x1200, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+}; /* CR_Ethiopic */
+
+/* 'Cherokee': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cherokee[] = {
+	3,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+}; /* CR_Cherokee */
+
+/* 'Canadian_Aboriginal': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Canadian_Aboriginal[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1400, 0x167f,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+}; /* CR_Canadian_Aboriginal */
+
+/* 'Ogham': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ogham[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+}; /* CR_Ogham */
+
+/* 'Runic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Runic[] = {
+	2,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
+	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
+}; /* CR_Runic */
+
+/* 'Khmer': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Khmer[] = {
+	4,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x19e0, 0x19ff,
+}; /* CR_Khmer */
+
+/* 'Mongolian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mongolian[] = {
+	7,
+	0x1800, 0x1801,
+	0x1804, 0x1804,
+	0x1806, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+}; /* CR_Mongolian */
+
+/* 'Hiragana': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hiragana[] = {
+	5,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x309d, 0x309f,
+	0x1b001, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1f200, 0x1f200,
+}; /* CR_Hiragana */
+
+/* 'Katakana': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Katakana[] = {
+	9,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
+	0x30fd, 0x30ff,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x3357,
+	0xff66, 0xff6f,
+	0xff71, 0xff9d,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b000,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+}; /* CR_Katakana */
+
+/* 'Bopomofo': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bopomofo[] = {
+	3,
+	0x02ea, 0x02eb,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
+}; /* CR_Bopomofo */
+
+/* 'Han': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
+	17,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x3005, 0x3005,
+	0x3007, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3038, 0x303b,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_Han */
+
+/* 'Yi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Yi[] = {
+	2,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+}; /* CR_Yi */
+
+/* 'Old_Italic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Italic[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1032f,
+}; /* CR_Old_Italic */
+
+/* 'Gothic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Gothic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+}; /* CR_Gothic */
+
+/* 'Deseret': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Deseret[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10400, 0x1044f,
+}; /* CR_Deseret */
+
+/* 'Inherited': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Inherited[] = {
+	28,
+	0x0300, 0x036f,
+	0x0485, 0x0486,
+	0x064b, 0x0655,
+	0x0670, 0x0670,
+	0x0951, 0x0954,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
+	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
+	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
+	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1dc0, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
+	0x200c, 0x200d,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x302a, 0x302d,
+	0x3099, 0x309a,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2d,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x1133b, 0x1133b,
+	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_Inherited */
+
+/* 'Tagalog': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tagalog[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+}; /* CR_Tagalog */
+
+/* 'Hanunoo': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hanunoo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1720, 0x1734,
+}; /* CR_Hanunoo */
+
+/* 'Buhid': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Buhid[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+}; /* CR_Buhid */
+
+/* 'Tagbanwa': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tagbanwa[] = {
+	3,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+}; /* CR_Tagbanwa */
+
+/* 'Limbu': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Limbu[] = {
+	5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x194f,
+}; /* CR_Limbu */
+
+/* 'Tai_Le': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tai_Le[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1950, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+}; /* CR_Tai_Le */
+
+/* 'Linear_B': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Linear_B[] = {
+	7,
+	0x10000, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+}; /* CR_Linear_B */
+
+/* 'Ugaritic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ugaritic[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
+}; /* CR_Ugaritic */
+
+/* 'Shavian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Shavian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10450, 0x1047f,
+}; /* CR_Shavian */
+
+/* 'Osmanya': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Osmanya[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10480, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+}; /* CR_Osmanya */
+
+/* 'Cypriot': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cypriot[] = {
+	6,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
+}; /* CR_Cypriot */
+
+/* 'Braille': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Braille[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2800, 0x28ff,
+}; /* CR_Braille */
+
+/* 'Buginese': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Buginese[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
+}; /* CR_Buginese */
+
+/* 'Coptic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Coptic[] = {
+	3,
+	0x03e2, 0x03ef,
+	0x2c80, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2cff,
+}; /* CR_Coptic */
+
+/* 'New_Tai_Lue': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_New_Tai_Lue[] = {
+	4,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x19df,
+}; /* CR_New_Tai_Lue */
+
+/* 'Glagolitic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Glagolitic[] = {
+	7,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+}; /* CR_Glagolitic */
+
+/* 'Tifinagh': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tifinagh[] = {
+	3,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
+}; /* CR_Tifinagh */
+
+/* 'Syloti_Nagri': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Syloti_Nagri[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa800, 0xa82b,
+}; /* CR_Syloti_Nagri */
+
+/* 'Old_Persian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Persian[] = {
+	2,
+	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+}; /* CR_Old_Persian */
+
+/* 'Kharoshthi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kharoshthi[] = {
+	8,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+}; /* CR_Kharoshthi */
+
+/* 'Balinese': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Balinese[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+}; /* CR_Balinese */
+
+/* 'Cuneiform': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cuneiform[] = {
+	4,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+}; /* CR_Cuneiform */
+
+/* 'Phoenician': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Phoenician[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10900, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
+}; /* CR_Phoenician */
+
+/* 'Phags_Pa': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Phags_Pa[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+}; /* CR_Phags_Pa */
+
+/* 'Nko': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nko[] = {
+	2,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x07ff,
+}; /* CR_Nko */
+
+/* 'Sundanese': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sundanese[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bbf,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+}; /* CR_Sundanese */
+
+/* 'Lepcha': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lepcha[] = {
+	3,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
+}; /* CR_Lepcha */
+
+/* 'Ol_Chiki': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ol_Chiki[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1c50, 0x1c7f,
+}; /* CR_Ol_Chiki */
+
+/* 'Vai': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Vai[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa500, 0xa62b,
+}; /* CR_Vai */
+
+/* 'Saurashtra': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Saurashtra[] = {
+	2,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+}; /* CR_Saurashtra */
+
+/* 'Kayah_Li': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kayah_Li[] = {
+	2,
+	0xa900, 0xa92d,
+	0xa92f, 0xa92f,
+}; /* CR_Kayah_Li */
+
+/* 'Rejang': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Rejang[] = {
+	2,
+	0xa930, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
+}; /* CR_Rejang */
+
+/* 'Lycian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lycian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+}; /* CR_Lycian */
+
+/* 'Carian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Carian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+}; /* CR_Carian */
+
+/* 'Lydian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lydian[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10920, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+}; /* CR_Lydian */
+
+/* 'Cham': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cham[] = {
+	4,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
+}; /* CR_Cham */
+
+/* 'Tai_Tham': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tai_Tham[] = {
+	5,
+	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+}; /* CR_Tai_Tham */
+
+/* 'Tai_Viet': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tai_Viet[] = {
+	2,
+	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadf,
+}; /* CR_Tai_Viet */
+
+/* 'Avestan': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Avestan[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
+}; /* CR_Avestan */
+
+/* 'Egyptian_Hieroglyphs': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
+	2,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+}; /* CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs */
+
+/* 'Samaritan': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Samaritan[] = {
+	2,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+}; /* CR_Samaritan */
+
+/* 'Lisu': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lisu[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa4ff,
+}; /* CR_Lisu */
+
+/* 'Bamum': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bamum[] = {
+	2,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6f7,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+}; /* CR_Bamum */
+
+/* 'Javanese': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Javanese[] = {
+	3,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9d0, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+}; /* CR_Javanese */
+
+/* 'Meetei_Mayek': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Meetei_Mayek[] = {
+	3,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaf6,
+	0xabc0, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+}; /* CR_Meetei_Mayek */
+
+/* 'Imperial_Aramaic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Imperial_Aramaic[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10840, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1085f,
+}; /* CR_Imperial_Aramaic */
+
+/* 'Old_South_Arabian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_South_Arabian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
+}; /* CR_Old_South_Arabian */
+
+/* 'Inscriptional_Parthian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Inscriptional_Parthian[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b5f,
+}; /* CR_Inscriptional_Parthian */
+
+/* 'Inscriptional_Pahlavi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Inscriptional_Pahlavi[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+}; /* CR_Inscriptional_Pahlavi */
+
+/* 'Old_Turkic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Turkic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+}; /* CR_Old_Turkic */
+
+/* 'Kaithi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kaithi[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11080, 0x110c1,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+}; /* CR_Kaithi */
+
+/* 'Batak': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Batak[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1bc0, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1bff,
+}; /* CR_Batak */
+
+/* 'Brahmi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Brahmi[] = {
+	3,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x1107f,
+}; /* CR_Brahmi */
+
+/* 'Mandaic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mandaic[] = {
+	2,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+}; /* CR_Mandaic */
+
+/* 'Chakma': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Chakma[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+}; /* CR_Chakma */
+
+/* 'Meroitic_Cursive': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Meroitic_Cursive[] = {
+	3,
+	0x109a0, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x109ff,
+}; /* CR_Meroitic_Cursive */
+
+/* 'Meroitic_Hieroglyphs': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10980, 0x1099f,
+}; /* CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs */
+
+/* 'Miao': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Miao[] = {
+	3,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+}; /* CR_Miao */
+
+/* 'Sharada': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sharada[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+}; /* CR_Sharada */
+
+/* 'Sora_Sompeng': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sora_Sompeng[] = {
+	2,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+}; /* CR_Sora_Sompeng */
+
+/* 'Takri': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Takri[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+}; /* CR_Takri */
+
+/* 'Caucasian_Albanian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Caucasian_Albanian[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+}; /* CR_Caucasian_Albanian */
+
+/* 'Bassa_Vah': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bassa_Vah[] = {
+	2,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+}; /* CR_Bassa_Vah */
+
+/* 'Duployan': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Duployan[] = {
+	5,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9f,
+}; /* CR_Duployan */
+
+/* 'Elbasan': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Elbasan[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+}; /* CR_Elbasan */
+
+/* 'Grantha': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grantha[] = {
+	15,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133c, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+}; /* CR_Grantha */
+
+/* 'Pahawh_Hmong': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pahawh_Hmong[] = {
+	5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+}; /* CR_Pahawh_Hmong */
+
+/* 'Khojki': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Khojki[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+}; /* CR_Khojki */
+
+/* 'Linear_A': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Linear_A[] = {
+	3,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+}; /* CR_Linear_A */
+
+/* 'Mahajani': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mahajani[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+}; /* CR_Mahajani */
+
+/* 'Manichaean': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Manichaean[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+}; /* CR_Manichaean */
+
+/* 'Mende_Kikakui': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mende_Kikakui[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+}; /* CR_Mende_Kikakui */
+
+/* 'Modi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Modi[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+}; /* CR_Modi */
+
+/* 'Mro': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mro[] = {
+	3,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+}; /* CR_Mro */
+
+/* 'Old_North_Arabian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_North_Arabian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10a80, 0x10a9f,
+}; /* CR_Old_North_Arabian */
+
+/* 'Nabataean': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nabataean[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10880, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+}; /* CR_Nabataean */
+
+/* 'Palmyrene': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Palmyrene[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10860, 0x1087f,
+}; /* CR_Palmyrene */
+
+/* 'Pau_Cin_Hau': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pau_Cin_Hau[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+}; /* CR_Pau_Cin_Hau */
+
+/* 'Old_Permic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Permic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+}; /* CR_Old_Permic */
+
+/* 'Psalter_Pahlavi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Psalter_Pahlavi[] = {
+	3,
+	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+}; /* CR_Psalter_Pahlavi */
+
+/* 'Siddham': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Siddham[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+}; /* CR_Siddham */
+
+/* 'Khudawadi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Khudawadi[] = {
+	2,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+}; /* CR_Khudawadi */
+
+/* 'Tirhuta': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tirhuta[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+}; /* CR_Tirhuta */
+
+/* 'Warang_Citi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Warang_Citi[] = {
+	2,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+}; /* CR_Warang_Citi */
+
+/* 'Ahom': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ahom[] = {
+	3,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+}; /* CR_Ahom */
+
+/* 'Anatolian_Hieroglyphs': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
+	1,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+}; /* CR_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs */
+
+/* 'Hatran': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hatran[] = {
+	3,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x108ff,
+}; /* CR_Hatran */
+
+/* 'Multani': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Multani[] = {
+	5,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+}; /* CR_Multani */
+
+/* 'Old_Hungarian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Hungarian[] = {
+	3,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
+}; /* CR_Old_Hungarian */
+
+/* 'SignWriting': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_SignWriting[] = {
+	3,
+	0x1d800, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+}; /* CR_SignWriting */
+
+/* 'Adlam': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Adlam[] = {
+	3,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+}; /* CR_Adlam */
+
+/* 'Bhaiksuki': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bhaiksuki[] = {
+	4,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+}; /* CR_Bhaiksuki */
+
+/* 'Marchen': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Marchen[] = {
+	3,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+}; /* CR_Marchen */
+
+/* 'Newa': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Newa[] = {
+	3,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145f,
+}; /* CR_Newa */
+
+/* 'Osage': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Osage[] = {
+	2,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+}; /* CR_Osage */
+
+/* 'Tangut': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tangut[] = {
+	3,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+}; /* CR_Tangut */
+
+/* 'Masaram_Gondi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Masaram_Gondi[] = {
+	7,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+}; /* CR_Masaram_Gondi */
+
+/* 'Nushu': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nushu[] = {
+	2,
+	0x16fe1, 0x16fe1,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+}; /* CR_Nushu */
+
+/* 'Soyombo': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Soyombo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+}; /* CR_Soyombo */
+
+/* 'Zanabazar_Square': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zanabazar_Square[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+}; /* CR_Zanabazar_Square */
+
+/* 'Dogra': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Dogra[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+}; /* CR_Dogra */
+
+/* 'Gunjala_Gondi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Gunjala_Gondi[] = {
+	6,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+}; /* CR_Gunjala_Gondi */
+
+/* 'Makasar': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Makasar[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+}; /* CR_Makasar */
+
+/* 'Medefaidrin': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Medefaidrin[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+}; /* CR_Medefaidrin */
+
+/* 'Hanifi_Rohingya': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hanifi_Rohingya[] = {
+	2,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+}; /* CR_Hanifi_Rohingya */
+
+/* 'Sogdian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sogdian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+}; /* CR_Sogdian */
+
+/* 'Old_Sogdian': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Sogdian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+}; /* CR_Old_Sogdian */
+
+/* 'Elymaic': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Elymaic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+}; /* CR_Elymaic */
+
+/* 'Nandinagari': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nandinagari[] = {
+	3,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+}; /* CR_Nandinagari */
+
+/* 'Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong[] = {
+	4,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+}; /* CR_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong */
+
+/* 'Wancho': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Wancho[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+}; /* CR_Wancho */
+
+/* 'White_Space': Binary Property */
+#define CR_White_Space CR_Space
+
+/* 'Bidi_Control': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bidi_Control[] = {
+	4,
+	0x061c, 0x061c,
+	0x200e, 0x200f,
+	0x202a, 0x202e,
+	0x2066, 0x2069,
+}; /* CR_Bidi_Control */
+
+/* 'Join_Control': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Join_Control[] = {
+	1,
+	0x200c, 0x200d,
+}; /* CR_Join_Control */
+
+/* 'Dash': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Dash[] = {
+	21,
+	0x002d, 0x002d,
+	0x058a, 0x058a,
+	0x05be, 0x05be,
+	0x1400, 0x1400,
+	0x1806, 0x1806,
+	0x2010, 0x2015,
+	0x2053, 0x2053,
+	0x207b, 0x207b,
+	0x208b, 0x208b,
+	0x2212, 0x2212,
+	0x2e17, 0x2e17,
+	0x2e1a, 0x2e1a,
+	0x2e3a, 0x2e3b,
+	0x2e40, 0x2e40,
+	0x301c, 0x301c,
+	0x3030, 0x3030,
+	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
+	0xfe31, 0xfe32,
+	0xfe58, 0xfe58,
+	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
+	0xff0d, 0xff0d,
+}; /* CR_Dash */
+
+/* 'Hyphen': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hyphen[] = {
+	10,
+	0x002d, 0x002d,
+	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
+	0x058a, 0x058a,
+	0x1806, 0x1806,
+	0x2010, 0x2011,
+	0x2e17, 0x2e17,
+	0x30fb, 0x30fb,
+	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
+	0xff0d, 0xff0d,
+	0xff65, 0xff65,
+}; /* CR_Hyphen */
+
+/* 'Quotation_Mark': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Quotation_Mark[] = {
+	13,
+	0x0022, 0x0022,
+	0x0027, 0x0027,
+	0x00ab, 0x00ab,
+	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
+	0x2018, 0x201f,
+	0x2039, 0x203a,
+	0x2e42, 0x2e42,
+	0x300c, 0x300f,
+	0x301d, 0x301f,
+	0xfe41, 0xfe44,
+	0xff02, 0xff02,
+	0xff07, 0xff07,
+	0xff62, 0xff63,
+}; /* CR_Quotation_Mark */
+
+/* 'Terminal_Punctuation': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Terminal_Punctuation[] = {
+	102,
+	0x0021, 0x0021,
+	0x002c, 0x002c,
+	0x002e, 0x002e,
+	0x003a, 0x003b,
+	0x003f, 0x003f,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0387, 0x0387,
+	0x0589, 0x0589,
+	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
+	0x0700, 0x070a,
+	0x070c, 0x070c,
+	0x07f8, 0x07f9,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0964, 0x0965,
+	0x0e5a, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0f08, 0x0f08,
+	0x0f0d, 0x0f12,
+	0x104a, 0x104b,
+	0x1361, 0x1368,
+	0x166e, 0x166e,
+	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
+	0x1735, 0x1736,
+	0x17d4, 0x17d6,
+	0x17da, 0x17da,
+	0x1802, 0x1805,
+	0x1808, 0x1809,
+	0x1944, 0x1945,
+	0x1aa8, 0x1aab,
+	0x1b5a, 0x1b5b,
+	0x1b5d, 0x1b5f,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c3f,
+	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
+	0x203c, 0x203d,
+	0x2047, 0x2049,
+	0x2e2e, 0x2e2e,
+	0x2e3c, 0x2e3c,
+	0x2e41, 0x2e41,
+	0x2e4c, 0x2e4c,
+	0x2e4e, 0x2e4f,
+	0x3001, 0x3002,
+	0xa4fe, 0xa4ff,
+	0xa60d, 0xa60f,
+	0xa6f3, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa876, 0xa877,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
+	0xa92f, 0xa92f,
+	0xa9c7, 0xa9c9,
+	0xaa5d, 0xaa5f,
+	0xaadf, 0xaadf,
+	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
+	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
+	0xfe50, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe57,
+	0xff01, 0xff01,
+	0xff0c, 0xff0c,
+	0xff0e, 0xff0e,
+	0xff1a, 0xff1b,
+	0xff1f, 0xff1f,
+	0xff61, 0xff61,
+	0xff64, 0xff64,
+	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
+	0x103d0, 0x103d0,
+	0x10857, 0x10857,
+	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
+	0x10a56, 0x10a57,
+	0x10af0, 0x10af5,
+	0x10b3a, 0x10b3f,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
+	0x11047, 0x1104d,
+	0x110be, 0x110c1,
+	0x11141, 0x11143,
+	0x111c5, 0x111c6,
+	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
+	0x111de, 0x111df,
+	0x11238, 0x1123c,
+	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
+	0x1144b, 0x1144d,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x115c2, 0x115c5,
+	0x115c9, 0x115d7,
+	0x11641, 0x11642,
+	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
+	0x11a42, 0x11a43,
+	0x11a9b, 0x11a9c,
+	0x11aa1, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11c41, 0x11c43,
+	0x11c71, 0x11c71,
+	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b37, 0x16b39,
+	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
+	0x16e97, 0x16e98,
+	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
+	0x1da87, 0x1da8a,
+}; /* CR_Terminal_Punctuation */
+
+/* 'Other_Math': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Math[] = {
+	134,
+	0x005e, 0x005e,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d2,
+	0x03d5, 0x03d5,
+	0x03f0, 0x03f1,
+	0x03f4, 0x03f5,
+	0x2016, 0x2016,
+	0x2032, 0x2034,
+	0x2040, 0x2040,
+	0x2061, 0x2064,
+	0x207d, 0x207e,
+	0x208d, 0x208e,
+	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
+	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
+	0x20e5, 0x20e6,
+	0x20eb, 0x20ef,
+	0x2102, 0x2102,
+	0x2107, 0x2107,
+	0x210a, 0x2113,
+	0x2115, 0x2115,
+	0x2119, 0x211d,
+	0x2124, 0x2124,
+	0x2128, 0x2129,
+	0x212c, 0x212d,
+	0x212f, 0x2131,
+	0x2133, 0x2138,
+	0x213c, 0x213f,
+	0x2145, 0x2149,
+	0x2195, 0x2199,
+	0x219c, 0x219f,
+	0x21a1, 0x21a2,
+	0x21a4, 0x21a5,
+	0x21a7, 0x21a7,
+	0x21a9, 0x21ad,
+	0x21b0, 0x21b1,
+	0x21b6, 0x21b7,
+	0x21bc, 0x21cd,
+	0x21d0, 0x21d1,
+	0x21d3, 0x21d3,
+	0x21d5, 0x21db,
+	0x21dd, 0x21dd,
+	0x21e4, 0x21e5,
+	0x2308, 0x230b,
+	0x23b4, 0x23b5,
+	0x23b7, 0x23b7,
+	0x23d0, 0x23d0,
+	0x23e2, 0x23e2,
+	0x25a0, 0x25a1,
+	0x25ae, 0x25b6,
+	0x25bc, 0x25c0,
+	0x25c6, 0x25c7,
+	0x25ca, 0x25cb,
+	0x25cf, 0x25d3,
+	0x25e2, 0x25e2,
+	0x25e4, 0x25e4,
+	0x25e7, 0x25ec,
+	0x2605, 0x2606,
+	0x2640, 0x2640,
+	0x2642, 0x2642,
+	0x2660, 0x2663,
+	0x266d, 0x266e,
+	0x27c5, 0x27c6,
+	0x27e6, 0x27ef,
+	0x2983, 0x2998,
+	0x29d8, 0x29db,
+	0x29fc, 0x29fd,
+	0xfe61, 0xfe61,
+	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
+	0xff3c, 0xff3c,
+	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
+	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
+	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
+	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
+	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
+	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
+	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
+	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
+	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
+	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
+	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+}; /* CR_Other_Math */
+
+/* 'Hex_Digit': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hex_Digit[] = {
+	6,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x0041, 0x0046,
+	0x0061, 0x0066,
+	0xff10, 0xff19,
+	0xff21, 0xff26,
+	0xff41, 0xff46,
+}; /* CR_Hex_Digit */
+
+/* 'ASCII_Hex_Digit': Binary Property */
+#define CR_ASCII_Hex_Digit CR_XDigit
+
+/* 'Other_Alphabetic': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
+	221,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x064b, 0x0657,
+	0x0659, 0x065f,
+	0x0670, 0x0670,
+	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
+	0x06e1, 0x06e4,
+	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ed, 0x06ed,
+	0x0711, 0x0711,
+	0x0730, 0x073f,
+	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
+	0x0816, 0x0817,
+	0x081b, 0x0823,
+	0x0825, 0x0827,
+	0x0829, 0x082c,
+	0x08d4, 0x08df,
+	0x08e3, 0x08e9,
+	0x08f0, 0x0903,
+	0x093a, 0x093b,
+	0x093e, 0x094c,
+	0x094e, 0x094f,
+	0x0955, 0x0957,
+	0x0962, 0x0963,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4c,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
+	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0abe, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
+	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0afa, 0x0afc,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b3e, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
+	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e4d, 0x0e4d,
+	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
+	0x0eb4, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebc,
+	0x0ecd, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
+	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x102b, 0x1036,
+	0x1038, 0x1038,
+	0x103b, 0x103e,
+	0x1056, 0x1059,
+	0x105e, 0x1060,
+	0x1062, 0x1064,
+	0x1067, 0x106d,
+	0x1071, 0x1074,
+	0x1082, 0x108d,
+	0x108f, 0x108f,
+	0x109a, 0x109d,
+	0x1712, 0x1713,
+	0x1732, 0x1733,
+	0x1752, 0x1753,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x17b6, 0x17c8,
+	0x1885, 0x1886,
+	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x1938,
+	0x1a17, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a55, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a61, 0x1a74,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b04,
+	0x1b35, 0x1b43,
+	0x1b80, 0x1b82,
+	0x1ba1, 0x1ba9,
+	0x1bac, 0x1bad,
+	0x1be7, 0x1bf1,
+	0x1c24, 0x1c36,
+	0x1de7, 0x1df4,
+	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0xa674, 0xa67b,
+	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
+	0xa802, 0xa802,
+	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
+	0xa823, 0xa827,
+	0xa880, 0xa881,
+	0xa8b4, 0xa8c3,
+	0xa8c5, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ff, 0xa8ff,
+	0xa926, 0xa92a,
+	0xa947, 0xa952,
+	0xa980, 0xa983,
+	0xa9b4, 0xa9bf,
+	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
+	0xaa29, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
+	0xaa4c, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa7b, 0xaa7d,
+	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
+	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
+	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
+	0xaabe, 0xaabe,
+	0xaaeb, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf5, 0xaaf5,
+	0xabe3, 0xabea,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
+	0x10376, 0x1037a,
+	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
+	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
+	0x11000, 0x11002,
+	0x11038, 0x11045,
+	0x11082, 0x11082,
+	0x110b0, 0x110b8,
+	0x11100, 0x11102,
+	0x11127, 0x11132,
+	0x11145, 0x11146,
+	0x11180, 0x11182,
+	0x111b3, 0x111bf,
+	0x1122c, 0x11234,
+	0x11237, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x112df, 0x112e8,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x1133e, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134c,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x11362, 0x11363,
+	0x11435, 0x11441,
+	0x11443, 0x11445,
+	0x114b0, 0x114c1,
+	0x115af, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115be,
+	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
+	0x11630, 0x1163e,
+	0x11640, 0x11640,
+	0x116ab, 0x116b5,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172a,
+	0x1182c, 0x11838,
+	0x119d1, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119df,
+	0x119e4, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a01, 0x11a0a,
+	0x11a35, 0x11a39,
+	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a51, 0x11a5b,
+	0x11a8a, 0x11a97,
+	0x11c2f, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3e,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d31, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d41,
+	0x11d43, 0x11d43,
+	0x11d47, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d8a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d96,
+	0x11ef3, 0x11ef6,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
+	0x16f51, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
+	0x1bc9e, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
+	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
+}; /* CR_Other_Alphabetic */
+
+/* 'Ideographic': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ideographic[] = {
+	16,
+	0x3006, 0x3007,
+	0x3021, 0x3029,
+	0x3038, 0x303a,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+}; /* CR_Ideographic */
+
+/* 'Diacritic': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
+	171,
+	0x005e, 0x005e,
+	0x0060, 0x0060,
+	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
+	0x00af, 0x00af,
+	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
+	0x00b7, 0x00b8,
+	0x02b0, 0x034e,
+	0x0350, 0x0357,
+	0x035d, 0x0362,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x0384, 0x0385,
+	0x0483, 0x0487,
+	0x0559, 0x0559,
+	0x0591, 0x05a1,
+	0x05a3, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c4,
+	0x064b, 0x0652,
+	0x0657, 0x0658,
+	0x06df, 0x06e0,
+	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
+	0x06ea, 0x06ec,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
+	0x07eb, 0x07f5,
+	0x0818, 0x0819,
+	0x08e3, 0x08fe,
+	0x093c, 0x093c,
+	0x094d, 0x094d,
+	0x0951, 0x0954,
+	0x0971, 0x0971,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a4d, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
+	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
+	0x0afd, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
+	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0c4d, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
+	0x0ccd, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
+	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0e47, 0x0e4c,
+	0x0e4e, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0eba, 0x0eba,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecc,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
+	0x0f82, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x1037, 0x1037,
+	0x1039, 0x103a,
+	0x1063, 0x1064,
+	0x1069, 0x106d,
+	0x1087, 0x108d,
+	0x108f, 0x108f,
+	0x109a, 0x109b,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
+	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
+	0x1939, 0x193b,
+	0x1a75, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
+	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
+	0x1b44, 0x1b44,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1baa, 0x1bab,
+	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c78, 0x1c7d,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1ce8,
+	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
+	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
+	0x1cf7, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
+	0x1dc4, 0x1dcf,
+	0x1df5, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfd, 0x1dff,
+	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
+	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
+	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
+	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
+	0x302a, 0x302f,
+	0x3099, 0x309c,
+	0x30fc, 0x30fc,
+	0xa66f, 0xa66f,
+	0xa67c, 0xa67d,
+	0xa67f, 0xa67f,
+	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
+	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa700, 0xa721,
+	0xa788, 0xa78a,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
+	0xa8c4, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
+	0xa92b, 0xa92e,
+	0xa953, 0xa953,
+	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
+	0xa9c0, 0xa9c0,
+	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
+	0xaa7b, 0xaa7d,
+	0xaabf, 0xaac2,
+	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab5b, 0xab5f,
+	0xabec, 0xabed,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
+	0xff40, 0xff40,
+	0xff70, 0xff70,
+	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
+	0xffe3, 0xffe3,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10d22, 0x10d27,
+	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
+	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
+	0x11133, 0x11134,
+	0x11173, 0x11173,
+	0x111c0, 0x111c0,
+	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
+	0x11235, 0x11236,
+	0x112e9, 0x112ea,
+	0x1133c, 0x1133c,
+	0x1134d, 0x1134d,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11442, 0x11442,
+	0x11446, 0x11446,
+	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
+	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
+	0x1163f, 0x1163f,
+	0x116b6, 0x116b7,
+	0x1172b, 0x1172b,
+	0x11839, 0x1183a,
+	0x119e0, 0x119e0,
+	0x11a34, 0x11a34,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a99, 0x11a99,
+	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
+	0x11d42, 0x11d42,
+	0x11d44, 0x11d45,
+	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
+	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e944, 0x1e946,
+	0x1e948, 0x1e94a,
+}; /* CR_Diacritic */
+
+/* 'Extender': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extender[] = {
+	31,
+	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
+	0x02d0, 0x02d1,
+	0x0640, 0x0640,
+	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
+	0x0e46, 0x0e46,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x180a, 0x180a,
+	0x1843, 0x1843,
+	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
+	0x1c36, 0x1c36,
+	0x1c7b, 0x1c7b,
+	0x3005, 0x3005,
+	0x3031, 0x3035,
+	0x309d, 0x309e,
+	0x30fc, 0x30fe,
+	0xa015, 0xa015,
+	0xa60c, 0xa60c,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
+	0xa9e6, 0xa9e6,
+	0xaa70, 0xaa70,
+	0xaadd, 0xaadd,
+	0xaaf3, 0xaaf4,
+	0xff70, 0xff70,
+	0x1135d, 0x1135d,
+	0x115c6, 0x115c8,
+	0x11a98, 0x11a98,
+	0x16b42, 0x16b43,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x16fe3, 0x16fe3,
+	0x1e13c, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e944, 0x1e946,
+}; /* CR_Extender */
+
+/* 'Other_Lowercase': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Lowercase[] = {
+	20,
+	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
+	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
+	0x02b0, 0x02b8,
+	0x02c0, 0x02c1,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
+	0x0345, 0x0345,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
+	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
+	0x1d9b, 0x1dbf,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x207f, 0x207f,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x2170, 0x217f,
+	0x24d0, 0x24e9,
+	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
+	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
+	0xa770, 0xa770,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
+	0xab5c, 0xab5f,
+}; /* CR_Other_Lowercase */
+
+/* 'Other_Uppercase': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Uppercase[] = {
+	5,
+	0x2160, 0x216f,
+	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
+	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
+}; /* CR_Other_Uppercase */
+
+/* 'Noncharacter_Code_Point': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Noncharacter_Code_Point[] = {
+	18,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdef,
+	0xfffe, 0xffff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xefffe, 0xeffff,
+	0xffffe, 0xfffff,
+	0x10fffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Noncharacter_Code_Point */
+
+/* 'Other_Grapheme_Extend': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
+	24,
+	0x09be, 0x09be,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x0b3e, 0x0b3e,
+	0x0b57, 0x0b57,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bbe,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0cc2, 0x0cc2,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d3e,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dcf,
+	0x0ddf, 0x0ddf,
+	0x1b35, 0x1b35,
+	0x200c, 0x200c,
+	0x302e, 0x302f,
+	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
+	0x1133e, 0x1133e,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x114b0, 0x114b0,
+	0x114bd, 0x114bd,
+	0x115af, 0x115af,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d165,
+	0x1d16e, 0x1d172,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+}; /* CR_Other_Grapheme_Extend */
+
+/* 'IDS_Binary_Operator': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_IDS_Binary_Operator[] = {
+	2,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ff1,
+	0x2ff4, 0x2ffb,
+}; /* CR_IDS_Binary_Operator */
+
+/* 'IDS_Trinary_Operator': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_IDS_Trinary_Operator[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2ff2, 0x2ff3,
+}; /* CR_IDS_Trinary_Operator */
+
+/* 'Radical': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Radical[] = {
+	3,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+}; /* CR_Radical */
+
+/* 'Unified_Ideograph': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unified_Ideograph[] = {
+	14,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fef,
+	0xfa0e, 0xfa0f,
+	0xfa11, 0xfa11,
+	0xfa13, 0xfa14,
+	0xfa1f, 0xfa1f,
+	0xfa21, 0xfa21,
+	0xfa23, 0xfa24,
+	0xfa27, 0xfa29,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+}; /* CR_Unified_Ideograph */
+
+/* 'Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point[] = {
+	11,
+	0x034f, 0x034f,
+	0x115f, 0x1160,
+	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
+	0x2065, 0x2065,
+	0x3164, 0x3164,
+	0xffa0, 0xffa0,
+	0xfff0, 0xfff8,
+	0xe0000, 0xe0000,
+	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
+	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
+	0xe01f0, 0xe0fff,
+}; /* CR_Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point */
+
+/* 'Deprecated': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Deprecated[] = {
+	8,
+	0x0149, 0x0149,
+	0x0673, 0x0673,
+	0x0f77, 0x0f77,
+	0x0f79, 0x0f79,
+	0x17a3, 0x17a4,
+	0x206a, 0x206f,
+	0x2329, 0x232a,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+}; /* CR_Deprecated */
+
+/* 'Soft_Dotted': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Soft_Dotted[] = {
+	31,
+	0x0069, 0x006a,
+	0x012f, 0x012f,
+	0x0249, 0x0249,
+	0x0268, 0x0268,
+	0x029d, 0x029d,
+	0x02b2, 0x02b2,
+	0x03f3, 0x03f3,
+	0x0456, 0x0456,
+	0x0458, 0x0458,
+	0x1d62, 0x1d62,
+	0x1d96, 0x1d96,
+	0x1da4, 0x1da4,
+	0x1da8, 0x1da8,
+	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
+	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
+	0x2071, 0x2071,
+	0x2148, 0x2149,
+	0x2c7c, 0x2c7c,
+	0x1d422, 0x1d423,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d457,
+	0x1d48a, 0x1d48b,
+	0x1d4be, 0x1d4bf,
+	0x1d4f2, 0x1d4f3,
+	0x1d526, 0x1d527,
+	0x1d55a, 0x1d55b,
+	0x1d58e, 0x1d58f,
+	0x1d5c2, 0x1d5c3,
+	0x1d5f6, 0x1d5f7,
+	0x1d62a, 0x1d62b,
+	0x1d65e, 0x1d65f,
+	0x1d692, 0x1d693,
+}; /* CR_Soft_Dotted */
+
+/* 'Logical_Order_Exception': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Logical_Order_Exception[] = {
+	7,
+	0x0e40, 0x0e44,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x19b5, 0x19b7,
+	0x19ba, 0x19ba,
+	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
+	0xaab9, 0xaab9,
+	0xaabb, 0xaabc,
+}; /* CR_Logical_Order_Exception */
+
+/* 'Other_ID_Start': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_ID_Start[] = {
+	4,
+	0x1885, 0x1886,
+	0x2118, 0x2118,
+	0x212e, 0x212e,
+	0x309b, 0x309c,
+}; /* CR_Other_ID_Start */
+
+/* 'Other_ID_Continue': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_ID_Continue[] = {
+	4,
+	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
+	0x0387, 0x0387,
+	0x1369, 0x1371,
+	0x19da, 0x19da,
+}; /* CR_Other_ID_Continue */
+
+/* 'Sentence_Terminal': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sentence_Terminal[] = {
+	74,
+	0x0021, 0x0021,
+	0x002e, 0x002e,
+	0x003f, 0x003f,
+	0x0589, 0x0589,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
+	0x0700, 0x0702,
+	0x07f9, 0x07f9,
+	0x0837, 0x0837,
+	0x0839, 0x0839,
+	0x083d, 0x083e,
+	0x0964, 0x0965,
+	0x104a, 0x104b,
+	0x1362, 0x1362,
+	0x1367, 0x1368,
+	0x166e, 0x166e,
+	0x1735, 0x1736,
+	0x1803, 0x1803,
+	0x1809, 0x1809,
+	0x1944, 0x1945,
+	0x1aa8, 0x1aab,
+	0x1b5a, 0x1b5b,
+	0x1b5e, 0x1b5f,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c3c,
+	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
+	0x203c, 0x203d,
+	0x2047, 0x2049,
+	0x2e2e, 0x2e2e,
+	0x2e3c, 0x2e3c,
+	0x3002, 0x3002,
+	0xa4ff, 0xa4ff,
+	0xa60e, 0xa60f,
+	0xa6f3, 0xa6f3,
+	0xa6f7, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa876, 0xa877,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
+	0xa92f, 0xa92f,
+	0xa9c8, 0xa9c9,
+	0xaa5d, 0xaa5f,
+	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
+	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
+	0xfe52, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe56, 0xfe57,
+	0xff01, 0xff01,
+	0xff0e, 0xff0e,
+	0xff1f, 0xff1f,
+	0xff61, 0xff61,
+	0x10a56, 0x10a57,
+	0x10f55, 0x10f59,
+	0x11047, 0x11048,
+	0x110be, 0x110c1,
+	0x11141, 0x11143,
+	0x111c5, 0x111c6,
+	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
+	0x111de, 0x111df,
+	0x11238, 0x11239,
+	0x1123b, 0x1123c,
+	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
+	0x1144b, 0x1144c,
+	0x115c2, 0x115c3,
+	0x115c9, 0x115d7,
+	0x11641, 0x11642,
+	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
+	0x11a42, 0x11a43,
+	0x11a9b, 0x11a9c,
+	0x11c41, 0x11c42,
+	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b37, 0x16b38,
+	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
+	0x16e98, 0x16e98,
+	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
+	0x1da88, 0x1da88,
+}; /* CR_Sentence_Terminal */
+
+/* 'Variation_Selector': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Variation_Selector[] = {
+	3,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_Variation_Selector */
+
+/* 'Pattern_White_Space': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pattern_White_Space[] = {
+	5,
+	0x0009, 0x000d,
+	0x0020, 0x0020,
+	0x0085, 0x0085,
+	0x200e, 0x200f,
+	0x2028, 0x2029,
+}; /* CR_Pattern_White_Space */
+
+/* 'Pattern_Syntax': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pattern_Syntax[] = {
+	28,
+	0x0021, 0x002f,
+	0x003a, 0x0040,
+	0x005b, 0x005e,
+	0x0060, 0x0060,
+	0x007b, 0x007e,
+	0x00a1, 0x00a7,
+	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
+	0x00ab, 0x00ac,
+	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
+	0x00b0, 0x00b1,
+	0x00b6, 0x00b6,
+	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
+	0x00bf, 0x00bf,
+	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
+	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
+	0x2010, 0x2027,
+	0x2030, 0x203e,
+	0x2041, 0x2053,
+	0x2055, 0x205e,
+	0x2190, 0x245f,
+	0x2500, 0x2775,
+	0x2794, 0x2bff,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e7f,
+	0x3001, 0x3003,
+	0x3008, 0x3020,
+	0x3030, 0x3030,
+	0xfd3e, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfe45, 0xfe46,
+}; /* CR_Pattern_Syntax */
+
+/* 'Prepended_Concatenation_Mark': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Prepended_Concatenation_Mark[] = {
+	6,
+	0x0600, 0x0605,
+	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
+	0x070f, 0x070f,
+	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
+	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+}; /* CR_Prepended_Concatenation_Mark */
+
+/* 'Regional_Indicator': Binary Property */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Regional_Indicator[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f1ff,
+}; /* CR_Regional_Indicator */
+
+/* 'Emoji': Emoji */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji[] = {
+	151,
+	0x0023, 0x0023,
+	0x002a, 0x002a,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
+	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
+	0x203c, 0x203c,
+	0x2049, 0x2049,
+	0x2122, 0x2122,
+	0x2139, 0x2139,
+	0x2194, 0x2199,
+	0x21a9, 0x21aa,
+	0x231a, 0x231b,
+	0x2328, 0x2328,
+	0x23cf, 0x23cf,
+	0x23e9, 0x23f3,
+	0x23f8, 0x23fa,
+	0x24c2, 0x24c2,
+	0x25aa, 0x25ab,
+	0x25b6, 0x25b6,
+	0x25c0, 0x25c0,
+	0x25fb, 0x25fe,
+	0x2600, 0x2604,
+	0x260e, 0x260e,
+	0x2611, 0x2611,
+	0x2614, 0x2615,
+	0x2618, 0x2618,
+	0x261d, 0x261d,
+	0x2620, 0x2620,
+	0x2622, 0x2623,
+	0x2626, 0x2626,
+	0x262a, 0x262a,
+	0x262e, 0x262f,
+	0x2638, 0x263a,
+	0x2640, 0x2640,
+	0x2642, 0x2642,
+	0x2648, 0x2653,
+	0x265f, 0x2660,
+	0x2663, 0x2663,
+	0x2665, 0x2666,
+	0x2668, 0x2668,
+	0x267b, 0x267b,
+	0x267e, 0x267f,
+	0x2692, 0x2697,
+	0x2699, 0x2699,
+	0x269b, 0x269c,
+	0x26a0, 0x26a1,
+	0x26aa, 0x26ab,
+	0x26b0, 0x26b1,
+	0x26bd, 0x26be,
+	0x26c4, 0x26c5,
+	0x26c8, 0x26c8,
+	0x26ce, 0x26cf,
+	0x26d1, 0x26d1,
+	0x26d3, 0x26d4,
+	0x26e9, 0x26ea,
+	0x26f0, 0x26f5,
+	0x26f7, 0x26fa,
+	0x26fd, 0x26fd,
+	0x2702, 0x2702,
+	0x2705, 0x2705,
+	0x2708, 0x270d,
+	0x270f, 0x270f,
+	0x2712, 0x2712,
+	0x2714, 0x2714,
+	0x2716, 0x2716,
+	0x271d, 0x271d,
+	0x2721, 0x2721,
+	0x2728, 0x2728,
+	0x2733, 0x2734,
+	0x2744, 0x2744,
+	0x2747, 0x2747,
+	0x274c, 0x274c,
+	0x274e, 0x274e,
+	0x2753, 0x2755,
+	0x2757, 0x2757,
+	0x2763, 0x2764,
+	0x2795, 0x2797,
+	0x27a1, 0x27a1,
+	0x27b0, 0x27b0,
+	0x27bf, 0x27bf,
+	0x2934, 0x2935,
+	0x2b05, 0x2b07,
+	0x2b1b, 0x2b1c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b50,
+	0x2b55, 0x2b55,
+	0x3030, 0x3030,
+	0x303d, 0x303d,
+	0x3297, 0x3297,
+	0x3299, 0x3299,
+	0x1f004, 0x1f004,
+	0x1f0cf, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f171,
+	0x1f17e, 0x1f17f,
+	0x1f18e, 0x1f18e,
+	0x1f191, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f1ff,
+	0x1f201, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f21a, 0x1f21a,
+	0x1f22f, 0x1f22f,
+	0x1f232, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f321,
+	0x1f324, 0x1f393,
+	0x1f396, 0x1f397,
+	0x1f399, 0x1f39b,
+	0x1f39e, 0x1f3f0,
+	0x1f3f3, 0x1f3f5,
+	0x1f3f7, 0x1f4fd,
+	0x1f4ff, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f549, 0x1f54e,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
+	0x1f56f, 0x1f570,
+	0x1f573, 0x1f57a,
+	0x1f587, 0x1f587,
+	0x1f58a, 0x1f58d,
+	0x1f590, 0x1f590,
+	0x1f595, 0x1f596,
+	0x1f5a4, 0x1f5a5,
+	0x1f5a8, 0x1f5a8,
+	0x1f5b1, 0x1f5b2,
+	0x1f5bc, 0x1f5bc,
+	0x1f5c2, 0x1f5c4,
+	0x1f5d1, 0x1f5d3,
+	0x1f5dc, 0x1f5de,
+	0x1f5e1, 0x1f5e1,
+	0x1f5e3, 0x1f5e3,
+	0x1f5e8, 0x1f5e8,
+	0x1f5ef, 0x1f5ef,
+	0x1f5f3, 0x1f5f3,
+	0x1f5fa, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
+	0x1f6cb, 0x1f6d2,
+	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6e5,
+	0x1f6e9, 0x1f6e9,
+	0x1f6eb, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f0,
+	0x1f6f3, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f93a,
+	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
+	0x1f947, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1f9ff,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+}; /* CR_Emoji */
+
+/* 'Emoji_Presentation': Emoji */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Presentation[] = {
+	81,
+	0x231a, 0x231b,
+	0x23e9, 0x23ec,
+	0x23f0, 0x23f0,
+	0x23f3, 0x23f3,
+	0x25fd, 0x25fe,
+	0x2614, 0x2615,
+	0x2648, 0x2653,
+	0x267f, 0x267f,
+	0x2693, 0x2693,
+	0x26a1, 0x26a1,
+	0x26aa, 0x26ab,
+	0x26bd, 0x26be,
+	0x26c4, 0x26c5,
+	0x26ce, 0x26ce,
+	0x26d4, 0x26d4,
+	0x26ea, 0x26ea,
+	0x26f2, 0x26f3,
+	0x26f5, 0x26f5,
+	0x26fa, 0x26fa,
+	0x26fd, 0x26fd,
+	0x2705, 0x2705,
+	0x270a, 0x270b,
+	0x2728, 0x2728,
+	0x274c, 0x274c,
+	0x274e, 0x274e,
+	0x2753, 0x2755,
+	0x2757, 0x2757,
+	0x2795, 0x2797,
+	0x27b0, 0x27b0,
+	0x27bf, 0x27bf,
+	0x2b1b, 0x2b1c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b50,
+	0x2b55, 0x2b55,
+	0x1f004, 0x1f004,
+	0x1f0cf, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f18e, 0x1f18e,
+	0x1f191, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f1ff,
+	0x1f201, 0x1f201,
+	0x1f21a, 0x1f21a,
+	0x1f22f, 0x1f22f,
+	0x1f232, 0x1f236,
+	0x1f238, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
+	0x1f32d, 0x1f335,
+	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
+	0x1f37e, 0x1f393,
+	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3ca,
+	0x1f3cf, 0x1f3d3,
+	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
+	0x1f3f4, 0x1f3f4,
+	0x1f3f8, 0x1f43e,
+	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
+	0x1f442, 0x1f4fc,
+	0x1f4ff, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f54b, 0x1f54e,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
+	0x1f57a, 0x1f57a,
+	0x1f595, 0x1f596,
+	0x1f5a4, 0x1f5a4,
+	0x1f5fb, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
+	0x1f6cc, 0x1f6cc,
+	0x1f6d0, 0x1f6d2,
+	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6eb, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f4, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f93a,
+	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
+	0x1f947, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1f9ff,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+}; /* CR_Emoji_Presentation */
+
+/* 'Emoji_Modifier': Emoji */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Modifier[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
+}; /* CR_Emoji_Modifier */
+
+/* 'Emoji_Modifier_Base': Emoji */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Modifier_Base[] = {
+	36,
+	0x261d, 0x261d,
+	0x26f9, 0x26f9,
+	0x270a, 0x270d,
+	0x1f385, 0x1f385,
+	0x1f3c2, 0x1f3c4,
+	0x1f3c7, 0x1f3c7,
+	0x1f3ca, 0x1f3cc,
+	0x1f442, 0x1f443,
+	0x1f446, 0x1f450,
+	0x1f466, 0x1f478,
+	0x1f47c, 0x1f47c,
+	0x1f481, 0x1f483,
+	0x1f485, 0x1f487,
+	0x1f48f, 0x1f48f,
+	0x1f491, 0x1f491,
+	0x1f4aa, 0x1f4aa,
+	0x1f574, 0x1f575,
+	0x1f57a, 0x1f57a,
+	0x1f590, 0x1f590,
+	0x1f595, 0x1f596,
+	0x1f645, 0x1f647,
+	0x1f64b, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f6a3, 0x1f6a3,
+	0x1f6b4, 0x1f6b6,
+	0x1f6c0, 0x1f6c0,
+	0x1f6cc, 0x1f6cc,
+	0x1f90f, 0x1f90f,
+	0x1f918, 0x1f91f,
+	0x1f926, 0x1f926,
+	0x1f930, 0x1f939,
+	0x1f93c, 0x1f93e,
+	0x1f9b5, 0x1f9b6,
+	0x1f9b8, 0x1f9b9,
+	0x1f9bb, 0x1f9bb,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1f9cf,
+	0x1f9d1, 0x1f9dd,
+}; /* CR_Emoji_Modifier_Base */
+
+/* 'Emoji_Component': Emoji */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Component[] = {
+	10,
+	0x0023, 0x0023,
+	0x002a, 0x002a,
+	0x0030, 0x0039,
+	0x200d, 0x200d,
+	0x20e3, 0x20e3,
+	0xfe0f, 0xfe0f,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f1ff,
+	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
+	0x1f9b0, 0x1f9b3,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+}; /* CR_Emoji_Component */
+
+/* 'Extended_Pictographic': Emoji */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extended_Pictographic[] = {
+	77,
+	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
+	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
+	0x203c, 0x203c,
+	0x2049, 0x2049,
+	0x2122, 0x2122,
+	0x2139, 0x2139,
+	0x2194, 0x2199,
+	0x21a9, 0x21aa,
+	0x231a, 0x231b,
+	0x2328, 0x2328,
+	0x2388, 0x2388,
+	0x23cf, 0x23cf,
+	0x23e9, 0x23f3,
+	0x23f8, 0x23fa,
+	0x24c2, 0x24c2,
+	0x25aa, 0x25ab,
+	0x25b6, 0x25b6,
+	0x25c0, 0x25c0,
+	0x25fb, 0x25fe,
+	0x2600, 0x2605,
+	0x2607, 0x2612,
+	0x2614, 0x2685,
+	0x2690, 0x2705,
+	0x2708, 0x2712,
+	0x2714, 0x2714,
+	0x2716, 0x2716,
+	0x271d, 0x271d,
+	0x2721, 0x2721,
+	0x2728, 0x2728,
+	0x2733, 0x2734,
+	0x2744, 0x2744,
+	0x2747, 0x2747,
+	0x274c, 0x274c,
+	0x274e, 0x274e,
+	0x2753, 0x2755,
+	0x2757, 0x2757,
+	0x2763, 0x2767,
+	0x2795, 0x2797,
+	0x27a1, 0x27a1,
+	0x27b0, 0x27b0,
+	0x27bf, 0x27bf,
+	0x2934, 0x2935,
+	0x2b05, 0x2b07,
+	0x2b1b, 0x2b1c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b50,
+	0x2b55, 0x2b55,
+	0x3030, 0x3030,
+	0x303d, 0x303d,
+	0x3297, 0x3297,
+	0x3299, 0x3299,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f0ff,
+	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
+	0x1f12f, 0x1f12f,
+	0x1f16c, 0x1f171,
+	0x1f17e, 0x1f17f,
+	0x1f18e, 0x1f18e,
+	0x1f191, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
+	0x1f201, 0x1f20f,
+	0x1f21a, 0x1f21a,
+	0x1f22f, 0x1f22f,
+	0x1f232, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
+	0x1f249, 0x1f3fa,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f546, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6ff,
+	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
+	0x1f7d5, 0x1f7ff,
+	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
+	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
+	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
+	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
+	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1f90c, 0x1f93a,
+	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
+	0x1f947, 0x1fffd,
+}; /* CR_Extended_Pictographic */
+
+/* 'Unknown': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
+	664,
+	0x0378, 0x0379,
+	0x0380, 0x0383,
+	0x038b, 0x038b,
+	0x038d, 0x038d,
+	0x03a2, 0x03a2,
+	0x0530, 0x0530,
+	0x0557, 0x0558,
+	0x058b, 0x058c,
+	0x0590, 0x0590,
+	0x05c8, 0x05cf,
+	0x05eb, 0x05ee,
+	0x05f5, 0x05ff,
+	0x061d, 0x061d,
+	0x070e, 0x070e,
+	0x074b, 0x074c,
+	0x07b2, 0x07bf,
+	0x07fb, 0x07fc,
+	0x082e, 0x082f,
+	0x083f, 0x083f,
+	0x085c, 0x085d,
+	0x085f, 0x085f,
+	0x086b, 0x089f,
+	0x08b5, 0x08b5,
+	0x08be, 0x08d2,
+	0x0984, 0x0984,
+	0x098d, 0x098e,
+	0x0991, 0x0992,
+	0x09a9, 0x09a9,
+	0x09b1, 0x09b1,
+	0x09b3, 0x09b5,
+	0x09ba, 0x09bb,
+	0x09c5, 0x09c6,
+	0x09c9, 0x09ca,
+	0x09cf, 0x09d6,
+	0x09d8, 0x09db,
+	0x09de, 0x09de,
+	0x09e4, 0x09e5,
+	0x09ff, 0x0a00,
+	0x0a04, 0x0a04,
+	0x0a0b, 0x0a0e,
+	0x0a11, 0x0a12,
+	0x0a29, 0x0a29,
+	0x0a31, 0x0a31,
+	0x0a34, 0x0a34,
+	0x0a37, 0x0a37,
+	0x0a3a, 0x0a3b,
+	0x0a3d, 0x0a3d,
+	0x0a43, 0x0a46,
+	0x0a49, 0x0a4a,
+	0x0a4e, 0x0a50,
+	0x0a52, 0x0a58,
+	0x0a5d, 0x0a5d,
+	0x0a5f, 0x0a65,
+	0x0a77, 0x0a80,
+	0x0a84, 0x0a84,
+	0x0a8e, 0x0a8e,
+	0x0a92, 0x0a92,
+	0x0aa9, 0x0aa9,
+	0x0ab1, 0x0ab1,
+	0x0ab4, 0x0ab4,
+	0x0aba, 0x0abb,
+	0x0ac6, 0x0ac6,
+	0x0aca, 0x0aca,
+	0x0ace, 0x0acf,
+	0x0ad1, 0x0adf,
+	0x0ae4, 0x0ae5,
+	0x0af2, 0x0af8,
+	0x0b00, 0x0b00,
+	0x0b04, 0x0b04,
+	0x0b0d, 0x0b0e,
+	0x0b11, 0x0b12,
+	0x0b29, 0x0b29,
+	0x0b31, 0x0b31,
+	0x0b34, 0x0b34,
+	0x0b3a, 0x0b3b,
+	0x0b45, 0x0b46,
+	0x0b49, 0x0b4a,
+	0x0b4e, 0x0b55,
+	0x0b58, 0x0b5b,
+	0x0b5e, 0x0b5e,
+	0x0b64, 0x0b65,
+	0x0b78, 0x0b81,
+	0x0b84, 0x0b84,
+	0x0b8b, 0x0b8d,
+	0x0b91, 0x0b91,
+	0x0b96, 0x0b98,
+	0x0b9b, 0x0b9b,
+	0x0b9d, 0x0b9d,
+	0x0ba0, 0x0ba2,
+	0x0ba5, 0x0ba7,
+	0x0bab, 0x0bad,
+	0x0bba, 0x0bbd,
+	0x0bc3, 0x0bc5,
+	0x0bc9, 0x0bc9,
+	0x0bce, 0x0bcf,
+	0x0bd1, 0x0bd6,
+	0x0bd8, 0x0be5,
+	0x0bfb, 0x0bff,
+	0x0c0d, 0x0c0d,
+	0x0c11, 0x0c11,
+	0x0c29, 0x0c29,
+	0x0c3a, 0x0c3c,
+	0x0c45, 0x0c45,
+	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
+	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
+	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
+	0x0c5b, 0x0c5f,
+	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
+	0x0c70, 0x0c76,
+	0x0c8d, 0x0c8d,
+	0x0c91, 0x0c91,
+	0x0ca9, 0x0ca9,
+	0x0cb4, 0x0cb4,
+	0x0cba, 0x0cbb,
+	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
+	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
+	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
+	0x0cd7, 0x0cdd,
+	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
+	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
+	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
+	0x0cf3, 0x0cff,
+	0x0d04, 0x0d04,
+	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
+	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
+	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
+	0x0d49, 0x0d49,
+	0x0d50, 0x0d53,
+	0x0d64, 0x0d65,
+	0x0d80, 0x0d81,
+	0x0d84, 0x0d84,
+	0x0d97, 0x0d99,
+	0x0db2, 0x0db2,
+	0x0dbc, 0x0dbc,
+	0x0dbe, 0x0dbf,
+	0x0dc7, 0x0dc9,
+	0x0dcb, 0x0dce,
+	0x0dd5, 0x0dd5,
+	0x0dd7, 0x0dd7,
+	0x0de0, 0x0de5,
+	0x0df0, 0x0df1,
+	0x0df5, 0x0e00,
+	0x0e3b, 0x0e3e,
+	0x0e5c, 0x0e80,
+	0x0e83, 0x0e83,
+	0x0e85, 0x0e85,
+	0x0e8b, 0x0e8b,
+	0x0ea4, 0x0ea4,
+	0x0ea6, 0x0ea6,
+	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
+	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
+	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
+	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
+	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
+	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
+	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
+	0x0f6d, 0x0f70,
+	0x0f98, 0x0f98,
+	0x0fbd, 0x0fbd,
+	0x0fcd, 0x0fcd,
+	0x0fdb, 0x0fff,
+	0x10c6, 0x10c6,
+	0x10c8, 0x10cc,
+	0x10ce, 0x10cf,
+	0x1249, 0x1249,
+	0x124e, 0x124f,
+	0x1257, 0x1257,
+	0x1259, 0x1259,
+	0x125e, 0x125f,
+	0x1289, 0x1289,
+	0x128e, 0x128f,
+	0x12b1, 0x12b1,
+	0x12b6, 0x12b7,
+	0x12bf, 0x12bf,
+	0x12c1, 0x12c1,
+	0x12c6, 0x12c7,
+	0x12d7, 0x12d7,
+	0x1311, 0x1311,
+	0x1316, 0x1317,
+	0x135b, 0x135c,
+	0x137d, 0x137f,
+	0x139a, 0x139f,
+	0x13f6, 0x13f7,
+	0x13fe, 0x13ff,
+	0x169d, 0x169f,
+	0x16f9, 0x16ff,
+	0x170d, 0x170d,
+	0x1715, 0x171f,
+	0x1737, 0x173f,
+	0x1754, 0x175f,
+	0x176d, 0x176d,
+	0x1771, 0x1771,
+	0x1774, 0x177f,
+	0x17de, 0x17df,
+	0x17ea, 0x17ef,
+	0x17fa, 0x17ff,
+	0x180f, 0x180f,
+	0x181a, 0x181f,
+	0x1879, 0x187f,
+	0x18ab, 0x18af,
+	0x18f6, 0x18ff,
+	0x191f, 0x191f,
+	0x192c, 0x192f,
+	0x193c, 0x193f,
+	0x1941, 0x1943,
+	0x196e, 0x196f,
+	0x1975, 0x197f,
+	0x19ac, 0x19af,
+	0x19ca, 0x19cf,
+	0x19db, 0x19dd,
+	0x1a1c, 0x1a1d,
+	0x1a5f, 0x1a5f,
+	0x1a7d, 0x1a7e,
+	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
+	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
+	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
+	0x1abf, 0x1aff,
+	0x1b4c, 0x1b4f,
+	0x1b7d, 0x1b7f,
+	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
+	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
+	0x1c4a, 0x1c4c,
+	0x1c89, 0x1c8f,
+	0x1cbb, 0x1cbc,
+	0x1cc8, 0x1ccf,
+	0x1cfb, 0x1cff,
+	0x1dfa, 0x1dfa,
+	0x1f16, 0x1f17,
+	0x1f1e, 0x1f1f,
+	0x1f46, 0x1f47,
+	0x1f4e, 0x1f4f,
+	0x1f58, 0x1f58,
+	0x1f5a, 0x1f5a,
+	0x1f5c, 0x1f5c,
+	0x1f5e, 0x1f5e,
+	0x1f7e, 0x1f7f,
+	0x1fb5, 0x1fb5,
+	0x1fc5, 0x1fc5,
+	0x1fd4, 0x1fd5,
+	0x1fdc, 0x1fdc,
+	0x1ff0, 0x1ff1,
+	0x1ff5, 0x1ff5,
+	0x1fff, 0x1fff,
+	0x2065, 0x2065,
+	0x2072, 0x2073,
+	0x208f, 0x208f,
+	0x209d, 0x209f,
+	0x20c0, 0x20cf,
+	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
+	0x218c, 0x218f,
+	0x2427, 0x243f,
+	0x244b, 0x245f,
+	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
+	0x2b96, 0x2b97,
+	0x2c2f, 0x2c2f,
+	0x2c5f, 0x2c5f,
+	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
+	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
+	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
+	0x2d2e, 0x2d2f,
+	0x2d68, 0x2d6e,
+	0x2d71, 0x2d7e,
+	0x2d97, 0x2d9f,
+	0x2da7, 0x2da7,
+	0x2daf, 0x2daf,
+	0x2db7, 0x2db7,
+	0x2dbf, 0x2dbf,
+	0x2dc7, 0x2dc7,
+	0x2dcf, 0x2dcf,
+	0x2dd7, 0x2dd7,
+	0x2ddf, 0x2ddf,
+	0x2e50, 0x2e7f,
+	0x2e9a, 0x2e9a,
+	0x2ef4, 0x2eff,
+	0x2fd6, 0x2fef,
+	0x2ffc, 0x2fff,
+	0x3040, 0x3040,
+	0x3097, 0x3098,
+	0x3100, 0x3104,
+	0x3130, 0x3130,
+	0x318f, 0x318f,
+	0x31bb, 0x31bf,
+	0x31e4, 0x31ef,
+	0x321f, 0x321f,
+	0x4db6, 0x4dbf,
+	0x9ff0, 0x9fff,
+	0xa48d, 0xa48f,
+	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
+	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
+	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
+	0xa7c0, 0xa7c1,
+	0xa7c7, 0xa7f6,
+	0xa82c, 0xa82f,
+	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
+	0xa878, 0xa87f,
+	0xa8c6, 0xa8cd,
+	0xa8da, 0xa8df,
+	0xa954, 0xa95e,
+	0xa97d, 0xa97f,
+	0xa9ce, 0xa9ce,
+	0xa9da, 0xa9dd,
+	0xa9ff, 0xa9ff,
+	0xaa37, 0xaa3f,
+	0xaa4e, 0xaa4f,
+	0xaa5a, 0xaa5b,
+	0xaac3, 0xaada,
+	0xaaf7, 0xab00,
+	0xab07, 0xab08,
+	0xab0f, 0xab10,
+	0xab17, 0xab1f,
+	0xab27, 0xab27,
+	0xab2f, 0xab2f,
+	0xab68, 0xab6f,
+	0xabee, 0xabef,
+	0xabfa, 0xabff,
+	0xd7a4, 0xd7af,
+	0xd7c7, 0xd7ca,
+	0xd7fc, 0xf8ff,
+	0xfa6e, 0xfa6f,
+	0xfada, 0xfaff,
+	0xfb07, 0xfb12,
+	0xfb18, 0xfb1c,
+	0xfb37, 0xfb37,
+	0xfb3d, 0xfb3d,
+	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
+	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
+	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
+	0xfbc2, 0xfbd2,
+	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
+	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
+	0xfdc8, 0xfdef,
+	0xfdfe, 0xfdff,
+	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
+	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
+	0xfe67, 0xfe67,
+	0xfe6c, 0xfe6f,
+	0xfe75, 0xfe75,
+	0xfefd, 0xfefe,
+	0xff00, 0xff00,
+	0xffbf, 0xffc1,
+	0xffc8, 0xffc9,
+	0xffd0, 0xffd1,
+	0xffd8, 0xffd9,
+	0xffdd, 0xffdf,
+	0xffe7, 0xffe7,
+	0xffef, 0xfff8,
+	0xfffe, 0xffff,
+	0x1000c, 0x1000c,
+	0x10027, 0x10027,
+	0x1003b, 0x1003b,
+	0x1003e, 0x1003e,
+	0x1004e, 0x1004f,
+	0x1005e, 0x1007f,
+	0x100fb, 0x100ff,
+	0x10103, 0x10106,
+	0x10134, 0x10136,
+	0x1018f, 0x1018f,
+	0x1019c, 0x1019f,
+	0x101a1, 0x101cf,
+	0x101fe, 0x1027f,
+	0x1029d, 0x1029f,
+	0x102d1, 0x102df,
+	0x102fc, 0x102ff,
+	0x10324, 0x1032c,
+	0x1034b, 0x1034f,
+	0x1037b, 0x1037f,
+	0x1039e, 0x1039e,
+	0x103c4, 0x103c7,
+	0x103d6, 0x103ff,
+	0x1049e, 0x1049f,
+	0x104aa, 0x104af,
+	0x104d4, 0x104d7,
+	0x104fc, 0x104ff,
+	0x10528, 0x1052f,
+	0x10564, 0x1056e,
+	0x10570, 0x105ff,
+	0x10737, 0x1073f,
+	0x10756, 0x1075f,
+	0x10768, 0x107ff,
+	0x10806, 0x10807,
+	0x10809, 0x10809,
+	0x10836, 0x10836,
+	0x10839, 0x1083b,
+	0x1083d, 0x1083e,
+	0x10856, 0x10856,
+	0x1089f, 0x108a6,
+	0x108b0, 0x108df,
+	0x108f3, 0x108f3,
+	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
+	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
+	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
+	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
+	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
+	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
+	0x10a07, 0x10a0b,
+	0x10a14, 0x10a14,
+	0x10a18, 0x10a18,
+	0x10a36, 0x10a37,
+	0x10a3b, 0x10a3e,
+	0x10a49, 0x10a4f,
+	0x10a59, 0x10a5f,
+	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
+	0x10ae7, 0x10aea,
+	0x10af7, 0x10aff,
+	0x10b36, 0x10b38,
+	0x10b56, 0x10b57,
+	0x10b73, 0x10b77,
+	0x10b92, 0x10b98,
+	0x10b9d, 0x10ba8,
+	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
+	0x10c49, 0x10c7f,
+	0x10cb3, 0x10cbf,
+	0x10cf3, 0x10cf9,
+	0x10d28, 0x10d2f,
+	0x10d3a, 0x10e5f,
+	0x10e7f, 0x10eff,
+	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
+	0x10f5a, 0x10fdf,
+	0x10ff7, 0x10fff,
+	0x1104e, 0x11051,
+	0x11070, 0x1107e,
+	0x110c2, 0x110cc,
+	0x110ce, 0x110cf,
+	0x110e9, 0x110ef,
+	0x110fa, 0x110ff,
+	0x11135, 0x11135,
+	0x11147, 0x1114f,
+	0x11177, 0x1117f,
+	0x111ce, 0x111cf,
+	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
+	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
+	0x11212, 0x11212,
+	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
+	0x11287, 0x11287,
+	0x11289, 0x11289,
+	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
+	0x1129e, 0x1129e,
+	0x112aa, 0x112af,
+	0x112eb, 0x112ef,
+	0x112fa, 0x112ff,
+	0x11304, 0x11304,
+	0x1130d, 0x1130e,
+	0x11311, 0x11312,
+	0x11329, 0x11329,
+	0x11331, 0x11331,
+	0x11334, 0x11334,
+	0x1133a, 0x1133a,
+	0x11345, 0x11346,
+	0x11349, 0x1134a,
+	0x1134e, 0x1134f,
+	0x11351, 0x11356,
+	0x11358, 0x1135c,
+	0x11364, 0x11365,
+	0x1136d, 0x1136f,
+	0x11375, 0x113ff,
+	0x1145a, 0x1145a,
+	0x1145c, 0x1145c,
+	0x11460, 0x1147f,
+	0x114c8, 0x114cf,
+	0x114da, 0x1157f,
+	0x115b6, 0x115b7,
+	0x115de, 0x115ff,
+	0x11645, 0x1164f,
+	0x1165a, 0x1165f,
+	0x1166d, 0x1167f,
+	0x116b9, 0x116bf,
+	0x116ca, 0x116ff,
+	0x1171b, 0x1171c,
+	0x1172c, 0x1172f,
+	0x11740, 0x117ff,
+	0x1183c, 0x1189f,
+	0x118f3, 0x118fe,
+	0x11900, 0x1199f,
+	0x119a8, 0x119a9,
+	0x119d8, 0x119d9,
+	0x119e5, 0x119ff,
+	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
+	0x11aa3, 0x11abf,
+	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
+	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
+	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
+	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
+	0x11c6d, 0x11c6f,
+	0x11c90, 0x11c91,
+	0x11ca8, 0x11ca8,
+	0x11cb7, 0x11cff,
+	0x11d07, 0x11d07,
+	0x11d0a, 0x11d0a,
+	0x11d37, 0x11d39,
+	0x11d3b, 0x11d3b,
+	0x11d3e, 0x11d3e,
+	0x11d48, 0x11d4f,
+	0x11d5a, 0x11d5f,
+	0x11d66, 0x11d66,
+	0x11d69, 0x11d69,
+	0x11d8f, 0x11d8f,
+	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
+	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
+	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
+	0x11ef9, 0x11fbf,
+	0x11ff2, 0x11ffe,
+	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
+	0x1246f, 0x1246f,
+	0x12475, 0x1247f,
+	0x12544, 0x12fff,
+	0x1342f, 0x1342f,
+	0x13439, 0x143ff,
+	0x14647, 0x167ff,
+	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
+	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
+	0x16a6a, 0x16a6d,
+	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
+	0x16aee, 0x16aef,
+	0x16af6, 0x16aff,
+	0x16b46, 0x16b4f,
+	0x16b5a, 0x16b5a,
+	0x16b62, 0x16b62,
+	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
+	0x16b90, 0x16e3f,
+	0x16e9b, 0x16eff,
+	0x16f4b, 0x16f4e,
+	0x16f88, 0x16f8e,
+	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
+	0x16fe4, 0x16fff,
+	0x187f8, 0x187ff,
+	0x18af3, 0x1afff,
+	0x1b11f, 0x1b14f,
+	0x1b153, 0x1b163,
+	0x1b168, 0x1b16f,
+	0x1b2fc, 0x1bbff,
+	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
+	0x1bc7d, 0x1bc7f,
+	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
+	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
+	0x1bca4, 0x1cfff,
+	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
+	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
+	0x1d1e9, 0x1d1ff,
+	0x1d246, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d2f4, 0x1d2ff,
+	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
+	0x1d379, 0x1d3ff,
+	0x1d455, 0x1d455,
+	0x1d49d, 0x1d49d,
+	0x1d4a0, 0x1d4a1,
+	0x1d4a3, 0x1d4a4,
+	0x1d4a7, 0x1d4a8,
+	0x1d4ad, 0x1d4ad,
+	0x1d4ba, 0x1d4ba,
+	0x1d4bc, 0x1d4bc,
+	0x1d4c4, 0x1d4c4,
+	0x1d506, 0x1d506,
+	0x1d50b, 0x1d50c,
+	0x1d515, 0x1d515,
+	0x1d51d, 0x1d51d,
+	0x1d53a, 0x1d53a,
+	0x1d53f, 0x1d53f,
+	0x1d545, 0x1d545,
+	0x1d547, 0x1d549,
+	0x1d551, 0x1d551,
+	0x1d6a6, 0x1d6a7,
+	0x1d7cc, 0x1d7cd,
+	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
+	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
+	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
+	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
+	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
+	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
+	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
+	0x1e02b, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e12d, 0x1e12f,
+	0x1e13e, 0x1e13f,
+	0x1e14a, 0x1e14d,
+	0x1e150, 0x1e2bf,
+	0x1e2fa, 0x1e2fe,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e7ff,
+	0x1e8c5, 0x1e8c6,
+	0x1e8d7, 0x1e8ff,
+	0x1e94c, 0x1e94f,
+	0x1e95a, 0x1e95d,
+	0x1e960, 0x1ec70,
+	0x1ecb5, 0x1ed00,
+	0x1ed3e, 0x1edff,
+	0x1ee04, 0x1ee04,
+	0x1ee20, 0x1ee20,
+	0x1ee23, 0x1ee23,
+	0x1ee25, 0x1ee26,
+	0x1ee28, 0x1ee28,
+	0x1ee33, 0x1ee33,
+	0x1ee38, 0x1ee38,
+	0x1ee3a, 0x1ee3a,
+	0x1ee3c, 0x1ee41,
+	0x1ee43, 0x1ee46,
+	0x1ee48, 0x1ee48,
+	0x1ee4a, 0x1ee4a,
+	0x1ee4c, 0x1ee4c,
+	0x1ee50, 0x1ee50,
+	0x1ee53, 0x1ee53,
+	0x1ee55, 0x1ee56,
+	0x1ee58, 0x1ee58,
+	0x1ee5a, 0x1ee5a,
+	0x1ee5c, 0x1ee5c,
+	0x1ee5e, 0x1ee5e,
+	0x1ee60, 0x1ee60,
+	0x1ee63, 0x1ee63,
+	0x1ee65, 0x1ee66,
+	0x1ee6b, 0x1ee6b,
+	0x1ee73, 0x1ee73,
+	0x1ee78, 0x1ee78,
+	0x1ee7d, 0x1ee7d,
+	0x1ee7f, 0x1ee7f,
+	0x1ee8a, 0x1ee8a,
+	0x1ee9c, 0x1eea0,
+	0x1eea4, 0x1eea4,
+	0x1eeaa, 0x1eeaa,
+	0x1eebc, 0x1eeef,
+	0x1eef2, 0x1efff,
+	0x1f02c, 0x1f02f,
+	0x1f094, 0x1f09f,
+	0x1f0af, 0x1f0b0,
+	0x1f0c0, 0x1f0c0,
+	0x1f0d0, 0x1f0d0,
+	0x1f0f6, 0x1f0ff,
+	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
+	0x1f16d, 0x1f16f,
+	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
+	0x1f203, 0x1f20f,
+	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
+	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
+	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
+	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
+	0x1f6d6, 0x1f6df,
+	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
+	0x1f6fb, 0x1f6ff,
+	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
+	0x1f7d9, 0x1f7df,
+	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ff,
+	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
+	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
+	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
+	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
+	0x1f8ae, 0x1f8ff,
+	0x1f90c, 0x1f90c,
+	0x1f972, 0x1f972,
+	0x1f977, 0x1f979,
+	0x1f9a3, 0x1f9a4,
+	0x1f9ab, 0x1f9ad,
+	0x1f9cb, 0x1f9cc,
+	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
+	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
+	0x1fa74, 0x1fa77,
+	0x1fa7b, 0x1fa7f,
+	0x1fa83, 0x1fa8f,
+	0x1fa96, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2a6d7, 0x2a6ff,
+	0x2b735, 0x2b73f,
+	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
+	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
+	0x2ebe1, 0x2f7ff,
+	0x2fa1e, 0xe0000,
+	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
+	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
+	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Unknown */
+
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+/* 'Age_1_1': Derived Age 1.1 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_1_1[] = {
+	288,
+	0x0000, 0x01f5,
+	0x01fa, 0x0217,
+	0x0250, 0x02a8,
+	0x02b0, 0x02de,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e9,
+	0x0300, 0x0345,
+	0x0360, 0x0361,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d6,
+	0x03da, 0x03da,
+	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
+	0x03de, 0x03de,
+	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
+	0x03e2, 0x03f3,
+	0x0401, 0x040c,
+	0x040e, 0x044f,
+	0x0451, 0x045c,
+	0x045e, 0x0486,
+	0x0490, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
+	0x04d0, 0x04eb,
+	0x04ee, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x0589,
+	0x05b0, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c3,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x0652,
+	0x0660, 0x066d,
+	0x0670, 0x06b7,
+	0x06ba, 0x06be,
+	0x06c0, 0x06ce,
+	0x06d0, 0x06ed,
+	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
+	0x0901, 0x0903,
+	0x0905, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
+	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
+	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9a,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x202e,
+	0x2030, 0x2046,
+	0x206a, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20aa,
+	0x20d0, 0x20e1,
+	0x2100, 0x2138,
+	0x2153, 0x2182,
+	0x2190, 0x21ea,
+	0x2200, 0x22f1,
+	0x2300, 0x2300,
+	0x2302, 0x237a,
+	0x2400, 0x2424,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x24ea,
+	0x2500, 0x2595,
+	0x25a0, 0x25ef,
+	0x2600, 0x2613,
+	0x261a, 0x266f,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2767,
+	0x2776, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x3000, 0x3037,
+	0x303f, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3094,
+	0x3099, 0x309e,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x319f,
+	0x3200, 0x321c,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3260, 0x327b,
+	0x327f, 0x32b0,
+	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
+	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x3376,
+	0x337b, 0x33dd,
+	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
+	0xe000, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
+	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
+	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xff5e,
+	0xff61, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfffd, 0xffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_1_1 */
+
+/* 'Age_2_0': Derived Age 2.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_2_0[] = {
+	312,
+	0x0000, 0x01f5,
+	0x01fa, 0x0217,
+	0x0250, 0x02a8,
+	0x02b0, 0x02de,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e9,
+	0x0300, 0x0345,
+	0x0360, 0x0361,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d6,
+	0x03da, 0x03da,
+	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
+	0x03de, 0x03de,
+	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
+	0x03e2, 0x03f3,
+	0x0401, 0x040c,
+	0x040e, 0x044f,
+	0x0451, 0x045c,
+	0x045e, 0x0486,
+	0x0490, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
+	0x04d0, 0x04eb,
+	0x04ee, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x0589,
+	0x0591, 0x05a1,
+	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x0652,
+	0x0660, 0x066d,
+	0x0670, 0x06b7,
+	0x06ba, 0x06be,
+	0x06c0, 0x06ce,
+	0x06d0, 0x06ed,
+	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
+	0x0901, 0x0903,
+	0x0905, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
+	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
+	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f69,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f95,
+	0x0f97, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fad,
+	0x0fb1, 0x0fb7,
+	0x0fb9, 0x0fb9,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x202e,
+	0x2030, 0x2046,
+	0x206a, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20ab,
+	0x20d0, 0x20e1,
+	0x2100, 0x2138,
+	0x2153, 0x2182,
+	0x2190, 0x21ea,
+	0x2200, 0x22f1,
+	0x2300, 0x2300,
+	0x2302, 0x237a,
+	0x2400, 0x2424,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x24ea,
+	0x2500, 0x2595,
+	0x25a0, 0x25ef,
+	0x2600, 0x2613,
+	0x261a, 0x266f,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2767,
+	0x2776, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x3000, 0x3037,
+	0x303f, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3094,
+	0x3099, 0x309e,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x319f,
+	0x3200, 0x321c,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3260, 0x327b,
+	0x327f, 0x32b0,
+	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
+	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x3376,
+	0x337b, 0x33dd,
+	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
+	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
+	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xff5e,
+	0xff61, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfffd, 0xffff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_2_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_2_1': Derived Age 2.1 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_2_1[] = {
+	312,
+	0x0000, 0x01f5,
+	0x01fa, 0x0217,
+	0x0250, 0x02a8,
+	0x02b0, 0x02de,
+	0x02e0, 0x02e9,
+	0x0300, 0x0345,
+	0x0360, 0x0361,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d6,
+	0x03da, 0x03da,
+	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
+	0x03de, 0x03de,
+	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
+	0x03e2, 0x03f3,
+	0x0401, 0x040c,
+	0x040e, 0x044f,
+	0x0451, 0x045c,
+	0x045e, 0x0486,
+	0x0490, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
+	0x04d0, 0x04eb,
+	0x04ee, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x0589,
+	0x0591, 0x05a1,
+	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x0652,
+	0x0660, 0x066d,
+	0x0670, 0x06b7,
+	0x06ba, 0x06be,
+	0x06c0, 0x06ce,
+	0x06d0, 0x06ed,
+	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
+	0x0901, 0x0903,
+	0x0905, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
+	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
+	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f69,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f95,
+	0x0f97, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fad,
+	0x0fb1, 0x0fb7,
+	0x0fb9, 0x0fb9,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x202e,
+	0x2030, 0x2046,
+	0x206a, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20ac,
+	0x20d0, 0x20e1,
+	0x2100, 0x2138,
+	0x2153, 0x2182,
+	0x2190, 0x21ea,
+	0x2200, 0x22f1,
+	0x2300, 0x2300,
+	0x2302, 0x237a,
+	0x2400, 0x2424,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x24ea,
+	0x2500, 0x2595,
+	0x25a0, 0x25ef,
+	0x2600, 0x2613,
+	0x261a, 0x266f,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2767,
+	0x2776, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x3000, 0x3037,
+	0x303f, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3094,
+	0x3099, 0x309e,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x319f,
+	0x3200, 0x321c,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3260, 0x327b,
+	0x327f, 0x32b0,
+	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
+	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x3376,
+	0x337b, 0x33dd,
+	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
+	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
+	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xff5e,
+	0xff61, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfffc, 0xffff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_2_1 */
+
+/* 'Age_3_0': Derived Age 3.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_3_0[] = {
+	369,
+	0x0000, 0x021f,
+	0x0222, 0x0233,
+	0x0250, 0x02ad,
+	0x02b0, 0x02ee,
+	0x0300, 0x034e,
+	0x0360, 0x0362,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d7,
+	0x03da, 0x03f3,
+	0x0400, 0x0486,
+	0x0488, 0x0489,
+	0x048c, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
+	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05a1,
+	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x0655,
+	0x0660, 0x066d,
+	0x0670, 0x06ed,
+	0x06f0, 0x06fe,
+	0x0700, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x072c,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x0780, 0x07b0,
+	0x0901, 0x0903,
+	0x0905, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
+	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
+	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
+	0x1000, 0x1021,
+	0x1023, 0x1027,
+	0x1029, 0x102a,
+	0x102c, 0x1032,
+	0x1036, 0x1039,
+	0x1040, 0x1059,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1200, 0x1206,
+	0x1208, 0x1246,
+	0x1248, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1286,
+	0x1288, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12ae,
+	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
+	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
+	0x12f0, 0x130e,
+	0x1310, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x131e,
+	0x1320, 0x1346,
+	0x1348, 0x135a,
+	0x1361, 0x137c,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1401, 0x1676,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1780, 0x17dc,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18a9,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2046,
+	0x2048, 0x204d,
+	0x206a, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20af,
+	0x20d0, 0x20e3,
+	0x2100, 0x213a,
+	0x2153, 0x2183,
+	0x2190, 0x21f3,
+	0x2200, 0x22f1,
+	0x2300, 0x237b,
+	0x237d, 0x239a,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x24ea,
+	0x2500, 0x2595,
+	0x25a0, 0x25f7,
+	0x2600, 0x2613,
+	0x2619, 0x2671,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2767,
+	0x2776, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x2800, 0x28ff,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303a,
+	0x303e, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3094,
+	0x3099, 0x309e,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x3200, 0x321c,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3260, 0x327b,
+	0x327f, 0x32b0,
+	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
+	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x3376,
+	0x337b, 0x33dd,
+	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4a1,
+	0xa4a4, 0xa4b3,
+	0xa4b5, 0xa4c0,
+	0xa4c2, 0xa4c4,
+	0xa4c6, 0xa4c6,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
+	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
+	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xff5e,
+	0xff61, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0xffff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_3_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_3_1': Derived Age 3.1 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_3_1[] = {
+	402,
+	0x0000, 0x021f,
+	0x0222, 0x0233,
+	0x0250, 0x02ad,
+	0x02b0, 0x02ee,
+	0x0300, 0x034e,
+	0x0360, 0x0362,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03d7,
+	0x03da, 0x03f5,
+	0x0400, 0x0486,
+	0x0488, 0x0489,
+	0x048c, 0x04c4,
+	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
+	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
+	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05a1,
+	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x0655,
+	0x0660, 0x066d,
+	0x0670, 0x06ed,
+	0x06f0, 0x06fe,
+	0x0700, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x072c,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x0780, 0x07b0,
+	0x0901, 0x0903,
+	0x0905, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
+	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
+	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
+	0x1000, 0x1021,
+	0x1023, 0x1027,
+	0x1029, 0x102a,
+	0x102c, 0x1032,
+	0x1036, 0x1039,
+	0x1040, 0x1059,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1200, 0x1206,
+	0x1208, 0x1246,
+	0x1248, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1286,
+	0x1288, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12ae,
+	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
+	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
+	0x12f0, 0x130e,
+	0x1310, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x131e,
+	0x1320, 0x1346,
+	0x1348, 0x135a,
+	0x1361, 0x137c,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1401, 0x1676,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1780, 0x17dc,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18a9,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2046,
+	0x2048, 0x204d,
+	0x206a, 0x2070,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20af,
+	0x20d0, 0x20e3,
+	0x2100, 0x213a,
+	0x2153, 0x2183,
+	0x2190, 0x21f3,
+	0x2200, 0x22f1,
+	0x2300, 0x237b,
+	0x237d, 0x239a,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x24ea,
+	0x2500, 0x2595,
+	0x25a0, 0x25f7,
+	0x2600, 0x2613,
+	0x2619, 0x2671,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2767,
+	0x2776, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x2800, 0x28ff,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303a,
+	0x303e, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3094,
+	0x3099, 0x309e,
+	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x3200, 0x321c,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3260, 0x327b,
+	0x327f, 0x32b0,
+	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
+	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x3376,
+	0x337b, 0x33dd,
+	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4a1,
+	0xa4a4, 0xa4b3,
+	0xa4b5, 0xa4c0,
+	0xa4c2, 0xa4c4,
+	0xa4c6, 0xa4c6,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfb,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
+	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
+	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xff5e,
+	0xff61, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0xffff,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10400, 0x10425,
+	0x10428, 0x1044d,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c0,
+	0x1d4c2, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a3,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_3_1 */
+
+/* 'Age_3_2': Derived Age 3.2 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_3_2[] = {
+	397,
+	0x0000, 0x0220,
+	0x0222, 0x0233,
+	0x0250, 0x02ad,
+	0x02b0, 0x02ee,
+	0x0300, 0x034f,
+	0x0360, 0x036f,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03f6,
+	0x0400, 0x0486,
+	0x0488, 0x04ce,
+	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
+	0x0500, 0x050f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05a1,
+	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x060c, 0x060c,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x0655,
+	0x0660, 0x06ed,
+	0x06f0, 0x06fe,
+	0x0700, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x072c,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x0780, 0x07b1,
+	0x0901, 0x0903,
+	0x0905, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
+	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
+	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
+	0x1000, 0x1021,
+	0x1023, 0x1027,
+	0x1029, 0x102a,
+	0x102c, 0x1032,
+	0x1036, 0x1039,
+	0x1040, 0x1059,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10f8,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1200, 0x1206,
+	0x1208, 0x1246,
+	0x1248, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1286,
+	0x1288, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12ae,
+	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
+	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
+	0x12f0, 0x130e,
+	0x1310, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x131e,
+	0x1320, 0x1346,
+	0x1348, 0x135a,
+	0x1361, 0x137c,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1401, 0x1676,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dc,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18a9,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2052,
+	0x2057, 0x2057,
+	0x205f, 0x2063,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b1,
+	0x20d0, 0x20ea,
+	0x2100, 0x213a,
+	0x213d, 0x214b,
+	0x2153, 0x2183,
+	0x2190, 0x23ce,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x24fe,
+	0x2500, 0x2613,
+	0x2616, 0x2617,
+	0x2619, 0x267d,
+	0x2680, 0x2689,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
+	0x27f0, 0x2aff,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x31f0, 0x321c,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3251, 0x327b,
+	0x327f, 0x32cb,
+	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x3376,
+	0x337b, 0x33dd,
+	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
+	0x3400, 0x4db5,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfc,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe46,
+	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0xffff,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10400, 0x10425,
+	0x10428, 0x1044d,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c0,
+	0x1d4c2, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a3,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_3_2 */
+
+/* 'Age_4_0': Derived Age 4.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_4_0[] = {
+	412,
+	0x0000, 0x0236,
+	0x0250, 0x0357,
+	0x035d, 0x036f,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x03fb,
+	0x0400, 0x0486,
+	0x0488, 0x04ce,
+	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
+	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
+	0x0500, 0x050f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05a1,
+	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0603,
+	0x060c, 0x0615,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061f, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x0658,
+	0x0660, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x074f,
+	0x0780, 0x07b1,
+	0x0901, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
+	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be7, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
+	0x1000, 0x1021,
+	0x1023, 0x1027,
+	0x1029, 0x102a,
+	0x102c, 0x1032,
+	0x1036, 0x1039,
+	0x1040, 0x1059,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10f8,
+	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1200, 0x1206,
+	0x1208, 0x1246,
+	0x1248, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1286,
+	0x1288, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12ae,
+	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
+	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
+	0x12f0, 0x130e,
+	0x1310, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x131e,
+	0x1320, 0x1346,
+	0x1348, 0x135a,
+	0x1361, 0x137c,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1401, 0x1676,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18a9,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x19e0, 0x19ff,
+	0x1d00, 0x1d6b,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2054,
+	0x2057, 0x2057,
+	0x205f, 0x2063,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b1,
+	0x20d0, 0x20ea,
+	0x2100, 0x213b,
+	0x213d, 0x214b,
+	0x2153, 0x2183,
+	0x2190, 0x23d0,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2617,
+	0x2619, 0x267d,
+	0x2680, 0x2691,
+	0x26a0, 0x26a1,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
+	0x27f0, 0x2b0d,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3250, 0x327d,
+	0x327f, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fa5,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1013f,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a3,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_4_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_4_1': Derived Age 4.1 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_4_1[] = {
+	430,
+	0x0000, 0x0241,
+	0x0250, 0x036f,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x037e, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x0486,
+	0x0488, 0x04ce,
+	0x04d0, 0x04f9,
+	0x0500, 0x050f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05b9,
+	0x05bb, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0603,
+	0x060b, 0x0615,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x065e,
+	0x0660, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x076d,
+	0x0780, 0x07b1,
+	0x0901, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x097d, 0x097d,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fcf, 0x0fd1,
+	0x1000, 0x1021,
+	0x1023, 0x1027,
+	0x1029, 0x102a,
+	0x102c, 0x1032,
+	0x1036, 0x1039,
+	0x1040, 0x1059,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1200, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135f, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1401, 0x1676,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18a9,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19a9,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dc3,
+	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2063,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x2094,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b5,
+	0x20d0, 0x20eb,
+	0x2100, 0x214c,
+	0x2153, 0x2183,
+	0x2190, 0x23db,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x269c,
+	0x26a0, 0x26b1,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x27c0, 0x27c6,
+	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
+	0x27f0, 0x2b13,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c80, 0x2cea,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e17,
+	0x2e1c, 0x2e1d,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x31c0, 0x31cf,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3250, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fbb,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa700, 0xa716,
+	0xa800, 0xa82b,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_4_1 */
+
+/* 'Age_5_0': Derived Age 5.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_5_0[] = {
+	440,
+	0x0000, 0x036f,
+	0x0374, 0x0375,
+	0x037a, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
+	0x03d0, 0x0486,
+	0x0488, 0x0513,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0603,
+	0x060b, 0x0615,
+	0x061b, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x063a,
+	0x0640, 0x065e,
+	0x0660, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x076d,
+	0x0780, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0901, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0970,
+	0x097b, 0x097f,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fcf, 0x0fd1,
+	0x1000, 0x1021,
+	0x1023, 0x1027,
+	0x1029, 0x102a,
+	0x102c, 0x1032,
+	0x1036, 0x1039,
+	0x1040, 0x1059,
+	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1200, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135f, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1401, 0x1676,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18a9,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19a9,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1d00, 0x1dca,
+	0x1dfe, 0x1e9b,
+	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
+	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2063,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x2094,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b5,
+	0x20d0, 0x20ef,
+	0x2100, 0x214e,
+	0x2153, 0x2184,
+	0x2190, 0x23e7,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x269c,
+	0x26a0, 0x26b2,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x27c0, 0x27ca,
+	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
+	0x27f0, 0x2b1a,
+	0x2b20, 0x2b23,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c6c,
+	0x2c74, 0x2c77,
+	0x2c80, 0x2cea,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e17,
+	0x2e1c, 0x2e1d,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312c,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x31c0, 0x31cf,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3250, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fbb,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa700, 0xa71a,
+	0xa720, 0xa721,
+	0xa800, 0xa82b,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
+	0x10900, 0x10919,
+	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x12000, 0x1236e,
+	0x12400, 0x12462,
+	0x12470, 0x12473,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_5_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_5_1': Derived Age 5.1 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_5_1[] = {
+	455,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x0523,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0603,
+	0x0606, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x065e,
+	0x0660, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0901, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094d,
+	0x0950, 0x0954,
+	0x0958, 0x0972,
+	0x097b, 0x097f,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fd4,
+	0x1000, 0x1099,
+	0x109e, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
+	0x1100, 0x1159,
+	0x115f, 0x11a2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
+	0x1200, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135f, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1401, 0x1676,
+	0x1680, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19a9,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1baa,
+	0x1bae, 0x1bb9,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
+	0x1dfe, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x2094,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b5,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x214f,
+	0x2153, 0x2188,
+	0x2190, 0x23e7,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x269d,
+	0x26a0, 0x26bc,
+	0x26c0, 0x26c3,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x2756,
+	0x2758, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x27c0, 0x27ca,
+	0x27cc, 0x27cc,
+	0x27d0, 0x2b4c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b54,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c6f,
+	0x2c71, 0x2c7d,
+	0x2c80, 0x2cea,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e30,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x3243,
+	0x3250, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fc3,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa500, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa65f,
+	0xa662, 0xa673,
+	0xa67c, 0xa697,
+	0xa700, 0xa78c,
+	0xa7fb, 0xa82b,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
+	0x10900, 0x10919,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x12000, 0x1236e,
+	0x12400, 0x12462,
+	0x12470, 0x12473,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_5_1 */
+
+/* 'Age_5_2': Derived Age 5.2 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_5_2[] = {
+	495,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x0525,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0603,
+	0x0606, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x061f,
+	0x0621, 0x065e,
+	0x0660, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0900, 0x0939,
+	0x093c, 0x094e,
+	0x0950, 0x0955,
+	0x0958, 0x0972,
+	0x0979, 0x097f,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
+	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
+	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fd8,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
+	0x1100, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135f, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1baa,
+	0x1bae, 0x1bb9,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf2,
+	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
+	0x1dfd, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x2094,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b8,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x2189,
+	0x2190, 0x23e8,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x26cd,
+	0x26cf, 0x26e1,
+	0x26e3, 0x26e3,
+	0x26e8, 0x26ff,
+	0x2701, 0x2704,
+	0x2706, 0x2709,
+	0x270c, 0x2727,
+	0x2729, 0x274b,
+	0x274d, 0x274d,
+	0x274f, 0x2752,
+	0x2756, 0x275e,
+	0x2761, 0x2794,
+	0x2798, 0x27af,
+	0x27b1, 0x27be,
+	0x27c0, 0x27ca,
+	0x27cc, 0x27cc,
+	0x27d0, 0x2b4c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
+	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e31,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31b7,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fcb,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa65f,
+	0xa662, 0xa673,
+	0xa67c, 0xa697,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa78c,
+	0xa7fb, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
+	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadf,
+	0xabc0, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfa30, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1085f,
+	0x10900, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11080, 0x110c1,
+	0x12000, 0x1236e,
+	0x12400, 0x12462,
+	0x12470, 0x12473,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f131, 0x1f131,
+	0x1f13d, 0x1f13d,
+	0x1f13f, 0x1f13f,
+	0x1f142, 0x1f142,
+	0x1f146, 0x1f146,
+	0x1f14a, 0x1f14e,
+	0x1f157, 0x1f157,
+	0x1f15f, 0x1f15f,
+	0x1f179, 0x1f179,
+	0x1f17b, 0x1f17c,
+	0x1f17f, 0x1f17f,
+	0x1f18a, 0x1f18d,
+	0x1f190, 0x1f190,
+	0x1f200, 0x1f200,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f231,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_5_2 */
+
+/* 'Age_6_0': Derived Age 6.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_0[] = {
+	511,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x0527,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0603,
+	0x0606, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0900, 0x0977,
+	0x0979, 0x097f,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
+	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
+	0x1100, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1baa,
+	0x1bae, 0x1bb9,
+	0x1bc0, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf2,
+	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
+	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b9,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x2189,
+	0x2190, 0x23f3,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x26ff,
+	0x2701, 0x27ca,
+	0x27cc, 0x27cc,
+	0x27ce, 0x2b4c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e31,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fcb,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa673,
+	0xa67c, 0xa697,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa78e,
+	0xa790, 0xa791,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7a9,
+	0xa7fa, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
+	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaadf,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xabc0, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
+	0xfa30, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1085f,
+	0x10900, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x11080, 0x110c1,
+	0x12000, 0x1236e,
+	0x12400, 0x12462,
+	0x12470, 0x12473,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f169,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
+	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
+	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
+	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
+	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
+	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
+	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
+	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
+	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
+	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
+	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
+	0x1f5fb, 0x1f5ff,
+	0x1f601, 0x1f610,
+	0x1f612, 0x1f614,
+	0x1f616, 0x1f616,
+	0x1f618, 0x1f618,
+	0x1f61a, 0x1f61a,
+	0x1f61c, 0x1f61e,
+	0x1f620, 0x1f625,
+	0x1f628, 0x1f62b,
+	0x1f62d, 0x1f62d,
+	0x1f630, 0x1f633,
+	0x1f635, 0x1f640,
+	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_6_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_6_1': Derived Age 6.1 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_1[] = {
+	549,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x0527,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x058f, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0604,
+	0x0606, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x08a0, 0x08a0,
+	0x08a2, 0x08ac,
+	0x08e4, 0x08fe,
+	0x0900, 0x0977,
+	0x0979, 0x097f,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
+	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20b9,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x2189,
+	0x2190, 0x23f3,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x26ff,
+	0x2701, 0x2b4c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e3b,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa697,
+	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa78e,
+	0xa790, 0xa793,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7aa,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
+	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xabc0, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1085f,
+	0x10900, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x11080, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11143,
+	0x11180, 0x111c8,
+	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x12000, 0x1236e,
+	0x12400, 0x12462,
+	0x12470, 0x12473,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
+	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
+	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
+	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
+	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
+	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
+	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
+	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
+	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
+	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
+	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f540, 0x1f543,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
+	0x1f5fb, 0x1f640,
+	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_6_1 */
+
+/* 'Age_6_2': Derived Age 6.2 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_2[] = {
+	549,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x0527,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x058f, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0604,
+	0x0606, 0x061b,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x08a0, 0x08a0,
+	0x08a2, 0x08ac,
+	0x08e4, 0x08fe,
+	0x0900, 0x0977,
+	0x0979, 0x097f,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
+	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x206a, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20ba,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x2189,
+	0x2190, 0x23f3,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x26ff,
+	0x2701, 0x2b4c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e3b,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa697,
+	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa78e,
+	0xa790, 0xa793,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7aa,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
+	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xabc0, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1085f,
+	0x10900, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x11080, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11143,
+	0x11180, 0x111c8,
+	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x12000, 0x1236e,
+	0x12400, 0x12462,
+	0x12470, 0x12473,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
+	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
+	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
+	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
+	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
+	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
+	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
+	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
+	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
+	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
+	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f540, 0x1f543,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
+	0x1f5fb, 0x1f640,
+	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_6_2 */
+
+/* 'Age_6_3': Derived Age 6.3 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_3[] = {
+	549,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037e,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x0527,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x058f, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x0604,
+	0x0606, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x08a0, 0x08a0,
+	0x08a2, 0x08ac,
+	0x08e4, 0x08fe,
+	0x0900, 0x0977,
+	0x0979, 0x097f,
+	0x0981, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
+	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191c,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
+	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20ba,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x2189,
+	0x2190, 0x23f3,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x26ff,
+	0x2701, 0x2b4c,
+	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e3b,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa697,
+	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa78e,
+	0xa790, 0xa793,
+	0xa7a0, 0xa7aa,
+	0xa7f8, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
+	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xabc0, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018a,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x10300, 0x1031e,
+	0x10320, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1085f,
+	0x10900, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x11080, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11143,
+	0x11180, 0x111c8,
+	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x12000, 0x1236e,
+	0x12400, 0x12462,
+	0x12470, 0x12473,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
+	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
+	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
+	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
+	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
+	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
+	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
+	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
+	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
+	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
+	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
+	0x1f540, 0x1f543,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
+	0x1f5fb, 0x1f640,
+	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_6_3 */
+
+/* 'Age_7_0': Derived Age 7.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_7_0[] = {
+	610,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b2,
+	0x08e4, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
+	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bd,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x2189,
+	0x2190, 0x23fa,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
+	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
+	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e42,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa69d,
+	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa78e,
+	0xa790, 0xa7ad,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b1,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab5f,
+	0xab64, 0xab65,
+	0xabc0, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2d,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018c,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x10900, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109be, 0x109bf,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11143,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111c8,
+	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111da,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123d,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11301, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133c, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115c9,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x12000, 0x12398,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f32c,
+	0x1f330, 0x1f37d,
+	0x1f380, 0x1f3ce,
+	0x1f3d4, 0x1f3f7,
+	0x1f400, 0x1f4fe,
+	0x1f500, 0x1f54a,
+	0x1f550, 0x1f579,
+	0x1f57b, 0x1f5a3,
+	0x1f5a5, 0x1f642,
+	0x1f645, 0x1f6cf,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f3,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_7_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_8_0': Derived Age 8.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_8_0[] = {
+	623,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08e3, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
+	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
+	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20be,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x23fa,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
+	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
+	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
+	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e42,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7ad,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab65,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018c,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11143,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123d,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133c, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x11719,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f579,
+	0x1f57b, 0x1f5a3,
+	0x1f5a5, 0x1f6d0,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f3,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f910, 0x1f918,
+	0x1f980, 0x1f984,
+	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_8_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_9_0': Derived Age 9.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_9_0[] = {
+	648,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d4, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
+	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20be,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x23fe,
+	0x2400, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
+	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
+	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
+	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e44,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312d,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7ae,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab65,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x10330, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11143,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133c, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x11719,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
+	0x17000, 0x187ec,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
+	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
+	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
+	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
+	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
+	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
+	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
+	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_9_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_10_0': Derived Age 10.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_10_0[] = {
+	659,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x055f,
+	0x0561, 0x0587,
+	0x0589, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x0800, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d4, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fd,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c83,
+	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1877,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
+	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
+	0x2bca, 0x2bd2,
+	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e49,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312e,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fea,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7ae,
+	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
+	0xa900, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab65,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11143,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133c, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x11719,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a83,
+	0x11a86, 0x11a9c,
+	0x11a9e, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x17000, 0x187ec,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
+	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d4,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f910, 0x1f93e,
+	0x1f940, 0x1f94c,
+	0x1f950, 0x1f96b,
+	0x1f980, 0x1f997,
+	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
+	0x1f9d0, 0x1f9e6,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_10_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_11_0': Derived Age 11.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_11_0[] = {
+	668,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c78, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
+	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
+	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
+	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
+	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
+	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
+	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
+	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2bc8,
+	0x2bca, 0x2bfe,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e4e,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7b9,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab65,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145e,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b7,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11a83,
+	0x11a86, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x12000, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
+	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe1,
+	0x17000, 0x187f1,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16b,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d4,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f9,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f910, 0x1f93e,
+	0x1f940, 0x1f970,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f97a,
+	0x1f97c, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9b0, 0x1f9b9,
+	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c2,
+	0x1f9d0, 0x1f9ff,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_11_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_12_0': Derived Age 12.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_12_0[] = {
+	677,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e4f,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x32fe,
+	0x3300, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_12_0 */
+
+/* 'Age_12_1': Derived Age 12.1 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_12_1[] = {
+	676,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x061c,
+	0x061e, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
+	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
+	0x08d3, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x170c,
+	0x170e, 0x1714,
+	0x1720, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x180e,
+	0x1810, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20bf,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b98, 0x2c2e,
+	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
+	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e4f,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31ba,
+	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0x4db5,
+	0x4dc0, 0x9fef,
+	0xa000, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7bf,
+	0xa7c2, 0xa7c6,
+	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab67,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
+	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019b,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x1106f,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11146,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111cd,
+	0x111d0, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x11459,
+	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x1145f,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b8,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x1173f,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe3,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18af2,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b11e,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
+	0x1f110, 0x1f16c,
+	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d5,
+	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fa,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f90b,
+	0x1f90d, 0x1f971,
+	0x1f973, 0x1f976,
+	0x1f97a, 0x1f9a2,
+	0x1f9a5, 0x1f9aa,
+	0x1f9ae, 0x1f9ca,
+	0x1f9cd, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa73,
+	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7a,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa82,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fa95,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_12_1 */
+
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Prepend */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend[] = {
+	11,
+	0x0600, 0x0605,
+	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
+	0x070f, 0x070f,
+	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
+	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
+	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x111c2, 0x111c3,
+	0x11a3a, 0x11a3a,
+	0x11a84, 0x11a89,
+	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=CR */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR[] = {
+	1,
+	0x000d, 0x000d,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LF': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LF */
+#define CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LF CR_NEWLINE
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Control */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control[] = {
+	19,
+	0x0000, 0x0009,
+	0x000b, 0x000c,
+	0x000e, 0x001f,
+	0x007f, 0x009f,
+	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
+	0x061c, 0x061c,
+	0x180e, 0x180e,
+	0x200b, 0x200b,
+	0x200e, 0x200f,
+	0x2028, 0x202e,
+	0x2060, 0x206f,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xfff0, 0xfffb,
+	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
+	0xe0000, 0xe001f,
+	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
+	0xe01f0, 0xe0fff,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
+	336,
+	0x0300, 0x036f,
+	0x0483, 0x0489,
+	0x0591, 0x05bd,
+	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
+	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
+	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
+	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
+	0x0610, 0x061a,
+	0x064b, 0x065f,
+	0x0670, 0x0670,
+	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
+	0x06df, 0x06e4,
+	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
+	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
+	0x0711, 0x0711,
+	0x0730, 0x074a,
+	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
+	0x07eb, 0x07f3,
+	0x07fd, 0x07fd,
+	0x0816, 0x0819,
+	0x081b, 0x0823,
+	0x0825, 0x0827,
+	0x0829, 0x082d,
+	0x0859, 0x085b,
+	0x08d3, 0x08e1,
+	0x08e3, 0x0902,
+	0x093a, 0x093a,
+	0x093c, 0x093c,
+	0x0941, 0x0948,
+	0x094d, 0x094d,
+	0x0951, 0x0957,
+	0x0962, 0x0963,
+	0x0981, 0x0981,
+	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
+	0x09be, 0x09be,
+	0x09c1, 0x09c4,
+	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
+	0x09fe, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a02,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a41, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
+	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a82,
+	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
+	0x0ac1, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac8,
+	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0afa, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b01,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
+	0x0b3e, 0x0b3f,
+	0x0b41, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bbe,
+	0x0bc0, 0x0bc0,
+	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c00,
+	0x0c04, 0x0c04,
+	0x0c3e, 0x0c40,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c81, 0x0c81,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
+	0x0cbf, 0x0cbf,
+	0x0cc2, 0x0cc2,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc6,
+	0x0ccc, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d01,
+	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
+	0x0d3e, 0x0d3e,
+	0x0d41, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
+	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
+	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dcf,
+	0x0dd2, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0ddf, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
+	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
+	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
+	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
+	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
+	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
+	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f7e,
+	0x0f80, 0x0f84,
+	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
+	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
+	0x102d, 0x1030,
+	0x1032, 0x1037,
+	0x1039, 0x103a,
+	0x103d, 0x103e,
+	0x1058, 0x1059,
+	0x105e, 0x1060,
+	0x1071, 0x1074,
+	0x1082, 0x1082,
+	0x1085, 0x1086,
+	0x108d, 0x108d,
+	0x109d, 0x109d,
+	0x135d, 0x135f,
+	0x1712, 0x1714,
+	0x1732, 0x1734,
+	0x1752, 0x1753,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
+	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
+	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
+	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
+	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
+	0x180b, 0x180d,
+	0x1885, 0x1886,
+	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
+	0x1920, 0x1922,
+	0x1927, 0x1928,
+	0x1932, 0x1932,
+	0x1939, 0x193b,
+	0x1a17, 0x1a18,
+	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
+	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
+	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
+	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
+	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
+	0x1b34, 0x1b3a,
+	0x1b3c, 0x1b3c,
+	0x1b42, 0x1b42,
+	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
+	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
+	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
+	0x1ba8, 0x1ba9,
+	0x1bab, 0x1bad,
+	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
+	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
+	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
+	0x1bef, 0x1bf1,
+	0x1c2c, 0x1c33,
+	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
+	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
+	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
+	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
+	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
+	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
+	0x1dc0, 0x1df9,
+	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
+	0x200c, 0x200c,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+	0x302a, 0x302f,
+	0x3099, 0x309a,
+	0xa66f, 0xa672,
+	0xa674, 0xa67d,
+	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
+	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
+	0xa802, 0xa802,
+	0xa806, 0xa806,
+	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
+	0xa825, 0xa826,
+	0xa8c4, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
+	0xa8ff, 0xa8ff,
+	0xa926, 0xa92d,
+	0xa947, 0xa951,
+	0xa980, 0xa982,
+	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
+	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
+	0xa9bc, 0xa9bd,
+	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
+	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
+	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
+	0xaa35, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
+	0xaa4c, 0xaa4c,
+	0xaa7c, 0xaa7c,
+	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
+	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
+	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
+	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
+	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
+	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
+	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
+	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
+	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
+	0xabed, 0xabed,
+	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
+	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
+	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
+	0x10376, 0x1037a,
+	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
+	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
+	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
+	0x11001, 0x11001,
+	0x11038, 0x11046,
+	0x1107f, 0x11081,
+	0x110b3, 0x110b6,
+	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
+	0x11100, 0x11102,
+	0x11127, 0x1112b,
+	0x1112d, 0x11134,
+	0x11173, 0x11173,
+	0x11180, 0x11181,
+	0x111b6, 0x111be,
+	0x111c9, 0x111cc,
+	0x1122f, 0x11231,
+	0x11234, 0x11234,
+	0x11236, 0x11237,
+	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x112df, 0x112df,
+	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
+	0x11300, 0x11301,
+	0x1133b, 0x1133c,
+	0x1133e, 0x1133e,
+	0x11340, 0x11340,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11438, 0x1143f,
+	0x11442, 0x11444,
+	0x11446, 0x11446,
+	0x1145e, 0x1145e,
+	0x114b0, 0x114b0,
+	0x114b3, 0x114b8,
+	0x114ba, 0x114ba,
+	0x114bd, 0x114bd,
+	0x114bf, 0x114c0,
+	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
+	0x115af, 0x115af,
+	0x115b2, 0x115b5,
+	0x115bc, 0x115bd,
+	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
+	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
+	0x11633, 0x1163a,
+	0x1163d, 0x1163d,
+	0x1163f, 0x11640,
+	0x116ab, 0x116ab,
+	0x116ad, 0x116ad,
+	0x116b0, 0x116b5,
+	0x116b7, 0x116b7,
+	0x1171d, 0x1171f,
+	0x11722, 0x11725,
+	0x11727, 0x1172b,
+	0x1182f, 0x11837,
+	0x11839, 0x1183a,
+	0x119d4, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119db,
+	0x119e0, 0x119e0,
+	0x11a01, 0x11a0a,
+	0x11a33, 0x11a38,
+	0x11a3b, 0x11a3e,
+	0x11a47, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a51, 0x11a56,
+	0x11a59, 0x11a5b,
+	0x11a8a, 0x11a96,
+	0x11a98, 0x11a99,
+	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
+	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11caa, 0x11cb0,
+	0x11cb2, 0x11cb3,
+	0x11cb5, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d31, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d45,
+	0x11d47, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
+	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
+	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
+	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
+	0x1d165, 0x1d165,
+	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
+	0x1d16e, 0x1d172,
+	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
+	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
+	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
+	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
+	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
+	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
+	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
+	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
+	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Regional_Indicator': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Regional_Indicator */
+#define CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Regional_Indicator CR_Regional_Indicator
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=SpacingMark */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
+	152,
+	0x0903, 0x0903,
+	0x093b, 0x093b,
+	0x093e, 0x0940,
+	0x0949, 0x094c,
+	0x094e, 0x094f,
+	0x0982, 0x0983,
+	0x09bf, 0x09c0,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
+	0x0a03, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a40,
+	0x0a83, 0x0a83,
+	0x0abe, 0x0ac0,
+	0x0ac9, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
+	0x0b02, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b40, 0x0b40,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
+	0x0bbf, 0x0bbf,
+	0x0bc1, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
+	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c41, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
+	0x0cbe, 0x0cbe,
+	0x0cc0, 0x0cc1,
+	0x0cc3, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
+	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
+	0x0d3f, 0x0d40,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
+	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
+	0x0dd0, 0x0dd1,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0dde,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
+	0x0e33, 0x0e33,
+	0x0eb3, 0x0eb3,
+	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
+	0x0f7f, 0x0f7f,
+	0x1031, 0x1031,
+	0x103b, 0x103c,
+	0x1056, 0x1057,
+	0x1084, 0x1084,
+	0x17b6, 0x17b6,
+	0x17be, 0x17c5,
+	0x17c7, 0x17c8,
+	0x1923, 0x1926,
+	0x1929, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x1931,
+	0x1933, 0x1938,
+	0x1a19, 0x1a1a,
+	0x1a55, 0x1a55,
+	0x1a57, 0x1a57,
+	0x1a6d, 0x1a72,
+	0x1b04, 0x1b04,
+	0x1b3b, 0x1b3b,
+	0x1b3d, 0x1b41,
+	0x1b43, 0x1b44,
+	0x1b82, 0x1b82,
+	0x1ba1, 0x1ba1,
+	0x1ba6, 0x1ba7,
+	0x1baa, 0x1baa,
+	0x1be7, 0x1be7,
+	0x1bea, 0x1bec,
+	0x1bee, 0x1bee,
+	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1c24, 0x1c2b,
+	0x1c34, 0x1c35,
+	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
+	0x1cf7, 0x1cf7,
+	0xa823, 0xa824,
+	0xa827, 0xa827,
+	0xa880, 0xa881,
+	0xa8b4, 0xa8c3,
+	0xa952, 0xa953,
+	0xa983, 0xa983,
+	0xa9b4, 0xa9b5,
+	0xa9ba, 0xa9bb,
+	0xa9be, 0xa9c0,
+	0xaa2f, 0xaa30,
+	0xaa33, 0xaa34,
+	0xaa4d, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaaeb, 0xaaeb,
+	0xaaee, 0xaaef,
+	0xaaf5, 0xaaf5,
+	0xabe3, 0xabe4,
+	0xabe6, 0xabe7,
+	0xabe9, 0xabea,
+	0xabec, 0xabec,
+	0x11000, 0x11000,
+	0x11002, 0x11002,
+	0x11082, 0x11082,
+	0x110b0, 0x110b2,
+	0x110b7, 0x110b8,
+	0x1112c, 0x1112c,
+	0x11145, 0x11146,
+	0x11182, 0x11182,
+	0x111b3, 0x111b5,
+	0x111bf, 0x111c0,
+	0x1122c, 0x1122e,
+	0x11232, 0x11233,
+	0x11235, 0x11235,
+	0x112e0, 0x112e2,
+	0x11302, 0x11303,
+	0x1133f, 0x1133f,
+	0x11341, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11362, 0x11363,
+	0x11435, 0x11437,
+	0x11440, 0x11441,
+	0x11445, 0x11445,
+	0x114b1, 0x114b2,
+	0x114b9, 0x114b9,
+	0x114bb, 0x114bc,
+	0x114be, 0x114be,
+	0x114c1, 0x114c1,
+	0x115b0, 0x115b1,
+	0x115b8, 0x115bb,
+	0x115be, 0x115be,
+	0x11630, 0x11632,
+	0x1163b, 0x1163c,
+	0x1163e, 0x1163e,
+	0x116ac, 0x116ac,
+	0x116ae, 0x116af,
+	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
+	0x11720, 0x11721,
+	0x11726, 0x11726,
+	0x1182c, 0x1182e,
+	0x11838, 0x11838,
+	0x119d1, 0x119d3,
+	0x119dc, 0x119df,
+	0x119e4, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a39, 0x11a39,
+	0x11a57, 0x11a58,
+	0x11a97, 0x11a97,
+	0x11c2f, 0x11c2f,
+	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
+	0x11cb1, 0x11cb1,
+	0x11cb4, 0x11cb4,
+	0x11d8a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d94,
+	0x11d96, 0x11d96,
+	0x11ef5, 0x11ef6,
+	0x16f51, 0x16f87,
+	0x1d166, 0x1d166,
+	0x1d16d, 0x1d16d,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1100, 0x115f,
+	0xa960, 0xa97c,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=V */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V[] = {
+	2,
+	0x1160, 0x11a7,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T[] = {
+	2,
+	0x11a8, 0x11ff,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LV */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV[] = {
+	399,
+	0xac00, 0xac00,
+	0xac1c, 0xac1c,
+	0xac38, 0xac38,
+	0xac54, 0xac54,
+	0xac70, 0xac70,
+	0xac8c, 0xac8c,
+	0xaca8, 0xaca8,
+	0xacc4, 0xacc4,
+	0xace0, 0xace0,
+	0xacfc, 0xacfc,
+	0xad18, 0xad18,
+	0xad34, 0xad34,
+	0xad50, 0xad50,
+	0xad6c, 0xad6c,
+	0xad88, 0xad88,
+	0xada4, 0xada4,
+	0xadc0, 0xadc0,
+	0xaddc, 0xaddc,
+	0xadf8, 0xadf8,
+	0xae14, 0xae14,
+	0xae30, 0xae30,
+	0xae4c, 0xae4c,
+	0xae68, 0xae68,
+	0xae84, 0xae84,
+	0xaea0, 0xaea0,
+	0xaebc, 0xaebc,
+	0xaed8, 0xaed8,
+	0xaef4, 0xaef4,
+	0xaf10, 0xaf10,
+	0xaf2c, 0xaf2c,
+	0xaf48, 0xaf48,
+	0xaf64, 0xaf64,
+	0xaf80, 0xaf80,
+	0xaf9c, 0xaf9c,
+	0xafb8, 0xafb8,
+	0xafd4, 0xafd4,
+	0xaff0, 0xaff0,
+	0xb00c, 0xb00c,
+	0xb028, 0xb028,
+	0xb044, 0xb044,
+	0xb060, 0xb060,
+	0xb07c, 0xb07c,
+	0xb098, 0xb098,
+	0xb0b4, 0xb0b4,
+	0xb0d0, 0xb0d0,
+	0xb0ec, 0xb0ec,
+	0xb108, 0xb108,
+	0xb124, 0xb124,
+	0xb140, 0xb140,
+	0xb15c, 0xb15c,
+	0xb178, 0xb178,
+	0xb194, 0xb194,
+	0xb1b0, 0xb1b0,
+	0xb1cc, 0xb1cc,
+	0xb1e8, 0xb1e8,
+	0xb204, 0xb204,
+	0xb220, 0xb220,
+	0xb23c, 0xb23c,
+	0xb258, 0xb258,
+	0xb274, 0xb274,
+	0xb290, 0xb290,
+	0xb2ac, 0xb2ac,
+	0xb2c8, 0xb2c8,
+	0xb2e4, 0xb2e4,
+	0xb300, 0xb300,
+	0xb31c, 0xb31c,
+	0xb338, 0xb338,
+	0xb354, 0xb354,
+	0xb370, 0xb370,
+	0xb38c, 0xb38c,
+	0xb3a8, 0xb3a8,
+	0xb3c4, 0xb3c4,
+	0xb3e0, 0xb3e0,
+	0xb3fc, 0xb3fc,
+	0xb418, 0xb418,
+	0xb434, 0xb434,
+	0xb450, 0xb450,
+	0xb46c, 0xb46c,
+	0xb488, 0xb488,
+	0xb4a4, 0xb4a4,
+	0xb4c0, 0xb4c0,
+	0xb4dc, 0xb4dc,
+	0xb4f8, 0xb4f8,
+	0xb514, 0xb514,
+	0xb530, 0xb530,
+	0xb54c, 0xb54c,
+	0xb568, 0xb568,
+	0xb584, 0xb584,
+	0xb5a0, 0xb5a0,
+	0xb5bc, 0xb5bc,
+	0xb5d8, 0xb5d8,
+	0xb5f4, 0xb5f4,
+	0xb610, 0xb610,
+	0xb62c, 0xb62c,
+	0xb648, 0xb648,
+	0xb664, 0xb664,
+	0xb680, 0xb680,
+	0xb69c, 0xb69c,
+	0xb6b8, 0xb6b8,
+	0xb6d4, 0xb6d4,
+	0xb6f0, 0xb6f0,
+	0xb70c, 0xb70c,
+	0xb728, 0xb728,
+	0xb744, 0xb744,
+	0xb760, 0xb760,
+	0xb77c, 0xb77c,
+	0xb798, 0xb798,
+	0xb7b4, 0xb7b4,
+	0xb7d0, 0xb7d0,
+	0xb7ec, 0xb7ec,
+	0xb808, 0xb808,
+	0xb824, 0xb824,
+	0xb840, 0xb840,
+	0xb85c, 0xb85c,
+	0xb878, 0xb878,
+	0xb894, 0xb894,
+	0xb8b0, 0xb8b0,
+	0xb8cc, 0xb8cc,
+	0xb8e8, 0xb8e8,
+	0xb904, 0xb904,
+	0xb920, 0xb920,
+	0xb93c, 0xb93c,
+	0xb958, 0xb958,
+	0xb974, 0xb974,
+	0xb990, 0xb990,
+	0xb9ac, 0xb9ac,
+	0xb9c8, 0xb9c8,
+	0xb9e4, 0xb9e4,
+	0xba00, 0xba00,
+	0xba1c, 0xba1c,
+	0xba38, 0xba38,
+	0xba54, 0xba54,
+	0xba70, 0xba70,
+	0xba8c, 0xba8c,
+	0xbaa8, 0xbaa8,
+	0xbac4, 0xbac4,
+	0xbae0, 0xbae0,
+	0xbafc, 0xbafc,
+	0xbb18, 0xbb18,
+	0xbb34, 0xbb34,
+	0xbb50, 0xbb50,
+	0xbb6c, 0xbb6c,
+	0xbb88, 0xbb88,
+	0xbba4, 0xbba4,
+	0xbbc0, 0xbbc0,
+	0xbbdc, 0xbbdc,
+	0xbbf8, 0xbbf8,
+	0xbc14, 0xbc14,
+	0xbc30, 0xbc30,
+	0xbc4c, 0xbc4c,
+	0xbc68, 0xbc68,
+	0xbc84, 0xbc84,
+	0xbca0, 0xbca0,
+	0xbcbc, 0xbcbc,
+	0xbcd8, 0xbcd8,
+	0xbcf4, 0xbcf4,
+	0xbd10, 0xbd10,
+	0xbd2c, 0xbd2c,
+	0xbd48, 0xbd48,
+	0xbd64, 0xbd64,
+	0xbd80, 0xbd80,
+	0xbd9c, 0xbd9c,
+	0xbdb8, 0xbdb8,
+	0xbdd4, 0xbdd4,
+	0xbdf0, 0xbdf0,
+	0xbe0c, 0xbe0c,
+	0xbe28, 0xbe28,
+	0xbe44, 0xbe44,
+	0xbe60, 0xbe60,
+	0xbe7c, 0xbe7c,
+	0xbe98, 0xbe98,
+	0xbeb4, 0xbeb4,
+	0xbed0, 0xbed0,
+	0xbeec, 0xbeec,
+	0xbf08, 0xbf08,
+	0xbf24, 0xbf24,
+	0xbf40, 0xbf40,
+	0xbf5c, 0xbf5c,
+	0xbf78, 0xbf78,
+	0xbf94, 0xbf94,
+	0xbfb0, 0xbfb0,
+	0xbfcc, 0xbfcc,
+	0xbfe8, 0xbfe8,
+	0xc004, 0xc004,
+	0xc020, 0xc020,
+	0xc03c, 0xc03c,
+	0xc058, 0xc058,
+	0xc074, 0xc074,
+	0xc090, 0xc090,
+	0xc0ac, 0xc0ac,
+	0xc0c8, 0xc0c8,
+	0xc0e4, 0xc0e4,
+	0xc100, 0xc100,
+	0xc11c, 0xc11c,
+	0xc138, 0xc138,
+	0xc154, 0xc154,
+	0xc170, 0xc170,
+	0xc18c, 0xc18c,
+	0xc1a8, 0xc1a8,
+	0xc1c4, 0xc1c4,
+	0xc1e0, 0xc1e0,
+	0xc1fc, 0xc1fc,
+	0xc218, 0xc218,
+	0xc234, 0xc234,
+	0xc250, 0xc250,
+	0xc26c, 0xc26c,
+	0xc288, 0xc288,
+	0xc2a4, 0xc2a4,
+	0xc2c0, 0xc2c0,
+	0xc2dc, 0xc2dc,
+	0xc2f8, 0xc2f8,
+	0xc314, 0xc314,
+	0xc330, 0xc330,
+	0xc34c, 0xc34c,
+	0xc368, 0xc368,
+	0xc384, 0xc384,
+	0xc3a0, 0xc3a0,
+	0xc3bc, 0xc3bc,
+	0xc3d8, 0xc3d8,
+	0xc3f4, 0xc3f4,
+	0xc410, 0xc410,
+	0xc42c, 0xc42c,
+	0xc448, 0xc448,
+	0xc464, 0xc464,
+	0xc480, 0xc480,
+	0xc49c, 0xc49c,
+	0xc4b8, 0xc4b8,
+	0xc4d4, 0xc4d4,
+	0xc4f0, 0xc4f0,
+	0xc50c, 0xc50c,
+	0xc528, 0xc528,
+	0xc544, 0xc544,
+	0xc560, 0xc560,
+	0xc57c, 0xc57c,
+	0xc598, 0xc598,
+	0xc5b4, 0xc5b4,
+	0xc5d0, 0xc5d0,
+	0xc5ec, 0xc5ec,
+	0xc608, 0xc608,
+	0xc624, 0xc624,
+	0xc640, 0xc640,
+	0xc65c, 0xc65c,
+	0xc678, 0xc678,
+	0xc694, 0xc694,
+	0xc6b0, 0xc6b0,
+	0xc6cc, 0xc6cc,
+	0xc6e8, 0xc6e8,
+	0xc704, 0xc704,
+	0xc720, 0xc720,
+	0xc73c, 0xc73c,
+	0xc758, 0xc758,
+	0xc774, 0xc774,
+	0xc790, 0xc790,
+	0xc7ac, 0xc7ac,
+	0xc7c8, 0xc7c8,
+	0xc7e4, 0xc7e4,
+	0xc800, 0xc800,
+	0xc81c, 0xc81c,
+	0xc838, 0xc838,
+	0xc854, 0xc854,
+	0xc870, 0xc870,
+	0xc88c, 0xc88c,
+	0xc8a8, 0xc8a8,
+	0xc8c4, 0xc8c4,
+	0xc8e0, 0xc8e0,
+	0xc8fc, 0xc8fc,
+	0xc918, 0xc918,
+	0xc934, 0xc934,
+	0xc950, 0xc950,
+	0xc96c, 0xc96c,
+	0xc988, 0xc988,
+	0xc9a4, 0xc9a4,
+	0xc9c0, 0xc9c0,
+	0xc9dc, 0xc9dc,
+	0xc9f8, 0xc9f8,
+	0xca14, 0xca14,
+	0xca30, 0xca30,
+	0xca4c, 0xca4c,
+	0xca68, 0xca68,
+	0xca84, 0xca84,
+	0xcaa0, 0xcaa0,
+	0xcabc, 0xcabc,
+	0xcad8, 0xcad8,
+	0xcaf4, 0xcaf4,
+	0xcb10, 0xcb10,
+	0xcb2c, 0xcb2c,
+	0xcb48, 0xcb48,
+	0xcb64, 0xcb64,
+	0xcb80, 0xcb80,
+	0xcb9c, 0xcb9c,
+	0xcbb8, 0xcbb8,
+	0xcbd4, 0xcbd4,
+	0xcbf0, 0xcbf0,
+	0xcc0c, 0xcc0c,
+	0xcc28, 0xcc28,
+	0xcc44, 0xcc44,
+	0xcc60, 0xcc60,
+	0xcc7c, 0xcc7c,
+	0xcc98, 0xcc98,
+	0xccb4, 0xccb4,
+	0xccd0, 0xccd0,
+	0xccec, 0xccec,
+	0xcd08, 0xcd08,
+	0xcd24, 0xcd24,
+	0xcd40, 0xcd40,
+	0xcd5c, 0xcd5c,
+	0xcd78, 0xcd78,
+	0xcd94, 0xcd94,
+	0xcdb0, 0xcdb0,
+	0xcdcc, 0xcdcc,
+	0xcde8, 0xcde8,
+	0xce04, 0xce04,
+	0xce20, 0xce20,
+	0xce3c, 0xce3c,
+	0xce58, 0xce58,
+	0xce74, 0xce74,
+	0xce90, 0xce90,
+	0xceac, 0xceac,
+	0xcec8, 0xcec8,
+	0xcee4, 0xcee4,
+	0xcf00, 0xcf00,
+	0xcf1c, 0xcf1c,
+	0xcf38, 0xcf38,
+	0xcf54, 0xcf54,
+	0xcf70, 0xcf70,
+	0xcf8c, 0xcf8c,
+	0xcfa8, 0xcfa8,
+	0xcfc4, 0xcfc4,
+	0xcfe0, 0xcfe0,
+	0xcffc, 0xcffc,
+	0xd018, 0xd018,
+	0xd034, 0xd034,
+	0xd050, 0xd050,
+	0xd06c, 0xd06c,
+	0xd088, 0xd088,
+	0xd0a4, 0xd0a4,
+	0xd0c0, 0xd0c0,
+	0xd0dc, 0xd0dc,
+	0xd0f8, 0xd0f8,
+	0xd114, 0xd114,
+	0xd130, 0xd130,
+	0xd14c, 0xd14c,
+	0xd168, 0xd168,
+	0xd184, 0xd184,
+	0xd1a0, 0xd1a0,
+	0xd1bc, 0xd1bc,
+	0xd1d8, 0xd1d8,
+	0xd1f4, 0xd1f4,
+	0xd210, 0xd210,
+	0xd22c, 0xd22c,
+	0xd248, 0xd248,
+	0xd264, 0xd264,
+	0xd280, 0xd280,
+	0xd29c, 0xd29c,
+	0xd2b8, 0xd2b8,
+	0xd2d4, 0xd2d4,
+	0xd2f0, 0xd2f0,
+	0xd30c, 0xd30c,
+	0xd328, 0xd328,
+	0xd344, 0xd344,
+	0xd360, 0xd360,
+	0xd37c, 0xd37c,
+	0xd398, 0xd398,
+	0xd3b4, 0xd3b4,
+	0xd3d0, 0xd3d0,
+	0xd3ec, 0xd3ec,
+	0xd408, 0xd408,
+	0xd424, 0xd424,
+	0xd440, 0xd440,
+	0xd45c, 0xd45c,
+	0xd478, 0xd478,
+	0xd494, 0xd494,
+	0xd4b0, 0xd4b0,
+	0xd4cc, 0xd4cc,
+	0xd4e8, 0xd4e8,
+	0xd504, 0xd504,
+	0xd520, 0xd520,
+	0xd53c, 0xd53c,
+	0xd558, 0xd558,
+	0xd574, 0xd574,
+	0xd590, 0xd590,
+	0xd5ac, 0xd5ac,
+	0xd5c8, 0xd5c8,
+	0xd5e4, 0xd5e4,
+	0xd600, 0xd600,
+	0xd61c, 0xd61c,
+	0xd638, 0xd638,
+	0xd654, 0xd654,
+	0xd670, 0xd670,
+	0xd68c, 0xd68c,
+	0xd6a8, 0xd6a8,
+	0xd6c4, 0xd6c4,
+	0xd6e0, 0xd6e0,
+	0xd6fc, 0xd6fc,
+	0xd718, 0xd718,
+	0xd734, 0xd734,
+	0xd750, 0xd750,
+	0xd76c, 0xd76c,
+	0xd788, 0xd788,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LVT */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT[] = {
+	399,
+	0xac01, 0xac1b,
+	0xac1d, 0xac37,
+	0xac39, 0xac53,
+	0xac55, 0xac6f,
+	0xac71, 0xac8b,
+	0xac8d, 0xaca7,
+	0xaca9, 0xacc3,
+	0xacc5, 0xacdf,
+	0xace1, 0xacfb,
+	0xacfd, 0xad17,
+	0xad19, 0xad33,
+	0xad35, 0xad4f,
+	0xad51, 0xad6b,
+	0xad6d, 0xad87,
+	0xad89, 0xada3,
+	0xada5, 0xadbf,
+	0xadc1, 0xaddb,
+	0xaddd, 0xadf7,
+	0xadf9, 0xae13,
+	0xae15, 0xae2f,
+	0xae31, 0xae4b,
+	0xae4d, 0xae67,
+	0xae69, 0xae83,
+	0xae85, 0xae9f,
+	0xaea1, 0xaebb,
+	0xaebd, 0xaed7,
+	0xaed9, 0xaef3,
+	0xaef5, 0xaf0f,
+	0xaf11, 0xaf2b,
+	0xaf2d, 0xaf47,
+	0xaf49, 0xaf63,
+	0xaf65, 0xaf7f,
+	0xaf81, 0xaf9b,
+	0xaf9d, 0xafb7,
+	0xafb9, 0xafd3,
+	0xafd5, 0xafef,
+	0xaff1, 0xb00b,
+	0xb00d, 0xb027,
+	0xb029, 0xb043,
+	0xb045, 0xb05f,
+	0xb061, 0xb07b,
+	0xb07d, 0xb097,
+	0xb099, 0xb0b3,
+	0xb0b5, 0xb0cf,
+	0xb0d1, 0xb0eb,
+	0xb0ed, 0xb107,
+	0xb109, 0xb123,
+	0xb125, 0xb13f,
+	0xb141, 0xb15b,
+	0xb15d, 0xb177,
+	0xb179, 0xb193,
+	0xb195, 0xb1af,
+	0xb1b1, 0xb1cb,
+	0xb1cd, 0xb1e7,
+	0xb1e9, 0xb203,
+	0xb205, 0xb21f,
+	0xb221, 0xb23b,
+	0xb23d, 0xb257,
+	0xb259, 0xb273,
+	0xb275, 0xb28f,
+	0xb291, 0xb2ab,
+	0xb2ad, 0xb2c7,
+	0xb2c9, 0xb2e3,
+	0xb2e5, 0xb2ff,
+	0xb301, 0xb31b,
+	0xb31d, 0xb337,
+	0xb339, 0xb353,
+	0xb355, 0xb36f,
+	0xb371, 0xb38b,
+	0xb38d, 0xb3a7,
+	0xb3a9, 0xb3c3,
+	0xb3c5, 0xb3df,
+	0xb3e1, 0xb3fb,
+	0xb3fd, 0xb417,
+	0xb419, 0xb433,
+	0xb435, 0xb44f,
+	0xb451, 0xb46b,
+	0xb46d, 0xb487,
+	0xb489, 0xb4a3,
+	0xb4a5, 0xb4bf,
+	0xb4c1, 0xb4db,
+	0xb4dd, 0xb4f7,
+	0xb4f9, 0xb513,
+	0xb515, 0xb52f,
+	0xb531, 0xb54b,
+	0xb54d, 0xb567,
+	0xb569, 0xb583,
+	0xb585, 0xb59f,
+	0xb5a1, 0xb5bb,
+	0xb5bd, 0xb5d7,
+	0xb5d9, 0xb5f3,
+	0xb5f5, 0xb60f,
+	0xb611, 0xb62b,
+	0xb62d, 0xb647,
+	0xb649, 0xb663,
+	0xb665, 0xb67f,
+	0xb681, 0xb69b,
+	0xb69d, 0xb6b7,
+	0xb6b9, 0xb6d3,
+	0xb6d5, 0xb6ef,
+	0xb6f1, 0xb70b,
+	0xb70d, 0xb727,
+	0xb729, 0xb743,
+	0xb745, 0xb75f,
+	0xb761, 0xb77b,
+	0xb77d, 0xb797,
+	0xb799, 0xb7b3,
+	0xb7b5, 0xb7cf,
+	0xb7d1, 0xb7eb,
+	0xb7ed, 0xb807,
+	0xb809, 0xb823,
+	0xb825, 0xb83f,
+	0xb841, 0xb85b,
+	0xb85d, 0xb877,
+	0xb879, 0xb893,
+	0xb895, 0xb8af,
+	0xb8b1, 0xb8cb,
+	0xb8cd, 0xb8e7,
+	0xb8e9, 0xb903,
+	0xb905, 0xb91f,
+	0xb921, 0xb93b,
+	0xb93d, 0xb957,
+	0xb959, 0xb973,
+	0xb975, 0xb98f,
+	0xb991, 0xb9ab,
+	0xb9ad, 0xb9c7,
+	0xb9c9, 0xb9e3,
+	0xb9e5, 0xb9ff,
+	0xba01, 0xba1b,
+	0xba1d, 0xba37,
+	0xba39, 0xba53,
+	0xba55, 0xba6f,
+	0xba71, 0xba8b,
+	0xba8d, 0xbaa7,
+	0xbaa9, 0xbac3,
+	0xbac5, 0xbadf,
+	0xbae1, 0xbafb,
+	0xbafd, 0xbb17,
+	0xbb19, 0xbb33,
+	0xbb35, 0xbb4f,
+	0xbb51, 0xbb6b,
+	0xbb6d, 0xbb87,
+	0xbb89, 0xbba3,
+	0xbba5, 0xbbbf,
+	0xbbc1, 0xbbdb,
+	0xbbdd, 0xbbf7,
+	0xbbf9, 0xbc13,
+	0xbc15, 0xbc2f,
+	0xbc31, 0xbc4b,
+	0xbc4d, 0xbc67,
+	0xbc69, 0xbc83,
+	0xbc85, 0xbc9f,
+	0xbca1, 0xbcbb,
+	0xbcbd, 0xbcd7,
+	0xbcd9, 0xbcf3,
+	0xbcf5, 0xbd0f,
+	0xbd11, 0xbd2b,
+	0xbd2d, 0xbd47,
+	0xbd49, 0xbd63,
+	0xbd65, 0xbd7f,
+	0xbd81, 0xbd9b,
+	0xbd9d, 0xbdb7,
+	0xbdb9, 0xbdd3,
+	0xbdd5, 0xbdef,
+	0xbdf1, 0xbe0b,
+	0xbe0d, 0xbe27,
+	0xbe29, 0xbe43,
+	0xbe45, 0xbe5f,
+	0xbe61, 0xbe7b,
+	0xbe7d, 0xbe97,
+	0xbe99, 0xbeb3,
+	0xbeb5, 0xbecf,
+	0xbed1, 0xbeeb,
+	0xbeed, 0xbf07,
+	0xbf09, 0xbf23,
+	0xbf25, 0xbf3f,
+	0xbf41, 0xbf5b,
+	0xbf5d, 0xbf77,
+	0xbf79, 0xbf93,
+	0xbf95, 0xbfaf,
+	0xbfb1, 0xbfcb,
+	0xbfcd, 0xbfe7,
+	0xbfe9, 0xc003,
+	0xc005, 0xc01f,
+	0xc021, 0xc03b,
+	0xc03d, 0xc057,
+	0xc059, 0xc073,
+	0xc075, 0xc08f,
+	0xc091, 0xc0ab,
+	0xc0ad, 0xc0c7,
+	0xc0c9, 0xc0e3,
+	0xc0e5, 0xc0ff,
+	0xc101, 0xc11b,
+	0xc11d, 0xc137,
+	0xc139, 0xc153,
+	0xc155, 0xc16f,
+	0xc171, 0xc18b,
+	0xc18d, 0xc1a7,
+	0xc1a9, 0xc1c3,
+	0xc1c5, 0xc1df,
+	0xc1e1, 0xc1fb,
+	0xc1fd, 0xc217,
+	0xc219, 0xc233,
+	0xc235, 0xc24f,
+	0xc251, 0xc26b,
+	0xc26d, 0xc287,
+	0xc289, 0xc2a3,
+	0xc2a5, 0xc2bf,
+	0xc2c1, 0xc2db,
+	0xc2dd, 0xc2f7,
+	0xc2f9, 0xc313,
+	0xc315, 0xc32f,
+	0xc331, 0xc34b,
+	0xc34d, 0xc367,
+	0xc369, 0xc383,
+	0xc385, 0xc39f,
+	0xc3a1, 0xc3bb,
+	0xc3bd, 0xc3d7,
+	0xc3d9, 0xc3f3,
+	0xc3f5, 0xc40f,
+	0xc411, 0xc42b,
+	0xc42d, 0xc447,
+	0xc449, 0xc463,
+	0xc465, 0xc47f,
+	0xc481, 0xc49b,
+	0xc49d, 0xc4b7,
+	0xc4b9, 0xc4d3,
+	0xc4d5, 0xc4ef,
+	0xc4f1, 0xc50b,
+	0xc50d, 0xc527,
+	0xc529, 0xc543,
+	0xc545, 0xc55f,
+	0xc561, 0xc57b,
+	0xc57d, 0xc597,
+	0xc599, 0xc5b3,
+	0xc5b5, 0xc5cf,
+	0xc5d1, 0xc5eb,
+	0xc5ed, 0xc607,
+	0xc609, 0xc623,
+	0xc625, 0xc63f,
+	0xc641, 0xc65b,
+	0xc65d, 0xc677,
+	0xc679, 0xc693,
+	0xc695, 0xc6af,
+	0xc6b1, 0xc6cb,
+	0xc6cd, 0xc6e7,
+	0xc6e9, 0xc703,
+	0xc705, 0xc71f,
+	0xc721, 0xc73b,
+	0xc73d, 0xc757,
+	0xc759, 0xc773,
+	0xc775, 0xc78f,
+	0xc791, 0xc7ab,
+	0xc7ad, 0xc7c7,
+	0xc7c9, 0xc7e3,
+	0xc7e5, 0xc7ff,
+	0xc801, 0xc81b,
+	0xc81d, 0xc837,
+	0xc839, 0xc853,
+	0xc855, 0xc86f,
+	0xc871, 0xc88b,
+	0xc88d, 0xc8a7,
+	0xc8a9, 0xc8c3,
+	0xc8c5, 0xc8df,
+	0xc8e1, 0xc8fb,
+	0xc8fd, 0xc917,
+	0xc919, 0xc933,
+	0xc935, 0xc94f,
+	0xc951, 0xc96b,
+	0xc96d, 0xc987,
+	0xc989, 0xc9a3,
+	0xc9a5, 0xc9bf,
+	0xc9c1, 0xc9db,
+	0xc9dd, 0xc9f7,
+	0xc9f9, 0xca13,
+	0xca15, 0xca2f,
+	0xca31, 0xca4b,
+	0xca4d, 0xca67,
+	0xca69, 0xca83,
+	0xca85, 0xca9f,
+	0xcaa1, 0xcabb,
+	0xcabd, 0xcad7,
+	0xcad9, 0xcaf3,
+	0xcaf5, 0xcb0f,
+	0xcb11, 0xcb2b,
+	0xcb2d, 0xcb47,
+	0xcb49, 0xcb63,
+	0xcb65, 0xcb7f,
+	0xcb81, 0xcb9b,
+	0xcb9d, 0xcbb7,
+	0xcbb9, 0xcbd3,
+	0xcbd5, 0xcbef,
+	0xcbf1, 0xcc0b,
+	0xcc0d, 0xcc27,
+	0xcc29, 0xcc43,
+	0xcc45, 0xcc5f,
+	0xcc61, 0xcc7b,
+	0xcc7d, 0xcc97,
+	0xcc99, 0xccb3,
+	0xccb5, 0xcccf,
+	0xccd1, 0xcceb,
+	0xcced, 0xcd07,
+	0xcd09, 0xcd23,
+	0xcd25, 0xcd3f,
+	0xcd41, 0xcd5b,
+	0xcd5d, 0xcd77,
+	0xcd79, 0xcd93,
+	0xcd95, 0xcdaf,
+	0xcdb1, 0xcdcb,
+	0xcdcd, 0xcde7,
+	0xcde9, 0xce03,
+	0xce05, 0xce1f,
+	0xce21, 0xce3b,
+	0xce3d, 0xce57,
+	0xce59, 0xce73,
+	0xce75, 0xce8f,
+	0xce91, 0xceab,
+	0xcead, 0xcec7,
+	0xcec9, 0xcee3,
+	0xcee5, 0xceff,
+	0xcf01, 0xcf1b,
+	0xcf1d, 0xcf37,
+	0xcf39, 0xcf53,
+	0xcf55, 0xcf6f,
+	0xcf71, 0xcf8b,
+	0xcf8d, 0xcfa7,
+	0xcfa9, 0xcfc3,
+	0xcfc5, 0xcfdf,
+	0xcfe1, 0xcffb,
+	0xcffd, 0xd017,
+	0xd019, 0xd033,
+	0xd035, 0xd04f,
+	0xd051, 0xd06b,
+	0xd06d, 0xd087,
+	0xd089, 0xd0a3,
+	0xd0a5, 0xd0bf,
+	0xd0c1, 0xd0db,
+	0xd0dd, 0xd0f7,
+	0xd0f9, 0xd113,
+	0xd115, 0xd12f,
+	0xd131, 0xd14b,
+	0xd14d, 0xd167,
+	0xd169, 0xd183,
+	0xd185, 0xd19f,
+	0xd1a1, 0xd1bb,
+	0xd1bd, 0xd1d7,
+	0xd1d9, 0xd1f3,
+	0xd1f5, 0xd20f,
+	0xd211, 0xd22b,
+	0xd22d, 0xd247,
+	0xd249, 0xd263,
+	0xd265, 0xd27f,
+	0xd281, 0xd29b,
+	0xd29d, 0xd2b7,
+	0xd2b9, 0xd2d3,
+	0xd2d5, 0xd2ef,
+	0xd2f1, 0xd30b,
+	0xd30d, 0xd327,
+	0xd329, 0xd343,
+	0xd345, 0xd35f,
+	0xd361, 0xd37b,
+	0xd37d, 0xd397,
+	0xd399, 0xd3b3,
+	0xd3b5, 0xd3cf,
+	0xd3d1, 0xd3eb,
+	0xd3ed, 0xd407,
+	0xd409, 0xd423,
+	0xd425, 0xd43f,
+	0xd441, 0xd45b,
+	0xd45d, 0xd477,
+	0xd479, 0xd493,
+	0xd495, 0xd4af,
+	0xd4b1, 0xd4cb,
+	0xd4cd, 0xd4e7,
+	0xd4e9, 0xd503,
+	0xd505, 0xd51f,
+	0xd521, 0xd53b,
+	0xd53d, 0xd557,
+	0xd559, 0xd573,
+	0xd575, 0xd58f,
+	0xd591, 0xd5ab,
+	0xd5ad, 0xd5c7,
+	0xd5c9, 0xd5e3,
+	0xd5e5, 0xd5ff,
+	0xd601, 0xd61b,
+	0xd61d, 0xd637,
+	0xd639, 0xd653,
+	0xd655, 0xd66f,
+	0xd671, 0xd68b,
+	0xd68d, 0xd6a7,
+	0xd6a9, 0xd6c3,
+	0xd6c5, 0xd6df,
+	0xd6e1, 0xd6fb,
+	0xd6fd, 0xd717,
+	0xd719, 0xd733,
+	0xd735, 0xd74f,
+	0xd751, 0xd76b,
+	0xd76d, 0xd787,
+	0xd789, 0xd7a3,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT */
+
+/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=ZWJ */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ[] = {
+	1,
+	0x200d, 0x200d,
+}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ */
+
+/* 'In_Basic_Latin': Block */
+#define CR_In_Basic_Latin CR_ASCII
+
+/* 'In_Latin_1_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_1_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0080, 0x00ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Latin_1_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Latin_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0100, 0x017f,
+}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_Latin_Extended_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0180, 0x024f,
+}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_B */
+
+/* 'In_IPA_Extensions': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_IPA_Extensions[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0250, 0x02af,
+}; /* CR_In_IPA_Extensions */
+
+/* 'In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters[] = {
+	1,
+	0x02b0, 0x02ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters */
+
+/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0300, 0x036f,
+}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks */
+
+/* 'In_Greek_and_Coptic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Greek_and_Coptic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0370, 0x03ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Greek_and_Coptic */
+
+/* 'In_Cyrillic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0400, 0x04ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic */
+
+/* 'In_Cyrillic_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0500, 0x052f,
+}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Armenian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Armenian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0530, 0x058f,
+}; /* CR_In_Armenian */
+
+/* 'In_Hebrew': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hebrew[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0590, 0x05ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Hebrew */
+
+/* 'In_Arabic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0600, 0x06ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Arabic */
+
+/* 'In_Syriac': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Syriac[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0700, 0x074f,
+}; /* CR_In_Syriac */
+
+/* 'In_Arabic_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0750, 0x077f,
+}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Thaana': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Thaana[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0780, 0x07bf,
+}; /* CR_In_Thaana */
+
+/* 'In_NKo': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_NKo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07ff,
+}; /* CR_In_NKo */
+
+/* 'In_Samaritan': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Samaritan[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0800, 0x083f,
+}; /* CR_In_Samaritan */
+
+/* 'In_Mandaic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mandaic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0840, 0x085f,
+}; /* CR_In_Mandaic */
+
+/* 'In_Syriac_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Syriac_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0860, 0x086f,
+}; /* CR_In_Syriac_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Arabic_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x08a0, 0x08ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_Devanagari': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Devanagari[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0900, 0x097f,
+}; /* CR_In_Devanagari */
+
+/* 'In_Bengali': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bengali[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0980, 0x09ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Bengali */
+
+/* 'In_Gurmukhi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gurmukhi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0a00, 0x0a7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Gurmukhi */
+
+/* 'In_Gujarati': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gujarati[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0a80, 0x0aff,
+}; /* CR_In_Gujarati */
+
+/* 'In_Oriya': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Oriya[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0b00, 0x0b7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Oriya */
+
+/* 'In_Tamil': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tamil[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0b80, 0x0bff,
+}; /* CR_In_Tamil */
+
+/* 'In_Telugu': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Telugu[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Telugu */
+
+/* 'In_Kannada': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kannada[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0c80, 0x0cff,
+}; /* CR_In_Kannada */
+
+/* 'In_Malayalam': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Malayalam[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Malayalam */
+
+/* 'In_Sinhala': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sinhala[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0d80, 0x0dff,
+}; /* CR_In_Sinhala */
+
+/* 'In_Thai': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Thai[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0e00, 0x0e7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Thai */
+
+/* 'In_Lao': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lao[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0e80, 0x0eff,
+}; /* CR_In_Lao */
+
+/* 'In_Tibetan': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tibetan[] = {
+	1,
+	0x0f00, 0x0fff,
+}; /* CR_In_Tibetan */
+
+/* 'In_Myanmar': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Myanmar[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1000, 0x109f,
+}; /* CR_In_Myanmar */
+
+/* 'In_Georgian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Georgian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10a0, 0x10ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Georgian */
+
+/* 'In_Hangul_Jamo': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Jamo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1100, 0x11ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Jamo */
+
+/* 'In_Ethiopic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1200, 0x137f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic */
+
+/* 'In_Ethiopic_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1380, 0x139f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Cherokee': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cherokee[] = {
+	1,
+	0x13a0, 0x13ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Cherokee */
+
+/* 'In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1400, 0x167f,
+}; /* CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics */
+
+/* 'In_Ogham': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ogham[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1680, 0x169f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ogham */
+
+/* 'In_Runic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Runic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16a0, 0x16ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Runic */
+
+/* 'In_Tagalog': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tagalog[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1700, 0x171f,
+}; /* CR_In_Tagalog */
+
+/* 'In_Hanunoo': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hanunoo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1720, 0x173f,
+}; /* CR_In_Hanunoo */
+
+/* 'In_Buhid': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Buhid[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1740, 0x175f,
+}; /* CR_In_Buhid */
+
+/* 'In_Tagbanwa': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tagbanwa[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1760, 0x177f,
+}; /* CR_In_Tagbanwa */
+
+/* 'In_Khmer': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khmer[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1780, 0x17ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Khmer */
+
+/* 'In_Mongolian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mongolian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1800, 0x18af,
+}; /* CR_In_Mongolian */
+
+/* 'In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0x18b0, 0x18ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_Limbu': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Limbu[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1900, 0x194f,
+}; /* CR_In_Limbu */
+
+/* 'In_Tai_Le': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Le[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1950, 0x197f,
+}; /* CR_In_Tai_Le */
+
+/* 'In_New_Tai_Lue': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_New_Tai_Lue[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1980, 0x19df,
+}; /* CR_In_New_Tai_Lue */
+
+/* 'In_Khmer_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khmer_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x19e0, 0x19ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Khmer_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Buginese': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Buginese[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1a00, 0x1a1f,
+}; /* CR_In_Buginese */
+
+/* 'In_Tai_Tham': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Tham[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1a20, 0x1aaf,
+}; /* CR_In_Tai_Tham */
+
+/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1aff,
+}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_Balinese': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Balinese[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Balinese */
+
+/* 'In_Sundanese': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sundanese[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bbf,
+}; /* CR_In_Sundanese */
+
+/* 'In_Batak': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Batak[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1bc0, 0x1bff,
+}; /* CR_In_Batak */
+
+/* 'In_Lepcha': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lepcha[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1c00, 0x1c4f,
+}; /* CR_In_Lepcha */
+
+/* 'In_Ol_Chiki': Block */
+#define CR_In_Ol_Chiki CR_Ol_Chiki
+
+/* 'In_Cyrillic_Extended_C': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_C[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1c80, 0x1c8f,
+}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_C */
+
+/* 'In_Georgian_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Georgian_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cbf,
+}; /* CR_In_Georgian_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_Sundanese_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sundanese_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1cc0, 0x1ccf,
+}; /* CR_In_Sundanese_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Vedic_Extensions': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Vedic_Extensions[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cff,
+}; /* CR_In_Vedic_Extensions */
+
+/* 'In_Phonetic_Extensions': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d00, 0x1d7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions */
+
+/* 'In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d80, 0x1dbf,
+}; /* CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1dc0, 0x1dff,
+}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Latin_Extended_Additional': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_Additional[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e00, 0x1eff,
+}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_Additional */
+
+/* 'In_Greek_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Greek_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f00, 0x1fff,
+}; /* CR_In_Greek_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_General_Punctuation': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_General_Punctuation[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2000, 0x206f,
+}; /* CR_In_General_Punctuation */
+
+/* 'In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2070, 0x209f,
+}; /* CR_In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts */
+
+/* 'In_Currency_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Currency_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x20a0, 0x20cf,
+}; /* CR_In_Currency_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x20d0, 0x20ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Letterlike_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Letterlike_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2100, 0x214f,
+}; /* CR_In_Letterlike_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Number_Forms': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Number_Forms[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2150, 0x218f,
+}; /* CR_In_Number_Forms */
+
+/* 'In_Arrows': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arrows[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2190, 0x21ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Arrows */
+
+/* 'In_Mathematical_Operators': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mathematical_Operators[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2200, 0x22ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Mathematical_Operators */
+
+/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Technical': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Technical[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2300, 0x23ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Technical */
+
+/* 'In_Control_Pictures': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Control_Pictures[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2400, 0x243f,
+}; /* CR_In_Control_Pictures */
+
+/* 'In_Optical_Character_Recognition': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Optical_Character_Recognition[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2440, 0x245f,
+}; /* CR_In_Optical_Character_Recognition */
+
+/* 'In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2460, 0x24ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics */
+
+/* 'In_Box_Drawing': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Box_Drawing[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2500, 0x257f,
+}; /* CR_In_Box_Drawing */
+
+/* 'In_Block_Elements': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Block_Elements[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2580, 0x259f,
+}; /* CR_In_Block_Elements */
+
+/* 'In_Geometric_Shapes': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Geometric_Shapes[] = {
+	1,
+	0x25a0, 0x25ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Geometric_Shapes */
+
+/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2600, 0x26ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Dingbats': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Dingbats[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2700, 0x27bf,
+}; /* CR_In_Dingbats */
+
+/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x27c0, 0x27ef,
+}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A */
+
+/* 'In_Supplemental_Arrows_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x27f0, 0x27ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_A */
+
+/* 'In_Braille_Patterns': Block */
+#define CR_In_Braille_Patterns CR_Braille
+
+/* 'In_Supplemental_Arrows_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2900, 0x297f,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_B */
+
+/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2980, 0x29ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B */
+
+/* 'In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2a00, 0x2aff,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators */
+
+/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2b00, 0x2bff,
+}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows */
+
+/* 'In_Glagolitic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Glagolitic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2c00, 0x2c5f,
+}; /* CR_In_Glagolitic */
+
+/* 'In_Latin_Extended_C': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_C[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2c60, 0x2c7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_C */
+
+/* 'In_Coptic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Coptic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2c80, 0x2cff,
+}; /* CR_In_Coptic */
+
+/* 'In_Georgian_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Georgian_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2d00, 0x2d2f,
+}; /* CR_In_Georgian_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Tifinagh': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tifinagh[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Tifinagh */
+
+/* 'In_Ethiopic_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2d80, 0x2ddf,
+}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_Cyrillic_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
+}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_Supplemental_Punctuation': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Punctuation[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2e00, 0x2e7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Punctuation */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2e80, 0x2eff,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Kangxi_Radicals': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kangxi_Radicals[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fdf,
+}; /* CR_In_Kangxi_Radicals */
+
+/* 'In_Ideographic_Description_Characters': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ideographic_Description_Characters[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2fff,
+}; /* CR_In_Ideographic_Description_Characters */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation */
+
+/* 'In_Hiragana': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hiragana[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3040, 0x309f,
+}; /* CR_In_Hiragana */
+
+/* 'In_Katakana': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Katakana[] = {
+	1,
+	0x30a0, 0x30ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Katakana */
+
+/* 'In_Bopomofo': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bopomofo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3100, 0x312f,
+}; /* CR_In_Bopomofo */
+
+/* 'In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3130, 0x318f,
+}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo */
+
+/* 'In_Kanbun': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kanbun[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3190, 0x319f,
+}; /* CR_In_Kanbun */
+
+/* 'In_Bopomofo_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bopomofo_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0x31a0, 0x31bf,
+}; /* CR_In_Bopomofo_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Strokes': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Strokes[] = {
+	1,
+	0x31c0, 0x31ef,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Strokes */
+
+/* 'In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions[] = {
+	1,
+	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions */
+
+/* 'In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3200, 0x32ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3300, 0x33ff,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x3400, 0x4dbf,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A */
+
+/* 'In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
+}; /* CR_In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs[] = {
+	1,
+	0x4e00, 0x9fff,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs */
+
+/* 'In_Yi_Syllables': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Yi_Syllables[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa000, 0xa48f,
+}; /* CR_In_Yi_Syllables */
+
+/* 'In_Yi_Radicals': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Yi_Radicals[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa490, 0xa4cf,
+}; /* CR_In_Yi_Radicals */
+
+/* 'In_Lisu': Block */
+#define CR_In_Lisu CR_Lisu
+
+/* 'In_Vai': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Vai[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa500, 0xa63f,
+}; /* CR_In_Vai */
+
+/* 'In_Cyrillic_Extended_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa640, 0xa69f,
+}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_B */
+
+/* 'In_Bamum': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bamum[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa6a0, 0xa6ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Bamum */
+
+/* 'In_Modifier_Tone_Letters': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Modifier_Tone_Letters[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa700, 0xa71f,
+}; /* CR_In_Modifier_Tone_Letters */
+
+/* 'In_Latin_Extended_D': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_D[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa720, 0xa7ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_D */
+
+/* 'In_Syloti_Nagri': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Syloti_Nagri[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa800, 0xa82f,
+}; /* CR_In_Syloti_Nagri */
+
+/* 'In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa830, 0xa83f,
+}; /* CR_In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms */
+
+/* 'In_Phags_pa': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phags_pa[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa840, 0xa87f,
+}; /* CR_In_Phags_pa */
+
+/* 'In_Saurashtra': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Saurashtra[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa880, 0xa8df,
+}; /* CR_In_Saurashtra */
+
+/* 'In_Devanagari_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Devanagari_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa8ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Devanagari_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_Kayah_Li': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kayah_Li[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa900, 0xa92f,
+}; /* CR_In_Kayah_Li */
+
+/* 'In_Rejang': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Rejang[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa930, 0xa95f,
+}; /* CR_In_Rejang */
+
+/* 'In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa960, 0xa97f,
+}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_Javanese': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Javanese[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa980, 0xa9df,
+}; /* CR_In_Javanese */
+
+/* 'In_Myanmar_Extended_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0xa9e0, 0xa9ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_B */
+
+/* 'In_Cham': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cham[] = {
+	1,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa5f,
+}; /* CR_In_Cham */
+
+/* 'In_Myanmar_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0xaa60, 0xaa7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_Tai_Viet': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Viet[] = {
+	1,
+	0xaa80, 0xaadf,
+}; /* CR_In_Tai_Viet */
+
+/* 'In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions[] = {
+	1,
+	0xaae0, 0xaaff,
+}; /* CR_In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions */
+
+/* 'In_Ethiopic_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0xab00, 0xab2f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_Latin_Extended_E': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_E[] = {
+	1,
+	0xab30, 0xab6f,
+}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_E */
+
+/* 'In_Cherokee_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cherokee_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0xab70, 0xabbf,
+}; /* CR_In_Cherokee_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Meetei_Mayek': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Meetei_Mayek[] = {
+	1,
+	0xabc0, 0xabff,
+}; /* CR_In_Meetei_Mayek */
+
+/* 'In_Hangul_Syllables': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Syllables[] = {
+	1,
+	0xac00, 0xd7af,
+}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Syllables */
+
+/* 'In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B */
+
+/* 'In_High_Surrogates': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_High_Surrogates[] = {
+	1,
+	0xd800, 0xdb7f,
+}; /* CR_In_High_Surrogates */
+
+/* 'In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates[] = {
+	1,
+	0xdb80, 0xdbff,
+}; /* CR_In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates */
+
+/* 'In_Low_Surrogates': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Low_Surrogates[] = {
+	1,
+	0xdc00, 0xdfff,
+}; /* CR_In_Low_Surrogates */
+
+/* 'In_Private_Use_Area': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Private_Use_Area[] = {
+	1,
+	0xe000, 0xf8ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Private_Use_Area */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs[] = {
+	1,
+	0xf900, 0xfaff,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs */
+
+/* 'In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb4f,
+}; /* CR_In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms */
+
+/* 'In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfb50, 0xfdff,
+}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A */
+
+/* 'In_Variation_Selectors': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Variation_Selectors[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
+}; /* CR_In_Variation_Selectors */
+
+/* 'In_Vertical_Forms': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Vertical_Forms[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfe10, 0xfe1f,
+}; /* CR_In_Vertical_Forms */
+
+/* 'In_Combining_Half_Marks': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Half_Marks[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
+}; /* CR_In_Combining_Half_Marks */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfe30, 0xfe4f,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms */
+
+/* 'In_Small_Form_Variants': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Small_Form_Variants[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfe50, 0xfe6f,
+}; /* CR_In_Small_Form_Variants */
+
+/* 'In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfe70, 0xfeff,
+}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B */
+
+/* 'In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms[] = {
+	1,
+	0xff00, 0xffef,
+}; /* CR_In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms */
+
+/* 'In_Specials': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Specials[] = {
+	1,
+	0xfff0, 0xffff,
+}; /* CR_In_Specials */
+
+/* 'In_Linear_B_Syllabary': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Linear_B_Syllabary[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10000, 0x1007f,
+}; /* CR_In_Linear_B_Syllabary */
+
+/* 'In_Linear_B_Ideograms': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Linear_B_Ideograms[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10080, 0x100ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Linear_B_Ideograms */
+
+/* 'In_Aegean_Numbers': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Aegean_Numbers[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10100, 0x1013f,
+}; /* CR_In_Aegean_Numbers */
+
+/* 'In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10140, 0x1018f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers */
+
+/* 'In_Ancient_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ancient_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10190, 0x101cf,
+}; /* CR_In_Ancient_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Phaistos_Disc': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phaistos_Disc[] = {
+	1,
+	0x101d0, 0x101ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Phaistos_Disc */
+
+/* 'In_Lycian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lycian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10280, 0x1029f,
+}; /* CR_In_Lycian */
+
+/* 'In_Carian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Carian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x102a0, 0x102df,
+}; /* CR_In_Carian */
+
+/* 'In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers[] = {
+	1,
+	0x102e0, 0x102ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers */
+
+/* 'In_Old_Italic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Italic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10300, 0x1032f,
+}; /* CR_In_Old_Italic */
+
+/* 'In_Gothic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gothic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10330, 0x1034f,
+}; /* CR_In_Gothic */
+
+/* 'In_Old_Permic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Permic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10350, 0x1037f,
+}; /* CR_In_Old_Permic */
+
+/* 'In_Ugaritic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ugaritic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10380, 0x1039f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ugaritic */
+
+/* 'In_Old_Persian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Persian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x103a0, 0x103df,
+}; /* CR_In_Old_Persian */
+
+/* 'In_Deseret': Block */
+#define CR_In_Deseret CR_Deseret
+
+/* 'In_Shavian': Block */
+#define CR_In_Shavian CR_Shavian
+
+/* 'In_Osmanya': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Osmanya[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10480, 0x104af,
+}; /* CR_In_Osmanya */
+
+/* 'In_Osage': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Osage[] = {
+	1,
+	0x104b0, 0x104ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Osage */
+
+/* 'In_Elbasan': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Elbasan[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10500, 0x1052f,
+}; /* CR_In_Elbasan */
+
+/* 'In_Caucasian_Albanian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Caucasian_Albanian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10530, 0x1056f,
+}; /* CR_In_Caucasian_Albanian */
+
+/* 'In_Linear_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Linear_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10600, 0x1077f,
+}; /* CR_In_Linear_A */
+
+/* 'In_Cypriot_Syllabary': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cypriot_Syllabary[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10800, 0x1083f,
+}; /* CR_In_Cypriot_Syllabary */
+
+/* 'In_Imperial_Aramaic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Imperial_Aramaic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10840, 0x1085f,
+}; /* CR_In_Imperial_Aramaic */
+
+/* 'In_Palmyrene': Block */
+#define CR_In_Palmyrene CR_Palmyrene
+
+/* 'In_Nabataean': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Nabataean[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10880, 0x108af,
+}; /* CR_In_Nabataean */
+
+/* 'In_Hatran': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hatran[] = {
+	1,
+	0x108e0, 0x108ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Hatran */
+
+/* 'In_Phoenician': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phoenician[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10900, 0x1091f,
+}; /* CR_In_Phoenician */
+
+/* 'In_Lydian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lydian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10920, 0x1093f,
+}; /* CR_In_Lydian */
+
+/* 'In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs': Block */
+#define CR_In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs
+
+/* 'In_Meroitic_Cursive': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Meroitic_Cursive[] = {
+	1,
+	0x109a0, 0x109ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Meroitic_Cursive */
+
+/* 'In_Kharoshthi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kharoshthi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10a00, 0x10a5f,
+}; /* CR_In_Kharoshthi */
+
+/* 'In_Old_South_Arabian': Block */
+#define CR_In_Old_South_Arabian CR_Old_South_Arabian
+
+/* 'In_Old_North_Arabian': Block */
+#define CR_In_Old_North_Arabian CR_Old_North_Arabian
+
+/* 'In_Manichaean': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Manichaean[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10aff,
+}; /* CR_In_Manichaean */
+
+/* 'In_Avestan': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Avestan[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b3f,
+}; /* CR_In_Avestan */
+
+/* 'In_Inscriptional_Parthian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Inscriptional_Parthian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10b40, 0x10b5f,
+}; /* CR_In_Inscriptional_Parthian */
+
+/* 'In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10b60, 0x10b7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi */
+
+/* 'In_Psalter_Pahlavi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Psalter_Pahlavi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10b80, 0x10baf,
+}; /* CR_In_Psalter_Pahlavi */
+
+/* 'In_Old_Turkic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Turkic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c4f,
+}; /* CR_In_Old_Turkic */
+
+/* 'In_Old_Hungarian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Hungarian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cff,
+}; /* CR_In_Old_Hungarian */
+
+/* 'In_Hanifi_Rohingya': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hanifi_Rohingya[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10d00, 0x10d3f,
+}; /* CR_In_Hanifi_Rohingya */
+
+/* 'In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7f,
+}; /* CR_In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Old_Sogdian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Sogdian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10f00, 0x10f2f,
+}; /* CR_In_Old_Sogdian */
+
+/* 'In_Sogdian': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sogdian[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f6f,
+}; /* CR_In_Sogdian */
+
+/* 'In_Elymaic': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Elymaic[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10fff,
+}; /* CR_In_Elymaic */
+
+/* 'In_Brahmi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Brahmi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11000, 0x1107f,
+}; /* CR_In_Brahmi */
+
+/* 'In_Kaithi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kaithi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11080, 0x110cf,
+}; /* CR_In_Kaithi */
+
+/* 'In_Sora_Sompeng': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sora_Sompeng[] = {
+	1,
+	0x110d0, 0x110ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Sora_Sompeng */
+
+/* 'In_Chakma': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Chakma[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11100, 0x1114f,
+}; /* CR_In_Chakma */
+
+/* 'In_Mahajani': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mahajani[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11150, 0x1117f,
+}; /* CR_In_Mahajani */
+
+/* 'In_Sharada': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sharada[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11180, 0x111df,
+}; /* CR_In_Sharada */
+
+/* 'In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers[] = {
+	1,
+	0x111e0, 0x111ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers */
+
+/* 'In_Khojki': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khojki[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11200, 0x1124f,
+}; /* CR_In_Khojki */
+
+/* 'In_Multani': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Multani[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11280, 0x112af,
+}; /* CR_In_Multani */
+
+/* 'In_Khudawadi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khudawadi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Khudawadi */
+
+/* 'In_Grantha': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Grantha[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11300, 0x1137f,
+}; /* CR_In_Grantha */
+
+/* 'In_Newa': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Newa[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11400, 0x1147f,
+}; /* CR_In_Newa */
+
+/* 'In_Tirhuta': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tirhuta[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11480, 0x114df,
+}; /* CR_In_Tirhuta */
+
+/* 'In_Siddham': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Siddham[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11580, 0x115ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Siddham */
+
+/* 'In_Modi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Modi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11600, 0x1165f,
+}; /* CR_In_Modi */
+
+/* 'In_Mongolian_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mongolian_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11660, 0x1167f,
+}; /* CR_In_Mongolian_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Takri': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Takri[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11680, 0x116cf,
+}; /* CR_In_Takri */
+
+/* 'In_Ahom': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ahom[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11700, 0x1173f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ahom */
+
+/* 'In_Dogra': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Dogra[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11800, 0x1184f,
+}; /* CR_In_Dogra */
+
+/* 'In_Warang_Citi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Warang_Citi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x118a0, 0x118ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Warang_Citi */
+
+/* 'In_Nandinagari': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Nandinagari[] = {
+	1,
+	0x119a0, 0x119ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Nandinagari */
+
+/* 'In_Zanabazar_Square': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Zanabazar_Square[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a4f,
+}; /* CR_In_Zanabazar_Square */
+
+/* 'In_Soyombo': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Soyombo[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aaf,
+}; /* CR_In_Soyombo */
+
+/* 'In_Pau_Cin_Hau': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11ac0, 0x11aff,
+}; /* CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau */
+
+/* 'In_Bhaiksuki': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bhaiksuki[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c6f,
+}; /* CR_In_Bhaiksuki */
+
+/* 'In_Marchen': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Marchen[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11c70, 0x11cbf,
+}; /* CR_In_Marchen */
+
+/* 'In_Masaram_Gondi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Masaram_Gondi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d5f,
+}; /* CR_In_Masaram_Gondi */
+
+/* 'In_Gunjala_Gondi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gunjala_Gondi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11d60, 0x11daf,
+}; /* CR_In_Gunjala_Gondi */
+
+/* 'In_Makasar': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Makasar[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11eff,
+}; /* CR_In_Makasar */
+
+/* 'In_Tamil_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tamil_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11fff,
+}; /* CR_In_Tamil_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Cuneiform': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cuneiform[] = {
+	1,
+	0x12000, 0x123ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Cuneiform */
+
+/* 'In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation[] = {
+	1,
+	0x12400, 0x1247f,
+}; /* CR_In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation */
+
+/* 'In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform[] = {
+	1,
+	0x12480, 0x1254f,
+}; /* CR_In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform */
+
+/* 'In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
+	1,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+}; /* CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs */
+
+/* 'In_Egyptian_Hieroglyph_Format_Controls': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyph_Format_Controls[] = {
+	1,
+	0x13430, 0x1343f,
+}; /* CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyph_Format_Controls */
+
+/* 'In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
+	1,
+	0x14400, 0x1467f,
+}; /* CR_In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs */
+
+/* 'In_Bamum_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bamum_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16800, 0x16a3f,
+}; /* CR_In_Bamum_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Mro': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mro[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a6f,
+}; /* CR_In_Mro */
+
+/* 'In_Bassa_Vah': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bassa_Vah[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aff,
+}; /* CR_In_Bassa_Vah */
+
+/* 'In_Pahawh_Hmong': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Pahawh_Hmong[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b8f,
+}; /* CR_In_Pahawh_Hmong */
+
+/* 'In_Medefaidrin': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Medefaidrin[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9f,
+}; /* CR_In_Medefaidrin */
+
+/* 'In_Miao': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miao[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f9f,
+}; /* CR_In_Miao */
+
+/* 'In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation[] = {
+	1,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fff,
+}; /* CR_In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation */
+
+/* 'In_Tangut': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tangut[] = {
+	1,
+	0x17000, 0x187ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Tangut */
+
+/* 'In_Tangut_Components': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tangut_Components[] = {
+	1,
+	0x18800, 0x18aff,
+}; /* CR_In_Tangut_Components */
+
+/* 'In_Kana_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kana_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b0ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Kana_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Kana_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kana_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1b100, 0x1b12f,
+}; /* CR_In_Kana_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_Small_Kana_Extension': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Small_Kana_Extension[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1b130, 0x1b16f,
+}; /* CR_In_Small_Kana_Extension */
+
+/* 'In_Nushu': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Nushu[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Nushu */
+
+/* 'In_Duployan': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Duployan[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc9f,
+}; /* CR_In_Duployan */
+
+/* 'In_Shorthand_Format_Controls': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Shorthand_Format_Controls[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1bca0, 0x1bcaf,
+}; /* CR_In_Shorthand_Format_Controls */
+
+/* 'In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Musical_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Musical_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d1ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Musical_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d24f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation */
+
+/* 'In_Mayan_Numerals': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mayan_Numerals[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Mayan_Numerals */
+
+/* 'In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d35f,
+}; /* CR_In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Counting_Rod_Numerals': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Counting_Rod_Numerals[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d37f,
+}; /* CR_In_Counting_Rod_Numerals */
+
+/* 'In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d7ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Sutton_SignWriting': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sutton_SignWriting[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d800, 0x1daaf,
+}; /* CR_In_Sutton_SignWriting */
+
+/* 'In_Glagolitic_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e02f,
+}; /* CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e14f,
+}; /* CR_In_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong */
+
+/* 'In_Wancho': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Wancho[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Wancho */
+
+/* 'In_Mende_Kikakui': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mende_Kikakui[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8df,
+}; /* CR_In_Mende_Kikakui */
+
+/* 'In_Adlam': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Adlam[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e95f,
+}; /* CR_In_Adlam */
+
+/* 'In_Indic_Siyaq_Numbers': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Indic_Siyaq_Numbers[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1ec70, 0x1ecbf,
+}; /* CR_In_Indic_Siyaq_Numbers */
+
+/* 'In_Ottoman_Siyaq_Numbers': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ottoman_Siyaq_Numbers[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1ed00, 0x1ed4f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ottoman_Siyaq_Numbers */
+
+/* 'In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1eeff,
+}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Mahjong_Tiles': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mahjong_Tiles[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02f,
+}; /* CR_In_Mahjong_Tiles */
+
+/* 'In_Domino_Tiles': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Domino_Tiles[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f09f,
+}; /* CR_In_Domino_Tiles */
+
+/* 'In_Playing_Cards': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Playing_Cards[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Playing_Cards */
+
+/* 'In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f1ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f200, 0x1f2ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f5ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs */
+
+/* 'In_Emoticons': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Emoticons[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f600, 0x1f64f,
+}; /* CR_In_Emoticons */
+
+/* 'In_Ornamental_Dingbats': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ornamental_Dingbats[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f650, 0x1f67f,
+}; /* CR_In_Ornamental_Dingbats */
+
+/* 'In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f680, 0x1f6ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Alchemical_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Alchemical_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f77f,
+}; /* CR_In_Alchemical_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f780, 0x1f7ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended */
+
+/* 'In_Supplemental_Arrows_C': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_C[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f8ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_C */
+
+/* 'In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1f900, 0x1f9ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs */
+
+/* 'In_Chess_Symbols': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Chess_Symbols[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1fa00, 0x1fa6f,
+}; /* CR_In_Chess_Symbols */
+
+/* 'In_Symbols_and_Pictographs_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Symbols_and_Pictographs_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1faff,
+}; /* CR_In_Symbols_and_Pictographs_Extended_A */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b73f,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81f,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2b820, 0x2ceaf,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebef,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F */
+
+/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1f,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Tags': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tags[] = {
+	1,
+	0xe0000, 0xe007f,
+}; /* CR_In_Tags */
+
+/* 'In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement[] = {
+	1,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+}; /* CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement */
+
+/* 'In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0xf0000, 0xfffff,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A */
+
+/* 'In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B[] = {
+	1,
+	0x100000, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B */
+
+/* 'In_No_Block': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
+	53,
+	0x0870, 0x089f,
+	0x2fe0, 0x2fef,
+	0x10200, 0x1027f,
+	0x103e0, 0x103ff,
+	0x10570, 0x105ff,
+	0x10780, 0x107ff,
+	0x108b0, 0x108df,
+	0x10940, 0x1097f,
+	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
+	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
+	0x10c50, 0x10c7f,
+	0x10d40, 0x10e5f,
+	0x10e80, 0x10eff,
+	0x10f70, 0x10fdf,
+	0x11250, 0x1127f,
+	0x11380, 0x113ff,
+	0x114e0, 0x1157f,
+	0x116d0, 0x116ff,
+	0x11740, 0x117ff,
+	0x11850, 0x1189f,
+	0x11900, 0x1199f,
+	0x11ab0, 0x11abf,
+	0x11b00, 0x11bff,
+	0x11cc0, 0x11cff,
+	0x11db0, 0x11edf,
+	0x11f00, 0x11fbf,
+	0x12550, 0x12fff,
+	0x13440, 0x143ff,
+	0x14680, 0x167ff,
+	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
+	0x16b90, 0x16e3f,
+	0x16ea0, 0x16eff,
+	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
+	0x18b00, 0x1afff,
+	0x1b300, 0x1bbff,
+	0x1bcb0, 0x1cfff,
+	0x1d250, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d380, 0x1d3ff,
+	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e150, 0x1e2bf,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e7ff,
+	0x1e8e0, 0x1e8ff,
+	0x1e960, 0x1ec6f,
+	0x1ecc0, 0x1ecff,
+	0x1ed50, 0x1edff,
+	0x1ef00, 0x1efff,
+	0x1fb00, 0x1ffff,
+	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
+	0x2ebf0, 0x2f7ff,
+	0x2fa20, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
+	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
+}; /* CR_In_No_Block */
+
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
+  CR_NEWLINE,
+  CR_Alpha,
+  CR_Blank,
+  CR_Cntrl,
+  CR_Digit,
+  CR_Graph,
+  CR_Lower,
+  CR_Print,
+  CR_XPosixPunct,
+  CR_Space,
+  CR_Upper,
+  CR_XDigit,
+  CR_Word,
+  CR_Alnum,
+  CR_ASCII,
+  CR_Punct,
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+  CR_Any,
+  CR_Assigned,
+  CR_C,
+  CR_Cc,
+  CR_Cf,
+  CR_Cn,
+  CR_Co,
+  CR_Cs,
+  CR_L,
+  CR_LC,
+  CR_Ll,
+  CR_Lm,
+  CR_Lo,
+  CR_Lt,
+  CR_Lu,
+  CR_M,
+  CR_Mc,
+  CR_Me,
+  CR_Mn,
+  CR_N,
+  CR_Nd,
+  CR_Nl,
+  CR_No,
+  CR_P,
+  CR_Pc,
+  CR_Pd,
+  CR_Pe,
+  CR_Pf,
+  CR_Pi,
+  CR_Po,
+  CR_Ps,
+  CR_S,
+  CR_Sc,
+  CR_Sk,
+  CR_Sm,
+  CR_So,
+  CR_Z,
+  CR_Zl,
+  CR_Zp,
+  CR_Zs,
+  CR_Math,
+  CR_Alphabetic,
+  CR_Lowercase,
+  CR_Uppercase,
+  CR_Cased,
+  CR_Case_Ignorable,
+  CR_Changes_When_Lowercased,
+  CR_Changes_When_Uppercased,
+  CR_Changes_When_Titlecased,
+  CR_Changes_When_Casefolded,
+  CR_Changes_When_Casemapped,
+  CR_ID_Start,
+  CR_ID_Continue,
+  CR_XID_Start,
+  CR_XID_Continue,
+  CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point,
+  CR_Grapheme_Extend,
+  CR_Grapheme_Base,
+  CR_Grapheme_Link,
+  CR_Common,
+  CR_Latin,
+  CR_Greek,
+  CR_Cyrillic,
+  CR_Armenian,
+  CR_Hebrew,
+  CR_Arabic,
+  CR_Syriac,
+  CR_Thaana,
+  CR_Devanagari,
+  CR_Bengali,
+  CR_Gurmukhi,
+  CR_Gujarati,
+  CR_Oriya,
+  CR_Tamil,
+  CR_Telugu,
+  CR_Kannada,
+  CR_Malayalam,
+  CR_Sinhala,
+  CR_Thai,
+  CR_Lao,
+  CR_Tibetan,
+  CR_Myanmar,
+  CR_Georgian,
+  CR_Hangul,
+  CR_Ethiopic,
+  CR_Cherokee,
+  CR_Canadian_Aboriginal,
+  CR_Ogham,
+  CR_Runic,
+  CR_Khmer,
+  CR_Mongolian,
+  CR_Hiragana,
+  CR_Katakana,
+  CR_Bopomofo,
+  CR_Han,
+  CR_Yi,
+  CR_Old_Italic,
+  CR_Gothic,
+  CR_Deseret,
+  CR_Inherited,
+  CR_Tagalog,
+  CR_Hanunoo,
+  CR_Buhid,
+  CR_Tagbanwa,
+  CR_Limbu,
+  CR_Tai_Le,
+  CR_Linear_B,
+  CR_Ugaritic,
+  CR_Shavian,
+  CR_Osmanya,
+  CR_Cypriot,
+  CR_Braille,
+  CR_Buginese,
+  CR_Coptic,
+  CR_New_Tai_Lue,
+  CR_Glagolitic,
+  CR_Tifinagh,
+  CR_Syloti_Nagri,
+  CR_Old_Persian,
+  CR_Kharoshthi,
+  CR_Balinese,
+  CR_Cuneiform,
+  CR_Phoenician,
+  CR_Phags_Pa,
+  CR_Nko,
+  CR_Sundanese,
+  CR_Lepcha,
+  CR_Ol_Chiki,
+  CR_Vai,
+  CR_Saurashtra,
+  CR_Kayah_Li,
+  CR_Rejang,
+  CR_Lycian,
+  CR_Carian,
+  CR_Lydian,
+  CR_Cham,
+  CR_Tai_Tham,
+  CR_Tai_Viet,
+  CR_Avestan,
+  CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs,
+  CR_Samaritan,
+  CR_Lisu,
+  CR_Bamum,
+  CR_Javanese,
+  CR_Meetei_Mayek,
+  CR_Imperial_Aramaic,
+  CR_Old_South_Arabian,
+  CR_Inscriptional_Parthian,
+  CR_Inscriptional_Pahlavi,
+  CR_Old_Turkic,
+  CR_Kaithi,
+  CR_Batak,
+  CR_Brahmi,
+  CR_Mandaic,
+  CR_Chakma,
+  CR_Meroitic_Cursive,
+  CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs,
+  CR_Miao,
+  CR_Sharada,
+  CR_Sora_Sompeng,
+  CR_Takri,
+  CR_Caucasian_Albanian,
+  CR_Bassa_Vah,
+  CR_Duployan,
+  CR_Elbasan,
+  CR_Grantha,
+  CR_Pahawh_Hmong,
+  CR_Khojki,
+  CR_Linear_A,
+  CR_Mahajani,
+  CR_Manichaean,
+  CR_Mende_Kikakui,
+  CR_Modi,
+  CR_Mro,
+  CR_Old_North_Arabian,
+  CR_Nabataean,
+  CR_Palmyrene,
+  CR_Pau_Cin_Hau,
+  CR_Old_Permic,
+  CR_Psalter_Pahlavi,
+  CR_Siddham,
+  CR_Khudawadi,
+  CR_Tirhuta,
+  CR_Warang_Citi,
+  CR_Ahom,
+  CR_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs,
+  CR_Hatran,
+  CR_Multani,
+  CR_Old_Hungarian,
+  CR_SignWriting,
+  CR_Adlam,
+  CR_Bhaiksuki,
+  CR_Marchen,
+  CR_Newa,
+  CR_Osage,
+  CR_Tangut,
+  CR_Masaram_Gondi,
+  CR_Nushu,
+  CR_Soyombo,
+  CR_Zanabazar_Square,
+  CR_Dogra,
+  CR_Gunjala_Gondi,
+  CR_Makasar,
+  CR_Medefaidrin,
+  CR_Hanifi_Rohingya,
+  CR_Sogdian,
+  CR_Old_Sogdian,
+  CR_Elymaic,
+  CR_Nandinagari,
+  CR_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong,
+  CR_Wancho,
+  CR_White_Space,
+  CR_Bidi_Control,
+  CR_Join_Control,
+  CR_Dash,
+  CR_Hyphen,
+  CR_Quotation_Mark,
+  CR_Terminal_Punctuation,
+  CR_Other_Math,
+  CR_Hex_Digit,
+  CR_ASCII_Hex_Digit,
+  CR_Other_Alphabetic,
+  CR_Ideographic,
+  CR_Diacritic,
+  CR_Extender,
+  CR_Other_Lowercase,
+  CR_Other_Uppercase,
+  CR_Noncharacter_Code_Point,
+  CR_Other_Grapheme_Extend,
+  CR_IDS_Binary_Operator,
+  CR_IDS_Trinary_Operator,
+  CR_Radical,
+  CR_Unified_Ideograph,
+  CR_Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point,
+  CR_Deprecated,
+  CR_Soft_Dotted,
+  CR_Logical_Order_Exception,
+  CR_Other_ID_Start,
+  CR_Other_ID_Continue,
+  CR_Sentence_Terminal,
+  CR_Variation_Selector,
+  CR_Pattern_White_Space,
+  CR_Pattern_Syntax,
+  CR_Prepended_Concatenation_Mark,
+  CR_Regional_Indicator,
+  CR_Emoji,
+  CR_Emoji_Presentation,
+  CR_Emoji_Modifier,
+  CR_Emoji_Modifier_Base,
+  CR_Emoji_Component,
+  CR_Extended_Pictographic,
+  CR_Unknown,
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+  CR_Age_1_1,
+  CR_Age_2_0,
+  CR_Age_2_1,
+  CR_Age_3_0,
+  CR_Age_3_1,
+  CR_Age_3_2,
+  CR_Age_4_0,
+  CR_Age_4_1,
+  CR_Age_5_0,
+  CR_Age_5_1,
+  CR_Age_5_2,
+  CR_Age_6_0,
+  CR_Age_6_1,
+  CR_Age_6_2,
+  CR_Age_6_3,
+  CR_Age_7_0,
+  CR_Age_8_0,
+  CR_Age_9_0,
+  CR_Age_10_0,
+  CR_Age_11_0,
+  CR_Age_12_0,
+  CR_Age_12_1,
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LF,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Regional_Indicator,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT,
+  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ,
+  CR_In_Basic_Latin,
+  CR_In_Latin_1_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Latin_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Latin_Extended_B,
+  CR_In_IPA_Extensions,
+  CR_In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters,
+  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks,
+  CR_In_Greek_and_Coptic,
+  CR_In_Cyrillic,
+  CR_In_Cyrillic_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Armenian,
+  CR_In_Hebrew,
+  CR_In_Arabic,
+  CR_In_Syriac,
+  CR_In_Arabic_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Thaana,
+  CR_In_NKo,
+  CR_In_Samaritan,
+  CR_In_Mandaic,
+  CR_In_Syriac_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Arabic_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Devanagari,
+  CR_In_Bengali,
+  CR_In_Gurmukhi,
+  CR_In_Gujarati,
+  CR_In_Oriya,
+  CR_In_Tamil,
+  CR_In_Telugu,
+  CR_In_Kannada,
+  CR_In_Malayalam,
+  CR_In_Sinhala,
+  CR_In_Thai,
+  CR_In_Lao,
+  CR_In_Tibetan,
+  CR_In_Myanmar,
+  CR_In_Georgian,
+  CR_In_Hangul_Jamo,
+  CR_In_Ethiopic,
+  CR_In_Ethiopic_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Cherokee,
+  CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics,
+  CR_In_Ogham,
+  CR_In_Runic,
+  CR_In_Tagalog,
+  CR_In_Hanunoo,
+  CR_In_Buhid,
+  CR_In_Tagbanwa,
+  CR_In_Khmer,
+  CR_In_Mongolian,
+  CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended,
+  CR_In_Limbu,
+  CR_In_Tai_Le,
+  CR_In_New_Tai_Lue,
+  CR_In_Khmer_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Buginese,
+  CR_In_Tai_Tham,
+  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended,
+  CR_In_Balinese,
+  CR_In_Sundanese,
+  CR_In_Batak,
+  CR_In_Lepcha,
+  CR_In_Ol_Chiki,
+  CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_C,
+  CR_In_Georgian_Extended,
+  CR_In_Sundanese_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Vedic_Extensions,
+  CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions,
+  CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Latin_Extended_Additional,
+  CR_In_Greek_Extended,
+  CR_In_General_Punctuation,
+  CR_In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts,
+  CR_In_Currency_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Letterlike_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Number_Forms,
+  CR_In_Arrows,
+  CR_In_Mathematical_Operators,
+  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Technical,
+  CR_In_Control_Pictures,
+  CR_In_Optical_Character_Recognition,
+  CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics,
+  CR_In_Box_Drawing,
+  CR_In_Block_Elements,
+  CR_In_Geometric_Shapes,
+  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Dingbats,
+  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A,
+  CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_A,
+  CR_In_Braille_Patterns,
+  CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_B,
+  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B,
+  CR_In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators,
+  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows,
+  CR_In_Glagolitic,
+  CR_In_Latin_Extended_C,
+  CR_In_Coptic,
+  CR_In_Georgian_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Tifinagh,
+  CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended,
+  CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Supplemental_Punctuation,
+  CR_In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Kangxi_Radicals,
+  CR_In_Ideographic_Description_Characters,
+  CR_In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation,
+  CR_In_Hiragana,
+  CR_In_Katakana,
+  CR_In_Bopomofo,
+  CR_In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo,
+  CR_In_Kanbun,
+  CR_In_Bopomofo_Extended,
+  CR_In_CJK_Strokes,
+  CR_In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions,
+  CR_In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months,
+  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A,
+  CR_In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs,
+  CR_In_Yi_Syllables,
+  CR_In_Yi_Radicals,
+  CR_In_Lisu,
+  CR_In_Vai,
+  CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_B,
+  CR_In_Bamum,
+  CR_In_Modifier_Tone_Letters,
+  CR_In_Latin_Extended_D,
+  CR_In_Syloti_Nagri,
+  CR_In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms,
+  CR_In_Phags_pa,
+  CR_In_Saurashtra,
+  CR_In_Devanagari_Extended,
+  CR_In_Kayah_Li,
+  CR_In_Rejang,
+  CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Javanese,
+  CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_B,
+  CR_In_Cham,
+  CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Tai_Viet,
+  CR_In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions,
+  CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Latin_Extended_E,
+  CR_In_Cherokee_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Meetei_Mayek,
+  CR_In_Hangul_Syllables,
+  CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B,
+  CR_In_High_Surrogates,
+  CR_In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates,
+  CR_In_Low_Surrogates,
+  CR_In_Private_Use_Area,
+  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs,
+  CR_In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms,
+  CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A,
+  CR_In_Variation_Selectors,
+  CR_In_Vertical_Forms,
+  CR_In_Combining_Half_Marks,
+  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms,
+  CR_In_Small_Form_Variants,
+  CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B,
+  CR_In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms,
+  CR_In_Specials,
+  CR_In_Linear_B_Syllabary,
+  CR_In_Linear_B_Ideograms,
+  CR_In_Aegean_Numbers,
+  CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers,
+  CR_In_Ancient_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Phaistos_Disc,
+  CR_In_Lycian,
+  CR_In_Carian,
+  CR_In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers,
+  CR_In_Old_Italic,
+  CR_In_Gothic,
+  CR_In_Old_Permic,
+  CR_In_Ugaritic,
+  CR_In_Old_Persian,
+  CR_In_Deseret,
+  CR_In_Shavian,
+  CR_In_Osmanya,
+  CR_In_Osage,
+  CR_In_Elbasan,
+  CR_In_Caucasian_Albanian,
+  CR_In_Linear_A,
+  CR_In_Cypriot_Syllabary,
+  CR_In_Imperial_Aramaic,
+  CR_In_Palmyrene,
+  CR_In_Nabataean,
+  CR_In_Hatran,
+  CR_In_Phoenician,
+  CR_In_Lydian,
+  CR_In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs,
+  CR_In_Meroitic_Cursive,
+  CR_In_Kharoshthi,
+  CR_In_Old_South_Arabian,
+  CR_In_Old_North_Arabian,
+  CR_In_Manichaean,
+  CR_In_Avestan,
+  CR_In_Inscriptional_Parthian,
+  CR_In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi,
+  CR_In_Psalter_Pahlavi,
+  CR_In_Old_Turkic,
+  CR_In_Old_Hungarian,
+  CR_In_Hanifi_Rohingya,
+  CR_In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Old_Sogdian,
+  CR_In_Sogdian,
+  CR_In_Elymaic,
+  CR_In_Brahmi,
+  CR_In_Kaithi,
+  CR_In_Sora_Sompeng,
+  CR_In_Chakma,
+  CR_In_Mahajani,
+  CR_In_Sharada,
+  CR_In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers,
+  CR_In_Khojki,
+  CR_In_Multani,
+  CR_In_Khudawadi,
+  CR_In_Grantha,
+  CR_In_Newa,
+  CR_In_Tirhuta,
+  CR_In_Siddham,
+  CR_In_Modi,
+  CR_In_Mongolian_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Takri,
+  CR_In_Ahom,
+  CR_In_Dogra,
+  CR_In_Warang_Citi,
+  CR_In_Nandinagari,
+  CR_In_Zanabazar_Square,
+  CR_In_Soyombo,
+  CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau,
+  CR_In_Bhaiksuki,
+  CR_In_Marchen,
+  CR_In_Masaram_Gondi,
+  CR_In_Gunjala_Gondi,
+  CR_In_Makasar,
+  CR_In_Tamil_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Cuneiform,
+  CR_In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation,
+  CR_In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform,
+  CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs,
+  CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyph_Format_Controls,
+  CR_In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs,
+  CR_In_Bamum_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Mro,
+  CR_In_Bassa_Vah,
+  CR_In_Pahawh_Hmong,
+  CR_In_Medefaidrin,
+  CR_In_Miao,
+  CR_In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation,
+  CR_In_Tangut,
+  CR_In_Tangut_Components,
+  CR_In_Kana_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Kana_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_Small_Kana_Extension,
+  CR_In_Nushu,
+  CR_In_Duployan,
+  CR_In_Shorthand_Format_Controls,
+  CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Musical_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation,
+  CR_In_Mayan_Numerals,
+  CR_In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Counting_Rod_Numerals,
+  CR_In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Sutton_SignWriting,
+  CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong,
+  CR_In_Wancho,
+  CR_In_Mende_Kikakui,
+  CR_In_Adlam,
+  CR_In_Indic_Siyaq_Numbers,
+  CR_In_Ottoman_Siyaq_Numbers,
+  CR_In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Mahjong_Tiles,
+  CR_In_Domino_Tiles,
+  CR_In_Playing_Cards,
+  CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs,
+  CR_In_Emoticons,
+  CR_In_Ornamental_Dingbats,
+  CR_In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Alchemical_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended,
+  CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_C,
+  CR_In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs,
+  CR_In_Chess_Symbols,
+  CR_In_Symbols_and_Pictographs_Extended_A,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F,
+  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Tags,
+  CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A,
+  CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B,
+  CR_In_No_Block,
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+};
+struct uniname2ctype_struct {
+  short name;
+  unsigned short ctype;
+};
+#define uniname2ctype_offset(str) offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_##str)
+
+static const struct uniname2ctype_struct *uniname2ctype_p(
+#if !(1+0) /* if ANSI, old style not to conflict with generated prototype */
+    const char *, unsigned int
+#endif
+);
+
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 15
+#define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 4
+#define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 11
+#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 6
+#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 20
+/* maximum key range = 15, duplicates = 0 */
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 814
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 836
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+#define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 1
+#define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 44
+#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 11
+#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 6098
+/* maximum key range = 6088, duplicates = 0 */
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
+#endif
+static unsigned int
+uniname2ctype_hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
+{
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+  static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+  static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    {
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+      21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,  3, 12,  5,
+       4, 21, 21, 10, 21,  1, 21, 21, 11, 21,
+       2,  1,  1, 21,  1,  7,  4,  6, 21,  1,
+       4, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,   17, 6099,    3,    1,
+         4,   13,    3,   22,    9,   16,   12,    5, 6099, 6099,
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
+      6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,    1, 1425,  113,
+       437,   37, 1023, 1071, 1051,    4, 1492,    9,  500,   88,
+         8,   18, 1371,  797,   54,  203,  310,  619, 1608,  603,
+       364, 1438,   20,    1,    3, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    };
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+  return len + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]] + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+  register unsigned int hval = (unsigned int)len;
+
+  switch (hval)
+    {
+      default:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[15]];
+      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+      case 15:
+      case 14:
+      case 13:
+      case 12:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[11]];
+      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+      case 11:
+      case 10:
+      case 9:
+      case 8:
+      case 7:
+      case 6:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[5]];
+      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+      case 5:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[4]];
+      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+      case 4:
+      case 3:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]];
+      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+      case 2:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[1]];
+      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+      case 1:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]+2];
+        break;
+    }
+  return hval + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[len - 1]];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+}
+
+struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
+  {
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6[sizeof("word")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str7[sizeof("print")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str8[sizeof("punct")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str9[sizeof("alpha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str10[sizeof("alnum")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str11[sizeof("xdigit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str12[sizeof("upper")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str13[sizeof("ascii")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str14[sizeof("cntrl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str15[sizeof("space")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str16[sizeof("xposixpunct")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str17[sizeof("lower")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str18[sizeof("graph")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str19[sizeof("digit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str20[sizeof("blank")];
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str11[sizeof("yi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str17[sizeof("yiii")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str22[sizeof("lana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str24[sizeof("z")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str25[sizeof("lina")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str33[sizeof("maka")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str35[sizeof("mani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str36[sizeof("mn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str45[sizeof("miao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str46[sizeof("lo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str47[sizeof("ci")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str48[sizeof("lao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str49[sizeof("laoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str52[sizeof("inkannada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str55[sizeof("cn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str64[sizeof("pi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str66[sizeof("innko")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str67[sizeof("zzzz")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str71[sizeof("gran")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str75[sizeof("co")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str83[sizeof("lineara")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str86[sizeof("mark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str92[sizeof("po")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str94[sizeof("me")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str100[sizeof("cari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str101[sizeof("inkharoshthi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str102[sizeof("kana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str103[sizeof("loe")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str107[sizeof("m")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str108[sizeof("grek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str111[sizeof("mro")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str112[sizeof("mroo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str115[sizeof("carian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str117[sizeof("geor")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str118[sizeof("greek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str122[sizeof("gonm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str129[sizeof("mendekikakui")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str130[sizeof("pe")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str131[sizeof("mero")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str134[sizeof("inosmanya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str139[sizeof("cakm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str145[sizeof("inmanichaean")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str146[sizeof("inmro")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str148[sizeof("inmiao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str149[sizeof("inchakma")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str151[sizeof("c")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str152[sizeof("mandaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str153[sizeof("meeteimayek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str161[sizeof("inarmenian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str177[sizeof("inmyanmar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str178[sizeof("inmakasar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str183[sizeof("common")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str186[sizeof("lm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str190[sizeof("marc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str203[sizeof("inrunic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str204[sizeof("incarian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str210[sizeof("inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str212[sizeof("inkhmer")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str213[sizeof("qaai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str218[sizeof("inahom")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str226[sizeof("merc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str231[sizeof("combiningmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str236[sizeof("lc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str237[sizeof("perm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str246[sizeof("mc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str250[sizeof("connectorpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str253[sizeof("cans")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str260[sizeof("incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str263[sizeof("armi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str265[sizeof("cc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str267[sizeof("armn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str268[sizeof("incherokee")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str270[sizeof("prependedconcatenationmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str274[sizeof("incuneiform")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str275[sizeof("inavestan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str281[sizeof("inipaextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str282[sizeof("pc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str283[sizeof("armenian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str285[sizeof("insharada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str289[sizeof("inmarchen")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str293[sizeof("makasar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str297[sizeof("masaramgondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str301[sizeof("inarrows")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str311[sizeof("incyrillic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str313[sizeof("incham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str315[sizeof("qmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str320[sizeof("ri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str322[sizeof("qaac")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str328[sizeof("insamaritan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str331[sizeof("latn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str335[sizeof("inmasaramgondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str338[sizeof("inthaana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str340[sizeof("latin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str342[sizeof("inthai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str345[sizeof("lineseparator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str346[sizeof("pcm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str348[sizeof("inkatakana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str352[sizeof("inkaithi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str357[sizeof("inzanabazarsquare")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str362[sizeof("inscriptionalparthian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str366[sizeof("initialpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str373[sizeof("mtei")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str376[sizeof("vai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str377[sizeof("vaii")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str386[sizeof("inkhmersymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str399[sizeof("insyriac")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str401[sizeof("intakri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str404[sizeof("arabic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str411[sizeof("zs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str418[sizeof("katakana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str426[sizeof("prti")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str442[sizeof("ascii")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str445[sizeof("cs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str462[sizeof("ps")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str468[sizeof("mand")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str470[sizeof("privateuse")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str475[sizeof("inruminumeralsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str480[sizeof("inmyanmarextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str481[sizeof("modi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str486[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str488[sizeof("inkanaextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str491[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str500[sizeof("brai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str504[sizeof("mend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str505[sizeof("ideo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str506[sizeof("letter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str509[sizeof("l")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str511[sizeof("inmeeteimayek")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str520[sizeof("inideographicdescriptioncharacters")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str535[sizeof("xidcontinue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str538[sizeof("knda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str541[sizeof("innandinagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str543[sizeof("kannada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str556[sizeof("inmodi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str558[sizeof("inlao")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str560[sizeof("inoldnortharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str565[sizeof("intransportandmapsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str566[sizeof("letternumber")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str568[sizeof("gothic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str572[sizeof("inlineara")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str577[sizeof("inmendekikakui")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str578[sizeof("xidc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str579[sizeof("mongolian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str582[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str583[sizeof("inspecials")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str590[sizeof("grlink")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str594[sizeof("brahmi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str596[sizeof("inemoticons")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str597[sizeof("kali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str600[sizeof("inolditalic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str604[sizeof("inmedefaidrin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str605[sizeof("inchesssymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str608[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str614[sizeof("inadlam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str624[sizeof("psalterpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str625[sizeof("incommonindicnumberforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str630[sizeof("lt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str636[sizeof("innewa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str639[sizeof("sk")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str642[sizeof("control")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str645[sizeof("inancientsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str647[sizeof("palm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str650[sizeof("inlycian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str657[sizeof("so")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str660[sizeof("patternwhitespace")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str668[sizeof("xids")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str672[sizeof("inmandaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str675[sizeof("idc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str678[sizeof("meroiticcursive")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str695[sizeof("inwarangciti")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str696[sizeof("sora")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str697[sizeof("inopticalcharacterrecognition")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str703[sizeof("inoldsogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str705[sizeof("inmalayalam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str707[sizeof("bamum")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str708[sizeof("inkanasupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str713[sizeof("insundanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str720[sizeof("grext")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str737[sizeof("print")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str738[sizeof("intaitham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str742[sizeof("lower")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str753[sizeof("joinc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str755[sizeof("inoldsoutharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str760[sizeof("incjkstrokes")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str761[sizeof("batk")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str766[sizeof("samr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str767[sizeof("inwancho")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str771[sizeof("batak")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str772[sizeof("vs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str776[sizeof("patws")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str783[sizeof("samaritan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str787[sizeof("idsbinaryoperator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str791[sizeof("pauc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str794[sizeof("insmallkanaextension")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str797[sizeof("sm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str799[sizeof("indominotiles")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str802[sizeof("alnum")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str809[sizeof("insylotinagri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str814[sizeof("inugaritic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str818[sizeof("incontrolpictures")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str821[sizeof("inlinearbideograms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str822[sizeof("inmusicalsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str823[sizeof("s")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str824[sizeof("ital")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str825[sizeof("inmodifiertoneletters")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str828[sizeof("inancientgreekmusicalnotation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str834[sizeof("patternsyntax")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str838[sizeof("lisu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str842[sizeof("lowercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str845[sizeof("cwcm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str847[sizeof("sc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str848[sizeof("bass")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str855[sizeof("ids")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str857[sizeof("inlatinextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str862[sizeof("oriya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str875[sizeof("intaile")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str886[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str895[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str898[sizeof("incaucasianalbanian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str900[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str906[sizeof("inoldturkic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str907[sizeof("insaurashtra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str924[sizeof("idcontinue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str926[sizeof("intamil")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str928[sizeof("inmultani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str929[sizeof("inlatinextendede")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str930[sizeof("pd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str946[sizeof("bali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str961[sizeof("blank")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str963[sizeof("idst")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str974[sizeof("inlydian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str986[sizeof("innewtailue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str994[sizeof("bengali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str995[sizeof("runr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1005[sizeof("zl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1009[sizeof("incyrillicextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1010[sizeof("ll")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1013[sizeof("indeseret")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1014[sizeof("intaixuanjingsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1015[sizeof("inancientgreeknumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1021[sizeof("idstart")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1025[sizeof("inmeeteimayekextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1028[sizeof("balinese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1032[sizeof("dia")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1033[sizeof("di")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1035[sizeof("inspacingmodifierletters")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1036[sizeof("inearlydynasticcuneiform")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1049[sizeof("plrd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1067[sizeof("canadianaboriginal")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1070[sizeof("zinh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1072[sizeof("sind")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1080[sizeof("osage")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1081[sizeof("inlatinextendedc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1085[sizeof("uideo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1087[sizeof("incountingrodnumerals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1090[sizeof("xidstart")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1091[sizeof("xdigit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1093[sizeof("osma")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1097[sizeof("inkhudawadi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1102[sizeof("inhanifirohingya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1105[sizeof("gong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1107[sizeof("ingrantha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1109[sizeof("bidic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1119[sizeof("mong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1120[sizeof("cased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1121[sizeof("incyrillicextendedc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1134[sizeof("inhiragana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1140[sizeof("sinhala")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1142[sizeof("adlm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1146[sizeof("glagolitic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1147[sizeof("sterm")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1149[sizeof("bamu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1150[sizeof("georgian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1151[sizeof("inosage")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1152[sizeof("gunjalagondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1153[sizeof("phoenician")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1157[sizeof("multani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1158[sizeof("kaithi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1164[sizeof("joincontrol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1168[sizeof("runic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1170[sizeof("ingeneralpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1171[sizeof("inmahajani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1174[sizeof("incyrillicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1175[sizeof("lowercaseletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1176[sizeof("marchen")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1177[sizeof("graphemelink")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1178[sizeof("ingeorgian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1180[sizeof("khojki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1181[sizeof("cham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1182[sizeof("inogham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1183[sizeof("cher")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1185[sizeof("chakma")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1190[sizeof("emoji")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1191[sizeof("insiddham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1197[sizeof("cherokee")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1198[sizeof("khar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1203[sizeof("inmongolian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1207[sizeof("incherokeesupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1208[sizeof("diacritic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1209[sizeof("manichaean")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1210[sizeof("xsux")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1212[sizeof("inolchiki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1227[sizeof("quotationmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1231[sizeof("adlam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1232[sizeof("inethiopic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1233[sizeof("graphemebase")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1234[sizeof("age=11.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1235[sizeof("age=12.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1236[sizeof("age=10.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1237[sizeof("age=12.0")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1243[sizeof("casedletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1244[sizeof("ingurmukhi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1245[sizeof("odi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1246[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiona")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1247[sizeof("age=1.1")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1248[sizeof("lu")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1249[sizeof("age=4.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1250[sizeof("age=2.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1251[sizeof("age=4.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1252[sizeof("age=2.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1253[sizeof("age=9.0")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1254[sizeof("intamilsupplement")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1255[sizeof("age=6.1")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1256[sizeof("unknown")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1257[sizeof("age=6.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1258[sizeof("age=6.2")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1259[sizeof("age=3.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1260[sizeof("age=8.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1261[sizeof("age=3.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1262[sizeof("age=3.2")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1263[sizeof("cwt")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1264[sizeof("age=7.0")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1266[sizeof("unassigned")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1267[sizeof("age=6.3")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1268[sizeof("age=5.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1270[sizeof("age=5.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1271[sizeof("age=5.2")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1274[sizeof("ahom")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1282[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensione")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1285[sizeof("khmr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1289[sizeof("insinhala")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1292[sizeof("inmiscellaneoustechnical")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1297[sizeof("saur")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1300[sizeof("guru")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1301[sizeof("sundanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1306[sizeof("punct")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1314[sizeof("paucinhau")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1317[sizeof("gurmukhi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1319[sizeof("variationselector")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1331[sizeof("logicalorderexception")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1340[sizeof("khmer")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1343[sizeof("limbu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1354[sizeof("inscriptionalpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1355[sizeof("oidc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1358[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1360[sizeof("cntrl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1365[sizeof("inlatinextendedadditional")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1366[sizeof("decimalnumber")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1367[sizeof("insorasompeng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1369[sizeof("radical")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1373[sizeof("emojimodifier")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1375[sizeof("kharoshthi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1380[sizeof("n")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1384[sizeof("math")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1387[sizeof("goth")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1400[sizeof("anatolianhieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1401[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumerics")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1407[sizeof("nandinagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1409[sizeof("no")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1419[sizeof("nko")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1420[sizeof("nkoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1422[sizeof("ingreekandcoptic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1423[sizeof("olck")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1426[sizeof("p")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1428[sizeof("grantha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1434[sizeof("olchiki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1438[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1441[sizeof("zanb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1442[sizeof("intirhuta")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1445[sizeof("oids")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1448[sizeof("inhatran")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1449[sizeof("linb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1450[sizeof("xpeo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1451[sizeof("mult")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1454[sizeof("saurashtra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1457[sizeof("kthi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1462[sizeof("inbhaiksuki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1466[sizeof("olower")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1470[sizeof("innabataean")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1471[sizeof("inphoenician")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1475[sizeof("inkanbun")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1476[sizeof("inmeroitichieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1478[sizeof("inkayahli")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1481[sizeof("phnx")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1485[sizeof("inoriya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1489[sizeof("enclosingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1495[sizeof("sd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1497[sizeof("inelbasan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1498[sizeof("wara")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1499[sizeof("inenclosedideographicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1501[sizeof("sidd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1507[sizeof("linearb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1509[sizeof("hani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1512[sizeof("han")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1517[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumericsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1519[sizeof("medf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1520[sizeof("bidicontrol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1523[sizeof("hano")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1524[sizeof("inphaistosdisc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1529[sizeof("limb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1531[sizeof("inkangxiradicals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1533[sizeof("lepc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1535[sizeof("medefaidrin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1536[sizeof("braille")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1537[sizeof("regionalindicator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1542[sizeof("inlowsurrogates")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1544[sizeof("inshorthandformatcontrols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1547[sizeof("brah")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1548[sizeof("inkhojki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1549[sizeof("inoldhungarian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1552[sizeof("hanunoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1555[sizeof("hira")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1557[sizeof("beng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1563[sizeof("emojimodifierbase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1565[sizeof("inarabic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1567[sizeof("lyci")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1569[sizeof("ahex")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1572[sizeof("inherited")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1580[sizeof("glag")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1582[sizeof("lycian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1587[sizeof("indogra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1594[sizeof("dsrt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1597[sizeof("arab")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1602[sizeof("mymr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1607[sizeof("myanmar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1613[sizeof("phli")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1617[sizeof("inimperialaramaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1622[sizeof("ingreekextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1623[sizeof("inanatolianhieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1629[sizeof("punctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1631[sizeof("takri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1635[sizeof("graphemeextend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1638[sizeof("invai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1643[sizeof("cwl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1654[sizeof("ingeometricshapes")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1655[sizeof("emojicomponent")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1662[sizeof("coptic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1671[sizeof("deseret")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1675[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1676[sizeof("takr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1677[sizeof("inbasiclatin")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1682[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiond")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1686[sizeof("sinh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1687[sizeof("sund")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1691[sizeof("shavian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1692[sizeof("taile")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1699[sizeof("insundanesesupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1702[sizeof("inelymaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1703[sizeof("insoyombo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1704[sizeof("bhks")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1714[sizeof("bhaiksuki")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1716[sizeof("incjkcompatibility")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1722[sizeof("inhanunoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1724[sizeof("intangut")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1728[sizeof("sogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1729[sizeof("inlatinextendedd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1730[sizeof("sogo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1731[sizeof("insinhalaarchaicnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1732[sizeof("ideographic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1733[sizeof("ugar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1740[sizeof("copt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1742[sizeof("imperialaramaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1745[sizeof("insogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1746[sizeof("indingbats")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1750[sizeof("format")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1752[sizeof("ininscriptionalpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1757[sizeof("ininscriptionalparthian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1766[sizeof("grbase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1769[sizeof("inbatak")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1776[sizeof("cprt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1780[sizeof("cwcf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1788[sizeof("cuneiform")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1791[sizeof("term")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1806[sizeof("intibetan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1810[sizeof("intags")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1811[sizeof("asciihexdigit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1813[sizeof("sentenceterminal")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1816[sizeof("inmayannumerals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1821[sizeof("nand")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1825[sizeof("patsyn")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1826[sizeof("hatran")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1828[sizeof("inblockelements")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1838[sizeof("inornamentaldingbats")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1842[sizeof("innumberforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1843[sizeof("oldpersian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1846[sizeof("inshavian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1848[sizeof("bopo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1861[sizeof("hatr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1866[sizeof("caseignorable")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1871[sizeof("inoldpersian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1878[sizeof("modifierletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1881[sizeof("cwu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1891[sizeof("lydi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1892[sizeof("inbyzantinemusicalsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1896[sizeof("ingeometricshapesextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1904[sizeof("inmyanmarextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1905[sizeof("innushu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1906[sizeof("lydian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1911[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1915[sizeof("orkh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1928[sizeof("inyiradicals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1929[sizeof("inkatakanaphoneticextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1930[sizeof("inethiopicextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1932[sizeof("incoptic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1936[sizeof("inarabicextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1947[sizeof("oldpermic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1950[sizeof("incjksymbolsandpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1951[sizeof("word")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1958[sizeof("bopomofo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1961[sizeof("ogam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1964[sizeof("inlisu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1967[sizeof("inoldpermic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1968[sizeof("innoblock")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1971[sizeof("taiviet")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1985[sizeof("inbraillepatterns")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1991[sizeof("alpha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1993[sizeof("inbalinese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1994[sizeof("sorasompeng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1996[sizeof("closepunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2006[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2010[sizeof("inlepcha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2014[sizeof("insyriacsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2016[sizeof("newa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2023[sizeof("spacingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2024[sizeof("inpalmyrene")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2033[sizeof("cyrl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2043[sizeof("assigned")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2048[sizeof("mlym")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2055[sizeof("malayalam")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2058[sizeof("ext")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2062[sizeof("newtailue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2070[sizeof("space")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2073[sizeof("intelugu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2078[sizeof("idsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2083[sizeof("indevanagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2084[sizeof("avestan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2085[sizeof("cf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2093[sizeof("palmyrene")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2095[sizeof("inethiopicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2097[sizeof("soyo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2098[sizeof("xposixpunct")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2102[sizeof("pf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2103[sizeof("sarb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2109[sizeof("zanabazarsquare")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2110[sizeof("ugaritic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2112[sizeof("osge")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2114[sizeof("java")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2117[sizeof("sharada")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2119[sizeof("dogra")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2135[sizeof("bugi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2137[sizeof("meroitichieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2145[sizeof("separator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2146[sizeof("ingeorgiansupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2149[sizeof("sogd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2150[sizeof("tale")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2153[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2161[sizeof("terminalpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2165[sizeof("shrd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2166[sizeof("graph")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2167[sizeof("olditalic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2170[sizeof("dogr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2173[sizeof("gujr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2181[sizeof("phag")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2182[sizeof("gujarati")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2195[sizeof("inhanguljamo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2199[sizeof("javanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2201[sizeof("taml")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2204[sizeof("inphoneticextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2207[sizeof("siddham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2217[sizeof("buginese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2218[sizeof("inmongoliansupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2222[sizeof("invariationselectors")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2224[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2225[sizeof("inverticalforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2228[sizeof("syrc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2229[sizeof("number")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2235[sizeof("incopticepactnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2238[sizeof("avst")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2244[sizeof("inbamum")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2247[sizeof("nd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2248[sizeof("insuttonsignwriting")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2252[sizeof("extender")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2258[sizeof("intaiviet")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2260[sizeof("hex")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2268[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2271[sizeof("other")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2272[sizeof("otheridcontinue")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2278[sizeof("shaw")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2282[sizeof("dash")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2285[sizeof("othernumber")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2294[sizeof("orya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2302[sizeof("invedicextensions")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2305[sizeof("sgnw")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2312[sizeof("caucasianalbanian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2315[sizeof("inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2321[sizeof("inphoneticextensionssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2339[sizeof("invariationselectorssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2343[sizeof("induployan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2344[sizeof("syriac")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2357[sizeof("oalpha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2361[sizeof("innyiakengpuachuehmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2364[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarks")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2365[sizeof("inethiopicextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2373[sizeof("nl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2374[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2375[sizeof("khudawadi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2378[sizeof("otheralphabetic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2389[sizeof("oldhungarian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2396[sizeof("incurrencysymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2397[sizeof("incjkradicalssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2398[sizeof("inglagolitic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2415[sizeof("intifinagh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2416[sizeof("ingeorgianextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2427[sizeof("surrogate")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2433[sizeof("incyrillicextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2440[sizeof("ethi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2451[sizeof("titlecaseletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2454[sizeof("rohg")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2458[sizeof("inmeroiticcursive")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2460[sizeof("idstrinaryoperator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2470[sizeof("inphagspa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2475[sizeof("lepcha")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2479[sizeof("intagalog")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2480[sizeof("mathsymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2481[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2506[sizeof("inbrahmi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2513[sizeof("insymbolsandpictographsextendeda")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2519[sizeof("inlinearbsyllabary")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2529[sizeof("oldturkic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2534[sizeof("inbengali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2540[sizeof("wancho")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2542[sizeof("osmanya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2548[sizeof("buhd")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2552[sizeof("insmallformvariants")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2561[sizeof("indevanagariextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2562[sizeof("softdotted")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2564[sizeof("inbuginese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2566[sizeof("mahj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2567[sizeof("inlatin1supplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2570[sizeof("ingothic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2575[sizeof("mahajani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2576[sizeof("hang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2579[sizeof("sylo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2586[sizeof("warangciti")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2595[sizeof("ingujarati")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2603[sizeof("tirhuta")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2606[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2609[sizeof("spaceseparator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2614[sizeof("ingunjalagondi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2624[sizeof("wcho")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2631[sizeof("hiragana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2634[sizeof("extendedpictographic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2643[sizeof("inrejang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2644[sizeof("inottomansiyaqnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2648[sizeof("nchar")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2650[sizeof("cyrillic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2653[sizeof("khoj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2656[sizeof("inlimbu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2663[sizeof("hmng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2665[sizeof("thaa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2668[sizeof("thai")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2670[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2673[sizeof("deva")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2676[sizeof("thaana")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2688[sizeof("phagspa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2691[sizeof("devanagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2692[sizeof("tang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2694[sizeof("currencysymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2698[sizeof("tagbanwa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2701[sizeof("inenclosedcjklettersandmonths")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2702[sizeof("tamil")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2721[sizeof("tirh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2723[sizeof("digit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2732[sizeof("talu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2747[sizeof("zp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2750[sizeof("inpaucinhau")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2760[sizeof("taitham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2764[sizeof("otherlowercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2768[sizeof("telu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2769[sizeof("inaegeannumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2777[sizeof("otherletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2780[sizeof("whitespace")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2793[sizeof("nonspacingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2816[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2821[sizeof("inletterlikesymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2834[sizeof("intagbanwa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2841[sizeof("oldsogdian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2848[sizeof("otheridstart")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2852[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=cr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2855[sizeof("narb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2856[sizeof("changeswhencasemapped")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2859[sizeof("inbopomofo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2862[sizeof("tangut")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2867[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2871[sizeof("noncharactercodepoint")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2883[sizeof("otheruppercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2885[sizeof("rjng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2886[sizeof("sylotinagri")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2904[sizeof("inhangulsyllables")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2905[sizeof("emojipresentation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2906[sizeof("inindicsiyaqnumbers")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2909[sizeof("inbassavah")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2912[sizeof("ogrext")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2926[sizeof("othersymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2938[sizeof("oupper")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2941[sizeof("inbuhid")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2963[sizeof("hmnp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2964[sizeof("inpsalterpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2967[sizeof("finalpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2980[sizeof("phlp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2984[sizeof("inbamumsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2986[sizeof("buhid")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2987[sizeof("paragraphseparator")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2988[sizeof("inalphabeticpresentationforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2993[sizeof("omath")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3000[sizeof("any")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3001[sizeof("elba")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3002[sizeof("changeswhentitlecased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3005[sizeof("incombininghalfmarks")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3006[sizeof("intangutcomponents")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3012[sizeof("hebr")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3028[sizeof("deprecated")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3045[sizeof("inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3055[sizeof("inprivateusearea")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3089[sizeof("kayahli")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3098[sizeof("inplayingcards")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3099[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3100[sizeof("ogham")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3101[sizeof("elym")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3107[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=t")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3109[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lvt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3111[sizeof("nbat")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3125[sizeof("nabataean")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3126[sizeof("hangul")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3134[sizeof("elymaic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3158[sizeof("inhebrew")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3165[sizeof("injavanese")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3169[sizeof("symbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3176[sizeof("inmathematicaloperators")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3180[sizeof("inarabicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3185[sizeof("cypriot")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3194[sizeof("hung")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3205[sizeof("wspace")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3209[sizeof("changeswhenlowercased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3215[sizeof("elbasan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3218[sizeof("hluw")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3237[sizeof("insuperscriptsandsubscripts")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3239[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=extend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3240[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=prepend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3248[sizeof("nshu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3254[sizeof("oldnortharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3266[sizeof("inyijinghexagramsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3286[sizeof("hexdigit")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3297[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=l")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3303[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=control")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3309[sizeof("bassavah")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3317[sizeof("otherdefaultignorablecodepoint")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3328[sizeof("changeswhenuppercased")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3329[sizeof("inalchemicalsymbols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3348[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3349[sizeof("inyisyllables")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3351[sizeof("tibt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3360[sizeof("othermath")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3363[sizeof("tibetan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3365[sizeof("inmahjongtiles")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3433[sizeof("signwriting")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3436[sizeof("nushu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3439[sizeof("modifiersymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3442[sizeof("inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3458[sizeof("upper")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3460[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsc")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3511[sizeof("insupplementalmathematicaloperators")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3512[sizeof("incypriotsyllabary")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3517[sizeof("dupl")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3531[sizeof("tavt")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3532[sizeof("inpahawhhmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3533[sizeof("alphabetic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3550[sizeof("dashpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3558[sizeof("uppercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3613[sizeof("soyombo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3614[sizeof("hanifirohingya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3616[sizeof("otherpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3628[sizeof("defaultignorablecodepoint")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3648[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3664[sizeof("aghb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3703[sizeof("tifinagh")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3705[sizeof("inlatinextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3714[sizeof("tfng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3766[sizeof("inhighprivateusesurrogates")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3791[sizeof("changeswhencasefolded")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3805[sizeof("dep")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3819[sizeof("oldsoutharabian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3821[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lf")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3842[sizeof("pahawhhmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3845[sizeof("unifiedideograph")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3891[sizeof("uppercaseletter")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3924[sizeof("insupplementalpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3942[sizeof("ethiopic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3976[sizeof("inglagoliticsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3995[sizeof("rejang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4087[sizeof("inbopomofoextended")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4109[sizeof("tagb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4137[sizeof("othergraphemeextend")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4162[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4175[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4203[sizeof("hebrew")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4254[sizeof("tglg")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4276[sizeof("tagalog")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4291[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=zwj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4321[sizeof("zyyy")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4360[sizeof("hyphen")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4397[sizeof("inboxdrawing")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4405[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=v")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4406[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lv")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4460[sizeof("telugu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4485[sizeof("duployan")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4528[sizeof("openpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4674[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareaa")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4683[sizeof("inhighsurrogates")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4772[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4948[sizeof("insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4955[sizeof("egyp")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4986[sizeof("inhangulcompatibilityjamo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5114[sizeof("nyiakengpuachuehmong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5608[sizeof("egyptianhieroglyphs")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6098[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareab")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+  };
+static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
+  {
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "word",
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "yi",
+    "yiii",
+    "lana",
+    "z",
+    "lina",
+    "maka",
+    "mani",
+    "mn",
+    "miao",
+    "lo",
+    "ci",
+    "lao",
+    "laoo",
+    "inkannada",
+    "cn",
+    "pi",
+    "innko",
+    "zzzz",
+    "gran",
+    "co",
+    "lineara",
+    "mark",
+    "po",
+    "me",
+    "cari",
+    "inkharoshthi",
+    "kana",
+    "loe",
+    "m",
+    "grek",
+    "mro",
+    "mroo",
+    "carian",
+    "geor",
+    "greek",
+    "gonm",
+    "mendekikakui",
+    "pe",
+    "mero",
+    "inosmanya",
+    "cakm",
+    "inmanichaean",
+    "inmro",
+    "inmiao",
+    "inchakma",
+    "c",
+    "mandaic",
+    "meeteimayek",
+    "inarmenian",
+    "inmyanmar",
+    "inmakasar",
+    "common",
+    "lm",
+    "marc",
+    "inrunic",
+    "incarian",
+    "inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation",
+    "inkhmer",
+    "qaai",
+    "inahom",
+    "merc",
+    "combiningmark",
+    "lc",
+    "perm",
+    "mc",
+    "connectorpunctuation",
+    "cans",
+    "incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation",
+    "armi",
+    "cc",
+    "armn",
+    "incherokee",
+    "prependedconcatenationmark",
+    "incuneiform",
+    "inavestan",
+    "inipaextensions",
+    "pc",
+    "armenian",
+    "insharada",
+    "inmarchen",
+    "makasar",
+    "masaramgondi",
+    "inarrows",
+    "incyrillic",
+    "incham",
+    "qmark",
+    "ri",
+    "qaac",
+    "insamaritan",
+    "latn",
+    "inmasaramgondi",
+    "inthaana",
+    "latin",
+    "inthai",
+    "lineseparator",
+    "pcm",
+    "inkatakana",
+    "inkaithi",
+    "inzanabazarsquare",
+    "inscriptionalparthian",
+    "initialpunctuation",
+    "mtei",
+    "vai",
+    "vaii",
+    "inkhmersymbols",
+    "insyriac",
+    "intakri",
+    "arabic",
+    "zs",
+    "katakana",
+    "prti",
+    "ascii",
+    "cs",
+    "ps",
+    "mand",
+    "privateuse",
+    "inruminumeralsymbols",
+    "inmyanmarextendeda",
+    "modi",
+    "incjkcompatibilityforms",
+    "inkanaextendeda",
+    "incjkcompatibilityideographs",
+    "brai",
+    "mend",
+    "ideo",
+    "letter",
+    "l",
+    "inmeeteimayek",
+    "inideographicdescriptioncharacters",
+    "xidcontinue",
+    "knda",
+    "innandinagari",
+    "kannada",
+    "inmodi",
+    "inlao",
+    "inoldnortharabian",
+    "intransportandmapsymbols",
+    "letternumber",
+    "gothic",
+    "inlineara",
+    "inmendekikakui",
+    "xidc",
+    "mongolian",
+    "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa",
+    "inspecials",
+    "grlink",
+    "brahmi",
+    "inemoticons",
+    "kali",
+    "inolditalic",
+    "inmedefaidrin",
+    "inchesssymbols",
+    "incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement",
+    "inadlam",
+    "psalterpahlavi",
+    "incommonindicnumberforms",
+    "lt",
+    "innewa",
+    "sk",
+    "control",
+    "inancientsymbols",
+    "palm",
+    "inlycian",
+    "so",
+    "patternwhitespace",
+    "xids",
+    "inmandaic",
+    "idc",
+    "meroiticcursive",
+    "inwarangciti",
+    "sora",
+    "inopticalcharacterrecognition",
+    "inoldsogdian",
+    "inmalayalam",
+    "bamum",
+    "inkanasupplement",
+    "insundanese",
+    "grext",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "print",
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "punct",
+    "alpha",
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "intaitham",
+    "lower",
+    "joinc",
+    "inoldsoutharabian",
+    "incjkstrokes",
+    "batk",
+    "samr",
+    "inwancho",
+    "batak",
+    "vs",
+    "patws",
+    "samaritan",
+    "idsbinaryoperator",
+    "pauc",
+    "insmallkanaextension",
+    "sm",
+    "indominotiles",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "alnum",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "insylotinagri",
+    "inugaritic",
+    "incontrolpictures",
+    "inlinearbideograms",
+    "inmusicalsymbols",
+    "s",
+    "ital",
+    "inmodifiertoneletters",
+    "inancientgreekmusicalnotation",
+    "patternsyntax",
+    "lisu",
+    "lowercase",
+    "cwcm",
+    "sc",
+    "bass",
+    "ids",
+    "inlatinextendeda",
+    "oriya",
+    "intaile",
+    "inmiscellaneoussymbols",
+    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows",
+    "incaucasianalbanian",
+    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs",
+    "inoldturkic",
+    "insaurashtra",
+    "idcontinue",
+    "intamil",
+    "inmultani",
+    "inlatinextendede",
+    "pd",
+    "bali",
+    "blank",
+    "idst",
+    "inlydian",
+    "innewtailue",
+    "bengali",
+    "runr",
+    "zl",
+    "incyrillicextendeda",
+    "ll",
+    "indeseret",
+    "intaixuanjingsymbols",
+    "inancientgreeknumbers",
+    "idstart",
+    "inmeeteimayekextensions",
+    "balinese",
+    "dia",
+    "di",
+    "inspacingmodifierletters",
+    "inearlydynasticcuneiform",
+    "plrd",
+    "canadianaboriginal",
+    "zinh",
+    "sind",
+    "osage",
+    "inlatinextendedc",
+    "uideo",
+    "incountingrodnumerals",
+    "xidstart",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "xdigit",
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "upper",
+    "ascii",
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "osma",
+    "inkhudawadi",
+    "inhanifirohingya",
+    "gong",
+    "ingrantha",
+    "bidic",
+    "mong",
+    "cased",
+    "incyrillicextendedc",
+    "inhiragana",
+    "sinhala",
+    "adlm",
+    "glagolitic",
+    "sterm",
+    "bamu",
+    "georgian",
+    "inosage",
+    "gunjalagondi",
+    "phoenician",
+    "multani",
+    "kaithi",
+    "joincontrol",
+    "runic",
+    "ingeneralpunctuation",
+    "inmahajani",
+    "incyrillicsupplement",
+    "lowercaseletter",
+    "marchen",
+    "graphemelink",
+    "ingeorgian",
+    "khojki",
+    "cham",
+    "inogham",
+    "cher",
+    "chakma",
+    "emoji",
+    "insiddham",
+    "cherokee",
+    "khar",
+    "inmongolian",
+    "incherokeesupplement",
+    "diacritic",
+    "manichaean",
+    "xsux",
+    "inolchiki",
+    "quotationmark",
+    "adlam",
+    "inethiopic",
+    "graphemebase",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=11.0",
+    "age=12.1",
+    "age=10.0",
+    "age=12.0",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "casedletter",
+    "ingurmukhi",
+    "odi",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiona",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=1.1",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "lu",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=4.1",
+    "age=2.1",
+    "age=4.0",
+    "age=2.0",
+    "age=9.0",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "intamilsupplement",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=6.1",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "unknown",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=6.0",
+    "age=6.2",
+    "age=3.1",
+    "age=8.0",
+    "age=3.0",
+    "age=3.2",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "cwt",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=7.0",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "unassigned",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=6.3",
+    "age=5.1",
+    "age=5.0",
+    "age=5.2",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "ahom",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensione",
+    "khmr",
+    "insinhala",
+    "inmiscellaneoustechnical",
+    "saur",
+    "guru",
+    "sundanese",
+    "punct",
+    "paucinhau",
+    "gurmukhi",
+    "variationselector",
+    "logicalorderexception",
+    "khmer",
+    "limbu",
+    "inscriptionalpahlavi",
+    "oidc",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionc",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "cntrl",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "inlatinextendedadditional",
+    "decimalnumber",
+    "insorasompeng",
+    "radical",
+    "emojimodifier",
+    "kharoshthi",
+    "n",
+    "math",
+    "goth",
+    "anatolianhieroglyphs",
+    "inenclosedalphanumerics",
+    "nandinagari",
+    "no",
+    "nko",
+    "nkoo",
+    "ingreekandcoptic",
+    "olck",
+    "p",
+    "grantha",
+    "olchiki",
+    "incjkunifiedideographs",
+    "zanb",
+    "intirhuta",
+    "oids",
+    "inhatran",
+    "linb",
+    "xpeo",
+    "mult",
+    "saurashtra",
+    "kthi",
+    "inbhaiksuki",
+    "olower",
+    "innabataean",
+    "inphoenician",
+    "inkanbun",
+    "inmeroitichieroglyphs",
+    "inkayahli",
+    "phnx",
+    "inoriya",
+    "enclosingmark",
+    "sd",
+    "inelbasan",
+    "wara",
+    "inenclosedideographicsupplement",
+    "sidd",
+    "linearb",
+    "hani",
+    "han",
+    "inenclosedalphanumericsupplement",
+    "medf",
+    "bidicontrol",
+    "hano",
+    "inphaistosdisc",
+    "limb",
+    "inkangxiradicals",
+    "lepc",
+    "medefaidrin",
+    "braille",
+    "regionalindicator",
+    "inlowsurrogates",
+    "inshorthandformatcontrols",
+    "brah",
+    "inkhojki",
+    "inoldhungarian",
+    "hanunoo",
+    "hira",
+    "beng",
+    "emojimodifierbase",
+    "inarabic",
+    "lyci",
+    "ahex",
+    "inherited",
+    "glag",
+    "lycian",
+    "indogra",
+    "dsrt",
+    "arab",
+    "mymr",
+    "myanmar",
+    "phli",
+    "inimperialaramaic",
+    "ingreekextended",
+    "inanatolianhieroglyphs",
+    "punctuation",
+    "takri",
+    "graphemeextend",
+    "invai",
+    "cwl",
+    "ingeometricshapes",
+    "emojicomponent",
+    "coptic",
+    "deseret",
+    "inarabicpresentationformsa",
+    "takr",
+    "inbasiclatin",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiond",
+    "sinh",
+    "sund",
+    "shavian",
+    "taile",
+    "insundanesesupplement",
+    "inelymaic",
+    "insoyombo",
+    "bhks",
+    "bhaiksuki",
+    "incjkcompatibility",
+    "inhanunoo",
+    "intangut",
+    "sogdian",
+    "inlatinextendedd",
+    "sogo",
+    "insinhalaarchaicnumbers",
+    "ideographic",
+    "ugar",
+    "copt",
+    "imperialaramaic",
+    "insogdian",
+    "indingbats",
+    "format",
+    "ininscriptionalpahlavi",
+    "ininscriptionalparthian",
+    "grbase",
+    "inbatak",
+    "cprt",
+    "cwcf",
+    "cuneiform",
+    "term",
+    "intibetan",
+    "intags",
+    "asciihexdigit",
+    "sentenceterminal",
+    "inmayannumerals",
+    "nand",
+    "patsyn",
+    "hatran",
+    "inblockelements",
+    "inornamentaldingbats",
+    "innumberforms",
+    "oldpersian",
+    "inshavian",
+    "bopo",
+    "hatr",
+    "caseignorable",
+    "inoldpersian",
+    "modifierletter",
+    "cwu",
+    "lydi",
+    "inbyzantinemusicalsymbols",
+    "ingeometricshapesextended",
+    "inmyanmarextendedb",
+    "innushu",
+    "lydian",
+    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics",
+    "orkh",
+    "inyiradicals",
+    "inkatakanaphoneticextensions",
+    "inethiopicextendeda",
+    "incoptic",
+    "inarabicextendeda",
+    "oldpermic",
+    "incjksymbolsandpunctuation",
+    "word",
+    "bopomofo",
+    "ogam",
+    "inlisu",
+    "inoldpermic",
+    "innoblock",
+    "taiviet",
+    "inbraillepatterns",
+    "alpha",
+    "inbalinese",
+    "sorasompeng",
+    "closepunctuation",
+    "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb",
+    "inlepcha",
+    "insyriacsupplement",
+    "newa",
+    "spacingmark",
+    "inpalmyrene",
+    "cyrl",
+    "assigned",
+    "mlym",
+    "malayalam",
+    "ext",
+    "newtailue",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "space",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "intelugu",
+    "idsb",
+    "indevanagari",
+    "avestan",
+    "cf",
+    "palmyrene",
+    "inethiopicsupplement",
+    "soyo",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "xposixpunct",
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "lower",
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "pf",
+    "sarb",
+    "zanabazarsquare",
+    "ugaritic",
+    "osge",
+    "java",
+    "sharada",
+    "dogra",
+    "bugi",
+    "meroitichieroglyphs",
+    "separator",
+    "ingeorgiansupplement",
+    "sogd",
+    "tale",
+    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended",
+    "terminalpunctuation",
+    "shrd",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "graph",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "olditalic",
+    "dogr",
+    "gujr",
+    "phag",
+    "gujarati",
+    "inhanguljamo",
+    "javanese",
+    "taml",
+    "inphoneticextensions",
+    "siddham",
+    "buginese",
+    "inmongoliansupplement",
+    "invariationselectors",
+    "inhanguljamoextendeda",
+    "inverticalforms",
+    "syrc",
+    "number",
+    "incopticepactnumbers",
+    "avst",
+    "inbamum",
+    "nd",
+    "insuttonsignwriting",
+    "extender",
+    "intaiviet",
+    "hex",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionf",
+    "other",
+    "otheridcontinue",
+    "shaw",
+    "dash",
+    "othernumber",
+    "orya",
+    "invedicextensions",
+    "sgnw",
+    "caucasianalbanian",
+    "inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols",
+    "inphoneticextensionssupplement",
+    "invariationselectorssupplement",
+    "induployan",
+    "syriac",
+    "oalpha",
+    "innyiakengpuachuehmong",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarks",
+    "inethiopicextended",
+    "nl",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols",
+    "khudawadi",
+    "otheralphabetic",
+    "oldhungarian",
+    "incurrencysymbols",
+    "incjkradicalssupplement",
+    "inglagolitic",
+    "intifinagh",
+    "ingeorgianextended",
+    "surrogate",
+    "incyrillicextendedb",
+    "ethi",
+    "titlecaseletter",
+    "rohg",
+    "inmeroiticcursive",
+    "idstrinaryoperator",
+    "inphagspa",
+    "lepcha",
+    "intagalog",
+    "mathsymbol",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement",
+    "inbrahmi",
+    "insymbolsandpictographsextendeda",
+    "inlinearbsyllabary",
+    "oldturkic",
+    "inbengali",
+    "wancho",
+    "osmanya",
+    "buhd",
+    "insmallformvariants",
+    "indevanagariextended",
+    "softdotted",
+    "inbuginese",
+    "mahj",
+    "inlatin1supplement",
+    "ingothic",
+    "mahajani",
+    "hang",
+    "sylo",
+    "warangciti",
+    "ingujarati",
+    "tirhuta",
+    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended",
+    "spaceseparator",
+    "ingunjalagondi",
+    "wcho",
+    "hiragana",
+    "extendedpictographic",
+    "inrejang",
+    "inottomansiyaqnumbers",
+    "nchar",
+    "cyrillic",
+    "khoj",
+    "inlimbu",
+    "hmng",
+    "thaa",
+    "thai",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionb",
+    "deva",
+    "thaana",
+    "phagspa",
+    "devanagari",
+    "tang",
+    "currencysymbol",
+    "tagbanwa",
+    "inenclosedcjklettersandmonths",
+    "tamil",
+    "tirh",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "digit",
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+    "blank"
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "talu",
+    "zp",
+    "inpaucinhau",
+    "taitham",
+    "otherlowercase",
+    "telu",
+    "inaegeannumbers",
+    "otherletter",
+    "whitespace",
+    "nonspacingmark",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark",
+    "inletterlikesymbols",
+    "intagbanwa",
+    "oldsogdian",
+    "otheridstart",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=cr",
+    "narb",
+    "changeswhencasemapped",
+    "inbopomofo",
+    "tangut",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator",
+    "noncharactercodepoint",
+    "otheruppercase",
+    "rjng",
+    "sylotinagri",
+    "inhangulsyllables",
+    "emojipresentation",
+    "inindicsiyaqnumbers",
+    "inbassavah",
+    "ogrext",
+    "othersymbol",
+    "oupper",
+    "inbuhid",
+    "hmnp",
+    "inpsalterpahlavi",
+    "finalpunctuation",
+    "phlp",
+    "inbamumsupplement",
+    "buhid",
+    "paragraphseparator",
+    "inalphabeticpresentationforms",
+    "omath",
+    "any",
+    "elba",
+    "changeswhentitlecased",
+    "incombininghalfmarks",
+    "intangutcomponents",
+    "hebr",
+    "deprecated",
+    "inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols",
+    "inprivateusearea",
+    "kayahli",
+    "inplayingcards",
+    "inarabicpresentationformsb",
+    "ogham",
+    "elym",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=t",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=lvt",
+    "nbat",
+    "nabataean",
+    "hangul",
+    "elymaic",
+    "inhebrew",
+    "injavanese",
+    "symbol",
+    "inmathematicaloperators",
+    "inarabicsupplement",
+    "cypriot",
+    "hung",
+    "wspace",
+    "changeswhenlowercased",
+    "elbasan",
+    "hluw",
+    "insuperscriptsandsubscripts",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=extend",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=prepend",
+    "nshu",
+    "oldnortharabian",
+    "inyijinghexagramsymbols",
+    "hexdigit",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=l",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=control",
+    "bassavah",
+    "otherdefaultignorablecodepoint",
+    "changeswhenuppercased",
+    "inalchemicalsymbols",
+    "insupplementalarrowsa",
+    "inyisyllables",
+    "tibt",
+    "othermath",
+    "tibetan",
+    "inmahjongtiles",
+    "signwriting",
+    "nushu",
+    "modifiersymbol",
+    "inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms",
+    "upper",
+    "insupplementalarrowsc",
+    "insupplementalmathematicaloperators",
+    "incypriotsyllabary",
+    "dupl",
+    "tavt",
+    "inpahawhhmong",
+    "alphabetic",
+    "dashpunctuation",
+    "uppercase",
+    "soyombo",
+    "hanifirohingya",
+    "otherpunctuation",
+    "defaultignorablecodepoint",
+    "inhanguljamoextendedb",
+    "aghb",
+    "tifinagh",
+    "inlatinextendedb",
+    "tfng",
+    "inhighprivateusesurrogates",
+    "changeswhencasefolded",
+    "dep",
+    "oldsoutharabian",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=lf",
+    "pahawhhmong",
+    "unifiedideograph",
+    "uppercaseletter",
+    "insupplementalpunctuation",
+    "ethiopic",
+    "inglagoliticsupplement",
+    "rejang",
+    "inbopomofoextended",
+    "tagb",
+    "othergraphemeextend",
+    "inegyptianhieroglyphs",
+    "inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols",
+    "hebrew",
+    "tglg",
+    "tagalog",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=zwj",
+    "zyyy",
+    "hyphen",
+    "inboxdrawing",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=v",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=lv",
+    "telugu",
+    "duployan",
+    "openpunctuation",
+    "insupplementaryprivateuseareaa",
+    "inhighsurrogates",
+    "insupplementalarrowsb",
+    "insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs",
+    "egyp",
+    "inhangulcompatibilityjamo",
+    "nyiakengpuachuehmong",
+    "egyptianhieroglyphs",
+    "insupplementaryprivateuseareab"
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+  };
+#define uniname2ctype_pool ((const char *) &uniname2ctype_pool_contents)
+const struct uniname2ctype_struct *
+uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
+{
+  static const struct uniname2ctype_struct wordlist[] =
+    {
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str11), 111},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str17), 111},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str22), 152},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str24), 52},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str25), 184},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str33), 218},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str35), 186},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str36), 34},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str45), 173},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str46), 28},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str47), 61},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str48), 95},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str49), 95},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str52), 331},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str55), 21},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str64), 44},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str66), 319},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str67), 267},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str71), 181},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str75), 22},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str83), 184},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str86), 31},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str92), 45},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str94), 33},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str100), 149},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str101), 496},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str102), 108},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str103), 252},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str107), 31},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str108), 77},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str111), 189},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str112), 189},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str115), 149},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str117), 98},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str118), 77},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str122), 212},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str129), 187},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str130), 42},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str131), 172},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str134), 482},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str139), 170},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str145), 499},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str146), 548},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str148), 552},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str149), 514},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str151), 18},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str152), 169},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str153), 160},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str161), 313},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str177), 337},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str178), 539},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str183), 75},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str186), 27},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str190), 208},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str203), 345},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str204), 473},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str210), 553},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str212), 350},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str213), 115},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str218), 528},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str226), 171},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str231), 31},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str236), 25},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str237), 194},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str246), 32},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str250), 40},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str253), 102},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str260), 542},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str263), 161},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str265), 19},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str267), 79},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str268), 342},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str270), 259},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str274), 541},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str275), 500},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str281), 307},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str282), 40},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str283), 79},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str285), 516},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str289), 536},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str293), 218},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str297), 212},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str301), 380},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str311), 311},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str313), 441},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str315), 232},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str320), 260},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str322), 129},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str328), 320},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str331), 76},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str335), 537},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str338), 318},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str340), 76},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str342), 334},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str345), 53},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str346), 259},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str348), 411},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str352), 512},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str357), 532},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str362), 163},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str366), 44},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str373), 160},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str376), 144},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str377), 144},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str386), 356},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str399), 316},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str401), 527},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str404), 81},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str411), 55},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str418), 108},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str426), 163},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str442), 14},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str445), 23},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str462), 46},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str468), 169},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str470), 22},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str475), 507},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str480), 442},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str481), 188},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str486), 461},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str488), 557},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str491), 455},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str500), 127},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str504), 187},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str505), 238},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str506), 24},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str509), 24},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str511), 448},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str520), 408},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str535), 70},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str538), 91},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str541), 531},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str543), 91},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str556), 525},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str558), 335},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str560), 498},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str565), 586},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str566), 37},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str568), 113},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str572), 486},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str577), 573},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str578), 70},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str579), 106},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str582), 391},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str583), 465},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str590), 74},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str594), 168},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str596), 584},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str597), 146},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str600), 475},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str604), 551},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str605), 591},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str608), 598},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str614), 574},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str624), 195},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str625), 432},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str630), 29},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str636), 522},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str639), 49},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str642), 19},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str645), 470},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str647), 192},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str650), 472},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str657), 51},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str660), 257},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str668), 69},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str672), 321},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str675), 68},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str678), 171},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str695), 530},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str696), 175},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str697), 384},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str703), 508},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str705), 332},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str707), 158},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str708), 556},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str713), 361},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str720), 72},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str737), 7},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str738), 358},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str742), 6},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str753), 229},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str755), 497},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str760), 416},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str761), 167},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str766), 156},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str767), 572},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str771), 167},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str772), 256},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str776), 257},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str783), 156},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str787), 245},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str791), 193},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str794), 558},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str797), 50},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str799), 579},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str802), 13},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str809), 431},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str814), 478},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str818), 383},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str821), 467},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str822), 563},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str823), 47},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str824), 112},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str825), 429},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str828), 564},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str834), 258},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str838), 157},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str842), 58},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str845), 66},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str847), 48},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str848), 178},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str855), 67},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str857), 305},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str862), 88},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str875), 354},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str886), 389},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str895), 397},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str898), 485},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str900), 583},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str906), 504},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str907), 434},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str924), 68},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str926), 329},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str928), 519},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str929), 446},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str930), 41},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str946), 136},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str961), 2},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str963), 246},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str974), 493},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str986), 355},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str994), 85},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str995), 104},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1005), 53},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1009), 404},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1010), 26},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1013), 480},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1014), 566},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1015), 469},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1021), 67},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1025), 444},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1028), 136},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1032), 239},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1033), 71},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1035), 308},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1036), 543},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1049), 173},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1067), 102},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1070), 115},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1072), 197},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1080), 210},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1081), 399},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1085), 248},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1087), 567},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1090), 69},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1091), 11},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1093), 125},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1097), 520},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1102), 506},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1105), 217},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1107), 521},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1109), 228},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1119), 106},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1120), 60},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1121), 365},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1134), 410},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1140), 93},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1142), 206},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1146), 131},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1147), 255},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1149), 158},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1150), 98},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1151), 483},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1152), 217},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1153), 138},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1157), 203},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1158), 166},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1164), 229},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1168), 104},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1170), 374},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1171), 515},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1174), 312},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1175), 26},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1176), 208},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1177), 74},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1178), 338},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1180), 183},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1181), 151},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1182), 344},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1183), 101},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1185), 170},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1190), 261},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1191), 524},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1197), 101},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1198), 135},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1203), 351},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1207), 447},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1208), 239},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1209), 186},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1210), 137},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1212), 364},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1227), 232},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1231), 206},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1232), 340},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1233), 73},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1234), 287},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1235), 289},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1236), 286},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1237), 288},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1243), 25},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1244), 326},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1245), 249},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1246), 420},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1247), 268},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1248), 30},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1249), 275},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1250), 270},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1251), 274},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1252), 269},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1253), 285},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1254), 540},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1255), 280},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1256), 267},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1257), 279},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1258), 281},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1259), 272},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1260), 284},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1261), 271},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1262), 273},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1263), 64},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1264), 283},
+      {-1},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1266), 21},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1267), 282},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1268), 277},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1270), 276},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1271), 278},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1274), 200},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1282), 596},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1285), 105},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1289), 333},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1292), 382},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1297), 145},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1300), 86},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1301), 141},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1306), 15},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1314), 193},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1317), 86},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1319), 256},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1331), 252},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1340), 105},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1343), 120},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1354), 164},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1355), 254},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1358), 594},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1360), 3},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1365), 372},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1366), 36},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1367), 513},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1369), 247},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1373), 263},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1375), 135},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1380), 35},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1384), 56},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1387), 113},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1400), 201},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1401), 385},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1407), 224},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1409), 38},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1419), 140},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1420), 140},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1422), 310},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1423), 143},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1426), 39},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1428), 181},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1434), 143},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1438), 422},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1441), 215},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1442), 523},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1445), 253},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1448), 491},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1449), 122},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1450), 134},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1451), 203},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1454), 145},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1457), 166},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1462), 535},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1466), 241},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1470), 490},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1471), 492},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1475), 414},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1476), 494},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1478), 436},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1481), 138},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1485), 328},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1489), 33},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1495), 251},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1497), 484},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1498), 199},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1499), 582},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1501), 196},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1507), 122},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1509), 110},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1512), 110},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1517), 581},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1519), 219},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1520), 228},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1523), 117},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1524), 471},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1529), 120},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1531), 407},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1533), 142},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1535), 219},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1536), 127},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1537), 260},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1542), 453},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1544), 561},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1547), 168},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1548), 518},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1549), 505},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1552), 117},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1555), 107},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1557), 85},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1563), 264},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1565), 315},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1567), 148},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1569), 236},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1572), 115},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1580), 131},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1582), 148},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1587), 529},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1594), 114},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1597), 81},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1602), 97},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1607), 97},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1613), 164},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1617), 488},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1622), 373},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1623), 546},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1629), 39},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1631), 176},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1635), 72},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1638), 426},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1643), 62},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1654), 388},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1655), 265},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1662), 129},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1671), 114},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1675), 457},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1676), 176},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1677), 303},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1682), 595},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1686), 93},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1687), 141},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1691), 124},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1692), 121},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1699), 367},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1702), 510},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1703), 533},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1704), 207},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1714), 207},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1716), 419},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1722), 347},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1724), 554},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1728), 221},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1729), 430},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1730), 222},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1731), 517},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1732), 238},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1733), 123},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1740), 129},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1742), 161},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1745), 509},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1746), 390},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1750), 20},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1752), 502},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1757), 501},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1766), 73},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1769), 362},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1776), 126},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1780), 65},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1788), 137},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1791), 233},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1806), 336},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4948), 590},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6), 12},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str7), 7},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str8), 15},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str9), 1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str10), 13},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str11), 11},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str12), 10},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str13), 14},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str14), 3},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str15), 9},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str16), 8},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str17), 6},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str18), 5},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str19), 4},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str20), 2}
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4955), 155},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4986), 413},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5114), 225},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5608), 155},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6098), 602}
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    };
+
+  if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
+    {
+      register unsigned int key = uniname2ctype_hash (str, len);
+
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
+        {
+          register int o = wordlist[key].name;
+          if (o >= 0)
+            {
+              register const char *s = o + uniname2ctype_pool;
+
+              if (*str == *s && !strncmp (str + 1, s + 1, len - 1) && s[len] == '\0')
+                return &wordlist[key];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+uniname2ctype(const UChar *name, unsigned int len)
+{
+  const struct uniname2ctype_struct *p = uniname2ctype_p((const char *)name, len);
+  if (p) return p->ctype;
+  return -1;
+}
+#if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 12 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 1 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
+      1)
+# error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
+#endif
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "12.1.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 12
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 1
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
+#if defined ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING && !( \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR == 12 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
+      1)
+# error ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING mismatch
+#endif
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING "12.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR 12
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MINOR 0
diff --git a/enc/unicode/9.0.0/casefold.h b/enc/unicode/9.0.0/casefold.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9deac0469e..0000000000
--- a/enc/unicode/9.0.0/casefold.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7068 +0,0 @@
-/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE. */
-/* Generated by enc/unicode/case-folding.rb */
-
-#if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
-      1)
-# error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
-#endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "9.0.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 9
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 0
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
-
-static const CaseFold_11_Type CaseFold_11_Table[] = {
-#define CaseFold (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[1399])(CaseFold_11_Table+0))
-  {0x0041, {1|F|D, {0x0061}}},
-  {0x0042, {1|F|D, {0x0062}}},
-  {0x0043, {1|F|D, {0x0063}}},
-  {0x0044, {1|F|D, {0x0064}}},
-  {0x0045, {1|F|D, {0x0065}}},
-  {0x0046, {1|F|D, {0x0066}}},
-  {0x0047, {1|F|D, {0x0067}}},
-  {0x0048, {1|F|D, {0x0068}}},
-  {0x004a, {1|F|D, {0x006a}}},
-  {0x004b, {1|F|D, {0x006b}}},
-  {0x004c, {1|F|D, {0x006c}}},
-  {0x004d, {1|F|D, {0x006d}}},
-  {0x004e, {1|F|D, {0x006e}}},
-  {0x004f, {1|F|D, {0x006f}}},
-  {0x0050, {1|F|D, {0x0070}}},
-  {0x0051, {1|F|D, {0x0071}}},
-  {0x0052, {1|F|D, {0x0072}}},
-  {0x0053, {1|F|D, {0x0073}}},
-  {0x0054, {1|F|D, {0x0074}}},
-  {0x0055, {1|F|D, {0x0075}}},
-  {0x0056, {1|F|D, {0x0076}}},
-  {0x0057, {1|F|D, {0x0077}}},
-  {0x0058, {1|F|D, {0x0078}}},
-  {0x0059, {1|F|D, {0x0079}}},
-  {0x005a, {1|F|D, {0x007a}}},
-  {0x00b5, {1|F|SU|I(0), {0x03bc}}},
-  {0x00c0, {1|F|D, {0x00e0}}},
-  {0x00c1, {1|F|D, {0x00e1}}},
-  {0x00c2, {1|F|D, {0x00e2}}},
-  {0x00c3, {1|F|D, {0x00e3}}},
-  {0x00c4, {1|F|D, {0x00e4}}},
-  {0x00c5, {1|F|D, {0x00e5}}},
-  {0x00c6, {1|F|D, {0x00e6}}},
-  {0x00c7, {1|F|D, {0x00e7}}},
-  {0x00c8, {1|F|D, {0x00e8}}},
-  {0x00c9, {1|F|D, {0x00e9}}},
-  {0x00ca, {1|F|D, {0x00ea}}},
-  {0x00cb, {1|F|D, {0x00eb}}},
-  {0x00cc, {1|F|D, {0x00ec}}},
-  {0x00cd, {1|F|D, {0x00ed}}},
-  {0x00ce, {1|F|D, {0x00ee}}},
-  {0x00cf, {1|F|D, {0x00ef}}},
-  {0x00d0, {1|F|D, {0x00f0}}},
-  {0x00d1, {1|F|D, {0x00f1}}},
-  {0x00d2, {1|F|D, {0x00f2}}},
-  {0x00d3, {1|F|D, {0x00f3}}},
-  {0x00d4, {1|F|D, {0x00f4}}},
-  {0x00d5, {1|F|D, {0x00f5}}},
-  {0x00d6, {1|F|D, {0x00f6}}},
-  {0x00d8, {1|F|D, {0x00f8}}},
-  {0x00d9, {1|F|D, {0x00f9}}},
-  {0x00da, {1|F|D, {0x00fa}}},
-  {0x00db, {1|F|D, {0x00fb}}},
-  {0x00dc, {1|F|D, {0x00fc}}},
-  {0x00dd, {1|F|D, {0x00fd}}},
-  {0x00de, {1|F|D, {0x00fe}}},
-  {0x00df, {2|F|ST|SU|I(1), {0x0073, 0x0073}}},
-  {0x0100, {1|F|D, {0x0101}}},
-  {0x0102, {1|F|D, {0x0103}}},
-  {0x0104, {1|F|D, {0x0105}}},
-  {0x0106, {1|F|D, {0x0107}}},
-  {0x0108, {1|F|D, {0x0109}}},
-  {0x010a, {1|F|D, {0x010b}}},
-  {0x010c, {1|F|D, {0x010d}}},
-  {0x010e, {1|F|D, {0x010f}}},
-  {0x0110, {1|F|D, {0x0111}}},
-  {0x0112, {1|F|D, {0x0113}}},
-  {0x0114, {1|F|D, {0x0115}}},
-  {0x0116, {1|F|D, {0x0117}}},
-  {0x0118, {1|F|D, {0x0119}}},
-  {0x011a, {1|F|D, {0x011b}}},
-  {0x011c, {1|F|D, {0x011d}}},
-  {0x011e, {1|F|D, {0x011f}}},
-  {0x0120, {1|F|D, {0x0121}}},
-  {0x0122, {1|F|D, {0x0123}}},
-  {0x0124, {1|F|D, {0x0125}}},
-  {0x0126, {1|F|D, {0x0127}}},
-  {0x0128, {1|F|D, {0x0129}}},
-  {0x012a, {1|F|D, {0x012b}}},
-  {0x012c, {1|F|D, {0x012d}}},
-  {0x012e, {1|F|D, {0x012f}}},
-  {0x0132, {1|F|D, {0x0133}}},
-  {0x0134, {1|F|D, {0x0135}}},
-  {0x0136, {1|F|D, {0x0137}}},
-  {0x0139, {1|F|D, {0x013a}}},
-  {0x013b, {1|F|D, {0x013c}}},
-  {0x013d, {1|F|D, {0x013e}}},
-  {0x013f, {1|F|D, {0x0140}}},
-  {0x0141, {1|F|D, {0x0142}}},
-  {0x0143, {1|F|D, {0x0144}}},
-  {0x0145, {1|F|D, {0x0146}}},
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-  {0x1e910, {1|F|D, {0x1e932}}},
-  {0x1e911, {1|F|D, {0x1e933}}},
-  {0x1e912, {1|F|D, {0x1e934}}},
-  {0x1e913, {1|F|D, {0x1e935}}},
-  {0x1e914, {1|F|D, {0x1e936}}},
-  {0x1e915, {1|F|D, {0x1e937}}},
-  {0x1e916, {1|F|D, {0x1e938}}},
-  {0x1e917, {1|F|D, {0x1e939}}},
-  {0x1e918, {1|F|D, {0x1e93a}}},
-  {0x1e919, {1|F|D, {0x1e93b}}},
-  {0x1e91a, {1|F|D, {0x1e93c}}},
-  {0x1e91b, {1|F|D, {0x1e93d}}},
-  {0x1e91c, {1|F|D, {0x1e93e}}},
-  {0x1e91d, {1|F|D, {0x1e93f}}},
-  {0x1e91e, {1|F|D, {0x1e940}}},
-  {0x1e91f, {1|F|D, {0x1e941}}},
-  {0x1e920, {1|F|D, {0x1e942}}},
-  {0x1e921, {1|F|D, {0x1e943}}},
-#define CaseFold_Locale (*(CaseFold_11_Type (*)[2])(CaseFold_11_Table+1399))
-  {0x0049, {1|F|D, {0x0069}}},
-  {0x0130, {2|F|D, {0x0069, 0x0307}}},
-};
-
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
-/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup -n  */
-
-/* maximum key range = 3623, duplicates = 0 */
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#else
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-inline
-#endif
-#endif
-/*ARGSUSED*/
-static unsigned int
-onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash(const OnigCodePoint code)
-{
-  static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
-    {
-         1, 3627,    2,   28,    3,  303,  218,    5,   21,  167,
-         2,  199,  194,    7, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627,
-      3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627,   28, 3627, 3627,
-      3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627,  282, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627,
-      3627,  113, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627,
-      3627,  318, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 1197,
-      3627, 3627,  149,   73,  513,    1, 3627, 3627,  267,   17,
-      3627, 3627, 3627, 3627, 3627,  286, 3627, 3627,  289,  617,
-       291,   28, 1163,  444,   36,  430,  954,  110, 1767,    5,
-        11,   22, 1761,  486, 1921,  250, 1746,  122, 1905,  163,
-      1716,  262, 1880,   80, 1503,   68, 1704,  157, 1681,  376,
-      1673,  209, 1822,  203, 1406,  498, 1622,  362, 1588,  316,
-       475,  599, 1228,  538, 1160,  585, 1510,  544,  331,  685,
-      1672,  603, 1536,  840, 1684,  786, 1594,  743, 1380,  700,
-       142,  839, 1302,  865, 1173, 1329, 1730, 1043, 1449,  969,
-      1437, 1108, 1360,  925, 1497,  723,  154,  810,  391, 1083,
-      1777, 1047,  436, 1051,   47, 1342,    8,  974,   98, 1318,
-       781, 1314,  148, 1403,   39, 1357,   18, 1265,   11,  928,
-        92, 1205,    2, 1295,    3, 1181,  187, 1151,  385, 1132,
-       107, 1280,    8, 1678,   41,  511,   42, 1655,   78,  294,
-       134, 1857,   17,  784,    2, 1113,   57,  496,   52
-    };
-  return asso_values[bits_of(code, 2)+81] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 1)+2] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 0)];
-}
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
-static const CodePointList3 *
-onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
-{
-  enum
-    {
-      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x41,
-      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1e921,
-      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1401,
-      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
-      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
-      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 4,
-      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 3626
-    };
-
-  static const short wordlist[] =
-    {
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1ffb*/ 816,
-      /*0x1fe7*/ 802,
-      /*0x017b*/ 118,
-      /*0x1f88*/ 729,
-      /*0x0408*/ 305,
-      /*0x0108*/ 61,
-      /*0x10408*/ 1214,
-      /*0x0055*/ 19,
-      /*0xab88*/ 1112,
-      /*0x1f89*/ 730,
-      /*0x0409*/ 306,
-      /*0x2c67*/ 916,
-      /*0x10409*/ 1215,
-      /*0x2c08*/ 873,
-      /*0xab89*/ 1113,
-      /*0x1ff9*/ 814,
-      /*0x2c6f*/ 921,
-      /*0x0179*/ 117,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c09*/ 874,
-      /*0x1f8a*/ 731,
-      /*0x040a*/ 307,
-      /*0x010a*/ 62,
-      /*0x1040a*/ 1216,
-      /*0x2c88*/ 931,
-      /*0xab8a*/ 1114,
-      /*0x1f80*/ 721,
-      /*0x0400*/ 297,
-      /*0x0100*/ 57,
-      /*0x10400*/ 1206,
-      /*0x2c0a*/ 875,
-      /*0xab80*/ 1104,
-      /*0x10c88*/ 1290,
-      /*0x00d5*/ 47,
-      /*0x1f83*/ 724,
-      /*0x0403*/ 300,
-      /*0x2c00*/ 865,
-      /*0x10403*/ 1209,
-      /*0x10c89*/ 1291,
-      /*0xab83*/ 1107,
-      /*0x1ff3*/ 809,
-      /*0x2c8a*/ 932,
-      /*0x1e908*/ 1373,
-      /*0x00df*/ 56,
-      /*0x2c03*/ 868,
-      /*0x1fd3*/ 791,
-      /*0x0053*/ 17,
-      /*0x2c80*/ 927,
-      /*0x1e909*/ 1374,
-      /*0x10c8a*/ 1292,
-      /*0x2183*/ 838,
-      -1,
-      /*0x017f*/ 120,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa780*/ 1059,
-      /*0x10c80*/ 1282,
-      -1,
-      /*0x017d*/ 119,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e90a*/ 1375,
-      /*0x2c7f*/ 926,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10c83*/ 1285,
-      /*0x00dd*/ 54,
-      /*0x1e900*/ 1365,
-      /*0x1f98*/ 745,
-      /*0x0418*/ 321,
-      /*0x0118*/ 69,
-      /*0x10418*/ 1230,
-      /*0x037f*/ 233,
-      /*0xab98*/ 1128,
-      /*0x00d3*/ 45,
-      /*0x1e903*/ 1368,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e88*/ 607,
-      /*0x2c18*/ 889,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f96*/ 743,
-      /*0x0416*/ 319,
-      /*0x0116*/ 68,
-      /*0x10416*/ 1228,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab96*/ 1126,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c75*/ 924,
-      /*0x2c98*/ 939,
-      /*0x2c16*/ 887,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1fe3*/ 799,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e8a*/ 608,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa798*/ 1068,
-      /*0x10c98*/ 1306,
-      /*0x1fd7*/ 793,
-      /*0x0057*/ 21,
-      /*0x1e80*/ 603,
-      /*0x2c96*/ 938,
-      /*0x2c63*/ 914,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e918*/ 1389,
-      /*0xa796*/ 1067,
-      /*0x10c96*/ 1304,
-      /*0x1f86*/ 727,
-      /*0x0406*/ 303,
-      /*0x0106*/ 60,
-      /*0x10406*/ 1212,
-      /*0x13fb*/ 527,
-      /*0xab86*/ 1110,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c6d*/ 919,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e916*/ 1387,
-      /*0x2c06*/ 871,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f90*/ 737,
-      /*0x0410*/ 313,
-      /*0x0110*/ 65,
-      /*0x10410*/ 1222,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab90*/ 1120,
-      /*0x2ced*/ 978,
-      /*0x13f9*/ 525,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c86*/ 930,
-      /*0x2c10*/ 881,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1ff7*/ 812,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa786*/ 1062,
-      /*0x10c86*/ 1288,
-      /*0x1e98*/ 616,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1fbb*/ 777,
-      /*0x2c90*/ 935,
-      /*0x013b*/ 85,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xabbb*/ 1163,
-      /*0x1fdb*/ 797,
-      /*0x1e906*/ 1371,
-      /*0xa790*/ 1065,
-      /*0x10c90*/ 1298,
-      /*0x1e96*/ 614,
-      /*0x1e08*/ 543,
-      /*0x1fcb*/ 788,
-      /*0x004b*/ 9,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f9a*/ 747,
-      /*0x041a*/ 323,
-      /*0x011a*/ 70,
-      /*0x1041a*/ 1232,
-      /*0x1e910*/ 1381,
-      /*0xab9a*/ 1130,
-      /*0x1f92*/ 739,
-      /*0x0412*/ 315,
-      /*0x0112*/ 66,
-      /*0x10412*/ 1224,
-      /*0x2c1a*/ 891,
-      /*0xab92*/ 1122,
-      /*0x13fd*/ 529,
-      /*0x1e0a*/ 544,
-      /*0x0388*/ 235,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c12*/ 883,
-      /*0x03d5*/ 273,
-      /*0x00db*/ 52,
-      /*0x1e00*/ 539,
-      /*0x0389*/ 236,
-      /*0x2c9a*/ 940,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x00cb*/ 37,
-      /*0x1e86*/ 606,
-      /*0x03f9*/ 292,
-      /*0x2c92*/ 936,
-      /*0xa79a*/ 1069,
-      /*0x10c9a*/ 1308,
-      /*0x1fe9*/ 804,
-      /*0x038a*/ 237,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa792*/ 1066,
-      /*0x10c92*/ 1300,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e90*/ 611,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e91a*/ 1391,
-      /*0x2c69*/ 917,
-      /*0x0508*/ 425,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0555*/ 481,
-      /*0x1e912*/ 1383,
-      /*0x1fa0*/ 753,
-      /*0x0420*/ 329,
-      /*0x0120*/ 73,
-      /*0x10420*/ 1238,
-      /*0x03f1*/ 288,
-      /*0xaba0*/ 1136,
-      /*0x1f9e*/ 751,
-      /*0x041e*/ 327,
-      /*0x011e*/ 72,
-      /*0x1041e*/ 1236,
-      /*0x2c20*/ 897,
-      /*0xab9e*/ 1134,
-      /*0x050a*/ 426,
-      /*0x1e18*/ 551,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03ff*/ 296,
-      /*0x2c1e*/ 895,
-      /*0x048a*/ 362,
-      /*0x0500*/ 421,
-      /*0x0208*/ 194,
-      /*0x03fd*/ 294,
-      /*0x2ca0*/ 943,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0480*/ 361,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e16*/ 550,
-      /*0x1e9a*/ 618,
-      /*0x2c9e*/ 942,
-      /*0xa7a0*/ 1072,
-      /*0x10ca0*/ 1314,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0398*/ 249,
-      /*0x1e92*/ 612,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa79e*/ 1071,
-      /*0x10c9e*/ 1312,
-      /*0x020a*/ 195,
-      /*0x0553*/ 479,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e920*/ 1397,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03f5*/ 290,
-      /*0x0200*/ 190,
-      /*0x0396*/ 247,
-      /*0x104d3*/ 1281,
-      /*0x1e91e*/ 1395,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f8e*/ 735,
-      /*0x040e*/ 311,
-      /*0x010e*/ 64,
-      /*0x1040e*/ 1220,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab8e*/ 1118,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e06*/ 542,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c0e*/ 879,
-      /*0x0518*/ 433,
-      /*0x1f94*/ 741,
-      /*0x0414*/ 317,
-      /*0x0114*/ 67,
-      /*0x10414*/ 1226,
-      /*0x0498*/ 369,
-      /*0xab94*/ 1124,
-      /*0x2165*/ 827,
-      /*0x2167*/ 829,
-      /*0x1e10*/ 547,
-      /*0x2c8e*/ 934,
-      /*0x2c14*/ 885,
-      /*0x0516*/ 432,
-      /*0x216f*/ 837,
-      /*0x1ea0*/ 621,
-      /*0x0386*/ 234,
-      /*0x2161*/ 823,
-      /*0x0496*/ 368,
-      /*0x10c8e*/ 1296,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e9e*/ 620,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c94*/ 937,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0218*/ 202,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0390*/ 241,
-      /*0x1e90e*/ 1379,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10c94*/ 1302,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa77b*/ 1056,
-      /*0x1ff6*/ 811,
-      /*0x0476*/ 356,
-      /*0x0176*/ 115,
-      /*0x0216*/ 201,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x03f7*/ 291,
-      /*0x1e914*/ 1385,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0506*/ 424,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e1a*/ 552,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa779*/ 1055,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01d5*/ 167,
-      /*0x1e12*/ 548,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0189*/ 126,
-      /*0x0376*/ 232,
-      /*0x0510*/ 429,
-      /*0x1fa6*/ 759,
-      /*0x0426*/ 335,
-      /*0x0126*/ 76,
-      /*0x10426*/ 1244,
-      /*0x0490*/ 365,
-      /*0xaba6*/ 1142,
-      /*0x1e8e*/ 610,
-      /*0x039a*/ 251,
-      /*0x018a*/ 127,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c26*/ 903,
-      /*0x0206*/ 193,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0392*/ 243,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1faf*/ 768,
-      /*0x042f*/ 344,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e94*/ 613,
-      /*0x053b*/ 455,
-      /*0xabaf*/ 1151,
-      /*0x2ca6*/ 946,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0210*/ 198,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x104bb*/ 1257,
-      /*0x01f1*/ 181,
-      /*0xa7a6*/ 1075,
-      /*0x10ca6*/ 1320,
-      -1,
-      /*0x054b*/ 471,
-      /*0xa77d*/ 1057,
-      /*0x01d3*/ 166,
-      /*0x051a*/ 434,
-      /*0x1e20*/ 555,
-      /*0x04cb*/ 395,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104cb*/ 1273,
-      /*0x049a*/ 370,
-      /*0x0512*/ 430,
-      /*0x1e1e*/ 554,
-      /*0x2163*/ 825,
-      /*0x023b*/ 217,
-      /*0x10caf*/ 1329,
-      /*0x0492*/ 366,
-      /*0x1fa4*/ 757,
-      /*0x0424*/ 333,
-      /*0x0124*/ 75,
-      /*0x10424*/ 1242,
-      /*0x1ef6*/ 664,
-      /*0xaba4*/ 1140,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03a0*/ 257,
-      /*0x0198*/ 137,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c24*/ 901,
-      /*0x216d*/ 835,
-      /*0x021a*/ 203,
-      /*0x039e*/ 255,
-      /*0x1f9c*/ 749,
-      /*0x041c*/ 325,
-      /*0x011c*/ 71,
-      /*0x1041c*/ 1234,
-      /*0x0212*/ 199,
-      /*0xab9c*/ 1132,
-      /*0x0196*/ 135,
-      /*0x2ca4*/ 945,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1feb*/ 806,
-      /*0x2c1c*/ 893,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1ea6*/ 624,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa7a4*/ 1074,
-      /*0x10ca4*/ 1318,
-      /*0x004d*/ 11,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c6b*/ 918,
-      /*0x0520*/ 437,
-      /*0x2c9c*/ 941,
-      /*0x1e0e*/ 546,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01d7*/ 168,
-      /*0x04a0*/ 373,
-      /*0x051e*/ 436,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa79c*/ 1070,
-      /*0x10c9c*/ 1310,
-      /*0x2ceb*/ 977,
-      /*0x049e*/ 372,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e14*/ 549,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0186*/ 124,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e91c*/ 1393,
-      /*0x038e*/ 239,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00cd*/ 39,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0220*/ 206,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10bb*/ 511,
-      /*0x0190*/ 131,
-      -1,
-      /*0x021e*/ 205,
-      /*0x24bb*/ 844,
-      /*0x0394*/ 245,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f84*/ 725,
-      /*0x0404*/ 301,
-      /*0x0104*/ 59,
-      /*0x10404*/ 1210,
-      /*0x1ea4*/ 623,
-      /*0xab84*/ 1108,
-      /*0x01f7*/ 185,
-      /*0x0051*/ 15,
-      -1,
-      /*0x24cb*/ 860,
-      /*0x2c04*/ 869,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e76*/ 598,
-      /*0x050e*/ 428,
-      /*0x1f82*/ 723,
-      /*0x0402*/ 299,
-      /*0x0102*/ 58,
-      /*0x10402*/ 1208,
-      /*0x048e*/ 364,
-      /*0xab82*/ 1106,
-      /*0x01db*/ 170,
-      /*0x2c84*/ 929,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2169*/ 831,
-      /*0x2c02*/ 867,
-      /*0x0514*/ 431,
-      /*0x01cb*/ 162,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa784*/ 1061,
-      /*0x10c84*/ 1286,
-      /*0x0494*/ 367,
-      /*0x118bb*/ 1360,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00d1*/ 43,
-      /*0x1e26*/ 558,
-      /*0x2c82*/ 928,
-      -1,
-      /*0x020e*/ 197,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e904*/ 1369,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa782*/ 1060,
-      /*0x10c82*/ 1284,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1fa7*/ 760,
-      /*0x0427*/ 336,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10427*/ 1245,
-      /*0x0214*/ 200,
-      /*0xaba7*/ 1143,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03a6*/ 262,
-      /*0x1e902*/ 1367,
-      /*0x10a0*/ 484,
-      /*0x2c27*/ 904,
-      /*0x1f8c*/ 733,
-      /*0x040c*/ 309,
-      /*0x010c*/ 63,
-      /*0x1040c*/ 1218,
-      -1,
-      /*0xab8c*/ 1116,
-      /*0x04f6*/ 416,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c0c*/ 877,
-      /*0x047e*/ 360,
-      /*0x1fa2*/ 755,
-      /*0x0422*/ 331,
-      /*0x0122*/ 74,
-      /*0x10422*/ 1240,
-      /*0x1e84*/ 605,
-      /*0xaba2*/ 1138,
-      /*0x10ca7*/ 1321,
-      /*0x01a0*/ 141,
-      /*0x2c7e*/ 925,
-      /*0x2c8c*/ 933,
-      /*0x2c22*/ 899,
-      /*0x0526*/ 440,
-      /*0x1e24*/ 557,
-      /*0x1ff2*/ 808,
-      /*0x0472*/ 354,
-      /*0x0172*/ 113,
-      /*0x04a6*/ 376,
-      /*0x10c8c*/ 1294,
-      /*0x1e82*/ 604,
-      /*0x1f08*/ 669,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2ca2*/ 944,
-      /*0x1f6f*/ 720,
-      /*0x2c72*/ 923,
-      /*0x118a0*/ 1333,
-      /*0x1f09*/ 670,
-      /*0x1e1c*/ 553,
-      /*0x1e90c*/ 1377,
-      /*0xa7a2*/ 1073,
-      /*0x10ca2*/ 1316,
-      /*0x03a4*/ 260,
-      /*0xfb00*/ 1168,
-      /*0x1f5f*/ 712,
-      /*0x0372*/ 231,
-      /*0x2cf2*/ 979,
-      /*0x0226*/ 209,
-      /*0x1f0a*/ 671,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xfb03*/ 1171,
-      /*0x1faa*/ 763,
-      /*0x042a*/ 339,
-      /*0x012a*/ 78,
-      -1,
-      /*0x039c*/ 253,
-      /*0xabaa*/ 1146,
-      /*0x1fae*/ 767,
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-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab7e*/ 1102,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f0b*/ 672,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab72*/ 1090,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1c81*/ 531,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xfb15*/ 1177,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f0d*/ 674,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab7a*/ 1098,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab7c*/ 1100,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1c87*/ 537,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xab74*/ 1092,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab70*/ 1088,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xab78*/ 1096
-    };
-
-  if (code <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && code >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
-    {
-      register int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseFold_11_hash(code);
-
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
-        {
-          register short s = wordlist[key];
-
-          if (s >= 0 && code1_equal(code, CaseFold_11_Table[s].from))
-            return &CaseFold_11_Table[s].to;
-        }
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static const CaseUnfold_11_Type CaseUnfold_11_Table[] = {
-#define CaseUnfold_11 (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1266])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+0))
-  {0x0061, {1|U, {0x0041}}},
-  {0x0062, {1|U, {0x0042}}},
-  {0x0063, {1|U, {0x0043}}},
-  {0x0064, {1|U, {0x0044}}},
-  {0x0065, {1|U, {0x0045}}},
-  {0x0066, {1|U, {0x0046}}},
-  {0x0067, {1|U, {0x0047}}},
-  {0x0068, {1|U, {0x0048}}},
-  {0x006a, {1|U, {0x004a}}},
-  {0x006b, {2|U, {0x004b, 0x212a}}},
-  {0x006c, {1|U, {0x004c}}},
-  {0x006d, {1|U, {0x004d}}},
-  {0x006e, {1|U, {0x004e}}},
-  {0x006f, {1|U, {0x004f}}},
-  {0x0070, {1|U, {0x0050}}},
-  {0x0071, {1|U, {0x0051}}},
-  {0x0072, {1|U, {0x0052}}},
-  {0x0073, {2|U, {0x0053, 0x017f}}},
-  {0x0074, {1|U, {0x0054}}},
-  {0x0075, {1|U, {0x0055}}},
-  {0x0076, {1|U, {0x0056}}},
-  {0x0077, {1|U, {0x0057}}},
-  {0x0078, {1|U, {0x0058}}},
-  {0x0079, {1|U, {0x0059}}},
-  {0x007a, {1|U, {0x005a}}},
-  {0x00e0, {1|U, {0x00c0}}},
-  {0x00e1, {1|U, {0x00c1}}},
-  {0x00e2, {1|U, {0x00c2}}},
-  {0x00e3, {1|U, {0x00c3}}},
-  {0x00e4, {1|U, {0x00c4}}},
-  {0x00e5, {2|U, {0x00c5, 0x212b}}},
-  {0x00e6, {1|U, {0x00c6}}},
-  {0x00e7, {1|U, {0x00c7}}},
-  {0x00e8, {1|U, {0x00c8}}},
-  {0x00e9, {1|U, {0x00c9}}},
-  {0x00ea, {1|U, {0x00ca}}},
-  {0x00eb, {1|U, {0x00cb}}},
-  {0x00ec, {1|U, {0x00cc}}},
-  {0x00ed, {1|U, {0x00cd}}},
-  {0x00ee, {1|U, {0x00ce}}},
-  {0x00ef, {1|U, {0x00cf}}},
-  {0x00f0, {1|U, {0x00d0}}},
-  {0x00f1, {1|U, {0x00d1}}},
-  {0x00f2, {1|U, {0x00d2}}},
-  {0x00f3, {1|U, {0x00d3}}},
-  {0x00f4, {1|U, {0x00d4}}},
-  {0x00f5, {1|U, {0x00d5}}},
-  {0x00f6, {1|U, {0x00d6}}},
-  {0x00f8, {1|U, {0x00d8}}},
-  {0x00f9, {1|U, {0x00d9}}},
-  {0x00fa, {1|U, {0x00da}}},
-  {0x00fb, {1|U, {0x00db}}},
-  {0x00fc, {1|U, {0x00dc}}},
-  {0x00fd, {1|U, {0x00dd}}},
-  {0x00fe, {1|U, {0x00de}}},
-  {0x00ff, {1|U, {0x0178}}},
-  {0x0101, {1|U, {0x0100}}},
-  {0x0103, {1|U, {0x0102}}},
-  {0x0105, {1|U, {0x0104}}},
-  {0x0107, {1|U, {0x0106}}},
-  {0x0109, {1|U, {0x0108}}},
-  {0x010b, {1|U, {0x010a}}},
-  {0x010d, {1|U, {0x010c}}},
-  {0x010f, {1|U, {0x010e}}},
-  {0x0111, {1|U, {0x0110}}},
-  {0x0113, {1|U, {0x0112}}},
-  {0x0115, {1|U, {0x0114}}},
-  {0x0117, {1|U, {0x0116}}},
-  {0x0119, {1|U, {0x0118}}},
-  {0x011b, {1|U, {0x011a}}},
-  {0x011d, {1|U, {0x011c}}},
-  {0x011f, {1|U, {0x011e}}},
-  {0x0121, {1|U, {0x0120}}},
-  {0x0123, {1|U, {0x0122}}},
-  {0x0125, {1|U, {0x0124}}},
-  {0x0127, {1|U, {0x0126}}},
-  {0x0129, {1|U, {0x0128}}},
-  {0x012b, {1|U, {0x012a}}},
-  {0x012d, {1|U, {0x012c}}},
-  {0x012f, {1|U, {0x012e}}},
-  {0x0133, {1|U, {0x0132}}},
-  {0x0135, {1|U, {0x0134}}},
-  {0x0137, {1|U, {0x0136}}},
-  {0x013a, {1|U, {0x0139}}},
-  {0x013c, {1|U, {0x013b}}},
-  {0x013e, {1|U, {0x013d}}},
-  {0x0140, {1|U, {0x013f}}},
-  {0x0142, {1|U, {0x0141}}},
-  {0x0144, {1|U, {0x0143}}},
-  {0x0146, {1|U, {0x0145}}},
-  {0x0148, {1|U, {0x0147}}},
-  {0x014b, {1|U, {0x014a}}},
-  {0x014d, {1|U, {0x014c}}},
-  {0x014f, {1|U, {0x014e}}},
-  {0x0151, {1|U, {0x0150}}},
-  {0x0153, {1|U, {0x0152}}},
-  {0x0155, {1|U, {0x0154}}},
-  {0x0157, {1|U, {0x0156}}},
-  {0x0159, {1|U, {0x0158}}},
-  {0x015b, {1|U, {0x015a}}},
-  {0x015d, {1|U, {0x015c}}},
-  {0x015f, {1|U, {0x015e}}},
-  {0x0161, {1|U, {0x0160}}},
-  {0x0163, {1|U, {0x0162}}},
-  {0x0165, {1|U, {0x0164}}},
-  {0x0167, {1|U, {0x0166}}},
-  {0x0169, {1|U, {0x0168}}},
-  {0x016b, {1|U, {0x016a}}},
-  {0x016d, {1|U, {0x016c}}},
-  {0x016f, {1|U, {0x016e}}},
-  {0x0171, {1|U, {0x0170}}},
-  {0x0173, {1|U, {0x0172}}},
-  {0x0175, {1|U, {0x0174}}},
-  {0x0177, {1|U, {0x0176}}},
-  {0x017a, {1|U, {0x0179}}},
-  {0x017c, {1|U, {0x017b}}},
-  {0x017e, {1|U, {0x017d}}},
-  {0x0180, {1|U, {0x0243}}},
-  {0x0183, {1|U, {0x0182}}},
-  {0x0185, {1|U, {0x0184}}},
-  {0x0188, {1|U, {0x0187}}},
-  {0x018c, {1|U, {0x018b}}},
-  {0x0192, {1|U, {0x0191}}},
-  {0x0195, {1|U, {0x01f6}}},
-  {0x0199, {1|U, {0x0198}}},
-  {0x019a, {1|U, {0x023d}}},
-  {0x019e, {1|U, {0x0220}}},
-  {0x01a1, {1|U, {0x01a0}}},
-  {0x01a3, {1|U, {0x01a2}}},
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-  {0x118dc, {1|U, {0x118bc}}},
-  {0x118dd, {1|U, {0x118bd}}},
-  {0x118de, {1|U, {0x118be}}},
-  {0x118df, {1|U, {0x118bf}}},
-  {0x1e922, {1|U, {0x1e900}}},
-  {0x1e923, {1|U, {0x1e901}}},
-  {0x1e924, {1|U, {0x1e902}}},
-  {0x1e925, {1|U, {0x1e903}}},
-  {0x1e926, {1|U, {0x1e904}}},
-  {0x1e927, {1|U, {0x1e905}}},
-  {0x1e928, {1|U, {0x1e906}}},
-  {0x1e929, {1|U, {0x1e907}}},
-  {0x1e92a, {1|U, {0x1e908}}},
-  {0x1e92b, {1|U, {0x1e909}}},
-  {0x1e92c, {1|U, {0x1e90a}}},
-  {0x1e92d, {1|U, {0x1e90b}}},
-  {0x1e92e, {1|U, {0x1e90c}}},
-  {0x1e92f, {1|U, {0x1e90d}}},
-  {0x1e930, {1|U, {0x1e90e}}},
-  {0x1e931, {1|U, {0x1e90f}}},
-  {0x1e932, {1|U, {0x1e910}}},
-  {0x1e933, {1|U, {0x1e911}}},
-  {0x1e934, {1|U, {0x1e912}}},
-  {0x1e935, {1|U, {0x1e913}}},
-  {0x1e936, {1|U, {0x1e914}}},
-  {0x1e937, {1|U, {0x1e915}}},
-  {0x1e938, {1|U, {0x1e916}}},
-  {0x1e939, {1|U, {0x1e917}}},
-  {0x1e93a, {1|U, {0x1e918}}},
-  {0x1e93b, {1|U, {0x1e919}}},
-  {0x1e93c, {1|U, {0x1e91a}}},
-  {0x1e93d, {1|U, {0x1e91b}}},
-  {0x1e93e, {1|U, {0x1e91c}}},
-  {0x1e93f, {1|U, {0x1e91d}}},
-  {0x1e940, {1|U, {0x1e91e}}},
-  {0x1e941, {1|U, {0x1e91f}}},
-  {0x1e942, {1|U, {0x1e920}}},
-  {0x1e943, {1|U, {0x1e921}}},
-#define CaseUnfold_11_Locale (*(CaseUnfold_11_Type (*)[1])(CaseUnfold_11_Table+1266))
-  {0x0069, {1|U, {0x0049}}},
-};
-
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
-/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup -n  */
-
-/* maximum key range = 2216, duplicates = 0 */
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#else
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-inline
-#endif
-#endif
-/*ARGSUSED*/
-static unsigned int
-onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash(const OnigCodePoint code)
-{
-  static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
-    {
-         1, 2219,    2,   14,    4,  807,    9,  379,   10,  179,
-        70,  161,    2,    3,  411,    4, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219,
-      2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219,   80,
-      2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219,
-      2219, 2219, 2219,    1, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219,
-      2219, 2219, 2219,  210, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219, 2219,
-      2219, 2219,   53, 2219,    7,    8,  306,  607,  169,  844,
-       431,  722,  125, 1047,  489, 1394,   15,   16,  324, 1361,
-       140,  521,   47,  461,  221,  985,   70,  965,    9, 1085,
-        51, 1029,  223,   11,  430, 1168,  122, 1457,  344,  930,
-        91,  711,   31,  651,  157,  772,  224,  876,  262,  900,
-       254,  686,  221,  830, 1335,  755,  432,  623, 1382,  675,
-      1275,  587,   99,  821, 1530,  958,  195,  810, 1518,  739,
-       330,  361,  767,  313,  941,  400,  925,  384, 1142,  295,
-      1295,  242, 1103,  229, 1082,  206, 1066,  104, 1317,  137,
-      1249,  263, 1229,  115, 1154,   71,  135,   60, 1211,  158,
-      1472,  175, 1232,    1, 1345,   27, 1269,   38, 1111,   87,
-      1189,   49, 1256,  503, 1157,  574, 1410,  556, 1200,  787,
-       948,  486, 1316,  797, 1218, 1044, 1282, 1007, 1126,  996,
-       818, 1019,  218, 1072
-    };
-  return asso_values[bits_of(code, 2)+66] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 1)+4] + asso_values[bits_of(code, 0)];
-}
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
-static const CodePointList3 *
-onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_lookup(const OnigCodePoint code)
-{
-  enum
-    {
-      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x61,
-      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1e943,
-      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 1267,
-      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
-      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 3,
-      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 3,
-      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 2218
-    };
-
-  static const short wordlist[] =
-    {
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x13e1*/ 542,
-      /*0x0461*/ 339,
-      /*0x04e1*/ 399,
-      /*0x0061*/ 0,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104e1*/ 1122,
-      /*0x1e61*/ 613,
-      /*0x1ee1*/ 672,
-      /*0x0161*/ 102,
-      /*0x0261*/ 210,
-      /*0x2ce1*/ 904,
-      -1,
-      /*0x049b*/ 364,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x24e1*/ 792,
-      /*0x1e1b*/ 578,
-      /*0x048b*/ 356,
-      /*0x011b*/ 69,
-      /*0x021b*/ 178,
-      /*0x2c9b*/ 869,
-      /*0x1e0b*/ 570,
-      /*0x1e8b*/ 634,
-      /*0x010b*/ 61,
-      /*0x020b*/ 170,
-      /*0x2c8b*/ 861,
-      /*0x13e3*/ 544,
-      /*0x0463*/ 340,
-      /*0x04e3*/ 400,
-      /*0x0063*/ 2,
-      /*0x13a4*/ 481,
-      /*0x104e3*/ 1124,
-      /*0x1e63*/ 614,
-      /*0x1ee3*/ 673,
-      /*0x0163*/ 103,
-      /*0x0263*/ 211,
-      /*0x2ce3*/ 905,
-      /*0x13e5*/ 546,
-      /*0x0465*/ 341,
-      /*0x04e5*/ 401,
-      /*0x0065*/ 4,
-      /*0x24e3*/ 794,
-      /*0x104e5*/ 1126,
-      /*0x1e65*/ 615,
-      /*0x1ee5*/ 674,
-      /*0x0165*/ 104,
-      /*0x0265*/ 212,
-      /*0xa761*/ 1016,
-      /*0x13e9*/ 550,
-      /*0x0469*/ 343,
-      /*0x04e9*/ 403,
-      /*0x0069*/ 1266,
-      /*0x24e5*/ 796,
-      /*0x104e9*/ 1130,
-      /*0x1e69*/ 617,
-      /*0x1ee9*/ 676,
-      /*0x0169*/ 106,
-      /*0x0269*/ 215,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13db*/ 536,
-      /*0x045b*/ 334,
-      /*0x04db*/ 396,
-      -1,
-      /*0x24e9*/ 800,
-      /*0x104db*/ 1116,
-      /*0x1e5b*/ 610,
-      /*0x1edb*/ 669,
-      /*0x015b*/ 99,
-      /*0x025b*/ 207,
-      /*0x2cdb*/ 901,
-      /*0x13d9*/ 534,
-      /*0x0459*/ 332,
-      /*0x04d9*/ 395,
-      /*0xa763*/ 1017,
-      /*0x24db*/ 786,
-      /*0x104d9*/ 1114,
-      /*0x1e59*/ 609,
-      /*0x1ed9*/ 668,
-      /*0x0159*/ 98,
-      /*0x0259*/ 206,
-      /*0x2cd9*/ 900,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10ce1*/ 1182,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa765*/ 1018,
-      /*0x24d9*/ 784,
-      /*0x13e7*/ 548,
-      /*0x0467*/ 342,
-      /*0x04e7*/ 402,
-      /*0x0067*/ 6,
-      /*0x13a2*/ 479,
-      /*0x104e7*/ 1128,
-      /*0x1e67*/ 616,
-      /*0x1ee7*/ 675,
-      /*0x0167*/ 105,
-      /*0xa769*/ 1020,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x13b8*/ 501,
-      /*0x0438*/ 299,
-      -1,
-      /*0x24e7*/ 798,
-      /*0x10438*/ 1089,
-      /*0x13d1*/ 526,
-      /*0x0451*/ 324,
-      /*0x04d1*/ 391,
-      /*0xa75b*/ 1013,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10ce3*/ 1184,
-      /*0x1e51*/ 605,
-      /*0x1ed1*/ 664,
-      /*0x0151*/ 94,
-      /*0x0251*/ 200,
-      /*0x2cd1*/ 896,
-      /*0x13d7*/ 532,
-      /*0x0457*/ 330,
-      /*0x04d7*/ 394,
-      /*0xa759*/ 1012,
-      /*0x24d1*/ 776,
-      /*0x10ce5*/ 1186,
-      /*0x1e57*/ 608,
-      /*0x1ed7*/ 667,
-      /*0x0157*/ 97,
-      /*0x0257*/ 205,
-      /*0x2cd7*/ 899,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0586*/ 476,
-      -1,
-      /*0x24d7*/ 782,
-      /*0x10ce9*/ 1190,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa767*/ 1019,
-      /*0x13da*/ 535,
-      /*0x045a*/ 333,
-      /*0x13d3*/ 528,
-      /*0x0453*/ 326,
-      /*0x04d3*/ 392,
-      /*0x104da*/ 1115,
-      /*0xa661*/ 965,
-      /*0x10cdb*/ 1176,
-      /*0x1e53*/ 606,
-      /*0x1ed3*/ 665,
-      /*0x0153*/ 95,
-      /*0x0253*/ 202,
-      /*0x2cd3*/ 897,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x24da*/ 785,
-      /*0xa751*/ 1008,
-      /*0x24d3*/ 778,
-      /*0x10cd9*/ 1174,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x13a6*/ 483,
-      /*0x13dd*/ 538,
-      /*0x045d*/ 336,
-      /*0x04dd*/ 397,
-      /*0x03e1*/ 279,
-      /*0xa757*/ 1011,
-      /*0x104dd*/ 1118,
-      /*0x1e5d*/ 611,
-      /*0x1edd*/ 670,
-      /*0x015d*/ 100,
-      /*0xa663*/ 966,
-      /*0x2cdd*/ 902,
-      /*0x10ce7*/ 1188,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0582*/ 472,
-      /*0x24dd*/ 788,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13df*/ 540,
-      /*0x045f*/ 338,
-      /*0x04df*/ 398,
-      /*0xa665*/ 967,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104df*/ 1120,
-      /*0x1e5f*/ 612,
-      /*0x1edf*/ 671,
-      /*0x015f*/ 101,
-      /*0xa753*/ 1009,
-      /*0x2cdf*/ 903,
-      /*0x10cd1*/ 1166,
-      /*0x03e3*/ 280,
-      /*0xab53*/ 1046,
-      /*0xa669*/ 969,
-      /*0x24df*/ 790,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x028a*/ 229,
-      /*0x028b*/ 230,
-      /*0x13bc*/ 505,
-      /*0x043c*/ 303,
-      /*0x10cd7*/ 1172,
-      /*0x03e5*/ 281,
-      /*0x1043c*/ 1093,
-      /*0xa65b*/ 962,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x013c*/ 84,
-      /*0x023c*/ 190,
-      /*0xa75d*/ 1014,
-      /*0x13cf*/ 524,
-      /*0x044f*/ 322,
-      /*0x04cf*/ 390,
-      /*0x03e9*/ 283,
-      /*0x1044f*/ 1112,
-      /*0xa659*/ 961,
-      /*0x1e4f*/ 604,
-      /*0x1ecf*/ 663,
-      /*0x014f*/ 93,
-      /*0x024f*/ 198,
-      /*0x2ccf*/ 895,
-      /*0x10cda*/ 1175,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10cd3*/ 1168,
-      /*0x03db*/ 276,
-      /*0x13ae*/ 491,
-      /*0xa75f*/ 1015,
-      /*0x2c61*/ 848,
-      /*0x13a8*/ 485,
-      /*0x1042e*/ 1079,
-      /*0x017e*/ 116,
-      /*0xa667*/ 968,
-      /*0x10428*/ 1073,
-      /*0x13cd*/ 522,
-      /*0x044d*/ 320,
-      /*0x03d9*/ 275,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1044d*/ 1110,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e4d*/ 603,
-      /*0x1ecd*/ 662,
-      /*0x014d*/ 92,
-      /*0x024d*/ 197,
-      /*0x2ccd*/ 894,
-      /*0x10cdd*/ 1178,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13cb*/ 520,
-      /*0x044b*/ 318,
-      /*0xa651*/ 957,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1044b*/ 1108,
-      /*0x03e7*/ 282,
-      /*0x1e4b*/ 602,
-      /*0x1ecb*/ 661,
-      /*0x014b*/ 91,
-      /*0x024b*/ 196,
-      /*0x2ccb*/ 893,
-      /*0xa74f*/ 1007,
-      /*0x13ac*/ 489,
-      /*0xa657*/ 960,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10cdf*/ 1180,
-      /*0x1042c*/ 1077,
-      /*0x03b8*/ 252,
-      /*0x2c65*/ 849,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13aa*/ 487,
-      /*0x13d5*/ 530,
-      /*0x0455*/ 328,
-      /*0x04d5*/ 393,
-      /*0x1042a*/ 1075,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e55*/ 607,
-      /*0x1ed5*/ 666,
-      /*0x0155*/ 96,
-      /*0x118db*/ 1227,
-      /*0x2cd5*/ 898,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03d7*/ 274,
-      /*0xa74d*/ 1006,
-      /*0xa653*/ 958,
-      /*0x24d5*/ 780,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c5b*/ 844,
-      /*0x118d9*/ 1225,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10ccf*/ 1164,
-      /*0xa74b*/ 1005,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c59*/ 842,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13c9*/ 518,
-      /*0x0449*/ 316,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa65d*/ 963,
-      /*0x10449*/ 1106,
-      /*0x029e*/ 234,
-      /*0x1e49*/ 601,
-      /*0x1ec9*/ 660,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0249*/ 195,
-      /*0x2cc9*/ 892,
-      /*0x1f61*/ 729,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0580*/ 470,
-      /*0xa755*/ 1010,
-      /*0x10ccd*/ 1162,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13c3*/ 512,
-      /*0x0443*/ 310,
-      /*0xa65f*/ 964,
-      /*0x118d1*/ 1217,
-      /*0x10443*/ 1100,
-      /*0x03dd*/ 277,
-      /*0x1e43*/ 598,
-      /*0x1ec3*/ 657,
-      /*0x2c38*/ 809,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2cc3*/ 889,
-      /*0x10ccb*/ 1160,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c51*/ 834,
-      /*0x118d7*/ 1223,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x13c0*/ 509,
-      /*0x0440*/ 307,
-      /*0x1f63*/ 731,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10440*/ 1097,
-      /*0x03df*/ 278,
-      /*0x1f24*/ 706,
-      /*0x2c57*/ 840,
-      /*0x0140*/ 86,
-      /*0x0240*/ 192,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa749*/ 1004,
-      /*0x1f65*/ 733,
-      /*0x13a0*/ 477,
-      /*0x10cd5*/ 1170,
-      /*0xa64f*/ 956,
-      /*0x118da*/ 1226,
-      -1,
-      /*0x118d3*/ 1219,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f10*/ 696,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x03bc*/ 256,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c5a*/ 843,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c53*/ 836,
-      /*0xa743*/ 1001,
-      /*0x13c1*/ 510,
-      /*0x0441*/ 308,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10441*/ 1098,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e41*/ 597,
-      /*0x1ec1*/ 656,
-      /*0xa64d*/ 955,
-      /*0x118dd*/ 1229,
-      /*0x2cc1*/ 888,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f14*/ 700,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10cc9*/ 1158,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01e1*/ 151,
-      /*0x2c5d*/ 846,
-      /*0x03ae*/ 243,
-      /*0xa64b*/ 954,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13c7*/ 516,
-      /*0x0447*/ 314,
-      -1,
-      /*0x118df*/ 1231,
-      /*0x10447*/ 1104,
-      /*0x03cd*/ 272,
-      /*0x1e47*/ 600,
-      /*0x1ec7*/ 659,
-      /*0x1f67*/ 735,
-      /*0x0247*/ 194,
-      /*0x2cc7*/ 891,
-      /*0x10cc3*/ 1152,
-      /*0x1f22*/ 704,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0292*/ 232,
-      /*0x13c5*/ 514,
-      /*0x0445*/ 312,
-      /*0x03cb*/ 270,
-      /*0xa655*/ 959,
-      /*0x10445*/ 1102,
-      /*0x01e3*/ 152,
-      /*0x1e45*/ 599,
-      /*0x1ec5*/ 658,
-      /*0xa741*/ 1000,
-      /*0x1f51*/ 724,
-      /*0x2cc5*/ 890,
-      /*0x0561*/ 439,
-      /*0x10cc0*/ 1149,
-      /*0xff59*/ 1071,
-      /*0x03ac*/ 241,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01e5*/ 153,
-      /*0x2c3c*/ 813,
-      /*0x118cf*/ 1215,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f57*/ 727,
-      /*0x051b*/ 428,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x050b*/ 420,
-      /*0x01e9*/ 155,
-      /*0x2c4f*/ 832,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f06*/ 694,
-      /*0xa747*/ 1003,
-      /*0x13b2*/ 495,
-      /*0x0432*/ 293,
-      /*0x0584*/ 474,
-      /*0xa649*/ 953,
-      /*0x10432*/ 1083,
-      /*0x0563*/ 441,
-      /*0x2d16*/ 931,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2d1b*/ 936,
-      /*0x118cd*/ 1213,
-      /*0x1f53*/ 725,
-      /*0x10cc1*/ 1150,
-      /*0x2d0a*/ 919,
-      /*0x2d0b*/ 920,
-      /*0xff51*/ 1063,
-      /*0xa745*/ 1002,
-      /*0x0565*/ 443,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c4d*/ 830,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa643*/ 950,
-      /*0x118cb*/ 1211,
-      /*0x03c9*/ 268,
-      -1,
-      /*0xff57*/ 1069,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0569*/ 447,
-      /*0x2d24*/ 945,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f26*/ 708,
-      /*0x0491*/ 359,
-      /*0x2c4b*/ 828,
-      /*0x01e7*/ 154,
-      /*0x10cc7*/ 1156,
-      /*0x1e11*/ 573,
-      /*0x1e91*/ 637,
-      /*0x0111*/ 64,
-      /*0x0211*/ 173,
-      /*0x2c91*/ 864,
-      /*0xa79b*/ 1036,
-      /*0x03c3*/ 262,
-      /*0x1f02*/ 690,
-      /*0x118d5*/ 1221,
-      /*0x2d10*/ 925,
-      /*0xff5a*/ 1072,
-      /*0x1e924*/ 1234,
-      /*0xff53*/ 1065,
-      /*0x2d18*/ 933,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10cc5*/ 1154,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0280*/ 224,
-      /*0x2c55*/ 838,
-      /*0x13f3*/ 560,
-      /*0x0473*/ 348,
-      /*0x04f3*/ 408,
-      /*0x0073*/ 17,
-      /*0x03c0*/ 260,
-      /*0x104f3*/ 1140,
-      /*0x1e73*/ 622,
-      /*0x1ef3*/ 681,
-      /*0x0173*/ 111,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2cf3*/ 908,
-      /*0x0567*/ 445,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2d14*/ 929,
-      /*0x019e*/ 126,
-      /*0xa641*/ 949,
-      /*0x028c*/ 231,
-      /*0x13eb*/ 552,
-      /*0x046b*/ 344,
-      /*0x04eb*/ 404,
-      /*0x006b*/ 9,
-      /*0x118c9*/ 1209,
-      /*0x104eb*/ 1132,
-      /*0x1e6b*/ 618,
-      /*0x1eeb*/ 677,
-      /*0x016b*/ 107,
-      /*0x026b*/ 217,
-      /*0x01da*/ 147,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c49*/ 826,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2d22*/ 943,
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-      /*0x13d6*/ 531,
-      /*0x0456*/ 329,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13e0*/ 541,
-      /*0xa7a7*/ 1042,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f21*/ 703,
-      /*0x10cd8*/ 1173,
-      /*0x104e0*/ 1121,
-      /*0x0256*/ 204,
-      /*0x10cec*/ 1193,
-      /*0x052f*/ 438,
-      /*0x0260*/ 209,
-      /*0x03ce*/ 273,
-      /*0xa685*/ 974,
-      /*0x24d6*/ 781,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f44*/ 722,
-      /*0x24e0*/ 791,
-      /*0x217c*/ 770,
-      /*0x13d4*/ 529,
-      /*0x0454*/ 327,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f72*/ 738,
-      /*0x0503*/ 416,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13ea*/ 551,
-      /*0x1e93d*/ 1259,
-      /*0x0254*/ 203,
-      /*0x006a*/ 8,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104ea*/ 1131,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03cc*/ 271,
-      /*0x24d4*/ 779,
-      /*0x026a*/ 216,
-      -1,
-      /*0xff46*/ 1052,
-      /*0x1e939*/ 1255,
-      /*0x13e4*/ 545,
-      /*0x1f15*/ 701,
-      /*0x10ce8*/ 1189,
-      /*0x0064*/ 3,
-      /*0x2d03*/ 912,
-      /*0x104e4*/ 1125,
-      /*0x13b6*/ 499,
-      /*0x0436*/ 297,
-      /*0x1e92f*/ 1245,
-      /*0x118d0*/ 1216,
-      /*0x10436*/ 1087,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x10cf0*/ 1197,
-      /*0xff44*/ 1050,
-      /*0x24e4*/ 795,
-      /*0x0078*/ 22,
-      /*0x0529*/ 435,
-      /*0x104f8*/ 1145,
-      /*0x2c50*/ 833,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f13*/ 699,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00f3*/ 44,
-      /*0x10cdc*/ 1177,
-      /*0x118ce*/ 1214,
-      /*0x13ca*/ 519,
-      /*0x044a*/ 317,
-      /*0x04ca*/ 387,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1044a*/ 1107,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f7b*/ 747,
-      /*0x03c8*/ 267,
-      /*0x01c6*/ 138,
-      /*0x2c4e*/ 831,
-      /*0xa783*/ 1028,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x01a1*/ 127,
-      /*0x00eb*/ 36,
-      /*0x052b*/ 436,
-      /*0x10cd6*/ 1171,
-      /*0x1f79*/ 745,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10ce0*/ 1181,
-      /*0x118cc*/ 1212,
-      /*0x13f4*/ 561,
-      /*0x13d2*/ 527,
-      /*0x0452*/ 325,
-      /*0x0074*/ 18,
-      -1,
-      /*0x104f4*/ 1141,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e929*/ 1239,
-      /*0x1f7d*/ 749,
-      /*0x2c4c*/ 829,
-      /*0x0252*/ 201,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10cd4*/ 1169,
-      /*0x24d2*/ 777,
-      /*0x2c66*/ 850,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13b0*/ 493,
-      /*0x0430*/ 291,
-      /*0xa7a9*/ 1043,
-      /*0x10cea*/ 1191,
-      /*0x10430*/ 1081,
-      /*0x0521*/ 431,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0195*/ 123,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13e2*/ 543,
-      /*0x029d*/ 233,
-      /*0x1e92b*/ 1241,
-      /*0x0062*/ 1,
-      /*0x1f77*/ 743,
-      /*0x104e2*/ 1123,
-      /*0x10ce4*/ 1185,
-      /*0x1f07*/ 695,
-      -1,
-      /*0x118c8*/ 1208,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x0572*/ 456,
-      /*0x2d21*/ 942,
-      /*0x24e2*/ 793,
-      /*0x1fb1*/ 751,
-      /*0x00ef*/ 40,
-      /*0x048d*/ 357,
-      /*0x2c48*/ 825,
-      /*0xa683*/ 973,
-      /*0x118d8*/ 1224,
-      /*0x1e0d*/ 571,
-      /*0x1e8d*/ 635,
-      /*0x010d*/ 62,
-      /*0x020d*/ 171,
-      /*0x2c8d*/ 862,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x01fb*/ 162,
-      /*0x0515*/ 425,
-      /*0x2c58*/ 841,
-      /*0x10cca*/ 1159,
-      /*0x2172*/ 760,
-      /*0x2c6c*/ 853,
-      /*0x00ed*/ 38,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13b4*/ 497,
-      /*0x0434*/ 295,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01f9*/ 161,
-      /*0x10434*/ 1085,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa7a1*/ 1039,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2d15*/ 930,
-      /*0x0513*/ 424,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01fd*/ 163,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10cd2*/ 1167,
-      /*0x1e09*/ 569,
-      /*0x1e89*/ 633,
-      /*0x0109*/ 60,
-      /*0x0209*/ 169,
-      /*0x2c89*/ 860,
-      /*0x1e93b*/ 1257,
-      /*0x057b*/ 465,
-      /*0x0199*/ 124,
-      /*0xff50*/ 1062,
-      -1,
-      /*0x13ee*/ 555,
-      /*0x2c68*/ 851,
-      -1,
-      /*0x006e*/ 12,
-      /*0x2d13*/ 928,
-      /*0x104ee*/ 1135,
-      /*0x1f66*/ 734,
-      /*0x0579*/ 463,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2cee*/ 907,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x118dc*/ 1228,
-      /*0xff4e*/ 1060,
-      -1,
-      /*0x217b*/ 769,
-      /*0x10ce2*/ 1183,
-      -1,
-      /*0x057d*/ 467,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f7a*/ 746,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c5c*/ 845,
-      -1,
-      /*0x03b6*/ 250,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2179*/ 767,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0519*/ 427,
-      /*0x2c76*/ 855,
-      /*0x118d6*/ 1222,
-      /*0x03f8*/ 289,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01d0*/ 142,
-      /*0xff4c*/ 1058,
-      /*0xa793*/ 1033,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x217d*/ 771,
-      /*0x01ff*/ 164,
-      /*0x2c56*/ 839,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0577*/ 461,
-      /*0x03ca*/ 269,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0507*/ 418,
-      /*0x2d19*/ 934,
-      /*0x049f*/ 366,
-      /*0x01ce*/ 141,
-      /*0x118d4*/ 1220,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e1f*/ 580,
-      -1,
-      /*0x011f*/ 71,
-      /*0x021f*/ 180,
-      /*0x2c9f*/ 871,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c54*/ 837,
-      /*0x13de*/ 539,
-      /*0x045e*/ 337,
-      /*0x2177*/ 765,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2d07*/ 916,
-      /*0x104de*/ 1119,
-      /*0x2c6a*/ 852,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x01cc*/ 140,
-      /*0x057f*/ 469,
-      -1,
-      /*0xff48*/ 1054,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa695*/ 982,
-      /*0x24de*/ 789,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xa799*/ 1035,
-      -1,
-      /*0x10cee*/ 1195,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0517*/ 426,
-      /*0xff58*/ 1070,
-      /*0x2c36*/ 807,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x217f*/ 773,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f70*/ 736,
-      /*0xa693*/ 981,
-      /*0x118ca*/ 1210,
-      /*0xa787*/ 1030,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x214e*/ 757,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2d17*/ 932,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c4a*/ 827,
-      /*0x13be*/ 507,
-      /*0x043e*/ 305,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0566*/ 444,
-      /*0x1043e*/ 1095,
-      /*0x1f76*/ 742,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x013e*/ 85,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x118d2*/ 1218,
-      /*0x13ba*/ 503,
-      /*0x043a*/ 301,
-      /*0x01d8*/ 146,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1043a*/ 1091,
-      -1,
-      /*0x057a*/ 464,
-      /*0x1f60*/ 728,
-      /*0x013a*/ 83,
-      /*0x2c52*/ 835,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x03b4*/ 248,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa797*/ 1034,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa699*/ 984,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x10cde*/ 1179,
-      -1,
-      /*0x217a*/ 768,
-      /*0x2c30*/ 801,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x056c*/ 450,
-      /*0xa687*/ 975,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0xff56*/ 1068,
-      /*0x0289*/ 228,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f64*/ 732,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x051d*/ 429,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f36*/ 716,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f78*/ 744,
-      -1,
-      /*0x01dc*/ 148,
-      -1,
-      /*0xff54*/ 1066,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00f1*/ 42,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2d1d*/ 938,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0568*/ 446,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00f5*/ 46,
-      /*0x2c34*/ 805,
-      -1,
-      /*0xa697*/ 983,
-      /*0x01d6*/ 145,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x0570*/ 454,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f74*/ 740,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x00fc*/ 52,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x01d4*/ 144,
-      /*0x0576*/ 460,
-      /*0xa79d*/ 1037,
-      /*0x2170*/ 758,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff4a*/ 1056,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f30*/ 710,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2176*/ 764,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1f62*/ 730,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x01b6*/ 134,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xff52*/ 1064,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x056a*/ 448,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1fd0*/ 752,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x03be*/ 258,
-      /*0x0564*/ 442,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x118de*/ 1230,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f34*/ 714,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x03ba*/ 254,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0578*/ 462,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c5e*/ 847,
-      /*0x01d2*/ 143,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2178*/ 766,
-      /*0x01b0*/ 132,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e936*/ 1252,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x0574*/ 458,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2c3e*/ 815,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2174*/ 762,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2c3a*/ 811,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00f2*/ 43,
-      /*0x0562*/ 440,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x01b4*/ 133,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x050d*/ 421,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e930*/ 1246,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x2d0d*/ 922,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00fb*/ 51,
-      -1,
-      /*0x0509*/ 419,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x00f9*/ 49,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x056e*/ 452,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x2d09*/ 918,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00fd*/ 53,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e934*/ 1250,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1fe0*/ 754,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x051f*/ 430,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00ff*/ 55,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa68d*/ 978,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x2d1f*/ 940,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0xa689*/ 976,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00e6*/ 31,
-      /*0xa79f*/ 1038,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00fa*/ 50,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1,
-      /*0x1fb0*/ 750,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00ec*/ 37,
-      -1,
-      /*0x1e93e*/ 1260,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1e93a*/ 1256,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00e8*/ 33,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00f0*/ 41,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00f6*/ 47,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1,
-      /*0x00e0*/ 25,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00ea*/ 35,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00e4*/ 29,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00f8*/ 48,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00f4*/ 45,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00e2*/ 27,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x00ee*/ 39
-    };
-
-  if (code <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && code >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
-    {
-      register int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_11_hash(code);
-
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
-        {
-          register short s = wordlist[key];
-
-          if (s >= 0 && code1_equal(code, CaseUnfold_11_Table[s].from))
-            return &CaseUnfold_11_Table[s].to;
-        }
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static const CaseUnfold_12_Type CaseUnfold_12_Table[] = {
-#define CaseUnfold_12 (*(CaseUnfold_12_Type (*)[58])(CaseUnfold_12_Table+0))
-  {{0x0061, 0x02be}, {1, {0x1e9a}}},
-  {{0x0066, 0x0066}, {1, {0xfb00}}},
-  {{0x0066, 0x0069}, {1, {0xfb01}}},
-  {{0x0066, 0x006c}, {1, {0xfb02}}},
-  {{0x0068, 0x0331}, {1, {0x1e96}}},
-  {{0x006a, 0x030c}, {1, {0x01f0}}},
-  {{0x0073, 0x0073}, {2, {0x00df, 0x1e9e}}},
-  {{0x0073, 0x0074}, {2, {0xfb05, 0xfb06}}},
-  {{0x0074, 0x0308}, {1, {0x1e97}}},
-  {{0x0077, 0x030a}, {1, {0x1e98}}},
-  {{0x0079, 0x030a}, {1, {0x1e99}}},
-  {{0x02bc, 0x006e}, {1, {0x0149}}},
-  {{0x03ac, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fb4}}},
-  {{0x03ae, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fc4}}},
-  {{0x03b1, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fb6}}},
-  {{0x03b1, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fb3, 0x1fbc}}},
-  {{0x03b7, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fc6}}},
-  {{0x03b7, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fc3, 0x1fcc}}},
-  {{0x03b9, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fd6}}},
-  {{0x03c1, 0x0313}, {1, {0x1fe4}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0313}, {1, {0x1f50}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fe6}}},
-  {{0x03c9, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1ff6}}},
-  {{0x03c9, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1ff3, 0x1ffc}}},
-  {{0x03ce, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1ff4}}},
-  {{0x0565, 0x0582}, {1, {0x0587}}},
-  {{0x0574, 0x0565}, {1, {0xfb14}}},
-  {{0x0574, 0x056b}, {1, {0xfb15}}},
-  {{0x0574, 0x056d}, {1, {0xfb17}}},
-  {{0x0574, 0x0576}, {1, {0xfb13}}},
-  {{0x057e, 0x0576}, {1, {0xfb16}}},
-  {{0x1f00, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f80, 0x1f88}}},
-  {{0x1f01, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f81, 0x1f89}}},
-  {{0x1f02, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f82, 0x1f8a}}},
-  {{0x1f03, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f83, 0x1f8b}}},
-  {{0x1f04, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f84, 0x1f8c}}},
-  {{0x1f05, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f85, 0x1f8d}}},
-  {{0x1f06, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f86, 0x1f8e}}},
-  {{0x1f07, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f87, 0x1f8f}}},
-  {{0x1f20, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f90, 0x1f98}}},
-  {{0x1f21, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f91, 0x1f99}}},
-  {{0x1f22, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f92, 0x1f9a}}},
-  {{0x1f23, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f93, 0x1f9b}}},
-  {{0x1f24, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f94, 0x1f9c}}},
-  {{0x1f25, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f95, 0x1f9d}}},
-  {{0x1f26, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f96, 0x1f9e}}},
-  {{0x1f27, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1f97, 0x1f9f}}},
-  {{0x1f60, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa0, 0x1fa8}}},
-  {{0x1f61, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa1, 0x1fa9}}},
-  {{0x1f62, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa2, 0x1faa}}},
-  {{0x1f63, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa3, 0x1fab}}},
-  {{0x1f64, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa4, 0x1fac}}},
-  {{0x1f65, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa5, 0x1fad}}},
-  {{0x1f66, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa6, 0x1fae}}},
-  {{0x1f67, 0x03b9}, {2, {0x1fa7, 0x1faf}}},
-  {{0x1f70, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fb2}}},
-  {{0x1f74, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fc2}}},
-  {{0x1f7c, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1ff2}}},
-#define CaseUnfold_12_Locale (*(CaseUnfold_12_Type (*)[1])(CaseUnfold_12_Table+58))
-  {{0x0069, 0x0307}, {1, {0x0130}}},
-};
-
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
-/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3,4,5,6 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_lookup -n  */
-
-/* maximum key range = 71, duplicates = 0 */
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#else
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-inline
-#endif
-#endif
-/*ARGSUSED*/
-static unsigned int
-onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_hash(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
-{
-  static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
-    {
-       3, 58, 54, 57, 56, 16,  8,  2, 43, 82,
-       3,  1, 23, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82,  4,
-      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82,
-      82, 82, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45,
-      82, 82, 82, 82, 43, 82, 42, 82, 82, 13,
-      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 11, 82,  1, 82, 82,
-      14, 82,  1, 82, 82, 31,  3, 82, 82, 30,
-      82, 82, 82, 10, 82, 82, 82, 82, 37, 82,
-      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82,
-      82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 37, 15, 36, 35,
-      34, 17,  1, 33, 12,  4, 23, 23, 26, 21,
-      13, 82, 27, 82, 82,  2,  5, 82, 11, 16,
-      82, 15, 82, 82, 23, 82,  8, 82
-    };
-  return asso_values[bits_at(codes, 5)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 4)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 3)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 2)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 1)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 0)];
-}
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
-static const CodePointList2 *
-onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_lookup(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
-{
-  enum
-    {
-      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x61,
-      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x1f7c,
-      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 59,
-      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 6,
-      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 6,
-      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 11,
-      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 81
-    };
-
-  static const short wordlist[] =
-    {
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x1f66,0x03b9*/ 53,
-      /*0x1f07,0x03b9*/ 38,
-      /*0x1f00,0x03b9*/ 31,
-      /*0x0066,0x0066*/ 1,
-      /*0x1f74,0x03b9*/ 56,
-      /*0x0073,0x0073*/ 6,
-      /*0x0066,0x0069*/ 2,
-      /*0x1f06,0x03b9*/ 37,
-      /*0x0073,0x0074*/ 7,
-      /*0x03b9,0x0342*/ 18,
-      /*0x03c9,0x03b9*/ 23,
-      /*0x03b7,0x03b9*/ 17,
-      /*0x0069,0x0307*/ 58,
-      /*0x03b1,0x03b9*/ 15,
-      /*0x1f61,0x03b9*/ 48,
-      /*0x1f05,0x03b9*/ 36,
-      /*0x1f65,0x03b9*/ 52,
-      /*0x0574,0x0576*/ 29,
-      /*0x03c9,0x0342*/ 22,
-      /*0x03b7,0x0342*/ 16,
-      /*0x057e,0x0576*/ 30,
-      /*0x03b1,0x0342*/ 14,
-      /*0x1f7c,0x03b9*/ 57,
-      /*0x0574,0x0565*/ 26,
-      /*0x0079,0x030a*/ 10,
-      /*0x0077,0x030a*/ 9,
-      /*0x1f70,0x03b9*/ 55,
-      /*0x0574,0x056d*/ 28,
-      /*0x0066,0x006c*/ 3,
-      /*0x0574,0x056b*/ 27,
-      /*0x0061,0x02be*/ 0,
-      /*0x0068,0x0331*/ 4,
-      /*0x1f67,0x03b9*/ 54,
-      /*0x1f64,0x03b9*/ 51,
-      /*0x1f63,0x03b9*/ 50,
-      /*0x1f62,0x03b9*/ 49,
-      /*0x1f60,0x03b9*/ 47,
-      /*0x03ce,0x03b9*/ 24,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0342*/ 21,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0313*/ 20,
-      /*0x03c1,0x0313*/ 19,
-      /*0x02bc,0x006e*/ 11,
-      /*0x03ae,0x03b9*/ 13,
-      /*0x03ac,0x03b9*/ 12,
-      /*0x1f27,0x03b9*/ 46,
-      /*0x1f26,0x03b9*/ 45,
-      /*0x1f25,0x03b9*/ 44,
-      /*0x1f24,0x03b9*/ 43,
-      /*0x1f23,0x03b9*/ 42,
-      /*0x1f22,0x03b9*/ 41,
-      /*0x1f21,0x03b9*/ 40,
-      /*0x1f20,0x03b9*/ 39,
-      /*0x006a,0x030c*/ 5,
-      /*0x1f02,0x03b9*/ 33,
-      /*0x0074,0x0308*/ 8,
-      /*0x1f04,0x03b9*/ 35,
-      /*0x1f03,0x03b9*/ 34,
-      /*0x1f01,0x03b9*/ 32,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x0565,0x0582*/ 25
-    };
-
-  if (codes[0] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[0] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE &&
-      codes[1] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[1] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
-    {
-      register int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_12_hash(codes);
-
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
-        {
-          register short s = wordlist[key];
-
-          if (s >= 0 && code2_equal(codes, CaseUnfold_12_Table[s].from))
-            return &CaseUnfold_12_Table[s].to;
-        }
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static const CaseUnfold_13_Type CaseUnfold_13_Table[] = {
-#define CaseUnfold_13 (*(CaseUnfold_13_Type (*)[14])(CaseUnfold_13_Table+0))
-  {{0x0066, 0x0066, 0x0069}, {1, {0xfb03}}},
-  {{0x0066, 0x0066, 0x006c}, {1, {0xfb04}}},
-  {{0x03b1, 0x0342, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fb7}}},
-  {{0x03b7, 0x0342, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1fc7}}},
-  {{0x03b9, 0x0308, 0x0300}, {1, {0x1fd2}}},
-  {{0x03b9, 0x0308, 0x0301}, {2, {0x0390, 0x1fd3}}},
-  {{0x03b9, 0x0308, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fd7}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0308, 0x0300}, {1, {0x1fe2}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0308, 0x0301}, {2, {0x03b0, 0x1fe3}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0308, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1fe7}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0313, 0x0300}, {1, {0x1f52}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0313, 0x0301}, {1, {0x1f54}}},
-  {{0x03c5, 0x0313, 0x0342}, {1, {0x1f56}}},
-  {{0x03c9, 0x0342, 0x03b9}, {1, {0x1ff7}}},
-};
-
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
-/* Command-line: gperf -7 -k1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 -F,-1 -c -j1 -i1 -t -T -E -C -H onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_hash -N onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_lookup -n  */
-
-/* maximum key range = 20, duplicates = 0 */
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#else
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-inline
-#endif
-#endif
-/*ARGSUSED*/
-static unsigned int
-onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_hash(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
-{
-  static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
-    {
-       7,  4, 47, 47, 47, 47,  1,  1,  2, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,  1,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 11,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 10, 47,  2, 47, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,  1, 47, 47,  1,
-      47, 47, 47,  9, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
-      47, 47,  1, 47, 47,  2, 47, 47,  1, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47,
-      47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47
-    };
-  return asso_values[bits_at(codes, 8)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 7)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 6)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 5)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 4)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 3)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 2)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 1)] + asso_values[bits_at(codes, 0)];
-}
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
-static const CodePointList2 *
-onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_lookup(const OnigCodePoint *codes)
-{
-  enum
-    {
-      MIN_CODE_VALUE = 0x66,
-      MAX_CODE_VALUE = 0x3c9,
-      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 14,
-      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 9,
-      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 9,
-      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 27,
-      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 46
-    };
-
-  static const short wordlist[] =
-    {
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0313,0x0342*/ 12,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0308,0x0342*/ 9,
-      /*0x03b9,0x0308,0x0342*/ 6,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0313,0x0301*/ 11,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0308,0x0301*/ 8,
-      /*0x03b9,0x0308,0x0301*/ 5,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0313,0x0300*/ 10,
-      /*0x03c5,0x0308,0x0300*/ 7,
-      /*0x03b9,0x0308,0x0300*/ 4,
-      /*0x03c9,0x0342,0x03b9*/ 13,
-      /*0x03b7,0x0342,0x03b9*/ 3,
-      /*0x03b1,0x0342,0x03b9*/ 2,
-      -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
-      /*0x0066,0x0066,0x006c*/ 1,
-      /*0x0066,0x0066,0x0069*/ 0
-    };
-
-  if (codes[0] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[0] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE &&
-      codes[1] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[1] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE &&
-      codes[2] <= MAX_CODE_VALUE && codes[2] >= MIN_CODE_VALUE)
-    {
-      register int key = onigenc_unicode_CaseUnfold_13_hash(codes);
-
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
-        {
-          register short s = wordlist[key];
-
-          if (s >= 0 && code3_equal(codes, CaseUnfold_13_Table[s].from))
-            return &CaseUnfold_13_Table[s].to;
-        }
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static const OnigCodePoint CaseMappingSpecials[] = {
-    L(1)|0x039C,
-    L(2)|0x0053, 0x0073, L(2)|0x0053, 0x0053,
-    L(2)|0x02BC, 0x004E,
-    L(1)|0x0053,
-    L(1)|0x01C5,
-    L(2)|0x0064, 0x017D, L(1)|0x01C4,
-    L(1)|0x01C8,
-    L(2)|0x006C, 0x004A, L(1)|0x01C7,
-    L(1)|0x01CB,
-    L(2)|0x006E, 0x004A, L(1)|0x01CA,
-    L(2)|0x004A, 0x030C,
-    L(1)|0x01F2,
-    L(2)|0x0064, 0x005A, L(1)|0x01F1,
-    L(1)|0x0399,
-    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0301,
-    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0301,
-    L(1)|0x03A3,
-    L(1)|0x0392,
-    L(1)|0x0398,
-    L(1)|0x03A6,
-    L(1)|0x03A0,
-    L(1)|0x039A,
-    L(1)|0x03A1,
-    L(1)|0x0395,
-    L(2)|0x0535, 0x0582, L(2)|0x0535, 0x0552,
-    L(1)|0x0412,
-    L(1)|0x0414,
-    L(1)|0x041E,
-    L(1)|0x0421,
-    L(1)|0x0422,
-    L(1)|0x0422,
-    L(1)|0x042A,
-    L(1)|0x0462,
-    L(1)|0xA64A,
-    L(2)|0x0048, 0x0331,
-    L(2)|0x0054, 0x0308,
-    L(2)|0x0057, 0x030A,
-    L(2)|0x0059, 0x030A,
-    L(2)|0x0041, 0x02BE,
-    L(1)|0x1E60,
-    L(1)|0x00DF,
-    L(2)|0x03A5, 0x0313,
-    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0313, 0x0300,
-    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0313, 0x0301,
-    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0313, 0x0342,
-    L(1)|0x1F88, L(2)|0x1F08, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F89, L(2)|0x1F09, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F8A, L(2)|0x1F0A, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F8B, L(2)|0x1F0B, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F8C, L(2)|0x1F0C, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F8D, L(2)|0x1F0D, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F8E, L(2)|0x1F0E, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F8F, L(2)|0x1F0F, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F00, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F80, L(2)|0x1F08, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F01, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F81, L(2)|0x1F09, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F02, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F82, L(2)|0x1F0A, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F03, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F83, L(2)|0x1F0B, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F04, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F84, L(2)|0x1F0C, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F05, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F85, L(2)|0x1F0D, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F06, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F86, L(2)|0x1F0E, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F07, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F87, L(2)|0x1F0F, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F98, L(2)|0x1F28, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F99, L(2)|0x1F29, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F9A, L(2)|0x1F2A, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F9B, L(2)|0x1F2B, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F9C, L(2)|0x1F2C, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F9D, L(2)|0x1F2D, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F9E, L(2)|0x1F2E, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1F9F, L(2)|0x1F2F, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F20, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F90, L(2)|0x1F28, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F21, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F91, L(2)|0x1F29, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F22, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F92, L(2)|0x1F2A, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F23, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F93, L(2)|0x1F2B, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F24, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F94, L(2)|0x1F2C, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F25, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F95, L(2)|0x1F2D, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F26, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F96, L(2)|0x1F2E, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F27, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1F97, L(2)|0x1F2F, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FA8, L(2)|0x1F68, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FA9, L(2)|0x1F69, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FAA, L(2)|0x1F6A, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FAB, L(2)|0x1F6B, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FAC, L(2)|0x1F6C, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FAD, L(2)|0x1F6D, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FAE, L(2)|0x1F6E, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FAF, L(2)|0x1F6F, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F60, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA0, L(2)|0x1F68, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F61, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA1, L(2)|0x1F69, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F62, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA2, L(2)|0x1F6A, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F63, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA3, L(2)|0x1F6B, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F64, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA4, L(2)|0x1F6C, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F65, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA5, L(2)|0x1F6D, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F66, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA6, L(2)|0x1F6E, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1F67, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FA7, L(2)|0x1F6F, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1FBA, 0x0345, L(2)|0x1FBA, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FBC, L(2)|0x0391, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x0386, 0x0345, L(2)|0x0386, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x0391, 0x0342,
-    L(3)|0x0391, 0x0342, 0x0345, L(3)|0x0391, 0x0342, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x03B1, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FB3, L(2)|0x0391, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x1FCA, 0x0345, L(2)|0x1FCA, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FCC, L(2)|0x0397, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x0389, 0x0345, L(2)|0x0389, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x0397, 0x0342,
-    L(3)|0x0397, 0x0342, 0x0345, L(3)|0x0397, 0x0342, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x03B7, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FC3, L(2)|0x0397, 0x0399,
-    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0300,
-    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0301,
-    L(2)|0x0399, 0x0342,
-    L(3)|0x0399, 0x0308, 0x0342,
-    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0300,
-    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0301,
-    L(2)|0x03A1, 0x0313,
-    L(2)|0x03A5, 0x0342,
-    L(3)|0x03A5, 0x0308, 0x0342,
-    L(2)|0x1FFA, 0x0345, L(2)|0x1FFA, 0x0399,
-    L(1)|0x1FFC, L(2)|0x03A9, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x038F, 0x0345, L(2)|0x038F, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x03A9, 0x0342,
-    L(3)|0x03A9, 0x0342, 0x0345, L(3)|0x03A9, 0x0342, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x03C9, 0x0399, L(1)|0x1FF3, L(2)|0x03A9, 0x0399,
-    L(2)|0x0046, 0x0066, L(2)|0x0046, 0x0046,
-    L(2)|0x0046, 0x0069, L(2)|0x0046, 0x0049,
-    L(2)|0x0046, 0x006C, L(2)|0x0046, 0x004C,
-    L(3)|0x0046, 0x0066, 0x0069, L(3)|0x0046, 0x0046, 0x0049,
-    L(3)|0x0046, 0x0066, 0x006C, L(3)|0x0046, 0x0046, 0x004C,
-    L(2)|0x0053, 0x0074, L(2)|0x0053, 0x0054,
-    L(2)|0x0053, 0x0074, L(2)|0x0053, 0x0054,
-    L(2)|0x0544, 0x0576, L(2)|0x0544, 0x0546,
-    L(2)|0x0544, 0x0565, L(2)|0x0544, 0x0535,
-    L(2)|0x0544, 0x056B, L(2)|0x0544, 0x053B,
-    L(2)|0x054E, 0x0576, L(2)|0x054E, 0x0546,
-    L(2)|0x0544, 0x056D, L(2)|0x0544, 0x053D,
-};
diff --git a/enc/unicode/9.0.0/name2ctype.h b/enc/unicode/9.0.0/name2ctype.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 20918666f5..0000000000
--- a/enc/unicode/9.0.0/name2ctype.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36639 +0,0 @@
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
-/* Command-line: gperf -7 -c -j1 -i1 -t -C -P -T -H uniname2ctype_hash -Q uniname2ctype_pool -N uniname2ctype_p  */
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-/* Computed positions: -k'1,3' */
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-/* Computed positions: -k'1-3,5-6,12,16,$' */
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-
-#if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
-      && ('%' == 37) && ('&' == 38) && ('\'' == 39) && ('(' == 40) \
-      && (')' == 41) && ('*' == 42) && ('+' == 43) && (',' == 44) \
-      && ('-' == 45) && ('.' == 46) && ('/' == 47) && ('0' == 48) \
-      && ('1' == 49) && ('2' == 50) && ('3' == 51) && ('4' == 52) \
-      && ('5' == 53) && ('6' == 54) && ('7' == 55) && ('8' == 56) \
-      && ('9' == 57) && (':' == 58) && (';' == 59) && ('<' == 60) \
-      && ('=' == 61) && ('>' == 62) && ('?' == 63) && ('A' == 65) \
-      && ('B' == 66) && ('C' == 67) && ('D' == 68) && ('E' == 69) \
-      && ('F' == 70) && ('G' == 71) && ('H' == 72) && ('I' == 73) \
-      && ('J' == 74) && ('K' == 75) && ('L' == 76) && ('M' == 77) \
-      && ('N' == 78) && ('O' == 79) && ('P' == 80) && ('Q' == 81) \
-      && ('R' == 82) && ('S' == 83) && ('T' == 84) && ('U' == 85) \
-      && ('V' == 86) && ('W' == 87) && ('X' == 88) && ('Y' == 89) \
-      && ('Z' == 90) && ('[' == 91) && ('\\' == 92) && (']' == 93) \
-      && ('^' == 94) && ('_' == 95) && ('a' == 97) && ('b' == 98) \
-      && ('c' == 99) && ('d' == 100) && ('e' == 101) && ('f' == 102) \
-      && ('g' == 103) && ('h' == 104) && ('i' == 105) && ('j' == 106) \
-      && ('k' == 107) && ('l' == 108) && ('m' == 109) && ('n' == 110) \
-      && ('o' == 111) && ('p' == 112) && ('q' == 113) && ('r' == 114) \
-      && ('s' == 115) && ('t' == 116) && ('u' == 117) && ('v' == 118) \
-      && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
-      && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126))
-/* The character set is not based on ISO-646.  */
-error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>."
-#endif
-
-
-
-/* 'NEWLINE': [[:NEWLINE:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_NEWLINE[] = {
-	1,
-	0x000a, 0x000a,
-}; /* CR_NEWLINE */
-
-/* 'Alpha': [[:Alpha:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
-	644,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x0370, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x0620, 0x0657,
-	0x0659, 0x065f,
-	0x066e, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
-	0x06e1, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ed, 0x06ef,
-	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x073f,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
-	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x0817,
-	0x081a, 0x082c,
-	0x0840, 0x0858,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x08df,
-	0x08e3, 0x08e9,
-	0x08f0, 0x093b,
-	0x093d, 0x094c,
-	0x094e, 0x0950,
-	0x0955, 0x0963,
-	0x0971, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bd, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
-	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4c,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a70, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abd, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3d, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbd, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
-	0x0e4d, 0x0e4d,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ecd, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
-	0x0f88, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x1000, 0x1036,
-	0x1038, 0x1038,
-	0x103b, 0x103f,
-	0x1050, 0x1062,
-	0x1065, 0x1068,
-	0x106e, 0x1086,
-	0x108e, 0x108e,
-	0x109c, 0x109d,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135f, 0x135f,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1713,
-	0x1720, 0x1733,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17b3,
-	0x17b6, 0x17c8,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x1938,
-	0x1950, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a61, 0x1a74,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b33,
-	0x1b35, 0x1b43,
-	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b80, 0x1ba9,
-	0x1bac, 0x1baf,
-	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
-	0x1be7, 0x1bf1,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c35,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
-	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1de7, 0x1df4,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
-	0x3005, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x3038, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309d, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa61f,
-	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66e,
-	0xa674, 0xa67b,
-	0xa67f, 0xa6ef,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
-	0xa803, 0xa805,
-	0xa807, 0xa80a,
-	0xa80c, 0xa827,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
-	0xa8c5, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa90a, 0xa92a,
-	0xa930, 0xa952,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9b2,
-	0xa9b4, 0xa9bf,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9ef,
-	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
-	0xaa7e, 0xaabe,
-	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
-	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf5,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabea,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11000, 0x11045,
-	0x11082, 0x110b8,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x11100, 0x11132,
-	0x11150, 0x11172,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111bf,
-	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
-	0x111da, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x11234,
-	0x11237, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112e8,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133d, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134c,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11400, 0x11441,
-	0x11443, 0x11445,
-	0x11447, 0x1144a,
-	0x11480, 0x114c1,
-	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115be,
-	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x1163e,
-	0x11640, 0x11640,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11680, 0x116b5,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172a,
-	0x118a0, 0x118df,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c3e,
-	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9e, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
-	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_Alpha */
-
-/* 'Blank': [[:Blank:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Blank[] = {
-	8,
-	0x0009, 0x0009,
-	0x0020, 0x0020,
-	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
-	0x1680, 0x1680,
-	0x2000, 0x200a,
-	0x202f, 0x202f,
-	0x205f, 0x205f,
-	0x3000, 0x3000,
-}; /* CR_Blank */
-
-/* 'Cntrl': [[:Cntrl:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cntrl[] = {
-	2,
-	0x0000, 0x001f,
-	0x007f, 0x009f,
-}; /* CR_Cntrl */
-
-/* 'Digit': [[:Digit:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Digit[] = {
-	54,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x0660, 0x0669,
-	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
-	0x07c0, 0x07c9,
-	0x0966, 0x096f,
-	0x09e6, 0x09ef,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a6f,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
-	0x1040, 0x1049,
-	0x1090, 0x1099,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1946, 0x194f,
-	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
-	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
-	0x1bb0, 0x1bb9,
-	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c50, 0x1c59,
-	0xa620, 0xa629,
-	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa900, 0xa909,
-	0xa9d0, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9f0, 0xa9f9,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xff10, 0xff19,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x11066, 0x1106f,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11136, 0x1113f,
-	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11450, 0x11459,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11730, 0x11739,
-	0x118e0, 0x118e9,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-}; /* CR_Digit */
-
-/* 'Graph': [[:Graph:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
-	643,
-	0x0021, 0x007e,
-	0x00a1, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x061c,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1400, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x200b, 0x2027,
-	0x202a, 0x202e,
-	0x2030, 0x205e,
-	0x2060, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e44,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3001, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xe000, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018e,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11150, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111df,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11400, 0x11459,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-	0x11480, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x1173f,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
-	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
-}; /* CR_Graph */
-
-/* 'Lower': [[:Lower:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
-	640,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00df, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
-	0x0101, 0x0101,
-	0x0103, 0x0103,
-	0x0105, 0x0105,
-	0x0107, 0x0107,
-	0x0109, 0x0109,
-	0x010b, 0x010b,
-	0x010d, 0x010d,
-	0x010f, 0x010f,
-	0x0111, 0x0111,
-	0x0113, 0x0113,
-	0x0115, 0x0115,
-	0x0117, 0x0117,
-	0x0119, 0x0119,
-	0x011b, 0x011b,
-	0x011d, 0x011d,
-	0x011f, 0x011f,
-	0x0121, 0x0121,
-	0x0123, 0x0123,
-	0x0125, 0x0125,
-	0x0127, 0x0127,
-	0x0129, 0x0129,
-	0x012b, 0x012b,
-	0x012d, 0x012d,
-	0x012f, 0x012f,
-	0x0131, 0x0131,
-	0x0133, 0x0133,
-	0x0135, 0x0135,
-	0x0137, 0x0138,
-	0x013a, 0x013a,
-	0x013c, 0x013c,
-	0x013e, 0x013e,
-	0x0140, 0x0140,
-	0x0142, 0x0142,
-	0x0144, 0x0144,
-	0x0146, 0x0146,
-	0x0148, 0x0149,
-	0x014b, 0x014b,
-	0x014d, 0x014d,
-	0x014f, 0x014f,
-	0x0151, 0x0151,
-	0x0153, 0x0153,
-	0x0155, 0x0155,
-	0x0157, 0x0157,
-	0x0159, 0x0159,
-	0x015b, 0x015b,
-	0x015d, 0x015d,
-	0x015f, 0x015f,
-	0x0161, 0x0161,
-	0x0163, 0x0163,
-	0x0165, 0x0165,
-	0x0167, 0x0167,
-	0x0169, 0x0169,
-	0x016b, 0x016b,
-	0x016d, 0x016d,
-	0x016f, 0x016f,
-	0x0171, 0x0171,
-	0x0173, 0x0173,
-	0x0175, 0x0175,
-	0x0177, 0x0177,
-	0x017a, 0x017a,
-	0x017c, 0x017c,
-	0x017e, 0x0180,
-	0x0183, 0x0183,
-	0x0185, 0x0185,
-	0x0188, 0x0188,
-	0x018c, 0x018d,
-	0x0192, 0x0192,
-	0x0195, 0x0195,
-	0x0199, 0x019b,
-	0x019e, 0x019e,
-	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
-	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
-	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
-	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
-	0x01aa, 0x01ab,
-	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
-	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
-	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
-	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
-	0x01b9, 0x01ba,
-	0x01bd, 0x01bf,
-	0x01c6, 0x01c6,
-	0x01c9, 0x01c9,
-	0x01cc, 0x01cc,
-	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
-	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
-	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
-	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
-	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
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-	0x1d716, 0x1d71b,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d755,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d78f,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7c9,
-	0x1d7cb, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
-}; /* CR_Lower */
-
-/* 'Print': [[:Print:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
-	640,
-	0x0020, 0x007e,
-	0x00a0, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x061c,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2027,
-	0x202a, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e44,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xe000, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018e,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11150, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111df,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11400, 0x11459,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-	0x11480, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x1173f,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
-	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
-}; /* CR_Print */
-
-/* 'Punct': [[:Punct:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Punct[] = {
-	168,
-	0x0021, 0x0023,
-	0x0025, 0x002a,
-	0x002c, 0x002f,
-	0x003a, 0x003b,
-	0x003f, 0x0040,
-	0x005b, 0x005d,
-	0x005f, 0x005f,
-	0x007b, 0x007b,
-	0x007d, 0x007d,
-	0x00a1, 0x00a1,
-	0x00a7, 0x00a7,
-	0x00ab, 0x00ab,
-	0x00b6, 0x00b7,
-	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
-	0x00bf, 0x00bf,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0387, 0x0387,
-	0x055a, 0x055f,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x05be, 0x05be,
-	0x05c0, 0x05c0,
-	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
-	0x05c6, 0x05c6,
-	0x05f3, 0x05f4,
-	0x0609, 0x060a,
-	0x060c, 0x060d,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x061f,
-	0x066a, 0x066d,
-	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
-	0x0700, 0x070d,
-	0x07f7, 0x07f9,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x0964, 0x0965,
-	0x0970, 0x0970,
-	0x0af0, 0x0af0,
-	0x0df4, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e4f, 0x0e4f,
-	0x0e5a, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0f04, 0x0f12,
-	0x0f14, 0x0f14,
-	0x0f3a, 0x0f3d,
-	0x0f85, 0x0f85,
-	0x0fd0, 0x0fd4,
-	0x0fd9, 0x0fda,
-	0x104a, 0x104f,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1360, 0x1368,
-	0x1400, 0x1400,
-	0x166d, 0x166e,
-	0x169b, 0x169c,
-	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
-	0x1735, 0x1736,
-	0x17d4, 0x17d6,
-	0x17d8, 0x17da,
-	0x1800, 0x180a,
-	0x1944, 0x1945,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aa6,
-	0x1aa8, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b5a, 0x1b60,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1bff,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c3f,
-	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
-	0x2010, 0x2027,
-	0x2030, 0x2043,
-	0x2045, 0x2051,
-	0x2053, 0x205e,
-	0x207d, 0x207e,
-	0x208d, 0x208e,
-	0x2308, 0x230b,
-	0x2329, 0x232a,
-	0x2768, 0x2775,
-	0x27c5, 0x27c6,
-	0x27e6, 0x27ef,
-	0x2983, 0x2998,
-	0x29d8, 0x29db,
-	0x29fc, 0x29fd,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2cfc,
-	0x2cfe, 0x2cff,
-	0x2d70, 0x2d70,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e2e,
-	0x2e30, 0x2e44,
-	0x3001, 0x3003,
-	0x3008, 0x3011,
-	0x3014, 0x301f,
-	0x3030, 0x3030,
-	0x303d, 0x303d,
-	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
-	0x30fb, 0x30fb,
-	0xa4fe, 0xa4ff,
-	0xa60d, 0xa60f,
-	0xa673, 0xa673,
-	0xa67e, 0xa67e,
-	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa874, 0xa877,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
-	0xa8f8, 0xa8fa,
-	0xa8fc, 0xa8fc,
-	0xa92e, 0xa92f,
-	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
-	0xa9c1, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
-	0xaade, 0xaadf,
-	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
-	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
-	0xfd3e, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe61,
-	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
-	0xfe6a, 0xfe6b,
-	0xff01, 0xff03,
-	0xff05, 0xff0a,
-	0xff0c, 0xff0f,
-	0xff1a, 0xff1b,
-	0xff1f, 0xff20,
-	0xff3b, 0xff3d,
-	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
-	0xff5b, 0xff5b,
-	0xff5d, 0xff5d,
-	0xff5f, 0xff65,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
-	0x103d0, 0x103d0,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10857, 0x10857,
-	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a7f, 0x10a7f,
-	0x10af0, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x11047, 0x1104d,
-	0x110bb, 0x110bc,
-	0x110be, 0x110c1,
-	0x11140, 0x11143,
-	0x11174, 0x11175,
-	0x111c5, 0x111c9,
-	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
-	0x111db, 0x111db,
-	0x111dd, 0x111df,
-	0x11238, 0x1123d,
-	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
-	0x1144b, 0x1144f,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-	0x114c6, 0x114c6,
-	0x115c1, 0x115d7,
-	0x11641, 0x11643,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
-	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b37, 0x16b3b,
-	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
-	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
-	0x1da87, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-}; /* CR_Punct */
-
-/* 'Space': [[:Space:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Space[] = {
-	10,
-	0x0009, 0x000d,
-	0x0020, 0x0020,
-	0x0085, 0x0085,
-	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
-	0x1680, 0x1680,
-	0x2000, 0x200a,
-	0x2028, 0x2029,
-	0x202f, 0x202f,
-	0x205f, 0x205f,
-	0x3000, 0x3000,
-}; /* CR_Space */
-
-/* 'Upper': [[:Upper:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Upper[] = {
-	632,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00de,
-	0x0100, 0x0100,
-	0x0102, 0x0102,
-	0x0104, 0x0104,
-	0x0106, 0x0106,
-	0x0108, 0x0108,
-	0x010a, 0x010a,
-	0x010c, 0x010c,
-	0x010e, 0x010e,
-	0x0110, 0x0110,
-	0x0112, 0x0112,
-	0x0114, 0x0114,
-	0x0116, 0x0116,
-	0x0118, 0x0118,
-	0x011a, 0x011a,
-	0x011c, 0x011c,
-	0x011e, 0x011e,
-	0x0120, 0x0120,
-	0x0122, 0x0122,
-	0x0124, 0x0124,
-	0x0126, 0x0126,
-	0x0128, 0x0128,
-	0x012a, 0x012a,
-	0x012c, 0x012c,
-	0x012e, 0x012e,
-	0x0130, 0x0130,
-	0x0132, 0x0132,
-	0x0134, 0x0134,
-	0x0136, 0x0136,
-	0x0139, 0x0139,
-	0x013b, 0x013b,
-	0x013d, 0x013d,
-	0x013f, 0x013f,
-	0x0141, 0x0141,
-	0x0143, 0x0143,
-	0x0145, 0x0145,
-	0x0147, 0x0147,
-	0x014a, 0x014a,
-	0x014c, 0x014c,
-	0x014e, 0x014e,
-	0x0150, 0x0150,
-	0x0152, 0x0152,
-	0x0154, 0x0154,
-	0x0156, 0x0156,
-	0x0158, 0x0158,
-	0x015a, 0x015a,
-	0x015c, 0x015c,
-	0x015e, 0x015e,
-	0x0160, 0x0160,
-	0x0162, 0x0162,
-	0x0164, 0x0164,
-	0x0166, 0x0166,
-	0x0168, 0x0168,
-	0x016a, 0x016a,
-	0x016c, 0x016c,
-	0x016e, 0x016e,
-	0x0170, 0x0170,
-	0x0172, 0x0172,
-	0x0174, 0x0174,
-	0x0176, 0x0176,
-	0x0178, 0x0179,
-	0x017b, 0x017b,
-	0x017d, 0x017d,
-	0x0181, 0x0182,
-	0x0184, 0x0184,
-	0x0186, 0x0187,
-	0x0189, 0x018b,
-	0x018e, 0x0191,
-	0x0193, 0x0194,
-	0x0196, 0x0198,
-	0x019c, 0x019d,
-	0x019f, 0x01a0,
-	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
-	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
-	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
-	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
-	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
-	0x01ae, 0x01af,
-	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
-	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
-	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
-	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
-	0x01c4, 0x01c4,
-	0x01c7, 0x01c7,
-	0x01ca, 0x01ca,
-	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
-	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
-	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
-	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
-	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
-	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
-	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
-	0x01db, 0x01db,
-	0x01de, 0x01de,
-	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
-	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
-	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
-	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
-	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
-	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
-	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
-	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
-	0x01f1, 0x01f1,
-	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
-	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
-	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
-	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
-	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
-	0x0200, 0x0200,
-	0x0202, 0x0202,
-	0x0204, 0x0204,
-	0x0206, 0x0206,
-	0x0208, 0x0208,
-	0x020a, 0x020a,
-	0x020c, 0x020c,
-	0x020e, 0x020e,
-	0x0210, 0x0210,
-	0x0212, 0x0212,
-	0x0214, 0x0214,
-	0x0216, 0x0216,
-	0x0218, 0x0218,
-	0x021a, 0x021a,
-	0x021c, 0x021c,
-	0x021e, 0x021e,
-	0x0220, 0x0220,
-	0x0222, 0x0222,
-	0x0224, 0x0224,
-	0x0226, 0x0226,
-	0x0228, 0x0228,
-	0x022a, 0x022a,
-	0x022c, 0x022c,
-	0x022e, 0x022e,
-	0x0230, 0x0230,
-	0x0232, 0x0232,
-	0x023a, 0x023b,
-	0x023d, 0x023e,
-	0x0241, 0x0241,
-	0x0243, 0x0246,
-	0x0248, 0x0248,
-	0x024a, 0x024a,
-	0x024c, 0x024c,
-	0x024e, 0x024e,
-	0x0370, 0x0370,
-	0x0372, 0x0372,
-	0x0376, 0x0376,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x038f,
-	0x0391, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
-	0x03cf, 0x03cf,
-	0x03d2, 0x03d4,
-	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
-	0x03da, 0x03da,
-	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
-	0x03de, 0x03de,
-	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
-	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
-	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
-	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
-	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
-	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
-	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
-	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
-	0x03f4, 0x03f4,
-	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
-	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
-	0x03fd, 0x042f,
-	0x0460, 0x0460,
-	0x0462, 0x0462,
-	0x0464, 0x0464,
-	0x0466, 0x0466,
-	0x0468, 0x0468,
-	0x046a, 0x046a,
-	0x046c, 0x046c,
-	0x046e, 0x046e,
-	0x0470, 0x0470,
-	0x0472, 0x0472,
-	0x0474, 0x0474,
-	0x0476, 0x0476,
-	0x0478, 0x0478,
-	0x047a, 0x047a,
-	0x047c, 0x047c,
-	0x047e, 0x047e,
-	0x0480, 0x0480,
-	0x048a, 0x048a,
-	0x048c, 0x048c,
-	0x048e, 0x048e,
-	0x0490, 0x0490,
-	0x0492, 0x0492,
-	0x0494, 0x0494,
-	0x0496, 0x0496,
-	0x0498, 0x0498,
-	0x049a, 0x049a,
-	0x049c, 0x049c,
-	0x049e, 0x049e,
-	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
-	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
-	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
-	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
-	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
-	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
-	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
-	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
-	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
-	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
-	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
-	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
-	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
-	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
-	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
-	0x04be, 0x04be,
-	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
-	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
-	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
-	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
-	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
-	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
-	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
-	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
-	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
-	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
-	0x04da, 0x04da,
-	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
-	0x04de, 0x04de,
-	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
-	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
-	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
-	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
-	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
-	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
-	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
-	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
-	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
-	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
-	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
-	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
-	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
-	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
-	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
-	0x0500, 0x0500,
-	0x0502, 0x0502,
-	0x0504, 0x0504,
-	0x0506, 0x0506,
-	0x0508, 0x0508,
-	0x050a, 0x050a,
-	0x050c, 0x050c,
-	0x050e, 0x050e,
-	0x0510, 0x0510,
-	0x0512, 0x0512,
-	0x0514, 0x0514,
-	0x0516, 0x0516,
-	0x0518, 0x0518,
-	0x051a, 0x051a,
-	0x051c, 0x051c,
-	0x051e, 0x051e,
-	0x0520, 0x0520,
-	0x0522, 0x0522,
-	0x0524, 0x0524,
-	0x0526, 0x0526,
-	0x0528, 0x0528,
-	0x052a, 0x052a,
-	0x052c, 0x052c,
-	0x052e, 0x052e,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
-	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
-	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
-	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
-	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
-	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
-	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
-	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
-	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
-	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
-	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
-	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
-	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
-	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
-	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
-	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
-	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
-	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
-	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
-	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
-	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
-	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
-	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
-	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
-	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
-	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
-	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
-	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
-	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
-	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
-	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
-	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
-	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
-	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
-	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
-	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
-	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
-	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
-	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
-	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
-	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
-	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
-	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
-	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
-	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
-	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
-	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
-	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
-	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
-	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
-	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
-	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
-	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
-	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
-	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
-	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
-	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
-	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
-	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
-	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
-	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
-	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
-	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
-	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
-	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
-	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
-	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
-	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
-	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
-	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
-	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
-	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
-	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
-	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
-	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
-	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
-	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
-	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
-	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
-	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
-	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
-	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
-	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
-	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
-	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
-	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
-	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
-	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
-	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
-	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
-	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
-	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
-	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
-	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
-	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
-	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
-	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
-	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
-	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
-	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
-	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
-	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
-	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
-	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
-	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
-	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
-	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
-	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
-	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
-	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
-	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
-	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
-	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
-	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
-	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
-	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
-	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
-	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
-	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
-	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
-	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
-	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
-	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
-	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
-	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
-	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
-	0x1fb8, 0x1fbb,
-	0x1fc8, 0x1fcb,
-	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff8, 0x1ffb,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210b, 0x210d,
-	0x2110, 0x2112,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x2130, 0x2133,
-	0x213e, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2145,
-	0x2160, 0x216f,
-	0x2183, 0x2183,
-	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
-	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
-	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
-	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
-	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
-	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
-	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
-	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
-	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
-	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
-	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
-	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
-	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
-	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
-	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
-	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
-	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
-	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
-	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
-	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
-	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
-	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
-	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
-	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
-	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
-	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
-	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
-	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
-	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
-	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
-	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
-	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
-	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
-	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
-	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
-	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
-	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
-	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
-	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
-	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
-	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
-	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
-	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
-	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
-	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
-	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
-	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
-	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
-	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
-	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
-	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
-	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
-	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
-	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
-	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
-	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
-	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
-	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
-	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
-	0xa640, 0xa640,
-	0xa642, 0xa642,
-	0xa644, 0xa644,
-	0xa646, 0xa646,
-	0xa648, 0xa648,
-	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
-	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
-	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
-	0xa650, 0xa650,
-	0xa652, 0xa652,
-	0xa654, 0xa654,
-	0xa656, 0xa656,
-	0xa658, 0xa658,
-	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
-	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
-	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
-	0xa660, 0xa660,
-	0xa662, 0xa662,
-	0xa664, 0xa664,
-	0xa666, 0xa666,
-	0xa668, 0xa668,
-	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
-	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
-	0xa680, 0xa680,
-	0xa682, 0xa682,
-	0xa684, 0xa684,
-	0xa686, 0xa686,
-	0xa688, 0xa688,
-	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
-	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
-	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
-	0xa690, 0xa690,
-	0xa692, 0xa692,
-	0xa694, 0xa694,
-	0xa696, 0xa696,
-	0xa698, 0xa698,
-	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
-	0xa722, 0xa722,
-	0xa724, 0xa724,
-	0xa726, 0xa726,
-	0xa728, 0xa728,
-	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
-	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
-	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
-	0xa732, 0xa732,
-	0xa734, 0xa734,
-	0xa736, 0xa736,
-	0xa738, 0xa738,
-	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
-	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
-	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
-	0xa740, 0xa740,
-	0xa742, 0xa742,
-	0xa744, 0xa744,
-	0xa746, 0xa746,
-	0xa748, 0xa748,
-	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
-	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
-	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
-	0xa750, 0xa750,
-	0xa752, 0xa752,
-	0xa754, 0xa754,
-	0xa756, 0xa756,
-	0xa758, 0xa758,
-	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
-	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
-	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
-	0xa760, 0xa760,
-	0xa762, 0xa762,
-	0xa764, 0xa764,
-	0xa766, 0xa766,
-	0xa768, 0xa768,
-	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
-	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
-	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
-	0xa779, 0xa779,
-	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
-	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
-	0xa780, 0xa780,
-	0xa782, 0xa782,
-	0xa784, 0xa784,
-	0xa786, 0xa786,
-	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
-	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
-	0xa790, 0xa790,
-	0xa792, 0xa792,
-	0xa796, 0xa796,
-	0xa798, 0xa798,
-	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
-	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
-	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
-	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
-	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
-	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
-	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
-	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
-	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0x10400, 0x10427,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d419,
-	0x1d434, 0x1d44d,
-	0x1d468, 0x1d481,
-	0x1d49c, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b5,
-	0x1d4d0, 0x1d4e9,
-	0x1d504, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d538, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d56c, 0x1d585,
-	0x1d5a0, 0x1d5b9,
-	0x1d5d4, 0x1d5ed,
-	0x1d608, 0x1d621,
-	0x1d63c, 0x1d655,
-	0x1d670, 0x1d689,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6e2, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d71c, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d756, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d790, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7ca, 0x1d7ca,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
-	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
-}; /* CR_Upper */
-
-/* 'XDigit': [[:XDigit:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_XDigit[] = {
-	3,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x0041, 0x0046,
-	0x0061, 0x0066,
-}; /* CR_XDigit */
-
-/* 'Word': [[:Word:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
-	679,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x005f, 0x005f,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0300, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x0483, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0591, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x0620, 0x0669,
-	0x066e, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
-	0x06df, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ea, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x08e1,
-	0x08e3, 0x0963,
-	0x0966, 0x096f,
-	0x0971, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f3e, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x1000, 0x1049,
-	0x1050, 0x109d,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x135f,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1734,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17d3,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x180b, 0x180d,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1946, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x203f, 0x2040,
-	0x2054, 0x2054,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
-	0x3005, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x302f,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x3038, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x309a,
-	0x309d, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa672,
-	0xa674, 0xa67d,
-	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa827,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa92d,
-	0xa930, 0xa953,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9c0,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabea,
-	0xabec, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
-	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff10, 0xff19,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11000, 0x11046,
-	0x11066, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110ba,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x1113f,
-	0x11150, 0x11173,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111c4,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x111d0, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11400, 0x1144a,
-	0x11450, 0x11459,
-	0x11480, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
-	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11640,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x11739,
-	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
-	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
-	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
-	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
-	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_Word */
-
-/* 'Alnum': [[:Alnum:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
-	678,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x0370, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x0620, 0x0657,
-	0x0659, 0x0669,
-	0x066e, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
-	0x06e1, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ed, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x073f,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07ea,
-	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x0817,
-	0x081a, 0x082c,
-	0x0840, 0x0858,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x08df,
-	0x08e3, 0x08e9,
-	0x08f0, 0x093b,
-	0x093d, 0x094c,
-	0x094e, 0x0950,
-	0x0955, 0x0963,
-	0x0966, 0x096f,
-	0x0971, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bd, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
-	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4c,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abd, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3d, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbd, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
-	0x0e4d, 0x0e4d,
-	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ecd, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
-	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
-	0x0f88, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x1000, 0x1036,
-	0x1038, 0x1038,
-	0x103b, 0x1049,
-	0x1050, 0x1062,
-	0x1065, 0x1068,
-	0x106e, 0x1086,
-	0x108e, 0x108e,
-	0x1090, 0x1099,
-	0x109c, 0x109d,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135f, 0x135f,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1713,
-	0x1720, 0x1733,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17b3,
-	0x17b6, 0x17c8,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x1938,
-	0x1946, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a61, 0x1a74,
-	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b33,
-	0x1b35, 0x1b43,
-	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
-	0x1b80, 0x1ba9,
-	0x1bac, 0x1be5,
-	0x1be7, 0x1bf1,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c35,
-	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1de7, 0x1df4,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
-	0x3005, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x3038, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309d, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66e,
-	0xa674, 0xa67b,
-	0xa67f, 0xa6ef,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
-	0xa803, 0xa805,
-	0xa807, 0xa80a,
-	0xa80c, 0xa827,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
-	0xa8c5, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa92a,
-	0xa930, 0xa952,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9b2,
-	0xa9b4, 0xa9bf,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
-	0xaa7e, 0xaabe,
-	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
-	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf5,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabea,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff10, 0xff19,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11000, 0x11045,
-	0x11066, 0x1106f,
-	0x11082, 0x110b8,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11132,
-	0x11136, 0x1113f,
-	0x11150, 0x11172,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111bf,
-	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
-	0x111d0, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x11234,
-	0x11237, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112e8,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133d, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134c,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11400, 0x11441,
-	0x11443, 0x11445,
-	0x11447, 0x1144a,
-	0x11450, 0x11459,
-	0x11480, 0x114c1,
-	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115be,
-	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x1163e,
-	0x11640, 0x11640,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11680, 0x116b5,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172a,
-	0x11730, 0x11739,
-	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c3e,
-	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9e, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
-	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_Alnum */
-
-/* 'ASCII': [[:ASCII:]] */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_ASCII[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0000, 0x007f,
-}; /* CR_ASCII */
-
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-/* 'Any': - */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Any[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0000, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Any */
-
-/* 'Assigned': - */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
-	638,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x061c,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e44,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018e,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11150, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111df,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11400, 0x11459,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-	0x11480, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x1173f,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
-	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
-}; /* CR_Assigned */
-
-/* 'C': Major Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
-	642,
-	0x0000, 0x001f,
-	0x007f, 0x009f,
-	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
-	0x0378, 0x0379,
-	0x0380, 0x0383,
-	0x038b, 0x038b,
-	0x038d, 0x038d,
-	0x03a2, 0x03a2,
-	0x0530, 0x0530,
-	0x0557, 0x0558,
-	0x0560, 0x0560,
-	0x0588, 0x0588,
-	0x058b, 0x058c,
-	0x0590, 0x0590,
-	0x05c8, 0x05cf,
-	0x05eb, 0x05ef,
-	0x05f5, 0x0605,
-	0x061c, 0x061d,
-	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
-	0x070e, 0x070f,
-	0x074b, 0x074c,
-	0x07b2, 0x07bf,
-	0x07fb, 0x07ff,
-	0x082e, 0x082f,
-	0x083f, 0x083f,
-	0x085c, 0x085d,
-	0x085f, 0x089f,
-	0x08b5, 0x08b5,
-	0x08be, 0x08d3,
-	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
-	0x0984, 0x0984,
-	0x098d, 0x098e,
-	0x0991, 0x0992,
-	0x09a9, 0x09a9,
-	0x09b1, 0x09b1,
-	0x09b3, 0x09b5,
-	0x09ba, 0x09bb,
-	0x09c5, 0x09c6,
-	0x09c9, 0x09ca,
-	0x09cf, 0x09d6,
-	0x09d8, 0x09db,
-	0x09de, 0x09de,
-	0x09e4, 0x09e5,
-	0x09fc, 0x0a00,
-	0x0a04, 0x0a04,
-	0x0a0b, 0x0a0e,
-	0x0a11, 0x0a12,
-	0x0a29, 0x0a29,
-	0x0a31, 0x0a31,
-	0x0a34, 0x0a34,
-	0x0a37, 0x0a37,
-	0x0a3a, 0x0a3b,
-	0x0a3d, 0x0a3d,
-	0x0a43, 0x0a46,
-	0x0a49, 0x0a4a,
-	0x0a4e, 0x0a50,
-	0x0a52, 0x0a58,
-	0x0a5d, 0x0a5d,
-	0x0a5f, 0x0a65,
-	0x0a76, 0x0a80,
-	0x0a84, 0x0a84,
-	0x0a8e, 0x0a8e,
-	0x0a92, 0x0a92,
-	0x0aa9, 0x0aa9,
-	0x0ab1, 0x0ab1,
-	0x0ab4, 0x0ab4,
-	0x0aba, 0x0abb,
-	0x0ac6, 0x0ac6,
-	0x0aca, 0x0aca,
-	0x0ace, 0x0acf,
-	0x0ad1, 0x0adf,
-	0x0ae4, 0x0ae5,
-	0x0af2, 0x0af8,
-	0x0afa, 0x0b00,
-	0x0b04, 0x0b04,
-	0x0b0d, 0x0b0e,
-	0x0b11, 0x0b12,
-	0x0b29, 0x0b29,
-	0x0b31, 0x0b31,
-	0x0b34, 0x0b34,
-	0x0b3a, 0x0b3b,
-	0x0b45, 0x0b46,
-	0x0b49, 0x0b4a,
-	0x0b4e, 0x0b55,
-	0x0b58, 0x0b5b,
-	0x0b5e, 0x0b5e,
-	0x0b64, 0x0b65,
-	0x0b78, 0x0b81,
-	0x0b84, 0x0b84,
-	0x0b8b, 0x0b8d,
-	0x0b91, 0x0b91,
-	0x0b96, 0x0b98,
-	0x0b9b, 0x0b9b,
-	0x0b9d, 0x0b9d,
-	0x0ba0, 0x0ba2,
-	0x0ba5, 0x0ba7,
-	0x0bab, 0x0bad,
-	0x0bba, 0x0bbd,
-	0x0bc3, 0x0bc5,
-	0x0bc9, 0x0bc9,
-	0x0bce, 0x0bcf,
-	0x0bd1, 0x0bd6,
-	0x0bd8, 0x0be5,
-	0x0bfb, 0x0bff,
-	0x0c04, 0x0c04,
-	0x0c0d, 0x0c0d,
-	0x0c11, 0x0c11,
-	0x0c29, 0x0c29,
-	0x0c3a, 0x0c3c,
-	0x0c45, 0x0c45,
-	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
-	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
-	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
-	0x0c5b, 0x0c5f,
-	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
-	0x0c70, 0x0c77,
-	0x0c84, 0x0c84,
-	0x0c8d, 0x0c8d,
-	0x0c91, 0x0c91,
-	0x0ca9, 0x0ca9,
-	0x0cb4, 0x0cb4,
-	0x0cba, 0x0cbb,
-	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
-	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
-	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
-	0x0cd7, 0x0cdd,
-	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
-	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
-	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
-	0x0cf3, 0x0d00,
-	0x0d04, 0x0d04,
-	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
-	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
-	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
-	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
-	0x0d49, 0x0d49,
-	0x0d50, 0x0d53,
-	0x0d64, 0x0d65,
-	0x0d80, 0x0d81,
-	0x0d84, 0x0d84,
-	0x0d97, 0x0d99,
-	0x0db2, 0x0db2,
-	0x0dbc, 0x0dbc,
-	0x0dbe, 0x0dbf,
-	0x0dc7, 0x0dc9,
-	0x0dcb, 0x0dce,
-	0x0dd5, 0x0dd5,
-	0x0dd7, 0x0dd7,
-	0x0de0, 0x0de5,
-	0x0df0, 0x0df1,
-	0x0df5, 0x0e00,
-	0x0e3b, 0x0e3e,
-	0x0e5c, 0x0e80,
-	0x0e83, 0x0e83,
-	0x0e85, 0x0e86,
-	0x0e89, 0x0e89,
-	0x0e8b, 0x0e8c,
-	0x0e8e, 0x0e93,
-	0x0e98, 0x0e98,
-	0x0ea0, 0x0ea0,
-	0x0ea4, 0x0ea4,
-	0x0ea6, 0x0ea6,
-	0x0ea8, 0x0ea9,
-	0x0eac, 0x0eac,
-	0x0eba, 0x0eba,
-	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
-	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
-	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
-	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
-	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
-	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
-	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
-	0x0f6d, 0x0f70,
-	0x0f98, 0x0f98,
-	0x0fbd, 0x0fbd,
-	0x0fcd, 0x0fcd,
-	0x0fdb, 0x0fff,
-	0x10c6, 0x10c6,
-	0x10c8, 0x10cc,
-	0x10ce, 0x10cf,
-	0x1249, 0x1249,
-	0x124e, 0x124f,
-	0x1257, 0x1257,
-	0x1259, 0x1259,
-	0x125e, 0x125f,
-	0x1289, 0x1289,
-	0x128e, 0x128f,
-	0x12b1, 0x12b1,
-	0x12b6, 0x12b7,
-	0x12bf, 0x12bf,
-	0x12c1, 0x12c1,
-	0x12c6, 0x12c7,
-	0x12d7, 0x12d7,
-	0x1311, 0x1311,
-	0x1316, 0x1317,
-	0x135b, 0x135c,
-	0x137d, 0x137f,
-	0x139a, 0x139f,
-	0x13f6, 0x13f7,
-	0x13fe, 0x13ff,
-	0x169d, 0x169f,
-	0x16f9, 0x16ff,
-	0x170d, 0x170d,
-	0x1715, 0x171f,
-	0x1737, 0x173f,
-	0x1754, 0x175f,
-	0x176d, 0x176d,
-	0x1771, 0x1771,
-	0x1774, 0x177f,
-	0x17de, 0x17df,
-	0x17ea, 0x17ef,
-	0x17fa, 0x17ff,
-	0x180e, 0x180f,
-	0x181a, 0x181f,
-	0x1878, 0x187f,
-	0x18ab, 0x18af,
-	0x18f6, 0x18ff,
-	0x191f, 0x191f,
-	0x192c, 0x192f,
-	0x193c, 0x193f,
-	0x1941, 0x1943,
-	0x196e, 0x196f,
-	0x1975, 0x197f,
-	0x19ac, 0x19af,
-	0x19ca, 0x19cf,
-	0x19db, 0x19dd,
-	0x1a1c, 0x1a1d,
-	0x1a5f, 0x1a5f,
-	0x1a7d, 0x1a7e,
-	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
-	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
-	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
-	0x1abf, 0x1aff,
-	0x1b4c, 0x1b4f,
-	0x1b7d, 0x1b7f,
-	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
-	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
-	0x1c4a, 0x1c4c,
-	0x1c89, 0x1cbf,
-	0x1cc8, 0x1ccf,
-	0x1cf7, 0x1cf7,
-	0x1cfa, 0x1cff,
-	0x1df6, 0x1dfa,
-	0x1f16, 0x1f17,
-	0x1f1e, 0x1f1f,
-	0x1f46, 0x1f47,
-	0x1f4e, 0x1f4f,
-	0x1f58, 0x1f58,
-	0x1f5a, 0x1f5a,
-	0x1f5c, 0x1f5c,
-	0x1f5e, 0x1f5e,
-	0x1f7e, 0x1f7f,
-	0x1fb5, 0x1fb5,
-	0x1fc5, 0x1fc5,
-	0x1fd4, 0x1fd5,
-	0x1fdc, 0x1fdc,
-	0x1ff0, 0x1ff1,
-	0x1ff5, 0x1ff5,
-	0x1fff, 0x1fff,
-	0x200b, 0x200f,
-	0x202a, 0x202e,
-	0x2060, 0x206f,
-	0x2072, 0x2073,
-	0x208f, 0x208f,
-	0x209d, 0x209f,
-	0x20bf, 0x20cf,
-	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
-	0x218c, 0x218f,
-	0x23ff, 0x23ff,
-	0x2427, 0x243f,
-	0x244b, 0x245f,
-	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
-	0x2b96, 0x2b97,
-	0x2bba, 0x2bbc,
-	0x2bc9, 0x2bc9,
-	0x2bd2, 0x2beb,
-	0x2bf0, 0x2bff,
-	0x2c2f, 0x2c2f,
-	0x2c5f, 0x2c5f,
-	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
-	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
-	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
-	0x2d2e, 0x2d2f,
-	0x2d68, 0x2d6e,
-	0x2d71, 0x2d7e,
-	0x2d97, 0x2d9f,
-	0x2da7, 0x2da7,
-	0x2daf, 0x2daf,
-	0x2db7, 0x2db7,
-	0x2dbf, 0x2dbf,
-	0x2dc7, 0x2dc7,
-	0x2dcf, 0x2dcf,
-	0x2dd7, 0x2dd7,
-	0x2ddf, 0x2ddf,
-	0x2e45, 0x2e7f,
-	0x2e9a, 0x2e9a,
-	0x2ef4, 0x2eff,
-	0x2fd6, 0x2fef,
-	0x2ffc, 0x2fff,
-	0x3040, 0x3040,
-	0x3097, 0x3098,
-	0x3100, 0x3104,
-	0x312e, 0x3130,
-	0x318f, 0x318f,
-	0x31bb, 0x31bf,
-	0x31e4, 0x31ef,
-	0x321f, 0x321f,
-	0x32ff, 0x32ff,
-	0x4db6, 0x4dbf,
-	0x9fd6, 0x9fff,
-	0xa48d, 0xa48f,
-	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
-	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
-	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
-	0xa7af, 0xa7af,
-	0xa7b8, 0xa7f6,
-	0xa82c, 0xa82f,
-	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
-	0xa878, 0xa87f,
-	0xa8c6, 0xa8cd,
-	0xa8da, 0xa8df,
-	0xa8fe, 0xa8ff,
-	0xa954, 0xa95e,
-	0xa97d, 0xa97f,
-	0xa9ce, 0xa9ce,
-	0xa9da, 0xa9dd,
-	0xa9ff, 0xa9ff,
-	0xaa37, 0xaa3f,
-	0xaa4e, 0xaa4f,
-	0xaa5a, 0xaa5b,
-	0xaac3, 0xaada,
-	0xaaf7, 0xab00,
-	0xab07, 0xab08,
-	0xab0f, 0xab10,
-	0xab17, 0xab1f,
-	0xab27, 0xab27,
-	0xab2f, 0xab2f,
-	0xab66, 0xab6f,
-	0xabee, 0xabef,
-	0xabfa, 0xabff,
-	0xd7a4, 0xd7af,
-	0xd7c7, 0xd7ca,
-	0xd7fc, 0xf8ff,
-	0xfa6e, 0xfa6f,
-	0xfada, 0xfaff,
-	0xfb07, 0xfb12,
-	0xfb18, 0xfb1c,
-	0xfb37, 0xfb37,
-	0xfb3d, 0xfb3d,
-	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
-	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
-	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
-	0xfbc2, 0xfbd2,
-	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
-	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
-	0xfdc8, 0xfdef,
-	0xfdfe, 0xfdff,
-	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
-	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
-	0xfe67, 0xfe67,
-	0xfe6c, 0xfe6f,
-	0xfe75, 0xfe75,
-	0xfefd, 0xff00,
-	0xffbf, 0xffc1,
-	0xffc8, 0xffc9,
-	0xffd0, 0xffd1,
-	0xffd8, 0xffd9,
-	0xffdd, 0xffdf,
-	0xffe7, 0xffe7,
-	0xffef, 0xfffb,
-	0xfffe, 0xffff,
-	0x1000c, 0x1000c,
-	0x10027, 0x10027,
-	0x1003b, 0x1003b,
-	0x1003e, 0x1003e,
-	0x1004e, 0x1004f,
-	0x1005e, 0x1007f,
-	0x100fb, 0x100ff,
-	0x10103, 0x10106,
-	0x10134, 0x10136,
-	0x1018f, 0x1018f,
-	0x1019c, 0x1019f,
-	0x101a1, 0x101cf,
-	0x101fe, 0x1027f,
-	0x1029d, 0x1029f,
-	0x102d1, 0x102df,
-	0x102fc, 0x102ff,
-	0x10324, 0x1032f,
-	0x1034b, 0x1034f,
-	0x1037b, 0x1037f,
-	0x1039e, 0x1039e,
-	0x103c4, 0x103c7,
-	0x103d6, 0x103ff,
-	0x1049e, 0x1049f,
-	0x104aa, 0x104af,
-	0x104d4, 0x104d7,
-	0x104fc, 0x104ff,
-	0x10528, 0x1052f,
-	0x10564, 0x1056e,
-	0x10570, 0x105ff,
-	0x10737, 0x1073f,
-	0x10756, 0x1075f,
-	0x10768, 0x107ff,
-	0x10806, 0x10807,
-	0x10809, 0x10809,
-	0x10836, 0x10836,
-	0x10839, 0x1083b,
-	0x1083d, 0x1083e,
-	0x10856, 0x10856,
-	0x1089f, 0x108a6,
-	0x108b0, 0x108df,
-	0x108f3, 0x108f3,
-	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
-	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
-	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
-	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
-	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
-	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
-	0x10a07, 0x10a0b,
-	0x10a14, 0x10a14,
-	0x10a18, 0x10a18,
-	0x10a34, 0x10a37,
-	0x10a3b, 0x10a3e,
-	0x10a48, 0x10a4f,
-	0x10a59, 0x10a5f,
-	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
-	0x10ae7, 0x10aea,
-	0x10af7, 0x10aff,
-	0x10b36, 0x10b38,
-	0x10b56, 0x10b57,
-	0x10b73, 0x10b77,
-	0x10b92, 0x10b98,
-	0x10b9d, 0x10ba8,
-	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
-	0x10c49, 0x10c7f,
-	0x10cb3, 0x10cbf,
-	0x10cf3, 0x10cf9,
-	0x10d00, 0x10e5f,
-	0x10e7f, 0x10fff,
-	0x1104e, 0x11051,
-	0x11070, 0x1107e,
-	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
-	0x110c2, 0x110cf,
-	0x110e9, 0x110ef,
-	0x110fa, 0x110ff,
-	0x11135, 0x11135,
-	0x11144, 0x1114f,
-	0x11177, 0x1117f,
-	0x111ce, 0x111cf,
-	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
-	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
-	0x11212, 0x11212,
-	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
-	0x11287, 0x11287,
-	0x11289, 0x11289,
-	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
-	0x1129e, 0x1129e,
-	0x112aa, 0x112af,
-	0x112eb, 0x112ef,
-	0x112fa, 0x112ff,
-	0x11304, 0x11304,
-	0x1130d, 0x1130e,
-	0x11311, 0x11312,
-	0x11329, 0x11329,
-	0x11331, 0x11331,
-	0x11334, 0x11334,
-	0x1133a, 0x1133b,
-	0x11345, 0x11346,
-	0x11349, 0x1134a,
-	0x1134e, 0x1134f,
-	0x11351, 0x11356,
-	0x11358, 0x1135c,
-	0x11364, 0x11365,
-	0x1136d, 0x1136f,
-	0x11375, 0x113ff,
-	0x1145a, 0x1145a,
-	0x1145c, 0x1145c,
-	0x1145e, 0x1147f,
-	0x114c8, 0x114cf,
-	0x114da, 0x1157f,
-	0x115b6, 0x115b7,
-	0x115de, 0x115ff,
-	0x11645, 0x1164f,
-	0x1165a, 0x1165f,
-	0x1166d, 0x1167f,
-	0x116b8, 0x116bf,
-	0x116ca, 0x116ff,
-	0x1171a, 0x1171c,
-	0x1172c, 0x1172f,
-	0x11740, 0x1189f,
-	0x118f3, 0x118fe,
-	0x11900, 0x11abf,
-	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
-	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
-	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
-	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
-	0x11c6d, 0x11c6f,
-	0x11c90, 0x11c91,
-	0x11ca8, 0x11ca8,
-	0x11cb7, 0x11fff,
-	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
-	0x1246f, 0x1246f,
-	0x12475, 0x1247f,
-	0x12544, 0x12fff,
-	0x1342f, 0x143ff,
-	0x14647, 0x167ff,
-	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
-	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
-	0x16a6a, 0x16a6d,
-	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
-	0x16aee, 0x16aef,
-	0x16af6, 0x16aff,
-	0x16b46, 0x16b4f,
-	0x16b5a, 0x16b5a,
-	0x16b62, 0x16b62,
-	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
-	0x16b90, 0x16eff,
-	0x16f45, 0x16f4f,
-	0x16f7f, 0x16f8e,
-	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
-	0x16fe1, 0x16fff,
-	0x187ed, 0x187ff,
-	0x18af3, 0x1afff,
-	0x1b002, 0x1bbff,
-	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
-	0x1bc7d, 0x1bc7f,
-	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
-	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
-	0x1bca0, 0x1cfff,
-	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
-	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
-	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
-	0x1d1e9, 0x1d1ff,
-	0x1d246, 0x1d2ff,
-	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
-	0x1d372, 0x1d3ff,
-	0x1d455, 0x1d455,
-	0x1d49d, 0x1d49d,
-	0x1d4a0, 0x1d4a1,
-	0x1d4a3, 0x1d4a4,
-	0x1d4a7, 0x1d4a8,
-	0x1d4ad, 0x1d4ad,
-	0x1d4ba, 0x1d4ba,
-	0x1d4bc, 0x1d4bc,
-	0x1d4c4, 0x1d4c4,
-	0x1d506, 0x1d506,
-	0x1d50b, 0x1d50c,
-	0x1d515, 0x1d515,
-	0x1d51d, 0x1d51d,
-	0x1d53a, 0x1d53a,
-	0x1d53f, 0x1d53f,
-	0x1d545, 0x1d545,
-	0x1d547, 0x1d549,
-	0x1d551, 0x1d551,
-	0x1d6a6, 0x1d6a7,
-	0x1d7cc, 0x1d7cd,
-	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
-	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
-	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
-	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
-	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
-	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
-	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
-	0x1e02b, 0x1e7ff,
-	0x1e8c5, 0x1e8c6,
-	0x1e8d7, 0x1e8ff,
-	0x1e94b, 0x1e94f,
-	0x1e95a, 0x1e95d,
-	0x1e960, 0x1edff,
-	0x1ee04, 0x1ee04,
-	0x1ee20, 0x1ee20,
-	0x1ee23, 0x1ee23,
-	0x1ee25, 0x1ee26,
-	0x1ee28, 0x1ee28,
-	0x1ee33, 0x1ee33,
-	0x1ee38, 0x1ee38,
-	0x1ee3a, 0x1ee3a,
-	0x1ee3c, 0x1ee41,
-	0x1ee43, 0x1ee46,
-	0x1ee48, 0x1ee48,
-	0x1ee4a, 0x1ee4a,
-	0x1ee4c, 0x1ee4c,
-	0x1ee50, 0x1ee50,
-	0x1ee53, 0x1ee53,
-	0x1ee55, 0x1ee56,
-	0x1ee58, 0x1ee58,
-	0x1ee5a, 0x1ee5a,
-	0x1ee5c, 0x1ee5c,
-	0x1ee5e, 0x1ee5e,
-	0x1ee60, 0x1ee60,
-	0x1ee63, 0x1ee63,
-	0x1ee65, 0x1ee66,
-	0x1ee6b, 0x1ee6b,
-	0x1ee73, 0x1ee73,
-	0x1ee78, 0x1ee78,
-	0x1ee7d, 0x1ee7d,
-	0x1ee7f, 0x1ee7f,
-	0x1ee8a, 0x1ee8a,
-	0x1ee9c, 0x1eea0,
-	0x1eea4, 0x1eea4,
-	0x1eeaa, 0x1eeaa,
-	0x1eebc, 0x1eeef,
-	0x1eef2, 0x1efff,
-	0x1f02c, 0x1f02f,
-	0x1f094, 0x1f09f,
-	0x1f0af, 0x1f0b0,
-	0x1f0c0, 0x1f0c0,
-	0x1f0d0, 0x1f0d0,
-	0x1f0f6, 0x1f0ff,
-	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
-	0x1f12f, 0x1f12f,
-	0x1f16c, 0x1f16f,
-	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
-	0x1f203, 0x1f20f,
-	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
-	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
-	0x1f252, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d3, 0x1f6df,
-	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
-	0x1f6f7, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
-	0x1f7d5, 0x1f7ff,
-	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
-	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
-	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
-	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
-	0x1f8ae, 0x1f90f,
-	0x1f91f, 0x1f91f,
-	0x1f928, 0x1f92f,
-	0x1f931, 0x1f932,
-	0x1f93f, 0x1f93f,
-	0x1f94c, 0x1f94f,
-	0x1f95f, 0x1f97f,
-	0x1f992, 0x1f9bf,
-	0x1f9c1, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2a6d7, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b735, 0x2b73f,
-	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
-	0x2cea2, 0x2f7ff,
-	0x2fa1e, 0xe00ff,
-	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_C */
-
-/* 'Cc': General Category */
-#define CR_Cc CR_Cntrl
-
-/* 'Cf': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cf[] = {
-	18,
-	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
-	0x0600, 0x0605,
-	0x061c, 0x061c,
-	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
-	0x070f, 0x070f,
-	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
-	0x180e, 0x180e,
-	0x200b, 0x200f,
-	0x202a, 0x202e,
-	0x2060, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x206f,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xfff9, 0xfffb,
-	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
-	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-}; /* CR_Cf */
-
-/* 'Cn': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
-	638,
-	0x0378, 0x0379,
-	0x0380, 0x0383,
-	0x038b, 0x038b,
-	0x038d, 0x038d,
-	0x03a2, 0x03a2,
-	0x0530, 0x0530,
-	0x0557, 0x0558,
-	0x0560, 0x0560,
-	0x0588, 0x0588,
-	0x058b, 0x058c,
-	0x0590, 0x0590,
-	0x05c8, 0x05cf,
-	0x05eb, 0x05ef,
-	0x05f5, 0x05ff,
-	0x061d, 0x061d,
-	0x070e, 0x070e,
-	0x074b, 0x074c,
-	0x07b2, 0x07bf,
-	0x07fb, 0x07ff,
-	0x082e, 0x082f,
-	0x083f, 0x083f,
-	0x085c, 0x085d,
-	0x085f, 0x089f,
-	0x08b5, 0x08b5,
-	0x08be, 0x08d3,
-	0x0984, 0x0984,
-	0x098d, 0x098e,
-	0x0991, 0x0992,
-	0x09a9, 0x09a9,
-	0x09b1, 0x09b1,
-	0x09b3, 0x09b5,
-	0x09ba, 0x09bb,
-	0x09c5, 0x09c6,
-	0x09c9, 0x09ca,
-	0x09cf, 0x09d6,
-	0x09d8, 0x09db,
-	0x09de, 0x09de,
-	0x09e4, 0x09e5,
-	0x09fc, 0x0a00,
-	0x0a04, 0x0a04,
-	0x0a0b, 0x0a0e,
-	0x0a11, 0x0a12,
-	0x0a29, 0x0a29,
-	0x0a31, 0x0a31,
-	0x0a34, 0x0a34,
-	0x0a37, 0x0a37,
-	0x0a3a, 0x0a3b,
-	0x0a3d, 0x0a3d,
-	0x0a43, 0x0a46,
-	0x0a49, 0x0a4a,
-	0x0a4e, 0x0a50,
-	0x0a52, 0x0a58,
-	0x0a5d, 0x0a5d,
-	0x0a5f, 0x0a65,
-	0x0a76, 0x0a80,
-	0x0a84, 0x0a84,
-	0x0a8e, 0x0a8e,
-	0x0a92, 0x0a92,
-	0x0aa9, 0x0aa9,
-	0x0ab1, 0x0ab1,
-	0x0ab4, 0x0ab4,
-	0x0aba, 0x0abb,
-	0x0ac6, 0x0ac6,
-	0x0aca, 0x0aca,
-	0x0ace, 0x0acf,
-	0x0ad1, 0x0adf,
-	0x0ae4, 0x0ae5,
-	0x0af2, 0x0af8,
-	0x0afa, 0x0b00,
-	0x0b04, 0x0b04,
-	0x0b0d, 0x0b0e,
-	0x0b11, 0x0b12,
-	0x0b29, 0x0b29,
-	0x0b31, 0x0b31,
-	0x0b34, 0x0b34,
-	0x0b3a, 0x0b3b,
-	0x0b45, 0x0b46,
-	0x0b49, 0x0b4a,
-	0x0b4e, 0x0b55,
-	0x0b58, 0x0b5b,
-	0x0b5e, 0x0b5e,
-	0x0b64, 0x0b65,
-	0x0b78, 0x0b81,
-	0x0b84, 0x0b84,
-	0x0b8b, 0x0b8d,
-	0x0b91, 0x0b91,
-	0x0b96, 0x0b98,
-	0x0b9b, 0x0b9b,
-	0x0b9d, 0x0b9d,
-	0x0ba0, 0x0ba2,
-	0x0ba5, 0x0ba7,
-	0x0bab, 0x0bad,
-	0x0bba, 0x0bbd,
-	0x0bc3, 0x0bc5,
-	0x0bc9, 0x0bc9,
-	0x0bce, 0x0bcf,
-	0x0bd1, 0x0bd6,
-	0x0bd8, 0x0be5,
-	0x0bfb, 0x0bff,
-	0x0c04, 0x0c04,
-	0x0c0d, 0x0c0d,
-	0x0c11, 0x0c11,
-	0x0c29, 0x0c29,
-	0x0c3a, 0x0c3c,
-	0x0c45, 0x0c45,
-	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
-	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
-	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
-	0x0c5b, 0x0c5f,
-	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
-	0x0c70, 0x0c77,
-	0x0c84, 0x0c84,
-	0x0c8d, 0x0c8d,
-	0x0c91, 0x0c91,
-	0x0ca9, 0x0ca9,
-	0x0cb4, 0x0cb4,
-	0x0cba, 0x0cbb,
-	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
-	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
-	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
-	0x0cd7, 0x0cdd,
-	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
-	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
-	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
-	0x0cf3, 0x0d00,
-	0x0d04, 0x0d04,
-	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
-	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
-	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
-	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
-	0x0d49, 0x0d49,
-	0x0d50, 0x0d53,
-	0x0d64, 0x0d65,
-	0x0d80, 0x0d81,
-	0x0d84, 0x0d84,
-	0x0d97, 0x0d99,
-	0x0db2, 0x0db2,
-	0x0dbc, 0x0dbc,
-	0x0dbe, 0x0dbf,
-	0x0dc7, 0x0dc9,
-	0x0dcb, 0x0dce,
-	0x0dd5, 0x0dd5,
-	0x0dd7, 0x0dd7,
-	0x0de0, 0x0de5,
-	0x0df0, 0x0df1,
-	0x0df5, 0x0e00,
-	0x0e3b, 0x0e3e,
-	0x0e5c, 0x0e80,
-	0x0e83, 0x0e83,
-	0x0e85, 0x0e86,
-	0x0e89, 0x0e89,
-	0x0e8b, 0x0e8c,
-	0x0e8e, 0x0e93,
-	0x0e98, 0x0e98,
-	0x0ea0, 0x0ea0,
-	0x0ea4, 0x0ea4,
-	0x0ea6, 0x0ea6,
-	0x0ea8, 0x0ea9,
-	0x0eac, 0x0eac,
-	0x0eba, 0x0eba,
-	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
-	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
-	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
-	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
-	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
-	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
-	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
-	0x0f6d, 0x0f70,
-	0x0f98, 0x0f98,
-	0x0fbd, 0x0fbd,
-	0x0fcd, 0x0fcd,
-	0x0fdb, 0x0fff,
-	0x10c6, 0x10c6,
-	0x10c8, 0x10cc,
-	0x10ce, 0x10cf,
-	0x1249, 0x1249,
-	0x124e, 0x124f,
-	0x1257, 0x1257,
-	0x1259, 0x1259,
-	0x125e, 0x125f,
-	0x1289, 0x1289,
-	0x128e, 0x128f,
-	0x12b1, 0x12b1,
-	0x12b6, 0x12b7,
-	0x12bf, 0x12bf,
-	0x12c1, 0x12c1,
-	0x12c6, 0x12c7,
-	0x12d7, 0x12d7,
-	0x1311, 0x1311,
-	0x1316, 0x1317,
-	0x135b, 0x135c,
-	0x137d, 0x137f,
-	0x139a, 0x139f,
-	0x13f6, 0x13f7,
-	0x13fe, 0x13ff,
-	0x169d, 0x169f,
-	0x16f9, 0x16ff,
-	0x170d, 0x170d,
-	0x1715, 0x171f,
-	0x1737, 0x173f,
-	0x1754, 0x175f,
-	0x176d, 0x176d,
-	0x1771, 0x1771,
-	0x1774, 0x177f,
-	0x17de, 0x17df,
-	0x17ea, 0x17ef,
-	0x17fa, 0x17ff,
-	0x180f, 0x180f,
-	0x181a, 0x181f,
-	0x1878, 0x187f,
-	0x18ab, 0x18af,
-	0x18f6, 0x18ff,
-	0x191f, 0x191f,
-	0x192c, 0x192f,
-	0x193c, 0x193f,
-	0x1941, 0x1943,
-	0x196e, 0x196f,
-	0x1975, 0x197f,
-	0x19ac, 0x19af,
-	0x19ca, 0x19cf,
-	0x19db, 0x19dd,
-	0x1a1c, 0x1a1d,
-	0x1a5f, 0x1a5f,
-	0x1a7d, 0x1a7e,
-	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
-	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
-	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
-	0x1abf, 0x1aff,
-	0x1b4c, 0x1b4f,
-	0x1b7d, 0x1b7f,
-	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
-	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
-	0x1c4a, 0x1c4c,
-	0x1c89, 0x1cbf,
-	0x1cc8, 0x1ccf,
-	0x1cf7, 0x1cf7,
-	0x1cfa, 0x1cff,
-	0x1df6, 0x1dfa,
-	0x1f16, 0x1f17,
-	0x1f1e, 0x1f1f,
-	0x1f46, 0x1f47,
-	0x1f4e, 0x1f4f,
-	0x1f58, 0x1f58,
-	0x1f5a, 0x1f5a,
-	0x1f5c, 0x1f5c,
-	0x1f5e, 0x1f5e,
-	0x1f7e, 0x1f7f,
-	0x1fb5, 0x1fb5,
-	0x1fc5, 0x1fc5,
-	0x1fd4, 0x1fd5,
-	0x1fdc, 0x1fdc,
-	0x1ff0, 0x1ff1,
-	0x1ff5, 0x1ff5,
-	0x1fff, 0x1fff,
-	0x2065, 0x2065,
-	0x2072, 0x2073,
-	0x208f, 0x208f,
-	0x209d, 0x209f,
-	0x20bf, 0x20cf,
-	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
-	0x218c, 0x218f,
-	0x23ff, 0x23ff,
-	0x2427, 0x243f,
-	0x244b, 0x245f,
-	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
-	0x2b96, 0x2b97,
-	0x2bba, 0x2bbc,
-	0x2bc9, 0x2bc9,
-	0x2bd2, 0x2beb,
-	0x2bf0, 0x2bff,
-	0x2c2f, 0x2c2f,
-	0x2c5f, 0x2c5f,
-	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
-	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
-	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
-	0x2d2e, 0x2d2f,
-	0x2d68, 0x2d6e,
-	0x2d71, 0x2d7e,
-	0x2d97, 0x2d9f,
-	0x2da7, 0x2da7,
-	0x2daf, 0x2daf,
-	0x2db7, 0x2db7,
-	0x2dbf, 0x2dbf,
-	0x2dc7, 0x2dc7,
-	0x2dcf, 0x2dcf,
-	0x2dd7, 0x2dd7,
-	0x2ddf, 0x2ddf,
-	0x2e45, 0x2e7f,
-	0x2e9a, 0x2e9a,
-	0x2ef4, 0x2eff,
-	0x2fd6, 0x2fef,
-	0x2ffc, 0x2fff,
-	0x3040, 0x3040,
-	0x3097, 0x3098,
-	0x3100, 0x3104,
-	0x312e, 0x3130,
-	0x318f, 0x318f,
-	0x31bb, 0x31bf,
-	0x31e4, 0x31ef,
-	0x321f, 0x321f,
-	0x32ff, 0x32ff,
-	0x4db6, 0x4dbf,
-	0x9fd6, 0x9fff,
-	0xa48d, 0xa48f,
-	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
-	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
-	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
-	0xa7af, 0xa7af,
-	0xa7b8, 0xa7f6,
-	0xa82c, 0xa82f,
-	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
-	0xa878, 0xa87f,
-	0xa8c6, 0xa8cd,
-	0xa8da, 0xa8df,
-	0xa8fe, 0xa8ff,
-	0xa954, 0xa95e,
-	0xa97d, 0xa97f,
-	0xa9ce, 0xa9ce,
-	0xa9da, 0xa9dd,
-	0xa9ff, 0xa9ff,
-	0xaa37, 0xaa3f,
-	0xaa4e, 0xaa4f,
-	0xaa5a, 0xaa5b,
-	0xaac3, 0xaada,
-	0xaaf7, 0xab00,
-	0xab07, 0xab08,
-	0xab0f, 0xab10,
-	0xab17, 0xab1f,
-	0xab27, 0xab27,
-	0xab2f, 0xab2f,
-	0xab66, 0xab6f,
-	0xabee, 0xabef,
-	0xabfa, 0xabff,
-	0xd7a4, 0xd7af,
-	0xd7c7, 0xd7ca,
-	0xd7fc, 0xd7ff,
-	0xfa6e, 0xfa6f,
-	0xfada, 0xfaff,
-	0xfb07, 0xfb12,
-	0xfb18, 0xfb1c,
-	0xfb37, 0xfb37,
-	0xfb3d, 0xfb3d,
-	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
-	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
-	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
-	0xfbc2, 0xfbd2,
-	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
-	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
-	0xfdc8, 0xfdef,
-	0xfdfe, 0xfdff,
-	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
-	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
-	0xfe67, 0xfe67,
-	0xfe6c, 0xfe6f,
-	0xfe75, 0xfe75,
-	0xfefd, 0xfefe,
-	0xff00, 0xff00,
-	0xffbf, 0xffc1,
-	0xffc8, 0xffc9,
-	0xffd0, 0xffd1,
-	0xffd8, 0xffd9,
-	0xffdd, 0xffdf,
-	0xffe7, 0xffe7,
-	0xffef, 0xfff8,
-	0xfffe, 0xffff,
-	0x1000c, 0x1000c,
-	0x10027, 0x10027,
-	0x1003b, 0x1003b,
-	0x1003e, 0x1003e,
-	0x1004e, 0x1004f,
-	0x1005e, 0x1007f,
-	0x100fb, 0x100ff,
-	0x10103, 0x10106,
-	0x10134, 0x10136,
-	0x1018f, 0x1018f,
-	0x1019c, 0x1019f,
-	0x101a1, 0x101cf,
-	0x101fe, 0x1027f,
-	0x1029d, 0x1029f,
-	0x102d1, 0x102df,
-	0x102fc, 0x102ff,
-	0x10324, 0x1032f,
-	0x1034b, 0x1034f,
-	0x1037b, 0x1037f,
-	0x1039e, 0x1039e,
-	0x103c4, 0x103c7,
-	0x103d6, 0x103ff,
-	0x1049e, 0x1049f,
-	0x104aa, 0x104af,
-	0x104d4, 0x104d7,
-	0x104fc, 0x104ff,
-	0x10528, 0x1052f,
-	0x10564, 0x1056e,
-	0x10570, 0x105ff,
-	0x10737, 0x1073f,
-	0x10756, 0x1075f,
-	0x10768, 0x107ff,
-	0x10806, 0x10807,
-	0x10809, 0x10809,
-	0x10836, 0x10836,
-	0x10839, 0x1083b,
-	0x1083d, 0x1083e,
-	0x10856, 0x10856,
-	0x1089f, 0x108a6,
-	0x108b0, 0x108df,
-	0x108f3, 0x108f3,
-	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
-	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
-	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
-	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
-	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
-	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
-	0x10a07, 0x10a0b,
-	0x10a14, 0x10a14,
-	0x10a18, 0x10a18,
-	0x10a34, 0x10a37,
-	0x10a3b, 0x10a3e,
-	0x10a48, 0x10a4f,
-	0x10a59, 0x10a5f,
-	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
-	0x10ae7, 0x10aea,
-	0x10af7, 0x10aff,
-	0x10b36, 0x10b38,
-	0x10b56, 0x10b57,
-	0x10b73, 0x10b77,
-	0x10b92, 0x10b98,
-	0x10b9d, 0x10ba8,
-	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
-	0x10c49, 0x10c7f,
-	0x10cb3, 0x10cbf,
-	0x10cf3, 0x10cf9,
-	0x10d00, 0x10e5f,
-	0x10e7f, 0x10fff,
-	0x1104e, 0x11051,
-	0x11070, 0x1107e,
-	0x110c2, 0x110cf,
-	0x110e9, 0x110ef,
-	0x110fa, 0x110ff,
-	0x11135, 0x11135,
-	0x11144, 0x1114f,
-	0x11177, 0x1117f,
-	0x111ce, 0x111cf,
-	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
-	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
-	0x11212, 0x11212,
-	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
-	0x11287, 0x11287,
-	0x11289, 0x11289,
-	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
-	0x1129e, 0x1129e,
-	0x112aa, 0x112af,
-	0x112eb, 0x112ef,
-	0x112fa, 0x112ff,
-	0x11304, 0x11304,
-	0x1130d, 0x1130e,
-	0x11311, 0x11312,
-	0x11329, 0x11329,
-	0x11331, 0x11331,
-	0x11334, 0x11334,
-	0x1133a, 0x1133b,
-	0x11345, 0x11346,
-	0x11349, 0x1134a,
-	0x1134e, 0x1134f,
-	0x11351, 0x11356,
-	0x11358, 0x1135c,
-	0x11364, 0x11365,
-	0x1136d, 0x1136f,
-	0x11375, 0x113ff,
-	0x1145a, 0x1145a,
-	0x1145c, 0x1145c,
-	0x1145e, 0x1147f,
-	0x114c8, 0x114cf,
-	0x114da, 0x1157f,
-	0x115b6, 0x115b7,
-	0x115de, 0x115ff,
-	0x11645, 0x1164f,
-	0x1165a, 0x1165f,
-	0x1166d, 0x1167f,
-	0x116b8, 0x116bf,
-	0x116ca, 0x116ff,
-	0x1171a, 0x1171c,
-	0x1172c, 0x1172f,
-	0x11740, 0x1189f,
-	0x118f3, 0x118fe,
-	0x11900, 0x11abf,
-	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
-	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
-	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
-	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
-	0x11c6d, 0x11c6f,
-	0x11c90, 0x11c91,
-	0x11ca8, 0x11ca8,
-	0x11cb7, 0x11fff,
-	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
-	0x1246f, 0x1246f,
-	0x12475, 0x1247f,
-	0x12544, 0x12fff,
-	0x1342f, 0x143ff,
-	0x14647, 0x167ff,
-	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
-	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
-	0x16a6a, 0x16a6d,
-	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
-	0x16aee, 0x16aef,
-	0x16af6, 0x16aff,
-	0x16b46, 0x16b4f,
-	0x16b5a, 0x16b5a,
-	0x16b62, 0x16b62,
-	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
-	0x16b90, 0x16eff,
-	0x16f45, 0x16f4f,
-	0x16f7f, 0x16f8e,
-	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
-	0x16fe1, 0x16fff,
-	0x187ed, 0x187ff,
-	0x18af3, 0x1afff,
-	0x1b002, 0x1bbff,
-	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
-	0x1bc7d, 0x1bc7f,
-	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
-	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
-	0x1bca4, 0x1cfff,
-	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
-	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
-	0x1d1e9, 0x1d1ff,
-	0x1d246, 0x1d2ff,
-	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
-	0x1d372, 0x1d3ff,
-	0x1d455, 0x1d455,
-	0x1d49d, 0x1d49d,
-	0x1d4a0, 0x1d4a1,
-	0x1d4a3, 0x1d4a4,
-	0x1d4a7, 0x1d4a8,
-	0x1d4ad, 0x1d4ad,
-	0x1d4ba, 0x1d4ba,
-	0x1d4bc, 0x1d4bc,
-	0x1d4c4, 0x1d4c4,
-	0x1d506, 0x1d506,
-	0x1d50b, 0x1d50c,
-	0x1d515, 0x1d515,
-	0x1d51d, 0x1d51d,
-	0x1d53a, 0x1d53a,
-	0x1d53f, 0x1d53f,
-	0x1d545, 0x1d545,
-	0x1d547, 0x1d549,
-	0x1d551, 0x1d551,
-	0x1d6a6, 0x1d6a7,
-	0x1d7cc, 0x1d7cd,
-	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
-	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
-	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
-	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
-	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
-	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
-	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
-	0x1e02b, 0x1e7ff,
-	0x1e8c5, 0x1e8c6,
-	0x1e8d7, 0x1e8ff,
-	0x1e94b, 0x1e94f,
-	0x1e95a, 0x1e95d,
-	0x1e960, 0x1edff,
-	0x1ee04, 0x1ee04,
-	0x1ee20, 0x1ee20,
-	0x1ee23, 0x1ee23,
-	0x1ee25, 0x1ee26,
-	0x1ee28, 0x1ee28,
-	0x1ee33, 0x1ee33,
-	0x1ee38, 0x1ee38,
-	0x1ee3a, 0x1ee3a,
-	0x1ee3c, 0x1ee41,
-	0x1ee43, 0x1ee46,
-	0x1ee48, 0x1ee48,
-	0x1ee4a, 0x1ee4a,
-	0x1ee4c, 0x1ee4c,
-	0x1ee50, 0x1ee50,
-	0x1ee53, 0x1ee53,
-	0x1ee55, 0x1ee56,
-	0x1ee58, 0x1ee58,
-	0x1ee5a, 0x1ee5a,
-	0x1ee5c, 0x1ee5c,
-	0x1ee5e, 0x1ee5e,
-	0x1ee60, 0x1ee60,
-	0x1ee63, 0x1ee63,
-	0x1ee65, 0x1ee66,
-	0x1ee6b, 0x1ee6b,
-	0x1ee73, 0x1ee73,
-	0x1ee78, 0x1ee78,
-	0x1ee7d, 0x1ee7d,
-	0x1ee7f, 0x1ee7f,
-	0x1ee8a, 0x1ee8a,
-	0x1ee9c, 0x1eea0,
-	0x1eea4, 0x1eea4,
-	0x1eeaa, 0x1eeaa,
-	0x1eebc, 0x1eeef,
-	0x1eef2, 0x1efff,
-	0x1f02c, 0x1f02f,
-	0x1f094, 0x1f09f,
-	0x1f0af, 0x1f0b0,
-	0x1f0c0, 0x1f0c0,
-	0x1f0d0, 0x1f0d0,
-	0x1f0f6, 0x1f0ff,
-	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
-	0x1f12f, 0x1f12f,
-	0x1f16c, 0x1f16f,
-	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
-	0x1f203, 0x1f20f,
-	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
-	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
-	0x1f252, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d3, 0x1f6df,
-	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
-	0x1f6f7, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
-	0x1f7d5, 0x1f7ff,
-	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
-	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
-	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
-	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
-	0x1f8ae, 0x1f90f,
-	0x1f91f, 0x1f91f,
-	0x1f928, 0x1f92f,
-	0x1f931, 0x1f932,
-	0x1f93f, 0x1f93f,
-	0x1f94c, 0x1f94f,
-	0x1f95f, 0x1f97f,
-	0x1f992, 0x1f9bf,
-	0x1f9c1, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2a6d7, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b735, 0x2b73f,
-	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
-	0x2cea2, 0x2f7ff,
-	0x2fa1e, 0xe0000,
-	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
-	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
-	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
-	0xffffe, 0xfffff,
-	0x10fffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Cn */
-
-/* 'Co': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Co[] = {
-	3,
-	0xe000, 0xf8ff,
-	0xf0000, 0xffffd,
-	0x100000, 0x10fffd,
-}; /* CR_Co */
-
-/* 'Cs': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cs[] = {
-	1,
-	0xd800, 0xdfff,
-}; /* CR_Cs */
-
-/* 'L': Major Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
-	571,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0370, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0620, 0x064a,
-	0x066e, 0x066f,
-	0x0671, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
-	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
-	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
-	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x0710,
-	0x0712, 0x072f,
-	0x074d, 0x07a5,
-	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
-	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
-	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x0815,
-	0x081a, 0x081a,
-	0x0824, 0x0824,
-	0x0828, 0x0828,
-	0x0840, 0x0858,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x0904, 0x0939,
-	0x093d, 0x093d,
-	0x0950, 0x0950,
-	0x0958, 0x0961,
-	0x0971, 0x0980,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
-	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e1,
-	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
-	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb0,
-	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
-	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
-	0x1000, 0x102a,
-	0x103f, 0x103f,
-	0x1050, 0x1055,
-	0x105a, 0x105d,
-	0x1061, 0x1061,
-	0x1065, 0x1066,
-	0x106e, 0x1070,
-	0x1075, 0x1081,
-	0x108e, 0x108e,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16f1, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1711,
-	0x1720, 0x1731,
-	0x1740, 0x1751,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1780, 0x17b3,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x1884,
-	0x1887, 0x18a8,
-	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1950, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
-	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
-	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
-	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
-	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf1,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2183, 0x2184,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
-	0x3005, 0x3006,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x303b, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309d, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa61f,
-	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66e,
-	0xa67f, 0xa69d,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6e5,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
-	0xa803, 0xa805,
-	0xa807, 0xa80a,
-	0xa80c, 0xa822,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
-	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa90a, 0xa925,
-	0xa930, 0xa946,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9ef,
-	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
-	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
-	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
-	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
-	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
-	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
-	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
-	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf4,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabe2,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
-	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x10340,
-	0x10342, 0x10349,
-	0x10350, 0x10375,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
-	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11003, 0x11037,
-	0x11083, 0x110af,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x11103, 0x11126,
-	0x11150, 0x11172,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11183, 0x111b2,
-	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
-	0x111da, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1122b,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112de,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x1135d, 0x11361,
-	0x11400, 0x11434,
-	0x11447, 0x1144a,
-	0x11480, 0x114af,
-	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x11580, 0x115ae,
-	0x115d8, 0x115db,
-	0x11600, 0x1162f,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11680, 0x116aa,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x118a0, 0x118df,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
-	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
-	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_L */
-
-/* 'LC': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
-	126,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x01ba,
-	0x01bc, 0x01bf,
-	0x01c4, 0x0293,
-	0x0295, 0x02af,
-	0x0370, 0x0373,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037b, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1d00, 0x1d2b,
-	0x1d6b, 0x1d77,
-	0x1d79, 0x1d9a,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2134,
-	0x2139, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2183, 0x2184,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c7b,
-	0x2c7e, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0xa640, 0xa66d,
-	0xa680, 0xa69b,
-	0xa722, 0xa76f,
-	0xa771, 0xa787,
-	0xa78b, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7fa, 0xa7fa,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab60, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0x10400, 0x1044f,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118df,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-}; /* CR_LC */
-
-/* 'Ll': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
-	633,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00df, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
-	0x0101, 0x0101,
-	0x0103, 0x0103,
-	0x0105, 0x0105,
-	0x0107, 0x0107,
-	0x0109, 0x0109,
-	0x010b, 0x010b,
-	0x010d, 0x010d,
-	0x010f, 0x010f,
-	0x0111, 0x0111,
-	0x0113, 0x0113,
-	0x0115, 0x0115,
-	0x0117, 0x0117,
-	0x0119, 0x0119,
-	0x011b, 0x011b,
-	0x011d, 0x011d,
-	0x011f, 0x011f,
-	0x0121, 0x0121,
-	0x0123, 0x0123,
-	0x0125, 0x0125,
-	0x0127, 0x0127,
-	0x0129, 0x0129,
-	0x012b, 0x012b,
-	0x012d, 0x012d,
-	0x012f, 0x012f,
-	0x0131, 0x0131,
-	0x0133, 0x0133,
-	0x0135, 0x0135,
-	0x0137, 0x0138,
-	0x013a, 0x013a,
-	0x013c, 0x013c,
-	0x013e, 0x013e,
-	0x0140, 0x0140,
-	0x0142, 0x0142,
-	0x0144, 0x0144,
-	0x0146, 0x0146,
-	0x0148, 0x0149,
-	0x014b, 0x014b,
-	0x014d, 0x014d,
-	0x014f, 0x014f,
-	0x0151, 0x0151,
-	0x0153, 0x0153,
-	0x0155, 0x0155,
-	0x0157, 0x0157,
-	0x0159, 0x0159,
-	0x015b, 0x015b,
-	0x015d, 0x015d,
-	0x015f, 0x015f,
-	0x0161, 0x0161,
-	0x0163, 0x0163,
-	0x0165, 0x0165,
-	0x0167, 0x0167,
-	0x0169, 0x0169,
-	0x016b, 0x016b,
-	0x016d, 0x016d,
-	0x016f, 0x016f,
-	0x0171, 0x0171,
-	0x0173, 0x0173,
-	0x0175, 0x0175,
-	0x0177, 0x0177,
-	0x017a, 0x017a,
-	0x017c, 0x017c,
-	0x017e, 0x0180,
-	0x0183, 0x0183,
-	0x0185, 0x0185,
-	0x0188, 0x0188,
-	0x018c, 0x018d,
-	0x0192, 0x0192,
-	0x0195, 0x0195,
-	0x0199, 0x019b,
-	0x019e, 0x019e,
-	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
-	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
-	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
-	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
-	0x01aa, 0x01ab,
-	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
-	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
-	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
-	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
-	0x01b9, 0x01ba,
-	0x01bd, 0x01bf,
-	0x01c6, 0x01c6,
-	0x01c9, 0x01c9,
-	0x01cc, 0x01cc,
-	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
-	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
-	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
-	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
-	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
-	0x01d8, 0x01d8,
-	0x01da, 0x01da,
-	0x01dc, 0x01dd,
-	0x01df, 0x01df,
-	0x01e1, 0x01e1,
-	0x01e3, 0x01e3,
-	0x01e5, 0x01e5,
-	0x01e7, 0x01e7,
-	0x01e9, 0x01e9,
-	0x01eb, 0x01eb,
-	0x01ed, 0x01ed,
-	0x01ef, 0x01f0,
-	0x01f3, 0x01f3,
-	0x01f5, 0x01f5,
-	0x01f9, 0x01f9,
-	0x01fb, 0x01fb,
-	0x01fd, 0x01fd,
-	0x01ff, 0x01ff,
-	0x0201, 0x0201,
-	0x0203, 0x0203,
-	0x0205, 0x0205,
-	0x0207, 0x0207,
-	0x0209, 0x0209,
-	0x020b, 0x020b,
-	0x020d, 0x020d,
-	0x020f, 0x020f,
-	0x0211, 0x0211,
-	0x0213, 0x0213,
-	0x0215, 0x0215,
-	0x0217, 0x0217,
-	0x0219, 0x0219,
-	0x021b, 0x021b,
-	0x021d, 0x021d,
-	0x021f, 0x021f,
-	0x0221, 0x0221,
-	0x0223, 0x0223,
-	0x0225, 0x0225,
-	0x0227, 0x0227,
-	0x0229, 0x0229,
-	0x022b, 0x022b,
-	0x022d, 0x022d,
-	0x022f, 0x022f,
-	0x0231, 0x0231,
-	0x0233, 0x0239,
-	0x023c, 0x023c,
-	0x023f, 0x0240,
-	0x0242, 0x0242,
-	0x0247, 0x0247,
-	0x0249, 0x0249,
-	0x024b, 0x024b,
-	0x024d, 0x024d,
-	0x024f, 0x0293,
-	0x0295, 0x02af,
-	0x0371, 0x0371,
-	0x0373, 0x0373,
-	0x0377, 0x0377,
-	0x037b, 0x037d,
-	0x0390, 0x0390,
-	0x03ac, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d1,
-	0x03d5, 0x03d7,
-	0x03d9, 0x03d9,
-	0x03db, 0x03db,
-	0x03dd, 0x03dd,
-	0x03df, 0x03df,
-	0x03e1, 0x03e1,
-	0x03e3, 0x03e3,
-	0x03e5, 0x03e5,
-	0x03e7, 0x03e7,
-	0x03e9, 0x03e9,
-	0x03eb, 0x03eb,
-	0x03ed, 0x03ed,
-	0x03ef, 0x03f3,
-	0x03f5, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f8, 0x03f8,
-	0x03fb, 0x03fc,
-	0x0430, 0x045f,
-	0x0461, 0x0461,
-	0x0463, 0x0463,
-	0x0465, 0x0465,
-	0x0467, 0x0467,
-	0x0469, 0x0469,
-	0x046b, 0x046b,
-	0x046d, 0x046d,
-	0x046f, 0x046f,
-	0x0471, 0x0471,
-	0x0473, 0x0473,
-	0x0475, 0x0475,
-	0x0477, 0x0477,
-	0x0479, 0x0479,
-	0x047b, 0x047b,
-	0x047d, 0x047d,
-	0x047f, 0x047f,
-	0x0481, 0x0481,
-	0x048b, 0x048b,
-	0x048d, 0x048d,
-	0x048f, 0x048f,
-	0x0491, 0x0491,
-	0x0493, 0x0493,
-	0x0495, 0x0495,
-	0x0497, 0x0497,
-	0x0499, 0x0499,
-	0x049b, 0x049b,
-	0x049d, 0x049d,
-	0x049f, 0x049f,
-	0x04a1, 0x04a1,
-	0x04a3, 0x04a3,
-	0x04a5, 0x04a5,
-	0x04a7, 0x04a7,
-	0x04a9, 0x04a9,
-	0x04ab, 0x04ab,
-	0x04ad, 0x04ad,
-	0x04af, 0x04af,
-	0x04b1, 0x04b1,
-	0x04b3, 0x04b3,
-	0x04b5, 0x04b5,
-	0x04b7, 0x04b7,
-	0x04b9, 0x04b9,
-	0x04bb, 0x04bb,
-	0x04bd, 0x04bd,
-	0x04bf, 0x04bf,
-	0x04c2, 0x04c2,
-	0x04c4, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c6, 0x04c6,
-	0x04c8, 0x04c8,
-	0x04ca, 0x04ca,
-	0x04cc, 0x04cc,
-	0x04ce, 0x04cf,
-	0x04d1, 0x04d1,
-	0x04d3, 0x04d3,
-	0x04d5, 0x04d5,
-	0x04d7, 0x04d7,
-	0x04d9, 0x04d9,
-	0x04db, 0x04db,
-	0x04dd, 0x04dd,
-	0x04df, 0x04df,
-	0x04e1, 0x04e1,
-	0x04e3, 0x04e3,
-	0x04e5, 0x04e5,
-	0x04e7, 0x04e7,
-	0x04e9, 0x04e9,
-	0x04eb, 0x04eb,
-	0x04ed, 0x04ed,
-	0x04ef, 0x04ef,
-	0x04f1, 0x04f1,
-	0x04f3, 0x04f3,
-	0x04f5, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f7, 0x04f7,
-	0x04f9, 0x04f9,
-	0x04fb, 0x04fb,
-	0x04fd, 0x04fd,
-	0x04ff, 0x04ff,
-	0x0501, 0x0501,
-	0x0503, 0x0503,
-	0x0505, 0x0505,
-	0x0507, 0x0507,
-	0x0509, 0x0509,
-	0x050b, 0x050b,
-	0x050d, 0x050d,
-	0x050f, 0x050f,
-	0x0511, 0x0511,
-	0x0513, 0x0513,
-	0x0515, 0x0515,
-	0x0517, 0x0517,
-	0x0519, 0x0519,
-	0x051b, 0x051b,
-	0x051d, 0x051d,
-	0x051f, 0x051f,
-	0x0521, 0x0521,
-	0x0523, 0x0523,
-	0x0525, 0x0525,
-	0x0527, 0x0527,
-	0x0529, 0x0529,
-	0x052b, 0x052b,
-	0x052d, 0x052d,
-	0x052f, 0x052f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1d00, 0x1d2b,
-	0x1d6b, 0x1d77,
-	0x1d79, 0x1d9a,
-	0x1e01, 0x1e01,
-	0x1e03, 0x1e03,
-	0x1e05, 0x1e05,
-	0x1e07, 0x1e07,
-	0x1e09, 0x1e09,
-	0x1e0b, 0x1e0b,
-	0x1e0d, 0x1e0d,
-	0x1e0f, 0x1e0f,
-	0x1e11, 0x1e11,
-	0x1e13, 0x1e13,
-	0x1e15, 0x1e15,
-	0x1e17, 0x1e17,
-	0x1e19, 0x1e19,
-	0x1e1b, 0x1e1b,
-	0x1e1d, 0x1e1d,
-	0x1e1f, 0x1e1f,
-	0x1e21, 0x1e21,
-	0x1e23, 0x1e23,
-	0x1e25, 0x1e25,
-	0x1e27, 0x1e27,
-	0x1e29, 0x1e29,
-	0x1e2b, 0x1e2b,
-	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
-	0x1e2f, 0x1e2f,
-	0x1e31, 0x1e31,
-	0x1e33, 0x1e33,
-	0x1e35, 0x1e35,
-	0x1e37, 0x1e37,
-	0x1e39, 0x1e39,
-	0x1e3b, 0x1e3b,
-	0x1e3d, 0x1e3d,
-	0x1e3f, 0x1e3f,
-	0x1e41, 0x1e41,
-	0x1e43, 0x1e43,
-	0x1e45, 0x1e45,
-	0x1e47, 0x1e47,
-	0x1e49, 0x1e49,
-	0x1e4b, 0x1e4b,
-	0x1e4d, 0x1e4d,
-	0x1e4f, 0x1e4f,
-	0x1e51, 0x1e51,
-	0x1e53, 0x1e53,
-	0x1e55, 0x1e55,
-	0x1e57, 0x1e57,
-	0x1e59, 0x1e59,
-	0x1e5b, 0x1e5b,
-	0x1e5d, 0x1e5d,
-	0x1e5f, 0x1e5f,
-	0x1e61, 0x1e61,
-	0x1e63, 0x1e63,
-	0x1e65, 0x1e65,
-	0x1e67, 0x1e67,
-	0x1e69, 0x1e69,
-	0x1e6b, 0x1e6b,
-	0x1e6d, 0x1e6d,
-	0x1e6f, 0x1e6f,
-	0x1e71, 0x1e71,
-	0x1e73, 0x1e73,
-	0x1e75, 0x1e75,
-	0x1e77, 0x1e77,
-	0x1e79, 0x1e79,
-	0x1e7b, 0x1e7b,
-	0x1e7d, 0x1e7d,
-	0x1e7f, 0x1e7f,
-	0x1e81, 0x1e81,
-	0x1e83, 0x1e83,
-	0x1e85, 0x1e85,
-	0x1e87, 0x1e87,
-	0x1e89, 0x1e89,
-	0x1e8b, 0x1e8b,
-	0x1e8d, 0x1e8d,
-	0x1e8f, 0x1e8f,
-	0x1e91, 0x1e91,
-	0x1e93, 0x1e93,
-	0x1e95, 0x1e9d,
-	0x1e9f, 0x1e9f,
-	0x1ea1, 0x1ea1,
-	0x1ea3, 0x1ea3,
-	0x1ea5, 0x1ea5,
-	0x1ea7, 0x1ea7,
-	0x1ea9, 0x1ea9,
-	0x1eab, 0x1eab,
-	0x1ead, 0x1ead,
-	0x1eaf, 0x1eaf,
-	0x1eb1, 0x1eb1,
-	0x1eb3, 0x1eb3,
-	0x1eb5, 0x1eb5,
-	0x1eb7, 0x1eb7,
-	0x1eb9, 0x1eb9,
-	0x1ebb, 0x1ebb,
-	0x1ebd, 0x1ebd,
-	0x1ebf, 0x1ebf,
-	0x1ec1, 0x1ec1,
-	0x1ec3, 0x1ec3,
-	0x1ec5, 0x1ec5,
-	0x1ec7, 0x1ec7,
-	0x1ec9, 0x1ec9,
-	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
-	0x1ecd, 0x1ecd,
-	0x1ecf, 0x1ecf,
-	0x1ed1, 0x1ed1,
-	0x1ed3, 0x1ed3,
-	0x1ed5, 0x1ed5,
-	0x1ed7, 0x1ed7,
-	0x1ed9, 0x1ed9,
-	0x1edb, 0x1edb,
-	0x1edd, 0x1edd,
-	0x1edf, 0x1edf,
-	0x1ee1, 0x1ee1,
-	0x1ee3, 0x1ee3,
-	0x1ee5, 0x1ee5,
-	0x1ee7, 0x1ee7,
-	0x1ee9, 0x1ee9,
-	0x1eeb, 0x1eeb,
-	0x1eed, 0x1eed,
-	0x1eef, 0x1eef,
-	0x1ef1, 0x1ef1,
-	0x1ef3, 0x1ef3,
-	0x1ef5, 0x1ef5,
-	0x1ef7, 0x1ef7,
-	0x1ef9, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1efb, 0x1efb,
-	0x1efd, 0x1efd,
-	0x1eff, 0x1f07,
-	0x1f10, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f27,
-	0x1f30, 0x1f37,
-	0x1f40, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f60, 0x1f67,
-	0x1f70, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1f87,
-	0x1f90, 0x1f97,
-	0x1fa0, 0x1fa7,
-	0x1fb0, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fb7,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fc7,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fd7,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fe7,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ff7,
-	0x210a, 0x210a,
-	0x210e, 0x210f,
-	0x2113, 0x2113,
-	0x212f, 0x212f,
-	0x2134, 0x2134,
-	0x2139, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213d,
-	0x2146, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2184, 0x2184,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c61, 0x2c61,
-	0x2c65, 0x2c66,
-	0x2c68, 0x2c68,
-	0x2c6a, 0x2c6a,
-	0x2c6c, 0x2c6c,
-	0x2c71, 0x2c71,
-	0x2c73, 0x2c74,
-	0x2c76, 0x2c7b,
-	0x2c81, 0x2c81,
-	0x2c83, 0x2c83,
-	0x2c85, 0x2c85,
-	0x2c87, 0x2c87,
-	0x2c89, 0x2c89,
-	0x2c8b, 0x2c8b,
-	0x2c8d, 0x2c8d,
-	0x2c8f, 0x2c8f,
-	0x2c91, 0x2c91,
-	0x2c93, 0x2c93,
-	0x2c95, 0x2c95,
-	0x2c97, 0x2c97,
-	0x2c99, 0x2c99,
-	0x2c9b, 0x2c9b,
-	0x2c9d, 0x2c9d,
-	0x2c9f, 0x2c9f,
-	0x2ca1, 0x2ca1,
-	0x2ca3, 0x2ca3,
-	0x2ca5, 0x2ca5,
-	0x2ca7, 0x2ca7,
-	0x2ca9, 0x2ca9,
-	0x2cab, 0x2cab,
-	0x2cad, 0x2cad,
-	0x2caf, 0x2caf,
-	0x2cb1, 0x2cb1,
-	0x2cb3, 0x2cb3,
-	0x2cb5, 0x2cb5,
-	0x2cb7, 0x2cb7,
-	0x2cb9, 0x2cb9,
-	0x2cbb, 0x2cbb,
-	0x2cbd, 0x2cbd,
-	0x2cbf, 0x2cbf,
-	0x2cc1, 0x2cc1,
-	0x2cc3, 0x2cc3,
-	0x2cc5, 0x2cc5,
-	0x2cc7, 0x2cc7,
-	0x2cc9, 0x2cc9,
-	0x2ccb, 0x2ccb,
-	0x2ccd, 0x2ccd,
-	0x2ccf, 0x2ccf,
-	0x2cd1, 0x2cd1,
-	0x2cd3, 0x2cd3,
-	0x2cd5, 0x2cd5,
-	0x2cd7, 0x2cd7,
-	0x2cd9, 0x2cd9,
-	0x2cdb, 0x2cdb,
-	0x2cdd, 0x2cdd,
-	0x2cdf, 0x2cdf,
-	0x2ce1, 0x2ce1,
-	0x2ce3, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2cec, 0x2cec,
-	0x2cee, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf3, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0xa641, 0xa641,
-	0xa643, 0xa643,
-	0xa645, 0xa645,
-	0xa647, 0xa647,
-	0xa649, 0xa649,
-	0xa64b, 0xa64b,
-	0xa64d, 0xa64d,
-	0xa64f, 0xa64f,
-	0xa651, 0xa651,
-	0xa653, 0xa653,
-	0xa655, 0xa655,
-	0xa657, 0xa657,
-	0xa659, 0xa659,
-	0xa65b, 0xa65b,
-	0xa65d, 0xa65d,
-	0xa65f, 0xa65f,
-	0xa661, 0xa661,
-	0xa663, 0xa663,
-	0xa665, 0xa665,
-	0xa667, 0xa667,
-	0xa669, 0xa669,
-	0xa66b, 0xa66b,
-	0xa66d, 0xa66d,
-	0xa681, 0xa681,
-	0xa683, 0xa683,
-	0xa685, 0xa685,
-	0xa687, 0xa687,
-	0xa689, 0xa689,
-	0xa68b, 0xa68b,
-	0xa68d, 0xa68d,
-	0xa68f, 0xa68f,
-	0xa691, 0xa691,
-	0xa693, 0xa693,
-	0xa695, 0xa695,
-	0xa697, 0xa697,
-	0xa699, 0xa699,
-	0xa69b, 0xa69b,
-	0xa723, 0xa723,
-	0xa725, 0xa725,
-	0xa727, 0xa727,
-	0xa729, 0xa729,
-	0xa72b, 0xa72b,
-	0xa72d, 0xa72d,
-	0xa72f, 0xa731,
-	0xa733, 0xa733,
-	0xa735, 0xa735,
-	0xa737, 0xa737,
-	0xa739, 0xa739,
-	0xa73b, 0xa73b,
-	0xa73d, 0xa73d,
-	0xa73f, 0xa73f,
-	0xa741, 0xa741,
-	0xa743, 0xa743,
-	0xa745, 0xa745,
-	0xa747, 0xa747,
-	0xa749, 0xa749,
-	0xa74b, 0xa74b,
-	0xa74d, 0xa74d,
-	0xa74f, 0xa74f,
-	0xa751, 0xa751,
-	0xa753, 0xa753,
-	0xa755, 0xa755,
-	0xa757, 0xa757,
-	0xa759, 0xa759,
-	0xa75b, 0xa75b,
-	0xa75d, 0xa75d,
-	0xa75f, 0xa75f,
-	0xa761, 0xa761,
-	0xa763, 0xa763,
-	0xa765, 0xa765,
-	0xa767, 0xa767,
-	0xa769, 0xa769,
-	0xa76b, 0xa76b,
-	0xa76d, 0xa76d,
-	0xa76f, 0xa76f,
-	0xa771, 0xa778,
-	0xa77a, 0xa77a,
-	0xa77c, 0xa77c,
-	0xa77f, 0xa77f,
-	0xa781, 0xa781,
-	0xa783, 0xa783,
-	0xa785, 0xa785,
-	0xa787, 0xa787,
-	0xa78c, 0xa78c,
-	0xa78e, 0xa78e,
-	0xa791, 0xa791,
-	0xa793, 0xa795,
-	0xa797, 0xa797,
-	0xa799, 0xa799,
-	0xa79b, 0xa79b,
-	0xa79d, 0xa79d,
-	0xa79f, 0xa79f,
-	0xa7a1, 0xa7a1,
-	0xa7a3, 0xa7a3,
-	0xa7a5, 0xa7a5,
-	0xa7a7, 0xa7a7,
-	0xa7a9, 0xa7a9,
-	0xa7b5, 0xa7b5,
-	0xa7b7, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7fa, 0xa7fa,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab60, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0x10428, 0x1044f,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x118c0, 0x118df,
-	0x1d41a, 0x1d433,
-	0x1d44e, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d467,
-	0x1d482, 0x1d49b,
-	0x1d4b6, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d4cf,
-	0x1d4ea, 0x1d503,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d537,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d56b,
-	0x1d586, 0x1d59f,
-	0x1d5ba, 0x1d5d3,
-	0x1d5ee, 0x1d607,
-	0x1d622, 0x1d63b,
-	0x1d656, 0x1d66f,
-	0x1d68a, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6e1,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d71b,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d755,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d78f,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7c9,
-	0x1d7cb, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
-}; /* CR_Ll */
-
-/* 'Lm': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lm[] = {
-	57,
-	0x02b0, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0374, 0x0374,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0640, 0x0640,
-	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
-	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x081a, 0x081a,
-	0x0824, 0x0824,
-	0x0828, 0x0828,
-	0x0971, 0x0971,
-	0x0e46, 0x0e46,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x10fc, 0x10fc,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x1843, 0x1843,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1c78, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
-	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
-	0x1d9b, 0x1dbf,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
-	0x3005, 0x3005,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x303b, 0x303b,
-	0x309d, 0x309e,
-	0x30fc, 0x30fe,
-	0xa015, 0xa015,
-	0xa4f8, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa60c, 0xa60c,
-	0xa67f, 0xa67f,
-	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa770, 0xa770,
-	0xa788, 0xa788,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9e6,
-	0xaa70, 0xaa70,
-	0xaadd, 0xaadd,
-	0xaaf3, 0xaaf4,
-	0xab5c, 0xab5f,
-	0xff70, 0xff70,
-	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-}; /* CR_Lm */
-
-/* 'Lo': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
-	445,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x01bb, 0x01bb,
-	0x01c0, 0x01c3,
-	0x0294, 0x0294,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0620, 0x063f,
-	0x0641, 0x064a,
-	0x066e, 0x066f,
-	0x0671, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
-	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
-	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x0710,
-	0x0712, 0x072f,
-	0x074d, 0x07a5,
-	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
-	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
-	0x0800, 0x0815,
-	0x0840, 0x0858,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x0904, 0x0939,
-	0x093d, 0x093d,
-	0x0950, 0x0950,
-	0x0958, 0x0961,
-	0x0972, 0x0980,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
-	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e1,
-	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
-	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e45,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb0,
-	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
-	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
-	0x1000, 0x102a,
-	0x103f, 0x103f,
-	0x1050, 0x1055,
-	0x105a, 0x105d,
-	0x1061, 0x1061,
-	0x1065, 0x1066,
-	0x106e, 0x1070,
-	0x1075, 0x1081,
-	0x108e, 0x108e,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fd, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16f1, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1711,
-	0x1720, 0x1731,
-	0x1740, 0x1751,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1780, 0x17b3,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
-	0x1820, 0x1842,
-	0x1844, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x1884,
-	0x1887, 0x18a8,
-	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1950, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
-	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
-	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
-	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
-	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
-	0x1c5a, 0x1c77,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf1,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x2135, 0x2138,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x3006, 0x3006,
-	0x303c, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309f, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30ff, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa014,
-	0xa016, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4f7,
-	0xa500, 0xa60b,
-	0xa610, 0xa61f,
-	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
-	0xa66e, 0xa66e,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6e5,
-	0xa78f, 0xa78f,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa7f7,
-	0xa7fb, 0xa801,
-	0xa803, 0xa805,
-	0xa807, 0xa80a,
-	0xa80c, 0xa822,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
-	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa90a, 0xa925,
-	0xa930, 0xa946,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
-	0xa9e7, 0xa9ef,
-	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
-	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa6f,
-	0xaa71, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
-	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
-	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
-	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
-	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
-	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
-	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadc,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf2,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xabc0, 0xabe2,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
-	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff66, 0xff6f,
-	0xff71, 0xff9d,
-	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x10340,
-	0x10342, 0x10349,
-	0x10350, 0x10375,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x10450, 0x1049d,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
-	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x11003, 0x11037,
-	0x11083, 0x110af,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x11103, 0x11126,
-	0x11150, 0x11172,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11183, 0x111b2,
-	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
-	0x111da, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1122b,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112de,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x1135d, 0x11361,
-	0x11400, 0x11434,
-	0x11447, 0x1144a,
-	0x11480, 0x114af,
-	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x11580, 0x115ae,
-	0x115d8, 0x115db,
-	0x11600, 0x1162f,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11680, 0x116aa,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
-	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_Lo */
-
-/* 'Lt': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lt[] = {
-	10,
-	0x01c5, 0x01c5,
-	0x01c8, 0x01c8,
-	0x01cb, 0x01cb,
-	0x01f2, 0x01f2,
-	0x1f88, 0x1f8f,
-	0x1f98, 0x1f9f,
-	0x1fa8, 0x1faf,
-	0x1fbc, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fcc, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1ffc, 0x1ffc,
-}; /* CR_Lt */
-
-/* 'Lu': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lu[] = {
-	627,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00de,
-	0x0100, 0x0100,
-	0x0102, 0x0102,
-	0x0104, 0x0104,
-	0x0106, 0x0106,
-	0x0108, 0x0108,
-	0x010a, 0x010a,
-	0x010c, 0x010c,
-	0x010e, 0x010e,
-	0x0110, 0x0110,
-	0x0112, 0x0112,
-	0x0114, 0x0114,
-	0x0116, 0x0116,
-	0x0118, 0x0118,
-	0x011a, 0x011a,
-	0x011c, 0x011c,
-	0x011e, 0x011e,
-	0x0120, 0x0120,
-	0x0122, 0x0122,
-	0x0124, 0x0124,
-	0x0126, 0x0126,
-	0x0128, 0x0128,
-	0x012a, 0x012a,
-	0x012c, 0x012c,
-	0x012e, 0x012e,
-	0x0130, 0x0130,
-	0x0132, 0x0132,
-	0x0134, 0x0134,
-	0x0136, 0x0136,
-	0x0139, 0x0139,
-	0x013b, 0x013b,
-	0x013d, 0x013d,
-	0x013f, 0x013f,
-	0x0141, 0x0141,
-	0x0143, 0x0143,
-	0x0145, 0x0145,
-	0x0147, 0x0147,
-	0x014a, 0x014a,
-	0x014c, 0x014c,
-	0x014e, 0x014e,
-	0x0150, 0x0150,
-	0x0152, 0x0152,
-	0x0154, 0x0154,
-	0x0156, 0x0156,
-	0x0158, 0x0158,
-	0x015a, 0x015a,
-	0x015c, 0x015c,
-	0x015e, 0x015e,
-	0x0160, 0x0160,
-	0x0162, 0x0162,
-	0x0164, 0x0164,
-	0x0166, 0x0166,
-	0x0168, 0x0168,
-	0x016a, 0x016a,
-	0x016c, 0x016c,
-	0x016e, 0x016e,
-	0x0170, 0x0170,
-	0x0172, 0x0172,
-	0x0174, 0x0174,
-	0x0176, 0x0176,
-	0x0178, 0x0179,
-	0x017b, 0x017b,
-	0x017d, 0x017d,
-	0x0181, 0x0182,
-	0x0184, 0x0184,
-	0x0186, 0x0187,
-	0x0189, 0x018b,
-	0x018e, 0x0191,
-	0x0193, 0x0194,
-	0x0196, 0x0198,
-	0x019c, 0x019d,
-	0x019f, 0x01a0,
-	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
-	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
-	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
-	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
-	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
-	0x01ae, 0x01af,
-	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
-	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
-	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
-	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
-	0x01c4, 0x01c4,
-	0x01c7, 0x01c7,
-	0x01ca, 0x01ca,
-	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
-	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
-	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
-	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
-	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
-	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
-	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
-	0x01db, 0x01db,
-	0x01de, 0x01de,
-	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
-	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
-	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
-	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
-	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
-	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
-	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
-	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
-	0x01f1, 0x01f1,
-	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
-	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
-	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
-	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
-	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
-	0x0200, 0x0200,
-	0x0202, 0x0202,
-	0x0204, 0x0204,
-	0x0206, 0x0206,
-	0x0208, 0x0208,
-	0x020a, 0x020a,
-	0x020c, 0x020c,
-	0x020e, 0x020e,
-	0x0210, 0x0210,
-	0x0212, 0x0212,
-	0x0214, 0x0214,
-	0x0216, 0x0216,
-	0x0218, 0x0218,
-	0x021a, 0x021a,
-	0x021c, 0x021c,
-	0x021e, 0x021e,
-	0x0220, 0x0220,
-	0x0222, 0x0222,
-	0x0224, 0x0224,
-	0x0226, 0x0226,
-	0x0228, 0x0228,
-	0x022a, 0x022a,
-	0x022c, 0x022c,
-	0x022e, 0x022e,
-	0x0230, 0x0230,
-	0x0232, 0x0232,
-	0x023a, 0x023b,
-	0x023d, 0x023e,
-	0x0241, 0x0241,
-	0x0243, 0x0246,
-	0x0248, 0x0248,
-	0x024a, 0x024a,
-	0x024c, 0x024c,
-	0x024e, 0x024e,
-	0x0370, 0x0370,
-	0x0372, 0x0372,
-	0x0376, 0x0376,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x038f,
-	0x0391, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
-	0x03cf, 0x03cf,
-	0x03d2, 0x03d4,
-	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
-	0x03da, 0x03da,
-	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
-	0x03de, 0x03de,
-	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
-	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
-	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
-	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
-	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
-	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
-	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
-	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
-	0x03f4, 0x03f4,
-	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
-	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
-	0x03fd, 0x042f,
-	0x0460, 0x0460,
-	0x0462, 0x0462,
-	0x0464, 0x0464,
-	0x0466, 0x0466,
-	0x0468, 0x0468,
-	0x046a, 0x046a,
-	0x046c, 0x046c,
-	0x046e, 0x046e,
-	0x0470, 0x0470,
-	0x0472, 0x0472,
-	0x0474, 0x0474,
-	0x0476, 0x0476,
-	0x0478, 0x0478,
-	0x047a, 0x047a,
-	0x047c, 0x047c,
-	0x047e, 0x047e,
-	0x0480, 0x0480,
-	0x048a, 0x048a,
-	0x048c, 0x048c,
-	0x048e, 0x048e,
-	0x0490, 0x0490,
-	0x0492, 0x0492,
-	0x0494, 0x0494,
-	0x0496, 0x0496,
-	0x0498, 0x0498,
-	0x049a, 0x049a,
-	0x049c, 0x049c,
-	0x049e, 0x049e,
-	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
-	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
-	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
-	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
-	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
-	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
-	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
-	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
-	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
-	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
-	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
-	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
-	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
-	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
-	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
-	0x04be, 0x04be,
-	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
-	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
-	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
-	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
-	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
-	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
-	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
-	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
-	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
-	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
-	0x04da, 0x04da,
-	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
-	0x04de, 0x04de,
-	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
-	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
-	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
-	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
-	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
-	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
-	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
-	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
-	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
-	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
-	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
-	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
-	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
-	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
-	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
-	0x0500, 0x0500,
-	0x0502, 0x0502,
-	0x0504, 0x0504,
-	0x0506, 0x0506,
-	0x0508, 0x0508,
-	0x050a, 0x050a,
-	0x050c, 0x050c,
-	0x050e, 0x050e,
-	0x0510, 0x0510,
-	0x0512, 0x0512,
-	0x0514, 0x0514,
-	0x0516, 0x0516,
-	0x0518, 0x0518,
-	0x051a, 0x051a,
-	0x051c, 0x051c,
-	0x051e, 0x051e,
-	0x0520, 0x0520,
-	0x0522, 0x0522,
-	0x0524, 0x0524,
-	0x0526, 0x0526,
-	0x0528, 0x0528,
-	0x052a, 0x052a,
-	0x052c, 0x052c,
-	0x052e, 0x052e,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
-	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
-	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
-	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
-	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
-	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
-	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
-	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
-	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
-	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
-	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
-	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
-	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
-	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
-	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
-	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
-	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
-	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
-	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
-	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
-	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
-	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
-	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
-	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
-	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
-	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
-	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
-	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
-	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
-	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
-	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
-	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
-	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
-	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
-	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
-	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
-	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
-	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
-	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
-	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
-	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
-	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
-	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
-	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
-	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
-	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
-	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
-	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
-	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
-	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
-	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
-	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
-	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
-	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
-	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
-	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
-	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
-	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
-	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
-	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
-	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
-	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
-	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
-	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
-	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
-	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
-	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
-	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
-	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
-	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
-	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
-	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
-	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
-	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
-	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
-	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
-	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
-	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
-	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
-	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
-	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
-	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
-	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
-	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
-	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
-	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
-	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
-	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
-	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
-	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
-	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
-	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
-	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
-	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
-	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
-	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
-	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
-	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
-	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
-	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
-	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
-	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
-	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
-	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
-	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
-	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
-	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
-	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
-	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
-	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
-	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
-	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
-	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
-	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
-	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
-	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
-	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
-	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
-	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
-	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
-	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
-	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
-	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
-	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
-	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
-	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
-	0x1fb8, 0x1fbb,
-	0x1fc8, 0x1fcb,
-	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff8, 0x1ffb,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210b, 0x210d,
-	0x2110, 0x2112,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x2130, 0x2133,
-	0x213e, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2145,
-	0x2183, 0x2183,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
-	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
-	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
-	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
-	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
-	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
-	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
-	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
-	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
-	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
-	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
-	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
-	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
-	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
-	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
-	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
-	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
-	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
-	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
-	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
-	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
-	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
-	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
-	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
-	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
-	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
-	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
-	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
-	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
-	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
-	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
-	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
-	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
-	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
-	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
-	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
-	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
-	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
-	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
-	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
-	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
-	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
-	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
-	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
-	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
-	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
-	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
-	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
-	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
-	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
-	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
-	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
-	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
-	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
-	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
-	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
-	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
-	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
-	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
-	0xa640, 0xa640,
-	0xa642, 0xa642,
-	0xa644, 0xa644,
-	0xa646, 0xa646,
-	0xa648, 0xa648,
-	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
-	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
-	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
-	0xa650, 0xa650,
-	0xa652, 0xa652,
-	0xa654, 0xa654,
-	0xa656, 0xa656,
-	0xa658, 0xa658,
-	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
-	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
-	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
-	0xa660, 0xa660,
-	0xa662, 0xa662,
-	0xa664, 0xa664,
-	0xa666, 0xa666,
-	0xa668, 0xa668,
-	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
-	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
-	0xa680, 0xa680,
-	0xa682, 0xa682,
-	0xa684, 0xa684,
-	0xa686, 0xa686,
-	0xa688, 0xa688,
-	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
-	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
-	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
-	0xa690, 0xa690,
-	0xa692, 0xa692,
-	0xa694, 0xa694,
-	0xa696, 0xa696,
-	0xa698, 0xa698,
-	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
-	0xa722, 0xa722,
-	0xa724, 0xa724,
-	0xa726, 0xa726,
-	0xa728, 0xa728,
-	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
-	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
-	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
-	0xa732, 0xa732,
-	0xa734, 0xa734,
-	0xa736, 0xa736,
-	0xa738, 0xa738,
-	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
-	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
-	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
-	0xa740, 0xa740,
-	0xa742, 0xa742,
-	0xa744, 0xa744,
-	0xa746, 0xa746,
-	0xa748, 0xa748,
-	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
-	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
-	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
-	0xa750, 0xa750,
-	0xa752, 0xa752,
-	0xa754, 0xa754,
-	0xa756, 0xa756,
-	0xa758, 0xa758,
-	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
-	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
-	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
-	0xa760, 0xa760,
-	0xa762, 0xa762,
-	0xa764, 0xa764,
-	0xa766, 0xa766,
-	0xa768, 0xa768,
-	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
-	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
-	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
-	0xa779, 0xa779,
-	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
-	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
-	0xa780, 0xa780,
-	0xa782, 0xa782,
-	0xa784, 0xa784,
-	0xa786, 0xa786,
-	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
-	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
-	0xa790, 0xa790,
-	0xa792, 0xa792,
-	0xa796, 0xa796,
-	0xa798, 0xa798,
-	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
-	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
-	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
-	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
-	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
-	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
-	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
-	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
-	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0x10400, 0x10427,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d419,
-	0x1d434, 0x1d44d,
-	0x1d468, 0x1d481,
-	0x1d49c, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b5,
-	0x1d4d0, 0x1d4e9,
-	0x1d504, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d538, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d56c, 0x1d585,
-	0x1d5a0, 0x1d5b9,
-	0x1d5d4, 0x1d5ed,
-	0x1d608, 0x1d621,
-	0x1d63c, 0x1d655,
-	0x1d670, 0x1d689,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6e2, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d71c, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d756, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d790, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7ca, 0x1d7ca,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
-}; /* CR_Lu */
-
-/* 'M': Major Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
-	250,
-	0x0300, 0x036f,
-	0x0483, 0x0489,
-	0x0591, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x064b, 0x065f,
-	0x0670, 0x0670,
-	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
-	0x06df, 0x06e4,
-	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
-	0x0711, 0x0711,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
-	0x07eb, 0x07f3,
-	0x0816, 0x0819,
-	0x081b, 0x0823,
-	0x0825, 0x0827,
-	0x0829, 0x082d,
-	0x0859, 0x085b,
-	0x08d4, 0x08e1,
-	0x08e3, 0x0903,
-	0x093a, 0x093c,
-	0x093e, 0x094f,
-	0x0951, 0x0957,
-	0x0962, 0x0963,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
-	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
-	0x0abe, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
-	0x0b3e, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
-	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
-	0x0eb4, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
-	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x102b, 0x103e,
-	0x1056, 0x1059,
-	0x105e, 0x1060,
-	0x1062, 0x1064,
-	0x1067, 0x106d,
-	0x1071, 0x1074,
-	0x1082, 0x108d,
-	0x108f, 0x108f,
-	0x109a, 0x109d,
-	0x135d, 0x135f,
-	0x1712, 0x1714,
-	0x1732, 0x1734,
-	0x1752, 0x1753,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x17b4, 0x17d3,
-	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
-	0x180b, 0x180d,
-	0x1885, 0x1886,
-	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1a17, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a55, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b04,
-	0x1b34, 0x1b44,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1b80, 0x1b82,
-	0x1ba1, 0x1bad,
-	0x1be6, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1c24, 0x1c37,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1ce8,
-	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
-	0x1cf2, 0x1cf4,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1dc0, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x302a, 0x302f,
-	0x3099, 0x309a,
-	0xa66f, 0xa672,
-	0xa674, 0xa67d,
-	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
-	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa802, 0xa802,
-	0xa806, 0xa806,
-	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
-	0xa823, 0xa827,
-	0xa880, 0xa881,
-	0xa8b4, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
-	0xa926, 0xa92d,
-	0xa947, 0xa953,
-	0xa980, 0xa983,
-	0xa9b3, 0xa9c0,
-	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
-	0xaa29, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
-	0xaa4c, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa7b, 0xaa7d,
-	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
-	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
-	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
-	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
-	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
-	0xaaeb, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf5, 0xaaf6,
-	0xabe3, 0xabea,
-	0xabec, 0xabed,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10376, 0x1037a,
-	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
-	0x11000, 0x11002,
-	0x11038, 0x11046,
-	0x1107f, 0x11082,
-	0x110b0, 0x110ba,
-	0x11100, 0x11102,
-	0x11127, 0x11134,
-	0x11173, 0x11173,
-	0x11180, 0x11182,
-	0x111b3, 0x111c0,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x1122c, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x112df, 0x112ea,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x1133c, 0x1133c,
-	0x1133e, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x11362, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11435, 0x11446,
-	0x114b0, 0x114c3,
-	0x115af, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
-	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
-	0x11630, 0x11640,
-	0x116ab, 0x116b7,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11c2f, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c3f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
-	0x16f51, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
-	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
-	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
-	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
-	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
-	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_M */
-
-/* 'Mc': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mc[] = {
-	155,
-	0x0903, 0x0903,
-	0x093b, 0x093b,
-	0x093e, 0x0940,
-	0x0949, 0x094c,
-	0x094e, 0x094f,
-	0x0982, 0x0983,
-	0x09be, 0x09c0,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x0a03, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a40,
-	0x0a83, 0x0a83,
-	0x0abe, 0x0ac0,
-	0x0ac9, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
-	0x0b02, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b3e, 0x0b3e,
-	0x0b40, 0x0b40,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
-	0x0b57, 0x0b57,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bbf,
-	0x0bc1, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c41, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cbe,
-	0x0cc0, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d40,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd1,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
-	0x0f7f, 0x0f7f,
-	0x102b, 0x102c,
-	0x1031, 0x1031,
-	0x1038, 0x1038,
-	0x103b, 0x103c,
-	0x1056, 0x1057,
-	0x1062, 0x1064,
-	0x1067, 0x106d,
-	0x1083, 0x1084,
-	0x1087, 0x108c,
-	0x108f, 0x108f,
-	0x109a, 0x109c,
-	0x17b6, 0x17b6,
-	0x17be, 0x17c5,
-	0x17c7, 0x17c8,
-	0x1923, 0x1926,
-	0x1929, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x1931,
-	0x1933, 0x1938,
-	0x1a19, 0x1a1a,
-	0x1a55, 0x1a55,
-	0x1a57, 0x1a57,
-	0x1a61, 0x1a61,
-	0x1a63, 0x1a64,
-	0x1a6d, 0x1a72,
-	0x1b04, 0x1b04,
-	0x1b35, 0x1b35,
-	0x1b3b, 0x1b3b,
-	0x1b3d, 0x1b41,
-	0x1b43, 0x1b44,
-	0x1b82, 0x1b82,
-	0x1ba1, 0x1ba1,
-	0x1ba6, 0x1ba7,
-	0x1baa, 0x1baa,
-	0x1be7, 0x1be7,
-	0x1bea, 0x1bec,
-	0x1bee, 0x1bee,
-	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1c24, 0x1c2b,
-	0x1c34, 0x1c35,
-	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
-	0x1cf2, 0x1cf3,
-	0x302e, 0x302f,
-	0xa823, 0xa824,
-	0xa827, 0xa827,
-	0xa880, 0xa881,
-	0xa8b4, 0xa8c3,
-	0xa952, 0xa953,
-	0xa983, 0xa983,
-	0xa9b4, 0xa9b5,
-	0xa9ba, 0xa9bb,
-	0xa9bd, 0xa9c0,
-	0xaa2f, 0xaa30,
-	0xaa33, 0xaa34,
-	0xaa4d, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa7b, 0xaa7b,
-	0xaa7d, 0xaa7d,
-	0xaaeb, 0xaaeb,
-	0xaaee, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf5, 0xaaf5,
-	0xabe3, 0xabe4,
-	0xabe6, 0xabe7,
-	0xabe9, 0xabea,
-	0xabec, 0xabec,
-	0x11000, 0x11000,
-	0x11002, 0x11002,
-	0x11082, 0x11082,
-	0x110b0, 0x110b2,
-	0x110b7, 0x110b8,
-	0x1112c, 0x1112c,
-	0x11182, 0x11182,
-	0x111b3, 0x111b5,
-	0x111bf, 0x111c0,
-	0x1122c, 0x1122e,
-	0x11232, 0x11233,
-	0x11235, 0x11235,
-	0x112e0, 0x112e2,
-	0x11302, 0x11303,
-	0x1133e, 0x1133f,
-	0x11341, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x11362, 0x11363,
-	0x11435, 0x11437,
-	0x11440, 0x11441,
-	0x11445, 0x11445,
-	0x114b0, 0x114b2,
-	0x114b9, 0x114b9,
-	0x114bb, 0x114be,
-	0x114c1, 0x114c1,
-	0x115af, 0x115b1,
-	0x115b8, 0x115bb,
-	0x115be, 0x115be,
-	0x11630, 0x11632,
-	0x1163b, 0x1163c,
-	0x1163e, 0x1163e,
-	0x116ac, 0x116ac,
-	0x116ae, 0x116af,
-	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
-	0x11720, 0x11721,
-	0x11726, 0x11726,
-	0x11c2f, 0x11c2f,
-	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
-	0x11cb1, 0x11cb1,
-	0x11cb4, 0x11cb4,
-	0x16f51, 0x16f7e,
-	0x1d165, 0x1d166,
-	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
-}; /* CR_Mc */
-
-/* 'Me': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Me[] = {
-	5,
-	0x0488, 0x0489,
-	0x1abe, 0x1abe,
-	0x20dd, 0x20e0,
-	0x20e2, 0x20e4,
-	0xa670, 0xa672,
-}; /* CR_Me */
-
-/* 'Mn': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
-	285,
-	0x0300, 0x036f,
-	0x0483, 0x0487,
-	0x0591, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x064b, 0x065f,
-	0x0670, 0x0670,
-	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
-	0x06df, 0x06e4,
-	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
-	0x0711, 0x0711,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
-	0x07eb, 0x07f3,
-	0x0816, 0x0819,
-	0x081b, 0x0823,
-	0x0825, 0x0827,
-	0x0829, 0x082d,
-	0x0859, 0x085b,
-	0x08d4, 0x08e1,
-	0x08e3, 0x0902,
-	0x093a, 0x093a,
-	0x093c, 0x093c,
-	0x0941, 0x0948,
-	0x094d, 0x094d,
-	0x0951, 0x0957,
-	0x0962, 0x0963,
-	0x0981, 0x0981,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09c1, 0x09c4,
-	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
-	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a41, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
-	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a82,
-	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
-	0x0ac1, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac8,
-	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b01,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
-	0x0b3f, 0x0b3f,
-	0x0b41, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b56,
-	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
-	0x0bc0, 0x0bc0,
-	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c00,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c40,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c81, 0x0c81,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
-	0x0cbf, 0x0cbf,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc6,
-	0x0ccc, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d01,
-	0x0d41, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dd2, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
-	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
-	0x0eb4, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f7e,
-	0x0f80, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
-	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x102d, 0x1030,
-	0x1032, 0x1037,
-	0x1039, 0x103a,
-	0x103d, 0x103e,
-	0x1058, 0x1059,
-	0x105e, 0x1060,
-	0x1071, 0x1074,
-	0x1082, 0x1082,
-	0x1085, 0x1086,
-	0x108d, 0x108d,
-	0x109d, 0x109d,
-	0x135d, 0x135f,
-	0x1712, 0x1714,
-	0x1732, 0x1734,
-	0x1752, 0x1753,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
-	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
-	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
-	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
-	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
-	0x180b, 0x180d,
-	0x1885, 0x1886,
-	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
-	0x1920, 0x1922,
-	0x1927, 0x1928,
-	0x1932, 0x1932,
-	0x1939, 0x193b,
-	0x1a17, 0x1a18,
-	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
-	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
-	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
-	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
-	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
-	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
-	0x1b36, 0x1b3a,
-	0x1b3c, 0x1b3c,
-	0x1b42, 0x1b42,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
-	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
-	0x1ba8, 0x1ba9,
-	0x1bab, 0x1bad,
-	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
-	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
-	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
-	0x1bef, 0x1bf1,
-	0x1c2c, 0x1c33,
-	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
-	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
-	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
-	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1dc0, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
-	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
-	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
-	0x20e5, 0x20f0,
-	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x302a, 0x302d,
-	0x3099, 0x309a,
-	0xa66f, 0xa66f,
-	0xa674, 0xa67d,
-	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
-	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa802, 0xa802,
-	0xa806, 0xa806,
-	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
-	0xa825, 0xa826,
-	0xa8c4, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
-	0xa926, 0xa92d,
-	0xa947, 0xa951,
-	0xa980, 0xa982,
-	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
-	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
-	0xa9bc, 0xa9bc,
-	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
-	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
-	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
-	0xaa35, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
-	0xaa4c, 0xaa4c,
-	0xaa7c, 0xaa7c,
-	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
-	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
-	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
-	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
-	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
-	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
-	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
-	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
-	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
-	0xabed, 0xabed,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10376, 0x1037a,
-	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
-	0x11001, 0x11001,
-	0x11038, 0x11046,
-	0x1107f, 0x11081,
-	0x110b3, 0x110b6,
-	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
-	0x11100, 0x11102,
-	0x11127, 0x1112b,
-	0x1112d, 0x11134,
-	0x11173, 0x11173,
-	0x11180, 0x11181,
-	0x111b6, 0x111be,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x1122f, 0x11231,
-	0x11234, 0x11234,
-	0x11236, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x112df, 0x112df,
-	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
-	0x11300, 0x11301,
-	0x1133c, 0x1133c,
-	0x11340, 0x11340,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11438, 0x1143f,
-	0x11442, 0x11444,
-	0x11446, 0x11446,
-	0x114b3, 0x114b8,
-	0x114ba, 0x114ba,
-	0x114bf, 0x114c0,
-	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
-	0x115b2, 0x115b5,
-	0x115bc, 0x115bd,
-	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
-	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
-	0x11633, 0x1163a,
-	0x1163d, 0x1163d,
-	0x1163f, 0x11640,
-	0x116ab, 0x116ab,
-	0x116ad, 0x116ad,
-	0x116b0, 0x116b5,
-	0x116b7, 0x116b7,
-	0x1171d, 0x1171f,
-	0x11722, 0x11725,
-	0x11727, 0x1172b,
-	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
-	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11caa, 0x11cb0,
-	0x11cb2, 0x11cb3,
-	0x11cb5, 0x11cb6,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
-	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
-	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
-	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
-	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
-	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_Mn */
-
-/* 'N': Major Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
-	115,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x00b2, 0x00b3,
-	0x00b9, 0x00b9,
-	0x00bc, 0x00be,
-	0x0660, 0x0669,
-	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
-	0x07c0, 0x07c9,
-	0x0966, 0x096f,
-	0x09e6, 0x09ef,
-	0x09f4, 0x09f9,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a6f,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
-	0x0b72, 0x0b77,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7e,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d58, 0x0d5e,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d78,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0f20, 0x0f33,
-	0x1040, 0x1049,
-	0x1090, 0x1099,
-	0x1369, 0x137c,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f0,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1946, 0x194f,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
-	0x1bb0, 0x1bb9,
-	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c50, 0x1c59,
-	0x2070, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x2079,
-	0x2080, 0x2089,
-	0x2150, 0x2182,
-	0x2185, 0x2189,
-	0x2460, 0x249b,
-	0x24ea, 0x24ff,
-	0x2776, 0x2793,
-	0x2cfd, 0x2cfd,
-	0x3007, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3038, 0x303a,
-	0x3192, 0x3195,
-	0x3220, 0x3229,
-	0x3248, 0x324f,
-	0x3251, 0x325f,
-	0x3280, 0x3289,
-	0x32b1, 0x32bf,
-	0xa620, 0xa629,
-	0xa6e6, 0xa6ef,
-	0xa830, 0xa835,
-	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa900, 0xa909,
-	0xa9d0, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9f0, 0xa9f9,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xff10, 0xff19,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10140, 0x10178,
-	0x1018a, 0x1018b,
-	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10341, 0x10341,
-	0x1034a, 0x1034a,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10858, 0x1085f,
-	0x10879, 0x1087f,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108fb, 0x108ff,
-	0x10916, 0x1091b,
-	0x109bc, 0x109bd,
-	0x109c0, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x109ff,
-	0x10a40, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a7d, 0x10a7e,
-	0x10a9d, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10aef,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b5f,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11136, 0x1113f,
-	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11450, 0x11459,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11730, 0x1173b,
-	0x118e0, 0x118f2,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-}; /* CR_N */
-
-/* 'Nd': General Category */
-#define CR_Nd CR_Digit
-
-/* 'Nl': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nl[] = {
-	12,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f0,
-	0x2160, 0x2182,
-	0x2185, 0x2188,
-	0x3007, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3038, 0x303a,
-	0xa6e6, 0xa6ef,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x10341, 0x10341,
-	0x1034a, 0x1034a,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-}; /* CR_Nl */
-
-/* 'No': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_No[] = {
-	60,
-	0x00b2, 0x00b3,
-	0x00b9, 0x00b9,
-	0x00bc, 0x00be,
-	0x09f4, 0x09f9,
-	0x0b72, 0x0b77,
-	0x0bf0, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7e,
-	0x0d58, 0x0d5e,
-	0x0d70, 0x0d78,
-	0x0f2a, 0x0f33,
-	0x1369, 0x137c,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x19da, 0x19da,
-	0x2070, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x2079,
-	0x2080, 0x2089,
-	0x2150, 0x215f,
-	0x2189, 0x2189,
-	0x2460, 0x249b,
-	0x24ea, 0x24ff,
-	0x2776, 0x2793,
-	0x2cfd, 0x2cfd,
-	0x3192, 0x3195,
-	0x3220, 0x3229,
-	0x3248, 0x324f,
-	0x3251, 0x325f,
-	0x3280, 0x3289,
-	0x32b1, 0x32bf,
-	0xa830, 0xa835,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10175, 0x10178,
-	0x1018a, 0x1018b,
-	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10858, 0x1085f,
-	0x10879, 0x1087f,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108fb, 0x108ff,
-	0x10916, 0x1091b,
-	0x109bc, 0x109bd,
-	0x109c0, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x109ff,
-	0x10a40, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a7d, 0x10a7e,
-	0x10a9d, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10aef,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b5f,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11052, 0x11065,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x1173a, 0x1173b,
-	0x118ea, 0x118f2,
-	0x11c5a, 0x11c6c,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-}; /* CR_No */
-
-/* 'P': Major Category */
-#define CR_P CR_Punct
-
-/* 'Pc': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pc[] = {
-	6,
-	0x005f, 0x005f,
-	0x203f, 0x2040,
-	0x2054, 0x2054,
-	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
-	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
-	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
-}; /* CR_Pc */
-
-/* 'Pd': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pd[] = {
-	17,
-	0x002d, 0x002d,
-	0x058a, 0x058a,
-	0x05be, 0x05be,
-	0x1400, 0x1400,
-	0x1806, 0x1806,
-	0x2010, 0x2015,
-	0x2e17, 0x2e17,
-	0x2e1a, 0x2e1a,
-	0x2e3a, 0x2e3b,
-	0x2e40, 0x2e40,
-	0x301c, 0x301c,
-	0x3030, 0x3030,
-	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
-	0xfe31, 0xfe32,
-	0xfe58, 0xfe58,
-	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
-	0xff0d, 0xff0d,
-}; /* CR_Pd */
-
-/* 'Pe': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pe[] = {
-	72,
-	0x0029, 0x0029,
-	0x005d, 0x005d,
-	0x007d, 0x007d,
-	0x0f3b, 0x0f3b,
-	0x0f3d, 0x0f3d,
-	0x169c, 0x169c,
-	0x2046, 0x2046,
-	0x207e, 0x207e,
-	0x208e, 0x208e,
-	0x2309, 0x2309,
-	0x230b, 0x230b,
-	0x232a, 0x232a,
-	0x2769, 0x2769,
-	0x276b, 0x276b,
-	0x276d, 0x276d,
-	0x276f, 0x276f,
-	0x2771, 0x2771,
-	0x2773, 0x2773,
-	0x2775, 0x2775,
-	0x27c6, 0x27c6,
-	0x27e7, 0x27e7,
-	0x27e9, 0x27e9,
-	0x27eb, 0x27eb,
-	0x27ed, 0x27ed,
-	0x27ef, 0x27ef,
-	0x2984, 0x2984,
-	0x2986, 0x2986,
-	0x2988, 0x2988,
-	0x298a, 0x298a,
-	0x298c, 0x298c,
-	0x298e, 0x298e,
-	0x2990, 0x2990,
-	0x2992, 0x2992,
-	0x2994, 0x2994,
-	0x2996, 0x2996,
-	0x2998, 0x2998,
-	0x29d9, 0x29d9,
-	0x29db, 0x29db,
-	0x29fd, 0x29fd,
-	0x2e23, 0x2e23,
-	0x2e25, 0x2e25,
-	0x2e27, 0x2e27,
-	0x2e29, 0x2e29,
-	0x3009, 0x3009,
-	0x300b, 0x300b,
-	0x300d, 0x300d,
-	0x300f, 0x300f,
-	0x3011, 0x3011,
-	0x3015, 0x3015,
-	0x3017, 0x3017,
-	0x3019, 0x3019,
-	0x301b, 0x301b,
-	0x301e, 0x301f,
-	0xfd3e, 0xfd3e,
-	0xfe18, 0xfe18,
-	0xfe36, 0xfe36,
-	0xfe38, 0xfe38,
-	0xfe3a, 0xfe3a,
-	0xfe3c, 0xfe3c,
-	0xfe3e, 0xfe3e,
-	0xfe40, 0xfe40,
-	0xfe42, 0xfe42,
-	0xfe44, 0xfe44,
-	0xfe48, 0xfe48,
-	0xfe5a, 0xfe5a,
-	0xfe5c, 0xfe5c,
-	0xfe5e, 0xfe5e,
-	0xff09, 0xff09,
-	0xff3d, 0xff3d,
-	0xff5d, 0xff5d,
-	0xff60, 0xff60,
-	0xff63, 0xff63,
-}; /* CR_Pe */
-
-/* 'Pf': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pf[] = {
-	10,
-	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
-	0x2019, 0x2019,
-	0x201d, 0x201d,
-	0x203a, 0x203a,
-	0x2e03, 0x2e03,
-	0x2e05, 0x2e05,
-	0x2e0a, 0x2e0a,
-	0x2e0d, 0x2e0d,
-	0x2e1d, 0x2e1d,
-	0x2e21, 0x2e21,
-}; /* CR_Pf */
-
-/* 'Pi': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pi[] = {
-	11,
-	0x00ab, 0x00ab,
-	0x2018, 0x2018,
-	0x201b, 0x201c,
-	0x201f, 0x201f,
-	0x2039, 0x2039,
-	0x2e02, 0x2e02,
-	0x2e04, 0x2e04,
-	0x2e09, 0x2e09,
-	0x2e0c, 0x2e0c,
-	0x2e1c, 0x2e1c,
-	0x2e20, 0x2e20,
-}; /* CR_Pi */
-
-/* 'Po': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Po[] = {
-	165,
-	0x0021, 0x0023,
-	0x0025, 0x0027,
-	0x002a, 0x002a,
-	0x002c, 0x002c,
-	0x002e, 0x002f,
-	0x003a, 0x003b,
-	0x003f, 0x0040,
-	0x005c, 0x005c,
-	0x00a1, 0x00a1,
-	0x00a7, 0x00a7,
-	0x00b6, 0x00b7,
-	0x00bf, 0x00bf,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0387, 0x0387,
-	0x055a, 0x055f,
-	0x0589, 0x0589,
-	0x05c0, 0x05c0,
-	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
-	0x05c6, 0x05c6,
-	0x05f3, 0x05f4,
-	0x0609, 0x060a,
-	0x060c, 0x060d,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x061f,
-	0x066a, 0x066d,
-	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
-	0x0700, 0x070d,
-	0x07f7, 0x07f9,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x0964, 0x0965,
-	0x0970, 0x0970,
-	0x0af0, 0x0af0,
-	0x0df4, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e4f, 0x0e4f,
-	0x0e5a, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0f04, 0x0f12,
-	0x0f14, 0x0f14,
-	0x0f85, 0x0f85,
-	0x0fd0, 0x0fd4,
-	0x0fd9, 0x0fda,
-	0x104a, 0x104f,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1360, 0x1368,
-	0x166d, 0x166e,
-	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
-	0x1735, 0x1736,
-	0x17d4, 0x17d6,
-	0x17d8, 0x17da,
-	0x1800, 0x1805,
-	0x1807, 0x180a,
-	0x1944, 0x1945,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aa6,
-	0x1aa8, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b5a, 0x1b60,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1bff,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c3f,
-	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
-	0x2016, 0x2017,
-	0x2020, 0x2027,
-	0x2030, 0x2038,
-	0x203b, 0x203e,
-	0x2041, 0x2043,
-	0x2047, 0x2051,
-	0x2053, 0x2053,
-	0x2055, 0x205e,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2cfc,
-	0x2cfe, 0x2cff,
-	0x2d70, 0x2d70,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e01,
-	0x2e06, 0x2e08,
-	0x2e0b, 0x2e0b,
-	0x2e0e, 0x2e16,
-	0x2e18, 0x2e19,
-	0x2e1b, 0x2e1b,
-	0x2e1e, 0x2e1f,
-	0x2e2a, 0x2e2e,
-	0x2e30, 0x2e39,
-	0x2e3c, 0x2e3f,
-	0x2e41, 0x2e41,
-	0x2e43, 0x2e44,
-	0x3001, 0x3003,
-	0x303d, 0x303d,
-	0x30fb, 0x30fb,
-	0xa4fe, 0xa4ff,
-	0xa60d, 0xa60f,
-	0xa673, 0xa673,
-	0xa67e, 0xa67e,
-	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa874, 0xa877,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
-	0xa8f8, 0xa8fa,
-	0xa8fc, 0xa8fc,
-	0xa92e, 0xa92f,
-	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
-	0xa9c1, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
-	0xaade, 0xaadf,
-	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
-	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
-	0xfe10, 0xfe16,
-	0xfe19, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe30,
-	0xfe45, 0xfe46,
-	0xfe49, 0xfe4c,
-	0xfe50, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe57,
-	0xfe5f, 0xfe61,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
-	0xfe6a, 0xfe6b,
-	0xff01, 0xff03,
-	0xff05, 0xff07,
-	0xff0a, 0xff0a,
-	0xff0c, 0xff0c,
-	0xff0e, 0xff0f,
-	0xff1a, 0xff1b,
-	0xff1f, 0xff20,
-	0xff3c, 0xff3c,
-	0xff61, 0xff61,
-	0xff64, 0xff65,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
-	0x103d0, 0x103d0,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10857, 0x10857,
-	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a7f, 0x10a7f,
-	0x10af0, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x11047, 0x1104d,
-	0x110bb, 0x110bc,
-	0x110be, 0x110c1,
-	0x11140, 0x11143,
-	0x11174, 0x11175,
-	0x111c5, 0x111c9,
-	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
-	0x111db, 0x111db,
-	0x111dd, 0x111df,
-	0x11238, 0x1123d,
-	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
-	0x1144b, 0x1144f,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-	0x114c6, 0x114c6,
-	0x115c1, 0x115d7,
-	0x11641, 0x11643,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
-	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b37, 0x16b3b,
-	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
-	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
-	0x1da87, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-}; /* CR_Po */
-
-/* 'Ps': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ps[] = {
-	75,
-	0x0028, 0x0028,
-	0x005b, 0x005b,
-	0x007b, 0x007b,
-	0x0f3a, 0x0f3a,
-	0x0f3c, 0x0f3c,
-	0x169b, 0x169b,
-	0x201a, 0x201a,
-	0x201e, 0x201e,
-	0x2045, 0x2045,
-	0x207d, 0x207d,
-	0x208d, 0x208d,
-	0x2308, 0x2308,
-	0x230a, 0x230a,
-	0x2329, 0x2329,
-	0x2768, 0x2768,
-	0x276a, 0x276a,
-	0x276c, 0x276c,
-	0x276e, 0x276e,
-	0x2770, 0x2770,
-	0x2772, 0x2772,
-	0x2774, 0x2774,
-	0x27c5, 0x27c5,
-	0x27e6, 0x27e6,
-	0x27e8, 0x27e8,
-	0x27ea, 0x27ea,
-	0x27ec, 0x27ec,
-	0x27ee, 0x27ee,
-	0x2983, 0x2983,
-	0x2985, 0x2985,
-	0x2987, 0x2987,
-	0x2989, 0x2989,
-	0x298b, 0x298b,
-	0x298d, 0x298d,
-	0x298f, 0x298f,
-	0x2991, 0x2991,
-	0x2993, 0x2993,
-	0x2995, 0x2995,
-	0x2997, 0x2997,
-	0x29d8, 0x29d8,
-	0x29da, 0x29da,
-	0x29fc, 0x29fc,
-	0x2e22, 0x2e22,
-	0x2e24, 0x2e24,
-	0x2e26, 0x2e26,
-	0x2e28, 0x2e28,
-	0x2e42, 0x2e42,
-	0x3008, 0x3008,
-	0x300a, 0x300a,
-	0x300c, 0x300c,
-	0x300e, 0x300e,
-	0x3010, 0x3010,
-	0x3014, 0x3014,
-	0x3016, 0x3016,
-	0x3018, 0x3018,
-	0x301a, 0x301a,
-	0x301d, 0x301d,
-	0xfd3f, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfe17, 0xfe17,
-	0xfe35, 0xfe35,
-	0xfe37, 0xfe37,
-	0xfe39, 0xfe39,
-	0xfe3b, 0xfe3b,
-	0xfe3d, 0xfe3d,
-	0xfe3f, 0xfe3f,
-	0xfe41, 0xfe41,
-	0xfe43, 0xfe43,
-	0xfe47, 0xfe47,
-	0xfe59, 0xfe59,
-	0xfe5b, 0xfe5b,
-	0xfe5d, 0xfe5d,
-	0xff08, 0xff08,
-	0xff3b, 0xff3b,
-	0xff5b, 0xff5b,
-	0xff5f, 0xff5f,
-	0xff62, 0xff62,
-}; /* CR_Ps */
-
-/* 'S': Major Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
-	218,
-	0x0024, 0x0024,
-	0x002b, 0x002b,
-	0x003c, 0x003e,
-	0x005e, 0x005e,
-	0x0060, 0x0060,
-	0x007c, 0x007c,
-	0x007e, 0x007e,
-	0x00a2, 0x00a6,
-	0x00a8, 0x00a9,
-	0x00ac, 0x00ac,
-	0x00ae, 0x00b1,
-	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
-	0x00b8, 0x00b8,
-	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
-	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
-	0x02c2, 0x02c5,
-	0x02d2, 0x02df,
-	0x02e5, 0x02eb,
-	0x02ed, 0x02ed,
-	0x02ef, 0x02ff,
-	0x0375, 0x0375,
-	0x0384, 0x0385,
-	0x03f6, 0x03f6,
-	0x0482, 0x0482,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x0606, 0x0608,
-	0x060b, 0x060b,
-	0x060e, 0x060f,
-	0x06de, 0x06de,
-	0x06e9, 0x06e9,
-	0x06fd, 0x06fe,
-	0x07f6, 0x07f6,
-	0x09f2, 0x09f3,
-	0x09fa, 0x09fb,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b70, 0x0b70,
-	0x0bf3, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c7f, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0d4f, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d79,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e3f,
-	0x0f01, 0x0f03,
-	0x0f13, 0x0f13,
-	0x0f15, 0x0f17,
-	0x0f1a, 0x0f1f,
-	0x0f34, 0x0f34,
-	0x0f36, 0x0f36,
-	0x0f38, 0x0f38,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fc5,
-	0x0fc7, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fcf,
-	0x0fd5, 0x0fd8,
-	0x109e, 0x109f,
-	0x1390, 0x1399,
-	0x17db, 0x17db,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x19de, 0x19ff,
-	0x1b61, 0x1b6a,
-	0x1b74, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
-	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
-	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
-	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2044, 0x2044,
-	0x2052, 0x2052,
-	0x207a, 0x207c,
-	0x208a, 0x208c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x2100, 0x2101,
-	0x2103, 0x2106,
-	0x2108, 0x2109,
-	0x2114, 0x2114,
-	0x2116, 0x2118,
-	0x211e, 0x2123,
-	0x2125, 0x2125,
-	0x2127, 0x2127,
-	0x2129, 0x2129,
-	0x212e, 0x212e,
-	0x213a, 0x213b,
-	0x2140, 0x2144,
-	0x214a, 0x214d,
-	0x214f, 0x214f,
-	0x218a, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x2307,
-	0x230c, 0x2328,
-	0x232b, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x249c, 0x24e9,
-	0x2500, 0x2767,
-	0x2794, 0x27c4,
-	0x27c7, 0x27e5,
-	0x27f0, 0x2982,
-	0x2999, 0x29d7,
-	0x29dc, 0x29fb,
-	0x29fe, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2ce5, 0x2cea,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3004, 0x3004,
-	0x3012, 0x3013,
-	0x3020, 0x3020,
-	0x3036, 0x3037,
-	0x303e, 0x303f,
-	0x309b, 0x309c,
-	0x3190, 0x3191,
-	0x3196, 0x319f,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x3200, 0x321e,
-	0x322a, 0x3247,
-	0x3250, 0x3250,
-	0x3260, 0x327f,
-	0x328a, 0x32b0,
-	0x32c0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x33ff,
-	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa700, 0xa716,
-	0xa720, 0xa721,
-	0xa789, 0xa78a,
-	0xa828, 0xa82b,
-	0xa836, 0xa839,
-	0xaa77, 0xaa79,
-	0xab5b, 0xab5b,
-	0xfb29, 0xfb29,
-	0xfbb2, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfdfc, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe62, 0xfe62,
-	0xfe64, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe69, 0xfe69,
-	0xff04, 0xff04,
-	0xff0b, 0xff0b,
-	0xff1c, 0xff1e,
-	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
-	0xff40, 0xff40,
-	0xff5c, 0xff5c,
-	0xff5e, 0xff5e,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfffc, 0xfffd,
-	0x10137, 0x1013f,
-	0x10179, 0x10189,
-	0x1018c, 0x1018e,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
-	0x10877, 0x10878,
-	0x10ac8, 0x10ac8,
-	0x1173f, 0x1173f,
-	0x16b3c, 0x16b3f,
-	0x16b45, 0x16b45,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d164,
-	0x1d16a, 0x1d16c,
-	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
-	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
-	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d241,
-	0x1d245, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d6c1, 0x1d6c1,
-	0x1d6db, 0x1d6db,
-	0x1d6fb, 0x1d6fb,
-	0x1d715, 0x1d715,
-	0x1d735, 0x1d735,
-	0x1d74f, 0x1d74f,
-	0x1d76f, 0x1d76f,
-	0x1d789, 0x1d789,
-	0x1d7a9, 0x1d7a9,
-	0x1d7c3, 0x1d7c3,
-	0x1d800, 0x1d9ff,
-	0x1da37, 0x1da3a,
-	0x1da6d, 0x1da74,
-	0x1da76, 0x1da83,
-	0x1da85, 0x1da86,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-}; /* CR_S */
-
-/* 'Sc': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sc[] = {
-	17,
-	0x0024, 0x0024,
-	0x00a2, 0x00a5,
-	0x058f, 0x058f,
-	0x060b, 0x060b,
-	0x09f2, 0x09f3,
-	0x09fb, 0x09fb,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0bf9, 0x0bf9,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e3f,
-	0x17db, 0x17db,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0xa838, 0xa838,
-	0xfdfc, 0xfdfc,
-	0xfe69, 0xfe69,
-	0xff04, 0xff04,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe1,
-	0xffe5, 0xffe6,
-}; /* CR_Sc */
-
-/* 'Sk': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sk[] = {
-	29,
-	0x005e, 0x005e,
-	0x0060, 0x0060,
-	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
-	0x00af, 0x00af,
-	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
-	0x00b8, 0x00b8,
-	0x02c2, 0x02c5,
-	0x02d2, 0x02df,
-	0x02e5, 0x02eb,
-	0x02ed, 0x02ed,
-	0x02ef, 0x02ff,
-	0x0375, 0x0375,
-	0x0384, 0x0385,
-	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
-	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
-	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
-	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
-	0x309b, 0x309c,
-	0xa700, 0xa716,
-	0xa720, 0xa721,
-	0xa789, 0xa78a,
-	0xab5b, 0xab5b,
-	0xfbb2, 0xfbc1,
-	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
-	0xff40, 0xff40,
-	0xffe3, 0xffe3,
-	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
-}; /* CR_Sk */
-
-/* 'Sm': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sm[] = {
-	64,
-	0x002b, 0x002b,
-	0x003c, 0x003e,
-	0x007c, 0x007c,
-	0x007e, 0x007e,
-	0x00ac, 0x00ac,
-	0x00b1, 0x00b1,
-	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
-	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
-	0x03f6, 0x03f6,
-	0x0606, 0x0608,
-	0x2044, 0x2044,
-	0x2052, 0x2052,
-	0x207a, 0x207c,
-	0x208a, 0x208c,
-	0x2118, 0x2118,
-	0x2140, 0x2144,
-	0x214b, 0x214b,
-	0x2190, 0x2194,
-	0x219a, 0x219b,
-	0x21a0, 0x21a0,
-	0x21a3, 0x21a3,
-	0x21a6, 0x21a6,
-	0x21ae, 0x21ae,
-	0x21ce, 0x21cf,
-	0x21d2, 0x21d2,
-	0x21d4, 0x21d4,
-	0x21f4, 0x22ff,
-	0x2320, 0x2321,
-	0x237c, 0x237c,
-	0x239b, 0x23b3,
-	0x23dc, 0x23e1,
-	0x25b7, 0x25b7,
-	0x25c1, 0x25c1,
-	0x25f8, 0x25ff,
-	0x266f, 0x266f,
-	0x27c0, 0x27c4,
-	0x27c7, 0x27e5,
-	0x27f0, 0x27ff,
-	0x2900, 0x2982,
-	0x2999, 0x29d7,
-	0x29dc, 0x29fb,
-	0x29fe, 0x2aff,
-	0x2b30, 0x2b44,
-	0x2b47, 0x2b4c,
-	0xfb29, 0xfb29,
-	0xfe62, 0xfe62,
-	0xfe64, 0xfe66,
-	0xff0b, 0xff0b,
-	0xff1c, 0xff1e,
-	0xff5c, 0xff5c,
-	0xff5e, 0xff5e,
-	0xffe2, 0xffe2,
-	0xffe9, 0xffec,
-	0x1d6c1, 0x1d6c1,
-	0x1d6db, 0x1d6db,
-	0x1d6fb, 0x1d6fb,
-	0x1d715, 0x1d715,
-	0x1d735, 0x1d735,
-	0x1d74f, 0x1d74f,
-	0x1d76f, 0x1d76f,
-	0x1d789, 0x1d789,
-	0x1d7a9, 0x1d7a9,
-	0x1d7c3, 0x1d7c3,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-}; /* CR_Sm */
-
-/* 'So': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
-	174,
-	0x00a6, 0x00a6,
-	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
-	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
-	0x00b0, 0x00b0,
-	0x0482, 0x0482,
-	0x058d, 0x058e,
-	0x060e, 0x060f,
-	0x06de, 0x06de,
-	0x06e9, 0x06e9,
-	0x06fd, 0x06fe,
-	0x07f6, 0x07f6,
-	0x09fa, 0x09fa,
-	0x0b70, 0x0b70,
-	0x0bf3, 0x0bf8,
-	0x0bfa, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c7f, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0d4f, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d79,
-	0x0f01, 0x0f03,
-	0x0f13, 0x0f13,
-	0x0f15, 0x0f17,
-	0x0f1a, 0x0f1f,
-	0x0f34, 0x0f34,
-	0x0f36, 0x0f36,
-	0x0f38, 0x0f38,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fc5,
-	0x0fc7, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fcf,
-	0x0fd5, 0x0fd8,
-	0x109e, 0x109f,
-	0x1390, 0x1399,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x19de, 0x19ff,
-	0x1b61, 0x1b6a,
-	0x1b74, 0x1b7c,
-	0x2100, 0x2101,
-	0x2103, 0x2106,
-	0x2108, 0x2109,
-	0x2114, 0x2114,
-	0x2116, 0x2117,
-	0x211e, 0x2123,
-	0x2125, 0x2125,
-	0x2127, 0x2127,
-	0x2129, 0x2129,
-	0x212e, 0x212e,
-	0x213a, 0x213b,
-	0x214a, 0x214a,
-	0x214c, 0x214d,
-	0x214f, 0x214f,
-	0x218a, 0x218b,
-	0x2195, 0x2199,
-	0x219c, 0x219f,
-	0x21a1, 0x21a2,
-	0x21a4, 0x21a5,
-	0x21a7, 0x21ad,
-	0x21af, 0x21cd,
-	0x21d0, 0x21d1,
-	0x21d3, 0x21d3,
-	0x21d5, 0x21f3,
-	0x2300, 0x2307,
-	0x230c, 0x231f,
-	0x2322, 0x2328,
-	0x232b, 0x237b,
-	0x237d, 0x239a,
-	0x23b4, 0x23db,
-	0x23e2, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x249c, 0x24e9,
-	0x2500, 0x25b6,
-	0x25b8, 0x25c0,
-	0x25c2, 0x25f7,
-	0x2600, 0x266e,
-	0x2670, 0x2767,
-	0x2794, 0x27bf,
-	0x2800, 0x28ff,
-	0x2b00, 0x2b2f,
-	0x2b45, 0x2b46,
-	0x2b4d, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2ce5, 0x2cea,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3004, 0x3004,
-	0x3012, 0x3013,
-	0x3020, 0x3020,
-	0x3036, 0x3037,
-	0x303e, 0x303f,
-	0x3190, 0x3191,
-	0x3196, 0x319f,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x3200, 0x321e,
-	0x322a, 0x3247,
-	0x3250, 0x3250,
-	0x3260, 0x327f,
-	0x328a, 0x32b0,
-	0x32c0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x33ff,
-	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa828, 0xa82b,
-	0xa836, 0xa837,
-	0xa839, 0xa839,
-	0xaa77, 0xaa79,
-	0xfdfd, 0xfdfd,
-	0xffe4, 0xffe4,
-	0xffe8, 0xffe8,
-	0xffed, 0xffee,
-	0xfffc, 0xfffd,
-	0x10137, 0x1013f,
-	0x10179, 0x10189,
-	0x1018c, 0x1018e,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
-	0x10877, 0x10878,
-	0x10ac8, 0x10ac8,
-	0x1173f, 0x1173f,
-	0x16b3c, 0x16b3f,
-	0x16b45, 0x16b45,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d164,
-	0x1d16a, 0x1d16c,
-	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
-	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
-	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d241,
-	0x1d245, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d800, 0x1d9ff,
-	0x1da37, 0x1da3a,
-	0x1da6d, 0x1da74,
-	0x1da76, 0x1da83,
-	0x1da85, 0x1da86,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f3fa,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-}; /* CR_So */
-
-/* 'Z': Major Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Z[] = {
-	8,
-	0x0020, 0x0020,
-	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
-	0x1680, 0x1680,
-	0x2000, 0x200a,
-	0x2028, 0x2029,
-	0x202f, 0x202f,
-	0x205f, 0x205f,
-	0x3000, 0x3000,
-}; /* CR_Z */
-
-/* 'Zl': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zl[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2028, 0x2028,
-}; /* CR_Zl */
-
-/* 'Zp': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zp[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2029, 0x2029,
-}; /* CR_Zp */
-
-/* 'Zs': General Category */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Zs[] = {
-	7,
-	0x0020, 0x0020,
-	0x00a0, 0x00a0,
-	0x1680, 0x1680,
-	0x2000, 0x200a,
-	0x202f, 0x202f,
-	0x205f, 0x205f,
-	0x3000, 0x3000,
-}; /* CR_Zs */
-
-/* 'Math': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Math[] = {
-	138,
-	0x002b, 0x002b,
-	0x003c, 0x003e,
-	0x005e, 0x005e,
-	0x007c, 0x007c,
-	0x007e, 0x007e,
-	0x00ac, 0x00ac,
-	0x00b1, 0x00b1,
-	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
-	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d2,
-	0x03d5, 0x03d5,
-	0x03f0, 0x03f1,
-	0x03f4, 0x03f6,
-	0x0606, 0x0608,
-	0x2016, 0x2016,
-	0x2032, 0x2034,
-	0x2040, 0x2040,
-	0x2044, 0x2044,
-	0x2052, 0x2052,
-	0x2061, 0x2064,
-	0x207a, 0x207e,
-	0x208a, 0x208e,
-	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
-	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
-	0x20e5, 0x20e6,
-	0x20eb, 0x20ef,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2118, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2128, 0x2129,
-	0x212c, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2131,
-	0x2133, 0x2138,
-	0x213c, 0x2149,
-	0x214b, 0x214b,
-	0x2190, 0x21a7,
-	0x21a9, 0x21ae,
-	0x21b0, 0x21b1,
-	0x21b6, 0x21b7,
-	0x21bc, 0x21db,
-	0x21dd, 0x21dd,
-	0x21e4, 0x21e5,
-	0x21f4, 0x22ff,
-	0x2308, 0x230b,
-	0x2320, 0x2321,
-	0x237c, 0x237c,
-	0x239b, 0x23b5,
-	0x23b7, 0x23b7,
-	0x23d0, 0x23d0,
-	0x23dc, 0x23e2,
-	0x25a0, 0x25a1,
-	0x25ae, 0x25b7,
-	0x25bc, 0x25c1,
-	0x25c6, 0x25c7,
-	0x25ca, 0x25cb,
-	0x25cf, 0x25d3,
-	0x25e2, 0x25e2,
-	0x25e4, 0x25e4,
-	0x25e7, 0x25ec,
-	0x25f8, 0x25ff,
-	0x2605, 0x2606,
-	0x2640, 0x2640,
-	0x2642, 0x2642,
-	0x2660, 0x2663,
-	0x266d, 0x266f,
-	0x27c0, 0x27ff,
-	0x2900, 0x2aff,
-	0x2b30, 0x2b44,
-	0x2b47, 0x2b4c,
-	0xfb29, 0xfb29,
-	0xfe61, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
-	0xff0b, 0xff0b,
-	0xff1c, 0xff1e,
-	0xff3c, 0xff3c,
-	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
-	0xff5c, 0xff5c,
-	0xff5e, 0xff5e,
-	0xffe2, 0xffe2,
-	0xffe9, 0xffec,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-}; /* CR_Math */
-
-/* 'Alphabetic': Derived Property */
-#define CR_Alphabetic CR_Alpha
-
-/* 'Lowercase': Derived Property */
-#define CR_Lowercase CR_Lower
-
-/* 'Uppercase': Derived Property */
-#define CR_Uppercase CR_Upper
-
-/* 'Cased': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
-	135,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x01ba,
-	0x01bc, 0x01bf,
-	0x01c4, 0x0293,
-	0x0295, 0x02b8,
-	0x02c0, 0x02c1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x0370, 0x0373,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2134,
-	0x2139, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x217f,
-	0x2183, 0x2184,
-	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0xa640, 0xa66d,
-	0xa680, 0xa69d,
-	0xa722, 0xa787,
-	0xa78b, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa7fa,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0x10400, 0x1044f,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118df,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
-	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
-}; /* CR_Cased */
-
-/* 'Case_Ignorable': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
-	365,
-	0x0027, 0x0027,
-	0x002e, 0x002e,
-	0x003a, 0x003a,
-	0x005e, 0x005e,
-	0x0060, 0x0060,
-	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
-	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
-	0x00af, 0x00af,
-	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
-	0x00b7, 0x00b8,
-	0x02b0, 0x036f,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x0384, 0x0385,
-	0x0387, 0x0387,
-	0x0483, 0x0489,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0591, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x05f4, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0605,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x061c, 0x061c,
-	0x0640, 0x0640,
-	0x064b, 0x065f,
-	0x0670, 0x0670,
-	0x06d6, 0x06dd,
-	0x06df, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
-	0x070f, 0x070f,
-	0x0711, 0x0711,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
-	0x07eb, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0816, 0x082d,
-	0x0859, 0x085b,
-	0x08d4, 0x0902,
-	0x093a, 0x093a,
-	0x093c, 0x093c,
-	0x0941, 0x0948,
-	0x094d, 0x094d,
-	0x0951, 0x0957,
-	0x0962, 0x0963,
-	0x0971, 0x0971,
-	0x0981, 0x0981,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09c1, 0x09c4,
-	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
-	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a41, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
-	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a82,
-	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
-	0x0ac1, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac8,
-	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b01,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
-	0x0b3f, 0x0b3f,
-	0x0b41, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b56,
-	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
-	0x0bc0, 0x0bc0,
-	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c00,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c40,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c81, 0x0c81,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
-	0x0cbf, 0x0cbf,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc6,
-	0x0ccc, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d01,
-	0x0d41, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dd2, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
-	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e46, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
-	0x0eb4, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f7e,
-	0x0f80, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
-	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x102d, 0x1030,
-	0x1032, 0x1037,
-	0x1039, 0x103a,
-	0x103d, 0x103e,
-	0x1058, 0x1059,
-	0x105e, 0x1060,
-	0x1071, 0x1074,
-	0x1082, 0x1082,
-	0x1085, 0x1086,
-	0x108d, 0x108d,
-	0x109d, 0x109d,
-	0x10fc, 0x10fc,
-	0x135d, 0x135f,
-	0x1712, 0x1714,
-	0x1732, 0x1734,
-	0x1752, 0x1753,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
-	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
-	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
-	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
-	0x180b, 0x180e,
-	0x1843, 0x1843,
-	0x1885, 0x1886,
-	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
-	0x1920, 0x1922,
-	0x1927, 0x1928,
-	0x1932, 0x1932,
-	0x1939, 0x193b,
-	0x1a17, 0x1a18,
-	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
-	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
-	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
-	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
-	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
-	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
-	0x1b36, 0x1b3a,
-	0x1b3c, 0x1b3c,
-	0x1b42, 0x1b42,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
-	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
-	0x1ba8, 0x1ba9,
-	0x1bab, 0x1bad,
-	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
-	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
-	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
-	0x1bef, 0x1bf1,
-	0x1c2c, 0x1c33,
-	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c78, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
-	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
-	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
-	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
-	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
-	0x1d9b, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
-	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
-	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
-	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
-	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
-	0x200b, 0x200f,
-	0x2018, 0x2019,
-	0x2024, 0x2024,
-	0x2027, 0x2027,
-	0x202a, 0x202e,
-	0x2060, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x206f,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
-	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
-	0x3005, 0x3005,
-	0x302a, 0x302d,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x303b, 0x303b,
-	0x3099, 0x309e,
-	0x30fc, 0x30fe,
-	0xa015, 0xa015,
-	0xa4f8, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa60c, 0xa60c,
-	0xa66f, 0xa672,
-	0xa674, 0xa67d,
-	0xa67f, 0xa67f,
-	0xa69c, 0xa69f,
-	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa700, 0xa721,
-	0xa770, 0xa770,
-	0xa788, 0xa78a,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
-	0xa802, 0xa802,
-	0xa806, 0xa806,
-	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
-	0xa825, 0xa826,
-	0xa8c4, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
-	0xa926, 0xa92d,
-	0xa947, 0xa951,
-	0xa980, 0xa982,
-	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
-	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
-	0xa9bc, 0xa9bc,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xa9e5, 0xa9e6,
-	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
-	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
-	0xaa35, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
-	0xaa4c, 0xaa4c,
-	0xaa70, 0xaa70,
-	0xaa7c, 0xaa7c,
-	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
-	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
-	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
-	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
-	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
-	0xaadd, 0xaadd,
-	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
-	0xaaf3, 0xaaf4,
-	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab5b, 0xab5f,
-	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
-	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
-	0xabed, 0xabed,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
-	0xfbb2, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe13, 0xfe13,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0xfe52, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe55, 0xfe55,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff07, 0xff07,
-	0xff0e, 0xff0e,
-	0xff1a, 0xff1a,
-	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
-	0xff40, 0xff40,
-	0xff70, 0xff70,
-	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
-	0xffe3, 0xffe3,
-	0xfff9, 0xfffb,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10376, 0x1037a,
-	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
-	0x11001, 0x11001,
-	0x11038, 0x11046,
-	0x1107f, 0x11081,
-	0x110b3, 0x110b6,
-	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
-	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
-	0x11100, 0x11102,
-	0x11127, 0x1112b,
-	0x1112d, 0x11134,
-	0x11173, 0x11173,
-	0x11180, 0x11181,
-	0x111b6, 0x111be,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x1122f, 0x11231,
-	0x11234, 0x11234,
-	0x11236, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x112df, 0x112df,
-	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
-	0x11300, 0x11301,
-	0x1133c, 0x1133c,
-	0x11340, 0x11340,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11438, 0x1143f,
-	0x11442, 0x11444,
-	0x11446, 0x11446,
-	0x114b3, 0x114b8,
-	0x114ba, 0x114ba,
-	0x114bf, 0x114c0,
-	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
-	0x115b2, 0x115b5,
-	0x115bc, 0x115bd,
-	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
-	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
-	0x11633, 0x1163a,
-	0x1163d, 0x1163d,
-	0x1163f, 0x11640,
-	0x116ab, 0x116ab,
-	0x116ad, 0x116ad,
-	0x116b0, 0x116b5,
-	0x116b7, 0x116b7,
-	0x1171d, 0x1171f,
-	0x11722, 0x11725,
-	0x11727, 0x1172b,
-	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
-	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11caa, 0x11cb0,
-	0x11cb2, 0x11cb3,
-	0x11cb5, 0x11cb6,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d173, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
-	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
-	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
-	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
-	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_Case_Ignorable */
-
-/* 'Changes_When_Lowercased': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Lowercased[] = {
-	590,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00de,
-	0x0100, 0x0100,
-	0x0102, 0x0102,
-	0x0104, 0x0104,
-	0x0106, 0x0106,
-	0x0108, 0x0108,
-	0x010a, 0x010a,
-	0x010c, 0x010c,
-	0x010e, 0x010e,
-	0x0110, 0x0110,
-	0x0112, 0x0112,
-	0x0114, 0x0114,
-	0x0116, 0x0116,
-	0x0118, 0x0118,
-	0x011a, 0x011a,
-	0x011c, 0x011c,
-	0x011e, 0x011e,
-	0x0120, 0x0120,
-	0x0122, 0x0122,
-	0x0124, 0x0124,
-	0x0126, 0x0126,
-	0x0128, 0x0128,
-	0x012a, 0x012a,
-	0x012c, 0x012c,
-	0x012e, 0x012e,
-	0x0130, 0x0130,
-	0x0132, 0x0132,
-	0x0134, 0x0134,
-	0x0136, 0x0136,
-	0x0139, 0x0139,
-	0x013b, 0x013b,
-	0x013d, 0x013d,
-	0x013f, 0x013f,
-	0x0141, 0x0141,
-	0x0143, 0x0143,
-	0x0145, 0x0145,
-	0x0147, 0x0147,
-	0x014a, 0x014a,
-	0x014c, 0x014c,
-	0x014e, 0x014e,
-	0x0150, 0x0150,
-	0x0152, 0x0152,
-	0x0154, 0x0154,
-	0x0156, 0x0156,
-	0x0158, 0x0158,
-	0x015a, 0x015a,
-	0x015c, 0x015c,
-	0x015e, 0x015e,
-	0x0160, 0x0160,
-	0x0162, 0x0162,
-	0x0164, 0x0164,
-	0x0166, 0x0166,
-	0x0168, 0x0168,
-	0x016a, 0x016a,
-	0x016c, 0x016c,
-	0x016e, 0x016e,
-	0x0170, 0x0170,
-	0x0172, 0x0172,
-	0x0174, 0x0174,
-	0x0176, 0x0176,
-	0x0178, 0x0179,
-	0x017b, 0x017b,
-	0x017d, 0x017d,
-	0x0181, 0x0182,
-	0x0184, 0x0184,
-	0x0186, 0x0187,
-	0x0189, 0x018b,
-	0x018e, 0x0191,
-	0x0193, 0x0194,
-	0x0196, 0x0198,
-	0x019c, 0x019d,
-	0x019f, 0x01a0,
-	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
-	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
-	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
-	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
-	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
-	0x01ae, 0x01af,
-	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
-	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
-	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
-	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
-	0x01c4, 0x01c5,
-	0x01c7, 0x01c8,
-	0x01ca, 0x01cb,
-	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
-	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
-	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
-	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
-	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
-	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
-	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
-	0x01db, 0x01db,
-	0x01de, 0x01de,
-	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
-	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
-	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
-	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
-	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
-	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
-	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
-	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
-	0x01f1, 0x01f2,
-	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
-	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
-	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
-	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
-	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
-	0x0200, 0x0200,
-	0x0202, 0x0202,
-	0x0204, 0x0204,
-	0x0206, 0x0206,
-	0x0208, 0x0208,
-	0x020a, 0x020a,
-	0x020c, 0x020c,
-	0x020e, 0x020e,
-	0x0210, 0x0210,
-	0x0212, 0x0212,
-	0x0214, 0x0214,
-	0x0216, 0x0216,
-	0x0218, 0x0218,
-	0x021a, 0x021a,
-	0x021c, 0x021c,
-	0x021e, 0x021e,
-	0x0220, 0x0220,
-	0x0222, 0x0222,
-	0x0224, 0x0224,
-	0x0226, 0x0226,
-	0x0228, 0x0228,
-	0x022a, 0x022a,
-	0x022c, 0x022c,
-	0x022e, 0x022e,
-	0x0230, 0x0230,
-	0x0232, 0x0232,
-	0x023a, 0x023b,
-	0x023d, 0x023e,
-	0x0241, 0x0241,
-	0x0243, 0x0246,
-	0x0248, 0x0248,
-	0x024a, 0x024a,
-	0x024c, 0x024c,
-	0x024e, 0x024e,
-	0x0370, 0x0370,
-	0x0372, 0x0372,
-	0x0376, 0x0376,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x038f,
-	0x0391, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
-	0x03cf, 0x03cf,
-	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
-	0x03da, 0x03da,
-	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
-	0x03de, 0x03de,
-	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
-	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
-	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
-	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
-	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
-	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
-	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
-	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
-	0x03f4, 0x03f4,
-	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
-	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
-	0x03fd, 0x042f,
-	0x0460, 0x0460,
-	0x0462, 0x0462,
-	0x0464, 0x0464,
-	0x0466, 0x0466,
-	0x0468, 0x0468,
-	0x046a, 0x046a,
-	0x046c, 0x046c,
-	0x046e, 0x046e,
-	0x0470, 0x0470,
-	0x0472, 0x0472,
-	0x0474, 0x0474,
-	0x0476, 0x0476,
-	0x0478, 0x0478,
-	0x047a, 0x047a,
-	0x047c, 0x047c,
-	0x047e, 0x047e,
-	0x0480, 0x0480,
-	0x048a, 0x048a,
-	0x048c, 0x048c,
-	0x048e, 0x048e,
-	0x0490, 0x0490,
-	0x0492, 0x0492,
-	0x0494, 0x0494,
-	0x0496, 0x0496,
-	0x0498, 0x0498,
-	0x049a, 0x049a,
-	0x049c, 0x049c,
-	0x049e, 0x049e,
-	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
-	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
-	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
-	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
-	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
-	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
-	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
-	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
-	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
-	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
-	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
-	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
-	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
-	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
-	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
-	0x04be, 0x04be,
-	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
-	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
-	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
-	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
-	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
-	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
-	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
-	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
-	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
-	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
-	0x04da, 0x04da,
-	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
-	0x04de, 0x04de,
-	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
-	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
-	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
-	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
-	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
-	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
-	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
-	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
-	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
-	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
-	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
-	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
-	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
-	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
-	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
-	0x0500, 0x0500,
-	0x0502, 0x0502,
-	0x0504, 0x0504,
-	0x0506, 0x0506,
-	0x0508, 0x0508,
-	0x050a, 0x050a,
-	0x050c, 0x050c,
-	0x050e, 0x050e,
-	0x0510, 0x0510,
-	0x0512, 0x0512,
-	0x0514, 0x0514,
-	0x0516, 0x0516,
-	0x0518, 0x0518,
-	0x051a, 0x051a,
-	0x051c, 0x051c,
-	0x051e, 0x051e,
-	0x0520, 0x0520,
-	0x0522, 0x0522,
-	0x0524, 0x0524,
-	0x0526, 0x0526,
-	0x0528, 0x0528,
-	0x052a, 0x052a,
-	0x052c, 0x052c,
-	0x052e, 0x052e,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
-	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
-	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
-	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
-	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
-	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
-	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
-	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
-	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
-	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
-	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
-	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
-	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
-	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
-	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
-	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
-	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
-	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
-	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
-	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
-	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
-	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
-	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
-	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
-	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
-	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
-	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
-	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
-	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
-	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
-	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
-	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
-	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
-	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
-	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
-	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
-	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
-	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
-	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
-	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
-	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
-	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
-	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
-	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
-	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
-	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
-	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
-	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
-	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
-	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
-	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
-	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
-	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
-	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
-	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
-	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
-	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
-	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
-	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
-	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
-	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
-	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
-	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
-	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
-	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
-	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
-	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
-	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
-	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
-	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
-	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
-	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
-	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
-	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
-	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
-	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
-	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
-	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
-	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
-	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
-	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
-	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
-	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
-	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
-	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
-	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
-	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
-	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
-	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
-	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
-	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
-	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
-	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
-	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
-	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
-	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
-	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
-	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
-	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
-	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
-	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
-	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
-	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
-	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
-	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
-	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
-	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
-	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
-	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
-	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
-	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
-	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
-	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
-	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
-	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
-	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
-	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
-	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
-	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
-	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
-	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
-	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
-	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
-	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
-	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
-	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
-	0x1f88, 0x1f8f,
-	0x1f98, 0x1f9f,
-	0x1fa8, 0x1faf,
-	0x1fb8, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fc8, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff8, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x212a, 0x212b,
-	0x2132, 0x2132,
-	0x2160, 0x216f,
-	0x2183, 0x2183,
-	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
-	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
-	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
-	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
-	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
-	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
-	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
-	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
-	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
-	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
-	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
-	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
-	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
-	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
-	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
-	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
-	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
-	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
-	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
-	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
-	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
-	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
-	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
-	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
-	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
-	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
-	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
-	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
-	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
-	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
-	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
-	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
-	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
-	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
-	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
-	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
-	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
-	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
-	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
-	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
-	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
-	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
-	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
-	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
-	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
-	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
-	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
-	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
-	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
-	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
-	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
-	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
-	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
-	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
-	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
-	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
-	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
-	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
-	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
-	0xa640, 0xa640,
-	0xa642, 0xa642,
-	0xa644, 0xa644,
-	0xa646, 0xa646,
-	0xa648, 0xa648,
-	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
-	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
-	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
-	0xa650, 0xa650,
-	0xa652, 0xa652,
-	0xa654, 0xa654,
-	0xa656, 0xa656,
-	0xa658, 0xa658,
-	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
-	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
-	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
-	0xa660, 0xa660,
-	0xa662, 0xa662,
-	0xa664, 0xa664,
-	0xa666, 0xa666,
-	0xa668, 0xa668,
-	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
-	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
-	0xa680, 0xa680,
-	0xa682, 0xa682,
-	0xa684, 0xa684,
-	0xa686, 0xa686,
-	0xa688, 0xa688,
-	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
-	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
-	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
-	0xa690, 0xa690,
-	0xa692, 0xa692,
-	0xa694, 0xa694,
-	0xa696, 0xa696,
-	0xa698, 0xa698,
-	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
-	0xa722, 0xa722,
-	0xa724, 0xa724,
-	0xa726, 0xa726,
-	0xa728, 0xa728,
-	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
-	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
-	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
-	0xa732, 0xa732,
-	0xa734, 0xa734,
-	0xa736, 0xa736,
-	0xa738, 0xa738,
-	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
-	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
-	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
-	0xa740, 0xa740,
-	0xa742, 0xa742,
-	0xa744, 0xa744,
-	0xa746, 0xa746,
-	0xa748, 0xa748,
-	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
-	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
-	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
-	0xa750, 0xa750,
-	0xa752, 0xa752,
-	0xa754, 0xa754,
-	0xa756, 0xa756,
-	0xa758, 0xa758,
-	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
-	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
-	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
-	0xa760, 0xa760,
-	0xa762, 0xa762,
-	0xa764, 0xa764,
-	0xa766, 0xa766,
-	0xa768, 0xa768,
-	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
-	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
-	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
-	0xa779, 0xa779,
-	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
-	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
-	0xa780, 0xa780,
-	0xa782, 0xa782,
-	0xa784, 0xa784,
-	0xa786, 0xa786,
-	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
-	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
-	0xa790, 0xa790,
-	0xa792, 0xa792,
-	0xa796, 0xa796,
-	0xa798, 0xa798,
-	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
-	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
-	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
-	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
-	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
-	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
-	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
-	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
-	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0x10400, 0x10427,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
-}; /* CR_Changes_When_Lowercased */
-
-/* 'Changes_When_Uppercased': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Uppercased[] = {
-	607,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00df, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
-	0x0101, 0x0101,
-	0x0103, 0x0103,
-	0x0105, 0x0105,
-	0x0107, 0x0107,
-	0x0109, 0x0109,
-	0x010b, 0x010b,
-	0x010d, 0x010d,
-	0x010f, 0x010f,
-	0x0111, 0x0111,
-	0x0113, 0x0113,
-	0x0115, 0x0115,
-	0x0117, 0x0117,
-	0x0119, 0x0119,
-	0x011b, 0x011b,
-	0x011d, 0x011d,
-	0x011f, 0x011f,
-	0x0121, 0x0121,
-	0x0123, 0x0123,
-	0x0125, 0x0125,
-	0x0127, 0x0127,
-	0x0129, 0x0129,
-	0x012b, 0x012b,
-	0x012d, 0x012d,
-	0x012f, 0x012f,
-	0x0131, 0x0131,
-	0x0133, 0x0133,
-	0x0135, 0x0135,
-	0x0137, 0x0137,
-	0x013a, 0x013a,
-	0x013c, 0x013c,
-	0x013e, 0x013e,
-	0x0140, 0x0140,
-	0x0142, 0x0142,
-	0x0144, 0x0144,
-	0x0146, 0x0146,
-	0x0148, 0x0149,
-	0x014b, 0x014b,
-	0x014d, 0x014d,
-	0x014f, 0x014f,
-	0x0151, 0x0151,
-	0x0153, 0x0153,
-	0x0155, 0x0155,
-	0x0157, 0x0157,
-	0x0159, 0x0159,
-	0x015b, 0x015b,
-	0x015d, 0x015d,
-	0x015f, 0x015f,
-	0x0161, 0x0161,
-	0x0163, 0x0163,
-	0x0165, 0x0165,
-	0x0167, 0x0167,
-	0x0169, 0x0169,
-	0x016b, 0x016b,
-	0x016d, 0x016d,
-	0x016f, 0x016f,
-	0x0171, 0x0171,
-	0x0173, 0x0173,
-	0x0175, 0x0175,
-	0x0177, 0x0177,
-	0x017a, 0x017a,
-	0x017c, 0x017c,
-	0x017e, 0x0180,
-	0x0183, 0x0183,
-	0x0185, 0x0185,
-	0x0188, 0x0188,
-	0x018c, 0x018c,
-	0x0192, 0x0192,
-	0x0195, 0x0195,
-	0x0199, 0x019a,
-	0x019e, 0x019e,
-	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
-	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
-	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
-	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
-	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
-	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
-	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
-	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
-	0x01b9, 0x01b9,
-	0x01bd, 0x01bd,
-	0x01bf, 0x01bf,
-	0x01c5, 0x01c6,
-	0x01c8, 0x01c9,
-	0x01cb, 0x01cc,
-	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
-	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
-	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
-	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
-	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
-	0x01d8, 0x01d8,
-	0x01da, 0x01da,
-	0x01dc, 0x01dd,
-	0x01df, 0x01df,
-	0x01e1, 0x01e1,
-	0x01e3, 0x01e3,
-	0x01e5, 0x01e5,
-	0x01e7, 0x01e7,
-	0x01e9, 0x01e9,
-	0x01eb, 0x01eb,
-	0x01ed, 0x01ed,
-	0x01ef, 0x01f0,
-	0x01f2, 0x01f3,
-	0x01f5, 0x01f5,
-	0x01f9, 0x01f9,
-	0x01fb, 0x01fb,
-	0x01fd, 0x01fd,
-	0x01ff, 0x01ff,
-	0x0201, 0x0201,
-	0x0203, 0x0203,
-	0x0205, 0x0205,
-	0x0207, 0x0207,
-	0x0209, 0x0209,
-	0x020b, 0x020b,
-	0x020d, 0x020d,
-	0x020f, 0x020f,
-	0x0211, 0x0211,
-	0x0213, 0x0213,
-	0x0215, 0x0215,
-	0x0217, 0x0217,
-	0x0219, 0x0219,
-	0x021b, 0x021b,
-	0x021d, 0x021d,
-	0x021f, 0x021f,
-	0x0223, 0x0223,
-	0x0225, 0x0225,
-	0x0227, 0x0227,
-	0x0229, 0x0229,
-	0x022b, 0x022b,
-	0x022d, 0x022d,
-	0x022f, 0x022f,
-	0x0231, 0x0231,
-	0x0233, 0x0233,
-	0x023c, 0x023c,
-	0x023f, 0x0240,
-	0x0242, 0x0242,
-	0x0247, 0x0247,
-	0x0249, 0x0249,
-	0x024b, 0x024b,
-	0x024d, 0x024d,
-	0x024f, 0x0254,
-	0x0256, 0x0257,
-	0x0259, 0x0259,
-	0x025b, 0x025c,
-	0x0260, 0x0261,
-	0x0263, 0x0263,
-	0x0265, 0x0266,
-	0x0268, 0x026c,
-	0x026f, 0x026f,
-	0x0271, 0x0272,
-	0x0275, 0x0275,
-	0x027d, 0x027d,
-	0x0280, 0x0280,
-	0x0283, 0x0283,
-	0x0287, 0x028c,
-	0x0292, 0x0292,
-	0x029d, 0x029e,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x0371, 0x0371,
-	0x0373, 0x0373,
-	0x0377, 0x0377,
-	0x037b, 0x037d,
-	0x0390, 0x0390,
-	0x03ac, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d1,
-	0x03d5, 0x03d7,
-	0x03d9, 0x03d9,
-	0x03db, 0x03db,
-	0x03dd, 0x03dd,
-	0x03df, 0x03df,
-	0x03e1, 0x03e1,
-	0x03e3, 0x03e3,
-	0x03e5, 0x03e5,
-	0x03e7, 0x03e7,
-	0x03e9, 0x03e9,
-	0x03eb, 0x03eb,
-	0x03ed, 0x03ed,
-	0x03ef, 0x03f3,
-	0x03f5, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f8, 0x03f8,
-	0x03fb, 0x03fb,
-	0x0430, 0x045f,
-	0x0461, 0x0461,
-	0x0463, 0x0463,
-	0x0465, 0x0465,
-	0x0467, 0x0467,
-	0x0469, 0x0469,
-	0x046b, 0x046b,
-	0x046d, 0x046d,
-	0x046f, 0x046f,
-	0x0471, 0x0471,
-	0x0473, 0x0473,
-	0x0475, 0x0475,
-	0x0477, 0x0477,
-	0x0479, 0x0479,
-	0x047b, 0x047b,
-	0x047d, 0x047d,
-	0x047f, 0x047f,
-	0x0481, 0x0481,
-	0x048b, 0x048b,
-	0x048d, 0x048d,
-	0x048f, 0x048f,
-	0x0491, 0x0491,
-	0x0493, 0x0493,
-	0x0495, 0x0495,
-	0x0497, 0x0497,
-	0x0499, 0x0499,
-	0x049b, 0x049b,
-	0x049d, 0x049d,
-	0x049f, 0x049f,
-	0x04a1, 0x04a1,
-	0x04a3, 0x04a3,
-	0x04a5, 0x04a5,
-	0x04a7, 0x04a7,
-	0x04a9, 0x04a9,
-	0x04ab, 0x04ab,
-	0x04ad, 0x04ad,
-	0x04af, 0x04af,
-	0x04b1, 0x04b1,
-	0x04b3, 0x04b3,
-	0x04b5, 0x04b5,
-	0x04b7, 0x04b7,
-	0x04b9, 0x04b9,
-	0x04bb, 0x04bb,
-	0x04bd, 0x04bd,
-	0x04bf, 0x04bf,
-	0x04c2, 0x04c2,
-	0x04c4, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c6, 0x04c6,
-	0x04c8, 0x04c8,
-	0x04ca, 0x04ca,
-	0x04cc, 0x04cc,
-	0x04ce, 0x04cf,
-	0x04d1, 0x04d1,
-	0x04d3, 0x04d3,
-	0x04d5, 0x04d5,
-	0x04d7, 0x04d7,
-	0x04d9, 0x04d9,
-	0x04db, 0x04db,
-	0x04dd, 0x04dd,
-	0x04df, 0x04df,
-	0x04e1, 0x04e1,
-	0x04e3, 0x04e3,
-	0x04e5, 0x04e5,
-	0x04e7, 0x04e7,
-	0x04e9, 0x04e9,
-	0x04eb, 0x04eb,
-	0x04ed, 0x04ed,
-	0x04ef, 0x04ef,
-	0x04f1, 0x04f1,
-	0x04f3, 0x04f3,
-	0x04f5, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f7, 0x04f7,
-	0x04f9, 0x04f9,
-	0x04fb, 0x04fb,
-	0x04fd, 0x04fd,
-	0x04ff, 0x04ff,
-	0x0501, 0x0501,
-	0x0503, 0x0503,
-	0x0505, 0x0505,
-	0x0507, 0x0507,
-	0x0509, 0x0509,
-	0x050b, 0x050b,
-	0x050d, 0x050d,
-	0x050f, 0x050f,
-	0x0511, 0x0511,
-	0x0513, 0x0513,
-	0x0515, 0x0515,
-	0x0517, 0x0517,
-	0x0519, 0x0519,
-	0x051b, 0x051b,
-	0x051d, 0x051d,
-	0x051f, 0x051f,
-	0x0521, 0x0521,
-	0x0523, 0x0523,
-	0x0525, 0x0525,
-	0x0527, 0x0527,
-	0x0529, 0x0529,
-	0x052b, 0x052b,
-	0x052d, 0x052d,
-	0x052f, 0x052f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1d79, 0x1d79,
-	0x1d7d, 0x1d7d,
-	0x1e01, 0x1e01,
-	0x1e03, 0x1e03,
-	0x1e05, 0x1e05,
-	0x1e07, 0x1e07,
-	0x1e09, 0x1e09,
-	0x1e0b, 0x1e0b,
-	0x1e0d, 0x1e0d,
-	0x1e0f, 0x1e0f,
-	0x1e11, 0x1e11,
-	0x1e13, 0x1e13,
-	0x1e15, 0x1e15,
-	0x1e17, 0x1e17,
-	0x1e19, 0x1e19,
-	0x1e1b, 0x1e1b,
-	0x1e1d, 0x1e1d,
-	0x1e1f, 0x1e1f,
-	0x1e21, 0x1e21,
-	0x1e23, 0x1e23,
-	0x1e25, 0x1e25,
-	0x1e27, 0x1e27,
-	0x1e29, 0x1e29,
-	0x1e2b, 0x1e2b,
-	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
-	0x1e2f, 0x1e2f,
-	0x1e31, 0x1e31,
-	0x1e33, 0x1e33,
-	0x1e35, 0x1e35,
-	0x1e37, 0x1e37,
-	0x1e39, 0x1e39,
-	0x1e3b, 0x1e3b,
-	0x1e3d, 0x1e3d,
-	0x1e3f, 0x1e3f,
-	0x1e41, 0x1e41,
-	0x1e43, 0x1e43,
-	0x1e45, 0x1e45,
-	0x1e47, 0x1e47,
-	0x1e49, 0x1e49,
-	0x1e4b, 0x1e4b,
-	0x1e4d, 0x1e4d,
-	0x1e4f, 0x1e4f,
-	0x1e51, 0x1e51,
-	0x1e53, 0x1e53,
-	0x1e55, 0x1e55,
-	0x1e57, 0x1e57,
-	0x1e59, 0x1e59,
-	0x1e5b, 0x1e5b,
-	0x1e5d, 0x1e5d,
-	0x1e5f, 0x1e5f,
-	0x1e61, 0x1e61,
-	0x1e63, 0x1e63,
-	0x1e65, 0x1e65,
-	0x1e67, 0x1e67,
-	0x1e69, 0x1e69,
-	0x1e6b, 0x1e6b,
-	0x1e6d, 0x1e6d,
-	0x1e6f, 0x1e6f,
-	0x1e71, 0x1e71,
-	0x1e73, 0x1e73,
-	0x1e75, 0x1e75,
-	0x1e77, 0x1e77,
-	0x1e79, 0x1e79,
-	0x1e7b, 0x1e7b,
-	0x1e7d, 0x1e7d,
-	0x1e7f, 0x1e7f,
-	0x1e81, 0x1e81,
-	0x1e83, 0x1e83,
-	0x1e85, 0x1e85,
-	0x1e87, 0x1e87,
-	0x1e89, 0x1e89,
-	0x1e8b, 0x1e8b,
-	0x1e8d, 0x1e8d,
-	0x1e8f, 0x1e8f,
-	0x1e91, 0x1e91,
-	0x1e93, 0x1e93,
-	0x1e95, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea1, 0x1ea1,
-	0x1ea3, 0x1ea3,
-	0x1ea5, 0x1ea5,
-	0x1ea7, 0x1ea7,
-	0x1ea9, 0x1ea9,
-	0x1eab, 0x1eab,
-	0x1ead, 0x1ead,
-	0x1eaf, 0x1eaf,
-	0x1eb1, 0x1eb1,
-	0x1eb3, 0x1eb3,
-	0x1eb5, 0x1eb5,
-	0x1eb7, 0x1eb7,
-	0x1eb9, 0x1eb9,
-	0x1ebb, 0x1ebb,
-	0x1ebd, 0x1ebd,
-	0x1ebf, 0x1ebf,
-	0x1ec1, 0x1ec1,
-	0x1ec3, 0x1ec3,
-	0x1ec5, 0x1ec5,
-	0x1ec7, 0x1ec7,
-	0x1ec9, 0x1ec9,
-	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
-	0x1ecd, 0x1ecd,
-	0x1ecf, 0x1ecf,
-	0x1ed1, 0x1ed1,
-	0x1ed3, 0x1ed3,
-	0x1ed5, 0x1ed5,
-	0x1ed7, 0x1ed7,
-	0x1ed9, 0x1ed9,
-	0x1edb, 0x1edb,
-	0x1edd, 0x1edd,
-	0x1edf, 0x1edf,
-	0x1ee1, 0x1ee1,
-	0x1ee3, 0x1ee3,
-	0x1ee5, 0x1ee5,
-	0x1ee7, 0x1ee7,
-	0x1ee9, 0x1ee9,
-	0x1eeb, 0x1eeb,
-	0x1eed, 0x1eed,
-	0x1eef, 0x1eef,
-	0x1ef1, 0x1ef1,
-	0x1ef3, 0x1ef3,
-	0x1ef5, 0x1ef5,
-	0x1ef7, 0x1ef7,
-	0x1ef9, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1efb, 0x1efb,
-	0x1efd, 0x1efd,
-	0x1eff, 0x1f07,
-	0x1f10, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f27,
-	0x1f30, 0x1f37,
-	0x1f40, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f60, 0x1f67,
-	0x1f70, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fb7,
-	0x1fbc, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fc7,
-	0x1fcc, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fd7,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fe7,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ff7,
-	0x1ffc, 0x1ffc,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2170, 0x217f,
-	0x2184, 0x2184,
-	0x24d0, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c61, 0x2c61,
-	0x2c65, 0x2c66,
-	0x2c68, 0x2c68,
-	0x2c6a, 0x2c6a,
-	0x2c6c, 0x2c6c,
-	0x2c73, 0x2c73,
-	0x2c76, 0x2c76,
-	0x2c81, 0x2c81,
-	0x2c83, 0x2c83,
-	0x2c85, 0x2c85,
-	0x2c87, 0x2c87,
-	0x2c89, 0x2c89,
-	0x2c8b, 0x2c8b,
-	0x2c8d, 0x2c8d,
-	0x2c8f, 0x2c8f,
-	0x2c91, 0x2c91,
-	0x2c93, 0x2c93,
-	0x2c95, 0x2c95,
-	0x2c97, 0x2c97,
-	0x2c99, 0x2c99,
-	0x2c9b, 0x2c9b,
-	0x2c9d, 0x2c9d,
-	0x2c9f, 0x2c9f,
-	0x2ca1, 0x2ca1,
-	0x2ca3, 0x2ca3,
-	0x2ca5, 0x2ca5,
-	0x2ca7, 0x2ca7,
-	0x2ca9, 0x2ca9,
-	0x2cab, 0x2cab,
-	0x2cad, 0x2cad,
-	0x2caf, 0x2caf,
-	0x2cb1, 0x2cb1,
-	0x2cb3, 0x2cb3,
-	0x2cb5, 0x2cb5,
-	0x2cb7, 0x2cb7,
-	0x2cb9, 0x2cb9,
-	0x2cbb, 0x2cbb,
-	0x2cbd, 0x2cbd,
-	0x2cbf, 0x2cbf,
-	0x2cc1, 0x2cc1,
-	0x2cc3, 0x2cc3,
-	0x2cc5, 0x2cc5,
-	0x2cc7, 0x2cc7,
-	0x2cc9, 0x2cc9,
-	0x2ccb, 0x2ccb,
-	0x2ccd, 0x2ccd,
-	0x2ccf, 0x2ccf,
-	0x2cd1, 0x2cd1,
-	0x2cd3, 0x2cd3,
-	0x2cd5, 0x2cd5,
-	0x2cd7, 0x2cd7,
-	0x2cd9, 0x2cd9,
-	0x2cdb, 0x2cdb,
-	0x2cdd, 0x2cdd,
-	0x2cdf, 0x2cdf,
-	0x2ce1, 0x2ce1,
-	0x2ce3, 0x2ce3,
-	0x2cec, 0x2cec,
-	0x2cee, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf3, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0xa641, 0xa641,
-	0xa643, 0xa643,
-	0xa645, 0xa645,
-	0xa647, 0xa647,
-	0xa649, 0xa649,
-	0xa64b, 0xa64b,
-	0xa64d, 0xa64d,
-	0xa64f, 0xa64f,
-	0xa651, 0xa651,
-	0xa653, 0xa653,
-	0xa655, 0xa655,
-	0xa657, 0xa657,
-	0xa659, 0xa659,
-	0xa65b, 0xa65b,
-	0xa65d, 0xa65d,
-	0xa65f, 0xa65f,
-	0xa661, 0xa661,
-	0xa663, 0xa663,
-	0xa665, 0xa665,
-	0xa667, 0xa667,
-	0xa669, 0xa669,
-	0xa66b, 0xa66b,
-	0xa66d, 0xa66d,
-	0xa681, 0xa681,
-	0xa683, 0xa683,
-	0xa685, 0xa685,
-	0xa687, 0xa687,
-	0xa689, 0xa689,
-	0xa68b, 0xa68b,
-	0xa68d, 0xa68d,
-	0xa68f, 0xa68f,
-	0xa691, 0xa691,
-	0xa693, 0xa693,
-	0xa695, 0xa695,
-	0xa697, 0xa697,
-	0xa699, 0xa699,
-	0xa69b, 0xa69b,
-	0xa723, 0xa723,
-	0xa725, 0xa725,
-	0xa727, 0xa727,
-	0xa729, 0xa729,
-	0xa72b, 0xa72b,
-	0xa72d, 0xa72d,
-	0xa72f, 0xa72f,
-	0xa733, 0xa733,
-	0xa735, 0xa735,
-	0xa737, 0xa737,
-	0xa739, 0xa739,
-	0xa73b, 0xa73b,
-	0xa73d, 0xa73d,
-	0xa73f, 0xa73f,
-	0xa741, 0xa741,
-	0xa743, 0xa743,
-	0xa745, 0xa745,
-	0xa747, 0xa747,
-	0xa749, 0xa749,
-	0xa74b, 0xa74b,
-	0xa74d, 0xa74d,
-	0xa74f, 0xa74f,
-	0xa751, 0xa751,
-	0xa753, 0xa753,
-	0xa755, 0xa755,
-	0xa757, 0xa757,
-	0xa759, 0xa759,
-	0xa75b, 0xa75b,
-	0xa75d, 0xa75d,
-	0xa75f, 0xa75f,
-	0xa761, 0xa761,
-	0xa763, 0xa763,
-	0xa765, 0xa765,
-	0xa767, 0xa767,
-	0xa769, 0xa769,
-	0xa76b, 0xa76b,
-	0xa76d, 0xa76d,
-	0xa76f, 0xa76f,
-	0xa77a, 0xa77a,
-	0xa77c, 0xa77c,
-	0xa77f, 0xa77f,
-	0xa781, 0xa781,
-	0xa783, 0xa783,
-	0xa785, 0xa785,
-	0xa787, 0xa787,
-	0xa78c, 0xa78c,
-	0xa791, 0xa791,
-	0xa793, 0xa793,
-	0xa797, 0xa797,
-	0xa799, 0xa799,
-	0xa79b, 0xa79b,
-	0xa79d, 0xa79d,
-	0xa79f, 0xa79f,
-	0xa7a1, 0xa7a1,
-	0xa7a3, 0xa7a3,
-	0xa7a5, 0xa7a5,
-	0xa7a7, 0xa7a7,
-	0xa7a9, 0xa7a9,
-	0xa7b5, 0xa7b5,
-	0xa7b7, 0xa7b7,
-	0xab53, 0xab53,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0x10428, 0x1044f,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x118c0, 0x118df,
-	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
-}; /* CR_Changes_When_Uppercased */
-
-/* 'Changes_When_Titlecased': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Titlecased[] = {
-	608,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00df, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x00ff,
-	0x0101, 0x0101,
-	0x0103, 0x0103,
-	0x0105, 0x0105,
-	0x0107, 0x0107,
-	0x0109, 0x0109,
-	0x010b, 0x010b,
-	0x010d, 0x010d,
-	0x010f, 0x010f,
-	0x0111, 0x0111,
-	0x0113, 0x0113,
-	0x0115, 0x0115,
-	0x0117, 0x0117,
-	0x0119, 0x0119,
-	0x011b, 0x011b,
-	0x011d, 0x011d,
-	0x011f, 0x011f,
-	0x0121, 0x0121,
-	0x0123, 0x0123,
-	0x0125, 0x0125,
-	0x0127, 0x0127,
-	0x0129, 0x0129,
-	0x012b, 0x012b,
-	0x012d, 0x012d,
-	0x012f, 0x012f,
-	0x0131, 0x0131,
-	0x0133, 0x0133,
-	0x0135, 0x0135,
-	0x0137, 0x0137,
-	0x013a, 0x013a,
-	0x013c, 0x013c,
-	0x013e, 0x013e,
-	0x0140, 0x0140,
-	0x0142, 0x0142,
-	0x0144, 0x0144,
-	0x0146, 0x0146,
-	0x0148, 0x0149,
-	0x014b, 0x014b,
-	0x014d, 0x014d,
-	0x014f, 0x014f,
-	0x0151, 0x0151,
-	0x0153, 0x0153,
-	0x0155, 0x0155,
-	0x0157, 0x0157,
-	0x0159, 0x0159,
-	0x015b, 0x015b,
-	0x015d, 0x015d,
-	0x015f, 0x015f,
-	0x0161, 0x0161,
-	0x0163, 0x0163,
-	0x0165, 0x0165,
-	0x0167, 0x0167,
-	0x0169, 0x0169,
-	0x016b, 0x016b,
-	0x016d, 0x016d,
-	0x016f, 0x016f,
-	0x0171, 0x0171,
-	0x0173, 0x0173,
-	0x0175, 0x0175,
-	0x0177, 0x0177,
-	0x017a, 0x017a,
-	0x017c, 0x017c,
-	0x017e, 0x0180,
-	0x0183, 0x0183,
-	0x0185, 0x0185,
-	0x0188, 0x0188,
-	0x018c, 0x018c,
-	0x0192, 0x0192,
-	0x0195, 0x0195,
-	0x0199, 0x019a,
-	0x019e, 0x019e,
-	0x01a1, 0x01a1,
-	0x01a3, 0x01a3,
-	0x01a5, 0x01a5,
-	0x01a8, 0x01a8,
-	0x01ad, 0x01ad,
-	0x01b0, 0x01b0,
-	0x01b4, 0x01b4,
-	0x01b6, 0x01b6,
-	0x01b9, 0x01b9,
-	0x01bd, 0x01bd,
-	0x01bf, 0x01bf,
-	0x01c4, 0x01c4,
-	0x01c6, 0x01c7,
-	0x01c9, 0x01ca,
-	0x01cc, 0x01cc,
-	0x01ce, 0x01ce,
-	0x01d0, 0x01d0,
-	0x01d2, 0x01d2,
-	0x01d4, 0x01d4,
-	0x01d6, 0x01d6,
-	0x01d8, 0x01d8,
-	0x01da, 0x01da,
-	0x01dc, 0x01dd,
-	0x01df, 0x01df,
-	0x01e1, 0x01e1,
-	0x01e3, 0x01e3,
-	0x01e5, 0x01e5,
-	0x01e7, 0x01e7,
-	0x01e9, 0x01e9,
-	0x01eb, 0x01eb,
-	0x01ed, 0x01ed,
-	0x01ef, 0x01f1,
-	0x01f3, 0x01f3,
-	0x01f5, 0x01f5,
-	0x01f9, 0x01f9,
-	0x01fb, 0x01fb,
-	0x01fd, 0x01fd,
-	0x01ff, 0x01ff,
-	0x0201, 0x0201,
-	0x0203, 0x0203,
-	0x0205, 0x0205,
-	0x0207, 0x0207,
-	0x0209, 0x0209,
-	0x020b, 0x020b,
-	0x020d, 0x020d,
-	0x020f, 0x020f,
-	0x0211, 0x0211,
-	0x0213, 0x0213,
-	0x0215, 0x0215,
-	0x0217, 0x0217,
-	0x0219, 0x0219,
-	0x021b, 0x021b,
-	0x021d, 0x021d,
-	0x021f, 0x021f,
-	0x0223, 0x0223,
-	0x0225, 0x0225,
-	0x0227, 0x0227,
-	0x0229, 0x0229,
-	0x022b, 0x022b,
-	0x022d, 0x022d,
-	0x022f, 0x022f,
-	0x0231, 0x0231,
-	0x0233, 0x0233,
-	0x023c, 0x023c,
-	0x023f, 0x0240,
-	0x0242, 0x0242,
-	0x0247, 0x0247,
-	0x0249, 0x0249,
-	0x024b, 0x024b,
-	0x024d, 0x024d,
-	0x024f, 0x0254,
-	0x0256, 0x0257,
-	0x0259, 0x0259,
-	0x025b, 0x025c,
-	0x0260, 0x0261,
-	0x0263, 0x0263,
-	0x0265, 0x0266,
-	0x0268, 0x026c,
-	0x026f, 0x026f,
-	0x0271, 0x0272,
-	0x0275, 0x0275,
-	0x027d, 0x027d,
-	0x0280, 0x0280,
-	0x0283, 0x0283,
-	0x0287, 0x028c,
-	0x0292, 0x0292,
-	0x029d, 0x029e,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x0371, 0x0371,
-	0x0373, 0x0373,
-	0x0377, 0x0377,
-	0x037b, 0x037d,
-	0x0390, 0x0390,
-	0x03ac, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d1,
-	0x03d5, 0x03d7,
-	0x03d9, 0x03d9,
-	0x03db, 0x03db,
-	0x03dd, 0x03dd,
-	0x03df, 0x03df,
-	0x03e1, 0x03e1,
-	0x03e3, 0x03e3,
-	0x03e5, 0x03e5,
-	0x03e7, 0x03e7,
-	0x03e9, 0x03e9,
-	0x03eb, 0x03eb,
-	0x03ed, 0x03ed,
-	0x03ef, 0x03f3,
-	0x03f5, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f8, 0x03f8,
-	0x03fb, 0x03fb,
-	0x0430, 0x045f,
-	0x0461, 0x0461,
-	0x0463, 0x0463,
-	0x0465, 0x0465,
-	0x0467, 0x0467,
-	0x0469, 0x0469,
-	0x046b, 0x046b,
-	0x046d, 0x046d,
-	0x046f, 0x046f,
-	0x0471, 0x0471,
-	0x0473, 0x0473,
-	0x0475, 0x0475,
-	0x0477, 0x0477,
-	0x0479, 0x0479,
-	0x047b, 0x047b,
-	0x047d, 0x047d,
-	0x047f, 0x047f,
-	0x0481, 0x0481,
-	0x048b, 0x048b,
-	0x048d, 0x048d,
-	0x048f, 0x048f,
-	0x0491, 0x0491,
-	0x0493, 0x0493,
-	0x0495, 0x0495,
-	0x0497, 0x0497,
-	0x0499, 0x0499,
-	0x049b, 0x049b,
-	0x049d, 0x049d,
-	0x049f, 0x049f,
-	0x04a1, 0x04a1,
-	0x04a3, 0x04a3,
-	0x04a5, 0x04a5,
-	0x04a7, 0x04a7,
-	0x04a9, 0x04a9,
-	0x04ab, 0x04ab,
-	0x04ad, 0x04ad,
-	0x04af, 0x04af,
-	0x04b1, 0x04b1,
-	0x04b3, 0x04b3,
-	0x04b5, 0x04b5,
-	0x04b7, 0x04b7,
-	0x04b9, 0x04b9,
-	0x04bb, 0x04bb,
-	0x04bd, 0x04bd,
-	0x04bf, 0x04bf,
-	0x04c2, 0x04c2,
-	0x04c4, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c6, 0x04c6,
-	0x04c8, 0x04c8,
-	0x04ca, 0x04ca,
-	0x04cc, 0x04cc,
-	0x04ce, 0x04cf,
-	0x04d1, 0x04d1,
-	0x04d3, 0x04d3,
-	0x04d5, 0x04d5,
-	0x04d7, 0x04d7,
-	0x04d9, 0x04d9,
-	0x04db, 0x04db,
-	0x04dd, 0x04dd,
-	0x04df, 0x04df,
-	0x04e1, 0x04e1,
-	0x04e3, 0x04e3,
-	0x04e5, 0x04e5,
-	0x04e7, 0x04e7,
-	0x04e9, 0x04e9,
-	0x04eb, 0x04eb,
-	0x04ed, 0x04ed,
-	0x04ef, 0x04ef,
-	0x04f1, 0x04f1,
-	0x04f3, 0x04f3,
-	0x04f5, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f7, 0x04f7,
-	0x04f9, 0x04f9,
-	0x04fb, 0x04fb,
-	0x04fd, 0x04fd,
-	0x04ff, 0x04ff,
-	0x0501, 0x0501,
-	0x0503, 0x0503,
-	0x0505, 0x0505,
-	0x0507, 0x0507,
-	0x0509, 0x0509,
-	0x050b, 0x050b,
-	0x050d, 0x050d,
-	0x050f, 0x050f,
-	0x0511, 0x0511,
-	0x0513, 0x0513,
-	0x0515, 0x0515,
-	0x0517, 0x0517,
-	0x0519, 0x0519,
-	0x051b, 0x051b,
-	0x051d, 0x051d,
-	0x051f, 0x051f,
-	0x0521, 0x0521,
-	0x0523, 0x0523,
-	0x0525, 0x0525,
-	0x0527, 0x0527,
-	0x0529, 0x0529,
-	0x052b, 0x052b,
-	0x052d, 0x052d,
-	0x052f, 0x052f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1d79, 0x1d79,
-	0x1d7d, 0x1d7d,
-	0x1e01, 0x1e01,
-	0x1e03, 0x1e03,
-	0x1e05, 0x1e05,
-	0x1e07, 0x1e07,
-	0x1e09, 0x1e09,
-	0x1e0b, 0x1e0b,
-	0x1e0d, 0x1e0d,
-	0x1e0f, 0x1e0f,
-	0x1e11, 0x1e11,
-	0x1e13, 0x1e13,
-	0x1e15, 0x1e15,
-	0x1e17, 0x1e17,
-	0x1e19, 0x1e19,
-	0x1e1b, 0x1e1b,
-	0x1e1d, 0x1e1d,
-	0x1e1f, 0x1e1f,
-	0x1e21, 0x1e21,
-	0x1e23, 0x1e23,
-	0x1e25, 0x1e25,
-	0x1e27, 0x1e27,
-	0x1e29, 0x1e29,
-	0x1e2b, 0x1e2b,
-	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
-	0x1e2f, 0x1e2f,
-	0x1e31, 0x1e31,
-	0x1e33, 0x1e33,
-	0x1e35, 0x1e35,
-	0x1e37, 0x1e37,
-	0x1e39, 0x1e39,
-	0x1e3b, 0x1e3b,
-	0x1e3d, 0x1e3d,
-	0x1e3f, 0x1e3f,
-	0x1e41, 0x1e41,
-	0x1e43, 0x1e43,
-	0x1e45, 0x1e45,
-	0x1e47, 0x1e47,
-	0x1e49, 0x1e49,
-	0x1e4b, 0x1e4b,
-	0x1e4d, 0x1e4d,
-	0x1e4f, 0x1e4f,
-	0x1e51, 0x1e51,
-	0x1e53, 0x1e53,
-	0x1e55, 0x1e55,
-	0x1e57, 0x1e57,
-	0x1e59, 0x1e59,
-	0x1e5b, 0x1e5b,
-	0x1e5d, 0x1e5d,
-	0x1e5f, 0x1e5f,
-	0x1e61, 0x1e61,
-	0x1e63, 0x1e63,
-	0x1e65, 0x1e65,
-	0x1e67, 0x1e67,
-	0x1e69, 0x1e69,
-	0x1e6b, 0x1e6b,
-	0x1e6d, 0x1e6d,
-	0x1e6f, 0x1e6f,
-	0x1e71, 0x1e71,
-	0x1e73, 0x1e73,
-	0x1e75, 0x1e75,
-	0x1e77, 0x1e77,
-	0x1e79, 0x1e79,
-	0x1e7b, 0x1e7b,
-	0x1e7d, 0x1e7d,
-	0x1e7f, 0x1e7f,
-	0x1e81, 0x1e81,
-	0x1e83, 0x1e83,
-	0x1e85, 0x1e85,
-	0x1e87, 0x1e87,
-	0x1e89, 0x1e89,
-	0x1e8b, 0x1e8b,
-	0x1e8d, 0x1e8d,
-	0x1e8f, 0x1e8f,
-	0x1e91, 0x1e91,
-	0x1e93, 0x1e93,
-	0x1e95, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea1, 0x1ea1,
-	0x1ea3, 0x1ea3,
-	0x1ea5, 0x1ea5,
-	0x1ea7, 0x1ea7,
-	0x1ea9, 0x1ea9,
-	0x1eab, 0x1eab,
-	0x1ead, 0x1ead,
-	0x1eaf, 0x1eaf,
-	0x1eb1, 0x1eb1,
-	0x1eb3, 0x1eb3,
-	0x1eb5, 0x1eb5,
-	0x1eb7, 0x1eb7,
-	0x1eb9, 0x1eb9,
-	0x1ebb, 0x1ebb,
-	0x1ebd, 0x1ebd,
-	0x1ebf, 0x1ebf,
-	0x1ec1, 0x1ec1,
-	0x1ec3, 0x1ec3,
-	0x1ec5, 0x1ec5,
-	0x1ec7, 0x1ec7,
-	0x1ec9, 0x1ec9,
-	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
-	0x1ecd, 0x1ecd,
-	0x1ecf, 0x1ecf,
-	0x1ed1, 0x1ed1,
-	0x1ed3, 0x1ed3,
-	0x1ed5, 0x1ed5,
-	0x1ed7, 0x1ed7,
-	0x1ed9, 0x1ed9,
-	0x1edb, 0x1edb,
-	0x1edd, 0x1edd,
-	0x1edf, 0x1edf,
-	0x1ee1, 0x1ee1,
-	0x1ee3, 0x1ee3,
-	0x1ee5, 0x1ee5,
-	0x1ee7, 0x1ee7,
-	0x1ee9, 0x1ee9,
-	0x1eeb, 0x1eeb,
-	0x1eed, 0x1eed,
-	0x1eef, 0x1eef,
-	0x1ef1, 0x1ef1,
-	0x1ef3, 0x1ef3,
-	0x1ef5, 0x1ef5,
-	0x1ef7, 0x1ef7,
-	0x1ef9, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1efb, 0x1efb,
-	0x1efd, 0x1efd,
-	0x1eff, 0x1f07,
-	0x1f10, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f27,
-	0x1f30, 0x1f37,
-	0x1f40, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f60, 0x1f67,
-	0x1f70, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1f87,
-	0x1f90, 0x1f97,
-	0x1fa0, 0x1fa7,
-	0x1fb0, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fb7,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fc7,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fd7,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fe7,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ff7,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2170, 0x217f,
-	0x2184, 0x2184,
-	0x24d0, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c61, 0x2c61,
-	0x2c65, 0x2c66,
-	0x2c68, 0x2c68,
-	0x2c6a, 0x2c6a,
-	0x2c6c, 0x2c6c,
-	0x2c73, 0x2c73,
-	0x2c76, 0x2c76,
-	0x2c81, 0x2c81,
-	0x2c83, 0x2c83,
-	0x2c85, 0x2c85,
-	0x2c87, 0x2c87,
-	0x2c89, 0x2c89,
-	0x2c8b, 0x2c8b,
-	0x2c8d, 0x2c8d,
-	0x2c8f, 0x2c8f,
-	0x2c91, 0x2c91,
-	0x2c93, 0x2c93,
-	0x2c95, 0x2c95,
-	0x2c97, 0x2c97,
-	0x2c99, 0x2c99,
-	0x2c9b, 0x2c9b,
-	0x2c9d, 0x2c9d,
-	0x2c9f, 0x2c9f,
-	0x2ca1, 0x2ca1,
-	0x2ca3, 0x2ca3,
-	0x2ca5, 0x2ca5,
-	0x2ca7, 0x2ca7,
-	0x2ca9, 0x2ca9,
-	0x2cab, 0x2cab,
-	0x2cad, 0x2cad,
-	0x2caf, 0x2caf,
-	0x2cb1, 0x2cb1,
-	0x2cb3, 0x2cb3,
-	0x2cb5, 0x2cb5,
-	0x2cb7, 0x2cb7,
-	0x2cb9, 0x2cb9,
-	0x2cbb, 0x2cbb,
-	0x2cbd, 0x2cbd,
-	0x2cbf, 0x2cbf,
-	0x2cc1, 0x2cc1,
-	0x2cc3, 0x2cc3,
-	0x2cc5, 0x2cc5,
-	0x2cc7, 0x2cc7,
-	0x2cc9, 0x2cc9,
-	0x2ccb, 0x2ccb,
-	0x2ccd, 0x2ccd,
-	0x2ccf, 0x2ccf,
-	0x2cd1, 0x2cd1,
-	0x2cd3, 0x2cd3,
-	0x2cd5, 0x2cd5,
-	0x2cd7, 0x2cd7,
-	0x2cd9, 0x2cd9,
-	0x2cdb, 0x2cdb,
-	0x2cdd, 0x2cdd,
-	0x2cdf, 0x2cdf,
-	0x2ce1, 0x2ce1,
-	0x2ce3, 0x2ce3,
-	0x2cec, 0x2cec,
-	0x2cee, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf3, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0xa641, 0xa641,
-	0xa643, 0xa643,
-	0xa645, 0xa645,
-	0xa647, 0xa647,
-	0xa649, 0xa649,
-	0xa64b, 0xa64b,
-	0xa64d, 0xa64d,
-	0xa64f, 0xa64f,
-	0xa651, 0xa651,
-	0xa653, 0xa653,
-	0xa655, 0xa655,
-	0xa657, 0xa657,
-	0xa659, 0xa659,
-	0xa65b, 0xa65b,
-	0xa65d, 0xa65d,
-	0xa65f, 0xa65f,
-	0xa661, 0xa661,
-	0xa663, 0xa663,
-	0xa665, 0xa665,
-	0xa667, 0xa667,
-	0xa669, 0xa669,
-	0xa66b, 0xa66b,
-	0xa66d, 0xa66d,
-	0xa681, 0xa681,
-	0xa683, 0xa683,
-	0xa685, 0xa685,
-	0xa687, 0xa687,
-	0xa689, 0xa689,
-	0xa68b, 0xa68b,
-	0xa68d, 0xa68d,
-	0xa68f, 0xa68f,
-	0xa691, 0xa691,
-	0xa693, 0xa693,
-	0xa695, 0xa695,
-	0xa697, 0xa697,
-	0xa699, 0xa699,
-	0xa69b, 0xa69b,
-	0xa723, 0xa723,
-	0xa725, 0xa725,
-	0xa727, 0xa727,
-	0xa729, 0xa729,
-	0xa72b, 0xa72b,
-	0xa72d, 0xa72d,
-	0xa72f, 0xa72f,
-	0xa733, 0xa733,
-	0xa735, 0xa735,
-	0xa737, 0xa737,
-	0xa739, 0xa739,
-	0xa73b, 0xa73b,
-	0xa73d, 0xa73d,
-	0xa73f, 0xa73f,
-	0xa741, 0xa741,
-	0xa743, 0xa743,
-	0xa745, 0xa745,
-	0xa747, 0xa747,
-	0xa749, 0xa749,
-	0xa74b, 0xa74b,
-	0xa74d, 0xa74d,
-	0xa74f, 0xa74f,
-	0xa751, 0xa751,
-	0xa753, 0xa753,
-	0xa755, 0xa755,
-	0xa757, 0xa757,
-	0xa759, 0xa759,
-	0xa75b, 0xa75b,
-	0xa75d, 0xa75d,
-	0xa75f, 0xa75f,
-	0xa761, 0xa761,
-	0xa763, 0xa763,
-	0xa765, 0xa765,
-	0xa767, 0xa767,
-	0xa769, 0xa769,
-	0xa76b, 0xa76b,
-	0xa76d, 0xa76d,
-	0xa76f, 0xa76f,
-	0xa77a, 0xa77a,
-	0xa77c, 0xa77c,
-	0xa77f, 0xa77f,
-	0xa781, 0xa781,
-	0xa783, 0xa783,
-	0xa785, 0xa785,
-	0xa787, 0xa787,
-	0xa78c, 0xa78c,
-	0xa791, 0xa791,
-	0xa793, 0xa793,
-	0xa797, 0xa797,
-	0xa799, 0xa799,
-	0xa79b, 0xa79b,
-	0xa79d, 0xa79d,
-	0xa79f, 0xa79f,
-	0xa7a1, 0xa7a1,
-	0xa7a3, 0xa7a3,
-	0xa7a5, 0xa7a5,
-	0xa7a7, 0xa7a7,
-	0xa7a9, 0xa7a9,
-	0xa7b5, 0xa7b5,
-	0xa7b7, 0xa7b7,
-	0xab53, 0xab53,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0x10428, 0x1044f,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x118c0, 0x118df,
-	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
-}; /* CR_Changes_When_Titlecased */
-
-/* 'Changes_When_Casefolded': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casefolded[] = {
-	603,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00df,
-	0x0100, 0x0100,
-	0x0102, 0x0102,
-	0x0104, 0x0104,
-	0x0106, 0x0106,
-	0x0108, 0x0108,
-	0x010a, 0x010a,
-	0x010c, 0x010c,
-	0x010e, 0x010e,
-	0x0110, 0x0110,
-	0x0112, 0x0112,
-	0x0114, 0x0114,
-	0x0116, 0x0116,
-	0x0118, 0x0118,
-	0x011a, 0x011a,
-	0x011c, 0x011c,
-	0x011e, 0x011e,
-	0x0120, 0x0120,
-	0x0122, 0x0122,
-	0x0124, 0x0124,
-	0x0126, 0x0126,
-	0x0128, 0x0128,
-	0x012a, 0x012a,
-	0x012c, 0x012c,
-	0x012e, 0x012e,
-	0x0130, 0x0130,
-	0x0132, 0x0132,
-	0x0134, 0x0134,
-	0x0136, 0x0136,
-	0x0139, 0x0139,
-	0x013b, 0x013b,
-	0x013d, 0x013d,
-	0x013f, 0x013f,
-	0x0141, 0x0141,
-	0x0143, 0x0143,
-	0x0145, 0x0145,
-	0x0147, 0x0147,
-	0x0149, 0x014a,
-	0x014c, 0x014c,
-	0x014e, 0x014e,
-	0x0150, 0x0150,
-	0x0152, 0x0152,
-	0x0154, 0x0154,
-	0x0156, 0x0156,
-	0x0158, 0x0158,
-	0x015a, 0x015a,
-	0x015c, 0x015c,
-	0x015e, 0x015e,
-	0x0160, 0x0160,
-	0x0162, 0x0162,
-	0x0164, 0x0164,
-	0x0166, 0x0166,
-	0x0168, 0x0168,
-	0x016a, 0x016a,
-	0x016c, 0x016c,
-	0x016e, 0x016e,
-	0x0170, 0x0170,
-	0x0172, 0x0172,
-	0x0174, 0x0174,
-	0x0176, 0x0176,
-	0x0178, 0x0179,
-	0x017b, 0x017b,
-	0x017d, 0x017d,
-	0x017f, 0x017f,
-	0x0181, 0x0182,
-	0x0184, 0x0184,
-	0x0186, 0x0187,
-	0x0189, 0x018b,
-	0x018e, 0x0191,
-	0x0193, 0x0194,
-	0x0196, 0x0198,
-	0x019c, 0x019d,
-	0x019f, 0x01a0,
-	0x01a2, 0x01a2,
-	0x01a4, 0x01a4,
-	0x01a6, 0x01a7,
-	0x01a9, 0x01a9,
-	0x01ac, 0x01ac,
-	0x01ae, 0x01af,
-	0x01b1, 0x01b3,
-	0x01b5, 0x01b5,
-	0x01b7, 0x01b8,
-	0x01bc, 0x01bc,
-	0x01c4, 0x01c5,
-	0x01c7, 0x01c8,
-	0x01ca, 0x01cb,
-	0x01cd, 0x01cd,
-	0x01cf, 0x01cf,
-	0x01d1, 0x01d1,
-	0x01d3, 0x01d3,
-	0x01d5, 0x01d5,
-	0x01d7, 0x01d7,
-	0x01d9, 0x01d9,
-	0x01db, 0x01db,
-	0x01de, 0x01de,
-	0x01e0, 0x01e0,
-	0x01e2, 0x01e2,
-	0x01e4, 0x01e4,
-	0x01e6, 0x01e6,
-	0x01e8, 0x01e8,
-	0x01ea, 0x01ea,
-	0x01ec, 0x01ec,
-	0x01ee, 0x01ee,
-	0x01f1, 0x01f2,
-	0x01f4, 0x01f4,
-	0x01f6, 0x01f8,
-	0x01fa, 0x01fa,
-	0x01fc, 0x01fc,
-	0x01fe, 0x01fe,
-	0x0200, 0x0200,
-	0x0202, 0x0202,
-	0x0204, 0x0204,
-	0x0206, 0x0206,
-	0x0208, 0x0208,
-	0x020a, 0x020a,
-	0x020c, 0x020c,
-	0x020e, 0x020e,
-	0x0210, 0x0210,
-	0x0212, 0x0212,
-	0x0214, 0x0214,
-	0x0216, 0x0216,
-	0x0218, 0x0218,
-	0x021a, 0x021a,
-	0x021c, 0x021c,
-	0x021e, 0x021e,
-	0x0220, 0x0220,
-	0x0222, 0x0222,
-	0x0224, 0x0224,
-	0x0226, 0x0226,
-	0x0228, 0x0228,
-	0x022a, 0x022a,
-	0x022c, 0x022c,
-	0x022e, 0x022e,
-	0x0230, 0x0230,
-	0x0232, 0x0232,
-	0x023a, 0x023b,
-	0x023d, 0x023e,
-	0x0241, 0x0241,
-	0x0243, 0x0246,
-	0x0248, 0x0248,
-	0x024a, 0x024a,
-	0x024c, 0x024c,
-	0x024e, 0x024e,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x0370, 0x0370,
-	0x0372, 0x0372,
-	0x0376, 0x0376,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x038f,
-	0x0391, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ab,
-	0x03c2, 0x03c2,
-	0x03cf, 0x03d1,
-	0x03d5, 0x03d6,
-	0x03d8, 0x03d8,
-	0x03da, 0x03da,
-	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
-	0x03de, 0x03de,
-	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
-	0x03e2, 0x03e2,
-	0x03e4, 0x03e4,
-	0x03e6, 0x03e6,
-	0x03e8, 0x03e8,
-	0x03ea, 0x03ea,
-	0x03ec, 0x03ec,
-	0x03ee, 0x03ee,
-	0x03f0, 0x03f1,
-	0x03f4, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x03f7,
-	0x03f9, 0x03fa,
-	0x03fd, 0x042f,
-	0x0460, 0x0460,
-	0x0462, 0x0462,
-	0x0464, 0x0464,
-	0x0466, 0x0466,
-	0x0468, 0x0468,
-	0x046a, 0x046a,
-	0x046c, 0x046c,
-	0x046e, 0x046e,
-	0x0470, 0x0470,
-	0x0472, 0x0472,
-	0x0474, 0x0474,
-	0x0476, 0x0476,
-	0x0478, 0x0478,
-	0x047a, 0x047a,
-	0x047c, 0x047c,
-	0x047e, 0x047e,
-	0x0480, 0x0480,
-	0x048a, 0x048a,
-	0x048c, 0x048c,
-	0x048e, 0x048e,
-	0x0490, 0x0490,
-	0x0492, 0x0492,
-	0x0494, 0x0494,
-	0x0496, 0x0496,
-	0x0498, 0x0498,
-	0x049a, 0x049a,
-	0x049c, 0x049c,
-	0x049e, 0x049e,
-	0x04a0, 0x04a0,
-	0x04a2, 0x04a2,
-	0x04a4, 0x04a4,
-	0x04a6, 0x04a6,
-	0x04a8, 0x04a8,
-	0x04aa, 0x04aa,
-	0x04ac, 0x04ac,
-	0x04ae, 0x04ae,
-	0x04b0, 0x04b0,
-	0x04b2, 0x04b2,
-	0x04b4, 0x04b4,
-	0x04b6, 0x04b6,
-	0x04b8, 0x04b8,
-	0x04ba, 0x04ba,
-	0x04bc, 0x04bc,
-	0x04be, 0x04be,
-	0x04c0, 0x04c1,
-	0x04c3, 0x04c3,
-	0x04c5, 0x04c5,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c7,
-	0x04c9, 0x04c9,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cb,
-	0x04cd, 0x04cd,
-	0x04d0, 0x04d0,
-	0x04d2, 0x04d2,
-	0x04d4, 0x04d4,
-	0x04d6, 0x04d6,
-	0x04d8, 0x04d8,
-	0x04da, 0x04da,
-	0x04dc, 0x04dc,
-	0x04de, 0x04de,
-	0x04e0, 0x04e0,
-	0x04e2, 0x04e2,
-	0x04e4, 0x04e4,
-	0x04e6, 0x04e6,
-	0x04e8, 0x04e8,
-	0x04ea, 0x04ea,
-	0x04ec, 0x04ec,
-	0x04ee, 0x04ee,
-	0x04f0, 0x04f0,
-	0x04f2, 0x04f2,
-	0x04f4, 0x04f4,
-	0x04f6, 0x04f6,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f8,
-	0x04fa, 0x04fa,
-	0x04fc, 0x04fc,
-	0x04fe, 0x04fe,
-	0x0500, 0x0500,
-	0x0502, 0x0502,
-	0x0504, 0x0504,
-	0x0506, 0x0506,
-	0x0508, 0x0508,
-	0x050a, 0x050a,
-	0x050c, 0x050c,
-	0x050e, 0x050e,
-	0x0510, 0x0510,
-	0x0512, 0x0512,
-	0x0514, 0x0514,
-	0x0516, 0x0516,
-	0x0518, 0x0518,
-	0x051a, 0x051a,
-	0x051c, 0x051c,
-	0x051e, 0x051e,
-	0x0520, 0x0520,
-	0x0522, 0x0522,
-	0x0524, 0x0524,
-	0x0526, 0x0526,
-	0x0528, 0x0528,
-	0x052a, 0x052a,
-	0x052c, 0x052c,
-	0x052e, 0x052e,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0587, 0x0587,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e00,
-	0x1e02, 0x1e02,
-	0x1e04, 0x1e04,
-	0x1e06, 0x1e06,
-	0x1e08, 0x1e08,
-	0x1e0a, 0x1e0a,
-	0x1e0c, 0x1e0c,
-	0x1e0e, 0x1e0e,
-	0x1e10, 0x1e10,
-	0x1e12, 0x1e12,
-	0x1e14, 0x1e14,
-	0x1e16, 0x1e16,
-	0x1e18, 0x1e18,
-	0x1e1a, 0x1e1a,
-	0x1e1c, 0x1e1c,
-	0x1e1e, 0x1e1e,
-	0x1e20, 0x1e20,
-	0x1e22, 0x1e22,
-	0x1e24, 0x1e24,
-	0x1e26, 0x1e26,
-	0x1e28, 0x1e28,
-	0x1e2a, 0x1e2a,
-	0x1e2c, 0x1e2c,
-	0x1e2e, 0x1e2e,
-	0x1e30, 0x1e30,
-	0x1e32, 0x1e32,
-	0x1e34, 0x1e34,
-	0x1e36, 0x1e36,
-	0x1e38, 0x1e38,
-	0x1e3a, 0x1e3a,
-	0x1e3c, 0x1e3c,
-	0x1e3e, 0x1e3e,
-	0x1e40, 0x1e40,
-	0x1e42, 0x1e42,
-	0x1e44, 0x1e44,
-	0x1e46, 0x1e46,
-	0x1e48, 0x1e48,
-	0x1e4a, 0x1e4a,
-	0x1e4c, 0x1e4c,
-	0x1e4e, 0x1e4e,
-	0x1e50, 0x1e50,
-	0x1e52, 0x1e52,
-	0x1e54, 0x1e54,
-	0x1e56, 0x1e56,
-	0x1e58, 0x1e58,
-	0x1e5a, 0x1e5a,
-	0x1e5c, 0x1e5c,
-	0x1e5e, 0x1e5e,
-	0x1e60, 0x1e60,
-	0x1e62, 0x1e62,
-	0x1e64, 0x1e64,
-	0x1e66, 0x1e66,
-	0x1e68, 0x1e68,
-	0x1e6a, 0x1e6a,
-	0x1e6c, 0x1e6c,
-	0x1e6e, 0x1e6e,
-	0x1e70, 0x1e70,
-	0x1e72, 0x1e72,
-	0x1e74, 0x1e74,
-	0x1e76, 0x1e76,
-	0x1e78, 0x1e78,
-	0x1e7a, 0x1e7a,
-	0x1e7c, 0x1e7c,
-	0x1e7e, 0x1e7e,
-	0x1e80, 0x1e80,
-	0x1e82, 0x1e82,
-	0x1e84, 0x1e84,
-	0x1e86, 0x1e86,
-	0x1e88, 0x1e88,
-	0x1e8a, 0x1e8a,
-	0x1e8c, 0x1e8c,
-	0x1e8e, 0x1e8e,
-	0x1e90, 0x1e90,
-	0x1e92, 0x1e92,
-	0x1e94, 0x1e94,
-	0x1e9a, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ea0,
-	0x1ea2, 0x1ea2,
-	0x1ea4, 0x1ea4,
-	0x1ea6, 0x1ea6,
-	0x1ea8, 0x1ea8,
-	0x1eaa, 0x1eaa,
-	0x1eac, 0x1eac,
-	0x1eae, 0x1eae,
-	0x1eb0, 0x1eb0,
-	0x1eb2, 0x1eb2,
-	0x1eb4, 0x1eb4,
-	0x1eb6, 0x1eb6,
-	0x1eb8, 0x1eb8,
-	0x1eba, 0x1eba,
-	0x1ebc, 0x1ebc,
-	0x1ebe, 0x1ebe,
-	0x1ec0, 0x1ec0,
-	0x1ec2, 0x1ec2,
-	0x1ec4, 0x1ec4,
-	0x1ec6, 0x1ec6,
-	0x1ec8, 0x1ec8,
-	0x1eca, 0x1eca,
-	0x1ecc, 0x1ecc,
-	0x1ece, 0x1ece,
-	0x1ed0, 0x1ed0,
-	0x1ed2, 0x1ed2,
-	0x1ed4, 0x1ed4,
-	0x1ed6, 0x1ed6,
-	0x1ed8, 0x1ed8,
-	0x1eda, 0x1eda,
-	0x1edc, 0x1edc,
-	0x1ede, 0x1ede,
-	0x1ee0, 0x1ee0,
-	0x1ee2, 0x1ee2,
-	0x1ee4, 0x1ee4,
-	0x1ee6, 0x1ee6,
-	0x1ee8, 0x1ee8,
-	0x1eea, 0x1eea,
-	0x1eec, 0x1eec,
-	0x1eee, 0x1eee,
-	0x1ef0, 0x1ef0,
-	0x1ef2, 0x1ef2,
-	0x1ef4, 0x1ef4,
-	0x1ef6, 0x1ef6,
-	0x1ef8, 0x1ef8,
-	0x1efa, 0x1efa,
-	0x1efc, 0x1efc,
-	0x1efe, 0x1efe,
-	0x1f08, 0x1f0f,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f28, 0x1f2f,
-	0x1f38, 0x1f3f,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f5f,
-	0x1f68, 0x1f6f,
-	0x1f80, 0x1faf,
-	0x1fb2, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb7, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc7, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd8, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe8, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff7, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x212a, 0x212b,
-	0x2132, 0x2132,
-	0x2160, 0x216f,
-	0x2183, 0x2183,
-	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c60,
-	0x2c62, 0x2c64,
-	0x2c67, 0x2c67,
-	0x2c69, 0x2c69,
-	0x2c6b, 0x2c6b,
-	0x2c6d, 0x2c70,
-	0x2c72, 0x2c72,
-	0x2c75, 0x2c75,
-	0x2c7e, 0x2c80,
-	0x2c82, 0x2c82,
-	0x2c84, 0x2c84,
-	0x2c86, 0x2c86,
-	0x2c88, 0x2c88,
-	0x2c8a, 0x2c8a,
-	0x2c8c, 0x2c8c,
-	0x2c8e, 0x2c8e,
-	0x2c90, 0x2c90,
-	0x2c92, 0x2c92,
-	0x2c94, 0x2c94,
-	0x2c96, 0x2c96,
-	0x2c98, 0x2c98,
-	0x2c9a, 0x2c9a,
-	0x2c9c, 0x2c9c,
-	0x2c9e, 0x2c9e,
-	0x2ca0, 0x2ca0,
-	0x2ca2, 0x2ca2,
-	0x2ca4, 0x2ca4,
-	0x2ca6, 0x2ca6,
-	0x2ca8, 0x2ca8,
-	0x2caa, 0x2caa,
-	0x2cac, 0x2cac,
-	0x2cae, 0x2cae,
-	0x2cb0, 0x2cb0,
-	0x2cb2, 0x2cb2,
-	0x2cb4, 0x2cb4,
-	0x2cb6, 0x2cb6,
-	0x2cb8, 0x2cb8,
-	0x2cba, 0x2cba,
-	0x2cbc, 0x2cbc,
-	0x2cbe, 0x2cbe,
-	0x2cc0, 0x2cc0,
-	0x2cc2, 0x2cc2,
-	0x2cc4, 0x2cc4,
-	0x2cc6, 0x2cc6,
-	0x2cc8, 0x2cc8,
-	0x2cca, 0x2cca,
-	0x2ccc, 0x2ccc,
-	0x2cce, 0x2cce,
-	0x2cd0, 0x2cd0,
-	0x2cd2, 0x2cd2,
-	0x2cd4, 0x2cd4,
-	0x2cd6, 0x2cd6,
-	0x2cd8, 0x2cd8,
-	0x2cda, 0x2cda,
-	0x2cdc, 0x2cdc,
-	0x2cde, 0x2cde,
-	0x2ce0, 0x2ce0,
-	0x2ce2, 0x2ce2,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2ceb,
-	0x2ced, 0x2ced,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf2,
-	0xa640, 0xa640,
-	0xa642, 0xa642,
-	0xa644, 0xa644,
-	0xa646, 0xa646,
-	0xa648, 0xa648,
-	0xa64a, 0xa64a,
-	0xa64c, 0xa64c,
-	0xa64e, 0xa64e,
-	0xa650, 0xa650,
-	0xa652, 0xa652,
-	0xa654, 0xa654,
-	0xa656, 0xa656,
-	0xa658, 0xa658,
-	0xa65a, 0xa65a,
-	0xa65c, 0xa65c,
-	0xa65e, 0xa65e,
-	0xa660, 0xa660,
-	0xa662, 0xa662,
-	0xa664, 0xa664,
-	0xa666, 0xa666,
-	0xa668, 0xa668,
-	0xa66a, 0xa66a,
-	0xa66c, 0xa66c,
-	0xa680, 0xa680,
-	0xa682, 0xa682,
-	0xa684, 0xa684,
-	0xa686, 0xa686,
-	0xa688, 0xa688,
-	0xa68a, 0xa68a,
-	0xa68c, 0xa68c,
-	0xa68e, 0xa68e,
-	0xa690, 0xa690,
-	0xa692, 0xa692,
-	0xa694, 0xa694,
-	0xa696, 0xa696,
-	0xa698, 0xa698,
-	0xa69a, 0xa69a,
-	0xa722, 0xa722,
-	0xa724, 0xa724,
-	0xa726, 0xa726,
-	0xa728, 0xa728,
-	0xa72a, 0xa72a,
-	0xa72c, 0xa72c,
-	0xa72e, 0xa72e,
-	0xa732, 0xa732,
-	0xa734, 0xa734,
-	0xa736, 0xa736,
-	0xa738, 0xa738,
-	0xa73a, 0xa73a,
-	0xa73c, 0xa73c,
-	0xa73e, 0xa73e,
-	0xa740, 0xa740,
-	0xa742, 0xa742,
-	0xa744, 0xa744,
-	0xa746, 0xa746,
-	0xa748, 0xa748,
-	0xa74a, 0xa74a,
-	0xa74c, 0xa74c,
-	0xa74e, 0xa74e,
-	0xa750, 0xa750,
-	0xa752, 0xa752,
-	0xa754, 0xa754,
-	0xa756, 0xa756,
-	0xa758, 0xa758,
-	0xa75a, 0xa75a,
-	0xa75c, 0xa75c,
-	0xa75e, 0xa75e,
-	0xa760, 0xa760,
-	0xa762, 0xa762,
-	0xa764, 0xa764,
-	0xa766, 0xa766,
-	0xa768, 0xa768,
-	0xa76a, 0xa76a,
-	0xa76c, 0xa76c,
-	0xa76e, 0xa76e,
-	0xa779, 0xa779,
-	0xa77b, 0xa77b,
-	0xa77d, 0xa77e,
-	0xa780, 0xa780,
-	0xa782, 0xa782,
-	0xa784, 0xa784,
-	0xa786, 0xa786,
-	0xa78b, 0xa78b,
-	0xa78d, 0xa78d,
-	0xa790, 0xa790,
-	0xa792, 0xa792,
-	0xa796, 0xa796,
-	0xa798, 0xa798,
-	0xa79a, 0xa79a,
-	0xa79c, 0xa79c,
-	0xa79e, 0xa79e,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7a0,
-	0xa7a2, 0xa7a2,
-	0xa7a4, 0xa7a4,
-	0xa7a6, 0xa7a6,
-	0xa7a8, 0xa7a8,
-	0xa7aa, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b4,
-	0xa7b6, 0xa7b6,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0x10400, 0x10427,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118bf,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e921,
-}; /* CR_Changes_When_Casefolded */
-
-/* 'Changes_When_Casemapped': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casemapped[] = {
-	116,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x0137,
-	0x0139, 0x018c,
-	0x018e, 0x019a,
-	0x019c, 0x01a9,
-	0x01ac, 0x01b9,
-	0x01bc, 0x01bd,
-	0x01bf, 0x01bf,
-	0x01c4, 0x0220,
-	0x0222, 0x0233,
-	0x023a, 0x0254,
-	0x0256, 0x0257,
-	0x0259, 0x0259,
-	0x025b, 0x025c,
-	0x0260, 0x0261,
-	0x0263, 0x0263,
-	0x0265, 0x0266,
-	0x0268, 0x026c,
-	0x026f, 0x026f,
-	0x0271, 0x0272,
-	0x0275, 0x0275,
-	0x027d, 0x027d,
-	0x0280, 0x0280,
-	0x0283, 0x0283,
-	0x0287, 0x028c,
-	0x0292, 0x0292,
-	0x029d, 0x029e,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x0370, 0x0373,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037b, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03d1,
-	0x03d5, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x03fb,
-	0x03fd, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1d79, 0x1d79,
-	0x1d7d, 0x1d7d,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1e9e, 0x1e9e,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x212a, 0x212b,
-	0x2132, 0x2132,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x217f,
-	0x2183, 0x2184,
-	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c70,
-	0x2c72, 0x2c73,
-	0x2c75, 0x2c76,
-	0x2c7e, 0x2ce3,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0xa640, 0xa66d,
-	0xa680, 0xa69b,
-	0xa722, 0xa72f,
-	0xa732, 0xa76f,
-	0xa779, 0xa787,
-	0xa78b, 0xa78d,
-	0xa790, 0xa793,
-	0xa796, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xab53, 0xab53,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0x10400, 0x1044f,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118df,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-}; /* CR_Changes_When_Casemapped */
-
-/* 'ID_Start': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
-	571,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0370, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0620, 0x064a,
-	0x066e, 0x066f,
-	0x0671, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
-	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
-	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
-	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x0710,
-	0x0712, 0x072f,
-	0x074d, 0x07a5,
-	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
-	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
-	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x0815,
-	0x081a, 0x081a,
-	0x0824, 0x0824,
-	0x0828, 0x0828,
-	0x0840, 0x0858,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x0904, 0x0939,
-	0x093d, 0x093d,
-	0x0950, 0x0950,
-	0x0958, 0x0961,
-	0x0971, 0x0980,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
-	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e1,
-	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
-	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb0,
-	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
-	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
-	0x1000, 0x102a,
-	0x103f, 0x103f,
-	0x1050, 0x1055,
-	0x105a, 0x105d,
-	0x1061, 0x1061,
-	0x1065, 0x1066,
-	0x106e, 0x1070,
-	0x1075, 0x1081,
-	0x108e, 0x108e,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1711,
-	0x1720, 0x1731,
-	0x1740, 0x1751,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1780, 0x17b3,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a8,
-	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1950, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
-	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
-	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
-	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
-	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf1,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2118, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x3005, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x3038, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309b, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa61f,
-	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66e,
-	0xa67f, 0xa69d,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
-	0xa803, 0xa805,
-	0xa807, 0xa80a,
-	0xa80c, 0xa822,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
-	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa90a, 0xa925,
-	0xa930, 0xa946,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9ef,
-	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
-	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
-	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
-	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
-	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
-	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
-	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
-	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf4,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabe2,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
-	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x10375,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
-	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11003, 0x11037,
-	0x11083, 0x110af,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x11103, 0x11126,
-	0x11150, 0x11172,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11183, 0x111b2,
-	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
-	0x111da, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1122b,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112de,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x1135d, 0x11361,
-	0x11400, 0x11434,
-	0x11447, 0x1144a,
-	0x11480, 0x114af,
-	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x11580, 0x115ae,
-	0x115d8, 0x115db,
-	0x11600, 0x1162f,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11680, 0x116aa,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x118a0, 0x118df,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
-	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
-	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_ID_Start */
-
-/* 'ID_Continue': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
-	676,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x005f, 0x005f,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0300, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x0483, 0x0487,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0591, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x0620, 0x0669,
-	0x066e, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
-	0x06df, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ea, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x08e1,
-	0x08e3, 0x0963,
-	0x0966, 0x096f,
-	0x0971, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f3e, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x1000, 0x1049,
-	0x1050, 0x109d,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x135f,
-	0x1369, 0x1371,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1734,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17d3,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x180b, 0x180d,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1946, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x203f, 0x2040,
-	0x2054, 0x2054,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
-	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
-	0x20e5, 0x20f0,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2118, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x3005, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x302f,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x3038, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66f,
-	0xa674, 0xa67d,
-	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa827,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa92d,
-	0xa930, 0xa953,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9c0,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabea,
-	0xabec, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
-	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff10, 0xff19,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11000, 0x11046,
-	0x11066, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110ba,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x1113f,
-	0x11150, 0x11173,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111c4,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x111d0, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11400, 0x1144a,
-	0x11450, 0x11459,
-	0x11480, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
-	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11640,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x11739,
-	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
-	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
-	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
-	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_ID_Continue */
-
-/* 'XID_Start': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
-	578,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0370, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037b, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0620, 0x064a,
-	0x066e, 0x066f,
-	0x0671, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06d5,
-	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
-	0x06ee, 0x06ef,
-	0x06fa, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x0710,
-	0x0712, 0x072f,
-	0x074d, 0x07a5,
-	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
-	0x07ca, 0x07ea,
-	0x07f4, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x0815,
-	0x081a, 0x081a,
-	0x0824, 0x0824,
-	0x0828, 0x0828,
-	0x0840, 0x0858,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x0904, 0x0939,
-	0x093d, 0x093d,
-	0x0950, 0x0950,
-	0x0958, 0x0961,
-	0x0971, 0x0980,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
-	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e1,
-	0x09f0, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abd, 0x0abd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c80,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbd, 0x0cbd,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
-	0x0e32, 0x0e32,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e46,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb0,
-	0x0eb2, 0x0eb2,
-	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
-	0x1000, 0x102a,
-	0x103f, 0x103f,
-	0x1050, 0x1055,
-	0x105a, 0x105d,
-	0x1061, 0x1061,
-	0x1065, 0x1066,
-	0x106e, 0x1070,
-	0x1075, 0x1081,
-	0x108e, 0x108e,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1711,
-	0x1720, 0x1731,
-	0x1740, 0x1751,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1780, 0x17b3,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dc,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a8,
-	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1950, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a16,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a54,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1b05, 0x1b33,
-	0x1b45, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b83, 0x1ba0,
-	0x1bae, 0x1baf,
-	0x1bba, 0x1be5,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c23,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
-	0x1c5a, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf1,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2118, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x3005, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x3038, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309d, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa61f,
-	0xa62a, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66e,
-	0xa67f, 0xa69d,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
-	0xa803, 0xa805,
-	0xa807, 0xa80a,
-	0xa80c, 0xa822,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa882, 0xa8b3,
-	0xa8f2, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa90a, 0xa925,
-	0xa930, 0xa946,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa984, 0xa9b2,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9e4,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9ef,
-	0xa9fa, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
-	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaa7a,
-	0xaa7e, 0xaaaf,
-	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
-	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
-	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
-	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
-	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaea,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf4,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabe2,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
-	0xfb1f, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfc5d,
-	0xfc64, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdf9,
-	0xfe71, 0xfe71,
-	0xfe73, 0xfe73,
-	0xfe77, 0xfe77,
-	0xfe79, 0xfe79,
-	0xfe7b, 0xfe7b,
-	0xfe7d, 0xfe7d,
-	0xfe7f, 0xfefc,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xff9d,
-	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x10375,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a00,
-	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae4,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11003, 0x11037,
-	0x11083, 0x110af,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x11103, 0x11126,
-	0x11150, 0x11172,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11183, 0x111b2,
-	0x111c1, 0x111c4,
-	0x111da, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1122b,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112de,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x1135d, 0x11361,
-	0x11400, 0x11434,
-	0x11447, 0x1144a,
-	0x11480, 0x114af,
-	0x114c4, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x11580, 0x115ae,
-	0x115d8, 0x115db,
-	0x11600, 0x1162f,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11680, 0x116aa,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x118a0, 0x118df,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c2e,
-	0x11c40, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f50,
-	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_XID_Start */
-
-/* 'XID_Continue': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
-	683,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x005f, 0x005f,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
-	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02c1,
-	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ec,
-	0x02ee, 0x02ee,
-	0x0300, 0x0374,
-	0x0376, 0x0377,
-	0x037b, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0386, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03f5,
-	0x03f7, 0x0481,
-	0x0483, 0x0487,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0591, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f2,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x0620, 0x0669,
-	0x066e, 0x06d3,
-	0x06d5, 0x06dc,
-	0x06df, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ea, 0x06fc,
-	0x06ff, 0x06ff,
-	0x0710, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07f5,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x08e1,
-	0x08e3, 0x0963,
-	0x0966, 0x096f,
-	0x0971, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09f1,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b6f,
-	0x0b71, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d7a, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0e50, 0x0e59,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f3e, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x1000, 0x1049,
-	0x1050, 0x109d,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x135f,
-	0x1369, 0x1371,
-	0x1380, 0x138f,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1401, 0x166c,
-	0x166f, 0x167f,
-	0x1681, 0x169a,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1734,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17d3,
-	0x17d7, 0x17d7,
-	0x17dc, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x180b, 0x180d,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1946, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b59,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c40, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fbc,
-	0x1fbe, 0x1fbe,
-	0x1fc2, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fcc,
-	0x1fd0, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fe0, 0x1fec,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffc,
-	0x203f, 0x2040,
-	0x2054, 0x2054,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
-	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
-	0x20e5, 0x20f0,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2118, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0x2128, 0x2128,
-	0x212a, 0x2139,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2ce4,
-	0x2ceb, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x3005, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x302f,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x3038, 0x303c,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x309a,
-	0x309d, 0x309f,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fc, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4fd,
-	0xa500, 0xa60c,
-	0xa610, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66f,
-	0xa674, 0xa67d,
-	0xa67f, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa717, 0xa71f,
-	0xa722, 0xa788,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa827,
-	0xa840, 0xa873,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8d0, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f7,
-	0xa8fb, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa8fd, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa92d,
-	0xa930, 0xa953,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9c0,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa76,
-	0xaa7a, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadd,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf2, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabea,
-	0xabec, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb28,
-	0xfb2a, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfc5d,
-	0xfc64, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdf9,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0xfe33, 0xfe34,
-	0xfe4d, 0xfe4f,
-	0xfe71, 0xfe71,
-	0xfe73, 0xfe73,
-	0xfe77, 0xfe77,
-	0xfe79, 0xfe79,
-	0xfe7b, 0xfe7b,
-	0xfe7d, 0xfe7d,
-	0xfe7f, 0xfefc,
-	0xff10, 0xff19,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff3f, 0xff3f,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-	0xff66, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10140, 0x10174,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031f,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103cf,
-	0x103d1, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10860, 0x10876,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x10900, 0x10915,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7c,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9c,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ac7,
-	0x10ac9, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x11000, 0x11046,
-	0x11066, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110ba,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x1113f,
-	0x11150, 0x11173,
-	0x11176, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111c4,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x111d0, 0x111da,
-	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a8,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11400, 0x1144a,
-	0x11450, 0x11459,
-	0x11480, 0x114c5,
-	0x114c7, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115c0,
-	0x115d8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11640,
-	0x11644, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x11739,
-	0x118a0, 0x118e9,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c40,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
-	0x11c72, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b36,
-	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d165, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
-	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
-	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
-	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_XID_Continue */
-
-/* 'Default_Ignorable_Code_Point': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point[] = {
-	17,
-	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
-	0x034f, 0x034f,
-	0x061c, 0x061c,
-	0x115f, 0x1160,
-	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
-	0x180b, 0x180e,
-	0x200b, 0x200f,
-	0x202a, 0x202e,
-	0x2060, 0x206f,
-	0x3164, 0x3164,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xffa0, 0xffa0,
-	0xfff0, 0xfff8,
-	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
-	0xe0000, 0xe0fff,
-}; /* CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Extend': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
-	303,
-	0x0300, 0x036f,
-	0x0483, 0x0489,
-	0x0591, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x064b, 0x065f,
-	0x0670, 0x0670,
-	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
-	0x06df, 0x06e4,
-	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ea, 0x06ed,
-	0x0711, 0x0711,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
-	0x07eb, 0x07f3,
-	0x0816, 0x0819,
-	0x081b, 0x0823,
-	0x0825, 0x0827,
-	0x0829, 0x082d,
-	0x0859, 0x085b,
-	0x08d4, 0x08e1,
-	0x08e3, 0x0902,
-	0x093a, 0x093a,
-	0x093c, 0x093c,
-	0x0941, 0x0948,
-	0x094d, 0x094d,
-	0x0951, 0x0957,
-	0x0962, 0x0963,
-	0x0981, 0x0981,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09be,
-	0x09c1, 0x09c4,
-	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a41, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
-	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a82,
-	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
-	0x0ac1, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac8,
-	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b01,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
-	0x0b3e, 0x0b3f,
-	0x0b41, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bbe,
-	0x0bc0, 0x0bc0,
-	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c00,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c40,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c81, 0x0c81,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
-	0x0cbf, 0x0cbf,
-	0x0cc2, 0x0cc2,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc6,
-	0x0ccc, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d01,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d3e,
-	0x0d41, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dcf,
-	0x0dd2, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0ddf, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
-	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
-	0x0eb4, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f7e,
-	0x0f80, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
-	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x102d, 0x1030,
-	0x1032, 0x1037,
-	0x1039, 0x103a,
-	0x103d, 0x103e,
-	0x1058, 0x1059,
-	0x105e, 0x1060,
-	0x1071, 0x1074,
-	0x1082, 0x1082,
-	0x1085, 0x1086,
-	0x108d, 0x108d,
-	0x109d, 0x109d,
-	0x135d, 0x135f,
-	0x1712, 0x1714,
-	0x1732, 0x1734,
-	0x1752, 0x1753,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
-	0x17b7, 0x17bd,
-	0x17c6, 0x17c6,
-	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
-	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
-	0x180b, 0x180d,
-	0x1885, 0x1886,
-	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
-	0x1920, 0x1922,
-	0x1927, 0x1928,
-	0x1932, 0x1932,
-	0x1939, 0x193b,
-	0x1a17, 0x1a18,
-	0x1a1b, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a56, 0x1a56,
-	0x1a58, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
-	0x1a62, 0x1a62,
-	0x1a65, 0x1a6c,
-	0x1a73, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b03,
-	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
-	0x1b36, 0x1b3a,
-	0x1b3c, 0x1b3c,
-	0x1b42, 0x1b42,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1b80, 0x1b81,
-	0x1ba2, 0x1ba5,
-	0x1ba8, 0x1ba9,
-	0x1bab, 0x1bad,
-	0x1be6, 0x1be6,
-	0x1be8, 0x1be9,
-	0x1bed, 0x1bed,
-	0x1bef, 0x1bf1,
-	0x1c2c, 0x1c33,
-	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
-	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
-	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
-	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1dc0, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
-	0x200c, 0x200c,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0x302a, 0x302f,
-	0x3099, 0x309a,
-	0xa66f, 0xa672,
-	0xa674, 0xa67d,
-	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
-	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa802, 0xa802,
-	0xa806, 0xa806,
-	0xa80b, 0xa80b,
-	0xa825, 0xa826,
-	0xa8c4, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
-	0xa926, 0xa92d,
-	0xa947, 0xa951,
-	0xa980, 0xa982,
-	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
-	0xa9b6, 0xa9b9,
-	0xa9bc, 0xa9bc,
-	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
-	0xaa29, 0xaa2e,
-	0xaa31, 0xaa32,
-	0xaa35, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
-	0xaa4c, 0xaa4c,
-	0xaa7c, 0xaa7c,
-	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
-	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
-	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
-	0xaabe, 0xaabf,
-	0xaac1, 0xaac1,
-	0xaaec, 0xaaed,
-	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
-	0xabe5, 0xabe5,
-	0xabe8, 0xabe8,
-	0xabed, 0xabed,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10376, 0x1037a,
-	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
-	0x11001, 0x11001,
-	0x11038, 0x11046,
-	0x1107f, 0x11081,
-	0x110b3, 0x110b6,
-	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
-	0x11100, 0x11102,
-	0x11127, 0x1112b,
-	0x1112d, 0x11134,
-	0x11173, 0x11173,
-	0x11180, 0x11181,
-	0x111b6, 0x111be,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x1122f, 0x11231,
-	0x11234, 0x11234,
-	0x11236, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x112df, 0x112df,
-	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
-	0x11300, 0x11301,
-	0x1133c, 0x1133c,
-	0x1133e, 0x1133e,
-	0x11340, 0x11340,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11438, 0x1143f,
-	0x11442, 0x11444,
-	0x11446, 0x11446,
-	0x114b0, 0x114b0,
-	0x114b3, 0x114b8,
-	0x114ba, 0x114ba,
-	0x114bd, 0x114bd,
-	0x114bf, 0x114c0,
-	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
-	0x115af, 0x115af,
-	0x115b2, 0x115b5,
-	0x115bc, 0x115bd,
-	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
-	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
-	0x11633, 0x1163a,
-	0x1163d, 0x1163d,
-	0x1163f, 0x11640,
-	0x116ab, 0x116ab,
-	0x116ad, 0x116ad,
-	0x116b0, 0x116b5,
-	0x116b7, 0x116b7,
-	0x1171d, 0x1171f,
-	0x11722, 0x11725,
-	0x11727, 0x1172b,
-	0x11c30, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c3d,
-	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11caa, 0x11cb0,
-	0x11cb2, 0x11cb3,
-	0x11cb5, 0x11cb6,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
-	0x1bc9d, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1d165, 0x1d165,
-	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d16e, 0x1d172,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1d242, 0x1d244,
-	0x1da00, 0x1da36,
-	0x1da3b, 0x1da6c,
-	0x1da75, 0x1da75,
-	0x1da84, 0x1da84,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Extend */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Base': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
-	772,
-	0x0020, 0x007e,
-	0x00a0, 0x00ac,
-	0x00ae, 0x02ff,
-	0x0370, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x0482,
-	0x048a, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x05be, 0x05be,
-	0x05c0, 0x05c0,
-	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
-	0x05c6, 0x05c6,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0606, 0x060f,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x064a,
-	0x0660, 0x066f,
-	0x0671, 0x06d5,
-	0x06de, 0x06de,
-	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
-	0x06e9, 0x06e9,
-	0x06ee, 0x070d,
-	0x0710, 0x0710,
-	0x0712, 0x072f,
-	0x074d, 0x07a5,
-	0x07b1, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07ea,
-	0x07f4, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x0815,
-	0x081a, 0x081a,
-	0x0824, 0x0824,
-	0x0828, 0x0828,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x0858,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x0903, 0x0939,
-	0x093b, 0x093b,
-	0x093d, 0x0940,
-	0x0949, 0x094c,
-	0x094e, 0x0950,
-	0x0958, 0x0961,
-	0x0964, 0x0980,
-	0x0982, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bd, 0x09bd,
-	0x09bf, 0x09c0,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
-	0x09ce, 0x09ce,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e1,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a03, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a40,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a6f,
-	0x0a72, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a83, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abd, 0x0ac0,
-	0x0ac9, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae1,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b02, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3d, 0x0b3d,
-	0x0b40, 0x0b40,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b83, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbf, 0x0bbf,
-	0x0bc1, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c3d,
-	0x0c41, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c80,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbd, 0x0cbe,
-	0x0cc0, 0x0cc1,
-	0x0cc3, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d3d,
-	0x0d3f, 0x0d40,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d56,
-	0x0d58, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dd0, 0x0dd1,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0dde,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e30,
-	0x0e32, 0x0e33,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e46,
-	0x0e4f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb0,
-	0x0eb2, 0x0eb3,
-	0x0ebd, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f17,
-	0x0f1a, 0x0f34,
-	0x0f36, 0x0f36,
-	0x0f38, 0x0f38,
-	0x0f3a, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f7f, 0x0f7f,
-	0x0f85, 0x0f85,
-	0x0f88, 0x0f8c,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fc5,
-	0x0fc7, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x102c,
-	0x1031, 0x1031,
-	0x1038, 0x1038,
-	0x103b, 0x103c,
-	0x103f, 0x1057,
-	0x105a, 0x105d,
-	0x1061, 0x1070,
-	0x1075, 0x1081,
-	0x1083, 0x1084,
-	0x1087, 0x108c,
-	0x108e, 0x109c,
-	0x109e, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x1360, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1711,
-	0x1720, 0x1731,
-	0x1735, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1751,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1780, 0x17b3,
-	0x17b6, 0x17b6,
-	0x17be, 0x17c5,
-	0x17c7, 0x17c8,
-	0x17d4, 0x17dc,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180a,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x1884,
-	0x1887, 0x18a8,
-	0x18aa, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1923, 0x1926,
-	0x1929, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x1931,
-	0x1933, 0x1938,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a16,
-	0x1a19, 0x1a1a,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a55,
-	0x1a57, 0x1a57,
-	0x1a61, 0x1a61,
-	0x1a63, 0x1a64,
-	0x1a6d, 0x1a72,
-	0x1a80, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b04, 0x1b33,
-	0x1b35, 0x1b35,
-	0x1b3b, 0x1b3b,
-	0x1b3d, 0x1b41,
-	0x1b43, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b6a,
-	0x1b74, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b82, 0x1ba1,
-	0x1ba6, 0x1ba7,
-	0x1baa, 0x1baa,
-	0x1bae, 0x1be5,
-	0x1be7, 0x1be7,
-	0x1bea, 0x1bec,
-	0x1bee, 0x1bee,
-	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c2b,
-	0x1c34, 0x1c35,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
-	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1e00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x200a,
-	0x2010, 0x2027,
-	0x202f, 0x205f,
-	0x2070, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x2100, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cee,
-	0x2cf2, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e44,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x3029,
-	0x3030, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309b, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa66e,
-	0xa673, 0xa673,
-	0xa67e, 0xa69d,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6ef,
-	0xa6f2, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa801,
-	0xa803, 0xa805,
-	0xa807, 0xa80a,
-	0xa80c, 0xa824,
-	0xa827, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c3,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8f2, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa925,
-	0xa92e, 0xa946,
-	0xa952, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa983, 0xa9b2,
-	0xa9b4, 0xa9b5,
-	0xa9ba, 0xa9bb,
-	0xa9bd, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9e4,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa28,
-	0xaa2f, 0xaa30,
-	0xaa33, 0xaa34,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa42,
-	0xaa44, 0xaa4b,
-	0xaa4d, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
-	0xaa7d, 0xaaaf,
-	0xaab1, 0xaab1,
-	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
-	0xaab9, 0xaabd,
-	0xaac0, 0xaac0,
-	0xaac2, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaeb,
-	0xaaee, 0xaaf5,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabe4,
-	0xabe6, 0xabe7,
-	0xabe9, 0xabec,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb1d,
-	0xfb1f, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xff01, 0xff9d,
-	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfffc, 0xfffd,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018e,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x10375,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x10a00,
-	0x10a10, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a40, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae4,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x11000,
-	0x11002, 0x11037,
-	0x11047, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x11082, 0x110b2,
-	0x110b7, 0x110b8,
-	0x110bb, 0x110bc,
-	0x110be, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11103, 0x11126,
-	0x1112c, 0x1112c,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11150, 0x11172,
-	0x11174, 0x11176,
-	0x11182, 0x111b5,
-	0x111bf, 0x111c9,
-	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111df,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1122e,
-	0x11232, 0x11233,
-	0x11235, 0x11235,
-	0x11238, 0x1123d,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
-	0x112b0, 0x112de,
-	0x112e0, 0x112e2,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11302, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133d, 0x1133d,
-	0x1133f, 0x1133f,
-	0x11341, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11400, 0x11437,
-	0x11440, 0x11441,
-	0x11445, 0x11445,
-	0x11447, 0x11459,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-	0x11480, 0x114af,
-	0x114b1, 0x114b2,
-	0x114b9, 0x114b9,
-	0x114bb, 0x114bc,
-	0x114be, 0x114be,
-	0x114c1, 0x114c1,
-	0x114c4, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115ae,
-	0x115b0, 0x115b1,
-	0x115b8, 0x115bb,
-	0x115be, 0x115be,
-	0x115c1, 0x115db,
-	0x11600, 0x11632,
-	0x1163b, 0x1163c,
-	0x1163e, 0x1163e,
-	0x11641, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-	0x11680, 0x116aa,
-	0x116ac, 0x116ac,
-	0x116ae, 0x116af,
-	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x11720, 0x11721,
-	0x11726, 0x11726,
-	0x11730, 0x1173f,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c2f,
-	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
-	0x11c40, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
-	0x11cb1, 0x11cb1,
-	0x11cb4, 0x11cb4,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b2f,
-	0x16b37, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f93, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9c,
-	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d164,
-	0x1d166, 0x1d166,
-	0x1d16a, 0x1d16d,
-	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
-	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
-	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d241,
-	0x1d245, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d9ff,
-	0x1da37, 0x1da3a,
-	0x1da6d, 0x1da74,
-	0x1da76, 0x1da83,
-	0x1da85, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Base */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Link': Derived Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Link[] = {
-	43,
-	0x094d, 0x094d,
-	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
-	0x0a4d, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
-	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0c4d, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0ccd, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0e3a, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0f84, 0x0f84,
-	0x1039, 0x103a,
-	0x1714, 0x1714,
-	0x1734, 0x1734,
-	0x17d2, 0x17d2,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a60,
-	0x1b44, 0x1b44,
-	0x1baa, 0x1bab,
-	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
-	0xa806, 0xa806,
-	0xa8c4, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa953, 0xa953,
-	0xa9c0, 0xa9c0,
-	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
-	0xabed, 0xabed,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a3f,
-	0x11046, 0x11046,
-	0x1107f, 0x1107f,
-	0x110b9, 0x110b9,
-	0x11133, 0x11134,
-	0x111c0, 0x111c0,
-	0x11235, 0x11235,
-	0x112ea, 0x112ea,
-	0x1134d, 0x1134d,
-	0x11442, 0x11442,
-	0x114c2, 0x114c2,
-	0x115bf, 0x115bf,
-	0x1163f, 0x1163f,
-	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
-	0x1172b, 0x1172b,
-	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Link */
-
-/* 'Common': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
-	165,
-	0x0000, 0x0040,
-	0x005b, 0x0060,
-	0x007b, 0x00a9,
-	0x00ab, 0x00b9,
-	0x00bb, 0x00bf,
-	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
-	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
-	0x02b9, 0x02df,
-	0x02e5, 0x02e9,
-	0x02ec, 0x02ff,
-	0x0374, 0x0374,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0385, 0x0385,
-	0x0387, 0x0387,
-	0x0589, 0x0589,
-	0x0605, 0x0605,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061c,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0640, 0x0640,
-	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
-	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
-	0x0964, 0x0965,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e3f,
-	0x0fd5, 0x0fd8,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
-	0x1735, 0x1736,
-	0x1802, 0x1803,
-	0x1805, 0x1805,
-	0x1cd3, 0x1cd3,
-	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
-	0x1ce9, 0x1cec,
-	0x1cee, 0x1cf3,
-	0x1cf5, 0x1cf6,
-	0x2000, 0x200b,
-	0x200e, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x207e,
-	0x2080, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x2100, 0x2125,
-	0x2127, 0x2129,
-	0x212c, 0x2131,
-	0x2133, 0x214d,
-	0x214f, 0x215f,
-	0x2189, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x27ff,
-	0x2900, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e44,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x3004,
-	0x3006, 0x3006,
-	0x3008, 0x3020,
-	0x3030, 0x3037,
-	0x303c, 0x303f,
-	0x309b, 0x309c,
-	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
-	0x30fb, 0x30fc,
-	0x3190, 0x319f,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x3220, 0x325f,
-	0x327f, 0x32cf,
-	0x3358, 0x33ff,
-	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
-	0xa700, 0xa721,
-	0xa788, 0xa78a,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa92e, 0xa92e,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xab5b, 0xab5b,
-	0xfd3e, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfe10, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xff20,
-	0xff3b, 0xff40,
-	0xff5b, 0xff65,
-	0xff70, 0xff70,
-	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0xfffd,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1013f,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fc,
-	0x102e1, 0x102fb,
-	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d166,
-	0x1d16a, 0x1d17a,
-	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
-	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
-	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f1ff,
-	0x1f201, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-}; /* CR_Common */
-
-/* 'Latin': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
-	31,
-	0x0041, 0x005a,
-	0x0061, 0x007a,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x00c0, 0x00d6,
-	0x00d8, 0x00f6,
-	0x00f8, 0x02b8,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x1d00, 0x1d25,
-	0x1d2c, 0x1d5c,
-	0x1d62, 0x1d65,
-	0x1d6b, 0x1d77,
-	0x1d79, 0x1dbe,
-	0x1e00, 0x1eff,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x212a, 0x212b,
-	0x2132, 0x2132,
-	0x214e, 0x214e,
-	0x2160, 0x2188,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c7f,
-	0xa722, 0xa787,
-	0xa78b, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa7ff,
-	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab64,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xff21, 0xff3a,
-	0xff41, 0xff5a,
-}; /* CR_Latin */
-
-/* 'Greek': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Greek[] = {
-	36,
-	0x0370, 0x0373,
-	0x0375, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037d,
-	0x037f, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x0384,
-	0x0386, 0x0386,
-	0x0388, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03e1,
-	0x03f0, 0x03ff,
-	0x1d26, 0x1d2a,
-	0x1d5d, 0x1d61,
-	0x1d66, 0x1d6a,
-	0x1dbf, 0x1dbf,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2126, 0x2126,
-	0xab65, 0xab65,
-	0x10140, 0x1018e,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-}; /* CR_Greek */
-
-/* 'Cyrillic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cyrillic[] = {
-	8,
-	0x0400, 0x0484,
-	0x0487, 0x052f,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
-	0x1d2b, 0x1d2b,
-	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0xa640, 0xa69f,
-	0xfe2e, 0xfe2f,
-}; /* CR_Cyrillic */
-
-/* 'Armenian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Armenian[] = {
-	6,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x058a, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-}; /* CR_Armenian */
-
-/* 'Hebrew': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hebrew[] = {
-	9,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfb4f,
-}; /* CR_Hebrew */
-
-/* 'Arabic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Arabic[] = {
-	56,
-	0x0600, 0x0604,
-	0x0606, 0x060b,
-	0x060d, 0x061a,
-	0x061e, 0x061e,
-	0x0620, 0x063f,
-	0x0641, 0x064a,
-	0x0656, 0x066f,
-	0x0671, 0x06dc,
-	0x06de, 0x06ff,
-	0x0750, 0x077f,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x08e1,
-	0x08e3, 0x08ff,
-	0xfb50, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3d,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-}; /* CR_Arabic */
-
-/* 'Syriac': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Syriac[] = {
-	3,
-	0x0700, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x074f,
-}; /* CR_Syriac */
-
-/* 'Thaana': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Thaana[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0780, 0x07b1,
-}; /* CR_Thaana */
-
-/* 'Devanagari': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Devanagari[] = {
-	4,
-	0x0900, 0x0950,
-	0x0953, 0x0963,
-	0x0966, 0x097f,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
-}; /* CR_Devanagari */
-
-/* 'Bengali': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bengali[] = {
-	14,
-	0x0980, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-}; /* CR_Bengali */
-
-/* 'Gurmukhi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Gurmukhi[] = {
-	16,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-}; /* CR_Gurmukhi */
-
-/* 'Gujarati': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Gujarati[] = {
-	14,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-}; /* CR_Gujarati */
-
-/* 'Oriya': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Oriya[] = {
-	14,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-}; /* CR_Oriya */
-
-/* 'Tamil': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tamil[] = {
-	16,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-}; /* CR_Tamil */
-
-/* 'Telugu': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Telugu[] = {
-	13,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-}; /* CR_Telugu */
-
-/* 'Kannada': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kannada[] = {
-	14,
-	0x0c80, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-}; /* CR_Kannada */
-
-/* 'Malayalam': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Malayalam[] = {
-	9,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
-}; /* CR_Malayalam */
-
-/* 'Sinhala': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sinhala[] = {
-	13,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-}; /* CR_Sinhala */
-
-/* 'Thai': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Thai[] = {
-	2,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e5b,
-}; /* CR_Thai */
-
-/* 'Lao': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lao[] = {
-	18,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-}; /* CR_Lao */
-
-/* 'Tibetan': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tibetan[] = {
-	7,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fd4,
-	0x0fd9, 0x0fda,
-}; /* CR_Tibetan */
-
-/* 'Myanmar': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Myanmar[] = {
-	3,
-	0x1000, 0x109f,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa7f,
-}; /* CR_Myanmar */
-
-/* 'Georgian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Georgian[] = {
-	8,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fc, 0x10ff,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-}; /* CR_Georgian */
-
-/* 'Hangul': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hangul[] = {
-	14,
-	0x1100, 0x11ff,
-	0x302e, 0x302f,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3200, 0x321e,
-	0x3260, 0x327e,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xffa0, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-}; /* CR_Hangul */
-
-/* 'Ethiopic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ethiopic[] = {
-	32,
-	0x1200, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-}; /* CR_Ethiopic */
-
-/* 'Cherokee': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cherokee[] = {
-	3,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-}; /* CR_Cherokee */
-
-/* 'Canadian_Aboriginal': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Canadian_Aboriginal[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1400, 0x167f,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-}; /* CR_Canadian_Aboriginal */
-
-/* 'Ogham': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ogham[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-}; /* CR_Ogham */
-
-/* 'Runic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Runic[] = {
-	2,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ea,
-	0x16ee, 0x16f8,
-}; /* CR_Runic */
-
-/* 'Khmer': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Khmer[] = {
-	4,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x19e0, 0x19ff,
-}; /* CR_Khmer */
-
-/* 'Mongolian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mongolian[] = {
-	7,
-	0x1800, 0x1801,
-	0x1804, 0x1804,
-	0x1806, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-}; /* CR_Mongolian */
-
-/* 'Hiragana': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hiragana[] = {
-	4,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x309d, 0x309f,
-	0x1b001, 0x1b001,
-	0x1f200, 0x1f200,
-}; /* CR_Hiragana */
-
-/* 'Katakana': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Katakana[] = {
-	8,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
-	0x30fd, 0x30ff,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x3357,
-	0xff66, 0xff6f,
-	0xff71, 0xff9d,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b000,
-}; /* CR_Katakana */
-
-/* 'Bopomofo': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bopomofo[] = {
-	3,
-	0x02ea, 0x02eb,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x31a0, 0x31ba,
-}; /* CR_Bopomofo */
-
-/* 'Han': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
-	16,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x3005, 0x3005,
-	0x3007, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3038, 0x303b,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_Han */
-
-/* 'Yi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Yi[] = {
-	2,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-}; /* CR_Yi */
-
-/* 'Old_Italic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Italic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-}; /* CR_Old_Italic */
-
-/* 'Gothic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Gothic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-}; /* CR_Gothic */
-
-/* 'Deseret': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Deseret[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10400, 0x1044f,
-}; /* CR_Deseret */
-
-/* 'Inherited': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Inherited[] = {
-	27,
-	0x0300, 0x036f,
-	0x0485, 0x0486,
-	0x064b, 0x0655,
-	0x0670, 0x0670,
-	0x0951, 0x0952,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cd2,
-	0x1cd4, 0x1ce0,
-	0x1ce2, 0x1ce8,
-	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
-	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1dc0, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1dff,
-	0x200c, 0x200d,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x302a, 0x302d,
-	0x3099, 0x309a,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2d,
-	0x101fd, 0x101fd,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_Inherited */
-
-/* 'Tagalog': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tagalog[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-}; /* CR_Tagalog */
-
-/* 'Hanunoo': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hanunoo[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1720, 0x1734,
-}; /* CR_Hanunoo */
-
-/* 'Buhid': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Buhid[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-}; /* CR_Buhid */
-
-/* 'Tagbanwa': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tagbanwa[] = {
-	3,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-}; /* CR_Tagbanwa */
-
-/* 'Limbu': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Limbu[] = {
-	5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x194f,
-}; /* CR_Limbu */
-
-/* 'Tai_Le': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tai_Le[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1950, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-}; /* CR_Tai_Le */
-
-/* 'Linear_B': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Linear_B[] = {
-	7,
-	0x10000, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-}; /* CR_Linear_B */
-
-/* 'Ugaritic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ugaritic[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
-}; /* CR_Ugaritic */
-
-/* 'Shavian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Shavian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10450, 0x1047f,
-}; /* CR_Shavian */
-
-/* 'Osmanya': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Osmanya[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10480, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-}; /* CR_Osmanya */
-
-/* 'Cypriot': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cypriot[] = {
-	6,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
-}; /* CR_Cypriot */
-
-/* 'Braille': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Braille[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2800, 0x28ff,
-}; /* CR_Braille */
-
-/* 'Buginese': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Buginese[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
-}; /* CR_Buginese */
-
-/* 'Coptic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Coptic[] = {
-	3,
-	0x03e2, 0x03ef,
-	0x2c80, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2cff,
-}; /* CR_Coptic */
-
-/* 'New_Tai_Lue': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_New_Tai_Lue[] = {
-	4,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x19df,
-}; /* CR_New_Tai_Lue */
-
-/* 'Glagolitic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Glagolitic[] = {
-	7,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-}; /* CR_Glagolitic */
-
-/* 'Tifinagh': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tifinagh[] = {
-	3,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d7f,
-}; /* CR_Tifinagh */
-
-/* 'Syloti_Nagri': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Syloti_Nagri[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa800, 0xa82b,
-}; /* CR_Syloti_Nagri */
-
-/* 'Old_Persian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Persian[] = {
-	2,
-	0x103a0, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-}; /* CR_Old_Persian */
-
-/* 'Kharoshthi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kharoshthi[] = {
-	8,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-}; /* CR_Kharoshthi */
-
-/* 'Balinese': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Balinese[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-}; /* CR_Balinese */
-
-/* 'Cuneiform': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cuneiform[] = {
-	4,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-}; /* CR_Cuneiform */
-
-/* 'Phoenician': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Phoenician[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10900, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
-}; /* CR_Phoenician */
-
-/* 'Phags_Pa': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Phags_Pa[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-}; /* CR_Phags_Pa */
-
-/* 'Nko': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nko[] = {
-	1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-}; /* CR_Nko */
-
-/* 'Sundanese': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sundanese[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bbf,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-}; /* CR_Sundanese */
-
-/* 'Lepcha': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lepcha[] = {
-	3,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c4f,
-}; /* CR_Lepcha */
-
-/* 'Ol_Chiki': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ol_Chiki[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1c50, 0x1c7f,
-}; /* CR_Ol_Chiki */
-
-/* 'Vai': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Vai[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa500, 0xa62b,
-}; /* CR_Vai */
-
-/* 'Saurashtra': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Saurashtra[] = {
-	2,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-}; /* CR_Saurashtra */
-
-/* 'Kayah_Li': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kayah_Li[] = {
-	2,
-	0xa900, 0xa92d,
-	0xa92f, 0xa92f,
-}; /* CR_Kayah_Li */
-
-/* 'Rejang': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Rejang[] = {
-	2,
-	0xa930, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
-}; /* CR_Rejang */
-
-/* 'Lycian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lycian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-}; /* CR_Lycian */
-
-/* 'Carian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Carian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-}; /* CR_Carian */
-
-/* 'Lydian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lydian[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10920, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-}; /* CR_Lydian */
-
-/* 'Cham': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cham[] = {
-	4,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
-}; /* CR_Cham */
-
-/* 'Tai_Tham': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tai_Tham[] = {
-	5,
-	0x1a20, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-}; /* CR_Tai_Tham */
-
-/* 'Tai_Viet': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tai_Viet[] = {
-	2,
-	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadf,
-}; /* CR_Tai_Viet */
-
-/* 'Avestan': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Avestan[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b3f,
-}; /* CR_Avestan */
-
-/* 'Egyptian_Hieroglyphs': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-}; /* CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs */
-
-/* 'Samaritan': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Samaritan[] = {
-	2,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-}; /* CR_Samaritan */
-
-/* 'Lisu': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lisu[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa4ff,
-}; /* CR_Lisu */
-
-/* 'Bamum': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bamum[] = {
-	2,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6f7,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-}; /* CR_Bamum */
-
-/* 'Javanese': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Javanese[] = {
-	3,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9d0, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-}; /* CR_Javanese */
-
-/* 'Meetei_Mayek': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Meetei_Mayek[] = {
-	3,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaf6,
-	0xabc0, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-}; /* CR_Meetei_Mayek */
-
-/* 'Imperial_Aramaic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Imperial_Aramaic[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10840, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1085f,
-}; /* CR_Imperial_Aramaic */
-
-/* 'Old_South_Arabian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_South_Arabian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
-}; /* CR_Old_South_Arabian */
-
-/* 'Inscriptional_Parthian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Inscriptional_Parthian[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b5f,
-}; /* CR_Inscriptional_Parthian */
-
-/* 'Inscriptional_Pahlavi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Inscriptional_Pahlavi[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-}; /* CR_Inscriptional_Pahlavi */
-
-/* 'Old_Turkic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Turkic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-}; /* CR_Old_Turkic */
-
-/* 'Kaithi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kaithi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11080, 0x110c1,
-}; /* CR_Kaithi */
-
-/* 'Batak': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Batak[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1bc0, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1bff,
-}; /* CR_Batak */
-
-/* 'Brahmi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Brahmi[] = {
-	3,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x1107f,
-}; /* CR_Brahmi */
-
-/* 'Mandaic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mandaic[] = {
-	2,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-}; /* CR_Mandaic */
-
-/* 'Chakma': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Chakma[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-}; /* CR_Chakma */
-
-/* 'Meroitic_Cursive': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Meroitic_Cursive[] = {
-	3,
-	0x109a0, 0x109b7,
-	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x109ff,
-}; /* CR_Meroitic_Cursive */
-
-/* 'Meroitic_Hieroglyphs': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10980, 0x1099f,
-}; /* CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs */
-
-/* 'Miao': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Miao[] = {
-	3,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-}; /* CR_Miao */
-
-/* 'Sharada': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sharada[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11180, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111df,
-}; /* CR_Sharada */
-
-/* 'Sora_Sompeng': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sora_Sompeng[] = {
-	2,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-}; /* CR_Sora_Sompeng */
-
-/* 'Takri': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Takri[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-}; /* CR_Takri */
-
-/* 'Caucasian_Albanian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Caucasian_Albanian[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-}; /* CR_Caucasian_Albanian */
-
-/* 'Bassa_Vah': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bassa_Vah[] = {
-	2,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
-}; /* CR_Bassa_Vah */
-
-/* 'Duployan': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Duployan[] = {
-	5,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bc9f,
-}; /* CR_Duployan */
-
-/* 'Elbasan': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Elbasan[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-}; /* CR_Elbasan */
-
-/* 'Grantha': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grantha[] = {
-	15,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-}; /* CR_Grantha */
-
-/* 'Pahawh_Hmong': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pahawh_Hmong[] = {
-	5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-}; /* CR_Pahawh_Hmong */
-
-/* 'Khojki': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Khojki[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
-}; /* CR_Khojki */
-
-/* 'Linear_A': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Linear_A[] = {
-	3,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-}; /* CR_Linear_A */
-
-/* 'Mahajani': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mahajani[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11150, 0x11176,
-}; /* CR_Mahajani */
-
-/* 'Manichaean': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Manichaean[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-}; /* CR_Manichaean */
-
-/* 'Mende_Kikakui': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mende_Kikakui[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
-}; /* CR_Mende_Kikakui */
-
-/* 'Modi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Modi[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11600, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-}; /* CR_Modi */
-
-/* 'Mro': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mro[] = {
-	3,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-}; /* CR_Mro */
-
-/* 'Old_North_Arabian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_North_Arabian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10a80, 0x10a9f,
-}; /* CR_Old_North_Arabian */
-
-/* 'Nabataean': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nabataean[] = {
-	2,
-	0x10880, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-}; /* CR_Nabataean */
-
-/* 'Palmyrene': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Palmyrene[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10860, 0x1087f,
-}; /* CR_Palmyrene */
-
-/* 'Pau_Cin_Hau': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pau_Cin_Hau[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-}; /* CR_Pau_Cin_Hau */
-
-/* 'Old_Permic': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Permic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-}; /* CR_Old_Permic */
-
-/* 'Psalter_Pahlavi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Psalter_Pahlavi[] = {
-	3,
-	0x10b80, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-}; /* CR_Psalter_Pahlavi */
-
-/* 'Siddham': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Siddham[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
-}; /* CR_Siddham */
-
-/* 'Khudawadi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Khudawadi[] = {
-	2,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-}; /* CR_Khudawadi */
-
-/* 'Tirhuta': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tirhuta[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11480, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-}; /* CR_Tirhuta */
-
-/* 'Warang_Citi': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Warang_Citi[] = {
-	2,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-}; /* CR_Warang_Citi */
-
-/* 'Ahom': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ahom[] = {
-	3,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x1173f,
-}; /* CR_Ahom */
-
-/* 'Anatolian_Hieroglyphs': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-}; /* CR_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs */
-
-/* 'Hatran': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hatran[] = {
-	3,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x108fb, 0x108ff,
-}; /* CR_Hatran */
-
-/* 'Multani': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Multani[] = {
-	5,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
-}; /* CR_Multani */
-
-/* 'Old_Hungarian': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Old_Hungarian[] = {
-	3,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-}; /* CR_Old_Hungarian */
-
-/* 'SignWriting': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_SignWriting[] = {
-	3,
-	0x1d800, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-}; /* CR_SignWriting */
-
-/* 'Adlam': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Adlam[] = {
-	3,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-}; /* CR_Adlam */
-
-/* 'Bhaiksuki': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bhaiksuki[] = {
-	4,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
-}; /* CR_Bhaiksuki */
-
-/* 'Marchen': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Marchen[] = {
-	3,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-}; /* CR_Marchen */
-
-/* 'Newa': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Newa[] = {
-	3,
-	0x11400, 0x11459,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-}; /* CR_Newa */
-
-/* 'Osage': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Osage[] = {
-	2,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-}; /* CR_Osage */
-
-/* 'Tangut': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Tangut[] = {
-	3,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-}; /* CR_Tangut */
-
-/* 'White_Space': Binary Property */
-#define CR_White_Space CR_Space
-
-/* 'Bidi_Control': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bidi_Control[] = {
-	4,
-	0x061c, 0x061c,
-	0x200e, 0x200f,
-	0x202a, 0x202e,
-	0x2066, 0x2069,
-}; /* CR_Bidi_Control */
-
-/* 'Join_Control': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Join_Control[] = {
-	1,
-	0x200c, 0x200d,
-}; /* CR_Join_Control */
-
-/* 'Dash': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Dash[] = {
-	21,
-	0x002d, 0x002d,
-	0x058a, 0x058a,
-	0x05be, 0x05be,
-	0x1400, 0x1400,
-	0x1806, 0x1806,
-	0x2010, 0x2015,
-	0x2053, 0x2053,
-	0x207b, 0x207b,
-	0x208b, 0x208b,
-	0x2212, 0x2212,
-	0x2e17, 0x2e17,
-	0x2e1a, 0x2e1a,
-	0x2e3a, 0x2e3b,
-	0x2e40, 0x2e40,
-	0x301c, 0x301c,
-	0x3030, 0x3030,
-	0x30a0, 0x30a0,
-	0xfe31, 0xfe32,
-	0xfe58, 0xfe58,
-	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
-	0xff0d, 0xff0d,
-}; /* CR_Dash */
-
-/* 'Hyphen': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hyphen[] = {
-	10,
-	0x002d, 0x002d,
-	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
-	0x058a, 0x058a,
-	0x1806, 0x1806,
-	0x2010, 0x2011,
-	0x2e17, 0x2e17,
-	0x30fb, 0x30fb,
-	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
-	0xff0d, 0xff0d,
-	0xff65, 0xff65,
-}; /* CR_Hyphen */
-
-/* 'Quotation_Mark': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Quotation_Mark[] = {
-	13,
-	0x0022, 0x0022,
-	0x0027, 0x0027,
-	0x00ab, 0x00ab,
-	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
-	0x2018, 0x201f,
-	0x2039, 0x203a,
-	0x2e42, 0x2e42,
-	0x300c, 0x300f,
-	0x301d, 0x301f,
-	0xfe41, 0xfe44,
-	0xff02, 0xff02,
-	0xff07, 0xff07,
-	0xff62, 0xff63,
-}; /* CR_Quotation_Mark */
-
-/* 'Terminal_Punctuation': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Terminal_Punctuation[] = {
-	94,
-	0x0021, 0x0021,
-	0x002c, 0x002c,
-	0x002e, 0x002e,
-	0x003a, 0x003b,
-	0x003f, 0x003f,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0387, 0x0387,
-	0x0589, 0x0589,
-	0x05c3, 0x05c3,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
-	0x0700, 0x070a,
-	0x070c, 0x070c,
-	0x07f8, 0x07f9,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x0964, 0x0965,
-	0x0e5a, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0f08, 0x0f08,
-	0x0f0d, 0x0f12,
-	0x104a, 0x104b,
-	0x1361, 0x1368,
-	0x166d, 0x166e,
-	0x16eb, 0x16ed,
-	0x1735, 0x1736,
-	0x17d4, 0x17d6,
-	0x17da, 0x17da,
-	0x1802, 0x1805,
-	0x1808, 0x1809,
-	0x1944, 0x1945,
-	0x1aa8, 0x1aab,
-	0x1b5a, 0x1b5b,
-	0x1b5d, 0x1b5f,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c3f,
-	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
-	0x203c, 0x203d,
-	0x2047, 0x2049,
-	0x2e2e, 0x2e2e,
-	0x2e3c, 0x2e3c,
-	0x2e41, 0x2e41,
-	0x3001, 0x3002,
-	0xa4fe, 0xa4ff,
-	0xa60d, 0xa60f,
-	0xa6f3, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa876, 0xa877,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
-	0xa92f, 0xa92f,
-	0xa9c7, 0xa9c9,
-	0xaa5d, 0xaa5f,
-	0xaadf, 0xaadf,
-	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
-	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
-	0xfe50, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe57,
-	0xff01, 0xff01,
-	0xff0c, 0xff0c,
-	0xff0e, 0xff0e,
-	0xff1a, 0xff1b,
-	0xff1f, 0xff1f,
-	0xff61, 0xff61,
-	0xff64, 0xff64,
-	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
-	0x103d0, 0x103d0,
-	0x10857, 0x10857,
-	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
-	0x10a56, 0x10a57,
-	0x10af0, 0x10af5,
-	0x10b3a, 0x10b3f,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x11047, 0x1104d,
-	0x110be, 0x110c1,
-	0x11141, 0x11143,
-	0x111c5, 0x111c6,
-	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
-	0x111de, 0x111df,
-	0x11238, 0x1123c,
-	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
-	0x1144b, 0x1144d,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x115c2, 0x115c5,
-	0x115c9, 0x115d7,
-	0x11641, 0x11642,
-	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
-	0x11c41, 0x11c43,
-	0x11c71, 0x11c71,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b37, 0x16b39,
-	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
-	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
-	0x1da87, 0x1da8a,
-}; /* CR_Terminal_Punctuation */
-
-/* 'Other_Math': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Math[] = {
-	134,
-	0x005e, 0x005e,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d2,
-	0x03d5, 0x03d5,
-	0x03f0, 0x03f1,
-	0x03f4, 0x03f5,
-	0x2016, 0x2016,
-	0x2032, 0x2034,
-	0x2040, 0x2040,
-	0x2061, 0x2064,
-	0x207d, 0x207e,
-	0x208d, 0x208e,
-	0x20d0, 0x20dc,
-	0x20e1, 0x20e1,
-	0x20e5, 0x20e6,
-	0x20eb, 0x20ef,
-	0x2102, 0x2102,
-	0x2107, 0x2107,
-	0x210a, 0x2113,
-	0x2115, 0x2115,
-	0x2119, 0x211d,
-	0x2124, 0x2124,
-	0x2128, 0x2129,
-	0x212c, 0x212d,
-	0x212f, 0x2131,
-	0x2133, 0x2138,
-	0x213c, 0x213f,
-	0x2145, 0x2149,
-	0x2195, 0x2199,
-	0x219c, 0x219f,
-	0x21a1, 0x21a2,
-	0x21a4, 0x21a5,
-	0x21a7, 0x21a7,
-	0x21a9, 0x21ad,
-	0x21b0, 0x21b1,
-	0x21b6, 0x21b7,
-	0x21bc, 0x21cd,
-	0x21d0, 0x21d1,
-	0x21d3, 0x21d3,
-	0x21d5, 0x21db,
-	0x21dd, 0x21dd,
-	0x21e4, 0x21e5,
-	0x2308, 0x230b,
-	0x23b4, 0x23b5,
-	0x23b7, 0x23b7,
-	0x23d0, 0x23d0,
-	0x23e2, 0x23e2,
-	0x25a0, 0x25a1,
-	0x25ae, 0x25b6,
-	0x25bc, 0x25c0,
-	0x25c6, 0x25c7,
-	0x25ca, 0x25cb,
-	0x25cf, 0x25d3,
-	0x25e2, 0x25e2,
-	0x25e4, 0x25e4,
-	0x25e7, 0x25ec,
-	0x2605, 0x2606,
-	0x2640, 0x2640,
-	0x2642, 0x2642,
-	0x2660, 0x2663,
-	0x266d, 0x266e,
-	0x27c5, 0x27c6,
-	0x27e6, 0x27ef,
-	0x2983, 0x2998,
-	0x29d8, 0x29db,
-	0x29fc, 0x29fd,
-	0xfe61, 0xfe61,
-	0xfe63, 0xfe63,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe68,
-	0xff3c, 0xff3c,
-	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d6c0,
-	0x1d6c2, 0x1d6da,
-	0x1d6dc, 0x1d6fa,
-	0x1d6fc, 0x1d714,
-	0x1d716, 0x1d734,
-	0x1d736, 0x1d74e,
-	0x1d750, 0x1d76e,
-	0x1d770, 0x1d788,
-	0x1d78a, 0x1d7a8,
-	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
-	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-}; /* CR_Other_Math */
-
-/* 'Hex_Digit': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hex_Digit[] = {
-	6,
-	0x0030, 0x0039,
-	0x0041, 0x0046,
-	0x0061, 0x0066,
-	0xff10, 0xff19,
-	0xff21, 0xff26,
-	0xff41, 0xff46,
-}; /* CR_Hex_Digit */
-
-/* 'ASCII_Hex_Digit': Binary Property */
-#define CR_ASCII_Hex_Digit CR_XDigit
-
-/* 'Other_Alphabetic': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
-	194,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c5,
-	0x05c7, 0x05c7,
-	0x0610, 0x061a,
-	0x064b, 0x0657,
-	0x0659, 0x065f,
-	0x0670, 0x0670,
-	0x06d6, 0x06dc,
-	0x06e1, 0x06e4,
-	0x06e7, 0x06e8,
-	0x06ed, 0x06ed,
-	0x0711, 0x0711,
-	0x0730, 0x073f,
-	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
-	0x0816, 0x0817,
-	0x081b, 0x0823,
-	0x0825, 0x0827,
-	0x0829, 0x082c,
-	0x08d4, 0x08df,
-	0x08e3, 0x08e9,
-	0x08f0, 0x0903,
-	0x093a, 0x093b,
-	0x093e, 0x094c,
-	0x094e, 0x094f,
-	0x0955, 0x0957,
-	0x0962, 0x0963,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09e2, 0x09e3,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4c,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a70, 0x0a71,
-	0x0a75, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0abe, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
-	0x0ae2, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b3e, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b62, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b82,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c62, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d62, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e31, 0x0e31,
-	0x0e34, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e4d, 0x0e4d,
-	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
-	0x0eb4, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ecd, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
-	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x102b, 0x1036,
-	0x1038, 0x1038,
-	0x103b, 0x103e,
-	0x1056, 0x1059,
-	0x105e, 0x1060,
-	0x1062, 0x1062,
-	0x1067, 0x1068,
-	0x1071, 0x1074,
-	0x1082, 0x1086,
-	0x109c, 0x109d,
-	0x135f, 0x135f,
-	0x1712, 0x1713,
-	0x1732, 0x1733,
-	0x1752, 0x1753,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x17b6, 0x17c8,
-	0x1885, 0x1886,
-	0x18a9, 0x18a9,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x1938,
-	0x1a17, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a55, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a61, 0x1a74,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b04,
-	0x1b35, 0x1b43,
-	0x1b80, 0x1b82,
-	0x1ba1, 0x1ba9,
-	0x1bac, 0x1bad,
-	0x1be7, 0x1bf1,
-	0x1c24, 0x1c35,
-	0x1cf2, 0x1cf3,
-	0x1de7, 0x1df4,
-	0x24b6, 0x24e9,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-	0xa674, 0xa67b,
-	0xa69e, 0xa69f,
-	0xa823, 0xa827,
-	0xa880, 0xa881,
-	0xa8b4, 0xa8c3,
-	0xa8c5, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa926, 0xa92a,
-	0xa947, 0xa952,
-	0xa980, 0xa983,
-	0xa9b4, 0xa9bf,
-	0xaa29, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa43, 0xaa43,
-	0xaa4c, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaab0, 0xaab0,
-	0xaab2, 0xaab4,
-	0xaab7, 0xaab8,
-	0xaabe, 0xaabe,
-	0xaaeb, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf5, 0xaaf5,
-	0xabe3, 0xabea,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
-	0x10376, 0x1037a,
-	0x10a01, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a0f,
-	0x11000, 0x11002,
-	0x11038, 0x11045,
-	0x11082, 0x11082,
-	0x110b0, 0x110b8,
-	0x11100, 0x11102,
-	0x11127, 0x11132,
-	0x11180, 0x11182,
-	0x111b3, 0x111bf,
-	0x1122c, 0x11234,
-	0x11237, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
-	0x112df, 0x112e8,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x1133e, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134c,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x11362, 0x11363,
-	0x11435, 0x11441,
-	0x11443, 0x11445,
-	0x114b0, 0x114c1,
-	0x115af, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115be,
-	0x115dc, 0x115dd,
-	0x11630, 0x1163e,
-	0x11640, 0x11640,
-	0x116ab, 0x116b5,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172a,
-	0x11c2f, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c3e,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
-	0x16f51, 0x16f7e,
-	0x1bc9e, 0x1bc9e,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
-	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
-}; /* CR_Other_Alphabetic */
-
-/* 'Ideographic': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ideographic[] = {
-	14,
-	0x3006, 0x3007,
-	0x3021, 0x3029,
-	0x3038, 0x303a,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xf900, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-}; /* CR_Ideographic */
-
-/* 'Diacritic': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
-	152,
-	0x005e, 0x005e,
-	0x0060, 0x0060,
-	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
-	0x00af, 0x00af,
-	0x00b4, 0x00b4,
-	0x00b7, 0x00b8,
-	0x02b0, 0x034e,
-	0x0350, 0x0357,
-	0x035d, 0x0362,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x0384, 0x0385,
-	0x0483, 0x0487,
-	0x0559, 0x0559,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05bd,
-	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
-	0x05c1, 0x05c2,
-	0x05c4, 0x05c4,
-	0x064b, 0x0652,
-	0x0657, 0x0658,
-	0x06df, 0x06e0,
-	0x06e5, 0x06e6,
-	0x06ea, 0x06ec,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x07a6, 0x07b0,
-	0x07eb, 0x07f5,
-	0x0818, 0x0819,
-	0x08e3, 0x08fe,
-	0x093c, 0x093c,
-	0x094d, 0x094d,
-	0x0951, 0x0954,
-	0x0971, 0x0971,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a4d, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0abc, 0x0abc,
-	0x0acd, 0x0acd,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b3c,
-	0x0b4d, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0bcd, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0c4d, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cbc,
-	0x0ccd, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0d4d, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0e47, 0x0e4c,
-	0x0e4e, 0x0e4e,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecc,
-	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
-	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
-	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
-	0x0f39, 0x0f39,
-	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
-	0x0f82, 0x0f84,
-	0x0f86, 0x0f87,
-	0x0fc6, 0x0fc6,
-	0x1037, 0x1037,
-	0x1039, 0x103a,
-	0x1087, 0x108d,
-	0x108f, 0x108f,
-	0x109a, 0x109b,
-	0x17c9, 0x17d3,
-	0x17dd, 0x17dd,
-	0x1939, 0x193b,
-	0x1a75, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a7f,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abd,
-	0x1b34, 0x1b34,
-	0x1b44, 0x1b44,
-	0x1b6b, 0x1b73,
-	0x1baa, 0x1bab,
-	0x1c36, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c78, 0x1c7d,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1ce8,
-	0x1ced, 0x1ced,
-	0x1cf4, 0x1cf4,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
-	0x1dc4, 0x1dcf,
-	0x1df5, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfd, 0x1dff,
-	0x1fbd, 0x1fbd,
-	0x1fbf, 0x1fc1,
-	0x1fcd, 0x1fcf,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fdf,
-	0x1fed, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ffd, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2cef, 0x2cf1,
-	0x2e2f, 0x2e2f,
-	0x302a, 0x302f,
-	0x3099, 0x309c,
-	0x30fc, 0x30fc,
-	0xa66f, 0xa66f,
-	0xa67c, 0xa67d,
-	0xa67f, 0xa67f,
-	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
-	0xa6f0, 0xa6f1,
-	0xa717, 0xa721,
-	0xa788, 0xa788,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
-	0xa8c4, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8f1,
-	0xa92b, 0xa92e,
-	0xa953, 0xa953,
-	0xa9b3, 0xa9b3,
-	0xa9c0, 0xa9c0,
-	0xa9e5, 0xa9e5,
-	0xaa7b, 0xaa7d,
-	0xaabf, 0xaac2,
-	0xaaf6, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab5b, 0xab5f,
-	0xabec, 0xabed,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb1e,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-	0xff3e, 0xff3e,
-	0xff40, 0xff40,
-	0xff70, 0xff70,
-	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
-	0xffe3, 0xffe3,
-	0x102e0, 0x102e0,
-	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
-	0x110b9, 0x110ba,
-	0x11133, 0x11134,
-	0x11173, 0x11173,
-	0x111c0, 0x111c0,
-	0x111ca, 0x111cc,
-	0x11235, 0x11236,
-	0x112e9, 0x112ea,
-	0x1133c, 0x1133c,
-	0x1134d, 0x1134d,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11442, 0x11442,
-	0x11446, 0x11446,
-	0x114c2, 0x114c3,
-	0x115bf, 0x115c0,
-	0x1163f, 0x1163f,
-	0x116b6, 0x116b7,
-	0x1172b, 0x1172b,
-	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x1d167, 0x1d169,
-	0x1d16d, 0x1d172,
-	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
-	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
-	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
-	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e944, 0x1e946,
-	0x1e948, 0x1e94a,
-}; /* CR_Diacritic */
-
-/* 'Extender': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extender[] = {
-	28,
-	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
-	0x02d0, 0x02d1,
-	0x0640, 0x0640,
-	0x07fa, 0x07fa,
-	0x0e46, 0x0e46,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x180a, 0x180a,
-	0x1843, 0x1843,
-	0x1aa7, 0x1aa7,
-	0x1c36, 0x1c36,
-	0x1c7b, 0x1c7b,
-	0x3005, 0x3005,
-	0x3031, 0x3035,
-	0x309d, 0x309e,
-	0x30fc, 0x30fe,
-	0xa015, 0xa015,
-	0xa60c, 0xa60c,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9cf,
-	0xa9e6, 0xa9e6,
-	0xaa70, 0xaa70,
-	0xaadd, 0xaadd,
-	0xaaf3, 0xaaf4,
-	0xff70, 0xff70,
-	0x1135d, 0x1135d,
-	0x115c6, 0x115c8,
-	0x16b42, 0x16b43,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x1e944, 0x1e946,
-}; /* CR_Extender */
-
-/* 'Other_Lowercase': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Lowercase[] = {
-	20,
-	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
-	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
-	0x02b0, 0x02b8,
-	0x02c0, 0x02c1,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
-	0x0345, 0x0345,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
-	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
-	0x1d9b, 0x1dbf,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x207f, 0x207f,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x2170, 0x217f,
-	0x24d0, 0x24e9,
-	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
-	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
-	0xa770, 0xa770,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
-	0xab5c, 0xab5f,
-}; /* CR_Other_Lowercase */
-
-/* 'Other_Uppercase': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Uppercase[] = {
-	5,
-	0x2160, 0x216f,
-	0x24b6, 0x24cf,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
-	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
-}; /* CR_Other_Uppercase */
-
-/* 'Noncharacter_Code_Point': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Noncharacter_Code_Point[] = {
-	18,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdef,
-	0xfffe, 0xffff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xefffe, 0xeffff,
-	0xffffe, 0xfffff,
-	0x10fffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Noncharacter_Code_Point */
-
-/* 'Other_Grapheme_Extend': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
-	23,
-	0x09be, 0x09be,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x0b3e, 0x0b3e,
-	0x0b57, 0x0b57,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bbe,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0cc2, 0x0cc2,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d3e,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dcf,
-	0x0ddf, 0x0ddf,
-	0x200c, 0x200c,
-	0x302e, 0x302f,
-	0xff9e, 0xff9f,
-	0x1133e, 0x1133e,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x114b0, 0x114b0,
-	0x114bd, 0x114bd,
-	0x115af, 0x115af,
-	0x1d165, 0x1d165,
-	0x1d16e, 0x1d172,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-}; /* CR_Other_Grapheme_Extend */
-
-/* 'IDS_Binary_Operator': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_IDS_Binary_Operator[] = {
-	2,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ff1,
-	0x2ff4, 0x2ffb,
-}; /* CR_IDS_Binary_Operator */
-
-/* 'IDS_Trinary_Operator': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_IDS_Trinary_Operator[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2ff2, 0x2ff3,
-}; /* CR_IDS_Trinary_Operator */
-
-/* 'Radical': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Radical[] = {
-	3,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-}; /* CR_Radical */
-
-/* 'Unified_Ideograph': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unified_Ideograph[] = {
-	13,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fd5,
-	0xfa0e, 0xfa0f,
-	0xfa11, 0xfa11,
-	0xfa13, 0xfa14,
-	0xfa1f, 0xfa1f,
-	0xfa21, 0xfa21,
-	0xfa23, 0xfa24,
-	0xfa27, 0xfa29,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-}; /* CR_Unified_Ideograph */
-
-/* 'Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point[] = {
-	11,
-	0x034f, 0x034f,
-	0x115f, 0x1160,
-	0x17b4, 0x17b5,
-	0x2065, 0x2065,
-	0x3164, 0x3164,
-	0xffa0, 0xffa0,
-	0xfff0, 0xfff8,
-	0xe0000, 0xe0000,
-	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
-	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
-	0xe01f0, 0xe0fff,
-}; /* CR_Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point */
-
-/* 'Deprecated': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Deprecated[] = {
-	8,
-	0x0149, 0x0149,
-	0x0673, 0x0673,
-	0x0f77, 0x0f77,
-	0x0f79, 0x0f79,
-	0x17a3, 0x17a4,
-	0x206a, 0x206f,
-	0x2329, 0x232a,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-}; /* CR_Deprecated */
-
-/* 'Soft_Dotted': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Soft_Dotted[] = {
-	31,
-	0x0069, 0x006a,
-	0x012f, 0x012f,
-	0x0249, 0x0249,
-	0x0268, 0x0268,
-	0x029d, 0x029d,
-	0x02b2, 0x02b2,
-	0x03f3, 0x03f3,
-	0x0456, 0x0456,
-	0x0458, 0x0458,
-	0x1d62, 0x1d62,
-	0x1d96, 0x1d96,
-	0x1da4, 0x1da4,
-	0x1da8, 0x1da8,
-	0x1e2d, 0x1e2d,
-	0x1ecb, 0x1ecb,
-	0x2071, 0x2071,
-	0x2148, 0x2149,
-	0x2c7c, 0x2c7c,
-	0x1d422, 0x1d423,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d457,
-	0x1d48a, 0x1d48b,
-	0x1d4be, 0x1d4bf,
-	0x1d4f2, 0x1d4f3,
-	0x1d526, 0x1d527,
-	0x1d55a, 0x1d55b,
-	0x1d58e, 0x1d58f,
-	0x1d5c2, 0x1d5c3,
-	0x1d5f6, 0x1d5f7,
-	0x1d62a, 0x1d62b,
-	0x1d65e, 0x1d65f,
-	0x1d692, 0x1d693,
-}; /* CR_Soft_Dotted */
-
-/* 'Logical_Order_Exception': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Logical_Order_Exception[] = {
-	7,
-	0x0e40, 0x0e44,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x19b5, 0x19b7,
-	0x19ba, 0x19ba,
-	0xaab5, 0xaab6,
-	0xaab9, 0xaab9,
-	0xaabb, 0xaabc,
-}; /* CR_Logical_Order_Exception */
-
-/* 'Other_ID_Start': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_ID_Start[] = {
-	4,
-	0x1885, 0x1886,
-	0x2118, 0x2118,
-	0x212e, 0x212e,
-	0x309b, 0x309c,
-}; /* CR_Other_ID_Start */
-
-/* 'Other_ID_Continue': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_ID_Continue[] = {
-	4,
-	0x00b7, 0x00b7,
-	0x0387, 0x0387,
-	0x1369, 0x1371,
-	0x19da, 0x19da,
-}; /* CR_Other_ID_Continue */
-
-/* 'Sentence_Terminal': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sentence_Terminal[] = {
-	66,
-	0x0021, 0x0021,
-	0x002e, 0x002e,
-	0x003f, 0x003f,
-	0x0589, 0x0589,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x06d4, 0x06d4,
-	0x0700, 0x0702,
-	0x07f9, 0x07f9,
-	0x0964, 0x0965,
-	0x104a, 0x104b,
-	0x1362, 0x1362,
-	0x1367, 0x1368,
-	0x166e, 0x166e,
-	0x1735, 0x1736,
-	0x1803, 0x1803,
-	0x1809, 0x1809,
-	0x1944, 0x1945,
-	0x1aa8, 0x1aab,
-	0x1b5a, 0x1b5b,
-	0x1b5e, 0x1b5f,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c3c,
-	0x1c7e, 0x1c7f,
-	0x203c, 0x203d,
-	0x2047, 0x2049,
-	0x2e2e, 0x2e2e,
-	0x2e3c, 0x2e3c,
-	0x3002, 0x3002,
-	0xa4ff, 0xa4ff,
-	0xa60e, 0xa60f,
-	0xa6f3, 0xa6f3,
-	0xa6f7, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa876, 0xa877,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8cf,
-	0xa92f, 0xa92f,
-	0xa9c8, 0xa9c9,
-	0xaa5d, 0xaa5f,
-	0xaaf0, 0xaaf1,
-	0xabeb, 0xabeb,
-	0xfe52, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe56, 0xfe57,
-	0xff01, 0xff01,
-	0xff0e, 0xff0e,
-	0xff1f, 0xff1f,
-	0xff61, 0xff61,
-	0x10a56, 0x10a57,
-	0x11047, 0x11048,
-	0x110be, 0x110c1,
-	0x11141, 0x11143,
-	0x111c5, 0x111c6,
-	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
-	0x111de, 0x111df,
-	0x11238, 0x11239,
-	0x1123b, 0x1123c,
-	0x112a9, 0x112a9,
-	0x1144b, 0x1144c,
-	0x115c2, 0x115c3,
-	0x115c9, 0x115d7,
-	0x11641, 0x11642,
-	0x1173c, 0x1173e,
-	0x11c41, 0x11c42,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b37, 0x16b38,
-	0x16b44, 0x16b44,
-	0x1bc9f, 0x1bc9f,
-	0x1da88, 0x1da88,
-}; /* CR_Sentence_Terminal */
-
-/* 'Variation_Selector': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Variation_Selector[] = {
-	3,
-	0x180b, 0x180d,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_Variation_Selector */
-
-/* 'Pattern_White_Space': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pattern_White_Space[] = {
-	5,
-	0x0009, 0x000d,
-	0x0020, 0x0020,
-	0x0085, 0x0085,
-	0x200e, 0x200f,
-	0x2028, 0x2029,
-}; /* CR_Pattern_White_Space */
-
-/* 'Pattern_Syntax': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pattern_Syntax[] = {
-	28,
-	0x0021, 0x002f,
-	0x003a, 0x0040,
-	0x005b, 0x005e,
-	0x0060, 0x0060,
-	0x007b, 0x007e,
-	0x00a1, 0x00a7,
-	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
-	0x00ab, 0x00ac,
-	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
-	0x00b0, 0x00b1,
-	0x00b6, 0x00b6,
-	0x00bb, 0x00bb,
-	0x00bf, 0x00bf,
-	0x00d7, 0x00d7,
-	0x00f7, 0x00f7,
-	0x2010, 0x2027,
-	0x2030, 0x203e,
-	0x2041, 0x2053,
-	0x2055, 0x205e,
-	0x2190, 0x245f,
-	0x2500, 0x2775,
-	0x2794, 0x2bff,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e7f,
-	0x3001, 0x3003,
-	0x3008, 0x3020,
-	0x3030, 0x3030,
-	0xfd3e, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfe45, 0xfe46,
-}; /* CR_Pattern_Syntax */
-
-/* 'Prepended_Concatenation_Mark': Binary Property */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Prepended_Concatenation_Mark[] = {
-	5,
-	0x0600, 0x0605,
-	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
-	0x070f, 0x070f,
-	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
-	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
-}; /* CR_Prepended_Concatenation_Mark */
-
-/* 'Unknown': Script */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
-	636,
-	0x0378, 0x0379,
-	0x0380, 0x0383,
-	0x038b, 0x038b,
-	0x038d, 0x038d,
-	0x03a2, 0x03a2,
-	0x0530, 0x0530,
-	0x0557, 0x0558,
-	0x0560, 0x0560,
-	0x0588, 0x0588,
-	0x058b, 0x058c,
-	0x0590, 0x0590,
-	0x05c8, 0x05cf,
-	0x05eb, 0x05ef,
-	0x05f5, 0x05ff,
-	0x061d, 0x061d,
-	0x070e, 0x070e,
-	0x074b, 0x074c,
-	0x07b2, 0x07bf,
-	0x07fb, 0x07ff,
-	0x082e, 0x082f,
-	0x083f, 0x083f,
-	0x085c, 0x085d,
-	0x085f, 0x089f,
-	0x08b5, 0x08b5,
-	0x08be, 0x08d3,
-	0x0984, 0x0984,
-	0x098d, 0x098e,
-	0x0991, 0x0992,
-	0x09a9, 0x09a9,
-	0x09b1, 0x09b1,
-	0x09b3, 0x09b5,
-	0x09ba, 0x09bb,
-	0x09c5, 0x09c6,
-	0x09c9, 0x09ca,
-	0x09cf, 0x09d6,
-	0x09d8, 0x09db,
-	0x09de, 0x09de,
-	0x09e4, 0x09e5,
-	0x09fc, 0x0a00,
-	0x0a04, 0x0a04,
-	0x0a0b, 0x0a0e,
-	0x0a11, 0x0a12,
-	0x0a29, 0x0a29,
-	0x0a31, 0x0a31,
-	0x0a34, 0x0a34,
-	0x0a37, 0x0a37,
-	0x0a3a, 0x0a3b,
-	0x0a3d, 0x0a3d,
-	0x0a43, 0x0a46,
-	0x0a49, 0x0a4a,
-	0x0a4e, 0x0a50,
-	0x0a52, 0x0a58,
-	0x0a5d, 0x0a5d,
-	0x0a5f, 0x0a65,
-	0x0a76, 0x0a80,
-	0x0a84, 0x0a84,
-	0x0a8e, 0x0a8e,
-	0x0a92, 0x0a92,
-	0x0aa9, 0x0aa9,
-	0x0ab1, 0x0ab1,
-	0x0ab4, 0x0ab4,
-	0x0aba, 0x0abb,
-	0x0ac6, 0x0ac6,
-	0x0aca, 0x0aca,
-	0x0ace, 0x0acf,
-	0x0ad1, 0x0adf,
-	0x0ae4, 0x0ae5,
-	0x0af2, 0x0af8,
-	0x0afa, 0x0b00,
-	0x0b04, 0x0b04,
-	0x0b0d, 0x0b0e,
-	0x0b11, 0x0b12,
-	0x0b29, 0x0b29,
-	0x0b31, 0x0b31,
-	0x0b34, 0x0b34,
-	0x0b3a, 0x0b3b,
-	0x0b45, 0x0b46,
-	0x0b49, 0x0b4a,
-	0x0b4e, 0x0b55,
-	0x0b58, 0x0b5b,
-	0x0b5e, 0x0b5e,
-	0x0b64, 0x0b65,
-	0x0b78, 0x0b81,
-	0x0b84, 0x0b84,
-	0x0b8b, 0x0b8d,
-	0x0b91, 0x0b91,
-	0x0b96, 0x0b98,
-	0x0b9b, 0x0b9b,
-	0x0b9d, 0x0b9d,
-	0x0ba0, 0x0ba2,
-	0x0ba5, 0x0ba7,
-	0x0bab, 0x0bad,
-	0x0bba, 0x0bbd,
-	0x0bc3, 0x0bc5,
-	0x0bc9, 0x0bc9,
-	0x0bce, 0x0bcf,
-	0x0bd1, 0x0bd6,
-	0x0bd8, 0x0be5,
-	0x0bfb, 0x0bff,
-	0x0c04, 0x0c04,
-	0x0c0d, 0x0c0d,
-	0x0c11, 0x0c11,
-	0x0c29, 0x0c29,
-	0x0c3a, 0x0c3c,
-	0x0c45, 0x0c45,
-	0x0c49, 0x0c49,
-	0x0c4e, 0x0c54,
-	0x0c57, 0x0c57,
-	0x0c5b, 0x0c5f,
-	0x0c64, 0x0c65,
-	0x0c70, 0x0c77,
-	0x0c84, 0x0c84,
-	0x0c8d, 0x0c8d,
-	0x0c91, 0x0c91,
-	0x0ca9, 0x0ca9,
-	0x0cb4, 0x0cb4,
-	0x0cba, 0x0cbb,
-	0x0cc5, 0x0cc5,
-	0x0cc9, 0x0cc9,
-	0x0cce, 0x0cd4,
-	0x0cd7, 0x0cdd,
-	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
-	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
-	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
-	0x0cf3, 0x0d00,
-	0x0d04, 0x0d04,
-	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
-	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
-	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
-	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
-	0x0d49, 0x0d49,
-	0x0d50, 0x0d53,
-	0x0d64, 0x0d65,
-	0x0d80, 0x0d81,
-	0x0d84, 0x0d84,
-	0x0d97, 0x0d99,
-	0x0db2, 0x0db2,
-	0x0dbc, 0x0dbc,
-	0x0dbe, 0x0dbf,
-	0x0dc7, 0x0dc9,
-	0x0dcb, 0x0dce,
-	0x0dd5, 0x0dd5,
-	0x0dd7, 0x0dd7,
-	0x0de0, 0x0de5,
-	0x0df0, 0x0df1,
-	0x0df5, 0x0e00,
-	0x0e3b, 0x0e3e,
-	0x0e5c, 0x0e80,
-	0x0e83, 0x0e83,
-	0x0e85, 0x0e86,
-	0x0e89, 0x0e89,
-	0x0e8b, 0x0e8c,
-	0x0e8e, 0x0e93,
-	0x0e98, 0x0e98,
-	0x0ea0, 0x0ea0,
-	0x0ea4, 0x0ea4,
-	0x0ea6, 0x0ea6,
-	0x0ea8, 0x0ea9,
-	0x0eac, 0x0eac,
-	0x0eba, 0x0eba,
-	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
-	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
-	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
-	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
-	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
-	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
-	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
-	0x0f6d, 0x0f70,
-	0x0f98, 0x0f98,
-	0x0fbd, 0x0fbd,
-	0x0fcd, 0x0fcd,
-	0x0fdb, 0x0fff,
-	0x10c6, 0x10c6,
-	0x10c8, 0x10cc,
-	0x10ce, 0x10cf,
-	0x1249, 0x1249,
-	0x124e, 0x124f,
-	0x1257, 0x1257,
-	0x1259, 0x1259,
-	0x125e, 0x125f,
-	0x1289, 0x1289,
-	0x128e, 0x128f,
-	0x12b1, 0x12b1,
-	0x12b6, 0x12b7,
-	0x12bf, 0x12bf,
-	0x12c1, 0x12c1,
-	0x12c6, 0x12c7,
-	0x12d7, 0x12d7,
-	0x1311, 0x1311,
-	0x1316, 0x1317,
-	0x135b, 0x135c,
-	0x137d, 0x137f,
-	0x139a, 0x139f,
-	0x13f6, 0x13f7,
-	0x13fe, 0x13ff,
-	0x169d, 0x169f,
-	0x16f9, 0x16ff,
-	0x170d, 0x170d,
-	0x1715, 0x171f,
-	0x1737, 0x173f,
-	0x1754, 0x175f,
-	0x176d, 0x176d,
-	0x1771, 0x1771,
-	0x1774, 0x177f,
-	0x17de, 0x17df,
-	0x17ea, 0x17ef,
-	0x17fa, 0x17ff,
-	0x180f, 0x180f,
-	0x181a, 0x181f,
-	0x1878, 0x187f,
-	0x18ab, 0x18af,
-	0x18f6, 0x18ff,
-	0x191f, 0x191f,
-	0x192c, 0x192f,
-	0x193c, 0x193f,
-	0x1941, 0x1943,
-	0x196e, 0x196f,
-	0x1975, 0x197f,
-	0x19ac, 0x19af,
-	0x19ca, 0x19cf,
-	0x19db, 0x19dd,
-	0x1a1c, 0x1a1d,
-	0x1a5f, 0x1a5f,
-	0x1a7d, 0x1a7e,
-	0x1a8a, 0x1a8f,
-	0x1a9a, 0x1a9f,
-	0x1aae, 0x1aaf,
-	0x1abf, 0x1aff,
-	0x1b4c, 0x1b4f,
-	0x1b7d, 0x1b7f,
-	0x1bf4, 0x1bfb,
-	0x1c38, 0x1c3a,
-	0x1c4a, 0x1c4c,
-	0x1c89, 0x1cbf,
-	0x1cc8, 0x1ccf,
-	0x1cf7, 0x1cf7,
-	0x1cfa, 0x1cff,
-	0x1df6, 0x1dfa,
-	0x1f16, 0x1f17,
-	0x1f1e, 0x1f1f,
-	0x1f46, 0x1f47,
-	0x1f4e, 0x1f4f,
-	0x1f58, 0x1f58,
-	0x1f5a, 0x1f5a,
-	0x1f5c, 0x1f5c,
-	0x1f5e, 0x1f5e,
-	0x1f7e, 0x1f7f,
-	0x1fb5, 0x1fb5,
-	0x1fc5, 0x1fc5,
-	0x1fd4, 0x1fd5,
-	0x1fdc, 0x1fdc,
-	0x1ff0, 0x1ff1,
-	0x1ff5, 0x1ff5,
-	0x1fff, 0x1fff,
-	0x2065, 0x2065,
-	0x2072, 0x2073,
-	0x208f, 0x208f,
-	0x209d, 0x209f,
-	0x20bf, 0x20cf,
-	0x20f1, 0x20ff,
-	0x218c, 0x218f,
-	0x23ff, 0x23ff,
-	0x2427, 0x243f,
-	0x244b, 0x245f,
-	0x2b74, 0x2b75,
-	0x2b96, 0x2b97,
-	0x2bba, 0x2bbc,
-	0x2bc9, 0x2bc9,
-	0x2bd2, 0x2beb,
-	0x2bf0, 0x2bff,
-	0x2c2f, 0x2c2f,
-	0x2c5f, 0x2c5f,
-	0x2cf4, 0x2cf8,
-	0x2d26, 0x2d26,
-	0x2d28, 0x2d2c,
-	0x2d2e, 0x2d2f,
-	0x2d68, 0x2d6e,
-	0x2d71, 0x2d7e,
-	0x2d97, 0x2d9f,
-	0x2da7, 0x2da7,
-	0x2daf, 0x2daf,
-	0x2db7, 0x2db7,
-	0x2dbf, 0x2dbf,
-	0x2dc7, 0x2dc7,
-	0x2dcf, 0x2dcf,
-	0x2dd7, 0x2dd7,
-	0x2ddf, 0x2ddf,
-	0x2e45, 0x2e7f,
-	0x2e9a, 0x2e9a,
-	0x2ef4, 0x2eff,
-	0x2fd6, 0x2fef,
-	0x2ffc, 0x2fff,
-	0x3040, 0x3040,
-	0x3097, 0x3098,
-	0x3100, 0x3104,
-	0x312e, 0x3130,
-	0x318f, 0x318f,
-	0x31bb, 0x31bf,
-	0x31e4, 0x31ef,
-	0x321f, 0x321f,
-	0x32ff, 0x32ff,
-	0x4db6, 0x4dbf,
-	0x9fd6, 0x9fff,
-	0xa48d, 0xa48f,
-	0xa4c7, 0xa4cf,
-	0xa62c, 0xa63f,
-	0xa6f8, 0xa6ff,
-	0xa7af, 0xa7af,
-	0xa7b8, 0xa7f6,
-	0xa82c, 0xa82f,
-	0xa83a, 0xa83f,
-	0xa878, 0xa87f,
-	0xa8c6, 0xa8cd,
-	0xa8da, 0xa8df,
-	0xa8fe, 0xa8ff,
-	0xa954, 0xa95e,
-	0xa97d, 0xa97f,
-	0xa9ce, 0xa9ce,
-	0xa9da, 0xa9dd,
-	0xa9ff, 0xa9ff,
-	0xaa37, 0xaa3f,
-	0xaa4e, 0xaa4f,
-	0xaa5a, 0xaa5b,
-	0xaac3, 0xaada,
-	0xaaf7, 0xab00,
-	0xab07, 0xab08,
-	0xab0f, 0xab10,
-	0xab17, 0xab1f,
-	0xab27, 0xab27,
-	0xab2f, 0xab2f,
-	0xab66, 0xab6f,
-	0xabee, 0xabef,
-	0xabfa, 0xabff,
-	0xd7a4, 0xd7af,
-	0xd7c7, 0xd7ca,
-	0xd7fc, 0xf8ff,
-	0xfa6e, 0xfa6f,
-	0xfada, 0xfaff,
-	0xfb07, 0xfb12,
-	0xfb18, 0xfb1c,
-	0xfb37, 0xfb37,
-	0xfb3d, 0xfb3d,
-	0xfb3f, 0xfb3f,
-	0xfb42, 0xfb42,
-	0xfb45, 0xfb45,
-	0xfbc2, 0xfbd2,
-	0xfd40, 0xfd4f,
-	0xfd90, 0xfd91,
-	0xfdc8, 0xfdef,
-	0xfdfe, 0xfdff,
-	0xfe1a, 0xfe1f,
-	0xfe53, 0xfe53,
-	0xfe67, 0xfe67,
-	0xfe6c, 0xfe6f,
-	0xfe75, 0xfe75,
-	0xfefd, 0xfefe,
-	0xff00, 0xff00,
-	0xffbf, 0xffc1,
-	0xffc8, 0xffc9,
-	0xffd0, 0xffd1,
-	0xffd8, 0xffd9,
-	0xffdd, 0xffdf,
-	0xffe7, 0xffe7,
-	0xffef, 0xfff8,
-	0xfffe, 0xffff,
-	0x1000c, 0x1000c,
-	0x10027, 0x10027,
-	0x1003b, 0x1003b,
-	0x1003e, 0x1003e,
-	0x1004e, 0x1004f,
-	0x1005e, 0x1007f,
-	0x100fb, 0x100ff,
-	0x10103, 0x10106,
-	0x10134, 0x10136,
-	0x1018f, 0x1018f,
-	0x1019c, 0x1019f,
-	0x101a1, 0x101cf,
-	0x101fe, 0x1027f,
-	0x1029d, 0x1029f,
-	0x102d1, 0x102df,
-	0x102fc, 0x102ff,
-	0x10324, 0x1032f,
-	0x1034b, 0x1034f,
-	0x1037b, 0x1037f,
-	0x1039e, 0x1039e,
-	0x103c4, 0x103c7,
-	0x103d6, 0x103ff,
-	0x1049e, 0x1049f,
-	0x104aa, 0x104af,
-	0x104d4, 0x104d7,
-	0x104fc, 0x104ff,
-	0x10528, 0x1052f,
-	0x10564, 0x1056e,
-	0x10570, 0x105ff,
-	0x10737, 0x1073f,
-	0x10756, 0x1075f,
-	0x10768, 0x107ff,
-	0x10806, 0x10807,
-	0x10809, 0x10809,
-	0x10836, 0x10836,
-	0x10839, 0x1083b,
-	0x1083d, 0x1083e,
-	0x10856, 0x10856,
-	0x1089f, 0x108a6,
-	0x108b0, 0x108df,
-	0x108f3, 0x108f3,
-	0x108f6, 0x108fa,
-	0x1091c, 0x1091e,
-	0x1093a, 0x1093e,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
-	0x109b8, 0x109bb,
-	0x109d0, 0x109d1,
-	0x10a04, 0x10a04,
-	0x10a07, 0x10a0b,
-	0x10a14, 0x10a14,
-	0x10a18, 0x10a18,
-	0x10a34, 0x10a37,
-	0x10a3b, 0x10a3e,
-	0x10a48, 0x10a4f,
-	0x10a59, 0x10a5f,
-	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
-	0x10ae7, 0x10aea,
-	0x10af7, 0x10aff,
-	0x10b36, 0x10b38,
-	0x10b56, 0x10b57,
-	0x10b73, 0x10b77,
-	0x10b92, 0x10b98,
-	0x10b9d, 0x10ba8,
-	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
-	0x10c49, 0x10c7f,
-	0x10cb3, 0x10cbf,
-	0x10cf3, 0x10cf9,
-	0x10d00, 0x10e5f,
-	0x10e7f, 0x10fff,
-	0x1104e, 0x11051,
-	0x11070, 0x1107e,
-	0x110c2, 0x110cf,
-	0x110e9, 0x110ef,
-	0x110fa, 0x110ff,
-	0x11135, 0x11135,
-	0x11144, 0x1114f,
-	0x11177, 0x1117f,
-	0x111ce, 0x111cf,
-	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
-	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
-	0x11212, 0x11212,
-	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
-	0x11287, 0x11287,
-	0x11289, 0x11289,
-	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
-	0x1129e, 0x1129e,
-	0x112aa, 0x112af,
-	0x112eb, 0x112ef,
-	0x112fa, 0x112ff,
-	0x11304, 0x11304,
-	0x1130d, 0x1130e,
-	0x11311, 0x11312,
-	0x11329, 0x11329,
-	0x11331, 0x11331,
-	0x11334, 0x11334,
-	0x1133a, 0x1133b,
-	0x11345, 0x11346,
-	0x11349, 0x1134a,
-	0x1134e, 0x1134f,
-	0x11351, 0x11356,
-	0x11358, 0x1135c,
-	0x11364, 0x11365,
-	0x1136d, 0x1136f,
-	0x11375, 0x113ff,
-	0x1145a, 0x1145a,
-	0x1145c, 0x1145c,
-	0x1145e, 0x1147f,
-	0x114c8, 0x114cf,
-	0x114da, 0x1157f,
-	0x115b6, 0x115b7,
-	0x115de, 0x115ff,
-	0x11645, 0x1164f,
-	0x1165a, 0x1165f,
-	0x1166d, 0x1167f,
-	0x116b8, 0x116bf,
-	0x116ca, 0x116ff,
-	0x1171a, 0x1171c,
-	0x1172c, 0x1172f,
-	0x11740, 0x1189f,
-	0x118f3, 0x118fe,
-	0x11900, 0x11abf,
-	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
-	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
-	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
-	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
-	0x11c6d, 0x11c6f,
-	0x11c90, 0x11c91,
-	0x11ca8, 0x11ca8,
-	0x11cb7, 0x11fff,
-	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
-	0x1246f, 0x1246f,
-	0x12475, 0x1247f,
-	0x12544, 0x12fff,
-	0x1342f, 0x143ff,
-	0x14647, 0x167ff,
-	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
-	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
-	0x16a6a, 0x16a6d,
-	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
-	0x16aee, 0x16aef,
-	0x16af6, 0x16aff,
-	0x16b46, 0x16b4f,
-	0x16b5a, 0x16b5a,
-	0x16b62, 0x16b62,
-	0x16b78, 0x16b7c,
-	0x16b90, 0x16eff,
-	0x16f45, 0x16f4f,
-	0x16f7f, 0x16f8e,
-	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
-	0x16fe1, 0x16fff,
-	0x187ed, 0x187ff,
-	0x18af3, 0x1afff,
-	0x1b002, 0x1bbff,
-	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
-	0x1bc7d, 0x1bc7f,
-	0x1bc89, 0x1bc8f,
-	0x1bc9a, 0x1bc9b,
-	0x1bca4, 0x1cfff,
-	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
-	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
-	0x1d1e9, 0x1d1ff,
-	0x1d246, 0x1d2ff,
-	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
-	0x1d372, 0x1d3ff,
-	0x1d455, 0x1d455,
-	0x1d49d, 0x1d49d,
-	0x1d4a0, 0x1d4a1,
-	0x1d4a3, 0x1d4a4,
-	0x1d4a7, 0x1d4a8,
-	0x1d4ad, 0x1d4ad,
-	0x1d4ba, 0x1d4ba,
-	0x1d4bc, 0x1d4bc,
-	0x1d4c4, 0x1d4c4,
-	0x1d506, 0x1d506,
-	0x1d50b, 0x1d50c,
-	0x1d515, 0x1d515,
-	0x1d51d, 0x1d51d,
-	0x1d53a, 0x1d53a,
-	0x1d53f, 0x1d53f,
-	0x1d545, 0x1d545,
-	0x1d547, 0x1d549,
-	0x1d551, 0x1d551,
-	0x1d6a6, 0x1d6a7,
-	0x1d7cc, 0x1d7cd,
-	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
-	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
-	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
-	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
-	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
-	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
-	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
-	0x1e02b, 0x1e7ff,
-	0x1e8c5, 0x1e8c6,
-	0x1e8d7, 0x1e8ff,
-	0x1e94b, 0x1e94f,
-	0x1e95a, 0x1e95d,
-	0x1e960, 0x1edff,
-	0x1ee04, 0x1ee04,
-	0x1ee20, 0x1ee20,
-	0x1ee23, 0x1ee23,
-	0x1ee25, 0x1ee26,
-	0x1ee28, 0x1ee28,
-	0x1ee33, 0x1ee33,
-	0x1ee38, 0x1ee38,
-	0x1ee3a, 0x1ee3a,
-	0x1ee3c, 0x1ee41,
-	0x1ee43, 0x1ee46,
-	0x1ee48, 0x1ee48,
-	0x1ee4a, 0x1ee4a,
-	0x1ee4c, 0x1ee4c,
-	0x1ee50, 0x1ee50,
-	0x1ee53, 0x1ee53,
-	0x1ee55, 0x1ee56,
-	0x1ee58, 0x1ee58,
-	0x1ee5a, 0x1ee5a,
-	0x1ee5c, 0x1ee5c,
-	0x1ee5e, 0x1ee5e,
-	0x1ee60, 0x1ee60,
-	0x1ee63, 0x1ee63,
-	0x1ee65, 0x1ee66,
-	0x1ee6b, 0x1ee6b,
-	0x1ee73, 0x1ee73,
-	0x1ee78, 0x1ee78,
-	0x1ee7d, 0x1ee7d,
-	0x1ee7f, 0x1ee7f,
-	0x1ee8a, 0x1ee8a,
-	0x1ee9c, 0x1eea0,
-	0x1eea4, 0x1eea4,
-	0x1eeaa, 0x1eeaa,
-	0x1eebc, 0x1eeef,
-	0x1eef2, 0x1efff,
-	0x1f02c, 0x1f02f,
-	0x1f094, 0x1f09f,
-	0x1f0af, 0x1f0b0,
-	0x1f0c0, 0x1f0c0,
-	0x1f0d0, 0x1f0d0,
-	0x1f0f6, 0x1f0ff,
-	0x1f10d, 0x1f10f,
-	0x1f12f, 0x1f12f,
-	0x1f16c, 0x1f16f,
-	0x1f1ad, 0x1f1e5,
-	0x1f203, 0x1f20f,
-	0x1f23c, 0x1f23f,
-	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
-	0x1f252, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d3, 0x1f6df,
-	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
-	0x1f6f7, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
-	0x1f7d5, 0x1f7ff,
-	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
-	0x1f848, 0x1f84f,
-	0x1f85a, 0x1f85f,
-	0x1f888, 0x1f88f,
-	0x1f8ae, 0x1f90f,
-	0x1f91f, 0x1f91f,
-	0x1f928, 0x1f92f,
-	0x1f931, 0x1f932,
-	0x1f93f, 0x1f93f,
-	0x1f94c, 0x1f94f,
-	0x1f95f, 0x1f97f,
-	0x1f992, 0x1f9bf,
-	0x1f9c1, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2a6d7, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b735, 0x2b73f,
-	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
-	0x2cea2, 0x2f7ff,
-	0x2fa1e, 0xe0000,
-	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
-	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
-	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Unknown */
-
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-/* 'Age_1_1': Derived Age 1.1 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_1_1[] = {
-	288,
-	0x0000, 0x01f5,
-	0x01fa, 0x0217,
-	0x0250, 0x02a8,
-	0x02b0, 0x02de,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e9,
-	0x0300, 0x0345,
-	0x0360, 0x0361,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d6,
-	0x03da, 0x03da,
-	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
-	0x03de, 0x03de,
-	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
-	0x03e2, 0x03f3,
-	0x0401, 0x040c,
-	0x040e, 0x044f,
-	0x0451, 0x045c,
-	0x045e, 0x0486,
-	0x0490, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
-	0x04d0, 0x04eb,
-	0x04ee, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x0589,
-	0x05b0, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c3,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x0652,
-	0x0660, 0x066d,
-	0x0670, 0x06b7,
-	0x06ba, 0x06be,
-	0x06c0, 0x06ce,
-	0x06d0, 0x06ed,
-	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
-	0x0901, 0x0903,
-	0x0905, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
-	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
-	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9a,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x202e,
-	0x2030, 0x2046,
-	0x206a, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20aa,
-	0x20d0, 0x20e1,
-	0x2100, 0x2138,
-	0x2153, 0x2182,
-	0x2190, 0x21ea,
-	0x2200, 0x22f1,
-	0x2300, 0x2300,
-	0x2302, 0x237a,
-	0x2400, 0x2424,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x24ea,
-	0x2500, 0x2595,
-	0x25a0, 0x25ef,
-	0x2600, 0x2613,
-	0x261a, 0x266f,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2767,
-	0x2776, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x3000, 0x3037,
-	0x303f, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3094,
-	0x3099, 0x309e,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x319f,
-	0x3200, 0x321c,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3260, 0x327b,
-	0x327f, 0x32b0,
-	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
-	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x3376,
-	0x337b, 0x33dd,
-	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
-	0xe000, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
-	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
-	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xff5e,
-	0xff61, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfffd, 0xffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_1_1 */
-
-/* 'Age_2_0': Derived Age 2.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_2_0[] = {
-	312,
-	0x0000, 0x01f5,
-	0x01fa, 0x0217,
-	0x0250, 0x02a8,
-	0x02b0, 0x02de,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e9,
-	0x0300, 0x0345,
-	0x0360, 0x0361,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d6,
-	0x03da, 0x03da,
-	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
-	0x03de, 0x03de,
-	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
-	0x03e2, 0x03f3,
-	0x0401, 0x040c,
-	0x040e, 0x044f,
-	0x0451, 0x045c,
-	0x045e, 0x0486,
-	0x0490, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
-	0x04d0, 0x04eb,
-	0x04ee, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x0589,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x0652,
-	0x0660, 0x066d,
-	0x0670, 0x06b7,
-	0x06ba, 0x06be,
-	0x06c0, 0x06ce,
-	0x06d0, 0x06ed,
-	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
-	0x0901, 0x0903,
-	0x0905, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
-	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
-	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f69,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f95,
-	0x0f97, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fad,
-	0x0fb1, 0x0fb7,
-	0x0fb9, 0x0fb9,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x202e,
-	0x2030, 0x2046,
-	0x206a, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20ab,
-	0x20d0, 0x20e1,
-	0x2100, 0x2138,
-	0x2153, 0x2182,
-	0x2190, 0x21ea,
-	0x2200, 0x22f1,
-	0x2300, 0x2300,
-	0x2302, 0x237a,
-	0x2400, 0x2424,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x24ea,
-	0x2500, 0x2595,
-	0x25a0, 0x25ef,
-	0x2600, 0x2613,
-	0x261a, 0x266f,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2767,
-	0x2776, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x3000, 0x3037,
-	0x303f, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3094,
-	0x3099, 0x309e,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x319f,
-	0x3200, 0x321c,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3260, 0x327b,
-	0x327f, 0x32b0,
-	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
-	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x3376,
-	0x337b, 0x33dd,
-	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
-	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
-	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xff5e,
-	0xff61, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfffd, 0xffff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_2_0 */
-
-/* 'Age_2_1': Derived Age 2.1 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_2_1[] = {
-	312,
-	0x0000, 0x01f5,
-	0x01fa, 0x0217,
-	0x0250, 0x02a8,
-	0x02b0, 0x02de,
-	0x02e0, 0x02e9,
-	0x0300, 0x0345,
-	0x0360, 0x0361,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d6,
-	0x03da, 0x03da,
-	0x03dc, 0x03dc,
-	0x03de, 0x03de,
-	0x03e0, 0x03e0,
-	0x03e2, 0x03f3,
-	0x0401, 0x040c,
-	0x040e, 0x044f,
-	0x0451, 0x045c,
-	0x045e, 0x0486,
-	0x0490, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
-	0x04d0, 0x04eb,
-	0x04ee, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x0589,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x0652,
-	0x0660, 0x066d,
-	0x0670, 0x06b7,
-	0x06ba, 0x06be,
-	0x06c0, 0x06ce,
-	0x06d0, 0x06ed,
-	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
-	0x0901, 0x0903,
-	0x0905, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
-	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
-	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f69,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f95,
-	0x0f97, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fad,
-	0x0fb1, 0x0fb7,
-	0x0fb9, 0x0fb9,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x202e,
-	0x2030, 0x2046,
-	0x206a, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20ac,
-	0x20d0, 0x20e1,
-	0x2100, 0x2138,
-	0x2153, 0x2182,
-	0x2190, 0x21ea,
-	0x2200, 0x22f1,
-	0x2300, 0x2300,
-	0x2302, 0x237a,
-	0x2400, 0x2424,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x24ea,
-	0x2500, 0x2595,
-	0x25a0, 0x25ef,
-	0x2600, 0x2613,
-	0x261a, 0x266f,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2767,
-	0x2776, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x3000, 0x3037,
-	0x303f, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3094,
-	0x3099, 0x309e,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x319f,
-	0x3200, 0x321c,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3260, 0x327b,
-	0x327f, 0x32b0,
-	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
-	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x3376,
-	0x337b, 0x33dd,
-	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1e, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
-	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
-	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xff5e,
-	0xff61, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfffc, 0xffff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_2_1 */
-
-/* 'Age_3_0': Derived Age 3.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_3_0[] = {
-	369,
-	0x0000, 0x021f,
-	0x0222, 0x0233,
-	0x0250, 0x02ad,
-	0x02b0, 0x02ee,
-	0x0300, 0x034e,
-	0x0360, 0x0362,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d7,
-	0x03da, 0x03f3,
-	0x0400, 0x0486,
-	0x0488, 0x0489,
-	0x048c, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
-	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x0655,
-	0x0660, 0x066d,
-	0x0670, 0x06ed,
-	0x06f0, 0x06fe,
-	0x0700, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x072c,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x0780, 0x07b0,
-	0x0901, 0x0903,
-	0x0905, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
-	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
-	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
-	0x1000, 0x1021,
-	0x1023, 0x1027,
-	0x1029, 0x102a,
-	0x102c, 0x1032,
-	0x1036, 0x1039,
-	0x1040, 0x1059,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1200, 0x1206,
-	0x1208, 0x1246,
-	0x1248, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1286,
-	0x1288, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12ae,
-	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
-	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
-	0x12f0, 0x130e,
-	0x1310, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x131e,
-	0x1320, 0x1346,
-	0x1348, 0x135a,
-	0x1361, 0x137c,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1401, 0x1676,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1780, 0x17dc,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a9,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2046,
-	0x2048, 0x204d,
-	0x206a, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20af,
-	0x20d0, 0x20e3,
-	0x2100, 0x213a,
-	0x2153, 0x2183,
-	0x2190, 0x21f3,
-	0x2200, 0x22f1,
-	0x2300, 0x237b,
-	0x237d, 0x239a,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x24ea,
-	0x2500, 0x2595,
-	0x25a0, 0x25f7,
-	0x2600, 0x2613,
-	0x2619, 0x2671,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2767,
-	0x2776, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x2800, 0x28ff,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303a,
-	0x303e, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3094,
-	0x3099, 0x309e,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x3200, 0x321c,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3260, 0x327b,
-	0x327f, 0x32b0,
-	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
-	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x3376,
-	0x337b, 0x33dd,
-	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4a1,
-	0xa4a4, 0xa4b3,
-	0xa4b5, 0xa4c0,
-	0xa4c2, 0xa4c4,
-	0xa4c6, 0xa4c6,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdf0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
-	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
-	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xff5e,
-	0xff61, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0xffff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_3_0 */
-
-/* 'Age_3_1': Derived Age 3.1 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_3_1[] = {
-	402,
-	0x0000, 0x021f,
-	0x0222, 0x0233,
-	0x0250, 0x02ad,
-	0x02b0, 0x02ee,
-	0x0300, 0x034e,
-	0x0360, 0x0362,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03d7,
-	0x03da, 0x03f5,
-	0x0400, 0x0486,
-	0x0488, 0x0489,
-	0x048c, 0x04c4,
-	0x04c7, 0x04c8,
-	0x04cb, 0x04cc,
-	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x0655,
-	0x0660, 0x066d,
-	0x0670, 0x06ed,
-	0x06f0, 0x06fe,
-	0x0700, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x072c,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x0780, 0x07b0,
-	0x0901, 0x0903,
-	0x0905, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
-	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
-	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
-	0x1000, 0x1021,
-	0x1023, 0x1027,
-	0x1029, 0x102a,
-	0x102c, 0x1032,
-	0x1036, 0x1039,
-	0x1040, 0x1059,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10f6,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1200, 0x1206,
-	0x1208, 0x1246,
-	0x1248, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1286,
-	0x1288, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12ae,
-	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
-	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
-	0x12f0, 0x130e,
-	0x1310, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x131e,
-	0x1320, 0x1346,
-	0x1348, 0x135a,
-	0x1361, 0x137c,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1401, 0x1676,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1780, 0x17dc,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a9,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2046,
-	0x2048, 0x204d,
-	0x206a, 0x2070,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20af,
-	0x20d0, 0x20e3,
-	0x2100, 0x213a,
-	0x2153, 0x2183,
-	0x2190, 0x21f3,
-	0x2200, 0x22f1,
-	0x2300, 0x237b,
-	0x237d, 0x239a,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x24ea,
-	0x2500, 0x2595,
-	0x25a0, 0x25f7,
-	0x2600, 0x2613,
-	0x2619, 0x2671,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2767,
-	0x2776, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x2800, 0x28ff,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303a,
-	0x303e, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3094,
-	0x3099, 0x309e,
-	0x30a1, 0x30fe,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x3200, 0x321c,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3260, 0x327b,
-	0x327f, 0x32b0,
-	0x32c0, 0x32cb,
-	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x3376,
-	0x337b, 0x33dd,
-	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4a1,
-	0xa4a4, 0xa4b3,
-	0xa4b5, 0xa4c0,
-	0xa4c2, 0xa4c4,
-	0xa4c6, 0xa4c6,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfb,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe44,
-	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe72,
-	0xfe74, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xff5e,
-	0xff61, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0xffff,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10400, 0x10425,
-	0x10428, 0x1044d,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c0,
-	0x1d4c2, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a3,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_3_1 */
-
-/* 'Age_3_2': Derived Age 3.2 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_3_2[] = {
-	397,
-	0x0000, 0x0220,
-	0x0222, 0x0233,
-	0x0250, 0x02ad,
-	0x02b0, 0x02ee,
-	0x0300, 0x034f,
-	0x0360, 0x036f,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03f6,
-	0x0400, 0x0486,
-	0x0488, 0x04ce,
-	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
-	0x0500, 0x050f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x060c, 0x060c,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x0655,
-	0x0660, 0x06ed,
-	0x06f0, 0x06fe,
-	0x0700, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x072c,
-	0x0730, 0x074a,
-	0x0780, 0x07b1,
-	0x0901, 0x0903,
-	0x0905, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09bc,
-	0x09be, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a02, 0x0a02,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8b,
-	0x0a8d, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae0,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b36, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b70,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
-	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be7, 0x0bf2,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
-	0x1000, 0x1021,
-	0x1023, 0x1027,
-	0x1029, 0x102a,
-	0x102c, 0x1032,
-	0x1036, 0x1039,
-	0x1040, 0x1059,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10f8,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1200, 0x1206,
-	0x1208, 0x1246,
-	0x1248, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1286,
-	0x1288, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12ae,
-	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
-	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
-	0x12f0, 0x130e,
-	0x1310, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x131e,
-	0x1320, 0x1346,
-	0x1348, 0x135a,
-	0x1361, 0x137c,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1401, 0x1676,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dc,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a9,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2052,
-	0x2057, 0x2057,
-	0x205f, 0x2063,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b1,
-	0x20d0, 0x20ea,
-	0x2100, 0x213a,
-	0x213d, 0x214b,
-	0x2153, 0x2183,
-	0x2190, 0x23ce,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x24fe,
-	0x2500, 0x2613,
-	0x2616, 0x2617,
-	0x2619, 0x267d,
-	0x2680, 0x2689,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
-	0x27f0, 0x2aff,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x31f0, 0x321c,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3251, 0x327b,
-	0x327f, 0x32cb,
-	0x32d0, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x3376,
-	0x337b, 0x33dd,
-	0x33e0, 0x33fe,
-	0x3400, 0x4db5,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fa5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfc,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe46,
-	0xfe49, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0xffff,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10400, 0x10425,
-	0x10428, 0x1044d,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c0,
-	0x1d4c2, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a3,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_3_2 */
-
-/* 'Age_4_0': Derived Age 4.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_4_0[] = {
-	412,
-	0x0000, 0x0236,
-	0x0250, 0x0357,
-	0x035d, 0x036f,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x03fb,
-	0x0400, 0x0486,
-	0x0488, 0x04ce,
-	0x04d0, 0x04f5,
-	0x04f8, 0x04f9,
-	0x0500, 0x050f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05a1,
-	0x05a3, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c4,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0603,
-	0x060c, 0x0615,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061f, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x0658,
-	0x0660, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x074f,
-	0x0780, 0x07b1,
-	0x0901, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cd,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb5,
-	0x0bb7, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be7, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fcf, 0x0fcf,
-	0x1000, 0x1021,
-	0x1023, 0x1027,
-	0x1029, 0x102a,
-	0x102c, 0x1032,
-	0x1036, 0x1039,
-	0x1040, 0x1059,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10f8,
-	0x10fb, 0x10fb,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1200, 0x1206,
-	0x1208, 0x1246,
-	0x1248, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1286,
-	0x1288, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12ae,
-	0x12b0, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12ce,
-	0x12d0, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x12ee,
-	0x12f0, 0x130e,
-	0x1310, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x131e,
-	0x1320, 0x1346,
-	0x1348, 0x135a,
-	0x1361, 0x137c,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1401, 0x1676,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a9,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x19e0, 0x19ff,
-	0x1d00, 0x1d6b,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2054,
-	0x2057, 0x2057,
-	0x205f, 0x2063,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b1,
-	0x20d0, 0x20ea,
-	0x2100, 0x213b,
-	0x213d, 0x214b,
-	0x2153, 0x2183,
-	0x2190, 0x23d0,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2617,
-	0x2619, 0x267d,
-	0x2680, 0x2691,
-	0x26a0, 0x26a1,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
-	0x27f0, 0x2b0d,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3250, 0x327d,
-	0x327f, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fa5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1013f,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x1039f,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a3,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_4_0 */
-
-/* 'Age_4_1': Derived Age 4.1 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_4_1[] = {
-	430,
-	0x0000, 0x0241,
-	0x0250, 0x036f,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037a,
-	0x037e, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x0486,
-	0x0488, 0x04ce,
-	0x04d0, 0x04f9,
-	0x0500, 0x050f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05b9,
-	0x05bb, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0603,
-	0x060b, 0x0615,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x065e,
-	0x0660, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x076d,
-	0x0780, 0x07b1,
-	0x0901, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x097d, 0x097d,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fcf, 0x0fd1,
-	0x1000, 0x1021,
-	0x1023, 0x1027,
-	0x1029, 0x102a,
-	0x102c, 0x1032,
-	0x1036, 0x1039,
-	0x1040, 0x1059,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1200, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135f, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1401, 0x1676,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a9,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19a9,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dc3,
-	0x1e00, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2063,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x2094,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b5,
-	0x20d0, 0x20eb,
-	0x2100, 0x214c,
-	0x2153, 0x2183,
-	0x2190, 0x23db,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x269c,
-	0x26a0, 0x26b1,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x27c0, 0x27c6,
-	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
-	0x27f0, 0x2b13,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c80, 0x2cea,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e17,
-	0x2e1c, 0x2e1d,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x31c0, 0x31cf,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3250, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fbb,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa700, 0xa716,
-	0xa800, 0xa82b,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7c9,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_4_1 */
-
-/* 'Age_5_0': Derived Age 5.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_5_0[] = {
-	440,
-	0x0000, 0x036f,
-	0x0374, 0x0375,
-	0x037a, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x03ce,
-	0x03d0, 0x0486,
-	0x0488, 0x0513,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0603,
-	0x060b, 0x0615,
-	0x061b, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x063a,
-	0x0640, 0x065e,
-	0x0660, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x076d,
-	0x0780, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0901, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0970,
-	0x097b, 0x097f,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a74,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b43,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b61,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c61,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3e, 0x0d43,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d61,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d6f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6a,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fcf, 0x0fd1,
-	0x1000, 0x1021,
-	0x1023, 0x1027,
-	0x1029, 0x102a,
-	0x102c, 0x1032,
-	0x1036, 0x1039,
-	0x1040, 0x1059,
-	0x10a0, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1200, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135f, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1401, 0x1676,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18a9,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19a9,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1d00, 0x1dca,
-	0x1dfe, 0x1e9b,
-	0x1ea0, 0x1ef9,
-	0x1f00, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2063,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x2094,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b5,
-	0x20d0, 0x20ef,
-	0x2100, 0x214e,
-	0x2153, 0x2184,
-	0x2190, 0x23e7,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x269c,
-	0x26a0, 0x26b2,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x27c0, 0x27ca,
-	0x27d0, 0x27eb,
-	0x27f0, 0x2b1a,
-	0x2b20, 0x2b23,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c6c,
-	0x2c74, 0x2c77,
-	0x2c80, 0x2cea,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e17,
-	0x2e1c, 0x2e1d,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312c,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x31c0, 0x31cf,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3250, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fbb,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa700, 0xa71a,
-	0xa720, 0xa721,
-	0xa800, 0xa82b,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe23,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
-	0x10900, 0x10919,
-	0x1091f, 0x1091f,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x12000, 0x1236e,
-	0x12400, 0x12462,
-	0x12470, 0x12473,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d12a, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_5_0 */
-
-/* 'Age_5_1': Derived Age 5.1 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_5_1[] = {
-	455,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x0523,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0603,
-	0x0606, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x065e,
-	0x0660, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0901, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094d,
-	0x0950, 0x0954,
-	0x0958, 0x0972,
-	0x097b, 0x097f,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fa,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fd4,
-	0x1000, 0x1099,
-	0x109e, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
-	0x1100, 0x1159,
-	0x115f, 0x11a2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11f9,
-	0x1200, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135f, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1401, 0x1676,
-	0x1680, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19a9,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19d9,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a1f,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1baa,
-	0x1bae, 0x1bb9,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
-	0x1dfe, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x2094,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b5,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x214f,
-	0x2153, 0x2188,
-	0x2190, 0x23e7,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x269d,
-	0x26a0, 0x26bc,
-	0x26c0, 0x26c3,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x2756,
-	0x2758, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x27c0, 0x27ca,
-	0x27cc, 0x27cc,
-	0x27d0, 0x2b4c,
-	0x2b50, 0x2b54,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c6f,
-	0x2c71, 0x2c7d,
-	0x2c80, 0x2cea,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e30,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x3243,
-	0x3250, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fc3,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa500, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa65f,
-	0xa662, 0xa673,
-	0xa67c, 0xa697,
-	0xa700, 0xa78c,
-	0xa7fb, 0xa82b,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa95f,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa5f,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfa30, 0xfa6a,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x1083f,
-	0x10900, 0x10919,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x12000, 0x1236e,
-	0x12400, 0x12462,
-	0x12470, 0x12473,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_5_1 */
-
-/* 'Age_5_2': Derived Age 5.2 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_5_2[] = {
-	495,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x0525,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0603,
-	0x0606, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x061f,
-	0x0621, 0x065e,
-	0x0660, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0900, 0x0939,
-	0x093c, 0x094e,
-	0x0950, 0x0955,
-	0x0958, 0x0972,
-	0x0979, 0x097f,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b71,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d28,
-	0x0d2a, 0x0d39,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4d,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f8b,
-	0x0f90, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fd8,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
-	0x1100, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135f, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1baa,
-	0x1bae, 0x1bb9,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf2,
-	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
-	0x1dfd, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x2094,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b8,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x2189,
-	0x2190, 0x23e8,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x26cd,
-	0x26cf, 0x26e1,
-	0x26e3, 0x26e3,
-	0x26e8, 0x26ff,
-	0x2701, 0x2704,
-	0x2706, 0x2709,
-	0x270c, 0x2727,
-	0x2729, 0x274b,
-	0x274d, 0x274d,
-	0x274f, 0x2752,
-	0x2756, 0x275e,
-	0x2761, 0x2794,
-	0x2798, 0x27af,
-	0x27b1, 0x27be,
-	0x27c0, 0x27ca,
-	0x27cc, 0x27cc,
-	0x27d0, 0x2b4c,
-	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf1,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d6f,
-	0x2d80, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e31,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31b7,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fcb,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa65f,
-	0xa662, 0xa673,
-	0xa67c, 0xa697,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa78c,
-	0xa7fb, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
-	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadf,
-	0xabc0, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfa30, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbb1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1085f,
-	0x10900, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11080, 0x110c1,
-	0x12000, 0x1236e,
-	0x12400, 0x12462,
-	0x12470, 0x12473,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f131, 0x1f131,
-	0x1f13d, 0x1f13d,
-	0x1f13f, 0x1f13f,
-	0x1f142, 0x1f142,
-	0x1f146, 0x1f146,
-	0x1f14a, 0x1f14e,
-	0x1f157, 0x1f157,
-	0x1f15f, 0x1f15f,
-	0x1f179, 0x1f179,
-	0x1f17b, 0x1f17c,
-	0x1f17f, 0x1f17f,
-	0x1f18a, 0x1f18d,
-	0x1f190, 0x1f190,
-	0x1f200, 0x1f200,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f231,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_5_2 */
-
-/* 'Age_6_0': Derived Age 6.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_0[] = {
-	511,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x0527,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0603,
-	0x0606, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x0900, 0x0977,
-	0x0979, 0x097f,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0aef,
-	0x0af1, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edd,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10d0, 0x10fc,
-	0x1100, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1baa,
-	0x1bae, 0x1bb9,
-	0x1bc0, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf2,
-	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
-	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b9,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x2189,
-	0x2190, 0x23f3,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x26ff,
-	0x2701, 0x27ca,
-	0x27cc, 0x27cc,
-	0x27ce, 0x2b4c,
-	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf1,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d65,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e31,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fcb,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa673,
-	0xa67c, 0xa697,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa791,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7a9,
-	0xa7fa, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
-	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaadf,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xabc0, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa2d,
-	0xfa30, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1085f,
-	0x10900, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x11080, 0x110c1,
-	0x12000, 0x1236e,
-	0x12400, 0x12462,
-	0x12470, 0x12473,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f169,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
-	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
-	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
-	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
-	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
-	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
-	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
-	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
-	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
-	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
-	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
-	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
-	0x1f5fb, 0x1f5ff,
-	0x1f601, 0x1f610,
-	0x1f612, 0x1f614,
-	0x1f616, 0x1f616,
-	0x1f618, 0x1f618,
-	0x1f61a, 0x1f61a,
-	0x1f61c, 0x1f61e,
-	0x1f620, 0x1f625,
-	0x1f628, 0x1f62b,
-	0x1f62d, 0x1f62d,
-	0x1f630, 0x1f633,
-	0x1f635, 0x1f640,
-	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
-	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_6_0 */
-
-/* 'Age_6_1': Derived Age 6.1 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_1[] = {
-	549,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x0527,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058f, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0604,
-	0x0606, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08a0,
-	0x08a2, 0x08ac,
-	0x08e4, 0x08fe,
-	0x0900, 0x0977,
-	0x0979, 0x097f,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
-	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20b9,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x2189,
-	0x2190, 0x23f3,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x26ff,
-	0x2701, 0x2b4c,
-	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e3b,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa697,
-	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa793,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7aa,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
-	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xabc0, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1085f,
-	0x10900, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x11080, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11180, 0x111c8,
-	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x12000, 0x1236e,
-	0x12400, 0x12462,
-	0x12470, 0x12473,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
-	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
-	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
-	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
-	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
-	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
-	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
-	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
-	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
-	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
-	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
-	0x1f540, 0x1f543,
-	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
-	0x1f5fb, 0x1f640,
-	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
-	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_6_1 */
-
-/* 'Age_6_2': Derived Age 6.2 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_2[] = {
-	549,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x0527,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058f, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0604,
-	0x0606, 0x061b,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08a0,
-	0x08a2, 0x08ac,
-	0x08e4, 0x08fe,
-	0x0900, 0x0977,
-	0x0979, 0x097f,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
-	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x206a, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20ba,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x2189,
-	0x2190, 0x23f3,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x26ff,
-	0x2701, 0x2b4c,
-	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e3b,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa697,
-	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa793,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7aa,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
-	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xabc0, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1085f,
-	0x10900, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x11080, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11180, 0x111c8,
-	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x12000, 0x1236e,
-	0x12400, 0x12462,
-	0x12470, 0x12473,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
-	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
-	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
-	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
-	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
-	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
-	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
-	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
-	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
-	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
-	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
-	0x1f540, 0x1f543,
-	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
-	0x1f5fb, 0x1f640,
-	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
-	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_6_2 */
-
-/* 'Age_6_3': Derived Age 6.3 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_6_3[] = {
-	549,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037e,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x0527,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058f, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x0604,
-	0x0606, 0x061c,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08a0,
-	0x08a2, 0x08ac,
-	0x08e4, 0x08fe,
-	0x0900, 0x0977,
-	0x0979, 0x097f,
-	0x0981, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c33,
-	0x0c35, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f0,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191c,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1d00, 0x1de6,
-	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20ba,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x2189,
-	0x2190, 0x23f3,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x26ff,
-	0x2701, 0x2b4c,
-	0x2b50, 0x2b59,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e3b,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa697,
-	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa793,
-	0xa7a0, 0xa7aa,
-	0xa7f8, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9df,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaa7b,
-	0xaa80, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xabc0, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe26,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018a,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x10300, 0x1031e,
-	0x10320, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1085f,
-	0x10900, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a7f,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b7f,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x11080, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11180, 0x111c8,
-	0x111d0, 0x111d9,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x12000, 0x1236e,
-	0x12400, 0x12462,
-	0x12470, 0x12473,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0be,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0df,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10a,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f320,
-	0x1f330, 0x1f335,
-	0x1f337, 0x1f37c,
-	0x1f380, 0x1f393,
-	0x1f3a0, 0x1f3c4,
-	0x1f3c6, 0x1f3ca,
-	0x1f3e0, 0x1f3f0,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f43e,
-	0x1f440, 0x1f440,
-	0x1f442, 0x1f4f7,
-	0x1f4f9, 0x1f4fc,
-	0x1f500, 0x1f53d,
-	0x1f540, 0x1f543,
-	0x1f550, 0x1f567,
-	0x1f5fb, 0x1f640,
-	0x1f645, 0x1f64f,
-	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_6_3 */
-
-/* 'Age_7_0': Derived Age 7.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_7_0[] = {
-	610,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x061c,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b2,
-	0x08e4, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c59,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d60, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f4,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20bd,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x2189,
-	0x2190, 0x23fa,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e42,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fcc,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa69d,
-	0xa69f, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa78e,
-	0xa790, 0xa7ad,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b1,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fb,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab5f,
-	0xab64, 0xab65,
-	0xabc0, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2d,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018c,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x10900, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109be, 0x109bf,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11150, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111c8,
-	0x111cd, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111da,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123d,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11301, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11480, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115c9,
-	0x11600, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x12000, 0x12398,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1dd,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f32c,
-	0x1f330, 0x1f37d,
-	0x1f380, 0x1f3ce,
-	0x1f3d4, 0x1f3f7,
-	0x1f400, 0x1f4fe,
-	0x1f500, 0x1f54a,
-	0x1f550, 0x1f579,
-	0x1f57b, 0x1f5a3,
-	0x1f5a5, 0x1f642,
-	0x1f645, 0x1f6cf,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f3,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_7_0 */
-
-/* 'Age_8_0': Derived Age 8.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_8_0[] = {
-	623,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x061c,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08e3, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c7f,
-	0x0c81, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4e,
-	0x0d57, 0x0d57,
-	0x0d5f, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d75,
-	0x0d79, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c7f,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfc, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x23fa,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e42,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7ad,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c4,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018c,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11150, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111df,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123d,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11480, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x1173f,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f19a,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23a,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f579,
-	0x1f57b, 0x1f5a3,
-	0x1f5a5, 0x1f6d0,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f3,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f918,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f984,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_8_0 */
-
-/* 'Age_9_0': Derived Age 9.0 */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_9_0[] = {
-	648,
-	0x0000, 0x0377,
-	0x037a, 0x037f,
-	0x0384, 0x038a,
-	0x038c, 0x038c,
-	0x038e, 0x03a1,
-	0x03a3, 0x052f,
-	0x0531, 0x0556,
-	0x0559, 0x055f,
-	0x0561, 0x0587,
-	0x0589, 0x058a,
-	0x058d, 0x058f,
-	0x0591, 0x05c7,
-	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
-	0x05f0, 0x05f4,
-	0x0600, 0x061c,
-	0x061e, 0x070d,
-	0x070f, 0x074a,
-	0x074d, 0x07b1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
-	0x0800, 0x082d,
-	0x0830, 0x083e,
-	0x0840, 0x085b,
-	0x085e, 0x085e,
-	0x08a0, 0x08b4,
-	0x08b6, 0x08bd,
-	0x08d4, 0x0983,
-	0x0985, 0x098c,
-	0x098f, 0x0990,
-	0x0993, 0x09a8,
-	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
-	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
-	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
-	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
-	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
-	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
-	0x09df, 0x09e3,
-	0x09e6, 0x09fb,
-	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
-	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
-	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
-	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
-	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
-	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
-	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
-	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
-	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
-	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
-	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
-	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
-	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
-	0x0a66, 0x0a75,
-	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
-	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
-	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
-	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
-	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
-	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
-	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
-	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
-	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
-	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
-	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
-	0x0af9, 0x0af9,
-	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
-	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
-	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
-	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
-	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
-	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
-	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
-	0x0b56, 0x0b57,
-	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
-	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
-	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
-	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
-	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
-	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
-	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
-	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
-	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
-	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
-	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
-	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
-	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
-	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
-	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
-	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
-	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
-	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
-	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
-	0x0c3d, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
-	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
-	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
-	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
-	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
-	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
-	0x0c78, 0x0c83,
-	0x0c85, 0x0c8c,
-	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
-	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
-	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
-	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
-	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
-	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
-	0x0cde, 0x0cde,
-	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
-	0x0d01, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d05, 0x0d0c,
-	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
-	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
-	0x0d3d, 0x0d44,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
-	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
-	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
-	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
-	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
-	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
-	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
-	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
-	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
-	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
-	0x0de6, 0x0def,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
-	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
-	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
-	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
-	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
-	0x0e87, 0x0e88,
-	0x0e8a, 0x0e8a,
-	0x0e8d, 0x0e8d,
-	0x0e94, 0x0e97,
-	0x0e99, 0x0e9f,
-	0x0ea1, 0x0ea3,
-	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
-	0x0ea7, 0x0ea7,
-	0x0eaa, 0x0eab,
-	0x0ead, 0x0eb9,
-	0x0ebb, 0x0ebd,
-	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
-	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
-	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
-	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
-	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
-	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
-	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
-	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
-	0x1000, 0x10c5,
-	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
-	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
-	0x10d0, 0x1248,
-	0x124a, 0x124d,
-	0x1250, 0x1256,
-	0x1258, 0x1258,
-	0x125a, 0x125d,
-	0x1260, 0x1288,
-	0x128a, 0x128d,
-	0x1290, 0x12b0,
-	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
-	0x12b8, 0x12be,
-	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
-	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
-	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
-	0x12d8, 0x1310,
-	0x1312, 0x1315,
-	0x1318, 0x135a,
-	0x135d, 0x137c,
-	0x1380, 0x1399,
-	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
-	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
-	0x1400, 0x169c,
-	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
-	0x1700, 0x170c,
-	0x170e, 0x1714,
-	0x1720, 0x1736,
-	0x1740, 0x1753,
-	0x1760, 0x176c,
-	0x176e, 0x1770,
-	0x1772, 0x1773,
-	0x1780, 0x17dd,
-	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
-	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
-	0x1800, 0x180e,
-	0x1810, 0x1819,
-	0x1820, 0x1877,
-	0x1880, 0x18aa,
-	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
-	0x1900, 0x191e,
-	0x1920, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x193b,
-	0x1940, 0x1940,
-	0x1944, 0x196d,
-	0x1970, 0x1974,
-	0x1980, 0x19ab,
-	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
-	0x19d0, 0x19da,
-	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
-	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
-	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
-	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
-	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
-	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1abe,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b4b,
-	0x1b50, 0x1b7c,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
-	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
-	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1cc7,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cf6,
-	0x1cf8, 0x1cf9,
-	0x1d00, 0x1df5,
-	0x1dfb, 0x1f15,
-	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
-	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
-	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
-	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
-	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
-	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
-	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
-	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
-	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
-	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
-	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
-	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
-	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
-	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
-	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
-	0x2000, 0x2064,
-	0x2066, 0x2071,
-	0x2074, 0x208e,
-	0x2090, 0x209c,
-	0x20a0, 0x20be,
-	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
-	0x2100, 0x218b,
-	0x2190, 0x23fe,
-	0x2400, 0x2426,
-	0x2440, 0x244a,
-	0x2460, 0x2b73,
-	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
-	0x2b98, 0x2bb9,
-	0x2bbd, 0x2bc8,
-	0x2bca, 0x2bd1,
-	0x2bec, 0x2bef,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c2e,
-	0x2c30, 0x2c5e,
-	0x2c60, 0x2cf3,
-	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
-	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
-	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
-	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
-	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
-	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
-	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
-	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
-	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
-	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
-	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
-	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
-	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
-	0x2de0, 0x2e44,
-	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
-	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-	0x3041, 0x3096,
-	0x3099, 0x30ff,
-	0x3105, 0x312d,
-	0x3131, 0x318e,
-	0x3190, 0x31ba,
-	0x31c0, 0x31e3,
-	0x31f0, 0x321e,
-	0x3220, 0x32fe,
-	0x3300, 0x4db5,
-	0x4dc0, 0x9fd5,
-	0xa000, 0xa48c,
-	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
-	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
-	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
-	0xa700, 0xa7ae,
-	0xa7b0, 0xa7b7,
-	0xa7f7, 0xa82b,
-	0xa830, 0xa839,
-	0xa840, 0xa877,
-	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
-	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8fd,
-	0xa900, 0xa953,
-	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
-	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
-	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
-	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
-	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
-	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
-	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
-	0xab01, 0xab06,
-	0xab09, 0xab0e,
-	0xab11, 0xab16,
-	0xab20, 0xab26,
-	0xab28, 0xab2e,
-	0xab30, 0xab65,
-	0xab70, 0xabed,
-	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
-	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
-	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
-	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
-	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
-	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
-	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
-	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
-	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
-	0xfb46, 0xfbc1,
-	0xfbd3, 0xfd3f,
-	0xfd50, 0xfd8f,
-	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
-	0xfdd0, 0xfdfd,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe19,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
-	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
-	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
-	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
-	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xff01, 0xffbe,
-	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
-	0xffca, 0xffcf,
-	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
-	0xffda, 0xffdc,
-	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
-	0xffe8, 0xffee,
-	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
-	0x1000d, 0x10026,
-	0x10028, 0x1003a,
-	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
-	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
-	0x10050, 0x1005d,
-	0x10080, 0x100fa,
-	0x10100, 0x10102,
-	0x10107, 0x10133,
-	0x10137, 0x1018e,
-	0x10190, 0x1019b,
-	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
-	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
-	0x10280, 0x1029c,
-	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
-	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
-	0x10300, 0x10323,
-	0x10330, 0x1034a,
-	0x10350, 0x1037a,
-	0x10380, 0x1039d,
-	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
-	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
-	0x10400, 0x1049d,
-	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
-	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
-	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
-	0x10500, 0x10527,
-	0x10530, 0x10563,
-	0x1056f, 0x1056f,
-	0x10600, 0x10736,
-	0x10740, 0x10755,
-	0x10760, 0x10767,
-	0x10800, 0x10805,
-	0x10808, 0x10808,
-	0x1080a, 0x10835,
-	0x10837, 0x10838,
-	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
-	0x1083f, 0x10855,
-	0x10857, 0x1089e,
-	0x108a7, 0x108af,
-	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
-	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
-	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
-	0x1091f, 0x10939,
-	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
-	0x10980, 0x109b7,
-	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
-	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
-	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
-	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
-	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
-	0x10a19, 0x10a33,
-	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
-	0x10a3f, 0x10a47,
-	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
-	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
-	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
-	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
-	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
-	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
-	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
-	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
-	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
-	0x10cfa, 0x10cff,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
-	0x11000, 0x1104d,
-	0x11052, 0x1106f,
-	0x1107f, 0x110c1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
-	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
-	0x11100, 0x11134,
-	0x11136, 0x11143,
-	0x11150, 0x11176,
-	0x11180, 0x111cd,
-	0x111d0, 0x111df,
-	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
-	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
-	0x11280, 0x11286,
-	0x11288, 0x11288,
-	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
-	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
-	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
-	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
-	0x11300, 0x11303,
-	0x11305, 0x1130c,
-	0x1130f, 0x11310,
-	0x11313, 0x11328,
-	0x1132a, 0x11330,
-	0x11332, 0x11333,
-	0x11335, 0x11339,
-	0x1133c, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11350, 0x11350,
-	0x11357, 0x11357,
-	0x1135d, 0x11363,
-	0x11366, 0x1136c,
-	0x11370, 0x11374,
-	0x11400, 0x11459,
-	0x1145b, 0x1145b,
-	0x1145d, 0x1145d,
-	0x11480, 0x114c7,
-	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
-	0x11580, 0x115b5,
-	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
-	0x11600, 0x11644,
-	0x11650, 0x11659,
-	0x11660, 0x1166c,
-	0x11680, 0x116b7,
-	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
-	0x11700, 0x11719,
-	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
-	0x11730, 0x1173f,
-	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
-	0x118ff, 0x118ff,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11af8,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
-	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
-	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
-	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
-	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
-	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
-	0x12000, 0x12399,
-	0x12400, 0x1246e,
-	0x12470, 0x12474,
-	0x12480, 0x12543,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x14400, 0x14646,
-	0x16800, 0x16a38,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
-	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
-	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
-	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
-	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
-	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
-	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
-	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f44,
-	0x16f50, 0x16f7e,
-	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fe0,
-	0x17000, 0x187ec,
-	0x18800, 0x18af2,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b001,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
-	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
-	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
-	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
-	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
-	0x1d129, 0x1d1e8,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d371,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
-	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
-	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
-	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
-	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
-	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
-	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
-	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
-	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
-	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
-	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
-	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
-	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
-	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
-	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
-	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
-	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
-	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
-	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
-	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
-	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
-	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
-	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
-	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
-	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
-	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
-	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
-	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e94a,
-	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
-	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
-	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
-	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
-	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
-	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
-	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
-	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
-	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
-	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
-	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
-	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
-	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
-	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
-	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
-	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
-	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
-	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
-	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
-	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
-	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
-	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
-	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
-	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
-	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
-	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
-	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
-	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
-	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
-	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
-	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
-	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
-	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
-	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
-	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
-	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
-	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
-	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f10c,
-	0x1f110, 0x1f12e,
-	0x1f130, 0x1f16b,
-	0x1f170, 0x1f1ac,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
-	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
-	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
-	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f6d2,
-	0x1f6e0, 0x1f6ec,
-	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f6,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d4,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
-	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
-	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
-	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
-	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
-	0x1f910, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f920, 0x1f927,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f93e,
-	0x1f940, 0x1f94b,
-	0x1f950, 0x1f95e,
-	0x1f980, 0x1f991,
-	0x1f9c0, 0x1f9c0,
-	0x1fffe, 0x2a6d6,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b734,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
-	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
-	0x2fffe, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
-	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
-	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
-	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
-	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
-	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
-	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
-	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
-	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
-	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
-	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
-	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_Age_9_0 */
-
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Prepend */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend[] = {
-	7,
-	0x0600, 0x0605,
-	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
-	0x070f, 0x070f,
-	0x08e2, 0x08e2,
-	0x0d4e, 0x0d4e,
-	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
-	0x111c2, 0x111c3,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=CR */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR[] = {
-	1,
-	0x000d, 0x000d,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LF': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LF */
-#define CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LF CR_NEWLINE
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Control */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control[] = {
-	19,
-	0x0000, 0x0009,
-	0x000b, 0x000c,
-	0x000e, 0x001f,
-	0x007f, 0x009f,
-	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
-	0x061c, 0x061c,
-	0x180e, 0x180e,
-	0x200b, 0x200b,
-	0x200e, 0x200f,
-	0x2028, 0x202e,
-	0x2060, 0x206f,
-	0xd800, 0xdfff,
-	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
-	0xfff0, 0xfffb,
-	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
-	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
-	0xe0000, 0xe001f,
-	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
-	0xe01f0, 0xe0fff,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend */
-#define CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend CR_Grapheme_Extend
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Regional_Indicator': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Regional_Indicator */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Regional_Indicator[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f1e6, 0x1f1ff,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Regional_Indicator */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=SpacingMark */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
-	140,
-	0x0903, 0x0903,
-	0x093b, 0x093b,
-	0x093e, 0x0940,
-	0x0949, 0x094c,
-	0x094e, 0x094f,
-	0x0982, 0x0983,
-	0x09bf, 0x09c0,
-	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
-	0x09cb, 0x09cc,
-	0x0a03, 0x0a03,
-	0x0a3e, 0x0a40,
-	0x0a83, 0x0a83,
-	0x0abe, 0x0ac0,
-	0x0ac9, 0x0ac9,
-	0x0acb, 0x0acc,
-	0x0b02, 0x0b03,
-	0x0b40, 0x0b40,
-	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
-	0x0b4b, 0x0b4c,
-	0x0bbf, 0x0bbf,
-	0x0bc1, 0x0bc2,
-	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
-	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
-	0x0c01, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c41, 0x0c44,
-	0x0c82, 0x0c83,
-	0x0cbe, 0x0cbe,
-	0x0cc0, 0x0cc1,
-	0x0cc3, 0x0cc4,
-	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
-	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
-	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
-	0x0d3f, 0x0d40,
-	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
-	0x0d4a, 0x0d4c,
-	0x0d82, 0x0d83,
-	0x0dd0, 0x0dd1,
-	0x0dd8, 0x0dde,
-	0x0df2, 0x0df3,
-	0x0e33, 0x0e33,
-	0x0eb3, 0x0eb3,
-	0x0f3e, 0x0f3f,
-	0x0f7f, 0x0f7f,
-	0x1031, 0x1031,
-	0x103b, 0x103c,
-	0x1056, 0x1057,
-	0x1084, 0x1084,
-	0x17b6, 0x17b6,
-	0x17be, 0x17c5,
-	0x17c7, 0x17c8,
-	0x1923, 0x1926,
-	0x1929, 0x192b,
-	0x1930, 0x1931,
-	0x1933, 0x1938,
-	0x1a19, 0x1a1a,
-	0x1a55, 0x1a55,
-	0x1a57, 0x1a57,
-	0x1a6d, 0x1a72,
-	0x1b04, 0x1b04,
-	0x1b35, 0x1b35,
-	0x1b3b, 0x1b3b,
-	0x1b3d, 0x1b41,
-	0x1b43, 0x1b44,
-	0x1b82, 0x1b82,
-	0x1ba1, 0x1ba1,
-	0x1ba6, 0x1ba7,
-	0x1baa, 0x1baa,
-	0x1be7, 0x1be7,
-	0x1bea, 0x1bec,
-	0x1bee, 0x1bee,
-	0x1bf2, 0x1bf3,
-	0x1c24, 0x1c2b,
-	0x1c34, 0x1c35,
-	0x1ce1, 0x1ce1,
-	0x1cf2, 0x1cf3,
-	0xa823, 0xa824,
-	0xa827, 0xa827,
-	0xa880, 0xa881,
-	0xa8b4, 0xa8c3,
-	0xa952, 0xa953,
-	0xa983, 0xa983,
-	0xa9b4, 0xa9b5,
-	0xa9ba, 0xa9bb,
-	0xa9bd, 0xa9c0,
-	0xaa2f, 0xaa30,
-	0xaa33, 0xaa34,
-	0xaa4d, 0xaa4d,
-	0xaaeb, 0xaaeb,
-	0xaaee, 0xaaef,
-	0xaaf5, 0xaaf5,
-	0xabe3, 0xabe4,
-	0xabe6, 0xabe7,
-	0xabe9, 0xabea,
-	0xabec, 0xabec,
-	0x11000, 0x11000,
-	0x11002, 0x11002,
-	0x11082, 0x11082,
-	0x110b0, 0x110b2,
-	0x110b7, 0x110b8,
-	0x1112c, 0x1112c,
-	0x11182, 0x11182,
-	0x111b3, 0x111b5,
-	0x111bf, 0x111c0,
-	0x1122c, 0x1122e,
-	0x11232, 0x11233,
-	0x11235, 0x11235,
-	0x112e0, 0x112e2,
-	0x11302, 0x11303,
-	0x1133f, 0x1133f,
-	0x11341, 0x11344,
-	0x11347, 0x11348,
-	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
-	0x11362, 0x11363,
-	0x11435, 0x11437,
-	0x11440, 0x11441,
-	0x11445, 0x11445,
-	0x114b1, 0x114b2,
-	0x114b9, 0x114b9,
-	0x114bb, 0x114bc,
-	0x114be, 0x114be,
-	0x114c1, 0x114c1,
-	0x115b0, 0x115b1,
-	0x115b8, 0x115bb,
-	0x115be, 0x115be,
-	0x11630, 0x11632,
-	0x1163b, 0x1163c,
-	0x1163e, 0x1163e,
-	0x116ac, 0x116ac,
-	0x116ae, 0x116af,
-	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
-	0x11720, 0x11721,
-	0x11726, 0x11726,
-	0x11c2f, 0x11c2f,
-	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
-	0x11ca9, 0x11ca9,
-	0x11cb1, 0x11cb1,
-	0x11cb4, 0x11cb4,
-	0x16f51, 0x16f7e,
-	0x1d166, 0x1d166,
-	0x1d16d, 0x1d16d,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1100, 0x115f,
-	0xa960, 0xa97c,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=V */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V[] = {
-	2,
-	0x1160, 0x11a7,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T[] = {
-	2,
-	0x11a8, 0x11ff,
-	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LV */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV[] = {
-	399,
-	0xac00, 0xac00,
-	0xac1c, 0xac1c,
-	0xac38, 0xac38,
-	0xac54, 0xac54,
-	0xac70, 0xac70,
-	0xac8c, 0xac8c,
-	0xaca8, 0xaca8,
-	0xacc4, 0xacc4,
-	0xace0, 0xace0,
-	0xacfc, 0xacfc,
-	0xad18, 0xad18,
-	0xad34, 0xad34,
-	0xad50, 0xad50,
-	0xad6c, 0xad6c,
-	0xad88, 0xad88,
-	0xada4, 0xada4,
-	0xadc0, 0xadc0,
-	0xaddc, 0xaddc,
-	0xadf8, 0xadf8,
-	0xae14, 0xae14,
-	0xae30, 0xae30,
-	0xae4c, 0xae4c,
-	0xae68, 0xae68,
-	0xae84, 0xae84,
-	0xaea0, 0xaea0,
-	0xaebc, 0xaebc,
-	0xaed8, 0xaed8,
-	0xaef4, 0xaef4,
-	0xaf10, 0xaf10,
-	0xaf2c, 0xaf2c,
-	0xaf48, 0xaf48,
-	0xaf64, 0xaf64,
-	0xaf80, 0xaf80,
-	0xaf9c, 0xaf9c,
-	0xafb8, 0xafb8,
-	0xafd4, 0xafd4,
-	0xaff0, 0xaff0,
-	0xb00c, 0xb00c,
-	0xb028, 0xb028,
-	0xb044, 0xb044,
-	0xb060, 0xb060,
-	0xb07c, 0xb07c,
-	0xb098, 0xb098,
-	0xb0b4, 0xb0b4,
-	0xb0d0, 0xb0d0,
-	0xb0ec, 0xb0ec,
-	0xb108, 0xb108,
-	0xb124, 0xb124,
-	0xb140, 0xb140,
-	0xb15c, 0xb15c,
-	0xb178, 0xb178,
-	0xb194, 0xb194,
-	0xb1b0, 0xb1b0,
-	0xb1cc, 0xb1cc,
-	0xb1e8, 0xb1e8,
-	0xb204, 0xb204,
-	0xb220, 0xb220,
-	0xb23c, 0xb23c,
-	0xb258, 0xb258,
-	0xb274, 0xb274,
-	0xb290, 0xb290,
-	0xb2ac, 0xb2ac,
-	0xb2c8, 0xb2c8,
-	0xb2e4, 0xb2e4,
-	0xb300, 0xb300,
-	0xb31c, 0xb31c,
-	0xb338, 0xb338,
-	0xb354, 0xb354,
-	0xb370, 0xb370,
-	0xb38c, 0xb38c,
-	0xb3a8, 0xb3a8,
-	0xb3c4, 0xb3c4,
-	0xb3e0, 0xb3e0,
-	0xb3fc, 0xb3fc,
-	0xb418, 0xb418,
-	0xb434, 0xb434,
-	0xb450, 0xb450,
-	0xb46c, 0xb46c,
-	0xb488, 0xb488,
-	0xb4a4, 0xb4a4,
-	0xb4c0, 0xb4c0,
-	0xb4dc, 0xb4dc,
-	0xb4f8, 0xb4f8,
-	0xb514, 0xb514,
-	0xb530, 0xb530,
-	0xb54c, 0xb54c,
-	0xb568, 0xb568,
-	0xb584, 0xb584,
-	0xb5a0, 0xb5a0,
-	0xb5bc, 0xb5bc,
-	0xb5d8, 0xb5d8,
-	0xb5f4, 0xb5f4,
-	0xb610, 0xb610,
-	0xb62c, 0xb62c,
-	0xb648, 0xb648,
-	0xb664, 0xb664,
-	0xb680, 0xb680,
-	0xb69c, 0xb69c,
-	0xb6b8, 0xb6b8,
-	0xb6d4, 0xb6d4,
-	0xb6f0, 0xb6f0,
-	0xb70c, 0xb70c,
-	0xb728, 0xb728,
-	0xb744, 0xb744,
-	0xb760, 0xb760,
-	0xb77c, 0xb77c,
-	0xb798, 0xb798,
-	0xb7b4, 0xb7b4,
-	0xb7d0, 0xb7d0,
-	0xb7ec, 0xb7ec,
-	0xb808, 0xb808,
-	0xb824, 0xb824,
-	0xb840, 0xb840,
-	0xb85c, 0xb85c,
-	0xb878, 0xb878,
-	0xb894, 0xb894,
-	0xb8b0, 0xb8b0,
-	0xb8cc, 0xb8cc,
-	0xb8e8, 0xb8e8,
-	0xb904, 0xb904,
-	0xb920, 0xb920,
-	0xb93c, 0xb93c,
-	0xb958, 0xb958,
-	0xb974, 0xb974,
-	0xb990, 0xb990,
-	0xb9ac, 0xb9ac,
-	0xb9c8, 0xb9c8,
-	0xb9e4, 0xb9e4,
-	0xba00, 0xba00,
-	0xba1c, 0xba1c,
-	0xba38, 0xba38,
-	0xba54, 0xba54,
-	0xba70, 0xba70,
-	0xba8c, 0xba8c,
-	0xbaa8, 0xbaa8,
-	0xbac4, 0xbac4,
-	0xbae0, 0xbae0,
-	0xbafc, 0xbafc,
-	0xbb18, 0xbb18,
-	0xbb34, 0xbb34,
-	0xbb50, 0xbb50,
-	0xbb6c, 0xbb6c,
-	0xbb88, 0xbb88,
-	0xbba4, 0xbba4,
-	0xbbc0, 0xbbc0,
-	0xbbdc, 0xbbdc,
-	0xbbf8, 0xbbf8,
-	0xbc14, 0xbc14,
-	0xbc30, 0xbc30,
-	0xbc4c, 0xbc4c,
-	0xbc68, 0xbc68,
-	0xbc84, 0xbc84,
-	0xbca0, 0xbca0,
-	0xbcbc, 0xbcbc,
-	0xbcd8, 0xbcd8,
-	0xbcf4, 0xbcf4,
-	0xbd10, 0xbd10,
-	0xbd2c, 0xbd2c,
-	0xbd48, 0xbd48,
-	0xbd64, 0xbd64,
-	0xbd80, 0xbd80,
-	0xbd9c, 0xbd9c,
-	0xbdb8, 0xbdb8,
-	0xbdd4, 0xbdd4,
-	0xbdf0, 0xbdf0,
-	0xbe0c, 0xbe0c,
-	0xbe28, 0xbe28,
-	0xbe44, 0xbe44,
-	0xbe60, 0xbe60,
-	0xbe7c, 0xbe7c,
-	0xbe98, 0xbe98,
-	0xbeb4, 0xbeb4,
-	0xbed0, 0xbed0,
-	0xbeec, 0xbeec,
-	0xbf08, 0xbf08,
-	0xbf24, 0xbf24,
-	0xbf40, 0xbf40,
-	0xbf5c, 0xbf5c,
-	0xbf78, 0xbf78,
-	0xbf94, 0xbf94,
-	0xbfb0, 0xbfb0,
-	0xbfcc, 0xbfcc,
-	0xbfe8, 0xbfe8,
-	0xc004, 0xc004,
-	0xc020, 0xc020,
-	0xc03c, 0xc03c,
-	0xc058, 0xc058,
-	0xc074, 0xc074,
-	0xc090, 0xc090,
-	0xc0ac, 0xc0ac,
-	0xc0c8, 0xc0c8,
-	0xc0e4, 0xc0e4,
-	0xc100, 0xc100,
-	0xc11c, 0xc11c,
-	0xc138, 0xc138,
-	0xc154, 0xc154,
-	0xc170, 0xc170,
-	0xc18c, 0xc18c,
-	0xc1a8, 0xc1a8,
-	0xc1c4, 0xc1c4,
-	0xc1e0, 0xc1e0,
-	0xc1fc, 0xc1fc,
-	0xc218, 0xc218,
-	0xc234, 0xc234,
-	0xc250, 0xc250,
-	0xc26c, 0xc26c,
-	0xc288, 0xc288,
-	0xc2a4, 0xc2a4,
-	0xc2c0, 0xc2c0,
-	0xc2dc, 0xc2dc,
-	0xc2f8, 0xc2f8,
-	0xc314, 0xc314,
-	0xc330, 0xc330,
-	0xc34c, 0xc34c,
-	0xc368, 0xc368,
-	0xc384, 0xc384,
-	0xc3a0, 0xc3a0,
-	0xc3bc, 0xc3bc,
-	0xc3d8, 0xc3d8,
-	0xc3f4, 0xc3f4,
-	0xc410, 0xc410,
-	0xc42c, 0xc42c,
-	0xc448, 0xc448,
-	0xc464, 0xc464,
-	0xc480, 0xc480,
-	0xc49c, 0xc49c,
-	0xc4b8, 0xc4b8,
-	0xc4d4, 0xc4d4,
-	0xc4f0, 0xc4f0,
-	0xc50c, 0xc50c,
-	0xc528, 0xc528,
-	0xc544, 0xc544,
-	0xc560, 0xc560,
-	0xc57c, 0xc57c,
-	0xc598, 0xc598,
-	0xc5b4, 0xc5b4,
-	0xc5d0, 0xc5d0,
-	0xc5ec, 0xc5ec,
-	0xc608, 0xc608,
-	0xc624, 0xc624,
-	0xc640, 0xc640,
-	0xc65c, 0xc65c,
-	0xc678, 0xc678,
-	0xc694, 0xc694,
-	0xc6b0, 0xc6b0,
-	0xc6cc, 0xc6cc,
-	0xc6e8, 0xc6e8,
-	0xc704, 0xc704,
-	0xc720, 0xc720,
-	0xc73c, 0xc73c,
-	0xc758, 0xc758,
-	0xc774, 0xc774,
-	0xc790, 0xc790,
-	0xc7ac, 0xc7ac,
-	0xc7c8, 0xc7c8,
-	0xc7e4, 0xc7e4,
-	0xc800, 0xc800,
-	0xc81c, 0xc81c,
-	0xc838, 0xc838,
-	0xc854, 0xc854,
-	0xc870, 0xc870,
-	0xc88c, 0xc88c,
-	0xc8a8, 0xc8a8,
-	0xc8c4, 0xc8c4,
-	0xc8e0, 0xc8e0,
-	0xc8fc, 0xc8fc,
-	0xc918, 0xc918,
-	0xc934, 0xc934,
-	0xc950, 0xc950,
-	0xc96c, 0xc96c,
-	0xc988, 0xc988,
-	0xc9a4, 0xc9a4,
-	0xc9c0, 0xc9c0,
-	0xc9dc, 0xc9dc,
-	0xc9f8, 0xc9f8,
-	0xca14, 0xca14,
-	0xca30, 0xca30,
-	0xca4c, 0xca4c,
-	0xca68, 0xca68,
-	0xca84, 0xca84,
-	0xcaa0, 0xcaa0,
-	0xcabc, 0xcabc,
-	0xcad8, 0xcad8,
-	0xcaf4, 0xcaf4,
-	0xcb10, 0xcb10,
-	0xcb2c, 0xcb2c,
-	0xcb48, 0xcb48,
-	0xcb64, 0xcb64,
-	0xcb80, 0xcb80,
-	0xcb9c, 0xcb9c,
-	0xcbb8, 0xcbb8,
-	0xcbd4, 0xcbd4,
-	0xcbf0, 0xcbf0,
-	0xcc0c, 0xcc0c,
-	0xcc28, 0xcc28,
-	0xcc44, 0xcc44,
-	0xcc60, 0xcc60,
-	0xcc7c, 0xcc7c,
-	0xcc98, 0xcc98,
-	0xccb4, 0xccb4,
-	0xccd0, 0xccd0,
-	0xccec, 0xccec,
-	0xcd08, 0xcd08,
-	0xcd24, 0xcd24,
-	0xcd40, 0xcd40,
-	0xcd5c, 0xcd5c,
-	0xcd78, 0xcd78,
-	0xcd94, 0xcd94,
-	0xcdb0, 0xcdb0,
-	0xcdcc, 0xcdcc,
-	0xcde8, 0xcde8,
-	0xce04, 0xce04,
-	0xce20, 0xce20,
-	0xce3c, 0xce3c,
-	0xce58, 0xce58,
-	0xce74, 0xce74,
-	0xce90, 0xce90,
-	0xceac, 0xceac,
-	0xcec8, 0xcec8,
-	0xcee4, 0xcee4,
-	0xcf00, 0xcf00,
-	0xcf1c, 0xcf1c,
-	0xcf38, 0xcf38,
-	0xcf54, 0xcf54,
-	0xcf70, 0xcf70,
-	0xcf8c, 0xcf8c,
-	0xcfa8, 0xcfa8,
-	0xcfc4, 0xcfc4,
-	0xcfe0, 0xcfe0,
-	0xcffc, 0xcffc,
-	0xd018, 0xd018,
-	0xd034, 0xd034,
-	0xd050, 0xd050,
-	0xd06c, 0xd06c,
-	0xd088, 0xd088,
-	0xd0a4, 0xd0a4,
-	0xd0c0, 0xd0c0,
-	0xd0dc, 0xd0dc,
-	0xd0f8, 0xd0f8,
-	0xd114, 0xd114,
-	0xd130, 0xd130,
-	0xd14c, 0xd14c,
-	0xd168, 0xd168,
-	0xd184, 0xd184,
-	0xd1a0, 0xd1a0,
-	0xd1bc, 0xd1bc,
-	0xd1d8, 0xd1d8,
-	0xd1f4, 0xd1f4,
-	0xd210, 0xd210,
-	0xd22c, 0xd22c,
-	0xd248, 0xd248,
-	0xd264, 0xd264,
-	0xd280, 0xd280,
-	0xd29c, 0xd29c,
-	0xd2b8, 0xd2b8,
-	0xd2d4, 0xd2d4,
-	0xd2f0, 0xd2f0,
-	0xd30c, 0xd30c,
-	0xd328, 0xd328,
-	0xd344, 0xd344,
-	0xd360, 0xd360,
-	0xd37c, 0xd37c,
-	0xd398, 0xd398,
-	0xd3b4, 0xd3b4,
-	0xd3d0, 0xd3d0,
-	0xd3ec, 0xd3ec,
-	0xd408, 0xd408,
-	0xd424, 0xd424,
-	0xd440, 0xd440,
-	0xd45c, 0xd45c,
-	0xd478, 0xd478,
-	0xd494, 0xd494,
-	0xd4b0, 0xd4b0,
-	0xd4cc, 0xd4cc,
-	0xd4e8, 0xd4e8,
-	0xd504, 0xd504,
-	0xd520, 0xd520,
-	0xd53c, 0xd53c,
-	0xd558, 0xd558,
-	0xd574, 0xd574,
-	0xd590, 0xd590,
-	0xd5ac, 0xd5ac,
-	0xd5c8, 0xd5c8,
-	0xd5e4, 0xd5e4,
-	0xd600, 0xd600,
-	0xd61c, 0xd61c,
-	0xd638, 0xd638,
-	0xd654, 0xd654,
-	0xd670, 0xd670,
-	0xd68c, 0xd68c,
-	0xd6a8, 0xd6a8,
-	0xd6c4, 0xd6c4,
-	0xd6e0, 0xd6e0,
-	0xd6fc, 0xd6fc,
-	0xd718, 0xd718,
-	0xd734, 0xd734,
-	0xd750, 0xd750,
-	0xd76c, 0xd76c,
-	0xd788, 0xd788,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LVT */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT[] = {
-	399,
-	0xac01, 0xac1b,
-	0xac1d, 0xac37,
-	0xac39, 0xac53,
-	0xac55, 0xac6f,
-	0xac71, 0xac8b,
-	0xac8d, 0xaca7,
-	0xaca9, 0xacc3,
-	0xacc5, 0xacdf,
-	0xace1, 0xacfb,
-	0xacfd, 0xad17,
-	0xad19, 0xad33,
-	0xad35, 0xad4f,
-	0xad51, 0xad6b,
-	0xad6d, 0xad87,
-	0xad89, 0xada3,
-	0xada5, 0xadbf,
-	0xadc1, 0xaddb,
-	0xaddd, 0xadf7,
-	0xadf9, 0xae13,
-	0xae15, 0xae2f,
-	0xae31, 0xae4b,
-	0xae4d, 0xae67,
-	0xae69, 0xae83,
-	0xae85, 0xae9f,
-	0xaea1, 0xaebb,
-	0xaebd, 0xaed7,
-	0xaed9, 0xaef3,
-	0xaef5, 0xaf0f,
-	0xaf11, 0xaf2b,
-	0xaf2d, 0xaf47,
-	0xaf49, 0xaf63,
-	0xaf65, 0xaf7f,
-	0xaf81, 0xaf9b,
-	0xaf9d, 0xafb7,
-	0xafb9, 0xafd3,
-	0xafd5, 0xafef,
-	0xaff1, 0xb00b,
-	0xb00d, 0xb027,
-	0xb029, 0xb043,
-	0xb045, 0xb05f,
-	0xb061, 0xb07b,
-	0xb07d, 0xb097,
-	0xb099, 0xb0b3,
-	0xb0b5, 0xb0cf,
-	0xb0d1, 0xb0eb,
-	0xb0ed, 0xb107,
-	0xb109, 0xb123,
-	0xb125, 0xb13f,
-	0xb141, 0xb15b,
-	0xb15d, 0xb177,
-	0xb179, 0xb193,
-	0xb195, 0xb1af,
-	0xb1b1, 0xb1cb,
-	0xb1cd, 0xb1e7,
-	0xb1e9, 0xb203,
-	0xb205, 0xb21f,
-	0xb221, 0xb23b,
-	0xb23d, 0xb257,
-	0xb259, 0xb273,
-	0xb275, 0xb28f,
-	0xb291, 0xb2ab,
-	0xb2ad, 0xb2c7,
-	0xb2c9, 0xb2e3,
-	0xb2e5, 0xb2ff,
-	0xb301, 0xb31b,
-	0xb31d, 0xb337,
-	0xb339, 0xb353,
-	0xb355, 0xb36f,
-	0xb371, 0xb38b,
-	0xb38d, 0xb3a7,
-	0xb3a9, 0xb3c3,
-	0xb3c5, 0xb3df,
-	0xb3e1, 0xb3fb,
-	0xb3fd, 0xb417,
-	0xb419, 0xb433,
-	0xb435, 0xb44f,
-	0xb451, 0xb46b,
-	0xb46d, 0xb487,
-	0xb489, 0xb4a3,
-	0xb4a5, 0xb4bf,
-	0xb4c1, 0xb4db,
-	0xb4dd, 0xb4f7,
-	0xb4f9, 0xb513,
-	0xb515, 0xb52f,
-	0xb531, 0xb54b,
-	0xb54d, 0xb567,
-	0xb569, 0xb583,
-	0xb585, 0xb59f,
-	0xb5a1, 0xb5bb,
-	0xb5bd, 0xb5d7,
-	0xb5d9, 0xb5f3,
-	0xb5f5, 0xb60f,
-	0xb611, 0xb62b,
-	0xb62d, 0xb647,
-	0xb649, 0xb663,
-	0xb665, 0xb67f,
-	0xb681, 0xb69b,
-	0xb69d, 0xb6b7,
-	0xb6b9, 0xb6d3,
-	0xb6d5, 0xb6ef,
-	0xb6f1, 0xb70b,
-	0xb70d, 0xb727,
-	0xb729, 0xb743,
-	0xb745, 0xb75f,
-	0xb761, 0xb77b,
-	0xb77d, 0xb797,
-	0xb799, 0xb7b3,
-	0xb7b5, 0xb7cf,
-	0xb7d1, 0xb7eb,
-	0xb7ed, 0xb807,
-	0xb809, 0xb823,
-	0xb825, 0xb83f,
-	0xb841, 0xb85b,
-	0xb85d, 0xb877,
-	0xb879, 0xb893,
-	0xb895, 0xb8af,
-	0xb8b1, 0xb8cb,
-	0xb8cd, 0xb8e7,
-	0xb8e9, 0xb903,
-	0xb905, 0xb91f,
-	0xb921, 0xb93b,
-	0xb93d, 0xb957,
-	0xb959, 0xb973,
-	0xb975, 0xb98f,
-	0xb991, 0xb9ab,
-	0xb9ad, 0xb9c7,
-	0xb9c9, 0xb9e3,
-	0xb9e5, 0xb9ff,
-	0xba01, 0xba1b,
-	0xba1d, 0xba37,
-	0xba39, 0xba53,
-	0xba55, 0xba6f,
-	0xba71, 0xba8b,
-	0xba8d, 0xbaa7,
-	0xbaa9, 0xbac3,
-	0xbac5, 0xbadf,
-	0xbae1, 0xbafb,
-	0xbafd, 0xbb17,
-	0xbb19, 0xbb33,
-	0xbb35, 0xbb4f,
-	0xbb51, 0xbb6b,
-	0xbb6d, 0xbb87,
-	0xbb89, 0xbba3,
-	0xbba5, 0xbbbf,
-	0xbbc1, 0xbbdb,
-	0xbbdd, 0xbbf7,
-	0xbbf9, 0xbc13,
-	0xbc15, 0xbc2f,
-	0xbc31, 0xbc4b,
-	0xbc4d, 0xbc67,
-	0xbc69, 0xbc83,
-	0xbc85, 0xbc9f,
-	0xbca1, 0xbcbb,
-	0xbcbd, 0xbcd7,
-	0xbcd9, 0xbcf3,
-	0xbcf5, 0xbd0f,
-	0xbd11, 0xbd2b,
-	0xbd2d, 0xbd47,
-	0xbd49, 0xbd63,
-	0xbd65, 0xbd7f,
-	0xbd81, 0xbd9b,
-	0xbd9d, 0xbdb7,
-	0xbdb9, 0xbdd3,
-	0xbdd5, 0xbdef,
-	0xbdf1, 0xbe0b,
-	0xbe0d, 0xbe27,
-	0xbe29, 0xbe43,
-	0xbe45, 0xbe5f,
-	0xbe61, 0xbe7b,
-	0xbe7d, 0xbe97,
-	0xbe99, 0xbeb3,
-	0xbeb5, 0xbecf,
-	0xbed1, 0xbeeb,
-	0xbeed, 0xbf07,
-	0xbf09, 0xbf23,
-	0xbf25, 0xbf3f,
-	0xbf41, 0xbf5b,
-	0xbf5d, 0xbf77,
-	0xbf79, 0xbf93,
-	0xbf95, 0xbfaf,
-	0xbfb1, 0xbfcb,
-	0xbfcd, 0xbfe7,
-	0xbfe9, 0xc003,
-	0xc005, 0xc01f,
-	0xc021, 0xc03b,
-	0xc03d, 0xc057,
-	0xc059, 0xc073,
-	0xc075, 0xc08f,
-	0xc091, 0xc0ab,
-	0xc0ad, 0xc0c7,
-	0xc0c9, 0xc0e3,
-	0xc0e5, 0xc0ff,
-	0xc101, 0xc11b,
-	0xc11d, 0xc137,
-	0xc139, 0xc153,
-	0xc155, 0xc16f,
-	0xc171, 0xc18b,
-	0xc18d, 0xc1a7,
-	0xc1a9, 0xc1c3,
-	0xc1c5, 0xc1df,
-	0xc1e1, 0xc1fb,
-	0xc1fd, 0xc217,
-	0xc219, 0xc233,
-	0xc235, 0xc24f,
-	0xc251, 0xc26b,
-	0xc26d, 0xc287,
-	0xc289, 0xc2a3,
-	0xc2a5, 0xc2bf,
-	0xc2c1, 0xc2db,
-	0xc2dd, 0xc2f7,
-	0xc2f9, 0xc313,
-	0xc315, 0xc32f,
-	0xc331, 0xc34b,
-	0xc34d, 0xc367,
-	0xc369, 0xc383,
-	0xc385, 0xc39f,
-	0xc3a1, 0xc3bb,
-	0xc3bd, 0xc3d7,
-	0xc3d9, 0xc3f3,
-	0xc3f5, 0xc40f,
-	0xc411, 0xc42b,
-	0xc42d, 0xc447,
-	0xc449, 0xc463,
-	0xc465, 0xc47f,
-	0xc481, 0xc49b,
-	0xc49d, 0xc4b7,
-	0xc4b9, 0xc4d3,
-	0xc4d5, 0xc4ef,
-	0xc4f1, 0xc50b,
-	0xc50d, 0xc527,
-	0xc529, 0xc543,
-	0xc545, 0xc55f,
-	0xc561, 0xc57b,
-	0xc57d, 0xc597,
-	0xc599, 0xc5b3,
-	0xc5b5, 0xc5cf,
-	0xc5d1, 0xc5eb,
-	0xc5ed, 0xc607,
-	0xc609, 0xc623,
-	0xc625, 0xc63f,
-	0xc641, 0xc65b,
-	0xc65d, 0xc677,
-	0xc679, 0xc693,
-	0xc695, 0xc6af,
-	0xc6b1, 0xc6cb,
-	0xc6cd, 0xc6e7,
-	0xc6e9, 0xc703,
-	0xc705, 0xc71f,
-	0xc721, 0xc73b,
-	0xc73d, 0xc757,
-	0xc759, 0xc773,
-	0xc775, 0xc78f,
-	0xc791, 0xc7ab,
-	0xc7ad, 0xc7c7,
-	0xc7c9, 0xc7e3,
-	0xc7e5, 0xc7ff,
-	0xc801, 0xc81b,
-	0xc81d, 0xc837,
-	0xc839, 0xc853,
-	0xc855, 0xc86f,
-	0xc871, 0xc88b,
-	0xc88d, 0xc8a7,
-	0xc8a9, 0xc8c3,
-	0xc8c5, 0xc8df,
-	0xc8e1, 0xc8fb,
-	0xc8fd, 0xc917,
-	0xc919, 0xc933,
-	0xc935, 0xc94f,
-	0xc951, 0xc96b,
-	0xc96d, 0xc987,
-	0xc989, 0xc9a3,
-	0xc9a5, 0xc9bf,
-	0xc9c1, 0xc9db,
-	0xc9dd, 0xc9f7,
-	0xc9f9, 0xca13,
-	0xca15, 0xca2f,
-	0xca31, 0xca4b,
-	0xca4d, 0xca67,
-	0xca69, 0xca83,
-	0xca85, 0xca9f,
-	0xcaa1, 0xcabb,
-	0xcabd, 0xcad7,
-	0xcad9, 0xcaf3,
-	0xcaf5, 0xcb0f,
-	0xcb11, 0xcb2b,
-	0xcb2d, 0xcb47,
-	0xcb49, 0xcb63,
-	0xcb65, 0xcb7f,
-	0xcb81, 0xcb9b,
-	0xcb9d, 0xcbb7,
-	0xcbb9, 0xcbd3,
-	0xcbd5, 0xcbef,
-	0xcbf1, 0xcc0b,
-	0xcc0d, 0xcc27,
-	0xcc29, 0xcc43,
-	0xcc45, 0xcc5f,
-	0xcc61, 0xcc7b,
-	0xcc7d, 0xcc97,
-	0xcc99, 0xccb3,
-	0xccb5, 0xcccf,
-	0xccd1, 0xcceb,
-	0xcced, 0xcd07,
-	0xcd09, 0xcd23,
-	0xcd25, 0xcd3f,
-	0xcd41, 0xcd5b,
-	0xcd5d, 0xcd77,
-	0xcd79, 0xcd93,
-	0xcd95, 0xcdaf,
-	0xcdb1, 0xcdcb,
-	0xcdcd, 0xcde7,
-	0xcde9, 0xce03,
-	0xce05, 0xce1f,
-	0xce21, 0xce3b,
-	0xce3d, 0xce57,
-	0xce59, 0xce73,
-	0xce75, 0xce8f,
-	0xce91, 0xceab,
-	0xcead, 0xcec7,
-	0xcec9, 0xcee3,
-	0xcee5, 0xceff,
-	0xcf01, 0xcf1b,
-	0xcf1d, 0xcf37,
-	0xcf39, 0xcf53,
-	0xcf55, 0xcf6f,
-	0xcf71, 0xcf8b,
-	0xcf8d, 0xcfa7,
-	0xcfa9, 0xcfc3,
-	0xcfc5, 0xcfdf,
-	0xcfe1, 0xcffb,
-	0xcffd, 0xd017,
-	0xd019, 0xd033,
-	0xd035, 0xd04f,
-	0xd051, 0xd06b,
-	0xd06d, 0xd087,
-	0xd089, 0xd0a3,
-	0xd0a5, 0xd0bf,
-	0xd0c1, 0xd0db,
-	0xd0dd, 0xd0f7,
-	0xd0f9, 0xd113,
-	0xd115, 0xd12f,
-	0xd131, 0xd14b,
-	0xd14d, 0xd167,
-	0xd169, 0xd183,
-	0xd185, 0xd19f,
-	0xd1a1, 0xd1bb,
-	0xd1bd, 0xd1d7,
-	0xd1d9, 0xd1f3,
-	0xd1f5, 0xd20f,
-	0xd211, 0xd22b,
-	0xd22d, 0xd247,
-	0xd249, 0xd263,
-	0xd265, 0xd27f,
-	0xd281, 0xd29b,
-	0xd29d, 0xd2b7,
-	0xd2b9, 0xd2d3,
-	0xd2d5, 0xd2ef,
-	0xd2f1, 0xd30b,
-	0xd30d, 0xd327,
-	0xd329, 0xd343,
-	0xd345, 0xd35f,
-	0xd361, 0xd37b,
-	0xd37d, 0xd397,
-	0xd399, 0xd3b3,
-	0xd3b5, 0xd3cf,
-	0xd3d1, 0xd3eb,
-	0xd3ed, 0xd407,
-	0xd409, 0xd423,
-	0xd425, 0xd43f,
-	0xd441, 0xd45b,
-	0xd45d, 0xd477,
-	0xd479, 0xd493,
-	0xd495, 0xd4af,
-	0xd4b1, 0xd4cb,
-	0xd4cd, 0xd4e7,
-	0xd4e9, 0xd503,
-	0xd505, 0xd51f,
-	0xd521, 0xd53b,
-	0xd53d, 0xd557,
-	0xd559, 0xd573,
-	0xd575, 0xd58f,
-	0xd591, 0xd5ab,
-	0xd5ad, 0xd5c7,
-	0xd5c9, 0xd5e3,
-	0xd5e5, 0xd5ff,
-	0xd601, 0xd61b,
-	0xd61d, 0xd637,
-	0xd639, 0xd653,
-	0xd655, 0xd66f,
-	0xd671, 0xd68b,
-	0xd68d, 0xd6a7,
-	0xd6a9, 0xd6c3,
-	0xd6c5, 0xd6df,
-	0xd6e1, 0xd6fb,
-	0xd6fd, 0xd717,
-	0xd719, 0xd733,
-	0xd735, 0xd74f,
-	0xd751, 0xd76b,
-	0xd76d, 0xd787,
-	0xd789, 0xd7a3,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base[] = {
-	28,
-	0x261d, 0x261d,
-	0x26f9, 0x26f9,
-	0x270a, 0x270d,
-	0x1f385, 0x1f385,
-	0x1f3c3, 0x1f3c4,
-	0x1f3ca, 0x1f3cb,
-	0x1f442, 0x1f443,
-	0x1f446, 0x1f450,
-	0x1f46e, 0x1f46e,
-	0x1f470, 0x1f478,
-	0x1f47c, 0x1f47c,
-	0x1f481, 0x1f483,
-	0x1f485, 0x1f487,
-	0x1f4aa, 0x1f4aa,
-	0x1f575, 0x1f575,
-	0x1f57a, 0x1f57a,
-	0x1f590, 0x1f590,
-	0x1f595, 0x1f596,
-	0x1f645, 0x1f647,
-	0x1f64b, 0x1f64f,
-	0x1f6a3, 0x1f6a3,
-	0x1f6b4, 0x1f6b6,
-	0x1f6c0, 0x1f6c0,
-	0x1f918, 0x1f91e,
-	0x1f926, 0x1f926,
-	0x1f930, 0x1f930,
-	0x1f933, 0x1f939,
-	0x1f93c, 0x1f93e,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Modifier': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Modifier */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Modifier[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Modifier */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=ZWJ */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ[] = {
-	1,
-	0x200d, 0x200d,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Glue_After_Zwj': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Glue_After_Zwj */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Glue_After_Zwj[] = {
-	3,
-	0x2764, 0x2764,
-	0x1f48b, 0x1f48b,
-	0x1f5e8, 0x1f5e8,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Glue_After_Zwj */
-
-/* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base_GAZ': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base_GAZ */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base_GAZ[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f466, 0x1f469,
-}; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base_GAZ */
-
-/* 'In_Basic_Latin': Block */
-#define CR_In_Basic_Latin CR_ASCII
-
-/* 'In_Latin_1_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_1_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0080, 0x00ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Latin_1_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Latin_Extended_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0100, 0x017f,
-}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_A */
-
-/* 'In_Latin_Extended_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0180, 0x024f,
-}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_B */
-
-/* 'In_IPA_Extensions': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_IPA_Extensions[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0250, 0x02af,
-}; /* CR_In_IPA_Extensions */
-
-/* 'In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters[] = {
-	1,
-	0x02b0, 0x02ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters */
-
-/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0300, 0x036f,
-}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks */
-
-/* 'In_Greek_and_Coptic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Greek_and_Coptic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0370, 0x03ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Greek_and_Coptic */
-
-/* 'In_Cyrillic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0400, 0x04ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic */
-
-/* 'In_Cyrillic_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0500, 0x052f,
-}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Armenian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Armenian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0530, 0x058f,
-}; /* CR_In_Armenian */
-
-/* 'In_Hebrew': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hebrew[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0590, 0x05ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Hebrew */
-
-/* 'In_Arabic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0600, 0x06ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Arabic */
-
-/* 'In_Syriac': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Syriac[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0700, 0x074f,
-}; /* CR_In_Syriac */
-
-/* 'In_Arabic_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0750, 0x077f,
-}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Thaana': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Thaana[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0780, 0x07bf,
-}; /* CR_In_Thaana */
-
-/* 'In_NKo': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_NKo[] = {
-	1,
-	0x07c0, 0x07ff,
-}; /* CR_In_NKo */
-
-/* 'In_Samaritan': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Samaritan[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0800, 0x083f,
-}; /* CR_In_Samaritan */
-
-/* 'In_Mandaic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mandaic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0840, 0x085f,
-}; /* CR_In_Mandaic */
-
-/* 'In_Arabic_Extended_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Extended_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0x08a0, 0x08ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Extended_A */
-
-/* 'In_Devanagari': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Devanagari[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0900, 0x097f,
-}; /* CR_In_Devanagari */
-
-/* 'In_Bengali': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bengali[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0980, 0x09ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Bengali */
-
-/* 'In_Gurmukhi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gurmukhi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0a00, 0x0a7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Gurmukhi */
-
-/* 'In_Gujarati': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gujarati[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0a80, 0x0aff,
-}; /* CR_In_Gujarati */
-
-/* 'In_Oriya': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Oriya[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0b00, 0x0b7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Oriya */
-
-/* 'In_Tamil': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tamil[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0b80, 0x0bff,
-}; /* CR_In_Tamil */
-
-/* 'In_Telugu': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Telugu[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Telugu */
-
-/* 'In_Kannada': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kannada[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0c80, 0x0cff,
-}; /* CR_In_Kannada */
-
-/* 'In_Malayalam': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Malayalam[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0d00, 0x0d7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Malayalam */
-
-/* 'In_Sinhala': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sinhala[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0d80, 0x0dff,
-}; /* CR_In_Sinhala */
-
-/* 'In_Thai': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Thai[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0e00, 0x0e7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Thai */
-
-/* 'In_Lao': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lao[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0e80, 0x0eff,
-}; /* CR_In_Lao */
-
-/* 'In_Tibetan': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tibetan[] = {
-	1,
-	0x0f00, 0x0fff,
-}; /* CR_In_Tibetan */
-
-/* 'In_Myanmar': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Myanmar[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1000, 0x109f,
-}; /* CR_In_Myanmar */
-
-/* 'In_Georgian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Georgian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10a0, 0x10ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Georgian */
-
-/* 'In_Hangul_Jamo': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Jamo[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1100, 0x11ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Jamo */
-
-/* 'In_Ethiopic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1200, 0x137f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic */
-
-/* 'In_Ethiopic_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1380, 0x139f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Cherokee': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cherokee[] = {
-	1,
-	0x13a0, 0x13ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Cherokee */
-
-/* 'In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1400, 0x167f,
-}; /* CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics */
-
-/* 'In_Ogham': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ogham[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1680, 0x169f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ogham */
-
-/* 'In_Runic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Runic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x16a0, 0x16ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Runic */
-
-/* 'In_Tagalog': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tagalog[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1700, 0x171f,
-}; /* CR_In_Tagalog */
-
-/* 'In_Hanunoo': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hanunoo[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1720, 0x173f,
-}; /* CR_In_Hanunoo */
-
-/* 'In_Buhid': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Buhid[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1740, 0x175f,
-}; /* CR_In_Buhid */
-
-/* 'In_Tagbanwa': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tagbanwa[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1760, 0x177f,
-}; /* CR_In_Tagbanwa */
-
-/* 'In_Khmer': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khmer[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1780, 0x17ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Khmer */
-
-/* 'In_Mongolian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mongolian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1800, 0x18af,
-}; /* CR_In_Mongolian */
-
-/* 'In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended[] = {
-	1,
-	0x18b0, 0x18ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended */
-
-/* 'In_Limbu': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Limbu[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1900, 0x194f,
-}; /* CR_In_Limbu */
-
-/* 'In_Tai_Le': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Le[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1950, 0x197f,
-}; /* CR_In_Tai_Le */
-
-/* 'In_New_Tai_Lue': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_New_Tai_Lue[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1980, 0x19df,
-}; /* CR_In_New_Tai_Lue */
-
-/* 'In_Khmer_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khmer_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x19e0, 0x19ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Khmer_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Buginese': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Buginese[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1a00, 0x1a1f,
-}; /* CR_In_Buginese */
-
-/* 'In_Tai_Tham': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Tham[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1a20, 0x1aaf,
-}; /* CR_In_Tai_Tham */
-
-/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1ab0, 0x1aff,
-}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended */
-
-/* 'In_Balinese': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Balinese[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1b00, 0x1b7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Balinese */
-
-/* 'In_Sundanese': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sundanese[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1b80, 0x1bbf,
-}; /* CR_In_Sundanese */
-
-/* 'In_Batak': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Batak[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1bc0, 0x1bff,
-}; /* CR_In_Batak */
-
-/* 'In_Lepcha': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lepcha[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1c00, 0x1c4f,
-}; /* CR_In_Lepcha */
-
-/* 'In_Ol_Chiki': Block */
-#define CR_In_Ol_Chiki CR_Ol_Chiki
-
-/* 'In_Cyrillic_Extended_C': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_C[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1c80, 0x1c8f,
-}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_C */
-
-/* 'In_Sundanese_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sundanese_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1cc0, 0x1ccf,
-}; /* CR_In_Sundanese_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Vedic_Extensions': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Vedic_Extensions[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1cd0, 0x1cff,
-}; /* CR_In_Vedic_Extensions */
-
-/* 'In_Phonetic_Extensions': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d00, 0x1d7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions */
-
-/* 'In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d80, 0x1dbf,
-}; /* CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1dc0, 0x1dff,
-}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Latin_Extended_Additional': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_Additional[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1e00, 0x1eff,
-}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_Additional */
-
-/* 'In_Greek_Extended': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Greek_Extended[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f00, 0x1fff,
-}; /* CR_In_Greek_Extended */
-
-/* 'In_General_Punctuation': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_General_Punctuation[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2000, 0x206f,
-}; /* CR_In_General_Punctuation */
-
-/* 'In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2070, 0x209f,
-}; /* CR_In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts */
-
-/* 'In_Currency_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Currency_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x20a0, 0x20cf,
-}; /* CR_In_Currency_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x20d0, 0x20ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Letterlike_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Letterlike_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2100, 0x214f,
-}; /* CR_In_Letterlike_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Number_Forms': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Number_Forms[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2150, 0x218f,
-}; /* CR_In_Number_Forms */
-
-/* 'In_Arrows': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arrows[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2190, 0x21ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Arrows */
-
-/* 'In_Mathematical_Operators': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mathematical_Operators[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2200, 0x22ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Mathematical_Operators */
-
-/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Technical': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Technical[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2300, 0x23ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Technical */
-
-/* 'In_Control_Pictures': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Control_Pictures[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2400, 0x243f,
-}; /* CR_In_Control_Pictures */
-
-/* 'In_Optical_Character_Recognition': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Optical_Character_Recognition[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2440, 0x245f,
-}; /* CR_In_Optical_Character_Recognition */
-
-/* 'In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2460, 0x24ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics */
-
-/* 'In_Box_Drawing': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Box_Drawing[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2500, 0x257f,
-}; /* CR_In_Box_Drawing */
-
-/* 'In_Block_Elements': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Block_Elements[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2580, 0x259f,
-}; /* CR_In_Block_Elements */
-
-/* 'In_Geometric_Shapes': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Geometric_Shapes[] = {
-	1,
-	0x25a0, 0x25ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Geometric_Shapes */
-
-/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2600, 0x26ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Dingbats': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Dingbats[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2700, 0x27bf,
-}; /* CR_In_Dingbats */
-
-/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0x27c0, 0x27ef,
-}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A */
-
-/* 'In_Supplemental_Arrows_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0x27f0, 0x27ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_A */
-
-/* 'In_Braille_Patterns': Block */
-#define CR_In_Braille_Patterns CR_Braille
-
-/* 'In_Supplemental_Arrows_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2900, 0x297f,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_B */
-
-/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2980, 0x29ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B */
-
-/* 'In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2a00, 0x2aff,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators */
-
-/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2b00, 0x2bff,
-}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows */
-
-/* 'In_Glagolitic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Glagolitic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2c00, 0x2c5f,
-}; /* CR_In_Glagolitic */
-
-/* 'In_Latin_Extended_C': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_C[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2c60, 0x2c7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_C */
-
-/* 'In_Coptic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Coptic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2c80, 0x2cff,
-}; /* CR_In_Coptic */
-
-/* 'In_Georgian_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Georgian_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2d00, 0x2d2f,
-}; /* CR_In_Georgian_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Tifinagh': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tifinagh[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2d30, 0x2d7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Tifinagh */
-
-/* 'In_Ethiopic_Extended': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2d80, 0x2ddf,
-}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended */
-
-/* 'In_Cyrillic_Extended_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
-}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_A */
-
-/* 'In_Supplemental_Punctuation': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Punctuation[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2e00, 0x2e7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Punctuation */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2e80, 0x2eff,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Kangxi_Radicals': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kangxi_Radicals[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2f00, 0x2fdf,
-}; /* CR_In_Kangxi_Radicals */
-
-/* 'In_Ideographic_Description_Characters': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ideographic_Description_Characters[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2ff0, 0x2fff,
-}; /* CR_In_Ideographic_Description_Characters */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3000, 0x303f,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation */
-
-/* 'In_Hiragana': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hiragana[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3040, 0x309f,
-}; /* CR_In_Hiragana */
-
-/* 'In_Katakana': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Katakana[] = {
-	1,
-	0x30a0, 0x30ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Katakana */
-
-/* 'In_Bopomofo': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bopomofo[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3100, 0x312f,
-}; /* CR_In_Bopomofo */
-
-/* 'In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3130, 0x318f,
-}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo */
-
-/* 'In_Kanbun': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kanbun[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3190, 0x319f,
-}; /* CR_In_Kanbun */
-
-/* 'In_Bopomofo_Extended': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bopomofo_Extended[] = {
-	1,
-	0x31a0, 0x31bf,
-}; /* CR_In_Bopomofo_Extended */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Strokes': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Strokes[] = {
-	1,
-	0x31c0, 0x31ef,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Strokes */
-
-/* 'In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions[] = {
-	1,
-	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions */
-
-/* 'In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3200, 0x32ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3300, 0x33ff,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0x3400, 0x4dbf,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A */
-
-/* 'In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x4dc0, 0x4dff,
-}; /* CR_In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x4e00, 0x9fff,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs */
-
-/* 'In_Yi_Syllables': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Yi_Syllables[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa000, 0xa48f,
-}; /* CR_In_Yi_Syllables */
-
-/* 'In_Yi_Radicals': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Yi_Radicals[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa490, 0xa4cf,
-}; /* CR_In_Yi_Radicals */
-
-/* 'In_Lisu': Block */
-#define CR_In_Lisu CR_Lisu
-
-/* 'In_Vai': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Vai[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa500, 0xa63f,
-}; /* CR_In_Vai */
-
-/* 'In_Cyrillic_Extended_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa640, 0xa69f,
-}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_B */
-
-/* 'In_Bamum': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bamum[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa6a0, 0xa6ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Bamum */
-
-/* 'In_Modifier_Tone_Letters': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Modifier_Tone_Letters[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa700, 0xa71f,
-}; /* CR_In_Modifier_Tone_Letters */
-
-/* 'In_Latin_Extended_D': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_D[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa720, 0xa7ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_D */
-
-/* 'In_Syloti_Nagri': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Syloti_Nagri[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa800, 0xa82f,
-}; /* CR_In_Syloti_Nagri */
-
-/* 'In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa830, 0xa83f,
-}; /* CR_In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms */
-
-/* 'In_Phags_pa': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phags_pa[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa840, 0xa87f,
-}; /* CR_In_Phags_pa */
-
-/* 'In_Saurashtra': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Saurashtra[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa880, 0xa8df,
-}; /* CR_In_Saurashtra */
-
-/* 'In_Devanagari_Extended': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Devanagari_Extended[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa8e0, 0xa8ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Devanagari_Extended */
-
-/* 'In_Kayah_Li': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kayah_Li[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa900, 0xa92f,
-}; /* CR_In_Kayah_Li */
-
-/* 'In_Rejang': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Rejang[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa930, 0xa95f,
-}; /* CR_In_Rejang */
-
-/* 'In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa960, 0xa97f,
-}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A */
-
-/* 'In_Javanese': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Javanese[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa980, 0xa9df,
-}; /* CR_In_Javanese */
-
-/* 'In_Myanmar_Extended_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0xa9e0, 0xa9ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_B */
-
-/* 'In_Cham': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cham[] = {
-	1,
-	0xaa00, 0xaa5f,
-}; /* CR_In_Cham */
-
-/* 'In_Myanmar_Extended_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0xaa60, 0xaa7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_A */
-
-/* 'In_Tai_Viet': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Viet[] = {
-	1,
-	0xaa80, 0xaadf,
-}; /* CR_In_Tai_Viet */
-
-/* 'In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions[] = {
-	1,
-	0xaae0, 0xaaff,
-}; /* CR_In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions */
-
-/* 'In_Ethiopic_Extended_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0xab00, 0xab2f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_A */
-
-/* 'In_Latin_Extended_E': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Latin_Extended_E[] = {
-	1,
-	0xab30, 0xab6f,
-}; /* CR_In_Latin_Extended_E */
-
-/* 'In_Cherokee_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cherokee_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0xab70, 0xabbf,
-}; /* CR_In_Cherokee_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Meetei_Mayek': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Meetei_Mayek[] = {
-	1,
-	0xabc0, 0xabff,
-}; /* CR_In_Meetei_Mayek */
-
-/* 'In_Hangul_Syllables': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Syllables[] = {
-	1,
-	0xac00, 0xd7af,
-}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Syllables */
-
-/* 'In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0xd7b0, 0xd7ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B */
-
-/* 'In_High_Surrogates': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_High_Surrogates[] = {
-	1,
-	0xd800, 0xdb7f,
-}; /* CR_In_High_Surrogates */
-
-/* 'In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates[] = {
-	1,
-	0xdb80, 0xdbff,
-}; /* CR_In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates */
-
-/* 'In_Low_Surrogates': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Low_Surrogates[] = {
-	1,
-	0xdc00, 0xdfff,
-}; /* CR_In_Low_Surrogates */
-
-/* 'In_Private_Use_Area': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Private_Use_Area[] = {
-	1,
-	0xe000, 0xf8ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Private_Use_Area */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs[] = {
-	1,
-	0xf900, 0xfaff,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs */
-
-/* 'In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfb00, 0xfb4f,
-}; /* CR_In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms */
-
-/* 'In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfb50, 0xfdff,
-}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A */
-
-/* 'In_Variation_Selectors': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Variation_Selectors[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfe00, 0xfe0f,
-}; /* CR_In_Variation_Selectors */
-
-/* 'In_Vertical_Forms': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Vertical_Forms[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfe10, 0xfe1f,
-}; /* CR_In_Vertical_Forms */
-
-/* 'In_Combining_Half_Marks': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Combining_Half_Marks[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfe20, 0xfe2f,
-}; /* CR_In_Combining_Half_Marks */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfe30, 0xfe4f,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms */
-
-/* 'In_Small_Form_Variants': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Small_Form_Variants[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfe50, 0xfe6f,
-}; /* CR_In_Small_Form_Variants */
-
-/* 'In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfe70, 0xfeff,
-}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B */
-
-/* 'In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms[] = {
-	1,
-	0xff00, 0xffef,
-}; /* CR_In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms */
-
-/* 'In_Specials': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Specials[] = {
-	1,
-	0xfff0, 0xffff,
-}; /* CR_In_Specials */
-
-/* 'In_Linear_B_Syllabary': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Linear_B_Syllabary[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10000, 0x1007f,
-}; /* CR_In_Linear_B_Syllabary */
-
-/* 'In_Linear_B_Ideograms': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Linear_B_Ideograms[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10080, 0x100ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Linear_B_Ideograms */
-
-/* 'In_Aegean_Numbers': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Aegean_Numbers[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10100, 0x1013f,
-}; /* CR_In_Aegean_Numbers */
-
-/* 'In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10140, 0x1018f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers */
-
-/* 'In_Ancient_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ancient_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10190, 0x101cf,
-}; /* CR_In_Ancient_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Phaistos_Disc': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phaistos_Disc[] = {
-	1,
-	0x101d0, 0x101ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Phaistos_Disc */
-
-/* 'In_Lycian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lycian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10280, 0x1029f,
-}; /* CR_In_Lycian */
-
-/* 'In_Carian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Carian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x102a0, 0x102df,
-}; /* CR_In_Carian */
-
-/* 'In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers[] = {
-	1,
-	0x102e0, 0x102ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers */
-
-/* 'In_Old_Italic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Italic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10300, 0x1032f,
-}; /* CR_In_Old_Italic */
-
-/* 'In_Gothic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Gothic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10330, 0x1034f,
-}; /* CR_In_Gothic */
-
-/* 'In_Old_Permic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Permic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10350, 0x1037f,
-}; /* CR_In_Old_Permic */
-
-/* 'In_Ugaritic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ugaritic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10380, 0x1039f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ugaritic */
-
-/* 'In_Old_Persian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Persian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x103a0, 0x103df,
-}; /* CR_In_Old_Persian */
-
-/* 'In_Deseret': Block */
-#define CR_In_Deseret CR_Deseret
-
-/* 'In_Shavian': Block */
-#define CR_In_Shavian CR_Shavian
-
-/* 'In_Osmanya': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Osmanya[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10480, 0x104af,
-}; /* CR_In_Osmanya */
-
-/* 'In_Osage': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Osage[] = {
-	1,
-	0x104b0, 0x104ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Osage */
-
-/* 'In_Elbasan': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Elbasan[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10500, 0x1052f,
-}; /* CR_In_Elbasan */
-
-/* 'In_Caucasian_Albanian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Caucasian_Albanian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10530, 0x1056f,
-}; /* CR_In_Caucasian_Albanian */
-
-/* 'In_Linear_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Linear_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10600, 0x1077f,
-}; /* CR_In_Linear_A */
-
-/* 'In_Cypriot_Syllabary': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cypriot_Syllabary[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10800, 0x1083f,
-}; /* CR_In_Cypriot_Syllabary */
-
-/* 'In_Imperial_Aramaic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Imperial_Aramaic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10840, 0x1085f,
-}; /* CR_In_Imperial_Aramaic */
-
-/* 'In_Palmyrene': Block */
-#define CR_In_Palmyrene CR_Palmyrene
-
-/* 'In_Nabataean': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Nabataean[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10880, 0x108af,
-}; /* CR_In_Nabataean */
-
-/* 'In_Hatran': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Hatran[] = {
-	1,
-	0x108e0, 0x108ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Hatran */
-
-/* 'In_Phoenician': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Phoenician[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10900, 0x1091f,
-}; /* CR_In_Phoenician */
-
-/* 'In_Lydian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lydian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10920, 0x1093f,
-}; /* CR_In_Lydian */
-
-/* 'In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs': Block */
-#define CR_In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs
-
-/* 'In_Meroitic_Cursive': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Meroitic_Cursive[] = {
-	1,
-	0x109a0, 0x109ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Meroitic_Cursive */
-
-/* 'In_Kharoshthi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kharoshthi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10a00, 0x10a5f,
-}; /* CR_In_Kharoshthi */
-
-/* 'In_Old_South_Arabian': Block */
-#define CR_In_Old_South_Arabian CR_Old_South_Arabian
-
-/* 'In_Old_North_Arabian': Block */
-#define CR_In_Old_North_Arabian CR_Old_North_Arabian
-
-/* 'In_Manichaean': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Manichaean[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10ac0, 0x10aff,
-}; /* CR_In_Manichaean */
-
-/* 'In_Avestan': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Avestan[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10b00, 0x10b3f,
-}; /* CR_In_Avestan */
-
-/* 'In_Inscriptional_Parthian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Inscriptional_Parthian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10b40, 0x10b5f,
-}; /* CR_In_Inscriptional_Parthian */
-
-/* 'In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10b60, 0x10b7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi */
-
-/* 'In_Psalter_Pahlavi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Psalter_Pahlavi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10b80, 0x10baf,
-}; /* CR_In_Psalter_Pahlavi */
-
-/* 'In_Old_Turkic': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Turkic[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10c00, 0x10c4f,
-}; /* CR_In_Old_Turkic */
-
-/* 'In_Old_Hungarian': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Hungarian[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10c80, 0x10cff,
-}; /* CR_In_Old_Hungarian */
-
-/* 'In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x10e60, 0x10e7f,
-}; /* CR_In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Brahmi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Brahmi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11000, 0x1107f,
-}; /* CR_In_Brahmi */
-
-/* 'In_Kaithi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kaithi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11080, 0x110cf,
-}; /* CR_In_Kaithi */
-
-/* 'In_Sora_Sompeng': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sora_Sompeng[] = {
-	1,
-	0x110d0, 0x110ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Sora_Sompeng */
-
-/* 'In_Chakma': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Chakma[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11100, 0x1114f,
-}; /* CR_In_Chakma */
-
-/* 'In_Mahajani': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mahajani[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11150, 0x1117f,
-}; /* CR_In_Mahajani */
-
-/* 'In_Sharada': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sharada[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11180, 0x111df,
-}; /* CR_In_Sharada */
-
-/* 'In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers[] = {
-	1,
-	0x111e0, 0x111ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers */
-
-/* 'In_Khojki': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khojki[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11200, 0x1124f,
-}; /* CR_In_Khojki */
-
-/* 'In_Multani': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Multani[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11280, 0x112af,
-}; /* CR_In_Multani */
-
-/* 'In_Khudawadi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Khudawadi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x112b0, 0x112ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Khudawadi */
-
-/* 'In_Grantha': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Grantha[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11300, 0x1137f,
-}; /* CR_In_Grantha */
-
-/* 'In_Newa': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Newa[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11400, 0x1147f,
-}; /* CR_In_Newa */
-
-/* 'In_Tirhuta': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tirhuta[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11480, 0x114df,
-}; /* CR_In_Tirhuta */
-
-/* 'In_Siddham': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Siddham[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11580, 0x115ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Siddham */
-
-/* 'In_Modi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Modi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11600, 0x1165f,
-}; /* CR_In_Modi */
-
-/* 'In_Mongolian_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mongolian_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11660, 0x1167f,
-}; /* CR_In_Mongolian_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Takri': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Takri[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11680, 0x116cf,
-}; /* CR_In_Takri */
-
-/* 'In_Ahom': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ahom[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11700, 0x1173f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ahom */
-
-/* 'In_Warang_Citi': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Warang_Citi[] = {
-	1,
-	0x118a0, 0x118ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Warang_Citi */
-
-/* 'In_Pau_Cin_Hau': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11ac0, 0x11aff,
-}; /* CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau */
-
-/* 'In_Bhaiksuki': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bhaiksuki[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11c00, 0x11c6f,
-}; /* CR_In_Bhaiksuki */
-
-/* 'In_Marchen': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Marchen[] = {
-	1,
-	0x11c70, 0x11cbf,
-}; /* CR_In_Marchen */
-
-/* 'In_Cuneiform': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cuneiform[] = {
-	1,
-	0x12000, 0x123ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Cuneiform */
-
-/* 'In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation[] = {
-	1,
-	0x12400, 0x1247f,
-}; /* CR_In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation */
-
-/* 'In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform[] = {
-	1,
-	0x12480, 0x1254f,
-}; /* CR_In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform */
-
-/* 'In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x13000, 0x1342f,
-}; /* CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs */
-
-/* 'In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x14400, 0x1467f,
-}; /* CR_In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs */
-
-/* 'In_Bamum_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bamum_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x16800, 0x16a3f,
-}; /* CR_In_Bamum_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Mro': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mro[] = {
-	1,
-	0x16a40, 0x16a6f,
-}; /* CR_In_Mro */
-
-/* 'In_Bassa_Vah': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bassa_Vah[] = {
-	1,
-	0x16ad0, 0x16aff,
-}; /* CR_In_Bassa_Vah */
-
-/* 'In_Pahawh_Hmong': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Pahawh_Hmong[] = {
-	1,
-	0x16b00, 0x16b8f,
-}; /* CR_In_Pahawh_Hmong */
-
-/* 'In_Miao': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miao[] = {
-	1,
-	0x16f00, 0x16f9f,
-}; /* CR_In_Miao */
-
-/* 'In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation[] = {
-	1,
-	0x16fe0, 0x16fff,
-}; /* CR_In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation */
-
-/* 'In_Tangut': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tangut[] = {
-	1,
-	0x17000, 0x187ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Tangut */
-
-/* 'In_Tangut_Components': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tangut_Components[] = {
-	1,
-	0x18800, 0x18aff,
-}; /* CR_In_Tangut_Components */
-
-/* 'In_Kana_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kana_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1b000, 0x1b0ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Kana_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Duployan': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Duployan[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1bc00, 0x1bc9f,
-}; /* CR_In_Duployan */
-
-/* 'In_Shorthand_Format_Controls': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Shorthand_Format_Controls[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1bca0, 0x1bcaf,
-}; /* CR_In_Shorthand_Format_Controls */
-
-/* 'In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d000, 0x1d0ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Musical_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Musical_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d100, 0x1d1ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Musical_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d200, 0x1d24f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation */
-
-/* 'In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d300, 0x1d35f,
-}; /* CR_In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Counting_Rod_Numerals': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Counting_Rod_Numerals[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d360, 0x1d37f,
-}; /* CR_In_Counting_Rod_Numerals */
-
-/* 'In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d400, 0x1d7ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Sutton_SignWriting': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Sutton_SignWriting[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1d800, 0x1daaf,
-}; /* CR_In_Sutton_SignWriting */
-
-/* 'In_Glagolitic_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1e000, 0x1e02f,
-}; /* CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Mende_Kikakui': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mende_Kikakui[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1e800, 0x1e8df,
-}; /* CR_In_Mende_Kikakui */
-
-/* 'In_Adlam': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Adlam[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1e900, 0x1e95f,
-}; /* CR_In_Adlam */
-
-/* 'In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1ee00, 0x1eeff,
-}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Mahjong_Tiles': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mahjong_Tiles[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f000, 0x1f02f,
-}; /* CR_In_Mahjong_Tiles */
-
-/* 'In_Domino_Tiles': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Domino_Tiles[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f030, 0x1f09f,
-}; /* CR_In_Domino_Tiles */
-
-/* 'In_Playing_Cards': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Playing_Cards[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Playing_Cards */
-
-/* 'In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f100, 0x1f1ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f200, 0x1f2ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f300, 0x1f5ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs */
-
-/* 'In_Emoticons': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Emoticons[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f600, 0x1f64f,
-}; /* CR_In_Emoticons */
-
-/* 'In_Ornamental_Dingbats': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ornamental_Dingbats[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f650, 0x1f67f,
-}; /* CR_In_Ornamental_Dingbats */
-
-/* 'In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f680, 0x1f6ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Alchemical_Symbols': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Alchemical_Symbols[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f77f,
-}; /* CR_In_Alchemical_Symbols */
-
-/* 'In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended */
-
-/* 'In_Supplemental_Arrows_C': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_C[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f800, 0x1f8ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_C */
-
-/* 'In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs[] = {
-	1,
-	0x1f900, 0x1f9ff,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b73f,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2b740, 0x2b81f,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2b820, 0x2ceaf,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E */
-
-/* 'In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0x2f800, 0x2fa1f,
-}; /* CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Tags': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tags[] = {
-	1,
-	0xe0000, 0xe007f,
-}; /* CR_In_Tags */
-
-/* 'In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement[] = {
-	1,
-	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
-}; /* CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement */
-
-/* 'In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A[] = {
-	1,
-	0xf0000, 0xfffff,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A */
-
-/* 'In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B[] = {
-	1,
-	0x100000, 0x10ffff,
-}; /* CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B */
-
-/* 'In_No_Block': Block */
-static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
-	44,
-	0x0860, 0x089f,
-	0x1c90, 0x1cbf,
-	0x2fe0, 0x2fef,
-	0x10200, 0x1027f,
-	0x103e0, 0x103ff,
-	0x10570, 0x105ff,
-	0x10780, 0x107ff,
-	0x108b0, 0x108df,
-	0x10940, 0x1097f,
-	0x10aa0, 0x10abf,
-	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
-	0x10c50, 0x10c7f,
-	0x10d00, 0x10e5f,
-	0x10e80, 0x10fff,
-	0x11250, 0x1127f,
-	0x11380, 0x113ff,
-	0x114e0, 0x1157f,
-	0x116d0, 0x116ff,
-	0x11740, 0x1189f,
-	0x11900, 0x11abf,
-	0x11b00, 0x11bff,
-	0x11cc0, 0x11fff,
-	0x12550, 0x12fff,
-	0x13430, 0x143ff,
-	0x14680, 0x167ff,
-	0x16a70, 0x16acf,
-	0x16b90, 0x16eff,
-	0x16fa0, 0x16fdf,
-	0x18b00, 0x1afff,
-	0x1b100, 0x1bbff,
-	0x1bcb0, 0x1cfff,
-	0x1d250, 0x1d2ff,
-	0x1d380, 0x1d3ff,
-	0x1dab0, 0x1dfff,
-	0x1e030, 0x1e7ff,
-	0x1e8e0, 0x1e8ff,
-	0x1e960, 0x1edff,
-	0x1ef00, 0x1efff,
-	0x1fa00, 0x1ffff,
-	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2ceb0, 0x2f7ff,
-	0x2fa20, 0xdffff,
-	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
-	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
-}; /* CR_In_No_Block */
-
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
-  CR_NEWLINE,
-  CR_Alpha,
-  CR_Blank,
-  CR_Cntrl,
-  CR_Digit,
-  CR_Graph,
-  CR_Lower,
-  CR_Print,
-  CR_Punct,
-  CR_Space,
-  CR_Upper,
-  CR_XDigit,
-  CR_Word,
-  CR_Alnum,
-  CR_ASCII,
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-  CR_Any,
-  CR_Assigned,
-  CR_C,
-  CR_Cc,
-  CR_Cf,
-  CR_Cn,
-  CR_Co,
-  CR_Cs,
-  CR_L,
-  CR_LC,
-  CR_Ll,
-  CR_Lm,
-  CR_Lo,
-  CR_Lt,
-  CR_Lu,
-  CR_M,
-  CR_Mc,
-  CR_Me,
-  CR_Mn,
-  CR_N,
-  CR_Nd,
-  CR_Nl,
-  CR_No,
-  CR_P,
-  CR_Pc,
-  CR_Pd,
-  CR_Pe,
-  CR_Pf,
-  CR_Pi,
-  CR_Po,
-  CR_Ps,
-  CR_S,
-  CR_Sc,
-  CR_Sk,
-  CR_Sm,
-  CR_So,
-  CR_Z,
-  CR_Zl,
-  CR_Zp,
-  CR_Zs,
-  CR_Math,
-  CR_Alphabetic,
-  CR_Lowercase,
-  CR_Uppercase,
-  CR_Cased,
-  CR_Case_Ignorable,
-  CR_Changes_When_Lowercased,
-  CR_Changes_When_Uppercased,
-  CR_Changes_When_Titlecased,
-  CR_Changes_When_Casefolded,
-  CR_Changes_When_Casemapped,
-  CR_ID_Start,
-  CR_ID_Continue,
-  CR_XID_Start,
-  CR_XID_Continue,
-  CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point,
-  CR_Grapheme_Extend,
-  CR_Grapheme_Base,
-  CR_Grapheme_Link,
-  CR_Common,
-  CR_Latin,
-  CR_Greek,
-  CR_Cyrillic,
-  CR_Armenian,
-  CR_Hebrew,
-  CR_Arabic,
-  CR_Syriac,
-  CR_Thaana,
-  CR_Devanagari,
-  CR_Bengali,
-  CR_Gurmukhi,
-  CR_Gujarati,
-  CR_Oriya,
-  CR_Tamil,
-  CR_Telugu,
-  CR_Kannada,
-  CR_Malayalam,
-  CR_Sinhala,
-  CR_Thai,
-  CR_Lao,
-  CR_Tibetan,
-  CR_Myanmar,
-  CR_Georgian,
-  CR_Hangul,
-  CR_Ethiopic,
-  CR_Cherokee,
-  CR_Canadian_Aboriginal,
-  CR_Ogham,
-  CR_Runic,
-  CR_Khmer,
-  CR_Mongolian,
-  CR_Hiragana,
-  CR_Katakana,
-  CR_Bopomofo,
-  CR_Han,
-  CR_Yi,
-  CR_Old_Italic,
-  CR_Gothic,
-  CR_Deseret,
-  CR_Inherited,
-  CR_Tagalog,
-  CR_Hanunoo,
-  CR_Buhid,
-  CR_Tagbanwa,
-  CR_Limbu,
-  CR_Tai_Le,
-  CR_Linear_B,
-  CR_Ugaritic,
-  CR_Shavian,
-  CR_Osmanya,
-  CR_Cypriot,
-  CR_Braille,
-  CR_Buginese,
-  CR_Coptic,
-  CR_New_Tai_Lue,
-  CR_Glagolitic,
-  CR_Tifinagh,
-  CR_Syloti_Nagri,
-  CR_Old_Persian,
-  CR_Kharoshthi,
-  CR_Balinese,
-  CR_Cuneiform,
-  CR_Phoenician,
-  CR_Phags_Pa,
-  CR_Nko,
-  CR_Sundanese,
-  CR_Lepcha,
-  CR_Ol_Chiki,
-  CR_Vai,
-  CR_Saurashtra,
-  CR_Kayah_Li,
-  CR_Rejang,
-  CR_Lycian,
-  CR_Carian,
-  CR_Lydian,
-  CR_Cham,
-  CR_Tai_Tham,
-  CR_Tai_Viet,
-  CR_Avestan,
-  CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs,
-  CR_Samaritan,
-  CR_Lisu,
-  CR_Bamum,
-  CR_Javanese,
-  CR_Meetei_Mayek,
-  CR_Imperial_Aramaic,
-  CR_Old_South_Arabian,
-  CR_Inscriptional_Parthian,
-  CR_Inscriptional_Pahlavi,
-  CR_Old_Turkic,
-  CR_Kaithi,
-  CR_Batak,
-  CR_Brahmi,
-  CR_Mandaic,
-  CR_Chakma,
-  CR_Meroitic_Cursive,
-  CR_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs,
-  CR_Miao,
-  CR_Sharada,
-  CR_Sora_Sompeng,
-  CR_Takri,
-  CR_Caucasian_Albanian,
-  CR_Bassa_Vah,
-  CR_Duployan,
-  CR_Elbasan,
-  CR_Grantha,
-  CR_Pahawh_Hmong,
-  CR_Khojki,
-  CR_Linear_A,
-  CR_Mahajani,
-  CR_Manichaean,
-  CR_Mende_Kikakui,
-  CR_Modi,
-  CR_Mro,
-  CR_Old_North_Arabian,
-  CR_Nabataean,
-  CR_Palmyrene,
-  CR_Pau_Cin_Hau,
-  CR_Old_Permic,
-  CR_Psalter_Pahlavi,
-  CR_Siddham,
-  CR_Khudawadi,
-  CR_Tirhuta,
-  CR_Warang_Citi,
-  CR_Ahom,
-  CR_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs,
-  CR_Hatran,
-  CR_Multani,
-  CR_Old_Hungarian,
-  CR_SignWriting,
-  CR_Adlam,
-  CR_Bhaiksuki,
-  CR_Marchen,
-  CR_Newa,
-  CR_Osage,
-  CR_Tangut,
-  CR_White_Space,
-  CR_Bidi_Control,
-  CR_Join_Control,
-  CR_Dash,
-  CR_Hyphen,
-  CR_Quotation_Mark,
-  CR_Terminal_Punctuation,
-  CR_Other_Math,
-  CR_Hex_Digit,
-  CR_ASCII_Hex_Digit,
-  CR_Other_Alphabetic,
-  CR_Ideographic,
-  CR_Diacritic,
-  CR_Extender,
-  CR_Other_Lowercase,
-  CR_Other_Uppercase,
-  CR_Noncharacter_Code_Point,
-  CR_Other_Grapheme_Extend,
-  CR_IDS_Binary_Operator,
-  CR_IDS_Trinary_Operator,
-  CR_Radical,
-  CR_Unified_Ideograph,
-  CR_Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point,
-  CR_Deprecated,
-  CR_Soft_Dotted,
-  CR_Logical_Order_Exception,
-  CR_Other_ID_Start,
-  CR_Other_ID_Continue,
-  CR_Sentence_Terminal,
-  CR_Variation_Selector,
-  CR_Pattern_White_Space,
-  CR_Pattern_Syntax,
-  CR_Prepended_Concatenation_Mark,
-  CR_Unknown,
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-  CR_Age_1_1,
-  CR_Age_2_0,
-  CR_Age_2_1,
-  CR_Age_3_0,
-  CR_Age_3_1,
-  CR_Age_3_2,
-  CR_Age_4_0,
-  CR_Age_4_1,
-  CR_Age_5_0,
-  CR_Age_5_1,
-  CR_Age_5_2,
-  CR_Age_6_0,
-  CR_Age_6_1,
-  CR_Age_6_2,
-  CR_Age_6_3,
-  CR_Age_7_0,
-  CR_Age_8_0,
-  CR_Age_9_0,
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LF,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Regional_Indicator,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_L,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_V,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_T,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LV,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_LVT,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Modifier,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_ZWJ,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Glue_After_Zwj,
-  CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_E_Base_GAZ,
-  CR_In_Basic_Latin,
-  CR_In_Latin_1_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Latin_Extended_A,
-  CR_In_Latin_Extended_B,
-  CR_In_IPA_Extensions,
-  CR_In_Spacing_Modifier_Letters,
-  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks,
-  CR_In_Greek_and_Coptic,
-  CR_In_Cyrillic,
-  CR_In_Cyrillic_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Armenian,
-  CR_In_Hebrew,
-  CR_In_Arabic,
-  CR_In_Syriac,
-  CR_In_Arabic_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Thaana,
-  CR_In_NKo,
-  CR_In_Samaritan,
-  CR_In_Mandaic,
-  CR_In_Arabic_Extended_A,
-  CR_In_Devanagari,
-  CR_In_Bengali,
-  CR_In_Gurmukhi,
-  CR_In_Gujarati,
-  CR_In_Oriya,
-  CR_In_Tamil,
-  CR_In_Telugu,
-  CR_In_Kannada,
-  CR_In_Malayalam,
-  CR_In_Sinhala,
-  CR_In_Thai,
-  CR_In_Lao,
-  CR_In_Tibetan,
-  CR_In_Myanmar,
-  CR_In_Georgian,
-  CR_In_Hangul_Jamo,
-  CR_In_Ethiopic,
-  CR_In_Ethiopic_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Cherokee,
-  CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics,
-  CR_In_Ogham,
-  CR_In_Runic,
-  CR_In_Tagalog,
-  CR_In_Hanunoo,
-  CR_In_Buhid,
-  CR_In_Tagbanwa,
-  CR_In_Khmer,
-  CR_In_Mongolian,
-  CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended,
-  CR_In_Limbu,
-  CR_In_Tai_Le,
-  CR_In_New_Tai_Lue,
-  CR_In_Khmer_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Buginese,
-  CR_In_Tai_Tham,
-  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended,
-  CR_In_Balinese,
-  CR_In_Sundanese,
-  CR_In_Batak,
-  CR_In_Lepcha,
-  CR_In_Ol_Chiki,
-  CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_C,
-  CR_In_Sundanese_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Vedic_Extensions,
-  CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions,
-  CR_In_Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Latin_Extended_Additional,
-  CR_In_Greek_Extended,
-  CR_In_General_Punctuation,
-  CR_In_Superscripts_and_Subscripts,
-  CR_In_Currency_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Letterlike_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Number_Forms,
-  CR_In_Arrows,
-  CR_In_Mathematical_Operators,
-  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Technical,
-  CR_In_Control_Pictures,
-  CR_In_Optical_Character_Recognition,
-  CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumerics,
-  CR_In_Box_Drawing,
-  CR_In_Block_Elements,
-  CR_In_Geometric_Shapes,
-  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Dingbats,
-  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_A,
-  CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_A,
-  CR_In_Braille_Patterns,
-  CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_B,
-  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols_B,
-  CR_In_Supplemental_Mathematical_Operators,
-  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Arrows,
-  CR_In_Glagolitic,
-  CR_In_Latin_Extended_C,
-  CR_In_Coptic,
-  CR_In_Georgian_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Tifinagh,
-  CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended,
-  CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_A,
-  CR_In_Supplemental_Punctuation,
-  CR_In_CJK_Radicals_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Kangxi_Radicals,
-  CR_In_Ideographic_Description_Characters,
-  CR_In_CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation,
-  CR_In_Hiragana,
-  CR_In_Katakana,
-  CR_In_Bopomofo,
-  CR_In_Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo,
-  CR_In_Kanbun,
-  CR_In_Bopomofo_Extended,
-  CR_In_CJK_Strokes,
-  CR_In_Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions,
-  CR_In_Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months,
-  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility,
-  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A,
-  CR_In_Yijing_Hexagram_Symbols,
-  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs,
-  CR_In_Yi_Syllables,
-  CR_In_Yi_Radicals,
-  CR_In_Lisu,
-  CR_In_Vai,
-  CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_B,
-  CR_In_Bamum,
-  CR_In_Modifier_Tone_Letters,
-  CR_In_Latin_Extended_D,
-  CR_In_Syloti_Nagri,
-  CR_In_Common_Indic_Number_Forms,
-  CR_In_Phags_pa,
-  CR_In_Saurashtra,
-  CR_In_Devanagari_Extended,
-  CR_In_Kayah_Li,
-  CR_In_Rejang,
-  CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_A,
-  CR_In_Javanese,
-  CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_B,
-  CR_In_Cham,
-  CR_In_Myanmar_Extended_A,
-  CR_In_Tai_Viet,
-  CR_In_Meetei_Mayek_Extensions,
-  CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_A,
-  CR_In_Latin_Extended_E,
-  CR_In_Cherokee_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Meetei_Mayek,
-  CR_In_Hangul_Syllables,
-  CR_In_Hangul_Jamo_Extended_B,
-  CR_In_High_Surrogates,
-  CR_In_High_Private_Use_Surrogates,
-  CR_In_Low_Surrogates,
-  CR_In_Private_Use_Area,
-  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs,
-  CR_In_Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms,
-  CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_A,
-  CR_In_Variation_Selectors,
-  CR_In_Vertical_Forms,
-  CR_In_Combining_Half_Marks,
-  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Forms,
-  CR_In_Small_Form_Variants,
-  CR_In_Arabic_Presentation_Forms_B,
-  CR_In_Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms,
-  CR_In_Specials,
-  CR_In_Linear_B_Syllabary,
-  CR_In_Linear_B_Ideograms,
-  CR_In_Aegean_Numbers,
-  CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Numbers,
-  CR_In_Ancient_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Phaistos_Disc,
-  CR_In_Lycian,
-  CR_In_Carian,
-  CR_In_Coptic_Epact_Numbers,
-  CR_In_Old_Italic,
-  CR_In_Gothic,
-  CR_In_Old_Permic,
-  CR_In_Ugaritic,
-  CR_In_Old_Persian,
-  CR_In_Deseret,
-  CR_In_Shavian,
-  CR_In_Osmanya,
-  CR_In_Osage,
-  CR_In_Elbasan,
-  CR_In_Caucasian_Albanian,
-  CR_In_Linear_A,
-  CR_In_Cypriot_Syllabary,
-  CR_In_Imperial_Aramaic,
-  CR_In_Palmyrene,
-  CR_In_Nabataean,
-  CR_In_Hatran,
-  CR_In_Phoenician,
-  CR_In_Lydian,
-  CR_In_Meroitic_Hieroglyphs,
-  CR_In_Meroitic_Cursive,
-  CR_In_Kharoshthi,
-  CR_In_Old_South_Arabian,
-  CR_In_Old_North_Arabian,
-  CR_In_Manichaean,
-  CR_In_Avestan,
-  CR_In_Inscriptional_Parthian,
-  CR_In_Inscriptional_Pahlavi,
-  CR_In_Psalter_Pahlavi,
-  CR_In_Old_Turkic,
-  CR_In_Old_Hungarian,
-  CR_In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Brahmi,
-  CR_In_Kaithi,
-  CR_In_Sora_Sompeng,
-  CR_In_Chakma,
-  CR_In_Mahajani,
-  CR_In_Sharada,
-  CR_In_Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers,
-  CR_In_Khojki,
-  CR_In_Multani,
-  CR_In_Khudawadi,
-  CR_In_Grantha,
-  CR_In_Newa,
-  CR_In_Tirhuta,
-  CR_In_Siddham,
-  CR_In_Modi,
-  CR_In_Mongolian_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Takri,
-  CR_In_Ahom,
-  CR_In_Warang_Citi,
-  CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau,
-  CR_In_Bhaiksuki,
-  CR_In_Marchen,
-  CR_In_Cuneiform,
-  CR_In_Cuneiform_Numbers_and_Punctuation,
-  CR_In_Early_Dynastic_Cuneiform,
-  CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs,
-  CR_In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs,
-  CR_In_Bamum_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Mro,
-  CR_In_Bassa_Vah,
-  CR_In_Pahawh_Hmong,
-  CR_In_Miao,
-  CR_In_Ideographic_Symbols_and_Punctuation,
-  CR_In_Tangut,
-  CR_In_Tangut_Components,
-  CR_In_Kana_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Duployan,
-  CR_In_Shorthand_Format_Controls,
-  CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Musical_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation,
-  CR_In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Counting_Rod_Numerals,
-  CR_In_Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Sutton_SignWriting,
-  CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Mende_Kikakui,
-  CR_In_Adlam,
-  CR_In_Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Mahjong_Tiles,
-  CR_In_Domino_Tiles,
-  CR_In_Playing_Cards,
-  CR_In_Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs,
-  CR_In_Emoticons,
-  CR_In_Ornamental_Dingbats,
-  CR_In_Transport_and_Map_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Alchemical_Symbols,
-  CR_In_Geometric_Shapes_Extended,
-  CR_In_Supplemental_Arrows_C,
-  CR_In_Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs,
-  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B,
-  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C,
-  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D,
-  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E,
-  CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Tags,
-  CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement,
-  CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A,
-  CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_B,
-  CR_In_No_Block,
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-};
-struct uniname2ctype_struct {
-  short name;
-  unsigned short ctype;
-};
-
-static const struct uniname2ctype_struct *uniname2ctype_p(const char *, unsigned int);
-
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 14
-#define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 4
-#define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 6
-#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 6
-#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 19
-/* maximum key range = 14, duplicates = 0 */
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 752
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 770
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-#define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 1
-#define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 44
-#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 3
-#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 5275
-/* maximum key range = 5273, duplicates = 0 */
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#else
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-inline
-#endif
-#endif
-static unsigned int
-uniname2ctype_hash (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
-{
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-  static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-  static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    {
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
-      20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,  3, 11,  5,
-       4, 20, 20,  9, 20,  1, 20, 20, 10, 20,
-       2, 20,  1, 20,  1,  7,  4,  6, 20,  1,
-       4, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,    1, 5276,    8,    1,
-         2,   11,   25,   22,    7,   19,   14,   13, 5276, 5276,
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,
-      5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276,   13, 1100,   20,
-       497,   25,  315,  494,  322,    4,  279, 1693,  169,    7,
-         1,  267, 1336,    2,  214,   40,   92, 1301,  615,  434,
-       494, 1306,   17, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276, 5276
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    };
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-  return len + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]] + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-  register int hval = len;
-
-  switch (hval)
-    {
-      default:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[15]];
-      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-      case 15:
-      case 14:
-      case 13:
-      case 12:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[11]];
-      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-      case 11:
-      case 10:
-      case 9:
-      case 8:
-      case 7:
-      case 6:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[5]];
-      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-      case 5:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[4]];
-      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-      case 4:
-      case 3:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]];
-      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-      case 2:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[1]];
-      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-      case 1:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
-        break;
-    }
-  return hval + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[len - 1]];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-}
-
-struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
-  {
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str6[sizeof("word")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str7[sizeof("print")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str8[sizeof("punct")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str9[sizeof("alpha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str10[sizeof("alnum")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str11[sizeof("xdigit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str12[sizeof("upper")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str13[sizeof("ascii")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str14[sizeof("cntrl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str15[sizeof("space")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str16[sizeof("lower")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str17[sizeof("graph")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str18[sizeof("digit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str19[sizeof("blank")];
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3[sizeof("n")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str11[sizeof("mn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str15[sizeof("m")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str24[sizeof("cn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str29[sizeof("mani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str30[sizeof("ci")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str31[sizeof("inmanichaean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str35[sizeof("z")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str36[sizeof("qaai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str41[sizeof("c")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str49[sizeof("mc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str52[sizeof("qaac")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str56[sizeof("sm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str58[sizeof("incham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str59[sizeof("me")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str61[sizeof("inarmenian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str62[sizeof("cc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str65[sizeof("mandaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str69[sizeof("incuneiform")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str72[sizeof("zzzz")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str77[sizeof("insamaritan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str78[sizeof("cans")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str81[sizeof("s")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str82[sizeof("sc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str86[sizeof("ascii")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str93[sizeof("inavestan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str99[sizeof("zs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str102[sizeof("cs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str106[sizeof("inipaextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str110[sizeof("incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str114[sizeof("incommonindicnumberforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str124[sizeof("inthai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str132[sizeof("mtei")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str140[sizeof("inspecials")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str141[sizeof("initialpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str144[sizeof("inthaana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str145[sizeof("inancientsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str152[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str159[sizeof("inmusicalsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str164[sizeof("taile")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str174[sizeof("inmyanmarextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str176[sizeof("sterm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str185[sizeof("lm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str191[sizeof("lina")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str199[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str200[sizeof("lana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str201[sizeof("intransportandmapsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str202[sizeof("alnum")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str207[sizeof("inlycian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str208[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str209[sizeof("intaitham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str211[sizeof("lc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str212[sizeof("inmalayalam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str213[sizeof("inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str214[sizeof("inadlam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str220[sizeof("incontrolpictures")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str222[sizeof("inlineara")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str237[sizeof("taiviet")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str239[sizeof("armn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str242[sizeof("armi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str247[sizeof("sinhala")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str248[sizeof("armenian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str249[sizeof("inmyanmar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str251[sizeof("inrunic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str252[sizeof("incarian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str255[sizeof("cari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str256[sizeof("inmarchen")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str258[sizeof("marc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str268[sizeof("carian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str270[sizeof("merc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str273[sizeof("incyrillic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str278[sizeof("samr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str279[sizeof("latn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str281[sizeof("latin")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str282[sizeof("ital")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str284[sizeof("intamil")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str285[sizeof("taml")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str286[sizeof("inmultani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str288[sizeof("samaritan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str290[sizeof("arabic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str291[sizeof("insyriac")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str294[sizeof("insharada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str295[sizeof("miao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str296[sizeof("inlinearbideograms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str299[sizeof("incherokee")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str302[sizeof("intaile")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str303[sizeof("tale")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str305[sizeof("inahom")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str309[sizeof("inmeeteimayekextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str310[sizeof("inruminumeralsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str313[sizeof("inlatinextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str314[sizeof("inosmanya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str327[sizeof("inlatinextendedc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str331[sizeof("osma")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str337[sizeof("inlatinextendede")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str339[sizeof("l")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str340[sizeof("han")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str341[sizeof("nl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str342[sizeof("term")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str344[sizeof("hani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str347[sizeof("inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str348[sizeof("zinh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str355[sizeof("lt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str357[sizeof("zl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str361[sizeof("inmahajani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str366[sizeof("cham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str368[sizeof("connectorpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str371[sizeof("sinh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str374[sizeof("manichaean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str375[sizeof("osage")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str382[sizeof("inmiscellaneoustechnical")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str386[sizeof("inethiopic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str390[sizeof("insinhala")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str394[sizeof("chakma")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str400[sizeof("shavian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str419[sizeof("inideographicdescriptioncharacters")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str421[sizeof("lineara")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str422[sizeof("meroiticcursive")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str435[sizeof("thai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str438[sizeof("math")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str440[sizeof("inemoticons")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str444[sizeof("thaa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str447[sizeof("ethi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str448[sizeof("hatran")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str452[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumerics")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str453[sizeof("sentenceterminal")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str455[sizeof("tamil")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str456[sizeof("cntrl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str458[sizeof("taitham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str460[sizeof("thaana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str468[sizeof("terminalpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str471[sizeof("insinhalaarchaicnumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str472[sizeof("innewa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str477[sizeof("newa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str478[sizeof("inlatinextendedadditional")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str485[sizeof("cwcm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str489[sizeof("loe")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str503[sizeof("inopticalcharacterrecognition")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str504[sizeof("inearlydynasticcuneiform")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str507[sizeof("di")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str508[sizeof("asciihexdigit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str509[sizeof("ll")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str511[sizeof("newtailue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str512[sizeof("inscriptionalparthian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str513[sizeof("inenclosedalphanumericsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str516[sizeof("oriya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str517[sizeof("mero")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str519[sizeof("inmongolian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str522[sizeof("mand")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str523[sizeof("inmodi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str530[sizeof("dia")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str534[sizeof("mend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str535[sizeof("ingrantha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str537[sizeof("no")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str538[sizeof("sora")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str539[sizeof("inmandaic")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str542[sizeof("age=1.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str543[sizeof("age=2.1")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str544[sizeof("idc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str545[sizeof("innko")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str546[sizeof("sind")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str547[sizeof("inarrows")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str548[sizeof("age=6.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str549[sizeof("age=6.2")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str550[sizeof("age=2.0")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str551[sizeof("inmro")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str552[sizeof("age=3.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str553[sizeof("age=3.2")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str554[sizeof("titlecaseletter")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str555[sizeof("age=6.0")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str556[sizeof("co")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str557[sizeof("hira")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str558[sizeof("age=6.3")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str559[sizeof("age=3.0")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str560[sizeof("ingeneralpunctuation")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str561[sizeof("age=9.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str562[sizeof("age=8.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str563[sizeof("age=5.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str564[sizeof("age=5.2")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str565[sizeof("inmiao")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str566[sizeof("age=4.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str567[sizeof("age=7.0")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str568[sizeof("innewtailue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str569[sizeof("common")];
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str570[sizeof("age=5.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str573[sizeof("age=4.0")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str576[sizeof("so")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str577[sizeof("inhiragana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str579[sizeof("insundanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str584[sizeof("ids")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str585[sizeof("cher")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str589[sizeof("marchen")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str591[sizeof("indominotiles")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str595[sizeof("joinc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str604[sizeof("tang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str607[sizeof("hano")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str613[sizeof("ahom")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str621[sizeof("inogham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str622[sizeof("inscriptionalpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str625[sizeof("mahj")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str627[sizeof("inolchiki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str633[sizeof("invai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str634[sizeof("tagbanwa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str636[sizeof("tirh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str637[sizeof("idst")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str639[sizeof("vai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str640[sizeof("vaii")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str641[sizeof("cwt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str642[sizeof("inhatran")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str645[sizeof("hatr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str646[sizeof("mahajani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str649[sizeof("idcontinue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str652[sizeof("cf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str655[sizeof("intirhuta")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str659[sizeof("inenclosedcjklettersandmonths")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str663[sizeof("intaixuanjingsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str664[sizeof("inspacingmodifierletters")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str668[sizeof("indeseret")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str677[sizeof("intags")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str678[sizeof("wara")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str683[sizeof("inshavian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str684[sizeof("inlydian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str686[sizeof("inwarangciti")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str688[sizeof("inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str690[sizeof("adlm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str692[sizeof("intangut")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str697[sizeof("vs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str698[sizeof("adlam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str705[sizeof("lo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str706[sizeof("ext")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str712[sizeof("insylotinagri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str713[sizeof("inlao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str716[sizeof("inlowsurrogates")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str717[sizeof("anatolianhieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str719[sizeof("lao")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str720[sizeof("laoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str721[sizeof("mongolian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str726[sizeof("gran")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str733[sizeof("lineseparator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str734[sizeof("ingurmukhi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str745[sizeof("letter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str748[sizeof("intifinagh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str755[sizeof("tifinagh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str758[sizeof("mro")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str759[sizeof("mroo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str761[sizeof("diacritic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str764[sizeof("avst")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str766[sizeof("avestan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str773[sizeof("mong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str774[sizeof("inanatolianhieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str775[sizeof("odi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str776[sizeof("nchar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str778[sizeof("caseignorable")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str779[sizeof("modi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str780[sizeof("insorasompeng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str785[sizeof("ogam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str792[sizeof("oidc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str793[sizeof("cwcf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str795[sizeof("cwl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str797[sizeof("ideo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str803[sizeof("oalpha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str804[sizeof("inolditalic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str805[sizeof("ingujarati")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str811[sizeof("inosage")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str812[sizeof("oids")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str813[sizeof("shaw")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str814[sizeof("decimalnumber")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str816[sizeof("tavt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str817[sizeof("intaiviet")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str828[sizeof("hmng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str829[sizeof("inmongoliansupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str830[sizeof("osge")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str834[sizeof("hang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str835[sizeof("insuttonsignwriting")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str836[sizeof("inmahjongtiles")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str847[sizeof("dsrt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str858[sizeof("ahex")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str860[sizeof("whitespace")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str865[sizeof("insundanesesupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str866[sizeof("inmodifiertoneletters")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str867[sizeof("idstart")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str872[sizeof("ingreekandcoptic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str876[sizeof("dash")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str878[sizeof("hanunoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str890[sizeof("siddham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str892[sizeof("inoldturkic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str895[sizeof("ingeometricshapes")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str900[sizeof("deseret")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str903[sizeof("gothic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str905[sizeof("sharada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str906[sizeof("tfng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str914[sizeof("insmallformvariants")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str919[sizeof("inshorthandformatcontrols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str922[sizeof("grext")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str924[sizeof("java")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str933[sizeof("radical")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str936[sizeof("omath")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str937[sizeof("canadianaboriginal")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str941[sizeof("ingothic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str943[sizeof("otheridcontinue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str945[sizeof("control")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str947[sizeof("injavanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str956[sizeof("noncharactercodepoint")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str958[sizeof("invariationselectors")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str964[sizeof("casedletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str965[sizeof("letternumber")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str966[sizeof("javanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str968[sizeof("otheralphabetic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str973[sizeof("sgnw")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str991[sizeof("ingeorgian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str992[sizeof("rjng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str997[sizeof("nd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str999[sizeof("format")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1004[sizeof("geor")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1009[sizeof("inornamentaldingbats")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1013[sizeof("inrejang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1015[sizeof("inoldnortharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1017[sizeof("joincontrol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1019[sizeof("xidc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1020[sizeof("invariationselectorssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1036[sizeof("sd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1039[sizeof("xids")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1042[sizeof("sidd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1047[sizeof("indingbats")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1051[sizeof("inherited")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1052[sizeof("inmeroitichieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1053[sizeof("inenclosedideographicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1054[sizeof("inoldsoutharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1055[sizeof("insiddham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1058[sizeof("inglagolitic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1062[sizeof("ingreekextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1067[sizeof("olditalic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1068[sizeof("hiragana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1069[sizeof("idsbinaryoperator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1072[sizeof("cased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1073[sizeof("inhangulsyllables")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1077[sizeof("shrd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1093[sizeof("assigned")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1095[sizeof("otheridstart")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1102[sizeof("ogham")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1107[sizeof("intagalog")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1110[sizeof("inoldhungarian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1114[sizeof("other")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1115[sizeof("othersymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1116[sizeof("otherlowercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1121[sizeof("othernumber")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1130[sizeof("graphemebase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1131[sizeof("innabataean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1137[sizeof("inbhaiksuki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1138[sizeof("lowercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1139[sizeof("bamum")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1142[sizeof("glagolitic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1148[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1150[sizeof("indevanagari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1153[sizeof("inelbasan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1154[sizeof("deva")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1155[sizeof("grantha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1159[sizeof("inarabic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1162[sizeof("olower")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1163[sizeof("inbasiclatin")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1165[sizeof("devanagari")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1170[sizeof("warangciti")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1173[sizeof("innumberforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1174[sizeof("glag")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1179[sizeof("goth")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1180[sizeof("invedicextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1183[sizeof("oldpersian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1184[sizeof("digit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1189[sizeof("xdigit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1197[sizeof("bass")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1200[sizeof("xidstart")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1201[sizeof("oldpermic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1210[sizeof("nbat")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1223[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1224[sizeof("logicalorderexception")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1227[sizeof("inbyzantinemusicalsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1229[sizeof("nabataean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1232[sizeof("intibetan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1233[sizeof("othermath")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1239[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1248[sizeof("inverticalforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1253[sizeof("tglg")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1261[sizeof("inmyanmarextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1265[sizeof("ideographic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1266[sizeof("incyrillicextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1272[sizeof("inbraillepatterns")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1273[sizeof("incyrillicextendedc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1278[sizeof("linb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1281[sizeof("inlatinextendedd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1284[sizeof("limb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1289[sizeof("otherletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1290[sizeof("bali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1292[sizeof("tibt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1293[sizeof("georgian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1299[sizeof("xidcontinue")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1303[sizeof("lower")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1309[sizeof("tibetan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1311[sizeof("elba")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1313[sizeof("inbalinese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1316[sizeof("yi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1319[sizeof("bengali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1322[sizeof("yiii")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1326[sizeof("inhighprivateusesurrogates")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1331[sizeof("extender")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1332[sizeof("narb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1333[sizeof("sorasompeng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1335[sizeof("brai")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1338[sizeof("hex")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1341[sizeof("balinese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1344[sizeof("arab")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1346[sizeof("pi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1348[sizeof("brahmi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1355[sizeof("elbasan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1360[sizeof("ingeometricshapesextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1368[sizeof("inhanguljamo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1370[sizeof("graph")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1371[sizeof("sarb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1373[sizeof("pcm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1378[sizeof("pc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1379[sizeof("inethiopicextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1380[sizeof("incaucasianalbanian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1388[sizeof("pe")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1390[sizeof("sundanese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1396[sizeof("inphaistosdisc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1398[sizeof("inancientgreekmusicalnotation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1410[sizeof("modifierletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1416[sizeof("word")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1418[sizeof("ps")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1419[sizeof("changeswhencasemapped")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1425[sizeof("lowercaseletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1429[sizeof("inancientgreeknumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1430[sizeof("saurashtra")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1439[sizeof("hexdigit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1444[sizeof("space")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1452[sizeof("inbrahmi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1472[sizeof("inblockelements")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1481[sizeof("incoptic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1493[sizeof("mlym")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1502[sizeof("multani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1503[sizeof("lyci")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1508[sizeof("linearb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1509[sizeof("changeswhentitlecased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1513[sizeof("rejang")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1516[sizeof("lycian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1517[sizeof("inbassavah")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1518[sizeof("lisu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1521[sizeof("incombininghalfmarks")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1524[sizeof("malayalam")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1526[sizeof("patws")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1529[sizeof("palm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1536[sizeof("tagalog")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1537[sizeof("psalterpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1538[sizeof("mymr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1540[sizeof("incopticepactnumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1542[sizeof("inletterlikesymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1549[sizeof("alpha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1551[sizeof("inlepcha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1553[sizeof("inpalmyrene")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1554[sizeof("lepc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1561[sizeof("runic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1563[sizeof("inugaritic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1567[sizeof("myanmar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1572[sizeof("saur")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1573[sizeof("mult")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1579[sizeof("talu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1584[sizeof("syrc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1586[sizeof("perm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1591[sizeof("telu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1597[sizeof("tangut")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1598[sizeof("insaurashtra")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1602[sizeof("inoriya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1604[sizeof("graphemeextend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1607[sizeof("imperialaramaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1613[sizeof("inbengali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1614[sizeof("variationselector")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1619[sizeof("syriac")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1622[sizeof("inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1624[sizeof("beng")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1625[sizeof("inimperialaramaic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1626[sizeof("sylotinagri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1630[sizeof("inyiradicals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1637[sizeof("mathsymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1638[sizeof("inbuginese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1641[sizeof("osmanya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1645[sizeof("idsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1646[sizeof("bidic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1647[sizeof("inphoenician")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1650[sizeof("prti")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1653[sizeof("brah")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1657[sizeof("cuneiform")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1659[sizeof("ogrext")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1662[sizeof("incountingrodnumerals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1665[sizeof("hebr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1666[sizeof("cprt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1673[sizeof("coptic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1676[sizeof("indevanagariextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1677[sizeof("inyijinghexagramsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1681[sizeof("incyrillicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1683[sizeof("inarabicextendeda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1688[sizeof("inalchemicalsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1691[sizeof("signwriting")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1692[sizeof("inaegeannumbers")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1694[sizeof("privateuse")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1696[sizeof("ininscriptionalparthian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1697[sizeof("braille")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1698[sizeof("ininscriptionalpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1702[sizeof("incherokeesupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1703[sizeof("tagb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1706[sizeof("inlinearbsyllabary")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1713[sizeof("cyrl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1714[sizeof("intagbanwa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1715[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1719[sizeof("copt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1722[sizeof("inkannada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1723[sizeof("tirhuta")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1724[sizeof("kana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1727[sizeof("changeswhencasefolded")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1733[sizeof("inhighsurrogates")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1734[sizeof("runr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1737[sizeof("cakm")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1741[sizeof("inlatin1supplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1743[sizeof("print")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1752[sizeof("inchakma")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1767[sizeof("patternwhitespace")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1768[sizeof("number")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1771[sizeof("mendekikakui")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1774[sizeof("spaceseparator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1775[sizeof("changeswhenlowercased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1786[sizeof("sylo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1790[sizeof("meeteimayek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1794[sizeof("inethiopicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1804[sizeof("orya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1805[sizeof("inalphabeticpresentationforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1806[sizeof("inkaithi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1809[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1811[sizeof("takri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1814[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1826[sizeof("inkatakana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1835[sizeof("phli")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1843[sizeof("sund")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1845[sizeof("inmathematicaloperators")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1848[sizeof("closepunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1850[sizeof("incjkstrokes")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1851[sizeof("separator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1856[sizeof("finalpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1860[sizeof("inmeeteimayek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1862[sizeof("inethiopicextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1866[sizeof("unassigned")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1869[sizeof("inpsalterpahlavi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1870[sizeof("inphagspa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1872[sizeof("po")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1873[sizeof("otherdefaultignorablecodepoint")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1876[sizeof("incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1883[sizeof("kali")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1884[sizeof("lepcha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1886[sizeof("wspace")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1893[sizeof("softdotted")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1904[sizeof("grbase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1905[sizeof("inhanunoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1906[sizeof("cyrillic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1910[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarks")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1920[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1921[sizeof("meroitichieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1931[sizeof("mark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1932[sizeof("ugaritic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1933[sizeof("aghb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1935[sizeof("inbuhid")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1937[sizeof("inkanasupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1941[sizeof("phoenician")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1945[sizeof("inkharoshthi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1951[sizeof("inkhmer")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1964[sizeof("symbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1968[sizeof("pf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1972[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1980[sizeof("lydi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1981[sizeof("hangul")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1985[sizeof("incurrencysymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1987[sizeof("intangutcomponents")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1993[sizeof("lydian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2004[sizeof("othergraphemeextend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2015[sizeof("intakri")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2016[sizeof("takr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2018[sizeof("induployan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2026[sizeof("ugar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2027[sizeof("inprivateusearea")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2046[sizeof("kaithi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2051[sizeof("inkhmersymbols")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2068[sizeof("bidicontrol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2070[sizeof("ethiopic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2083[sizeof("inhebrew")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2111[sizeof("bassavah")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2115[sizeof("kthi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2119[sizeof("inoldpersian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2122[sizeof("hung")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2126[sizeof("xpeo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2136[sizeof("inoldpermic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2153[sizeof("olck")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2157[sizeof("phnx")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2164[sizeof("olchiki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2169[sizeof("phag")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2180[sizeof("inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2184[sizeof("inpahawhhmong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2193[sizeof("inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2200[sizeof("patternsyntax")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2203[sizeof("inphoneticextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2208[sizeof("knda")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2219[sizeof("combiningmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2220[sizeof("plrd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2221[sizeof("inmendekikakui")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2230[sizeof("hluw")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2231[sizeof("nko")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2232[sizeof("nkoo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2235[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2237[sizeof("kannada")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2240[sizeof("khmr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2246[sizeof("khar")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2248[sizeof("otheruppercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2249[sizeof("oldhungarian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2254[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=ebasegaz")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2256[sizeof("inkhojki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2259[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=ebase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2262[sizeof("otherpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2265[sizeof("inphoneticextensionssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2273[sizeof("enclosingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2285[sizeof("inkatakanaphoneticextensions")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2292[sizeof("gujr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2293[sizeof("inkangxiradicals")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2310[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2313[sizeof("gujarati")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2322[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=t")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2324[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lvt")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2332[sizeof("pd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2333[sizeof("xsux")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2341[sizeof("uideo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2346[sizeof("hebrew")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2349[sizeof("kharoshthi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2350[sizeof("surrogate")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2353[sizeof("incyrillicextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2360[sizeof("cherokee")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2373[sizeof("modifiersymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2375[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2399[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=l")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2405[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=control")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2410[sizeof("deprecated")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2418[sizeof("ingeorgiansupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2419[sizeof("idstrinaryoperator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2425[sizeof("bamu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2427[sizeof("inbamum")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2430[sizeof("grek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2445[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=cr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2451[sizeof("inmeroiticcursive")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2452[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=emodifier")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2455[sizeof("khmer")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2460[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2476[sizeof("inglagoliticsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2477[sizeof("oldturkic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2487[sizeof("inlatinextendedb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2489[sizeof("unifiedideograph")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2500[sizeof("orkh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2511[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=zwj")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2518[sizeof("caucasianalbanian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2520[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=glueafterzwj")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2530[sizeof("oldnortharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2546[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lf")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2565[sizeof("khoj")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2589[sizeof("inlimbu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2602[sizeof("inarabicsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2629[sizeof("any")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2661[sizeof("alphabetic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2663[sizeof("defaultignorablecodepoint")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2673[sizeof("p")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2674[sizeof("pauc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2691[sizeof("zp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2692[sizeof("inbamumsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2732[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=extend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2733[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=prepend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2735[sizeof("inyisyllables")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2755[sizeof("patsyn")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2773[sizeof("lu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2787[sizeof("limbu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2808[sizeof("inkanbun")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2810[sizeof("insuperscriptsandsubscripts")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2822[sizeof("inlisu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2827[sizeof("punct")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2844[sizeof("currencysymbol")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2845[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=v")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2846[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lv")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2876[sizeof("intelugu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2897[sizeof("insupplementalmathematicaloperators")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2902[sizeof("batk")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2903[sizeof("bugi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2907[sizeof("changeswhenuppercased")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2910[sizeof("inbatak")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2928[sizeof("inplayingcards")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2932[sizeof("pahawhhmong")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2954[sizeof("buginese")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2974[sizeof("bopo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2977[sizeof("innoblock")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2985[sizeof("inbopomofo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2997[sizeof("hyphen")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3030[sizeof("inkayahli")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3032[sizeof("cypriot")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3057[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3059[sizeof("cwu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3064[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3067[sizeof("phagspa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3070[sizeof("incjkcompatibility")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3072[sizeof("palmyrene")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3081[sizeof("incypriotsyllabary")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3096[sizeof("inboxdrawing")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3098[sizeof("spacingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3159[sizeof("bhks")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3161[sizeof("incjksymbolsandpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3165[sizeof("egyp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3167[sizeof("phlp")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3181[sizeof("bhaiksuki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3197[sizeof("dep")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3224[sizeof("buhd")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3231[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3252[sizeof("bopomofo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3295[sizeof("dashpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3307[sizeof("dupl")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3314[sizeof("guru")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3338[sizeof("nonspacingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3346[sizeof("prependedconcatenationmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3363[sizeof("oupper")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3388[sizeof("telugu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3413[sizeof("qmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3428[sizeof("sk")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3500[sizeof("egyptianhieroglyphs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3511[sizeof("inkhudawadi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3514[sizeof("kayahli")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3525[sizeof("katakana")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3550[sizeof("inhangulcompatibilityjamo")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3552[sizeof("incjkradicalssupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3595[sizeof("quotationmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3617[sizeof("oldsoutharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3704[sizeof("unknown")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3722[sizeof("buhid")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3776[sizeof("khudawadi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3828[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiona")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3835[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3840[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensione")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3845[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3931[sizeof("paragraphseparator")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3933[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3939[sizeof("zyyy")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3965[sizeof("paucinhau")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3974[sizeof("inpaucinhau")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3989[sizeof("khojki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4043[sizeof("punctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4124[sizeof("greek")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4136[sizeof("insupplementalpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4144[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4188[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareaa")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4190[sizeof("insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4214[sizeof("inbopomofoextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4241[sizeof("uppercase")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4270[sizeof("grlink")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4312[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiond")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4373[sizeof("openpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4406[sizeof("upper")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4466[sizeof("graphemelink")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4528[sizeof("uppercaseletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4596[sizeof("batak")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4673[sizeof("blank")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4716[sizeof("duployan")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4915[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionb")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5015[sizeof("gurmukhi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5275[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareab")];
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-  };
-static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
-  {
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "word",
-    "print",
-    "punct",
-    "alpha",
-    "alnum",
-    "xdigit",
-    "upper",
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "n",
-    "mn",
-    "m",
-    "cn",
-    "mani",
-    "ci",
-    "inmanichaean",
-    "z",
-    "qaai",
-    "c",
-    "mc",
-    "qaac",
-    "sm",
-    "incham",
-    "me",
-    "inarmenian",
-    "cc",
-    "mandaic",
-    "incuneiform",
-    "zzzz",
-    "insamaritan",
-    "cans",
-    "s",
-    "sc",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "ascii",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "inavestan",
-    "zs",
-    "cs",
-    "inipaextensions",
-    "incuneiformnumbersandpunctuation",
-    "incommonindicnumberforms",
-    "inthai",
-    "mtei",
-    "inspecials",
-    "initialpunctuation",
-    "inthaana",
-    "inancientsymbols",
-    "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa",
-    "inmusicalsymbols",
-    "taile",
-    "inmyanmarextendeda",
-    "sterm",
-    "lm",
-    "lina",
-    "inmiscellaneoussymbols",
-    "lana",
-    "intransportandmapsymbols",
-    "alnum",
-    "inlycian",
-    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandarrows",
-    "intaitham",
-    "lc",
-    "inmalayalam",
-    "inmiscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs",
-    "inadlam",
-    "incontrolpictures",
-    "inlineara",
-    "taiviet",
-    "armn",
-    "armi",
-    "sinhala",
-    "armenian",
-    "inmyanmar",
-    "inrunic",
-    "incarian",
-    "cari",
-    "inmarchen",
-    "marc",
-    "carian",
-    "merc",
-    "incyrillic",
-    "samr",
-    "latn",
-    "latin",
-    "ital",
-    "intamil",
-    "taml",
-    "inmultani",
-    "samaritan",
-    "arabic",
-    "insyriac",
-    "insharada",
-    "miao",
-    "inlinearbideograms",
-    "incherokee",
-    "intaile",
-    "tale",
-    "inahom",
-    "inmeeteimayekextensions",
-    "inruminumeralsymbols",
-    "inlatinextendeda",
-    "inosmanya",
-    "inlatinextendedc",
-    "osma",
-    "inlatinextendede",
-    "l",
-    "han",
-    "nl",
-    "term",
-    "hani",
-    "inideographicsymbolsandpunctuation",
-    "zinh",
-    "lt",
-    "zl",
-    "inmahajani",
-    "cham",
-    "connectorpunctuation",
-    "sinh",
-    "manichaean",
-    "osage",
-    "inmiscellaneoustechnical",
-    "inethiopic",
-    "insinhala",
-    "chakma",
-    "shavian",
-    "inideographicdescriptioncharacters",
-    "lineara",
-    "meroiticcursive",
-    "thai",
-    "math",
-    "inemoticons",
-    "thaa",
-    "ethi",
-    "hatran",
-    "inenclosedalphanumerics",
-    "sentenceterminal",
-    "tamil",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "cntrl",
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "space",
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "taitham",
-    "thaana",
-    "terminalpunctuation",
-    "insinhalaarchaicnumbers",
-    "innewa",
-    "newa",
-    "inlatinextendedadditional",
-    "cwcm",
-    "loe",
-    "inopticalcharacterrecognition",
-    "inearlydynasticcuneiform",
-    "di",
-    "asciihexdigit",
-    "ll",
-    "newtailue",
-    "inscriptionalparthian",
-    "inenclosedalphanumericsupplement",
-    "oriya",
-    "mero",
-    "inmongolian",
-    "mand",
-    "inmodi",
-    "dia",
-    "mend",
-    "ingrantha",
-    "no",
-    "sora",
-    "inmandaic",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=1.1",
-    "age=2.1",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "idc",
-    "innko",
-    "sind",
-    "inarrows",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=6.1",
-    "age=6.2",
-    "age=2.0",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "inmro",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=3.1",
-    "age=3.2",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "titlecaseletter",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=6.0",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "co",
-    "hira",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=6.3",
-    "age=3.0",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "ingeneralpunctuation",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=9.0",
-    "age=8.0",
-    "age=5.1",
-    "age=5.2",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "inmiao",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=4.1",
-    "age=7.0",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "innewtailue",
-    "common",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=5.0",
-    "age=4.0",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-    "so",
-    "inhiragana",
-    "insundanese",
-    "ids",
-    "cher",
-    "marchen",
-    "indominotiles",
-    "joinc",
-    "tang",
-    "hano",
-    "ahom",
-    "inogham",
-    "inscriptionalpahlavi",
-    "mahj",
-    "inolchiki",
-    "invai",
-    "tagbanwa",
-    "tirh",
-    "idst",
-    "vai",
-    "vaii",
-    "cwt",
-    "inhatran",
-    "hatr",
-    "mahajani",
-    "idcontinue",
-    "cf",
-    "intirhuta",
-    "inenclosedcjklettersandmonths",
-    "intaixuanjingsymbols",
-    "inspacingmodifierletters",
-    "indeseret",
-    "intags",
-    "wara",
-    "inshavian",
-    "inlydian",
-    "inwarangciti",
-    "inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols",
-    "adlm",
-    "intangut",
-    "vs",
-    "adlam",
-    "lo",
-    "ext",
-    "insylotinagri",
-    "inlao",
-    "inlowsurrogates",
-    "anatolianhieroglyphs",
-    "lao",
-    "laoo",
-    "mongolian",
-    "gran",
-    "lineseparator",
-    "ingurmukhi",
-    "letter",
-    "intifinagh",
-    "tifinagh",
-    "mro",
-    "mroo",
-    "diacritic",
-    "avst",
-    "avestan",
-    "mong",
-    "inanatolianhieroglyphs",
-    "odi",
-    "nchar",
-    "caseignorable",
-    "modi",
-    "insorasompeng",
-    "ogam",
-    "oidc",
-    "cwcf",
-    "cwl",
-    "ideo",
-    "oalpha",
-    "inolditalic",
-    "ingujarati",
-    "inosage",
-    "oids",
-    "shaw",
-    "decimalnumber",
-    "tavt",
-    "intaiviet",
-    "hmng",
-    "inmongoliansupplement",
-    "osge",
-    "hang",
-    "insuttonsignwriting",
-    "inmahjongtiles",
-    "dsrt",
-    "ahex",
-    "whitespace",
-    "insundanesesupplement",
-    "inmodifiertoneletters",
-    "idstart",
-    "ingreekandcoptic",
-    "dash",
-    "hanunoo",
-    "siddham",
-    "inoldturkic",
-    "ingeometricshapes",
-    "deseret",
-    "gothic",
-    "sharada",
-    "tfng",
-    "insmallformvariants",
-    "inshorthandformatcontrols",
-    "grext",
-    "java",
-    "radical",
-    "omath",
-    "canadianaboriginal",
-    "ingothic",
-    "otheridcontinue",
-    "control",
-    "injavanese",
-    "noncharactercodepoint",
-    "invariationselectors",
-    "casedletter",
-    "letternumber",
-    "javanese",
-    "otheralphabetic",
-    "sgnw",
-    "ingeorgian",
-    "rjng",
-    "nd",
-    "format",
-    "geor",
-    "inornamentaldingbats",
-    "inrejang",
-    "inoldnortharabian",
-    "joincontrol",
-    "xidc",
-    "invariationselectorssupplement",
-    "sd",
-    "xids",
-    "sidd",
-    "indingbats",
-    "inherited",
-    "inmeroitichieroglyphs",
-    "inenclosedideographicsupplement",
-    "inoldsoutharabian",
-    "insiddham",
-    "inglagolitic",
-    "ingreekextended",
-    "olditalic",
-    "hiragana",
-    "idsbinaryoperator",
-    "cased",
-    "inhangulsyllables",
-    "shrd",
-    "assigned",
-    "otheridstart",
-    "ogham",
-    "intagalog",
-    "inoldhungarian",
-    "other",
-    "othersymbol",
-    "otherlowercase",
-    "othernumber",
-    "graphemebase",
-    "innabataean",
-    "inbhaiksuki",
-    "lowercase",
-    "bamum",
-    "glagolitic",
-    "inhanguljamoextendeda",
-    "indevanagari",
-    "inelbasan",
-    "deva",
-    "grantha",
-    "inarabic",
-    "olower",
-    "inbasiclatin",
-    "devanagari",
-    "warangciti",
-    "innumberforms",
-    "glag",
-    "goth",
-    "invedicextensions",
-    "oldpersian",
-    "digit",
-    "xdigit",
-    "bass",
-    "xidstart",
-    "oldpermic",
-    "nbat",
-    "inarabicpresentationformsa",
-    "logicalorderexception",
-    "inbyzantinemusicalsymbols",
-    "nabataean",
-    "intibetan",
-    "othermath",
-    "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb",
-    "inverticalforms",
-    "tglg",
-    "inmyanmarextendedb",
-    "ideographic",
-    "incyrillicextendeda",
-    "inbraillepatterns",
-    "incyrillicextendedc",
-    "linb",
-    "inlatinextendedd",
-    "limb",
-    "otherletter",
-    "bali",
-    "tibt",
-    "georgian",
-    "xidcontinue",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "lower",
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "tibetan",
-    "elba",
-    "inbalinese",
-    "yi",
-    "bengali",
-    "yiii",
-    "inhighprivateusesurrogates",
-    "extender",
-    "narb",
-    "sorasompeng",
-    "brai",
-    "hex",
-    "balinese",
-    "arab",
-    "pi",
-    "brahmi",
-    "elbasan",
-    "ingeometricshapesextended",
-    "inhanguljamo",
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "graph",
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-    "digit",
-    "blank"
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "sarb",
-    "pcm",
-    "pc",
-    "inethiopicextendeda",
-    "incaucasianalbanian",
-    "pe",
-    "sundanese",
-    "inphaistosdisc",
-    "inancientgreekmusicalnotation",
-    "modifierletter",
-    "word",
-    "ps",
-    "changeswhencasemapped",
-    "lowercaseletter",
-    "inancientgreeknumbers",
-    "saurashtra",
-    "hexdigit",
-    "space",
-    "inbrahmi",
-    "inblockelements",
-    "incoptic",
-    "mlym",
-    "multani",
-    "lyci",
-    "linearb",
-    "changeswhentitlecased",
-    "rejang",
-    "lycian",
-    "inbassavah",
-    "lisu",
-    "incombininghalfmarks",
-    "malayalam",
-    "patws",
-    "palm",
-    "tagalog",
-    "psalterpahlavi",
-    "mymr",
-    "incopticepactnumbers",
-    "inletterlikesymbols",
-    "alpha",
-    "inlepcha",
-    "inpalmyrene",
-    "lepc",
-    "runic",
-    "inugaritic",
-    "myanmar",
-    "saur",
-    "mult",
-    "talu",
-    "syrc",
-    "perm",
-    "telu",
-    "tangut",
-    "insaurashtra",
-    "inoriya",
-    "graphemeextend",
-    "imperialaramaic",
-    "inbengali",
-    "variationselector",
-    "syriac",
-    "inarabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols",
-    "beng",
-    "inimperialaramaic",
-    "sylotinagri",
-    "inyiradicals",
-    "mathsymbol",
-    "inbuginese",
-    "osmanya",
-    "idsb",
-    "bidic",
-    "inphoenician",
-    "prti",
-    "brah",
-    "cuneiform",
-    "ogrext",
-    "incountingrodnumerals",
-    "hebr",
-    "cprt",
-    "coptic",
-    "indevanagariextended",
-    "inyijinghexagramsymbols",
-    "incyrillicsupplement",
-    "inarabicextendeda",
-    "inalchemicalsymbols",
-    "signwriting",
-    "inaegeannumbers",
-    "privateuse",
-    "ininscriptionalparthian",
-    "braille",
-    "ininscriptionalpahlavi",
-    "incherokeesupplement",
-    "tagb",
-    "inlinearbsyllabary",
-    "cyrl",
-    "intagbanwa",
-    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics",
-    "copt",
-    "inkannada",
-    "tirhuta",
-    "kana",
-    "changeswhencasefolded",
-    "inhighsurrogates",
-    "runr",
-    "cakm",
-    "inlatin1supplement",
-    "print",
-    "inchakma",
-    "patternwhitespace",
-    "number",
-    "mendekikakui",
-    "spaceseparator",
-    "changeswhenlowercased",
-    "sylo",
-    "meeteimayek",
-    "inethiopicsupplement",
-    "orya",
-    "inalphabeticpresentationforms",
-    "inkaithi",
-    "incjkcompatibilityforms",
-    "takri",
-    "incjkcompatibilityideographs",
-    "inkatakana",
-    "phli",
-    "sund",
-    "inmathematicaloperators",
-    "closepunctuation",
-    "incjkstrokes",
-    "separator",
-    "finalpunctuation",
-    "inmeeteimayek",
-    "inethiopicextended",
-    "unassigned",
-    "inpsalterpahlavi",
-    "inphagspa",
-    "po",
-    "otherdefaultignorablecodepoint",
-    "incjkcompatibilityideographssupplement",
-    "kali",
-    "lepcha",
-    "wspace",
-    "softdotted",
-    "grbase",
-    "inhanunoo",
-    "cyrillic",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarks",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols",
-    "meroitichieroglyphs",
-    "mark",
-    "ugaritic",
-    "aghb",
-    "inbuhid",
-    "inkanasupplement",
-    "phoenician",
-    "inkharoshthi",
-    "inkhmer",
-    "symbol",
-    "pf",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement",
-    "lydi",
-    "hangul",
-    "incurrencysymbols",
-    "intangutcomponents",
-    "lydian",
-    "othergraphemeextend",
-    "intakri",
-    "takr",
-    "induployan",
-    "ugar",
-    "inprivateusearea",
-    "kaithi",
-    "inkhmersymbols",
-    "bidicontrol",
-    "ethiopic",
-    "inhebrew",
-    "bassavah",
-    "kthi",
-    "inoldpersian",
-    "hung",
-    "xpeo",
-    "inoldpermic",
-    "olck",
-    "phnx",
-    "olchiki",
-    "phag",
-    "inunifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended",
-    "inpahawhhmong",
-    "inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms",
-    "patternsyntax",
-    "inphoneticextensions",
-    "knda",
-    "combiningmark",
-    "plrd",
-    "inmendekikakui",
-    "hluw",
-    "nko",
-    "nkoo",
-    "inhanguljamoextendedb",
-    "kannada",
-    "khmr",
-    "khar",
-    "otheruppercase",
-    "oldhungarian",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=ebasegaz",
-    "inkhojki",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=ebase",
-    "otherpunctuation",
-    "inphoneticextensionssupplement",
-    "enclosingmark",
-    "inkatakanaphoneticextensions",
-    "gujr",
-    "inkangxiradicals",
-    "inarabicpresentationformsb",
-    "gujarati",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=t",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=lvt",
-    "pd",
-    "xsux",
-    "uideo",
-    "hebrew",
-    "kharoshthi",
-    "surrogate",
-    "incyrillicextendedb",
-    "cherokee",
-    "modifiersymbol",
-    "incombiningdiacriticalmarksextended",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=l",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=control",
-    "deprecated",
-    "ingeorgiansupplement",
-    "idstrinaryoperator",
-    "bamu",
-    "inbamum",
-    "grek",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=cr",
-    "inmeroiticcursive",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=emodifier",
-    "khmer",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=regionalindicator",
-    "inglagoliticsupplement",
-    "oldturkic",
-    "inlatinextendedb",
-    "unifiedideograph",
-    "orkh",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=zwj",
-    "caucasianalbanian",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=glueafterzwj",
-    "oldnortharabian",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=lf",
-    "khoj",
-    "inlimbu",
-    "inarabicsupplement",
-    "any",
-    "alphabetic",
-    "defaultignorablecodepoint",
-    "p",
-    "pauc",
-    "zp",
-    "inbamumsupplement",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=extend",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=prepend",
-    "inyisyllables",
-    "patsyn",
-    "lu",
-    "limbu",
-    "inkanbun",
-    "insuperscriptsandsubscripts",
-    "inlisu",
-    "punct",
-    "currencysymbol",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=v",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=lv",
-    "intelugu",
-    "insupplementalmathematicaloperators",
-    "batk",
-    "bugi",
-    "changeswhenuppercased",
-    "inbatak",
-    "inplayingcards",
-    "pahawhhmong",
-    "buginese",
-    "bopo",
-    "innoblock",
-    "inbopomofo",
-    "hyphen",
-    "inkayahli",
-    "cypriot",
-    "insupplementalarrowsa",
-    "cwu",
-    "insupplementalarrowsc",
-    "phagspa",
-    "incjkcompatibility",
-    "palmyrene",
-    "incypriotsyllabary",
-    "inboxdrawing",
-    "spacingmark",
-    "bhks",
-    "incjksymbolsandpunctuation",
-    "egyp",
-    "phlp",
-    "bhaiksuki",
-    "dep",
-    "buhd",
-    "inegyptianhieroglyphs",
-    "bopomofo",
-    "dashpunctuation",
-    "dupl",
-    "guru",
-    "nonspacingmark",
-    "prependedconcatenationmark",
-    "oupper",
-    "telugu",
-    "qmark",
-    "sk",
-    "egyptianhieroglyphs",
-    "inkhudawadi",
-    "kayahli",
-    "katakana",
-    "inhangulcompatibilityjamo",
-    "incjkradicalssupplement",
-    "quotationmark",
-    "oldsoutharabian",
-    "unknown",
-    "buhid",
-    "khudawadi",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiona",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionc",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensione",
-    "incjkunifiedideographs",
-    "paragraphseparator",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=spacingmark",
-    "zyyy",
-    "paucinhau",
-    "inpaucinhau",
-    "khojki",
-    "punctuation",
-    "greek",
-    "insupplementalpunctuation",
-    "insupplementalarrowsb",
-    "insupplementaryprivateuseareaa",
-    "insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs",
-    "inbopomofoextended",
-    "uppercase",
-    "grlink",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensiond",
-    "openpunctuation",
-    "upper",
-    "graphemelink",
-    "uppercaseletter",
-    "batak",
-    "blank",
-    "duployan",
-    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionb",
-    "gurmukhi",
-    "insupplementaryprivateuseareab"
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-  };
-#define uniname2ctype_pool ((const char *) &uniname2ctype_pool_contents)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
-const struct uniname2ctype_struct *
-uniname2ctype_p (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
-{
-  static const struct uniname2ctype_struct wordlist[] =
-    {
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str3), 34},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str11), 33},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str15), 30},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str24), 20},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str29), 185},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str30), 60},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str31), 474},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str35), 51},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str36), 114},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str41), 17},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str49), 31},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str52), 128},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str56), 49},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str58), 416},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str59), 32},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str61), 290},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str62), 18},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str65), 168},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str69), 504},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str72), 244},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str77), 297},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str78), 101},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str81), 46},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str82), 47},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str86), 14},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str93), 475},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str99), 54},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str102), 22},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str106), 284},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str110), 505},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str114), 407},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str124), 310},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str132), 159},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str140), 440},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str141), 43},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str144), 295},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str145), 445},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str152), 366},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str159), 521},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str164), 120},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str174), 417},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str176), 239},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str185), 26},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str191), 183},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str199), 364},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str200), 151},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str201), 539},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str202), 13},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str207), 447},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str208), 372},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str209), 334},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str211), 24},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str212), 308},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str213), 536},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str214), 529},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str220), 358},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str222), 461},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str237), 152},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str239), 78},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str242), 160},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str247), 92},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str248), 78},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str249), 313},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str251), 321},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str252), 448},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str255), 148},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str256), 503},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str258), 207},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str268), 148},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str270), 170},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str273), 288},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str278), 155},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str279), 75},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str281), 75},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str282), 111},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str284), 305},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str285), 88},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str286), 490},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str288), 155},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str290), 80},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str291), 293},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str294), 487},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str295), 172},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str296), 442},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str299), 318},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str302), 330},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str303), 120},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str305), 499},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str309), 419},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str310), 481},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str313), 282},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str314), 457},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str327), 374},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str331), 124},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str337), 421},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str339), 23},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str340), 109},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str341), 36},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str342), 217},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str344), 109},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str347), 514},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str348), 114},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str355), 28},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str357), 52},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str361), 486},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str366), 150},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str368), 39},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str371), 92},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str374), 185},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str375), 209},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str382), 357},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str386), 316},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str390), 309},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str394), 169},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str400), 123},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str419), 383},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str421), 183},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str422), 170},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str435), 93},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str438), 55},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str440), 537},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str444), 82},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str447), 99},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str448), 201},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str452), 360},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str453), 239},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str455), 88},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str456), 3},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str458), 151},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str460), 82},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str468), 217},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str471), 488},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str472), 493},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str477), 208},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str478), 347},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str485), 65},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str489), 236},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str503), 359},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str504), 506},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str507), 70},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str508), 220},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str509), 25},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str511), 129},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str512), 162},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str513), 534},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str516), 87},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str517), 171},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str519), 327},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str522), 168},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str523), 496},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str530), 223},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str534), 186},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str535), 492},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str537), 37},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str538), 174},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str539), 298},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str542), 245},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str543), 247},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str544), 67},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str545), 296},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str546), 196},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str547), 355},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str548), 257},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str549), 258},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str550), 246},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str551), 510},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str552), 249},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str553), 250},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str554), 28},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str555), 256},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str556), 21},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str557), 106},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str558), 259},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str559), 248},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str560), 349},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str561), 262},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str562), 261},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str563), 254},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str564), 255},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str565), 513},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str566), 252},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str567), 260},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str568), 331},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str569), 74},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str570), 253},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str573), 251},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str576), 50},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str577), 385},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str579), 337},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str584), 66},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str585), 100},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str589), 207},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str591), 532},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str595), 213},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str604), 210},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str607), 116},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str613), 199},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str621), 320},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str622), 163},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str625), 184},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str627), 340},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str633), 401},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str634), 118},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str636), 197},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str637), 230},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str639), 143},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str640), 143},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str641), 63},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str642), 466},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str645), 201},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str646), 184},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str649), 67},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str652), 19},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str655), 494},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str659), 393},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str663), 523},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str664), 285},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str668), 455},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str677), 549},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str678), 198},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str683), 456},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str684), 468},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str686), 500},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str688), 525},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str690), 205},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str692), 515},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str697), 240},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str698), 205},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str705), 27},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str706), 224},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str712), 406},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str713), 311},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str716), 428},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str717), 200},
-      {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str719), 94},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str720), 94},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str721), 105},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str4596), 166},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str4673), 2},
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-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str6), 12},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str7), 7},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str8), 8},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str9), 1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str10), 13},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str11), 11},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str12), 10},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str13), 14},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str14), 3},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str15), 9},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str16), 6},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str17), 5},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str18), 4},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str19), 2}
-#else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str4716), 178},
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-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_str5275), 552}
-#endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    };
-
-  if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
-    {
-      register int key = uniname2ctype_hash (str, len);
-
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
-        {
-          register int o = wordlist[key].name;
-          if (o >= 0)
-            {
-              register const char *s = o + uniname2ctype_pool;
-
-              if (*str == *s && !strncmp (str + 1, s + 1, len - 1) && s[len] == '\0')
-                return &wordlist[key];
-            }
-        }
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-uniname2ctype(const UChar *name, unsigned int len)
-{
-  const struct uniname2ctype_struct *p = uniname2ctype_p((const char *)name, len);
-  if (p) return p->ctype;
-  return -1;
-}
-#if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
-      1)
-# error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
-#endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "9.0.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 9
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 0
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
diff --git a/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb b/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb
index 829efefaf1..4a29fdebf7 100755..100644
--- a/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb
+++ b/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class CaseMapping
     @version = nil
     IO.foreach(File.join(mapping_directory, 'UnicodeData.txt'), mode: "rb") do |line|
       next if line =~ /^</
-      code, _1,_2,_3,_4,_5,_6,_7,_8,_9,_10,_11, upper, lower, title = line.chomp.split ';'
+      code, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, upper, lower, title = line.chomp.split ';'
       unless upper and lower and title and (upper+lower+title)==''
         @mappings[code] = MapItem.new(code, upper, lower, title)
       end
@@ -264,7 +264,6 @@ class CaseMapping
     from = Array(from).map {|i| "%04X" % i}.join(" ")
     to   = Array(to).map {|i| "%04X" % i}.join(" ")
     item = map(from)
-    specials_index = nil
     specials = []
     case type
     when 'CaseFold_11'
@@ -309,7 +308,7 @@ class CaseMapping
         end
         unless item.upper == item.title
           if item.code == item.title
-            raise "Unpredicted case 1 in enc/unicode/case_folding.rb. Please contact https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/."
+            flags += '|IT'   # was unpredicted case 1
           elsif item.title==to[1]
             flags += '|ST'
           else
@@ -410,8 +409,8 @@ if $0 == __FILE__
     s = f.string
   end
   if dest
-    open(dest, "wb") do |f|
-      f.print(s)
+    open(dest, "wb") do |file|
+      file.print(s)
     end
   else
     STDOUT.print(s)
diff --git a/enc/utf_8.c b/enc/utf_8.c
index 3dad2f729b..cdf2510d84 100644
--- a/enc/utf_8.c
+++ b/enc/utf_8.c
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ get_case_fold_codes_by_str(OnigCaseFoldType flag,
 OnigEncodingDefine(utf_8, UTF_8) = {
   mbc_enc_len,
   "UTF-8",     /* name */
-  6,           /* max byte length */
+  4,           /* max byte length */
   1,           /* min byte length */
   is_mbc_newline,
   mbc_to_code,
diff --git a/enc/windows_1250.c b/enc/windows_1250.c
index d2cf7b16bc..daf23e9d1e 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1250.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1250.c
@@ -266,6 +266,6 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1250, Windows_1250) = {
  * MIBenum: 2251
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1250.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1250
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1250
  */
 ENC_ALIAS("CP1250", "Windows-1250")
diff --git a/enc/windows_1251.c b/enc/windows_1251.c
index fcd0f1015d..6c892c1b8c 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1251.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1251.c
@@ -248,6 +248,6 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1251, Windows_1251) = {
  * MIBenum: 2251
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1251.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251
  */
 ENC_ALIAS("CP1251", "Windows-1251")
diff --git a/enc/windows_1252.c b/enc/windows_1252.c
index 5f90c15601..b685878d3f 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1252.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1252.c
@@ -255,6 +255,6 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_1252, Windows_1252) = {
  * MIBenum: 2251
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1252.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252
  */
 ENC_ALIAS("CP1252", "Windows-1252")
diff --git a/enc/windows_1253.c b/enc/windows_1253.c
index 9e9c63a581..b2a43581c3 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1253.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1253.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
  * MIBenum: 2253
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1253.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1253
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1253
  */
 
 #include "regenc.h"
diff --git a/enc/windows_1254.c b/enc/windows_1254.c
index 9ae66978a2..5e6d92d3d2 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1254.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1254.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
  * MIBenum: 2254
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1254.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1254
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1254
  */
 
 #include "regenc.h"
diff --git a/enc/windows_1257.c b/enc/windows_1257.c
index 936a94ac76..ada03b72bf 100644
--- a/enc/windows_1257.c
+++ b/enc/windows_1257.c
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
  * MIBenum: 2257
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/sbcs/1257.mspx
- * Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1257
+ * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1257
  */
 
 #define ENC_CP1252_TO_LOWER_CASE(c) EncCP1252_ToLowerCaseTable[c]
diff --git a/enc/windows_31j.c b/enc/windows_31j.c
index 174f8983c4..1eb859596a 100644
--- a/enc/windows_31j.c
+++ b/enc/windows_31j.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**********************************************************************
-  cp932.c -  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
+  windows_31j.c -  Onigmo (Oniguruma-mod) (regular expression library)
 **********************************************************************/
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2002-2009  K.Kosako  <sndgk393 AT ybb DOT ne DOT jp>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  */
 
 #define ENC_CP932
-#include "shift_jis.c"
+#include "shift_jis.h"
 
 OnigEncodingDefine(windows_31j, Windows_31J) = {
   mbc_enc_len,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ OnigEncodingDefine(windows_31j, Windows_31J) = {
  * MIBenum: 2024
  * Link: http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
  * Link: http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/dbcs/932.mspx
- * Link: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-31J
+ * Link: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-31J
  * Link: http://source.icu-project.org/repos/icu/data/trunk/charset/data/ucm/windows-932-2000.ucm
  *
  * Windows Standard Character Set and its mapping to Unicode by Microsoft.
diff --git a/enc/x_emoji.h b/enc/x_emoji.h
index 23efa1dd9e..c0a3613f1b 100644
--- a/enc/x_emoji.h
+++ b/enc/x_emoji.h
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 /*
  * Name: UTF8-DoCoMo, SJIS-DoCoMo
- * Link: https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/service/developer/make/content/pictograph/basic/index.html
- * Link: https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/service/developer/make/content/pictograph/extention/index.html
+ * Link: https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/service/developer/make/content/pictograph/basic/index.html
+ * Link: https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/service/developer/make/content/pictograph/extent%69on/index.html
  */
 ENC_REPLICATE("UTF8-DoCoMo", "UTF-8")
 ENC_REPLICATE("SJIS-DoCoMo", "Windows-31J")
diff --git a/encindex.h b/encindex.h
index dcb1646f3a..8457a7b39f 100644
--- a/encindex.h
+++ b/encindex.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_ENCINDEX_H
+#define RUBY_ENCINDEX_H 1
 /**********************************************************************
 
   encindex.h -
@@ -9,8 +11,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#ifndef RUBY_ENCINDEX_H
-#define RUBY_ENCINDEX_H 1
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* rb_ascii8bit_encindex etc. */
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 extern "C" {
 #if 0
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@ enum ruby_preserved_encindex {
 #define rb_utf8_encindex()      RUBY_ENCINDEX_UTF_8
 #define rb_usascii_encindex()   RUBY_ENCINDEX_US_ASCII
 
+int rb_enc_find_index2(const char *name, long len);
+
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 #if 0
 { /* satisfy cc-mode */
diff --git a/encoding.c b/encoding.c
index 68871db268..32d5a349eb 100644
--- a/encoding.c
+++ b/encoding.c
@@ -9,17 +9,29 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
 #include "encindex.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/enc.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/inits.h"
+#include "internal/load.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
 #include "regenc.h"
-#include <ctype.h>
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
-
 #include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
+
 #ifndef ENC_DEBUG
 #define ENC_DEBUG 0
 #endif
-#define ENC_ASSERT (!ENC_DEBUG)?(void)0:assert
+#define ENC_ASSERT(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_WHEN(ENC_DEBUG, expr)
 #define MUST_STRING(str) (ENC_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING)), str)
 
 #undef rb_ascii8bit_encindex
@@ -43,7 +55,10 @@ void rb_encdb_set_unicode(int index);
 
 static ID id_encoding;
 VALUE rb_cEncoding;
-static VALUE rb_encoding_list;
+
+#define DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA 128
+static VALUE rb_default_encoding_list;
+static VALUE rb_additional_encoding_list;
 
 struct rb_encoding_entry {
     const char *name;
@@ -51,12 +66,27 @@ struct rb_encoding_entry {
     rb_encoding *base;
 };
 
-static struct {
+static struct enc_table {
     struct rb_encoding_entry *list;
     int count;
     int size;
     st_table *names;
-} enc_table;
+} global_enc_table;
+
+static rb_encoding *global_enc_ascii,
+                   *global_enc_utf_8,
+                   *global_enc_us_ascii;
+
+#define GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table) struct enc_table *enc_table = &global_enc_table; RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER()
+#define GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE()                                                           RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE()
+#define GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table, expr) do { \
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table); \
+    { \
+        expr; \
+    } \
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE(); \
+} while (0)
+
 
 #define ENC_DUMMY_FLAG (1<<24)
 #define ENC_INDEX_MASK (~(~0U<<24))
@@ -65,18 +95,12 @@ static struct {
 #define ENC_DUMMY_P(enc) ((enc)->ruby_encoding_index & ENC_DUMMY_FLAG)
 #define ENC_SET_DUMMY(enc) ((enc)->ruby_encoding_index |= ENC_DUMMY_FLAG)
 
-void rb_enc_init(void);
-
 #define ENCODING_COUNT ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX
 #define UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING INT_MAX
 
 #define ENCODING_NAMELEN_MAX 63
 #define valid_encoding_name_p(name) ((name) && strlen(name) <= ENCODING_NAMELEN_MAX)
 
-#define enc_autoload_p(enc) (!rb_enc_mbmaxlen(enc))
-
-static int load_encoding(const char *name);
-
 static const rb_data_type_t encoding_data_type = {
     "encoding",
     {0, 0, 0,},
@@ -95,22 +119,69 @@ rb_data_is_encoding(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 enc_new(rb_encoding *encoding)
 {
-    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cEncoding, &encoding_data_type, (void *)encoding);
+    VALUE enc = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cEncoding, &encoding_data_type, (void *)encoding);
+    rb_obj_freeze(enc);
+    FL_SET_RAW(enc, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
+    return enc;
+}
+
+static void
+enc_list_update(int index, rb_raw_encoding *encoding)
+{
+    if (index < DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA) {
+        VALUE list = rb_default_encoding_list;
+        if (list && NIL_P(rb_ary_entry(list, index))) {
+            /* initialize encoding data */
+            rb_ary_store(list, index, enc_new(encoding));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+        {
+            VALUE list = rb_additional_encoding_list;
+            if (list && NIL_P(rb_ary_entry(list, index))) {
+                /* initialize encoding data */
+                rb_ary_store(list, index - DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA, enc_new(encoding));
+            }
+        }
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+    }
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_enc_from_encoding_index(int idx)
+enc_list_lookup(int idx)
 {
     VALUE list, enc;
 
-    if (!(list = rb_encoding_list)) {
-	rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): no rb_encoding_list", idx);
+    if (idx < DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA) {
+        if (!(list = rb_default_encoding_list)) {
+            rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): no rb_default_encoding_list", idx);
+        }
+        enc = rb_ary_entry(list, idx);
+    }
+    else {
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+        {
+            if (!(list = rb_additional_encoding_list)) {
+                rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): no rb_additional_encoding_list", idx);
+            }
+            enc = rb_ary_entry(list, idx - DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
+        }
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
     }
-    enc = rb_ary_entry(list, idx);
+
     if (NIL_P(enc)) {
-	rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): not created yet", idx);
+        rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): not created yet", idx);
+    }
+    else {
+        return enc;
     }
-    return enc;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_enc_from_encoding_index(int idx)
+{
+    return enc_list_lookup(idx);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -134,16 +205,14 @@ rb_enc_dummy_p(rb_encoding *enc)
     return ENC_DUMMY_P(enc) != 0;
 }
 
-static int enc_autoload(rb_encoding *);
-
 static int
 check_encoding(rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     int index = rb_enc_to_index(enc);
     if (rb_enc_from_index(index) != enc)
 	return -1;
-    if (enc_autoload_p(enc)) {
-	index = enc_autoload(enc);
+    if (rb_enc_autoload_p(enc)) {
+        index = rb_enc_autoload(enc);
     }
     return index;
 }
@@ -187,7 +256,7 @@ must_encindex(int index)
 	rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "wrong encoding index %d for %s (expected %d)",
 		 index, rb_enc_name(enc), ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc));
     }
-    if (enc_autoload_p(enc) && enc_autoload(enc) == -1) {
+    if (rb_enc_autoload_p(enc) && rb_enc_autoload(enc) == -1) {
 	rb_loaderror("failed to load encoding (%s)",
 		     rb_enc_name(enc));
     }
@@ -198,6 +267,7 @@ int
 rb_to_encoding_index(VALUE enc)
 {
     int idx;
+    const char *name;
 
     idx = enc_check_encoding(enc);
     if (idx >= 0) {
@@ -209,20 +279,33 @@ rb_to_encoding_index(VALUE enc)
     if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(rb_enc_get(enc))) {
 	return -1;
     }
-    return rb_enc_find_index(StringValueCStr(enc));
+    if (!(name = rb_str_to_cstr(enc))) {
+	return -1;
+    }
+    return rb_enc_find_index(name);
+}
+
+static const char *
+name_for_encoding(volatile VALUE *enc)
+{
+    VALUE name = StringValue(*enc);
+    const char *n;
+
+    if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(rb_enc_get(name))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid encoding name (non ASCII)");
+    }
+    if (!(n = rb_str_to_cstr(name))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid encoding name (NUL byte)");
+    }
+    return n;
 }
 
 /* Returns encoding index or UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING */
 static int
 str_find_encindex(VALUE enc)
 {
-    int idx;
-
-    StringValue(enc);
-    if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(rb_enc_get(enc))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid name encoding (non ASCII)");
-    }
-    idx = rb_enc_find_index(StringValueCStr(enc));
+    int idx = rb_enc_find_index(name_for_encoding(&enc));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(enc);
     return idx;
 }
 
@@ -259,33 +342,26 @@ rb_find_encoding(VALUE enc)
     return rb_enc_from_index(idx);
 }
 
-void
-rb_gc_mark_encodings(void)
-{
-}
-
 static int
-enc_table_expand(int newsize)
+enc_table_expand(struct enc_table *enc_table, int newsize)
 {
     struct rb_encoding_entry *ent;
     int count = newsize;
 
-    if (enc_table.size >= newsize) return newsize;
+    if (enc_table->size >= newsize) return newsize;
     newsize = (newsize + 7) / 8 * 8;
-    ent = realloc(enc_table.list, sizeof(*enc_table.list) * newsize);
-    if (!ent) return -1;
-    memset(ent + enc_table.size, 0, sizeof(*ent)*(newsize - enc_table.size));
-    enc_table.list = ent;
-    enc_table.size = newsize;
+    ent = REALLOC_N(enc_table->list, struct rb_encoding_entry, newsize);
+    memset(ent + enc_table->size, 0, sizeof(*ent)*(newsize - enc_table->size));
+    enc_table->list = ent;
+    enc_table->size = newsize;
     return count;
 }
 
 static int
-enc_register_at(int index, const char *name, rb_encoding *base_encoding)
+enc_register_at(struct enc_table *enc_table, int index, const char *name, rb_encoding *base_encoding)
 {
-    struct rb_encoding_entry *ent = &enc_table.list[index];
+    struct rb_encoding_entry *ent = &enc_table->list[index];
     rb_raw_encoding *encoding;
-    VALUE list;
 
     if (!valid_encoding_name_p(name)) return -1;
     if (!ent->name) {
@@ -307,76 +383,120 @@ enc_register_at(int index, const char *name, rb_encoding *base_encoding)
     encoding->name = name;
     encoding->ruby_encoding_index = index;
     ent->enc = encoding;
-    st_insert(enc_table.names, (st_data_t)name, (st_data_t)index);
-    list = rb_encoding_list;
-    if (list && NIL_P(rb_ary_entry(list, index))) {
-	/* initialize encoding data */
-	rb_ary_store(list, index, enc_new(encoding));
-    }
+    st_insert(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)name, (st_data_t)index);
+
+    enc_list_update(index, encoding);
     return index;
 }
 
 static int
-enc_register(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
+enc_register(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
 {
-    int index = enc_table.count;
+    int index = enc_table->count;
 
-    if ((index = enc_table_expand(index + 1)) < 0) return -1;
-    enc_table.count = index;
-    return enc_register_at(index - 1, name, encoding);
+    enc_table->count = enc_table_expand(enc_table, index + 1);
+    return enc_register_at(enc_table, index, name, encoding);
 }
 
 static void set_encoding_const(const char *, rb_encoding *);
-int rb_enc_registered(const char *name);
+static int enc_registered(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name);
+
+static rb_encoding *
+enc_from_index(struct enc_table *enc_table, int index)
+{
+    if (UNLIKELY(index < 0 || enc_table->count <= (index &= ENC_INDEX_MASK))) {
+	return 0;
+    }
+    return enc_table->list[index].enc;
+}
+
+rb_encoding *
+rb_enc_from_index(int index)
+{
+    rb_encoding *enc;
+
+    switch (index) {
+      case ENCINDEX_ASCII:    return global_enc_ascii;
+      case ENCINDEX_UTF_8:    return global_enc_utf_8;
+      case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII: return global_enc_us_ascii;
+      default:
+        GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
+                              enc = enc_from_index(enc_table, index));
+        return enc;
+    }
+}
 
 int
 rb_enc_register(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
 {
-    int index = rb_enc_registered(name);
+    int index;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        index = enc_registered(enc_table, name);
+
+        if (index >= 0) {
+            rb_encoding *oldenc = enc_from_index(enc_table, index);
+            if (STRCASECMP(name, rb_enc_name(oldenc))) {
+                index = enc_register(enc_table, name, encoding);
+            }
+            else if (rb_enc_autoload_p(oldenc) || !ENC_DUMMY_P(oldenc)) {
+                enc_register_at(enc_table, index, name, encoding);
+            }
+            else {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding %s is already registered", name);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            index = enc_register(enc_table, name, encoding);
+            set_encoding_const(name, rb_enc_from_index(index));
+        }
+    }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
+    return index;
+}
 
-    if (index >= 0) {
-	rb_encoding *oldenc = rb_enc_from_index(index);
-	if (STRCASECMP(name, rb_enc_name(oldenc))) {
-	    index = enc_register(name, encoding);
-	}
-	else if (enc_autoload_p(oldenc) || !ENC_DUMMY_P(oldenc)) {
-	    enc_register_at(index, name, encoding);
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding %s is already registered", name);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	index = enc_register(name, encoding);
-	set_encoding_const(name, rb_enc_from_index(index));
+int
+enc_registered(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name)
+{
+    st_data_t idx = 0;
+
+    if (!name) return -1;
+    if (!enc_table->list) return -1;
+    if (st_lookup(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)name, &idx)) {
+	return (int)idx;
     }
-    return index;
+    return -1;
 }
 
 void
 rb_encdb_declare(const char *name)
 {
-    int idx = rb_enc_registered(name);
-    if (idx < 0) {
-	idx = enc_register(name, 0);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        int idx = enc_registered(enc_table, name);
+        if (idx < 0) {
+            idx = enc_register(enc_table, name, 0);
+        }
+        set_encoding_const(name, rb_enc_from_index(idx));
     }
-    set_encoding_const(name, rb_enc_from_index(idx));
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
 }
 
 static void
-enc_check_duplication(const char *name)
+enc_check_duplication(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name)
 {
-    if (rb_enc_registered(name) >= 0) {
+    if (enc_registered(enc_table, name) >= 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding %s is already registered", name);
     }
 }
 
 static rb_encoding*
-set_base_encoding(int index, rb_encoding *base)
+set_base_encoding(struct enc_table *enc_table, int index, rb_encoding *base)
 {
-    rb_encoding *enc = enc_table.list[index].enc;
+    rb_encoding *enc = enc_table->list[index].enc;
 
-    enc_table.list[index].base = base;
+    enc_table->list[index].base = base;
     if (ENC_DUMMY_P(base)) ENC_SET_DUMMY((rb_raw_encoding *)enc);
     return enc;
 }
@@ -388,9 +508,13 @@ set_base_encoding(int index, rb_encoding *base)
 void
 rb_enc_set_base(const char *name, const char *orig)
 {
-    int idx = rb_enc_registered(name);
-    int origidx = rb_enc_registered(orig);
-    set_base_encoding(idx, rb_enc_from_index(origidx));
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        int idx = enc_registered(enc_table, name);
+        int origidx = enc_registered(enc_table, orig);
+        set_base_encoding(enc_table, idx, rb_enc_from_index(origidx));
+    }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
 }
 
 /* for encdb.h
@@ -399,24 +523,39 @@ rb_enc_set_base(const char *name, const char *orig)
 int
 rb_enc_set_dummy(int index)
 {
-    rb_encoding *enc = enc_table.list[index].enc;
+    rb_encoding *enc;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
+                          enc = enc_table->list[index].enc);
 
     ENC_SET_DUMMY((rb_raw_encoding *)enc);
     return index;
 }
 
-int
-rb_enc_replicate(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
+static int
+enc_replicate(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
 {
     int idx;
 
-    enc_check_duplication(name);
-    idx = enc_register(name, encoding);
-    set_base_encoding(idx, encoding);
+    enc_check_duplication(enc_table, name);
+    idx = enc_register(enc_table, name, encoding);
+    if (idx < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid encoding name: %s", name);
+    set_base_encoding(enc_table, idx, encoding);
     set_encoding_const(name, rb_enc_from_index(idx));
     return idx;
 }
 
+int
+rb_enc_replicate(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
+{
+    int r;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
+                          r = enc_replicate(enc_table, name, encoding));
+
+    return r;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   enc.replicate(name) -> encoding
@@ -427,59 +566,83 @@ rb_enc_replicate(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-enc_replicate(VALUE encoding, VALUE name)
+enc_replicate_m(VALUE encoding, VALUE name)
 {
-    return rb_enc_from_encoding_index(
-	rb_enc_replicate(StringValueCStr(name),
-			 rb_to_encoding(encoding)));
+    int idx = rb_enc_replicate(name_for_encoding(&name), rb_to_encoding(encoding));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(name);
+    return rb_enc_from_encoding_index(idx);
 }
 
 static int
-enc_replicate_with_index(const char *name, rb_encoding *origenc, int idx)
+enc_replicate_with_index(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name, rb_encoding *origenc, int idx)
 {
     if (idx < 0) {
-	idx = enc_register(name, origenc);
+        idx = enc_register(enc_table, name, origenc);
     }
     else {
-	idx = enc_register_at(idx, name, origenc);
+	idx = enc_register_at(enc_table, idx, name, origenc);
     }
     if (idx >= 0) {
-	set_base_encoding(idx, origenc);
+	set_base_encoding(enc_table, idx, origenc);
 	set_encoding_const(name, rb_enc_from_index(idx));
     }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "failed to replicate encoding");
+    }
     return idx;
 }
 
 int
 rb_encdb_replicate(const char *name, const char *orig)
 {
-    int origidx = rb_enc_registered(orig);
-    int idx = rb_enc_registered(name);
+    int r;
 
-    if (origidx < 0) {
-	origidx = enc_register(orig, 0);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        int origidx = enc_registered(enc_table, orig);
+        int idx = enc_registered(enc_table, name);
+
+        if (origidx < 0) {
+            origidx = enc_register(enc_table, orig, 0);
+        }
+        r = enc_replicate_with_index(enc_table, name, rb_enc_from_index(origidx), idx);
     }
-    return enc_replicate_with_index(name, rb_enc_from_index(origidx), idx);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
+
+    return r;
 }
 
 int
 rb_define_dummy_encoding(const char *name)
 {
-    int index = rb_enc_replicate(name, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
-    rb_encoding *enc = enc_table.list[index].enc;
+    int index;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        index = enc_replicate(enc_table, name, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+        rb_encoding *enc = enc_table->list[index].enc;
+        ENC_SET_DUMMY((rb_raw_encoding *)enc);
+    }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
 
-    ENC_SET_DUMMY((rb_raw_encoding *)enc);
     return index;
 }
 
 int
 rb_encdb_dummy(const char *name)
 {
-    int index = enc_replicate_with_index(name, rb_ascii8bit_encoding(),
-					 rb_enc_registered(name));
-    rb_encoding *enc = enc_table.list[index].enc;
+    int index;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        index = enc_replicate_with_index(enc_table, name,
+                                         rb_ascii8bit_encoding(),
+                                         enc_registered(enc_table, name));
+        rb_encoding *enc = enc_table->list[index].enc;
+        ENC_SET_DUMMY((rb_raw_encoding *)enc);
+    }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
 
-    ENC_SET_DUMMY((rb_raw_encoding *)enc);
     return index;
 }
 
@@ -538,45 +701,58 @@ enc_dup_name(st_data_t name)
  * else returns NULL.
  */
 static int
-enc_alias_internal(const char *alias, int idx)
+enc_alias_internal(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *alias, int idx)
 {
-    return st_insert2(enc_table.names, (st_data_t)alias, (st_data_t)idx,
+    return st_insert2(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)alias, (st_data_t)idx,
 		      enc_dup_name);
 }
 
 static int
-enc_alias(const char *alias, int idx)
+enc_alias(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *alias, int idx)
 {
     if (!valid_encoding_name_p(alias)) return -1;
-    if (!enc_alias_internal(alias, idx))
-	set_encoding_const(alias, rb_enc_from_index(idx));
+    if (!enc_alias_internal(enc_table, alias, idx))
+	set_encoding_const(alias, enc_from_index(enc_table, idx));
     return idx;
 }
 
 int
 rb_enc_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig)
 {
-    int idx;
+    int idx, r;
 
-    enc_check_duplication(alias);
-    if (!enc_table.list) {
-	rb_enc_init();
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        enc_check_duplication(enc_table, alias);
+        if ((idx = rb_enc_find_index(orig)) < 0) {
+            r =  -1;
+        }
+        else {
+            r = enc_alias(enc_table, alias, idx);
+        }
     }
-    if ((idx = rb_enc_find_index(orig)) < 0) {
-	return -1;
-    }
-    return enc_alias(alias, idx);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
+
+    return r;
 }
 
 int
 rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig)
 {
-    int idx = rb_enc_registered(orig);
+    int r;
 
-    if (idx < 0) {
-	idx = enc_register(orig, 0);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        int idx = enc_registered(enc_table, orig);
+
+        if (idx < 0) {
+            idx = enc_register(enc_table, orig, 0);
+        }
+        r = enc_alias(enc_table, alias, idx);
     }
-    return enc_alias(alias, idx);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
+
+    return r;
 }
 
 void
@@ -585,19 +761,22 @@ rb_encdb_set_unicode(int index)
     ((rb_raw_encoding *)rb_enc_from_index(index))->flags |= ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE;
 }
 
-void
-rb_enc_init(void)
+static void
+rb_enc_init(struct enc_table *enc_table)
 {
-    enc_table_expand(ENCODING_COUNT + 1);
-    if (!enc_table.names) {
-	enc_table.names = st_init_strcasetable();
+    enc_table_expand(enc_table, ENCODING_COUNT + 1);
+    if (!enc_table->names) {
+	enc_table->names = st_init_strcasetable();
     }
-#define ENC_REGISTER(enc) enc_register_at(ENCINDEX_##enc, rb_enc_name(&OnigEncoding##enc), &OnigEncoding##enc)
+#define ENC_REGISTER(enc) enc_register_at(enc_table, ENCINDEX_##enc, rb_enc_name(&OnigEncoding##enc), &OnigEncoding##enc)
     ENC_REGISTER(ASCII);
     ENC_REGISTER(UTF_8);
     ENC_REGISTER(US_ASCII);
+    global_enc_ascii = enc_table->list[ENCINDEX_ASCII].enc;
+    global_enc_utf_8 = enc_table->list[ENCINDEX_UTF_8].enc;
+    global_enc_us_ascii = enc_table->list[ENCINDEX_US_ASCII].enc;
 #undef ENC_REGISTER
-#define ENCDB_REGISTER(name, enc) enc_register_at(ENCINDEX_##enc, name, NULL)
+#define ENCDB_REGISTER(name, enc) enc_register_at(enc_table, ENCINDEX_##enc, name, NULL)
     ENCDB_REGISTER("UTF-16BE", UTF_16BE);
     ENCDB_REGISTER("UTF-16LE", UTF_16LE);
     ENCDB_REGISTER("UTF-32BE", UTF_32BE);
@@ -609,19 +788,7 @@ rb_enc_init(void)
     ENCDB_REGISTER("EUC-JP", EUC_JP);
     ENCDB_REGISTER("Windows-31J", Windows_31J);
 #undef ENCDB_REGISTER
-    enc_table.count = ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX;
-}
-
-rb_encoding *
-rb_enc_from_index(int index)
-{
-    if (!enc_table.list) {
-	rb_enc_init();
-    }
-    if (index < 0 || enc_table.count <= (index &= ENC_INDEX_MASK)) {
-	return 0;
-    }
-    return enc_table.list[index].enc;
+    enc_table->count = ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX;
 }
 
 rb_encoding *
@@ -630,19 +797,6 @@ rb_enc_get_from_index(int index)
     return must_encindex(index);
 }
 
-int
-rb_enc_registered(const char *name)
-{
-    st_data_t idx = 0;
-
-    if (!name) return -1;
-    if (!enc_table.list) return -1;
-    if (st_lookup(enc_table.names, (st_data_t)name, &idx)) {
-	return (int)idx;
-    }
-    return -1;
-}
-
 static int
 load_encoding(const char *name)
 {
@@ -659,42 +813,63 @@ load_encoding(const char *name)
 	else if (ISUPPER(*s)) *s = (char)TOLOWER(*s);
 	++s;
     }
-    FL_UNSET(enclib, FL_TAINT);
-    OBJ_FREEZE(enclib);
+    enclib = rb_fstring(enclib);
     ruby_verbose = Qfalse;
     ruby_debug = Qfalse;
     errinfo = rb_errinfo();
-    loaded = rb_require_internal(enclib, rb_safe_level());
+    loaded = rb_require_internal(enclib);
     ruby_verbose = verbose;
     ruby_debug = debug;
     rb_set_errinfo(errinfo);
-    if (loaded < 0 || 1 < loaded) return -1;
-    if ((idx = rb_enc_registered(name)) < 0) return -1;
-    if (enc_autoload_p(enc_table.list[idx].enc)) return -1;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        if (loaded < 0 || 1 < loaded) {
+            idx = -1;
+        }
+        else if ((idx = enc_registered(enc_table, name)) < 0) {
+            idx = -1;
+        }
+        else if (rb_enc_autoload_p(enc_table->list[idx].enc)) {
+            idx = -1;
+        }
+    }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
+
     return idx;
 }
 
 static int
-enc_autoload(rb_encoding *enc)
+enc_autoload_body(struct enc_table *enc_table, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
-    int i;
-    rb_encoding *base = enc_table.list[ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc)].base;
+    rb_encoding *base = enc_table->list[ENC_TO_ENCINDEX(enc)].base;
 
     if (base) {
-	i = 0;
+        int i = 0;
 	do {
-	    if (i >= enc_table.count) return -1;
-	} while (enc_table.list[i].enc != base && (++i, 1));
-	if (enc_autoload_p(base)) {
-	    if (enc_autoload(base) < 0) return -1;
+	    if (i >= enc_table->count) return -1;
+	} while (enc_table->list[i].enc != base && (++i, 1));
+	if (rb_enc_autoload_p(base)) {
+	    if (rb_enc_autoload(base) < 0) return -1;
 	}
 	i = enc->ruby_encoding_index;
-	enc_register_at(i & ENC_INDEX_MASK, rb_enc_name(enc), base);
-	((rb_raw_encoding *)enc)->ruby_encoding_index = i;
+	enc_register_at(enc_table, i & ENC_INDEX_MASK, rb_enc_name(enc), base);
+        ((rb_raw_encoding *)enc)->ruby_encoding_index = i;
 	i &= ENC_INDEX_MASK;
+        return i;
     }
     else {
-	i = load_encoding(rb_enc_name(enc));
+        return -2;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+rb_enc_autoload(rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    int i;
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table, i = enc_autoload_body(enc_table, enc));
+    if (i == -2) {
+        i = load_encoding(rb_enc_name(enc));
     }
     return i;
 }
@@ -703,9 +878,11 @@ enc_autoload(rb_encoding *enc)
 int
 rb_enc_find_index(const char *name)
 {
-    int i = rb_enc_registered(name);
+    int i;
     rb_encoding *enc;
 
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table, i = enc_registered(enc_table, name));
+
     if (i < 0) {
 	i = load_encoding(name);
     }
@@ -714,8 +891,8 @@ rb_enc_find_index(const char *name)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding %s is not registered", name);
 	}
     }
-    else if (enc_autoload_p(enc)) {
-	if (enc_autoload(enc) < 0) {
+    else if (rb_enc_autoload_p(enc)) {
+	if (rb_enc_autoload(enc) < 0) {
 	    rb_warn("failed to load encoding (%s); use ASCII-8BIT instead",
 		    name);
 	    return 0;
@@ -724,6 +901,17 @@ rb_enc_find_index(const char *name)
     return i;
 }
 
+int
+rb_enc_find_index2(const char *name, long len)
+{
+    char buf[ENCODING_NAMELEN_MAX+1];
+
+    if (len > ENCODING_NAMELEN_MAX) return -1;
+    memcpy(buf, name, len);
+    buf[len] = '\0';
+    return rb_enc_find_index(buf);
+}
+
 rb_encoding *
 rb_enc_find(const char *name)
 {
@@ -749,6 +937,12 @@ enc_capable(VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
+int
+rb_enc_capable(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return enc_capable(obj);
+}
+
 ID
 rb_id_encoding(void)
 {
@@ -763,8 +957,18 @@ enc_get_index_str(VALUE str)
     if (i == ENCODING_INLINE_MAX) {
 	VALUE iv;
 
+#if 0
 	iv = rb_ivar_get(str, rb_id_encoding());
 	i = NUM2INT(iv);
+#else
+        /*
+         * Tentatively, assume ASCII-8BIT, if encoding index instance
+         * variable is not found.  This can happen when freeing after
+         * all instance variables are removed in `obj_free`.
+         */
+        iv = rb_attr_get(str, rb_id_encoding());
+        i = NIL_P(iv) ? ENCINDEX_ASCII : NUM2INT(iv);
+#endif
     }
     return i;
 }
@@ -780,24 +984,26 @@ rb_enc_get_index(VALUE obj)
 	obj = rb_sym2str(obj);
     }
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-      as_default:
-      default:
       case T_STRING:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
       case T_REGEXP:
 	i = enc_get_index_str(obj);
 	break;
       case T_FILE:
 	tmp = rb_funcallv(obj, rb_intern("internal_encoding"), 0, 0);
-	if (NIL_P(tmp)) obj = rb_funcallv(obj, rb_intern("external_encoding"), 0, 0);
-	else obj = tmp;
-	if (NIL_P(obj)) break;
+	if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	    tmp = rb_funcallv(obj, rb_intern("external_encoding"), 0, 0);
+	}
+	if (is_obj_encoding(tmp)) {
+	    i = enc_check_encoding(tmp);
+	}
+	break;
       case T_DATA:
 	if (is_data_encoding(obj)) {
 	    i = enc_check_encoding(obj);
 	}
-	else {
-	    goto as_default;
-	}
+	break;
+      default:
 	break;
     }
     return i;
@@ -806,6 +1012,10 @@ rb_enc_get_index(VALUE obj)
 static void
 enc_set_index(VALUE obj, int idx)
 {
+    if (!enc_capable(obj)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot set encoding on non-encoding capable object");
+    }
+
     if (idx < ENCODING_INLINE_MAX) {
 	ENCODING_SET_INLINED(obj, idx);
 	return;
@@ -897,7 +1107,7 @@ enc_compatible_latter(VALUE str1, VALUE str2, int idx1, int idx2)
     if (isstr2 && RSTRING_LEN(str2) == 0)
 	return enc1;
     isstr1 = RB_TYPE_P(str1, T_STRING);
-    if (isstr1 && RSTRING_LEN(str1) == 0)
+    if (isstr1 && isstr2 && RSTRING_LEN(str1) == 0)
 	return (rb_enc_asciicompat(enc1) && rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(str2)) ? enc1 : enc2;
     if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc1) || !rb_enc_asciicompat(enc2)) {
 	return 0;
@@ -1126,7 +1336,7 @@ enc_inspect(VALUE self)
 			  "#<%"PRIsVALUE":%s%s%s>", rb_obj_class(self),
 			  rb_enc_name(enc),
 			  (ENC_DUMMY_P(enc) ? " (dummy)" : ""),
-			  enc_autoload_p(enc) ? " (autoload)" : "");
+			  rb_enc_autoload_p(enc) ? " (autoload)" : "");
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1150,8 +1360,7 @@ enc_names_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t args)
     VALUE *arg = (VALUE *)args;
 
     if ((int)idx == (int)arg[0]) {
-	VALUE str = rb_usascii_str_new2((char *)name);
-	OBJ_FREEZE(str);
+	VALUE str = rb_fstring_cstr((char *)name);
 	rb_ary_push(arg[1], str);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -1163,7 +1372,7 @@ enc_names_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t args)
  *
  * Returns the list of name and aliases of the encoding.
  *
- *   Encoding::WINDOWS_31J.names  #=> ["Windows-31J", "CP932", "csWindows31J"]
+ *   Encoding::WINDOWS_31J.names  #=> ["Windows-31J", "CP932", "csWindows31J", "SJIS", "PCK"]
  */
 static VALUE
 enc_names(VALUE self)
@@ -1172,7 +1381,10 @@ enc_names(VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = (VALUE)rb_to_encoding_index(self);
     args[1] = rb_ary_new2(0);
-    st_foreach(enc_table.names, enc_names_i, (st_data_t)args);
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
+                          st_foreach(enc_table->names, enc_names_i, (st_data_t)args));
+
     return args[1];
 }
 
@@ -1198,7 +1410,14 @@ static VALUE
 enc_list(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(0);
-    rb_ary_replace(ary, rb_encoding_list);
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        rb_ary_replace(ary, rb_default_encoding_list);
+        rb_ary_concat(ary, rb_additional_encoding_list);
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -1271,12 +1490,13 @@ enc_compatible_p(VALUE klass, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
     return rb_enc_from_encoding(enc);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE enc_s_alloc(VALUE klass));
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 enc_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_undefined_alloc(klass);
-    return Qnil;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -1304,10 +1524,7 @@ enc_m_loader(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
 rb_encoding *
 rb_ascii8bit_encoding(void)
 {
-    if (!enc_table.list) {
-	rb_enc_init();
-    }
-    return enc_table.list[ENCINDEX_ASCII].enc;
+    return global_enc_ascii;
 }
 
 int
@@ -1319,10 +1536,7 @@ rb_ascii8bit_encindex(void)
 rb_encoding *
 rb_utf8_encoding(void)
 {
-    if (!enc_table.list) {
-	rb_enc_init();
-    }
-    return enc_table.list[ENCINDEX_UTF_8].enc;
+    return global_enc_utf_8;
 }
 
 int
@@ -1334,10 +1548,7 @@ rb_utf8_encindex(void)
 rb_encoding *
 rb_usascii_encoding(void)
 {
-    if (!enc_table.list) {
-	rb_enc_init();
-    }
-    return enc_table.list[ENCINDEX_US_ASCII].enc;
+    return global_enc_us_ascii;
 }
 
 int
@@ -1353,15 +1564,17 @@ rb_locale_encindex(void)
 {
     int idx = rb_locale_charmap_index();
 
-    if (idx < 0) idx = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
+    if (idx < 0) idx = ENCINDEX_UTF_8;
 
-    if (rb_enc_registered("locale") < 0) {
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    if (enc_registered(enc_table, "locale") < 0) {
 # if defined _WIN32
 	void Init_w32_codepage(void);
 	Init_w32_codepage();
 # endif
-	enc_alias_internal("locale", idx);
+	enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "locale", idx);
     }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
 
     return idx;
 }
@@ -1375,7 +1588,11 @@ rb_locale_encoding(void)
 int
 rb_filesystem_encindex(void)
 {
-    int idx = rb_enc_registered("filesystem");
+    int idx;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
+                          idx = enc_registered(enc_table, "filesystem"));
+
     if (idx < 0)
 	idx = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
     return idx;
@@ -1403,20 +1620,25 @@ enc_set_default_encoding(struct default_encoding *def, VALUE encoding, const cha
 	/* Already set */
 	overridden = TRUE;
 
-    if (NIL_P(encoding)) {
-	def->index = -1;
-	def->enc = 0;
-	st_insert(enc_table.names, (st_data_t)strdup(name),
-		  (st_data_t)UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING);
-    }
-    else {
-	def->index = rb_enc_to_index(rb_to_encoding(encoding));
-	def->enc = 0;
-	enc_alias_internal(name, def->index);
-    }
-
-    if (def == &default_external)
-	enc_alias_internal("filesystem", Init_enc_set_filesystem_encoding());
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        if (NIL_P(encoding)) {
+            def->index = -1;
+            def->enc = 0;
+            st_insert(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)strdup(name),
+                      (st_data_t)UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING);
+        }
+        else {
+            def->index = rb_enc_to_index(rb_to_encoding(encoding));
+            def->enc = 0;
+            enc_alias_internal(enc_table, name, def->index);
+        }
+
+        if (def == &default_external) {
+            enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "filesystem", Init_enc_set_filesystem_encoding());
+        }
+    }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
 
     return overridden;
 }
@@ -1463,9 +1685,11 @@ rb_enc_default_external(void)
  * encoding may not be valid.  Be sure to check String#valid_encoding?.
  *
  * File data written to disk will be transcoded to the default external
- * encoding when written.
+ * encoding when written, if default_internal is not nil.
  *
- * The default external encoding is initialized by the locale or -E option.
+ * The default external encoding is initialized by the -E option.
+ * If -E isn't set, it is initialized to UTF-8 on Windows and the locale on
+ * other operating systems.
  */
 static VALUE
 get_default_external(VALUE klass)
@@ -1545,11 +1769,10 @@ rb_enc_default_internal(void)
  * Additionally String#encode and String#encode! use the default internal
  * encoding if no encoding is given.
  *
- * The locale encoding (__ENCODING__), not default_internal, is used as the
+ * The script encoding (__ENCODING__), not default_internal, is used as the
  * encoding of created strings.
  *
- * Encoding::default_internal is initialized by the source file's
- * internal_encoding or -E option.
+ * Encoding::default_internal is initialized with -E option or nil otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 get_default_internal(VALUE klass)
@@ -1662,8 +1885,15 @@ rb_enc_name_list_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t arg)
 static VALUE
 rb_enc_name_list(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(enc_table.names->num_entries);
-    st_foreach(enc_table.names, rb_enc_name_list_i, (st_data_t)ary);
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+    {
+        ary = rb_ary_new2(enc_table->names->num_entries);
+        st_foreach(enc_table->names, rb_enc_name_list_i, (st_data_t)ary);
+    }
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
+
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -1685,8 +1915,7 @@ rb_enc_aliases_enc_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t orig, st_data_t arg)
 	str = rb_fstring_cstr(rb_enc_name(enc));
 	rb_ary_store(ary, idx, str);
     }
-    key = rb_usascii_str_new2((char *)name);
-    OBJ_FREEZE(key);
+    key = rb_fstring_cstr((char *)name);
     rb_hash_aset(aliases, key, str);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -1698,8 +1927,8 @@ rb_enc_aliases_enc_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t orig, st_data_t arg)
  * Returns the hash of available encoding alias and original encoding name.
  *
  *   Encoding.aliases
- *   #=> {"BINARY"=>"ASCII-8BIT", "ASCII"=>"US-ASCII", "ANSI_X3.4-1986"=>"US-ASCII",
- *         "SJIS"=>"Shift_JIS", "eucJP"=>"EUC-JP", "CP932"=>"Windows-31J"}
+ *   #=> {"BINARY"=>"ASCII-8BIT", "ASCII"=>"US-ASCII", "ANSI_X3.4-1968"=>"US-ASCII",
+ *         "SJIS"=>"Windows-31J", "eucJP"=>"EUC-JP", "CP932"=>"Windows-31J"}
  *
  */
 
@@ -1709,7 +1938,10 @@ rb_enc_aliases(VALUE klass)
     VALUE aliases[2];
     aliases[0] = rb_hash_new();
     aliases[1] = rb_ary_new();
-    st_foreach(enc_table.names, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i, (st_data_t)aliases);
+
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
+                          st_foreach(enc_table->names, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i, (st_data_t)aliases));
+
     return aliases[0];
 }
 
@@ -1739,11 +1971,11 @@ rb_enc_aliases(VALUE klass)
  *   "some string".encode "ISO-8859-1"
  *   #=> "some string"
  *
- * <code>Encoding::ASCII_8BIT</code> is a special encoding that is usually
- * used for a byte string, not a character string. But as the name insists,
- * its characters in the range of ASCII are considered as ASCII characters.
- * This is useful when you use ASCII-8BIT characters with other ASCII
- * compatible characters.
+ * Encoding::ASCII_8BIT is a special encoding that is usually used for
+ * a byte string, not a character string. But as the name insists, its
+ * characters in the range of ASCII are considered as ASCII
+ * characters.  This is useful when you use ASCII-8BIT characters with
+ * other ASCII compatible characters.
  *
  * == Changing an encoding
  *
@@ -1781,11 +2013,12 @@ rb_enc_aliases(VALUE klass)
  * All Ruby script code has an associated Encoding which any String literal
  * created in the source code will be associated to.
  *
- * The default script encoding is <code>Encoding::UTF-8</code> after v2.0, but it can
- * be changed by a magic comment on the first line of the source code file (or
- * second line, if there is a shebang line on the first). The comment must
- * contain the word <code>coding</code> or <code>encoding</code>, followed
- * by a colon, space and the Encoding name or alias:
+ * The default script encoding is Encoding::UTF_8 after v2.0, but it
+ * can be changed by a magic comment on the first line of the source
+ * code file (or second line, if there is a shebang line on the
+ * first). The comment must contain the word <code>coding</code> or
+ * <code>encoding</code>, followed by a colon, space and the Encoding
+ * name or alias:
  *
  *   # encoding: UTF-8
  *
@@ -1916,8 +2149,6 @@ rb_enc_aliases(VALUE klass)
 void
 Init_Encoding(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
     VALUE list;
     int i;
 
@@ -1930,7 +2161,7 @@ Init_Encoding(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "names", enc_names, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "dummy?", enc_dummy_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "ascii_compatible?", enc_ascii_compatible_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "replicate", enc_replicate, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEncoding, "replicate", enc_replicate_m, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEncoding, "list", enc_list, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEncoding, "name_list", rb_enc_name_list, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEncoding, "aliases", rb_enc_aliases, 0);
@@ -1946,16 +2177,29 @@ Init_Encoding(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEncoding, "default_internal=", set_default_internal, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEncoding, "locale_charmap", rb_locale_charmap, 0); /* in localeinit.c */
 
-    list = rb_ary_new2(enc_table.count);
+    struct enc_table *enc_table = &global_enc_table;
+
+    if (DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA < enc_table->count) rb_bug("DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA is too small");
+
+    list = rb_additional_encoding_list = rb_ary_new();
+    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(list);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(list);
+
+    list = rb_default_encoding_list = rb_ary_new2(DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(list);
-    rb_encoding_list = list;
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(list);
 
-    for (i = 0; i < enc_table.count; ++i) {
-	rb_ary_push(list, enc_new(enc_table.list[i].enc));
+    for (i = 0; i < enc_table->count; ++i) {
+	rb_ary_push(list, enc_new(enc_table->list[i].enc));
     }
 
-    rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_cEncoding, Qnil, NULL, enc_m_loader);
+    rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_cEncoding, Qnil, 0, enc_m_loader);
+}
+
+void
+Init_encodings(void)
+{
+    rb_enc_init(&global_enc_table);
 }
 
 /* locale insensitive ctype functions */
@@ -1963,5 +2207,5 @@ Init_Encoding(void)
 void
 rb_enc_foreach_name(int (*func)(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t arg), st_data_t arg)
 {
-    st_foreach(enc_table.names, func, arg);
+    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table, st_foreach(enc_table->names, func, arg));
 }
diff --git a/enum.c b/enum.c
index 67b3069d7e..b1a617d585 100644
--- a/enum.c
+++ b/enum.c
@@ -9,23 +9,32 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "id.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/compar.h"
+#include "internal/enum.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/re.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "id.h"
-
-#include <assert.h>
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
 
 VALUE rb_mEnumerable;
 
 static ID id_next;
-static ID id_div;
-static ID id_call;
-static ID id_size;
 
+#define id_div idDiv
 #define id_each idEach
 #define id_eqq  idEqq
 #define id_cmp  idCmp
 #define id_lshift idLTLT
+#define id_call idCall
+#define id_size idSize
 
 VALUE
 rb_enum_values_pack(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
@@ -43,7 +52,7 @@ static VALUE
 enum_yield(int argc, VALUE ary)
 {
     if (argc > 1)
-	return rb_yield_lambda(ary);
+	return rb_yield_force_blockarg(ary);
     if (argc == 1)
 	return rb_yield(ary);
     return rb_yield_values2(0, 0);
@@ -55,7 +64,7 @@ enum_yield_array(VALUE ary)
     long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
 
     if (len > 1)
-	return rb_yield_lambda(ary);
+	return rb_yield_force_blockarg(ary);
     if (len == 1)
 	return rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0));
     return rb_yield_values2(0, 0);
@@ -67,7 +76,23 @@ grep_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(memo->v1, id_eqq, 1, i)) == RTEST(memo->u3.value)) {
+    if (RTEST(rb_funcallv(memo->v1, id_eqq, 1, &i)) == RTEST(memo->u3.value)) {
+	rb_ary_push(memo->v2, i);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+grep_regexp_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
+{
+    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
+    VALUE converted_element, match;
+    ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
+
+    /* In case element can't be converted to a Symbol or String: not a match (don't raise) */
+    converted_element = SYMBOL_P(i) ? i : rb_check_string_type(i);
+    match = NIL_P(converted_element) ? Qfalse : rb_reg_match_p(memo->v1, i, 0);
+    if (match == memo->u3.value) {
 	rb_ary_push(memo->v2, i);
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -79,12 +104,33 @@ grep_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(memo->v1, id_eqq, 1, i)) == RTEST(memo->u3.value)) {
+    if (RTEST(rb_funcallv(memo->v1, id_eqq, 1, &i)) == RTEST(memo->u3.value)) {
 	rb_ary_push(memo->v2, enum_yield(argc, i));
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+enum_grep0(VALUE obj, VALUE pat, VALUE test)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(pat, ary, test);
+    rb_block_call_func_t fn;
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	fn = grep_iter_i;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(pat, T_REGEXP) &&
+      LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(pat), idEqq))) {
+	fn = grep_regexp_i;
+    }
+    else {
+	fn = grep_i;
+    }
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, fn, (VALUE)memo);
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.grep(pattern)                  -> array
@@ -106,12 +152,7 @@ grep_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 static VALUE
 enum_grep(VALUE obj, VALUE pat)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(pat, ary, Qtrue);
-
-    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, rb_block_given_p() ? grep_iter_i : grep_i, (VALUE)memo);
-
-    return ary;
+    return enum_grep0(obj, pat, Qtrue);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -132,12 +173,35 @@ enum_grep(VALUE obj, VALUE pat)
 static VALUE
 enum_grep_v(VALUE obj, VALUE pat)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(pat, ary, Qfalse);
+    return enum_grep0(obj, pat, Qfalse);
+}
 
-    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, rb_block_given_p() ? grep_iter_i : grep_i, (VALUE)memo);
+#define COUNT_BIGNUM IMEMO_FL_USER0
+#define MEMO_V3_SET(m, v) RB_OBJ_WRITE((m), &(m)->u3.value, (v))
 
-    return ary;
+static void
+imemo_count_up(struct MEMO *memo)
+{
+    if (memo->flags & COUNT_BIGNUM) {
+	MEMO_V3_SET(memo, rb_int_succ(memo->u3.value));
+    }
+    else if (++memo->u3.cnt == 0) {
+	/* overflow */
+	unsigned long buf[2] = {0, 1};
+	MEMO_V3_SET(memo, rb_big_unpack(buf, 2));
+	memo->flags |= COUNT_BIGNUM;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+imemo_count_value(struct MEMO *memo)
+{
+    if (memo->flags & COUNT_BIGNUM) {
+	return memo->u3.value;
+    }
+    else {
+	return ULONG2NUM(memo->u3.cnt);
+    }
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -148,7 +212,7 @@ count_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
     if (rb_equal(i, memo->v1)) {
-	memo->u3.cnt++;
+	imemo_count_up(memo);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -159,7 +223,7 @@ count_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
 
     if (RTEST(rb_yield_values2(argc, argv))) {
-	memo->u3.cnt++;
+	imemo_count_up(memo);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -169,7 +233,7 @@ count_all_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
 {
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
 
-    memo->u3.cnt++;
+    imemo_count_up(memo);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -216,7 +280,7 @@ enum_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 
     memo = MEMO_NEW(item, 0, 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, func, (VALUE)memo);
-    return INT2NUM(memo->u3.cnt);
+    return imemo_count_value(memo);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -247,13 +311,15 @@ find_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- *     (1..100).detect  => #<Enumerator: 1..100:detect>
- *     (1..100).find    => #<Enumerator: 1..100:find>
+ *     (1..100).detect  #=> #<Enumerator: 1..100:detect>
+ *     (1..100).find    #=> #<Enumerator: 1..100:find>
  *
- *     (1..10).detect	{ |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
- *     (1..10).find	{ |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
- *     (1..100).detect	{ |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
- *     (1..100).find	{ |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
+ *     (1..10).detect         { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
+ *     (1..10).find           { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
+ *     (1..10).detect(-> {0}) { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 0
+ *     (1..10).find(-> {0})   { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 0
+ *     (1..100).detect        { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
+ *     (1..100).find          { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
  *
  */
 
@@ -263,7 +329,7 @@ enum_find(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     struct MEMO *memo;
     VALUE if_none;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &if_none);
+    if_none = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv);
     memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, 0, 0);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, find_i, (VALUE)memo);
@@ -284,10 +350,10 @@ find_index_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
     if (rb_equal(i, memo->v2)) {
-	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, UINT2NUM(memo->u3.cnt));
+	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, imemo_count_value(memo));
 	rb_iter_break();
     }
-    memo->u3.cnt++;
+    imemo_count_up(memo);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -297,10 +363,10 @@ find_index_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
 
     if (RTEST(rb_yield_values2(argc, argv))) {
-	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, UINT2NUM(memo->u3.cnt));
+	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, imemo_count_value(memo));
 	rb_iter_break();
     }
-    memo->u3.cnt++;
+    imemo_count_up(memo);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -317,9 +383,9 @@ find_index_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
  *
  *  If neither block nor argument is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- *     (1..10).find_index  { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }  #=> nil
- *     (1..100).find_index { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }  #=> 34
- *     (1..100).find_index(50)                                #=> 49
+ *     (1..10).find_index  { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }  #=> nil
+ *     (1..100).find_index { |i| i % 5 == 0 && i % 7 == 0 }  #=> 34
+ *     (1..100).find_index(50)                               #=> 49
  *
  */
 
@@ -361,9 +427,7 @@ find_all_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
 static VALUE
 enum_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
-    VALUE r;
-    r = rb_check_funcall(self, id_size, 0, 0);
-    return (r == Qundef) ? Qnil : r;
+    return rb_check_funcall_default(self, id_size, 0, 0, Qnil);
 }
 
 static long
@@ -388,12 +452,17 @@ enum_size_over_p(VALUE obj, long n)
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.find_all { |obj| block } -> array
  *     enum.select   { |obj| block } -> array
+ *     enum.filter   { |obj| block } -> array
  *     enum.find_all                 -> an_enumerator
  *     enum.select                   -> an_enumerator
+ *     enum.filter                   -> an_enumerator
  *
  *  Returns an array containing all elements of +enum+
  *  for which the given +block+ returns a true value.
  *
+ *  The <i>find_all</i> and <i>select</i> methods are aliases.
+ *  There is no performance benefit to either.
+ *
  *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
  *
  *
@@ -401,7 +470,9 @@ enum_size_over_p(VALUE obj, long n)
  *
  *     [1,2,3,4,5].select { |num|  num.even?  }   #=> [2, 4]
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#reject.
+ *     [:foo, :bar].filter { |x| x == :foo }   #=> [:foo]
+ *
+ *  See also Enumerable#reject, Enumerable#grep.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -418,6 +489,46 @@ enum_find_all(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+filter_map_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
+{
+    i = rb_yield_values2(argc, argv);
+
+    if (RTEST(i)) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, i);
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.filter_map { |obj| block } -> array
+ *     enum.filter_map                 -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new array containing the truthy results (everything except
+ *  +false+ or +nil+) of running the +block+ for every element in +enum+.
+ *
+ *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *
+ *
+ *     (1..10).filter_map { |i| i * 2 if i.even? } #=> [4, 8, 12, 16, 20]
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_filter_map(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, filter_map_i, ary);
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
 reject_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
 {
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
@@ -469,7 +580,6 @@ collect_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
 static VALUE
 collect_all(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
 {
-    rb_thread_check_ints();
     rb_ary_push(ary, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv));
 
     return Qnil;
@@ -496,11 +606,13 @@ static VALUE
 enum_collect(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE ary;
+    int min_argc, max_argc;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
 
     ary = rb_ary_new();
-    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, collect_i, ary);
+    min_argc = rb_block_min_max_arity(&max_argc);
+    rb_lambda_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, collect_i, min_argc, max_argc, ary);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -570,49 +682,55 @@ enum_to_a(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
-    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, argc, argv, collect_all, ary);
-    OBJ_INFECT(ary, obj);
+    rb_block_call_kw(obj, id_each, argc, argv, collect_all, ary, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 
     return ary;
 }
 
 static VALUE
+enum_hashify(VALUE obj, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_block_call_func *iter)
+{
+    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, argc, argv, iter, hash);
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static VALUE
 enum_to_h_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
 {
-    VALUE key_value_pair;
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
-    rb_thread_check_ints();
-    key_value_pair = rb_check_array_type(i);
-    if (NIL_P(key_value_pair)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong element type %s (expected array)",
-	    rb_builtin_class_name(i));
-    }
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair) != 2) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "element has wrong array length (expected 2, was %ld)",
-	    RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair));
-    }
-    rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 0), RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 1));
-    return Qnil;
+    return rb_hash_set_pair(hash, i);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+enum_to_h_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
+{
+    return rb_hash_set_pair(hash, rb_yield_values2(argc, argv));
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     enum.to_h(*args)  -> hash
+ *     enum.to_h(*args)        -> hash
+ *     enum.to_h(*args) {...}  -> hash
  *
  *  Returns the result of interpreting <i>enum</i> as a list of
  *  <tt>[key, value]</tt> pairs.
  *
  *     %i[hello world].each_with_index.to_h
  *       # => {:hello => 0, :world => 1}
+ *
+ *  If a block is given, the results of the block on each element of
+ *  the enum will be used as pairs.
+ *
+ *     (1..5).to_h {|x| [x, x ** 2]}
+ *       #=> {1=>1, 2=>4, 3=>9, 4=>16, 5=>25}
  */
 
 static VALUE
 enum_to_h(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, argc, argv, enum_to_h_i, hash);
-    OBJ_INFECT(hash, obj);
-    return hash;
+    rb_block_call_func *iter = rb_block_given_p() ? enum_to_h_ii : enum_to_h_i;
+    return enum_hashify(obj, argc, argv, iter);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -644,7 +762,7 @@ inject_op_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, p))
     }
     else if (SYMBOL_P(name = memo->u3.value)) {
 	const ID mid = SYM2ID(name);
-	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, rb_funcall(memo->v1, mid, 1, i));
+	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, rb_funcallv_public(memo->v1, mid, 1, &i));
     }
     else {
 	VALUE args[2];
@@ -678,8 +796,9 @@ ary_inject_op(VALUE ary, VALUE init, VALUE op)
 
     id = SYM2ID(op);
     if (id == idPLUS) {
-        if ((FIXNUM_P(v) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_BIGNUM)) &&
-             rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, idPLUS)) {
+	if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(v) &&
+	    rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, idPLUS) &&
+	    rb_obj_respond_to(v, idPLUS, FALSE)) {
             n = 0;
             for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
                 e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
@@ -705,7 +824,8 @@ ary_inject_op(VALUE ary, VALUE init, VALUE op)
         }
     }
     for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-        v = rb_funcall(v, id, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+        VALUE arg = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+        v = rb_funcallv_public(v, id, 1, &arg);
     }
     return v;
 }
@@ -883,17 +1003,53 @@ group_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
 static VALUE
 enum_group_by(VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE hash;
-
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
 
-    hash = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, group_by_i, hash);
-    OBJ_INFECT(hash, obj);
+    return enum_hashify(obj, 0, 0, group_by_i);
+}
 
-    return hash;
+static void
+tally_up(VALUE hash, VALUE group)
+{
+    VALUE tally = rb_hash_aref(hash, group);
+    if (NIL_P(tally)) {
+        tally = INT2FIX(1);
+    }
+    else if (FIXNUM_P(tally) && tally < INT2FIX(FIXNUM_MAX)) {
+        tally += INT2FIX(1) & ~FIXNUM_FLAG;
+    }
+    else {
+        tally = rb_big_plus(tally, INT2FIX(1));
+    }
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, group, tally);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+tally_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
+{
+    ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
+    tally_up(hash, i);
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.tally -> a_hash
+ *
+ *  Tallies the collection, i.e., counts the occurrences of each element.
+ *  Returns a hash with the elements of the collection as keys and the
+ *  corresponding counts as values.
+ *
+ *     ["a", "b", "c", "b"].tally  #=> {"a"=>1, "b"=>2, "c"=>1}
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+enum_tally(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return enum_hashify(obj, 0, 0, tally_i);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static VALUE first_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, params)));
 static VALUE
 first_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, params))
 {
@@ -903,7 +1059,7 @@ first_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, params))
     MEMO_V1_SET(memo, i);
     rb_iter_break();
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 static VALUE enum_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n);
@@ -1009,6 +1165,7 @@ sort_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _data))
 static int
 sort_by_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *data)
 {
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     VALUE a;
     VALUE b;
     VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
@@ -1020,7 +1177,7 @@ sort_by_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *data)
     a = *(VALUE *)ap;
     b = *(VALUE *)bp;
 
-    return rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(a, id_cmp, 1, b), a, b);
+    return OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b, cmp_opt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1039,10 +1196,10 @@ sort_by_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *data)
  *     %w{apple pear fig}.sort_by { |word| word.length }
  *                   #=> ["fig", "pear", "apple"]
  *
- *  The current implementation of <code>sort_by</code> generates an
- *  array of tuples containing the original collection element and the
- *  mapped value. This makes <code>sort_by</code> fairly expensive when
- *  the keysets are simple.
+ *  The current implementation of #sort_by generates an array of
+ *  tuples containing the original collection element and the mapped
+ *  value. This makes #sort_by fairly expensive when the keysets are
+ *  simple.
  *
  *     require 'benchmark'
  *
@@ -1061,15 +1218,15 @@ sort_by_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *data)
  *
  *  However, consider the case where comparing the keys is a non-trivial
  *  operation. The following code sorts some files on modification time
- *  using the basic <code>sort</code> method.
+ *  using the basic #sort method.
  *
  *     files = Dir["*"]
  *     sorted = files.sort { |a, b| File.new(a).mtime <=> File.new(b).mtime }
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
  *
- *  This sort is inefficient: it generates two new <code>File</code>
+ *  This sort is inefficient: it generates two new File
  *  objects during every comparison. A slightly better technique is to
- *  use the <code>Kernel#test</code> method to generate the modification
+ *  use the Kernel#test method to generate the modification
  *  times directly.
  *
  *     files = Dir["*"]
@@ -1078,23 +1235,27 @@ sort_by_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *data)
  *     }
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
  *
- *  This still generates many unnecessary <code>Time</code> objects. A
- *  more efficient technique is to cache the sort keys (modification
- *  times in this case) before the sort. Perl users often call this
- *  approach a Schwartzian transform, after Randal Schwartz. We
- *  construct a temporary array, where each element is an array
- *  containing our sort key along with the filename. We sort this array,
- *  and then extract the filename from the result.
+ *  This still generates many unnecessary Time objects. A more
+ *  efficient technique is to cache the sort keys (modification times
+ *  in this case) before the sort. Perl users often call this approach
+ *  a Schwartzian transform, after Randal Schwartz. We construct a
+ *  temporary array, where each element is an array containing our
+ *  sort key along with the filename. We sort this array, and then
+ *  extract the filename from the result.
  *
  *     sorted = Dir["*"].collect { |f|
  *        [test(?M, f), f]
  *     }.sort.collect { |f| f[1] }
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
  *
- *  This is exactly what <code>sort_by</code> does internally.
+ *  This is exactly what #sort_by does internally.
  *
  *     sorted = Dir["*"].sort_by { |f| test(?M, f) }
  *     sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]
+ *
+ *  To produce the reverse of a specific order, the following can be used:
+ *
+ *    ary.sort_by { ... }.reverse!
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1117,7 +1278,6 @@ enum_sort_by(VALUE obj)
     buf = rb_ary_tmp_new(SORT_BY_BUFSIZE*2);
     rb_ary_store(buf, SORT_BY_BUFSIZE*2-1, Qnil);
     memo = MEMO_NEW(0, 0, 0);
-    OBJ_INFECT(memo, obj);
     data = (struct sort_by_data *)&memo->v1;
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(memo, &data->ary, ary);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(memo, &data->buf, buf);
@@ -1130,9 +1290,9 @@ enum_sort_by(VALUE obj)
 	rb_ary_concat(ary, buf);
     }
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 2) {
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr,
-		      ruby_qsort(ptr, RARRAY_LEN(ary)/2, 2*sizeof(VALUE),
-				 sort_by_cmp, (void *)ary));
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr,
+                       ruby_qsort(ptr, RARRAY_LEN(ary)/2, 2*sizeof(VALUE),
+                                  sort_by_cmp, (void *)ary));
     }
     if (RBASIC(ary)->klass) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "sort_by reentered");
@@ -1142,12 +1302,13 @@ enum_sort_by(VALUE obj)
     }
     rb_ary_resize(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary)/2);
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary, rb_cArray);
-    OBJ_INFECT(ary, memo);
 
     return ary;
 }
 
-#define ENUMFUNC(name) rb_block_given_p() ? name##_iter_i : name##_i
+#define ENUMFUNC(name) argc ? name##_eqq : rb_block_given_p() ? name##_iter_i : name##_i
+
+#define MEMO_ENUM_NEW(v1) (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1), MEMO_NEW((v1), (argc ? *argv : 0), 0))
 
 #define DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(name) \
 static VALUE enum_##name##_func(VALUE result, struct MEMO *memo); \
@@ -1165,8 +1326,21 @@ name##_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memo)) \
 } \
 \
 static VALUE \
+name##_eqq(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memo)) \
+{ \
+    ENUM_WANT_SVALUE(); \
+    return enum_##name##_func(rb_funcallv(MEMO_CAST(memo)->v2, id_eqq, 1, &i), MEMO_CAST(memo)); \
+} \
+\
+static VALUE \
 enum_##name##_func(VALUE result, struct MEMO *memo)
 
+#define WARN_UNUSED_BLOCK(argc) do { \
+    if ((argc) > 0 && rb_block_given_p()) { \
+        rb_warn("given block not used"); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
 DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(all)
 {
     if (!RTEST(result)) {
@@ -1179,6 +1353,7 @@ DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(all)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.all? [{ |obj| block } ]   -> true or false
+ *     enum.all?(pattern)             -> true or false
  *
  *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
  *  returns <code>true</code> if the block never returns
@@ -1187,17 +1362,23 @@ DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(all)
  *  cause #all? to return +true+ when none of the collection members are
  *  +false+ or +nil+.
  *
+ *  If instead a pattern is supplied, the method returns whether
+ *  <code>pattern === element</code> for every collection member.
+ *
  *     %w[ant bear cat].all? { |word| word.length >= 3 } #=> true
  *     %w[ant bear cat].all? { |word| word.length >= 4 } #=> false
+ *     %w[ant bear cat].all?(/t/)                        #=> false
+ *     [1, 2i, 3.14].all?(Numeric)                       #=> true
  *     [nil, true, 99].all?                              #=> false
  *     [].all?                                           #=> true
  *
  */
 
 static VALUE
-enum_all(VALUE obj)
+enum_all(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(Qtrue, 0, 0);
+    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_ENUM_NEW(Qtrue);
+    WARN_UNUSED_BLOCK(argc);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, ENUMFUNC(all), (VALUE)memo);
     return memo->v1;
 }
@@ -1214,6 +1395,7 @@ DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(any)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.any? [{ |obj| block }]   -> true or false
+ *     enum.any?(pattern)            -> true or false
  *
  *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
  *  returns <code>true</code> if the block ever returns a value other
@@ -1222,17 +1404,23 @@ DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(any)
  *  will cause #any? to return +true+ if at least one of the collection
  *  members is not +false+ or +nil+.
  *
+ *  If instead a pattern is supplied, the method returns whether
+ *  <code>pattern === element</code> for any collection member.
+ *
  *     %w[ant bear cat].any? { |word| word.length >= 3 } #=> true
  *     %w[ant bear cat].any? { |word| word.length >= 4 } #=> true
+ *     %w[ant bear cat].any?(/d/)                        #=> false
+ *     [nil, true, 99].any?(Integer)                     #=> true
  *     [nil, true, 99].any?                              #=> true
  *     [].any?                                           #=> false
  *
  */
 
 static VALUE
-enum_any(VALUE obj)
+enum_any(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(Qfalse, 0, 0);
+    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_ENUM_NEW(Qfalse);
+    WARN_UNUSED_BLOCK(argc);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, ENUMFUNC(any), (VALUE)memo);
     return memo->v1;
 }
@@ -1252,27 +1440,36 @@ DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(one)
 }
 
 struct nmin_data {
-  long n;
-  long bufmax;
-  long curlen;
-  VALUE buf;
-  VALUE limit;
-  int (*cmpfunc)(const void *, const void *, void *);
-  int rev; /* max if 1 */
-  int by; /* min_by if 1 */
-  const char *method;
+    long n;
+    long bufmax;
+    long curlen;
+    VALUE buf;
+    VALUE limit;
+    int (*cmpfunc)(const void *, const void *, void *);
+    int rev: 1; /* max if 1 */
+    int by: 1; /* min_by if 1 */
 };
 
+static VALUE
+cmpint_reenter_check(struct nmin_data *data, VALUE val)
+{
+    if (RBASIC(data->buf)->klass) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s%s reentered",
+                 data->rev ? "max" : "min",
+                 data->by ? "_by" : "");
+    }
+    return val;
+}
+
 static int
 nmin_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *_data)
 {
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct nmin_data *data = (struct nmin_data *)_data;
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
-    VALUE cmp = rb_funcall(a, id_cmp, 1, b);
-    if (RBASIC(data->buf)->klass) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s reentered", data->method);
-    }
-    return rb_cmpint(cmp, a, b);
+#define rb_cmpint(cmp, a, b) rb_cmpint(cmpint_reenter_check(data, (cmp)), a, b)
+    return OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b, cmp_opt);
+#undef rb_cmpint
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1281,13 +1478,10 @@ nmin_block_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *_data)
     struct nmin_data *data = (struct nmin_data *)_data;
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
     VALUE cmp = rb_yield_values(2, a, b);
-    if (RBASIC(data->buf)->klass) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s reentered", data->method);
-    }
+    cmpint_reenter_check(data, cmp);
     return rb_cmpint(cmp, a, b);
 }
 
-
 static void
 nmin_filter(struct nmin_data *data)
 {
@@ -1366,13 +1560,13 @@ nmin_filter(struct nmin_data *data)
 #undef GETPTR
 #undef SWAP
 
-    data->limit = RARRAY_PTR(data->buf)[store_index*eltsize]; /* the last pivot */
+    data->limit = RARRAY_AREF(data->buf, store_index*eltsize); /* the last pivot */
     data->curlen = data->n;
     rb_ary_resize(data->buf, data->n * eltsize);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-nmin_i(VALUE i, VALUE *_data, int argc, VALUE *argv)
+nmin_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _data))
 {
     struct nmin_data *data = (struct nmin_data *)_data;
     VALUE cmpv;
@@ -1427,14 +1621,12 @@ rb_nmin_run(VALUE obj, VALUE num, int by, int rev, int ary)
 		   nmin_cmp;
     data.rev = rev;
     data.by = by;
-    data.method = rev ? (by ? "max_by" : "max")
-                      : (by ? "min_by" : "min");
     if (ary) {
 	long i;
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(obj); i++) {
-	   VALUE args[1];
-	   args[0] = RARRAY_AREF(obj, i);
-	   nmin_i(obj, (VALUE*)&data, 1, args);
+	    VALUE args[1];
+	    args[0] = RARRAY_AREF(obj, i);
+            nmin_i(obj, (VALUE)&data, 1, args, Qundef);
 	}
     }
     else {
@@ -1444,18 +1636,22 @@ rb_nmin_run(VALUE obj, VALUE num, int by, int rev, int ary)
     result = data.buf;
     if (by) {
 	long i;
-	ruby_qsort(RARRAY_PTR(result),
-	           RARRAY_LEN(result)/2,
-		   sizeof(VALUE)*2,
-		   data.cmpfunc, (void *)&data);
-	for (i=1; i<RARRAY_LEN(result); i+=2) {
-	    RARRAY_PTR(result)[i/2] = RARRAY_PTR(result)[i];
-	}
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr, {
+            ruby_qsort(ptr,
+                       RARRAY_LEN(result)/2,
+                       sizeof(VALUE)*2,
+                       data.cmpfunc, (void *)&data);
+            for (i=1; i<RARRAY_LEN(result); i+=2) {
+                ptr[i/2] = ptr[i];
+            }
+        });
 	rb_ary_resize(result, RARRAY_LEN(result)/2);
     }
     else {
-	ruby_qsort(RARRAY_PTR(result), RARRAY_LEN(result), sizeof(VALUE),
-		   data.cmpfunc, (void *)&data);
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE(result, ptr, {
+            ruby_qsort(ptr, RARRAY_LEN(result), sizeof(VALUE),
+                       data.cmpfunc, (void *)&data);
+        });
     }
     if (rev) {
         rb_ary_reverse(result);
@@ -1468,6 +1664,7 @@ rb_nmin_run(VALUE obj, VALUE num, int by, int rev, int ary)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.one? [{ |obj| block }]   -> true or false
+ *     enum.one?(pattern)            -> true or false
  *
  *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
  *  returns <code>true</code> if the block returns <code>true</code>
@@ -1475,19 +1672,26 @@ rb_nmin_run(VALUE obj, VALUE num, int by, int rev, int ary)
  *  <code>true</code> only if exactly one of the collection members is
  *  true.
  *
+ *  If instead a pattern is supplied, the method returns whether
+ *  <code>pattern === element</code> for exactly one collection member.
+ *
  *     %w{ant bear cat}.one? { |word| word.length == 4 }  #=> true
  *     %w{ant bear cat}.one? { |word| word.length > 4 }   #=> false
  *     %w{ant bear cat}.one? { |word| word.length < 4 }   #=> false
+ *     %w{ant bear cat}.one?(/t/)                         #=> false
  *     [ nil, true, 99 ].one?                             #=> false
  *     [ nil, true, false ].one?                          #=> true
+ *     [ nil, true, 99 ].one?(Integer)                    #=> true
+ *     [].one?                                            #=> false
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-enum_one(VALUE obj)
+enum_one(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, 0, 0);
+    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_ENUM_NEW(Qundef);
     VALUE result;
 
+    WARN_UNUSED_BLOCK(argc);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, ENUMFUNC(one), (VALUE)memo);
     result = memo->v1;
     if (result == Qundef) return Qfalse;
@@ -1506,23 +1710,31 @@ DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(none)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     enum.none? [{ |obj| block }]   -> true or false
+ *     enum.none?(pattern)            -> true or false
  *
  *  Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method
  *  returns <code>true</code> if the block never returns <code>true</code>
  *  for all elements. If the block is not given, <code>none?</code> will return
  *  <code>true</code> only if none of the collection members is true.
  *
+ *  If instead a pattern is supplied, the method returns whether
+ *  <code>pattern === element</code> for none of the collection members.
+ *
  *     %w{ant bear cat}.none? { |word| word.length == 5 } #=> true
  *     %w{ant bear cat}.none? { |word| word.length >= 4 } #=> false
+ *     %w{ant bear cat}.none?(/d/)                        #=> true
+ *     [1, 3.14, 42].none?(Float)                         #=> false
  *     [].none?                                           #=> true
  *     [nil].none?                                        #=> true
  *     [nil, false].none?                                 #=> true
  *     [nil, false, true].none?                           #=> false
  */
 static VALUE
-enum_none(VALUE obj)
+enum_none(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(Qtrue, 0, 0);
+    struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_ENUM_NEW(Qtrue);
+
+    WARN_UNUSED_BLOCK(argc);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, ENUMFUNC(none), (VALUE)memo);
     return memo->v1;
 }
@@ -1579,7 +1791,7 @@ min_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
  *     enum.min(n) { |a, b| block } -> array
  *
  *  Returns the object in _enum_ with the minimum value. The
- *  first form assumes all objects implement <code>Comparable</code>;
+ *  first form assumes all objects implement <code><=></code>;
  *  the second uses the block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
  *
  *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
@@ -1603,9 +1815,7 @@ enum_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     VALUE result;
     VALUE num;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
-
-    if (!NIL_P(num))
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
        return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 0, 0, 0);
 
     m->min = Qundef;
@@ -1673,7 +1883,7 @@ max_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
  *     enum.max(n) { |a, b| block } -> array
  *
  *  Returns the object in _enum_ with the maximum value. The
- *  first form assumes all objects implement <code>Comparable</code>;
+ *  first form assumes all objects implement <code><=></code>;
  *  the second uses the block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
  *
  *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
@@ -1697,9 +1907,7 @@ enum_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     VALUE result;
     VALUE num;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
-
-    if (!NIL_P(num))
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
        return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 0, 1, 0);
 
     m->max = Qundef;
@@ -1834,7 +2042,7 @@ minmax_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
  *
  *  Returns a two element array which contains the minimum and the
  *  maximum value in the enumerable.  The first form assumes all
- *  objects implement <code>Comparable</code>; the second uses the
+ *  objects implement <code><=></code>; the second uses the
  *  block to return <em>a <=> b</em>.
  *
  *     a = %w(albatross dog horse)
@@ -1871,6 +2079,7 @@ enum_minmax(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 min_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 {
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
     VALUE v;
 
@@ -1881,7 +2090,7 @@ min_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
 	MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
-    else if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, memo->v1), v, memo->v1) < 0) {
+    else if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, memo->v1, cmp_opt) < 0) {
 	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
 	MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
@@ -1917,11 +2126,11 @@ enum_min_by(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     struct MEMO *memo;
     VALUE num;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, enum_size);
 
-    if (!NIL_P(num))
+    if (argc && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
         return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 1, 0, 0);
 
     memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, Qnil, 0);
@@ -1932,6 +2141,7 @@ enum_min_by(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 max_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 {
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
     VALUE v;
 
@@ -1942,7 +2152,7 @@ max_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
 	MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
-    else if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, memo->v1), v, memo->v1) > 0) {
+    else if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, memo->v1, cmp_opt) > 0) {
 	MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
 	MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
@@ -2023,11 +2233,11 @@ enum_max_by(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     struct MEMO *memo;
     VALUE num;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &num);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, enum_size);
 
-    if (!NIL_P(num))
+    if (argc && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
         return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 1, 1, 0);
 
     memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, Qnil, 0);
@@ -2047,6 +2257,8 @@ struct minmax_by_t {
 static void
 minmax_by_i_update(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE i1, VALUE i2, struct minmax_by_t *memo)
 {
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
+
     if (memo->min_bv == Qundef) {
 	memo->min_bv = v1;
 	memo->max_bv = v2;
@@ -2054,11 +2266,11 @@ minmax_by_i_update(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE i1, VALUE i2, struct minmax_by_t *m
 	memo->max = i2;
     }
     else {
-	if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v1, id_cmp, 1, memo->min_bv), v1, memo->min_bv) < 0) {
+	if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v1, memo->min_bv, cmp_opt) < 0) {
 	    memo->min_bv = v1;
 	    memo->min = i1;
 	}
-	if (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v2, id_cmp, 1, memo->max_bv), v2, memo->max_bv) > 0) {
+	if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v2, memo->max_bv, cmp_opt) > 0) {
 	    memo->max_bv = v2;
 	    memo->max = i2;
 	}
@@ -2068,6 +2280,7 @@ minmax_by_i_update(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE i1, VALUE i2, struct minmax_by_t *m
 static VALUE
 minmax_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
 {
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct minmax_by_t *memo = MEMO_FOR(struct minmax_by_t, _memo);
     VALUE vi, vj, j;
     int n;
@@ -2085,7 +2298,7 @@ minmax_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
     j = memo->last;
     memo->last_bv = Qundef;
 
-    n = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(vj, id_cmp, 1, vi), vj, vi);
+    n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(vj, vi, cmp_opt);
     if (n == 0) {
         i = j;
         vi = vj;
@@ -2161,10 +2374,10 @@ member_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(iter, args))
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if any member of <i>enum</i> equals
  *  <i>obj</i>. Equality is tested using <code>==</code>.
  *
- *     IO.constants.include? :SEEK_SET          #=> true
- *     IO.constants.include? :SEEK_NO_FURTHER   #=> false
- *     IO.constants.member? :SEEK_SET          #=> true
- *     IO.constants.member? :SEEK_NO_FURTHER   #=> false
+ *     (1..10).include? 5  #=> true
+ *     (1..10).include? 15 #=> false
+ *     (1..10).member? 5   #=> true
+ *     (1..10).member? 15  #=> false
  *
  */
 
@@ -2180,9 +2393,11 @@ enum_member(VALUE obj, VALUE val)
 static VALUE
 each_with_index_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memo))
 {
-    long n = MEMO_CAST(memo)->u3.cnt++;
+    struct MEMO *m = MEMO_CAST(memo);
+    VALUE n = imemo_count_value(m);
 
-    return rb_yield_values(2, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv), INT2NUM(n));
+    imemo_count_up(m);
+    return rb_yield_values(2, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv), n);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2226,27 +2441,33 @@ enum_each_with_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- *      (1..3).reverse_each { |v| p v }
+ *     (1..3).reverse_each { |v| p v }
  *
- *    produces:
+ *  produces:
  *
- *      3
- *      2
- *      1
+ *     3
+ *     2
+ *     1
  */
 
 static VALUE
 enum_reverse_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE ary;
-    long i;
+    long len;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, enum_size);
 
     ary = enum_to_a(argc, argv, obj);
 
-    for (i = RARRAY_LEN(ary); --i >= 0; ) {
-	rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    while (len--) {
+        long nlen;
+        rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, len));
+        nlen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        if (nlen < len) {
+            len = nlen;
+        }
     }
 
     return obj;
@@ -2298,6 +2519,22 @@ enum_each_entry(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+add_int(VALUE x, long n)
+{
+    const VALUE y = LONG2NUM(n);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) return rb_int_plus(x, y);
+    return rb_funcallv(x, '+', 1, &y);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+div_int(VALUE x, long n)
+{
+    const VALUE y = LONG2NUM(n);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) return rb_int_idiv(x, y);
+    return rb_funcallv(x, id_div, 1, &y);
+}
+
 #define dont_recycle_block_arg(arity) ((arity) == 1 || (arity) < 0)
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2330,13 +2567,18 @@ enum_each_slice_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
     VALUE n, size;
     long slice_size = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0));
+    ID infinite_p;
+    CONST_ID(infinite_p, "infinite?");
     if (slice_size <= 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid slice size");
 
     size = enum_size(obj, 0, 0);
     if (size == Qnil) return Qnil;
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(size) && RTEST(rb_funcall(size, infinite_p, 0))) {
+        return size;
+    }
 
-    n = rb_funcall(size, '+', 1, LONG2NUM(slice_size-1));
-    return rb_funcall(n, id_div, 1, LONG2FIX(slice_size));
+    n = add_int(size, slice_size-1);
+    return div_int(n, slice_size);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2401,6 +2643,8 @@ each_cons_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 static VALUE
 enum_each_cons_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
+    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
+    const VALUE zero = LONG2FIX(0);
     VALUE n, size;
     long cons_size = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0));
     if (cons_size <= 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid size");
@@ -2408,8 +2652,8 @@ enum_each_cons_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     size = enum_size(obj, 0, 0);
     if (size == Qnil) return Qnil;
 
-    n = rb_funcall(size, '+', 1, LONG2NUM(1 - cons_size));
-    return (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(n, id_cmp, 1, LONG2FIX(0)), n, LONG2FIX(0)) == -1) ? LONG2FIX(0) : n;
+    n = add_int(size, 1 - cons_size);
+    return (OPTIMIZED_CMP(n, zero, cmp_opt) == -1) ? zero : n;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2516,14 +2760,16 @@ zip_ary(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, memoval))
 }
 
 static VALUE
-call_next(VALUE *v)
+call_next(VALUE w)
 {
+    VALUE *v = (VALUE *)w;
     return v[0] = rb_funcallv(v[1], id_next, 0, 0);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-call_stop(VALUE *v)
+call_stop(VALUE w, VALUE _)
 {
+    VALUE *v = (VALUE *)w;
     return v[0] = Qundef;
 }
 
@@ -2614,13 +2860,14 @@ enum_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	argv[i] = ary;
     }
     if (!allary) {
+	static const VALUE sym_each = STATIC_ID2SYM(id_each);
 	CONST_ID(conv, "to_enum");
 	for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
 	    if (!rb_respond_to(argv[i], id_each)) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (must respond to :each)",
 			 rb_obj_class(argv[i]));
             }
-	    argv[i] = rb_funcall(argv[i], conv, 1, ID2SYM(id_each));
+	    argv[i] = rb_funcallv(argv[i], conv, 1, &sym_each);
 	}
     }
     if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -2808,19 +3055,22 @@ cycle_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
 static VALUE
 enum_cycle_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
-    long mul;
+    long mul = 0;
     VALUE n = Qnil;
-    VALUE size = enum_size(self, args, 0);
-
-    if (size == Qnil) return Qnil;
+    VALUE size;
 
     if (args && (RARRAY_LEN(args) > 0)) {
 	n = RARRAY_AREF(args, 0);
+	if (!NIL_P(n)) mul = NUM2LONG(n);
     }
-    if (n == Qnil) return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
-    mul = NUM2LONG(n);
+
+    size = enum_size(self, args, 0);
+    if (NIL_P(size) || FIXNUM_ZERO_P(size)) return size;
+
+    if (NIL_P(n)) return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
     if (mul <= 0) return INT2FIX(0);
-    return rb_funcall(size, '*', 1, LONG2FIX(mul));
+    n = LONG2FIX(mul);
+    return rb_funcallv(size, '*', 1, &n);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2851,10 +3101,10 @@ enum_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     VALUE nv = Qnil;
     long n, i, len;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nv);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, enum_cycle_size);
-    if (NIL_P(nv)) {
+    if (!argc || NIL_P(nv = argv[0])) {
         n = -1;
     }
     else {
@@ -2891,18 +3141,21 @@ chunk_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _argp))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    v = rb_funcall(argp->categorize, id_call, 1, i);
+    v = rb_funcallv(argp->categorize, id_call, 1, &i);
 
     if (v == alone) {
         if (!NIL_P(argp->prev_value)) {
-            rb_funcall(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, rb_assoc_new(argp->prev_value, argp->prev_elts));
+	    s = rb_assoc_new(argp->prev_value, argp->prev_elts);
+            rb_funcallv(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &s);
             argp->prev_value = argp->prev_elts = Qnil;
         }
-        rb_funcall(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, rb_assoc_new(v, rb_ary_new3(1, i)));
+	v = rb_assoc_new(v, rb_ary_new3(1, i));
+        rb_funcallv(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &v);
     }
     else if (NIL_P(v) || v == separator) {
         if (!NIL_P(argp->prev_value)) {
-            rb_funcall(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, rb_assoc_new(argp->prev_value, argp->prev_elts));
+	    v = rb_assoc_new(argp->prev_value, argp->prev_elts);
+            rb_funcallv(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &v);
             argp->prev_value = argp->prev_elts = Qnil;
         }
     }
@@ -2919,7 +3172,8 @@ chunk_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _argp))
                 rb_ary_push(argp->prev_elts, i);
             }
             else {
-                rb_funcall(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, rb_assoc_new(argp->prev_value, argp->prev_elts));
+		s = rb_assoc_new(argp->prev_value, argp->prev_elts);
+                rb_funcallv(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &s);
                 argp->prev_value = v;
                 argp->prev_elts = rb_ary_new3(1, i);
             }
@@ -2943,8 +3197,10 @@ chunk_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
 
     rb_block_call(enumerable, id_each, 0, 0, chunk_ii, arg);
     memo = MEMO_FOR(struct chunk_arg, arg);
-    if (!NIL_P(memo->prev_elts))
-	rb_funcall(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, rb_assoc_new(memo->prev_value, memo->prev_elts));
+    if (!NIL_P(memo->prev_elts)) {
+	arg = rb_assoc_new(memo->prev_value, memo->prev_elts);
+	rb_funcallv(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &arg);
+    }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -2975,7 +3231,7 @@ chunk_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
  *  The following example counts words for each initial letter.
  *
  *    open("/usr/share/dict/words", "r:iso-8859-1") { |f|
- *      f.chunk { |line| line.ord }.each { |ch, lines| p [ch.chr, lines.length] }
+ *      f.chunk { |line| line.upcase.ord }.each { |ch, lines| p [ch.chr, lines.length] }
  *    }
  *    #=> ["\n", 1]
  *    #   ["A", 1327]
@@ -3067,12 +3323,12 @@ slicebefore_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _argp))
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
     if (!NIL_P(argp->sep_pat))
-        header_p = rb_funcall(argp->sep_pat, id_eqq, 1, i);
+        header_p = rb_funcallv(argp->sep_pat, id_eqq, 1, &i);
     else
-        header_p = rb_funcall(argp->sep_pred, id_call, 1, i);
+        header_p = rb_funcallv(argp->sep_pred, id_call, 1, &i);
     if (RTEST(header_p)) {
         if (!NIL_P(argp->prev_elts))
-            rb_funcall(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, argp->prev_elts);
+            rb_funcallv(argp->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &argp->prev_elts);
         argp->prev_elts = rb_ary_new3(1, i);
     }
     else {
@@ -3101,7 +3357,7 @@ slicebefore_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
     rb_block_call(enumerable, id_each, 0, 0, slicebefore_ii, arg);
     memo = MEMO_FOR(struct slicebefore_arg, arg);
     if (!NIL_P(memo->prev_elts))
-        rb_funcall(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, memo->prev_elts);
+        rb_funcallv(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &memo->prev_elts);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -3297,16 +3553,16 @@ sliceafter_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(memo->pred)) {
-        split_p = RTEST(rb_funcall(memo->pat, id_eqq, 1, i));
+        split_p = RTEST(rb_funcallv(memo->pat, id_eqq, 1, &i));
         UPDATE_MEMO;
     }
     else {
-        split_p = RTEST(rb_funcall(memo->pred, id_call, 1, i));
+        split_p = RTEST(rb_funcallv(memo->pred, id_call, 1, &i));
         UPDATE_MEMO;
     }
 
     if (split_p) {
-        rb_funcall(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, memo->prev_elts);
+        rb_funcallv(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &memo->prev_elts);
         UPDATE_MEMO;
         memo->prev_elts = Qnil;
     }
@@ -3331,7 +3587,7 @@ sliceafter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
     rb_block_call(enumerable, id_each, 0, 0, sliceafter_ii, arg);
     memo = MEMO_FOR(struct sliceafter_arg, arg);
     if (!NIL_P(memo->prev_elts))
-        rb_funcall(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, memo->prev_elts);
+        rb_funcallv(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &memo->prev_elts);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -3419,14 +3675,17 @@ slicewhen_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
         memo->prev_elts = rb_ary_new3(1, i);
     }
     else {
-        split_p = RTEST(rb_funcall(memo->pred, id_call, 2, memo->prev_elt, i));
+	VALUE args[2];
+	args[0] = memo->prev_elt;
+	args[1] = i;
+        split_p = RTEST(rb_funcallv(memo->pred, id_call, 2, args));
         UPDATE_MEMO;
 
         if (memo->inverted)
             split_p = !split_p;
 
         if (split_p) {
-            rb_funcall(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, memo->prev_elts);
+            rb_funcallv(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &memo->prev_elts);
             UPDATE_MEMO;
             memo->prev_elts = rb_ary_new3(1, i);
         }
@@ -3459,7 +3718,7 @@ slicewhen_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
     rb_block_call(enumerable, id_each, 0, 0, slicewhen_ii, arg);
     memo = MEMO_FOR(struct slicewhen_arg, arg);
     if (!NIL_P(memo->prev_elts))
-        rb_funcall(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, memo->prev_elts);
+        rb_funcallv(memo->yielder, id_lshift, 1, &memo->prev_elts);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -3470,7 +3729,7 @@ slicewhen_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
  *  Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
  *  The beginnings of chunks are defined by the block.
  *
- *  This method split each chunk using adjacent elements,
+ *  This method splits each chunk using adjacent elements,
  *  _elt_before_ and _elt_after_,
  *  in the receiver enumerator.
  *  This method split chunks between _elt_before_ and _elt_after_ where
@@ -3549,7 +3808,7 @@ enum_slice_when(VALUE enumerable)
  *  Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
  *  The beginnings of chunks are defined by the block.
  *
- *  This method split each chunk using adjacent elements,
+ *  This method splits each chunk using adjacent elements,
  *  _elt_before_ and _elt_after_,
  *  in the receiver enumerator.
  *  This method split chunks between _elt_before_ and _elt_after_ where
@@ -3617,103 +3876,141 @@ struct enum_sum_memo {
 };
 
 static void
-sum_iter(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
+sum_iter_normalize_memo(struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
 {
-    const int unused = (assert(memo != NULL), 0);
+    assert(FIXABLE(memo->n));
+    memo->v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(memo->n), memo->v);
+    memo->n = 0;
 
-    long n = memo->n;
-    VALUE v = memo->v;
-    VALUE r = memo->r;
-    double f = memo->f;
-    double c = memo->c;
+    switch (TYPE(memo->r)) {
+      case T_RATIONAL: memo->v = rb_rational_plus(memo->r, memo->v); break;
+      case T_UNDEF:    break;
+      default:         UNREACHABLE; /* or ...? */
+    }
+    memo->r = Qundef;
+}
 
-    if (memo->block_given)
-        i = rb_yield(i);
+static void
+sum_iter_fixnum(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
+{
+    memo->n += FIX2LONG(i); /* should not overflow long type */
+    if (! FIXABLE(memo->n)) {
+        memo->v = rb_big_plus(LONG2NUM(memo->n), memo->v);
+        memo->n = 0;
+    }
+}
 
-    if (memo->float_value)
-        goto float_value;
+static void
+sum_iter_bignum(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
+{
+    memo->v = rb_big_plus(i, memo->v);
+}
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(v) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_BIGNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_RATIONAL)) {
-        if (FIXNUM_P(i)) {
-            n += FIX2LONG(i); /* should not overflow long type */
-            if (!FIXABLE(n)) {
-                v = rb_big_plus(LONG2NUM(n), v);
-                n = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(i, T_BIGNUM))
-            v = rb_big_plus(i, v);
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(i, T_RATIONAL)) {
-            if (r == Qundef)
-                r = i;
-            else
-                r = rb_rational_plus(r, i);
-        }
-        else {
-            if (n != 0) {
-                v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
-                n = 0;
-            }
-            if (r != Qundef) {
-                /* r can be an Integer when mathn is loaded */
-                if (FIXNUM_P(r))
-                    v = rb_fix_plus(r, v);
-                else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_BIGNUM))
-                    v = rb_big_plus(r, v);
-                else
-                    v = rb_rational_plus(r, v);
-                r = Qundef;
-            }
-            if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(i)) {
-                f = NUM2DBL(v);
-                c = 0.0;
-                memo->float_value = 1;
-                goto float_value;
-            }
-            else
-                goto some_value;
-        }
+static void
+sum_iter_rational(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
+{
+    if (memo->r == Qundef) {
+        memo->r = i;
     }
-    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v)) {
-        /*
-         * Kahan-Babuska balancing compensated summation algorithm
-         * See http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-005-0139-x
-         */
-        double x, t;
-
-      float_value:
-        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(i))
-            x = RFLOAT_VALUE(i);
-        else if (FIXNUM_P(i))
-            x = FIX2LONG(i);
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(i, T_BIGNUM))
-            x = rb_big2dbl(i);
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(i, T_RATIONAL))
-            x = rb_num2dbl(i);
-        else {
-            v = DBL2NUM(f);
-            memo->float_value = 0;
-            goto some_value;
+    else {
+        memo->r = rb_rational_plus(memo->r, i);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+sum_iter_some_value(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
+{
+    memo->v = rb_funcallv(memo->v, idPLUS, 1, &i);
+}
+
+static void
+sum_iter_Kahan_Babuska(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
+{
+    /*
+     * Kahan-Babuska balancing compensated summation algorithm
+     * See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-005-0139-x
+     */
+    double x;
+
+    switch (TYPE(i)) {
+      case T_FLOAT:    x = RFLOAT_VALUE(i); break;
+      case T_FIXNUM:   x = FIX2LONG(i);     break;
+      case T_BIGNUM:   x = rb_big2dbl(i);   break;
+      case T_RATIONAL: x = rb_num2dbl(i);   break;
+      default:
+        memo->v = DBL2NUM(memo->f);
+        memo->float_value = 0;
+        sum_iter_some_value(i, memo);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    double f = memo->f;
+
+    if (isnan(f)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    else if (! isfinite(x)) {
+        if (isinf(x) && isinf(f) && signbit(x) != signbit(f)) {
+            i = DBL2NUM(f);
+            x = nan("");
         }
+        memo->v = i;
+        memo->f = x;
+        return;
+    }
+    else if (isinf(f)) {
+        return;
+    }
 
-        t = f + x;
-        if (fabs(f) >= fabs(x))
-            c += ((f - t) + x);
-        else
-            c += ((x - t) + f);
-        f = t;
+    double c = memo->c;
+    double t = f + x;
+
+    if (fabs(f) >= fabs(x)) {
+        c += ((f - t) + x);
     }
     else {
-      some_value:
-        v = rb_funcall(v, idPLUS, 1, i);
+        c += ((x - t) + f);
     }
+    f = t;
 
-    memo->v = v;
-    memo->n = n;
-    memo->r = r;
     memo->f = f;
     memo->c = c;
-    (void)unused;
+}
+
+static void
+sum_iter(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
+{
+    assert(memo != NULL);
+    if (memo->block_given) {
+        i = rb_yield(i);
+    }
+
+    if (memo->float_value) {
+        sum_iter_Kahan_Babuska(i, memo);
+    }
+    else switch (TYPE(memo->v)) {
+      default:      sum_iter_some_value(i, memo);    return;
+      case T_FLOAT: sum_iter_Kahan_Babuska(i, memo); return;
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+        switch (TYPE(i)) {
+          case T_FIXNUM:   sum_iter_fixnum(i, memo);   return;
+          case T_BIGNUM:   sum_iter_bignum(i, memo);   return;
+          case T_RATIONAL: sum_iter_rational(i, memo); return;
+          case T_FLOAT:
+            sum_iter_normalize_memo(memo);
+            memo->f = NUM2DBL(memo->v);
+            memo->c = 0.0;
+            memo->float_value = 1;
+            sum_iter_Kahan_Babuska(i, memo);
+            return;
+          default:
+            sum_iter_normalize_memo(memo);
+            sum_iter_some_value(i, memo);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3778,7 +4075,7 @@ int_range_sum(VALUE beg, VALUE end, int excl, VALUE init)
  *   { 1 => 10, 2 => 20 }.sum {|k, v| k * v }  #=> 50
  *   (1..10).sum                               #=> 55
  *   (1..10).sum {|v| v * 2 }                  #=> 110
- *   [Object.new].each.sum                     #=> TypeError
+ *   ('a'..'z').sum                            #=> TypeError
  *
  * This method can be used for non-numeric objects by
  * explicit <i>init</i> argument.
@@ -3786,8 +4083,12 @@ int_range_sum(VALUE beg, VALUE end, int excl, VALUE init)
  *   { 1 => 10, 2 => 20 }.sum([])                   #=> [1, 10, 2, 20]
  *   "a\nb\nc".each_line.lazy.map(&:chomp).sum("")  #=> "abc"
  *
+ * If the method is applied to an Integer range without a block,
+ * the sum is not done by iteration, but instead using Gauss's summation
+ * formula.
+ *
  * Enumerable#sum method may not respect method redefinition of "+"
- * methods such as Integer#+.
+ * methods such as Integer#+, or "each" methods such as Range#each.
  */
 static VALUE
 enum_sum(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE obj)
@@ -3796,11 +4097,8 @@ enum_sum(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE obj)
     VALUE beg, end;
     int excl;
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &memo.v) == 0)
-        memo.v = LONG2FIX(0);
-
+    memo.v = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) ? LONG2FIX(0) : argv[0];
     memo.block_given = rb_block_given_p();
-
     memo.n = 0;
     memo.r = Qundef;
 
@@ -3808,6 +4106,10 @@ enum_sum(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE obj)
         memo.f = RFLOAT_VALUE(memo.v);
         memo.c = 0.0;
     }
+    else {
+        memo.f = 0.0;
+        memo.c = 0.0;
+    }
 
     if (RTEST(rb_range_values(obj, &beg, &end, &excl))) {
         if (!memo.block_given && !memo.float_value &&
@@ -3830,13 +4132,7 @@ enum_sum(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE obj)
         if (memo.n != 0)
             memo.v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(memo.n), memo.v);
         if (memo.r != Qundef) {
-            /* r can be an Integer when mathn is loaded */
-            if (FIXNUM_P(memo.r))
-                memo.v = rb_fix_plus(memo.r, memo.v);
-            else if (RB_TYPE_P(memo.r, T_BIGNUM))
-                memo.v = rb_big_plus(memo.r, memo.v);
-            else
-                memo.v = rb_rational_plus(memo.r, memo.v);
+            memo.v = rb_rational_plus(memo.r, memo.v);
         }
         return memo.v;
     }
@@ -3845,6 +4141,7 @@ enum_sum(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 uniq_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
 {
+    ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
     rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, i, i);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -3852,6 +4149,7 @@ uniq_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
 static VALUE
 uniq_iter(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
 {
+    ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
     rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, rb_yield_values2(argc, argv), i);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -3881,22 +4179,18 @@ enum_uniq(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 /*
- *  The <code>Enumerable</code> mixin provides collection classes with
- *  several traversal and searching methods, and with the ability to
- *  sort. The class must provide a method <code>each</code>, which
- *  yields successive members of the collection. If
- *  <code>Enumerable#max</code>, <code>#min</code>, or
- *  <code>#sort</code> is used, the objects in the collection must also
- *  implement a meaningful <code><=></code> operator, as these methods
- *  rely on an ordering between members of the collection.
+ *  The Enumerable mixin provides collection classes with several
+ *  traversal and searching methods, and with the ability to sort. The
+ *  class must provide a method #each, which yields
+ *  successive members of the collection. If Enumerable#max, #min, or
+ *  #sort is used, the objects in the collection must also implement a
+ *  meaningful <code><=></code> operator, as these methods rely on an
+ *  ordering between members of the collection.
  */
 
 void
 Init_Enumerable(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
     rb_mEnumerable = rb_define_module("Enumerable");
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "to_a", enum_to_a, -1);
@@ -3913,6 +4207,8 @@ Init_Enumerable(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "find_index", enum_find_index, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "find_all", enum_find_all, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "select", enum_find_all, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "filter", enum_find_all, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "filter_map", enum_filter_map, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "reject", enum_reject, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "collect", enum_collect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "map", enum_collect, 0);
@@ -3922,11 +4218,12 @@ Init_Enumerable(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "reduce", enum_inject, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "partition", enum_partition, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "group_by", enum_group_by, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "tally", enum_tally, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "first", enum_first, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "all?", enum_all, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "any?", enum_any, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "one?", enum_one, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "none?", enum_none, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "all?", enum_all, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "any?", enum_any, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "one?", enum_one, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "none?", enum_none, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "min", enum_min, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "max", enum_max, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "minmax", enum_minmax, 0);
@@ -3955,8 +4252,5 @@ Init_Enumerable(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "sum", enum_sum, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "uniq", enum_uniq, 0);
 
-    id_next = rb_intern("next");
-    id_call = rb_intern("call");
-    id_size = rb_intern("size");
-    id_div = rb_intern("div");
+    id_next = rb_intern_const("next");
 }
diff --git a/enumerator.c b/enumerator.c
index 9de08d7d2a..90d2ec433c 100644
--- a/enumerator.c
+++ b/enumerator.c
@@ -12,7 +12,22 @@
 
 ************************************************/
 
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FLOAT_H
+#include <float.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "id.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/enumerator.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/range.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 /*
  * Document-class: Enumerator
@@ -20,8 +35,8 @@
  * A class which allows both internal and external iteration.
  *
  * An Enumerator can be created by the following methods.
- * - Kernel#to_enum
- * - Kernel#enum_for
+ * - Object#to_enum
+ * - Object#enum_for
  * - Enumerator.new
  *
  * Most methods have two forms: a block form where the contents
@@ -67,6 +82,14 @@
  *   puts e.next   # => 3
  *   puts e.next   # raises StopIteration
  *
+ * Note that enumeration sequence by +next+, +next_values+, +peek+ and
+ * +peek_values+ do not affect other non-external
+ * enumeration methods, unless the underlying iteration method itself has
+ * side-effect, e.g. IO#each_line.
+ *
+ * Moreover, implementation typically uses fibers so performance could be
+ * slower and exception stacktraces different than expected.
+ *
  * You can use this to implement an internal iterator as follows:
  *
  *   def ext_each(e)
@@ -101,10 +124,19 @@
  *
  */
 VALUE rb_cEnumerator;
-VALUE rb_cLazy;
-static ID id_rewind, id_each, id_new, id_initialize, id_yield, id_call, id_size, id_to_enum;
-static ID id_eqq, id_next, id_result, id_lazy, id_receiver, id_arguments, id_memo, id_method, id_force;
-static VALUE sym_each, sym_cycle;
+static VALUE rb_cLazy;
+static ID id_rewind, id_new, id_to_enum;
+static ID id_next, id_result, id_receiver, id_arguments, id_memo, id_method, id_force;
+static ID id_begin, id_end, id_step, id_exclude_end;
+static VALUE sym_each, sym_cycle, sym_yield;
+
+static VALUE lazy_use_super_method;
+
+#define id_call idCall
+#define id_each idEach
+#define id_eqq idEqq
+#define id_initialize idInitialize
+#define id_size idSize
 
 VALUE rb_eStopIteration;
 
@@ -120,9 +152,10 @@ struct enumerator {
     VALUE size;
     VALUE procs;
     rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn;
+    int kw_splat;
 };
 
-static VALUE rb_cGenerator, rb_cYielder;
+static VALUE rb_cGenerator, rb_cYielder, rb_cEnumProducer;
 
 struct generator {
     VALUE proc;
@@ -133,6 +166,11 @@ struct yielder {
     VALUE proc;
 };
 
+struct producer {
+    VALUE init;
+    VALUE proc;
+};
+
 typedef struct MEMO *lazyenum_proc_func(VALUE, struct MEMO *, VALUE, long);
 typedef VALUE lazyenum_size_func(VALUE, VALUE);
 typedef struct {
@@ -149,6 +187,15 @@ struct proc_entry {
 static VALUE generator_allocate(VALUE klass);
 static VALUE generator_init(VALUE obj, VALUE proc);
 
+static VALUE rb_cEnumChain;
+
+struct enum_chain {
+    VALUE enums;
+    long pos;
+};
+
+VALUE rb_cArithSeq;
+
 /*
  * Enumerator
  */
@@ -156,15 +203,30 @@ static void
 enumerator_mark(void *p)
 {
     struct enumerator *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->obj);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->args);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->fib);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->dst);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->lookahead);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->feedvalue);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->stop_exc);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->size);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->procs);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->obj);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->args);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->fib);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->dst);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->lookahead);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->feedvalue);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->stop_exc);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->size);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->procs);
+}
+
+static void
+enumerator_compact(void *p)
+{
+    struct enumerator *ptr = p;
+    ptr->obj = rb_gc_location(ptr->obj);
+    ptr->args = rb_gc_location(ptr->args);
+    ptr->fib = rb_gc_location(ptr->fib);
+    ptr->dst = rb_gc_location(ptr->dst);
+    ptr->lookahead = rb_gc_location(ptr->lookahead);
+    ptr->feedvalue = rb_gc_location(ptr->feedvalue);
+    ptr->stop_exc = rb_gc_location(ptr->stop_exc);
+    ptr->size = rb_gc_location(ptr->size);
+    ptr->procs = rb_gc_location(ptr->procs);
 }
 
 #define enumerator_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -181,6 +243,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t enumerator_data_type = {
 	enumerator_mark,
 	enumerator_free,
 	enumerator_memsize,
+        enumerator_compact,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
@@ -201,8 +264,16 @@ static void
 proc_entry_mark(void *p)
 {
     struct proc_entry *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->proc);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->memo);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->memo);
+}
+
+static void
+proc_entry_compact(void *p)
+{
+    struct proc_entry *ptr = p;
+    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
+    ptr->memo = rb_gc_location(ptr->memo);
 }
 
 #define proc_entry_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -219,6 +290,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t proc_entry_data_type = {
 	proc_entry_mark,
 	proc_entry_free,
 	proc_entry_memsize,
+        proc_entry_compact,
     },
 };
 
@@ -240,7 +312,8 @@ proc_entry_ptr(VALUE proc_entry)
  *   obj.enum_for(method = :each, *args){|*args| block} -> enum
  *
  * Creates a new Enumerator which will enumerate by calling +method+ on
- * +obj+, passing +args+ if any.
+ * +obj+, passing +args+ if any. What was _yielded_ by method becomes
+ * values of enumerator.
  *
  * If a block is given, it will be used to calculate the size of
  * the enumerator without the need to iterate it (see Enumerator#size).
@@ -259,6 +332,11 @@ proc_entry_ptr(VALUE proc_entry)
  *   a = [1, 2, 3]
  *   some_method(a.to_enum)
  *
+ *   # String#split in block form is more memory-effective:
+ *   very_large_string.split("|") { |chunk| return chunk if chunk.include?('DATE') }
+ *   # This could be rewritten more idiomatically with to_enum:
+ *   very_large_string.to_enum(:split, "|").lazy.grep(/DATE/).first
+ *
  * It is typical to call to_enum when defining methods for
  * a generic Enumerable, in case no block is passed.
  *
@@ -316,7 +394,7 @@ enumerator_allocate(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-enumerator_init(VALUE enum_obj, VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, VALUE size)
+enumerator_init(VALUE enum_obj, VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, VALUE size, int kw_splat)
 {
     struct enumerator *ptr;
 
@@ -337,21 +415,38 @@ enumerator_init(VALUE enum_obj, VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *ar
     ptr->stop_exc = Qfalse;
     ptr->size = size;
     ptr->size_fn = size_fn;
+    ptr->kw_splat = kw_splat;
 
     return enum_obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+convert_to_feasible_size_value(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(obj)) {
+        return obj;
+    }
+    else if (rb_respond_to(obj, id_call)) {
+        return obj;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(obj) && RFLOAT_VALUE(obj) == HUGE_VAL) {
+        return obj;
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_to_int(obj);
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Enumerator.new(size = nil) { |yielder| ... }
- *   Enumerator.new(obj, method = :each, *args)
  *
  * Creates a new Enumerator object, which can be used as an
  * Enumerable.
  *
- * In the first form, iteration is defined by the given block, in
+ * Iteration is defined by the given block, in
  * which a "yielder" object, given as block parameter, can be used to
- * yield a value by calling the +yield+ method (aliased as +<<+):
+ * yield a value by calling the +yield+ method (aliased as <code><<</code>):
  *
  *   fib = Enumerator.new do |y|
  *     a = b = 1
@@ -361,55 +456,21 @@ enumerator_init(VALUE enum_obj, VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *ar
  *     end
  *   end
  *
- *   p fib.take(10) # => [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
+ *   fib.take(10) # => [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
  *
  * The optional parameter can be used to specify how to calculate the size
  * in a lazy fashion (see Enumerator#size). It can either be a value or
  * a callable object.
- *
- * In the second, deprecated, form, a generated Enumerator iterates over the
- * given object using the given method with the given arguments passed.
- *
- * Use of this form is discouraged.  Use Kernel#enum_for or Kernel#to_enum
- * instead.
- *
- *   e = Enumerator.new(ObjectSpace, :each_object)
- *       #-> ObjectSpace.enum_for(:each_object)
- *
- *   e.select { |obj| obj.is_a?(Class) }  #=> array of all classes
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 enumerator_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE recv, meth = sym_each;
-    VALUE size = Qnil;
-
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-	recv = generator_init(generator_allocate(rb_cGenerator), rb_block_proc());
-	if (argc) {
-            if (NIL_P(argv[0]) || rb_respond_to(argv[0], id_call) ||
-                (RB_TYPE_P(argv[0], T_FLOAT) && RFLOAT_VALUE(argv[0]) == INFINITY)) {
-                size = argv[0];
-            }
-            else {
-                size = rb_to_int(argv[0]);
-            }
-            argc = 0;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
-	rb_warn("Enumerator.new without a block is deprecated; use Object#to_enum");
-	recv = *argv++;
-	if (--argc) {
-	    meth = *argv++;
-	    --argc;
-	}
-    }
+    VALUE iter = rb_block_proc();
+    VALUE recv = generator_init(generator_allocate(rb_cGenerator), iter);
+    VALUE arg0 = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
+    VALUE size = convert_to_feasible_size_value(arg0);
 
-    return enumerator_init(obj, recv, meth, argc, argv, 0, size);
+    return enumerator_init(obj, recv, sym_each, 0, 0, 0, size, false);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -453,7 +514,7 @@ rb_enumeratorize(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-lazy_to_enum_i(VALUE self, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn);
+lazy_to_enum_i(VALUE self, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, int kw_splat);
 
 VALUE
 rb_enumeratorize_with_size(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn)
@@ -461,10 +522,22 @@ rb_enumeratorize_with_size(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, r
     /* Similar effect as calling obj.to_enum, i.e. dispatching to either
        Kernel#to_enum vs Lazy#to_enum */
     if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cLazy)))
-	return lazy_to_enum_i(obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn);
+        return lazy_to_enum_i(obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, rb_keyword_given_p());
     else
 	return enumerator_init(enumerator_allocate(rb_cEnumerator),
-			       obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, Qnil);
+                               obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, Qnil, rb_keyword_given_p());
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, int kw_splat)
+{
+    /* Similar effect as calling obj.to_enum, i.e. dispatching to either
+       Kernel#to_enum vs Lazy#to_enum */
+    if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cLazy)))
+        return lazy_to_enum_i(obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat);
+    else
+        return enumerator_init(enumerator_allocate(rb_cEnumerator),
+                               obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, Qnil, kw_splat);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -479,7 +552,7 @@ enumerator_block_call(VALUE obj, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE arg)
 	argc = RARRAY_LENINT(e->args);
 	argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(e->args);
     }
-    return rb_block_call(e->obj, meth, argc, argv, func, arg);
+    return rb_block_call_kw(e->obj, meth, argc, argv, func, arg, e->kw_splat);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -536,6 +609,8 @@ enumerator_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	    args = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
 	}
 	e->args = args;
+        e->size = Qnil;
+        e->size_fn = 0;
     }
     if (!rb_block_given_p()) return obj;
     return enumerator_block_call(obj, 0, obj);
@@ -580,12 +655,9 @@ enumerator_with_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE memo;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &memo);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, enumerator_enum_size);
-    if (NIL_P(memo))
-	memo = INT2FIX(0);
-    else
-	memo = rb_to_int(memo);
+    memo = (!argc || NIL_P(memo = argv[0])) ? INT2FIX(0) : rb_to_int(memo);
     return enumerator_block_call(obj, enumerator_with_index_i, (VALUE)MEMO_NEW(memo, 0, 0));
 }
 
@@ -639,9 +711,9 @@ enumerator_with_object_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, memo))
  *     puts "#{string}: #{x}"
  *   end
  *
- *   # => foo:0
- *   # => foo:1
- *   # => foo:2
+ *   # => foo: 0
+ *   # => foo: 1
+ *   # => foo: 2
  */
 static VALUE
 enumerator_with_object(VALUE obj, VALUE memo)
@@ -667,7 +739,7 @@ next_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, obj))
 }
 
 static VALUE
-next_i(VALUE curr, VALUE obj)
+next_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(_, obj))
 {
     struct enumerator *e = enumerator_ptr(obj);
     VALUE nil = Qnil;
@@ -721,6 +793,8 @@ get_next_values(VALUE obj, struct enumerator *e)
  * internal position forward.  When the position reached at the end,
  * StopIteration is raised.
  *
+ * See class-level notes about external iterators.
+ *
  * This method can be used to distinguish <code>yield</code> and <code>yield
  * nil</code>.
  *
@@ -754,10 +828,6 @@ get_next_values(VALUE obj, struct enumerator *e)
  *   #  yield nil        [nil]            nil
  *   #  yield [1, 2]     [[1, 2]]         [1, 2]
  *
- * Note that +next_values+ does not affect other non-external enumeration
- * methods unless underlying iteration method itself has side-effect, e.g.
- * IO#each_line.
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -811,9 +881,7 @@ ary2sv(VALUE args, int dup)
  *   p e.next   #=> 3
  *   p e.next   #raises StopIteration
  *
- * Note that enumeration sequence by +next+ does not affect other non-external
- * enumeration methods, unless the underlying iteration methods itself has
- * side-effect, e.g. IO#each_line.
+ * See class-level notes about external iterators.
  *
  */
 
@@ -843,6 +911,8 @@ enumerator_peek_values(VALUE obj)
  * doesn't move the internal position forward.  If the position is already at
  * the end, StopIteration is raised.
  *
+ * See class-level notes about external iterators.
+ *
  * === Example
  *
  *   o = Object.new
@@ -877,6 +947,8 @@ enumerator_peek_values_m(VALUE obj)
  * position forward.  If the position is already at the end, StopIteration
  * is raised.
  *
+ * See class-level notes about external iterators.
+ *
  * === Example
  *
  *   a = [1,2,3]
@@ -1000,7 +1072,6 @@ inspect_enumerator(VALUE obj, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 
     if (recur) {
 	str = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": ...>", rb_class_path(cname));
-	OBJ_TAINT(str);
 	return str;
     }
 
@@ -1037,6 +1108,22 @@ inspect_enumerator(VALUE obj, VALUE dummy, int recur)
     return str;
 }
 
+static int
+key_symbol_p(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE arg)
+{
+    if (SYMBOL_P(key)) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    *(int *)arg = FALSE;
+    return ST_STOP;
+}
+
+static int
+kwd_append(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE str)
+{
+    if (!SYMBOL_P(key)) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "non-symbol key inserted");
+    rb_str_catf(str, "% "PRIsVALUE": %"PRIsVALUE", ", key, val);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 append_method(VALUE obj, VALUE str, ID default_method, VALUE default_args)
 {
@@ -1064,15 +1151,27 @@ append_method(VALUE obj, VALUE str, ID default_method, VALUE default_args)
 	const VALUE *argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(eargs); /* WB: no new reference */
 
 	if (argc > 0) {
+	    VALUE kwds = Qnil;
+
 	    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
 
+            if (RB_TYPE_P(argv[argc-1], T_HASH) && !RHASH_EMPTY_P(argv[argc-1])) {
+		int all_key = TRUE;
+		rb_hash_foreach(argv[argc-1], key_symbol_p, (VALUE)&all_key);
+		if (all_key) kwds = argv[--argc];
+	    }
+
 	    while (argc--) {
 		VALUE arg = *argv++;
 
 		rb_str_append(str, rb_inspect(arg));
-		rb_str_buf_cat2(str, argc > 0 ? ", " : ")");
-		OBJ_INFECT(str, arg);
+		rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
 	    }
+	    if (!NIL_P(kwds)) {
+		rb_hash_foreach(kwds, kwd_append, str);
+	    }
+	    rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str)-2);
+	    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
 	}
     }
 
@@ -1119,11 +1218,11 @@ enumerator_size(VALUE obj)
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(e->procs); i++) {
 	    VALUE proc = RARRAY_AREF(e->procs, i);
 	    struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc);
-	    lazyenum_size_func *size = entry->fn->size;
-	    if (!size) {
+	    lazyenum_size_func *size_fn = entry->fn->size;
+	    if (!size_fn) {
 		return Qnil;
 	    }
-	    receiver = (*size)(proc, receiver);
+	    receiver = (*size_fn)(proc, receiver);
 	}
 	return receiver;
     }
@@ -1135,7 +1234,7 @@ enumerator_size(VALUE obj)
 	argc = (int)RARRAY_LEN(e->args);
 	argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(e->args);
     }
-    size = rb_check_funcall(e->size, id_call, argc, argv);
+    size = rb_check_funcall_kw(e->size, id_call, argc, argv, e->kw_splat);
     if (size != Qundef) return size;
     return e->size;
 }
@@ -1147,7 +1246,14 @@ static void
 yielder_mark(void *p)
 {
     struct yielder *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
+}
+
+static void
+yielder_compact(void *p)
+{
+    struct yielder *ptr = p;
+    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
 }
 
 #define yielder_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -1164,6 +1270,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t yielder_data_type = {
 	yielder_mark,
 	yielder_free,
 	yielder_memsize,
+        yielder_compact,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
@@ -1224,21 +1331,44 @@ yielder_yield(VALUE obj, VALUE args)
 {
     struct yielder *ptr = yielder_ptr(obj);
 
-    return rb_proc_call(ptr->proc, args);
+    return rb_proc_call_kw(ptr->proc, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-yielder_yield_push(VALUE obj, VALUE args)
+yielder_yield_push(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
 {
-    yielder_yield(obj, args);
+    struct yielder *ptr = yielder_ptr(obj);
+
+    rb_proc_call_with_block(ptr->proc, 1, &arg, Qnil);
+
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns a Proc object that takes arguments and yields them.
+ *
+ * This method is implemented so that a Yielder object can be directly
+ * passed to another method as a block argument.
+ *
+ *   enum = Enumerator.new { |y|
+ *     Dir.glob("*.rb") { |file|
+ *       File.open(file) { |f| f.each_line(&y) }
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ */
+static VALUE
+yielder_to_proc(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE method = rb_obj_method(obj, sym_yield);
+
+    return rb_funcall(method, idTo_proc, 0);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 yielder_yield_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(obj, memo))
 {
-    return rb_yield_values2(argc, argv);
+    return rb_yield_values_kw(argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1254,8 +1384,16 @@ static void
 generator_mark(void *p)
 {
     struct generator *ptr = p;
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->proc);
-    rb_gc_mark(ptr->obj);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->obj);
+}
+
+static void
+generator_compact(void *p)
+{
+    struct generator *ptr = p;
+    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
+    ptr->obj = rb_gc_location(ptr->obj);
 }
 
 #define generator_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -1272,6 +1410,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t generator_data_type = {
 	generator_mark,
 	generator_free,
 	generator_memsize,
+        generator_compact,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
@@ -1378,7 +1517,7 @@ generator_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	rb_ary_cat(args, argv, argc);
     }
 
-    return rb_proc_call(ptr->proc, args);
+    return rb_proc_call_kw(ptr->proc, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /* Lazy Enumerator methods */
@@ -1395,17 +1534,7 @@ lazyenum_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     return enum_size(self);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_size(VALUE self)
-{
-    return enum_size(rb_ivar_get(self, id_receiver));
-}
-
-static VALUE
-lazy_receiver_size(VALUE generator, VALUE args, VALUE lazy)
-{
-    return lazy_size(lazy);
-}
+#define lazy_receiver_size lazy_map_size
 
 static VALUE
 lazy_init_iterator(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
@@ -1447,22 +1576,47 @@ lazy_init_block_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
 #define LAZY_MEMO_BREAK_P(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags & LAZY_MEMO_BREAK)
 #define LAZY_MEMO_PACKED_P(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags & LAZY_MEMO_PACKED)
 #define LAZY_MEMO_SET_BREAK(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags |= LAZY_MEMO_BREAK)
+#define LAZY_MEMO_RESET_BREAK(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags &= ~LAZY_MEMO_BREAK)
 #define LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(memo, value) MEMO_V2_SET(memo, value)
+#define LAZY_MEMO_SET_PACKED(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags |= LAZY_MEMO_PACKED)
+#define LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(memo) ((memo)->memo_flags &= ~LAZY_MEMO_PACKED)
+
+static VALUE lazy_yielder_result(struct MEMO *result, VALUE yielder, VALUE procs_array, VALUE memos, long i);
 
 static VALUE
-lazy_init_yielder(VALUE val, VALUE m, int argc, VALUE *argv)
+lazy_init_yielder(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(_, m))
 {
     VALUE yielder = RARRAY_AREF(m, 0);
     VALUE procs_array = RARRAY_AREF(m, 1);
     VALUE memos = rb_attr_get(yielder, id_memo);
-    long i = 0;
     struct MEMO *result;
-    int cont = 1;
 
-    result = MEMO_NEW(Qnil, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv),
+    result = MEMO_NEW(m, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv),
 		      argc > 1 ? LAZY_MEMO_PACKED : 0);
+    return lazy_yielder_result(result, yielder, procs_array, memos, 0);
+}
 
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(procs_array); i++) {
+static VALUE
+lazy_yielder_yield(struct MEMO *result, long memo_index, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE m = result->v1;
+    VALUE yielder = RARRAY_AREF(m, 0);
+    VALUE procs_array = RARRAY_AREF(m, 1);
+    VALUE memos = rb_attr_get(yielder, id_memo);
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv));
+    if (argc > 1)
+        LAZY_MEMO_SET_PACKED(result);
+    else
+        LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(result);
+    return lazy_yielder_result(result, yielder, procs_array, memos, memo_index);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+lazy_yielder_result(struct MEMO *result, VALUE yielder, VALUE procs_array, VALUE memos, long i)
+{
+    int cont = 1;
+
+    for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(procs_array); i++) {
 	VALUE proc = RARRAY_AREF(procs_array, i);
 	struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc);
 	if (!(*entry->fn->proc)(proc, result, memos, i)) {
@@ -1472,7 +1626,7 @@ lazy_init_yielder(VALUE val, VALUE m, int argc, VALUE *argv)
     }
 
     if (cont) {
-	rb_funcall2(yielder, id_yield, 1, &(result->memo_value));
+	rb_funcall2(yielder, idLTLT, 1, &(result->memo_value));
     }
     if (LAZY_MEMO_BREAK_P(result)) {
 	rb_iter_break();
@@ -1481,7 +1635,7 @@ lazy_init_yielder(VALUE val, VALUE m, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-lazy_init_block(VALUE val, VALUE m, int argc, VALUE *argv)
+lazy_init_block(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
 {
     VALUE procs = RARRAY_AREF(m, 1);
 
@@ -1519,32 +1673,93 @@ lazy_generator_init(VALUE enumerator, VALUE procs)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Document-class: Enumerator::Lazy
+ *
+ * Enumerator::Lazy is a special type of Enumerator, that allows constructing
+ * chains of operations without evaluating them immediately, and evaluating
+ * values on as-needed basis. In order to do so it redefines most of Enumerable
+ * methods so that they just construct another lazy enumerator.
+ *
+ * Enumerator::Lazy can be constructed from any Enumerable with the
+ * Enumerable#lazy method.
+ *
+ *    lazy = (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.select(&:odd?).drop(10).take_while { |i| i < 30 }
+ *    # => #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..Infinity>:select>:drop(10)>:take_while>
+ *
+ * The real enumeration is performed when any non-redefined Enumerable method
+ * is called, like Enumerable#first or Enumerable#to_a (the latter is aliased
+ * as #force for more semantic code):
+ *
+ *    lazy.first(2)
+ *    #=> [21, 23]
+ *
+ *    lazy.force
+ *    #=> [21, 23, 25, 27, 29]
+ *
+ * Note that most Enumerable methods that could be called with or without
+ * a block, on Enumerator::Lazy will always require a block:
+ *
+ *    [1, 2, 3].map       #=> #<Enumerator: [1, 2, 3]:map>
+ *    [1, 2, 3].lazy.map  # ArgumentError: tried to call lazy map without a block
+ *
+ * This class allows idiomatic calculations on long or infinite sequences, as well
+ * as chaining of calculations without constructing intermediate arrays.
+ *
+ * Example for working with a slowly calculated sequence:
+ *
+ *    require 'open-uri'
+ *
+ *    # This will fetch all URLs before selecting
+ *    # necessary data
+ *    URLS.map { |u| JSON.parse(open(u).read) }
+ *      .select { |data| data.key?('stats') }
+ *      .first(5)
+ *
+ *    # This will fetch URLs one-by-one, only till
+ *    # there is enough data to satisfy the condition
+ *    URLS.lazy.map { |u| JSON.parse(open(u).read) }
+ *      .select { |data| data.key?('stats') }
+ *      .first(5)
+ *
+ * Ending a chain with ".eager" generates a non-lazy enumerator, which
+ * is suitable for returning or passing to another method that expects
+ * a normal enumerator.
+ *
+ *    def active_items
+ *      groups
+ *        .lazy
+ *        .flat_map(&:items)
+ *        .reject(&:disabled)
+ *        .eager
+ *    end
+ *
+ *    # This works lazily; if a checked item is found, it stops
+ *    # iteration and does not look into remaining groups.
+ *    first_checked = active_items.find(&:checked)
+ *
+ *    # This returns an array of items like a normal enumerator does.
+ *    all_checked = active_items.select(&:checked)
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
  * call-seq:
- *   Lazy.new(obj, size=nil) { |yielder, *values| ... }
+ *   Lazy.new(obj, size=nil) { |yielder, *values| block }
  *
  * Creates a new Lazy enumerator. When the enumerator is actually enumerated
  * (e.g. by calling #force), +obj+ will be enumerated and each value passed
  * to the given block. The block can yield values back using +yielder+.
- * For example, to create a method +filter_map+ in both lazy and
- * non-lazy fashions:
+ * For example, to create a "filter+map" enumerator:
  *
- *   module Enumerable
- *     def filter_map(&block)
- *       map(&block).compact
+ *   def filter_map(sequence)
+ *     Lazy.new(sequence) do |yielder, *values|
+ *       result = yield *values
+ *       yielder << result if result
  *     end
  *   end
  *
- *   class Enumerator::Lazy
- *     def filter_map
- *       Lazy.new(self) do |yielder, *values|
- *         result = yield *values
- *         yielder << result if result
- *       end
- *     end
- *   end
- *
- *   (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.filter_map{|i| i*i if i.even?}.first(5)
- *       # => [4, 16, 36, 64, 100]
+ *   filter_map(1..Float::INFINITY) {|i| i*i if i.even?}.first(5)
+ *   #=> [4, 16, 36, 64, 100]
  */
 static VALUE
 lazy_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1562,12 +1777,26 @@ lazy_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
     generator = generator_allocate(rb_cGenerator);
     rb_block_call(generator, id_initialize, 0, 0, lazy_init_block_i, obj);
-    enumerator_init(self, generator, sym_each, 0, 0, 0, size);
+    enumerator_init(self, generator, sym_each, 0, 0, 0, size, 0);
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_receiver, obj);
 
     return self;
 }
 
+#if 0 /* for RDoc */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   lazy.to_a  -> array
+ *   lazy.force -> array
+ *
+ * Expands +lazy+ enumerator to an array.
+ * See Enumerable#to_a.
+ */
+static VALUE lazy_to_a(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
 static void
 lazy_set_args(VALUE lazy, VALUE args)
 {
@@ -1582,6 +1811,7 @@ lazy_set_args(VALUE lazy, VALUE args)
     }
 }
 
+#if 0
 static VALUE
 lazy_set_method(VALUE lazy, VALUE args, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn)
 {
@@ -1590,6 +1820,7 @@ lazy_set_method(VALUE lazy, VALUE args, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn)
     e->size_fn = size_fn;
     return lazy;
 }
+#endif
 
 static VALUE
 lazy_add_method(VALUE obj, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE args, VALUE memo,
@@ -1635,11 +1866,9 @@ lazy_add_method(VALUE obj, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE args, VALUE memo,
  * call-seq:
  *   e.lazy -> lazy_enumerator
  *
- * Returns a lazy enumerator, whose methods map/collect,
- * flat_map/collect_concat, select/find_all, reject, grep, grep_v, zip, take,
- * take_while, drop, and drop_while enumerate values only on an
- * as-needed basis.  However, if a block is given to zip, values
- * are enumerated immediately.
+ * Returns an Enumerator::Lazy, which redefines most Enumerable
+ * methods to postpone enumeration and enumerate values only on an
+ * as-needed basis.
  *
  * === Example
  *
@@ -1665,33 +1894,33 @@ lazy_add_method(VALUE obj, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE args, VALUE memo,
 static VALUE
 enumerable_lazy(VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE result = lazy_to_enum_i(obj, sym_each, 0, 0, lazyenum_size);
+    VALUE result = lazy_to_enum_i(obj, sym_each, 0, 0, lazyenum_size, rb_keyword_given_p());
     /* Qfalse indicates that the Enumerator::Lazy has no method name */
     rb_ivar_set(result, id_method, Qfalse);
     return result;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-lazy_to_enum_i(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn)
+lazy_to_enum_i(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, int kw_splat)
 {
     return enumerator_init(enumerator_allocate(rb_cLazy),
-			   obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, Qnil);
+                           obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, Qnil, kw_splat);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   lzy.to_enum(method = :each, *args)                 -> lazy_enum
- *   lzy.enum_for(method = :each, *args)                -> lazy_enum
- *   lzy.to_enum(method = :each, *args) {|*args| block} -> lazy_enum
- *   lzy.enum_for(method = :each, *args){|*args| block} -> lazy_enum
+ *   lzy.to_enum(method = :each, *args)                   -> lazy_enum
+ *   lzy.enum_for(method = :each, *args)                  -> lazy_enum
+ *   lzy.to_enum(method = :each, *args) {|*args| block }  -> lazy_enum
+ *   lzy.enum_for(method = :each, *args) {|*args| block } -> lazy_enum
  *
- * Similar to Kernel#to_enum, except it returns a lazy enumerator.
+ * Similar to Object#to_enum, except it returns a lazy enumerator.
  * This makes it easy to define Enumerable methods that will
  * naturally remain lazy if called from a lazy enumerator.
  *
- * For example, continuing from the example in Kernel#to_enum:
+ * For example, continuing from the example in Object#to_enum:
  *
- *   # See Kernel#to_enum for the definition of repeat
+ *   # See Object#to_enum for the definition of repeat
  *   r = 1..Float::INFINITY
  *   r.repeat(2).first(5) # => [1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
  *   r.repeat(2).class # => Enumerator
@@ -1704,13 +1933,16 @@ lazy_to_enum_i(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator
 static VALUE
 lazy_to_enum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE lazy, meth = sym_each;
+    VALUE lazy, meth = sym_each, super_meth;
 
     if (argc > 0) {
 	--argc;
 	meth = *argv++;
     }
-    lazy = lazy_to_enum_i(self, meth, argc, argv, 0);
+    if (RTEST((super_meth = rb_hash_aref(lazy_use_super_method, meth)))) {
+        meth = super_meth;
+    }
+    lazy = lazy_to_enum_i(self, meth, argc, argv, 0, rb_keyword_given_p());
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	enumerator_ptr(lazy)->size = rb_block_proc();
     }
@@ -1718,6 +1950,26 @@ lazy_to_enum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+lazy_eager_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
+{
+    return enum_size(self);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   lzy.eager -> enum
+ *
+ * Returns a non-lazy Enumerator converted from the lazy enumerator.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+lazy_eager(VALUE self)
+{
+    return enumerator_init(enumerator_allocate(rb_cEnumerator),
+                           self, sym_each, 0, 0, lazy_eager_size, Qnil, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 lazyenum_yield(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result)
 {
     struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc_entry);
@@ -1743,6 +1995,7 @@ lazy_map_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_inde
 {
     VALUE value = lazyenum_yield_values(proc_entry, result);
     LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, value);
+    LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(result);
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -1756,6 +2009,19 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_map_funcs = {
     lazy_map_proc, lazy_map_size,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.collect { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.map     { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#map, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ *
+ *     (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.map {|i| i**2 }
+ *     #=> #<Enumerator::Lazy: #<Enumerator::Lazy: 1..Infinity>:map>
+ *     (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.map {|i| i**2 }.first(3)
+ *     #=> [1, 4, 9]
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_map(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -1766,75 +2032,77 @@ lazy_map(VALUE obj)
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_map_funcs);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_flat_map_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, yielder))
-{
-    return rb_funcallv(yielder, id_yield, argc, argv);
-}
+struct flat_map_i_arg {
+    struct MEMO *result;
+    long index;
+};
 
 static VALUE
-lazy_flat_map_each(VALUE obj, VALUE yielder)
+lazy_flat_map_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, y))
 {
-    rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, lazy_flat_map_i, yielder);
-    return Qnil;
+    struct flat_map_i_arg *arg = (struct flat_map_i_arg *)y;
+
+    return lazy_yielder_yield(arg->result, arg->index, argc, argv);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_flat_map_to_ary(VALUE obj, VALUE yielder)
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_flat_map_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    VALUE ary = rb_check_array_type(obj);
-    if (NIL_P(ary)) {
-	rb_funcall(yielder, id_yield, 1, obj);
+    VALUE value = lazyenum_yield_values(proc_entry, result);
+    VALUE ary = 0;
+    const long proc_index = memo_index + 1;
+    int break_p = LAZY_MEMO_BREAK_P(result);
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(value, T_ARRAY)) {
+        ary = value;
     }
-    else {
-	long i;
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	    rb_funcall(yielder, id_yield, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
-	}
+    else if (rb_respond_to(value, id_force) && rb_respond_to(value, id_each)) {
+        struct flat_map_i_arg arg = {.result = result, .index = proc_index};
+        LAZY_MEMO_RESET_BREAK(result);
+        rb_block_call(value, id_each, 0, 0, lazy_flat_map_i, (VALUE)&arg);
+        if (break_p) LAZY_MEMO_SET_BREAK(result);
+        return 0;
     }
-    return Qnil;
-}
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_flat_map_proc(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
-{
-    VALUE result = rb_yield_values2(argc - 1, &argv[1]);
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(result, T_ARRAY)) {
-	long i;
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(result); i++) {
-	    rb_funcall(argv[0], id_yield, 1, RARRAY_AREF(result, i));
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	if (rb_respond_to(result, id_force) && rb_respond_to(result, id_each)) {
-	    lazy_flat_map_each(result, argv[0]);
-	}
-	else {
-	    lazy_flat_map_to_ary(result, argv[0]);
-	}
+    if (ary || !NIL_P(ary = rb_check_array_type(value))) {
+        long i;
+        LAZY_MEMO_RESET_BREAK(result);
+        for (i = 0; i + 1 < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            const VALUE argv = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+            lazy_yielder_yield(result, proc_index, 1, &argv);
+        }
+        if (break_p) LAZY_MEMO_SET_BREAK(result);
+        if (i >= RARRAY_LEN(ary)) return 0;
+        value = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
     }
-    return Qnil;
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, value);
+    LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(result);
+    return result;
 }
 
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_flat_map_funcs = {
+    lazy_flat_map_proc, 0,
+};
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     lazy.collect_concat { |obj| block } -> a_lazy_enumerator
  *     lazy.flat_map       { |obj| block } -> a_lazy_enumerator
  *
  *  Returns a new lazy enumerator with the concatenated results of running
- *  <i>block</i> once for every element in <i>lazy</i>.
+ *  +block+ once for every element in the lazy enumerator.
  *
  *    ["foo", "bar"].lazy.flat_map {|i| i.each_char.lazy}.force
  *    #=> ["f", "o", "o", "b", "a", "r"]
  *
- *  A value <i>x</i> returned by <i>block</i> is decomposed if either of
+ *  A value +x+ returned by +block+ is decomposed if either of
  *  the following conditions is true:
  *
- *    a) <i>x</i> responds to both each and force, which means that
- *       <i>x</i> is a lazy enumerator.
- *    b) <i>x</i> is an array or responds to to_ary.
+ *  * +x+ responds to both each and force, which means that
+ *    +x+ is a lazy enumerator.
+ *  * +x+ is an array or responds to to_ary.
  *
- *  Otherwise, <i>x</i> is contained as-is in the return value.
+ *  Otherwise, +x+ is contained as-is in the return value.
  *
  *    [{a:1}, {b:2}].lazy.flat_map {|i| i}.force
  *    #=> [{:a=>1}, {:b=>2}]
@@ -1846,9 +2114,7 @@ lazy_flat_map(VALUE obj)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy flat_map without a block");
     }
 
-    return lazy_set_method(rb_block_call(rb_cLazy, id_new, 1, &obj,
-					 lazy_flat_map_proc, 0),
-			   Qnil, 0);
+    return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_flat_map_funcs);
 }
 
 static struct MEMO *
@@ -1863,6 +2129,14 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_select_funcs = {
     lazy_select_proc, 0,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.find_all { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.select   { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.filter   { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#select, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
 static VALUE
 lazy_select(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -1874,6 +2148,40 @@ lazy_select(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static struct MEMO *
+lazy_filter_map_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
+{
+    VALUE value = lazyenum_yield_values(proc_entry, result);
+    if (!RTEST(value)) return 0;
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, value);
+    LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_filter_map_funcs = {
+    lazy_filter_map_proc, 0,
+};
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.filter_map { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#filter_map, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ *
+ *    (1..).lazy.filter_map { |i| i * 2 if i.even? }.first(5)
+ *    #=> [4, 8, 12, 16, 20]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+lazy_filter_map(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "tried to call lazy filter_map without a block");
+    }
+
+    return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, &lazy_filter_map_funcs);
+}
+
+static struct MEMO *
 lazy_reject_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
     VALUE chain = lazyenum_yield(proc_entry, result);
@@ -1885,6 +2193,13 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_reject_funcs = {
     lazy_reject_proc, 0,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.reject { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#reject, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_reject(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -1913,6 +2228,7 @@ lazy_grep_iter_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long mem
     if (!RTEST(chain)) return 0;
     value = rb_proc_call_with_block(entry->proc, 1, &(result->memo_value), Qnil);
     LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, value);
+    LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(result);
 
     return result;
 }
@@ -1925,6 +2241,14 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_grep_funcs = {
     lazy_grep_proc, 0,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.grep(pattern)                  -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.grep(pattern) { |obj| block }  -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#grep, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_grep(VALUE obj, VALUE pattern)
 {
@@ -1933,38 +2257,51 @@ lazy_grep(VALUE obj, VALUE pattern)
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, pattern, rb_ary_new3(1, pattern), funcs);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_grep_v_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_grep_v_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    VALUE i = rb_enum_values_pack(argc - 1, argv + 1);
-    VALUE result = rb_funcall(m, id_eqq, 1, i);
-
-    if (!RTEST(result)) {
-	rb_funcall(argv[0], id_yield, 1, i);
-    }
-    return Qnil;
+    struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc_entry);
+    VALUE chain = rb_funcall(entry->memo, id_eqq, 1, result->memo_value);
+    if (RTEST(chain)) return 0;
+    return result;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_grep_v_iter(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_grep_v_iter_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    VALUE i = rb_enum_values_pack(argc - 1, argv + 1);
-    VALUE result = rb_funcall(m, id_eqq, 1, i);
+    struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc_entry);
+    VALUE value, chain = rb_funcall(entry->memo, id_eqq, 1, result->memo_value);
 
-    if (!RTEST(result)) {
-	rb_funcall(argv[0], id_yield, 1, rb_yield(i));
-    }
-    return Qnil;
+    if (RTEST(chain)) return 0;
+    value = rb_proc_call_with_block(entry->proc, 1, &(result->memo_value), Qnil);
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, value);
+    LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(result);
+
+    return result;
 }
 
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_grep_v_iter_funcs = {
+    lazy_grep_v_iter_proc, 0,
+};
+
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_grep_v_funcs = {
+    lazy_grep_v_proc, 0,
+};
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.grep_v(pattern)                  -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.grep_v(pattern) { |obj| block }  -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#grep_v, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_grep_v(VALUE obj, VALUE pattern)
 {
-    return lazy_set_method(rb_block_call(rb_cLazy, id_new, 1, &obj,
-					 rb_block_given_p() ?
-					 lazy_grep_v_iter : lazy_grep_v_func,
-					 pattern),
-			   rb_ary_new3(1, pattern), 0);
+    const lazyenum_funcs *const funcs = rb_block_given_p() ?
+        &lazy_grep_v_iter_funcs : &lazy_grep_v_funcs;
+    return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, pattern, rb_ary_new3(1, pattern), funcs);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1974,69 +2311,78 @@ call_next(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-next_stopped(VALUE obj)
+next_stopped(VALUE obj, VALUE _)
 {
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_zip_arrays_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, arrays))
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_zip_arrays_func(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    VALUE yielder, ary, memo;
-    long i, count;
-
-    yielder = argv[0];
-    memo = rb_attr_get(yielder, id_memo);
-    count = NIL_P(memo) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(memo);
+    struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc_entry);
+    VALUE ary, arrays = entry->memo;
+    VALUE memo = rb_ary_entry(memos, memo_index);
+    long i, count = NIL_P(memo) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(memo);
 
     ary = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(arrays) + 1);
-    rb_ary_push(ary, argv[1]);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, result->memo_value);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(arrays); i++) {
 	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_ary_entry(RARRAY_AREF(arrays, i), count));
     }
-    rb_funcall(yielder, id_yield, 1, ary);
-    rb_ivar_set(yielder, id_memo, LONG2NUM(++count));
-    return Qnil;
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, ary);
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_PACKED(result);
+    rb_ary_store(memos, memo_index, LONG2NUM(++count));
+    return result;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_zip_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, zip_args))
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_zip_func(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    VALUE yielder, ary, arg, v;
+    struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc_entry);
+    VALUE arg = rb_ary_entry(memos, memo_index);
+    VALUE zip_args = entry->memo;
+    VALUE ary, v;
     long i;
 
-    yielder = argv[0];
-    arg = rb_attr_get(yielder, id_memo);
     if (NIL_P(arg)) {
 	arg = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(zip_args));
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(zip_args); i++) {
 	    rb_ary_push(arg, rb_funcall(RARRAY_AREF(zip_args, i), id_to_enum, 0));
 	}
-	rb_ivar_set(yielder, id_memo, arg);
+	rb_ary_store(memos, memo_index, arg);
     }
 
     ary = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(arg) + 1);
-    v = Qnil;
-    if (--argc > 0) {
-	++argv;
-	v = argc > 1 ? rb_ary_new_from_values(argc, argv) : *argv;
-    }
-    rb_ary_push(ary, v);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, result->memo_value);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(arg); i++) {
 	v = rb_rescue2(call_next, RARRAY_AREF(arg, i), next_stopped, 0,
 		       rb_eStopIteration, (VALUE)0);
 	rb_ary_push(ary, v);
     }
-    rb_funcall(yielder, id_yield, 1, ary);
-    return Qnil;
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, ary);
+    LAZY_MEMO_SET_PACKED(result);
+    return result;
 }
 
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_zip_funcs[] = {
+    {lazy_zip_func, lazy_receiver_size,},
+    {lazy_zip_arrays_func, lazy_receiver_size,},
+};
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.zip(arg, ...)                  -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.zip(arg, ...) { |arr| block }  -> nil
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#zip, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ *  However, if a block is given to zip, values are enumerated immediately.
+ */
 static VALUE
 lazy_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE ary, v;
     long i;
-    rb_block_call_func *func = lazy_zip_arrays_func;
+    const lazyenum_funcs *funcs = &lazy_zip_funcs[1];
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
@@ -2053,15 +2399,13 @@ lazy_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 		}
 	    }
 	    ary = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
-	    func = lazy_zip_func;
+	    funcs = &lazy_zip_funcs[0];
 	    break;
 	}
 	rb_ary_push(ary, v);
     }
 
-    return lazy_set_method(rb_block_call(rb_cLazy, id_new, 1, &obj,
-					 func, ary),
-			   ary, lazy_receiver_size);
+    return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, ary, ary, funcs);
 }
 
 static struct MEMO *
@@ -2099,6 +2443,13 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_take_funcs = {
     lazy_take_proc, lazy_take_size,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.take(n)               -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#take, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 {
@@ -2134,6 +2485,13 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_take_while_funcs = {
     lazy_take_while_proc, 0,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.take_while { |obj| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#take_while, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_take_while(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -2181,6 +2539,13 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_drop_funcs = {
     lazy_drop_proc, lazy_drop_size,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.drop(n)               -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#drop, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_drop(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 {
@@ -2218,6 +2583,13 @@ static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_drop_while_funcs = {
     lazy_drop_while_proc, 0,
 };
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.drop_while { |obj| block }  -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#drop_while, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_drop_while(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -2228,47 +2600,189 @@ lazy_drop_while(VALUE obj)
     return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qfalse, Qnil, &lazy_drop_while_funcs);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_uniq_i(VALUE i, VALUE hash, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE yielder)
+static int
+lazy_uniq_check(VALUE chain, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    if (rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, i, Qfalse))
-	return Qnil;
-    return rb_funcallv(yielder, id_yield, argc, argv);
+    VALUE hash = rb_ary_entry(memos, memo_index);
+
+    if (NIL_P(hash)) {
+        hash = rb_obj_hide(rb_hash_new());
+        rb_ary_store(memos, memo_index, hash);
+    }
+
+    return rb_hash_add_new_element(hash, chain, Qfalse);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_uniq_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_uniq_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    VALUE yielder = (--argc, *argv++);
-    i = rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv);
-    return lazy_uniq_i(i, hash, argc, argv, yielder);
+    if (lazy_uniq_check(result->memo_value, memos, memo_index)) return 0;
+    return result;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_uniq_iter(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_uniq_iter_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
 {
-    VALUE yielder = (--argc, *argv++);
-    i = rb_yield_values2(argc, argv);
-    return lazy_uniq_i(i, hash, argc, argv, yielder);
+    VALUE chain = lazyenum_yield(proc_entry, result);
+
+    if (lazy_uniq_check(chain, memos, memo_index)) return 0;
+    return result;
 }
 
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_uniq_iter_funcs = {
+    lazy_uniq_iter_proc, 0,
+};
+
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_uniq_funcs = {
+    lazy_uniq_proc, 0,
+};
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.uniq                  -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.uniq { |item| block } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#uniq, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_uniq(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_block_call_func *const func =
-	rb_block_given_p() ? lazy_uniq_iter : lazy_uniq_func;
-    VALUE hash = rb_obj_hide(rb_hash_new());
-    return lazy_set_method(rb_block_call(rb_cLazy, id_new, 1, &obj,
-					 func, hash),
-			   0, 0);
+    const lazyenum_funcs *const funcs =
+        rb_block_given_p() ? &lazy_uniq_iter_funcs : &lazy_uniq_funcs;
+    return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, Qnil, Qnil, funcs);
+}
+
+static struct MEMO *
+lazy_with_index_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO* result, VALUE memos, long memo_index)
+{
+    struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc_entry);
+    VALUE memo = rb_ary_entry(memos, memo_index);
+    VALUE argv[2];
+
+    if (NIL_P(memo)) {
+        memo = entry->memo;
+    }
+
+    argv[0] = result->memo_value;
+    argv[1] = memo;
+    if (entry->proc) {
+        rb_proc_call_with_block(entry->proc, 2, argv, Qnil);
+        LAZY_MEMO_RESET_PACKED(result);
+    }
+    else {
+        LAZY_MEMO_SET_VALUE(result, rb_ary_new_from_values(2, argv));
+        LAZY_MEMO_SET_PACKED(result);
+    }
+    rb_ary_store(memos, memo_index, LONG2NUM(NUM2LONG(memo) + 1));
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+lazy_with_index_size(VALUE proc, VALUE receiver) {
+    return receiver;
+}
+
+static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_with_index_funcs = {
+    lazy_with_index_proc, lazy_with_index_size,
+};
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   lazy.with_index(offset = 0) {|(*args), idx| block }
+ *   lazy.with_index(offset = 0)
+ *
+ * If a block is given, iterates the given block for each element
+ * with an index, which starts from +offset+, and returns a
+ * lazy enumerator that yields the same values (without the index).
+ *
+ * If a block is not given, returns a new lazy enumerator that
+ * includes the index, starting from +offset+.
+ *
+ * +offset+:: the starting index to use
+ *
+ * See Enumerator#with_index.
+ */
+static VALUE
+lazy_with_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE memo;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &memo);
+    if (NIL_P(memo))
+        memo = LONG2NUM(0);
+
+    return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, memo, rb_ary_new_from_values(1, &memo), &lazy_with_index_funcs);
 }
 
+#if 0 /* for RDoc */
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.chunk { |elt| ... }                       -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#chunk, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+static VALUE lazy_chunk(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.chunk_while {|elt_before, elt_after| bool } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#chunk_while, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+static VALUE lazy_chunk_while(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.slice_after(pattern)       -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.slice_after { |elt| bool } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#slice_after, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+static VALUE lazy_slice_after(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.slice_before(pattern)       -> lazy_enumerator
+ *     lazy.slice_before { |elt| bool } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#slice_before, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+static VALUE lazy_slice_before(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     lazy.slice_when {|elt_before, elt_after| bool } -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Like Enumerable#slice_when, but chains operation to be lazy-evaluated.
+ */
+static VALUE lazy_slice_when(VALUE self)
+{
+}
+# endif
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_super(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE lazy)
 {
     return enumerable_lazy(rb_call_super(argc, argv));
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     enum.lazy -> lazy_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns self.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 lazy_lazy(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -2328,9 +2842,1174 @@ stop_result(VALUE self)
     return rb_attr_get(self, id_result);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Producer
+ */
+
+static void
+producer_mark(void *p)
+{
+    struct producer *ptr = p;
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->init);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->proc);
+}
+
+static void
+producer_compact(void *p)
+{
+    struct producer *ptr = p;
+    ptr->init = rb_gc_location(ptr->init);
+    ptr->proc = rb_gc_location(ptr->proc);
+}
+
+#define producer_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
+
+static size_t
+producer_memsize(const void *p)
+{
+    return sizeof(struct producer);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t producer_data_type = {
+    "producer",
+    {
+        producer_mark,
+        producer_free,
+        producer_memsize,
+        producer_compact,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static struct producer *
+producer_ptr(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct producer *ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct producer, &producer_data_type, ptr);
+    if (!ptr || ptr->proc == Qundef) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized producer");
+    }
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+producer_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct producer *ptr;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct producer, &producer_data_type, ptr);
+    ptr->init = Qundef;
+    ptr->proc = Qundef;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+producer_init(VALUE obj, VALUE init, VALUE proc)
+{
+    struct producer *ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct producer, &producer_data_type, ptr);
+
+    if (!ptr) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated producer");
+    }
+
+    ptr->init = init;
+    ptr->proc = proc;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+producer_each_stop(VALUE dummy, VALUE exc)
+{
+    return rb_attr_get(exc, id_result);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static VALUE producer_each_i(VALUE obj));
+
+static VALUE
+producer_each_i(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct producer *ptr;
+    VALUE init, proc, curr;
+
+    ptr = producer_ptr(obj);
+    init = ptr->init;
+    proc = ptr->proc;
+
+    if (init == Qundef) {
+        curr = Qnil;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_yield(init);
+        curr = init;
+    }
+
+    for (;;) {
+        curr = rb_funcall(proc, id_call, 1, curr);
+        rb_yield(curr);
+    }
+
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+producer_each(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_need_block();
+
+    return rb_rescue2(producer_each_i, obj, producer_each_stop, (VALUE)0, rb_eStopIteration, (VALUE)0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+producer_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
+{
+    return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Enumerator.produce(initial = nil) { |prev| block } -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Creates an infinite enumerator from any block, just called over and
+ * over.  The result of the previous iteration is passed to the next one.
+ * If +initial+ is provided, it is passed to the first iteration, and
+ * becomes the first element of the enumerator; if it is not provided,
+ * the first iteration receives +nil+, and its result becomes the first
+ * element of the iterator.
+ *
+ * Raising StopIteration from the block stops an iteration.
+ *
+ *   Enumerator.produce(1, &:succ)   # => enumerator of 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
+ *
+ *   Enumerator.produce { rand(10) } # => infinite random number sequence
+ *
+ *   ancestors = Enumerator.produce(node) { |prev| node = prev.parent or raise StopIteration }
+ *   enclosing_section = ancestors.find { |n| n.type == :section }
+ *
+ * Using ::produce together with Enumerable methods like Enumerable#detect,
+ * Enumerable#slice_after, Enumerable#take_while can provide Enumerator-based alternatives
+ * for +while+ and +until+ cycles:
+ *
+ *   # Find next Tuesday
+ *   require "date"
+ *   Enumerator.produce(Date.today, &:succ).detect(&:tuesday?)
+ *
+ *   # Simple lexer:
+ *   require "strscan"
+ *   scanner = StringScanner.new("7+38/6")
+ *   PATTERN = %r{\d+|[-/+*]}
+ *   Enumerator.produce { scanner.scan(PATTERN) }.slice_after { scanner.eos? }.first
+ *   # => ["7", "+", "38", "/", "6"]
+ */
+static VALUE
+enumerator_s_produce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE init, producer;
+
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no block given");
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &init) == 0) {
+        init = Qundef;
+    }
+
+    producer = producer_init(producer_allocate(rb_cEnumProducer), init, rb_block_proc());
+
+    return rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(producer, sym_each, 0, 0, producer_size, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: Enumerator::Chain
+ *
+ * Enumerator::Chain is a subclass of Enumerator, which represents a
+ * chain of enumerables that works as a single enumerator.
+ *
+ * This type of objects can be created by Enumerable#chain and
+ * Enumerator#+.
+ */
+
+static void
+enum_chain_mark(void *p)
+{
+    struct enum_chain *ptr = p;
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(ptr->enums);
+}
+
+static void
+enum_chain_compact(void *p)
+{
+    struct enum_chain *ptr = p;
+    ptr->enums = rb_gc_location(ptr->enums);
+}
+
+#define enum_chain_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
+
+static size_t
+enum_chain_memsize(const void *p)
+{
+    return sizeof(struct enum_chain);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t enum_chain_data_type = {
+    "chain",
+    {
+        enum_chain_mark,
+        enum_chain_free,
+        enum_chain_memsize,
+        enum_chain_compact,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static struct enum_chain *
+enum_chain_ptr(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct enum_chain *ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_chain, &enum_chain_data_type, ptr);
+    if (!ptr || ptr->enums == Qundef) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized chain");
+    }
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct enum_chain *ptr;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct enum_chain, &enum_chain_data_type, ptr);
+    ptr->enums = Qundef;
+    ptr->pos = -1;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   Enumerator::Chain.new(*enums) -> enum
+ *
+ * Generates a new enumerator object that iterates over the elements
+ * of given enumerable objects in sequence.
+ *
+ *   e = Enumerator::Chain.new(1..3, [4, 5])
+ *   e.to_a #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *   e.size #=> 5
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_initialize(VALUE obj, VALUE enums)
+{
+    struct enum_chain *ptr;
+
+    rb_check_frozen(obj);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_chain, &enum_chain_data_type, ptr);
+
+    if (!ptr) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated chain");
+
+    ptr->enums = rb_obj_freeze(enums);
+    ptr->pos = -1;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_init_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
+{
+    struct enum_chain *ptr0, *ptr1;
+
+    if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig)) return obj;
+    ptr0 = enum_chain_ptr(orig);
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_chain, &enum_chain_data_type, ptr1);
+
+    if (!ptr1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated chain");
+
+    ptr1->enums = ptr0->enums;
+    ptr1->pos = ptr0->pos;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_total_size(VALUE enums)
+{
+    VALUE total = INT2FIX(0);
+    long i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(enums); i++) {
+        VALUE size = enum_size(RARRAY_AREF(enums, i));
+
+        if (NIL_P(size) || (RB_TYPE_P(size, T_FLOAT) && isinf(NUM2DBL(size)))) {
+            return size;
+        }
+        if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(size)) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+
+        total = rb_funcall(total, '+', 1, size);
+    }
+
+    return total;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   obj.size -> int, Float::INFINITY or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the total size of the enumerator chain calculated by
+ * summing up the size of each enumerable in the chain.  If any of the
+ * enumerables reports its size as nil or Float::INFINITY, that value
+ * is returned as the total size.
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_size(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return enum_chain_total_size(enum_chain_ptr(obj)->enums);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_enum_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
+{
+    return enum_chain_size(obj);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_enum_no_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
+{
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   obj.each(*args) { |...| ... } -> obj
+ *   obj.each(*args) -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Iterates over the elements of the first enumerable by calling the
+ * "each" method on it with the given arguments, then proceeds to the
+ * following enumerables in sequence until all of the enumerables are
+ * exhausted.
+ *
+ * If no block is given, returns an enumerator.
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE enums, block;
+    struct enum_chain *objptr;
+    long i;
+
+    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, argc > 0 ? enum_chain_enum_no_size : enum_chain_enum_size);
+
+    objptr = enum_chain_ptr(obj);
+    enums = objptr->enums;
+    block = rb_block_proc();
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(enums); i++) {
+        objptr->pos = i;
+        rb_funcall_with_block(RARRAY_AREF(enums, i), id_each, argc, argv, block);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   obj.rewind -> obj
+ *
+ * Rewinds the enumerator chain by calling the "rewind" method on each
+ * enumerable in reverse order.  Each call is performed only if the
+ * enumerable responds to the method.
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_rewind(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct enum_chain *objptr = enum_chain_ptr(obj);
+    VALUE enums = objptr->enums;
+    long i;
+
+    for (i = objptr->pos; 0 <= i && i < RARRAY_LEN(enums); objptr->pos = --i) {
+        rb_check_funcall(RARRAY_AREF(enums, i), id_rewind, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+inspect_enum_chain(VALUE obj, VALUE dummy, int recur)
+{
+    VALUE klass = rb_obj_class(obj);
+    struct enum_chain *ptr;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_chain, &enum_chain_data_type, ptr);
+
+    if (!ptr || ptr->enums == Qundef) {
+        return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": uninitialized>", rb_class_path(klass));
+    }
+
+    if (recur) {
+        return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": ...>", rb_class_path(klass));
+    }
+
+    return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": %+"PRIsVALUE">", rb_class_path(klass), ptr->enums);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   obj.inspect -> string
+ *
+ * Returns a printable version of the enumerator chain.
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain_inspect(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_enum_chain, obj, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   e.chain(*enums) -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Returns an enumerator object generated from this enumerator and
+ * given enumerables.
+ *
+ *   e = (1..3).chain([4, 5])
+ *   e.to_a #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ */
+static VALUE
+enum_chain(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE enums = rb_ary_new_from_values(1, &obj);
+    rb_ary_cat(enums, argv, argc);
+
+    return enum_chain_initialize(enum_chain_allocate(rb_cEnumChain), enums);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   e + enum -> enumerator
+ *
+ * Returns an enumerator object generated from this enumerator and a
+ * given enumerable.
+ *
+ *   e = (1..3).each + [4, 5]
+ *   e.to_a #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ */
+static VALUE
+enumerator_plus(VALUE obj, VALUE eobj)
+{
+    VALUE enums = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, obj, eobj);
+
+    return enum_chain_initialize(enum_chain_allocate(rb_cEnumChain), enums);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
+ *
+ * Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence is a subclass of Enumerator,
+ * that is a representation of sequences of numbers with common difference.
+ * Instances of this class can be generated by the Range#step and Numeric#step
+ * methods.
+ *
+ * The class can be used for slicing Array (see Array#slice) or custom
+ * collections.
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_arith_seq_new(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, VALUE const *argv,
+                 rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn,
+                 VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE step, int excl)
+{
+    VALUE aseq = enumerator_init(enumerator_allocate(rb_cArithSeq),
+                                 obj, meth, argc, argv, size_fn, Qnil, rb_keyword_given_p());
+    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_begin, beg);
+    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_end, end);
+    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_step, step);
+    rb_ivar_set(aseq, id_exclude_end, excl ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+    return aseq;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: aseq.begin -> num or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the number that defines the first element of this arithmetic
+ * sequence.
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+arith_seq_begin(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_begin);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: aseq.end -> num or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the number that defines the end of this arithmetic sequence.
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+arith_seq_end(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_end);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: aseq.step -> num
+ *
+ * Returns the number that defines the common difference between
+ * two adjacent elements in this arithmetic sequence.
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+arith_seq_step(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_step);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: aseq.exclude_end? -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns <code>true</code> if this arithmetic sequence excludes its end value.
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+arith_seq_exclude_end(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_ivar_get(self, id_exclude_end);
+}
+
+static inline int
+arith_seq_exclude_end_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    return RTEST(arith_seq_exclude_end(self));
+}
+
+int
+rb_arithmetic_sequence_extract(VALUE obj, rb_arithmetic_sequence_components_t *component)
+{
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cArithSeq)) {
+        component->begin = arith_seq_begin(obj);
+        component->end   = arith_seq_end(obj);
+        component->step  = arith_seq_step(obj);
+        component->exclude_end = arith_seq_exclude_end_p(obj);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else if (rb_range_values(obj, &component->begin, &component->end, &component->exclude_end)) {
+        component->step  = INT2FIX(1);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_arithmetic_sequence_beg_len_step(VALUE obj, long *begp, long *lenp, long *stepp, long len, int err)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(begp != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(lenp != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(stepp != NULL);
+
+    rb_arithmetic_sequence_components_t aseq;
+    if (!rb_arithmetic_sequence_extract(obj, &aseq)) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    long step = NIL_P(aseq.step) ? 1 : NUM2LONG(aseq.step);
+    *stepp = step;
+
+    if (step < 0) {
+        VALUE tmp = aseq.begin;
+        aseq.begin = aseq.end;
+        aseq.end = tmp;
+    }
+
+    if (err == 0 && (step < -1 || step > 1)) {
+        if (rb_range_component_beg_len(aseq.begin, aseq.end, aseq.exclude_end, begp, lenp, len, 1) == Qtrue) {
+            if (*begp > len)
+                goto out_of_range;
+            if (*lenp > len)
+                goto out_of_range;
+            return Qtrue;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_range_component_beg_len(aseq.begin, aseq.end, aseq.exclude_end, begp, lenp, len, err);
+    }
+
+  out_of_range:
+    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%+"PRIsVALUE" out of range", obj);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq.first -> num or nil
+ *   aseq.first(n) -> an_array
+ *
+ * Returns the first number in this arithmetic sequence,
+ * or an array of the first +n+ elements.
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE b, e, s, ary;
+    long n;
+    int x;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+
+    b = arith_seq_begin(self);
+    e = arith_seq_end(self);
+    s = arith_seq_step(self);
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        if (NIL_P(b)) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+        if (!NIL_P(e)) {
+            VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
+            int r = rb_cmpint(rb_num_coerce_cmp(s, zero, idCmp), s, zero);
+            if (r > 0 && RTEST(rb_funcall(b, '>', 1, e))) {
+                return Qnil;
+            }
+            if (r < 0 && RTEST(rb_funcall(b, '<', 1, e))) {
+                return Qnil;
+            }
+        }
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: the following code should be extracted as arith_seq_take
+
+    n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
+    if (n < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
+    }
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
+    }
+
+    x = arith_seq_exclude_end_p(self);
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(b) && NIL_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(s)) {
+        long i = FIX2LONG(b), unit = FIX2LONG(s);
+        ary = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+        while (n > 0 && FIXABLE(i)) {
+            rb_ary_push(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
+            i += unit;  // FIXABLE + FIXABLE never overflow;
+            --n;
+        }
+        if (n > 0) {
+            b = LONG2NUM(i);
+            while (n > 0) {
+                rb_ary_push(ary, b);
+                b = rb_big_plus(b, s);
+                --n;
+            }
+        }
+        return ary;
+    }
+    else if (FIXNUM_P(b) && FIXNUM_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(s)) {
+        long i = FIX2LONG(b);
+        long end = FIX2LONG(e);
+        long unit = FIX2LONG(s);
+        long len;
+
+        if (unit >= 0) {
+            if (!x) end += 1;
+
+            len = end - i;
+            if (len < 0) len = 0;
+            ary = rb_ary_new_capa((n < len) ? n : len);
+            while (n > 0 && i < end) {
+                rb_ary_push(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
+                if (i + unit < i) break;
+                i += unit;
+                --n;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!x) end -= 1;
+
+            len = i - end;
+            if (len < 0) len = 0;
+            ary = rb_ary_new_capa((n < len) ? n : len);
+            while (n > 0 && i > end) {
+                rb_ary_push(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
+                if (i + unit > i) break;
+                i += unit;
+                --n;
+            }
+        }
+        return ary;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(b) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(s)) {
+        /* generate values like ruby_float_step */
+
+        double unit = NUM2DBL(s);
+        double beg = NUM2DBL(b);
+        double end = NIL_P(e) ? (unit < 0 ? -1 : 1)*HUGE_VAL : NUM2DBL(e);
+        double len = ruby_float_step_size(beg, end, unit, x);
+        long i;
+
+        if (n > len)
+            n = (long)len;
+
+        if (isinf(unit)) {
+            if (len > 0) {
+                ary = rb_ary_new_capa(1);
+                rb_ary_push(ary, DBL2NUM(beg));
+            }
+            else {
+                ary = rb_ary_new_capa(0);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (unit == 0) {
+            VALUE val = DBL2NUM(beg);
+            ary = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+            for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ary = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+            for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                double d = i*unit+beg;
+                if (unit >= 0 ? end < d : d < end) d = end;
+                rb_ary_push(ary, DBL2NUM(d));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ary;
+    }
+
+    return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+num_plus(VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        return rb_int_plus(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        return rb_float_plus(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(a, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return rb_rational_plus(a, b);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_funcallv(a, '+', 1, &b);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+num_minus(VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        return rb_int_minus(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        return rb_float_minus(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(a, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return rb_rational_minus(a, b);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_funcallv(a, '-', 1, &b);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+num_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        return rb_int_mul(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        return rb_float_mul(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(a, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return rb_rational_mul(a, b);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_funcallv(a, '*', 1, &b);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+num_idiv(VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    VALUE q;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        q = rb_int_idiv(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a)) {
+        q = rb_float_div(a, b);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(a, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        q = rb_rational_div(a, b);
+    }
+    else {
+        q = rb_funcallv(a, idDiv, 1, &b);
+    }
+
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(q)) {
+        return q;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(q)) {
+        return rb_float_floor(q, 0);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(q, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        return rb_rational_floor(q, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_funcall(q, rb_intern("floor"), 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq.last    -> num or nil
+ *   aseq.last(n) -> an_array
+ *
+ * Returns the last number in this arithmetic sequence,
+ * or an array of the last +n+ elements.
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_last(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE b, e, s, len_1, len, last, nv, ary;
+    int last_is_adjusted;
+    long n;
+
+    e = arith_seq_end(self);
+    if (NIL_P(e)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError,
+                 "cannot get the last element of endless arithmetic sequence");
+    }
+
+    b = arith_seq_begin(self);
+    s = arith_seq_step(self);
+
+    len_1 = num_idiv(num_minus(e, b), s);
+    if (rb_num_negative_int_p(len_1)) {
+        if (argc == 0) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+        return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
+    }
+
+    last = num_plus(b, num_mul(s, len_1));
+    if ((last_is_adjusted = arith_seq_exclude_end_p(self) && rb_equal(last, e))) {
+        last = num_minus(last, s);
+    }
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        return last;
+    }
+
+    if (last_is_adjusted) {
+        len = len_1;
+    }
+    else {
+        len = rb_int_plus(len_1, INT2FIX(1));
+    }
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &nv);
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(nv)) {
+        nv = rb_to_int(nv);
+    }
+    if (RTEST(rb_int_gt(nv, len))) {
+        nv = len;
+    }
+    n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+    if (n < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
+    }
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+    b = rb_int_minus(last, rb_int_mul(s, nv));
+    while (n) {
+        b = rb_int_plus(b, s);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, b);
+        --n;
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq.inspect -> string
+ *
+ * Convert this arithmetic sequence to a printable form.
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_inspect(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct enumerator *e;
+    VALUE eobj, str, eargs;
+    int range_p;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct enumerator, &enumerator_data_type, e);
+
+    eobj = rb_attr_get(self, id_receiver);
+    if (NIL_P(eobj)) {
+        eobj = e->obj;
+    }
+
+    range_p = RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(eobj, rb_cRange));
+    str = rb_sprintf("(%s%"PRIsVALUE"%s.", range_p ? "(" : "", eobj, range_p ? ")" : "");
+
+    rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_id2str(e->meth));
+
+    eargs = rb_attr_get(eobj, id_arguments);
+    if (NIL_P(eargs)) {
+        eargs = e->args;
+    }
+    if (eargs != Qfalse) {
+        long argc = RARRAY_LEN(eargs);
+        const VALUE *argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(eargs); /* WB: no new reference */
+
+        if (argc > 0) {
+            VALUE kwds = Qnil;
+
+            rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
+
+            if (RB_TYPE_P(argv[argc-1], T_HASH)) {
+                int all_key = TRUE;
+                rb_hash_foreach(argv[argc-1], key_symbol_p, (VALUE)&all_key);
+                if (all_key) kwds = argv[--argc];
+            }
+
+            while (argc--) {
+                VALUE arg = *argv++;
+
+                rb_str_append(str, rb_inspect(arg));
+                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
+            }
+            if (!NIL_P(kwds)) {
+                rb_hash_foreach(kwds, kwd_append, str);
+            }
+            rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str)-2); /* drop the last ", " */
+            rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq == obj  -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns <code>true</code> only if +obj+ is an Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence,
+ * has equivalent begin, end, step, and exclude_end? settings.
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    if (!RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, rb_cArithSeq))) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_equal(arith_seq_begin(self), arith_seq_begin(other))) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_equal(arith_seq_end(self), arith_seq_end(other))) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_equal(arith_seq_step(self), arith_seq_step(other))) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    if (arith_seq_exclude_end_p(self) != arith_seq_exclude_end_p(other)) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq.hash  -> integer
+ *
+ * Compute a hash-value for this arithmetic sequence.
+ * Two arithmetic sequences with same begin, end, step, and exclude_end?
+ * values will generate the same hash-value.
+ *
+ * See also Object#hash.
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_hash(VALUE self)
+{
+    st_index_t hash;
+    VALUE v;
+
+    hash = rb_hash_start(arith_seq_exclude_end_p(self));
+    v = rb_hash(arith_seq_begin(self));
+    hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, NUM2LONG(v));
+    v = rb_hash(arith_seq_end(self));
+    hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, NUM2LONG(v));
+    v = rb_hash(arith_seq_step(self));
+    hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, NUM2LONG(v));
+    hash = rb_hash_end(hash);
+
+    return ST2FIX(hash);
+}
+
+#define NUM_GE(x, y) RTEST(rb_num_coerce_relop((x), (y), idGE))
+
+struct arith_seq_gen {
+    VALUE current;
+    VALUE end;
+    VALUE step;
+    int excl;
+};
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq.each {|i| block } -> aseq
+ *   aseq.each              -> aseq
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_each(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE c, e, s, len_1, last;
+    int x;
+
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) return self;
+
+    c = arith_seq_begin(self);
+    e = arith_seq_end(self);
+    s = arith_seq_step(self);
+    x = arith_seq_exclude_end_p(self);
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(s, T_COMPLEX) && ruby_float_step(c, e, s, x, TRUE)) {
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(e)) {
+        while (1) {
+            rb_yield(c);
+            c = rb_int_plus(c, s);
+        }
+
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    if (rb_equal(s, INT2FIX(0))) {
+        while (1) {
+            rb_yield(c);
+        }
+
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    len_1 = num_idiv(num_minus(e, c), s);
+    last = num_plus(c, num_mul(s, len_1));
+    if (x && rb_equal(last, e)) {
+        last = num_minus(last, s);
+    }
+
+    if (rb_num_negative_int_p(s)) {
+        while (NUM_GE(c, last)) {
+            rb_yield(c);
+            c = num_plus(c, s);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (NUM_GE(last, c)) {
+            rb_yield(c);
+            c = num_plus(c, s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   aseq.size -> num or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the number of elements in this arithmetic sequence if it is a finite
+ * sequence.  Otherwise, returns <code>nil</code>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_size(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE b, e, s, len_1, len, last;
+    int x;
+
+    b = arith_seq_begin(self);
+    e = arith_seq_end(self);
+    s = arith_seq_step(self);
+    x = arith_seq_exclude_end_p(self);
+
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(b) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(s)) {
+        double ee, n;
+
+        if (NIL_P(e)) {
+            if (rb_num_negative_int_p(s)) {
+                ee = -HUGE_VAL;
+            }
+            else {
+                ee = HUGE_VAL;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ee = NUM2DBL(e);
+        }
+
+        n = ruby_float_step_size(NUM2DBL(b), ee, NUM2DBL(s), x);
+        if (isinf(n)) return DBL2NUM(n);
+        if (POSFIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX((long)n);
+        return rb_dbl2big(n);
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(e)) {
+        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(s, rb_cNumeric)) {
+        s = rb_to_int(s);
+    }
+
+    if (rb_equal(s, INT2FIX(0))) {
+        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    }
+
+    len_1 = rb_int_idiv(rb_int_minus(e, b), s);
+    if (rb_num_negative_int_p(len_1)) {
+        return INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+
+    last = rb_int_plus(b, rb_int_mul(s, len_1));
+    if (x && rb_equal(last, e)) {
+        len = len_1;
+    }
+    else {
+        len = rb_int_plus(len_1, INT2FIX(1));
+    }
+
+    return len;
+}
+
+#define sym(name) ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(name))
 void
 InitVM_Enumerator(void)
 {
+    ID id_private = rb_intern_const("private");
+
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "to_enum", obj_to_enum, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "enum_for", obj_to_enum, -1);
 
@@ -2353,19 +4032,62 @@ InitVM_Enumerator(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "rewind", enumerator_rewind, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "inspect", enumerator_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "size", enumerator_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumerator, "+", enumerator_plus, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "chain", enum_chain, -1);
 
     /* Lazy */
     rb_cLazy = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEnumerator, "Lazy", rb_cEnumerator);
     rb_define_method(rb_mEnumerable, "lazy", enumerable_lazy, 0);
+
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_map", "map");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_collect", "collect");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_flat_map", "flat_map");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_collect_concat", "collect_concat");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_select", "select");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_find_all", "find_all");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_filter", "filter");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_filter_map", "filter_map");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_reject", "reject");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_grep", "grep");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_grep_v", "grep_v");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_zip", "zip");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_take", "take");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_take_while", "take_while");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_drop", "drop");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_drop_while", "drop_while");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_uniq", "uniq");
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cLazy, "_enumerable_with_index", enumerator_with_index, -1);
+
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_map"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_collect"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_flat_map"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_collect_concat"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_select"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_find_all"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_filter"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_filter_map"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_reject"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_grep"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_grep_v"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_zip"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_take"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_take_while"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_drop"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_drop_while"));
+    rb_funcall(rb_cLazy, id_private, 1, sym("_enumerable_uniq"));
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "initialize", lazy_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "to_enum", lazy_to_enum, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "enum_for", lazy_to_enum, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "eager", lazy_eager, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "map", lazy_map, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "collect", lazy_map, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "flat_map", lazy_flat_map, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "collect_concat", lazy_flat_map, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "select", lazy_select, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "find_all", lazy_select, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "filter", lazy_select, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "filter_map", lazy_filter_map, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "reject", lazy_reject, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "grep", lazy_grep, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "grep_v", lazy_grep_v, 1);
@@ -2381,7 +4103,38 @@ InitVM_Enumerator(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "slice_when", lazy_super, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "chunk_while", lazy_super, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "uniq", lazy_uniq, 0);
-
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "with_index", lazy_with_index, -1);
+
+    lazy_use_super_method = rb_hash_new_with_size(18);
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("map"), sym("_enumerable_map"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("collect"), sym("_enumerable_collect"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("flat_map"), sym("_enumerable_flat_map"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("collect_concat"), sym("_enumerable_collect_concat"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("select"), sym("_enumerable_select"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("find_all"), sym("_enumerable_find_all"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("filter"), sym("_enumerable_filter"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("filter_map"), sym("_enumerable_filter_map"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("reject"), sym("_enumerable_reject"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("grep"), sym("_enumerable_grep"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("grep_v"), sym("_enumerable_grep_v"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("zip"), sym("_enumerable_zip"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("take"), sym("_enumerable_take"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("take_while"), sym("_enumerable_take_while"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("drop"), sym("_enumerable_drop"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("drop_while"), sym("_enumerable_drop_while"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("uniq"), sym("_enumerable_uniq"));
+    rb_hash_aset(lazy_use_super_method, sym("with_index"), sym("_enumerable_with_index"));
+    rb_obj_freeze(lazy_use_super_method);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(lazy_use_super_method);
+
+#if 0 /* for RDoc */
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "to_a", lazy_to_a, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "chunk", lazy_chunk, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "chunk_while", lazy_chunk_while, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "slice_after", lazy_slice_after, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "slice_before", lazy_slice_before, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cLazy, "slice_when", lazy_slice_when, 0);
+#endif
     rb_define_alias(rb_cLazy, "force", "to_a");
 
     rb_eStopIteration = rb_define_class("StopIteration", rb_eIndexError);
@@ -2400,34 +4153,67 @@ InitVM_Enumerator(void)
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cYielder, yielder_allocate);
     rb_define_method(rb_cYielder, "initialize", yielder_initialize, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cYielder, "yield", yielder_yield, -2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cYielder, "<<", yielder_yield_push, -2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cYielder, "<<", yielder_yield_push, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cYielder, "to_proc", yielder_to_proc, 0);
+
+    /* Producer */
+    rb_cEnumProducer = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEnumerator, "Producer", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cEnumProducer, producer_allocate);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumProducer, "each", producer_each, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEnumerator, "produce", enumerator_s_produce, -1);
+
+    /* Chain */
+    rb_cEnumChain = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEnumerator, "Chain", rb_cEnumerator);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cEnumChain, enum_chain_allocate);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumChain, "initialize", enum_chain_initialize, -2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumChain, "initialize_copy", enum_chain_init_copy, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumChain, "each", enum_chain_each, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumChain, "size", enum_chain_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumChain, "rewind", enum_chain_rewind, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumChain, "inspect", enum_chain_inspect, 0);
+
+    /* ArithmeticSequence */
+    rb_cArithSeq = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEnumerator, "ArithmeticSequence", rb_cEnumerator);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cArithSeq);
+    rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cArithSeq), "new");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "begin", arith_seq_begin, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "end", arith_seq_end, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "exclude_end?", arith_seq_exclude_end, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "step", arith_seq_step, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "first", arith_seq_first, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "last", arith_seq_last, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "inspect", arith_seq_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "==", arith_seq_eq, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "===", arith_seq_eq, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "eql?", arith_seq_eq, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "hash", arith_seq_hash, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "each", arith_seq_each, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cArithSeq, "size", arith_seq_size, 0);
 
     rb_provide("enumerator.so");	/* for backward compatibility */
 }
+#undef sym
 
-#undef rb_intern
 void
 Init_Enumerator(void)
 {
-    id_rewind = rb_intern("rewind");
-    id_each = rb_intern("each");
-    id_call = rb_intern("call");
-    id_size = rb_intern("size");
-    id_yield = rb_intern("yield");
-    id_new = rb_intern("new");
-    id_initialize = rb_intern("initialize");
-    id_next = rb_intern("next");
-    id_result = rb_intern("result");
-    id_lazy = rb_intern("lazy");
-    id_eqq = rb_intern("===");
-    id_receiver = rb_intern("receiver");
-    id_arguments = rb_intern("arguments");
-    id_memo = rb_intern("memo");
-    id_method = rb_intern("method");
-    id_force = rb_intern("force");
-    id_to_enum = rb_intern("to_enum");
+    id_rewind = rb_intern_const("rewind");
+    id_new = rb_intern_const("new");
+    id_next = rb_intern_const("next");
+    id_result = rb_intern_const("result");
+    id_receiver = rb_intern_const("receiver");
+    id_arguments = rb_intern_const("arguments");
+    id_memo = rb_intern_const("memo");
+    id_method = rb_intern_const("method");
+    id_force = rb_intern_const("force");
+    id_to_enum = rb_intern_const("to_enum");
+    id_begin = rb_intern_const("begin");
+    id_end = rb_intern_const("end");
+    id_step = rb_intern_const("step");
+    id_exclude_end = rb_intern_const("exclude_end");
     sym_each = ID2SYM(id_each);
-    sym_cycle = ID2SYM(rb_intern("cycle"));
+    sym_cycle = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("cycle"));
+    sym_yield = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("yield"));
 
     InitVM(Enumerator);
 }
diff --git a/error.c b/error.c
index efcf278793..d614a9c0a2 100644
--- a/error.c
+++ b/error.c
@@ -9,25 +9,45 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "ruby_assert.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
-#include <stdlib.h>
+# include <stdlib.h>
 #endif
-#include <errno.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-#include <unistd.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
 #if defined __APPLE__
 # include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/load.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+/*!
+ * \defgroup exception Exception handlings
+ * \{
+ */
+
 #ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
 #endif
@@ -42,25 +62,26 @@
 
 VALUE rb_iseqw_local_variables(VALUE iseqval);
 VALUE rb_iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *);
+int rb_str_end_with_asciichar(VALUE str, int c);
+VALUE rb_ident_hash_new(void);
 
+long rb_backtrace_length_limit = -1;
 VALUE rb_eEAGAIN;
 VALUE rb_eEWOULDBLOCK;
 VALUE rb_eEINPROGRESS;
-VALUE rb_mWarning;
+static VALUE rb_mWarning;
+static VALUE rb_cWarningBuffer;
 
 static ID id_warn;
+static ID id_category;
+static ID id_deprecated;
+static ID id_experimental;
+static VALUE sym_category;
+static VALUE warning_categories;
+static VALUE warning_category_t_map;
 
 extern const char ruby_description[];
 
-static const char REPORTBUG_MSG[] =
-	"[NOTE]\n" \
-	"You may have encountered a bug in the Ruby interpreter" \
-	" or extension libraries.\n" \
-	"Bug reports are welcome.\n" \
-	""
-	"For details: http://www.ruby-lang.org/bugreport.html\n\n" \
-    ;
-
 static const char *
 rb_strerrno(int err)
 {
@@ -128,44 +149,193 @@ rb_syntax_error_append(VALUE exc, VALUE file, int line, int column,
     return exc;
 }
 
-void
-rb_compile_error_with_enc(const char *file, int line, void *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+static unsigned int warning_disabled_categories = (
+    1U << RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED |
+    0);
+
+static unsigned int
+rb_warning_category_mask(VALUE category)
 {
-    ONLY_FOR_INTERNAL_USE("rb_compile_error_with_enc()");
+    return 1U << rb_warning_category_from_name(category);
 }
 
-void
-rb_compile_error(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+rb_warning_category_t
+rb_warning_category_from_name(VALUE category)
 {
-    ONLY_FOR_INTERNAL_USE("rb_compile_error()");
+    VALUE cat_value;
+    Check_Type(category, T_SYMBOL);
+    cat_value = rb_hash_aref(warning_categories, category);
+    if (cat_value == Qnil) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown category: %"PRIsVALUE, category);
+    }
+    return NUM2INT(cat_value);
 }
 
 void
-rb_compile_error_append(const char *fmt, ...)
+rb_warning_category_update(unsigned int mask, unsigned int bits)
 {
-    ONLY_FOR_INTERNAL_USE("rb_compile_error_append()");
+    warning_disabled_categories &= ~mask;
+    warning_disabled_categories |= mask & ~bits;
 }
 
-void
-ruby_only_for_internal_use(const char *func)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED bool
+rb_warning_category_enabled_p(rb_warning_category_t category)
+{
+    return !(warning_disabled_categories & (1U << category));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Warning[category]  -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns the flag to show the warning messages for +category+.
+ * Supported categories are:
+ *
+ * +:deprecated+ :: deprecation warnings
+ * * assignment of non-nil value to <code>$,</code> and <code>$;</code>
+ * * keyword arguments
+ * * proc/lambda without block
+ * etc.
+ *
+ * +:experimental+ :: experimental features
+ * * Pattern matching
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_warning_s_aref(VALUE mod, VALUE category)
 {
-    rb_print_backtrace();
-    rb_fatal("%s is only for internal use and deprecated; do not use", func);
+    rb_warning_category_t cat = rb_warning_category_from_name(category);
+    if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(cat))
+        return Qtrue;
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Warning[category] = flag -> flag
+ *
+ * Sets the warning flags for +category+.
+ * See Warning.[] for the categories.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_warning_s_aset(VALUE mod, VALUE category, VALUE flag)
+{
+    unsigned int mask = rb_warning_category_mask(category);
+    unsigned int disabled = warning_disabled_categories;
+    if (!RTEST(flag))
+        disabled |= mask;
+    else
+        disabled &= ~mask;
+    warning_disabled_categories = disabled;
+    return flag;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    warn(msg, category: nil)  -> nil
+ *
+ * Writes warning message +msg+ to $stderr. This method is called by
+ * Ruby for all emitted warnings. A +category+ may be included with
+ * the warning.
+ *
+ * See the documentation of the Warning module for how to customize this.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
-rb_warning_s_warn(VALUE mod, VALUE str)
+rb_warning_s_warn(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 {
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE opt;
+    VALUE category = Qnil;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) rb_get_kwargs(opt, &id_category, 0, 1, &category);
+
     Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
     rb_must_asciicompat(str);
+    if (!NIL_P(category)) {
+        rb_warning_category_t cat = rb_warning_category_from_name(category);
+        if (!rb_warning_category_enabled_p(cat)) return Qnil;
+    }
     rb_write_error_str(str);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  Document-module: Warning
+ *
+ *  The Warning module contains a single method named #warn, and the
+ *  module extends itself, making Warning.warn available.
+ *  Warning.warn is called for all warnings issued by Ruby.
+ *  By default, warnings are printed to $stderr.
+ *
+ *  Changing the behavior of Warning.warn is useful to customize how warnings are
+ *  handled by Ruby, for instance by filtering some warnings, and/or outputting
+ *  warnings somewhere other than $stderr.
+ *
+ *  If you want to change the behavior of Warning.warn you should use
+ *  +Warning.extend(MyNewModuleWithWarnMethod)+ and you can use `super`
+ *  to get the default behavior of printing the warning to $stderr.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    module MyWarningFilter
+ *      def warn(message, category: nil, **kwargs)
+ *        if /some warning I want to ignore/.matches?(message)
+ *          # ignore
+ *        else
+ *          super
+ *        end
+ *      end
+ *    end
+ *    Warning.extend MyWarningFilter
+ *
+ *  You should never redefine Warning#warn (the instance method), as that will
+ *  then no longer provide a way to use the default behavior.
+ *
+ *  The +warning+ gem provides convenient ways to customize Warning.warn.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_warning_warn(VALUE mod, VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_funcallv(mod, id_warn, 1, &str);
+}
+
+
+static int
+rb_warning_warn_arity(void)
+{
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me = rb_method_entry(rb_singleton_class(rb_mWarning), id_warn);
+    return me ? rb_method_entry_arity(me) : 1;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_warn_category(VALUE str, VALUE category)
+{
+    if (category != Qnil) {
+        category = rb_to_symbol_type(category);
+        if (!RTEST(rb_hash_aref(warning_categories, category))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid warning category used: %s", rb_id2name(SYM2ID(category)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (rb_warning_warn_arity() == 1) {
+        return rb_warning_warn(rb_mWarning, str);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE args[2];
+        args[0] = str;
+        args[1] = rb_hash_new();
+        rb_hash_aset(args[1], sym_category, category);
+        return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_mWarning, id_warn, 2, args, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 rb_write_warning_str(VALUE str)
 {
-    rb_funcall(rb_mWarning, id_warn, 1, str);
+    rb_warning_warn(rb_mWarning, str);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -206,97 +376,200 @@ rb_compile_warning(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
     rb_write_warning_str(str);
 }
 
+void
+rb_category_compile_warn(rb_warning_category_t category, const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    va_list args;
+
+    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    str = warn_vsprintf(NULL, file, line, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_warn_category(str, rb_hash_fetch(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(category)));
+}
+
 static VALUE
 warning_string(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, va_list args)
 {
     int line;
-    VALUE file = rb_source_location(&line);
-
-    return warn_vsprintf(enc,
-			 NIL_P(file) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(file), line,
-			 fmt, args);
+    const char *file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
+    return warn_vsprintf(enc, file, line, fmt, args);
 }
 
+#define with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) \
+    VALUE mesg; \
+    va_list args; va_start(args, fmt); \
+    mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args); \
+    va_end(args);
+
 void
 rb_warn(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE mesg;
-    va_list args;
-
-    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+	    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+	}
+    }
+}
 
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+void
+rb_category_warn(rb_warning_category_t category, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+        with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+            rb_warn_category(mesg, rb_hash_fetch(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(category)));
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 void
 rb_enc_warn(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE mesg;
-    va_list args;
-
-    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
-
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
+	    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+	}
+    }
 }
 
 /* rb_warning() reports only in verbose mode */
 void
 rb_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE mesg;
-    va_list args;
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+	    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+	}
+    }
+}
 
-    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+/* rb_category_warning() reports only in verbose mode */
+void
+rb_category_warning(rb_warning_category_t category, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+        with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+            rb_warn_category(mesg, rb_hash_fetch(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(category)));
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+VALUE
+rb_warning_string(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+    }
+    return mesg;
 }
 
 #if 0
 void
 rb_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE mesg;
-    va_list args;
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
+	    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+	}
+    }
+}
+#endif
 
-    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+void
+rb_warn_deprecated(const char *fmt, const char *suggest, ...)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
+    if (!rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED)) return;
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, suggest);
+    VALUE mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg) - 1);
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, " is deprecated");
+    if (suggest) rb_str_catf(mesg, "; use %s instead", suggest);
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, "\n");
+    rb_warn_category(mesg, ID2SYM(id_deprecated));
+}
 
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args);
+void
+rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove(const char *fmt, const char *removal, ...)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
+    if (!rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED)) return;
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, removal);
+    VALUE mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
-    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+    rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg) - 1);
+    rb_str_catf(mesg, " is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby %s\n", removal);
+    rb_warn_category(mesg, ID2SYM(id_deprecated));
 }
-#endif
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    warn(msg, ...)   -> nil
- *
- * Displays each of the given messages followed by a record separator on
- * STDERR unless warnings have been disabled (for example with the
- * <code>-W0</code> flag).
- *
- *    warn("warning 1", "warning 2")
- *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
- *
- *    warning 1
- *    warning 2
- */
+static inline int
+end_with_asciichar(VALUE str, int c)
+{
+    return RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING) &&
+	rb_str_end_with_asciichar(str, c);
+}
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_warn_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
+warning_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE buf)
 {
+    while (argc-- > 0) {
+	rb_str_append(buf, *argv++);
+    }
+    return buf;
+}
+
+VALUE rb_ec_backtrace_location_ary(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, long lev, long n, bool skip_internal);
+
+static VALUE
+rb_warn_m(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE exc, VALUE msgs, VALUE uplevel, VALUE category)
+{
+    VALUE location = Qnil;
+    int argc = RARRAY_LENINT(msgs);
+    const VALUE *argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(msgs);
+
     if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose) && argc > 0) {
-	rb_io_puts(argc, argv, rb_stderr);
+        VALUE str = argv[0];
+        if (!NIL_P(uplevel)) {
+            long lev = NUM2LONG(uplevel);
+            if (lev < 0) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative level (%ld)", lev);
+            }
+            location = rb_ec_backtrace_location_ary(ec, lev + 1, 1, TRUE);
+            if (!NIL_P(location)) {
+                location = rb_ary_entry(location, 0);
+            }
+	}
+	if (argc > 1 || !NIL_P(uplevel) || !end_with_asciichar(str, '\n')) {
+	    VALUE path;
+	    if (NIL_P(uplevel)) {
+		str = rb_str_tmp_new(0);
+	    }
+	    else if (NIL_P(location) ||
+		     NIL_P(path = rb_funcall(location, rb_intern("path"), 0))) {
+		str = rb_str_new_cstr("warning: ");
+	    }
+	    else {
+		str = rb_sprintf("%s:%ld: warning: ",
+		    rb_string_value_ptr(&path),
+		    NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(location, rb_intern("lineno"), 0)));
+	    }
+	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(str, rb_cWarningBuffer);
+	    rb_io_puts(argc, argv, str);
+	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(str, rb_cString);
+	}
+
+	if (exc == rb_mWarning) {
+	    rb_must_asciicompat(str);
+	    rb_write_error_str(str);
+	}
+	else {
+            rb_warn_category(str, category);
+	}
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -335,8 +608,9 @@ bug_report_file(const char *file, int line)
 
     if ((ssize_t)fwrite(buf, 1, len, out) == (ssize_t)len ||
 	(ssize_t)fwrite(buf, 1, len, (out = stdout)) == (ssize_t)len) {
-	return out;
+        return out;
     }
+
     return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -445,7 +719,6 @@ bug_report_end(FILE *out)
 	    (*reporter->func)(out, reporter->data);
 	}
     }
-    fputs(REPORTBUG_MSG, out);
     postscript_dump(out);
 }
 
@@ -479,32 +752,42 @@ die(void)
 }
 
 void
-rb_bug(const char *fmt, ...)
+rb_bug_without_die(const char *fmt, va_list args)
 {
     const char *file = NULL;
     int line = 0;
 
-    if (GET_THREAD()) {
-	file = rb_source_loc(&line);
+    if (GET_EC()) {
+        file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
     }
 
-    report_bug(file, line, fmt, NULL);
+    report_bug_valist(file, line, fmt, NULL, args);
+}
 
+void
+rb_bug(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    rb_bug_without_die(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
     die();
 }
 
 void
-rb_bug_context(const void *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
+rb_bug_for_fatal_signal(ruby_sighandler_t default_sighandler, int sig, const void *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     const char *file = NULL;
     int line = 0;
 
-    if (GET_THREAD()) {
-	file = rb_source_loc(&line);
+    if (GET_EC()) {
+	file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
     }
 
     report_bug(file, line, fmt, ctx);
 
+    if (default_sighandler) default_sighandler(sig);
+
     die();
 }
 
@@ -549,8 +832,6 @@ rb_async_bug_errno(const char *mesg, int errno_arg)
     }
     WRITE_CONST(2, "\n\n");
     write_or_abort(2, ruby_description, strlen(ruby_description));
-    WRITE_CONST(2, "\n\n");
-    WRITE_CONST(2, REPORTBUG_MSG);
     abort();
 }
 
@@ -560,7 +841,7 @@ rb_report_bug_valist(VALUE file, int line, const char *fmt, va_list args)
     report_bug_valist(RSTRING_PTR(file), line, fmt, NULL, args);
 }
 
-void
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED void
 rb_assert_failure(const char *file, int line, const char *name, const char *expr)
 {
     FILE *out = stderr;
@@ -584,7 +865,7 @@ static const char builtin_types[][10] = {
     "Array",
     "Hash",
     "Struct",
-    "Bignum",
+    "Integer",
     "File",
     "Data",			/* internal use: wrapped C pointers */
     "MatchData",		/* data of $~ */
@@ -595,7 +876,7 @@ static const char builtin_types[][10] = {
     "true",
     "false",
     "Symbol",			/* :symbol */
-    "Fixnum",
+    "Integer",
     "undef",			/* internal use: #undef; should not happen */
     "",				/* 0x17 */
     "",				/* 0x18 */
@@ -615,6 +896,17 @@ rb_builtin_type_name(int t)
     return 0;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+displaying_class_of(VALUE x)
+{
+    switch (x) {
+      case Qfalse: return rb_fstring_cstr("false");
+      case Qnil:   return rb_fstring_cstr("nil");
+      case Qtrue:  return rb_fstring_cstr("true");
+      default:     return rb_obj_class(x);
+    }
+}
+
 static const char *
 builtin_class_name(VALUE x)
 {
@@ -662,13 +954,8 @@ unexpected_type(VALUE x, int xt, int t)
     VALUE mesg, exc = rb_eFatal;
 
     if (tname) {
-	const char *cname = builtin_class_name(x);
-	if (cname)
-	    mesg = rb_sprintf("wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
-			      cname, tname);
-	else
-	    mesg = rb_sprintf("wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
-			      rb_obj_class(x), tname);
+        mesg = rb_sprintf("wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
+                          displaying_class_of(x), tname);
 	exc = rb_eTypeError;
     }
     else if (xt > T_MASK && xt <= 0x3f) {
@@ -726,29 +1013,36 @@ rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
     return 1;
 }
 
+#undef rb_typeddata_is_instance_of
+int
+rb_typeddata_is_instance_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
+{
+    return rb_typeddata_is_instance_of_inline(obj, data_type);
+}
+
 void *
 rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
 {
-    const char *etype;
+    VALUE actual;
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA)) {
-      wrong_type:
-	etype = builtin_class_name(obj);
-	if (!etype)
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
-		     rb_obj_class(obj), data_type->wrap_struct_name);
-      wrong_datatype:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
-		 etype, data_type->wrap_struct_name);
-    }
-    if (!RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
-	goto wrong_type;
+        actual = displaying_class_of(obj);
+    }
+    else if (!RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+        actual = displaying_class_of(obj);
     }
     else if (!rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type)) {
-	etype = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name;
-	goto wrong_datatype;
+        const char *name = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name;
+        actual = rb_str_new_cstr(name); /* or rb_fstring_cstr? not sure... */
     }
-    return DATA_PTR(obj);
+    else {
+        return DATA_PTR(obj);
+    }
+
+    const char *expected = data_type->wrap_struct_name;
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
+             actual, expected);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
 }
 
 /* exception classes */
@@ -759,6 +1053,7 @@ VALUE rb_eSignal;
 VALUE rb_eFatal;
 VALUE rb_eStandardError;
 VALUE rb_eRuntimeError;
+VALUE rb_eFrozenError;
 VALUE rb_eTypeError;
 VALUE rb_eArgError;
 VALUE rb_eIndexError;
@@ -772,6 +1067,7 @@ VALUE rb_eSecurityError;
 VALUE rb_eNotImpError;
 VALUE rb_eNoMemError;
 VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;
+VALUE rb_eNoMatchingPatternError;
 
 VALUE rb_eScriptError;
 VALUE rb_eSyntaxError;
@@ -781,22 +1077,24 @@ VALUE rb_eSystemCallError;
 VALUE rb_mErrno;
 static VALUE rb_eNOERROR;
 
-static ID id_new, id_cause, id_message, id_backtrace;
-static ID id_name, id_args, id_Errno, id_errno, id_i_path;
-static ID id_receiver, id_iseq, id_local_variables;
-static ID id_private_call_p;
-extern ID ruby_static_id_status;
+ID ruby_static_id_cause;
+#define id_cause ruby_static_id_cause
+static ID id_message, id_backtrace;
+static ID id_key, id_args, id_Errno, id_errno, id_i_path;
+static ID id_receiver, id_recv, id_iseq, id_local_variables;
+static ID id_private_call_p, id_top, id_bottom;
 #define id_bt idBt
 #define id_bt_locations idBt_locations
 #define id_mesg idMesg
-#define id_status ruby_static_id_status
+#define id_name idName
 
 #undef rb_exc_new_cstr
 
 VALUE
 rb_exc_new(VALUE etype, const char *ptr, long len)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(etype, id_new, 1, rb_str_new(ptr, len));
+    VALUE mesg = rb_str_new(ptr, len);
+    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &mesg, etype);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -809,12 +1107,22 @@ VALUE
 rb_exc_new_str(VALUE etype, VALUE str)
 {
     StringValue(str);
-    return rb_funcall(etype, id_new, 1, str);
+    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, etype);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+exc_init(VALUE exc, VALUE mesg)
+{
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, mesg);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, Qnil);
+
+    return exc;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Exception.new(msg = nil)   ->  exception
+ *    Exception.new(msg = nil)        ->  exception
+ *    Exception.exception(msg = nil)  ->  exception
  *
  *  Construct a new Exception object, optionally passing in
  *  a message.
@@ -825,18 +1133,15 @@ exc_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
 {
     VALUE arg;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg);
-    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, arg);
-    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, Qnil);
-
-    return exc;
+    arg = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? Qnil : argv[0]);
+    return exc_init(exc, arg);
 }
 
 /*
  *  Document-method: exception
  *
  *  call-seq:
- *     exc.exception(string)  ->  an_exception or exc
+ *     exc.exception([string])  ->  an_exception or exc
  *
  *  With no argument, or if the argument is the same as the receiver,
  *  return the receiver. Otherwise, create a new
@@ -850,11 +1155,11 @@ exc_exception(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE exc;
 
+    argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     if (argc == 0) return self;
     if (argc == 1 && self == argv[0]) return self;
     exc = rb_obj_clone(self);
-    exc_initialize(argc, argv, exc);
-
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, argv[0]);
     return exc;
 }
 
@@ -875,6 +1180,93 @@ exc_to_s(VALUE exc)
     return rb_String(mesg);
 }
 
+/* FIXME: Include eval_error.c */
+void rb_error_write(VALUE errinfo, VALUE emesg, VALUE errat, VALUE str, VALUE highlight, VALUE reverse);
+
+VALUE
+rb_get_message(VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE e = rb_check_funcall(exc, id_message, 0, 0);
+    if (e == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(e, T_STRING)) e = rb_check_string_type(e);
+    return e;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Exception.to_tty?   ->  true or false
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if exception messages will be sent to a tty.
+ */
+static VALUE
+exc_s_to_tty_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_stderr_tty_p() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   exception.full_message(highlight: bool, order: [:top or :bottom]) ->  string
+ *
+ * Returns formatted string of _exception_.
+ * The returned string is formatted using the same format that Ruby uses
+ * when printing an uncaught exceptions to stderr.
+ *
+ * If _highlight_ is +true+ the default error handler will send the
+ * messages to a tty.
+ *
+ * _order_ must be either of +:top+ or +:bottom+, and places the error
+ * message and the innermost backtrace come at the top or the bottom.
+ *
+ * The default values of these options depend on <code>$stderr</code>
+ * and its +tty?+ at the timing of a call.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_full_message(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE opt, str, emesg, errat;
+    enum {kw_highlight, kw_order, kw_max_};
+    static ID kw[kw_max_];
+    VALUE args[kw_max_] = {Qnil, Qnil};
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0:", &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
+	if (!kw[0]) {
+#define INIT_KW(n) kw[kw_##n] = rb_intern_const(#n)
+	    INIT_KW(highlight);
+	    INIT_KW(order);
+#undef INIT_KW
+	}
+	rb_get_kwargs(opt, kw, 0, kw_max_, args);
+	switch (args[kw_highlight]) {
+	  default:
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected true or false as "
+		     "highlight: %+"PRIsVALUE, args[kw_highlight]);
+	  case Qundef: args[kw_highlight] = Qnil; break;
+	  case Qtrue: case Qfalse: case Qnil: break;
+	}
+	if (args[kw_order] == Qundef) {
+	    args[kw_order] = Qnil;
+	}
+	else {
+	    ID id = rb_check_id(&args[kw_order]);
+	    if (id == id_bottom) args[kw_order] = Qtrue;
+	    else if (id == id_top) args[kw_order] = Qfalse;
+	    else {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected :top or :bottom as "
+			 "order: %+"PRIsVALUE, args[kw_order]);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    str = rb_str_new2("");
+    errat = rb_get_backtrace(exc);
+    emesg = rb_get_message(exc);
+
+    rb_error_write(exc, emesg, errat, str, args[kw_highlight], args[kw_order]);
+    return str;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   exception.message   ->  string
@@ -893,7 +1285,7 @@ exc_message(VALUE exc)
  * call-seq:
  *   exception.inspect   -> string
  *
- * Return this exception's class name and message
+ * Return this exception's class name and message.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -904,7 +1296,7 @@ exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
     klass = CLASS_OF(exc);
     exc = rb_obj_as_string(exc);
     if (RSTRING_LEN(exc) == 0) {
-	return rb_str_dup(rb_class_name(klass));
+        return rb_class_name(klass);
     }
 
     str = rb_str_buf_new2("#<");
@@ -919,7 +1311,7 @@ exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     exception.backtrace    -> array
+ *     exception.backtrace    -> array or nil
  *
  *  Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. The backtrace
  *  is an array of strings, each containing either ``filename:lineNo: in
@@ -944,6 +1336,12 @@ exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
  *     prog.rb:2:in `a'
  *     prog.rb:6:in `b'
  *     prog.rb:10
+ *
+ *  In the case no backtrace has been set, +nil+ is returned
+ *
+ *    ex = StandardError.new
+ *    ex.backtrace
+ *    #=> nil
 */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -961,34 +1359,38 @@ exc_backtrace(VALUE exc)
     return obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE rb_check_backtrace(VALUE);
+
 VALUE
 rb_get_backtrace(VALUE exc)
 {
     ID mid = id_backtrace;
+    VALUE info;
     if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(exc), id_backtrace)) {
-	VALUE info, klass = rb_eException;
-	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+	VALUE klass = rb_eException;
+	rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
 	if (NIL_P(exc))
 	    return Qnil;
-	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL, exc, mid, mid, klass, Qundef);
+	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL, exc, mid, mid, klass, Qundef);
 	info = exc_backtrace(exc);
-	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, exc, mid, mid, klass, info);
-	if (NIL_P(info))
-	    return Qnil;
-	return rb_check_backtrace(info);
+	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, exc, mid, mid, klass, info);
     }
-    return rb_funcall(exc, mid, 0, 0);
+    else {
+	info = rb_funcallv(exc, mid, 0, 0);
+    }
+    if (NIL_P(info)) return Qnil;
+    return rb_check_backtrace(info);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     exception.backtrace_locations    -> array
+ *     exception.backtrace_locations    -> array or nil
  *
  *  Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. This method is
  *  similar to Exception#backtrace, but the backtrace is an array of
  *  Thread::Backtrace::Location.
  *
- *  Now, this method is not affected by Exception#set_backtrace().
+ *  This method is not affected by Exception#set_backtrace().
  */
 static VALUE
 exc_backtrace_locations(VALUE exc)
@@ -1002,7 +1404,7 @@ exc_backtrace_locations(VALUE exc)
     return obj;
 }
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_check_backtrace(VALUE bt)
 {
     long i;
@@ -1040,7 +1442,7 @@ exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt)
     return rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, rb_check_backtrace(bt));
 }
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt)
 {
     return exc_set_backtrace(exc, bt);
@@ -1071,7 +1473,7 @@ try_convert_to_exception(VALUE obj)
  *  call-seq:
  *     exc == obj   -> true or false
  *
- *  Equality---If <i>obj</i> is not an <code>Exception</code>, returns
+ *  Equality---If <i>obj</i> is not an Exception, returns
  *  <code>false</code>. Otherwise, returns <code>true</code> if <i>exc</i> and
  *  <i>obj</i> share same class, messages, and backtrace.
  */
@@ -1084,10 +1486,10 @@ exc_equal(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
     if (exc == obj) return Qtrue;
 
     if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) {
-	int status = 0;
+	int state;
 
-	obj = rb_protect(try_convert_to_exception, obj, &status);
-	if (status || obj == Qundef) {
+	obj = rb_protect(try_convert_to_exception, obj, &state);
+	if (state || obj == Qundef) {
 	    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
 	    return Qfalse;
 	}
@@ -1200,6 +1602,49 @@ exit_success_p(VALUE exc)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+err_init_recv(VALUE exc, VALUE recv)
+{
+    if (recv != Qundef) rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, recv);
+    return exc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   FrozenError.new(msg=nil, receiver: nil)  -> frozen_error
+ *
+ * Construct a new FrozenError exception. If given the <i>receiver</i>
+ * parameter may subsequently be examined using the FrozenError#receiver
+ * method.
+ *
+ *    a = [].freeze
+ *    raise FrozenError.new("can't modify frozen array", receiver: a)
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+frozen_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    ID keywords[1];
+    VALUE values[numberof(keywords)], options;
+
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &options);
+    keywords[0] = id_receiver;
+    rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
+    rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    err_init_recv(self, values[0]);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: FrozenError#receiver
+ * call-seq:
+ *   frozen_error.receiver  -> object
+ *
+ * Return the receiver associated with this FrozenError exception.
+ */
+
+#define frozen_err_receiver name_err_receiver
+
 void
 rb_name_error(ID id, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
@@ -1230,34 +1675,62 @@ rb_name_error_str(VALUE str, const char *fmt, ...)
     rb_exc_raise(exc);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+name_err_init_attr(VALUE exc, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
+{
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(ec->cfp);
+    cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, cfp);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_name, method);
+    err_init_recv(exc, recv);
+    if (cfp) rb_ivar_set(exc, id_iseq, rb_iseqw_new(cfp->iseq));
+    return exc;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   NameError.new([msg, *, name])  -> name_error
+ *   NameError.new(msg=nil, name=nil, receiver: nil)  -> name_error
  *
  * Construct a new NameError exception. If given the <i>name</i>
- * parameter may subsequently be examined using the <code>NameError.name</code>
- * method.
+ * parameter may subsequently be examined using the NameError#name
+ * method. <i>receiver</i> parameter allows to pass object in
+ * context of which the error happened. Example:
+ *
+ *    [1, 2, 3].method(:rject) # NameError with name "rject" and receiver: Array
+ *    [1, 2, 3].singleton_method(:rject) # NameError with name "rject" and receiver: [1, 2, 3]
  */
 
 static VALUE
 name_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE name;
-    VALUE iseqw = Qnil;
+    ID keywords[1];
+    VALUE values[numberof(keywords)], name, options;
 
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &options);
+    keywords[0] = id_receiver;
+    rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
     name = (argc > 1) ? argv[--argc] : Qnil;
     rb_call_super(argc, argv);
-    rb_ivar_set(self, id_name, name);
-    {
-	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-	rb_control_frame_t *cfp =
-	    rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(th, RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp));
-	if (cfp) iseqw = rb_iseqw_new(cfp->iseq);
-    }
-    rb_ivar_set(self, id_iseq, iseqw);
+    name_err_init_attr(self, values[0], name);
     return self;
 }
 
+static VALUE rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method);
+
+static VALUE
+name_err_init(VALUE exc, VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
+{
+    exc_init(exc, rb_name_err_mesg_new(mesg, recv, method));
+    return name_err_init_attr(exc, recv, method);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_name_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_obj_alloc(rb_eNameError);
+    return name_err_init(exc, mesg, recv, method);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    name_error.name    ->  string or nil
@@ -1295,25 +1768,49 @@ name_err_local_variables(VALUE self)
     return vars;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+nometh_err_init_attr(VALUE exc, VALUE args, int priv)
+{
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_args, args);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_private_call_p, priv ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+    return exc;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   NoMethodError.new([msg, *, name [, args]])  -> no_method_error
+ *   NoMethodError.new(msg=nil, name=nil, args=nil, private=false, receiver: nil)  -> no_method_error
  *
  * Construct a NoMethodError exception for a method of the given name
  * called with the given arguments. The name may be accessed using
  * the <code>#name</code> method on the resulting object, and the
  * arguments using the <code>#args</code> method.
+ *
+ * If <i>private</i> argument were passed, it designates method was
+ * attempted to call in private context, and can be accessed with
+ * <code>#private_call?</code> method.
+ *
+ * <i>receiver</i> argument stores an object whose method was called.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 nometh_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE priv = (argc > 3) && (--argc, RTEST(argv[argc])) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    VALUE args = (argc > 2) ? argv[--argc] : Qnil;
-    name_err_initialize(argc, argv, self);
-    rb_ivar_set(self, id_args, args);
-    rb_ivar_set(self, id_private_call_p, RTEST(priv) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
-    return self;
+    int priv;
+    VALUE args, options;
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &options);
+    priv = (argc > 3) && (--argc, RTEST(argv[argc]));
+    args = (argc > 2) ? argv[--argc] : Qnil;
+    if (!NIL_P(options)) argv[argc++] = options;
+    rb_call_super_kw(argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
+    return nometh_err_init_attr(self, args, priv);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_nomethod_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method, VALUE args, int priv)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_obj_alloc(rb_eNoMethodError);
+    name_err_init(exc, mesg, recv, method);
+    return nometh_err_init_attr(exc, args, priv);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -1350,10 +1847,10 @@ static const rb_data_type_t name_err_mesg_data_type = {
 };
 
 /* :nodoc: */
-VALUE
-rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
+static VALUE
+rb_name_err_mesg_init(VALUE klass, VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
 {
-    VALUE result = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cNameErrorMesg, &name_err_mesg_data_type, 0);
+    VALUE result = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &name_err_mesg_data_type, 0);
     VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT);
 
     ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__MESG] = mesg;
@@ -1363,15 +1860,33 @@ rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
     return result;
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_name_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
 {
-    VALUE exc = rb_obj_alloc(rb_eNameError);
-    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, rb_name_err_mesg_new(mesg, recv, method));
-    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, Qnil);
-    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_name, method);
-    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_receiver, recv);
-    return exc;
+    return rb_name_err_mesg_init(rb_cNameErrorMesg, mesg, recv, method);
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+name_err_mesg_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return rb_name_err_mesg_init(klass, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil);
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+name_err_mesg_init_copy(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr1, *ptr2;
+
+    if (obj1 == obj2) return obj1;
+    rb_obj_init_copy(obj1, obj2);
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj1, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr1);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj2, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr2);
+    MEMCPY(ptr1, ptr2, VALUE, NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT);
+    return obj1;
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
@@ -1396,6 +1911,17 @@ name_err_mesg_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
+name_err_mesg_receiver_name(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return Qundef;
+    if (RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MODULE || RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
+        return rb_check_funcall(obj, rb_intern("name"), 0, 0);
+    }
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
 name_err_mesg_to_str(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE *ptr, mesg;
@@ -1422,14 +1948,17 @@ name_err_mesg_to_str(VALUE obj)
 	    d = FAKE_CSTR(&d_str, "false");
 	    break;
 	  default:
-	    d = rb_protect(rb_inspect, obj, &state);
-	    if (state)
+	    d = rb_protect(name_err_mesg_receiver_name, obj, &state);
+	    if (state || d == Qundef || d == Qnil)
+		d = rb_protect(rb_inspect, obj, &state);
+	    if (state) {
 		rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
-	    if (NIL_P(d) || RSTRING_LEN(d) > 65) {
+	    }
+	    d = rb_check_string_type(d);
+	    if (NIL_P(d)) {
 		d = rb_any_to_s(obj);
 	    }
 	    singleton = (RSTRING_LEN(d) > 0 && RSTRING_PTR(d)[0] == '#');
-	    d = QUOTE(d);
 	    break;
 	}
 	if (!singleton) {
@@ -1439,7 +1968,7 @@ name_err_mesg_to_str(VALUE obj)
 	else {
 	    c = s = FAKE_CSTR(&s_str, "");
 	}
-	args[0] = QUOTE(rb_obj_as_string(ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__NAME]));
+        args[0] = rb_obj_as_string(ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__NAME]);
 	args[1] = d;
 	args[2] = s;
 	args[3] = c;
@@ -1474,7 +2003,7 @@ name_err_receiver(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE *ptr, recv, mesg;
 
-    recv = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_receiver, Qundef);
+    recv = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_recv, Qundef);
     if (recv != Qundef) return recv;
 
     mesg = rb_attr_get(self, id_mesg);
@@ -1499,6 +2028,13 @@ nometh_err_args(VALUE self)
     return rb_attr_get(self, id_args);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   no_method_error.private_call?  -> true or false
+ *
+ * Return true if the caused method was called as private.
+ */
+
 static VALUE
 nometh_err_private_call_p(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -1515,6 +2051,83 @@ rb_invalid_str(const char *str, const char *type)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
+ *   key_error.receiver  -> object
+ *
+ * Return the receiver associated with this KeyError exception.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+key_err_receiver(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE recv;
+
+    recv = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_receiver, Qundef);
+    if (recv != Qundef) return recv;
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no receiver is available");
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   key_error.key  -> object
+ *
+ * Return the key caused this KeyError exception.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+key_err_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE key;
+
+    key = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_key, Qundef);
+    if (key != Qundef) return key;
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no key is available");
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_key_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE key)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_obj_alloc(rb_eKeyError);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, mesg);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, Qnil);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_key, key);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_receiver, recv);
+    return exc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   KeyError.new(message=nil, receiver: nil, key: nil) -> key_error
+ *
+ * Construct a new +KeyError+ exception with the given message,
+ * receiver and key.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+key_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE options;
+
+    rb_call_super(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01:", NULL, &options), argv);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(options)) {
+	ID keywords[2];
+	VALUE values[numberof(keywords)];
+	int i;
+	keywords[0] = id_receiver;
+	keywords[1] = id_key;
+	rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
+	for (i = 0; i < numberof(values); ++i) {
+	    if (values[i] != Qundef) {
+		rb_ivar_set(self, keywords[i], values[i]);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
  *   SyntaxError.new([msg])  -> syntax_error
  *
  * Construct a SyntaxError exception.
@@ -1525,7 +2138,7 @@ syntax_error_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE mesg;
     if (argc == 0) {
-	mesg = rb_fstring_cstr("compile error");
+	mesg = rb_fstring_lit("compile error");
 	argc = 1;
 	argv = &mesg;
     }
@@ -1535,19 +2148,18 @@ syntax_error_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 /*
  *  Document-module: Errno
  *
- *  Ruby exception objects are subclasses of <code>Exception</code>.
- *  However, operating systems typically report errors using plain
- *  integers. Module <code>Errno</code> is created dynamically to map
- *  these operating system errors to Ruby classes, with each error
- *  number generating its own subclass of <code>SystemCallError</code>.
- *  As the subclass is created in module <code>Errno</code>, its name
- *  will start <code>Errno::</code>.
+ *  Ruby exception objects are subclasses of Exception.  However,
+ *  operating systems typically report errors using plain
+ *  integers. Module Errno is created dynamically to map these
+ *  operating system errors to Ruby classes, with each error number
+ *  generating its own subclass of SystemCallError.  As the subclass
+ *  is created in module Errno, its name will start
+ *  <code>Errno::</code>.
  *
- *  The names of the <code>Errno::</code> classes depend on
- *  the environment in which Ruby runs. On a typical Unix or Windows
- *  platform, there are <code>Errno</code> classes such as
- *  <code>Errno::EACCES</code>, <code>Errno::EAGAIN</code>,
- *  <code>Errno::EINTR</code>, and so on.
+ *  The names of the <code>Errno::</code> classes depend on the
+ *  environment in which Ruby runs. On a typical Unix or Windows
+ *  platform, there are Errno classes such as Errno::EACCES,
+ *  Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EINTR, and so on.
  *
  *  The integer operating system error number corresponding to a
  *  particular error is available as the class constant
@@ -1558,7 +2170,7 @@ syntax_error_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *     Errno::EINTR::Errno    #=> 4
  *
  *  The full list of operating system errors on your particular platform
- *  are available as the constants of <code>Errno</code>.
+ *  are available as the constants of Errno.
  *
  *     Errno.constants   #=> :E2BIG, :EACCES, :EADDRINUSE, :EADDRNOTAVAIL, ...
  */
@@ -1617,11 +2229,10 @@ get_syserr(int n)
  * call-seq:
  *   SystemCallError.new(msg, errno)  -> system_call_error_subclass
  *
- * If _errno_ corresponds to a known system error code, constructs
- * the appropriate <code>Errno</code> class for that error, otherwise
- * constructs a generic <code>SystemCallError</code> object. The
- * error number is subsequently available via the <code>errno</code>
- * method.
+ * If _errno_ corresponds to a known system error code, constructs the
+ * appropriate Errno class for that error, otherwise constructs a
+ * generic SystemCallError object. The error number is subsequently
+ * available via the #errno method.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1662,7 +2273,6 @@ syserr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 	if (!NIL_P(func)) rb_str_catf(errmsg, " @ %"PRIsVALUE, func);
 	rb_str_catf(errmsg, " - %"PRIsVALUE, str);
-	OBJ_INFECT(errmsg, mesg);
     }
     mesg = errmsg;
 
@@ -1761,8 +2371,8 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
 /*
  *  Document-class: Interrupt
  *
- *  Raised with the interrupt signal is received, typically because the
- *  user pressed on Control-C (on most posix platforms). As such, it is a
+ *  Raised when the interrupt signal is received, typically because the
+ *  user has pressed Control-C (on most posix platforms). As such, it is a
  *  subclass of +SignalException+.
  *
  *     begin
@@ -1935,17 +2545,22 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  */
 
 /*
- *  Document-class: RuntimeError
+ *  Document-class: FrozenError
  *
- *  A generic error class raised when an invalid operation is attempted.
+ *  Raised when there is an attempt to modify a frozen object.
  *
  *     [1, 2, 3].freeze << 4
  *
  *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
  *
- *     RuntimeError: can't modify frozen Array
+ *     FrozenError: can't modify frozen Array
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: RuntimeError
  *
- *  Kernel.raise will raise a RuntimeError if no Exception class is
+ *  A generic error class raised when an invalid operation is attempted.
+ *  Kernel#raise will raise a RuntimeError if no Exception class is
  *  specified.
  *
  *     raise "ouch"
@@ -1958,19 +2573,7 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
 /*
  *  Document-class: SecurityError
  *
- *  Raised when attempting a potential unsafe operation, typically when
- *  the $SAFE level is raised above 0.
- *
- *     foo = "bar"
- *     proc = Proc.new do
- *       $SAFE = 3
- *       foo.untaint
- *     end
- *     proc.call
- *
- *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
- *
- *     SecurityError: Insecure: Insecure operation `untaint' at level 3
+ *  No longer used by internal code.
  */
 
 /*
@@ -2011,8 +2614,8 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
 /*
  * Document-class: fatal
  *
- * fatal is an Exception that is raised when ruby has encountered a fatal
- * error and must exit.  You are not able to rescue fatal.
+ * fatal is an Exception that is raised when Ruby has encountered a fatal
+ * error and must exit.
  */
 
 /*
@@ -2021,32 +2624,48 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  */
 
 /*
- *  Descendants of class Exception are used to communicate between
+ *  Document-class: Exception
+ *
+ *  \Class Exception and its subclasses are used to communicate between
  *  Kernel#raise and +rescue+ statements in <code>begin ... end</code> blocks.
- *  Exception objects carry information about the exception -- its type (the
- *  exception's class name), an optional descriptive string, and optional
- *  traceback information.  Exception subclasses may add additional
- *  information like NameError#name.
  *
- *  Programs may make subclasses of Exception, typically of StandardError or
- *  RuntimeError, to provide custom classes and add additional information.
- *  See the subclass list below for defaults for +raise+ and +rescue+.
+ *  An Exception object carries information about an exception:
+ *  - Its type (the exception's class).
+ *  - An optional descriptive message.
+ *  - Optional backtrace information.
+ *
+ *  Some built-in subclasses of Exception have additional methods: e.g., NameError#name.
+ *
+ *  == Defaults
+ *
+ *  Two Ruby statements have default exception classes:
+ *  - +raise+: defaults to RuntimeError.
+ *  - +rescue+: defaults to StandardError.
+ *
+ *  == Global Variables
  *
  *  When an exception has been raised but not yet handled (in +rescue+,
- *  +ensure+, +at_exit+ and +END+ blocks) the global variable <code>$!</code>
- *  will contain the current exception and <code>$@</code> contains the
- *  current exception's backtrace.
+ *  +ensure+, +at_exit+ and +END+ blocks), two global variables are set:
+ *  - <code>$!</code> contains the current exception.
+ *  - <code>$@</code> contains its backtrace.
+ *
+ *  == Custom Exceptions
+ *
+ *  To provide additional or alternate information,
+ *  a program may create custom exception classes
+ *  that derive from the built-in exception classes.
  *
- *  It is recommended that a library should have one subclass of StandardError
- *  or RuntimeError and have specific exception types inherit from it.  This
- *  allows the user to rescue a generic exception type to catch all exceptions
+ *  A good practice is for a library to create a single "generic" exception class
+ *  (typically a subclass of StandardError or RuntimeError)
+ *  and have its other exception classes derive from that class.
+ *  This allows the user to rescue the generic exception, thus catching all exceptions
  *  the library may raise even if future versions of the library add new
  *  exception subclasses.
  *
  *  For example:
  *
  *    class MyLibrary
- *      class Error < RuntimeError
+ *      class Error < ::StandardError
  *      end
  *
  *      class WidgetError < Error
@@ -2057,8 +2676,10 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  *
  *    end
  *
- *  To handle both WidgetError and FrobError the library user can rescue
- *  MyLibrary::Error.
+ *  To handle both MyLibrary::WidgetError and MyLibrary::FrobError the library
+ *  user can rescue MyLibrary::Error.
+ *
+ *  == Built-In Exception Classes
  *
  *  The built-in subclasses of Exception are:
  *
@@ -2070,7 +2691,7 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  *  * SecurityError
  *  * SignalException
  *    * Interrupt
- *  * StandardError -- default for +rescue+
+ *  * StandardError
  *    * ArgumentError
  *      * UncaughtThrowError
  *    * EncodingError
@@ -2080,13 +2701,15 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  *    * IndexError
  *      * KeyError
  *      * StopIteration
+ *        * ClosedQueueError
  *    * LocalJumpError
  *    * NameError
  *      * NoMethodError
  *    * RangeError
  *      * FloatDomainError
  *    * RegexpError
- *    * RuntimeError -- default for +raise+
+ *    * RuntimeError
+ *      * FrozenError
  *    * SystemCallError
  *      * Errno::*
  *    * ThreadError
@@ -2094,19 +2717,67 @@ syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
  *    * ZeroDivisionError
  *  * SystemExit
  *  * SystemStackError
- *  * fatal -- impossible to rescue
+ *  * fatal
  */
 
+static VALUE
+exception_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return rb_class_allocate_instance(klass);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+exception_dumper(VALUE exc)
+{
+    // TODO: Currently, the instance variables "bt" and "bt_locations"
+    // refers to the same object (Array of String). But "bt_locations"
+    // should have an Array of Thread::Backtrace::Locations.
+
+    return exc;
+}
+
+static int
+ivar_copy_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t exc)
+{
+    rb_ivar_set((VALUE) exc, (ID) key, (VALUE) val);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+exception_loader(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
+{
+    // The loader function of rb_marshal_define_compat seems to be called for two events:
+    // one is for fixup (r_fixup_compat), the other is for TYPE_USERDEF.
+    // In the former case, the first argument is an instance of Exception (because
+    // we pass rb_eException to rb_marshal_define_compat). In the latter case, the first
+    // argument is a class object (see TYPE_USERDEF case in r_object0).
+    // We want to copy all instance variables (but "bt_locations") from obj to exc.
+    // But we do not want to do so in the second case, so the following branch is for that.
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(exc, T_CLASS)) return obj; // maybe called from Marshal's TYPE_USERDEF
+
+    rb_ivar_foreach(obj, ivar_copy_i, exc);
+
+    if (rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt) == rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt_locations)) {
+        rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt_locations, Qnil);
+    }
+
+    return exc;
+}
+
 void
 Init_Exception(void)
 {
     rb_eException   = rb_define_class("Exception", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_eException, exception_alloc);
+    rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_eException, rb_eException, exception_dumper, exception_loader);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_eException, "exception", rb_class_new_instance, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_eException, "to_tty?", exc_s_to_tty_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "exception", exc_exception, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "initialize", exc_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "==", exc_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "to_s", exc_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "message", exc_message, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "full_message", exc_full_message, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "inspect", exc_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "backtrace", exc_backtrace, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_eException, "backtrace_locations", exc_backtrace_locations, 0);
@@ -2127,6 +2798,9 @@ Init_Exception(void)
     rb_eArgError      = rb_define_class("ArgumentError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_eIndexError    = rb_define_class("IndexError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_eKeyError      = rb_define_class("KeyError", rb_eIndexError);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eKeyError, "initialize", key_err_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eKeyError, "receiver", key_err_receiver, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eKeyError, "key", key_err_key, 0);
     rb_eRangeError    = rb_define_class("RangeError", rb_eStandardError);
 
     rb_eScriptError = rb_define_class("ScriptError", rb_eException);
@@ -2144,7 +2818,9 @@ Init_Exception(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "name", name_err_name, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "receiver", name_err_receiver, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "local_variables", name_err_local_variables, 0);
-    rb_cNameErrorMesg = rb_define_class_under(rb_eNameError, "message", rb_cData);
+    rb_cNameErrorMesg = rb_define_class_under(rb_eNameError, "message", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cNameErrorMesg, name_err_mesg_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "initialize_copy", name_err_mesg_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "==", name_err_mesg_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "to_str", name_err_mesg_to_str, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "_dump", name_err_mesg_dump, 1);
@@ -2155,10 +2831,14 @@ Init_Exception(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_eNoMethodError, "private_call?", nometh_err_private_call_p, 0);
 
     rb_eRuntimeError = rb_define_class("RuntimeError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_eFrozenError = rb_define_class("FrozenError", rb_eRuntimeError);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eFrozenError, "initialize", frozen_err_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eFrozenError, "receiver", frozen_err_receiver, 0);
     rb_eSecurityError = rb_define_class("SecurityError", rb_eException);
     rb_eNoMemError = rb_define_class("NoMemoryError", rb_eException);
     rb_eEncodingError = rb_define_class("EncodingError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_eEncCompatError = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEncoding, "CompatibilityError", rb_eEncodingError);
+    rb_eNoMatchingPatternError = rb_define_class("NoMatchingPatternError", rb_eStandardError);
 
     syserr_tbl = st_init_numtable();
     rb_eSystemCallError = rb_define_class("SystemCallError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -2169,16 +2849,19 @@ Init_Exception(void)
     rb_mErrno = rb_define_module("Errno");
 
     rb_mWarning = rb_define_module("Warning");
-    rb_define_method(rb_mWarning, "warn", rb_warning_s_warn, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mWarning, "[]", rb_warning_s_aref, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mWarning, "[]=", rb_warning_s_aset, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mWarning, "warn", rb_warning_s_warn, -1);
     rb_extend_object(rb_mWarning, rb_mWarning);
 
-    rb_define_global_function("warn", rb_warn_m, -1);
+    /* :nodoc: */
+    rb_cWarningBuffer = rb_define_class_under(rb_mWarning, "buffer", rb_cString);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cWarningBuffer, "write", warning_write, -1);
 
-    id_new = rb_intern_const("new");
     id_cause = rb_intern_const("cause");
     id_message = rb_intern_const("message");
     id_backtrace = rb_intern_const("backtrace");
-    id_name = rb_intern_const("name");
+    id_key = rb_intern_const("key");
     id_args = rb_intern_const("args");
     id_receiver = rb_intern_const("receiver");
     id_private_call_p = rb_intern_const("private_call?");
@@ -2187,7 +2870,28 @@ Init_Exception(void)
     id_errno = rb_intern_const("errno");
     id_i_path = rb_intern_const("@path");
     id_warn = rb_intern_const("warn");
+    id_category = rb_intern_const("category");
+    id_deprecated = rb_intern_const("deprecated");
+    id_experimental = rb_intern_const("experimental");
+    id_top = rb_intern_const("top");
+    id_bottom = rb_intern_const("bottom");
     id_iseq = rb_make_internal_id();
+    id_recv = rb_make_internal_id();
+
+    sym_category = ID2SYM(id_category);
+
+    warning_categories = rb_ident_hash_new();
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(warning_categories);
+    rb_hash_aset(warning_categories, ID2SYM(id_deprecated), INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED));
+    rb_hash_aset(warning_categories, ID2SYM(id_experimental), INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL));
+    rb_obj_freeze(warning_categories);
+
+    warning_category_t_map = rb_ident_hash_new();
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(warning_category_t_map);
+    rb_hash_aset(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_NONE), Qnil);
+    rb_hash_aset(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED), ID2SYM(id_deprecated));
+    rb_hash_aset(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL), ID2SYM(id_experimental));
+    rb_obj_freeze(warning_category_t_map);
 }
 
 void
@@ -2204,15 +2908,18 @@ rb_enc_raise(rb_encoding *enc, VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
 }
 
 void
+rb_vraise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(exc, rb_vsprintf(fmt, ap)));
+}
+
+void
 rb_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list args;
-    VALUE mesg;
-
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    mesg = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    rb_vraise(exc, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
-    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(exc, mesg));
 }
 
 NORETURN(static void raise_loaderror(VALUE path, VALUE mesg));
@@ -2263,6 +2970,14 @@ rb_fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
     va_list args;
     VALUE mesg;
 
+    if (! ruby_thread_has_gvl_p()) {
+        /* The thread has no GVL.  Object allocation impossible (cant run GC),
+         * thus no message can be printed out. */
+        fprintf(stderr, "[FATAL] rb_fatal() outside of GVL\n");
+        rb_print_backtrace();
+        die();
+    }
+
     va_start(args, fmt);
     mesg = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
@@ -2347,6 +3062,12 @@ rb_sys_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, VALUE path)
 void
 rb_syserr_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, int n, VALUE path)
 {
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_syserr_new_path_in(func_name, n, path));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_syserr_new_path_in(const char *func_name, int n, VALUE path)
+{
     VALUE args[2];
 
     if (!path) path = Qnil;
@@ -2358,7 +3079,7 @@ rb_syserr_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, int n, VALUE path)
     }
     args[0] = path;
     args[1] = rb_str_new_cstr(func_name);
-    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(2, args, get_syserr(n)));
+    return rb_class_new_instance(2, args, get_syserr(n));
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -2394,44 +3115,104 @@ rb_mod_syserr_fail_str(VALUE mod, int e, VALUE mesg)
     rb_exc_raise(exc);
 }
 
+static void
+syserr_warning(VALUE mesg, int err)
+{
+    rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg)-1);
+    rb_str_catf(mesg, ": %s\n", strerror(err));
+    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
+}
+
+#if 0
 void
-rb_sys_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
+rb_sys_warn(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE mesg;
-    va_list args;
-    int errno_save;
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+	int errno_save = errno;
+	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
+	}
+	errno = errno_save;
+    }
+}
 
-    errno_save = errno;
+void
+rb_syserr_warn(int err, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, err);
+	}
+    }
+}
 
-    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+void
+rb_sys_enc_warn(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+	int errno_save = errno;
+	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
+	}
+	errno = errno_save;
+    }
+}
 
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-    rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg)-1);
-    rb_str_catf(mesg, ": %s\n", strerror(errno_save));
-    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
-    errno = errno_save;
+void
+rb_syserr_enc_warn(int err, rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, err);
+	}
+    }
 }
+#endif
 
 void
-rb_sys_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+rb_sys_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    VALUE mesg;
-    va_list args;
-    int errno_save;
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+	int errno_save = errno;
+	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
+	}
+	errno = errno_save;
+    }
+}
 
-    errno_save = errno;
+#if 0
+void
+rb_syserr_warning(int err, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, err);
+	}
+    }
+}
+#endif
 
-    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+void
+rb_sys_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+	int errno_save = errno;
+	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
+	}
+	errno = errno_save;
+    }
+}
 
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-    rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg)-1);
-    rb_str_catf(mesg, ": %s\n", strerror(errno_save));
-    rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
-    errno = errno_save;
+void
+rb_syserr_enc_warning(int err, rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
+	    syserr_warning(mesg, err);
+	}
+    }
 }
 
 void
@@ -2446,7 +3227,33 @@ rb_load_fail(VALUE path, const char *err)
 void
 rb_error_frozen(const char *what)
 {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't modify frozen %s", what);
+    rb_raise(rb_eFrozenError, "can't modify frozen %s", what);
+}
+
+void
+rb_frozen_error_raise(VALUE frozen_obj, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE exc, mesg;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    exc = rb_exc_new3(rb_eFrozenError, mesg);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, frozen_obj);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+inspect_frozen_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE mesg, int recur)
+{
+    if (recur) {
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, " ...");
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_str_append(mesg, rb_inspect(obj));
+    }
+    return mesg;
 }
 
 void
@@ -2454,18 +3261,20 @@ rb_error_frozen_object(VALUE frozen_obj)
 {
     VALUE debug_info;
     const ID created_info = id_debug_created_info;
+    VALUE mesg = rb_sprintf("can't modify frozen %"PRIsVALUE": ",
+                            CLASS_OF(frozen_obj));
+    VALUE exc = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eFrozenError, mesg);
+
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, frozen_obj);
+    rb_exec_recursive(inspect_frozen_obj, frozen_obj, mesg);
 
     if (!NIL_P(debug_info = rb_attr_get(frozen_obj, created_info))) {
 	VALUE path = rb_ary_entry(debug_info, 0);
 	VALUE line = rb_ary_entry(debug_info, 1);
 
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't modify frozen %"PRIsVALUE", created at %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
-		 CLASS_OF(frozen_obj), path, line);
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't modify frozen %"PRIsVALUE,
-		 CLASS_OF(frozen_obj));
+        rb_str_catf(mesg, ", created at %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE, path, line);
     }
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
 }
 
 #undef rb_check_frozen
@@ -2478,12 +3287,14 @@ rb_check_frozen(VALUE obj)
 void
 rb_error_untrusted(VALUE obj)
 {
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("rb_error_untrusted", "3.2");
 }
 
 #undef rb_check_trusted
 void
 rb_check_trusted(VALUE obj)
 {
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("rb_check_trusted", "3.2");
 }
 
 void
@@ -2492,12 +3303,6 @@ rb_check_copyable(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
     if (!FL_ABLE(obj)) return;
     rb_check_frozen_internal(obj);
     if (!FL_ABLE(orig)) return;
-    if ((~RBASIC(obj)->flags & RBASIC(orig)->flags) & FL_TAINT) {
-	if (rb_safe_level() > 0) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't modify %"PRIsVALUE,
-		     RBASIC(obj)->klass);
-	}
-    }
 }
 
 void
@@ -2510,3 +3315,9 @@ Init_syserr(void)
 #undef defined_error
 #undef undefined_error
 }
+
+#include "warning.rbinc"
+
+/*!
+ * \}
+ */
diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index 8a839ced7d..839518185a 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -11,23 +11,46 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PRCTL_H
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "eval_intern.h"
-#include "iseq.h"
 #include "gc.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/inits.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "internal/scheduler.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "probes.h"
+#include "probes_helper.h"
 #include "ruby/vm.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
-#include "probes_helper.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
 
 NORETURN(void rb_raise_jump(VALUE, VALUE));
+void rb_ec_clear_current_thread_trace_func(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void rb_ec_clear_all_trace_func(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+
+static int rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, volatile int ex);
+static int rb_ec_exec_node(rb_execution_context_t *ec, void *n);
 
 VALUE rb_eLocalJumpError;
 VALUE rb_eSysStackError;
 
 ID ruby_static_id_signo, ruby_static_id_status;
-static ID id_cause;
-#define id_signo ruby_static_id_signo
-#define id_status ruby_static_id_status
+extern ID ruby_static_id_cause;
+#define id_cause ruby_static_id_cause
 
 #define exception_error GET_VM()->special_exceptions[ruby_error_reenter]
 
@@ -38,35 +61,46 @@ static ID id_cause;
     (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && \
      (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS || BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MODULE))
 
-/* Initializes the Ruby VM and builtin libraries.
+/*!
+ * Initializes the VM and builtin libraries.
  * @retval 0 if succeeded.
  * @retval non-zero an error occurred.
  */
 int
 ruby_setup(void)
 {
-    int state;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
 
     if (GET_VM())
 	return 0;
 
     ruby_init_stack((void *)&state);
+
+    /*
+     * Disable THP early before mallocs happen because we want this to
+     * affect as many future pages as possible for CoW-friendliness
+     */
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(PR_SET_THP_DISABLE)
+    prctl(PR_SET_THP_DISABLE, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+#endif
     Init_BareVM();
     Init_heap();
+    rb_vm_encoded_insn_data_table_init();
     Init_vm_objects();
 
-    PUSH_TAG();
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(GET_EC());
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
 	rb_call_inits();
 	ruby_prog_init();
 	GET_VM()->running = 1;
     }
-    POP_TAG();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
 
     return state;
 }
 
-/* Calls ruby_setup() and check error.
+/*!
+ * Calls ruby_setup() and check error.
  *
  * Prints errors and calls exit(3) if an error occurred.
  */
@@ -76,7 +110,7 @@ ruby_init(void)
     int state = ruby_setup();
     if (state) {
         if (RTEST(ruby_debug))
-            error_print(GET_THREAD());
+            error_print(GET_EC());
 	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
 }
@@ -94,41 +128,60 @@ ruby_init(void)
 void *
 ruby_options(int argc, char **argv)
 {
-    int state;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
     void *volatile iseq = 0;
 
     ruby_init_stack((void *)&iseq);
-    PUSH_TAG();
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
 	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(GET_THREAD(), iseq = ruby_process_options(argc, argv));
     }
     else {
-	rb_clear_trace_func();
-	state = error_handle(state);
+        rb_ec_clear_current_thread_trace_func(ec);
+        state = error_handle(ec, state);
 	iseq = (void *)INT2FIX(state);
     }
-    POP_TAG();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
     return iseq;
 }
 
 static void
-ruby_finalize_0(void)
+rb_ec_scheduler_finalize(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+        rb_scheduler_set(Qnil);
+    }
+    else {
+        state = error_handle(ec, state);
+    }
+    EC_POP_TAG();
+}
+
+static void
+rb_ec_teardown(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    PUSH_TAG();
-    if (EXEC_TAG() == 0) {
-	rb_trap_exit();
+    // If the user code defined a scheduler for the top level thread, run it:
+    rb_ec_scheduler_finalize(ec);
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if (EC_EXEC_TAG() == TAG_NONE) {
+        rb_vm_trap_exit(rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec));
     }
-    POP_TAG();
-    rb_exec_end_proc();
-    rb_clear_trace_func();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
+    rb_ec_exec_end_proc(ec);
+    rb_ec_clear_all_trace_func(ec);
 }
 
 static void
-ruby_finalize_1(void)
+rb_ec_finalize(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
     ruby_sig_finalize();
-    GET_THREAD()->errinfo = Qnil;
-    rb_gc_call_finalizer_at_exit();
+    ec->errinfo = Qnil;
+    rb_objspace_call_finalizer(rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec)->objspace);
 }
 
 /** Runs the VM finalization processes.
@@ -141,8 +194,9 @@ ruby_finalize_1(void)
 void
 ruby_finalize(void)
 {
-    ruby_finalize_0();
-    ruby_finalize_1();
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_ec_teardown(ec);
+    rb_ec_finalize(ec);
 }
 
 /** Destructs the VM.
@@ -158,32 +212,43 @@ ruby_finalize(void)
 int
 ruby_cleanup(volatile int ex)
 {
+    return rb_ec_cleanup(GET_EC(), ex);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, volatile int ex)
+{
     int state;
-    volatile VALUE errs[2];
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    volatile VALUE errs[2] = { Qundef, Qundef };
     int nerr;
+    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
+    rb_thread_t *const volatile th0 = th;
     volatile int sysex = EXIT_SUCCESS;
     volatile int step = 0;
 
     rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
     rb_threadptr_check_signal(th);
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, { RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th); });
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+        th = th0;
+        SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, { RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec); });
 
       step_0: step++;
-	errs[1] = th->errinfo;
-	th->safe_level = 0;
+        th = th0;
+        errs[1] = ec->errinfo;
+        if (THROW_DATA_P(ec->errinfo)) ec->errinfo = Qnil;
 	ruby_init_stack(&errs[STACK_UPPER(errs, 0, 1)]);
 
-	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, ruby_finalize_0());
+        SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, rb_ec_teardown(ec));
 
       step_1: step++;
+        th = th0;
 	/* protect from Thread#raise */
 	th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
 
-	errs[0] = th->errinfo;
-	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, rb_thread_terminate_all());
+        errs[0] = ec->errinfo;
+	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, rb_ractor_terminate_all());
     }
     else {
 	switch (step) {
@@ -192,16 +257,18 @@ ruby_cleanup(volatile int ex)
 	}
 	if (ex == 0) ex = state;
     }
-    th->errinfo = errs[1];
-    sysex = error_handle(ex);
+    th = th0;
+    ec->errinfo = errs[1];
+    sysex = error_handle(ec, ex);
 
     state = 0;
     for (nerr = 0; nerr < numberof(errs); ++nerr) {
 	VALUE err = ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(errs[nerr], Qnil);
+        VALUE sig;
 
 	if (!RTEST(err)) continue;
 
-	/* th->errinfo contains a NODE while break'ing */
+        /* ec->errinfo contains a NODE while break'ing */
 	if (THROW_DATA_P(err)) continue;
 
 	if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSystemExit)) {
@@ -213,39 +280,45 @@ ruby_cleanup(volatile int ex)
 	    state = NUM2INT(sig);
 	    break;
 	}
+        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSystemCallError) &&
+                 FIXNUM_P(sig = rb_attr_get(err, id_signo))) {
+	    state = NUM2INT(sig);
+	    break;
+        }
 	else if (sysex == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
 	    sysex = EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
     }
 
-    ruby_finalize_1();
+    mjit_finish(true); // We still need ISeqs here.
+
+    rb_ec_finalize(ec);
 
     /* unlock again if finalizer took mutexes. */
-    rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(GET_THREAD());
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    rb_threadptr_unlock_all_locking_mutexes(th);
+    EC_POP_TAG();
     rb_thread_stop_timer_thread();
-    ruby_vm_destruct(GET_VM());
+    ruby_vm_destruct(th->vm);
     if (state) ruby_default_signal(state);
 
     return sysex;
 }
 
 static int
-ruby_exec_internal(void *n)
+rb_ec_exec_node(rb_execution_context_t *ec, void *n)
 {
     volatile int state;
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)n;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-
     if (!n) return 0;
 
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+        rb_thread_t *const th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
 	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, {
 	    rb_iseq_eval_main(iseq);
 	});
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
     return state;
 }
 
@@ -292,12 +365,14 @@ ruby_executable_node(void *n, int *status)
 int
 ruby_run_node(void *n)
 {
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     int status;
     if (!ruby_executable_node(n, &status)) {
-	ruby_cleanup(0);
+        rb_ec_cleanup(ec, 0);
 	return status;
     }
-    return ruby_cleanup(ruby_exec_node(n));
+    ruby_init_stack((void *)&status);
+    return rb_ec_cleanup(ec, rb_ec_exec_node(ec, n));
 }
 
 /*! Runs the given compiled source */
@@ -305,7 +380,7 @@ int
 ruby_exec_node(void *n)
 {
     ruby_init_stack((void *)&n);
-    return ruby_exec_internal(n);
+    return rb_ec_exec_node(GET_EC(), n);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -324,7 +399,7 @@ ruby_exec_node(void *n)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_mod_nesting(void)
+rb_mod_nesting(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
     const rb_cref_t *cref = rb_vm_cref();
@@ -392,11 +467,16 @@ rb_mod_s_constants(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
     return rb_const_list(data);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Asserts that \a klass is not a frozen class.
+ * \param[in] klass a \c Module object
+ * \exception RuntimeError if \a klass is not a class or frozen.
+ * \ingroup class
+ */
 void
-rb_frozen_class_p(VALUE klass)
+rb_class_modify_check(VALUE klass)
 {
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(klass)) {
-      noclass:
 	Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
     }
     if (OBJ_FROZEN(klass)) {
@@ -414,6 +494,8 @@ rb_frozen_class_p(VALUE klass)
 		  case T_CLASS:
 		    desc = "Class";
 		    break;
+                  default:
+                    break;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
@@ -427,21 +509,22 @@ rb_frozen_class_p(VALUE klass)
 		desc = "class";
 		break;
 	      default:
-		goto noclass;
+                Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
+                UNREACHABLE;
 	    }
 	}
-	rb_error_frozen(desc);
+        rb_frozen_error_raise(klass, "can't modify frozen %s: %"PRIsVALUE, desc, klass);
     }
 }
 
-NORETURN(static void rb_longjmp(int, volatile VALUE, VALUE));
+NORETURN(static void rb_longjmp(rb_execution_context_t *, int, volatile VALUE, VALUE));
 static VALUE get_errinfo(void);
-static VALUE get_thread_errinfo(rb_thread_t *th);
+#define get_ec_errinfo(ec) rb_ec_get_errinfo(ec)
 
 static VALUE
 exc_setup_cause(VALUE exc, VALUE cause)
 {
-#if SUPPORT_JOKE
+#if OPT_SUPPORT_JOKE
     if (NIL_P(cause)) {
 	ID id_true_cause;
 	CONST_ID(id_true_cause, "true_cause");
@@ -464,99 +547,97 @@ exc_setup_cause(VALUE exc, VALUE cause)
     return exc;
 }
 
-static inline int
-sysstack_error_p(VALUE exc)
-{
-    return exc == sysstack_error || (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(exc) && RBASIC_CLASS(exc) == rb_eSysStackError);
-}
-
-static inline int
-special_exception_p(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE exc)
+static inline VALUE
+exc_setup_message(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE mesg, VALUE *cause)
 {
-    enum ruby_special_exceptions i;
-    const VALUE *exceptions = th->vm->special_exceptions;
-    for (i = 0; i < ruby_special_error_count; ++i) {
-	if (exceptions[i] == exc) return TRUE;
-    }
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-static void
-setup_exception(rb_thread_t *th, int tag, volatile VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
-{
-    VALUE e;
-    const char *file = 0;
-    int line;
     int nocause = 0;
+    int nocircular = 0;
 
     if (NIL_P(mesg)) {
-	mesg = th->errinfo;
-	if (INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_P(mesg)) TH_JUMP_TAG(th, TAG_FATAL);
+	mesg = ec->errinfo;
+	if (INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_P(mesg)) EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, TAG_FATAL);
 	nocause = 1;
     }
     if (NIL_P(mesg)) {
 	mesg = rb_exc_new(rb_eRuntimeError, 0, 0);
 	nocause = 0;
+        nocircular = 1;
     }
-    else if (special_exception_p(th, mesg)) {
-	mesg = ruby_vm_special_exception_copy(mesg);
-    }
-    if (cause != Qundef) {
-	exc_setup_cause(mesg, cause);
+    if (*cause == Qundef) {
+	if (nocause) {
+	    *cause = Qnil;
+            nocircular = 1;
+	}
+	else if (!rb_ivar_defined(mesg, id_cause)) {
+	    *cause = get_ec_errinfo(ec);
+	}
+        else {
+            nocircular = 1;
+        }
     }
-    else if (nocause) {
-	exc_setup_cause(mesg, Qnil);
+    else if (!NIL_P(*cause) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(*cause, rb_eException)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception object expected");
     }
-    else if (!rb_ivar_defined(mesg, id_cause)) {
-	exc_setup_cause(mesg, get_thread_errinfo(th));
+
+    if (!nocircular && !NIL_P(*cause) && *cause != Qundef && *cause != mesg) {
+        VALUE c = *cause;
+        while (!NIL_P(c = rb_attr_get(c, id_cause))) {
+            if (c == mesg) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "circular causes");
+            }
+        }
     }
+    return mesg;
+}
 
-    file = rb_source_loc(&line);
-    if (file && !NIL_P(mesg)) {
-	VALUE at;
-	if (sysstack_error_p(mesg)) {
-	    if (NIL_P(rb_attr_get(mesg, idBt))) {
-		at = rb_vm_backtrace_object();
-		rb_ivar_set(mesg, idBt, at);
-		rb_ivar_set(mesg, idBt_locations, at);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    int status;
-
-	    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-	    if ((status = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-		VALUE bt;
-		if (rb_threadptr_set_raised(th)) goto fatal;
-		bt = rb_get_backtrace(mesg);
-		if (NIL_P(bt)) {
-		    at = rb_vm_backtrace_object();
-		    if (OBJ_FROZEN(mesg)) {
-			mesg = rb_obj_dup(mesg);
-		    }
-		    rb_ivar_set(mesg, idBt_locations, at);
-		    set_backtrace(mesg, at);
+static void
+setup_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int tag, volatile VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
+{
+    VALUE e;
+    int line;
+    const char *file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
+    const char *const volatile file0 = file;
+
+    if ((file && !NIL_P(mesg)) || (cause != Qundef))  {
+	volatile int state = 0;
+
+	EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+	if (EC_EXEC_TAG() == TAG_NONE && !(state = rb_ec_set_raised(ec))) {
+	    VALUE bt = rb_get_backtrace(mesg);
+	    if (!NIL_P(bt) || cause == Qundef) {
+		if (OBJ_FROZEN(mesg)) {
+		    mesg = rb_obj_dup(mesg);
 		}
-		rb_threadptr_reset_raised(th);
 	    }
-	    TH_POP_TAG();
+            if (cause != Qundef && !THROW_DATA_P(cause)) {
+		exc_setup_cause(mesg, cause);
+	    }
+	    if (NIL_P(bt)) {
+		VALUE at = rb_ec_backtrace_object(ec);
+		rb_ivar_set(mesg, idBt_locations, at);
+		set_backtrace(mesg, at);
+	    }
+	    rb_ec_reset_raised(ec);
 	}
+	EC_POP_TAG();
+        file = file0;
+	if (state) goto fatal;
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(mesg)) {
-	th->errinfo = mesg;
+	ec->errinfo = mesg;
     }
 
-    if (RTEST(ruby_debug) && !NIL_P(e = th->errinfo) &&
+    if (RTEST(ruby_debug) && !NIL_P(e = ec->errinfo) &&
 	!rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_eSystemExit)) {
-	int status;
+	enum ruby_tag_type state;
 
 	mesg = e;
-	TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-	if ((status = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	    th->errinfo = Qnil;
+	EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+	if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+	    ec->errinfo = Qnil;
 	    e = rb_obj_as_string(mesg);
-	    th->errinfo = mesg;
+	    ec->errinfo = mesg;
 	    if (file && line) {
 		e = rb_sprintf("Exception `%"PRIsVALUE"' at %s:%d - %"PRIsVALUE"\n",
 			       rb_obj_class(mesg), file, line, e);
@@ -571,34 +652,38 @@ setup_exception(rb_thread_t *th, int tag, volatile VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
 	    }
 	    warn_print_str(e);
 	}
-	TH_POP_TAG();
-	if (status == TAG_FATAL && th->errinfo == exception_error) {
-	    th->errinfo = mesg;
+	EC_POP_TAG();
+	if (state == TAG_FATAL && ec->errinfo == exception_error) {
+	    ec->errinfo = mesg;
 	}
-	else if (status) {
-	    rb_threadptr_reset_raised(th);
-	    TH_JUMP_TAG(th, status);
+	else if (state) {
+	    rb_ec_reset_raised(ec);
+	    EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, state);
 	}
     }
 
-    if (rb_threadptr_set_raised(th)) {
-      fatal:
-	th->errinfo = exception_error;
-	rb_threadptr_reset_raised(th);
-	TH_JUMP_TAG(th, TAG_FATAL);
+    if (rb_ec_set_raised(ec)) {
+        goto fatal;
     }
 
     if (tag != TAG_FATAL) {
-	RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(RAISE, rb_obj_classname(th->errinfo));
-	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_RAISE, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, mesg);
+	RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(RAISE, rb_obj_classname(ec->errinfo));
+	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_RAISE, ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, mesg);
     }
+    return;
+
+  fatal:
+    ec->errinfo = exception_error;
+    rb_ec_reset_raised(ec);
+    EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, TAG_FATAL);
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 void
-rb_threadptr_setup_exception(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
+rb_ec_setup_exception(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
 {
     if (cause == Qundef) {
-	cause = get_thread_errinfo(th);
+	cause = get_ec_errinfo(ec);
     }
     if (cause != mesg) {
 	rb_ivar_set(mesg, id_cause, cause);
@@ -606,41 +691,59 @@ rb_threadptr_setup_exception(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
 }
 
 static void
-rb_longjmp(int tag, volatile VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
+rb_longjmp(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int tag, volatile VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    setup_exception(th, tag, mesg, cause);
-    rb_thread_raised_clear(th);
-    TH_JUMP_TAG(th, tag);
+    mesg = exc_setup_message(ec, mesg, &cause);
+    setup_exception(ec, tag, mesg, cause);
+    rb_ec_raised_clear(ec);
+    EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, tag);
 }
 
 static VALUE make_exception(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int isstr);
 
+/*!
+ * Raises an exception in the current thread.
+ * \param[in] mesg an Exception class or an \c Exception object.
+ * \exception always raises an instance of the given exception class or
+ *   the given \c Exception object.
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 void
 rb_exc_raise(VALUE mesg)
 {
     if (!NIL_P(mesg)) {
 	mesg = make_exception(1, &mesg, FALSE);
     }
-    rb_longjmp(TAG_RAISE, mesg, Qundef);
+    rb_longjmp(GET_EC(), TAG_RAISE, mesg, Qundef);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Raises a fatal error in the current thread.
+ *
+ * Same as rb_exc_raise() but raises a fatal error, which Ruby codes
+ * cannot rescue.
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 void
 rb_exc_fatal(VALUE mesg)
 {
     if (!NIL_P(mesg)) {
 	mesg = make_exception(1, &mesg, FALSE);
     }
-    rb_longjmp(TAG_FATAL, mesg, Qnil);
+    rb_longjmp(GET_EC(), TAG_FATAL, mesg, Qnil);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Raises an \c Interrupt exception.
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 void
 rb_interrupt(void)
 {
-    rb_raise(rb_eInterrupt, "%s", "");
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new(rb_eInterrupt, 0, 0));
 }
 
-enum {raise_opt_cause, raise_max_opt};
+enum {raise_opt_cause, raise_max_opt}; /*< \private */
 
 static int
 extract_raise_opts(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *opts)
@@ -664,140 +767,174 @@ extract_raise_opts(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *opts)
     return argc;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE err;
+    VALUE opts[raise_max_opt], *const cause = &opts[raise_opt_cause];
+
+    argc = extract_raise_opts(argc, argv, opts);
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        if (*cause != Qundef) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "only cause is given with no arguments");
+        }
+        err = get_errinfo();
+        if (!NIL_P(err)) {
+            argc = 1;
+            argv = &err;
+        }
+    }
+    rb_raise_jump(rb_make_exception(argc, argv), *cause);
+
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     raise
- *     raise(string)
- *     raise(exception [, string [, array]])
+ *     raise(string, cause: $!)
+ *     raise(exception [, string [, array]], cause: $!)
  *     fail
- *     fail(string)
- *     fail(exception [, string [, array]])
+ *     fail(string, cause: $!)
+ *     fail(exception [, string [, array]], cause: $!)
  *
  *  With no arguments, raises the exception in <code>$!</code> or raises
- *  a <code>RuntimeError</code> if <code>$!</code> is +nil+.
- *  With a single +String+ argument, raises a
- *  +RuntimeError+ with the string as a message. Otherwise,
- *  the first parameter should be the name of an +Exception+
- *  class (or an object that returns an +Exception+ object when sent
- *  an +exception+ message). The optional second parameter sets the
- *  message associated with the exception, and the third parameter is an
- *  array of callback information. Exceptions are caught by the
- *  +rescue+ clause of <code>begin...end</code> blocks.
+ *  a RuntimeError if <code>$!</code> is +nil+.  With a single +String+
+ *  argument, raises a +RuntimeError+ with the string as a message. Otherwise,
+ *  the first parameter should be an +Exception+ class (or another
+ *  object that returns an +Exception+ object when sent an +exception+
+ *  message).  The optional second parameter sets the message associated with
+ *  the exception (accessible via Exception#message), and the third parameter
+ *  is an array of callback information (accessible via Exception#backtrace).
+ *  The +cause+ of the generated exception (accessible via Exception#cause)
+ *  is automatically set to the "current" exception (<code>$!</code>), if any.
+ *  An alternative value, either an +Exception+ object or +nil+, can be
+ *  specified via the +:cause+ argument.
+ *
+ *  Exceptions are caught by the +rescue+ clause of
+ *  <code>begin...end</code> blocks.
  *
  *     raise "Failed to create socket"
  *     raise ArgumentError, "No parameters", caller
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+f_raise(int c, VALUE *v, VALUE _)
 {
-    VALUE err;
-    VALUE opts[raise_max_opt], *const cause = &opts[raise_opt_cause];
-
-    argc = extract_raise_opts(argc, argv, opts);
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	if (*cause != Qundef) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "only cause is given with no arguments");
-	}
-	err = get_errinfo();
-	if (!NIL_P(err)) {
-	    argc = 1;
-	    argv = &err;
-	}
-    }
-    rb_raise_jump(rb_make_exception(argc, argv), *cause);
-
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    return rb_f_raise(c, v);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 make_exception(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int isstr)
 {
     VALUE mesg, exc;
-    int n;
 
     mesg = Qnil;
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
-	break;
+        return Qnil;
       case 1:
 	exc = argv[0];
-	if (NIL_P(exc))
-	    break;
-	if (isstr) {
+        if (isstr &&! NIL_P(exc)) {
 	    mesg = rb_check_string_type(exc);
 	    if (!NIL_P(mesg)) {
-		mesg = rb_exc_new3(rb_eRuntimeError, mesg);
-		break;
+                return rb_exc_new3(rb_eRuntimeError, mesg);
 	    }
 	}
-	n = 0;
-	goto exception_call;
 
       case 2:
       case 3:
-	exc = argv[0];
-	n = 1;
-      exception_call:
-	if (sysstack_error_p(exc)) return exc;
-	mesg = rb_check_funcall(exc, idException, n, argv+1);
-	if (mesg == Qundef) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception class/object expected");
-	}
 	break;
       default:
-	rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);
-	break;
+        rb_error_arity(argc, 0, 3);
     }
-    if (argc > 0) {
-	if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(mesg, rb_eException))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception object expected");
-	if (argc > 2)
-	    set_backtrace(mesg, argv[2]);
+    if (NIL_P(mesg)) {
+        mesg = rb_check_funcall(argv[0], idException, argc != 1, &argv[1]);
+    }
+    if (mesg == Qundef) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception class/object expected");
+    }
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(mesg, rb_eException)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception object expected");
+    }
+    if (argc == 3) {
+        set_backtrace(mesg, argv[2]);
     }
 
     return mesg;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Make an \c Exception object from the list of arguments in a manner
+ * similar to \c Kernel\#raise.
+ *
+ * \param[in] argc the number of arguments
+ * \param[in] argv a pointer to the array of arguments.
+ *
+ * The first form of this function takes a \c String argument. Then
+ * it returns a \c RuntimeError whose error message is the given value.
+ *
+ * The second from of this function takes an \c Exception object. Then
+ * it just returns the given value.
+ *
+ * The last form takes an exception class, an optional error message and
+ * an optional array of backtrace. Then it passes the optional arguments
+ * to \c #exception method of the exception class.
+ *
+ * \return the exception object, or \c Qnil if \c argc is 0.
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_make_exception(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
     return make_exception(argc, argv, TRUE);
 }
 
+/*! \private
+ * \todo can be static?
+ */
 void
 rb_raise_jump(VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
     const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
     VALUE klass = me->owner;
     VALUE self = cfp->self;
     ID mid = me->called_id;
 
-    rb_vm_pop_frame(th);
-    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, self, me->def->original_id, mid, klass, Qnil);
-
-    setup_exception(th, TAG_RAISE, mesg, cause);
+    rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, self, me->def->original_id, mid, klass, Qnil);
 
-    rb_thread_raised_clear(th);
-    TH_JUMP_TAG(th, TAG_RAISE);
+    rb_longjmp(ec, TAG_RAISE, mesg, cause);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Continues the exception caught by rb_protect() and rb_eval_string_protect().
+ *
+ * This function never return to the caller.
+ * \param[in] the value of \c *state which the protect function has set to the
+ *   their last parameter.
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 void
 rb_jump_tag(int tag)
 {
     if (UNLIKELY(tag < TAG_RETURN || tag > TAG_FATAL)) {
 	unknown_longjmp_status(tag);
     }
-    JUMP_TAG(tag);
+    EC_JUMP_TAG(GET_EC(), tag);
 }
 
+/*! Determines if the current method is given a block.
+ * \retval zero if not given
+ * \retval non-zero if given
+ * \ingroup defmethod
+ */
 int
 rb_block_given_p(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    if (rb_vm_frame_block_handler(th->cfp) == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
+    if (rb_vm_frame_block_handler(GET_EC()->cfp) == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
 	return FALSE;
     }
     else {
@@ -805,14 +942,21 @@ rb_block_given_p(void)
     }
 }
 
+int rb_vm_cframe_keyword_p(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+
 int
-rb_iterator_p(void)
+rb_keyword_given_p(void)
 {
-    return rb_block_given_p();
+    return rb_vm_cframe_keyword_p(GET_EC()->cfp);
 }
 
 VALUE rb_eThreadError;
 
+/*! Declares that the current method needs a block.
+ *
+ * Raises a \c LocalJumpError if not given a block.
+ * \ingroup defmethod
+ */
 void
 rb_need_block(void)
 {
@@ -821,136 +965,217 @@ rb_need_block(void)
     }
 }
 
+/*! An equivalent of \c rescue clause.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <code>begin .. rescue err_type .. end</code>
+ *
+ * \param[in] b_proc a function which potentially raises an exception.
+ * \param[in] data1 the argument of \a b_proc
+ * \param[in] r_proc a function which rescues an exception in \a b_proc.
+ * \param[in] data2 the first argument of \a r_proc
+ * \param[in] ... 1 or more exception classes. Must be terminated by \c (VALUE)0.
+ *
+ * First it calls the function \a b_proc, with \a data1 as the argument.
+ * When \a b_proc raises an exception, it calls \a r_proc with \a data2 and
+ * the exception object if the exception is a kind of one of the given
+ * exception classes.
+ *
+ * \return the return value of \a b_proc if no exception occurs,
+ *   or the return value of \a r_proc if otherwise.
+ * \sa rb_rescue
+ * \sa rb_ensure
+ * \sa rb_protect
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 VALUE
-rb_rescue2(VALUE (* b_proc) (ANYARGS), VALUE data1,
-	   VALUE (* r_proc) (ANYARGS), VALUE data2, ...)
+rb_rescue2(VALUE (* b_proc) (VALUE), VALUE data1,
+           VALUE (* r_proc) (VALUE, VALUE), VALUE data2, ...)
 {
-    int state;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_control_frame_t *volatile cfp = th->cfp;
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, data2);
+    VALUE ret = rb_vrescue2(b_proc, data1, r_proc, data2, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * \copydoc rb_rescue2
+ * \param[in] args exception classes, terminated by (VALUE)0.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_vrescue2(VALUE (* b_proc) (VALUE), VALUE data1,
+            VALUE (* r_proc) (VALUE, VALUE), VALUE data2,
+            va_list args)
+{
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
+    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_control_frame_t *volatile cfp = ec->cfp;
     volatile VALUE result = Qfalse;
-    volatile VALUE e_info = th->errinfo;
-    va_list args;
+    volatile VALUE e_info = ec->errinfo;
 
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((state = TH_EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
       retry_entry:
 	result = (*b_proc) (data1);
     }
     else if (result) {
 	/* escape from r_proc */
 	if (state == TAG_RETRY) {
-	    state = 0;
-	    th->errinfo = Qnil;
+	    state = TAG_NONE;
+	    ec->errinfo = Qnil;
 	    result = Qfalse;
 	    goto retry_entry;
 	}
     }
     else {
-	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
+	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(ec, cfp);
 
 	if (state == TAG_RAISE) {
 	    int handle = FALSE;
 	    VALUE eclass;
+	    va_list ap;
 
-	    va_init_list(args, data2);
-	    while ((eclass = va_arg(args, VALUE)) != 0) {
-		if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(th->errinfo, eclass)) {
+	    result = Qnil;
+	    /* reuses args when raised again after retrying in r_proc */
+	    va_copy(ap, args);
+	    while ((eclass = va_arg(ap, VALUE)) != 0) {
+		if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ec->errinfo, eclass)) {
 		    handle = TRUE;
 		    break;
 		}
 	    }
-	    va_end(args);
+	    va_end(ap);
 
 	    if (handle) {
-		result = Qnil;
-		state = 0;
+		state = TAG_NONE;
 		if (r_proc) {
-		    result = (*r_proc) (data2, th->errinfo);
+		    result = (*r_proc) (data2, ec->errinfo);
 		}
-		th->errinfo = e_info;
+		ec->errinfo = e_info;
 	    }
 	}
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
     if (state)
-	TH_JUMP_TAG(th, state);
+	EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, state);
 
     return result;
 }
 
+/*! An equivalent of \c rescue clause.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <code>begin .. rescue .. end</code>.
+ *
+ * It is same as
+ * \code{cpp}
+ * rb_rescue2(b_proc, data1, r_proc, data2, rb_eStandardError, (VALUE)0);
+ * \endcode
+ *
+ * \sa rb_rescue2
+ * \sa rb_ensure
+ * \sa rb_protect
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 VALUE
-rb_rescue(VALUE (* b_proc)(ANYARGS), VALUE data1,
-	  VALUE (* r_proc)(ANYARGS), VALUE data2)
+rb_rescue(VALUE (* b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data1,
+          VALUE (* r_proc)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE data2)
 {
     return rb_rescue2(b_proc, data1, r_proc, data2, rb_eStandardError,
 		      (VALUE)0);
 }
 
+/*! Protects a function call from potential global escapes from the function.
+ *
+ * Such global escapes include exceptions, \c Kernel\#throw, \c break in
+ * an iterator, for example.
+ * It first calls the function func with arg as the argument.
+ * If no exception occurred during func, it returns the result of func and
+ * *state is zero.
+ * Otherwise, it returns Qnil and sets *state to nonzero.
+ * If state is NULL, it is not set in both cases.
+ *
+ * You have to clear the error info with rb_set_errinfo(Qnil) when
+ * ignoring the caught exception.
+ * \ingroup exception
+ * \sa rb_rescue
+ * \sa rb_rescue2
+ * \sa rb_ensure
+ */
 VALUE
-rb_protect(VALUE (* proc) (VALUE), VALUE data, int * state)
+rb_protect(VALUE (* proc) (VALUE), VALUE data, int *pstate)
 {
     volatile VALUE result = Qnil;
-    volatile int status;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_control_frame_t *volatile cfp = th->cfp;
+    volatile enum ruby_tag_type state;
+    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_control_frame_t *volatile cfp = ec->cfp;
     struct rb_vm_protect_tag protect_tag;
     rb_jmpbuf_t org_jmpbuf;
 
-    protect_tag.prev = th->protect_tag;
+    protect_tag.prev = ec->protect_tag;
 
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    th->protect_tag = &protect_tag;
-    MEMCPY(&org_jmpbuf, &(th)->root_jmpbuf, rb_jmpbuf_t, 1);
-    if ((status = TH_EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, result = (*proc) (data));
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    ec->protect_tag = &protect_tag;
+    MEMCPY(&org_jmpbuf, &rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec)->root_jmpbuf, rb_jmpbuf_t, 1);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+	SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec), result = (*proc) (data));
     }
     else {
-	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
-    }
-    MEMCPY(&(th)->root_jmpbuf, &org_jmpbuf, rb_jmpbuf_t, 1);
-    th->protect_tag = protect_tag.prev;
-    TH_POP_TAG();
-
-    if (state) {
-	*state = status;
+	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(ec, cfp);
     }
+    MEMCPY(&rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec)->root_jmpbuf, &org_jmpbuf, rb_jmpbuf_t, 1);
+    ec->protect_tag = protect_tag.prev;
+    EC_POP_TAG();
 
+    if (pstate != NULL) *pstate = state;
     return result;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * An equivalent to \c ensure clause.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <code>begin .. ensure .. end</code>.
+ *
+ * Calls the function \a b_proc with \a data1 as the argument,
+ * then calls \a e_proc with \a data2 when execution terminated.
+ * \return The return value of \a b_proc if no exception occurred,
+ *   or \c Qnil if otherwise.
+ * \sa rb_rescue
+ * \sa rb_rescue2
+ * \sa rb_protect
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 VALUE
-rb_ensure(VALUE (*b_proc)(ANYARGS), VALUE data1, VALUE (*e_proc)(ANYARGS), VALUE data2)
+rb_ensure(VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data1, VALUE (*e_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data2)
 {
     int state;
     volatile VALUE result = Qnil;
     VALUE errinfo;
-    rb_thread_t *const th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC();
     rb_ensure_list_t ensure_list;
     ensure_list.entry.marker = 0;
     ensure_list.entry.e_proc = e_proc;
     ensure_list.entry.data2 = data2;
-    ensure_list.next = th->ensure_list;
-    th->ensure_list = &ensure_list;
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+    ensure_list.next = ec->ensure_list;
+    ec->ensure_list = &ensure_list;
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
 	result = (*b_proc) (data1);
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
-    errinfo = th->errinfo;
+    EC_POP_TAG();
+    errinfo = ec->errinfo;
     if (!NIL_P(errinfo) && !RB_TYPE_P(errinfo, T_OBJECT)) {
-	th->errinfo = Qnil;
+	ec->errinfo = Qnil;
     }
-    th->ensure_list=ensure_list.next;
+    ec->ensure_list=ensure_list.next;
     (*ensure_list.entry.e_proc)(ensure_list.entry.data2);
-    th->errinfo = errinfo;
+    ec->errinfo = errinfo;
     if (state)
-	TH_JUMP_TAG(th, state);
+	EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, state);
     return result;
 }
 
 static ID
-frame_func_id(rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
+frame_func_id(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
 {
     const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me = rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
 
@@ -975,24 +1200,47 @@ frame_called_id(rb_control_frame_t *cfp)
     }
 }
 
+/*!
+ * The original name of the current method.
+ *
+ * The function returns the original name of the method even if
+ * an alias of the method is called.
+ * The function can also return 0 if it is not in a method. This
+ * case can happen in a toplevel of a source file, for example.
+ *
+ * \returns the ID of the name or 0
+ * \sa rb_frame_callee
+ * \ingroup defmethod
+ */
 ID
 rb_frame_this_func(void)
 {
-    return frame_func_id(GET_THREAD()->cfp);
+    return frame_func_id(GET_EC()->cfp);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * The name of the current method.
+ *
+ * The function returns the alias if an alias of the method is called.
+ * The function can also return 0 if it is not in a method. This
+ * case can happen in a toplevel of a source file, for example.
+ *
+ * \returns the ID of the name or 0.
+ * \sa rb_frame_this_func
+ * \ingroup defmethod
+ */
 ID
 rb_frame_callee(void)
 {
-    return frame_called_id(GET_THREAD()->cfp);
+    return frame_called_id(GET_EC()->cfp);
 }
 
 static rb_control_frame_t *
-previous_frame(rb_thread_t *th)
+previous_frame(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp);
+    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(ec->cfp);
     /* check if prev_cfp can be accessible */
-    if ((void *)(th->stack + th->stack_size) == (void *)(prev_cfp)) {
+    if ((void *)(ec->vm_stack + ec->vm_stack_size) == (void *)(prev_cfp)) {
         return 0;
     }
     return prev_cfp;
@@ -1001,7 +1249,7 @@ previous_frame(rb_thread_t *th)
 static ID
 prev_frame_callee(void)
 {
-    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_THREAD());
+    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_EC());
     if (!prev_cfp) return 0;
     return frame_called_id(prev_cfp);
 }
@@ -1009,21 +1257,27 @@ prev_frame_callee(void)
 static ID
 prev_frame_func(void)
 {
-    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_THREAD());
+    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_EC());
     if (!prev_cfp) return 0;
     return frame_func_id(prev_cfp);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * \private
+ * Returns the ID of the last method in the call stack.
+ * \sa rb_frame_this_func
+ * \ingroup defmethod
+ */
 ID
 rb_frame_last_func(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
     ID mid;
 
     while (!(mid = frame_func_id(cfp)) &&
 	   (cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp),
-	    !RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(th, cfp)));
+	    !RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(ec, cfp)));
     return mid;
 }
 
@@ -1032,11 +1286,11 @@ rb_frame_last_func(void)
  *     append_features(mod)   -> mod
  *
  *  When this module is included in another, Ruby calls
- *  <code>append_features</code> in this module, passing it the
- *  receiving module in _mod_. Ruby's default implementation is
- *  to add the constants, methods, and module variables of this module
- *  to _mod_ if this module has not already been added to
- *  _mod_ or one of its ancestors. See also <code>Module#include</code>.
+ *  #append_features in this module, passing it the receiving module
+ *  in _mod_. Ruby's default implementation is to add the constants,
+ *  methods, and module variables of this module to _mod_ if this
+ *  module has not already been added to _mod_ or one of its
+ *  ancestors. See also Module#include.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1054,7 +1308,7 @@ rb_mod_append_features(VALUE module, VALUE include)
  *  call-seq:
  *     include(module, ...)    -> self
  *
- *  Invokes <code>Module.append_features</code> on each parameter in reverse order.
+ *  Invokes Module.append_features on each parameter in reverse order.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1081,11 +1335,11 @@ rb_mod_include(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE module)
  *     prepend_features(mod)   -> mod
  *
  *  When this module is prepended in another, Ruby calls
- *  <code>prepend_features</code> in this module, passing it the
- *  receiving module in _mod_. Ruby's default implementation is
- *  to overlay the constants, methods, and module variables of this module
- *  to _mod_ if this module has not already been added to
- *  _mod_ or one of its ancestors. See also <code>Module#prepend</code>.
+ *  #prepend_features in this module, passing it the receiving module
+ *  in _mod_. Ruby's default implementation is to overlay the
+ *  constants, methods, and module variables of this module to _mod_
+ *  if this module has not already been added to _mod_ or one of its
+ *  ancestors. See also Module#prepend.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1103,7 +1357,7 @@ rb_mod_prepend_features(VALUE module, VALUE prepend)
  *  call-seq:
  *     prepend(module, ...)    -> self
  *
- *  Invokes <code>Module.prepend_features</code> on each parameter in reverse order.
+ *  Invokes Module.prepend_features on each parameter in reverse order.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1144,6 +1398,22 @@ hidden_identity_hash_new(void)
     return hash;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+refinement_superclass(VALUE superclass)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(superclass, T_MODULE)) {
+	/* FIXME: Should ancestors of superclass be used here? */
+        return rb_include_class_new(RCLASS_ORIGIN(superclass), rb_cBasicObject);
+    }
+    else {
+	return superclass;
+    }
+}
+
+/*!
+ * \private
+ * \todo can be static?
+ */
 void
 rb_using_refinement(rb_cref_t *cref, VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 {
@@ -1171,18 +1441,18 @@ rb_using_refinement(rb_cref_t *cref, VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 	}
     }
     FL_SET(module, RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID);
+    superclass = refinement_superclass(superclass);
     c = iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, superclass);
-    RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) = klass;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(c, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c), klass);
 
-    RCLASS_M_TBL(OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(c)) =
-      RCLASS_M_TBL(OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(module)); /* TODO: check unprotecting */
+    RCLASS_M_TBL(c) = RCLASS_M_TBL(module);
 
     module = RCLASS_SUPER(module);
     while (module && module != klass) {
 	FL_SET(module, RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID);
 	c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, rb_include_class_new(module, RCLASS_SUPER(c)));
-	RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) = klass;
-	module = RCLASS_SUPER(module);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(c, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c), klass);
+        module = RCLASS_SUPER(module);
     }
     rb_hash_aset(CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref), klass, iclass);
 }
@@ -1226,14 +1496,19 @@ using_module_recursive(const rb_cref_t *cref, VALUE klass)
     rb_hash_foreach(refinements, using_refinement, (VALUE) cref);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * \private
+ * \todo can be static?
+ */
 void
 rb_using_module(const rb_cref_t *cref, VALUE module)
 {
     Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
     using_module_recursive(cref, module);
-    rb_clear_method_cache_by_class(rb_cObject);
+    rb_clear_method_cache_all();
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 VALUE
 rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(VALUE module)
 {
@@ -1260,13 +1535,14 @@ add_activated_refinement(VALUE activated_refinements,
 	}
     }
     FL_SET(refinement, RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID);
+    superclass = refinement_superclass(superclass);
     c = iclass = rb_include_class_new(refinement, superclass);
-    RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) = klass;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(c, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c), klass);
     refinement = RCLASS_SUPER(refinement);
     while (refinement && refinement != klass) {
 	FL_SET(refinement, RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID);
 	c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, rb_include_class_new(refinement, RCLASS_SUPER(c)));
-	RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) = klass;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(c, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c), klass);
 	refinement = RCLASS_SUPER(refinement);
     }
     rb_hash_aset(activated_refinements, klass, iclass);
@@ -1289,7 +1565,7 @@ rb_mod_refine(VALUE module, VALUE klass)
        id_refined_class, id_defined_at;
     VALUE refinements, activated_refinements;
     rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(th->cfp);
+    VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(th->ec->cfp);
 
     if (block_handler == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no block given");
@@ -1314,8 +1590,9 @@ rb_mod_refine(VALUE module, VALUE klass)
     }
     refinement = rb_hash_lookup(refinements, klass);
     if (NIL_P(refinement)) {
+	VALUE superclass = refinement_superclass(klass);
 	refinement = rb_module_new();
-	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(refinement, klass);
+	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(refinement, superclass);
 	FL_SET(refinement, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT);
 	CONST_ID(id_refined_class, "__refined_class__");
 	rb_ivar_set(refinement, id_refined_class, klass);
@@ -1332,6 +1609,7 @@ static void
 ignored_block(VALUE module, const char *klass)
 {
     const char *anon = "";
+    Check_Type(module, T_MODULE);
     if (!RTEST(rb_search_class_path(module))) {
 	anon = ", maybe for Module.new";
     }
@@ -1349,7 +1627,7 @@ ignored_block(VALUE module, const char *klass)
 static VALUE
 mod_using(VALUE self, VALUE module)
 {
-    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_THREAD());
+    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_EC());
 
     if (prev_frame_func()) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
@@ -1403,13 +1681,13 @@ used_modules_i(VALUE _, VALUE mod, VALUE ary)
  *     [B, A]
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_mod_s_used_modules(void)
+rb_mod_s_used_modules(VALUE _)
 {
     const rb_cref_t *cref = rb_vm_cref();
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
 
-    while(cref) {
-	if(!NIL_P(CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref))) {
+    while (cref) {
+	if (!NIL_P(CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref))) {
 	    rb_hash_foreach(CREF_REFINEMENTS(cref), used_modules_i, ary);
 	}
 	cref = CREF_NEXT(cref);
@@ -1418,14 +1696,37 @@ rb_mod_s_used_modules(void)
     return rb_funcall(ary, rb_intern("uniq"), 0);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Calls \c #initialize method of \a obj with the given arguments.
+ *
+ * It also forwards the given block to \c #initialize if given.
+ *
+ * \param[in] obj the receiver object
+ * \param[in] argc the number of arguments
+ * \param[in] argv a pointer to the array of arguments
+ * \ingroup object
+ */
 void
 rb_obj_call_init(VALUE obj, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
     PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_HANDLER();
-    rb_funcallv(obj, idInitialize, argc, argv);
+    rb_funcallv_kw(obj, idInitialize, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 void
+rb_obj_call_init_kw(VALUE obj, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat)
+{
+    PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_HANDLER();
+    rb_funcallv_kw(obj, idInitialize, argc, argv, kw_splat);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Extend the object with the module.
+ *
+ * Same as \c Module\#extend_object.
+ * \ingroup class
+ */
+void
 rb_extend_object(VALUE obj, VALUE module)
 {
     rb_include_module(rb_singleton_class(obj), module);
@@ -1437,7 +1738,7 @@ rb_extend_object(VALUE obj, VALUE module)
  *
  *  Extends the specified object by adding this module's constants and
  *  methods (which are added as singleton methods). This is the callback
- *  method used by <code>Object#extend</code>.
+ *  method used by Object#extend.
  *
  *     module Picky
  *       def Picky.extend_object(o)
@@ -1513,9 +1814,9 @@ rb_obj_extend(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  *  call-seq:
  *     include(module, ...)   -> self
  *
- *  Invokes <code>Module.append_features</code>
- *  on each parameter in turn. Effectively adds the methods and constants
- *  in each module to the receiver.
+ *  Invokes Module.append_features on each parameter in turn.
+ *  Effectively adds the methods and constants in each module to the
+ *  receiver.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1535,14 +1836,14 @@ top_include(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *     using(module)    -> self
  *
  *  Import class refinements from <i>module</i> into the scope where
- *  <code>using</code> is called.
+ *  #using is called.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 top_using(VALUE self, VALUE module)
 {
     const rb_cref_t *cref = rb_vm_cref();
-    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_THREAD());
+    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_EC());
 
     if (CREF_NEXT(cref) || (prev_cfp && rb_vm_frame_method_entry(prev_cfp))) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "main.using is permitted only at toplevel");
@@ -1555,10 +1856,10 @@ top_using(VALUE self, VALUE module)
 }
 
 static const VALUE *
-errinfo_place(rb_thread_t *th)
+errinfo_place(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
-    rb_control_frame_t *end_cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(th);
+    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
+    const rb_control_frame_t *end_cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec);
 
     while (RUBY_VM_VALID_CONTROL_FRAME_P(cfp, end_cfp)) {
 	if (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp)) {
@@ -1576,73 +1877,61 @@ errinfo_place(rb_thread_t *th)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-get_thread_errinfo(rb_thread_t *th)
+VALUE
+rb_ec_get_errinfo(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    const VALUE *ptr = errinfo_place(th);
+    const VALUE *ptr = errinfo_place(ec);
     if (ptr) {
 	return *ptr;
     }
     else {
-	return th->errinfo;
+	return ec->errinfo;
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
 get_errinfo(void)
 {
-    return get_thread_errinfo(GET_THREAD());
+    return get_ec_errinfo(GET_EC());
 }
 
 static VALUE
-errinfo_getter(ID id)
+errinfo_getter(ID id, VALUE *_)
 {
     return get_errinfo();
 }
 
-#if 0
-static void
-errinfo_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var)
-{
-    if (!NIL_P(val) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, rb_eException)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "assigning non-exception to $!");
-    }
-    else {
-	const VALUE *ptr = errinfo_place(GET_THREAD());
-	if (ptr) {
-	    *ptr = val;
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "errinfo_setter: not in rescue clause.");
-	}
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
+/*! The current exception in the current thread.
+ *
+ * Same as \c $! in Ruby.
+ * \return the current exception or \c Qnil
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_errinfo(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    return th->errinfo;
+    return GET_EC()->errinfo;
 }
 
+/*! Sets the current exception (\c $!) to the given value
+ *
+ * \param[in] err an \c Exception object or \c Qnil.
+ * \exception TypeError if \a err is neither an exception nor \c nil.
+ * \note this function does not raise the exception.
+ *   Use \c rb_raise() when you want to raise.
+ * \ingroup exception
+ */
 void
 rb_set_errinfo(VALUE err)
 {
     if (!NIL_P(err) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eException)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "assigning non-exception to $!");
     }
-    GET_THREAD()->errinfo = err;
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_rubylevel_errinfo(void)
-{
-    return get_errinfo();
+    GET_EC()->errinfo = err;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-errat_getter(ID id)
+errat_getter(ID id, VALUE *_)
 {
     VALUE err = get_errinfo();
     if (!NIL_P(err)) {
@@ -1674,7 +1963,7 @@ errat_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_method_name(void)
+rb_f_method_name(VALUE _)
 {
     ID fname = prev_frame_func(); /* need *method* ID */
 
@@ -1696,7 +1985,7 @@ rb_f_method_name(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_callee_name(void)
+rb_f_callee_name(VALUE _)
 {
     ID fname = prev_frame_callee(); /* need *callee* ID */
 
@@ -1719,7 +2008,7 @@ rb_f_callee_name(void)
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-f_current_dirname(void)
+f_current_dirname(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE base = rb_current_realfilepath();
     if (NIL_P(base)) {
@@ -1729,16 +2018,82 @@ f_current_dirname(void)
     return base;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     global_variables    -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array of the names of global variables. This includes
+ *  special regexp global variables such as <tt>$~</tt> and <tt>$+</tt>,
+ *  but does not include the numbered regexp global variables (<tt>$1</tt>,
+ *  <tt>$2</tt>, etc.).
+ *
+ *     global_variables.grep /std/   #=> [:$stdin, :$stdout, :$stderr]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+f_global_variables(VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_f_global_variables();
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     trace_var(symbol, cmd )             -> nil
+ *     trace_var(symbol) {|val| block }    -> nil
+ *
+ *  Controls tracing of assignments to global variables. The parameter
+ *  +symbol+ identifies the variable (as either a string name or a
+ *  symbol identifier). _cmd_ (which may be a string or a
+ *  +Proc+ object) or block is executed whenever the variable
+ *  is assigned. The block or +Proc+ object receives the
+ *  variable's new value as a parameter. Also see
+ *  Kernel::untrace_var.
+ *
+ *     trace_var :$_, proc {|v| puts "$_ is now '#{v}'" }
+ *     $_ = "hello"
+ *     $_ = ' there'
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     $_ is now 'hello'
+ *     $_ is now ' there'
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+f_trace_var(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_f_trace_var(c, a);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     untrace_var(symbol [, cmd] )   -> array or nil
+ *
+ *  Removes tracing for the specified command on the given global
+ *  variable and returns +nil+. If no command is specified,
+ *  removes all tracing for that variable and returns an array
+ *  containing the commands actually removed.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+f_untrace_var(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_f_untrace_var(c, a);
+}
+
 void
 Init_eval(void)
 {
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$@", errat_getter, errat_setter);
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$!", errinfo_getter, 0);
 
-    rb_define_global_function("raise", rb_f_raise, -1);
-    rb_define_global_function("fail", rb_f_raise, -1);
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$@");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$!");
+
+    rb_define_global_function("raise", f_raise, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("fail", f_raise, -1);
 
-    rb_define_global_function("global_variables", rb_f_global_variables, 0);	/* in variable.c */
+    rb_define_global_function("global_variables", f_global_variables, 0);
 
     rb_define_global_function("__method__", rb_f_method_name, 0);
     rb_define_global_function("__callee__", rb_f_callee_name, 0);
@@ -1771,12 +2126,12 @@ Init_eval(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "extend", rb_obj_extend, -1);
 
-    rb_define_global_function("trace_var", rb_f_trace_var, -1);	/* in variable.c */
-    rb_define_global_function("untrace_var", rb_f_untrace_var, -1);	/* in variable.c */
+    rb_define_global_function("trace_var", f_trace_var, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("untrace_var", f_untrace_var, -1);
 
     rb_vm_register_special_exception(ruby_error_reenter, rb_eFatal, "exception reentered");
+    rb_vm_register_special_exception(ruby_error_stackfatal, rb_eFatal, "machine stack overflow in critical region");
 
     id_signo = rb_intern_const("signo");
     id_status = rb_intern_const("status");
-    id_cause = rb_intern_const("cause");
 }
diff --git a/eval_error.c b/eval_error.c
index ff3db23a6b..841275eed0 100644
--- a/eval_error.c
+++ b/eval_error.c
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
  * included by eval.c
  */
 
+#define write_warn(str, x) \
+    (NIL_P(str) ? warn_print(x) : (void)rb_str_cat_cstr(str, x))
+#define write_warn2(str, x, l) \
+    (NIL_P(str) ? warn_print2(x, l) : (void)rb_str_cat(str, x, l))
 #ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P
 #define warn_print(x) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(	\
     (__builtin_constant_p(x)) ? 		\
@@ -12,17 +16,20 @@
 #else
 #define warn_print(x) rb_write_error(x)
 #endif
+
 #define warn_print2(x,l) rb_write_error2((x),(l))
+
+#define write_warn_str(str,x) NIL_P(str) ? rb_write_error_str(x) : (void)rb_str_concat((str), (x))
 #define warn_print_str(x) rb_write_error_str(x)
 
 static VALUE error_pos_str(void);
 
 static void
-error_pos(void)
+error_pos(const VALUE str)
 {
-    VALUE str = error_pos_str();
-    if (!NIL_P(str)) {
-	warn_print_str(str);
+    VALUE pos = error_pos_str();
+    if (!NIL_P(pos)) {
+	write_warn_str(str, pos);
     }
 }
 
@@ -32,7 +39,7 @@ error_pos_str(void)
     int sourceline;
     VALUE sourcefile = rb_source_location(&sourceline);
 
-    if (sourcefile) {
+    if (!NIL_P(sourcefile)) {
 	ID caller_name;
 	if (sourceline == 0) {
 	    return rb_sprintf("%"PRIsVALUE": ", sourcefile);
@@ -67,127 +74,320 @@ set_backtrace(VALUE info, VALUE bt)
 }
 
 static void
-error_print(rb_thread_t *th)
+error_print(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    rb_threadptr_error_print(th, th->errinfo);
+    rb_ec_error_print(ec, ec->errinfo);
 }
 
-void
-rb_threadptr_error_print(rb_thread_t *volatile th, volatile VALUE errinfo)
+static void
+write_warnq(VALUE out, VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len)
 {
-    volatile VALUE errat = Qundef;
-    volatile int raised_flag = th->raised_flag;
-    volatile VALUE eclass = Qundef, e = Qundef;
-    const char *volatile einfo;
-    volatile long elen;
-    VALUE mesg;
-
-    if (NIL_P(errinfo))
-	return;
-    rb_thread_raised_clear(th);
-
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if (TH_EXEC_TAG() == 0) {
-	errat = rb_get_backtrace(errinfo);
-    }
-    else if (errat == Qundef) {
-	errat = Qnil;
-    }
-    else if (eclass == Qundef || e != Qundef) {
-	goto error;
-    }
-    else {
-	goto no_message;
-    }
-    if (NIL_P(errat) || RARRAY_LEN(errat) == 0 ||
-	NIL_P(mesg = RARRAY_AREF(errat, 0))) {
-	error_pos();
+    if (NIL_P(out)) {
+        const char *beg = ptr;
+        const long olen = len;
+        for (; len > 0; --len, ++ptr) {
+            unsigned char c = *ptr;
+            switch (c) {
+              case '\n': case '\t': continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_iscntrl(c)) {
+                char buf[5];
+                const char *cc = 0;
+                if (ptr > beg) rb_write_error2(beg, ptr - beg);
+                beg = ptr + 1;
+                cc = ruby_escaped_char(c);
+                if (cc) {
+                    rb_write_error2(cc, strlen(cc));
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_write_error2(buf, snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\\x%02X", c));
+                }
+            }
+            else if (c == '\\') {
+                rb_write_error2(beg, ptr - beg + 1);
+                beg = ptr;
+            }
+        }
+        if (ptr > beg) {
+            if (beg == RSTRING_PTR(str) && olen == RSTRING_LEN(str))
+                rb_write_error_str(str);
+            else
+                rb_write_error2(beg, ptr - beg);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	warn_print_str(mesg);
-	warn_print(": ");
+        rb_str_cat(out, ptr, len);
     }
+}
 
-    eclass = CLASS_OF(errinfo);
-    if (eclass != Qundef &&
-	(e = rb_check_funcall(errinfo, rb_intern("message"), 0, 0)) != Qundef &&
-	(RB_TYPE_P(e, T_STRING) || !NIL_P(e = rb_check_string_type(e)))) {
-	einfo = RSTRING_PTR(e);
-	elen = RSTRING_LEN(e);
-    }
-    else {
-      no_message:
-	einfo = "";
-	elen = 0;
+#define CSI_BEGIN "\033["
+#define CSI_SGR "m"
+
+static const char underline[] = CSI_BEGIN"1;4"CSI_SGR;
+static const char bold[] = CSI_BEGIN"1"CSI_SGR;
+static const char reset[] = CSI_BEGIN""CSI_SGR;
+
+static void
+print_errinfo(const VALUE eclass, const VALUE errat, const VALUE emesg, const VALUE str, int highlight)
+{
+    const char *einfo = "";
+    long elen = 0;
+    VALUE mesg;
+
+    if (emesg != Qundef) {
+	if (NIL_P(errat) || RARRAY_LEN(errat) == 0 ||
+	    NIL_P(mesg = RARRAY_AREF(errat, 0))) {
+	    error_pos(str);
+	}
+	else {
+	    write_warn_str(str, mesg);
+	    write_warn(str, ": ");
+	}
+
+	if (!NIL_P(emesg)) {
+	    einfo = RSTRING_PTR(emesg);
+            elen = RSTRING_LEN(emesg);
+	}
     }
+
     if (eclass == rb_eRuntimeError && elen == 0) {
-	warn_print("unhandled exception\n");
+	if (highlight) write_warn(str, underline);
+	write_warn(str, "unhandled exception");
+	if (highlight) write_warn(str, reset);
+	write_warn2(str, "\n", 1);
     }
     else {
 	VALUE epath;
 
 	epath = rb_class_name(eclass);
 	if (elen == 0) {
-	    warn_print_str(epath);
-	    warn_print("\n");
+	    if (highlight) write_warn(str, underline);
+	    write_warn_str(str, epath);
+	    if (highlight) write_warn(str, reset);
+	    write_warn(str, "\n");
 	}
 	else {
+            /* emesg is a String instance */
 	    const char *tail = 0;
-	    long len = elen;
 
+            if (highlight) write_warn(str, bold);
 	    if (RSTRING_PTR(epath)[0] == '#')
 		epath = 0;
 	    if ((tail = memchr(einfo, '\n', elen)) != 0) {
-		len = tail - einfo;
+                write_warnq(str, emesg, einfo, tail - einfo);
 		tail++;		/* skip newline */
 	    }
-	    warn_print_str(tail ? rb_str_subseq(e, 0, len) : e);
+	    else {
+                write_warnq(str, emesg, einfo, elen);
+	    }
 	    if (epath) {
-		warn_print(" (");
-		warn_print_str(epath);
-		warn_print(")\n");
+		write_warn(str, " (");
+		if (highlight) write_warn(str, underline);
+                write_warn_str(str, epath);
+		if (highlight) {
+		    write_warn(str, reset);
+		    write_warn(str, bold);
+		}
+		write_warn2(str, ")", 1);
+		if (highlight) write_warn(str, reset);
+		write_warn2(str, "\n", 1);
+	    }
+	    if (tail && einfo+elen > tail) {
+		if (!highlight) {
+                    write_warnq(str, emesg, tail, einfo+elen-tail);
+		    if (einfo[elen-1] != '\n') write_warn2(str, "\n", 1);
+		}
+		else {
+		    elen -= tail - einfo;
+		    einfo = tail;
+		    while (elen > 0) {
+			tail = memchr(einfo, '\n', elen);
+			if (!tail || tail > einfo) {
+			    write_warn(str, bold);
+                            write_warnq(str, emesg, einfo, tail ? tail-einfo : elen);
+			    write_warn(str, reset);
+			    if (!tail) {
+				write_warn2(str, "\n", 1);
+				break;
+			    }
+			}
+			elen -= tail - einfo;
+			einfo = tail;
+			do ++tail; while (tail < einfo+elen && *tail == '\n');
+                        write_warnq(str, emesg, einfo, tail-einfo);
+			elen -= tail - einfo;
+			einfo = tail;
+		    }
+		}
 	    }
-	    if (tail) {
-		warn_print_str(rb_str_subseq(e, tail - einfo, elen - len - 1));
+	    else if (!epath) {
+		write_warn2(str, "\n", 1);
 	    }
-	    if (tail ? einfo[elen-1] != '\n' : !epath) warn_print2("\n", 1);
 	}
     }
+}
 
+static void
+print_backtrace(const VALUE eclass, const VALUE errat, const VALUE str, int reverse)
+{
     if (!NIL_P(errat)) {
 	long i;
 	long len = RARRAY_LEN(errat);
-        int skip = eclass == rb_eSysStackError;
+	const int threshold = 1000000000;
+        int width = (len <= 1) ? INT_MIN : ((int)log10((double)(len > threshold ?
+					 ((len - 1) / threshold) :
+					 len - 1)) +
+		     (len < threshold ? 0 : 9) + 1);
+
+        long skip_start = -1, skip_len = 0;
+
+        // skip for stackoverflow
+        if (eclass == rb_eSysStackError) {
+            long trace_head = 9;
+            long trace_tail = 4;
+            long trace_max = trace_head + trace_tail + 5;
+            if (len > trace_max) {
+                skip_start = trace_head;
+                skip_len = len - trace_max + 5;
+            }
+        }
 
-#define TRACE_MAX (TRACE_HEAD+TRACE_TAIL+5)
-#define TRACE_HEAD 8
-#define TRACE_TAIL 5
+        // skip for explicit limit
+        if (rb_backtrace_length_limit >= 0 && len > rb_backtrace_length_limit + 2) {
+            skip_start = rb_backtrace_length_limit + 1;
+            skip_len = len - skip_start;
+        }
 
 	for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
-	    VALUE line = RARRAY_AREF(errat, i);
-	    if (RB_TYPE_P(line, T_STRING)) {
-		warn_print_str(rb_sprintf("\tfrom %"PRIsVALUE"\n", line));
+	    if (i == skip_start) {
+		write_warn_str(str, rb_sprintf("\t ... %ld levels...\n", skip_len));
+		i += skip_len;
+                if (i >= len) break;
 	    }
-	    if (skip && i == TRACE_HEAD && len > TRACE_MAX) {
-		warn_print_str(rb_sprintf("\t ... %ld levels...\n",
-					  len - TRACE_HEAD - TRACE_TAIL));
-		i = len - TRACE_TAIL;
+	    VALUE line = RARRAY_AREF(errat, reverse ? len - i : i);
+	    if (RB_TYPE_P(line, T_STRING)) {
+		VALUE bt = rb_str_new_cstr("\t");
+		if (reverse) rb_str_catf(bt, "%*ld: ", width, len - i);
+		write_warn_str(str, rb_str_catf(bt, "from %"PRIsVALUE"\n", line));
 	    }
 	}
     }
-  error:
-    TH_POP_TAG();
-    th->errinfo = errinfo;
-    rb_thread_raised_set(th, raised_flag);
+}
+
+VALUE rb_get_message(VALUE exc);
+
+static int
+shown_cause_p(VALUE cause, VALUE *shown_causes)
+{
+    VALUE shown = *shown_causes;
+    if (!shown) {
+        *shown_causes = shown = rb_obj_hide(rb_ident_hash_new());
+    }
+    if (rb_hash_has_key(shown, cause)) return TRUE;
+    rb_hash_aset(shown, cause, Qtrue);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static void
+show_cause(VALUE errinfo, VALUE str, VALUE highlight, VALUE reverse, VALUE *shown_causes)
+{
+    VALUE cause = rb_attr_get(errinfo, id_cause);
+    if (!NIL_P(cause) && rb_obj_is_kind_of(cause, rb_eException) &&
+        !shown_cause_p(cause, shown_causes)) {
+        volatile VALUE eclass = CLASS_OF(cause);
+        VALUE errat = rb_get_backtrace(cause);
+        VALUE emesg = rb_get_message(cause);
+        if (reverse) {
+            show_cause(cause, str, highlight, reverse, shown_causes);
+            print_backtrace(eclass, errat, str, TRUE);
+            print_errinfo(eclass, errat, emesg, str, highlight!=0);
+        }
+        else {
+            print_errinfo(eclass, errat, emesg, str, highlight!=0);
+            print_backtrace(eclass, errat, str, FALSE);
+            show_cause(cause, str, highlight, reverse, shown_causes);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_error_write(VALUE errinfo, VALUE emesg, VALUE errat, VALUE str, VALUE highlight, VALUE reverse)
+{
+    volatile VALUE eclass;
+    VALUE shown_causes = 0;
+
+    if (NIL_P(errinfo))
+	return;
+
+    if (errat == Qundef) {
+	errat = Qnil;
+    }
+    eclass = CLASS_OF(errinfo);
+    if (NIL_P(reverse)) reverse = Qfalse;
+    if (NIL_P(highlight)) {
+	VALUE tty = (VALUE)rb_stderr_tty_p();
+	if (NIL_P(highlight)) highlight = tty;
+    }
+    if (reverse) {
+	static const char traceback[] = "Traceback "
+	    "(most recent call last):\n";
+	const int bold_part = rb_strlen_lit("Traceback");
+	char buff[sizeof(traceback)+sizeof(bold)+sizeof(reset)-2], *p = buff;
+	const char *msg = traceback;
+	long len = sizeof(traceback) - 1;
+	if (highlight) {
+#define APPEND(s, l) (memcpy(p, s, l), p += (l))
+	    APPEND(bold, sizeof(bold)-1);
+	    APPEND(traceback, bold_part);
+	    APPEND(reset, sizeof(reset)-1);
+	    APPEND(traceback + bold_part, sizeof(traceback)-bold_part-1);
+#undef APPEND
+	    len = p - (msg = buff);
+	}
+	write_warn2(str, msg, len);
+        show_cause(errinfo, str, highlight, reverse, &shown_causes);
+	print_backtrace(eclass, errat, str, TRUE);
+	print_errinfo(eclass, errat, emesg, str, highlight!=0);
+    }
+    else {
+	print_errinfo(eclass, errat, emesg, str, highlight!=0);
+	print_backtrace(eclass, errat, str, FALSE);
+        show_cause(errinfo, str, highlight, reverse, &shown_causes);
+    }
 }
 
 void
-ruby_error_print(void)
+rb_ec_error_print(rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec, volatile VALUE errinfo)
 {
-    error_print(GET_THREAD());
+    volatile uint8_t raised_flag = ec->raised_flag;
+    volatile VALUE errat = Qundef;
+    volatile VALUE emesg = Qundef;
+    volatile bool written = false;
+
+    if (NIL_P(errinfo))
+	return;
+    rb_ec_raised_clear(ec);
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if (EC_EXEC_TAG() == TAG_NONE) {
+	errat = rb_get_backtrace(errinfo);
+    }
+    if (emesg == Qundef) {
+	emesg = Qnil;
+	emesg = rb_get_message(errinfo);
+    }
+
+    if (!written) {
+        written = true;
+        rb_error_write(errinfo, emesg, errat, Qnil, Qnil, Qfalse);
+    }
+
+    EC_POP_TAG();
+    ec->errinfo = errinfo;
+    rb_ec_raised_set(ec, raised_flag);
 }
 
-#define undef_mesg_for(v, k) rb_fstring_cstr("undefined"v" method `%1$s' for "k" `%2$s'")
+#define undef_mesg_for(v, k) rb_fstring_lit("undefined"v" method `%1$s' for "k" `%2$s'")
 #define undef_mesg(v) ( \
 	is_mod ? \
 	undef_mesg_for(v, "module") : \
@@ -215,7 +415,7 @@ rb_print_undef_str(VALUE klass, VALUE name)
     rb_name_err_raise_str(undef_mesg(""), klass, name);
 }
 
-#define inaccessible_mesg_for(v, k) rb_fstring_cstr("method `%1$s' for "k" `%2$s' is "v)
+#define inaccessible_mesg_for(v, k) rb_fstring_lit("method `%1$s' for "k" `%2$s' is "v)
 #define inaccessible_mesg(v) ( \
 	is_mod ? \
 	inaccessible_mesg_for(v, "module") : \
@@ -247,12 +447,11 @@ sysexit_status(VALUE err)
     rb_bug("Unknown longjmp status %d", status)
 
 static int
-error_handle(int ex)
+error_handle(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int ex)
 {
     int status = EXIT_FAILURE;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-    if (rb_threadptr_set_raised(th))
+    if (rb_ec_set_raised(ec))
 	return EXIT_FAILURE;
     switch (ex & TAG_MASK) {
       case 0:
@@ -260,32 +459,32 @@ error_handle(int ex)
 	break;
 
       case TAG_RETURN:
-	error_pos();
+	error_pos(Qnil);
 	warn_print("unexpected return\n");
 	break;
       case TAG_NEXT:
-	error_pos();
+	error_pos(Qnil);
 	warn_print("unexpected next\n");
 	break;
       case TAG_BREAK:
-	error_pos();
+	error_pos(Qnil);
 	warn_print("unexpected break\n");
 	break;
       case TAG_REDO:
-	error_pos();
+	error_pos(Qnil);
 	warn_print("unexpected redo\n");
 	break;
       case TAG_RETRY:
-	error_pos();
+	error_pos(Qnil);
 	warn_print("retry outside of rescue clause\n");
 	break;
       case TAG_THROW:
 	/* TODO: fix me */
-	error_pos();
+	error_pos(Qnil);
 	warn_print("unexpected throw\n");
 	break;
       case TAG_RAISE: {
-	VALUE errinfo = th->errinfo;
+	VALUE errinfo = ec->errinfo;
 	if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSystemExit)) {
 	    status = sysexit_status(errinfo);
 	}
@@ -293,18 +492,22 @@ error_handle(int ex)
 		 rb_ivar_get(errinfo, id_signo) != INT2FIX(SIGSEGV)) {
 	    /* no message when exiting by signal */
 	}
+        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSystemCallError) &&
+                 FIXNUM_P(rb_attr_get(errinfo, id_signo))) {
+	    /* no message when exiting by error to be mapped to signal */
+        }
 	else {
-	    error_print(th);
+	    rb_ec_error_print(ec, errinfo);
 	}
 	break;
       }
       case TAG_FATAL:
-	error_print(th);
+	error_print(ec);
 	break;
       default:
 	unknown_longjmp_status(ex);
 	break;
     }
-    rb_threadptr_reset_raised(th);
+    rb_ec_reset_raised(ec);
     return status;
 }
diff --git a/eval_intern.h b/eval_intern.h
index c5210b14de..9fa9031189 100644
--- a/eval_intern.h
+++ b/eval_intern.h
@@ -5,23 +5,22 @@
 #include "vm_core.h"
 
 static inline void
-vm_passed_block_handler_set(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE block_handler)
+vm_passed_block_handler_set(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE block_handler)
 {
-    VM_ASSERT(vm_block_handler_verify(block_handler));
-    th->passed_block_handler = block_handler;
+    vm_block_handler_verify(block_handler);
+    ec->passed_block_handler = block_handler;
 }
 
 static inline void
-pass_passed_block_handler(rb_thread_t *th)
+pass_passed_block_handler(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(th->cfp);
-    VM_ASSERT(vm_block_handler_verify(block_handler));
-    vm_passed_block_handler_set(th, block_handler);
-    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(th->cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_PASSED);
+    VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(ec->cfp);
+    vm_passed_block_handler_set(ec, block_handler);
+    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(ec->cfp->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_PASSED);
 }
 
-#define PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_HANDLER_TH(th) pass_passed_block_handler(th)
-#define PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_HANDLER() pass_passed_block_handler(GET_THREAD())
+#define PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_HANDLER_EC(ec) pass_passed_block_handler(ec)
+#define PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_HANDLER() pass_passed_block_handler(GET_EC())
 
 #ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ extern int select_large_fdset(int, fd_set *, fd_set *, fd_set *, struct timeval
 #define SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF_AFTER_STMT \
     } \
     __except (GetExceptionCode() == EXCEPTION_STACK_OVERFLOW ? \
-	      (rb_thread_raised_set(GET_THREAD(), RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW), \
+	      (rb_ec_raised_set(GET_EC(), RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW), \
 	       raise(SIGSEGV), \
 	       EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER) : \
 	      EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH) { \
@@ -128,25 +127,28 @@ LONG WINAPI rb_w32_stack_overflow_handler(struct _EXCEPTION_POINTERS *);
       rb_fiber_start(); \
   } while (0)
 
-#define TH_PUSH_TAG(th) do { \
-  rb_thread_t * const _th = (th); \
+#define EC_PUSH_TAG(ec) do { \
+  rb_execution_context_t * const _ec = (ec); \
   struct rb_vm_tag _tag; \
+  _tag.state = TAG_NONE; \
   _tag.tag = Qundef; \
-  _tag.prev = _th->tag;
+  _tag.prev = _ec->tag; \
+  _tag.lock_rec = rb_ec_vm_lock_rec(_ec); \
 
-#define TH_POP_TAG() \
-  _th->tag = _tag.prev; \
+#define EC_POP_TAG() \
+  _ec->tag = _tag.prev; \
 } while (0)
 
-#define TH_TMPPOP_TAG() \
-  _th->tag = _tag.prev
+#define EC_TMPPOP_TAG() \
+  _ec->tag = _tag.prev
 
-#define TH_REPUSH_TAG() (void)(_th->tag = &_tag)
+#define EC_REPUSH_TAG() (void)(_ec->tag = &_tag)
 
-#define PUSH_TAG() TH_PUSH_TAG(GET_THREAD())
-#define POP_TAG()      TH_POP_TAG()
-
-#if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ == 4 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6 && __GNUC_MINOR__ <= 8)
+#if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ == 4 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6 && __GNUC_MINOR__ <= 8) || __clang__
+/* This macro prevents GCC 4.6--4.8 from emitting maybe-uninitialized warnings.
+ * This macro also prevents Clang from dumping core in EC_EXEC_TAG().
+ * (I confirmed Clang 4.0.1 and 5.0.0.)
+ */
 # define VAR_FROM_MEMORY(var) __extension__(*(__typeof__(var) volatile *)&(var))
 # define VAR_INITIALIZED(var) ((var) = VAR_FROM_MEMORY(var))
 # define VAR_NOCLOBBERED(var) volatile var
@@ -156,36 +158,42 @@ LONG WINAPI rb_w32_stack_overflow_handler(struct _EXCEPTION_POINTERS *);
 # define VAR_NOCLOBBERED(var) var
 #endif
 
-/* clear th->state, and return the value */
+static inline void
+rb_ec_vm_lock_rec_check(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, unsigned int recorded_lock_rec)
+{
+    unsigned int current_lock_rec = rb_ec_vm_lock_rec(ec);
+    if (current_lock_rec != recorded_lock_rec) {
+        rb_ec_vm_lock_rec_release(ec, recorded_lock_rec, current_lock_rec);
+    }
+}
+
+/* clear ec->tag->state, and return the value */
 static inline int
-rb_threadptr_tag_state(rb_thread_t *th)
+rb_ec_tag_state(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    int state = th->state;
-    th->state = 0;
+    struct rb_vm_tag *tag = ec->tag;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state = tag->state;
+    tag->state = TAG_NONE;
+    rb_ec_vm_lock_rec_check(ec, tag->lock_rec);
     return state;
 }
 
-NORETURN(static inline void rb_threadptr_tag_jump(rb_thread_t *, int));
+NORETURN(static inline void rb_ec_tag_jump(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type st));
 static inline void
-rb_threadptr_tag_jump(rb_thread_t *th, int st)
+rb_ec_tag_jump(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type st)
 {
-    th->state = st;
-    ruby_longjmp(th->tag->buf, 1);
+    ec->tag->state = st;
+    ruby_longjmp(ec->tag->buf, 1);
 }
 
 /*
   setjmp() in assignment expression rhs is undefined behavior
   [ISO/IEC 9899:1999] 7.13.1.1
 */
-#define TH_EXEC_TAG() \
-    (ruby_setjmp(_tag.buf) ? rb_threadptr_tag_state(VAR_FROM_MEMORY(_th)) : (TH_REPUSH_TAG(), 0))
-
-#define EXEC_TAG() \
-  TH_EXEC_TAG()
+#define EC_EXEC_TAG() \
+    (ruby_setjmp(_tag.buf) ? rb_ec_tag_state(VAR_FROM_MEMORY(_ec)) : (EC_REPUSH_TAG(), 0))
 
-#define TH_JUMP_TAG(th, st) rb_threadptr_tag_jump(th, st)
-
-#define JUMP_TAG(st) TH_JUMP_TAG(GET_THREAD(), (st))
+#define EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, st) rb_ec_tag_jump(ec, st)
 
 #define INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_P(exc) FIXNUM_P(exc)
 
@@ -254,20 +262,18 @@ CREF_OMOD_SHARED_UNSET(rb_cref_t *cref)
     cref->flags &= ~CREF_FL_OMOD_SHARED;
 }
 
-void rb_thread_cleanup(void);
-void rb_thread_wait_other_threads(void);
-
 enum {
     RAISED_EXCEPTION = 1,
     RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW = 2,
     RAISED_NOMEMORY = 4
 };
-int rb_threadptr_set_raised(rb_thread_t *th);
-int rb_threadptr_reset_raised(rb_thread_t *th);
-#define rb_thread_raised_set(th, f)   ((th)->raised_flag |= (f))
-#define rb_thread_raised_reset(th, f) ((th)->raised_flag &= ~(f))
-#define rb_thread_raised_p(th, f)     (((th)->raised_flag & (f)) != 0)
-#define rb_thread_raised_clear(th)    ((th)->raised_flag = 0)
+#define rb_ec_raised_set(ec, f)   ((ec)->raised_flag |= (f))
+#define rb_ec_raised_reset(ec, f) ((ec)->raised_flag &= ~(f))
+#define rb_ec_raised_p(ec, f)    (((ec)->raised_flag & (f)) != 0)
+#define rb_ec_raised_clear(ec)    ((ec)->raised_flag = 0)
+int rb_ec_set_raised(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+int rb_ec_reset_raised(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+int rb_ec_stack_check(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
 
 VALUE rb_f_eval(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 VALUE rb_make_exception(int argc, const VALUE *argv);
@@ -281,20 +287,31 @@ NORETURN(void rb_print_undef_str(VALUE, VALUE));
 NORETURN(void rb_print_inaccessible(VALUE, ID, rb_method_visibility_t));
 NORETURN(void rb_vm_localjump_error(const char *,VALUE, int));
 NORETURN(void rb_vm_jump_tag_but_local_jump(int));
-NORETURN(void rb_raise_method_missing(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
-				      VALUE obj, int call_status));
 
 VALUE rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(int state, VALUE val);
 rb_cref_t *rb_vm_cref(void);
 rb_cref_t *rb_vm_cref_replace_with_duplicated_cref(void);
 VALUE rb_vm_call_cfunc(VALUE recv, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg, VALUE block_handler, VALUE filename);
 void rb_vm_set_progname(VALUE filename);
-void rb_thread_terminate_all(void);
 VALUE rb_vm_cbase(void);
 
+/* vm_backtrace.c */
+VALUE rb_ec_backtrace_object(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+VALUE rb_ec_backtrace_str_ary(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, long lev, long n);
+VALUE rb_ec_backtrace_location_ary(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, long lev, long n, bool skip_internal);
+
 #ifndef CharNext		/* defined as CharNext[AW] on Windows. */
 # ifdef HAVE_MBLEN
-#  define CharNext(p) ((p) + mblen((p), RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE))
+#  define CharNext(p) rb_char_next(p)
+static inline const char *
+rb_char_next(const char *p)
+{
+    if (p) {
+        int len = mblen(p, RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE);
+        p += len > 0 ? len : 1;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
 # else
 #  define CharNext(p) ((p) + 1)
 # endif
diff --git a/eval_jump.c b/eval_jump.c
index 59dae109ce..75d4ad0207 100644
--- a/eval_jump.c
+++ b/eval_jump.c
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ rb_call_end_proc(VALUE data)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_at_exit(void)
+rb_f_at_exit(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE proc;
 
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ rb_f_at_exit(void)
 struct end_proc_data {
     void (*func) ();
     VALUE data;
-    int safe;
     struct end_proc_data *next;
 };
 
@@ -72,7 +71,6 @@ rb_set_end_proc(void (*func)(VALUE), VALUE data)
     link->next = *list;
     link->func = func;
     link->data = data;
-    link->safe = rb_safe_level();
     *list = link;
 }
 
@@ -104,38 +102,33 @@ exec_end_procs_chain(struct end_proc_data *volatile *procs, VALUE *errp)
 	*procs = link->next;
 	endproc = *link;
 	xfree(link);
-	rb_set_safe_level_force(endproc.safe);
 	(*endproc.func) (endproc.data);
 	*errp = errinfo;
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_exec_end_proc(void)
+static void
+rb_ec_exec_end_proc(rb_execution_context_t * ec)
 {
-    int status;
-    volatile int safe = rb_safe_level();
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    volatile VALUE errinfo = th->errinfo;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
+    volatile VALUE errinfo = ec->errinfo;
 
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((status = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
       again:
-	exec_end_procs_chain(&ephemeral_end_procs, &th->errinfo);
-	exec_end_procs_chain(&end_procs, &th->errinfo);
+	exec_end_procs_chain(&ephemeral_end_procs, &ec->errinfo);
+	exec_end_procs_chain(&end_procs, &ec->errinfo);
     }
     else {
-	VAR_INITIALIZED(th);
-	TH_TMPPOP_TAG();
-	error_handle(status);
-	if (!NIL_P(th->errinfo)) errinfo = th->errinfo;
-	TH_REPUSH_TAG();
+	EC_TMPPOP_TAG();
+        error_handle(ec, state);
+	if (!NIL_P(ec->errinfo)) errinfo = ec->errinfo;
+	EC_REPUSH_TAG();
 	goto again;
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
 
-    rb_set_safe_level_force(safe);
-    th->errinfo = errinfo;
+    ec->errinfo = errinfo;
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/c.c b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/c.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a9f7cb498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/c.c
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+struct T {
+    char _;
+    double t;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(RUBY_ALIGNOF, RUBY_ALIGNOF(double) == offsetof(struct T, t));
+
+void
+Init_RUBY_ALIGNOF(void)
+{
+    // Windows linker mandates this symbol to exist.
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/cpp.cpp b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/cpp.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed76d49b9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/cpp.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include <cstddef>
+
+struct T {
+    char _;
+    double t;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(RUBY_ALIGNOF, RUBY_ALIGNOF(double) == offsetof(T, t));
diff --git a/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/depend b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1662feda25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+c.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+c.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+c.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+c.o: c.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98a370e987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+$objs = %W"c.#$OBJEXT"
+
+$objs << "cpp.#$OBJEXT" if MakeMakefile['C++'].have_devel?
+
+create_makefile("-test-/RUBY_ALIGNOF")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/depend b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46117d1000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+extract.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+extract.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+extract.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+extract.o: extract.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c368bf50e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+create_makefile("-test-/arith_seq/extract")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/extract.c b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/extract.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93b89c239a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/arith_seq/extract/extract.c
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE
+arith_seq_s_extract(VALUE mod, VALUE obj)
+{
+  rb_arithmetic_sequence_components_t x;
+  VALUE ret;
+  int r;
+
+  r = rb_arithmetic_sequence_extract(obj, &x);
+
+  ret = rb_ary_new2(5);
+  rb_ary_store(ret, 0, r ? x.begin : Qnil);
+  rb_ary_store(ret, 1, r ? x.end   : Qnil);
+  rb_ary_store(ret, 2, r ? x.step  : Qnil);
+  rb_ary_store(ret, 3, r ? INT2FIX(x.exclude_end) : Qnil);
+  rb_ary_store(ret, 4, INT2FIX(r));
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+void
+Init_extract(void)
+{
+    VALUE cArithSeq = rb_path2class("Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence");
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cArithSeq, "__extract__", arith_seq_s_extract, 1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/array/concat/depend b/ext/-test-/array/concat/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f2ba01f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/array/concat/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+resize.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+resize.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+resize.o: resize.c
+to_ary_conact.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+to_ary_conact.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+to_ary_conact.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+to_ary_conact.o: to_ary_conact.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/array/concat/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/array/concat/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdd79126c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/array/concat/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+create_makefile("-test-/array/to_ary_concat")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/array/concat/to_ary_conact.c b/ext/-test-/array/concat/to_ary_conact.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec1fd321ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/array/concat/to_ary_conact.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+// Bar
+
+typedef struct {
+    int dummy;
+} Bar;
+
+static rb_data_type_t Bar_type = {
+    "Bar",
+    {NULL, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, NULL },
+};
+
+static VALUE
+Bar_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &Bar_type, NULL);
+}
+
+VALUE Bar_to_ary(VALUE _self) {
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(2);
+    VALUE foo = rb_ary_new2(0);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, foo);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, foo);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, foo);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+void Init_to_ary_concat() {
+    VALUE mBug = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    VALUE bar = rb_define_class_under(mBug, "Bar", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(bar, Bar_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(bar, "to_ary", Bar_to_ary, 0);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend b/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend
index 177c527db2..7c52b21e59 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/array/resize/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 resize.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 resize.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 resize.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/big2str.c b/ext/-test-/bignum/big2str.c
index ec4bde2915..bc5a933f82 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/big2str.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/big2str.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
 
 static VALUE
 big(VALUE x)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/bigzero.c b/ext/-test-/bignum/bigzero.c
index 35117db7ae..e2bfebcd3e 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/bigzero.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/bigzero.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
 
 static VALUE
 bug_big_zero(VALUE self, VALUE length)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/depend b/ext/-test-/bignum/depend
index 5310a3a4be..7ddf1da1dc 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/depend
@@ -1,109 +1,1141 @@
-big2str.o: big2str.c
-div.o: div.c
-intpack.o: intpack.c
-mul.o: mul.c
-str2big.o: str2big.c
-
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 big2str.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 big2str.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 big2str.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-big2str.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 big2str.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+big2str.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 big2str.o: big2str.c
 bigzero.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 bigzero.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
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+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
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+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
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+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
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+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+bigzero.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
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+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 str2big.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-str2big.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 str2big.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+str2big.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 str2big.o: str2big.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/div.c b/ext/-test-/bignum/div.c
index a1db21dc30..2be0d2d62a 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/div.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/div.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
 
 static VALUE
 big(VALUE x)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/intpack.c b/ext/-test-/bignum/intpack.c
index 2d19442cf2..698362f96f 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/intpack.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/intpack.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
 
 static VALUE
 rb_integer_pack_raw_m(VALUE val, VALUE buf, VALUE numwords_arg, VALUE wordsize_arg, VALUE nails, VALUE flags)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/mul.c b/ext/-test-/bignum/mul.c
index b922f34437..1b6eb911bd 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/mul.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/mul.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
 
 static VALUE
 big(VALUE x)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bignum/str2big.c b/ext/-test-/bignum/str2big.c
index bc79ef0329..7dd2da9a07 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bignum/str2big.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/bignum/str2big.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
 
 static VALUE
 str2big_poweroftwo(VALUE str, VALUE vbase, VALUE badcheck)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-14834/bug-14384.c b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/bug-14384.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a16a2d222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/bug-14384.c
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/debug.h>
+
+#ifndef MAYBE_UNUSED
+# define MAYBE_UNUSED(x) x
+#endif
+
+static NOINLINE(VALUE f(VALUE));
+static NOINLINE(void g(VALUE, void*));
+extern NOINLINE(void Init_bug_14384(void));
+
+void
+Init_bug_14834(void)
+{
+    VALUE q = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    rb_define_module_function(q, "bug_14834", f, 0);
+}
+
+VALUE
+f(VALUE q)
+{
+    int   w[] = { 0, 1024 };
+    VALUE e   = rb_tracepoint_new(Qnil, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ, g, w);
+
+    rb_tracepoint_enable(e);
+    return rb_ensure(rb_yield, q, rb_tracepoint_disable, e);
+}
+
+void
+g(MAYBE_UNUSED(VALUE q), void* w)
+{
+    const int *e = (const int *)w;
+    const int  r = *e++;
+    const int  t = *e++;
+    VALUE     *y = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, t);
+    int       *u = ALLOCA_N(int, t);
+
+    rb_profile_frames(r, t, y, u);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-14834/depend b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dce5a8e5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+bug-14384.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+bug-14384.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/debug.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+bug-14384.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+bug-14384.o: bug-14384.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-14834/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8f3f1f437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-14834/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+create_makefile("-test-/bug_14834")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-3571/bug.c b/ext/-test-/bug-3571/bug.c
index a64f054740..dd3c85cd79 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/bug-3571/bug.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-3571/bug.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ bug_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, arg))
 }
 
 static VALUE
-bug_start(VALUE self, VALUE hash)
+bug_start(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new3(1, Qnil);
     rb_block_call(ary, rb_intern("map"), 0, 0, bug_i, self);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-3571/depend b/ext/-test-/bug-3571/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a21935558d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-3571/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+bug.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+bug.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
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+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
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+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
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+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
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+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+bug.o: bug.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug-5832/depend b/ext/-test-/bug-5832/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a21935558d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug-5832/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+bug.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+bug.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
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+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+bug.o: bug.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/bug_reporter/depend b/ext/-test-/bug_reporter/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f49b6147e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/bug_reporter/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
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+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+bug_reporter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+bug_reporter.o: bug_reporter.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/class/depend b/ext/-test-/class/depend
index 40f3d7ab6d..95199c5cf4 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/class/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/class/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 class2name.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 class2name.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
@@ -11,13 +161,163 @@ class2name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 class2name.o: class2name.c
 init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 init.o: init.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/cxxanyargs.cpp b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/cxxanyargs.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eded13e2ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/cxxanyargs.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,961 @@
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+
+#if 0 // Warnings expected, should just suppress them
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
+
+#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#pragma warning(disable : 1786)
+
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
+#pragma error_messages (off,symdeprecated)
+
+#else
+// :FIXME: improve here for your compiler.
+
+#endif
+
+namespace test_rb_define_virtual_variable {
+    VALUE
+    getter(ID, VALUE *data)
+    {
+        return *data;
+    }
+
+    void
+    setter(VALUE val, ID, VALUE *data)
+    {
+        *data = val;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        rb_define_virtual_variable("test",
+            RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(getter),
+            reinterpret_cast<void(*)(ANYARGS)>(setter)); // old
+        rb_define_virtual_variable("test", getter, setter); // new
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        rb_define_virtual_variable("test", nullptr, reinterpret_cast<void(*)(ANYARGS)>(setter));
+        rb_define_virtual_variable("test", nullptr, setter);
+
+        rb_define_virtual_variable("test", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(getter), nullptr);
+        rb_define_virtual_variable("test", getter, nullptr);
+
+        // It doesn't make any sense for both function pointers be nullptr at
+        // the same time.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+struct test_rb_define_hooked_variable {
+    static VALUE v;
+
+    static VALUE
+    getter(ID, VALUE *data)
+    {
+        return *data;
+    }
+
+    static void
+    setter(VALUE val, ID, VALUE *data)
+    {
+        *data = val;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        rb_define_hooked_variable("test", &v,
+            RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(getter),
+            reinterpret_cast<void(*)(ANYARGS)>(setter)); // old
+        rb_define_hooked_variable("test", &v, getter, setter); // new
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        rb_define_hooked_variable("test", &v, nullptr, reinterpret_cast<void(*)(ANYARGS)>(setter));
+        rb_define_hooked_variable("test", &v, nullptr, setter);
+
+        rb_define_hooked_variable("test", &v, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(getter), nullptr);
+        rb_define_hooked_variable("test", &v, getter, nullptr);
+
+        // It doesn't make any sense for both function pointers be nullptr at
+        // the same time.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+};
+VALUE test_rb_define_hooked_variable::v = Qundef;
+
+namespace test_rb_iterate {
+    VALUE
+    iter(VALUE self)
+    {
+        return rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("yield"), 0);
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    block(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
+    {
+        return rb_funcall(arg, rb_intern("=="), 1, param);
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        rb_iterate(iter, self, nullptr, self);
+#endif
+
+        rb_iterate(iter, self, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(block), self); // old
+        return rb_iterate(iter, self, block, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_block_call {
+    VALUE
+    block(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
+    {
+        return rb_funcall(arg, rb_intern("=="), 1, param);
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        const ID mid = rb_intern("each");
+        const VALUE argv[] = { Qundef };
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        rb_block_call(self, mid, 0, argv, nullptr, self);
+#endif
+
+        rb_block_call(self, mid, 0, argv, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(block), self); // old
+        return rb_block_call(self, mid, 0, argv, block, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_rescue {
+    VALUE
+    begin(VALUE arg)
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    rescue(VALUE arg, VALUE exc)
+    {
+        return exc;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        rb_rescue(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(begin), self, nullptr, self);
+        rb_rescue(begin, self, nullptr, self);
+#endif
+
+        rb_rescue(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(begin), self, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(rescue), self); // old
+        return rb_rescue(begin, self, rescue, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_rescue2 {
+    VALUE
+    begin(VALUE arg)
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    rescue(VALUE arg, VALUE exc)
+    {
+        return exc;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        rb_rescue2(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(begin), self, nullptr, self, rb_eStandardError, rb_eFatal, (VALUE)0);
+        rb_rescue2(begin, self, nullptr, self, rb_eStandardError, rb_eFatal, (VALUE)0);
+#endif
+
+        rb_rescue2(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(begin), self, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(rescue), self,
+                   rb_eStandardError, rb_eFatal, (VALUE)0); // old
+        return rb_rescue2(begin, self, rescue, self, rb_eStandardError, rb_eFatal, (VALUE)0); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_ensure {
+    VALUE
+    begin(VALUE arg)
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    ensure(VALUE arg)
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        rb_ensure(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(begin), self, nullptr, self);
+        rb_ensure(begin, self, nullptr, self);
+#endif
+
+        rb_ensure(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(begin), self, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ensure), self); // old
+        return rb_ensure(begin, self, ensure, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_catch {
+    VALUE
+    catcher(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        static const char *zero = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a catcher.
+#endif
+
+        rb_catch(zero, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(catcher), self); // old
+        return rb_catch(zero, catcher, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_catch_obj {
+    VALUE
+    catcher(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a catcher.
+#endif
+
+        rb_catch_obj(self, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(catcher), self); // old
+        return rb_catch_obj(self, catcher, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_fiber_new {
+    VALUE
+    fiber(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a fiber.
+#endif
+
+        rb_fiber_new(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(fiber), self); // old
+        return rb_fiber_new(fiber, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_proc_new {
+    VALUE
+    proc(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(arg, param))
+    {
+        return arg;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a proc.
+#endif
+
+        rb_fiber_new(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(proc), self); // old
+        return rb_fiber_new(proc, self); // new
+    }
+}
+
+struct test_rb_thread_create {
+    static VALUE v;
+
+    static VALUE
+    thread(void *ptr)
+    {
+        const VALUE *w = reinterpret_cast<const VALUE*>(ptr);
+        return *w;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        v = self;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a thread.
+#endif
+
+        rb_thread_create(RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(thread), &v); // old
+        return rb_thread_create(thread, &v); // new
+    }
+};
+VALUE test_rb_thread_create::v = Qundef;
+
+namespace test_st_foreach {
+    static int
+    iter(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t)
+    {
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        st_data_t data = 0;
+        st_table *st = st_init_numtable();
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as an iterator.
+#endif
+
+        st_foreach(st, reinterpret_cast<int(*)(ANYARGS)>(iter), data); // old
+        st_foreach(st, iter, data); // new
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_st_foreach_check {
+    static int
+    iter(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t, int x)
+    {
+        return x ? ST_STOP : ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        st_data_t data = 0;
+        st_table *st = st_init_numtable();
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as an iterator.
+#endif
+
+        st_foreach_check(st, reinterpret_cast<int(*)(ANYARGS)>(iter), data, data); // old
+        st_foreach_check(st, iter, data, data); // new
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_st_foreach_safe {
+    static int
+    iter(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t)
+    {
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        st_data_t data = 0;
+        st_table *st = st_init_numtable();
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as an iterator.
+#endif
+
+        st_foreach_safe(st, reinterpret_cast<int(*)(ANYARGS)>(iter), data); // old
+        st_foreach_safe(st, iter, data); // new
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_hash_foreach {
+    static int
+    iter(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        VALUE h = rb_hash_new();
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as an iterator.
+#endif
+
+        rb_hash_foreach(h, reinterpret_cast<int(*)(ANYARGS)>(iter), self); // old
+        rb_hash_foreach(h, iter, self); // new
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_ivar_foreach {
+    static int
+    iter(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as an iterator.
+#endif
+
+        rb_ivar_foreach(self, reinterpret_cast<int(*)(ANYARGS)>(iter), self); // old
+        rb_ivar_foreach(self, iter, self); // new
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_define_method {
+    static VALUE
+    m1(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    m2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    ma(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mv(int, VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mc(int, const VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        // No cast
+        rb_define_method(self, "m1", m1, 1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "m2", m2, 2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "ma", ma, -2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mv", mv, -1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mc", mc, -1);
+
+        // Cast by RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_method(self, "m1", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "m2", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "ma", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mv", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mc", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mc), -1);
+
+        // Explicit cast instead of RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_method(self, "m1", (VALUE (*)(...))(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "m2", (VALUE (*)(...))(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "ma", (VALUE (*)(...))(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mv", (VALUE (*)(...))(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mc", (VALUE (*)(...))(mc), -1);
+
+        // rb_f_notimplement
+        rb_define_method(self, "m1", rb_f_notimplement, 1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "m2", rb_f_notimplement, 2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "ma", rb_f_notimplement, -2);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mv", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+        rb_define_method(self, "mc", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a method.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_define_method_id {
+    static VALUE
+    m1(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    m2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    ma(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mv(int, VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mc(int, const VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        // No cast
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m1"), m1, 1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m2"), m2, 2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("ma"), ma, -2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mv"), mv, -1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mc"), mc, -1);
+
+        // Cast by RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m1"), RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m2"), RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("ma"), RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mv"), RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mc"), RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mc), -1);
+
+        // Explicit cast instead of RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m1"), (VALUE (*)(...))(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m2"), (VALUE (*)(...))(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("ma"), (VALUE (*)(...))(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mv"), (VALUE (*)(...))(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mc"), (VALUE (*)(...))(mc), -1);
+
+        // rb_f_notimplement
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m1"), rb_f_notimplement, 1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("m2"), rb_f_notimplement, 2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("ma"), rb_f_notimplement, -2);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mv"), rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+        rb_define_method_id(self, rb_intern("mc"), rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a method.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_define_module_function {
+    static VALUE
+    m1(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    m2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    ma(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mv(int, VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mc(int, const VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        // No cast
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m1", m1, 1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m2", m2, 2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "ma", ma, -2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mv", mv, -1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mc", mc, -1);
+
+        // Cast by RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m1", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m2", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "ma", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mv", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mc", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mc), -1);
+
+        // Explicit cast instead of RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m1", (VALUE (*)(...))(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m2", (VALUE (*)(...))(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "ma", (VALUE (*)(...))(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mv", (VALUE (*)(...))(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mc", (VALUE (*)(...))(mc), -1);
+
+        // rb_f_notimplement
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m1", rb_f_notimplement, 1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "m2", rb_f_notimplement, 2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "ma", rb_f_notimplement, -2);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mv", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+        rb_define_module_function(self, "mc", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a method.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_define_singleton_method {
+    static VALUE
+    m1(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    m2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    ma(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mv(int, VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mc(int, const VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        // No cast
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m1", m1, 1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m2", m2, 2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "ma", ma, -2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mv", mv, -1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mc", mc, -1);
+
+        // Cast by RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m1", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m2", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "ma", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mv", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mc", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mc), -1);
+
+        // Explicit cast instead of RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m1", (VALUE (*)(...))(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m2", (VALUE (*)(...))(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "ma", (VALUE (*)(...))(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mv", (VALUE (*)(...))(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mc", (VALUE (*)(...))(mc), -1);
+
+        // rb_f_notimplement
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m1", rb_f_notimplement, 1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "m2", rb_f_notimplement, 2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "ma", rb_f_notimplement, -2);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mv", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+        rb_define_singleton_method(self, "mc", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a method.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_define_protected_method {
+    static VALUE
+    m1(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    m2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    ma(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mv(int, VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mc(int, const VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        // No cast
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m1", m1, 1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m2", m2, 2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "ma", ma, -2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mv", mv, -1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mc", mc, -1);
+
+        // Cast by RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m1", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m2", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "ma", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mv", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mc", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mc), -1);
+
+        // Explicit cast instead of RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m1", (VALUE (*)(...))(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m2", (VALUE (*)(...))(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "ma", (VALUE (*)(...))(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mv", (VALUE (*)(...))(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mc", (VALUE (*)(...))(mc), -1);
+
+        // rb_f_notimplement
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m1", rb_f_notimplement, 1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "m2", rb_f_notimplement, 2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "ma", rb_f_notimplement, -2);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mv", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+        rb_define_protected_method(self, "mc", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a method.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_define_private_method {
+    static VALUE
+    m1(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    m2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    ma(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mv(int, VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mc(int, const VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        // No cast
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m1", m1, 1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m2", m2, 2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "ma", ma, -2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mv", mv, -1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mc", mc, -1);
+
+        // Cast by RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m1", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m2", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "ma", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mv", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mc", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mc), -1);
+
+        // Explicit cast instead of RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m1", (VALUE (*)(...))(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m2", (VALUE (*)(...))(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "ma", (VALUE (*)(...))(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mv", (VALUE (*)(...))(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mc", (VALUE (*)(...))(mc), -1);
+
+        // rb_f_notimplement
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m1", rb_f_notimplement, 1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "m2", rb_f_notimplement, 2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "ma", rb_f_notimplement, -2);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mv", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+        rb_define_private_method(self, "mc", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a method.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace test_rb_define_global_function {
+    static VALUE
+    m1(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    m2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    ma(VALUE, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mv(int, VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    static VALUE
+    mc(int, const VALUE*, VALUE)
+    {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE
+    test(VALUE self)
+    {
+        // No cast
+        rb_define_global_function("m1", m1, 1);
+        rb_define_global_function("m2", m2, 2);
+        rb_define_global_function("ma", ma, -2);
+        rb_define_global_function("mv", mv, -1);
+        rb_define_global_function("mc", mc, -1);
+
+        // Cast by RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_global_function("m1", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_global_function("m2", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_global_function("ma", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_global_function("mv", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_global_function("mc", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(mc), -1);
+
+        // Explicit cast instead of RUBY_METHOD_FUNC
+        rb_define_global_function("m1", (VALUE (*)(...))(m1), 1);
+        rb_define_global_function("m2", (VALUE (*)(...))(m2), 2);
+        rb_define_global_function("ma", (VALUE (*)(...))(ma), -2);
+        rb_define_global_function("mv", (VALUE (*)(...))(mv), -1);
+        rb_define_global_function("mc", (VALUE (*)(...))(mc), -1);
+
+        // rb_f_notimplement
+        rb_define_global_function("m1", rb_f_notimplement, 1);
+        rb_define_global_function("m2", rb_f_notimplement, 2);
+        rb_define_global_function("ma", rb_f_notimplement, -2);
+        rb_define_global_function("mv", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+        rb_define_global_function("mc", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+        // It doesn't make any sense at all to pass nullptr as a method.
+#endif
+
+        return self;
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" void
+Init_cxxanyargs(void)
+{
+    VALUE b = rb_define_module("Bug");
+#define test(sym) \
+    rb_define_module_function(b, #sym, RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(test_ ## sym::test), 0)
+
+    test(rb_define_virtual_variable);
+    test(rb_define_hooked_variable);
+    test(rb_iterate);
+    test(rb_block_call);
+    test(rb_rescue);
+    test(rb_rescue2);
+    test(rb_ensure);
+    test(rb_catch);
+    test(rb_catch_obj);
+    test(rb_fiber_new);
+    test(rb_proc_new);
+    test(rb_thread_create);
+    test(st_foreach);
+    test(st_foreach_check);
+    test(st_foreach_safe);
+    test(rb_hash_foreach);
+    test(rb_ivar_foreach);
+    test(rb_define_method);
+    test(rb_define_method_id);
+    test(rb_define_module_function);
+    test(rb_define_singleton_method);
+    test(rb_define_protected_method);
+    test(rb_define_private_method);
+    test(rb_define_global_function);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/depend b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca821409a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+$(TARGET_SO) $(STATIC_LIB): $(FAILURES:.cpp=.failed)
+
+.SUFFIXES: .failed
+
+.cpp.failed:
+	$(Q)$(RUBY) -rfileutils \
+	  -e "t = ARGV.shift" \
+	  -e "err = IO.popen(ARGV, err:[:child, :out], &:read)" \
+	  -e "abort err unless /rb_define_method/ =~ err.b" \
+	  -e "File.write(t, err)" $@ $(MAKE) $(*F).o
+
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+cxxanyargs.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+cxxanyargs.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+cxxanyargs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+cxxanyargs.o: cxxanyargs.cpp
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1d2469209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+cxx = MakeMakefile["C++"]
+
+# #### have_devel hack ####
+# cxx.try_compile tries to detect compilers, but the try_compile below is
+# trying to detect a compiler in a different way.  We need to prevent the
+# default detection routine.
+
+cxx.instance_variable_set(:'@have_devel', true)
+
+ok = cxx.try_link(<<~'begin', "") do |x|
+  #include "ruby/config.h"
+
+  namespace {
+      typedef int conftest1[SIZEOF_LONG == sizeof(long) ? 1 : -1];
+      typedef int conftest2[SIZEOF_VOIDP == sizeof(void*) ? 1 : -1];
+  }
+
+  int
+  main(int argc, const char** argv)
+  {
+      return !!argv[argc];
+  }
+begin
+  # We are wiping ruby.h from the source because that header file is the
+  # subject we are going to test in this extension library.
+  x.sub! %<#include "ruby.h">, ''
+end
+
+cxx.instance_variable_set(:'@have_devel', ok)
+
+if ok
+  $srcs = %w[cxxanyargs.cpp]
+  failures = Dir.glob($srcdir + "/failure*.cpp").map {|n| File.basename(n)}
+  $cleanfiles << "$(FAILURES:.cpp=.failed)"
+  create_makefile("-test-/cxxanyargs") do |mk|
+    mk << "FAILURES #{['=', failures].join(' ')}\n"
+    mk << ".IGNORE: $(FAILURES:.cpp=.o)\n" unless $mswin
+    mk
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failure.cpp b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failure.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..039beb1633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failure.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+
+static VALUE
+func_arg1(VALUE self, VALUE arg1)
+{
+    return arg1;
+}
+
+extern "C" void
+Init_failure(void)
+{
+    rb_define_method(rb_cObject, "arg1", func_arg1, 0);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failurem1.cpp b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failurem1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e58a0f4e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/cxxanyargs/failurem1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+
+static VALUE
+func_argm1(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return argc > 0 ? argv[0] : Qnil;
+}
+
+extern "C" void
+Init_failure(void)
+{
+    rb_define_method(rb_cObject, "argm1", func_argm1, 0);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/debug/depend b/ext/-test-/debug/depend
index 392677239a..dad22d46de 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/debug/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/debug/depend
@@ -1,18 +1,318 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 init.o: init.c
 inspector.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 inspector.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+inspector.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
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diff --git a/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/depend b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4597e34027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/depend
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+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+enumerator_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+enumerator_kw.o: enumerator_kw.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/enumerator_kw.c b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/enumerator_kw.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..947d2b37e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/enumerator_kw.c
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+static VALUE
+enumerator_kw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE opt, enum_args[4];
+    enum_args[0] = Qnil;
+    enum_args[1] = Qnil;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01*:", enum_args, enum_args+1, &opt);
+    enum_args[3] = self;
+    enum_args[2] = opt;
+    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(self, 4, enum_args, 0, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+    return rb_yield_values_kw(4, enum_args, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+}
+
+void
+Init_enumerator_kw(void) {
+    VALUE module = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    module = rb_define_module_under(module, "EnumeratorKw");
+    rb_define_method(module, "m", enumerator_kw, -1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab2be73fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/enumerator_kw/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+create_makefile("-test-/enumerator_kw")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/exception/depend b/ext/-test-/exception/depend
index 6d3f6e75f3..47f1ac6a6a 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/exception/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/exception/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 dataerror.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 dataerror.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
@@ -11,37 +161,488 @@ dataerror.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 dataerror.o: dataerror.c
 enc_raise.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 enc_raise.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+enc_raise.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 init.o: init.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/exception/enc_raise.c b/ext/-test-/exception/enc_raise.c
index dc8a42cf3f..68d7b4ebc1 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/exception/enc_raise.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/exception/enc_raise.c
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ static VALUE
 enc_raise(VALUE exc, VALUE encoding, VALUE mesg)
 {
     rb_enc_raise(rb_to_encoding(encoding), exc, "%s", StringValueCStr(mesg));
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/-test-/fatal/depend b/ext/-test-/fatal/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb2e61a51f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/fatal/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+rb_fatal.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+rb_fatal.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+rb_fatal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+rb_fatal.o: rb_fatal.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/file/depend b/ext/-test-/file/depend
index fb22843b72..12b0bbd825 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/file/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/file/depend
@@ -1,12 +1,163 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 fs.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 fs.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
@@ -14,23 +165,324 @@ fs.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 fs.o: fs.c
 init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 init.o: init.c
 stat.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 stat.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
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+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 stat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/file/fs.c b/ext/-test-/file/fs.c
index c9c3473257..63d2356d76 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/file/fs.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/file/fs.c
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@ get_noatime_p(VALUE self, VALUE str)
        rb_sys_fail_str(str);
     }
 # ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STATFS_F_FLAGS
+#  ifdef MNT_STRICTATIME
+    if (!(st.f_flags & MNT_STRICTATIME)) return Qtrue;
+#  endif
 #  ifdef MNT_NOATIME
     return st.f_flags & MNT_NOATIME ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 #  elif defined(ST_NOATIME)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/float/depend b/ext/-test-/float/depend
index dff14550f7..066f008783 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/float/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/float/depend
@@ -1,3 +1,328 @@
-$(OBJS): $(HDRS) $(ruby_headers)
-
+# for FreeBSD make
 nextafter.o: nextafter.c $(top_srcdir)/missing/nextafter.c
+
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
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+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/funcall/depend b/ext/-test-/funcall/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fdf867fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/funcall/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
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+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+funcall.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+funcall.o: funcall.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/funcall/funcall.c b/ext/-test-/funcall/funcall.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43521bf2e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/funcall/funcall.c
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE
+with_funcall2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_funcallv(self, rb_intern("target"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+with_funcall_passing_block(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_funcall_passing_block(self, rb_intern("target"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+with_funcall_passing_block_kw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(self, rb_intern("target"), argc-1, argv+1, FIX2INT(argv[0]));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+with_funcallv_public_kw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_funcallv_public_kw(argv[0], SYM2ID(argv[1]), argc-3, argv+3, FIX2INT(argv[2]));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+with_yield_splat_kw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_yield_splat_kw(argv[1], FIX2INT(argv[0]));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+extra_args_name(VALUE self)
+{
+    /*
+     * at least clang 5.x gets tripped by the extra 0 arg
+     * [ruby-core:85266] [Bug #14425]
+     */
+    return rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("name"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+void
+Init_funcall(void)
+{
+    VALUE cTestFuncall = rb_path2class("TestFuncall");
+    VALUE cRelay = rb_define_module_under(cTestFuncall, "Relay");
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cRelay,
+			       "with_funcall2",
+			       with_funcall2,
+			       -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cRelay,
+                               "with_funcall_passing_block_kw",
+                               with_funcall_passing_block_kw,
+                               -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cRelay,
+			       "with_funcall_passing_block",
+			       with_funcall_passing_block,
+			       -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cRelay,
+                               "with_funcallv_public_kw",
+                               with_funcallv_public_kw,
+                               -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cRelay,
+                               "with_yield_splat_kw",
+                               with_yield_splat_kw,
+                               -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cTestFuncall, "extra_args_name",
+                                extra_args_name,
+                                0);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/funcall/passing_block.c b/ext/-test-/funcall/passing_block.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 70cb210831..0000000000
--- a/ext/-test-/funcall/passing_block.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#include "ruby.h"
-
-VALUE rb_funcall_passing_block(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
-
-static VALUE
-with_funcall2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcallv(self, rb_intern("target"), argc, argv);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-with_funcall_passing_block(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    return rb_funcall_passing_block(self, rb_intern("target"), argc, argv);
-}
-
-void
-Init_funcall(void)
-{
-    VALUE cRelay = rb_path2class("TestFuncall::Relay");
-
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cRelay,
-			       "with_funcall2",
-			       with_funcall2,
-			       -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cRelay,
-			       "with_funcall_passing_block",
-			       with_funcall_passing_block,
-			       -1);
-}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/call_without_gvl.c b/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/call_without_gvl.c
index f3071d5768..d77c2f323e 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/call_without_gvl.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/call_without_gvl.c
@@ -27,8 +27,50 @@ thread_runnable_sleep(VALUE thread, VALUE timeout)
     return thread;
 }
 
+struct loop_ctl {
+    int notify_fd;
+    volatile int stop;
+};
+
+static void *
+do_loop(void *p)
+{
+    struct loop_ctl *ctl = p;
+
+    /* tell the waiting process they can interrupt us, now */
+    ssize_t err = write(ctl->notify_fd, "", 1);
+    if (err == -1) rb_bug("write error");
+
+    while (!ctl->stop) {
+        struct timeval tv = { 0, 10000 };
+        select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+stop_set(void *p)
+{
+    struct loop_ctl *ctl = p;
+
+    ctl->stop = 1;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+thread_ubf_async_safe(VALUE thread, VALUE notify_fd)
+{
+    struct loop_ctl ctl;
+
+    ctl.notify_fd = NUM2INT(notify_fd);
+    ctl.stop = 0;
+
+    rb_nogvl(do_loop, &ctl, stop_set, &ctl, RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE);
+    return thread;
+}
+
 void
 Init_call_without_gvl(void)
 {
     rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "__runnable_sleep__", thread_runnable_sleep, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cThread, "__ubf_async_safe__", thread_ubf_async_safe, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend b/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend
index 1f7443898d..8b606d2eb4 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/gvl/call_without_gvl/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 call_without_gvl.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 call_without_gvl.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 call_without_gvl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/hash/depend b/ext/-test-/hash/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4ea9ae5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/hash/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+delete.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+delete.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+delete.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+delete.o: delete.c
+init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+init.o: init.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/integer/core_ext.c b/ext/-test-/integer/core_ext.c
index 6d64cdb0c2..2062fa3afa 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/integer/core_ext.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/integer/core_ext.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
 
 static VALUE
 int_bignum_p(VALUE self)
@@ -20,10 +20,17 @@ rb_int_to_bignum(VALUE x)
     return x;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+positive_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return rb_int_positive_pow(NUM2LONG(x), NUM2ULONG(y));
+}
+
 void
 Init_core_ext(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "bignum?", int_bignum_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "fixnum?", int_fixnum_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_bignum", rb_int_to_bignum, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "positive_pow", positive_pow, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/integer/depend b/ext/-test-/integer/depend
index 8ca1fe33c5..c68651d07c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/integer/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/integer/depend
@@ -1,39 +1,494 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 core_ext.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 core_ext.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+core_ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
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+my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 my_integer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-my_integer.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 my_integer.o: my_integer.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/iseq_load/depend b/ext/-test-/iseq_load/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..007790a02e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/iseq_load/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+iseq_load.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+iseq_load.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+iseq_load.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+iseq_load.o: iseq_load.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/iter/break.c b/ext/-test-/iter/break.c
index 66ed26a9b8..4d43c5d0cf 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/iter/break.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/iter/break.c
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ iter_break(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_iter_break();
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ iter_break_value(VALUE self, VALUE val)
 {
     rb_iter_break_value(val);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/-test-/iter/depend b/ext/-test-/iter/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d00638e78f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/iter/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+break.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+break.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+break.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+break.o: break.c
+init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+init.o: init.c
+yield.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+yield.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+yield.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+yield.o: yield.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/iter/yield.c b/ext/-test-/iter/yield.c
index 3cd408a928..0f6f3e87eb 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/iter/yield.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/iter/yield.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ static VALUE
 yield_block(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
-    return rb_block_call(self, rb_to_id(argv[0]), argc-1, argv+1, rb_yield_block, 0);
+    return rb_block_call_kw(self, rb_to_id(argv[0]), argc-1, argv+1, rb_yield_block, 0, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/protect/depend b/ext/-test-/load/protect/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99c02e1f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/protect/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+protect.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+protect.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+protect.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+protect.o: protect.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/protect/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/load/protect/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83c080de9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/protect/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+create_makefile('-test-/load/protect')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/load/protect/protect.c b/ext/-test-/load/protect/protect.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ccfbbb9ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/load/protect/protect.c
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+static VALUE
+load_protect(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    int state;
+    VALUE path, wrap;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &path, &wrap);
+    rb_load_protect(path, RTEST(wrap), &state);
+    if (state) rb_jump_tag(state);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+Init_protect(void)
+{
+    VALUE mod = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mod, "load_protect", load_protect, -1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/compat/depend b/ext/-test-/marshal/compat/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..017a555852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/compat/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+usrcompat.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+usrcompat.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+usrcompat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+usrcompat.o: usrcompat.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/depend b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73b76c9080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+internal_ivar.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+internal_ivar.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+internal_ivar.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+internal_ivar.o: internal_ivar.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c
index 299da27f23..de0cf711aa 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 #include <ruby.h>
 
-static ID id_normal_ivar, id_internal_ivar;
+static ID id_normal_ivar, id_internal_ivar, id_encoding_short;
 
 static VALUE
-init(VALUE self, VALUE arg1, VALUE arg2)
+init(VALUE self, VALUE arg1, VALUE arg2, VALUE arg3)
 {
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_normal_ivar, arg1);
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_internal_ivar, arg2);
+    rb_ivar_set(self, id_encoding_short, arg3);
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -22,6 +23,12 @@ get_internal(VALUE self)
     return rb_attr_get(self, id_internal_ivar);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+get_encoding_short(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_attr_get(self, id_encoding_short);
+}
+
 void
 Init_internal_ivar(void)
 {
@@ -33,7 +40,9 @@ Init_internal_ivar(void)
     /* leave id_internal_ivar being 0 */
     id_internal_ivar = rb_make_internal_id();
 #endif
-    rb_define_method(newclass, "initialize", init, 2);
+    id_encoding_short = rb_intern_const("E");
+    rb_define_method(newclass, "initialize", init, 3);
     rb_define_method(newclass, "normal", get_normal, 0);
     rb_define_method(newclass, "internal", get_internal, 0);
+    rb_define_method(newclass, "encoding_short", get_encoding_short, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/usr/depend b/ext/-test-/marshal/usr/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf96e44d02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/usr/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+usrmarshal.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+usrmarshal.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+usrmarshal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+usrmarshal.o: usrmarshal.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/memory_status/depend b/ext/-test-/memory_status/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96a7821451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/memory_status/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+memory_status.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+memory_status.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+memory_status.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+memory_status.o: memory_status.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/memory_status/memory_status.c b/ext/-test-/memory_status/memory_status.c
index 80e2648992..5775fa56f3 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/memory_status/memory_status.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/memory_status/memory_status.c
@@ -17,14 +17,25 @@ read_status(VALUE self)
 #if defined __APPLE__
     VALUE rss;
     kern_return_t error;
-    mach_msg_type_number_t out_count;
+# if defined MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO
+    const task_flavor_t flavor = MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO;
+    mach_msg_type_number_t out_count = MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
     mach_task_basic_info_data_t taskinfo;
+# else
+    const task_flavor_t flavor = TASK_BASIC_INFO;
+    mach_msg_type_number_t out_count = TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
+    task_basic_info_data_t taskinfo;
+# endif
 
     taskinfo.virtual_size = 0;
-    out_count = MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
-    error = task_info(mach_task_self(), MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO,
+    taskinfo.resident_size = 0;
+    error = task_info(mach_task_self(), flavor,
 		      (task_info_t)&taskinfo, &out_count);
     if (error != KERN_SUCCESS) return Qnil;
+#ifndef ULL2NUM
+/* "long long" does not exist here, use size_t instead.  */
+#define ULL2NUM SIZET2NUM
+#endif
     size = ULL2NUM(taskinfo.virtual_size);
     rss = ULL2NUM(taskinfo.resident_size);
     rb_struct_aset(self, INT2FIX(1), rss);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/memory_view/depend b/ext/-test-/memory_view/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bcbd98d41f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/memory_view/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+memory_view.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+memory_view.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/memory_view.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+memory_view.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+memory_view.o: memory_view.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/memory_view/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/memory_view/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d786b15db9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/memory_view/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require_relative "../auto_ext.rb"
+auto_ext(inc: true)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/memory_view/memory_view.c b/ext/-test-/memory_view/memory_view.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3156dd3101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/memory_view/memory_view.c
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/memory_view.h"
+
+#define STRUCT_ALIGNOF(T, result) do { \
+    (result) = RUBY_ALIGNOF(T); \
+} while(0)
+
+static ID id_str;
+static VALUE sym_format;
+static VALUE sym_native_size_p;
+static VALUE sym_offset;
+static VALUE sym_size;
+static VALUE sym_repeat;
+static VALUE sym_obj;
+static VALUE sym_byte_size;
+static VALUE sym_readonly;
+static VALUE sym_format;
+static VALUE sym_item_size;
+static VALUE sym_ndim;
+static VALUE sym_shape;
+static VALUE sym_strides;
+static VALUE sym_sub_offsets;
+static VALUE sym_endianness;
+static VALUE sym_little_endian;
+static VALUE sym_big_endian;
+
+static bool
+exportable_string_get_memory_view(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t *view, int flags)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_str);
+    rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array(view, obj, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), true);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+exportable_string_memory_view_available_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_str);
+    return !NIL_P(str);
+}
+
+static const rb_memory_view_entry_t exportable_string_memory_view_entry = {
+    exportable_string_get_memory_view,
+    NULL,
+    exportable_string_memory_view_available_p
+};
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_available_p(VALUE mod, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_memory_view_available_p(obj) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_register(VALUE mod, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_memory_view_register(obj, &exportable_string_memory_view_entry) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_item_size_from_format(VALUE mod, VALUE format)
+{
+    const char *c_str = NULL;
+    if (!NIL_P(format))
+        c_str = StringValueCStr(format);
+    const char *err = NULL;
+    ssize_t item_size = rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format(c_str, &err);
+    if (!err)
+        return rb_assoc_new(SSIZET2NUM(item_size), Qnil);
+    else
+        return rb_assoc_new(SSIZET2NUM(item_size), rb_str_new_cstr(err));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_parse_item_format(VALUE mod, VALUE format)
+{
+    const char *c_str = NULL;
+    if (!NIL_P(format))
+        c_str = StringValueCStr(format);
+    const char *err = NULL;
+
+    rb_memory_view_item_component_t *members;
+    size_t n_members;
+    ssize_t item_size = rb_memory_view_parse_item_format(c_str, &members, &n_members, &err);
+
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_new_capa(3);
+    rb_ary_push(result, SSIZET2NUM(item_size));
+
+    if (!err) {
+        VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa((long)n_members);
+        size_t i;
+        for (i = 0; i < n_members; ++i) {
+            VALUE member = rb_hash_new();
+            rb_hash_aset(member, sym_format, rb_str_new(&members[i].format, 1));
+            rb_hash_aset(member, sym_native_size_p, members[i].native_size_p ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+            rb_hash_aset(member, sym_endianness, members[i].little_endian_p ? sym_little_endian : sym_big_endian);
+            rb_hash_aset(member, sym_offset, SSIZET2NUM(members[i].offset));
+            rb_hash_aset(member, sym_size, SSIZET2NUM(members[i].size));
+            rb_hash_aset(member, sym_repeat, SSIZET2NUM(members[i].repeat));
+            rb_ary_push(ary, member);
+        }
+        xfree(members);
+        rb_ary_push(result, ary);
+        rb_ary_push(result, Qnil);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ary_push(result, Qnil); // members
+        rb_ary_push(result, rb_str_new_cstr(err));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_get_memory_view_info(VALUE mod, VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_memory_view_t view;
+
+    if (!rb_memory_view_get(obj, &view, 0)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_obj, view.obj);
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_byte_size, SSIZET2NUM(view.byte_size));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_readonly, view.readonly ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_format, view.format ? rb_str_new_cstr(view.format) : Qnil);
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_item_size, SSIZET2NUM(view.item_size));
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_ndim, SSIZET2NUM(view.ndim));
+
+    if (view.shape) {
+        VALUE shape = rb_ary_new_capa(view.ndim);
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_shape, shape);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_shape, Qnil);
+    }
+
+    if (view.strides) {
+        VALUE strides = rb_ary_new_capa(view.ndim);
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_strides, strides);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_strides, Qnil);
+    }
+
+    if (view.sub_offsets) {
+        VALUE sub_offsets = rb_ary_new_capa(view.ndim);
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_sub_offsets, sub_offsets);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_sub_offsets, Qnil);
+    }
+
+    rb_memory_view_release(&view);
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_fill_contiguous_strides(VALUE mod, VALUE ndim_v, VALUE item_size_v, VALUE shape_v, VALUE row_major_p)
+{
+    ssize_t i, ndim = NUM2SSIZET(ndim_v);
+
+    Check_Type(shape_v, T_ARRAY);
+    ssize_t *shape = ALLOC_N(ssize_t, ndim);
+    for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        shape[i] = NUM2SSIZET(RARRAY_AREF(shape_v, i));
+    }
+
+    ssize_t *strides = ALLOC_N(ssize_t, ndim);
+    rb_memory_view_fill_contiguous_strides(ndim, NUM2SSIZET(item_size_v), shape, RTEST(row_major_p), strides);
+
+    VALUE result = rb_ary_new_capa(ndim);
+    for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        rb_ary_push(result, SSIZET2NUM(strides[i]));
+    }
+
+    xfree(strides);
+    xfree(shape);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_get_ref_count(VALUE obj)
+{
+    extern VALUE rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry;
+    extern const rb_data_type_t rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry_data_type;
+
+    if (rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry == Qundef) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    st_table *table;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry, st_table,
+                         &rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry_data_type,
+                         table);
+
+    st_data_t count;
+    if (st_lookup(table, (st_data_t)obj, &count)) {
+        return ULL2NUM(count);
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_ref_count_while_exporting_i(VALUE obj, long n)
+{
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return memory_view_get_ref_count(obj);
+    }
+
+    rb_memory_view_t view;
+    if (!rb_memory_view_get(obj, &view, 0)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    VALUE ref_count = memory_view_ref_count_while_exporting_i(obj, n-1);
+    rb_memory_view_release(&view);
+
+    return ref_count;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_ref_count_while_exporting(VALUE mod, VALUE obj, VALUE n)
+{
+    Check_Type(n, T_FIXNUM);
+    return memory_view_ref_count_while_exporting_i(obj, FIX2LONG(n));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+memory_view_extract_item_members(VALUE mod, VALUE str, VALUE format)
+{
+    StringValue(str);
+    StringValue(format);
+
+    rb_memory_view_item_component_t *members;
+    size_t n_members;
+    const char *err = NULL;
+    (void)rb_memory_view_parse_item_format(RSTRING_PTR(format), &members, &n_members, &err);
+    if (err != NULL) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unable to parse item format");
+    }
+
+    VALUE item = rb_memory_view_extract_item_members(RSTRING_PTR(str), members, n_members);
+    xfree(members);
+
+    return item;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+expstr_initialize(VALUE obj, VALUE s)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(s)) {
+        Check_Type(s, T_STRING);
+    }
+    rb_ivar_set(obj, id_str, s);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static bool
+mdview_get_memory_view(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t *view, int flags)
+{
+    VALUE buf_v = rb_ivar_get(obj, id_str);
+    VALUE format_v = rb_ivar_get(obj, SYM2ID(sym_format));
+    VALUE shape_v = rb_ivar_get(obj, SYM2ID(sym_shape));
+    VALUE strides_v = rb_ivar_get(obj, SYM2ID(sym_strides));
+
+    const char *err;
+    const ssize_t item_size = rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format(RSTRING_PTR(format_v), &err);
+    if (item_size < 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ssize_t ndim = RARRAY_LEN(shape_v);
+    if (!NIL_P(strides_v) && RARRAY_LEN(strides_v) != ndim) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "strides has an invalid dimension");
+    }
+
+    ssize_t *shape = ALLOC_N(ssize_t, ndim);
+    ssize_t *strides = ALLOC_N(ssize_t, ndim);
+    ssize_t i;
+    if (!NIL_P(strides_v)) {
+        for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+            shape[i] = NUM2SSIZET(RARRAY_AREF(shape_v, i));
+            strides[i] = NUM2SSIZET(RARRAY_AREF(strides_v, i));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+            shape[i] = NUM2SSIZET(RARRAY_AREF(shape_v, i));
+        }
+
+        i = ndim - 1;
+        strides[i] = item_size;
+        for (; i > 0; --i) {
+            strides[i-1] = strides[i] * shape[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array(view, obj, RSTRING_PTR(buf_v), RSTRING_LEN(buf_v), true);
+    view->format = RSTRING_PTR(format_v);
+    view->item_size = item_size;
+    view->ndim = ndim;
+    view->shape = shape;
+    view->strides = strides;
+    view->sub_offsets = NULL;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+mdview_release_memory_view(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t *view)
+{
+    if (view->shape) xfree((void *)view->shape);
+    if (view->strides) xfree((void *)view->strides);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+mdview_memory_view_available_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return true;
+}
+
+static const rb_memory_view_entry_t mdview_memory_view_entry = {
+    mdview_get_memory_view,
+    mdview_release_memory_view,
+    mdview_memory_view_available_p
+};
+
+static VALUE
+mdview_initialize(VALUE obj, VALUE buf, VALUE format, VALUE shape, VALUE strides)
+{
+    Check_Type(buf, T_STRING);
+    StringValue(format);
+    Check_Type(shape, T_ARRAY);
+    if (!NIL_P(strides)) Check_Type(strides, T_ARRAY);
+
+    rb_ivar_set(obj, id_str, buf);
+    rb_ivar_set(obj, SYM2ID(sym_format), format);
+    rb_ivar_set(obj, SYM2ID(sym_shape), shape);
+    rb_ivar_set(obj, SYM2ID(sym_strides), strides);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mdview_aref(VALUE obj, VALUE indices_v)
+{
+    Check_Type(indices_v, T_ARRAY);
+
+    rb_memory_view_t view;
+    if (!rb_memory_view_get(obj, &view, 0)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rb_memory_view_get: failed");
+    }
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(indices_v) != view.ndim) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eKeyError, "Indices has an invalid dimension");
+    }
+
+    VALUE buf_indices;
+    ssize_t *indices = ALLOCV_N(ssize_t, buf_indices, view.ndim);
+
+    ssize_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < view.ndim; ++i) {
+        indices[i] = NUM2SSIZET(RARRAY_AREF(indices_v, i));
+    }
+
+    VALUE result = rb_memory_view_get_item(&view, indices);
+    ALLOCV_END(buf_indices);
+    rb_memory_view_release(&view);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+void
+Init_memory_view(void)
+{
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+    VALUE mMemoryViewTestUtils = rb_define_module("MemoryViewTestUtils");
+
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "available?", memory_view_available_p, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "register", memory_view_register, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "item_size_from_format", memory_view_item_size_from_format, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "parse_item_format", memory_view_parse_item_format, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "get_memory_view_info", memory_view_get_memory_view_info, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "fill_contiguous_strides", memory_view_fill_contiguous_strides, 4);
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "ref_count_while_exporting", memory_view_ref_count_while_exporting, 2);
+    rb_define_module_function(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "extract_item_members", memory_view_extract_item_members, 2);
+
+    VALUE cExportableString = rb_define_class_under(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "ExportableString", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_method(cExportableString, "initialize", expstr_initialize, 1);
+    rb_memory_view_register(cExportableString, &exportable_string_memory_view_entry);
+
+    VALUE cMDView = rb_define_class_under(mMemoryViewTestUtils, "MultiDimensionalView", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_method(cMDView, "initialize", mdview_initialize, 4);
+    rb_define_method(cMDView, "[]", mdview_aref, 1);
+    rb_memory_view_register(cMDView, &mdview_memory_view_entry);
+
+    id_str = rb_intern_const("__str__");
+    sym_format = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("format"));
+    sym_native_size_p = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("native_size_p"));
+    sym_offset = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("offset"));
+    sym_size = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("size"));
+    sym_repeat = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("repeat"));
+    sym_obj = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("obj"));
+    sym_byte_size = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("byte_size"));
+    sym_readonly = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("readonly"));
+    sym_format = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("format"));
+    sym_item_size = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("item_size"));
+    sym_ndim = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("ndim"));
+    sym_shape = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("shape"));
+    sym_strides = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("strides"));
+    sym_sub_offsets = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("sub_offsets"));
+    sym_endianness = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("endianness"));
+    sym_little_endian = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("little_endian"));
+    sym_big_endian = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("big_endian"));
+
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+    rb_const_set(mMemoryViewTestUtils, rb_intern_const("NATIVE_ENDIAN"), sym_big_endian);
+#else
+    rb_const_set(mMemoryViewTestUtils, rb_intern_const("NATIVE_ENDIAN"), sym_little_endian);
+#endif
+
+#define DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(type, TYPE) do { \
+    int alignment; \
+    STRUCT_ALIGNOF(type, alignment); \
+    rb_const_set(mMemoryViewTestUtils, rb_intern_const(#TYPE "_ALIGNMENT"), INT2FIX(alignment)); \
+} while(0)
+
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(short, SHORT);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(int, INT);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(long, LONG);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(LONG_LONG, LONG_LONG);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(int16_t, INT16);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(int32_t, INT32);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(int64_t, INT64);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(intptr_t, INTPTR);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(float, FLOAT);
+    DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST(double, DOUBLE);
+
+#undef DEF_ALIGNMENT_CONST
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/method/depend b/ext/-test-/method/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fdf2bc929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/method/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+arity.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+arity.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+arity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+arity.o: arity.c
+init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+init.o: init.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/notimplement/bug.c b/ext/-test-/notimplement/bug.c
index 8e9cae707a..82e243a81d 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/notimplement/bug.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/notimplement/bug.c
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ void
 Init_notimplement(void)
 {
     VALUE mBug = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    VALUE klass = rb_define_class_under(mBug, "NotImplement", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_module_function(mBug, "funcall", bug_funcall, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(mBug, "notimplement", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
+    rb_define_method(klass, "notimplement", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/notimplement/depend b/ext/-test-/notimplement/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a21935558d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/notimplement/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+bug.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+bug.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+bug.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+bug.o: bug.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/num2int/depend b/ext/-test-/num2int/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b455d12f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/num2int/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+num2int.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+num2int.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+num2int.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+num2int.o: num2int.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/path_to_class/depend b/ext/-test-/path_to_class/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b51619b905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/path_to_class/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+path_to_class.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+path_to_class.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+path_to_class.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+path_to_class.o: path_to_class.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/depend b/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..316e2c6e04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
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+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
+infinite_loop_dlsym.o: infinite_loop_dlsym.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/extconf.rb
index 24a7d79931..6b6ee7a6b8 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/-test-/popen_deadlock/extconf.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 case RUBY_PLATFORM
 when /solaris/i, /linux/i
+  $LDFLAGS << " -ldl"
   create_makefile("-test-/popen_deadlock/infinite_loop_dlsym")
 end
diff --git a/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend b/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend
index d672e53f00..c76cf39089 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/postponed_job/depend
@@ -1 +1,164 @@
-postponed_job.o: $(HDRS) $(ruby_headers) $(hdrdir)/ruby/debug.h
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+postponed_job.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+postponed_job.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/debug.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+postponed_job.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+postponed_job.o: postponed_job.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/postponed_job/postponed_job.c b/ext/-test-/postponed_job/postponed_job.c
index 157230e33b..fa57bef6f5 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/postponed_job/postponed_job.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/postponed_job/postponed_job.c
@@ -1,19 +1,28 @@
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/debug.h"
 
+static int counter;
+
 static void
 pjob_callback(void *data)
 {
     VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
 
-    rb_ary_replace(ary, rb_funcall(Qnil, rb_intern("caller"), 0));
+    rb_ary_push(ary, INT2FIX(counter));
 }
 
 static VALUE
 pjob_register(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 {
+    counter = 0;
     rb_postponed_job_register(0, pjob_callback, (void *)obj);
+    rb_gc_start();
+    counter++;
+    rb_gc_start();
+    counter++;
+    rb_gc_start();
+    counter++;
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -38,10 +47,45 @@ pjob_register_one(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 pjob_call_direct(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 {
+    counter = 0;
     pjob_callback((void *)obj);
+    rb_gc_start();
+    counter++;
+    rb_gc_start();
+    counter++;
+    rb_gc_start();
+    counter++;
     return self;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_H
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+static void *
+pjob_register_in_c_thread_i(void *obj)
+{
+    rb_postponed_job_register_one(0, pjob_one_callback, (void *)obj);
+    rb_postponed_job_register_one(0, pjob_one_callback, (void *)obj);
+    rb_postponed_job_register_one(0, pjob_one_callback, (void *)obj);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pjob_register_in_c_thread(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
+{
+    pthread_t thread;
+    if (pthread_create(&thread, NULL, pjob_register_in_c_thread_i, (void *)obj)) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    if (pthread_join(thread, NULL)) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+#endif
+
 void
 Init_postponed_job(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -49,5 +93,8 @@ Init_postponed_job(VALUE self)
     rb_define_module_function(mBug, "postponed_job_register", pjob_register, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(mBug, "postponed_job_register_one", pjob_register_one, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(mBug, "postponed_job_call_direct", pjob_call_direct, 1);
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_H
+    rb_define_module_function(mBug, "postponed_job_register_in_c_thread", pjob_register_in_c_thread, 1);
+#endif
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/-test-/printf/depend b/ext/-test-/printf/depend
index 79b6c53f50..5f42702eaf 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/printf/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/printf/depend
@@ -1,3 +1,166 @@
-$(OBJS): $(HDRS) $(ruby_headers) \
-  $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h \
-  $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+printf.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+printf.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+printf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+printf.o: printf.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c b/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c
index 666f5592e5..e793bb7a48 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/printf/printf.c
@@ -90,6 +90,13 @@ printf_test_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return rb_assoc_new(result, rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(format));
 }
 
+static VALUE
+snprintf_count(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+    int n = ruby_snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s", StringValueCStr(str));
+    return INT2FIX(n);
+}
+
 void
 Init_printf(void)
 {
@@ -98,4 +105,5 @@ Init_printf(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(m, "v", printf_test_v, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(m, "q", printf_test_q, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(m, "call", printf_test_call, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(m, "sncount", snprintf_count, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/proc/depend b/ext/-test-/proc/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b72257f5e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/proc/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+init.o: init.c
+receiver.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+receiver.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
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+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
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+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
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+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
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+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+receiver.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
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diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/depend b/ext/-test-/random/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b4997d340
--- /dev/null
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+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/r_cast.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/rmodule.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/random.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+loop.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+loop.o: loop.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/random/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d786b15db9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/random/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require_relative "../auto_ext.rb"
+auto_ext(inc: true)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/init.c b/ext/-test-/random/init.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..320cba0ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/random/init.c
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+#define init(n) {void Init_random_##n(VALUE mod, VALUE base); Init_random_##n(mod, base);}
+
+void
+Init_random(void)
+{
+    VALUE base = rb_const_get(rb_cRandom, rb_intern_const("Base"));
+    VALUE mod = rb_define_module_under(rb_define_module("Bug"), "Random");
+    TEST_INIT_FUNCS(init);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/loop.c b/ext/-test-/random/loop.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0572096403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/random/loop.c
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#include "ruby/random.h"
+
+static const uint32_t max_seeds = 1024;
+
+typedef struct {
+    rb_random_t base;
+    uint32_t num, idx, *buf;
+} rand_loop_t;
+
+RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DECLARE_WITH_REAL(loop);
+static const rb_random_interface_t random_loop_if = {
+    32,
+    RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE_WITH_REAL(loop)
+};
+
+static size_t
+random_loop_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    const rand_loop_t *r = ptr;
+    return sizeof(*r) + r->num * sizeof(r->buf[0]);
+}
+
+static rb_random_data_type_t random_loop_type = {
+    "random/loop",
+    {
+        rb_random_mark,
+        RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
+        random_loop_memsize,
+    },
+    RB_RANDOM_PARENT,
+    (void *)&random_loop_if,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+
+static VALUE
+loop_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rand_loop_t *rnd;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rand_loop_t, &random_loop_type, rnd);
+    rb_random_base_init(&rnd->base);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static void
+loop_init(rb_random_t *rnd, const uint32_t *buf, size_t len)
+{
+    rand_loop_t *r = (rand_loop_t *)rnd;
+
+    if (len > max_seeds) len = max_seeds;
+
+    REALLOC_N(r->buf, uint32_t, len);
+    MEMCPY(r->buf, buf, uint32_t, (r->num = (uint32_t)len));
+}
+
+static void
+loop_get_bytes(rb_random_t *rnd, void *p, size_t n)
+{
+    uint8_t *buf = p;
+    while (n > 0) {
+        uint32_t x = loop_get_int32(rnd);
+        switch (n % 4) {
+          case 0:
+            *buf++ = (uint8_t)x;
+            n--;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+          case 3:
+            *buf++ = (uint8_t)x;
+            n--;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+          case 2:
+            *buf++ = (uint8_t)x;
+            n--;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+          case 1:
+            *buf++ = (uint8_t)x;
+            n--;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static uint32_t
+loop_get_int32(rb_random_t *rnd)
+{
+    rand_loop_t *r = (rand_loop_t *)rnd;
+    if (r->idx < r->num) {
+        uint32_t x = r->buf[r->idx++];
+        if (r->idx >= r->num) r->idx = 0;
+        return x;
+    }
+    else if (r->num) {
+        return r->buf[r->idx = 0];
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static double
+loop_get_real(rb_random_t *rnd, int excl)
+{
+    uint32_t a = loop_get_int32(rnd);
+    return ldexp(a, -16);
+}
+
+void
+Init_random_loop(VALUE mod, VALUE base)
+{
+    VALUE c = rb_define_class_under(mod, "Loop", base);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(c, loop_alloc);
+    RB_RANDOM_DATA_INIT_PARENT(random_loop_type);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rational/depend b/ext/-test-/rational/depend
index a0ee797b31..c2ebddd093 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/rational/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/rational/depend
@@ -5,17 +5,176 @@ rat.o: rat.c $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 rat.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 rat.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 rat.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
 rat.o: rat.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rational/rat.c b/ext/-test-/rational/rat.c
index 772546fca8..b1ffbda144 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/rational/rat.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/rational/rat.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
 
 #if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
 static VALUE
@@ -29,9 +29,17 @@ gcd_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 #define gcd_gmp rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
+static VALUE
+s_rational_raw(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return rb_rational_raw(x, y);
+}
+
 void
 Init_rational(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "gcd_normal", gcd_normal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "gcd_gmp", gcd_gmp, 1);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRational, "raw", s_rational_raw, 2);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/depend b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..314e69fd0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+rb_call_super_kw.o: rb_call_super_kw.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6a5c720d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+create_makefile("-test-/rb_call_super_kw")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/rb_call_super_kw.c b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/rb_call_super_kw.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f094545d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/rb_call_super_kw/rb_call_super_kw.c
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+static VALUE
+rb_call_super_kw_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_call_super_kw(argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
+}
+
+void
+Init_rb_call_super_kw(void) {
+    VALUE module = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    module = rb_define_module_under(module, "RbCallSuperKw");
+    rb_define_method(module, "m", rb_call_super_kw_m, -1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/recursion/depend b/ext/-test-/recursion/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c760e99c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/recursion/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+recursion.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+recursion.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+recursion.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b00ccd568
--- /dev/null
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+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/scan_args/depend b/ext/-test-/scan_args/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91bd8419d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/scan_args/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+scan_args.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+scan_args.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+scan_args.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+scan_args.o: scan_args.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/scan_args/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/scan_args/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cae9c2779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/scan_args/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+create_makefile("-test-/scan_args")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/scan_args/scan_args.c b/ext/-test-/scan_args/scan_args.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8696aad3c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/scan_args/scan_args.c
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+#ifndef numberof
+#define numberof(array) (int)(sizeof(array) / sizeof((array)[0]))
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", args+1);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", args+1);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+/* var */
+static VALUE
+scan_args_var(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*", args+1);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_var(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt_var(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01*", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt_var(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11*", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+/* trail */
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt_trail(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "011", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt_trail(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "111", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_var_trail(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*1", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_var_trail(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*1", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt_var_trail(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01*1", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt_var_trail(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[5];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11*1", args+1, args+2, args+3, args+4);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+/* hash */
+static VALUE
+scan_args_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, ":", args+1);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01:", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_var_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", args+1, args+2);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_var_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*:", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt_var_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01*:", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt_var_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[5];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11*:", args+1, args+2, args+3, args+4);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt_trail_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "011:", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt_trail_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[5];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "111:", args+1, args+2, args+3, args+4);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_var_trail_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*1:", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_var_trail_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[5];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*1:", args+1, args+2, args+3, args+4);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_opt_var_trail_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[5];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01*1:", args+1, args+2, args+3, args+4);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_lead_opt_var_trail_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[6];
+    int n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11*1:", args+1, args+2, args+3, args+4, args+5);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_k_lead_opt_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args_kw(RB_SCAN_ARGS_KEYWORDS, argc, argv, "11:", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+scan_args_n_lead_opt_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[4];
+    int n = rb_scan_args_kw(RB_SCAN_ARGS_LAST_HASH_KEYWORDS, argc, argv, "11:", args+1, args+2, args+3);
+    args[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    return rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args), args);
+}
+
+void
+Init_scan_args(void)
+{
+    VALUE module = rb_define_module("Bug");
+    module = rb_define_module_under(module, "ScanArgs");
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead", scan_args_lead, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt", scan_args_opt, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt", scan_args_lead_opt, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "var", scan_args_var, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_var", scan_args_lead_var, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt_var", scan_args_opt_var, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt_var", scan_args_lead_opt_var, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt_trail", scan_args_opt_trail, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt_trail", scan_args_lead_opt_trail, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "var_trail", scan_args_var_trail, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_var_trail", scan_args_lead_var_trail, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt_var_trail", scan_args_opt_var_trail, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt_var_trail", scan_args_lead_opt_var_trail, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "hash", scan_args_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_hash", scan_args_lead_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt_hash", scan_args_opt_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt_hash", scan_args_lead_opt_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "var_hash", scan_args_var_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_var_hash", scan_args_lead_var_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt_var_hash", scan_args_opt_var_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt_var_hash", scan_args_lead_opt_var_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt_trail_hash", scan_args_opt_trail_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt_trail_hash", scan_args_lead_opt_trail_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "var_trail_hash", scan_args_var_trail_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_var_trail_hash", scan_args_lead_var_trail_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "opt_var_trail_hash", scan_args_opt_var_trail_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "lead_opt_var_trail_hash", scan_args_lead_opt_var_trail_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "k_lead_opt_hash", scan_args_k_lead_opt_hash, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(module, "n_lead_opt_hash", scan_args_n_lead_opt_hash, -1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/foreach/depend b/ext/-test-/st/foreach/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25381871f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/foreach/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+foreach.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+foreach.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+foreach.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+foreach.o: foreach.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/foreach/foreach.c b/ext/-test-/st/foreach/foreach.c
index 209b535503..27ac18046f 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/st/foreach/foreach.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/foreach/foreach.c
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ unp_fec(VALUE self, VALUE test)
 }
 
 static int
-unp_fe_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t args, int error)
+unp_fe_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t args)
 {
     struct checker *c = (struct checker *)args;
 
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/numhash/depend b/ext/-test-/st/numhash/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e0560e018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/numhash/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+numhash.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+numhash.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+numhash.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+numhash.o: numhash.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/numhash/numhash.c b/ext/-test-/st/numhash/numhash.c
index fc35f476cd..aa8015e86c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/st/numhash/numhash.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/numhash/numhash.c
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ numhash_aset(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE data)
 }
 
 static int
-numhash_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+numhash_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg, int _)
 {
     VALUE ret;
     ret = rb_yield_values(3, (VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, (VALUE)arg);
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ numhash_delete_safe(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 void
 Init_numhash(void)
 {
-    VALUE st = rb_define_class_under(rb_define_module("Bug"), "StNumHash", rb_cData);
+    VALUE st = rb_define_class_under(rb_define_module("Bug"), "StNumHash", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(st, numhash_alloc);
     rb_define_method(st, "initialize", numhash_init, 0);
     rb_define_method(st, "[]", numhash_aref, 1);
@@ -135,4 +135,3 @@ Init_numhash(void)
     rb_define_method(st, "size", numhash_size, 0);
     rb_define_method(st, "delete_safe", numhash_delete_safe, 1);
 }
-
diff --git a/ext/-test-/st/update/depend b/ext/-test-/st/update/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c11a5b14a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/st/update/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+update.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+update.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+update.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+update.o: update.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/capacity.c b/ext/-test-/string/capacity.c
index ba7fb85e9e..cb8d2c2b3a 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/capacity.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/capacity.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "ruby.h"
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
 
 static VALUE
 bug_str_capacity(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ bug_str_capacity(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
 }
 
 void
-Init_capacity(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_capacity(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "capacity", bug_str_capacity, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/coderange.c b/ext/-test-/string/coderange.c
index b93172d72d..bc998ca372 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/coderange.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/coderange.c
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ coderange_int2sym(int coderange)
 	return sym_broken;
     }
     rb_bug("wrong condition of coderange");
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 /* return coderange without scan */
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ str_coderange_scan(VALUE str)
 }
 
 void
-Init_coderange(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_coderange(VALUE klass)
 {
-    sym_7bit = ID2SYM(rb_intern("7bit"));
-    sym_valid = ID2SYM(rb_intern("valid"));
-    sym_unknown = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unknown"));
-    sym_broken = ID2SYM(rb_intern("broken"));
+    sym_7bit = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("7bit"));
+    sym_valid = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("valid"));
+    sym_unknown = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("unknown"));
+    sym_broken = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("broken"));
     rb_define_method(klass, "coderange", str_coderange, 0);
     rb_define_method(klass, "coderange_scan", str_coderange_scan, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/cstr.c b/ext/-test-/string/cstr.c
index fc47d5206f..4f837998d7 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/cstr.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/cstr.c
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
 
 static VALUE
 bug_str_cstr_term(VALUE str)
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ bug_str_s_rb_str_new_frozen(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 }
 
 void
-Init_cstr(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_cstr(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "cstr_term", bug_str_cstr_term, 0);
     rb_define_method(klass, "cstr_unterm", bug_str_cstr_unterm, 1);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/depend b/ext/-test-/string/depend
index e3ce4b6e9c..7db4465bf9 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/depend
@@ -1,26 +1,329 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 capacity.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 capacity.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 capacity.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-capacity.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 capacity.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+capacity.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+capacity.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 capacity.o: capacity.c
 coderange.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 coderange.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+coderange.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
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+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
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+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
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+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
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+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+rb_str_dup.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+rb_str_dup.o: rb_str_dup.c
 set_len.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 set_len.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
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 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
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 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
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+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
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+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
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+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
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+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 set_len.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-set_len.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 set_len.o: set_len.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/ellipsize.c b/ext/-test-/string/ellipsize.c
index 0451519492..6034408724 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/ellipsize.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/ellipsize.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ bug_str_ellipsize(VALUE str, VALUE len)
 }
 
 void
-Init_ellipsize(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_ellipsize(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "ellipsize", bug_str_ellipsize, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/enc_associate.c b/ext/-test-/string/enc_associate.c
index 53811620a0..594d8a43a4 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/enc_associate.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/enc_associate.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ bug_str_encoding_index(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 }
 
 void
-Init_enc_associate(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_enc_associate(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "associate_encoding!", bug_str_enc_associate, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "encoding_index", bug_str_encoding_index, 1);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/enc_str_buf_cat.c b/ext/-test-/string/enc_str_buf_cat.c
index 5d583c65dc..4c1b262e1e 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/enc_str_buf_cat.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/enc_str_buf_cat.c
@@ -7,8 +7,22 @@ enc_str_buf_cat(VALUE str, VALUE str2)
     return rb_enc_str_buf_cat(str, RSTRING_PTR(str2), RSTRING_LEN(str2), rb_enc_get(str2));
 }
 
+static VALUE
+str_conv_enc_opts(VALUE str, VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE ecflags, VALUE ecopts)
+{
+    rb_encoding *from_enc = NIL_P(from) ? NULL : rb_to_encoding(from);
+    rb_encoding *to_enc = NIL_P(to) ? NULL : rb_to_encoding(to);
+    int flags = NUM2INT(ecflags);
+    if (!NIL_P(ecopts)) {
+        Check_Type(ecopts, T_HASH);
+        OBJ_FREEZE(ecopts);
+    }
+    return rb_str_conv_enc_opts(str, from_enc, to_enc, flags, ecopts);
+}
+
 void
-Init_enc_str_buf_cat(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_enc_str_buf_cat(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "enc_str_buf_cat", enc_str_buf_cat, 1);
+    rb_define_method(klass, "str_conv_enc_opts", str_conv_enc_opts, 4);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c b/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
index b65c98ce6d..2374319fe3 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
 
 VALUE rb_fstring(VALUE str);
 
@@ -8,8 +9,22 @@ bug_s_fstring(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     return rb_fstring(str);
 }
 
+VALUE
+bug_s_rb_enc_interned_str(VALUE self, VALUE encoding)
+{
+    return rb_enc_interned_str("foo", 3, RDATA(encoding)->data);
+}
+
+VALUE
+bug_s_rb_enc_str_new(VALUE self, VALUE encoding)
+{
+    return rb_enc_str_new("foo", 3, RDATA(encoding)->data);
+}
+
 void
-Init_fstring(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_fstring(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "fstring", bug_s_fstring, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "rb_enc_interned_str", bug_s_rb_enc_interned_str, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "rb_enc_str_new", bug_s_rb_enc_str_new, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/init.c b/ext/-test-/string/init.c
index 0b3e4a6ff2..a74245c8d7 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/init.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/init.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "ruby.h"
 
-#define init(n) {void Init_##n(VALUE klass); Init_##n(klass);}
+#define init(n) {void Init_string_##n(VALUE klass); Init_string_##n(klass);}
 
 void
 Init_string(void)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/modify.c b/ext/-test-/string/modify.c
index ddd2efd8f0..945febc7e3 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/modify.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/modify.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ bug_str_modify_expand(VALUE str, VALUE expand)
 }
 
 void
-Init_modify(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_modify(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "modify!", bug_str_modify, 0);
     rb_define_method(klass, "modify_expand!", bug_str_modify_expand, 1);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/new.c b/ext/-test-/string/new.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60625b8300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/new.c
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+
+static VALUE
+bug_str_buf_new(VALUE self, VALUE len)
+{
+    return rb_str_buf_new(NUM2LONG(len));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+bug_external_str_new(VALUE self, VALUE len, VALUE enc)
+{
+    return rb_external_str_new_with_enc(NULL, NUM2LONG(len), rb_to_encoding(enc));
+}
+
+void
+Init_string_new(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "buf_new", bug_str_buf_new, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "external_new", bug_external_str_new, 2);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/nofree.c b/ext/-test-/string/nofree.c
index d3d8071ff9..fdf810c741 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/nofree.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/nofree.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ bug_str_nofree(VALUE self)
 }
 
 void
-Init_nofree(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_nofree(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "nofree", bug_str_nofree, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/normalize.c b/ext/-test-/string/normalize.c
index 2e16a4616f..a069288ee8 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/normalize.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/normalize.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 static VALUE
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ normalize_ospath(VALUE str)
 #endif
 
 void
-Init_normalize(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_normalize(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "normalize_ospath", normalize_ospath, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/qsort.c b/ext/-test-/string/qsort.c
index 0b34936d38..fb7ea3d8cb 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/qsort.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/qsort.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ bug_str_qsort_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
 }
 
 void
-Init_qsort(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_qsort(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "qsort!", bug_str_qsort_bang, -1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/rb_interned_str.c b/ext/-test-/string/rb_interned_str.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47643ec249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/rb_interned_str.c
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE
+bug_rb_interned_str_dup(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+    Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
+    return rb_interned_str(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+}
+
+void
+Init_string_rb_interned_str(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "rb_interned_str_dup", bug_rb_interned_str_dup, 1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/rb_str_dup.c b/ext/-test-/string/rb_str_dup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0bd65820f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/rb_str_dup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+VALUE rb_str_dup(VALUE str);
+
+static VALUE
+bug_rb_str_dup(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+    rb_check_type(str, T_STRING);
+    return rb_str_dup(str);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+bug_shared_string_p(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+    rb_check_type(str, T_STRING);
+    return RB_FL_TEST(str, RUBY_ELTS_SHARED) && RB_FL_TEST(str, RSTRING_NOEMBED) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+bug_sharing_with_shared_p(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+    rb_check_type(str, T_STRING);
+    if (bug_shared_string_p(self, str)) {
+        return bug_shared_string_p(self, RSTRING(str)->as.heap.aux.shared);
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+void
+Init_string_rb_str_dup(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "rb_str_dup", bug_rb_str_dup, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "shared_string?", bug_shared_string_p, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "sharing_with_shared?", bug_sharing_with_shared_p, 1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c b/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c
index 3c7d19d778..219cea404c 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ bug_str_set_len(VALUE str, VALUE len)
 }
 
 void
-Init_set_len(VALUE klass)
+Init_string_set_len(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "set_len", bug_str_set_len, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/struct/depend b/ext/-test-/struct/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..166fff21d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/struct/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+duplicate.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+duplicate.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
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+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
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+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
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+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
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+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+duplicate.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+duplicate.o: duplicate.c
+init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
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+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/struct/len.c b/ext/-test-/struct/len.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6153c720b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/struct/len.c
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE
+bug_struct_len(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return LONG2NUM(RSTRUCT_LEN(obj));
+}
+
+void
+Init_len(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_define_method(klass, "rstruct_len", bug_struct_len, 0);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/symbol/depend b/ext/-test-/symbol/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22d8ca5d23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/symbol/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
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+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+init.o: init.c
+type.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+type.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+type.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+type.o: type.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/symbol/init.c b/ext/-test-/symbol/init.c
index 9e42e1a38b..4038701ac9 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/symbol/init.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/symbol/init.c
@@ -11,7 +11,20 @@ sym_find(VALUE dummy, VALUE sym)
 static VALUE
 sym_pinneddown_p(VALUE dummy, VALUE sym)
 {
-    return rb_check_id(&sym) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    ID id = rb_check_id(&sym);
+    if (!id) return Qnil;
+#ifdef ULL2NUM
+    return ULL2NUM(id);
+#else
+    return ULONG2NUM(id);
+#endif
+}
+
+static VALUE
+sym_iv_get(VALUE dummy, VALUE obj, VALUE name)
+{
+    const char *n = StringValueCStr(name);
+    return rb_iv_get(obj, n);
 }
 
 void
@@ -21,5 +34,6 @@ Init_symbol(void)
     VALUE klass = rb_define_class_under(mBug, "Symbol", rb_cSymbol);
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "find", sym_find, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "pinneddown?", sym_pinneddown_p, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "iv_get", sym_iv_get, 2);
     TEST_INIT_FUNCS(init);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/depend b/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b04bfe7deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+thread_fd_close.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+thread_fd_close.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+thread_fd_close.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+thread_fd_close.o: thread_fd_close.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d9694539c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+create_makefile('-test-/thread_fd_close')
diff --git a/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/thread_fd_close.c b/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/thread_fd_close.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fd967c5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/thread_fd_close/thread_fd_close.c
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+
+static VALUE
+thread_fd_close(VALUE ign, VALUE fd)
+{
+    rb_thread_fd_close(NUM2INT(fd));
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+Init_thread_fd_close(void)
+{
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cIO, "thread_fd_close", thread_fd_close, 1);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/time/depend b/ext/-test-/time/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3f1ea235b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/time/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+init.o: init.c
+leap_second.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+leap_second.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
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+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
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+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
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+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
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+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+leap_second.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+leap_second.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+leap_second.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+leap_second.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+leap_second.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/time.h
+leap_second.o: leap_second.c
+new.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+new.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+new.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+new.o: new.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/time/init.c b/ext/-test-/time/init.c
index 01a20b8b3d..91f8bf825b 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/time/init.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/time/init.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "ruby.h"
 
-#define init(n) {void Init_##n(VALUE klass); Init_##n(klass);}
+#define init(n) {void Init_time_##n(VALUE klass); Init_time_##n(klass);}
 
 void
 Init_time(void)
diff --git a/ext/-test-/time/leap_second.c b/ext/-test-/time/leap_second.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ccf38194f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/time/leap_second.c
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include "internal/time.h"
+
+static VALUE
+bug_time_s_reset_leap_second_info(VALUE klass)
+{
+    ruby_reset_leap_second_info();
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+Init_time_leap_second(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "reset_leap_second_info", bug_time_s_reset_leap_second_info, 0);
+}
diff --git a/ext/-test-/time/new.c b/ext/-test-/time/new.c
index 0f71a5542b..6f894417b6 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/time/new.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/time/new.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ bug_time_s_timespec_now(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 void
-Init_new(VALUE klass)
+Init_time_new(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "nano_new", bug_time_s_nano_new, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "timespec_new", bug_time_s_timespec_new, 3);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend
index 5b2b2f7369..ba409e88fe 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 gc_hook.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 gc_hook.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/debug.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
@@ -12,7 +162,157 @@ gc_hook.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 gc_hook.o: gc_hook.c
 tracepoint.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 tracepoint.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/debug.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 tracepoint.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c
index 6d8485ecb1..5fd46fa518 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/tracepoint/gc_hook.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 static int invoking; /* TODO: should not be global variable */
 
 static VALUE
-invoke_proc_ensure(void *dmy)
+invoke_proc_ensure(VALUE _)
 {
     invoking = 0;
     return Qnil;
@@ -42,14 +42,12 @@ set_gc_hook(VALUE module, VALUE proc, rb_event_flag_t event, const char *tp_str,
 {
     VALUE tpval;
     ID tp_key = rb_intern(tp_str);
-    ID proc_key = rb_intern(proc_str);
 
     /* disable previous keys */
     if (rb_ivar_defined(module, tp_key) != 0 &&
 	RTEST(tpval = rb_ivar_get(module, tp_key))) {
 	rb_tracepoint_disable(tpval);
 	rb_ivar_set(module, tp_key, Qnil);
-	rb_ivar_set(module, proc_key, Qnil);
     }
 
     if (RTEST(proc)) {
@@ -59,7 +57,6 @@ set_gc_hook(VALUE module, VALUE proc, rb_event_flag_t event, const char *tp_str,
 
 	tpval = rb_tracepoint_new(0, event, gc_start_end_i, (void *)proc);
 	rb_ivar_set(module, tp_key, tpval);
-	rb_ivar_set(module, proc_key, proc); /* GC guard */
 	rb_tracepoint_enable(tpval);
     }
 
@@ -73,8 +70,16 @@ set_after_gc_start(VALUE module, VALUE proc)
 		       "__set_after_gc_start_tpval__", "__set_after_gc_start_proc__");
 }
 
+static VALUE
+start_after_gc_exit(VALUE module, VALUE proc)
+{
+    return set_gc_hook(module, proc, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_EXIT,
+                       "__set_after_gc_exit_tpval__", "__set_after_gc_exit_proc__");
+}
+
 void
 Init_gc_hook(VALUE module)
 {
     rb_define_module_function(module, "after_gc_start_hook=", set_after_gc_start, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(module, "after_gc_exit_hook=", start_after_gc_exit, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/typeddata/depend b/ext/-test-/typeddata/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fe35a8192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/typeddata/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+typeddata.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+typeddata.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+typeddata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+typeddata.o: typeddata.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/typeddata/typeddata.c b/ext/-test-/typeddata/typeddata.c
index 1c5d677713..2adfd56ae8 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/typeddata/typeddata.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/typeddata/typeddata.c
@@ -2,19 +2,43 @@
 
 static const rb_data_type_t test_data = {
     "typed_data",
+    {0, ruby_xfree, 0},
+    NULL, NULL,
+    0/* deferred free */,
 };
 
 static VALUE
+test_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    char *p;
+    return TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, char, &test_data, p);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 test_check(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_check_typeddata(obj, &test_data);
     return obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+test_make(VALUE klass, VALUE num)
+{
+    unsigned long i, n = NUM2UINT(num);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	test_alloc(klass);
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 void
 Init_typeddata(void)
 {
     VALUE mBug = rb_define_module("Bug");
-    VALUE klass = rb_define_class_under(mBug, "TypedData", rb_cData);
+    VALUE klass = rb_define_class_under(mBug, "TypedData", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(klass, test_alloc);
     rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "check", test_check, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(klass, "make", test_make, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/vm/depend b/ext/-test-/vm/depend
index dd56dd0e0d..5800c3b464 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/vm/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/vm/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 at_exit.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 at_exit.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 at_exit.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/depend b/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/depend
index 949c427685..641e144017 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/depend
@@ -1,12 +1,163 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
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+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
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+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
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+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
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+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
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+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
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+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 wait_for_single_fd.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/extconf.rb b/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/extconf.rb
index 931662c040..c27100fb42 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/extconf.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
+case RUBY_PLATFORM when /mingw/ then
+  # skip
+else
+  headers = %w(sys/types.h sys/time.h sys/event.h).select { |h| have_header(h) }
+  have_func('kqueue', headers)
+end
 create_makefile("-test-/wait_for_single_fd")
diff --git a/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/wait_for_single_fd.c b/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/wait_for_single_fd.c
index d406724a3f..b8a33979bc 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/wait_for_single_fd.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/wait_for_single_fd/wait_for_single_fd.c
@@ -19,6 +19,67 @@ wait_for_single_fd(VALUE ign, VALUE fd, VALUE events, VALUE timeout)
     return INT2NUM(rc);
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+/* ensure rb_wait_for_single_fd works on kqueue descriptors */
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/event.h>
+static VALUE
+kqueue_test_wait(VALUE klass)
+{
+    int kqfd = -1;
+    int p[2] = { -1, -1 };
+    struct timeval tv = { 0, 0 };
+    const struct timespec ts = { 1, 0 };
+    struct kevent kev;
+    const char *msg;
+    VALUE ret = Qfalse;
+    int e = 0;
+    int n;
+
+    msg = "pipe";
+    if (rb_cloexec_pipe(p) < 0) goto err;
+
+    msg = "kqueue";
+    kqfd = kqueue();
+    if (kqfd < 0) goto err;
+
+    n = rb_wait_for_single_fd(kqfd, RB_WAITFD_IN, &tv);
+    if (n != 0) {
+        msg = "spurious wakeup";
+        errno = 0;
+        goto err;
+    }
+
+    msg = "write";
+    if (write(p[1], "", 1) < 0) goto err;
+
+    EV_SET(&kev, p[0], EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, 0);
+
+    msg = "kevent";
+    n = kevent(kqfd, &kev, 1, &kev, 1, &ts);
+    if (n < 0) goto err;
+    msg = NULL;
+    if (n == 1) {
+        n = rb_wait_for_single_fd(kqfd, RB_WAITFD_IN, &tv);
+        ret = INT2NUM(n);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_warn("kevent did not return readiness");
+    }
+err:
+    if (msg) e = errno;
+    if (p[0] >= 0) close(p[0]);
+    if (p[1] >= 0) close(p[1]);
+    if (kqfd >= 0) close(kqfd);
+    if (msg) {
+        if (e) rb_syserr_fail(e, msg);
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "%s", msg);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_KQUEUE */
+
 void
 Init_wait_for_single_fd(void)
 {
@@ -27,4 +88,7 @@ Init_wait_for_single_fd(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_cObject, "RB_WAITFD_PRI", INT2NUM(RB_WAITFD_PRI));
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cIO, "wait_for_single_fd",
                                wait_for_single_fd, 3);
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cIO, "kqueue_test_wait", kqueue_test_wait, 0);
+#endif
 }
diff --git a/ext/-test-/win32/console/attribute.c b/ext/-test-/win32/console/attribute.c
index 6d706fbfe7..a5f80fcaff 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/win32/console/attribute.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/win32/console/attribute.c
@@ -61,4 +61,9 @@ Init_attribute(VALUE m)
     rb_define_const(m, "BACKGROUND_GREEN", INT2FIX(BACKGROUND_GREEN));
     rb_define_const(m, "BACKGROUND_RED", INT2FIX(BACKGROUND_RED));
     rb_define_const(m, "BACKGROUND_INTENSITY", INT2FIX(BACKGROUND_INTENSITY));
+
+#ifndef COMMON_LVB_REVERSE_VIDEO
+#define COMMON_LVB_REVERSE_VIDEO 0x4000
+#endif
+    rb_define_const(m, "REVERSE_VIDEO", INT2FIX(COMMON_LVB_REVERSE_VIDEO));
 }
diff --git a/ext/.document b/ext/.document
index 2e6fc78879..aeb40c60fb 100644
--- a/ext/.document
+++ b/ext/.document
@@ -2,9 +2,15 @@
 
 bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
 bigdecimal/lib
+cgi/escape/escape.c
 continuation/continuation.c
 coverage/coverage.c
+coverage/lib
 date/date_core.c
+date/date_parse.c
+date/date_strftime.c
+date/date_strptime.c
+date/lib
 dbm/dbm.c
 digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c
 digest/digest.c
@@ -13,12 +19,7 @@ digest/md5/md5init.c
 digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c
 digest/sha1/sha1init.c
 digest/sha2/sha2init.c
-dl/cfunc.c
-dl/cptr.c
-dl/dl.c
-dl/handle.c
-dl/lib
-dl/win32/lib
+digest/sha2/lib
 etc/etc.c
 fcntl/fcntl.c
 fiber/fiber.c
@@ -26,25 +27,26 @@ fiddle/closure.c
 fiddle/conversions.c
 fiddle/fiddle.c
 fiddle/function.c
+fiddle/pinned.c
 fiddle/pointer.c
 fiddle/handle.c
 fiddle/lib
-fiddle/win32/lib
 gdbm/gdbm.c
 io/console/console.c
+io/console/lib
 io/nonblock/nonblock.c
-io/wait/lib
 io/wait/wait.c
-json/ext/generator/generator.c
-json/ext/parser/parser.c
+json/generator/generator.c
 json/lib
-mathn/complex/complex.c
-mathn/rational/rational.c
+json/parser/parser.c
+monitor/lib
+monitor/monitor.c
 nkf/lib
 nkf/nkf.c
 objspace/objspace.c
 objspace/objspace_dump.c
 objspace/object_tracing.c
+objspace/lib
 openssl/lib
 openssl/ossl.c
 openssl/ossl_asn1.c
@@ -55,10 +57,10 @@ openssl/ossl_config.c
 openssl/ossl_digest.c
 openssl/ossl_engine.c
 openssl/ossl_hmac.c
+openssl/ossl_kdf.c
 openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
 openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
 openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
-openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c
 openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
 openssl/ossl_pkey.c
 openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
 openssl/ossl_rand.c
 openssl/ossl_ssl.c
 openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
+openssl/ossl_ts.c
 openssl/ossl_x509.c
 openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
 openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
@@ -79,25 +82,25 @@ openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
 openssl/ossl_x509store.c
 pathname/lib
 pathname/pathname.c
-psych/emitter.c
 psych/lib
-psych/parser.c
 psych/psych.c
-psych/to_ruby.c
-psych/yaml_tree.c
+psych/psych_emitter.c
+psych/psych_parser.c
+psych/psych_to_ruby.c
+psych/psych_yaml_tree.c
 pty/lib
 pty/pty.c
 racc/cparse/cparse.c
+rbconfig/sizeof/*.c
 readline/readline.c
 ripper/lib
-ripper/ripper.c
-sdbm/init.c
 socket
 stringio/stringio.c
 strscan/strscan.c
 syslog/syslog.c
 syslog/lib
-thread/thread.c
+win32/lib
+win32/resolv/*.c
 win32ole/lib
 win32ole/*.c
 zlib/zlib.c
diff --git a/ext/Setup b/ext/Setup
index 0929d647ae..0376e2fc6c 100644
--- a/ext/Setup
+++ b/ext/Setup
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 #json
 #json/generator
 #json/parser
-#mathn/complex
-#mathn/rational
 #nkf
 #objspace
 #openssl
@@ -35,7 +33,6 @@
 #rbconfig/sizeof
 #readline
 #ripper
-#sdbm
 #socket
 #stringio
 #strscan
diff --git a/ext/Setup.atheos b/ext/Setup.atheos
index 90a7d01348..3f6263b1e2 100644
--- a/ext/Setup.atheos
+++ b/ext/Setup.atheos
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ pty
 racc/parse
 readline
 ripper
-sdbm
 socket
 stringio
 strscan
diff --git a/ext/Setup.nacl b/ext/Setup.nacl
deleted file mode 100644
index eb8a1a70cd..0000000000
--- a/ext/Setup.nacl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# #option nodynamic
-#
-# #Win32API
-# bigdecimal
-# cgi/escape
-# continuation
-# coverage
-# date
-# #dbm
-# digest/bubblebabble
-# digest
-# digest/md5
-# digest/rmd160
-# digest/sha1
-# digest/sha2
-# etc
-# fcntl
-# fiber
-# #fiddle
-# #gdbm
-# #iconv
-# io/console
-# io/nonblock
-# io/wait
-# #json
-# json/generator
-# json/parser
-# mathn/complex
-# mathn/rational
-# nkf
-# objspace
-# #openssl
-# pathname
-# #psych
-# #pty
-# racc/cparse
-# #readline
-# ripper
-# #sdbm
-# #socket
-# stringio
-# strscan
-# #syslog
-# #zlib
diff --git a/ext/Setup.nt b/ext/Setup.nt
index fb5989b87f..dc36aa8688 100644
--- a/ext/Setup.nt
+++ b/ext/Setup.nt
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ nkf
 racc/cparse
 #readline
 #ripper
-sdbm
 socket
 stringio
 strscan
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
index 0d9d0518a8..7fdf40126e 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "ruby/util.h"
 
 #ifndef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
+# undef NDEBUG
 # define NDEBUG
 #endif
 #include <assert.h>
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include "math.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
 #include <ieeefp.h>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static ID id_half;
 #define BASE1 (BASE/10)
 
 #ifndef DBLE_FIG
-#define DBLE_FIG (DBL_DIG+1)    /* figure of double */
+#define DBLE_FIG rmpd_double_figures()    /* figure of double */
 #endif
 
 #ifndef RRATIONAL_ZERO_P
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ rb_rational_num(VALUE rat)
 #ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_RRATIONAL
     return RRATIONAL(rat)->num;
 #else
-    return rb_funcall(rat, rb_intern("numerator"));
+    return rb_funcall(rat, rb_intern("numerator"), 0);
 #endif
 }
 #endif
@@ -122,7 +122,31 @@ rb_rational_den(VALUE rat)
 #ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_RRATIONAL
     return RRATIONAL(rat)->den;
 #else
-    return rb_funcall(rat, rb_intern("denominator"));
+    return rb_funcall(rat, rb_intern("denominator"), 0);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_COMPLEX_REAL
+static inline VALUE
+rb_complex_real(VALUE cmp)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_RCOMPLEX
+  return RCOMPLEX(cmp)->real;
+#else
+  return rb_funcall(cmp, rb_intern("real"), 0);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_COMPLEX_IMAG
+static inline VALUE
+rb_complex_imag(VALUE cmp)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_RCOMPLEX
+  return RCOMPLEX(cmp)->imag;
+#else
+  return rb_funcall(cmp, rb_intern("imag"), 0);
 #endif
 }
 #endif
@@ -136,20 +160,6 @@ rb_rational_den(VALUE rat)
 #define DoSomeOne(x,y,f) rb_num_coerce_bin(x,y,f)
 
 /*
- * Returns the BigDecimal version number.
- */
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_version(VALUE self)
-{
-    /*
-     * 1.0.0: Ruby 1.8.0
-     * 1.0.1: Ruby 1.8.1
-     * 1.1.0: Ruby 1.9.3
-    */
-    return rb_str_new2("1.1.0");
-}
-
-/*
  *   VP routines used in BigDecimal part
  */
 static unsigned short VpGetException(void);
@@ -179,11 +189,16 @@ BigDecimal_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return (sizeof(*pv) + pv->MaxPrec * sizeof(BDIGIT));
 }
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#   undef RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
+#   define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE 0
+#endif
+
 static const rb_data_type_t BigDecimal_data_type = {
     "BigDecimal",
     { 0, BigDecimal_delete, BigDecimal_memsize, },
 #ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
 #endif
 };
 
@@ -231,6 +246,7 @@ static inline VALUE BigDecimal_div2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
 static Real*
 GetVpValueWithPrec(VALUE v, long prec, int must)
 {
+    ENTER(1);
     Real *pv;
     VALUE num, bg;
     char szD[128];
@@ -241,7 +257,7 @@ again:
     switch(TYPE(v)) {
       case T_FLOAT:
 	if (prec < 0) goto unable_to_coerce_without_prec;
-	if (prec > DBL_DIG+1) goto SomeOneMayDoIt;
+	if (prec > (long)DBLE_FIG) goto SomeOneMayDoIt;
 	d = RFLOAT_VALUE(v);
 	if (!isfinite(d)) {
 	    pv = VpCreateRbObject(1, NULL);
@@ -288,13 +304,14 @@ again:
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_NUMERIC_STRING
       case T_STRING:
-	SafeStringValue(v);
-	return VpCreateRbObject(strlen(RSTRING_PTR(v)) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
+	StringValueCStr(v);
+	return VpCreateRbObject(RSTRING_LEN(v) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
 				RSTRING_PTR(v));
 #endif /* ENABLE_NUMERIC_STRING */
 
       case T_BIGNUM:
 	bg = rb_big2str(v, 10);
+	PUSH(bg);
 	return VpCreateRbObject(strlen(RSTRING_PTR(bg)) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
 				RSTRING_PTR(bg));
       default:
@@ -338,11 +355,13 @@ BigDecimal_double_fig(VALUE self)
 /*  call-seq:
  *     big_decimal.precs  ->  array
  *
- *  Returns an Array of two Integer values.
+ *  Returns an Array of two Integer values that represent platform-dependent
+ *  internal storage properties.
  *
- *  The first value is the current number of significant digits in the
- *  BigDecimal. The second value is the maximum number of significant digits
- *  for the BigDecimal.
+ *  This method is deprecated and will be removed in the future.
+ *  Instead, use BigDecimal#n_significant_digits for obtaining the number of
+ *  significant digits in scientific notation, and BigDecimal#precision for
+ *  obtaining the number of digits in decimal notation.
  *
  *     BigDecimal('5').precs #=> [9, 18]
  */
@@ -354,13 +373,110 @@ BigDecimal_prec(VALUE self)
     Real *p;
     VALUE obj;
 
+    rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED,
+                     "BigDecimal#precs is deprecated and will be removed in the future; "
+                     "use BigDecimal#precision instead.");
+
     GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
-    obj = rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(p->Prec*VpBaseFig()),
-		       INT2NUM(p->MaxPrec*VpBaseFig()));
+    obj = rb_assoc_new(SIZET2NUM(p->Prec*VpBaseFig()),
+		       SIZET2NUM(p->MaxPrec*VpBaseFig()));
     return obj;
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   big_decimal.precision  ->  intreger
+ *
+ * Returns the number of decimal digits in this number.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *   BigDecimal("0").precision  # => 0
+ *   BigDecimal("1").precision  # => 1
+ *   BigDecimal("-1e20").precision  # => 21
+ *   BigDecimal("1e-20").precision  # => 20
+ *   BigDecimal("Infinity").precision  # => 0
+ *   BigDecimal("-Infinity").precision  # => 0
+ *   BigDecimal("NaN").precision  # => 0
+ */
+static VALUE
+BigDecimal_precision(VALUE self)
+{
+    ENTER(1);
+
+    Real *p;
+    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
+
+    /*
+     * The most significant digit is frac[0], and the least significant digit is frac[Prec-1].
+     * When the exponent is zero, the decimal point is located just before frac[0].
+     * When the exponent is negative, the decimal point moves to leftward.
+     * Conversely, when the exponent is positive, the decimal point moves to rightward.
+     *
+     *    | frac[0] frac[1] frac[2] . frac[3] frac[4] ... frac[Prec-1]
+     *    |------------------------> exponent == 3
+     */
+
+    ssize_t ex = p->exponent;
+    ssize_t precision = 0;
+    if (ex < 0) {
+        precision = (-ex + 1) * BASE_FIG;  /* 1 is for p->frac[0] */
+        ex = 0;
+    }
+    else if (p->Prec > 0) {
+        BDIGIT x = p->frac[0];
+        for (precision = 0; x > 0; x /= 10) {
+            ++precision;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ex > (ssize_t)p->Prec) {
+        precision += (ex - 1) * BASE_FIG;
+    }
+    else if (p->Prec > 0) {
+        ssize_t n = (ssize_t)p->Prec - 1;
+        while (n > 0 && p->frac[n] == 0) --n;
+
+        precision += n * BASE_FIG;
+
+        if (ex < (ssize_t)p->Prec) {
+            BDIGIT x = p->frac[n];
+            for (; x > 0 && x % 10 == 0; x /= 10) {
+                --precision;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return SSIZET2NUM(precision);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+BigDecimal_n_significant_digits(VALUE self)
+{
+    ENTER(1);
+
+    Real *p;
+    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
+
+    ssize_t n = p->Prec;
+    while (n > 0 && p->frac[n-1] == 0) --n;
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        return INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+
+    int nlz, ntz;
+
+    BDIGIT x = p->frac[0];
+    for (nlz = BASE_FIG; x > 0; x /= 10) --nlz;
+
+    x = p->frac[n-1];
+    for (ntz = 0; x > 0 && x % 10 == 0; x /= 10) ++ntz;
+
+    ssize_t n_digits = BASE_FIG * n - nlz - ntz;
+    return SSIZET2NUM(n_digits);
+}
+
+/*
  * call-seq: hash
  *
  * Creates a hash for this BigDecimal.
@@ -382,7 +498,7 @@ BigDecimal_hash(VALUE self)
 	hash ^= rb_memhash(p->frac, sizeof(BDIGIT)*p->Prec);
 	hash += p->exponent;
     }
-    return INT2FIX(hash);
+    return ST2FIX(hash);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -390,7 +506,7 @@ BigDecimal_hash(VALUE self)
  *
  * Method used to provide marshalling support.
  *
- *      inf = BigDecimal.new('Infinity')
+ *      inf = BigDecimal('Infinity')
  *        #=> Infinity
  *      BigDecimal._load(inf._dump)
  *        #=> Infinity
@@ -428,8 +544,7 @@ BigDecimal_load(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     unsigned char ch;
     unsigned long m=0;
 
-    SafeStringValue(str);
-    pch = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    pch = (unsigned char *)StringValueCStr(str);
     /* First get max prec */
     while((*pch) != (unsigned char)'\0' && (ch = *pch++) != (unsigned char)':') {
         if(!ISDIGIT(ch)) {
@@ -643,12 +758,12 @@ GetAddSubPrec(Real *a, Real *b)
 }
 
 static SIGNED_VALUE
-GetPositiveInt(VALUE v)
+GetPrecisionInt(VALUE v)
 {
     SIGNED_VALUE n;
     n = NUM2INT(v);
     if (n < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument must be positive");
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative precision");
     }
     return n;
 }
@@ -657,9 +772,10 @@ VP_EXPORT Real *
 VpNewRbClass(size_t mx, const char *str, VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &BigDecimal_data_type, 0);
-    Real *pv = VpAlloc(mx,str);
+    Real *pv = VpAlloc(mx, str, 1, 1);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = pv;
     pv->obj = obj;
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(obj);
     return pv;
 }
 
@@ -873,7 +989,7 @@ BigDecimal_to_r(VALUE self)
  * be coerced into a BigDecimal value.
  *
  * e.g.
- *   a = BigDecimal.new("1.0")
+ *   a = BigDecimal("1.0")
  *   b = a / 2.0 #=> 0.5
  *
  * Note that coercing a String to a BigDecimal is not supported by default;
@@ -887,7 +1003,7 @@ BigDecimal_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     Real *b;
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_FLOAT)) {
-	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(other, DBL_DIG+1, 1));
+	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(other, DBLE_FIG, 1));
 	obj = rb_assoc_new(ToValue(b), self);
     }
     else {
@@ -945,7 +1061,7 @@ BigDecimal_add(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1003,7 +1119,7 @@ BigDecimal_sub(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self,1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1053,7 +1169,7 @@ BigDecimalCmp(VALUE self, VALUE r,char op)
 	break;
 
     case T_FLOAT:
-	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 0));
+	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 0));
 	break;
 
     case T_RATIONAL:
@@ -1162,7 +1278,7 @@ BigDecimal_comp(VALUE self, VALUE r)
  *
  * Values may be coerced to perform the comparison:
  *
- *   BigDecimal.new('1.0') == 1.0  #=> true
+ *   BigDecimal('1.0') == 1.0  #=> true
  */
 static VALUE
 BigDecimal_eq(VALUE self, VALUE r)
@@ -1266,7 +1382,7 @@ BigDecimal_mult(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+        b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1294,7 +1410,7 @@ BigDecimal_divide(Real **c, Real **res, Real **div, VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+        b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1318,25 +1434,14 @@ BigDecimal_divide(Real **c, Real **res, Real **div, VALUE self, VALUE r)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
- /* call-seq:
-  * div(value, digits)
-  * quo(value)
-  *
-  * Divide by the specified value.
-  *
-  * e.g.
-  *   c = a.div(b,n)
-  *
-  * digits:: If specified and less than the number of significant digits of the
-  *          result, the result is rounded to that number of digits, according
-  *          to BigDecimal.mode.
-  *
-  * If digits is 0, the result is the same as the / operator. If not, the
-  * result is an integer BigDecimal, by analogy with Float#div.
-  *
-  * The alias quo is provided since <code>div(value, 0)</code> is the same as
-  * computing the quotient; see BigDecimal#divmod.
-  */
+/* call-seq:
+ *   a / b       -> bigdecimal
+ *   quo(value)  -> bigdecimal
+ *
+ * Divide by the specified value.
+ *
+ * See BigDecimal#div.
+ */
 static VALUE
 BigDecimal_div(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 /* For c = self/r: with round operation */
@@ -1371,7 +1476,7 @@ BigDecimal_DoDivmod(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **div, Real **mod)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1472,7 +1577,7 @@ BigDecimal_divremain(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **dv, Real **rv)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1535,8 +1640,8 @@ BigDecimal_remainder(VALUE self, VALUE r) /* remainder */
  *
  *   require 'bigdecimal'
  *
- *   a = BigDecimal.new("42")
- *   b = BigDecimal.new("9")
+ *   a = BigDecimal("42")
+ *   b = BigDecimal("9")
  *
  *   q, m = a.divmod(b)
  *
@@ -1579,7 +1684,7 @@ BigDecimal_div2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
     }
 
     /* div in BigDecimal sense */
-    ix = GetPositiveInt(n);
+    ix = GetPrecisionInt(n);
     if (ix == 0) {
         return BigDecimal_div(self, b);
     }
@@ -1602,6 +1707,37 @@ BigDecimal_div2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
     }
 }
 
+ /*
+  * Document-method: BigDecimal#div
+  *
+  * call-seq:
+  *   div(value, digits)  -> bigdecimal or integer
+  *
+  * Divide by the specified value.
+  *
+  * digits:: If specified and less than the number of significant digits of the
+  *          result, the result is rounded to that number of digits, according
+  *          to BigDecimal.mode.
+  *
+  *          If digits is 0, the result is the same as for the / operator
+  *          or #quo.
+  *
+  *          If digits is not specified, the result is an integer,
+  *          by analogy with Float#div; see also BigDecimal#divmod.
+  *
+  * Examples:
+  *
+  *   a = BigDecimal("4")
+  *   b = BigDecimal("3")
+  *
+  *   a.div(b, 3)  # => 0.133e1
+  *
+  *   a.div(b, 0)  # => 0.1333333333333333333e1
+  *   a / b        # => 0.1333333333333333333e1
+  *   a.quo(b)     # => 0.1333333333333333333e1
+  *
+  *   a.div(b)     # => 1
+  */
 static VALUE
 BigDecimal_div3(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -1617,7 +1753,7 @@ BigDecimal_add2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
 {
     ENTER(2);
     Real *cv;
-    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPositiveInt(n);
+    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPrecisionInt(n);
     if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_add(self, b);
     else {
 	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
@@ -1647,7 +1783,7 @@ BigDecimal_sub2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
 {
     ENTER(2);
     Real *cv;
-    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPositiveInt(n);
+    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPrecisionInt(n);
     if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_sub(self, b);
     else {
 	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
@@ -1665,7 +1801,7 @@ BigDecimal_mult2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
 {
     ENTER(2);
     Real *cv;
-    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPositiveInt(n);
+    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPrecisionInt(n);
     if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_mult(self, b);
     else {
 	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
@@ -1719,7 +1855,7 @@ BigDecimal_sqrt(VALUE self, VALUE nFig)
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
 
-    n = GetPositiveInt(nFig) + VpDblFig() + BASE_FIG;
+    n = GetPrecisionInt(nFig) + VpDblFig() + BASE_FIG;
     if (mx <= n) mx = n;
     GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0"));
     VpSqrt(c, a);
@@ -1746,20 +1882,23 @@ BigDecimal_fix(VALUE self)
  * round(n, mode)
  *
  * Round to the nearest integer (by default), returning the result as a
- * BigDecimal.
+ * BigDecimal if n is specified, or as an Integer if it isn't.
  *
  *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round #=> 3
  *	BigDecimal('8.7').round #=> 9
  *	BigDecimal('-9.9').round #=> -10
  *
+ *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round(2).class.name #=> "BigDecimal"
+ *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round.class.name #=> "Integer"
+ *
  * If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no
  * more than that many digits.
  *
  * If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the
- * decimal point will be 0 in the result.
+ * decimal point will be 0 in the result, and return value will be an Integer.
  *
  *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round(3) #=> 3.142
- *	BigDecimal('13345.234').round(-2) #=> 13300.0
+ *	BigDecimal('13345.234').round(-2) #=> 13300
  *
  * The value of the optional mode argument can be used to determine how
  * rounding is performed; see BigDecimal.mode.
@@ -1772,6 +1911,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int    iLoc = 0;
     VALUE  vLoc;
     VALUE  vRound;
+    int    round_to_int = 0;
     size_t mx, pl;
 
     unsigned short sw = VpGetRoundMode();
@@ -1779,6 +1919,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &vLoc, &vRound)) {
       case 0:
 	iLoc = 0;
+        round_to_int = 1;
 	break;
       case 1:
         if (RB_TYPE_P(vLoc, T_HASH)) {
@@ -1786,6 +1927,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	else {
 	    iLoc = NUM2INT(vLoc);
+            if (iLoc < 1) round_to_int = 1;
 	}
 	break;
       case 2:
@@ -1807,7 +1949,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0"));
     VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
     VpActiveRound(c, a, sw, iLoc);
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    if (round_to_int) {
 	return BigDecimal_to_i(ToValue(c));
     }
     return ToValue(c);
@@ -1989,34 +2131,34 @@ BigDecimal_ceil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  * Examples:
  *
- *   BigDecimal.new('-123.45678901234567890').to_s('5F')
+ *   BigDecimal('-123.45678901234567890').to_s('5F')
  *     #=> '-123.45678 90123 45678 9'
  *
- *   BigDecimal.new('123.45678901234567890').to_s('+8F')
+ *   BigDecimal('123.45678901234567890').to_s('+8F')
  *     #=> '+123.45678901 23456789'
  *
- *   BigDecimal.new('123.45678901234567890').to_s(' F')
+ *   BigDecimal('123.45678901234567890').to_s(' F')
  *     #=> ' 123.4567890123456789'
  */
 static VALUE
 BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     ENTER(5);
-    int   fmt = 0;   /* 0:E format */
-    int   fPlus = 0; /* =0:default,=1: set ' ' before digits ,set '+' before digits. */
+    int   fmt = 0;   /* 0: E format, 1: F format */
+    int   fPlus = 0; /* 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
     Real  *vp;
     volatile VALUE str;
     char  *psz;
     char   ch;
     size_t nc, mc = 0;
+    SIGNED_VALUE m;
     VALUE  f;
 
     GUARD_OBJ(vp, GetVpValue(self, 1));
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &f) == 1) {
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(f, T_STRING)) {
-	    SafeStringValue(f);
-	    psz = RSTRING_PTR(f);
+	    psz = StringValueCStr(f);
 	    if (*psz == ' ') {
 		fPlus = 1;
 		psz++;
@@ -2039,7 +2181,11 @@ BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    mc = (size_t)GetPositiveInt(f);
+	    m = NUM2INT(f);
+	    if (m <= 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument must be positive");
+	    }
+	    mc = (size_t)m;
 	}
     }
     if (fmt) {
@@ -2052,7 +2198,7 @@ BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	nc += (nc + mc - 1) / mc + 1;
     }
 
-    str = rb_str_new(0, nc);
+    str = rb_usascii_str_new(0, nc);
     psz = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 
     if (fmt) {
@@ -2117,7 +2263,7 @@ BigDecimal_split(VALUE self)
     rb_ary_push(obj, str);
     rb_str_resize(str, strlen(psz1));
     rb_ary_push(obj, INT2FIX(10));
-    rb_ary_push(obj, INT2NUM(e));
+    rb_ary_push(obj, SSIZET2NUM(e));
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -2130,18 +2276,13 @@ static VALUE
 BigDecimal_exponent(VALUE self)
 {
     ssize_t e = VpExponent10(GetVpValue(self, 1));
-    return INT2NUM(e);
+    return SSIZET2NUM(e);
 }
 
-/* Returns debugging information about the value as a string of comma-separated
- * values in angle brackets with a leading #:
+/* Returns a string representation of self.
  *
- *   BigDecimal.new("1234.5678").inspect
+ *   BigDecimal("1234.5678").inspect
  *     #=> "0.12345678e4"
- *
- * The first part is the address, the second is the value as a string, and
- * the final part ss(mm) is the current number of significant digits and the
- * maximum number of significant digits, respectively.
  */
 static VALUE
 BigDecimal_inspect(VALUE self)
@@ -2303,7 +2444,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
     n = NIL_P(prec) ? (ssize_t)(x->Prec*VpBaseFig()) : NUM2SSIZET(prec);
 
     if (VpIsNaN(x)) {
-	y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+	y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 	RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
 	VpSetNaN(y);
 	return ToValue(y);
@@ -2328,7 +2469,10 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	    }
 	    goto retry;
 	}
-	exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+        if (NIL_P(prec)) {
+            n += DBLE_FIG;
+        }
+        exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, DBLE_FIG, 1);
 	break;
 
       case T_RATIONAL:
@@ -2343,6 +2487,9 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	    goto retry;
 	}
 	exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, n, 1);
+        if (NIL_P(prec)) {
+            n += n;
+        }
 	break;
 
       case T_DATA:
@@ -2353,6 +2500,10 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 		vexp = BigDecimal_to_i(vexp);
 		goto retry;
 	    }
+            if (NIL_P(prec)) {
+                GUARD_OBJ(y, GetVpValue(vexp, 1));
+                n += y->Prec*VpBaseFig();
+            }
 	    exp = DATA_PTR(vexp);
 	    break;
 	}
@@ -2427,7 +2578,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+	    y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 	    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
 		if (is_integer(vexp)) {
 		    if (is_even(vexp)) {
@@ -2460,7 +2611,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	else if (RTEST(rb_funcall(abs_value, '<', 1, INT2FIX(1)))) {
 	    if (is_negative(vexp)) {
-		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 		if (is_even(vexp)) {
 		    VpSetInf(y, VpGetSign(x));
 		}
@@ -2478,7 +2629,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (is_positive(vexp)) {
-		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 		if (is_even(vexp)) {
 		    VpSetInf(y, VpGetSign(x));
 		}
@@ -2528,65 +2679,6 @@ BigDecimal_power_op(VALUE self, VALUE exp)
     return BigDecimal_power(1, &exp, self);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
-{
-    return VpNewRbClass(0, NULL, klass)->obj;
-}
-
-static Real *BigDecimal_new(int argc, VALUE *argv);
-
-/* call-seq:
- *   new(initial, digits)
- *
- * Create a new BigDecimal object.
- *
- * initial:: The initial value, as an Integer, a Float, a Rational,
- *           a BigDecimal, or a String.
- *
- *           If it is a String, spaces are ignored and unrecognized characters
- *           terminate the value.
- *
- * digits:: The number of significant digits, as an Integer. If omitted or 0,
- *          the number of significant digits is determined from the initial
- *          value.
- *
- * The actual number of significant digits used in computation is usually
- * larger than the specified number.
- *
- * ==== Exceptions
- *
- * TypeError:: If the +initial+ type is neither Integer, Float,
- *             Rational, nor BigDecimal, this exception is raised.
- *
- * TypeError:: If the +digits+ is not an Integer, this exception is raised.
- *
- * ArgumentError:: If +initial+ is a Float, and the +digits+ is larger than
- *                 Float::DIG + 1, this exception is raised.
- *
- * ArgumentError:: If the +initial+ is a Float or Rational, and the +digits+
- *                 value is omitted, this exception is raised.
- */
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    ENTER(1);
-    Real *pv = rb_check_typeddata(self, &BigDecimal_data_type);
-    Real *x;
-
-    GUARD_OBJ(x, BigDecimal_new(argc, argv));
-    if (ToValue(x)) {
-	pv = VpCopy(pv, x);
-    }
-    else {
-	VpFree(pv);
-	pv = x;
-    }
-    DATA_PTR(self) = pv;
-    pv->obj = self;
-    return self;
-}
-
 /* :nodoc:
  *
  * private method for dup and clone the provided BigDecimal +other+
@@ -2603,21 +2695,81 @@ BigDecimal_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return self;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+BigDecimal_clone(VALUE self)
+{
+  return self;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_OPTS_EXCEPTION_P
+int rb_opts_exception_p(VALUE opts, int default_value);
+#define opts_exception_p(opts) rb_opts_exception_p((opts), 1)
+#else
+static int
+opts_exception_p(VALUE opts)
+{
+    static ID kwds[1];
+    VALUE exception;
+    if (!kwds[0]) {
+        kwds[0] = rb_intern_const("exception");
+    }
+    if (!rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwds, 0, 1, &exception)) return 1;
+    switch (exception) {
+      case Qtrue: case Qfalse:
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "true or false is expected as exception: %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 exception);
+    }
+    return exception != Qfalse;
+}
+#endif
+
 static Real *
-BigDecimal_new(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+VpNewVarArg(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     size_t mf;
+    VALUE  opts = Qnil;
     VALUE  nFig;
     VALUE  iniValue;
     double d;
+    int    exc;
+
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &iniValue, &nFig, &opts);
+    exc = opts_exception_p(opts);
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &iniValue, &nFig) == 1) {
+    if (argc == 1) {
         mf = 0;
     }
     else {
-        mf = GetPositiveInt(nFig);
+        /* expand GetPrecisionInt for exception suppression */
+        ssize_t n = NUM2INT(nFig);
+        if (n < 0) {
+            if (!exc) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative precision");
+        }
+        mf = (size_t)n;
+    }
+
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(iniValue)) {
+        switch (iniValue) {
+          case Qnil:
+            if (!exc) return NULL;
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into BigDecimal");
+          case Qtrue:
+            if (!exc) return NULL;
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert true into BigDecimal");
+          case Qfalse:
+            if (!exc) return NULL;
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert false into BigDecimal");
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
+  retry:
     switch (TYPE(iniValue)) {
       case T_DATA:
 	if (is_kind_of_BigDecimal(iniValue)) {
@@ -2637,42 +2789,120 @@ BigDecimal_new(int argc, VALUE *argv)
             VpDtoV(pv, d);
             return pv;
         }
-	if (mf > DBL_DIG+1) {
+	if (mf > DBLE_FIG) {
+            if (!exc) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "precision too large.");
 	}
 	/* fall through */
       case T_RATIONAL:
 	if (NIL_P(nFig)) {
+            if (!exc) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
 		     "can't omit precision for a %"PRIsVALUE".",
 		     RB_OBJ_CLASSNAME(iniValue));
 	}
 	return GetVpValueWithPrec(iniValue, mf, 1);
 
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        {
+            VALUE im;
+            im = rb_complex_imag(iniValue);
+            if (!is_zero(im)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "Unable to make a BigDecimal from non-zero imaginary number");
+            }
+            iniValue = rb_complex_real(iniValue);
+            goto retry;
+        }
+
       case T_STRING:
 	/* fall through */
       default:
 	break;
     }
+    /* TODO: support to_d */
+    if (!exc) {
+        iniValue = rb_check_convert_type(iniValue, T_STRING, "String", "to_str");
+        if (NIL_P(iniValue)) return NULL;
+    }
     StringValueCStr(iniValue);
-    return VpAlloc(mf, RSTRING_PTR(iniValue));
+    return VpAlloc(mf, RSTRING_PTR(iniValue), 1, exc);
 }
 
-/* See also BigDecimal.new */
+/* call-seq:
+ *   BigDecimal(initial, digits, exception: true)
+ *
+ * Create a new BigDecimal object.
+ *
+ * initial:: The initial value, as an Integer, a Float, a Rational,
+ *           a BigDecimal, or a String.
+ *
+ *           If it is a String, spaces are ignored and unrecognized characters
+ *           terminate the value.
+ *
+ * digits:: The number of significant digits, as an Integer. If omitted or 0,
+ *          the number of significant digits is determined from the initial
+ *          value.
+ *
+ *          The actual number of significant digits used in computation is
+ *          usually larger than the specified number.
+ *
+ * exception:: Whether an exception should be raised on invalid arguments.
+ *             +true+ by default, if passed +false+, just returns +nil+
+ *             for invalid.
+ *
+ *
+ * ==== Exceptions
+ *
+ * TypeError:: If the +initial+ type is neither Integer, Float,
+ *             Rational, nor BigDecimal, this exception is raised.
+ *
+ * TypeError:: If the +digits+ is not an Integer, this exception is raised.
+ *
+ * ArgumentError:: If +initial+ is a Float, and the +digits+ is larger than
+ *                 Float::DIG + 1, this exception is raised.
+ *
+ * ArgumentError:: If the +initial+ is a Float or Rational, and the +digits+
+ *                 value is omitted, this exception is raised.
+ */
 static VALUE
-BigDecimal_global_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+f_BigDecimal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     ENTER(1);
     Real *pv;
     VALUE obj;
 
+    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(argv[0]) == rb_cBigDecimal) {
+        if (argc == 1 || (argc == 2 && RB_TYPE_P(argv[1], T_HASH))) return argv[0];
+    }
     obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cBigDecimal, &BigDecimal_data_type, 0);
-    GUARD_OBJ(pv, BigDecimal_new(argc, argv));
+    pv = VpNewVarArg(argc, argv);
+    if (pv == NULL) return Qnil;
+    SAVE(pv);
     if (ToValue(pv)) pv = VpCopy(NULL, pv);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = pv;
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(obj);
     return pv->obj = obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+BigDecimal_s_interpret_loosely(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+{
+    ENTER(1);
+    char const *c_str;
+    Real *pv;
+
+    c_str = StringValueCStr(str);
+    GUARD_OBJ(pv, VpAlloc(0, c_str, 0, 1));
+    pv->obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &BigDecimal_data_type, pv);
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(pv->obj);
+    return pv->obj;
+}
+
  /* call-seq:
   * BigDecimal.limit(digits)
   *
@@ -2689,7 +2919,7 @@ static VALUE
 BigDecimal_limit(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE  nFig;
-    VALUE  nCur = INT2NUM(VpGetPrecLimit());
+    VALUE  nCur = SIZET2NUM(VpGetPrecLimit());
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nFig) == 1) {
 	int nf;
@@ -2735,9 +2965,9 @@ BigDecimal_sign(VALUE self)
  *       BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW, false)
  *       BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_NaN, false)
  *
- *       BigDecimal.new(BigDecimal('Infinity'))
- *       BigDecimal.new(BigDecimal('-Infinity'))
- *       BigDecimal(BigDecimal.new('NaN'))
+ *       BigDecimal(BigDecimal('Infinity'))
+ *       BigDecimal(BigDecimal('-Infinity'))
+ *       BigDecimal(BigDecimal('NaN'))
  *     end
  *
  * For use with the BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_*
@@ -2854,7 +3084,7 @@ BigMath_s_exp(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE vprec)
 	infinite = isinf(flo);
 	nan = isnan(flo);
 	if (!infinite && !nan) {
-	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBL_DIG+1, 0);
+	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBLE_FIG, 0);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -2892,6 +3122,10 @@ BigMath_s_exp(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE vprec)
     n = prec + rmpd_double_figures();
     negative = BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(vx);
     if (negative) {
+        VALUE x_zero = INT2NUM(1);
+        VALUE x_copy = f_BigDecimal(1, &x_zero, klass);
+        x = BigDecimal_initialize_copy(x_copy, x);
+        vx = DATA_PTR(x);
 	VpSetSign(vx, 1);
     }
 
@@ -3003,7 +3237,7 @@ get_vp_value:
 	infinite = isinf(flo);
 	nan = isnan(flo);
 	if (!zero && !negative && !infinite && !nan) {
-	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBLE_FIG, 1);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -3124,15 +3358,15 @@ get_vp_value:
  *
  *   require 'bigdecimal'
  *
- *   sum = BigDecimal.new("0")
+ *   sum = BigDecimal("0")
  *   10_000.times do
- *     sum = sum + BigDecimal.new("0.0001")
+ *     sum = sum + BigDecimal("0.0001")
  *   end
  *   print sum #=> 0.1E1
  *
  * Similarly:
  *
- *	(BigDecimal.new("1.2") - BigDecimal("1.0")) == BigDecimal("0.2") #=> true
+ *	(BigDecimal("1.2") - BigDecimal("1.0")) == BigDecimal("0.2") #=> true
  *
  *	(1.2 - 1.0) == 0.2 #=> false
  *
@@ -3146,8 +3380,8 @@ get_vp_value:
  * BigDecimal sometimes needs to return infinity, for example if you divide
  * a value by zero.
  *
- *	BigDecimal.new("1.0") / BigDecimal.new("0.0")  #=> Infinity
- *	BigDecimal.new("-1.0") / BigDecimal.new("0.0")  #=> -Infinity
+ *	BigDecimal("1.0") / BigDecimal("0.0")  #=> Infinity
+ *	BigDecimal("-1.0") / BigDecimal("0.0")  #=> -Infinity
  *
  * You can represent infinite numbers to BigDecimal using the strings
  * <code>'Infinity'</code>, <code>'+Infinity'</code> and
@@ -3160,13 +3394,13 @@ get_vp_value:
  *
  * Example:
  *
- *	BigDecimal.new("0.0") / BigDecimal.new("0.0") #=> NaN
+ *	BigDecimal("0.0") / BigDecimal("0.0") #=> NaN
  *
  * You can also create undefined values.
  *
  * NaN is never considered to be the same as any other value, even NaN itself:
  *
- *	n = BigDecimal.new('NaN')
+ *	n = BigDecimal('NaN')
  *	n == 0.0 #=> false
  *	n == n #=> false
  *
@@ -3179,11 +3413,11 @@ get_vp_value:
  * If the value which is too small to be represented is negative, a BigDecimal
  * value of negative zero is returned.
  *
- *	BigDecimal.new("1.0") / BigDecimal.new("-Infinity") #=> -0.0
+ *	BigDecimal("1.0") / BigDecimal("-Infinity") #=> -0.0
  *
  * If the value is positive, a value of positive zero is returned.
  *
- *	BigDecimal.new("1.0") / BigDecimal.new("Infinity") #=> 0.0
+ *	BigDecimal("1.0") / BigDecimal("Infinity") #=> 0.0
  *
  * (See BigDecimal.mode for how to specify limits of precision.)
  *
@@ -3193,6 +3427,19 @@ get_vp_value:
  * Note also that in mathematics, there is no particular concept of negative
  * or positive zero; true mathematical zero has no sign.
  *
+ * == bigdecimal/util
+ *
+ * When you require +bigdecimal/util+, the #to_d method will be
+ * available on BigDecimal and the native Integer, Float, Rational,
+ * and String classes:
+ *
+ *	require 'bigdecimal/util'
+ *
+ *      42.to_d         # => 0.42e2
+ *      0.5.to_d        # => 0.5e0
+ *      (2/3r).to_d(3)  # => 0.667e0
+ *      "0.5".to_d      # => 0.5e0
+ *
  * == License
  *
  * Copyright (C) 2002 by Shigeo Kobayashi <shigeo@tinyforest.gr.jp>.
@@ -3208,6 +3455,9 @@ get_vp_value:
 void
 Init_bigdecimal(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
     VALUE arg;
 
     id_BigDecimal_exception_mode = rb_intern_const("BigDecimal.exception_mode");
@@ -3219,17 +3469,18 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
 
     /* Class and method registration */
     rb_cBigDecimal = rb_define_class("BigDecimal", rb_cNumeric);
-    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cBigDecimal, BigDecimal_s_allocate);
 
     /* Global function */
-    rb_define_global_function("BigDecimal", BigDecimal_global_new, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("BigDecimal", f_BigDecimal, -1);
 
     /* Class methods */
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cBigDecimal);
+    rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cBigDecimal), "new");
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "interpret_loosely", BigDecimal_s_interpret_loosely, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "mode", BigDecimal_mode, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "limit", BigDecimal_limit, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "double_fig", BigDecimal_double_fig, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "_load", BigDecimal_load, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "ver", BigDecimal_version, 0);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "save_exception_mode", BigDecimal_save_exception_mode, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "save_rounding_mode", BigDecimal_save_rounding_mode, 0);
@@ -3237,6 +3488,14 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
 
     /* Constants definition */
 
+#ifndef RUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION
+# error RUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION is not defined
+#endif
+    /*
+     * The version of bigdecimal library
+     */
+    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "VERSION", rb_str_new2(RUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION));
+
     /*
      * Base value used in internal calculations.  On a 32 bit system, BASE
      * is 10000, indicating that calculation is done in groups of 4 digits.
@@ -3341,16 +3600,16 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
 
     arg = rb_str_new2("+Infinity");
     /* Positive infinity value. */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "INFINITY", BigDecimal_global_new(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "INFINITY", f_BigDecimal(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
     arg = rb_str_new2("NaN");
     /* 'Not a Number' value. */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "NAN", BigDecimal_global_new(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "NAN", f_BigDecimal(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
 
 
     /* instance methods */
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "initialize", BigDecimal_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "initialize_copy", BigDecimal_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "precs", BigDecimal_prec, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "precision", BigDecimal_precision, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "n_significant_digits", BigDecimal_n_significant_digits, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "add", BigDecimal_add2, 2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "sub", BigDecimal_sub2, 2);
@@ -3373,7 +3632,8 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "modulo", BigDecimal_mod, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "remainder", BigDecimal_remainder, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "divmod", BigDecimal_divmod, 1);
-    /* rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "dup", BigDecimal_dup, 0); */
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "clone", BigDecimal_clone, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "dup", BigDecimal_clone, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "to_f", BigDecimal_to_f, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "abs", BigDecimal_abs, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "sqrt", BigDecimal_sqrt, 1);
@@ -3466,6 +3726,9 @@ static void VpFormatSt(char *psz, size_t fFmt);
 static int VpRdup(Real *m, size_t ind_m);
 
 #ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
+# ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#  error Need to make rewiting gnAlloc atomic
+# endif
 static int gnAlloc = 0; /* Memory allocation counter */
 #endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
 
@@ -3646,13 +3909,7 @@ VpSetRoundMode(unsigned short n)
  *    (to let the compiler know they may be changed in outside
  *    (... but not actually..)).
  */
-volatile const double gZero_ABCED9B1_CE73__00400511F31D = 0.0;
 volatile const double gOne_ABCED9B4_CE73__00400511F31D  = 1.0;
-static double
-Zero(void)
-{
-    return gZero_ABCED9B1_CE73__00400511F31D;
-}
 
 static double
 One(void)
@@ -3677,25 +3934,19 @@ One(void)
 VP_EXPORT double
 VpGetDoubleNaN(void) /* Returns the value of NaN */
 {
-    static double fNaN = 0.0;
-    if (fNaN == 0.0) fNaN = Zero()/Zero();
-    return fNaN;
+    return nan("");
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT double
 VpGetDoublePosInf(void) /* Returns the value of +Infinity */
 {
-    static double fInf = 0.0;
-    if (fInf == 0.0) fInf = One()/Zero();
-    return fInf;
+    return HUGE_VAL;
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT double
 VpGetDoubleNegInf(void) /* Returns the value of -Infinity */
 {
-    static double fInf = 0.0;
-    if (fInf == 0.0) fInf = -(One()/Zero());
-    return fInf;
+    return -HUGE_VAL;
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT double
@@ -3884,20 +4135,17 @@ VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,const char *pszFmt)
  *   by one BDIGIT word in the computer used.
  *
  * [Returns]
- * 1+DBL_DIG   ... OK
+ *   DBLE_FIG   ... OK
  */
 VP_EXPORT size_t
 VpInit(BDIGIT BaseVal)
 {
     /* Setup +/- Inf  NaN -0 */
-    VpGetDoubleNaN();
-    VpGetDoublePosInf();
-    VpGetDoubleNegInf();
     VpGetDoubleNegZero();
 
     /* Allocates Vp constants. */
-    VpConstOne = VpAlloc(1UL, "1");
-    VpPt5 = VpAlloc(1UL, ".5");
+    VpConstOne = VpAlloc(1UL, "1", 1, 1);
+    VpPt5 = VpAlloc(1UL, ".5", 1, 1);
 
 #ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
     gnAlloc = 0;
@@ -3961,6 +4209,52 @@ overflow:
     return VpException(VP_EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW, "Exponent overflow", 0);
 }
 
+Real *
+rmpd_parse_special_string(const char *str)
+{
+    static const struct {
+        const char *str;
+        size_t len;
+        int sign;
+    } table[] = {
+        { SZ_INF,  sizeof(SZ_INF)  - 1, VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE },
+        { SZ_PINF, sizeof(SZ_PINF) - 1, VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE },
+        { SZ_NINF, sizeof(SZ_NINF) - 1, VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE },
+        { SZ_NaN,  sizeof(SZ_NaN)  - 1, VP_SIGN_NaN               }
+    };
+    static const size_t table_length = sizeof(table) / sizeof(table[0]);
+    size_t i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < table_length; ++i) {
+        const char *p;
+        if (strncmp(str, table[i].str, table[i].len) != 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        p = str + table[i].len;
+        while (*p && ISSPACE(*p)) ++p;
+        if (*p == '\0') {
+            Real *vp = VpAllocReal(1);
+            vp->MaxPrec = 1;
+            switch (table[i].sign) {
+              default:
+                UNREACHABLE; break;
+              case VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE:
+                VpSetPosInf(vp);
+                return vp;
+              case VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE:
+                VpSetNegInf(vp);
+                return vp;
+              case VP_SIGN_NaN:
+                VpSetNaN(vp);
+                return vp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 /*
  * Allocates variable.
  * [Input]
@@ -3975,10 +4269,10 @@ overflow:
  *   NULL be returned if memory allocation is failed,or any error.
  */
 VP_EXPORT Real *
-VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
+VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal, int strict_p, int exc)
 {
     const char *orig_szVal = szVal;
-    size_t i, ni, ipn, ipf, nf, ipe, ne, dot_seen, exp_seen, nalloc;
+    size_t i, j, ni, ipf, nf, ipe, ne, dot_seen, exp_seen, nalloc;
     char v, *psz;
     int  sign=1;
     Real *vp = NULL;
@@ -3989,7 +4283,10 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
     if (mx == 0) ++mx;
 
     if (szVal) {
+        /* Skipping leading spaces */
         while (ISSPACE(*szVal)) szVal++;
+
+        /* Processing the leading one `#` */
         if (*szVal != '#') {
             if (mf) {
                 mf = (mf + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG + 2; /* Needs 1 more for div */
@@ -4003,115 +4300,179 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
         }
     }
     else {
+      return_zero:
         /* necessary to be able to store */
         /* at least mx digits. */
         /* szVal==NULL ==> allocate zero value. */
         vp = VpAllocReal(mx);
-        /* xmalloc() alway returns(or throw interruption) */
+        /* xmalloc() always returns(or throw interruption) */
         vp->MaxPrec = mx;    /* set max precision */
         VpSetZero(vp, 1);    /* initialize vp to zero. */
         return vp;
     }
 
-    /* Skip all '_' after digit: 2006-6-30 */
-    ni = 0;
+    /* Check on Inf & NaN */
+    if ((vp = rmpd_parse_special_string(szVal)) != NULL) {
+        return vp;
+    }
+
+    /* Scanning digits */
+
+    /* A buffer for keeping scanned digits */
     buf = rb_str_tmp_new(strlen(szVal) + 1);
     psz = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
-    i   = 0;
-    ipn = 0;
-    while ((psz[i] = szVal[ipn]) != 0) {
-        if (ISSPACE(psz[i])) {
-            psz[i] = 0;
+
+    /* cursor: i for psz, and j for szVal */
+    i = j = 0;
+
+    /* Scanning: sign part */
+    v = psz[i] = szVal[j];
+    if ((v == '-') || (v == '+')) {
+        sign = -(v == '-');
+        ++i;
+        ++j;
+    }
+
+    /* Scanning: integer part */
+    ni  = 0; /* number of digits in the integer part */
+    while ((v = psz[i] = szVal[j]) != '\0') {
+        if (!strict_p && ISSPACE(v)) {
+            v = psz[i] = '\0';
             break;
         }
-        if (ISDIGIT(psz[i])) ++ni;
-        if (psz[i] == '_') {
+        if (v == '_') {
             if (ni > 0) {
-                ipn++;
-                continue;
+                v = szVal[j+1];
+                if (v == '\0' || ISSPACE(v) || ISDIGIT(v)) {
+                    ++j;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!strict_p) {
+                    v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                    break;
+                }
             }
-            psz[i] = 0;
+            goto invalid_value;
+        }
+        if (!ISDIGIT(v)) {
             break;
         }
+        ++ni;
         ++i;
-        ++ipn;
-    }
-    szVal = psz;
-
-    /* Check on Inf & NaN */
-    if (StrCmp(szVal, SZ_PINF) == 0 || StrCmp(szVal, SZ_INF) == 0 ) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
-        vp->MaxPrec = 1;    /* set max precision */
-        VpSetPosInf(vp);
-        return vp;
-    }
-    if (StrCmp(szVal, SZ_NINF) == 0) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
-        vp->MaxPrec = 1;    /* set max precision */
-        VpSetNegInf(vp);
-        return vp;
-    }
-    if (StrCmp(szVal, SZ_NaN) == 0) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
-        vp->MaxPrec = 1;    /* set max precision */
-        VpSetNaN(vp);
-        return vp;
+        ++j;
     }
 
-    /* check on number szVal[] */
-    ipn = i = 0;
-    if      (szVal[i] == '-') { sign=-1; ++i; }
-    else if (szVal[i] == '+')            ++i;
-    /* Skip digits */
-    ni = 0;            /* digits in mantissa */
-    while ((v = szVal[i]) != 0) {
-        if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
-        ++i;
-        ++ni;
-    }
-    nf  = 0;
-    ipf = 0;
-    ipe = 0;
-    ne  = 0;
+    /* Scanning: fractional part */
+    nf  = 0; /* number of digits in the fractional part */
+    ne  = 0; /* number of digits in the exponential part */
+    ipf = 0; /* index of the beginning of the fractional part */
+    ipe = 0; /* index of the beginning of the exponential part */
     dot_seen = 0;
     exp_seen = 0;
-    if (v) {
-        /* other than digit nor \0 */
-        if (szVal[i] == '.') {    /* xxx. */
+
+    if (v != '\0') {
+        /* Scanning fractional part */
+        if ((psz[i] = szVal[j]) == '.') {
             dot_seen = 1;
             ++i;
+            ++j;
             ipf = i;
-            while ((v = szVal[i]) != 0) {    /* get fraction part. */
+            while ((v = psz[i] = szVal[j]) != '\0') {
+                if (!strict_p && ISSPACE(v)) {
+                    v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (v == '_') {
+                    if (nf > 0 && ISDIGIT(szVal[j+1])) {
+                        ++j;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (!strict_p) {
+                        v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                        if (nf == 0) {
+                            dot_seen = 0;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    goto invalid_value;
+                }
                 if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
                 ++i;
+                ++j;
                 ++nf;
             }
         }
-        ipe = 0;        /* Exponent */
-
-        switch (szVal[i]) {
-            case '\0':
-                break;
-            case 'e': case 'E':
-            case 'd': case 'D':
-                exp_seen = 1;
-                ++i;
-                ipe = i;
-                v = szVal[i];
-                if ((v == '-') || (v == '+')) ++i;
-                while ((v=szVal[i]) != 0) {
-                    if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
+
+        /* Scanning exponential part */
+        if (v != '\0') {
+            switch ((psz[i] = szVal[j])) {
+                case '\0':
+                    break;
+                case 'e': case 'E':
+                case 'd': case 'D':
+                    exp_seen = 1;
                     ++i;
-                    ++ne;
-                }
-                break;
-            default:
-                break;
+                    ++j;
+                    ipe = i;
+                    v = psz[i] = szVal[j];
+                    if ((v == '-') || (v == '+')) {
+                        ++i;
+                        ++j;
+                    }
+                    while ((v = psz[i] = szVal[j]) != '\0') {
+                        if (!strict_p && ISSPACE(v)) {
+                            v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (v == '_') {
+                            if (ne > 0 && ISDIGIT(szVal[j+1])) {
+                                ++j;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            if (!strict_p) {
+                                v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                                if (ne == 0) {
+                                    exp_seen = 0;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            goto invalid_value;
+                        }
+                        if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
+                        ++i;
+                        ++j;
+                        ++ne;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (v != '\0') {
+            /* Scanning trailing spaces */
+            while (ISSPACE(szVal[j])) ++j;
+
+            /* Invalid character */
+            if (szVal[j] && strict_p) {
+                goto invalid_value;
+            }
         }
     }
-    if (((ni == 0 || dot_seen) && nf == 0) || (exp_seen && ne == 0)) {
-	VALUE str = rb_str_new2(orig_szVal);
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for BigDecimal(): \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", str);
+
+    psz[i] = '\0';
+
+    if (strict_p && (((ni == 0 || dot_seen) && nf == 0) || (exp_seen && ne == 0))) {
+        VALUE str;
+      invalid_value:
+        if (!strict_p) {
+            goto return_zero;
+        }
+        if (!exc) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        str = rb_str_new2(orig_szVal);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for BigDecimal(): \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", str);
     }
 
     nalloc = (ni + nf + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG + 1;    /* set effective allocation  */
@@ -4120,10 +4481,10 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
     nalloc = Max(nalloc, mx);
     mx = nalloc;
     vp = VpAllocReal(mx);
-    /* xmalloc() alway returns(or throw interruption) */
+    /* xmalloc() always returns(or throw interruption) */
     vp->MaxPrec = mx;        /* set max precision */
     VpSetZero(vp, sign);
-    VpCtoV(vp, &szVal[ipn], ni, &szVal[ipf], nf, &szVal[ipe], ne);
+    VpCtoV(vp, psz, ni, psz + ipf, nf, psz + ipe, ne);
     rb_str_resize(buf, 0);
     return vp;
 }
@@ -4686,7 +5047,7 @@ VpMult(Real *c, Real *a, Real *b)
 
     if (MxIndC < MxIndAB) {    /* The Max. prec. of c < Prec(a)+Prec(b) */
 	w = c;
-	c = VpAlloc((size_t)((MxIndAB + 1) * BASE_FIG), "#0");
+	c = VpAlloc((size_t)((MxIndAB + 1) * BASE_FIG), "#0", 1, 1);
 	MxIndC = MxIndAB;
     }
 
@@ -5312,7 +5673,7 @@ VpSzMantissa(Real *a,char *psz)
 
 VP_EXPORT int
 VpToSpecialString(Real *a,char *psz,int fPlus)
-    /* fPlus =0:default, =1: set ' ' before digits , =2: set '+' before digits. */
+/* fPlus = 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
 {
     if (VpIsNaN(a)) {
 	sprintf(psz,SZ_NaN);
@@ -5347,7 +5708,7 @@ VpToSpecialString(Real *a,char *psz,int fPlus)
 
 VP_EXPORT void
 VpToString(Real *a, char *psz, size_t fFmt, int fPlus)
-/* fPlus =0:default, =1: set ' ' before digits , =2:set '+' before digits. */
+/* fPlus = 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
 {
     size_t i, n, ZeroSup;
     BDIGIT shift, m, e, nn;
@@ -5395,7 +5756,7 @@ VpToString(Real *a, char *psz, size_t fFmt, int fPlus)
 
 VP_EXPORT void
 VpToFString(Real *a, char *psz, size_t fFmt, int fPlus)
-/* fPlus =0:default,=1: set ' ' before digits ,set '+' before digits. */
+/* fPlus = 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
 {
     size_t i, n;
     BDIGIT m, e, nn;
@@ -5854,8 +6215,8 @@ VpSqrt(Real *y, Real *x)
     if (x->MaxPrec > (size_t)n) n = (ssize_t)x->MaxPrec;
 
     /* allocate temporally variables  */
-    f = VpAlloc(y->MaxPrec * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1");
-    r = VpAlloc((n + n) * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1");
+    f = VpAlloc(y->MaxPrec * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1", 1, 1);
+    r = VpAlloc((n + n) * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1", 1, 1);
 
     nr = 0;
     y_prec = y->MaxPrec;
@@ -5920,17 +6281,12 @@ Exit:
 }
 
 /*
- *
- * nf: digit position for operation.
- *
- */
-VP_EXPORT int
-VpMidRound(Real *y, unsigned short f, ssize_t nf)
-/*
  * Round relatively from the decimal point.
  *    f: rounding mode
  *   nf: digit location to round from the decimal point.
  */
+VP_EXPORT int
+VpMidRound(Real *y, unsigned short f, ssize_t nf)
 {
     /* fracf: any positive digit under rounding position? */
     /* fracf_1further: any positive digits under one further than the rounding position? */
@@ -6312,8 +6668,8 @@ VpPower(Real *y, Real *x, SIGNED_VALUE n)
 
     /* Allocate working variables  */
 
-    w1 = VpAlloc((y->MaxPrec + 2) * BASE_FIG, "#0");
-    w2 = VpAlloc((w1->MaxPrec * 2 + 1) * BASE_FIG, "#0");
+    w1 = VpAlloc((y->MaxPrec + 2) * BASE_FIG, "#0", 1, 1);
+    w2 = VpAlloc((w1->MaxPrec * 2 + 1) * BASE_FIG, "#0", 1, 1);
     /* calculation start */
 
     VpAsgn(y, x, 1);
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
index 3767e9b65d..7e5388d8e0 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 # coding: utf-8
-_VERSION = '1.3.0'
+
+bigdecimal_version = '3.0.0'
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name          = "bigdecimal"
-  s.version       = _VERSION
+  s.version       = bigdecimal_version
   s.authors       = ["Kenta Murata", "Zachary Scott", "Shigeo Kobayashi"]
   s.email         = ["mrkn@mrkn.jp"]
 
   s.summary       = "Arbitrary-precision decimal floating-point number library."
   s.description   = "This library provides arbitrary-precision decimal floating-point number class."
   s.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal"
-  s.license       = "ruby"
+  s.license       = "Ruby"
 
   s.require_paths = %w[lib]
   s.extensions    = %w[ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb]
@@ -18,8 +19,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
     bigdecimal.gemspec
     ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
     ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
-    ext/bigdecimal/depend
-    ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
+    lib/bigdecimal.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/jacobian.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/ludcmp.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/math.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
     sample/pi.rb
   ]
 
-  s.add_development_dependency "rake", "~> 10.0"
-  s.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler", "~> 0.9"
-  s.add_development_dependency "minitest", "~> 4.7.5"
+  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.4.0")
+
+  s.add_development_dependency "rake", ">= 12.3.3"
+  s.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler", ">= 0.9"
+  s.add_development_dependency "minitest", "< 5.0.0"
+  s.add_development_dependency "pry"
 end
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
index fcfeb9c3c3..28f3363b3c 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #ifndef  RUBY_BIG_DECIMAL_H
 #define  RUBY_BIG_DECIMAL_H 1
 
+#define RUBY_NO_OLD_COMPATIBILITY
+
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include <float.h>
 
@@ -140,6 +142,12 @@ rb_sym2str(VALUE sym)
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifndef ST2FIX
+# undef RB_ST2FIX
+# define RB_ST2FIX(h) LONG2FIX((long)(h))
+# define ST2FIX(h) RB_ST2FIX(h)
+#endif
+
 #ifdef vabs
 # undef vabs
 #endif
@@ -151,6 +159,10 @@ rb_sym2str(VALUE sym)
 # define vabs llabs
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(HAVE_RB_CATEGORY_WARN) || !defined(HAVE_CONST_RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED)
+#   define rb_category_warn(category, ...) rb_warn(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
 extern VALUE rb_cBigDecimal;
 
 #if 0 || SIZEOF_BDIGITS >= 16
@@ -219,7 +231,9 @@ extern VALUE rb_cBigDecimal;
 #define VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE  3 /* Positive infinite number */
 #define VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE -3 /* Negative infinite number */
 
-#ifdef __GNUC__
+#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
+#define	FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_SIZE /* */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
 #define	FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_SIZE 0
 #else
 #define	FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_SIZE 1
@@ -298,7 +312,7 @@ VP_EXPORT size_t VpInit(BDIGIT BaseVal);
 VP_EXPORT void *VpMemAlloc(size_t mb);
 VP_EXPORT void *VpMemRealloc(void *ptr, size_t mb);
 VP_EXPORT void VpFree(Real *pv);
-VP_EXPORT Real *VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal);
+VP_EXPORT Real *VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal, int strict_p, int exc);
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpAsgn(Real *c, Real *a, int isw);
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpAddSub(Real *c,Real *a,Real *b,int operation);
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpMult(Real *c,Real *a,Real *b);
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/depend b/ext/bigdecimal/depend
index 6783192b30..d607a71dfe 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/depend
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/depend
@@ -1,6 +1,159 @@
+extconf.h: $(srcdir)/$(GEMSPEC)
+Makefile: $(BIGDECIMAL_RB)
+
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 bigdecimal.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 bigdecimal.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
index b4f3a7a4f8..63123e2892 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,32 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'mkmf'
 
-alias __have_macro__ have_macro
+def check_bigdecimal_version(gemspec_path)
+  message "checking RUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION... "
+
+  bigdecimal_version =
+    IO.readlines(gemspec_path)
+      .grep(/\Abigdecimal_version\s+=\s+/)[0][/\'([^\']+)\'/, 1]
+
+  version_components = bigdecimal_version.split('.')
+  bigdecimal_version = version_components[0, 3].join('.')
+  bigdecimal_version << "-#{version_components[3]}" if version_components[3]
+  $defs << %Q[-DRUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION=\\"#{bigdecimal_version}\\"]
+
+  message "#{bigdecimal_version}\n"
+end
+
+gemspec_name = gemspec_path = nil
+unless ['', '../../'].any? {|dir|
+         gemspec_name = "#{dir}bigdecimal.gemspec"
+         gemspec_path = File.expand_path("../#{gemspec_name}", __FILE__)
+         File.file?(gemspec_path)
+       }
+  $stderr.puts "Unable to find bigdecimal.gemspec"
+  abort
+end
+
+check_bigdecimal_version(gemspec_path)
 
 have_func("labs", "stdlib.h")
 have_func("llabs", "stdlib.h")
@@ -11,20 +36,22 @@ have_func("isfinite", "math.h")
 have_type("struct RRational", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_rational_num", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_rational_den", "ruby.h")
+have_type("struct RComplex", "ruby.h")
+have_func("rb_complex_real", "ruby.h")
+have_func("rb_complex_imag", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_array_const_ptr", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_sym2str", "ruby.h")
+have_func("rb_opts_exception_p", "ruby.h")
+have_func("rb_category_warn", "ruby.h")
+have_const("RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED", "ruby.h")
 
-have_macro("FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR", "ruby.h")
-have_macro("RARRAY_CONST_PTR", "ruby.h")
-have_macro("RARRAY_AREF", "ruby.h")
-
-create_makefile('bigdecimal')
-
-# Add additional dependencies
-open('Makefile', 'a') do |io|
-  if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.4'
-    io.puts <<-MAKEFILE
-bigdecimal.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
-    MAKEFILE
-  end
+if File.file?(File.expand_path('../lib/bigdecimal.rb', __FILE__))
+  bigdecimal_rb = "$(srcdir)/lib/bigdecimal.rb"
+else
+  bigdecimal_rb = "$(srcdir)/../../lib/bigdecimal.rb"
 end
+
+create_makefile('bigdecimal') {|mf|
+  mf << "GEMSPEC = #{gemspec_name}\n"
+  mf << "BIGDECIMAL_RB = #{bigdecimal_rb}\n"
+}
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fd2587c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+require 'bigdecimal.so'
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/jacobian.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/jacobian.rb
index 9cad06c09b..5e29304299 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/jacobian.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/jacobian.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-#
+
+require 'bigdecimal'
+
 # require 'bigdecimal/jacobian'
 #
 # Provides methods to compute the Jacobian matrix of a set of equations at a
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/math.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/math.rb
index ef1a02b38f..0b9d0648bb 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/math.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/math.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module BigMath
   # Computes the square root of +decimal+ to the specified number of digits of
   # precision, +numeric+.
   #
-  #   BigMath.sqrt(BigDecimal.new('2'), 16).to_s
+  #   BigMath.sqrt(BigDecimal('2'), 16).to_s
   #   #=> "0.1414213562373095048801688724e1"
   #
   def sqrt(x, prec)
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ module BigMath
   #
   # If +decimal+ is NaN, returns NaN.
   #
-  #   BigMath.atan(BigDecimal.new('-1'), 16).to_s
+  #   BigMath.atan(BigDecimal('-1'), 16).to_s
   #   #=> "-0.785398163397448309615660845819878471907514682065e0"
   #
   def atan(x, prec)
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb
index 670a625563..00a3e967bd 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb
@@ -1,72 +1,76 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-# BigDecimal extends the native Integer class to provide the #to_d method.
 #
-# When you require the BigDecimal library in your application, this method will
-# be available on Integer objects.
+#--
+# bigdecimal/util extends various native classes to provide the #to_d method,
+# and provides BigDecimal#to_d and BigDecimal#to_digits.
+#++
+
+require 'bigdecimal'
+
 class Integer < Numeric
   # call-seq:
   #     int.to_d  -> bigdecimal
   #
-  # Convert +int+ to a BigDecimal and return it.
+  # Returns the value of +int+ as a BigDecimal.
   #
   #     require 'bigdecimal'
   #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
   #
-  #     42.to_d
-  #     # => 0.42e2
+  #     42.to_d   # => 0.42e2
+  #
+  # See also BigDecimal::new.
   #
   def to_d
     BigDecimal(self)
   end
 end
 
-# BigDecimal extends the native Float class to provide the #to_d method.
-#
-# When you require BigDecimal in your application, this method will be
-# available on Float objects.
+
 class Float < Numeric
   # call-seq:
-  #     flt.to_d  -> bigdecimal
+  #     float.to_d             -> bigdecimal
+  #     float.to_d(precision)  -> bigdecimal
   #
-  # Convert +flt+ to a BigDecimal and return it.
+  # Returns the value of +float+ as a BigDecimal.
+  # The +precision+ parameter is used to determine the number of
+  # significant digits for the result (the default is Float::DIG).
   #
   #     require 'bigdecimal'
   #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
   #
-  #     0.5.to_d
-  #     # => 0.5e0
+  #     0.5.to_d         # => 0.5e0
+  #     1.234.to_d(2)    # => 0.12e1
+  #
+  # See also BigDecimal::new.
   #
-  def to_d(precision=nil)
-    BigDecimal(self, precision || Float::DIG)
+  def to_d(precision=Float::DIG+1)
+    BigDecimal(self, precision)
   end
 end
 
-# BigDecimal extends the native String class to provide the #to_d method.
-#
-# When you require BigDecimal in your application, this method will be
-# available on String objects.
+
 class String
   # call-seq:
-  #     string.to_d  -> bigdecimal
+  #     str.to_d  -> bigdecimal
   #
-  # Convert +string+ to a BigDecimal and return it.
+  # Returns the result of interpreting leading characters in +str+
+  # as a BigDecimal.
   #
   #     require 'bigdecimal'
   #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
   #
-  #     "0.5".to_d
-  #     # => 0.5e0
+  #     "0.5".to_d             # => 0.5e0
+  #     "123.45e1".to_d        # => 0.12345e4
+  #     "45.67 degrees".to_d   # => 0.4567e2
+  #
+  # See also BigDecimal::new.
   #
   def to_d
-    BigDecimal(self)
+    BigDecimal.interpret_loosely(self)
   end
 end
 
-# BigDecimal extends the native Numeric class to provide the #to_digits and
-# #to_d methods.
-#
-# When you require BigDecimal in your application, this method will be
-# available on BigDecimal objects.
+
 class BigDecimal < Numeric
   # call-seq:
   #     a.to_digits -> string
@@ -74,12 +78,11 @@ class BigDecimal < Numeric
   # Converts a BigDecimal to a String of the form "nnnnnn.mmm".
   # This method is deprecated; use BigDecimal#to_s("F") instead.
   #
-  #     require 'bigdecimal'
   #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
   #
-  #     d = BigDecimal.new("3.14")
-  #     d.to_digits
-  #     # => "3.14"
+  #     d = BigDecimal("3.14")
+  #     d.to_digits                  # => "3.14"
+  #
   def to_digits
     if self.nan? || self.infinite? || self.zero?
       self.to_s
@@ -94,35 +97,85 @@ class BigDecimal < Numeric
   #     a.to_d -> bigdecimal
   #
   # Returns self.
+  #
+  #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
+  #
+  #     d = BigDecimal("3.14")
+  #     d.to_d                       # => 0.314e1
+  #
   def to_d
     self
   end
 end
 
-# BigDecimal extends the native Rational class to provide the #to_d method.
-#
-# When you require BigDecimal in your application, this method will be
-# available on Rational objects.
+
 class Rational < Numeric
   # call-seq:
-  #   r.to_d(precision)   -> bigdecimal
+  #     rat.to_d(precision)  -> bigdecimal
   #
-  # Converts a Rational to a BigDecimal.
+  # Returns the value as a BigDecimal.
   #
-  # The required +precision+ parameter is used to determine the amount of
-  # significant digits for the result. See BigDecimal#div for more information,
-  # as it is used along with the #denominator and the +precision+ for
-  # parameters.
+  # The required +precision+ parameter is used to determine the number of
+  # significant digits for the result.
+  #
+  #     require 'bigdecimal'
+  #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
+  #
+  #     Rational(22, 7).to_d(3)   # => 0.314e1
+  #
+  # See also BigDecimal::new.
   #
-  #   r = (22/7.0).to_r
-  #   # => (7077085128725065/2251799813685248)
-  #   r.to_d(3)
-  #   # => 0.314e1
   def to_d(precision)
-    if precision <= 0
-      raise ArgumentError, "negative precision"
+    BigDecimal(self, precision)
+  end
+end
+
+
+class Complex < Numeric
+  # call-seq:
+  #     cmp.to_d             -> bigdecimal
+  #     cmp.to_d(precision)  -> bigdecimal
+  #
+  # Returns the value as a BigDecimal.
+  #
+  # The +precision+ parameter is required for a rational complex number.
+  # This parameter is used to determine the number of significant digits
+  # for the result.
+  #
+  #     require 'bigdecimal'
+  #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
+  #
+  #     Complex(0.1234567, 0).to_d(4)   # => 0.1235e0
+  #     Complex(Rational(22, 7), 0).to_d(3)   # => 0.314e1
+  #
+  # See also BigDecimal::new.
+  #
+  def to_d(*args)
+    BigDecimal(self) unless self.imag.zero? # to raise eerror
+
+    if args.length == 0
+      case self.real
+      when Rational
+        BigDecimal(self.real) # to raise error
+      end
     end
-    num = self.numerator
-    BigDecimal(num).div(self.denominator, precision)
+    self.real.to_d(*args)
+  end
+end
+
+
+class NilClass
+  # call-seq:
+  #     nil.to_d -> bigdecimal
+  #
+  # Returns nil represented as a BigDecimal.
+  #
+  #     require 'bigdecimal'
+  #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
+  #
+  #     nil.to_d   # => 0.0
+  #
+  def to_d
+    BigDecimal(0)
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/sample/linear.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/sample/linear.rb
index 3b23269f8a..516c2473be 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/sample/linear.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/sample/linear.rb
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ def rd_order(na)
 end
 
 na   = ARGV.size
-zero = BigDecimal.new("0.0")
-one  = BigDecimal.new("1.0")
+zero = BigDecimal("0.0")
+one  = BigDecimal("1.0")
 
 while (n=rd_order(na))>0
   a = []
@@ -37,27 +37,28 @@ while (n=rd_order(na))>0
   b = []
   if na <= 0
      # Read data from console.
-     printf("\nEnter coefficient matrix element A[i,j]\n");
+     printf("\nEnter coefficient matrix element A[i,j]\n")
      for i in 0...n do
        for j in 0...n do
          printf("A[%d,%d]? ",i,j); s = ARGF.gets
-         a  << BigDecimal.new(s);
-         as << BigDecimal.new(s);
+         a  << BigDecimal(s)
+         as << BigDecimal(s)
        end
-       printf("Contatant vector element b[%d] ? ",i); b << BigDecimal.new(ARGF.gets);
+       printf("Contatant vector element b[%d] ? ",i)
+       b << BigDecimal(ARGF.gets)
      end
   else
      # Read data from specified file.
-     printf("Coefficient matrix and constant vector.\n");
+     printf("Coefficient matrix and constant vector.\n")
      for i in 0...n do
        s = ARGF.gets
        printf("%d) %s",i,s)
        s = s.split
        for j in 0...n do
-         a  << BigDecimal.new(s[j]);
-         as << BigDecimal.new(s[j]);
+         a  << BigDecimal(s[j])
+         as << BigDecimal(s[j])
        end
-       b << BigDecimal.new(s[n]);
+       b << BigDecimal(s[n])
      end
   end
   x = lusolve(a,b,ludecomp(a,n,zero,one),zero)
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/sample/nlsolve.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/sample/nlsolve.rb
index b1dd08e0a3..c2227dac73 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/sample/nlsolve.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/sample/nlsolve.rb
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ include Newton
 
 class Function # :nodoc: all
   def initialize()
-    @zero = BigDecimal.new("0.0")
-    @one  = BigDecimal.new("1.0")
-    @two  = BigDecimal.new("2.0")
-    @ten  = BigDecimal.new("10.0")
-    @eps  = BigDecimal.new("1.0e-16")
+    @zero = BigDecimal("0.0")
+    @one  = BigDecimal("1.0")
+    @two  = BigDecimal("2.0")
+    @ten  = BigDecimal("10.0")
+    @eps  = BigDecimal("1.0e-16")
   end
   def zero;@zero;end
   def one ;@one ;end
diff --git a/ext/cgi/escape/depend b/ext/cgi/escape/depend
index c93a487a56..fc3875d151 100644
--- a/ext/cgi/escape/depend
+++ b/ext/cgi/escape/depend
@@ -1,15 +1,166 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 escape.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 escape.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 escape.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-escape.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 escape.o: escape.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c b/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c
index 7289f43b8d..809f95ef4c 100644
--- a/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c
+++ b/ext/cgi/escape/escape.c
@@ -11,73 +11,59 @@ RUBY_EXTERN const signed char ruby_digit36_to_number_table[];
 static VALUE rb_cCGI, rb_mUtil, rb_mEscape;
 static ID id_accept_charset;
 
-static void
-html_escaped_cat(VALUE str, char c)
-{
-    switch (c) {
-      case '\'':
-	rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "&#39;");
-	break;
-      case '&':
-	rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "&amp;");
-	break;
-      case '"':
-	rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "&quot;");
-	break;
-      case '<':
-	rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "&lt;");
-	break;
-      case '>':
-	rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "&gt;");
-	break;
-    }
-}
+#define HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN 6
+
+static const struct {
+    uint8_t len;
+    char str[HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN+1];
+} html_escape_table[UCHAR_MAX+1] = {
+#define HTML_ESCAPE(c, str) [c] = {rb_strlen_lit(str), str}
+    HTML_ESCAPE('\'', "&#39;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('&', "&amp;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('"', "&quot;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('<', "&lt;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('>', "&gt;"),
+#undef HTML_ESCAPE
+};
 
 static inline void
 preserve_original_state(VALUE orig, VALUE dest)
 {
     rb_enc_associate(dest, rb_enc_get(orig));
-
-    RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW(dest, orig);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 optimized_escape_html(VALUE str)
 {
-    long i, len, beg = 0;
-    VALUE dest = 0;
-    const char *cstr;
-
-    len  = RSTRING_LEN(str);
-    cstr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-	switch (cstr[i]) {
-	  case '\'':
-	  case '&':
-	  case '"':
-	  case '<':
-	  case '>':
-	    if (!dest) {
-		dest = rb_str_buf_new(len);
-	    }
-
-	    rb_str_cat(dest, cstr + beg, i - beg);
-	    beg = i + 1;
-
-	    html_escaped_cat(dest, cstr[i]);
-	    break;
-	}
+    VALUE vbuf;
+    typedef char escape_buf[HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN];
+    char *buf = *ALLOCV_N(escape_buf, vbuf, RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    const char *cstr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    const char *end = cstr + RSTRING_LEN(str);
+
+    char *dest = buf;
+    while (cstr < end) {
+        const unsigned char c = *cstr++;
+        uint8_t len = html_escape_table[c].len;
+        if (len) {
+            memcpy(dest, html_escape_table[c].str, len);
+            dest += len;
+        }
+        else {
+            *dest++ = c;
+        }
     }
 
-    if (dest) {
-	rb_str_cat(dest, cstr + beg, len - beg);
-	preserve_original_state(str, dest);
-	return dest;
+    VALUE escaped;
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) < (dest - buf)) {
+        escaped = rb_str_new(buf, dest - buf);
+        preserve_original_state(str, escaped);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_str_dup(str);
+        escaped = rb_str_dup(str);
     }
+    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
+    return escaped;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -196,7 +182,7 @@ url_unreserved_char(unsigned char c)
       case 'A': case 'B': case 'C': case 'D': case 'E': case 'F': case 'G': case 'H': case 'I': case 'J':
       case 'K': case 'L': case 'M': case 'N': case 'O': case 'P': case 'Q': case 'R': case 'S': case 'T':
       case 'U': case 'V': case 'W': case 'X': case 'Y': case 'Z':
-      case '-': case '.': case '_':
+      case '-': case '.': case '_': case '~':
         return 1;
       default:
         break;
@@ -252,7 +238,8 @@ optimized_unescape(VALUE str, VALUE encoding)
     long i, len, beg = 0;
     VALUE dest = 0;
     const char *cstr;
-    int cr, origenc, encidx = rb_to_encoding_index(encoding);
+    rb_encoding *enc = rb_to_encoding(encoding);
+    int cr, origenc, encidx = rb_enc_to_index(enc);
 
     len  = RSTRING_LEN(str);
     cstr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
@@ -402,6 +389,10 @@ cgiesc_unescape(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 void
 Init_escape(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
     id_accept_charset = rb_intern_const("@@accept_charset");
     InitVM(escape);
 }
diff --git a/ext/continuation/depend b/ext/continuation/depend
index 9e47f27f3a..6e9e4f0122 100644
--- a/ext/continuation/depend
+++ b/ext/continuation/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 continuation.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 continuation.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 continuation.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/coverage/coverage.c b/ext/coverage/coverage.c
index 9a9011a7da..0af5579ffc 100644
--- a/ext/coverage/coverage.c
+++ b/ext/coverage/coverage.c
@@ -8,9 +8,16 @@
 
 ************************************************/
 
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
 
+static int current_mode;
+static VALUE me2counter = Qnil;
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    Coverage.start  => nil
@@ -18,25 +25,217 @@
  * Enables coverage measurement.
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_coverage_start(VALUE klass)
+rb_coverage_start(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
+    VALUE coverages, opt;
+    int mode;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &opt);
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	mode = 0; /* compatible mode */
+    }
+    else if (opt == ID2SYM(rb_intern("all"))) {
+	mode = COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES | COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES | COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS;
+    }
+    else {
+	mode = 0;
+	opt = rb_convert_type(opt, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+
+	if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("lines")))))
+	    mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES;
+	if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("branches")))))
+	    mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES;
+	if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("methods")))))
+	    mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS;
+        if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("oneshot_lines"))))) {
+            if (mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES)
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot enable lines and oneshot_lines simultaneously");
+            mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES;
+            mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS) {
+        me2counter = rb_ident_hash_new();
+    }
+    else {
+	me2counter = Qnil;
+    }
+
+    coverages = rb_get_coverages();
     if (!RTEST(coverages)) {
 	coverages = rb_hash_new();
 	rb_obj_hide(coverages);
-	rb_set_coverages(coverages);
+	current_mode = mode;
+	if (mode == 0) mode = COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES;
+	rb_set_coverages(coverages, mode, me2counter);
+    }
+    else if (current_mode != mode) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot change the measuring target during coverage measurement");
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+struct branch_coverage_result_builder
+{
+    int id;
+    VALUE result;
+    VALUE children;
+    VALUE counters;
+};
+
+static int
+branch_coverage_ii(VALUE _key, VALUE branch, VALUE v)
+{
+    struct branch_coverage_result_builder *b = (struct branch_coverage_result_builder *) v;
+
+    VALUE target_label = RARRAY_AREF(branch, 0);
+    VALUE target_first_lineno = RARRAY_AREF(branch, 1);
+    VALUE target_first_column = RARRAY_AREF(branch, 2);
+    VALUE target_last_lineno = RARRAY_AREF(branch, 3);
+    VALUE target_last_column = RARRAY_AREF(branch, 4);
+    long counter_idx = FIX2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(branch, 5));
+    rb_hash_aset(b->children, rb_ary_new_from_args(6, target_label, LONG2FIX(b->id++), target_first_lineno, target_first_column, target_last_lineno, target_last_column), RARRAY_AREF(b->counters, counter_idx));
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+branch_coverage_i(VALUE _key, VALUE branch_base, VALUE v)
+{
+    struct branch_coverage_result_builder *b = (struct branch_coverage_result_builder *) v;
+
+    VALUE base_type = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 0);
+    VALUE base_first_lineno = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 1);
+    VALUE base_first_column = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 2);
+    VALUE base_last_lineno = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 3);
+    VALUE base_last_column = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 4);
+    VALUE branches = RARRAY_AREF(branch_base, 5);
+    VALUE children = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_hash_aset(b->result, rb_ary_new_from_args(6, base_type, LONG2FIX(b->id++), base_first_lineno, base_first_column, base_last_lineno, base_last_column), children);
+    b->children = children;
+    rb_hash_foreach(branches, branch_coverage_ii, v);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+branch_coverage(VALUE branches)
+{
+    VALUE structure = RARRAY_AREF(branches, 0);
+
+    struct branch_coverage_result_builder b;
+    b.id = 0;
+    b.result = rb_hash_new();
+    b.counters = RARRAY_AREF(branches, 1);
+
+    rb_hash_foreach(structure, branch_coverage_i, (VALUE)&b);
+
+    return b.result;
+}
+
+static int
+method_coverage_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+{
+    /*
+     * ObjectSpace.each_object(Module){|mod|
+     *   mod.instance_methods.each{|mid|
+     *     m = mod.instance_method(mid)
+     *     if loc = m.source_location
+     *       p [m.name, loc, $g_method_cov_counts[m]]
+     *     end
+     *   }
+     * }
+     */
+    VALUE ncoverages = *(VALUE*)data, v;
+
+    for (v = (VALUE)vstart; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
+        void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+        asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+	if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_IMEMO) && imemo_type(v) == imemo_ment) {
+	    const rb_method_entry_t *me = (rb_method_entry_t *) v;
+	    VALUE path, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column;
+	    VALUE data[5], ncoverage, methods;
+	    VALUE methods_id = ID2SYM(rb_intern("methods"));
+	    VALUE klass;
+	    const rb_method_entry_t *me2 = rb_resolve_me_location(me, data);
+	    if (me != me2) continue;
+	    klass = me->owner;
+	    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) {
+		rb_bug("T_ICLASS");
+	    }
+	    path = data[0];
+	    first_lineno = data[1];
+	    first_column = data[2];
+	    last_lineno = data[3];
+	    last_column = data[4];
+	    if (FIX2LONG(first_lineno) <= 0) continue;
+	    ncoverage = rb_hash_aref(ncoverages, path);
+	    if (NIL_P(ncoverage)) continue;
+	    methods = rb_hash_aref(ncoverage, methods_id);
+
+	    {
+		VALUE method_id = ID2SYM(me->def->original_id);
+		VALUE rcount = rb_hash_aref(me2counter, (VALUE) me);
+		VALUE key = rb_ary_new_from_args(6, klass, method_id, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column);
+		VALUE rcount2 = rb_hash_aref(methods, key);
+
+		if (NIL_P(rcount)) rcount = LONG2FIX(0);
+		if (NIL_P(rcount2)) rcount2 = LONG2FIX(0);
+		if (!POSFIXABLE(FIX2LONG(rcount) + FIX2LONG(rcount2))) {
+		    rcount = LONG2FIX(FIXNUM_MAX);
+		}
+		else {
+		    rcount = LONG2FIX(FIX2LONG(rcount) + FIX2LONG(rcount2));
+		}
+		rb_hash_aset(methods, key, rcount);
+	    }
+	}
+
+        if (poisoned) {
+            asan_poison_object(v);
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static int
 coverage_peek_result_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t h)
 {
     VALUE path = (VALUE)key;
     VALUE coverage = (VALUE)val;
     VALUE coverages = (VALUE)h;
-    coverage = rb_ary_dup(coverage);
-    rb_ary_freeze(coverage);
+    if (current_mode == 0) {
+	/* compatible mode */
+	VALUE lines = rb_ary_dup(RARRAY_AREF(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_LINES));
+	rb_ary_freeze(lines);
+	coverage = lines;
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE h = rb_hash_new();
+
+	if (current_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES) {
+	    VALUE lines = RARRAY_AREF(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_LINES);
+            const char *kw = (current_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES) ? "oneshot_lines" : "lines";
+	    lines = rb_ary_dup(lines);
+	    rb_ary_freeze(lines);
+            rb_hash_aset(h, ID2SYM(rb_intern(kw)), lines);
+	}
+
+	if (current_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES) {
+	    VALUE branches = RARRAY_AREF(coverage, COVERAGE_INDEX_BRANCHES);
+	    rb_hash_aset(h, ID2SYM(rb_intern("branches")), branch_coverage(branches));
+	}
+
+	if (current_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS) {
+	    rb_hash_aset(h, ID2SYM(rb_intern("methods")), rb_hash_new());
+	}
+
+	coverage = h;
+    }
+
     rb_hash_aset(coverages, path, coverage);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -46,6 +245,12 @@ coverage_peek_result_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t h)
  *     Coverage.peek_result  => hash
  *
  * Returns a hash that contains filename as key and coverage array as value.
+ * This is the same as `Coverage.result(stop: false, clear: false)`.
+ *
+ *   {
+ *     "file.rb" => [1, 2, nil],
+ *     ...
+ *   }
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_coverage_peek_result(VALUE klass)
@@ -55,26 +260,79 @@ rb_coverage_peek_result(VALUE klass)
     if (!RTEST(coverages)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "coverage measurement is not enabled");
     }
-    st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(coverages), coverage_peek_result_i, ncoverages);
+    OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(coverages);
+    st_foreach(RHASH_TBL_RAW(coverages), coverage_peek_result_i, ncoverages);
+
+    if (current_mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS) {
+	rb_objspace_each_objects(method_coverage_i, &ncoverages);
+    }
+
     rb_hash_freeze(ncoverages);
     return ncoverages;
 }
 
+
+static int
+clear_me2counter_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE unused)
+{
+    rb_hash_aset(me2counter, key, INT2FIX(0));
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Coverage.result  => hash
+ *     Coverage.result(stop: true, clear: true)  => hash
  *
- * Returns a hash that contains filename as key and coverage array as value
- * and disables coverage measurement.
+ * Returns a hash that contains filename as key and coverage array as value.
+ * If +clear+ is true, it clears the counters to zero.
+ * If +stop+ is true, it disables coverage measurement.
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_coverage_result(VALUE klass)
+rb_coverage_result(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE ncoverages = rb_coverage_peek_result(klass);
-    rb_reset_coverages();
+    VALUE ncoverages;
+    VALUE opt;
+    int stop = 1, clear = 1;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &opt);
+
+    if (argc == 1) {
+        opt = rb_convert_type(opt, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+        stop = RTEST(rb_hash_lookup(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("stop"))));
+        clear = RTEST(rb_hash_lookup(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("clear"))));
+    }
+
+    ncoverages = rb_coverage_peek_result(klass);
+    if (stop && !clear) {
+        rb_warn("stop implies clear");
+        clear = 1;
+    }
+    if (clear) {
+        rb_clear_coverages();
+        if (!NIL_P(me2counter)) rb_hash_foreach(me2counter, clear_me2counter_i, Qnil);
+    }
+    if (stop) {
+        rb_reset_coverages();
+        me2counter = Qnil;
+    }
     return ncoverages;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Coverage.running?  => bool
+ *
+ * Returns true if coverage stats are currently being collected (after
+ * Coverage.start call, but before Coverage.result call)
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_coverage_running(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
+    return RTEST(coverages) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
 /* Coverage provides coverage measurement feature for Ruby.
  * This feature is experimental, so these APIs may be changed in future.
  *
@@ -88,7 +346,7 @@ rb_coverage_result(VALUE klass)
  *    number of line execution by the interpreter. A +nil+ value means
  *    coverage is disabled for this line (lines like +else+ and +end+).
  *
- * = Example
+ * = Examples
  *
  *   [foo.rb]
  *   s = 0
@@ -107,12 +365,124 @@ rb_coverage_result(VALUE klass)
  *   Coverage.start
  *   require "foo.rb"
  *   p Coverage.result  #=> {"foo.rb"=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil]}
+ *
+ * == Lines Coverage
+ *
+ * If a coverage mode is not explicitly specified when starting coverage, lines
+ * coverage is what will run. It reports the number of line executions for each
+ * line.
+ *
+ *   require "coverage"
+ *   Coverage.start(lines: true)
+ *   require "foo.rb"
+ *   p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:lines=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil]}}
+ *
+ * The value of the lines coverage result is an array containing how many times
+ * each line was executed. Order in this array is important. For example, the
+ * first item in this array, at index 0, reports how many times line 1 of this
+ * file was executed while coverage was run (which, in this example, is one
+ * time).
+ *
+ * A +nil+ value means coverage is disabled for this line (lines like +else+
+ * and +end+).
+ *
+ * == Oneshot Lines Coverage
+ *
+ * Oneshot lines coverage tracks and reports on the executed lines while
+ * coverage is running. It will not report how many times a line was executed,
+ * only that it was executed.
+ *
+ *   require "coverage"
+ *   Coverage.start(oneshot_lines: true)
+ *   require "foo.rb"
+ *   p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:oneshot_lines=>[1, 2, 3, 6, 7]}}
+ *
+ * The value of the oneshot lines coverage result is an array containing the
+ * line numbers that were executed.
+ *
+ * == Branches Coverage
+ *
+ * Branches coverage reports how many times each branch within each conditional
+ * was executed.
+ *
+ *   require "coverage"
+ *   Coverage.start(branches: true)
+ *   require "foo.rb"
+ *   p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:branches=>{[:if, 0, 6, 0, 10, 3]=>{[:then, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7]=>1, [:else, 2, 9, 2, 9, 7]=>0}}}}
+ *
+ * Each entry within the branches hash is a conditional, the value of which is
+ * another hash where each entry is a branch in that conditional. The values
+ * are the number of times the method was executed, and the keys are identifying
+ * information about the branch.
+ *
+ * The information that makes up each key identifying branches or conditionals
+ * is the following, from left to right:
+ *
+ * 1. A label for the type of branch or conditional.
+ * 2. A unique identifier.
+ * 3. The starting line number it appears on in the file.
+ * 4. The starting column number it appears on in the file.
+ * 5. The ending line number it appears on in the file.
+ * 6. The ending column number it appears on in the file.
+ *
+ * == Methods Coverage
+ *
+ * Methods coverage reports how many times each method was executed.
+ *
+ *   [foo_method.rb]
+ *   class Greeter
+ *     def greet
+ *       "welcome!"
+ *     end
+ *   end
+ *
+ *   def hello
+ *     "Hi"
+ *   end
+ *
+ *   hello()
+ *   Greeter.new.greet()
+ *   [EOF]
+ *
+ *   require "coverage"
+ *   Coverage.start(methods: true)
+ *   require "foo_method.rb"
+ *   p Coverage.result #=> {"foo_method.rb"=>{:methods=>{[Object, :hello, 7, 0, 9, 3]=>1, [Greeter, :greet, 2, 2, 4, 5]=>1}}}
+ *
+ * Each entry within the methods hash represents a method. The values in this
+ * hash are the number of times the method was executed, and the keys are
+ * identifying information about the method.
+ *
+ * The information that makes up each key identifying a method is the following,
+ * from left to right:
+ *
+ * 1. The class.
+ * 2. The method name.
+ * 3. The starting line number the method appears on in the file.
+ * 4. The starting column number the method appears on in the file.
+ * 5. The ending line number the method appears on in the file.
+ * 6. The ending column number the method appears on in the file.
+ *
+ * == All Coverage Modes
+ *
+ * You can also run all modes of coverage simultaneously with this shortcut.
+ * Note that running all coverage modes does not run both lines and oneshot
+ * lines. Those modes cannot be run simultaneously. Lines coverage is run in
+ * this case, because you can still use it to determine whether or not a line
+ * was executed.
+ *
+ *   require "coverage"
+ *   Coverage.start(:all)
+ *   require "foo.rb"
+ *   p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:lines=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil], :branches=>{[:if, 0, 6, 0, 10, 3]=>{[:then, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7]=>1, [:else, 2, 9, 2, 9, 7]=>0}}, :methods=>{}}}
  */
 void
 Init_coverage(void)
 {
     VALUE rb_mCoverage = rb_define_module("Coverage");
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "start", rb_coverage_start, 0);
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "result", rb_coverage_result, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "start", rb_coverage_start, -1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "result", rb_coverage_result, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "peek_result", rb_coverage_peek_result, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "running?", rb_coverage_running, 0);
+    rb_global_variable(&me2counter);
 }
diff --git a/ext/coverage/depend b/ext/coverage/depend
index 860893b06f..650b480b9b 100644
--- a/ext/coverage/depend
+++ b/ext/coverage/depend
@@ -1,25 +1,162 @@
-$(OBJS): $(HDRS) $(ruby_headers) \
-  $(top_srcdir)/vm_core.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/node.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/vm_debug.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/vm_opts.h \
-  {$(VPATH)}id.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/method.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/ruby_atomic.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/thread_pthread.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/internal.h \
-  $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby/thread_native.h
-
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 coverage.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 coverage.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/atomic.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 coverage.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
@@ -28,15 +165,25 @@ coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
-coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/gc.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/method.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/node.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_atomic.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/thread_pthread.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_core.h
-coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_debug.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_opts.h
 coverage.o: coverage.c
 coverage.o: {$(VPATH)}id.h
diff --git a/ext/coverage/lib/coverage.rb b/ext/coverage/lib/coverage.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1923ef366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/coverage/lib/coverage.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require "coverage.so"
+
+module Coverage
+  def self.line_stub(file)
+    lines = File.foreach(file).map { nil }
+    iseqs = [RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(file)]
+    until iseqs.empty?
+      iseq = iseqs.pop
+      iseq.trace_points.each {|n, type| lines[n - 1] = 0 if type == :line }
+      iseq.each_child {|child| iseqs << child }
+    end
+    lines
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/date/date.gemspec b/ext/date/date.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf07696976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/date/date.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+version = File.foreach(File.expand_path("../lib/date.rb", __FILE__)).find do |line|
+  /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*["'](.*)["']/ =~ line and break $1
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = "date"
+  s.version = version
+  s.summary = "A subclass of Object includes Comparable module for handling dates."
+  s.description = "A subclass of Object includes Comparable module for handling dates."
+
+  s.require_path = %w{lib}
+  s.files = [
+    "lib/date.rb", "ext/date/date_core.c", "ext/date/date_parse.c", "ext/date/date_strftime.c",
+    "ext/date/date_strptime.c", "ext/date/date_tmx.h", "ext/date/extconf.rb", "ext/date/prereq.mk",
+    "ext/date/zonetab.h", "ext/date/zonetab.list"
+  ]
+  s.extensions = "ext/date/extconf.rb"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.0"
+
+  s.authors = ["Tadayoshi Funaba"]
+  s.email = [nil]
+  s.homepage = "https://github.com/ruby/date"
+  s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+end
diff --git a/ext/date/date_core.c b/ext/date/date_core.c
index 197d725705..66ec0aa92a 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_core.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_core.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
 
+#undef NDEBUG
 #define NDEBUG
 #include <assert.h>
 
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@
 
 static ID id_cmp, id_le_p, id_ge_p, id_eqeq_p;
 static VALUE cDate, cDateTime;
+static VALUE eDateError;
 static VALUE half_days_in_day, day_in_nanoseconds;
 static double positive_inf, negative_inf;
 
@@ -51,18 +53,31 @@ static double positive_inf, negative_inf;
 #define f_add3(x,y,z) f_add(f_add(x, y), z)
 #define f_sub3(x,y,z) f_sub(f_sub(x, y), z)
 
-inline static VALUE
+#define f_frozen_ary(...) rb_obj_freeze(rb_ary_new3(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+static VALUE date_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+static VALUE datetime_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+
+#define RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(obj) if(!RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of((obj), rb_cNumeric))) return Qfalse
+inline static void
+check_numeric(VALUE obj, const char* field) {
+    if(!RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cNumeric))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid %s (not numeric)", field);
+    }
+}
+
+inline static int
 f_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y)) {
 	long c = FIX2LONG(x) - FIX2LONG(y);
 	if (c > 0)
-	    c = 1;
+	    return 1;
 	else if (c < 0)
-	    c = -1;
-	return INT2FIX(c);
+	    return -1;
+	return 0;
     }
-    return rb_funcall(x, id_cmp, 1, y);
+    return rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(x, id_cmp, 1, &y), x, y);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -94,7 +109,7 @@ f_ge_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
 	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) >= FIX2LONG(y));
-    return rb_funcall(x, rb_intern(">="), 1, y);
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_ge_p, 1, y);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -102,7 +117,7 @@ f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
 	return f_boolcast(FIX2LONG(x) == FIX2LONG(y));
-    return rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("=="), 1, y);
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_eqeq_p, 1, y);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -236,11 +251,8 @@ f_negative_p(VALUE x)
 struct SimpleDateData
 {
     unsigned flags;
-    VALUE nth;	/* not always canonicalized */
     int jd;	/* as utc */
-    /* df is zero */
-    /* sf is zero */
-    /* of is zero */
+    VALUE nth;	/* not always canonicalized */
     date_sg_t sg;  /* 2298874..2426355 or -/+oo -- at most 22 bits */
     /* decoded as utc=local */
     int year;	/* truncated */
@@ -259,11 +271,8 @@ struct SimpleDateData
 struct ComplexDateData
 {
     unsigned flags;
-    VALUE nth;	/* not always canonicalized */
     int jd; 	/* as utc */
-    int df;	/* as utc, in secs */
-    VALUE sf;	/* in nano secs */
-    int of;	/* in secs */
+    VALUE nth;	/* not always canonicalized */
     date_sg_t sg;  /* 2298874..2426355 or -/+oo -- at most 22 bits */
     /* decoded as local */
     int year;	/* truncated */
@@ -277,6 +286,9 @@ struct ComplexDateData
     /* packed civil */
     unsigned pc;
 #endif
+    int df;	/* as utc, in secs */
+    int of;	/* in secs */
+    VALUE sf;	/* in nano secs */
 };
 
 union DateData {
@@ -315,31 +327,31 @@ canon(VALUE x)
 
 #ifndef USE_PACK
 #define set_to_simple(obj, x, _nth, _jd ,_sg, _year, _mon, _mday, _flags) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, canon(_nth)); \
     (x)->jd = _jd;\
     (x)->sg = (date_sg_t)(_sg);\
     (x)->year = _year;\
     (x)->mon = _mon;\
     (x)->mday = _mday;\
-    (x)->flags = _flags;\
-}
+    (x)->flags = (_flags) & ~COMPLEX_DAT;\
+} while (0)
 #else
 #define set_to_simple(obj, x, _nth, _jd ,_sg, _year, _mon, _mday, _flags) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, canon(_nth)); \
     (x)->jd = _jd;\
     (x)->sg = (date_sg_t)(_sg);\
     (x)->year = _year;\
     (x)->pc = PACK2(_mon, _mday);\
-    (x)->flags = _flags;\
-}
+    (x)->flags = (_flags) & ~COMPLEX_DAT;\
+} while (0)
 #endif
 
 #ifndef USE_PACK
 #define set_to_complex(obj, x, _nth, _jd ,_df, _sf, _of, _sg,\
 _year, _mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec, _flags) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, canon(_nth));\
     (x)->jd = _jd;\
     (x)->df = _df;\
@@ -352,12 +364,12 @@ _year, _mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec, _flags) \
     (x)->hour = _hour;\
     (x)->min = _min;\
     (x)->sec = _sec;\
-    (x)->flags = _flags;\
-}
+    (x)->flags = (_flags) | COMPLEX_DAT;\
+} while (0)
 #else
 #define set_to_complex(obj, x, _nth, _jd ,_df, _sf, _of, _sg,\
 _year, _mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec, _flags) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, canon(_nth));\
     (x)->jd = _jd;\
     (x)->df = _df;\
@@ -366,13 +378,13 @@ _year, _mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec, _flags) \
     (x)->sg = (date_sg_t)(_sg);\
     (x)->year = _year;\
     (x)->pc = PACK5(_mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec);\
-    (x)->flags = _flags;\
-}
+    (x)->flags = (_flags) | COMPLEX_DAT;\
+} while (0)
 #endif
 
 #ifndef USE_PACK
 #define copy_simple_to_complex(obj, x, y) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, (y)->nth);\
     (x)->jd = (y)->jd;\
     (x)->df = 0;\
@@ -386,10 +398,10 @@ _year, _mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec, _flags) \
     (x)->min = 0;\
     (x)->sec = 0;\
     (x)->flags = (y)->flags;\
-}
+} while (0)
 #else
 #define copy_simple_to_complex(obj, x, y) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, (y)->nth);\
     (x)->jd = (y)->jd;\
     (x)->df = 0;\
@@ -399,12 +411,12 @@ _year, _mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec, _flags) \
     (x)->year = (y)->year;\
     (x)->pc = PACK5(EX_MON((y)->pc), EX_MDAY((y)->pc), 0, 0, 0);\
     (x)->flags = (y)->flags;\
-}
+} while (0)
 #endif
 
 #ifndef USE_PACK
 #define copy_complex_to_simple(obj, x, y) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, (y)->nth);\
     (x)->jd = (y)->jd;\
     (x)->sg = (date_sg_t)((y)->sg);\
@@ -412,17 +424,17 @@ _year, _mon, _mday, _hour, _min, _sec, _flags) \
     (x)->mon = (y)->mon;\
     (x)->mday = (y)->mday;\
     (x)->flags = (y)->flags;\
-}
+} while (0)
 #else
 #define copy_complex_to_simple(obj, x, y) \
-{\
+do {\
     RB_OBJ_WRITE((obj), &(x)->nth, (y)->nth);\
     (x)->jd = (y)->jd;\
     (x)->sg = (date_sg_t)((y)->sg);\
     (x)->year = (y)->year;\
     (x)->pc = PACK2(EX_MON((y)->pc), EX_MDAY((y)->pc));\
     (x)->flags = (y)->flags;\
-}
+} while (0)
 #endif
 
 /* base */
@@ -1109,7 +1121,7 @@ m_virtual_sg(union DateData *x)
 }
 
 #define canonicalize_jd(_nth, _jd) \
-{\
+do {\
     if (_jd < 0) {\
 	_nth = f_sub(_nth, INT2FIX(1));\
 	_jd += CM_PERIOD;\
@@ -1118,7 +1130,7 @@ m_virtual_sg(union DateData *x)
 	_nth = f_add(_nth, INT2FIX(1));\
 	_jd -= CM_PERIOD;\
     }\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 inline static void
 canonicalize_s_jd(VALUE obj, union DateData *x)
@@ -1928,13 +1940,13 @@ m_sec(union DateData *x)
 }
 
 #define decode_offset(of,s,h,m)\
-{\
+do {\
     int a;\
     s = (of < 0) ? '-' : '+';\
     a = (of < 0) ? -of : of;\
     h = a / HOUR_IN_SECONDS;\
     m = a % HOUR_IN_SECONDS / MINUTE_IN_SECONDS;\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 static VALUE
 of2str(int of)
@@ -2333,6 +2345,9 @@ VALUE date_zone_to_diff(VALUE);
 static int
 offset_to_sec(VALUE vof, int *rof)
 {
+    int try_rational = 1;
+
+  again:
     switch (TYPE(vof)) {
       case T_FIXNUM:
 	{
@@ -2359,10 +2374,11 @@ offset_to_sec(VALUE vof, int *rof)
       default:
 	expect_numeric(vof);
 	vof = f_to_r(vof);
-#ifdef CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN
-	if (!k_rational_p(vof))
-	    return offset_to_sec(vof, rof);
-#endif
+	if (!k_rational_p(vof)) {
+	    if (!try_rational) Check_Type(vof, T_RATIONAL);
+	    try_rational = 0;
+	    goto again;
+	}
 	/* fall through */
       case T_RATIONAL:
 	{
@@ -2371,17 +2387,10 @@ offset_to_sec(VALUE vof, int *rof)
 
 	    vs = day_to_sec(vof);
 
-#ifdef CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN
 	    if (!k_rational_p(vs)) {
-		if (!FIXNUM_P(vs))
-		    return 0;
-		n = FIX2LONG(vs);
-		if (n < -DAY_IN_SECONDS || n > DAY_IN_SECONDS)
-		    return 0;
-		*rof = (int)n;
-		return 1;
+		vn = vs;
+		goto rounded;
 	    }
-#endif
 	    vn = rb_rational_num(vs);
 	    vd = rb_rational_den(vs);
 
@@ -2391,6 +2400,7 @@ offset_to_sec(VALUE vof, int *rof)
 		vn = f_round(vs);
 		if (!f_eqeq_p(vn, vs))
 		    rb_warning("fraction of offset is ignored");
+	      rounded:
 		if (!FIXNUM_P(vn))
 		    return 0;
 		n = FIX2LONG(vn);
@@ -2420,12 +2430,12 @@ offset_to_sec(VALUE vof, int *rof)
 /* date */
 
 #define valid_sg(sg) \
-{\
+do {\
     if (!c_valid_start_p(sg)) {\
 	sg = 0;\
 	rb_warning("invalid start is ignored");\
     }\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 static VALUE
 valid_jd_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass, int need_jd)
@@ -2472,6 +2482,7 @@ date_s_valid_jd_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &vjd, &vsg);
 
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vjd);
     argv2[0] = vjd;
     if (argc < 2)
 	argv2[1] = INT2FIX(DEFAULT_SG);
@@ -2547,9 +2558,12 @@ date_s__valid_civil_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *    Date.valid_date?(year, month, mday[, start=Date::ITALY])   ->  bool
  *
  * Returns true if the given calendar date is valid, and false if not.
+ * Valid in this context is whether the arguments passed to this
+ * method would be accepted by ::new.
  *
  *    Date.valid_date?(2001,2,3)	#=> true
  *    Date.valid_date?(2001,2,29)	#=> false
+ *    Date.valid_date?(2001,2,-1)	#=> true
  *
  * See also ::jd and ::civil.
  */
@@ -2561,6 +2575,9 @@ date_s_valid_civil_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "31", &vy, &vm, &vd, &vsg);
 
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vy);
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vm);
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vd);
     argv2[0] = vy;
     argv2[1] = vm;
     argv2[2] = vd;
@@ -2642,6 +2659,8 @@ date_s_valid_ordinal_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &vy, &vd, &vsg);
 
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vy);
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vd);
     argv2[0] = vy;
     argv2[1] = vd;
     if (argc < 3)
@@ -2724,6 +2743,9 @@ date_s_valid_commercial_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "31", &vy, &vw, &vd, &vsg);
 
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vy);
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vw);
+    RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(vd);
     argv2[0] = vy;
     argv2[1] = vw;
     argv2[2] = vd;
@@ -2905,6 +2927,7 @@ date_s_julian_leap_p(VALUE klass, VALUE y)
     VALUE nth;
     int ry;
 
+    check_numeric(y, "year");
     decode_year(y, +1, &nth, &ry);
     return f_boolcast(c_julian_leap_p(ry));
 }
@@ -2926,6 +2949,7 @@ date_s_gregorian_leap_p(VALUE klass, VALUE y)
     VALUE nth;
     int ry;
 
+    check_numeric(y, "year");
     decode_year(y, -1, &nth, &ry);
     return f_boolcast(c_gregorian_leap_p(ry));
 }
@@ -2949,11 +2973,15 @@ d_lite_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return complex_dat_p(dat) ? sizeof(struct ComplexDateData) : sizeof(struct SimpleDateData);
 }
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#   define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE 0
+#endif
+
 static const rb_data_type_t d_lite_type = {
     "Date",
     {d_lite_gc_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, d_lite_memsize,},
     0, 0,
-    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY|RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY|RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED|RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE,
 };
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -2968,7 +2996,7 @@ d_simple_new_internal(VALUE klass,
 
     obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct SimpleDateData,
 				&d_lite_type, dat);
-    set_to_simple(obj, dat, nth, jd, sg, y, m, d, flags & ~COMPLEX_DAT);
+    set_to_simple(obj, dat, nth, jd, sg, y, m, d, flags);
 
     assert(have_jd_p(dat) || have_civil_p(dat));
 
@@ -2990,7 +3018,7 @@ d_complex_new_internal(VALUE klass,
     obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct ComplexDateData,
 				&d_lite_type, dat);
     set_to_complex(obj, dat, nth, jd, df, sf, of, sg,
-		   y, m, d, h, min, s, flags | COMPLEX_DAT);
+		   y, m, d, h, min, s, flags);
 
     assert(have_jd_p(dat) || have_civil_p(dat));
     assert(have_df_p(dat) || have_time_p(dat));
@@ -3049,7 +3077,7 @@ old_to_new(VALUE ajd, VALUE of, VALUE sg,
     *rsg = NUM2DBL(sg);
 
     if (*rdf < 0 || *rdf >= DAY_IN_SECONDS)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid day fraction");
+	rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid day fraction");
 
     if (f_lt_p(*rsf, INT2FIX(0)) ||
 	f_ge_p(*rsf, INT2FIX(SECOND_IN_NANOSECONDS)))
@@ -3207,47 +3235,47 @@ s_trunc(VALUE s, VALUE *fr)
 }
 
 #define num2num_with_frac(s,n) \
-{\
+do {\
     s = s##_trunc(v##s, &fr);\
     if (f_nonzero_p(fr)) {\
 	if (argc > n)\
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid fraction");\
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid fraction");\
 	fr2 = fr;\
     }\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define num2int_with_frac(s,n) \
-{\
+do {\
     s = NUM2INT(s##_trunc(v##s, &fr));\
     if (f_nonzero_p(fr)) {\
 	if (argc > n)\
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid fraction");\
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid fraction");\
 	fr2 = fr;\
     }\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define canon24oc() \
-{\
+do {\
     if (rh == 24) {\
 	rh = 0;\
 	fr2 = f_add(fr2, INT2FIX(1));\
     }\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define add_frac() \
-{\
+do {\
     if (f_nonzero_p(fr2))\
 	ret = d_lite_plus(ret, fr2);\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define val2sg(vsg,dsg) \
-{\
+do {\
     dsg = NUM2DBL(vsg);\
     if (!c_valid_start_p(dsg)) {\
 	dsg = DEFAULT_SG;\
 	rb_warning("invalid start is ignored");\
     }\
-}
+} while (0)
 
 static VALUE d_lite_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
 
@@ -3280,6 +3308,7 @@ date_s_jd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 2:
 	val2sg(vsg, sg);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vjd, "jd");
 	num2num_with_frac(jd, positive_inf);
     }
 
@@ -3332,8 +3361,10 @@ date_s_ordinal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 3:
 	val2sg(vsg, sg);
       case 2:
+        check_numeric(vd, "yday");
 	num2int_with_frac(d, positive_inf);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vy, "year");
 	y = vy;
     }
 
@@ -3345,7 +3376,7 @@ date_s_ordinal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			     &nth, &ry,
 			     &rd, &rjd,
 			     &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
 	ret = d_simple_new_internal(klass,
 				     nth, rjd,
@@ -3385,9 +3416,20 @@ date_s_ordinal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 date_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    return date_initialize(argc, argv, d_lite_s_alloc_simple(klass));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+date_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
     VALUE vy, vm, vd, vsg, y, fr, fr2, ret;
     int m, d;
     double sg;
+    struct SimpleDateData *dat = rb_check_typeddata(self, &d_lite_type);
+
+    if (!simple_dat_p(dat)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Date expected");
+    }
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "04", &vy, &vm, &vd, &vsg);
 
@@ -3401,10 +3443,13 @@ date_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 4:
 	val2sg(vsg, sg);
       case 3:
+        check_numeric(vd, "day");
 	num2int_with_frac(d, positive_inf);
       case 2:
+        check_numeric(vm, "month");
 	m = NUM2INT(vm);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vy, "year");
 	y = vy;
     }
 
@@ -3415,13 +3460,9 @@ date_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	if (!valid_gregorian_p(y, m, d,
 			       &nth, &ry,
 			       &rm, &rd))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
-	ret = d_simple_new_internal(klass,
-				    nth, 0,
-				    sg,
-				    ry, rm, rd,
-				    HAVE_CIVIL);
+	set_to_simple(self, dat, nth, 0, sg, ry, rm, rd, HAVE_CIVIL);
     }
     else {
 	VALUE nth;
@@ -3431,14 +3472,11 @@ date_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			   &nth, &ry,
 			   &rm, &rd, &rjd,
 			   &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
-	ret = d_simple_new_internal(klass,
-				    nth, rjd,
-				    sg,
-				    ry, rm, rd,
-				    HAVE_JD | HAVE_CIVIL);
+	set_to_simple(self, dat, nth, rjd, sg, ry, rm, rd, HAVE_JD | HAVE_CIVIL);
     }
+    ret = self;
     add_frac();
     return ret;
 }
@@ -3478,10 +3516,13 @@ date_s_commercial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 4:
 	val2sg(vsg, sg);
       case 3:
+        check_numeric(vd, "cwday");
 	num2int_with_frac(d, positive_inf);
       case 2:
+        check_numeric(vw, "cweek");
 	w = NUM2INT(vw);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vy, "year");
 	y = vy;
     }
 
@@ -3493,7 +3534,7 @@ date_s_commercial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 				&nth, &ry,
 				&rw, &rd, &rjd,
 				&ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
 	ret = d_simple_new_internal(klass,
 				    nth, rjd,
@@ -3543,7 +3584,7 @@ date_s_weeknum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			     &nth, &ry,
 			     &rw, &rd, &rjd,
 			     &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
 	ret = d_simple_new_internal(klass,
 				    nth, rjd,
@@ -3592,7 +3633,7 @@ date_s_nth_kday(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			      &nth, &ry,
 			      &rm, &rn, &rk, &rjd,
 			      &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
 	ret = d_simple_new_internal(klass,
 				    nth, rjd,
@@ -3679,16 +3720,18 @@ date_s_today(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 #define ref_hash0(k) rb_hash_aref(hash, k)
 #define del_hash0(k) rb_hash_delete(hash, k)
 
-#define set_hash(k,v) rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)), v)
-#define ref_hash(k) rb_hash_aref(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)))
-#define del_hash(k) rb_hash_delete(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)))
+#define sym(x) ID2SYM(rb_intern(x""))
+
+#define set_hash(k,v) set_hash0(sym(k), v)
+#define ref_hash(k) ref_hash0(sym(k))
+#define del_hash(k) del_hash0(sym(k))
 
 static VALUE
 rt_rewrite_frags(VALUE hash)
 {
     VALUE seconds;
 
-    seconds = ref_hash("seconds");
+    seconds = del_hash("seconds");
     if (!NIL_P(seconds)) {
 	VALUE offset, d, h, min, s, fr;
 
@@ -3713,13 +3756,10 @@ rt_rewrite_frags(VALUE hash)
 	set_hash("min", min);
 	set_hash("sec", s);
 	set_hash("sec_fraction", fr);
-	del_hash("seconds");
     }
     return hash;
 }
 
-#define sym(x) ID2SYM(rb_intern(x))
-
 static VALUE d_lite_year(VALUE);
 static VALUE d_lite_wday(VALUE);
 static VALUE d_lite_jd(VALUE);
@@ -3733,89 +3773,89 @@ rt_complete_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash)
     VALUE k, a, d;
 
     if (NIL_P(tab)) {
-	tab = rb_ary_new3(11,
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+	tab = f_frozen_ary(11,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      sym("time"),
-				      rb_ary_new3(3,
+				      f_frozen_ary(3,
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      Qnil,
-				      rb_ary_new3(1,
+				      f_frozen_ary(1,
 						  sym("jd"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      sym("ordinal"),
-				      rb_ary_new3(5,
+				      f_frozen_ary(5,
 						  sym("year"),
 						  sym("yday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      sym("civil"),
-				      rb_ary_new3(6,
+				      f_frozen_ary(6,
 						  sym("year"),
 						  sym("mon"),
 						  sym("mday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      sym("commercial"),
-				      rb_ary_new3(6,
+				      f_frozen_ary(6,
 						  sym("cwyear"),
 						  sym("cweek"),
 						  sym("cwday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      sym("wday"),
-				      rb_ary_new3(4,
+				      f_frozen_ary(4,
 						  sym("wday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      sym("wnum0"),
-				      rb_ary_new3(6,
+				      f_frozen_ary(6,
 						  sym("year"),
 						  sym("wnum0"),
 						  sym("wday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      sym("wnum1"),
-				      rb_ary_new3(6,
+				      f_frozen_ary(6,
 						  sym("year"),
 						  sym("wnum1"),
 						  sym("wday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      Qnil,
-				      rb_ary_new3(6,
+				      f_frozen_ary(6,
 						  sym("cwyear"),
 						  sym("cweek"),
 						  sym("wday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      Qnil,
-				      rb_ary_new3(6,
+				      f_frozen_ary(6,
 						  sym("year"),
 						  sym("wnum0"),
 						  sym("cwday"),
 						  sym("hour"),
 						  sym("min"),
 						  sym("sec"))),
-			  rb_ary_new3(2,
+			  f_frozen_ary(2,
 				      Qnil,
-				      rb_ary_new3(6,
+				      f_frozen_ary(6,
 						  sym("year"),
 						  sym("wnum1"),
 						  sym("cwday"),
@@ -4140,7 +4180,7 @@ d_new_by_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash, VALUE sg)
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(hash))
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
     if (NIL_P(ref_hash("jd")) &&
 	NIL_P(ref_hash("yday")) &&
@@ -4157,7 +4197,7 @@ d_new_by_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash, VALUE sg)
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(jd))
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
     {
 	VALUE nth;
 	int rjd;
@@ -4212,12 +4252,10 @@ date_s__strptime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass,
 
 	if (!NIL_P(zone)) {
 	    rb_enc_copy(zone, vstr);
-	    OBJ_INFECT(zone, vstr);
 	    set_hash("zone", zone);
 	}
 	if (!NIL_P(left)) {
 	    rb_enc_copy(left, vstr);
-	    OBJ_INFECT(left, vstr);
 	    set_hash("leftover", left);
 	}
     }
@@ -4290,12 +4328,40 @@ date_s_strptime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
 VALUE date__parse(VALUE str, VALUE comp);
 
+static size_t
+get_limit(VALUE opt)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
+        VALUE limit = rb_hash_aref(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("limit")));
+        if (NIL_P(limit)) return SIZE_MAX;
+        return NUM2SIZET(limit);
+    }
+    return 128;
+}
+
+static void
+check_limit(VALUE str, VALUE opt)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(str)) return;
+    if (SYMBOL_P(str)) str = rb_sym2str(str);
+
+    StringValue(str);
+    size_t slen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+    size_t limit = get_limit(opt);
+    if (slen > limit) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+		 "string length (%"PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"u) exceeds the limit %"PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"u", slen, limit);
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
 date_s__parse_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE vstr, vcomp, hash;
+    VALUE vstr, vcomp, hash, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &vstr, &vcomp);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &vstr, &vcomp, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
+    check_limit(vstr, opt);
     StringValue(vstr);
     if (!rb_enc_str_asciicompat_p(vstr))
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
@@ -4305,32 +4371,30 @@ date_s__parse_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     hash = date__parse(vstr, vcomp);
 
-    {
-	VALUE zone = ref_hash("zone");
-
-	if (!NIL_P(zone)) {
-	    rb_enc_copy(zone, vstr);
-	    OBJ_INFECT(zone, vstr);
-	    set_hash("zone", zone);
-	}
-    }
-
     return hash;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date._parse(string[, comp=true])  ->  hash
+ *    Date._parse(string[, comp=true], limit: 128)  ->  hash
  *
  * Parses the given representation of date and time, and returns a
- * hash of parsed elements.  This method does not function as a
- * validator.
+ * hash of parsed elements.
+ *
+ * This method **does not** function as a validator.  If the input
+ * string does not match valid formats strictly, you may get a cryptic
+ * result.  Should consider to use `Date._strptime` or
+ * `DateTime._strptime` instead of this method as possible.
  *
  * If the optional second argument is true and the detected year is in
  * the range "00" to "99", considers the year a 2-digit form and makes
  * it full.
  *
  *    Date._parse('2001-02-03')	#=> {:year=>2001, :mon=>2, :mday=>3}
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s__parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
@@ -4340,10 +4404,15 @@ date_s__parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date.parse(string='-4712-01-01'[, comp=true[, start=Date::ITALY]])  ->  date
+ *    Date.parse(string='-4712-01-01'[, comp=true[, start=Date::ITALY]], limit: 128)  ->  date
  *
  * Parses the given representation of date and time, and creates a
- * date object.  This method does not function as a validator.
+ * date object.
+ *
+ * This method **does not** function as a validator.  If the input
+ * string does not match valid formats strictly, you may get a cryptic
+ * result.  Should consider to use `Date.strptime` instead of this
+ * method as possible.
  *
  * If the optional second argument is true and the detected year is in
  * the range "00" to "99", considers the year a 2-digit form and makes
@@ -4352,13 +4421,18 @@ date_s__parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *    Date.parse('2001-02-03')		#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
  *    Date.parse('20010203')		#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
  *    Date.parse('3rd Feb 2001')	#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, comp, sg;
+    VALUE str, comp, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &str, &comp, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03:", &str, &comp, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -4370,11 +4444,12 @@ date_s_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE argv2[2], hash;
-
-	argv2[0] = str;
-	argv2[1] = comp;
-	hash = date_s__parse(2, argv2, klass);
+        int argc2 = 2;
+	VALUE argv2[3];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = comp;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argv2[argc2++] = opt;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__parse(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return d_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
@@ -4388,19 +4463,28 @@ VALUE date__jisx0301(VALUE);
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date._iso8601(string)  ->  hash
+ *    Date._iso8601(string, limit: 128)  ->  hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of parsed elements.
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
-date_s__iso8601(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+date_s__iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    VALUE str, opt;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
+    check_limit(str, opt);
+
     return date__iso8601(str);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date.iso8601(string='-4712-01-01'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  date
+ *    Date.iso8601(string='-4712-01-01'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  date
  *
  * Creates a new Date object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical ISO 8601 formats.
@@ -4408,13 +4492,18 @@ date_s__iso8601(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
  *    Date.iso8601('2001-02-03')	#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
  *    Date.iso8601('20010203')		#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
  *    Date.iso8601('2001-W05-6')	#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s_iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -4424,38 +4513,56 @@ date_s_iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__iso8601(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argv2[argc2++] = opt;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__iso8601(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return d_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date._rfc3339(string)  ->  hash
+ *    Date._rfc3339(string, limit: 128)  ->  hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of parsed elements.
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
-date_s__rfc3339(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+date_s__rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    VALUE str, opt;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
+    check_limit(str, opt);
+
     return date__rfc3339(str);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date.rfc3339(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  date
+ *    Date.rfc3339(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  date
  *
  * Creates a new Date object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical RFC 3339 formats.
  *
  *    Date.rfc3339('2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00')	#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s_rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -4465,38 +4572,56 @@ date_s_rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc3339(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argv2[argc2++] = opt;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc3339(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return d_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date._xmlschema(string)  ->  hash
+ *    Date._xmlschema(string, limit: 128)  ->  hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of parsed elements.
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
-date_s__xmlschema(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+date_s__xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    VALUE str, opt;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
+    check_limit(str, opt);
+
     return date__xmlschema(str);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date.xmlschema(string='-4712-01-01'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  date
+ *    Date.xmlschema(string='-4712-01-01'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  date
  *
  * Creates a new Date object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical XML Schema formats.
  *
  *    Date.xmlschema('2001-02-03')	#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s_xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -4506,41 +4631,58 @@ date_s_xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__xmlschema(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argv2[argc2++] = opt;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__xmlschema(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return d_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date._rfc2822(string)  ->  hash
- *    Date._rfc822(string)   ->  hash
+ *    Date._rfc2822(string, limit: 128)  ->  hash
+ *    Date._rfc822(string, limit: 128)   ->  hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of parsed elements.
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
-date_s__rfc2822(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+date_s__rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    VALUE str, opt;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
+    check_limit(str, opt);
+
     return date__rfc2822(str);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date.rfc2822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  date
- *    Date.rfc822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY])   ->  date
+ *    Date.rfc2822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  date
+ *    Date.rfc822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)   ->  date
  *
  * Creates a new Date object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical RFC 2822 formats.
  *
  *    Date.rfc2822('Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000')
  *						#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s_rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -4550,39 +4692,56 @@ date_s_rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc2822(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argv2[argc2++] = opt;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc2822(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return d_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date._httpdate(string)  ->  hash
+ *    Date._httpdate(string, limit: 128)  ->  hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of parsed elements.
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
-date_s__httpdate(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+date_s__httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    VALUE str, opt;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
+    check_limit(str, opt);
+
     return date__httpdate(str);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date.httpdate(string='Mon, 01 Jan -4712 00:00:00 GMT'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  date
+ *    Date.httpdate(string='Mon, 01 Jan -4712 00:00:00 GMT'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  date
  *
  * Creates a new Date object by parsing from a string according to
  * some RFC 2616 format.
  *
  *    Date.httpdate('Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT')
  *						#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s_httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -4592,38 +4751,60 @@ date_s_httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__httpdate(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argv2[argc2++] = opt;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__httpdate(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return d_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date._jisx0301(string)  ->  hash
+ *    Date._jisx0301(string, limit: 128)  ->  hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of parsed elements.
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
-date_s__jisx0301(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+date_s__jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    VALUE str, opt;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
+    check_limit(str, opt);
+
     return date__jisx0301(str);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Date.jisx0301(string='-4712-01-01'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  date
+ *    Date.jisx0301(string='-4712-01-01'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  date
  *
  * Creates a new Date object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical JIS X 0301 formats.
  *
  *    Date.jisx0301('H13.02.03')		#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * For no-era year, legacy format, Heisei is assumed.
+ *
+ *    Date.jisx0301('13.02.03') 		#=> #<Date: 2001-02-03 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_s_jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -4633,7 +4814,11 @@ date_s_jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__jisx0301(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argv2[argc2++] = opt;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__jisx0301(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return d_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
@@ -4691,14 +4876,14 @@ dup_obj_as_complex(VALUE self)
 }
 
 #define val2off(vof,iof) \
-{\
+do {\
     if (!offset_to_sec(vof, &iof)) {\
 	iof = 0;\
 	rb_warning("invalid offset is ignored");\
     }\
-}
+} while (0)
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#if 0
 static VALUE
 d_lite_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -4707,7 +4892,6 @@ d_lite_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     double sg;
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
-    rb_check_trusted(self);
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "05", &vjd, &vdf, &vsf, &vof, &vsg);
 
@@ -4726,11 +4910,11 @@ d_lite_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	sf = vsf;
 	if (f_lt_p(sf, INT2FIX(0)) ||
 	    f_ge_p(sf, INT2FIX(SECOND_IN_NANOSECONDS)))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid second fraction");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid second fraction");
       case 2:
 	df = NUM2INT(vdf);
 	if (df < 0 || df >= DAY_IN_SECONDS)
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid day fraction");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid day fraction");
       case 1:
 	jd = vjd;
     }
@@ -4751,7 +4935,7 @@ d_lite_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 			 "cannot load complex into simple");
 
 	    set_to_complex(self, &dat->c, nth, rjd, df, sf, of, sg,
-			   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, HAVE_JD | HAVE_DF | COMPLEX_DAT);
+			   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, HAVE_JD | HAVE_DF);
 	}
     }
     return self;
@@ -4763,15 +4947,34 @@ static VALUE
 d_lite_initialize_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE date)
 {
     rb_check_frozen(copy);
-    rb_check_trusted(copy);
 
     if (copy == date)
 	return copy;
     {
 	get_d2(copy, date);
 	if (simple_dat_p(bdat)) {
-	    adat->s = bdat->s;
-	    adat->s.flags &= ~COMPLEX_DAT;
+	    if (simple_dat_p(adat)) {
+		adat->s = bdat->s;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		adat->c.flags = bdat->s.flags | COMPLEX_DAT;
+		adat->c.nth = bdat->s.nth;
+		adat->c.jd = bdat->s.jd;
+		adat->c.df = 0;
+		adat->c.sf = INT2FIX(0);
+		adat->c.of = 0;
+		adat->c.sg = bdat->s.sg;
+		adat->c.year = bdat->s.year;
+#ifndef USE_PACK
+		adat->c.mon = bdat->s.mon;
+		adat->c.mday = bdat->s.mday;
+		adat->c.hour = bdat->s.hour;
+		adat->c.min = bdat->s.min;
+		adat->c.sec = bdat->s.sec;
+#else
+		adat->c.pc = bdat->s.pc;
+#endif
+	    }
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (!complex_dat_p(adat))
@@ -4779,7 +4982,6 @@ d_lite_initialize_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE date)
 			 "cannot load complex into simple");
 
 	    adat->c = bdat->c;
-	    adat->c.flags |= COMPLEX_DAT;
 	}
     }
     return copy;
@@ -5513,8 +5715,10 @@ d_lite_new_offset(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 d_lite_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
+    int try_rational = 1;
     get_d1(self);
 
+  again:
     switch (TYPE(other)) {
       case T_FIXNUM:
 	{
@@ -5724,18 +5928,21 @@ d_lite_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
       default:
 	expect_numeric(other);
 	other = f_to_r(other);
-#ifdef CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN
-	if (!k_rational_p(other))
-	    return d_lite_plus(self, other);
-#endif
+	if (!k_rational_p(other)) {
+	    if (!try_rational) Check_Type(other, T_RATIONAL);
+	    try_rational = 0;
+	    goto again;
+	}
 	/* fall through */
       case T_RATIONAL:
 	{
 	    VALUE nth, sf, t;
 	    int jd, df, s;
 
-	    if (wholenum_p(other))
-		return d_lite_plus(self, rb_rational_num(other));
+	    if (wholenum_p(other)) {
+		other = rb_rational_num(other);
+		goto again;
+	    }
 
 	    if (f_positive_p(other))
 		s = +1;
@@ -6017,7 +6224,7 @@ d_lite_rshift(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 			  &rm, &rd, &rjd, &ns))
 	    break;
 	if (--d < 1)
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
     }
     encode_jd(nth, rjd, &rjd2);
     return d_lite_plus(self, f_sub(rjd2, m_real_local_jd(dat)));
@@ -6154,6 +6361,7 @@ static VALUE
 d_lite_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE limit, step, date;
+    int c;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &limit, &step);
 
@@ -6168,25 +6376,22 @@ d_lite_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, argc, argv);
 
     date = self;
-    switch (FIX2INT(f_cmp(step, INT2FIX(0)))) {
-      case -1:
+    c = f_cmp(step, INT2FIX(0));
+    if (c < 0) {
 	while (FIX2INT(d_lite_cmp(date, limit)) >= 0) {
 	    rb_yield(date);
 	    date = d_lite_plus(date, step);
 	}
-	break;
-      case 0:
+    }
+    else if (c == 0) {
 	while (1)
 	    rb_yield(date);
-	break;
-      case 1:
+    }
+    else /* if (c > 0) */ {
 	while (FIX2INT(d_lite_cmp(date, limit)) <= 0) {
 	    rb_yield(date);
 	    date = d_lite_plus(date, step);
 	}
-	break;
-      default:
-	abort();
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -6241,10 +6446,10 @@ cmp_gen(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     get_d1(self);
 
     if (k_numeric_p(other))
-	return f_cmp(m_ajd(dat), other);
+	return INT2FIX(f_cmp(m_ajd(dat), other));
     else if (k_date_p(other))
-	return f_cmp(m_ajd(dat), f_ajd(other));
-    return rb_num_coerce_cmp(self, other, rb_intern("<=>"));
+	return INT2FIX(f_cmp(m_ajd(dat), f_ajd(other)));
+    return rb_num_coerce_cmp(self, other, id_cmp);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -6373,7 +6578,7 @@ equal_gen(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	return f_eqeq_p(m_real_local_jd(dat), other);
     else if (k_date_p(other))
 	return f_eqeq_p(m_real_local_jd(dat), f_jd(other));
-    return rb_num_coerce_cmp(self, other, rb_intern("=="));
+    return rb_num_coerce_cmp(self, other, id_eqeq_p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -6444,7 +6649,7 @@ d_lite_hash(VALUE self)
     h[2] = m_df(dat);
     h[3] = m_sf(dat);
     v = rb_memhash(h, sizeof(h));
-    return LONG2FIX(v);
+    return ST2FIX(v);
 }
 
 #include "date_tmx.h"
@@ -6471,7 +6676,7 @@ d_lite_to_s(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 mk_inspect_raw(union DateData *x, VALUE klass)
 {
-    char flags[5];
+    char flags[6];
 
     flags[0] = (x->flags & COMPLEX_DAT) ? 'C' : 'S';
     flags[1] = (x->flags & HAVE_JD)     ? 'j' : '-';
@@ -6543,9 +6748,9 @@ mk_inspect(union DateData *x, VALUE klass, VALUE to_s)
  * Returns the value as a string for inspection.
  *
  *    Date.new(2001,2,3).inspect
- *		#=> "#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>"
+ *		#=> "#<Date: 2001-02-03>"
  *    DateTime.new(2001,2,3,4,5,6,'-7').inspect
- *		#=> "#<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06-07:00 ((2451944j,39906s,0n),-25200s,2299161j)>"
+ *		#=> "#<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06-07:00>"
  */
 static VALUE
 d_lite_inspect(VALUE self)
@@ -6637,7 +6842,9 @@ tmx_m_of(union DateData *x)
 static char *
 tmx_m_zone(union DateData *x)
 {
-    return RSTRING_PTR(m_zone(x));
+    VALUE zone = m_zone(x);
+    /* TODO: fix potential dangling pointer */
+    return RSTRING_PTR(zone);
 }
 
 static const struct tmx_funcs tmx_funcs = {
@@ -6712,7 +6919,6 @@ date_strftime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
 	    if (p > fmt) rb_str_cat(str, fmt, p - fmt);
 	}
 	rb_enc_copy(str, vfmt);
-	OBJ_INFECT(str, vfmt);
 	return str;
     }
     else
@@ -6721,7 +6927,6 @@ date_strftime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
     str = rb_str_new(buf, len);
     if (buf != buffer) xfree(buf);
     rb_enc_copy(str, vfmt);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, vfmt);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -6735,9 +6940,9 @@ date_strftime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
  * Any text not listed as a directive will be passed through to the
  * output string.
  *
- * The directive consists of a percent (%) character,
- * zero or more flags, optional minimum field width,
- * optional modifier and a conversion specifier
+ * A directive consists of a percent (%) character,
+ * zero or more flags, an optional minimum field width,
+ * an optional modifier, and a conversion specifier
  * as follows.
  *
  *    %<flags><width><modifier><conversion>
@@ -6787,7 +6992,7 @@ date_strftime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
  *
  *      %M - Minute of the hour (00..59)
  *
- *      %S - Second of the minute (00..59)
+ *      %S - Second of the minute (00..60)
  *
  *      %L - Millisecond of the second (000..999)
  *      %N - Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)
@@ -6802,7 +7007,7 @@ date_strftime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
  *              %::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC (e.g. +09:00:00)
  *              %:::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC
  *                                                (e.g. +09, +09:30, +09:30:30)
- *      %Z - Time zone abbreviation name or something similar information.
+ *      %Z - Equivalent to %:z (e.g. +09:00)
  *
  *    Weekday:
  *      %A - The full weekday name (``Sunday'')
@@ -7020,10 +7225,14 @@ jisx0301_date_format(char *fmt, size_t size, VALUE jd, VALUE y)
 	    c = 'S';
 	    s = 1925;
 	}
-	else {
+	else if (d < 2458605) {
 	    c = 'H';
 	    s = 1988;
 	}
+	else {
+	    c = 'R';
+	    s = 2018;
+	}
 	snprintf(fmt, size, "%c%02ld" ".%%m.%%d", c, FIX2INT(y) - s);
 	return fmt;
     }
@@ -7101,10 +7310,13 @@ d_lite_marshal_dump(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 d_lite_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE a)
 {
+    VALUE nth, sf;
+    int jd, df, of;
+    double sg;
+
     get_d1(self);
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
-    rb_check_trusted(self);
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(a, T_ARRAY))
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expected an array");
@@ -7113,63 +7325,33 @@ d_lite_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE a)
       case 2: /* 1.6.x */
       case 3: /* 1.8.x, 1.9.2 */
 	{
-	    VALUE ajd, of, sg, nth, sf;
-	    int jd, df, rof;
-	    double rsg;
-
+	    VALUE ajd, vof, vsg;
 
 	    if  (RARRAY_LEN(a) == 2) {
 		ajd = f_sub(RARRAY_AREF(a, 0), half_days_in_day);
-		of = INT2FIX(0);
-		sg = RARRAY_AREF(a, 1);
-		if (!k_numeric_p(sg))
-		    sg = DBL2NUM(RTEST(sg) ? GREGORIAN : JULIAN);
+		vof = INT2FIX(0);
+		vsg = RARRAY_AREF(a, 1);
+		if (!k_numeric_p(vsg))
+		    vsg = DBL2NUM(RTEST(vsg) ? GREGORIAN : JULIAN);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		ajd = RARRAY_AREF(a, 0);
-		of = RARRAY_AREF(a, 1);
-		sg = RARRAY_AREF(a, 2);
+		vof = RARRAY_AREF(a, 1);
+		vsg = RARRAY_AREF(a, 2);
 	    }
 
-	    old_to_new(ajd, of, sg,
-		       &nth, &jd, &df, &sf, &rof, &rsg);
-
-	    if (!df && f_zero_p(sf) && !rof) {
-		set_to_simple(self, &dat->s, nth, jd, rsg, 0, 0, 0, HAVE_JD);
-	    } else {
-		if (!complex_dat_p(dat))
-		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
-			     "cannot load complex into simple");
-
-		set_to_complex(self, &dat->c, nth, jd, df, sf, rof, rsg,
-			       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-			       HAVE_JD | HAVE_DF | COMPLEX_DAT);
-	    }
+	    old_to_new(ajd, vof, vsg,
+		       &nth, &jd, &df, &sf, &of, &sg);
 	}
 	break;
       case 6:
 	{
-	    VALUE nth, sf;
-	    int jd, df, of;
-	    double sg;
-
 	    nth = RARRAY_AREF(a, 0);
 	    jd = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(a, 1));
 	    df = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(a, 2));
 	    sf = RARRAY_AREF(a, 3);
 	    of = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(a, 4));
 	    sg = NUM2DBL(RARRAY_AREF(a, 5));
-	    if (!df && f_zero_p(sf) && !of) {
-		set_to_simple(self, &dat->s, nth, jd, sg, 0, 0, 0, HAVE_JD);
-	    } else {
-		if (!complex_dat_p(dat))
-		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
-			     "cannot load complex into simple");
-
-		set_to_complex(self, &dat->c, nth, jd, df, sf, of, sg,
-			       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-			       HAVE_JD | HAVE_DF | COMPLEX_DAT);
-	    }
 	}
 	break;
       default:
@@ -7177,6 +7359,21 @@ d_lite_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE a)
 	break;
     }
 
+    if (simple_dat_p(dat)) {
+	if (df || !f_zero_p(sf) || of) {
+	    /* loading a fractional date; promote to complex */
+	    dat = ruby_xrealloc(dat, sizeof(struct ComplexDateData));
+	    RTYPEDDATA(self)->data = dat;
+	    goto complex_data;
+	}
+	set_to_simple(self, &dat->s, nth, jd, sg, 0, 0, 0, HAVE_JD);
+    } else {
+      complex_data:
+	set_to_complex(self, &dat->c, nth, jd, df, sf, of, sg,
+		       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+		       HAVE_JD | HAVE_DF);
+    }
+
     if (FL_TEST(a, FL_EXIVAR)) {
 	rb_copy_generic_ivar(self, a);
 	FL_SET(self, FL_EXIVAR);
@@ -7232,12 +7429,16 @@ datetime_s_jd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 5:
 	val2off(vof, rof);
       case 4:
+        check_numeric(vs, "second");
 	num2int_with_frac(s, positive_inf);
       case 3:
+        check_numeric(vmin, "minute");
 	num2int_with_frac(min, 3);
       case 2:
+        check_numeric(vh, "hour");
 	num2int_with_frac(h, 2);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vjd, "jd");
 	num2num_with_frac(jd, 1);
     }
 
@@ -7246,7 +7447,7 @@ datetime_s_jd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	int rh, rmin, rs, rjd, rjd2;
 
 	if (!c_valid_time_p(h, min, s, &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	canon24oc();
 
 	decode_jd(jd, &nth, &rjd);
@@ -7301,14 +7502,19 @@ datetime_s_ordinal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 6:
 	val2off(vof, rof);
       case 5:
+        check_numeric(vs, "second");
 	num2int_with_frac(s, positive_inf);
       case 4:
+        check_numeric(vmin, "minute");
 	num2int_with_frac(min, 4);
       case 3:
+        check_numeric(vh, "hour");
 	num2int_with_frac(h, 3);
       case 2:
+        check_numeric(vd, "yday");
 	num2int_with_frac(d, 2);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vy, "year");
 	y = vy;
     }
 
@@ -7320,9 +7526,9 @@ datetime_s_ordinal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			     &nth, &ry,
 			     &rd, &rjd,
 			     &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	if (!c_valid_time_p(h, min, s, &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	canon24oc();
 
 	rjd2 = jd_local_to_utc(rjd,
@@ -7357,9 +7563,20 @@ datetime_s_ordinal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
+    return datetime_initialize(argc, argv, d_lite_s_alloc_complex(klass));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+datetime_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
     VALUE vy, vm, vd, vh, vmin, vs, vof, vsg, y, fr, fr2, ret;
     int m, d, h, min, s, rof;
     double sg;
+    struct ComplexDateData *dat = rb_check_typeddata(self, &d_lite_type);
+
+    if (!complex_dat_p(dat)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "DateTime expected");
+    }
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "08", &vy, &vm, &vd, &vh, &vmin, &vs, &vof, &vsg);
 
@@ -7378,16 +7595,22 @@ datetime_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 7:
 	val2off(vof, rof);
       case 6:
+        check_numeric(vs, "second");
 	num2int_with_frac(s, positive_inf);
       case 5:
+        check_numeric(vmin, "minute");
 	num2int_with_frac(min, 5);
       case 4:
+        check_numeric(vh, "hour");
 	num2int_with_frac(h, 4);
       case 3:
+        check_numeric(vd, "day");
 	num2int_with_frac(d, 3);
       case 2:
+        check_numeric(vm, "month");
 	m = NUM2INT(vm);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vy, "year");
 	y = vy;
     }
 
@@ -7398,18 +7621,18 @@ datetime_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	if (!valid_gregorian_p(y, m, d,
 			       &nth, &ry,
 			       &rm, &rd))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	if (!c_valid_time_p(h, min, s, &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	canon24oc();
 
-	ret = d_complex_new_internal(klass,
-				     nth, 0,
-				     0, INT2FIX(0),
-				     rof, sg,
-				     ry, rm, rd,
-				     rh, rmin, rs,
-				     HAVE_CIVIL | HAVE_TIME);
+	set_to_complex(self, dat,
+		       nth, 0,
+		       0, INT2FIX(0),
+		       rof, sg,
+		       ry, rm, rd,
+		       rh, rmin, rs,
+		       HAVE_CIVIL | HAVE_TIME);
     }
     else {
 	VALUE nth;
@@ -7419,23 +7642,24 @@ datetime_s_civil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			   &nth, &ry,
 			   &rm, &rd, &rjd,
 			   &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	if (!c_valid_time_p(h, min, s, &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	canon24oc();
 
 	rjd2 = jd_local_to_utc(rjd,
 			       time_to_df(rh, rmin, rs),
 			       rof);
 
-	ret = d_complex_new_internal(klass,
-				     nth, rjd2,
-				     0, INT2FIX(0),
-				     rof, sg,
-				     ry, rm, rd,
-				     rh, rmin, rs,
-				     HAVE_JD | HAVE_CIVIL | HAVE_TIME);
+	set_to_complex(self, dat,
+		       nth, rjd2,
+		       0, INT2FIX(0),
+		       rof, sg,
+		       ry, rm, rd,
+		       rh, rmin, rs,
+		       HAVE_JD | HAVE_CIVIL | HAVE_TIME);
     }
+    ret = self;
     add_frac();
     return ret;
 }
@@ -7475,16 +7699,22 @@ datetime_s_commercial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
       case 7:
 	val2off(vof, rof);
       case 6:
+        check_numeric(vs, "second");
 	num2int_with_frac(s, positive_inf);
       case 5:
+        check_numeric(vmin, "minute");
 	num2int_with_frac(min, 5);
       case 4:
+        check_numeric(vh, "hour");
 	num2int_with_frac(h, 4);
       case 3:
+        check_numeric(vd, "cwday");
 	num2int_with_frac(d, 3);
       case 2:
+        check_numeric(vw, "cweek");
 	w = NUM2INT(vw);
       case 1:
+        check_numeric(vy, "year");
 	y = vy;
     }
 
@@ -7496,9 +7726,9 @@ datetime_s_commercial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 				&nth, &ry,
 				&rw, &rd, &rjd,
 				&ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	if (!c_valid_time_p(h, min, s, &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	canon24oc();
 
 	rjd2 = jd_local_to_utc(rjd,
@@ -7567,9 +7797,9 @@ datetime_s_weeknum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			     &nth, &ry,
 			     &rw, &rd, &rjd,
 			     &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	if (!c_valid_time_p(h, min, s, &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	canon24oc();
 
 	rjd2 = jd_local_to_utc(rjd,
@@ -7636,9 +7866,9 @@ datetime_s_nth_kday(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 			      &nth, &ry,
 			      &rm, &rn, &rk, &rjd,
 			      &ns))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	if (!c_valid_time_p(h, min, s, &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 	canon24oc();
 
 	rjd2 = jd_local_to_utc(rjd,
@@ -7710,8 +7940,8 @@ datetime_s_now(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	s = 59;
 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_GMTOFF
     of = tm.tm_gmtoff;
-#elif defined(HAVE_VAR_TIMEZONE)
-#ifdef HAVE_VAR_ALTZONE
+#elif defined(HAVE_TIMEZONE)
+#ifdef HAVE_ALTZONE
     of = (long)-((tm.tm_isdst > 0) ? altzone : timezone);
 #else
     of = (long)-timezone;
@@ -7781,7 +8011,7 @@ dt_new_by_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash, VALUE sg)
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(hash))
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
     if (NIL_P(ref_hash("jd")) &&
 	NIL_P(ref_hash("yday")) &&
@@ -7808,7 +8038,7 @@ dt_new_by_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash, VALUE sg)
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(jd))
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
     {
 	int rh, rmin, rs;
@@ -7817,7 +8047,7 @@ dt_new_by_frags(VALUE klass, VALUE hash, VALUE sg)
 			    NUM2INT(ref_hash("min")),
 			    NUM2INT(ref_hash("sec")),
 			    &rh, &rmin, &rs))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid date");
+	    rb_raise(eDateError, "invalid date");
 
 	df = time_to_df(rh, rmin, rs);
     }
@@ -7927,10 +8157,15 @@ datetime_s_strptime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    DateTime.parse(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, comp=true[, start=Date::ITALY]])  ->  datetime
+ *    DateTime.parse(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, comp=true[, start=Date::ITALY]], limit: 128)  ->  datetime
  *
  * Parses the given representation of date and time, and creates a
- * DateTime object.  This method does not function as a validator.
+ * DateTime object.
+ *
+ * This method **does not** function as a validator.  If the input
+ * string does not match valid formats strictly, you may get a cryptic
+ * result.  Should consider to use `DateTime.strptime` instead of this
+ * method as possible.
  *
  * If the optional second argument is true and the detected year is in
  * the range "00" to "99", makes it full.
@@ -7941,13 +8176,18 @@ datetime_s_strptime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
  *    DateTime.parse('3rd Feb 2001 04:05:06 PM')
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T16:05:06+00:00 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, comp, sg;
+    VALUE str, comp, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &str, &comp, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03:", &str, &comp, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -7959,18 +8199,20 @@ datetime_s_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE argv2[2], hash;
-
-	argv2[0] = str;
-	argv2[1] = comp;
-	hash = date_s__parse(2, argv2, klass);
+        int argc2 = 2;
+        VALUE argv2[3];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = comp;
+        argv2[2] = opt;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc2++;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__parse(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return dt_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    DateTime.iso8601(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  datetime
+ *    DateTime.iso8601(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  datetime
  *
  * Creates a new DateTime object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical ISO 8601 formats.
@@ -7981,13 +8223,18 @@ datetime_s_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
  *    DateTime.iso8601('2001-W05-6T04:05:06+07:00')
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -7997,27 +8244,37 @@ datetime_s_iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__iso8601(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = opt;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc2--;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__iso8601(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return dt_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    DateTime.rfc3339(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  datetime
+ *    DateTime.rfc3339(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  datetime
  *
  * Creates a new DateTime object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical RFC 3339 formats.
  *
  *    DateTime.rfc3339('2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00')
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -8027,27 +8284,37 @@ datetime_s_rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc3339(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = opt;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc2++;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc3339(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return dt_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    DateTime.xmlschema(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  datetime
+ *    DateTime.xmlschema(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  datetime
  *
  * Creates a new DateTime object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical XML Schema formats.
  *
  *    DateTime.xmlschema('2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00')
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -8057,28 +8324,38 @@ datetime_s_xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__xmlschema(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = opt;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc2++;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__xmlschema(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return dt_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    DateTime.rfc2822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  datetime
- *    DateTime.rfc822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY])   ->  datetime
+ *    DateTime.rfc2822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  datetime
+ *    DateTime.rfc822(string='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)   ->  datetime
  *
  * Creates a new DateTime object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical RFC 2822 formats.
  *
  *     DateTime.rfc2822('Sat, 3 Feb 2001 04:05:06 +0700')
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -8088,7 +8365,12 @@ datetime_s_rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc2822(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = opt;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc2++;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__rfc2822(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return dt_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
@@ -8102,13 +8384,18 @@ datetime_s_rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  *    DateTime.httpdate('Sat, 03 Feb 2001 04:05:06 GMT')
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+00:00 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -8118,27 +8405,42 @@ datetime_s_httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__httpdate(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = opt;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc2++;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__httpdate(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return dt_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    DateTime.jisx0301(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY])  ->  datetime
+ *    DateTime.jisx0301(string='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'[, start=Date::ITALY], limit: 128)  ->  datetime
  *
  * Creates a new DateTime object by parsing from a string according to
  * some typical JIS X 0301 formats.
  *
  *    DateTime.jisx0301('H13.02.03T04:05:06+07:00')
  *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
+ *
+ * For no-era year, legacy format, Heisei is assumed.
+ *
+ *    DateTime.jisx0301('13.02.03T04:05:06+07:00')
+ *				#=> #<DateTime: 2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00 ...>
+ *
+ * Raise an ArgumentError when the string length is longer than _limit_.
+ * You can stop this check by passing `limit: nil`, but note that
+ * it may take a long time to parse.
  */
 static VALUE
 datetime_s_jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str, sg;
+    VALUE str, sg, opt;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &str, &sg);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &str, &sg, &opt);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc--;
 
     switch (argc) {
       case 0:
@@ -8148,7 +8450,12 @@ datetime_s_jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     {
-	VALUE hash = date_s__jisx0301(klass, str);
+        int argc2 = 1;
+        VALUE argv2[2];
+        argv2[0] = str;
+        argv2[1] = opt;
+        if (!NIL_P(opt)) argc2++;
+	VALUE hash = date_s__jisx0301(argc2, argv2, klass);
 	return dt_new_by_frags(klass, hash, sg);
     }
 }
@@ -8179,9 +8486,9 @@ dt_lite_to_s(VALUE self)
  * Any text not listed as a directive will be passed through to the
  * output string.
  *
- * The directive consists of a percent (%) character,
- * zero or more flags, optional minimum field width,
- * optional modifier and a conversion specifier
+ * A directive consists of a percent (%) character,
+ * zero or more flags, an optional minimum field width,
+ * an optional modifier, and a conversion specifier
  * as follows.
  *
  *    %<flags><width><modifier><conversion>
@@ -8232,7 +8539,7 @@ dt_lite_to_s(VALUE self)
  *
  *      %M - Minute of the hour (00..59)
  *
- *      %S - Second of the minute (00..59)
+ *      %S - Second of the minute (00..60)
  *
  *      %L - Millisecond of the second (000..999)
  *      %N - Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)
@@ -8247,7 +8554,7 @@ dt_lite_to_s(VALUE self)
  *              %::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC (e.g. +09:00:00)
  *              %:::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC
  *                                                (e.g. +09, +09:30, +09:30:30)
- *      %Z - Time zone abbreviation name or something similar information.
+ *      %Z - Equivalent to %:z (e.g. +09:00)
  *
  *    Weekday:
  *      %A - The full weekday name (``Sunday'')
@@ -8375,8 +8682,8 @@ iso8601_timediv(VALUE self, long n)
  *    dt.iso8601([n=0])    ->  string
  *    dt.xmlschema([n=0])  ->  string
  *
- * This method is equivalent to strftime('%FT%T').  The optional
- * argument +n+ is the number of digits for fractional seconds.
+ * This method is equivalent to strftime('%FT%T%:z').
+ * The optional argument +n+ is the number of digits for fractional seconds.
  *
  *    DateTime.parse('2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+07:00').iso8601(9)
  *				#=> "2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+07:00"
@@ -8398,8 +8705,8 @@ dt_lite_iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    dt.rfc3339([n=0])  ->  string
  *
- * This method is equivalent to strftime('%FT%T').  The optional
- * argument n is length of fractional seconds.
+ * This method is equivalent to strftime('%FT%T%:z').
+ * The optional argument +n+ is the number of digits for fractional seconds.
  *
  *    DateTime.parse('2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+07:00').rfc3339(9)
  *				#=> "2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+07:00"
@@ -8414,8 +8721,8 @@ dt_lite_rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    dt.jisx0301([n=0])  ->  string
  *
- * Returns a string in a JIS X 0301 format.  The optional argument n
- * is length of fractional seconds.
+ * Returns a string in a JIS X 0301 format.
+ * The optional argument +n+ is the number of digits for fractional seconds.
  *
  *    DateTime.parse('2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+07:00').jisx0301(9)
  *				#=> "H13.02.03T04:05:06.123456789+07:00"
@@ -8526,17 +8833,24 @@ time_to_datetime(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    d.to_time  ->  time
  *
- * Returns a Time object which denotes self.
+ * Returns a Time object which denotes self. If self is a julian date,
+ * convert it to a gregorian date before converting it to Time.
  */
 static VALUE
 date_to_time(VALUE self)
 {
-    get_d1(self);
+    get_d1a(self);
+
+    if (m_julian_p(adat)) {
+        VALUE tmp = d_lite_gregorian(self);
+        get_d1b(tmp);
+        adat = bdat;
+    }
 
     return f_local3(rb_cTime,
-		    m_real_year(dat),
-		    INT2FIX(m_mon(dat)),
-		    INT2FIX(m_mday(dat)));
+        m_real_year(adat),
+        INT2FIX(m_mon(adat)),
+        INT2FIX(m_mday(adat)));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -8645,7 +8959,7 @@ datetime_to_date(VALUE self)
 	VALUE new = d_lite_s_alloc_simple(cDate);
 	{
 	    get_d1b(new);
-	    copy_complex_to_simple(new, &bdat->s, &adat->c)
+	    copy_complex_to_simple(new, &bdat->s, &adat->c);
 	    bdat->s.jd = m_local_jd(adat);
 	    bdat->s.flags &= ~(HAVE_DF | HAVE_TIME | COMPLEX_DAT);
 	    return new;
@@ -9010,18 +9324,22 @@ mk_ary_of_str(long len, const char *a[])
     return o;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+d_lite_zero(VALUE x)
+{
+    return INT2FIX(0);
+}
+
 void
 Init_date_core(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
-    assert(fprintf(stderr, "assert() is now active\n"));
-
-    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
-    id_le_p = rb_intern("<=");
-    id_ge_p = rb_intern(">=");
-    id_eqeq_p = rb_intern("==");
+    #ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+	RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE(true);
+    #endif
+    id_cmp = rb_intern_const("<=>");
+    id_le_p = rb_intern_const("<=");
+    id_ge_p = rb_intern_const(">=");
+    id_eqeq_p = rb_intern_const("==");
 
     half_days_in_day = rb_rational_new2(INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(2));
 
@@ -9189,6 +9507,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      *
      */
     cDate = rb_define_class("Date", rb_cObject);
+    eDateError = rb_define_class_under(cDate, "Error", rb_eArgError);
 
     rb_include_module(cDate, rb_mComparable);
 
@@ -9233,23 +9552,22 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(cDate, "GREGORIAN", DBL2NUM(GREGORIAN));
 
-    rb_define_alloc_func(cDate, d_lite_s_alloc);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cDate, d_lite_s_alloc_simple);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define de_define_private_method rb_define_private_method
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_jd?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_jd?",
 			     date_s__valid_jd_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_ordinal?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_ordinal?",
 			     date_s__valid_ordinal_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_civil?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_civil?",
 			     date_s__valid_civil_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_date?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_date?",
 			     date_s__valid_civil_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_commercial?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_commercial?",
 			     date_s__valid_commercial_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_weeknum?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_weeknum?",
 			     date_s__valid_weeknum_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_nth_kday?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "_valid_nth_kday?",
 			     date_s__valid_nth_kday_p, -1);
 #endif
 
@@ -9262,11 +9580,11 @@ Init_date_core(void)
 			       date_s_valid_commercial_p, -1);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "valid_weeknum?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "valid_weeknum?",
 			     date_s_valid_weeknum_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "valid_nth_kday?",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "valid_nth_kday?",
 			     date_s_valid_nth_kday_p, -1);
-    de_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "zone_to_diff",
+    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(cDate), "zone_to_diff",
 			     date_s_zone_to_diff, 1);
 #endif
 
@@ -9277,21 +9595,18 @@ Init_date_core(void)
 			       date_s_gregorian_leap_p, 1);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define de_define_singleton_method rb_define_singleton_method
-#define de_define_alias rb_define_alias
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "new!", date_s_new_bang, -1);
-    de_define_alias(rb_singleton_class(cDate), "new_l!", "new");
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "new!", date_s_new_bang, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_singleton_class(cDate), "new_l!", "new");
 #endif
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "jd", date_s_jd, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "ordinal", date_s_ordinal, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "civil", date_s_civil, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "new", date_s_civil, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "commercial", date_s_commercial, -1);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "weeknum", date_s_weeknum, -1);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "nth_kday", date_s_nth_kday, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "weeknum", date_s_weeknum, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "nth_kday", date_s_nth_kday, -1);
 #endif
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "today", date_s_today, -1);
@@ -9299,29 +9614,26 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "strptime", date_s_strptime, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_parse", date_s__parse, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "parse", date_s_parse, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_iso8601", date_s__iso8601, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_iso8601", date_s__iso8601, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "iso8601", date_s_iso8601, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_rfc3339", date_s__rfc3339, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_rfc3339", date_s__rfc3339, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "rfc3339", date_s_rfc3339, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_xmlschema", date_s__xmlschema, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_xmlschema", date_s__xmlschema, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "xmlschema", date_s_xmlschema, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_rfc2822", date_s__rfc2822, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_rfc822", date_s__rfc2822, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_rfc2822", date_s__rfc2822, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_rfc822", date_s__rfc2822, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "rfc2822", date_s_rfc2822, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "rfc822", date_s_rfc2822, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_httpdate", date_s__httpdate, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_httpdate", date_s__httpdate, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "httpdate", date_s_httpdate, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_jisx0301", date_s__jisx0301, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "_jisx0301", date_s__jisx0301, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "jisx0301", date_s_jisx0301, -1);
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-#define de_define_method rb_define_method
-    de_define_method(cDate, "initialize", d_lite_initialize, -1);
-#endif
+    rb_define_method(cDate, "initialize", date_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cDate, "initialize_copy", d_lite_initialize_copy, 1);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_method(cDate, "fill", d_lite_fill, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDate, "fill", d_lite_fill, 0);
 #endif
 
     rb_define_method(cDate, "ajd", d_lite_ajd, 0);
@@ -9343,8 +9655,8 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_method(cDate, "cwday", d_lite_cwday, 0);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_private_method(cDate, "wnum0", d_lite_wnum0, 0);
-    de_define_private_method(cDate, "wnum1", d_lite_wnum1, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "wnum0", d_lite_wnum0, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "wnum1", d_lite_wnum1, 0);
 #endif
 
     rb_define_method(cDate, "wday", d_lite_wday, 0);
@@ -9358,18 +9670,14 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_method(cDate, "saturday?", d_lite_saturday_p, 0);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_method(cDate, "nth_kday?", d_lite_nth_kday_p, 2);
+    rb_define_method(cDate, "nth_kday?", d_lite_nth_kday_p, 2);
 #endif
 
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "hour", d_lite_hour, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "min", d_lite_min, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "minute", d_lite_min, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "sec", d_lite_sec, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "second", d_lite_sec, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "sec_fraction", d_lite_sec_fraction, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "second_fraction", d_lite_sec_fraction, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "offset", d_lite_offset, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "zone", d_lite_zone, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "hour", d_lite_zero, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "min", d_lite_zero, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "minute", d_lite_zero, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "sec", d_lite_zero, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "second", d_lite_zero, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(cDate, "julian?", d_lite_julian_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDate, "gregorian?", d_lite_gregorian_p, 0);
@@ -9382,8 +9690,6 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_method(cDate, "julian", d_lite_julian, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDate, "gregorian", d_lite_gregorian, 0);
 
-    rb_define_private_method(cDate, "new_offset", d_lite_new_offset, -1);
-
     rb_define_method(cDate, "+", d_lite_plus, 1);
     rb_define_method(cDate, "-", d_lite_minus, 1);
 
@@ -9411,7 +9717,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
 
     rb_define_method(cDate, "to_s", d_lite_to_s, 0);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_method(cDate, "inspect_raw", d_lite_inspect_raw, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDate, "inspect_raw", d_lite_inspect_raw, 0);
 #endif
     rb_define_method(cDate, "inspect", d_lite_inspect, 0);
 
@@ -9428,7 +9734,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_method(cDate, "jisx0301", d_lite_jisx0301, 0);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_method(cDate, "marshal_dump_old", d_lite_marshal_dump_old, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDate, "marshal_dump_old", d_lite_marshal_dump_old, 0);
 #endif
     rb_define_method(cDate, "marshal_dump", d_lite_marshal_dump, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDate, "marshal_load", d_lite_marshal_load, 1);
@@ -9440,6 +9746,8 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      * A subclass of Date that easily handles date, hour, minute, second,
      * and offset.
      *
+     * DateTime class is considered deprecated. Use Time class.
+     *
      * DateTime does not consider any leap seconds, does not track
      * any summer time rules.
      *
@@ -9500,18 +9808,18 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      * === When should you use DateTime and when should you use Time?
      *
      * It's a common misconception that
-     * {William Shakespeare}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare]
+     * {William Shakespeare}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare]
      * and
-     * {Miguel de Cervantes}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes]
+     * {Miguel de Cervantes}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes]
      * died on the same day in history -
      * so much so that UNESCO named April 23 as
-     * {World Book Day because of this fact}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book_Day].
+     * {World Book Day because of this fact}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book_Day].
      * However, because England hadn't yet adopted the
-     * {Gregorian Calendar Reform}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Gregorian_reform]
-     * (and wouldn't until {1752}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750])
+     * {Gregorian Calendar Reform}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Gregorian_reform]
+     * (and wouldn't until {1752}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750])
      * their deaths are actually 10 days apart.
      * Since Ruby's Time class implements a
-     * {proleptic Gregorian calendar}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar]
+     * {proleptic Gregorian calendar}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar]
      * and has no concept of calendar reform there's no way
      * to express this with Time objects. This is where DateTime steps in:
      *
@@ -9555,7 +9863,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      *      #=> Fri, 04 May 1753 00:00:00 +0000
      *
      * As you can see, if we're accurately tracking the number of
-     * {solar years}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year]
+     * {solar years}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year]
      * since Shakespeare's birthday then the correct anniversary date
      * would be the 4th May and not the 23rd April.
      *
@@ -9567,14 +9875,15 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      * making the same mistakes as UNESCO. If you also have to deal
      * with timezones then best of luck - just bear in mind that
      * you'll probably be dealing with
-     * {local solar times}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time],
+     * {local solar times}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time],
      * since it wasn't until the 19th century that the introduction
      * of the railways necessitated the need for
-     * {Standard Time}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time#Great_Britain]
+     * {Standard Time}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time#Great_Britain]
      * and eventually timezones.
      */
 
     cDateTime = rb_define_class("DateTime", cDate);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cDateTime, d_lite_s_alloc_complex);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDateTime, "jd", datetime_s_jd, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDateTime, "ordinal", datetime_s_ordinal, -1);
@@ -9584,9 +9893,9 @@ Init_date_core(void)
 			       datetime_s_commercial, -1);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDateTime, "weeknum",
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDateTime, "weeknum",
 			       datetime_s_weeknum, -1);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDateTime, "nth_kday",
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDateTime, "nth_kday",
 			       datetime_s_nth_kday, -1);
 #endif
 
@@ -9614,19 +9923,16 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDateTime, "jisx0301",
 			       datetime_s_jisx0301, -1);
 
-#define f_public(m,s) rb_funcall(m, rb_intern("public"), 1,\
-				 ID2SYM(rb_intern(s)))
-
-    f_public(cDateTime, "hour");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "min");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "minute");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "sec");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "second");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "sec_fraction");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "second_fraction");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "offset");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "zone");
-    f_public(cDateTime, "new_offset");
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "hour", d_lite_hour, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "min", d_lite_min, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "minute", d_lite_min, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "sec", d_lite_sec, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "second", d_lite_sec, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "sec_fraction", d_lite_sec_fraction, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "second_fraction", d_lite_sec_fraction, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "offset", d_lite_offset, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "zone", d_lite_zone, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "new_offset", d_lite_new_offset, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(cDateTime, "to_s", dt_lite_to_s, 0);
 
@@ -9654,15 +9960,15 @@ Init_date_core(void)
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     /* tests */
 
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_civil", date_s_test_civil, 0);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_ordinal", date_s_test_ordinal, 0);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_commercial",
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_civil", date_s_test_civil, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_ordinal", date_s_test_ordinal, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_commercial",
 			       date_s_test_commercial, 0);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_weeknum", date_s_test_weeknum, 0);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_nth_kday", date_s_test_nth_kday, 0);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_unit_conv",
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_weeknum", date_s_test_weeknum, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_nth_kday", date_s_test_nth_kday, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_unit_conv",
 			       date_s_test_unit_conv, 0);
-    de_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_all", date_s_test_all, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cDate, "test_all", date_s_test_all, 0);
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/date/date_parse.c b/ext/date/date_parse.c
index b74230d291..5fa036ed72 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_parse.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_parse.c
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ RUBY_EXTERN unsigned long ruby_scan_digits(const char *str, ssize_t len, int bas
 #define f_sub_bang(s,r,x) rb_funcall(s, rb_intern("sub!"), 2, r, x)
 #define f_gsub_bang(s,r,x) rb_funcall(s, rb_intern("gsub!"), 2, r, x)
 
-#define set_hash(k,v) rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)), v)
-#define ref_hash(k) rb_hash_aref(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)))
-#define del_hash(k) rb_hash_delete(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)))
+#define set_hash(k,v) rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k"")), v)
+#define ref_hash(k) rb_hash_aref(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k"")))
+#define del_hash(k) rb_hash_delete(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k"")))
 
 #define cstr2num(s) rb_cstr_to_inum(s, 10, 0)
 #define str2num(s) rb_str_to_inum(s, 10, 0)
@@ -66,7 +66,13 @@ static const char abbr_months[][4] = {
 #define asubt_string() rb_str_new("\024", 1)
 #endif
 
-#define DECDIGIT "0123456789"
+static size_t
+digit_span(const char *s, const char *e)
+{
+    size_t i = 0;
+    while (s + i < e && isdigit((unsigned char)s[i])) i++;
+    return i;
+}
 
 static void
 s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
@@ -92,7 +98,7 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	    y = d;
 	    d = Qnil;
 	}
-	if (!NIL_P(d) && *RSTRING_PTR(d) == '\'') {
+	if (!NIL_P(d) && RSTRING_LEN(d) > 0 && *RSTRING_PTR(d) == '\'') {
 	    y = d;
 	    d = Qnil;
 	}
@@ -103,17 +109,20 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	size_t l;
 
 	s = RSTRING_PTR(y);
-	while (!issign((unsigned char)*s) && !isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
+	ep = RSTRING_END(y);
+	while (s < ep && !issign(*s) && !isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
 	    s++;
+	if (s >= ep) goto no_date;
 	bp = s;
 	if (issign((unsigned char)*s))
 	    s++;
-	l = strspn(s, DECDIGIT);
+	l = digit_span(s, ep);
 	ep = s + l;
 	if (*ep) {
 	    y = d;
 	    d = rb_str_new(bp, ep - bp);
 	}
+      no_date:;
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(m)) {
@@ -152,8 +161,10 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	VALUE iy;
 
 	s = RSTRING_PTR(y);
-	while (!issign((unsigned char)*s) && !isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
+	ep = RSTRING_END(y);
+	while (s < ep && !issign(*s) && !isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
 	    s++;
+	if (s >= ep) goto no_year;
 	bp = s;
 	if (issign(*s)) {
 	    s++;
@@ -161,7 +172,7 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	}
 	if (sign)
 	    c = Qfalse;
-	l = strspn(s, DECDIGIT);
+	l = digit_span(s, ep);
 	ep = s + l;
 	if (l > 2)
 	    c = Qfalse;
@@ -175,6 +186,7 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
 	}
 	set_hash("year", iy);
+      no_year:;
     }
 
     if (bc)
@@ -186,10 +198,12 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	VALUE im;
 
 	s = RSTRING_PTR(m);
-	while (!isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
+	ep = RSTRING_END(m);
+	while (s < ep && !isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
 	    s++;
+	if (s >= ep) goto no_month;
 	bp = s;
-	l = strspn(s, DECDIGIT);
+	l = digit_span(s, ep);
 	ep = s + l;
 	{
 	    char *buf;
@@ -201,6 +215,7 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
 	}
 	set_hash("mon", im);
+      no_month:;
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(d)) {
@@ -209,10 +224,12 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	VALUE id;
 
 	s = RSTRING_PTR(d);
-	while (!isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
+	ep = RSTRING_END(d);
+	while (s < ep && !isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
 	    s++;
+	if (s >= ep) goto no_mday;
 	bp = s;
-	l = strspn(s, DECDIGIT);
+	l = digit_span(s, ep);
 	ep = s + l;
 	{
 	    char *buf;
@@ -224,6 +241,7 @@ s3e(VALUE hash, VALUE y, VALUE m, VALUE d, int bc)
 	    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
 	}
 	set_hash("mday", id);
+      no_mday:;
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(c))
@@ -258,23 +276,24 @@ regcomp(const char *source, long len, int opt)
     VALUE pat;
 
     pat = rb_reg_new(source, len, opt);
+    rb_obj_freeze(pat);
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(pat);
     return pat;
 }
 
 #define REGCOMP(pat,opt) \
-{ \
+do { \
     if (NIL_P(pat)) \
 	pat = regcomp(pat##_source, sizeof pat##_source - 1, opt); \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define REGCOMP_0(pat) REGCOMP(pat, 0)
 #define REGCOMP_I(pat) REGCOMP(pat, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE)
 
 #define MATCH(s,p,c) \
-{ \
+do { \
     return match(s, p, hash, c); \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 static int
 match(VALUE str, VALUE pat, VALUE hash, int (*cb)(VALUE, VALUE))
@@ -314,95 +333,119 @@ subx(VALUE str, VALUE rep, VALUE pat, VALUE hash, int (*cb)(VALUE, VALUE))
 }
 
 #define SUBS(s,p,c) \
-{ \
+do { \
     return subx(s, asp_string(), p, hash, c); \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #ifdef TIGHT_PARSER
 #define SUBA(s,p,c) \
-{ \
+do { \
     return subx(s, asuba_string(), p, hash, c); \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define SUBB(s,p,c) \
-{ \
+do { \
     return subx(s, asubb_string(), p, hash, c); \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define SUBW(s,p,c) \
-{ \
+do { \
     return subx(s, asubw_string(), p, hash, c); \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define SUBT(s,p,c) \
-{ \
+do { \
     return subx(s, asubt_string(), p, hash, c); \
-}
+} while (0)
 #endif
 
 #include "zonetab.h"
 
 static int
-str_end_with(const char *s, long l, const char *w)
+str_end_with_word(const char *s, long l, const char *w)
 {
     int n = (int)strlen(w);
-    return (l >= n && strncmp(s - n, w, n) == 0);
+    if (l <= n || !isspace((unsigned char)s[l - n - 1])) return 0;
+    if (strncasecmp(&s[l - n], w, n)) return 0;
+    do ++n; while (l > n && isspace((unsigned char)s[l - n - 1]));
+    return n;
 }
 
-VALUE
-date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
+static long
+shrunk_size(const char *s, long l)
 {
-    VALUE offset = Qnil;
-    VALUE vbuf = 0;
-
-    long l, i;
-    char *s, *dest, *d;
-    int sp = 1;
-
-    l = RSTRING_LEN(str);
-    s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-
-    dest = d = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, l + 1);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
-	if (isspace((unsigned char)s[i]) || s[i] == '\0') {
-	    if (!sp)
-		*d++ = ' ';
-	    sp = 1;
+    long i, ni;
+    int sp = 0;
+    for (i = ni = 0; i < l; ++i) {
+	if (!isspace((unsigned char)s[i])) {
+	    if (sp) ni++;
+	    sp = 0;
+	    ni++;
 	}
 	else {
-	    if (isalpha((unsigned char)s[i]))
-		*d++ = tolower((unsigned char)s[i]);
-	    else
-		*d++ = s[i];
-	    sp = 0;
+	    sp = 1;
 	}
     }
-    if (d > dest) {
-	if (*(d - 1) == ' ')
-	    --d;
-	*d = '\0';
+    return ni < l ? ni : 0;
+}
+
+static long
+shrink_space(char *d, const char *s, long l)
+{
+    long i, ni;
+    int sp = 0;
+    for (i = ni = 0; i < l; ++i) {
+	if (!isspace((unsigned char)s[i])) {
+	    if (sp) d[ni++] = ' ';
+	    sp = 0;
+	    d[ni++] = s[i];
+	}
+	else {
+	    sp = 1;
+	}
     }
-    l = d - dest;
-    s = dest;
+    return ni;
+}
+
+VALUE
+date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
+{
+    VALUE offset = Qnil;
+    VALUE vbuf = 0;
+    long l = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+    const char *s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+
     {
-	static const char STD[] = " standard time";
-	static const char DST1[] = " daylight time";
-	static const char DST2[] = " dst";
 	int dst = 0;
+	int w;
 
-	if (str_end_with(d, l, STD)) {
-	    l -= sizeof(STD) - 1;
-	}
-	else if (str_end_with(d, l, DST1)) {
-	    l -= sizeof(DST1) - 1;
-	    dst = 1;
+	if ((w = str_end_with_word(s, l, "time")) > 0) {
+	    int wtime = w;
+	    l -= w;
+	    if ((w = str_end_with_word(s, l, "standard")) > 0) {
+		l -= w;
+	    }
+	    else if ((w = str_end_with_word(s, l, "daylight")) > 0) {
+		l -= w;
+		dst = 1;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		l += wtime;
+	    }
 	}
-	else if (str_end_with(d, l, DST2)) {
-	    l -= sizeof(DST2) - 1;
+	else if ((w = str_end_with_word(s, l, "dst")) > 0) {
+	    l -= w;
 	    dst = 1;
 	}
 	{
+	    long sl = shrunk_size(s, l);
+	    if (sl > 0 && sl <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH) {
+		char *d = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, sl);
+		l = shrink_space(d, s, l);
+		s = d;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (l > 0 && l <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH) {
 	    const struct zone *z = zonetab(s, (unsigned int)l);
 	    if (z) {
 		int d = z->offset;
@@ -418,8 +461,8 @@ date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
 	    long hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0;
 
 	    if (l > 3 &&
-		(strncmp(s, "gmt", 3) == 0 ||
-		 strncmp(s, "utc", 3) == 0)) {
+		(strncasecmp(s, "gmt", 3) == 0 ||
+		 strncasecmp(s, "utc", 3) == 0)) {
 		s += 3;
 		l -= 3;
 	    }
@@ -706,16 +749,14 @@ parse_era(VALUE str, VALUE hash)
 static int
 check_year_width(VALUE y)
 {
-    char *s;
-    size_t l;
+    const char *s;
+    long l;
 
+    l = RSTRING_LEN(y);
+    if (l < 2) return 0;
     s = RSTRING_PTR(y);
-    l = strcspn(s, DECDIGIT);
-    s += l;
-    l = strspn(s, DECDIGIT);
-    if (l != 2)
-	return 0;
-    return 1;
+    if (!isdigit((unsigned char)s[1])) return 0;
+    return (l == 2 || !isdigit((unsigned char)s[2]));
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1196,6 +1237,9 @@ parse_iso2(VALUE str, VALUE hash)
     return 1;
 }
 
+#define JISX0301_ERA_INITIALS "mtshr"
+#define JISX0301_DEFAULT_ERA 'H' /* obsolete */
+
 static int
 gengo(int c)
 {
@@ -1206,6 +1250,7 @@ gengo(int c)
       case 'T': case 't': e = 1911; break;
       case 'S': case 's': e = 1925; break;
       case 'H': case 'h': e = 1988; break;
+      case 'R': case 'r': e = 2018; break;
       default:  e = 0; break;
     }
     return e;
@@ -1236,11 +1281,11 @@ parse_jis(VALUE str, VALUE hash)
 {
     static const char pat_source[] =
 #ifndef TIGHT_PARSER
-	"\\b([mtsh])(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)"
+        "\\b([" JISX0301_ERA_INITIALS "])(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)"
 #else
 	BOS
 	FPW_COM FPT_COM
-	"([mtsh])(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)"
+        "([" JISX0301_ERA_INITIALS "])(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)"
 	TEE_FPT COM_FPW
 	EOS
 #endif
@@ -1843,30 +1888,26 @@ parse_ddd_cb(VALUE m, VALUE hash)
 	set_hash("zone", s5);
 
 	if (*cs5 == '[') {
-	    VALUE vbuf = 0;
-	    char *buf = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, l5 + 1);
-	    char *s1, *s2, *s3;
+            const char *s1, *s2;
 	    VALUE zone;
 
-	    memcpy(buf, cs5, l5);
-	    buf[l5 - 1] = '\0';
-
-	    s1 = buf + 1;
-	    s2 = strchr(buf, ':');
+            l5 -= 2;
+            s1 = cs5 + 1;
+            s2 = memchr(s1, ':', l5);
 	    if (s2) {
-		*s2 = '\0';
 		s2++;
+                zone = rb_str_subseq(s5, s2 - cs5, l5 - (s2 - s1));
+                s5 = rb_str_subseq(s5, 1, s2 - s1);
 	    }
-	    if (s2)
-		s3 = s2;
-	    else
-		s3 = s1;
-	    zone = rb_str_new2(s3);
+            else {
+                zone = rb_str_subseq(s5, 1, l5);
+                if (isdigit((unsigned char)*s1))
+                    s5 = rb_str_append(rb_str_new_cstr("+"), zone);
+                else
+                    s5 = zone;
+            }
 	    set_hash("zone", zone);
-	    if (isdigit((unsigned char)*s1))
-		*--s1 = '+';
-	    set_hash("offset", date_zone_to_diff(rb_str_new2(s1)));
-	    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
+            set_hash("offset", date_zone_to_diff(s5));
 	}
 	RB_GC_GUARD(s5);
     }
@@ -2159,7 +2200,7 @@ date__parse(VALUE str, VALUE comp)
 #endif
 
     {
-	if (RTEST(ref_hash("_bc"))) {
+        if (RTEST(del_hash("_bc"))) {
 	    VALUE y;
 
 	    y = ref_hash("cwyear");
@@ -2174,7 +2215,7 @@ date__parse(VALUE str, VALUE comp)
 	    }
 	}
 
-	if (RTEST(ref_hash("_comp"))) {
+        if (RTEST(del_hash("_comp"))) {
 	    VALUE y;
 
 	    y = ref_hash("cwyear");
@@ -2197,9 +2238,6 @@ date__parse(VALUE str, VALUE comp)
 
     }
 
-    del_hash("_bc");
-    del_hash("_comp");
-
     {
 	VALUE zone = ref_hash("zone");
 	if (!NIL_P(zone) && NIL_P(ref_hash("offset")))
@@ -2249,8 +2287,8 @@ iso8601_ext_datetime_cb(VALUE m, VALUE hash)
 	    s[i] = rb_reg_nth_match(i, m);
     }
 
-    if (!NIL_P(s[3])) {
-	set_hash("mday", str2num(s[3]));
+    if (!NIL_P(s[1])) {
+	if (!NIL_P(s[3])) set_hash("mday", str2num(s[3]));
 	if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(s[1]), "-") != 0) {
 	    y = str2num(s[1]);
 	    if (RSTRING_LEN(s[1]) < 4)
@@ -2307,7 +2345,7 @@ static int
 iso8601_ext_datetime(VALUE str, VALUE hash)
 {
     static const char pat_source[] =
-	"\\A\\s*(?:([-+]?\\d{2,}|-)-(\\d{2})?-(\\d{2})|"
+	"\\A\\s*(?:([-+]?\\d{2,}|-)-(\\d{2})?(?:-(\\d{2}))?|"
 		"([-+]?\\d{2,})?-(\\d{3})|"
 		"(\\d{4}|\\d{2})?-w(\\d{2})-(\\d)|"
 		"-w-(\\d))"
@@ -2938,7 +2976,7 @@ jisx0301_cb(VALUE m, VALUE hash)
 	    s[i] = rb_reg_nth_match(i, m);
     }
 
-    ep = gengo(NIL_P(s[1]) ? 'h' : *RSTRING_PTR(s[1]));
+    ep = gengo(NIL_P(s[1]) ? JISX0301_DEFAULT_ERA : *RSTRING_PTR(s[1]));
     set_hash("year", f_add(str2num(s[2]), INT2FIX(ep)));
     set_hash("mon", str2num(s[3]));
     set_hash("mday", str2num(s[4]));
@@ -2963,7 +3001,7 @@ static int
 jisx0301(VALUE str, VALUE hash)
 {
     static const char pat_source[] =
-	"\\A\\s*([mtsh])?(\\d{2})\\.(\\d{2})\\.(\\d{2})"
+        "\\A\\s*([" JISX0301_ERA_INITIALS "])?(\\d{2})\\.(\\d{2})\\.(\\d{2})"
 	"(?:t"
 	"(?:(\\d{2}):(\\d{2})(?::(\\d{2})(?:[,.](\\d*))?)?"
 	"(z|[-+]\\d{2}(?::?\\d{2})?)?)?)?\\s*\\z";
diff --git a/ext/date/date_strptime.c b/ext/date/date_strptime.c
index 4f93219317..7b06a31471 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_strptime.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_strptime.c
@@ -79,14 +79,17 @@ read_digits(const char *s, VALUE *n, size_t width)
 {
     size_t l;
 
-    l = strspn(s, "0123456789");
+    if (!width)
+        return 0;
+
+    l = 0;
+    while (ISDIGIT(s[l])) {
+        if (++l == width) break;
+    }
 
     if (l == 0)
 	return 0;
 
-    if (width < l)
-	l = width;
-
     if ((4 * l * sizeof(char)) <= (sizeof(long)*CHAR_BIT)) {
 	const char *os = s;
 	long v;
@@ -113,26 +116,26 @@ read_digits(const char *s, VALUE *n, size_t width)
     }
 }
 
-#define set_hash(k,v) rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)), v)
-#define ref_hash(k) rb_hash_aref(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)))
-#define del_hash(k) rb_hash_delete(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k)))
+#define set_hash(k,v) rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k"")), v)
+#define ref_hash(k) rb_hash_aref(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k"")))
+#define del_hash(k) rb_hash_delete(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(k"")))
 
 #define fail() \
-{ \
+do { \
     set_hash("_fail", Qtrue); \
     return 0; \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define fail_p() (!NIL_P(ref_hash("_fail")))
 
 #define READ_DIGITS(n,w) \
-{ \
+do { \
     size_t l; \
     l = read_digits(&str[si], &n, w); \
     if (l == 0) \
 	fail();	\
     si += l; \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 #define READ_DIGITS_MAX(n) READ_DIGITS(n, LONG_MAX)
 
@@ -147,14 +150,14 @@ valid_range_p(VALUE v, int a, int b)
 }
 
 #define recur(fmt) \
-{ \
+do { \
     size_t l; \
     l = date__strptime_internal(&str[si], slen - si, \
 				fmt, sizeof fmt - 1, hash); \
     if (fail_p()) \
 	return 0; \
     si += l; \
-}
+} while (0)
 
 VALUE date_zone_to_diff(VALUE);
 
@@ -237,9 +240,9 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		    VALUE n;
 
 		    if (NUM_PATTERN_P())
-			READ_DIGITS(n, 2)
+			READ_DIGITS(n, 2);
 		    else
-			READ_DIGITS_MAX(n)
+			READ_DIGITS_MAX(n);
 		    set_hash("_cent", n);
 		    goto matched;
 		}
@@ -278,9 +281,9 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		    VALUE n;
 
 		    if (NUM_PATTERN_P())
-			READ_DIGITS(n, 4)
+			READ_DIGITS(n, 4);
 		    else
-			READ_DIGITS_MAX(n)
+			READ_DIGITS_MAX(n);
 		    set_hash("cwyear", n);
 		    goto matched;
 		}
@@ -358,9 +361,9 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		    }
 		    osi = si;
 		    if (NUM_PATTERN_P())
-			READ_DIGITS(n, c == 'L' ? 3 : 9)
+			READ_DIGITS(n, c == 'L' ? 3 : 9);
 		    else
-			READ_DIGITS_MAX(n)
+			READ_DIGITS_MAX(n);
 		    if (sign == -1)
 			n = f_negate(n);
 		    set_hash("sec_fraction",
@@ -426,9 +429,7 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		    if (sign == -1)
 			n = f_negate(n);
 		    set_hash("seconds",
-			     rb_rational_new2(n,
-					      f_expt(INT2FIX(10),
-						     INT2FIX(3))));
+			     rb_rational_new2(n, INT2FIX(1000)));
 		    goto matched;
 		}
 
@@ -529,24 +530,24 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		goto matched;
 
 	      case 'Y':
-		  {
-		      VALUE n;
-		      int sign = 1;
-
-		      if (issign(str[si])) {
-			  if (str[si] == '-')
-			      sign = -1;
-			  si++;
-		      }
-		      if (NUM_PATTERN_P())
-			  READ_DIGITS(n, 4)
-		      else
-			  READ_DIGITS_MAX(n)
+		{
+		    VALUE n;
+		    int sign = 1;
+
+		    if (issign(str[si])) {
+			if (str[si] == '-')
+			    sign = -1;
+			si++;
+		    }
+		    if (NUM_PATTERN_P())
+			READ_DIGITS(n, 4);
+		    else
+			READ_DIGITS_MAX(n);
 		    if (sign == -1)
 			n = f_negate(n);
-		      set_hash("year", n);
-		      goto matched;
-		  }
+		    set_hash("year", n);
+		    goto matched;
+		}
 
 	      case 'y':
 		{
@@ -580,6 +581,7 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		    if (NIL_P(pat)) {
 			pat = rb_reg_new(pat_source, sizeof pat_source - 1,
 					 ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE);
+			rb_obj_freeze(pat);
 			rb_gc_register_mark_object(pat);
 		    }
 
@@ -668,7 +670,7 @@ date__strptime(const char *str, size_t slen,
     if (fail_p())
 	return Qnil;
 
-    cent = ref_hash("_cent");
+    cent = del_hash("_cent");
     if (!NIL_P(cent)) {
 	VALUE year;
 
@@ -678,10 +680,9 @@ date__strptime(const char *str, size_t slen,
 	year = ref_hash("year");
 	if (!NIL_P(year))
 	    set_hash("year", f_add(year, f_mul(cent, INT2FIX(100))));
-	del_hash("_cent");
     }
 
-    merid = ref_hash("_merid");
+    merid = del_hash("_merid");
     if (!NIL_P(merid)) {
 	VALUE hour;
 
@@ -690,7 +691,6 @@ date__strptime(const char *str, size_t slen,
 	    hour = f_mod(hour, INT2FIX(12));
 	    set_hash("hour", f_add(hour, merid));
 	}
-	del_hash("_merid");
     }
 
     return hash;
diff --git a/ext/date/depend b/ext/date/depend
index 2c24e91432..c686530c70 100644
--- a/ext/date/depend
+++ b/ext/date/depend
@@ -1,39 +1,492 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 date_core.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 date_core.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+date_core.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
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+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 date_strftime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
@@ -44,17 +497,169 @@ date_strftime.o: date_strftime.c
 date_strftime.o: date_tmx.h
 date_strptime.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 date_strptime.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rmatch.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/re.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/regex.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 date_strptime.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-date_strptime.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 date_strptime.o: date_strptime.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/date/extconf.rb b/ext/date/extconf.rb
index e8596952de..8938df13b3 100644
--- a/ext/date/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/date/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
+
 config_string("strict_warnflags") {|w| $warnflags += " #{w}"}
+
+have_var("timezone", "time.h")
+have_var("altzone", "time.h")
+
 create_makefile('date_core')
diff --git a/ext/date/lib/date.rb b/ext/date/lib/date.rb
index c10441e573..0a49076ab6 100644
--- a/ext/date/lib/date.rb
+++ b/ext/date/lib/date.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # date.rb: Written by Tadayoshi Funaba 1998-2011
 
 require 'date_core'
 
 class Date
+  VERSION = '3.1.3' # :nodoc:
 
-  class Infinity < Numeric # :nodoc:
+  def infinite?
+    false
+  end
 
-    include Comparable
+  class Infinity < Numeric # :nodoc:
 
     def initialize(d=1) @d = d <=> 0 end
 
diff --git a/ext/date/prereq.mk b/ext/date/prereq.mk
index a0a5a2bff3..eb71e55e71 100644
--- a/ext/date/prereq.mk
+++ b/ext/date/prereq.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 .SUFFIXES: .list
 
 .list.h:
-	gperf -E -C -c -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N $(*F) $< \
-	| sed 's/(int)(long)&((\(struct stringpool_t\) *\*)0)->\(stringpool_[a-z0-9]*\)/offsetof(\1, \2)/g' \
+	gperf --ignore-case -C -c -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N $(*F) $< \
+	| sed -f $(top_srcdir)/tool/gperf.sed \
 	> $(@F)
 
 zonetab.h: zonetab.list
+
+.PHONY: update-zonetab
+update-zonetab:
+	$(RUBY) -C $(srcdir) update-abbr
diff --git a/ext/date/update-abbr b/ext/date/update-abbr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fe9734e6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/date/update-abbr
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+require 'nokogiri'
+require 'open-uri'
+
+doc = Nokogiri::HTML(URI.open(ARGV[0] || 'https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/'))
+
+h = {}
+
+doc.css('#tz-abb tbody tr').each do |tr|
+  tds = tr.css('td')
+  abbr = tds[0].text.strip.downcase
+  offset = tds[3].text.strip.gsub(/UTC\s*/, '')
+  next if offset.include?('/') # skip ambiguous timezones
+  next if offset.empty?
+
+
+  hour, min = offset.split(':', 2)
+  offset = (Integer(hour) * 60 + (Integer(min || 0)))*60
+  if h.has_key?(abbr)
+    h[abbr] = false
+  else
+    h[abbr] = offset
+  end
+end
+
+h.delete_if{|_,v| !v}
+
+lines = File.readlines('zonetab.list')
+lines.map! do |l|
+  if (sep = /^%%/ =~ l)...(sep = /^%%/ =~ l) and !sep
+    z, o = l.split(/,\s*/, 2)
+    o.strip!
+    if ho = h.delete(z) and ho != eval(o)
+      warn "offset of #{z}: #{o} -> #{ho}"
+      l = l.sub(/,\s*\K.*/) {
+        if o.include?("*")
+          o1, o2 = ho.abs.divmod(3600)
+          o1 = "#{o1}*3600"
+          o1 = "(#{o1}+#{o2})" if o2 != 0
+          ho < 0 ? "-#{o1}" : o1
+        else
+          ho.to_s
+        end
+      }
+    end
+  end
+  l
+end
+
+lines.insert(-2, h.sort.map{|k,v| "#{k},#{v}\n"})
+lines.flatten!
+File.write('zonetab.list', lines.join)
diff --git a/ext/date/zonetab.h b/ext/date/zonetab.h
index fa86e7991a..379f78e1b8 100644
--- a/ext/date/zonetab.h
+++ b/ext/date/zonetab.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
-/* Command-line: gperf -E -C -c -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N zonetab zonetab.list  */
-/* Computed positions: -k'1-4,$' */
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
+/* Command-line: gperf --ignore-case -C -c -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N zonetab zonetab.list  */
+/* Computed positions: -k'1-4,9' */
 
 #if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
       && ('%' == 37) && ('&' == 38) && ('\'' == 39) && ('(' == 40) \
@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@
       && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
       && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126))
 /* The character set is not based on ISO-646.  */
-error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>."
+#error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gperf@gnu.org>."
 #endif
 
+#define gperf_offsetof(s, n) (short)offsetof(struct s##_t, s##_str##n)
 #line 1 "zonetab.list"
 
 struct zone {
@@ -38,865 +39,1524 @@ struct zone {
 static const struct zone *zonetab();
 #line 9 "zonetab.list"
 struct zone;
-/* maximum key range = 434, duplicates = 0 */
 
-#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__)
-inline
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 316
+#define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 1
+#define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 17
+#define MIN_HASH_VALUE 2
+#define MAX_HASH_VALUE 619
+/* maximum key range = 618, duplicates = 0 */
+
+#ifndef GPERF_DOWNCASE
+#define GPERF_DOWNCASE 1
+static unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
+  {
+      0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,
+     15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,
+     30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,  44,
+     45,  46,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  53,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,
+     60,  61,  62,  63,  64,  97,  98,  99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,
+    107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
+    122,  91,  92,  93,  94,  95,  96,  97,  98,  99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
+    105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
+    120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
+    135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
+    150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
+    165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,
+    180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194,
+    195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
+    210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
+    225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239,
+    240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254,
+    255
+  };
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP
+#define GPERF_CASE_STRNCMP 1
+static int
+gperf_case_strncmp (register const char *s1, register const char *s2, register size_t n)
+{
+  for (; n > 0;)
+    {
+      unsigned char c1 = gperf_downcase[(unsigned char)*s1++];
+      unsigned char c2 = gperf_downcase[(unsigned char)*s2++];
+      if (c1 != 0 && c1 == c2)
+        {
+          n--;
+          continue;
+        }
+      return (int)c1 - (int)c2;
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
 __inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
 #endif
 static unsigned int
-hash (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
   static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
     {
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439,  19, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439,   2,   4, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439,   8,   6,   3, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,   7,  63,  53,
-        2,   4,  32, 110,  88,  78,  90,  68,  47, 108,
-       10,  73,  81, 124,   3,   1,   4,  77, 116,  88,
-       15,  96,  45,   5, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439,
-      439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439, 439
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620,  17, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620,   3,   2, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620,  70,   8,   3, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620,  39, 176, 207,  70, 168,
+        1,   5,  18,  74, 218,   2, 117, 130,  48,  88,
+      125, 225,  92,   1,   1,  12,  54,  30,  36,  13,
+       48, 168, 263,  59, 114, 166, 109,  39, 176, 207,
+       70, 168,   1,   5,  18,  74, 218,   2, 117, 130,
+       48,  88, 125, 225,  92,   1,   1,  12,  54,  30,
+       36,  13,  48, 168, 263,  59, 114, 166, 109,  27,
+      104,   1,   9,   4, 309, 190, 188, 177, 255, 108,
+        2, 341,   3, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,  12,
+       54,  30,  36,  13,  48, 168, 263,  59, 114, 166,
+      109,  27, 104,   1,   9,   4, 309, 190, 188, 177,
+      255, 108,   2, 341,   3, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620,
+      620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620
     };
-  register int hval = len;
+  register unsigned int hval = (unsigned int)len;
 
   switch (hval)
     {
       default:
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[8]];
+      /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+      case 8:
+      case 7:
+      case 6:
+      case 5:
+      case 4:
         hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[3]];
       /*FALLTHROUGH*/
       case 3:
         hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[2]];
       /*FALLTHROUGH*/
       case 2:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[1]];
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[1]+6];
       /*FALLTHROUGH*/
       case 1:
-        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]+1];
+        hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]+52];
         break;
     }
-  return hval + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[len - 1]];
+  return (unsigned int)hval;
 }
 
 struct stringpool_t
   {
-    char stringpool_str5[sizeof("r")];
-    char stringpool_str6[sizeof("s")];
-    char stringpool_str7[sizeof("d")];
-    char stringpool_str14[sizeof("cst")];
-    char stringpool_str15[sizeof("cdt")];
-    char stringpool_str16[sizeof("sst")];
-    char stringpool_str17[sizeof("cet")];
-    char stringpool_str18[sizeof("msd")];
-    char stringpool_str19[sizeof("cest")];
-    char stringpool_str20[sizeof("cat")];
-    char stringpool_str22[sizeof("mst")];
-    char stringpool_str23[sizeof("mdt")];
-    char stringpool_str24[sizeof("sast")];
-    char stringpool_str25[sizeof("met")];
-    char stringpool_str27[sizeof("mest")];
-    char stringpool_str30[sizeof("wet")];
-    char stringpool_str31[sizeof("dateline")];
-    char stringpool_str32[sizeof("west")];
-    char stringpool_str33[sizeof("wat")];
-    char stringpool_str35[sizeof("wast")];
-    char stringpool_str36[sizeof("wadt")];
-    char stringpool_str37[sizeof("e")];
-    char stringpool_str38[sizeof("central europe")];
-    char stringpool_str39[sizeof("central asia")];
-    char stringpool_str40[sizeof("west asia")];
-    char stringpool_str41[sizeof("cen. australia")];
-    char stringpool_str42[sizeof("central america")];
-    char stringpool_str44[sizeof("est")];
-    char stringpool_str45[sizeof("edt")];
-    char stringpool_str46[sizeof("central european")];
-    char stringpool_str47[sizeof("eet")];
-    char stringpool_str48[sizeof("se asia")];
-    char stringpool_str49[sizeof("eest")];
-    char stringpool_str50[sizeof("eat")];
-    char stringpool_str51[sizeof("z")];
-    char stringpool_str52[sizeof("east")];
-    char stringpool_str53[sizeof("eadt")];
-    char stringpool_str54[sizeof("sa eastern")];
-    char stringpool_str55[sizeof("w. europe")];
-    char stringpool_str56[sizeof("c")];
-    char stringpool_str57[sizeof("yst")];
-    char stringpool_str58[sizeof("ydt")];
-    char stringpool_str59[sizeof("kst")];
-    char stringpool_str60[sizeof("clt")];
-    char stringpool_str61[sizeof("eastern")];
-    char stringpool_str62[sizeof("clst")];
-    char stringpool_str63[sizeof("bt")];
-    char stringpool_str64[sizeof("w. australia")];
-    char stringpool_str65[sizeof("bst")];
-    char stringpool_str66[sizeof("cct")];
-    char stringpool_str67[sizeof("brt")];
-    char stringpool_str69[sizeof("brst")];
-    char stringpool_str71[sizeof("a")];
-    char stringpool_str72[sizeof("e. europe")];
-    char stringpool_str73[sizeof("at")];
-    char stringpool_str74[sizeof("central")];
-    char stringpool_str75[sizeof("ast")];
-    char stringpool_str76[sizeof("adt")];
-    char stringpool_str77[sizeof("art")];
-    char stringpool_str78[sizeof("e. africa")];
-    char stringpool_str79[sizeof("e. south america")];
-    char stringpool_str80[sizeof("jst")];
-    char stringpool_str81[sizeof("e. australia")];
-    char stringpool_str82[sizeof("t")];
-    char stringpool_str83[sizeof("nt")];
-    char stringpool_str84[sizeof("n")];
-    char stringpool_str85[sizeof("nst")];
-    char stringpool_str86[sizeof("ndt")];
-    char stringpool_str87[sizeof("canada central")];
-    char stringpool_str88[sizeof("central pacific")];
-    char stringpool_str89[sizeof("west pacific")];
-    char stringpool_str90[sizeof("hst")];
-    char stringpool_str91[sizeof("hdt")];
-    char stringpool_str93[sizeof("malay peninsula")];
-    char stringpool_str95[sizeof("zp6")];
-    char stringpool_str97[sizeof("russian")];
-    char stringpool_str98[sizeof("hast")];
-    char stringpool_str99[sizeof("hadt")];
-    char stringpool_str100[sizeof("gst")];
-    char stringpool_str101[sizeof("zp5")];
-    char stringpool_str102[sizeof("ist")];
-    char stringpool_str103[sizeof("swt")];
-    char stringpool_str104[sizeof("w")];
-    char stringpool_str105[sizeof("zp4")];
-    char stringpool_str107[sizeof("mez")];
-    char stringpool_str108[sizeof("cape verde")];
-    char stringpool_str109[sizeof("mesz")];
-    char stringpool_str110[sizeof("greenland")];
-    char stringpool_str112[sizeof("x")];
-    char stringpool_str114[sizeof("mewt")];
-    char stringpool_str115[sizeof("w. central africa")];
-    char stringpool_str116[sizeof("k")];
-    char stringpool_str117[sizeof("b")];
-    char stringpool_str119[sizeof("m")];
-    char stringpool_str120[sizeof("sri lanka")];
-    char stringpool_str122[sizeof("fst")];
-    char stringpool_str124[sizeof("iran")];
-    char stringpool_str125[sizeof("sgt")];
-    char stringpool_str126[sizeof("ut")];
-    char stringpool_str128[sizeof("q")];
-    char stringpool_str129[sizeof("nzt")];
-    char stringpool_str131[sizeof("nzst")];
-    char stringpool_str132[sizeof("nzdt")];
-    char stringpool_str133[sizeof("myanmar")];
-    char stringpool_str135[sizeof("alaskan")];
-    char stringpool_str136[sizeof("pst")];
-    char stringpool_str137[sizeof("pdt")];
-    char stringpool_str138[sizeof("sa western")];
-    char stringpool_str139[sizeof("korea")];
-    char stringpool_str142[sizeof("y")];
-    char stringpool_str143[sizeof("f")];
-    char stringpool_str144[sizeof("akst")];
-    char stringpool_str145[sizeof("akdt")];
-    char stringpool_str148[sizeof("caucasus")];
-    char stringpool_str150[sizeof("msk")];
-    char stringpool_str151[sizeof("idle")];
-    char stringpool_str153[sizeof("arabian")];
-    char stringpool_str155[sizeof("o")];
-    char stringpool_str156[sizeof("l")];
-    char stringpool_str157[sizeof("mid-atlantic")];
-    char stringpool_str160[sizeof("us eastern")];
-    char stringpool_str164[sizeof("ahst")];
-    char stringpool_str167[sizeof("h")];
-    char stringpool_str168[sizeof("fle")];
-    char stringpool_str169[sizeof("i")];
-    char stringpool_str170[sizeof("north asia")];
-    char stringpool_str171[sizeof("n. central asia")];
-    char stringpool_str172[sizeof("north asia east")];
-    char stringpool_str174[sizeof("sa pacific")];
-    char stringpool_str177[sizeof("south africa")];
-    char stringpool_str181[sizeof("aus eastern")];
-    char stringpool_str182[sizeof("atlantic")];
-    char stringpool_str186[sizeof("mexico")];
-    char stringpool_str188[sizeof("mountain")];
-    char stringpool_str190[sizeof("china")];
-    char stringpool_str191[sizeof("azores")];
-    char stringpool_str192[sizeof("india")];
-    char stringpool_str194[sizeof("u")];
-    char stringpool_str195[sizeof("arabic")];
-    char stringpool_str196[sizeof("greenwich")];
-    char stringpool_str197[sizeof("new zealand")];
-    char stringpool_str198[sizeof("hawaiian")];
-    char stringpool_str199[sizeof("g")];
-    char stringpool_str200[sizeof("romance")];
-    char stringpool_str203[sizeof("arab")];
-    char stringpool_str204[sizeof("samoa")];
-    char stringpool_str205[sizeof("v")];
-    char stringpool_str206[sizeof("p")];
-    char stringpool_str207[sizeof("gmt")];
-    char stringpool_str208[sizeof("tasmania")];
-    char stringpool_str209[sizeof("fwt")];
-    char stringpool_str211[sizeof("newfoundland")];
-    char stringpool_str217[sizeof("nepal")];
-    char stringpool_str218[sizeof("aus central")];
-    char stringpool_str221[sizeof("gtb")];
-    char stringpool_str223[sizeof("vladivostok")];
-    char stringpool_str229[sizeof("utc")];
-    char stringpool_str233[sizeof("ekaterinburg")];
-    char stringpool_str265[sizeof("us mountain")];
-    char stringpool_str269[sizeof("jerusalem")];
-    char stringpool_str272[sizeof("yakutsk")];
-    char stringpool_str279[sizeof("pacific sa")];
-    char stringpool_str282[sizeof("tonga")];
-    char stringpool_str314[sizeof("afghanistan")];
-    char stringpool_str319[sizeof("idlw")];
-    char stringpool_str322[sizeof("pacific")];
-    char stringpool_str327[sizeof("taipei")];
-    char stringpool_str328[sizeof("egypt")];
-    char stringpool_str392[sizeof("tokyo")];
-    char stringpool_str438[sizeof("fiji")];
+    char stringpool_str2[sizeof("o")];
+    char stringpool_str3[sizeof("x")];
+    char stringpool_str4[sizeof("z")];
+    char stringpool_str5[sizeof("q")];
+    char stringpool_str8[sizeof("omst")];
+    char stringpool_str9[sizeof("omsst")];
+    char stringpool_str10[sizeof("p")];
+    char stringpool_str13[sizeof("a")];
+    char stringpool_str14[sizeof("e")];
+    char stringpool_str15[sizeof("pet")];
+    char stringpool_str16[sizeof("pmst")];
+    char stringpool_str17[sizeof("pett")];
+    char stringpool_str18[sizeof("petst")];
+    char stringpool_str19[sizeof("eet")];
+    char stringpool_str20[sizeof("aest")];
+    char stringpool_str21[sizeof("eest")];
+    char stringpool_str22[sizeof("eat")];
+    char stringpool_str24[sizeof("east")];
+    char stringpool_str25[sizeof("easst")];
+    char stringpool_str26[sizeof("pst")];
+    char stringpool_str27[sizeof("eastern")];
+    char stringpool_str28[sizeof("m")];
+    char stringpool_str29[sizeof("ast")];
+    char stringpool_str30[sizeof("est")];
+    char stringpool_str31[sizeof("c")];
+    char stringpool_str32[sizeof("mmt")];
+    char stringpool_str33[sizeof("met")];
+    char stringpool_str35[sizeof("mest")];
+    char stringpool_str36[sizeof("cet")];
+    char stringpool_str37[sizeof("d")];
+    char stringpool_str38[sizeof("cest")];
+    char stringpool_str39[sizeof("cat")];
+    char stringpool_str41[sizeof("cast")];
+    char stringpool_str42[sizeof("magt")];
+    char stringpool_str43[sizeof("magst")];
+    char stringpool_str44[sizeof("mst")];
+    char stringpool_str45[sizeof("msk")];
+    char stringpool_str46[sizeof("cot")];
+    char stringpool_str47[sizeof("cst")];
+    char stringpool_str48[sizeof("aqtt")];
+    char stringpool_str49[sizeof("f")];
+    char stringpool_str52[sizeof("art")];
+    char stringpool_str53[sizeof("fnt")];
+    char stringpool_str54[sizeof("fet")];
+    char stringpool_str55[sizeof("b")];
+    char stringpool_str57[sizeof("anat")];
+    char stringpool_str58[sizeof("anast")];
+    char stringpool_str59[sizeof("bnt")];
+    char stringpool_str60[sizeof("i")];
+    char stringpool_str61[sizeof("pht")];
+    char stringpool_str62[sizeof("at")];
+    char stringpool_str63[sizeof("zp6")];
+    char stringpool_str64[sizeof("mewt")];
+    char stringpool_str65[sizeof("fst")];
+    char stringpool_str66[sizeof("ahst")];
+    char stringpool_str67[sizeof("mawt")];
+    char stringpool_str68[sizeof("zp5")];
+    char stringpool_str70[sizeof("bot")];
+    char stringpool_str71[sizeof("bst")];
+    char stringpool_str72[sizeof("pwt")];
+    char stringpool_str74[sizeof("pont")];
+    char stringpool_str75[sizeof("iot")];
+    char stringpool_str76[sizeof("ist")];
+    char stringpool_str77[sizeof("awst")];
+    char stringpool_str79[sizeof("mht")];
+    char stringpool_str80[sizeof("mez")];
+    char stringpool_str81[sizeof("orat")];
+    char stringpool_str82[sizeof("mesz")];
+    char stringpool_str84[sizeof("chst")];
+    char stringpool_str85[sizeof("pmdt")];
+    char stringpool_str88[sizeof("central")];
+    char stringpool_str89[sizeof("aedt")];
+    char stringpool_str90[sizeof("act")];
+    char stringpool_str91[sizeof("ect")];
+    char stringpool_str92[sizeof("acst")];
+    char stringpool_str93[sizeof("eadt")];
+    char stringpool_str94[sizeof("brt")];
+    char stringpool_str95[sizeof("chut")];
+    char stringpool_str96[sizeof("brst")];
+    char stringpool_str97[sizeof("cen. australia")];
+    char stringpool_str100[sizeof("davt")];
+    char stringpool_str101[sizeof("irst")];
+    char stringpool_str102[sizeof("irkt")];
+    char stringpool_str103[sizeof("irkst")];
+    char stringpool_str104[sizeof("bt")];
+    char stringpool_str105[sizeof("n")];
+    char stringpool_str106[sizeof("btt")];
+    char stringpool_str107[sizeof("mountain")];
+    char stringpool_str108[sizeof("cct")];
+    char stringpool_str109[sizeof("w")];
+    char stringpool_str110[sizeof("l")];
+    char stringpool_str111[sizeof("fwt")];
+    char stringpool_str113[sizeof("msd")];
+    char stringpool_str114[sizeof("wet")];
+    char stringpool_str116[sizeof("west")];
+    char stringpool_str117[sizeof("wat")];
+    char stringpool_str119[sizeof("wast")];
+    char stringpool_str120[sizeof("wakt")];
+    char stringpool_str121[sizeof("nst")];
+    char stringpool_str122[sizeof("acwst")];
+    char stringpool_str123[sizeof("chast")];
+    char stringpool_str124[sizeof("cist")];
+    char stringpool_str125[sizeof("azt")];
+    char stringpool_str126[sizeof("clt")];
+    char stringpool_str127[sizeof("azst")];
+    char stringpool_str128[sizeof("clst")];
+    char stringpool_str129[sizeof("mart")];
+    char stringpool_str130[sizeof("zp4")];
+    char stringpool_str131[sizeof("jst")];
+    char stringpool_str132[sizeof("central asia")];
+    char stringpool_str133[sizeof("aft")];
+    char stringpool_str134[sizeof("e. south america")];
+    char stringpool_str135[sizeof("central america")];
+    char stringpool_str137[sizeof("ict")];
+    char stringpool_str143[sizeof("pgt")];
+    char stringpool_str144[sizeof("nrt")];
+    char stringpool_str145[sizeof("mexico")];
+    char stringpool_str146[sizeof("awdt")];
+    char stringpool_str147[sizeof("egt")];
+    char stringpool_str148[sizeof("cxt")];
+    char stringpool_str149[sizeof("egst")];
+    char stringpool_str150[sizeof("phot")];
+    char stringpool_str151[sizeof("alaskan")];
+    char stringpool_str154[sizeof("nt")];
+    char stringpool_str158[sizeof("wt")];
+    char stringpool_str160[sizeof("west asia")];
+    char stringpool_str161[sizeof("acdt")];
+    char stringpool_str162[sizeof("npt")];
+    char stringpool_str163[sizeof("lhst")];
+    char stringpool_str164[sizeof("afghanistan")];
+    char stringpool_str167[sizeof("k")];
+    char stringpool_str169[sizeof("g")];
+    char stringpool_str170[sizeof("irdt")];
+    char stringpool_str171[sizeof("chot")];
+    char stringpool_str172[sizeof("chost")];
+    char stringpool_str173[sizeof("gmt")];
+    char stringpool_str174[sizeof("get")];
+    char stringpool_str175[sizeof("novt")];
+    char stringpool_str176[sizeof("novst")];
+    char stringpool_str177[sizeof("fjt")];
+    char stringpool_str178[sizeof("u")];
+    char stringpool_str179[sizeof("fjst")];
+    char stringpool_str181[sizeof("pyst")];
+    char stringpool_str182[sizeof("nct")];
+    char stringpool_str183[sizeof("kst")];
+    char stringpool_str184[sizeof("kost")];
+    char stringpool_str185[sizeof("gst")];
+    char stringpool_str186[sizeof("iran")];
+    char stringpool_str187[sizeof("e. africa")];
+    char stringpool_str188[sizeof("wadt")];
+    char stringpool_str189[sizeof("t")];
+    char stringpool_str190[sizeof("e. australia")];
+    char stringpool_str191[sizeof("s")];
+    char stringpool_str192[sizeof("chadt")];
+    char stringpool_str193[sizeof("tmt")];
+    char stringpool_str194[sizeof("cidst")];
+    char stringpool_str195[sizeof("aoe")];
+    char stringpool_str197[sizeof("myt")];
+    char stringpool_str198[sizeof("west pacific")];
+    char stringpool_str199[sizeof("mut")];
+    char stringpool_str200[sizeof("wit")];
+    char stringpool_str201[sizeof("sast")];
+    char stringpool_str202[sizeof("sakt")];
+    char stringpool_str203[sizeof("new zealand")];
+    char stringpool_str204[sizeof("tot")];
+    char stringpool_str205[sizeof("china")];
+    char stringpool_str206[sizeof("tost")];
+    char stringpool_str207[sizeof("sst")];
+    char stringpool_str209[sizeof("india")];
+    char stringpool_str211[sizeof("warst")];
+    char stringpool_str212[sizeof("sbt")];
+    char stringpool_str214[sizeof("azot")];
+    char stringpool_str215[sizeof("azost")];
+    char stringpool_str216[sizeof("taht")];
+    char stringpool_str217[sizeof("nzt")];
+    char stringpool_str218[sizeof("dateline")];
+    char stringpool_str219[sizeof("nzst")];
+    char stringpool_str220[sizeof("tokyo")];
+    char stringpool_str221[sizeof("central pacific")];
+    char stringpool_str223[sizeof("qyzt")];
+    char stringpool_str224[sizeof("atlantic")];
+    char stringpool_str225[sizeof("nft")];
+    char stringpool_str227[sizeof("ut")];
+    char stringpool_str228[sizeof("trt")];
+    char stringpool_str229[sizeof("wft")];
+    char stringpool_str230[sizeof("srt")];
+    char stringpool_str231[sizeof("pdt")];
+    char stringpool_str232[sizeof("lhdt")];
+    char stringpool_str234[sizeof("adt")];
+    char stringpool_str235[sizeof("edt")];
+    char stringpool_str238[sizeof("pkt")];
+    char stringpool_str239[sizeof("almt")];
+    char stringpool_str240[sizeof("wita")];
+    char stringpool_str242[sizeof("wgt")];
+    char stringpool_str243[sizeof("akst")];
+    char stringpool_str244[sizeof("wgst")];
+    char stringpool_str246[sizeof("krat")];
+    char stringpool_str247[sizeof("krast")];
+    char stringpool_str248[sizeof("mid-atlantic")];
+    char stringpool_str249[sizeof("mdt")];
+    char stringpool_str250[sizeof("lint")];
+    char stringpool_str251[sizeof("malay peninsula")];
+    char stringpool_str252[sizeof("cdt")];
+    char stringpool_str253[sizeof("swt")];
+    char stringpool_str255[sizeof("se asia")];
+    char stringpool_str256[sizeof("v")];
+    char stringpool_str258[sizeof("tonga")];
+    char stringpool_str259[sizeof("ckt")];
+    char stringpool_str261[sizeof("vet")];
+    char stringpool_str262[sizeof("caucasus")];
+    char stringpool_str263[sizeof("central europe")];
+    char stringpool_str264[sizeof("h")];
+    char stringpool_str265[sizeof("central european")];
+    char stringpool_str266[sizeof("newfoundland")];
+    char stringpool_str267[sizeof("arab")];
+    char stringpool_str268[sizeof("sct")];
+    char stringpool_str269[sizeof("arabic")];
+    char stringpool_str270[sizeof("arabian")];
+    char stringpool_str271[sizeof("ddut")];
+    char stringpool_str273[sizeof("vost")];
+    char stringpool_str274[sizeof("hast")];
+    char stringpool_str275[sizeof("nepal")];
+    char stringpool_str276[sizeof("nut")];
+    char stringpool_str277[sizeof("fkt")];
+    char stringpool_str279[sizeof("fkst")];
+    char stringpool_str280[sizeof("hst")];
+    char stringpool_str281[sizeof("idt")];
+    char stringpool_str284[sizeof("tlt")];
+    char stringpool_str285[sizeof("w. australia")];
+    char stringpool_str286[sizeof("egypt")];
+    char stringpool_str287[sizeof("myanmar")];
+    char stringpool_str288[sizeof("nzdt")];
+    char stringpool_str289[sizeof("gft")];
+    char stringpool_str290[sizeof("uzt")];
+    char stringpool_str293[sizeof("north asia")];
+    char stringpool_str294[sizeof("mvt")];
+    char stringpool_str295[sizeof("galt")];
+    char stringpool_str296[sizeof("nfdt")];
+    char stringpool_str297[sizeof("cvt")];
+    char stringpool_str298[sizeof("north asia east")];
+    char stringpool_str300[sizeof("kgt")];
+    char stringpool_str301[sizeof("aus central")];
+    char stringpool_str302[sizeof("pacific")];
+    char stringpool_str304[sizeof("canada central")];
+    char stringpool_str306[sizeof("pacific sa")];
+    char stringpool_str307[sizeof("azores")];
+    char stringpool_str308[sizeof("gamt")];
+    char stringpool_str309[sizeof("tft")];
+    char stringpool_str310[sizeof("r")];
+    char stringpool_str311[sizeof("fle")];
+    char stringpool_str312[sizeof("akdt")];
+    char stringpool_str313[sizeof("ulat")];
+    char stringpool_str314[sizeof("ulast")];
+    char stringpool_str315[sizeof("ret")];
+    char stringpool_str317[sizeof("tjt")];
+    char stringpool_str319[sizeof("south africa")];
+    char stringpool_str324[sizeof("sgt")];
+    char stringpool_str326[sizeof("ndt")];
+    char stringpool_str327[sizeof("rott")];
+    char stringpool_str330[sizeof("samt")];
+    char stringpool_str332[sizeof("tasmania")];
+    char stringpool_str334[sizeof("hovt")];
+    char stringpool_str335[sizeof("hovst")];
+    char stringpool_str338[sizeof("gyt")];
+    char stringpool_str342[sizeof("y")];
+    char stringpool_str343[sizeof("hadt")];
+    char stringpool_str344[sizeof("sa western")];
+    char stringpool_str345[sizeof("hawaiian")];
+    char stringpool_str347[sizeof("uyt")];
+    char stringpool_str349[sizeof("uyst")];
+    char stringpool_str350[sizeof("yekt")];
+    char stringpool_str351[sizeof("yekst")];
+    char stringpool_str352[sizeof("kuyt")];
+    char stringpool_str353[sizeof("yakt")];
+    char stringpool_str354[sizeof("yakst")];
+    char stringpool_str358[sizeof("yst")];
+    char stringpool_str359[sizeof("jerusalem")];
+    char stringpool_str365[sizeof("sri lanka")];
+    char stringpool_str367[sizeof("yakutsk")];
+    char stringpool_str375[sizeof("wib")];
+    char stringpool_str377[sizeof("aus eastern")];
+    char stringpool_str378[sizeof("gilt")];
+    char stringpool_str387[sizeof("us mountain")];
+    char stringpool_str391[sizeof("vlat")];
+    char stringpool_str392[sizeof("vlast")];
+    char stringpool_str395[sizeof("gtb")];
+    char stringpool_str398[sizeof("taipei")];
+    char stringpool_str399[sizeof("sret")];
+    char stringpool_str408[sizeof("cape verde")];
+    char stringpool_str417[sizeof("tkt")];
+    char stringpool_str418[sizeof("samoa")];
+    char stringpool_str421[sizeof("sa pacific")];
+    char stringpool_str427[sizeof("vut")];
+    char stringpool_str428[sizeof("idlw")];
+    char stringpool_str432[sizeof("fiji")];
+    char stringpool_str435[sizeof("utc")];
+    char stringpool_str443[sizeof("korea")];
+    char stringpool_str445[sizeof("e. europe")];
+    char stringpool_str449[sizeof("syot")];
+    char stringpool_str452[sizeof("n. central asia")];
+    char stringpool_str455[sizeof("tvt")];
+    char stringpool_str458[sizeof("w. central africa")];
+    char stringpool_str466[sizeof("ekaterinburg")];
+    char stringpool_str468[sizeof("vladivostok")];
+    char stringpool_str476[sizeof("yapt")];
+    char stringpool_str477[sizeof("us eastern")];
+    char stringpool_str482[sizeof("sa eastern")];
+    char stringpool_str485[sizeof("hdt")];
+    char stringpool_str486[sizeof("russian")];
+    char stringpool_str492[sizeof("hkt")];
+    char stringpool_str497[sizeof("romance")];
+    char stringpool_str540[sizeof("w. europe")];
+    char stringpool_str563[sizeof("ydt")];
+    char stringpool_str566[sizeof("idle")];
+    char stringpool_str567[sizeof("greenwich")];
+    char stringpool_str619[sizeof("greenland")];
   };
 static const struct stringpool_t stringpool_contents =
   {
-    "r",
-    "s",
-    "d",
-    "cst",
-    "cdt",
-    "sst",
-    "cet",
-    "msd",
-    "cest",
-    "cat",
-    "mst",
-    "mdt",
-    "sast",
-    "met",
-    "mest",
-    "wet",
-    "dateline",
-    "west",
-    "wat",
-    "wast",
-    "wadt",
+    "o",
+    "x",
+    "z",
+    "q",
+    "omst",
+    "omsst",
+    "p",
+    "a",
     "e",
-    "central europe",
-    "central asia",
-    "west asia",
-    "cen. australia",
-    "central america",
-    "est",
-    "edt",
-    "central european",
+    "pet",
+    "pmst",
+    "pett",
+    "petst",
     "eet",
-    "se asia",
+    "aest",
     "eest",
     "eat",
-    "z",
     "east",
-    "eadt",
-    "sa eastern",
-    "w. europe",
-    "c",
-    "yst",
-    "ydt",
-    "kst",
-    "clt",
+    "easst",
+    "pst",
     "eastern",
-    "clst",
-    "bt",
-    "w. australia",
-    "bst",
-    "cct",
-    "brt",
-    "brst",
-    "a",
-    "e. europe",
-    "at",
-    "central",
+    "m",
     "ast",
-    "adt",
+    "est",
+    "c",
+    "mmt",
+    "met",
+    "mest",
+    "cet",
+    "d",
+    "cest",
+    "cat",
+    "cast",
+    "magt",
+    "magst",
+    "mst",
+    "msk",
+    "cot",
+    "cst",
+    "aqtt",
+    "f",
     "art",
-    "e. africa",
-    "e. south america",
-    "jst",
-    "e. australia",
-    "t",
-    "nt",
-    "n",
-    "nst",
-    "ndt",
-    "canada central",
-    "central pacific",
-    "west pacific",
-    "hst",
-    "hdt",
-    "malay peninsula",
+    "fnt",
+    "fet",
+    "b",
+    "anat",
+    "anast",
+    "bnt",
+    "i",
+    "pht",
+    "at",
     "zp6",
-    "russian",
-    "hast",
-    "hadt",
-    "gst",
+    "mewt",
+    "fst",
+    "ahst",
+    "mawt",
     "zp5",
+    "bot",
+    "bst",
+    "pwt",
+    "pont",
+    "iot",
     "ist",
-    "swt",
-    "w",
-    "zp4",
+    "awst",
+    "mht",
     "mez",
-    "cape verde",
+    "orat",
     "mesz",
-    "greenland",
-    "x",
-    "mewt",
-    "w. central africa",
+    "chst",
+    "pmdt",
+    "central",
+    "aedt",
+    "act",
+    "ect",
+    "acst",
+    "eadt",
+    "brt",
+    "chut",
+    "brst",
+    "cen. australia",
+    "davt",
+    "irst",
+    "irkt",
+    "irkst",
+    "bt",
+    "n",
+    "btt",
+    "mountain",
+    "cct",
+    "w",
+    "l",
+    "fwt",
+    "msd",
+    "wet",
+    "west",
+    "wat",
+    "wast",
+    "wakt",
+    "nst",
+    "acwst",
+    "chast",
+    "cist",
+    "azt",
+    "clt",
+    "azst",
+    "clst",
+    "mart",
+    "zp4",
+    "jst",
+    "central asia",
+    "aft",
+    "e. south america",
+    "central america",
+    "ict",
+    "pgt",
+    "nrt",
+    "mexico",
+    "awdt",
+    "egt",
+    "cxt",
+    "egst",
+    "phot",
+    "alaskan",
+    "nt",
+    "wt",
+    "west asia",
+    "acdt",
+    "npt",
+    "lhst",
+    "afghanistan",
     "k",
-    "b",
-    "m",
-    "sri lanka",
-    "fst",
+    "g",
+    "irdt",
+    "chot",
+    "chost",
+    "gmt",
+    "get",
+    "novt",
+    "novst",
+    "fjt",
+    "u",
+    "fjst",
+    "pyst",
+    "nct",
+    "kst",
+    "kost",
+    "gst",
     "iran",
-    "sgt",
-    "ut",
-    "q",
+    "e. africa",
+    "wadt",
+    "t",
+    "e. australia",
+    "s",
+    "chadt",
+    "tmt",
+    "cidst",
+    "aoe",
+    "myt",
+    "west pacific",
+    "mut",
+    "wit",
+    "sast",
+    "sakt",
+    "new zealand",
+    "tot",
+    "china",
+    "tost",
+    "sst",
+    "india",
+    "warst",
+    "sbt",
+    "azot",
+    "azost",
+    "taht",
     "nzt",
+    "dateline",
     "nzst",
-    "nzdt",
-    "myanmar",
-    "alaskan",
-    "pst",
+    "tokyo",
+    "central pacific",
+    "qyzt",
+    "atlantic",
+    "nft",
+    "ut",
+    "trt",
+    "wft",
+    "srt",
     "pdt",
-    "sa western",
-    "korea",
-    "y",
-    "f",
+    "lhdt",
+    "adt",
+    "edt",
+    "pkt",
+    "almt",
+    "wita",
+    "wgt",
     "akst",
-    "akdt",
-    "caucasus",
-    "msk",
-    "idle",
-    "arabian",
-    "o",
-    "l",
+    "wgst",
+    "krat",
+    "krast",
     "mid-atlantic",
-    "us eastern",
-    "ahst",
+    "mdt",
+    "lint",
+    "malay peninsula",
+    "cdt",
+    "swt",
+    "se asia",
+    "v",
+    "tonga",
+    "ckt",
+    "vet",
+    "caucasus",
+    "central europe",
     "h",
-    "fle",
-    "i",
+    "central european",
+    "newfoundland",
+    "arab",
+    "sct",
+    "arabic",
+    "arabian",
+    "ddut",
+    "vost",
+    "hast",
+    "nepal",
+    "nut",
+    "fkt",
+    "fkst",
+    "hst",
+    "idt",
+    "tlt",
+    "w. australia",
+    "egypt",
+    "myanmar",
+    "nzdt",
+    "gft",
+    "uzt",
     "north asia",
-    "n. central asia",
+    "mvt",
+    "galt",
+    "nfdt",
+    "cvt",
     "north asia east",
-    "sa pacific",
-    "south africa",
-    "aus eastern",
-    "atlantic",
-    "mexico",
-    "mountain",
-    "china",
+    "kgt",
+    "aus central",
+    "pacific",
+    "canada central",
+    "pacific sa",
     "azores",
-    "india",
-    "u",
-    "arabic",
-    "greenwich",
-    "new zealand",
-    "hawaiian",
-    "g",
-    "romance",
-    "arab",
-    "samoa",
-    "v",
-    "p",
-    "gmt",
+    "gamt",
+    "tft",
+    "r",
+    "fle",
+    "akdt",
+    "ulat",
+    "ulast",
+    "ret",
+    "tjt",
+    "south africa",
+    "sgt",
+    "ndt",
+    "rott",
+    "samt",
     "tasmania",
-    "fwt",
-    "newfoundland",
-    "nepal",
-    "aus central",
-    "gtb",
-    "vladivostok",
-    "utc",
-    "ekaterinburg",
-    "us mountain",
+    "hovt",
+    "hovst",
+    "gyt",
+    "y",
+    "hadt",
+    "sa western",
+    "hawaiian",
+    "uyt",
+    "uyst",
+    "yekt",
+    "yekst",
+    "kuyt",
+    "yakt",
+    "yakst",
+    "yst",
     "jerusalem",
+    "sri lanka",
     "yakutsk",
-    "pacific sa",
-    "tonga",
-    "afghanistan",
-    "idlw",
-    "pacific",
+    "wib",
+    "aus eastern",
+    "gilt",
+    "us mountain",
+    "vlat",
+    "vlast",
+    "gtb",
     "taipei",
-    "egypt",
-    "tokyo",
-    "fiji"
+    "sret",
+    "cape verde",
+    "tkt",
+    "samoa",
+    "sa pacific",
+    "vut",
+    "idlw",
+    "fiji",
+    "utc",
+    "korea",
+    "e. europe",
+    "syot",
+    "n. central asia",
+    "tvt",
+    "w. central africa",
+    "ekaterinburg",
+    "vladivostok",
+    "yapt",
+    "us eastern",
+    "sa eastern",
+    "hdt",
+    "russian",
+    "hkt",
+    "romance",
+    "w. europe",
+    "ydt",
+    "idle",
+    "greenwich",
+    "greenland"
   };
 #define stringpool ((const char *) &stringpool_contents)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
 const struct zone *
-zonetab (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+zonetab (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
-  enum
-    {
-      TOTAL_KEYWORDS = 170,
-      MIN_WORD_LENGTH = 1,
-      MAX_WORD_LENGTH = 17,
-      MIN_HASH_VALUE = 5,
-      MAX_HASH_VALUE = 438
-    };
-
   static const struct zone wordlist[] =
     {
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 37 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str5),   -5*3600},
-#line 38 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str6),   -6*3600},
-#line 24 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str7),    4*3600},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 15 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str14), -6*3600},
-#line 16 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str15), -5*3600},
-#line 85 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str16),  2*3600},
-#line 71 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str17),  1*3600},
-#line 90 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str18),  4*3600},
-#line 79 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str19), 2*3600},
-#line 65 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str20),-10*3600},
-      {-1},
-#line 17 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str22), -7*3600},
-#line 18 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str23), -6*3600},
-#line 84 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str24), 2*3600},
-#line 73 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str25),  1*3600},
-      {-1},
-#line 82 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str27), 2*3600},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 47 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str30),  0*3600},
-#line 128 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str31),               -43200},
-#line 78 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str32), 1*3600},
-#line 77 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str33),  1*3600},
-      {-1},
-#line 95 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str35), 7*3600},
-#line 98 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str36), 8*3600},
+#line 34 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 2),   -2*3600},
+#line 43 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 3),  -11*3600},
+#line 45 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 4),    0*3600},
+#line 36 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 5),   -4*3600},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 269 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 8),21600},
+#line 268 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 9),25200},
+#line 35 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 10),   -3*3600},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 21 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 13),    1*3600},
 #line 25 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str37),    5*3600},
-#line 123 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str38),           3600},
-#line 122 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str39),            21600},
-#line 178 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str40),               18000},
-#line 120 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str41),          34200},
-#line 121 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str42),        -21600},
-      {-1},
-#line 13 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str44), -5*3600},
-#line 14 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str45), -4*3600},
-#line 124 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str46),         3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 14),    5*3600},
+#line 271 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 15),-18000},
+#line 279 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 16),-10800},
+#line 273 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 17),43200},
+#line 272 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 18),43200},
 #line 80 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str47),  2*3600},
-#line 164 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str48),                 25200},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 19),  2*3600},
+#line 186 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 20),36000},
 #line 88 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str49), 3*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 21), 3*3600},
 #line 87 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str50),  3*3600},
-#line 45 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str51),    0*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 22),  3*3600},
+      {-1},
 #line 101 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str52),10*3600},
-#line 103 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str53),11*3600},
-#line 160 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str54),             -10800},
-#line 177 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str55),                3600},
-#line 23 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str56),    3*3600},
-#line 63 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str57), -9*3600},
-#line 59 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str58), -8*3600},
-#line 100 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str59),  9*3600},
-#line 57 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str60), -4*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 24),10*3600},
+#line 217 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 25),-18000},
+#line 19 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 26), -8*3600},
 #line 133 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str61),                -18000},
-#line 54 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str62),-3*3600},
-#line 86 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str63),   3*3600},
-#line 175 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str64),            28800},
-#line 70 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str65),  1*3600},
-#line 96 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str66),  8*3600},
-#line 53 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str67), -3*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 27),                -18000},
+#line 32 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 28),   12*3600},
+#line 56 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 29), -4*3600},
+#line 13 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 30), -5*3600},
+#line 23 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 31),    3*3600},
+#line 256 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 32),23400},
+#line 73 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 33),  1*3600},
       {-1},
-#line 49 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str69),-2*3600},
+#line 82 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 35), 2*3600},
+#line 71 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 36),  1*3600},
+#line 24 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 37),    4*3600},
+#line 79 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 38), 2*3600},
+#line 65 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 39),-10*3600},
       {-1},
-#line 21 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str71),    1*3600},
-#line 131 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str72),                7200},
-#line 48 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str73),  -2*3600},
-#line 126 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str74),                -21600},
-#line 56 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str75), -4*3600},
-#line 52 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str76), -3*3600},
+#line 202 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 41),28800},
+#line 252 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 42),39600},
+#line 251 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 43),43200},
+#line 17 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 44), -7*3600},
+#line 89 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 45),  3*3600},
+#line 212 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 46),-18000},
+#line 15 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 47), -6*3600},
+#line 192 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 48),18000},
+#line 26 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 49),    6*3600},
+      {-1}, {-1},
 #line 51 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str77), -3*3600},
-#line 129 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str78),               10800},
-#line 132 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str79),       -10800},
-#line 99 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str80),  9*3600},
-#line 130 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str81),            36000},
-#line 39 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str82),   -7*3600},
-#line 68 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str83),  -11*3600},
-#line 33 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str84),   -1*3600},
-#line 55 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str85), -(3*3600+1800)},
-#line 50 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str86), -(2*3600+1800)},
-#line 117 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str87),         -21600},
-#line 125 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str88),         39600},
-#line 179 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str89),            36000},
-#line 67 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str90),-10*3600},
-#line 62 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str91), -9*3600},
-      {-1},
-#line 165 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str93),         28800},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 52), -3*3600},
+#line 226 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 53),-7200},
+#line 221 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 54),10800},
+#line 22 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 55),    2*3600},
       {-1},
+#line 190 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 57),43200},
+#line 189 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 58),43200},
+#line 199 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 59),28800},
+#line 29 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 60),    9*3600},
+#line 276 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 61),28800},
+#line 48 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 62),  -2*3600},
 #line 94 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str95),  6*3600},
-      {-1},
-#line 159 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str97),                 10800},
-#line 66 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str98),-10*3600},
-#line 61 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str99),-9*3600},
-#line 102 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str100), 10*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 63),  6*3600},
+#line 74 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 64), 1*3600},
+#line 81 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 65),  2*3600},
+#line 64 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 66),-10*3600},
+#line 254 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 67),18000},
 #line 92 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str101),  5*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 68),  5*3600},
+      {-1},
+#line 200 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 70),-14400},
+#line 70 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 71),  1*3600},
+#line 281 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 72),32400},
+      {-1},
+#line 280 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 74),39600},
+#line 238 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 75),21600},
 #line 93 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str102),  (5*3600+1800)},
-#line 76 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str103),  1*3600},
-#line 42 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str104),  -10*3600},
-#line 91 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str105),  4*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 76),  (5*3600+1800)},
+#line 194 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 77),28800},
       {-1},
+#line 255 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 79),43200},
 #line 75 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str107),  1*3600},
-#line 118 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str108),              -3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 80),  1*3600},
+#line 270 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 81),18000},
 #line 83 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str109), 2*3600},
-#line 138 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str110),              -10800},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 82), 2*3600},
       {-1},
-#line 43 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str112),  -11*3600},
+#line 207 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 84),36000},
+#line 278 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 85),-7200},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 126 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 88),                -21600},
+#line 185 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 89),39600},
+#line 183 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 90),-18000},
+#line 218 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 91),-18000},
+#line 182 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 92),34200},
+#line 103 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 93),11*3600},
+#line 53 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 94), -3*3600},
+#line 208 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 95),36000},
+#line 49 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 96),-2*3600},
+#line 120 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 97),          34200},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 215 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 100),25200},
+#line 242 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 101),12600},
+#line 241 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 102),28800},
+#line 240 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 103),32400},
+#line 86 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 104),   3*3600},
+#line 33 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 105),   -1*3600},
+#line 201 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 106),21600},
+#line 148 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 107),               -25200},
+#line 96 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 108),  8*3600},
+#line 42 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 109),  -10*3600},
+#line 31 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 110),   11*3600},
+#line 72 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 111),  1*3600},
       {-1},
-#line 74 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str114), 1*3600},
-#line 176 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str115),        3600},
-#line 30 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str116),   10*3600},
-#line 22 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str117),    2*3600},
+#line 90 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 113),  4*3600},
+#line 47 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 114),  0*3600},
       {-1},
-#line 32 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str119),   12*3600},
-#line 167 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str120),               21600},
+#line 78 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 116), 1*3600},
+#line 77 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 117),  1*3600},
       {-1},
-#line 81 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str122),  2*3600},
+#line 95 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 119), 7*3600},
+#line 313 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 120),43200},
+#line 55 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 121), -(3*3600+1800)},
+#line 184 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 122),31500},
+#line 204 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 123),45900},
+#line 210 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 124),-18000},
+#line 198 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 125),14400},
+#line 57 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 126), -4*3600},
+#line 197 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 127),18000},
+#line 54 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 128),-3*3600},
+#line 253 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 129),-30600},
+#line 91 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 130),  4*3600},
+#line 99 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 131),  9*3600},
+#line 122 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 132),            21600},
+#line 187 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 133),16200},
+#line 132 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 134),       -10800},
+#line 121 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 135),        -21600},
+      {-1},
+#line 236 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 137),25200},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 274 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 143),36000},
+#line 266 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 144),43200},
+#line 146 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 145),                 -21600},
+#line 193 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 146),32400},
+#line 220 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 147),-3600},
+#line 214 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 148),25200},
+#line 219 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 149),0},
+#line 275 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 150),46800},
+#line 109 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 151),                -32400},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 68 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 154),  -11*3600},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 321 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 158),0},
       {-1},
+#line 178 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 160),               18000},
+#line 181 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 161),37800},
+#line 265 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 162),20700},
+#line 249 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 163),37800},
+#line 108 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 164),             16200},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 30 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 167),   10*3600},
+      {-1},
+#line 27 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 169),    7*3600},
+#line 239 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 170),16200},
+#line 206 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 171),28800},
+#line 205 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 172),32400},
+#line 12 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 173),  0*3600},
+#line 229 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 174),14400},
+#line 264 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 175),25200},
+#line 263 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 176),25200},
+#line 223 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 177),43200},
+#line 40 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 178),   -8*3600},
+#line 222 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 179),46800},
+      {-1},
+#line 282 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 181),-10800},
+#line 260 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 182),39600},
+#line 100 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 183),  9*3600},
+#line 244 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 184),39600},
+#line 102 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 185), 10*3600},
 #line 143 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str124),                    12600},
-#line 97 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str125),  8*3600},
-#line 11 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str126),   0*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 186),                    12600},
+#line 129 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 187),               10800},
+#line 98 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 188), 8*3600},
+#line 39 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 189),   -7*3600},
+#line 130 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 190),            36000},
+#line 38 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 191),   -6*3600},
+#line 203 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 192),49500},
+#line 298 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 193),18000},
+#line 209 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 194),-14400},
+#line 191 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 195),-43200},
       {-1},
-#line 36 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str128),   -4*3600},
-#line 106 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str129), 12*3600},
+#line 259 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 197),28800},
+#line 179 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 198),            36000},
+#line 257 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 199),14400},
+#line 319 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 200),32400},
+#line 84 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 201), 2*3600},
+#line 286 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 202),39600},
+#line 152 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 203),             43200},
+#line 300 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 204),46800},
+#line 127 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 205),                   28800},
+#line 299 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 206),50400},
+#line 85 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 207),  2*3600},
+      {-1},
+#line 142 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 209),                   19800},
       {-1},
+#line 314 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 211),-10800},
+#line 288 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 212),39600},
+      {-1},
+#line 196 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 214),-3600},
+#line 195 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 215),0},
+#line 293 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 216),-36000},
+#line 106 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 217), 12*3600},
+#line 128 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 218),               -43200},
 #line 105 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str131),12*3600},
-#line 107 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str132),13*3600},
-#line 149 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str133),                 23400},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 219),12*3600},
+#line 170 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 220),                   32400},
+#line 125 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 221),         39600},
       {-1},
-#line 109 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str135),                -32400},
-#line 19 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str136), -8*3600},
+#line 283 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 223),21600},
+#line 113 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 224),               -14400},
+#line 262 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 225),39600},
+      {-1},
+#line 11 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 227),   0*3600},
+#line 301 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 228),10800},
+#line 315 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 229),43200},
+#line 291 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 230),-10800},
 #line 20 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str137), -7*3600},
-#line 162 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str138),             -14400},
-#line 145 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str139),                   32400},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 231), -7*3600},
+#line 248 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 232),39600},
+      {-1},
+#line 52 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 234), -3*3600},
+#line 14 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 235), -4*3600},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 44 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str142),  -12*3600},
-#line 26 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str143),    6*3600},
+#line 277 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 238),18000},
+#line 188 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 239),21600},
+#line 320 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 240),28800},
+      {-1},
+#line 317 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 242),-10800},
 #line 60 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str144),-9*3600},
-#line 58 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str145),-8*3600},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-#line 119 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str148),                14400},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 243),-9*3600},
+#line 316 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 244),-7200},
       {-1},
-#line 89 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str150),  3*3600},
-#line 104 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str151),12*3600},
+#line 246 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 246),25200},
+#line 245 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 247),28800},
+#line 147 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 248),            -7200},
+#line 18 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 249), -6*3600},
+#line 250 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 250),50400},
+#line 165 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 251),         28800},
+#line 16 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 252), -5*3600},
+#line 76 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 253),  1*3600},
+      {-1},
+#line 164 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 255),                 25200},
+#line 41 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 256),   -9*3600},
       {-1},
+#line 171 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 258),                   46800},
+#line 211 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 259),-36000},
+      {-1},
+#line 308 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 261),-14400},
+#line 119 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 262),                14400},
+#line 123 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 263),           3600},
+#line 28 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 264),    8*3600},
+#line 124 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 265),         3600},
+#line 153 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 266),           -12600},
+#line 110 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 267),                    10800},
+#line 289 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 268),14400},
+#line 112 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 269),                  10800},
 #line 111 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str153),                 14400},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 270),                 14400},
+#line 216 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 271),36000},
       {-1},
-#line 34 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str155),   -2*3600},
-#line 31 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str156),   11*3600},
-#line 147 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str157),            -7200},
+#line 311 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 273),21600},
+#line 66 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 274),-10*3600},
+#line 151 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 275),                   20700},
+#line 267 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 276),-39600},
+#line 225 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 277),-14400},
+      {-1},
+#line 224 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 279),-10800},
+#line 67 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 280),-10*3600},
+#line 237 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 281),10800},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 172 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str160),             -18000},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 64 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str164),-10*3600},
+#line 297 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 284),32400},
+#line 175 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 285),            28800},
+#line 134 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 286),                    7200},
+#line 149 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 287),                 23400},
+#line 107 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 288),13*3600},
+#line 230 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 289),-10800},
+#line 307 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 290),18000},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 28 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str167),    8*3600},
-#line 137 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str168),                      7200},
-#line 29 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str169),    9*3600},
 #line 155 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str170),              25200},
-#line 150 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str171),         21600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 293),              25200},
+#line 258 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 294),18000},
+#line 227 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 295),-21600},
+#line 261 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 296),43200},
+#line 213 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 297),-3600},
 #line 154 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str172),         28800},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 298),         28800},
       {-1},
-#line 161 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str174),             -18000},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-#line 166 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str177),             7200},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 115 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str181),             36000},
-#line 113 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str182),               -14400},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 146 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str186),                 -21600},
+#line 243 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 300),21600},
+#line 114 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 301),             34200},
+#line 157 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 302),                -28800},
       {-1},
-#line 148 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str188),               -25200},
+#line 117 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 304),         -21600},
       {-1},
-#line 127 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str190),                   28800},
+#line 156 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 306),             -14400},
 #line 116 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str191),                  -3600},
-#line 142 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str192),                   19800},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 307),                  -3600},
+#line 228 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 308),-32400},
+#line 294 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 309),18000},
+#line 37 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 310),   -5*3600},
+#line 137 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 311),                      7200},
+#line 58 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 312),-8*3600},
+#line 304 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 313),28800},
+#line 303 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 314),32400},
+#line 284 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 315),14400},
       {-1},
-#line 40 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str194),   -8*3600},
-#line 112 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str195),                  10800},
-#line 139 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str196),                   0},
-#line 152 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str197),             43200},
-#line 141 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str198),               -36000},
-#line 27 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str199),    7*3600},
-#line 158 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str200),                  3600},
+#line 295 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 317),18000},
+      {-1},
+#line 166 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 319),             7200},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 97 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 324),  8*3600},
+      {-1},
+#line 50 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 326), -(2*3600+1800)},
+#line 285 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 327),-10800},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 110 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str203),                    10800},
-#line 163 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str204),                  -39600},
-#line 41 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str205),   -9*3600},
-#line 35 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str206),   -3*3600},
-#line 12 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str207),  0*3600},
+#line 287 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 330),14400},
+      {-1},
 #line 169 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str208),                36000},
-#line 72 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str209),  1*3600},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 332),                36000},
       {-1},
-#line 153 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str211),           -12600},
+#line 235 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 334),25200},
+#line 234 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 335),28800},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 232 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 338),-14400},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 44 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 342),  -12*3600},
+#line 61 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 343),-9*3600},
+#line 162 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 344),             -14400},
+#line 141 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 345),               -36000},
+      {-1},
+#line 306 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 347),-10800},
+      {-1},
+#line 305 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 349),-7200},
+#line 326 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 350),18000},
+#line 325 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 351),21600},
+#line 247 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 352),14400},
+#line 323 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 353),32400},
+#line 322 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 354),36000},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 63 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 358), -9*3600},
+#line 144 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 359),                7200},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 151 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str217),                   20700},
-#line 114 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str218),             34200},
+#line 167 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 365),               21600},
+      {-1},
+#line 180 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 367),                 32400},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 318 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 375),25200},
+      {-1},
+#line 115 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 377),             36000},
+#line 231 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 378),43200},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 173 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 387),            -25200},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 310 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 391),36000},
+#line 309 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 392),39600},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 140 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str221),                      7200},
-      {-1},
-#line 174 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str223),             36000},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 395),                      7200},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 168 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 398),                  28800},
+#line 290 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 399),39600},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 118 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 408),              -3600},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 296 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 417),46800},
+#line 163 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 418),                  -39600},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 161 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 421),             -18000},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 46 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str229),  0*3600},
+#line 312 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 427),39600},
+#line 69 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 428),-12*3600},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 135 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str233),            18000},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 173 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str265),            -25200},
+#line 136 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 432),                    43200},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 46 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 435),  0*3600},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 145 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 443),                   32400},
+      {-1},
+#line 131 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 445),                7200},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 144 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str269),                7200},
+#line 292 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 449),10800},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 180 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str272),                 32400},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 156 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str279),             -14400},
+#line 150 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 452),         21600},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 171 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str282),                   46800},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 108 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str314),             16200},
+#line 302 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 455),43200},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 176 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 458),        3600},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 135 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 466),            18000},
+      {-1},
+#line 174 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 468),             36000},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 324 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 476),36000},
+#line 172 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 477),             -18000},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 69 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str319),-12*3600},
+#line 160 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 482),             -10800},
       {-1}, {-1},
-#line 157 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str322),                -28800},
+#line 62 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 485), -9*3600},
+#line 159 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 486),                 10800},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 233 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 492),28800},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 168 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str327),                  28800},
-#line 134 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str328),                    7200},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 158 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 497),                  3600},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 177 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 540),                3600},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 170 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str392),                   32400},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 59 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 563), -8*3600},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#line 104 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 566),12*3600},
+#line 139 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 567),                   0},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-#line 136 "zonetab.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str438),                    43200}
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+#line 138 "zonetab.list"
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 619),              -10800}
     };
 
   if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
     {
-      register int key = hash (str, len);
+      register unsigned int key = hash (str, len);
 
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
         {
           register int o = wordlist[key].name;
           if (o >= 0)
             {
               register const char *s = o + stringpool;
 
-              if (*str == *s && !strncmp (str + 1, s + 1, len - 1) && s[len] == '\0')
+              if ((((unsigned char)*str ^ (unsigned char)*s) & ~32) == 0 && !gperf_case_strncmp (str, s, len) && s[len] == '\0')
                 return &wordlist[key];
             }
         }
     }
   return 0;
 }
-#line 181 "zonetab.list"
+#line 327 "zonetab.list"
 
diff --git a/ext/date/zonetab.list b/ext/date/zonetab.list
index 3a4d121d2e..d2f902d2d5 100644
--- a/ext/date/zonetab.list
+++ b/ext/date/zonetab.list
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ utc,  0*3600
 wet,  0*3600
 at,  -2*3600
 brst,-2*3600
-ndt, -(2*3600+1800)
+ndt, -(1*3600+1800)
 art, -3*3600
 adt, -3*3600
 brt, -3*3600
 clst,-3*3600
-nst, -(3*3600+1800)
+nst, -(2*3600+1800)
 ast, -4*3600
 clt, -4*3600
 akdt,-8*3600
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ hadt,-9*3600
 hdt, -9*3600
 yst, -9*3600
 ahst,-10*3600
-cat,-10*3600
+cat,2*3600
 hast,-10*3600
 hst,-10*3600
 nt,  -11*3600
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fst,  2*3600
 mest, 2*3600
 mesz, 2*3600
 sast, 2*3600
-sst,  2*3600
+sst,  -11*3600
 bt,   3*3600
 eat,  3*3600
 eest, 3*3600
@@ -92,13 +92,13 @@ zp4,  4*3600
 zp5,  5*3600
 ist,  (5*3600+1800)
 zp6,  6*3600
-wast, 7*3600
-cct,  8*3600
+wast, 2*3600
+cct,  (6*3600+1800)
 sgt,  8*3600
 wadt, 8*3600
 jst,  9*3600
 kst,  9*3600
-east,10*3600
+east,-6*3600
 gst, 10*3600
 eadt,11*3600
 idle,12*3600
@@ -178,4 +178,150 @@ w. europe,                3600
 west asia,               18000
 west pacific,            36000
 yakutsk,                 32400
+acdt,37800
+acst,34200
+act,-18000
+acwst,31500
+aedt,39600
+aest,36000
+aft,16200
+almt,21600
+anast,43200
+anat,43200
+aoe,-43200
+aqtt,18000
+awdt,32400
+awst,28800
+azost,0
+azot,-3600
+azst,18000
+azt,14400
+bnt,28800
+bot,-14400
+btt,21600
+cast,28800
+chadt,49500
+chast,45900
+chost,32400
+chot,28800
+chst,36000
+chut,36000
+cidst,-14400
+cist,-18000
+ckt,-36000
+cot,-18000
+cvt,-3600
+cxt,25200
+davt,25200
+ddut,36000
+easst,-18000
+ect,-18000
+egst,0
+egt,-3600
+fet,10800
+fjst,46800
+fjt,43200
+fkst,-10800
+fkt,-14400
+fnt,-7200
+galt,-21600
+gamt,-32400
+get,14400
+gft,-10800
+gilt,43200
+gyt,-14400
+hkt,28800
+hovst,28800
+hovt,25200
+ict,25200
+idt,10800
+iot,21600
+irdt,16200
+irkst,32400
+irkt,28800
+irst,12600
+kgt,21600
+kost,39600
+krast,28800
+krat,25200
+kuyt,14400
+lhdt,39600
+lhst,37800
+lint,50400
+magst,43200
+magt,39600
+mart,-30600
+mawt,18000
+mht,43200
+mmt,23400
+mut,14400
+mvt,18000
+myt,28800
+nct,39600
+nfdt,43200
+nft,39600
+novst,25200
+novt,25200
+npt,20700
+nrt,43200
+nut,-39600
+omsst,25200
+omst,21600
+orat,18000
+pet,-18000
+petst,43200
+pett,43200
+pgt,36000
+phot,46800
+pht,28800
+pkt,18000
+pmdt,-7200
+pmst,-10800
+pont,39600
+pwt,32400
+pyst,-10800
+qyzt,21600
+ret,14400
+rott,-10800
+sakt,39600
+samt,14400
+sbt,39600
+sct,14400
+sret,39600
+srt,-10800
+syot,10800
+taht,-36000
+tft,18000
+tjt,18000
+tkt,46800
+tlt,32400
+tmt,18000
+tost,50400
+tot,46800
+trt,10800
+tvt,43200
+ulast,32400
+ulat,28800
+uyst,-7200
+uyt,-10800
+uzt,18000
+vet,-14400
+vlast,39600
+vlat,36000
+vost,21600
+vut,39600
+wakt,43200
+warst,-10800
+wft,43200
+wgst,-7200
+wgt,-10800
+wib,25200
+wit,32400
+wita,28800
+wt,0
+yakst,36000
+yakt,32400
+yapt,36000
+yekst,21600
+yekt,18000
 %%
diff --git a/ext/dbm/dbm.c b/ext/dbm/dbm.c
index 07044d6f9f..de7536651c 100644
--- a/ext/dbm/dbm.c
+++ b/ext/dbm/dbm.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #define DSIZE_TYPE TYPEOF_DATUM_DSIZE
 #if SIZEOF_DATUM_DSIZE > SIZEOF_INT
 # define RSTRING_DSIZE(s) RSTRING_LEN(s)
-# define TOO_LONG(n) 0
+# define TOO_LONG(n) ((void)(n),0)
 #else
 # define RSTRING_DSIZE(s) RSTRING_LENINT(s)
 # define TOO_LONG(n) ((long)(+(DSIZE_TYPE)(n)) != (n))
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ struct dbmdata {
     DBM *di_dbm;
 };
 
+NORETURN(static void closed_dbm(void));
+
 static void
 closed_dbm(void)
 {
@@ -47,7 +49,6 @@ closed_dbm(void)
 
 #define GetDBM(obj, dbmp) do {\
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, (dbmp));\
-    if ((dbmp) == 0) closed_dbm();\
     if ((dbmp)->di_dbm == 0) closed_dbm();\
 } while (0)
 
@@ -60,21 +61,18 @@ static void
 free_dbm(void *ptr)
 {
     struct dbmdata *dbmp = ptr;
-    if (dbmp) {
-	if (dbmp->di_dbm) dbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
-	xfree(dbmp);
-    }
+    if (dbmp->di_dbm)
+	dbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
+    xfree(dbmp);
 }
 
 static size_t
 memsize_dbm(const void *ptr)
 {
-    size_t size = 0;
     const struct dbmdata *dbmp = ptr;
-    if (dbmp) {
-	size += sizeof(*dbmp);
-	if (dbmp->di_dbm) size += DBM_SIZEOF_DBM;
-    }
+    size_t size = sizeof(*dbmp);
+    if (dbmp->di_dbm)
+	size += DBM_SIZEOF_DBM;
     return size;
 }
 
@@ -115,8 +113,6 @@ fdbm_closed(VALUE obj)
     struct dbmdata *dbmp;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, dbmp);
-    if (dbmp == 0)
-	return Qtrue;
     if (dbmp->di_dbm == 0)
 	return Qtrue;
 
@@ -126,7 +122,9 @@ fdbm_closed(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 fdbm_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
-    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &dbm_type, 0);
+    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
+
+    return TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, dbmp);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -150,6 +148,7 @@ fdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     struct dbmdata *dbmp;
     int mode, flags = 0;
 
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, dbmp);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &file, &vmode, &vflags) == 1) {
 	mode = 0666;		/* default value */
     }
@@ -191,24 +190,24 @@ fdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     if (dbm) {
-    /*
-     * History of dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() in ndbm and its compatibles.
-     * (dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() is not standardized.)
-     *
-     * 1986: 4.3BSD provides ndbm.
-     *       It provides dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() as macros.
-     * 1991: gdbm-1.5 provides them as functions.
-     *       They returns a same descriptor.
-     *       (Earlier releases may have the functions too.)
-     * 1991: Net/2 provides Berkeley DB.
-     *       It doesn't provide dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno().
-     * 1992: 4.4BSD Alpha provides Berkeley DB with dbm_dirfno() as a function.
-     *       dbm_pagfno() is a macro as DBM_PAGFNO_NOT_AVAILABLE.
-     * 1997: Berkeley DB 2.0 is released by Sleepycat Software, Inc.
-     *       It defines dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() as macros.
-     * 2011: gdbm-1.9 creates a separate dir file.
-     *       dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() returns different descriptors.
-     */
+	/*
+	 * History of dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() in ndbm and its compatibles.
+	 * (dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() is not standardized.)
+	 *
+	 * 1986: 4.3BSD provides ndbm.
+	 *       It provides dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() as macros.
+	 * 1991: gdbm-1.5 provides them as functions.
+	 *       They returns a same descriptor.
+	 *       (Earlier releases may have the functions too.)
+	 * 1991: Net/2 provides Berkeley DB.
+	 *       It doesn't provide dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno().
+	 * 1992: 4.4BSD Alpha provides Berkeley DB with dbm_dirfno() as a function.
+	 *       dbm_pagfno() is a macro as DBM_PAGFNO_NOT_AVAILABLE.
+	 * 1997: Berkeley DB 2.0 is released by Sleepycat Software, Inc.
+	 *       It defines dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() as macros.
+	 * 2011: gdbm-1.9 creates a separate dir file.
+	 *       dbm_pagfno() and dbm_dirfno() returns different descriptors.
+	 */
 #if defined(HAVE_DBM_PAGFNO)
         rb_fd_fix_cloexec(dbm_pagfno(dbm));
 #endif
@@ -217,8 +216,8 @@ fdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(RUBYDBM_DB_HEADER) && defined(HAVE_TYPE_DBC)
-    /* Disable Berkeley DB error messages such as:
-     * DB->put: attempt to modify a read-only database */
+	/* Disable Berkeley DB error messages such as:
+	 * DB->put: attempt to modify a read-only database */
         ((DBC*)dbm)->dbp->set_errfile(((DBC*)dbm)->dbp, NULL);
 #endif
     }
@@ -228,8 +227,8 @@ fdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	rb_sys_fail_str(file);
     }
 
-    dbmp = ALLOC(struct dbmdata);
-    DATA_PTR(obj) = dbmp;
+    if (dbmp->di_dbm)
+	dbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
     dbmp->di_dbm = dbm;
     dbmp->di_size = -1;
 
@@ -280,12 +279,11 @@ fdbm_fetch(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr, VALUE ifnone)
       not_found:
 	if (NIL_P(ifnone) && rb_block_given_p()) {
 	    keystr = rb_str_dup(keystr);
-	    OBJ_TAINT(keystr);
 	    return rb_yield(keystr);
 	}
 	return ifnone;
     }
-    return rb_tainted_str_new(value.dptr, value.dsize);
+    return rb_str_new(value.dptr, value.dsize);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -339,15 +337,13 @@ fdbm_key(VALUE obj, VALUE valstr)
     ExportStringValue(valstr);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(valstr);
     if (TOO_LONG(len)) return Qnil;
-    val.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(valstr);
-    val.dsize = (DSIZE_TYPE)len;
 
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
 	if ((long)val.dsize == RSTRING_LEN(valstr) &&
 	    memcmp(val.dptr, RSTRING_PTR(valstr), val.dsize) == 0) {
-	    return rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
+	    return rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
 	}
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -380,8 +376,8 @@ fdbm_select(VALUE obj)
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	VALUE assoc, v;
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	assoc = rb_assoc_new(rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
-			     rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
+	assoc = rb_assoc_new(rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
+			     rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
 	v = rb_yield(assoc);
 	if (RTEST(v)) {
 	    rb_ary_push(new, assoc);
@@ -449,7 +445,7 @@ fdbm_delete(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr)
     }
 
     /* need to save value before dbm_delete() */
-    valstr = rb_tainted_str_new(value.dptr, value.dsize);
+    valstr = rb_str_new(value.dptr, value.dsize);
 
     if (dbm_delete(dbm, key)) {
 	dbmp->di_size = -1;
@@ -484,8 +480,8 @@ fdbm_shift(VALUE obj)
     key = dbm_firstkey(dbm);
     if (!key.dptr) return Qnil;
     val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-    keystr = rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-    valstr = rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
+    keystr = rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
+    valstr = rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
     dbm_delete(dbm, key);
 
     return rb_assoc_new(keystr, valstr);
@@ -517,9 +513,9 @@ fdbm_delete_if(VALUE obj)
 
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	keystr = rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
+	keystr = rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
 	OBJ_FREEZE(keystr);
-	valstr = rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
+	valstr = rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
         ret = rb_protect(rb_yield, rb_assoc_new(rb_str_dup(keystr), valstr), &status);
         if (status != 0) break;
 	if (RTEST(ret)) rb_ary_push(ary, keystr);
@@ -586,8 +582,8 @@ fdbm_invert(VALUE obj)
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	keystr = rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-	valstr = rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
+	keystr = rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
+	valstr = rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
 	rb_hash_aset(hash, valstr, keystr);
     }
     return hash;
@@ -747,7 +743,7 @@ fdbm_each_value(VALUE obj)
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_yield(rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
+	rb_yield(rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
 	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     }
     return obj;
@@ -770,7 +766,7 @@ fdbm_each_key(VALUE obj)
 
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	rb_yield(rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize));
+	rb_yield(rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize));
 	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     }
     return obj;
@@ -797,8 +793,8 @@ fdbm_each_pair(VALUE obj)
 
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	keystr = rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-	valstr = rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
+	keystr = rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
+	valstr = rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
 	rb_yield(rb_assoc_new(keystr, valstr));
 	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     }
@@ -824,7 +820,7 @@ fdbm_keys(VALUE obj)
 
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize));
+	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -848,7 +844,7 @@ fdbm_values(VALUE obj)
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
+	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -934,8 +930,8 @@ fdbm_to_a(VALUE obj)
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_assoc_new(rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
-				      rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize)));
+	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_assoc_new(rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
+				      rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize)));
     }
 
     return ary;
@@ -960,8 +956,8 @@ fdbm_to_hash(VALUE obj)
     hash = rb_hash_new();
     for (key = dbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = dbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
 	val = dbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_tainted_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
-		           rb_tainted_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
+	rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
+		           rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
     }
 
     return hash;
@@ -984,7 +980,7 @@ fdbm_reject(VALUE obj)
  * == Introduction
  *
  * The DBM class provides a wrapper to a Unix-style
- * {dbm}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbm] or Database Manager library.
+ * {dbm}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbm] or Database Manager library.
  *
  * Dbm databases do not have tables or columns; they are simple key-value
  * data stores, like a Ruby Hash except not resident in RAM. Keys and values
@@ -996,8 +992,8 @@ fdbm_reject(VALUE obj)
  * - The original ndbm library is released in 4.3BSD.
  *   It is based on dbm library in Unix Version 7 but has different API to
  *   support multiple databases in a process.
- * - {Berkeley DB}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB] versions
- *   1 thru 5, also known as BDB and Sleepycat DB, now owned by Oracle
+ * - {Berkeley DB}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB] versions
+ *   1 thru 6, also known as BDB and Sleepycat DB, now owned by Oracle
  *   Corporation.
  * - Berkeley DB 1.x, still found in 4.4BSD derivatives (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, etc).
  * - {gdbm}[http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/], the GNU implementation of dbm.
diff --git a/ext/dbm/dbm.gemspec b/ext/dbm/dbm.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ff036f712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/dbm/dbm.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = "dbm"
+  s.version = '1.1.0'
+  s.summary = "Provides a wrapper for the UNIX-style Database Manager Library"
+  s.description = "Provides a wrapper for the UNIX-style Database Manager Library"
+
+  s.require_path = %w{lib}
+  s.files = %w{ext/dbm/extconf.rb ext/dbm/dbm.c}
+  s.extensions = %w{ext/dbm/extconf.rb}
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+
+  s.authors = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  s.email = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+  s.homepage = "https://github.com/ruby/dbm"
+  s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  s.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler"
+  s.add_development_dependency "test-unit"
+  s.metadata["msys2_mingw_dependencies"] = "gdbm"
+end
diff --git a/ext/dbm/depend b/ext/dbm/depend
index b0de2ae2ee..414bb58a0e 100644
--- a/ext/dbm/depend
+++ b/ext/dbm/depend
@@ -1,13 +1,163 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 dbm.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 dbm.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 dbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-dbm.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 dbm.o: dbm.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/dbm/extconf.rb b/ext/dbm/extconf.rb
index 04f751d776..c9a5518bf6 100644
--- a/ext/dbm/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/dbm/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # configure option:
 #   --with-dbm-type=COMMA-SEPARATED-NDBM-TYPES
 #
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #   db          Berkeley DB (libdb)
 #   db2         Berkeley DB (libdb2)
 #   db1         Berkeley DB (libdb1)
+#   db6         Berkeley DB (libdb6)
 #   db5         Berkeley DB (libdb5)
 #   db4         Berkeley DB (libdb4)
 #   db3         Berkeley DB (libdb3)
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ dir_config("dbm")
 if dblib = with_config("dbm-type", nil)
   dblib = dblib.split(/[ ,]+/)
 else
-  dblib = %w(libc db db2 db1 db5 db4 db3 gdbm_compat gdbm qdbm)
+  dblib = %w(libc db db2 db1 db6 db5 db4 db3 gdbm_compat gdbm qdbm)
 end
 
 headers = {
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ headers = {
   "db3" => ["db3/db.h", "db3.h", "db.h"],
   "db4" => ["db4/db.h", "db4.h", "db.h"],
   "db5" => ["db5/db.h", "db5.h", "db.h"],
+  "db6" => ["db6/db.h", "db6.h", "db.h"],
   "gdbm_compat" => ["gdbm-ndbm.h", "gdbm/ndbm.h", "ndbm.h"], # GDBM since 1.8.1
   "gdbm" => ["gdbm-ndbm.h", "gdbm/ndbm.h", "ndbm.h"], # GDBM until 1.8.0
   "qdbm" => ["qdbm/relic.h", "relic.h"],
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ def headers.db_check2(db, hdr)
   hsearch = nil
 
   case db
-  when /^db[2-5]?$/
+  when /^db[2-6]?$/
     hsearch = "-DDB_DBM_HSEARCH"
   when "gdbm_compat"
     have_library("gdbm") or return false
diff --git a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c
index 8f436908d3..6557e43c9d 100644
--- a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c
+++ b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ rb_digest_instance_bubblebabble(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_bubblebabble(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     VALUE rb_mDigest, rb_mDigest_Instance, rb_cDigest_Class;
 
     rb_require("digest");
diff --git a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
index c0550f3180..6dcd5fe55c 100644
--- a/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/bubblebabble/depend
@@ -1,14 +1,164 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 bubblebabble.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 bubblebabble.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 bubblebabble.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-bubblebabble.o: $(top_srcdir)/ext/digest/digest.h
-bubblebabble.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+bubblebabble.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
 bubblebabble.o: bubblebabble.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/depend b/ext/digest/depend
index 8e3b4691e8..ac01d970dc 100644
--- a/ext/digest/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/depend
@@ -1,14 +1,164 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 digest.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 digest.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-digest.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 digest.o: digest.c
 digest.o: digest.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.c b/ext/digest/digest.c
index 9838ed33de..83f4ee42fc 100644
--- a/ext/digest/digest.c
+++ b/ext/digest/digest.c
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ rb_digest_instance_digest_length(VALUE self)
 
     /* never blindly assume that #digest() returns a string */
     StringValue(digest);
-    return INT2NUM(RSTRING_LEN(digest));
+    return LONG2NUM(RSTRING_LEN(digest));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -554,10 +554,22 @@ get_digest_base_metadata(VALUE klass)
     if (NIL_P(p))
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Digest::Base cannot be directly inherited in Ruby");
 
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA) || RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+      wrong:
+        if (p == klass)
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE"::metadata is not initialized properly",
+                     klass);
+        else
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE"(%"PRIsVALUE")::metadata is not initialized properly",
+                     klass, p);
+    }
+
 #undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
 #define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
     Data_Get_Struct(obj, rb_digest_metadata_t, algo);
 
+    if (!algo) goto wrong;
+
     switch (algo->api_version) {
       case 3:
         break;
@@ -573,6 +585,12 @@ get_digest_base_metadata(VALUE klass)
     return algo;
 }
 
+static rb_digest_metadata_t *
+get_digest_obj_metadata(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(obj));
+}
+
 static const rb_data_type_t digest_type = {
     "digest",
     {0, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, 0,},
@@ -619,8 +637,8 @@ rb_digest_base_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE obj)
 
     rb_check_frozen(copy);
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(copy));
-    if (algo != get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(obj)))
+    algo = get_digest_obj_metadata(copy);
+    if (algo != get_digest_obj_metadata(obj))
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "different algorithms");
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, void, &digest_type, pctx1);
@@ -641,7 +659,7 @@ rb_digest_base_reset(VALUE self)
     rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
     void *pctx;
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
+    algo = get_digest_obj_metadata(self);
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, void, &digest_type, pctx);
 
@@ -663,7 +681,7 @@ rb_digest_base_update(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
     void *pctx;
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
+    algo = get_digest_obj_metadata(self);
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, void, &digest_type, pctx);
 
@@ -682,7 +700,7 @@ rb_digest_base_finish(VALUE self)
     void *pctx;
     VALUE str;
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
+    algo = get_digest_obj_metadata(self);
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, void, &digest_type, pctx);
 
@@ -705,9 +723,9 @@ rb_digest_base_digest_length(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
+    algo = get_digest_obj_metadata(self);
 
-    return INT2NUM(algo->digest_len);
+    return SIZET2NUM(algo->digest_len);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -720,26 +738,37 @@ rb_digest_base_block_length(VALUE self)
 {
     rb_digest_metadata_t *algo;
 
-    algo = get_digest_base_metadata(rb_obj_class(self));
+    algo = get_digest_obj_metadata(self);
 
-    return INT2NUM(algo->block_len);
+    return SIZET2NUM(algo->block_len);
 }
 
 void
 Init_digest(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     id_reset           = rb_intern("reset");
     id_update          = rb_intern("update");
     id_finish          = rb_intern("finish");
     id_digest          = rb_intern("digest");
     id_hexdigest       = rb_intern("hexdigest");
     id_digest_length   = rb_intern("digest_length");
+    id_metadata        = rb_id_metadata();
+    InitVM(digest);
+}
 
+void
+InitVM_digest(void)
+{
     /*
      * module Digest
      */
     rb_mDigest = rb_define_module("Digest");
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
     /* module functions */
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mDigest, "hexencode", rb_digest_s_hexencode, 1);
 
@@ -781,8 +810,6 @@ Init_digest(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDigest_Class, "digest", rb_digest_class_s_digest, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDigest_Class, "hexdigest", rb_digest_class_s_hexdigest, -1);
 
-    id_metadata = rb_intern("metadata");
-
     /* class Digest::Base < Digest::Class */
     rb_cDigest_Base = rb_define_class_under(rb_mDigest, "Base", rb_cDigest_Class);
 
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.gemspec b/ext/digest/digest.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f3bf8b05f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/digest/digest.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "digest"
+  spec.version       = "3.0.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA"]
+  spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides a framework for message digest libraries.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Provides a framework for message digest libraries.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/digest"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = [
+    "Gemfile", "LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "bin/console", "bin/setup", "digest.gemspec",
+    "ext/digest/bubblebabble/bubblebabble.c", "ext/digest/bubblebabble/extconf.rb", "ext/digest/defs.h",
+    "ext/digest/digest.c", "ext/digest/digest.h", "ext/digest/digest_conf.rb", "ext/digest/extconf.rb",
+    "ext/digest/md5/extconf.rb", "ext/digest/md5/md5.c", "ext/digest/md5/md5.h", "ext/digest/md5/md5cc.h",
+    "ext/digest/md5/md5init.c", "ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb", "ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.c",
+    "ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160.h", "ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c", "ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb",
+    "ext/digest/sha1/sha1.c", "ext/digest/sha1/sha1.h", "ext/digest/sha1/sha1cc.h",
+    "ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c", "ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb", "ext/digest/sha2/lib/sha2.rb",
+    "ext/digest/sha2/sha2.c", "ext/digest/sha2/sha2.h", "ext/digest/sha2/sha2cc.h",
+    "ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c", "ext/digest/test.sh", "ext/openssl/deprecation.rb",
+    "lib/digest.rb"
+  ]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions    = %w[
+    ext/digest/extconf.rb
+    ext/digest/bubblebabble/extconf.rb
+    ext/digest/md5/extconf.rb
+    ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb
+    ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb
+    ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb
+  ]
+  spec.metadata["msys2_mingw_dependencies"] = "openssl"
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler"
+end
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest.h b/ext/digest/digest.h
index 30359ad348..0d4f0e7cc2 100644
--- a/ext/digest/digest.h
+++ b/ext/digest/digest.h
@@ -49,3 +49,24 @@ rb_digest_##name##_finish(void *ctx, unsigned char *ptr) \
 { \
     return name##_Final(ptr, ctx); \
 }
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_digest_namespace(void)
+{
+    rb_require("digest");
+    return rb_path2class("Digest");
+}
+
+static inline ID
+rb_id_metadata(void)
+{
+    return rb_intern_const("metadata");
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_digest_make_metadata(const rb_digest_metadata_t *meta)
+{
+#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
+#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
+    return rb_obj_freeze(Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, 0, (void *)meta));
+}
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb b/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb
index 8e36ce5d41..1b929d8732 100644
--- a/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-def digest_conf(name, hdr = name, funcs = nil, types = nil)
+
+def digest_conf(name)
   unless with_config("bundled-#{name}")
     cc = with_config("common-digest")
     if cc == true or /\b#{name}\b/ =~ cc
@@ -10,22 +11,6 @@ def digest_conf(name, hdr = name, funcs = nil, types = nil)
         return :commondigest
       end
     end
-
-    dir_config("openssl")
-    pkg_config("openssl")
-    require File.expand_path('../../openssl/deprecation', __FILE__)
-    if have_library("crypto")
-      funcs ||= name.upcase
-      funcs = Array(funcs)
-      types ||= funcs
-      hdr = "openssl/#{hdr}.h"
-      if funcs.all? {|func| OpenSSL.check_func("#{func}_Transform", hdr)} &&
-         types.all? {|type| have_type("#{type}_CTX", hdr)}
-        $defs << "-D#{name.upcase}_USE_OPENSSL"
-        $headers << "#{name}ossl.h"
-        return :ossl
-      end
-    end
   end
   $objs << "#{name}.#{$OBJEXT}"
   return
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/depend b/ext/digest/md5/depend
index 03c4cc8640..987ebcc12d 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/depend
@@ -2,17 +2,331 @@ md5.o: md5.c md5.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h
 md5init.o: $(LOCAL_HDRS)
 
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+md5.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+md5.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+md5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+md5.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
+md5.o: md5.c
+md5.o: md5.h
 md5init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 md5init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-md5init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ext/digest/digest.h
-md5init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+md5init.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
+md5init.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
+md5init.o: md5.h
 md5init.o: md5init.c
-md5init.o: md5ossl.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5cc.h b/ext/digest/md5/md5cc.h
index 35652eac6a..e34d7d5c11 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5cc.h
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/md5cc.h
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 #define COMMON_DIGEST_FOR_OPENSSL 1
 #include <CommonCrypto/CommonDigest.h>
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+# pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+/* Suppress deprecation warnings of MD5 from Xcode 11.1 */
+/* Although we know MD5 is deprecated too, provide just for backward
+ * compatibility, as well as Apple does. */
+#endif
+
 #define MD5_BLOCK_LENGTH	CC_MD5_BLOCK_BYTES
 
 static DEFINE_UPDATE_FUNC_FOR_UINT(MD5)
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c b/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c
index fdd8b36c5d..52cba78bf1 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/md5init.c
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <ruby/ruby.h>
 #include "../digest.h"
-#if defined(MD5_USE_OPENSSL)
-#include "md5ossl.h"
-#elif defined(MD5_USE_COMMONDIGEST)
+#if defined(MD5_USE_COMMONDIGEST)
 #include "md5cc.h"
 #else
 #include "md5.h"
@@ -51,18 +49,13 @@ Init_md5(void)
 {
     VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base, cDigest_MD5;
 
-    rb_require("digest");
-
 #if 0
     mDigest = rb_define_module("Digest"); /* let rdoc know */
 #endif
-    mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
+    mDigest = rb_digest_namespace();
     cDigest_Base = rb_path2class("Digest::Base");
 
     cDigest_MD5 = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "MD5", cDigest_Base);
 
-#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
-#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
-    rb_iv_set(cDigest_MD5, "metadata",
-	      Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, 0, (void *)&md5));
+    rb_iv_set(cDigest_MD5, "metadata", rb_digest_make_metadata(&md5));
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h b/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 94aa7ae77b..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/md5/md5ossl.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-/* $Id$ */
-
-#ifndef MD5OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-#define MD5OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <openssl/md5.h>
-
-#define MD5_BLOCK_LENGTH	MD5_CBLOCK
-
-static DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL(MD5)
-#undef MD5_Finish
-#define MD5_Finish rb_digest_MD5_finish
-
-#endif
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/depend b/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
index 2dfeecf034..ce5dcdb871 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/depend
@@ -2,17 +2,331 @@ rmd160.o: rmd160.c rmd160.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h
 rmd160init.o: $(LOCAL_HDRS)
 
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+rmd160.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+rmd160.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+rmd160.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+rmd160.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
+rmd160.o: rmd160.c
+rmd160.o: rmd160.h
 rmd160init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 rmd160init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 rmd160init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-rmd160init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ext/digest/digest.h
-rmd160init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+rmd160init.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
+rmd160init.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
+rmd160init.o: rmd160.h
 rmd160init.o: rmd160init.c
-rmd160init.o: rmd160ossl.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb
index a02ba56169..ffa70ee803 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/extconf.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ $defs << "-DNDEBUG" << "-DHAVE_CONFIG_H"
 
 $objs = [ "rmd160init.#{$OBJEXT}" ]
 
-digest_conf("rmd160", "ripemd", "RIPEMD160")
+digest_conf("rmd160")
 
 have_header("sys/cdefs.h")
 
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c
index 10d9370163..2ae81ec4d6 100644
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160init.c
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <ruby/ruby.h>
 #include "../digest.h"
-#if defined(RMD160_USE_OPENSSL)
-#include "rmd160ossl.h"
-#else
 #include "rmd160.h"
-#endif
 
 static const rb_digest_metadata_t rmd160 = {
     RUBY_DIGEST_API_VERSION,
@@ -49,18 +45,13 @@ Init_rmd160(void)
 {
     VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base, cDigest_RMD160;
 
-    rb_require("digest");
-
 #if 0
     mDigest = rb_define_module("Digest"); /* let rdoc know */
 #endif
-    mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
+    mDigest = rb_digest_namespace();
     cDigest_Base = rb_path2class("Digest::Base");
 
     cDigest_RMD160 = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "RMD160", cDigest_Base);
 
-#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
-#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
-    rb_iv_set(cDigest_RMD160, "metadata",
-	      Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, 0, (void *)&rmd160));
+    rb_iv_set(cDigest_RMD160, "metadata", rb_digest_make_metadata(&rmd160));
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.h b/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.h
deleted file mode 100644
index e6bf5ea8d0..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/rmd160/rmd160ossl.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-/* $Id$ */
-
-#ifndef RMD160OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-#define RMD160OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <openssl/ripemd.h>
-
-#define RMD160_CTX	RIPEMD160_CTX
-
-#define RMD160_Init	RIPEMD160_Init
-#define RMD160_Update	RIPEMD160_Update
-
-#define RMD160_BLOCK_LENGTH		RIPEMD160_CBLOCK
-#define RMD160_DIGEST_LENGTH		RIPEMD160_DIGEST_LENGTH
-
-static DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL(RIPEMD160)
-#define RMD160_Finish rb_digest_RIPEMD160_finish
-
-#endif
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/depend b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
index 5139f44ff4..3daf84a137 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
@@ -2,17 +2,331 @@ sha1.o: sha1.c sha1.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h
 sha1init.o: $(LOCAL_HDRS)
 
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+sha1.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+sha1.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+sha1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+sha1.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
+sha1.o: sha1.c
+sha1.o: sha1.h
 sha1init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 sha1init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-sha1init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ext/digest/digest.h
-sha1init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+sha1init.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
+sha1init.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
+sha1init.o: sha1.h
 sha1init.o: sha1init.c
-sha1init.o: sha1ossl.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb
index 0ff4158bef..1e94ba3ef9 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/extconf.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ $defs << "-DHAVE_CONFIG_H"
 
 $objs = [ "sha1init.#{$OBJEXT}" ]
 
-digest_conf("sha1", "sha", nil, %w[SHA])
+digest_conf("sha1")
 
 have_header("sys/cdefs.h")
 
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c
index e12d297699..f7047bc6d3 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1init.c
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <ruby/ruby.h>
 #include "../digest.h"
-#if defined(SHA1_USE_OPENSSL)
-#include "sha1ossl.h"
-#elif defined(SHA1_USE_COMMONDIGEST)
+#if defined(SHA1_USE_COMMONDIGEST)
 #include "sha1cc.h"
 #else
 #include "sha1.h"
@@ -53,18 +51,13 @@ Init_sha1(void)
 {
     VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base, cDigest_SHA1;
 
-    rb_require("digest");
-
 #if 0
     mDigest = rb_define_module("Digest"); /* let rdoc know */
 #endif
-    mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
+    mDigest = rb_digest_namespace();
     cDigest_Base = rb_path2class("Digest::Base");
 
     cDigest_SHA1 = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "SHA1", cDigest_Base);
 
-#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
-#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
-    rb_iv_set(cDigest_SHA1, "metadata",
-	      Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, 0, (void *)&sha1));
+    rb_iv_set(cDigest_SHA1, "metadata", rb_digest_make_metadata(&sha1));
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h b/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 599efe9a2f..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/sha1ossl.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/* $Id$ */
-
-#ifndef SHA1OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-#define SHA1OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <openssl/sha.h>
-
-#define SHA1_CTX	SHA_CTX
-
-#ifdef SHA_BLOCK_LENGTH
-#define SHA1_BLOCK_LENGTH	SHA_BLOCK_LENGTH
-#else
-#define SHA1_BLOCK_LENGTH	SHA_CBLOCK
-#endif
-#define SHA1_DIGEST_LENGTH	SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH
-
-static DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL(SHA1)
-#undef SHA1_Finish
-#define SHA1_Finish rb_digest_SHA1_finish
-
-#endif
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/depend b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
index 1152fe4dac..d8d265c1ef 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
@@ -2,17 +2,330 @@ sha2.o: sha2.c sha2.h $(srcdir)/../defs.h
 sha2init.o: $(LOCAL_HDRS)
 
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+sha2.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+sha2.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+sha2.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+sha2.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
+sha2.o: sha2.c
+sha2.o: sha2.h
 sha2init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 sha2init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-sha2init.o: $(top_srcdir)/ext/digest/digest.h
-sha2init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+sha2init.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
+sha2init.o: sha2.h
 sha2init.o: sha2init.c
-sha2init.o: sha2ossl.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb b/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb
index 5c7f76c7f3..8bf28111b6 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/extconf.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ $defs << "-DHAVE_CONFIG_H"
 
 $objs = [ "sha2init.#{$OBJEXT}" ]
 
-unless digest_conf("sha2", "sha", %w[SHA256 SHA512])
+unless digest_conf("sha2")
   have_type("u_int8_t")
 end
 
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c
index 9fd8ece7fe..6ed275eb71 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2init.c
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <ruby/ruby.h>
 #include "../digest.h"
-#if defined(SHA2_USE_OPENSSL)
-#include "sha2ossl.h"
-#elif defined(SHA2_USE_COMMONDIGEST)
+#if defined(SHA2_USE_COMMONDIGEST)
 #include "sha2cc.h"
 #else
 #include "sha2.h"
@@ -35,27 +33,21 @@ void
 Init_sha2(void)
 {
     VALUE mDigest, cDigest_Base;
-    ID id_metadata;
+    ID id_metadata = rb_id_metadata();
 
 #define DECLARE_ALGO_CLASS(bitlen) \
     VALUE cDigest_SHA##bitlen;
 
     FOREACH_BITLEN(DECLARE_ALGO_CLASS)
 
-    rb_require("digest");
-
-    id_metadata = rb_intern_const("metadata");
-
-    mDigest = rb_path2class("Digest");
+    mDigest = rb_digest_namespace();
     cDigest_Base = rb_path2class("Digest::Base");
 
 #define DEFINE_ALGO_CLASS(bitlen) \
     cDigest_SHA##bitlen = rb_define_class_under(mDigest, "SHA" #bitlen, cDigest_Base); \
 \
     rb_ivar_set(cDigest_SHA##bitlen, id_metadata, \
-		Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, 0, (void *)&sha##bitlen));
+		rb_digest_make_metadata(&sha##bitlen));
 
-#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
-#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
     FOREACH_BITLEN(DEFINE_ALGO_CLASS)
 }
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2ossl.h b/ext/digest/sha2/sha2ossl.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8dd0530107..0000000000
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/sha2ossl.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef SHA2OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-#define SHA2OSSL_H_INCLUDED
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <openssl/sha.h>
-
-#define SHA256_BLOCK_LENGTH	SHA256_CBLOCK
-#define SHA384_BLOCK_LENGTH	SHA512_CBLOCK
-#define SHA512_BLOCK_LENGTH	SHA512_CBLOCK
-
-#ifndef __DragonFly__
-#define SHA384_Final SHA512_Final
-#endif
-
-typedef SHA512_CTX SHA384_CTX;
-
-#undef SHA256_Finish
-#undef SHA384_Finish
-#undef SHA512_Finish
-#define SHA256_Finish rb_digest_SHA256_finish
-#define SHA384_Finish rb_digest_SHA384_finish
-#define SHA512_Finish rb_digest_SHA512_finish
-static DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL(SHA256)
-static DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL(SHA384)
-static DEFINE_FINISH_FUNC_FROM_FINAL(SHA512)
-
-#endif
diff --git a/ext/etc/depend b/ext/etc/depend
index 137ec83849..67d9be582f 100644
--- a/ext/etc/depend
+++ b/ext/etc/depend
@@ -5,17 +5,169 @@ constdefs.h : $(srcdir)/mkconstants.rb
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 etc.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 etc.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/atomic.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 etc.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-etc.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 etc.o: constdefs.h
 etc.o: etc.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/etc/etc.c b/ext/etc/etc.c
index 0d2d9af7cb..737d295abc 100644
--- a/ext/etc/etc.c
+++ b/ext/etc/etc.c
@@ -52,8 +52,33 @@ char *getenv();
 #endif
 char *getlogin();
 
+#define RUBY_ETC_VERSION "1.3.0"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_DEPRECATE_CONSTANT
+void rb_deprecate_constant(VALUE mod, const char *name);
+#else
+# define rb_deprecate_constant(mod,name) ((void)(mod),(void)(name))
+#endif
+
 #include "constdefs.h"
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_ATOMIC_H
+# include "ruby/atomic.h"
+#else
+typedef int rb_atomic_t;
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) \
+    ((var) == (oldval) ? ((var) = (newval), (oldval)) : (var))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, newval) \
+    atomic_exchange(&var, newval)
+static inline rb_atomic_t
+atomic_exchange(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t newval)
+{
+    rb_atomic_t oldval = *var;
+    *var = newval;
+    return oldval;
+}
+#endif
+
 /* call-seq:
  *	getlogin	->  String
  *
@@ -98,7 +123,7 @@ static VALUE
 safe_setup_str(const char *str)
 {
     if (str == 0) str = "";
-    return rb_tainted_str_new2(str);
+    return rb_str_new2(str);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -117,6 +142,12 @@ safe_setup_filesystem_str(const char *str)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
+# ifdef __APPLE__
+#   define PW_TIME2VAL(t) INT2NUM((int)(t))
+# else
+#   define PW_TIME2VAL(t) TIMET2NUM(t)
+# endif
+
 static VALUE
 setup_passwd(struct passwd *pwd)
 {
@@ -134,7 +165,7 @@ setup_passwd(struct passwd *pwd)
 			 safe_setup_filesystem_str(pwd->pw_dir),
 			 safe_setup_filesystem_str(pwd->pw_shell),
 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_CHANGE
-			 INT2NUM(pwd->pw_change),
+			 PW_TIME2VAL(pwd->pw_change),
 #endif
 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_QUOTA
 			 INT2NUM(pwd->pw_quota),
@@ -149,7 +180,7 @@ setup_passwd(struct passwd *pwd)
 			 safe_setup_locale_str(pwd->pw_comment),
 #endif
 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_EXPIRE
-			 INT2NUM(pwd->pw_expire),
+			 PW_TIME2VAL(pwd->pw_expire),
 #endif
 			 0		/*dummy*/
 	);
@@ -215,9 +246,9 @@ etc_getpwnam(VALUE obj, VALUE nam)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
     struct passwd *pwd;
+    const char *p = StringValueCStr(nam);
 
-    SafeStringValue(nam);
-    pwd = getpwnam(RSTRING_PTR(nam));
+    pwd = getpwnam(p);
     if (pwd == 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find user for %"PRIsVALUE, nam);
     return setup_passwd(pwd);
 #else
@@ -226,17 +257,19 @@ etc_getpwnam(VALUE obj, VALUE nam)
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT
-static int passwd_blocking = 0;
+static rb_atomic_t passwd_blocking;
 static VALUE
-passwd_ensure(void)
+passwd_ensure(VALUE _)
 {
     endpwent();
-    passwd_blocking = (int)Qfalse;
+    if (RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(passwd_blocking, 0) != 1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected passwd_blocking");
+    }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-passwd_iterate(void)
+passwd_iterate(VALUE _)
 {
     struct passwd *pw;
 
@@ -250,10 +283,9 @@ passwd_iterate(void)
 static void
 each_passwd(void)
 {
-    if (passwd_blocking) {
+    if (RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(passwd_blocking, 0, 1)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "parallel passwd iteration");
     }
-    passwd_blocking = (int)Qtrue;
     rb_ensure(passwd_iterate, 0, passwd_ensure, 0);
 }
 #endif
@@ -458,9 +490,9 @@ etc_getgrnam(VALUE obj, VALUE nam)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
     struct group *grp;
+    const char *p = StringValueCStr(nam);
 
-    SafeStringValue(nam);
-    grp = getgrnam(RSTRING_PTR(nam));
+    grp = getgrnam(p);
     if (grp == 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find group for %"PRIsVALUE, nam);
     return setup_group(grp);
 #else
@@ -469,18 +501,20 @@ etc_getgrnam(VALUE obj, VALUE nam)
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
-static int group_blocking = 0;
+static rb_atomic_t group_blocking;
 static VALUE
-group_ensure(void)
+group_ensure(VALUE _)
 {
     endgrent();
-    group_blocking = (int)Qfalse;
+    if (RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(group_blocking, 0) != 1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected group_blocking");
+    }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 
 static VALUE
-group_iterate(void)
+group_iterate(VALUE _)
 {
     struct group *pw;
 
@@ -494,10 +528,9 @@ group_iterate(void)
 static void
 each_group(void)
 {
-    if (group_blocking) {
+    if (RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(group_blocking, 0, 1)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "parallel group iteration");
     }
-    group_blocking = (int)Qtrue;
     rb_ensure(group_iterate, 0, group_ensure, 0);
 }
 #endif
@@ -625,8 +658,9 @@ VALUE rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(const WCHAR *wstr, rb_encoding *enc);
  * Returns system configuration directory.
  *
  * This is typically "/etc", but is modified by the prefix used when Ruby was
- * compiled. For example, if Ruby is built and installed in /usr/local, returns
- * "/usr/local/etc".
+ * compiled. For example, if Ruby is built and installed in /usr/local,
+ * returns "/usr/local/etc" on other platforms than Windows.
+ * On Windows, this always returns the directory provided by the system.
  */
 static VALUE
 etc_sysconfdir(VALUE obj)
@@ -642,7 +676,7 @@ etc_sysconfdir(VALUE obj)
  * Returns system temporary directory; typically "/tmp".
  */
 static VALUE
-etc_systmpdir(void)
+etc_systmpdir(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE tmpdir;
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -674,7 +708,10 @@ etc_systmpdir(void)
     }
 # endif
 #endif
+#ifndef RB_PASS_KEYWORDS
+    /* untaint on Ruby < 2.7 */
     FL_UNSET(tmpdir, FL_TAINT);
+#endif
     return tmpdir;
 }
 
@@ -751,9 +788,6 @@ etc_uname(VALUE obj)
 # ifndef PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64
 #   define PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64 9
 # endif
-# ifndef PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_IA64
-#   define PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_IA64 6
-# endif
 # ifndef PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL
 #   define PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL 0
 # endif
@@ -765,9 +799,6 @@ etc_uname(VALUE obj)
       case PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_ARM:
 	mach = "ARM";
 	break;
-      case PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_IA64:
-	mach = "IA64";
-	break;
       case PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL:
 	mach = "x86";
 	break;
@@ -926,11 +957,13 @@ io_pathconf(VALUE io, VALUE arg)
 static int
 etc_nprocessors_affin(void)
 {
-    cpu_set_t *cpuset;
+    cpu_set_t *cpuset, cpuset_buff[1024 / sizeof(cpu_set_t)];
     size_t size;
     int ret;
     int n;
 
+    CPU_ZERO_S(sizeof(cpuset_buff), cpuset_buff);
+
     /*
      * XXX:
      * man page says CPU_ALLOC takes number of cpus. But it is not accurate
@@ -949,13 +982,12 @@ etc_nprocessors_affin(void)
      */
     for (n=64; n <= 16384; n *= 2) {
 	size = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(n);
-	if (size >= 1024) {
+	if (size >= sizeof(cpuset_buff)) {
 	    cpuset = xcalloc(1, size);
 	    if (!cpuset)
 		return -1;
 	} else {
-	    cpuset = alloca(size);
-	    CPU_ZERO_S(size, cpuset);
+	    cpuset = cpuset_buff;
 	}
 
 	ret = sched_getaffinity(0, size, cpuset);
@@ -964,10 +996,10 @@ etc_nprocessors_affin(void)
 	    ret = CPU_COUNT_S(size, cpuset);
 	}
 
-	if (size >= 1024) {
+	if (size >= sizeof(cpuset_buff)) {
 	    xfree(cpuset);
 	}
-	if (ret > 0) {
+	if (ret > 0 || errno != EINVAL) {
 	    return ret;
 	}
     }
@@ -1012,7 +1044,7 @@ etc_nprocessors(VALUE obj)
 
     ncpus = etc_nprocessors_affin();
     if (ncpus != -1) {
-       return INT2NUM(ncpus);
+	return INT2NUM(ncpus);
     }
     /* fallback to _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN */
 #endif
@@ -1064,7 +1096,11 @@ Init_etc(void)
 {
     VALUE mEtc;
 
+    #ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+	RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE(true);
+    #endif
     mEtc = rb_define_module("Etc");
+    rb_define_const(mEtc, "VERSION", rb_str_new_cstr(RUBY_ETC_VERSION));
     init_constants(mEtc);
 
     rb_define_module_function(mEtc, "getlogin", etc_getlogin, 0);
@@ -1164,9 +1200,9 @@ Init_etc(void)
     rb_define_const(mEtc, "Passwd", sPasswd);
 #endif
     rb_define_const(rb_cStruct, "Passwd", sPasswd); /* deprecated name */
+    rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cStruct, "Passwd");
     rb_extend_object(sPasswd, rb_mEnumerable);
     rb_define_singleton_method(sPasswd, "each", etc_each_passwd, 0);
-
 #ifdef HAVE_GETGRENT
     sGroup = rb_struct_define_under(mEtc, "Group", "name",
 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_GROUP_GR_PASSWD
@@ -1199,6 +1235,7 @@ Init_etc(void)
     rb_define_const(mEtc, "Group", sGroup);
 #endif
     rb_define_const(rb_cStruct, "Group", sGroup); /* deprecated name */
+    rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cStruct, "Group");
     rb_extend_object(sGroup, rb_mEnumerable);
     rb_define_singleton_method(sGroup, "each", etc_each_group, 0);
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/etc/etc.gemspec b/ext/etc/etc.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d687e3b99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/etc/etc.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+version = ["", "ext/etc/"].find do |dir|
+  begin
+    break File.open(File.expand_path("../#{dir}/etc.c", __FILE__)) do |f|
+      f.gets "\n#define RUBY_ETC_VERSION "
+      f.gets[/"(.+)"/, 1]
+    end
+  rescue
+    next
+  end
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "etc"
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides access to information typically stored in UNIX /etc directory.}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/etc"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = %w[
+    LICENSE.txt
+    README.md
+    ext/etc/constdefs.h
+    ext/etc/etc.c
+    ext/etc/extconf.rb
+    ext/etc/mkconstants.rb
+    test/etc/test_etc.rb
+  ]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions    = %w{ext/etc/extconf.rb}
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "test-unit"
+end
diff --git a/ext/etc/extconf.rb b/ext/etc/extconf.rb
index 11bc9458c0..6e7810a5e8 100644
--- a/ext/etc/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/etc/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
 
 headers = []
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ have_func("uname((struct utsname *)NULL)", headers)
 have_func("getlogin")
 have_func("getpwent")
 have_func("getgrent")
-sysconfdir = RbConfig.expand(RbConfig::CONFIG["sysconfdir"].dup, "prefix"=>"", "DESTDIR"=>"")
-$defs.push("-DSYSCONFDIR=#{Shellwords.escape(sysconfdir.dump)}")
+if (sysconfdir = RbConfig::CONFIG["sysconfdir"] and
+    !RbConfig.expand(sysconfdir.dup, "prefix"=>"", "DESTDIR"=>"").empty?)
+  $defs.push("-DSYSCONFDIR=#{Shellwords.escape(sysconfdir.dump)}")
+end
 
 have_func("sysconf")
 have_func("confstr")
@@ -39,6 +41,14 @@ have_struct_member('struct passwd', 'pw_expire', 'pwd.h')
 have_struct_member('struct passwd', 'pw_passwd', 'pwd.h')
 have_struct_member('struct group', 'gr_passwd', 'grp.h')
 
+# for https://github.com/ruby/etc
+srcdir = File.expand_path("..", __FILE__)
+if !File.exist?("#{srcdir}/depend")
+  %x[#{RbConfig.ruby} #{srcdir}/mkconstants.rb -o #{srcdir}/constdefs.h]
+end
+
+have_func('rb_deprecate_constant(Qnil, "None")')
+
 $distcleanfiles << "constdefs.h"
 
 create_makefile("etc")
diff --git a/ext/etc/mkconstants.rb b/ext/etc/mkconstants.rb
index 0c4d17e6f9..a752d64519 100644
--- a/ext/etc/mkconstants.rb
+++ b/ext/etc/mkconstants.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'optparse'
 require 'erb'
 
@@ -66,7 +66,15 @@ def each_name(pat)
   }
 end
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_decls")
+erb_new = lambda do |src, safe, trim|
+  if ERB.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.assoc(:key) # Ruby 2.6+
+    ERB.new(src, trim_mode: trim)
+  else
+    ERB.new(src, safe, trim)
+  end
+end
+
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_decls")
 % each_const {|name, default_value|
 #if !defined(<%=name%>)
 # if defined(HAVE_CONST_<%=name.upcase%>)
@@ -80,7 +88,7 @@ ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_decls")
 % }
 EOS
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs")
 % each_const {|name, default_value|
 #if defined(<%=name%>)
 %   if comment = COMMENTS[name]
@@ -91,13 +99,13 @@ ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs")
 % }
 EOS
 
-header_result = ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
+header_result = erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
 /* autogenerated file */
 
 <%= gen_const_decls %>
 EOS
 
-result = ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
+result = erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
 /* autogenerated file */
 
 #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
diff --git a/ext/extmk.rb b/ext/extmk.rb
index 0274794b82..80a0a1208d 100755
--- a/ext/extmk.rb
+++ b/ext/extmk.rb
@@ -6,20 +6,16 @@
 $extension = nil
 $extstatic = nil
 $force_static = nil
-$install = nil
 $destdir = nil
 $dryrun = false
-$clean = nil
 $nodynamic = nil
-$extinit = nil
 $extobjs = []
 $extflags = ""
 $extlibs = nil
 $extpath = nil
-$ignore = nil
 $message = nil
 $command_output = nil
-$configure_only = false
+$subconfigure = false
 
 $progname = $0
 alias $PROGRAM_NAME $0
@@ -106,7 +102,7 @@ def extract_makefile(makefile, keep = true)
   srcs = Dir[File.join($srcdir, "*.{#{SRC_EXT.join(%q{,})}}")].map {|fn| File.basename(fn)}.sort
   if !srcs.empty?
     old_srcs = m[/^ORIG_SRCS[ \t]*=[ \t](.*)/, 1] or return false
-    old_srcs.split.sort == srcs or return false
+    (old_srcs.split - srcs).empty? or return false
   end
   $target = target
   $extconf_h = m[/^RUBY_EXTCONF_H[ \t]*=[ \t]*(\S+)/, 1]
@@ -131,12 +127,7 @@ def extract_makefile(makefile, keep = true)
   true
 end
 
-def extmake(target, basedir = (maybestatic = 'ext'))
-  unless $configure_only || verbose?
-    print "#{$message} #{target}\n"
-    $stdout.flush
-  end
-
+def extmake(target, basedir = 'ext', maybestatic = true)
   FileUtils.mkpath target unless File.directory?(target)
   begin
     # don't build if parent library isn't build
@@ -170,7 +161,7 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = (maybestatic = 'ext'))
     static = $static
     $static = nil if noinstall = File.fnmatch?("-*", target)
     ok = parent && File.exist?(makefile)
-    if parent && !$ignore
+    if parent
       rbconfig0 = RbConfig::CONFIG
       mkconfig0 = CONFIG
       rbconfig = {
@@ -206,14 +197,12 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = (maybestatic = 'ext'))
 	    [conf, "#{$srcdir}/depend"].any? {|f| modified?(f, [t])})
         then
 	  ok = false
-          if $configure_only
-            if verbose?
-              print "#{conf}\n" if conf
-            else
-              print "#{$message} #{target}\n"
-            end
-            $stdout.flush
+          if verbose?
+            print "#{conf}\n" if conf
+          else
+            print "#{$message} #{target}\n"
           end
+          $stdout.flush
           init_mkmf
 	  Logging::logfile 'mkmf.log'
 	  rm_f makefile
@@ -233,7 +222,6 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = (maybestatic = 'ext'))
       rescue SystemExit
 	# ignore
       rescue => error
-        lineno = error.backtrace_locations[0].lineno
         ok = false
       ensure
 	rm_f "conftest*"
@@ -249,38 +237,27 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = (maybestatic = 'ext'))
 
       return true if !error and target.start_with?("-")
 
-      if parent
-        message = "Failed to configure #{target}. It will not be installed."
-      else
-        message = "Skipped to configure #{target}. Its parent is not configured."
-      end
-      if Logging.log_opened?
-        Logging::message(error.to_s) if error
-        Logging::message(message)
+      message = nil
+      if error
+        loc = error.backtrace_locations[0]
+        message = "#{loc.absolute_path}:#{loc.lineno}: #{error.message}"
+        if Logging.log_opened?
+          Logging::message("#{message}\n\t#{error.backtrace.join("\n\t")}\n")
+        end
       end
-      message = error.message if error
 
-      return parent ? [conf, lineno||0, message] : true
+      return [parent, message]
     end
     args = $mflags
     unless $destdir.to_s.empty? or $mflags.defined?("DESTDIR")
       args += ["DESTDIR=" + relative_from($destdir, "../"+prefix)]
     end
     if $static and ok and !$objs.empty? and !noinstall
-      args += ["static"] unless $clean
+      args += ["static"]
       $extlist.push [(maybestatic ? $static : false), target, $target, $preload]
     end
     FileUtils.rm_f(old_cleanfiles - $distcleanfiles - $cleanfiles)
     FileUtils.rm_f(old_objs - $objs)
-    unless $configure_only or system($make, *args)
-      $ignore or $continue or return false
-    end
-    if $clean
-      FileUtils.rm_f("mkmf.log")
-      if $clean != true
-	FileUtils.rm_f([makefile, $extconf_h || "extconf.h"])
-      end
-    end
     if $static
       $extflags ||= ""
       $extlibs ||= []
@@ -376,6 +353,7 @@ def parse_args()
     $optparser.warn(e)
     abort $optparser.to_s
   end
+  $command_output or abort "--command-output option is mandatory"
 
   $destdir ||= ''
 
@@ -411,18 +389,10 @@ parse_args()
 if target = ARGV.shift and /^[a-z-]+$/ =~ target
   $mflags.push(target)
   case target
-  when /^(dist|real)?(clean)$/
-    target = $2
-    $ignore ||= true
-    $clean = $1 ? $1[0] : true
-  when /^install\b/
-    $install = true
-    $ignore ||= true
-    $mflags.unshift("INSTALL_PROG=install -c -p -m 0755",
-                    "INSTALL_DATA=install -c -p -m 0644",
-                    "MAKEDIRS=mkdir -p") if $dryrun
+  when /^(dist|real)?(clean)$/, /^install\b/
+    abort "#{target} is obsolete"
   when /configure/
-    $configure_only = true
+    $subconfigure = !ARGV.empty?
   end
 end
 unless $message
@@ -441,12 +411,15 @@ elsif sep = config_string('BUILD_FILE_SEPARATOR')
 else
   $ruby = '$(topdir)/miniruby' + EXEEXT
 end
-$ruby << " -I'$(topdir)'"
+$ruby = [$ruby]
+$ruby << "-I'$(topdir)'"
 unless CROSS_COMPILING
-  $ruby << " -I'$(top_srcdir)/lib'"
-  $ruby << " -I'$(extout)/$(arch)' -I'$(extout)/common'" if $extout
+  $ruby << "-I'$(top_srcdir)/lib'"
+  $ruby << "-I'$(extout)/$(arch)'" << "-I'$(extout)/common'" if $extout
   ENV["RUBYLIB"] = "-"
 end
+topruby = $ruby
+$ruby = topruby.join(' ')
 $mflags << "ruby=#$ruby"
 
 MTIMES = [__FILE__, 'rbconfig.rb', srcdir+'/lib/mkmf.rb'].collect {|f| File.mtime(f)}
@@ -486,7 +459,17 @@ for dir in ["ext", File::join($top_srcdir, "ext")]
   end
 end unless $extstatic
 
-ext_prefix = "#{$top_srcdir}/ext"
+@gemname = nil
+if ARGV[0]
+  ext_prefix, exts = ARGV.shift.split('/', 2)
+  $extension = [exts] if exts
+  if ext_prefix == 'gems'
+    @gemname = exts
+  elsif exts
+    $static_ext.delete_if {|t, *| !File.fnmatch(t, exts)}
+  end
+end
+ext_prefix = "#{$top_srcdir}/#{ext_prefix || 'ext'}"
 exts = $static_ext.sort_by {|t, i| i}.collect {|t, i| t}
 default_exclude_exts =
   case
@@ -497,6 +480,7 @@ default_exclude_exts =
   else
     %w'*win32*'
   end
+mandatory_exts = {}
 withes, withouts = [["--with", nil], ["--without", default_exclude_exts]].collect {|w, d|
   if !(w = %w[-extensions -ext].collect {|o|arg_config(w+o)}).any?
     d ? proc {|c1| d.any?(&c1)} : proc {true}
@@ -504,84 +488,49 @@ withes, withouts = [["--with", nil], ["--without", default_exclude_exts]].collec
     proc {true}
   else
     w = w.collect {|o| o.split(/,/)}.flatten
-    w.collect! {|o| o == '+' ? d : o}.flatten! if d
+    w.collect! {|o| o == '+' ? d : o}.flatten!
     proc {|c1| w.any?(&c1)}
   end
 }
 cond = proc {|ext, *|
-  cond1 = proc {|n| File.fnmatch(n, ext)}
-  withes.call(cond1) and !withouts.call(cond1)
+  withes.call(proc {|n|
+                !n or (mandatory_exts[ext] = true if File.fnmatch(n, ext))
+              }) and
+    !withouts.call(proc {|n| File.fnmatch(n, ext)})
 }
 ($extension || %w[*]).each do |e|
   e = e.sub(/\A(?:\.\/)+/, '')
-  exts |= Dir.glob("#{ext_prefix}/#{e}/**/extconf.rb").collect {|d|
+  incl, excl = Dir.glob("#{ext_prefix}/#{e}/**/extconf.rb").collect {|d|
     d = File.dirname(d)
     d.slice!(0, ext_prefix.length + 1)
     d
-  }.find_all {|ext|
+  }.partition {|ext|
     with_config(ext, &cond)
-  }.sort
+  }
+  incl.sort!
+  excl.sort!.collect! {|d| d+"/"}
+  nil while incl.reject! {|d| excl << d+"/" if excl.any? {|x| d.start_with?(x)}}
+  exts |= incl
   if $LIBRUBYARG_SHARED.empty? and CONFIG["EXTSTATIC"] == "static"
     exts.delete_if {|d| File.fnmatch?("-*", d)}
   end
 end
-
-if $extout
-  extout = RbConfig.expand("#{$extout}", RbConfig::CONFIG.merge("topdir"=>$topdir))
-  unless $ignore
-    FileUtils.mkpath("#{extout}/gems")
-  end
-end
-
-FileUtils.makedirs('gems')
-ext_prefix = "#$top_srcdir/gems"
-gems = Dir.glob(File.join(ext_prefix, ($extension || ''), '**/extconf.rb')).collect {|d|
-  d = File.dirname(d)
-  d.slice!(0, ext_prefix.length + 1)
-  d
-}.find_all {|ext|
-  with_config(ext, &cond)
-}.sort
+ext_prefix = File.basename(ext_prefix)
 
 extend Module.new {
   def timestamp_file(name, target_prefix = nil)
+    if @gemname and name == '$(TARGET_SO_DIR)'
+      name = "$(arch)/gems/#{@gemname}#{target_prefix}"
+    end
     super.sub(%r[/\.extout\.(?:-\.)?], '/.')
   end
 
   def configuration(srcdir)
     super << "EXTSO #{['=', $extso].join(' ')}\n"
   end
-}
-
-dir = Dir.pwd
-FileUtils::makedirs('ext')
-Dir::chdir('ext')
-
-hdrdir = $hdrdir
-$hdrdir = ($top_srcdir = relative_from(srcdir, $topdir = "..")) + "/include"
-extso = []
-fails = []
-exts.each do |d|
-  $static = $force_static ? true : $static_ext[d]
-
-  if $ignore or !$nodynamic or $static
-    result = extmake(d) or abort
-    extso |= $extso
-    fails << result unless result == true
-  end
-end
-
-Dir.chdir('..')
-FileUtils::makedirs('gems')
-Dir.chdir('gems')
-extout = $extout
-unless gems.empty?
-  def self.timestamp_file(name, target_prefix = nil)
-    name = "$(arch)/gems/#{@gemname}#{target_prefix}" if name == '$(TARGET_SO_DIR)'
-    super
-  end
 
-  def self.create_makefile(*args, &block)
+  def create_makefile(*args, &block)
+    return super unless @gemname
     super(*args) do |conf|
       conf.find do |s|
         s.sub!(/^(TARGET_SO_DIR *= *)\$\(RUBYARCHDIR\)/) {
@@ -600,19 +549,31 @@ build_complete: $(build_complete)
 $(build_complete): $(TARGET_SO)
 	$(Q) $(TOUCH) $@
 
+clean-so::
+	-$(Q)$(RM) $(build_complete)
 }
       conf
     end
   end
+}
+
+dir = Dir.pwd
+FileUtils::makedirs(ext_prefix)
+Dir::chdir(ext_prefix)
+
+hdrdir = $hdrdir
+$hdrdir = ($top_srcdir = relative_from(srcdir, $topdir = "..")) + "/include"
+extso = []
+fails = []
+exts.each do |d|
+  $static = $force_static ? true : $static_ext[d]
+
+  if !$nodynamic or $static
+    result = extmake(d, ext_prefix, !@gemname) or abort
+    extso |= $extso
+    fails << [d, result] unless result == true
+  end
 end
-gems.each do |d|
-  $extout = extout.dup
-  @gemname = d[%r{\A[^/]+}]
-  extmake(d, 'gems')
-  extso |= $extso
-end
-$extout = extout
-Dir.chdir('../ext')
 
 $top_srcdir = srcdir
 $topdir = "."
@@ -623,32 +584,13 @@ extinit = Struct.new(:c, :o) {
     super("#{src}.c", "#{src}.#{$OBJEXT}")
   end
 }.new("extinit")
-if $ignore
-  FileUtils.rm_f(extinit.to_a) if $clean
-  Dir.chdir ".."
-  if $clean
-    Dir.rmdir('ext') rescue nil
-    if $extout
-      FileUtils.rm_rf([extout+"/common", extout+"/include/ruby", extout+"/rdoc"])
-      FileUtils.rm_rf(extout+"/"+CONFIG["arch"])
-      if $clean != true
-	FileUtils.rm_rf(extout+"/include/"+CONFIG["arch"])
-	FileUtils.rm_f($mflags.defined?("INSTALLED_LIST")||ENV["INSTALLED_LIST"]||".installed.list")
-	Dir.rmdir(extout+"/include") rescue nil
-	Dir.rmdir(extout) rescue nil
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  exit
-end
 
-$extinit ||= ""
 $extobjs ||= []
 $extpath ||= []
 $extflags ||= ""
 $extlibs ||= []
+extinits = []
 unless $extlist.empty?
-  $extinit << "\n" unless $extinit.empty?
   list = $extlist.dup
   built = []
   while e = list.shift
@@ -662,27 +604,11 @@ unless $extlist.empty?
       next
     end
     base = File.basename(feature)
-    $extinit << "    init(Init_#{base}, \"#{feature}.so\");\n"
+    extinits << feature
     $extobjs << format("ext/%s/%s.%s", target, base, $LIBEXT)
     built << target
   end
 
-  src = %{\
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-
-#define init(func, name) {	\\
-    extern void func(void);	\\
-    ruby_init_ext(name, func);	\\
-}
-
-void ruby_init_ext(const char *name, void (*init)(void));
-
-void Init_ext(void)\n{\n#$extinit}
-}
-  if !modified?(extinit.c, MTIMES) || IO.read(extinit.c) != src
-    open(extinit.c, "w") {|fe| fe.print src}
-  end
-
   $extpath.delete("$(topdir)")
   $extflags = libpathflag($extpath) << " " << $extflags.strip
   conf = [
@@ -692,7 +618,7 @@ void Init_ext(void)\n{\n#$extinit}
   ].map {|n, v|
     "#{n}=#{v}" if v &&= v[/\S(?:.*\S)?/]
   }.compact
-  puts(*conf)
+  puts(*conf) unless $subconfigure
   $stdout.flush
   $mflags.concat(conf)
   $makeflags.concat(conf)
@@ -716,9 +642,9 @@ $makeflags.uniq!
 
 $mflags.unshift("topdir=#$topdir")
 ENV.delete("RUBYOPT")
-if $configure_only and $command_output
-  exts.map! {|d| "ext/#{d}/."}
-  gems.map! {|d| "gems/#{d}/."}
+exts.map! {|d| "#{ext_prefix}/#{d}/."}
+FileUtils.makedirs(File.dirname($command_output))
+begin
   atomic_write_open($command_output) do |mf|
     mf.puts "V = 0"
     mf.puts "Q1 = $(V:1=)"
@@ -743,12 +669,14 @@ if $configure_only and $command_output
       puts
     end
 
+    mf.macro "ruby", topruby
+    mf.macro "RUBY", ["$(ruby)"]
     mf.macro "extensions", exts
-    mf.macro "gems", gems
     mf.macro "EXTOBJS", $extlist.empty? ? ["dmyext.#{$OBJEXT}"] : ["ext/extinit.#{$OBJEXT}", *$extobjs]
     mf.macro "EXTLIBS", $extlibs
     mf.macro "EXTSO", extso
     mf.macro "EXTLDFLAGS", $extflags.split
+    mf.macro "EXTINITS", extinits
     submakeopts = []
     if enable_config("shared", $enable_shared)
       submakeopts << 'DLDOBJS="$(EXTOBJS) $(EXTENCS)"'
@@ -760,21 +688,23 @@ if $configure_only and $command_output
       submakeopts << 'EXTLIBS="$(EXTLIBS)"'
     end
     submakeopts << 'EXTLDFLAGS="$(EXTLDFLAGS)"'
+    submakeopts << 'EXTINITS="$(EXTINITS)"'
     submakeopts << 'UPDATE_LIBRARIES="$(UPDATE_LIBRARIES)"'
     submakeopts << 'SHOWFLAGS='
     mf.macro "SUBMAKEOPTS", submakeopts
+    mf.macro "NOTE_MESG", %w[$(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/lib/colorize.rb skip]
+    mf.macro "NOTE_NAME", %w[$(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/lib/colorize.rb fail]
     mf.puts
     targets = %w[all install static install-so install-rb clean distclean realclean]
     targets.each do |tgt|
       mf.puts "#{tgt}: $(extensions:/.=/#{tgt})"
-      mf.puts "#{tgt}: $(gems:/.=/#{tgt})" unless tgt == 'static'
       mf.puts "#{tgt}: note" unless /clean\z/ =~ tgt
     end
     mf.puts
     mf.puts "clean:\n\t-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.#{$OBJEXT}"
     mf.puts "distclean:\n\t-$(Q)$(RM) ext/extinit.c"
     mf.puts
-    mf.puts "#{rubies.join(' ')}: $(extensions:/.=/#{$force_static ? 'static' : 'all'}) $(gems:/.=/all)"
+    mf.puts "#{rubies.join(' ')}: $(extensions:/.=/#{$force_static ? 'static' : 'all'})"
     submake = "$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $(SUBMAKEOPTS)"
     mf.puts "all static: #{rubies.join(' ')}\n"
     $extobjs.each do |tgt|
@@ -785,7 +715,7 @@ if $configure_only and $command_output
       mf.puts "#{tgt}:\n\t#{submake} $@"
     end
     mf.puts "libencs:\n\t$(Q)$(MAKE) -f enc.mk V=$(V) $@"
-    mf.puts "ext/extinit.#{$OBJEXT}:\n\t$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) $@" if $static
+    mf.puts "ext/extinit.#{$OBJEXT}:\n\t$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) EXTINITS=\"$(EXTINITS)\" $@" if $static
     mf.puts
     if $gnumake == "yes"
       submake = "$(MAKE) -C $(@D)"
@@ -794,10 +724,18 @@ if $configure_only and $command_output
       config_string("exec") {|str| submake << str << " "}
       submake << "$(MAKE)"
     end
-    gems = exts + gems
     targets.each do |tgt|
-      (tgt == 'static' ? exts : gems).each do |d|
-        mf.puts "#{d[0..-2]}#{tgt}:\n\t$(Q)#{submake} $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) $(@F)"
+      exts.each do |d|
+        d = d[0..-2]
+        t = "#{d}#{tgt}"
+        if  /^(dist|real)?clean$/ =~ tgt
+          deps = exts.select {|e|e.start_with?(d)}.map {|e|"#{e[0..-2]}#{tgt}"} - [t]
+          pd = ' ' + deps.join(' ') unless deps.empty?
+        else
+          pext = File.dirname(d)
+          pd = " #{pext}/#{tgt}" if exts.include?("#{pext}/.")
+        end
+        mf.puts "#{t}:#{pd}\n\t$(Q)#{submake} $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) $(@F)"
       end
     end
     mf.puts "\n""extso:\n"
@@ -805,46 +743,32 @@ if $configure_only and $command_output
 
     mf.puts "\n""note:\n"
     unless fails.empty?
-      mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "*** Following extensions failed to configure:">
-      fails.each do |d, n, err|
-        d = "#{d}:#{n}:"
-        if err
-          err.scan(/.+/) do |e|
-            mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "#{d} #{e.gsub(/["`$^]/, '\\\\\\&')}">
+      abandon = false
+      mf.puts "note: note-body\n"
+      mf.puts "note-body:: note-header\n"
+      mf.puts "note-header:\n"
+      mf.puts %Q<\t@$(NOTE_MESG) "*** Following extensions are not compiled:">
+      mf.puts "note-body:: note-header\n"
+      fails.each do |ext, (parent, err)|
+        abandon ||= mandatory_exts[ext]
+        mf.puts %Q<\t@$(NOTE_NAME) "#{ext}:">
+        if parent
+          mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "\tCould not be configured. It will not be installed.">
+          err and err.scan(/.+/) do |ee|
+            mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "\t#{ee.gsub(/["`$^]/, '\\\\\\&')}">
           end
+          mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "\tCheck #{ext_prefix}/#{ext}/mkmf.log for more details.">
         else
-          mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "#{d}">
+          mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "\tSkipped because its parent was not configured.">
         end
       end
-      mf.puts %Q<\t@echo "*** Fix the problems, then remove these directories and try again if you want.">
-    end
-
-  end
-elsif $command_output
-  message = "making #{rubies.join(', ')}"
-  message = "echo #{message}"
-  $mflags.concat(rubies)
-  $makeflags.concat(rubies)
-  cmd = $makeflags.map {|ss|ss.sub(/.*[$(){};\s].*/, %q['\&'])}.join(' ')
-  open($command_output, 'wb') do |ff|
-    case $command_output
-    when /\.sh\z/
-      ff.puts message, "rm -f \"$0\"; exec \"$@\" #{cmd}"
-    when /\.bat\z/
-      ["@echo off", message, "%* #{cmd}", "del %0 & exit %ERRORLEVEL%"].each do |ss|
-        ff.print ss, "\r\n"
+      mf.puts "note:\n"
+      mf.puts %Q<\t@$(NOTE_MESG) "*** Fix the problems, then remove these directories and try again if you want.">
+      if abandon
+        mf.puts "\t""@exit 1"
       end
-    else
-      ff.puts cmd
     end
-    ff.chmod(0755)
   end
-elsif !$configure_only
-  message = "making #{rubies.join(', ')}"
-  puts message
-  $stdout.flush
-  $mflags.concat(rubies)
-  system($make, *$mflags) or exit($?.exitstatus)
 end
 # :startdoc:
 
diff --git a/ext/fcntl/depend b/ext/fcntl/depend
index 61d7dc20ee..cdaa3aa582 100644
--- a/ext/fcntl/depend
+++ b/ext/fcntl/depend
@@ -1,13 +1,163 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 fcntl.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 fcntl.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 fcntl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-fcntl.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 fcntl.o: fcntl.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/fcntl/extconf.rb b/ext/fcntl/extconf.rb
index 35371ebe18..6998f77483 100644
--- a/ext/fcntl/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/fcntl/extconf.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
 create_makefile('fcntl')
diff --git a/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c
index 62780b78c0..ee42d2abe5 100644
--- a/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c
+++ b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Init_fcntl(void)
 #ifdef F_DUPFD
     /* Document-const: F_DUPFD
      *
-     * Duplicate a file descriptor to the mimimum unused file descriptor
+     * Duplicate a file descriptor to the minimum unused file descriptor
      * greater than or equal to the argument.
      *
      * The close-on-exec flag of the duplicated file descriptor is set.
@@ -159,6 +159,20 @@ Init_fcntl(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_WRLCK", INT2NUM(F_WRLCK));
 #endif
+#ifdef F_SETPIPE_SZ
+    /* Document-const: F_SETPIPE_SZ
+     *
+     * Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by fd to be at least arg bytes.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ", INT2NUM(F_SETPIPE_SZ));
+#endif
+#ifdef F_GETPIPE_SZ
+    /* Document-const: F_GETPIPE_SZ
+     *
+     * Return (as the function result) the capacity of the pipe referred to by fd.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFcntl, "F_GETPIPE_SZ", INT2NUM(F_GETPIPE_SZ));
+#endif
 #ifdef O_CREAT
     /* Document-const: O_CREAT
      *
diff --git a/ext/fcntl/fcntl.gemspec b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..048e101aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "fcntl"
+  spec.version       = "1.0.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = "Loads constants defined in the OS fcntl.h C header file"
+  spec.description   = "Loads constants defined in the OS fcntl.h C header file"
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/fcntl"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = ["ext/fcntl/extconf.rb", "ext/fcntl/fcntl.c"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions    = "ext/fcntl/extconf.rb"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+end
diff --git a/ext/fiber/depend b/ext/fiber/depend
index 85cac2f03c..675263b95c 100644
--- a/ext/fiber/depend
+++ b/ext/fiber/depend
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 fiber.o: fiber.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/closure.c b/ext/fiddle/closure.c
index f19091b29b..3679e5c9ad 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/closure.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/closure.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <fiddle.h>
 #include <ruby/thread.h>
-#include "internal.h" /* rb_thread_has_gvl_p */
+
+int ruby_thread_has_gvl_p(void); /* from internal.h */
 
 VALUE cFiddleClosure;
 
@@ -12,11 +13,12 @@ typedef struct {
     ffi_type **argv;
 } fiddle_closure;
 
-#if defined(USE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC)
-#elif defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__linux__)
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__)
 # define USE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC 0
-#elif defined(RUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION) && RUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION < 3000005 && \
-	(defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_AMD64))
+#endif
+
+#if defined(USE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC)
+#elif !defined(HAVE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC)
 # define USE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC 0
 #else
 # define USE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC 1
@@ -128,6 +130,10 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
 	    rb_ary_push(params, ULL2NUM(*(unsigned LONG_LONG *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
 #endif
+	  case TYPE_CONST_STRING:
+	    rb_ary_push(params,
+                        rb_str_new_cstr(*((const char **)(x->args[i]))));
+	    break;
 	  default:
 	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "closure args: %d", type);
         }
@@ -173,6 +179,10 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
 	*(unsigned LONG_LONG *)x->resp = NUM2ULL(ret);
 	break;
 #endif
+      case TYPE_CONST_STRING:
+        /* Dangerous. Callback must keep reference of the String. */
+        *((const char **)(x->resp)) = StringValueCStr(ret);
+        break;
       default:
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "closure retval: %d", type);
     }
@@ -219,6 +229,7 @@ initialize(int rbargc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE ret;
     VALUE args;
+    VALUE normalized_args;
     VALUE abi;
     fiddle_closure * cl;
     ffi_cif * cif;
@@ -237,21 +248,26 @@ initialize(int rbargc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 
     cl->argv = (ffi_type **)xcalloc(argc + 1, sizeof(ffi_type *));
 
+    normalized_args = rb_ary_new_capa(argc);
     for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-        int type = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(args, i));
-        cl->argv[i] = INT2FFI_TYPE(type);
+        VALUE arg = rb_fiddle_type_ensure(RARRAY_AREF(args, i));
+        rb_ary_push(normalized_args, arg);
+        cl->argv[i] = rb_fiddle_int_to_ffi_type(NUM2INT(arg));
     }
     cl->argv[argc] = NULL;
 
+    ret = rb_fiddle_type_ensure(ret);
     rb_iv_set(self, "@ctype", ret);
-    rb_iv_set(self, "@args", args);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@args", normalized_args);
 
     cif = &cl->cif;
     pcl = cl->pcl;
 
-    result = ffi_prep_cif(cif, NUM2INT(abi), argc,
-                INT2FFI_TYPE(NUM2INT(ret)),
-		cl->argv);
+    result = ffi_prep_cif(cif,
+                          NUM2INT(abi),
+                          argc,
+                          rb_fiddle_int_to_ffi_type(NUM2INT(ret)),
+                          cl->argv);
 
     if (FFI_OK != result)
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error prepping CIF %d", result);
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/conversions.c b/ext/fiddle/conversions.c
index d40ddc1f38..6e0ce36378 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/conversions.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/conversions.c
@@ -1,7 +1,159 @@
 #include <fiddle.h>
 
+VALUE
+rb_fiddle_type_ensure(VALUE type)
+{
+    VALUE original_type = type;
+
+    if (!RB_SYMBOL_P(type)) {
+        VALUE type_string = rb_check_string_type(type);
+        if (!NIL_P(type_string)) {
+            type = rb_to_symbol(type_string);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (RB_SYMBOL_P(type)) {
+        ID type_id = rb_sym2id(type);
+        ID void_id;
+        ID voidp_id;
+        ID char_id;
+        ID short_id;
+        ID int_id;
+        ID long_id;
+#ifdef TYPE_LONG_LONG
+        ID long_long_id;
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT8_T
+        ID int8_t_id;
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT16_T
+        ID int16_t_id;
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT32_T
+        ID int32_t_id;
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT64_T
+        ID int64_t_id;
+#endif
+        ID float_id;
+        ID double_id;
+        ID variadic_id;
+        ID const_string_id;
+        ID size_t_id;
+        ID ssize_t_id;
+        ID ptrdiff_t_id;
+        ID intptr_t_id;
+        ID uintptr_t_id;
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(void_id, "void");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(voidp_id, "voidp");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(char_id, "char");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(short_id, "short");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(int_id, "int");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(long_id, "long");
+#ifdef TYPE_LONG_LONG
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(long_long_id, "long_long");
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT8_T
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(int8_t_id, "int8_t");
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT16_T
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(int16_t_id, "int16_t");
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT32_T
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(int32_t_id, "int32_t");
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT64_T
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(int64_t_id, "int64_t");
+#endif
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(float_id, "float");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(double_id, "double");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(variadic_id, "variadic");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(const_string_id, "const_string");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(size_t_id, "size_t");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(ssize_t_id, "ssize_t");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(ptrdiff_t_id, "ptrdiff_t");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(intptr_t_id, "intptr_t");
+        RUBY_CONST_ID(uintptr_t_id, "uintptr_t");
+        if (type_id == void_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_VOID);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == voidp_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_VOIDP);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == char_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_CHAR);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == short_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_SHORT);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == int_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_INT);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == long_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_LONG);
+        }
+#ifdef TYPE_LONG_LONG
+        else if (type_id == long_long_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_LONG_LONG);
+        }
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT8_T
+        else if (type_id == int8_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_INT8_T);
+        }
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT16_T
+        else if (type_id == int16_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_INT16_T);
+        }
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT32_T
+        else if (type_id == int32_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_INT32_T);
+        }
+#endif
+#ifdef TYPE_INT64_T
+        else if (type_id == int64_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_INT64_T);
+        }
+#endif
+        else if (type_id == float_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_FLOAT);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == double_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_DOUBLE);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == variadic_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_VARIADIC);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == const_string_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_CONST_STRING);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == size_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_SIZE_T);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == ssize_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_SSIZE_T);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == ptrdiff_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_PTRDIFF_T);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == intptr_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_INTPTR_T);
+        }
+        else if (type_id == uintptr_t_id) {
+            return INT2NUM(TYPE_UINTPTR_T);
+        }
+        else {
+            type = original_type;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return rb_to_int(type);
+}
+
 ffi_type *
-int_to_ffi_type(int type)
+rb_fiddle_int_to_ffi_type(int type)
 {
     int signed_p = 1;
 
@@ -33,66 +185,90 @@ int_to_ffi_type(int type)
 	return &ffi_type_float;
       case TYPE_DOUBLE:
 	return &ffi_type_double;
+      case TYPE_CONST_STRING:
+	return &ffi_type_pointer;
       default:
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown type %d", type);
     }
     return &ffi_type_pointer;
 }
 
+ffi_type *
+int_to_ffi_type(int type)
+{
+    return rb_fiddle_int_to_ffi_type(type);
+}
+
 void
-value_to_generic(int type, VALUE src, fiddle_generic * dst)
+rb_fiddle_value_to_generic(int type, VALUE *src, fiddle_generic *dst)
 {
     switch (type) {
       case TYPE_VOID:
 	break;
       case TYPE_VOIDP:
-	dst->pointer = NUM2PTR(rb_Integer(src));
+	dst->pointer = NUM2PTR(rb_Integer(*src));
 	break;
       case TYPE_CHAR:
-	dst->schar = (signed char)NUM2INT(src);
+	dst->schar = (signed char)NUM2INT(*src);
 	break;
       case -TYPE_CHAR:
-	dst->uchar = (unsigned char)NUM2UINT(src);
+	dst->uchar = (unsigned char)NUM2UINT(*src);
 	break;
       case TYPE_SHORT:
-	dst->sshort = (unsigned short)NUM2INT(src);
+	dst->sshort = (unsigned short)NUM2INT(*src);
 	break;
       case -TYPE_SHORT:
-	dst->sshort = (signed short)NUM2UINT(src);
+	dst->sshort = (signed short)NUM2UINT(*src);
 	break;
       case TYPE_INT:
-	dst->sint = NUM2INT(src);
+	dst->sint = NUM2INT(*src);
 	break;
       case -TYPE_INT:
-	dst->uint = NUM2UINT(src);
+	dst->uint = NUM2UINT(*src);
 	break;
       case TYPE_LONG:
-	dst->slong = NUM2LONG(src);
+	dst->slong = NUM2LONG(*src);
 	break;
       case -TYPE_LONG:
-	dst->ulong = NUM2ULONG(src);
+	dst->ulong = NUM2ULONG(*src);
 	break;
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
       case TYPE_LONG_LONG:
-	dst->slong_long = NUM2LL(src);
+	dst->slong_long = NUM2LL(*src);
 	break;
       case -TYPE_LONG_LONG:
-	dst->ulong_long = NUM2ULL(src);
+	dst->ulong_long = NUM2ULL(*src);
 	break;
 #endif
       case TYPE_FLOAT:
-	dst->ffloat = (float)NUM2DBL(src);
+	dst->ffloat = (float)NUM2DBL(*src);
 	break;
       case TYPE_DOUBLE:
-	dst->ddouble = NUM2DBL(src);
+	dst->ddouble = NUM2DBL(*src);
+	break;
+      case TYPE_CONST_STRING:
+        if (NIL_P(*src)) {
+            dst->pointer = NULL;
+        }
+        else {
+            dst->pointer = rb_string_value_cstr(src);
+        }
 	break;
       default:
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown type %d", type);
     }
 }
 
+void
+value_to_generic(int type, VALUE src, fiddle_generic *dst)
+{
+    /* src isn't safe from GC when type is TYPE_CONST_STRING and src
+     * isn't String. */
+    rb_fiddle_value_to_generic(type, &src, dst);
+}
+
 VALUE
-generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval)
+rb_fiddle_generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval)
 {
     int type = NUM2INT(rettype);
     VALUE cPointer;
@@ -131,6 +307,13 @@ generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval)
 	return rb_float_new(retval.ffloat);
       case TYPE_DOUBLE:
 	return rb_float_new(retval.ddouble);
+      case TYPE_CONST_STRING:
+        if (retval.pointer) {
+            return rb_str_new_cstr(retval.pointer);
+        }
+        else {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
       default:
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown type %d", type);
     }
@@ -138,4 +321,10 @@ generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval)
     UNREACHABLE;
 }
 
+VALUE
+generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval)
+{
+    return rb_fiddle_generic_to_value(rettype, retval);
+}
+
 /* vim: set noet sw=4 sts=4 */
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/conversions.h b/ext/fiddle/conversions.h
index cbc610bad2..c7c12a9234 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/conversions.h
+++ b/ext/fiddle/conversions.h
@@ -24,13 +24,22 @@ typedef union
     void * pointer;        /* ffi_type_pointer */
 } fiddle_generic;
 
+VALUE rb_fiddle_type_ensure(VALUE type);
+ffi_type * rb_fiddle_int_to_ffi_type(int type);
+void rb_fiddle_value_to_generic(int type, VALUE *src, fiddle_generic *dst);
+VALUE rb_fiddle_generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval);
+
+/* Deprecated. Use rb_fiddle_*() version. */
 ffi_type * int_to_ffi_type(int type);
-void value_to_generic(int type, VALUE src, fiddle_generic * dst);
+void value_to_generic(int type, VALUE src, fiddle_generic *dst);
 VALUE generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval);
 
-#define VALUE2GENERIC(_type, _src, _dst) value_to_generic((_type), (_src), (_dst))
-#define INT2FFI_TYPE(_type) int_to_ffi_type(_type)
-#define GENERIC2VALUE(_type, _retval) generic_to_value((_type), (_retval))
+#define VALUE2GENERIC(_type, _src, _dst)        \
+    rb_fiddle_value_to_generic((_type), &(_src), (_dst))
+#define INT2FFI_TYPE(_type)                     \
+    rb_fiddle_int_to_ffi_type(_type)
+#define GENERIC2VALUE(_type, _retval)           \
+    rb_fiddle_generic_to_value((_type), (_retval))
 
 #if SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_LONG
 # define PTR2NUM(x)   (LONG2NUM((long)(x)))
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/depend b/ext/fiddle/depend
index 470e15efef..6afc09dd67 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/depend
+++ b/ext/fiddle/depend
@@ -25,18 +25,20 @@ $(LIBFFI_DIR)/Makefile:
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(LIBFFI_DIR)
 	$(Q) $(CONFIGURE_LIBFFI)
 
-build-libffi: $(LIBFFI_A)
 build-libffi $(LIBFFI_A):
-	$(Q) $(SUBMAKE_LIBFFI)
+	$(Q) $(SUBMAKE_PRE) $(MAKE) $(SUBMAKE_ARG)
 
+clean-none:
 clean-libffi:
-	$(Q) $(SUBMAKE_LIBFFI) clean
+	$(Q) $(SUBMAKE_PRE) $(MAKE) $(SUBMAKE_ARG) clean
 
+distclean-none:
 distclean-libffi:
-	$(Q) $(SUBMAKE_LIBFFI) distclean
+	$(Q) $(SUBMAKE_PRE) $(MAKE) $(SUBMAKE_ARG) distclean
 	$(Q) $(RM) $(LIBFFI_DIR)/local.exp
 	$(Q) $(RUBY) -rfileutils -e "FileUtils.rmdir(Dir.glob(ARGV[0]+'/**/{,.*/}'), :parents=>true)" $(LIBFFI_DIR)
 
+realclean-none:
 realclean-libffi:
 	$(Q) $(RMALL) $(LIBFFI_DIR)
 
@@ -52,19 +54,165 @@ realclean: realclean-$(LIBFFI_CLEAN)
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 closure.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 closure.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 closure.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-closure.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
-closure.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 closure.o: closure.c
 closure.o: closure.h
 closure.o: conversions.h
@@ -72,14 +220,164 @@ closure.o: fiddle.h
 closure.o: function.h
 conversions.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 conversions.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 conversions.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-conversions.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 conversions.o: closure.h
 conversions.o: conversions.c
 conversions.o: conversions.h
@@ -87,14 +385,164 @@ conversions.o: fiddle.h
 conversions.o: function.h
 fiddle.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 fiddle.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
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+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
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+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
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+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
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+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
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+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
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+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 fiddle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-fiddle.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 fiddle.o: closure.h
 fiddle.o: conversions.h
 fiddle.o: fiddle.c
@@ -102,15 +550,165 @@ fiddle.o: fiddle.h
 fiddle.o: function.h
 function.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 function.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
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+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
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+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
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+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
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+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
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+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
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+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 function.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-function.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 function.o: closure.h
 function.o: conversions.h
 function.o: fiddle.h
@@ -118,32 +716,665 @@ function.o: function.c
 function.o: function.h
 handle.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 handle.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
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+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
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+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
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+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
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+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+handle.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
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+pointer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
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+pointer.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
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diff --git a/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb b/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
index 0359355193..6ca685317e 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
@@ -1,52 +1,113 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
 
 # :stopdoc:
 
+def gcc?
+  RbConfig::CONFIG["GCC"] == "yes"
+end
+
+def disable_optimization_build_flag(flags)
+  if gcc?
+    expanded_flags = RbConfig.expand(flags.dup)
+    optimization_option_pattern = /(^|\s)?-O\d(\s|$)?/
+    if optimization_option_pattern.match?(expanded_flags)
+      expanded_flags.gsub(optimization_option_pattern, '\\1-Og\\2')
+    else
+      flags + " -Og"
+    end
+  else
+    flags
+  end
+end
+
+def enable_debug_build_flag(flags)
+  if gcc?
+    expanded_flags = RbConfig.expand(flags.dup)
+    debug_option_pattern = /(^|\s)-g(?:gdb)?\d?(\s|$)/
+    if debug_option_pattern.match?(expanded_flags)
+      expanded_flags.gsub(debug_option_pattern, '\\1-ggdb3\\2')
+    else
+      flags + " -ggdb3"
+    end
+  else
+    flags
+  end
+end
+
+checking_for(checking_message("--enable-debug-build option")) do
+  enable_debug_build = enable_config("debug-build", false)
+  if enable_debug_build
+    $CFLAGS = disable_optimization_build_flag($CFLAGS)
+    $CFLAGS = enable_debug_build_flag($CFLAGS)
+  end
+  enable_debug_build
+end
+
+libffi_version = nil
+have_libffi = false
 bundle = enable_config('bundled-libffi')
-if ! bundle
+unless bundle
   dir_config 'libffi'
 
-  pkg_config("libffi") and
-    ver = pkg_config("libffi", "modversion")
+  if pkg_config("libffi")
+    libffi_version = pkg_config("libffi", "modversion")
+  end
 
+  have_ffi_header = false
   if have_header(ffi_header = 'ffi.h')
-    true
+    have_ffi_header = true
   elsif have_header(ffi_header = 'ffi/ffi.h')
-    $defs.push(format('-DUSE_HEADER_HACKS'))
-    true
-  end and (have_library('ffi') || have_library('libffi'))
-end or
-begin
-  ver = bundle != false &&
-        Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/libffi-*/")
-        .map {|n| File.basename(n)}
-        .max_by {|n| n.scan(/\d+/).map(&:to_i)}
-  unless ver
+    $defs.push('-DUSE_HEADER_HACKS')
+    have_ffi_header = true
+  end
+  if have_ffi_header && (have_library('ffi') || have_library('libffi'))
+    have_libffi = true
+  end
+end
+
+unless have_libffi
+  # for https://github.com/ruby/fiddle
+  extlibs_rb = File.expand_path("../../bin/extlibs.rb", $srcdir)
+  if bundle && File.exist?(extlibs_rb)
+    require "fileutils"
+    require_relative "../../bin/extlibs"
+    extlibs = ExtLibs.new
+    cache_dir = File.expand_path("../../tmp/.download_cache", $srcdir)
+    ext_dir = File.expand_path("../../ext", $srcdir)
+    Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/libffi-*/").each{|dir| FileUtils.rm_rf(dir)}
+    extlibs.run(["--cache=#{cache_dir}", ext_dir])
+  end
+  if bundle != false
+    libffi_package_name = Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/libffi-*/")
+                            .map {|n| File.basename(n)}
+                            .max_by {|n| n.scan(/\d+/).map(&:to_i)}
+  end
+  unless libffi_package_name
     raise "missing libffi. Please install libffi."
   end
 
-  srcdir = "#{$srcdir}/#{ver}"
+  libffi_srcdir = "#{$srcdir}/#{libffi_package_name}"
   ffi_header = 'ffi.h'
   libffi = Struct.new(*%I[dir srcdir builddir include lib a cflags ldflags opt arch]).new
-  libffi.dir = ver
+  libffi.dir = libffi_package_name
   if $srcdir == "."
-    libffi.builddir = "#{ver}/#{RUBY_PLATFORM}"
+    libffi.builddir = libffi_package_name
     libffi.srcdir = "."
   else
     libffi.builddir = libffi.dir
-    libffi.srcdir = relative_from(srcdir, "..")
+    libffi.srcdir = relative_from(libffi_srcdir, "..")
   end
   libffi.include = "#{libffi.builddir}/include"
   libffi.lib = "#{libffi.builddir}/.libs"
   libffi.a = "#{libffi.lib}/libffi_convenience.#{$LIBEXT}"
   nowarn = CONFIG.merge("warnflags"=>"")
-  libffi.cflags = RbConfig.expand("$(CFLAGS)", nowarn)
-  ver = ver[/libffi-(.*)/, 1]
+  libffi.cflags = RbConfig.expand("$(CFLAGS)".dup, nowarn)
+  libffi_version = libffi_package_name[/libffi-(.*)/, 1]
 
   FileUtils.mkdir_p(libffi.dir)
   libffi.opt = CONFIG['configure_args'][/'(-C)'/, 1]
-  libffi.ldflags = RbConfig.expand("$(LDFLAGS) #{libpathflag([relative_from($topdir, "..")])} #{$LIBRUBYARG}")
+  libffi.ldflags = RbConfig.expand("$(LDFLAGS) #{libpathflag([relative_from($topdir, "..")])} #{$LIBRUBYARG}".dup)
   libffi.arch = RbConfig::CONFIG['host']
   if $mswin
     unless find_executable(as = /x64/ =~ libffi.arch ? "ml64" : "ml")
@@ -71,13 +132,12 @@ begin
   args.concat %W[
     --srcdir=#{libffi.srcdir}
     --host=#{libffi.arch}
-    --enable-builddir=#{RUBY_PLATFORM}
   ]
   args << ($enable_shared || !$static ? '--enable-shared' : '--enable-static')
   args << libffi.opt if libffi.opt
   args.concat %W[
       CC=#{cc} CFLAGS=#{libffi.cflags}
-      CXX=#{cxx} CXXFLAGS=#{RbConfig.expand("$(CXXFLAGS)", nowarn)}
+      CXX=#{cxx} CXXFLAGS=#{RbConfig.expand("$(CXXFLAGS)".dup, nowarn)}
       LD=#{ld} LDFLAGS=#{libffi.ldflags}
   ]
 
@@ -88,7 +148,7 @@ begin
       begin
         IO.copy_stream(libffi.dir + "/config.log", Logging.instance_variable_get(:@logfile))
       rescue SystemCallError => e
-        Logfile.message("%s\n", e.message)
+        Logging.message("%s\n", e.message)
       end
       raise "failed to configure libffi. Please install libffi."
     end
@@ -97,15 +157,33 @@ begin
     FileUtils.rm_f("#{libffi.include}/ffitarget.h")
   end
   unless File.file?("#{libffi.include}/ffitarget.h")
-    FileUtils.cp("#{srcdir}/src/x86/ffitarget.h", libffi.include, preserve: true)
+    FileUtils.cp("#{libffi_srcdir}/src/x86/ffitarget.h", libffi.include, preserve: true)
   end
   $INCFLAGS << " -I" << libffi.include
 end
 
-if ver
-  ver = ver.gsub(/-rc\d+/, '') # If ver contains rc version, just ignored.
-  ver = (ver.split('.') + [0,0])[0,3]
-  $defs.push(%{-DRUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION=#{ '%d%03d%03d' % ver }})
+if libffi_version
+  # If libffi_version contains rc version, just ignored.
+  libffi_version = libffi_version.gsub(/-rc\d+/, '')
+  libffi_version = (libffi_version.split('.').map(&:to_i) + [0,0])[0,3]
+  $defs.push(%{-DRUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION=#{ '%d%03d%03d' % libffi_version }})
+  warn "libffi_version: #{libffi_version.join('.')}"
+end
+
+case
+when $mswin, $mingw, (libffi_version && (libffi_version <=> [3, 2]) >= 0)
+  $defs << "-DUSE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC=1"
+when (libffi_version && (libffi_version <=> [3, 2]) < 0)
+else
+  have_func('ffi_closure_alloc', ffi_header)
+end
+
+if libffi_version
+  if (libffi_version <=> [3, 0, 11]) >= 0
+    $defs << "-DHAVE_FFI_PREP_CIF_VAR"
+  end
+else
+  have_func('ffi_prep_cif_var', ffi_header)
 end
 
 have_header 'sys/mman.h'
@@ -122,6 +200,8 @@ elsif have_header "windows.h"
   %w{ LoadLibrary FreeLibrary GetProcAddress }.each do |func|
     abort "missing function #{func}" unless have_func(func)
   end
+
+  have_library "ws2_32"
 end
 
 have_const('FFI_STDCALL', ffi_header)
@@ -132,26 +212,31 @@ types.each do |type, signed|
   if /^\#define\s+SIZEOF_#{type}\s+(SIZEOF_(.+)|\d+)/ =~ config
     if size = $2 and size != 'VOIDP'
       size = types.fetch(size) {size}
-      $defs << format("-DTYPE_%s=TYPE_%s", signed||type, size)
+      $defs << "-DTYPE_#{signed||type}=TYPE_#{size}"
     end
     if signed
       check_signedness(type.downcase, "stddef.h")
     end
+  else
+    check_signedness(type.downcase, "stddef.h")
   end
 end
 
+if have_header("ruby/memory_view.h")
+  have_type("rb_memory_view_t", ["ruby/memory_view.h"])
+end
+
 if libffi
   $LOCAL_LIBS.prepend("./#{libffi.a} ").strip! # to exts.mk
   $INCFLAGS.gsub!(/-I#{libffi.dir}/, '-I$(LIBFFI_DIR)')
 end
-$INCFLAGS << " -I$(top_srcdir)"
 create_makefile 'fiddle' do |conf|
   if !libffi
     next conf << "LIBFFI_CLEAN = none\n"
   elsif $gnumake && !$nmake
-    submake = "$(MAKE) -C $(LIBFFI_DIR)\n"
+    submake_arg = "-C $(LIBFFI_DIR)\n"
   else
-    submake = "cd $(LIBFFI_DIR) && \\\n\t\t" << "#{config_string("exec")} $(MAKE)".strip
+    submake_pre = "cd $(LIBFFI_DIR) && #{config_string("exec")}".strip
   end
   if $nmake
     cmd = "$(RUBY) -C $(LIBFFI_DIR) #{libffi_config} --srcdir=$(LIBFFI_SRCDIR)"
@@ -170,7 +255,8 @@ create_makefile 'fiddle' do |conf|
    LIBFFI_CFLAGS = #{libffi.cflags}
    LIBFFI_LDFLAGS = #{libffi.ldflags}
    FFI_H = $(LIBFFI_DIR)/include/ffi.h
-   SUBMAKE_LIBFFI = #{submake}
+   SUBMAKE_PRE = #{submake_pre}
+   SUBMAKE_ARG = #{submake_arg}
    LIBFFI_CLEAN = libffi
   MK
 end
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/extlibs b/ext/fiddle/extlibs
index 7d5fda5247..68dac46a95 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/extlibs
+++ b/ext/fiddle/extlibs
@@ -1,2 +1,13 @@
-ftp://sourceware.org/pub/libffi/libffi-3.2.1.tar.gz md5:83b89587607e3eb65c70d361f13bab43
-	win32/libffi-3.2.1-mswin.patch -p0
+ver = 3.2.1
+pkg = libffi-$(ver)
+
+https://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/blfs/conglomeration/libffi/$(pkg).tar.gz \
+  md5:83b89587607e3eb65c70d361f13bab43 \
+  sha512:980ca30a8d76f963fca722432b1fe5af77d7a4e4d2eac5144fbc5374d4c596609a293440573f4294207e1bdd9fda80ad1e1cafb2ffb543df5a275bc3bd546483 \
+  #
+	win32/$(pkg)-mswin.patch -p0
+
+$(pkg)/config.guess -> /tool/config.guess
+$(pkg)/config.sub -> /tool/config.sub
+
+! chdir: $(pkg)| autoconf || exit 0
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c
index 9f3d1537d6..dd819a298c 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c
@@ -1,41 +1,15 @@
 #include <fiddle.h>
 
 VALUE mFiddle;
+VALUE rb_eFiddleDLError;
 VALUE rb_eFiddleError;
 
-#ifndef TYPE_SSIZE_T
-# if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
-#   define TYPE_SSIZE_T TYPE_INT
-# elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-#   define TYPE_SSIZE_T TYPE_LONG
-# elif defined HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-#   define TYPE_SSIZE_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
-# endif
-#endif
-#define TYPE_SIZE_T (-1*SIGNEDNESS_OF_SIZE_T*TYPE_SSIZE_T)
-
-#ifndef TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
-# if SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_INT
-#   define TYPE_PTRDIFF_T TYPE_INT
-# elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-#   define TYPE_PTRDIFF_T TYPE_LONG
-# elif defined HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-#   define TYPE_PTRDIFF_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
-# endif
-#endif
+void Init_fiddle_pointer(void);
+void Init_fiddle_pinned(void);
 
-#ifndef TYPE_INTPTR_T
-# if SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_INT
-#   define TYPE_INTPTR_T TYPE_INT
-# elif SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-#   define TYPE_INTPTR_T TYPE_LONG
-# elif defined HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-#   define TYPE_INTPTR_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
-# endif
+#ifdef FIDDLE_MEMORY_VIEW
+void Init_fiddle_memory_view(void);
 #endif
-#define TYPE_UINTPTR_T (-TYPE_INTPTR_T)
-
-void Init_fiddle_pointer(void);
 
 /*
  * call-seq: Fiddle.malloc(size)
@@ -47,8 +21,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_fiddle_malloc(VALUE self, VALUE size)
 {
     void *ptr;
-
-    ptr = (void*)ruby_xmalloc(NUM2SIZET(size));
+    ptr = (void*)ruby_xcalloc(1, NUM2SIZET(size));
     return PTR2NUM(ptr);
 }
 
@@ -164,11 +137,32 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
     mFiddle = rb_define_module("Fiddle");
 
     /*
+     * Document-class: Fiddle::Error
+     *
+     * Generic error class for Fiddle
+     */
+    rb_eFiddleError = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "Error", rb_eStandardError);
+
+    /*
+     * Ruby installed by RubyInstaller for Windows always require
+     * bundled Fiddle because ruby_installer/runtime/dll_directory.rb
+     * requires Fiddle. It's used by
+     * rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb. It means that the
+     * bundled Fiddle is always required on initialization.
+     *
+     * We just remove existing Fiddle::DLError here to override
+     * the bundled Fiddle.
+     */
+    if (rb_const_defined(mFiddle, rb_intern("DLError"))) {
+        rb_const_remove(mFiddle, rb_intern("DLError"));
+    }
+
+    /*
      * Document-class: Fiddle::DLError
      *
      * standard dynamic load exception
      */
-    rb_eFiddleError = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "DLError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_eFiddleDLError = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "DLError", rb_eFiddleError);
 
     /* Document-const: TYPE_VOID
      *
@@ -214,6 +208,38 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_LONG_LONG", INT2NUM(TYPE_LONG_LONG));
 #endif
 
+#ifdef TYPE_INT8_T
+    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT8_T
+     *
+     * C type - int8_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT8_T",    INT2NUM(TYPE_INT8_T));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef TYPE_INT16_T
+    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT16_T
+     *
+     * C type - int16_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT16_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT16_T));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef TYPE_INT32_T
+    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT32_T
+     *
+     * C type - int32_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT32_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT32_T));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef TYPE_INT64_T
+    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT64_T
+     *
+     * C type - int64_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT64_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT64_T));
+#endif
+
     /* Document-const: TYPE_FLOAT
      *
      * C type - float
@@ -226,6 +252,20 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_DOUBLE",    INT2NUM(TYPE_DOUBLE));
 
+#ifdef HAVE_FFI_PREP_CIF_VAR
+    /* Document-const: TYPE_VARIADIC
+     *
+     * C type - ...
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_VARIADIC",  INT2NUM(TYPE_VARIADIC));
+#endif
+
+    /* Document-const: TYPE_CONST_STRING
+     *
+     * C type - const char* ('\0' terminated const char*)
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_CONST_STRING",  INT2NUM(TYPE_CONST_STRING));
+
     /* Document-const: TYPE_SIZE_T
      *
      * C type - size_t
@@ -294,6 +334,30 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "ALIGN_LONG_LONG",  INT2NUM(ALIGN_LONG_LONG));
 #endif
 
+    /* Document-const: ALIGN_INT8_T
+     *
+     * The alignment size of a int8_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "ALIGN_INT8_T",  INT2NUM(ALIGN_INT8_T));
+
+    /* Document-const: ALIGN_INT16_T
+     *
+     * The alignment size of a int16_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "ALIGN_INT16_T", INT2NUM(ALIGN_INT16_T));
+
+    /* Document-const: ALIGN_INT32_T
+     *
+     * The alignment size of a int32_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "ALIGN_INT32_T", INT2NUM(ALIGN_INT32_T));
+
+    /* Document-const: ALIGN_INT64_T
+     *
+     * The alignment size of a int64_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "ALIGN_INT64_T", INT2NUM(ALIGN_INT64_T));
+
     /* Document-const: ALIGN_FLOAT
      *
      * The alignment size of a float
@@ -384,6 +448,30 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_LONG_LONG",  INT2NUM(sizeof(LONG_LONG)));
 #endif
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT8_T
+     *
+     * size of a int8_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT8_T",  INT2NUM(sizeof(int8_t)));
+
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT16_T
+     *
+     * size of a int16_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT16_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(int16_t)));
+
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT32_T
+     *
+     * size of a int32_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT32_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(int32_t)));
+
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT64_T
+     *
+     * size of a int64_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT64_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(int64_t)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_FLOAT
      *
      * size of a float
@@ -426,6 +514,12 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_UINTPTR_T",  INT2NUM(sizeof(uintptr_t)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_CONST_STRING
+     *
+     * size of a const char*
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_CONST_STRING", INT2NUM(sizeof(const char*)));
+
     /* Document-const: RUBY_FREE
      *
      * Address of the ruby_xfree() function
@@ -450,5 +544,10 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
     Init_fiddle_closure();
     Init_fiddle_handle();
     Init_fiddle_pointer();
+    Init_fiddle_pinned();
+
+#ifdef FIDDLE_MEMORY_VIEW
+    Init_fiddle_memory_view();
+#endif
 }
 /* vim: set noet sws=4 sw=4: */
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.gemspec b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a47f795f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+version_module = Module.new do
+  version_rb = File.join(__dir__, "lib/fiddle/version.rb")
+  module_eval(File.read(version_rb), version_rb, __LINE__)
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "fiddle"
+  spec.version       = version_module::Fiddle::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Aaron Patterson", "SHIBATA Hiroshi"]
+  spec.email         = ["aaron@tenderlovemaking.com", "hsbt@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{A libffi wrapper for Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{A libffi wrapper for Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/fiddle"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = [
+    "LICENSE.txt",
+    "README.md",
+    "Rakefile",
+    "bin/downloader.rb",
+    "bin/extlibs.rb",
+    "ext/fiddle/closure.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/closure.h",
+    "ext/fiddle/conversions.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/conversions.h",
+    "ext/fiddle/depend",
+    "ext/fiddle/extconf.rb",
+    "ext/fiddle/extlibs",
+    "ext/fiddle/fiddle.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/fiddle.h",
+    "ext/fiddle/function.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/function.h",
+    "ext/fiddle/handle.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/memory_view.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/pinned.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/pointer.c",
+    "ext/fiddle/win32/fficonfig.h",
+    "ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-3.2.1-mswin.patch",
+    "ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-config.rb",
+    "ext/fiddle/win32/libffi.mk.tmpl",
+    "fiddle.gemspec",
+    "lib/fiddle.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/closure.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/cparser.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/function.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/import.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/pack.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/struct.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/types.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/value.rb",
+    "lib/fiddle/version.rb",
+  ]
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions = ["ext/fiddle/extconf.rb"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler"
+
+  spec.metadata["msys2_mingw_dependencies"] = "libffi"
+end
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h
index d2583c1cbf..dbad910d07 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h
+++ b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h
@@ -58,38 +58,38 @@
 # error "CHAR_BIT not supported"
 #endif
 
-# if SIZEOF_SHORT == 2
-#  define ffi_type_ushort ffi_type_uint16
-#  define ffi_type_sshort ffi_type_sint16
-# elif SIZEOF_SHORT == 4
-#  define ffi_type_ushort ffi_type_uint32
-#  define ffi_type_sshort ffi_type_sint32
-# else
-#  error "short size not supported"
-# endif
+#if SIZEOF_SHORT == 2
+# define ffi_type_ushort ffi_type_uint16
+# define ffi_type_sshort ffi_type_sint16
+#elif SIZEOF_SHORT == 4
+# define ffi_type_ushort ffi_type_uint32
+# define ffi_type_sshort ffi_type_sint32
+#else
+# error "short size not supported"
+#endif
 
-# if SIZEOF_INT == 2
-#  define ffi_type_uint	ffi_type_uint16
-#  define ffi_type_sint	ffi_type_sint16
-# elif SIZEOF_INT == 4
-#  define ffi_type_uint	ffi_type_uint32
-#  define ffi_type_sint	ffi_type_sint32
-# elif SIZEOF_INT == 8
-#  define ffi_type_uint	ffi_type_uint64
-#  define ffi_type_sint	ffi_type_sint64
-# else
-#  error "int size not supported"
-# endif
+#if SIZEOF_INT == 2
+# define ffi_type_uint	ffi_type_uint16
+# define ffi_type_sint	ffi_type_sint16
+#elif SIZEOF_INT == 4
+# define ffi_type_uint	ffi_type_uint32
+# define ffi_type_sint	ffi_type_sint32
+#elif SIZEOF_INT == 8
+# define ffi_type_uint	ffi_type_uint64
+# define ffi_type_sint	ffi_type_sint64
+#else
+# error "int size not supported"
+#endif
 
-# if SIZEOF_LONG == 4
-#  define ffi_type_ulong ffi_type_uint32
-#  define ffi_type_slong ffi_type_sint32
-# elif SIZEOF_LONG == 8
-#  define ffi_type_ulong ffi_type_uint64
-#  define ffi_type_slong ffi_type_sint64
-# else
-#  error "long size not supported"
-# endif
+#if SIZEOF_LONG == 4
+# define ffi_type_ulong ffi_type_uint32
+# define ffi_type_slong ffi_type_sint32
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+# define ffi_type_ulong ffi_type_uint64
+# define ffi_type_slong ffi_type_sint64
+#else
+# error "long size not supported"
+#endif
 
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
 # if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
@@ -115,12 +115,67 @@
 #endif
 #define TYPE_FLOAT 7
 #define TYPE_DOUBLE 8
+#define TYPE_VARIADIC 9
+#define TYPE_CONST_STRING 10
+
+#define TYPE_INT8_T TYPE_CHAR
+#if SIZEOF_SHORT == 2
+# define TYPE_INT16_T TYPE_SHORT
+#elif SIZEOF_INT == 2
+# define TYPE_INT16_T TYPE_INT
+#endif
+#if SIZEOF_SHORT == 4
+# define TYPE_INT32_T TYPE_SHORT
+#elif SIZEOF_INT == 4
+# define TYPE_INT32_T TYPE_INT
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG == 4
+# define TYPE_INT32_T TYPE_LONG
+#endif
+#if SIZEOF_INT == 8
+# define TYPE_INT64_T TYPE_INT
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+# define TYPE_INT64_T TYPE_LONG
+#elif defined(TYPE_LONG_LONG)
+# define TYPE_INT64_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TYPE_SSIZE_T
+# if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
+#   define TYPE_SSIZE_T TYPE_INT
+# elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+#   define TYPE_SSIZE_T TYPE_LONG
+# elif defined HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+#   define TYPE_SSIZE_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
+# endif
+#endif
+#define TYPE_SIZE_T (-1*SIGNEDNESS_OF_SIZE_T*TYPE_SSIZE_T)
+
+#ifndef TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
+# if SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_INT
+#   define TYPE_PTRDIFF_T TYPE_INT
+# elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+#   define TYPE_PTRDIFF_T TYPE_LONG
+# elif defined HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+#   define TYPE_PTRDIFF_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TYPE_INTPTR_T
+# if SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_INT
+#   define TYPE_INTPTR_T TYPE_INT
+# elif SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+#   define TYPE_INTPTR_T TYPE_LONG
+# elif defined HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+#   define TYPE_INTPTR_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
+# endif
+#endif
+#define TYPE_UINTPTR_T (-TYPE_INTPTR_T)
 
 #define ALIGN_OF(type) offsetof(struct {char align_c; type align_x;}, align_x)
 
 #define ALIGN_VOIDP  ALIGN_OF(void*)
-#define ALIGN_SHORT  ALIGN_OF(short)
 #define ALIGN_CHAR   ALIGN_OF(char)
+#define ALIGN_SHORT  ALIGN_OF(short)
 #define ALIGN_INT    ALIGN_OF(int)
 #define ALIGN_LONG   ALIGN_OF(long)
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
@@ -129,8 +184,17 @@
 #define ALIGN_FLOAT  ALIGN_OF(float)
 #define ALIGN_DOUBLE ALIGN_OF(double)
 
+#define ALIGN_INT8_T  ALIGN_OF(int8_t)
+#define ALIGN_INT16_T ALIGN_OF(int16_t)
+#define ALIGN_INT32_T ALIGN_OF(int32_t)
+#define ALIGN_INT64_T ALIGN_OF(int64_t)
+
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_RB_MEMORY_VIEW_T
+# define FIDDLE_MEMORY_VIEW
+#endif
+
 extern VALUE mFiddle;
-extern VALUE rb_eFiddleError;
+extern VALUE rb_eFiddleDLError;
 
 VALUE rb_fiddle_new_function(VALUE address, VALUE arg_types, VALUE ret_type);
 
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/function.c b/ext/fiddle/function.c
index 8e280567db..d15a54bfa6 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/function.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/function.c
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #include <fiddle.h>
 #include <ruby/thread.h>
 
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
 #ifdef PRIsVALUE
 # define RB_OBJ_CLASSNAME(obj) rb_obj_class(obj)
 # define RB_OBJ_STRING(obj) (obj)
@@ -19,21 +21,21 @@ VALUE cFiddleFunction;
 #define Check_Max_Args_Long(name, len) \
     Check_Max_Args_(name, len, "l")
 #define Check_Max_Args_(name, len, fmt) \
-    if ((size_t)(len) < MAX_ARGS) { \
-	/* OK */ \
-    } \
-    else { \
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, \
-		 name" is so large that it can cause integer overflow (%"fmt"d)", \
-		 (len)); \
-    }
+    do { \
+        if ((size_t)(len) >= MAX_ARGS) { \
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, \
+                     "%s is so large " \
+                     "that it can cause integer overflow (%"fmt"d)", \
+                     (name), (len)); \
+        } \
+    } while (0)
 
 static void
 deallocate(void *p)
 {
-    ffi_cif *ptr = p;
-    if (ptr->arg_types) xfree(ptr->arg_types);
-    xfree(ptr);
+    ffi_cif *cif = p;
+    if (cif->arg_types) xfree(cif->arg_types);
+    xfree(cif);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -75,72 +77,114 @@ rb_fiddle_new_function(VALUE address, VALUE arg_types, VALUE ret_type)
     return rb_class_new_instance(3, argv, cFiddleFunction);
 }
 
-static int
-parse_keyword_arg_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+normalize_argument_types(const char *name,
+                         VALUE arg_types,
+                         bool *is_variadic)
 {
-    if (key == ID2SYM(rb_intern("name"))) {
-	rb_iv_set(self, "@name", value);
-    } else {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown keyword: %"PRIsVALUE,
-		 RB_OBJ_STRING(key));
+    VALUE normalized_arg_types;
+    int i;
+    int n_arg_types;
+    *is_variadic = false;
+
+    Check_Type(arg_types, T_ARRAY);
+    n_arg_types = RARRAY_LENINT(arg_types);
+    Check_Max_Args(name, n_arg_types);
+
+    normalized_arg_types = rb_ary_new_capa(n_arg_types);
+    for (i = 0; i < n_arg_types; i++) {
+        VALUE arg_type = RARRAY_AREF(arg_types, i);
+        int c_arg_type;
+        arg_type = rb_fiddle_type_ensure(arg_type);
+        c_arg_type = NUM2INT(arg_type);
+        if (c_arg_type == TYPE_VARIADIC) {
+            if (i != n_arg_types - 1) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "Fiddle::TYPE_VARIADIC must be the last argument type: "
+                         "%"PRIsVALUE,
+                         arg_types);
+            }
+            *is_variadic = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        else {
+            (void)INT2FFI_TYPE(c_arg_type); /* raise */
+        }
+        rb_ary_push(normalized_arg_types, INT2FIX(c_arg_type));
     }
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
+
+    /* freeze to prevent inconsistency at calling #to_int later */
+    OBJ_FREEZE(normalized_arg_types);
+    return normalized_arg_types;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 initialize(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 {
     ffi_cif * cif;
-    ffi_type **arg_types, *rtype;
-    ffi_status result;
-    VALUE ptr, args, ret_type, abi, kwds, ary;
-    int i, len;
-    int nabi;
+    VALUE ptr, arg_types, ret_type, abi, kwargs;
+    VALUE name = Qnil;
+    VALUE need_gvl = Qfalse;
+    int c_ret_type;
+    bool is_variadic = false;
+    ffi_abi c_ffi_abi;
     void *cfunc;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "31:", &ptr, &args, &ret_type, &abi, &kwds);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "31:", &ptr, &arg_types, &ret_type, &abi, &kwargs);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@closure", ptr);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(kwargs)) {
+        enum {
+            kw_name,
+            kw_need_gvl,
+            kw_max_,
+        };
+        static ID kw[kw_max_];
+        VALUE args[kw_max_];
+        if (!kw[0]) {
+            kw[kw_name] = rb_intern_const("name");
+            kw[kw_need_gvl] = rb_intern_const("need_gvl");
+        }
+        rb_get_kwargs(kwargs, kw, 0, kw_max_, args);
+        if (args[kw_name] != Qundef) {
+            name = args[kw_name];
+        }
+        if (args[kw_need_gvl] != Qundef) {
+            need_gvl = args[kw_need_gvl];
+        }
+    }
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@name", name);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@need_gvl", need_gvl);
+
     ptr = rb_Integer(ptr);
     cfunc = NUM2PTR(ptr);
     PTR2NUM(cfunc);
-    nabi = NIL_P(abi) ? FFI_DEFAULT_ABI : NUM2INT(abi);
-    abi = INT2FIX(nabi);
-    i = NUM2INT(ret_type);
-    rtype = INT2FFI_TYPE(i);
-    ret_type = INT2FIX(i);
-
-    Check_Type(args, T_ARRAY);
-    len = RARRAY_LENINT(args);
-    Check_Max_Args("args", len);
-    ary = rb_ary_subseq(args, 0, len);
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(args); i++) {
-	VALUE a = RARRAY_PTR(args)[i];
-	int type = NUM2INT(a);
-	(void)INT2FFI_TYPE(type); /* raise */
-	if (INT2FIX(type) != a) rb_ary_store(ary, i, INT2FIX(type));
+    c_ffi_abi = NIL_P(abi) ? FFI_DEFAULT_ABI : NUM2INT(abi);
+    abi = INT2FIX(c_ffi_abi);
+    ret_type = rb_fiddle_type_ensure(ret_type);
+    c_ret_type = NUM2INT(ret_type);
+    (void)INT2FFI_TYPE(c_ret_type); /* raise */
+    ret_type = INT2FIX(c_ret_type);
+
+    arg_types = normalize_argument_types("argument types",
+                                         arg_types,
+                                         &is_variadic);
+#ifndef HAVE_FFI_PREP_CIF_VAR
+    if (is_variadic) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+                 "ffi_prep_cif_var() is required in libffi "
+                 "for variadic arguments");
     }
-    OBJ_FREEZE(ary);
+#endif
 
     rb_iv_set(self, "@ptr", ptr);
-    rb_iv_set(self, "@args", args);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@argument_types", arg_types);
     rb_iv_set(self, "@return_type", ret_type);
     rb_iv_set(self, "@abi", abi);
-
-    if (!NIL_P(kwds)) rb_hash_foreach(kwds, parse_keyword_arg_i, self);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@is_variadic", is_variadic ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, ffi_cif, &function_data_type, cif);
-
-    arg_types = xcalloc(len + 1, sizeof(ffi_type *));
-
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(args); i++) {
-	int type = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(args, i));
-	arg_types[i] = INT2FFI_TYPE(type);
-    }
-    arg_types[len] = NULL;
-
-    result = ffi_prep_cif(cif, nabi, len, rtype, arg_types);
-
-    if (result)
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error creating CIF %d", result);
+    cif->arg_types = NULL;
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -167,61 +211,181 @@ function_call(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 {
     struct nogvl_ffi_call_args args = { 0 };
     fiddle_generic *generic_args;
-    VALUE cfunc, types, cPointer;
+    VALUE cfunc;
+    VALUE abi;
+    VALUE arg_types;
+    VALUE cPointer;
+    VALUE is_variadic;
+    VALUE need_gvl;
+    int n_arg_types;
+    int n_fixed_args = 0;
+    int n_call_args = 0;
     int i;
+    int i_call;
+    VALUE converted_args = Qnil;
     VALUE alloc_buffer = 0;
 
     cfunc    = rb_iv_get(self, "@ptr");
-    types    = rb_iv_get(self, "@args");
+    abi      = rb_iv_get(self, "@abi");
+    arg_types = rb_iv_get(self, "@argument_types");
     cPointer = rb_const_get(mFiddle, rb_intern("Pointer"));
-
-    Check_Max_Args("number of arguments", argc);
-    if (argc != (i = RARRAY_LENINT(types))) {
-	rb_error_arity(argc, i, i);
+    is_variadic = rb_iv_get(self, "@is_variadic");
+    need_gvl = rb_iv_get(self, "@need_gvl");
+
+    n_arg_types = RARRAY_LENINT(arg_types);
+    n_fixed_args = n_arg_types;
+    if (RTEST(is_variadic)) {
+        if (argc < n_arg_types) {
+            rb_error_arity(argc, n_arg_types, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
+        }
+        if (((argc - n_arg_types) % 2) != 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                     "variadic arguments must be type and value pairs: "
+                     "%"PRIsVALUE,
+                     rb_ary_new_from_values(argc, argv));
+        }
+        n_call_args = n_arg_types + ((argc - n_arg_types) / 2);
     }
+    else {
+        if (argc != n_arg_types) {
+            rb_error_arity(argc, n_arg_types, n_arg_types);
+        }
+        n_call_args = n_arg_types;
+    }
+    Check_Max_Args("the number of arguments", n_call_args);
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, ffi_cif, &function_data_type, args.cif);
 
-    if (rb_safe_level() >= 1) {
-	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-	    VALUE src = argv[i];
-	    if (OBJ_TAINTED(src)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "tainted parameter not allowed");
-	    }
-	}
+    if (is_variadic && args.cif->arg_types) {
+        xfree(args.cif->arg_types);
+        args.cif->arg_types = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!args.cif->arg_types) {
+        VALUE fixed_arg_types = arg_types;
+        VALUE return_type;
+        int c_return_type;
+        ffi_type *ffi_return_type;
+        ffi_type **ffi_arg_types;
+        ffi_status result;
+
+        arg_types = rb_ary_dup(fixed_arg_types);
+        for (i = n_fixed_args; i < argc; i += 2) {
+          VALUE arg_type = argv[i];
+          int c_arg_type;
+          arg_type = rb_fiddle_type_ensure(arg_type);
+          c_arg_type = NUM2INT(arg_type);
+          (void)INT2FFI_TYPE(c_arg_type); /* raise */
+          rb_ary_push(arg_types, INT2FIX(c_arg_type));
+        }
+
+        return_type = rb_iv_get(self, "@return_type");
+        c_return_type = FIX2INT(return_type);
+        ffi_return_type = INT2FFI_TYPE(c_return_type);
+
+        ffi_arg_types = xcalloc(n_call_args + 1, sizeof(ffi_type *));
+        for (i_call = 0; i_call < n_call_args; i_call++) {
+            VALUE arg_type;
+            int c_arg_type;
+            arg_type = RARRAY_AREF(arg_types, i_call);
+            c_arg_type = FIX2INT(arg_type);
+            ffi_arg_types[i_call] = INT2FFI_TYPE(c_arg_type);
+        }
+        ffi_arg_types[i_call] = NULL;
+
+        if (is_variadic) {
+#ifdef HAVE_FFI_PREP_CIF_VAR
+            result = ffi_prep_cif_var(args.cif,
+                                      FIX2INT(abi),
+                                      n_fixed_args,
+                                      n_call_args,
+                                      ffi_return_type,
+                                      ffi_arg_types);
+#else
+            /* This code is never used because ffi_prep_cif_var()
+             * availability check is done in #initialize. */
+            result = FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF;
+#endif
+        }
+        else {
+            result = ffi_prep_cif(args.cif,
+                                  FIX2INT(abi),
+                                  n_call_args,
+                                  ffi_return_type,
+                                  ffi_arg_types);
+        }
+        if (result != FFI_OK) {
+            xfree(ffi_arg_types);
+            args.cif->arg_types = NULL;
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error creating CIF %d", result);
+        }
     }
 
     generic_args = ALLOCV(alloc_buffer,
-	(size_t)(argc + 1) * sizeof(void *) + (size_t)argc * sizeof(fiddle_generic));
+                          sizeof(fiddle_generic) * n_call_args +
+                          sizeof(void *) * (n_call_args + 1));
     args.values = (void **)((char *)generic_args +
-			    (size_t)argc * sizeof(fiddle_generic));
-
-    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-	VALUE type = RARRAY_AREF(types, i);
-	VALUE src = argv[i];
-	int argtype = FIX2INT(type);
-
-	if (argtype == TYPE_VOIDP) {
-	    if(NIL_P(src)) {
-		src = INT2FIX(0);
-	    } else if(cPointer != CLASS_OF(src)) {
-		src = rb_funcall(cPointer, rb_intern("[]"), 1, src);
-	    }
-	    src = rb_Integer(src);
-	}
-
-	VALUE2GENERIC(argtype, src, &generic_args[i]);
-	args.values[i] = (void *)&generic_args[i];
+                            sizeof(fiddle_generic) * n_call_args);
+
+    for (i = 0, i_call = 0;
+         i < argc && i_call < n_call_args;
+         i++, i_call++) {
+        VALUE arg_type;
+        int c_arg_type;
+        VALUE original_src;
+        VALUE src;
+        arg_type = RARRAY_AREF(arg_types, i_call);
+        c_arg_type = FIX2INT(arg_type);
+        if (i >= n_fixed_args) {
+            i++;
+        }
+        src = argv[i];
+
+        if (c_arg_type == TYPE_VOIDP) {
+            if (NIL_P(src)) {
+                src = INT2FIX(0);
+            }
+            else if (cPointer != CLASS_OF(src)) {
+                src = rb_funcall(cPointer, rb_intern("[]"), 1, src);
+                if (NIL_P(converted_args)) {
+                    converted_args = rb_ary_new();
+                }
+                rb_ary_push(converted_args, src);
+            }
+            src = rb_Integer(src);
+        }
+
+        original_src = src;
+        VALUE2GENERIC(c_arg_type, src, &generic_args[i_call]);
+        if (src != original_src) {
+            if (NIL_P(converted_args)) {
+                converted_args = rb_ary_new();
+            }
+            rb_ary_push(converted_args, src);
+        }
+        args.values[i_call] = (void *)&generic_args[i_call];
     }
-    args.values[argc] = NULL;
-    args.fn = NUM2PTR(cfunc);
+    args.values[i_call] = NULL;
+    args.fn = (void(*)(void))NUM2PTR(cfunc);
 
-    (void)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_ffi_call, &args, 0, 0);
+    if (RTEST(need_gvl)) {
+        ffi_call(args.cif, args.fn, &(args.retval), args.values);
+    }
+    else {
+        (void)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_ffi_call, &args, 0, 0);
+    }
 
-    rb_funcall(mFiddle, rb_intern("last_error="), 1, INT2NUM(errno));
+    {
+        int errno_keep = errno;
 #if defined(_WIN32)
-    rb_funcall(mFiddle, rb_intern("win32_last_error="), 1, INT2NUM(errno));
+        int socket_error = WSAGetLastError();
+        rb_funcall(mFiddle, rb_intern("win32_last_error="), 1,
+                   INT2NUM(errno_keep));
+        rb_funcall(mFiddle, rb_intern("win32_last_socket_error="), 1,
+                   INT2NUM(socket_error));
 #endif
+        rb_funcall(mFiddle, rb_intern("last_error="), 1, INT2NUM(errno_keep));
+    }
 
     ALLOCV_END(alloc_buffer);
 
@@ -294,6 +458,10 @@ Init_fiddle_function(void)
      * Caller must ensure the underlying function is called in a
      * thread-safe manner if running in a multi-threaded process.
      *
+     * Note that it is not thread-safe to use this method to
+     * directly or indirectly call many Ruby C-extension APIs unless
+     * you don't pass +need_gvl: true+ to Fiddle::Function#new.
+     *
      * For an example see Fiddle::Function
      *
      */
@@ -301,13 +469,20 @@ Init_fiddle_function(void)
 
     /*
      * Document-method: new
-     * call-seq: new(ptr, args, ret_type, abi = DEFAULT)
+     * call-seq: new(ptr,
+     *               args,
+     *               ret_type,
+     *               abi = DEFAULT,
+     *               name: nil,
+     *               need_gvl: false)
      *
      * Constructs a Function object.
      * * +ptr+ is a referenced function, of a Fiddle::Handle
      * * +args+ is an Array of arguments, passed to the +ptr+ function
      * * +ret_type+ is the return type of the function
      * * +abi+ is the ABI of the function
+     * * +name+ is the name of the function
+     * * +need_gvl+ is whether GVL is needed to call the function
      *
      */
     rb_define_method(cFiddleFunction, "initialize", initialize, -1);
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/handle.c b/ext/fiddle/handle.c
index e727ccfd00..c1b2db557a 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/handle.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/handle.c
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #include <ruby.h>
 #include <fiddle.h>
 
-#define SafeStringValueCStr(v) (rb_check_safe_obj(rb_string_value(&v)), StringValueCStr(v))
-
 VALUE rb_cHandle;
 
 struct dl_handle {
@@ -76,14 +74,14 @@ rb_fiddle_handle_close(VALUE self)
 	/* Check dlclose for successful return value */
 	if(ret) {
 #if defined(HAVE_DLERROR)
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "%s", dlerror());
+	    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "%s", dlerror());
 #else
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "could not close handle");
+	    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "could not close handle");
 #endif
 	}
 	return INT2NUM(ret);
     }
-    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "dlclose() called too many times");
+    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "dlclose() called too many times");
 
     UNREACHABLE;
 }
@@ -145,11 +143,11 @@ rb_fiddle_handle_initialize(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 	cflag = RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_GLOBAL;
 	break;
       case 1:
-	clib = NIL_P(lib) ? NULL : SafeStringValueCStr(lib);
+	clib = NIL_P(lib) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(lib);
 	cflag = RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_GLOBAL;
 	break;
       case 2:
-	clib = NIL_P(lib) ? NULL : SafeStringValueCStr(lib);
+	clib = NIL_P(lib) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(lib);
 	cflag = NUM2INT(flag);
 	break;
       default:
@@ -179,12 +177,12 @@ rb_fiddle_handle_initialize(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
 	ptr = dlopen(clib, cflag);
 #if defined(HAVE_DLERROR)
     if( !ptr && (err = dlerror()) ){
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "%s", err);
+	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "%s", err);
     }
 #else
     if( !ptr ){
 	err = dlerror();
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "%s", err);
+	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "%s", err);
     }
 #endif
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct dl_handle, &fiddle_handle_data_type, fiddle_handle);
@@ -280,7 +278,7 @@ rb_fiddle_handle_sym(VALUE self, VALUE sym)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct dl_handle, &fiddle_handle_data_type, fiddle_handle);
     if( ! fiddle_handle->open ){
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "closed handle");
+	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "closed handle");
     }
 
     return fiddle_handle_sym(fiddle_handle->ptr, sym);
@@ -319,7 +317,7 @@ fiddle_handle_sym(void *handle, VALUE symbol)
 # define CHECK_DLERROR
 #endif
     void (*func)();
-    const char *name = SafeStringValueCStr(symbol);
+    const char *name = StringValueCStr(symbol);
 
 #ifdef HAVE_DLERROR
     dlerror();
@@ -368,7 +366,7 @@ fiddle_handle_sym(void *handle, VALUE symbol)
     }
 #endif
     if( !func ){
-	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "unknown symbol \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", symbol);
+	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "unknown symbol \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", symbol);
     }
 
     return PTR2NUM(func);
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb
index 5208eb9328..4512989310 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'fiddle.so'
-require 'fiddle/function'
 require 'fiddle/closure'
+require 'fiddle/function'
+require 'fiddle/version'
 
 module Fiddle
   if WINDOWS
@@ -15,6 +17,18 @@ module Fiddle
     def self.win32_last_error= error
       Thread.current[:__FIDDLE_WIN32_LAST_ERROR__] = error
     end
+
+    # Returns the last win32 socket +Error+ of the current executing
+    # +Thread+ or nil if none
+    def self.win32_last_socket_error
+      Thread.current[:__FIDDLE_WIN32_LAST_SOCKET_ERROR__]
+    end
+
+    # Sets the last win32 socket +Error+ of the current executing
+    # +Thread+ to +error+
+    def self.win32_last_socket_error= error
+      Thread.current[:__FIDDLE_WIN32_LAST_SOCKET_ERROR__] = error
+    end
   end
 
   # Returns the last +Error+ of the current executing +Thread+ or nil if none
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb
index 0b9adbb60a..c865a63c20 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Fiddle
   class Closure
 
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb
index 6b9da9fa7c..93a05513c9 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Fiddle
   # A mixin that provides methods for parsing C struct and prototype signatures.
   #
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ module Fiddle
     # Parses a C struct's members
     #
     # Example:
+    #   require 'fiddle/import'
     #
     #   include Fiddle::CParser
     #     #=> Object
@@ -34,12 +35,37 @@ module Fiddle
     def parse_struct_signature(signature, tymap=nil)
       if signature.is_a?(String)
         signature = split_arguments(signature, /[,;]/)
+      elsif signature.is_a?(Hash)
+        signature = [signature]
       end
       mems = []
       tys  = []
       signature.each{|msig|
-        msig = compact(msig)
+        msig = compact(msig) if msig.is_a?(String)
         case msig
+        when Hash
+          msig.each do |struct_name, struct_signature|
+            struct_name = struct_name.to_s if struct_name.is_a?(Symbol)
+            struct_name = compact(struct_name)
+            struct_count = nil
+            if struct_name =~ /^([\w\*\s]+)\[(\d+)\]$/
+              struct_count = $2.to_i
+              struct_name = $1
+            end
+            if struct_signature.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+              struct_type = struct_signature
+            else
+              parsed_struct = parse_struct_signature(struct_signature, tymap)
+              struct_type = CStructBuilder.create(CStruct, *parsed_struct)
+            end
+            if struct_count
+              ty = [struct_type, struct_count]
+            else
+              ty = struct_type
+            end
+            mems.push([struct_name, struct_type.members])
+            tys.push(ty)
+          end
         when /^[\w\*\s]+[\*\s](\w+)$/
           mems.push($1)
           tys.push(parse_ctype(msig, tymap))
@@ -66,6 +92,7 @@ module Fiddle
     # be looked up.
     #
     # Example:
+    #   require 'fiddle/import'
     #
     #   include Fiddle::CParser
     #     #=> Object
@@ -102,6 +129,7 @@ module Fiddle
     # value will be the C type to be looked up.
     #
     # Example:
+    #   require 'fiddle/import'
     #
     #   include Fiddle::CParser
     #     #=> Object
@@ -120,55 +148,97 @@ module Fiddle
     #
     def parse_ctype(ty, tymap=nil)
       tymap ||= {}
-      case ty
-      when Array
+      if ty.is_a?(Array)
         return [parse_ctype(ty[0], tymap), ty[1]]
+      end
+      ty = ty.gsub(/\Aconst\s+/, "")
+      case ty
       when 'void'
         return TYPE_VOID
-      when /^(?:(?:signed\s+)?long\s+long(?:\s+int\s+)?|int64_t)(?:\s+\w+)?$/
-        if( defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG) )
-          return TYPE_LONG_LONG
-        else
+      when /\A(?:(?:signed\s+)?long\s+long(?:\s+int\s+)?|int64_t)(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_LONG_LONG)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
         end
-      when /^(?:unsigned\s+long\s+long(?:\s+int\s+)?|uint64_t)(?:\s+\w+)?$/
-        if( defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG) )
-          return -TYPE_LONG_LONG
-        else
+        return TYPE_LONG_LONG
+      when /\A(?:unsigned\s+long\s+long(?:\s+int\s+)?|uint64_t)(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_LONG_LONG)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
         end
-      when /^(?:signed\s+)?long(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+        return -TYPE_LONG_LONG
+      when /\A(?:signed\s+)?long(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_LONG
-      when /^unsigned\s+long(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Aunsigned\s+long(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return -TYPE_LONG
-      when /^(?:signed\s+)?int(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\A(?:signed\s+)?int(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_INT
-      when /^(?:unsigned\s+int|uint)(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\A(?:unsigned\s+int|uint)(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return -TYPE_INT
-      when /^(?:signed\s+)?short(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\A(?:signed\s+)?short(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_SHORT
-      when /^unsigned\s+short(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Aunsigned\s+short(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return -TYPE_SHORT
-      when /^(?:signed\s+)?char(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\A(?:signed\s+)?char(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_CHAR
-      when /^unsigned\s+char(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Aunsigned\s+char(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return  -TYPE_CHAR
-      when /^float(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Aint8_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT8_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return TYPE_INT8_T
+      when /\Auint8_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT8_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return -TYPE_INT8_T
+      when /\Aint16_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT16_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return TYPE_INT16_T
+      when /\Auint16_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT16_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return -TYPE_INT16_T
+      when /\Aint32_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT32_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return TYPE_INT32_T
+      when /\Auint32_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT32_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return -TYPE_INT32_T
+      when /\Aint64_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT64_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return TYPE_INT64_T
+      when /\Auint64_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
+        unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT64_T)
+          raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
+        end
+        return -TYPE_INT64_T
+      when /\Afloat(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_FLOAT
-      when /^double(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Adouble(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_DOUBLE
-      when /^size_t(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Asize_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_SIZE_T
-      when /^ssize_t(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Assize_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_SSIZE_T
-      when /^ptrdiff_t(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Aptrdiff_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
-      when /^intptr_t(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Aintptr_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_INTPTR_T
-      when /^uintptr_t(?:\s+\w+)?$/
+      when /\Auintptr_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_UINTPTR_T
       when /\*/, /\[[\s\d]*\]/
         return TYPE_VOIDP
+      when "..."
+        return TYPE_VARIADIC
       else
         ty = ty.split(' ', 2)[0]
         if( tymap[ty] )
@@ -183,7 +253,7 @@ module Fiddle
 
     def split_arguments(arguments, sep=',')
       return [] if arguments.strip == 'void'
-      arguments.scan(/([\w\*\s]+\(\*\w*\)\(.*?\)|[\w\*\s\[\]]+)(?:#{sep}\s*|$)/).collect {|m| m[0]}
+      arguments.scan(/([\w\*\s]+\(\*\w*\)\(.*?\)|[\w\*\s\[\]]+|\.\.\.)(?:#{sep}\s*|\z)/).collect {|m| m[0]}
     end
 
     def compact(signature)
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/function.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/function.rb
index fcd90dfd26..0f9913adeb 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/function.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/function.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Fiddle
   class Function
     # The ABI of the Function.
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ module Fiddle
     # The name of this function
     attr_reader :name
 
+    # Whether GVL is needed to call this function
+    def need_gvl?
+      @need_gvl
+    end
+
     # The integer memory location of this function
     def to_i
       ptr.to_i
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb
index 09429f6631..09ffcef544 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/import.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'fiddle'
 require 'fiddle/struct'
 require 'fiddle/cparser'
@@ -83,11 +83,7 @@ module Fiddle
         when Importer
           lib.handlers
         else
-          begin
-            Fiddle.dlopen(lib)
-          rescue DLError
-            raise(DLError, "can't load #{lib}")
-          end
+          Fiddle.dlopen(lib)
         end
       }.flatten()
       @handler = CompositeHandler.new(handles)
@@ -115,16 +111,21 @@ module Fiddle
           return SIZEOF_INT
         when TYPE_LONG
           return SIZEOF_LONG
-        when TYPE_LONG_LONG
-          return SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
         when TYPE_FLOAT
           return SIZEOF_FLOAT
         when TYPE_DOUBLE
           return SIZEOF_DOUBLE
         when TYPE_VOIDP
           return SIZEOF_VOIDP
+        when TYPE_CONST_STRING
+          return SIZEOF_CONST_STRING
         else
-          raise(DLError, "unknown type: #{ty}")
+          if defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG) and
+            ty == TYPE_LONG_LONG
+            return SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+          else
+            raise(DLError, "unknown type: #{ty}")
+          end
         end
       when Class
         if( ty.instance_methods().include?(:to_ptr) )
@@ -154,7 +155,8 @@ module Fiddle
     # :stopdoc:
     CALL_TYPE_TO_ABI = Hash.new { |h, k|
       raise RuntimeError, "unsupported call type: #{k}"
-    }.merge({ :stdcall => (Function::STDCALL rescue Function::DEFAULT),
+    }.merge({ :stdcall => Function.const_defined?(:STDCALL) ? Function::STDCALL :
+                          Function::DEFAULT,
               :cdecl   => Function::DEFAULT,
               nil      => Function::DEFAULT
             }).freeze
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb
index 6301068450..22eccedb76 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'fiddle'
 
 module Fiddle
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module Fiddle
     }
 
     PACK_MAP = {
-      TYPE_VOIDP => ((SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG) ? "q" : "l!"),
+      TYPE_VOIDP => "l!",
       TYPE_CHAR  => "c",
       TYPE_SHORT => "s!",
       TYPE_INT   => "i!",
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ module Fiddle
       ALIGN_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = ALIGN_MAP[-TYPE_LONG_LONG] = ALIGN_LONG_LONG
       PACK_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = PACK_MAP[-TYPE_LONG_LONG] = "q"
       SIZE_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = SIZE_MAP[-TYPE_LONG_LONG] = SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+      PACK_MAP[TYPE_VOIDP] = "q" if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
     end
 
     def align(addr, align)
@@ -80,10 +81,13 @@ module Fiddle
       case SIZEOF_VOIDP
       when SIZEOF_LONG
         ary.pack(@template)
-      when SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-        ary.pack(@template)
       else
-        raise(RuntimeError, "sizeof(void*)?")
+        if defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG) and
+          SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+          ary.pack(@template)
+        else
+          raise(RuntimeError, "sizeof(void*)?")
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -91,17 +95,20 @@ module Fiddle
       case SIZEOF_VOIDP
       when SIZEOF_LONG
         ary.join().unpack(@template)
-      when SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-        ary.join().unpack(@template)
       else
-        raise(RuntimeError, "sizeof(void*)?")
+        if defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG) and
+          SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+          ary.join().unpack(@template)
+        else
+          raise(RuntimeError, "sizeof(void*)?")
+        end
       end
     end
 
     private
 
     def parse_types(types)
-      @template = ""
+      @template = "".dup
       addr     = 0
       types.each{|t|
         orig_addr = addr
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/struct.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/struct.rb
index 233a987269..a766eba83b 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/struct.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/struct.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,75 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'fiddle'
 require 'fiddle/value'
 require 'fiddle/pack'
 
 module Fiddle
-  # C struct shell
+  # A base class for objects representing a C structure
   class CStruct
+    include Enumerable
+
     # accessor to Fiddle::CStructEntity
     def CStruct.entity_class
       CStructEntity
     end
+
+    def each
+      return enum_for(__function__) unless block_given?
+
+      self.class.members.each do |name,|
+        yield(self[name])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def each_pair
+      return enum_for(__function__) unless block_given?
+
+      self.class.members.each do |name,|
+        yield(name, self[name])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_h
+      hash = {}
+      each_pair do |name, value|
+        hash[name] = unstruct(value)
+      end
+      hash
+    end
+
+    def replace(another)
+      if another.nil?
+        self.class.members.each do |name,|
+          self[name] = nil
+        end
+      elsif another.respond_to?(:each_pair)
+        another.each_pair do |name, value|
+          self[name] = value
+        end
+      else
+        another.each do |name, value|
+          self[name] = value
+        end
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
+    private
+    def unstruct(value)
+      case value
+      when CStruct
+        value.to_h
+      when Array
+        value.collect do |v|
+          unstruct(v)
+        end
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  # C union shell
+  # A base class for objects representing a C union
   class CUnion
     # accessor to Fiddle::CUnionEntity
     def CUnion.entity_class
@@ -20,6 +77,41 @@ module Fiddle
     end
   end
 
+  # Wrapper for arrays within a struct
+  class StructArray < Array
+    include ValueUtil
+
+    def initialize(ptr, type, initial_values)
+      @ptr = ptr
+      @type = type
+      @is_struct = @type.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+      if @is_struct
+        super(initial_values)
+      else
+        @size = Fiddle::PackInfo::SIZE_MAP[type]
+        @pack_format = Fiddle::PackInfo::PACK_MAP[type]
+        super(initial_values.collect { |v| unsigned_value(v, type) })
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_ptr
+      @ptr
+    end
+
+    def []=(index, value)
+      if index < 0 || index >= size
+        raise IndexError, 'index %d outside of array bounds 0...%d' % [index, size]
+      end
+
+      if @is_struct
+        self[index].replace(value)
+      else
+        to_ptr[index * @size, @size] = [value].pack(@pack_format)
+        super(index, value)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   # Used to construct C classes (CUnion, CStruct, etc)
   #
   # Fiddle::Importer#struct and Fiddle::Importer#union wrap this functionality in an
@@ -35,7 +127,7 @@ module Fiddle
     # Fiddle::Importer#struct and Fiddle::Importer#union wrap this functionality in an
     # easy-to-use manner.
     #
-    # Example:
+    # Examples:
     #
     #   require 'fiddle/struct'
     #   require 'fiddle/cparser'
@@ -46,47 +138,98 @@ module Fiddle
     #
     #   MyStruct = Fiddle::CStructBuilder.create(Fiddle::CUnion, types, members)
     #
-    #   obj = MyStruct.allocate
+    #   MyStruct.malloc(Fiddle::RUBY_FREE) do |obj|
+    #     ...
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   obj = MyStruct.malloc(Fiddle::RUBY_FREE)
+    #   begin
+    #     ...
+    #   ensure
+    #     obj.call_free
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   obj = MyStruct.malloc
+    #   begin
+    #     ...
+    #   ensure
+    #     Fiddle.free obj.to_ptr
+    #   end
     #
     def create(klass, types, members)
       new_class = Class.new(klass){
-        define_method(:initialize){|addr|
-          @entity = klass.entity_class.new(addr, types)
+        define_method(:initialize){|addr, func = nil|
+          if addr.is_a?(self.class.entity_class)
+            @entity = addr
+          else
+            @entity = self.class.entity_class.new(addr, types, func)
+          end
           @entity.assign_names(members)
         }
+        define_method(:[]) { |*args| @entity.send(:[], *args) }
+        define_method(:[]=) { |*args| @entity.send(:[]=, *args) }
         define_method(:to_ptr){ @entity }
         define_method(:to_i){ @entity.to_i }
+        define_singleton_method(:types) { types }
+        define_singleton_method(:members) { members }
         members.each{|name|
+          name = name[0] if name.is_a?(Array) # name is a nested struct
+          next if method_defined?(name)
           define_method(name){ @entity[name] }
           define_method(name + "="){|val| @entity[name] = val }
         }
-      }
-      size = klass.entity_class.size(types)
-      new_class.module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-        def new_class.size()
-          #{size}
+        entity_class = klass.entity_class
+        alignment = entity_class.alignment(types)
+        size = entity_class.size(types)
+        define_singleton_method(:alignment) { alignment }
+        define_singleton_method(:size) { size }
+        define_singleton_method(:malloc) do |func=nil, &block|
+          if block
+            entity_class.malloc(types, func, size) do |entity|
+              block.call(new(entity))
+            end
+          else
+            new(entity_class.malloc(types, func, size))
+          end
         end
-        def new_class.malloc()
-          addr = Fiddle.malloc(#{size})
-          new(addr)
-        end
-      EOS
+      }
       return new_class
     end
     module_function :create
   end
 
-  # A C struct wrapper
+  # A pointer to a C structure
   class CStructEntity < Fiddle::Pointer
     include PackInfo
     include ValueUtil
 
+    def CStructEntity.alignment(types)
+      max = 1
+      types.each do |type, count = 1|
+        if type.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+          n = type.alignment
+        else
+          n = ALIGN_MAP[type]
+        end
+        max = n if n > max
+      end
+      max
+    end
+
     # Allocates a C struct with the +types+ provided.
     #
-    # When the instance is garbage collected, the C function +func+ is called.
-    def CStructEntity.malloc(types, func = nil)
-      addr = Fiddle.malloc(CStructEntity.size(types))
-      CStructEntity.new(addr, types, func)
+    # See Fiddle::Pointer.malloc for memory management issues.
+    def CStructEntity.malloc(types, func = nil, size = size(types), &block)
+      if block_given?
+        super(size, func) do |struct|
+          struct.set_ctypes types
+          yield struct
+        end
+      else
+        struct = super(size, func)
+        struct.set_ctypes types
+        struct
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns the offset for the packed sizes for the given +types+.
@@ -102,9 +245,15 @@ module Fiddle
       max_align = types.map { |type, count = 1|
         last_offset = offset
 
-        align = PackInfo::ALIGN_MAP[type]
+        if type.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+          align = type.alignment
+          type_size = type.size
+        else
+          align = PackInfo::ALIGN_MAP[type]
+          type_size = PackInfo::SIZE_MAP[type]
+        end
         offset = PackInfo.align(last_offset, align) +
-                 (PackInfo::SIZE_MAP[type] * count)
+                 (type_size * count)
 
         align
       }.max
@@ -118,13 +267,37 @@ module Fiddle
     #
     # See also Fiddle::Pointer.new
     def initialize(addr, types, func = nil)
+      if func && addr.is_a?(Pointer) && addr.free
+        raise ArgumentError, 'free function specified on both underlying struct Pointer and when creating a CStructEntity - who do you want to free this?'
+      end
       set_ctypes(types)
       super(addr, @size, func)
     end
 
     # Set the names of the +members+ in this C struct
     def assign_names(members)
-      @members = members
+      @members = []
+      @nested_structs = {}
+      members.each_with_index do |member, index|
+        if member.is_a?(Array) # nested struct
+          member_name = member[0]
+          struct_type, struct_count = @ctypes[index]
+          if struct_count.nil?
+            struct = struct_type.new(to_i + @offset[index])
+          else
+            structs = struct_count.times.map do |i|
+              struct_type.new(to_i + @offset[index] + i * struct_type.size)
+            end
+            struct = StructArray.new(to_i + @offset[index],
+                                     struct_type,
+                                     structs)
+          end
+          @nested_structs[member_name] = struct
+        else
+          member_name = member
+        end
+        @members << member_name
+      end
     end
 
     # Calculates the offsets and sizes for the given +types+ in the struct.
@@ -135,12 +308,18 @@ module Fiddle
 
       max_align = types.map { |type, count = 1|
         orig_offset = offset
-        align = ALIGN_MAP[type]
+        if type.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+          align = type.alignment
+          type_size = type.size
+        else
+          align = ALIGN_MAP[type]
+          type_size = SIZE_MAP[type]
+        end
         offset = PackInfo.align(orig_offset, align)
 
         @offset << offset
 
-        offset += (SIZE_MAP[type] * count)
+        offset += (type_size * count)
 
         align
       }.max
@@ -148,15 +327,34 @@ module Fiddle
       @size = PackInfo.align(offset, max_align)
     end
 
-    # Fetch struct member +name+
-    def [](name)
+    # Fetch struct member +name+ if only one argument is specified. If two
+    # arguments are specified, the first is an offset and the second is a
+    # length and this method returns the string of +length+ bytes beginning at
+    # +offset+.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #     my_struct = struct(['int id']).malloc
+    #     my_struct.id = 1
+    #     my_struct['id'] # => 1
+    #     my_struct[0, 4] # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00".b
+    #
+    def [](*args)
+      return super(*args) if args.size > 1
+      name = args[0]
       idx = @members.index(name)
       if( idx.nil? )
         raise(ArgumentError, "no such member: #{name}")
       end
       ty = @ctypes[idx]
       if( ty.is_a?(Array) )
-        r = super(@offset[idx], SIZE_MAP[ty[0]] * ty[1])
+        if ty.first.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+          return @nested_structs[name]
+        else
+          r = super(@offset[idx], SIZE_MAP[ty[0]] * ty[1])
+        end
+      elsif ty.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+        return @nested_structs[name]
       else
         r = super(@offset[idx], SIZE_MAP[ty.abs])
       end
@@ -176,14 +374,44 @@ module Fiddle
       if( ty.is_a?(Integer) && (ty < 0) )
         return unsigned_value(val, ty)
       elsif( ty.is_a?(Array) && (ty[0] < 0) )
-        return val.collect{|v| unsigned_value(v,ty[0])}
+        return StructArray.new(self + @offset[idx], ty[0], val)
       else
         return val
       end
     end
 
-    # Set struct member +name+, to value +val+
-    def []=(name, val)
+    # Set struct member +name+, to value +val+. If more arguments are
+    # specified, writes the string of bytes to the memory at the given
+    # +offset+ and +length+.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #     my_struct = struct(['int id']).malloc
+    #     my_struct['id'] = 1
+    #     my_struct[0, 4] = "\x01\x00\x00\x00".b
+    #     my_struct.id # => 1
+    #
+    def []=(*args)
+      return super(*args) if args.size > 2
+      name, val = *args
+      name = name.to_s if name.is_a?(Symbol)
+      nested_struct = @nested_structs[name]
+      if nested_struct
+        if nested_struct.is_a?(StructArray)
+          if val.nil?
+            nested_struct.each do |s|
+              s.replace(nil)
+            end
+          else
+            val.each_with_index do |v, i|
+              nested_struct[i] = v
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          nested_struct.replace(val)
+        end
+        return val
+      end
       idx = @members.index(name)
       if( idx.nil? )
         raise(ArgumentError, "no such member: #{name}")
@@ -202,23 +430,16 @@ module Fiddle
       end
     end
 
+    undef_method :size=
     def to_s() # :nodoc:
       super(@size)
     end
   end
 
-  # A C union wrapper
+  # A pointer to a C union
   class CUnionEntity < CStructEntity
     include PackInfo
 
-    # Allocates a C union the +types+ provided.
-    #
-    # When the instance is garbage collected, the C function +func+ is called.
-    def CUnionEntity.malloc(types, func=nil)
-      addr = Fiddle.malloc(CUnionEntity.size(types))
-      CUnionEntity.new(addr, types, func)
-    end
-
     # Returns the size needed for the union with the given +types+.
     #
     #   Fiddle::CUnionEntity.size(
@@ -228,7 +449,11 @@ module Fiddle
     #       Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP ]) #=> 8
     def CUnionEntity.size(types)
       types.map { |type, count = 1|
-        PackInfo::SIZE_MAP[type] * count
+        if type.respond_to?(:entity_class)
+          type.size * count
+        else
+          PackInfo::SIZE_MAP[type] * count
+        end
       }.max
     end
 
@@ -241,4 +466,3 @@ module Fiddle
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/types.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/types.rb
index 8a72635a69..7baf31ec9e 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/types.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/types.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Fiddle
   # Adds Windows type aliases to the including class for use with
   # Fiddle::Importer.
@@ -27,28 +27,29 @@ module Fiddle
   # * WORD
   module Win32Types
     def included(m) # :nodoc:
+      # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winprog/windows-data-types
       m.module_eval{
-        typealias "DWORD", "unsigned long"
-        typealias "PDWORD", "unsigned long *"
-        typealias "DWORD32", "unsigned long"
-        typealias "DWORD64", "unsigned long long"
-        typealias "WORD", "unsigned short"
-        typealias "PWORD", "unsigned short *"
+        typealias "ATOM", "WORD"
         typealias "BOOL", "int"
-        typealias "ATOM", "int"
         typealias "BYTE", "unsigned char"
-        typealias "PBYTE", "unsigned char *"
+        typealias "DWORD", "unsigned long"
+        typealias "DWORD32", "uint32_t"
+        typealias "DWORD64", "uint64_t"
+        typealias "HANDLE", "PVOID"
+        typealias "HDC", "HANDLE"
+        typealias "HINSTANCE", "HANDLE"
+        typealias "HWND", "HANDLE"
+        typealias "LPCSTR", "const char *"
+        typealias "LPSTR", "char *"
+        typealias "PBYTE", "BYTE *"
+        typealias "PDWORD", "DWORD *"
+        typealias "PHANDLE", "HANDLE *"
+        typealias "PVOID", "void *"
+        typealias "PWORD", "WORD *"
+        typealias "UCHAR", "unsigned char"
         typealias "UINT", "unsigned int"
         typealias "ULONG", "unsigned long"
-        typealias "UCHAR", "unsigned char"
-        typealias "HANDLE", "uintptr_t"
-        typealias "PHANDLE", "void*"
-        typealias "PVOID", "void*"
-        typealias "LPCSTR", "char*"
-        typealias "LPSTR", "char*"
-        typealias "HINSTANCE", "unsigned int"
-        typealias "HDC", "unsigned int"
-        typealias "HWND", "unsigned int"
+        typealias "WORD", "unsigned short"
       }
     end
     module_function :included
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/value.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/value.rb
index ac318cf2c4..01fec1c206 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/value.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/value.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'fiddle'
 
 module Fiddle
@@ -13,10 +13,13 @@ module Fiddle
         [val].pack("i!").unpack("I!")[0]
       when TYPE_LONG
         [val].pack("l!").unpack("L!")[0]
-      when TYPE_LONG_LONG
-        [val].pack("q").unpack("Q")[0]
       else
-        val
+        if defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG) and
+          ty.abs == TYPE_LONG_LONG
+          [val].pack("q").unpack("Q")[0]
+        else
+          val
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -30,10 +33,13 @@ module Fiddle
         [val].pack("I!").unpack("i!")[0]
       when TYPE_LONG
         [val].pack("L!").unpack("l!")[0]
-      when TYPE_LONG_LONG
-        [val].pack("Q").unpack("q")[0]
       else
-        val
+        if defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG) and
+          ty.abs == TYPE_LONG_LONG
+          [val].pack("Q").unpack("q")[0]
+        else
+          val
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -75,10 +81,13 @@ module Fiddle
           case SIZEOF_VOIDP
           when SIZEOF_LONG
             return [arg].pack("p").unpack("l!")[0]
-          when SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-            return [arg].pack("p").unpack("q")[0]
           else
-            raise(RuntimeError, "sizeof(void*)?")
+            if defined?(SIZEOF_LONG_LONG) and
+              SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+              return [arg].pack("p").unpack("q")[0]
+            else
+              raise(RuntimeError, "sizeof(void*)?")
+            end
           end
         end
       when Float, Integer
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/version.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a699371ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Fiddle
+  VERSION = "1.0.8"
+end
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/memory_view.c b/ext/fiddle/memory_view.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..172b1f18fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/fiddle/memory_view.c
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_H
+# include <ruby/memory_view.h>
+#endif
+
+#if SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+#   define INTPTR2NUM LL2NUM
+#   define UINTPTR2NUM ULL2NUM
+#elif SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+#   define INTPTR2NUM LONG2NUM
+#   define UINTPTR2NUM ULONG2NUM
+#else
+#   define INTPTR2NUM INT2NUM
+#   define UINTPTR2NUM UINT2NUM
+#endif
+
+#include <fiddle.h>
+
+#ifdef FIDDLE_MEMORY_VIEW
+VALUE rb_cMemoryView = Qnil;
+
+struct memview_data {
+    rb_memory_view_t view;
+    rb_memory_view_item_component_t *members;
+    size_t n_members;
+};
+
+static void
+fiddle_memview_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    const struct memview_data *data = ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark(data->view.obj);
+}
+
+static void
+fiddle_memview_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data = ptr;
+    rb_memory_view_release(&data->view);
+    if (data->members)
+        xfree(data->members);
+    xfree(ptr);
+}
+
+static size_t
+fiddle_memview_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    const struct memview_data *data = ptr;
+    return sizeof(*data) + sizeof(rb_memory_view_item_component_t)*data->n_members + (size_t)data->view.byte_size;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t fiddle_memview_data_type = {
+    "fiddle/memory_view",
+    {fiddle_memview_mark, fiddle_memview_free, fiddle_memview_memsize,},
+};
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+    data->view.obj = Qnil;
+    data->members = NULL;
+    data->n_members = 0;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_initialize(VALUE obj, VALUE target)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (!rb_memory_view_get(target, &data->view, 0)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Unable to get a memory view from %+"PRIsVALUE, target);
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_obj(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    return data->view.obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_byte_size(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    return SSIZET2NUM(data->view.byte_size);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_readonly(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    return data->view.readonly ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_format(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    return data->view.format == NULL ? Qnil : rb_str_new_cstr(data->view.format);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_item_size(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    return SSIZET2NUM(data->view.item_size);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_ndim(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    return SSIZET2NUM(data->view.ndim);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_shape(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    if (data->view.shape == NULL) return Qnil;
+
+    const ssize_t ndim = data->view.ndim;
+    VALUE shape = rb_ary_new_capa(ndim);
+    ssize_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        rb_ary_push(shape, SSIZET2NUM(data->view.shape[i]));
+    }
+    return shape;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_strides(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    if (data->view.strides == NULL) return Qnil;
+
+    const ssize_t ndim = data->view.ndim;
+    VALUE strides = rb_ary_new_capa(ndim);
+    ssize_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        rb_ary_push(strides, SSIZET2NUM(data->view.strides[i]));
+    }
+    return strides;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_get_sub_offsets(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+    if (data->view.sub_offsets == NULL) return Qnil;
+
+    const ssize_t ndim = data->view.ndim;
+    VALUE sub_offsets = rb_ary_new_capa(ndim);
+    ssize_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        rb_ary_push(sub_offsets, SSIZET2NUM(data->view.sub_offsets[i]));
+    }
+    return sub_offsets;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_memview_aref(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct memview_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct memview_data, &fiddle_memview_data_type, data);
+
+    if (NIL_P(data->view.obj)) return Qnil;
+
+    const ssize_t ndim = data->view.ndim;
+    if (argc != ndim) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "wrong number of index (%d for %"PRIdSIZE")", argc, ndim);
+    }
+
+    VALUE indices_v = 0;
+    ssize_t *indices = ALLOCV_N(ssize_t, indices_v, ndim);
+
+    ssize_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        ssize_t x = NUM2SSIZET(argv[i]);
+        indices[i] = x;
+    }
+
+    uint8_t *ptr = rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer(&data->view, indices);
+    ALLOCV_END(indices_v);
+
+    if (data->view.format == NULL) {
+        return INT2FIX(*ptr);
+    }
+
+    if (!data->members) {
+        const char *err;
+        if (rb_memory_view_parse_item_format(data->view.format, &data->members, &data->n_members, &err) < 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Unable to recognize item format at %"PRIdSIZE" in \"%s\"",
+                     err - data->view.format, data->view.format);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return rb_memory_view_extract_item_members(ptr, data->members, data->n_members);
+}
+
+void
+Init_fiddle_memory_view(void)
+{
+    rb_cMemoryView = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "MemoryView", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cMemoryView, rb_fiddle_memview_s_allocate);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "initialize", rb_fiddle_memview_initialize, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "obj", rb_fiddle_memview_get_obj, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "byte_size", rb_fiddle_memview_get_byte_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "readonly?", rb_fiddle_memview_get_readonly, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "format", rb_fiddle_memview_get_format, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "item_size", rb_fiddle_memview_get_item_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "ndim", rb_fiddle_memview_get_ndim, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "shape", rb_fiddle_memview_get_shape, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "strides", rb_fiddle_memview_get_strides, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "sub_offsets", rb_fiddle_memview_get_sub_offsets, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMemoryView, "[]", rb_fiddle_memview_aref, -1);
+}
+
+#endif /* FIDDLE_MEMORY_VIEW */
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/pinned.c b/ext/fiddle/pinned.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..019a3020e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/fiddle/pinned.c
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+#include <fiddle.h>
+
+VALUE rb_cPinned;
+VALUE rb_eFiddleClearedReferenceError;
+
+struct pinned_data {
+    VALUE ptr;
+};
+
+static void
+pinned_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct pinned_data *data = (struct pinned_data*)ptr;
+    /* Ensure reference is pinned */
+    if (data->ptr) {
+        rb_gc_mark(data->ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+static size_t
+pinned_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    return sizeof(struct pinned_data);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t pinned_data_type = {
+    "fiddle/pinned",
+    {pinned_mark, xfree, pinned_memsize, },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
+};
+
+static VALUE
+allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct pinned_data *data;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct pinned_data, &pinned_data_type, data);
+    data->ptr = 0;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Fiddle::Pinned.new(object)      => pinned_object
+ *
+ * Create a new pinned object reference.  The Fiddle::Pinned instance will
+ * prevent the GC from moving +object+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+initialize(VALUE self, VALUE ref)
+{
+    struct pinned_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct pinned_data, &pinned_data_type, data);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &data->ptr, ref);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: ref
+ *
+ * Return the object that this pinned instance references.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ref(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct pinned_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct pinned_data, &pinned_data_type, data);
+    if (data->ptr) {
+      return data->ptr;
+    } else {
+      rb_raise(rb_eFiddleClearedReferenceError, "`ref` called on a cleared object");
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: clear
+ *
+ * Clear the reference to the object this is pinning.
+ */
+static VALUE
+clear(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct pinned_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct pinned_data, &pinned_data_type, data);
+    data->ptr = 0;
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: cleared?
+ *
+ * Returns true if the reference has been cleared, otherwise returns false.
+ */
+static VALUE
+cleared_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct pinned_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct pinned_data, &pinned_data_type, data);
+    if (data->ptr) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    } else {
+        return Qtrue;
+    }
+}
+
+extern VALUE rb_eFiddleError;
+
+void
+Init_fiddle_pinned(void)
+{
+    rb_cPinned = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "Pinned", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cPinned, allocate);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPinned, "initialize", initialize, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPinned, "ref", ref, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPinned, "clear", clear, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPinned, "cleared?", cleared_p, 0);
+
+    /*
+     * Document-class: Fiddle::ClearedReferenceError
+     *
+     * Cleared reference exception
+     */
+    rb_eFiddleClearedReferenceError = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "ClearedReferenceError", rb_eFiddleError);
+}
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/pointer.c b/ext/fiddle/pointer.c
index 932bc576c5..c5fb442aec 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/pointer.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/pointer.c
@@ -2,8 +2,14 @@
  * $Id$
  */
 
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <ruby/ruby.h>
 #include <ruby/io.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_H
+# include <ruby/memory_view.h>
+#endif
+
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <fiddle.h>
 
@@ -24,6 +30,7 @@ struct ptr_data {
     void *ptr;
     long size;
     freefunc_t free;
+    bool freed;
     VALUE wrap[2];
 };
 
@@ -57,14 +64,19 @@ fiddle_ptr_mark(void *ptr)
 }
 
 static void
-fiddle_ptr_free(void *ptr)
+fiddle_ptr_free_ptr(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ptr_data *data = ptr;
-    if (data->ptr) {
-	if (data->free) {
-	    (*(data->free))(data->ptr);
-	}
+    if (data->ptr && data->free && !data->freed) {
+	data->freed = true;
+	(*(data->free))(data->ptr);
     }
+}
+
+static void
+fiddle_ptr_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    fiddle_ptr_free_ptr(ptr);
     xfree(ptr);
 }
 
@@ -80,6 +92,38 @@ static const rb_data_type_t fiddle_ptr_data_type = {
     {fiddle_ptr_mark, fiddle_ptr_free, fiddle_ptr_memsize,},
 };
 
+#ifdef FIDDLE_MEMORY_VIEW
+static struct ptr_data *
+fiddle_ptr_check_memory_view(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct ptr_data *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, data);
+    if (data->ptr == NULL || data->size == 0) return NULL;
+    return data;
+}
+
+static bool
+fiddle_ptr_memory_view_available_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return fiddle_ptr_check_memory_view(obj) != NULL;
+}
+
+static bool
+fiddle_ptr_get_memory_view(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t *view, int flags)
+{
+    struct ptr_data *data = fiddle_ptr_check_memory_view(obj);
+    rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array(view, obj, data->ptr, data->size, true);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static const rb_memory_view_entry_t fiddle_ptr_memory_view_entry = {
+    fiddle_ptr_get_memory_view,
+    NULL,
+    fiddle_ptr_memory_view_available_p
+};
+#endif
+
 static VALUE
 rb_fiddle_ptr_new2(VALUE klass, void *ptr, long size, freefunc_t func)
 {
@@ -89,8 +133,8 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_new2(VALUE klass, void *ptr, long size, freefunc_t func)
     val = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, data);
     data->ptr = ptr;
     data->free = func;
+    data->freed = false;
     data->size = size;
-    OBJ_TAINT(val);
 
     return val;
 }
@@ -102,13 +146,13 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_new(void *ptr, long size, freefunc_t func)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_fiddle_ptr_malloc(long size, freefunc_t func)
+rb_fiddle_ptr_malloc(VALUE klass, long size, freefunc_t func)
 {
     void *ptr;
 
     ptr = ruby_xmalloc((size_t)size);
     memset(ptr,0,(size_t)size);
-    return rb_fiddle_ptr_new(ptr, size, func);
+    return rb_fiddle_ptr_new2(klass, ptr, size, func);
 }
 
 static void *
@@ -141,6 +185,7 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
     data->ptr = 0;
     data->size = 0;
     data->free = 0;
+    data->freed = false;
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -192,16 +237,53 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_initialize(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_ptr_call_free(VALUE self);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *
  *    Fiddle::Pointer.malloc(size, freefunc = nil)  => fiddle pointer instance
+ *    Fiddle::Pointer.malloc(size, freefunc) { |pointer| ... } => ...
+ *
+ * == Examples
+ *
+ *    # Automatically freeing the pointer when the block is exited - recommended
+ *    Fiddle::Pointer.malloc(size, Fiddle::RUBY_FREE) do |pointer|
+ *      ...
+ *    end
+ *
+ *    # Manually freeing but relying on the garbage collector otherwise
+ *    pointer = Fiddle::Pointer.malloc(size, Fiddle::RUBY_FREE)
+ *    ...
+ *    pointer.call_free
+ *
+ *    # Relying on the garbage collector - may lead to unlimited memory allocated before freeing any, but safe
+ *    pointer = Fiddle::Pointer.malloc(size, Fiddle::RUBY_FREE)
+ *    ...
+ *
+ *    # Only manually freeing
+ *    pointer = Fiddle::Pointer.malloc(size)
+ *    begin
+ *      ...
+ *    ensure
+ *      Fiddle.free pointer
+ *    end
+ *
+ *    # No free function and no call to free - the native memory will leak if the pointer is garbage collected
+ *    pointer = Fiddle::Pointer.malloc(size)
+ *    ...
  *
  * Allocate +size+ bytes of memory and associate it with an optional
- * +freefunc+ that will be called when the pointer is garbage collected.
+ * +freefunc+.
+ *
+ * If a block is supplied, the pointer will be yielded to the block instead of
+ * being returned, and the return value of the block will be returned. A
+ * +freefunc+ must be supplied if a block is.
  *
- * +freefunc+ must be an address pointing to a function or an instance of
- * Fiddle::Function
+ * If a +freefunc+ is supplied it will be called once, when the pointer is
+ * garbage collected or when the block is left if a block is supplied or
+ * when the user calls +call_free+, whichever happens first. +freefunc+ must be
+ * an address pointing to a function or an instance of +Fiddle::Function+.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiddle_ptr_s_malloc(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE klass)
@@ -223,10 +305,17 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_s_malloc(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE klass)
 	rb_bug("rb_fiddle_ptr_s_malloc");
     }
 
-    obj = rb_fiddle_ptr_malloc(s,f);
+    obj = rb_fiddle_ptr_malloc(klass, s,f);
     if (wrap) RPTR_DATA(obj)->wrap[1] = wrap;
 
-    return obj;
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        if (!f) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "a free function must be supplied to Fiddle::Pointer.malloc when it is called with a block");
+        }
+        return rb_ensure(rb_yield, obj, rb_fiddle_ptr_call_free, obj);
+    } else {
+        return obj;
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -352,6 +441,34 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_free_get(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq: call_free => nil
+ *
+ * Call the free function for this pointer. Calling more than once will do
+ * nothing. Does nothing if there is no free function attached.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_ptr_call_free(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ptr_data *pdata;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, pdata);
+    fiddle_ptr_free_ptr(pdata);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: freed? => bool
+ *
+ * Returns if the free function for this pointer has been called.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_ptr_freed_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ptr_data *pdata;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, pdata);
+    return pdata->freed ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *
  *    ptr.to_s        => string
@@ -376,11 +493,11 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_to_s(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, data);
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg1)) {
       case 0:
-	val = rb_tainted_str_new2((char*)(data->ptr));
+	val = rb_str_new2((char*)(data->ptr));
 	break;
       case 1:
 	len = NUM2INT(arg1);
-	val = rb_tainted_str_new((char*)(data->ptr), len);
+	val = rb_str_new((char*)(data->ptr), len);
 	break;
       default:
 	rb_bug("rb_fiddle_ptr_to_s");
@@ -414,11 +531,11 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_to_str(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, data);
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg1)) {
       case 0:
-	val = rb_tainted_str_new((char*)(data->ptr),data->size);
+	val = rb_str_new((char*)(data->ptr),data->size);
 	break;
       case 1:
 	len = NUM2INT(arg1);
-	val = rb_tainted_str_new((char*)(data->ptr), len);
+	val = rb_str_new((char*)(data->ptr), len);
 	break;
       default:
 	rb_bug("rb_fiddle_ptr_to_str");
@@ -440,7 +557,7 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_inspect(VALUE self)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, data);
     return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p ptr=%p size=%ld free=%p>",
-		      RB_OBJ_CLASSNAME(self), data, data->ptr, data->size, data->free);
+		      RB_OBJ_CLASSNAME(self), (void *)data, data->ptr, data->size, (void *)data->free);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -542,7 +659,7 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_aref(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     struct ptr_data *data;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, data);
-    if (!data->ptr) rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "NULL pointer dereference");
+    if (!data->ptr) rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "NULL pointer dereference");
     switch( rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &arg0, &arg1) ){
       case 1:
 	offset = NUM2ULONG(arg0);
@@ -551,7 +668,7 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_aref(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
       case 2:
 	offset = NUM2ULONG(arg0);
 	len    = NUM2ULONG(arg1);
-	retval = rb_tainted_str_new((char *)data->ptr + offset, len);
+	retval = rb_str_new((char *)data->ptr + offset, len);
 	break;
       default:
 	rb_bug("rb_fiddle_ptr_aref()");
@@ -580,7 +697,7 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_aset(int argc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     struct ptr_data *data;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ptr_data, &fiddle_ptr_data_type, data);
-    if (!data->ptr) rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "NULL pointer dereference");
+    if (!data->ptr) rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "NULL pointer dereference");
     switch( rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &arg0, &arg1, &arg2) ){
       case 2:
 	offset = NUM2ULONG(arg0);
@@ -661,7 +778,7 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_s_to_ptr(VALUE self, VALUE val)
 	    wrap = 0;
 	}
 	else{
-	    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleError, "to_ptr should return a Fiddle::Pointer object");
+	    rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "to_ptr should return a Fiddle::Pointer object");
 	}
     }
     else{
@@ -669,7 +786,6 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_s_to_ptr(VALUE self, VALUE val)
 	if (num == val) wrap = 0;
 	ptr = rb_fiddle_ptr_new(NUM2PTR(num), 0, NULL);
     }
-    OBJ_INFECT(ptr, val);
     if (wrap) RPTR_DATA(ptr)->wrap[0] = wrap;
     return ptr;
 }
@@ -677,6 +793,7 @@ rb_fiddle_ptr_s_to_ptr(VALUE self, VALUE val)
 void
 Init_fiddle_pointer(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     id_to_ptr = rb_intern("to_ptr");
 
     /* Document-class: Fiddle::Pointer
@@ -692,6 +809,8 @@ Init_fiddle_pointer(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "initialize", rb_fiddle_ptr_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "free=", rb_fiddle_ptr_free_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "free",  rb_fiddle_ptr_free_get, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "call_free",  rb_fiddle_ptr_call_free, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "freed?",  rb_fiddle_ptr_freed_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "to_i",  rb_fiddle_ptr_to_i, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "to_int",  rb_fiddle_ptr_to_i, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "to_value",  rb_fiddle_ptr_to_value, 0);
@@ -713,6 +832,10 @@ Init_fiddle_pointer(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "size", rb_fiddle_ptr_size_get, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPointer, "size=", rb_fiddle_ptr_size_set, 1);
 
+#ifdef FIDDLE_MEMORY_VIEW
+    rb_memory_view_register(rb_cPointer, &fiddle_ptr_memory_view_entry);
+#endif
+
     /*  Document-const: NULL
      *
      * A NULL pointer
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/win32/fficonfig.h b/ext/fiddle/win32/fficonfig.h
index 776808159c..776808159c 100755..100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/win32/fficonfig.h
+++ b/ext/fiddle/win32/fficonfig.h
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-config.rb b/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-config.rb
index 7a32a91517..985fc29d36 100755
--- a/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-config.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi-config.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/ruby
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'fileutils'
 
 basedir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ IO.foreach("#{srcdir}/configure.ac") do |line|
   end
 end
 
-builddir = srcdir == "." ? enable['builddir'] : "."
+builddir = srcdir == "." ? (enable['builddir'] || ".") : "."
 conf['TARGET'] = /^x64/ =~ host ? "X86_WIN64" : "X86_WIN32"
 
 FileUtils.mkdir_p([builddir, "#{builddir}/include", "#{builddir}/src/x86"])
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi.mk.tmpl b/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi.mk.tmpl
index 2a16e8efec..2a16e8efec 100755..100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi.mk.tmpl
+++ b/ext/fiddle/win32/libffi.mk.tmpl
diff --git a/ext/gdbm/depend b/ext/gdbm/depend
index 98def40879..c3730c0953 100644
--- a/ext/gdbm/depend
+++ b/ext/gdbm/depend
@@ -1,13 +1,163 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 gdbm.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 gdbm.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 gdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-gdbm.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 gdbm.o: gdbm.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c b/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c
index 709f466cd8..4a6377b685 100644
--- a/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c
+++ b/ext/gdbm/gdbm.c
@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ static VALUE rb_cGDBM, rb_eGDBMError, rb_eGDBMFatalError;
 
 #define MY_BLOCK_SIZE (2048)
 #define MY_FATAL_FUNC rb_gdbm_fatal
+
+NORETURN(static void rb_gdbm_fatal(const char *msg));
+NORETURN(static void closed_dbm(void));
+
 static void
 rb_gdbm_fatal(const char *msg)
 {
@@ -102,7 +106,6 @@ closed_dbm(void)
 
 #define GetDBM(obj, dbmp) do {\
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, (dbmp));\
-    if ((dbmp) == 0) closed_dbm();\
     if ((dbmp)->di_dbm == 0) closed_dbm();\
 } while (0)
 
@@ -115,21 +118,18 @@ static void
 free_dbm(void *ptr)
 {
     struct dbmdata *dbmp = ptr;
-    if (dbmp) {
-        if (dbmp->di_dbm) gdbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
-        xfree(dbmp);
-    }
+    if (dbmp->di_dbm)
+	gdbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
+    xfree(dbmp);
 }
 
 static size_t
 memsize_dbm(const void *ptr)
 {
-    size_t size = 0;
     const struct dbmdata *dbmp = ptr;
-    if (dbmp) {
-	size += sizeof(*dbmp);
-	if (dbmp->di_dbm) size += DBM_SIZEOF_DBM;
-    }
+    size_t size = sizeof(*dbmp);
+    if (dbmp->di_dbm)
+	size += DBM_SIZEOF_DBM;
     return size;
 }
 
@@ -170,8 +170,6 @@ fgdbm_closed(VALUE obj)
     struct dbmdata *dbmp;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, dbmp);
-    if (dbmp == 0)
-        return Qtrue;
     if (dbmp->di_dbm == 0)
         return Qtrue;
 
@@ -181,7 +179,9 @@ fgdbm_closed(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 fgdbm_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
-    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &dbm_type, 0);
+    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
+
+    return TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, dbmp);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ fgdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     struct dbmdata *dbmp;
     int mode, flags = 0;
 
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct dbmdata, &dbm_type, dbmp);
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &file, &vmode, &vflags) == 1) {
         mode = 0666;            /* default value */
     }
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ fgdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     if (!NIL_P(vflags))
         flags = NUM2INT(vflags);
 
-    SafeStringValue(file);
+    FilePathValue(file);
 
 #ifdef GDBM_CLOEXEC
     /* GDBM_CLOEXEC is available since gdbm 1.10. */
@@ -268,9 +269,8 @@ fgdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
             rb_raise(rb_eGDBMError, "%s", gdbm_strerror(gdbm_errno));
     }
 
-    dbmp = ALLOC(struct dbmdata);
-    free_dbm(DATA_PTR(obj));
-    DATA_PTR(obj) = dbmp;
+    if (dbmp->di_dbm)
+	gdbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
     dbmp->di_dbm = dbm;
     dbmp->di_size = -1;
 
@@ -324,7 +324,6 @@ rb_gdbm_fetch(GDBM_FILE dbm, datum key)
 
     str = rb_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
     free(val.dptr);
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ rb_gdbm_fetch2(GDBM_FILE dbm, VALUE keystr)
     datum key;
     long len;
 
-    StringValue(keystr);
+    ExportStringValue(keystr);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(keystr);
     if (TOO_LONG(len)) return Qnil;
     key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
@@ -365,7 +364,6 @@ rb_gdbm_firstkey(GDBM_FILE dbm)
 
     str = rb_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
     free(key.dptr);
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -386,7 +384,6 @@ rb_gdbm_nextkey(GDBM_FILE dbm, VALUE keystr)
 
     str = rb_str_new(key2.dptr, key2.dsize);
     free(key2.dptr);
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -450,7 +447,7 @@ fgdbm_key(VALUE obj, VALUE valstr)
     GDBM_FILE dbm;
     VALUE keystr, valstr2;
 
-    StringValue(valstr);
+    ExportStringValue(valstr);
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     for (keystr = rb_gdbm_firstkey(dbm); RTEST(keystr);
          keystr = rb_gdbm_nextkey(dbm, keystr)) {
@@ -538,7 +535,7 @@ rb_gdbm_delete(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr)
     long len;
 
     rb_gdbm_modify(obj);
-    StringValue(keystr);
+    ExportStringValue(keystr);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(keystr);
     if (TOO_LONG(len)) return Qnil;
     key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
@@ -725,8 +722,8 @@ fgdbm_store(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr, VALUE valstr)
     GDBM_FILE dbm;
 
     rb_gdbm_modify(obj);
-    StringValue(keystr);
-    StringValue(valstr);
+    ExportStringValue(keystr);
+    ExportStringValue(valstr);
 
     key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
     key.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(keystr);
@@ -991,7 +988,7 @@ fgdbm_has_key(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr)
     GDBM_FILE dbm;
     long len;
 
-    StringValue(keystr);
+    ExportStringValue(keystr);
     len = RSTRING_LENINT(keystr);
     if (TOO_LONG(len)) return Qfalse;
     key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
@@ -1018,7 +1015,7 @@ fgdbm_has_value(VALUE obj, VALUE valstr)
     GDBM_FILE dbm;
     VALUE keystr, valstr2;
 
-    StringValue(valstr);
+    ExportStringValue(valstr);
     GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
     for (keystr = rb_gdbm_firstkey(dbm); RTEST(keystr);
          keystr = rb_gdbm_nextkey(dbm, keystr)) {
diff --git a/ext/gdbm/gdbm.gemspec b/ext/gdbm/gdbm.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ecb3121fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/gdbm/gdbm.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "gdbm"
+  spec.version       = "2.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = "Ruby extension for GNU dbm."
+  spec.description   = "Ruby extension for GNU dbm."
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/gdbm"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = ["ext/gdbm/extconf.rb", "ext/gdbm/gdbm.c"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions    = ["ext/gdbm/extconf.rb"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+end
diff --git a/ext/io/console/console.c b/ext/io/console/console.c
index 6f45537e27..2e2467036d 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/console.c
+++ b/ext/io/console/console.c
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-/* -*- c-file-style: "ruby" -*- */
+/* -*- c-file-style: "ruby"; indent-tabs-mode: t -*- */
 /*
  * console IO module
  */
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -14,12 +15,6 @@
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #endif
-#ifndef RARRAY_CONST_PTR
-# define RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary) RARRAY_PTR(ary)
-#endif
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_FUNCALLV
-# define rb_funcallv rb_funcall2
-#endif
 
 #if defined HAVE_TERMIOS_H
 # include <termios.h>
@@ -28,7 +23,7 @@ typedef struct termios conmode;
 static int
 setattr(int fd, conmode *t)
 {
-    while (tcsetattr(fd, TCSAFLUSH, t)) {
+    while (tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, t)) {
 	if (errno != EINTR) return 0;
     }
     return 1;
@@ -54,6 +49,7 @@ typedef struct sgttyb conmode;
 # endif
 #elif defined _WIN32
 #include <winioctl.h>
+#include <conio.h>
 typedef DWORD conmode;
 
 #define LAST_ERROR rb_w32_map_errno(GetLastError())
@@ -79,11 +75,17 @@ getattr(int fd, conmode *t)
 #define SET_LAST_ERROR (0)
 #endif
 
-static ID id_getc, id_console, id_close, id_min, id_time;
+static ID id_getc, id_console, id_close, id_min, id_time, id_intr;
 #if ENABLE_IO_GETPASS
-static ID id_gets;
+static ID id_gets, id_chomp_bang;
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_SCHEDULER_TIMEOUT
+extern VALUE rb_scheduler_timeout(struct timeval *timeout);
+#endif
+
+#define sys_fail_fptr(fptr) rb_sys_fail_str((fptr)->pathv)
+
 #ifndef HAVE_RB_F_SEND
 static ID id___send__;
 
@@ -103,27 +105,40 @@ rb_f_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_SYM2STR
-# define rb_sym2str(sym) rb_id2str(SYM2ID(sym))
-#endif
-
 typedef struct {
     int vmin;
     int vtime;
+    int intr;
 } rawmode_arg_t;
 
 static rawmode_arg_t *
-rawmode_opt(int argc, VALUE *argv, rawmode_arg_t *opts)
+rawmode_opt(int *argcp, VALUE *argv, int min_argc, int max_argc, rawmode_arg_t *opts)
 {
+    int argc = *argcp;
     rawmode_arg_t *optp = NULL;
-    VALUE vopts;
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0:", &vopts);
+    VALUE vopts = Qnil;
+#ifdef RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &vopts);
+#else
+    if (argc > min_argc)  {
+	vopts = rb_check_hash_type(argv[argc-1]);
+	if (!NIL_P(vopts)) {
+	    argv[argc-1] = vopts;
+	    vopts = rb_extract_keywords(&argv[argc-1]);
+	    if (!argv[argc-1]) *argcp = --argc;
+	    if (!vopts) vopts = Qnil;
+	}
+    }
+#endif
+    rb_check_arity(argc, min_argc, max_argc);
     if (!NIL_P(vopts)) {
 	VALUE vmin = rb_hash_aref(vopts, ID2SYM(id_min));
 	VALUE vtime = rb_hash_aref(vopts, ID2SYM(id_time));
+	VALUE intr = rb_hash_aref(vopts, ID2SYM(id_intr));
 	/* default values by `stty raw` */
 	opts->vmin = 1;
 	opts->vtime = 0;
+	opts->intr = 0;
 	if (!NIL_P(vmin)) {
 	    opts->vmin = NUM2INT(vmin);
 	    optp = opts;
@@ -134,6 +149,21 @@ rawmode_opt(int argc, VALUE *argv, rawmode_arg_t *opts)
 	    opts->vtime = NUM2INT(vtime);
 	    optp = opts;
 	}
+	switch (intr) {
+	  case Qtrue:
+	    opts->intr = 1;
+	    optp = opts;
+	    break;
+	  case Qfalse:
+	    opts->intr = 0;
+	    optp = opts;
+	    break;
+	  case Qnil:
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "true or false expected as intr: %"PRIsVALUE,
+		     intr);
+	}
     }
     return optp;
 }
@@ -145,24 +175,36 @@ set_rawmode(conmode *t, void *arg)
     cfmakeraw(t);
     t->c_lflag &= ~(ECHOE|ECHOK);
 #elif defined HAVE_TERMIOS_H || defined HAVE_TERMIO_H
-    t->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP|INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
+    t->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|IGNPAR|PARMRK|INPCK|ISTRIP|INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON|IXOFF|IXANY|IMAXBEL);
     t->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;
-    t->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHOE|ECHOK|ECHONL|ICANON|ISIG|IEXTEN);
+    t->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHOE|ECHOK|ECHONL|ICANON|ISIG|IEXTEN|XCASE);
     t->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);
     t->c_cflag |= CS8;
+    t->c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
+    t->c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
 #elif defined HAVE_SGTTY_H
     t->sg_flags &= ~ECHO;
     t->sg_flags |= RAW;
 #elif defined _WIN32
     *t = 0;
 #endif
-#if defined HAVE_TERMIOS_H || defined HAVE_TERMIO_H
     if (arg) {
 	const rawmode_arg_t *r = arg;
+#ifdef VMIN
 	if (r->vmin >= 0) t->c_cc[VMIN] = r->vmin;
+#endif
+#ifdef VTIME
 	if (r->vtime >= 0) t->c_cc[VTIME] = r->vtime;
-    }
 #endif
+#ifdef ISIG
+	if (r->intr) {
+	    t->c_iflag |= BRKINT;
+	    t->c_lflag |= ISIG;
+	    t->c_oflag |= OPOST;
+	}
+#endif
+	(void)r;
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -242,7 +284,7 @@ get_write_fd(const rb_io_t *fptr)
 #define FD_PER_IO 2
 
 static VALUE
-ttymode(VALUE io, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), void (*setter)(conmode *, void *), void *arg)
+ttymode(VALUE io, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE farg, void (*setter)(conmode *, void *), void *arg)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int status = -1;
@@ -273,7 +315,7 @@ ttymode(VALUE io, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), void (*setter)(conmode *, void *), void
 	}
     }
     if (status == 0) {
-	result = rb_protect(func, io, &status);
+	result = rb_protect(func, farg, &status);
     }
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (fd[0] != -1 && fd[0] == GetReadFD(fptr)) {
@@ -297,32 +339,70 @@ ttymode(VALUE io, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), void (*setter)(conmode *, void *), void
     return result;
 }
 
+#if !defined _WIN32
+struct ttymode_callback_args {
+    VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE);
+    VALUE io;
+    VALUE farg;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+ttymode_callback(VALUE args)
+{
+    struct ttymode_callback_args *argp = (struct ttymode_callback_args *)args;
+    return argp->func(argp->io, argp->farg);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ttymode_with_io(VALUE io, VALUE (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE farg, void (*setter)(conmode *, void *), void *arg)
+{
+    struct ttymode_callback_args cargs;
+    cargs.func = func;
+    cargs.io = io;
+    cargs.farg = farg;
+    return ttymode(io, ttymode_callback, (VALUE)&cargs, setter, arg);
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.raw(min: nil, time: nil) {|io| }
+ *   io.raw(min: nil, time: nil, intr: nil) {|io| }
  *
- * Yields +self+ within raw mode.
+ * Yields +self+ within raw mode, and returns the result of the block.
  *
  *   STDIN.raw(&:gets)
  *
  * will read and return a line without echo back and line editing.
  *
+ * The parameter +min+ specifies the minimum number of bytes that
+ * should be received when a read operation is performed. (default: 1)
+ *
+ * The parameter +time+ specifies the timeout in _seconds_ with a
+ * precision of 1/10 of a second. (default: 0)
+ *
+ * If the parameter +intr+ is +true+, enables break, interrupt, quit,
+ * and suspend special characters.
+ *
+ * Refer to the manual page of termios for further details.
+ *
  * You must require 'io/console' to use this method.
  */
 static VALUE
 console_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(argc, argv, &opts);
-    return ttymode(io, rb_yield, set_rawmode, optp);
+    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(&argc, argv, 0, 0, &opts);
+    return ttymode(io, rb_yield, io, set_rawmode, optp);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.raw!(min: nil, time: nil)
+ *   io.raw!(min: nil, time: nil, intr: nil) -> io
+ *
+ * Enables raw mode, and returns +io+.
  *
- * Enables raw mode.
+ * If the terminal mode needs to be back, use <code>io.raw { ... }</code>.
  *
- * If the terminal mode needs to be back, use io.raw { ... }.
+ * See IO#raw for details on the parameters.
  *
  * You must require 'io/console' to use this method.
  */
@@ -332,13 +412,13 @@ console_set_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     conmode t;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd;
-    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(argc, argv, &opts);
+    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(&argc, argv, 0, 0, &opts);
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fd = GetReadFD(fptr);
-    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     set_rawmode(&t, optp);
-    if (!setattr(fd, &t)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!setattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     return io;
 }
 
@@ -357,7 +437,7 @@ console_set_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 console_cooked(VALUE io)
 {
-    return ttymode(io, rb_yield, set_cookedmode, NULL);
+    return ttymode(io, rb_yield, io, set_cookedmode, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -379,31 +459,126 @@ console_set_cooked(VALUE io)
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fd = GetReadFD(fptr);
-    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     set_cookedmode(&t, NULL);
-    if (!setattr(fd, &t)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!setattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     return io;
 }
 
+#ifndef _WIN32
 static VALUE
 getc_call(VALUE io)
 {
     return rb_funcallv(io, id_getc, 0, 0);
 }
+#else
+static void *
+nogvl_getch(void *p)
+{
+    int len = 0;
+    wint_t *buf = p, c = _getwch();
+
+    switch (c) {
+      case WEOF:
+	break;
+      case 0x00:
+      case 0xe0:
+	buf[len++] = c;
+	c = _getwch();
+	/* fall through */
+      default:
+	buf[len++] = c;
+	break;
+    }
+    return (void *)(VALUE)len;
+}
+#endif
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.getch(min: nil, time: nil)       -> char
+ *   io.getch(min: nil, time: nil, intr: nil) -> char
  *
  * Reads and returns a character in raw mode.
  *
+ * See IO#raw for details on the parameters.
+ *
  * You must require 'io/console' to use this method.
  */
 static VALUE
 console_getch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(argc, argv, &opts);
-    return ttymode(io, getc_call, set_rawmode, optp);
+    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(&argc, argv, 0, 0, &opts);
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    return ttymode(io, getc_call, io, set_rawmode, optp);
+#else
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    VALUE str;
+    wint_t c;
+    int len;
+    char buf[8];
+    wint_t wbuf[2];
+# ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
+    struct timeval *to = NULL, tv;
+# else
+    VALUE timeout = Qnil;
+# endif
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    if (optp) {
+	if (optp->vtime) {
+# ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
+	    to = &tv;
+# else
+	    struct timeval tv;
+# endif
+	    tv.tv_sec = optp->vtime / 10;
+	    tv.tv_usec = (optp->vtime % 10) * 100000;
+# ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
+	    timeout = rb_scheduler_timeout(&tv);
+# endif
+	}
+	switch (optp->vmin) {
+	  case 1: /* default */
+	    break;
+	  case 0: /* return nil when timed out */
+	    if (optp->vtime) break;
+	    /* fallthru */
+	  default:
+	    rb_warning("min option larger than 1 ignored");
+	}
+	if (optp->intr) {
+# ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_WAIT
+	    int w = rb_wait_for_single_fd(fptr->fd, RB_WAITFD_IN, to);
+	    if (w < 0) rb_eof_error();
+	    if (!(w & RB_WAITFD_IN)) return Qnil;
+# else
+	    VALUE result = rb_io_wait(io, RUBY_IO_READABLE, timeout);
+	    if (result == Qfalse) return Qnil;
+# endif
+	}
+	else if (optp->vtime) {
+	    rb_warning("Non-zero vtime option ignored if intr flag is unset");
+	}
+    }
+    len = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_getch, wbuf, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    switch (len) {
+      case 0:
+	return Qnil;
+      case 2:
+	buf[0] = (char)wbuf[0];
+	c = wbuf[1];
+	len = 1;
+	do {
+	    buf[len++] = (unsigned char)c;
+	} while ((c >>= CHAR_BIT) && len < (int)sizeof(buf));
+	return rb_str_new(buf, len);
+      default:
+	c = wbuf[0];
+	len = rb_uv_to_utf8(buf, c);
+	str = rb_utf8_str_new(buf, len);
+	return rb_str_conv_enc(str, NULL, rb_default_external_encoding());
+    }
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -421,7 +596,7 @@ console_getch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 console_noecho(VALUE io)
 {
-    return ttymode(io, rb_yield, set_noecho, NULL);
+    return ttymode(io, rb_yield, io, set_noecho, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -443,12 +618,12 @@ console_set_echo(VALUE io, VALUE f)
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fd = GetReadFD(fptr);
-    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     if (RTEST(f))
 	set_echo(&t, NULL);
     else
 	set_noecho(&t, NULL);
-    if (!setattr(fd, &t)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!setattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     return io;
 }
 
@@ -469,10 +644,119 @@ console_echo_p(VALUE io)
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fd = GetReadFD(fptr);
-    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     return echo_p(&t) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+static const rb_data_type_t conmode_type = {
+    "console-mode",
+    {0, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,},
+    0, 0,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED,
+};
+static VALUE cConmode;
+
+static VALUE
+conmode_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(klass, sizeof(conmode), &conmode_type);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+conmode_new(VALUE klass, const conmode *t)
+{
+    VALUE obj = conmode_alloc(klass);
+    *(conmode *)DATA_PTR(obj) = *t;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+conmode_init_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
+{
+    conmode *t = rb_check_typeddata(obj, &conmode_type);
+    conmode *t2 = rb_check_typeddata(obj2, &conmode_type);
+    *t = *t2;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+conmode_set_echo(VALUE obj, VALUE f)
+{
+    conmode *t = rb_check_typeddata(obj, &conmode_type);
+    if (RTEST(f))
+	set_echo(t, NULL);
+    else
+	set_noecho(t, NULL);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+conmode_set_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    conmode *t = rb_check_typeddata(obj, &conmode_type);
+    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(&argc, argv, 0, 0, &opts);
+
+    set_rawmode(t, optp);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+conmode_raw_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    conmode *r = rb_check_typeddata(obj, &conmode_type);
+    conmode t = *r;
+    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(&argc, argv, 0, 0, &opts);
+
+    set_rawmode(&t, optp);
+    return conmode_new(rb_obj_class(obj), &t);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   io.console_mode       -> mode
+ *
+ * Returns a data represents the current console mode.
+ *
+ * You must require 'io/console' to use this method.
+ */
+static VALUE
+console_conmode_get(VALUE io)
+{
+    conmode t;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    int fd;
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    fd = GetReadFD(fptr);
+    if (!getattr(fd, &t)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
+
+    return conmode_new(cConmode, &t);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   io.console_mode = mode
+ *
+ * Sets the console mode to +mode+.
+ *
+ * You must require 'io/console' to use this method.
+ */
+static VALUE
+console_conmode_set(VALUE io, VALUE mode)
+{
+    conmode *t, r;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    int fd;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(mode, conmode, &conmode_type, t);
+    r = *t;
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    fd = GetReadFD(fptr);
+    if (!setattr(fd, &r)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
+
+    return mode;
+}
+
 #if defined TIOCGWINSZ
 typedef struct winsize rb_console_size_t;
 #define getwinsize(fd, buf) (ioctl((fd), TIOCGWINSZ, (buf)) == 0)
@@ -510,7 +794,7 @@ console_winsize(VALUE io)
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fd = GetWriteFD(fptr);
-    if (!getwinsize(fd, &ws)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!getwinsize(fd, &ws)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     return rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(winsize_row(&ws)), INT2NUM(winsize_col(&ws)));
 }
 
@@ -531,6 +815,7 @@ console_set_winsize(VALUE io, VALUE size)
 #if defined _WIN32
     HANDLE wh;
     int newrow, newcol;
+    BOOL ret;
 #endif
     VALUE row, col, xpixel, ypixel;
     const VALUE *sz;
@@ -556,7 +841,7 @@ console_set_winsize(VALUE io, VALUE size)
     SET(xpixel);
     SET(ypixel);
 #undef SET
-    if (!setwinsize(fd, &ws)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (!setwinsize(fd, &ws)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
 #elif defined _WIN32
     wh = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fd);
 #define SET(m) new##m = NIL_P(m) ? 0 : (unsigned short)NUM2UINT(m)
@@ -568,17 +853,21 @@ console_set_winsize(VALUE io, VALUE size)
     if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(wh, &ws)) {
 	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
     }
-    if ((ws.dwSize.X < newcol && (ws.dwSize.X = newcol, 1)) ||
-	(ws.dwSize.Y < newrow && (ws.dwSize.Y = newrow, 1))) {
-	if (!SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, ws.dwSize)) {
-	    rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
-	}
-    }
+    ws.dwSize.X = newcol;
+    ret = SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, ws.dwSize);
     ws.srWindow.Left = 0;
     ws.srWindow.Top = 0;
-    ws.srWindow.Right = newcol;
-    ws.srWindow.Bottom = newrow;
-    if (!SetConsoleWindowInfo(wh, FALSE, &ws.srWindow)) {
+    ws.srWindow.Right = newcol-1;
+    ws.srWindow.Bottom = newrow-1;
+    if (!SetConsoleWindowInfo(wh, TRUE, &ws.srWindow)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleWindowInfo");
+    }
+    /* retry when shrinking buffer after shrunk window */
+    if (!ret && !SetConsoleScreenBufferSize(wh, ws.dwSize)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleScreenBufferInfo");
+    }
+    /* remove scrollbar if possible */
+    if (!SetConsoleWindowInfo(wh, TRUE, &ws.srWindow)) {
 	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, "SetConsoleWindowInfo");
     }
 #endif
@@ -586,6 +875,30 @@ console_set_winsize(VALUE io, VALUE size)
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef _WIN32
+static VALUE
+console_check_winsize_changed(VALUE io)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    HANDLE h;
+    DWORD num;
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    h = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(GetReadFD(fptr));
+    while (GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents(h, &num) && num > 0) {
+	INPUT_RECORD rec;
+	if (ReadConsoleInput(h, &rec, 1, &num)) {
+	    if (rec.EventType == WINDOW_BUFFER_SIZE_EVENT) {
+		rb_yield(Qnil);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return io;
+}
+#else
+#define console_check_winsize_changed rb_f_notimplement
+#endif
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   io.iflush
@@ -603,7 +916,7 @@ console_iflush(VALUE io)
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fd = GetReadFD(fptr);
 #if defined HAVE_TERMIOS_H || defined HAVE_TERMIO_H
-    if (tcflush(fd, TCIFLUSH)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (tcflush(fd, TCIFLUSH)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
 #endif
     (void)fd;
     return io;
@@ -626,7 +939,7 @@ console_oflush(VALUE io)
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fd = GetWriteFD(fptr);
 #if defined HAVE_TERMIOS_H || defined HAVE_TERMIO_H
-    if (tcflush(fd, TCOFLUSH)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (tcflush(fd, TCOFLUSH)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
 #endif
     (void)fd;
     return io;
@@ -653,11 +966,11 @@ console_ioflush(VALUE io)
     fd1 = GetReadFD(fptr);
     fd2 = GetWriteFD(fptr);
     if (fd2 != -1 && fd1 != fd2) {
-	if (tcflush(fd1, TCIFLUSH)) rb_sys_fail(0);
-	if (tcflush(fd2, TCOFLUSH)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+	if (tcflush(fd1, TCIFLUSH)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
+	if (tcflush(fd2, TCOFLUSH)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     }
     else {
-	if (tcflush(fd1, TCIOFLUSH)) rb_sys_fail(0);
+	if (tcflush(fd1, TCIOFLUSH)) sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
     }
 #endif
     return io;
@@ -676,14 +989,29 @@ console_beep(VALUE io)
     MessageBeep(0);
 #else
     if (write(fd, "\a", 1) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail(0);
+	sys_fail_fptr(fptr);
 #endif
     return io;
 }
 
+static int
+mode_in_range(VALUE val, int high, const char *modename)
+{
+    int mode;
+    if (NIL_P(val)) return 0;
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(val)) {
+      wrong_value:
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong %s mode: %"PRIsVALUE, modename, val);
+    }
+    if ((mode = NUM2INT(val)) < 0 || mode > high) {
+	goto wrong_value;
+    }
+    return mode;
+}
+
 #if defined _WIN32
 static VALUE
-console_goto(VALUE io, VALUE x, VALUE y)
+console_goto(VALUE io, VALUE y, VALUE x)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd;
@@ -711,15 +1039,159 @@ console_cursor_pos(VALUE io)
     if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo((HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fd), &ws)) {
 	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
     }
-    return rb_assoc_new(UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.X), UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.Y));
+    return rb_assoc_new(UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.Y), UINT2NUM(ws.dwCursorPosition.X));
 }
 
 static VALUE
-console_cursor_set(VALUE io, VALUE cpos)
+console_move(VALUE io, int y, int x)
 {
-    cpos = rb_convert_type(cpos, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(cpos) != 2) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected 2D coordinate");
-    return console_goto(io, RARRAY_AREF(cpos, 0), RARRAY_AREF(cpos, 1));
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    HANDLE h;
+    rb_console_size_t ws;
+    COORD *pos = &ws.dwCursorPosition;
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    h = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(GetWriteFD(fptr));
+    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, &ws)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    pos->X += x;
+    pos->Y += y;
+    if (!SetConsoleCursorPosition(h, *pos)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_goto_column(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    HANDLE h;
+    rb_console_size_t ws;
+    COORD *pos = &ws.dwCursorPosition;
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    h = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(GetWriteFD(fptr));
+    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, &ws)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    pos->X = NUM2INT(val);
+    if (!SetConsoleCursorPosition(h, *pos)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    return io;
+}
+
+static void
+constat_clear(HANDLE handle, WORD attr, DWORD len, COORD pos)
+{
+    DWORD written;
+
+    FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, attr, len, pos, &written);
+    FillConsoleOutputCharacterW(handle, L' ', len, pos, &written);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_erase_line(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    HANDLE h;
+    rb_console_size_t ws;
+    COORD *pos = &ws.dwCursorPosition;
+    DWORD w;
+    int mode = mode_in_range(val, 2, "line erase");
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    h = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(GetWriteFD(fptr));
+    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, &ws)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    w = winsize_col(&ws);
+    switch (mode) {
+      case 0:			/* after cursor */
+	w -= pos->X;
+	break;
+      case 1:			/* before *and* cursor */
+	w = pos->X + 1;
+	pos->X = 0;
+	break;
+      case 2:			/* entire line */
+	pos->X = 0;
+	break;
+    }
+    constat_clear(h, ws.wAttributes, w, *pos);
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_erase_screen(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    HANDLE h;
+    rb_console_size_t ws;
+    COORD *pos = &ws.dwCursorPosition;
+    DWORD w;
+    int mode = mode_in_range(val, 3, "screen erase");
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    h = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(GetWriteFD(fptr));
+    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, &ws)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    w = winsize_col(&ws);
+    switch (mode) {
+      case 0:	/* erase after cursor */
+	w = (w * (ws.srWindow.Bottom - pos->Y + 1) - pos->X);
+	break;
+      case 1:	/* erase before *and* cursor */
+	w = (w * (pos->Y - ws.srWindow.Top) + pos->X + 1);
+	pos->X = 0;
+	pos->Y = ws.srWindow.Top;
+	break;
+      case 2:	/* erase entire screen */
+	w = (w * winsize_row(&ws));
+	pos->X = 0;
+	pos->Y = ws.srWindow.Top;
+	break;
+      case 3:	/* erase entire screen */
+	w = (w * ws.dwSize.Y);
+	pos->X = 0;
+	pos->Y = 0;
+	break;
+    }
+    constat_clear(h, ws.wAttributes, w, *pos);
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_scroll(VALUE io, int line)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    HANDLE h;
+    rb_console_size_t ws;
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    h = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(GetWriteFD(fptr));
+    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, &ws)) {
+	rb_syserr_fail(LAST_ERROR, 0);
+    }
+    if (line) {
+	SMALL_RECT scroll;
+	COORD destination;
+	CHAR_INFO fill;
+	scroll.Left = 0;
+	scroll.Top = line > 0 ? line : 0;
+	scroll.Right = winsize_col(&ws) - 1;
+	scroll.Bottom = winsize_row(&ws) - 1 + (line < 0 ? line : 0);
+	destination.X = 0;
+	destination.Y = line < 0 ? -line : 0;
+	fill.Char.UnicodeChar = L' ';
+	fill.Attributes = ws.wAttributes;
+
+	ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer(h, &scroll, NULL, destination, &fill);
+    }
+    return io;
 }
 
 #include "win32_vk.inc"
@@ -750,12 +1222,210 @@ console_key_pressed_p(VALUE io, VALUE k)
     return GetKeyState(vk) & 0x80 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 #else
-# define console_goto rb_f_notimplement
-# define console_cursor_pos rb_f_notimplement
-# define console_cursor_set rb_f_notimplement
+struct query_args {
+    char qstr[6];
+    unsigned char opt;
+};
+
+static int
+direct_query(VALUE io, const struct query_args *query)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(io, T_FILE)) {
+	rb_io_t *fptr;
+	VALUE wio;
+	GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+	wio = fptr->tied_io_for_writing;
+	if (wio) {
+	    VALUE s = rb_str_new_cstr(query->qstr);
+	    rb_io_write(wio, s);
+	    rb_io_flush(wio);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	if (write(fptr->fd, query->qstr, strlen(query->qstr)) != -1) {
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	if (fptr->fd == 0 &&
+	    write(1, query->qstr, strlen(query->qstr)) != -1) {
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+read_vt_response(VALUE io, VALUE query)
+{
+    struct query_args *qargs = (struct query_args *)query;
+    VALUE result, b;
+    int opt = 0;
+    int num = 0;
+    if (qargs) {
+	opt = qargs->opt;
+	if (!direct_query(io, qargs)) return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (rb_io_getbyte(io) != INT2FIX(0x1b)) return Qnil;
+    if (rb_io_getbyte(io) != INT2FIX('[')) return Qnil;
+    result = rb_ary_new();
+    while (!NIL_P(b = rb_io_getbyte(io))) {
+	int c = NUM2UINT(b);
+	if (c == ';') {
+	    rb_ary_push(result, INT2NUM(num));
+	    num = 0;
+	}
+	else if (ISDIGIT(c)) {
+	    num = num * 10 + c - '0';
+	}
+	else if (opt && c == opt) {
+	    opt = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+	    char last = (char)c;
+	    rb_ary_push(result, INT2NUM(num));
+	    b = rb_str_new(&last, 1);
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    return rb_ary_push(result, b);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_vt_response(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, const struct query_args *qargs)
+{
+    rawmode_arg_t opts, *optp = rawmode_opt(&argc, argv, 0, 1, &opts);
+    VALUE query = (VALUE)qargs;
+    VALUE ret = ttymode_with_io(io, read_vt_response, query, set_rawmode, optp);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_cursor_pos(VALUE io)
+{
+    static const struct query_args query = {"\033[6n", 0};
+    VALUE resp = console_vt_response(0, 0, io, &query);
+    VALUE row, column, term;
+    unsigned int r, c;
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(resp, T_ARRAY) || RARRAY_LEN(resp) != 3) return Qnil;
+    term = RARRAY_AREF(resp, 2);
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(term, T_STRING) || RSTRING_LEN(term) != 1) return Qnil;
+    if (RSTRING_PTR(term)[0] != 'R') return Qnil;
+    row = RARRAY_AREF(resp, 0);
+    column = RARRAY_AREF(resp, 1);
+    rb_ary_resize(resp, 2);
+    r = NUM2UINT(row) - 1;
+    c = NUM2UINT(column) - 1;
+    RARRAY_ASET(resp, 0, INT2NUM(r));
+    RARRAY_ASET(resp, 1, INT2NUM(c));
+    return resp;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_goto(VALUE io, VALUE y, VALUE x)
+{
+    rb_io_write(io, rb_sprintf("\x1b[%d;%dH", NUM2UINT(y)+1, NUM2UINT(x)+1));
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_move(VALUE io, int y, int x)
+{
+    if (x || y) {
+	VALUE s = rb_str_new_cstr("");
+	if (y) rb_str_catf(s, "\x1b[%d%c", y < 0 ? -y : y, y < 0 ? 'A' : 'B');
+	if (x) rb_str_catf(s, "\x1b[%d%c", x < 0 ? -x : x, x < 0 ? 'D' : 'C');
+	rb_io_write(io, s);
+	rb_io_flush(io);
+    }
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_goto_column(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_io_write(io, rb_sprintf("\x1b[%dG", NUM2UINT(val)+1));
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_erase_line(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    int mode = mode_in_range(val, 2, "line erase");
+    rb_io_write(io, rb_sprintf("\x1b[%dK", mode));
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_erase_screen(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    int mode = mode_in_range(val, 3, "screen erase");
+    rb_io_write(io, rb_sprintf("\x1b[%dJ", mode));
+    return io;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_scroll(VALUE io, int line)
+{
+    if (line) {
+	VALUE s = rb_sprintf("\x1b[%d%c", line < 0 ? -line : line,
+			     line < 0 ? 'T' : 'S');
+	rb_io_write(io, s);
+    }
+    return io;
+}
 # define console_key_pressed_p rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
+static VALUE
+console_cursor_set(VALUE io, VALUE cpos)
+{
+    cpos = rb_convert_type(cpos, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(cpos) != 2) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected 2D coordinate");
+    return console_goto(io, RARRAY_AREF(cpos, 0), RARRAY_AREF(cpos, 1));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_cursor_up(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    return console_move(io, -NUM2INT(val), 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_cursor_down(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    return console_move(io, +NUM2INT(val), 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_cursor_left(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    return console_move(io, 0, -NUM2INT(val));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_cursor_right(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    return console_move(io, 0, +NUM2INT(val));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_scroll_forward(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    return console_scroll(io, +NUM2INT(val));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_scroll_backward(VALUE io, VALUE val)
+{
+    return console_scroll(io, -NUM2INT(val));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+console_clear_screen(VALUE io)
+{
+    console_erase_screen(io, INT2FIX(2));
+    console_goto(io, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(0));
+    return io;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   IO.console      -> #<File:/dev/tty>
@@ -855,7 +1525,7 @@ console_dev(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.getch(min: nil, time: nil)       -> char
+ *   io.getch(min: nil, time: nil, intr: nil) -> char
  *
  * See IO#getch.
  */
@@ -875,7 +1545,7 @@ puts_call(VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 getpass_call(VALUE io)
 {
-    return ttymode(io, rb_io_gets, set_noecho, NULL);
+    return ttymode(io, rb_io_gets, io, set_noecho, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -884,7 +1554,6 @@ prompt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     if (argc > 0 && !NIL_P(argv[0])) {
 	VALUE str = argv[0];
 	StringValueCStr(str);
-	rb_check_safe_obj(str);
 	rb_io_write(io, str);
     }
 }
@@ -893,7 +1562,7 @@ static VALUE
 str_chomp(VALUE str)
 {
     if (!NIL_P(str)) {
-	str = rb_funcallv(str, rb_intern("chomp!"), 0, 0);
+	rb_funcallv(str, id_chomp_bang, 0, 0);
     }
     return str;
 }
@@ -905,6 +1574,10 @@ str_chomp(VALUE str)
  * Reads and returns a line without echo back.
  * Prints +prompt+ unless it is +nil+.
  *
+ * The newline character that terminates the
+ * read line is removed from the returned string,
+ * see String#chomp!.
+ *
  * You must require 'io/console' to use this method.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -949,11 +1622,13 @@ Init_console(void)
     id_getc = rb_intern("getc");
 #if ENABLE_IO_GETPASS
     id_gets = rb_intern("gets");
+    id_chomp_bang = rb_intern("chomp!");
 #endif
     id_console = rb_intern("console");
     id_close = rb_intern("close");
     id_min = rb_intern("min");
     id_time = rb_intern("time");
+    id_intr = rb_intern("intr");
 #ifndef HAVE_RB_F_SEND
     id___send__ = rb_intern("__send__");
 #endif
@@ -970,6 +1645,8 @@ InitVM_console(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getch", console_getch, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "echo=", console_set_echo, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "echo?", console_echo_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "console_mode", console_conmode_get, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "console_mode=", console_conmode_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "noecho", console_noecho, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "winsize", console_winsize, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "winsize=", console_set_winsize, 1);
@@ -980,7 +1657,18 @@ InitVM_console(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "goto", console_goto, 2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "cursor", console_cursor_pos, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "cursor=", console_cursor_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "cursor_up", console_cursor_up, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "cursor_down", console_cursor_down, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "cursor_left", console_cursor_left, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "cursor_right", console_cursor_right, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "goto_column", console_goto_column, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "erase_line", console_erase_line, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "erase_screen", console_erase_screen, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "scroll_forward", console_scroll_forward, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "scroll_backward", console_scroll_backward, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "clear_screen", console_clear_screen, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "pressed?", console_key_pressed_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "check_winsize_changed", console_check_winsize_changed, 0);
 #if ENABLE_IO_GETPASS
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getpass", console_getpass, -1);
 #endif
@@ -992,4 +1680,15 @@ InitVM_console(void)
 	rb_define_method(mReadable, "getpass", io_getpass, -1);
 #endif
     }
+    {
+	/* :stopdoc: */
+        cConmode = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "ConsoleMode", rb_cObject);
+        rb_define_alloc_func(cConmode, conmode_alloc);
+        rb_undef_method(cConmode, "initialize");
+        rb_define_method(cConmode, "initialize_copy", conmode_init_copy, 1);
+        rb_define_method(cConmode, "echo=", conmode_set_echo, 1);
+        rb_define_method(cConmode, "raw!", conmode_set_raw, -1);
+        rb_define_method(cConmode, "raw", conmode_raw_new, -1);
+	/* :startdoc: */
+    }
 }
diff --git a/ext/io/console/depend b/ext/io/console/depend
index 400ae81a96..43c280d8ff 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/depend
+++ b/ext/io/console/depend
@@ -1,17 +1,169 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 console.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 console.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-console.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+console.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
 console.o: console.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
 
@@ -25,7 +177,7 @@ win32_vk.inc: win32_vk.list
 	-e   'puts(%[#ifndef #{n}\n# define #{n} UNDEFINED_VK\n#endif])' \
 	$< && \
 	gperf --ignore-case -E -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -K ofs -N console_win32_vk -k* $< \
-	| sed 's/(int)(long)&((\(struct stringpool_t\) *\*)0)->\(stringpool_[a-z0-9]*\)/offsetof(\1, \2)/g' \
+	| sed -f $(top_srcdir)/tool/gperf.sed \
 	) > $(@F)
 
 .SUFFIXES: .chksum .list .inc
diff --git a/ext/io/console/extconf.rb b/ext/io/console/extconf.rb
index be536dff9f..3efdd6e092 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/io/console/extconf.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'mkmf'
 
-ok = true
+ok = true if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
 hdr = nil
 case
 when macro_defined?("_WIN32", "")
@@ -14,16 +14,23 @@ when have_header(hdr = "sgtty.h")
   %w"stty gtty".each {|f| have_func(f, hdr)}
 else
   ok = false
-end
-if ok
+end if ok
+case ok
+when true
   have_header("sys/ioctl.h") if hdr
-  have_func("rb_funcallv")
-  have_func("rb_sym2str")
   # rb_check_hash_type: 1.9.3
   # rb_io_get_write_io: 1.9.1
   # rb_cloexec_open: 2.0.0
+  # rb_funcallv: 2.1.0
+  # RARRAY_CONST_PTR: 2.1.0
+  # rb_sym2str: 2.2.0
+  if have_func("rb_scheduler_timeout")
+    have_func("rb_io_wait")
+  end
   $defs << "-D""ENABLE_IO_GETPASS=1"
   create_makefile("io/console") {|conf|
     conf << "\n""VK_HEADER = #{vk_header}\n"
   }
+when nil
+  File.write("Makefile", dummy_makefile($srcdir).join(""))
 end
diff --git a/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec b/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
index 27e1a11e3a..8a0df83b2c 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
+++ b/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
 # -*- ruby -*-
-_VERSION = "0.4.6"
-date = %w$Date::                           $[1]
+_VERSION = "0.5.7"
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name = "io-console"
   s.version = _VERSION
-  s.date = date
   s.summary = "Console interface"
   s.email = "nobu@ruby-lang.org"
   s.description = "add console capabilities to IO instances."
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.0.0"
-  s.homepage = "https://www.ruby-lang.org"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.0"
+  s.homepage = "https://github.com/ruby/io-console"
+  s.metadata["source_code_url"] = s.homepage
   s.authors = ["Nobu Nakada"]
   s.require_path = %[lib]
-  s.files = %w[console.c depend extconf.rb lib/console/size.rb win32_vk.inc]
-  s.extensions = %w[extconf.rb]
-  s.license = "BSD-2-Clause"
-  s.cert_chain  = %w[certs/nobu.pem]
-  s.signing_key = File.expand_path("~/.ssh/gem-private_key.pem") if $0 =~ /gem\z/
+  s.files = %w[
+    LICENSE.txt
+    README.md
+    ext/io/console/console.c
+    ext/io/console/extconf.rb
+    ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc
+    lib/io/console/size.rb
+  ]
+  s.extensions = %w[ext/io/console/extconf.rb]
+  s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
 end
diff --git a/ext/io/console/lib/console/size.rb b/ext/io/console/lib/console/size.rb
index f17206dfcf..14b9a74b22 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/lib/console/size.rb
+++ b/ext/io/console/lib/console/size.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ end
 begin
   require 'io/console'
 rescue LoadError
-  class IO
+  class << IO
     alias console_size default_console_size
   end
 else
diff --git a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc
index a098158e27..cbec7bef15 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc
+++ b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
 #ifndef VK_OEM_CLEAR
 # define VK_OEM_CLEAR UNDEFINED_VK
 #endif
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
 /* Command-line: gperf --ignore-case -E -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -K ofs -N console_win32_vk -k'*' win32_vk.list  */
 
 #if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
@@ -506,13 +506,14 @@
       && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
       && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126))
 /* The character set is not based on ISO-646.  */
-error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>."
+#error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gperf@gnu.org>."
 #endif
 
+#define gperf_offsetof(s, n) (short)offsetof(struct s##_t, s##_str##n)
 #line 1 "win32_vk.list"
 
 struct vktable {short ofs; unsigned short vk;};
-static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(const char *, unsigned int);
+static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(/*const char *, unsigned int*/);
 #line 5 "win32_vk.list"
 struct vktable;
 /* maximum key range = 245, duplicates = 0 */
@@ -545,9 +546,7 @@ static unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
 #ifndef GPERF_CASE_STRCMP
 #define GPERF_CASE_STRCMP 1
 static int
-gperf_case_strcmp (s1, s2)
-     register const char *s1;
-     register const char *s2;
+gperf_case_strcmp (register const char *s1, register const char *s2)
 {
   for (;;)
     {
@@ -560,15 +559,15 @@ gperf_case_strcmp (s1, s2)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__)
-inline
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#ifdef __GNUC__
 __inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
 #endif
 static unsigned int
-hash (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
   static const unsigned short asso_values[] =
     {
@@ -599,7 +598,7 @@ hash (str, len)
       257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257,
       257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257, 257
     };
-  register int hval = len;
+  register unsigned int hval = (unsigned int)len;
 
   switch (hval)
     {
@@ -661,7 +660,7 @@ hash (str, len)
         hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
         break;
     }
-  return hval;
+  return (unsigned int)hval;
 }
 
 struct stringpool_t
@@ -991,16 +990,8 @@ static const struct stringpool_t stringpool_contents =
     "DIVIDE"
   };
 #define stringpool ((const char *) &stringpool_contents)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
 const struct vktable *
-console_win32_vk (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+console_win32_vk (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
   enum
     {
@@ -1016,375 +1007,375 @@ console_win32_vk (str, len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 40 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str12), VK_UP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 12), VK_UP},
 #line 52 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str13), VK_APPS},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 13), VK_APPS},
 #line 159 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str14), VK_CRSEL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 14), VK_CRSEL},
 #line 34 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str15), VK_SPACE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 15), VK_SPACE},
 #line 95 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str16), VK_SCROLL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 16), VK_SCROLL},
 #line 29 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str17), VK_ESCAPE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 17), VK_ESCAPE},
 #line 9 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str18), VK_CANCEL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 18), VK_CANCEL},
 #line 32 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str19), VK_ACCEPT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 19), VK_ACCEPT},
 #line 66 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str20), VK_SEPARATOR},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 20), VK_SEPARATOR},
 #line 43 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str21), VK_SELECT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 21), VK_SELECT},
 #line 18 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str22), VK_CONTROL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 22), VK_CONTROL},
 #line 166 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str23), VK_OEM_CLEAR},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 23), VK_OEM_CLEAR},
 #line 145 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str24), VK_OEM_RESET},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 24), VK_OEM_RESET},
 #line 155 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str25), VK_OEM_AUTO},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 25), VK_OEM_AUTO},
 #line 151 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str26), VK_OEM_CUSEL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 26), VK_OEM_CUSEL},
       {-1},
 #line 22 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str28), VK_KANA},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 28), VK_KANA},
 #line 127 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str29), VK_OEM_PLUS},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 29), VK_OEM_PLUS},
 #line 35 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str30), VK_PRIOR},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 30), VK_PRIOR},
 #line 152 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str31), VK_OEM_ATTN},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 31), VK_OEM_ATTN},
 #line 20 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str32), VK_PAUSE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 32), VK_PAUSE},
 #line 13 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str33), VK_BACK},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 33), VK_BACK},
 #line 144 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str34), VK_PACKET},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 34), VK_PACKET},
 #line 105 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str35), VK_RCONTROL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 35), VK_RCONTROL},
 #line 104 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str36), VK_LCONTROL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 36), VK_LCONTROL},
 #line 37 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str37), VK_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 37), VK_END},
 #line 38 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str38), VK_HOME},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 38), VK_HOME},
 #line 44 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str39), VK_PRINT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 39), VK_PRINT},
 #line 94 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str40), VK_NUMLOCK},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 40), VK_NUMLOCK},
 #line 39 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str41), VK_LEFT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 41), VK_LEFT},
 #line 25 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str42), VK_JUNJA},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 42), VK_JUNJA},
 #line 19 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str43), VK_MENU},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 43), VK_MENU},
 #line 150 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str44), VK_OEM_WSCTRL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 44), VK_OEM_WSCTRL},
 #line 156 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str45), VK_OEM_ENLW},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 45), VK_OEM_ENLW},
 #line 36 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str46), VK_NEXT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 46), VK_NEXT},
 #line 51 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str47), VK_RWIN},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 47), VK_RWIN},
 #line 50 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str48), VK_LWIN},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 48), VK_LWIN},
 #line 21 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str49), VK_CAPITAL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 49), VK_CAPITAL},
 #line 49 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str50), VK_HELP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 50), VK_HELP},
 #line 164 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str51), VK_NONAME},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 51), VK_NONAME},
 #line 8 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str52), VK_RBUTTON},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 52), VK_RBUTTON},
 #line 7 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str53), VK_LBUTTON},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 53), VK_LBUTTON},
 #line 96 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str54), VK_OEM_NEC_EQUAL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 54), VK_OEM_NEC_EQUAL},
       {-1},
 #line 47 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str56), VK_INSERT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 56), VK_INSERT},
 #line 27 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str57), VK_HANJA},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 57), VK_HANJA},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 46 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str60), VK_SNAPSHOT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 60), VK_SNAPSHOT},
 #line 158 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str61), VK_ATTN},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 61), VK_ATTN},
 #line 14 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str62), VK_TAB},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 62), VK_TAB},
 #line 157 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str63), VK_OEM_BACKTAB},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 63), VK_OEM_BACKTAB},
 #line 143 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str64), VK_ICO_CLEAR},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 64), VK_ICO_CLEAR},
 #line 30 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str65), VK_CONVERT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 65), VK_CONVERT},
 #line 16 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str66), VK_RETURN},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 66), VK_RETURN},
 #line 146 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str67), VK_OEM_JUMP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 67), VK_OEM_JUMP},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 111 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str71), VK_BROWSER_STOP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 71), VK_BROWSER_STOP},
 #line 26 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str72), VK_FINAL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 72), VK_FINAL},
 #line 163 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str73), VK_ZOOM},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 73), VK_ZOOM},
 #line 28 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str74), VK_KANJI},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 74), VK_KANJI},
 #line 48 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str75), VK_DELETE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 75), VK_DELETE},
 #line 128 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str76), VK_OEM_COMMA},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 76), VK_OEM_COMMA},
 #line 67 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str77), VK_SUBTRACT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 77), VK_SUBTRACT},
       {-1},
 #line 10 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str79), VK_MBUTTON},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 79), VK_MBUTTON},
 #line 78 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str80), VK_F9},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 80), VK_F9},
 #line 17 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str81), VK_SHIFT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 81), VK_SHIFT},
 #line 103 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str82), VK_RSHIFT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 82), VK_RSHIFT},
 #line 102 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str83), VK_LSHIFT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 83), VK_LSHIFT},
 #line 65 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str84), VK_ADD},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 84), VK_ADD},
 #line 31 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str85), VK_NONCONVERT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 85), VK_NONCONVERT},
 #line 160 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str86), VK_EXSEL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 86), VK_EXSEL},
 #line 126 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str87), VK_OEM_1},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 87), VK_OEM_1},
 #line 138 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str88), VK_OEM_AX},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 88), VK_OEM_AX},
 #line 108 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str89), VK_BROWSER_BACK},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 89), VK_BROWSER_BACK},
 #line 137 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str90), VK_OEM_8},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 90), VK_OEM_8},
 #line 129 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str91), VK_OEM_MINUS},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 91), VK_OEM_MINUS},
 #line 162 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str92), VK_PLAY},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 92), VK_PLAY},
 #line 131 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str93), VK_OEM_2},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 93), VK_OEM_2},
 #line 15 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str94), VK_CLEAR},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 94), VK_CLEAR},
 #line 99 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str95), VK_OEM_FJ_TOUROKU},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 95), VK_OEM_FJ_TOUROKU},
 #line 147 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str96), VK_OEM_PA1},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 96), VK_OEM_PA1},
 #line 140 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str97), VK_ICO_HELP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 97), VK_ICO_HELP},
 #line 112 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str98), VK_BROWSER_SEARCH},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 98), VK_BROWSER_SEARCH},
 #line 53 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str99), VK_SLEEP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 99), VK_SLEEP},
       {-1},
 #line 70 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str101), VK_F1},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 101), VK_F1},
 #line 148 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str102), VK_OEM_PA2},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 102), VK_OEM_PA2},
 #line 154 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str103), VK_OEM_COPY},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 103), VK_OEM_COPY},
 #line 77 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str104), VK_F8},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 104), VK_F8},
 #line 88 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str105), VK_F19},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 105), VK_F19},
 #line 41 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str106), VK_RIGHT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 106), VK_RIGHT},
 #line 71 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str107), VK_F2},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 107), VK_F2},
 #line 135 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str108), VK_OEM_6},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 108), VK_OEM_6},
 #line 87 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str109), VK_F18},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 109), VK_F18},
       {-1},
 #line 117 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str111), VK_VOLUME_UP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 111), VK_VOLUME_UP},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 120 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str114), VK_MEDIA_STOP},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 114), VK_MEDIA_STOP},
 #line 130 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str115), VK_OEM_PERIOD},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 115), VK_OEM_PERIOD},
       {-1},
 #line 161 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str117), VK_EREOF},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 117), VK_EREOF},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 114 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str121), VK_BROWSER_HOME},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 121), VK_BROWSER_HOME},
 #line 75 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str122), VK_F6},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 122), VK_F6},
       {-1},
 #line 110 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str124), VK_BROWSER_REFRESH},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 124), VK_BROWSER_REFRESH},
       {-1},
 #line 165 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str126), VK_PA1},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 126), VK_PA1},
 #line 142 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str127), VK_PROCESSKEY},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 127), VK_PROCESSKEY},
 #line 68 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str128), VK_DECIMAL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 128), VK_DECIMAL},
 #line 132 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str129), VK_OEM_3},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 129), VK_OEM_3},
 #line 107 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str130), VK_RMENU},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 130), VK_RMENU},
 #line 106 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str131), VK_LMENU},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 131), VK_LMENU},
 #line 98 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str132), VK_OEM_FJ_MASSHOU},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 132), VK_OEM_FJ_MASSHOU},
 #line 54 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str133), VK_NUMPAD0},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 133), VK_NUMPAD0},
 #line 24 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str134), VK_HANGUL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 134), VK_HANGUL},
 #line 63 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str135), VK_NUMPAD9},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 135), VK_NUMPAD9},
 #line 23 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str136), VK_HANGEUL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 136), VK_HANGEUL},
 #line 134 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str137), VK_OEM_5},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 137), VK_OEM_5},
 #line 149 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str138), VK_OEM_PA3},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 138), VK_OEM_PA3},
 #line 115 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str139), VK_VOLUME_MUTE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 139), VK_VOLUME_MUTE},
 #line 133 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str140), VK_OEM_4},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 140), VK_OEM_4},
 #line 122 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str141), VK_LAUNCH_MAIL},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 141), VK_LAUNCH_MAIL},
 #line 97 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str142), VK_OEM_FJ_JISHO},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 142), VK_OEM_FJ_JISHO},
 #line 72 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str143), VK_F3},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 143), VK_F3},
 #line 101 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str144), VK_OEM_FJ_ROYA},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 144), VK_OEM_FJ_ROYA},
 #line 100 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str145), VK_OEM_FJ_LOYA},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 145), VK_OEM_FJ_LOYA},
       {-1},
 #line 42 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str147), VK_DOWN},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 147), VK_DOWN},
       {-1},
 #line 153 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str149), VK_OEM_FINISH},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 149), VK_OEM_FINISH},
       {-1},
 #line 74 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str151), VK_F5},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 151), VK_F5},
       {-1},
 #line 136 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str153), VK_OEM_7},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 153), VK_OEM_7},
 #line 73 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str154), VK_F4},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 154), VK_F4},
 #line 86 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str155), VK_F17},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 155), VK_F17},
 #line 55 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str156), VK_NUMPAD1},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 156), VK_NUMPAD1},
 #line 141 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str157), VK_ICO_00},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 157), VK_ICO_00},
       {-1},
 #line 62 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str159), VK_NUMPAD8},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 159), VK_NUMPAD8},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 56 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str162), VK_NUMPAD2},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 162), VK_NUMPAD2},
       {-1},
 #line 124 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str164), VK_LAUNCH_APP1},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 164), VK_LAUNCH_APP1},
 #line 109 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str165), VK_BROWSER_FORWARD},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 165), VK_BROWSER_FORWARD},
       {-1},
 #line 76 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str167), VK_F7},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 167), VK_F7},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 125 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str170), VK_LAUNCH_APP2},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 170), VK_LAUNCH_APP2},
 #line 64 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str171), VK_MULTIPLY},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 171), VK_MULTIPLY},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 45 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str174), VK_EXECUTE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 174), VK_EXECUTE},
       {-1},
 #line 113 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str176), VK_BROWSER_FAVORITES},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 176), VK_BROWSER_FAVORITES},
 #line 60 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str177), VK_NUMPAD6},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 177), VK_NUMPAD6},
       {-1},
 #line 85 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str179), VK_F16},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 179), VK_F16},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 79 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str182), VK_F10},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 182), VK_F10},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 116 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str185), VK_VOLUME_DOWN},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 185), VK_VOLUME_DOWN},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 89 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str188), VK_F20},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 188), VK_F20},
 #line 119 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str189), VK_MEDIA_PREV_TRACK},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 189), VK_MEDIA_PREV_TRACK},
       {-1},
 #line 33 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str191), VK_MODECHANGE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 191), VK_MODECHANGE},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 83 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str197), VK_F14},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 197), VK_F14},
 #line 57 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str198), VK_NUMPAD3},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 198), VK_NUMPAD3},
 #line 11 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str199), VK_XBUTTON1},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 199), VK_XBUTTON1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 93 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str203), VK_F24},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 203), VK_F24},
       {-1},
 #line 12 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str205), VK_XBUTTON2},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 205), VK_XBUTTON2},
 #line 59 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str206), VK_NUMPAD5},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 206), VK_NUMPAD5},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 58 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str209), VK_NUMPAD4},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 209), VK_NUMPAD4},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 121 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str215), VK_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 215), VK_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE},
       {-1},
 #line 123 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str217), VK_LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 217), VK_LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT},
 #line 80 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str218), VK_F11},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 218), VK_F11},
       {-1},
 #line 139 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str220), VK_OEM_102},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 220), VK_OEM_102},
 #line 118 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str221), VK_MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 221), VK_MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK},
 #line 61 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str222), VK_NUMPAD7},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 222), VK_NUMPAD7},
       {-1},
 #line 90 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str224), VK_F21},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 224), VK_F21},
       {-1},
 #line 82 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str226), VK_F13},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 226), VK_F13},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 81 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str229), VK_F12},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 229), VK_F12},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 92 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str232), VK_F23},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 232), VK_F23},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 91 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str235), VK_F22},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 235), VK_F22},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 84 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str242), VK_F15},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 242), VK_F15},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 69 "win32_vk.list"
-      {offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str256), VK_DIVIDE}
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 256), VK_DIVIDE}
     };
 
   if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
     {
-      register int key = hash (str, len);
+      register unsigned int key = hash (str, len);
 
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
         {
           register int o = wordlist[key].ofs;
           if (o >= 0)
diff --git a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list
index 28bc9545ec..7909a4d1f0 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list
+++ b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 %{
 struct vktable {short ofs; unsigned short vk;};
-static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(const char *, unsigned int);
+static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
 %}
 struct vktable
 %%
diff --git a/ext/io/nonblock/depend b/ext/io/nonblock/depend
index 13f445abf5..673f4161a7 100644
--- a/ext/io/nonblock/depend
+++ b/ext/io/nonblock/depend
@@ -1,16 +1,167 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 nonblock.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 nonblock.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 nonblock.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-nonblock.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 nonblock.o: nonblock.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec b/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34d736650b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "io-nonblock"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Nobu Nakada"]
+  spec.email         = ["nobu@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Enables non-blocking mode with IO class}
+  spec.description   = %q{Enables non-blocking mode with IO class}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/io-nonblock"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    %x[git ls-files -z].split("\x0").reject do |f|
+      f.match(%r{\A(?:test|spec|features)/|\A\.(?:git|travis)})
+    end
+  end
+  spec.extensions    = %w[ext/io/nonblock/extconf.rb]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/ext/io/nonblock/nonblock.c b/ext/io/nonblock/nonblock.c
index 2509329f6c..1c0bdc68e7 100644
--- a/ext/io/nonblock/nonblock.c
+++ b/ext/io/nonblock/nonblock.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**********************************************************************
 
-  io/wait.c -
+  io/nonblock.c -
 
   $Author$
   created at: Tue Jul 14 21:53:18 2009
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/depend b/ext/io/wait/depend
index 8440965df0..af227a8f19 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/depend
+++ b/ext/io/wait/depend
@@ -1,16 +1,167 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 wait.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 wait.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 wait.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-wait.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 wait.o: wait.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec b/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec23699def
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+_VERSION = "0.2.0"
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "io-wait"
+  spec.version       = _VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Nobu Nakada"]
+  spec.email         = ["nobu@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Waits until IO is readable or writable without blocking.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Waits until IO is readable or writable without blocking.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/io-wait"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 3.0.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject do |f|
+      f.match(%r{\A(?:test|spec|features)/|\A\.(?:git|travis)})
+    end
+  end
+  spec.extensions    = %w[ext/io/wait/extconf.rb]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = []
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/wait.c b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
index f7a7508eeb..512e4f6a80 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/wait.c
+++ b/ext/io/wait/wait.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* -*- c-file-style: "ruby"; indent-tabs-mode: t -*- */
 /**********************************************************************
 
   io/wait.c -
@@ -39,35 +40,6 @@
 #define FIONREAD_POSSIBLE_P(fd) ((void)(fd),Qtrue)
 #endif
 
-static VALUE io_ready_p _((VALUE io));
-static VALUE io_wait_readable _((int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io));
-static VALUE io_wait_writable _((int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io));
-void Init_wait _((void));
-
-static struct timeval *
-get_timeout(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct timeval *timerec)
-{
-    VALUE timeout = Qnil;
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    if (!argc || NIL_P(timeout = argv[0])) {
-	return NULL;
-    }
-    else {
-	*timerec = rb_time_interval(timeout);
-	return timerec;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-wait_for_single_fd(rb_io_t *fptr, int events, struct timeval *tv)
-{
-    int i = rb_wait_for_single_fd(fptr->fd, events, tv);
-    if (i < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail(0);
-    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
-    return (i & events);
-}
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   io.nread -> int
@@ -79,13 +51,12 @@ wait_for_single_fd(rb_io_t *fptr, int events, struct timeval *tv)
 static VALUE
 io_nread(VALUE io)
 {
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-    int len;
+    rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
     ioctl_arg n;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-    len = rb_io_read_pending(fptr);
+    int len = rb_io_read_pending(fptr);
     if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(len);
     if (!FIONREAD_POSSIBLE_P(fptr->fd)) return INT2FIX(0);
     if (ioctl(fptr->fd, FIONREAD, &n)) return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -93,77 +64,114 @@ io_nread(VALUE io)
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+io_wait_event(VALUE io, int event, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    VALUE result = rb_io_wait(io, RB_INT2NUM(event), timeout);
+
+    if (!RB_TEST(result)) {
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    int mask = RB_NUM2INT(result);
+
+    if (mask & event) {
+	return io;
+    }
+    else {
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.ready? -> true, false or nil
+ *   io.ready? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns true if input available without blocking, or false.
- * Returns nil if no information available.
+ * Returns +true+ if input available without blocking, or +false+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 io_ready_p(VALUE io)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    struct timeval tv = {0, 0};
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
     if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
-    if (wait_for_single_fd(fptr, RB_WAITFD_IN, &tv))
-	return Qtrue;
-    return Qfalse;
+
+    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_READABLE, RB_INT2NUM(0));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.wait_readable          -> IO, true or nil
- *   io.wait_readable(timeout) -> IO, true or nil
+ *   io.wait_readable          -> true or false
+ *   io.wait_readable(timeout) -> true or false
  *
- * Waits until IO is readable without blocking and returns +self+, or
- * +nil+ when times out.
+ * Waits until IO is readable and returns +true+, or
+ * +false+ when times out.
  * Returns +true+ immediately when buffered data is available.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 io_wait_readable(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-    struct timeval timerec;
-    struct timeval *tv;
+    rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
 
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-    tv = get_timeout(argc, argv, &timerec);
+
     if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
-    if (wait_for_single_fd(fptr, RB_WAITFD_IN, tv)) {
-	return io;
-    }
-    return Qnil;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    VALUE timeout = (argc == 1 ? argv[0] : Qnil);
+
+    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_READABLE, timeout);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.wait_writable          -> IO
- *   io.wait_writable(timeout) -> IO or nil
+ *   io.wait_writable          -> true or false
+ *   io.wait_writable(timeout) -> true or false
  *
- * Waits until IO is writable without blocking and returns +self+ or
- * +nil+ when times out.
+ * Waits until IO is writable and returns +true+ or
+ * +false+ when times out.
  */
 static VALUE
 io_wait_writable(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-    struct timeval timerec;
-    struct timeval *tv;
+    rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
 
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
-    tv = get_timeout(argc, argv, &timerec);
-    if (wait_for_single_fd(fptr, RB_WAITFD_OUT, tv)) {
-	return io;
-    }
-    return Qnil;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    VALUE timeout = (argc == 1 ? argv[0] : Qnil);
+
+    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_WRITABLE, timeout);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   io.wait_priority          -> true or false
+ *   io.wait_priority(timeout) -> true or false
+ *
+ * Waits until IO is priority and returns +true+ or
+ * +false+ when times out.
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_wait_priority(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
+
+    RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
+    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
+
+    if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) return Qtrue;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    VALUE timeout = argc == 1 ? argv[0] : Qnil;
+
+    return io_wait_event(io, RUBY_IO_PRIORITY, timeout);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -202,41 +210,60 @@ wait_mode_sym(VALUE mode)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   io.wait(timeout = nil, mode = :read) -> IO, true or nil
+ *   io.wait(events, timeout) -> event mask or false.
+ *   io.wait(timeout = nil, mode = :read) -> event mask or false.
+ *
+ * Waits until the IO becomes ready for the specified events and returns the
+ * subset of events that become ready, or +false+ when times out.
+ *
+ * The events can be a bit mask of +IO::READABLE+, +IO::WRITABLE+ or
+ * +IO::PRIORITY+.
  *
- * Waits until IO is readable or writable without blocking and returns
- * +self+, or +nil+ when times out.
  * Returns +true+ immediately when buffered data is available.
+ *
  * Optional parameter +mode+ is one of +:read+, +:write+, or
  * +:read_write+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-io_wait_readwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+io_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-    struct timeval timerec;
-    struct timeval *tv = NULL;
-    int event = 0;
-    int i;
+    VALUE timeout = Qundef;
+    rb_io_event_t events = 0;
 
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-	if (SYMBOL_P(argv[i])) {
-	    event |= wait_mode_sym(argv[i]);
+    if (argc != 2 || (RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[0]) || RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[1]))) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < argc; i += 1) {
+	    if (RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[i])) {
+		events |= wait_mode_sym(argv[i]);
+	    }
+	    else if (timeout == Qundef) {
+		rb_time_interval(timeout = argv[i]);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "timeout given more than once");
+	    }
 	}
-	else {
-	    *(tv = &timerec) = rb_time_interval(argv[i]);
+	if (timeout == Qundef) timeout = Qnil;
+    }
+    else /* argc == 2 */ {
+	events = RB_NUM2UINT(argv[0]);
+	timeout = argv[1];
+    }
+
+    if (events == 0) {
+	events = RUBY_IO_READABLE;
+    }
+
+    if (events & RUBY_IO_READABLE) {
+	rb_io_t *fptr = NULL;
+	RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
+
+	if (rb_io_read_pending(fptr)) {
+	    return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
-    /* rb_time_interval() and might_mode() might convert the argument */
-    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
-    if (!event) event = RB_WAITFD_IN;
-    if ((event & RB_WAITFD_IN) && rb_io_read_pending(fptr))
-	return Qtrue;
-    if (wait_for_single_fd(fptr, event, tv))
-	return io;
-    return Qnil;
+
+    return io_wait_event(io, events, timeout);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -246,9 +273,16 @@ io_wait_readwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 void
 Init_wait(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE(true);
+#endif
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "nread", io_nread, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "ready?", io_ready_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait", io_wait_readwrite, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait", io_wait, -1);
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait_readable", io_wait_readable, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait_writable", io_wait_writable, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "wait_priority", io_wait_priority, -1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/json/VERSION b/ext/json/VERSION
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73462a5a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/VERSION
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+2.5.1
diff --git a/ext/json/depend b/ext/json/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0301ce074c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/json/extconf.rb b/ext/json/extconf.rb
index 7595d58a98..8a99b6a5c8 100644
--- a/ext/json/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/json/extconf.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 require 'mkmf'
+
 create_makefile('json')
diff --git a/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h b/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
index 5a0a27cda5..dc8f406b5b 100644
--- a/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
+++ b/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
 #define RFLOAT_VALUE(val) (RFLOAT(val)->value)
 #endif
 
-#ifndef RARRAY_PTR
-#define RARRAY_PTR(ARRAY) RARRAY(ARRAY)->ptr
-#endif
 #ifndef RARRAY_LEN
 #define RARRAY_LEN(ARRAY) RARRAY(ARRAY)->len
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/json/generator/depend b/ext/json/generator/depend
index 556259c1c8..89e43dbfab 100644
--- a/ext/json/generator/depend
+++ b/ext/json/generator/depend
@@ -4,19 +4,171 @@ generator.o: generator.c generator.h $(srcdir)/../fbuffer/fbuffer.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 generator.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 generator.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rmatch.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/re.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/regex.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 generator.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-generator.o: $(top_srcdir)/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
-generator.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+generator.o: $(srcdir)/../fbuffer/fbuffer.h
 generator.o: generator.c
 generator.o: generator.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/json/generator/generator.c b/ext/json/generator/generator.c
index ef85bb7337..407c1af4a6 100644
--- a/ext/json/generator/generator.c
+++ b/ext/json/generator/generator.c
@@ -15,14 +15,13 @@ static VALUE mJSON, mExt, mGenerator, cState, mGeneratorMethods, mObject,
 #endif
              mFloat, mString, mString_Extend,
              mTrueClass, mFalseClass, mNilClass, eGeneratorError,
-             eNestingError, CRegexp_MULTILINE, CJSON_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE,
-             i_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE;
+             eNestingError;
 
 static ID i_to_s, i_to_json, i_new, i_indent, i_space, i_space_before,
           i_object_nl, i_array_nl, i_max_nesting, i_allow_nan, i_ascii_only,
           i_pack, i_unpack, i_create_id, i_extend, i_key_p,
           i_aref, i_send, i_respond_to_p, i_match, i_keys, i_depth,
-          i_buffer_initial_length, i_dup;
+          i_buffer_initial_length, i_dup, i_escape_slash;
 
 /*
  * Copyright 2001-2004 Unicode, Inc.
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ static void unicode_escape_to_buffer(FBuffer *buffer, char buf[6], UTF16
 
 /* Converts string to a JSON string in FBuffer buffer, where all but the ASCII
  * and control characters are JSON escaped. */
-static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string)
+static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string, char escape_slash)
 {
     const UTF8 *source = (UTF8 *) RSTRING_PTR(string);
     const UTF8 *sourceEnd = source + RSTRING_LEN(string);
@@ -180,6 +179,11 @@ static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string)
                         case '"':
                             fbuffer_append(buffer, "\\\"", 2);
                             break;
+                        case '/':
+                            if(escape_slash) {
+                                fbuffer_append(buffer, "\\/", 2);
+                                break;
+                            }
                         default:
                             fbuffer_append_char(buffer, (char)ch);
                             break;
@@ -229,7 +233,7 @@ static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string)
  * characters required by the JSON standard are JSON escaped. The remaining
  * characters (should be UTF8) are just passed through and appended to the
  * result. */
-static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string)
+static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string, char escape_slash)
 {
     const char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(string), *p;
     unsigned long len = RSTRING_LEN(string), start = 0, end = 0;
@@ -237,6 +241,7 @@ static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string)
     int escape_len;
     unsigned char c;
     char buf[6] = { '\\', 'u' };
+    int ascii_only = rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(string);
 
     for (start = 0, end = 0; end < len;) {
         p = ptr + end;
@@ -279,16 +284,25 @@ static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string)
                     escape =  "\\\"";
                     escape_len = 2;
                     break;
+                case '/':
+                    if(escape_slash) {
+                        escape = "\\/";
+                        escape_len = 2;
+                        break;
+                    }
                 default:
                     {
-                        unsigned short clen = trailingBytesForUTF8[c] + 1;
-                        if (end + clen > len) {
-                            rb_raise(rb_path2class("JSON::GeneratorError"),
-                                    "partial character in source, but hit end");
-                        }
-                        if (!isLegalUTF8((UTF8 *) p, clen)) {
-                            rb_raise(rb_path2class("JSON::GeneratorError"),
-                                    "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+                        unsigned short clen = 1;
+                        if (!ascii_only) {
+                            clen += trailingBytesForUTF8[c];
+                            if (end + clen > len) {
+                                rb_raise(rb_path2class("JSON::GeneratorError"),
+                                        "partial character in source, but hit end");
+                            }
+                            if (!isLegalUTF8((UTF8 *) p, clen)) {
+                                rb_raise(rb_path2class("JSON::GeneratorError"),
+                                        "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+                            }
                         }
                         end += clen;
                     }
@@ -308,7 +322,7 @@ static char *fstrndup(const char *ptr, unsigned long len) {
   char *result;
   if (len <= 0) return NULL;
   result = ALLOC_N(char, len);
-  memccpy(result, ptr, 0, len);
+  memcpy(result, ptr, len);
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -324,6 +338,76 @@ static char *fstrndup(const char *ptr, unsigned long len) {
  *
  */
 
+/* Explanation of the following: that's the only way to not pollute
+ * standard library's docs with GeneratorMethods::<ClassName> which
+ * are uninformative and take a large place in a list of classes
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Array
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Bignum
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::FalseClass
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Fixnum
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Float
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Hash
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Integer
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::NilClass
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Object
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::String
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::String::Extend
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::TrueClass
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
 /*
  * call-seq: to_json(state = nil)
  *
@@ -535,13 +619,18 @@ static size_t State_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return size;
 }
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#   undef RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
+#   define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE 0
+#endif
+
 #ifdef NEW_TYPEDDATA_WRAPPER
 static const rb_data_type_t JSON_Generator_State_type = {
     "JSON/Generator/State",
     {NULL, State_free, State_memsize,},
 #ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
     0, 0,
-    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE,
 #endif
 };
 #endif
@@ -642,6 +731,8 @@ static VALUE cState_configure(VALUE self, VALUE opts)
     state->allow_nan = RTEST(tmp);
     tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_ascii_only));
     state->ascii_only = RTEST(tmp);
+    tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_escape_slash));
+    state->escape_slash = RTEST(tmp);
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -676,6 +767,7 @@ static VALUE cState_to_h(VALUE self)
     rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_allow_nan), state->allow_nan ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
     rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_ascii_only), state->ascii_only ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
     rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_max_nesting), LONG2FIX(state->max_nesting));
+    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_escape_slash), state->escape_slash ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
     rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_depth), LONG2FIX(state->depth));
     rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_buffer_initial_length), LONG2FIX(state->buffer_initial_length));
     return result;
@@ -692,7 +784,7 @@ static VALUE cState_aref(VALUE self, VALUE name)
     if (RTEST(rb_funcall(self, i_respond_to_p, 1, name))) {
         return rb_funcall(self, i_send, 1, name);
     } else {
-        return rb_ivar_get(self, rb_intern_str(rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("@"), name)));
+        return rb_attr_get(self, rb_intern_str(rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("@"), name)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -715,43 +807,83 @@ static VALUE cState_aset(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE value)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-static void generate_json_object(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE Vstate, JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE obj)
+struct hash_foreach_arg {
+    FBuffer *buffer;
+    JSON_Generator_State *state;
+    VALUE Vstate;
+    int iter;
+};
+
+static int
+json_object_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
 {
+    struct hash_foreach_arg *arg = (struct hash_foreach_arg *)_arg;
+    FBuffer *buffer = arg->buffer;
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = arg->state;
+    VALUE Vstate = arg->Vstate;
+
     char *object_nl = state->object_nl;
     long object_nl_len = state->object_nl_len;
     char *indent = state->indent;
     long indent_len = state->indent_len;
-    long max_nesting = state->max_nesting;
     char *delim = FBUFFER_PTR(state->object_delim);
     long delim_len = FBUFFER_LEN(state->object_delim);
     char *delim2 = FBUFFER_PTR(state->object_delim2);
     long delim2_len = FBUFFER_LEN(state->object_delim2);
+    long depth = state->depth;
+    int j;
+    VALUE klass, key_to_s;
+
+    if (arg->iter > 0) fbuffer_append(buffer, delim, delim_len);
+    if (object_nl) {
+        fbuffer_append(buffer, object_nl, object_nl_len);
+    }
+    if (indent) {
+        for (j = 0; j < depth; j++) {
+            fbuffer_append(buffer, indent, indent_len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    klass = CLASS_OF(key);
+    if (klass == rb_cString) {
+        key_to_s = key;
+    } else if (klass == rb_cSymbol) {
+        key_to_s = rb_id2str(SYM2ID(key));
+    } else {
+        key_to_s = rb_funcall(key, i_to_s, 0);
+    }
+    Check_Type(key_to_s, T_STRING);
+    generate_json(buffer, Vstate, state, key_to_s);
+    fbuffer_append(buffer, delim2, delim2_len);
+    generate_json(buffer, Vstate, state, val);
+
+    arg->iter++;
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void generate_json_object(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE Vstate, JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE obj)
+{
+    char *object_nl = state->object_nl;
+    long object_nl_len = state->object_nl_len;
+    char *indent = state->indent;
+    long indent_len = state->indent_len;
+    long max_nesting = state->max_nesting;
     long depth = ++state->depth;
-    int i, j;
-    VALUE key, key_to_s, keys;
+    int j;
+    struct hash_foreach_arg arg;
+
     if (max_nesting != 0 && depth > max_nesting) {
         fbuffer_free(buffer);
         rb_raise(eNestingError, "nesting of %ld is too deep", --state->depth);
     }
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '{');
-    keys = rb_funcall(obj, i_keys, 0);
-    for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
-        if (i > 0) fbuffer_append(buffer, delim, delim_len);
-        if (object_nl) {
-            fbuffer_append(buffer, object_nl, object_nl_len);
-        }
-        if (indent) {
-            for (j = 0; j < depth; j++) {
-                fbuffer_append(buffer, indent, indent_len);
-            }
-        }
-        key = rb_ary_entry(keys, i);
-        key_to_s = rb_funcall(key, i_to_s, 0);
-        Check_Type(key_to_s, T_STRING);
-        generate_json(buffer, Vstate, state, key_to_s);
-        fbuffer_append(buffer, delim2, delim2_len);
-        generate_json(buffer, Vstate, state, rb_hash_aref(obj, key));
-    }
+
+    arg.buffer = buffer;
+    arg.state = state;
+    arg.Vstate = Vstate;
+    arg.iter = 0;
+    rb_hash_foreach(obj, json_object_i, (VALUE)&arg);
+
     depth = --state->depth;
     if (object_nl) {
         fbuffer_append(buffer, object_nl, object_nl_len);
@@ -802,16 +934,27 @@ static void generate_json_array(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE Vstate, JSON_Generator_St
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ']');
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H
+static int enc_utf8_compatible_p(rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    if (enc == rb_usascii_encoding()) return 1;
+    if (enc == rb_utf8_encoding()) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
 static void generate_json_string(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE Vstate, JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE obj)
 {
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
 #ifdef HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H
-    obj = rb_funcall(obj, i_encode, 1, CEncoding_UTF_8);
+    if (!enc_utf8_compatible_p(rb_enc_get(obj))) {
+        obj = rb_str_encode(obj, CEncoding_UTF_8, 0, Qnil);
+    }
 #endif
     if (state->ascii_only) {
-        convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(buffer, obj);
+        convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(buffer, obj, state->escape_slash);
     } else {
-        convert_UTF8_to_JSON(buffer, obj);
+        convert_UTF8_to_JSON(buffer, obj, state->escape_slash);
     }
     fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
 }
@@ -970,6 +1113,8 @@ static VALUE cState_generate(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
  * * *allow_nan*: true if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be
  *   generated, otherwise an exception is thrown, if these values are
  *   encountered. This options defaults to false.
+ * * *ascii_only*: true if only ASCII characters should be generated. This
+ *   option defaults to false.
  * * *buffer_initial_length*: sets the initial length of the generator's
  *   internal buffer.
  */
@@ -1025,10 +1170,7 @@ static VALUE cState_from_state_s(VALUE self, VALUE opts)
     } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(opts, rb_cHash)) {
         return rb_funcall(self, i_new, 1, opts);
     } else {
-        if (NIL_P(CJSON_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE)) {
-            CJSON_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE = rb_const_get(mJSON, i_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE);
-        }
-        return rb_funcall(CJSON_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE, i_dup, 0);
+        return rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, cState);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1062,7 +1204,7 @@ static VALUE cState_indent_set(VALUE self, VALUE indent)
         }
     } else {
         if (state->indent) ruby_xfree(state->indent);
-        state->indent = strdup(RSTRING_PTR(indent));
+        state->indent = fstrndup(RSTRING_PTR(indent), len);
         state->indent_len = len;
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -1100,7 +1242,7 @@ static VALUE cState_space_set(VALUE self, VALUE space)
         }
     } else {
         if (state->space) ruby_xfree(state->space);
-        state->space = strdup(RSTRING_PTR(space));
+        state->space = fstrndup(RSTRING_PTR(space), len);
         state->space_len = len;
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -1136,7 +1278,7 @@ static VALUE cState_space_before_set(VALUE self, VALUE space_before)
         }
     } else {
         if (state->space_before) ruby_xfree(state->space_before);
-        state->space_before = strdup(RSTRING_PTR(space_before));
+        state->space_before = fstrndup(RSTRING_PTR(space_before), len);
         state->space_before_len = len;
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -1173,7 +1315,7 @@ static VALUE cState_object_nl_set(VALUE self, VALUE object_nl)
         }
     } else {
         if (state->object_nl) ruby_xfree(state->object_nl);
-        state->object_nl = strdup(RSTRING_PTR(object_nl));
+        state->object_nl = fstrndup(RSTRING_PTR(object_nl), len);
         state->object_nl_len = len;
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -1208,7 +1350,7 @@ static VALUE cState_array_nl_set(VALUE self, VALUE array_nl)
         }
     } else {
         if (state->array_nl) ruby_xfree(state->array_nl);
-        state->array_nl = strdup(RSTRING_PTR(array_nl));
+        state->array_nl = fstrndup(RSTRING_PTR(array_nl), len);
         state->array_nl_len = len;
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -1253,6 +1395,31 @@ static VALUE cState_max_nesting_set(VALUE self, VALUE depth)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq: escape_slash
+ *
+ * If this boolean is true, the forward slashes will be escaped in
+ * the json output.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_escape_slash(VALUE self)
+{
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    return state->escape_slash ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: escape_slash=(depth)
+ *
+ * This sets whether or not the forward slashes will be escaped in
+ * the json output.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_escape_slash_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
+{
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    state->escape_slash = RTEST(enable);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
  * call-seq: allow_nan?
  *
  * Returns true, if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be generated, otherwise
@@ -1267,7 +1434,7 @@ static VALUE cState_allow_nan_p(VALUE self)
 /*
  * call-seq: ascii_only?
  *
- * Returns true, if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be generated, otherwise
+ * Returns true, if only ASCII characters should be generated. Otherwise
  * returns false.
  */
 static VALUE cState_ascii_only_p(VALUE self)
@@ -1335,6 +1502,11 @@ static VALUE cState_buffer_initial_length_set(VALUE self, VALUE buffer_initial_l
  */
 void Init_generator(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+#undef rb_intern
     rb_require("json/common");
 
     mJSON = rb_define_module("JSON");
@@ -1343,6 +1515,8 @@ void Init_generator(void)
 
     eGeneratorError = rb_path2class("JSON::GeneratorError");
     eNestingError = rb_path2class("JSON::NestingError");
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(eGeneratorError);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(eNestingError);
 
     cState = rb_define_class_under(mGenerator, "State", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cState, cState_s_allocate);
@@ -1361,6 +1535,9 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     rb_define_method(cState, "array_nl=", cState_array_nl_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "max_nesting", cState_max_nesting, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "max_nesting=", cState_max_nesting_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "escape_slash", cState_escape_slash, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "escape_slash?", cState_escape_slash, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "escape_slash=", cState_escape_slash_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "check_circular?", cState_check_circular_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "allow_nan?", cState_allow_nan_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "ascii_only?", cState_ascii_only_p, 0);
@@ -1408,7 +1585,6 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     mNilClass = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "NilClass");
     rb_define_method(mNilClass, "to_json", mNilClass_to_json, -1);
 
-    CRegexp_MULTILINE = rb_const_get(rb_cRegexp, rb_intern("MULTILINE"));
     i_to_s = rb_intern("to_s");
     i_to_json = rb_intern("to_json");
     i_new = rb_intern("new");
@@ -1418,6 +1594,7 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     i_object_nl = rb_intern("object_nl");
     i_array_nl = rb_intern("array_nl");
     i_max_nesting = rb_intern("max_nesting");
+    i_escape_slash = rb_intern("escape_slash");
     i_allow_nan = rb_intern("allow_nan");
     i_ascii_only = rb_intern("ascii_only");
     i_depth = rb_intern("depth");
@@ -1438,6 +1615,4 @@ void Init_generator(void)
     i_encoding = rb_intern("encoding");
     i_encode = rb_intern("encode");
 #endif
-    i_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE = rb_intern("SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE");
-    CJSON_SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE = Qnil;
 }
diff --git a/ext/json/generator/generator.h b/ext/json/generator/generator.h
index 900b4d58f3..3ebd622554 100644
--- a/ext/json/generator/generator.h
+++ b/ext/json/generator/generator.h
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef _GENERATOR_H_
 #define _GENERATOR_H_
 
-#include <string.h>
 #include <math.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
@@ -50,8 +49,8 @@ static const UTF32 halfMask = 0x3FFUL;
 static unsigned char isLegalUTF8(const UTF8 *source, unsigned long length);
 static void unicode_escape(char *buf, UTF16 character);
 static void unicode_escape_to_buffer(FBuffer *buffer, char buf[6], UTF16 character);
-static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string);
-static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string);
+static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON_ASCII(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string, char escape_slash);
+static void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(FBuffer *buffer, VALUE string, char escape_slash);
 static char *fstrndup(const char *ptr, unsigned long len);
 
 /* ruby api and some helpers */
@@ -73,6 +72,7 @@ typedef struct JSON_Generator_StateStruct {
     long max_nesting;
     char allow_nan;
     char ascii_only;
+    char escape_slash;
     long depth;
     long buffer_initial_length;
 } JSON_Generator_State;
@@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ static VALUE cState_allow_nan_p(VALUE self);
 static VALUE cState_ascii_only_p(VALUE self);
 static VALUE cState_depth(VALUE self);
 static VALUE cState_depth_set(VALUE self, VALUE depth);
+static VALUE cState_escape_slash(VALUE self);
+static VALUE cState_escape_slash_set(VALUE self, VALUE depth);
 static FBuffer *cState_prepare_buffer(VALUE self);
 #ifndef ZALLOC
 #define ZALLOC(type) ((type *)ruby_zalloc(sizeof(type)))
diff --git a/ext/json/json.gemspec b/ext/json/json.gemspec
index 2c304ef918..d5f0a4de1d 100644
--- a/ext/json/json.gemspec
+++ b/ext/json/json.gemspec
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json.rb b/ext/json/lib/json.rb
index b5a6912415..aeb9774ee9 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json.rb
@@ -2,55 +2,575 @@
 require 'json/common'
 
 ##
-# = JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
+# = JavaScript \Object Notation (\JSON)
 #
-# JSON is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for us
-# humans to read and write. Plus, equally simple for machines to generate or parse.
-# JSON is completely language agnostic, making it the ideal interchange format.
+# \JSON is a lightweight data-interchange format.
 #
-# Built on two universally available structures:
-#   1. A collection of name/value pairs. Often referred to as an _object_, hash table, record, struct, keyed list, or associative array.
-#   2. An ordered list of values. More commonly called an _array_, vector, sequence or list.
+# A \JSON value is one of the following:
+# - Double-quoted text:  <tt>"foo"</tt>.
+# - Number:  +1+, +1.0+, +2.0e2+.
+# - Boolean:  +true+, +false+.
+# - Null: +null+.
+# - \Array: an ordered list of values, enclosed by square brackets:
+#     ["foo", 1, 1.0, 2.0e2, true, false, null]
 #
-# To read more about JSON visit: http://json.org
+# - \Object: a collection of name/value pairs, enclosed by curly braces;
+#   each name is double-quoted text;
+#   the values may be any \JSON values:
+#     {"a": "foo", "b": 1, "c": 1.0, "d": 2.0e2, "e": true, "f": false, "g": null}
 #
-# == Parsing JSON
+# A \JSON array or object may contain nested arrays, objects, and scalars
+# to any depth:
+#   {"foo": {"bar": 1, "baz": 2}, "bat": [0, 1, 2]}
+#   [{"foo": 0, "bar": 1}, ["baz", 2]]
 #
-# To parse a JSON string received by another application or generated within
-# your existing application:
+# == Using \Module \JSON
 #
+# To make module \JSON available in your code, begin with:
 #   require 'json'
 #
-#   my_hash = JSON.parse('{"hello": "goodbye"}')
-#   puts my_hash["hello"] => "goodbye"
+# All examples here assume that this has been done.
 #
-# Notice the extra quotes <tt>''</tt> around the hash notation. Ruby expects
-# the argument to be a string and can't convert objects like a hash or array.
+# === Parsing \JSON
 #
-# Ruby converts your string into a hash
+# You can parse a \String containing \JSON data using
+# either of two methods:
+# - <tt>JSON.parse(source, opts)</tt>
+# - <tt>JSON.parse!(source, opts)</tt>
 #
-# == Generating JSON
+# where
+# - +source+ is a Ruby object.
+# - +opts+ is a \Hash object containing options
+#   that control both input allowed and output formatting.
 #
-# Creating a JSON string for communication or serialization is
-# just as simple.
+# The difference between the two methods
+# is that JSON.parse! omits some checks
+# and may not be safe for some +source+ data;
+# use it only for data from trusted sources.
+# Use the safer method JSON.parse for less trusted sources.
 #
-#   require 'json'
+# ==== Parsing \JSON Arrays
 #
-#   my_hash = {:hello => "goodbye"}
-#   puts JSON.generate(my_hash) => "{\"hello\":\"goodbye\"}"
+# When +source+ is a \JSON array, JSON.parse by default returns a Ruby \Array:
+#   json = '["foo", 1, 1.0, 2.0e2, true, false, null]'
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(json)
+#   ruby # => ["foo", 1, 1.0, 200.0, true, false, nil]
+#   ruby.class # => Array
 #
-# Or an alternative way:
+# The \JSON array may contain nested arrays, objects, and scalars
+# to any depth:
+#   json = '[{"foo": 0, "bar": 1}, ["baz", 2]]'
+#   JSON.parse(json) # => [{"foo"=>0, "bar"=>1}, ["baz", 2]]
 #
-#   require 'json'
-#   puts {:hello => "goodbye"}.to_json => "{\"hello\":\"goodbye\"}"
+# ==== Parsing \JSON \Objects
+#
+# When the source is a \JSON object, JSON.parse by default returns a Ruby \Hash:
+#   json = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1, "c": 1.0, "d": 2.0e2, "e": true, "f": false, "g": null}'
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(json)
+#   ruby # => {"a"=>"foo", "b"=>1, "c"=>1.0, "d"=>200.0, "e"=>true, "f"=>false, "g"=>nil}
+#   ruby.class # => Hash
+#
+# The \JSON object may contain nested arrays, objects, and scalars
+# to any depth:
+#   json = '{"foo": {"bar": 1, "baz": 2}, "bat": [0, 1, 2]}'
+#   JSON.parse(json) # => {"foo"=>{"bar"=>1, "baz"=>2}, "bat"=>[0, 1, 2]}
+#
+# ==== Parsing \JSON Scalars
+#
+# When the source is a \JSON scalar (not an array or object),
+# JSON.parse returns a Ruby scalar.
+#
+# \String:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse('"foo"')
+#   ruby # => 'foo'
+#   ruby.class # => String
+# \Integer:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse('1')
+#   ruby # => 1
+#   ruby.class # => Integer
+# \Float:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse('1.0')
+#   ruby # => 1.0
+#   ruby.class # => Float
+#   ruby = JSON.parse('2.0e2')
+#   ruby # => 200
+#   ruby.class # => Float
+# Boolean:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse('true')
+#   ruby # => true
+#   ruby.class # => TrueClass
+#   ruby = JSON.parse('false')
+#   ruby # => false
+#   ruby.class # => FalseClass
+# Null:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse('null')
+#   ruby # => nil
+#   ruby.class # => NilClass
+#
+# ==== Parsing Options
+#
+# ====== Input Options
+#
+# Option +max_nesting+ (\Integer) specifies the maximum nesting depth allowed;
+# defaults to +100+; specify +false+ to disable depth checking.
+#
+# With the default, +false+:
+#   source = '[0, [1, [2, [3]]]]'
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source)
+#   ruby # => [0, [1, [2, [3]]]]
+# Too deep:
+#   # Raises JSON::NestingError (nesting of 2 is too deep):
+#   JSON.parse(source, {max_nesting: 1})
+# Bad value:
+#   # Raises TypeError (wrong argument type Symbol (expected Fixnum)):
+#   JSON.parse(source, {max_nesting: :foo})
+#
+# ---
+#
+# Option +allow_nan+ (boolean) specifies whether to allow
+# NaN, Infinity, and MinusInfinity in +source+;
+# defaults to +false+.
+#
+# With the default, +false+:
+#   # Raises JSON::ParserError (225: unexpected token at '[NaN]'):
+#   JSON.parse('[NaN]')
+#   # Raises JSON::ParserError (232: unexpected token at '[Infinity]'):
+#   JSON.parse('[Infinity]')
+#   # Raises JSON::ParserError (248: unexpected token at '[-Infinity]'):
+#   JSON.parse('[-Infinity]')
+# Allow:
+#   source = '[NaN, Infinity, -Infinity]'
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source, {allow_nan: true})
+#   ruby # => [NaN, Infinity, -Infinity]
+#
+# ====== Output Options
+#
+# Option +symbolize_names+ (boolean) specifies whether returned \Hash keys
+# should be Symbols;
+# defaults to +false+ (use Strings).
+#
+# With the default, +false+:
+#   source = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1.0, "c": true, "d": false, "e": null}'
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source)
+#   ruby # => {"a"=>"foo", "b"=>1.0, "c"=>true, "d"=>false, "e"=>nil}
+# Use Symbols:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source, {symbolize_names: true})
+#   ruby # => {:a=>"foo", :b=>1.0, :c=>true, :d=>false, :e=>nil}
+#
+# ---
+#
+# Option +object_class+ (\Class) specifies the Ruby class to be used
+# for each \JSON object;
+# defaults to \Hash.
+#
+# With the default, \Hash:
+#   source = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1.0, "c": true, "d": false, "e": null}'
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source)
+#   ruby.class # => Hash
+# Use class \OpenStruct:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source, {object_class: OpenStruct})
+#   ruby # => #<OpenStruct a="foo", b=1.0, c=true, d=false, e=nil>
+#
+# ---
+#
+# Option +array_class+ (\Class) specifies the Ruby class to be used
+# for each \JSON array;
+# defaults to \Array.
+#
+# With the default, \Array:
+#   source = '["foo", 1.0, true, false, null]'
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source)
+#   ruby.class # => Array
+# Use class \Set:
+#   ruby = JSON.parse(source, {array_class: Set})
+#   ruby # => #<Set: {"foo", 1.0, true, false, nil}>
+#
+# ---
+#
+# Option +create_additions+ (boolean) specifies whether to use \JSON additions in parsing.
+# See {\JSON Additions}[#module-JSON-label-JSON+Additions].
+#
+# === Generating \JSON
+#
+# To generate a Ruby \String containing \JSON data,
+# use method <tt>JSON.generate(source, opts)</tt>, where
+# - +source+ is a Ruby object.
+# - +opts+ is a \Hash object containing options
+#   that control both input allowed and output formatting.
+#
+# ==== Generating \JSON from Arrays
+#
+# When the source is a Ruby \Array, JSON.generate returns
+# a \String containing a \JSON array:
+#   ruby = [0, 's', :foo]
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby)
+#   json # => '[0,"s","foo"]'
+#
+# The Ruby \Array array may contain nested arrays, hashes, and scalars
+# to any depth:
+#   ruby = [0, [1, 2], {foo: 3, bar: 4}]
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby)
+#   json # => '[0,[1,2],{"foo":3,"bar":4}]'
+#
+# ==== Generating \JSON from Hashes
+#
+# When the source is a Ruby \Hash, JSON.generate returns
+# a \String containing a \JSON object:
+#   ruby = {foo: 0, bar: 's', baz: :bat}
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby)
+#   json # => '{"foo":0,"bar":"s","baz":"bat"}'
+#
+# The Ruby \Hash array may contain nested arrays, hashes, and scalars
+# to any depth:
+#   ruby = {foo: [0, 1], bar: {baz: 2, bat: 3}, bam: :bad}
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby)
+#   json # => '{"foo":[0,1],"bar":{"baz":2,"bat":3},"bam":"bad"}'
+#
+# ==== Generating \JSON from Other Objects
+#
+# When the source is neither an \Array nor a \Hash,
+# the generated \JSON data depends on the class of the source.
+#
+# When the source is a Ruby \Integer or \Float, JSON.generate returns
+# a \String containing a \JSON number:
+#   JSON.generate(42) # => '42'
+#   JSON.generate(0.42) # => '0.42'
+#
+# When the source is a Ruby \String, JSON.generate returns
+# a \String containing a \JSON string (with double-quotes):
+#   JSON.generate('A string') # => '"A string"'
+#
+# When the source is +true+, +false+ or +nil+, JSON.generate returns
+# a \String containing the corresponding \JSON token:
+#   JSON.generate(true) # => 'true'
+#   JSON.generate(false) # => 'false'
+#   JSON.generate(nil) # => 'null'
+#
+# When the source is none of the above, JSON.generate returns
+# a \String containing a \JSON string representation of the source:
+#   JSON.generate(:foo) # => '"foo"'
+#   JSON.generate(Complex(0, 0)) # => '"0+0i"'
+#   JSON.generate(Dir.new('.')) # => '"#<Dir>"'
+#
+# ==== Generating Options
+#
+# ====== Input Options
 #
-# <tt>JSON.generate</tt> only allows objects or arrays to be converted
-# to JSON syntax. <tt>to_json</tt>, however, accepts many Ruby classes
-# even though it acts only as a method for serialization:
+# Option +allow_nan+ (boolean) specifies whether
+# +NaN+, +Infinity+, and <tt>-Infinity</tt> may be generated;
+# defaults to +false+.
 #
+# With the default, +false+:
+#   # Raises JSON::GeneratorError (920: NaN not allowed in JSON):
+#   JSON.generate(JSON::NaN)
+#   # Raises JSON::GeneratorError (917: Infinity not allowed in JSON):
+#   JSON.generate(JSON::Infinity)
+#   # Raises JSON::GeneratorError (917: -Infinity not allowed in JSON):
+#   JSON.generate(JSON::MinusInfinity)
+#
+# Allow:
+#   ruby = [Float::NaN, Float::Infinity, Float::MinusInfinity]
+#   JSON.generate(ruby, allow_nan: true) # => '[NaN,Infinity,-Infinity]'
+#
+# ---
+#
+# Option +max_nesting+ (\Integer) specifies the maximum nesting depth
+# in +obj+; defaults to +100+.
+#
+# With the default, +100+:
+#   obj = [[[[[[0]]]]]]
+#   JSON.generate(obj) # => '[[[[[[0]]]]]]'
+#
+# Too deep:
+#   # Raises JSON::NestingError (nesting of 2 is too deep):
+#   JSON.generate(obj, max_nesting: 2)
+#
+# ====== Output Options
+#
+# The default formatting options generate the most compact
+# \JSON data, all on one line and with no whitespace.
+#
+# You can use these formatting options to generate
+# \JSON data in a more open format, using whitespace.
+# See also JSON.pretty_generate.
+#
+# - Option +array_nl+ (\String) specifies a string (usually a newline)
+#   to be inserted after each \JSON array; defaults to the empty \String, <tt>''</tt>.
+# - Option +object_nl+ (\String) specifies a string (usually a newline)
+#   to be inserted after each \JSON object; defaults to the empty \String, <tt>''</tt>.
+# - Option +indent+ (\String) specifies the string (usually spaces) to be
+#   used for indentation; defaults to the empty \String, <tt>''</tt>;
+#   defaults to the empty \String, <tt>''</tt>;
+#   has no effect unless options +array_nl+ or +object_nl+ specify newlines.
+# - Option +space+ (\String) specifies a string (usually a space) to be
+#   inserted after the colon in each \JSON object's pair;
+#   defaults to the empty \String, <tt>''</tt>.
+# - Option +space_before+ (\String) specifies a string (usually a space) to be
+#   inserted before the colon in each \JSON object's pair;
+#   defaults to the empty \String, <tt>''</tt>.
+#
+# In this example, +obj+ is used first to generate the shortest
+# \JSON data (no whitespace), then again with all formatting options
+# specified:
+#
+#   obj = {foo: [:bar, :baz], bat: {bam: 0, bad: 1}}
+#   json = JSON.generate(obj)
+#   puts 'Compact:', json
+#   opts = {
+#     array_nl: "\n",
+#     object_nl: "\n",
+#     indent: '  ',
+#     space_before: ' ',
+#     space: ' '
+#   }
+#   puts 'Open:', JSON.generate(obj, opts)
+#
+# Output:
+#   Compact:
+#   {"foo":["bar","baz"],"bat":{"bam":0,"bad":1}}
+#   Open:
+#   {
+#     "foo" : [
+#       "bar",
+#       "baz"
+#   ],
+#     "bat" : {
+#       "bam" : 0,
+#       "bad" : 1
+#     }
+#   }
+#
+# == \JSON Additions
+#
+# When you "round trip" a non-\String object from Ruby to \JSON and back,
+# you have a new \String, instead of the object you began with:
+#   ruby0 = Range.new(0, 2)
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0)
+#   json # => '0..2"'
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json)
+#   ruby1 # => '0..2'
+#   ruby1.class # => String
+#
+# You can use \JSON _additions_ to preserve the original object.
+# The addition is an extension of a ruby class, so that:
+# - \JSON.generate stores more information in the \JSON string.
+# - \JSON.parse, called with option +create_additions+,
+#   uses that information to create a proper Ruby object.
+#
+# This example shows a \Range being generated into \JSON
+# and parsed back into Ruby, both without and with
+# the addition for \Range:
+#   ruby = Range.new(0, 2)
+#   # This passage does not use the addition for Range.
+#   json0 = JSON.generate(ruby)
+#   ruby0 = JSON.parse(json0)
+#   # This passage uses the addition for Range.
+#   require 'json/add/range'
+#   json1 = JSON.generate(ruby)
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json1, create_additions: true)
+#   # Make a nice display.
+#   display = <<EOT
+#   Generated JSON:
+#     Without addition:  #{json0} (#{json0.class})
+#     With addition:     #{json1} (#{json1.class})
+#   Parsed JSON:
+#     Without addition:  #{ruby0.inspect} (#{ruby0.class})
+#     With addition:     #{ruby1.inspect} (#{ruby1.class})
+#   EOT
+#   puts display
+#
+# This output shows the different results:
+#   Generated JSON:
+#     Without addition:  "0..2" (String)
+#     With addition:     {"json_class":"Range","a":[0,2,false]} (String)
+#   Parsed JSON:
+#     Without addition:  "0..2" (String)
+#     With addition:     0..2 (Range)
+#
+# The \JSON module includes additions for certain classes.
+# You can also craft custom additions.
+# See {Custom \JSON Additions}[#module-JSON-label-Custom+JSON+Additions].
+#
+# === Built-in Additions
+#
+# The \JSON module includes additions for certain classes.
+# To use an addition, +require+ its source:
+# - BigDecimal: <tt>require 'json/add/bigdecimal'</tt>
+# - Complex: <tt>require 'json/add/complex'</tt>
+# - Date: <tt>require 'json/add/date'</tt>
+# - DateTime: <tt>require 'json/add/date_time'</tt>
+# - Exception: <tt>require 'json/add/exception'</tt>
+# - OpenStruct: <tt>require 'json/add/ostruct'</tt>
+# - Range: <tt>require 'json/add/range'</tt>
+# - Rational: <tt>require 'json/add/rational'</tt>
+# - Regexp: <tt>require 'json/add/regexp'</tt>
+# - Set: <tt>require 'json/add/set'</tt>
+# - Struct: <tt>require 'json/add/struct'</tt>
+# - Symbol: <tt>require 'json/add/symbol'</tt>
+# - Time: <tt>require 'json/add/time'</tt>
+#
+# To reduce punctuation clutter, the examples below
+# show the generated \JSON via +puts+, rather than the usual +inspect+,
+#
+# \BigDecimal:
+#   require 'json/add/bigdecimal'
+#   ruby0 = BigDecimal(0) # 0.0
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"BigDecimal","b":"27:0.0"}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 0.0
+#   ruby1.class # => BigDecimal
+#
+# \Complex:
+#   require 'json/add/complex'
+#   ruby0 = Complex(1+0i) # 1+0i
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Complex","r":1,"i":0}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 1+0i
+#   ruby1.class # Complex
+#
+# \Date:
+#   require 'json/add/date'
+#   ruby0 = Date.today # 2020-05-02
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Date","y":2020,"m":5,"d":2,"sg":2299161.0}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 2020-05-02
+#   ruby1.class # Date
+#
+# \DateTime:
+#   require 'json/add/date_time'
+#   ruby0 = DateTime.now # 2020-05-02T10:38:13-05:00
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"DateTime","y":2020,"m":5,"d":2,"H":10,"M":38,"S":13,"of":"-5/24","sg":2299161.0}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 2020-05-02T10:38:13-05:00
+#   ruby1.class # DateTime
+#
+# \Exception (and its subclasses including \RuntimeError):
+#   require 'json/add/exception'
+#   ruby0 = Exception.new('A message') # A message
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Exception","m":"A message","b":null}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # A message
+#   ruby1.class # Exception
+#   ruby0 = RuntimeError.new('Another message') # Another message
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"RuntimeError","m":"Another message","b":null}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # Another message
+#   ruby1.class # RuntimeError
+#
+# \OpenStruct:
+#   require 'json/add/ostruct'
+#   ruby0 = OpenStruct.new(name: 'Matz', language: 'Ruby') # #<OpenStruct name="Matz", language="Ruby">
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"OpenStruct","t":{"name":"Matz","language":"Ruby"}}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # #<OpenStruct name="Matz", language="Ruby">
+#   ruby1.class # OpenStruct
+#
+# \Range:
+#   require 'json/add/range'
+#   ruby0 = Range.new(0, 2) # 0..2
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Range","a":[0,2,false]}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 0..2
+#   ruby1.class # Range
+#
+# \Rational:
+#   require 'json/add/rational'
+#   ruby0 = Rational(1, 3) # 1/3
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Rational","n":1,"d":3}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 1/3
+#   ruby1.class # Rational
+#
+# \Regexp:
+#   require 'json/add/regexp'
+#   ruby0 = Regexp.new('foo') # (?-mix:foo)
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Regexp","o":0,"s":"foo"}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # (?-mix:foo)
+#   ruby1.class # Regexp
+#
+# \Set:
+#   require 'json/add/set'
+#   ruby0 = Set.new([0, 1, 2]) # #<Set: {0, 1, 2}>
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Set","a":[0,1,2]}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # #<Set: {0, 1, 2}>
+#   ruby1.class # Set
+#
+# \Struct:
+#   require 'json/add/struct'
+#   Customer = Struct.new(:name, :address) # Customer
+#   ruby0 = Customer.new("Dave", "123 Main") # #<struct Customer name="Dave", address="123 Main">
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Customer","v":["Dave","123 Main"]}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # #<struct Customer name="Dave", address="123 Main">
+#   ruby1.class # Customer
+  #
+# \Symbol:
+#   require 'json/add/symbol'
+#   ruby0 = :foo # foo
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Symbol","s":"foo"}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # foo
+#   ruby1.class # Symbol
+#
+# \Time:
+#   require 'json/add/time'
+#   ruby0 = Time.now # 2020-05-02 11:28:26 -0500
+#   json = JSON.generate(ruby0) # {"json_class":"Time","s":1588436906,"n":840560000}
+#   ruby1 = JSON.parse(json, create_additions: true) # 2020-05-02 11:28:26 -0500
+#   ruby1.class # Time
+#
+#
+# === Custom \JSON Additions
+#
+# In addition to the \JSON additions provided,
+# you can craft \JSON additions of your own,
+# either for Ruby built-in classes or for user-defined classes.
+#
+# Here's a user-defined class +Foo+:
+#   class Foo
+#     attr_accessor :bar, :baz
+#     def initialize(bar, baz)
+#       self.bar = bar
+#       self.baz = baz
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+# Here's the \JSON addition for it:
+#   # Extend class Foo with JSON addition.
+#   class Foo
+#     # Serialize Foo object with its class name and arguments
+#     def to_json(*args)
+#       {
+#         JSON.create_id  => self.class.name,
+#         'a'             => [ bar, baz ]
+#       }.to_json(*args)
+#     end
+#     # Deserialize JSON string by constructing new Foo object with arguments.
+#     def self.json_create(object)
+#       new(*object['a'])
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+# Demonstration:
 #   require 'json'
+#   # This Foo object has no custom addition.
+#   foo0 = Foo.new(0, 1)
+#   json0 = JSON.generate(foo0)
+#   obj0 = JSON.parse(json0)
+#   # Lood the custom addition.
+#   require_relative 'foo_addition'
+#   # This foo has the custom addition.
+#   foo1 = Foo.new(0, 1)
+#   json1 = JSON.generate(foo1)
+#   obj1 = JSON.parse(json1, create_additions: true)
+#   #   Make a nice display.
+#   display = <<EOT
+#   Generated JSON:
+#     Without custom addition:  #{json0} (#{json0.class})
+#     With custom addition:     #{json1} (#{json1.class})
+#   Parsed JSON:
+#     Without custom addition:  #{obj0.inspect} (#{obj0.class})
+#     With custom addition:     #{obj1.inspect} (#{obj1.class})
+#   EOT
+#   puts display
+#
+# Output:
 #
-#   1.to_json => "1"
+#   Generated JSON:
+#     Without custom addition:  "#<Foo:0x0000000006534e80>" (String)
+#     With custom addition:     {"json_class":"Foo","a":[0,1]} (String)
+#   Parsed JSON:
+#     Without custom addition:  "#<Foo:0x0000000006534e80>" (String)
+#     With custom addition:     #<Foo:0x0000000006473bb8 @bar=0, @baz=1> (Foo)
 #
 module JSON
   require 'json/version'
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/bigdecimal.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/bigdecimal.rb
index 539daeeaf5..c8b4f567cb 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/add/bigdecimal.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/bigdecimal.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class BigDecimal
   end
 
   # return the JSON value
-  def to_json(*)
-    as_json.to_json
+  def to_json(*args)
+    as_json.to_json(*args)
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/complex.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/complex.rb
index 28ef734daf..e63e29fd22 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/add/complex.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/complex.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 unless defined?(::JSON::JSON_LOADED) and ::JSON::JSON_LOADED
   require 'json'
 end
-defined?(::Complex) or require 'complex'
 
 class Complex
 
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class Complex
   end
 
   # Stores class name (Complex) along with real value <tt>r</tt> and imaginary value <tt>i</tt> as JSON string
-  def to_json(*)
-    as_json.to_json
+  def to_json(*args)
+    as_json.to_json(*args)
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/ostruct.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/ostruct.rb
index e064c85ff4..686cf0025d 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/add/ostruct.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/ostruct.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class OpenStruct
     }
   end
 
-  # Stores class name (OpenStruct) with this struct's values <tt>v</tt> as a
+  # Stores class name (OpenStruct) with this struct's values <tt>t</tt> as a
   # JSON string.
   def to_json(*args)
     as_json.to_json(*args)
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/rational.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/rational.rb
index 356940b225..f776226046 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/add/rational.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/rational.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 unless defined?(::JSON::JSON_LOADED) and ::JSON::JSON_LOADED
   require 'json'
 end
-defined?(::Rational) or require 'rational'
 
 class Rational
   # Deserializes JSON string by converting numerator value <tt>n</tt>,
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ class Rational
   end
 
   # Stores class name (Rational) along with numerator value <tt>n</tt> and denominator value <tt>d</tt> as JSON string
-  def to_json(*)
-    as_json.to_json
+  def to_json(*args)
+    as_json.to_json(*args)
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/regexp.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/regexp.rb
index a93866b05a..39d69fede7 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/add/regexp.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/regexp.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Regexp
 
   # Stores class name (Regexp) with options <tt>o</tt> and source <tt>s</tt>
   # (Regexp or String) as JSON string
-  def to_json(*)
-    as_json.to_json
+  def to_json(*args)
+    as_json.to_json(*args)
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/add/set.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/add/set.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71e2a0ac8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/add/set.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+unless defined?(::JSON::JSON_LOADED) and ::JSON::JSON_LOADED
+  require 'json'
+end
+defined?(::Set) or require 'set'
+
+class Set
+  # Import a JSON Marshalled object.
+  #
+  # method used for JSON marshalling support.
+  def self.json_create(object)
+    new object['a']
+  end
+
+  # Marshal the object to JSON.
+  #
+  # method used for JSON marshalling support.
+  def as_json(*)
+    {
+      JSON.create_id => self.class.name,
+      'a'            => to_a,
+    }
+  end
+
+  # return the JSON value
+  def to_json(*args)
+    as_json.to_json(*args)
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb
index 7cc852916c..ea46896fcc 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/common.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,17 @@ require 'json/generic_object'
 
 module JSON
   class << self
-    # If _object_ is string-like, parse the string and return the parsed
-    # result as a Ruby data structure. Otherwise generate a JSON text from the
-    # Ruby data structure object and return it.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   JSON[object] -> new_array or new_string
     #
-    # The _opts_ argument is passed through to generate/parse respectively.
-    # See generate and parse for their documentation.
+    # If +object+ is a \String,
+    # calls JSON.parse with +object+ and +opts+ (see method #parse):
+    #   json = '[0, 1, null]'
+    #   JSON[json]# => [0, 1, nil]
+    #
+    # Otherwise, calls JSON.generate with +object+ and +opts+ (see method #generate):
+    #   ruby = [0, 1, nil]
+    #   JSON[ruby] # => '[0,1,null]'
     def [](object, opts = {})
       if object.respond_to? :to_str
         JSON.parse(object.to_str, opts)
@@ -19,7 +24,8 @@ module JSON
     end
 
     # Returns the JSON parser class that is used by JSON. This is either
-    # JSON::Ext::Parser or JSON::Pure::Parser.
+    # JSON::Ext::Parser or JSON::Pure::Parser:
+    #   JSON.parser # => JSON::Ext::Parser
     attr_reader :parser
 
     # Set the JSON parser class _parser_ to be used by JSON.
@@ -65,37 +71,61 @@ module JSON
       end
       self.state = generator::State
       const_set :State, self.state
-      const_set :SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE, State.new
-      const_set :FAST_STATE_PROTOTYPE, State.new(
+      const_set :SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE, State.new # for JRuby
+      const_set :FAST_STATE_PROTOTYPE, create_fast_state
+      const_set :PRETTY_STATE_PROTOTYPE, create_pretty_state
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = old
+    end
+
+    def create_fast_state
+      State.new(
         :indent         => '',
         :space          => '',
         :object_nl      => "",
         :array_nl       => "",
         :max_nesting    => false
       )
-      const_set :PRETTY_STATE_PROTOTYPE, State.new(
+    end
+
+    def create_pretty_state
+      State.new(
         :indent         => '  ',
         :space          => ' ',
         :object_nl      => "\n",
         :array_nl       => "\n"
       )
-    ensure
-      $VERBOSE = old
     end
 
     # Returns the JSON generator module that is used by JSON. This is
-    # either JSON::Ext::Generator or JSON::Pure::Generator.
+    # either JSON::Ext::Generator or JSON::Pure::Generator:
+    #   JSON.generator # => JSON::Ext::Generator
     attr_reader :generator
 
-    # Returns the JSON generator state class that is used by JSON. This is
-    # either JSON::Ext::Generator::State or JSON::Pure::Generator::State.
+    # Sets or Returns the JSON generator state class that is used by JSON. This is
+    # either JSON::Ext::Generator::State or JSON::Pure::Generator::State:
+    #   JSON.state # => JSON::Ext::Generator::State
     attr_accessor :state
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT_CREATE_ID = 'json_class'.freeze
+  private_constant :DEFAULT_CREATE_ID
+
+  CREATE_ID_TLS_KEY = "JSON.create_id".freeze
+  private_constant :CREATE_ID_TLS_KEY
+
+  # Sets create identifier, which is used to decide if the _json_create_
+  # hook of a class should be called; initial value is +json_class+:
+  #   JSON.create_id # => 'json_class'
+  def self.create_id=(new_value)
+    Thread.current[CREATE_ID_TLS_KEY] = new_value.dup.freeze
+  end
 
-    # This is create identifier, which is used to decide if the _json_create_
-    # hook of a class should be called. It defaults to 'json_class'.
-    attr_accessor :create_id
+  # Returns the current create identifier.
+  # See also JSON.create_id=.
+  def self.create_id
+    Thread.current[CREATE_ID_TLS_KEY] || DEFAULT_CREATE_ID
   end
-  self.create_id = 'json_class'
 
   NaN           = 0.0/0
 
@@ -126,7 +156,7 @@ module JSON
   # This exception is raised if a generator or unparser error occurs.
   class GeneratorError < JSONError; end
   # For backwards compatibility
-  UnparserError = GeneratorError
+  UnparserError = GeneratorError # :nodoc:
 
   # This exception is raised if the required unicode support is missing on the
   # system. Usually this means that the iconv library is not installed.
@@ -134,82 +164,140 @@ module JSON
 
   module_function
 
-  # Parse the JSON document _source_ into a Ruby data structure and return it.
-  #
-  # _opts_ can have the following
-  # keys:
-  # * *max_nesting*: The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the parsed data
-  #   structures. Disable depth checking with :max_nesting => false. It
-  #   defaults to 100.
-  # * *allow_nan*: If set to true, allow NaN, Infinity and -Infinity in
-  #   defiance of RFC 7159 to be parsed by the Parser. This option defaults
-  #   to false.
-  # * *symbolize_names*: If set to true, returns symbols for the names
-  #   (keys) in a JSON object. Otherwise strings are returned. Strings are
-  #   the default.
-  # * *create_additions*: If set to false, the Parser doesn't create
-  #   additions even if a matching class and create_id was found. This option
-  #   defaults to false.
-  # * *object_class*: Defaults to Hash
-  # * *array_class*: Defaults to Array
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.parse(source, opts) -> object
+  #
+  # Returns the Ruby objects created by parsing the given +source+.
+  #
+  # Argument +source+ contains the \String to be parsed.
+  #
+  # Argument +opts+, if given, contains a \Hash of options for the parsing.
+  # See {Parsing Options}[#module-JSON-label-Parsing+Options].
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # When +source+ is a \JSON array, returns a Ruby \Array:
+  #   source = '["foo", 1.0, true, false, null]'
+  #   ruby = JSON.parse(source)
+  #   ruby # => ["foo", 1.0, true, false, nil]
+  #   ruby.class # => Array
+  #
+  # When +source+ is a \JSON object, returns a Ruby \Hash:
+  #   source = '{"a": "foo", "b": 1.0, "c": true, "d": false, "e": null}'
+  #   ruby = JSON.parse(source)
+  #   ruby # => {"a"=>"foo", "b"=>1.0, "c"=>true, "d"=>false, "e"=>nil}
+  #   ruby.class # => Hash
+  #
+  # For examples of parsing for all \JSON data types, see
+  # {Parsing \JSON}[#module-JSON-label-Parsing+JSON].
+  #
+  # Parses nested JSON objects:
+  #   source = <<-EOT
+  #   {
+  #   "name": "Dave",
+  #     "age" :40,
+  #     "hats": [
+  #       "Cattleman's",
+  #       "Panama",
+  #       "Tophat"
+  #     ]
+  #   }
+  #   EOT
+  #   ruby = JSON.parse(source)
+  #   ruby # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +source+ is not valid JSON:
+  #   # Raises JSON::ParserError (783: unexpected token at ''):
+  #   JSON.parse('')
+  #
   def parse(source, opts = {})
-    Parser.new(source, opts).parse
+    Parser.new(source, **(opts||{})).parse
   end
 
-  # Parse the JSON document _source_ into a Ruby data structure and return it.
-  # The bang version of the parse method defaults to the more dangerous values
-  # for the _opts_ hash, so be sure only to parse trusted _source_ documents.
-  #
-  # _opts_ can have the following keys:
-  # * *max_nesting*: The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the parsed data
-  #   structures. Enable depth checking with :max_nesting => anInteger. The
-  #   parse! methods defaults to not doing max depth checking: This can be
-  #   dangerous if someone wants to fill up your stack.
-  # * *allow_nan*: If set to true, allow NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity in
-  #   defiance of RFC 7159 to be parsed by the Parser. This option defaults
-  #   to true.
-  # * *create_additions*: If set to false, the Parser doesn't create
-  #   additions even if a matching class and create_id was found. This option
-  #   defaults to false.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.parse!(source, opts) -> object
+  #
+  # Calls
+  #   parse(source, opts)
+  # with +source+ and possibly modified +opts+.
+  #
+  # Differences from JSON.parse:
+  # - Option +max_nesting+, if not provided, defaults to +false+,
+  #   which disables checking for nesting depth.
+  # - Option +allow_nan+, if not provided, defaults to +true+.
   def parse!(source, opts = {})
     opts = {
       :max_nesting  => false,
       :allow_nan    => true
     }.merge(opts)
-    Parser.new(source, opts).parse
+    Parser.new(source, **(opts||{})).parse
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.load_file(path, opts={}) -> object
+  #
+  # Calls:
+  #   parse(File.read(path), opts)
+  #
+  # See method #parse.
+  def load_file(filespec, opts = {})
+    parse(File.read(filespec), opts)
   end
 
-  # Generate a JSON document from the Ruby data structure _obj_ and return
-  # it. _state_ is * a JSON::State object,
-  # * or a Hash like object (responding to to_hash),
-  # * an object convertible into a hash by a to_h method,
-  # that is used as or to configure a State object.
-  #
-  # It defaults to a state object, that creates the shortest possible JSON text
-  # in one line, checks for circular data structures and doesn't allow NaN,
-  # Infinity, and -Infinity.
-  #
-  # A _state_ hash can have the following keys:
-  # * *indent*: a string used to indent levels (default: ''),
-  # * *space*: a string that is put after, a : or , delimiter (default: ''),
-  # * *space_before*: a string that is put before a : pair delimiter (default: ''),
-  # * *object_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON object (default: ''),
-  # * *array_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON array (default: ''),
-  # * *allow_nan*: true if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be
-  #   generated, otherwise an exception is thrown if these values are
-  #   encountered. This options defaults to false.
-  # * *max_nesting*: The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the data
-  #   structures from which JSON is to be generated. Disable depth checking
-  #   with :max_nesting => false, it defaults to 100.
-  #
-  # See also the fast_generate for the fastest creation method with the least
-  # amount of sanity checks, and the pretty_generate method for some
-  # defaults for pretty output.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.load_file!(path, opts = {})
+  #
+  # Calls:
+  #   JSON.parse!(File.read(path, opts))
+  #
+  # See method #parse!
+  def load_file!(filespec, opts = {})
+    parse!(File.read(filespec), opts)
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.generate(obj, opts = nil) -> new_string
+  #
+  # Returns a \String containing the generated \JSON data.
+  #
+  # See also JSON.fast_generate, JSON.pretty_generate.
+  #
+  # Argument +obj+ is the Ruby object to be converted to \JSON.
+  #
+  # Argument +opts+, if given, contains a \Hash of options for the generation.
+  # See {Generating Options}[#module-JSON-label-Generating+Options].
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # When +obj+ is an \Array, returns a \String containing a \JSON array:
+  #   obj = ["foo", 1.0, true, false, nil]
+  #   json = JSON.generate(obj)
+  #   json # => '["foo",1.0,true,false,null]'
+  #
+  # When +obj+ is a \Hash, returns a \String containing a \JSON object:
+  #   obj = {foo: 0, bar: 's', baz: :bat}
+  #   json = JSON.generate(obj)
+  #   json # => '{"foo":0,"bar":"s","baz":"bat"}'
+  #
+  # For examples of generating from other Ruby objects, see
+  # {Generating \JSON from Other Objects}[#module-JSON-label-Generating+JSON+from+Other+Objects].
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if any formatting option is not a \String.
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +obj+ contains circular references:
+  #   a = []; b = []; a.push(b); b.push(a)
+  #   # Raises JSON::NestingError (nesting of 100 is too deep):
+  #   JSON.generate(a)
+  #
   def generate(obj, opts = nil)
     if State === opts
       state, opts = opts, nil
     else
-      state = SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE.dup
+      state = State.new
     end
     if opts
       if opts.respond_to? :to_hash
@@ -231,16 +319,24 @@ module JSON
   module_function :unparse
   # :startdoc:
 
-  # Generate a JSON document from the Ruby data structure _obj_ and return it.
-  # This method disables the checks for circles in Ruby objects.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.fast_generate(obj, opts) -> new_string
+  #
+  # Arguments +obj+ and +opts+ here are the same as
+  # arguments +obj+ and +opts+ in JSON.generate.
+  #
+  # By default, generates \JSON data without checking
+  # for circular references in +obj+ (option +max_nesting+ set to +false+, disabled).
   #
-  # *WARNING*: Be careful not to pass any Ruby data structures with circles as
-  # _obj_ argument because this will cause JSON to go into an infinite loop.
+  # Raises an exception if +obj+ contains circular references:
+  #   a = []; b = []; a.push(b); b.push(a)
+  #   # Raises SystemStackError (stack level too deep):
+  #   JSON.fast_generate(a)
   def fast_generate(obj, opts = nil)
     if State === opts
       state, opts = opts, nil
     else
-      state = FAST_STATE_PROTOTYPE.dup
+      state = JSON.create_fast_state
     end
     if opts
       if opts.respond_to? :to_hash
@@ -261,17 +357,41 @@ module JSON
   module_function :fast_unparse
   # :startdoc:
 
-  # Generate a JSON document from the Ruby data structure _obj_ and return it.
-  # The returned document is a prettier form of the document returned by
-  # #unparse.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.pretty_generate(obj, opts = nil) -> new_string
+  #
+  # Arguments +obj+ and +opts+ here are the same as
+  # arguments +obj+ and +opts+ in JSON.generate.
+  #
+  # Default options are:
+  #   {
+  #     indent: '  ',   # Two spaces
+  #     space: ' ',     # One space
+  #     array_nl: "\n", # Newline
+  #     object_nl: "\n" # Newline
+  #   }
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #   obj = {foo: [:bar, :baz], bat: {bam: 0, bad: 1}}
+  #   json = JSON.pretty_generate(obj)
+  #   puts json
+  # Output:
+  #   {
+  #     "foo": [
+  #       "bar",
+  #       "baz"
+  #     ],
+  #     "bat": {
+  #       "bam": 0,
+  #       "bad": 1
+  #     }
+  #   }
   #
-  # The _opts_ argument can be used to configure the generator. See the
-  # generate method for a more detailed explanation.
   def pretty_generate(obj, opts = nil)
     if State === opts
       state, opts = opts, nil
     else
-      state = PRETTY_STATE_PROTOTYPE.dup
+      state = JSON.create_pretty_state
     end
     if opts
       if opts.respond_to? :to_hash
@@ -293,10 +413,10 @@ module JSON
   # :startdoc:
 
   class << self
-    # The global default options for the JSON.load method:
-    #  :max_nesting: false
-    #  :allow_nan:   true
-    #  :allow_blank:  true
+    # Sets or returns default options for the JSON.load method.
+    # Initially:
+    #   opts = JSON.load_default_options
+    #   opts # => {:max_nesting=>false, :allow_nan=>true, :allow_blank=>true, :create_additions=>true}
     attr_accessor :load_default_options
   end
   self.load_default_options = {
@@ -306,20 +426,134 @@ module JSON
     :create_additions => true,
   }
 
-  # Load a ruby data structure from a JSON _source_ and return it. A source can
-  # either be a string-like object, an IO-like object, or an object responding
-  # to the read method. If _proc_ was given, it will be called with any nested
-  # Ruby object as an argument recursively in depth first order. To modify the
-  # default options pass in the optional _options_ argument as well.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.load(source, proc = nil, options = {}) -> object
+  #
+  # Returns the Ruby objects created by parsing the given +source+.
+  #
+  # - Argument +source+ must be, or be convertible to, a \String:
+  #   - If +source+ responds to instance method +to_str+,
+  #     <tt>source.to_str</tt> becomes the source.
+  #   - If +source+ responds to instance method +to_io+,
+  #     <tt>source.to_io.read</tt> becomes the source.
+  #   - If +source+ responds to instance method +read+,
+  #     <tt>source.read</tt> becomes the source.
+  #   - If both of the following are true, source becomes the \String <tt>'null'</tt>:
+  #     - Option +allow_blank+ specifies a truthy value.
+  #     - The source, as defined above, is +nil+ or the empty \String <tt>''</tt>.
+  #   - Otherwise, +source+ remains the source.
+  # - Argument +proc+, if given, must be a \Proc that accepts one argument.
+  #   It will be called recursively with each result (depth-first order).
+  #   See details below.
+  #   BEWARE: This method is meant to serialise data from trusted user input,
+  #   like from your own database server or clients under your control, it could
+  #   be dangerous to allow untrusted users to pass JSON sources into it.
+  # - Argument +opts+, if given, contains a \Hash of options for the parsing.
+  #   See {Parsing Options}[#module-JSON-label-Parsing+Options].
+  #   The default options can be changed via method JSON.load_default_options=.
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # When no +proc+ is given, modifies +source+ as above and returns the result of
+  # <tt>parse(source, opts)</tt>;  see #parse.
+  #
+  # Source for following examples:
+  #   source = <<-EOT
+  #   {
+  #   "name": "Dave",
+  #     "age" :40,
+  #     "hats": [
+  #       "Cattleman's",
+  #       "Panama",
+  #       "Tophat"
+  #     ]
+  #   }
+  #   EOT
   #
-  # BEWARE: This method is meant to serialise data from trusted user input,
-  # like from your own database server or clients under your control, it could
-  # be dangerous to allow untrusted users to pass JSON sources into it. The
-  # default options for the parser can be changed via the load_default_options
-  # method.
+  # Load a \String:
+  #   ruby = JSON.load(source)
+  #   ruby # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}
+  #
+  # Load an \IO object:
+  #   require 'stringio'
+  #   object = JSON.load(StringIO.new(source))
+  #   object # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}
+  #
+  # Load a \File object:
+  #   path = 't.json'
+  #   File.write(path, source)
+  #   File.open(path) do |file|
+  #     JSON.load(file)
+  #   end # => {"name"=>"Dave", "age"=>40, "hats"=>["Cattleman's", "Panama", "Tophat"]}
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # When +proc+ is given:
+  # - Modifies +source+ as above.
+  # - Gets the +result+ from calling <tt>parse(source, opts)</tt>.
+  # - Recursively calls <tt>proc(result)</tt>.
+  # - Returns the final result.
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #   require 'json'
+  #
+  #   # Some classes for the example.
+  #   class Base
+  #     def initialize(attributes)
+  #       @attributes = attributes
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #   class User    < Base; end
+  #   class Account < Base; end
+  #   class Admin   < Base; end
+  #   # The JSON source.
+  #   json = <<-EOF
+  #   {
+  #     "users": [
+  #         {"type": "User", "username": "jane", "email": "jane@example.com"},
+  #         {"type": "User", "username": "john", "email": "john@example.com"}
+  #     ],
+  #     "accounts": [
+  #         {"account": {"type": "Account", "paid": true, "account_id": "1234"}},
+  #         {"account": {"type": "Account", "paid": false, "account_id": "1235"}}
+  #     ],
+  #     "admins": {"type": "Admin", "password": "0wn3d"}
+  #   }
+  #   EOF
+  #   # Deserializer method.
+  #   def deserialize_obj(obj, safe_types = %w(User Account Admin))
+  #     type = obj.is_a?(Hash) && obj["type"]
+  #     safe_types.include?(type) ? Object.const_get(type).new(obj) : obj
+  #   end
+  #   # Call to JSON.load
+  #   ruby = JSON.load(json, proc {|obj|
+  #     case obj
+  #     when Hash
+  #       obj.each {|k, v| obj[k] = deserialize_obj v }
+  #     when Array
+  #       obj.map! {|v| deserialize_obj v }
+  #     end
+  #   })
+  #   pp ruby
+  # Output:
+  #   {"users"=>
+  #      [#<User:0x00000000064c4c98
+  #        @attributes=
+  #          {"type"=>"User", "username"=>"jane", "email"=>"jane@example.com"}>,
+  #        #<User:0x00000000064c4bd0
+  #        @attributes=
+  #          {"type"=>"User", "username"=>"john", "email"=>"john@example.com"}>],
+  #    "accounts"=>
+  #      [{"account"=>
+  #          #<Account:0x00000000064c4928
+  #          @attributes={"type"=>"Account", "paid"=>true, "account_id"=>"1234"}>},
+  #       {"account"=>
+  #          #<Account:0x00000000064c4680
+  #          @attributes={"type"=>"Account", "paid"=>false, "account_id"=>"1235"}>}],
+  #    "admins"=>
+  #      #<Admin:0x00000000064c41f8
+  #      @attributes={"type"=>"Admin", "password"=>"0wn3d"}>}
   #
-  # This method is part of the implementation of the load/dump interface of
-  # Marshal and YAML.
   def load(source, proc = nil, options = {})
     opts = load_default_options.merge options
     if source.respond_to? :to_str
@@ -338,7 +572,7 @@ module JSON
   end
 
   # Recursively calls passed _Proc_ if the parsed data structure is an _Array_ or _Hash_
-  def recurse_proc(result, &proc)
+  def recurse_proc(result, &proc) # :nodoc:
     case result
     when Array
       result.each { |x| recurse_proc x, &proc }
@@ -355,32 +589,45 @@ module JSON
   module_function :restore
 
   class << self
-    # The global default options for the JSON.dump method:
-    #  :max_nesting: false
-    #  :allow_nan:   true
-    #  :allow_blank: true
+    # Sets or returns the default options for the JSON.dump method.
+    # Initially:
+    #   opts = JSON.dump_default_options
+    #   opts # => {:max_nesting=>false, :allow_nan=>true, :escape_slash=>false}
     attr_accessor :dump_default_options
   end
   self.dump_default_options = {
     :max_nesting => false,
     :allow_nan   => true,
+    :escape_slash => false,
   }
 
-  # Dumps _obj_ as a JSON string, i.e. calls generate on the object and returns
-  # the result.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   JSON.dump(obj, io = nil, limit = nil)
+  #
+  # Dumps +obj+ as a \JSON string, i.e. calls generate on the object and returns the result.
+  #
+  # The default options can be changed via method JSON.dump_default_options.
   #
-  # If anIO (an IO-like object or an object that responds to the write method)
-  # was given, the resulting JSON is written to it.
+  # - Argument +io+, if given, should respond to method +write+;
+  #   the \JSON \String is written to +io+, and +io+ is returned.
+  #   If +io+ is not given, the \JSON \String is returned.
+  # - Argument +limit+, if given, is passed to JSON.generate as option +max_nesting+.
   #
-  # If the number of nested arrays or objects exceeds _limit_, an ArgumentError
-  # exception is raised. This argument is similar (but not exactly the
-  # same!) to the _limit_ argument in Marshal.dump.
+  # ---
   #
-  # The default options for the generator can be changed via the
-  # dump_default_options method.
+  # When argument +io+ is not given, returns the \JSON \String generated from +obj+:
+  #   obj = {foo: [0, 1], bar: {baz: 2, bat: 3}, bam: :bad}
+  #   json = JSON.dump(obj)
+  #   json # => "{\"foo\":[0,1],\"bar\":{\"baz\":2,\"bat\":3},\"bam\":\"bad\"}"
   #
-  # This method is part of the implementation of the load/dump interface of
-  # Marshal and YAML.
+  # When argument +io+ is given, writes the \JSON \String to +io+ and returns +io+:
+  #   path = 't.json'
+  #   File.open(path, 'w') do |file|
+  #     JSON.dump(obj, file)
+  #   end # => #<File:t.json (closed)>
+  #   puts File.read(path)
+  # Output:
+  #   {"foo":[0,1],"bar":{"baz":2,"bat":3},"bam":"bad"}
   def dump(obj, anIO = nil, limit = nil)
     if anIO and limit.nil?
       anIO = anIO.to_io if anIO.respond_to?(:to_io)
@@ -402,7 +649,7 @@ module JSON
     raise ArgumentError, "exceed depth limit"
   end
 
-  # Encodes string using Ruby's _String.encode_
+  # Encodes string using String.encode.
   def self.iconv(to, from, string)
     string.encode(to, from)
   end
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
index 8997def28b..7a72272bd0 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 module JSON
   # JSON version
-  VERSION         = '2.0.2'
+  VERSION         = '2.5.1'
   VERSION_ARRAY   = VERSION.split(/\./).map { |x| x.to_i } # :nodoc:
   VERSION_MAJOR   = VERSION_ARRAY[0] # :nodoc:
   VERSION_MINOR   = VERSION_ARRAY[1] # :nodoc:
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/depend b/ext/json/parser/depend
index 927cd892bf..23d704ac85 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/depend
+++ b/ext/json/parser/depend
@@ -4,17 +4,168 @@ parser.o: parser.c parser.h $(srcdir)/../fbuffer/fbuffer.h
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 parser.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 parser.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-parser.o: $(top_srcdir)/ext/json/fbuffer/fbuffer.h
-parser.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+parser.o: $(srcdir)/../fbuffer/fbuffer.h
 parser.o: parser.c
 parser.o: parser.h
 parser.o: parser.rl
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb b/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
index f7360d46b2..f832b56a61 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
@@ -3,4 +3,29 @@ require 'mkmf'
 
 have_func("rb_enc_raise", "ruby.h")
 
+# checking if String#-@ (str_uminus) dedupes... '
+begin
+  a = -(%w(t e s t).join)
+  b = -(%w(t e s t).join)
+  if a.equal?(b)
+    $CFLAGS << ' -DSTR_UMINUS_DEDUPE=1 '
+  else
+    $CFLAGS << ' -DSTR_UMINUS_DEDUPE=0 '
+  end
+rescue NoMethodError
+  $CFLAGS << ' -DSTR_UMINUS_DEDUPE=0 '
+end
+
+# checking if String#-@ (str_uminus) directly interns frozen strings... '
+begin
+  s = rand.to_s.freeze
+  if (-s).equal?(s) && (-s.dup).equal?(s)
+    $CFLAGS << ' -DSTR_UMINUS_DEDUPE_FROZEN=1 '
+  else
+    $CFLAGS << ' -DSTR_UMINUS_DEDUPE_FROZEN=0 '
+  end
+rescue NoMethodError
+  $CFLAGS << ' -DSTR_UMINUS_DEDUPE_FROZEN=0 '
+end
+
 create_makefile 'json/ext/parser'
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/parser.c b/ext/json/parser/parser.c
index 0dae674c88..29b5674d96 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/parser.c
+++ b/ext/json/parser/parser.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-
+/* This file is automatically generated from parser.rl by using ragel */
 #line 1 "parser.rl"
 #include "../fbuffer/fbuffer.h"
 #include "parser.h"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ enc_raise(rb_encoding *enc, VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
 
 /* unicode */
 
-static const char digit_values[256] = {
+static const signed char digit_values[256] = {
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -1,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ static const char digit_values[256] = {
 
 static UTF32 unescape_unicode(const unsigned char *p)
 {
-    char b;
+    signed char b;
     UTF32 result = 0;
     b = digit_values[p[0]];
     if (b < 0) return UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR;
@@ -94,15 +94,16 @@ static VALUE CNaN, CInfinity, CMinusInfinity;
 
 static ID i_json_creatable_p, i_json_create, i_create_id, i_create_additions,
           i_chr, i_max_nesting, i_allow_nan, i_symbolize_names,
-          i_object_class, i_array_class, i_key_p, i_deep_const_get, i_match,
-          i_match_string, i_aset, i_aref, i_leftshift;
+          i_object_class, i_array_class, i_decimal_class, i_key_p,
+          i_deep_const_get, i_match, i_match_string, i_aset, i_aref,
+          i_leftshift, i_new, i_try_convert, i_freeze, i_uminus;
 
 
-#line 124 "parser.rl"
+#line 126 "parser.rl"
 
 
 
-#line 106 "parser.c"
+#line 108 "parser.c"
 enum {JSON_object_start = 1};
 enum {JSON_object_first_final = 27};
 enum {JSON_object_error = 0};
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ enum {JSON_object_error = 0};
 enum {JSON_object_en_main = 1};
 
 
-#line 165 "parser.rl"
+#line 168 "parser.rl"
 
 
 static char *JSON_parse_object(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *result, int current_nesting)
@@ -126,14 +127,14 @@ static char *JSON_parse_object(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resu
     *result = NIL_P(object_class) ? rb_hash_new() : rb_class_new_instance(0, 0, object_class);
 
 
-#line 130 "parser.c"
+#line 132 "parser.c"
 	{
 	cs = JSON_object_start;
 	}
 
-#line 180 "parser.rl"
+#line 183 "parser.rl"
 
-#line 137 "parser.c"
+#line 139 "parser.c"
 	{
 	if ( p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof;
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ case 2:
 		goto st2;
 	goto st0;
 tr2:
-#line 147 "parser.rl"
+#line 150 "parser.rl"
 	{
         char *np;
         json->parsing_name = 1;
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ st3:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof3;
 case 3:
-#line 178 "parser.c"
+#line 180 "parser.c"
 	switch( (*p) ) {
 		case 13: goto st3;
 		case 32: goto st3;
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ case 8:
 		goto st8;
 	goto st0;
 tr11:
-#line 132 "parser.rl"
+#line 134 "parser.rl"
 	{
         VALUE v = Qnil;
         char *np = JSON_parse_value(json, p, pe, &v, current_nesting);
@@ -249,6 +250,7 @@ tr11:
             p--; {p++; cs = 9; goto _out;}
         } else {
             if (NIL_P(json->object_class)) {
+                OBJ_FREEZE(last_name);
                 rb_hash_aset(*result, last_name, v);
             } else {
                 rb_funcall(*result, i_aset, 2, last_name, v);
@@ -261,7 +263,7 @@ st9:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof9;
 case 9:
-#line 265 "parser.c"
+#line 268 "parser.c"
 	switch( (*p) ) {
 		case 13: goto st9;
 		case 32: goto st9;
@@ -350,14 +352,14 @@ case 18:
 		goto st9;
 	goto st18;
 tr4:
-#line 155 "parser.rl"
+#line 158 "parser.rl"
 	{ p--; {p++; cs = 27; goto _out;} }
 	goto st27;
 st27:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof27;
 case 27:
-#line 361 "parser.c"
+#line 364 "parser.c"
 	goto st0;
 st19:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
@@ -455,7 +457,7 @@ case 26:
 	_out: {}
 	}
 
-#line 181 "parser.rl"
+#line 184 "parser.rl"
 
     if (cs >= JSON_object_first_final) {
         if (json->create_additions) {
@@ -480,7 +482,7 @@ case 26:
 
 
 
-#line 484 "parser.c"
+#line 487 "parser.c"
 enum {JSON_value_start = 1};
 enum {JSON_value_first_final = 29};
 enum {JSON_value_error = 0};
@@ -488,7 +490,7 @@ enum {JSON_value_error = 0};
 enum {JSON_value_en_main = 1};
 
 
-#line 281 "parser.rl"
+#line 284 "parser.rl"
 
 
 static char *JSON_parse_value(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *result, int current_nesting)
@@ -496,14 +498,14 @@ static char *JSON_parse_value(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resul
     int cs = EVIL;
 
 
-#line 500 "parser.c"
+#line 503 "parser.c"
 	{
 	cs = JSON_value_start;
 	}
 
-#line 288 "parser.rl"
+#line 291 "parser.rl"
 
-#line 507 "parser.c"
+#line 510 "parser.c"
 	{
 	if ( p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof;
@@ -537,14 +539,14 @@ st0:
 cs = 0;
 	goto _out;
 tr2:
-#line 233 "parser.rl"
+#line 236 "parser.rl"
 	{
         char *np = JSON_parse_string(json, p, pe, result);
         if (np == NULL) { p--; {p++; cs = 29; goto _out;} } else {p = (( np))-1;}
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr3:
-#line 238 "parser.rl"
+#line 241 "parser.rl"
 	{
         char *np;
         if(pe > p + 8 && !strncmp(MinusInfinity, p, 9)) {
@@ -564,7 +566,7 @@ tr3:
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr7:
-#line 256 "parser.rl"
+#line 259 "parser.rl"
 	{
         char *np;
         np = JSON_parse_array(json, p, pe, result, current_nesting + 1);
@@ -572,7 +574,7 @@ tr7:
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr11:
-#line 262 "parser.rl"
+#line 265 "parser.rl"
 	{
         char *np;
         np =  JSON_parse_object(json, p, pe, result, current_nesting + 1);
@@ -580,7 +582,7 @@ tr11:
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr25:
-#line 226 "parser.rl"
+#line 229 "parser.rl"
 	{
         if (json->allow_nan) {
             *result = CInfinity;
@@ -590,7 +592,7 @@ tr25:
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr27:
-#line 219 "parser.rl"
+#line 222 "parser.rl"
 	{
         if (json->allow_nan) {
             *result = CNaN;
@@ -600,19 +602,19 @@ tr27:
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr31:
-#line 213 "parser.rl"
+#line 216 "parser.rl"
 	{
         *result = Qfalse;
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr34:
-#line 210 "parser.rl"
+#line 213 "parser.rl"
 	{
         *result = Qnil;
     }
 	goto st29;
 tr37:
-#line 216 "parser.rl"
+#line 219 "parser.rl"
 	{
         *result = Qtrue;
     }
@@ -621,9 +623,9 @@ st29:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof29;
 case 29:
-#line 268 "parser.rl"
+#line 271 "parser.rl"
 	{ p--; {p++; cs = 29; goto _out;} }
-#line 627 "parser.c"
+#line 630 "parser.c"
 	switch( (*p) ) {
 		case 13: goto st29;
 		case 32: goto st29;
@@ -864,7 +866,11 @@ case 28:
 	_out: {}
 	}
 
-#line 289 "parser.rl"
+#line 292 "parser.rl"
+
+    if (json->freeze) {
+        OBJ_FREEZE(*result);
+    }
 
     if (cs >= JSON_value_first_final) {
         return p;
@@ -874,7 +880,7 @@ case 28:
 }
 
 
-#line 878 "parser.c"
+#line 885 "parser.c"
 enum {JSON_integer_start = 1};
 enum {JSON_integer_first_final = 3};
 enum {JSON_integer_error = 0};
@@ -882,7 +888,7 @@ enum {JSON_integer_error = 0};
 enum {JSON_integer_en_main = 1};
 
 
-#line 305 "parser.rl"
+#line 312 "parser.rl"
 
 
 static char *JSON_parse_integer(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *result)
@@ -890,15 +896,15 @@ static char *JSON_parse_integer(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *res
     int cs = EVIL;
 
 
-#line 894 "parser.c"
+#line 901 "parser.c"
 	{
 	cs = JSON_integer_start;
 	}
 
-#line 312 "parser.rl"
+#line 319 "parser.rl"
     json->memo = p;
 
-#line 902 "parser.c"
+#line 909 "parser.c"
 	{
 	if ( p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof;
@@ -932,14 +938,14 @@ case 3:
 		goto st0;
 	goto tr4;
 tr4:
-#line 302 "parser.rl"
+#line 309 "parser.rl"
 	{ p--; {p++; cs = 4; goto _out;} }
 	goto st4;
 st4:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof4;
 case 4:
-#line 943 "parser.c"
+#line 950 "parser.c"
 	goto st0;
 st5:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
@@ -958,7 +964,7 @@ case 5:
 	_out: {}
 	}
 
-#line 314 "parser.rl"
+#line 321 "parser.rl"
 
     if (cs >= JSON_integer_first_final) {
         long len = p - json->memo;
@@ -973,7 +979,7 @@ case 5:
 }
 
 
-#line 977 "parser.c"
+#line 984 "parser.c"
 enum {JSON_float_start = 1};
 enum {JSON_float_first_final = 8};
 enum {JSON_float_error = 0};
@@ -981,7 +987,7 @@ enum {JSON_float_error = 0};
 enum {JSON_float_en_main = 1};
 
 
-#line 339 "parser.rl"
+#line 346 "parser.rl"
 
 
 static char *JSON_parse_float(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *result)
@@ -989,15 +995,15 @@ static char *JSON_parse_float(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resul
     int cs = EVIL;
 
 
-#line 993 "parser.c"
+#line 1013 "parser.c"
 	{
 	cs = JSON_float_start;
 	}
 
-#line 346 "parser.rl"
+#line 366 "parser.rl"
     json->memo = p;
 
-#line 1001 "parser.c"
+#line 1021 "parser.c"
 	{
 	if ( p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof;
@@ -1055,14 +1061,14 @@ case 8:
 		goto st0;
 	goto tr9;
 tr9:
-#line 333 "parser.rl"
+#line 340 "parser.rl"
 	{ p--; {p++; cs = 9; goto _out;} }
 	goto st9;
 st9:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof9;
 case 9:
-#line 1066 "parser.c"
+#line 1086 "parser.c"
 	goto st0;
 st5:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
@@ -1123,14 +1129,49 @@ case 7:
 	_out: {}
 	}
 
-#line 348 "parser.rl"
+#line 368 "parser.rl"
 
     if (cs >= JSON_float_first_final) {
+        VALUE mod = Qnil;
+        ID method_id = 0;
+        if (rb_respond_to(json->decimal_class, i_try_convert)) {
+            mod = json->decimal_class;
+            method_id = i_try_convert;
+        } else if (rb_respond_to(json->decimal_class, i_new)) {
+            mod = json->decimal_class;
+            method_id = i_new;
+        } else if (RB_TYPE_P(json->decimal_class, T_CLASS)) {
+            VALUE name = rb_class_name(json->decimal_class);
+            const char *name_cstr = RSTRING_PTR(name);
+            const char *last_colon = strrchr(name_cstr, ':');
+            if (last_colon) {
+                const char *mod_path_end = last_colon - 1;
+                VALUE mod_path = rb_str_substr(name, 0, mod_path_end - name_cstr);
+                mod = rb_path_to_class(mod_path);
+
+                const char *method_name_beg = last_colon + 1;
+                long before_len = method_name_beg - name_cstr;
+                long len = RSTRING_LEN(name) - before_len;
+                VALUE method_name = rb_str_substr(name, before_len, len);
+                method_id = SYM2ID(rb_str_intern(method_name));
+            } else {
+                mod = rb_mKernel;
+                method_id = SYM2ID(rb_str_intern(name));
+            }
+        }
+
         long len = p - json->memo;
         fbuffer_clear(json->fbuffer);
         fbuffer_append(json->fbuffer, json->memo, len);
         fbuffer_append_char(json->fbuffer, '\0');
-        *result = rb_float_new(rb_cstr_to_dbl(FBUFFER_PTR(json->fbuffer), 1));
+
+        if (method_id) {
+            VALUE text = rb_str_new2(FBUFFER_PTR(json->fbuffer));
+            *result = rb_funcallv(mod, method_id, 1, &text);
+        } else {
+            *result = DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(FBUFFER_PTR(json->fbuffer), 1));
+        }
+
         return p + 1;
     } else {
         return NULL;
@@ -1139,7 +1180,7 @@ case 7:
 
 
 
-#line 1143 "parser.c"
+#line 1173 "parser.c"
 enum {JSON_array_start = 1};
 enum {JSON_array_first_final = 17};
 enum {JSON_array_error = 0};
@@ -1147,7 +1188,7 @@ enum {JSON_array_error = 0};
 enum {JSON_array_en_main = 1};
 
 
-#line 391 "parser.rl"
+#line 421 "parser.rl"
 
 
 static char *JSON_parse_array(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *result, int current_nesting)
@@ -1161,14 +1202,14 @@ static char *JSON_parse_array(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resul
     *result = NIL_P(array_class) ? rb_ary_new() : rb_class_new_instance(0, 0, array_class);
 
 
-#line 1165 "parser.c"
+#line 1195 "parser.c"
 	{
 	cs = JSON_array_start;
 	}
 
-#line 404 "parser.rl"
+#line 434 "parser.rl"
 
-#line 1172 "parser.c"
+#line 1202 "parser.c"
 	{
 	if ( p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof;
@@ -1207,7 +1248,7 @@ case 2:
 		goto st2;
 	goto st0;
 tr2:
-#line 368 "parser.rl"
+#line 398 "parser.rl"
 	{
         VALUE v = Qnil;
         char *np = JSON_parse_value(json, p, pe, &v, current_nesting);
@@ -1227,7 +1268,7 @@ st3:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof3;
 case 3:
-#line 1231 "parser.c"
+#line 1261 "parser.c"
 	switch( (*p) ) {
 		case 13: goto st3;
 		case 32: goto st3;
@@ -1327,14 +1368,14 @@ case 12:
 		goto st3;
 	goto st12;
 tr4:
-#line 383 "parser.rl"
+#line 413 "parser.rl"
 	{ p--; {p++; cs = 17; goto _out;} }
 	goto st17;
 st17:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof17;
 case 17:
-#line 1338 "parser.c"
+#line 1368 "parser.c"
 	goto st0;
 st13:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
@@ -1390,7 +1431,7 @@ case 16:
 	_out: {}
 	}
 
-#line 405 "parser.rl"
+#line 435 "parser.rl"
 
     if(cs >= JSON_array_first_final) {
         return p + 1;
@@ -1435,13 +1476,21 @@ static VALUE json_string_unescape(VALUE result, char *string, char *stringEnd)
                     break;
                 case 'u':
                     if (pe > stringEnd - 4) {
-                        return Qnil;
+                      rb_enc_raise(
+                        EXC_ENCODING eParserError,
+                        "%u: incomplete unicode character escape sequence at '%s'", __LINE__, p
+                      );
                     } else {
                         UTF32 ch = unescape_unicode((unsigned char *) ++pe);
                         pe += 3;
                         if (UNI_SUR_HIGH_START == (ch & 0xFC00)) {
                             pe++;
-                            if (pe > stringEnd - 6) return Qnil;
+                            if (pe > stringEnd - 6) {
+                              rb_enc_raise(
+                                EXC_ENCODING eParserError,
+                                "%u: incomplete surrogate pair at '%s'", __LINE__, p
+                                );
+                            }
                             if (pe[0] == '\\' && pe[1] == 'u') {
                                 UTF32 sur = unescape_unicode((unsigned char *) pe + 2);
                                 ch = (((ch & 0x3F) << 10) | ((((ch >> 6) & 0xF) + 1) << 16)
@@ -1471,7 +1520,7 @@ static VALUE json_string_unescape(VALUE result, char *string, char *stringEnd)
 }
 
 
-#line 1475 "parser.c"
+#line 1513 "parser.c"
 enum {JSON_string_start = 1};
 enum {JSON_string_first_final = 8};
 enum {JSON_string_error = 0};
@@ -1479,7 +1528,7 @@ enum {JSON_string_error = 0};
 enum {JSON_string_en_main = 1};
 
 
-#line 504 "parser.rl"
+#line 542 "parser.rl"
 
 
 static int
@@ -1501,15 +1550,15 @@ static char *JSON_parse_string(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resu
 
     *result = rb_str_buf_new(0);
 
-#line 1505 "parser.c"
+#line 1543 "parser.c"
 	{
 	cs = JSON_string_start;
 	}
 
-#line 525 "parser.rl"
+#line 563 "parser.rl"
     json->memo = p;
 
-#line 1513 "parser.c"
+#line 1551 "parser.c"
 	{
 	if ( p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof;
@@ -1530,11 +1579,11 @@ case 2:
 		case 34: goto tr2;
 		case 92: goto st3;
 	}
-	if ( 0 <= (*p) && (*p) <= 31 )
+	if ( 0 <= (signed char)(*p) && (*p) <= 31 )
 		goto st0;
 	goto st2;
 tr2:
-#line 490 "parser.rl"
+#line 528 "parser.rl"
 	{
         *result = json_string_unescape(*result, json->memo + 1, p);
         if (NIL_P(*result)) {
@@ -1545,14 +1594,14 @@ tr2:
             {p = (( p + 1))-1;}
         }
     }
-#line 501 "parser.rl"
+#line 539 "parser.rl"
 	{ p--; {p++; cs = 8; goto _out;} }
 	goto st8;
 st8:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof8;
 case 8:
-#line 1556 "parser.c"
+#line 1594 "parser.c"
 	goto st0;
 st3:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
@@ -1560,7 +1609,7 @@ st3:
 case 3:
 	if ( (*p) == 117 )
 		goto st4;
-	if ( 0 <= (*p) && (*p) <= 31 )
+	if ( 0 <= (signed char)(*p) && (*p) <= 31 )
 		goto st0;
 	goto st2;
 st4:
@@ -1628,7 +1677,7 @@ case 7:
 	_out: {}
 	}
 
-#line 527 "parser.rl"
+#line 565 "parser.rl"
 
     if (json->create_additions && RTEST(match_string = json->match_string)) {
           VALUE klass;
@@ -1643,8 +1692,23 @@ case 7:
 
     if (json->symbolize_names && json->parsing_name) {
       *result = rb_str_intern(*result);
-    } else {
+    } else if (RB_TYPE_P(*result, T_STRING)) {
+# if STR_UMINUS_DEDUPE_FROZEN
+      if (json->freeze) {
+        // Starting from MRI 2.8 it is preferable to freeze the string
+        // before deduplication so that it can be interned directly
+        // otherwise it would be duplicated first which is wasteful.
+        *result = rb_funcall(rb_str_freeze(*result), i_uminus, 0);
+      }
+# elif STR_UMINUS_DEDUPE
+      if (json->freeze) {
+        // MRI 2.5 and older do not deduplicate strings that are already
+        // frozen.
+        *result = rb_funcall(*result, i_uminus, 0);
+      }
+# else
       rb_str_resize(*result, RSTRING_LEN(*result));
+# endif
     }
     if (cs >= JSON_string_first_final) {
         return p + 1;
@@ -1675,7 +1739,7 @@ static VALUE convert_encoding(VALUE source)
     }
     FORCE_UTF8(source);
   } else {
-    source = rb_str_conv_enc(source, NULL, rb_utf8_encoding());
+    source = rb_str_conv_enc(source, rb_enc_get(source), rb_utf8_encoding());
   }
 #endif
     return source;
@@ -1752,6 +1816,12 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             } else {
                 json->symbolize_names = 0;
             }
+            tmp = ID2SYM(i_freeze);
+            if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
+                json->freeze = RTEST(rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp)) ? 1 : 0;
+            } else {
+                json->freeze = 0;
+            }
             tmp = ID2SYM(i_create_additions);
             if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
                 json->create_additions = RTEST(rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp));
@@ -1781,6 +1851,12 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             } else {
                 json->array_class = Qnil;
             }
+            tmp = ID2SYM(i_decimal_class);
+            if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
+                json->decimal_class = rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp);
+            } else {
+                json->decimal_class = Qnil;
+            }
             tmp = ID2SYM(i_match_string);
             if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
                 VALUE match_string = rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp);
@@ -1794,10 +1870,11 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     } else {
         json->max_nesting = 100;
         json->allow_nan = 0;
-        json->create_additions = 1;
+        json->create_additions = 0;
         json->create_id = rb_funcall(mJSON, i_create_id, 0);
         json->object_class = Qnil;
         json->array_class = Qnil;
+        json->decimal_class = Qnil;
     }
     source = convert_encoding(StringValue(source));
     StringValue(source);
@@ -1808,7 +1885,7 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 
-#line 1812 "parser.c"
+#line 1878 "parser.c"
 enum {JSON_start = 1};
 enum {JSON_first_final = 10};
 enum {JSON_error = 0};
@@ -1816,7 +1893,7 @@ enum {JSON_error = 0};
 enum {JSON_en_main = 1};
 
 
-#line 720 "parser.rl"
+#line 786 "parser.rl"
 
 
 /*
@@ -1833,16 +1910,16 @@ static VALUE cParser_parse(VALUE self)
   GET_PARSER;
 
 
-#line 1837 "parser.c"
+#line 1903 "parser.c"
 	{
 	cs = JSON_start;
 	}
 
-#line 736 "parser.rl"
+#line 802 "parser.rl"
   p = json->source;
   pe = p + json->len;
 
-#line 1846 "parser.c"
+#line 1912 "parser.c"
 	{
 	if ( p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof;
@@ -1876,7 +1953,7 @@ st0:
 cs = 0;
 	goto _out;
 tr2:
-#line 712 "parser.rl"
+#line 778 "parser.rl"
 	{
         char *np = JSON_parse_value(json, p, pe, &result, 0);
         if (np == NULL) { p--; {p++; cs = 10; goto _out;} } else {p = (( np))-1;}
@@ -1886,7 +1963,7 @@ st10:
 	if ( ++p == pe )
 		goto _test_eof10;
 case 10:
-#line 1890 "parser.c"
+#line 1956 "parser.c"
 	switch( (*p) ) {
 		case 13: goto st10;
 		case 32: goto st10;
@@ -1975,7 +2052,7 @@ case 9:
 	_out: {}
 	}
 
-#line 739 "parser.rl"
+#line 805 "parser.rl"
 
   if (cs >= JSON_first_final && p == pe) {
     return result;
@@ -1992,6 +2069,7 @@ static void JSON_mark(void *ptr)
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->create_id);
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->object_class);
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->array_class);
+    rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->decimal_class);
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->match_string);
 }
 
@@ -2041,20 +2119,32 @@ static VALUE cParser_source(VALUE self)
 
 void Init_parser(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+#undef rb_intern
     rb_require("json/common");
     mJSON = rb_define_module("JSON");
     mExt = rb_define_module_under(mJSON, "Ext");
     cParser = rb_define_class_under(mExt, "Parser", rb_cObject);
     eParserError = rb_path2class("JSON::ParserError");
     eNestingError = rb_path2class("JSON::NestingError");
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(eParserError);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(eNestingError);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cParser, cJSON_parser_s_allocate);
     rb_define_method(cParser, "initialize", cParser_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cParser, "parse", cParser_parse, 0);
     rb_define_method(cParser, "source", cParser_source, 0);
 
     CNaN = rb_const_get(mJSON, rb_intern("NaN"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(CNaN);
+
     CInfinity = rb_const_get(mJSON, rb_intern("Infinity"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(CInfinity);
+
     CMinusInfinity = rb_const_get(mJSON, rb_intern("MinusInfinity"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(CMinusInfinity);
 
     i_json_creatable_p = rb_intern("json_creatable?");
     i_json_create = rb_intern("json_create");
@@ -2066,6 +2156,7 @@ void Init_parser(void)
     i_symbolize_names = rb_intern("symbolize_names");
     i_object_class = rb_intern("object_class");
     i_array_class = rb_intern("array_class");
+    i_decimal_class = rb_intern("decimal_class");
     i_match = rb_intern("match");
     i_match_string = rb_intern("match_string");
     i_key_p = rb_intern("key?");
@@ -2073,6 +2164,10 @@ void Init_parser(void)
     i_aset = rb_intern("[]=");
     i_aref = rb_intern("[]");
     i_leftshift = rb_intern("<<");
+    i_new = rb_intern("new");
+    i_try_convert = rb_intern("try_convert");
+    i_freeze = rb_intern("freeze");
+    i_uminus = rb_intern("-@");
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/parser.h b/ext/json/parser/parser.h
index 1d46831965..e3eb920cc6 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/parser.h
+++ b/ext/json/parser/parser.h
@@ -37,8 +37,10 @@ typedef struct JSON_ParserStruct {
     int allow_nan;
     int parsing_name;
     int symbolize_names;
+    int freeze;
     VALUE object_class;
     VALUE array_class;
+    VALUE decimal_class;
     int create_additions;
     VALUE match_string;
     FBuffer *fbuffer;
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/parser.rl b/ext/json/parser/parser.rl
index dd24cf94cc..1da70c544c 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/parser.rl
+++ b/ext/json/parser/parser.rl
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ enc_raise(rb_encoding *enc, VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
 
 /* unicode */
 
-static const char digit_values[256] = {
+static const signed char digit_values[256] = {
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -1,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ static const char digit_values[256] = {
 
 static UTF32 unescape_unicode(const unsigned char *p)
 {
-    char b;
+    signed char b;
     UTF32 result = 0;
     b = digit_values[p[0]];
     if (b < 0) return UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR;
@@ -92,8 +92,9 @@ static VALUE CNaN, CInfinity, CMinusInfinity;
 
 static ID i_json_creatable_p, i_json_create, i_create_id, i_create_additions,
           i_chr, i_max_nesting, i_allow_nan, i_symbolize_names,
-          i_object_class, i_array_class, i_key_p, i_deep_const_get, i_match,
-          i_match_string, i_aset, i_aref, i_leftshift;
+          i_object_class, i_array_class, i_decimal_class, i_key_p,
+          i_deep_const_get, i_match, i_match_string, i_aset, i_aref,
+          i_leftshift, i_new, i_try_convert, i_freeze, i_uminus;
 
 %%{
     machine JSON_common;
@@ -136,6 +137,7 @@ static ID i_json_creatable_p, i_json_create, i_create_id, i_create_additions,
             fhold; fbreak;
         } else {
             if (NIL_P(json->object_class)) {
+                OBJ_FREEZE(last_name);
                 rb_hash_aset(*result, last_name, v);
             } else {
                 rb_funcall(*result, i_aset, 2, last_name, v);
@@ -287,6 +289,10 @@ static char *JSON_parse_value(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resul
     %% write init;
     %% write exec;
 
+    if (json->freeze) {
+        OBJ_FREEZE(*result);
+    }
+
     if (cs >= JSON_value_first_final) {
         return p;
     } else {
@@ -347,11 +353,46 @@ static char *JSON_parse_float(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resul
     %% write exec;
 
     if (cs >= JSON_float_first_final) {
+        VALUE mod = Qnil;
+        ID method_id = 0;
+        if (rb_respond_to(json->decimal_class, i_try_convert)) {
+            mod = json->decimal_class;
+            method_id = i_try_convert;
+        } else if (rb_respond_to(json->decimal_class, i_new)) {
+            mod = json->decimal_class;
+            method_id = i_new;
+        } else if (RB_TYPE_P(json->decimal_class, T_CLASS)) {
+            VALUE name = rb_class_name(json->decimal_class);
+            const char *name_cstr = RSTRING_PTR(name);
+            const char *last_colon = strrchr(name_cstr, ':');
+            if (last_colon) {
+                const char *mod_path_end = last_colon - 1;
+                VALUE mod_path = rb_str_substr(name, 0, mod_path_end - name_cstr);
+                mod = rb_path_to_class(mod_path);
+
+                const char *method_name_beg = last_colon + 1;
+                long before_len = method_name_beg - name_cstr;
+                long len = RSTRING_LEN(name) - before_len;
+                VALUE method_name = rb_str_substr(name, before_len, len);
+                method_id = SYM2ID(rb_str_intern(method_name));
+            } else {
+                mod = rb_mKernel;
+                method_id = SYM2ID(rb_str_intern(name));
+            }
+        }
+
         long len = p - json->memo;
         fbuffer_clear(json->fbuffer);
         fbuffer_append(json->fbuffer, json->memo, len);
         fbuffer_append_char(json->fbuffer, '\0');
-        *result = rb_float_new(rb_cstr_to_dbl(FBUFFER_PTR(json->fbuffer), 1));
+
+        if (method_id) {
+            VALUE text = rb_str_new2(FBUFFER_PTR(json->fbuffer));
+            *result = rb_funcallv(mod, method_id, 1, &text);
+        } else {
+            *result = DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(FBUFFER_PTR(json->fbuffer), 1));
+        }
+
         return p + 1;
     } else {
         return NULL;
@@ -446,13 +487,21 @@ static VALUE json_string_unescape(VALUE result, char *string, char *stringEnd)
                     break;
                 case 'u':
                     if (pe > stringEnd - 4) {
-                        return Qnil;
+                      rb_enc_raise(
+                        EXC_ENCODING eParserError,
+                        "%u: incomplete unicode character escape sequence at '%s'", __LINE__, p
+                      );
                     } else {
                         UTF32 ch = unescape_unicode((unsigned char *) ++pe);
                         pe += 3;
                         if (UNI_SUR_HIGH_START == (ch & 0xFC00)) {
                             pe++;
-                            if (pe > stringEnd - 6) return Qnil;
+                            if (pe > stringEnd - 6) {
+                              rb_enc_raise(
+                                EXC_ENCODING eParserError,
+                                "%u: incomplete surrogate pair at '%s'", __LINE__, p
+                                );
+                            }
                             if (pe[0] == '\\' && pe[1] == 'u') {
                                 UTF32 sur = unescape_unicode((unsigned char *) pe + 2);
                                 ch = (((ch & 0x3F) << 10) | ((((ch >> 6) & 0xF) + 1) << 16)
@@ -538,8 +587,23 @@ static char *JSON_parse_string(JSON_Parser *json, char *p, char *pe, VALUE *resu
 
     if (json->symbolize_names && json->parsing_name) {
       *result = rb_str_intern(*result);
-    } else {
+    } else if (RB_TYPE_P(*result, T_STRING)) {
+# if STR_UMINUS_DEDUPE_FROZEN
+      if (json->freeze) {
+        // Starting from MRI 2.8 it is preferable to freeze the string
+        // before deduplication so that it can be interned directly
+        // otherwise it would be duplicated first which is wasteful.
+        *result = rb_funcall(rb_str_freeze(*result), i_uminus, 0);
+      }
+# elif STR_UMINUS_DEDUPE
+      if (json->freeze) {
+        // MRI 2.5 and older do not deduplicate strings that are already
+        // frozen.
+        *result = rb_funcall(*result, i_uminus, 0);
+      }
+# else
       rb_str_resize(*result, RSTRING_LEN(*result));
+# endif
     }
     if (cs >= JSON_string_first_final) {
         return p + 1;
@@ -570,7 +634,7 @@ static VALUE convert_encoding(VALUE source)
     }
     FORCE_UTF8(source);
   } else {
-    source = rb_str_conv_enc(source, NULL, rb_utf8_encoding());
+    source = rb_str_conv_enc(source, rb_enc_get(source), rb_utf8_encoding());
   }
 #endif
     return source;
@@ -647,6 +711,12 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             } else {
                 json->symbolize_names = 0;
             }
+            tmp = ID2SYM(i_freeze);
+            if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
+                json->freeze = RTEST(rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp)) ? 1 : 0;
+            } else {
+                json->freeze = 0;
+            }
             tmp = ID2SYM(i_create_additions);
             if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
                 json->create_additions = RTEST(rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp));
@@ -676,6 +746,12 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             } else {
                 json->array_class = Qnil;
             }
+            tmp = ID2SYM(i_decimal_class);
+            if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
+                json->decimal_class = rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp);
+            } else {
+                json->decimal_class = Qnil;
+            }
             tmp = ID2SYM(i_match_string);
             if (option_given_p(opts, tmp)) {
                 VALUE match_string = rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp);
@@ -689,10 +765,11 @@ static VALUE cParser_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     } else {
         json->max_nesting = 100;
         json->allow_nan = 0;
-        json->create_additions = 1;
+        json->create_additions = 0;
         json->create_id = rb_funcall(mJSON, i_create_id, 0);
         json->object_class = Qnil;
         json->array_class = Qnil;
+        json->decimal_class = Qnil;
     }
     source = convert_encoding(StringValue(source));
     StringValue(source);
@@ -752,6 +829,7 @@ static void JSON_mark(void *ptr)
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->create_id);
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->object_class);
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->array_class);
+    rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->decimal_class);
     rb_gc_mark_maybe(json->match_string);
 }
 
@@ -801,20 +879,32 @@ static VALUE cParser_source(VALUE self)
 
 void Init_parser(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+#undef rb_intern
     rb_require("json/common");
     mJSON = rb_define_module("JSON");
     mExt = rb_define_module_under(mJSON, "Ext");
     cParser = rb_define_class_under(mExt, "Parser", rb_cObject);
     eParserError = rb_path2class("JSON::ParserError");
     eNestingError = rb_path2class("JSON::NestingError");
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(eParserError);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(eNestingError);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cParser, cJSON_parser_s_allocate);
     rb_define_method(cParser, "initialize", cParser_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cParser, "parse", cParser_parse, 0);
     rb_define_method(cParser, "source", cParser_source, 0);
 
     CNaN = rb_const_get(mJSON, rb_intern("NaN"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(CNaN);
+
     CInfinity = rb_const_get(mJSON, rb_intern("Infinity"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(CInfinity);
+
     CMinusInfinity = rb_const_get(mJSON, rb_intern("MinusInfinity"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(CMinusInfinity);
 
     i_json_creatable_p = rb_intern("json_creatable?");
     i_json_create = rb_intern("json_create");
@@ -826,6 +916,7 @@ void Init_parser(void)
     i_symbolize_names = rb_intern("symbolize_names");
     i_object_class = rb_intern("object_class");
     i_array_class = rb_intern("array_class");
+    i_decimal_class = rb_intern("decimal_class");
     i_match = rb_intern("match");
     i_match_string = rb_intern("match_string");
     i_key_p = rb_intern("key?");
@@ -833,6 +924,10 @@ void Init_parser(void)
     i_aset = rb_intern("[]=");
     i_aref = rb_intern("[]");
     i_leftshift = rb_intern("<<");
+    i_new = rb_intern("new");
+    i_try_convert = rb_intern("try_convert");
+    i_freeze = rb_intern("freeze");
+    i_uminus = rb_intern("-@");
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk b/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
index be7bcb4319..9111431ab8 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
+++ b/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ RAGEL = ragel
 .rl.c:
 	$(RAGEL) -G2 $<
 	$(BASERUBY) -pli -e '$$_.sub!(/[ \t]+$$/, "")' \
-	-e '$$_.sub!(/^static const int (JSON_.*=.*);$$/, "enum {\\1};")' $@
+	-e '$$_.sub!(/^static const int (JSON_.*=.*);$$/, "enum {\\1};")' \
+	-e '$$_.sub!(/0 <= \(\*p\) && \(\*p\) <= 31/, "0 <= (signed char)(*p) && (*p) <= 31")' \
+	-e '$$_ = "/* This file is automatically generated from parser.rl by using ragel */" + $$_ if $$. == 1' $@
 
 parser.c:
diff --git a/ext/mathn/complex/complex.c b/ext/mathn/complex/complex.c
deleted file mode 100644
index dce494959f..0000000000
--- a/ext/mathn/complex/complex.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-extern void nucomp_canonicalization(int);
-
-void
-Init_complex(void)
-{
-    nucomp_canonicalization(1);
-}
diff --git a/ext/mathn/complex/extconf.rb b/ext/mathn/complex/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a3f45ac4fc..0000000000
--- a/ext/mathn/complex/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "mkmf"
-
-create_makefile "mathn/complex"
diff --git a/ext/mathn/rational/extconf.rb b/ext/mathn/rational/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e4cc5f621..0000000000
--- a/ext/mathn/rational/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "mkmf"
-
-create_makefile "mathn/rational"
diff --git a/ext/mathn/rational/rational.c b/ext/mathn/rational/rational.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ac5999946..0000000000
--- a/ext/mathn/rational/rational.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-extern void nurat_canonicalization(int);
-
-void
-Init_rational(void)
-{
-    nurat_canonicalization(1);
-}
diff --git a/ext/monitor/depend b/ext/monitor/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe9ec68806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/monitor/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+monitor.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+monitor.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+monitor.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+monitor.o: monitor.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/monitor/extconf.rb b/ext/monitor/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78c53fa0c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/monitor/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+create_makefile('monitor')
diff --git a/ext/monitor/lib/monitor.rb b/ext/monitor/lib/monitor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11c5ac17d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/monitor/lib/monitor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = monitor.rb
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2001  Shugo Maeda <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
+#
+# This library is distributed under the terms of the Ruby license.
+# You can freely distribute/modify this library.
+#
+
+#
+# In concurrent programming, a monitor is an object or module intended to be
+# used safely by more than one thread.  The defining characteristic of a
+# monitor is that its methods are executed with mutual exclusion.  That is, at
+# each point in time, at most one thread may be executing any of its methods.
+# This mutual exclusion greatly simplifies reasoning about the implementation
+# of monitors compared to reasoning about parallel code that updates a data
+# structure.
+#
+# You can read more about the general principles on the Wikipedia page for
+# Monitors[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_%28synchronization%29]
+#
+# == Examples
+#
+# === Simple object.extend
+#
+#   require 'monitor.rb'
+#
+#   buf = []
+#   buf.extend(MonitorMixin)
+#   empty_cond = buf.new_cond
+#
+#   # consumer
+#   Thread.start do
+#     loop do
+#       buf.synchronize do
+#         empty_cond.wait_while { buf.empty? }
+#         print buf.shift
+#       end
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+#   # producer
+#   while line = ARGF.gets
+#     buf.synchronize do
+#       buf.push(line)
+#       empty_cond.signal
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+# The consumer thread waits for the producer thread to push a line to buf
+# while <tt>buf.empty?</tt>.  The producer thread (main thread) reads a
+# line from ARGF and pushes it into buf then calls <tt>empty_cond.signal</tt>
+# to notify the consumer thread of new data.
+#
+# === Simple Class include
+#
+#   require 'monitor'
+#
+#   class SynchronizedArray < Array
+#
+#     include MonitorMixin
+#
+#     def initialize(*args)
+#       super(*args)
+#     end
+#
+#     alias :old_shift :shift
+#     alias :old_unshift :unshift
+#
+#     def shift(n=1)
+#       self.synchronize do
+#         self.old_shift(n)
+#       end
+#     end
+#
+#     def unshift(item)
+#       self.synchronize do
+#         self.old_unshift(item)
+#       end
+#     end
+#
+#     # other methods ...
+#   end
+#
+# +SynchronizedArray+ implements an Array with synchronized access to items.
+# This Class is implemented as subclass of Array which includes the
+# MonitorMixin module.
+#
+
+require 'monitor.so'
+
+module MonitorMixin
+  #
+  # FIXME: This isn't documented in Nutshell.
+  #
+  # Since MonitorMixin.new_cond returns a ConditionVariable, and the example
+  # above calls while_wait and signal, this class should be documented.
+  #
+  class ConditionVariable
+    #
+    # Releases the lock held in the associated monitor and waits; reacquires the lock on wakeup.
+    #
+    # If +timeout+ is given, this method returns after +timeout+ seconds passed,
+    # even if no other thread doesn't signal.
+    #
+    def wait(timeout = nil)
+      @monitor.mon_check_owner
+      @monitor.wait_for_cond(@cond, timeout)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Calls wait repeatedly while the given block yields a truthy value.
+    #
+    def wait_while
+      while yield
+        wait
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Calls wait repeatedly until the given block yields a truthy value.
+    #
+    def wait_until
+      until yield
+        wait
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Wakes up the first thread in line waiting for this lock.
+    #
+    def signal
+      @monitor.mon_check_owner
+      @cond.signal
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Wakes up all threads waiting for this lock.
+    #
+    def broadcast
+      @monitor.mon_check_owner
+      @cond.broadcast
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def initialize(monitor)
+      @monitor = monitor
+      @cond = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.extend_object(obj)
+    super(obj)
+    obj.__send__(:mon_initialize)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Attempts to enter exclusive section.  Returns +false+ if lock fails.
+  #
+  def mon_try_enter
+    @mon_data.try_enter
+  end
+  # For backward compatibility
+  alias try_mon_enter mon_try_enter
+
+  #
+  # Enters exclusive section.
+  #
+  def mon_enter
+    @mon_data.enter
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Leaves exclusive section.
+  #
+  def mon_exit
+    mon_check_owner
+    @mon_data.exit
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns true if this monitor is locked by any thread
+  #
+  def mon_locked?
+    @mon_data.mon_locked?
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns true if this monitor is locked by current thread.
+  #
+  def mon_owned?
+    @mon_data.mon_owned?
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Enters exclusive section and executes the block.  Leaves the exclusive
+  # section automatically when the block exits.  See example under
+  # +MonitorMixin+.
+  #
+  def mon_synchronize(&b)
+    @mon_data.synchronize(&b)
+  end
+  alias synchronize mon_synchronize
+
+  #
+  # Creates a new MonitorMixin::ConditionVariable associated with the
+  # Monitor object.
+  #
+  def new_cond
+    unless defined?(@mon_data)
+      mon_initialize
+      @mon_initialized_by_new_cond = true
+    end
+    return ConditionVariable.new(@mon_data)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # Use <tt>extend MonitorMixin</tt> or <tt>include MonitorMixin</tt> instead
+  # of this constructor.  Have look at the examples above to understand how to
+  # use this module.
+  def initialize(...)
+    super
+    mon_initialize
+  end
+
+  # Initializes the MonitorMixin after being included in a class or when an
+  # object has been extended with the MonitorMixin
+  def mon_initialize
+    if defined?(@mon_data)
+      if defined?(@mon_initialized_by_new_cond)
+        return # already initialized.
+      elsif @mon_data_owner_object_id == self.object_id
+        raise ThreadError, "already initialized"
+      end
+    end
+    @mon_data = ::Monitor.new
+    @mon_data_owner_object_id = self.object_id
+  end
+
+  def mon_check_owner
+    @mon_data.mon_check_owner
+  end
+end
+
+# Use the Monitor class when you want to have a lock object for blocks with
+# mutual exclusion.
+#
+#   require 'monitor'
+#
+#   lock = Monitor.new
+#   lock.synchronize do
+#     # exclusive access
+#   end
+#
+class Monitor
+  def new_cond
+    ::MonitorMixin::ConditionVariable.new(self)
+  end
+
+  # for compatibility
+  alias try_mon_enter try_enter
+  alias mon_try_enter try_enter
+  alias mon_enter enter
+  alias mon_exit exit
+  alias mon_synchronize synchronize
+end
+
+# Documentation comments:
+#  - All documentation comes from Nutshell.
+#  - MonitorMixin.new_cond appears in the example, but is not documented in
+#    Nutshell.
+#  - All the internals (internal modules Accessible and Initializable, class
+#    ConditionVariable) appear in RDoc.  It might be good to hide them, by
+#    making them private, or marking them :nodoc:, etc.
+#  - RDoc doesn't recognise aliases, so we have mon_synchronize documented, but
+#    not synchronize.
+#  - mon_owner is in Nutshell, but appears as an accessor in a separate module
+#    here, so is hard/impossible to RDoc.  Some other useful accessors
+#    (mon_count and some queue stuff) are also in this module, and don't appear
+#    directly in the RDoc output.
+#  - in short, it may be worth changing the code layout in this file to make the
+#    documentation easier
diff --git a/ext/monitor/monitor.c b/ext/monitor/monitor.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3efe96bb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/monitor/monitor.c
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+
+/* Thread::Monitor */
+
+struct rb_monitor {
+    long count;
+    const VALUE owner;
+    const VALUE mutex;
+};
+
+static void
+monitor_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark(mc->owner);
+    rb_gc_mark(mc->mutex);
+}
+
+static size_t
+monitor_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    return sizeof(struct rb_monitor);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t monitor_data_type = {
+    "monitor",
+    {monitor_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, monitor_memsize,},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY|RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
+};
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct rb_monitor, &monitor_data_type, mc);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &mc->mutex, rb_mutex_new());
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &mc->owner, Qnil);
+    mc->count = 0;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static struct rb_monitor *
+monitor_ptr(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(monitor, struct rb_monitor, &monitor_data_type, mc);
+    return mc;
+}
+
+static int
+mc_owner_p(struct rb_monitor *mc)
+{
+    return mc->owner == rb_fiber_current();
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_try_enter(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+
+    if (!mc_owner_p(mc)) {
+        if (!rb_mutex_trylock(mc->mutex)) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, rb_fiber_current());
+        mc->count = 0;
+    }
+    mc->count += 1;
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_enter(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+    if (!mc_owner_p(mc)) {
+        rb_mutex_lock(mc->mutex);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, rb_fiber_current());
+        mc->count = 0;
+    }
+    mc->count++;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_check_owner(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+    if (!mc_owner_p(mc)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "current fiber not owner");
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_exit(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    monitor_check_owner(monitor);
+
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+
+    if (mc->count <= 0) rb_bug("monitor_exit: count:%d\n", (int)mc->count);
+    mc->count--;
+
+    if (mc->count == 0) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, Qnil);
+        rb_mutex_unlock(mc->mutex);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_locked_p(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+    return rb_mutex_locked_p(mc->mutex);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_owned_p(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+    return (rb_mutex_locked_p(mc->mutex) && mc_owner_p(mc)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_exit_for_cond(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(monitor);
+    long cnt = mc->count;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(monitor, &mc->owner, Qnil);
+    mc->count = 0;
+    return LONG2NUM(cnt);
+}
+
+struct wait_for_cond_data {
+    VALUE monitor;
+    VALUE cond;
+    VALUE timeout;
+    VALUE count;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_wait_for_cond_body(VALUE v)
+{
+    struct wait_for_cond_data *data = (struct wait_for_cond_data *)v;
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(data->monitor);
+    // cond.wait(monitor.mutex, timeout)
+    rb_funcall(data->cond, rb_intern("wait"), 2, mc->mutex, data->timeout);
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_enter_for_cond(VALUE v)
+{
+    // assert(rb_mutex_owned_p(mc->mutex) == Qtrue)
+    // but rb_mutex_owned_p is not exported...
+
+    struct wait_for_cond_data *data = (struct wait_for_cond_data *)v;
+    struct rb_monitor *mc = monitor_ptr(data->monitor);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(data->monitor, &mc->owner, rb_fiber_current());
+    mc->count = NUM2LONG(data->count);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_wait_for_cond(VALUE monitor, VALUE cond, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    VALUE count = monitor_exit_for_cond(monitor);
+    struct wait_for_cond_data data = {
+        monitor,
+        cond,
+        timeout,
+        count,
+    };
+
+    return rb_ensure(monitor_wait_for_cond_body, (VALUE)&data,
+                     monitor_enter_for_cond, (VALUE)&data);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_sync_body(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    return rb_yield_values(0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_sync_ensure(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    return monitor_exit(monitor);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+monitor_synchronize(VALUE monitor)
+{
+    monitor_enter(monitor);
+    return rb_ensure(monitor_sync_body, monitor, monitor_sync_ensure, monitor);
+}
+
+void
+Init_monitor(void)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+    VALUE rb_cMonitor = rb_define_class("Monitor", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cMonitor, monitor_alloc);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "try_enter", monitor_try_enter, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "enter", monitor_enter, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "exit", monitor_exit, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "synchronize", monitor_synchronize, 0);
+
+    /* internal methods for MonitorMixin */
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "mon_locked?", monitor_locked_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "mon_check_owner", monitor_check_owner, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "mon_owned?", monitor_owned_p, 0);
+
+    /* internal methods for MonitorMixin::ConditionalVariable */
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMonitor, "wait_for_cond", monitor_wait_for_cond, 2);
+}
diff --git a/ext/nkf/depend b/ext/nkf/depend
index dfda9c0597..caaee22ea4 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/depend
+++ b/ext/nkf/depend
@@ -5,11 +5,162 @@ nkf.o: nkf.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 nkf.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 nkf.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 nkf.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c
index b58c437d3c..cc438a50d6 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/nkf.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1987, Fujitsu LTD. (Itaru ICHIKAWA).
- * Copyright (c) 1996-2013, The nkf Project.
+ * Copyright (c) 1996-2018, The nkf Project.
  *
  * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
  * warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
  *
  * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
  */
-#define NKF_VERSION "2.1.4"
-#define NKF_RELEASE_DATE "2015-12-12"
+#define NKF_VERSION "2.1.5"
+#define NKF_RELEASE_DATE "2018-12-15"
 #define COPY_RIGHT \
     "Copyright (C) 1987, FUJITSU LTD. (I.Ichikawa).\n" \
-    "Copyright (C) 1996-2015, The nkf Project."
+    "Copyright (C) 1996-2018, The nkf Project."
 
 #include "config.h"
 #include "nkf.h"
@@ -1111,18 +1111,26 @@ encode_fallback_java(nkf_char c)
     (*oconv)(0, '\\');
     c &= VALUE_MASK;
     if(!nkf_char_unicode_bmp_p(c)){
-	(*oconv)(0, 'U');
-	(*oconv)(0, '0');
-	(*oconv)(0, '0');
-	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>>20));
-	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>>16));
+        int high = (c >> 10) + NKF_INT32_C(0xD7C0);   /* high surrogate */
+        int low = (c & 0x3FF) + NKF_INT32_C(0xDC00); /* low surrogate */
+	(*oconv)(0, 'u');
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(high>>12));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(high>> 8));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(high>> 4));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(high    ));
+	(*oconv)(0, '\\');
+	(*oconv)(0, 'u');
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(low>>12));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(low>> 8));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(low>> 4));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(low    ));
     }else{
 	(*oconv)(0, 'u');
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>>12));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>> 8));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>> 4));
+	(*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c    ));
     }
-    (*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>>12));
-    (*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>> 8));
-    (*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c>> 4));
-    (*oconv)(0, bin2hex(c    ));
     return;
 }
 
@@ -1947,12 +1955,17 @@ unicode_to_jis_common(nkf_char c2, nkf_char c1, nkf_char c0, nkf_char *p2, nkf_c
 	ret = unicode_to_jis_common2(c1, c0, ppp[c2 - 0xE0], sizeof_utf8_to_euc_C2, p2, p1);
     }else return -1;
 #ifdef SHIFTJIS_CP932
-    if (!ret && !cp932inv_f && is_eucg3(*p2)) {
-	nkf_char s2, s1;
-	if (e2s_conv(*p2, *p1, &s2, &s1) == 0) {
-	    s2e_conv(s2, s1, p2, p1);
-	}else{
-	    ret = 1;
+    if (!ret&& is_eucg3(*p2)) {
+	if (cp932inv_f) {
+	    if (encode_fallback) ret = 1;
+	}
+	else {
+	    nkf_char s2, s1;
+	    if (e2s_conv(*p2, *p1, &s2, &s1) == 0) {
+		s2e_conv(s2, s1, p2, p1);
+	    }else{
+		ret = 1;
+	    }
 	}
     }
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c
index 3821c59468..a31e4e7805 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf-utf8/utf8tbl.c
@@ -5445,7 +5445,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E4BB_x0213[] = {
  0xB047, 0x2E28, 0xB049, 0x4265, 0x4E61, 0x304A,      0,      0,
  0xB04A,      0,      0, 0xA13B,      0, 0x5041, 0x323E, 0xB04B,
  0x3644, 0xA13D, 0x4367, 0xB04D,      0, 0xA13E, 0x376F, 0x5043,
-      0,      0,      0, 0x4724, 0xF42F, 0x2E29, 0xB050, 0x2E2A,
+      0,      0,      0, 0x4724,      0, 0x2E29, 0xB050, 0x2E2A,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E4BC[] = {
  0xB052, 0x346B, 0xB053, 0xB054,      0,      0,      0,      0,
@@ -5465,7 +5465,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E4BC_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xB05D, 0x476C,
  0x5046, 0xB05E,      0, 0xB060, 0x483C, 0xB061, 0x4E62, 0xA142,
- 0x3F2D, 0xB063, 0x3B47, 0xB064, 0x3B77, 0x3240, 0xA143,      0,
+ 0x3F2D,      0, 0x3B47, 0xB064, 0x3B77, 0x3240, 0xA143,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E4BD[] = {
  0xB066,      0, 0xB067, 0x4451,      0,      0, 0x4322, 0x504A,
@@ -5519,13 +5519,13 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E4BF[] = {
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E4BF_x0213[] = {
  0xB136, 0xB137, 0x3738, 0x4225, 0x3264, 0xA152, 0xB139,      0,
- 0xB13A, 0x2E39, 0x3D53, 0xA153, 0xB13D, 0xB13E, 0x5059, 0xA154,
+ 0xB13A, 0x2E39, 0x3D53, 0xA153, 0xB13D,      0, 0x5059, 0xA154,
  0x505E, 0x505C, 0xA155,      0, 0x5057,      0,      0, 0x422F,
  0x505A,      0, 0x505D, 0x505B, 0xB141, 0x4A5D,      0, 0x5058,
  0x2E3A, 0x3F2E, 0xB143, 0x4B73, 0x505F, 0x5060, 0xA14F,      0,
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x3D24, 0x506D,
  0xB144, 0x2E21, 0xA157, 0x4750,      0, 0x4936, 0x5068,      0,
- 0x4A70,      0, 0x3236,      0, 0xB146, 0xB147, 0x506C, 0xB148,
+ 0x4A70,      0, 0x3236,      0, 0xB146, 0xB147, 0x506C,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E580[] = {
  0xB149, 0xB14A,      0,      0, 0xB14B, 0x5066, 0x506F, 0xB14C,
@@ -5601,10 +5601,10 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E583_x0213[] = {
  0xB232,      0, 0x5124, 0xB233, 0xA174, 0x364F,      0, 0xA175,
       0, 0x5121, 0x5122,      0, 0x2E45, 0x462F, 0xA178, 0x417C,
  0x2E47, 0x3623,      0, 0xB239, 0xA17A, 0x4B4D, 0x5125,      0,
- 0xB23B, 0xA17B, 0x4E3D,      0, 0xB23C, 0xB23D, 0x5126, 0xB23E,
+      0, 0xA17B, 0x4E3D,      0, 0xB23C, 0xB23D, 0x5126, 0xB23E,
       0, 0xA17C, 0xB23F, 0x5129, 0xB240, 0x5127, 0x2E48, 0x414E,
  0xB242, 0xA17D,      0,      0,      0, 0x5128, 0x512A, 0xB244,
-      0, 0xB245, 0x2E46, 0xA176, 0xF430, 0x512C, 0xB246,      0,
+      0, 0xB245, 0x2E46, 0xA176,      0, 0x512C, 0xB246,      0,
       0, 0x512B, 0xB247, 0x4A48,      0,      0, 0xB248,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E584[] = {
@@ -5642,7 +5642,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E585_x0213[] = {
  0x4068, 0x3877, 0x2E4F, 0x396E, 0x513C, 0x4C48, 0x4546, 0xB267,
  0x3B79,      0, 0x513B, 0xB268, 0x513D, 0x2E51,      0, 0x2E52,
  0xB26B,      0, 0x455E,      0, 0x3375,      0,      0, 0xB26C,
- 0xA326,      0, 0x513E,      0, 0xB26D, 0x467E, 0xB26E,      0,
+ 0xA326,      0, 0x513E,      0,      0, 0x467E, 0xB26E,      0,
  0x4134, 0x5140, 0x5141, 0x482C, 0x3878, 0x4F3B, 0x5142,      0,
       0, 0x3626,      0, 0xA328,      0, 0x4A3C, 0x4236, 0x3671,
  0x4535,      0,      0, 0xF474, 0x3773,      0, 0xB26F,      0,
@@ -5665,7 +5665,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E586_x0213[] = {
  0x3427, 0xB276, 0x514F, 0xA32D, 0x514D, 0x4C3D, 0x514E,      0,
  0x495A, 0x5150, 0x5151, 0x5152, 0x455F, 0xA32E,      0,      0,
  0x5156, 0x5154, 0x5155, 0x5153, 0x3A63, 0x5157, 0x4C6A, 0x4E64,
- 0xB279,      0, 0xB27A,      0, 0xA330, 0x5158, 0xB27C, 0xB27D,
+ 0xB279,      0, 0xB27A,      0, 0xA330, 0x5158,      0, 0xB27D,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E587[] = {
       0,      0, 0xB27E,      0, 0x4028, 0x5159, 0x3D5A,      0,
@@ -5683,7 +5683,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E587_x0213[] = {
       0, 0xB323, 0xB324, 0xB325,      0, 0xB326, 0x5245,      0,
  0xB327,      0,      0, 0x515B, 0x7425, 0x3645, 0x2E57,      0,
  0x515C, 0x4B5E, 0x2E58,      0,      0, 0xB32A, 0x3D68, 0x427C,
-      0, 0x515E, 0x4664,      0, 0xF431, 0x515F, 0x2E59,      0,
+      0, 0x515E, 0x4664,      0,      0, 0x515F, 0x2E59,      0,
  0x5160, 0x332E, 0xB32C, 0xA333, 0xA334, 0x5161, 0x3627, 0xB32F,
  0x464C, 0x317A, 0x3D50,      0,      0, 0x4821, 0x5162,      0,
 };
@@ -5741,7 +5741,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E58A_x0213[] = {
  0xB34D,      0, 0xA33E, 0x3344, 0xA33D, 0xB34F,      0, 0x3760,
  0x517C, 0x4E2D, 0xB350,      0, 0xB351, 0x5178,      0,      0,
       0, 0x517D, 0x517A, 0x2E61, 0x5179, 0xB353, 0xB354, 0xB355,
- 0xA340,      0, 0xB357, 0x4E4F, 0xB358,      0,      0, 0x3879,
+ 0xA340,      0, 0xB357, 0x4E4F,      0,      0,      0, 0x3879,
  0x3243,      0,      0, 0x4E74, 0xA342, 0xB35A, 0xA343, 0xB35C,
       0, 0x3D75, 0x4558, 0x3965, 0x5222, 0x5223,      0, 0xA344,
  0xB35E, 0x4E65,      0,      0, 0x4F2B, 0x5225, 0xB35F, 0xB360,
@@ -5758,7 +5758,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E58B[] = {
  0x5230, 0x5231, 0x3C5B,      0,      0,      0, 0x387B, 0x4C5E,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E58B_x0213[] = {
- 0xB365, 0x5226,      0, 0x4B56, 0xB366, 0x443C, 0xB367, 0x4D26,
+      0, 0x5226,      0, 0x4B56, 0xB366, 0x443C, 0xB367, 0x4D26,
  0x2E62, 0x4A59, 0xA347,      0, 0x2E64, 0x5227,      0, 0xB36A,
  0x2E65, 0xA349, 0x7055,      0, 0xB36C, 0x4630, 0x2E66, 0x5228,
  0x342A, 0x4C33,      0, 0x2E67, 0xB36F, 0x3E21, 0x5229, 0x4A67,
@@ -5804,7 +5804,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E58D_x0213[] = {
  0x4331, 0xB439, 0x476E, 0xB43A, 0x4B4E,      0, 0x5246,      0,
  0x406A, 0x2E6F,      0, 0x2E70,      0, 0xB43D, 0x3735, 0xA354,
       0, 0x5247,      0,      0, 0xA355, 0xB43F, 0x5248, 0x312C,
- 0x3075, 0x346D, 0xB440, 0x4228, 0x3551, 0x4D71,      0, 0x524B,
+ 0x3075, 0x346D,      0, 0x4228, 0x3551, 0x4D71,      0, 0x524B,
  0x3237, 0xB441, 0xA356, 0x524A,      0, 0x2E71, 0xB442, 0x362A,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E58E[] = {
@@ -5841,7 +5841,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E58F_x0213[] = {
  0xA35B,      0, 0x3B32, 0x5254,      0, 0xB458,      0,      0,
  0x4B74, 0x3A35, 0x355A, 0x4D27, 0x4150, 0x483F, 0x3C7D, 0xB459,
       0,      0, 0xB45A, 0xB45B, 0x3D47, 0xA35F, 0x3C68, 0x3C75,
-      0, 0x3D76, 0xA360, 0x4840,      0, 0xB45E, 0xB45F, 0x5257,
+      0, 0x3D76, 0xA360, 0x4840,      0,      0, 0xB45F, 0x5257,
  0xB460, 0x3143, 0x4151, 0x387D, 0x3845, 0x3667, 0xB461, 0xB462,
  0x525B, 0x4321, 0x427E, 0x362B, 0x3E24, 0x525C, 0x525A, 0x3244,
  0x4266, 0x3C38, 0x3B4B, 0x3126, 0xA362, 0xA363, 0x3370, 0x3966,
@@ -6121,8 +6121,8 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E59D_x0213[] = {
  0x542E,      0, 0x3A64,      0,      0, 0xA45F, 0xA460, 0x3651,
       0,      0, 0x4B37,      0, 0xA461, 0xA462, 0x542C, 0x542F,
  0x3A41, 0x3923, 0xB740,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
-      0, 0xF436,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
-      0, 0x5433, 0xB741,      0, 0x3A25, 0xB742, 0x4333, 0xB743,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0, 0x5433, 0xB741,      0, 0x3A25,      0, 0x4333, 0xB743,
  0xA464, 0x5430, 0x445A, 0xB745,      0, 0xB746, 0xB747, 0xA465,
  0x2F47, 0xB74A,      0, 0xA466, 0xA467, 0xA468,      0, 0x2F48,
       0, 0xB74F, 0xB750, 0xA469, 0x2F49,      0, 0xB753, 0x5434,
@@ -6224,7 +6224,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5A2_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0,      0, 0x4446, 0xA52F, 0x2F5D, 0x5452,
  0xB848, 0xB849, 0xB84A,      0,      0,      0, 0xB84B,      0,
  0x4B4F, 0x2F5F, 0xA530, 0x5453,      0,      0, 0x5458,      0,
-      0, 0xA531, 0xB84E, 0x4A2F,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0, 0xA531,      0, 0x4A2F,      0,      0,      0,      0,
  0x5457, 0x5451, 0x5454, 0x5456, 0xB850,      0, 0x3A26,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5A3[] = {
@@ -6280,9 +6280,9 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5A5[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5A5_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0, 0xB872, 0x3162,      0, 0xA542, 0x3471,
  0x4660, 0x4A74,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x5477, 0x4155,
- 0x5476, 0x3740, 0xB874, 0xB875, 0x4B5B, 0x5475,      0, 0x4565,
+ 0x5476, 0x3740, 0xB874,      0, 0x4B5B, 0x5475,      0, 0x4565,
  0x5479, 0xB876, 0x5478, 0xA545,      0, 0x2F69, 0xB879, 0xA546,
- 0x547B, 0xB87B, 0x547A, 0xB87C,      0, 0x317C,      0, 0x547C,
+ 0x547B, 0xB87B, 0x547A,      0,      0, 0x317C,      0, 0x547C,
  0x3E29, 0x547E, 0x4325, 0xB87D, 0x547D, 0x2F6A, 0x4A33, 0xB921,
       0,      0, 0xB922, 0x3D77, 0x455B, 0xA548, 0xA549,      0,
  0x5521, 0xB925,      0, 0xB926, 0xA54A, 0x3925,      0,      0,
@@ -6305,7 +6305,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5A6_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0, 0x5526, 0x2F6D, 0x4245,      0, 0xB930,
  0x4B38,      0,      0,      0, 0x454A, 0xB931, 0xA54C, 0xB933,
  0xB934,      0, 0x5527, 0xB935,      0,      0,      0, 0xB936,
-      0, 0x4B65, 0xB937, 0x3A4A, 0xA54D,      0, 0x3E2A,      0,
+      0, 0x4B65,      0, 0x3A4A, 0xA54D,      0, 0x3E2A,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5A7[] = {
       0, 0xB939,      0, 0xB93A, 0xB93B,      0, 0x5528,      0,
@@ -6564,7 +6564,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5B3_x0213[] = {
       0, 0x5635,      0,      0,      0, 0xBB3C,      0,      0,
  0x463D, 0x362E,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
  0x3265, 0x5636, 0x563B,      0,      0, 0x5639, 0xBB3E, 0x4A77,
- 0x4A76, 0xBB3F, 0xBB40,      0, 0x4F6D, 0xF43B, 0x4567,      0,
+ 0x4A76, 0xBB3F, 0xBB40,      0, 0x4F6D,      0, 0x4567,      0,
       0,      0, 0x5638, 0x3D54,      0, 0x5637,      0,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5B4[] = {
@@ -6640,7 +6640,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5B7[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5B7_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0, 0xBB76,      0,      0,      0, 0xBB77,
       0, 0x565A,      0, 0x4F7D, 0x3460, 0x565B, 0xBB7A,      0,
- 0xBB79, 0xA868, 0x565D, 0x565C,      0,      0, 0x565E, 0xA869,
+      0, 0xA868, 0x565D, 0x565C,      0,      0, 0x565E, 0xA869,
  0xA86A, 0xBB7C,      0, 0x565F,      0, 0x406E, 0x3D23,      0,
  0xA86B, 0x3D64, 0x7428, 0x4163, 0xA86D, 0x3929, 0x3A38, 0x392A,
  0x3570, 0xA86E,      0, 0x5660,      0,      0, 0x3A39,      0,
@@ -6742,7 +6742,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E5BC_x0213[] = {
  0xAC2D, 0x5732, 0x4A40, 0x5735, 0x5021, 0x5031, 0xAC2E, 0x3C30,
  0x4675, 0x5736,      0, 0x355D, 0x4424, 0x307A, 0x5737, 0x4A26,
  0x3930, 0xBC61,      0, 0x4350, 0xAC2F, 0x7434, 0xAC31, 0x446F,
-      0, 0xBC64, 0xBC65, 0x7435, 0xBC67, 0x4C6F, 0x3839, 0x384C,
+      0,      0, 0xBC65, 0x7435, 0xBC67, 0x4C6F, 0x3839, 0x384C,
  0xBC68, 0x5738,      0, 0xBC69, 0xBC6A, 0x5739, 0xBC6B, 0x573F,
  0xBC6C, 0x3C65,      0,      0, 0x7436, 0x4425, 0x7437, 0x362F,
  0x573A,      0,      0, 0xBC6F, 0x492B, 0x7438, 0x4346, 0xBC71,
@@ -6841,7 +6841,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E681_x0213[] = {
  0xBD5E, 0x576C, 0x5776, 0x5774,      0,      0, 0x5771, 0x744F,
  0xBD60, 0xBD61, 0x5770, 0x4E78, 0xAC4B, 0x5772,      0,      0,
  0x3632, 0xBD63, 0x3931,      0, 0xBD64, 0x3D7A, 0xBD65, 0xBD66,
-      0, 0x5779, 0x576B,      0,      0, 0xBD67,      0, 0x576F,
+      0, 0x5779, 0x576B,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x576F,
  0x575F, 0xBD68, 0x327A, 0x5773, 0x5775, 0x4351,      0, 0xBD69,
  0x3A28, 0x3238, 0x576D, 0x5778, 0x5777, 0x3633,      0, 0x4229,
  0x3366, 0xBD6A,      0,      0,      0, 0x3743,      0, 0x576E,
@@ -6858,7 +6858,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E682[] = {
  0x5829,      0,      0, 0xBE21, 0x4569, 0x582E, 0xBE22,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E682_x0213[] = {
-      0, 0x577A, 0xBD6D, 0x577D, 0x5821, 0xF43F, 0xBD6E,      0,
+      0, 0x577A, 0xBD6D, 0x577D, 0x5821,      0, 0xBD6E,      0,
  0xBD6F, 0x3C3D, 0xAC4D, 0x5827, 0x4470, 0x577B, 0xBD71,      0,
       0, 0xBD72, 0x5825, 0xBD73, 0x3279, 0xAC4E, 0x5823, 0x5824,
  0xBD75,      0, 0x577E, 0x5822,      0, 0x7451, 0x7452, 0x3867,
@@ -6881,7 +6881,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E683_x0213[] = {
       0,      0, 0xBE23,      0, 0xBE24, 0x3E70, 0x582F, 0x4657,
  0xAC54, 0xBE26, 0xBE27, 0x7453,      0,      0, 0xBE29, 0xBE2A,
       0, 0x4F47,      0, 0x582B, 0x7454, 0x7455,      0,      0,
- 0x5831, 0xAC55, 0x397B, 0xAC56, 0x404B, 0x7456, 0xBE30, 0x3054,
+ 0x5831, 0xAC55, 0x397B, 0xAC56, 0x404B, 0x7456,      0, 0x3054,
  0x582A, 0x5828, 0xBE31, 0x415A,      0, 0xBE32,      0, 0x577C,
  0x3B34,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xAC57,      0,
  0x4246, 0x583D, 0xAC58, 0x415B, 0x5838, 0xAC59, 0x5835, 0x5836,
@@ -6900,9 +6900,9 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E684[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E684_x0213[] = {
  0x5837, 0x3D25, 0xBE38, 0x583A,      0,      0, 0x5834, 0xBE39,
  0x4C7C, 0x4C7B, 0xBE3A,      0, 0xBE3B, 0x583E, 0x583F, 0x3055,
- 0xAC5A, 0xBE3D, 0xAC5B, 0xAC5C, 0xBE40, 0x5833, 0xBE41, 0xBE42,
+ 0xAC5A,      0, 0xAC5B, 0xAC5C, 0xBE40, 0x5833, 0xBE41, 0xBE42,
       0, 0xAC5D, 0x3672, 0x3026, 0x7458,      0, 0xAC5E, 0x3436,
- 0xF440, 0x583B, 0xBE46,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x5843,
+      0, 0x583B, 0xBE46,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x5843,
  0x5842,      0, 0xBE47, 0x7459, 0x5847,      0,      0,      0,
  0x745A, 0xBE4A,      0,      0, 0x5848, 0xBE4B, 0xBE4C, 0x745B,
       0, 0xBE4E, 0xAC5F,      0, 0x5846, 0x5849, 0x5841, 0x5845,
@@ -6980,7 +6980,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E688[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E688_x0213[] = {
  0x5878, 0xBF24,      0, 0xBF25, 0xBF26,      0,      0, 0xBF27,
  0x5879, 0x587A, 0x4A6A,      0, 0x587C, 0x587B, 0x3D3F,      0,
- 0x402E, 0x3266, 0x327C, 0xBF28, 0x587D, 0xAC73, 0x303F,      0,
+ 0x402E, 0x3266, 0x327C,      0, 0x587D, 0xAC73, 0x303F,      0,
       0,      0, 0x404C, 0x587E, 0xBF2A, 0x6C43, 0x5921, 0x3761,
  0xBF2B, 0x5922, 0x7462, 0xAC74,      0,      0, 0x406F, 0xBF2E,
       0, 0xAC75, 0x5923, 0xBF30,      0,      0, 0x5924, 0x353A,
@@ -7239,7 +7239,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E695[] = {
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E695_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0, 0xC14A, 0xAD62, 0x384E,      0, 0xC14B,
- 0x5A43, 0xC14C,      0,      0,      0, 0x5A46, 0xF441, 0x4952,
+ 0x5A43, 0xC14C,      0,      0,      0, 0x5A46,      0, 0x4952,
  0xC14D, 0x355F, 0xC14E,      0, 0xAD63, 0x5A45, 0x5A44, 0x4754,
  0x5A47, 0x3635,      0,      0,      0, 0x5A49, 0x5A48, 0xC150,
  0xC151,      0, 0x343A, 0x3B36,      0,      0, 0x4658, 0x7529,
@@ -7303,9 +7303,9 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E698_x0213[] = {
       0, 0xC17A, 0xC17B, 0x3057, 0x404E, 0x752E, 0xC17D,      0,
       0,      0,      0,      0, 0x5A66, 0xC17E, 0x752F, 0x4031,
  0x3147, 0xAD77, 0x7531, 0xC224, 0x7532, 0x3D55, 0xC226, 0x4B66,
- 0x3A72, 0xC227, 0xAD78, 0x7533, 0xC22A, 0x3E3C, 0xC22B, 0x4027,
+ 0x3A72, 0xC227, 0xAD78, 0x7533, 0xC22A, 0x3E3C,      0, 0x4027,
  0x7534, 0x7535,      0, 0x7536, 0x5A65, 0x5A63, 0x5A64, 0xC230,
-      0, 0xC22F, 0x7530, 0xF442, 0x436B,      0,      0, 0x5B26,
+      0, 0xC22F, 0x7530,      0, 0x436B,      0,      0, 0x5B26,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E699[] = {
  0xC231, 0x5A6A, 0x3B7E, 0x3938, 0x5A68, 0xC232, 0xC233,      0,
@@ -7379,7 +7379,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E69C[] = {
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E69C_x0213[] = {
  0x3A47, 0xAE37,      0, 0x5072,      0, 0xAE38,      0, 0xC26F,
- 0x376E, 0x4D2D,      0, 0x4A7E,      0, 0x497E, 0xC270, 0x5B2C,
+ 0x376E, 0x4D2D,      0, 0x4A7E,      0, 0x497E,      0, 0x5B2C,
       0,      0, 0xAE39, 0x754D, 0x3A73, 0x443F, 0x5B2D, 0x4F2F,
       0, 0xAE3B,      0, 0x4B3E, 0xC273, 0x442B, 0x5B2E, 0x347C,
  0xC274,      0, 0xC275,      0,      0,      0, 0x5B2F, 0x5B30,
@@ -7682,7 +7682,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6AB_x0213[] = {
  0xC54D, 0xC54C,      0,      0, 0xC54E,      0,      0,      0,
  0xAF66, 0x5D2A,      0, 0x4F26, 0xAF65, 0xC551, 0xC552,      0,
       0,      0, 0x5D2D, 0x367B, 0xAF67, 0xAF68, 0x5D29, 0x5D2B,
-      0,      0, 0xF44A,      0, 0x7638,      0,      0, 0x7639,
+      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x7638,      0,      0, 0x7639,
  0x4827,      0, 0x5D2E,      0, 0xAF6B,      0,      0,      0,
  0xC558, 0xAF6C, 0xAF6D, 0xAF6E,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0, 0x5D32, 0x5D2F, 0xC55B, 0xAF6F,      0,      0,
@@ -7803,7 +7803,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B1_x0213[] = {
  0x3C2E,      0, 0xC65C,      0, 0xC65D, 0x5D68,      0, 0x3440,
       0, 0x7651, 0x3178, 0xEE37, 0x7652, 0x4672, 0x5D67, 0x393E,
  0x4353,      0, 0x5D69,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xEE4F,
- 0x5D71,      0, 0x5D6A, 0xC661,      0, 0xEE38,      0, 0xC663,
+ 0x5D71,      0, 0x5D6A, 0xC661,      0, 0xEE38,      0,      0,
  0x4241,      0, 0x3562, 0x5D72, 0x7654,      0, 0x7655,      0,
  0xC666, 0xC667, 0x3768, 0xC668,      0, 0x3525, 0x5D70,      0,
 };
@@ -7883,7 +7883,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B5_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xC73D,
  0x7667, 0x5E36, 0x5E34, 0xEE52, 0x494D,      0, 0xEE53, 0xC73F,
  0xEE54, 0xC740,      0, 0x5E31, 0x5E33, 0x7668, 0x313A, 0xC742,
-      0, 0x3940, 0x4F32,      0, 0x333D,      0, 0x4962, 0xC743,
+      0, 0x3940, 0x4F32,      0, 0x333D,      0, 0x4962,      0,
  0xEE55,      0,      0,      0, 0x4D61,      0,      0, 0x3324,
  0x3F3B, 0x5E35,      0,      0, 0xC745,      0,      0,      0,
 };
@@ -7900,7 +7900,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B6[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B6_x0213[] = {
  0xEE56, 0xEE57, 0x766A,      0,      0, 0x5E3A,      0, 0x766B,
  0x3E43, 0x766C, 0xEE58,      0, 0x4D30, 0xEE59, 0x5E37,      0,
-      0, 0xEE5A, 0xC749, 0x5E32, 0x766D, 0x5E38, 0xC74B, 0xC74C,
+      0, 0xEE5A, 0xC749, 0x5E32, 0x766D, 0x5E38,      0, 0xC74C,
  0xEE5B, 0x4E5E,      0, 0x4573, 0x4642,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0, 0x766E, 0xEE61, 0x766F,      0, 0xEE62, 0x3336,
@@ -7924,8 +7924,8 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B7_x0213[] = {
  0x4571, 0x5E4A, 0x7673, 0x7674,      0, 0x7675, 0x5E44, 0xEE6A,
  0xC75E, 0x4338, 0xC75F,      0, 0x5E4B, 0xC760, 0x5E40,      0,
  0x5E46, 0xEE6B, 0x5E4D, 0x307C, 0x5E43,      0, 0x5E4E, 0xC762,
- 0xC763, 0x3F3C, 0xF44C, 0x3D5F, 0xC764, 0x4A25, 0xEE6C, 0x3A2E,
- 0xF44B, 0x5E3B, 0x5E49, 0x453A, 0x7676,      0,      0,      0,
+ 0xC763, 0x3F3C,      0, 0x3D5F, 0xC764, 0x4A25, 0xEE6C, 0x3A2E,
+      0, 0x5E3B, 0x5E49, 0x453A, 0x7676,      0,      0,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B8[] = {
  0xC767,      0,      0,      0, 0xC768, 0x4036,      0, 0x3369,
@@ -7945,7 +7945,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B8_x0213[] = {
  0x3574, 0x454F, 0xEE6F, 0x5E56, 0x5E5F, 0x302F, 0x3132, 0xEE70,
       0, 0x3239,      0, 0x5E58, 0x422C, 0x5E4F, 0x5E51, 0x3941,
       0,      0, 0xEE72,      0, 0x7678,      0, 0xEE6D,      0,
- 0x5E62, 0xC76E, 0x5E5D, 0xC76F, 0xEE73,      0, 0x5E55,      0,
+ 0x5E62,      0, 0x5E5D, 0xC76F, 0xEE73,      0, 0x5E55,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E6B9[] = {
       0,      0,      0, 0x5E5C, 0xC771, 0xC772,      0,      0,
@@ -8342,7 +8342,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E78C_x0213[] = {
       0,      0, 0x6049, 0xCB26,      0, 0xCB27,      0,      0,
       0,      0, 0xF046, 0xCB29,      0,      0, 0x604B, 0x6048,
  0xF047, 0xF048,      0, 0x4C54, 0x604A, 0x604C, 0xCB2C, 0x4E44,
-      0,      0, 0xCB2D,      0, 0xCB2E, 0x6050,      0, 0x776D,
+      0,      0, 0xCB2D,      0,      0, 0x6050,      0, 0x776D,
  0x776E, 0x604F, 0x4376, 0x472D, 0xF04B,      0, 0x3825, 0x604E,
       0, 0xF04C, 0xCB33, 0xF04D, 0x604D, 0xCB34, 0x4D31, 0x4D32,
       0, 0xF04A, 0xCB35, 0xCB36,      0, 0xF04E, 0x6051, 0x316E,
@@ -8385,7 +8385,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E78E_x0213[] = {
  0x7775,      0, 0x7776,      0,      0, 0xF05F, 0x7777,      0,
  0xF060, 0x3461, 0xCB5F, 0x7778,      0, 0xCB61,      0,      0,
       0,      0, 0x4E68, 0x605E,      0, 0xF061,      0, 0xF062,
-      0, 0xF063,      0, 0x6060, 0xF064, 0xCB66,      0, 0xF065,
+      0, 0xF063,      0, 0x6060, 0xF064,      0,      0, 0xF065,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E78F[] = {
  0x6061,      0, 0x3251,      0,      0, 0xCB68, 0xCB69,      0,
@@ -8400,11 +8400,11 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E78F[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E78F_x0213[] = {
  0x6061,      0, 0x3251,      0,      0, 0xF066, 0xCB69,      0,
  0x605D, 0x7779, 0x3B39, 0xF067, 0xCB6C, 0x4441, 0x605F, 0x777A,
-      0,      0, 0xCB6E, 0xCB6F,      0,      0, 0x777B,      0,
+      0,      0,      0, 0xCB6F,      0,      0, 0x777B,      0,
       0, 0x777C,      0,      0,      0, 0xCB72, 0x6064,      0,
  0x3C6E, 0xF068,      0, 0x777D,      0, 0x6062, 0xCB75, 0xF069,
       0, 0x777E, 0x373E,      0,      0, 0x4849, 0x6063,      0,
-      0, 0x607E,      0,      0, 0xCB78, 0xCB79,      0, 0xCB7A,
+      0, 0x607E,      0,      0, 0xCB78,      0,      0, 0xCB7A,
  0x6069, 0xF06A, 0xF06C, 0xCB7D,      0, 0xCB7E, 0x383D, 0xCC21,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E790[] = {
@@ -8423,7 +8423,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E790_x0213[] = {
       0, 0xCC27,      0, 0xF06B,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0, 0x7823, 0x7824,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0, 0x4276,      0, 0xF06E, 0x6068, 0x7826,      0,
- 0x7827, 0xCC2D, 0x7828, 0x7829, 0x782A, 0xCC31, 0x782B, 0x782C,
+ 0x7827,      0, 0x7828, 0x7829, 0x782A, 0xCC31, 0x782B, 0x782C,
  0x782D, 0xF06F, 0x606A, 0x4E56, 0x3657, 0x487C, 0x474A,      0,
       0, 0xF070, 0x606B,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x606D,
 };
@@ -8618,7 +8618,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E79A[] = {
  0x6230, 0x6231, 0x6232,      0,      0, 0xCE48,      0, 0x3B2E,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E79A_x0213[] = {
- 0x6225, 0x7860, 0xF451, 0x6226, 0x452A, 0xCE36, 0x3327, 0x3944,
+ 0x6225, 0x7860,      0, 0x6226, 0x452A, 0xCE36, 0x3327, 0x3944,
  0x6227,      0,      0, 0x6228, 0xCE37, 0xCE38, 0x6229,      0,
  0x3B29,      0,      0, 0x622B,      0, 0xF16E, 0x622A,      0,
       0, 0x622C, 0x622D, 0x7861, 0xF16F, 0x7862, 0x7863, 0xCE3D,
@@ -8765,7 +8765,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E7A1_x0213[] = {
  0xCF66, 0xCF67,      0, 0xCF68, 0xF246,      0,      0,      0,
  0x7925,      0, 0xF247, 0x4E32, 0x3945,      0, 0x7926, 0x3827,
       0,      0, 0x4823,      0, 0x626D,      0,      0,      0,
-      0,      0, 0xCF6D,      0, 0x626F,      0, 0xCF6E,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x626F,      0, 0xCF6E,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E7A2[] = {
       0, 0x386B,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x626E, 0x4476,
@@ -9322,7 +9322,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E7BE_x0213[] = {
  0x6633,      0, 0x4D53, 0xD526, 0x6635, 0xD527, 0x487E, 0xD528,
  0xF473, 0x7A3B,      0,      0, 0x6636,      0, 0xF476, 0x7A3C,
       0,      0, 0x6639,      0, 0xF477, 0x6638, 0x6637,      0,
-      0, 0xD52E, 0xD52F, 0x663A, 0x3732,      0, 0xD530,      0,
+      0,      0, 0xD52F, 0x663A, 0x3732,      0, 0xD530,      0,
  0x4122, 0x3541, 0xD531,      0,      0, 0xF478, 0x663E, 0x663B,
       0,      0, 0x663C,      0, 0xD533,      0, 0x663F,      0,
  0x6640, 0x663D,      0,      0, 0xD534, 0x3129,      0, 0x7A3D,
@@ -9664,7 +9664,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E88F_x0213[] = {
  0x6845,      0,      0,      0, 0x3A5A, 0xF63E,      0, 0x4551,
  0x684A, 0x7B22,      0,      0,      0, 0xF63F,      0,      0,
  0xD83F, 0x4A6E, 0x7B23, 0x6841,      0,      0,      0, 0x325A,
- 0x3856, 0x4929, 0x684B,      0, 0x683F,      0, 0xD841, 0x6848,
+ 0x3856, 0x4929, 0x684B,      0, 0x683F,      0,      0, 0x6848,
  0xD842, 0xF640,      0, 0x6852, 0xD844, 0x6843,      0,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E890[] = {
@@ -9783,7 +9783,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E895_x0213[] = {
  0xD943, 0xF670, 0xD945, 0xF671,      0, 0x6924, 0xD947, 0x4979,
  0x687D, 0x7B38, 0x6856,      0, 0xD949, 0xD94A, 0xF672, 0xD94C,
  0xD94D, 0xF673, 0xF674, 0x687C, 0x7B39,      0,      0,      0,
- 0x4F4F, 0x4622, 0x4973, 0xD951,      0, 0x692B,      0, 0xF66C,
+ 0x4F4F, 0x4622, 0x4973,      0,      0, 0x692B,      0, 0xF66C,
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x6931,
       0, 0xD953, 0x7B3C, 0xF676,      0, 0xF677, 0x6932, 0xF678,
 };
@@ -9998,7 +9998,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8A0[] = {
       0, 0x6A45, 0xDC21, 0x6A47, 0xDC22,      0,      0,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8A0_x0213[] = {
-      0, 0xF77A,      0, 0xF77B,      0, 0x6A24, 0x7B63, 0xF464,
+      0, 0xF77A,      0, 0xF77B,      0, 0x6A24, 0x7B63,      0,
       0, 0xDB6B, 0x7B64, 0xF77C,      0, 0x6A38, 0x6A3C, 0x6A37,
  0x7B65, 0x6A3E, 0xDB70, 0xF77D, 0x7B66, 0x6A40, 0x6A3F,      0,
  0xDB73, 0xDB6F, 0xDB74, 0xDB75, 0xDB76,      0, 0xDB77, 0x7B67,
@@ -10260,7 +10260,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8AD[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8AD_x0213[] = {
       0, 0x6B76, 0xDE44, 0xF86A, 0xDE46, 0xDE47, 0x7C31,      0,
  0xDE49, 0x6B7A,      0,      0, 0x6B77, 0xDE4E, 0x6B79, 0x6B78,
-      0, 0xF86C, 0xDE4A, 0xDE4B, 0x7C32,      0, 0x6B7B,      0,
+      0, 0xF86C, 0xDE4A,      0, 0x7C32,      0, 0x6B7B,      0,
  0x3C31, 0x7C33, 0x6B7D, 0x6B7C, 0x4968,      0, 0xF86D, 0x6C21,
       0,      0,      0, 0xDE50,      0,      0, 0x3759,      0,
       0, 0x7C34,      0, 0x6B7E, 0x6C22, 0xDE51,      0, 0x6C23,
@@ -10404,7 +10404,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8B5_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0,      0,      0, 0x4056, 0xDF46, 0x3C4F, 0x6C5F,
       0, 0xDF47,      0, 0x3352, 0xF935, 0x6C60, 0xDF49,      0,
- 0x4176, 0x6C61,      0, 0x6C62, 0x496B,      0, 0xF468, 0x352F,
+ 0x4176, 0x6C61,      0, 0x6C62, 0x496B,      0,      0, 0x352F,
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xDF4A,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8B6[] = {
@@ -10519,7 +10519,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8BB[] = {
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E8BB_x0213[] = {
  0x7C4A, 0xE055,      0, 0xE056, 0xE057, 0x6D40, 0x6D3D, 0xE058,
- 0x6D41,      0, 0x3C56, 0x6D42, 0x3530, 0x3733,      0, 0xE059,
+ 0x6D41,      0, 0x3C56, 0x6D42, 0x3530, 0x3733,      0,      0,
       0, 0xF95A, 0x382E,      0, 0xF95B,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0,      0, 0x6D43, 0xE05C,      0,      0, 0x4670,
       0,      0, 0x453E, 0x6D44,      0,      0,      0,      0,
@@ -10642,7 +10642,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E981_x0213[] = {
       0, 0x6E26, 0x4D37, 0x313F, 0xE15D, 0x4A57, 0x3261, 0x6E21,
  0x6E22, 0x6E23, 0x6E24, 0x463B, 0x4323, 0x3063, 0x6E28,      0,
  0x6E29, 0x7423,      0, 0xE15E, 0x423D, 0xF97D, 0x6E2A,      0,
- 0x3173, 0x414C, 0xE160, 0x382F,      0, 0x4D5A, 0xE161, 0xE162,
+ 0x3173, 0x414C, 0xE160, 0x382F,      0, 0x4D5A, 0xE161,      0,
  0x6E2B, 0x452C,      0,      0, 0xE163, 0x4178, 0x3C57, 0x6E2C,
  0xE164,      0, 0x6E2F,      0, 0xE165, 0x3D65, 0x6E2D, 0x412B,
  0x412A, 0xE166, 0x3064,      0, 0x4E4B, 0x6E31,      0, 0x4872,
@@ -10761,7 +10761,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E987_x0213[] = {
  0x6E56, 0x6E57, 0xE321, 0xFA4C, 0xFA4D, 0xE323, 0x4850, 0x3A53,
  0x3C61, 0x6E58,      0, 0x6E59, 0x4E24, 0x3D45, 0x4C6E, 0x4E4C,
  0x6E5A, 0x3662,      0, 0xE324, 0xE325,      0, 0x6E5B, 0x7C7C,
- 0x4523, 0xE327, 0xFA4E, 0x6E5E, 0x3378, 0x3F4B, 0xE329, 0x6E5C,
+ 0x4523, 0xE327, 0xFA4E, 0x6E5E, 0x3378, 0x3F4B,      0, 0x6E5C,
       0, 0x6E5D,      0, 0x4460, 0x7C7E, 0x7D21, 0x4B55, 0x367C,
       0, 0xE32C, 0xE32D,      0, 0xFA51, 0x7D22, 0xFA52, 0xE331,
  0xE332, 0x7D23,      0,      0,      0, 0x6E60, 0x6E61, 0xE334,
@@ -10778,7 +10778,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E988[] = {
  0xE353, 0xE354, 0xE355,      0, 0xE356,      0, 0xE357, 0x6E6F,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E988_x0213[] = {
- 0xE338, 0xFA53,      0,      0, 0xE33A, 0xE33B, 0xE33C, 0x7D24,
+ 0xE338, 0xFA53,      0,      0, 0xE33A, 0xE33B,      0, 0x7D24,
       0, 0xE33E, 0xFA54,      0, 0xE340, 0x465F, 0x3343,      0,
  0x7D25, 0x6E67, 0xE342, 0xE343, 0x6E64, 0x6E66, 0xFA55, 0xFA56,
  0xE345,      0,      0,      0, 0xE346, 0xE347, 0x6E62,      0,
@@ -10804,7 +10804,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E989_x0213[] = {
  0xE362, 0xFA5F, 0x6E76, 0x3174, 0xE364, 0xE365, 0x6E68,      0,
  0xFA60, 0xFA61, 0x482D,      0, 0x6E6C, 0xFA62, 0x3E60, 0xFA63,
  0xFA64, 0xE36B,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xE36C, 0xE36D,
- 0xE36E, 0x395B,      0,      0,      0, 0xE36F, 0xE370, 0xE371,
+ 0xE36E, 0x395B,      0,      0,      0, 0xE36F, 0xE370,      0,
  0x7D2D, 0xE373,      0, 0xE374, 0xFA67, 0xFA68, 0x4B48, 0xFA69,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E98A[] = {
@@ -10840,7 +10840,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E98B[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E98B_x0213[] = {
  0xFA75, 0xE433, 0x7D2F, 0xE435,      0, 0xE436, 0xFA76, 0xE438,
  0xE439,      0,      0, 0x7D30, 0x7D31, 0xE43C, 0xFA77, 0x6E77,
- 0xFA78,      0, 0x4B2F, 0x7D32,      0, 0xE440,      0, 0xFA79,
+ 0xFA78,      0, 0x4B2F, 0x7D32,      0,      0,      0, 0xFA79,
  0xE442, 0xFA7A,      0,      0, 0xE444, 0xE445,      0, 0xE446,
  0x7D33, 0xE448,      0, 0xE449, 0x3D7B, 0xFA7B,      0, 0xFA7C,
  0xE44C, 0x6E7A, 0x4A5F,      0, 0xE44D, 0x3154, 0xE44E,      0,
@@ -10902,7 +10902,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E98E_x0213[] = {
  0xFB38,      0, 0xE528, 0xFB39, 0x3379, 0xE52A,      0, 0xFB3A,
       0,      0, 0xE52C,      0, 0x6F30, 0xE52D, 0x3A3F, 0x4179,
  0xE52E,      0, 0x444A, 0x7D40,      0,      0, 0xFB3B,      0,
-      0, 0xFB35,      0, 0x7D41, 0xE533,      0, 0xE534, 0x333B,
+      0, 0xFB35,      0, 0x7D41,      0,      0, 0xE534, 0x333B,
  0xE535, 0xE53B,      0, 0xE536, 0x6F2E, 0x6F2F, 0x4443,      0,
  0x6F2D,      0,      0,      0, 0xE537, 0xE538, 0xE539,      0,
       0, 0x6F31, 0x7D42,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
@@ -10925,7 +10925,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E98F_x0213[] = {
       0, 0x3640, 0xFB43,      0, 0x6F3B, 0x6F35, 0xE54C, 0xFB44,
  0x6F34,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0, 0xFB3F,      0,      0,      0, 0xFB3C,      0, 0xE54F,
- 0xE550, 0xE54E, 0xE551, 0xFB49,      0, 0x7D47,      0,      0,
+      0, 0xE54E, 0xE551, 0xFB49,      0, 0x7D47,      0,      0,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E990[] = {
       0, 0xE554, 0xE555, 0x6F3F, 0xE556,      0,      0, 0x6F40,
@@ -10944,7 +10944,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E990_x0213[] = {
  0x3E62, 0x462A, 0x6F3C,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xE55F,
       0, 0x6F45,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0,      0, 0x6F43,      0,      0, 0xE560, 0xE561,
-      0, 0xE562, 0xFB4A, 0x7D48, 0xFB4B, 0x6F44, 0x6F42,      0,
+      0,      0, 0xFB4A, 0x7D48, 0xFB4B, 0x6F44, 0x6F42,      0,
  0x4278,      0, 0x6F46, 0xFB4C,      0, 0xE568,      0, 0xE567,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E991[] = {
@@ -10959,7 +10959,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E991[] = {
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E991_x0213[] = {
       0, 0x6F47,      0, 0xE569, 0x6F49, 0xFB4D,      0,      0,
- 0xE56B,      0, 0x7D49,      0, 0xE56D,      0,      0,      0,
+      0,      0, 0x7D49,      0, 0xE56D,      0,      0,      0,
       0, 0x3455, 0x6F48, 0x4C7A,      0, 0xE56E,      0,      0,
       0, 0xE56F, 0x6F54, 0x6F4A, 0xE570,      0, 0x6F4D, 0xE571,
  0x6F4B, 0xE572, 0x6F4C, 0x7D4A,      0,      0,      0,      0,
@@ -11010,7 +11010,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E996[] = {
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E996_x0213[] = {
  0x4C67,      0, 0x6F59, 0x412E, 0xE622,      0, 0xFB54, 0x6F5A,
  0xE623, 0x4A44, 0x6F5B, 0x332B, 0xFB55, 0xFB56, 0x7D4E, 0x313C,
-      0, 0x3457, 0xF471, 0x3456, 0x6F5C,      0, 0x6F5D,      0,
+      0, 0x3457,      0, 0x3456, 0x6F5C,      0, 0x6F5D,      0,
  0x6F5E, 0x6F5F,      0,      0,      0, 0xE627, 0xE628, 0x7D4F,
  0x6F60, 0xE62A, 0x3458, 0x3355, 0x395E, 0x4836, 0x7D50, 0x6F62,
  0x6F61, 0x7D51,      0, 0xFB58, 0x7D52, 0x6F63,      0,      0,
@@ -11148,9 +11148,9 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E99D[] = {
  0xE73E, 0x7058, 0x705C, 0xE73F, 0x705A, 0xE740,      0, 0xE741,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E99D_x0213[] = {
-      0, 0xFB7A, 0x704E, 0xE72E, 0x704B,      0, 0x704C, 0xFB7B,
+      0, 0xFB7A, 0x704E,      0, 0x704B,      0, 0x704C, 0xFB7B,
  0x704D, 0x704F, 0xE72F,      0,      0, 0x7D68, 0x7D69, 0x7D6A,
-      0, 0xF476, 0x4044,      0,      0, 0xFB7C, 0x4C77, 0xFB7D,
+      0,      0, 0x4044,      0,      0, 0xFB7C, 0x4C77, 0xFB7D,
  0xE734, 0x4045, 0x7D6B, 0xFB7E, 0x7050,      0, 0x4873,      0,
  0x7051, 0x7353, 0x4C4C, 0xE737, 0x7052,      0, 0x7053, 0xE738,
  0x7054, 0x3357, 0xFC21, 0x7056,      0, 0x3F59, 0x7D6C,      0,
@@ -11292,7 +11292,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E9A4_x0213[] = {
  0xFC54, 0x712E, 0x4D5C,      0, 0x3142,      0,      0,      0,
  0x3B41, 0xE853, 0x712F, 0x326E, 0x7130, 0xE854, 0xFC57, 0xFC58,
  0x7131,      0, 0xFC5A, 0xFC5B, 0xFC5C, 0x7133, 0x7134, 0xE85A,
- 0x7136, 0x7132, 0xE85B,      0, 0x7135,      0, 0xE85C, 0xE85D,
+ 0x7136, 0x7132, 0xE85B,      0, 0x7135,      0, 0xE85C,      0,
  0x345B,      0,      0, 0xE85E, 0x7137,      0, 0x7138,      0,
       0, 0xFC5E, 0xFC5F, 0xFC60, 0xE862, 0xE863,      0,      0,
       0, 0xE864, 0xFC61, 0xFC62, 0xFC63, 0x7139, 0x713A,      0,
@@ -11431,7 +11431,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E9AB_x0213[] = {
  0x716F, 0x7E36,      0, 0x7E37, 0x3F71,      0, 0xFD2D,      0,
  0xE965,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x7E38, 0x7170,
  0xFD2E, 0x7171, 0xFD2F, 0x7172, 0x7173, 0xFD30, 0x7E39, 0xE96B,
- 0x3962, 0xF47B,      0, 0xE96C, 0xFD32,      0, 0x7174, 0x7175,
+ 0x3962,      0,      0, 0xE96C, 0xFD32,      0, 0x7174, 0x7175,
  0xFD33,      0, 0x7176, 0x7177, 0xE96F, 0xFD34, 0x7178, 0xE971,
       0, 0xFD35, 0x4831, 0x717A, 0xE973, 0x4926, 0x717B, 0x7179,
       0, 0x717D, 0xE974, 0xE975, 0x717C, 0xE976,      0, 0x717E,
@@ -11495,7 +11495,7 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E9AE_x0213[] = {
  0x723E,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xFD48, 0x7E49,
  0x723F, 0xEA63, 0x4B6E, 0x3B2D, 0xFD49, 0x3A7A, 0x412F,      0,
  0xEA65, 0xFD4A, 0xFD4D,      0, 0x7240,      0,      0, 0xEA68,
- 0xFD4E, 0x7243,      0, 0xEA6A, 0xEA6B,      0, 0xFD4F, 0xEA6D,
+ 0xFD4E, 0x7243,      0,      0, 0xEA6B,      0, 0xFD4F, 0xEA6D,
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_E9AF[] = {
  0x7241, 0xEA6E,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x7244, 0xEA6F,
@@ -11859,11 +11859,11 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_EFA8[] = {
 };
 static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_EFA8_x0213[] = {
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
-      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0xF434, 0x2F4B,
- 0x2F57, 0x4F72, 0xF444, 0xAE79, 0x757A, 0x775A, 0x776F, 0xF453,
- 0xF455, 0x793C, 0x793D, 0x7941, 0xF45A, 0xF45B, 0xF45E, 0x7B3A,
- 0xF738, 0xF745, 0x7C2E, 0xF469, 0xF96E, 0xF46B, 0x7C6A, 0xF46F,
- 0xF470, 0xF473, 0xF477, 0xF478, 0xF479, 0xF47D,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0, 0x2F4B,
+ 0x2F57, 0x4F72,      0, 0xAE79, 0x757A, 0x775A, 0x776F,      0,
+      0, 0x793C, 0x793D, 0x7941,      0,      0,      0, 0x7B3A,
+ 0xF738, 0xF745, 0x7C2E,      0, 0xF96E,      0, 0x7C6A,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
  0x2E38, 0x2E49, 0x2E50, 0x2E63, 0x2E68, 0x2E6E, 0x2F2C, 0x2F2F,
  0x2F36, 0x2F5A, 0x2F5E, 0x4F61, 0x4F62, 0x7450, 0x745C, 0x745E,
 };
@@ -11957,6 +11957,16 @@ static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_EFBF[] = {
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
       0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
 };
+static const unsigned short utf8_to_euc_EFBF_x0213[] = {
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0, 0x2131,      0, 0x216F,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
+};
 static const unsigned short *const utf8_to_euc_E1_x0213[] = {
                 0,                0,                0,                0,
                 0,                0,                0,                0,
@@ -12405,7 +12415,7 @@ static const unsigned short *const utf8_to_euc_EF_x0213[] = {
                 0,                0,                0,                0,
                 0,                0,                0,                0,
                 0, utf8_to_euc_EFB9_x0213,                0,                0,
- utf8_to_euc_EFBC_x0213, utf8_to_euc_EFBD_x0213, utf8_to_euc_EFBE, utf8_to_euc_EFBF,
+ utf8_to_euc_EFBC_x0213, utf8_to_euc_EFBD_x0213, utf8_to_euc_EFBE, utf8_to_euc_EFBF_x0213,
 };
 const unsigned short *const utf8_to_euc_2bytes[] = {
               0,              0,              0,              0,
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf.c b/ext/nkf/nkf.c
index 9613a925ce..37717e4799 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/nkf.c
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf.c
@@ -137,8 +137,7 @@ rb_nkf_convert(VALUE obj, VALUE opt, VALUE src)
 {
     VALUE tmp;
     reinit();
-    StringValue(opt);
-    nkf_split_options(RSTRING_PTR(opt));
+    nkf_split_options(StringValueCStr(opt));
     if (!output_encoding) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no output encoding given");
 
     switch (nkf_enc_to_index(output_encoding)) {
@@ -153,8 +152,7 @@ rb_nkf_convert(VALUE obj, VALUE opt, VALUE src)
     incsize = INCSIZE;
 
     input_ctr = 0;
-    StringValue(src);
-    input = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(src);
+    input = (unsigned char *)StringValuePtr(src);
     i_len = RSTRING_LENINT(src);
     tmp = rb_str_new(0, i_len*3 + 10);
 
@@ -170,7 +168,6 @@ rb_nkf_convert(VALUE obj, VALUE opt, VALUE src)
     /* use _result_ end */
 
     rb_str_set_len(tmp, output_ctr);
-    OBJ_INFECT(tmp, src);
 
     if (mimeout_f)
 	rb_enc_associate(tmp, rb_usascii_encoding());
@@ -195,8 +192,7 @@ rb_nkf_guess(VALUE obj, VALUE src)
     reinit();
 
     input_ctr = 0;
-    StringValue(src);
-    input = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(src);
+    input = (unsigned char *)StringValuePtr(src);
     i_len = RSTRING_LENINT(src);
 
     guess_f = TRUE;
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf.gemspec b/ext/nkf/nkf.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23f1dcdbaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "nkf"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["NARUSE Yui"]
+  spec.email         = ["naruse@airemix.jp"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Ruby extension for Network Kanji Filter}
+  spec.description   = %q{Ruby extension for Network Kanji Filter}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/nkf"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/ext/objspace/depend b/ext/objspace/depend
index dc3009fc50..d3a702007e 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/depend
+++ b/ext/objspace/depend
@@ -1,29 +1,333 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 object_tracing.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 object_tracing.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/r_cast.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/rmodule.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/debug.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
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+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread_native.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/util.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/gc.h
-objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/method.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/node.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_atomic.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/thread_pthread.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_core.h
-objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_debug.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_opts.h
 objspace_dump.o: objspace.h
 objspace_dump.o: objspace_dump.c
diff --git a/ext/objspace/extconf.rb b/ext/objspace/extconf.rb
index adb8ef9169..d0c2dbd02b 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/objspace/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 $INCFLAGS << " -I$(topdir) -I$(top_srcdir)"
 $VPATH << '$(topdir)' << '$(top_srcdir)' # for id.h.
 create_makefile('objspace')
diff --git a/ext/objspace/lib/objspace.rb b/ext/objspace/lib/objspace.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0298b0646c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/objspace/lib/objspace.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'objspace.so'
+
+module ObjectSpace
+  class << self
+    private :_dump
+    private :_dump_all
+  end
+
+  module_function
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj[, output: :string]) # => "{ ... }"
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :file)     # => #<File:/tmp/rubyobj20131125-88733-1xkfmpv.json>
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :stdout)   # => nil
+  #
+  # Dump the contents of a ruby object as JSON.
+  #
+  # This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
+  # This is an experimental method and is subject to change.
+  # In particular, the function signature and output format are
+  # not guaranteed to be compatible in future versions of ruby.
+  def dump(obj, output: :string)
+    out = case output
+    when :file, nil
+      require 'tempfile'
+      Tempfile.create(%w(rubyobj .json))
+    when :stdout
+      STDOUT
+    when :string
+      +''
+    when IO
+      output
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong output option: #{output.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    ret = _dump(obj, out)
+    return nil if output == :stdout
+    ret
+  end
+
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all([output: :file]) # => #<File:/tmp/rubyheap20131125-88469-laoj3v.json>
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :stdout) # => nil
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string) # => "{...}\n{...}\n..."
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output:
+  #      File.open('heap.json','w'))         # => #<File:heap.json>
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string,
+  #      since: 42)                          # => "{...}\n{...}\n..."
+  #
+  #  Dump the contents of the ruby heap as JSON.
+  #
+  #  _since_ must be a non-negative integer or +nil+.
+  #
+  #  If _since_ is a positive integer, only objects of that generation and
+  #  newer generations are dumped. The current generation can be accessed using
+  #  GC::count.
+  #
+  #  Objects that were allocated without object allocation tracing enabled
+  #  are ignored. See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and
+  #  examples.
+  #
+  #  If _since_ is omitted or is +nil+, all objects are dumped.
+  #
+  #  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
+  #  This is an experimental method and is subject to change.
+  #  In particular, the function signature and output format are
+  #  not guaranteed to be compatible in future versions of ruby.
+  def dump_all(output: :file, full: false, since: nil)
+    out = case output
+    when :file, nil
+      require 'tempfile'
+      Tempfile.create(%w(rubyheap .json))
+    when :stdout
+      STDOUT
+    when :string
+      +''
+    when IO
+      output
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong output option: #{output.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    ret = _dump_all(out, full, since)
+    return nil if output == :stdout
+    ret
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c b/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
index d3169c6c48..66d6baa491 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ make_unique_str(st_table *tbl, const char *str, long len)
 
 	if (st_lookup(tbl, (st_data_t)str, &n)) {
 	    st_insert(tbl, (st_data_t)str, n+1);
-	    st_get_key(tbl, (st_data_t)str, (st_data_t *)&result);
+	    st_get_key(tbl, (st_data_t)str, &n);
+	    result = (char *)n;
 	}
 	else {
 	    result = (char *)ruby_xmalloc(len+1);
@@ -59,8 +60,9 @@ delete_unique_str(st_table *tbl, const char *str)
 
 	st_lookup(tbl, (st_data_t)str, &n);
 	if (n == 1) {
-	    st_delete(tbl, (st_data_t *)&str, 0);
-	    ruby_xfree((char *)str);
+	    n = (st_data_t)str;
+	    st_delete(tbl, &n, 0);
+	    ruby_xfree((char *)n);
 	}
 	else {
 	    st_insert(tbl, (st_data_t)str, n-1);
@@ -82,8 +84,10 @@ newobj_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)
     const char *path_cstr = RTEST(path) ? make_unique_str(arg->str_table, RSTRING_PTR(path), RSTRING_LEN(path)) : 0;
     VALUE class_path = (RTEST(klass) && !OBJ_FROZEN(klass)) ? rb_class_path_cached(klass) : Qnil;
     const char *class_path_cstr = RTEST(class_path) ? make_unique_str(arg->str_table, RSTRING_PTR(class_path), RSTRING_LEN(class_path)) : 0;
+    st_data_t v;
 
-    if (st_lookup(arg->object_table, (st_data_t)obj, (st_data_t *)&info)) {
+    if (st_lookup(arg->object_table, (st_data_t)obj, &v)) {
+	info = (struct allocation_info *)v;
 	if (arg->keep_remains) {
 	    if (info->living) {
 		/* do nothing. there is possibility to keep living if FREEOBJ events while suppressing tracing */
@@ -113,15 +117,19 @@ freeobj_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)
 {
     struct traceobj_arg *arg = (struct traceobj_arg *)data;
     rb_trace_arg_t *tparg = rb_tracearg_from_tracepoint(tpval);
-    VALUE obj = rb_tracearg_object(tparg);
+    st_data_t obj = (st_data_t)rb_tracearg_object(tparg);
+    st_data_t v;
     struct allocation_info *info;
 
-    if (st_lookup(arg->object_table, (st_data_t)obj, (st_data_t *)&info)) {
-	if (arg->keep_remains) {
+    if (arg->keep_remains) {
+	if (st_lookup(arg->object_table, obj, &v)) {
+	    info = (struct allocation_info *)v;
 	    info->living = 0;
 	}
-	else {
-	    st_delete(arg->object_table, (st_data_t *)&obj, (st_data_t *)&info);
+    }
+    else {
+	if (st_delete(arg->object_table, &obj, &v)) {
+	    info = (struct allocation_info *)v;
 	    delete_unique_str(arg->str_table, info->path);
 	    delete_unique_str(arg->str_table, info->class_path);
 	    ruby_xfree(info);
@@ -130,19 +138,94 @@ freeobj_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)
 }
 
 static int
-free_keys_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, void *data)
+free_keys_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
 {
     ruby_xfree((void *)key);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static int
-free_values_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, void *data)
+free_values_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
 {
     ruby_xfree((void *)value);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static void
+allocation_info_tracer_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct traceobj_arg *trace_arg = (struct traceobj_arg *)ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark(trace_arg->newobj_trace);
+    rb_gc_mark(trace_arg->freeobj_trace);
+}
+
+static void
+allocation_info_tracer_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct traceobj_arg *arg = (struct traceobj_arg *)ptr;
+    /* clear tables */
+    st_foreach(arg->object_table, free_values_i, 0);
+    st_free_table(arg->object_table);
+    st_foreach(arg->str_table, free_keys_i, 0);
+    st_free_table(arg->str_table);
+    xfree(arg);
+}
+
+static size_t
+allocation_info_tracer_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    size_t size;
+    struct traceobj_arg *trace_arg = (struct traceobj_arg *)ptr;
+    size = sizeof(*trace_arg);
+    size += st_memsize(trace_arg->object_table);
+    size += st_memsize(trace_arg->str_table);
+    return size;
+}
+
+static int
+hash_foreach_should_replace_key(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
+{
+    VALUE allocated_object;
+
+    allocated_object = (VALUE)value;
+    if (allocated_object != rb_gc_location(allocated_object)) {
+        return ST_REPLACE;
+    }
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+hash_replace_key(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t argp, int existing)
+{
+    *key = rb_gc_location((VALUE)*key);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+allocation_info_tracer_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct traceobj_arg *trace_arg = (struct traceobj_arg *)ptr;
+
+    if (trace_arg->object_table &&
+            st_foreach_with_replace(trace_arg->object_table, hash_foreach_should_replace_key, hash_replace_key, 0)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "hash modified during iteration");
+    }
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t allocation_info_tracer_type = {
+    "ObjectTracing/allocation_info_tracer",
+    {
+        allocation_info_tracer_mark,
+        allocation_info_tracer_free, /* Never called because global */
+        allocation_info_tracer_memsize,
+        allocation_info_tracer_compact,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static VALUE traceobj_arg;
 static struct traceobj_arg *tmp_trace_arg; /* TODO: Do not use global variables */
 static int tmp_keep_remains;               /* TODO: Do not use global variables */
 
@@ -150,7 +233,9 @@ static struct traceobj_arg *
 get_traceobj_arg(void)
 {
     if (tmp_trace_arg == 0) {
-	tmp_trace_arg = ALLOC_N(struct traceobj_arg, 1);
+        VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cObject, struct traceobj_arg, &allocation_info_tracer_type, tmp_trace_arg);
+        traceobj_arg = obj;
+        rb_gc_register_mark_object(traceobj_arg);
 	tmp_trace_arg->running = 0;
 	tmp_trace_arg->keep_remains = tmp_keep_remains;
 	tmp_trace_arg->newobj_trace = 0;
@@ -206,10 +291,12 @@ trace_object_allocations_stop(VALUE self)
     }
 
     if (arg->running == 0) {
-	rb_tracepoint_disable(arg->newobj_trace);
-	rb_tracepoint_disable(arg->freeobj_trace);
-	arg->newobj_trace = 0;
-	arg->freeobj_trace = 0;
+        if (arg->newobj_trace != 0) {
+            rb_tracepoint_disable(arg->newobj_trace);
+        }
+        if (arg->freeobj_trace != 0) {
+            rb_tracepoint_disable(arg->freeobj_trace);
+        }
     }
 
     return Qnil;
@@ -321,9 +408,9 @@ static struct allocation_info *
 lookup_allocation_info(VALUE obj)
 {
     if (tmp_trace_arg) {
- 	struct allocation_info *info;
-	if (st_lookup(tmp_trace_arg->object_table, obj, (st_data_t *)&info)) {
-	    return info;
+	st_data_t info;
+	if (st_lookup(tmp_trace_arg->object_table, obj, &info)) {
+	    return (struct allocation_info *)info;
 	}
     }
     return NULL;
@@ -356,7 +443,7 @@ allocation_sourcefile(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: allocation_sourceline(object) -> string
+ * call-seq: allocation_sourceline(object) -> integer
  *
  * Returns the original line from source for from the given +object+.
  *
diff --git a/ext/objspace/objspace.c b/ext/objspace/objspace.c
index ba138e6244..3fa4fd279b 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/objspace.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/objspace.c
@@ -12,19 +12,28 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "gc.h"
 #include "internal.h"
-#include <ruby/st.h>
-#include <ruby/io.h>
-#include <ruby/re.h>
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/compilers.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
 #include "node.h"
-#include "gc.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/re.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
 #include "symbol.h"
 
+#undef rb_funcall
+
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    ObjectSpace.memsize_of(obj) -> Integer
  *
- *  Return consuming memory size of obj.
+ *  Return consuming memory size of obj in bytes.
  *
  *  Note that the return size is incomplete.  You need to deal with this
  *  information as only a *HINT*. Especially, the size of +T_DATA+ may not be
@@ -47,37 +56,68 @@ struct total_data {
     VALUE klass;
 };
 
+static void
+total_i(VALUE v, void *ptr)
+{
+    struct total_data *data = (struct total_data *)ptr;
+
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(v)) {
+      case T_NONE:
+      case T_IMEMO:
+      case T_ICLASS:
+      case T_NODE:
+      case T_ZOMBIE:
+          return;
+      default:
+          if (data->klass == 0 || rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, data->klass)) {
+              data->total += rb_obj_memsize_of(v);
+          }
+    }
+}
+
+typedef void (*each_obj_with_flags)(VALUE, void*);
+
+struct obj_itr {
+    each_obj_with_flags cb;
+    void *data;
+};
+
 static int
-total_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *ptr)
+heap_iter(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *ptr)
 {
+    struct obj_itr * ctx = (struct obj_itr *)ptr;
     VALUE v;
-    struct total_data *data = (struct total_data *)ptr;
 
     for (v = (VALUE)vstart; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
-	if (RBASIC(v)->flags) {
-	    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(v)) {
-	      case T_NONE:
-	      case T_IMEMO:
-	      case T_ICLASS:
-	      case T_NODE:
-	      case T_ZOMBIE:
-		continue;
-	      default:
-		if (data->klass == 0 || rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, data->klass)) {
-		    data->total += rb_obj_memsize_of(v);
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+        void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+        asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+        if (RBASIC(v)->flags) {
+            (*ctx->cb)(v, ctx->data);
+        }
+
+        if (poisoned) {
+            asan_poison_object(v);
+        }
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
+static void
+each_object_with_flags(each_obj_with_flags cb, void *ctx)
+{
+    struct obj_itr data;
+    data.cb = cb;
+    data.data = ctx;
+    rb_objspace_each_objects(heap_iter, &data);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    ObjectSpace.memsize_of_all([klass]) -> Integer
  *
- *  Return consuming memory size of all living objects.
+ *  Return consuming memory size of all living objects in bytes.
  *
  *  If +klass+ (should be Class object) is given, return the total memory size
  *  of instances of the given class.
@@ -110,7 +150,7 @@ memsize_of_all_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &data.klass);
     }
 
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(total_i, &data);
+    each_object_with_flags(total_i, &data);
     return SIZET2NUM(data.total);
 }
 
@@ -137,24 +177,18 @@ setup_hash(int argc, VALUE *argv)
         hash = rb_hash_new();
     }
     else if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
-        st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(hash), set_zero_i, hash);
+        /* WB: no new reference */
+        st_foreach(RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash), set_zero_i, hash);
     }
 
     return hash;
 }
 
-static int
-cos_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+static void
+cos_i(VALUE v, void *data)
 {
     size_t *counts = (size_t *)data;
-    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
-
-    for (;v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
-	if (RBASIC(v)->flags) {
-	    counts[BUILTIN_TYPE(v)] += rb_obj_memsize_of(v);
-	}
-    }
-    return 0;
+    counts[BUILTIN_TYPE(v)] += rb_obj_memsize_of(v);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -188,6 +222,7 @@ type2sym(enum ruby_value_type i)
 	CASE_TYPE(T_IMEMO);
 	CASE_TYPE(T_NODE);
 	CASE_TYPE(T_ICLASS);
+        CASE_TYPE(T_MOVED);
 	CASE_TYPE(T_ZOMBIE);
 #undef CASE_TYPE
       default: rb_bug("type2sym: unknown type (%d)", i);
@@ -203,7 +238,7 @@ type2sym(enum ruby_value_type i)
  *
  *  Note that this information is incomplete.  You need to deal with
  *  this information as only a *HINT*.  Especially, total size of
- *  T_DATA may not right size.
+ *  T_DATA may be wrong.
  *
  *  It returns a hash as:
  *    {:TOTAL=>1461154, :T_CLASS=>158280, :T_MODULE=>20672, :T_STRING=>527249, ...}
@@ -230,14 +265,7 @@ count_objects_size(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 	counts[i] = 0;
     }
 
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(cos_i, &counts[0]);
-
-    if (hash == Qnil) {
-        hash = rb_hash_new();
-    }
-    else if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
-        st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(hash), set_zero_i, hash);
-    }
+    each_object_with_flags(cos_i, &counts[0]);
 
     for (i = 0; i <= T_MASK; i++) {
 	if (counts[i]) {
@@ -255,25 +283,20 @@ struct dynamic_symbol_counts {
     size_t immortal;
 };
 
-static int
-cs_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *n)
+static void
+cs_i(VALUE v, void *n)
 {
     struct dynamic_symbol_counts *counts = (struct dynamic_symbol_counts *)n;
-    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
 
-    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
-	if (RBASIC(v)->flags && BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_SYMBOL) {
-	    ID id = RSYMBOL(v)->id;
-	    if ((id & ~ID_SCOPE_MASK) == 0) {
-		counts->mortal++;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		counts->immortal++;
-	    }
-	}
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_SYMBOL) {
+        ID id = RSYMBOL(v)->id;
+        if ((id & ~ID_SCOPE_MASK) == 0) {
+            counts->mortal++;
+        }
+        else {
+            counts->immortal++;
+        }
     }
-
-    return 0;
 }
 
 size_t rb_sym_immortal_count(void);
@@ -311,14 +334,7 @@ count_symbols(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
     VALUE hash = setup_hash(argc, argv);
 
     size_t immortal_symbols = rb_sym_immortal_count();
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(cs_i, &dynamic_counts);
-
-    if (hash == Qnil) {
-        hash = rb_hash_new();
-    }
-    else if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
-        st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(hash), set_zero_i, hash);
-    }
+    each_object_with_flags(cs_i, &dynamic_counts);
 
     rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("mortal_dynamic_symbol")),   SIZET2NUM(dynamic_counts.mortal));
     rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("immortal_dynamic_symbol")), SIZET2NUM(dynamic_counts.immortal));
@@ -328,20 +344,15 @@ count_symbols(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
     return hash;
 }
 
-static int
-cn_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *n)
+static void
+cn_i(VALUE v, void *n)
 {
     size_t *nodes = (size_t *)n;
-    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
 
-    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
-	if (RBASIC(v)->flags && BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_NODE) {
-	    size_t s = nd_type((NODE *)v);
-	    nodes[s]++;
-	}
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_NODE) {
+        size_t s = nd_type((NODE *)v);
+        nodes[s]++;
     }
-
-    return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -371,37 +382,34 @@ static VALUE
 count_nodes(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 {
     size_t nodes[NODE_LAST+1];
-    size_t i;
+    enum node_type i;
     VALUE hash = setup_hash(argc, argv);
 
     for (i = 0; i <= NODE_LAST; i++) {
 	nodes[i] = 0;
     }
 
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(cn_i, &nodes[0]);
-
-    if (hash == Qnil) {
-        hash = rb_hash_new();
-    }
-    else if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
-        st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(hash), set_zero_i, hash);
-    }
+    each_object_with_flags(cn_i, &nodes[0]);
 
     for (i=0; i<NODE_LAST; i++) {
 	if (nodes[i] != 0) {
 	    VALUE node;
 	    switch (i) {
-#define COUNT_NODE(n) case n: node = ID2SYM(rb_intern(#n)); break;
+#define COUNT_NODE(n) case n: node = ID2SYM(rb_intern(#n)); goto set
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_SCOPE);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_BLOCK);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_IF);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_UNLESS);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_CASE);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_CASE2);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_CASE3);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_WHEN);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OPT_N);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_IN);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_WHILE);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_UNTIL);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ITER);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_FOR);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_FOR_MASGN);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_BREAK);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_NEXT);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_REDO);
@@ -418,22 +426,22 @@ count_nodes(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DASGN_CURR);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_GASGN);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_IASGN);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_IASGN2);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_CDECL);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_CVASGN);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_CVDECL);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN1);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN2);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN_AND);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN_OR);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OP_CDECL);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_CALL);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OPCALL);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_FCALL);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_VCALL);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_QCALL);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_SUPER);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ZSUPER);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ARRAY);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ZARRAY);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_LIST);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ZLIST);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_VALUES);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_HASH);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_RETURN);
@@ -456,7 +464,7 @@ count_nodes(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DXSTR);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_EVSTR);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DREGX);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DREGX_ONCE);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ONCE);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ARGS);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ARGS_AUX);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_OPT_ARG);
@@ -465,8 +473,6 @@ count_nodes(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ARGSCAT);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ARGSPUSH);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_SPLAT);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_TO_ARY);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_BLOCK_ARG);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_BLOCK_PASS);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DEFN);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DEFS);
@@ -489,51 +495,48 @@ count_nodes(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ERRINFO);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DEFINED);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_POSTEXE);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ALLOCA);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_BMETHOD);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_DSYM);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ATTRASGN);
-		COUNT_NODE(NODE_PRELUDE);
 		COUNT_NODE(NODE_LAMBDA);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_ARYPTN);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_FNDPTN);
+		COUNT_NODE(NODE_HSHPTN);
 #undef COUNT_NODE
-	      default: node = INT2FIX(i);
+	      case NODE_LAST: break;
 	    }
+	    UNREACHABLE;
+	  set:
 	    rb_hash_aset(hash, node, SIZET2NUM(nodes[i]));
 	}
     }
     return hash;
 }
 
-static int
-cto_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+static void
+cto_i(VALUE v, void *data)
 {
     VALUE hash = (VALUE)data;
-    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
 
-    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
-	if (RBASIC(v)->flags && BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_DATA) {
-	    VALUE counter;
-	    VALUE key = RBASIC(v)->klass;
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_DATA) {
+        VALUE counter;
+        VALUE key = RBASIC(v)->klass;
 
-	    if (key == 0) {
-		const char *name = rb_objspace_data_type_name(v);
-		if (name == 0) name = "unknown";
-		key = ID2SYM(rb_intern(name));
-	    }
+        if (key == 0) {
+            const char *name = rb_objspace_data_type_name(v);
+            if (name == 0) name = "unknown";
+            key = ID2SYM(rb_intern(name));
+        }
 
-	    counter = rb_hash_aref(hash, key);
-	    if (NIL_P(counter)) {
-		counter = INT2FIX(1);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		counter = INT2FIX(FIX2INT(counter) + 1);
-	    }
+        counter = rb_hash_aref(hash, key);
+        if (NIL_P(counter)) {
+            counter = INT2FIX(1);
+        }
+        else {
+            counter = INT2FIX(FIX2INT(counter) + 1);
+        }
 
-	    rb_hash_aset(hash, key, counter);
-	}
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, key, counter);
     }
-
-    return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -572,37 +575,32 @@ static VALUE
 count_tdata_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE hash = setup_hash(argc, argv);
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(cto_i, (void *)hash);
+    each_object_with_flags(cto_i, (void *)hash);
     return hash;
 }
 
-static ID imemo_type_ids[imemo_mask+1];
+static ID imemo_type_ids[IMEMO_MASK+1];
 
-static int
-count_imemo_objects_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+static void
+count_imemo_objects_i(VALUE v, void *data)
 {
     VALUE hash = (VALUE)data;
-    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
 
-    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
-	if (RBASIC(v)->flags && BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_IMEMO) {
-	    VALUE counter;
-	    VALUE key = ID2SYM(imemo_type_ids[imemo_type(v)]);
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_IMEMO) {
+        VALUE counter;
+        VALUE key = ID2SYM(imemo_type_ids[imemo_type(v)]);
 
-	    counter = rb_hash_aref(hash, key);
+        counter = rb_hash_aref(hash, key);
 
-	    if (NIL_P(counter)) {
-		counter = INT2FIX(1);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		counter = INT2FIX(FIX2INT(counter) + 1);
-	    }
+        if (NIL_P(counter)) {
+            counter = INT2FIX(1);
+        }
+        else {
+            counter = INT2FIX(FIX2INT(counter) + 1);
+        }
 
-	    rb_hash_aset(hash, key, counter);
-	}
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, key, counter);
     }
-
-    return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -639,7 +637,7 @@ count_imemo_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE hash = setup_hash(argc, argv);
 
     if (imemo_type_ids[0] == 0) {
-	imemo_type_ids[0] = rb_intern("imemo_none");
+        imemo_type_ids[0] = rb_intern("imemo_env");
 	imemo_type_ids[1] = rb_intern("imemo_cref");
 	imemo_type_ids[2] = rb_intern("imemo_svar");
 	imemo_type_ids[3] = rb_intern("imemo_throw_data");
@@ -647,9 +645,15 @@ count_imemo_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	imemo_type_ids[5] = rb_intern("imemo_memo");
 	imemo_type_ids[6] = rb_intern("imemo_ment");
 	imemo_type_ids[7] = rb_intern("imemo_iseq");
+	imemo_type_ids[8] = rb_intern("imemo_tmpbuf");
+        imemo_type_ids[9] = rb_intern("imemo_ast");
+        imemo_type_ids[10] = rb_intern("imemo_parser_strterm");
+        imemo_type_ids[11] = rb_intern("imemo_callinfo");
+        imemo_type_ids[12] = rb_intern("imemo_callcache");
+        imemo_type_ids[13] = rb_intern("imemo_constcache");
     }
 
-    rb_objspace_each_objects(count_imemo_objects_i, (void *)hash);
+    each_object_with_flags(count_imemo_objects_i, (void *)hash);
 
     return hash;
 }
@@ -673,12 +677,12 @@ static const rb_data_type_t iow_data_type = {
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
-static VALUE rb_mInternalObjectWrapper;
+static VALUE rb_cInternalObjectWrapper;
 
 static VALUE
 iow_newobj(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_mInternalObjectWrapper, &iow_data_type, (void *)obj);
+    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cInternalObjectWrapper, &iow_data_type, (void *)obj);
 }
 
 /* Returns the type of the internal object. */
@@ -708,7 +712,7 @@ iow_internal_object_id(VALUE self)
 }
 
 struct rof_data {
-    st_table *refs;
+    VALUE refs;
     VALUE internals;
 };
 
@@ -724,7 +728,7 @@ reachable_object_from_i(VALUE obj, void *data_ptr)
 	    val = iow_newobj(obj);
 	    rb_ary_push(data->internals, val);
 	}
-	st_insert(data->refs, key, val);
+	rb_hash_aset(data->refs, key, val);
     }
 }
 
@@ -782,20 +786,18 @@ static VALUE
 reachable_objects_from(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_objspace_markable_object_p(obj)) {
-	VALUE ret = rb_ary_new();
 	struct rof_data data;
 
 	if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &iow_data_type)) {
 	    obj = (VALUE)DATA_PTR(obj);
 	}
 
-	data.refs = st_init_numtable();
+	data.refs = rb_ident_hash_new();
 	data.internals = rb_ary_new();
 
 	rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, reachable_object_from_i, &data);
 
-	st_foreach(data.refs, collect_values, (st_data_t)ret);
-	return ret;
+        return rb_funcall(data.refs, rb_intern("values"), 0);
     }
     else {
 	return Qnil;
@@ -844,7 +846,7 @@ static int
 collect_values_of_values(VALUE category, VALUE category_objects, VALUE categories)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl(category_objects), collect_values, ary);
+    rb_hash_foreach(category_objects, collect_values, ary);
     rb_hash_aset(categories, category, ary);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -874,7 +876,8 @@ wrap_klass_iow(VALUE klass)
     if (!RTEST(klass)) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) {
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS) ||
+             CLASS_OF(klass) == Qfalse /* hidden object */) {
 	return iow_newobj(klass);
     }
     else {
@@ -900,8 +903,13 @@ objspace_internal_class_of(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 	obj = (VALUE)DATA_PTR(obj);
     }
 
-    klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
-    return wrap_klass_iow(klass);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_IMEMO)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else {
+        klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
+        return wrap_klass_iow(klass);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -956,6 +964,7 @@ void Init_objspace_dump(VALUE rb_mObjSpace);
 void
 Init_objspace(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     VALUE rb_mObjSpace;
 #if 0
     rb_mObjSpace = rb_define_module("ObjectSpace"); /* let rdoc know */
@@ -986,10 +995,11 @@ Init_objspace(void)
      *
      * You can use the #type method to check the type of the internal object.
      */
-    rb_mInternalObjectWrapper = rb_define_class_under(rb_mObjSpace, "InternalObjectWrapper", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mInternalObjectWrapper, "type", iow_type, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mInternalObjectWrapper, "inspect", iow_inspect, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mInternalObjectWrapper, "internal_object_id", iow_internal_object_id, 0);
+    rb_cInternalObjectWrapper = rb_define_class_under(rb_mObjSpace, "InternalObjectWrapper", rb_cObject);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cInternalObjectWrapper);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInternalObjectWrapper, "type", iow_type, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInternalObjectWrapper, "inspect", iow_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInternalObjectWrapper, "internal_object_id", iow_internal_object_id, 0);
 
     Init_object_tracing(rb_mObjSpace);
     Init_objspace_dump(rb_mObjSpace);
diff --git a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
index 127d33283a..544d11e254 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
@@ -12,41 +12,169 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "gc.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "node.h"
+#include "objspace.h"
 #include "ruby/debug.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
 #include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "gc.h"
-#include "node.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
-#include "objspace.h"
 
-static VALUE sym_output, sym_stdout, sym_string, sym_file;
+RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_hexdigits[];
+
+#define BUFFER_CAPACITY 4096
 
 struct dump_config {
     VALUE type;
-    FILE *stream;
+    VALUE stream;
     VALUE string;
-    int roots;
     const char *root_category;
     VALUE cur_obj;
     VALUE cur_obj_klass;
     size_t cur_obj_references;
+    unsigned int roots: 1;
+    unsigned int full_heap: 1;
+    unsigned int partial_dump;
+    size_t since;
+    unsigned long buffer_len;
+    char buffer[BUFFER_CAPACITY];
 };
 
-PRINTF_ARGS(static void dump_append(struct dump_config *, const char *, ...), 2, 3);
 static void
-dump_append(struct dump_config *dc, const char *format, ...)
+dump_flush(struct dump_config *dc)
+{
+    if (dc->buffer_len) {
+        if (dc->stream) {
+            size_t written = rb_io_bufwrite(dc->stream, dc->buffer, dc->buffer_len);
+            if (written < dc->buffer_len) {
+                MEMMOVE(dc->buffer, dc->buffer + written, char, dc->buffer_len - written);
+                dc->buffer_len -= written;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (dc->string) {
+            rb_str_cat(dc->string, dc->buffer, dc->buffer_len);
+        }
+        dc->buffer_len = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+buffer_ensure_capa(struct dump_config *dc, unsigned long requested)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(requested <= BUFFER_CAPACITY);
+    if (requested + dc->buffer_len >= BUFFER_CAPACITY) {
+        dump_flush(dc);
+        if (requested + dc->buffer_len >= BUFFER_CAPACITY) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "full buffer");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void buffer_append(struct dump_config *dc, const char *cstr, unsigned long len)
+{
+    if (LIKELY(len > 0)) {
+        buffer_ensure_capa(dc, len);
+        MEMCPY(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, cstr, char, len);
+        dc->buffer_len += len;
+    }
+}
+
+# define dump_append(dc, str) buffer_append(dc, (str), (long)strlen(str))
+
+static void
+dump_append_ld(struct dump_config *dc, const long number)
+{
+    const int width = DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(number) * CHAR_BIT - 1) + 2;
+    buffer_ensure_capa(dc, width);
+    unsigned long required = snprintf(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, width, "%ld", number);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(required <= width);
+    dc->buffer_len += required;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_append_lu(struct dump_config *dc, const unsigned long number)
+{
+    const int width = DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(number) * CHAR_BIT) + 1;
+    buffer_ensure_capa(dc, width);
+    unsigned long required = snprintf(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, width, "%lu", number);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(required <= width);
+    dc->buffer_len += required;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_append_g(struct dump_config *dc, const double number)
+{
+    unsigned long capa_left = BUFFER_CAPACITY - dc->buffer_len;
+    unsigned long required = snprintf(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, capa_left, "%#g", number);
+
+    if (required >= capa_left) {
+        buffer_ensure_capa(dc, required);
+        capa_left = BUFFER_CAPACITY - dc->buffer_len;
+        snprintf(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, capa_left, "%#g", number);
+    }
+    dc->buffer_len += required;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_append_d(struct dump_config *dc, const int number)
 {
-    va_list vl;
-    va_start(vl, format);
+    const int width = DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(number) * CHAR_BIT - 1) + 2;
+    buffer_ensure_capa(dc, width);
+    unsigned long required = snprintf(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, width, "%d", number);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(required <= width);
+    dc->buffer_len += required;
+}
 
-    if (dc->stream) {
-	vfprintf(dc->stream, format, vl);
+static void
+dump_append_sizet(struct dump_config *dc, const size_t number)
+{
+    const int width = DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(sizeof(number) * CHAR_BIT) + 1;
+    buffer_ensure_capa(dc, width);
+    unsigned long required = snprintf(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, width, "%"PRIuSIZE, number);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(required <= width);
+    dc->buffer_len += required;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_append_c(struct dump_config *dc, char c)
+{
+    if (c <= 0x1f) {
+        const int width = (sizeof(c) * CHAR_BIT / 4) + 5;
+        buffer_ensure_capa(dc, width);
+        unsigned long required = snprintf(dc->buffer + dc->buffer_len, width, "\\u00%02x", c);
+        RUBY_ASSERT(required <= width);
+        dc->buffer_len += required;
+    }
+    else {
+        buffer_ensure_capa(dc, 1);
+        dc->buffer[dc->buffer_len] = c;
+        dc->buffer_len++;
     }
-    else if (dc->string)
-	rb_str_vcatf(dc->string, format, vl);
+}
+
+static void
+dump_append_ref(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE ref)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(ref > 0);
+
+    char buffer[((sizeof(VALUE) * CHAR_BIT + 3) / 4) + 4];
+    char *buffer_start, *buffer_end;
 
-    va_end(vl);
+    buffer_start = buffer_end = &buffer[sizeof(buffer)];
+    *--buffer_start = '"';
+    while (ref) {
+        *--buffer_start = ruby_hexdigits[ref & 0xF];
+        ref >>= 4;
+    }
+    *--buffer_start = 'x';
+    *--buffer_start = '0';
+    *--buffer_start = '"';
+    buffer_append(dc, buffer_start, buffer_end - buffer_start);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -58,35 +186,37 @@ dump_append_string_value(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE obj)
 
     dump_append(dc, "\"");
     for (i = 0, value = RSTRING_PTR(obj); i < RSTRING_LEN(obj); i++) {
-	switch ((c = value[i])) {
-	  case '\\':
-	  case '"':
-	    dump_append(dc, "\\%c", c);
-	    break;
-	  case '\0':
-	    dump_append(dc, "\\u0000");
-	    break;
-	  case '\b':
-	    dump_append(dc, "\\b");
-	    break;
-	  case '\t':
-	    dump_append(dc, "\\t");
-	    break;
-	  case '\f':
-	    dump_append(dc, "\\f");
-	    break;
-	  case '\n':
-	    dump_append(dc, "\\n");
-	    break;
-	  case '\r':
-	    dump_append(dc, "\\r");
-	    break;
-	  default:
-	    if (c <= 0x1f)
-		dump_append(dc, "\\u%04d", c);
-	    else
-		dump_append(dc, "%c", c);
-	}
+        switch ((c = value[i])) {
+          case '\\':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\\\");
+            break;
+          case '"':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\\"");
+            break;
+          case '\0':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\u0000");
+            break;
+          case '\b':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\b");
+            break;
+          case '\t':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\t");
+            break;
+          case '\f':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\f");
+            break;
+          case '\n':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\n");
+            break;
+          case '\r':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\r");
+            break;
+          case '\177':
+            dump_append(dc, "\\u007f");
+            break;
+          default:
+            dump_append_c(dc, c);
+        }
     }
     dump_append(dc, "\"");
 }
@@ -103,7 +233,7 @@ static inline const char *
 obj_type(VALUE obj)
 {
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-#define CASE_TYPE(type) case T_##type: return #type; break
+#define CASE_TYPE(type) case T_##type: return #type
 	CASE_TYPE(NONE);
 	CASE_TYPE(NIL);
 	CASE_TYPE(OBJECT);
@@ -131,6 +261,7 @@ obj_type(VALUE obj)
 	CASE_TYPE(NODE);
 	CASE_TYPE(ZOMBIE);
 #undef CASE_TYPE
+      default: break;
     }
     return "UNKNOWN";
 }
@@ -139,25 +270,25 @@ static void
 dump_append_special_const(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE value)
 {
     if (value == Qtrue) {
-	dump_append(dc, "true");
+        dump_append(dc, "true");
     }
     else if (value == Qfalse) {
-	dump_append(dc, "false");
+        dump_append(dc, "false");
     }
     else if (value == Qnil) {
-	dump_append(dc, "null");
+        dump_append(dc, "null");
     }
     else if (FIXNUM_P(value)) {
-	dump_append(dc, "%ld", FIX2LONG(value));
+        dump_append_ld(dc, FIX2LONG(value));
     }
     else if (FLONUM_P(value)) {
-	dump_append(dc, "%#g", RFLOAT_VALUE(value));
+        dump_append_g(dc, RFLOAT_VALUE(value));
     }
     else if (SYMBOL_P(value)) {
-	dump_append_symbol_value(dc, value);
+        dump_append_symbol_value(dc, value);
     }
     else {
-	dump_append(dc, "{}");
+        dump_append(dc, "{}");
     }
 }
 
@@ -167,12 +298,16 @@ reachable_object_i(VALUE ref, void *data)
     struct dump_config *dc = (struct dump_config *)data;
 
     if (dc->cur_obj_klass == ref)
-	return;
+        return;
 
-    if (dc->cur_obj_references == 0)
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"references\":[\"%p\"", (void *)ref);
-    else
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"%p\"", (void *)ref);
+    if (dc->cur_obj_references == 0) {
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"references\":[");
+        dump_append_ref(dc, ref);
+    }
+    else {
+        dump_append(dc, ", ");
+        dump_append_ref(dc, ref);
+    }
 
     dc->cur_obj_references++;
 }
@@ -180,13 +315,16 @@ reachable_object_i(VALUE ref, void *data)
 static void
 dump_append_string_content(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE obj)
 {
-    dump_append(dc, ", \"bytesize\":%ld", RSTRING_LEN(obj));
-    if (!STR_EMBED_P(obj) && !STR_SHARED_P(obj) && (long)rb_str_capacity(obj) != RSTRING_LEN(obj))
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"capacity\":%"PRIuSIZE, rb_str_capacity(obj));
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"bytesize\":");
+    dump_append_ld(dc, RSTRING_LEN(obj));
+    if (!STR_EMBED_P(obj) && !STR_SHARED_P(obj) && (long)rb_str_capacity(obj) != RSTRING_LEN(obj)) {
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"capacity\":");
+        dump_append_sizet(dc, rb_str_capacity(obj));
+    }
 
     if (is_ascii_string(obj)) {
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"value\":");
-	dump_append_string_value(dc, obj);
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"value\":");
+        dump_append_string_value(dc, obj);
     }
 }
 
@@ -194,122 +332,177 @@ static void
 dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
 {
     size_t memsize;
-    struct allocation_info *ainfo;
+    struct allocation_info *ainfo = objspace_lookup_allocation_info(obj);
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     ID flags[RB_OBJ_GC_FLAGS_MAX];
     size_t n, i;
 
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	dump_append_special_const(dc, obj);
-	return;
+        dump_append_special_const(dc, obj);
+        return;
     }
 
     dc->cur_obj = obj;
     dc->cur_obj_references = 0;
     dc->cur_obj_klass = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NODE ? 0 : RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
 
+    if (dc->partial_dump && (!ainfo || ainfo->generation < dc->since)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     if (dc->cur_obj == dc->string)
-	return;
+        return;
+
+    dump_append(dc, "{\"address\":");
+    dump_append_ref(dc, obj);
 
-    dump_append(dc, "{\"address\":\"%p\", \"type\":\"%s\"", (void *)obj, obj_type(obj));
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"type\":\"");
+    dump_append(dc, obj_type(obj));
+    dump_append(dc, "\"");
 
-    if (dc->cur_obj_klass)
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"class\":\"%p\"", (void *)dc->cur_obj_klass);
+    if (dc->cur_obj_klass) {
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"class\":");
+        dump_append_ref(dc, dc->cur_obj_klass);
+    }
     if (rb_obj_frozen_p(obj))
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"frozen\":true");
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"frozen\":true");
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
-      case T_NODE:
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"node_type\":\"%s\"", ruby_node_name(nd_type(obj)));
-	break;
+      case T_NONE:
+        dump_append(dc, "}\n");
+        return;
+
+      case T_IMEMO:
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"imemo_type\":\"");
+        dump_append(dc, rb_imemo_name(imemo_type(obj)));
+        dump_append(dc, "\"");
+        break;
 
       case T_SYMBOL:
-	dump_append_string_content(dc, rb_sym2str(obj));
-	break;
+        dump_append_string_content(dc, rb_sym2str(obj));
+        break;
 
       case T_STRING:
-	if (STR_EMBED_P(obj))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"embedded\":true");
-	if (is_broken_string(obj))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"broken\":true");
-	if (FL_TEST(obj, RSTRING_FSTR))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"fstring\":true");
-	if (STR_SHARED_P(obj))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"shared\":true");
-	else
-	    dump_append_string_content(dc, obj);
-
-	if (!ENCODING_IS_ASCII8BIT(obj))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"encoding\":\"%s\"", rb_enc_name(rb_enc_from_index(ENCODING_GET(obj))));
-	break;
+        if (STR_EMBED_P(obj))
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"embedded\":true");
+        if (is_broken_string(obj))
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"broken\":true");
+        if (FL_TEST(obj, RSTRING_FSTR))
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"fstring\":true");
+        if (STR_SHARED_P(obj))
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"shared\":true");
+        else
+            dump_append_string_content(dc, obj);
+
+        if (!ENCODING_IS_ASCII8BIT(obj)) {
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"encoding\":\"");
+            dump_append(dc, rb_enc_name(rb_enc_from_index(ENCODING_GET(obj))));
+            dump_append(dc, "\"");
+        }
+        break;
 
       case T_HASH:
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"size\":%"PRIuSIZE, (size_t)RHASH_SIZE(obj));
-	if (FL_TEST(obj, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"default\":\"%p\"", (void *)RHASH_IFNONE(obj));
-	break;
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"size\":");
+        dump_append_sizet(dc, (size_t)RHASH_SIZE(obj));
+        if (FL_TEST(obj, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"default\":");
+            dump_append_ref(dc, RHASH_IFNONE(obj));
+        }
+        break;
 
       case T_ARRAY:
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"length\":%ld", RARRAY_LEN(obj));
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) > 0 && FL_TEST(obj, ELTS_SHARED))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"shared\":true");
-	if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) > 0 && FL_TEST(obj, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"embedded\":true");
-	break;
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"length\":");
+        dump_append_ld(dc, RARRAY_LEN(obj));
+        if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) > 0 && FL_TEST(obj, ELTS_SHARED))
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"shared\":true");
+        if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) > 0 && FL_TEST(obj, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"embedded\":true");
+        break;
 
       case T_CLASS:
       case T_MODULE:
-	if (dc->cur_obj_klass)
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"name\":\"%s\"", rb_class2name(obj));
-	break;
+        if (dc->cur_obj_klass) {
+            VALUE mod_name = rb_mod_name(obj);
+            if (!NIL_P(mod_name)) {
+                dump_append(dc, ", \"name\":\"");
+                dump_append(dc, RSTRING_PTR(mod_name));
+                dump_append(dc, "\"");
+            }
+        }
+        break;
 
       case T_DATA:
-	if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj))
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"struct\":\"%s\"", RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name);
-	break;
+        if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"struct\":\"");
+            dump_append(dc, RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name);
+            dump_append(dc, "\"");
+        }
+        break;
 
       case T_FLOAT:
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"value\":\"%g\"", RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-	break;
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"value\":\"");
+        dump_append_g(dc, RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
+        dump_append(dc, "\"");
+        break;
 
       case T_OBJECT:
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"ivars\":%u", ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj));
-	break;
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"ivars\":");
+        dump_append_lu(dc, ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj));
+        break;
 
       case T_FILE:
-	fptr = RFILE(obj)->fptr;
-	if (fptr)
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"fd\":%d", fptr->fd);
-	break;
+        fptr = RFILE(obj)->fptr;
+        if (fptr) {
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"fd\":");
+            dump_append_d(dc, fptr->fd);
+        }
+        break;
 
       case T_ZOMBIE:
-	dump_append(dc, "}\n");
-	return;
+          dump_append(dc, "}\n");
+          return;
+
+      default:
+        break;
     }
 
     rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, reachable_object_i, dc);
     if (dc->cur_obj_references > 0)
-	dump_append(dc, "]");
-
-    if ((ainfo = objspace_lookup_allocation_info(obj))) {
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"file\":\"%s\", \"line\":%lu", ainfo->path, ainfo->line);
-	if (RTEST(ainfo->mid)) {
-	    VALUE m = rb_sym2str(ainfo->mid);
-	    dump_append(dc, ", \"method\":\"%s\"", RSTRING_PTR(m));
-	}
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"generation\":%"PRIuSIZE, ainfo->generation);
+        dump_append(dc, "]");
+
+    if (ainfo) {
+        if (ainfo->path) {
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"file\":\"");
+            dump_append(dc, ainfo->path);
+            dump_append(dc, "\"");
+        }
+        if (ainfo->line) {
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"line\":");
+            dump_append_lu(dc, ainfo->line);
+        }
+        if (RTEST(ainfo->mid)) {
+            VALUE m = rb_sym2str(ainfo->mid);
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"method\":");
+            dump_append_string_value(dc, m);
+        }
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"generation\":");
+        dump_append_sizet(dc, ainfo->generation);
     }
 
-    if ((memsize = rb_obj_memsize_of(obj)) > 0)
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"memsize\":%"PRIuSIZE, memsize);
+    if ((memsize = rb_obj_memsize_of(obj)) > 0) {
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"memsize\":");
+        dump_append_sizet(dc, memsize);
+    }
 
     if ((n = rb_obj_gc_flags(obj, flags, sizeof(flags))) > 0) {
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"flags\":{");
-	for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-	    dump_append(dc, "\"%s\":true", rb_id2name(flags[i]));
-	    if (i != n-1) dump_append(dc, ", ");
-	}
-	dump_append(dc, "}");
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"flags\":{");
+        for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+            dump_append(dc, "\"");
+            dump_append(dc, rb_id2name(flags[i]));
+            dump_append(dc, "\":true");
+            if (i != n-1) dump_append(dc, ", ");
+        }
+        dump_append(dc, "}");
     }
 
     dump_append(dc, "}\n");
@@ -318,10 +511,18 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
 static int
 heap_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
 {
+    struct dump_config *dc = (struct dump_config *)data;
     VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
     for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
-	if (RBASIC(v)->flags)
-	    dump_object(v, data);
+        void *ptr = asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+        asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+	if (dc->full_heap || RBASIC(v)->flags)
+	    dump_object(v, dc);
+
+        if (ptr) {
+            asan_poison_object(v);
+        }
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -332,148 +533,101 @@ root_obj_i(const char *category, VALUE obj, void *data)
     struct dump_config *dc = (struct dump_config *)data;
 
     if (dc->root_category != NULL && category != dc->root_category)
-	dump_append(dc, "]}\n");
-    if (dc->root_category == NULL || category != dc->root_category)
-	dump_append(dc, "{\"type\":\"ROOT\", \"root\":\"%s\", \"references\":[\"%p\"", category, (void *)obj);
-    else
-	dump_append(dc, ", \"%p\"", (void *)obj);
+        dump_append(dc, "]}\n");
+    if (dc->root_category == NULL || category != dc->root_category) {
+        dump_append(dc, "{\"type\":\"ROOT\", \"root\":\"");
+        dump_append(dc, category);
+        dump_append(dc, "\", \"references\":[");
+        dump_append_ref(dc, obj);
+    }
+    else {
+        dump_append(dc, ", ");
+        dump_append_ref(dc, obj);
+    }
 
     dc->root_category = category;
-    dc->roots++;
+    dc->roots = 1;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-dump_output(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE opts, VALUE output, const char *filename)
+static void
+dump_output(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since)
 {
-    VALUE tmp;
 
-    if (RTEST(opts))
-	output = rb_hash_aref(opts, sym_output);
+    dc->full_heap = 0;
+    dc->buffer_len = 0;
 
-    if (output == sym_stdout) {
-	dc->stream = stdout;
-	dc->string = Qnil;
-    }
-    else if (output == sym_file) {
-	rb_io_t *fptr;
-	rb_require("tempfile");
-	tmp = rb_assoc_new(rb_str_new_cstr(filename), rb_str_new_cstr(".json"));
-	tmp = rb_funcallv(rb_path2class("Tempfile"), rb_intern("create"), 1, &tmp);
-      io:
-	dc->string = rb_io_get_write_io(tmp);
-	rb_io_flush(dc->string);
-	GetOpenFile(dc->string, fptr);
-	dc->stream = rb_io_stdio_file(fptr);
+    if (TYPE(output) == T_STRING) {
+        dc->stream = Qfalse;
+        dc->string = output;
+    } else {
+        dc->stream = output;
+        dc->string = Qfalse;
     }
-    else if (output == sym_string) {
-	dc->string = rb_str_new_cstr("");
-    }
-    else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_io_check_io(output))) {
-	output = sym_file;
-	goto io;
+
+    if (full == Qtrue) {
+        dc->full_heap = 1;
     }
-    else {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong output option: %"PRIsVALUE, output);
+
+    if (RTEST(since)) {
+        dc->partial_dump = 1;
+        dc->since = NUM2SIZET(since);
+    } else {
+        dc->partial_dump = 0;
     }
-    return output;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-dump_result(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE output)
+dump_result(struct dump_config *dc)
 {
-    if (output == sym_string) {
-	return rb_str_resurrect(dc->string);
-    }
-    else if (output == sym_file) {
-	rb_io_flush(dc->string);
-	return dc->string;
-    }
-    else {
-	return Qnil;
+    dump_flush(dc);
+
+    if (dc->string) {
+        return dc->string;
+    } else {
+        rb_io_flush(dc->stream);
+        return dc->stream;
     }
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    ObjectSpace.dump(obj[, output: :string]) # => "{ ... }"
- *    ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :file)     # => #<File:/tmp/rubyobj20131125-88733-1xkfmpv.json>
- *    ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :stdout)   # => nil
- *
- *  Dump the contents of a ruby object as JSON.
- *
- *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
- *  This is an experimental method and is subject to change.
- *  In particular, the function signature and output format are
- *  not guaranteed to be compatible in future versions of ruby.
- */
-
 static VALUE
-objspace_dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
+objspace_dump(VALUE os, VALUE obj, VALUE output)
 {
-    static const char filename[] = "rubyobj";
-    VALUE obj = Qnil, opts = Qnil, output;
     struct dump_config dc = {0,};
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &obj, &opts);
-
-    output = dump_output(&dc, opts, sym_string, filename);
+    dump_output(&dc, output, Qnil, Qnil);
 
     dump_object(obj, &dc);
 
-    return dump_result(&dc, output);
+    return dump_result(&dc);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    ObjectSpace.dump_all([output: :file]) # => #<File:/tmp/rubyheap20131125-88469-laoj3v.json>
- *    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :stdout) # => nil
- *    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string) # => "{...}\n{...}\n..."
- *    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output:
- *      File.open('heap.json','w'))         # => #<File:heap.json>
- *
- *  Dump the contents of the ruby heap as JSON.
- *
- *  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
- *  This is an experimental method and is subject to change.
- *  In particular, the function signature and output format are
- *  not guaranteed to be compatible in future versions of ruby.
- */
-
 static VALUE
-objspace_dump_all(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
+objspace_dump_all(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since)
 {
-    static const char filename[] = "rubyheap";
-    VALUE opts = Qnil, output;
     struct dump_config dc = {0,};
+    dump_output(&dc, output, full, since);
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0:", &opts);
-
-    output = dump_output(&dc, opts, sym_file, filename);
-
-    /* dump roots */
-    rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(root_obj_i, &dc);
-    if (dc.roots) dump_append(&dc, "]}\n");
+    if (!dc.partial_dump || dc.since == 0) {
+        /* dump roots */
+        rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(root_obj_i, &dc);
+        if (dc.roots) dump_append(&dc, "]}\n");
+    }
 
     /* dump all objects */
     rb_objspace_each_objects(heap_i, &dc);
 
-    return dump_result(&dc, output);
+    return dump_result(&dc);
 }
 
 void
 Init_objspace_dump(VALUE rb_mObjSpace)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     rb_mObjSpace = rb_define_module("ObjectSpace"); /* let rdoc know */
 #endif
 
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "dump", objspace_dump, -1);
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "dump_all", objspace_dump_all, -1);
-
-    sym_output = ID2SYM(rb_intern("output"));
-    sym_stdout = ID2SYM(rb_intern("stdout"));
-    sym_string = ID2SYM(rb_intern("string"));
-    sym_file   = ID2SYM(rb_intern("file"));
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump", objspace_dump, 2);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump_all", objspace_dump_all, 3);
 
     /* force create static IDs */
     rb_obj_gc_flags(rb_mObjSpace, 0, 0);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/History.md b/ext/openssl/History.md
index 029426fb8c..46435f9be6 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/History.md
+++ b/ext/openssl/History.md
@@ -1,3 +1,334 @@
+Version 2.2.1
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 2.1.3. Additionally, the following issues are fixed by this
+release.
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fix crash in `OpenSSL::Timestamp::{Request,Response,TokenInfo}.new` when
+  invalid arguments are given.
+  [[GitHub #407]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/407)
+* Fix `OpenSSL::Timestamp::Factory#create_timestamp` with LibreSSL on platforms
+  where `time_t` has a different size from `long`.
+  [[GitHub #454]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/454)
+
+
+Version 2.2.0
+=============
+
+Compatibility notes
+-------------------
+
+* Remove unsupported MDC2, DSS, DSS1, and SHA algorithms.
+* Remove `OpenSSL::PKCS7::SignerInfo#name` alias for `#issuer`.
+  [[GitHub #266]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/266)
+* Deprecate `OpenSSL::Config#add_value` and `#[]=` for future removal.
+  [[GitHub #322]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/322)
+
+
+Notable changes
+---------------
+
+* Change default `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer#listen` backlog argument from
+  5 to `Socket::SOMAXCONN`.
+  [[GitHub #286]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/286)
+* Make `OpenSSL::HMAC#==` use a timing safe string comparison.
+  [[GitHub #284]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/284)
+* Add support for SHA3 and BLAKE digests.
+  [[GitHub #282]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/282)
+* Add `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.open` for opening a `TCPSocket` and
+  returning an `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket` for it.
+  [[GitHub #225]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/225)
+* Support marshalling of `OpenSSL::X509` and `OpenSSL::PKey` objects.
+  [[GitHub #281]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/281)
+  [[GitHub #363]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/363)
+* Add `OpenSSL.secure_compare` for timing safe string comparison for
+  strings of possibly unequal length.
+  [[GitHub #280]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/280)
+* Add `OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare` for timing safe string
+  comparison for strings of equal length.
+  [[GitHub #269]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/269)
+* Add `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#{finished_message,peer_finished_message}`
+  for last finished message sent and received.
+  [[GitHub #250]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/250)
+* Add `OpenSSL::Timestamp` module for handing timestamp requests and
+  responses.
+  [[GitHub #204]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/204)
+* Add helper methods for `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate`:
+  `find_extension`, `subject_key_identifier`,
+  `authority_key_identifier`, `crl_uris`, `ca_issuer_uris` and
+  `ocsp_uris`, and for `OpenSSL::X509::CRL`:
+  `find_extension` and `subject_key_identifier`.
+  [[GitHub #260]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/260)
+  [[GitHub #275]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/275)
+  [[GitHub #293]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/293)
+* Add `OpenSSL::ECPoint#add` for performing elliptic curve point addition.
+  [[GitHub #261]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/261)
+* Make `OpenSSL::PKey::RSA#{export,to_der}` check `key`, `factors`, and
+  `crt_params` to do proper private key serialization.
+  [[GitHub #258]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/258)
+* Add `OpenSSL::SSL::{SSLSocket,SSLServer}#fileno`, returning the
+  underlying socket file descriptor number.
+  [[GitHub #247]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/247)
+* Support client certificates with TLS 1.3, and support post-handshake
+  authentication with OpenSSL 1.1.1+.
+  [[GitHub #239]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/239)
+* Add `OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#==` for equality testing.
+* Add `OpenSSL::X509::Extension#value_der` for the raw value of
+  the extension.
+  [[GitHub #234]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/234)
+* Significantly reduce allocated memory in `OpenSSL::Buffering#do_write`.
+  [[GitHub #212]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/212)
+* Ensure all valid IPv6 addresses are considered valid as elements
+  of subjectAlternativeName in certificates.
+  [[GitHub #185]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/185)
+* Allow recipient's certificate to be omitted in PCKS7#decrypt.
+  [[GitHub #183]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/183)
+* Add support for reading keys in PKCS #8 format and export via instance methods
+  added to `OpenSSL::PKey` classes: `private_to_der`, `private_to_pem`,
+  `public_to_der` and `public_to_pem`.
+  [[GitHub #297]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/297)
+
+
+Version 2.1.3
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fix deprecation warnings on Ruby 3.0.
+* Add ".include" directive support in `OpenSSL::Config`.
+  [[GitHub #216]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/216)
+* Fix handling of IPv6 address SANs.
+  [[GitHub #185]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/185)
+* Hostname verification failure with `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=`
+  sets a proper error code.
+  [[GitHub #350]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/350)
+* Fix crash with `OpenSSL::BN.new(nil, 2)`.
+  [[Bug #15760]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15760)
+* `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#sys{read,write}` prevent internal string buffers from
+  being modified by another thread.
+  [[GitHub #453]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/453)
+* Fix misuse of input record separator in `OpenSSL::Buffering` where it was
+  for output.
+* Fix wrong interger casting in `OpenSSL::PKey::EC#dsa_verify_asn1`.
+  [[GitHub #460]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/460)
+* `extconf.rb` explicitly checks that OpenSSL's version number is 1.0.1 or
+  newer but also less than 3.0. Ruby/OpenSSL v2.1.x and v2.2.x will not support
+  OpenSSL 3.0 API.
+  [[GitHub #458]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/458)
+* Activate `digest` gem correctly. `digest` library could go into an
+  inconsistent state if there are multiple versions of `digest` is installed
+  and `openssl` is `require`d before `digest`.
+  [[GitHub #463]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/463)
+* Fix GC.compact compatibility.
+  [[GitHub #464]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/464)
+  [[GitHub #465]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/465)
+
+
+Version 2.1.2
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 2.0.9.
+
+
+Version 2.1.1
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 2.0.8.
+
+
+Version 2.1.0
+=============
+
+Notable changes
+---------------
+
+* Support for OpenSSL versions before 1.0.1 and LibreSSL versions before 2.5
+  is removed.
+  [[GitHub #86]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/86)
+* OpenSSL::BN#negative?, #+@, and #-@ are added.
+* OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#connect raises a more informative exception when
+  certificate verification fails.
+  [[GitHub #99]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/99)
+* OpenSSL::KDF module is newly added. In addition to PBKDF2-HMAC that has moved
+  from OpenSSL::PKCS5, scrypt and HKDF are supported.
+  [[GitHub #109]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/109)
+  [[GitHub #173]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/173)
+* OpenSSL.fips_mode is added. We had the setter, but not the getter.
+  [[GitHub #125]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/125)
+* OpenSSL::OCSP::Request#signed? is added.
+* OpenSSL::ASN1 handles the indefinite length form better. OpenSSL::ASN1.decode
+  no longer wrongly treats the end-of-contents octets as part of the content.
+  OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data#infinite_length is renamed to #indefinite_length.
+  [[GitHub #98]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/98)
+* OpenSSL::X509::Name#add_entry now accepts two additional keyword arguments
+  'loc' and 'set'.
+  [[GitHub #94]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/94)
+* OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version= and #max_version= are added to replace
+  #ssl_version= that was built on top of the deprecated OpenSSL C API. Use of
+  that method and the constant OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::METHODS is now
+  deprecated.
+  [[GitHub #142]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/142)
+* OpenSSL::X509::Name#to_utf8 is added.
+  [[GitHub #26]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/26)
+  [[GitHub #143]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/143)
+* OpenSSL::X509::{Extension,Attribute,Certificate,CRL,Revoked,Request} can be
+  compared with == operator.
+  [[GitHub #161]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/161)
+* TLS Fallback Signaling Cipher Suite Value (SCSV) support is added.
+  [[GitHub #165]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/165)
+* Build failure with OpenSSL 1.1 built with no-deprecated is fixed.
+  [[GitHub #160]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/160)
+* OpenSSL::Buffering#write accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
+  [[Feature #9323]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9323)
+  [[GitHub #162]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/162)
+* OpenSSL::PKey::RSA#sign_pss and #verify_pss are added. They perform RSA-PSS
+  signature and verification.
+  [[GitHub #75]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/75)
+  [[GitHub #76]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/76)
+  [[GitHub #169]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/169)
+* OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#add_certificate is added.
+  [[GitHub #167]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/167)
+* OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point#to_octet_string is added.
+  OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new can now take String as the second argument.
+  [[GitHub #177]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/177)
+
+
+Version 2.0.9
+=============
+
+Security fixes
+--------------
+
+* OpenSSL::X509::Name#<=> could incorrectly return 0 (= equal) for non-equal
+  objects. CVE-2018-16395 is assigned for this issue.
+  https://hackerone.com/reports/387250
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fixed OpenSSL::PKey::*.{new,generate} immediately aborting if the thread is
+  interrupted.
+  [[Bug #14882]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14882)
+  [[GitHub #205]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/205)
+* Fixed OpenSSL::X509::Name#to_s failing with OpenSSL::X509::NameError if
+  called against an empty instance.
+  [[GitHub #200]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/200)
+  [[GitHub #211]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/211)
+
+
+Version 2.0.8
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* OpenSSL::Cipher#pkcs5_keyivgen raises an error when a negative iteration
+  count is given.
+  [[GitHub #184]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/184)
+* Fixed build with LibreSSL 2.7.
+  [[GitHub #192]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/192)
+  [[GitHub #193]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/193)
+
+
+Version 2.0.7
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* OpenSSL::Cipher#auth_data= could segfault if called against a non-AEAD cipher.
+  [[Bug #14024]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14024)
+* OpenSSL::X509::Certificate#public_key= (and similar methods) could segfault
+  when an instance of OpenSSL::PKey::PKey with no public key components is
+  passed.
+  [[Bug #14087]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14087)
+  [[GitHub #168]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/168)
+
+
+Version 2.0.6
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* The session_remove_cb set to an OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext is no longer called
+  during GC.
+* A possible deadlock in OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#sysread is fixed.
+  [[GitHub #139]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/139)
+* OpenSSL::BN#hash could return an unnormalized fixnum value on Windows.
+  [[Bug #13877]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13877)
+* OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#sysread and #sysread_nonblock set the length of the
+  destination buffer String to 0 on error.
+  [[GitHub #153]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/153)
+* Possible deadlock is fixed. This happened only when built with older versions
+  of OpenSSL (before 1.1.0) or LibreSSL.
+  [[GitHub #155]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/155)
+
+
+Version 2.0.5
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Reading a PEM/DER-encoded private key or certificate from an IO object did
+  not work properly on mswin platforms.
+  [[ruby/openssl#128]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/128)
+* Broken length check in the PEM passphrase callback is fixed.
+* It failed to compile when OpenSSL is configured without TLS 1.0 support.
+
+
+Version 2.0.4
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* It now compiles with LibreSSL without renaming on Windows (mswin).
+* A workaround for the error queue leak of X509_load_cert_crl_file() that
+  causes random errors is added.
+  [[Bug #11033]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/11033)
+
+
+Version 2.0.3
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* OpenSSL::ASN1::Constructive#each which was broken by 2.0.0 is fixed.
+  [[ruby/openssl#96]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/96)
+* Fixed build with static OpenSSL libraries on Windows.
+  [[Bug #13080]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13080)
+* OpenSSL::X509::Name#eql? which was broken by 2.0.0 is fixed.
+
+
+Version 2.0.2
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fix build with early 0.9.8 series which did not have SSL_CTX_clear_options().
+  [ruby-core:78693]
+
+
+Version 2.0.1
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* A GC issue around OpenSSL::BN is fixed.
+  [[ruby/openssl#87]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/87)
+* OpenSSL::ASN1 now parses BER encoding of GeneralizedTime without seconds.
+  [[ruby/openssl#88]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/88)
+
+
 Version 2.0.0
 =============
 
@@ -23,7 +354,8 @@ Supported platforms
 Notable changes
 ---------------
 
-* Add support for OpenSSL 1.1.0. [[Feature #12324]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12324)
+* Add support for OpenSSL 1.1.0.
+  [[Feature #12324]](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12324)
 * Add support for LibreSSL
 
 * OpenSSL::Cipher
@@ -89,7 +421,7 @@ Notable changes
   - A new option 'verify_hostname' is added to OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext. When it
     is enabled, and the SNI hostname is also set, the hostname verification on
     the server certificate is automatically performed. It is now enabled by
-    OpenSSL::SSL::Context#set_params.
+    OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#set_params.
     [[GH ruby/openssl#60]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/60)
 
 Removals
diff --git a/ext/openssl/depend b/ext/openssl/depend
index 8426765281..92825ba0e9 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/depend
+++ b/ext/openssl/depend
@@ -5,19 +5,170 @@ openssl_missing.o: openssl_missing.c
 openssl_missing.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
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+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
 ossl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread_native.h
-ossl.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl.o: ossl.c
 ossl.o: ossl.h
@@ -29,31 +180,182 @@ ossl.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_asn1.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
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+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
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 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_asn1.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
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 ossl_asn1.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_asn1.c
@@ -65,31 +367,182 @@ ossl_asn1.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_asn1.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_asn1.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_asn1.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_asn1.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_asn1.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_bio.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_bio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
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+ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
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 ossl_cipher.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_cipher.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_cipher.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -173,31 +929,182 @@ ossl_cipher.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_cipher.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_cipher.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_cipher.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_cipher.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_cipher.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_config.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_config.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
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+ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
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 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
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+ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
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 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_config.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
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 ossl_config.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -209,31 +1116,182 @@ ossl_config.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_config.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_config.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_config.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_config.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_config.o: ossl_ts.h
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 ossl_config.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_digest.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_digest.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_digest.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
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@@ -245,31 +1303,182 @@ ossl_digest.o: ossl_digest.c
 ossl_digest.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_digest.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_digest.o: ossl_hmac.h
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-ossl_digest.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_digest.o: ossl_ts.h
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 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
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 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
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 ossl_ns_spki.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_ns_spki.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -352,32 +2050,183 @@ ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_ns_spki.c
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_ns_spki.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
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+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_ocsp.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -388,32 +2237,183 @@ ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_ocsp.c
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_ocsp.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkcs12.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -424,68 +2424,183 @@ ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_pkcs12.c
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_pkcs12.o: ruby_missing.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: openssl_missing.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_asn1.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_bio.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_bn.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_cipher.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_config.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_digest.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_engine.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_hmac.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_ocsp.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_pkcs5.c
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_pkey.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_rand.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_version.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ossl_x509.h
-ossl_pkcs5.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
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+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
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+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
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+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
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+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
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+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
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+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
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+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkcs7.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -496,32 +2611,183 @@ ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_pkcs7.c
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_pkcs7.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_pkey.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
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+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
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+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
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+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
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+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_pkey.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkey.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -532,32 +2798,183 @@ ossl_pkey.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_pkey.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkey.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_pkey.c
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkey.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_pkey.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_pkey.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
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+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkey_dh.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -568,32 +2985,183 @@ ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_pkey_dh.c
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_pkey_dh.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
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+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkey_dsa.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -604,32 +3172,183 @@ ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_pkey_dsa.c
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_pkey_dsa.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
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+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkey_ec.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -640,32 +3359,183 @@ ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_pkey_ec.c
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_pkey_ec.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
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+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
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+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
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+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_pkey_rsa.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -676,32 +3546,183 @@ ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_pkey_rsa.c
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_pkey_rsa.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_rand.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
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+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
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+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
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+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_rand.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_rand.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_rand.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -712,32 +3733,183 @@ ossl_rand.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_rand.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_rand.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_rand.c
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_rand.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_rand.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_rand.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_rand.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_ssl.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
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+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
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+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
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+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_ssl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_ssl.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_ssl.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -748,32 +3920,183 @@ ossl_ssl.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_ssl.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_ssl.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_ssl.c
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_ssl.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_ssl.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_ssl.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_ssl_session.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -784,32 +4107,370 @@ ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_ssl.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_ssl_session.c
-ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_ssl_session.o: ruby_missing.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+ossl_ts.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_ts.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
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+ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_x509attr.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -856,32 +4668,183 @@ ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_x509attr.o: ossl_x509attr.c
 ossl_x509attr.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
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 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
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+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
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+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
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+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_x509cert.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -892,32 +4855,183 @@ ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_x509cert.o: ossl_x509cert.c
 ossl_x509cert.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ossl_x509crl.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
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 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
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 ossl_x509ext.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
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 ossl_x509ext.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -964,32 +5229,183 @@ ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_hmac.h
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 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
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 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_x509ext.o: ossl_x509ext.c
 ossl_x509ext.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_x509name.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_x509name.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
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 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
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 ossl_x509name.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
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 ossl_x509name.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -1000,32 +5416,183 @@ ossl_x509name.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_hmac.h
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 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
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 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_ssl.h
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 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_x509name.o: ossl_x509name.c
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 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
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 ossl_x509req.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
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 ossl_x509req.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -1036,32 +5603,183 @@ ossl_x509req.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_hmac.h
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 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
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 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_ssl.h
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+ossl_x509req.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_x509req.o: ossl_x509req.c
 ossl_x509req.o: ruby_missing.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
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 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
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 ossl_x509revoked.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
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 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_asn1.h
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 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_hmac.h
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 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
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 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ossl_x509revoked.c
 ossl_x509revoked.o: ruby_missing.h
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 ossl_x509store.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
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+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ossl_x509store.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-ossl_x509store.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ossl_x509store.o: openssl_missing.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_asn1.h
@@ -1108,15 +5977,15 @@ ossl_x509store.o: ossl_config.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_digest.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_engine.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_hmac.h
+ossl_x509store.o: ossl_kdf.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_ns_spki.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_ocsp.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_pkcs12.h
-ossl_x509store.o: ossl_pkcs5.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_pkcs7.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_pkey.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_rand.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_ssl.h
-ossl_x509store.o: ossl_version.h
+ossl_x509store.o: ossl_ts.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_x509.h
 ossl_x509store.o: ossl_x509store.c
 ossl_x509store.o: ruby_missing.h
diff --git a/ext/openssl/deprecation.rb b/ext/openssl/deprecation.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c3ab6287e..0000000000
--- a/ext/openssl/deprecation.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module OpenSSL
-  def self.deprecated_warning_flag
-    unless flag = (@deprecated_warning_flag ||= nil)
-      if try_compile("", flag = "-Werror=deprecated-declarations")
-        if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and with_config("broken-apple-openssl")
-          flag = "-Wno-deprecated-declarations"
-        end
-        $warnflags << " #{flag}"
-      else
-        flag = ""
-      end
-      @deprecated_warning_flag = flag
-    end
-    flag
-  end
-
-  def self.check_func(func, header)
-    have_func(func, header, deprecated_warning_flag)
-  end
-
-  def self.check_func_or_macro(func, header)
-    check_func(func, header) or
-      have_macro(func, header) && $defs.push("-DHAVE_#{func.upcase}")
-  end
-end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
index 96982309c3..e13595c7c7 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 =begin
 = Info
   'OpenSSL for Ruby 2' project
@@ -12,16 +12,12 @@
 =end
 
 require "mkmf"
-require File.expand_path('../deprecation', __FILE__)
 
 dir_config("openssl")
 dir_config("kerberos")
 
 Logging::message "=== OpenSSL for Ruby configurator ===\n"
 
-# Add -Werror=deprecated-declarations to $warnflags if available
-OpenSSL.deprecated_warning_flag
-
 ##
 # Adds -DOSSL_DEBUG for compilation and some more targets when GCC is used
 # To turn it on, use: --with-debug or --enable-debug
@@ -33,94 +29,120 @@ end
 Logging::message "=== Checking for system dependent stuff... ===\n"
 have_library("nsl", "t_open")
 have_library("socket", "socket")
+if $mswin || $mingw
+  have_library("ws2_32")
+end
 
-Logging::message "=== Checking for required stuff... ===\n"
-result = pkg_config("openssl") && have_header("openssl/ssl.h")
-unless result
+if $mingw
+  append_cflags '-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2'
+  append_ldflags '-fstack-protector'
+  have_library 'ssp'
+end
+
+def find_openssl_library
   if $mswin || $mingw
     # required for static OpenSSL libraries
     have_library("gdi32") # OpenSSL <= 1.0.2 (for RAND_screen())
     have_library("crypt32")
   end
 
-  result = have_header("openssl/ssl.h")
-  result &&= %w[crypto libeay32].any? {|lib| have_library(lib, "CRYPTO_malloc")}
-  result &&= %w[ssl ssleay32].any? {|lib| have_library(lib, "SSL_new")}
-  unless result
-    Logging::message "=== Checking for required stuff failed. ===\n"
-    Logging::message "Makefile wasn't created. Fix the errors above.\n"
-    exit 1
+  return false unless have_header("openssl/ssl.h")
+
+  ret = have_library("crypto", "CRYPTO_malloc") &&
+    have_library("ssl", "SSL_new")
+  return ret if ret
+
+  if $mswin
+    # OpenSSL >= 1.1.0: libcrypto.lib and libssl.lib.
+    if have_library("libcrypto", "CRYPTO_malloc") &&
+        have_library("libssl", "SSL_new")
+      return true
+    end
+
+    # OpenSSL <= 1.0.2: libeay32.lib and ssleay32.lib.
+    if have_library("libeay32", "CRYPTO_malloc") &&
+        have_library("ssleay32", "SSL_new")
+      return true
+    end
+
+    # LibreSSL: libcrypto-##.lib and libssl-##.lib, where ## is the ABI version
+    # number. We have to find the version number out by scanning libpath.
+    libpath = $LIBPATH.dup
+    libpath |= ENV["LIB"].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+    libpath.map! { |d| d.tr(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) }
+
+    ret = [
+      ["crypto", "CRYPTO_malloc"],
+      ["ssl", "SSL_new"]
+    ].all? do |base, func|
+      result = false
+      libs = ["lib#{base}-[0-9][0-9]", "lib#{base}-[0-9][0-9][0-9]"]
+      libs = Dir.glob(libs.map{|l| libpath.map{|d| File.join(d, l + ".*")}}.flatten).map{|path| File.basename(path, ".*")}.uniq
+      libs.each do |lib|
+        result = have_library(lib, func)
+        break if result
+      end
+      result
+    end
+    return ret if ret
   end
+  return false
 end
 
-result = checking_for("OpenSSL version is 0.9.8 or later") {
-  try_static_assert("OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x00908000L", "openssl/opensslv.h")
-}
-unless result
-  raise "OpenSSL 0.9.8 or later required."
+Logging::message "=== Checking for required stuff... ===\n"
+pkg_config_found = pkg_config("openssl") && have_header("openssl/ssl.h")
+
+if !pkg_config_found && !find_openssl_library
+  Logging::message "=== Checking for required stuff failed. ===\n"
+  Logging::message "Makefile wasn't created. Fix the errors above.\n"
+  raise "OpenSSL library could not be found. You might want to use " \
+    "--with-openssl-dir=<dir> option to specify the prefix where OpenSSL " \
+    "is installed."
 end
 
-if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and !OpenSSL.check_func("SSL_library_init()", "openssl/ssl.h")
-  raise "Ignore OpenSSL broken by Apple.\nPlease use another openssl. (e.g. using `configure --with-openssl-dir=/path/to/openssl')"
+version_ok = if have_macro("LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER", "openssl/opensslv.h")
+  is_libressl = true
+  checking_for("LibreSSL version >= 2.5.0") {
+    try_static_assert("LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x20500000L", "openssl/opensslv.h") }
+else
+  checking_for("OpenSSL version >= 1.0.1 and < 3.0.0") {
+    try_static_assert("OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10001000L", "openssl/opensslv.h") &&
+    !try_static_assert("OPENSSL_VERSION_MAJOR >= 3", "openssl/opensslv.h") }
+end
+unless version_ok
+  raise "OpenSSL >= 1.0.1, < 3.0.0 or LibreSSL >= 2.5.0 is required"
+end
+
+# Prevent wincrypt.h from being included, which defines conflicting macro with openssl/x509.h
+if is_libressl && ($mswin || $mingw)
+  $defs.push("-DNOCRYPT")
 end
 
 Logging::message "=== Checking for OpenSSL features... ===\n"
 # compile options
-
-# check OPENSSL_NO_{SSL2,SSL3_METHOD} macro: on some environment, these symbols
-# exist even if compiled with no-ssl2 or no-ssl3-method.
-unless have_macro("OPENSSL_NO_SSL2", "openssl/opensslconf.h")
-  have_func("SSLv2_method")
-end
-unless have_macro("OPENSSL_NO_SSL3_METHOD", "openssl/opensslconf.h")
-  have_func("SSLv3_method")
-end
-have_func("TLSv1_1_method")
-have_func("TLSv1_2_method")
 have_func("RAND_egd")
-engines = %w{builtin_engines openbsd_dev_crypto dynamic 4758cca aep atalla chil
-             cswift nuron sureware ubsec padlock capi gmp gost cryptodev aesni}
+engines = %w{dynamic 4758cca aep atalla chil
+             cswift nuron sureware ubsec padlock capi gmp gost cryptodev}
 engines.each { |name|
-  OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("ENGINE_load_#{name}", "openssl/engine.h")
+  have_func("ENGINE_load_#{name}()", "openssl/engine.h")
 }
 
-# added in 0.9.8X
-have_func("EVP_CIPHER_CTX_new")
-have_func("EVP_CIPHER_CTX_free")
-OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("SSL_CTX_clear_options", "openssl/ssl.h")
-
-# added in 1.0.0
-have_func("ASN1_TIME_adj")
-have_func("EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy")
-have_func("EVP_PKEY_base_id")
-have_func("HMAC_CTX_copy")
-have_func("PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC")
-have_func("X509_NAME_hash_old")
-have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_current_crl")
-have_func("X509_STORE_set_verify_cb")
-have_func("i2d_ASN1_SET_ANY")
-have_func("SSL_SESSION_cmp") # removed
-OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("SSL_set_tlsext_host_name", "openssl/ssl.h")
-have_struct_member("CRYPTO_THREADID", "ptr", "openssl/crypto.h")
-have_func("EVP_PKEY_get0")
-
-# added in 1.0.1
-have_func("SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb")
-have_macro("EVP_CTRL_GCM_GET_TAG", ['openssl/evp.h']) && $defs.push("-DHAVE_AUTHENTICATED_ENCRYPTION")
-
 # added in 1.0.2
 have_func("EC_curve_nist2nid")
 have_func("X509_REVOKED_dup")
 have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_store")
 have_func("SSL_CTX_set_alpn_select_cb")
-OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("SSL_CTX_set1_curves_list", "openssl/ssl.h")
-OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("SSL_CTX_set_ecdh_auto", "openssl/ssl.h")
-OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("SSL_get_server_tmp_key", "openssl/ssl.h")
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set1_curves_list(NULL, NULL)", "openssl/ssl.h")
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set_ecdh_auto(NULL, 0)", "openssl/ssl.h")
+have_func("SSL_get_server_tmp_key(NULL, NULL)", "openssl/ssl.h")
 have_func("SSL_is_server")
 
 # added in 1.1.0
+if !have_struct_member("SSL", "ctx", "openssl/ssl.h") ||
+    try_static_assert("LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x2070000fL", "openssl/opensslv.h")
+  $defs.push("-DHAVE_OPAQUE_OPENSSL")
+end
 have_func("CRYPTO_lock") || $defs.push("-DHAVE_OPENSSL_110_THREADING_API")
-have_struct_member("SSL", "ctx", "openssl/ssl.h") || $defs.push("-DHAVE_OPAQUE_OPENSSL")
 have_func("BN_GENCB_new")
 have_func("BN_GENCB_free")
 have_func("BN_GENCB_get_arg")
@@ -128,9 +150,9 @@ have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_new")
 have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_free")
 have_func("HMAC_CTX_new")
 have_func("HMAC_CTX_free")
-OpenSSL.check_func("RAND_pseudo_bytes", "openssl/rand.h") # deprecated
 have_func("X509_STORE_get_ex_data")
 have_func("X509_STORE_set_ex_data")
+have_func("X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index")
 have_func("X509_CRL_get0_signature")
 have_func("X509_REQ_get0_signature")
 have_func("X509_REVOKED_get0_serialNumber")
@@ -146,11 +168,20 @@ have_func("X509_CRL_up_ref")
 have_func("X509_STORE_up_ref")
 have_func("SSL_SESSION_up_ref")
 have_func("EVP_PKEY_up_ref")
-OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("SSL_CTX_set_tmp_ecdh_callback", "openssl/ssl.h") # removed
-OpenSSL.check_func_or_macro("SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version", "openssl/ssl.h")
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set_tmp_ecdh_callback(NULL, NULL)", "openssl/ssl.h") # removed
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(NULL, 0)", "openssl/ssl.h")
 have_func("SSL_CTX_get_security_level")
 have_func("X509_get0_notBefore")
 have_func("SSL_SESSION_get_protocol_version")
+have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_status")
+have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_text")
+have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_failure_info")
+have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTS_set_certs")
+have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_store")
+have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_add_flags")
+have_func("TS_RESP_CTX_set_time_cb")
+have_func("EVP_PBE_scrypt")
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set_post_handshake_auth")
 
 Logging::message "=== Checking done. ===\n"
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
index 26d167a9b4..b047485785 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 =begin
 = Info
   'OpenSSL for Ruby 2' project
@@ -12,10 +12,27 @@
 
 require 'openssl.so'
 
-require 'openssl/bn'
-require 'openssl/pkey'
-require 'openssl/cipher'
-require 'openssl/config'
-require 'openssl/digest'
-require 'openssl/x509'
-require 'openssl/ssl'
+require_relative 'openssl/bn'
+require_relative 'openssl/pkey'
+require_relative 'openssl/cipher'
+require_relative 'openssl/config'
+require_relative 'openssl/digest'
+require_relative 'openssl/hmac'
+require_relative 'openssl/x509'
+require_relative 'openssl/ssl'
+require_relative 'openssl/pkcs5'
+require_relative 'openssl/version'
+
+module OpenSSL
+  # call-seq:
+  #   OpenSSL.secure_compare(string, string) -> boolean
+  #
+  # Constant time memory comparison. Inputs are hashed using SHA-256 to mask
+  # the length of the secret. Returns +true+ if the strings are identical,
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  def self.secure_compare(a, b)
+    hashed_a = OpenSSL::Digest.digest('SHA256', a)
+    hashed_b = OpenSSL::Digest.digest('SHA256', b)
+    OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare(hashed_a, hashed_b) && a == b
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/bn.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/bn.rb
index 6d6c96e42d..0a5e11b4c2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/bn.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/bn.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 #
 # = Ruby-space definitions that completes C-space funcs for BN
@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ module OpenSSL
 end # OpenSSL
 
 ##
+#--
 # Add double dispatch to Integer
-#
+#++
 class Integer
   # Casts an Integer as an OpenSSL::BN
   #
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/buffering.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/buffering.rb
index d773637c0e..32e04b4896 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/buffering.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/buffering.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # coding: binary
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 #= Info
 #  'OpenSSL for Ruby 2' project
@@ -22,6 +22,29 @@
 module OpenSSL::Buffering
   include Enumerable
 
+  # A buffer which will retain binary encoding.
+  class Buffer < String
+    BINARY = Encoding::BINARY
+
+    def initialize
+      super
+
+      force_encoding(BINARY)
+    end
+
+    def << string
+      if string.encoding == BINARY
+        super(string)
+      else
+        super(string.b)
+      end
+
+      return self
+    end
+
+    alias concat <<
+  end
+
   ##
   # The "sync mode" of the SSLSocket.
   #
@@ -40,7 +63,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   def initialize(*)
     super
     @eof = false
-    @rbuffer = ""
+    @rbuffer = Buffer.new
     @sync = @io.sync
   end
 
@@ -63,7 +86,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Consumes +size+ bytes from the buffer
+  # Consumes _size_ bytes from the buffer
 
   def consume_rbuff(size=nil)
     if @rbuffer.empty?
@@ -79,7 +102,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   public
 
   ##
-  # Reads +size+ bytes from the stream.  If +buf+ is provided it must
+  # Reads _size_ bytes from the stream.  If _buf_ is provided it must
   # reference a string which will receive the data.
   #
   # See IO#read for full details.
@@ -106,7 +129,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Reads at most +maxlen+ bytes from the stream.  If +buf+ is provided it
+  # Reads at most _maxlen_ bytes from the stream.  If _buf_ is provided it
   # must reference a string which will receive the data.
   #
   # See IO#readpartial for full details.
@@ -136,7 +159,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Reads at most +maxlen+ bytes in the non-blocking manner.
+  # Reads at most _maxlen_ bytes in the non-blocking manner.
   #
   # When no data can be read without blocking it raises
   # OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError extended by IO::WaitReadable or IO::WaitWritable.
@@ -190,11 +213,11 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Reads the next "line" from the stream.  Lines are separated by +eol+.  If
-  # +limit+ is provided the result will not be longer than the given number of
+  # Reads the next "line" from the stream.  Lines are separated by _eol_.  If
+  # _limit_ is provided the result will not be longer than the given number of
   # bytes.
   #
-  # +eol+ may be a String or Regexp.
+  # _eol_ may be a String or Regexp.
   #
   # Unlike IO#gets the line read will not be assigned to +$_+.
   #
@@ -220,7 +243,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
 
   ##
   # Executes the block for every line in the stream where lines are separated
-  # by +eol+.
+  # by _eol_.
   #
   # See also #gets
 
@@ -232,7 +255,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   alias each_line each
 
   ##
-  # Reads lines from the stream which are separated by +eol+.
+  # Reads lines from the stream which are separated by _eol_.
   #
   # See also #gets
 
@@ -245,7 +268,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Reads a line from the stream which is separated by +eol+.
+  # Reads a line from the stream which is separated by _eol_.
   #
   # Raises EOFError if at end of file.
 
@@ -281,7 +304,7 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Pushes character +c+ back onto the stream such that a subsequent buffered
+  # Pushes character _c_ back onto the stream such that a subsequent buffered
   # character read will return it.
   #
   # Unlike IO#getc multiple bytes may be pushed back onto the stream.
@@ -308,44 +331,41 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   private
 
   ##
-  # Writes +s+ to the buffer.  When the buffer is full or #sync is true the
+  # Writes _s_ to the buffer.  When the buffer is full or #sync is true the
   # buffer is flushed to the underlying socket.
 
   def do_write(s)
-    @wbuffer = "" unless defined? @wbuffer
+    @wbuffer = Buffer.new unless defined? @wbuffer
     @wbuffer << s
     @wbuffer.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
     @sync ||= false
-    if @sync or @wbuffer.size > BLOCK_SIZE or idx = @wbuffer.rindex($/)
-      remain = idx ? idx + $/.size : @wbuffer.length
-      nwritten = 0
-      while remain > 0
-        str = @wbuffer[nwritten,remain]
+    if @sync or @wbuffer.size > BLOCK_SIZE
+      until @wbuffer.empty?
         begin
-          nwrote = syswrite(str)
+          nwrote = syswrite(@wbuffer)
         rescue Errno::EAGAIN
           retry
         end
-        remain -= nwrote
-        nwritten += nwrote
+        @wbuffer[0, nwrote] = ""
       end
-      @wbuffer[0,nwritten] = ""
     end
   end
 
   public
 
   ##
-  # Writes +s+ to the stream.  If the argument is not a string it will be
-  # converted using String#to_s.  Returns the number of bytes written.
+  # Writes _s_ to the stream.  If the argument is not a String it will be
+  # converted using +.to_s+ method.  Returns the number of bytes written.
 
-  def write(s)
-    do_write(s)
-    s.bytesize
+  def write(*s)
+    s.inject(0) do |written, str|
+      do_write(str)
+      written + str.bytesize
+    end
   end
 
   ##
-  # Writes +s+ in the non-blocking manner.
+  # Writes _s_ in the non-blocking manner.
   #
   # If there is buffered data, it is flushed first.  This may block.
   #
@@ -387,8 +407,8 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Writes +s+ to the stream.  +s+ will be converted to a String using
-  # String#to_s.
+  # Writes _s_ to the stream.  _s_ will be converted to a String using
+  # +.to_s+ method.
 
   def <<(s)
     do_write(s)
@@ -396,32 +416,30 @@ module OpenSSL::Buffering
   end
 
   ##
-  # Writes +args+ to the stream along with a record separator.
+  # Writes _args_ to the stream along with a record separator.
   #
   # See IO#puts for full details.
 
   def puts(*args)
-    s = ""
+    s = Buffer.new
     if args.empty?
       s << "\n"
     end
     args.each{|arg|
       s << arg.to_s
-      if $/ && /\n\z/ !~ s
-        s << "\n"
-      end
+      s.sub!(/(?<!\n)\z/, "\n")
     }
     do_write(s)
     nil
   end
 
   ##
-  # Writes +args+ to the stream.
+  # Writes _args_ to the stream.
   #
   # See IO#print for full details.
 
   def print(*args)
-    s = ""
+    s = Buffer.new
     args.each{ |arg| s << arg.to_s }
     do_write(s)
     nil
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb
index af721b3a80..8ad8c35dd3 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/cipher.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # = Ruby-space predefined Cipher subclasses
 #
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/config.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/config.rb
index 8822545192..9a0b787420 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/config.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/config.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 =begin
 = Ruby-space definitions that completes C-space funcs for Config
 
@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ module OpenSSL
     class << self
 
       ##
-      # Parses a given +string+ as a blob that contains configuration for openssl.
+      # Parses a given _string_ as a blob that contains configuration for
+      # OpenSSL.
       #
       # If the source of the IO is a file, then consider using #parse_config.
       def parse(string)
         c = new()
         parse_config(StringIO.new(string)).each do |section, hash|
-          c[section] = hash
+          c.set_section(section, hash)
         end
         c
       end
@@ -46,15 +47,14 @@ module OpenSSL
       alias load new
 
       ##
-      # Parses the configuration data read from +io+, see also #parse.
+      # Parses the configuration data read from _io_, see also #parse.
       #
       # Raises a ConfigError on invalid configuration data.
       def parse_config(io)
         begin
           parse_config_lines(io)
-        rescue ConfigError => e
-          e.message.replace("error in line #{io.lineno}: " + e.message)
-          raise
+        rescue => error
+          raise ConfigError, "error in line #{io.lineno}: " + error.message
         end
       end
 
@@ -76,29 +76,44 @@ module OpenSSL
       def parse_config_lines(io)
         section = 'default'
         data = {section => {}}
-        while definition = get_definition(io)
+        io_stack = [io]
+        while definition = get_definition(io_stack)
           definition = clear_comments(definition)
           next if definition.empty?
-          if definition[0] == ?[
+          case definition
+          when /\A\[/
             if /\[([^\]]*)\]/ =~ definition
               section = $1.strip
               data[section] ||= {}
             else
               raise ConfigError, "missing close square bracket"
             end
-          else
-            if /\A([^:\s]*)(?:::([^:\s]*))?\s*=(.*)\z/ =~ definition
-              if $2
-                section = $1
-                key = $2
-              else
-                key = $1
+          when /\A\.include (\s*=\s*)?(.+)\z/
+            path = $2
+            if File.directory?(path)
+              files = Dir.glob(File.join(path, "*.{cnf,conf}"), File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
+            else
+              files = [path]
+            end
+
+            files.each do |filename|
+              begin
+                io_stack << StringIO.new(File.read(filename))
+              rescue
+                raise ConfigError, "could not include file '%s'" % filename
               end
-              value = unescape_value(data, section, $3)
-              (data[section] ||= {})[key] = value.strip
+            end
+          when /\A([^:\s]*)(?:::([^:\s]*))?\s*=(.*)\z/
+            if $2
+              section = $1
+              key = $2
             else
-              raise ConfigError, "missing equal sign"
+              key = $1
             end
+            value = unescape_value(data, section, $3)
+            (data[section] ||= {})[key] = value.strip
+          else
+            raise ConfigError, "missing equal sign"
           end
         end
         data
@@ -211,10 +226,10 @@ module OpenSSL
         scanned.join
       end
 
-      def get_definition(io)
-        if line = get_line(io)
+      def get_definition(io_stack)
+        if line = get_line(io_stack)
           while /[^\\]\\\z/ =~ line
-            if extra = get_line(io)
+            if extra = get_line(io_stack)
               line += extra
             else
               break
@@ -224,9 +239,12 @@ module OpenSSL
         end
       end
 
-      def get_line(io)
-        if line = io.gets
-          line.gsub(/[\r\n]*/, '')
+      def get_line(io_stack)
+        while io = io_stack.last
+          if line = io.gets
+            return line.gsub(/[\r\n]*/, '')
+          end
+          io_stack.pop
         end
       end
     end
@@ -236,7 +254,7 @@ module OpenSSL
     #
     # This can be used in contexts like OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.config=
     #
-    # If the optional +filename+ parameter is provided, then it is read in and
+    # If the optional _filename_ parameter is provided, then it is read in and
     # parsed via #parse_config.
     #
     # This can raise IO exceptions based on the access, or availability of the
@@ -248,14 +266,14 @@ module OpenSSL
       if filename
         File.open(filename.to_s) do |file|
           Config.parse_config(file).each do |section, hash|
-            self[section] = hash
+            set_section(section, hash)
           end
         end
       end
     end
 
     ##
-    # Gets the value of +key+ from the given +section+
+    # Gets the value of _key_ from the given _section_
     #
     # Given the following configurating file being loaded:
     #
@@ -265,8 +283,8 @@ module OpenSSL
     #     #=> [ default ]
     #     #   foo=bar
     #
-    # You can get a specific value from the config if you know the +section+
-    # and +key+ like so:
+    # You can get a specific value from the config if you know the _section_
+    # and _key_ like so:
     #
     #   config.get_value('default','foo')
     #     #=> "bar"
@@ -297,7 +315,9 @@ module OpenSSL
     end
 
     ##
-    # Set the target +key+ with a given +value+ under a specific +section+.
+    # *Deprecated in v2.2.0*. This method will be removed in a future release.
+    #
+    # Set the target _key_ with a given _value_ under a specific _section_.
     #
     # Given the following configurating file being loaded:
     #
@@ -307,7 +327,7 @@ module OpenSSL
     #     #=> [ default ]
     #     #   foo=bar
     #
-    # You can set the value of +foo+ under the +default+ section to a new
+    # You can set the value of _foo_ under the _default_ section to a new
     # value:
     #
     #   config.add_value('default', 'foo', 'buzz')
@@ -322,7 +342,7 @@ module OpenSSL
     end
 
     ##
-    # Get a specific +section+ from the current configuration
+    # Get a specific _section_ from the current configuration
     #
     # Given the following configurating file being loaded:
     #
@@ -351,7 +371,9 @@ module OpenSSL
     end
 
     ##
-    # Sets a specific +section+ name with a Hash +pairs+
+    # *Deprecated in v2.2.0*. This method will be removed in a future release.
+    #
+    # Sets a specific _section_ name with a Hash _pairs_.
     #
     # Given the following configuration being created:
     #
@@ -365,7 +387,7 @@ module OpenSSL
     #     #   baz=buz
     #
     # It's important to note that this will essentially merge any of the keys
-    # in +pairs+ with the existing +section+. For example:
+    # in _pairs_ with the existing _section_. For example:
     #
     #   config['default']
     #     #=> {"foo"=>"bar", "baz"=>"buz"}
@@ -376,9 +398,13 @@ module OpenSSL
     #
     def []=(section, pairs)
       check_modify
-      @data[section] ||= {}
+      set_section(section, pairs)
+    end
+
+    def set_section(section, pairs) # :nodoc:
+      hash = @data[section] ||= {}
       pairs.each do |key, value|
-        self.add_value(section, key, value)
+        hash[key] = value
       end
     end
 
@@ -463,6 +489,8 @@ module OpenSSL
     end
 
     def check_modify
+      warn "#{caller(2, 1)[0]}: warning: do not modify OpenSSL::Config; this " \
+        "method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release."
       raise TypeError.new("Insecure: can't modify OpenSSL config") if frozen?
     end
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
index 97ccbc9569..2ff8398e44 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/digest.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # = Ruby-space predefined Digest subclasses
 #
@@ -15,15 +15,7 @@
 module OpenSSL
   class Digest
 
-    alg = %w(MD2 MD4 MD5 MDC2 RIPEMD160 SHA1)
-    if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10100000
-      alg += %w(DSS DSS1 SHA)
-    end
-    if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER > 0x00908000
-      alg += %w(SHA224 SHA256 SHA384 SHA512)
-    end
-
-    # Return the +data+ hash computed with +name+ Digest. +name+ is either the
+    # Return the hash value computed with _name_ Digest. _name_ is either the
     # long name or short name of a supported digest algorithm.
     #
     # === Examples
@@ -32,23 +24,26 @@ module OpenSSL
     #
     # which is equivalent to:
     #
-    #   OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.digest("abc")
+    #   OpenSSL::Digest.digest('SHA256', "abc")
 
     def self.digest(name, data)
       super(data, name)
     end
 
-    alg.each{|name|
+    %w(MD4 MD5 RIPEMD160 SHA1 SHA224 SHA256 SHA384 SHA512).each do |name|
       klass = Class.new(self) {
         define_method(:initialize, ->(data = nil) {super(name, data)})
       }
+
       singleton = (class << klass; self; end)
+
       singleton.class_eval{
-        define_method(:digest){|data| new.digest(data) }
-        define_method(:hexdigest){|data| new.hexdigest(data) }
+        define_method(:digest) {|data| new.digest(data)}
+        define_method(:hexdigest) {|data| new.hexdigest(data)}
       }
-      const_set(name, klass)
-    }
+
+      const_set(name.tr('-', '_'), klass)
+    end
 
     # Deprecated.
     #
@@ -59,7 +54,7 @@ module OpenSSL
 
   end # Digest
 
-  # Returns a Digest subclass by +name+.
+  # Returns a Digest subclass by _name_
   #
   #   require 'openssl'
   #
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/hmac.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/hmac.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d4427611d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/hmac.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module OpenSSL
+  class HMAC
+    # Securely compare with another HMAC instance in constant time.
+    def ==(other)
+      return false unless HMAC === other
+      return false unless self.digest.bytesize == other.digest.bytesize
+
+      OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare(self.digest, other.digest)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/marshal.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/marshal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af5647192a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/marshal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#--
+# = Ruby-space definitions to add DER (de)serialization to classes
+#
+# = Info
+# 'OpenSSL for Ruby 2' project
+# Copyright (C) 2002  Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# = Licence
+# This program is licensed under the same licence as Ruby.
+# (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
+#++
+module OpenSSL
+  module Marshal
+    def self.included(base)
+      base.extend(ClassMethods)
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def _load(string)
+        new(string)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _dump(_level)
+      to_der
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkcs5.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkcs5.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8dedc4beef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkcs5.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#--
+# Ruby/OpenSSL Project
+# Copyright (C) 2017 Ruby/OpenSSL Project Authors
+#++
+
+module OpenSSL
+  module PKCS5
+    module_function
+
+    # OpenSSL::PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac has been renamed to OpenSSL::KDF.pbkdf2_hmac.
+    # This method is provided for backwards compatibility.
+    def pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt, iter, keylen, digest)
+      OpenSSL::KDF.pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt: salt, iterations: iter,
+                               length: keylen, hash: digest)
+    end
+
+    def pbkdf2_hmac_sha1(pass, salt, iter, keylen)
+      pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt, iter, keylen, "sha1")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
index 9af5f781f9..9cc3276356 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
@@ -1,44 +1,42 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module OpenSSL
-  module PKey
-    if defined?(OpenSSL::PKey::DH)
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#--
+# Ruby/OpenSSL Project
+# Copyright (C) 2017 Ruby/OpenSSL Project Authors
+#++
 
-    class DH
-      # :nodoc:
-      DEFAULT_1024 = new <<-_end_of_pem_
------BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
-MIGHAoGBAJ0lOVy0VIr/JebWn0zDwY2h+rqITFOpdNr6ugsgvkDXuucdcChhYExJ
-AV/ZD2AWPbrTqV76mGRgJg4EddgT1zG0jq3rnFdMj2XzkBYx3BVvfR0Arnby0RHR
-T4h7KZ/2zmjvV+eF8kBUHBJAojUlzxKj4QeO2x20FP9X5xmNUXeDAgEC
------END DH PARAMETERS-----
-      _end_of_pem_
+require_relative 'marshal'
 
-      # :nodoc:
-      DEFAULT_2048 = new <<-_end_of_pem_
------BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
-MIIBCAKCAQEA7E6kBrYiyvmKAMzQ7i8WvwVk9Y/+f8S7sCTN712KkK3cqd1jhJDY
-JbrYeNV3kUIKhPxWHhObHKpD1R84UpL+s2b55+iMd6GmL7OYmNIT/FccKhTcveab
-VBmZT86BZKYyf45hUF9FOuUM9xPzuK3Vd8oJQvfYMCd7LPC0taAEljQLR4Edf8E6
-YoaOffgTf5qxiwkjnlVZQc3whgnEt9FpVMvQ9eknyeGB5KHfayAc3+hUAvI3/Cr3
-1bNveX5wInh5GDx1FGhKBZ+s1H+aedudCm7sCgRwv8lKWYGiHzObSma8A86KG+MD
-7Lo5JquQ3DlBodj3IDyPrxIv96lvRPFtAwIBAg==
------END DH PARAMETERS-----
-      _end_of_pem_
-    end
+module OpenSSL::PKey
+  class DH
+    include OpenSSL::Marshal
+  end
 
-    # :nodoc:
-    DEFAULT_TMP_DH_CALLBACK = lambda { |ctx, is_export, keylen|
-      warn "using default DH parameters." if $VERBOSE
-      case keylen
-      when 1024 then OpenSSL::PKey::DH::DEFAULT_1024
-      when 2048 then OpenSSL::PKey::DH::DEFAULT_2048
-      else
-        nil
-      end
-    }
+  class DSA
+    include OpenSSL::Marshal
+  end
 
-    else
-      DEFAULT_TMP_DH_CALLBACK = nil
+  if defined?(EC)
+  class EC
+    include OpenSSL::Marshal
+  end
+  class EC::Point
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    point.to_bn([conversion_form]) -> OpenSSL::BN
+    #
+    # Returns the octet string representation of the EC point as an instance of
+    # OpenSSL::BN.
+    #
+    # If _conversion_form_ is not given, the _point_conversion_form_ attribute
+    # set to the group is used.
+    #
+    # See #to_octet_string for more information.
+    def to_bn(conversion_form = group.point_conversion_form)
+      OpenSSL::BN.new(to_octet_string(conversion_form), 2)
     end
   end
+  end
+
+  class RSA
+    include OpenSSL::Marshal
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
index f40a451439..8e12007383 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 =begin
 = Info
   'OpenSSL for Ruby 2' project
@@ -12,23 +12,43 @@
 
 require "openssl/buffering"
 require "io/nonblock"
+require "ipaddr"
+require "socket"
 
 module OpenSSL
   module SSL
     class SSLContext
       DEFAULT_PARAMS = { # :nodoc:
-        :ssl_version => "SSLv23",
+        :min_version => OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_VERSION,
         :verify_mode => OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER,
         :verify_hostname => true,
         :options => -> {
           opts = OpenSSL::SSL::OP_ALL
           opts &= ~OpenSSL::SSL::OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS
-          opts |= OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_COMPRESSION if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_COMPRESSION)
-          opts |= OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_SSLv2 | OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_SSLv3
+          opts |= OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_COMPRESSION
           opts
         }.call
       }
 
+      if defined?(OpenSSL::PKey::DH)
+        DEFAULT_2048 = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new <<-_end_of_pem_
+-----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
+MIIBCAKCAQEA7E6kBrYiyvmKAMzQ7i8WvwVk9Y/+f8S7sCTN712KkK3cqd1jhJDY
+JbrYeNV3kUIKhPxWHhObHKpD1R84UpL+s2b55+iMd6GmL7OYmNIT/FccKhTcveab
+VBmZT86BZKYyf45hUF9FOuUM9xPzuK3Vd8oJQvfYMCd7LPC0taAEljQLR4Edf8E6
+YoaOffgTf5qxiwkjnlVZQc3whgnEt9FpVMvQ9eknyeGB5KHfayAc3+hUAvI3/Cr3
+1bNveX5wInh5GDx1FGhKBZ+s1H+aedudCm7sCgRwv8lKWYGiHzObSma8A86KG+MD
+7Lo5JquQ3DlBodj3IDyPrxIv96lvRPFtAwIBAg==
+-----END DH PARAMETERS-----
+        _end_of_pem_
+        private_constant :DEFAULT_2048
+
+        DEFAULT_TMP_DH_CALLBACK = lambda { |ctx, is_export, keylen| # :nodoc:
+          warn "using default DH parameters." if $VERBOSE
+          DEFAULT_2048
+        }
+      end
+
       if !(OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION.start_with?("OpenSSL") &&
            OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000)
         DEFAULT_PARAMS.merge!(
@@ -87,14 +107,18 @@ module OpenSSL
       #
       # The callback is invoked with an SSLSocket and a server name.  The
       # callback must return an SSLContext for the server name or nil.
-      attr_accessor :servername_cb if ExtConfig::HAVE_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME
+      attr_accessor :servername_cb
 
       # call-seq:
-      #    SSLContext.new => ctx
-      #    SSLContext.new(:TLSv1) => ctx
-      #    SSLContext.new("SSLv23_client") => ctx
+      #    SSLContext.new           -> ctx
+      #    SSLContext.new(:TLSv1)   -> ctx
+      #    SSLContext.new("SSLv23") -> ctx
+      #
+      # Creates a new SSL context.
       #
-      # You can get a list of valid methods with OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::METHODS
+      # If an argument is given, #ssl_version= is called with the value. Note
+      # that this form is deprecated. New applications should use #min_version=
+      # and #max_version= as necessary.
       def initialize(version = nil)
         self.options |= OpenSSL::SSL::OP_ALL
         self.ssl_version = version if version
@@ -106,14 +130,15 @@ module OpenSSL
       #
       # Sets saner defaults optimized for the use with HTTP-like protocols.
       #
-      # If a Hash +params+ is given, the parameters are overridden with it.
-      # The keys in +params+ must be assignment methods on SSLContext.
+      # If a Hash _params_ is given, the parameters are overridden with it.
+      # The keys in _params_ must be assignment methods on SSLContext.
       #
       # If the verify_mode is not VERIFY_NONE and ca_file, ca_path and
       # cert_store are not set then the system default certificate store is
       # used.
       def set_params(params={})
         params = DEFAULT_PARAMS.merge(params)
+        self.options = params.delete(:options) # set before min_version/max_version
         params.each{|name, value| self.__send__("#{name}=", value) }
         if self.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
           unless self.ca_file or self.ca_path or self.cert_store
@@ -122,9 +147,96 @@ module OpenSSL
         end
         return params
       end
+
+      # call-seq:
+      #    ctx.min_version = OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_2_VERSION
+      #    ctx.min_version = :TLS1_2
+      #    ctx.min_version = nil
+      #
+      # Sets the lower bound on the supported SSL/TLS protocol version. The
+      # version may be specified by an integer constant named
+      # OpenSSL::SSL::*_VERSION, a Symbol, or +nil+ which means "any version".
+      #
+      # Be careful that you don't overwrite OpenSSL::SSL::OP_NO_{SSL,TLS}v*
+      # options by #options= once you have called #min_version= or
+      # #max_version=.
+      #
+      # === Example
+      #   ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+      #   ctx.min_version = OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_1_VERSION
+      #   ctx.max_version = OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_2_VERSION
+      #
+      #   sock = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(tcp_sock, ctx)
+      #   sock.connect # Initiates a connection using either TLS 1.1 or TLS 1.2
+      def min_version=(version)
+        set_minmax_proto_version(version, @max_proto_version ||= nil)
+        @min_proto_version = version
+      end
+
+      # call-seq:
+      #    ctx.max_version = OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_2_VERSION
+      #    ctx.max_version = :TLS1_2
+      #    ctx.max_version = nil
+      #
+      # Sets the upper bound of the supported SSL/TLS protocol version. See
+      # #min_version= for the possible values.
+      def max_version=(version)
+        set_minmax_proto_version(@min_proto_version ||= nil, version)
+        @max_proto_version = version
+      end
+
+      # call-seq:
+      #    ctx.ssl_version = :TLSv1
+      #    ctx.ssl_version = "SSLv23"
+      #
+      # Sets the SSL/TLS protocol version for the context. This forces
+      # connections to use only the specified protocol version. This is
+      # deprecated and only provided for backwards compatibility. Use
+      # #min_version= and #max_version= instead.
+      #
+      # === History
+      # As the name hints, this used to call the SSL_CTX_set_ssl_version()
+      # function which sets the SSL method used for connections created from
+      # the context. As of Ruby/OpenSSL 2.1, this accessor method is
+      # implemented to call #min_version= and #max_version= instead.
+      def ssl_version=(meth)
+        meth = meth.to_s if meth.is_a?(Symbol)
+        if /(?<type>_client|_server)\z/ =~ meth
+          meth = $`
+          if $VERBOSE
+            warn "#{caller(1, 1)[0]}: method type #{type.inspect} is ignored"
+          end
+        end
+        version = METHODS_MAP[meth.intern] or
+          raise ArgumentError, "unknown SSL method `%s'" % meth
+        set_minmax_proto_version(version, version)
+        @min_proto_version = @max_proto_version = version
+      end
+
+      METHODS_MAP = {
+        SSLv23: 0,
+        SSLv2: OpenSSL::SSL::SSL2_VERSION,
+        SSLv3: OpenSSL::SSL::SSL3_VERSION,
+        TLSv1: OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_VERSION,
+        TLSv1_1: OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_1_VERSION,
+        TLSv1_2: OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_2_VERSION,
+      }.freeze
+      private_constant :METHODS_MAP
+
+      # The list of available SSL/TLS methods. This constant is only provided
+      # for backwards compatibility.
+      METHODS = METHODS_MAP.flat_map { |name,|
+        [name, :"#{name}_client", :"#{name}_server"]
+      }.freeze
+      deprecate_constant :METHODS
     end
 
     module SocketForwarder
+      # The file descriptor for the socket.
+      def fileno
+        to_io.fileno
+      end
+
       def addr
         to_io.addr
       end
@@ -167,11 +279,11 @@ module OpenSSL
             return true if verify_hostname(hostname, san.value)
           when 7 # iPAddress in GeneralName (RFC5280)
             should_verify_common_name = false
-            # follows GENERAL_NAME_print() in x509v3/v3_alt.c
-            if san.value.size == 4
-              return true if san.value.unpack('C*').join('.') == hostname
-            elsif san.value.size == 16
-              return true if san.value.unpack('n*').map { |e| sprintf("%X", e) }.join(':') == hostname
+            if san.value.size == 4 || san.value.size == 16
+              begin
+                return true if san.value == IPAddr.new(hostname).hton
+              rescue IPAddr::InvalidAddressError
+              end
             end
           end
         }
@@ -242,9 +354,7 @@ module OpenSSL
       include Buffering
       include SocketForwarder
 
-      if ExtConfig::HAVE_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME
-        attr_reader :hostname
-      end
+      attr_reader :hostname
 
       # The underlying IO object.
       attr_reader :io
@@ -317,7 +427,7 @@ module OpenSSL
       end
 
       def tmp_dh_callback
-        @context.tmp_dh_callback || OpenSSL::PKey::DEFAULT_TMP_DH_CALLBACK
+        @context.tmp_dh_callback || OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::DEFAULT_TMP_DH_CALLBACK
       end
 
       def tmp_ecdh_callback
@@ -331,6 +441,38 @@ module OpenSSL
       def session_get_cb
         @context.session_get_cb
       end
+
+      class << self
+
+        # call-seq:
+        #   open(remote_host, remote_port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil, context: nil)
+        #
+        # Creates a new instance of SSLSocket.
+        # _remote\_host_ and _remote\_port_ are used to open TCPSocket.
+        # If _local\_host_ and _local\_port_ are specified,
+        # then those parameters are used on the local end to establish the connection.
+        # If _context_ is provided,
+        # the SSL Sockets initial params will be taken from the context.
+        #
+        # === Examples
+        #
+        #   sock = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.open('localhost', 443)
+        #   sock.connect # Initiates a connection to localhost:443
+        #
+        # with SSLContext:
+        #
+        #   ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+        #   sock = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.open('localhost', 443, context: ctx)
+        #   sock.connect # Initiates a connection to localhost:443 with SSLContext
+        def open(remote_host, remote_port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil, context: nil)
+          sock = ::TCPSocket.open(remote_host, remote_port, local_host, local_port)
+          if context.nil?
+            return OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(sock)
+          else
+            return OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(sock, context)
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     ##
@@ -341,8 +483,8 @@ module OpenSSL
       attr_accessor :start_immediately
 
       # Creates a new instance of SSLServer.
-      # * +srv+ is an instance of TCPServer.
-      # * +ctx+ is an instance of OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.
+      # * _srv_ is an instance of TCPServer.
+      # * _ctx_ is an instance of OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.
       def initialize(svr, ctx)
         @svr = svr
         @ctx = ctx
@@ -361,7 +503,7 @@ module OpenSSL
       end
 
       # See TCPServer#listen for details.
-      def listen(backlog=5)
+      def listen(backlog=Socket::SOMAXCONN)
         @svr.listen(backlog)
       end
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d541cbf162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module OpenSSL
+  VERSION = "2.2.1"
+end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb
index aef3456e0f..6771b90c1a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # = Ruby-space definitions that completes C-space funcs for X509 and subclasses
 #
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 # (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
 #++
 
+require_relative 'marshal'
+
 module OpenSSL
   module X509
     class ExtensionFactory
@@ -41,6 +43,13 @@ module OpenSSL
     end
 
     class Extension
+      include OpenSSL::Marshal
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return false unless Extension === other
+        to_der == other.to_der
+      end
+
       def to_s # "oid = critical, value"
         str = self.oid
         str << " = "
@@ -55,9 +64,146 @@ module OpenSSL
       def to_a
         [ self.oid, self.value, self.critical? ]
       end
+
+      module Helpers
+        def find_extension(oid)
+          extensions.find { |e| e.oid == oid }
+        end
+      end
+
+      module SubjectKeyIdentifier
+        include Helpers
+
+        # Get the subject's key identifier from the subjectKeyIdentifier
+        # exteension, as described in RFC5280 Section 4.2.1.2.
+        #
+        # Returns the binary String key identifier or nil or raises
+        # ASN1::ASN1Error.
+        def subject_key_identifier
+          ext = find_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier")
+          return nil if ext.nil?
+
+          ski_asn1 = ASN1.decode(ext.value_der)
+          if ext.critical? || ski_asn1.tag_class != :UNIVERSAL || ski_asn1.tag != ASN1::OCTET_STRING
+            raise ASN1::ASN1Error, "invalid extension"
+          end
+
+          ski_asn1.value
+        end
+      end
+
+      module AuthorityKeyIdentifier
+        include Helpers
+
+        # Get the issuing certificate's key identifier from the
+        # authorityKeyIdentifier extension, as described in RFC5280
+        # Section 4.2.1.1
+        #
+        # Returns the binary String keyIdentifier or nil or raises
+        # ASN1::ASN1Error.
+        def authority_key_identifier
+          ext = find_extension("authorityKeyIdentifier")
+          return nil if ext.nil?
+
+          aki_asn1 = ASN1.decode(ext.value_der)
+          if ext.critical? || aki_asn1.tag_class != :UNIVERSAL || aki_asn1.tag != ASN1::SEQUENCE
+            raise ASN1::ASN1Error, "invalid extension"
+          end
+
+          key_id = aki_asn1.value.find do |v|
+            v.tag_class == :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC && v.tag == 0
+          end
+
+          key_id.nil? ? nil : key_id.value
+        end
+      end
+
+      module CRLDistributionPoints
+        include Helpers
+
+        # Get the distributionPoint fullName URI from the certificate's CRL
+        # distribution points extension, as described in RFC5280 Section
+        # 4.2.1.13
+        #
+        # Returns an array of strings or nil or raises ASN1::ASN1Error.
+        def crl_uris
+          ext = find_extension("crlDistributionPoints")
+          return nil if ext.nil?
+
+          cdp_asn1 = ASN1.decode(ext.value_der)
+          if cdp_asn1.tag_class != :UNIVERSAL || cdp_asn1.tag != ASN1::SEQUENCE
+            raise ASN1::ASN1Error, "invalid extension"
+          end
+
+          crl_uris = cdp_asn1.map do |crl_distribution_point|
+            distribution_point = crl_distribution_point.value.find do |v|
+              v.tag_class == :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC && v.tag == 0
+            end
+            full_name = distribution_point&.value&.find do |v|
+              v.tag_class == :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC && v.tag == 0
+            end
+            full_name&.value&.find do |v|
+              v.tag_class == :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC && v.tag == 6 # uniformResourceIdentifier
+            end
+          end
+
+          crl_uris&.map(&:value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      module AuthorityInfoAccess
+        include Helpers
+
+        # Get the information and services for the issuer from the certificate's
+        # authority information access extension exteension, as described in RFC5280
+        # Section 4.2.2.1.
+        #
+        # Returns an array of strings or nil or raises ASN1::ASN1Error.
+        def ca_issuer_uris
+          aia_asn1 = parse_aia_asn1
+          return nil if aia_asn1.nil?
+
+          ca_issuer = aia_asn1.value.select do |authority_info_access|
+            authority_info_access.value.first.value == "caIssuers"
+          end
+
+          ca_issuer&.map(&:value)&.map(&:last)&.map(&:value)
+        end
+
+        # Get the URIs for OCSP from the certificate's authority information access
+        # extension exteension, as described in RFC5280 Section 4.2.2.1.
+        #
+        # Returns an array of strings or nil or raises ASN1::ASN1Error.
+        def ocsp_uris
+          aia_asn1 = parse_aia_asn1
+          return nil if aia_asn1.nil?
+
+          ocsp = aia_asn1.value.select do |authority_info_access|
+            authority_info_access.value.first.value == "OCSP"
+          end
+
+          ocsp&.map(&:value)&.map(&:last)&.map(&:value)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def parse_aia_asn1
+            ext = find_extension("authorityInfoAccess")
+            return nil if ext.nil?
+
+            aia_asn1 = ASN1.decode(ext.value_der)
+            if ext.critical? || aia_asn1.tag_class != :UNIVERSAL || aia_asn1.tag != ASN1::SEQUENCE
+              raise ASN1::ASN1Error, "invalid extension"
+            end
+
+            aia_asn1
+          end
+      end
     end
 
     class Name
+      include OpenSSL::Marshal
+
       module RFC2253DN
         Special = ',=+<>#;'
         HexChar = /[0-9a-fA-F]/
@@ -139,7 +285,13 @@ module OpenSSL
         end
 
         def parse_openssl(str, template=OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE)
-          ary = str.scan(/\s*([^\/,]+)\s*/).collect{|i| i[0].split("=", 2) }
+          if str.start_with?("/")
+            # /A=B/C=D format
+            ary = str[1..-1].split("/").map { |i| i.split("=", 2) }
+          else
+            # Comma-separated
+            ary = str.split(",").map { |i| i.strip.split("=", 2) }
+          end
           self.new(ary, template)
         end
 
@@ -154,6 +306,15 @@ module OpenSSL
       end
     end
 
+    class Attribute
+      include OpenSSL::Marshal
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return false unless Attribute === other
+        to_der == other.to_der
+      end
+    end
+
     class StoreContext
       def cleanup
         warn "(#{caller.first}) OpenSSL::X509::StoreContext#cleanup is deprecated with no replacement" if $VERBOSE
@@ -161,6 +322,12 @@ module OpenSSL
     end
 
     class Certificate
+      include OpenSSL::Marshal
+      include Extension::SubjectKeyIdentifier
+      include Extension::AuthorityKeyIdentifier
+      include Extension::CRLDistributionPoints
+      include Extension::AuthorityInfoAccess
+
       def pretty_print(q)
         q.object_group(self) {
           q.breakable
@@ -172,5 +339,31 @@ module OpenSSL
         }
       end
     end
+
+    class CRL
+      include OpenSSL::Marshal
+      include Extension::AuthorityKeyIdentifier
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return false unless CRL === other
+        to_der == other.to_der
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Revoked
+      def ==(other)
+        return false unless Revoked === other
+        to_der == other.to_der
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Request
+      include OpenSSL::Marshal
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return false unless Request === other
+        to_der == other.to_der
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec b/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
index 35cf7128af..ebbd0923dd 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
@@ -1,45 +1,27 @@
-# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
-# stub: openssl 2.0.3 ruby lib
-# stub: ext/openssl/extconf.rb
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "openssl"
+  spec.version       = "2.2.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Martin Bosslet", "SHIBATA Hiroshi", "Zachary Scott", "Kazuki Yamaguchi"]
+  spec.email         = ["ruby-core@ruby-lang.org"]
+  spec.summary       = %q{OpenSSL provides SSL, TLS and general purpose cryptography.}
+  spec.description   = %q{It wraps the OpenSSL library.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/openssl"
+  spec.license       = "Ruby"
 
-Gem::Specification.new do |s|
-  s.name = "openssl".freeze
-  s.version = "2.0.3"
+  spec.files         = Dir["lib/**/*.rb", "ext/**/*.{c,h,rb}", "*.md", "BSDL", "LICENSE.txt"]
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions    = ["ext/openssl/extconf.rb"]
 
-  s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 0".freeze) if s.respond_to? :required_rubygems_version=
-  s.require_paths = ["lib".freeze]
-  s.authors = ["Martin Bosslet".freeze, "SHIBATA Hiroshi".freeze, "Zachary Scott".freeze, "Kazuki Yamaguchi".freeze]
-  s.date = "2017-01-31"
-  s.description = "It wraps the OpenSSL library.".freeze
-  s.email = ["ruby-core@ruby-lang.org".freeze]
-  s.extensions = ["ext/openssl/extconf.rb".freeze]
-  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["CONTRIBUTING.md".freeze, "README.md".freeze, "History.md".freeze]
-  s.files = ["BSDL".freeze, "CONTRIBUTING.md".freeze, "History.md".freeze, "LICENSE.txt".freeze, "README.md".freeze, "ext/openssl/deprecation.rb".freeze, "ext/openssl/extconf.rb".freeze, "ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_bio.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_config.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_config.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_engine.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_rand.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_version.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509.h".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c".freeze, "ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h".freeze, "lib/openssl.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/bn.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/buffering.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/cipher.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/config.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/digest.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/pkey.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/ssl.rb".freeze, "lib/openssl/x509.rb".freeze]
-  s.homepage = "https://www.ruby-lang.org/".freeze
-  s.licenses = ["Ruby".freeze]
-  s.rdoc_options = ["--main".freeze, "README.md".freeze]
-  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0".freeze)
-  s.rubygems_version = "2.6.10".freeze
-  s.summary = "OpenSSL provides SSL, TLS and general purpose cryptography.".freeze
+  spec.extra_rdoc_files = Dir["*.md"]
+  spec.rdoc_options = ["--main", "README.md"]
 
-  if s.respond_to? :specification_version then
-    s.specification_version = 4
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
 
-    if Gem::Version.new(Gem::VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new('1.2.0') then
-      s.add_development_dependency(%q<rake>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-      s.add_development_dependency(%q<rake-compiler>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-      s.add_development_dependency(%q<test-unit>.freeze, ["~> 3.0"])
-      s.add_development_dependency(%q<rdoc>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-    else
-      s.add_dependency(%q<rake>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-      s.add_dependency(%q<rake-compiler>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-      s.add_dependency(%q<test-unit>.freeze, ["~> 3.0"])
-      s.add_dependency(%q<rdoc>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-    end
-  else
-    s.add_dependency(%q<rake>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-    s.add_dependency(%q<rake-compiler>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-    s.add_dependency(%q<test-unit>.freeze, ["~> 3.0"])
-    s.add_dependency(%q<rdoc>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-  end
+  spec.add_runtime_dependency "ipaddr"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "test-unit", "~> 3.0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rdoc"
+
+  spec.metadata["msys2_mingw_dependencies"] = "openssl"
 end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c
index 94ce85aff4..b36ef0288e 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.c
@@ -20,73 +20,6 @@
 
 #include "openssl_missing.h"
 
-/* added in 0.9.8X */
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_NEW)
-EVP_CIPHER_CTX *
-ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_new(void)
-{
-    EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(EVP_CIPHER_CTX));
-    if (!ctx)
-	return NULL;
-    EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init(ctx);
-    return ctx;
-}
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_FREE)
-void
-ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_free(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx)
-{
-    if (ctx) {
-	EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup(ctx);
-	OPENSSL_free(ctx);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-/* added in 1.0.0 */
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_COPY)
-/*
- * this function does not exist in OpenSSL yet... or ever?.
- * a future version may break this function.
- * tested on 0.9.7d.
- */
-int
-ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *out, const EVP_CIPHER_CTX *in)
-{
-    memcpy(out, in, sizeof(EVP_CIPHER_CTX));
-
-#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE)
-    if (in->engine) ENGINE_add(out->engine);
-    if (in->cipher_data) {
-	out->cipher_data = OPENSSL_malloc(in->cipher->ctx_size);
-	memcpy(out->cipher_data, in->cipher_data, in->cipher->ctx_size);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    return 1;
-}
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_HMAC)
-#if !defined(HAVE_HMAC_CTX_COPY)
-int
-ossl_HMAC_CTX_copy(HMAC_CTX *out, HMAC_CTX *in)
-{
-    if (!out || !in)
-	return 0;
-
-    memcpy(out, in, sizeof(HMAC_CTX));
-
-    EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->md_ctx, &in->md_ctx);
-    EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->i_ctx, &in->i_ctx);
-    EVP_MD_CTX_copy(&out->o_ctx, &in->o_ctx);
-
-    return 1;
-}
-#endif /* HAVE_HMAC_CTX_COPY */
-#endif /* NO_HMAC */
-
 /* added in 1.0.2 */
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC)
 #if !defined(HAVE_EC_CURVE_NIST2NID)
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h
index 3d11aec2d2..7d218f86f5 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl_missing.h
@@ -12,53 +12,6 @@
 
 #include "ruby/config.h"
 
-/* added in 0.9.8X */
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_NEW)
-EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_new(void);
-#  define EVP_CIPHER_CTX_new ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_new
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_FREE)
-void ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_free(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *);
-#  define EVP_CIPHER_CTX_free ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_free
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_CLEAR_OPTIONS)
-#  define SSL_CTX_clear_options(ctx, op) ((ctx)->options &= ~(op))
-#endif
-
-/* added in 1.0.0 */
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_PKEY_BASE_ID)
-#  define EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) EVP_PKEY_type((pkey)->type)
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_COPY)
-int ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *, const EVP_CIPHER_CTX *);
-#  define EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy ossl_EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_HMAC_CTX_COPY)
-int ossl_HMAC_CTX_copy(HMAC_CTX *out, HMAC_CTX *in);
-#  define HMAC_CTX_copy ossl_HMAC_CTX_copy
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_CTX_GET0_CURRENT_CRL)
-#  define X509_STORE_CTX_get0_current_crl(x) ((x)->current_crl)
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_SET_VERIFY_CB)
-#  define X509_STORE_set_verify_cb X509_STORE_set_verify_cb_func
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_I2D_ASN1_SET_ANY)
-#  define i2d_ASN1_SET_ANY(sk, x) i2d_ASN1_SET_OF_ASN1_TYPE((sk), (x), \
-		i2d_ASN1_TYPE, V_ASN1_SET, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 0)
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET0)
-#  define EVP_PKEY_get0(pk) (pk->pkey.ptr)
-#endif
-
 /* added in 1.0.2 */
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC)
 #if !defined(HAVE_EC_CURVE_NIST2NID)
@@ -119,6 +72,9 @@ void ossl_HMAC_CTX_free(HMAC_CTX *);
 #if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_SET_EX_DATA)
 #  define X509_STORE_set_ex_data(x, idx, data) \
 	CRYPTO_set_ex_data(&(x)->ex_data, (idx), (data))
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_GET_EX_NEW_INDEX) && !defined(X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index)
 #  define X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index(l, p, newf, dupf, freef) \
 	CRYPTO_get_ex_new_index(CRYPTO_EX_INDEX_X509_STORE, (l), (p), \
 				(newf), (dupf), (freef))
@@ -191,12 +147,13 @@ void ossl_X509_REQ_get0_signature(const X509_REQ *, const ASN1_BIT_STRING **, co
 	CRYPTO_add(&(x)->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_EVP_PKEY);
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(HAVE_OPAQUE_OPENSSL)
+#if !defined(HAVE_OPAQUE_OPENSSL) && \
+    (!defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) || LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x2070000fL)
 #define IMPL_PKEY_GETTER(_type, _name) \
 static inline _type *EVP_PKEY_get0_##_type(EVP_PKEY *pkey) { \
 	return pkey->pkey._name; }
 #define IMPL_KEY_ACCESSOR2(_type, _group, a1, a2, _fail_cond) \
-static inline void _type##_get0_##_group(_type *obj, const BIGNUM **a1, const BIGNUM **a2) { \
+static inline void _type##_get0_##_group(const _type *obj, const BIGNUM **a1, const BIGNUM **a2) { \
 	if (a1) *a1 = obj->a1; \
 	if (a2) *a2 = obj->a2; } \
 static inline int _type##_set0_##_group(_type *obj, BIGNUM *a1, BIGNUM *a2) { \
@@ -205,7 +162,7 @@ static inline int _type##_set0_##_group(_type *obj, BIGNUM *a1, BIGNUM *a2) { \
 	BN_clear_free(obj->a2); obj->a2 = a2; \
 	return 1; }
 #define IMPL_KEY_ACCESSOR3(_type, _group, a1, a2, a3, _fail_cond) \
-static inline void _type##_get0_##_group(_type *obj, const BIGNUM **a1, const BIGNUM **a2, const BIGNUM **a3) { \
+static inline void _type##_get0_##_group(const _type *obj, const BIGNUM **a1, const BIGNUM **a2, const BIGNUM **a3) { \
 	if (a1) *a1 = obj->a1; \
 	if (a2) *a2 = obj->a2; \
 	if (a3) *a3 = obj->a3; } \
@@ -232,7 +189,7 @@ IMPL_KEY_ACCESSOR3(DSA, pqg, p, q, g, (p == obj->p || q == obj->q || g == obj->g
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DH)
 IMPL_PKEY_GETTER(DH, dh)
 IMPL_KEY_ACCESSOR2(DH, key, pub_key, priv_key, (pub_key == obj->pub_key || (obj->priv_key && priv_key == obj->priv_key)))
-IMPL_KEY_ACCESSOR3(DH, pqg, p, q, g, (p == obj->p || obj->q && q == obj->q || g == obj->g))
+IMPL_KEY_ACCESSOR3(DH, pqg, p, q, g, (p == obj->p || (obj->q && q == obj->q) || g == obj->g))
 static inline ENGINE *DH_get0_engine(DH *dh) { return dh->engine; }
 #endif
 
@@ -245,7 +202,7 @@ IMPL_PKEY_GETTER(EC_KEY, ec)
 #undef IMPL_KEY_ACCESSOR3
 #endif /* HAVE_OPAQUE_OPENSSL */
 
-#if defined(HAVE_AUTHENTICATED_ENCRYPTION) && !defined(EVP_CTRL_AEAD_GET_TAG)
+#if !defined(EVP_CTRL_AEAD_GET_TAG)
 #  define EVP_CTRL_AEAD_GET_TAG EVP_CTRL_GCM_GET_TAG
 #  define EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG EVP_CTRL_GCM_SET_TAG
 #  define EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_IVLEN EVP_CTRL_GCM_SET_IVLEN
@@ -256,10 +213,45 @@ IMPL_PKEY_GETTER(EC_KEY, ec)
 #  define X509_get0_notAfter(x) X509_get_notAfter(x)
 #  define X509_CRL_get0_lastUpdate(x) X509_CRL_get_lastUpdate(x)
 #  define X509_CRL_get0_nextUpdate(x) X509_CRL_get_nextUpdate(x)
+#  define X509_set1_notBefore(x, t) X509_set_notBefore(x, t)
+#  define X509_set1_notAfter(x, t) X509_set_notAfter(x, t)
+#  define X509_CRL_set1_lastUpdate(x, t) X509_CRL_set_lastUpdate(x, t)
+#  define X509_CRL_set1_nextUpdate(x, t) X509_CRL_set_nextUpdate(x, t)
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_SSL_SESSION_GET_PROTOCOL_VERSION)
 #  define SSL_SESSION_get_protocol_version(s) ((s)->ssl_version)
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(HAVE_TS_STATUS_INFO_GET0_STATUS)
+#  define TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_status(a) ((a)->status)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_TS_STATUS_INFO_GET0_TEXT)
+#  define TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_text(a) ((a)->text)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_TS_STATUS_INFO_GET0_FAILURE_INFO)
+#  define TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_failure_info(a) ((a)->failure_info)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_TS_VERIFY_CTS_SET_CERTS)
+#  define TS_VERIFY_CTS_set_certs(ctx, crts) ((ctx)->certs=(crts))
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_TS_VERIFY_CTX_SET_STORE)
+#  define TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_store(ctx, str) ((ctx)->store=(str))
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_TS_VERIFY_CTX_ADD_FLAGS)
+#  define TS_VERIFY_CTX_add_flags(ctx, f) ((ctx)->flags |= (f))
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_TS_RESP_CTX_SET_TIME_CB)
+#   define TS_RESP_CTX_set_time_cb(ctx, callback, dta) do { \
+        (ctx)->time_cb = (callback); \
+        (ctx)->time_cb_data = (dta); \
+    } while (0)
+#endif
+
 #endif /* _OSSL_OPENSSL_MISSING_H_ */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
index eb71b643bf..ce02efd983 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
@@ -92,22 +92,40 @@ OSSL_IMPL_SK2ARY(x509crl, X509_CRL)
 OSSL_IMPL_SK2ARY(x509name, X509_NAME)
 
 static VALUE
-ossl_str_new(int size)
+ossl_str_new_i(VALUE size)
 {
-    return rb_str_new(0, size);
+    return rb_str_new(NULL, (long)size);
+}
+
+VALUE
+ossl_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, int *pstate)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    int state;
+
+    str = rb_protect(ossl_str_new_i, len, &state);
+    if (pstate)
+	*pstate = state;
+    if (state) {
+	if (!pstate)
+	    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (ptr)
+	memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str), ptr, len);
+    return str;
 }
 
 VALUE
 ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len)
 {
     VALUE str;
-    int status = 0;
+    int state;
 
-    str = rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))ossl_str_new, len, &status);
-    if(!NIL_P(str)) memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str), buf, len);
+    str = ossl_str_new(buf, len, &state);
     OPENSSL_free(buf);
-    if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
-
+    if (state)
+	rb_jump_tag(state);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -129,13 +147,6 @@ ossl_bin2hex(unsigned char *in, char *out, size_t inlen)
 /*
  * our default PEM callback
  */
-
-/*
- * OpenSSL requires passwords for PEM-encoded files to be at least four
- * characters long. See crypto/pem/pem_lib.c (as of 1.0.2h)
- */
-#define OSSL_MIN_PWD_LEN 4
-
 VALUE
 ossl_pem_passwd_value(VALUE pass)
 {
@@ -144,8 +155,6 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_value(VALUE pass)
 
     StringValue(pass);
 
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(pass) < OSSL_MIN_PWD_LEN)
-	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "password must be at least %d bytes", OSSL_MIN_PWD_LEN);
     /* PEM_BUFSIZE is currently used as the second argument of pem_password_cb,
      * that is +max_len+ of ossl_pem_passwd_cb() */
     if (RSTRING_LEN(pass) > PEM_BUFSIZE)
@@ -157,11 +166,10 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_value(VALUE pass)
 static VALUE
 ossl_pem_passwd_cb0(VALUE flag)
 {
-    VALUE pass;
-
-    pass = rb_yield(flag);
-    SafeStringValue(pass);
-
+    VALUE pass = rb_yield(flag);
+    if (NIL_P(pass))
+	return Qnil;
+    StringValue(pass);
     return pass;
 }
 
@@ -178,7 +186,7 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *buf, int max_len, int flag, void *pwd_)
 	 * bytes silently if the input is over 1024 bytes */
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(pass, T_STRING)) {
 	    len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
-	    if (len >= OSSL_MIN_PWD_LEN && len <= max_len) {
+	    if (len <= max_len) {
 		memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(pass), len);
 		return (int)len;
 	    }
@@ -204,11 +212,9 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *buf, int max_len, int flag, void *pwd_)
 	    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
 	    return -1;
 	}
+	if (NIL_P(pass))
+	    return -1;
 	len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
-	if (len < OSSL_MIN_PWD_LEN) {
-	    rb_warning("password must be at least %d bytes", OSSL_MIN_PWD_LEN);
-	    continue;
-	}
 	if (len > max_len) {
 	    rb_warning("password must not be longer than %d bytes", max_len);
 	    continue;
@@ -232,7 +238,7 @@ VALUE eOSSLError;
 /*
  * Convert to DER string
  */
-ID ossl_s_to_der;
+static ID ossl_s_to_der;
 
 VALUE
 ossl_to_der(VALUE obj)
@@ -260,18 +266,15 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_make_error(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, va_list args)
 {
     VALUE str = Qnil;
-    const char *msg;
-    long e;
+    unsigned long e;
 
-    e = ERR_peek_last_error();
     if (fmt) {
 	str = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
     }
+    e = ERR_peek_last_error();
     if (e) {
-	if (dOSSL == Qtrue) /* FULL INFO */
-	    msg = ERR_error_string(e, NULL);
-	else
-	    msg = ERR_reason_error_string(e);
+	const char *msg = ERR_reason_error_string(e);
+
 	if (NIL_P(str)) {
 	    if (msg) str = rb_str_new_cstr(msg);
 	}
@@ -279,8 +282,8 @@ ossl_make_error(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, va_list args)
 	    if (RSTRING_LEN(str)) rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
 	    rb_str_cat2(str, msg ? msg : "(null)");
 	}
+	ossl_clear_error();
     }
-    ossl_clear_error();
 
     if (NIL_P(str)) str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
     return rb_exc_new3(exc, str);
@@ -331,10 +334,11 @@ ossl_clear_error(void)
  *
  * See any remaining errors held in queue.
  *
- * Any errors you see here are probably due to a bug in ruby's OpenSSL implementation.
+ * Any errors you see here are probably due to a bug in Ruby's OpenSSL
+ * implementation.
  */
 VALUE
-ossl_get_errors(void)
+ossl_get_errors(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE ary;
     long e;
@@ -395,6 +399,23 @@ ossl_debug_set(VALUE self, VALUE val)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
+ *   OpenSSL.fips_mode -> true | false
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_fips_mode_get(VALUE self)
+{
+
+#ifdef OPENSSL_FIPS
+    VALUE enabled;
+    enabled = FIPS_mode() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return enabled;
+#else
+    return Qfalse;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL.fips_mode = boolean -> boolean
  *
  * Turns FIPS mode on or off. Turning on FIPS mode will obviously only have an
@@ -426,44 +447,126 @@ ossl_fips_mode_set(VALUE self, VALUE enabled)
 #endif
 }
 
+#if defined(OSSL_DEBUG)
+#if !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && \
+    (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_CRYPTO_MDEBUG) || \
+     defined(CRYPTO_malloc_debug_init))
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   OpenSSL.mem_check_start -> nil
+ *
+ * Calls CRYPTO_mem_ctrl(CRYPTO_MEM_CHECK_ON). Starts tracking memory
+ * allocations. See also OpenSSL.print_mem_leaks.
+ *
+ * This is available only when built with a capable OpenSSL and --enable-debug
+ * configure option.
+ */
+static VALUE
+mem_check_start(VALUE self)
+{
+	CRYPTO_mem_ctrl(CRYPTO_MEM_CHECK_ON);
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   OpenSSL.print_mem_leaks -> true | false
+ *
+ * For debugging the Ruby/OpenSSL library. Calls CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp(stderr).
+ * Prints detected memory leaks to standard error. This cleans the global state
+ * up thus you cannot use any methods of the library after calling this.
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if leaks detected, +false+ otherwise.
+ *
+ * This is available only when built with a capable OpenSSL and --enable-debug
+ * configure option.
+ *
+ * === Example
+ *   OpenSSL.mem_check_start
+ *   NOT_GCED = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(256)
+ *
+ *   END {
+ *     GC.start
+ *     OpenSSL.print_mem_leaks # will print the leakage
+ *   }
+ */
+static VALUE
+print_mem_leaks(VALUE self)
+{
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000
+    int ret;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    // for Ruby 2.x
+    void ossl_bn_ctx_free(void); // ossl_bn.c
+    ossl_bn_ctx_free();
+#endif
+
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000
+    ret = CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp(stderr);
+    if (ret < 0)
+	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp");
+    return ret ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+#else
+    CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp(stderr);
+    return Qnil;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #if !defined(HAVE_OPENSSL_110_THREADING_API)
 /**
  * Stores locks needed for OpenSSL thread safety
  */
-static rb_nativethread_lock_t *ossl_locks;
+struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value {
+    rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
+    rb_nativethread_id_t owner;
+    size_t count;
+};
 
 static void
-ossl_lock_unlock(int mode, rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock)
+ossl_lock_init(struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *l)
 {
-    if (mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) {
-	rb_nativethread_lock_lock(lock);
-    } else {
-	rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(lock);
-    }
+    rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&l->lock);
+    l->count = 0;
 }
 
 static void
-ossl_lock_callback(int mode, int type, const char *file, int line)
+ossl_lock_unlock(int mode, struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *l)
 {
-    ossl_lock_unlock(mode, &ossl_locks[type]);
+    if (mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) {
+	/* TODO: rb_nativethread_id_t is not necessarily compared with ==. */
+	rb_nativethread_id_t tid = rb_nativethread_self();
+	if (l->count && l->owner == tid) {
+	    l->count++;
+	    return;
+	}
+	rb_nativethread_lock_lock(&l->lock);
+	l->owner = tid;
+	l->count = 1;
+    } else {
+	if (!--l->count)
+	    rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&l->lock);
+    }
 }
 
-struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value {
-    rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
-};
-
 static struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *
 ossl_dyn_create_callback(const char *file, int line)
 {
-    struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *dynlock = (struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *)OPENSSL_malloc((int)sizeof(struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value));
-    rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&dynlock->lock);
+    /* Do not use xmalloc() here, since it may raise NoMemoryError */
+    struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *dynlock =
+	OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value));
+    if (dynlock)
+	ossl_lock_init(dynlock);
     return dynlock;
 }
 
 static void
 ossl_dyn_lock_callback(int mode, struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *l, const char *file, int line)
 {
-    ossl_lock_unlock(mode, &l->lock);
+    ossl_lock_unlock(mode, l);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -473,41 +576,30 @@ ossl_dyn_destroy_callback(struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *l, const char *file, int
     OPENSSL_free(l);
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_CRYPTO_THREADID_PTR
 static void ossl_threadid_func(CRYPTO_THREADID *id)
 {
     /* register native thread id */
     CRYPTO_THREADID_set_pointer(id, (void *)rb_nativethread_self());
 }
-#else
-static unsigned long ossl_thread_id(void)
+
+static struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value *ossl_locks;
+
+static void
+ossl_lock_callback(int mode, int type, const char *file, int line)
 {
-    /* before OpenSSL 1.0, this is 'unsigned long' */
-    return (unsigned long)rb_nativethread_self();
+    ossl_lock_unlock(mode, &ossl_locks[type]);
 }
-#endif
 
 static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
 {
     int i;
     int num_locks = CRYPTO_num_locks();
 
-    if ((unsigned)num_locks >= INT_MAX / (int)sizeof(VALUE)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CRYPTO_num_locks() is too big: %d", num_locks);
-    }
-    ossl_locks = (rb_nativethread_lock_t *) OPENSSL_malloc(num_locks * (int)sizeof(rb_nativethread_lock_t));
-    if (!ossl_locks) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "CRYPTO_num_locks() is too big: %d", num_locks);
-    }
-    for (i = 0; i < num_locks; i++) {
-	rb_nativethread_lock_initialize(&ossl_locks[i]);
-    }
+    ossl_locks = ALLOC_N(struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value, num_locks);
+    for (i = 0; i < num_locks; i++)
+	ossl_lock_init(&ossl_locks[i]);
 
-#ifdef HAVE_CRYPTO_THREADID_PTR
     CRYPTO_THREADID_set_callback(ossl_threadid_func);
-#else
-    CRYPTO_set_id_callback(ossl_thread_id);
-#endif
     CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(ossl_lock_callback);
     CRYPTO_set_dynlock_create_callback(ossl_dyn_create_callback);
     CRYPTO_set_dynlock_lock_callback(ossl_dyn_lock_callback);
@@ -516,8 +608,37 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
 #endif /* !HAVE_OPENSSL_110_THREADING_API */
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare(string, string) -> boolean
+ *
+ * Constant time memory comparison for fixed length strings, such as results
+ * of HMAC calculations.
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if the strings are identical, +false+ if they are of the same
+ * length but not identical. If the length is different, +ArgumentError+ is
+ * raised.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare(VALUE dummy, VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p1 = (const unsigned char *)StringValuePtr(str1);
+    const unsigned char *p2 = (const unsigned char *)StringValuePtr(str2);
+    long len1 = RSTRING_LEN(str1);
+    long len2 = RSTRING_LEN(str2);
+
+    if (len1 != len2) {
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "inputs must be of equal length");
+    }
+
+    switch (CRYPTO_memcmp(p1, p2, len1)) {
+        case 0:	return Qtrue;
+        default: return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
  * OpenSSL provides SSL, TLS and general purpose cryptography.  It wraps the
- * OpenSSL[http://www.openssl.org/] library.
+ * OpenSSL[https://www.openssl.org/] library.
  *
  * = Examples
  *
@@ -546,7 +667,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  * ahold of the key may use it unless it is encrypted.  In order to securely
  * export a key you may export it with a pass phrase.
  *
- *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-128-CBC'
+ *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-256-CBC'
  *   pass_phrase = 'my secure pass phrase goes here'
  *
  *   key_secure = key.export cipher, pass_phrase
@@ -621,16 +742,14 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  * To sign a document, a cryptographically secure hash of the document is
  * computed first, which is then signed using the private key.
  *
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
- *   signature = key.sign digest, document
+ *   signature = key.sign 'SHA256', document
  *
  * To validate the signature, again a hash of the document is computed and
  * the signature is decrypted using the public key. The result is then
  * compared to the hash just computed, if they are equal the signature was
  * valid.
  *
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
- *   if key.verify digest, signature, document
+ *   if key.verify 'SHA256', signature, document
  *     puts 'Valid'
  *   else
  *     puts 'Invalid'
@@ -656,7 +775,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  * using PBKDF2. PKCS #5 v2.0 recommends at least 8 bytes for the salt,
  * the number of iterations largely depends on the hardware being used.
  *
- *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-128-CBC'
+ *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-256-CBC'
  *   cipher.encrypt
  *   iv = cipher.random_iv
  *
@@ -664,7 +783,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *   salt = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes 16
  *   iter = 20000
  *   key_len = cipher.key_len
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
  *
  *   key = OpenSSL::PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac(pwd, salt, iter, key_len, digest)
  *   cipher.key = key
@@ -679,7 +798,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  * Use the same steps as before to derive the symmetric AES key, this time
  * setting the Cipher up for decryption.
  *
- *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-128-CBC'
+ *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-256-CBC'
  *   cipher.decrypt
  *   cipher.iv = iv # the one generated with #random_iv
  *
@@ -687,7 +806,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *   salt = ... # the one generated above
  *   iter = 20000
  *   key_len = cipher.key_len
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
  *
  *   key = OpenSSL::PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac(pwd, salt, iter, key_len, digest)
  *   cipher.key = key
@@ -714,7 +833,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *
  * First set up the cipher for encryption
  *
- *   encryptor = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-128-CBC'
+ *   encryptor = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-256-CBC'
  *   encryptor.encrypt
  *   encryptor.pkcs5_keyivgen pass_phrase, salt
  *
@@ -727,7 +846,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *
  * Use a new Cipher instance set up for decryption
  *
- *   decryptor = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-128-CBC'
+ *   decryptor = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-256-CBC'
  *   decryptor.decrypt
  *   decryptor.pkcs5_keyivgen pass_phrase, salt
  *
@@ -744,7 +863,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  * signature.
  *
  *   key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new 2048
- *   name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse 'CN=nobody/DC=example'
+ *   name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse '/CN=nobody/DC=example'
  *
  *   cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
  *   cert.version = 2
@@ -783,7 +902,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  * certificate.
  *
  *   cert.issuer = name
- *   cert.sign key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+ *   cert.sign key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
  *
  *   open 'certificate.pem', 'w' do |io| io.write cert.to_pem end
  *
@@ -815,7 +934,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *   ca_key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new 2048
  *   pass_phrase = 'my secure pass phrase goes here'
  *
- *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-128-CBC'
+ *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new 'AES-256-CBC'
  *
  *   open 'ca_key.pem', 'w', 0400 do |io|
  *     io.write ca_key.export(cipher, pass_phrase)
@@ -826,7 +945,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  * A CA certificate is created the same way we created a certificate above, but
  * with different extensions.
  *
- *   ca_name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse 'CN=ca/DC=example'
+ *   ca_name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse '/CN=ca/DC=example'
  *
  *   ca_cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
  *   ca_cert.serial = 0
@@ -859,7 +978,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *
  * Root CA certificates are self-signed.
  *
- *   ca_cert.sign ca_key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+ *   ca_cert.sign ca_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
  *
  * The CA certificate is saved to disk so it may be distributed to all the
  * users of the keys this CA will sign.
@@ -877,7 +996,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *   csr.version = 0
  *   csr.subject = name
  *   csr.public_key = key.public_key
- *   csr.sign key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+ *   csr.sign key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
  *
  * A CSR is saved to disk and sent to the CA for signing.
  *
@@ -921,7 +1040,7 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
  *   csr_cert.add_extension \
  *     extension_factory.create_extension('subjectKeyIdentifier', 'hash')
  *
- *   csr_cert.sign ca_key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+ *   csr_cert.sign ca_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
  *
  *   open 'csr_cert.pem', 'w' do |io|
  *     io.write csr_cert.to_pem
@@ -1010,6 +1129,11 @@ static void Init_ossl_locks(void)
 void
 Init_openssl(void)
 {
+#if HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+#undef rb_intern
     /*
      * Init timezone info
      */
@@ -1020,25 +1144,14 @@ Init_openssl(void)
     /*
      * Init all digests, ciphers
      */
-    /* CRYPTO_malloc_init(); */
-    /* ENGINE_load_builtin_engines(); */
+#if !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000
+    if (!OPENSSL_init_ssl(0, NULL))
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "OPENSSL_init_ssl");
+#else
     OpenSSL_add_ssl_algorithms();
     OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms();
     ERR_load_crypto_strings();
     SSL_load_error_strings();
-
-    /*
-     * FIXME:
-     * On unload do:
-     */
-#if 0
-    CONF_modules_unload(1);
-    destroy_ui_method();
-    EVP_cleanup();
-    ENGINE_cleanup();
-    CRYPTO_cleanup_all_ex_data();
-    ERR_remove_state(0);
-    ERR_free_strings();
 #endif
 
     /*
@@ -1046,11 +1159,7 @@ Init_openssl(void)
      */
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     rb_global_variable(&mOSSL);
-
-    /*
-     * OpenSSL ruby extension version
-     */
-    rb_define_const(mOSSL, "VERSION", rb_str_new2(OSSL_VERSION));
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mOSSL, "fixed_length_secure_compare", ossl_crypto_fixed_length_secure_compare, 2);
 
     /*
      * Version of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension was built with
@@ -1060,7 +1169,11 @@ Init_openssl(void)
     /*
      * Version of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension is running with
      */
+#if !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000
+    rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION", rb_str_new2(OpenSSL_version(OPENSSL_VERSION)));
+#else
     rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION", rb_str_new2(SSLeay_version(SSLEAY_VERSION)));
+#endif
 
     /*
      * Version number of OpenSSL the ruby OpenSSL extension was built with
@@ -1069,7 +1182,7 @@ Init_openssl(void)
     rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER", INT2NUM(OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER));
 
     /*
-     * Boolean indicating whether OpenSSL is FIPS-enabled or not
+     * Boolean indicating whether OpenSSL is FIPS-capable or not
      */
     rb_define_const(mOSSL, "OPENSSL_FIPS",
 #ifdef OPENSSL_FIPS
@@ -1079,6 +1192,7 @@ Init_openssl(void)
 #endif
 		   );
 
+    rb_define_module_function(mOSSL, "fips_mode", ossl_fips_mode_get, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(mOSSL, "fips_mode=", ossl_fips_mode_set, 1);
 
     /*
@@ -1118,23 +1232,51 @@ Init_openssl(void)
     Init_ossl_ns_spki();
     Init_ossl_pkcs12();
     Init_ossl_pkcs7();
-    Init_ossl_pkcs5();
     Init_ossl_pkey();
     Init_ossl_rand();
     Init_ossl_ssl();
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_TS
+    Init_ossl_ts();
+#endif
     Init_ossl_x509();
     Init_ossl_ocsp();
     Init_ossl_engine();
     Init_ossl_asn1();
-}
+    Init_ossl_kdf();
 
 #if defined(OSSL_DEBUG)
-/*
- * Check if all symbols are OK with 'make LDSHARED=gcc all'
- */
-int
-main(int argc, char *argv[])
-{
-    return 0;
+    /*
+     * For debugging Ruby/OpenSSL. Enable only when built with --enable-debug
+     */
+#if !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && \
+    (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_CRYPTO_MDEBUG) || \
+     defined(CRYPTO_malloc_debug_init))
+    rb_define_module_function(mOSSL, "mem_check_start", mem_check_start, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(mOSSL, "print_mem_leaks", print_mem_leaks, 0);
+
+#if defined(CRYPTO_malloc_debug_init) /* <= 1.0.2 */
+    CRYPTO_malloc_debug_init();
+#endif
+
+#if defined(V_CRYPTO_MDEBUG_ALL) /* <= 1.0.2 */
+    CRYPTO_set_mem_debug_options(V_CRYPTO_MDEBUG_ALL);
+#endif
+
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10100000 /* <= 1.0.2 */
+    {
+	int i;
+	/*
+	 * See crypto/ex_data.c; call def_get_class() immediately to avoid
+	 * allocations. 15 is the maximum number that is used as the class index
+	 * in OpenSSL 1.0.2.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i <= 15; i++) {
+	    if (CRYPTO_get_ex_new_index(i, 0, (void *)"ossl-mdebug-dummy", 0, 0, 0) < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CRYPTO_get_ex_new_index for "
+			 "class index %d failed", i);
+	}
+    }
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
 }
-#endif /* OSSL_DEBUG */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
index 78eddd09b4..c20f506bda 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 #include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
 
 #include <assert.h>
-#include <errno.h>
 #include <ruby.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <ruby/io.h>
 #include <ruby/thread.h>
 #include <openssl/opensslv.h>
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@
 #include <openssl/hmac.h>
 #include <openssl/rand.h>
 #include <openssl/conf.h>
-#include <openssl/conf_api.h>
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_TS
+  #include <openssl/ts.h>
+#endif
 #include <openssl/crypto.h>
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE)
 #  include <openssl/engine.h>
@@ -35,6 +37,11 @@
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP)
 #  include <openssl/ocsp.h>
 #endif
+#include <openssl/bn.h>
+#include <openssl/rsa.h>
+#include <openssl/dsa.h>
+#include <openssl/evp.h>
+#include <openssl/dh.h>
 
 /*
  * Common Module
@@ -56,34 +63,33 @@ extern VALUE eOSSLError;
   }\
 } while (0)
 
-#define OSSL_Check_Instance(obj, klass) do {\
-  if (!rb_obj_is_instance_of((obj), (klass))) {\
-    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument (%"PRIsVALUE")! (Expected instance of %"PRIsVALUE")",\
-               rb_obj_class(obj), (klass));\
-  }\
-} while (0)
-
-#define OSSL_Check_Same_Class(obj1, obj2) do {\
-  if (!rb_obj_is_instance_of((obj1), rb_obj_class(obj2))) {\
-    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type");\
-  }\
-} while (0)
+/*
+ * Type conversions
+ */
+#if !defined(NUM2UINT64T) /* in case Ruby starts to provide */
+#  if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+#    define NUM2UINT64T(x) ((uint64_t)NUM2ULONG(x))
+#  elif defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG) && SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
+#    define NUM2UINT64T(x) ((uint64_t)NUM2ULL(x))
+#  else
+#    error "unknown platform; no 64-bit width integer"
+#  endif
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Data Conversion
  */
-STACK_OF(X509) *ossl_x509_ary2sk0(VALUE);
 STACK_OF(X509) *ossl_x509_ary2sk(VALUE);
 STACK_OF(X509) *ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(VALUE,int*);
 VALUE ossl_x509_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(X509) *certs);
 VALUE ossl_x509crl_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crl);
 VALUE ossl_x509name_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(X509_NAME) *names);
 VALUE ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len);
+VALUE ossl_str_new(const char *, long, int *);
 #define ossl_str_adjust(str, p) \
 do{\
-    long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);\
     long newlen = (long)((p) - (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str));\
-    assert(newlen <= len);\
+    assert(newlen <= RSTRING_LEN(str));\
     rb_str_set_len((str), newlen);\
 }while(0)
 /*
@@ -115,7 +121,6 @@ int ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *, int, int, void *);
 /*
  * ERRor messages
  */
-#define OSSL_ErrMsg() ERR_reason_error_string(ERR_get_error())
 NORETURN(void ossl_raise(VALUE, const char *, ...));
 /* Clear OpenSSL error queue. If dOSSL is set, rb_warn() them. */
 void ossl_clear_error(void);
@@ -123,7 +128,6 @@ void ossl_clear_error(void);
 /*
  * String to DER String
  */
-extern ID ossl_s_to_der;
 VALUE ossl_to_der(VALUE);
 VALUE ossl_to_der_if_possible(VALUE);
 
@@ -141,20 +145,9 @@ extern VALUE dOSSL;
   } \
 } while (0)
 
-#define OSSL_Warning(fmt, ...) do { \
-  OSSL_Debug((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
-  rb_warning((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
-} while (0)
-
-#define OSSL_Warn(fmt, ...) do { \
-  OSSL_Debug((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
-  rb_warn((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
-} while (0)
 #else
 void ossl_debug(const char *, ...);
 #define OSSL_Debug ossl_debug
-#define OSSL_Warning rb_warning
-#define OSSL_Warn rb_warn
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -173,13 +166,15 @@ void ossl_debug(const char *, ...);
 #include "ossl_ocsp.h"
 #include "ossl_pkcs12.h"
 #include "ossl_pkcs7.h"
-#include "ossl_pkcs5.h"
 #include "ossl_pkey.h"
 #include "ossl_rand.h"
 #include "ossl_ssl.h"
-#include "ossl_version.h"
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_TS
+  #include "ossl_ts.h"
+#endif
 #include "ossl_x509.h"
 #include "ossl_engine.h"
+#include "ossl_kdf.h"
 
 void Init_openssl(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
index 1d3ee4ac18..9eb1826f02 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
@@ -9,11 +9,9 @@
  */
 #include "ossl.h"
 
-static VALUE join_der(VALUE enumerable);
 static VALUE ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset,
 			       int depth, int yield, long *num_read);
 static VALUE ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
-static VALUE ossl_asn1eoc_initialize(VALUE self);
 
 /*
  * DATE conversion
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ asn1time_to_time(const ASN1_TIME *time)
     VALUE argv[6];
     int count;
 
-    if (!time || !time->data) return Qnil;
     memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(struct tm));
 
     switch (time->type) {
@@ -72,7 +69,6 @@ asn1time_to_time(const ASN1_TIME *time)
     return rb_funcall2(rb_cTime, rb_intern("utc"), 6, argv);
 }
 
-#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
 void
 ossl_time_split(VALUE time, time_t *sec, int *days)
 {
@@ -88,13 +84,6 @@ ossl_time_split(VALUE time, time_t *sec, int *days)
 	*sec = NUM2TIMET(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("%"), 1, INT2FIX(86400)));
     }
 }
-#else
-time_t
-time_to_time_t(VALUE time)
-{
-    return (time_t)NUM2TIMET(rb_Integer(time));
-}
-#endif
 
 /*
  * STRING conversion
@@ -155,13 +144,13 @@ num_to_asn1integer(VALUE obj, ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
 #define ossl_asn1_get_tag(o)             rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG)
 #define ossl_asn1_get_tagging(o)         rb_attr_get((o),sivTAGGING)
 #define ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(o)       rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG_CLASS)
-#define ossl_asn1_get_infinite_length(o) rb_attr_get((o),sivINFINITE_LENGTH)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_indefinite_length(o) rb_attr_get((o),sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH)
 
 #define ossl_asn1_set_value(o,v)           rb_ivar_set((o),sivVALUE,(v))
 #define ossl_asn1_set_tag(o,v)             rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAG,(v))
 #define ossl_asn1_set_tagging(o,v)         rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAGGING,(v))
 #define ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(o,v)       rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAG_CLASS,(v))
-#define ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(o,v) rb_ivar_set((o),sivINFINITE_LENGTH,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(o,v) rb_ivar_set((o),sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH,(v))
 
 VALUE mASN1;
 VALUE eASN1Error;
@@ -187,7 +176,7 @@ VALUE cASN1Sequence, cASN1Set;                /* CONSTRUCTIVE      */
 
 static VALUE sym_IMPLICIT, sym_EXPLICIT;
 static VALUE sym_UNIVERSAL, sym_APPLICATION, sym_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC, sym_PRIVATE;
-static ID sivVALUE, sivTAG, sivTAG_CLASS, sivTAGGING, sivINFINITE_LENGTH, sivUNUSED_BITS;
+static ID sivVALUE, sivTAG, sivTAG_CLASS, sivTAGGING, sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH, sivUNUSED_BITS;
 static ID id_each;
 
 /*
@@ -213,13 +202,15 @@ obj_to_asn1bstr(VALUE obj, long unused_bits)
 {
     ASN1_BIT_STRING *bstr;
 
-    if(unused_bits < 0) unused_bits = 0;
+    if (unused_bits < 0 || unused_bits > 7)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "unused_bits for a bitstring value must be in "\
+		   "the range 0 to 7");
     StringValue(obj);
     if(!(bstr = ASN1_BIT_STRING_new()))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(bstr, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
     bstr->flags &= ~(ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|0x07); /* clear */
-    bstr->flags |= ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|(unused_bits&0x07);
+    bstr->flags |= ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT | unused_bits;
 
     return bstr;
 }
@@ -269,15 +260,10 @@ obj_to_asn1utime(VALUE time)
     time_t sec;
     ASN1_UTCTIME *t;
 
-#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
     int off_days;
 
     ossl_time_split(time, &sec, &off_days);
     if (!(t = ASN1_UTCTIME_adj(NULL, sec, off_days, 0)))
-#else
-    sec = time_to_time_t(time);
-    if (!(t = ASN1_UTCTIME_set(NULL, sec)))
-#endif
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return t;
@@ -289,15 +275,10 @@ obj_to_asn1gtime(VALUE time)
     time_t sec;
     ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *t;
 
-#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
     int off_days;
 
     ossl_time_split(time, &sec, &off_days);
     if (!(t = ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_adj(NULL, sec, off_days, 0)))
-#else
-    sec = time_to_time_t(time);
-    if (!(t = ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_set(NULL, sec)))
-#endif
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return t;
@@ -517,7 +498,7 @@ ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(VALUE obj)
     VALUE value, rflag;
     void *ptr;
     void (*free_func)();
-    int tag, flag;
+    int tag;
 
     tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(obj);
     value = ossl_asn1_get_value(obj);
@@ -533,8 +514,7 @@ ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(VALUE obj)
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
         rflag = rb_attr_get(obj, sivUNUSED_BITS);
-        flag = NIL_P(rflag) ? -1 : NUM2INT(rflag);
-	ptr = obj_to_asn1bstr(value, flag);
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1bstr(value, NUM2INT(rflag));
 	free_func = ASN1_BIT_STRING_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_NULL:
@@ -598,8 +578,8 @@ ossl_asn1_default_tag(VALUE obj)
 	    return NUM2INT(tag);
 	tmp_class = rb_class_superclass(tmp_class);
     }
-    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "universal tag for %"PRIsVALUE" not found",
-	       rb_obj_class(obj));
+
+    return -1;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -615,20 +595,6 @@ ossl_asn1_tag(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static int
-ossl_asn1_is_explicit(VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE s;
-
-    s = ossl_asn1_get_tagging(obj);
-    if (NIL_P(s) || s == sym_IMPLICIT)
-	return 0;
-    else if (s == sym_EXPLICIT)
-	return 1;
-    else
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag default");
-}
-
-static int
 ossl_asn1_tag_class(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE s;
@@ -663,12 +629,12 @@ ossl_asn1_class2sym(int tc)
  * call-seq:
  *    OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data.new(value, tag, tag_class) => ASN1Data
  *
- * +value+: Please have a look at Constructive and Primitive to see how Ruby
+ * _value_: Please have a look at Constructive and Primitive to see how Ruby
  * types are mapped to ASN.1 types and vice versa.
  *
- * +tag+: A +Number+ indicating the tag number.
+ * _tag_: An Integer indicating the tag number.
  *
- * +tag_class+: A +Symbol+ indicating the tag class. Please cf. ASN1 for
+ * _tag_class_: A Symbol indicating the tag class. Please cf. ASN1 for
  * possible values.
  *
  * == Example
@@ -680,73 +646,85 @@ ossl_asn1data_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE value, VALUE tag, VALUE tag_class)
 {
     if(!SYMBOL_P(tag_class))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
-    if (tag_class == sym_UNIVERSAL && NUM2INT(tag) > 31)
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number for Universal too large");
     ossl_asn1_set_tag(self, tag);
     ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
     ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
-    ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+    ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(self, Qfalse);
 
     return self;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-join_der_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, str))
+to_der_internal(VALUE self, int constructed, int indef_len, VALUE body)
 {
-    i = ossl_to_der_if_possible(i);
-    StringValue(i);
-    rb_str_append(str, i);
-    return Qnil;
-}
+    int encoding = constructed ? indef_len ? 2 : 1 : 0;
+    int tag_class = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
+    int tag_number = ossl_asn1_tag(self);
+    int default_tag_number = ossl_asn1_default_tag(self);
+    int body_length, total_length;
+    VALUE str;
+    unsigned char *p;
 
-static VALUE
-join_der(VALUE enumerable)
-{
-    VALUE str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
-    rb_block_call(enumerable, id_each, 0, 0, join_der_i, str);
+    body_length = RSTRING_LENINT(body);
+    if (ossl_asn1_get_tagging(self) == sym_EXPLICIT) {
+	int inner_length, e_encoding = indef_len ? 2 : 1;
+
+	if (default_tag_number == -1)
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "explicit tagging of unknown tag");
+
+	inner_length = ASN1_object_size(encoding, body_length, default_tag_number);
+	total_length = ASN1_object_size(e_encoding, inner_length, tag_number);
+	str = rb_str_new(NULL, total_length);
+	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+	/* Put explicit tag */
+	ASN1_put_object(&p, e_encoding, inner_length, tag_number, tag_class);
+	/* Append inner object */
+	ASN1_put_object(&p, encoding, body_length, default_tag_number, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
+	memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(body), body_length);
+	p += body_length;
+	if (indef_len) {
+	    ASN1_put_eoc(&p); /* For inner object */
+	    ASN1_put_eoc(&p); /* For wrapper object */
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	total_length = ASN1_object_size(encoding, body_length, tag_number);
+	str = rb_str_new(NULL, total_length);
+	p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+	ASN1_put_object(&p, encoding, body_length, tag_number, tag_class);
+	memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(body), body_length);
+	p += body_length;
+	if (indef_len)
+	    ASN1_put_eoc(&p);
+    }
+    assert(p - (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str) == total_length);
     return str;
 }
 
+static VALUE ossl_asn1prim_to_der(VALUE);
+static VALUE ossl_asn1cons_to_der(VALUE);
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    asn1.to_der => DER-encoded String
  *
  * Encodes this ASN1Data into a DER-encoded String value. The result is
- * DER-encoded except for the possibility of infinite length encodings.
- * Infinite length encodings are not allowed in strict DER, so strictly
- * speaking the result of such an encoding would be a BER-encoding.
+ * DER-encoded except for the possibility of indefinite length forms.
+ * Indefinite length forms are not allowed in strict DER, so strictly speaking
+ * the result of such an encoding would be a BER-encoding.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1data_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE value, der, inf_length;
-    int tag, tag_class, is_cons = 0;
-    long length;
-    unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE value = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
 
-    value = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
-    if(rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cArray)){
-	is_cons = 1;
-	value = join_der(value);
-    }
-    StringValue(value);
-
-    tag = ossl_asn1_tag(self);
-    tag_class = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
-    inf_length = ossl_asn1_get_infinite_length(self);
-    if (inf_length == Qtrue) {
-	is_cons = 2;
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cArray))
+	return ossl_asn1cons_to_der(self);
+    else {
+	if (RTEST(ossl_asn1_get_indefinite_length(self)))
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "indefinite length form cannot be used " \
+		       "with primitive encoding");
+	return ossl_asn1prim_to_der(self);
     }
-    if((length = ASN1_object_size(is_cons, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag)) <= 0)
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    der = rb_str_new(0, length);
-    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(der);
-    ASN1_put_object(&p, is_cons, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag, tag_class);
-    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
-    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
-    ossl_str_adjust(der, p);
-
-    return der;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -829,46 +807,33 @@ int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(unsigned char **pp, long max_len, long length,
 			   int tag, VALUE tc, long *num_read)
 {
     VALUE value, asn1data, ary;
-    int infinite;
+    int indefinite;
     long available_len, off = *offset;
 
-    infinite = (j == 0x21);
+    indefinite = (j == 0x21);
     ary = rb_ary_new();
 
-    available_len = infinite ? max_len : length;
+    available_len = indefinite ? max_len : length;
     while (available_len > 0) {
 	long inner_read = 0;
 	value = ossl_asn1_decode0(pp, available_len, &off, depth + 1, yield, &inner_read);
 	*num_read += inner_read;
 	available_len -= inner_read;
-	rb_ary_push(ary, value);
 
-	if (infinite &&
-	    NUM2INT(ossl_asn1_get_tag(value)) == V_ASN1_EOC &&
+	if (indefinite &&
+	    ossl_asn1_tag(value) == V_ASN1_EOC &&
 	    ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(value) == sym_UNIVERSAL) {
 	    break;
 	}
+	rb_ary_push(ary, value);
     }
 
     if (tc == sym_UNIVERSAL) {
 	VALUE args[4];
-	int not_sequence_or_set;
-
-	not_sequence_or_set = tag != V_ASN1_SEQUENCE && tag != V_ASN1_SET;
-
-	if (not_sequence_or_set) {
-	    if (infinite) {
-		asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Constructive);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid non-infinite tag");
-		return Qnil;
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    VALUE klass = *ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass;
-	    asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
-	}
+	if (tag == V_ASN1_SEQUENCE || tag == V_ASN1_SET)
+	    asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(*ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass);
+	else
+	    asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Constructive);
 	args[0] = ary;
 	args[1] = INT2NUM(tag);
 	args[2] = Qnil;
@@ -880,10 +845,10 @@ int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(unsigned char **pp, long max_len, long length,
 	ossl_asn1data_initialize(asn1data, ary, INT2NUM(tag), tc);
     }
 
-    if (infinite)
-	ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(asn1data, Qtrue);
+    if (indefinite)
+	ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(asn1data, Qtrue);
     else
-	ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(asn1data, Qfalse);
+	ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(asn1data, Qfalse);
 
     *offset = off;
     return asn1data;
@@ -936,7 +901,8 @@ ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset, int depth,
 	inner_read += hlen;
     }
     else {
-    	if ((j & 0x01) && (len == 0)) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "Infinite length for primitive value");
+	if ((j & 0x01) && (len == 0))
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "indefinite length for primitive value");
 	asn1data = int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(pp, len, hlen, tag, tag_class, &inner_read);
 	off += hlen + len;
     }
@@ -968,13 +934,13 @@ int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(long len, long read, long offset)
  *
  * If a block is given, it prints out each of the elements encountered.
  * Block parameters are (in that order):
- * * depth: The recursion depth, plus one with each constructed value being encountered (Number)
- * * offset: Current byte offset (Number)
- * * header length: Combined length in bytes of the Tag and Length headers. (Number)
- * * length: The overall remaining length of the entire data (Number)
+ * * depth: The recursion depth, plus one with each constructed value being encountered (Integer)
+ * * offset: Current byte offset (Integer)
+ * * header length: Combined length in bytes of the Tag and Length headers. (Integer)
+ * * length: The overall remaining length of the entire data (Integer)
  * * constructed: Whether this value is constructed or not (Boolean)
  * * tag_class: Current tag class (Symbol)
- * * tag: The current tag (Number)
+ * * tag: The current tag number (Integer)
  *
  * == Example
  *   der = File.binread('asn1data.der')
@@ -1004,9 +970,9 @@ ossl_asn1_traverse(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
  * call-seq:
  *    OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der) -> ASN1Data
  *
- * Decodes a BER- or DER-encoded value and creates an ASN1Data instance. +der+
- * may be a +String+ or any object that features a +#to_der+ method transforming
- * it into a BER-/DER-encoded +String+.
+ * Decodes a BER- or DER-encoded value and creates an ASN1Data instance. _der_
+ * may be a String or any object that features a +.to_der+ method transforming
+ * it into a BER-/DER-encoded String+
  *
  * == Example
  *   der = File.binread('asn1data')
@@ -1034,9 +1000,9 @@ ossl_asn1_decode(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
  * call-seq:
  *    OpenSSL::ASN1.decode_all(der) -> Array of ASN1Data
  *
- * Similar to +decode+ with the difference that +decode+ expects one
- * distinct value represented in +der+. +decode_all+ on the contrary
- * decodes a sequence of sequential BER/DER values lined up in +der+
+ * Similar to #decode with the difference that #decode expects one
+ * distinct value represented in _der_. #decode_all on the contrary
+ * decodes a sequence of sequential BER/DER values lined up in _der_
  * and returns them as an array.
  *
  * == Example
@@ -1071,19 +1037,19 @@ ossl_asn1_decode_all(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive.new( value [, tag, tagging, tag_class ]) => Primitive
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive.new(value [, tag, tagging, tag_class ]) => Primitive
  *
- * +value+: is mandatory.
+ * _value_: is mandatory.
  *
- * +tag+: optional, may be specified for tagged values. If no +tag+ is
+ * _tag_: optional, may be specified for tagged values. If no _tag_ is
  * specified, the UNIVERSAL tag corresponding to the Primitive sub-class
  * is used by default.
  *
- * +tagging+: may be used as an encoding hint to encode a value either
+ * _tagging_: may be used as an encoding hint to encode a value either
  * explicitly or implicitly, see ASN1 for possible values.
  *
- * +tag_class+: if +tag+ and +tagging+ are +nil+ then this is set to
- * +:UNIVERSAL+ by default. If either +tag+ or +tagging+ are set then
+ * _tag_class_: if _tag_ and _tagging_ are +nil+ then this is set to
+ * +:UNIVERSAL+ by default. If either _tag_ or _tagging_ are set then
  * +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+ is used as the default. For possible values please
  * cf. ASN1.
  *
@@ -1096,9 +1062,12 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE value, tag, tagging, tag_class;
+    int default_tag;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &value, &tag, &tagging, &tag_class);
-    if(argc > 1){
+    default_tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(self);
+
+    if (default_tag == -1 || argc > 1) {
 	if(NIL_P(tag))
 	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "must specify tag number");
 	if(!NIL_P(tagging) && !SYMBOL_P(tagging))
@@ -1111,11 +1080,9 @@ ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	if(!SYMBOL_P(tag_class))
 	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
-	if (tagging == sym_IMPLICIT && NUM2INT(tag) > 31)
-	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number for Universal too large");
     }
     else{
-	tag = INT2NUM(ossl_asn1_default_tag(self));
+	tag = INT2NUM(default_tag);
 	tagging = Qnil;
 	tag_class = sym_UNIVERSAL;
     }
@@ -1123,7 +1090,9 @@ ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
     ossl_asn1_set_tagging(self, tagging);
     ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
-    ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+    ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+    if (default_tag == V_ASN1_BIT_STRING)
+	rb_ivar_set(self, sivUNUSED_BITS, INT2FIX(0));
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1131,7 +1100,7 @@ ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1eoc_initialize(VALUE self) {
     VALUE tag, tagging, tag_class, value;
-    tag = INT2NUM(ossl_asn1_default_tag(self));
+    tag = INT2FIX(0);
     tagging = Qnil;
     tag_class = sym_UNIVERSAL;
     value = rb_str_new("", 0);
@@ -1139,51 +1108,58 @@ ossl_asn1eoc_initialize(VALUE self) {
     ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
     ossl_asn1_set_tagging(self, tagging);
     ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
-    ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+    ossl_asn1_set_indefinite_length(self, Qfalse);
     return self;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1eoc_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_str_new("\0\0", 2);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    asn1.to_der => DER-encoded String
  *
- * See ASN1Data#to_der for details. *
+ * See ASN1Data#to_der for details.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1prim_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
     ASN1_TYPE *asn1;
-    int tn, tc, explicit;
-    long len, reallen;
-    unsigned char *buf, *p;
+    long alllen, bodylen;
+    unsigned char *p0, *p1;
+    int j, tag, tc, state;
     VALUE str;
 
-    tn = NUM2INT(ossl_asn1_get_tag(self));
-    tc = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
-    explicit = ossl_asn1_is_explicit(self);
-    asn1 = ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(self);
+    if (ossl_asn1_default_tag(self) == -1) {
+	str = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+	return to_der_internal(self, 0, 0, StringValue(str));
+    }
 
-    len = ASN1_object_size(1, i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, NULL), tn);
-    if(!(buf = OPENSSL_malloc(len))){
+    asn1 = ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(self);
+    alllen = i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, NULL);
+    if (alllen < 0) {
 	ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
-	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "cannot alloc buffer");
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "i2d_ASN1_TYPE");
     }
-    p = buf;
-    if (tc == V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL) {
-        i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p);
-    } else if (explicit) {
-        ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, NULL), tn, tc);
-        i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p);
-    } else {
-        i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p);
-        *buf = tc | tn | (*buf & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED);
+    str = ossl_str_new(NULL, alllen, &state);
+    if (state) {
+	ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
+	rb_jump_tag(state);
     }
+    p0 = p1 = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p0);
     ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
-    reallen = p - buf;
-    assert(reallen <= len);
-    str = ossl_buf2str((char *)buf, rb_long2int(reallen)); /* buf will be free in ossl_buf2str */
+    assert(p0 - p1 == alllen);
 
-    return str;
+    /* Strip header since to_der_internal() wants only the payload */
+    j = ASN1_get_object((const unsigned char **)&p1, &bodylen, &tag, &tc, alllen);
+    if (j & 0x80)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "ASN1_get_object"); /* should not happen */
+
+    return to_der_internal(self, 0, 0, rb_str_drop_bytes(str, alllen - bodylen));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1195,92 +1171,41 @@ ossl_asn1prim_to_der(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1cons_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
-    int tag, tn, tc, explicit, constructed = 1;
-    int found_prim = 0, seq_len;
-    long length;
-    unsigned char *p;
-    VALUE value, str, inf_length;
-
-    tn = NUM2INT(ossl_asn1_get_tag(self));
-    tc = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
-    inf_length = ossl_asn1_get_infinite_length(self);
-    if (inf_length == Qtrue) {
-	VALUE ary, example;
-	constructed = 2;
-	if (rb_obj_class(self) == cASN1Sequence ||
-	    rb_obj_class(self) == cASN1Set) {
-	    tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(self);
-	}
-	else { /* must be a constructive encoding of a primitive value */
-	    ary = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
-	    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(ary, rb_cArray))
-		ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "Constructive value must be an Array");
-	    /* Recursively descend until a primitive value is found.
-	    The overall value of the entire constructed encoding
-	    is of the type of the first primitive encoding to be
-	    found. */
-	    while (!found_prim){
-		example = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
-		if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(example, cASN1Primitive)){
-		    found_prim = 1;
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* example is another ASN1Constructive */
-		    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(example, cASN1Constructive)){
-			ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid constructed encoding");
-			return Qnil; /* dummy */
-		    }
-		    ary = ossl_asn1_get_value(example);
-		}
-	    }
-	    tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(example);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	if (rb_obj_class(self) == cASN1Constructive)
-	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "Constructive shall only be used with infinite length");
-	tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(self);
-    }
-    explicit = ossl_asn1_is_explicit(self);
-    value = join_der(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
-
-    seq_len = ASN1_object_size(constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag);
-    length = ASN1_object_size(constructed, seq_len, tn);
-    str = rb_str_new(0, length);
-    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    if(tc == V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL)
-	ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tn, tc);
-    else{
-	if(explicit){
-	    ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, seq_len, tn, tc);
-	    ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
-	}
-	else{
-	    ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tn, tc);
+    VALUE ary, str;
+    long i;
+    int indef_len;
+
+    indef_len = RTEST(ossl_asn1_get_indefinite_length(self));
+    ary = rb_convert_type(ossl_asn1_get_value(self), T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
+    str = rb_str_new(NULL, 0);
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+	VALUE item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+
+	if (indef_len && rb_obj_is_kind_of(item, cASN1EndOfContent)) {
+	    if (i != RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1)
+		ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "illegal EOC octets in value");
+
+	    /*
+	     * EOC is not really part of the content, but we required to add one
+	     * at the end in the past.
+	     */
+	    break;
 	}
-    }
-    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
-    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
 
-    /* In this case we need an additional EOC (one for the explicit part and
-     * one for the Constructive itself. The EOC for the Constructive is
-     * supplied by the user, but that for the "explicit wrapper" must be
-     * added here.
-     */
-    if (explicit && inf_length == Qtrue) {
-	ASN1_put_eoc(&p);
+	item = ossl_to_der_if_possible(item);
+	StringValue(item);
+	rb_str_append(str, item);
     }
-    ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
-    return str;
+    return to_der_internal(self, 1, indef_len, str);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    asn1_ary.each { |asn1| block } => asn1_ary
  *
- * Calls <i>block</i> once for each element in +self+, passing that element
- * as parameter +asn1+. If no block is given, an enumerator is returned
+ * Calls the given block once for each element in self, passing that element
+ * as parameter _asn1_. If no block is given, an enumerator is returned
  * instead.
  *
  * == Example
@@ -1300,8 +1225,8 @@ ossl_asn1cons_each(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId.register(object_id, short_name, long_name)
  *
- * This adds a new ObjectId to the internal tables. Where +object_id+ is the
- * numerical form, +short_name+ is the short name, and +long_name+ is the long
+ * This adds a new ObjectId to the internal tables. Where _object_id_ is the
+ * numerical form, _short_name_ is the short name, and _long_name_ is the long
  * name.
  *
  * Returns +true+ if successful. Raises an OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Error if it fails.
@@ -1320,14 +1245,13 @@ ossl_asn1obj_s_register(VALUE self, VALUE oid, VALUE sn, VALUE ln)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#sn
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    oid.sn -> string
+ *    oid.short_name -> string
  *
  * The short name of the ObjectId, as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
  */
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#short_name
- *
- * +short_name+ is an alias to +sn+
- */
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1obj_get_sn(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -1341,14 +1265,13 @@ ossl_asn1obj_get_sn(VALUE self)
     return ret;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#ln
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    oid.ln -> string
+ *    oid.long_name -> string
  *
  * The long name of the ObjectId, as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
  */
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#long_name
- *
- * +long_name+ is an alias to +ln+
- */
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1obj_get_ln(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -1362,23 +1285,72 @@ ossl_asn1obj_get_ln(VALUE self)
     return ret;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#oid
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     oid == other_oid => true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if _other_oid_ is the same as _oid_
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    VALUE valSelf, valOther;
+    int nidSelf, nidOther;
+
+    valSelf = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+    valOther = ossl_asn1_get_value(other);
+
+    if ((nidSelf = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(valSelf))) == NID_undef)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "OBJ_txt2nid");
+
+    if ((nidOther = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(valOther))) == NID_undef)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "OBJ_txt2nid");
+
+    return nidSelf == nidOther ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+asn1obj_get_oid_i(VALUE vobj)
+{
+    ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj = (void *)vobj;
+    VALUE str;
+    int len;
+
+    str = rb_usascii_str_new(NULL, 127);
+    len = OBJ_obj2txt(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str), a1obj, 1);
+    if (len <= 0 || len == INT_MAX)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "OBJ_obj2txt");
+    if (len > RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
+	/* +1 is for the \0 terminator added by OBJ_obj2txt() */
+	rb_str_resize(str, len + 1);
+	len = OBJ_obj2txt(RSTRING_PTR(str), len + 1, a1obj, 1);
+	if (len <= 0)
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "OBJ_obj2txt");
+    }
+    rb_str_set_len(str, len);
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    oid.oid -> string
  *
- * The object identifier as a +String+, e.g. "1.2.3.4.5"
+ * Returns a String representing the Object Identifier in the dot notation,
+ * e.g. "1.2.3.4.5"
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_asn1obj_get_oid(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE val;
+    VALUE str;
     ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
-    char buf[128];
+    int state;
 
-    val = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
-    a1obj = obj_to_asn1obj(val);
-    OBJ_obj2txt(buf, sizeof(buf), a1obj, 1);
+    a1obj = obj_to_asn1obj(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
+    str = rb_protect(asn1obj_get_oid_i, (VALUE)a1obj, &state);
     ASN1_OBJECT_free(a1obj);
-
-    return rb_str_new2(buf);
+    if (state)
+	rb_jump_tag(state);
+    return str;
 }
 
 #define OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(klass) \
@@ -1412,6 +1384,7 @@ OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(EndOfContent)
 void
 Init_ossl_asn1(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     VALUE ary;
     int i;
 
@@ -1431,7 +1404,7 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
     sivTAG = rb_intern("@tag");
     sivTAGGING = rb_intern("@tagging");
     sivTAG_CLASS = rb_intern("@tag_class");
-    sivINFINITE_LENGTH = rb_intern("@infinite_length");
+    sivINDEFINITE_LENGTH = rb_intern("@indefinite_length");
     sivUNUSED_BITS = rb_intern("@unused_bits");
 
     /*
@@ -1457,24 +1430,21 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      * == ASN.1 class hierarchy
      *
      * The base class representing ASN.1 structures is ASN1Data. ASN1Data offers
-     * attributes to read and set the +tag+, the +tag_class+ and finally the
-     * +value+ of a particular ASN.1 item. Upon parsing, any tagged values
+     * attributes to read and set the _tag_, the _tag_class_ and finally the
+     * _value_ of a particular ASN.1 item. Upon parsing, any tagged values
      * (implicit or explicit) will be represented by ASN1Data instances because
      * their "real type" can only be determined using out-of-band information
      * from the ASN.1 type declaration. Since this information is normally
      * known when encoding a type, all sub-classes of ASN1Data offer an
-     * additional attribute +tagging+ that allows to encode a value implicitly
+     * additional attribute _tagging_ that allows to encode a value implicitly
      * (+:IMPLICIT+) or explicitly (+:EXPLICIT+).
      *
      * === Constructive
      *
      * Constructive is, as its name implies, the base class for all
      * constructed encodings, i.e. those that consist of several values,
-     * opposed to "primitive" encodings with just one single value.
-     * Primitive values that are encoded with "infinite length" are typically
-     * constructed (their values come in multiple chunks) and are therefore
-     * represented by instances of Constructive. The value of an Constructive
-     * is always an Array.
+     * opposed to "primitive" encodings with just one single value. The value of
+     * an Constructive is always an Array.
      *
      * ==== ASN1::Set and ASN1::Sequence
      *
@@ -1491,18 +1461,18 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      * Please cf. Primitive documentation for details on sub-classes and
      * their respective mappings of ASN.1 data types to Ruby objects.
      *
-     * == Possible values for +tagging+
+     * == Possible values for _tagging_
      *
      * When constructing an ASN1Data object the ASN.1 type definition may
      * require certain elements to be either implicitly or explicitly tagged.
-     * This can be achieved by setting the +tagging+ attribute manually for
+     * This can be achieved by setting the _tagging_ attribute manually for
      * sub-classes of ASN1Data. Use the symbol +:IMPLICIT+ for implicit
      * tagging and +:EXPLICIT+ if the element requires explicit tagging.
      *
-     * == Possible values for +tag_class+
+     * == Possible values for _tag_class_
      *
      * It is possible to create arbitrary ASN1Data objects that also support
-     * a PRIVATE or APPLICATION tag class. Possible values for the +tag_class+
+     * a PRIVATE or APPLICATION tag class. Possible values for the _tag_class_
      * attribute are:
      * * +:UNIVERSAL+ (the default for untagged values)
      * * +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+ (the default for tagged values)
@@ -1604,9 +1574,9 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *
      * An implicitly 1-tagged INTEGER value will be parsed as an
      * ASN1Data with
-     * * +tag+ equal to 1
-     * * +tag_class+ equal to +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+
-     * * +value+ equal to a +String+ that carries the raw encoding
+     * * _tag_ equal to 1
+     * * _tag_class_ equal to +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+
+     * * _value_ equal to a String that carries the raw encoding
      *   of the INTEGER.
      * This implies that a subsequent decoding step is required to
      * completely decode implicitly tagged values.
@@ -1615,9 +1585,9 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *
      * An explicitly 1-tagged INTEGER value will be parsed as an
      * ASN1Data with
-     * * +tag+ equal to 1
-     * * +tag_class+ equal to +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+
-     * * +value+ equal to an +Array+ with one single element, an
+     * * _tag_ equal to 1
+     * * _tag_class_ equal to +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+
+     * * _value_ equal to an Array with one single element, an
      *   instance of OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer, i.e. the inner element
      *   is the non-tagged primitive value, and the tagging is represented
      *   in the outer ASN1Data
@@ -1628,13 +1598,13 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *   der = seq.to_der
      *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
      *   # pp asn1 => #<OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence:0x87326e0
-     *   #              @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #              @indefinite_length=false,
      *   #              @tag=16,
      *   #              @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL,
      *   #              @tagging=nil,
      *   #              @value=
      *   #                [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data:0x87326f4
-     *   #                   @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #                   @indefinite_length=false,
      *   #                   @tag=0,
      *   #                   @tag_class=:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
      *   #                   @value="\x01">]>
@@ -1651,18 +1621,18 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *   der = seq.to_der
      *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
      *   # pp asn1 => #<OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence:0x87326e0
-     *   #              @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #              @indefinite_length=false,
      *   #              @tag=16,
      *   #              @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL,
      *   #              @tagging=nil,
      *   #              @value=
      *   #                [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data:0x87326f4
-     *   #                   @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #                   @indefinite_length=false,
      *   #                   @tag=0,
      *   #                   @tag_class=:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
      *   #                   @value=
      *   #                     [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer:0x85bf308
-     *   #                        @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #                        @indefinite_length=false,
      *   #                        @tag=2,
      *   #                        @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL
      *   #                        @tagging=nil,
@@ -1678,73 +1648,75 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      */
     rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("value"), 1, 1, 0);
     /*
-     * A +Number+ representing the tag number of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
+     * An Integer representing the tag number of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
      */
     rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag"), 1, 1, 0);
     /*
-     * A +Symbol+ representing the tag class of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
+     * A Symbol representing the tag class of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
      * See ASN1Data for possible values.
      */
     rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag_class"), 1, 1, 0);
     /*
-     * Never +nil+. A +Boolean+ indicating whether the encoding was infinite
-     * length (in the case of parsing) or whether an infinite length encoding
-     * shall be used (in the encoding case).
-     * In DER, every value has a finite length associated with it. But in
-     * scenarios where large amounts of data need to be transferred it
-     * might be desirable to have some kind of streaming support available.
+     * Never +nil+. A boolean value indicating whether the encoding uses
+     * indefinite length (in the case of parsing) or whether an indefinite
+     * length form shall be used (in the encoding case).
+     * In DER, every value uses definite length form. But in scenarios where
+     * large amounts of data need to be transferred it might be desirable to
+     * have some kind of streaming support available.
      * For example, huge OCTET STRINGs are preferably sent in smaller-sized
      * chunks, each at a time.
      * This is possible in BER by setting the length bytes of an encoding
      * to zero and by this indicating that the following value will be
-     * sent in chunks. Infinite length encodings are always constructed.
+     * sent in chunks. Indefinite length encodings are always constructed.
      * The end of such a stream of chunks is indicated by sending a EOC
-     * (End of Content) tag. SETs and SEQUENCEs may use an infinite length
+     * (End of Content) tag. SETs and SEQUENCEs may use an indefinite length
      * encoding, but also primitive types such as e.g. OCTET STRINGS or
      * BIT STRINGS may leverage this functionality (cf. ITU-T X.690).
      */
-    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("infinite_length"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("indefinite_length"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(cASN1Data, "infinite_length", "indefinite_length");
+    rb_define_alias(cASN1Data, "infinite_length=", "indefinite_length=");
     rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "initialize", ossl_asn1data_initialize, 3);
     rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "to_der", ossl_asn1data_to_der, 0);
 
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive
      *
      * The parent class for all primitive encodings. Attributes are the same as
-     * for ASN1Data, with the addition of +tagging+.
-     * Primitive values can never be infinite length encodings, thus it is not
-     * possible to set the +infinite_length+ attribute for Primitive and its
-     * sub-classes.
+     * for ASN1Data, with the addition of _tagging_.
+     * Primitive values can never be encoded with indefinite length form, thus
+     * it is not possible to set the _indefinite_length_ attribute for Primitive
+     * and its sub-classes.
      *
      * == Primitive sub-classes and their mapping to Ruby classes
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent    <=> +value+ is always +nil+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Boolean         <=> +value+ is a +Boolean+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer         <=> +value+ is a +Number+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BitString       <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::OctetString     <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Null            <=> +value+ is always +nil+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Object          <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Enumerated      <=> +value+ is a +Number+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTF8String      <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::NumericString   <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::PrintableString <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::T61String       <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::VideotexString  <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::IA5String       <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTCTime         <=> +value+ is a +Time+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GeneralizedTime <=> +value+ is a +Time+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GraphicString   <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::ISO64String     <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GeneralString   <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UniversalString <=> +value+ is a +String+
-     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BMPString       <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent    <=> _value_ is always +nil+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Boolean         <=> _value_ is +true+ or +false+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer         <=> _value_ is an OpenSSL::BN
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BitString       <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::OctetString     <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Null            <=> _value_ is always +nil+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Object          <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Enumerated      <=> _value_ is an OpenSSL::BN
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTF8String      <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::NumericString   <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::PrintableString <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::T61String       <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::VideotexString  <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::IA5String       <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTCTime         <=> _value_ is a Time
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GeneralizedTime <=> _value_ is a Time
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GraphicString   <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::ISO64String     <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GeneralString   <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UniversalString <=> _value_ is a String
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BMPString       <=> _value_ is a String
      *
      * == OpenSSL::ASN1::BitString
      *
      * === Additional attributes
-     * +unused_bits+: if the underlying BIT STRING's
-     * length is a multiple of 8 then +unused_bits+ is 0. Otherwise
-     * +unused_bits+ indicates the number of bits that are to be ignored in
-     * the final octet of the +BitString+'s +value+.
+     * _unused_bits_: if the underlying BIT STRING's
+     * length is a multiple of 8 then _unused_bits_ is 0. Otherwise
+     * _unused_bits_ indicates the number of bits that are to be ignored in
+     * the final octet of the BitString's _value_.
      *
      * == OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId
      *
@@ -1753,15 +1725,15 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      * parsed ASN1 encodings.
      *
      * === Additional attributes
-     * * +sn+: the short name as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
-     * * +ln+: the long name as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
-     * * +oid+: the object identifier as a +String+, e.g. "1.2.3.4.5"
-     * * +short_name+: alias for +sn+.
-     * * +long_name+: alias for +ln+.
+     * * _sn_: the short name as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
+     * * _ln_: the long name as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
+     * * _oid_: the object identifier as a String, e.g. "1.2.3.4.5"
+     * * _short_name_: alias for _sn_.
+     * * _long_name_: alias for _ln_.
      *
      * == Examples
      * With the Exception of OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent, each Primitive class
-     * constructor takes at least one parameter, the +value+.
+     * constructor takes at least one parameter, the _value_.
      *
      * === Creating EndOfContent
      *   eoc = OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent.new
@@ -1775,19 +1747,20 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
     /*
      * May be used as a hint for encoding a value either implicitly or
      * explicitly by setting it either to +:IMPLICIT+ or to +:EXPLICIT+.
-     * +tagging+ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
+     * _tagging_ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
      * OpenSSL::ASN1.decode.
      */
     rb_attr(cASN1Primitive, rb_intern("tagging"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
+    rb_undef_method(cASN1Primitive, "indefinite_length=");
     rb_undef_method(cASN1Primitive, "infinite_length=");
     rb_define_method(cASN1Primitive, "initialize", ossl_asn1_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cASN1Primitive, "to_der", ossl_asn1prim_to_der, 0);
 
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::Constructive
      *
-     * The parent class for all constructed encodings. The +value+ attribute
-     * of a Constructive is always an +Array+. Attributes are the same as
-     * for ASN1Data, with the addition of +tagging+.
+     * The parent class for all constructed encodings. The _value_ attribute
+     * of a Constructive is always an Array. Attributes are the same as
+     * for ASN1Data, with the addition of _tagging_.
      *
      * == SET and SEQUENCE
      *
@@ -1809,48 +1782,13 @@ Init_ossl_asn1(void)
      *   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1)
      *   str = OpenSSL::ASN1::PrintableString.new('abc')
      *   set = OpenSSL::ASN1::Set.new( [ int, str ] )
-     *
-     * == Infinite length primitive values
-     *
-     * The only case where Constructive is used directly is for infinite
-     * length encodings of primitive values. These encodings are always
-     * constructed, with the contents of the +value+ +Array+ being either
-     * UNIVERSAL non-infinite length partial encodings of the actual value
-     * or again constructive encodings with infinite length (i.e. infinite
-     * length primitive encodings may be constructed recursively with another
-     * infinite length value within an already infinite length value). Each
-     * partial encoding must be of the same UNIVERSAL type as the overall
-     * encoding. The value of the overall encoding consists of the
-     * concatenation of each partial encoding taken in sequence. The +value+
-     * array of the outer infinite length value must end with a
-     * OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent instance.
-     *
-     * Please note that it is not possible to encode Constructive without
-     * the +infinite_length+ attribute being set to +true+, use
-     * OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence or OpenSSL::ASN1::Set in these cases instead.
-     *
-     * === Example - Infinite length OCTET STRING
-     *   partial1 = OpenSSL::ASN1::OctetString.new("\x01")
-     *   partial2 = OpenSSL::ASN1::OctetString.new("\x02")
-     *   inf_octets = OpenSSL::ASN1::Constructive.new( [ partial1,
-     *                                                   partial2,
-     *                                                   OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent.new ],
-     *                                                 OpenSSL::ASN1::OCTET_STRING,
-     *                                                 nil,
-     *                                                 :UNIVERSAL )
-     *   # The real value of inf_octets is "\x01\x02", i.e. the concatenation
-     *   # of partial1 and partial2
-     *   inf_octets.infinite_length = true
-     *   der = inf_octets.to_der
-     *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
-     *   puts asn1.infinite_length # => true
      */
     cASN1Constructive = rb_define_class_under(mASN1,"Constructive", cASN1Data);
     rb_include_module(cASN1Constructive, rb_mEnumerable);
     /*
      * May be used as a hint for encoding a value either implicitly or
      * explicitly by setting it either to +:IMPLICIT+ or to +:EXPLICIT+.
-     * +tagging+ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
+     * _tagging_ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
      * OpenSSL::ASN1.decode.
      */
     rb_attr(cASN1Constructive, rb_intern("tagging"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
@@ -1904,11 +1842,14 @@ do{\
     rb_define_method(cASN1ObjectId, "oid", ossl_asn1obj_get_oid, 0);
     rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "short_name", "sn");
     rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "long_name", "ln");
+    rb_define_method(cASN1ObjectId, "==", ossl_asn1obj_eq, 1);
     rb_attr(cASN1BitString, rb_intern("unused_bits"), 1, 1, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(cASN1EndOfContent, "initialize", ossl_asn1eoc_initialize, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1EndOfContent, "to_der", ossl_asn1eoc_to_der, 0);
 
     class_tag_map = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(class_tag_map);
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1EndOfContent, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_EOC));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Boolean, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_BOOLEAN));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Integer, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_INTEGER));
@@ -1932,7 +1873,6 @@ do{\
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1GeneralString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1UniversalString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING));
     rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1BMPString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_BMPSTRING));
-    rb_global_variable(&class_tag_map);
 
     id_each = rb_intern_const("each");
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h
index d6a170c86c..939a96ce74 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.h
@@ -14,15 +14,11 @@
  * ASN1_DATE conversions
  */
 VALUE asn1time_to_time(const ASN1_TIME *);
-#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
 /* Splits VALUE to seconds and offset days. VALUE is typically a Time or an
  * Integer. This is used when updating ASN1_*TIME with ASN1_TIME_adj() or
  * X509_time_adj_ex(). We can't use ASN1_TIME_set() and X509_time_adj() because
  * they have the Year 2038 issue on sizeof(time_t) == 4 environment */
 void ossl_time_split(VALUE, time_t *, int *);
-#else
-time_t time_to_time_t(VALUE);
-#endif
 
 /*
  * ASN1_STRING conversions
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
index 1609b097c0..42833d901a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
@@ -10,75 +10,33 @@
 #include "ossl.h"
 
 BIO *
-ossl_obj2bio(VALUE obj)
+ossl_obj2bio(volatile VALUE *pobj)
 {
+    VALUE obj = *pobj;
     BIO *bio;
 
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FILE)) {
-	rb_io_t *fptr;
-	FILE *fp;
-	int fd;
-
-	GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
-	rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-	if ((fd = rb_cloexec_dup(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr))) < 0){
-	    rb_sys_fail(0);
-	}
-        rb_update_max_fd(fd);
-	if (!(fp = fdopen(fd, "r"))){
-	    int e = errno;
-	    close(fd);
-	    rb_syserr_fail(e, 0);
-	}
-	if (!(bio = BIO_new_fp(fp, BIO_CLOSE))){
-	    fclose(fp);
-	    ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	StringValue(obj);
-	bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
-	if (!bio) ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
-    }
-
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FILE))
+	obj = rb_funcallv(obj, rb_intern("read"), 0, NULL);
+    StringValue(obj);
+    bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
+    if (!bio)
+	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, "BIO_new_mem_buf");
+    *pobj = obj;
     return bio;
 }
 
-BIO *
-ossl_protect_obj2bio(VALUE obj, int *status)
-{
-     BIO *ret = NULL;
-     ret = (BIO*)rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))ossl_obj2bio, obj, status);
-     return ret;
-}
-
 VALUE
-ossl_membio2str0(BIO *bio)
+ossl_membio2str(BIO *bio)
 {
     VALUE ret;
+    int state;
     BUF_MEM *buf;
 
     BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio, &buf);
-    ret = rb_str_new(buf->data, buf->length);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-VALUE
-ossl_protect_membio2str(BIO *bio, int *status)
-{
-    return rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))ossl_membio2str0, (VALUE)bio, status);
-}
-
-VALUE
-ossl_membio2str(BIO *bio)
-{
-    VALUE ret;
-    int status = 0;
-
-    ret = ossl_protect_membio2str(bio, &status);
+    ret = ossl_str_new(buf->data, buf->length, &state);
     BIO_free(bio);
-    if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
+    if (state)
+	rb_jump_tag(state);
 
     return ret;
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.h
index 1705d0ac89..da68c5e5a2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.h
@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_BIO_H_)
 #define _OSSL_BIO_H_
 
-BIO *ossl_obj2bio(VALUE);
-BIO *ossl_protect_obj2bio(VALUE,int*);
-VALUE ossl_membio2str0(BIO*);
+BIO *ossl_obj2bio(volatile VALUE *);
 VALUE ossl_membio2str(BIO*);
-VALUE ossl_protect_membio2str(BIO*,int*);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
index 4e371cb201..bec37299f7 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@
 /* modified by Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz> */
 #include "ossl.h"
 
+#if HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#include <ruby/ractor.h>
+#endif
+
 #define NewBN(klass) \
   TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_bn_type, 0)
 #define SetBN(obj, bn) do { \
@@ -26,11 +30,6 @@
   } \
 } while (0)
 
-#define SafeGetBN(obj, bn) do { \
-  OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cBN); \
-  GetBN((obj), (bn)); \
-} while (0)
-
 static void
 ossl_bn_free(void *ptr)
 {
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ try_convert_to_bn(VALUE obj)
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, cBN))
 	return obj;
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(obj)) {
-	newobj = NewBN(cBN); /* Handle potencial mem leaks */
+	newobj = NewBN(cBN); /* Handle potential mem leaks */
 	bn = integer_to_bnptr(obj, NULL);
 	SetBN(newobj, bn);
     }
@@ -155,12 +154,58 @@ ossl_bn_value_ptr(volatile VALUE *ptr)
 /*
  * Private
  */
-/*
- * BN_CTX - is used in more difficult math. ops
- * (Why just 1? Because Ruby itself isn't thread safe,
- *  we don't need to care about threads)
- */
-BN_CTX *ossl_bn_ctx;
+
+#if HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+void
+ossl_bn_ctx_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    BN_CTX *ctx = (BN_CTX *)ptr;
+    BN_CTX_free(ctx);
+}
+
+struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type ossl_bn_ctx_key_type = {
+    NULL, // mark
+    ossl_bn_ctx_free,
+};
+
+rb_ractor_local_key_t ossl_bn_ctx_key;
+
+BN_CTX *
+ossl_bn_ctx_get(void)
+{
+    // stored in ractor local storage
+
+    BN_CTX *ctx = rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr(ossl_bn_ctx_key);
+    if (!ctx) {
+        if (!(ctx = BN_CTX_new())) {
+            ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cannot init BN_CTX");
+        }
+        rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_set(ossl_bn_ctx_key, ctx);
+    }
+    return ctx;
+}
+#else
+// for ruby 2.x
+static BN_CTX *gv_ossl_bn_ctx;
+
+BN_CTX *
+ossl_bn_ctx_get(void)
+{
+    if (gv_ossl_bn_ctx == NULL) {
+        if (!(gv_ossl_bn_ctx = BN_CTX_new())) {
+            ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cannot init BN_CTX");
+        }
+    }
+    return gv_ossl_bn_ctx;
+}
+
+void
+ossl_bn_ctx_free(void)
+{
+    BN_CTX_free(gv_ossl_bn_ctx);
+    gv_ossl_bn_ctx = NULL;
+}
+#endif
 
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_alloc(VALUE klass)
@@ -176,16 +221,14 @@ ossl_bn_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::BN.new
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
- *    OpenSSL::BN.new => aBN
  *    OpenSSL::BN.new(bn) => aBN
  *    OpenSSL::BN.new(integer) => aBN
  *    OpenSSL::BN.new(string) => aBN
  *    OpenSSL::BN.new(string, 0 | 2 | 10 | 16) => aBN
  *
- * Construct a new OpenSSL BigNum object.
+ * Construct a new OpenSSL BIGNUM object.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -193,11 +236,16 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     BIGNUM *bn;
     VALUE str, bs;
     int base = 10;
+    char *ptr;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &bs) == 2) {
 	base = NUM2INT(bs);
     }
 
+    if (NIL_P(str)) {
+        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid argument");
+    }
+
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(str)) {
 	GetBN(self, bn);
 	integer_to_bnptr(str, bn);
@@ -219,12 +267,14 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GetBN(self, bn);
     switch (base) {
     case 0:
-	if (!BN_mpi2bn((unsigned char *)StringValuePtr(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str), bn)) {
+        ptr = StringValuePtr(str);
+        if (!BN_mpi2bn((unsigned char *)ptr, RSTRING_LENINT(str), bn)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
     case 2:
-	if (!BN_bin2bn((unsigned char *)StringValuePtr(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str), bn)) {
+        ptr = StringValuePtr(str);
+        if (!BN_bin2bn((unsigned char *)ptr, RSTRING_LENINT(str), bn)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -250,7 +300,7 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *    bn.to_s(base) => string
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +base+ - integer
+ * * _base_ - Integer
  *   Valid values:
  *   * 0 - MPI
  *   * 2 - binary
@@ -377,6 +427,21 @@ BIGNUM_BOOL1(is_one)
  */
 BIGNUM_BOOL1(is_odd)
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   bn.negative? => true | false
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_bn_is_negative(VALUE self)
+{
+    BIGNUM *bn;
+
+    GetBN(self, bn);
+    if (BN_is_zero(bn))
+	return Qfalse;
+    return BN_is_negative(bn) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
 #define BIGNUM_1c(func)					\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self)				\
@@ -388,7 +453,7 @@ BIGNUM_BOOL1(is_odd)
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {			\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
 	}						\
-	if (!BN_##func(result, bn, ossl_bn_ctx)) {	\
+	if (BN_##func(result, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) {	\
 	    BN_free(result);				\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
 	}						\
@@ -414,7 +479,7 @@ BIGNUM_1c(sqr)
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {			\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
 	}						\
-	if (!BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2)) {		\
+	if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2) <= 0) {		\
 	    BN_free(result);				\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
 	}						\
@@ -447,7 +512,7 @@ BIGNUM_2(sub)
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {				\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
-	if (!BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx)) {	\
+	if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) {	\
 	    BN_free(result);					\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
@@ -491,14 +556,23 @@ BIGNUM_2c(gcd)
 BIGNUM_2c(mod_sqr)
 
 /*
- * Document-method: OpenSSL::BN#mod_inverse
  * call-seq:
- *   bn.mod_inverse(bn2) => aBN
+ *    bn.mod_inverse(bn2) => aBN
  */
-BIGNUM_2c(mod_inverse)
+static VALUE
+ossl_bn_mod_inverse(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;
+    VALUE obj;
+    GetBN(self, bn1);
+    obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));
+    if (!(result = BN_mod_inverse(NULL, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx)))
+        ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_mod_inverse");
+    SetBN(obj, result);
+    return obj;
+}
 
 /*
- * Document-method: OpenSSL::BN#/
  * call-seq:
  *    bn1 / bn2 => [result, remainder]
  *
@@ -545,7 +619,7 @@ ossl_bn_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {				\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
-	if (!BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, bn3, ossl_bn_ctx)) {	\
+	if (BN_##func(result, bn1, bn2, bn3, ossl_bn_ctx) <= 0) { \
 	    BN_free(result);					\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
@@ -587,7 +661,7 @@ BIGNUM_3c(mod_exp)
     {							\
 	BIGNUM *bn;					\
 	GetBN(self, bn);				\
-	if (!BN_##func(bn, NUM2INT(bit))) {		\
+	if (BN_##func(bn, NUM2INT(bit)) <= 0) {		\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);			\
 	}						\
 	return self;					\
@@ -614,12 +688,11 @@ BIGNUM_BIT(clear_bit)
  */
 BIGNUM_BIT(mask_bits)
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::BN#bit_set?
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *   bn.bit_set?(bit) => true | false
  *
- * Returns boolean of whether +bit+ is set.
- * Bitwise operations for openssl BIGNUMs.
+ * Tests bit _bit_ in _bn_ and returns +true+ if set, +false+ if not set.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_is_bit_set(VALUE self, VALUE bit)
@@ -648,7 +721,7 @@ ossl_bn_is_bit_set(VALUE self, VALUE bit)
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {			\
 		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);		\
 	}						\
-	if (!BN_##func(result, bn, b)) {		\
+	if (BN_##func(result, bn, b) <= 0) {		\
 		BN_free(result);			\
 		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);		\
 	}						\
@@ -678,7 +751,7 @@ BIGNUM_SHIFT(rshift)
 	int b;						\
 	b = NUM2INT(bits);				\
 	GetBN(self, bn);				\
-	if (!BN_##func(bn, bn, b))			\
+	if (BN_##func(bn, bn, b) <= 0)			\
 		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);		\
 	return self;					\
     }
@@ -717,7 +790,7 @@ BIGNUM_SELF_SHIFT(rshift)
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {				\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
-	if (!BN_##func(result, b, top, bottom)) {		\
+	if (BN_##func(result, b, top, bottom) <= 0) {		\
 	    BN_free(result);					\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
@@ -746,7 +819,7 @@ BIGNUM_RAND(pseudo_rand)
 	if (!(result = BN_new())) {				\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
-	if (!BN_##func##_range(result, bn)) {			\
+	if (BN_##func##_range(result, bn) <= 0) {		\
 	    BN_free(result);					\
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
 	}							\
@@ -774,15 +847,15 @@ BIGNUM_RAND_RANGE(pseudo_rand)
  * call-seq:
  *    BN.generate_prime(bits, [, safe [, add [, rem]]]) => bn
  *
- * Generates a random prime number of bit length +bits+. If +safe+ is true,
- * generates a safe prime. If +add+ is specified, generates a prime that
+ * Generates a random prime number of bit length _bits_. If _safe_ is set to
+ * +true+, generates a safe prime. If _add_ is specified, generates a prime that
  * fulfills condition <tt>p % add = rem</tt>.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +bits+ - integer
- * * +safe+ - boolean
- * * +add+ - BN
- * * +rem+ - BN
+ * * _bits_ - integer
+ * * _safe_ - boolean
+ * * _add_ - BN
+ * * _rem_ - BN
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_s_generate_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
@@ -856,6 +929,37 @@ ossl_bn_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   +bn -> aBN
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_bn_uplus(VALUE self)
+{
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   -bn -> aBN
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_bn_uminus(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+    BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2;
+
+    GetBN(self, bn1);
+    obj = NewBN(cBN);
+    bn2 = BN_dup(bn1);
+    if (!bn2)
+	ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_dup");
+    SetBN(obj, bn2);
+    BN_set_negative(bn2, !BN_is_negative(bn2));
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
 #define BIGNUM_CMP(func)				\
     static VALUE					\
     ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)		\
@@ -888,7 +992,7 @@ BIGNUM_CMP(ucmp)
  *  call-seq:
  *     bn == obj => true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ only if +obj+ has the same value as +bn+. Contrast this
+ *  Returns +true+ only if _obj_ has the same value as _bn_. Contrast this
  *  with OpenSSL::BN#eql?, which requires obj to be OpenSSL::BN.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -913,7 +1017,7 @@ ossl_bn_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *     bn.eql?(obj) => true or false
  *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> is a
- *  <code>OpenSSL::BN</code> with the same value as <i>big</i>. Contrast this
+ *  <code>OpenSSL::BN</code> with the same value as <i>bn</i>. Contrast this
  *  with OpenSSL::BN#==, which performs type conversions.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -941,20 +1045,20 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_bn_hash(VALUE self)
 {
     BIGNUM *bn;
-    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE tmp, hash;
     unsigned char *buf;
     int len;
 
     GetBN(self, bn);
     len = BN_num_bytes(bn);
-    buf = xmalloc(len);
+    buf = ALLOCV(tmp, len);
     if (BN_bn2bin(bn, buf) != len) {
-	xfree(buf);
-	ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
+	ALLOCV_END(tmp);
+	ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_bn2bin");
     }
 
-    hash = INT2FIX(rb_memhash(buf, len));
-    xfree(buf);
+    hash = ST2FIX(rb_memhash(buf, len));
+    ALLOCV_END(tmp);
 
     return hash;
 }
@@ -964,12 +1068,12 @@ ossl_bn_hash(VALUE self)
  *    bn.prime? => true | false
  *    bn.prime?(checks) => true | false
  *
- * Performs a Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test with +checks+
- * iterations. If +nchecks+ is not specified, a number of iterations is used
+ * Performs a Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test with _checks_
+ * iterations. If _checks_ is not specified, a number of iterations is used
  * that yields a false positive rate of at most 2^-80 for random input.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +checks+ - integer
+ * * _checks_ - integer
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_is_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1004,8 +1108,8 @@ ossl_bn_is_prime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * first attempts trial divisions with some small primes.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +checks+ - integer
- * * +trial_div+ - boolean
+ * * _checks_ - integer
+ * * _trial_div_ - boolean
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_bn_is_prime_fasttest(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1048,9 +1152,11 @@ Init_ossl_bn(void)
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
 #endif
 
-    if (!(ossl_bn_ctx = BN_CTX_new())) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cannot init BN_CTX");
-    }
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    ossl_bn_ctx_key = rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_newkey(&ossl_bn_ctx_key_type);
+#else
+    ossl_bn_ctx_get();
+#endif
 
     eBNError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "BNError", eOSSLError);
 
@@ -1059,7 +1165,7 @@ Init_ossl_bn(void)
     rb_define_alloc_func(cBN, ossl_bn_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "initialize", ossl_bn_initialize, -1);
 
-    rb_define_copy_func(cBN, ossl_bn_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cBN, "initialize_copy", ossl_bn_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "copy", ossl_bn_copy, 1);
 
     /* swap (=coerce?) */
@@ -1068,6 +1174,9 @@ Init_ossl_bn(void)
     rb_define_method(cBN, "num_bits", ossl_bn_num_bits, 0);
     /* num_bits_word */
 
+    rb_define_method(cBN, "+@", ossl_bn_uplus, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cBN, "-@", ossl_bn_uminus, 0);
+
     rb_define_method(cBN, "+", ossl_bn_add, 1);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "-", ossl_bn_sub, 1);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "*", ossl_bn_mul, 1);
@@ -1101,6 +1210,7 @@ Init_ossl_bn(void)
     rb_define_method(cBN, "one?", ossl_bn_is_one, 0);
     /* is_word */
     rb_define_method(cBN, "odd?", ossl_bn_is_odd, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cBN, "negative?", ossl_bn_is_negative, 0);
 
     /* zero
      * one
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h
index a19ba19487..1cc041fc22 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.h
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 extern VALUE cBN;
 extern VALUE eBNError;
 
-extern BN_CTX *ossl_bn_ctx;
+BN_CTX *ossl_bn_ctx_get(void);
+#define ossl_bn_ctx ossl_bn_ctx_get()
 
 #define GetBNPtr(obj) ossl_bn_value_ptr(&(obj))
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
index 73b667b2c3..5b92fc39f0 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
@@ -23,13 +23,9 @@
 #define GetCipher(obj, ctx) do { \
     GetCipherInit((obj), (ctx)); \
     if (!(ctx)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher not inititalized!"); \
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher not initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetCipher(obj, ctx) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cCipher); \
-    GetCipher((obj), (ctx)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -53,7 +49,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_cipher_type = {
  * PUBLIC
  */
 const EVP_CIPHER *
-GetCipherPtr(VALUE obj)
+ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(VALUE obj)
 {
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, cCipher)) {
 	EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
@@ -108,7 +104,7 @@ ossl_cipher_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *  call-seq:
  *     Cipher.new(string) -> cipher
  *
- *  The string must contain a valid cipher name like "AES-128-CBC" or "3DES".
+ *  The string must contain a valid cipher name like "AES-256-CBC".
  *
  *  A list of cipher names is available by calling OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers.
  */
@@ -122,7 +118,7 @@ ossl_cipher_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     name = StringValueCStr(str);
     GetCipherInit(self, ctx);
     if (ctx) {
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher already inititalized!");
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cipher already initialized!");
     }
     AllocCipher(self, ctx);
     if (!(cipher = EVP_get_cipherbyname(name))) {
@@ -146,7 +142,7 @@ ossl_cipher_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     if (!ctx1) {
 	AllocCipher(self, ctx1);
     }
-    SafeGetCipher(other, ctx2);
+    GetCipher(other, ctx2);
     if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2) != 1)
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
@@ -241,8 +237,7 @@ ossl_cipher_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int mode)
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
     }
 
-    if (p_key)
-	rb_ivar_set(self, id_key_set, Qtrue);
+    rb_ivar_set(self, id_key_set, p_key ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -296,9 +291,9 @@ ossl_cipher_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  OpenSSL::PKCS5 instead.
  *
  *  === Parameters
- *  * +salt+ must be an 8 byte string if provided.
- *  * +iterations+ is an integer with a default of 2048.
- *  * +digest+ is a Digest object that defaults to 'MD5'
+ *  * _salt_ must be an 8 byte string if provided.
+ *  * _iterations_ is an integer with a default of 2048.
+ *  * _digest_ is a Digest object that defaults to 'MD5'
  *
  *  A minimum of 1000 iterations is recommended.
  *
@@ -321,7 +316,9 @@ ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	salt = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vsalt);
     }
     iter = NIL_P(viter) ? 2048 : NUM2INT(viter);
-    digest = NIL_P(vdigest) ? EVP_md5() : GetDigestPtr(vdigest);
+    if (iter <= 0)
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "iterations must be a positive integer");
+    digest = NIL_P(vdigest) ? EVP_md5() : ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(vdigest);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx), digest, salt,
 		   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(vpass), RSTRING_LENINT(vpass), iter, key, iv);
@@ -365,12 +362,12 @@ ossl_cipher_update_long(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *out, long *out_len_p
  *     cipher.update(data [, buffer]) -> string or buffer
  *
  *  Encrypts data in a streaming fashion. Hand consecutive blocks of data
- *  to the +update+ method in order to encrypt it. Returns the encrypted
+ *  to the #update method in order to encrypt it. Returns the encrypted
  *  data chunk. When done, the output of Cipher#final should be additionally
  *  added to the result.
  *
- *  If +buffer+ is given, the encryption/decryption result will be written to
- *  it. +buffer+ will be resized automatically.
+ *  If _buffer_ is given, the encryption/decryption result will be written to
+ *  it. _buffer_ will be resized automatically.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -418,7 +415,7 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  Returns the remaining data held in the cipher object. Further calls to
  *  Cipher#update or Cipher#final will return garbage. This call should always
  *  be made as the last call of an encryption or decryption operation, after
- *  after having fed the entire plaintext or ciphertext to the Cipher instance.
+ *  having fed the entire plaintext or ciphertext to the Cipher instance.
  *
  *  If an authenticated cipher was used, a CipherError is raised if the tag
  *  could not be authenticated successfully. Only call this method after
@@ -512,10 +509,8 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
     StringValue(iv);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-#if defined(HAVE_AUTHENTICATED_ENCRYPTION)
-    if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags(ctx) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
+    if (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
 	iv_len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
-#endif
     if (!iv_len)
 	iv_len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);
     if (RSTRING_LEN(iv) != iv_len)
@@ -541,14 +536,9 @@ ossl_cipher_is_authenticated(VALUE self)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-#if defined(HAVE_AUTHENTICATED_ENCRYPTION)
-    return (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags(ctx) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-#else
-    return Qfalse;
-#endif
+    return (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_AUTHENTICATED_ENCRYPTION
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     cipher.auth_data = string -> string
@@ -580,6 +570,8 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
     in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data);
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
+    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
+	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");
 
     if (!ossl_cipher_update_long(ctx, NULL, &out_len, in, in_len))
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, "couldn't set additional authenticated data");
@@ -594,8 +586,8 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
  *  Gets the authentication tag generated by Authenticated Encryption Cipher
  *  modes (GCM for example). This tag may be stored along with the ciphertext,
  *  then set on the decryption cipher to authenticate the contents of the
- *  ciphertext against changes. If the optional integer parameter +tag_len+ is
- *  given, the returned tag will be +tag_len+ bytes long. If the parameter is
+ *  ciphertext against changes. If the optional integer parameter _tag_len_ is
+ *  given, the returned tag will be _tag_len_ bytes long. If the parameter is
  *  omitted, the default length of 16 bytes or the length previously set by
  *  #auth_tag_len= will be used. For maximum security, the longest possible
  *  should be chosen.
@@ -617,7 +609,7 @@ ossl_cipher_get_auth_tag(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags(ctx) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
+    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");
 
     ret = rb_str_new(NULL, tag_len);
@@ -631,13 +623,11 @@ ossl_cipher_get_auth_tag(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  call-seq:
  *     cipher.auth_tag = string -> string
  *
- *  Sets the authentication tag to verify the contents of the
- *  ciphertext. The tag must be set after calling Cipher#decrypt,
- *  Cipher#key= and Cipher#iv=, but before assigning the associated
- *  authenticated data using Cipher#auth_data= and of course, before
- *  decrypting any of the ciphertext. After all decryption is
- *  performed, the tag is verified automatically in the call to
- *  Cipher#final.
+ *  Sets the authentication tag to verify the integrity of the ciphertext.
+ *  This can be called only when the cipher supports AE. The tag must be set
+ *  after calling Cipher#decrypt, Cipher#key= and Cipher#iv=, but before
+ *  calling Cipher#final. After all decryption is performed, the tag is
+ *  verified automatically in the call to Cipher#final.
  *
  *  For OCB mode, the tag length must be supplied with #auth_tag_len=
  *  beforehand.
@@ -654,7 +644,7 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag(VALUE self, VALUE vtag)
     tag_len = RSTRING_LENINT(vtag);
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
-    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags(ctx) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
+    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "authentication tag not supported by this cipher");
 
     if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG, tag_len, tag))
@@ -681,7 +671,7 @@ ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag_len(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
-    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags(ctx) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
+    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "AEAD not supported by this cipher");
 
     if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_TAG, tag_len, NULL))
@@ -708,7 +698,7 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv_length(VALUE self, VALUE iv_length)
     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
-    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags(ctx) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
+    if (!(EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, "cipher does not support AEAD");
 
     if (!EVP_CIPHER_CTX_ctrl(ctx, EVP_CTRL_AEAD_SET_IVLEN, len, NULL))
@@ -722,13 +712,6 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv_length(VALUE self, VALUE iv_length)
 
     return iv_length;
 }
-#else
-#define ossl_cipher_set_auth_data rb_f_notimplement
-#define ossl_cipher_get_auth_tag rb_f_notimplement
-#define ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag rb_f_notimplement
-#define ossl_cipher_set_auth_tag_len rb_f_notimplement
-#define ossl_cipher_set_iv_length rb_f_notimplement
-#endif
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -806,10 +789,8 @@ ossl_cipher_iv_length(VALUE self)
     int len = 0;
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
-#if defined(HAVE_AUTHENTICATED_ENCRYPTION)
-    if (EVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags(ctx) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
+    if (EVP_CIPHER_flags(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx)) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER)
 	len = (int)(VALUE)EVP_CIPHER_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
-#endif
     if (!len)
 	len = EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx);
 
@@ -833,6 +814,31 @@ ossl_cipher_block_size(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     cipher.ccm_data_len = integer -> integer
+ *
+ *  Sets the length of the plaintext / ciphertext message that will be
+ *  processed in CCM mode. Make sure to call this method after #key= and
+ *  #iv= have been set, and before #auth_data=.
+ *
+ *  Only call this method after calling Cipher#encrypt or Cipher#decrypt.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_cipher_set_ccm_data_len(VALUE self, VALUE data_len)
+{
+    int in_len, out_len;
+    EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx;
+
+    in_len = NUM2INT(data_len);
+
+    GetCipher(self, ctx);
+    if (EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, NULL, &out_len, NULL, in_len) != 1)
+        ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
+
+    return data_len;
+}
+
+/*
  * INIT
  */
 void
@@ -870,22 +876,6 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
      *
      *  cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('AES-128-CBC')
      *
-     * For each algorithm supported, there is a class defined under the
-     * Cipher class that goes by the name of the cipher, e.g. to obtain an
-     * instance of AES, you could also use
-     *
-     *   # these are equivalent
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(128, :CBC)
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(128, 'CBC')
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new('128-CBC')
-     *
-     * Finally, due to its wide-spread use, there are also extra classes
-     * defined for the different key sizes of AES
-     *
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES128.new(:CBC)
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES192.new(:CBC)
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES256.new(:CBC)
-     *
      * === Choosing either encryption or decryption mode
      *
      * Encryption and decryption are often very similar operations for
@@ -914,7 +904,7 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
      * without processing the password further. A simple and secure way to
      * create a key for a particular Cipher is
      *
-     *  cipher = OpenSSL::AES256.new(:CFB)
+     *  cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('AES-256-CFB')
      *  cipher.encrypt
      *  key = cipher.random_key # also sets the generated key on the Cipher
      *
@@ -982,14 +972,14 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
      *
      *   data = "Very, very confidential data"
      *
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(128, :CBC)
+     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('AES-128-CBC')
      *   cipher.encrypt
      *   key = cipher.random_key
      *   iv = cipher.random_iv
      *
      *   encrypted = cipher.update(data) + cipher.final
      *   ...
-     *   decipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(128, :CBC)
+     *   decipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('AES-128-CBC')
      *   decipher.decrypt
      *   decipher.key = key
      *   decipher.iv = iv
@@ -1020,12 +1010,12 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
      * encryption and later decryption, the OpenSSL library still requires a
      * value to be set - "" may be used in case none is available.
      *
-     * An example using the GCM (Galois/Counter Mode). You have 16 bytes +key+,
-     * 12 bytes (96 bits) +nonce+ and the associated data +auth_data+. Be sure
-     * not to reuse the +key+ and +nonce+ pair. Reusing an nonce ruins the
-     * security gurantees of GCM mode.
+     * An example using the GCM (Galois/Counter Mode). You have 16 bytes _key_,
+     * 12 bytes (96 bits) _nonce_ and the associated data _auth_data_. Be sure
+     * not to reuse the _key_ and _nonce_ pair. Reusing an nonce ruins the
+     * security guarantees of GCM mode.
      *
-     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(128, :GCM).encrypt
+     *   cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('AES-128-GCM').encrypt
      *   cipher.key = key
      *   cipher.iv = nonce
      *   cipher.auth_data = auth_data
@@ -1033,15 +1023,15 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
      *   encrypted = cipher.update(data) + cipher.final
      *   tag = cipher.auth_tag # produces 16 bytes tag by default
      *
-     * Now you are the receiver. You know the +key+ and have received +nonce+,
-     * +auth_data+, +encrypted+ and +tag+ through an untrusted network. Note
+     * Now you are the receiver. You know the _key_ and have received _nonce_,
+     * _auth_data_, _encrypted_ and _tag_ through an untrusted network. Note
      * that GCM accepts an arbitrary length tag between 1 and 16 bytes. You may
      * additionally need to check that the received tag has the correct length,
      * or you allow attackers to forge a valid single byte tag for the tampered
      * ciphertext with a probability of 1/256.
      *
      *   raise "tag is truncated!" unless tag.bytesize == 16
-     *   decipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(128, :GCM).decrypt
+     *   decipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('AES-128-GCM').decrypt
      *   decipher.key = key
      *   decipher.iv = nonce
      *   decipher.auth_tag = tag
@@ -1055,7 +1045,7 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
     eCipherError = rb_define_class_under(cCipher, "CipherError", eOSSLError);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cCipher, ossl_cipher_alloc);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cCipher, ossl_cipher_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cCipher, "initialize_copy", ossl_cipher_copy, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(cCipher, "ciphers", ossl_s_ciphers, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "initialize", ossl_cipher_initialize, 1);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "reset", ossl_cipher_reset, 0);
@@ -1078,6 +1068,7 @@ Init_ossl_cipher(void)
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "iv_len", ossl_cipher_iv_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "block_size", ossl_cipher_block_size, 0);
     rb_define_method(cCipher, "padding=", ossl_cipher_set_padding, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cCipher, "ccm_data_len=", ossl_cipher_set_ccm_data_len, 1);
 
     id_auth_tag_len = rb_intern_const("auth_tag_len");
     id_key_set = rb_intern_const("key_set");
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
index c444089fc2..2392d41c6a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 extern VALUE cCipher;
 extern VALUE eCipherError;
 
-const EVP_CIPHER *GetCipherPtr(VALUE);
+const EVP_CIPHER *ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(VALUE);
 VALUE ossl_cipher_new(const EVP_CIPHER *);
 void Init_ossl_cipher(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
index ebf6ae2a3d..28392e208c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ DupConfigPtr(VALUE obj)
 
     OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cConfig);
     str = rb_funcall(obj, rb_intern("to_s"), 0);
-    bio = ossl_obj2bio(str);
+    bio = ossl_obj2bio(&str);
     conf = NCONF_new(NULL);
     if(!conf){
 	BIO_free(bio);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
index fdafda0074..6294fa2acf 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Digest CTX wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetDigest(obj, ctx) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cDigest); \
-    GetDigest((obj), (ctx)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -46,7 +42,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_digest_type = {
  * Public
  */
 const EVP_MD *
-GetDigestPtr(VALUE obj)
+ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(VALUE obj)
 {
     const EVP_MD *md;
     ASN1_OBJECT *oid = NULL;
@@ -65,7 +61,7 @@ GetDigestPtr(VALUE obj)
     } else {
         EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
 
-        SafeGetDigest(obj, ctx);
+        GetDigest(obj, ctx);
 
         md = EVP_MD_CTX_md(ctx);
     }
@@ -106,15 +102,15 @@ VALUE ossl_digest_update(VALUE, VALUE);
  *  call-seq:
  *     Digest.new(string [, data]) -> Digest
  *
- * Creates a Digest instance based on +string+, which is either the ln
+ * Creates a Digest instance based on _string_, which is either the ln
  * (long name) or sn (short name) of a supported digest algorithm.
  *
- * If +data+ (a +String+) is given, it is used as the initial input to the
+ * If _data_ (a String) is given, it is used as the initial input to the
  * Digest instance, i.e.
  *
  *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('sha256', 'digestdata')
  *
- * is equal to
+ * is equivalent to
  *
  *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('sha256')
  *   digest.update('digestdata')
@@ -127,7 +123,7 @@ ossl_digest_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE type, data;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &type, &data);
-    md = GetDigestPtr(type);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(type);
     if (!NIL_P(data)) StringValue(data);
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EVP_MD_CTX, &ossl_digest_type, ctx);
@@ -158,7 +154,7 @@ ossl_digest_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	if (!ctx1)
 	    ossl_raise(eDigestError, "EVP_MD_CTX_new");
     }
-    SafeGetDigest(other, ctx2);
+    GetDigest(other, ctx2);
 
     if (!EVP_MD_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2)) {
 	ossl_raise(eDigestError, NULL);
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ ossl_digest_reset(VALUE self)
  * be passed individually to the Digest instance.
  *
  * === Example
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
  *   digest.update('First input')
  *   digest << 'Second input' # equivalent to digest.update('Second input')
  *   result = digest.digest
@@ -252,7 +248,7 @@ ossl_digest_finish(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * Returns the sn of this Digest algorithm.
  *
  * === Example
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA512.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA512')
  *   puts digest.name # => SHA512
  *
  */
@@ -274,7 +270,7 @@ ossl_digest_name(VALUE self)
  * final message digest result.
  *
  * === Example
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
  *   puts digest.digest_length # => 20
  *
  */
@@ -298,7 +294,7 @@ ossl_digest_size(VALUE self)
  * consecutively.
  *
  * === Example
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
  *   puts digest.block_length # => 64
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -317,8 +313,6 @@ ossl_digest_block_length(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_digest(void)
 {
-    rb_require("digest");
-
 #if 0
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -352,54 +346,19 @@ Init_ossl_digest(void)
      * the integrity of a signed document, it suffices to re-compute the hash
      * and verify that it is equal to that in the signature.
      *
-     * Among the supported message digest algorithms are:
-     * * SHA, SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384 and SHA512
-     * * MD2, MD4, MDC2 and MD5
-     * * RIPEMD160
-     * * DSS, DSS1 (Pseudo algorithms to be used for DSA signatures. DSS is
-     *   equal to SHA and DSS1 is equal to SHA1)
+     * You can get a list of all digest algorithms supported on your system by
+     * running this command in your terminal:
      *
-     * For each of these algorithms, there is a sub-class of Digest that
-     * can be instantiated as simply as e.g.
+     *   openssl list -digest-algorithms
      *
-     *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+     * Among the OpenSSL 1.1.1 supported message digest algorithms are:
+     * * SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, SHA512-224 and SHA512-256
+     * * SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384 and SHA3-512
+     * * BLAKE2s256 and BLAKE2b512
      *
-     * === Mapping between Digest class and sn/ln
+     * Each of these algorithms can be instantiated using the name:
      *
-     * The sn (short names) and ln (long names) are defined in
-     * <openssl/object.h> and <openssl/obj_mac.h>. They are textual
-     * representations of ASN.1 OBJECT IDENTIFIERs. Each supported digest
-     * algorithm has an OBJECT IDENTIFIER associated to it and those again
-     * have short/long names assigned to them.
-     * E.g. the OBJECT IDENTIFIER for SHA-1 is 1.3.14.3.2.26 and its
-     * sn is "SHA1" and its ln is "sha1".
-     * ==== MD2
-     * * sn: MD2
-     * * ln: md2
-     * ==== MD4
-     * * sn: MD4
-     * * ln: md4
-     * ==== MD5
-     * * sn: MD5
-     * * ln: md5
-     * ==== SHA
-     * * sn: SHA
-     * * ln: SHA
-     * ==== SHA-1
-     * * sn: SHA1
-     * * ln: sha1
-     * ==== SHA-224
-     * * sn: SHA224
-     * * ln: sha224
-     * ==== SHA-256
-     * * sn: SHA256
-     * * ln: sha256
-     * ==== SHA-384
-     * * sn: SHA384
-     * * ln: sha384
-     * ==== SHA-512
-     * * sn: SHA512
-     * * ln: sha512
+     *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
      *
      * "Breaking" a message digest algorithm means defying its one-way
      * function characteristics, i.e. producing a collision or finding a way
@@ -412,7 +371,7 @@ Init_ossl_digest(void)
      * === Hashing a file
      *
      *   data = File.read('document')
-     *   sha256 = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+     *   sha256 = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
      *   digest = sha256.digest(data)
      *
      * === Hashing several pieces of data at once
@@ -420,7 +379,7 @@ Init_ossl_digest(void)
      *   data1 = File.read('file1')
      *   data2 = File.read('file2')
      *   data3 = File.read('file3')
-     *   sha256 = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+     *   sha256 = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
      *   sha256 << data1
      *   sha256 << data2
      *   sha256 << data3
@@ -429,7 +388,7 @@ Init_ossl_digest(void)
      * === Reuse a Digest instance
      *
      *   data1 = File.read('file1')
-     *   sha256 = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+     *   sha256 = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
      *   digest1 = sha256.digest(data1)
      *
      *   data2 = File.read('file2')
@@ -437,6 +396,12 @@ Init_ossl_digest(void)
      *   digest2 = sha256.digest(data2)
      *
      */
+
+    /*
+     * Digest::Class is defined by the digest library. rb_require() cannot be
+     * used here because it bypasses RubyGems.
+     */
+    rb_funcall(Qnil, rb_intern_const("require"), 1, rb_str_new_cstr("digest"));
     cDigest = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "Digest", rb_path2class("Digest::Class"));
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Digest::DigestError
      *
@@ -448,7 +413,7 @@ Init_ossl_digest(void)
     rb_define_alloc_func(cDigest, ossl_digest_alloc);
 
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "initialize", ossl_digest_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cDigest, ossl_digest_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cDigest, "initialize_copy", ossl_digest_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "reset", ossl_digest_reset, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDigest, "update", ossl_digest_update, 1);
     rb_define_alias(cDigest, "<<", "update");
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
index 512f7d3a39..50bf5666a3 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 extern VALUE cDigest;
 extern VALUE eDigestError;
 
-const EVP_MD *GetDigestPtr(VALUE);
+const EVP_MD *ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(VALUE);
 VALUE ossl_digest_new(const EVP_MD *);
 void Init_ossl_digest(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
index e840bfd92c..90546934d1 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
@@ -25,10 +25,6 @@
         ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ENGINE wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetEngine(obj, engine) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cEngine); \
-    GetPKCS7((obj), (engine)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -50,13 +46,25 @@ VALUE eEngineError;
 /*
  * Private
  */
-#define OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(x) \
+#if !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000
+#define OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(engine_name, x) \
+do{\
+  if(!strcmp(#engine_name, RSTRING_PTR(name))){\
+    if (OPENSSL_init_crypto(OPENSSL_INIT_ENGINE_##x, NULL))\
+      return Qtrue;\
+    else\
+      ossl_raise(eEngineError, "OPENSSL_init_crypto"); \
+  }\
+}while(0)
+#else
+#define OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(engine_name, x)  \
 do{\
-  if(!strcmp(#x, RSTRING_PTR(name))){\
-    ENGINE_load_##x();\
+  if(!strcmp(#engine_name, RSTRING_PTR(name))){\
+    ENGINE_load_##engine_name();\
     return Qtrue;\
   }\
 }while(0)
+#endif
 
 static void
 ossl_engine_free(void *engine)
@@ -72,23 +80,19 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_engine_type = {
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine.load
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
- *   load(enginename = nil)
+ *    OpenSSL::Engine.load(name = nil)
  *
- * This method loads engines. If +name+ is nil, then all builtin engines are
- * loaded. Otherwise, the given +name+, as a string,  is loaded if available to
- * your runtime, and returns true. If +name+ is not found, then nil is
+ * This method loads engines. If _name_ is nil, then all builtin engines are
+ * loaded. Otherwise, the given _name_, as a String,  is loaded if available to
+ * your runtime, and returns true. If _name_ is not found, then nil is
  * returned.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_engine_s_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-#if !defined(HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_BUILTIN_ENGINES)
-    return Qnil;
-#else
     VALUE name;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &name);
@@ -97,65 +101,58 @@ ossl_engine_s_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
         return Qtrue;
     }
     StringValueCStr(name);
-#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_STATIC_ENGINE
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_DYNAMIC
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(dynamic);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(dynamic, DYNAMIC);
 #endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_STATIC_ENGINE
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_4758CCA
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(4758cca);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(4758cca, 4758CCA);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_AEP
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(aep);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(aep, AEP);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_ATALLA
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(atalla);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(atalla, ATALLA);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_CHIL
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(chil);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(chil, CHIL);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_CSWIFT
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(cswift);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(cswift, CSWIFT);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_NURON
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(nuron);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(nuron, NURON);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_SUREWARE
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(sureware);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(sureware, SUREWARE);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_UBSEC
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(ubsec);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(ubsec, UBSEC);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_PADLOCK
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(padlock);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(padlock, PADLOCK);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_CAPI
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(capi);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(capi, CAPI);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_GMP
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(gmp);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(gmp, GMP);
 #endif
 #if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_GOST
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(gost);
-#endif
-#if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_CRYPTODEV
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(cryptodev);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(gost, GOST);
 #endif
-#if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_AESNI
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(aesni);
 #endif
+#if HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_CRYPTODEV
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(cryptodev, CRYPTODEV);
 #endif
-#ifdef HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_OPENBSD_DEV_CRYPTO
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(openbsd_dev_crypto);
-#endif
-    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(openssl);
+    OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(openssl, OPENSSL);
     rb_warning("no such builtin loader for `%"PRIsVALUE"'", name);
     return Qnil;
-#endif /* HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_BUILTIN_ENGINES */
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine.cleanup
+/*
  * call-seq:
- *  OpenSSL::Engine.cleanup
+ *    OpenSSL::Engine.cleanup
  *
  * It is only necessary to run cleanup when engines are loaded via
  * OpenSSL::Engine.load. However, running cleanup before exit is recommended.
@@ -165,11 +162,15 @@ ossl_engine_s_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 ossl_engine_s_cleanup(VALUE self)
 {
+#if defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) || OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10100000
     ENGINE_cleanup();
+#endif
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine.engines
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::Engine.engines -> [engine, ...]
  *
  * Returns an array of currently loaded engines.
  */
@@ -193,17 +194,16 @@ ossl_engine_s_engines(VALUE klass)
     return ary;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine.by_id
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
- *   by_id(name) -> engine
+ *    OpenSSL::Engine.by_id(name) -> engine
  *
- * Fetch the engine as specified by the +id+ String
+ * Fetches the engine as specified by the _id_ String.
  *
  *   OpenSSL::Engine.by_id("openssl")
  *    => #<OpenSSL::Engine id="openssl" name="Software engine support">
  *
- * See OpenSSL::Engine.engines for the currently loaded engines
+ * See OpenSSL::Engine.engines for the currently loaded engines.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_engine_s_by_id(VALUE klass, VALUE id)
@@ -227,9 +227,11 @@ ossl_engine_s_by_id(VALUE klass, VALUE id)
     return obj;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#id
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    engine.id -> string
  *
- * Get the id for this engine
+ * Gets the id for this engine.
  *
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.load
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.engines #=> [#<OpenSSL::Engine#>, ...]
@@ -244,9 +246,11 @@ ossl_engine_get_id(VALUE self)
     return rb_str_new2(ENGINE_get_id(e));
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#name
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    engine.name -> string
  *
- * Get the descriptive name for this engine
+ * Get the descriptive name for this engine.
  *
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.load
  *    OpenSSL::Engine.engines #=> [#<OpenSSL::Engine#>, ...]
@@ -262,7 +266,9 @@ ossl_engine_get_name(VALUE self)
     return rb_str_new2(ENGINE_get_name(e));
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#finish
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    engine.finish -> nil
  *
  * Releases all internal structural references for this engine.
  *
@@ -279,13 +285,12 @@ ossl_engine_finish(VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#cipher
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *   engine.cipher(name) -> OpenSSL::Cipher
  *
- * This returns an OpenSSL::Cipher by +name+, if it is available in this
- * engine.
+ * Returns a new instance of OpenSSL::Cipher by _name_, if it is available in
+ * this engine.
  *
  * An EngineError will be raised if the cipher is unavailable.
  *
@@ -312,12 +317,11 @@ ossl_engine_get_cipher(VALUE self, VALUE name)
     return ossl_cipher_new(ciph);
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#digest
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *   engine.digest(name) -> OpenSSL::Digest
  *
- * This returns an OpenSSL::Digest by +name+.
+ * Returns a new instance of OpenSSL::Digest by _name_.
  *
  * Will raise an EngineError if the digest is unavailable.
  *
@@ -345,12 +349,11 @@ ossl_engine_get_digest(VALUE self, VALUE name)
     return ossl_digest_new(md);
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#load_private_key
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *    engine.load_private_key(id = nil, data = nil) -> OpenSSL::PKey
  *
- * Loads the given private key by +id+ and +data+.
+ * Loads the given private key identified by _id_ and _data_.
  *
  * An EngineError is raised of the OpenSSL::PKey is unavailable.
  *
@@ -375,12 +378,11 @@ ossl_engine_load_privkey(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return obj;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#load_public_key
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *    engine.load_public_key(id = nil, data = nil) -> OpenSSL::PKey
  *
- * Loads the given private key by +id+ and +data+.
+ * Loads the given public key identified by _id_ and _data_.
  *
  * An EngineError is raised of the OpenSSL::PKey is unavailable.
  *
@@ -403,16 +405,15 @@ ossl_engine_load_pubkey(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return ossl_pkey_new(pkey);
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#set_default
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *    engine.set_default(flag)
  *
- * Set the defaults for this engine with the given +flag+.
+ * Set the defaults for this engine with the given _flag_.
  *
  * These flags are used to control combinations of algorithm methods.
  *
- * +flag+ can be one of the following, other flags are available depending on
+ * _flag_ can be one of the following, other flags are available depending on
  * your OS.
  *
  * [All flags]  0xFFFF
@@ -432,14 +433,13 @@ ossl_engine_set_default(VALUE self, VALUE flag)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#ctrl_cmd
- *
+/*
  * call-seq:
  *    engine.ctrl_cmd(command, value = nil) -> engine
  *
- * Send the given +command+ to this engine.
+ * Sends the given _command_ to this engine.
  *
- * Raises an EngineError if the +command+ fails.
+ * Raises an EngineError if the command fails.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_engine_ctrl_cmd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -469,7 +469,9 @@ ossl_engine_cmd_flag_to_name(int flag)
     }
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#cmds
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    engine.cmds -> [["name", "description", "flags"], ...]
  *
  * Returns an array of command definitions for the current engine
  */
@@ -495,9 +497,11 @@ ossl_engine_get_cmds(VALUE self)
     return ary;
 }
 
-/* Document-method: OpenSSL::Engine#inspect
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    engine.inspect -> string
  *
- * Pretty print this engine
+ * Pretty prints this engine.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_engine_inspect(VALUE self)
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
index 270979ed92..e831cff519 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "HMAC wasn't initialized"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetHMAC(obj, ctx) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cHMAC); \
-    GetHMAC((obj), (ctx)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -88,18 +84,12 @@ ossl_hmac_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *
  * === A note about comparisons
  *
- * Two instances won't be equal when they're compared, even if they have the
- * same value. Use #to_s or #hexdigest to return the authentication code that
- * the instance represents. For example:
+ * Two instances can be securely compared with #== in constant time:
  *
  *	other_instance = OpenSSL::HMAC.new('key', OpenSSL::Digest.new('sha1'))
- *  	#=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
- *  	instance
- *  	#=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
- *  	instance == other_instance
- *  	#=> false
- *  	instance.to_s == other_instance.to_s
- *  	#=> true
+ *  #=> f42bb0eeb018ebbd4597ae7213711ec60760843f
+ *  instance == other_instance
+ *  #=> true
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -110,7 +100,7 @@ ossl_hmac_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     StringValue(key);
     GetHMAC(self, ctx);
     HMAC_Init_ex(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LENINT(key),
-		 GetDigestPtr(digest), NULL);
+		 ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest), NULL);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -124,7 +114,7 @@ ossl_hmac_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     if (self == other) return self;
 
     GetHMAC(self, ctx1);
-    SafeGetHMAC(other, ctx2);
+    GetHMAC(other, ctx2);
 
     if (!HMAC_CTX_copy(ctx1, ctx2))
 	ossl_raise(eHMACError, "HMAC_CTX_copy");
@@ -135,7 +125,7 @@ ossl_hmac_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hmac.update(string) -> self
  *
- * Returns +self+ updated with the message to be authenticated.
+ * Returns _hmac_ updated with the message to be authenticated.
  * Can be called repeatedly with chunks of the message.
  *
  * === Example
@@ -234,7 +224,7 @@ ossl_hmac_hexdigest(VALUE self)
  *  call-seq:
  *     hmac.reset -> self
  *
- * Returns +self+ as it was when it was first initialized, with all processed
+ * Returns _hmac_ as it was when it was first initialized, with all processed
  * data cleared from it.
  *
  * === Example
@@ -264,16 +254,16 @@ ossl_hmac_reset(VALUE self)
  *  call-seq:
  *     HMAC.digest(digest, key, data) -> aString
  *
- * Returns the authentication code as a binary string. The +digest+ parameter
- * must be an instance of OpenSSL::Digest.
+ * Returns the authentication code as a binary string. The _digest_ parameter
+ * specifies the digest algorithm to use. This may be a String representing
+ * the algorithm name or an instance of OpenSSL::Digest.
  *
  * === Example
  *
  *	key = 'key'
  * 	data = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'
- * 	digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('sha1')
  *
- * 	hmac = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(digest, key, data)
+ * 	hmac = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('sha1', key, data)
  * 	#=> "\xDE|\x9B\x85\xB8\xB7\x8A\xA6\xBC\x8Az6\xF7\n\x90p\x1C\x9D\xB4\xD9"
  *
  */
@@ -285,8 +275,9 @@ ossl_hmac_s_digest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
 
     StringValue(key);
     StringValue(data);
-    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LENINT(key),
-	       (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), NULL, &buf_len);
+    buf = HMAC(ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key),
+	       RSTRING_LENINT(key), (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data),
+	       RSTRING_LEN(data), NULL, &buf_len);
 
     return rb_str_new((const char *)buf, buf_len);
 }
@@ -295,16 +286,16 @@ ossl_hmac_s_digest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
  *  call-seq:
  *     HMAC.hexdigest(digest, key, data) -> aString
  *
- * Returns the authentication code as a hex-encoded string. The +digest+
- * parameter must be an instance of OpenSSL::Digest.
+ * Returns the authentication code as a hex-encoded string. The _digest_
+ * parameter specifies the digest algorithm to use. This may be a String
+ * representing the algorithm name or an instance of OpenSSL::Digest.
  *
  * === Example
  *
  *	key = 'key'
  * 	data = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'
- * 	digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('sha1')
  *
- * 	hmac = OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest(digest, key, data)
+ * 	hmac = OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest('sha1', key, data)
  * 	#=> "de7c9b85b8b78aa6bc8a7a36f70a90701c9db4d9"
  *
  */
@@ -318,9 +309,9 @@ ossl_hmac_s_hexdigest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
     StringValue(key);
     StringValue(data);
 
-    if (!HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LENINT(key),
-	      (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data),
-	      buf, &buf_len))
+    if (!HMAC(ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key),
+	      RSTRING_LENINT(key), (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data),
+	      RSTRING_LEN(data), buf, &buf_len))
 	ossl_raise(eHMACError, "HMAC");
 
     ret = rb_str_new(NULL, buf_len * 2);
@@ -362,7 +353,7 @@ Init_ossl_hmac(void)
      *   data1 = File.read("file1")
      *   data2 = File.read("file2")
      *   key = "key"
-     *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+     *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
      *   hmac = OpenSSL::HMAC.new(key, digest)
      *   hmac << data1
      *   hmac << data2
@@ -377,7 +368,7 @@ Init_ossl_hmac(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(cHMAC, "hexdigest", ossl_hmac_s_hexdigest, 3);
 
     rb_define_method(cHMAC, "initialize", ossl_hmac_initialize, 2);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cHMAC, ossl_hmac_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cHMAC, "initialize_copy", ossl_hmac_copy, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(cHMAC, "reset", ossl_hmac_reset, 0);
     rb_define_method(cHMAC, "update", ossl_hmac_update, 1);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..486e789458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/*
+ * Ruby/OpenSSL Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2007, 2017 Ruby/OpenSSL Project Authors
+ */
+#include "ossl.h"
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+# include <openssl/kdf.h>
+#endif
+
+static VALUE mKDF, eKDF;
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   KDF.pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt:, iterations:, length:, hash:) -> aString
+ *
+ * PKCS #5 PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2) in combination
+ * with HMAC. Takes _pass_, _salt_ and _iterations_, and then derives a key
+ * of _length_ bytes.
+ *
+ * For more information about PBKDF2, see RFC 2898 Section 5.2
+ * (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2898#section-5.2).
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * pass       :: The passphrase.
+ * salt       :: The salt. Salts prevent attacks based on dictionaries of common
+ *               passwords and attacks based on rainbow tables. It is a public
+ *               value that can be safely stored along with the password (e.g.
+ *               if the derived value is used for password storage).
+ * iterations :: The iteration count. This provides the ability to tune the
+ *               algorithm. It is better to use the highest count possible for
+ *               the maximum resistance to brute-force attacks.
+ * length     :: The desired length of the derived key in octets.
+ * hash       :: The hash algorithm used with HMAC for the PRF. May be a String
+ *               representing the algorithm name, or an instance of
+ *               OpenSSL::Digest.
+ */
+static VALUE
+kdf_pbkdf2_hmac(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE pass, salt, opts, kwargs[4], str;
+    static ID kwargs_ids[4];
+    int iters, len;
+    const EVP_MD *md;
+
+    if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
+	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
+	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("iterations");
+	kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("length");
+	kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("hash");
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &pass, &opts);
+    rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 4, 0, kwargs);
+
+    StringValue(pass);
+    salt = StringValue(kwargs[0]);
+    iters = NUM2INT(kwargs[1]);
+    len = NUM2INT(kwargs[2]);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[3]);
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+    if (!PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LENINT(pass),
+			   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt),
+			   RSTRING_LENINT(salt), iters, md, len,
+			   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)))
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC");
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+#if defined(HAVE_EVP_PBE_SCRYPT)
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   KDF.scrypt(pass, salt:, N:, r:, p:, length:) -> aString
+ *
+ * Derives a key from _pass_ using given parameters with the scrypt
+ * password-based key derivation function. The result can be used for password
+ * storage.
+ *
+ * scrypt is designed to be memory-hard and more secure against brute-force
+ * attacks using custom hardwares than alternative KDFs such as PBKDF2 or
+ * bcrypt.
+ *
+ * The keyword arguments _N_, _r_ and _p_ can be used to tune scrypt. RFC 7914
+ * (published on 2016-08, https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7914#section-2) states
+ * that using values r=8 and p=1 appears to yield good results.
+ *
+ * See RFC 7914 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7914) for more information.
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * pass   :: Passphrase.
+ * salt   :: Salt.
+ * N      :: CPU/memory cost parameter. This must be a power of 2.
+ * r      :: Block size parameter.
+ * p      :: Parallelization parameter.
+ * length :: Length in octets of the derived key.
+ *
+ * === Example
+ *   pass = "password"
+ *   salt = SecureRandom.random_bytes(16)
+ *   dk = OpenSSL::KDF.scrypt(pass, salt: salt, N: 2**14, r: 8, p: 1, length: 32)
+ *   p dk #=> "\xDA\xE4\xE2...\x7F\xA1\x01T"
+ */
+static VALUE
+kdf_scrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE pass, salt, opts, kwargs[5], str;
+    static ID kwargs_ids[5];
+    size_t len;
+    uint64_t N, r, p, maxmem;
+
+    if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
+	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
+	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("N");
+	kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("r");
+	kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("p");
+	kwargs_ids[4] = rb_intern_const("length");
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &pass, &opts);
+    rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 5, 0, kwargs);
+
+    StringValue(pass);
+    salt = StringValue(kwargs[0]);
+    N = NUM2UINT64T(kwargs[1]);
+    r = NUM2UINT64T(kwargs[2]);
+    p = NUM2UINT64T(kwargs[3]);
+    len = NUM2LONG(kwargs[4]);
+    /*
+     * OpenSSL uses 32MB by default (if zero is specified), which is too small.
+     * Let's not limit memory consumption but just let malloc() fail inside
+     * OpenSSL. The amount is controllable by other parameters.
+     */
+    maxmem = SIZE_MAX;
+
+    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+    if (!EVP_PBE_scrypt(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LEN(pass),
+			(unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt), RSTRING_LEN(salt),
+			N, r, p, maxmem, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), len))
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PBE_scrypt");
+
+    return str;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    KDF.hkdf(ikm, salt:, info:, length:, hash:) -> String
+ *
+ * HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF) as specified in
+ * {RFC 5869}[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5869].
+ *
+ * New in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * _ikm_::
+ *   The input keying material.
+ * _salt_::
+ *   The salt.
+ * _info_::
+ *   The context and application specific information.
+ * _length_::
+ *   The output length in octets. Must be <= <tt>255 * HashLen</tt>, where
+ *   HashLen is the length of the hash function output in octets.
+ * _hash_::
+ *   The hash function.
+ */
+static VALUE
+kdf_hkdf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE ikm, salt, info, opts, kwargs[4], str;
+    static ID kwargs_ids[4];
+    int saltlen, ikmlen, infolen;
+    size_t len;
+    const EVP_MD *md;
+    EVP_PKEY_CTX *pctx;
+
+    if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
+	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt");
+	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("info");
+	kwargs_ids[2] = rb_intern_const("length");
+	kwargs_ids[3] = rb_intern_const("hash");
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &ikm, &opts);
+    rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 4, 0, kwargs);
+
+    StringValue(ikm);
+    ikmlen = RSTRING_LENINT(ikm);
+    salt = StringValue(kwargs[0]);
+    saltlen = RSTRING_LENINT(salt);
+    info = StringValue(kwargs[1]);
+    infolen = RSTRING_LENINT(info);
+    len = (size_t)NUM2LONG(kwargs[2]);
+    if (len > LONG_MAX)
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "length must be non-negative");
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[3]);
+
+    str = rb_str_new(NULL, (long)len);
+    pctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_id(EVP_PKEY_HKDF, NULL);
+    if (!pctx)
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_id");
+    if (EVP_PKEY_derive_init(pctx) <= 0) {
+	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_derive_init");
+    }
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_md(pctx, md) <= 0) {
+	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_md");
+    }
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set1_hkdf_salt(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt),
+				    saltlen) <= 0) {
+	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_salt");
+    }
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set1_hkdf_key(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(ikm),
+				   ikmlen) <= 0) {
+	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_key");
+    }
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_add1_hkdf_info(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(info),
+				    infolen) <= 0) {
+	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_info");
+    }
+    if (EVP_PKEY_derive(pctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), &len) <= 0) {
+	EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+	ossl_raise(eKDF, "EVP_PKEY_derive");
+    }
+    rb_str_set_len(str, (long)len);
+    EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+
+    return str;
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+Init_ossl_kdf(void)
+{
+#if 0
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
+#endif
+
+    /*
+     * Document-module: OpenSSL::KDF
+     *
+     * Provides functionality of various KDFs (key derivation function).
+     *
+     * KDF is typically used for securely deriving arbitrary length symmetric
+     * keys to be used with an OpenSSL::Cipher from passwords. Another use case
+     * is for storing passwords: Due to the ability to tweak the effort of
+     * computation by increasing the iteration count, computation can be slowed
+     * down artificially in order to render possible attacks infeasible.
+     *
+     * Currently, OpenSSL::KDF provides implementations for the following KDF:
+     *
+     * * PKCS #5 PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2) in
+     *   combination with HMAC
+     * * scrypt
+     * * HKDF
+     *
+     * == Examples
+     * === Generating a 128 bit key for a Cipher (e.g. AES)
+     *   pass = "secret"
+     *   salt = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(16)
+     *   iter = 20_000
+     *   key_len = 16
+     *   key = OpenSSL::KDF.pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt: salt, iterations: iter,
+     *                                  length: key_len, hash: "sha1")
+     *
+     * === Storing Passwords
+     *   pass = "secret"
+     *   # store this with the generated value
+     *   salt = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(16)
+     *   iter = 20_000
+     *   hash = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
+     *   len = hash.digest_length
+     *   # the final value to be stored
+     *   value = OpenSSL::KDF.pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt: salt, iterations: iter,
+     *                                    length: len, hash: hash)
+     *
+     * == Important Note on Checking Passwords
+     * When comparing passwords provided by the user with previously stored
+     * values, a common mistake made is comparing the two values using "==".
+     * Typically, "==" short-circuits on evaluation, and is therefore
+     * vulnerable to timing attacks. The proper way is to use a method that
+     * always takes the same amount of time when comparing two values, thus
+     * not leaking any information to potential attackers. To do this, use
+     * +OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare+.
+     */
+    mKDF = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "KDF");
+    /*
+     * Generic exception class raised if an error occurs in OpenSSL::KDF module.
+     */
+    eKDF = rb_define_class_under(mKDF, "KDFError", eOSSLError);
+
+    rb_define_module_function(mKDF, "pbkdf2_hmac", kdf_pbkdf2_hmac, -1);
+#if defined(HAVE_EVP_PBE_SCRYPT)
+    rb_define_module_function(mKDF, "scrypt", kdf_scrypt, -1);
+#endif
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+    rb_define_module_function(mKDF, "hkdf", kdf_hkdf, -1);
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6503f8d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#if !defined(OSSL_KDF_H)
+#define OSSL_KDF_H
+
+void Init_ossl_kdf(void);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
index 98f6552ec7..9b1147367a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ ossl_spki_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *    SPKI.new([request]) => spki
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +request+ - optional raw request, either in PEM or DER format.
+ * * _request_ - optional raw request, either in PEM or DER format.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_spki_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ ossl_spki_get_public_key(VALUE self)
  *    spki.public_key = pub => pkey
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +pub+ - the public key to be set for this instance
+ * * _pub_ - the public key to be set for this instance
  *
  * Sets the public key to be associated with the SPKI, an instance of
  * OpenSSL::PKey. This should be the public key corresponding to the
@@ -208,12 +208,13 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_spki_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
     NETSCAPE_SPKI *spki;
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
-    if (!NETSCAPE_SPKI_set_pubkey(spki, GetPKeyPtr(key))) { /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
-    }
-
+    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
+    if (!NETSCAPE_SPKI_set_pubkey(spki, pkey))
+	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, "NETSCAPE_SPKI_set_pubkey");
     return key;
 }
 
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ ossl_spki_get_challenge(VALUE self)
  *    spki.challenge = str => string
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +str+ - the challenge string to be set for this instance
+ * * _str_ - the challenge string to be set for this instance
  *
  * Sets the challenge to be associated with the SPKI. May be used by the
  * server, e.g. to prevent replay.
@@ -268,8 +269,8 @@ ossl_spki_set_challenge(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  *    spki.sign(key, digest) => spki
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +key+ - the private key to be used for signing this instance
- * * +digest+ - the digest to be used for signing this instance
+ * * _key_ - the private key to be used for signing this instance
+ * * _digest_ - the digest to be used for signing this instance
  *
  * To sign an SPKI, the private key corresponding to the public key set
  * for this instance should be used, in addition to a digest algorithm in
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ ossl_spki_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     const EVP_MD *md;
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
     if (!NETSCAPE_SPKI_sign(spki, pkey, md)) {
 	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ ossl_spki_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
  *    spki.verify(key) => boolean
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +key+ - the public key to be used for verifying the SPKI signature
+ * * _key_ - the public key to be used for verifying the SPKI signature
  *
  * Returns +true+ if the signature is valid, +false+ otherwise. To verify an
  * SPKI, the public key contained within the SPKI should be used.
@@ -307,22 +308,25 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_spki_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
     NETSCAPE_SPKI *spki;
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
-    switch (NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify(spki, GetPKeyPtr(key))) { /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    case 0:
+    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
+    switch (NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify(spki, pkey)) {
+      case 0:
+	ossl_clear_error();
 	return Qfalse;
-    case 1:
+      case 1:
 	return Qtrue;
-    default:
-	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
+      default:
+	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, "NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify");
     }
-    return Qnil; /* dummy */
 }
 
 /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Netscape::SPKI
  *
- * A Simple Public Key Infrastructure implementation (pronounced "spookey").
+ * A Simple Public Key Infrastructure implementation (pronounced "spooky").
  * The structure is defined as
  *   PublicKeyAndChallenge ::= SEQUENCE {
  *     spki SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
@@ -346,9 +350,9 @@ ossl_spki_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
  *   spki = OpenSSL::Netscape::SPKI.new
  *   spki.challenge = "RandomChallenge"
  *   spki.public_key = key.public_key
- *   spki.sign(key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new)
+ *   spki.sign(key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256'))
  *   #send a request containing this to a server generating a certificate
- * === Verifiying an SPKI request
+ * === Verifying an SPKI request
  *   request = #...
  *   spki = OpenSSL::Netscape::SPKI.new request
  *   unless spki.verify(spki.public_key)
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
index a8b3503d2a..7a92e5df68 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
@@ -22,10 +22,6 @@
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), OCSP_REQUEST, &ossl_ocsp_request_type, (req)); \
     if(!(req)) ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Request wasn't initialized!"); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetOCSPReq(obj, req) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cOCSPReq); \
-    GetOCSPReq((obj), (req)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define NewOCSPRes(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_ocsp_response_type, 0)
@@ -37,10 +33,6 @@
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), OCSP_RESPONSE, &ossl_ocsp_response_type, (res)); \
     if(!(res)) ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Response wasn't initialized!"); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetOCSPRes(obj, res) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cOCSPRes); \
-    GetOCSPRes((obj), (res)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define NewOCSPBasicRes(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_ocsp_basicresp_type, 0)
@@ -52,10 +44,6 @@
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), OCSP_BASICRESP, &ossl_ocsp_basicresp_type, (res)); \
     if(!(res)) ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Response wasn't initialized!"); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetOCSPBasicRes(obj, res) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cOCSPBasicRes); \
-    GetOCSPBasicRes((obj), (res)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define NewOCSPSingleRes(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_ocsp_singleresp_type, 0)
@@ -67,10 +55,6 @@
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), OCSP_SINGLERESP, &ossl_ocsp_singleresp_type, (res)); \
     if(!(res)) ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SingleResponse wasn't initialized!"); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetOCSPSingleRes(obj, res) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cOCSPSingleRes); \
-    GetOCSPSingleRes((obj), (res)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define NewOCSPCertId(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_ocsp_certid_type, 0)
@@ -82,10 +66,6 @@
     TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), OCSP_CERTID, &ossl_ocsp_certid_type, (cid)); \
     if(!(cid)) ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Cert ID wasn't initialized!"); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetOCSPCertId(obj, cid) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cOCSPCertId); \
-    GetOCSPCertId((obj), (cid)); \
-} while (0)
 
 VALUE mOCSP;
 VALUE eOCSPError;
@@ -200,7 +180,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetOCSPReq(self, req_old);
-    SafeGetOCSPReq(other, req);
+    GetOCSPReq(other, req);
 
     req_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_REQUEST), req);
     if (!req_new)
@@ -218,7 +198,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *   OpenSSL::OCSP::Request.new(request_der) -> request
  *
  * Creates a new OpenSSL::OCSP::Request.  The request may be created empty or
- * from a +request_der+ string.
+ * from a _request_der_ string.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -248,7 +228,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   request.add_nonce(nonce = nil) -> request
  *
- * Adds a +nonce+ to the OCSP request.  If no nonce is given a random one will
+ * Adds a _nonce_ to the OCSP request.  If no nonce is given a random one will
  * be generated.
  *
  * The nonce is used to prevent replay attacks but some servers do not support
@@ -281,7 +261,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   request.check_nonce(response) -> result
  *
- * Checks the nonce validity for this request and +response+.
+ * Checks the nonce validity for this request and _response_.
  *
  * The return value is one of the following:
  *
@@ -291,7 +271,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  2 :: nonces both absent.
  *  3 :: nonce present in response only.
  *
- * For most responses, clients can check +result+ > 0.  If a responder doesn't
+ * For most responses, clients can check _result_ > 0.  If a responder doesn't
  * handle nonces <code>result.nonzero?</code> may be necessary.  A result of
  * <code>0</code> is always an error.
  */
@@ -304,7 +284,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_check_nonce(VALUE self, VALUE basic_resp)
     int res;
 
     GetOCSPReq(self, req);
-    SafeGetOCSPBasicRes(basic_resp, bs);
+    GetOCSPBasicRes(basic_resp, bs);
     res = OCSP_check_nonce(req, bs);
 
     return INT2NUM(res);
@@ -314,7 +294,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_check_nonce(VALUE self, VALUE basic_resp)
  * call-seq:
  *   request.add_certid(certificate_id) -> request
  *
- * Adds +certificate_id+ to the request.
+ * Adds _certificate_id_ to the request.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -371,17 +351,17 @@ ossl_ocspreq_get_certid(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   request.sign(cert, key, certs = nil, flags = 0, digest = nil) -> self
  *
- * Signs this OCSP request using +cert+, +key+ and optional +digest+. If
- * +digest+ is not specified, SHA-1 is used. +certs+ is an optional Array of
+ * Signs this OCSP request using _cert_, _key_ and optional _digest_. If
+ * _digest_ is not specified, SHA-1 is used. _certs_ is an optional Array of
  * additional certificates which are included in the request in addition to
- * the signer certificate. Note that if +certs+ is nil or not given, flag
+ * the signer certificate. Note that if _certs_ is +nil+ or not given, flag
  * OpenSSL::OCSP::NOCERTS is enabled. Pass an empty array to include only the
  * signer certificate.
  *
- * +flags+ can be a bitwise OR of the following constants:
+ * _flags_ is a bitwise OR of the following constants:
  *
  * OpenSSL::OCSP::NOCERTS::
- *   Don't include any certificates in the request. +certs+ will be ignored.
+ *   Don't include any certificates in the request. _certs_ will be ignored.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ocspreq_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -404,7 +384,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (NIL_P(digest))
 	md = EVP_sha1();
     else
-	md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+	md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     if (NIL_P(certs))
 	flg |= OCSP_NOCERTS;
     else
@@ -421,9 +401,12 @@ ossl_ocspreq_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   request.verify(certificates, store, flags = 0) -> true or false
  *
- * Verifies this request using the given +certificates+ and +store+.
- * +certificates+ is an array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate, +store+ is an
+ * Verifies this request using the given _certificates_ and _store_.
+ * _certificates_ is an array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate, _store_ is an
  * OpenSSL::X509::Store.
+ *
+ * Note that +false+ is returned if the request does not have a signature.
+ * Use #signed? to check whether the request is signed or not.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -473,13 +456,29 @@ ossl_ocspreq_to_der(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    request.signed? -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if the request is signed, +false+ otherwise. Note that the
+ * validity of the signature is *not* checked. Use #verify to verify that.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ocspreq_signed_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    OCSP_REQUEST *req;
+
+    GetOCSPReq(self, req);
+    return OCSP_request_is_signed(req) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
  * OCSP::Response
  */
 
 /* call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL::OCSP::Response.create(status, basic_response = nil) -> response
  *
- * Creates an OpenSSL::OCSP::Response from +status+ and +basic_response+.
+ * Creates an OpenSSL::OCSP::Response from _status_ and _basic_response_.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -521,7 +520,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetOCSPRes(self, res_old);
-    SafeGetOCSPRes(other, res);
+    GetOCSPRes(other, res);
 
     res_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_RESPONSE), res);
     if (!res_new)
@@ -539,7 +538,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *   OpenSSL::OCSP::Response.new(response_der) -> response
  *
  * Creates a new OpenSSL::OCSP::Response.  The response may be created empty or
- * from a +response_der+ string.
+ * from a _response_der_ string.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -677,7 +676,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs_old);
-    SafeGetOCSPBasicRes(other, bs);
+    GetOCSPBasicRes(other, bs);
 
     bs_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_BASICRESP), bs);
     if (!bs_new)
@@ -693,7 +692,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL::OCSP::BasicResponse.new(der_string = nil) -> basic_response
  *
- * Creates a new BasicResponse. If +der_string+ is given, decodes +der_string+
+ * Creates a new BasicResponse. If _der_string_ is given, decodes _der_string_
  * as DER.
  */
 
@@ -724,7 +723,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   basic_response.copy_nonce(request) -> Integer
  *
- * Copies the nonce from +request+ into this response.  Returns 1 on success
+ * Copies the nonce from _request_ into this response.  Returns 1 on success
  * and 0 on failure.
  */
 
@@ -736,7 +735,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_copy_nonce(VALUE self, VALUE request)
     int ret;
 
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
-    SafeGetOCSPReq(request, req);
+    GetOCSPReq(request, req);
     ret = OCSP_copy_nonce(bs, req);
 
     return INT2NUM(ret);
@@ -746,7 +745,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_copy_nonce(VALUE self, VALUE request)
  * call-seq:
  *   basic_response.add_nonce(nonce = nil)
  *
- * Adds +nonce+ to this response.  If no nonce was provided a random nonce
+ * Adds _nonce_ to this response.  If no nonce was provided a random nonce
  * will be added.
  */
 
@@ -792,26 +791,26 @@ add_status_convert_time(VALUE obj)
  * call-seq:
  *   basic_response.add_status(certificate_id, status, reason, revocation_time, this_update, next_update, extensions) -> basic_response
  *
- * Adds a certificate status for +certificate_id+. +status+ is the status, and
+ * Adds a certificate status for _certificate_id_. _status_ is the status, and
  * must be one of these:
  *
  * - OpenSSL::OCSP::V_CERTSTATUS_GOOD
  * - OpenSSL::OCSP::V_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED
  * - OpenSSL::OCSP::V_CERTSTATUS_UNKNOWN
  *
- * +reason+ and +revocation_time+ can be given only when +status+ is
- * OpenSSL::OCSP::V_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED. +reason+ describes the reason for the
+ * _reason_ and _revocation_time_ can be given only when _status_ is
+ * OpenSSL::OCSP::V_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED. _reason_ describes the reason for the
  * revocation, and must be one of OpenSSL::OCSP::REVOKED_STATUS_* constants.
- * +revocation_time+ is the time when the certificate is revoked.
+ * _revocation_time_ is the time when the certificate is revoked.
  *
- * +this_update+ and +next_update+ indicate the time at which ths status is
+ * _this_update_ and _next_update_ indicate the time at which ths status is
  * verified to be correct and the time at or before which newer information
- * will be available, respectively. +next_update+ is optional.
+ * will be available, respectively. _next_update_ is optional.
  *
- * +extensions+ is an Array of OpenSSL::X509::Extension to be included in the
+ * _extensions_ is an Array of OpenSSL::X509::Extension to be included in the
  * SingleResponse. This is also optional.
  *
- * Note that the times, +revocation_time+, +this_update+ and +next_update+
+ * Note that the times, _revocation_time_, _this_update_ and _next_update_
  * can be specified in either of Integer or Time object. If they are Integer, it
  * is treated as the relative seconds from the current time.
  */
@@ -829,7 +828,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_status(VALUE self, VALUE cid, VALUE status,
     VALUE tmp;
 
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
-    SafeGetOCSPCertId(cid, id);
+    GetOCSPCertId(cid, id);
     st = NUM2INT(status);
     if (!NIL_P(ext)) { /* All ext's members must be X509::Extension */
 	ext = rb_check_array_type(ext);
@@ -888,7 +887,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_status(VALUE self, VALUE cid, VALUE status,
  * Returns an Array of statuses for this response.  Each status contains a
  * CertificateId, the status (0 for good, 1 for revoked, 2 for unknown), the
  * reason for the status, the revocation time, the time of this update, the time
- * for the next update and a list of OpenSSL::X509::Extensions.
+ * for the next update and a list of OpenSSL::X509::Extension.
  *
  * This should be superseded by BasicResponse#responses and #find_response that
  * return SingleResponse.
@@ -977,7 +976,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_get_responses(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   basic_response.find_response(certificate_id) -> SingleResponse | nil
  *
- * Returns a SingleResponse whose CertId matches with +certificate_id+, or nil
+ * Returns a SingleResponse whose CertId matches with _certificate_id_, or +nil+
  * if this BasicResponse does not contain it.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -988,7 +987,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_find_response(VALUE self, VALUE target)
     OCSP_CERTID *id;
     int n;
 
-    SafeGetOCSPCertId(target, id);
+    GetOCSPCertId(target, id);
     GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
 
     if ((n = OCSP_resp_find(bs, id, -1)) == -1)
@@ -1006,10 +1005,10 @@ ossl_ocspbres_find_response(VALUE self, VALUE target)
  * call-seq:
  *   basic_response.sign(cert, key, certs = nil, flags = 0, digest = nil) -> self
  *
- * Signs this OCSP response using the +cert+, +key+ and optional +digest+. This
+ * Signs this OCSP response using the _cert_, _key_ and optional _digest_. This
  * behaves in the similar way as OpenSSL::OCSP::Request#sign.
  *
- * +flags+ can include:
+ * _flags_ can include:
  * OpenSSL::OCSP::NOCERTS::    don't include certificates
  * OpenSSL::OCSP::NOTIME::     don't set producedAt
  * OpenSSL::OCSP::RESPID_KEY:: use signer's public key hash as responderID
@@ -1036,7 +1035,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (NIL_P(digest))
 	md = EVP_sha1();
     else
-	md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+	md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     if (NIL_P(certs))
 	flg |= OCSP_NOCERTS;
     else
@@ -1053,8 +1052,8 @@ ossl_ocspbres_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   basic_response.verify(certificates, store, flags = 0) -> true or false
  *
- * Verifies the signature of the response using the given +certificates+ and
- * +store+. This works in the similar way as OpenSSL::OCSP::Request#verify.
+ * Verifies the signature of the response using the given _certificates_ and
+ * _store_. This works in the similar way as OpenSSL::OCSP::Request#verify.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ocspbres_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1184,7 +1183,7 @@ ossl_ocspsres_alloc(VALUE klass)
  * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL::OCSP::SingleResponse.new(der_string) -> SingleResponse
  *
- * Creates a new SingleResponse from +der_string+.
+ * Creates a new SingleResponse from _der_string_.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ocspsres_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
@@ -1213,7 +1212,7 @@ ossl_ocspsres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetOCSPSingleRes(self, sres_old);
-    SafeGetOCSPSingleRes(other, sres);
+    GetOCSPSingleRes(other, sres);
 
     sres_new = ASN1_item_dup(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(OCSP_SINGLERESP), sres);
     if (!sres_new)
@@ -1235,10 +1234,10 @@ ossl_ocspsres_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *
  * It is possible that the OCSP request takes a few seconds or the time is not
  * accurate. To avoid rejecting a valid response, this method allows the times
- * to be within +nsec+ of the current time.
+ * to be within _nsec_ seconds of the current time.
  *
  * Some responders don't set the nextUpdate field. This may cause a very old
- * response to be considered valid. The +maxsec+ parameter can be used to limit
+ * response to be considered valid. The _maxsec_ parameter can be used to limit
  * the age of responses.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -1329,8 +1328,10 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_this_update(VALUE self)
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, NULL, NULL, &time, NULL);
     if (status < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+    if (!time)
+	return Qnil;
 
-    return asn1time_to_time(time); /* will handle NULL */
+    return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1348,6 +1349,8 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_next_update(VALUE self)
     status = OCSP_single_get0_status(sres, NULL, NULL, NULL, &time);
     if (status < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
+    if (!time)
+	return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -1369,6 +1372,8 @@ ossl_ocspsres_get_revocation_time(VALUE self)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "OCSP_single_get0_status");
     if (status != V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "certificate is not revoked");
+    if (!time)
+	return Qnil;
 
     return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
@@ -1468,7 +1473,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetOCSPCertId(self, cid_old);
-    SafeGetOCSPCertId(other, cid);
+    GetOCSPCertId(other, cid);
 
     cid_new = OCSP_CERTID_dup(cid);
     if (!cid_new)
@@ -1484,15 +1489,16 @@ ossl_ocspcid_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL::OCSP::CertificateId.new(subject, issuer, digest = nil) -> certificate_id
  *   OpenSSL::OCSP::CertificateId.new(der_string)                    -> certificate_id
+ *   OpenSSL::OCSP::CertificateId.new(obj)                           -> certificate_id
  *
- * Creates a new OpenSSL::OCSP::CertificateId for the given +subject+ and
- * +issuer+ X509 certificates.  The +digest+ is used to compute the
- * certificate ID and must be an OpenSSL::Digest instance.
+ * Creates a new OpenSSL::OCSP::CertificateId for the given _subject_ and
+ * _issuer_ X509 certificates.  The _digest_ is a digest algorithm that is used
+ * to compute the hash values. This defaults to SHA-1.
  *
  * If only one argument is given, decodes it as DER representation of a
- * certificate ID.
+ * certificate ID or generates certificate ID from the object that responds to
+ * the to_der method.
  */
-
 static VALUE
 ossl_ocspcid_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -1517,7 +1523,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 	x509s = GetX509CertPtr(subject); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
 	x509i = GetX509CertPtr(issuer); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-	md = !NIL_P(digest) ? GetDigestPtr(digest) : NULL;
+	md = !NIL_P(digest) ? ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest) : NULL;
 
 	newid = OCSP_cert_to_id(md, x509s, x509i);
 	if (!newid)
@@ -1534,7 +1540,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   certificate_id.cmp(other) -> true or false
  *
- * Compares this certificate id with +other+ and returns true if they are the
+ * Compares this certificate id with _other_ and returns +true+ if they are the
  * same.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -1544,7 +1550,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     int result;
 
     GetOCSPCertId(self, id);
-    SafeGetOCSPCertId(other, id2);
+    GetOCSPCertId(other, id2);
     result = OCSP_id_cmp(id, id2);
 
     return (result == 0) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -1554,7 +1560,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  * call-seq:
  *   certificate_id.cmp_issuer(other) -> true or false
  *
- * Compares this certificate id's issuer with +other+ and returns true if
+ * Compares this certificate id's issuer with _other_ and returns +true+ if
  * they are the same.
  */
 
@@ -1565,7 +1571,7 @@ ossl_ocspcid_cmp_issuer(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     int result;
 
     GetOCSPCertId(self, id);
-    SafeGetOCSPCertId(other, id2);
+    GetOCSPCertId(other, id2);
     result = OCSP_id_issuer_cmp(id, id2);
 
     return (result == 0) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -1713,7 +1719,7 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
      * subject certificate so the CA knows which certificate we are asking
      * about:
      *
-     *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new
+     *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
      *   certificate_id =
      *     OpenSSL::OCSP::CertificateId.new subject, issuer, digest
      *
@@ -1730,18 +1736,11 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
      * To submit the request to the CA for verification we need to extract the
      * OCSP URI from the subject certificate:
      *
-     *   authority_info_access = subject.extensions.find do |extension|
-     *     extension.oid == 'authorityInfoAccess'
-     *   end
-     *
-     *   descriptions = authority_info_access.value.split "\n"
-     *   ocsp = descriptions.find do |description|
-     *     description.start_with? 'OCSP'
-     *   end
+     *   ocsp_uris = subject.ocsp_uris
      *
      *   require 'uri'
      *
-     *   ocsp_uri = URI ocsp[/URI:(.*)/, 1]
+     *   ocsp_uri = URI ocsp_uris[0]
      *
      * To submit the request we'll POST the request to the OCSP URI (per RFC
      * 2560).  Note that we only handle HTTP requests and don't handle any
@@ -1824,12 +1823,13 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
 
     cOCSPReq = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "Request", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cOCSPReq, ossl_ocspreq_alloc);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cOCSPReq, ossl_ocspreq_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "initialize_copy", ossl_ocspreq_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "initialize", ossl_ocspreq_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "add_nonce", ossl_ocspreq_add_nonce, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "check_nonce", ossl_ocspreq_check_nonce, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "add_certid", ossl_ocspreq_add_certid, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "certid", ossl_ocspreq_get_certid, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "signed?", ossl_ocspreq_signed_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "sign", ossl_ocspreq_sign, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "verify", ossl_ocspreq_verify, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPReq, "to_der", ossl_ocspreq_to_der, 0);
@@ -1842,7 +1842,7 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
     cOCSPRes = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "Response", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cOCSPRes, "create", ossl_ocspres_s_create, 2);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cOCSPRes, ossl_ocspres_alloc);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cOCSPRes, ossl_ocspres_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cOCSPRes, "initialize_copy", ossl_ocspres_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPRes, "initialize", ossl_ocspres_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPRes, "status", ossl_ocspres_status, 0);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPRes, "status_string", ossl_ocspres_status_string, 0);
@@ -1857,7 +1857,7 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
 
     cOCSPBasicRes = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "BasicResponse", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cOCSPBasicRes, ossl_ocspbres_alloc);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cOCSPBasicRes, ossl_ocspbres_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cOCSPBasicRes, "initialize_copy", ossl_ocspbres_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPBasicRes, "initialize", ossl_ocspbres_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPBasicRes, "copy_nonce", ossl_ocspbres_copy_nonce, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPBasicRes, "add_nonce", ossl_ocspbres_add_nonce, -1);
@@ -1876,7 +1876,7 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
      */
     cOCSPSingleRes = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "SingleResponse", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cOCSPSingleRes, ossl_ocspsres_alloc);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cOCSPSingleRes, ossl_ocspsres_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cOCSPSingleRes, "initialize_copy", ossl_ocspsres_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPSingleRes, "initialize", ossl_ocspsres_initialize, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPSingleRes, "check_validity", ossl_ocspsres_check_validity, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPSingleRes, "certid", ossl_ocspsres_get_certid, 0);
@@ -1895,7 +1895,7 @@ Init_ossl_ocsp(void)
 
     cOCSPCertId = rb_define_class_under(mOCSP, "CertificateId", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cOCSPCertId, ossl_ocspcid_alloc);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cOCSPCertId, ossl_ocspcid_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cOCSPCertId, "initialize_copy", ossl_ocspcid_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPCertId, "initialize", ossl_ocspcid_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPCertId, "cmp", ossl_ocspcid_cmp, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCSPCertId, "cmp_issuer", ossl_ocspcid_cmp_issuer, 1);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.h
index 21e2c99a2e..6d2aac8657 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.h
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP)
 extern VALUE mOCSP;
-extern VALUE cOPCSReq;
-extern VALUE cOPCSRes;
-extern VALUE cOPCSBasicRes;
+extern VALUE cOCSPReq;
+extern VALUE cOCSPRes;
+extern VALUE cOCSPBasicRes;
 #endif
 
 void Init_ossl_ocsp(void);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
index 0b9c7816b5..4566334481 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
@@ -17,11 +17,6 @@
     if(!(p12)) ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS12 wasn't initialized."); \
 } while (0)
 
-#define SafeGetPKCS12(obj, p12) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cPKCS12); \
-    GetPKCS12((obj), (p12)); \
-} while (0)
-
 #define ossl_pkcs12_set_key(o,v)      rb_iv_set((o), "@key", (v))
 #define ossl_pkcs12_set_cert(o,v)     rb_iv_set((o), "@certificate", (v))
 #define ossl_pkcs12_set_ca_certs(o,v) rb_iv_set((o), "@ca_certs", (v))
@@ -72,7 +67,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetPKCS12(self, p12_old);
-    SafeGetPKCS12(other, p12);
+    GetPKCS12(other, p12);
 
     p12_new = ASN1_dup((i2d_of_void *)i2d_PKCS12, (d2i_of_void *)d2i_PKCS12, (char *)p12);
     if (!p12_new)
@@ -89,20 +84,20 @@ ossl_pkcs12_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *    PKCS12.create(pass, name, key, cert [, ca, [, key_pbe [, cert_pbe [, key_iter [, mac_iter [, keytype]]]]]])
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +pass+ - string
- * * +name+ - A string describing the key.
- * * +key+ - Any PKey.
- * * +cert+ - A X509::Certificate.
+ * * _pass_ - string
+ * * _name_ - A string describing the key.
+ * * _key_ - Any PKey.
+ * * _cert_ - A X509::Certificate.
  *   * The public_key portion of the certificate must contain a valid public key.
  *   * The not_before and not_after fields must be filled in.
- * * +ca+ - An optional array of X509::Certificate's.
- * * +key_pbe+ - string
- * * +cert_pbe+ - string
- * * +key_iter+ - integer
- * * +mac_iter+ - integer
- * * +keytype+ - An integer representing an MSIE specific extension.
+ * * _ca_ - An optional array of X509::Certificate's.
+ * * _key_pbe_ - string
+ * * _cert_pbe_ - string
+ * * _key_iter_ - integer
+ * * _mac_iter_ - integer
+ * * _keytype_ - An integer representing an MSIE specific extension.
  *
- * Any optional arguments may be supplied as nil to preserve the OpenSSL defaults.
+ * Any optional arguments may be supplied as +nil+ to preserve the OpenSSL defaults.
  *
  * See the OpenSSL documentation for PKCS12_create().
  */
@@ -161,8 +156,8 @@ ossl_pkcs12_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *    PKCS12.new(str, pass) -> pkcs12
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +str+ - Must be a DER encoded PKCS12 string.
- * * +pass+ - string
+ * * _str_ - Must be a DER encoded PKCS12 string.
+ * * _pass_ - string
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkcs12_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -178,7 +173,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg, &pass) == 0) return self;
     passphrase = NIL_P(pass) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(pass);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
     d2i_PKCS12_bio(in, &pkcs);
     DATA_PTR(self) = pkcs;
     BIO_free(in);
@@ -237,6 +232,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_to_der(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_pkcs12(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -252,7 +248,7 @@ Init_ossl_pkcs12(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(cPKCS12, "create", ossl_pkcs12_s_create, -1);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKCS12, ossl_pkcs12_s_allocate);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cPKCS12, ossl_pkcs12_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cPKCS12, "initialize_copy", ossl_pkcs12_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_attr(cPKCS12, rb_intern("key"), 1, 0, Qfalse);
     rb_attr(cPKCS12, rb_intern("certificate"), 1, 0, Qfalse);
     rb_attr(cPKCS12, rb_intern("ca_certs"), 1, 0, Qfalse);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 47c5bfa3b8..0000000000
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2007 Technorama Ltd. <oss-ruby@technorama.net>
- */
-#include "ossl.h"
-
-VALUE mPKCS5;
-VALUE ePKCS5;
-
-#ifdef HAVE_PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt, iter, keylen, digest) => string
- *
- * === Parameters
- * * +pass+ - string
- * * +salt+ - string - should be at least 8 bytes long.
- * * +iter+ - integer - should be greater than 1000.  20000 is better.
- * * +keylen+ - integer
- * * +digest+ - a string or OpenSSL::Digest object.
- *
- * Available in OpenSSL >= 1.0.0.
- *
- * Digests other than SHA1 may not be supported by other cryptography libraries.
- */
-static VALUE
-ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac(VALUE self, VALUE pass, VALUE salt, VALUE iter, VALUE keylen, VALUE digest)
-{
-    VALUE str;
-    const EVP_MD *md;
-    int len = NUM2INT(keylen);
-
-    StringValue(pass);
-    StringValue(salt);
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
-
-    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-
-    if (PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LENINT(pass),
-			  (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt), RSTRING_LENINT(salt),
-			  NUM2INT(iter), md, len,
-			  (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)) != 1)
-        ossl_raise(ePKCS5, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC");
-
-    return str;
-}
-#else
-#define ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac rb_f_notimplement
-#endif
-
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac_sha1(pass, salt, iter, keylen) => string
- *
- * === Parameters
- * * +pass+ - string
- * * +salt+ - string - should be at least 8 bytes long.
- * * +iter+ - integer - should be greater than 1000.  20000 is better.
- * * +keylen+ - integer
- *
- * This method is available in almost any version of OpenSSL.
- *
- * Conforms to RFC 2898.
- */
-static VALUE
-ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac_sha1(VALUE self, VALUE pass, VALUE salt, VALUE iter, VALUE keylen)
-{
-    VALUE str;
-    int len = NUM2INT(keylen);
-
-    StringValue(pass);
-    StringValue(salt);
-
-    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-
-    if (PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1(RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LENINT(pass),
-			       (const unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(salt), RSTRING_LENINT(salt), NUM2INT(iter),
-			       len, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str)) != 1)
-        ossl_raise(ePKCS5, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1");
-
-    return str;
-}
-
-void
-Init_ossl_pkcs5(void)
-{
-#if 0
-    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
-    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
-#endif
-
-    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKCS5
-     *
-     * Provides password-based encryption functionality based on PKCS#5.
-     * Typically used for securely deriving arbitrary length symmetric keys
-     * to be used with an OpenSSL::Cipher from passwords. Another use case
-     * is for storing passwords: Due to the ability to tweak the effort of
-     * computation by increasing the iteration count, computation can be
-     * slowed down artificially in order to render possible attacks infeasible.
-     *
-     * PKCS5 offers support for PBKDF2 with an OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1-based
-     * HMAC, or an arbitrary Digest if the underlying version of OpenSSL
-     * already supports it (>= 1.0.0).
-     *
-     * === Parameters
-     * ==== Password
-     * Typically an arbitrary String that represents the password to be used
-     * for deriving a key.
-     * ==== Salt
-     * Prevents attacks based on dictionaries of common passwords. It is a
-     * public value that can be safely stored along with the password (e.g.
-     * if PBKDF2 is used for password storage). For maximum security, a fresh,
-     * random salt should be generated for each stored password. According
-     * to PKCS#5, a salt should be at least 8 bytes long.
-     * ==== Iteration Count
-     * Allows to tweak the length that the actual computation will take. The
-     * larger the iteration count, the longer it will take.
-     * ==== Key Length
-     * Specifies the length in bytes of the output that will be generated.
-     * Typically, the key length should be larger than or equal to the output
-     * length of the underlying digest function, otherwise an attacker could
-     * simply try to brute-force the key. According to PKCS#5, security is
-     * limited by the output length of the underlying digest function, i.e.
-     * security is not improved if a key length strictly larger than the
-     * digest output length is chosen. Therefore, when using PKCS5 for
-     * password storage, it suffices to store values equal to the digest
-     * output length, nothing is gained by storing larger values.
-     *
-     * == Examples
-     * === Generating a 128 bit key for a Cipher (e.g. AES)
-     *   pass = "secret"
-     *   salt = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(16)
-     *   iter = 20000
-     *   key_len = 16
-     *   key = OpenSSL::PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac_sha1(pass, salt, iter, key_len)
-     *
-     * === Storing Passwords
-     *   pass = "secret"
-     *   salt = OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(16) #store this with the generated value
-     *   iter = 20000
-     *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
-     *   len = digest.digest_length
-     *   #the final value to be stored
-     *   value = OpenSSL::PKCS5.pbkdf2_hmac(pass, salt, iter, len, digest)
-     *
-     * === Important Note on Checking Passwords
-     * When comparing passwords provided by the user with previously stored
-     * values, a common mistake made is comparing the two values using "==".
-     * Typically, "==" short-circuits on evaluation, and is therefore
-     * vulnerable to timing attacks. The proper way is to use a method that
-     * always takes the same amount of time when comparing two values, thus
-     * not leaking any information to potential attackers. To compare two
-     * values, the following could be used:
-     *   def eql_time_cmp(a, b)
-     *     unless a.length == b.length
-     *       return false
-     *     end
-     *     cmp = b.bytes.to_a
-     *     result = 0
-     *     a.bytes.each_with_index {|c,i|
-     *       result |= c ^ cmp[i]
-     *     }
-     *     result == 0
-     *   end
-     * Please note that the premature return in case of differing lengths
-     * typically does not leak valuable information - when using PKCS#5, the
-     * length of the values to be compared is of fixed size.
-     */
-
-    mPKCS5 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKCS5");
-    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKCS5::PKCS5Error
-     *
-     * Generic Exception class that is raised if an error occurs during a
-     * computation.
-     */
-    ePKCS5 = rb_define_class_under(mPKCS5, "PKCS5Error", eOSSLError);
-
-    rb_define_module_function(mPKCS5, "pbkdf2_hmac", ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac, 5);
-    rb_define_module_function(mPKCS5, "pbkdf2_hmac_sha1", ossl_pkcs5_pbkdf2_hmac_sha1, 4);
-}
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a3b132bc50..0000000000
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs5.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#if !defined(_OSSL_PKCS5_H_)
-#define _OSSL_PKCS5_H_
-
-void Init_ossl_pkcs5(void);
-
-#endif /* _OSSL_PKCS5_H_ */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
index 4040355f99..ea8e92d1bc 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
@@ -9,25 +9,6 @@
  */
 #include "ossl.h"
 
-#define NewPKCS7(klass) \
-    TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_pkcs7_type, 0)
-#define SetPKCS7(obj, pkcs7) do { \
-    if (!(pkcs7)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7 wasn't initialized."); \
-    } \
-    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (pkcs7); \
-} while (0)
-#define GetPKCS7(obj, pkcs7) do { \
-    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), PKCS7, &ossl_pkcs7_type, (pkcs7)); \
-    if (!(pkcs7)) { \
-	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7 wasn't initialized."); \
-    } \
-} while (0)
-#define SafeGetPKCS7(obj, pkcs7) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cPKCS7); \
-    GetPKCS7((obj), (pkcs7)); \
-} while (0)
-
 #define NewPKCS7si(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_pkcs7_signer_info_type, 0)
 #define SetPKCS7si(obj, p7si) do { \
@@ -42,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7si wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetPKCS7si(obj, p7si) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cPKCS7Signer); \
-    GetPKCS7si((obj), (p7si)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define NewPKCS7ri(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_pkcs7_recip_info_type, 0)
@@ -61,10 +38,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7ri wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetPKCS7ri(obj, p7ri) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cPKCS7Recipient); \
-    GetPKCS7ri((obj), (p7ri)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define numberof(ary) (int)(sizeof(ary)/sizeof((ary)[0]))
 
@@ -87,7 +60,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_free(void *ptr)
     PKCS7_free(ptr);
 }
 
-static const rb_data_type_t ossl_pkcs7_type = {
+const rb_data_type_t ossl_pkcs7_type = {
     "OpenSSL/PKCS7",
     {
 	0, ossl_pkcs7_free,
@@ -162,7 +135,7 @@ DupPKCS7SignerPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *p7si, *pkcs7;
 
-    SafeGetPKCS7si(obj, p7si);
+    GetPKCS7si(obj, p7si);
     if (!(pkcs7 = ossl_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_dup(p7si))) {
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
@@ -189,7 +162,7 @@ DupPKCS7RecipientPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     PKCS7_RECIP_INFO *p7ri, *pkcs7;
 
-    SafeGetPKCS7ri(obj, p7ri);
+    GetPKCS7ri(obj, p7ri);
     if (!(pkcs7 = ossl_PKCS7_RECIP_INFO_dup(p7ri))) {
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
@@ -209,7 +182,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_read_smime(VALUE klass, VALUE arg)
     VALUE ret, data;
 
     ret = NewPKCS7(cPKCS7);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
     out = NULL;
     pkcs7 = SMIME_read_PKCS7(in, &out);
     BIO_free(in);
@@ -238,10 +211,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_write_smime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &pkcs7, &data, &flags);
     flg = NIL_P(flags) ? 0 : NUM2INT(flags);
     if(NIL_P(data)) data = ossl_pkcs7_get_data(pkcs7);
-    SafeGetPKCS7(pkcs7, p7);
+    GetPKCS7(pkcs7, p7);
     if(!NIL_P(data) && PKCS7_is_detached(p7))
 	flg |= PKCS7_DETACHED;
-    in = NIL_P(data) ? NULL : ossl_obj2bio(data);
+    in = NIL_P(data) ? NULL : ossl_obj2bio(&data);
     if(!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))){
         BIO_free(in);
         ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
@@ -278,7 +251,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     flg = NIL_P(flags) ? 0 : NUM2INT(flags);
     ret = NewPKCS7(cPKCS7);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(data);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&data);
     if(NIL_P(certs)) x509s = NULL;
     else{
 	x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
@@ -331,10 +304,10 @@ ossl_pkcs7_s_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 #endif
 
     }
-    else ciph = GetCipherPtr(cipher); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
+    else ciph = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher);
     flg = NIL_P(flags) ? 0 : NUM2INT(flags);
     ret = NewPKCS7(cPKCS7);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(data);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&data);
     x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
     if(status){
 	BIO_free(in);
@@ -385,7 +358,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0)
 	return self;
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
     p7 = PEM_read_bio_PKCS7(in, &pkcs, NULL, NULL);
     if (!p7) {
 	OSSL_BIO_reset(in);
@@ -414,7 +387,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     if (self == other) return self;
 
     GetPKCS7(self, a);
-    SafeGetPKCS7(other, b);
+    GetPKCS7(other, b);
 
     pkcs7 = PKCS7_dup(b);
     if (!pkcs7) {
@@ -537,7 +510,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_set_cipher(VALUE self, VALUE cipher)
     PKCS7 *pkcs7;
 
     GetPKCS7(self, pkcs7);
-    if (!PKCS7_set_cipher(pkcs7, GetCipherPtr(cipher))) {
+    if (!PKCS7_set_cipher(pkcs7, ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher))) {
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
 
@@ -777,7 +750,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     x509st = GetX509StorePtr(store);
     flg = NIL_P(flags) ? 0 : NUM2INT(flags);
     if(NIL_P(indata)) indata = ossl_pkcs7_get_data(self);
-    in = NIL_P(indata) ? NULL : ossl_obj2bio(indata);
+    in = NIL_P(indata) ? NULL : ossl_obj2bio(&indata);
     if(NIL_P(certs)) x509s = NULL;
     else{
 	x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(certs, &status);
@@ -815,9 +788,9 @@ ossl_pkcs7_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     BIO *out;
     VALUE str;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &pkey, &cert, &flags);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &pkey, &cert, &flags);
     key = GetPrivPKeyPtr(pkey); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    x509 = GetX509CertPtr(cert); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
+    x509 = NIL_P(cert) ? NULL : GetX509CertPtr(cert); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     flg = NIL_P(flags) ? 0 : NUM2INT(flags);
     GetPKCS7(self, p7);
     if(!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
@@ -844,7 +817,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_add_data(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 	if(!PKCS7_content_new(pkcs7, NID_pkcs7_data))
 	    ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     }
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(data);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&data);
     if(!(out = PKCS7_dataInit(pkcs7, NULL))) goto err;
     for(;;){
 	if((len = BIO_read(in, buf, sizeof(buf))) <= 0)
@@ -933,7 +906,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7si_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE cert, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     x509 = GetX509CertPtr(cert); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     GetPKCS7si(self, p7si);
     if (!(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_set(p7si, x509, pkey, (EVP_MD*)md))) {
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
@@ -1054,6 +1027,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7ri_get_enc_key(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_pkcs7(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -1068,7 +1042,7 @@ Init_ossl_pkcs7(void)
     rb_attr(cPKCS7, rb_intern("data"), 1, 0, Qfalse);
     rb_attr(cPKCS7, rb_intern("error_string"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKCS7, ossl_pkcs7_alloc);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cPKCS7, ossl_pkcs7_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cPKCS7, "initialize_copy", ossl_pkcs7_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7, "initialize", ossl_pkcs7_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7, "type=", ossl_pkcs7_set_type, 1);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7, "type", ossl_pkcs7_get_type, 0);
@@ -1099,7 +1073,6 @@ Init_ossl_pkcs7(void)
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKCS7Signer, ossl_pkcs7si_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer, "initialize", ossl_pkcs7si_initialize,3);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer, "issuer", ossl_pkcs7si_get_issuer, 0);
-    rb_define_alias(cPKCS7Signer, "name", "issuer");
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer, "serial", ossl_pkcs7si_get_serial,0);
     rb_define_method(cPKCS7Signer,"signed_time",ossl_pkcs7si_get_signed_time,0);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h
index 139e00d640..3e1b094670 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.h
@@ -10,6 +10,22 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_PKCS7_H_)
 #define _OSSL_PKCS7_H_
 
+#define NewPKCS7(klass) \
+    TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_pkcs7_type, 0)
+#define SetPKCS7(obj, pkcs7) do { \
+    if (!(pkcs7)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7 wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (pkcs7); \
+} while (0)
+#define GetPKCS7(obj, pkcs7) do { \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), PKCS7, &ossl_pkcs7_type, (pkcs7)); \
+    if (!(pkcs7)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKCS7 wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+extern const rb_data_type_t ossl_pkcs7_type;
 extern VALUE cPKCS7;
 extern VALUE cPKCS7Signer;
 extern VALUE cPKCS7Recipient;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
index 6ab1b6184f..23204087ac 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
@@ -20,6 +20,21 @@ static ID id_private_q;
 /*
  * callback for generating keys
  */
+static VALUE
+call_check_ints0(VALUE arg)
+{
+    rb_thread_check_ints();
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void *
+call_check_ints(void *arg)
+{
+    int state;
+    rb_protect(call_check_ints0, Qnil, &state);
+    return (void *)(VALUE)state;
+}
+
 int
 ossl_generate_cb_2(int p, int n, BN_GENCB *cb)
 {
@@ -38,11 +53,18 @@ ossl_generate_cb_2(int p, int n, BN_GENCB *cb)
 	*/
 	rb_protect(rb_yield, ary, &state);
 	if (state) {
-	    arg->stop = 1;
 	    arg->state = state;
+	    return 0;
+	}
+    }
+    if (arg->interrupted) {
+	arg->interrupted = 0;
+	state = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_with_gvl(call_check_ints, NULL);
+	if (state) {
+	    arg->state = state;
+	    return 0;
 	}
     }
-    if (arg->stop) return 0;
     return 1;
 }
 
@@ -50,7 +72,7 @@ void
 ossl_generate_cb_stop(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ossl_generate_cb_arg *arg = (struct ossl_generate_cb_arg *)ptr;
-    arg->stop = 1;
+    arg->interrupted = 1;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -92,7 +114,7 @@ pkey_new0(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
     case EVP_PKEY_DH:
 	return ossl_dh_new(pkey);
 #endif
-#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC) && (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x0090802fL)
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC)
     case EVP_PKEY_EC:
 	return ossl_ec_new(pkey);
 #endif
@@ -123,15 +145,15 @@ ossl_pkey_new(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
  *     OpenSSL::PKey.read(string [, pwd ]) -> PKey
  *     OpenSSL::PKey.read(io [, pwd ]) -> PKey
  *
- * Reads a DER or PEM encoded string from +string+ or +io+ and returns an
+ * Reads a DER or PEM encoded string from _string_ or _io_ and returns an
  * instance of the appropriate PKey class.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +string+ is a DER- or PEM-encoded string containing an arbitrary private
+ * * _string+ is a DER- or PEM-encoded string containing an arbitrary private
  *   or public key.
- * * +io+ is an instance of +IO+ containing a DER- or PEM-encoded
+ * * _io_ is an instance of IO containing a DER- or PEM-encoded
  *   arbitrary private or public key.
- * * +pwd+ is an optional password in case +string+ or +file+ is an encrypted
+ * * _pwd_ is an optional password in case _string_ or _io_ is an encrypted
  *   PEM resource.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -144,27 +166,33 @@ ossl_pkey_new_from_data(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &data, &pass);
     pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
 
-    bio = ossl_obj2bio(data);
-    if (!(pkey = d2i_PrivateKey_bio(bio, NULL))) {
-	OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
-	if (!(pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bio, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass))) {
-	    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
-	    if (!(pkey = d2i_PUBKEY_bio(bio, NULL))) {
-		OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
-		pkey = PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(bio, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass);
-	    }
-	}
-    }
+    bio = ossl_obj2bio(&data);
+    if ((pkey = d2i_PrivateKey_bio(bio, NULL)))
+	goto ok;
+    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
+    if ((pkey = d2i_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio(bio, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)))
+	goto ok;
+    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
+    if ((pkey = d2i_PUBKEY_bio(bio, NULL)))
+	goto ok;
+    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
+    /* PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey() also parses PKCS #8 formats */
+    if ((pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bio, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)))
+	goto ok;
+    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
+    if ((pkey = PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(bio, NULL, NULL, NULL)))
+	goto ok;
 
     BIO_free(bio);
-    if (!pkey)
-	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "Could not parse PKey");
+    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "Could not parse PKey");
 
+ok:
+    BIO_free(bio);
     return ossl_pkey_new(pkey);
 }
 
-static void
-pkey_check_public_key(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
+void
+ossl_pkey_check_public_key(const EVP_PKEY *pkey)
 {
     void *ptr;
     const BIGNUM *n, *e, *pubkey;
@@ -172,7 +200,8 @@ pkey_check_public_key(EVP_PKEY *pkey)
     if (EVP_PKEY_missing_parameters(pkey))
 	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "parameters missing");
 
-    ptr = EVP_PKEY_get0(pkey);
+    /* OpenSSL < 1.1.0 takes non-const pointer */
+    ptr = EVP_PKEY_get0((EVP_PKEY *)pkey);
     switch (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey)) {
       case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
 	RSA_get0_key(ptr, &n, &e, NULL);
@@ -207,7 +236,7 @@ GetPKeyPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
-    SafeGetPKey(obj, pkey);
+    GetPKey(obj, pkey);
 
     return pkey;
 }
@@ -220,7 +249,7 @@ GetPrivPKeyPtr(VALUE obj)
     if (rb_funcallv(obj, id_private_q, 0, NULL) != Qtrue) {
 	ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "Private key is needed.");
     }
-    SafeGetPKey(obj, pkey);
+    GetPKey(obj, pkey);
 
     return pkey;
 }
@@ -230,7 +259,7 @@ DupPKeyPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
-    SafeGetPKey(obj, pkey);
+    GetPKey(obj, pkey);
     EVP_PKEY_up_ref(pkey);
 
     return pkey;
@@ -259,7 +288,7 @@ ossl_pkey_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *      PKeyClass.new -> self
  *
  * Because PKey is an abstract class, actually calling this method explicitly
- * will raise a +NotImplementedError+.
+ * will raise a NotImplementedError.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_pkey_initialize(VALUE self)
@@ -271,19 +300,173 @@ ossl_pkey_initialize(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkey.oid -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the short name of the OID associated with _pkey_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkey_oid(VALUE self)
+{
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    int nid;
+
+    GetPKey(self, pkey);
+    nid = EVP_PKEY_id(pkey);
+    return rb_str_new_cstr(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkey.inspect -> string
+ *
+ * Returns a string describing the PKey object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkey_inspect(VALUE self)
+{
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    int nid;
+
+    GetPKey(self, pkey);
+    nid = EVP_PKEY_id(pkey);
+    return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p oid=%s>",
+                      rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(self)), (void *)self,
+                      OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+do_pkcs8_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int to_der)
+{
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    VALUE cipher, pass;
+    const EVP_CIPHER *enc = NULL;
+    BIO *bio;
+
+    GetPKey(self, pkey);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &cipher, &pass);
+    if (argc > 0) {
+	/*
+	 * TODO: EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo actually has more options.
+	 * Should they be exposed?
+	 */
+	enc = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher);
+	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
+    }
+
+    bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
+    if (!bio)
+	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
+    if (to_der) {
+	if (!i2d_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
+				     ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)) {
+	    BIO_free(bio);
+	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PKCS8PrivateKey_bio");
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	if (!PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(bio, pkey, enc, NULL, 0,
+					   ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)) {
+	    BIO_free(bio);
+	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey");
+	}
+    }
+    return ossl_membio2str(bio);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkey.private_to_der                   -> string
+ *    pkey.private_to_der(cipher, password) -> string
+ *
+ * Serializes the private key to DER-encoded PKCS #8 format. If called without
+ * arguments, unencrypted PKCS #8 PrivateKeyInfo format is used. If called with
+ * a cipher name and a password, PKCS #8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo format with
+ * PBES2 encryption scheme is used.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkey_private_to_der(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return do_pkcs8_export(argc, argv, self, 1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkey.private_to_pem                   -> string
+ *    pkey.private_to_pem(cipher, password) -> string
+ *
+ * Serializes the private key to PEM-encoded PKCS #8 format. See #private_to_der
+ * for more details.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkey_private_to_pem(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    return do_pkcs8_export(argc, argv, self, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+do_spki_export(VALUE self, int to_der)
+{
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    BIO *bio;
+
+    GetPKey(self, pkey);
+    bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
+    if (!bio)
+	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "BIO_new");
+    if (to_der) {
+	if (!i2d_PUBKEY_bio(bio, pkey)) {
+	    BIO_free(bio);
+	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "i2d_PUBKEY_bio");
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	if (!PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(bio, pkey)) {
+	    BIO_free(bio);
+	    ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY");
+	}
+    }
+    return ossl_membio2str(bio);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkey.public_to_der -> string
+ *
+ * Serializes the public key to DER-encoded X.509 SubjectPublicKeyInfo format.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkey_public_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    return do_spki_export(self, 1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    pkey.public_to_pem -> string
+ *
+ * Serializes the public key to PEM-encoded X.509 SubjectPublicKeyInfo format.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_pkey_public_to_pem(VALUE self)
+{
+    return do_spki_export(self, 0);
+}
+
+/*
  *  call-seq:
  *      pkey.sign(digest, data) -> String
  *
- * To sign the +String+ +data+, +digest+, an instance of OpenSSL::Digest, must
- * be provided. The return value is again a +String+ containing the signature.
+ * To sign the String _data_, _digest_, an instance of OpenSSL::Digest, must
+ * be provided. The return value is again a String containing the signature.
  * A PKeyError is raised should errors occur.
- * Any previous state of the +Digest+ instance is irrelevant to the signature
+ * Any previous state of the Digest instance is irrelevant to the signature
  * outcome, the digest instance is reset to its initial state during the
  * operation.
  *
  * == Example
  *   data = 'Sign me!'
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
  *   pkey = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048)
  *   signature = pkey.sign(digest, data)
  */
@@ -298,7 +481,7 @@ ossl_pkey_sign(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE data)
     int result;
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(self);
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     StringValue(data);
     str = rb_str_new(0, EVP_PKEY_size(pkey));
 
@@ -326,18 +509,18 @@ ossl_pkey_sign(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE data)
  *  call-seq:
  *      pkey.verify(digest, signature, data) -> String
  *
- * To verify the +String+ +signature+, +digest+, an instance of
+ * To verify the String _signature_, _digest_, an instance of
  * OpenSSL::Digest, must be provided to re-compute the message digest of the
- * original +data+, also a +String+. The return value is +true+ if the
+ * original _data_, also a String. The return value is +true+ if the
  * signature is valid, +false+ otherwise. A PKeyError is raised should errors
  * occur.
- * Any previous state of the +Digest+ instance is irrelevant to the validation
+ * Any previous state of the Digest instance is irrelevant to the validation
  * outcome, the digest instance is reset to its initial state during the
  * operation.
  *
  * == Example
  *   data = 'Sign me!'
- *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new
+ *   digest = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256')
  *   pkey = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048)
  *   signature = pkey.sign(digest, data)
  *   pub_key = pkey.public_key
@@ -352,8 +535,8 @@ ossl_pkey_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig, VALUE data)
     int siglen, result;
 
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
-    pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     StringValue(sig);
     siglen = RSTRING_LENINT(sig);
     StringValue(data);
@@ -388,6 +571,7 @@ ossl_pkey_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig, VALUE data)
 void
 Init_ossl_pkey(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -467,6 +651,12 @@ Init_ossl_pkey(void)
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cPKey, ossl_pkey_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cPKey, "initialize", ossl_pkey_initialize, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cPKey, "oid", ossl_pkey_oid, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cPKey, "inspect", ossl_pkey_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cPKey, "private_to_der", ossl_pkey_private_to_der, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cPKey, "private_to_pem", ossl_pkey_private_to_pem, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cPKey, "public_to_der", ossl_pkey_public_to_der, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cPKey, "public_to_pem", ossl_pkey_public_to_pem, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(cPKey, "sign", ossl_pkey_sign, 2);
     rb_define_method(cPKey, "verify", ossl_pkey_verify, 3);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
index e3b723cd68..0db59305f7 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
@@ -34,20 +34,17 @@ extern const rb_data_type_t ossl_evp_pkey_type;
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "PKEY wasn't initialized!");\
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetPKey(obj, pkey) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cPKey); \
-    GetPKey((obj), (pkey)); \
-} while (0)
 
 struct ossl_generate_cb_arg {
     int yield;
-    int stop;
+    int interrupted;
     int state;
 };
 int ossl_generate_cb_2(int p, int n, BN_GENCB *cb);
 void ossl_generate_cb_stop(void *ptr);
 
 VALUE ossl_pkey_new(EVP_PKEY *);
+void ossl_pkey_check_public_key(const EVP_PKEY *);
 EVP_PKEY *GetPKeyPtr(VALUE);
 EVP_PKEY *DupPKeyPtr(VALUE);
 EVP_PKEY *GetPrivPKeyPtr(VALUE);
@@ -136,9 +133,9 @@ static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_set_##_group(VALUE self, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALU
 	BIGNUM *bn3 = NULL, *orig_bn3 = NIL_P(v3) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v3);\
 									\
 	Get##_type(self, obj);						\
-	if (orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1)) ||			\
-	    orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2)) ||			\
-	    orig_bn3 && !(bn3 = BN_dup(orig_bn3))) {			\
+        if ((orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1))) ||			\
+            (orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2))) ||			\
+            (orig_bn3 && !(bn3 = BN_dup(orig_bn3)))) {			\
 		BN_clear_free(bn1);					\
 		BN_clear_free(bn2);					\
 		BN_clear_free(bn3);					\
@@ -166,8 +163,8 @@ static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_set_##_group(VALUE self, VALUE v1, VALUE v2) \
 	BIGNUM *bn2 = NULL, *orig_bn2 = NIL_P(v2) ? NULL : GetBNPtr(v2);\
 									\
 	Get##_type(self, obj);						\
-	if (orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1)) ||			\
-	    orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2))) {			\
+        if ((orig_bn1 && !(bn1 = BN_dup(orig_bn1))) ||			\
+            (orig_bn2 && !(bn2 = BN_dup(orig_bn2)))) {			\
 		BN_clear_free(bn1);					\
 		BN_clear_free(bn2);					\
 		ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
index dd85b7b9b6..bf4e3f9322 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ dh_generate(int size, int gen)
  * components alike.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size. Keys smaller than 1024 bits should be considered insecure.
- * * +generator+ is a small number > 1, typically 2 or 5.
+ * * _size_ is an integer representing the desired key size. Keys smaller than 1024 bits should be considered insecure.
+ * * _generator_ is a small number > 1, typically 2 or 5.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -181,15 +181,15 @@ ossl_dh_s_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   DH.new(size [, generator]) -> dh
  *
  * Either generates a DH instance from scratch or by reading already existing
- * DH parameters from +string+. Note that when reading a DH instance from
+ * DH parameters from _string_. Note that when reading a DH instance from
  * data that was encoded from a DH instance by using DH#to_pem or DH#to_der
  * the result will *not* contain a public/private key pair yet. This needs to
  * be generated using DH#generate_key! first.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size. Keys smaller than 1024 bits should be considered insecure.
- * * +generator+ is a small number > 1, typically 2 or 5.
- * * +string+ contains the DER or PEM encoded key.
+ * * _size_ is an integer representing the desired key size. Keys smaller than 1024 bits should be considered insecure.
+ * * _generator_ is a small number > 1, typically 2 or 5.
+ * * _string_ contains the DER or PEM encoded key.
  *
  * === Examples
  *  DH.new # -> dh
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ ossl_dh_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
     else {
 	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-	in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+	in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
 	dh = PEM_read_bio_DHparams(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 	if (!dh){
 	    OSSL_BIO_reset(in);
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ ossl_dh_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	BIGNUM *pub2 = BN_dup(pub);
 	BIGNUM *priv2 = BN_dup(priv);
 
-	if (!pub2 || priv && !priv2) {
+        if (!pub2 || (priv && !priv2)) {
 	    BN_clear_free(pub2);
 	    BN_clear_free(priv2);
 	    ossl_raise(eDHError, "BN_dup");
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ ossl_dh_to_text(VALUE self)
  *     dh.public_key -> aDH
  *
  * Returns a new DH instance that carries just the public information, i.e.
- * the prime +p+ and the generator +g+, but no public/private key yet. Such
+ * the prime _p_ and the generator _g_, but no public/private key yet. Such
  * a pair may be generated using DH#generate_key!. The "public key" needed
  * for a key exchange with DH#compute_key is considered as per-session
  * information and may be retrieved with DH#pub_key once a key pair has
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ ossl_dh_generate_key(VALUE self)
  * See DH_compute_key() for further information.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +pub_bn+ is a OpenSSL::BN, *not* the DH instance returned by
+ * * _pub_bn_ is a OpenSSL::BN, *not* the DH instance returned by
  *   DH#public_key as that contains the DH parameters only.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ ossl_dh_compute_key(VALUE self, VALUE pub)
  * call-seq:
  *   dh.set_pqg(p, q, g) -> self
  *
- * Sets +p+, +q+, +g+ for the DH instance.
+ * Sets _p_, _q_, _g_ to the DH instance.
  */
 OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(dh, DH, pqg, p, q, g)
 /*
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(dh, DH, pqg, p, q, g)
  * call-seq:
  *   dh.set_key(pub_key, priv_key) -> self
  *
- * Sets +pub_key+ and +priv_key+ for the DH instance. +priv_key+ may be nil.
+ * Sets _pub_key_ and _priv_key_ for the DH instance. _priv_key_ may be +nil+.
  */
 OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(dh, DH, key, pub_key, priv_key)
 
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ Init_ossl_dh(void)
     cDH = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DH", cPKey);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDH, "generate", ossl_dh_s_generate, -1);
     rb_define_method(cDH, "initialize", ossl_dh_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cDH, ossl_dh_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cDH, "initialize_copy", ossl_dh_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cDH, "public?", ossl_dh_is_public, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDH, "private?", ossl_dh_is_private, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDH, "to_text", ossl_dh_to_text, 0);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
index 85085419c6..431c20e05c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ dsa_generate(int size)
  * from scratch.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.
+ * * _size_ is an integer representing the desired key size.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -195,12 +195,12 @@ ossl_dsa_s_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE size)
  *    DSA.new(size) -> dsa
  *    DSA.new(string [, pass]) -> dsa
  *
- * Creates a new DSA instance by reading an existing key from +string+.
+ * Creates a new DSA instance by reading an existing key from _string_.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +size+ is an integer representing the desired key size.
- * * +string+ contains a DER or PEM encoded key.
- * * +pass+ is a string that contains an optional password.
+ * * _size_ is an integer representing the desired key size.
+ * * _string_ contains a DER or PEM encoded key.
+ * * _pass_ is a string that contains an optional password.
  *
  * === Examples
  *  DSA.new -> dsa
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ ossl_dsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     else {
 	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
 	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-	in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+	in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
 	dsa = PEM_read_bio_DSAPrivateKey(in, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass);
 	if (!dsa) {
 	    OSSL_BIO_reset(in);
@@ -329,8 +329,8 @@ ossl_dsa_is_private(VALUE self)
  * Encodes this DSA to its PEM encoding.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +cipher+ is an OpenSSL::Cipher.
- * * +password+ is a string containing your password.
+ * * _cipher_ is an OpenSSL::Cipher.
+ * * _password_ is a string containing your password.
  *
  * === Examples
  *  DSA.to_pem -> aString
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ ossl_dsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GetDSA(self, dsa);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &cipher, &pass);
     if (!NIL_P(cipher)) {
-	ciph = GetCipherPtr(cipher);
+	ciph = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher);
 	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
     }
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
@@ -503,17 +503,17 @@ ossl_dsa_to_public_key(VALUE self)
  *  call-seq:
  *    dsa.syssign(string) -> aString
  *
- * Computes and returns the DSA signature of +string+, where +string+ is
+ * Computes and returns the DSA signature of _string_, where _string_ is
  * expected to be an already-computed message digest of the original input
  * data. The signature is issued using the private key of this DSA instance.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +string+ is a message digest of the original input data to be signed
+ * * _string_ is a message digest of the original input data to be signed.
  *
  * === Example
  *  dsa = OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new(2048)
  *  doc = "Sign me"
- *  digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.digest(doc)
+ *  digest = OpenSSL::Digest.digest('SHA1', doc)
  *  sig = dsa.syssign(digest)
  *
  *
@@ -549,16 +549,16 @@ ossl_dsa_sign(VALUE self, VALUE data)
  *    dsa.sysverify(digest, sig) -> true | false
  *
  * Verifies whether the signature is valid given the message digest input. It
- * does so by validating +sig+ using the public key of this DSA instance.
+ * does so by validating _sig_ using the public key of this DSA instance.
  *
  * === Parameters
- * * +digest+ is a message digest of the original input data to be signed
- * * +sig+ is a DSA signature value
+ * * _digest_ is a message digest of the original input data to be signed
+ * * _sig_ is a DSA signature value
  *
  * === Example
  *  dsa = OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new(2048)
  *  doc = "Sign me"
- *  digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.digest(doc)
+ *  digest = OpenSSL::Digest.digest('SHA1', doc)
  *  sig = dsa.syssign(digest)
  *  puts dsa.sysverify(digest, sig) # => true
  *
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ ossl_dsa_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig)
  * call-seq:
  *   dsa.set_pqg(p, q, g) -> self
  *
- * Sets +p+, +q+, +g+ for the DSA instance.
+ * Sets _p_, _q_, _g_ to the DSA instance.
  */
 OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(dsa, DSA, pqg, p, q, g)
 /*
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(dsa, DSA, pqg, p, q, g)
  * call-seq:
  *   dsa.set_key(pub_key, priv_key) -> self
  *
- * Sets +pub_key+ and +priv_key+ for the DSA instance. +priv_key+ may be nil.
+ * Sets _pub_key_ and _priv_key_ for the DSA instance. _priv_key_ may be +nil+.
  */
 OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(dsa, DSA, key, pub_key, priv_key)
 
@@ -627,18 +627,12 @@ Init_ossl_dsa(void)
      * DSA, the Digital Signature Algorithm, is specified in NIST's
      * FIPS 186-3. It is an asymmetric public key algorithm that may be used
      * similar to e.g. RSA.
-     * Please note that for OpenSSL versions prior to 1.0.0 the digest
-     * algorithms OpenSSL::Digest::DSS (equivalent to SHA) or
-     * OpenSSL::Digest::DSS1 (equivalent to SHA-1) must be used for issuing
-     * signatures with a DSA key using OpenSSL::PKey#sign.
-     * Starting with OpenSSL 1.0.0, digest algorithms are no longer restricted,
-     * any Digest may be used for signing.
      */
     cDSA = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "DSA", cPKey);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cDSA, "generate", ossl_dsa_s_generate, 1);
     rb_define_method(cDSA, "initialize", ossl_dsa_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cDSA, ossl_dsa_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cDSA, "initialize_copy", ossl_dsa_initialize_copy, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(cDSA, "public?", ossl_dsa_is_public, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDSA, "private?", ossl_dsa_is_private, 0);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
index fc3f034a39..1d105abd35 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "ossl.h"
 
-#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC) && (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x0090802fL)
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC)
 
 #define EXPORT_PEM 0
 #define EXPORT_DER 1
@@ -23,33 +23,21 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ec_point_type;
     GetPKeyEC(obj, _pkey); \
     (key) = EVP_PKEY_get0_EC_KEY(_pkey); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetEC(obj, key) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, cEC); \
-    GetEC(obj, key); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define GetECGroup(obj, group) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, EC_GROUP, &ossl_ec_group_type, group); \
     if ((group) == NULL) \
 	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP is not initialized"); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetECGroup(obj, group) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cEC_GROUP); \
-    GetECGroup(obj, group); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define GetECPoint(obj, point) do { \
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, EC_POINT, &ossl_ec_point_type, point); \
     if ((point) == NULL) \
 	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT is not initialized"); \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetECPoint(obj, point) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cEC_POINT); \
-    GetECPoint(obj, point); \
-} while(0)
 #define GetECPointGroup(obj, group) do { \
     VALUE _group = rb_attr_get(obj, id_i_group); \
-    SafeGetECGroup(_group, group); \
+    GetECGroup(_group, group); \
 } while (0)
 
 VALUE cEC;
@@ -128,7 +116,7 @@ ec_key_new_from_group(VALUE arg)
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, cEC_GROUP)) {
 	EC_GROUP *group;
 
-	SafeGetECGroup(arg, group);
+	GetECGroup(arg, group);
 	if (!(ec = EC_KEY_new()))
 	    ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
 
@@ -208,7 +196,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, cEC)) {
 	EC_KEY *other_ec = NULL;
 
-	SafeGetEC(arg, other_ec);
+	GetEC(arg, other_ec);
 	if (!(ec = EC_KEY_dup(other_ec)))
 	    ossl_raise(eECError, NULL);
     } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, cEC_GROUP)) {
@@ -217,7 +205,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	BIO *in;
 
 	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
-	in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+	in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
 
 	ec = PEM_read_bio_ECPrivateKey(in, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass);
 	if (!ec) {
@@ -257,7 +245,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != EVP_PKEY_NONE)
 	ossl_raise(eECError, "EC already initialized");
-    SafeGetEC(other, ec);
+    GetEC(other, ec);
 
     ec_new = EC_KEY_dup(ec);
     if (!ec_new)
@@ -275,7 +263,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *   key.group   => group
  *
  * Returns the EC::Group that the key is associated with. Modifying the returned
- * group does not affect +key+.
+ * group does not affect _key_.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ec_key_get_group(VALUE self)
@@ -296,7 +284,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_get_group(VALUE self)
  *   key.group = group
  *
  * Sets the EC::Group for the key. The group structure is internally copied so
- * modifition to +group+ after assigning to a key has no effect on the key.
+ * modification to _group_ after assigning to a key has no effect on the key.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ec_key_set_group(VALUE self, VALUE group_v)
@@ -305,7 +293,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_set_group(VALUE self, VALUE group_v)
     EC_GROUP *group;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
-    SafeGetECGroup(group_v, group);
+    GetECGroup(group_v, group);
 
     if (EC_KEY_set_group(ec, group) != 1)
         ossl_raise(eECError, "EC_KEY_set_group");
@@ -390,7 +378,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE public_key)
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
     if (!NIL_P(public_key))
-        SafeGetECPoint(public_key, point);
+        GetECPoint(public_key, point);
 
     switch (EC_KEY_set_public_key(ec, point)) {
     case 1:
@@ -458,7 +446,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_to_string(VALUE self, VALUE ciph, VALUE pass, int forma
         private = 1;
 
     if (!NIL_P(ciph)) {
-	cipher = GetCipherPtr(ciph);
+	cipher = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(ciph);
 	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
     }
 
@@ -502,8 +490,8 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_to_string(VALUE self, VALUE ciph, VALUE pass, int forma
  *     key.export([cipher, pass_phrase]) => String
  *     key.to_pem([cipher, pass_phrase]) => String
  *
- * Outputs the EC key in PEM encoding.  If +cipher+ and +pass_phrase+ are given
- * they will be used to encrypt the key.  +cipher+ must be an OpenSSL::Cipher
+ * Outputs the EC key in PEM encoding.  If _cipher_ and _pass_phrase_ are given
+ * they will be used to encrypt the key.  _cipher_ must be an OpenSSL::Cipher
  * instance. Note that encryption will only be effective for a private key,
  * public keys will always be encoded in plain text.
  */
@@ -608,7 +596,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_dh_compute_key(VALUE self, VALUE pubkey)
     VALUE str;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
-    SafeGetECPoint(pubkey, point);
+    GetECPoint(pubkey, point);
 
 /* BUG: need a way to figure out the maximum string size */
     buf_len = 1024;
@@ -665,15 +653,15 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_dsa_verify_asn1(VALUE self, VALUE data, VALUE sig)
     StringValue(data);
     StringValue(sig);
 
-    switch (ECDSA_verify(0, (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LENINT(data), (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(sig), (int)RSTRING_LEN(sig), ec)) {
-    case 1:	return Qtrue;
-    case 0:	return Qfalse;
-    default:	break;
+    switch (ECDSA_verify(0, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LENINT(data),
+                         (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(sig), RSTRING_LENINT(sig), ec)) {
+      case 1:
+        return Qtrue;
+      case 0:
+        return Qfalse;
+      default:
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "ECDSA_verify");
     }
-
-    ossl_raise(eECError, "ECDSA_verify");
-
-    UNREACHABLE;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -724,7 +712,7 @@ ec_group_new(const EC_GROUP *group)
  *
  * Creates a new EC::Group object.
  *
- * +ec_method+ is a symbol that represents an EC_METHOD. Currently the following
+ * _ec_method_ is a symbol that represents an EC_METHOD. Currently the following
  * are supported:
  *
  * * :GFp_simple
@@ -771,11 +759,11 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_GROUP)) {
             const EC_GROUP *arg1_group;
 
-            SafeGetECGroup(arg1, arg1_group);
+            GetECGroup(arg1, arg1_group);
             if ((group = EC_GROUP_dup(arg1_group)) == NULL)
                 ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_dup");
         } else {
-            BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(arg1);
+            BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg1);
 
             group = PEM_read_bio_ECPKParameters(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
             if (!group) {
@@ -847,7 +835,7 @@ ossl_ec_group_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EC_GROUP, &ossl_ec_group_type, group_new);
     if (group_new)
 	ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC::Group already initialized");
-    SafeGetECGroup(other, group);
+    GetECGroup(other, group);
 
     group_new = EC_GROUP_dup(group);
     if (!group_new)
@@ -862,15 +850,15 @@ ossl_ec_group_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *   group1.eql?(group2)   => true | false
  *   group1 == group2   => true | false
  *
- * Returns true if the two groups use the same curve and have the same
- * parameters, false otherwise.
+ * Returns +true+ if the two groups use the same curve and have the same
+ * parameters, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_group_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     EC_GROUP *group1 = NULL, *group2 = NULL;
 
     GetECGroup(a, group1);
-    SafeGetECGroup(b, group2);
+    GetECGroup(b, group2);
 
     if (EC_GROUP_cmp(group1, group2, ossl_bn_ctx) == 1)
        return Qfalse;
@@ -903,8 +891,8 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_get_generator(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   group.set_generator(generator, order, cofactor)   => self
  *
- * Sets the curve parameters. +generator+ must be an instance of EC::Point that
- * is on the curve. +order+ and +cofactor+ are integers.
+ * Sets the curve parameters. _generator_ must be an instance of EC::Point that
+ * is on the curve. _order_ and _cofactor_ are integers.
  *
  * See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_set_generator()
  */
@@ -915,7 +903,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_set_generator(VALUE self, VALUE generator, VALUE orde
     const BIGNUM *o, *co;
 
     GetECGroup(self, group);
-    SafeGetECPoint(generator, point);
+    GetECPoint(generator, point);
     o = GetBNPtr(order);
     co = GetBNPtr(cofactor);
 
@@ -1127,14 +1115,14 @@ parse_point_conversion_form_symbol(VALUE sym)
  *
  * Sets the form how EC::Point data is encoded as ASN.1 as defined in X9.62.
  *
- * +format+ can be one of these:
+ * _format_ can be one of these:
  *
- * :compressed::
+ * +:compressed+::
  *   Encoded as z||x, where z is an octet indicating which solution of the
  *   equation y is. z will be 0x02 or 0x03.
- * :uncompressed::
+ * +:uncompressed+::
  *   Encoded as z||x||y, where z is an octet 0x04.
- * :hybrid::
+ * +:hybrid+::
  *   Encodes as z||x||y, where z is an octet indicating which solution of the
  *   equation y is. z will be 0x06 or 0x07.
  *
@@ -1331,76 +1319,61 @@ ec_point_new(const EC_POINT *point, const EC_GROUP *group)
     return obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy(VALUE, VALUE);
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new(point)
- *   OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new(group)
- *   OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new(group, bn)
+ *   OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point.new(group [, encoded_point])
  *
- * See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_POINT_*
+ * Creates a new instance of OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point. If the only argument is
+ * an instance of EC::Point, a copy is returned. Otherwise, creates a point
+ * that belongs to _group_.
+ *
+ * _encoded_point_ is the octet string representation of the point. This
+ * must be either a String or an OpenSSL::BN.
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_point_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     EC_POINT *point;
-    VALUE arg1, arg2;
-    VALUE group_v = Qnil;
-    const EC_GROUP *group = NULL;
+    VALUE group_v, arg2;
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EC_POINT, &ossl_ec_point_type, point);
     if (point)
-        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT already initialized");
+	rb_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT already initialized");
 
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &arg1, &arg2)) {
-    case 1:
-        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_POINT)) {
-            const EC_POINT *arg_point;
-
-	    group_v = rb_attr_get(arg1, id_i_group);
-	    SafeGetECGroup(group_v, group);
-	    SafeGetECPoint(arg1, arg_point);
-
-            point = EC_POINT_dup(arg_point, group);
-        } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_GROUP)) {
-            group_v = arg1;
-            SafeGetECGroup(group_v, group);
-
-            point = EC_POINT_new(group);
-        } else {
-            ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "wrong argument type: must be OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point or OpenSSL::Pkey::EC::Group");
-        }
-
-        break;
-     case 2:
-        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg1, cEC_GROUP))
-            ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "1st argument must be OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group");
-        group_v = arg1;
-        SafeGetECGroup(group_v, group);
-
-        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg2, cBN)) {
-            const BIGNUM *bn = GetBNPtr(arg2);
-
-            point = EC_POINT_bn2point(group, bn, NULL, ossl_bn_ctx);
-        } else {
-            BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(arg1);
-
-/* BUG: finish me */
-
-            BIO_free(in);
-
-            if (point == NULL) {
-                ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "unknown type for 2nd arg");
-            }
-        }
-        break;
-    default:
-        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments");
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &group_v, &arg2);
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(group_v, cEC_POINT)) {
+	if (argc != 1)
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid second argument");
+	return ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy(self, group_v);
     }
 
-    if (point == NULL)
-        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, NULL);
-
-    if (NIL_P(group_v))
-        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "missing group (internal error)");
+    GetECGroup(group_v, group);
+    if (argc == 1) {
+	point = EC_POINT_new(group);
+	if (!point)
+	    ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_new");
+    }
+    else {
+	if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg2, cBN)) {
+	    point = EC_POINT_bn2point(group, GetBNPtr(arg2), NULL, ossl_bn_ctx);
+	    if (!point)
+		ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_bn2point");
+	}
+	else {
+	    StringValue(arg2);
+	    point = EC_POINT_new(group);
+	    if (!point)
+		ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_new");
+	    if (!EC_POINT_oct2point(group, point,
+				    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(arg2),
+				    RSTRING_LEN(arg2), ossl_bn_ctx)) {
+		EC_POINT_free(point);
+		ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_oct2point");
+	    }
+	}
+    }
 
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = point;
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_i_group, group_v);
@@ -1418,10 +1391,10 @@ ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, EC_POINT, &ossl_ec_point_type, point_new);
     if (point_new)
 	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC::Point already initialized");
-    SafeGetECPoint(other, point);
+    GetECPoint(other, point);
 
     group_v = rb_obj_dup(rb_attr_get(other, id_i_group));
-    SafeGetECGroup(group_v, group);
+    GetECGroup(group_v, group);
 
     point_new = EC_POINT_dup(point, group);
     if (!point_new)
@@ -1448,8 +1421,8 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
         return Qfalse;
 
     GetECPoint(a, point1);
-    SafeGetECPoint(b, point2);
-    SafeGetECGroup(group_v1, group);
+    GetECPoint(b, point2);
+    GetECGroup(group_v1, group);
 
     if (EC_POINT_cmp(group, point1, point2, ossl_bn_ctx) == 1)
         return Qfalse;
@@ -1555,38 +1528,66 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_set_to_infinity(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   point.to_bn(conversion_form = nil) => OpenSSL::BN
+ *    point.to_octet_string(conversion_form) -> String
+ *
+ * Returns the octet string representation of the elliptic curve point.
  *
- * Convert the EC point into an octet string and store in an OpenSSL::BN. If
- * +conversion_form+ is given, the point data is converted using the specified
- * form. If not given, the default form set in the EC::Group object is used.
+ * _conversion_form_ specifies how the point is converted. Possible values are:
  *
- * See also EC::Point#point_conversion_form=.
+ * - +:compressed+
+ * - +:uncompressed+
+ * - +:hybrid+
  */
 static VALUE
-ossl_ec_point_to_bn(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+ossl_ec_point_to_octet_string(VALUE self, VALUE conversion_form)
 {
     EC_POINT *point;
-    VALUE form_obj, bn_obj;
     const EC_GROUP *group;
     point_conversion_form_t form;
-    BIGNUM *bn;
+    VALUE str;
+    size_t len;
 
     GetECPoint(self, point);
     GetECPointGroup(self, group);
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &form_obj);
-    if (NIL_P(form_obj))
-	form = EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form(group);
-    else
-	form = parse_point_conversion_form_symbol(form_obj);
+    form = parse_point_conversion_form_symbol(conversion_form);
+
+    len = EC_POINT_point2oct(group, point, form, NULL, 0, ossl_bn_ctx);
+    if (!len)
+	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2oct");
+    str = rb_str_new(NULL, (long)len);
+    if (!EC_POINT_point2oct(group, point, form,
+			    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), len,
+			    ossl_bn_ctx))
+	ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2oct");
+    return str;
+}
 
-    bn_obj = rb_obj_alloc(cBN);
-    bn = GetBNPtr(bn_obj);
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   point.add(point) => point
+ *
+ * Performs elliptic curve point addition.
+ */
+static VALUE ossl_ec_point_add(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    EC_POINT *point_self, *point_other, *point_result;
+    const EC_GROUP *group;
+    VALUE group_v = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_group);
+    VALUE result;
 
-    if (EC_POINT_point2bn(group, point, form, bn, ossl_bn_ctx) == NULL)
-        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_point2bn");
+    GetECPoint(self, point_self);
+    GetECPoint(other, point_other);
+    GetECGroup(group_v, group);
 
-    return bn_obj;
+    result = rb_obj_alloc(cEC_POINT);
+    ossl_ec_point_initialize(1, &group_v, result);
+    GetECPoint(result, point_result);
+
+    if (EC_POINT_add(group, point_result, point_self, point_other, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1) {
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_add");
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1597,12 +1598,12 @@ ossl_ec_point_to_bn(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * Performs elliptic curve point multiplication.
  *
  * The first form calculates <tt>bn1 * point + bn2 * G</tt>, where +G+ is the
- * generator of the group of +point+. +bn2+ may be ommitted, and in that case,
+ * generator of the group of _point_. _bn2_ may be omitted, and in that case,
  * the result is just <tt>bn1 * point</tt>.
  *
  * The second form calculates <tt>bns[0] * point + bns[1] * points[0] + ...
- * + bns[-1] * points[-1] + bn2 * G</tt>. +bn2+ may be ommitted. +bns+ must be
- * an array of OpenSSL::BN. +points+ must be an array of
+ * + bns[-1] * points[-1] + bn2 * G</tt>. _bn2_ may be omitted. _bns_ must be
+ * an array of OpenSSL::BN. _points_ must be an array of
  * OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point. Please note that <tt>points[0]</tt> is not
  * multiplied by <tt>bns[0]</tt>, but <tt>bns[1]</tt>.
  */
@@ -1615,7 +1616,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_mul(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     const BIGNUM *bn_g = NULL;
 
     GetECPoint(self, point_self);
-    SafeGetECGroup(group_v, group);
+    GetECGroup(group_v, group);
 
     result = rb_obj_alloc(cEC_POINT);
     ossl_ec_point_initialize(1, &group_v, result);
@@ -1656,7 +1657,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_mul(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	points = ALLOCV_N(const EC_POINT *, tmp_p, num);
 	points[0] = point_self; /* self */
 	for (i = 0; i < num - 1; i++)
-	    SafeGetECPoint(RARRAY_AREF(arg2, i), points[i + 1]);
+	    GetECPoint(RARRAY_AREF(arg2, i), points[i + 1]);
 
 	if (!NIL_P(arg3))
 	    bn_g = GetBNPtr(arg3);
@@ -1676,6 +1677,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_mul(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 void Init_ossl_ec(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     mPKey = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "PKey");
     cPKey = rb_define_class_under(mPKey, "PKey", rb_cObject);
@@ -1726,7 +1728,7 @@ void Init_ossl_ec(void)
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cEC, "generate", ossl_ec_key_s_generate, 1);
     rb_define_method(cEC, "initialize", ossl_ec_key_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cEC, ossl_ec_key_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cEC, "initialize_copy", ossl_ec_key_initialize_copy, 1);
 /* copy/dup/cmp */
 
     rb_define_method(cEC, "group", ossl_ec_key_get_group, 0);
@@ -1763,7 +1765,7 @@ void Init_ossl_ec(void)
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cEC_GROUP, ossl_ec_group_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "initialize", ossl_ec_group_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cEC_GROUP, ossl_ec_group_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "initialize_copy", ossl_ec_group_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cEC_GROUP, "eql?", ossl_ec_group_eql, 1);
     rb_define_alias(cEC_GROUP, "==", "eql?");
 /* copy/dup/cmp */
@@ -1799,7 +1801,7 @@ void Init_ossl_ec(void)
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cEC_POINT, ossl_ec_point_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "initialize", ossl_ec_point_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cEC_POINT, ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "initialize_copy", ossl_ec_point_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_attr(cEC_POINT, rb_intern("group"), 1, 0, 0);
     rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "eql?", ossl_ec_point_eql, 1);
     rb_define_alias(cEC_POINT, "==", "eql?");
@@ -1811,7 +1813,8 @@ void Init_ossl_ec(void)
     rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "set_to_infinity!", ossl_ec_point_set_to_infinity, 0);
 /* all the other methods */
 
-    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "to_bn", ossl_ec_point_to_bn, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "to_octet_string", ossl_ec_point_to_octet_string, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "add", ossl_ec_point_add, 1);
     rb_define_method(cEC_POINT, "mul", ossl_ec_point_mul, -1);
 
     id_i_group = rb_intern("@group");
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
index cea228d6d8..761866c66a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 static inline int
 RSA_HAS_PRIVATE(RSA *rsa)
 {
-    const BIGNUM *p, *q;
+    const BIGNUM *e, *d;
 
-    RSA_get0_factors(rsa, &p, &q);
-    return p && q; /* d? why? */
+    RSA_get0_key(rsa, NULL, &e, &d);
+    return e && d;
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ rsa_generate(int size, unsigned long exp)
  *   RSA.generate(size)           => RSA instance
  *   RSA.generate(size, exponent) => RSA instance
  *
- * Generates an RSA keypair.  +size+ is an integer representing the desired key
- * size.  Keys smaller than 1024 should be considered insecure.  +exponent+ is
+ * Generates an RSA keypair.  _size_ is an integer representing the desired key
+ * size.  Keys smaller than 1024 should be considered insecure.  _exponent_ is
  * an odd number normally 3, 17, or 65537.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -203,12 +203,12 @@ ossl_rsa_s_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   RSA.new(encoded_key)              => RSA instance
  *   RSA.new(encoded_key, pass_phrase) => RSA instance
  *
- * Generates or loads an RSA keypair.  If an integer +key_size+ is given it
+ * Generates or loads an RSA keypair.  If an integer _key_size_ is given it
  * represents the desired key size.  Keys less than 1024 bits should be
  * considered insecure.
  *
- * A key can instead be loaded from an +encoded_key+ which must be PEM or DER
- * encoded.  A +pass_phrase+ can be used to decrypt the key.  If none is given
+ * A key can instead be loaded from an _encoded_key_ which must be PEM or DER
+ * encoded.  A _pass_phrase_ can be used to decrypt the key.  If none is given
  * OpenSSL will prompt for the pass phrase.
  *
  * = Examples
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     else {
 	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
 	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-	in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+	in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
 	rsa = PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey(in, NULL, ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass);
 	if (!rsa) {
 	    OSSL_BIO_reset(in);
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  * call-seq:
  *   rsa.public? => true
  *
- * The return value is always true since every private key is also a public
+ * The return value is always +true+ since every private key is also a public
  * key.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -333,14 +333,15 @@ ossl_rsa_is_private(VALUE self)
  *   rsa.to_pem([cipher, pass_phrase]) => PEM-format String
  *   rsa.to_s([cipher, pass_phrase]) => PEM-format String
  *
- * Outputs this keypair in PEM encoding.  If +cipher+ and +pass_phrase+ are
- * given they will be used to encrypt the key.  +cipher+ must be an
+ * Outputs this keypair in PEM encoding.  If _cipher_ and _pass_phrase_ are
+ * given they will be used to encrypt the key.  _cipher_ must be an
  * OpenSSL::Cipher instance.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     RSA *rsa;
+    const BIGNUM *n, *e, *d, *p, *q, *dmp1, *dmq1, *iqmp;
     BIO *out;
     const EVP_CIPHER *ciph = NULL;
     VALUE cipher, pass, str;
@@ -350,13 +351,16 @@ ossl_rsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &cipher, &pass);
 
     if (!NIL_P(cipher)) {
-	ciph = GetCipherPtr(cipher);
+	ciph = ossl_evp_get_cipherbyname(cipher);
 	pass = ossl_pem_passwd_value(pass);
     }
     if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
 	ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
     }
-    if (RSA_HAS_PRIVATE(rsa)) {
+    RSA_get0_key(rsa, &n, &e, &d);
+    RSA_get0_factors(rsa, &p, &q);
+    RSA_get0_crt_params(rsa, &dmp1, &dmq1, &iqmp);
+    if (n && e && d && p && q && dmp1 && dmq1 && iqmp) {
 	if (!PEM_write_bio_RSAPrivateKey(out, rsa, ciph, NULL, 0,
 					 ossl_pem_passwd_cb, (void *)pass)) {
 	    BIO_free(out);
@@ -383,23 +387,27 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
     RSA *rsa;
+    const BIGNUM *n, *e, *d, *p, *q, *dmp1, *dmq1, *iqmp;
     int (*i2d_func)(const RSA *, unsigned char **);
-    unsigned char *p;
+    unsigned char *ptr;
     long len;
     VALUE str;
 
     GetRSA(self, rsa);
-    if (RSA_HAS_PRIVATE(rsa))
+    RSA_get0_key(rsa, &n, &e, &d);
+    RSA_get0_factors(rsa, &p, &q);
+    RSA_get0_crt_params(rsa, &dmp1, &dmq1, &iqmp);
+    if (n && e && d && p && q && dmp1 && dmq1 && iqmp)
 	i2d_func = i2d_RSAPrivateKey;
     else
 	i2d_func = (int (*)(const RSA *, unsigned char **))i2d_RSA_PUBKEY;
     if((len = i2d_func(rsa, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    if(i2d_func(rsa, &p) < 0)
+    ptr = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    if(i2d_func(rsa, &ptr) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
+    ossl_str_adjust(str, ptr);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -409,7 +417,7 @@ ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
  *   rsa.public_encrypt(string)          => String
  *   rsa.public_encrypt(string, padding) => String
  *
- * Encrypt +string+ with the public key.  +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
+ * Encrypt _string_ with the public key.  _padding_ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
  * The encrypted string output can be decrypted using #private_decrypt.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -441,8 +449,8 @@ ossl_rsa_public_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *   rsa.public_decrypt(string)          => String
  *   rsa.public_decrypt(string, padding) => String
  *
- * Decrypt +string+, which has been encrypted with the private key, with the
- * public key.  +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
+ * Decrypt _string_, which has been encrypted with the private key, with the
+ * public key.  _padding_ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_public_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -473,7 +481,7 @@ ossl_rsa_public_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *   rsa.private_encrypt(string)          => String
  *   rsa.private_encrypt(string, padding) => String
  *
- * Encrypt +string+ with the private key.  +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
+ * Encrypt _string_ with the private key.  _padding_ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
  * The encrypted string output can be decrypted using #public_decrypt.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -507,8 +515,8 @@ ossl_rsa_private_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *   rsa.private_decrypt(string)          => String
  *   rsa.private_decrypt(string, padding) => String
  *
- * Decrypt +string+, which has been encrypted with the public key, with the
- * private key.  +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
+ * Decrypt _string_, which has been encrypted with the public key, with the
+ * private key.  _padding_ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_private_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -538,6 +546,196 @@ ossl_rsa_private_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
+ *    rsa.sign_pss(digest, data, salt_length:, mgf1_hash:) -> String
+ *
+ * Signs _data_ using the Probabilistic Signature Scheme (RSA-PSS) and returns
+ * the calculated signature.
+ *
+ * RSAError will be raised if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * See #verify_pss for the verification operation.
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * _digest_::
+ *   A String containing the message digest algorithm name.
+ * _data_::
+ *   A String. The data to be signed.
+ * _salt_length_::
+ *   The length in octets of the salt. Two special values are reserved:
+ *   +:digest+ means the digest length, and +:max+ means the maximum possible
+ *   length for the combination of the private key and the selected message
+ *   digest algorithm.
+ * _mgf1_hash_::
+ *   The hash algorithm used in MGF1 (the currently supported mask generation
+ *   function (MGF)).
+ *
+ * === Example
+ *   data = "Sign me!"
+ *   pkey = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048)
+ *   signature = pkey.sign_pss("SHA256", data, salt_length: :max, mgf1_hash: "SHA256")
+ *   pub_key = pkey.public_key
+ *   puts pub_key.verify_pss("SHA256", signature, data,
+ *                           salt_length: :auto, mgf1_hash: "SHA256") # => true
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_rsa_sign_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE digest, data, options, kwargs[2], signature;
+    static ID kwargs_ids[2];
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    EVP_PKEY_CTX *pkey_ctx;
+    const EVP_MD *md, *mgf1md;
+    EVP_MD_CTX *md_ctx;
+    size_t buf_len;
+    int salt_len;
+
+    if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
+	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt_length");
+	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("mgf1_hash");
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "2:", &digest, &data, &options);
+    rb_get_kwargs(options, kwargs_ids, 2, 0, kwargs);
+    if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("max")))
+	salt_len = -2; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN */
+    else if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("digest")))
+	salt_len = -1; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST */
+    else
+	salt_len = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
+    mgf1md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[1]);
+
+    pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(self);
+    buf_len = EVP_PKEY_size(pkey);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+    StringValue(data);
+    signature = rb_str_new(NULL, (long)buf_len);
+
+    md_ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
+    if (!md_ctx)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_DigestSignInit(md_ctx, &pkey_ctx, md, NULL, pkey) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(pkey_ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen(pkey_ctx, salt_len) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_mgf1_md(pkey_ctx, mgf1md) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_DigestSignUpdate(md_ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data)) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_DigestSignFinal(md_ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(signature), &buf_len) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    rb_str_set_len(signature, (long)buf_len);
+
+    EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
+    return signature;
+
+  err:
+    EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
+    ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    rsa.verify_pss(digest, signature, data, salt_length:, mgf1_hash:) -> true | false
+ *
+ * Verifies _data_ using the Probabilistic Signature Scheme (RSA-PSS).
+ *
+ * The return value is +true+ if the signature is valid, +false+ otherwise.
+ * RSAError will be raised if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * See #sign_pss for the signing operation and an example code.
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * _digest_::
+ *   A String containing the message digest algorithm name.
+ * _data_::
+ *   A String. The data to be signed.
+ * _salt_length_::
+ *   The length in octets of the salt. Two special values are reserved:
+ *   +:digest+ means the digest length, and +:auto+ means automatically
+ *   determining the length based on the signature.
+ * _mgf1_hash_::
+ *   The hash algorithm used in MGF1.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_rsa_verify_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE digest, signature, data, options, kwargs[2];
+    static ID kwargs_ids[2];
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+    EVP_PKEY_CTX *pkey_ctx;
+    const EVP_MD *md, *mgf1md;
+    EVP_MD_CTX *md_ctx;
+    int result, salt_len;
+
+    if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
+	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("salt_length");
+	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("mgf1_hash");
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "3:", &digest, &signature, &data, &options);
+    rb_get_kwargs(options, kwargs_ids, 2, 0, kwargs);
+    if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("auto")))
+	salt_len = -2; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_AUTO */
+    else if (kwargs[0] == ID2SYM(rb_intern("digest")))
+	salt_len = -1; /* RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST */
+    else
+	salt_len = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
+    mgf1md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(kwargs[1]);
+
+    GetPKey(self, pkey);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
+    StringValue(signature);
+    StringValue(data);
+
+    md_ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
+    if (!md_ctx)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_DigestVerifyInit(md_ctx, &pkey_ctx, md, NULL, pkey) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(pkey_ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen(pkey_ctx, salt_len) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_mgf1_md(pkey_ctx, mgf1md) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    if (EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate(md_ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data)) != 1)
+	goto err;
+
+    result = EVP_DigestVerifyFinal(md_ctx,
+				   (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(signature),
+				   RSTRING_LEN(signature));
+
+    switch (result) {
+      case 0:
+	ossl_clear_error();
+	EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
+	return Qfalse;
+      case 1:
+	EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
+	return Qtrue;
+      default:
+	goto err;
+    }
+
+  err:
+    EVP_MD_CTX_free(md_ctx);
+    ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
  *   rsa.params => hash
  *
  * THIS METHOD IS INSECURE, PRIVATE INFORMATION CAN LEAK OUT!!!
@@ -659,7 +857,7 @@ ossl_rsa_blinding_off(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   rsa.set_key(n, e, d) -> self
  *
- * Sets +n+, +e+, +d+ for the RSA instance.
+ * Sets _n_, _e_, _d_ for the RSA instance.
  */
 OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(rsa, RSA, key, n, e, d)
 /*
@@ -667,7 +865,7 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF3(rsa, RSA, key, n, e, d)
  * call-seq:
  *   rsa.set_factors(p, q) -> self
  *
- * Sets +p+, +q+ for the RSA instance.
+ * Sets _p_, _q_ for the RSA instance.
  */
 OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(rsa, RSA, factors, p, q)
 /*
@@ -675,7 +873,7 @@ OSSL_PKEY_BN_DEF2(rsa, RSA, factors, p, q)
  * call-seq:
  *   rsa.set_crt_params(dmp1, dmq1, iqmp) -> self
  *
- * Sets +dmp1+, +dmq1+, +iqmp+ for the RSA instance. They are calculated by
+ * Sets _dmp1_, _dmq1_, _iqmp_ for the RSA instance. They are calculated by
  * <tt>d mod (p - 1)</tt>, <tt>d mod (q - 1)</tt> and <tt>q^(-1) mod p</tt>
  * respectively.
  */
@@ -706,7 +904,7 @@ Init_ossl_rsa(void)
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::PKey::RSA
      *
      * RSA is an asymmetric public key algorithm that has been formalized in
-     * RFC 3447. It is in widespread use in public key infrastuctures (PKI)
+     * RFC 3447. It is in widespread use in public key infrastructures (PKI)
      * where certificates (cf. OpenSSL::X509::Certificate) often are issued
      * on the basis of a public/private RSA key pair. RSA is used in a wide
      * field of applications such as secure (symmetric) key exchange, e.g.
@@ -717,7 +915,7 @@ Init_ossl_rsa(void)
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cRSA, "generate", ossl_rsa_s_generate, -1);
     rb_define_method(cRSA, "initialize", ossl_rsa_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cRSA, ossl_rsa_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cRSA, "initialize_copy", ossl_rsa_initialize_copy, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(cRSA, "public?", ossl_rsa_is_public, 0);
     rb_define_method(cRSA, "private?", ossl_rsa_is_private, 0);
@@ -731,6 +929,8 @@ Init_ossl_rsa(void)
     rb_define_method(cRSA, "public_decrypt", ossl_rsa_public_decrypt, -1);
     rb_define_method(cRSA, "private_encrypt", ossl_rsa_private_encrypt, -1);
     rb_define_method(cRSA, "private_decrypt", ossl_rsa_private_decrypt, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cRSA, "sign_pss", ossl_rsa_sign_pss, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cRSA, "verify_pss", ossl_rsa_verify_pss, -1);
 
     DEF_OSSL_PKEY_BN(cRSA, rsa, n);
     DEF_OSSL_PKEY_BN(cRSA, rsa, e);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
index 688c525afa..659dc818b6 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ VALUE eRandomError;
  *  call-seq:
  *     seed(str) -> str
  *
- * ::seed is equivalent to ::add where +entropy+ is length of +str+.
+ * ::seed is equivalent to ::add where _entropy_ is length of _str_.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_seed(VALUE self, VALUE str)
@@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ ossl_rand_seed(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  *  call-seq:
  *     add(str, entropy) -> self
  *
- * Mixes the bytes from +str+ into the Pseudo Random Number Generator(PRNG)
+ * Mixes the bytes from _str_ into the Pseudo Random Number Generator(PRNG)
  * state.
  *
- * Thus, if the data from +str+ are unpredictable to an adversary, this
+ * Thus, if the data from _str_ are unpredictable to an adversary, this
  * increases the uncertainty about the state and makes the PRNG output less
  * predictable.
  *
- * The +entropy+ argument is (the lower bound of) an estimate of how much
- * randomness is contained in +str+, measured in bytes.
+ * The _entropy_ argument is (the lower bound of) an estimate of how much
+ * randomness is contained in _str_, measured in bytes.
  *
  * === Example
  *
@@ -62,13 +62,11 @@ ossl_rand_add(VALUE self, VALUE str, VALUE entropy)
  *  call-seq:
  *     load_random_file(filename) -> true
  *
- * Reads bytes from +filename+ and adds them to the PRNG.
+ * Reads bytes from _filename_ and adds them to the PRNG.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_load_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
-    rb_check_safe_obj(filename);
-
     if(!RAND_load_file(StringValueCStr(filename), -1)) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
@@ -79,15 +77,13 @@ ossl_rand_load_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
  *  call-seq:
  *     write_random_file(filename) -> true
  *
- * Writes a number of random generated bytes (currently 1024) to +filename+
+ * Writes a number of random generated bytes (currently 1024) to _filename_
  * which can be used to initialize the PRNG by calling ::load_random_file in a
  * later session.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_write_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
-    rb_check_safe_obj(filename);
-
     if (RAND_write_file(StringValueCStr(filename)) == -1) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
@@ -98,7 +94,7 @@ ossl_rand_write_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
  *  call-seq:
  *	random_bytes(length) -> string
  *
- * Generates +string+ with +length+ number of cryptographically strong
+ * Generates a String with _length_ number of cryptographically strong
  * pseudo-random bytes.
  *
  * === Example
@@ -124,36 +120,6 @@ ossl_rand_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
     return str;
 }
 
-#if defined(HAVE_RAND_PSEUDO_BYTES)
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *	pseudo_bytes(length) -> string
- *
- * Generates +string+ with +length+ number of pseudo-random bytes.
- *
- * Pseudo-random byte sequences generated by ::pseudo_bytes will be unique if
- * they are of sufficient length, but are not necessarily unpredictable.
- *
- * === Example
- *
- *    OpenSSL::Random.pseudo_bytes(12)
- *    #=> "..."
- */
-static VALUE
-ossl_rand_pseudo_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
-{
-    VALUE str;
-    int n = NUM2INT(len);
-
-    str = rb_str_new(0, n);
-    if (RAND_pseudo_bytes((unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str), n) < 1) {
-	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
-    }
-
-    return str;
-}
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_RAND_EGD
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -164,8 +130,6 @@ ossl_rand_pseudo_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_egd(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
-    rb_check_safe_obj(filename);
-
     if (RAND_egd(StringValueCStr(filename)) == -1) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
@@ -176,9 +140,9 @@ ossl_rand_egd(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
  *  call-seq:
  *     egd_bytes(filename, length) -> true
  *
- * Queries the entropy gathering daemon EGD on socket path given by +filename+.
+ * Queries the entropy gathering daemon EGD on socket path given by _filename_.
  *
- * Fetches +length+ number of bytes and uses ::add to seed the OpenSSL built-in
+ * Fetches _length_ number of bytes and uses ::add to seed the OpenSSL built-in
  * PRNG.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -186,8 +150,6 @@ ossl_rand_egd_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE filename, VALUE len)
 {
     int n = NUM2INT(len);
 
-    rb_check_safe_obj(filename);
-
     if (RAND_egd_bytes(StringValueCStr(filename), n) == -1) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
@@ -199,7 +161,7 @@ ossl_rand_egd_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE filename, VALUE len)
  *  call-seq:
  *     status? => true | false
  *
- * Return true if the PRNG has been seeded with enough data, false otherwise.
+ * Return +true+ if the PRNG has been seeded with enough data, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_rand_status(VALUE self)
@@ -227,8 +189,8 @@ Init_ossl_rand(void)
     rb_define_module_function(mRandom, "load_random_file", ossl_rand_load_file, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(mRandom, "write_random_file", ossl_rand_write_file, 1);
     rb_define_module_function(mRandom, "random_bytes", ossl_rand_bytes, 1);
-#if defined(HAVE_RAND_PSEUDO_BYTES)
-    rb_define_module_function(mRandom, "pseudo_bytes", ossl_rand_pseudo_bytes, 1);
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10101000 || defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+    rb_define_alias(rb_singleton_class(mRandom), "pseudo_bytes", "random_bytes");
 #endif
 #ifdef HAVE_RAND_EGD
     rb_define_module_function(mRandom, "egd", ossl_rand_egd, 1);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
index 1ffd54b240..7654be12ee 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@
 
 #define numberof(ary) (int)(sizeof(ary)/sizeof((ary)[0]))
 
+#if !defined(TLS1_3_VERSION) && \
+    defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && \
+    LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x3020000fL
+#  define TLS1_3_VERSION 0x0304
+#endif
+
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #  define TO_SOCKET(s) _get_osfhandle(s)
 #else
@@ -32,8 +38,8 @@ VALUE cSSLSocket;
 static VALUE eSSLErrorWaitReadable;
 static VALUE eSSLErrorWaitWritable;
 
-static ID ID_callback_state, id_tmp_dh_callback, id_tmp_ecdh_callback,
-	  id_npn_protocols_encoded;
+static ID id_call, ID_callback_state, id_tmp_dh_callback, id_tmp_ecdh_callback,
+	  id_npn_protocols_encoded, id_each;
 static VALUE sym_exception, sym_wait_readable, sym_wait_writable;
 
 static ID id_i_cert_store, id_i_ca_file, id_i_ca_path, id_i_verify_mode,
@@ -46,52 +52,26 @@ static ID id_i_cert_store, id_i_ca_file, id_i_ca_path, id_i_verify_mode,
 	  id_i_verify_hostname;
 static ID id_i_io, id_i_context, id_i_hostname;
 
-/*
- * SSLContext class
- */
-static const struct {
-    const char *name;
-    SSL_METHOD *(*func)(void); /* FIXME: constify when dropping 0.9.8 */
-    int version;
-} ossl_ssl_method_tab[] = {
-#if defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_MIN_PROTO_VERSION)
-#define OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(name, version) \
-    { #name,          (SSL_METHOD *(*)(void))TLS_method, version }, \
-    { #name"_server", (SSL_METHOD *(*)(void))TLS_server_method, version }, \
-    { #name"_client", (SSL_METHOD *(*)(void))TLS_client_method, version }
-#else
-#define OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(name, version) \
-    { #name,          (SSL_METHOD *(*)(void))name##_method, version }, \
-    { #name"_server", (SSL_METHOD *(*)(void))name##_server_method, version }, \
-    { #name"_client", (SSL_METHOD *(*)(void))name##_client_method, version }
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_SSLV2_METHOD)
-    OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv2, SSL2_VERSION),
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_SSLV3_METHOD)
-    OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv3, SSL3_VERSION),
-#endif
-    OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(TLSv1, TLS1_VERSION),
-#if defined(HAVE_TLSV1_1_METHOD)
-    OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(TLSv1_1, TLS1_1_VERSION),
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_TLSV1_2_METHOD)
-    OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(TLSv1_2, TLS1_2_VERSION),
-#endif
-    OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY(SSLv23, 0),
-#undef OSSL_SSL_METHOD_ENTRY
-};
-
 static int ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx;
-static int ossl_ssl_ex_store_p;
 static int ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx;
+static int ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx;
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_UP_REF)
+static int ossl_sslctx_ex_store_p;
+#endif
+
+static void
+ossl_sslctx_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx = ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)SSL_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx));
+}
 
 static void
 ossl_sslctx_free(void *ptr)
 {
     SSL_CTX *ctx = ptr;
 #if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_UP_REF)
-    if(ctx && SSL_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, ossl_ssl_ex_store_p)== (void*)1)
+    if (ctx && SSL_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, ossl_sslctx_ex_store_p))
 	ctx->cert_store = NULL;
 #endif
     SSL_CTX_free(ctx);
@@ -100,7 +80,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_sslctx_type = {
     "OpenSSL/SSL/CTX",
     {
-	0, ossl_sslctx_free,
+        ossl_sslctx_mark, ossl_sslctx_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
@@ -109,22 +89,24 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     SSL_CTX *ctx;
-    long mode = SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE |
-	SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER;
+    long mode = 0 |
+	SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE |
+	SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER |
+	SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS;
     VALUE obj;
 
-#ifdef SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS
-    mode |= SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS;
-#endif
-
     obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &ossl_sslctx_type, 0);
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+    ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_method());
+#else
     ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv23_method());
+#endif
     if (!ctx) {
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_new");
     }
     SSL_CTX_set_mode(ctx, mode);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = ctx;
-    SSL_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx, (void*)obj);
+    SSL_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx, (void *)obj);
 
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC) && defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_ECDH_AUTO)
     /* We use SSL_CTX_set1_curves_list() to specify the curve used in ECDH. It
@@ -141,49 +123,91 @@ ossl_sslctx_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+static int
+parse_proto_version(VALUE str)
+{
+    int i;
+    static const struct {
+	const char *name;
+	int version;
+    } map[] = {
+	{ "SSL2", SSL2_VERSION },
+	{ "SSL3", SSL3_VERSION },
+	{ "TLS1", TLS1_VERSION },
+	{ "TLS1_1", TLS1_1_VERSION },
+	{ "TLS1_2", TLS1_2_VERSION },
+#ifdef TLS1_3_VERSION
+	{ "TLS1_3", TLS1_3_VERSION },
+#endif
+    };
+
+    if (NIL_P(str))
+	return 0;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(str))
+	return NUM2INT(str);
+
+    if (SYMBOL_P(str))
+	str = rb_sym2str(str);
+    StringValue(str);
+    for (i = 0; i < numberof(map); i++)
+	if (!strncmp(map[i].name, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str)))
+	    return map[i].version;
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized version %+"PRIsVALUE, str);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    ctx.ssl_version = :TLSv1
- *    ctx.ssl_version = "SSLv23_client"
- *
- * Sets the SSL/TLS protocol version for the context. This forces connections to
- * use only the specified protocol version.
+ *    ctx.set_minmax_proto_version(min, max) -> nil
  *
- * You can get a list of valid versions with OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::METHODS
+ * Sets the minimum and maximum supported protocol versions. See #min_version=
+ * and #max_version=.
  */
 static VALUE
-ossl_sslctx_set_ssl_version(VALUE self, VALUE ssl_method)
+ossl_sslctx_set_minmax_proto_version(VALUE self, VALUE min_v, VALUE max_v)
 {
     SSL_CTX *ctx;
-    const char *s;
-    VALUE m = ssl_method;
-    int i;
+    int min, max;
 
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(ssl_method, T_SYMBOL))
-	m = rb_sym2str(ssl_method);
-    s = StringValueCStr(m);
-    for (i = 0; i < numberof(ossl_ssl_method_tab); i++) {
-        if (strcmp(ossl_ssl_method_tab[i].name, s) == 0) {
-#if defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_MIN_PROTO_VERSION)
-	    int version = ossl_ssl_method_tab[i].version;
-#endif
-	    SSL_METHOD *method = ossl_ssl_method_tab[i].func();
-
-	    if (SSL_CTX_set_ssl_version(ctx, method) != 1)
-		ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_ssl_version");
+    min = parse_proto_version(min_v);
+    max = parse_proto_version(max_v);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_MIN_PROTO_VERSION
+    if (!SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx, min))
+	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version");
+    if (!SSL_CTX_set_max_proto_version(ctx, max))
+	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_max_proto_version");
+#else
+    {
+	unsigned long sum = 0, opts = 0;
+	int i;
+	static const struct {
+	    int ver;
+	    unsigned long opts;
+	} options_map[] = {
+	    { SSL2_VERSION, SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2 },
+	    { SSL3_VERSION, SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3 },
+	    { TLS1_VERSION, SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1 },
+	    { TLS1_1_VERSION, SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_1 },
+	    { TLS1_2_VERSION, SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_2 },
+# if defined(TLS1_3_VERSION)
+	    { TLS1_3_VERSION, SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_3 },
+# endif
+	};
 
-#if defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_MIN_PROTO_VERSION)
-	    if (!SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx, version))
-		ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version");
-	    if (!SSL_CTX_set_max_proto_version(ctx, version))
-		ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_max_proto_version");
-#endif
-	    return ssl_method;
-        }
+	for (i = 0; i < numberof(options_map); i++) {
+	    sum |= options_map[i].opts;
+            if ((min && min > options_map[i].ver) ||
+                (max && max < options_map[i].ver)) {
+		opts |= options_map[i].opts;
+            }
+	}
+	SSL_CTX_clear_options(ctx, sum);
+	SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, opts);
     }
+#endif
 
-    ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown SSL method `%"PRIsVALUE"'.", m);
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -196,7 +220,7 @@ ossl_call_client_cert_cb(VALUE obj)
     if (NIL_P(cb))
 	return Qnil;
 
-    ary = rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, obj);
+    ary = rb_funcallv(cb, id_call, 1, &obj);
     Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
     GetX509CertPtr(cert = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0));
     GetPrivPKeyPtr(key = rb_ary_entry(ary, 1));
@@ -239,8 +263,8 @@ ossl_call_tmp_dh_callback(struct tmp_dh_callback_args *args)
     cb = rb_funcall(args->ssl_obj, args->id, 0);
     if (NIL_P(cb))
 	return NULL;
-    dh = rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 3,
-		    args->ssl_obj, INT2NUM(args->is_export), INT2NUM(args->keylength));
+    dh = rb_funcall(cb, id_call, 3, args->ssl_obj, INT2NUM(args->is_export),
+		    INT2NUM(args->keylength));
     pkey = GetPKeyPtr(dh);
     if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != args->type)
 	return NULL;
@@ -348,7 +372,14 @@ ossl_ssl_verify_callback(int preverify_ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
 	    rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(status));
 	    return 0;
 	}
-	preverify_ok = ret == Qtrue;
+        if (ret != Qtrue) {
+            preverify_ok = 0;
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH)
+            X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH);
+#else
+            X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED);
+#endif
+        }
     }
 
     return ossl_verify_cb_call(cb, preverify_ok, ctx);
@@ -365,12 +396,11 @@ ossl_call_session_get_cb(VALUE ary)
     cb = rb_funcall(ssl_obj, rb_intern("session_get_cb"), 0);
     if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
 
-    return rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ary);
+    return rb_funcallv(cb, id_call, 1, &ary);
 }
 
-/* this method is currently only called for servers (in OpenSSL <= 0.9.8e) */
 static SSL_SESSION *
-#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000L && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#if (!defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) ? OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 : LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x2080000f)
 ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb(SSL *ssl, const unsigned char *buf, int len, int *copy)
 #else
 ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb(SSL *ssl, unsigned char *buf, int len, int *copy)
@@ -378,13 +408,10 @@ ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb(SSL *ssl, unsigned char *buf, int len, int *copy)
 {
     VALUE ary, ssl_obj, ret_obj;
     SSL_SESSION *sess;
-    void *ptr;
     int state = 0;
 
     OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION get callback entered");
-    if ((ptr = SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
-    	return NULL;
-    ssl_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
+    ssl_obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
     ary = rb_ary_new2(2);
     rb_ary_push(ary, ssl_obj);
     rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new((const char *)buf, len));
@@ -397,7 +424,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_session_get_cb(SSL *ssl, unsigned char *buf, int len, int *copy)
     if (!rb_obj_is_instance_of(ret_obj, cSSLSession))
         return NULL;
 
-    SafeGetSSLSession(ret_obj, sess);
+    GetSSLSession(ret_obj, sess);
     *copy = 1;
 
     return sess;
@@ -414,7 +441,7 @@ ossl_call_session_new_cb(VALUE ary)
     cb = rb_funcall(ssl_obj, rb_intern("session_new_cb"), 0);
     if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
 
-    return rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ary);
+    return rb_funcallv(cb, id_call, 1, &ary);
 }
 
 /* return 1 normal.  return 0 removes the session */
@@ -422,14 +449,11 @@ static int
 ossl_sslctx_session_new_cb(SSL *ssl, SSL_SESSION *sess)
 {
     VALUE ary, ssl_obj, sess_obj;
-    void *ptr;
     int state = 0;
 
     OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION new callback entered");
 
-    if ((ptr = SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
-    	return 1;
-    ssl_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
+    ssl_obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
     sess_obj = rb_obj_alloc(cSSLSession);
     SSL_SESSION_up_ref(sess);
     DATA_PTR(sess_obj) = sess;
@@ -464,21 +488,25 @@ ossl_call_session_remove_cb(VALUE ary)
     cb = rb_attr_get(sslctx_obj, id_i_session_remove_cb);
     if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
 
-    return rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ary);
+    return rb_funcallv(cb, id_call, 1, &ary);
 }
 
 static void
 ossl_sslctx_session_remove_cb(SSL_CTX *ctx, SSL_SESSION *sess)
 {
     VALUE ary, sslctx_obj, sess_obj;
-    void *ptr;
     int state = 0;
 
+    /*
+     * This callback is also called for all sessions in the internal store
+     * when SSL_CTX_free() is called.
+     */
+    if (rb_during_gc())
+	return;
+
     OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION remove callback entered");
 
-    if ((ptr = SSL_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
-    	return;
-    sslctx_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
+    sslctx_obj = (VALUE)SSL_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx);
     sess_obj = rb_obj_alloc(cSSLSession);
     SSL_SESSION_up_ref(sess);
     DATA_PTR(sess_obj) = sess;
@@ -514,7 +542,6 @@ ossl_sslctx_add_extra_chain_cert_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, arg))
 
 static VALUE ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self);
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME
 static VALUE
 ossl_call_servername_cb(VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -527,7 +554,7 @@ ossl_call_servername_cb(VALUE ary)
     cb = rb_attr_get(sslctx_obj, id_i_servername_cb);
     if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
 
-    ret_obj = rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ary);
+    ret_obj = rb_funcallv(cb, id_call, 1, &ary);
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ret_obj, cSSLContext)) {
         SSL *ssl;
         SSL_CTX *ctx2;
@@ -549,16 +576,13 @@ static int
 ssl_servername_cb(SSL *ssl, int *ad, void *arg)
 {
     VALUE ary, ssl_obj;
-    void *ptr;
     int state = 0;
     const char *servername = SSL_get_servername(ssl, TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name);
 
     if (!servername)
         return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
 
-    if ((ptr = SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
-    	return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_ALERT_FATAL;
-    ssl_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
+    ssl_obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
     ary = rb_ary_new2(2);
     rb_ary_push(ary, ssl_obj);
     rb_ary_push(ary, rb_str_new2(servername));
@@ -571,29 +595,24 @@ ssl_servername_cb(SSL *ssl, int *ad, void *arg)
 
     return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
 ssl_renegotiation_cb(const SSL *ssl)
 {
     VALUE ssl_obj, sslctx_obj, cb;
-    void *ptr;
-
-    if ((ptr = SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx)) == NULL)
-	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL object could not be retrieved");
-    ssl_obj = (VALUE)ptr;
 
+    ssl_obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
     sslctx_obj = rb_attr_get(ssl_obj, id_i_context);
     cb = rb_attr_get(sslctx_obj, id_i_renegotiation_cb);
     if (NIL_P(cb)) return;
 
-    (void) rb_funcall(cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, ssl_obj);
+    rb_funcallv(cb, id_call, 1, &ssl_obj);
 }
 
-#if defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_NEXT_PROTO_SELECT_CB) || \
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG) || \
     defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_ALPN_SELECT_CB)
 static VALUE
-ssl_npn_encode_protocol_i(VALUE cur, VALUE encoded)
+ssl_npn_encode_protocol_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(cur, encoded))
 {
     int len = RSTRING_LENINT(cur);
     char len_byte;
@@ -610,7 +629,7 @@ static VALUE
 ssl_encode_npn_protocols(VALUE protocols)
 {
     VALUE encoded = rb_str_new(NULL, 0);
-    rb_iterate(rb_each, protocols, ssl_npn_encode_protocol_i, encoded);
+    rb_block_call(protocols, id_each, 0, 0, ssl_npn_encode_protocol_i, encoded);
     return encoded;
 }
 
@@ -637,7 +656,7 @@ npn_select_cb_common_i(VALUE tmp)
 	in += l;
     }
 
-    selected = rb_funcall(args->cb, rb_intern("call"), 1, protocols);
+    selected = rb_funcallv(args->cb, id_call, 1, &protocols);
     StringValue(selected);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(selected);
     if (len < 1 || len >= 256) {
@@ -675,12 +694,12 @@ ssl_npn_select_cb_common(SSL *ssl, VALUE cb, const unsigned char **out,
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_NEXT_PROTO_SELECT_CB
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
 static int
 ssl_npn_advertise_cb(SSL *ssl, const unsigned char **out, unsigned int *outlen,
 		     void *arg)
 {
-    VALUE protocols = (VALUE)arg;
+    VALUE protocols = rb_attr_get((VALUE)arg, id_npn_protocols_encoded);
 
     *out = (const unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(protocols);
     *outlen = RSTRING_LENINT(protocols);
@@ -735,7 +754,11 @@ ossl_sslctx_get_options(VALUE self)
 {
     SSL_CTX *ctx;
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
-    return LONG2NUM(SSL_CTX_get_options(ctx));
+    /*
+     * Do explicit cast because SSL_CTX_get_options() returned (signed) long in
+     * OpenSSL before 1.1.0.
+     */
+    return ULONG2NUM((unsigned long)SSL_CTX_get_options(ctx));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -754,7 +777,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_options(VALUE self, VALUE options)
     if (NIL_P(options)) {
 	SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, SSL_OP_ALL);
     } else {
-	SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, NUM2LONG(options));
+	SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, NUM2ULONG(options));
     }
 
     return self;
@@ -807,6 +830,10 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     }
 #endif /* OPENSSL_NO_EC */
 
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_POST_HANDSHAKE_AUTH
+    SSL_CTX_set_post_handshake_auth(ctx, 1);
+#endif
+
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_cert_store);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	X509_STORE *store = GetX509StorePtr(val); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
@@ -818,7 +845,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 	 *   X509_STORE_free() doesn't care it.
 	 *   So we won't increment it but mark it by ex_data.
 	 */
-        SSL_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, ossl_ssl_ex_store_p, (void *)1);
+        SSL_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, ossl_sslctx_ex_store_p, ctx);
 #else /* Fixed in OpenSSL 1.0.2; bff9ce4db38b (master), 5b4b9ce976fc (1.0.2) */
 	X509_STORE_up_ref(store);
 #endif
@@ -889,12 +916,12 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_verify_depth);
     if(!NIL_P(val)) SSL_CTX_set_verify_depth(ctx, NUM2INT(val));
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_NEXT_PROTO_SELECT_CB
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_npn_protocols);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	VALUE encoded = ssl_encode_npn_protocols(val);
 	rb_ivar_set(self, id_npn_protocols_encoded, encoded);
-	SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised_cb(ctx, ssl_npn_advertise_cb, (void *)encoded);
+	SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised_cb(ctx, ssl_npn_advertise_cb, (void *)self);
 	OSSL_Debug("SSL NPN advertise callback added");
     }
     if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_npn_select_cb))) {
@@ -944,13 +971,11 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 	OSSL_Debug("SSL SESSION remove callback added");
     }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_servername_cb);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
         SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_servername_callback(ctx, ssl_servername_cb);
 	OSSL_Debug("SSL TLSEXT servername callback added");
     }
-#endif
 
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -987,12 +1012,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_get_ciphers(VALUE self)
     int i, num;
 
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
-    if(!ctx){
-        rb_warning("SSL_CTX is not initialized.");
-        return Qnil;
-    }
     ciphers = SSL_CTX_get_ciphers(ctx);
-
     if (!ciphers)
         return rb_ary_new();
 
@@ -1040,10 +1060,6 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
     }
 
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
-    if(!ctx){
-        ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX is not initialized.");
-        return Qnil;
-    }
     if (!SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ctx, StringValueCStr(str))) {
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list");
     }
@@ -1198,11 +1214,139 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_security_level(VALUE self, VALUE value)
     return value;
 }
 
+#ifdef SSL_MODE_SEND_FALLBACK_SCSV
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ctx.enable_fallback_scsv() => nil
+ *
+ * Activate TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV for this context.
+ * See RFC 7507.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_enable_fallback_scsv(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+
+    GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
+    SSL_CTX_set_mode(ctx, SSL_MODE_SEND_FALLBACK_SCSV);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ctx.add_certificate(certiticate, pkey [, extra_certs]) -> self
+ *
+ * Adds a certificate to the context. _pkey_ must be a corresponding private
+ * key with _certificate_.
+ *
+ * Multiple certificates with different public key type can be added by
+ * repeated calls of this method, and OpenSSL will choose the most appropriate
+ * certificate during the handshake.
+ *
+ * #cert=, #key=, and #extra_chain_cert= are old accessor methods for setting
+ * certificate and internally call this method.
+ *
+ * === Parameters
+ * _certificate_::
+ *   A certificate. An instance of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.
+ * _pkey_::
+ *   The private key for _certificate_. An instance of OpenSSL::PKey::PKey.
+ * _extra_certs_::
+ *   Optional. An array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate. When sending a
+ *   certificate chain, the certificates specified by this are sent following
+ *   _certificate_, in the order in the array.
+ *
+ * === Example
+ *   rsa_cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(...)
+ *   rsa_pkey = OpenSSL::PKey.read(...)
+ *   ca_intermediate_cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(...)
+ *   ctx.add_certificate(rsa_cert, rsa_pkey, [ca_intermediate_cert])
+ *
+ *   ecdsa_cert = ...
+ *   ecdsa_pkey = ...
+ *   another_ca_cert = ...
+ *   ctx.add_certificate(ecdsa_cert, ecdsa_pkey, [another_ca_cert])
+ *
+ * === Note
+ * OpenSSL before the version 1.0.2 could handle only one extra chain across
+ * all key types. Calling this method discards the chain set previously.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_sslctx_add_certificate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE cert, key, extra_chain_ary;
+    SSL_CTX *ctx;
+    X509 *x509;
+    STACK_OF(X509) *extra_chain = NULL;
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey, *pub_pkey;
+
+    GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &cert, &key, &extra_chain_ary);
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    x509 = GetX509CertPtr(cert);
+    pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key);
+
+    /*
+     * The reference counter is bumped, and decremented immediately.
+     * X509_get0_pubkey() is only available in OpenSSL >= 1.1.0.
+     */
+    pub_pkey = X509_get_pubkey(x509);
+    EVP_PKEY_free(pub_pkey);
+    if (!pub_pkey)
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "certificate does not contain public key");
+    if (EVP_PKEY_cmp(pub_pkey, pkey) != 1)
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "public key mismatch");
+
+    if (argc >= 3)
+	extra_chain = ossl_x509_ary2sk(extra_chain_ary);
+
+    if (!SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, x509)) {
+	sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
+	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_use_certificate");
+    }
+    if (!SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx, pkey)) {
+	sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
+	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey");
+    }
+
+    if (extra_chain) {
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10002000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+	if (!SSL_CTX_set0_chain(ctx, extra_chain)) {
+	    sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
+	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set0_chain");
+	}
+#else
+	STACK_OF(X509) *orig_extra_chain;
+	X509 *x509_tmp;
+
+	/* First, clear the existing chain */
+	SSL_CTX_get_extra_chain_certs(ctx, &orig_extra_chain);
+	if (orig_extra_chain && sk_X509_num(orig_extra_chain)) {
+	    rb_warning("SSL_CTX_set0_chain() is not available; " \
+		       "clearing previously set certificate chain");
+	    SSL_CTX_clear_extra_chain_certs(ctx);
+	}
+	while ((x509_tmp = sk_X509_shift(extra_chain))) {
+	    /* Transfers ownership */
+	    if (!SSL_CTX_add_extra_chain_cert(ctx, x509_tmp)) {
+		X509_free(x509_tmp);
+		sk_X509_pop_free(extra_chain, X509_free);
+		ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_add_extra_chain_cert");
+	    }
+	}
+	sk_X509_free(extra_chain);
+#endif
+    }
+    return self;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ctx.session_add(session) -> true | false
  *
- * Adds +session+ to the session cache.
+ * Adds _session_ to the session cache.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_session_add(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
@@ -1211,7 +1355,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_session_add(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
     SSL_SESSION *sess;
 
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
-    SafeGetSSLSession(arg, sess);
+    GetSSLSession(arg, sess);
 
     return SSL_CTX_add_session(ctx, sess) == 1 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
@@ -1220,7 +1364,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_session_add(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ctx.session_remove(session) -> true | false
  *
- * Removes +session+ from the session cache.
+ * Removes _session_ from the session cache.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_session_remove(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
@@ -1229,7 +1373,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_session_remove(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
     SSL_SESSION *sess;
 
     GetSSLCTX(self, ctx);
-    SafeGetSSLSession(arg, sess);
+    GetSSLSession(arg, sess);
 
     return SSL_CTX_remove_session(ctx, sess) == 1 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
@@ -1356,9 +1500,9 @@ ossl_sslctx_get_session_cache_stats(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ctx.flush_sessions(time | nil) -> self
+ *     ctx.flush_sessions(time) -> self
  *
- * Removes sessions in the internal cache that have expired at +time+.
+ * Removes sessions in the internal cache that have expired at _time_.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_sslctx_flush_sessions(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1396,6 +1540,14 @@ ssl_started(SSL *ssl)
 }
 
 static void
+ossl_ssl_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    SSL *ssl = ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx));
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx));
+}
+
+static void
 ossl_ssl_free(void *ssl)
 {
     SSL_free(ssl);
@@ -1404,7 +1556,7 @@ ossl_ssl_free(void *ssl)
 const rb_data_type_t ossl_ssl_type = {
     "OpenSSL/SSL",
     {
-	0, ossl_ssl_free,
+        ossl_ssl_mark, ossl_ssl_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
@@ -1420,10 +1572,10 @@ ossl_ssl_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *    SSLSocket.new(io) => aSSLSocket
  *    SSLSocket.new(io, ctx) => aSSLSocket
  *
- * Creates a new SSL socket from +io+ which must be a real IO object (not an
+ * Creates a new SSL socket from _io_ which must be a real IO object (not an
  * IO-like object that responds to read/write).
  *
- * If +ctx+ is provided the SSL Sockets initial params will be taken from
+ * If _ctx_ is provided the SSL Sockets initial params will be taken from
  * the context.
  *
  * The OpenSSL::Buffering module provides additional IO methods.
@@ -1483,7 +1635,8 @@ ossl_ssl_setup(VALUE self)
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
     rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
-    SSL_set_fd(ssl, TO_SOCKET(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr)));
+    if (!SSL_set_fd(ssl, TO_SOCKET(fptr->fd)))
+	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_set_fd");
 
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -1525,6 +1678,9 @@ ossl_start_ssl(VALUE self, int (*func)(), const char *funcname, VALUE opts)
     int ret, ret2;
     VALUE cb_state;
     int nonblock = opts != Qfalse;
+#if defined(SSL_R_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED)
+    unsigned long err;
+#endif
 
     rb_ivar_set(self, ID_callback_state, Qnil);
 
@@ -1548,16 +1704,38 @@ ossl_start_ssl(VALUE self, int (*func)(), const char *funcname, VALUE opts)
 	case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
             if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_writable; }
             write_would_block(nonblock);
-            rb_io_wait_writable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
+            rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd);
             continue;
 	case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
             if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_readable; }
             read_would_block(nonblock);
-            rb_io_wait_readable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
+            rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd);
             continue;
 	case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL:
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+            /* See ossl_ssl_write_internal() */
+            if (errno == EPROTOTYPE)
+                continue;
+#endif
 	    if (errno) rb_sys_fail(funcname);
 	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "%s SYSCALL returned=%d errno=%d state=%s", funcname, ret2, errno, SSL_state_string_long(ssl));
+#if defined(SSL_R_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED)
+	case SSL_ERROR_SSL:
+	    err = ERR_peek_last_error();
+	    if (ERR_GET_LIB(err) == ERR_LIB_SSL &&
+		ERR_GET_REASON(err) == SSL_R_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED) {
+		const char *err_msg = ERR_reason_error_string(err),
+		      *verify_msg = X509_verify_cert_error_string(SSL_get_verify_result(ssl));
+		if (!err_msg)
+		    err_msg = "(null)";
+		if (!verify_msg)
+		    verify_msg = "(null)";
+		ossl_clear_error(); /* let ossl_raise() not append message */
+		ossl_raise(eSSLError, "%s returned=%d errno=%d state=%s: %s (%s)",
+			   funcname, ret2, errno, SSL_state_string_long(ssl),
+			   err_msg, verify_msg);
+	    }
+#endif
 	default:
 	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "%s returned=%d errno=%d state=%s", funcname, ret2, errno, SSL_state_string_long(ssl));
 	}
@@ -1678,40 +1856,53 @@ ossl_ssl_read_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int nonblock)
     }
 
     ilen = NUM2INT(len);
-    if(NIL_P(str)) str = rb_str_new(0, ilen);
-    else{
-        StringValue(str);
-        rb_str_modify(str);
-        rb_str_resize(str, ilen);
+    if (NIL_P(str))
+	str = rb_str_new(0, ilen);
+    else {
+	StringValue(str);
+	if (RSTRING_LEN(str) >= ilen)
+	    rb_str_modify(str);
+	else
+	    rb_str_modify_expand(str, ilen - RSTRING_LEN(str));
     }
-    if(ilen == 0) return str;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, 0);
+    if (ilen == 0)
+	return str;
 
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
     io = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_io);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (ssl_started(ssl)) {
-	if(!nonblock && SSL_pending(ssl) <= 0)
-	    rb_thread_wait_fd(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
-	for (;;){
-	    nread = SSL_read(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str));
+        rb_str_locktmp(str);
+        for (;;) {
+	    nread = SSL_read(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(str), ilen);
 	    switch(ssl_get_error(ssl, nread)){
 	    case SSL_ERROR_NONE:
+                rb_str_unlocktmp(str);
 		goto end;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN:
+                rb_str_unlocktmp(str);
 		if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return Qnil; }
 		rb_eof_error();
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
-		if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_writable; }
-                write_would_block(nonblock);
-                rb_io_wait_writable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
+                if (nonblock) {
+                    rb_str_unlocktmp(str);
+                    if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_writable; }
+                    write_would_block(nonblock);
+                }
+                rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd);
                 continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
-		if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_readable; }
-                read_would_block(nonblock);
-                rb_io_wait_readable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
+                if (nonblock) {
+                    rb_str_unlocktmp(str);
+                    if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_readable; }
+                    read_would_block(nonblock);
+                }
+                rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd);
 		continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL:
 		if (!ERR_peek_error()) {
+                    rb_str_unlocktmp(str);
 		    if (errno)
 			rb_sys_fail(0);
 		    else {
@@ -1726,25 +1917,36 @@ ossl_ssl_read_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int nonblock)
 			rb_eof_error();
 		    }
 		}
+                /* fall through */
 	    default:
+                rb_str_unlocktmp(str);
 		ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_read");
 	    }
         }
     }
     else {
-	ID meth = nonblock ? rb_intern("read_nonblock") : rb_intern("sysread");
-
-	rb_warning("SSL session is not started yet.");
-	if (nonblock)
-	    return rb_funcall(io, meth, 3, len, str, opts);
-	else
-	    return rb_funcall(io, meth, 2, len, str);
+        ID meth = nonblock ? rb_intern("read_nonblock") : rb_intern("sysread");
+
+        rb_warning("SSL session is not started yet.");
+#if defined(RB_PASS_KEYWORDS)
+        if (nonblock) {
+            VALUE argv[3];
+            argv[0] = len;
+            argv[1] = str;
+            argv[2] = opts;
+            return rb_funcallv_kw(io, meth, 3, argv, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
+        }
+#else
+        if (nonblock) {
+            return rb_funcall(io, meth, 3, len, str, opts);
+        }
+#endif
+        else
+            return rb_funcall(io, meth, 2, len, str);
     }
 
   end:
     rb_str_set_len(str, nread);
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
-
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -1753,7 +1955,7 @@ ossl_ssl_read_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int nonblock)
  *    ssl.sysread(length) => string
  *    ssl.sysread(length, buffer) => buffer
  *
- * Reads +length+ bytes from the SSL connection.  If a pre-allocated +buffer+
+ * Reads _length_ bytes from the SSL connection.  If a pre-allocated _buffer_
  * is provided the data will be written into it.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -1772,7 +1974,7 @@ ossl_ssl_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * block.  If "exception: false" is passed, this method returns a symbol of
  * :wait_readable, :wait_writable, or nil, rather than raising an exception.
  *
- * Reads +length+ bytes from the SSL connection.  If a pre-allocated +buffer+
+ * Reads _length_ bytes from the SSL connection.  If a pre-allocated _buffer_
  * is provided the data will be written into it.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -1788,35 +1990,45 @@ ossl_ssl_write_internal(VALUE self, VALUE str, VALUE opts)
     int nwrite = 0;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int nonblock = opts != Qfalse;
-    VALUE io;
+    VALUE tmp, io;
 
-    StringValue(str);
+    tmp = rb_str_new_frozen(StringValue(str));
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
     io = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_io);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (ssl_started(ssl)) {
-	for (;;){
-	    int num = RSTRING_LENINT(str);
+	for (;;) {
+	    int num = RSTRING_LENINT(tmp);
 
 	    /* SSL_write(3ssl) manpage states num == 0 is undefined */
 	    if (num == 0)
 		goto end;
 
-	    nwrite = SSL_write(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(str), num);
+	    nwrite = SSL_write(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), num);
 	    switch(ssl_get_error(ssl, nwrite)){
 	    case SSL_ERROR_NONE:
 		goto end;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
 		if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_writable; }
                 write_would_block(nonblock);
-                rb_io_wait_writable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
+                rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd);
                 continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
 		if (no_exception_p(opts)) { return sym_wait_readable; }
                 read_would_block(nonblock);
-                rb_io_wait_readable(FPTR_TO_FD(fptr));
+                rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd);
                 continue;
 	    case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL:
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+                /*
+                 * It appears that send syscall can return EPROTOTYPE if the
+                 * socket is being torn down. Retry to get a proper errno to
+                 * make the error handling in line with the socket library.
+                 * [Bug #14713] https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14713
+                 */
+                if (errno == EPROTOTYPE)
+                    continue;
+#endif
 		if (errno) rb_sys_fail(0);
 	    default:
 		ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_write");
@@ -1827,11 +2039,21 @@ ossl_ssl_write_internal(VALUE self, VALUE str, VALUE opts)
 	ID meth = nonblock ?
 	    rb_intern("write_nonblock") : rb_intern("syswrite");
 
-	rb_warning("SSL session is not started yet.");
-	if (nonblock)
-	    return rb_funcall(io, meth, 2, str, opts);
-	else
-	    return rb_funcall(io, meth, 1, str);
+        rb_warning("SSL session is not started yet.");
+#if defined(RB_PASS_KEYWORDS)
+        if (nonblock) {
+            VALUE argv[2];
+            argv[0] = str;
+            argv[1] = opts;
+            return rb_funcallv_kw(io, meth, 2, argv, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
+        }
+#else
+        if (nonblock) {
+            return rb_funcall(io, meth, 2, str, opts);
+        }
+#endif
+        else
+            return rb_funcall(io, meth, 1, str);
     }
 
   end:
@@ -1842,7 +2064,7 @@ ossl_ssl_write_internal(VALUE self, VALUE str, VALUE opts)
  * call-seq:
  *    ssl.syswrite(string) => Integer
  *
- * Writes +string+ to the SSL connection.
+ * Writes _string_ to the SSL connection.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
@@ -1854,7 +2076,7 @@ ossl_ssl_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  * call-seq:
  *    ssl.syswrite_nonblock(string) => Integer
  *
- * Writes +string+ to the SSL connection in a non-blocking manner.  Raises an
+ * Writes _string_ to the SSL connection in a non-blocking manner.  Raises an
  * SSLError if writing would block.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -1998,22 +2220,21 @@ ossl_ssl_get_version(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
-* call-seq:
-*    ssl.cipher => [name, version, bits, alg_bits]
-*
-* The cipher being used for the current connection
-*/
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.cipher -> nil or [name, version, bits, alg_bits]
+ *
+ * Returns the cipher suite actually used in the current session, or nil if
+ * no session has been established.
+ */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_get_cipher(VALUE self)
 {
     SSL *ssl;
-    SSL_CIPHER *cipher;
+    const SSL_CIPHER *cipher;
 
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
-
-    cipher = (SSL_CIPHER *)SSL_get_current_cipher(ssl);
-
-    return ossl_ssl_cipher_to_ary(cipher);
+    cipher = SSL_get_current_cipher(ssl);
+    return cipher ? ossl_ssl_cipher_to_ary(cipher) : Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2059,7 +2280,7 @@ ossl_ssl_pending(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    ssl.session_reused? -> true | false
  *
- * Returns true if a reused session was negotiated during the handshake.
+ * Returns +true+ if a reused session was negotiated during the handshake.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_ssl_session_reused(VALUE self)
@@ -2084,7 +2305,7 @@ ossl_ssl_set_session(VALUE self, VALUE arg1)
     SSL_SESSION *sess;
 
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
-    SafeGetSSLSession(arg1, sess);
+    GetSSLSession(arg1, sess);
 
     if (SSL_set_session(ssl, sess) != 1)
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_set_session");
@@ -2092,7 +2313,6 @@ ossl_ssl_set_session(VALUE self, VALUE arg1)
     return arg1;
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    ssl.hostname = hostname -> hostname
@@ -2119,7 +2339,6 @@ ossl_ssl_set_hostname(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
 
     return arg;
 }
-#endif
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -2137,7 +2356,57 @@ ossl_ssl_get_verify_result(VALUE self)
 
     GetSSL(self, ssl);
 
-    return INT2NUM(SSL_get_verify_result(ssl));
+    return LONG2NUM(SSL_get_verify_result(ssl));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.finished_message => "finished message"
+ *
+ * Returns the last *Finished* message sent
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_get_finished(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+    char sizer[1], *buf;
+    size_t len;
+
+    GetSSL(self, ssl);
+
+    len = SSL_get_finished(ssl, sizer, 0);
+    if (len == 0)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    buf = ALLOCA_N(char, len);
+    SSL_get_finished(ssl, buf, len);
+    return rb_str_new(buf, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ssl.peer_finished_message => "peer finished message"
+ *
+ * Returns the last *Finished* message received
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_get_peer_finished(VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+    char sizer[1], *buf;
+    size_t len;
+
+    GetSSL(self, ssl);
+
+    len = SSL_get_peer_finished(ssl, sizer, 0);
+    if (len == 0)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    buf = ALLOCA_N(char, len);
+    SSL_get_peer_finished(ssl, buf, len);
+    return rb_str_new(buf, len);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2163,7 +2432,7 @@ ossl_ssl_get_client_ca_list(VALUE self)
     return ossl_x509name_sk2ary(ca);
 }
 
-# ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_NEXT_PROTO_SELECT_CB
+# ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    ssl.npn_protocol => String | nil
@@ -2234,14 +2503,9 @@ ossl_ssl_tmp_key(VALUE self)
 # endif /* defined(HAVE_SSL_GET_SERVER_TMP_KEY) */
 #endif /* !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK) */
 
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(s) rb_intern_const(s)
 void
 Init_ossl_ssl(void)
 {
-    int i;
-    VALUE ary;
-
 #if 0
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -2249,11 +2513,23 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     rb_mWaitWritable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "WaitWritable");
 #endif
 
-    ID_callback_state = rb_intern("callback_state");
-
-    ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0,(void *)"ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx",0,0,0);
-    ossl_ssl_ex_store_p = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0,(void *)"ossl_ssl_ex_store_p",0,0,0);
-    ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0,(void *)"ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx",0,0,0);
+    id_call = rb_intern_const("call");
+    ID_callback_state = rb_intern_const("callback_state");
+
+    ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx", 0, 0, 0);
+    if (ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx < 0)
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_get_ex_new_index");
+    ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx = SSL_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx", 0, 0, 0);
+    if (ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx < 0)
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_get_ex_new_index");
+    ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx = SSL_CTX_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx", 0, 0, 0);
+    if (ossl_sslctx_ex_ptr_idx < 0)
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_CTX_get_ex_new_index");
+#if !defined(HAVE_X509_STORE_UP_REF)
+    ossl_sslctx_ex_store_p = SSL_CTX_get_ex_new_index(0, (void *)"ossl_sslctx_ex_store_p", 0, 0, 0);
+    if (ossl_sslctx_ex_store_p < 0)
+	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "SSL_CTX_get_ex_new_index");
+#endif
 
     /* Document-module: OpenSSL::SSL
      *
@@ -2269,7 +2545,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * This module contains configuration information about the SSL extension,
      * for example if socket support is enabled, or the host name TLS extension
      * is enabled.  Constants in this module will always be defined, but contain
-     * `true` or `false` values depending on the configuration of your OpenSSL
+     * +true+ or +false+ values depending on the configuration of your OpenSSL
      * installation.
      */
     mSSLExtConfig = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "ExtConfig");
@@ -2301,35 +2577,41 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
 
     /*
      * Context certificate
+     *
+     * The _cert_, _key_, and _extra_chain_cert_ attributes are deprecated.
+     * It is recommended to use #add_certificate instead.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("cert"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("cert"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * Context private key
+     *
+     * The _cert_, _key_, and _extra_chain_cert_ attributes are deprecated.
+     * It is recommended to use #add_certificate instead.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("key"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("key"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * A certificate or Array of certificates that will be sent to the client.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("client_ca"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("client_ca"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * The path to a file containing a PEM-format CA certificate
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("ca_file"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("ca_file"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * The path to a directory containing CA certificates in PEM format.
      *
      * Files are looked up by subject's X509 name's hash value.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("ca_path"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("ca_path"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * Maximum session lifetime in seconds.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("timeout"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("timeout"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * Session verification mode.
@@ -2342,26 +2624,26 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      *
      * See SSL_CTX_set_verify(3) for details.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("verify_mode"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("verify_mode"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * Number of CA certificates to walk when verifying a certificate chain.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("verify_depth"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("verify_depth"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * A callback for additional certificate verification.  The callback is
      * invoked for each certificate in the chain.
      *
-     * The callback is invoked with two values.  +preverify_ok+ indicates
-     * indicates if the verification was passed (true) or not (false).
-     * +store_context+ is an OpenSSL::X509::StoreContext containing the
+     * The callback is invoked with two values.  _preverify_ok_ indicates
+     * indicates if the verification was passed (+true+) or not (+false+).
+     * _store_context_ is an OpenSSL::X509::StoreContext containing the
      * context used for certificate verification.
      *
-     * If the callback returns false, the chain verification is immediately
+     * If the callback returns +false+, the chain verification is immediately
      * stopped and a bad_certificate alert is then sent.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("verify_callback"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("verify_callback"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * Whether to check the server certificate is valid for the hostname.
@@ -2369,18 +2651,21 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * In order to make this work, verify_mode must be set to VERIFY_PEER and
      * the server hostname must be given by OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#hostname=.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("verify_hostname"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("verify_hostname"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * An OpenSSL::X509::Store used for certificate verification.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("cert_store"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("cert_store"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * An Array of extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate
      * chain.
+     *
+     * The _cert_, _key_, and _extra_chain_cert_ attributes are deprecated.
+     * It is recommended to use #add_certificate instead.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("extra_chain_cert"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("extra_chain_cert"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * A callback invoked when a client certificate is requested by a server
@@ -2390,7 +2675,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * containing an OpenSSL::X509::Certificate and an OpenSSL::PKey.  If any
      * other value is returned the handshake is suspended.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("client_cert_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("client_cert_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_EC) && defined(HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_TMP_ECDH_CALLBACK)
     /*
@@ -2403,7 +2688,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * The callback is deprecated. This does not work with recent versions of
      * OpenSSL. Use OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ecdh_curves= instead.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("tmp_ecdh_callback"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("tmp_ecdh_callback"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 #endif
 
     /*
@@ -2411,7 +2696,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * sessions for multiple applications to be distinguished, for example, by
      * name.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("session_id_context"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("session_id_context"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * A callback invoked on a server when a session is proposed by the client
@@ -2420,43 +2705,37 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * The callback is invoked with the SSLSocket and session id.  The
      * callback may return a Session from an external cache.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("session_get_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("session_get_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * A callback invoked when a new session was negotiated.
      *
-     * The callback is invoked with an SSLSocket.  If false is returned the
+     * The callback is invoked with an SSLSocket.  If +false+ is returned the
      * session will be removed from the internal cache.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("session_new_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("session_new_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
     /*
      * A callback invoked when a session is removed from the internal cache.
      *
      * The callback is invoked with an SSLContext and a Session.
+     *
+     * IMPORTANT NOTE: It is currently not possible to use this safely in a
+     * multi-threaded application. The callback is called inside a global lock
+     * and it can randomly cause deadlock on Ruby thread switching.
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("session_remove_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("session_remove_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME
     rb_define_const(mSSLExtConfig, "HAVE_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME", Qtrue);
-#else
-    rb_define_const(mSSLExtConfig, "HAVE_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME", Qfalse);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
-    rb_define_const(mSSLExtConfig, "TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384", Qtrue);
-#else
-    rb_define_const(mSSLExtConfig, "TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384", Qfalse);
-#endif
 
     /*
-     * A callback invoked whenever a new handshake is initiated. May be used
-     * to disable renegotiation entirely.
+     * A callback invoked whenever a new handshake is initiated on an
+     * established connection. May be used to disable renegotiation entirely.
      *
      * The callback is invoked with the active SSLSocket. The callback's
-     * return value is irrelevant, normal return indicates "approval" of the
+     * return value is ignored. A normal return indicates "approval" of the
      * renegotiation and will continue the process. To forbid renegotiation
-     * and to cancel the process, an Error may be raised within the callback.
+     * and to cancel the process, raise an exception within the callback.
      *
      * === Disable client renegotiation
      *
@@ -2464,14 +2743,12 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * renegotiation entirely. You may use a callback as follows to implement
      * this feature:
      *
-     *   num_handshakes = 0
      *   ctx.renegotiation_cb = lambda do |ssl|
-     *     num_handshakes += 1
-     *     raise RuntimeError.new("Client renegotiation disabled") if num_handshakes > 1
+     *     raise RuntimeError, "Client renegotiation disabled"
      *   end
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("renegotiation_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_NEXT_PROTO_SELECT_CB
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("renegotiation_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
     /*
      * An Enumerable of Strings. Each String represents a protocol to be
      * advertised as the list of supported protocols for Next Protocol
@@ -2483,7 +2760,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      *
      *   ctx.npn_protocols = ["http/1.1", "spdy/2"]
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("npn_protocols"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("npn_protocols"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
     /*
      * A callback invoked on the client side when the client needs to select
      * a protocol from the list sent by the server. Supported in OpenSSL 1.0.1
@@ -2500,7 +2777,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      *     protocols.first
      *   end
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("npn_select_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("npn_select_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_ALPN_SELECT_CB
@@ -2515,7 +2792,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      *
      *   ctx.alpn_protocols = ["http/1.1", "spdy/2", "h2"]
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("alpn_protocols"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("alpn_protocols"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
     /*
      * A callback invoked on the server side when the server needs to select
      * a protocol from the list sent by the client. Supported in OpenSSL 1.0.2
@@ -2532,17 +2809,22 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      *     protocols.first
      *   end
      */
-    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern("alpn_select_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("alpn_select_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 #endif
 
     rb_define_alias(cSSLContext, "ssl_timeout", "timeout");
     rb_define_alias(cSSLContext, "ssl_timeout=", "timeout=");
-    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ssl_version=", ossl_sslctx_set_ssl_version, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSSLContext, "set_minmax_proto_version",
+			     ossl_sslctx_set_minmax_proto_version, 2);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ciphers",     ossl_sslctx_get_ciphers, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ciphers=",    ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers, 1);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "ecdh_curves=", ossl_sslctx_set_ecdh_curves, 1);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "security_level", ossl_sslctx_get_security_level, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "security_level=", ossl_sslctx_set_security_level, 1);
+#ifdef SSL_MODE_SEND_FALLBACK_SCSV
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "enable_fallback_scsv", ossl_sslctx_enable_fallback_scsv, 0);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "add_certificate", ossl_sslctx_add_certificate, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "setup", ossl_sslctx_setup, 0);
     rb_define_alias(cSSLContext, "freeze", "setup");
@@ -2605,14 +2887,6 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "options",     ossl_sslctx_get_options, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLContext, "options=",     ossl_sslctx_set_options, 1);
 
-    ary = rb_ary_new2(numberof(ossl_ssl_method_tab));
-    for (i = 0; i < numberof(ossl_ssl_method_tab); i++) {
-        rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(rb_intern(ossl_ssl_method_tab[i].name)));
-    }
-    rb_obj_freeze(ary);
-    /* The list of available SSL/TLS methods */
-    rb_define_const(cSSLContext, "METHODS", ary);
-
     /*
      * Document-class: OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket
      */
@@ -2646,78 +2920,134 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "session=",    ossl_ssl_set_session, 1);
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "verify_result", ossl_ssl_get_verify_result, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "client_ca", ossl_ssl_get_client_ca_list, 0);
-#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME
     /* #hostname is defined in lib/openssl/ssl.rb */
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "hostname=", ossl_ssl_set_hostname, 1);
-#endif
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "finished_message", ossl_ssl_get_finished, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "peer_finished_message", ossl_ssl_get_peer_finished, 0);
 # ifdef HAVE_SSL_GET_SERVER_TMP_KEY
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "tmp_key", ossl_ssl_tmp_key, 0);
 # endif
 # ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_ALPN_SELECT_CB
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "alpn_protocol", ossl_ssl_alpn_protocol, 0);
 # endif
-# ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_NEXT_PROTO_SELECT_CB
+# ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "npn_protocol", ossl_ssl_npn_protocol, 0);
 # endif
 #endif
 
-#define ossl_ssl_def_const(x) rb_define_const(mSSL, #x, LONG2NUM(SSL_##x))
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_NONE", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_NONE));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_PEER", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_PEER));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE));
 
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(VERIFY_NONE);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(VERIFY_PEER);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE);
-    /* Introduce constants included in OP_ALL.  These constants are mostly for
-     * unset some bits in OP_ALL such as;
-     *   ctx.options = OP_ALL & ~OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS
-     */
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_MICROSOFT_SESS_ID_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NETSCAPE_CHALLENGE_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NETSCAPE_REUSE_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_SSLREF2_REUSE_CERT_TYPE_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_MICROSOFT_BIG_SSLV3_BUFFER);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_MSIE_SSLV2_RSA_PADDING);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_SSLEAY_080_CLIENT_DH_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_TLS_D5_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_TLS_BLOCK_PADDING_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_ALL);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_SINGLE_DH_USE);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_EPHEMERAL_RSA);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_TLS_ROLLBACK_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_SSLv2);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_SSLv3);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_TLSv1);
-#if defined(SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_1)
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_TLSv1_1);
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_ALL", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_ALL));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT));
+#ifdef SSL_OP_TLSEXT_PADDING /* OpenSSL 1.0.1h and OpenSSL 1.0.2 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_TLSEXT_PADDING", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_TLSEXT_PADDING));
+#endif
+#ifdef SSL_OP_SAFARI_ECDHE_ECDSA_BUG /* OpenSSL 1.0.1f and OpenSSL 1.0.2 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_SAFARI_ECDHE_ECDSA_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_SAFARI_ECDHE_ECDSA_BUG));
 #endif
-#if defined(SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_2)
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_TLSv1_2);
+#ifdef SSL_OP_ALLOW_NO_DHE_KEX /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_ALLOW_NO_DHE_KEX", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_ALLOW_NO_DHE_KEX));
 #endif
-#if defined(SSL_OP_NO_TICKET)
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_TICKET);
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_TICKET", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_TICKET));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_COMPRESSION", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_ALLOW_UNSAFE_LEGACY_RENEGOTIATION", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_ALLOW_UNSAFE_LEGACY_RENEGOTIATION));
+#ifdef SSL_OP_NO_ENCRYPT_THEN_MAC /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_ENCRYPT_THEN_MAC", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_ENCRYPT_THEN_MAC));
 #endif
-#if defined(SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION)
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NO_COMPRESSION);
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_TLS_ROLLBACK_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_TLS_ROLLBACK_BUG));
+#ifdef SSL_OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION));
 #endif
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_PKCS1_CHECK_1);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_PKCS1_CHECK_2);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NETSCAPE_CA_DN_BUG);
-    ossl_ssl_def_const(OP_NETSCAPE_DEMO_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG);
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_CRYPTOPRO_TLSEXT_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_CRYPTOPRO_TLSEXT_BUG));
+
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_SSLv3", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1_1", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_1));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1_2", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_2));
+#ifdef SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_3 /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1_3", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_3));
+#endif
+
+    /* SSL_OP_* flags for DTLS */
+#if 0
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_QUERY_MTU", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_QUERY_MTU));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_COOKIE_EXCHANGE", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_COOKIE_EXCHANGE));
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_CISCO_ANYCONNECT", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_CISCO_ANYCONNECT));
+#endif
+
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_MICROSOFT_SESS_ID_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_MICROSOFT_SESS_ID_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NETSCAPE_CHALLENGE_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NETSCAPE_CHALLENGE_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 0.9.8q and 1.0.0c. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NETSCAPE_REUSE_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NETSCAPE_REUSE_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.0.1h and 1.0.2. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_SSLREF2_REUSE_CERT_TYPE_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_SSLREF2_REUSE_CERT_TYPE_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_MICROSOFT_BIG_SSLV3_BUFFER", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_MICROSOFT_BIG_SSLV3_BUFFER));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 0.9.7h and 0.9.8b. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_MSIE_SSLV2_RSA_PADDING", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_MSIE_SSLV2_RSA_PADDING));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_SSLEAY_080_CLIENT_DH_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_SSLEAY_080_CLIENT_DH_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_TLS_D5_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_TLS_D5_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_TLS_BLOCK_PADDING_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_TLS_BLOCK_PADDING_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_SINGLE_DH_USE", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_SINGLE_DH_USE));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.0.1k and 1.0.2. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_EPHEMERAL_RSA", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_EPHEMERAL_RSA));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NO_SSLv2", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.0.1. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_PKCS1_CHECK_1", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_PKCS1_CHECK_1));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.0.1. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_PKCS1_CHECK_2", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_PKCS1_CHECK_2));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NETSCAPE_CA_DN_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NETSCAPE_CA_DN_BUG));
+    /* Deprecated in OpenSSL 1.1.0. */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "OP_NETSCAPE_DEMO_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG", ULONG2NUM(SSL_OP_NETSCAPE_DEMO_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG));
+
+
+    /*
+     * SSL/TLS version constants. Used by SSLContext#min_version= and
+     * #max_version=
+     */
+    /* SSL 2.0 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "SSL2_VERSION", INT2NUM(SSL2_VERSION));
+    /* SSL 3.0 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "SSL3_VERSION", INT2NUM(SSL3_VERSION));
+    /* TLS 1.0 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "TLS1_VERSION", INT2NUM(TLS1_VERSION));
+    /* TLS 1.1 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "TLS1_1_VERSION", INT2NUM(TLS1_1_VERSION));
+    /* TLS 1.2 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "TLS1_2_VERSION", INT2NUM(TLS1_2_VERSION));
+#ifdef TLS1_3_VERSION /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 */
+    /* TLS 1.3 */
+    rb_define_const(mSSL, "TLS1_3_VERSION", INT2NUM(TLS1_3_VERSION));
+#endif
+
 
-    sym_exception = ID2SYM(rb_intern("exception"));
-    sym_wait_readable = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wait_readable"));
-    sym_wait_writable = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wait_writable"));
+    sym_exception = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("exception"));
+    sym_wait_readable = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("wait_readable"));
+    sym_wait_writable = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("wait_writable"));
 
-    id_tmp_dh_callback = rb_intern("tmp_dh_callback");
-    id_tmp_ecdh_callback = rb_intern("tmp_ecdh_callback");
-    id_npn_protocols_encoded = rb_intern("npn_protocols_encoded");
+    id_tmp_dh_callback = rb_intern_const("tmp_dh_callback");
+    id_tmp_ecdh_callback = rb_intern_const("tmp_ecdh_callback");
+    id_npn_protocols_encoded = rb_intern_const("npn_protocols_encoded");
+    id_each = rb_intern_const("each");
 
 #define DefIVarID(name) do \
-    id_i_##name = rb_intern("@"#name); while (0)
+    id_i_##name = rb_intern_const("@"#name); while (0)
 
     DefIVarID(cert_store);
     DefIVarID(ca_file);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
index c1a3cd6c1d..535c56097c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.h
@@ -24,11 +24,6 @@
 	} \
 } while (0)
 
-#define SafeGetSSLSession(obj, sess) do { \
-	OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cSSLSession); \
-	GetSSLSession((obj), (sess)); \
-} while (0)
-
 extern const rb_data_type_t ossl_ssl_type;
 extern const rb_data_type_t ossl_ssl_session_type;
 extern VALUE mSSL;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
index 1b602a6cd7..5514087387 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE arg1)
 		if ((ctx = SSL_get1_session(ssl)) == NULL)
 			ossl_raise(eSSLSession, "no session available");
 	} else {
-		BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(arg1);
+		BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg1);
 
 		ctx = PEM_read_bio_SSL_SESSION(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ ossl_ssl_session_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     sess = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self); /* XXX */
-    SafeGetSSLSession(other, sess_other);
+    GetSSLSession(other, sess_other);
 
     sess_new = ASN1_dup((i2d_of_void *)i2d_SSL_SESSION, (d2i_of_void *)d2i_SSL_SESSION,
 			(char *)sess_other);
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ ossl_ssl_session_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return self;
 }
 
-#if !defined(HAVE_SSL_SESSION_CMP)
-int ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(const SSL_SESSION *a, const SSL_SESSION *b)
+static int
+ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(const SSL_SESSION *a, const SSL_SESSION *b)
 {
     unsigned int a_len;
     const unsigned char *a_sid = SSL_SESSION_get_id(a, &a_len);
@@ -108,23 +108,21 @@ int ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(const SSL_SESSION *a, const SSL_SESSION *b)
 
     return CRYPTO_memcmp(a_sid, b_sid, a_len);
 }
-#define SSL_SESSION_cmp(a, b) ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(a, b)
-#endif
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   session1 == session2 -> boolean
  *
- * Returns true if the two Session is the same, false if not.
+ * Returns +true+ if the two Session is the same, +false+ if not.
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_eq(VALUE val1, VALUE val2)
 {
 	SSL_SESSION *ctx1, *ctx2;
 
 	GetSSLSession(val1, ctx1);
-	SafeGetSSLSession(val2, ctx2);
+	GetSSLSession(val2, ctx2);
 
-	switch (SSL_SESSION_cmp(ctx1, ctx2)) {
+	switch (ossl_SSL_SESSION_cmp(ctx1, ctx2)) {
 	case 0:		return Qtrue;
 	default:	return Qfalse;
 	}
@@ -319,7 +317,7 @@ void Init_ossl_ssl_session(void)
 
 	rb_define_alloc_func(cSSLSession, ossl_ssl_session_alloc);
 	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "initialize", ossl_ssl_session_initialize, 1);
-	rb_define_copy_func(cSSLSession, ossl_ssl_session_initialize_copy);
+	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "initialize_copy", ossl_ssl_session_initialize_copy, 1);
 
 	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "==", ossl_ssl_session_eq, 1);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cff9b7bfff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1524 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Martin Bosslet <Martin.Bosslet@googlemail.com>
+ * All rights reserved.
+ */
+/*
+ * This program is licenced under the same licence as Ruby.
+ * (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
+ */
+#include "ossl.h"
+
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_TS
+
+#define NewTSRequest(klass) \
+    TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_ts_req_type, 0)
+#define SetTSRequest(obj, req) do { \
+    if (!(req)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_REQ wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (req); \
+} while (0)
+#define GetTSRequest(obj, req) do { \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), TS_REQ, &ossl_ts_req_type, (req)); \
+    if (!(req)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_REQ wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define NewTSResponse(klass) \
+    TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_ts_resp_type, 0)
+#define SetTSResponse(obj, resp) do { \
+    if (!(resp)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_RESP wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (resp); \
+} while (0)
+#define GetTSResponse(obj, resp) do { \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), TS_RESP, &ossl_ts_resp_type, (resp)); \
+    if (!(resp)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_RESP wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define NewTSTokenInfo(klass) \
+    TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_ts_token_info_type, 0)
+#define SetTSTokenInfo(obj, info) do { \
+    if (!(info)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_TST_INFO wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = (info); \
+} while (0)
+#define GetTSTokenInfo(obj, info) do { \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), TS_TST_INFO, &ossl_ts_token_info_type, (info)); \
+    if (!(info)) { \
+        ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_TST_INFO wasn't initialized."); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define ossl_tsfac_get_default_policy_id(o)      rb_attr_get((o),rb_intern("@default_policy_id"))
+#define ossl_tsfac_get_serial_number(o)          rb_attr_get((o),rb_intern("@serial_number"))
+#define ossl_tsfac_get_gen_time(o)               rb_attr_get((o),rb_intern("@gen_time"))
+#define ossl_tsfac_get_additional_certs(o)       rb_attr_get((o),rb_intern("@additional_certs"))
+#define ossl_tsfac_get_allowed_digests(o)        rb_attr_get((o),rb_intern("@allowed_digests"))
+
+static VALUE mTimestamp;
+static VALUE eTimestampError;
+static VALUE cTimestampRequest;
+static VALUE cTimestampResponse;
+static VALUE cTimestampTokenInfo;
+static VALUE cTimestampFactory;
+static VALUE sBAD_ALG, sBAD_REQUEST, sBAD_DATA_FORMAT, sTIME_NOT_AVAILABLE;
+static VALUE sUNACCEPTED_POLICY, sUNACCEPTED_EXTENSION, sADD_INFO_NOT_AVAILABLE;
+static VALUE sSYSTEM_FAILURE;
+
+static void
+ossl_ts_req_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    TS_REQ_free(ptr);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ts_req_type = {
+    "OpenSSL/Timestamp/Request",
+    {
+        0, ossl_ts_req_free,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static void
+ossl_ts_resp_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    TS_RESP_free(ptr);
+}
+
+static  const rb_data_type_t ossl_ts_resp_type = {
+    "OpenSSL/Timestamp/Response",
+    {
+        0, ossl_ts_resp_free,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static void
+ossl_ts_token_info_free(void *ptr)
+{
+        TS_TST_INFO_free(ptr);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t ossl_ts_token_info_type = {
+    "OpenSSL/Timestamp/TokenInfo",
+    {
+        0, ossl_ts_token_info_free,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static VALUE
+asn1_to_der(void *template, int (*i2d)(void *template, unsigned char **pp))
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    int len;
+    unsigned char *p;
+
+    if((len = i2d(template, NULL)) <= 0)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Error when encoding to DER");
+    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    if(i2d(template, &p) <= 0)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Error when encoding to DER");
+    rb_str_set_len(str, p - (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str));
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+static ASN1_OBJECT*
+obj_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj)
+{
+    ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
+
+    StringValue(obj);
+    a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 0);
+    if(!a1obj) a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 1);
+    if(!a1obj) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid OBJECT ID");
+
+    return a1obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+get_asn1obj(ASN1_OBJECT *obj)
+{
+    BIO *out;
+    VALUE ret;
+    int nid;
+    if ((nid = OBJ_obj2nid(obj)) != NID_undef)
+        ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+    else{
+        if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
+            ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
+        i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, obj);
+        ret = ossl_membio2str(out);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = NewTSRequest(klass);
+    if (!(req = TS_REQ_new()))
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, NULL);
+    SetTSRequest(obj, req);
+
+    /* Defaults */
+    TS_REQ_set_version(req, 1);
+    TS_REQ_set_cert_req(req, 1);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * When creating a Request with the +File+ or +string+ parameter, the
+ * corresponding +File+ or +string+ must be DER-encoded.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new(file)    -> request
+ *       OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new(string)  -> request
+ *       OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new          -> empty request
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *ts_req = DATA_PTR(self);
+    BIO *in;
+    VALUE arg;
+
+    if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0) {
+        return self;
+    }
+
+    arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
+    ts_req = d2i_TS_REQ_bio(in, &ts_req);
+    BIO_free(in);
+    if (!ts_req) {
+        DATA_PTR(self) = NULL;
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Error when decoding the timestamp request");
+    }
+    DATA_PTR(self) = ts_req;
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the 'short name' of the object identifier that represents the
+ * algorithm that was used to create the message imprint digest.
+ *
+ *  call-seq:
+ *       request.algorithm    -> string
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_get_algorithm(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    TS_MSG_IMPRINT *mi;
+    X509_ALGOR *algor;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
+    algor = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_algo(mi);
+    return get_asn1obj(algor->algorithm);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allows to set the object identifier  or the 'short name' of the
+ * algorithm that was used to create the message imprint digest.
+ *
+ * ===Example:
+ *      request.algorithm = "SHA1"
+ *
+ *  call-seq:
+ *       request.algorithm = "string"    -> string
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_set_algorithm(VALUE self, VALUE algo)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    TS_MSG_IMPRINT *mi;
+    ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
+    X509_ALGOR *algor;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    obj = obj_to_asn1obj(algo);
+    mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
+    algor = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_algo(mi);
+    if (!X509_ALGOR_set0(algor, obj, V_ASN1_NULL, NULL)) {
+        ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "X509_ALGOR_set0");
+    }
+
+    return algo;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the message imprint (digest) of the data to be timestamped.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.message_imprint    -> string or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_get_msg_imprint(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    TS_MSG_IMPRINT *mi;
+    ASN1_OCTET_STRING *hashed_msg;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
+    hashed_msg = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_msg(mi);
+
+    ret = rb_str_new((const char *)hashed_msg->data, hashed_msg->length);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the message imprint digest.
+ *
+ *  call-seq:
+ *       request.message_imprint = "string"    -> string
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_set_msg_imprint(VALUE self, VALUE hash)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    TS_MSG_IMPRINT *mi;
+    StringValue(hash);
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
+    if (!TS_MSG_IMPRINT_set_msg(mi, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(hash), RSTRING_LENINT(hash)))
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "TS_MSG_IMPRINT_set_msg");
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the version of this request. +1+ is the default value.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.version -> Integer
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_get_version(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    return LONG2NUM(TS_REQ_get_version(req));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets the version number for this Request. This should be +1+ for compliant
+ * servers.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.version = number    -> Integer
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_set_version(VALUE self, VALUE version)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    long ver;
+
+    if ((ver = NUM2LONG(version)) < 0)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "version must be >= 0!");
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    if (!TS_REQ_set_version(req, ver))
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "TS_REQ_set_version");
+
+    return version;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the 'short name' of the object identifier that represents the
+ * timestamp policy under which the server shall create the timestamp.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.policy_id    -> string or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_get_policy_id(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    if (!TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req))
+        return Qnil;
+    return get_asn1obj(TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allows to set the object identifier that represents the
+ * timestamp policy under which the server shall create the timestamp. This
+ * may be left +nil+, implying that the timestamp server will issue the
+ * timestamp using some default policy.
+ *
+ * ===Example:
+ *      request.policy_id = "1.2.3.4.5"
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.policy_id = "string"   -> string
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_set_policy_id(VALUE self, VALUE oid)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
+    int ok;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    obj = obj_to_asn1obj(oid);
+    ok = TS_REQ_set_policy_id(req, obj);
+    ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+    if (!ok)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "TS_REQ_set_policy_id");
+
+    return oid;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the nonce (number used once) that the server shall include in its
+ * response.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.nonce    -> BN or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_get_nonce(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    const ASN1_INTEGER * nonce;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    if (!(nonce = TS_REQ_get_nonce(req)))
+        return Qnil;
+    return asn1integer_to_num(nonce);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets the nonce (number used once) that the server shall include in its
+ * response. If the nonce is set, the server must return the same nonce value in
+ * a valid Response.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.nonce = number    -> BN
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_set_nonce(VALUE self, VALUE num)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    ASN1_INTEGER *nonce;
+    int ok;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    nonce = num_to_asn1integer(num, NULL);
+    ok = TS_REQ_set_nonce(req, nonce);
+    ASN1_INTEGER_free(nonce);
+    if (!ok)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, NULL);
+    return num;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Indicates whether the response shall contain the timestamp authority's
+ * certificate or not.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.cert_requested?  -> true or false
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_get_cert_requested(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    return TS_REQ_get_cert_req(req) ? Qtrue: Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Specify whether the response shall contain the timestamp authority's
+ * certificate or not. The default value is +true+.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.cert_requested = boolean -> true or false
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_set_cert_requested(VALUE self, VALUE requested)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    TS_REQ_set_cert_req(req, RTEST(requested));
+
+    return requested;
+}
+
+/*
+ * DER-encodes this Request.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       request.to_der    -> DER-encoded string
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_req_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    TS_MSG_IMPRINT *mi;
+    X509_ALGOR *algo;
+    ASN1_OCTET_STRING *hashed_msg;
+
+    GetTSRequest(self, req);
+    mi = TS_REQ_get_msg_imprint(req);
+
+    algo = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_algo(mi);
+    if (OBJ_obj2nid(algo->algorithm) == NID_undef)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Message imprint missing algorithm");
+
+    hashed_msg = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_msg(mi);
+    if (!hashed_msg->length)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Message imprint missing hashed message");
+
+    return asn1_to_der((void *)req, (int (*)(void *, unsigned char **))i2d_TS_REQ);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = NewTSResponse(klass);
+    if (!(resp = TS_RESP_new()))
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, NULL);
+    SetTSResponse(obj, resp);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Creates a Response from a +File+ or +string+ parameter, the
+ * corresponding +File+ or +string+ must be DER-encoded. Please note
+ * that Response is an immutable read-only class. If you'd like to create
+ * timestamps please refer to Factory instead.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       OpenSSL::Timestamp::Response.new(file)    -> response
+ *       OpenSSL::Timestamp::Response.new(string)  -> response
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE der)
+{
+    TS_RESP *ts_resp = DATA_PTR(self);
+    BIO *in;
+
+    der = ossl_to_der_if_possible(der);
+    in  = ossl_obj2bio(&der);
+    ts_resp = d2i_TS_RESP_bio(in, &ts_resp);
+    BIO_free(in);
+    if (!ts_resp) {
+        DATA_PTR(self) = NULL;
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Error when decoding the timestamp response");
+    }
+    DATA_PTR(self) = ts_resp;
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns one of GRANTED, GRANTED_WITH_MODS, REJECTION, WAITING,
+ * REVOCATION_WARNING or REVOCATION_NOTIFICATION. A timestamp token has
+ * been created only in case +status+ is equal to GRANTED or GRANTED_WITH_MODS.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.status -> BN (never nil)
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_get_status(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    TS_STATUS_INFO *si;
+    const ASN1_INTEGER *st;
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    si = TS_RESP_get_status_info(resp);
+    st = TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_status(si);
+
+    return asn1integer_to_num(st);
+}
+
+/*
+ * In cases no timestamp token has been created, this field contains further
+ * info about the reason why response creation failed. The method returns either
+ * nil (the request was successful and a timestamp token was created) or one of
+ * the following:
+ * * :BAD_ALG - Indicates that the timestamp server rejects the message
+ *   imprint algorithm used in the Request
+ * * :BAD_REQUEST - Indicates that the timestamp server was not able to process
+ *   the Request properly
+ * * :BAD_DATA_FORMAT - Indicates that the timestamp server was not able to
+ *   parse certain data in the Request
+ * * :TIME_NOT_AVAILABLE - Indicates that the server could not access its time
+ *   source
+ * * :UNACCEPTED_POLICY - Indicates that the requested policy identifier is not
+ *   recognized or supported by the timestamp server
+ * * :UNACCEPTED_EXTENSIION - Indicates that an extension in the Request is
+ *   not supported by the timestamp server
+ * * :ADD_INFO_NOT_AVAILABLE -Indicates that additional information requested
+ *   is either not understood or currently not available
+ * * :SYSTEM_FAILURE - Timestamp creation failed due to an internal error that
+ *   occurred on the timestamp server
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.failure_info -> nil or symbol
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_get_failure_info(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    TS_STATUS_INFO *si;
+
+    /* The ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit changed from 1.0.0. to 1.1.0, making this
+     * const. */
+    #if defined(HAVE_TS_STATUS_INFO_GET0_FAILURE_INFO)
+    const ASN1_BIT_STRING *fi;
+    #else
+    ASN1_BIT_STRING *fi;
+    #endif
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    si = TS_RESP_get_status_info(resp);
+    fi = TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_failure_info(si);
+    if (!fi)
+        return Qnil;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_BAD_ALG))
+        return sBAD_ALG;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_BAD_REQUEST))
+        return sBAD_REQUEST;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_BAD_DATA_FORMAT))
+        return sBAD_DATA_FORMAT;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_TIME_NOT_AVAILABLE))
+        return sTIME_NOT_AVAILABLE;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_UNACCEPTED_POLICY))
+        return sUNACCEPTED_POLICY;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_UNACCEPTED_EXTENSION))
+        return sUNACCEPTED_EXTENSION;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_ADD_INFO_NOT_AVAILABLE))
+        return sADD_INFO_NOT_AVAILABLE;
+    if (ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(fi, TS_INFO_SYSTEM_FAILURE))
+        return sSYSTEM_FAILURE;
+
+    ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Unrecognized failure info.");
+}
+
+/*
+ * In cases of failure this field may contain an array of strings further
+ * describing the origin of the failure.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.status_text -> Array of strings or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_get_status_text(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    TS_STATUS_INFO *si;
+    const STACK_OF(ASN1_UTF8STRING) *text;
+    ASN1_UTF8STRING *current;
+    int i;
+    VALUE ret = rb_ary_new();
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    si = TS_RESP_get_status_info(resp);
+    if ((text = TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_text(si))) {
+        for (i = 0; i < sk_ASN1_UTF8STRING_num(text); i++) {
+            current = sk_ASN1_UTF8STRING_value(text, i);
+            rb_ary_push(ret, asn1str_to_str(current));
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If a timestamp token is present, this returns it in the form of a
+ * OpenSSL::PKCS7.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.token -> nil or OpenSSL::PKCS7
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_get_token(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    PKCS7 *p7, *copy;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    if (!(p7 = TS_RESP_get_token(resp)))
+        return Qnil;
+
+    obj = NewPKCS7(cPKCS7);
+
+    if (!(copy = PKCS7_dup(p7)))
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, NULL);
+
+    SetPKCS7(obj, copy);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the response's token info if present.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.token_info -> nil or OpenSSL::Timestamp::TokenInfo
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_get_token_info(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    TS_TST_INFO *info, *copy;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    if (!(info = TS_RESP_get_tst_info(resp)))
+        return Qnil;
+
+    obj = NewTSTokenInfo(cTimestampTokenInfo);
+
+    if (!(copy = TS_TST_INFO_dup(info)))
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, NULL);
+
+    SetTSTokenInfo(obj, copy);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If the Request specified to request the TSA certificate
+ * (Request#cert_requested = true), then this field contains the
+ * certificate of the timestamp authority.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.tsa_certificate -> OpenSSL::X509::Certificate or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_get_tsa_certificate(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    PKCS7 *p7;
+    PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *ts_info;
+    X509 *cert;
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    if (!(p7 = TS_RESP_get_token(resp)))
+        return Qnil;
+    ts_info = sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_value(p7->d.sign->signer_info, 0);
+    cert = PKCS7_cert_from_signer_info(p7, ts_info);
+    if (!cert)
+        return Qnil;
+    return ossl_x509_new(cert);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the Response in DER-encoded form.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.to_der -> string
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    return asn1_to_der((void *)resp, (int (*)(void *, unsigned char **))i2d_TS_RESP);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verifies a timestamp token by checking the signature, validating the
+ * certificate chain implied by tsa_certificate and by checking conformance to
+ * a given Request. Mandatory parameters are the Request associated to this
+ * Response, and an OpenSSL::X509::Store of trusted roots.
+ *
+ * Intermediate certificates can optionally be supplied for creating the
+ * certificate chain. These intermediate certificates must all be
+ * instances of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.
+ *
+ * If validation fails, several kinds of exceptions can be raised:
+ * * TypeError if types don't fit
+ * * TimestampError if something is wrong with the timestamp token itself, if
+ *   it is not conformant to the Request, or if validation of the timestamp
+ *   certificate chain fails.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       response.verify(Request, root_store) -> Response
+ *       response.verify(Request, root_store, [intermediate_cert]) -> Response
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_resp_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE ts_req, store, intermediates;
+    TS_RESP *resp;
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    X509_STORE *x509st;
+    TS_VERIFY_CTX *ctx;
+    STACK_OF(X509) *x509inter = NULL;
+    PKCS7* p7;
+    X509 *cert;
+    int status, i, ok;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &ts_req, &store, &intermediates);
+
+    GetTSResponse(self, resp);
+    GetTSRequest(ts_req, req);
+    x509st = GetX509StorePtr(store);
+
+    if (!(ctx = TS_REQ_to_TS_VERIFY_CTX(req, NULL))) {
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Error when creating the verification context.");
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(intermediates)) {
+        x509inter = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(intermediates, &status);
+        if (status) {
+            TS_VERIFY_CTX_free(ctx);
+            rb_jump_tag(status);
+        }
+    } else if (!(x509inter = sk_X509_new_null())) {
+        TS_VERIFY_CTX_free(ctx);
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "sk_X509_new_null");
+    }
+
+    if (!(p7 = TS_RESP_get_token(resp))) {
+        TS_VERIFY_CTX_free(ctx);
+        sk_X509_pop_free(x509inter, X509_free);
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "TS_RESP_get_token");
+    }
+    for (i=0; i < sk_X509_num(p7->d.sign->cert); i++) {
+        cert = sk_X509_value(p7->d.sign->cert, i);
+        if (!sk_X509_push(x509inter, cert)) {
+            sk_X509_pop_free(x509inter, X509_free);
+            TS_VERIFY_CTX_free(ctx);
+            ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "sk_X509_push");
+        }
+        X509_up_ref(cert);
+    }
+
+    TS_VERIFY_CTS_set_certs(ctx, x509inter);
+    TS_VERIFY_CTX_add_flags(ctx, TS_VFY_SIGNATURE);
+    TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_store(ctx, x509st);
+
+    ok = TS_RESP_verify_response(ctx, resp);
+
+    /* WORKAROUND:
+     *   X509_STORE can count references, but X509_STORE_free() doesn't check
+     *   this. To prevent our X509_STORE from being freed with our
+     *   TS_VERIFY_CTX we set the store to NULL first.
+     *   Fixed in OpenSSL 1.0.2; bff9ce4db38b (master), 5b4b9ce976fc (1.0.2)
+     */
+    TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_store(ctx, NULL);
+    TS_VERIFY_CTX_free(ctx);
+
+    if (!ok)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "TS_RESP_verify_response");
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = NewTSTokenInfo(klass);
+    if (!(info = TS_TST_INFO_new()))
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, NULL);
+    SetTSTokenInfo(obj, info);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Creates a TokenInfo from a +File+ or +string+ parameter, the
+ * corresponding +File+ or +string+ must be DER-encoded. Please note
+ * that TokenInfo is an immutable read-only class. If you'd like to create
+ * timestamps please refer to Factory instead.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       OpenSSL::Timestamp::TokenInfo.new(file)    -> token-info
+ *       OpenSSL::Timestamp::TokenInfo.new(string)  -> token-info
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE der)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info = DATA_PTR(self);
+    BIO *in;
+
+    der = ossl_to_der_if_possible(der);
+    in  = ossl_obj2bio(&der);
+    info = d2i_TS_TST_INFO_bio(in, &info);
+    BIO_free(in);
+    if (!info) {
+        DATA_PTR(self) = NULL;
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, "Error when decoding the timestamp token info");
+    }
+    DATA_PTR(self) = info;
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the version number of the token info. With compliant servers,
+ * this value should be +1+ if present. If status is GRANTED or
+ * GRANTED_WITH_MODS.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.version -> Integer or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_version(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    return LONG2NUM(TS_TST_INFO_get_version(info));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the timestamp policy object identifier of the policy this timestamp
+ * was created under. If status is GRANTED or GRANTED_WITH_MODS, this is never
+ * +nil+.
+ *
+ * ===Example:
+ *      id = token_info.policy_id
+ *      puts id                 -> "1.2.3.4.5"
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.policy_id -> string or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_policy_id(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    return get_asn1obj(TS_TST_INFO_get_policy_id(info));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the 'short name' of the object identifier representing the algorithm
+ * that was used to derive the message imprint digest. For valid timestamps,
+ * this is the same value that was already given in the Request. If status is
+ * GRANTED or GRANTED_WITH_MODS, this is never +nil+.
+ *
+ * ===Example:
+ *      algo = token_info.algorithm
+ *      puts algo                -> "SHA1"
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.algorithm -> string or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_algorithm(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+    TS_MSG_IMPRINT *mi;
+    X509_ALGOR *algo;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    mi = TS_TST_INFO_get_msg_imprint(info);
+    algo = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_algo(mi);
+    return get_asn1obj(algo->algorithm);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the message imprint digest. For valid timestamps,
+ * this is the same value that was already given in the Request.
+ * If status is GRANTED or GRANTED_WITH_MODS, this is never +nil+.
+ *
+ * ===Example:
+ *      mi = token_info.msg_imprint
+ *      puts mi                -> "DEADBEEF"
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.msg_imprint -> string.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_msg_imprint(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+    TS_MSG_IMPRINT *mi;
+    ASN1_OCTET_STRING *hashed_msg;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    mi = TS_TST_INFO_get_msg_imprint(info);
+    hashed_msg = TS_MSG_IMPRINT_get_msg(mi);
+    ret = rb_str_new((const char *)hashed_msg->data, hashed_msg->length);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns serial number of the timestamp token. This value shall never be the
+ * same for two timestamp tokens issued by a dedicated timestamp authority.
+ * If status is GRANTED or GRANTED_WITH_MODS, this is never +nil+.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.serial_number -> BN or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_serial_number(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    return asn1integer_to_num(TS_TST_INFO_get_serial(info));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns time when this timestamp token was created. If status is GRANTED or
+ * GRANTED_WITH_MODS, this is never +nil+.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.gen_time -> Time
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_gen_time(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    return asn1time_to_time(TS_TST_INFO_get_time(info));
+}
+
+/*
+ * If the ordering field is missing, or if the ordering field is present
+ * and set to false, then the genTime field only indicates the time at
+ * which the time-stamp token has been created by the TSA.  In such a
+ * case, the ordering of time-stamp tokens issued by the same TSA or
+ * different TSAs is only possible when the difference between the
+ * genTime of the first time-stamp token and the genTime of the second
+ * time-stamp token is greater than the sum of the accuracies of the
+ * genTime for each time-stamp token.
+ *
+ * If the ordering field is present and set to true, every time-stamp
+ * token from the same TSA can always be ordered based on the genTime
+ * field, regardless of the genTime accuracy.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.ordering -> true, falses or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_ordering(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    return TS_TST_INFO_get_ordering(info) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If the timestamp token is valid then this field contains the same nonce that
+ * was passed to the timestamp server in the initial Request.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.nonce -> BN or nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_get_nonce(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+    const ASN1_INTEGER *nonce;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    if (!(nonce = TS_TST_INFO_get_nonce(info)))
+        return Qnil;
+
+    return asn1integer_to_num(nonce);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the TokenInfo in DER-encoded form.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       token_info.to_der -> string
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ts_token_info_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    TS_TST_INFO *info;
+
+    GetTSTokenInfo(self, info);
+    return asn1_to_der((void *)info, (int (*)(void *, unsigned char **))i2d_TS_TST_INFO);
+}
+
+static ASN1_INTEGER *
+ossl_tsfac_serial_cb(struct TS_resp_ctx *ctx, void *data)
+{
+    ASN1_INTEGER **snptr = (ASN1_INTEGER **)data;
+    ASN1_INTEGER *sn = *snptr;
+    *snptr = NULL;
+    return sn;
+}
+
+static int
+#if !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+ossl_tsfac_time_cb(struct TS_resp_ctx *ctx, void *data, long *sec, long *usec)
+#else
+ossl_tsfac_time_cb(struct TS_resp_ctx *ctx, void *data, time_t *sec, long *usec)
+#endif
+{
+    *sec = *((long *)data);
+    *usec = 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Creates a Response with the help of an OpenSSL::PKey, an
+ * OpenSSL::X509::Certificate and a Request.
+ *
+ * Mandatory parameters for timestamp creation that need to be set in the
+ * Request:
+ *
+ * * Request#algorithm
+ * * Request#message_imprint
+ *
+ * Mandatory parameters that need to be set in the Factory:
+ * * Factory#serial_number
+ * * Factory#gen_time
+ * * Factory#allowed_digests
+ *
+ * In addition one of either Request#policy_id or Factory#default_policy_id
+ * must be set.
+ *
+ * Raises a TimestampError if creation fails, though successfully created error
+ * responses may be returned.
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *       factory.create_timestamp(key, certificate, request) -> Response
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_tsfac_create_ts(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE certificate, VALUE request)
+{
+    VALUE serial_number, def_policy_id, gen_time, additional_certs, allowed_digests;
+    VALUE str;
+    STACK_OF(X509) *inter_certs;
+    VALUE tsresp, ret = Qnil;
+    EVP_PKEY *sign_key;
+    X509 *tsa_cert;
+    TS_REQ *req;
+    TS_RESP *response = NULL;
+    TS_RESP_CTX *ctx = NULL;
+    BIO *req_bio;
+    ASN1_INTEGER *asn1_serial = NULL;
+    ASN1_OBJECT *def_policy_id_obj = NULL;
+    long lgen_time;
+    const char * err_msg = NULL;
+    int status = 0;
+
+    tsresp = NewTSResponse(cTimestampResponse);
+    tsa_cert = GetX509CertPtr(certificate);
+    sign_key = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key);
+    GetTSRequest(request, req);
+
+    gen_time = ossl_tsfac_get_gen_time(self);
+    if (!rb_obj_is_instance_of(gen_time, rb_cTime)) {
+        err_msg = "@gen_time must be a Time.";
+        goto end;
+    }
+    lgen_time = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(gen_time, rb_intern("to_i"), 0));
+
+    serial_number = ossl_tsfac_get_serial_number(self);
+    if (NIL_P(serial_number)) {
+        err_msg = "@serial_number must be set.";
+        goto end;
+    }
+    asn1_serial = num_to_asn1integer(serial_number, NULL);
+
+    def_policy_id = ossl_tsfac_get_default_policy_id(self);
+    if (NIL_P(def_policy_id) && !TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req)) {
+        err_msg = "No policy id in the request and no default policy set";
+        goto end;
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(def_policy_id) && !TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req)) {
+        def_policy_id_obj = (ASN1_OBJECT*)rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))obj_to_asn1obj, (VALUE)def_policy_id, &status);
+        if (status)
+            goto end;
+    }
+
+    if (!(ctx = TS_RESP_CTX_new())) {
+        err_msg = "Memory allocation failed.";
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    TS_RESP_CTX_set_serial_cb(ctx, ossl_tsfac_serial_cb, &asn1_serial);
+    if (!TS_RESP_CTX_set_signer_cert(ctx, tsa_cert)) {
+        err_msg = "Certificate does not contain the timestamping extension";
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    additional_certs = ossl_tsfac_get_additional_certs(self);
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(additional_certs, rb_cArray)) {
+        inter_certs = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(additional_certs, &status);
+        if (status)
+                goto end;
+
+        /* this dups the sk_X509 and ups each cert's ref count */
+        TS_RESP_CTX_set_certs(ctx, inter_certs);
+        sk_X509_pop_free(inter_certs, X509_free);
+    }
+
+    TS_RESP_CTX_set_signer_key(ctx, sign_key);
+    if (!NIL_P(def_policy_id) && !TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req))
+        TS_RESP_CTX_set_def_policy(ctx, def_policy_id_obj);
+    if (TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req))
+        TS_RESP_CTX_set_def_policy(ctx, TS_REQ_get_policy_id(req));
+    TS_RESP_CTX_set_time_cb(ctx, ossl_tsfac_time_cb, &lgen_time);
+
+    allowed_digests = ossl_tsfac_get_allowed_digests(self);
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(allowed_digests, rb_cArray)) {
+        int i;
+        VALUE rbmd;
+        const EVP_MD *md;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(allowed_digests); i++) {
+            rbmd = rb_ary_entry(allowed_digests, i);
+            md = (const EVP_MD *)rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))ossl_evp_get_digestbyname, rbmd, &status);
+            if (status)
+                goto end;
+            TS_RESP_CTX_add_md(ctx, md);
+        }
+    }
+
+    str = rb_protect(ossl_to_der, request, &status);
+    if (status)
+        goto end;
+
+    req_bio = (BIO*)rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))ossl_obj2bio, (VALUE)&str, &status);
+    if (status)
+        goto end;
+
+    response = TS_RESP_create_response(ctx, req_bio);
+    BIO_free(req_bio);
+
+    if (!response) {
+        err_msg = "Error during response generation";
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    /* bad responses aren't exceptional, but openssl still sets error
+     * information. */
+    ossl_clear_error();
+
+    SetTSResponse(tsresp, response);
+    ret = tsresp;
+
+end:
+    ASN1_INTEGER_free(asn1_serial);
+    ASN1_OBJECT_free(def_policy_id_obj);
+    TS_RESP_CTX_free(ctx);
+    if (err_msg)
+        ossl_raise(eTimestampError, err_msg);
+    if (status)
+        rb_jump_tag(status);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * INIT
+ */
+void
+Init_ossl_ts(void)
+{
+    #if 0
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL"); /* let rdoc know about mOSSL */
+    #endif
+
+    /*
+     * Possible return value for +Response#failure_info+. Indicates that the
+     * timestamp server rejects the message imprint algorithm used in the
+     * +Request+
+     */
+    sBAD_ALG = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("BAD_ALG"));
+
+    /*
+     * Possible return value for +Response#failure_info+. Indicates that the
+     * timestamp server was not able to process the +Request+ properly.
+     */
+    sBAD_REQUEST = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("BAD_REQUEST"));
+    /*
+     * Possible return value for +Response#failure_info+. Indicates that the
+     * timestamp server was not able to parse certain data in the +Request+.
+     */
+    sBAD_DATA_FORMAT = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("BAD_DATA_FORMAT"));
+
+    sTIME_NOT_AVAILABLE = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("TIME_NOT_AVAILABLE"));
+    sUNACCEPTED_POLICY = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("UNACCEPTED_POLICY"));
+    sUNACCEPTED_EXTENSION = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("UNACCEPTED_EXTENSION"));
+    sADD_INFO_NOT_AVAILABLE = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("ADD_INFO_NOT_AVAILABLE"));
+    sSYSTEM_FAILURE = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("SYSTEM_FAILURE"));
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Timestamp
+     * Provides classes and methods to request, create and validate
+     * {RFC3161-compliant}[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3161.txt] timestamps.
+     * Request may be used to either create requests from scratch or to parse
+     * existing requests that again can be used to request timestamps from a
+     * timestamp server, e.g. via the net/http. The resulting timestamp
+     * response may be parsed using Response.
+     *
+     * Please note that Response is read-only and immutable. To create a
+     * Response, an instance of Factory as well as a valid Request are needed.
+     *
+     * ===Create a Response:
+     *      #Assumes ts.p12 is a PKCS#12-compatible file with a private key
+     *      #and a certificate that has an extended key usage of 'timeStamping'
+     *      p12 = OpenSSL::PKCS12.new(File.open('ts.p12', 'rb'), 'pwd')
+     *      md = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1')
+     *      hash = md.digest(data) #some binary data to be timestamped
+     *      req = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new
+     *      req.algorithm = 'SHA1'
+     *      req.message_imprint = hash
+     *      req.policy_id = "1.2.3.4.5"
+     *      req.nonce = 42
+     *      fac = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Factory.new
+     *      fac.gen_time = Time.now
+     *      fac.serial_number = 1
+     *      timestamp = fac.create_timestamp(p12.key, p12.certificate, req)
+     *
+     * ===Verify a timestamp response:
+     *      #Assume we have a timestamp token in a file called ts.der
+     *      ts = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Response.new(File.open('ts.der', 'rb')
+     *      #Assume we have the Request for this token in a file called req.der
+     *      req = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new(File.open('req.der', 'rb')
+     *      # Assume the associated root CA certificate is contained in a
+     *      # DER-encoded file named root.cer
+     *      root = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.open('root.cer', 'rb')
+     *      # get the necessary intermediate certificates, available in
+     *      # DER-encoded form in inter1.cer and inter2.cer
+     *      inter1 = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.open('inter1.cer', 'rb')
+     *      inter2 = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.open('inter2.cer', 'rb')
+     *      ts.verify(req, root, inter1, inter2) -> ts or raises an exception if validation fails
+     *
+     */
+    mTimestamp = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "Timestamp");
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Timestamp::TimestampError
+     * Generic exception class of the Timestamp module.
+     */
+    eTimestampError = rb_define_class_under(mTimestamp, "TimestampError", eOSSLError);
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Timestamp::Response
+     * Immutable and read-only representation of a timestamp response returned
+     * from a timestamp server after receiving an associated Request. Allows
+     * access to specific information about the response but also allows to
+     * verify the Response.
+     */
+    cTimestampResponse = rb_define_class_under(mTimestamp, "Response", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cTimestampResponse, ossl_ts_resp_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "initialize", ossl_ts_resp_initialize, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "status", ossl_ts_resp_get_status, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "failure_info", ossl_ts_resp_get_failure_info, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "status_text", ossl_ts_resp_get_status_text, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "token", ossl_ts_resp_get_token, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "token_info", ossl_ts_resp_get_token_info, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "tsa_certificate", ossl_ts_resp_get_tsa_certificate, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "to_der", ossl_ts_resp_to_der, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampResponse, "verify", ossl_ts_resp_verify, -1);
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Timestamp::TokenInfo
+     * Immutable and read-only representation of a timestamp token info from a
+     * Response.
+     */
+    cTimestampTokenInfo = rb_define_class_under(mTimestamp, "TokenInfo", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cTimestampTokenInfo, ossl_ts_token_info_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "initialize", ossl_ts_token_info_initialize, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "version", ossl_ts_token_info_get_version, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "policy_id", ossl_ts_token_info_get_policy_id, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "algorithm", ossl_ts_token_info_get_algorithm, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "message_imprint", ossl_ts_token_info_get_msg_imprint, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "serial_number", ossl_ts_token_info_get_serial_number, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "gen_time", ossl_ts_token_info_get_gen_time, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "ordering", ossl_ts_token_info_get_ordering, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "nonce", ossl_ts_token_info_get_nonce, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampTokenInfo, "to_der", ossl_ts_token_info_to_der, 0);
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request
+     * Allows to create timestamp requests or parse existing ones. A Request is
+     * also needed for creating timestamps from scratch with Factory. When
+     * created from scratch, some default values are set:
+     * * version is set to +1+
+     * * cert_requested is set to +true+
+     * * algorithm, message_imprint, policy_id, and nonce are set to +false+
+     */
+    cTimestampRequest = rb_define_class_under(mTimestamp, "Request", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cTimestampRequest, ossl_ts_req_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "initialize", ossl_ts_req_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "version=", ossl_ts_req_set_version, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "version", ossl_ts_req_get_version, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "algorithm=", ossl_ts_req_set_algorithm, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "algorithm", ossl_ts_req_get_algorithm, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "message_imprint=", ossl_ts_req_set_msg_imprint, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "message_imprint", ossl_ts_req_get_msg_imprint, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "policy_id=", ossl_ts_req_set_policy_id, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "policy_id", ossl_ts_req_get_policy_id, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "nonce=", ossl_ts_req_set_nonce, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "nonce", ossl_ts_req_get_nonce, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "cert_requested=", ossl_ts_req_set_cert_requested, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "cert_requested?", ossl_ts_req_get_cert_requested, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampRequest, "to_der", ossl_ts_req_to_der, 0);
+
+    /*
+     * Indicates a successful response. Equal to +0+.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(cTimestampResponse, "GRANTED", INT2NUM(TS_STATUS_GRANTED));
+    /*
+     * Indicates a successful response that probably contains modifications
+     * from the initial request. Equal to +1+.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(cTimestampResponse, "GRANTED_WITH_MODS", INT2NUM(TS_STATUS_GRANTED_WITH_MODS));
+    /*
+     * Indicates a failure. No timestamp token was created. Equal to +2+.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(cTimestampResponse, "REJECTION", INT2NUM(TS_STATUS_REJECTION));
+    /*
+     * Indicates a failure. No timestamp token was created. Equal to +3+.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(cTimestampResponse, "WAITING", INT2NUM(TS_STATUS_WAITING));
+    /*
+     * Indicates a failure. No timestamp token was created. Revocation of a
+     * certificate is imminent. Equal to +4+.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(cTimestampResponse, "REVOCATION_WARNING", INT2NUM(TS_STATUS_REVOCATION_WARNING));
+    /*
+     * Indicates a failure. No timestamp token was created. A certificate
+     * has been revoked. Equal to +5+.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(cTimestampResponse, "REVOCATION_NOTIFICATION", INT2NUM(TS_STATUS_REVOCATION_NOTIFICATION));
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::Timestamp::Factory
+     *
+     * Used to generate a Response from scratch.
+     *
+     * Please bear in mind that the implementation will always apply and prefer
+     * the policy object identifier given in the request over the default policy
+     * id specified in the Factory. As a consequence, +default_policy_id+ will
+     * only be applied if no Request#policy_id was given. But this also means
+     * that one needs to check the policy identifier in the request manually
+     * before creating the Response, e.g. to check whether it complies to a
+     * specific set of acceptable policies.
+     *
+     * There exists also the possibility to add certificates (instances of
+     * OpenSSL::X509::Certificate) besides the timestamping certificate
+     * that will be included in the resulting timestamp token if
+     * Request#cert_requested? is +true+. Ideally, one would also include any
+     * intermediate certificates (the root certificate can be left out - in
+     * order to trust it any verifying party will have to be in its possession
+     * anyway). This simplifies validation of the timestamp since these
+     * intermediate certificates are "already there" and need not be passed as
+     * external parameters to Response#verify anymore, thus minimizing external
+     * resources needed for verification.
+     *
+     * ===Example: Inclusion of (untrusted) intermediate certificates
+     *
+     * Assume we received a timestamp request that has set Request#policy_id to
+     * +nil+ and Request#cert_requested? to true. The raw request bytes are
+     * stored in a variable called +req_raw+. We'd still like to integrate
+     * the necessary intermediate certificates (in +inter1.cer+ and
+     * +inter2.cer+) to simplify validation of the resulting Response. +ts.p12+
+     * is a PKCS#12-compatible file including the private key and the
+     * timestamping certificate.
+     *
+     *      req = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new(raw_bytes)
+     *      p12 = OpenSSL::PKCS12.new(File.open('ts.p12', 'rb'), 'pwd')
+     *      inter1 = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.open('inter1.cer', 'rb')
+     *      inter2 = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.open('inter2.cer', 'rb')
+     *      fac = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Factory.new
+     *      fac.gen_time = Time.now
+     *      fac.serial_number = 1
+     *      fac.allowed_digests = ["sha256", "sha384", "sha512"]
+     *      #needed because the Request contained no policy identifier
+     *      fac.default_policy_id = '1.2.3.4.5'
+     *      fac.additional_certificates = [ inter1, inter2 ]
+     *      timestamp = fac.create_timestamp(p12.key, p12.certificate, req)
+     *
+     * ==Attributes
+     *
+     * ===default_policy_id
+     *
+     * Request#policy_id will always be preferred over this if present in the
+     * Request, only if Request#policy_id is nil default_policy will be used.
+     * If none of both is present, a TimestampError will be raised when trying
+     * to create a Response.
+     *
+     * call-seq:
+     *       factory.default_policy_id = "string" -> string
+     *       factory.default_policy_id            -> string or nil
+     *
+     * ===serial_number
+     *
+     * Sets or retrieves the serial number to be used for timestamp creation.
+     * Must be present for timestamp creation.
+     *
+     * call-seq:
+     *       factory.serial_number = number -> number
+     *       factory.serial_number          -> number or nil
+     *
+     * ===gen_time
+     *
+     * Sets or retrieves the Time value to be used in the Response. Must be
+     * present for timestamp creation.
+     *
+     * call-seq:
+     *       factory.gen_time = Time -> Time
+     *       factory.gen_time        -> Time or nil
+     *
+     * ===additional_certs
+     *
+     * Sets or retrieves additional certificates apart from the timestamp
+     * certificate (e.g. intermediate certificates) to be added to the Response.
+     * Must be an Array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.
+     *
+     * call-seq:
+     *       factory.additional_certs = [cert1, cert2] -> [ cert1, cert2 ]
+     *       factory.additional_certs                  -> array or nil
+     *
+     * ===allowed_digests
+     *
+     * Sets or retrieves the digest algorithms that the factory is allowed
+     * create timestamps for. Known vulnerable or weak algorithms should not be
+     * allowed where possible.
+     * Must be an Array of String or OpenSSL::Digest subclass instances.
+     *
+     * call-seq:
+     *       factory.allowed_digests = ["sha1", OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256').new] -> [ "sha1", OpenSSL::Digest) ]
+     *       factory.allowed_digests                                               -> array or nil
+     *
+     */
+    cTimestampFactory = rb_define_class_under(mTimestamp, "Factory", rb_cObject);
+    rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("allowed_digests"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("default_policy_id"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("serial_number"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("gen_time"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_attr(cTimestampFactory, rb_intern_const("additional_certs"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cTimestampFactory, "create_timestamp", ossl_tsfac_create_ts, 3);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25fb0e1d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Martin Bosslet <Martin.Bosslet@googlemail.com>
+ * All rights reserved.
+ */
+/*
+ * This program is licenced under the same licence as Ruby.
+ * (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
+ */
+
+#if !defined(_OSSL_TS_H_)
+#define _OSSL_TS_H_
+
+void Init_ossl_ts(void);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_version.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_version.h
deleted file mode 100644
index b98533f48b..0000000000
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_version.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * 'OpenSSL for Ruby' project
- * Copyright (C) 2001-2002  Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
- * All rights reserved.
- */
-/*
- * This program is licensed under the same licence as Ruby.
- * (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
- */
-#if !defined(_OSSL_VERSION_H_)
-#define _OSSL_VERSION_H_
-
-#define OSSL_VERSION "2.0.3"
-
-#endif /* _OSSL_VERSION_H_ */
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c
index 19ec274ae1..4fc0648614 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.c
@@ -20,15 +20,10 @@ ossl_x509_time_adjust(ASN1_TIME *s, VALUE time)
 {
     time_t sec;
 
-#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
     int off_days;
 
     ossl_time_split(time, &sec, &off_days);
     return X509_time_adj_ex(s, off_days, 0, &sec);
-#else
-    sec = time_to_time_t(time);
-    return X509_time_adj(s, 0, &sec);
-#endif
 }
 
 void
@@ -49,7 +44,13 @@ Init_ossl_x509(void)
     Init_ossl_x509revoked();
     Init_ossl_x509store();
 
+    /* Constants are up-to-date with 1.1.1. */
+
+    /* Certificate verification error code */
     DefX509Const(V_OK);
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_UNSPECIFIED) /* 1.0.1r, 1.0.2f, 1.1.0 */
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNSPECIFIED);
+#endif
     DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT);
     DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL);
     DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE);
@@ -81,8 +82,73 @@ Init_ossl_x509(void)
     DefX509Const(V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH);
     DefX509Const(V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH);
     DefX509Const(V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL_ISSUER);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_EXTENSION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CRL_SIGN);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_CRL_EXTENSION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_INVALID_NON_CA);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_PROXY_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_PROXY_CERTIFICATES_NOT_ALLOWED);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_INVALID_EXTENSION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_INVALID_POLICY_EXTENSION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_NO_EXPLICIT_POLICY);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_DIFFERENT_CRL_SCOPE);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_FEATURE);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNNESTED_RESOURCE);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_PERMITTED_VIOLATION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_EXCLUDED_VIOLATION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_SUBTREE_MINMAX);
     DefX509Const(V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_TYPE);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_SYNTAX);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_NAME_SYNTAX);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_CRL_PATH_VALIDATION_ERROR);
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_PATH_LOOP)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_PATH_LOOP);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_VERSION)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_VERSION);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_ALGORITHM);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_CURVE);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_SUITE_B_LOS_NOT_ALLOWED);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_SUITE_B_CANNOT_SIGN_P_384_WITH_P_256);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_EMAIL_MISMATCH);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_IP_ADDRESS_MISMATCH);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_DANE_NO_MATCH)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_DANE_NO_MATCH);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_CA_MD_TOO_WEAK);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CALL)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_INVALID_CALL);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_STORE_LOOKUP)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_STORE_LOOKUP);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_NO_VALID_SCTS)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_NO_VALID_SCTS);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_NAME_VIOLATION)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_NAME_VIOLATION);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_NEEDED)
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_NEEDED);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_FAILED);
+    DefX509Const(V_ERR_OCSP_CERT_UNKNOWN);
+#endif
 
+    /* Certificate verify flags */
+    /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. */
+    DefX509Const(V_FLAG_USE_CHECK_TIME);
     /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. Enables CRL checking for the
      * certificate chain leaf. */
     DefX509Const(V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK);
@@ -112,27 +178,41 @@ Init_ossl_x509(void)
     DefX509Const(V_FLAG_INHIBIT_MAP);
     /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. */
     DefX509Const(V_FLAG_NOTIFY_POLICY);
-#if defined(X509_V_FLAG_EXTENDED_CRL_SUPPORT)
     /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. Enables some additional
      * features including support for indirect signed CRLs. */
     DefX509Const(V_FLAG_EXTENDED_CRL_SUPPORT);
-#endif
-#if defined(X509_V_FLAG_USE_DELTAS)
     /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. Uses delta CRLs. If not
      * specified, deltas are ignored. */
     DefX509Const(V_FLAG_USE_DELTAS);
-#endif
-#if defined(X509_V_FLAG_CHECK_SS_SIGNATURE)
     /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. Enables checking of the
      * signature of the root self-signed CA. */
     DefX509Const(V_FLAG_CHECK_SS_SIGNATURE);
-#endif
 #if defined(X509_V_FLAG_TRUSTED_FIRST)
     /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. When constructing a
      * certificate chain, search the Store first for the issuer certificate.
      * Enabled by default in OpenSSL >= 1.1.0. */
     DefX509Const(V_FLAG_TRUSTED_FIRST);
 #endif
+#if defined(X509_V_FLAG_SUITEB_128_LOS_ONLY)
+    /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=.
+     * Enables Suite B 128 bit only mode. */
+    DefX509Const(V_FLAG_SUITEB_128_LOS_ONLY);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_FLAG_SUITEB_192_LOS)
+    /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=.
+     * Enables Suite B 192 bit only mode. */
+    DefX509Const(V_FLAG_SUITEB_192_LOS);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_FLAG_SUITEB_128_LOS)
+    /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=.
+     * Enables Suite B 128 bit mode allowing 192 bit algorithms. */
+    DefX509Const(V_FLAG_SUITEB_128_LOS);
+#endif
+#if defined(X509_V_FLAG_PARTIAL_CHAIN)
+    /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=.
+     * Allows partial chains if at least one certificate is in trusted store. */
+    DefX509Const(V_FLAG_PARTIAL_CHAIN);
+#endif
 #if defined(X509_V_FLAG_NO_ALT_CHAINS)
     /* Set by Store#flags= and StoreContext#flags=. Suppresses searching for
      * a alternative chain. No effect in OpenSSL >= 1.1.0. */
@@ -161,10 +241,8 @@ Init_ossl_x509(void)
     DefX509Const(PURPOSE_ANY);
     /* Set by Store#purpose=. OCSP helper. */
     DefX509Const(PURPOSE_OCSP_HELPER);
-#if defined(X509_PURPOSE_TIMESTAMP_SIGN)
     /* Set by Store#purpose=. Time stamps signer. */
     DefX509Const(PURPOSE_TIMESTAMP_SIGN);
-#endif
 
     DefX509Const(TRUST_COMPAT);
     DefX509Const(TRUST_SSL_CLIENT);
@@ -173,9 +251,7 @@ Init_ossl_x509(void)
     DefX509Const(TRUST_OBJECT_SIGN);
     DefX509Const(TRUST_OCSP_SIGN);
     DefX509Const(TRUST_OCSP_REQUEST);
-#if defined(X509_TRUST_TSA)
     DefX509Const(TRUST_TSA);
-#endif
 
     DefX509Default(CERT_AREA, cert_area);
     DefX509Default(CERT_DIR, cert_dir);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.h
index a60f7c3da3..4fadfa6b82 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509.h
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ extern VALUE cX509Cert;
 extern VALUE eX509CertError;
 
 VALUE ossl_x509_new(X509 *);
-VALUE ossl_x509_new_from_file(VALUE);
 X509 *GetX509CertPtr(VALUE);
 X509 *DupX509CertPtr(VALUE);
 void Init_ossl_x509cert(void);
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ extern VALUE eX509CRLError;
 
 VALUE ossl_x509crl_new(X509_CRL *);
 X509_CRL *GetX509CRLPtr(VALUE);
-X509_CRL *DupX509CRLPtr(VALUE);
 void Init_ossl_x509crl(void);
 
 /*
@@ -84,9 +82,7 @@ void Init_ossl_x509name(void);
 extern VALUE cX509Req;
 extern VALUE eX509ReqError;
 
-VALUE ossl_x509req_new(X509_REQ *);
 X509_REQ *GetX509ReqPtr(VALUE);
-X509_REQ *DupX509ReqPtr(VALUE);
 void Init_ossl_x509req(void);
 
 /*
@@ -106,11 +102,8 @@ extern VALUE cX509Store;
 extern VALUE cX509StoreContext;
 extern VALUE eX509StoreError;
 
-VALUE ossl_x509store_new(X509_STORE *);
 X509_STORE *GetX509StorePtr(VALUE);
-X509_STORE *DupX509StorePtr(VALUE);
 
-X509_STORE_CTX *GetX509StCtxtPtr(VALUE);
 void Init_ossl_x509store(void);
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
index ae0b347b5f..60846cfe9d 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ATTR wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509Attr(obj, attr) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509Attr); \
-    GetX509Attr((obj), (attr)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -76,7 +72,7 @@ GetX509AttrPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_ATTRIBUTE *attr;
 
-    SafeGetX509Attr(obj, attr);
+    GetX509Attr(obj, attr);
 
     return attr;
 }
@@ -134,7 +130,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetX509Attr(self, attr);
-    SafeGetX509Attr(other, attr_other);
+    GetX509Attr(other, attr_other);
 
     attr_new = X509_ATTRIBUTE_dup(attr_other);
     if (!attr_new)
@@ -319,7 +315,7 @@ Init_ossl_x509attr(void)
     cX509Attr = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "Attribute", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cX509Attr, ossl_x509attr_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cX509Attr, "initialize", ossl_x509attr_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cX509Attr, ossl_x509attr_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Attr, "initialize_copy", ossl_x509attr_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Attr, "oid=", ossl_x509attr_set_oid, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Attr, "oid", ossl_x509attr_get_oid, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Attr, "value=", ossl_x509attr_set_value, 1);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
index cecc3ca09a..e3766b1b16 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CERT wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509(obj, x509) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509Cert); \
-    GetX509((obj), (x509)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -71,46 +67,12 @@ ossl_x509_new(X509 *x509)
     return obj;
 }
 
-VALUE
-ossl_x509_new_from_file(VALUE filename)
-{
-    X509 *x509;
-    FILE *fp;
-    VALUE obj;
-
-    rb_check_safe_obj(filename);
-    obj = NewX509(cX509Cert);
-    if (!(fp = fopen(StringValueCStr(filename), "r"))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "%s", strerror(errno));
-    }
-    rb_fd_fix_cloexec(fileno(fp));
-    x509 = PEM_read_X509(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-    /*
-     * prepare for DER...
-#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_FP_API)
-    if (!x509) {
-    	(void)ERR_get_error();
-	rewind(fp);
-
-	x509 = d2i_X509_fp(fp, NULL);
-    }
-#endif
-    */
-    fclose(fp);
-    if (!x509) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
-    }
-    SetX509(obj, x509);
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
 X509 *
 GetX509CertPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509 *x509;
 
-    SafeGetX509(obj, x509);
+    GetX509(obj, x509);
 
     return x509;
 }
@@ -120,7 +82,7 @@ DupX509CertPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509 *x509;
 
-    SafeGetX509(obj, x509);
+    GetX509(obj, x509);
 
     X509_up_ref(x509);
 
@@ -161,7 +123,7 @@ ossl_x509_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	return self;
     }
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
     x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(in, &x, NULL, NULL);
     DATA_PTR(self) = x;
     if (!x509) {
@@ -184,7 +146,7 @@ ossl_x509_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     if (self == other) return self;
 
     GetX509(self, a);
-    SafeGetX509(other, b);
+    GetX509(other, b);
 
     x509 = X509_dup(b);
     if (!x509) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
@@ -478,7 +440,7 @@ ossl_x509_set_not_before(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
-    if (!X509_set_notBefore(x509, asn1time)) {
+    if (!X509_set1_notBefore(x509, asn1time)) {
 	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notBefore");
     }
@@ -517,7 +479,7 @@ ossl_x509_set_not_after(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
-    if (!X509_set_notAfter(x509, asn1time)) {
+    if (!X509_set1_notAfter(x509, asn1time)) {
 	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notAfter");
     }
@@ -546,18 +508,19 @@ ossl_x509_get_public_key(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    cert.public_key = key => key
+ *    cert.public_key = key
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
     X509 *x509;
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     GetX509(self, x509);
-    if (!X509_set_pubkey(x509, GetPKeyPtr(key))) { /* DUPs pkey */
-	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
-    }
-
+    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
+    if (!X509_set_pubkey(x509, pkey))
+	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_pubkey");
     return key;
 }
 
@@ -573,7 +536,7 @@ ossl_x509_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
     const EVP_MD *md;
 
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     GetX509(self, x509);
     if (!X509_sign(x509, pkey, md)) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
@@ -586,7 +549,8 @@ ossl_x509_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
  * call-seq:
  *    cert.verify(key) => true | false
  *
- * Checks that cert signature is made with PRIVversion of this PUBLIC 'key'
+ * Verifies the signature of the certificate, with the public key _key_. _key_
+ * must be an instance of OpenSSL::PKey.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
@@ -594,9 +558,9 @@ ossl_x509_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     X509 *x509;
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
-    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
     GetX509(self, x509);
-
+    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     switch (X509_verify(x509, pkey)) {
       case 1:
 	return Qtrue;
@@ -610,9 +574,10 @@ ossl_x509_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    cert.check_private_key(key)
+ *    cert.check_private_key(key) -> true | false
  *
- * Checks if 'key' is PRIV key for this cert
+ * Returns +true+ if _key_ is the corresponding private key to the Subject
+ * Public Key Information, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509_check_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
@@ -720,6 +685,26 @@ ossl_x509_inspect(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    cert1 == cert2 -> true | false
+ *
+ * Compares the two certificates. Note that this takes into account all fields,
+ * not just the issuer name and the serial number.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_x509_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    X509 *a, *b;
+
+    GetX509(self, a);
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cX509Cert))
+	return Qfalse;
+    GetX509(other, b);
+
+    return !X509_cmp(a, b) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
  * INIT
  */
 void
@@ -803,7 +788,7 @@ Init_ossl_x509cert(void)
      *   root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("keyUsage","keyCertSign, cRLSign", true))
      *   root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier","hash",false))
      *   root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("authorityKeyIdentifier","keyid:always",false))
-     *   root_ca.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new)
+     *   root_ca.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256'))
      *
      * The next step is to create the end-entity certificate using the root CA
      * certificate.
@@ -822,14 +807,14 @@ Init_ossl_x509cert(void)
      *   ef.issuer_certificate = root_ca
      *   cert.add_extension(ef.create_extension("keyUsage","digitalSignature", true))
      *   cert.add_extension(ef.create_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier","hash",false))
-     *   cert.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new)
+     *   cert.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256'))
      *
      */
     cX509Cert = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "Certificate", rb_cObject);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cX509Cert, ossl_x509_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "initialize", ossl_x509_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cX509Cert, ossl_x509_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "initialize_copy", ossl_x509_copy, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "to_der", ossl_x509_to_der, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "to_pem", ossl_x509_to_pem, 0);
@@ -857,4 +842,5 @@ Init_ossl_x509cert(void)
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "extensions=", ossl_x509_set_extensions, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "add_extension", ossl_x509_add_extension, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "inspect", ossl_x509_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Cert, "==", ossl_x509_eq, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
index f9819f5824..b0badf45c4 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CRL wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509CRL(obj, crl) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509CRL); \
-    GetX509CRL((obj), (crl)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -56,18 +52,7 @@ GetX509CRLPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_CRL *crl;
 
-    SafeGetX509CRL(obj, crl);
-
-    return crl;
-}
-
-X509_CRL *
-DupX509CRLPtr(VALUE obj)
-{
-    X509_CRL *crl;
-
-    SafeGetX509CRL(obj, crl);
-    X509_CRL_up_ref(crl);
+    GetX509CRL(obj, crl);
 
     return crl;
 }
@@ -115,7 +100,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	return self;
     }
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
     crl = PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL(in, &x, NULL, NULL);
     DATA_PTR(self) = x;
     if (!crl) {
@@ -137,7 +122,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     if (self == other) return self;
     GetX509CRL(self, a);
-    SafeGetX509CRL(other, b);
+    GetX509CRL(other, b);
     if (!(crl = X509_CRL_dup(b))) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
@@ -223,10 +208,14 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509crl_get_last_update(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_CRL *crl;
+    const ASN1_TIME *time;
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
+    time = X509_CRL_get0_lastUpdate(crl);
+    if (!time)
+	return Qnil;
 
-    return asn1time_to_time(X509_CRL_get0_lastUpdate(crl));
+    return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -237,7 +226,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_last_update(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
-    if (!X509_CRL_set_lastUpdate(crl, asn1time)) {
+    if (!X509_CRL_set1_lastUpdate(crl, asn1time)) {
 	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_set_lastUpdate");
     }
@@ -250,10 +239,14 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509crl_get_next_update(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_CRL *crl;
+    const ASN1_TIME *time;
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
+    time = X509_CRL_get0_nextUpdate(crl);
+    if (!time)
+	return Qnil;
 
-    return asn1time_to_time(X509_CRL_get0_nextUpdate(crl));
+    return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -264,7 +257,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_next_update(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
-    if (!X509_CRL_set_nextUpdate(crl, asn1time)) {
+    if (!X509_CRL_set1_nextUpdate(crl, asn1time)) {
 	ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
 	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_set_nextUpdate");
     }
@@ -354,7 +347,7 @@ ossl_x509crl_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     if (!X509_CRL_sign(crl, pkey, md)) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
     }
@@ -366,9 +359,12 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509crl_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
     X509_CRL *crl;
+    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
-    switch (X509_CRL_verify(crl, GetPKeyPtr(key))) {
+    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
+    switch (X509_CRL_verify(crl, pkey)) {
       case 1:
 	return Qtrue;
       case 0:
@@ -520,7 +516,7 @@ Init_ossl_x509crl(void)
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cX509CRL, ossl_x509crl_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cX509CRL, "initialize", ossl_x509crl_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cX509CRL, ossl_x509crl_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cX509CRL, "initialize_copy", ossl_x509crl_copy, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(cX509CRL, "version", ossl_x509crl_get_version, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509CRL, "version=", ossl_x509crl_set_version, 1);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
index b92b0786b2..5eb9bd759f 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "EXT wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509Ext(obj, ext) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509Ext); \
-    GetX509Ext((obj), (ext)); \
-} while (0)
 #define MakeX509ExtFactory(klass, obj, ctx) do { \
     (obj) = TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509extfactory_type, 0); \
     if (!((ctx) = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(X509V3_CTX)))) \
@@ -90,7 +86,7 @@ GetX509ExtPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_EXTENSION *ext;
 
-    SafeGetX509Ext(obj, ext);
+    GetX509Ext(obj, ext);
 
     return ext;
 }
@@ -263,15 +259,15 @@ ossl_x509ext_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    OpenSSL::X509::Extension.new asn1
- *    OpenSSL::X509::Extension.new name, value
- *    OpenSSL::X509::Extension.new name, value, critical
+ *    OpenSSL::X509::Extension.new(der)
+ *    OpenSSL::X509::Extension.new(oid, value)
+ *    OpenSSL::X509::Extension.new(oid, value, critical)
  *
  * Creates an X509 extension.
  *
- * The extension may be created from +asn1+ data or from an extension +name+
- * and +value+.  The +name+ may be either an OID or an extension name.  If
- * +critical+ is true the extension is marked critical.
+ * The extension may be created from _der_ data or from an extension _oid_
+ * and _value_.  The _oid_ may be either an OID or an extension name.  If
+ * _critical_ is +true+ the extension is marked critical.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509ext_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -305,7 +301,7 @@ ossl_x509ext_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetX509Ext(self, ext);
-    SafeGetX509Ext(other, ext_other);
+    GetX509Ext(other, ext_other);
 
     ext_new = X509_EXTENSION_dup(ext_other);
     if (!ext_new)
@@ -407,6 +403,19 @@ ossl_x509ext_get_value(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+ossl_x509ext_get_value_der(VALUE obj)
+{
+    X509_EXTENSION *ext;
+    ASN1_OCTET_STRING *value;
+
+    GetX509Ext(obj, ext);
+    if ((value = X509_EXTENSION_get_data(ext)) == NULL)
+	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
+
+    return rb_str_new((const char *)value->data, value->length);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 ossl_x509ext_get_critical(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_EXTENSION *ext;
@@ -441,6 +450,7 @@ ossl_x509ext_to_der(VALUE obj)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509ext(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -469,12 +479,13 @@ Init_ossl_x509ext(void)
     cX509Ext = rb_define_class_under(mX509, "Extension", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cX509Ext, ossl_x509ext_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "initialize", ossl_x509ext_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cX509Ext, ossl_x509ext_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "initialize_copy", ossl_x509ext_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "oid=", ossl_x509ext_set_oid, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "value=", ossl_x509ext_set_value, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "critical=", ossl_x509ext_set_critical, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "oid", ossl_x509ext_get_oid, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "value", ossl_x509ext_get_value, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "value_der", ossl_x509ext_get_value_der, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "critical?", ossl_x509ext_get_critical, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Ext, "to_der", ossl_x509ext_to_der, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
index ac98c1b94c..1522c3d897 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Name wasn't initialized."); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509Name(obj, name) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509Name); \
-    GetX509Name((obj), (name)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE \
   rb_const_get(cX509Name, rb_intern("OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE"))
@@ -81,7 +77,7 @@ GetX509NamePtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_NAME *name;
 
-    SafeGetX509Name(obj, name);
+    GetX509Name(obj, name);
 
     return name;
 }
@@ -135,15 +131,15 @@ ossl_x509name_init_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
  *
  * Creates a new Name.
  *
- * A name may be created from a DER encoded string +der+, an Array
- * representing a +distinguished_name+ or a +distinguished_name+ along with a
- * +template+.
+ * A name may be created from a DER encoded string _der_, an Array
+ * representing a _distinguished_name_ or a _distinguished_name_ along with a
+ * _template_.
  *
  *   name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.new [['CN', 'nobody'], ['DC', 'example']]
  *
  *   name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.new name.to_der
  *
- * See add_entry for a description of the +distinguished_name+ Array's
+ * See add_entry for a description of the _distinguished_name_ Array's
  * contents
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -188,7 +184,7 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetX509Name(self, name);
-    SafeGetX509Name(other, name_other);
+    GetX509Name(other, name_other);
 
     name_new = X509_NAME_dup(name_other);
     if (!name_new)
@@ -202,9 +198,9 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    name.add_entry(oid, value [, type]) => self
+ *    name.add_entry(oid, value [, type], loc: -1, set: 0) => self
  *
- * Adds a new entry with the given +oid+ and +value+ to this name.  The +oid+
+ * Adds a new entry with the given _oid_ and _value_ to this name.  The _oid_
  * is an object identifier defined in ASN.1.  Some common OIDs are:
  *
  * C::  Country Name
@@ -213,24 +209,39 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  * O::  Organization Name
  * OU:: Organizational Unit Name
  * ST:: State or Province Name
+ *
+ * The optional keyword parameters _loc_ and _set_ specify where to insert the
+ * new attribute. Refer to the manpage of X509_NAME_add_entry(3) for details.
+ * _loc_ defaults to -1 and _set_ defaults to 0. This appends a single-valued
+ * RDN to the end.
  */
 static
 VALUE ossl_x509name_add_entry(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     X509_NAME *name;
-    VALUE oid, value, type;
+    VALUE oid, value, type, opts, kwargs[2];
+    static ID kwargs_ids[2];
     const char *oid_name;
+    int loc = -1, set = 0;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &oid, &value, &type);
+    if (!kwargs_ids[0]) {
+	kwargs_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("loc");
+	kwargs_ids[1] = rb_intern_const("set");
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21:", &oid, &value, &type, &opts);
+    rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwargs_ids, 0, 2, kwargs);
     oid_name = StringValueCStr(oid);
     StringValue(value);
     if(NIL_P(type)) type = rb_aref(OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE, oid);
+    if (kwargs[0] != Qundef)
+	loc = NUM2INT(kwargs[0]);
+    if (kwargs[1] != Qundef)
+	set = NUM2INT(kwargs[1]);
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(name, oid_name, NUM2INT(type),
-		(const unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LENINT(value), -1, 0)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
-    }
-
+				    (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(value),
+				    RSTRING_LENINT(value), loc, set))
+	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt");
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -239,52 +250,83 @@ ossl_x509name_to_s_old(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_NAME *name;
     char *buf;
-    VALUE str;
 
     GetX509Name(self, name);
     buf = X509_NAME_oneline(name, NULL, 0);
-    str = rb_str_new2(buf);
-    OPENSSL_free(buf);
+    if (!buf)
+	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_oneline");
+    return ossl_buf2str(buf, rb_long2int(strlen(buf)));
+}
 
-    return str;
+static VALUE
+x509name_print(VALUE self, unsigned long iflag)
+{
+    X509_NAME *name;
+    BIO *out;
+    int ret;
+
+    GetX509Name(self, name);
+    out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
+    if (!out)
+	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
+    ret = X509_NAME_print_ex(out, name, 0, iflag);
+    if (ret < 0 || (iflag == XN_FLAG_COMPAT && ret == 0)) {
+	BIO_free(out);
+	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, "X509_NAME_print_ex");
+    }
+    return ossl_membio2str(out);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    name.to_s => string
- *    name.to_s(flags) => string
+ *    name.to_s         -> string
+ *    name.to_s(format) -> string
  *
- * Returns this name as a Distinguished Name string.  +flags+ may be one of:
+ * Returns a String representation of the Distinguished Name. _format_ is
+ * one of:
  *
  * * OpenSSL::X509::Name::COMPAT
  * * OpenSSL::X509::Name::RFC2253
  * * OpenSSL::X509::Name::ONELINE
  * * OpenSSL::X509::Name::MULTILINE
+ *
+ * If _format_ is omitted, the largely broken and traditional OpenSSL format
+ * is used.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    X509_NAME *name;
-    VALUE flag, str;
-    BIO *out;
-    unsigned long iflag;
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &flag);
-    if (NIL_P(flag))
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    /* name.to_s(nil) was allowed */
+    if (!argc || NIL_P(argv[0]))
 	return ossl_x509name_to_s_old(self);
-    else iflag = NUM2ULONG(flag);
-    if (!(out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())))
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
-    GetX509Name(self, name);
-    if (!X509_NAME_print_ex(out, name, 0, iflag)){
-	BIO_free(out);
-	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
-    }
-    str = ossl_membio2str(out);
+    else
+	return x509name_print(self, NUM2ULONG(argv[0]));
+}
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    name.to_utf8 -> string
+ *
+ * Returns an UTF-8 representation of the distinguished name, as specified
+ * in {RFC 2253}[https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt].
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_x509name_to_utf8(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE str = x509name_print(self, XN_FLAG_RFC2253 & ~ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB);
+    rb_enc_associate_index(str, rb_utf8_encindex());
     return str;
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+ossl_x509name_inspect(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_enc_sprintf(rb_utf8_encoding(), "#<%"PRIsVALUE" %"PRIsVALUE">",
+			  rb_obj_class(self), ossl_x509name_to_utf8(self));
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    name.to_a => [[name, data, type], ...]
@@ -338,36 +380,40 @@ ossl_x509name_cmp0(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     X509_NAME *name1, *name2;
 
     GetX509Name(self, name1);
-    SafeGetX509Name(other, name2);
+    GetX509Name(other, name2);
 
     return X509_NAME_cmp(name1, name2);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    name.cmp other => integer
- *    name.<=> other => integer
+ *    name.cmp(other) -> -1 | 0 | 1 | nil
+ *    name <=> other  -> -1 | 0 | 1 | nil
  *
- * Compares this Name with +other+ and returns 0 if they are the same and -1 or
- * +1 if they are greater or less than each other respectively.
+ * Compares this Name with _other_ and returns +0+ if they are the same and +-1+
+ * or ++1+ if they are greater or less than each other respectively.
+ * Returns +nil+ if they are not comparable (i.e. different types).
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     int result;
 
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cX509Name))
+	return Qnil;
+
     result = ossl_x509name_cmp0(self, other);
     if (result < 0) return INT2FIX(-1);
-    if (result > 1) return INT2FIX(1);
+    if (result > 0) return INT2FIX(1);
 
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   name.eql? other => boolean
+ *   name.eql?(other) -> true | false
  *
- * Returns true if +name+ and +other+ refer to the same hash key.
+ * Returns true if _name_ and _other_ refer to the same hash key.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509name_eql(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -398,7 +444,6 @@ ossl_x509name_hash(VALUE self)
     return ULONG2NUM(hash);
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_X509_NAME_HASH_OLD
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    name.hash_old => integer
@@ -417,7 +462,6 @@ ossl_x509name_hash_old(VALUE self)
 
     return ULONG2NUM(hash);
 }
-#endif
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -454,7 +498,7 @@ ossl_x509name_to_der(VALUE self)
  * You can create a Name by parsing a distinguished name String or by
  * supplying the distinguished name as an Array.
  *
- *   name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse 'CN=nobody/DC=example'
+ *   name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse '/CN=nobody/DC=example'
  *
  *   name = OpenSSL::X509::Name.new [['CN', 'nobody'], ['DC', 'example']]
  */
@@ -462,6 +506,7 @@ ossl_x509name_to_der(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509name(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     VALUE utf8str, ptrstr, ia5str, hash;
 
 #if 0
@@ -478,17 +523,17 @@ Init_ossl_x509name(void)
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cX509Name, ossl_x509name_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "initialize", ossl_x509name_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cX509Name, ossl_x509name_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Name, "initialize_copy", ossl_x509name_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "add_entry", ossl_x509name_add_entry, -1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "to_s", ossl_x509name_to_s, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Name, "to_utf8", ossl_x509name_to_utf8, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Name, "inspect", ossl_x509name_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "to_a", ossl_x509name_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "cmp", ossl_x509name_cmp, 1);
     rb_define_alias(cX509Name, "<=>", "cmp");
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "eql?", ossl_x509name_eql, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "hash", ossl_x509name_hash, 0);
-#ifdef HAVE_X509_NAME_HASH_OLD
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "hash_old", ossl_x509name_hash_old, 0);
-#endif
     rb_define_method(cX509Name, "to_der", ossl_x509name_to_der, 0);
 
     utf8str = INT2NUM(V_ASN1_UTF8STRING);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
index 220d2f40d5..2c20042a92 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Req wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509Req(obj, req) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509Req); \
-    GetX509Req((obj), (req)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -51,49 +47,16 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509req_type = {
 /*
  * Public functions
  */
-VALUE
-ossl_x509req_new(X509_REQ *req)
-{
-    X509_REQ *new;
-    VALUE obj;
-
-    obj = NewX509Req(cX509Req);
-    if (!req) {
-	new = X509_REQ_new();
-    } else {
-	new = X509_REQ_dup(req);
-    }
-    if (!new) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
-    }
-    SetX509Req(obj, new);
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
 X509_REQ *
 GetX509ReqPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_REQ *req;
 
-    SafeGetX509Req(obj, req);
+    GetX509Req(obj, req);
 
     return req;
 }
 
-X509_REQ *
-DupX509ReqPtr(VALUE obj)
-{
-    X509_REQ *req, *new;
-
-    SafeGetX509Req(obj, req);
-    if (!(new = X509_REQ_dup(req))) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
-    }
-
-    return new;
-}
-
 /*
  * Private functions
  */
@@ -123,7 +86,7 @@ ossl_x509req_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	return self;
     }
     arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
-    in = ossl_obj2bio(arg);
+    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
     req = PEM_read_bio_X509_REQ(in, &x, NULL, NULL);
     DATA_PTR(self) = x;
     if (!req) {
@@ -145,7 +108,7 @@ ossl_x509req_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     if (self == other) return self;
     GetX509Req(self, a);
-    SafeGetX509Req(other, b);
+    GetX509Req(other, b);
     if (!(req = X509_REQ_dup(b))) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
@@ -330,11 +293,10 @@ ossl_x509req_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
-    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    if (!X509_REQ_set_pubkey(req, pkey)) {
-	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
-    }
-
+    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
+    if (!X509_REQ_set_pubkey(req, pkey))
+	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_set_pubkey");
     return key;
 }
 
@@ -347,7 +309,7 @@ ossl_x509req_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
     pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
-    md = GetDigestPtr(digest);
+    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
     if (!X509_REQ_sign(req, pkey, md)) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     }
@@ -365,7 +327,8 @@ ossl_x509req_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     GetX509Req(self, req);
-    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
+    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
+    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
     switch (X509_REQ_verify(req, pkey)) {
       case 1:
 	return Qtrue;
@@ -457,7 +420,7 @@ Init_ossl_x509req(void)
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cX509Req, ossl_x509req_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cX509Req, "initialize", ossl_x509req_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cX509Req, ossl_x509req_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Req, "initialize_copy", ossl_x509req_copy, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(cX509Req, "to_pem", ossl_x509req_to_pem, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Req, "to_der", ossl_x509req_to_der, 0);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
index 7960ea349e..5fe6853430 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "REV wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509Rev(obj, rev) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509Rev); \
-    GetX509Rev((obj), (rev)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Classes
@@ -76,7 +72,7 @@ DupX509RevokedPtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_REVOKED *rev, *new;
 
-    SafeGetX509Rev(obj, rev);
+    GetX509Rev(obj, rev);
     if (!(new = X509_REVOKED_dup(rev))) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
     }
@@ -116,7 +112,7 @@ ossl_x509revoked_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
-    SafeGetX509Rev(other, rev_other);
+    GetX509Rev(other, rev_other);
 
     rev_new = X509_REVOKED_dup(rev_other);
     if (!rev_new)
@@ -159,10 +155,14 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_x509revoked_get_time(VALUE self)
 {
     X509_REVOKED *rev;
+    const ASN1_TIME *time;
 
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
+    time = X509_REVOKED_get0_revocationDate(rev);
+    if (!time)
+	return Qnil;
 
-    return asn1time_to_time(X509_REVOKED_get0_revocationDate(rev));
+    return asn1time_to_time(time);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -249,6 +249,26 @@ ossl_x509revoked_add_extension(VALUE self, VALUE ext)
     return ext;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ossl_x509revoked_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    X509_REVOKED *rev;
+    VALUE str;
+    int len;
+    unsigned char *p;
+
+    GetX509Rev(self, rev);
+    len = i2d_X509_REVOKED(rev, NULL);
+    if (len <= 0)
+	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "i2d_X509_REVOKED");
+    str = rb_str_new(NULL, len);
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    if (i2d_X509_REVOKED(rev, &p) <= 0)
+	ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "i2d_X509_REVOKED");
+    ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
+    return str;
+}
+
 /*
  * INIT
  */
@@ -267,7 +287,7 @@ Init_ossl_x509revoked(void)
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(cX509Rev, ossl_x509revoked_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "initialize", ossl_x509revoked_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_copy_func(cX509Rev, ossl_x509revoked_initialize_copy);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "initialize_copy", ossl_x509revoked_initialize_copy, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "serial", ossl_x509revoked_get_serial, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "serial=", ossl_x509revoked_set_serial, 1);
@@ -276,4 +296,5 @@ Init_ossl_x509revoked(void)
     rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "extensions", ossl_x509revoked_get_extensions, 0);
     rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "extensions=", ossl_x509revoked_set_extensions, 1);
     rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "add_extension", ossl_x509revoked_add_extension, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cX509Rev, "to_der", ossl_x509revoked_to_der, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
index eb81e0d473..9035a70aa9 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE wasn't initialized!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509Store(obj, st) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509Store); \
-    GetX509Store((obj), (st)); \
-} while (0)
 
 #define NewX509StCtx(klass) \
     TypedData_Wrap_Struct((klass), &ossl_x509stctx_type, 0)
@@ -42,10 +38,6 @@
 	ossl_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "STORE_CTX is out of scope!"); \
     } \
 } while (0)
-#define SafeGetX509StCtx(obj, storep) do { \
-    OSSL_Check_Kind((obj), cX509StoreContext); \
-    GetX509Store((obj), (ctx)); \
-} while (0)
 
 /*
  * Verify callback stuff
@@ -114,6 +106,13 @@ VALUE cX509StoreContext;
 VALUE eX509StoreError;
 
 static void
+ossl_x509store_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    X509_STORE *store = ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)X509_STORE_get_ex_data(store, store_ex_verify_cb_idx));
+}
+
+static void
 ossl_x509store_free(void *ptr)
 {
     X509_STORE_free(ptr);
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ ossl_x509store_free(void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509store_type = {
     "OpenSSL/X509/STORE",
     {
-	0, ossl_x509store_free,
+        ossl_x509store_mark, ossl_x509store_free,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
@@ -130,34 +129,12 @@ static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509store_type = {
 /*
  * Public functions
  */
-VALUE
-ossl_x509store_new(X509_STORE *store)
-{
-    VALUE obj;
-
-    obj = NewX509Store(cX509Store);
-    SetX509Store(obj, store);
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
 X509_STORE *
 GetX509StorePtr(VALUE obj)
 {
     X509_STORE *store;
 
-    SafeGetX509Store(obj, store);
-
-    return store;
-}
-
-X509_STORE *
-DupX509StorePtr(VALUE obj)
-{
-    X509_STORE *store;
-
-    SafeGetX509Store(obj, store);
-    X509_STORE_up_ref(store);
+    GetX509Store(obj, store);
 
     return store;
 }
@@ -242,9 +219,9 @@ ossl_x509store_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   store.flags = flag
+ *   store.flags = flags
  *
- * Sets +flag+ to the Store. +flag+ consists of zero or more of the constants
+ * Sets _flags_ to the Store. _flags_ consists of zero or more of the constants
  * defined in with name V_FLAG_* or'ed together.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -263,7 +240,7 @@ ossl_x509store_set_flags(VALUE self, VALUE flags)
  * call-seq:
  *   store.purpose = purpose
  *
- * Sets the store's purpose to +purpose+. If specified, the verifications on
+ * Sets the store's purpose to _purpose_. If specified, the verifications on
  * the store will check every untrusted certificate's extensions are consistent
  * with the purpose. The purpose is specified by constants:
  *
@@ -322,8 +299,9 @@ ossl_x509store_set_time(VALUE self, VALUE time)
  * call-seq:
  *   store.add_file(file) -> self
  *
- * Adds the certificates in +file+ to the certificate store.  The +file+ can
- * contain multiple PEM-encoded certificates.
+ * Adds the certificates in _file_ to the certificate store. _file_ is the path
+ * to the file, and the file contains one or more certificates in PEM format
+ * concatenated together.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509store_add_file(VALUE self, VALUE file)
@@ -333,7 +311,6 @@ ossl_x509store_add_file(VALUE self, VALUE file)
     char *path = NULL;
 
     if(file != Qnil){
-	rb_check_safe_obj(file);
 	path = StringValueCStr(file);
     }
     GetX509Store(self, store);
@@ -342,6 +319,15 @@ ossl_x509store_add_file(VALUE self, VALUE file)
     if(X509_LOOKUP_load_file(lookup, path, X509_FILETYPE_PEM) != 1){
         ossl_raise(eX509StoreError, NULL);
     }
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10101000 || defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+    /*
+     * X509_load_cert_crl_file() which is called from X509_LOOKUP_load_file()
+     * did not check the return value of X509_STORE_add_{cert,crl}(), leaking
+     * "cert already in hash table" errors on the error queue, if duplicate
+     * certificates are found. This will be fixed by OpenSSL 1.1.1.
+     */
+    ossl_clear_error();
+#endif
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -350,7 +336,7 @@ ossl_x509store_add_file(VALUE self, VALUE file)
  * call-seq:
  *   store.add_path(path) -> self
  *
- * Adds +path+ as the hash dir to be looked up by the store.
+ * Adds _path_ as the hash dir to be looked up by the store.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509store_add_path(VALUE self, VALUE dir)
@@ -360,7 +346,6 @@ ossl_x509store_add_path(VALUE self, VALUE dir)
     char *path = NULL;
 
     if(dir != Qnil){
-	rb_check_safe_obj(dir);
 	path = StringValueCStr(dir);
     }
     GetX509Store(self, store);
@@ -377,7 +362,7 @@ ossl_x509store_add_path(VALUE self, VALUE dir)
  * call-seq:
  *   store.set_default_paths
  *
- * Configures +store+ to look up CA certificates from the system default
+ * Configures _store_ to look up CA certificates from the system default
  * certificate store as needed basis. The location of the store can usually be
  * determined by:
  *
@@ -401,7 +386,7 @@ ossl_x509store_set_default_paths(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   store.add_cert(cert)
  *
- * Adds the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate +cert+ to the certificate store.
+ * Adds the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate _cert_ to the certificate store.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509store_add_cert(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
@@ -422,7 +407,7 @@ ossl_x509store_add_cert(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
  * call-seq:
  *   store.add_crl(crl) -> self
  *
- * Adds the OpenSSL::X509::CRL +crl+ to the store.
+ * Adds the OpenSSL::X509::CRL _crl_ to the store.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509store_add_crl(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
@@ -447,15 +432,15 @@ static VALUE ossl_x509stctx_get_chain(VALUE);
  * call-seq:
  *   store.verify(cert, chain = nil) -> true | false
  *
- * Performs a certificate verification on the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate +cert+.
+ * Performs a certificate verification on the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate _cert_.
  *
- * +chain+ can be an array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate that is used to
+ * _chain_ can be an array of OpenSSL::X509::Certificate that is used to
  * construct the certificate chain.
  *
  * If a block is given, it overrides the callback set by #verify_callback=.
  *
  * After finishing the verification, the error information can be retrieved by
- * #error, #error_string, and the resuting complete certificate chain can be
+ * #error, #error_string, and the resulting complete certificate chain can be
  * retrieved by #chain.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -479,23 +464,16 @@ ossl_x509store_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Public Functions
- */
-static void ossl_x509stctx_free(void*);
-
-
-static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509stctx_type = {
-    "OpenSSL/X509/STORE_CTX",
-    {
-	0, ossl_x509stctx_free,
-    },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
-};
-
-/*
  * Private functions
  */
 static void
+ossl_x509stctx_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    X509_STORE_CTX *ctx = ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, stctx_ex_verify_cb_idx));
+}
+
+static void
 ossl_x509stctx_free(void *ptr)
 {
     X509_STORE_CTX *ctx = ptr;
@@ -506,6 +484,14 @@ ossl_x509stctx_free(void *ptr)
     X509_STORE_CTX_free(ctx);
 }
 
+static const rb_data_type_t ossl_x509stctx_type = {
+    "OpenSSL/X509/STORE_CTX",
+    {
+        ossl_x509stctx_mark, ossl_x509stctx_free,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509stctx_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -539,7 +525,9 @@ static VALUE ossl_x509stctx_set_time(VALUE, VALUE);
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   StoreContext.new(store, cert = nil, chain = nil)
+ *   StoreContext.new(store, cert = nil, untrusted = nil)
+ *
+ * Sets up a StoreContext for a verification of the X.509 certificate _cert_.
  */
 static VALUE
 ossl_x509stctx_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -549,15 +537,24 @@ ossl_x509stctx_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     X509_STORE *x509st;
     X509 *x509 = NULL;
     STACK_OF(X509) *x509s = NULL;
+    int state;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &store, &cert, &chain);
     GetX509StCtx(self, ctx);
-    SafeGetX509Store(store, x509st);
-    if(!NIL_P(cert)) x509 = DupX509CertPtr(cert); /* NEED TO DUP */
-    if(!NIL_P(chain)) x509s = ossl_x509_ary2sk(chain);
-    if(X509_STORE_CTX_init(ctx, x509st, x509, x509s) != 1){
+    GetX509Store(store, x509st);
+    if (!NIL_P(cert))
+        x509 = DupX509CertPtr(cert); /* NEED TO DUP */
+    if (!NIL_P(chain)) {
+        x509s = ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(chain, &state);
+        if (state) {
+            X509_free(x509);
+            rb_jump_tag(state);
+        }
+    }
+    if (X509_STORE_CTX_init(ctx, x509st, x509, x509s) != 1){
+        X509_free(x509);
         sk_X509_pop_free(x509s, X509_free);
-        ossl_raise(eX509StoreError, NULL);
+        ossl_raise(eX509StoreError, "X509_STORE_CTX_init");
     }
     if (!NIL_P(t = rb_iv_get(store, "@time")))
 	ossl_x509stctx_set_time(self, t);
@@ -791,6 +788,7 @@ ossl_x509stctx_set_time(VALUE self, VALUE time)
 void
 Init_ossl_x509store(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h b/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h
index 8dacc8266e..069acc8b14 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ruby_missing.h
@@ -10,14 +10,15 @@
 #if !defined(_OSSL_RUBY_MISSING_H_)
 #define _OSSL_RUBY_MISSING_H_
 
-#define rb_define_copy_func(klass, func) \
-	rb_define_method((klass), "initialize_copy", (func), 1)
-
-#define FPTR_TO_FD(fptr) ((fptr)->fd)
-
+/* Ruby 2.4 */
 #ifndef RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P
-/* for Ruby 2.3 compatibility */
-#define RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(obj) (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_BIGNUM))
+# define RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(obj) (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_BIGNUM))
+#endif
+
+/* Ruby 2.5 */
+#ifndef ST2FIX
+# define RB_ST2FIX(h) LONG2FIX((long)(h))
+# define ST2FIX(h) RB_ST2FIX(h)
 #endif
 
 #endif /* _OSSL_RUBY_MISSING_H_ */
diff --git a/ext/pathname/depend b/ext/pathname/depend
index 5b6ea7484d..9df2ba8e18 100644
--- a/ext/pathname/depend
+++ b/ext/pathname/depend
@@ -1,15 +1,166 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 pathname.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 pathname.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 pathname.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-pathname.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 pathname.o: pathname.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/pathname/extconf.rb b/ext/pathname/extconf.rb
index c9133bc153..84e68277aa 100644
--- a/ext/pathname/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/pathname/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'mkmf'
-have_struct_member("struct stat", "st_birthtimespec", "sys/stat.h")
+have_func("rb_file_s_birthtime")
 create_makefile('pathname')
diff --git a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb b/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
index a6621565d0..e6fb90277d 100644
--- a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
+++ b/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ require 'pathname.so'
 
 class Pathname
 
+  # :stopdoc:
+
   # to_path is implemented so Pathname objects are usable with File.open, etc.
   TO_PATH = :to_path
 
@@ -33,12 +35,19 @@ class Pathname
     SEPARATOR_PAT = /#{Regexp.quote File::SEPARATOR}/
   end
 
+  if File.dirname('A:') == 'A:.' # DOSish drive letter
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A(?:[A-Za-z]:|#{SEPARATOR_PAT})/o
+  else
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o
+  end
+  private_constant :ABSOLUTE_PATH
+
   # :startdoc:
 
   # chop_basename(path) -> [pre-basename, basename] or nil
   def chop_basename(path) # :nodoc:
     base = File.basename(path)
-    if /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}?\z/o =~ base
+    if /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}?\z/o.match?(base)
       return nil
     else
       return path[0, path.rindex(base)], base
@@ -60,7 +69,7 @@ class Pathname
   def prepend_prefix(prefix, relpath) # :nodoc:
     if relpath.empty?
       File.dirname(prefix)
-    elsif /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o =~ prefix
+    elsif /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(prefix)
       prefix = File.dirname(prefix)
       prefix = File.join(prefix, "") if File.basename(prefix + 'a') != 'a'
       prefix + relpath
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ class Pathname
       end
     end
     pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-    if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o =~ File.basename(pre)
+    if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(File.basename(pre))
       names.shift while names[0] == '..'
     end
     self.class.new(prepend_prefix(pre, File.join(*names)))
@@ -160,7 +169,7 @@ class Pathname
       names.unshift base if base != '.'
     end
     pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-    if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o =~ File.basename(pre)
+    if /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(File.basename(pre))
       names.shift while names[0] == '..'
     end
     if names.empty?
@@ -191,8 +200,7 @@ class Pathname
     begin
       stat1 = self.lstat
       stat2 = self.parent.lstat
-      stat1.dev == stat2.dev && stat1.ino == stat2.ino ||
-        stat1.dev != stat2.dev
+      stat1.dev != stat2.dev || stat1.ino == stat2.ino
     rescue Errno::ENOENT
       false
     end
@@ -206,7 +214,7 @@ class Pathname
   # pathnames which points to roots such as <tt>/usr/..</tt>.
   #
   def root?
-    !!(chop_basename(@path) == nil && /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o =~ @path)
+    chop_basename(@path) == nil && /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(@path)
   end
 
   # Predicate method for testing whether a path is absolute.
@@ -221,7 +229,7 @@ class Pathname
   #   p.absolute?
   #       #=> false
   def absolute?
-    !relative?
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH.match? @path
   end
 
   # The opposite of Pathname#absolute?
@@ -236,11 +244,7 @@ class Pathname
   #   p.relative?
   #       #=> true
   def relative?
-    path = @path
-    while r = chop_basename(path)
-      path, = r
-    end
-    path == ''
+    !absolute?
   end
 
   #
@@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ class Pathname
       basename_list2.shift
     end
     r1 = chop_basename(prefix1)
-    if !r1 && /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o =~ File.basename(prefix1)
+    if !r1 && (r1 = /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/o.match?(File.basename(prefix1)))
       while !basename_list2.empty? && basename_list2.first == '..'
         index_list2.shift
         basename_list2.shift
@@ -501,7 +505,11 @@ class Pathname
   #
   # ArgumentError is raised when it cannot find a relative path.
   #
+  # Note that this method does not handle situations where the case sensitivity
+  # of the filesystem in use differs from the operating system default.
+  #
   def relative_path_from(base_directory)
+    base_directory = Pathname.new(base_directory) unless base_directory.is_a? Pathname
     dest_directory = self.cleanpath.to_s
     base_directory = base_directory.cleanpath.to_s
     dest_prefix = dest_directory
diff --git a/ext/pathname/pathname.c b/ext/pathname/pathname.c
index e617e82176..55577d7da7 100644
--- a/ext/pathname/pathname.c
+++ b/ext/pathname/pathname.c
@@ -2,7 +2,75 @@
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
 
 static VALUE rb_cPathname;
-static ID id_at_path, id_to_path;
+static ID id_ENOTDIR;
+static ID id_at_path;
+static ID id_atime;
+static ID id_base;
+static ID id_basename;
+static ID id_binread;
+static ID id_binwrite;
+static ID id_birthtime;
+static ID id_blockdev_p;
+static ID id_chardev_p;
+static ID id_chmod;
+static ID id_chown;
+static ID id_ctime;
+static ID id_directory_p;
+static ID id_dirname;
+static ID id_empty_p;
+static ID id_entries;
+static ID id_executable_p;
+static ID id_executable_real_p;
+static ID id_exist_p;
+static ID id_expand_path;
+static ID id_extname;
+static ID id_file_p;
+static ID id_fnmatch;
+static ID id_foreach;
+static ID id_ftype;
+static ID id_getwd;
+static ID id_glob;
+static ID id_grpowned_p;
+static ID id_lchmod;
+static ID id_lchown;
+static ID id_link;
+static ID id_lstat;
+static ID id_mkdir;
+static ID id_mtime;
+static ID id_open;
+static ID id_owned_p;
+static ID id_pipe_p;
+static ID id_read;
+static ID id_readable_p;
+static ID id_readable_real_p;
+static ID id_readlines;
+static ID id_readlink;
+static ID id_realdirpath;
+static ID id_realpath;
+static ID id_rename;
+static ID id_rmdir;
+static ID id_setgid_p;
+static ID id_setuid_p;
+static ID id_size;
+static ID id_size_p;
+static ID id_socket_p;
+static ID id_split;
+static ID id_stat;
+static ID id_sticky_p;
+static ID id_sub;
+static ID id_symlink;
+static ID id_symlink_p;
+static ID id_sysopen;
+static ID id_to_path;
+static ID id_truncate;
+static ID id_unlink;
+static ID id_utime;
+static ID id_world_readable_p;
+static ID id_world_writable_p;
+static ID id_writable_p;
+static ID id_writable_real_p;
+static ID id_write;
+static ID id_zero_p;
 
 static VALUE
 get_strpath(VALUE obj)
@@ -42,7 +110,6 @@ path_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE arg)
     str = rb_obj_dup(str);
 
     set_strpath(self, str);
-    OBJ_INFECT(self, str);
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -66,15 +133,12 @@ path_freeze(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   pathname.taint -> obj
  *
- * Taints this Pathname.
- *
- * See Object.taint.
+ * Returns pathname.  This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 static VALUE
 path_taint(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_call_super(0, 0);
-    rb_obj_taint(get_strpath(self));
+    rb_warn("Pathname#taint is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.");
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -82,15 +146,12 @@ path_taint(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   pathname.untaint -> obj
  *
- * Untaints this Pathname.
- *
- * See Object.untaint.
+ * Returns pathname.  This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 static VALUE
 path_untaint(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_call_super(0, 0);
-    rb_obj_untaint(get_strpath(self));
+    rb_warn("Pathname#untaint is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.");
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -203,10 +264,10 @@ path_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        str = rb_block_call(str, rb_intern("sub"), argc, argv, 0, 0);
+        str = rb_block_call(str, id_sub, argc, argv, 0, 0);
     }
     else {
-        str = rb_funcallv(str, rb_intern("sub"), argc, argv);
+        str = rb_funcallv(str, id_sub, argc, argv);
     }
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
@@ -240,7 +301,6 @@ path_sub_ext(VALUE self, VALUE repl)
     }
     str2 = rb_str_subseq(str, 0, ext-p);
     rb_str_append(str2, repl);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str2, str);
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str2, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
@@ -261,7 +321,7 @@ path_realpath(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE basedir, str;
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &basedir);
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("realpath"), 2, get_strpath(self), basedir);
+    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_realpath, 2, get_strpath(self), basedir);
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
@@ -277,7 +337,7 @@ path_realdirpath(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE basedir, str;
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &basedir);
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("realdirpath"), 2, get_strpath(self), basedir);
+    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_realdirpath, 2, get_strpath(self), basedir);
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
@@ -300,10 +360,10 @@ path_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_block_call(rb_cIO, rb_intern("foreach"), 1+n, args, 0, 0);
+        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cFile, id_foreach, 1+n, args, 0, 0, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     }
     else {
-        return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, rb_intern("foreach"), 1+n, args);
+        return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_foreach, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     }
 }
 
@@ -314,7 +374,7 @@ path_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  * Returns all data from the file, or the first +N+ bytes if specified.
  *
- * See IO.read.
+ * See File.read.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -325,7 +385,7 @@ path_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, rb_intern("read"), 1+n, args);
+    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_read, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -334,7 +394,7 @@ path_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  * Returns all the bytes from the file, or the first +N+ if specified.
  *
- * See IO.binread.
+ * See File.binread.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -345,7 +405,7 @@ path_binread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &args[1], &args[2]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, rb_intern("binread"), 1+n, args);
+    return rb_funcallv(rb_cFile, id_binread, 1+n, args);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -355,7 +415,7 @@ path_binread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  * Writes +contents+ to the file.
  *
- * See IO.write.
+ * See File.write.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -366,7 +426,7 @@ path_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, rb_intern("write"), 1+n, args);
+    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_write, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -376,7 +436,7 @@ path_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  * Writes +contents+ to the file, opening it in binary mode.
  *
- * See IO.binwrite.
+ * See File.binwrite.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -387,7 +447,7 @@ path_binwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, rb_intern("binwrite"), 1+n, args);
+    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_binwrite, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -398,7 +458,7 @@ path_binwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  * Returns all the lines from the file.
  *
- * See IO.readlines.
+ * See File.readlines.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -409,7 +469,7 @@ path_readlines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, rb_intern("readlines"), 1+n, args);
+    return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_readlines, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -427,7 +487,7 @@ path_sysopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &args[1], &args[2]);
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, rb_intern("sysopen"), 1+n, args);
+    return rb_funcallv(rb_cIO, id_sysopen, 1+n, args);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -441,10 +501,10 @@ path_sysopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_atime(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("atime"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_atime, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
-#if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIMESPEC) || defined(_WIN32)
+#if defined(HAVE_RB_FILE_S_BIRTHTIME)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   pathname.birthtime	-> time
@@ -457,9 +517,10 @@ path_atime(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_birthtime(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("birthtime"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_birthtime, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 #else
+/* check at compilation time for `respond_to?` */
 # define path_birthtime rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
@@ -474,7 +535,7 @@ path_birthtime(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_ctime(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("ctime"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_ctime, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -488,12 +549,12 @@ path_ctime(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_mtime(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("mtime"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_mtime, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   pathname.chmod	-> integer
+ *   pathname.chmod(mode_int)	-> integer
  *
  * Changes file permissions.
  *
@@ -502,12 +563,12 @@ path_mtime(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_chmod(VALUE self, VALUE mode)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("chmod"), 2, mode, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_chmod, 2, mode, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   pathname.lchmod	-> integer
+ *   pathname.lchmod(mode_int)	-> integer
  *
  * Same as Pathname.chmod, but does not follow symbolic links.
  *
@@ -516,12 +577,12 @@ path_chmod(VALUE self, VALUE mode)
 static VALUE
 path_lchmod(VALUE self, VALUE mode)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("lchmod"), 2, mode, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_lchmod, 2, mode, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   pathname.chown	-> integer
+ *   pathname.chown(owner_int, group_int)	-> integer
  *
  * Change owner and group of the file.
  *
@@ -530,12 +591,12 @@ path_lchmod(VALUE self, VALUE mode)
 static VALUE
 path_chown(VALUE self, VALUE owner, VALUE group)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("chown"), 3, owner, group, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_chown, 3, owner, group, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   pathname.lchown	-> integer
+ *   pathname.lchown(owner_int, group_int)	-> integer
  *
  * Same as Pathname.chown, but does not follow symbolic links.
  *
@@ -544,13 +605,13 @@ path_chown(VALUE self, VALUE owner, VALUE group)
 static VALUE
 path_lchown(VALUE self, VALUE owner, VALUE group)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("lchown"), 3, owner, group, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_lchown, 3, owner, group, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    pathname.fnmatch(pattern, [flags])        -> string
- *    pathname.fnmatch?(pattern, [flags])       -> string
+ *    pathname.fnmatch(pattern, [flags])        -> true or false
+ *    pathname.fnmatch?(pattern, [flags])       -> true or false
  *
  * Return +true+ if the receiver matches the given pattern.
  *
@@ -562,9 +623,9 @@ path_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
     VALUE pattern, flags;
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &pattern, &flags) == 1)
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("fnmatch"), 2, pattern, str);
+        return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_fnmatch, 2, pattern, str);
     else
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("fnmatch"), 3, pattern, str, flags);
+        return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_fnmatch, 3, pattern, str, flags);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -578,7 +639,7 @@ path_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_ftype(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("ftype"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_ftype, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -592,10 +653,17 @@ path_ftype(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_make_link(VALUE self, VALUE old)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("link"), 2, old, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_link, 2, old, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   pathname.open()
+ *   pathname.open(mode="r" [, opt])                        -> file
+ *   pathname.open([mode [, perm]] [, opt])                 -> file
+ *   pathname.open(mode="r" [, opt]) {|file| block }        -> obj
+ *   pathname.open([mode [, perm]] [, opt]) {|file| block } -> obj
+ *
  * Opens the file for reading or writing.
  *
  * See File.open.
@@ -609,10 +677,10 @@ path_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
     n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "03", &args[1], &args[2], &args[3]);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_block_call(rb_cFile, rb_intern("open"), 1+n, args, 0, 0);
+        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cFile, id_open, 1+n, args, 0, 0, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     }
     else {
-        return rb_funcallv(rb_cFile, rb_intern("open"), 1+n, args);
+        return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cFile, id_open, 1+n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     }
 }
 
@@ -625,7 +693,7 @@ static VALUE
 path_readlink(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE str;
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("readlink"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_readlink, 1, get_strpath(self));
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
@@ -637,7 +705,7 @@ path_readlink(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_rename(VALUE self, VALUE to)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("rename"), 2, get_strpath(self), to);
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_rename, 2, get_strpath(self), to);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -648,7 +716,7 @@ path_rename(VALUE self, VALUE to)
 static VALUE
 path_stat(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("stat"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_stat, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -657,7 +725,7 @@ path_stat(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_lstat(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("lstat"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_lstat, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -671,7 +739,7 @@ path_lstat(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_make_symlink(VALUE self, VALUE old)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("symlink"), 2, old, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_symlink, 2, old, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -682,7 +750,7 @@ path_make_symlink(VALUE self, VALUE old)
 static VALUE
 path_truncate(VALUE self, VALUE length)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("truncate"), 2, get_strpath(self), length);
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_truncate, 2, get_strpath(self), length);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -693,7 +761,7 @@ path_truncate(VALUE self, VALUE length)
 static VALUE
 path_utime(VALUE self, VALUE atime, VALUE mtime)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("utime"), 3, atime, mtime, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_utime, 3, atime, mtime, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -707,9 +775,9 @@ path_basename(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
     VALUE fext;
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &fext) == 0)
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("basename"), 1, str);
+        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_basename, 1, str);
     else
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("basename"), 2, str, fext);
+        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_basename, 2, str, fext);
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
@@ -722,7 +790,7 @@ static VALUE
 path_dirname(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("dirname"), 1, str);
+    str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_dirname, 1, str);
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
@@ -735,7 +803,7 @@ static VALUE
 path_extname(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("extname"), 1, str);
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_extname, 1, str);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -749,9 +817,9 @@ path_expand_path(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
     VALUE dname;
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &dname) == 0)
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("expand_path"), 1, str);
+        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_expand_path, 1, str);
     else
-        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("expand_path"), 2, str, dname);
+        str = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_expand_path, 2, str, dname);
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
@@ -765,7 +833,7 @@ path_split(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
     VALUE ary, dirname, basename;
-    ary = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("split"), 1, str);
+    ary = rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_split, 1, str);
     ary = rb_check_array_type(ary);
     dirname = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
     basename = rb_ary_entry(ary, 1);
@@ -780,7 +848,7 @@ path_split(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_blockdev_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("blockdev?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_blockdev_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -789,7 +857,7 @@ path_blockdev_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_chardev_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("chardev?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_chardev_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -798,7 +866,7 @@ path_chardev_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_executable_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("executable?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_executable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -807,7 +875,7 @@ path_executable_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_executable_real_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("executable_real?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_executable_real_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -816,7 +884,7 @@ path_executable_real_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_exist_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("exist?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_exist_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -825,7 +893,7 @@ path_exist_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_grpowned_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("grpowned?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_grpowned_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -834,7 +902,7 @@ path_grpowned_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_directory_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("directory?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_directory_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -843,7 +911,7 @@ path_directory_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_file_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("file?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_file_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -852,7 +920,7 @@ path_file_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_pipe_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("pipe?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_pipe_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -861,7 +929,7 @@ path_pipe_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_socket_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("socket?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_socket_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -870,7 +938,7 @@ path_socket_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_owned_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("owned?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_owned_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -879,7 +947,7 @@ path_owned_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_readable_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("readable?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_readable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -888,7 +956,7 @@ path_readable_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_world_readable_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("world_readable?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_world_readable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -897,7 +965,7 @@ path_world_readable_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_readable_real_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("readable_real?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_readable_real_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -906,7 +974,7 @@ path_readable_real_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_setuid_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("setuid?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_setuid_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -915,7 +983,7 @@ path_setuid_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_setgid_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("setgid?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_setgid_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -924,7 +992,7 @@ path_setgid_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_size(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("size"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_size, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -933,7 +1001,7 @@ path_size(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_size_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("size?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_size_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -942,7 +1010,7 @@ path_size_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_sticky_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("sticky?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_sticky_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -951,7 +1019,7 @@ path_sticky_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_symlink_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("symlink?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_symlink_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -960,7 +1028,7 @@ path_symlink_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_writable_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("writable?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_writable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -969,7 +1037,7 @@ path_writable_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_world_writable_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("world_writable?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_world_writable_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -978,7 +1046,7 @@ path_world_writable_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_writable_real_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("writable_real?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_writable_real_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -987,7 +1055,7 @@ path_writable_real_p(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_zero_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("zero?"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_zero_p, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1000,14 +1068,14 @@ path_empty_p(VALUE self)
 {
 
     VALUE path = get_strpath(self);
-    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("directory?"), 1, path)))
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, rb_intern("empty?"), 1, path);
+    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_directory_p, 1, path)))
+        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_empty_p, 1, path);
     else
-        return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, rb_intern("empty?"), 1, path);
+        return rb_funcall(rb_mFileTest, id_empty_p, 1, path);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-glob_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(elt, klass))
+s_glob_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(elt, klass))
 {
     return rb_yield(rb_class_new_instance(1, &elt, klass));
 }
@@ -1015,25 +1083,25 @@ glob_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(elt, klass))
 /*
  * Returns or yields Pathname objects.
  *
- *  Pathname.glob("config/" "*.rb")
- *	#=> [#<Pathname:config/environment.rb>, #<Pathname:config/routes.rb>, ..]
+ *  Pathname.glob("lib/i*.rb")
+ *	#=> [#<Pathname:lib/ipaddr.rb>, #<Pathname:lib/irb.rb>]
  *
  * See Dir.glob.
  */
 static VALUE
 path_s_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE args[2];
+    VALUE args[3];
     int n;
 
-    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &args[0], &args[1]);
+    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &args[0], &args[1], &args[2]);
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_block_call(rb_cDir, rb_intern("glob"), n, args, glob_i, klass);
+        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, s_glob_i, klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     }
     else {
         VALUE ary;
         long i;
-        ary = rb_funcallv(rb_cDir, rb_intern("glob"), n, args);
+        ary = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
         ary = rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
         for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
             VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
@@ -1044,6 +1112,54 @@ path_s_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+glob_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(elt, self))
+{
+    elt = rb_funcall(self, '+', 1, elt);
+    return rb_yield(elt);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns or yields Pathname objects.
+ *
+ *  Pathname("ruby-2.4.2").glob("R*.md")
+ *  #=> [#<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.md>, #<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.ja.md>]
+ *
+ * See Dir.glob.
+ * This method uses the +base+ keyword argument of Dir.glob.
+ */
+static VALUE
+path_glob(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args[3];
+    int n;
+
+    n = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &args[0], &args[1]);
+    if (n == 1)
+      args[1] = INT2FIX(0);
+
+    args[2] = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_hash_aset(args[2], ID2SYM(id_base), get_strpath(self));
+
+    n = 3;
+
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        return rb_block_call_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, glob_i, self, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE ary;
+        long i;
+        ary = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, id_glob, n, args, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
+        ary = rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+            VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
+            elt = rb_funcall(self, '+', 1, elt);
+            rb_ary_store(ary, i, elt);
+        }
+        return ary;
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns the current working directory as a Pathname.
  *
@@ -1056,7 +1172,7 @@ static VALUE
 path_s_getwd(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE str;
-    str = rb_funcall(rb_cDir, rb_intern("getwd"), 0);
+    str = rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_getwd, 0);
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, klass);
 }
 
@@ -1093,7 +1209,7 @@ path_entries(VALUE self)
     long i;
     klass = rb_obj_class(self);
     str = get_strpath(self);
-    ary = rb_funcall(rb_cDir, rb_intern("entries"), 1, str);
+    ary = rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_entries, 1, str);
     ary = rb_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	VALUE elt = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
@@ -1114,9 +1230,9 @@ path_mkdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
     VALUE vmode;
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vmode) == 0)
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, rb_intern("mkdir"), 1, str);
+        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_mkdir, 1, str);
     else
-        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, rb_intern("mkdir"), 2, str, vmode);
+        return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_mkdir, 2, str, vmode);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1127,7 +1243,7 @@ path_mkdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_rmdir(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, rb_intern("rmdir"), 1, get_strpath(self));
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_rmdir, 1, get_strpath(self));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1141,7 +1257,7 @@ path_opendir(VALUE self)
     VALUE args[1];
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_block_call(rb_cDir, rb_intern("open"), 1, args, 0, 0);
+    return rb_block_call(rb_cDir, id_open, 1, args, 0, 0);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1160,19 +1276,19 @@ path_each_entry(VALUE self)
     VALUE args[1];
 
     args[0] = get_strpath(self);
-    return rb_block_call(rb_cDir, rb_intern("foreach"), 1, args, each_entry_i, rb_obj_class(self));
+    return rb_block_call(rb_cDir, id_foreach, 1, args, each_entry_i, rb_obj_class(self));
 }
 
 static VALUE
 unlink_body(VALUE str)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, rb_intern("unlink"), 1, str);
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cDir, id_unlink, 1, str);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 unlink_rescue(VALUE str, VALUE errinfo)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, rb_intern("unlink"), 1, str);
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFile, id_unlink, 1, str);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1182,7 +1298,7 @@ unlink_rescue(VALUE str, VALUE errinfo)
 static VALUE
 path_unlink(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE eENOTDIR = rb_const_get_at(rb_mErrno, rb_intern("ENOTDIR"));
+    VALUE eENOTDIR = rb_const_get_at(rb_mErrno, id_ENOTDIR);
     VALUE str = get_strpath(self);
     return rb_rescue2(unlink_body, str, unlink_rescue, str, eENOTDIR, (VALUE)0);
 }
@@ -1206,6 +1322,8 @@ path_unlink(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 path_f_pathname(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
+    if (CLASS_OF(str) == rb_cPathname)
+        return str;
     return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, rb_cPathname);
 }
 
@@ -1371,6 +1489,8 @@ path_f_pathname(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  * - #binread(*args)
  * - #readlines(*args)
  * - #sysopen(*args)
+ * - #write(*args)
+ * - #binwrite(*args)
  *
  * === Utilities
  *
@@ -1392,8 +1512,11 @@ path_f_pathname(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 void
 Init_pathname(void)
 {
-    id_at_path = rb_intern("@path");
-    id_to_path = rb_intern("to_path");
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+    InitVM(pathname);
 
     rb_cPathname = rb_define_class("Pathname", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "initialize", path_initialize, 1);
@@ -1472,6 +1595,7 @@ Init_pathname(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPathname, "glob", path_s_glob, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPathname, "getwd", path_s_getwd, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPathname, "pwd", path_s_getwd, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "glob", path_glob, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "entries", path_entries, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "mkdir", path_mkdir, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cPathname, "rmdir", path_rmdir, 0);
@@ -1482,3 +1606,78 @@ Init_pathname(void)
     rb_undef_method(rb_cPathname, "=~");
     rb_define_global_function("Pathname", path_f_pathname, 1);
 }
+
+void
+InitVM_pathname(void)
+{
+#undef rb_intern
+    id_at_path = rb_intern("@path");
+    id_to_path = rb_intern("to_path");
+    id_ENOTDIR = rb_intern("ENOTDIR");
+    id_atime = rb_intern("atime");
+    id_basename = rb_intern("basename");
+    id_base = rb_intern("base");
+    id_binread = rb_intern("binread");
+    id_binwrite = rb_intern("binwrite");
+    id_birthtime = rb_intern("birthtime");
+    id_blockdev_p = rb_intern("blockdev?");
+    id_chardev_p = rb_intern("chardev?");
+    id_chmod = rb_intern("chmod");
+    id_chown = rb_intern("chown");
+    id_ctime = rb_intern("ctime");
+    id_directory_p = rb_intern("directory?");
+    id_dirname = rb_intern("dirname");
+    id_empty_p = rb_intern("empty?");
+    id_entries = rb_intern("entries");
+    id_executable_p = rb_intern("executable?");
+    id_executable_real_p = rb_intern("executable_real?");
+    id_exist_p = rb_intern("exist?");
+    id_expand_path = rb_intern("expand_path");
+    id_extname = rb_intern("extname");
+    id_file_p = rb_intern("file?");
+    id_fnmatch = rb_intern("fnmatch");
+    id_foreach = rb_intern("foreach");
+    id_ftype = rb_intern("ftype");
+    id_getwd = rb_intern("getwd");
+    id_glob = rb_intern("glob");
+    id_grpowned_p = rb_intern("grpowned?");
+    id_lchmod = rb_intern("lchmod");
+    id_lchown = rb_intern("lchown");
+    id_link = rb_intern("link");
+    id_lstat = rb_intern("lstat");
+    id_mkdir = rb_intern("mkdir");
+    id_mtime = rb_intern("mtime");
+    id_open = rb_intern("open");
+    id_owned_p = rb_intern("owned?");
+    id_pipe_p = rb_intern("pipe?");
+    id_read = rb_intern("read");
+    id_readable_p = rb_intern("readable?");
+    id_readable_real_p = rb_intern("readable_real?");
+    id_readlines = rb_intern("readlines");
+    id_readlink = rb_intern("readlink");
+    id_realdirpath = rb_intern("realdirpath");
+    id_realpath = rb_intern("realpath");
+    id_rename = rb_intern("rename");
+    id_rmdir = rb_intern("rmdir");
+    id_setgid_p = rb_intern("setgid?");
+    id_setuid_p = rb_intern("setuid?");
+    id_size = rb_intern("size");
+    id_size_p = rb_intern("size?");
+    id_socket_p = rb_intern("socket?");
+    id_split = rb_intern("split");
+    id_stat = rb_intern("stat");
+    id_sticky_p = rb_intern("sticky?");
+    id_sub = rb_intern("sub");
+    id_symlink = rb_intern("symlink");
+    id_symlink_p = rb_intern("symlink?");
+    id_sysopen = rb_intern("sysopen");
+    id_truncate = rb_intern("truncate");
+    id_unlink = rb_intern("unlink");
+    id_utime = rb_intern("utime");
+    id_world_readable_p = rb_intern("world_readable?");
+    id_world_writable_p = rb_intern("world_writable?");
+    id_writable_p = rb_intern("writable?");
+    id_writable_real_p = rb_intern("writable_real?");
+    id_write = rb_intern("write");
+    id_zero_p = rb_intern("zero?");
+}
diff --git a/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec b/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8593f9e9c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "pathname"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Representation of the name of a file or directory on the filesystem}
+  spec.description   = %q{Representation of the name of a file or directory on the filesystem}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/pathname"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions    = %w[ext/pathname/extconf.rb]
+end
diff --git a/ext/psych/.gitignore b/ext/psych/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 836058c169..0000000000
--- a/ext/psych/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-/api.c
-/config.h
-/dumper.c
-/emitter.c
-/loader.c
-/parser.c
-/reader.c
-/scanner.c
-/writer.c
-/yaml.h
-/yaml_private.h
diff --git a/ext/psych/depend b/ext/psych/depend
index 7505e950bc..2017319fd1 100644
--- a/ext/psych/depend
+++ b/ext/psych/depend
@@ -1,16 +1,169 @@
+$(OBJS): $(YAML_H)
+
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 psych.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 psych.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 psych.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-psych.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 psych.o: psych.c
 psych.o: psych.h
 psych.o: psych_emitter.h
@@ -19,16 +172,167 @@ psych.o: psych_to_ruby.h
 psych.o: psych_yaml_tree.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 psych_emitter.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 psych_emitter.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-psych_emitter.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 psych_emitter.o: psych.h
 psych_emitter.o: psych_emitter.c
 psych_emitter.o: psych_emitter.h
@@ -37,16 +341,167 @@ psych_emitter.o: psych_to_ruby.h
 psych_emitter.o: psych_yaml_tree.h
 psych_parser.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 psych_parser.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
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+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
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 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
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 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
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 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 psych_parser.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-psych_parser.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 psych_parser.o: psych.h
 psych_parser.o: psych_emitter.h
 psych_parser.o: psych_parser.c
@@ -55,16 +510,167 @@ psych_parser.o: psych_to_ruby.h
 psych_parser.o: psych_yaml_tree.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-psych_to_ruby.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: psych.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: psych_emitter.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: psych_parser.h
@@ -73,16 +679,167 @@ psych_to_ruby.o: psych_to_ruby.h
 psych_to_ruby.o: psych_yaml_tree.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-psych_yaml_tree.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: psych.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: psych_emitter.h
 psych_yaml_tree.o: psych_parser.h
diff --git a/ext/psych/extconf.rb b/ext/psych/extconf.rb
index be33d35a5e..857f8e68c4 100644
--- a/ext/psych/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/extconf.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
 require 'fileutils'
 
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ if enable_config("bundled-libyaml", false) || !(find_header('yaml.h') && find_li
   $VPATH << "$(srcdir)/yaml"
   $INCFLAGS << " -I$(srcdir)/yaml"
 
-  $srcs = Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/{,yaml/}*.c").map {|n| File.basename(n)}
+  $srcs = Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/{,yaml/}*.c").map {|n| File.basename(n)}.sort
 
+  header = 'yaml/yaml.h'
+  header = "{$(VPATH)}#{header}" if $nmake
   if have_macro("_WIN32")
     $CPPFLAGS << " -DYAML_DECLARE_STATIC -DHAVE_CONFIG_H"
   end
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ if enable_config("bundled-libyaml", false) || !(find_header('yaml.h') && find_li
   have_header 'config.h'
 end
 
-create_makefile 'psych'
+create_makefile 'psych' do |mk|
+  mk << "YAML_H = #{header}".strip << "\n"
+end
 
 # :startdoc:
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb
index b117b25f45..34d2218549 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/versions'
 case RUBY_ENGINE
 when 'jruby'
   require 'psych_jars'
-  org.jruby.ext.psych.PsychLibrary.new.load(JRuby.runtime, false)
+  if JRuby::Util.respond_to?(:load_ext)
+    JRuby::Util.load_ext('org.jruby.ext.psych.PsychLibrary')
+  else
+    require 'java'; require 'jruby'
+    org.jruby.ext.psych.PsychLibrary.new.load(JRuby.runtime, false)
+  end
 else
   require 'psych.so'
 end
@@ -17,7 +22,6 @@ require 'psych/omap'
 require 'psych/set'
 require 'psych/coder'
 require 'psych/core_ext'
-require 'psych/deprecated'
 require 'psych/stream'
 require 'psych/json/tree_builder'
 require 'psych/json/stream'
@@ -28,7 +32,7 @@ require 'psych/class_loader'
 # = Overview
 #
 # Psych is a YAML parser and emitter.
-# Psych leverages libyaml [Home page: http://pyyaml.org/wiki/LibYAML]
+# Psych leverages libyaml [Home page: https://pyyaml.org/wiki/LibYAML]
 # or [HG repo: https://bitbucket.org/xi/libyaml] for its YAML parsing
 # and emitting capabilities. In addition to wrapping libyaml, Psych also
 # knows how to serialize and de-serialize most Ruby objects to and from
@@ -70,12 +74,15 @@ require 'psych/class_loader'
 #
 # ==== Reading from a string
 #
-#   Psych.load("--- a")             # => 'a'
-#   Psych.load("---\n - a\n - b")   # => ['a', 'b']
+#   Psych.safe_load("--- a")             # => 'a'
+#   Psych.safe_load("---\n - a\n - b")   # => ['a', 'b']
+#   # From a trusted string:
+#   Psych.load("--- !ruby/range\nbegin: 0\nend: 42\nexcl: false\n") # => 0..42
 #
 # ==== Reading from a file
 #
-#   Psych.load_file("database.yml")
+#   Psych.safe_load_file("data.yml", permitted_classes: [Date])
+#   Psych.load_file("trusted_database.yml")
 #
 # ==== Exception handling
 #
@@ -195,12 +202,13 @@ require 'psych/class_loader'
 #
 # ==== Receiving an events stream
 #
-#   parser = Psych::Parser.new(Psych::Handlers::Recorder.new)
+#   recorder = Psych::Handlers::Recorder.new
+#   parser = Psych::Parser.new(recorder)
 #
 #   parser.parse("---\n - a\n - b")
-#   parser.events # => [list of [event, args] lists]
-#                 # event is one of: Psych::Handler::EVENTS
-#                 # args are the arguments passed to the event
+#   recorder.events # => [list of [event, args] lists]
+#                   # event is one of: Psych::Handler::EVENTS
+#                   # args are the arguments passed to the event
 #
 # === Emitting
 #
@@ -225,15 +233,17 @@ require 'psych/class_loader'
 
 module Psych
   # The version of libyaml Psych is using
-  LIBYAML_VERSION = Psych.libyaml_version.join '.'
-
-  FALLBACK        = Struct.new :to_ruby # :nodoc:
+  LIBYAML_VERSION = Psych.libyaml_version.join('.').freeze
+  # Deprecation guard
+  NOT_GIVEN = Object.new.freeze
+  private_constant :NOT_GIVEN
 
   ###
   # Load +yaml+ in to a Ruby data structure.  If multiple documents are
   # provided, the object contained in the first document will be returned.
-  # +filename+ will be used in the exception message if any exception is raised
-  # while parsing.
+  # +filename+ will be used in the exception message if any exception
+  # is raised while parsing.  If +yaml+ is empty, it returns
+  # the specified +fallback+ return value, which defaults to +false+.
   #
   # Raises a Psych::SyntaxError when a YAML syntax error is detected.
   #
@@ -243,15 +253,35 @@ module Psych
   #   Psych.load("---\n - a\n - b")   # => ['a', 'b']
   #
   #   begin
-  #     Psych.load("--- `", "file.txt")
+  #     Psych.load("--- `", filename: "file.txt")
   #   rescue Psych::SyntaxError => ex
   #     ex.file    # => 'file.txt'
   #     ex.message # => "(file.txt): found character that cannot start any token"
   #   end
-  def self.load yaml, filename = nil, fallback = false
-    result = parse(yaml, filename, fallback)
-    result ? result.to_ruby : result
+  #
+  # When the optional +symbolize_names+ keyword argument is set to a
+  # true value, returns symbols for keys in Hash objects (default: strings).
+  #
+  #   Psych.load("---\n foo: bar")                         # => {"foo"=>"bar"}
+  #   Psych.load("---\n foo: bar", symbolize_names: true)  # => {:foo=>"bar"}
+  #
+  # Raises a TypeError when `yaml` parameter is NilClass
+  #
+  # NOTE: This method *should not* be used to parse untrusted documents, such as
+  # YAML documents that are supplied via user input.  Instead, please use the
+  # safe_load method.
+  #
+  def self.unsafe_load yaml, legacy_filename = NOT_GIVEN, filename: nil, fallback: false, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false
+    if legacy_filename != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing filename with the 2nd argument of Psych.load is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.load(yaml, filename: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      filename = legacy_filename
+    end
+
+    result = parse(yaml, filename: filename)
+    return fallback unless result
+    result.to_ruby(symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze)
   end
+  class << self; alias :load :unsafe_load; end
 
   ###
   # Safely load the yaml string in +yaml+.  By default, only the following
@@ -266,40 +296,71 @@ module Psych
   # * Hash
   #
   # Recursive data structures are not allowed by default.  Arbitrary classes
-  # can be allowed by adding those classes to the +whitelist+.  They are
+  # can be allowed by adding those classes to the +permitted_classes+ keyword argument.  They are
   # additive.  For example, to allow Date deserialization:
   #
-  #   Psych.safe_load(yaml, [Date])
+  #   Psych.safe_load(yaml, permitted_classes: [Date])
   #
   # Now the Date class can be loaded in addition to the classes listed above.
   #
-  # Aliases can be explicitly allowed by changing the +aliases+ parameter.
+  # Aliases can be explicitly allowed by changing the +aliases+ keyword argument.
   # For example:
   #
   #   x = []
   #   x << x
   #   yaml = Psych.dump x
   #   Psych.safe_load yaml               # => raises an exception
-  #   Psych.safe_load yaml, [], [], true # => loads the aliases
+  #   Psych.safe_load yaml, aliases: true # => loads the aliases
   #
   # A Psych::DisallowedClass exception will be raised if the yaml contains a
-  # class that isn't in the whitelist.
+  # class that isn't in the +permitted_classes+ list.
   #
   # A Psych::BadAlias exception will be raised if the yaml contains aliases
-  # but the +aliases+ parameter is set to false.
-  def self.safe_load yaml, whitelist_classes = [], whitelist_symbols = [], aliases = false, filename = nil
-    result = parse(yaml, filename)
-    return unless result
+  # but the +aliases+ keyword argument is set to false.
+  #
+  # +filename+ will be used in the exception message if any exception is raised
+  # while parsing.
+  #
+  # When the optional +symbolize_names+ keyword argument is set to a
+  # true value, returns symbols for keys in Hash objects (default: strings).
+  #
+  #   Psych.safe_load("---\n foo: bar")                         # => {"foo"=>"bar"}
+  #   Psych.safe_load("---\n foo: bar", symbolize_names: true)  # => {:foo=>"bar"}
+  #
+  def self.safe_load yaml, legacy_permitted_classes = NOT_GIVEN, legacy_permitted_symbols = NOT_GIVEN, legacy_aliases = NOT_GIVEN, legacy_filename = NOT_GIVEN, permitted_classes: [], permitted_symbols: [], aliases: false, filename: nil, fallback: nil, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false
+    if legacy_permitted_classes != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing permitted_classes with the 2nd argument of Psych.safe_load is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.safe_load(yaml, permitted_classes: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      permitted_classes = legacy_permitted_classes
+    end
 
-    class_loader = ClassLoader::Restricted.new(whitelist_classes.map(&:to_s),
-                                               whitelist_symbols.map(&:to_s))
-    scanner      = ScalarScanner.new class_loader
-    if aliases
-      visitor = Visitors::ToRuby.new scanner, class_loader
-    else
-      visitor = Visitors::NoAliasRuby.new scanner, class_loader
+    if legacy_permitted_symbols != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing permitted_symbols with the 3rd argument of Psych.safe_load is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.safe_load(yaml, permitted_symbols: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      permitted_symbols = legacy_permitted_symbols
+    end
+
+    if legacy_aliases != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing aliases with the 4th argument of Psych.safe_load is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.safe_load(yaml, aliases: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      aliases = legacy_aliases
+    end
+
+    if legacy_filename != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing filename with the 5th argument of Psych.safe_load is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.safe_load(yaml, filename: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      filename = legacy_filename
     end
-    visitor.accept result
+
+    result = parse(yaml, filename: filename)
+    return fallback unless result
+
+    class_loader = ClassLoader::Restricted.new(permitted_classes.map(&:to_s),
+                                               permitted_symbols.map(&:to_s))
+    scanner      = ScalarScanner.new class_loader
+    visitor = if aliases
+                Visitors::ToRuby.new scanner, class_loader, symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze
+              else
+                Visitors::NoAliasRuby.new scanner, class_loader, symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze
+              end
+    result = visitor.accept result
+    result
   end
 
   ###
@@ -314,28 +375,40 @@ module Psych
   #   Psych.parse("---\n - a\n - b") # => #<Psych::Nodes::Document:0x00>
   #
   #   begin
-  #     Psych.parse("--- `", "file.txt")
+  #     Psych.parse("--- `", filename: "file.txt")
   #   rescue Psych::SyntaxError => ex
   #     ex.file    # => 'file.txt'
   #     ex.message # => "(file.txt): found character that cannot start any token"
   #   end
   #
   # See Psych::Nodes for more information about YAML AST.
-  def self.parse yaml, filename = nil, fallback = false
-    parse_stream(yaml, filename) do |node|
+  def self.parse yaml, legacy_filename = NOT_GIVEN, filename: nil, fallback: NOT_GIVEN
+    if legacy_filename != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing filename with the 2nd argument of Psych.parse is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.parse(yaml, filename: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      filename = legacy_filename
+    end
+
+    parse_stream(yaml, filename: filename) do |node|
       return node
     end
-    fallback
+
+    if fallback != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing the `fallback` keyword argument of Psych.parse is deprecated.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      fallback
+    else
+      false
+    end
   end
 
   ###
   # Parse a file at +filename+. Returns the Psych::Nodes::Document.
   #
   # Raises a Psych::SyntaxError when a YAML syntax error is detected.
-  def self.parse_file filename
-    File.open filename, 'r:bom|utf-8' do |f|
-      parse f, filename
+  def self.parse_file filename, fallback: false
+    result = File.open filename, 'r:bom|utf-8' do |f|
+      parse f, filename: filename
     end
+    result || fallback
   end
 
   ###
@@ -364,14 +437,21 @@ module Psych
   #   end
   #
   #   begin
-  #     Psych.parse_stream("--- `", "file.txt")
+  #     Psych.parse_stream("--- `", filename: "file.txt")
   #   rescue Psych::SyntaxError => ex
   #     ex.file    # => 'file.txt'
   #     ex.message # => "(file.txt): found character that cannot start any token"
   #   end
   #
+  # Raises a TypeError when NilClass is passed.
+  #
   # See Psych::Nodes for more information about YAML AST.
-  def self.parse_stream yaml, filename = nil, &block
+  def self.parse_stream yaml, legacy_filename = NOT_GIVEN, filename: nil, &block
+    if legacy_filename != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing filename with the 2nd argument of Psych.parse_stream is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.parse_stream(yaml, filename: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      filename = legacy_filename
+    end
+
     if block_given?
       parser = Psych::Parser.new(Handlers::DocumentStream.new(&block))
       parser.parse yaml, filename
@@ -393,6 +473,24 @@ module Psych
   # to control the output format.  If an IO object is passed in, the YAML will
   # be dumped to that IO object.
   #
+  # Currently supported options are:
+  #
+  # [<tt>:indentation</tt>]   Number of space characters used to indent.
+  #                           Acceptable value should be in <tt>0..9</tt> range,
+  #                           otherwise option is ignored.
+  #
+  #                           Default: <tt>2</tt>.
+  # [<tt>:line_width</tt>]    Max character to wrap line at.
+  #
+  #                           Default: <tt>0</tt> (meaning "wrap at 81").
+  # [<tt>:canonical</tt>]     Write "canonical" YAML form (very verbose, yet
+  #                           strictly formal).
+  #
+  #                           Default: <tt>false</tt>.
+  # [<tt>:header</tt>]        Write <tt>%YAML [version]</tt> at the beginning of document.
+  #
+  #                           Default: <tt>false</tt>.
+  #
   # Example:
   #
   #   # Dump an array, get back a YAML string
@@ -402,10 +500,10 @@ module Psych
   #   Psych.dump(['a', 'b'], StringIO.new)  # => #<StringIO:0x000001009d0890>
   #
   #   # Dump an array with indentation set
-  #   Psych.dump(['a', ['b']], :indentation => 3) # => "---\n- a\n-  - b\n"
+  #   Psych.dump(['a', ['b']], indentation: 3) # => "---\n- a\n-  - b\n"
   #
   #   # Dump an array to an IO with indentation set
-  #   Psych.dump(['a', ['b']], StringIO.new, :indentation => 3)
+  #   Psych.dump(['a', ['b']], StringIO.new, indentation: 3)
   def self.dump o, io = nil, options = {}
     if Hash === io
       options = io
@@ -454,55 +552,114 @@ module Psych
   #   end
   #   list # => ['foo', 'bar']
   #
-  def self.load_stream yaml, filename = nil
-    if block_given?
-      parse_stream(yaml, filename) do |node|
-        yield node.to_ruby
-      end
-    else
-      parse_stream(yaml, filename).children.map { |child| child.to_ruby }
+  def self.load_stream yaml, legacy_filename = NOT_GIVEN, filename: nil, fallback: [], **kwargs
+    if legacy_filename != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn_with_uplevel 'Passing filename with the 2nd argument of Psych.load_stream is deprecated. Use keyword argument like Psych.load_stream(yaml, filename: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      filename = legacy_filename
     end
+
+    result = if block_given?
+               parse_stream(yaml, filename: filename) do |node|
+                 yield node.to_ruby(**kwargs)
+               end
+             else
+               parse_stream(yaml, filename: filename).children.map { |node| node.to_ruby(**kwargs) }
+             end
+
+    return fallback if result.is_a?(Array) && result.empty?
+    result
   end
 
   ###
   # Load the document contained in +filename+.  Returns the yaml contained in
   # +filename+ as a Ruby object, or if the file is empty, it returns
-  # the specified default return value, which defaults to an empty Hash
-  def self.load_file filename, fallback = false
+  # the specified +fallback+ return value, which defaults to +false+.
+  #
+  # NOTE: This method *should not* be used to parse untrusted documents, such as
+  # YAML documents that are supplied via user input.  Instead, please use the
+  # safe_load_file method.
+  def self.unsafe_load_file filename, **kwargs
+    File.open(filename, 'r:bom|utf-8') { |f|
+      self.unsafe_load f, filename: filename, **kwargs
+    }
+  end
+  class << self; alias :load_file :unsafe_load_file; end
+
+  ###
+  # Safely loads the document contained in +filename+.  Returns the yaml contained in
+  # +filename+ as a Ruby object, or if the file is empty, it returns
+  # the specified +fallback+ return value, which defaults to +false+.
+  # See safe_load for options.
+  def self.safe_load_file filename, **kwargs
     File.open(filename, 'r:bom|utf-8') { |f|
-      self.load f, filename, FALLBACK.new(fallback)
+      self.safe_load f, filename: filename, **kwargs
     }
   end
 
   # :stopdoc:
-  @domain_types = {}
   def self.add_domain_type domain, type_tag, &block
     key = ['tag', domain, type_tag].join ':'
-    @domain_types[key] = [key, block]
-    @domain_types["tag:#{type_tag}"] = [key, block]
+    domain_types[key] = [key, block]
+    domain_types["tag:#{type_tag}"] = [key, block]
   end
 
   def self.add_builtin_type type_tag, &block
     domain = 'yaml.org,2002'
     key = ['tag', domain, type_tag].join ':'
-    @domain_types[key] = [key, block]
+    domain_types[key] = [key, block]
   end
 
   def self.remove_type type_tag
-    @domain_types.delete type_tag
+    domain_types.delete type_tag
   end
 
-  @load_tags = {}
-  @dump_tags = {}
   def self.add_tag tag, klass
-    @load_tags[tag] = klass.name
-    @dump_tags[klass] = tag
+    load_tags[tag] = klass.name
+    dump_tags[klass] = tag
+  end
+
+  # Workaround for emulating `warn '...', uplevel: 1` in Ruby 2.4 or lower.
+  def self.warn_with_uplevel(message, uplevel: 1)
+    at = parse_caller(caller[uplevel]).join(':')
+    warn "#{at}: #{message}"
+  end
+
+  def self.parse_caller(at)
+    if /^(.+?):(\d+)(?::in `.*')?/ =~ at
+      file = $1
+      line = $2.to_i
+      [file, line]
+    end
   end
+  private_class_method :warn_with_uplevel, :parse_caller
 
   class << self
-    attr_accessor :load_tags
-    attr_accessor :dump_tags
-    attr_accessor :domain_types
+    if defined?(Ractor)
+      require 'forwardable'
+      extend Forwardable
+
+      class Config
+        attr_accessor :load_tags, :dump_tags, :domain_types
+        def initialize
+          @load_tags = {}
+          @dump_tags = {}
+          @domain_types = {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      def config
+        Ractor.current[:PsychConfig] ||= Config.new
+      end
+
+      def_delegators :config, :load_tags, :dump_tags, :domain_types, :load_tags=, :dump_tags=, :domain_types=
+    else
+      attr_accessor :load_tags
+      attr_accessor :dump_tags
+      attr_accessor :domain_types
+    end
   end
+  self.load_tags = {}
+  self.dump_tags = {}
+  self.domain_types = {}
   # :startdoc:
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/class_loader.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/class_loader.rb
index ba756f7ea7..a5d1a7a4a9 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/class_loader.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/class_loader.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/omap'
 require 'psych/set'
 
@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@ module Psych
 
     constants.each do |const|
       konst = const_get const
-      define_method(const.to_s.downcase) do
-        load konst
-      end
+      class_eval <<~RUBY
+        def #{const.to_s.downcase}
+          load #{konst.inspect}
+        end
+      RUBY
     end
 
     private
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ module Psych
       rescue
         nil
       end
-    }.compact]
+    }.compact].freeze
 
     class Restricted < ClassLoader
       def initialize classes, symbols
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/coder.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/coder.rb
index 26005f57b4..96a9c3fbad 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/coder.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/coder.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   ###
   # If an object defines +encode_with+, then an instance of Psych::Coder will
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb
index 1a98279afd..81055cc501 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/core_ext.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,17 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Object
   def self.yaml_tag url
     Psych.add_tag(url, self)
   end
 
-  # FIXME: rename this to "to_yaml" when syck is removed
-
   ###
   # call-seq: to_yaml(options = {})
   #
   # Convert an object to YAML.  See Psych.dump for more information on the
   # available +options+.
-  def psych_to_yaml options = {}
+  def to_yaml options = {}
     Psych.dump self, options
   end
-  remove_method :to_yaml rescue nil
-  alias :to_yaml :psych_to_yaml
-end
-
-class Module
-  def psych_yaml_as url
-    return if caller[0].end_with?('rubytypes.rb')
-    if $VERBOSE
-      warn "#{caller[0]}: yaml_as is deprecated, please use yaml_tag"
-    end
-    Psych.add_tag(url, self)
-  end
-
-  remove_method :yaml_as rescue nil
-  alias :yaml_as :psych_yaml_as
 end
 
 if defined?(::IRB)
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/deprecated.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/deprecated.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 165d2102b4..0000000000
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/deprecated.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'date'
-
-module Psych
-  DEPRECATED = __FILE__ # :nodoc:
-
-  module DeprecatedMethods # :nodoc:
-    attr_accessor :taguri
-    attr_accessor :to_yaml_style
-  end
-
-  def self.quick_emit thing, opts = {}, &block # :nodoc:
-    warn "#{caller[0]}: YAML.quick_emit is deprecated" if $VERBOSE && !caller[0].start_with?(File.dirname(__FILE__))
-    target = eval 'self', block.binding
-    target.extend DeprecatedMethods
-    metaclass = class << target; self; end
-    metaclass.send(:define_method, :encode_with) do |coder|
-      target.taguri        = coder.tag
-      target.to_yaml_style = coder.style
-      block.call coder
-    end
-    target.psych_to_yaml unless opts[:nodump]
-  end
-
-  # This method is deprecated, use Psych.load_stream instead.
-  def self.load_documents yaml, &block
-    if $VERBOSE
-      warn "#{caller[0]}: load_documents is deprecated, use load_stream"
-    end
-    list = load_stream yaml
-    return list unless block_given?
-    list.each(&block)
-  end
-
-  def self.detect_implicit thing
-    warn "#{caller[0]}: detect_implicit is deprecated" if $VERBOSE
-    return '' unless String === thing
-    return 'null' if '' == thing
-    ss = ScalarScanner.new(ClassLoader.new)
-    ss.tokenize(thing).class.name.downcase
-  end
-
-  def self.add_ruby_type type_tag, &block
-    warn "#{caller[0]}: add_ruby_type is deprecated, use add_domain_type" if $VERBOSE
-    domain = 'ruby.yaml.org,2002'
-    key = ['tag', domain, type_tag].join ':'
-    @domain_types[key] = [key, block]
-  end
-
-  def self.add_private_type type_tag, &block
-    warn "#{caller[0]}: add_private_type is deprecated, use add_domain_type" if $VERBOSE
-    domain = 'x-private'
-    key = [domain, type_tag].join ':'
-    @domain_types[key] = [key, block]
-  end
-
-  def self.tagurize thing
-    warn "#{caller[0]}: add_private_type is deprecated, use add_domain_type" if $VERBOSE
-    return thing unless String === thing
-    "tag:yaml.org,2002:#{thing}"
-  end
-
-  def self.read_type_class type, reference
-    warn "#{caller[0]}: read_type_class is deprecated" if $VERBOSE
-    _, _, type, name = type.split ':', 4
-
-    reference = name.split('::').inject(reference) do |k,n|
-      k.const_get(n.to_sym)
-    end if name
-    [type, reference]
-  end
-
-  def self.object_maker klass, hash
-    warn "#{caller[0]}: object_maker is deprecated" if $VERBOSE
-    klass.allocate.tap do |obj|
-      hash.each { |k,v| obj.instance_variable_set(:"@#{k}", v) }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Object
-  undef :to_yaml_properties rescue nil
-  def to_yaml_properties # :nodoc:
-    instance_variables
-  end
-end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/exception.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/exception.rb
index 83c3d7fa82..fac0c42b9f 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/exception.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/exception.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   class Exception < RuntimeError
   end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/handler.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/handler.rb
index 1ab5f73e95..ad7249ff77 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/handler.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/handler.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   ###
   # Psych::Handler is an abstract base class that defines the events used
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ module Psych
     #   - first element
     #   - *ponies
     #
-    # &ponies is the achor, *ponies is the alias.  In this case, alias is
+    # &ponies is the anchor, *ponies is the alias.  In this case, alias is
     # called with "ponies".
     def alias anchor
     end
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ module Psych
     # +tag+ is an associated tag or nil
     # +plain+ is a boolean value
     # +quoted+ is a boolean value
-    # +style+ is an integer idicating the string style
+    # +style+ is an integer indicating the string style
     #
     # See the constants in Psych::Nodes::Scalar for the possible values of
     # +style+
@@ -242,6 +242,11 @@ module Psych
     end
 
     ###
+    # Called before each event with line/column information.
+    def event_location(start_line, start_column, end_line, end_column)
+    end
+
+    ###
     # Is this handler a streaming handler?
     def streaming?
       false
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/document_stream.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/document_stream.rb
index c43b39ebc5..67da794093 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/document_stream.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/document_stream.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/tree_builder'
 
 module Psych
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/recorder.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/recorder.rb
index 341b81dec4..a8fc7b1144 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/recorder.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/handlers/recorder.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/handler'
 
 module Psych
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/ruby_events.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/ruby_events.rb
index 478eb667c7..17b7ddc386 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/ruby_events.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/ruby_events.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module JSON
     module RubyEvents # :nodoc:
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/stream.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/stream.rb
index 83b7e13655..2ebd3d7a66 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/stream.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/stream.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/json/ruby_events'
 require 'psych/json/yaml_events'
 
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/tree_builder.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/tree_builder.rb
index 2f94b8c252..5c2ee8ca25 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/tree_builder.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/tree_builder.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/json/yaml_events'
 
 module Psych
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/yaml_events.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/yaml_events.rb
index 07f64737c5..eb973f5361 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/yaml_events.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/json/yaml_events.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module JSON
     module YAMLEvents # :nodoc:
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes.rb
index 01573b509b..5842c2e3e5 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/nodes/node'
 require 'psych/nodes/stream'
 require 'psych/nodes/document'
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/alias.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/alias.rb
index 716a00d62f..6da655f0fd 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/alias.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/alias.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Nodes
     ###
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ module Psych
       def initialize anchor
         @anchor = anchor
       end
+
+      def alias?; true; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/document.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/document.rb
index 7234fef1d8..f57410d636 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/document.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/document.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Nodes
     ###
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ module Psych
       def root
         children.first
       end
+
+      def document?; true; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/mapping.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/mapping.rb
index 4c11df8cd6..d49678cb0e 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/mapping.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/mapping.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Nodes
     ###
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ module Psych
         @implicit = implicit
         @style    = style
       end
+
+      def mapping?; true; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb
index e3621dc451..05cb08dac0 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/node.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'stringio'
 require 'psych/class_loader'
 require 'psych/scalar_scanner'
@@ -17,6 +17,18 @@ module Psych
       # An associated tag
       attr_reader :tag
 
+      # The line number where this node start
+      attr_accessor :start_line
+
+      # The column number where this node start
+      attr_accessor :start_column
+
+      # The line number where this node ends
+      attr_accessor :end_line
+
+      # The column number where this node ends
+      attr_accessor :end_column
+
       # Create a new Psych::Nodes::Node
       def initialize
         @children = []
@@ -34,8 +46,8 @@ module Psych
       # Convert this node to Ruby.
       #
       # See also Psych::Visitors::ToRuby
-      def to_ruby
-        Visitors::ToRuby.create.accept(self)
+      def to_ruby(symbolize_names: false, freeze: false)
+        Visitors::ToRuby.create(symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze).accept(self)
       end
       alias :transform :to_ruby
 
@@ -51,6 +63,13 @@ module Psych
         io
       end
       alias :to_yaml :yaml
+
+      def alias?;    false; end
+      def document?; false; end
+      def mapping?;  false; end
+      def scalar?;   false; end
+      def sequence?; false; end
+      def stream?;   false; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/scalar.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/scalar.rb
index ee5570518e..5550b616a3 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/scalar.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/scalar.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Nodes
     ###
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module Psych
       # +tag+ is an associated tag or nil
       # +plain+ is a boolean value
       # +quoted+ is a boolean value
-      # +style+ is an integer idicating the string style
+      # +style+ is an integer indicating the string style
       #
       # == See Also
       #
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ module Psych
         @quoted = quoted
         @style  = style
       end
+
+      def scalar?; true; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/sequence.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/sequence.rb
index 1096469567..740f1938a4 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/sequence.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/sequence.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Nodes
     ###
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ module Psych
         @implicit = implicit
         @style    = style
       end
+
+      def sequence?; true; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/stream.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/stream.rb
index 559b0846e7..b525217821 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/stream.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/nodes/stream.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Nodes
     ###
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ module Psych
         super()
         @encoding = encoding
       end
+
+      def stream?; true; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/omap.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/omap.rb
index 233b945c4a..29cde0be50 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/omap.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/omap.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   class Omap < ::Hash
   end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb
index 242512f89f..39bc8289be 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   ###
   # YAML event parser class.  This class parses a YAML document and calls
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
index a849359d18..d565a336e8 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'strscan'
 
 module Psych
@@ -10,21 +10,19 @@ module Psych
 
     # Taken from http://yaml.org/type/float.html
     FLOAT = /^(?:[-+]?([0-9][0-9_,]*)?\.[0-9]*([eE][-+][0-9]+)?(?# base 10)
-              |[-+]?[0-9][0-9_,]*(:[0-5]?[0-9])+\.[0-9_]*(?# base 60)
               |[-+]?\.(inf|Inf|INF)(?# infinity)
               |\.(nan|NaN|NAN)(?# not a number))$/x
 
     # Taken from http://yaml.org/type/int.html
-    INTEGER = /^(?:[-+]?0b[0-1_]+          (?# base 2)
-                  |[-+]?0[0-7_]+           (?# base 8)
-                  |[-+]?(?:0|[1-9][0-9_]*) (?# base 10)
-                  |[-+]?0x[0-9a-fA-F_]+    (?# base 16))$/x
+    INTEGER = /^(?:[-+]?0b[0-1_,]+          (?# base 2)
+                  |[-+]?0[0-7_,]+           (?# base 8)
+                  |[-+]?(?:0|[1-9][0-9_,]*) (?# base 10)
+                  |[-+]?0x[0-9a-fA-F_,]+    (?# base 16))$/x
 
     attr_reader :class_loader
 
     # Create a new scanner
     def initialize class_loader
-      @string_cache = {}
       @symbol_cache = {}
       @class_loader = class_loader
     end
@@ -32,81 +30,70 @@ module Psych
     # Tokenize +string+ returning the Ruby object
     def tokenize string
       return nil if string.empty?
-      return string if @string_cache.key?(string)
       return @symbol_cache[string] if @symbol_cache.key?(string)
 
-      case string
       # Check for a String type, being careful not to get caught by hash keys, hex values, and
       # special floats (e.g., -.inf).
-      when /^[^\d\.:-]?[A-Za-z_\s!@#\$%\^&\*\(\)\{\}\<\>\|\/\\~;=]+/, /\n/
-        if string.length > 5
-          @string_cache[string] = true
-          return string
-        end
+      if string.match?(/^[^\d\.:-]?[A-Za-z_\s!@#\$%\^&\*\(\)\{\}\<\>\|\/\\~;=]+/) || string.match?(/\n/)
+        return string if string.length > 5
 
-        case string
-        when /^[^ytonf~]/i
-          @string_cache[string] = true
+        if string.match?(/^[^ytonf~]/i)
           string
-        when '~', /^null$/i
+        elsif string == '~' || string.match?(/^null$/i)
           nil
-        when /^(yes|true|on)$/i
+        elsif string.match?(/^(yes|true|on)$/i)
           true
-        when /^(no|false|off)$/i
+        elsif string.match?(/^(no|false|off)$/i)
           false
         else
-          @string_cache[string] = true
           string
         end
-      when TIME
+      elsif string.match?(TIME)
         begin
           parse_time string
         rescue ArgumentError
           string
         end
-      when /^\d{4}-(?:1[012]|0\d|\d)-(?:[12]\d|3[01]|0\d|\d)$/
+      elsif string.match?(/^\d{4}-(?:1[012]|0\d|\d)-(?:[12]\d|3[01]|0\d|\d)$/)
         require 'date'
         begin
           class_loader.date.strptime(string, '%Y-%m-%d')
         rescue ArgumentError
           string
         end
-      when /^\.inf$/i
+      elsif string.match?(/^\.inf$/i)
         Float::INFINITY
-      when /^-\.inf$/i
+      elsif string.match?(/^-\.inf$/i)
         -Float::INFINITY
-      when /^\.nan$/i
+      elsif string.match?(/^\.nan$/i)
         Float::NAN
-      when /^:./
+      elsif string.match?(/^:./)
         if string =~ /^:(["'])(.*)\1/
           @symbol_cache[string] = class_loader.symbolize($2.sub(/^:/, ''))
         else
           @symbol_cache[string] = class_loader.symbolize(string.sub(/^:/, ''))
         end
-      when /^[-+]?[0-9][0-9_]*(:[0-5]?[0-9])+$/
+      elsif string.match?(/^[-+]?[0-9][0-9_]*(:[0-5]?[0-9]){1,2}$/)
         i = 0
         string.split(':').each_with_index do |n,e|
           i += (n.to_i * 60 ** (e - 2).abs)
         end
         i
-      when /^[-+]?[0-9][0-9_]*(:[0-5]?[0-9])+\.[0-9_]*$/
+      elsif string.match?(/^[-+]?[0-9][0-9_]*(:[0-5]?[0-9]){1,2}\.[0-9_]*$/)
         i = 0
         string.split(':').each_with_index do |n,e|
           i += (n.to_f * 60 ** (e - 2).abs)
         end
         i
-      when FLOAT
-        if string =~ /\A[-+]?\.\Z/
-          @string_cache[string] = true
+      elsif string.match?(FLOAT)
+        if string.match?(/\A[-+]?\.\Z/)
           string
         else
           Float(string.gsub(/[,_]|\.([Ee]|$)/, '\1'))
         end
+      elsif string.match?(INTEGER)
+        parse_int string
       else
-        int = parse_int string.gsub(/[,_]/, '')
-        return int if int
-
-        @string_cache[string] = true
         string
       end
     end
@@ -114,8 +101,7 @@ module Psych
     ###
     # Parse and return an int from +string+
     def parse_int string
-      return unless INTEGER === string
-      Integer(string)
+      Integer(string.gsub(/[,_]/, ''))
     end
 
     ###
@@ -144,7 +130,7 @@ module Psych
         offset += ((tz[1] || 0) * 60)
       end
 
-      klass.at((time - offset).to_i, us)
+      klass.new(yy, m, dd, hh, mm, ss+us/(1_000_000r), offset)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/set.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/set.rb
index f35be15e6f..760d217098 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/set.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/set.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   class Set < ::Hash
   end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/stream.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/stream.rb
index 2f63d7d552..24e45afc3b 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/stream.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/stream.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   ###
   # Psych::Stream is a streaming YAML emitter.  It will not buffer your YAML,
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/streaming.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/streaming.rb
index 260f8a8008..eb19792ad0 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/streaming.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/streaming.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Streaming
     module ClassMethods
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/syntax_error.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/syntax_error.rb
index db293b9fb2..1598e6ff36 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/syntax_error.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/syntax_error.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/exception'
 
 module Psych
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/tree_builder.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/tree_builder.rb
index d359c933af..47a1695643 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/tree_builder.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/tree_builder.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/handler'
 
 module Psych
@@ -23,6 +23,18 @@ module Psych
       @stack = []
       @last  = nil
       @root  = nil
+
+      @start_line   = nil
+      @start_column = nil
+      @end_line     = nil
+      @end_column   = nil
+    end
+
+    def event_location(start_line, start_column, end_line, end_column)
+      @start_line   = start_line
+      @start_column = start_column
+      @end_line     = end_line
+      @end_column   = end_column
     end
 
     %w{
@@ -32,12 +44,15 @@ module Psych
       class_eval %{
         def start_#{node.downcase}(anchor, tag, implicit, style)
           n = Nodes::#{node}.new(anchor, tag, implicit, style)
+          set_start_location(n)
           @last.children << n
           push n
         end
 
         def end_#{node.downcase}
-          pop
+          n = pop
+          set_end_location(n)
+          n
         end
       }
     end
@@ -49,6 +64,7 @@ module Psych
     # See Psych::Handler#start_document
     def start_document version, tag_directives, implicit
       n = Nodes::Document.new version, tag_directives, implicit
+      set_start_location(n)
       @last.children << n
       push n
     end
@@ -60,26 +76,35 @@ module Psych
     # See Psych::Handler#start_document
     def end_document implicit_end = !streaming?
       @last.implicit_end = implicit_end
-      pop
+      n = pop
+      set_end_location(n)
+      n
     end
 
     def start_stream encoding
       @root = Nodes::Stream.new(encoding)
+      set_start_location(@root)
       push @root
     end
 
     def end_stream
-      pop
+      n = pop
+      set_end_location(n)
+      n
     end
 
     def scalar value, anchor, tag, plain, quoted, style
       s = Nodes::Scalar.new(value,anchor,tag,plain,quoted,style)
+      set_location(s)
       @last.children << s
       s
     end
 
     def alias anchor
-      @last.children << Nodes::Alias.new(anchor)
+      a = Nodes::Alias.new(anchor)
+      set_location(a)
+      @last.children << a
+      a
     end
 
     private
@@ -93,5 +118,20 @@ module Psych
       @last = @stack.last
       x
     end
+
+    def set_location(node)
+      set_start_location(node)
+      set_end_location(node)
+    end
+
+    def set_start_location(node)
+      node.start_line   = @start_line
+      node.start_column = @start_column
+    end
+
+    def set_end_location(node)
+      node.end_line   = @end_line
+      node.end_column = @end_column
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
index 455a0142cf..acb21336c4 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Psych
-  # The version is Psych you're using
-  VERSION = '2.2.2'
+  # The version of Psych you are using
+  VERSION = '3.3.2'
 
   if RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
-    DEFAULT_SNAKEYAML_VERSION = '1.17'.freeze
+    DEFAULT_SNAKEYAML_VERSION = '1.28'.freeze
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors.rb
index 5dee4ebd7a..e2b084daee 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/visitors/visitor'
 require 'psych/visitors/to_ruby'
 require 'psych/visitors/emitter'
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/depth_first.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/depth_first.rb
index 2d74a212d6..b4ff9e40e7 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/depth_first.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/depth_first.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Visitors
     class DepthFirst < Psych::Visitors::Visitor
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/emitter.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/emitter.rb
index f2ff9fdb28..e3b92b7d03 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/emitter.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/emitter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Visitors
     class Emitter < Psych::Visitors::Visitor
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/json_tree.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/json_tree.rb
index f2f0215cd2..9912cb1362 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/json_tree.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/json_tree.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/json/ruby_events'
 
 module Psych
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
index fd1c8e6caf..4de7f80d33 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/scalar_scanner'
 require 'psych/class_loader'
 require 'psych/exception'
@@ -12,39 +12,44 @@ module Psych
     ###
     # This class walks a YAML AST, converting each node to Ruby
     class ToRuby < Psych::Visitors::Visitor
-      def self.create
+      def self.create(symbolize_names: false, freeze: false)
         class_loader = ClassLoader.new
         scanner      = ScalarScanner.new class_loader
-        new(scanner, class_loader)
+        new(scanner, class_loader, symbolize_names: symbolize_names, freeze: freeze)
       end
 
       attr_reader :class_loader
 
-      def initialize ss, class_loader
+      def initialize ss, class_loader, symbolize_names: false, freeze: false
         super()
         @st = {}
         @ss = ss
+        @load_tags = Psych.load_tags
         @domain_types = Psych.domain_types
         @class_loader = class_loader
+        @symbolize_names = symbolize_names
+        @freeze = freeze
       end
 
       def accept target
         result = super
-        return result if @domain_types.empty? || !target.tag
 
-        key = target.tag.sub(/^[!\/]*/, '').sub(/(,\d+)\//, '\1:')
-        key = "tag:#{key}" unless key =~ /^(?:tag:|x-private)/
+        unless @domain_types.empty? || !target.tag
+          key = target.tag.sub(/^[!\/]*/, '').sub(/(,\d+)\//, '\1:')
+          key = "tag:#{key}" unless key =~ /^(?:tag:|x-private)/
 
-        if @domain_types.key? key
-          value, block = @domain_types[key]
-          return block.call value, result
+          if @domain_types.key? key
+            value, block = @domain_types[key]
+            result = block.call value, result
+          end
         end
 
+        result = deduplicate(result).freeze if @freeze
         result
       end
 
       def deserialize o
-        if klass = resolve_class(Psych.load_tags[o.tag])
+        if klass = resolve_class(@load_tags[o.tag])
           instance = klass.allocate
 
           if instance.respond_to?(:init_with)
@@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ module Psych
       end
 
       def visit_Psych_Nodes_Sequence o
-        if klass = resolve_class(Psych.load_tags[o.tag])
+        if klass = resolve_class(@load_tags[o.tag])
           instance = klass.allocate
 
           if instance.respond_to?(:init_with)
@@ -156,8 +161,8 @@ module Psych
       end
 
       def visit_Psych_Nodes_Mapping o
-        if Psych.load_tags[o.tag]
-          return revive(resolve_class(Psych.load_tags[o.tag]), o)
+        if @load_tags[o.tag]
+          return revive(resolve_class(@load_tags[o.tag]), o)
         end
         return revive_hash(register(o, {}), o) unless o.tag
 
@@ -252,6 +257,8 @@ module Psych
 
           e = build_exception((resolve_class($1) || class_loader.exception),
                               h.delete('message'))
+
+          e.set_backtrace h.delete('backtrace') if h.key? 'backtrace'
           init_with(e, h, o)
 
         when '!set', 'tag:yaml.org,2002:set'
@@ -320,6 +327,7 @@ module Psych
       end
 
       private
+
       def register node, object
         @st[node.anchor] = object if node.anchor
         object
@@ -331,13 +339,12 @@ module Psych
         list
       end
 
-      SHOVEL = '<<'
-      def revive_hash hash, o
+      def revive_hash hash, o, tagged= false
         o.children.each_slice(2) { |k,v|
           key = accept(k)
           val = accept(v)
 
-          if key == SHOVEL && k.tag != "tag:yaml.org,2002:str"
+          if key == '<<' && k.tag != "tag:yaml.org,2002:str"
             case v
             when Nodes::Alias, Nodes::Mapping
               begin
@@ -359,6 +366,12 @@ module Psych
               hash[key] = val
             end
           else
+            if !tagged && @symbolize_names && key.is_a?(String)
+              key = key.to_sym
+            elsif !@freeze
+              key = deduplicate(key)
+            end
+
             hash[key] = val
           end
 
@@ -366,12 +379,32 @@ module Psych
         hash
       end
 
+      if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+        def deduplicate key
+          if key.is_a?(String)
+            # It is important to untaint the string, otherwise it won't
+            # be deduplicated into an fstring, but simply frozen.
+            -(key.untaint)
+          else
+            key
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        def deduplicate key
+          if key.is_a?(String)
+            -key
+          else
+            key
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def merge_key hash, key, val
       end
 
       def revive klass, node
         s = register(node, klass.allocate)
-        init_with(s, revive_hash({}, node), node)
+        init_with(s, revive_hash({}, node, true), node)
       end
 
       def init_with o, h, node
@@ -380,11 +413,6 @@ module Psych
 
         if o.respond_to?(:init_with)
           o.init_with c
-        elsif o.respond_to?(:yaml_initialize)
-          if $VERBOSE
-            warn "Implementing #{o.class}#yaml_initialize is deprecated, please implement \"init_with(coder)\""
-          end
-          o.yaml_initialize c.tag, c.map
         else
           h.each { |k,v| o.instance_variable_set(:"@#{k}", v) }
         end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/visitor.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/visitor.rb
index d97bf550f6..21052aa66f 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/visitor.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/visitor.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Psych
   module Visitors
     class Visitor
@@ -8,12 +8,26 @@ module Psych
 
       private
 
-      DISPATCH = Hash.new do |hash, klass|
-        hash[klass] = "visit_#{klass.name.gsub('::', '_')}"
+      # @api private
+      def self.dispatch_cache
+        Hash.new do |hash, klass|
+          hash[klass] = :"visit_#{klass.name.gsub('::', '_')}"
+        end.compare_by_identity
+      end
+
+      if defined?(Ractor)
+        def dispatch
+          @dispatch_cache ||= (Ractor.current[:Psych_Visitors_Visitor] ||= Visitor.dispatch_cache)
+        end
+      else
+        DISPATCH = dispatch_cache
+        def dispatch
+          DISPATCH
+        end
       end
 
       def visit target
-        send DISPATCH[target.class], target
+        send dispatch[target.class], target
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb
index 11214ecbf4..bf7c0bb8ca 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'psych/tree_builder'
 require 'psych/scalar_scanner'
 require 'psych/class_loader'
@@ -53,15 +53,6 @@ module Psych
         new(emitter, ss, options)
       end
 
-      def self.new emitter = nil, ss = nil, options = nil
-        return super if emitter && ss && options
-
-        if $VERBOSE
-          warn "This API is deprecated, please pass an emitter, scalar scanner, and options or call #{self}.create() (#{caller.first})"
-        end
-        create emitter, ss
-      end
-
       def initialize emitter, ss, options
         super()
         @started    = false
@@ -89,7 +80,7 @@ module Psych
           raise(TypeError, "Can't dump #{target.class}") unless method
 
           h[klass] = method
-        end
+        end.compare_by_identity
       end
 
       def start encoding = Nodes::Stream::UTF8
@@ -139,24 +130,6 @@ module Psych
           return @emitter.alias anchor
         end
 
-        if target.respond_to?(:to_yaml)
-          begin
-            loc = target.method(:to_yaml).source_location.first
-            if loc !~ /(syck\/rubytypes.rb|psych\/core_ext.rb)/
-              unless target.respond_to?(:encode_with)
-                if $VERBOSE
-                  warn "implementing to_yaml is deprecated, please implement \"encode_with\""
-                end
-
-                target.to_yaml(:nodump => true)
-              end
-            end
-          rescue
-            # public_method or source_location might be overridden,
-            # and it's OK to skip it since it's only to emit a warning
-          end
-        end
-
         if target.respond_to?(:encode_with)
           dump_coder target
         else
@@ -191,6 +164,8 @@ module Psych
         @emitter.end_mapping
       end
 
+      alias :visit_Delegator :visit_Object
+
       def visit_Struct o
         tag = ['!ruby/struct', o.class.name].compact.join(':')
 
@@ -206,41 +181,11 @@ module Psych
       end
 
       def visit_Exception o
-        tag = ['!ruby/exception', o.class.name].join ':'
-
-        @emitter.start_mapping nil, tag, false, Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK
-
-        {
-          'message'   => private_iv_get(o, 'mesg'),
-          'backtrace' => private_iv_get(o, 'backtrace'),
-        }.each do |k,v|
-          next unless v
-          @emitter.scalar k, nil, nil, true, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY
-          accept v
-        end
-
-        dump_ivars o
-
-        @emitter.end_mapping
+        dump_exception o, o.message.to_s
       end
 
       def visit_NameError o
-        tag = ['!ruby/exception', o.class.name].join ':'
-
-        @emitter.start_mapping nil, tag, false, Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK
-
-        {
-          'message'   => o.message.to_s,
-          'backtrace' => private_iv_get(o, 'backtrace'),
-        }.each do |k,v|
-          next unless v
-          @emitter.scalar k, nil, nil, true, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY
-          accept v
-        end
-
-        dump_ivars o
-
-        @emitter.end_mapping
+        dump_exception o, o.message.to_s
       end
 
       def visit_Regexp o
@@ -336,7 +281,7 @@ module Psych
         end
 
         is_primitive = o.class == ::String
-        ivars = find_ivars o, is_primitive
+        ivars = is_primitive ? [] : o.instance_variables
 
         if ivars.empty?
           unless is_primitive
@@ -346,7 +291,7 @@ module Psych
           end
           @emitter.scalar o, nil, tag, plain, quote, style
         else
-          maptag = '!ruby/string'
+          maptag = '!ruby/string'.dup
           maptag << ":#{o.class}" unless o.class == ::String
 
           register o, @emitter.start_mapping(nil, maptag, false, Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK)
@@ -403,14 +348,18 @@ module Psych
 
       def visit_Array o
         if o.class == ::Array
-          register o, @emitter.start_sequence(nil, nil, true, Nodes::Sequence::BLOCK)
-          o.each { |c| accept c }
-          @emitter.end_sequence
+          visit_Enumerator o
         else
           visit_array_subclass o
         end
       end
 
+      def visit_Enumerator o
+        register o, @emitter.start_sequence(nil, nil, true, Nodes::Sequence::BLOCK)
+        o.each { |c| accept c }
+        @emitter.end_sequence
+      end
+
       def visit_NilClass o
         @emitter.scalar('', nil, 'tag:yaml.org,2002:null', true, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY)
       end
@@ -436,15 +385,9 @@ module Psych
       end
 
       private
-      # FIXME: Remove the index and count checks in Psych 3.0
-      NULL         = "\x00"
-      BINARY_RANGE = "\x00-\x7F"
-      WS_RANGE     = "^ -~\t\r\n"
 
       def binary? string
-        (string.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT && !string.ascii_only?) ||
-          string.index(NULL) ||
-          string.count(BINARY_RANGE, WS_RANGE).fdiv(string.length) > 0.3
+        string.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT && !string.ascii_only?
       end
 
       def visit_array_subclass o
@@ -485,15 +428,6 @@ module Psych
           node = @emitter.start_mapping(nil, tag, false, Psych::Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK)
           register(o, node)
 
-          # Dump the elements
-          accept 'elements'
-          @emitter.start_mapping nil, nil, true, Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK
-          o.each do |k,v|
-            accept k
-            accept v
-          end
-          @emitter.end_mapping
-
           # Dump the ivars
           accept 'ivars'
           @emitter.start_mapping nil, nil, true, Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK
@@ -503,6 +437,15 @@ module Psych
           end
           @emitter.end_mapping
 
+          # Dump the elements
+          accept 'elements'
+          @emitter.start_mapping nil, nil, true, Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK
+          o.each do |k,v|
+            accept k
+            accept v
+          end
+          @emitter.end_mapping
+
           @emitter.end_mapping
         else
           tag = "!ruby/hash:#{o.class}"
@@ -519,6 +462,24 @@ module Psych
       def dump_list o
       end
 
+      def dump_exception o, msg
+        tag = ['!ruby/exception', o.class.name].join ':'
+
+        @emitter.start_mapping nil, tag, false, Nodes::Mapping::BLOCK
+
+        if msg
+          @emitter.scalar 'message', nil, nil, true, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY
+          accept msg
+        end
+
+        @emitter.scalar 'backtrace', nil, nil, true, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY
+        accept o.backtrace
+
+        dump_ivars o
+
+        @emitter.end_mapping
+      end
+
       def format_time time
         if time.utc?
           time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9N Z")
@@ -527,24 +488,6 @@ module Psych
         end
       end
 
-      # FIXME: remove this method once "to_yaml_properties" is removed
-      def find_ivars target, is_primitive=false
-        begin
-          loc = target.method(:to_yaml_properties).source_location.first
-          unless loc.start_with?(Psych::DEPRECATED) || loc.end_with?('rubytypes.rb')
-            if $VERBOSE
-              warn "#{loc}: to_yaml_properties is deprecated, please implement \"encode_with(coder)\""
-            end
-            return target.to_yaml_properties
-          end
-        rescue
-          # public_method or source_location might be overridden,
-          # and it's OK to skip it since it's only to emit a warning.
-        end
-
-        is_primitive ? [] : target.instance_variables
-      end
-
       def register target, yaml_obj
         @st.register target, yaml_obj
         yaml_obj
@@ -566,9 +509,9 @@ module Psych
       def emit_coder c, o
         case c.type
         when :scalar
-          @emitter.scalar c.scalar, nil, c.tag, c.tag.nil?, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY
+          @emitter.scalar c.scalar, nil, c.tag, c.tag.nil?, false, c.style
         when :seq
-          @emitter.start_sequence nil, c.tag, c.tag.nil?, Nodes::Sequence::BLOCK
+          @emitter.start_sequence nil, c.tag, c.tag.nil?, c.style
           c.seq.each do |thing|
             accept thing
           end
@@ -586,9 +529,7 @@ module Psych
       end
 
       def dump_ivars target
-        ivars = find_ivars target
-
-        ivars.each do |iv|
+        target.instance_variables.each do |iv|
           @emitter.scalar("#{iv.to_s.sub(/^@/, '')}", nil, nil, true, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY)
           accept target.instance_variable_get(iv)
         end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/y.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/y.rb
index 82e05a783c..e857953c04 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/y.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/y.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Kernel
   ###
   # An alias for Psych.dump_stream meant to be used with IRB.
diff --git a/ext/psych/psych.c b/ext/psych/psych.c
index 3bb59bfc11..8af0bb6a5a 100644
--- a/ext/psych/psych.c
+++ b/ext/psych/psych.c
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ static VALUE libyaml_version(VALUE module)
 
     yaml_get_version(&major, &minor, &patch);
 
-    list[0] = INT2NUM((long)major);
-    list[1] = INT2NUM((long)minor);
-    list[2] = INT2NUM((long)patch);
+    list[0] = INT2NUM(major);
+    list[1] = INT2NUM(minor);
+    list[2] = INT2NUM(patch);
 
     return rb_ary_new4((long)3, list);
 }
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ VALUE mPsych;
 
 void Init_psych(void)
 {
+    #ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+	RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE(true);
+    #endif
     mPsych = rb_define_module("Psych");
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(mPsych, "libyaml_version", libyaml_version, 0);
diff --git a/ext/psych/psych.gemspec b/ext/psych/psych.gemspec
index 9597e9866b..e9e36e6633 100644
--- a/ext/psych/psych.gemspec
+++ b/ext/psych/psych.gemspec
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 # -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
-$:.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
-require 'psych'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+version_module = Module.new do
+  version_rb = File.join(__dir__, "lib/psych/versions.rb")
+  module_eval(File.read(version_rb), version_rb)
+end
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name = "psych"
-  s.version = Psych::VERSION
+  s.version = version_module::Psych::VERSION
   s.authors = ["Aaron Patterson", "SHIBATA Hiroshi", "Charles Oliver Nutter"]
   s.email = ["aaron@tenderlovemaking.com", "hsbt@ruby-lang.org", "headius@headius.com"]
-  s.date = "2016-11-14"
   s.summary = "Psych is a YAML parser and emitter"
   s.description = <<-DESCRIPTION
-Psych is a YAML parser and emitter. Psych leverages libyaml[http://pyyaml.org/wiki/LibYAML]
+Psych is a YAML parser and emitter. Psych leverages libyaml[https://pyyaml.org/wiki/LibYAML]
 for its YAML parsing and emitting capabilities. In addition to wrapping libyaml,
 Psych also knows how to serialize and de-serialize most Ruby objects to and from the YAML format.
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -19,24 +22,45 @@ DESCRIPTION
   s.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
   # for ruby core repository. It was generated by `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  s.files = [".gitignore", ".travis.yml", "CHANGELOG.rdoc", "Gemfile", "Mavenfile", "README.md", "Rakefile", "bin/console", "bin/setup", "ext/psych/.gitignore", "ext/psych/depend", "ext/psych/extconf.rb", "ext/psych/psych.c", "ext/psych/psych.h", "ext/psych/psych_emitter.c", "ext/psych/psych_emitter.h", "ext/psych/psych_parser.c", "ext/psych/psych_parser.h", "ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.c", "ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.h", "ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.c", "ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.h", "ext/psych/yaml/LICENSE", "ext/psych/yaml/api.c", "ext/psych/yaml/config.h", "ext/psych/yaml/dumper.c", "ext/psych/yaml/emitter.c", "ext/psych/yaml/loader.c", "ext/psych/yaml/parser.c", "ext/psych/yaml/reader.c", "ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c", "ext/psych/yaml/writer.c", "ext/psych/yaml/yaml.h", "ext/psych/yaml/yaml_private.h", "lib/psych.rb", "lib/psych/class_loader.rb", "lib/psych/coder.rb", "lib/psych/core_ext.rb", "lib/psych/deprecated.rb", "lib/psych/exception.rb", "lib/psych/handler.rb", "lib/psych/handlers/document_stream.rb", "lib/psych/handlers/recorder.rb", "lib/psych/json/ruby_events.rb", "lib/psych/json/stream.rb", "lib/psych/json/tree_builder.rb", "lib/psych/json/yaml_events.rb", "lib/psych/nodes.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/alias.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/document.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/mapping.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/node.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/scalar.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/sequence.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/stream.rb", "lib/psych/omap.rb", "lib/psych/parser.rb", "lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb", "lib/psych/set.rb", "lib/psych/stream.rb", "lib/psych/streaming.rb", "lib/psych/syntax_error.rb", "lib/psych/tree_builder.rb", "lib/psych/versions.rb", "lib/psych/visitors.rb","lib/psych/visitors/depth_first.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/emitter.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/json_tree.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/visitor.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb", "lib/psych/y.rb", "psych.gemspec"]
+  s.files = [
+    ".gitignore", "Gemfile", "LICENSE", "Mavenfile", "README.md", "Rakefile", "bin/console",
+    "bin/setup", "ext/psych/depend", "ext/psych/extconf.rb", "ext/psych/psych.c", "ext/psych/psych.h",
+    "ext/psych/psych_emitter.c", "ext/psych/psych_emitter.h", "ext/psych/psych_parser.c", "ext/psych/psych_parser.h",
+    "ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.c", "ext/psych/psych_to_ruby.h", "ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.c", "ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.h",
+    "ext/psych/yaml/LICENSE", "ext/psych/yaml/api.c", "ext/psych/yaml/config.h", "ext/psych/yaml/dumper.c",
+    "ext/psych/yaml/emitter.c", "ext/psych/yaml/loader.c", "ext/psych/yaml/parser.c", "ext/psych/yaml/reader.c",
+    "ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c", "ext/psych/yaml/writer.c", "ext/psych/yaml/yaml.h", "ext/psych/yaml/yaml_private.h",
+    "lib/psych.rb", "lib/psych/class_loader.rb", "lib/psych/coder.rb", "lib/psych/core_ext.rb", "lib/psych/exception.rb",
+    "lib/psych/handler.rb", "lib/psych/handlers/document_stream.rb", "lib/psych/handlers/recorder.rb",
+    "lib/psych/json/ruby_events.rb", "lib/psych/json/stream.rb", "lib/psych/json/tree_builder.rb",
+    "lib/psych/json/yaml_events.rb", "lib/psych/nodes.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/alias.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/document.rb",
+    "lib/psych/nodes/mapping.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/node.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/scalar.rb", "lib/psych/nodes/sequence.rb",
+    "lib/psych/nodes/stream.rb", "lib/psych/omap.rb", "lib/psych/parser.rb", "lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb",
+    "lib/psych/set.rb", "lib/psych/stream.rb", "lib/psych/streaming.rb", "lib/psych/syntax_error.rb",
+    "lib/psych/tree_builder.rb", "lib/psych/versions.rb", "lib/psych/visitors.rb","lib/psych/visitors/depth_first.rb",
+    "lib/psych/visitors/emitter.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/json_tree.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb",
+    "lib/psych/visitors/visitor.rb", "lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb", "lib/psych/y.rb", "psych.gemspec"
+  ]
 
   s.rdoc_options = ["--main", "README.md"]
-  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["CHANGELOG.rdoc", "README.md"]
+  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["README.md"]
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 1.9.2")
-  s.rubygems_version = "2.5.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.4.0")
   s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 0")
 
-  s.add_development_dependency 'rake-compiler', ">= 0.4.1"
-  s.add_development_dependency 'minitest', "~> 5.0"
-
   if RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
     s.platform = 'java'
-    s.files.concat ["ext/java/PsychEmitter.java", "ext/java/PsychLibrary.java", "ext/java/PsychParser.java", "ext/java/PsychToRuby.java", "ext/java/PsychYamlTree.java", "lib/psych_jars.rb", "lib/psych.jar"]
-    s.requirements = "jar org.yaml:snakeyaml, 1.17"
+    s.files.concat [
+      "ext/java/org/jruby/ext/psych/PsychEmitter.java",
+      "ext/java/org/jruby/ext/psych/PsychLibrary.java",
+      "ext/java/org/jruby/ext/psych/PsychParser.java",
+      "ext/java/org/jruby/ext/psych/PsychToRuby.java",
+      "ext/java/org/jruby/ext/psych/PsychYamlTree.java",
+      "lib/psych_jars.rb",
+      "lib/psych.jar"
+    ]
+    s.requirements = "jar org.yaml:snakeyaml, #{version_module::Psych::DEFAULT_SNAKEYAML_VERSION}"
     s.add_dependency 'jar-dependencies', '>= 0.1.7'
-    s.add_development_dependency 'ruby-maven'
   else
     s.extensions = ["ext/psych/extconf.rb"]
   end
diff --git a/ext/psych/psych_emitter.c b/ext/psych/psych_emitter.c
index 2154470781..022ffa0946 100644
--- a/ext/psych/psych_emitter.c
+++ b/ext/psych/psych_emitter.c
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ static VALUE start_document(VALUE self, VALUE version, VALUE tags, VALUE imp)
 	    name = rb_str_export_to_enc(name, encoding);
 	    value = rb_str_export_to_enc(value, encoding);
 
-	    tail->handle = (yaml_char_t *)RSTRING_PTR(name);
-	    tail->prefix = (yaml_char_t *)RSTRING_PTR(value);
+	    tail->handle = (yaml_char_t *)StringValueCStr(name);
+	    tail->prefix = (yaml_char_t *)StringValueCStr(value);
 
 	    tail++;
 	}
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ static VALUE scalar(
 
     yaml_scalar_event_initialize(
 	    &event,
-	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(anchor)),
-	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(tag) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(tag)),
+	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(anchor)),
+	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(tag) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(tag)),
 	    (yaml_char_t*)StringValuePtr(value),
 	    (int)RSTRING_LEN(value),
 	    plain ? 1 : 0,
@@ -319,8 +319,8 @@ static VALUE start_sequence(
 
     yaml_sequence_start_event_initialize(
 	    &event,
-	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(anchor)),
-	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(tag) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(tag)),
+	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(anchor)),
+	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(tag) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(tag)),
 	    implicit ? 1 : 0,
 	    (yaml_sequence_style_t)NUM2INT(style)
 	    );
@@ -383,8 +383,8 @@ static VALUE start_mapping(
 
     yaml_mapping_start_event_initialize(
 	    &event,
-	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(anchor)),
-	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(tag) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(tag)),
+	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(anchor)),
+	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(tag) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(tag)),
 	    implicit ? 1 : 0,
 	    (yaml_mapping_style_t)NUM2INT(style)
 	    );
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ static VALUE alias(VALUE self, VALUE anchor)
 
     yaml_alias_event_initialize(
 	    &event,
-	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(anchor))
+	    (yaml_char_t *)(NIL_P(anchor) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(anchor))
 	    );
 
     emit(emitter, &event);
@@ -521,6 +521,7 @@ static VALUE set_line_width(VALUE self, VALUE width)
 
 void Init_psych_emitter(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     VALUE psych     = rb_define_module("Psych");
     VALUE handler   = rb_define_class_under(psych, "Handler", rb_cObject);
     cPsychEmitter   = rb_define_class_under(psych, "Emitter", handler);
diff --git a/ext/psych/psych_parser.c b/ext/psych/psych_parser.c
index 47ed8744b6..fd550b671a 100644
--- a/ext/psych/psych_parser.c
+++ b/ext/psych/psych_parser.c
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include <psych.h>
 
 VALUE cPsychParser;
-VALUE ePsychSyntaxError;
 
 static ID id_read;
 static ID id_path;
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@ static ID id_start_sequence;
 static ID id_end_sequence;
 static ID id_start_mapping;
 static ID id_end_mapping;
+static ID id_event_location;
 
 #define PSYCH_TRANSCODE(_str, _yaml_enc, _internal_enc) \
   do { \
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ static ID id_end_mapping;
 static int io_reader(void * data, unsigned char *buf, size_t size, size_t *read)
 {
     VALUE io = (VALUE)data;
-    VALUE string = rb_funcall(io, id_read, 1, INT2NUM(size));
+    VALUE string = rb_funcall(io, id_read, 1, SIZET2NUM(size));
 
     *read = 0;
 
@@ -80,15 +80,18 @@ static VALUE allocate(VALUE klass)
 static VALUE make_exception(yaml_parser_t * parser, VALUE path)
 {
     size_t line, column;
+    VALUE ePsychSyntaxError;
 
     line = parser->context_mark.line + 1;
     column = parser->context_mark.column + 1;
 
+    ePsychSyntaxError = rb_const_get(mPsych, rb_intern("SyntaxError"));
+
     return rb_funcall(ePsychSyntaxError, rb_intern("new"), 6,
 	    path,
-	    INT2NUM(line),
-	    INT2NUM(column),
-	    INT2NUM(parser->problem_offset),
+	    SIZET2NUM(line),
+	    SIZET2NUM(column),
+	    SIZET2NUM(parser->problem_offset),
 	    parser->problem ? rb_usascii_str_new2(parser->problem) : Qnil,
 	    parser->context ? rb_usascii_str_new2(parser->context) : Qnil);
 }
@@ -232,6 +235,12 @@ static VALUE protected_end_stream(VALUE handler)
     return rb_funcall(handler, id_end_stream, 0);
 }
 
+static VALUE protected_event_location(VALUE pointer)
+{
+    VALUE *args = (VALUE *)pointer;
+    return rb_funcall3(args[0], id_event_location, 4, args + 1);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    parser.parse(yaml)
@@ -247,7 +256,6 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     yaml_parser_t * parser;
     yaml_event_t event;
     int done = 0;
-    int tainted = 0;
     int state = 0;
     int parser_encoding = YAML_ANY_ENCODING;
     int encoding = rb_utf8_encindex();
@@ -266,13 +274,10 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     yaml_parser_delete(parser);
     yaml_parser_initialize(parser);
 
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(yaml)) tainted = 1;
-
     if (rb_respond_to(yaml, id_read)) {
 	yaml = transcode_io(yaml, &parser_encoding);
 	yaml_parser_set_encoding(parser, parser_encoding);
 	yaml_parser_set_input(parser, io_reader, (void *)yaml);
-	if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(yaml, rb_cIO))) tainted = 1;
     } else {
 	StringValue(yaml);
 	yaml = transcode_string(yaml, &parser_encoding);
@@ -285,6 +290,9 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
 
     while(!done) {
+	VALUE event_args[5];
+	VALUE start_line, start_column, end_line, end_column;
+
 	if(!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) {
 	    VALUE exception;
 
@@ -295,13 +303,25 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	    rb_exc_raise(exception);
 	}
 
+	start_line = SIZET2NUM(event.start_mark.line);
+	start_column = SIZET2NUM(event.start_mark.column);
+	end_line = SIZET2NUM(event.end_mark.line);
+	end_column = SIZET2NUM(event.end_mark.column);
+
+	event_args[0] = handler;
+	event_args[1] = start_line;
+	event_args[2] = start_column;
+	event_args[3] = end_line;
+	event_args[4] = end_column;
+	rb_protect(protected_event_location, (VALUE)event_args, &state);
+
 	switch(event.type) {
 	    case YAML_STREAM_START_EVENT:
 	      {
 		  VALUE args[2];
 
 		  args[0] = handler;
-		  args[1] = INT2NUM((long)event.data.stream_start.encoding);
+		  args[1] = INT2NUM(event.data.stream_start.encoding);
 		  rb_protect(protected_start_stream, (VALUE)args, &state);
 	      }
 	      break;
@@ -314,8 +334,8 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 		VALUE version = event.data.document_start.version_directive ?
 		    rb_ary_new3(
 			(long)2,
-			INT2NUM((long)event.data.document_start.version_directive->major),
-			INT2NUM((long)event.data.document_start.version_directive->minor)
+			INT2NUM(event.data.document_start.version_directive->major),
+			INT2NUM(event.data.document_start.version_directive->minor)
 			) : rb_ary_new();
 
 		if(event.data.document_start.tag_directives.start) {
@@ -328,13 +348,11 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 			VALUE prefix = Qnil;
 			if(start->handle) {
 			    handle = rb_str_new2((const char *)start->handle);
-			    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(handle);
 			    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(handle, encoding, internal_enc);
 			}
 
 			if(start->prefix) {
 			    prefix = rb_str_new2((const char *)start->prefix);
-			    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(prefix);
 			    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(prefix, encoding, internal_enc);
 			}
 
@@ -363,7 +381,6 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 		VALUE alias = Qnil;
 		if(event.data.alias.anchor) {
 		    alias = rb_str_new2((const char *)event.data.alias.anchor);
-		    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(alias);
 		    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(alias, encoding, internal_enc);
 		}
 
@@ -382,19 +399,16 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 		    (const char *)event.data.scalar.value,
 		    (long)event.data.scalar.length
 		    );
-		if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(val);
 
 		PSYCH_TRANSCODE(val, encoding, internal_enc);
 
 		if(event.data.scalar.anchor) {
 		    anchor = rb_str_new2((const char *)event.data.scalar.anchor);
-		    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(anchor);
 		    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(anchor, encoding, internal_enc);
 		}
 
 		if(event.data.scalar.tag) {
 		    tag = rb_str_new2((const char *)event.data.scalar.tag);
-		    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(tag);
 		    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(tag, encoding, internal_enc);
 		}
 
@@ -404,7 +418,7 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 		quoted_implicit =
 		    event.data.scalar.quoted_implicit == 0 ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 
-		style = INT2NUM((long)event.data.scalar.style);
+		style = INT2NUM(event.data.scalar.style);
 
 		args[0] = handler;
 		args[1] = val;
@@ -424,21 +438,19 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 		VALUE implicit, style;
 		if(event.data.sequence_start.anchor) {
 		    anchor = rb_str_new2((const char *)event.data.sequence_start.anchor);
-		    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(anchor);
 		    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(anchor, encoding, internal_enc);
 		}
 
 		tag = Qnil;
 		if(event.data.sequence_start.tag) {
 		    tag = rb_str_new2((const char *)event.data.sequence_start.tag);
-		    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(tag);
 		    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(tag, encoding, internal_enc);
 		}
 
 		implicit =
 		    event.data.sequence_start.implicit == 0 ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 
-		style = INT2NUM((long)event.data.sequence_start.style);
+		style = INT2NUM(event.data.sequence_start.style);
 
 		args[0] = handler;
 		args[1] = anchor;
@@ -460,20 +472,18 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 		VALUE implicit, style;
 		if(event.data.mapping_start.anchor) {
 		    anchor = rb_str_new2((const char *)event.data.mapping_start.anchor);
-		    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(anchor);
 		    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(anchor, encoding, internal_enc);
 		}
 
 		if(event.data.mapping_start.tag) {
 		    tag = rb_str_new2((const char *)event.data.mapping_start.tag);
-		    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(tag);
 		    PSYCH_TRANSCODE(tag, encoding, internal_enc);
 		}
 
 		implicit =
 		    event.data.mapping_start.implicit == 0 ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 
-		style = INT2NUM((long)event.data.mapping_start.style);
+		style = INT2NUM(event.data.mapping_start.style);
 
 		args[0] = handler;
 		args[1] = anchor;
@@ -517,15 +527,16 @@ static VALUE mark(VALUE self)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, yaml_parser_t, &psych_parser_type, parser);
     mark_klass = rb_const_get_at(cPsychParser, rb_intern("Mark"));
-    args[0] = INT2NUM(parser->mark.index);
-    args[1] = INT2NUM(parser->mark.line);
-    args[2] = INT2NUM(parser->mark.column);
+    args[0] = SIZET2NUM(parser->mark.index);
+    args[1] = SIZET2NUM(parser->mark.line);
+    args[2] = SIZET2NUM(parser->mark.column);
 
     return rb_class_new_instance(3, args, mark_klass);
 }
 
 void Init_psych_parser(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
 #if 0
     mPsych = rb_define_module("Psych");
 #endif
@@ -546,23 +557,23 @@ void Init_psych_parser(void)
     rb_define_const(cPsychParser, "UTF16BE", INT2NUM(YAML_UTF16BE_ENCODING));
 
     rb_require("psych/syntax_error");
-    ePsychSyntaxError = rb_const_get(mPsych, rb_intern("SyntaxError"));
 
     rb_define_method(cPsychParser, "parse", parse, -1);
     rb_define_method(cPsychParser, "mark", mark, 0);
 
-    id_read           = rb_intern("read");
-    id_path           = rb_intern("path");
-    id_empty          = rb_intern("empty");
-    id_start_stream   = rb_intern("start_stream");
-    id_end_stream     = rb_intern("end_stream");
-    id_start_document = rb_intern("start_document");
-    id_end_document   = rb_intern("end_document");
-    id_alias          = rb_intern("alias");
-    id_scalar         = rb_intern("scalar");
-    id_start_sequence = rb_intern("start_sequence");
-    id_end_sequence   = rb_intern("end_sequence");
-    id_start_mapping  = rb_intern("start_mapping");
-    id_end_mapping    = rb_intern("end_mapping");
+    id_read            = rb_intern("read");
+    id_path            = rb_intern("path");
+    id_empty           = rb_intern("empty");
+    id_start_stream    = rb_intern("start_stream");
+    id_end_stream      = rb_intern("end_stream");
+    id_start_document  = rb_intern("start_document");
+    id_end_document    = rb_intern("end_document");
+    id_alias           = rb_intern("alias");
+    id_scalar          = rb_intern("scalar");
+    id_start_sequence  = rb_intern("start_sequence");
+    id_end_sequence    = rb_intern("end_sequence");
+    id_start_mapping   = rb_intern("start_mapping");
+    id_end_mapping     = rb_intern("end_mapping");
+    id_event_location  = rb_intern("event_location");
 }
 /* vim: set noet sws=4 sw=4: */
diff --git a/ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.c b/ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.c
index bcf24d2070..225655d127 100644
--- a/ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.c
+++ b/ext/psych/psych_yaml_tree.c
@@ -2,23 +2,11 @@
 
 VALUE cPsychVisitorsYamlTree;
 
-/*
- * call-seq: private_iv_get(target, prop)
- *
- * Get the private instance variable +prop+ from +target+
- */
-static VALUE private_iv_get(VALUE self, VALUE target, VALUE prop)
-{
-    return rb_attr_get(target, rb_intern(StringValuePtr(prop)));
-}
-
 void Init_psych_yaml_tree(void)
 {
     VALUE psych     = rb_define_module("Psych");
     VALUE visitors  = rb_define_module_under(psych, "Visitors");
     VALUE visitor   = rb_define_class_under(visitors, "Visitor", rb_cObject);
     cPsychVisitorsYamlTree = rb_define_class_under(visitors, "YAMLTree", visitor);
-
-    rb_define_private_method(cPsychVisitorsYamlTree, "private_iv_get", private_iv_get, 2);
 }
 /* vim: set noet sws=4 sw=4: */
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/LICENSE b/ext/psych/yaml/LICENSE
deleted file mode 100644
index 050ced23f6..0000000000
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/LICENSE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-Copyright (c) 2006 Kirill Simonov
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
-this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
-the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
-use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
-of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
-so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/api.c b/ext/psych/yaml/api.c
index b1a8da0bda..6add8b2661 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/api.c
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/api.c
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_string_extend(yaml_char_t **start,
         yaml_char_t **pointer, yaml_char_t **end)
 {
-    yaml_char_t *new_start = yaml_realloc(*start, (*end - *start)*2);
+    yaml_char_t *new_start = (yaml_char_t *)yaml_realloc((void*)*start, (*end - *start)*2);
 
     if (!new_start) return 0;
 
@@ -94,8 +94,9 @@ yaml_string_extend(yaml_char_t **start,
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_string_join(
         yaml_char_t **a_start, yaml_char_t **a_pointer, yaml_char_t **a_end,
-        yaml_char_t **b_start, yaml_char_t **b_pointer, yaml_char_t **b_end)
+        yaml_char_t **b_start, yaml_char_t **b_pointer, SHIM(yaml_char_t **b_end))
 {
+    UNUSED_PARAM(b_end)
     if (*b_start == *b_pointer)
         return 1;
 
@@ -117,7 +118,12 @@ yaml_string_join(
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_stack_extend(void **start, void **top, void **end)
 {
-    void *new_start = yaml_realloc(*start, ((char *)*end - (char *)*start)*2);
+    void *new_start;
+
+    if ((char *)*end - (char *)*start >= INT_MAX / 2)
+	return 0;
+
+    new_start = yaml_realloc(*start, ((char *)*end - (char *)*start)*2);
 
     if (!new_start) return 0;
 
@@ -177,17 +183,17 @@ yaml_parser_initialize(yaml_parser_t *parser)
         goto error;
     if (!BUFFER_INIT(parser, parser->buffer, INPUT_BUFFER_SIZE))
         goto error;
-    if (!QUEUE_INIT(parser, parser->tokens, INITIAL_QUEUE_SIZE))
+    if (!QUEUE_INIT(parser, parser->tokens, INITIAL_QUEUE_SIZE, yaml_token_t*))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->indents, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->indents, int*))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->simple_keys, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->simple_keys, yaml_simple_key_t*))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->states, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->states, yaml_parser_state_t*))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->marks, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->marks, yaml_mark_t*))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->tag_directives, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->tag_directives, yaml_tag_directive_t*))
         goto error;
 
     return 1;
@@ -243,7 +249,7 @@ static int
 yaml_string_read_handler(void *data, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size,
         size_t *size_read)
 {
-    yaml_parser_t *parser = data;
+    yaml_parser_t *parser = (yaml_parser_t *)data;
 
     if (parser->input.string.current == parser->input.string.end) {
         *size_read = 0;
@@ -269,7 +275,7 @@ static int
 yaml_file_read_handler(void *data, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size,
         size_t *size_read)
 {
-    yaml_parser_t *parser = data;
+    yaml_parser_t *parser = (yaml_parser_t *)data;
 
     *size_read = fread(buffer, 1, size, parser->input.file);
     return !ferror(parser->input.file);
@@ -355,13 +361,13 @@ yaml_emitter_initialize(yaml_emitter_t *emitter)
         goto error;
     if (!BUFFER_INIT(emitter, emitter->raw_buffer, OUTPUT_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(emitter, emitter->states, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(emitter, emitter->states, yaml_emitter_state_t*))
         goto error;
-    if (!QUEUE_INIT(emitter, emitter->events, INITIAL_QUEUE_SIZE))
+    if (!QUEUE_INIT(emitter, emitter->events, INITIAL_QUEUE_SIZE, yaml_event_t*))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(emitter, emitter->indents, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(emitter, emitter->indents, int*))
         goto error;
-    if (!STACK_INIT(emitter, emitter->tag_directives, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(emitter, emitter->tag_directives, yaml_tag_directive_t*))
         goto error;
 
     return 1;
@@ -413,7 +419,7 @@ yaml_emitter_delete(yaml_emitter_t *emitter)
 static int
 yaml_string_write_handler(void *data, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size)
 {
-    yaml_emitter_t *emitter = data;
+  yaml_emitter_t *emitter = (yaml_emitter_t *)data;
 
     if (emitter->output.string.size - *emitter->output.string.size_written
             < size) {
@@ -439,7 +445,7 @@ yaml_string_write_handler(void *data, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size)
 static int
 yaml_file_write_handler(void *data, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size)
 {
-    yaml_emitter_t *emitter = data;
+    yaml_emitter_t *emitter = (yaml_emitter_t *)data;
 
     return (fwrite(buffer, 1, size, emitter->output.file) == size);
 }
@@ -617,10 +623,10 @@ yaml_token_delete(yaml_token_t *token)
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_check_utf8(yaml_char_t *start, size_t length)
+yaml_check_utf8(const yaml_char_t *start, size_t length)
 {
-    yaml_char_t *end = start+length;
-    yaml_char_t *pointer = start;
+    const yaml_char_t *end = start+length;
+    const yaml_char_t *pointer = start;
 
     while (pointer < end) {
         unsigned char octet;
@@ -717,7 +723,7 @@ yaml_document_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
                             /* Valid tag directives are expected. */
 
     if (version_directive) {
-        version_directive_copy = yaml_malloc(sizeof(yaml_version_directive_t));
+        version_directive_copy = YAML_MALLOC_STATIC(yaml_version_directive_t);
         if (!version_directive_copy) goto error;
         version_directive_copy->major = version_directive->major;
         version_directive_copy->minor = version_directive->minor;
@@ -725,7 +731,7 @@ yaml_document_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
 
     if (tag_directives_start != tag_directives_end) {
         yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directive;
-        if (!STACK_INIT(&context, tag_directives_copy, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+        if (!STACK_INIT(&context, tag_directives_copy, yaml_tag_directive_t*))
             goto error;
         for (tag_directive = tag_directives_start;
                 tag_directive != tag_directives_end; tag_directive ++) {
@@ -788,7 +794,7 @@ yaml_document_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, int implicit)
  */
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
-yaml_alias_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, yaml_char_t *anchor)
+yaml_alias_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, const yaml_char_t *anchor)
 {
     yaml_mark_t mark = { 0, 0, 0 };
     yaml_char_t *anchor_copy = NULL;
@@ -813,8 +819,8 @@ yaml_alias_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, yaml_char_t *anchor)
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_scalar_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
-        yaml_char_t *anchor, yaml_char_t *tag,
-        yaml_char_t *value, int length,
+        const yaml_char_t *anchor, const yaml_char_t *tag,
+        const yaml_char_t *value, int length,
         int plain_implicit, int quoted_implicit,
         yaml_scalar_style_t style)
 {
@@ -839,11 +845,11 @@ yaml_scalar_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
     }
 
     if (length < 0) {
-        length = strlen((char *)value);
+        length = (int)strlen((char *)value);
     }
 
     if (!yaml_check_utf8(value, length)) goto error;
-    value_copy = yaml_malloc(length+1);
+    value_copy = YAML_MALLOC(length+1);
     if (!value_copy) goto error;
     memcpy(value_copy, value, length);
     value_copy[length] = '\0';
@@ -867,7 +873,7 @@ error:
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_sequence_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
-        yaml_char_t *anchor, yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
+        const yaml_char_t *anchor, const yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
         yaml_sequence_style_t style)
 {
     yaml_mark_t mark = { 0, 0, 0 };
@@ -922,7 +928,7 @@ yaml_sequence_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event)
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_mapping_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
-        yaml_char_t *anchor, yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
+        const yaml_char_t *anchor, const yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
         yaml_mapping_style_t style)
 {
     yaml_mark_t mark = { 0, 0, 0 };
@@ -1055,10 +1061,10 @@ yaml_document_initialize(yaml_document_t *document,
             (tag_directives_start == tag_directives_end));
                             /* Valid tag directives are expected. */
 
-    if (!STACK_INIT(&context, nodes, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE)) goto error;
+    if (!STACK_INIT(&context, nodes, yaml_node_t*)) goto error;
 
     if (version_directive) {
-        version_directive_copy = yaml_malloc(sizeof(yaml_version_directive_t));
+        version_directive_copy = YAML_MALLOC_STATIC(yaml_version_directive_t);
         if (!version_directive_copy) goto error;
         version_directive_copy->major = version_directive->major;
         version_directive_copy->minor = version_directive->minor;
@@ -1066,7 +1072,7 @@ yaml_document_initialize(yaml_document_t *document,
 
     if (tag_directives_start != tag_directives_end) {
         yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directive;
-        if (!STACK_INIT(&context, tag_directives_copy, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+        if (!STACK_INIT(&context, tag_directives_copy, yaml_tag_directive_t*))
             goto error;
         for (tag_directive = tag_directives_start;
                 tag_directive != tag_directives_end; tag_directive ++) {
@@ -1116,13 +1122,8 @@ error:
 YAML_DECLARE(void)
 yaml_document_delete(yaml_document_t *document)
 {
-    struct {
-        yaml_error_type_t error;
-    } context;
     yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directive;
 
-    context.error = YAML_NO_ERROR;  /* Eliminate a compliler warning. */
-
     assert(document);   /* Non-NULL document object is expected. */
 
     while (!STACK_EMPTY(&context, document->nodes)) {
@@ -1192,7 +1193,7 @@ yaml_document_get_root_node(yaml_document_t *document)
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_document_add_scalar(yaml_document_t *document,
-        yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_char_t *value, int length,
+        const yaml_char_t *tag, const yaml_char_t *value, int length,
         yaml_scalar_style_t style)
 {
     struct {
@@ -1215,11 +1216,11 @@ yaml_document_add_scalar(yaml_document_t *document,
     if (!tag_copy) goto error;
 
     if (length < 0) {
-        length = strlen((char *)value);
+        length = (int)strlen((char *)value);
     }
 
     if (!yaml_check_utf8(value, length)) goto error;
-    value_copy = yaml_malloc(length+1);
+    value_copy = YAML_MALLOC(length+1);
     if (!value_copy) goto error;
     memcpy(value_copy, value, length);
     value_copy[length] = '\0';
@@ -1227,7 +1228,7 @@ yaml_document_add_scalar(yaml_document_t *document,
     SCALAR_NODE_INIT(node, tag_copy, value_copy, length, style, mark, mark);
     if (!PUSH(&context, document->nodes, node)) goto error;
 
-    return document->nodes.top - document->nodes.start;
+    return (int)(document->nodes.top - document->nodes.start);
 
 error:
     yaml_free(tag_copy);
@@ -1242,7 +1243,7 @@ error:
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_document_add_sequence(yaml_document_t *document,
-        yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_sequence_style_t style)
+        const yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_sequence_style_t style)
 {
     struct {
         yaml_error_type_t error;
@@ -1266,13 +1267,13 @@ yaml_document_add_sequence(yaml_document_t *document,
     tag_copy = yaml_strdup(tag);
     if (!tag_copy) goto error;
 
-    if (!STACK_INIT(&context, items, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE)) goto error;
+    if (!STACK_INIT(&context, items, yaml_node_item_t*)) goto error;
 
     SEQUENCE_NODE_INIT(node, tag_copy, items.start, items.end,
             style, mark, mark);
     if (!PUSH(&context, document->nodes, node)) goto error;
 
-    return document->nodes.top - document->nodes.start;
+    return (int)(document->nodes.top - document->nodes.start);
 
 error:
     STACK_DEL(&context, items);
@@ -1287,7 +1288,7 @@ error:
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_document_add_mapping(yaml_document_t *document,
-        yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_mapping_style_t style)
+        const yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_mapping_style_t style)
 {
     struct {
         yaml_error_type_t error;
@@ -1311,13 +1312,13 @@ yaml_document_add_mapping(yaml_document_t *document,
     tag_copy = yaml_strdup(tag);
     if (!tag_copy) goto error;
 
-    if (!STACK_INIT(&context, pairs, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE)) goto error;
+    if (!STACK_INIT(&context, pairs, yaml_node_pair_t*)) goto error;
 
     MAPPING_NODE_INIT(node, tag_copy, pairs.start, pairs.end,
             style, mark, mark);
     if (!PUSH(&context, document->nodes, node)) goto error;
 
-    return document->nodes.top - document->nodes.start;
+    return (int)(document->nodes.top - document->nodes.start);
 
 error:
     STACK_DEL(&context, pairs);
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/config.h b/ext/psych/yaml/config.h
index 79e8501f4f..4b1150f5e4 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/config.h
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/config.h
@@ -1,10 +1,80 @@
+/* include/config.h.  Generated from config.h.in by configure.  */
+/* include/config.h.in.  Generated from configure.ac by autoheader.  */
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <dlfcn.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_DLFCN_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <inttypes.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_INTTYPES_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <memory.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_MEMORY_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <stdint.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <stdlib.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_STDLIB_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <strings.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_STRINGS_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <string.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_STRING_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <sys/stat.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_SYS_STAT_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <sys/types.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H 1
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the <unistd.h> header file. */
+#define HAVE_UNISTD_H 1
+
+/* Define to the sub-directory where libtool stores uninstalled libraries. */
+#define LT_OBJDIR ".libs/"
+
+/* Name of package */
+#define PACKAGE "yaml"
+
+/* Define to the address where bug reports for this package should be sent. */
+#define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "https://github.com/yaml/libyaml/issues/new"
+
+/* Define to the full name of this package. */
 #define PACKAGE_NAME "yaml"
+
+/* Define to the full name and version of this package. */
+#define PACKAGE_STRING "yaml 0.2.5"
+
+/* Define to the one symbol short name of this package. */
 #define PACKAGE_TARNAME "yaml"
-#define PACKAGE_VERSION "0.1.7"
-#define PACKAGE_STRING "yaml 0.1.7"
-#define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "https://github.com/yaml/libyaml/issues"
-#define PACKAGE_URL "https://github.com/yaml/libyaml"
+
+/* Define to the home page for this package. */
+#define PACKAGE_URL ""
+
+/* Define to the version of this package. */
+#define PACKAGE_VERSION "0.2.5"
+
+/* Define to 1 if you have the ANSI C header files. */
+#define STDC_HEADERS 1
+
+/* Version number of package */
+#define VERSION "0.2.5"
+
+/* Define the major version number. */
 #define YAML_VERSION_MAJOR 0
-#define YAML_VERSION_MINOR 1
-#define YAML_VERSION_PATCH 7
-#define YAML_VERSION_STRING "0.1.7"
+
+/* Define the minor version number. */
+#define YAML_VERSION_MINOR 2
+
+/* Define the patch version number. */
+#define YAML_VERSION_PATCH 5
+
+/* Define the version string. */
+#define YAML_VERSION_STRING "0.2.5"
+
+/* Define to empty if `const' does not conform to ANSI C. */
+/* #undef const */
+
+/* Define to `unsigned int' if <sys/types.h> does not define. */
+/* #undef size_t */
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/dumper.c b/ext/psych/yaml/dumper.c
index 203c6a709c..1fe940b674 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/dumper.c
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/dumper.c
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ yaml_emitter_dump(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, yaml_document_t *document)
 
     assert(emitter->opened);    /* Emitter should be opened. */
 
-    emitter->anchors = yaml_malloc(sizeof(*(emitter->anchors))
+    emitter->anchors = (yaml_anchors_t*)yaml_malloc(sizeof(*(emitter->anchors))
             * (document->nodes.top - document->nodes.start));
     if (!emitter->anchors) goto error;
     memset(emitter->anchors, 0, sizeof(*(emitter->anchors))
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ yaml_emitter_anchor_node(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, int index)
 #define ANCHOR_TEMPLATE_LENGTH  16
 
 static yaml_char_t *
-yaml_emitter_generate_anchor(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, int anchor_id)
+yaml_emitter_generate_anchor(SHIM(yaml_emitter_t *emitter), int anchor_id)
 {
-    yaml_char_t *anchor = yaml_malloc(ANCHOR_TEMPLATE_LENGTH);
+    yaml_char_t *anchor = YAML_MALLOC(ANCHOR_TEMPLATE_LENGTH);
 
     if (!anchor) return NULL;
 
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/emitter.c b/ext/psych/yaml/emitter.c
index cb0b3a2ebc..796294ccdf 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/emitter.c
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/emitter.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #define PUT(emitter,value)                                                      \
     (FLUSH(emitter)                                                             \
      && (*(emitter->buffer.pointer++) = (yaml_char_t)(value),                   \
-         emitter->column ++,                                                    \
+         emitter->column++,                                             	\
          1))
 
 /*
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
  */
 
 #define PUT_BREAK(emitter)                                                      \
-    (FLUSH(emitter)                                                             \
-     && ((emitter->line_break == YAML_CR_BREAK ?                                \
+    (FLUSH(emitter) ?                                                            \
+      ((emitter->line_break == YAML_CR_BREAK ?                                \
              (*(emitter->buffer.pointer++) = (yaml_char_t) '\r') :              \
           emitter->line_break == YAML_LN_BREAK ?                                \
              (*(emitter->buffer.pointer++) = (yaml_char_t) '\n') :              \
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
               *(emitter->buffer.pointer++) = (yaml_char_t) '\n') : 0),          \
          emitter->column = 0,                                                   \
          emitter->line ++,                                                      \
-         1))
+         1) : 0)
 
 /*
  * Copy a character from a string into buffer.
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ yaml_emitter_write_indent(yaml_emitter_t *emitter);
 
 static int
 yaml_emitter_write_indicator(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
-        char *indicator, int need_whitespace,
+        const char *indicator, int need_whitespace,
         int is_whitespace, int is_indention);
 
 static int
@@ -495,6 +495,7 @@ static int
 yaml_emitter_emit_stream_start(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
         yaml_event_t *event)
 {
+    emitter->open_ended = 0;
     if (event->type == YAML_STREAM_START_EVENT)
     {
         if (!emitter->encoding) {
@@ -597,13 +598,20 @@ yaml_emitter_emit_document_start(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
             if (!yaml_emitter_write_indent(emitter))
                 return 0;
         }
+        emitter->open_ended = 0;
 
         if (event->data.document_start.version_directive) {
             implicit = 0;
             if (!yaml_emitter_write_indicator(emitter, "%YAML", 1, 0, 0))
                 return 0;
-            if (!yaml_emitter_write_indicator(emitter, "1.1", 1, 0, 0))
-                return 0;
+            if (event->data.document_start.version_directive->minor == 1) {
+                if (!yaml_emitter_write_indicator(emitter, "1.1", 1, 0, 0))
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (!yaml_emitter_write_indicator(emitter, "1.2", 1, 0, 0))
+                    return 0;
+            }
             if (!yaml_emitter_write_indent(emitter))
                 return 0;
         }
@@ -644,19 +652,25 @@ yaml_emitter_emit_document_start(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
 
         emitter->state = YAML_EMIT_DOCUMENT_CONTENT_STATE;
 
+        emitter->open_ended = 0;
         return 1;
     }
 
     else if (event->type == YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT)
     {
-        if (emitter->open_ended)
+
+        /**
+         * This can happen if a block scalar with trailing empty lines
+         * is at the end of the stream
+         */
+        if (emitter->open_ended == 2)
         {
             if (!yaml_emitter_write_indicator(emitter, "...", 1, 0, 0))
                 return 0;
+            emitter->open_ended = 0;
             if (!yaml_emitter_write_indent(emitter))
                 return 0;
         }
-
         if (!yaml_emitter_flush(emitter))
             return 0;
 
@@ -698,9 +712,12 @@ yaml_emitter_emit_document_end(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
         if (!event->data.document_end.implicit) {
             if (!yaml_emitter_write_indicator(emitter, "...", 1, 0, 0))
                 return 0;
+            emitter->open_ended = 0;
             if (!yaml_emitter_write_indent(emitter))
                 return 0;
         }
+        else if (!emitter->open_ended)
+            emitter->open_ended = 1;
         if (!yaml_emitter_flush(emitter))
             return 0;
 
@@ -1002,10 +1019,12 @@ yaml_emitter_emit_node(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, yaml_event_t *event,
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_emitter_emit_alias(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, yaml_event_t *event)
+yaml_emitter_emit_alias(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, SHIM(yaml_event_t *event))
 {
     if (!yaml_emitter_process_anchor(emitter))
         return 0;
+    if (emitter->simple_key_context)
+        if (!PUT(emitter, ' ')) return 0;
     emitter->state = POP(emitter, emitter->states);
 
     return 1;
@@ -1087,7 +1106,7 @@ yaml_emitter_emit_mapping_start(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, yaml_event_t *event)
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_emitter_check_empty_document(yaml_emitter_t *emitter)
+yaml_emitter_check_empty_document(SHIM(yaml_emitter_t *emitter))
 {
     return 0;
 }
@@ -1234,7 +1253,7 @@ yaml_emitter_select_scalar_style(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, yaml_event_t *event)
 }
 
 /*
- * Write an achor.
+ * Write an anchor.
  */
 
 static int
@@ -1333,7 +1352,10 @@ static int
 yaml_emitter_analyze_version_directive(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
         yaml_version_directive_t version_directive)
 {
-    if (version_directive.major != 1 || version_directive.minor != 1) {
+    if (version_directive.major != 1 || (
+        version_directive.minor != 1
+        && version_directive.minor != 2
+        )) {
         return yaml_emitter_set_emitter_error(emitter,
                 "incompatible %YAML directive");
     }
@@ -1493,7 +1515,7 @@ yaml_emitter_analyze_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
     int break_space = 0;
     int space_break = 0;
 
-    int preceeded_by_whitespace = 0;
+    int preceded_by_whitespace = 0;
     int followed_by_whitespace = 0;
     int previous_space = 0;
     int previous_break = 0;
@@ -1524,7 +1546,7 @@ yaml_emitter_analyze_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
         flow_indicators = 1;
     }
 
-    preceeded_by_whitespace = 1;
+    preceded_by_whitespace = 1;
     followed_by_whitespace = IS_BLANKZ_AT(string, WIDTH(string));
 
     while (string.pointer != string.end)
@@ -1570,7 +1592,7 @@ yaml_emitter_analyze_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
                 }
             }
 
-            if (CHECK(string, '#') && preceeded_by_whitespace) {
+            if (CHECK(string, '#') && preceded_by_whitespace) {
                 flow_indicators = 1;
                 block_indicators = 1;
             }
@@ -1619,7 +1641,7 @@ yaml_emitter_analyze_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
             previous_break = 0;
         }
 
-        preceeded_by_whitespace = IS_BLANKZ(string);
+        preceded_by_whitespace = IS_BLANKZ(string);
         MOVE(string);
         if (string.pointer != string.end) {
             followed_by_whitespace = IS_BLANKZ_AT(string, WIDTH(string));
@@ -1784,7 +1806,7 @@ yaml_emitter_write_indent(yaml_emitter_t *emitter)
 
 static int
 yaml_emitter_write_indicator(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
-        char *indicator, int need_whitespace,
+        const char *indicator, int need_whitespace,
         int is_whitespace, int is_indention)
 {
     size_t indicator_length;
@@ -1803,7 +1825,6 @@ yaml_emitter_write_indicator(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
 
     emitter->whitespace = is_whitespace;
     emitter->indention = (emitter->indention && is_indention);
-    emitter->open_ended = 0;
 
     return 1;
 }
@@ -1904,7 +1925,17 @@ yaml_emitter_write_plain_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
 
     STRING_ASSIGN(string, value, length);
 
-    if (!emitter->whitespace) {
+    /**
+     * Avoid trailing spaces for empty values in block mode.
+     * In flow mode, we still want the space to prevent ambiguous things
+     * like {a:}.
+     * Currently, the emitter forbids any plain empty scalar in flow mode
+     * (e.g. it outputs {a: ''} instead), so emitter->flow_level will
+     * never be true here.
+     * But if the emitter is ever changed to allow emitting empty values,
+     * the check for flow_level is already here.
+     */
+    if (!emitter->whitespace && (length || emitter->flow_level)) {
         if (!PUT(emitter, ' ')) return 0;
     }
 
@@ -1946,10 +1977,6 @@ yaml_emitter_write_plain_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
 
     emitter->whitespace = 0;
     emitter->indention = 0;
-    if (emitter->root_context)
-    {
-        emitter->open_ended = 1;
-    }
 
     return 1;
 }
@@ -2008,6 +2035,9 @@ yaml_emitter_write_single_quoted_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
         }
     }
 
+    if (breaks)
+        if (!yaml_emitter_write_indent(emitter)) return 0;
+
     if (!yaml_emitter_write_indicator(emitter, "'", 0, 0, 0))
         return 0;
 
@@ -2178,7 +2208,7 @@ yaml_emitter_write_block_scalar_hints(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
         yaml_string_t string)
 {
     char indent_hint[2];
-    char *chomp_hint = NULL;
+    const char *chomp_hint = NULL;
 
     if (IS_SPACE(string) || IS_BREAK(string))
     {
@@ -2207,7 +2237,7 @@ yaml_emitter_write_block_scalar_hints(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
         else if (string.start == string.pointer)
         {
             chomp_hint = "+";
-            emitter->open_ended = 1;
+            emitter->open_ended = 2;
         }
         else
         {
@@ -2217,7 +2247,7 @@ yaml_emitter_write_block_scalar_hints(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
             if (IS_BREAK(string))
             {
                 chomp_hint = "+";
-                emitter->open_ended = 1;
+                emitter->open_ended = 2;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2326,4 +2356,3 @@ yaml_emitter_write_folded_scalar(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
 
     return 1;
 }
-
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/loader.c b/ext/psych/yaml/loader.c
index 3ba99f087e..bcf3aee8cb 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/loader.c
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/loader.c
@@ -38,26 +38,46 @@ static void
 yaml_parser_delete_aliases(yaml_parser_t *parser);
 
 /*
+ * Document loading context.
+ */
+struct loader_ctx {
+    int *start;
+    int *end;
+    int *top;
+};
+
+/*
  * Composer functions.
  */
+static int
+yaml_parser_load_nodes(yaml_parser_t *parser, struct loader_ctx *ctx);
+
+static int
+yaml_parser_load_document(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event);
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_document(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event);
+yaml_parser_load_alias(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx);
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_node(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event);
+yaml_parser_load_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx);
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_alias(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event);
+yaml_parser_load_sequence(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx);
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event);
+yaml_parser_load_mapping(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx);
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_sequence(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event);
+yaml_parser_load_sequence_end(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx);
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_mapping(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event);
+yaml_parser_load_mapping_end(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx);
 
 /*
  * Load the next document of the stream.
@@ -72,7 +92,7 @@ yaml_parser_load(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_document_t *document)
     assert(document);   /* Non-NULL document object is expected. */
 
     memset(document, 0, sizeof(yaml_document_t));
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, document->nodes, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, document->nodes, yaml_node_t*))
         goto error;
 
     if (!parser->stream_start_produced) {
@@ -90,7 +110,7 @@ yaml_parser_load(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_document_t *document)
         return 1;
     }
 
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->aliases, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, parser->aliases, yaml_alias_data_t*))
         goto error;
 
     parser->document = document;
@@ -162,59 +182,78 @@ yaml_parser_delete_aliases(yaml_parser_t *parser)
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_document(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
+yaml_parser_load_document(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event)
 {
-    yaml_event_t event;
+    struct loader_ctx ctx = { NULL, NULL, NULL };
 
-    assert(first_event->type == YAML_DOCUMENT_START_EVENT);
+    assert(event->type == YAML_DOCUMENT_START_EVENT);
                         /* DOCUMENT-START is expected. */
 
     parser->document->version_directive
-        = first_event->data.document_start.version_directive;
+        = event->data.document_start.version_directive;
     parser->document->tag_directives.start
-        = first_event->data.document_start.tag_directives.start;
+        = event->data.document_start.tag_directives.start;
     parser->document->tag_directives.end
-        = first_event->data.document_start.tag_directives.end;
+        = event->data.document_start.tag_directives.end;
     parser->document->start_implicit
-        = first_event->data.document_start.implicit;
-    parser->document->start_mark = first_event->start_mark;
-
-    if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
-
-    if (!yaml_parser_load_node(parser, &event)) return 0;
-
-    if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
-    assert(event.type == YAML_DOCUMENT_END_EVENT);
-                        /* DOCUMENT-END is expected. */
+        = event->data.document_start.implicit;
+    parser->document->start_mark = event->start_mark;
 
-    parser->document->end_implicit = event.data.document_end.implicit;
-    parser->document->end_mark = event.end_mark;
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, ctx, int*)) return 0;
+    if (!yaml_parser_load_nodes(parser, &ctx)) {
+        STACK_DEL(parser, ctx);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    STACK_DEL(parser, ctx);
 
     return 1;
 }
 
 /*
- * Compose a node.
+ * Compose a node tree.
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_node(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
+yaml_parser_load_nodes(yaml_parser_t *parser, struct loader_ctx *ctx)
 {
-    switch (first_event->type) {
-        case YAML_ALIAS_EVENT:
-            return yaml_parser_load_alias(parser, first_event);
-        case YAML_SCALAR_EVENT:
-            return yaml_parser_load_scalar(parser, first_event);
-        case YAML_SEQUENCE_START_EVENT:
-            return yaml_parser_load_sequence(parser, first_event);
-        case YAML_MAPPING_START_EVENT:
-            return yaml_parser_load_mapping(parser, first_event);
-        default:
-            assert(0);  /* Could not happen. */
-            return 0;
-    }
+    yaml_event_t event;
 
-    return 0;
+    do {
+        if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
+
+        switch (event.type) {
+            case YAML_ALIAS_EVENT:
+                if (!yaml_parser_load_alias(parser, &event, ctx)) return 0;
+                break;
+            case YAML_SCALAR_EVENT:
+                if (!yaml_parser_load_scalar(parser, &event, ctx)) return 0;
+                break;
+            case YAML_SEQUENCE_START_EVENT:
+                if (!yaml_parser_load_sequence(parser, &event, ctx)) return 0;
+                break;
+            case YAML_SEQUENCE_END_EVENT:
+                if (!yaml_parser_load_sequence_end(parser, &event, ctx))
+                    return 0;
+                break;
+            case YAML_MAPPING_START_EVENT:
+                if (!yaml_parser_load_mapping(parser, &event, ctx)) return 0;
+                break;
+            case YAML_MAPPING_END_EVENT:
+                if (!yaml_parser_load_mapping_end(parser, &event, ctx))
+                    return 0;
+                break;
+            default:
+                assert(0);  /* Could not happen. */
+                return 0;
+            case YAML_DOCUMENT_END_EVENT:
+                break;
+        }
+    } while (event.type != YAML_DOCUMENT_END_EVENT);
+
+    parser->document->end_implicit = event.data.document_end.implicit;
+    parser->document->end_mark = event.end_mark;
+
+    return 1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -253,26 +292,79 @@ yaml_parser_register_anchor(yaml_parser_t *parser,
 }
 
 /*
+ * Compose node into its parent in the stree.
+ */
+
+static int
+yaml_parser_load_node_add(yaml_parser_t *parser, struct loader_ctx *ctx,
+        int index)
+{
+    struct yaml_node_s *parent;
+    int parent_index;
+
+    if (STACK_EMPTY(parser, *ctx)) {
+        /* This is the root node, there's no tree to add it to. */
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    parent_index = *((*ctx).top - 1);
+    parent = &parser->document->nodes.start[parent_index-1];
+
+    switch (parent->type) {
+        case YAML_SEQUENCE_NODE:
+            if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser, parent->data.sequence.items, INT_MAX-1))
+                return 0;
+            if (!PUSH(parser, parent->data.sequence.items, index))
+                return 0;
+            break;
+        case YAML_MAPPING_NODE: {
+            yaml_node_pair_t pair;
+            if (!STACK_EMPTY(parser, parent->data.mapping.pairs)) {
+                yaml_node_pair_t *p = parent->data.mapping.pairs.top - 1;
+                if (p->key != 0 && p->value == 0) {
+                    p->value = index;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            pair.key = index;
+            pair.value = 0;
+            if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser, parent->data.mapping.pairs, INT_MAX-1))
+                return 0;
+            if (!PUSH(parser, parent->data.mapping.pairs, pair))
+                return 0;
+
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            assert(0); /* Could not happen. */
+            return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/*
  * Compose a node corresponding to an alias.
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_alias(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
+yaml_parser_load_alias(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx)
 {
-    yaml_char_t *anchor = first_event->data.alias.anchor;
+    yaml_char_t *anchor = event->data.alias.anchor;
     yaml_alias_data_t *alias_data;
 
     for (alias_data = parser->aliases.start;
             alias_data != parser->aliases.top; alias_data ++) {
         if (strcmp((char *)alias_data->anchor, (char *)anchor) == 0) {
             yaml_free(anchor);
-            return alias_data->index;
+            return yaml_parser_load_node_add(parser, ctx, alias_data->index);
         }
     }
 
     yaml_free(anchor);
     return yaml_parser_set_composer_error(parser, "found undefined alias",
-            first_event->start_mark);
+            event->start_mark);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -280,11 +372,12 @@ yaml_parser_load_alias(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
+yaml_parser_load_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx)
 {
     yaml_node_t node;
     int index;
-    yaml_char_t *tag = first_event->data.scalar.tag;
+    yaml_char_t *tag = event->data.scalar.tag;
 
     if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser, parser->document->nodes, INT_MAX-1)) goto error;
 
@@ -294,23 +387,23 @@ yaml_parser_load_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
         if (!tag) goto error;
     }
 
-    SCALAR_NODE_INIT(node, tag, first_event->data.scalar.value,
-            first_event->data.scalar.length, first_event->data.scalar.style,
-            first_event->start_mark, first_event->end_mark);
+    SCALAR_NODE_INIT(node, tag, event->data.scalar.value,
+            event->data.scalar.length, event->data.scalar.style,
+            event->start_mark, event->end_mark);
 
     if (!PUSH(parser, parser->document->nodes, node)) goto error;
 
-    index = parser->document->nodes.top - parser->document->nodes.start;
+    index = (int)(parser->document->nodes.top - parser->document->nodes.start);
 
     if (!yaml_parser_register_anchor(parser, index,
-                first_event->data.scalar.anchor)) return 0;
+                event->data.scalar.anchor)) return 0;
 
-    return index;
+    return yaml_parser_load_node_add(parser, ctx, index);
 
 error:
     yaml_free(tag);
-    yaml_free(first_event->data.scalar.anchor);
-    yaml_free(first_event->data.scalar.value);
+    yaml_free(event->data.scalar.anchor);
+    yaml_free(event->data.scalar.value);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -319,17 +412,17 @@ error:
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_sequence(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
+yaml_parser_load_sequence(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx)
 {
-    yaml_event_t event;
     yaml_node_t node;
     struct {
         yaml_node_item_t *start;
         yaml_node_item_t *end;
         yaml_node_item_t *top;
     } items = { NULL, NULL, NULL };
-    int index, item_index;
-    yaml_char_t *tag = first_event->data.sequence_start.tag;
+    int index;
+    yaml_char_t *tag = event->data.sequence_start.tag;
 
     if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser, parser->document->nodes, INT_MAX-1)) goto error;
 
@@ -339,51 +432,57 @@ yaml_parser_load_sequence(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
         if (!tag) goto error;
     }
 
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, items, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE)) goto error;
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, items, yaml_node_item_t*)) goto error;
 
     SEQUENCE_NODE_INIT(node, tag, items.start, items.end,
-            first_event->data.sequence_start.style,
-            first_event->start_mark, first_event->end_mark);
+            event->data.sequence_start.style,
+            event->start_mark, event->end_mark);
 
     if (!PUSH(parser, parser->document->nodes, node)) goto error;
 
-    index = parser->document->nodes.top - parser->document->nodes.start;
+    index = (int)(parser->document->nodes.top - parser->document->nodes.start);
 
     if (!yaml_parser_register_anchor(parser, index,
-                first_event->data.sequence_start.anchor)) return 0;
-
-    if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
-
-    while (event.type != YAML_SEQUENCE_END_EVENT) {
-        if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser,
-                    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].data.sequence.items,
-                    INT_MAX-1)) return 0;
-        item_index = yaml_parser_load_node(parser, &event);
-        if (!item_index) return 0;
-        if (!PUSH(parser,
-                    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].data.sequence.items,
-                    item_index)) return 0;
-        if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
-    }
+                event->data.sequence_start.anchor)) return 0;
 
-    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].end_mark = event.end_mark;
+    if (!yaml_parser_load_node_add(parser, ctx, index)) return 0;
 
-    return index;
+    if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser, *ctx, INT_MAX-1)) return 0;
+    if (!PUSH(parser, *ctx, index)) return 0;
+
+    return 1;
 
 error:
     yaml_free(tag);
-    yaml_free(first_event->data.sequence_start.anchor);
+    yaml_free(event->data.sequence_start.anchor);
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int
+yaml_parser_load_sequence_end(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    int index;
+
+    assert(((*ctx).top - (*ctx).start) > 0);
+
+    index = *((*ctx).top - 1);
+    assert(parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].type == YAML_SEQUENCE_NODE);
+    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].end_mark = event->end_mark;
+
+    (void)POP(parser, *ctx);
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
 /*
  * Compose a mapping node.
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_load_mapping(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
+yaml_parser_load_mapping(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx)
 {
-    yaml_event_t event;
     yaml_node_t node;
     struct {
         yaml_node_pair_t *start;
@@ -391,8 +490,7 @@ yaml_parser_load_mapping(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
         yaml_node_pair_t *top;
     } pairs = { NULL, NULL, NULL };
     int index;
-    yaml_node_pair_t pair;
-    yaml_char_t *tag = first_event->data.mapping_start.tag;
+    yaml_char_t *tag = event->data.mapping_start.tag;
 
     if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser, parser->document->nodes, INT_MAX-1)) goto error;
 
@@ -402,43 +500,45 @@ yaml_parser_load_mapping(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *first_event)
         if (!tag) goto error;
     }
 
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, pairs, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE)) goto error;
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, pairs, yaml_node_pair_t*)) goto error;
 
     MAPPING_NODE_INIT(node, tag, pairs.start, pairs.end,
-            first_event->data.mapping_start.style,
-            first_event->start_mark, first_event->end_mark);
+            event->data.mapping_start.style,
+            event->start_mark, event->end_mark);
 
     if (!PUSH(parser, parser->document->nodes, node)) goto error;
 
-    index = parser->document->nodes.top - parser->document->nodes.start;
+    index = (int)(parser->document->nodes.top - parser->document->nodes.start);
 
     if (!yaml_parser_register_anchor(parser, index,
-                first_event->data.mapping_start.anchor)) return 0;
+                event->data.mapping_start.anchor)) return 0;
 
-    if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
+    if (!yaml_parser_load_node_add(parser, ctx, index)) return 0;
 
-    while (event.type != YAML_MAPPING_END_EVENT) {
-        if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser,
-                    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].data.mapping.pairs,
-                    INT_MAX-1)) return 0;
-        pair.key = yaml_parser_load_node(parser, &event);
-        if (!pair.key) return 0;
-        if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
-        pair.value = yaml_parser_load_node(parser, &event);
-        if (!pair.value) return 0;
-        if (!PUSH(parser,
-                    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].data.mapping.pairs,
-                    pair)) return 0;
-        if (!yaml_parser_parse(parser, &event)) return 0;
-    }
+    if (!STACK_LIMIT(parser, *ctx, INT_MAX-1)) return 0;
+    if (!PUSH(parser, *ctx, index)) return 0;
 
-    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].end_mark = event.end_mark;
-
-    return index;
+    return 1;
 
 error:
     yaml_free(tag);
-    yaml_free(first_event->data.mapping_start.anchor);
+    yaml_free(event->data.mapping_start.anchor);
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int
+yaml_parser_load_mapping_end(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
+        struct loader_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    int index;
+
+    assert(((*ctx).top - (*ctx).start) > 0);
+
+    index = *((*ctx).top - 1);
+    assert(parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].type == YAML_MAPPING_NODE);
+    parser->document->nodes.start[index-1].end_mark = event->end_mark;
+
+    (void)POP(parser, *ctx);
+
+    return 1;
+}
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/parser.c b/ext/psych/yaml/parser.c
index dc5430b09f..ec2f8d3e05 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/parser.c
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/parser.c
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ yaml_parser_parse_node(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
                     if (strcmp((char *)tag_directive->handle, (char *)tag_handle) == 0) {
                         size_t prefix_len = strlen((char *)tag_directive->prefix);
                         size_t suffix_len = strlen((char *)tag_suffix);
-                        tag = yaml_malloc(prefix_len+suffix_len+1);
+                        tag = YAML_MALLOC(prefix_len+suffix_len+1);
                         if (!tag) {
                             parser->error = YAML_MEMORY_ERROR;
                             goto error;
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ yaml_parser_parse_node(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
                 return 1;
             }
             else if (anchor || tag) {
-                yaml_char_t *value = yaml_malloc(1);
+                yaml_char_t *value = YAML_MALLOC(1);
                 if (!value) {
                     parser->error = YAML_MEMORY_ERROR;
                     goto error;
@@ -759,9 +759,8 @@ yaml_parser_parse_block_sequence_entry(yaml_parser_t *parser,
 
     else if (token->type == YAML_BLOCK_END_TOKEN)
     {
-        yaml_mark_t dummy_mark;     /* Used to eliminate a compiler warning. */
         parser->state = POP(parser, parser->states);
-        dummy_mark = POP(parser, parser->marks);
+        (void)POP(parser, parser->marks);
         SEQUENCE_END_EVENT_INIT(*event, token->start_mark, token->end_mark);
         SKIP_TOKEN(parser);
         return 1;
@@ -869,9 +868,8 @@ yaml_parser_parse_block_mapping_key(yaml_parser_t *parser,
 
     else if (token->type == YAML_BLOCK_END_TOKEN)
     {
-        yaml_mark_t dummy_mark;     /* Used to eliminate a compiler warning. */
         parser->state = POP(parser, parser->states);
-        dummy_mark = POP(parser, parser->marks);
+        (void)POP(parser, parser->marks);
         MAPPING_END_EVENT_INIT(*event, token->start_mark, token->end_mark);
         SKIP_TOKEN(parser);
         return 1;
@@ -952,7 +950,6 @@ yaml_parser_parse_flow_sequence_entry(yaml_parser_t *parser,
         yaml_event_t *event, int first)
 {
     yaml_token_t *token;
-    yaml_mark_t dummy_mark;     /* Used to eliminate a compiler warning. */
 
     if (first) {
         token = PEEK_TOKEN(parser);
@@ -997,7 +994,7 @@ yaml_parser_parse_flow_sequence_entry(yaml_parser_t *parser,
     }
 
     parser->state = POP(parser, parser->states);
-    dummy_mark = POP(parser, parser->marks);
+    (void)POP(parser, parser->marks);
     SEQUENCE_END_EVENT_INIT(*event, token->start_mark, token->end_mark);
     SKIP_TOKEN(parser);
     return 1;
@@ -1104,7 +1101,6 @@ yaml_parser_parse_flow_mapping_key(yaml_parser_t *parser,
         yaml_event_t *event, int first)
 {
     yaml_token_t *token;
-    yaml_mark_t dummy_mark;     /* Used to eliminate a compiler warning. */
 
     if (first) {
         token = PEEK_TOKEN(parser);
@@ -1158,7 +1154,7 @@ yaml_parser_parse_flow_mapping_key(yaml_parser_t *parser,
     }
 
     parser->state = POP(parser, parser->states);
-    dummy_mark = POP(parser, parser->marks);
+    (void)POP(parser, parser->marks);
     MAPPING_END_EVENT_INIT(*event, token->start_mark, token->end_mark);
     SKIP_TOKEN(parser);
     return 1;
@@ -1212,7 +1208,7 @@ yaml_parser_process_empty_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event,
 {
     yaml_char_t *value;
 
-    value = yaml_malloc(1);
+    value = YAML_MALLOC(1);
     if (!value) {
         parser->error = YAML_MEMORY_ERROR;
         return 0;
@@ -1249,7 +1245,7 @@ yaml_parser_process_directives(yaml_parser_t *parser,
     } tag_directives = { NULL, NULL, NULL };
     yaml_token_t *token;
 
-    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, tag_directives, INITIAL_STACK_SIZE))
+    if (!STACK_INIT(parser, tag_directives, yaml_tag_directive_t*))
         goto error;
 
     token = PEEK_TOKEN(parser);
@@ -1265,12 +1261,15 @@ yaml_parser_process_directives(yaml_parser_t *parser,
                 goto error;
             }
             if (token->data.version_directive.major != 1
-                    || token->data.version_directive.minor != 1) {
+                    || (
+                        token->data.version_directive.minor != 1
+                        && token->data.version_directive.minor != 2
+                    )) {
                 yaml_parser_set_parser_error(parser,
                         "found incompatible YAML document", token->start_mark);
                 goto error;
             }
-            version_directive = yaml_malloc(sizeof(yaml_version_directive_t));
+            version_directive = YAML_MALLOC_STATIC(yaml_version_directive_t);
             if (!version_directive) {
                 parser->error = YAML_MEMORY_ERROR;
                 goto error;
@@ -1320,6 +1319,8 @@ yaml_parser_process_directives(yaml_parser_t *parser,
         STACK_DEL(parser, tag_directives);
     }
 
+    if (!version_directive_ref)
+        yaml_free(version_directive);
     return 1;
 
 error:
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/reader.c b/ext/psych/yaml/reader.c
index f1a06deb9d..f3ac54c251 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/reader.c
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/reader.c
@@ -460,10 +460,10 @@ yaml_parser_update_buffer(yaml_parser_t *parser, size_t length)
 
     }
 
-    if (parser->offset >= PTRDIFF_MAX)
+    if (parser->offset >= MAX_FILE_SIZE) {
         return yaml_parser_set_reader_error(parser, "input is too long",
-                PTRDIFF_MAX, -1);
+            parser->offset, -1);
+    }
 
     return 1;
 }
-
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c b/ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c
index bfdf3abda5..bb5d201274 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/scanner.c
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@
  *      BLOCK-END                       # Indentation decrease.
  *      FLOW-SEQUENCE-START             # '['
  *      FLOW-SEQUENCE-END               # ']'
- *      BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START            # '{'
- *      BLOCK-SEQUENCE-END              # '}'
+ *      FLOW-MAPPING-START              # '{'
+ *      FLOW-MAPPING-END                # '}'
  *      BLOCK-ENTRY                     # '-'
  *      FLOW-ENTRY                      # ','
  *      KEY                             # '?' or nothing (simple keys).
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
  * The tokens BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START and BLOCK-MAPPING-START denote indentation
  * increase that precedes a block collection (cf. the INDENT token in Python).
  * The token BLOCK-END denote indentation decrease that ends a block collection
- * (cf. the DEDENT token in Python).  However YAML has some syntax pecularities
+ * (cf. the DEDENT token in Python).  However YAML has some syntax peculiarities
  * that makes detections of these tokens more complex.
  *
  * The tokens BLOCK-ENTRY, KEY, and VALUE are used to represent the indicators
@@ -348,6 +348,7 @@
  *          SCALAR("another value",plain)
  *          KEY
  *          SCALAR("a mapping",plain)
+ *          VALUE
  *          BLOCK-MAPPING-START
  *          KEY
  *          SCALAR("key 1",plain)
@@ -711,7 +712,7 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag_handle(yaml_parser_t *parser, int directive,
         yaml_mark_t start_mark, yaml_char_t **handle);
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(yaml_parser_t *parser, int directive,
+yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(yaml_parser_t *parser, int uri_char, int directive,
         yaml_char_t *head, yaml_mark_t start_mark, yaml_char_t **uri);
 
 static int
@@ -1186,11 +1187,9 @@ yaml_parser_increase_flow_level(yaml_parser_t *parser)
 static int
 yaml_parser_decrease_flow_level(yaml_parser_t *parser)
 {
-    yaml_simple_key_t dummy_key;    /* Used to eliminate a compiler warning. */
-
     if (parser->flow_level) {
         parser->flow_level --;
-        dummy_key = POP(parser, parser->simple_keys);
+        (void)POP(parser, parser->simple_keys);
     }
 
     return 1;
@@ -1229,7 +1228,7 @@ yaml_parser_roll_indent(yaml_parser_t *parser, ptrdiff_t column,
             return 0;
         }
 
-        parser->indent = column;
+        parser->indent = (int)column;
 
         /* Create a token and insert it into the queue. */
 
@@ -1638,7 +1637,7 @@ yaml_parser_fetch_key(yaml_parser_t *parser)
 
     if (!parser->flow_level)
     {
-        /* Check if we are allowed to start a new key (not nessesary simple). */
+        /* Check if we are allowed to start a new key (not necessary simple). */
 
         if (!parser->simple_key_allowed) {
             return yaml_parser_set_scanner_error(parser, NULL, parser->mark,
@@ -2294,7 +2293,7 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag_directive_value(yaml_parser_t *parser,
 
     /* Scan a prefix. */
 
-    if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 1, NULL, start_mark, &prefix_value))
+    if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 1, 1, NULL, start_mark, &prefix_value))
         goto error;
 
     /* Expect a whitespace or line break. */
@@ -2401,7 +2400,7 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token)
     {
         /* Set the handle to '' */
 
-        handle = yaml_malloc(1);
+        handle = YAML_MALLOC(1);
         if (!handle) goto error;
         handle[0] = '\0';
 
@@ -2412,7 +2411,7 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token)
 
         /* Consume the tag value. */
 
-        if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 0, NULL, start_mark, &suffix))
+        if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 1, 0, NULL, start_mark, &suffix))
             goto error;
 
         /* Check for '>' and eat it. */
@@ -2440,20 +2439,20 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token)
         {
             /* Scan the suffix now. */
 
-            if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 0, NULL, start_mark, &suffix))
+            if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 0, 0, NULL, start_mark, &suffix))
                 goto error;
         }
         else
         {
             /* It wasn't a handle after all.  Scan the rest of the tag. */
 
-            if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 0, handle, start_mark, &suffix))
+            if (!yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(parser, 0, 0, handle, start_mark, &suffix))
                 goto error;
 
             /* Set the handle to '!'. */
 
             yaml_free(handle);
-            handle = yaml_malloc(2);
+            handle = YAML_MALLOC(2);
             if (!handle) goto error;
             handle[0] = '!';
             handle[1] = '\0';
@@ -2476,9 +2475,11 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token)
     if (!CACHE(parser, 1)) goto error;
 
     if (!IS_BLANKZ(parser->buffer)) {
-        yaml_parser_set_scanner_error(parser, "while scanning a tag",
-                start_mark, "did not find expected whitespace or line break");
-        goto error;
+        if (!parser->flow_level || !CHECK(parser->buffer, ',') ) {
+            yaml_parser_set_scanner_error(parser, "while scanning a tag",
+                    start_mark, "did not find expected whitespace or line break");
+            goto error;
+        }
     }
 
     end_mark = parser->mark;
@@ -2567,7 +2568,7 @@ error:
  */
 
 static int
-yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(yaml_parser_t *parser, int directive,
+yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(yaml_parser_t *parser, int uri_char, int directive,
         yaml_char_t *head, yaml_mark_t start_mark, yaml_char_t **uri)
 {
     size_t length = head ? strlen((char *)head) : 0;
@@ -2603,8 +2604,11 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(yaml_parser_t *parser, int directive,
      * The set of characters that may appear in URI is as follows:
      *
      *      '0'-'9', 'A'-'Z', 'a'-'z', '_', '-', ';', '/', '?', ':', '@', '&',
-     *      '=', '+', '$', ',', '.', '!', '~', '*', '\'', '(', ')', '[', ']',
-     *      '%'.
+     *      '=', '+', '$', '.', '!', '~', '*', '\'', '(', ')', '%'.
+     *
+     * If we are inside a verbatim tag <...> (parameter uri_char is true)
+     * then also the following flow indicators are allowed:
+     *      ',', '[', ']'
      */
 
     while (IS_ALPHA(parser->buffer) || CHECK(parser->buffer, ';')
@@ -2612,12 +2616,15 @@ yaml_parser_scan_tag_uri(yaml_parser_t *parser, int directive,
             || CHECK(parser->buffer, ':') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '@')
             || CHECK(parser->buffer, '&') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '=')
             || CHECK(parser->buffer, '+') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '$')
-            || CHECK(parser->buffer, ',') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '.')
+            || CHECK(parser->buffer, '.') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '%')
             || CHECK(parser->buffer, '!') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '~')
             || CHECK(parser->buffer, '*') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '\'')
             || CHECK(parser->buffer, '(') || CHECK(parser->buffer, ')')
-            || CHECK(parser->buffer, '[') || CHECK(parser->buffer, ']')
-            || CHECK(parser->buffer, '%'))
+            || (uri_char && (
+                CHECK(parser->buffer, ',')
+                || CHECK(parser->buffer, '[') || CHECK(parser->buffer, ']')
+                )
+            ))
     {
         /* Check if it is a URI-escape sequence. */
 
@@ -2862,7 +2869,7 @@ yaml_parser_scan_block_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token,
 
     if (!CACHE(parser, 1)) goto error;
 
-    while ((int)parser->mark.column == indent && !IS_Z(parser->buffer))
+    while ((int)parser->mark.column == indent && !(IS_Z(parser->buffer)))
     {
         /*
          * We are at the beginning of a non-empty line.
@@ -3162,8 +3169,8 @@ yaml_parser_scan_flow_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token,
                         *(string.pointer++) = '"';
                         break;
 
-                    case '\'':
-                        *(string.pointer++) = '\'';
+                    case '/':
+                        *(string.pointer++) = '/';
                         break;
 
                     case '\\':
@@ -3280,6 +3287,11 @@ yaml_parser_scan_flow_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token,
 
         /* Check if we are at the end of the scalar. */
 
+        /* Fix for crash uninitialized value crash
+         * Credit for the bug and input is to OSS Fuzz
+         * Credit for the fix to Alex Gaynor
+         */
+        if (!CACHE(parser, 1)) goto error;
         if (CHECK(parser->buffer, single ? '\'' : '"'))
             break;
 
@@ -3427,11 +3439,22 @@ yaml_parser_scan_plain_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token)
 
         while (!IS_BLANKZ(parser->buffer))
         {
-            /* Check for 'x:x' in the flow context. TODO: Fix the test "spec-08-13". */
+            /* Check for "x:" + one of ',?[]{}' in the flow context. TODO: Fix the test "spec-08-13".
+             * This is not completely according to the spec
+             * See http://yaml.org/spec/1.1/#id907281 9.1.3. Plain
+             */
 
             if (parser->flow_level
                     && CHECK(parser->buffer, ':')
-                    && !IS_BLANKZ_AT(parser->buffer, 1)) {
+                    && (
+                        CHECK_AT(parser->buffer, ',', 1)
+                        || CHECK_AT(parser->buffer, '?', 1)
+                        || CHECK_AT(parser->buffer, '[', 1)
+                        || CHECK_AT(parser->buffer, ']', 1)
+                        || CHECK_AT(parser->buffer, '{', 1)
+                        || CHECK_AT(parser->buffer, '}', 1)
+                    )
+                    ) {
                 yaml_parser_set_scanner_error(parser, "while scanning a plain scalar",
                         start_mark, "found unexpected ':'");
                 goto error;
@@ -3441,8 +3464,8 @@ yaml_parser_scan_plain_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token)
 
             if ((CHECK(parser->buffer, ':') && IS_BLANKZ_AT(parser->buffer, 1))
                     || (parser->flow_level &&
-                        (CHECK(parser->buffer, ',') || CHECK(parser->buffer, ':')
-                         || CHECK(parser->buffer, '?') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '[')
+                        (CHECK(parser->buffer, ',')
+                         || CHECK(parser->buffer, '[')
                          || CHECK(parser->buffer, ']') || CHECK(parser->buffer, '{')
                          || CHECK(parser->buffer, '}'))))
                 break;
@@ -3504,12 +3527,12 @@ yaml_parser_scan_plain_scalar(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token)
         {
             if (IS_BLANK(parser->buffer))
             {
-                /* Check for tab character that abuse indentation. */
+                /* Check for tab characters that abuse indentation. */
 
                 if (leading_blanks && (int)parser->mark.column < indent
                         && IS_TAB(parser->buffer)) {
                     yaml_parser_set_scanner_error(parser, "while scanning a plain scalar",
-                            start_mark, "found a tab character that violate indentation");
+                            start_mark, "found a tab character that violates indentation");
                     goto error;
                 }
 
@@ -3573,4 +3596,3 @@ error:
 
     return 0;
 }
-
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/yaml.h b/ext/psych/yaml/yaml.h
index f33a152594..f1b7bfde20 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/yaml.h
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/yaml.h
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ extern "C" {
 
 /** The public API declaration. */
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
+#if defined(__MINGW32__)
+#   define  YAML_DECLARE(type)  type
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
 #   if defined(YAML_DECLARE_STATIC)
 #       define  YAML_DECLARE(type)  type
 #   elif defined(YAML_DECLARE_EXPORT)
@@ -230,7 +232,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_token_type_e {
 
     /** A BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START token. */
     YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_START_TOKEN,
-    /** A BLOCK-SEQUENCE-END token. */
+    /** A BLOCK-MAPPING-START token. */
     YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_START_TOKEN,
     /** A BLOCK-END token. */
     YAML_BLOCK_END_TOKEN,
@@ -550,7 +552,7 @@ yaml_document_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, int implicit);
  */
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
-yaml_alias_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, yaml_char_t *anchor);
+yaml_alias_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, const yaml_char_t *anchor);
 
 /**
  * Create a SCALAR event.
@@ -576,8 +578,8 @@ yaml_alias_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, yaml_char_t *anchor);
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_scalar_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
-        yaml_char_t *anchor, yaml_char_t *tag,
-        yaml_char_t *value, int length,
+        const yaml_char_t *anchor, const yaml_char_t *tag,
+        const yaml_char_t *value, int length,
         int plain_implicit, int quoted_implicit,
         yaml_scalar_style_t style);
 
@@ -599,7 +601,7 @@ yaml_scalar_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_sequence_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
-        yaml_char_t *anchor, yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
+        const yaml_char_t *anchor, const yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
         yaml_sequence_style_t style);
 
 /**
@@ -631,7 +633,7 @@ yaml_sequence_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event);
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_mapping_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
-        yaml_char_t *anchor, yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
+        const yaml_char_t *anchor, const yaml_char_t *tag, int implicit,
         yaml_mapping_style_t style);
 
 /**
@@ -663,7 +665,7 @@ yaml_event_delete(yaml_event_t *event);
 
 /** The tag @c !!null with the only possible value: @c null. */
 #define YAML_NULL_TAG       "tag:yaml.org,2002:null"
-/** The tag @c !!bool with the values: @c true and @c falce. */
+/** The tag @c !!bool with the values: @c true and @c false. */
 #define YAML_BOOL_TAG       "tag:yaml.org,2002:bool"
 /** The tag @c !!str for string values. */
 #define YAML_STR_TAG        "tag:yaml.org,2002:str"
@@ -894,7 +896,7 @@ yaml_document_get_root_node(yaml_document_t *document);
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_document_add_scalar(yaml_document_t *document,
-        yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_char_t *value, int length,
+        const yaml_char_t *tag, const yaml_char_t *value, int length,
         yaml_scalar_style_t style);
 
 /**
@@ -911,7 +913,7 @@ yaml_document_add_scalar(yaml_document_t *document,
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_document_add_sequence(yaml_document_t *document,
-        yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_sequence_style_t style);
+        const yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_sequence_style_t style);
 
 /**
  * Create a MAPPING node and attach it to the document.
@@ -927,7 +929,7 @@ yaml_document_add_sequence(yaml_document_t *document,
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_document_add_mapping(yaml_document_t *document,
-        yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_mapping_style_t style);
+        const yaml_char_t *tag, yaml_mapping_style_t style);
 
 /**
  * Add an item to a SEQUENCE node.
@@ -935,7 +937,7 @@ yaml_document_add_mapping(yaml_document_t *document,
  * @param[in,out]   document    A document object.
  * @param[in]       sequence    The sequence node id.
  * @param[in]       item        The item node id.
-*
+ *
  * @returns @c 1 if the function succeeded, @c 0 on error.
  */
 
@@ -950,7 +952,7 @@ yaml_document_append_sequence_item(yaml_document_t *document,
  * @param[in]       mapping     The mapping node id.
  * @param[in]       key         The key node id.
  * @param[in]       value       The value node id.
-*
+ *
  * @returns @c 1 if the function succeeded, @c 0 on error.
  */
 
@@ -1018,6 +1020,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_parser_state_e {
     YAML_PARSE_DOCUMENT_CONTENT_STATE,
     /** Expect DOCUMENT-END. */
     YAML_PARSE_DOCUMENT_END_STATE,
+
     /** Expect a block node. */
     YAML_PARSE_BLOCK_NODE_STATE,
     /** Expect a block node or indentless sequence. */
@@ -1028,6 +1031,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_parser_state_e {
     YAML_PARSE_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_FIRST_ENTRY_STATE,
     /** Expect an entry of a block sequence. */
     YAML_PARSE_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_ENTRY_STATE,
+
     /** Expect an entry of an indentless sequence. */
     YAML_PARSE_INDENTLESS_SEQUENCE_ENTRY_STATE,
     /** Expect the first key of a block mapping. */
@@ -1038,6 +1042,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_parser_state_e {
     YAML_PARSE_BLOCK_MAPPING_VALUE_STATE,
     /** Expect the first entry of a flow sequence. */
     YAML_PARSE_FLOW_SEQUENCE_FIRST_ENTRY_STATE,
+
     /** Expect an entry of a flow sequence. */
     YAML_PARSE_FLOW_SEQUENCE_ENTRY_STATE,
     /** Expect a key of an ordered mapping. */
@@ -1049,6 +1054,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_parser_state_e {
     /** Expect the first key of a flow mapping. */
     YAML_PARSE_FLOW_MAPPING_FIRST_KEY_STATE,
     /** Expect a key of a flow mapping. */
+
     YAML_PARSE_FLOW_MAPPING_KEY_STATE,
     /** Expect a value of a flow mapping. */
     YAML_PARSE_FLOW_MAPPING_VALUE_STATE,
@@ -1203,7 +1209,7 @@ typedef struct yaml_parser_s {
     /** The number of tokens fetched from the queue. */
     size_t tokens_parsed;
 
-    /* Does the tokens queue contain a token ready for dequeueing. */
+    /** Does the tokens queue contain a token ready for dequeueing. */
     int token_available;
 
     /** The indentation levels stack. */
@@ -1329,7 +1335,7 @@ yaml_parser_delete(yaml_parser_t *parser);
  * Set a string input.
  *
  * Note that the @a input pointer must be valid while the @a parser object
- * exists.  The application is responsible for destroing @a input after
+ * exists.  The application is responsible for destroying @a input after
  * destroying the @a parser.
  *
  * @param[in,out]   parser  A parser object.
@@ -1444,7 +1450,7 @@ yaml_parser_parse(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event);
  * @param[in,out]   parser      A parser object.
  * @param[out]      document    An empty document object.
  *
- * @return @c 1 if the function succeeded, @c 0 on error.
+ * @returns @c 1 if the function succeeded, @c 0 on error.
  */
 
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
@@ -1487,6 +1493,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_emitter_state_e {
     YAML_EMIT_DOCUMENT_CONTENT_STATE,
     /** Expect DOCUMENT-END. */
     YAML_EMIT_DOCUMENT_END_STATE,
+
     /** Expect the first item of a flow sequence. */
     YAML_EMIT_FLOW_SEQUENCE_FIRST_ITEM_STATE,
     /** Expect an item of a flow sequence. */
@@ -1497,6 +1504,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_emitter_state_e {
     YAML_EMIT_FLOW_MAPPING_KEY_STATE,
     /** Expect a value for a simple key of a flow mapping. */
     YAML_EMIT_FLOW_MAPPING_SIMPLE_VALUE_STATE,
+
     /** Expect a value of a flow mapping. */
     YAML_EMIT_FLOW_MAPPING_VALUE_STATE,
     /** Expect the first item of a block sequence. */
@@ -1507,6 +1515,7 @@ typedef enum yaml_emitter_state_e {
     YAML_EMIT_BLOCK_MAPPING_FIRST_KEY_STATE,
     /** Expect the key of a block mapping. */
     YAML_EMIT_BLOCK_MAPPING_KEY_STATE,
+
     /** Expect a value for a simple key of a block mapping. */
     YAML_EMIT_BLOCK_MAPPING_SIMPLE_VALUE_STATE,
     /** Expect a value of a block mapping. */
@@ -1515,6 +1524,18 @@ typedef enum yaml_emitter_state_e {
     YAML_EMIT_END_STATE
 } yaml_emitter_state_t;
 
+
+/* This is needed for C++ */
+
+typedef struct yaml_anchors_s {
+    /** The number of references. */
+    int references;
+    /** The anchor id. */
+    int anchor;
+    /** If the node has been emitted? */
+    int serialized;
+} yaml_anchors_t;
+
 /**
  * The emitter structure.
  *
@@ -1546,7 +1567,7 @@ typedef struct yaml_emitter_s {
     /** Write handler. */
     yaml_write_handler_t *write_handler;
 
-    /** A pointer for passing to the white handler. */
+    /** A pointer for passing to the write handler. */
     void *write_handler_data;
 
     /** Standard (string or file) output data. */
@@ -1713,7 +1734,7 @@ typedef struct yaml_emitter_s {
         size_t length;
         /** Does the scalar contain line breaks? */
         int multiline;
-        /** Can the scalar be expessed in the flow plain style? */
+        /** Can the scalar be expressed in the flow plain style? */
         int flow_plain_allowed;
         /** Can the scalar be expressed in the block plain style? */
         int block_plain_allowed;
@@ -1740,14 +1761,7 @@ typedef struct yaml_emitter_s {
     int closed;
 
     /** The information associated with the document nodes. */
-    struct {
-        /** The number of references. */
-        int references;
-        /** The anchor id. */
-        int anchor;
-        /** If the node has been emitted? */
-        int serialized;
-    } *anchors;
+    yaml_anchors_t *anchors;
 
     /** The last assigned anchor id. */
     int last_anchor_id;
@@ -1936,10 +1950,10 @@ yaml_emitter_close(yaml_emitter_t *emitter);
 /**
  * Emit a YAML document.
  *
- * The documen object may be generated using the yaml_parser_load() function
+ * The document object may be generated using the yaml_parser_load() function
  * or the yaml_document_initialize() function.  The emitter takes the
- * responsibility for the document object and destoys its content after
- * it is emitted. The document object is destroyedeven if the function fails.
+ * responsibility for the document object and destroys its content after
+ * it is emitted. The document object is destroyed even if the function fails.
  *
  * @param[in,out]   emitter     An emitter object.
  * @param[in,out]   document    A document object.
diff --git a/ext/psych/yaml/yaml_private.h b/ext/psych/yaml/yaml_private.h
index ce262d3086..266a6bd3a7 100644
--- a/ext/psych/yaml/yaml_private.h
+++ b/ext/psych/yaml/yaml_private.h
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 #include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
 #endif
 
-#if HAVE_CONFIG_H
-#include <config.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#include "config.h"
 #endif
 
 #include <yaml.h>
@@ -12,16 +12,6 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
-#include <stdint.h>
-#else
-#ifdef _WIN64
-#define PTRDIFF_MAX _I64_MAX
-#else
-#define PTRDIFF_MAX INT_MAX
-#endif
-#endif
-
 /*
  * Memory management.
  */
@@ -81,6 +71,17 @@ yaml_parser_fetch_more_tokens(yaml_parser_t *parser);
 #define OUTPUT_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE  (OUTPUT_BUFFER_SIZE*2+2)
 
 /*
+ * The maximum size of a YAML input file.
+ * This used to be PTRDIFF_MAX, but that's not entirely portable
+ * because stdint.h isn't available on all platforms.
+ * It is not entirely clear why this isn't the maximum value
+ * that can fit into the parser->offset field.
+ */
+
+#define MAX_FILE_SIZE (~(size_t)0 / 2)
+
+
+/*
  * The size of other stacks and queues.
  */
 
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ yaml_parser_fetch_more_tokens(yaml_parser_t *parser);
  */
 
 #define BUFFER_INIT(context,buffer,size)                                        \
-    (((buffer).start = yaml_malloc(size)) ?                                     \
+  (((buffer).start = (yaml_char_t *)yaml_malloc(size)) ?                        \
         ((buffer).last = (buffer).pointer = (buffer).start,                     \
          (buffer).end = (buffer).start+(size),                                  \
          1) :                                                                   \
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ yaml_string_join(
      (value).pointer = (string))
 
 #define STRING_INIT(context,string,size)                                        \
-    (((string).start = yaml_malloc(size)) ?                                     \
+    (((string).start = YAML_MALLOC(size)) ?                                     \
         ((string).pointer = (string).start,                                     \
          (string).end = (string).start+(size),                                  \
          memset((string).start, 0, (size)),                                     \
@@ -174,14 +175,14 @@ yaml_string_join(
  * Check the octet at the specified position.
  */
 
-#define CHECK_AT(string,octet,offset)                                           \
+#define CHECK_AT(string,octet,offset)                   \
     ((string).pointer[offset] == (yaml_char_t)(octet))
 
 /*
  * Check the current octet in the buffer.
  */
 
-#define CHECK(string,octet) CHECK_AT((string),(octet),0)
+#define CHECK(string,octet) (CHECK_AT((string),(octet),0))
 
 /*
  * Check if the character at the specified position is an alphabetical
@@ -423,10 +424,10 @@ yaml_stack_extend(void **start, void **top, void **end);
 YAML_DECLARE(int)
 yaml_queue_extend(void **start, void **head, void **tail, void **end);
 
-#define STACK_INIT(context,stack,size)                                          \
-    (((stack).start = yaml_malloc((size)*sizeof(*(stack).start))) ?             \
+#define STACK_INIT(context,stack,type)                                     \
+  (((stack).start = (type)yaml_malloc(INITIAL_STACK_SIZE*sizeof(*(stack).start))) ? \
         ((stack).top = (stack).start,                                           \
-         (stack).end = (stack).start+(size),                                    \
+         (stack).end = (stack).start+INITIAL_STACK_SIZE,                        \
          1) :                                                                   \
         ((context)->error = YAML_MEMORY_ERROR,                                  \
          0))
@@ -456,8 +457,8 @@ yaml_queue_extend(void **start, void **head, void **tail, void **end);
 #define POP(context,stack)                                                      \
     (*(--(stack).top))
 
-#define QUEUE_INIT(context,queue,size)                                          \
-    (((queue).start = yaml_malloc((size)*sizeof(*(queue).start))) ?             \
+#define QUEUE_INIT(context,queue,size,type)                                     \
+  (((queue).start = (type)yaml_malloc((size)*sizeof(*(queue).start))) ?         \
         ((queue).head = (queue).tail = (queue).start,                           \
          (queue).end = (queue).start+(size),                                    \
          1) :                                                                   \
@@ -660,3 +661,28 @@ yaml_queue_extend(void **start, void **head, void **tail, void **end);
      (node).data.mapping.pairs.end = (node_pairs_end),                          \
      (node).data.mapping.pairs.top = (node_pairs_start),                        \
      (node).data.mapping.style = (node_style))
+
+/* Strict C compiler warning helpers */
+
+#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)
+#  define HASATTRIBUTE_UNUSED
+#endif
+#ifdef HASATTRIBUTE_UNUSED
+#  define __attribute__unused__             __attribute__((__unused__))
+#else
+#  define __attribute__unused__
+#endif
+
+/* Shim arguments are arguments that must be included in your function,
+ * but serve no purpose inside.  Silence compiler warnings. */
+#define SHIM(a) /*@unused@*/ a __attribute__unused__
+
+/* UNUSED_PARAM() marks a shim argument in the body to silence compiler warnings */
+#ifdef __clang__
+#  define UNUSED_PARAM(a) (void)(a);
+#else
+#  define UNUSED_PARAM(a) /*@-noeffect*/if (0) (void)(a)/*@=noeffect*/;
+#endif
+
+#define YAML_MALLOC_STATIC(type) (type*)yaml_malloc(sizeof(type))
+#define YAML_MALLOC(size)        (yaml_char_t *)yaml_malloc(size)
diff --git a/ext/pty/depend b/ext/pty/depend
index 432ad0647c..23d6e6e329 100644
--- a/ext/pty/depend
+++ b/ext/pty/depend
@@ -1,18 +1,177 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 pty.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 pty.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 pty.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/util.h
-pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/process.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/signal.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 pty.o: pty.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/pty/extconf.rb b/ext/pty/extconf.rb
index 844902b1f7..038bdf4d2c 100644
--- a/ext/pty/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/pty/extconf.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
 
 $INCFLAGS << " -I$(topdir) -I$(top_srcdir)"
 
-if /mswin|mingw|bccwin|nacl/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+if /mswin|mingw|bccwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
   have_header("sys/stropts.h")
   have_func("setresuid")
   have_header("libutil.h")
   have_header("util.h") # OpenBSD openpty
   have_header("pty.h")
   have_header("pwd.h")
-  have_library("util", "openpty")
+  util = have_library("util", "openpty")
   if have_func("posix_openpt") or
-      have_func("openpty") or
+      (util or have_func("openpty")) or
       have_func("_getpty") or
       have_func("ptsname") or
       have_func("ioctl")
diff --git a/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb b/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
index 122562127d..5dbfa09ae9 100644
--- a/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
+++ b/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 $expect_verbose = false
 
 # Expect library adds the IO instance method #expect, which does similar act to
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class IO
   # or yielded.  However, the buffer in a timeout session is kept for the next
   # expect call.  The default timeout is 9999999 seconds.
   def expect(pat,timeout=9999999)
-    buf = ''
+    buf = ''.dup
     case pat
     when String
       e_pat = Regexp.new(Regexp.quote(pat))
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ class IO
     @unusedBuf ||= ''
     while true
       if not @unusedBuf.empty?
-        c = @unusedBuf.slice!(0).chr
+        c = @unusedBuf.slice!(0)
       elsif !IO.select([self],nil,nil,timeout) or eof? then
         result = nil
         @unusedBuf = buf
         break
       else
-        c = getc.chr
+        c = getc
       end
       buf << c
       if $expect_verbose
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class IO
         STDOUT.flush
       end
       if mat=e_pat.match(buf) then
-        result = [buf,*mat.to_a[1..-1]]
+        result = [buf,*mat.captures]
         break
       end
     end
@@ -69,4 +69,3 @@ class IO
     nil
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/ext/pty/pty.c b/ext/pty/pty.c
index 2ac412cfbc..e53871ede5 100644
--- a/ext/pty/pty.c
+++ b/ext/pty/pty.c
@@ -1,45 +1,51 @@
-#include	"ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/config.h"
+
 #ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+# include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
 #endif
-#include	<stdlib.h>
-#include	<stdio.h>
-#include	<sys/types.h>
-#include	<sys/stat.h>
-#include	<sys/file.h>
-#include	<fcntl.h>
-#include	<errno.h>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_PWD_H
-#include	<pwd.h>
+# include <pwd.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
-#include	<sys/ioctl.h>
+# include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_LIBUTIL_H
-#include	<libutil.h>
+# include <libutil.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_UTIL_H
-#include	<util.h>
+# include <util.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_PTY_H
-#include	<pty.h>
+# include <pty.h>
 #endif
+
 #if defined(HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H)
-  /* for __FreeBSD_version */
+ /* for __FreeBSD_version */
 # include <sys/param.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
-#include <sys/wait.h>
+# include <sys/wait.h>
 #else
-#define WIFSTOPPED(status)    (((status) & 0xff) == 0x7f)
+# define WIFSTOPPED(status) (((status) & 0xff) == 0x7f)
 #endif
-#include <ctype.h>
-
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
 
-#include <signal.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_STROPTS_H
 #include <sys/stropts.h>
 #endif
@@ -48,6 +54,12 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/process.h"
+#include "internal/signal.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+
 #define	DEVICELEN	16
 
 #ifndef HAVE_SETEUID
@@ -143,7 +155,7 @@ chfunc(void *data, char *errbuf, size_t errbuf_len)
     dup2(slave,0);
     dup2(slave,1);
     dup2(slave,2);
-    close(slave);
+    if (slave < 0 || slave > 2) (void)!close(slave);
 #if defined(HAVE_SETEUID) || defined(HAVE_SETREUID) || defined(HAVE_SETRESUID)
     if (seteuid(getuid())) ERROR_EXIT("seteuid()");
 #endif
@@ -182,7 +194,7 @@ establishShell(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct pty_info *info,
 	argv = &v;
     }
 
-    carg.execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, 1);
+    carg.execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, 1, 0);
     carg.eargp = rb_execarg_get(carg.execarg_obj);
     rb_execarg_parent_start(carg.execarg_obj);
 
@@ -224,6 +236,21 @@ no_mesg(char *slavedevice, int nomesg)
 }
 #endif
 
+#if defined(I_PUSH) && !defined(__linux__) && !defined(_AIX)
+static inline int
+ioctl_I_PUSH(int fd, const char *const name)
+{
+    int ret = 0;
+# if defined(I_FIND)
+    ret = ioctl(fd, I_FIND, name);
+# endif
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        ret = ioctl(fd, I_PUSH, name);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+#endif
+
 static int
 get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg, int fail)
 {
@@ -231,19 +258,13 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
     /* Unix98 PTY */
     int masterfd = -1, slavefd = -1;
     char *slavedevice;
-    struct sigaction dfl, old;
 
-    dfl.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
-    dfl.sa_flags = 0;
-    sigemptyset(&dfl.sa_mask);
-
-#if defined(__sun) || (defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD_version < 902000)
+#if defined(__sun) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || (defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD_version < 902000)
     /* workaround for Solaris 10: grantpt() doesn't work if FD_CLOEXEC is set.  [ruby-dev:44688] */
     /* FreeBSD 9.2 or later supports O_CLOEXEC
      * http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=162374 */
     if ((masterfd = posix_openpt(O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY)) == -1) goto error;
-    if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &dfl, &old) == -1) goto error;
-    if (grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto grantpt_error;
+    if (rb_grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
     rb_fd_fix_cloexec(masterfd);
 #else
     {
@@ -257,10 +278,8 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
 	if ((masterfd = posix_openpt(flags)) == -1) goto error;
     }
     rb_fd_fix_cloexec(masterfd);
-    if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &dfl, &old) == -1) goto error;
-    if (grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto grantpt_error;
+    if (rb_grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
 #endif
-    if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &old, NULL) == -1) goto error;
     if (unlockpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
     if ((slavedevice = ptsname(masterfd)) == NULL) goto error;
     if (no_mesg(slavedevice, nomesg) == -1) goto error;
@@ -268,9 +287,9 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
     rb_update_max_fd(slavefd);
 
 #if defined(I_PUSH) && !defined(__linux__) && !defined(_AIX)
-    if (ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ptem") == -1) goto error;
-    if (ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ldterm") == -1) goto error;
-    if (ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ttcompat") == -1) goto error;
+    if (ioctl_I_PUSH(slavefd, "ptem") == -1) goto error;
+    if (ioctl_I_PUSH(slavefd, "ldterm") == -1) goto error;
+    if (ioctl_I_PUSH(slavefd, "ttcompat") == -1) goto error;
 #endif
 
     *master = masterfd;
@@ -278,8 +297,6 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
     strlcpy(SlaveName, slavedevice, DEVICELEN);
     return 0;
 
-  grantpt_error:
-    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &old, NULL);
   error:
     if (slavefd != -1) close(slavefd);
     if (masterfd != -1) close(masterfd);
@@ -331,30 +348,26 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
 
     extern char *ptsname(int);
     extern int unlockpt(int);
-    extern int grantpt(int);
 
 #if defined(__sun)
     /* workaround for Solaris 10: grantpt() doesn't work if FD_CLOEXEC is set.  [ruby-dev:44688] */
     if((masterfd = open("/dev/ptmx", O_RDWR, 0)) == -1) goto error;
-    s = signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
-    if(grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
+    if(rb_grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
     rb_fd_fix_cloexec(masterfd);
 #else
     if((masterfd = rb_cloexec_open("/dev/ptmx", O_RDWR, 0)) == -1) goto error;
     rb_update_max_fd(masterfd);
-    s = signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
-    if(grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
+    if(rb_grantpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
 #endif
-    signal(SIGCHLD, s);
     if(unlockpt(masterfd) == -1) goto error;
     if((slavedevice = ptsname(masterfd)) == NULL) goto error;
     if (no_mesg(slavedevice, nomesg) == -1) goto error;
     if((slavefd = rb_cloexec_open(slavedevice, O_RDWR, 0)) == -1) goto error;
     rb_update_max_fd(slavefd);
 #if defined(I_PUSH) && !defined(__linux__) && !defined(_AIX)
-    if(ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ptem") == -1) goto error;
-    if(ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ldterm") == -1) goto error;
-    ioctl(slavefd, I_PUSH, "ttcompat");
+    if(ioctl_I_PUSH(slavefd, "ptem") == -1) goto error;
+    if(ioctl_I_PUSH(slavefd, "ldterm") == -1) goto error;
+    ioctl_I_PUSH(slavefd, "ttcompat");
 #endif
     *master = masterfd;
     *slave = slavefd;
@@ -372,62 +385,34 @@ get_device_once(int *master, int *slave, char SlaveName[DEVICELEN], int nomesg,
     int  i;
     char MasterName[DEVICELEN];
 
+#define HEX1(c) \
+	c"0",c"1",c"2",c"3",c"4",c"5",c"6",c"7", \
+	c"8",c"9",c"a",c"b",c"c",c"d",c"e",c"f"
+
 #if defined(__hpux)
     static const char MasterDevice[] = "/dev/ptym/pty%s";
     static const char SlaveDevice[] =  "/dev/pty/tty%s";
     static const char deviceNo[][3] = {
-    "p0","p1","p2","p3","p4","p5","p6","p7",
-    "p8","p9","pa","pb","pc","pd","pe","pf",
-    "q0","q1","q2","q3","q4","q5","q6","q7",
-    "q8","q9","qa","qb","qc","qd","qe","qf",
-    "r0","r1","r2","r3","r4","r5","r6","r7",
-    "r8","r9","ra","rb","rc","rd","re","rf",
-    "s0","s1","s2","s3","s4","s5","s6","s7",
-    "s8","s9","sa","sb","sc","sd","se","sf",
-    "t0","t1","t2","t3","t4","t5","t6","t7",
-    "t8","t9","ta","tb","tc","td","te","tf",
-    "u0","u1","u2","u3","u4","u5","u6","u7",
-    "u8","u9","ua","ub","uc","ud","ue","uf",
-    "v0","v1","v2","v3","v4","v5","v6","v7",
-    "v8","v9","va","vb","vc","vd","ve","vf",
-    "w0","w1","w2","w3","w4","w5","w6","w7",
-    "w8","w9","wa","wb","wc","wd","we","wf",
+	HEX1("p"), HEX1("q"), HEX1("r"), HEX1("s"),
+	HEX1("t"), HEX1("u"), HEX1("v"), HEX1("w"),
     };
 #elif defined(_IBMESA)  /* AIX/ESA */
     static const char MasterDevice[] = "/dev/ptyp%s";
     static const char SlaveDevice[] = "/dev/ttyp%s";
     static const char deviceNo[][3] = {
-    "00","01","02","03","04","05","06","07","08","09","0a","0b","0c","0d","0e","0f",
-    "10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","1a","1b","1c","1d","1e","1f",
-    "20","21","22","23","24","25","26","27","28","29","2a","2b","2c","2d","2e","2f",
-    "30","31","32","33","34","35","36","37","38","39","3a","3b","3c","3d","3e","3f",
-    "40","41","42","43","44","45","46","47","48","49","4a","4b","4c","4d","4e","4f",
-    "50","51","52","53","54","55","56","57","58","59","5a","5b","5c","5d","5e","5f",
-    "60","61","62","63","64","65","66","67","68","69","6a","6b","6c","6d","6e","6f",
-    "70","71","72","73","74","75","76","77","78","79","7a","7b","7c","7d","7e","7f",
-    "80","81","82","83","84","85","86","87","88","89","8a","8b","8c","8d","8e","8f",
-    "90","91","92","93","94","95","96","97","98","99","9a","9b","9c","9d","9e","9f",
-    "a0","a1","a2","a3","a4","a5","a6","a7","a8","a9","aa","ab","ac","ad","ae","af",
-    "b0","b1","b2","b3","b4","b5","b6","b7","b8","b9","ba","bb","bc","bd","be","bf",
-    "c0","c1","c2","c3","c4","c5","c6","c7","c8","c9","ca","cb","cc","cd","ce","cf",
-    "d0","d1","d2","d3","d4","d5","d6","d7","d8","d9","da","db","dc","dd","de","df",
-    "e0","e1","e2","e3","e4","e5","e6","e7","e8","e9","ea","eb","ec","ed","ee","ef",
-    "f0","f1","f2","f3","f4","f5","f6","f7","f8","f9","fa","fb","fc","fd","fe","ff",
+	HEX1("0"), HEX1("1"), HEX1("2"), HEX1("3"),
+	HEX1("4"), HEX1("5"), HEX1("6"), HEX1("7"),
+	HEX1("8"), HEX1("9"), HEX1("a"), HEX1("b"),
+	HEX1("c"), HEX1("d"), HEX1("e"), HEX1("f"),
     };
 #else /* 4.2BSD */
     static const char MasterDevice[] = "/dev/pty%s";
     static const char SlaveDevice[] = "/dev/tty%s";
     static const char deviceNo[][3] = {
-    "p0","p1","p2","p3","p4","p5","p6","p7",
-    "p8","p9","pa","pb","pc","pd","pe","pf",
-    "q0","q1","q2","q3","q4","q5","q6","q7",
-    "q8","q9","qa","qb","qc","qd","qe","qf",
-    "r0","r1","r2","r3","r4","r5","r6","r7",
-    "r8","r9","ra","rb","rc","rd","re","rf",
-    "s0","s1","s2","s3","s4","s5","s6","s7",
-    "s8","s9","sa","sb","sc","sd","se","sf",
+	HEX1("p"), HEX1("q"), HEX1("r"), HEX1("s"),
     };
 #endif
+#undef HEX1
     for (i = 0; i < numberof(deviceNo); i++) {
 	const char *const devno = deviceNo[i];
 	snprintf(MasterName, sizeof MasterName, MasterDevice, devno);
@@ -479,11 +464,11 @@ pty_close_pty(VALUE assoc)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   PTY.open => [master_io, slave_file]
- *   PTY.open {|master_io, slave_file| ... } => block value
+ *   PTY.open {|(master_io, slave_file)| ... } => block value
  *
  * Allocates a pty (pseudo-terminal).
  *
- * In the block form, yields two arguments <tt>master_io, slave_file</tt>
+ * In the block form, yields an array of two elements (<tt>master_io, slave_file</tt>)
  * and the value of the block is returned from +open+.
  *
  * The IO and File are both closed after the block completes if they haven't
@@ -547,8 +532,9 @@ pty_open(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-pty_detach_process(struct pty_info *info)
+pty_detach_process(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct pty_info *info = (void *)v;
 #ifdef WNOHANG
     int st;
     if (rb_waitpid(info->child_pid, &st, WNOHANG) <= 0)
@@ -692,7 +678,7 @@ pty_check(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (!RTEST(exc)) return rb_last_status_get();
     raise_from_check(cpid, status);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 static VALUE cPTY;
@@ -707,8 +693,8 @@ static VALUE cPTY;
 /*
  * Document-class: PTY
  *
- * Creates and managed pseudo terminals (PTYs).  See also
- * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo_terminal
+ * Creates and manages pseudo terminals (PTYs).  See also
+ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo_terminal
  *
  * PTY allows you to allocate new terminals using ::open or ::spawn a new
  * terminal with a specific command.
diff --git a/ext/racc/cparse/README b/ext/racc/cparse/README
index 7771108b84..550e8d49fe 100644
--- a/ext/racc/cparse/README
+++ b/ext/racc/cparse/README
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ your own parser, you must get Racc full package.
 Get it from:
 
   - http://i.loveruby.net/en/projects/racc
-  - https://github.com/tenderlove/racc
+  - https://github.com/ruby/racc
 
diff --git a/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c b/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
index b4429ed5f3..f71ed2bba9 100644
--- a/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
+++ b/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 */
 
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include <ruby.h>
 
 #ifndef FALSE
 #define FALSE 0
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
                         Important Constants
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-#define RACC_VERSION "1.4.5"
+#define RACC_VERSION "1.4.15"
 
 #define DEFAULT_TOKEN -1
 #define ERROR_TOKEN    1
@@ -72,6 +72,10 @@ static ID id_d_e_pop;
 #  define LONG2NUM(i) INT2NUM(i)
 #endif
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_ARY_SUBSEQ
+#  define rb_ary_subseq(ary, beg, len) rb_ary_new4(len, RARRAY_PTR(ary) + beg)
+#endif
+
 static ID value_to_id _((VALUE v));
 static inline long num_to_long _((VALUE n));
 
@@ -208,7 +212,7 @@ static void extract_user_token _((struct cparse_params *v,
                                   VALUE block_args, VALUE *tok, VALUE *val));
 static void shift _((struct cparse_params* v, long act, VALUE tok, VALUE val));
 static int reduce _((struct cparse_params* v, long act));
-static VALUE reduce0 _((VALUE block_args, VALUE data, VALUE self));
+static rb_block_call_func reduce0;
 
 #ifdef DEBUG
 # define D_puts(msg)        if (v->sys_debug) puts(msg)
@@ -601,7 +605,7 @@ parse_main(struct cparse_params *v, VALUE tok, VALUE val, int resume)
   user_yyerror:
     if (v->errstatus == 3) {
         if (v->t == vFINAL_TOKEN) {
-            v->retval = Qfalse;
+            v->retval = Qnil;
             v->fin = CP_FIN_EOT;
             return;
         }
@@ -704,7 +708,7 @@ reduce(struct cparse_params *v, long act)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-reduce0(VALUE val, VALUE data, VALUE self)
+reduce0(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(_, data))
 {
     struct cparse_params *v = rb_check_typeddata(data, &cparse_params_type);
     VALUE reduce_to, reduce_len, method_id;
@@ -815,14 +819,16 @@ reduce0(VALUE val, VALUE data, VALUE self)
 void
 Init_cparse(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
     VALUE Racc, Parser;
-    ID id_racc = rb_intern("Racc");
+    ID id_racc = rb_intern_const("Racc");
 
     if (rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, id_racc)) {
         Racc = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id_racc);
-        Parser = rb_const_get_at(Racc, rb_intern("Parser"));
+        Parser = rb_const_get_at(Racc, rb_intern_const("Parser"));
     }
     else {
         Racc = rb_define_module("Racc");
@@ -842,16 +848,16 @@ Init_cparse(void)
 
     RaccBug = rb_eRuntimeError;
 
-    id_yydebug      = rb_intern("@yydebug");
-    id_nexttoken    = rb_intern("next_token");
-    id_onerror      = rb_intern("on_error");
-    id_noreduce     = rb_intern("_reduce_none");
-    id_errstatus    = rb_intern("@racc_error_status");
-
-    id_d_shift       = rb_intern("racc_shift");
-    id_d_reduce      = rb_intern("racc_reduce");
-    id_d_accept      = rb_intern("racc_accept");
-    id_d_read_token  = rb_intern("racc_read_token");
-    id_d_next_state  = rb_intern("racc_next_state");
-    id_d_e_pop       = rb_intern("racc_e_pop");
+    id_yydebug      = rb_intern_const("@yydebug");
+    id_nexttoken    = rb_intern_const("next_token");
+    id_onerror      = rb_intern_const("on_error");
+    id_noreduce     = rb_intern_const("_reduce_none");
+    id_errstatus    = rb_intern_const("@racc_error_status");
+
+    id_d_shift       = rb_intern_const("racc_shift");
+    id_d_reduce      = rb_intern_const("racc_reduce");
+    id_d_accept      = rb_intern_const("racc_accept");
+    id_d_read_token  = rb_intern_const("racc_read_token");
+    id_d_next_state  = rb_intern_const("racc_next_state");
+    id_d_e_pop       = rb_intern_const("racc_e_pop");
 }
diff --git a/ext/racc/cparse/depend b/ext/racc/cparse/depend
index 441d4df0f7..97d8445764 100644
--- a/ext/racc/cparse/depend
+++ b/ext/racc/cparse/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,158 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 cparse.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 cparse.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 cparse.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/racc/cparse/extconf.rb b/ext/racc/cparse/extconf.rb
index dfddf57111..3b4f594b9d 100644
--- a/ext/racc/cparse/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/racc/cparse/extconf.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-# $Id$
+#
 
 require 'mkmf'
-have_func('rb_block_call', 'ruby/ruby.h')
+
+have_func('rb_ary_subseq')
+
 create_makefile 'racc/cparse'
diff --git a/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend b/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend
index 589837bee7..09b62961c0 100644
--- a/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend
+++ b/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend
@@ -1,16 +1,332 @@
+# sources
+
+limits.c: $(top_srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb $(top_srcdir)/template/limits.c.tmpl
+	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
+		$(top_srcdir)/template/limits.c.tmpl \
+
 sizes.c: $(top_srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb \
 		   $(top_srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl \
-		   $(top_srcdir)/configure.in \
+		   $(top_srcdir)/configure.ac \
 		   $(top_srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb
 	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/generic_erb.rb --output=$@ \
 		$(top_srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl \
-                $(top_srcdir)/configure.in \
-                $(top_srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb
+		$(top_srcdir)/configure.ac \
+		$(top_srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb
 
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+limits.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+limits.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+limits.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+limits.o: limits.c
 sizes.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 sizes.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 sizes.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb b/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb
index 8cb16ca866..f7cd58f2d9 100644
--- a/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/extconf.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-$srcs = %w[sizes.c]
+$srcs = %w[sizes.c limits.c]
 $distcleanfiles.concat($srcs)
 
 have_type('int_least8_t')
diff --git a/ext/readline/.gitignore b/ext/readline/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d372989ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/readline/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/readline-[1-9]*.*
diff --git a/ext/readline/depend b/ext/readline/depend
index 819328288e..a6ad681cd0 100644
--- a/ext/readline/depend
+++ b/ext/readline/depend
@@ -1,17 +1,167 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 readline.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 readline.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 readline.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-readline.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 readline.o: readline.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/readline/depend-gem b/ext/readline/depend-gem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df01bd2a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/readline/depend-gem
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+readline.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+readline.o: readline.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/readline/extconf.rb b/ext/readline/extconf.rb
index 7bba386540..d3e7872e65 100644
--- a/ext/readline/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/readline/extconf.rb
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ readline.have_func("rl_completion_matches")
 readline.have_func("rl_refresh_line")
 readline.have_var("rl_deprep_term_function")
 readline.have_var("rl_completion_append_character")
+readline.have_var("rl_completion_quote_character")
 readline.have_var("rl_basic_word_break_characters")
 readline.have_var("rl_completer_word_break_characters")
 readline.have_var("rl_basic_quote_characters")
@@ -83,9 +84,9 @@ readline.have_var("rl_line_buffer")
 readline.have_var("rl_point")
 readline.have_var("rl_char_is_quoted_p")
 # workaround for native windows.
-/mswin|bccwin|mingw/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM && readline.have_var("rl_event_hook")
-/mswin|bccwin|mingw/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM && readline.have_var("rl_catch_sigwinch")
-/mswin|bccwin|mingw/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM && readline.have_var("rl_catch_signals")
+/mswin|bccwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM && readline.have_var("rl_event_hook")
+/mswin|bccwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM && readline.have_var("rl_catch_sigwinch")
+/mswin|bccwin/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM && readline.have_var("rl_catch_signals")
 readline.have_var("rl_pre_input_hook")
 readline.have_var("rl_special_prefixes")
 readline.have_func("rl_cleanup_after_signal")
@@ -108,5 +109,4 @@ unless readline.have_type("rl_hook_func_t*")
   $defs << "-Drl_hook_func_t=Function"
 end
 
-$INCFLAGS << " -I$(top_srcdir)"
 create_makefile("readline")
diff --git a/ext/readline/readline-ext.gemspec b/ext/readline/readline-ext.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55dd591e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/readline/readline-ext.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "readline-ext"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides an interface for GNU Readline and Edit Line (libedit).}
+  spec.description   = %q{Provides an interface for GNU Readline and Edit Line (libedit).}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/readline-ext"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.extensions    = %w[ext/readline/extconf.rb]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler"
+end
diff --git a/ext/readline/readline.c b/ext/readline/readline.c
index 7356b7f299..9f76f90e41 100644
--- a/ext/readline/readline.c
+++ b/ext/readline/readline.c
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ static ID id_special_prefixes;
 #endif
 #ifndef HAVE_RL_USERNAME_COMPLETION_FUNCTION
 # define rl_username_completion_function username_completion_function
+#else
+RUBY_EXTERN char *rl_username_completion_function(const char *, int);
 #endif
 #ifndef HAVE_RL_COMPLETION_MATCHES
 # define rl_completion_matches completion_matches
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ static char **readline_attempted_completion_function(const char *text,
                                                      int start, int end);
 
 #define OutputStringValue(str) do {\
-    SafeStringValue(str);\
+    StringValueCStr(str);\
     (str) = rb_str_conv_enc((str), rb_enc_get(str), rb_locale_encoding());\
 } while (0)\
 
@@ -164,24 +166,25 @@ getc_body(struct getc_struct *p)
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     {
         INPUT_RECORD ir;
-        int n;
+        DWORD n;
         static int prior_key = '0';
         for (;;) {
+            HANDLE h;
             if (prior_key > 0xff) {
                 prior_key = rl_getc(p->input);
                 return prior_key;
             }
-            if (PeekConsoleInput((HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(p->fd), &ir, 1, &n)) {
+            h = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(p->fd);
+            if (PeekConsoleInput(h, &ir, 1, &n)) {
                 if (n == 1) {
                     if (ir.EventType == KEY_EVENT && ir.Event.KeyEvent.bKeyDown) {
                         prior_key = rl_getc(p->input);
                         return prior_key;
                     } else {
-                        ReadConsoleInput((HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(p->fd), &ir, 1, &n);
+                        ReadConsoleInput(h, &ir, 1, &n);
                     }
                 } else {
-                    HANDLE h = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(p->fd);
-                    rb_w32_wait_events(&h, 1, INFINITE);
+                    rb_w32_wait_events_blocking(&h, 1, INFINITE);
                 }
             } else {
                 break;
@@ -686,6 +689,7 @@ readline_s_insert_text(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_RL_DELETE_TEXT)
+RUBY_EXTERN int rl_delete_text(int, int);
 static const char *
 str_subpos(const char *ptr, const char *end, long beg, long *sublen, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
@@ -818,7 +822,7 @@ readline_s_redisplay(VALUE self)
  *
  * When working with auto-complete there are some strategies that work well.
  * To get some ideas you can take a look at the
- * completion.rb[http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/trunk/lib/irb/completion.rb]
+ * completion.rb[https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git/tree/lib/irb/completion.rb]
  * file for irb.
  *
  * The common strategy is to take a list of possible completions and filter it
@@ -1144,6 +1148,7 @@ readline_s_get_screen_size(VALUE self)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_RL_VI_EDITING_MODE
+RUBY_EXTERN int rl_vi_editing_mode(int, int);
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Readline.vi_editing_mode -> nil
@@ -1182,6 +1187,7 @@ readline_s_vi_editing_mode_p(VALUE self)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_RL_EMACS_EDITING_MODE
+RUBY_EXTERN int rl_emacs_editing_mode(int, int);
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Readline.emacs_editing_mode -> nil
@@ -1301,6 +1307,35 @@ readline_s_get_completion_append_character(VALUE self)
 #define readline_s_get_completion_append_character rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RL_COMPLETION_QUOTE_CHARACTER
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   Readline.completion_quote_character -> char
+ *
+ * When called during a completion (e.g. from within your completion_proc),
+ * it will return a string containing the character used to quote the
+ * argument being completed, or nil if the argument is unquoted.
+ *
+ * When called at other times, it will always return nil.
+ *
+ * Note that Readline.completer_quote_characters must be set,
+ * or this method will always return nil.
+ */
+static VALUE
+readline_s_get_completion_quote_character(VALUE self)
+{
+    char buf[1];
+
+    if (rl_completion_quote_character == '\0')
+        return Qnil;
+
+    buf[0] = (char) rl_completion_quote_character;
+    return rb_locale_str_new(buf, 1);
+}
+#else
+#define readline_s_get_completion_quote_character rb_f_notimplement
+#endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_RL_BASIC_WORD_BREAK_CHARACTERS
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1346,7 +1381,7 @@ readline_s_set_basic_word_break_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  * Raises NotImplementedError if the using readline library does not support.
  */
 static VALUE
-readline_s_get_basic_word_break_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+readline_s_get_basic_word_break_characters(VALUE self)
 {
     if (rl_basic_word_break_characters == NULL)
         return Qnil;
@@ -1401,7 +1436,7 @@ readline_s_set_completer_word_break_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  * Raises NotImplementedError if the using readline library does not support.
  */
 static VALUE
-readline_s_get_completer_word_break_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+readline_s_get_completer_word_break_characters(VALUE self)
 {
     if (rl_completer_word_break_characters == NULL)
         return Qnil;
@@ -1516,7 +1551,7 @@ readline_s_set_basic_quote_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  * Raises NotImplementedError if the using readline library does not support.
  */
 static VALUE
-readline_s_get_basic_quote_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+readline_s_get_basic_quote_characters(VALUE self)
 {
     if (rl_basic_quote_characters == NULL)
         return Qnil;
@@ -1572,7 +1607,7 @@ readline_s_set_completer_quote_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  * Raises NotImplementedError if the using readline library does not support.
  */
 static VALUE
-readline_s_get_completer_quote_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+readline_s_get_completer_quote_characters(VALUE self)
 {
     if (rl_completer_quote_characters == NULL)
         return Qnil;
@@ -1626,7 +1661,7 @@ readline_s_set_filename_quote_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  * Raises NotImplementedError if the using readline library does not support.
  */
 static VALUE
-readline_s_get_filename_quote_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+readline_s_get_filename_quote_characters(VALUE self)
 {
     if (rl_filename_quote_characters == NULL)
         return Qnil;
@@ -1637,6 +1672,7 @@ readline_s_get_filename_quote_characters(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_RL_REFRESH_LINE
+RUBY_EXTERN int rl_refresh_line(int, int);
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Readline.refresh_line -> nil
@@ -1754,7 +1790,7 @@ rb_remove_history(int index)
 #else
     rb_notimplement();
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -1882,6 +1918,10 @@ username_completion_proc_call(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     return result;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RL_CLEAR_SIGNALS
+RUBY_EXTERN int rl_clear_signals(void);
+#endif
+
 #undef rb_intern
 void
 Init_readline(void)
@@ -1956,6 +1996,8 @@ Init_readline(void)
                                readline_s_set_completion_append_character, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(mReadline, "completion_append_character",
                                readline_s_get_completion_append_character, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mReadline, "completion_quote_character",
+                               readline_s_get_completion_quote_character, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(mReadline, "basic_word_break_characters=",
                                readline_s_set_basic_word_break_characters, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(mReadline, "basic_word_break_characters",
@@ -1994,8 +2036,8 @@ Init_readline(void)
                                readline_s_get_special_prefixes, 0);
 
 #if USE_INSERT_IGNORE_ESCAPE
-    CONST_ID(id_orig_prompt, "orig_prompt");
-    CONST_ID(id_last_prompt, "last_prompt");
+    id_orig_prompt = rb_intern("orig_prompt");
+    id_last_prompt = rb_intern("last_prompt");
 #endif
 
     history = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
@@ -2018,7 +2060,7 @@ Init_readline(void)
      * The history buffer. It extends Enumerable module, so it behaves
      * just like an array.
      * For example, gets the fifth content that the user input by
-     * HISTORY[4].
+     * <code>HISTORY[4]</code>.
      */
     rb_define_const(mReadline, "HISTORY", history);
 
@@ -2076,7 +2118,7 @@ Init_readline(void)
 
     rl_attempted_completion_function = readline_attempted_completion_function;
 #if defined(HAVE_RL_PRE_INPUT_HOOK)
-    rl_pre_input_hook = readline_pre_input_hook;
+    rl_pre_input_hook = (rl_hook_func_t *)readline_pre_input_hook;
 #endif
 #if defined HAVE_RL_CHAR_IS_QUOTED_P
     rl_char_is_quoted_p = &readline_char_is_quoted;
diff --git a/ext/ripper/depend b/ext/ripper/depend
index 7ea823c427..4ce522fbc3 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/depend
+++ b/ext/ripper/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 GEN  = $(srcdir)/tools/generate.rb
 SRC1 = $(top_srcdir)/parse.y
 SRC2 = $(srcdir)/eventids2.c
-BISON = bison
 
 .SUFFIXES: .y
 
@@ -12,15 +11,18 @@ ripper.o: ripper.c
 .y.c:
 	$(ECHO) compiling compiler $<
 	$(Q) $(BISON) -t -v -oy.tab.c $<
-	$(Q) sed -f $(top_srcdir)/tool/ytab.sed -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" y.tab.c > $@
+	$(Q) sed -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" -f $(top_srcdir)/tool/ytab.sed y.tab.c > $@
 	@$(RM) y.tab.c
 
 all: check
 static: check
 
-ripper.y: $(srcdir)/tools/preproc.rb $(top_srcdir)/parse.y
+ripper.y: $(srcdir)/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/tools/dsl.rb $(top_srcdir)/parse.y {$(VPATH)}id.h
 	$(ECHO) extracting $@ from $(top_srcdir)/parse.y
-	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ --vpath=$(VPATH) id.h $(top_srcdir)/parse.y > ripper.tmp.y
+	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ \
+		--vpath=$(VPATH)$(PATH_SEPARATOR)$(top_srcdir) id.h $(top_srcdir)/parse.y > ripper.tmp.y
+	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/pure_parser.rb ripper.tmp.y $(BISON)
+	$(Q) $(RM) ripper.tmp.y.bak
 	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(srcdir)/tools/preproc.rb ripper.tmp.y --output=$@
 	$(Q) $(RM) ripper.tmp.y
 
@@ -31,11 +33,11 @@ check: .eventids2-check
 	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(GEN) --mode=check --ids1src=$(SRC1) --ids2src=$(SRC2)
 	@exit > $@
 
-eventids1.c: $(srcdir)/tools/generate.rb $(SRC1)
+eventids1.c: $(GEN) $(srcdir)/tools/dsl.rb $(SRC1)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@ from $(SRC1)
 	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(GEN) --mode=eventids1 --ids1src=$(SRC1) --output=$@
 
-eventids2table.c: $(srcdir)/tools/generate.rb $(SRC2)
+eventids2table.c: $(GEN) $(srcdir)/tools/dsl.rb $(SRC2)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@ from $(SRC2)
 	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(GEN) --mode=eventids2table --ids2src=$(SRC2) --output=$@
 
@@ -49,22 +51,202 @@ ripper.E: ripper.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 ripper.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ripper.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
+ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ractor.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/regex.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ripper.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/util.h
-ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/constant.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/complex.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/parse.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/re.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/util.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/node.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/symbol.h
 ripper.o: ../../probes.h
 ripper.o: eventids2.c
diff --git a/ext/ripper/eventids2.c b/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
index 04a40e0da7..ac38663f2d 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
+++ b/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
-#define tIGNORED_NL      (tLAST_TOKEN + 1)
-#define tCOMMENT         (tLAST_TOKEN + 2)
-#define tEMBDOC_BEG      (tLAST_TOKEN + 3)
-#define tEMBDOC          (tLAST_TOKEN + 4)
-#define tEMBDOC_END      (tLAST_TOKEN + 5)
-#define tSP              (tLAST_TOKEN + 6)
-#define tHEREDOC_BEG     (tLAST_TOKEN + 7)
-#define tHEREDOC_END     (tLAST_TOKEN + 8)
-#define k__END__         (tLAST_TOKEN + 9)
+enum {
+    tIGNORED_NL  = tLAST_TOKEN + 1,
+# define tIGNORED_NL ((enum yytokentype)tIGNORED_NL)
+    tCOMMENT,
+# define tCOMMENT ((enum yytokentype)tCOMMENT)
+    tEMBDOC_BEG,
+# define tEMBDOC_BEG ((enum yytokentype)tEMBDOC_BEG)
+    tEMBDOC,
+# define tEMBDOC ((enum yytokentype)tEMBDOC)
+    tEMBDOC_END,
+# define tEMBDOC_END ((enum yytokentype)tEMBDOC_END)
+    tHEREDOC_BEG,
+# define tHEREDOC_BEG ((enum yytokentype)tHEREDOC_BEG)
+    tHEREDOC_END,
+# define tHEREDOC_END ((enum yytokentype)tHEREDOC_END)
+    k__END__,
+# define k__END__ ((enum yytokentype)k__END__)
+};
 
 typedef struct {
     ID ripper_id_backref;
@@ -127,180 +136,178 @@ ripper_init_eventids2(void)
 
 STATIC_ASSERT(k__END___range, k__END__ < SHRT_MAX);
 STATIC_ASSERT(ripper_scanner_ids_size, sizeof(ripper_scanner_ids) < SHRT_MAX);
-#define O(member) (int)offsetof(ripper_scanner_ids_t, ripper_id_##member)
-
-static const struct token_assoc {
-    unsigned short token;
-    unsigned short id_offset;
-} token_to_eventid[] = {
-    {' ',			O(words_sep)},
-    {'!',			O(op)},
-    {'%',			O(op)},
-    {'&',			O(op)},
-    {'*',			O(op)},
-    {'+',			O(op)},
-    {'-',			O(op)},
-    {'/',			O(op)},
-    {'<',			O(op)},
-    {'=',			O(op)},
-    {'>',			O(op)},
-    {'?',			O(op)},
-    {'^',			O(op)},
-    {'|',			O(op)},
-    {'~',			O(op)},
-    {':',			O(op)},
-    {',',			O(comma)},
-    {'.',			O(period)},
-    {';',			O(semicolon)},
-    {'`',			O(backtick)},
-    {'\n',			O(nl)},
-    {keyword_alias,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_and,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_begin,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_break,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_case,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_class,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_def,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_defined,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_do,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_do_block,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_do_cond,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_else,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_elsif,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_end,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_ensure,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_false,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_for,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_if,		O(kw)},
-    {modifier_if,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_in,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_module,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_next,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_nil,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_not,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_or,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_redo,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_rescue,		O(kw)},
-    {modifier_rescue,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_retry,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_return,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_self,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_super,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_then,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_true,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_undef,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_unless,		O(kw)},
-    {modifier_unless,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_until,		O(kw)},
-    {modifier_until,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_when,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_while,		O(kw)},
-    {modifier_while,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_yield,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword__FILE__,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword__LINE__,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword__ENCODING__,	O(kw)},
-    {keyword_BEGIN,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_END,		O(kw)},
-    {keyword_do_LAMBDA,		O(kw)},
-    {tAMPER,			O(op)},
-    {tANDOP,			O(op)},
-    {tAREF,			O(op)},
-    {tASET,			O(op)},
-    {tASSOC,			O(op)},
-    {tBACK_REF,			O(backref)},
-    {tCHAR,			O(CHAR)},
-    {tCMP,			O(op)},
-    {tCOLON2,			O(op)},
-    {tCOLON3,			O(op)},
-    {tCONSTANT,			O(const)},
-    {tCVAR,			O(cvar)},
-    {tDOT2,			O(op)},
-    {tDOT3,			O(op)},
-    {tEQ,			O(op)},
-    {tEQQ,			O(op)},
-    {tFID,			O(ident)},
-    {tFLOAT,			O(float)},
-    {tGEQ,			O(op)},
-    {tGVAR,			O(gvar)},
-    {tIDENTIFIER,		O(ident)},
-    {tIMAGINARY,		O(imaginary)},
-    {tINTEGER,			O(int)},
-    {tIVAR,			O(ivar)},
-    {tLBRACE,			O(lbrace)},
-    {tLBRACE_ARG,		O(lbrace)},
-    {'{',			O(lbrace)},
-    {'}',			O(rbrace)},
-    {tLBRACK,			O(lbracket)},
-    {'[',			O(lbracket)},
-    {']',			O(rbracket)},
-    {tLEQ,			O(op)},
-    {tLPAREN,			O(lparen)},
-    {tLPAREN_ARG,		O(lparen)},
-    {'(',			O(lparen)},
-    {')',			O(rparen)},
-    {tLSHFT,			O(op)},
-    {tMATCH,			O(op)},
-    {tNEQ,			O(op)},
-    {tNMATCH,			O(op)},
-    {tNTH_REF,			O(backref)},
-    {tOP_ASGN,			O(op)},
-    {tOROP,			O(op)},
-    {tPOW,			O(op)},
-    {tQWORDS_BEG,		O(qwords_beg)},
-    {tQSYMBOLS_BEG,		O(qsymbols_beg)},
-    {tSYMBOLS_BEG,		O(symbols_beg)},
-    {tRATIONAL,			O(rational)},
-    {tREGEXP_BEG,		O(regexp_beg)},
-    {tREGEXP_END,		O(regexp_end)},
-    {tRPAREN,			O(rparen)},
-    {tRSHFT,			O(op)},
-    {tSTAR,			O(op)},
-    {tDSTAR,			O(op)},
-    {tANDDOT,			O(op)},
-    {tSTRING_BEG,		O(tstring_beg)},
-    {tSTRING_CONTENT,		O(tstring_content)},
-    {tSTRING_DBEG,		O(embexpr_beg)},
-    {tSTRING_DEND,		O(embexpr_end)},
-    {tSTRING_DVAR,		O(embvar)},
-    {tSTRING_END,		O(tstring_end)},
-    {tSYMBEG,			O(symbeg)},
-    {tUMINUS,			O(op)},
-    {tUMINUS_NUM,		O(op)},
-    {tUPLUS,			O(op)},
-    {tWORDS_BEG,		O(words_beg)},
-    {tXSTRING_BEG,		O(backtick)},
-    {tLABEL,			O(label)},
-    {tLABEL_END,		O(label_end)},
-    {tLAMBDA,			O(tlambda)},
-    {tLAMBEG,			O(tlambeg)},
-
-    /* ripper specific tokens */
-    {tIGNORED_NL,		O(ignored_nl)},
-    {tCOMMENT,			O(comment)},
-    {tEMBDOC_BEG,		O(embdoc_beg)},
-    {tEMBDOC,			O(embdoc)},
-    {tEMBDOC_END,		O(embdoc_end)},
-    {tSP,			O(sp)},
-    {tHEREDOC_BEG,		O(heredoc_beg)},
-    {tHEREDOC_END,		O(heredoc_end)},
-    {k__END__,			O(__end__)},
-};
 
 static ID
-ripper_token2eventid(int tok)
+ripper_token2eventid(enum yytokentype tok)
 {
-    int i;
+#define O(member) (int)offsetof(ripper_scanner_ids_t, ripper_id_##member)+1
+    static const unsigned short offsets[] = {
+        [' ']			= O(words_sep),
+        ['!']			= O(op),
+        ['%']			= O(op),
+        ['&']			= O(op),
+        ['*']			= O(op),
+        ['+']			= O(op),
+        ['-']			= O(op),
+        ['/']			= O(op),
+        ['<']			= O(op),
+        ['=']			= O(op),
+        ['>']			= O(op),
+        ['?']			= O(op),
+        ['^']			= O(op),
+        ['|']			= O(op),
+        ['~']			= O(op),
+        [':']			= O(op),
+        [',']			= O(comma),
+        ['.']			= O(period),
+        [';']			= O(semicolon),
+        ['`']			= O(backtick),
+        ['\n']			= O(nl),
+        [keyword_alias] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_and]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_begin] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_break] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_case]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_class] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_def]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_defined]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_do]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_do_block]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_do_cond]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_else]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_elsif] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_end]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_ensure]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_false] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_for]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_if]		= O(kw),
+        [modifier_if]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_in]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_module]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_next]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_nil]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_not]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_or]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_redo]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_rescue]	= O(kw),
+        [modifier_rescue]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_retry] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_return]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_self]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_super] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_then]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_true]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_undef] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_unless]	= O(kw),
+        [modifier_unless]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_until] 	= O(kw),
+        [modifier_until]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_when]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_while] 	= O(kw),
+        [modifier_while]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_yield] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword__FILE__]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword__LINE__]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword__ENCODING__]	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_BEGIN] 	= O(kw),
+        [keyword_END]		= O(kw),
+        [keyword_do_LAMBDA]	= O(kw),
+        [tAMPER]		= O(op),
+        [tANDOP]		= O(op),
+        [tAREF] 		= O(op),
+        [tASET] 		= O(op),
+        [tASSOC]		= O(op),
+        [tBACK_REF]		= O(backref),
+        [tCHAR] 		= O(CHAR),
+        [tCMP]			= O(op),
+        [tCOLON2]		= O(op),
+        [tCOLON3]		= O(op),
+        [tCONSTANT]		= O(const),
+        [tCVAR] 		= O(cvar),
+        [tDOT2] 		= O(op),
+        [tDOT3] 		= O(op),
+        [tBDOT2]		= O(op),
+        [tBDOT3]		= O(op),
+        [tEQ]			= O(op),
+        [tEQQ]			= O(op),
+        [tFID]			= O(ident),
+        [tFLOAT]		= O(float),
+        [tGEQ]			= O(op),
+        [tGVAR] 		= O(gvar),
+        [tIDENTIFIER]		= O(ident),
+        [tIMAGINARY]		= O(imaginary),
+        [tINTEGER]		= O(int),
+        [tIVAR] 		= O(ivar),
+        [tLBRACE]		= O(lbrace),
+        [tLBRACE_ARG]		= O(lbrace),
+        ['{']			= O(lbrace),
+        ['}']			= O(rbrace),
+        [tLBRACK]		= O(lbracket),
+        ['[']			= O(lbracket),
+        [']']			= O(rbracket),
+        [tLEQ]			= O(op),
+        [tLPAREN]		= O(lparen),
+        [tLPAREN_ARG]		= O(lparen),
+        ['(']			= O(lparen),
+        [')']			= O(rparen),
+        [tLSHFT]		= O(op),
+        [tMATCH]		= O(op),
+        [tNEQ]			= O(op),
+        [tNMATCH]		= O(op),
+        [tNTH_REF]		= O(backref),
+        [tOP_ASGN]		= O(op),
+        [tOROP] 		= O(op),
+        [tPOW]			= O(op),
+        [tQWORDS_BEG]		= O(qwords_beg),
+        [tQSYMBOLS_BEG] 	= O(qsymbols_beg),
+        [tSYMBOLS_BEG]		= O(symbols_beg),
+        [tRATIONAL]		= O(rational),
+        [tREGEXP_BEG]		= O(regexp_beg),
+        [tREGEXP_END]		= O(regexp_end),
+        [tRPAREN]		= O(rparen),
+        [tRSHFT]		= O(op),
+        [tSTAR] 		= O(op),
+        [tDSTAR]		= O(op),
+        [tANDDOT]		= O(op),
+        [tSTRING_BEG]		= O(tstring_beg),
+        [tSTRING_CONTENT]	= O(tstring_content),
+        [tSTRING_DBEG]		= O(embexpr_beg),
+        [tSTRING_DEND]		= O(embexpr_end),
+        [tSTRING_DVAR]		= O(embvar),
+        [tSTRING_END]		= O(tstring_end),
+        [tSYMBEG]		= O(symbeg),
+        [tUMINUS]		= O(op),
+        [tUMINUS_NUM]		= O(op),
+        [tUPLUS]		= O(op),
+        [tWORDS_BEG]		= O(words_beg),
+        [tXSTRING_BEG]		= O(backtick),
+        [tLABEL]		= O(label),
+        [tLABEL_END]		= O(label_end),
+        [tLAMBDA]		= O(tlambda),
+        [tLAMBEG]		= O(tlambeg),
+
+        /* ripper specific tokens */
+        [tIGNORED_NL]		= O(ignored_nl),
+        [tCOMMENT]		= O(comment),
+        [tEMBDOC_BEG]		= O(embdoc_beg),
+        [tEMBDOC]		= O(embdoc),
+        [tEMBDOC_END]		= O(embdoc_end),
+        [tSP]			= O(sp),
+        [tHEREDOC_BEG]		= O(heredoc_beg),
+        [tHEREDOC_END]		= O(heredoc_end),
+        [k__END__]		= O(__end__),
+    };
+#undef O
 
-    for (i = 0; i < numberof(token_to_eventid); i++) {
-	const struct token_assoc *const a = &token_to_eventid[i];
-        if (a->token == tok)
-            return *(const ID *)((const char *)&ripper_scanner_ids + a->id_offset);
+    int i = (int)tok;
+    if (i >= 0 && i < numberof(offsets) && (i = offsets[i]) > 0) {
+        return *(const ID *)((const char *)&ripper_scanner_ids-1+i);
     }
-    if (tok < 256) {
+    /* 128..256 are used as operator tokens */
+    if (tok < 128) {
         return ripper_scanner_ids.ripper_id_CHAR;
     }
     rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "[Ripper FATAL] unknown token %d", tok);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/ripper/extconf.rb b/ext/ripper/extconf.rb
index 91d4b320e4..2dde565bd9 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/extconf.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 #!ruby -s
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require 'mkmf'
 require 'rbconfig'
 
 def main
-  unless find_executable('bison')
+  yacc = ENV["YACC"] || "bison"
+
+  unless find_executable(yacc)
     unless File.exist?('ripper.c') or File.exist?("#{$srcdir}/ripper.c")
       raise 'missing bison; abort'
     end
@@ -16,7 +18,9 @@ def main
   $defs << '-DRIPPER_DEBUG' if $debug
   $VPATH << '$(topdir)' << '$(top_srcdir)'
   $INCFLAGS << ' -I$(topdir) -I$(top_srcdir)'
-  create_makefile 'ripper'
+  create_makefile 'ripper' do |conf|
+    conf << "BISON = #{yacc}"
+  end
 end
 
 main
diff --git a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper.rb b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper.rb
index c5c3a8091e..e937d65217 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'ripper/core'
 require 'ripper/lexer'
 require 'ripper/filter'
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ require 'ripper/sexp'
 #
 # == License
 #
-#   Ruby License.
+# Ruby License.
 #
-#                                                 Minero Aoki
-#                                         aamine@loveruby.net
-#                                       http://i.loveruby.net
+# - Minero Aoki
+# - aamine@loveruby.net
+# - http://i.loveruby.net
 class Ripper; end
diff --git a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/core.rb b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/core.rb
index 53ed14d5e1..fa075da5b9 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/core.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/core.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # $Id$
 #
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ class Ripper
 
   private
 
+  # :stopdoc:
   def _dispatch_0() nil end
   def _dispatch_1(a) a end
   def _dispatch_2(a, b) a end
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ class Ripper
   def _dispatch_5(a, b, c, d, e) a end
   def _dispatch_6(a, b, c, d, e, f) a end
   def _dispatch_7(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) a end
+  # :startdoc:
 
   #
   # Parser Events
diff --git a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/filter.rb b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/filter.rb
index a50a2c6c4e..9955d30550 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/filter.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/filter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # $Id$
 #
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ class Ripper
       @__lexer = Lexer.new(src, filename, lineno)
       @__line = nil
       @__col = nil
+      @__state = nil
     end
 
     # The file name of the input.
@@ -46,13 +47,20 @@ class Ripper
       @__col
     end
 
+    # The scanner's state of the current token.
+    # This value is the bitwise OR of zero or more of the +Ripper::EXPR_*+ constants.
+    def state
+      @__state
+    end
+
     # Starts the parser.
     # +init+ is a data accumulator and is passed to the next event handler (as
     # of Enumerable#inject).
     def parse(init = nil)
       data = init
-      @__lexer.lex.each do |pos, event, tok|
+      @__lexer.lex.each do |pos, event, tok, state|
         @__line, @__col = *pos
+        @__state = state
         data = if respond_to?(event, true)
                then __send__(event, tok, data)
                else on_default(event, tok, data)
diff --git a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
index 69526340a7..1df1c022c7 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # $Id$
 #
@@ -14,84 +14,195 @@ require 'ripper/core'
 class Ripper
 
   # Tokenizes the Ruby program and returns an array of strings.
+  # The +filename+ and +lineno+ arguments are mostly ignored, since the
+  # return value is just the tokenized input.
+  # By default, this method does not handle syntax errors in +src+,
+  # use the +raise_errors+ keyword to raise a SyntaxError for an error in +src+.
   #
   #   p Ripper.tokenize("def m(a) nil end")
   #      # => ["def", " ", "m", "(", "a", ")", " ", "nil", " ", "end"]
   #
-  def Ripper.tokenize(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1)
-    Lexer.new(src, filename, lineno).tokenize
+  def Ripper.tokenize(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1, **kw)
+    Lexer.new(src, filename, lineno).tokenize(**kw)
   end
 
   # Tokenizes the Ruby program and returns an array of an array,
-  # which is formatted like <code>[[lineno, column], type, token]</code>.
+  # which is formatted like
+  # <code>[[lineno, column], type, token, state]</code>.
+  # The +filename+ argument is mostly ignored.
+  # By default, this method does not handle syntax errors in +src+,
+  # use the +raise_errors+ keyword to raise a SyntaxError for an error in +src+.
   #
   #   require 'ripper'
   #   require 'pp'
   #
   #   pp Ripper.lex("def m(a) nil end")
-  #     #=> [[[1,  0], :on_kw,     "def"],
-  #          [[1,  3], :on_sp,     " "  ],
-  #          [[1,  4], :on_ident,  "m"  ],
-  #          [[1,  5], :on_lparen, "("  ],
-  #          [[1,  6], :on_ident,  "a"  ],
-  #          [[1,  7], :on_rparen, ")"  ],
-  #          [[1,  8], :on_sp,     " "  ],
-  #          [[1,  9], :on_kw,     "nil"],
-  #          [[1, 12], :on_sp,     " "  ],
-  #          [[1, 13], :on_kw,     "end"]]
+  #   #=> [[[1,  0], :on_kw,     "def", FNAME    ],
+  #        [[1,  3], :on_sp,     " ",   FNAME    ],
+  #        [[1,  4], :on_ident,  "m",   ENDFN    ],
+  #        [[1,  5], :on_lparen, "(",   BEG|LABEL],
+  #        [[1,  6], :on_ident,  "a",   ARG      ],
+  #        [[1,  7], :on_rparen, ")",   ENDFN    ],
+  #        [[1,  8], :on_sp,     " ",   BEG      ],
+  #        [[1,  9], :on_kw,     "nil", END      ],
+  #        [[1, 12], :on_sp,     " ",   END      ],
+  #        [[1, 13], :on_kw,     "end", END      ]]
   #
-  def Ripper.lex(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1)
-    Lexer.new(src, filename, lineno).lex
+  def Ripper.lex(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1, **kw)
+    Lexer.new(src, filename, lineno).lex(**kw)
   end
 
   class Lexer < ::Ripper   #:nodoc: internal use only
-    Elem = Struct.new(:pos, :event, :tok)
+    State = Struct.new(:to_int, :to_s) do
+      alias to_i to_int
+      def initialize(i) super(i, Ripper.lex_state_name(i)).freeze end
+      # def inspect; "#<#{self.class}: #{self}>" end
+      alias inspect to_s
+      def pretty_print(q) q.text(to_s) end
+      def ==(i) super or to_int == i end
+      def &(i) self.class.new(to_int & i) end
+      def |(i) self.class.new(to_int | i) end
+      def allbits?(i) to_int.allbits?(i) end
+      def anybits?(i) to_int.anybits?(i) end
+      def nobits?(i) to_int.nobits?(i) end
+    end
+
+    Elem = Struct.new(:pos, :event, :tok, :state, :message) do
+      def initialize(pos, event, tok, state, message = nil)
+        super(pos, event, tok, State.new(state), message)
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class}: #{event}@#{pos[0]}:#{pos[1]}:#{state}: #{tok.inspect}#{": " if message}#{message}>"
+      end
+
+      def pretty_print(q)
+        q.group(2, "#<#{self.class}:", ">") {
+          q.breakable
+          q.text("#{event}@#{pos[0]}:#{pos[1]}")
+          q.breakable
+          q.text(state)
+          q.breakable
+          q.text("token: ")
+          tok.pretty_print(q)
+          if message
+            q.breakable
+            q.text("message: ")
+            q.text(message)
+          end
+        }
+      end
+
+      def to_a
+        a = super
+        a.pop unless a.last
+        a
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :errors
+
+    def tokenize(**kw)
+      parse(**kw).sort_by(&:pos).map(&:tok)
+    end
 
-    def tokenize
-      parse().sort_by(&:pos).map(&:tok)
+    def lex(**kw)
+      parse(**kw).sort_by(&:pos).map(&:to_a)
     end
 
-    def lex
-      parse().sort_by(&:pos).map(&:to_a)
+    # parse the code and returns elements including errors.
+    def scan(**kw)
+      result = (parse(**kw) + errors + @stack.flatten).uniq.sort_by {|e| [*e.pos, (e.message ? -1 : 0)]}
+      result.each_with_index do |e, i|
+        if e.event == :on_parse_error and e.tok.empty? and (pre = result[i-1]) and
+          pre.pos[0] == e.pos[0] and (pre.pos[1] + pre.tok.size) == e.pos[1]
+          e.tok = pre.tok
+          e.pos[1] = pre.pos[1]
+          result[i-1] = e
+          result[i] = pre
+        end
+      end
+      result
     end
 
-    def parse
+    def parse(raise_errors: false)
+      @errors = []
       @buf = []
       @stack = []
-      super
+      super()
+      @buf = @stack.pop unless @stack.empty?
+      if raise_errors and !@errors.empty?
+        raise SyntaxError, @errors.map(&:message).join(' ;')
+      end
       @buf.flatten!
-      @buf
+      unless (result = @buf).empty?
+        result.concat(@buf) until (@buf = []; super(); @buf.flatten!; @buf.empty?)
+      end
+      result
     end
 
     private
 
+    unless SCANNER_EVENT_TABLE.key?(:ignored_sp)
+      SCANNER_EVENT_TABLE[:ignored_sp] = 1
+      SCANNER_EVENTS << :ignored_sp
+      EVENTS << :ignored_sp
+    end
+
     def on_heredoc_dedent(v, w)
-      @buf.last.each do |e|
-        if e.event == :on_tstring_content
+      ignored_sp = []
+      heredoc = @buf.last
+      heredoc.each_with_index do |e, i|
+        if Elem === e and e.event == :on_tstring_content and e.pos[1].zero?
+          tok = e.tok.dup if w > 0 and /\A\s/ =~ e.tok
           if (n = dedent_string(e.tok, w)) > 0
+            if e.tok.empty?
+              e.tok = tok[0, n]
+              e.event = :on_ignored_sp
+              next
+            end
+            ignored_sp << [i, Elem.new(e.pos.dup, :on_ignored_sp, tok[0, n], e.state)]
             e.pos[1] += n
           end
         end
       end
+      ignored_sp.reverse_each do |i, e|
+        heredoc[i, 0] = [e]
+      end
       v
     end
 
     def on_heredoc_beg(tok)
       @stack.push @buf
       buf = []
-      @buf << buf
+      @buf.push buf
       @buf = buf
-      @buf.push Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, tok)
+      @buf.push Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, tok, state())
     end
 
     def on_heredoc_end(tok)
-      @buf.push Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, tok)
+      @buf.push Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, tok, state())
       @buf = @stack.pop
     end
 
     def _push_token(tok)
-      @buf.push Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, tok)
+      e = Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, tok, state())
+      @buf.push(e)
+      e
+    end
+
+    def on_error1(mesg)
+      @errors.push Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, token(), state(), mesg)
+    end
+
+    def on_error2(mesg, elem)
+      @errors.push Elem.new(elem.pos, __callee__, elem.tok, elem.state, mesg)
+    end
+    PARSER_EVENTS.grep(/_error\z/) do |e|
+      arity = PARSER_EVENT_TABLE.fetch(e)
+      alias_method "on_#{e}", "on_error#{arity}"
     end
+    alias compile_error on_error1
 
     (SCANNER_EVENTS.map {|event|:"on_#{event}"} - private_instance_methods(false)).each do |event|
       alias_method event, :_push_token
@@ -156,7 +267,7 @@ class Ripper
       if m = /[^\w\s$()\[\]{}?*+\.]/.match(pattern)
         raise CompileError, "invalid char in pattern: #{m[0].inspect}"
       end
-      buf = ''
+      buf = +''
       pattern.scan(/(?:\w+|\$\(|[()\[\]\{\}?*+\.]+)/) do |tok|
         case tok
         when /\w/
@@ -177,14 +288,14 @@ class Ripper
     end
 
     def map_tokens(tokens)
-      tokens.map {|pos,type,str| map_token(type.to_s.sub(/\Aon_/,'')) }.join
+      tokens.map {|pos,type,str| map_token(type.to_s.delete_prefix('on_')) }.join
     end
 
     MAP = {}
     seed = ('a'..'z').to_a + ('A'..'Z').to_a + ('0'..'9').to_a
     SCANNER_EVENT_TABLE.each do |ev, |
       raise CompileError, "[RIPPER FATAL] too many system token" if seed.empty?
-      MAP[ev.to_s.sub(/\Aon_/,'')] = seed.shift
+      MAP[ev.to_s.delete_prefix('on_')] = seed.shift
     end
 
     def map_token(tok)
diff --git a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/sexp.rb b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/sexp.rb
index aa1f86e38c..b1d553b1da 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/sexp.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/sexp.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # $Id$
 #
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ class Ripper
   # Parses +src+ and create S-exp tree.
   # Returns more readable tree rather than Ripper.sexp_raw.
   # This method is mainly for developer use.
+  # The +filename+ argument is mostly ignored.
+  # By default, this method does not handle syntax errors in +src+,
+  # returning +nil+ in such cases. Use the +raise_errors+ keyword
+  # to raise a SyntaxError for an error in +src+.
   #
   #   require 'ripper'
   #   require 'pp'
@@ -25,18 +29,28 @@ class Ripper
   #     #=> [:program,
   #          [[:def,
   #           [:@ident, "m", [1, 4]],
-  #           [:paren, [:params, [[:@ident, "a", [1, 6]]], nil, nil, nil, nil]],
+  #           [:paren, [:params, [[:@ident, "a", [1, 6]]], nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil]],
   #           [:bodystmt, [[:var_ref, [:@kw, "nil", [1, 9]]]], nil, nil, nil]]]]
   #
-  def Ripper.sexp(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1)
+  def Ripper.sexp(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1, raise_errors: false)
     builder = SexpBuilderPP.new(src, filename, lineno)
     sexp = builder.parse
-    sexp unless builder.error?
+    if builder.error?
+      if raise_errors
+        raise SyntaxError, builder.error
+      end
+    else
+      sexp
+    end
   end
 
   # [EXPERIMENTAL]
   # Parses +src+ and create S-exp tree.
   # This method is mainly for developer use.
+  # The +filename+ argument is mostly ignored.
+  # By default, this method does not handle syntax errors in +src+,
+  # returning +nil+ in such cases. Use the +raise_errors+ keyword
+  # to raise a SyntaxError for an error in +src+.
   #
   #   require 'ripper'
   #   require 'pp'
@@ -54,13 +68,21 @@ class Ripper
   #             nil,
   #             nil]]]]
   #
-  def Ripper.sexp_raw(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1)
+  def Ripper.sexp_raw(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1, raise_errors: false)
     builder = SexpBuilder.new(src, filename, lineno)
     sexp = builder.parse
-    sexp unless builder.error?
+    if builder.error?
+      if raise_errors
+        raise SyntaxError, builder.error
+      end
+    else
+      sexp
+    end
   end
 
   class SexpBuilder < ::Ripper   #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :error
+
     private
 
     def dedent_element(e, width)
@@ -107,6 +129,13 @@ class Ripper
         end
       End
     end
+
+    def on_error(mesg)
+      @error = mesg
+    end
+    remove_method :on_parse_error
+    alias on_parse_error on_error
+    alias compile_error on_error
   end
 
   class SexpBuilderPP < SexpBuilder #:nodoc:
@@ -134,6 +163,18 @@ class Ripper
       list
     end
 
+    def on_mlhs_paren(list)
+      [:mlhs, *list]
+    end
+
+    def on_mlhs_add_star(list, star)
+      list.push([:rest_param, star])
+    end
+
+    def on_mlhs_add_post(list, post)
+      list.concat(post)
+    end
+
     PARSER_EVENT_TABLE.each do |event, arity|
       if /_new\z/ =~ event and arity == 0
         alias_method "on_#{event}", :_dispatch_event_new
diff --git a/ext/ripper/tools/dsl.rb b/ext/ripper/tools/dsl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49ff51711f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/ripper/tools/dsl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# Simple DSL implementation for Ripper code generation
+#
+# input: /*% ripper: stmts_add(stmts_new, void_stmt) %*/
+# output:
+#   VALUE v1, v2;
+#   v1 = dispatch0(stmts_new);
+#   v2 = dispatch0(void_stmt);
+#   $$ = dispatch2(stmts_add, v1, v2);
+
+$dollar = "$$"
+alias $$ $dollar
+
+class DSL
+  def initialize(code, options)
+    @events = {}
+    @error = options.include?("error")
+    @brace = options.include?("brace")
+    if options.include?("final")
+      @final = "p->result"
+    else
+      @final = (options.grep(/\A\$(?:\$|\d+)\z/)[0] || "$$")
+    end
+    @vars = 0
+
+    # create $1 == "$1", $2 == "$2", ...
+    s = (1..20).map {|n| "$#{n}"}
+    re = Array.new(s.size, "([^\0]+)")
+    /#{re.join("\0")}/ =~ s.join("\0")
+
+    # struct parser_params *p
+    p = p = "p"
+
+    @code = ""
+    @last_value = eval(code)
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :events
+
+  undef lambda
+  undef hash
+  undef class
+
+  def generate
+    s = "#@code#@final=#@last_value;"
+    s = "{VALUE #{ (1..@vars).map {|v| "v#{ v }" }.join(",") };#{ s }}" if @vars > 0
+    s << "ripper_error(p);" if @error
+    s = "{#{ s }}" if @brace
+    "\t\t\t#{s}"
+  end
+
+  def new_var
+    "v#{ @vars += 1 }"
+  end
+
+  def opt_event(event, default, addend)
+    add_event(event, [default, addend], true)
+  end
+
+  def add_event(event, args, qundef_check = false)
+    event = event.to_s.sub(/!\z/, "")
+    @events[event] = args.size
+    vars = []
+    args.each do |arg|
+      vars << v = new_var
+      @code << "#{ v }=#{ arg };"
+    end
+    v = new_var
+    d = "dispatch#{ args.size }(#{ [event, *vars].join(",") })"
+    d = "#{ vars.last }==Qundef ? #{ vars.first } : #{ d }" if qundef_check
+    @code << "#{ v }=#{ d };"
+    v
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(event, *args)
+    if event.to_s =~ /!\z/
+      add_event(event, args)
+    elsif args.empty? and /\Aid[A-Z_]/ =~ event.to_s
+      event
+    else
+      "#{ event }(#{ args.join(", ") })"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.const_missing(name)
+    name
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/ext/ripper/tools/generate-param-macros.rb b/ext/ripper/tools/generate-param-macros.rb
index c1f0c5bc31..f0de55a5f2 100755..100644
--- a/ext/ripper/tools/generate-param-macros.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/tools/generate-param-macros.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 off = true
 ARGF.each do |line|
   case line
diff --git a/ext/ripper/tools/generate.rb b/ext/ripper/tools/generate.rb
index cb02de9b4b..883e6ef2df 100755..100644
--- a/ext/ripper/tools/generate.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/tools/generate.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # $Id$
 
 require 'optparse'
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def usage(msg)
 end
 
 def generate_eventids1(ids)
-  buf = ""
+  buf = "".dup
   buf << %Q[static struct {\n]
   ids.each do |id, arity|
     buf << %Q[    ID id_#{id};\n]
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def generate_eventids1(ids)
 end
 
 def generate_eventids2_table(ids)
-  buf = ""
+  buf = "".dup
   buf << %Q[static void\n]
   buf << %Q[ripper_init_eventids2_table(VALUE self)\n]
   buf << %Q[{\n]
@@ -135,6 +135,8 @@ def check_arity(h)
   abort if invalid
 end
 
+require_relative "dsl"
+
 def read_ids1_with_locations(path)
   h = {}
   File.open(path) {|f|
@@ -144,6 +146,13 @@ def read_ids1_with_locations(path)
       line.scan(/\bdispatch(\d)\((\w+)/) do |arity, event|
         (h[event] ||= []).push [f.lineno, arity.to_i]
       end
+      if line =~ %r</\*% *ripper(?:\[(.*?)\])?: *(.*?) *%\*/>
+        gen = DSL.new($2, ($1 || "").split(","))
+        gen.generate
+        gen.events.each do |event, arity|
+          (h[event] ||= []).push [f.lineno, arity.to_i]
+        end
+      end
     end
   }
   h
diff --git a/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb b/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb
index 2377506cd5..b838a78db7 100755..100644
--- a/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # $Id$
 
 require 'optparse'
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def main
   unless ARGV.size == 1
     abort "wrong number of arguments (#{ARGV.size} for 1)"
   end
-  out = ""
+  out = "".dup
   File.open(ARGV[0]) {|f|
     prelude f, out
     grammar f, out
@@ -40,42 +40,54 @@ def main
 end
 
 def prelude(f, out)
+  @exprs = {}
+  lex_state_def = false
   while line = f.gets
     case line
-    when %r</\*%%%\*/>
-      out << '/*' << $/
-    when %r</\*%>
-      out << '*/' << $/
-    when %r<%\*/>
-      out << $/
     when /\A%%/
-      out << '%%' << $/
+      out << "%%\n"
       return
     when /\A%token/
       out << line.sub(/<\w+>/, '<val>')
     when /\A%type/
       out << line.sub(/<\w+>/, '<val>')
+    when /^enum lex_state_(?:bits|e) \{/
+      lex_state_def = true
+      out << line
+    when /^\}/
+      lex_state_def = false
+      out << line
     else
       out << line
     end
+    if lex_state_def
+      case line
+      when /^\s*(EXPR_\w+),\s+\/\*(.+)\*\//
+        @exprs[$1.chomp("_bit")] = $2.strip
+      when /^\s*(EXPR_\w+)\s+=\s+(.+)$/
+        name = $1
+        val = $2.chomp(",")
+        @exprs[name] = "equals to " + (val.start_with?("(") ? "<tt>#{val}</tt>" : "+#{val}+")
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 
+require_relative "dsl"
+
 def grammar(f, out)
   while line = f.gets
     case line
+    when %r</\*% *ripper(?:\[(.*?)\])?: *(.*?) *%\*/>
+      out << DSL.new($2, ($1 || "").split(",")).generate << "\n"
     when %r</\*%%%\*/>
-      out << '#if 0' << $/
-    when %r</\*%c%\*/>
-      out << '/*' << $/
-    when %r</\*%c>
-      out << '*/' << $/
+      out << "#if 0\n"
     when %r</\*%>
-      out << '#endif' << $/
+      out << "#endif\n"
     when %r<%\*/>
-      out << $/
+      out << "\n"
     when /\A%%/
-      out << '%%' << $/
+      out << "%%\n"
       return
     else
       out << line
@@ -84,9 +96,12 @@ def grammar(f, out)
 end
 
 def usercode(f, out)
-  while line = f.gets
-    out << line
-  end
+  require 'erb'
+  compiler = ERB::Compiler.new('%-')
+  compiler.put_cmd = compiler.insert_cmd = "out.<<"
+  lineno = f.lineno
+  src, = compiler.compile(f.read)
+  eval(src, binding, f.path, lineno)
 end
 
 main
diff --git a/ext/ripper/tools/strip.rb b/ext/ripper/tools/strip.rb
index 0e409eb63b..23102f797a 100755..100644
--- a/ext/ripper/tools/strip.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/tools/strip.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 last_is_void = false
 ARGF.each do |line|
   case line
diff --git a/ext/rubyvm/depend b/ext/rubyvm/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0301ce074c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/rubyvm/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/rubyvm/lib/forwardable/impl.rb b/ext/rubyvm/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
index e9ada26e74..e9bde2f299 100644
--- a/ext/rubyvm/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
+++ b/ext/rubyvm/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # :stopdoc:
 module Forwardable
-  FILTER_EXCEPTION = ""
-
   def self._valid_method?(method)
     iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("().#{method}", nil, nil, 0, false)
   rescue SyntaxError
@@ -12,8 +10,7 @@ module Forwardable
 
   def self._compile_method(src, file, line)
     RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(src, file, file, line,
-               trace_instruction: false,
-               tailcall_optimization: true)
+               trace_instruction: false)
       .eval
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c b/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ff0e7959a..0000000000
--- a/ext/sdbm/_sdbm.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,952 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * sdbm - ndbm work-alike hashed database library
- * based on Per-Aake Larson's Dynamic Hashing algorithms. BIT 18 (1978).
- * author: oz@nexus.yorku.ca
- * status: public domain.
- *
- * core routines
- */
-
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-
-#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "sdbm.h"
-
-/*
- * sdbm - ndbm work-alike hashed database library
- * tuning and portability constructs [not nearly enough]
- * author: oz@nexus.yorku.ca
- */
-
-#define BYTESIZ		8
-
-#ifdef BSD42
-#define SEEK_SET	L_SET
-#define	memset(s,c,n)	bzero((s), (n))		/* only when c is zero */
-#define	memcpy(s1,s2,n)	bcopy((s2), (s1), (n))
-#define	memcmp(s1,s2,n)	bcmp((s1),(s2),(n))
-#endif
-
-/*
- * important tuning parms (hah)
- */
-
-#ifndef SEEDUPS
-#define SEEDUPS 1	/* always detect duplicates */
-#endif
-#ifndef BADMESS
-#define BADMESS 1	/* generate a message for worst case:
-			   cannot make room after SPLTMAX splits */
-#endif
-
-/*
- * misc
- */
-#ifdef DEBUG
-#define debug(x)	printf x
-#else
-#define debug(x)
-#endif
-
-#ifdef BIG_E
-#define GET_SHORT(p, i)	(((unsigned)((unsigned char *)(p))[(i)*2] << 8) + (((unsigned char *)(p))[(i)*2 + 1]))
-#define PUT_SHORT(p, i, s) (((unsigned char *)(p))[(i)*2] = (unsigned char)((s) >> 8), ((unsigned char *)(p))[(i)*2 + 1] = (unsigned char)(s))
-#else
-#define GET_SHORT(p, i)	((p)[(i)])
-#define PUT_SHORT(p, i, s)	((p)[(i)] = (s))
-#endif
-
-/*#include "pair.h"*/
-static int   fitpair proto((char *, int));
-static void  putpair proto((char *, datum, datum));
-static datum getpair proto((char *, datum));
-static int   delpair proto((char *, datum));
-static int   chkpage proto((char *));
-static datum getnkey proto((char *, int));
-static void  splpage proto((char *, char *, long));
-#if SEEDUPS
-static int   duppair proto((char *, datum));
-#endif
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#ifdef DOSISH
-#include <io.h>
-#endif
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#ifdef BSD42
-#include <sys/file.h>
-#else
-#include <fcntl.h>
-/*#include <memory.h>*/
-#endif
-#ifndef O_BINARY
-#define O_BINARY	0
-#endif
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#ifndef EPERM
-#define EPERM	EACCES
-#endif
-#include <string.h>
-
-#ifdef __STDC__
-#include <stddef.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifndef NULL
-#define NULL	0
-#endif
-
-/*
- * externals
- */
-#if !defined(__sun) && !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif
-
-/*
- * forward
- */
-static int getdbit proto((DBM *, long));
-static int setdbit proto((DBM *, long));
-static int getpage proto((DBM *, long));
-static datum getnext proto((DBM *));
-static int makroom proto((DBM *, long, int));
-
-/*
- * useful macros
- */
-#define bad(x)		((x).dptr == NULL || (x).dsize < 0)
-#define exhash(item)	sdbm_hash((item).dptr, (item).dsize)
-#define ioerr(db)	((db)->flags |= DBM_IOERR)
-
-#define OFF_PAG(off)	(long) (off) * PBLKSIZ
-#define OFF_DIR(off)	(long) (off) * DBLKSIZ
-
-static long masks[] = {
-	000000000000L, 000000000001L, 000000000003L,
-	000000000007L, 000000000017L, 000000000037L,
-	000000000077L, 000000000177L, 000000000377L,
-	000000000777L, 000000001777L, 000000003777L,
-	000000007777L, 000000017777L, 000000037777L,
-	000000077777L, 000000177777L, 000000377777L,
-	000000777777L, 000001777777L, 000003777777L,
-	000007777777L, 000017777777L, 000037777777L,
-	000077777777L, 000177777777L, 000377777777L,
-	000777777777L, 001777777777L, 003777777777L,
-	007777777777L, 017777777777L
-};
-
-datum nullitem = {NULL, 0};
-
-DBM *
-sdbm_open(register char *file, register int flags, register int mode)
-{
-	register DBM *db;
-	register char *dirname;
-	register char *pagname;
-	register size_t n;
-
-	if (file == NULL || !*file)
-		return errno = EINVAL, (DBM *) NULL;
-/*
- * need space for two separate filenames
- */
-	n = strlen(file) * 2 + strlen(DIRFEXT) + strlen(PAGFEXT) + 2;
-
-	if ((dirname = malloc(n)) == NULL)
-		return errno = ENOMEM, (DBM *) NULL;
-/*
- * build the file names
- */
-	dirname = strcat(strcpy(dirname, file), DIRFEXT);
-	pagname = strcpy(dirname + strlen(dirname) + 1, file);
-	pagname = strcat(pagname, PAGFEXT);
-
-	db = sdbm_prep(dirname, pagname, flags, mode);
-	free((char *) dirname);
-	return db;
-}
-
-static int
-fd_set_cloexec(int fd)
-{
-  /* MinGW don't have F_GETFD and FD_CLOEXEC.  [ruby-core:40281] */
-#ifdef F_GETFD
-    int flags, ret;
-    flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD); /* should not fail except EBADF. */
-    if (flags == -1) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (2 < fd) {
-        if (!(flags & FD_CLOEXEC)) {
-            flags |= FD_CLOEXEC;
-            ret = fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags);
-            if (ret == -1) {
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-#endif
-    return 0;
-}
-
-DBM *
-sdbm_prep(char *dirname, char *pagname, int flags, int mode)
-{
-	register DBM *db;
-	struct stat dstat;
-
-	if ((db = (DBM *) malloc(sizeof(DBM))) == NULL)
-		return errno = ENOMEM, (DBM *) NULL;
-
-        db->pagf = -1;
-        db->dirf = -1;
-        db->flags = 0;
-        db->hmask = 0;
-        db->blkptr = 0;
-        db->keyptr = 0;
-/*
- * adjust user flags so that WRONLY becomes RDWR,
- * as required by this package. Also set our internal
- * flag for RDONLY.
- */
-	if (flags & O_WRONLY)
-		flags = (flags & ~O_WRONLY) | O_RDWR;
-	if (flags & O_RDONLY)
-		db->flags = DBM_RDONLY;
-/*
- * open the files in sequence, and stat the dirfile.
- * If we fail anywhere, undo everything, return NULL.
- */
-	flags |= O_BINARY;
-#ifdef O_CLOEXEC
-        flags |= O_CLOEXEC;
-#endif
-
-	if ((db->pagf = open(pagname, flags, mode)) == -1) goto err;
-        if (fd_set_cloexec(db->pagf) == -1) goto err;
-        if ((db->dirf = open(dirname, flags, mode)) == -1) goto err;
-        if (fd_set_cloexec(db->dirf) == -1) goto err;
-/*
- * need the dirfile size to establish max bit number.
- */
-        if (fstat(db->dirf, &dstat) == -1) goto err;
-/*
- * zero size: either a fresh database, or one with a single,
- * unsplit data page: dirpage is all zeros.
- */
-        db->dirbno = (!dstat.st_size) ? 0 : -1;
-        db->pagbno = -1;
-        db->maxbno = dstat.st_size * (long) BYTESIZ;
-
-        (void) memset(db->pagbuf, 0, PBLKSIZ);
-        (void) memset(db->dirbuf, 0, DBLKSIZ);
-/*
- * success
- */
-        return db;
-
-    err:
-        if (db->pagf != -1)
-                (void) close(db->pagf);
-        if (db->dirf != -1)
-                (void) close(db->dirf);
-	free((char *) db);
-	return (DBM *) NULL;
-}
-
-void
-sdbm_close(register DBM *db)
-{
-	if (db == NULL)
-		errno = EINVAL;
-	else {
-		(void) close(db->dirf);
-		(void) close(db->pagf);
-		free((char *) db);
-	}
-}
-
-datum
-sdbm_fetch(register DBM *db, datum key)
-{
-	if (db == NULL || bad(key))
-		return errno = EINVAL, nullitem;
-
-	if (getpage(db, exhash(key)))
-		return getpair(db->pagbuf, key);
-
-	return ioerr(db), nullitem;
-}
-
-int
-sdbm_delete(register DBM *db, datum key)
-{
-	if (db == NULL || bad(key))
-		return errno = EINVAL, -1;
-	if (sdbm_rdonly(db))
-		return errno = EPERM, -1;
-
-	if (getpage(db, exhash(key))) {
-		if (!delpair(db->pagbuf, key))
-			return -1;
-/*
- * update the page file
- */
-		if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(db->pagbno), SEEK_SET) < 0
-		    || write(db->pagf, db->pagbuf, PBLKSIZ) < 0)
-			return ioerr(db), -1;
-
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	return ioerr(db), -1;
-}
-
-int
-sdbm_store(register DBM *db, datum key, datum val, int flags)
-{
-	int need;
-	register long hash;
-
-	if (db == NULL || bad(key))
-		return errno = EINVAL, -1;
-	if (sdbm_rdonly(db))
-		return errno = EPERM, -1;
-
-	need = key.dsize + val.dsize;
-/*
- * is the pair too big (or too small) for this database ??
- */
-	if (need < 0 || need > PAIRMAX)
-		return errno = EINVAL, -1;
-
-	if (getpage(db, (hash = exhash(key)))) {
-/*
- * if we need to replace, delete the key/data pair
- * first. If it is not there, ignore.
- */
-		if (flags == DBM_REPLACE)
-			(void) delpair(db->pagbuf, key);
-#if SEEDUPS
-		else if (duppair(db->pagbuf, key))
-			return 1;
-#endif
-/*
- * if we do not have enough room, we have to split.
- */
-		if (!fitpair(db->pagbuf, need))
-			if (!makroom(db, hash, need))
-				return ioerr(db), -1;
-/*
- * we have enough room or split is successful. insert the key,
- * and update the page file.
- */
-		(void) putpair(db->pagbuf, key, val);
-
-		if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(db->pagbno), SEEK_SET) < 0
-		    || write(db->pagf, db->pagbuf, PBLKSIZ) < 0)
-			return ioerr(db), -1;
-	/*
-	 * success
-	 */
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	return ioerr(db), -1;
-}
-
-/*
- * makroom - make room by splitting the overfull page
- * this routine will attempt to make room for SPLTMAX times before
- * giving up.
- */
-static int
-makroom(register DBM *db, long int hash, int need)
-{
-	long newp;
-	char twin[PBLKSIZ];
-#if defined _WIN32
-	char zer[PBLKSIZ];
-	long oldtail;
-#endif
-	char *pag = db->pagbuf;
-	char *new = twin;
-	register int smax = SPLTMAX;
-
-	do {
-/*
- * split the current page
- */
-		(void) splpage(pag, new, db->hmask + 1);
-/*
- * address of the new page
- */
-		newp = (hash & db->hmask) | (db->hmask + 1);
-		debug(("newp: %ld\n", newp));
-/*
- * write delay, read avoidance/cache shuffle:
- * select the page for incoming pair: if key is to go to the new page,
- * write out the previous one, and copy the new one over, thus making
- * it the current page. If not, simply write the new page, and we are
- * still looking at the page of interest. current page is not updated
- * here, as sdbm_store will do so, after it inserts the incoming pair.
- */
-
-#if defined _WIN32
-	/*
-	 * Fill hole with 0 if made it.
-	 * (hole is NOT read as 0)
-	 */
-	oldtail = lseek(db->pagf, 0L, SEEK_END);
-	memset(zer, 0, PBLKSIZ);
-	while (OFF_PAG(newp) > oldtail) {
-		if (lseek(db->pagf, 0L, SEEK_END) < 0 ||
-		    write(db->pagf, zer, PBLKSIZ) < 0) {
-
-			return 0;
-		}
-		oldtail += PBLKSIZ;
-	}
-#endif
-
-		if (hash & (db->hmask + 1)) {
-			if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(db->pagbno), SEEK_SET) < 0
-			    || write(db->pagf, db->pagbuf, PBLKSIZ) < 0)
-				return 0;
-			db->pagbno = newp;
-			(void) memcpy(pag, new, PBLKSIZ);
-		}
-		else if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(newp), SEEK_SET) < 0
-			 || write(db->pagf, new, PBLKSIZ) < 0)
-			return 0;
-
-		if (!setdbit(db, db->curbit))
-			return 0;
-/*
- * see if we have enough room now
- */
-		if (fitpair(pag, need))
-			return 1;
-/*
- * try again... update curbit and hmask as getpage would have
- * done. because of our update of the current page, we do not
- * need to read in anything. BUT we have to write the current
- * [deferred] page out, as the window of failure is too great.
- */
-		db->curbit = 2 * db->curbit +
-			((hash & (db->hmask + 1)) ? 2 : 1);
-		db->hmask |= (db->hmask + 1);
-
-		if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(db->pagbno), SEEK_SET) < 0
-		    || write(db->pagf, db->pagbuf, PBLKSIZ) < 0)
-			return 0;
-
-	} while (--smax);
-/*
- * if we are here, this is real bad news. After SPLTMAX splits,
- * we still cannot fit the key. say goodnight.
- */
-#if BADMESS
-	(void) (write(2, "sdbm: cannot insert after SPLTMAX attempts.\n", 44) < 0);
-#endif
-	return 0;
-
-}
-
-/*
- * the following two routines will break if
- * deletions aren't taken into account. (ndbm bug)
- */
-datum
-sdbm_firstkey(register DBM *db)
-{
-	if (db == NULL)
-		return errno = EINVAL, nullitem;
-/*
- * start at page 0
- */
-	(void) memset(db->pagbuf, 0, PBLKSIZ);
-	if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(0), SEEK_SET) < 0
-	    || read(db->pagf, db->pagbuf, PBLKSIZ) < 0)
-		return ioerr(db), nullitem;
-	db->pagbno = 0;
-	db->blkptr = 0;
-	db->keyptr = 0;
-
-	return getnext(db);
-}
-
-datum
-sdbm_nextkey(register DBM *db)
-{
-	if (db == NULL)
-		return errno = EINVAL, nullitem;
-	return getnext(db);
-}
-
-/*
- * all important binary trie traversal
- */
-static int
-getpage(register DBM *db, register long int hash)
-{
-	register int hbit;
-	register long dbit;
-	register long pagb;
-
-	dbit = 0;
-	hbit = 0;
-	while (dbit < db->maxbno && getdbit(db, dbit))
-		dbit = 2 * dbit + ((hash & ((long) 1 << hbit++)) ? 2 : 1);
-
-	debug(("dbit: %ld...", dbit));
-
-	db->curbit = dbit;
-	db->hmask = masks[hbit];
-
-	pagb = hash & db->hmask;
-/*
- * see if the block we need is already in memory.
- * note: this lookaside cache has about 10% hit rate.
- */
-	if (pagb != db->pagbno) {
-/*
- * note: here, we assume a "hole" is read as 0s.
- * if not, must zero pagbuf first.
- */
-		(void) memset(db->pagbuf, 0, PBLKSIZ);
-
-		if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(pagb), SEEK_SET) < 0
-		    || read(db->pagf, db->pagbuf, PBLKSIZ) < 0)
-			return 0;
-		if (!chkpage(db->pagbuf)) {
-			return 0;
-		}
-		db->pagbno = pagb;
-
-		debug(("pag read: %ld\n", pagb));
-	}
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static int
-getdbit(register DBM *db, register long int dbit)
-{
-	register long c;
-	register long dirb;
-
-	c = dbit / BYTESIZ;
-	dirb = c / DBLKSIZ;
-
-	if (dirb != db->dirbno) {
-		if (lseek(db->dirf, OFF_DIR(dirb), SEEK_SET) < 0
-		    || read(db->dirf, db->dirbuf, DBLKSIZ) < 0)
-			return 0;
-		db->dirbno = dirb;
-
-		debug(("dir read: %ld\n", dirb));
-	}
-
-	return db->dirbuf[c % DBLKSIZ] & (1 << (dbit % BYTESIZ));
-}
-
-static int
-setdbit(register DBM *db, register long int dbit)
-{
-	register long c;
-	register long dirb;
-
-	c = dbit / BYTESIZ;
-	dirb = c / DBLKSIZ;
-
-	if (dirb != db->dirbno) {
-		if (lseek(db->dirf, OFF_DIR(dirb), SEEK_SET) < 0
-		    || read(db->dirf, db->dirbuf, DBLKSIZ) < 0)
-			return 0;
-		db->dirbno = dirb;
-
-		debug(("dir read: %ld\n", dirb));
-	}
-
-	db->dirbuf[c % DBLKSIZ] |= (1 << (dbit % BYTESIZ));
-
-	if (dbit >= db->maxbno)
-		db->maxbno += (long) DBLKSIZ * BYTESIZ;
-
-	if (lseek(db->dirf, OFF_DIR(dirb), SEEK_SET) < 0
-	    || write(db->dirf, db->dirbuf, DBLKSIZ) < 0)
-		return 0;
-
-	return 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * getnext - get the next key in the page, and if done with
- * the page, try the next page in sequence
- */
-static datum
-getnext(register DBM *db)
-{
-	datum key;
-
-	for (;;) {
-		db->keyptr++;
-		key = getnkey(db->pagbuf, db->keyptr);
-		if (key.dptr != NULL)
-			return key;
-/*
- * we either run out, or there is nothing on this page..
- * try the next one... If we lost our position on the
- * file, we will have to seek.
- */
-		db->keyptr = 0;
-		if (db->pagbno != db->blkptr++)
-			if (lseek(db->pagf, OFF_PAG(db->blkptr), SEEK_SET) < 0)
-				break;
-		db->pagbno = db->blkptr;
-		if (read(db->pagf, db->pagbuf, PBLKSIZ) <= 0)
-			break;
-		if (!chkpage(db->pagbuf)) {
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return ioerr(db), nullitem;
-}
-
-/* pair.c */
-/*
- * sdbm - ndbm work-alike hashed database library
- * based on Per-Aake Larson's Dynamic Hashing algorithms. BIT 18 (1978).
- * author: oz@nexus.yorku.ca
- * status: public domain.
- *
- * page-level routines
- */
-
-#ifndef BSD42
-/*#include <memory.h>*/
-#endif
-
-#define exhash(item)	sdbm_hash((item).dptr, (item).dsize)
-
-/*
- * forward
- */
-static int seepair proto((char *, int, char *, int));
-
-/*
- * page format:
- *	+------------------------------+
- * ino	| n | keyoff | datoff | keyoff |
- * 	+------------+--------+--------+
- *	| datoff | - - - ---->	       |
- *	+--------+---------------------+
- *	|	 F R E E A R E A       |
- *	+--------------+---------------+
- *	|  <---- - - - | data          |
- *	+--------+-----+----+----------+
- *	|  key   | data     | key      |
- *	+--------+----------+----------+
- *
- * calculating the offsets for free area:  if the number
- * of entries (ino[0]) is zero, the offset to the END of
- * the free area is the block size. Otherwise, it is the
- * nth (ino[ino[0]]) entry's offset.
- */
-
-static int
-fitpair(char *pag, int need)
-{
-	register int n;
-	register int off;
-	register int free;
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-
-	off = ((n = GET_SHORT(ino,0)) > 0) ? GET_SHORT(ino,n) : PBLKSIZ;
-	free = off - (n + 1) * (int)sizeof(short);
-	need += 2 * (int)sizeof(short);
-
-	debug(("free %d need %d\n", free, need));
-
-	return need <= free;
-}
-
-static void
-putpair(char *pag, datum key, datum val)
-{
-	register int n;
-	register int off;
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-
-	off = ((n = GET_SHORT(ino,0)) > 0) ? GET_SHORT(ino,n) : PBLKSIZ;
-/*
- * enter the key first
- */
-	off -= key.dsize;
-	if (key.dsize)
-		(void) memcpy(pag + off, key.dptr, key.dsize);
-	PUT_SHORT(ino,n + 1,off);
-/*
- * now the data
- */
-	off -= val.dsize;
-	if (val.dsize)
-		(void) memcpy(pag + off, val.dptr, val.dsize);
-	PUT_SHORT(ino,n + 2,off);
-/*
- * adjust item count
- */
-	PUT_SHORT(ino,0,GET_SHORT(ino,0) + 2);
-}
-
-static datum
-getpair(char *pag, datum key)
-{
-	register int i;
-	register int n;
-	datum val;
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-
-	if ((n = GET_SHORT(ino,0)) == 0)
-		return nullitem;
-
-	if ((i = seepair(pag, n, key.dptr, key.dsize)) == 0)
-		return nullitem;
-
-	val.dptr = pag + GET_SHORT(ino,i + 1);
-	val.dsize = GET_SHORT(ino,i) - GET_SHORT(ino,i + 1);
-	return val;
-}
-
-#if SEEDUPS
-static int
-duppair(char *pag, datum key)
-{
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-	return GET_SHORT(ino,0) > 0 &&
-		   seepair(pag, GET_SHORT(ino,0), key.dptr, key.dsize) > 0;
-}
-#endif
-
-static datum
-getnkey(char *pag, int num)
-{
-	datum key;
-	register int off;
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-
-	num = num * 2 - 1;
-	if (GET_SHORT(ino,0) == 0 || num > GET_SHORT(ino,0))
-		return nullitem;
-
-	off = (num > 1) ? GET_SHORT(ino,num - 1) : PBLKSIZ;
-
-	key.dptr = pag + GET_SHORT(ino,num);
-	key.dsize = off - GET_SHORT(ino,num);
-
-	return key;
-}
-
-static int
-delpair(char *pag, datum key)
-{
-	register int n;
-	register int i;
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-
-	if ((n = GET_SHORT(ino,0)) == 0)
-		return 0;
-
-	if ((i = seepair(pag, n, key.dptr, key.dsize)) == 0)
-		return 0;
-/*
- * found the key. if it is the last entry
- * [i.e. i == n - 1] we just adjust the entry count.
- * hard case: move all data down onto the deleted pair,
- * shift offsets onto deleted offsets, and adjust them.
- * [note: 0 < i < n]
- */
-	if (i < n - 1) {
-		register int m;
-		register char *dst = pag + (i == 1 ? PBLKSIZ : GET_SHORT(ino,i - 1));
-		register char *src = pag + GET_SHORT(ino,i + 1);
-		register ptrdiff_t   zoo = dst - src;
-
-		debug(("free-up %"PRIdPTRDIFF" ", zoo));
-/*
- * shift data/keys down
- */
-		m = GET_SHORT(ino,i + 1) - GET_SHORT(ino,n);
-#ifdef DUFF
-#define MOVB 	*--dst = *--src
-
-		if (m > 0) {
-			register int loop = (m + 8 - 1) >> 3;
-
-			switch (m & (8 - 1)) {
-			case 0:	do {
-				MOVB;	case 7:	MOVB;
-			case 6:	MOVB;	case 5:	MOVB;
-			case 4:	MOVB;	case 3:	MOVB;
-			case 2:	MOVB;	case 1:	MOVB;
-				} while (--loop);
-			}
-		}
-#else
-#ifdef MEMMOVE
-		memmove(dst-m, src-m, m);
-#else
-		while (m--)
-			*--dst = *--src;
-#endif
-#endif
-/*
- * adjust offset index up
- */
-		while (i < n - 1) {
-			PUT_SHORT(ino,i, GET_SHORT(ino,i + 2) + zoo);
-			i++;
-		}
-	}
-	PUT_SHORT(ino, 0, GET_SHORT(ino, 0) - 2);
-	return 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * search for the key in the page.
- * return offset index in the range 0 < i < n.
- * return 0 if not found.
- */
-static int
-seepair(char *pag, register int n, register char *key, register int siz)
-{
-	register int i;
-	register int off = PBLKSIZ;
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-
-	for (i = 1; i < n; i += 2) {
-		if (siz == off - GET_SHORT(ino,i) &&
-		    memcmp(key, pag + GET_SHORT(ino,i), siz) == 0)
-			return i;
-		off = GET_SHORT(ino,i + 1);
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-splpage(char *pag, char *new, long int sbit)
-{
-	datum key;
-	datum val;
-
-	register int n;
-	register int off = PBLKSIZ;
-	char cur[PBLKSIZ];
-	register short *ino = (short *) cur;
-
-	(void) memcpy(cur, pag, PBLKSIZ);
-	(void) memset(pag, 0, PBLKSIZ);
-	(void) memset(new, 0, PBLKSIZ);
-
-	n = GET_SHORT(ino,0);
-	for (ino++; n > 0; ino += 2) {
-		key.dptr = cur + GET_SHORT(ino,0);
-		key.dsize = off - GET_SHORT(ino,0);
-		val.dptr = cur + GET_SHORT(ino,1);
-		val.dsize = GET_SHORT(ino,0) - GET_SHORT(ino,1);
-/*
- * select the page pointer (by looking at sbit) and insert
- */
-		(void) putpair((exhash(key) & sbit) ? new : pag, key, val);
-
-		off = GET_SHORT(ino,1);
-		n -= 2;
-	}
-
-	debug(("%d split %d/%d\n", ((short *) cur)[0] / 2,
-	       ((short *) new)[0] / 2,
-	       ((short *) pag)[0] / 2));
-}
-
-/*
- * check page sanity:
- * number of entries should be something
- * reasonable, and all offsets in the index should be in order.
- * this could be made more rigorous.
- */
-static int
-chkpage(char *pag)
-{
-	register int n;
-	register int off;
-	register short *ino = (short *) pag;
-
-	if ((n = GET_SHORT(ino,0)) < 0 || n > PBLKSIZ / (int)sizeof(short))
-		return 0;
-
-	if (n > 0) {
-		off = PBLKSIZ;
-		for (ino++; n > 0; ino += 2) {
-			if (GET_SHORT(ino,0) > off || GET_SHORT(ino,1) > off ||
-			    GET_SHORT(ino,1) > GET_SHORT(ino,0))
-				return 0;
-			off = GET_SHORT(ino,1);
-			n -= 2;
-		}
-	}
-	return 1;
-}
-
-/* hash.c */
-/*
- * sdbm - ndbm work-alike hashed database library
- * based on Per-Aake Larson's Dynamic Hashing algorithms. BIT 18 (1978).
- * author: oz@nexus.yorku.ca
- * status: public domain. keep it that way.
- *
- * hashing routine
- */
-
-/*
- * polynomial conversion ignoring overflows
- * [this seems to work remarkably well, in fact better
- * then the ndbm hash function. Replace at your own risk]
- * use: 65599	nice.
- *      65587   even better.
- */
-long
-sdbm_hash(register char *str, register int len)
-{
-	register unsigned long n = 0;
-
-#ifdef DUFF
-
-#define HASHC	n = *str++ + 65599 * n
-
-	if (len > 0) {
-		register int loop = (len + 8 - 1) >> 3;
-
-		switch(len & (8 - 1)) {
-		case 0:	do {
-			HASHC;	case 7:	HASHC;
-		case 6:	HASHC;	case 5:	HASHC;
-		case 4:	HASHC;	case 3:	HASHC;
-		case 2:	HASHC;	case 1:	HASHC;
-			} while (--loop);
-		}
-
-	}
-#else
-	while (len--)
-		n = ((*str++) & 255) + 65587L * n;
-#endif
-	return n;
-}
diff --git a/ext/sdbm/depend b/ext/sdbm/depend
deleted file mode 100644
index aeb2099e18..0000000000
--- a/ext/sdbm/depend
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
-_sdbm.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
-_sdbm.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
-_sdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
-_sdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-_sdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-_sdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-_sdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-_sdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
-_sdbm.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-_sdbm.o: _sdbm.c
-_sdbm.o: sdbm.h
-init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
-init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
-init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
-init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
-init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
-init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
-init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
-init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-init.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
-init.o: init.c
-init.o: sdbm.h
-# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/sdbm/extconf.rb b/ext/sdbm/extconf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bdf3e299e6..0000000000
--- a/ext/sdbm/extconf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'mkmf'
-
-$defs << "-D""BADMESS=0"
-create_makefile("sdbm")
diff --git a/ext/sdbm/init.c b/ext/sdbm/init.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 684f31b98f..0000000000
--- a/ext/sdbm/init.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1067 +0,0 @@
-/************************************************
-
-  sdbminit.c -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Fri May  7 08:34:24 JST 1999
-
-  Copyright (C) 1995-2001 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-************************************************/
-
-#include "ruby.h"
-
-#include "sdbm.h"
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-/*
- * Document-class: SDBM
- *
- * SDBM provides a simple file-based key-value store, which can only store
- * String keys and values.
- *
- * Note that Ruby comes with the source code for SDBM, while the DBM and GDBM
- * standard libraries rely on external libraries and headers.
- *
- * === Examples
- *
- * Insert values:
- *
- *   require 'sdbm'
- *
- *   SDBM.open 'my_database' do |db|
- *     db['apple'] = 'fruit'
- *     db['pear'] = 'fruit'
- *     db['carrot'] = 'vegetable'
- *     db['tomato'] = 'vegetable'
- *   end
- *
- * Bulk update:
- *
- *   require 'sdbm'
- *
- *   SDBM.open 'my_database' do |db|
- *     db.update('peach' => 'fruit', 'tomato' => 'fruit')
- *   end
- *
- * Retrieve values:
- *
- *   require 'sdbm'
- *
- *   SDBM.open 'my_database' do |db|
- *     db.each do |key, value|
- *       puts "Key: #{key}, Value: #{value}"
- *     end
- *   end
- *
- * Outputs:
- *
- *   Key: apple, Value: fruit
- *   Key: pear, Value: fruit
- *   Key: carrot, Value: vegetable
- *   Key: peach, Value: fruit
- *   Key: tomato, Value: fruit
- */
-
-static VALUE rb_cDBM, rb_eDBMError;
-
-struct dbmdata {
-    int  di_size;
-    DBM *di_dbm;
-};
-
-static void
-closed_sdbm(void)
-{
-    rb_raise(rb_eDBMError, "closed SDBM file");
-}
-
-#define GetDBM(obj, dbmp) do {\
-    TypedData_Get_Struct((obj), struct dbmdata, &sdbm_type, (dbmp));\
-    if ((dbmp) == 0) closed_sdbm();\
-    if ((dbmp)->di_dbm == 0) closed_sdbm();\
-} while (0)
-
-#define GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm) do {\
-    GetDBM((obj), (dbmp));\
-    (dbm) = (dbmp)->di_dbm;\
-} while (0)
-
-static void
-free_sdbm(void *ptr)
-{
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp = ptr;
-
-    if (dbmp->di_dbm) sdbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
-    ruby_xfree(dbmp);
-}
-
-static size_t
-memsize_dbm(const void *ptr)
-{
-    size_t size = 0;
-    const struct dbmdata *dbmp = ptr;
-    if (dbmp) {
-	size += sizeof(*dbmp);
-	if (dbmp->di_dbm) size += sizeof(DBM);
-    }
-    return size;
-}
-
-static const rb_data_type_t sdbm_type = {
-    "sdbm",
-    {0, free_sdbm, memsize_dbm,},
-    0, 0,
-    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
-};
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.close -> nil
- *
- * Closes the database file.
- *
- * Raises SDBMError if the database is already closed.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_close(VALUE obj)
-{
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-
-    GetDBM(obj, dbmp);
-    sdbm_close(dbmp->di_dbm);
-    dbmp->di_dbm = 0;
-
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.closed? -> true or false
- *
- * Returns +true+ if the database is closed.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_closed(VALUE obj)
-{
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct dbmdata, &sdbm_type, dbmp);
-    if (dbmp == 0)
-	return Qtrue;
-    if (dbmp->di_dbm == 0)
-	return Qtrue;
-
-    return Qfalse;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_alloc(VALUE klass)
-{
-    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &sdbm_type, 0);
-}
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   SDBM.new(filename, mode = 0666)
- *
- * Creates a new database handle by opening the given +filename+. SDBM actually
- * uses two physical files, with extensions '.dir' and '.pag'. These extensions
- * will automatically be appended to the +filename+.
- *
- * If the file does not exist, a new file will be created using the given
- * +mode+, unless +mode+ is explicitly set to nil. In the latter case, no
- * database will be created.
- *
- * If the file exists, it will be opened in read/write mode. If this fails, it
- * will be opened in read-only mode.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE file, vmode;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    int mode;
-
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &file, &vmode) == 1) {
-	mode = 0666;		/* default value */
-    }
-    else if (NIL_P(vmode)) {
-	mode = -1;		/* return nil if DB not exist */
-    }
-    else {
-	mode = NUM2INT(vmode);
-    }
-    FilePathValue(file);
-
-    dbm = 0;
-    if (mode >= 0)
-	dbm = sdbm_open(RSTRING_PTR(file), O_RDWR|O_CREAT, mode);
-    if (!dbm)
-	dbm = sdbm_open(RSTRING_PTR(file), O_RDWR, 0);
-    if (!dbm)
-	dbm = sdbm_open(RSTRING_PTR(file), O_RDONLY, 0);
-
-    if (!dbm) {
-	if (mode == -1) return Qnil;
-	rb_sys_fail_str(file);
-    }
-
-    dbmp = ALLOC(struct dbmdata);
-    DATA_PTR(obj) = dbmp;
-    dbmp->di_dbm = dbm;
-    dbmp->di_size = -1;
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   SDBM.open(filename, mode = 0666)
- *   SDBM.open(filename, mode = 0666) { |sdbm| ... }
- *
- * If called without a block, this is the same as SDBM.new.
- *
- * If a block is given, the new database will be passed to the block and
- * will be safely closed after the block has executed.
- *
- * Example:
- *
- *     require 'sdbm'
- *
- *     SDBM.open('my_database') do |db|
- *       db['hello'] = 'world'
- *     end
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
-{
-    VALUE obj = fsdbm_alloc(klass);
-
-    if (NIL_P(fsdbm_initialize(argc, argv, obj))) {
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return rb_ensure(rb_yield, obj, fsdbm_close, obj);
-    }
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_fetch(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr, VALUE ifnone)
-{
-    datum key, value;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    ExportStringValue(keystr);
-    key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
-    key.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(keystr);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    value = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-    if (value.dptr == 0) {
-	if (ifnone == Qnil && rb_block_given_p())
-	    return rb_yield(rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize));
-	return ifnone;
-    }
-    return rb_external_str_new(value.dptr, value.dsize);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm[key] -> value or nil
- *
- * Returns the +value+ in the database associated with the given +key+ string.
- *
- * If no value is found, returns +nil+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_aref(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr)
-{
-    return fsdbm_fetch(obj, keystr, Qnil);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.fetch(key) -> value or nil
- *   sdbm.fetch(key) { |key| ... }
- *
- * Returns the +value+ in the database associated with the given +key+ string.
- *
- * If a block is provided, the block will be called when there is no
- * +value+ associated with the given +key+. The +key+ will be passed in as an
- * argument to the block.
- *
- * If no block is provided and no value is associated with the given +key+,
- * then an IndexError will be raised.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_fetch_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE keystr, valstr, ifnone;
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &keystr, &ifnone);
-    valstr = fsdbm_fetch(obj, keystr, ifnone);
-    if (argc == 1 && !rb_block_given_p() && NIL_P(valstr))
-	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "key not found");
-
-    return valstr;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.key(value) -> key
- *
- * Returns the +key+ associated with the given +value+. If more than one
- * +key+ corresponds to the given +value+, then the first key to be found
- * will be returned. If no keys are found, +nil+ will be returned.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_key(VALUE obj, VALUE valstr)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    ExportStringValue(valstr);
-    val.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(valstr);
-    val.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(valstr);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	if (val.dsize == RSTRING_LEN(valstr) &&
-	    memcmp(val.dptr, RSTRING_PTR(valstr), val.dsize) == 0)
-	    return rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-    }
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-/*
- * :nodoc:
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_index(VALUE hash, VALUE value)
-{
-    rb_warn("SDBM#index is deprecated; use SDBM#key");
-    return fsdbm_key(hash, value);
-}
-
-/* call-seq:
- *   sdbm.select { |key, value| ... } -> Array
- *
- * Returns a new Array of key-value pairs for which the block returns +true+.
- *
- * Example:
- *
- *    require 'sdbm'
- *
- *    SDBM.open 'my_database' do |db|
- *      db['apple'] = 'fruit'
- *      db['pear'] = 'fruit'
- *      db['spinach'] = 'vegetable'
- *
- *      veggies = db.select do |key, value|
- *        value == 'vegetable'
- *      end #=> [["apple", "fruit"], ["pear", "fruit"]]
- *    end
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_select(VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE new = rb_ary_new();
-    datum key, val;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	VALUE assoc, v;
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	assoc = rb_assoc_new(rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
-			     rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
-	v = rb_yield(assoc);
-	if (RTEST(v)) {
-	    rb_ary_push(new, assoc);
-	}
-	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    }
-
-    return new;
-}
-
-/* call-seq:
- *   sdbm.values_at(key, ...) -> Array
- *
- * Returns an Array of values corresponding to the given keys.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE new = rb_ary_new2(argc);
-    int i;
-
-    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-        rb_ary_push(new, fsdbm_fetch(obj, argv[i], Qnil));
-    }
-
-    return new;
-}
-
-static void
-fdbm_modify(VALUE obj)
-{
-    if (OBJ_FROZEN(obj)) rb_error_frozen("SDBM");
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.delete(key) -> value or nil
- *   sdbm.delete(key) { |key, value| ... }
- *
- * Deletes the key-value pair corresponding to the given +key+. If the
- * +key+ exists, the deleted value will be returned, otherwise +nil+.
- *
- * If a block is provided, the deleted +key+ and +value+ will be passed to
- * the block as arguments. If the +key+ does not exist in the database, the
- * value will be +nil+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_delete(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr)
-{
-    datum key, value;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE valstr;
-
-    fdbm_modify(obj);
-    ExportStringValue(keystr);
-    key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
-    key.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(keystr);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    dbmp->di_size = -1;
-
-    value = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-    if (value.dptr == 0) {
-	if (rb_block_given_p()) return rb_yield(keystr);
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-
-    /* need to save value before sdbm_delete() */
-    valstr = rb_external_str_new(value.dptr, value.dsize);
-
-    if (sdbm_delete(dbm, key)) {
-	dbmp->di_size = -1;
-	rb_raise(rb_eDBMError, "dbm_delete failed");
-    }
-    else if (dbmp->di_size >= 0) {
-	dbmp->di_size--;
-    }
-    return valstr;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.shift -> Array or nil
- *
- * Removes a key-value pair from the database and returns them as an
- * Array. If the database is empty, returns +nil+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_shift(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE keystr, valstr;
-
-    fdbm_modify(obj);
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm);
-    if (!key.dptr) return Qnil;
-    val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-    keystr = rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-    valstr = rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
-    sdbm_delete(dbm, key);
-    if (dbmp->di_size >= 0) {
-	dbmp->di_size--;
-    }
-
-    return rb_assoc_new(keystr, valstr);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.delete_if { |key, value| ... } -> self
- *   sdbm.reject!   { |key, value| ... } -> self
- *
- * Iterates over the key-value pairs in the database, deleting those for
- * which the block returns +true+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_delete_if(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE keystr, valstr;
-    VALUE ret, ary = rb_ary_new();
-    long i;
-    int status = 0, n;
-
-    fdbm_modify(obj);
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    n = dbmp->di_size;
-    dbmp->di_size = -1;
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	keystr = rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-	valstr = rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
-        ret = rb_protect(rb_yield, rb_assoc_new(rb_str_dup(keystr), valstr), &status);
-        if (status != 0) break;
-	if (RTEST(ret)) rb_ary_push(ary, keystr);
-	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
-	keystr = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-	ExportStringValue(keystr);
-	key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
-	key.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(keystr);
-	if (sdbm_delete(dbm, key)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eDBMError, "sdbm_delete failed");
-	}
-    }
-    if (status) rb_jump_tag(status);
-    if (n > 0) dbmp->di_size = n - RARRAY_LENINT(ary);
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.clear -> self
- *
- * Deletes all data from the database.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_clear(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    fdbm_modify(obj);
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    dbmp->di_size = -1;
-    while (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm), key.dptr) {
-	if (sdbm_delete(dbm, key)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eDBMError, "sdbm_delete failed");
-	}
-    }
-    dbmp->di_size = 0;
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.invert -> Hash
- *
- * Returns a Hash in which the key-value pairs have been inverted.
- *
- * Example:
- *
- *   require 'sdbm'
- *
- *   SDBM.open 'my_database' do |db|
- *     db.update('apple' => 'fruit', 'spinach' => 'vegetable')
- *
- *     db.invert  #=> {"fruit" => "apple", "vegetable" => "spinach"}
- *   end
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_invert(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE keystr, valstr;
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	keystr = rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-	valstr = rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, valstr, keystr);
-    }
-    return hash;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm[key] = value      -> value
- *   sdbm.store(key, value) -> value
- *
- * Stores a new +value+ in the database with the given +key+ as an index.
- *
- * If the +key+ already exists, this will update the +value+ associated with
- * the +key+.
- *
- * Returns the given +value+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_store(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr, VALUE valstr)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    if (valstr == Qnil) {
-	fsdbm_delete(obj, keystr);
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-
-    fdbm_modify(obj);
-    ExportStringValue(keystr);
-    ExportStringValue(valstr);
-
-    key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
-    key.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(keystr);
-
-    val.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(valstr);
-    val.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(valstr);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    dbmp->di_size = -1;
-    if (sdbm_store(dbm, key, val, DBM_REPLACE)) {
-#ifdef HAVE_DBM_CLAERERR
-	sdbm_clearerr(dbm);
-#endif
-	if (errno == EPERM) rb_sys_fail(0);
-	rb_raise(rb_eDBMError, "sdbm_store failed");
-    }
-
-    return valstr;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-update_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(pair, dbm))
-{
-    const VALUE *ptr;
-    Check_Type(pair, T_ARRAY);
-    if (RARRAY_LEN(pair) < 2) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "pair must be [key, value]");
-    }
-    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(pair);
-    fsdbm_store(dbm, ptr[0], ptr[1]);
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.update(pairs) -> self
- *
- * Insert or update key-value pairs.
- *
- * This method will work with any object which implements an each_pair
- * method, such as a Hash.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_update(VALUE obj, VALUE other)
-{
-    rb_block_call(other, rb_intern("each_pair"), 0, 0, update_i, obj);
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.replace(pairs) -> self
- *
- * Empties the database, then inserts the given key-value pairs.
- *
- * This method will work with any object which implements an each_pair
- * method, such as a Hash.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_replace(VALUE obj, VALUE other)
-{
-    fsdbm_clear(obj);
-    rb_block_call(other, rb_intern("each_pair"), 0, 0, update_i, obj);
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.length -> integer
- *   sdbm.size -> integer
- *
- * Returns the number of keys in the database.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_length(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    int i = 0;
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    if (dbmp->di_size > 0) return INT2FIX(dbmp->di_size);
-
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	i++;
-    }
-    dbmp->di_size = i;
-
-    return INT2FIX(i);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.empty? -> true or false
- *
- * Returns +true+ if the database is empty.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_empty_p(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    GetDBM(obj, dbmp);
-    if (dbmp->di_size < 0) {
-	dbm = dbmp->di_dbm;
-
-	for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	    return Qfalse;
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	if (dbmp->di_size)
-	    return Qfalse;
-    }
-    return Qtrue;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.each_value
- *   sdbm.each_value { |value| ... }
- *
- * Iterates over each +value+ in the database.
- *
- * If no block is given, returns an Enumerator.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_each_value(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_yield(rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
-	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    }
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.each_key
- *   sdbm.each_key { |key| ... }
- *
- * Iterates over each +key+ in the database.
- *
- * If no block is given, returns an Enumerator.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_each_key(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	rb_yield(rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize));
-	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    }
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.each
- *   sdbm.each { |key, value| ... }
- *   sdbm.each_pair
- *   sdbm.each_pair { |key, value| ... }
- *
- * Iterates over each key-value pair in the database.
- *
- * If no block is given, returns an Enumerator.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_each_pair(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    VALUE keystr, valstr;
-
-    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	keystr = rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize);
-	valstr = rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize);
-	rb_yield(rb_assoc_new(keystr, valstr));
-	GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    }
-
-    return obj;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.keys -> Array
- *
- * Returns a new Array containing the keys in the database.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_keys(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE ary;
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize));
-    }
-
-    return ary;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.values -> Array
- *
- * Returns a new Array containing the values in the database.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_values(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE ary;
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
-    }
-
-    return ary;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.include?(key) -> true or false
- *   sdbm.key?(key) -> true or false
- *   sdbm.member?(key) -> true or false
- *   sdbm.has_key?(key) -> true or false
- *
- * Returns +true+ if the database contains the given +key+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_has_key(VALUE obj, VALUE keystr)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    ExportStringValue(keystr);
-    key.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(keystr);
-    key.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(keystr);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-    if (val.dptr) return Qtrue;
-    return Qfalse;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.value?(key) -> true or false
- *   sdbm.has_value?(key) -> true or false
- *
- * Returns +true+ if the database contains the given +value+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_has_value(VALUE obj, VALUE valstr)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-
-    ExportStringValue(valstr);
-    val.dptr = RSTRING_PTR(valstr);
-    val.dsize = RSTRING_LENINT(valstr);
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	if (val.dsize == RSTRING_LENINT(valstr) &&
-	    memcmp(val.dptr, RSTRING_PTR(valstr), val.dsize) == 0)
-	    return Qtrue;
-    }
-    return Qfalse;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.to_a -> Array
- *
- * Returns a new Array containing each key-value pair in the database.
- *
- * Example:
- *
- *   require 'sdbm'
- *
- *   SDBM.open 'my_database' do |db|
- *     db.update('apple' => 'fruit', 'spinach' => 'vegetable')
- *
- *     db.to_a  #=> [["apple", "fruit"], ["spinach", "vegetable"]]
- *   end
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_to_a(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE ary;
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    ary = rb_ary_new();
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_assoc_new(rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
-				      rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize)));
-    }
-
-    return ary;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.to_hash -> Hash
- *
- * Returns a new Hash containing each key-value pair in the database.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_to_hash(VALUE obj)
-{
-    datum key, val;
-    struct dbmdata *dbmp;
-    DBM *dbm;
-    VALUE hash;
-
-    GetDBM2(obj, dbmp, dbm);
-    hash = rb_hash_new();
-    for (key = sdbm_firstkey(dbm); key.dptr; key = sdbm_nextkey(dbm)) {
-	val = sdbm_fetch(dbm, key);
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, rb_external_str_new(key.dptr, key.dsize),
-		           rb_external_str_new(val.dptr, val.dsize));
-    }
-
-    return hash;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   sdbm.reject { |key, value| ... } -> Hash
- *
- * Creates a new Hash using the key-value pairs from the database, then
- * calls Hash#reject with the given block, which returns a Hash with
- * only the key-value pairs for which the block returns +false+.
- */
-static VALUE
-fsdbm_reject(VALUE obj)
-{
-    return rb_hash_delete_if(fsdbm_to_hash(obj));
-}
-
-void
-Init_sdbm(void)
-{
-    rb_cDBM = rb_define_class("SDBM", rb_cObject);
-    rb_eDBMError = rb_define_class("SDBMError", rb_eStandardError);
-    /* Document-class: SDBMError
-     * Exception class used to return errors from the sdbm library.
-     */
-    rb_include_module(rb_cDBM, rb_mEnumerable);
-
-    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cDBM, fsdbm_alloc);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDBM, "open", fsdbm_s_open, -1);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "initialize", fsdbm_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "close", fsdbm_close, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "closed?", fsdbm_closed, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "[]", fsdbm_aref, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "fetch", fsdbm_fetch_m, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "[]=", fsdbm_store, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "store", fsdbm_store, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "index",  fsdbm_index, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "key",  fsdbm_key, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "select",  fsdbm_select, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "values_at",  fsdbm_values_at, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "length", fsdbm_length, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "size", fsdbm_length, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "empty?", fsdbm_empty_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "each", fsdbm_each_pair, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "each_value", fsdbm_each_value, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "each_key", fsdbm_each_key, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "each_pair", fsdbm_each_pair, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "keys", fsdbm_keys, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "values", fsdbm_values, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "shift", fsdbm_shift, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "delete", fsdbm_delete, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "delete_if", fsdbm_delete_if, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "reject!", fsdbm_delete_if, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "reject", fsdbm_reject, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "clear", fsdbm_clear, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM,"invert", fsdbm_invert, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM,"update", fsdbm_update, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM,"replace", fsdbm_replace, 1);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "has_key?", fsdbm_has_key, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "include?", fsdbm_has_key, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "key?", fsdbm_has_key, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "member?", fsdbm_has_key, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "has_value?", fsdbm_has_value, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "value?", fsdbm_has_value, 1);
-
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "to_a", fsdbm_to_a, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cDBM, "to_hash", fsdbm_to_hash, 0);
-}
diff --git a/ext/sdbm/sdbm.h b/ext/sdbm/sdbm.h
deleted file mode 100644
index c3b53c4a8f..0000000000
--- a/ext/sdbm/sdbm.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * sdbm - ndbm work-alike hashed database library
- * based on Per-Ake Larson's Dynamic Hashing algorithms. BIT 18 (1978).
- * author: oz@nexus.yorku.ca
- * status: public domain.
- */
-#ifndef	_SDBM_H_
-#define	_SDBM_H_
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#define DBLKSIZ 4096
-#define PBLKSIZ 1024
-#define PAIRMAX 1008			/* arbitrary on PBLKSIZ-N */
-#define SPLTMAX	10			/* maximum allowed splits */
-					/* for a single insertion */
-#define DIRFEXT	".dir"
-#define PAGFEXT	".pag"
-
-typedef struct {
-	int dirf;		       /* directory file descriptor */
-	int pagf;		       /* page file descriptor */
-	int flags;		       /* status/error flags, see below */
-	int keyptr;		       /* current key for nextkey */
-	off_t maxbno;		       /* size of dirfile in bits */
-	long curbit;		       /* current bit number */
-	long hmask;		       /* current hash mask */
-	long blkptr;		       /* current block for nextkey */
-	long blkno;		       /* current page to read/write */
-	long pagbno;		       /* current page in pagbuf */
-	char pagbuf[PBLKSIZ];	       /* page file block buffer */
-	long dirbno;		       /* current block in dirbuf */
-	char dirbuf[DBLKSIZ];	       /* directory file block buffer */
-} DBM;
-
-#define DBM_RDONLY	0x1	       /* data base open read-only */
-#define DBM_IOERR	0x2	       /* data base I/O error */
-
-/*
- * utility macros
- */
-#define sdbm_rdonly(db)		((db)->flags & DBM_RDONLY)
-#define sdbm_error(db)		((db)->flags & DBM_IOERR)
-
-#define sdbm_clearerr(db)	((db)->flags &= ~DBM_IOERR)  /* ouch */
-
-#define sdbm_dirfno(db)	((db)->dirf)
-#define sdbm_pagfno(db)	((db)->pagf)
-
-typedef struct {
-	char *dptr;
-	int dsize;
-} datum;
-
-extern datum nullitem;
-
-#if defined(__STDC__)
-#define proto(p) p
-#else
-#define proto(p) ()
-#endif
-
-/*
- * flags to sdbm_store
- */
-#define DBM_INSERT	0
-#define DBM_REPLACE	1
-
-/*
- * ndbm interface
- */
-extern DBM *sdbm_open proto((char *, int, int));
-extern void sdbm_close proto((DBM *));
-extern datum sdbm_fetch proto((DBM *, datum));
-extern int sdbm_delete proto((DBM *, datum));
-extern int sdbm_store proto((DBM *, datum, datum, int));
-extern datum sdbm_firstkey proto((DBM *));
-extern datum sdbm_nextkey proto((DBM *));
-
-/*
- * other
- */
-extern DBM *sdbm_prep proto((char *, char *, int, int));
-extern long sdbm_hash proto((char *, int));
-
-#endif	/* _SDBM_H_ */
diff --git a/ext/socket/ancdata.c b/ext/socket/ancdata.c
index f5451c9569..546a971760 100644
--- a/ext/socket/ancdata.c
+++ b/ext/socket/ancdata.c
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include <time.h>
 
-int rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state = -1; /* <0: unknown, 0: ignored, >0: working */
 static VALUE sym_wait_readable, sym_wait_writable;
 
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL)
@@ -89,9 +88,9 @@ ancillary_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE vfamily, VALUE vlevel, VALUE vtype, VALUE
 static VALUE
 ancdata_new(int family, int level, int type, VALUE data)
 {
-    NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RObject, rb_cAncillaryData, T_OBJECT);
+    VALUE obj = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cAncillaryData);
     StringValue(data);
-    ancillary_initialize((VALUE)obj, INT2NUM(family), INT2NUM(level), INT2NUM(type), data);
+    ancillary_initialize(obj, INT2NUM(family), INT2NUM(level), INT2NUM(type), data);
     return (VALUE)obj;
 }
 
@@ -1137,6 +1136,7 @@ bsock_sendmsg_internal(VALUE sock, VALUE data, VALUE vflags,
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct msghdr mh;
     struct iovec iov;
+    VALUE tmp;
     int controls_num;
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL)
     VALUE controls_str = 0;
@@ -1151,6 +1151,7 @@ bsock_sendmsg_internal(VALUE sock, VALUE data, VALUE vflags,
 #endif
 
     StringValue(data);
+    tmp = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(data);
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(controls, T_ARRAY)) {
 	controls = rb_ary_new();
@@ -1261,8 +1262,8 @@ bsock_sendmsg_internal(VALUE sock, VALUE data, VALUE vflags,
     }
     mh.msg_iovlen = 1;
     mh.msg_iov = &iov;
-    iov.iov_base = RSTRING_PTR(data);
-    iov.iov_len = RSTRING_LEN(data);
+    iov.iov_base = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    iov.iov_len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL)
     if (controls_str) {
         mh.msg_control = RSTRING_PTR(controls_str);
@@ -1295,6 +1296,7 @@ bsock_sendmsg_internal(VALUE sock, VALUE data, VALUE vflags,
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_MSGHDR_MSG_CONTROL)
     RB_GC_GUARD(controls_str);
 #endif
+    rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(data, tmp);
 
     return SSIZET2NUM(ss);
 }
@@ -1426,10 +1428,7 @@ make_io_for_unix_rights(VALUE ctl, struct cmsghdr *cmh, char *msg_end)
             if (fstat(fd, &stbuf) == -1)
                 rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "invalid fd in SCM_RIGHTS");
             rb_update_max_fd(fd);
-            if (rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state < 0)
-                rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state = rsock_detect_cloexec(fd);
-            if (rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state == 0 || fd <= 2)
-                rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(fd);
+            rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(fd);
             if (S_ISSOCK(stbuf.st_mode))
                 io = rsock_init_sock(rb_obj_alloc(rb_cSocket), fd);
             else
@@ -1628,10 +1627,9 @@ bsock_recvmsg_internal(VALUE sock,
     }
 
     if (NIL_P(dat_str))
-        dat_str = rb_tainted_str_new(datbuf, ss);
+        dat_str = rb_str_new(datbuf, ss);
     else {
         rb_str_resize(dat_str, ss);
-        OBJ_TAINT(dat_str);
 	rb_obj_reveal(dat_str, rb_cString);
     }
 
@@ -1657,7 +1655,7 @@ bsock_recvmsg_internal(VALUE sock,
             }
             ctl_end = (char*)cmh + cmh->cmsg_len;
 	    clen = (ctl_end <= msg_end ? ctl_end : msg_end) - (char*)CMSG_DATA(cmh);
-            ctl = ancdata_new(family, cmh->cmsg_level, cmh->cmsg_type, rb_tainted_str_new((char*)CMSG_DATA(cmh), clen));
+            ctl = ancdata_new(family, cmh->cmsg_level, cmh->cmsg_type, rb_str_new((char*)CMSG_DATA(cmh), clen));
             if (request_scm_rights)
                 make_io_for_unix_rights(ctl, cmh, msg_end);
             else
diff --git a/ext/socket/basicsocket.c b/ext/socket/basicsocket.c
index 264b882500..fb5beed81a 100644
--- a/ext/socket/basicsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/basicsocket.c
@@ -314,6 +314,18 @@ bsock_getsockopt(VALUE sock, VALUE lev, VALUE optname)
     level = rsock_level_arg(family, lev);
     option = rsock_optname_arg(family, level, optname);
     len = 256;
+#ifdef _AIX
+    switch (option) {
+      case SO_DEBUG:
+      case SO_REUSEADDR:
+      case SO_KEEPALIVE:
+      case SO_DONTROUTE:
+      case SO_BROADCAST:
+      case SO_OOBINLINE:
+        /* AIX doesn't set len for boolean options */
+        len = sizeof(int);
+    }
+#endif
     buf = ALLOCA_N(char,len);
 
     rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
@@ -530,8 +542,9 @@ rsock_bsock_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     struct rsock_send_arg arg;
     VALUE flags, to;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    int n;
+    ssize_t n;
     rb_blocking_function_t *func;
+    const char *funcname;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &arg.mesg, &flags, &to);
 
@@ -542,21 +555,23 @@ rsock_bsock_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
 	arg.to = (struct sockaddr *)RSTRING_PTR(to);
 	arg.tolen = RSTRING_SOCKLEN(to);
 	func = rsock_sendto_blocking;
+	funcname = "sendto(2)";
     }
     else {
 	func = rsock_send_blocking;
+	funcname = "send(2)";
     }
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
     arg.fd = fptr->fd;
     arg.flags = NUM2INT(flags);
     while (rsock_maybe_fd_writable(arg.fd),
-	   (n = (int)BLOCKING_REGION_FD(func, &arg)) < 0) {
+	   (n = (ssize_t)BLOCKING_REGION_FD(func, &arg)) < 0) {
 	if (rb_io_wait_writable(arg.fd)) {
 	    continue;
 	}
-	rb_sys_fail("send(2)");
+	rb_sys_fail(funcname);
     }
-    return INT2FIX(n);
+    return SSIZET2NUM(n);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -657,7 +672,7 @@ bsock_recv_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE len, VALUE flg, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
  *   BasicSocket.do_not_reverse_lookup  #=> false
  */
 static VALUE
-bsock_do_not_rev_lookup(void)
+bsock_do_not_rev_lookup(VALUE _)
 {
     return rsock_do_not_reverse_lookup?Qtrue:Qfalse;
 }
@@ -722,6 +737,13 @@ rsock_init_basicsocket(void)
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicSocket,
 			     "__recv_nonblock", bsock_recv_nonblock, 4);
 
+#if MSG_DONTWAIT_RELIABLE
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicSocket,
+			     "__read_nonblock", rsock_read_nonblock, 3);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicSocket,
+			     "__write_nonblock", rsock_write_nonblock, 2);
+#endif
+
     /* in ancdata.c */
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicSocket, "__sendmsg",
 			     rsock_bsock_sendmsg, 4);
diff --git a/ext/socket/constants.c b/ext/socket/constants.c
index 6fc862777e..1bbb53b173 100644
--- a/ext/socket/constants.c
+++ b/ext/socket/constants.c
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ constant_arg(VALUE arg, int (*str_to_int)(const char*, long, int*), const char *
     else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_check_string_type(arg))) {
 	arg = tmp;
       str:
-	rb_check_safe_obj(arg);
         ptr = RSTRING_PTR(arg);
         if (str_to_int(ptr, RSTRING_LEN(arg), &ret) == -1)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "%s: %s", errmsg, ptr);
diff --git a/ext/socket/depend b/ext/socket/depend
index 4b93dbeb1f..14cf6ab4f6 100644
--- a/ext/socket/depend
+++ b/ext/socket/depend
@@ -3,67 +3,555 @@ srcs: constdefs.h constdefs.c
 getnameinfo.o: getnameinfo.c $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h addrinfo.h sockport.h rubysocket.h
 getaddrinfo.o: getaddrinfo.c $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h addrinfo.h sockport.h
 
-constdefs.h constdefs.c : $(srcdir)/mkconstants.rb
+constdefs.h: $(srcdir)/mkconstants.rb
 	@echo "generating constant definitions"
 	@$(RUBY) $(srcdir)/mkconstants.rb -H constdefs.h -o constdefs.c
 
+constdefs.c: constdefs.h
+
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 ancdata.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ancdata.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
 ancdata.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/util.h
-ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 ancdata.o: ancdata.c
 ancdata.o: constdefs.h
 ancdata.o: rubysocket.h
 ancdata.o: sockport.h
 basicsocket.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 basicsocket.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
 basicsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/util.h
-basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 basicsocket.o: basicsocket.c
 basicsocket.o: constdefs.h
 basicsocket.o: rubysocket.h
 basicsocket.o: sockport.h
 constants.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 constants.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
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+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
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+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
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+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
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+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
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+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
 constants.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/util.h
-constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 constants.o: constants.c
 constants.o: constdefs.c
 constants.o: constdefs.h
@@ -71,240 +559,2184 @@ constants.o: rubysocket.h
 constants.o: sockport.h
 ifaddr.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 ifaddr.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
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+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
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+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
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+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
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+ifaddr.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
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 ifaddr.o: sockport.h
 init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
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+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
 unixsocket.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/util.h
-unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/io.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 unixsocket.o: constdefs.h
 unixsocket.o: rubysocket.h
 unixsocket.o: sockport.h
diff --git a/ext/socket/extconf.rb b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
index fd70be45da..c86cc8f8c0 100644
--- a/ext/socket/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
@@ -433,6 +433,7 @@ end
 case RUBY_PLATFORM
 when /mswin(32|64)|mingw/
   test_func = "WSACleanup"
+  have_library("iphlpapi")
   have_library("ws2_32", "WSACleanup", headers)
 when /cygwin/
   test_func = "socket(0,0,0)"
@@ -476,6 +477,7 @@ EOF
     have_func('inet_aton("", (struct in_addr *)0)', headers)
   have_func('getservbyport(0, "")', headers)
   have_func("getifaddrs((struct ifaddrs **)NULL)", headers)
+  have_struct_member("struct if_data", "ifi_vhid", headers) # FreeBSD
 
   have_func("getpeereid", headers)
 
@@ -566,6 +568,7 @@ EOS
     getaddr_info_ok = (:wide if getaddr_info_ok.nil?)
     if have_func("getnameinfo", headers) and have_func("getaddrinfo", headers)
       if CROSS_COMPILING ||
+         $mingw || $mswin ||
          checking_for("system getaddrinfo working") {
            try_run(cpp_include(headers) + GETADDRINFO_GETNAMEINFO_TEST)
          }
@@ -643,7 +646,7 @@ EOS
   if enable_config("socks", ENV["SOCKS_SERVER"])
     if have_library("socks5", "SOCKSinit")
       $defs << "-DSOCKS5" << "-DSOCKS"
-    elsif have_library("socks", "Rconnect")
+    elsif have_library("socksd", "Rconnect") || have_library("socks", "Rconnect")
       $defs << "-DSOCKS"
     end
   end
@@ -653,7 +656,7 @@ EOS
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 int t(struct in6_addr *addr) {return IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(addr);}
 SRC
-    print "fixing apple's netinet6/in6.rb ..."; $stdout.flush
+    print "fixing apple's netinet6/in6.h ..."; $stdout.flush
     in6 = File.read("/usr/include/#{hdr}")
     if in6.gsub!(/\*\(const\s+__uint32_t\s+\*\)\(const\s+void\s+\*\)\(&(\(\w+\))->s6_addr\[(\d+)\]\)/) do
         i, r = $2.to_i.divmod(4)
diff --git a/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c b/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
index b01f1cb82e..ce6dc40478 100644
--- a/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/getaddrinfo.c
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ static int get_addr __P((const char *, int, struct addrinfo **,
 			struct addrinfo *, int));
 static int str_isnumber __P((const char *));
 
+#ifndef HAVE_GAI_STRERROR
 static const char *const ai_errlist[] = {
 	"success.",
 	"address family for hostname not supported.",	/* EAI_ADDRFAMILY */
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ static const char *const ai_errlist[] = {
 	"resolved protocol is unknown.",		/* EAI_PROTOCOL   */
 	"unknown error.", 				/* EAI_MAX        */
 };
+#endif
 
 #define GET_CANONNAME(ai, str) \
 if (pai->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME) {\
diff --git a/ext/socket/ifaddr.c b/ext/socket/ifaddr.c
index a954163369..1da259bd6f 100644
--- a/ext/socket/ifaddr.c
+++ b/ext/socket/ifaddr.c
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ typedef struct rb_ifaddr_root_tag rb_ifaddr_root_t;
 struct rb_ifaddr_tag {
     int ord;
     struct ifaddrs *ifaddr;
-    rb_ifaddr_root_t *root;
 };
 
 struct rb_ifaddr_root_tag {
@@ -55,11 +54,12 @@ ifaddr_free(void *ptr)
 static size_t
 ifaddr_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
+    size_t size = offsetof(rb_ifaddr_root_t, ary);
     const rb_ifaddr_t *ifaddr;
-    const rb_ifaddr_root_t *root;
     ifaddr = ptr;
-    root = get_root(ifaddr);
-    return sizeof(rb_ifaddr_root_t) + (root->numifaddrs - 1) * sizeof(rb_ifaddr_t);
+    if (ifaddr->ord == 0) size = sizeof(rb_ifaddr_root_t);
+    size += sizeof(struct ifaddrs);
+    return size;
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t ifaddr_type = {
@@ -84,6 +84,12 @@ get_ifaddr(VALUE self)
     return rifaddr;
 }
 
+static struct ifaddrs *
+get_ifaddrs(VALUE self)
+{
+    return get_ifaddr(self)->ifaddr;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 rsock_getifaddrs(void)
 {
@@ -106,7 +112,7 @@ rsock_getifaddrs(void)
         numifaddrs++;
 
     addr = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cSockIfaddr, &ifaddr_type, 0);
-    root = xmalloc(sizeof(rb_ifaddr_root_t) + (numifaddrs-1) * sizeof(rb_ifaddr_t));
+    root = xmalloc(offsetof(rb_ifaddr_root_t, ary) + numifaddrs * sizeof(rb_ifaddr_t));
     root->refcount = 0;
     root->numifaddrs = numifaddrs;
 
@@ -114,7 +120,6 @@ rsock_getifaddrs(void)
     for (i = 0; i < numifaddrs; i++) {
         root->ary[i].ord = i;
         root->ary[i].ifaddr = ifa;
-        root->ary[i].root = root;
         ifa = ifa->ifa_next;
     }
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(addr) = &root->ary[0];
@@ -141,8 +146,7 @@ rsock_getifaddrs(void)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_name(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     return rb_str_new_cstr(ifa->ifa_name);
 }
 
@@ -157,8 +161,7 @@ ifaddr_name(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_ifindex(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     unsigned int ifindex = if_nametoindex(ifa->ifa_name);
     if (ifindex == 0) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid interface name: %s", ifa->ifa_name);
@@ -179,8 +182,7 @@ ifaddr_ifindex(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_flags(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     return IFAFLAGS2NUM(ifa->ifa_flags);
 }
 
@@ -195,8 +197,7 @@ ifaddr_flags(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_addr(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     if (ifa->ifa_addr)
         return rsock_sockaddr_obj(ifa->ifa_addr, rsock_sockaddr_len(ifa->ifa_addr));
     return Qnil;
@@ -213,8 +214,7 @@ ifaddr_addr(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_netmask(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     if (ifa->ifa_netmask)
         return rsock_sockaddr_obj(ifa->ifa_netmask, rsock_sockaddr_len(ifa->ifa_netmask));
     return Qnil;
@@ -231,8 +231,7 @@ ifaddr_netmask(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_broadaddr(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     if ((ifa->ifa_flags & IFF_BROADCAST) && ifa->ifa_broadaddr)
         return rsock_sockaddr_obj(ifa->ifa_broadaddr, rsock_sockaddr_len(ifa->ifa_broadaddr));
     return Qnil;
@@ -249,13 +248,32 @@ ifaddr_broadaddr(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_dstaddr(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     if ((ifa->ifa_flags & IFF_POINTOPOINT) && ifa->ifa_dstaddr)
         return rsock_sockaddr_obj(ifa->ifa_dstaddr, rsock_sockaddr_len(ifa->ifa_dstaddr));
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_IF_DATA_IFI_VHID
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   ifaddr.vhid => Integer
+ *
+ * Returns the vhid address of _ifaddr_.
+ * nil is returned if there is no vhid.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+ifaddr_vhid(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
+    if (ifa->ifa_data)
+        return (INT2FIX(((struct if_data*)ifa->ifa_data)->ifi_vhid));
+    else
+        return Qnil;
+}
+#endif
+
 static void
 ifaddr_inspect_flags(ifa_flags_t flags, VALUE result)
 {
@@ -338,12 +356,9 @@ ifaddr_inspect_flags(ifa_flags_t flags, VALUE result)
 static VALUE
 ifaddr_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_ifaddr_t *rifaddr = get_ifaddr(self);
-    struct ifaddrs *ifa;
+    struct ifaddrs *ifa = get_ifaddrs(self);
     VALUE result;
 
-    ifa = rifaddr->ifaddr;
-
     result = rb_str_new_cstr("#<");
 
     rb_str_append(result, rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(self)));
@@ -444,7 +459,8 @@ rsock_init_sockifaddr(void)
      *
      * Socket::Ifaddr represents a result of getifaddrs() function.
      */
-    rb_cSockIfaddr = rb_define_class_under(rb_cSocket, "Ifaddr", rb_cData);
+    rb_cSockIfaddr = rb_define_class_under(rb_cSocket, "Ifaddr", rb_cObject);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cSockIfaddr);
     rb_define_method(rb_cSockIfaddr, "inspect", ifaddr_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cSockIfaddr, "name", ifaddr_name, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cSockIfaddr, "ifindex", ifaddr_ifindex, 0);
@@ -453,6 +469,9 @@ rsock_init_sockifaddr(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cSockIfaddr, "netmask", ifaddr_netmask, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cSockIfaddr, "broadaddr", ifaddr_broadaddr, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cSockIfaddr, "dstaddr", ifaddr_dstaddr, 0);
+#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_IF_DATA_IFI_VHID
+    rb_define_method(rb_cSockIfaddr, "vhid", ifaddr_vhid, 0);
+#endif
 #endif
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cSocket, "getifaddrs", socket_s_getifaddrs, 0);
diff --git a/ext/socket/init.c b/ext/socket/init.c
index 1ecd4fe352..af46b8edaa 100644
--- a/ext/socket/init.c
+++ b/ext/socket/init.c
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@
 
 #include "rubysocket.h"
 
+#ifdef _WIN32
+VALUE rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(const WCHAR *wstr, rb_encoding *enc);
+#endif
+
 VALUE rb_cBasicSocket;
 VALUE rb_cIPSocket;
 VALUE rb_cTCPSocket;
@@ -39,7 +43,15 @@ rsock_raise_socket_error(const char *reason, int error)
     if (error == EAI_SYSTEM && (e = errno) != 0)
 	rb_syserr_fail(e, reason);
 #endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    rb_encoding *enc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
+    VALUE msg = rb_sprintf("%s: ", reason);
+    if (!enc) enc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
+    rb_str_concat(msg, rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(gai_strerrorW(error), enc));
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(rb_eSocket, msg));
+#else
     rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "%s: %s", reason, gai_strerror(error));
+#endif
 }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -56,6 +68,12 @@ is_socket(int fd)
 }
 #endif
 
+#if defined __APPLE__
+# define do_write_retry(code) do {ret = code;} while (ret == -1 && errno == EPROTOTYPE)
+#else
+# define do_write_retry(code) ret = code
+#endif
+
 VALUE
 rsock_init_sock(VALUE sock, int fd)
 {
@@ -83,8 +101,10 @@ rsock_sendto_blocking(void *data)
 {
     struct rsock_send_arg *arg = data;
     VALUE mesg = arg->mesg;
-    return (VALUE)sendto(arg->fd, RSTRING_PTR(mesg), RSTRING_LEN(mesg),
-                         arg->flags, arg->to, arg->tolen);
+    ssize_t ret;
+    do_write_retry(sendto(arg->fd, RSTRING_PTR(mesg), RSTRING_LEN(mesg),
+			  arg->flags, arg->to, arg->tolen));
+    return (VALUE)ret;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -92,13 +112,16 @@ rsock_send_blocking(void *data)
 {
     struct rsock_send_arg *arg = data;
     VALUE mesg = arg->mesg;
-    return (VALUE)send(arg->fd, RSTRING_PTR(mesg), RSTRING_LEN(mesg),
-                       arg->flags);
+    ssize_t ret;
+    do_write_retry(send(arg->fd, RSTRING_PTR(mesg), RSTRING_LEN(mesg),
+			arg->flags));
+    return (VALUE)ret;
 }
 
 struct recvfrom_arg {
     int fd, flags;
     VALUE str;
+    size_t length;
     socklen_t alen;
     union_sockaddr buf;
 };
@@ -109,10 +132,11 @@ recvfrom_blocking(void *data)
     struct recvfrom_arg *arg = data;
     socklen_t len0 = arg->alen;
     ssize_t ret;
-    ret = recvfrom(arg->fd, RSTRING_PTR(arg->str), RSTRING_LEN(arg->str),
+    ret = recvfrom(arg->fd, RSTRING_PTR(arg->str), arg->length,
                    arg->flags, &arg->buf.addr, &arg->alen);
     if (ret != -1 && len0 < arg->alen)
         arg->alen = len0;
+
     return (VALUE)ret;
 }
 
@@ -121,7 +145,7 @@ rsock_strbuf(VALUE str, long buflen)
 {
     long len;
 
-    if (NIL_P(str)) return rb_tainted_str_new(0, buflen);
+    if (NIL_P(str)) return rb_str_new(0, buflen);
 
     StringValue(str);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
@@ -130,7 +154,6 @@ rsock_strbuf(VALUE str, long buflen)
     } else {
 	rb_str_modify_expand(str, buflen - len);
     }
-    rb_str_set_len(str, buflen);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -166,6 +189,7 @@ rsock_s_recvfrom(VALUE sock, int argc, VALUE *argv, enum sock_recv_type from)
     arg.fd = fptr->fd;
     arg.alen = (socklen_t)sizeof(arg.buf);
     arg.str = str;
+    arg.length = buflen;
 
     while (rb_io_check_closed(fptr),
 	   rsock_maybe_wait_fd(arg.fd),
@@ -176,10 +200,8 @@ rsock_s_recvfrom(VALUE sock, int argc, VALUE *argv, enum sock_recv_type from)
         }
     }
 
-    if (slen != RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
-	rb_str_set_len(str, slen);
-    }
-    rb_obj_taint(str);
+    /* Resize the string to the amount of data received */
+    rb_str_set_len(str, slen);
     switch (from) {
       case RECV_RECV:
 	return str;
@@ -260,7 +282,6 @@ rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE len, VALUE flg, VALUE str,
     if (slen != RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
 	rb_str_set_len(str, slen);
     }
-    rb_obj_taint(str);
     switch (from) {
       case RECV_RECV:
         return str;
@@ -280,78 +301,137 @@ rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE len, VALUE flg, VALUE str,
     return rb_assoc_new(str, addr);
 }
 
-/* returns true if SOCK_CLOEXEC is supported */
-int rsock_detect_cloexec(int fd)
+#if MSG_DONTWAIT_RELIABLE
+static VALUE sym_wait_writable;
+
+/* copied from io.c :< */
+static long
+read_buffered_data(char *ptr, long len, rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
-#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
-    int flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
+    int n = fptr->rbuf.len;
+
+    if (n <= 0) return 0;
+    if (n > len) n = (int)len;
+    MEMMOVE(ptr, fptr->rbuf.ptr+fptr->rbuf.off, char, n);
+    fptr->rbuf.off += n;
+    fptr->rbuf.len -= n;
+    return n;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+VALUE
+rsock_read_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE length, VALUE buf, VALUE ex)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    long n;
+    long len = NUM2LONG(length);
+    VALUE str = rsock_strbuf(buf, len);
+    char *ptr;
 
-    if (flags == -1)
-	rb_bug("rsock_detect_cloexec: fcntl(%d, F_GETFD) failed: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
+    GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
 
-    if (flags & FD_CLOEXEC)
-	return 1;
-#endif
-    return 0;
+    if (len == 0) {
+	rb_str_set_len(str, 0);
+	return str;
+    }
+
+    ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    n = read_buffered_data(ptr, len, fptr);
+    if (n <= 0) {
+	n = (long)recv(fptr->fd, ptr, len, MSG_DONTWAIT);
+	if (n < 0) {
+	    int e = errno;
+	    if ((e == EWOULDBLOCK || e == EAGAIN)) {
+		if (ex == Qfalse) return sym_wait_readable;
+		rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE,
+					 e, "read would block");
+	    }
+	    rb_syserr_fail_path(e, fptr->pathv);
+	}
+    }
+    if (n != RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
+	rb_str_modify(str);
+	rb_str_set_len(str, n);
+    }
+    if (n == 0) {
+	if (ex == Qfalse) return Qnil;
+	rb_eof_error();
+    }
+
+    return str;
 }
 
-#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
-static int
-rsock_socket0(int domain, int type, int proto)
+/* :nodoc: */
+VALUE
+rsock_write_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
 {
-    int ret;
-    static int cloexec_state = -1; /* <0: unknown, 0: ignored, >0: working */
-
-    if (cloexec_state > 0) { /* common path, if SOCK_CLOEXEC is defined */
-        ret = socket(domain, type|SOCK_CLOEXEC, proto);
-        if (ret >= 0) {
-            if (ret <= 2)
-                goto fix_cloexec;
-            goto update_max_fd;
-        }
-    }
-    else if (cloexec_state < 0) { /* usually runs once only for detection */
-        ret = socket(domain, type|SOCK_CLOEXEC, proto);
-        if (ret >= 0) {
-            cloexec_state = rsock_detect_cloexec(ret);
-            if (cloexec_state == 0 || ret <= 2)
-                goto fix_cloexec;
-            goto update_max_fd;
-        }
-        else if (ret == -1 && errno == EINVAL) {
-            /* SOCK_CLOEXEC is available since Linux 2.6.27.  Linux 2.6.18 fails with EINVAL */
-            ret = socket(domain, type, proto);
-            if (ret != -1) {
-                cloexec_state = 0;
-                /* fall through to fix_cloexec */
-            }
-        }
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    long n;
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING))
+	str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
+
+    sock = rb_io_get_write_io(sock);
+    GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
+    rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
+
+    /*
+     * As with IO#write_nonblock, we may block if somebody is relying on
+     * buffered I/O; but nobody actually hits this because pipes and sockets
+     * are not userspace-buffered in Ruby by default.
+     */
+    if (fptr->wbuf.len > 0) {
+	rb_io_flush(sock);
     }
-    else { /* cloexec_state == 0 */
-        ret = socket(domain, type, proto);
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+  again:
+#endif
+    n = (long)send(fptr->fd, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), MSG_DONTWAIT);
+    if (n < 0) {
+	int e = errno;
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+	if (e == EPROTOTYPE) {
+	    goto again;
+	}
+#endif
+	if (e == EWOULDBLOCK || e == EAGAIN) {
+	    if (ex == Qfalse) return sym_wait_writable;
+	    rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE, e,
+				    "write would block");
+	}
+	rb_syserr_fail_path(e, fptr->pathv);
     }
-    if (ret == -1)
-        return -1;
-fix_cloexec:
-    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(ret);
-update_max_fd:
-    rb_update_max_fd(ret);
 
-    return ret;
+    return LONG2FIX(n);
 }
-#else /* !SOCK_CLOEXEC */
+#endif /* MSG_DONTWAIT_RELIABLE */
+
 static int
 rsock_socket0(int domain, int type, int proto)
 {
-    int ret = socket(domain, type, proto);
+#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
+    type |= SOCK_CLOEXEC;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK
+    type |= SOCK_NONBLOCK;
+#endif
 
-    if (ret == -1)
+    int result = socket(domain, type, proto);
+
+    if (result == -1)
         return -1;
-    rb_fd_fix_cloexec(ret);
 
-    return ret;
+    rb_fd_fix_cloexec(result);
+
+#ifndef SOCK_NONBLOCK
+    rsock_make_fd_nonblock(result);
+#endif
+
+    return result;
 }
-#endif /* !SOCK_CLOEXEC */
 
 int
 rsock_socket(int domain, int type, int proto)
@@ -371,16 +451,35 @@ rsock_socket(int domain, int type, int proto)
 
 /* emulate blocking connect behavior on EINTR or non-blocking socket */
 static int
-wait_connectable(int fd)
+wait_connectable(int fd, struct timeval *timeout)
 {
     int sockerr, revents;
     socklen_t sockerrlen;
 
-    /* only to clear pending error */
     sockerrlen = (socklen_t)sizeof(sockerr);
     if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, (void *)&sockerr, &sockerrlen) < 0)
         return -1;
 
+    /* necessary for non-blocking sockets (at least ECONNREFUSED) */
+    switch (sockerr) {
+      case 0:
+        break;
+#ifdef EALREADY
+      case EALREADY:
+#endif
+#ifdef EISCONN
+      case EISCONN:
+#endif
+#ifdef ECONNREFUSED
+      case ECONNREFUSED:
+#endif
+#ifdef EHOSTUNREACH
+      case EHOSTUNREACH:
+#endif
+        errno = sockerr;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     /*
      * Stevens book says, successful finish turn on RB_WAITFD_OUT and
      * failure finish turn on both RB_WAITFD_IN and RB_WAITFD_OUT.
@@ -389,7 +488,7 @@ wait_connectable(int fd)
      *
      * Note: rb_wait_for_single_fd already retries on EINTR/ERESTART
      */
-    revents = rb_wait_for_single_fd(fd, RB_WAITFD_IN|RB_WAITFD_OUT, NULL);
+    revents = rb_wait_for_single_fd(fd, RB_WAITFD_IN|RB_WAITFD_OUT, timeout);
 
     if (revents < 0)
         return -1;
@@ -404,6 +503,12 @@ wait_connectable(int fd)
        * be defensive in case some platforms set SO_ERROR on the original,
        * interrupted connect()
        */
+
+	/* when the connection timed out, no errno is set and revents is 0. */
+	if (timeout && revents == 0) {
+	    errno = ETIMEDOUT;
+	    return -1;
+	}
       case EINTR:
 #ifdef ERESTART
       case ERESTART:
@@ -451,7 +556,7 @@ socks_connect_blocking(void *data)
 #endif
 
 int
-rsock_connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sockaddr, int len, int socks)
+rsock_connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sockaddr, int len, int socks, struct timeval *timeout)
 {
     int status;
     rb_blocking_function_t *func = connect_blocking;
@@ -475,15 +580,19 @@ rsock_connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sockaddr, int len, int socks)
 #ifdef EINPROGRESS
           case EINPROGRESS:
 #endif
-            return wait_connectable(fd);
+            return wait_connectable(fd, timeout);
         }
     }
     return status;
 }
 
-static void
-make_fd_nonblock(int fd)
+void
+rsock_make_fd_nonblock(int fd)
 {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    return;
+#endif
+
     int flags;
 #ifdef F_GETFL
     flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
@@ -500,53 +609,34 @@ make_fd_nonblock(int fd)
 }
 
 static int
-cloexec_accept(int socket, struct sockaddr *address, socklen_t *address_len,
-	       int nonblock)
+cloexec_accept(int socket, struct sockaddr *address, socklen_t *address_len)
 {
-    int ret;
     socklen_t len0 = 0;
-#ifdef HAVE_ACCEPT4
-    static int try_accept4 = 1;
-#endif
     if (address_len) len0 = *address_len;
+
 #ifdef HAVE_ACCEPT4
-    if (try_accept4) {
-        int flags = 0;
-#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
-        flags |= SOCK_CLOEXEC;
-#endif
+    int flags = SOCK_CLOEXEC;
+
 #ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK
-        if (nonblock) {
-            flags |= SOCK_NONBLOCK;
-        }
+    flags |= SOCK_NONBLOCK;
 #endif
-        ret = accept4(socket, address, address_len, flags);
-        /* accept4 is available since Linux 2.6.28, glibc 2.10. */
-        if (ret != -1) {
-            if (ret <= 2)
-                rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(ret);
+
+    int result = accept4(socket, address, address_len, flags);
+    if (result == -1) return -1;
+
 #ifndef SOCK_NONBLOCK
-            if (nonblock) {
-                make_fd_nonblock(ret);
-            }
+    rsock_make_fd_nonblock(result);
 #endif
-            if (address_len && len0 < *address_len) *address_len = len0;
-            return ret;
-        }
-        if (errno != ENOSYS) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        try_accept4 = 0;
-    }
+#else
+    int result = accept(socket, address, address_len);
+    if (result == -1) return -1;
+
+    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(result);
+    rsock_make_fd_nonblock(result);
 #endif
-    ret = accept(socket, address, address_len);
-    if (ret == -1) return -1;
+
     if (address_len && len0 < *address_len) *address_len = len0;
-    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(ret);
-    if (nonblock) {
-        make_fd_nonblock(ret);
-    }
-    return ret;
+    return result;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -556,7 +646,7 @@ rsock_s_accept_nonblock(VALUE klass, VALUE ex, rb_io_t *fptr,
     int fd2;
 
     rb_io_set_nonblock(fptr);
-    fd2 = cloexec_accept(fptr->fd, (struct sockaddr*)sockaddr, len, 1);
+    fd2 = cloexec_accept(fptr->fd, (struct sockaddr*)sockaddr, len);
     if (fd2 < 0) {
 	int e = errno;
 	switch (e) {
@@ -588,7 +678,7 @@ static VALUE
 accept_blocking(void *data)
 {
     struct accept_arg *arg = data;
-    return (VALUE)cloexec_accept(arg->fd, arg->sockaddr, arg->len, 0);
+    return (VALUE)cloexec_accept(arg->fd, arg->sockaddr, arg->len);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -680,4 +770,8 @@ rsock_init_socket_init(void)
 
 #undef rb_intern
     sym_wait_readable = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wait_readable"));
+
+#if MSG_DONTWAIT_RELIABLE
+    sym_wait_writable = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wait_writable"));
+#endif
 }
diff --git a/ext/socket/ipsocket.c b/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
index dbf403b39a..72fea789a5 100644
--- a/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/ipsocket.c
@@ -19,11 +19,14 @@ struct inetsock_arg
     } remote, local;
     int type;
     int fd;
+    VALUE resolv_timeout;
+    VALUE connect_timeout;
 };
 
 static VALUE
-inetsock_cleanup(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
+inetsock_cleanup(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct inetsock_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     if (arg->remote.res) {
 	rb_freeaddrinfo(arg->remote.res);
 	arg->remote.res = 0;
@@ -39,18 +42,29 @@ inetsock_cleanup(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
+init_inetsock_internal(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct inetsock_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     int error = 0;
     int type = arg->type;
     struct addrinfo *res, *lres;
     int fd, status = 0, local = 0;
     int family = AF_UNSPEC;
     const char *syscall = 0;
+    VALUE connect_timeout = arg->connect_timeout;
+    struct timeval tv_storage;
+    struct timeval *tv = NULL;
+
+    if (!NIL_P(connect_timeout)) {
+        tv_storage = rb_time_interval(connect_timeout);
+        tv = &tv_storage;
+    }
 
     arg->remote.res = rsock_addrinfo(arg->remote.host, arg->remote.serv,
 				     family, SOCK_STREAM,
 				     (type == INET_SERVER) ? AI_PASSIVE : 0);
+
+
     /*
      * Maybe also accept a local address
      */
@@ -99,6 +113,11 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (lres) {
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+                status = 1;
+                setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
+                           (char*)&status, (socklen_t)sizeof(status));
+#endif
 		status = bind(fd, lres->ai_addr, lres->ai_addrlen);
 		local = status;
 		syscall = "bind(2)";
@@ -106,7 +125,7 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 
 	    if (status >= 0) {
 		status = rsock_connect(fd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen,
-				       (type == INET_SOCKS));
+				       (type == INET_SOCKS), tv);
 		syscall = "connect(2)";
 	    }
 	}
@@ -150,7 +169,8 @@ init_inetsock_internal(struct inetsock_arg *arg)
 
 VALUE
 rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE sock, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv,
-	            VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type)
+	            VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type,
+		    VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout)
 {
     struct inetsock_arg arg;
     arg.sock = sock;
@@ -162,6 +182,8 @@ rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE sock, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv,
     arg.local.res = 0;
     arg.type = type;
     arg.fd = -1;
+    arg.resolv_timeout = resolv_timeout;
+    arg.connect_timeout = connect_timeout;
     return rb_ensure(init_inetsock_internal, (VALUE)&arg,
 		     inetsock_cleanup, (VALUE)&arg);
 }
@@ -191,6 +213,43 @@ rsock_revlookup_flag(VALUE revlookup, int *norevlookup)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
+ *   ipsocket.inspect   -> string
+ *
+ * Return a string describing this IPSocket object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ip_inspect(VALUE sock)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_call_super(0, 0);
+    rb_io_t *fptr = RFILE(sock)->fptr;
+    union_sockaddr addr;
+    socklen_t len = (socklen_t)sizeof addr;
+    ID id;
+    if (fptr && fptr->fd >= 0 &&
+	getsockname(fptr->fd, &addr.addr, &len) >= 0 &&
+	(id = rsock_intern_family(addr.addr.sa_family)) != 0) {
+	VALUE family = rb_id2str(id);
+	char hbuf[1024], pbuf[1024];
+	long slen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+	const char last = (slen > 1 && RSTRING_PTR(str)[slen - 1] == '>') ?
+	    (--slen, '>') : 0;
+	str = rb_str_subseq(str, 0, slen);
+	rb_str_cat_cstr(str, ", ");
+	rb_str_append(str, family);
+	if (!rb_getnameinfo(&addr.addr, len, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf),
+			    pbuf, sizeof(pbuf), NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV)) {
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, ", ");
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, hbuf);
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, ", ");
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, pbuf);
+	}
+	if (last) rb_str_cat(str, &last, 1);
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
  *   ipsocket.addr([reverse_lookup]) => [address_family, port, hostname, numeric_address]
  *
  * Returns the local address as an array which contains
@@ -332,6 +391,7 @@ rsock_init_ipsocket(void)
      * IPSocket is the super class of TCPSocket and UDPSocket.
      */
     rb_cIPSocket = rb_define_class("IPSocket", rb_cBasicSocket);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIPSocket, "inspect", ip_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIPSocket, "addr", ip_addr, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIPSocket, "peeraddr", ip_peeraddr, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIPSocket, "recvfrom", ip_recvfrom, -1);
diff --git a/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb b/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
index ad7d1e7aa0..d756a32a5a 100644
--- a/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Addrinfo
       sock
     end
   end
-  private :connect_internal
+  protected :connect_internal
 
   # :call-seq:
   #   addrinfo.connect_from([local_addr_args], [opts]) {|socket| ... }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class Addrinfo
   #
   def connect_to(*args, timeout: nil, &block)
     remote_addrinfo = family_addrinfo(*args)
-    remote_addrinfo.send(:connect_internal, self, timeout, &block)
+    remote_addrinfo.connect_internal(self, timeout, &block)
   end
 
   # creates a socket bound to self.
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ class Addrinfo
   #   #   #<Addrinfo: [::1]:80 TCP (:80)>
   #   #   #<Addrinfo: [::1]:80 UDP (:80)>
   #
-  def self.foreach(nodename, service, family=nil, socktype=nil, protocol=nil, flags=nil, &block)
-    Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(nodename, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags).each(&block)
+  def self.foreach(nodename, service, family=nil, socktype=nil, protocol=nil, flags=nil, timeout: nil, &block)
+    Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(nodename, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, timeout: timeout).each(&block)
   end
 end
 
@@ -336,6 +336,7 @@ class BasicSocket < IO
   # === Parameters
   # * +maxlen+ - the number of bytes to receive from the socket
   # * +flags+ - zero or more of the +MSG_+ options
+  # * +buf+ - destination String buffer
   # * +options+ - keyword hash, supporting `exception: false`
   #
   # === Example
@@ -442,6 +443,19 @@ class BasicSocket < IO
                        scm_rights: false, exception: true)
     __recvmsg_nonblock(dlen, flags, clen, scm_rights, exception)
   end
+
+  # Linux-specific optimizations to avoid fcntl for IO#read_nonblock
+  # and IO#write_nonblock using MSG_DONTWAIT
+  # Do other platforms support MSG_DONTWAIT reliably?
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /linux/ && Socket.const_defined?(:MSG_DONTWAIT)
+    def read_nonblock(len, str = nil, exception: true) # :nodoc:
+      __read_nonblock(len, str, exception)
+    end
+
+    def write_nonblock(buf, exception: true) # :nodoc:
+      __write_nonblock(buf, exception)
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class Socket < BasicSocket
@@ -592,6 +606,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
   # _opts_ may have following options:
   #
   # [:connect_timeout] specify the timeout in seconds.
+  # [:resolv_timeout] specify the name resolution timeout in seconds.
   #
   # If a block is given, the block is called with the socket.
   # The value of the block is returned.
@@ -605,7 +620,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
   #     puts sock.read
   #   }
   #
-  def self.tcp(host, port, local_host = nil, local_port = nil, connect_timeout: nil) # :yield: socket
+  def self.tcp(host, port, local_host = nil, local_port = nil, connect_timeout: nil, resolv_timeout: nil) # :yield: socket
     last_error = nil
     ret = nil
 
@@ -614,7 +629,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
       local_addr_list = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(local_host, local_port, nil, :STREAM, nil)
     end
 
-    Addrinfo.foreach(host, port, nil, :STREAM) {|ai|
+    Addrinfo.foreach(host, port, nil, :STREAM, timeout: resolv_timeout) {|ai|
       if local_addr_list
         local_addr = local_addr_list.find {|local_ai| local_ai.afamily == ai.afamily }
         next unless local_addr
@@ -897,6 +912,7 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
         ip_list << ai
       end
     }
+    ip_list.uniq!(&:to_sockaddr)
 
     if port == 0
       sockets = ip_sockets_port0(ip_list, false)
diff --git a/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb b/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb
index 0ebf628b46..620a5f60ff 100644
--- a/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,15 @@ def each_name(pat)
   }
 end
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_decls")
+erb_new = lambda do |src, safe, trim|
+  if ERB.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.assoc(:key) # Ruby 2.6+
+    ERB.new(src, trim_mode: trim)
+  else
+    ERB.new(src, safe, trim)
+  end
+end
+
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_decls")
 % each_const {|guard, name, default_value|
 #if !defined(<%=name%>)
 # if defined(HAVE_CONST_<%=name.upcase%>)
@@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_decls")
 % }
 EOS
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs_in_guard(name, default_value)")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs_in_guard(name, default_value)")
 #if defined(<%=name%>)
     /* <%= COMMENTS[name] %> */
     rb_define_const(rb_cSocket, <%=c_str name%>, INTEGER2NUM(<%=name%>));
@@ -96,7 +104,7 @@ ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs_in_guard(name, def
 #endif
 EOS
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_const_defs")
 % each_const {|guard, name, default_value|
 %   if guard
 #if <%=guard%>
@@ -146,7 +154,7 @@ def each_names_with_len(pat, prefix_optional=nil)
   }
 end
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_name_to_int_decl(funcname, pat, prefix_optional, guard=nil)")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_name_to_int_decl(funcname, pat, prefix_optional, guard=nil)")
 %if guard
 #ifdef <%=guard%>
 int <%=funcname%>(const char *str, long len, int *valp);
@@ -156,7 +164,7 @@ int <%=funcname%>(const char *str, long len, int *valp);
 %end
 EOS
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_name_to_int_func_in_guard(funcname, pat, prefix_optional, guard=nil)")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_name_to_int_func_in_guard(funcname, pat, prefix_optional, guard=nil)")
 int
 <%=funcname%>(const char *str, long len, int *valp)
 {
@@ -172,12 +180,13 @@ int
 
 %    }
       default:
+        if (!str || !valp) {/* wrong argument */}
         return -1;
     }
 }
 EOS
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_name_to_int_func(funcname, pat, prefix_optional, guard=nil)")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_name_to_int_func(funcname, pat, prefix_optional, guard=nil)")
 %if guard
 #ifdef <%=guard%>
 <%=gen_name_to_int_func_in_guard(funcname, pat, prefix_optional, guard)%>
@@ -206,7 +215,7 @@ def reverse_each_name_with_prefix_optional(pat, prefix_pat)
   end
 end
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_int_to_name_hash(hash_var, pat, prefix_pat)")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_int_to_name_hash(hash_var, pat, prefix_pat)")
     <%=hash_var%> = st_init_numtable();
 % reverse_each_name_with_prefix_optional(pat, prefix_pat) {|n,s|
 #ifdef <%=n%>
@@ -215,7 +224,7 @@ ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_int_to_name_hash(hash_var, pa
 % }
 EOS
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_int_to_name_func(func_name, hash_var)")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_int_to_name_func(func_name, hash_var)")
 ID
 <%=func_name%>(int val)
 {
@@ -226,7 +235,7 @@ ID
 }
 EOS
 
-ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_int_to_name_decl(func_name, hash_var)")
+erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').def_method(Object, "gen_int_to_name_decl(func_name, hash_var)")
 ID <%=func_name%>(int val);
 EOS
 
@@ -275,7 +284,7 @@ def_intern('rsock_intern_udp_optname',  /\AUDP_/, "UDP_")
 def_intern('rsock_intern_scm_optname',  /\ASCM_/, "SCM_")
 def_intern('rsock_intern_local_optname',  /\ALOCAL_/, "LOCAL_")
 
-result = ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
+result = erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
 /* autogenerated file */
 
 <%= INTERN_DEFS.map {|vardef, gen_hash, decl, func| vardef }.join("\n") %>
@@ -318,7 +327,7 @@ init_constants(void)
 
 EOS
 
-header_result = ERB.new(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
+header_result = erb_new.call(<<'EOS', nil, '%').result(binding)
 /* autogenerated file */
 <%= gen_const_decls %>
 <%= NAME_TO_INT_DEFS.map {|decl, func| decl }.join("\n") %>
diff --git a/ext/socket/option.c b/ext/socket/option.c
index bf3af171a2..4b33b3f1d3 100644
--- a/ext/socket/option.c
+++ b/ext/socket/option.c
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ sockopt_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE vfamily, VALUE vlevel, VALUE voptname, VALU
 VALUE
 rsock_sockopt_new(int family, int level, int optname, VALUE data)
 {
-    NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RObject, rb_cSockOpt, T_OBJECT);
+    VALUE obj = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cSockOpt);
     StringValue(data);
-    sockopt_initialize((VALUE)obj, INT2NUM(family), INT2NUM(level), INT2NUM(optname), data);
+    sockopt_initialize(obj, INT2NUM(family), INT2NUM(level), INT2NUM(optname), data);
     return (VALUE)obj;
 }
 
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ sockopt_ipv4_multicast_loop(VALUE self)
     }
 #endif
     rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "ipv4_multicast_loop socket option expected");
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 #define inspect_ipv4_multicast_loop(a,b,c,d) \
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ sockopt_ipv4_multicast_ttl(VALUE self)
     }
 #endif
     rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "ipv4_multicast_ttl socket option expected");
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 #define inspect_ipv4_multicast_ttl(a,b,c,d) \
diff --git a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
index 67bc9c2a97..d99edfe057 100644
--- a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
@@ -145,15 +145,6 @@ ruby_getaddrinfo__darwin(const char *nodename, const char *servname,
 #define getaddrinfo(node,serv,hints,res) ruby_getaddrinfo__darwin((node),(serv),(hints),(res))
 #endif
 
-#ifndef GETADDRINFO_EMU
-struct getaddrinfo_arg
-{
-    const char *node;
-    const char *service;
-    const struct addrinfo *hints;
-    struct addrinfo **res;
-};
-
 #ifdef HAVE_INET_PTON
 static int
 parse_numeric_port(const char *service, int *portp)
@@ -182,6 +173,15 @@ parse_numeric_port(const char *service, int *portp)
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifndef GETADDRINFO_EMU
+struct getaddrinfo_arg
+{
+    const char *node;
+    const char *service;
+    const struct addrinfo *hints;
+    struct addrinfo **res;
+};
+
 static void *
 nogvl_getaddrinfo(void *arg)
 {
@@ -417,22 +417,18 @@ str_is_number(const char *p)
     char *ep;
 
     if (!p || *p == '\0')
-       return 0;
+        return 0;
     ep = NULL;
     (void)STRTOUL(p, &ep, 10);
     if (ep && *ep == '\0')
-       return 1;
+        return 1;
     else
-       return 0;
+        return 0;
 }
 
 #define str_equal(ptr, len, name) \
     ((ptr)[0] == name[0] && \
      rb_strlen_lit(name) == (len) && memcmp(ptr, name, len) == 0)
-#define SafeStringValueCStr(v) do {\
-    StringValueCStr(v);\
-    rb_check_safe_obj(v);\
-} while(0)
 
 static char*
 host_str(VALUE host, char *hbuf, size_t hbuflen, int *flags_ptr)
@@ -451,7 +447,7 @@ host_str(VALUE host, char *hbuf, size_t hbuflen, int *flags_ptr)
         const char *name;
         size_t len;
 
-        SafeStringValueCStr(host);
+        StringValueCStr(host);
         RSTRING_GETMEM(host, name, len);
         if (!len || str_equal(name, len, "<any>")) {
             make_inetaddr(INADDR_ANY, hbuf, hbuflen);
@@ -490,7 +486,7 @@ port_str(VALUE port, char *pbuf, size_t pbuflen, int *flags_ptr)
         const char *serv;
         size_t len;
 
-        SafeStringValueCStr(port);
+        StringValueCStr(port);
         RSTRING_GETMEM(port, serv, len);
         if (len >= pbuflen) {
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "service name too long (%"PRIuSIZE")",
@@ -515,7 +511,7 @@ rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_h
     portp = port_str(port, pbuf, sizeof(pbuf), &additional_flags);
 
     if (socktype_hack && hints->ai_socktype == 0 && str_is_number(portp)) {
-       hints->ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;
+        hints->ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;
     }
     hints->ai_flags |= additional_flags;
 
@@ -597,16 +593,21 @@ rsock_ipaddr(struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t sockaddrlen, int norevlookup)
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
-VALUE
-rsock_unixpath_str(struct sockaddr_un *sockaddr, socklen_t len)
+static long
+unixsocket_len(const struct sockaddr_un *su, socklen_t socklen)
 {
-    char *s, *e;
-    s = sockaddr->sun_path;
-    e = (char *)sockaddr + len;
+    const char *s = su->sun_path, *e = (const char*)su + socklen;
     while (s < e && *(e-1) == '\0')
         e--;
-    if (s <= e)
-        return rb_str_new(s, e-s);
+    return e - s;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rsock_unixpath_str(struct sockaddr_un *sockaddr, socklen_t len)
+{
+    long n = unixsocket_len(sockaddr, len);
+    if (n >= 0)
+        return rb_str_new(sockaddr->sun_path, n);
     else
         return rb_str_new2("");
 }
@@ -649,8 +650,9 @@ struct hostent_arg {
 };
 
 static VALUE
-make_hostent_internal(struct hostent_arg *arg)
+make_hostent_internal(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct hostent_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     VALUE host = arg->host;
     struct addrinfo* addr = arg->addr->ai;
     VALUE (*ipaddr)(struct sockaddr*, socklen_t) = arg->ipaddr;
@@ -726,10 +728,8 @@ static void
 addrinfo_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     rb_addrinfo_t *rai = ptr;
-    if (rai) {
-        rb_gc_mark(rai->inspectname);
-        rb_gc_mark(rai->canonname);
-    }
+    rb_gc_mark(rai->inspectname);
+    rb_gc_mark(rai->canonname);
 }
 
 #define addrinfo_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ rsock_addrinfo_new(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len,
 static struct rb_addrinfo *
 call_getaddrinfo(VALUE node, VALUE service,
                  VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE protocol, VALUE flags,
-                 int socktype_hack)
+                 int socktype_hack, VALUE timeout)
 {
     struct addrinfo hints;
     struct rb_addrinfo *res;
@@ -830,6 +830,7 @@ call_getaddrinfo(VALUE node, VALUE service,
     if (!NIL_P(flags)) {
 	hints.ai_flags = NUM2INT(flags);
     }
+
     res = rsock_getaddrinfo(node, service, &hints, socktype_hack);
 
     if (res == NULL)
@@ -844,13 +845,13 @@ init_addrinfo_getaddrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE node, VALUE service,
                           VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE protocol, VALUE flags,
                           VALUE inspectnode, VALUE inspectservice)
 {
-    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 1);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 1, Qnil);
     VALUE canonname;
     VALUE inspectname = rb_str_equal(node, inspectnode) ? Qnil : make_inspectname(inspectnode, inspectservice, res->ai);
 
     canonname = Qnil;
     if (res->ai->ai_canonname) {
-        canonname = rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(res->ai->ai_canonname);
+        canonname = rb_str_new_cstr(res->ai->ai_canonname);
         OBJ_FREEZE(canonname);
     }
 
@@ -900,8 +901,6 @@ make_inspectname(VALUE node, VALUE service, struct addrinfo *res)
             rb_str_catf(inspectname, ":%d", FIX2INT(service));
     }
     if (!NIL_P(inspectname)) {
-        OBJ_INFECT(inspectname, node);
-        OBJ_INFECT(inspectname, service);
         OBJ_FREEZE(inspectname);
     }
     return inspectname;
@@ -914,13 +913,13 @@ addrinfo_firstonly_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype,
     VALUE canonname;
     VALUE inspectname;
 
-    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0, Qnil);
 
     inspectname = make_inspectname(node, service, res->ai);
 
     canonname = Qnil;
     if (res->ai->ai_canonname) {
-        canonname = rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(res->ai->ai_canonname);
+        canonname = rb_str_new_cstr(res->ai->ai_canonname);
         OBJ_FREEZE(canonname);
     }
 
@@ -934,13 +933,13 @@ addrinfo_firstonly_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype,
 }
 
 static VALUE
-addrinfo_list_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE protocol, VALUE flags)
+addrinfo_list_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE protocol, VALUE flags, VALUE timeout)
 {
     VALUE ret;
     struct addrinfo *r;
     VALUE inspectname;
 
-    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0);
+    struct rb_addrinfo *res = call_getaddrinfo(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, 0, timeout);
 
     inspectname = make_inspectname(node, service, res->ai);
 
@@ -950,7 +949,7 @@ addrinfo_list_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE
         VALUE canonname = Qnil;
 
         if (r->ai_canonname) {
-            canonname = rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(r->ai_canonname);
+            canonname = rb_str_new_cstr(r->ai_canonname);
             OBJ_FREEZE(canonname);
         }
 
@@ -987,6 +986,12 @@ init_unix_addrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE path, int socktype)
     init_addrinfo(rai, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len,
 		  PF_UNIX, socktype, 0, Qnil, Qnil);
 }
+
+static long
+rai_unixsocket_len(const rb_addrinfo_t *rai)
+{
+    return unixsocket_len(&rai->addr.un, rai->sockaddr_len);
+}
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -1116,16 +1121,16 @@ addrinfo_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 static int
-get_afamily(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len)
+get_afamily(const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len)
 {
-    if ((socklen_t)((char*)&addr->sa_family + sizeof(addr->sa_family) - (char*)addr) <= len)
+    if ((socklen_t)((const char*)&addr->sa_family + sizeof(addr->sa_family) - (char*)addr) <= len)
         return addr->sa_family;
     else
         return AF_UNSPEC;
 }
 
 static int
-ai_get_afamily(rb_addrinfo_t *rai)
+ai_get_afamily(const rb_addrinfo_t *rai)
 {
     return get_afamily(&rai->addr.addr, rai->sockaddr_len);
 }
@@ -1234,16 +1239,15 @@ rsock_inspect_sockaddr(struct sockaddr *sockaddr_arg, socklen_t socklen, VALUE r
           {
             struct sockaddr_un *addr = &sockaddr->un;
             char *p, *s, *e;
+            long len = unixsocket_len(addr, socklen);
             s = addr->sun_path;
-            e = (char*)addr + socklen;
-            while (s < e && *(e-1) == '\0')
-                e--;
-            if (e < s)
+            if (len < 0)
                 rb_str_cat2(ret, "too-short-AF_UNIX-sockaddr");
-            else if (s == e)
+            else if (len == 0)
                 rb_str_cat2(ret, "empty-path-AF_UNIX-sockaddr");
             else {
                 int printable_only = 1;
+                e = s + len;
                 p = s;
                 while (p < e) {
                     printable_only = printable_only && ISPRINT(*p) && !ISSPACE(*p);
@@ -1569,13 +1573,7 @@ addrinfo_mdump(VALUE self)
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
       case AF_UNIX:
       {
-        struct sockaddr_un *su = &rai->addr.un;
-        char *s, *e;
-        s = su->sun_path;
-        e = (char*)su + rai->sockaddr_len;
-        while (s < e && *(e-1) == '\0')
-            e--;
-        sockaddr = rb_str_new(s, e-s);
+        sockaddr = rb_str_new(rai->addr.un.sun_path, rai_unixsocket_len(rai));
         break;
       }
 #endif
@@ -1693,7 +1691,7 @@ addrinfo_mload(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 #endif
         res = call_getaddrinfo(rb_ary_entry(pair, 0), rb_ary_entry(pair, 1),
                                INT2NUM(pfamily), INT2NUM(socktype), INT2NUM(protocol),
-                               INT2NUM(flags), 1);
+                               INT2NUM(flags), 1, Qnil);
 
         len = res->ai->ai_addrlen;
         memcpy(&ss, res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen);
@@ -1790,7 +1788,6 @@ addrinfo_to_sockaddr(VALUE self)
     rb_addrinfo_t *rai = get_addrinfo(self);
     VALUE ret;
     ret = rb_str_new((char*)&rai->addr, rai->sockaddr_len);
-    OBJ_INFECT(ret, self);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1798,7 +1795,7 @@ addrinfo_to_sockaddr(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   addrinfo.canonname => string or nil
  *
- * returns the canonical name as an string.
+ * returns the canonical name as a string.
  *
  * nil is returned if no canonical name.
  *
@@ -2309,28 +2306,27 @@ addrinfo_unix_path(VALUE self)
     rb_addrinfo_t *rai = get_addrinfo(self);
     int family = ai_get_afamily(rai);
     struct sockaddr_un *addr;
-    char *s, *e;
+    long n;
 
     if (family != AF_UNIX)
 	rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "need AF_UNIX address");
 
     addr = &rai->addr.un;
 
-    s = addr->sun_path;
-    e = (char*)addr + rai->sockaddr_len;
-    if (e < s)
+    n = rai_unixsocket_len(rai);
+    if (n < 0)
         rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "too short AF_UNIX address: %"PRIuSIZE" bytes given for minimum %"PRIuSIZE" bytes.",
-            (size_t)rai->sockaddr_len, (size_t)(s - (char *)addr));
-    if (addr->sun_path + sizeof(addr->sun_path) < e)
+                 (size_t)rai->sockaddr_len, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path));
+    if ((long)sizeof(addr->sun_path) < n)
         rb_raise(rb_eSocket,
             "too long AF_UNIX path (%"PRIuSIZE" bytes given but %"PRIuSIZE" bytes max)",
-            (size_t)(e - addr->sun_path), sizeof(addr->sun_path));
-    while (s < e && *(e-1) == '\0')
-        e--;
-    return rb_str_new(s, e-s);
+            (size_t)n, sizeof(addr->sun_path));
+    return rb_str_new(addr->sun_path, n);
 }
 #endif
 
+static ID id_timeout;
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(nodename, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags) => [addrinfo, ...]
@@ -2377,10 +2373,16 @@ addrinfo_unix_path(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 addrinfo_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags;
+    VALUE node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, opts, timeout;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "24:", &node, &service, &family, &socktype,
+		 &protocol, &flags, &opts);
+    rb_get_kwargs(opts, &id_timeout, 0, 1, &timeout);
+    if (timeout == Qundef) {
+	timeout = Qnil;
+    }
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "24", &node, &service, &family, &socktype, &protocol, &flags);
-    return addrinfo_list_new(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags);
+    return addrinfo_list_new(node, service, family, socktype, protocol, flags, timeout);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2468,7 +2470,6 @@ addrinfo_s_unix(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     addr = addrinfo_s_allocate(rb_cAddrinfo);
     DATA_PTR(addr) = rai = alloc_addrinfo();
     init_unix_addrinfo(rai, path, socktype);
-    OBJ_INFECT(addr, path);
     return addr;
 }
 
@@ -2552,7 +2553,7 @@ rsock_io_socket_addrinfo(VALUE io, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len)
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "neither IO nor file descriptor");
     }
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2565,7 +2566,9 @@ rsock_init_addrinfo(void)
      * The Addrinfo class maps <tt>struct addrinfo</tt> to ruby.  This
      * structure identifies an Internet host and a service.
      */
-    rb_cAddrinfo = rb_define_class("Addrinfo", rb_cData);
+    id_timeout = rb_intern("timeout");
+
+    rb_cAddrinfo = rb_define_class("Addrinfo", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cAddrinfo, addrinfo_s_allocate);
     rb_define_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "initialize", addrinfo_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "inspect", addrinfo_inspect, 0);
diff --git a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
index 352da8c56e..f0e4f3a4a0 100644
--- a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
+++ b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
 #ifndef RUBY_SOCKET_H
 #define RUBY_SOCKET_H 1
 
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "ruby/thread.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+
+#if defined(__sun) || defined(_AIX)
+/* (Recent?)  Solaris' <nfs/nfs.h> have conflicting definition of T_DATA.  Let
+ * us honour system definition by undefining ours.
+ *
+ * See also [ruby-core:4261]
+ */
+# include "ruby/ruby.h"
+# undef T_DATA
+#endif
+
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
@@ -50,12 +60,11 @@
 #ifdef HAVE_NETPACKET_PACKET_H
 #  include <netpacket/packet.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_NET_ETHERNET_H
 #  include <net/ethernet.h>
 #endif
 
-#include <errno.h>
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
 #  include <sys/un.h>
 #endif
@@ -81,12 +90,15 @@
 #  endif
 #  include <ifaddrs.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
 #  include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_SOCKIO_H
 #  include <sys/sockio.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_NET_IF_H
 #  include <net/if.h>
 #endif
@@ -94,16 +106,40 @@
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
 #  include <sys/param.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_UCRED_H
 #  include <sys/ucred.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_UCRED_H
 #  include <ucred.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_NET_IF_DL_H
 #  include <net/if_dl.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifdef SOCKS5
+#  include <socks.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_GETADDRINFO
+#  include "addrinfo.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "sockport.h"
+
 #ifndef HAVE_TYPE_SOCKLEN_T
 typedef int socklen_t;
 #endif
@@ -137,11 +173,6 @@ unsigned int if_nametoindex(const char *);
  */
 #define pseudo_AF_FTIP pseudo_AF_RTIP
 
-#ifndef HAVE_GETADDRINFO
-#  include "addrinfo.h"
-#endif
-
-#include "sockport.h"
 
 #ifndef NI_MAXHOST
 #  define NI_MAXHOST 1025
@@ -223,7 +254,6 @@ typedef union {
 #define INET_SOCKS  2
 
 extern int rsock_do_not_reverse_lookup;
-extern int rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state;
 #define FMODE_NOREVLOOKUP 0x100
 
 /* common socket families only */
@@ -249,9 +279,7 @@ extern VALUE rb_eSocket;
 
 #ifdef SOCKS
 extern VALUE rb_cSOCKSSocket;
-#  ifdef SOCKS5
-#    include <socks.h>
-#  else
+#  ifndef SOCKS5
 void SOCKSinit();
 int Rconnect();
 #  endif
@@ -292,6 +320,7 @@ int rb_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, size_
 int rsock_fd_family(int fd);
 struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_addrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, int family, int socktype, int flags);
 struct rb_addrinfo *rsock_getaddrinfo(VALUE host, VALUE port, struct addrinfo *hints, int socktype_hack);
+
 VALUE rsock_fd_socket_addrinfo(int fd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
 VALUE rsock_io_socket_addrinfo(VALUE io, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
 
@@ -317,7 +346,7 @@ int rsock_socket(int domain, int type, int proto);
 int rsock_detect_cloexec(int fd);
 VALUE rsock_init_sock(VALUE sock, int fd);
 VALUE rsock_sock_s_socketpair(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
-VALUE rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE sock, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type);
+VALUE rsock_init_inetsock(VALUE sock, VALUE remote_host, VALUE remote_serv, VALUE local_host, VALUE local_serv, int type, VALUE resolv_timeout, VALUE connect_timeout);
 VALUE rsock_init_unixsock(VALUE sock, VALUE path, int server);
 
 struct rsock_send_arg {
@@ -342,7 +371,7 @@ VALUE rsock_s_recvfrom_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE len, VALUE flg, VALUE str,
 			        VALUE ex, enum sock_recv_type from);
 VALUE rsock_s_recvfrom(VALUE sock, int argc, VALUE *argv, enum sock_recv_type from);
 
-int rsock_connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sockaddr, int len, int socks);
+int rsock_connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *sockaddr, int len, int socks, struct timeval *timeout);
 
 VALUE rsock_s_accept(VALUE klass, int fd, struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t *len);
 VALUE rsock_s_accept_nonblock(VALUE klass, VALUE ex, rb_io_t *fptr,
@@ -408,7 +437,7 @@ NORETURN(void rsock_sys_fail_raddrinfo_or_sockaddr(const char *, VALUE addr, VAL
  * all cases.  For some syscalls (e.g. accept/accept4), blocking on the
  * syscall instead of relying on select/poll allows the kernel to use
  * "wake-one" behavior and avoid the thundering herd problem.
- * This is likely safe on all other *nix-like systems, so this whitelist
+ * This is likely safe on all other *nix-like systems, so this safe list
  * can be expanded by interested parties.
  */
 #if defined(__linux__)
@@ -430,6 +459,11 @@ static inline void rsock_maybe_wait_fd(int fd) { }
 #  define MSG_DONTWAIT_RELIABLE 0
 #endif
 
+VALUE rsock_read_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE length, VALUE buf, VALUE ex);
+VALUE rsock_write_nonblock(VALUE sock, VALUE buf, VALUE ex);
+
+void rsock_make_fd_nonblock(int fd);
+
 #if !defined HAVE_INET_NTOP && ! defined _WIN32
 const char *inet_ntop(int, const void *, char *, size_t);
 #elif defined __MINGW32__
diff --git a/ext/socket/socket.c b/ext/socket/socket.c
index 14e069bb8d..3d8c65032c 100644
--- a/ext/socket/socket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/socket.c
@@ -168,84 +168,47 @@ pair_yield(VALUE pair)
 #endif
 
 #if defined HAVE_SOCKETPAIR
-
-#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
 static int
-rsock_socketpair0(int domain, int type, int protocol, int sv[2])
+rsock_socketpair0(int domain, int type, int protocol, int descriptors[2])
 {
-    int ret;
-    static int cloexec_state = -1; /* <0: unknown, 0: ignored, >0: working */
+#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
+    type |= SOCK_CLOEXEC;
+#endif
 
-    if (cloexec_state > 0) { /* common path, if SOCK_CLOEXEC is defined */
-        ret = socketpair(domain, type|SOCK_CLOEXEC, protocol, sv);
-        if (ret == 0 && (sv[0] <= 2 || sv[1] <= 2)) {
-            goto fix_cloexec; /* highly unlikely */
-        }
-        goto update_max_fd;
-    }
-    else if (cloexec_state < 0) { /* usually runs once only for detection */
-        ret = socketpair(domain, type|SOCK_CLOEXEC, protocol, sv);
-        if (ret == 0) {
-            cloexec_state = rsock_detect_cloexec(sv[0]);
-            if ((cloexec_state == 0) || (sv[0] <= 2 || sv[1] <= 2))
-                goto fix_cloexec;
-            goto update_max_fd;
-        }
-        else if (ret == -1 && errno == EINVAL) {
-            /* SOCK_CLOEXEC is available since Linux 2.6.27.  Linux 2.6.18 fails with EINVAL */
-            ret = socketpair(domain, type, protocol, sv);
-            if (ret != -1) {
-                /* The reason of EINVAL may be other than SOCK_CLOEXEC.
-                 * So disable SOCK_CLOEXEC only if socketpair() succeeds without SOCK_CLOEXEC.
-                 * Ex. Socket.pair(:UNIX, 0xff) fails with EINVAL.
-                 */
-                cloexec_state = 0;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    else { /* cloexec_state == 0 */
-        ret = socketpair(domain, type, protocol, sv);
-    }
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        return -1;
-    }
+#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK
+    type |= SOCK_NONBLOCK;
+#endif
 
-fix_cloexec:
-    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(sv[0]);
-    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(sv[1]);
+    int result = socketpair(domain, type, protocol, descriptors);
 
-update_max_fd:
-    rb_update_max_fd(sv[0]);
-    rb_update_max_fd(sv[1]);
+    if (result == -1)
+        return -1;
 
-    return ret;
-}
-#else /* !SOCK_CLOEXEC */
-static int
-rsock_socketpair0(int domain, int type, int protocol, int sv[2])
-{
-    int ret = socketpair(domain, type, protocol, sv);
+#ifndef SOCK_CLOEXEC
+    rb_fd_fix_cloexec(descriptors[0]);
+    rb_fd_fix_cloexec(descriptors[1]);
+#endif
 
-    if (ret == -1)
-	return -1;
+#ifndef SOCK_NONBLOCK
+    rsock_make_fd_nonblock(descriptors[0]);
+    rsock_make_fd_nonblock(descriptors[1]);
+#endif
 
-    rb_fd_fix_cloexec(sv[0]);
-    rb_fd_fix_cloexec(sv[1]);
-    return ret;
+    return result;
 }
-#endif /* !SOCK_CLOEXEC */
 
 static int
-rsock_socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol, int sv[2])
+rsock_socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol, int descriptors[2])
 {
-    int ret;
+    int result;
+
+    result = rsock_socketpair0(domain, type, protocol, descriptors);
 
-    ret = rsock_socketpair0(domain, type, protocol, sv);
-    if (ret < 0 && rb_gc_for_fd(errno)) {
-        ret = rsock_socketpair0(domain, type, protocol, sv);
+    if (result < 0 && rb_gc_for_fd(errno)) {
+        result = rsock_socketpair0(domain, type, protocol, descriptors);
     }
 
-    return ret;
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -430,7 +393,7 @@ sock_connect(VALUE sock, VALUE addr)
     addr = rb_str_new4(addr);
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
     fd = fptr->fd;
-    n = rsock_connect(fd, (struct sockaddr*)RSTRING_PTR(addr), RSTRING_SOCKLEN(addr), 0);
+    n = rsock_connect(fd, (struct sockaddr*)RSTRING_PTR(addr), RSTRING_SOCKLEN(addr), 0, NULL);
     if (n < 0) {
 	rsock_sys_fail_raddrinfo_or_sockaddr("connect(2)", addr, rai);
     }
@@ -983,7 +946,18 @@ sock_sockaddr(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len)
  * call-seq:
  *   Socket.gethostbyname(hostname) => [official_hostname, alias_hostnames, address_family, *address_list]
  *
- * Obtains the host information for _hostname_.
+ * Use Addrinfo.getaddrinfo instead.
+ * This method is deprecated for the following reasons:
+ *
+ * - The 3rd element of the result is the address family of the first address.
+ *   The address families of the rest of the addresses are not returned.
+ * - Uncommon address representation:
+ *   4/16-bytes binary string to represent IPv4/IPv6 address.
+ * - gethostbyname() may take a long time and it may block other threads.
+ *   (GVL cannot be released since gethostbyname() is not thread safe.)
+ * - This method uses gethostbyname() function already removed from POSIX.
+ *
+ * This method obtains the host information for _hostname_.
  *
  *   p Socket.gethostbyname("hal") #=> ["localhost", ["hal"], 2, "\x7F\x00\x00\x01"]
  *
@@ -991,6 +965,7 @@ sock_sockaddr(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len)
 static VALUE
 sock_s_gethostbyname(VALUE obj, VALUE host)
 {
+    rb_warn("Socket.gethostbyname is deprecated; use Addrinfo.getaddrinfo instead.");
     struct rb_addrinfo *res =
 	rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, AI_CANONNAME);
     return rsock_make_hostent(host, res, sock_sockaddr);
@@ -1000,13 +975,29 @@ sock_s_gethostbyname(VALUE obj, VALUE host)
  * call-seq:
  *   Socket.gethostbyaddr(address_string [, address_family]) => hostent
  *
- * Obtains the host information for _address_.
+ * Use Addrinfo#getnameinfo instead.
+ * This method is deprecated for the following reasons:
+ *
+ * - Uncommon address representation:
+ *   4/16-bytes binary string to represent IPv4/IPv6 address.
+ * - gethostbyaddr() may take a long time and it may block other threads.
+ *   (GVL cannot be released since gethostbyname() is not thread safe.)
+ * - This method uses gethostbyname() function already removed from POSIX.
+ *
+ * This method obtains the host information for _address_.
  *
  *   p Socket.gethostbyaddr([221,186,184,68].pack("CCCC"))
  *   #=> ["carbon.ruby-lang.org", [], 2, "\xDD\xBA\xB8D"]
+ *
+ *   p Socket.gethostbyaddr([127,0,0,1].pack("CCCC"))
+ *   ["localhost", [], 2, "\x7F\x00\x00\x01"]
+ *   p Socket.gethostbyaddr(([0]*15+[1]).pack("C"*16))
+ *   #=> ["localhost", ["ip6-localhost", "ip6-loopback"], 10,
+ *        "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"]
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
-sock_s_gethostbyaddr(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+sock_s_gethostbyaddr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE addr, family;
     struct hostent *h;
@@ -1014,6 +1005,8 @@ sock_s_gethostbyaddr(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     VALUE ary, names;
     int t = AF_INET;
 
+    rb_warn("Socket.gethostbyaddr is deprecated; use Addrinfo#getnameinfo instead.");
+
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &addr, &family);
     StringValue(addr);
     if (!NIL_P(family)) {
@@ -1068,7 +1061,7 @@ sock_s_gethostbyaddr(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *   Socket.getservbyname("syslog", "udp") #=> 514
  */
 static VALUE
-sock_s_getservbyname(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+sock_s_getservbyname(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE service, proto;
     struct servent *sp;
@@ -1109,7 +1102,7 @@ sock_s_getservbyname(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-sock_s_getservbyport(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+sock_s_getservbyport(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE port, proto;
     struct servent *sp;
@@ -1128,7 +1121,7 @@ sock_s_getservbyport(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     if (!sp) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eSocket, "no such service for port %d/%s", (int)portnum, protoname);
     }
-    return rb_tainted_str_new2(sp->s_name);
+    return rb_str_new2(sp->s_name);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1137,6 +1130,9 @@ sock_s_getservbyport(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *
  * Obtains address information for _nodename_:_servname_.
  *
+ * Note that Addrinfo.getaddrinfo provides the same functionality in
+ * an object oriented style.
+ *
  * _family_ should be an address family such as: :INET, :INET6, etc.
  *
  * _socktype_ should be a socket type such as: :STREAM, :DGRAM, :RAW, etc.
@@ -1164,7 +1160,7 @@ sock_s_getservbyport(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  * If Addrinfo object is preferred, use Addrinfo.getaddrinfo.
  */
 static VALUE
-sock_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+sock_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE host, port, family, socktype, protocol, flags, ret, revlookup;
     struct addrinfo hints;
@@ -1188,6 +1184,7 @@ sock_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     if (NIL_P(revlookup) || !rsock_revlookup_flag(revlookup, &norevlookup)) {
 	norevlookup = rsock_do_not_reverse_lookup;
     }
+
     res = rsock_getaddrinfo(host, port, &hints, 0);
 
     ret = make_addrinfo(res, norevlookup);
@@ -1218,7 +1215,7 @@ sock_s_getaddrinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  * If Addrinfo object is preferred, use Addrinfo#getnameinfo.
  */
 static VALUE
-sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE sa, af = Qnil, host = Qnil, port = Qnil, flags, tmp;
     char *hptr, *pptr;
@@ -1287,7 +1284,7 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	    hptr = NULL;
 	}
 	else {
-	    strncpy(hbuf, StringValuePtr(host), sizeof(hbuf));
+	    strncpy(hbuf, StringValueCStr(host), sizeof(hbuf));
 	    hbuf[sizeof(hbuf) - 1] = '\0';
 	    hptr = hbuf;
 	}
@@ -1301,7 +1298,7 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	    pptr = pbuf;
 	}
 	else {
-	    strncpy(pbuf, StringValuePtr(port), sizeof(pbuf));
+	    strncpy(pbuf, StringValueCStr(port), sizeof(pbuf));
 	    pbuf[sizeof(pbuf) - 1] = '\0';
 	    pptr = pbuf;
 	}
@@ -1351,7 +1348,7 @@ sock_s_getnameinfo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     errno = saved_errno;
     rsock_raise_socket_error("getnameinfo", error);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1375,8 +1372,6 @@ sock_s_pack_sockaddr_in(VALUE self, VALUE port, VALUE host)
     VALUE addr = rb_str_new((char*)res->ai->ai_addr, res->ai->ai_addrlen);
 
     rb_freeaddrinfo(res);
-    OBJ_INFECT(addr, port);
-    OBJ_INFECT(addr, host);
 
     return addr;
 }
@@ -1418,7 +1413,6 @@ sock_s_unpack_sockaddr_in(VALUE self, VALUE addr)
 #endif
     }
     host = rsock_make_ipaddr((struct sockaddr*)sockaddr, RSTRING_SOCKLEN(addr));
-    OBJ_INFECT(host, addr);
     return rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(ntohs(sockaddr->sin_port)), host);
 }
 
@@ -1448,7 +1442,6 @@ sock_s_pack_sockaddr_un(VALUE self, VALUE path)
     }
     memcpy(sockaddr.sun_path, RSTRING_PTR(path), RSTRING_LEN(path));
     addr = rb_str_new((char*)&sockaddr, rsock_unix_sockaddr_len(path));
-    OBJ_INFECT(addr, path);
 
     return addr;
 }
@@ -1485,7 +1478,6 @@ sock_s_unpack_sockaddr_un(VALUE self, VALUE addr)
 		 RSTRING_LEN(addr), (int)sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
     }
     path = rsock_unixpath_str(sockaddr, RSTRING_SOCKLEN(addr));
-    OBJ_INFECT(path, addr);
     return path;
 }
 #endif
@@ -1902,6 +1894,8 @@ socket_s_ip_address_list(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_socket(void)
 {
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+
     rsock_init_basicsocket();
 
     /*
diff --git a/ext/socket/sockssocket.c b/ext/socket/sockssocket.c
index 81f77a67c5..b8b7e12998 100644
--- a/ext/socket/sockssocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/sockssocket.c
@@ -13,13 +13,19 @@
 #ifdef SOCKS
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   SOCKSSocket.new(host, serv) => socket
+ *   SOCKSSocket.new(host, port) => socket
  *
- * Opens a SOCKS connection to +host+ via the SOCKS server +serv+.
+ * Opens a SOCKS connection to +host+ via the SOCKS server.
+ *
+ * The SOCKS server configuration varies by implementation
+ *
+ * When using the Dante libsocks/libsocksd implementation it is configured as SOCKS_SERVER env var.
+ *
+ * See: https://manpages.debian.org/testing/dante-client/socksify.1.en.html for full env variable support.
  *
  */
 static VALUE
-socks_init(VALUE sock, VALUE host, VALUE serv)
+socks_init(VALUE sock, VALUE host, VALUE port)
 {
     static int init = 0;
 
@@ -28,7 +34,7 @@ socks_init(VALUE sock, VALUE host, VALUE serv)
 	init = 1;
     }
 
-    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, host, serv, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SOCKS);
+    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, host, port, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SOCKS, Qnil, Qnil);
 }
 
 #ifdef SOCKS5
diff --git a/ext/socket/tcpserver.c b/ext/socket/tcpserver.c
index 1bbb31adcf..7634420e38 100644
--- a/ext/socket/tcpserver.c
+++ b/ext/socket/tcpserver.c
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ tcp_svr_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     VALUE hostname, port;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "011", &hostname, &port);
-    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, hostname, port, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SERVER);
+    return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, hostname, port, Qnil, Qnil, INET_SERVER, Qnil, Qnil);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c b/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
index a7a82fd880..51e77a0de9 100644
--- a/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/tcpsocket.c
@@ -12,23 +12,42 @@
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    TCPSocket.new(remote_host, remote_port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil)
+ *    TCPSocket.new(remote_host, remote_port, local_host=nil, local_port=nil, connect_timeout: nil)
  *
  * Opens a TCP connection to +remote_host+ on +remote_port+.  If +local_host+
  * and +local_port+ are specified, then those parameters are used on the local
  * end to establish the connection.
+ *
+ * [:connect_timeout] specify the timeout in seconds.
  */
 static VALUE
 tcp_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
 {
     VALUE remote_host, remote_serv;
     VALUE local_host, local_serv;
+    VALUE opt;
+    static ID keyword_ids[2];
+    VALUE kwargs[2];
+    VALUE resolv_timeout = Qnil;
+    VALUE connect_timeout = Qnil;
+
+    if (!keyword_ids[0]) {
+	CONST_ID(keyword_ids[0], "resolv_timeout");
+	CONST_ID(keyword_ids[1], "connect_timeout");
+    }
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "22:", &remote_host, &remote_serv,
+			&local_host, &local_serv, &opt);
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "22", &remote_host, &remote_serv,
-			&local_host, &local_serv);
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
+	rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 2, kwargs);
+	if (kwargs[0] != Qundef) { resolv_timeout = kwargs[0]; }
+	if (kwargs[1] != Qundef) { connect_timeout = kwargs[1]; }
+    }
 
     return rsock_init_inetsock(sock, remote_host, remote_serv,
-			       local_host, local_serv, INET_CLIENT);
+			       local_host, local_serv, INET_CLIENT,
+			       resolv_timeout, connect_timeout);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -41,7 +60,16 @@ tcp_sockaddr(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len)
  * call-seq:
  *   TCPSocket.gethostbyname(hostname) => [official_hostname, alias_hostnames, address_family, *address_list]
  *
- * Lookups host information by _hostname_.
+ * Use Addrinfo.getaddrinfo instead.
+ * This method is deprecated for the following reasons:
+ *
+ * - The 3rd element of the result is the address family of the first address.
+ *   The address families of the rest of the addresses are not returned.
+ * - gethostbyname() may take a long time and it may block other threads.
+ *   (GVL cannot be released since gethostbyname() is not thread safe.)
+ * - This method uses gethostbyname() function already removed from POSIX.
+ *
+ * This method lookups host information by _hostname_.
  *
  *   TCPSocket.gethostbyname("localhost")
  *   #=> ["localhost", ["hal"], 2, "127.0.0.1"]
@@ -50,6 +78,7 @@ tcp_sockaddr(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len)
 static VALUE
 tcp_s_gethostbyname(VALUE obj, VALUE host)
 {
+    rb_warn("TCPSocket.gethostbyname is deprecated; use Addrinfo.getaddrinfo instead.");
     struct rb_addrinfo *res =
 	rsock_addrinfo(host, Qnil, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, AI_CANONNAME);
     return rsock_make_hostent(host, res, tcp_sockaddr);
diff --git a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
index c2e273c2a3..593f05522d 100644
--- a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
@@ -50,8 +50,9 @@ struct udp_arg
 };
 
 static VALUE
-udp_connect_internal(struct udp_arg *arg)
+udp_connect_internal(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct udp_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd;
     struct addrinfo *res;
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ udp_connect_internal(struct udp_arg *arg)
     rb_io_check_closed(fptr = arg->fptr);
     fd = fptr->fd;
     for (res = arg->res->ai; res; res = res->ai_next) {
-	if (rsock_connect(fd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen, 0) >= 0) {
+	if (rsock_connect(fd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen, 0, NULL) >= 0) {
 	    return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
@@ -97,8 +98,9 @@ udp_connect(VALUE sock, VALUE host, VALUE port)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-udp_bind_internal(struct udp_arg *arg)
+udp_bind_internal(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct udp_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int fd;
     struct addrinfo *res;
@@ -147,8 +149,9 @@ struct udp_send_arg {
 };
 
 static VALUE
-udp_send_internal(struct udp_send_arg *arg)
+udp_send_internal(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct udp_send_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int n;
     struct addrinfo *res;
diff --git a/ext/socket/unixsocket.c b/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
index 5a44b552f8..857cfa6002 100644
--- a/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
@@ -22,7 +22,28 @@ unixsock_connect_internal(VALUE a)
 {
     struct unixsock_arg *arg = (struct unixsock_arg *)a;
     return (VALUE)rsock_connect(arg->fd, (struct sockaddr*)arg->sockaddr,
-			        arg->sockaddrlen, 0);
+			        arg->sockaddrlen, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+unixsock_path_value(VALUE path)
+{
+#ifdef __linux__
+#define TO_STR_FOR_LINUX_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE 0
+
+    VALUE name = path;
+#if TO_STR_FOR_LINUX_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE
+    const int isstr = !NIL_P(name = rb_check_string_type(name));
+#else
+    const int isstr = RB_TYPE_P(name, T_STRING);
+#endif
+    if (isstr) {
+        if (RSTRING_LEN(name) == 0 || RSTRING_PTR(name)[0] == '\0') {
+            return name;             /* ignore encoding */
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    return rb_get_path(path);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -33,7 +54,7 @@ rsock_init_unixsock(VALUE sock, VALUE path, int server)
     int fd, status;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
 
-    SafeStringValue(path);
+    path = unixsock_path_value(path);
 
     INIT_SOCKADDR_UN(&sockaddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
     if (sizeof(sockaddr.sun_path) < (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(path)) {
@@ -317,6 +338,12 @@ unix_recv_io(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     struct iomsg_arg arg;
     struct iovec vec[2];
     char buf[1];
+    unsigned int gc_reason = 0;
+    enum {
+        GC_REASON_EMSGSIZE = 0x1,
+        GC_REASON_TRUNCATE = 0x2,
+        GC_REASON_ENOMEM = 0x4
+    };
 
     int fd;
 #if FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL
@@ -332,6 +359,7 @@ unix_recv_io(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
     if (argc <= 1)
 	mode = Qnil;
 
+retry:
     GetOpenFile(sock, fptr);
 
     arg.msg.msg_name = NULL;
@@ -359,12 +387,31 @@ unix_recv_io(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
 
     arg.fd = fptr->fd;
     while ((int)BLOCKING_REGION_FD(recvmsg_blocking, &arg) == -1) {
+        int e = errno;
+        if (e == EMSGSIZE && !(gc_reason & GC_REASON_EMSGSIZE)) {
+            /* FreeBSD gets here when we're out of FDs */
+            gc_reason |= GC_REASON_EMSGSIZE;
+            rb_gc_for_fd(EMFILE);
+            goto retry;
+        }
+        else if (e == ENOMEM && !(gc_reason & GC_REASON_ENOMEM)) {
+            /* ENOMEM is documented in recvmsg manpages */
+            gc_reason |= GC_REASON_ENOMEM;
+            rb_gc_for_fd(e);
+            goto retry;
+        }
 	if (!rb_io_wait_readable(arg.fd))
-	    rsock_sys_fail_path("recvmsg(2)", fptr->pathv);
+	    rsock_syserr_fail_path(e, "recvmsg(2)", fptr->pathv);
     }
 
 #if FD_PASSING_BY_MSG_CONTROL
     if (arg.msg.msg_controllen < (socklen_t)sizeof(struct cmsghdr)) {
+        /* FreeBSD and Linux both get here when we're out of FDs */
+        if (!(gc_reason & GC_REASON_TRUNCATE)) {
+            gc_reason |= GC_REASON_TRUNCATE;
+            rb_gc_for_fd(EMFILE);
+            goto retry;
+        }
 	rb_raise(rb_eSocket,
 		 "file descriptor was not passed (msg_controllen=%d smaller than sizeof(struct cmsghdr)=%d)",
 		 (int)arg.msg.msg_controllen, (int)sizeof(struct cmsghdr));
@@ -408,11 +455,7 @@ unix_recv_io(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE sock)
 #endif
 
     rb_update_max_fd(fd);
-
-    if (rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state < 0)
-	rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state = rsock_detect_cloexec(fd);
-    if (rsock_cmsg_cloexec_state == 0 || fd <= 2)
-	rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(fd);
+    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(fd);
 
     if (klass == Qnil)
 	return INT2FIX(fd);
diff --git a/ext/stringio/depend b/ext/stringio/depend
index cbd17f5df2..5f4b0b53c0 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/depend
+++ b/ext/stringio/depend
@@ -1,16 +1,167 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 stringio.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 stringio.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 stringio.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-stringio.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 stringio.o: stringio.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/stringio/extconf.rb b/ext/stringio/extconf.rb
index ad8650dce2..a933159766 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/stringio/extconf.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'mkmf'
+have_func("rb_io_extract_modeenc", "ruby/io.h")
 create_makefile('stringio')
diff --git a/ext/stringio/stringio.c b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
index fb2eddaa7e..8df07e80f6 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/stringio.c
+++ b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* -*- mode: c; indent-tabs-mode: t -*- */
 /**********************************************************************
 
   stringio.c -
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#define STRINGIO_VERSION "3.0.1"
+
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/io.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
@@ -20,6 +23,90 @@
 #include <sys/fcntl.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifndef RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P
+# define RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(c) (FIXNUM_P(c) || RB_TYPE_P(c, T_BIGNUM))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS
+# define rb_funcallv_kw(recv, mid, arg, argv, kw_splat) rb_funcallv(recv, mid, arg, argv)
+# define rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, kw_splat) rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_IO_EXTRACT_MODEENC
+#define rb_io_extract_modeenc strio_extract_modeenc
+static void
+strio_extract_modeenc(VALUE *vmode_p, VALUE *vperm_p, VALUE opthash,
+		      int *oflags_p, int *fmode_p, struct rb_io_enc_t *convconfig_p)
+{
+    VALUE mode = *vmode_p;
+    VALUE intmode;
+    int fmode;
+    int has_enc = 0, has_vmode = 0;
+
+    convconfig_p->enc = convconfig_p->enc2 = 0;
+
+  vmode_handle:
+    if (NIL_P(mode)) {
+	fmode = FMODE_READABLE;
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(intmode = rb_check_to_integer(mode, "to_int"))) {
+	int flags = NUM2INT(intmode);
+	fmode = rb_io_oflags_fmode(flags);
+    }
+    else {
+	const char *m = StringValueCStr(mode), *n, *e;
+	fmode = rb_io_modestr_fmode(m);
+	n = strchr(m, ':');
+	if (n) {
+	    long len;
+	    char encname[ENCODING_MAXNAMELEN+1];
+	    has_enc = 1;
+	    if (fmode & FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM) {
+		n = strchr(n, '|');
+	    }
+	    e = strchr(++n, ':');
+	    len = e ? e - n : (long)strlen(n);
+	    if (len > 0 && len <= ENCODING_MAXNAMELEN) {
+		if (e) {
+		    memcpy(encname, n, len);
+		    encname[len] = '\0';
+		    n = encname;
+		}
+		convconfig_p->enc = rb_enc_find(n);
+	    }
+	    if (e && (len = strlen(++e)) > 0 && len <= ENCODING_MAXNAMELEN) {
+		convconfig_p->enc2 = rb_enc_find(e);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(opthash)) {
+	rb_encoding *extenc = 0, *intenc = 0;
+	VALUE v;
+	if (!has_vmode) {
+	    ID id_mode;
+	    CONST_ID(id_mode, "mode");
+	    v = rb_hash_aref(opthash, ID2SYM(id_mode));
+	    if (!NIL_P(v)) {
+		if (!NIL_P(mode)) {
+		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "mode specified twice");
+		}
+		has_vmode = 1;
+		mode = v;
+		goto vmode_handle;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (rb_io_extract_encoding_option(opthash, &extenc, &intenc, &fmode)) {
+	    if (has_enc) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding specified twice");
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    *fmode_p = fmode;
+}
+#endif
+
 struct StringIO {
     VALUE string;
     rb_encoding *enc;
@@ -31,6 +118,7 @@ struct StringIO {
 
 static VALUE strio_init(int, VALUE *, struct StringIO *, VALUE);
 static VALUE strio_unget_bytes(struct StringIO *, const char *, long);
+static long strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str);
 
 #define IS_STRIO(obj) (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of((obj), &strio_data_type))
 #define error_inval(msg) (rb_syserr_fail(EINVAL, msg))
@@ -52,9 +140,8 @@ static void
 strio_mark(void *p)
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = p;
-    if (ptr) {
-	rb_gc_mark(ptr->string);
-    }
+
+    rb_gc_mark(ptr->string);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -104,15 +191,14 @@ enc_subseq(VALUE str, long pos, long len, rb_encoding *enc)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-strio_substr(struct StringIO *ptr, long pos, long len)
+strio_substr(struct StringIO *ptr, long pos, long len, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     VALUE str = ptr->string;
-    rb_encoding *enc = get_enc(ptr);
     long rlen = RSTRING_LEN(str) - pos;
 
     if (len > rlen) len = rlen;
     if (len < 0) len = 0;
-    if (len == 0) return rb_str_new(0,0);
+    if (len == 0) return rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);
     return enc_subseq(str, pos, len, enc);
 }
 
@@ -182,45 +268,111 @@ strio_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return strio_init(argc, argv, ptr, self);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-strio_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct StringIO *ptr, VALUE self)
+static int
+detect_bom(VALUE str, int *bomlen)
 {
-    VALUE string, mode;
-    int trunc = 0;
+    const char *p;
+    long len;
 
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &string, &mode)) {
-      case 2:
-	if (FIXNUM_P(mode)) {
-	    int flags = FIX2INT(mode);
-	    ptr->flags = rb_io_oflags_fmode(flags);
-	    trunc = flags & O_TRUNC;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(str, p, len);
+    if (len < 1) return 0;
+    switch ((unsigned char)p[0]) {
+      case 0xEF:
+	if (len < 2) break;
+	if ((unsigned char)p[1] == 0xBB && len > 2) {
+	    if ((unsigned char)p[2] == 0xBF) {
+		*bomlen = 3;
+		return rb_utf8_encindex();
+	    }
 	}
-	else {
-	    const char *m = StringValueCStr(mode);
-	    ptr->flags = rb_io_modestr_fmode(m);
-	    trunc = *m == 'w';
+	break;
+
+      case 0xFE:
+	if (len < 2) break;
+	if ((unsigned char)p[1] == 0xFF) {
+	    *bomlen = 2;
+	    return rb_enc_find_index("UTF-16BE");
 	}
-	StringValue(string);
-	if ((ptr->flags & FMODE_WRITABLE) && OBJ_FROZEN(string)) {
-	    rb_syserr_fail(EACCES, 0);
+	break;
+
+      case 0xFF:
+	if (len < 2) break;
+	if ((unsigned char)p[1] == 0xFE) {
+	    if (len >= 4 && (unsigned char)p[2] == 0 && (unsigned char)p[3] == 0) {
+		*bomlen = 4;
+		return rb_enc_find_index("UTF-32LE");
+	    }
+	    *bomlen = 2;
+	    return rb_enc_find_index("UTF-16LE");
 	}
-	if (trunc) {
-	    rb_str_resize(string, 0);
+	break;
+
+      case 0:
+	if (len < 4) break;
+	if ((unsigned char)p[1] == 0 && (unsigned char)p[2] == 0xFE && (unsigned char)p[3] == 0xFF) {
+	    *bomlen = 4;
+	    return rb_enc_find_index("UTF-32BE");
 	}
 	break;
-      case 1:
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static rb_encoding *
+set_encoding_by_bom(struct StringIO *ptr)
+{
+    int bomlen, idx = detect_bom(ptr->string, &bomlen);
+    rb_encoding *extenc = NULL;
+
+    if (idx) {
+	extenc = rb_enc_from_index(idx);
+	ptr->pos = bomlen;
+	if (ptr->flags & FMODE_WRITABLE) {
+	    rb_enc_associate_index(ptr->string, idx);
+	}
+    }
+    ptr->enc = extenc;
+    return extenc;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+strio_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct StringIO *ptr, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE string, vmode, opt;
+    int oflags;
+    struct rb_io_enc_t convconfig;
+
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &string, &vmode, &opt);
+    rb_io_extract_modeenc(&vmode, 0, opt, &oflags, &ptr->flags, &convconfig);
+    if (argc) {
 	StringValue(string);
-	ptr->flags = OBJ_FROZEN(string) ? FMODE_READABLE : FMODE_READWRITE;
-	break;
-      case 0:
+    }
+    else {
 	string = rb_enc_str_new("", 0, rb_default_external_encoding());
-	ptr->flags = FMODE_READWRITE;
-	break;
+    }
+    if (OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(string)) {
+	if (ptr->flags & FMODE_WRITABLE) {
+	    rb_syserr_fail(EACCES, 0);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	if (NIL_P(vmode)) {
+	    ptr->flags |= FMODE_WRITABLE;
+	}
+    }
+    if (ptr->flags & FMODE_TRUNC) {
+	rb_str_resize(string, 0);
     }
     ptr->string = string;
-    ptr->enc = 0;
+    if (argc == 1) {
+	ptr->enc = rb_enc_get(string);
+    }
+    else {
+	ptr->enc = convconfig.enc;
+    }
     ptr->pos = 0;
     ptr->lineno = 0;
+    if (ptr->flags & FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM) set_encoding_by_bom(ptr);
     RBASIC(self)->flags |= (ptr->flags & FMODE_READWRITE) * (STRIO_READABLE / FMODE_READABLE);
     return self;
 }
@@ -244,7 +396,7 @@ strio_finalize(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 strio_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE obj = rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
+    VALUE obj = rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     if (!rb_block_given_p()) return obj;
     return rb_ensure(rb_yield, obj, strio_finalize, obj);
 }
@@ -259,7 +411,7 @@ strio_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	rb_warn("%"PRIsVALUE"::new() does not take block; use %"PRIsVALUE"::open() instead",
 		cname, cname);
     }
-    return rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
+    return rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -283,7 +435,7 @@ strio_nil(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns *strio* itself.  Just for compatibility to IO.
+ * Returns an object itself.  Just for compatibility to IO.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_self(VALUE self)
@@ -359,7 +511,7 @@ strio_set_string(VALUE self, VALUE string)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.close  -> nil
  *
- * Closes strio.  The *strio* is unavailable for any further data
+ * Closes a StringIO. The stream is unavailable for any further data
  * operations; an +IOError+ is raised if such an attempt is made.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -375,7 +527,7 @@ strio_close(VALUE self)
  *   strio.close_read    -> nil
  *
  * Closes the read end of a StringIO.  Will raise an +IOError+ if the
- * *strio* is not readable.
+ * receiver is not readable.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_close_read(VALUE self)
@@ -393,7 +545,7 @@ strio_close_read(VALUE self)
  *   strio.close_write    -> nil
  *
  * Closes the write end of a StringIO.  Will raise an  +IOError+ if the
- * *strio* is not writeable.
+ * receiver is not writeable.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_close_write(VALUE self)
@@ -410,7 +562,7 @@ strio_close_write(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.closed?    -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if *strio* is completely closed, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns +true+ if the stream is completely closed, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed(VALUE self)
@@ -424,7 +576,7 @@ strio_closed(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.closed_read?    -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if *strio* is not readable, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns +true+ if the stream is not readable, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed_read(VALUE self)
@@ -438,7 +590,7 @@ strio_closed_read(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.closed_write?    -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if *strio* is not writable, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns +true+ if the stream is not writable, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed_write(VALUE self)
@@ -448,19 +600,26 @@ strio_closed_write(VALUE self)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+static struct StringIO *
+strio_to_read(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
+    if (ptr->pos < RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) return ptr;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.eof     -> true or false
  *   strio.eof?    -> true or false
  *
- * Returns true if *strio* is at end of file. The stringio must be
- * opened for reading or an +IOError+ will be raised.
+ * Returns true if the stream is at the end of the data (underlying string).
+ * The stream must be opened for reading or an +IOError+ will be raised.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_eof(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
-    if (ptr->pos < RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) return Qfalse;
+    if (strio_to_read(self)) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -477,7 +636,6 @@ strio_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
 	strio_free(DATA_PTR(copy));
     }
     DATA_PTR(copy) = ptr;
-    OBJ_INFECT(copy, orig);
     RBASIC(copy)->flags &= ~STRIO_READWRITE;
     RBASIC(copy)->flags |= RBASIC(orig)->flags & STRIO_READWRITE;
     ++ptr->count;
@@ -488,7 +646,7 @@ strio_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.lineno    -> integer
  *
- * Returns the current line number in *strio*. The stringio must be
+ * Returns the current line number. The stream must be
  * opened for reading. +lineno+ counts the number of times  +gets+ is
  * called, rather than the number of newlines  encountered. The two
  * values will differ if +gets+ is  called with a separator other than
@@ -514,6 +672,13 @@ strio_set_lineno(VALUE self, VALUE lineno)
     return lineno;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   strio.binmode    -> stringio
+ *
+ * Puts stream into binary mode. See IO#binmode.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 strio_binmode(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -538,7 +703,7 @@ strio_binmode(VALUE self)
  *   strio.reopen(other_StrIO)     -> strio
  *   strio.reopen(string, mode)    -> strio
  *
- * Reinitializes *strio* with the given <i>other_StrIO</i> or _string_
+ * Reinitializes the stream with the given <i>other_StrIO</i> or _string_
  * and _mode_ (see StringIO#new).
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -556,7 +721,7 @@ strio_reopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *   strio.pos     -> integer
  *   strio.tell    -> integer
  *
- * Returns the current offset (in bytes) of *strio*.
+ * Returns the current offset (in bytes).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_get_pos(VALUE self)
@@ -568,7 +733,7 @@ strio_get_pos(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.pos = integer    -> integer
  *
- * Seeks to the given position (in bytes) in *strio*.
+ * Seeks to the given position (in bytes).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_set_pos(VALUE self, VALUE pos)
@@ -586,7 +751,7 @@ strio_set_pos(VALUE self, VALUE pos)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.rewind    -> 0
  *
- * Positions *strio* to the beginning of input, resetting
+ * Positions the stream to the beginning of input, resetting
  * +lineno+ to zero.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -664,11 +829,11 @@ strio_get_sync(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 strio_each_byte(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
+    struct StringIO *ptr;
 
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0);
 
-    while (ptr->pos < RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) {
+    while ((ptr = strio_to_read(self)) != NULL) {
 	char c = RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string)[ptr->pos++];
 	rb_yield(CHR2FIX(c));
     }
@@ -676,18 +841,6 @@ strio_each_byte(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for #each_byte.
- */
-static VALUE
-strio_bytes(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warn("StringIO#bytes is deprecated; use #each_byte instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(self, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_byte")), 0, 0);
-    return strio_each_byte(self);
-}
-
-/*
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.getc   -> string or nil
  *
@@ -754,7 +907,7 @@ strio_extend(struct StringIO *ptr, long pos, long len)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.ungetc(string)   -> nil
  *
- * Pushes back one character (passed as a parameter) onto *strio*
+ * Pushes back one character (passed as a parameter)
  * such that a subsequent buffered read will return it.  There is no
  * limitation for multiple pushbacks including pushing back behind the
  * beginning of the buffer string.
@@ -767,13 +920,15 @@ strio_ungetc(VALUE self, VALUE c)
 
     check_modifiable(ptr);
     if (NIL_P(c)) return Qnil;
-    if (FIXNUM_P(c)) {
-	int cc = FIX2INT(c);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(c)) {
+	int len, cc = NUM2INT(c);
 	char buf[16];
 
 	enc = rb_enc_get(ptr->string);
+	len = rb_enc_codelen(cc, enc);
+	if (len <= 0) rb_enc_uint_chr(cc, enc);
 	rb_enc_mbcput(cc, buf, enc);
-	return strio_unget_bytes(ptr, buf, rb_enc_codelen(cc, enc));
+	return strio_unget_bytes(ptr, buf, len);
     }
     else {
 	SafeStringValue(c);
@@ -798,24 +953,25 @@ static VALUE
 strio_ungetbyte(VALUE self, VALUE c)
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
-    char buf[1], *cp = buf;
-    long cl = 1;
 
     check_modifiable(ptr);
     if (NIL_P(c)) return Qnil;
-    if (FIXNUM_P(c)) {
-	buf[0] = (char)FIX2INT(c);
-	return strio_unget_bytes(ptr, buf, 1);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(c)) {
+        /* rb_int_and() not visible from exts */
+        VALUE v = rb_funcall(c, '&', 1, INT2FIX(0xff));
+        const char cc = NUM2INT(v) & 0xFF;
+        strio_unget_bytes(ptr, &cc, 1);
     }
     else {
+	long cl;
 	SafeStringValue(c);
-	cp = RSTRING_PTR(c);
 	cl = RSTRING_LEN(c);
-	if (cl == 0) return Qnil;
-	strio_unget_bytes(ptr, cp, cl);
-	RB_GC_GUARD(c);
-	return Qnil;
+	if (cl > 0) {
+	    strio_unget_bytes(ptr, RSTRING_PTR(c), cl);
+	    RB_GC_GUARD(c);
+	}
     }
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -858,7 +1014,7 @@ strio_unget_bytes(struct StringIO *ptr, const char *cp, long cl)
 static VALUE
 strio_readchar(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE c = rb_funcall2(self, rb_intern("getc"), 0, 0);
+    VALUE c = rb_funcallv(self, rb_intern("getc"), 0, 0);
     if (NIL_P(c)) rb_eof_error();
     return c;
 }
@@ -872,7 +1028,7 @@ strio_readchar(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 strio_readbyte(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE c = rb_funcall2(self, rb_intern("getbyte"), 0, 0);
+    VALUE c = rb_funcallv(self, rb_intern("getbyte"), 0, 0);
     if (NIL_P(c)) rb_eof_error();
     return c;
 }
@@ -898,18 +1054,6 @@ strio_each_char(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_char</code>.
- */
-static VALUE
-strio_chars(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warn("StringIO#chars is deprecated; use #each_char instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(self, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_char")), 0, 0);
-    return strio_each_char(self);
-}
-
-/*
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.each_codepoint {|c| block }  -> strio
  *   strio.each_codepoint               -> anEnumerator
@@ -928,31 +1072,15 @@ strio_each_codepoint(VALUE self)
 
     ptr = readable(self);
     enc = get_enc(ptr);
-    for (;;) {
-	if (ptr->pos >= RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string)) {
-	    return self;
-	}
-
+    while ((ptr = strio_to_read(self)) != NULL) {
 	c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string)+ptr->pos,
 				 RSTRING_END(ptr->string), &n, enc);
-	rb_yield(UINT2NUM(c));
 	ptr->pos += n;
+	rb_yield(UINT2NUM(c));
     }
     return self;
 }
 
-/*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_codepoint</code>.
- */
-static VALUE
-strio_codepoints(VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warn("StringIO#codepoints is deprecated; use #each_codepoint instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(self, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_codepoint")), 0, 0);
-    return strio_each_codepoint(self);
-}
-
 /* Boyer-Moore search: copied from regex.c */
 static void
 bm_init_skip(long *skip, const char *pat, long m)
@@ -1054,6 +1182,7 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
     long n, limit = arg->limit;
     VALUE str = arg->rs;
     int w = 0;
+    rb_encoding *enc = get_enc(ptr);
 
     if (ptr->pos >= (n = RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string))) {
 	return Qnil;
@@ -1068,7 +1197,7 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
 	if (arg->chomp) {
 	    w = chomp_newline_width(s, e);
 	}
-	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, e - s - w);
+	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, e - s - w, enc);
     }
     else if ((n = RSTRING_LEN(str)) == 0) {
 	p = s;
@@ -1094,14 +1223,14 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
 	if (!w && arg->chomp) {
 	    w = chomp_newline_width(s, e);
 	}
-	str = strio_substr(ptr, s - RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string), e - s - w);
+	str = strio_substr(ptr, s - RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string), e - s - w, enc);
     }
     else if (n == 1) {
 	if ((p = memchr(s, RSTRING_PTR(str)[0], e - s)) != 0) {
 	    e = p + 1;
 	    w = (arg->chomp ? (p > s && *(p-1) == '\r') + 1 : 0);
 	}
-	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, e - s - w);
+	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, e - s - w, enc);
     }
     else {
 	if (n < e - s) {
@@ -1122,7 +1251,7 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
 		}
 	    }
 	}
-	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, e - s - w);
+	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, e - s - w, enc);
     }
     ptr->pos = e - RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string);
     ptr->lineno++;
@@ -1131,9 +1260,9 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.gets(sep=$/)     -> string or nil
- *   strio.gets(limit)      -> string or nil
- *   strio.gets(sep, limit) -> string or nil
+ *   strio.gets(sep=$/, chomp: false)     -> string or nil
+ *   strio.gets(limit, chomp: false)      -> string or nil
+ *   strio.gets(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
  *
  * See IO#gets.
  */
@@ -1144,7 +1273,8 @@ strio_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE str;
 
     if (prepare_getline_args(&arg, argc, argv)->limit == 0) {
-	return rb_str_new(0, 0);
+	struct StringIO *ptr = readable(self);
+	return rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, get_enc(ptr));
     }
 
     str = strio_getline(&arg, readable(self));
@@ -1154,31 +1284,31 @@ strio_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.readline(sep=$/)     -> string
- *   strio.readline(limit)      -> string or nil
- *   strio.readline(sep, limit) -> string or nil
+ *   strio.readline(sep=$/, chomp: false)     -> string
+ *   strio.readline(limit, chomp: false)      -> string or nil
+ *   strio.readline(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
  *
  * See IO#readline.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_readline(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE line = rb_funcall2(self, rb_intern("gets"), argc, argv);
+    VALUE line = rb_funcallv_kw(self, rb_intern("gets"), argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     if (NIL_P(line)) rb_eof_error();
     return line;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.each(sep=$/) {|line| block }         -> strio
- *   strio.each(limit) {|line| block }          -> strio
- *   strio.each(sep, limit) {|line| block }     -> strio
- *   strio.each(...)                            -> anEnumerator
+ *   strio.each(sep=$/, chomp: false) {|line| block }         -> strio
+ *   strio.each(limit, chomp: false) {|line| block }          -> strio
+ *   strio.each(sep, limit, chomp: false) {|line| block }     -> strio
+ *   strio.each(...)                                          -> anEnumerator
  *
- *   strio.each_line(sep=$/) {|line| block }    -> strio
- *   strio.each_line(limit) {|line| block }     -> strio
- *   strio.each_line(sep,limit) {|line| block } -> strio
- *   strio.each_line(...)                       -> anEnumerator
+ *   strio.each_line(sep=$/, chomp: false) {|line| block }     -> strio
+ *   strio.each_line(limit, chomp: false) {|line| block }      -> strio
+ *   strio.each_line(sep, limit, chomp: false) {|line| block } -> strio
+ *   strio.each_line(...)                                      -> anEnumerator
  *
  * See IO#each.
  */
@@ -1202,22 +1332,10 @@ strio_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_line</code>.
- */
-static VALUE
-strio_lines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    rb_warn("StringIO#lines is deprecated; use #each_line instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(self, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_line")), argc, argv);
-    return strio_each(argc, argv, self);
-}
-
-/*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.readlines(sep=$/)    ->   array
- *   strio.readlines(limit)     ->   array
- *   strio.readlines(sep,limit) ->   array
+ *   strio.readlines(sep=$/, chomp: false)     ->   array
+ *   strio.readlines(limit, chomp: false)      ->   array
+ *   strio.readlines(sep, limit, chomp: false) ->   array
  *
  * See IO#readlines.
  */
@@ -1241,31 +1359,47 @@ strio_readlines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.write(string)    -> integer
- *   strio.syswrite(string) -> integer
+ *   strio.write(string, ...) -> integer
+ *   strio.syswrite(string)   -> integer
  *
- * Appends the given string to the underlying buffer string of *strio*.
+ * Appends the given string to the underlying buffer string.
  * The stream must be opened for writing.  If the argument is not a
  * string, it will be converted to a string using <code>to_s</code>.
  * Returns the number of bytes written.  See IO#write.
  */
 static VALUE
+strio_write_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    long len = 0;
+    while (argc-- > 0) {
+	/* StringIO can't exceed long limit */
+	len += strio_write(self, *argv++);
+    }
+    return LONG2NUM(len);
+}
+
+static long
 strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
     struct StringIO *ptr = writable(self);
     long len, olen;
     rb_encoding *enc, *enc2;
     rb_encoding *const ascii8bit = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
+    rb_encoding *usascii = 0;
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING))
 	str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
     enc = get_enc(ptr);
     enc2 = rb_enc_get(str);
-    if (enc != enc2 && enc != ascii8bit) {
-	str = rb_str_conv_enc(str, enc2, enc);
+    if (enc != enc2 && enc != ascii8bit && enc != (usascii = rb_usascii_encoding())) {
+	VALUE converted = rb_str_conv_enc(str, enc2, enc);
+	if (converted == str && enc2 != ascii8bit && enc2 != usascii) { /* conversion failed */
+	    rb_enc_check(rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), str);
+	}
+	str = converted;
     }
     len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
-    if (len == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+    if (len == 0) return 0;
     check_modifiable(ptr);
     olen = RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string);
     if (ptr->flags & FMODE_APPEND) {
@@ -1274,7 +1408,6 @@ strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     if (ptr->pos == olen) {
 	if (enc == ascii8bit || enc2 == ascii8bit) {
 	    rb_enc_str_buf_cat(ptr->string, RSTRING_PTR(str), len, enc);
-	    OBJ_INFECT(ptr->string, str);
 	}
 	else {
 	    rb_str_buf_append(ptr->string, str);
@@ -1283,12 +1416,10 @@ strio_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     else {
 	strio_extend(ptr, ptr->pos, len);
 	memmove(RSTRING_PTR(ptr->string)+ptr->pos, RSTRING_PTR(str), len);
-	OBJ_INFECT(ptr->string, str);
     }
-    OBJ_INFECT(ptr->string, self);
     RB_GC_GUARD(str);
     ptr->pos += len;
-    return LONG2NUM(len);
+    return len;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1362,7 +1493,6 @@ strio_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     long len;
     int binary = 0;
 
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);
     switch (argc) {
       case 2:
 	str = argv[1];
@@ -1370,6 +1500,7 @@ strio_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	    StringValue(str);
 	    rb_str_modify(str);
 	}
+	/* fall through */
       case 1:
 	if (!NIL_P(argv[0])) {
 	    len = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
@@ -1387,22 +1518,26 @@ strio_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
       case 0:
 	len = RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string);
 	if (len <= ptr->pos) {
+	    rb_encoding *enc = get_enc(ptr);
 	    if (NIL_P(str)) {
 		str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
 	    }
 	    else {
 		rb_str_resize(str, 0);
 	    }
+	    rb_enc_associate(str, enc);
 	    return str;
 	}
 	else {
 	    len -= ptr->pos;
 	}
 	break;
+      default:
+        rb_error_arity(argc, 0, 2);
     }
     if (NIL_P(str)) {
-	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, len);
-	if (binary) rb_enc_associate(str, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+	rb_encoding *enc = binary ? rb_ascii8bit_encoding() : get_enc(ptr);
+	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, len, enc);
     }
     else {
 	long rest = RSTRING_LEN(ptr->string) - ptr->pos;
@@ -1429,7 +1564,7 @@ strio_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 strio_sysread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE val = rb_funcall2(self, rb_intern("read"), argc, argv);
+    VALUE val = rb_funcallv_kw(self, rb_intern("read"), argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     if (NIL_P(val)) {
 	rb_eof_error();
     }
@@ -1504,7 +1639,7 @@ strio_size(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   strio.truncate(integer)    -> 0
  *
- * Truncates the buffer string to at most _integer_ bytes. The *strio*
+ * Truncates the buffer string to at most _integer_ bytes. The stream
  * must be opened for writing.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -1528,7 +1663,8 @@ strio_truncate(VALUE self, VALUE len)
  *     strio.external_encoding   => encoding
  *
  *  Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of the file.
- *  If strio is write mode and no encoding is specified, returns <code>nil</code>.
+ *  If the stream is write mode and no encoding is specified, returns
+ *  +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1543,13 +1679,13 @@ strio_external_encoding(VALUE self)
  *     strio.internal_encoding   => encoding
  *
  *  Returns the Encoding of the internal string if conversion is
- *  specified.  Otherwise returns nil.
+ *  specified.  Otherwise returns +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 strio_internal_encoding(VALUE self)
 {
-     return Qnil;
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1585,23 +1721,47 @@ strio_set_encoding(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+strio_set_encoding_by_bom(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct StringIO *ptr = StringIO(self);
+
+    if (!set_encoding_by_bom(ptr)) return Qnil;
+    return rb_enc_from_encoding(ptr->enc);
+}
+
 /*
- * Pseudo I/O on String object.
+ * Pseudo I/O on String object, with interface corresponding to IO.
  *
- * Commonly used to simulate `$stdio` or `$stderr`
+ * Commonly used to simulate <code>$stdio</code> or <code>$stderr</code>
  *
  * === Examples
  *
  *   require 'stringio'
  *
+ *   # Writing stream emulation
  *   io = StringIO.new
  *   io.puts "Hello World"
  *   io.string #=> "Hello World\n"
+ *
+ *   # Reading stream emulation
+ *   io = StringIO.new "first\nsecond\nlast\n"
+ *   io.getc #=> "f"
+ *   io.gets #=> "irst\n"
+ *   io.read #=> "second\nlast\n"
  */
 void
 Init_stringio(void)
 {
-    VALUE StringIO = rb_define_class("StringIO", rb_cData);
+#undef rb_intern
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+  rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+    VALUE StringIO = rb_define_class("StringIO", rb_cObject);
+
+    rb_define_const(StringIO, "VERSION", rb_str_new_cstr(STRINGIO_VERSION));
 
     rb_include_module(StringIO, rb_mEnumerable);
     rb_define_alloc_func(StringIO, strio_s_allocate);
@@ -1644,13 +1804,9 @@ Init_stringio(void)
 
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "each", strio_each, -1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_line", strio_each, -1);
-    rb_define_method(StringIO, "lines", strio_lines, -1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_byte", strio_each_byte, 0);
-    rb_define_method(StringIO, "bytes", strio_bytes, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_char", strio_each_char, 0);
-    rb_define_method(StringIO, "chars", strio_chars, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "each_codepoint", strio_each_codepoint, 0);
-    rb_define_method(StringIO, "codepoints", strio_codepoints, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "getc", strio_getc, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "ungetc", strio_ungetc, 1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "ungetbyte", strio_ungetbyte, 1);
@@ -1659,7 +1815,7 @@ Init_stringio(void)
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "readlines", strio_readlines, -1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "read", strio_read, -1);
 
-    rb_define_method(StringIO, "write", strio_write, 1);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "write", strio_write_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "putc", strio_putc, 1);
 
     /*
@@ -1683,6 +1839,7 @@ Init_stringio(void)
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "external_encoding", strio_external_encoding, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "internal_encoding", strio_internal_encoding, 0);
     rb_define_method(StringIO, "set_encoding", strio_set_encoding, -1);
+    rb_define_method(StringIO, "set_encoding_by_bom", strio_set_encoding_by_bom, 0);
 
     {
 	VALUE mReadable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "generic_readable");
diff --git a/ext/stringio/stringio.gemspec b/ext/stringio/stringio.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..524d976cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/stringio/stringio.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+source_version = ["", "ext/stringio/"].find do |dir|
+  begin
+    break File.open(File.join(__dir__, "#{dir}stringio.c")) {|f|
+      f.gets("\n#define STRINGIO_VERSION ")
+      f.gets[/\s*"(.+)"/, 1]
+    }
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  end
+end
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = "stringio"
+  s.version = source_version
+
+  s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.6")
+  s.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  s.authors = ["Nobu Nakada"]
+  s.description = "Pseudo `IO` class from/to `String`."
+  s.email = "nobu@ruby-lang.org"
+  s.extensions = ["ext/stringio/extconf.rb"]
+  s.files = ["README.md", "ext/stringio/extconf.rb", "ext/stringio/stringio.c"]
+  s.homepage = "https://github.com/ruby/stringio"
+  s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5"
+  s.summary = "Pseudo IO on String"
+
+  # s.cert_chain  = %w[certs/nobu.pem]
+  # s.signing_key = File.expand_path("~/.ssh/gem-private_key.pem") if $0 =~ /gem\z/
+end
diff --git a/ext/strscan/depend b/ext/strscan/depend
index 318da4f7e7..f297134d3b 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/depend
+++ b/ext/strscan/depend
@@ -1,18 +1,168 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 strscan.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 strscan.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rmatch.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/re.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/regex.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 strscan.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
-strscan.o: $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
-strscan.o: $(top_srcdir)/regint.h
 strscan.o: strscan.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/strscan/extconf.rb b/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
index c968f81c95..f0ecbf85d8 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
-$INCFLAGS << " -I$(top_srcdir)"
+$INCFLAGS << " -I$(top_srcdir)" if $extmk
+have_func("onig_region_memsize", "ruby.h")
 create_makefile 'strscan'
diff --git a/ext/strscan/strscan.c b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
index 838f0e7f86..e1426380b4 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/strscan.c
+++ b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
@@ -4,16 +4,25 @@
     Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
 
     This program is free software.
-    You can distribute/modify this program under the terms of
-    the Ruby License. For details, see the file COPYING.
+    You can redistribute this program under the terms of the Ruby's or 2-clause
+    BSD License.  For details, see the COPYING and LICENSE.txt files.
 */
 
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/re.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
-#include "regint.h"
 
-#define STRSCAN_VERSION "0.7.0"
+#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+#  include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ONIG_REGION_MEMSIZE
+extern size_t onig_region_memsize(const struct re_registers *regs);
+#endif
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#define STRSCAN_VERSION "3.0.1"
 
 /* =======================================================================
                          Data Type Definitions
@@ -41,6 +50,9 @@ struct strscanner
 
     /* regexp used for last scan */
     VALUE regex;
+
+    /* anchor mode */
+    bool fixed_anchor_p;
 };
 
 #define MATCHED_P(s)          ((s)->flags & FLAG_MATCHED)
@@ -65,7 +77,6 @@ struct strscanner
    ======================================================================= */
 
 static inline long minl _((const long n, const long x));
-static VALUE infect _((VALUE str, struct strscanner *p));
 static VALUE extract_range _((struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long end_i));
 static VALUE extract_beg_len _((struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long len));
 
@@ -127,13 +138,6 @@ static VALUE inspect2 _((struct strscanner *p));
    ======================================================================= */
 
 static VALUE
-infect(VALUE str, struct strscanner *p)
-{
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, p->str);
-    return str;
-}
-
-static VALUE
 str_new(struct strscanner *p, const char *ptr, long len)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_str_new(ptr, len);
@@ -152,7 +156,7 @@ extract_range(struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long end_i)
 {
     if (beg_i > S_LEN(p)) return Qnil;
     end_i = minl(end_i, S_LEN(p));
-    return infect(str_new(p, S_PBEG(p) + beg_i, end_i - beg_i), p);
+    return str_new(p, S_PBEG(p) + beg_i, end_i - beg_i);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ extract_beg_len(struct strscanner *p, long beg_i, long len)
 {
     if (beg_i > S_LEN(p)) return Qnil;
     len = minl(len, S_LEN(p) - beg_i);
-    return infect(str_new(p, S_PBEG(p) + beg_i, len), p);
+    return str_new(p, S_PBEG(p) + beg_i, len);
 }
 
 /* =======================================================================
@@ -172,6 +176,7 @@ strscan_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     struct strscanner *p = ptr;
     rb_gc_mark(p->str);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->regex);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -186,7 +191,11 @@ static size_t
 strscan_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
     const struct strscanner *p = ptr;
-    return sizeof(*p) - sizeof(p->regs) + onig_region_memsize(&p->regs);
+    size_t size = sizeof(*p) - sizeof(p->regs);
+#ifdef HAVE_ONIG_REGION_MEMSIZE
+    size += onig_region_memsize(&p->regs);
+#endif
+    return size;
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t strscanner_type = {
@@ -204,23 +213,46 @@ strscan_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
     CLEAR_MATCH_STATUS(p);
     onig_region_init(&(p->regs));
     p->str = Qnil;
+    p->regex = Qnil;
     return obj;
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: StringScanner.new(string, dup = false)
+ * call-seq:
+ *    StringScanner.new(string, fixed_anchor: false)
+ *    StringScanner.new(string, dup = false)
  *
  * Creates a new StringScanner object to scan over the given +string+.
+ *
+ * If +fixed_anchor+ is +true+, +\A+ always matches the beginning of
+ * the string. Otherwise, +\A+ always matches the current position.
+ *
  * +dup+ argument is obsolete and not used now.
  */
 static VALUE
 strscan_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
-    VALUE str, need_dup;
+    VALUE str, options;
 
     p = check_strscan(self);
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &need_dup);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &options);
+    options = rb_check_hash_type(options);
+    if (!NIL_P(options)) {
+        VALUE fixed_anchor;
+        ID keyword_ids[1];
+        keyword_ids[0] = rb_intern("fixed_anchor");
+        rb_get_kwargs(options, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &fixed_anchor);
+        if (fixed_anchor == Qundef) {
+            p->fixed_anchor_p = false;
+        }
+        else {
+            p->fixed_anchor_p = RTEST(fixed_anchor);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        p->fixed_anchor_p = false;
+    }
     StringValue(str);
     p->str = str;
 
@@ -294,7 +326,7 @@ strscan_reset(VALUE self)
  *   terminate
  *   clear
  *
- * Set the scan pointer to the end of the string and clear matching data.
+ * Sets the scan pointer to the end of the string and clear matching data.
  */
 static VALUE
 strscan_terminate(VALUE self)
@@ -413,19 +445,16 @@ static VALUE
 strscan_get_charpos(VALUE self)
 {
     struct strscanner *p;
-    VALUE substr;
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
 
-    substr = rb_funcall(p->str, id_byteslice, 2, INT2FIX(0), INT2NUM(p->curr));
-
-    return rb_str_length(substr);
+    return LONG2NUM(rb_enc_strlen(S_PBEG(p), CURPTR(p), rb_enc_get(p->str)));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq: pos=(n)
  *
- * Set the byte position of the scan pointer.
+ * Sets the byte position of the scan pointer.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   s.pos = 7            # -> 7
@@ -443,19 +472,86 @@ strscan_set_pos(VALUE self, VALUE v)
     if (i < 0) rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "index out of range");
     if (i > S_LEN(p)) rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "index out of range");
     p->curr = i;
-    return INT2NUM(i);
+    return LONG2NUM(i);
+}
+
+static inline UChar *
+match_target(struct strscanner *p)
+{
+    if (p->fixed_anchor_p) {
+        return (UChar *)S_PBEG(p);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return (UChar *)CURPTR(p);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+set_registers(struct strscanner *p, size_t length)
+{
+    const int at = 0;
+    OnigRegion *regs = &(p->regs);
+    onig_region_clear(regs);
+    if (onig_region_set(regs, at, 0, 0)) return;
+    if (p->fixed_anchor_p) {
+        regs->beg[at] = p->curr;
+        regs->end[at] = p->curr + length;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        regs->end[at] = length;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+succ(struct strscanner *p)
+{
+    if (p->fixed_anchor_p) {
+        p->curr = p->regs.end[0];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        p->curr += p->regs.end[0];
+    }
+}
+
+static inline long
+last_match_length(struct strscanner *p)
+{
+    if (p->fixed_anchor_p) {
+        return p->regs.end[0] - p->prev;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return p->regs.end[0];
+    }
+}
+
+static inline long
+adjust_register_position(struct strscanner *p, long position)
+{
+    if (p->fixed_anchor_p) {
+        return position;
+    }
+    else {
+        return p->prev + position;
+    }
 }
 
 static VALUE
-strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE regex, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly)
+strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE pattern, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly)
 {
-    regex_t *rb_reg_prepare_re(VALUE re, VALUE str);
     struct strscanner *p;
-    regex_t *re;
-    long ret;
-    int tmpreg;
 
-    Check_Type(regex, T_REGEXP);
+    if (headonly) {
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(pattern, T_REGEXP)) {
+            StringValue(pattern);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        Check_Type(pattern, T_REGEXP);
+    }
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
 
     CLEAR_MATCH_STATUS(p);
@@ -463,49 +559,76 @@ strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE regex, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly)
         return Qnil;
     }
 
-    p->regex = regex;
-    re = rb_reg_prepare_re(regex, p->str);
-    tmpreg = re != RREGEXP_PTR(regex);
-    if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(regex)->usecnt++;
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(pattern, T_REGEXP)) {
+        regex_t *rb_reg_prepare_re(VALUE re, VALUE str);
+        regex_t *re;
+        long ret;
+        int tmpreg;
+
+        p->regex = pattern;
+        re = rb_reg_prepare_re(pattern, p->str);
+        tmpreg = re != RREGEXP_PTR(pattern);
+        if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(pattern)->usecnt++;
+
+        if (headonly) {
+            ret = onig_match(re,
+                             match_target(p),
+                             (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
+                             (UChar* )CURPTR(p),
+                             &(p->regs),
+                             ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+        }
+        else {
+            ret = onig_search(re,
+                              match_target(p),
+                              (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
+                              (UChar* )CURPTR(p),
+                              (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
+                              &(p->regs),
+                              ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+        }
+        if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(pattern)->usecnt--;
+        if (tmpreg) {
+            if (RREGEXP(pattern)->usecnt) {
+                onig_free(re);
+            }
+            else {
+                onig_free(RREGEXP_PTR(pattern));
+                RREGEXP_PTR(pattern) = re;
+            }
+        }
 
-    if (headonly) {
-        ret = onig_match(re, (UChar* )CURPTR(p),
-                         (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
-                         (UChar* )CURPTR(p), &(p->regs), ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+        if (ret == -2) rb_raise(ScanError, "regexp buffer overflow");
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            /* not matched */
+            return Qnil;
+        }
     }
     else {
-        ret = onig_search(re,
-                          (UChar* )CURPTR(p), (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
-                          (UChar* )CURPTR(p), (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
-                          &(p->regs), ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
-    }
-    if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(regex)->usecnt--;
-    if (tmpreg) {
-        if (RREGEXP(regex)->usecnt) {
-            onig_free(re);
+        rb_enc_check(p->str, pattern);
+        if (S_RESTLEN(p) < RSTRING_LEN(pattern)) {
+            return Qnil;
         }
-        else {
-            onig_free(RREGEXP_PTR(regex));
-            RREGEXP_PTR(regex) = re;
+        if (memcmp(CURPTR(p), RSTRING_PTR(pattern), RSTRING_LEN(pattern)) != 0) {
+            return Qnil;
         }
-    }
-
-    if (ret == -2) rb_raise(ScanError, "regexp buffer overflow");
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        /* not matched */
-        return Qnil;
+        set_registers(p, RSTRING_LEN(pattern));
     }
 
     MATCHED(p);
     p->prev = p->curr;
+
     if (succptr) {
-        p->curr += p->regs.end[0];
+        succ(p);
     }
-    if (getstr) {
-        return extract_beg_len(p, p->prev, p->regs.end[0]);
-    }
-    else {
-        return INT2FIX(p->regs.end[0]);
+    {
+        const long length = last_match_length(p);
+        if (getstr) {
+            return extract_beg_len(p, p->prev, length);
+        }
+        else {
+            return INT2FIX(length);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -520,7 +643,8 @@ strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE regex, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly)
  *   p s.scan(/\w+/)   # -> "test"
  *   p s.scan(/\w+/)   # -> nil
  *   p s.scan(/\s+/)   # -> " "
- *   p s.scan(/\w+/)   # -> "string"
+ *   p s.scan("str")   # -> "str"
+ *   p s.scan(/\w+/)   # -> "ing"
  *   p s.scan(/./)     # -> nil
  *
  */
@@ -539,6 +663,7 @@ strscan_scan(VALUE self, VALUE re)
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   p s.match?(/\w+/)   # -> 4
  *   p s.match?(/\w+/)   # -> 4
+ *   p s.match?("test")  # -> 4
  *   p s.match?(/\s+/)   # -> nil
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -560,7 +685,8 @@ strscan_match_p(VALUE self, VALUE re)
  *   p s.skip(/\w+/)   # -> 4
  *   p s.skip(/\w+/)   # -> nil
  *   p s.skip(/\s+/)   # -> 1
- *   p s.skip(/\w+/)   # -> 6
+ *   p s.skip("st")    # -> 2
+ *   p s.skip(/\w+/)   # -> 4
  *   p s.skip(/./)     # -> nil
  *
  */
@@ -704,7 +830,12 @@ static void
 adjust_registers_to_matched(struct strscanner *p)
 {
     onig_region_clear(&(p->regs));
-    onig_region_set(&(p->regs), 0, 0, (int)(p->curr - p->prev));
+    if (p->fixed_anchor_p) {
+        onig_region_set(&(p->regs), 0, (int)p->prev, (int)p->curr);
+    }
+    else {
+        onig_region_set(&(p->regs), 0, 0, (int)(p->curr - p->prev));
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -716,9 +847,8 @@ adjust_registers_to_matched(struct strscanner *p)
  *   s.getch           # => "b"
  *   s.getch           # => nil
  *
- *   $KCODE = 'EUC'
- *   s = StringScanner.new("\244\242")
- *   s.getch           # => "\244\242"   # Japanese hira-kana "A" in EUC-JP
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("\244\242".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+ *   s.getch           # => "\x{A4A2}"   # Japanese hira-kana "A" in EUC-JP
  *   s.getch           # => nil
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -738,8 +868,9 @@ strscan_getch(VALUE self)
     p->curr += len;
     MATCHED(p);
     adjust_registers_to_matched(p);
-    return extract_range(p, p->prev + p->regs.beg[0],
-                            p->prev + p->regs.end[0]);
+    return extract_range(p,
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.beg[0]),
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.end[0]));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -752,10 +883,9 @@ strscan_getch(VALUE self)
  *   s.get_byte         # => "b"
  *   s.get_byte         # => nil
  *
- *   $KCODE = 'EUC'
- *   s = StringScanner.new("\244\242")
- *   s.get_byte         # => "\244"
- *   s.get_byte         # => "\242"
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("\244\242".force_encoding("euc-jp"))
+ *   s.get_byte         # => "\xA4"
+ *   s.get_byte         # => "\xA2"
  *   s.get_byte         # => nil
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -772,8 +902,9 @@ strscan_get_byte(VALUE self)
     p->curr++;
     MATCHED(p);
     adjust_registers_to_matched(p);
-    return extract_range(p, p->prev + p->regs.beg[0],
-                            p->prev + p->regs.end[0]);
+    return extract_range(p,
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.beg[0]),
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.end[0]));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -808,7 +939,7 @@ strscan_peek(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
 
     len = NUM2LONG(vlen);
     if (EOS_P(p))
-        return infect(str_new(p, "", 0), p);
+        return str_new(p, "", 0);
 
     len = minl(len, S_RESTLEN(p));
     return extract_beg_len(p, p->curr, len);
@@ -826,7 +957,7 @@ strscan_peep(VALUE self, VALUE vlen)
 }
 
 /*
- * Set the scan pointer to the previous position.  Only one previous position is
+ * Sets the scan pointer to the previous position.  Only one previous position is
  * remembered, and it changes with each scanning operation.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
@@ -850,7 +981,7 @@ strscan_unscan(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns +true+ iff the scan pointer is at the beginning of the line.
+ * Returns +true+ if and only if the scan pointer is at the beginning of the line.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new("test\ntest\n")
  *   s.bol?           # => true
@@ -903,7 +1034,7 @@ strscan_empty_p(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns true iff there is more data in the string.  See #eos?.
+ * Returns true if and only if there is more data in the string.  See #eos?.
  * This method is obsolete; use #eos? instead.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
@@ -920,7 +1051,7 @@ strscan_rest_p(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns +true+ iff the last match was successful.
+ * Returns +true+ if and only if the last match was successful.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   s.match?(/\w+/)     # => 4
@@ -951,13 +1082,15 @@ strscan_matched(VALUE self)
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
     if (! MATCHED_P(p)) return Qnil;
-    return extract_range(p, p->prev + p->regs.beg[0],
-                            p->prev + p->regs.end[0]);
+    return extract_range(p,
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.beg[0]),
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.end[0]));
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns the size of the most recent match (see #matched), or +nil+ if there
- * was no recent match.
+ * Returns the size of the most recent match in bytes, or +nil+ if there
+ * was no recent match.  This is different than <tt>matched.size</tt>,
+ * which will return the size in characters.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   s.check /\w+/           # -> "test"
@@ -972,7 +1105,7 @@ strscan_matched_size(VALUE self)
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
     if (! MATCHED_P(p)) return Qnil;
-    return INT2NUM(p->regs.end[0] - p->regs.beg[0]);
+    return LONG2NUM(p->regs.end[0] - p->regs.beg[0]);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -996,7 +1129,7 @@ name_to_backref_number(struct re_registers *regs, VALUE regexp, const char* name
 /*
  * call-seq: [](n)
  *
- * Return the n-th subgroup in the most recent match.
+ * Returns the n-th subgroup in the most recent match.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new("Fri Dec 12 1975 14:39")
  *   s.scan(/(\w+) (\w+) (\d+) /)       # -> "Fri Dec 12 "
@@ -1034,6 +1167,7 @@ strscan_aref(VALUE self, VALUE idx)
             idx = rb_sym2str(idx);
             /* fall through */
         case T_STRING:
+            if (!RTEST(p->regex)) return Qnil;
             RSTRING_GETMEM(idx, name, i);
             i = name_to_backref_number(&(p->regs), p->regex, name, name + i, rb_enc_get(idx));
             break;
@@ -1047,12 +1181,100 @@ strscan_aref(VALUE self, VALUE idx)
     if (i >= p->regs.num_regs) return Qnil;
     if (p->regs.beg[i] == -1)  return Qnil;
 
-    return extract_range(p, p->prev + p->regs.beg[i],
-                            p->prev + p->regs.end[i]);
+    return extract_range(p,
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.beg[i]),
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.end[i]));
 }
 
 /*
- * Return the <i><b>pre</b>-match</i> (in the regular expression sense) of the last scan.
+ * call-seq: size
+ *
+ * Returns the amount of subgroups in the most recent match.
+ * The full match counts as a subgroup.
+ *
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("Fri Dec 12 1975 14:39")
+ *   s.scan(/(\w+) (\w+) (\d+) /)       # -> "Fri Dec 12 "
+ *   s.size                             # -> 4
+ */
+static VALUE
+strscan_size(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct strscanner *p;
+
+    GET_SCANNER(self, p);
+    if (! MATCHED_P(p))        return Qnil;
+    return INT2FIX(p->regs.num_regs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: captures
+ *
+ * Returns the subgroups in the most recent match (not including the full match).
+ * If nothing was priorly matched, it returns nil.
+ *
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("Fri Dec 12 1975 14:39")
+ *   s.scan(/(\w+) (\w+) (\d+) /)       # -> "Fri Dec 12 "
+ *   s.captures                         # -> ["Fri", "Dec", "12"]
+ *   s.scan(/(\w+) (\w+) (\d+) /)       # -> nil
+ *   s.captures                         # -> nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+strscan_captures(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct strscanner *p;
+    int   i, num_regs;
+    VALUE new_ary;
+
+    GET_SCANNER(self, p);
+    if (! MATCHED_P(p))        return Qnil;
+
+    num_regs = p->regs.num_regs;
+    new_ary  = rb_ary_new2(num_regs);
+
+    for (i = 1; i < num_regs; i++) {
+        VALUE str = extract_range(p,
+                                  adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.beg[i]),
+                                  adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.end[i]));
+        rb_ary_push(new_ary, str);
+    }
+
+    return new_ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     scanner.values_at( i1, i2, ... iN )   -> an_array
+ *
+ * Returns the subgroups in the most recent match at the given indices.
+ * If nothing was priorly matched, it returns nil.
+ *
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("Fri Dec 12 1975 14:39")
+ *   s.scan(/(\w+) (\w+) (\d+) /)       # -> "Fri Dec 12 "
+ *   s.values_at 0, -1, 5, 2            # -> ["Fri Dec 12 ", "12", nil, "Dec"]
+ *   s.scan(/(\w+) (\w+) (\d+) /)       # -> nil
+ *   s.values_at 0, -1, 5, 2            # -> nil
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+strscan_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct strscanner *p;
+    long i;
+    VALUE new_ary;
+
+    GET_SCANNER(self, p);
+    if (! MATCHED_P(p))        return Qnil;
+
+    new_ary = rb_ary_new2(argc);
+    for (i = 0; i<argc; i++) {
+        rb_ary_push(new_ary, strscan_aref(self, argv[i]));
+    }
+
+    return new_ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the <i><b>pre</b>-match</i> (in the regular expression sense) of the last scan.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   s.scan(/\w+/)           # -> "test"
@@ -1067,11 +1289,13 @@ strscan_pre_match(VALUE self)
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
     if (! MATCHED_P(p)) return Qnil;
-    return extract_range(p, 0, p->prev + p->regs.beg[0]);
+    return extract_range(p,
+                         0,
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.beg[0]));
 }
 
 /*
- * Return the <i><b>post</b>-match</i> (in the regular expression sense) of the last scan.
+ * Returns the <i><b>post</b>-match</i> (in the regular expression sense) of the last scan.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
  *   s.scan(/\w+/)           # -> "test"
@@ -1086,7 +1310,9 @@ strscan_post_match(VALUE self)
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
     if (! MATCHED_P(p)) return Qnil;
-    return extract_range(p, p->prev + p->regs.end[0], S_LEN(p));
+    return extract_range(p,
+                         adjust_register_position(p, p->regs.end[0]),
+                         S_LEN(p));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1100,7 +1326,7 @@ strscan_rest(VALUE self)
 
     GET_SCANNER(self, p);
     if (EOS_P(p)) {
-        return infect(str_new(p, "", 0), p);
+        return str_new(p, "", 0);
     }
     return extract_range(p, p->curr, S_LEN(p));
 }
@@ -1155,11 +1381,11 @@ strscan_inspect(VALUE self)
     p = check_strscan(self);
     if (NIL_P(p->str)) {
 	a = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE" (uninitialized)>", rb_obj_class(self));
-	return infect(a, p);
+	return a;
     }
     if (EOS_P(p)) {
 	a = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE" fin>", rb_obj_class(self));
-	return infect(a, p);
+	return a;
     }
     if (p->curr == 0) {
 	b = inspect2(p);
@@ -1167,7 +1393,7 @@ strscan_inspect(VALUE self)
 		       rb_obj_class(self),
 		       p->curr, S_LEN(p),
 		       b);
-	return infect(a, p);
+	return a;
     }
     a = inspect1(p);
     b = inspect2(p);
@@ -1175,7 +1401,7 @@ strscan_inspect(VALUE self)
 		   rb_obj_class(self),
 		   p->curr, S_LEN(p),
 		   a, b);
-    return infect(a, p);
+    return a;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1215,6 +1441,23 @@ inspect2(struct strscanner *p)
     return rb_str_dump(str);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    scanner.fixed_anchor? -> true or false
+ *
+ * Whether +scanner+ uses fixed anchor mode or not.
+ *
+ * If fixed anchor mode is used, +\A+ always matches the beginning of
+ * the string. Otherwise, +\A+ always matches the current position.
+ */
+static VALUE
+strscan_fixed_anchor_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct strscanner *p;
+    p = check_strscan(self);
+    return p->fixed_anchor_p ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
 /* =======================================================================
                               Ruby Interface
    ======================================================================= */
@@ -1291,7 +1534,7 @@ inspect2(struct strscanner *p)
  *
  * === Finding Where we Are
  *
- * - #beginning_of_line? (#bol?)
+ * - #beginning_of_line? (<tt>#bol?</tt>)
  * - #eos?
  * - #rest?
  * - #rest_size
@@ -1308,13 +1551,13 @@ inspect2(struct strscanner *p)
  * - #matched
  * - #matched?
  * - #matched_size
- * - []
+ * - <tt>#[]</tt>
  * - #pre_match
  * - #post_match
  *
  * === Miscellaneous
  *
- * - <<
+ * - <tt><<</tt>
  * - #concat
  * - #string
  * - #string=
@@ -1325,6 +1568,11 @@ inspect2(struct strscanner *p)
 void
 Init_strscan(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+#undef rb_intern
     ID id_scanerr = rb_intern("ScanError");
     VALUE tmp;
 
@@ -1391,10 +1639,15 @@ Init_strscan(void)
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "[]",          strscan_aref,        1);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "pre_match",   strscan_pre_match,   0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "post_match",  strscan_post_match,  0);
+    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "size",        strscan_size,        0);
+    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "captures",    strscan_captures,    0);
+    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "values_at",   strscan_values_at,  -1);
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "rest",        strscan_rest,        0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "rest_size",   strscan_rest_size,   0);
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "restsize",    strscan_restsize,    0);
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "inspect",     strscan_inspect,     0);
+
+    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "fixed_anchor?", strscan_fixed_anchor_p, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/strscan/strscan.gemspec b/ext/strscan/strscan.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d8119ea4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/strscan/strscan.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+source_version = ["", "ext/strscan/"].find do |dir|
+  begin
+    break File.open(File.join(__dir__, "#{dir}strscan.c")) {|f|
+      f.gets("\n#define STRSCAN_VERSION ")
+      f.gets[/\s*"(.+)"/, 1]
+    }
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  end
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = "strscan"
+  s.version = source_version
+  s.summary = "Provides lexical scanning operations on a String."
+  s.description = "Provides lexical scanning operations on a String."
+
+  s.require_path = %w{lib}
+  s.files = %w{ext/strscan/extconf.rb ext/strscan/strscan.c}
+  s.extensions = %w{ext/strscan/extconf.rb}
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.0"
+
+  s.authors = ["Minero Aoki", "Sutou Kouhei"]
+  s.email = [nil, "kou@cozmixng.org"]
+  s.homepage = "https://github.com/ruby/strscan"
+  s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+end
diff --git a/ext/syslog/depend b/ext/syslog/depend
index ee2ad79052..4c0ef0ebac 100644
--- a/ext/syslog/depend
+++ b/ext/syslog/depend
@@ -1,7 +1,157 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 syslog.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 syslog.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 syslog.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
diff --git a/ext/syslog/extconf.rb b/ext/syslog/extconf.rb
index 3bfea1fa73..1230a4d52e 100644
--- a/ext/syslog/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/syslog/extconf.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 require 'mkmf'
 
+have_library("log") # for Android
+
 have_header("syslog.h") &&
   have_func("openlog") &&
   have_func("setlogmask") &&
diff --git a/ext/syslog/lib/syslog/logger.rb b/ext/syslog/lib/syslog/logger.rb
index 06cbe5b19d..453ca2785c 100644
--- a/ext/syslog/lib/syslog/logger.rb
+++ b/ext/syslog/lib/syslog/logger.rb
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class Syslog::Logger
       end
 
       def #{meth}?
-        @level <= #{level}
+        level <= #{level}
       end
     EOM
   end
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class Syslog::Logger
 
   def add severity, message = nil, progname = nil, &block
     severity ||= ::Logger::UNKNOWN
-    @level <= severity and
+    level <= severity and
       @@syslog.log( (LEVEL_MAP[severity] | @facility), '%s', formatter.call(severity, Time.now, progname, (message || block.call)) )
     true
   end
diff --git a/ext/syslog/syslog.c b/ext/syslog/syslog.c
index 9c41795f5b..4c540fc9c7 100644
--- a/ext/syslog/syslog.c
+++ b/ext/syslog/syslog.c
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ static VALUE mSyslog_close(VALUE self)
 static VALUE mSyslog_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE ident, opt, fac;
+    const char *ident_ptr;
 
     if (syslog_opened) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "syslog already open");
@@ -160,8 +161,8 @@ static VALUE mSyslog_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (NIL_P(ident)) {
         ident = rb_gv_get("$0");
     }
-    SafeStringValue(ident);
-    syslog_ident = strdup(RSTRING_PTR(ident));
+    ident_ptr = StringValueCStr(ident);
+    syslog_ident = strdup(ident_ptr);
 
     if (NIL_P(opt)) {
 	syslog_options = LOG_PID | LOG_CONS;
@@ -295,10 +296,6 @@ static VALUE mSyslog_set_mask(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
  *   Syslog.log(Syslog::LOG_ALERT, "Out of memory")
  *   Syslog.alert("Out of memory")
  *
- * Format strings are as for printf/sprintf, except that in addition %m is
- * replaced with the error message string that would be returned by
- * strerror(errno).
- *
  */
 static VALUE mSyslog_log(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -418,6 +415,7 @@ static VALUE mSyslogMacros_included(VALUE mod, VALUE target)
  */
 void Init_syslog(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     mSyslog = rb_define_module("Syslog");
 
     mSyslogConstants    = rb_define_module_under(mSyslog, "Constants");
@@ -504,7 +502,7 @@ void Init_syslog(void)
     rb_define_syslog_facility(LOG_NEWS);
 #endif
 #ifdef LOG_NTP
-   rb_define_syslog_facility(LOG_NTP);
+    rb_define_syslog_facility(LOG_NTP);
 #endif
 #ifdef LOG_SECURITY
     rb_define_syslog_facility(LOG_SECURITY);
diff --git a/ext/syslog/syslog.gemspec b/ext/syslog/syslog.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f73f5ad0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/syslog/syslog.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "syslog"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA"]
+  spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Ruby interface for the POSIX system logging facility.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Ruby interface for the POSIX system logging facility.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/syslog"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.extensions    = ["ext/syslog/extconf.rb"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/ext/win32/depend b/ext/win32/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0301ce074c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/win32/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/Win32API.rb b/ext/win32/lib/Win32API.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d03ecc1c46..0000000000
--- a/ext/win32/lib/Win32API.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# -*- ruby -*-
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-# for backward compatibility
-warn "Warning:#{caller[0].sub(/:in `.*'\z/, '')}: Win32API is deprecated after Ruby 1.9.1; use fiddle directly instead" if $VERBOSE
-
-require 'fiddle/import'
-
-class Win32API
-  DLL = {}
-  TYPEMAP = {"0" => Fiddle::TYPE_VOID, "S" => Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP, "I" => Fiddle::TYPE_LONG}
-  POINTER_TYPE = Fiddle::SIZEOF_VOIDP == Fiddle::SIZEOF_LONG_LONG ? 'q*' : 'l!*'
-
-  WIN32_TYPES = "VPpNnLlIi"
-  DL_TYPES = "0SSI"
-
-  def initialize(dllname, func, import, export = "0", calltype = :stdcall)
-    @proto = [import].join.tr(WIN32_TYPES, DL_TYPES).sub(/^(.)0*$/, '\1')
-    import = @proto.chars.map {|win_type| TYPEMAP[win_type.tr(WIN32_TYPES, DL_TYPES)]}
-    export = TYPEMAP[export.tr(WIN32_TYPES, DL_TYPES)]
-    calltype = Fiddle::Importer.const_get(:CALL_TYPE_TO_ABI)[calltype]
-
-    handle = DLL[dllname] ||=
-             begin
-               Fiddle.dlopen(dllname)
-             rescue Fiddle::DLError
-               raise unless File.extname(dllname).empty?
-               Fiddle.dlopen(dllname + ".dll")
-             end
-
-    @func = Fiddle::Function.new(handle[func], import, export, calltype)
-  rescue Fiddle::DLError => e
-    raise LoadError, e.message, e.backtrace
-  end
-
-  def call(*args)
-    import = @proto.split("")
-    args.each_with_index do |x, i|
-      args[i], = [x == 0 ? nil : x].pack("p").unpack(POINTER_TYPE) if import[i] == "S"
-      args[i], = [x].pack("I").unpack("i") if import[i] == "I"
-    end
-    ret, = @func.call(*args)
-    return ret || 0
-  end
-
-  alias Call call
-end
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/importer.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/importer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bef016c29..0000000000
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/importer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'fiddle/import'
-
-module Win32
-end
-
-Win32.module_eval do
-  Importer = Fiddle::Importer
-end
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
index f3655b78d3..ffc2979179 100644
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'win32/importer'
+require 'fiddle/import'
 
 module Win32
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     #
     class Error < ::StandardError
       module Kernel32
-        extend Importer
+        extend Fiddle::Importer
         dlload "kernel32.dll"
       end
       FormatMessageW = Kernel32.extern "int FormatMessageW(int, void *, int, int, void *, int, void *)", :stdcall
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     #
     module API
       include Constants
-      extend Importer
+      extend Fiddle::Importer
       dlload "advapi32.dll"
       [
         "long RegOpenKeyExW(void *, void *, long, long, void *)",
@@ -575,9 +575,9 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
         begin
           type, data = read(subkey)
         rescue Error
-          next
+        else
+          yield subkey, type, data
         end
-        yield subkey, type, data
         index += 1
       end
       index
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     #    Array of String
     # :REG_DWORD, REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, REG_QWORD
     #    Integer
-    # :REG_BINARY
+    # :REG_BINARY, REG_NONE
     #    String (contains binary data)
     #
     # When rtype is specified, the value type must be included by
@@ -643,14 +643,16 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     def read(name, *rtype)
       type, data = API.QueryValue(@hkey, name)
       unless rtype.empty? or rtype.include?(type)
-        raise TypeError, "Type mismatch (expect #{rtype.inspect} but #{type} present)"
+        raise TypeError, "Type mismatch (expect [#{
+          rtype.map{|t|Registry.type2name(t)}.join(', ')}] but #{
+          Registry.type2name(type)} present)"
       end
       case type
       when REG_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ
         [ type, data.encode(name.encoding, WCHAR).chop ]
       when REG_MULTI_SZ
         [ type, data.encode(name.encoding, WCHAR).split(/\0/) ]
-      when REG_BINARY
+      when REG_BINARY, REG_NONE
         [ type, data ]
       when REG_DWORD
         [ type, API.unpackdw(data) ]
@@ -659,7 +661,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       when REG_QWORD
         [ type, API.unpackqw(data) ]
       else
-        raise TypeError, "Type #{type} is not supported."
+        raise TypeError, "Type #{Registry.type2name(type)} is not supported."
       end
     end
 
@@ -682,7 +684,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       when REG_EXPAND_SZ
         Registry.expand_environ(data)
       else
-        raise TypeError, "Type #{type} is not supported."
+        raise TypeError, "Type #{Registry.type2name(type)} is not supported."
       end
     end
 
@@ -746,7 +748,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       when REG_MULTI_SZ
         data = data.to_a.map {|s| s.encode(WCHAR)}.join(WCHAR_NUL) << WCHAR_NUL
         termsize = WCHAR_SIZE
-      when REG_BINARY
+      when REG_BINARY, REG_NONE
         data = data.to_s
       when REG_DWORD
         data = API.packdw(data.to_i)
@@ -755,7 +757,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       when REG_QWORD
         data = API.packqw(data.to_i)
       else
-        raise TypeError, "Unsupported type #{type}"
+        raise TypeError, "Unsupported type #{Registry.type2name(type)}"
       end
       API.SetValue(@hkey, name, type, data, data.bytesize + termsize)
     end
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb
index 647f1446fc..d06658f0aa 100644
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv.rb
@@ -42,24 +42,26 @@ begin
 rescue LoadError
 end
 
-nt = Module.new do
-  break true if [nil].pack("p").size > 4
-  extend Importer
-  dlload "kernel32.dll"
-  getv = extern "int GetVersionExA(void *)", :stdcall
-  info = [ 148, 0, 0, 0, 0 ].pack('V5') + "\0" * 128
-  getv.call(info)
-  break info.unpack('V5')[4] == 2  # VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT
-end
-if not nt
-  require_relative 'resolv9x'
-  # return # does not work yet
-else
 module Win32
 #====================================================================
 # Windows NT
 #====================================================================
   module Resolv
+    module SZ
+      refine Registry do
+        # ad hoc workaround for broken registry
+        def read_s(key)
+          type, str = read(key)
+          unless type == Registry::REG_SZ
+            warn "Broken registry, #{name}\\#{key} was #{Registry.type2name(type)}, ignored"
+            return String.new
+          end
+          str
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    using SZ
+
     TCPIP_NT = 'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters'
 
     class << self
@@ -131,4 +133,3 @@ module Win32
     end
   end
 end
-end
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv9x.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv9x.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1045bb2e09..0000000000
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/resolv9x.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,253 +0,0 @@
-#====================================================================
-# Windows 9x
-#====================================================================
-module Win32
-  module Resolv
-    TCPIP_9X = 'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\MSTCP'
-    DHCP_9X = 'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\DHCP'
-    WINDOWS = 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion'
-
-    class << self
-   #   private
-
-      def get_hosts_dir
-        Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.open(WINDOWS) do |reg|
-          reg.read_s_expand('SystemRoot')
-        end
-      end
-
-      def get_info
-        search = []
-        nameserver = []
-        begin
-          Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.open(TCPIP_9X) do |reg|
-            if reg.read_s("EnableDNS") == "1"
-              domain = reg.read_s("Domain")
-              ns = reg.read_s("NameServer")
-              slist = reg.read_s("SearchList")
-              search << domain unless domain.empty?
-              search.concat(slist.split(/,\s*/))
-              nameserver.concat(ns.split(/[,\s]\s*/))
-            end
-          end
-        rescue Registry::Error
-        end
-
-        dhcpinfo = get_dhcpinfo
-        search.concat(dhcpinfo[0])
-        nameserver.concat(dhcpinfo[1])
-        [ search, nameserver ]
-      end
-
-      def get_dhcpinfo
-        macaddrs = {}
-        ipaddrs = {}
-        WsControl.get_iflist.each do |index, macaddr, *ipaddr|
-          macaddrs[macaddr] = 1
-          ipaddr.each { |ipaddr| ipaddrs[ipaddr] = 1 }
-        end
-        iflist = [ macaddrs, ipaddrs ]
-
-        search = []
-        nameserver = []
-        version = -1
-        Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.open(DHCP_9X) do |reg|
-          begin
-            version = API.unpackdw(reg.read_bin("Version"))
-          rescue Registry::Error
-          end
-
-          reg.each_key do |key, |
-            catch(:not_used) do
-              reg.open(key) do |regdi|
-                dom, ns = get_dhcpinfo_key(version, regdi, iflist)
-                search << dom if dom
-                nameserver.concat(ns) if ns
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        [ search, nameserver ]
-      end
-
-      def get_dhcpinfo_95(reg)
-        dhcp = reg.read_bin("DhcpInfo")
-        [
-          API.unpackdw(dhcp[4..7]),
-          API.unpackdw(dhcp[8..11]),
-          1,
-          dhcp[45..50],
-          reg.read_bin("OptionInfo"),
-        ]
-      end
-
-      def get_dhcpinfo_98(reg)
-        [
-          API.unpackdw(reg.read_bin("DhcpIPAddress")),
-          API.unpackdw(reg.read_bin("DhcpSubnetMask")),
-          API.unpackdw(reg.read_bin("HardwareType")),
-          reg.read_bin("HardwareAddress"),
-          reg.read_bin("OptionInfo"),
-        ]
-      end
-
-      def get_dhcpinfo_key(version, reg, iflist)
-        info = case version
-               when 1
-                 get_dhcpinfo_95(reg)
-               when 2
-                 get_dhcpinfo_98(reg)
-               else
-                 begin
-                   get_dhcpinfo_98(reg)
-                 rescue Registry::Error
-                   get_dhcpinfo_95(reg)
-                 end
-               end
-        ipaddr, netmask, hwtype, macaddr, opt = info
-        throw :not_used unless
-          ipaddr and ipaddr != 0 and
-          netmask and netmask != 0 and
-          macaddr and macaddr.size == 6 and
-          hwtype == 1 and
-          iflist[0][macaddr] and iflist[1][ipaddr]
-
-        size = opt.size
-        idx = 0
-        while idx <= size
-          opttype = opt[idx]
-          optsize = opt[idx + 1]
-          optval  = opt[idx + 2, optsize]
-          case opttype
-          when 0xFF    ## term
-            break
-          when 0x0F    ## domain
-            domain = optval.chomp("\0")
-          when 0x06    ## dns
-            nameserver = optval.scan(/..../).collect { |addr|
-              "%d.%d.%d.%d" % addr.unpack('C4')
-            }
-          end
-          idx += optsize + 2
-        end
-        [ domain, nameserver ]
-      rescue Registry::Error
-        throw :not_used
-      end
-    end
-
-    module WsControl
-      module WSock32
-        extend Importer
-        dlload "wsock32.dll"
-      end
-      WsControl = WSock32.extern "int WsControl(int, int, void *, void *, void *, void *", :stdcall
-      WSAGetLastError = WSock32.extern "int WSAGetLastError(void)", :stdcall
-
-      MAX_TDI_ENTITIES = 512
-      IPPROTO_TCP = 6
-      WSCTL_TCP_QUERY_INFORMATION = 0
-      INFO_CLASS_GENERIC = 0x100
-      INFO_CLASS_PROTOCOL = 0x200
-      INFO_TYPE_PROVIDER = 0x100
-      ENTITY_LIST_ID = 0
-      GENERIC_ENTITY = 0
-      CL_NL_ENTITY = 0x301
-      IF_ENTITY = 0x200
-      ENTITY_TYPE_ID = 1
-      CL_NL_IP = 0x303
-      IF_MIB = 0x202
-      IF_MIB_STATS_ID = 1
-      IP_MIB_ADDRTABLE_ENTRY_ID = 0x102
-
-      def self.wsctl(tei_entity, tei_instance,
-                     toi_class, toi_type, toi_id,
-                     buffsize)
-        reqinfo = [
-                  ## TDIEntityID
-                    tei_entity, tei_instance,
-                  ## TDIObjectID
-                    toi_class, toi_type, toi_id,
-                  ## TCP_REQUEST_INFORMATION_EX
-                    ""
-                  ].pack('VVVVVa16')
-        reqsize = API.packdw(reqinfo.size)
-        buff = "\0" * buffsize
-        buffsize = API.packdw(buffsize)
-        result = WsControl.call(
-                   IPPROTO_TCP,
-                   WSCTL_TCP_QUERY_INFORMATION,
-                   reqinfo, reqsize,
-                   buff, buffsize)
-        if result != 0
-          raise RuntimeError, "WsControl failed.(#{result})"
-        end
-        [ buff, API.unpackdw(buffsize) ]
-      end
-      private_class_method :wsctl
-
-      def self.get_iflist
-        # Get TDI Entity List
-        entities, size =
-          wsctl(GENERIC_ENTITY, 0,
-                INFO_CLASS_GENERIC,
-                INFO_TYPE_PROVIDER,
-                ENTITY_LIST_ID,
-                MAX_TDI_ENTITIES * 8)  # sizeof(TDIEntityID)
-        entities = entities[0, size].
-                     scan(/.{8}/).
-                     collect { |e| e.unpack('VV') }
-
-        # Get MIB Interface List
-        iflist = []
-        ifcount = 0
-        entities.each do |entity, instance|
-          if( (entity & IF_ENTITY)>0 )
-            ifcount += 1
-            etype, = wsctl(entity, instance,
-                           INFO_CLASS_GENERIC,
-                           INFO_TYPE_PROVIDER,
-                           ENTITY_TYPE_ID,
-                           4)
-            if( (API.unpackdw(etype) & IF_MIB)==IF_MIB )
-              ifentry, = wsctl(entity, instance,
-                               INFO_CLASS_PROTOCOL,
-                               INFO_TYPE_PROVIDER,
-                               IF_MIB_STATS_ID,
-                               21 * 4 + 8 + 130)  # sizeof(IFEntry)
-              iflist << [
-                API.unpackdw(ifentry[0,4]),
-                ifentry[20, 6]
-              ]
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Get IP Addresses
-        entities.each do |entity, instance|
-          if entity == CL_NL_ENTITY
-            etype, = wsctl(entity, instance,
-                           INFO_CLASS_GENERIC,
-                           INFO_TYPE_PROVIDER,
-                           ENTITY_TYPE_ID,
-                           4)
-            if API.unpackdw(etype) == CL_NL_IP
-              ipentries, = wsctl(entity, instance,
-                                 INFO_CLASS_PROTOCOL,
-                                 INFO_TYPE_PROVIDER,
-                                 IP_MIB_ADDRTABLE_ENTRY_ID,
-                                 24 * (ifcount+1))  # sizeof(IPAddrEntry)
-              ipentries.scan(/.{24}/) do |ipentry|
-                ipaddr, index = ipentry.unpack('VV')
-                if ifitem = iflist.assoc(index)
-                  ifitem << ipaddr
-                end
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        iflist
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/sspi.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/sspi.rb
index 20441b389c..a73819f24e 100644
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/sspi.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/lib/win32/sspi.rb
@@ -11,321 +11,328 @@
 # Ruby Distribution License or GNU General Public License.
 #
 
-require 'Win32API'
+require 'fiddle/import'
 
 # Implements bindings to Win32 SSPI functions, focused on authentication to a proxy server over HTTP.
 module Win32
-	module SSPI
-		# Specifies how credential structure requested will be used. Only SECPKG_CRED_OUTBOUND is used
-		# here.
-		SECPKG_CRED_INBOUND = 0x00000001
-		SECPKG_CRED_OUTBOUND = 0x00000002
-		SECPKG_CRED_BOTH = 0x00000003
-
-		# Format of token. NETWORK format is used here.
-		SECURITY_NATIVE_DREP = 0x00000010
-		SECURITY_NETWORK_DREP = 0x00000000
-
-		# InitializeSecurityContext Requirement flags
-		ISC_REQ_REPLAY_DETECT = 0x00000004
-		ISC_REQ_SEQUENCE_DETECT = 0x00000008
-		ISC_REQ_CONFIDENTIALITY = 0x00000010
-		ISC_REQ_USE_SESSION_KEY = 0x00000020
-		ISC_REQ_PROMPT_FOR_CREDS = 0x00000040
-		ISC_REQ_CONNECTION = 0x00000800
-
-		# Win32 API Functions. Uses Win32API to bind methods to constants contained in class.
-		module API
-			# Can be called with AcquireCredentialsHandle.call()
-			AcquireCredentialsHandle = Win32API.new("secur32", "AcquireCredentialsHandle", 'ppLpppppp', 'L')
-			# Can be called with InitializeSecurityContext.call()
-			InitializeSecurityContext = Win32API.new("secur32", "InitializeSecurityContext", 'pppLLLpLpppp', 'L')
-			# Can be called with DeleteSecurityContext.call()
-			DeleteSecurityContext = Win32API.new("secur32", "DeleteSecurityContext", 'P', 'L')
-			# Can be called with FreeCredentialsHandle.call()
-			FreeCredentialsHandle = Win32API.new("secur32", "FreeCredentialsHandle", 'P', 'L')
-		end
-
-		# SecHandle struct
-		class SecurityHandle
-			def upper
-				@struct.unpack("LL")[1]
-			end
-
-			def lower
-				@struct.unpack("LL")[0]
-			end
-
-			def to_p
-				@struct ||= "\0" * 8
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Some familiar aliases for the SecHandle structure
-		CredHandle = CtxtHandle = SecurityHandle
-
-		# TimeStamp struct
-		class TimeStamp
-			attr_reader :struct
-
-			def to_p
-				@struct ||= "\0" * 8
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Creates binary representaiton of a SecBufferDesc structure,
-		# including the SecBuffer contained inside.
-		class SecurityBuffer
-
-			SECBUFFER_TOKEN = 2   # Security token
-
-			TOKENBUFSIZE = 12288
-			SECBUFFER_VERSION = 0
-
-			def initialize(buffer = nil)
-				@buffer = buffer || "\0" * TOKENBUFSIZE
-				@bufferSize = @buffer.length
-				@type = SECBUFFER_TOKEN
-			end
-
-			def bufferSize
-				unpack
-				@bufferSize
-			end
-
-			def bufferType
-				unpack
-				@type
-			end
-
-			def token
-				unpack
-				@buffer
-			end
-
-			def to_p
-				# Assumption is that when to_p is called we are going to get a packed structure. Therefore,
-				# set @unpacked back to nil so we know to unpack when accessors are next accessed.
-				@unpacked = nil
-				# Assignment of inner structure to variable is very important here. Without it,
-				# will not be able to unpack changes to the structure. Alternative, nested unpacks,
-				# does not work (i.e. @struct.unpack("LLP12")[2].unpack("LLP12") results in "no associated pointer")
-				@sec_buffer ||= [@bufferSize, @type, @buffer].pack("LLP")
-				@struct ||= [SECBUFFER_VERSION, 1, @sec_buffer].pack("LLP")
-			end
-
-		private
-
-			# Unpacks the SecurityBufferDesc structure into member variables. We
-			# only want to do this once per struct, so the struct is deleted
-			# after unpacking.
-			def unpack
-				if ! @unpacked && @sec_buffer && @struct
-					@bufferSize, @type = @sec_buffer.unpack("LL")
-					@buffer = @sec_buffer.unpack("LLP#{@bufferSize}")[2]
-					@struct = nil
-					@sec_buffer = nil
-					@unpacked = true
-				end
-			end
-		end
-
-		# SEC_WINNT_AUTH_IDENTITY structure
-		class Identity
-			SEC_WINNT_AUTH_IDENTITY_ANSI = 0x1
-
-			attr_accessor :user, :domain, :password
-
-			def initialize(user = nil, domain = nil, password = nil)
-				@user = user
-				@domain = domain
-				@password = password
-				@flags = SEC_WINNT_AUTH_IDENTITY_ANSI
-			end
-
-			def to_p
-				[@user, @user ? @user.length : 0,
-				 @domain, @domain ? @domain.length : 0,
-				 @password, @password ? @password.length : 0,
-				 @flags].pack("PLPLPLL")
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Takes a return result from an SSPI function and interprets the value.
-		class SSPIResult
-			# Good results
-			SEC_E_OK = 0x00000000
-			SEC_I_CONTINUE_NEEDED = 0x00090312
-
-			# These are generally returned by InitializeSecurityContext
-			SEC_E_INSUFFICIENT_MEMORY = 0x80090300
-			SEC_E_INTERNAL_ERROR = 0x80090304
-			SEC_E_INVALID_HANDLE = 0x80090301
-			SEC_E_INVALID_TOKEN = 0x80090308
-			SEC_E_LOGON_DENIED = 0x8009030C
-			SEC_E_NO_AUTHENTICATING_AUTHORITY = 0x80090311
-			SEC_E_NO_CREDENTIALS = 0x8009030E
-			SEC_E_TARGET_UNKNOWN = 0x80090303
-			SEC_E_UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTION = 0x80090302
-			SEC_E_WRONG_PRINCIPAL = 0x80090322
-
-			# These are generally returned by AcquireCredentialsHandle
-			SEC_E_NOT_OWNER = 0x80090306
-			SEC_E_SECPKG_NOT_FOUND = 0x80090305
-			SEC_E_UNKNOWN_CREDENTIALS = 0x8009030D
-
-			@@map = {}
-			constants.each { |v| @@map[self.const_get(v.to_s)] = v }
-
-			attr_reader :value
-
-			def initialize(value)
-				# convert to unsigned long
-				value = [value].pack("L").unpack("L").first
-				raise "#{value.to_s(16)} is not a recognized result" unless @@map.has_key? value
-				@value = value
-			end
-
-			def to_s
-				@@map[@value].to_s
-			end
-
-			def ok?
-				@value == SEC_I_CONTINUE_NEEDED || @value == SEC_E_OK
-			end
-
-			def ==(other)
-				if other.is_a?(SSPIResult)
-					@value == other.value
-				elsif other.is_a?(Fixnum)
-					@value == @@map[other]
-				else
-					false
-				end
-			end
-		end
-
-		# Handles "Negotiate" type authentication. Geared towards authenticating with a proxy server over HTTP
-		class NegotiateAuth
-			attr_accessor :credentials, :context, :contextAttributes, :user, :domain
-
-			# Default request flags for SSPI functions
-			REQUEST_FLAGS = ISC_REQ_CONFIDENTIALITY | ISC_REQ_REPLAY_DETECT | ISC_REQ_CONNECTION
-
-			# NTLM tokens start with this header always. Encoding alone adds "==" and newline, so remove those
+  module SSPI
+    # Specifies how credential structure requested will be used. Only SECPKG_CRED_OUTBOUND is used
+    # here.
+    SECPKG_CRED_INBOUND = 0x00000001
+    SECPKG_CRED_OUTBOUND = 0x00000002
+    SECPKG_CRED_BOTH = 0x00000003
+
+    # Format of token. NETWORK format is used here.
+    SECURITY_NATIVE_DREP = 0x00000010
+    SECURITY_NETWORK_DREP = 0x00000000
+
+    # InitializeSecurityContext Requirement flags
+    ISC_REQ_REPLAY_DETECT = 0x00000004
+    ISC_REQ_SEQUENCE_DETECT = 0x00000008
+    ISC_REQ_CONFIDENTIALITY = 0x00000010
+    ISC_REQ_USE_SESSION_KEY = 0x00000020
+    ISC_REQ_PROMPT_FOR_CREDS = 0x00000040
+    ISC_REQ_CONNECTION = 0x00000800
+
+    # Win32 API Functions. Uses Win32API to bind methods to constants contained in class.
+    module API
+      extend Fiddle::Importer
+      dlload "secur32.dll"
+      [
+        # Can be called with AcquireCredentialsHandleA.call()
+        "unsigned long AcquireCredentialsHandleA(void *, void *, unsigned long, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *, void *)",
+        # Can be called with InitializeSecurityContextA.call()
+        "unsigned long InitializeSecurityContextA(void *, void *, void *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, void *, unsigned long, void *, void *, void *, void *)",
+        # Can be called with DeleteSecurityContext.call()
+        "unsigned long DeleteSecurityContext(void *)",
+        # Can be called with FreeCredentialsHandle.call()
+        "unsigned long FreeCredentialsHandle(void *)"
+      ].each do |fn|
+        cfunc = extern fn, :stdcall
+        const_set cfunc.name.intern, cfunc
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SecHandle struct
+    class SecurityHandle
+      def upper
+        @struct.unpack("LL")[1]
+      end
+
+      def lower
+        @struct.unpack("LL")[0]
+      end
+
+      def to_p
+        @struct ||= "\0" * 8
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Some familiar aliases for the SecHandle structure
+    CredHandle = CtxtHandle = SecurityHandle
+
+    # TimeStamp struct
+    class TimeStamp
+      attr_reader :struct
+
+      def to_p
+        @struct ||= "\0" * 8
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates binary representations of a SecBufferDesc structure,
+    # including the SecBuffer contained inside.
+    class SecurityBuffer
+
+      SECBUFFER_TOKEN = 2   # Security token
+
+      TOKENBUFSIZE = 12288
+      SECBUFFER_VERSION = 0
+
+      def initialize(buffer = nil)
+        @buffer = buffer || "\0" * TOKENBUFSIZE
+        @bufferSize = @buffer.length
+        @type = SECBUFFER_TOKEN
+      end
+
+      def bufferSize
+        unpack
+        @bufferSize
+      end
+
+      def bufferType
+        unpack
+        @type
+      end
+
+      def token
+        unpack
+        @buffer
+      end
+
+      def to_p
+        # Assumption is that when to_p is called we are going to get a packed structure. Therefore,
+        # set @unpacked back to nil so we know to unpack when accessors are next accessed.
+        @unpacked = nil
+        # Assignment of inner structure to variable is very important here. Without it,
+        # will not be able to unpack changes to the structure. Alternative, nested unpacks,
+        # does not work (i.e. @struct.unpack("LLP12")[2].unpack("LLP12") results in "no associated pointer")
+        @sec_buffer ||= [@bufferSize, @type, @buffer].pack("LLP")
+        @struct ||= [SECBUFFER_VERSION, 1, @sec_buffer].pack("LLP")
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      # Unpacks the SecurityBufferDesc structure into member variables. We
+      # only want to do this once per struct, so the struct is deleted
+      # after unpacking.
+      def unpack
+        if ! @unpacked && @sec_buffer && @struct
+          @bufferSize, @type = @sec_buffer.unpack("LL")
+          @buffer = @sec_buffer.unpack("LLP#{@bufferSize}")[2]
+          @struct = nil
+          @sec_buffer = nil
+          @unpacked = true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SEC_WINNT_AUTH_IDENTITY structure
+    class Identity
+      SEC_WINNT_AUTH_IDENTITY_ANSI = 0x1
+
+      attr_accessor :user, :domain, :password
+
+      def initialize(user = nil, domain = nil, password = nil)
+        @user = user
+        @domain = domain
+        @password = password
+        @flags = SEC_WINNT_AUTH_IDENTITY_ANSI
+      end
+
+      def to_p
+        [@user, @user ? @user.length : 0,
+         @domain, @domain ? @domain.length : 0,
+         @password, @password ? @password.length : 0,
+         @flags].pack("PLPLPLL")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Takes a return result from an SSPI function and interprets the value.
+    class SSPIResult
+      # Good results
+      SEC_E_OK = 0x00000000
+      SEC_I_CONTINUE_NEEDED = 0x00090312
+
+      # These are generally returned by InitializeSecurityContext
+      SEC_E_INSUFFICIENT_MEMORY = 0x80090300
+      SEC_E_INTERNAL_ERROR = 0x80090304
+      SEC_E_INVALID_HANDLE = 0x80090301
+      SEC_E_INVALID_TOKEN = 0x80090308
+      SEC_E_LOGON_DENIED = 0x8009030C
+      SEC_E_NO_AUTHENTICATING_AUTHORITY = 0x80090311
+      SEC_E_NO_CREDENTIALS = 0x8009030E
+      SEC_E_TARGET_UNKNOWN = 0x80090303
+      SEC_E_UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTION = 0x80090302
+      SEC_E_WRONG_PRINCIPAL = 0x80090322
+
+      # These are generally returned by AcquireCredentialsHandle
+      SEC_E_NOT_OWNER = 0x80090306
+      SEC_E_SECPKG_NOT_FOUND = 0x80090305
+      SEC_E_UNKNOWN_CREDENTIALS = 0x8009030D
+
+      @@map = {}
+      constants.each { |v| @@map[self.const_get(v.to_s)] = v }
+
+      attr_reader :value
+
+      def initialize(value)
+        # convert to unsigned long
+        value = [value].pack("L").unpack("L").first
+        raise "#{value.to_s(16)} is not a recognized result" unless @@map.has_key? value
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        @@map[@value].to_s
+      end
+
+      def ok?
+        @value == SEC_I_CONTINUE_NEEDED || @value == SEC_E_OK
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        if other.is_a?(SSPIResult)
+          @value == other.value
+        elsif other.is_a?(Fixnum)
+          @value == @@map[other]
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Handles "Negotiate" type authentication. Geared towards authenticating with a proxy server over HTTP
+    class NegotiateAuth
+      attr_accessor :credentials, :context, :contextAttributes, :user, :domain
+
+      # Default request flags for SSPI functions
+      REQUEST_FLAGS = ISC_REQ_CONFIDENTIALITY | ISC_REQ_REPLAY_DETECT | ISC_REQ_CONNECTION
+
+      # NTLM tokens start with this header always. Encoding alone adds "==" and newline, so remove those
       B64_TOKEN_PREFIX = ["NTLMSSP"].pack("m").delete("=\n")
 
-			# Given a connection and a request path, performs authentication as the current user and returns
-			# the response from a GET request. The connnection should be a Net::HTTP object, and it should
-			# have been constructed using the Net::HTTP.Proxy method, but anything that responds to "get" will work.
-			# If a user and domain are given, will authenticate as the given user.
-			# Returns the response received from the get method (usually Net::HTTPResponse)
-			def NegotiateAuth.proxy_auth_get(http, path, user = nil, domain = nil)
-				raise "http must respond to :get" unless http.respond_to?(:get)
-				nego_auth = self.new user, domain
-
-				resp = http.get path, { "Proxy-Authorization" => "Negotiate " + nego_auth.get_initial_token }
-				if resp["Proxy-Authenticate"]
-					resp = http.get path, { "Proxy-Authorization" => "Negotiate " + nego_auth.complete_authentication(resp["Proxy-Authenticate"].split(" ").last.strip) }
-				end
-
-				resp
-			end
-
-			# Creates a new instance ready for authentication as the given user in the given domain.
-			# Defaults to current user and domain as defined by ENV["USERDOMAIN"] and ENV["USERNAME"] if
-			# no arguments are supplied.
-			def initialize(user = nil, domain = nil)
-				if user.nil? && domain.nil? && ENV["USERNAME"].nil? && ENV["USERDOMAIN"].nil?
-					raise "A username or domain must be supplied since they cannot be retrieved from the environment"
-				end
-
-				@user = user || ENV["USERNAME"]
-				@domain = domain || ENV["USERDOMAIN"]
-			end
-
-			# Gets the initial Negotiate token. Returns it as a base64 encoded string suitable for use in HTTP. Can
-			# be easily decoded, however.
-			def get_initial_token
-				raise "This object is no longer usable because its resources have been freed." if @cleaned_up
-				get_credentials
-
-				outputBuffer = SecurityBuffer.new
-				@context = CtxtHandle.new
-				@contextAttributes = "\0" * 4
-
-				result = SSPIResult.new(API::InitializeSecurityContext.call(@credentials.to_p, nil, nil,
-					REQUEST_FLAGS,0, SECURITY_NETWORK_DREP, nil, 0, @context.to_p, outputBuffer.to_p, @contextAttributes, TimeStamp.new.to_p))
-
-				if result.ok? then
-					return encode_token(outputBuffer.token)
-				else
-					raise "Error: #{result.to_s}"
-				end
-			end
-
-			# Takes a token and gets the next token in the Negotiate authentication chain. Token can be Base64 encoded or not.
-			# The token can include the "Negotiate" header and it will be stripped.
-			# Does not indicate if SEC_I_CONTINUE or SEC_E_OK was returned.
-			# Token returned is Base64 encoded w/ all new lines removed.
-			def complete_authentication(token)
-				raise "This object is no longer usable because its resources have been freed." if @cleaned_up
-
-				# Nil token OK, just set it to empty string
-				token = "" if token.nil?
-
-				if token.include? "Negotiate"
-					# If the Negotiate prefix is passed in, assume we are seeing "Negotiate <token>" and get the token.
-					token = token.split(" ").last
-				end
-
-				if token.include? B64_TOKEN_PREFIX
-					# indicates base64 encoded token
+      # Given a connection and a request path, performs authentication as the current user and returns
+      # the response from a GET request. The connnection should be a Net::HTTP object, and it should
+      # have been constructed using the Net::HTTP.Proxy method, but anything that responds to "get" will work.
+      # If a user and domain are given, will authenticate as the given user.
+      # Returns the response received from the get method (usually Net::HTTPResponse)
+      def NegotiateAuth.proxy_auth_get(http, path, user = nil, domain = nil)
+        raise "http must respond to :get" unless http.respond_to?(:get)
+        nego_auth = self.new user, domain
+
+        resp = http.get path, { "Proxy-Authorization" => "Negotiate " + nego_auth.get_initial_token }
+        if resp["Proxy-Authenticate"]
+          resp = http.get path, { "Proxy-Authorization" => "Negotiate " + nego_auth.complete_authentication(resp["Proxy-Authenticate"].split(" ").last.strip) }
+        end
+
+        resp
+      end
+
+      # Creates a new instance ready for authentication as the given user in the given domain.
+      # Defaults to current user and domain as defined by ENV["USERDOMAIN"] and ENV["USERNAME"] if
+      # no arguments are supplied.
+      def initialize(user = nil, domain = nil)
+        if user.nil? && domain.nil? && ENV["USERNAME"].nil? && ENV["USERDOMAIN"].nil?
+          raise "A username or domain must be supplied since they cannot be retrieved from the environment"
+        end
+
+        @user = user || ENV["USERNAME"]
+        @domain = domain || ENV["USERDOMAIN"]
+      end
+
+      # Gets the initial Negotiate token. Returns it as a base64 encoded string suitable for use in HTTP. Can
+      # be easily decoded, however.
+      def get_initial_token
+        raise "This object is no longer usable because its resources have been freed." if @cleaned_up
+        get_credentials
+
+        outputBuffer = SecurityBuffer.new
+        @context = CtxtHandle.new
+        @contextAttributes = "\0" * 4
+
+        result = SSPIResult.new(API::InitializeSecurityContextA.call(@credentials.to_p, nil, nil,
+          REQUEST_FLAGS,0, SECURITY_NETWORK_DREP, nil, 0, @context.to_p, outputBuffer.to_p, @contextAttributes, TimeStamp.new.to_p))
+
+        if result.ok? then
+          return encode_token(outputBuffer.token)
+        else
+          raise "Error: #{result.to_s}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Takes a token and gets the next token in the Negotiate authentication chain. Token can be Base64 encoded or not.
+      # The token can include the "Negotiate" header and it will be stripped.
+      # Does not indicate if SEC_I_CONTINUE or SEC_E_OK was returned.
+      # Token returned is Base64 encoded w/ all new lines removed.
+      def complete_authentication(token)
+        raise "This object is no longer usable because its resources have been freed." if @cleaned_up
+
+        # Nil token OK, just set it to empty string
+        token = "" if token.nil?
+
+        if token.include? "Negotiate"
+          # If the Negotiate prefix is passed in, assume we are seeing "Negotiate <token>" and get the token.
+          token = token.split(" ").last
+        end
+
+        if token.include? B64_TOKEN_PREFIX
+          # indicates base64 encoded token
           token = token.strip.unpack("m")[0]
-				end
-
-				outputBuffer = SecurityBuffer.new
-				result = SSPIResult.new(API::InitializeSecurityContext.call(@credentials.to_p, @context.to_p, nil,
-					REQUEST_FLAGS, 0, SECURITY_NETWORK_DREP, SecurityBuffer.new(token).to_p, 0,
-					@context.to_p,
-					outputBuffer.to_p, @contextAttributes, TimeStamp.new.to_p))
-
-				if result.ok? then
-					return encode_token(outputBuffer.token)
-				else
-					raise "Error: #{result.to_s}"
-				end
-			ensure
-				# need to make sure we don't clean up if we've already cleaned up.
-				clean_up unless @cleaned_up
-			end
-
-		 private
-
-			def clean_up
-				# free structures allocated
-				@cleaned_up = true
-				API::FreeCredentialsHandle.call(@credentials.to_p)
-				API::DeleteSecurityContext.call(@context.to_p)
-				@context = nil
-				@credentials = nil
-				@contextAttributes = nil
-			end
-
-			# Gets credentials based on user, domain or both. If both are nil, an error occurs
-			def get_credentials
-				@credentials = CredHandle.new
-				ts = TimeStamp.new
-				@identity = Identity.new @user, @domain
-				result = SSPIResult.new(API::AcquireCredentialsHandle.call(nil, "Negotiate", SECPKG_CRED_OUTBOUND, nil, @identity.to_p,
-					nil, nil, @credentials.to_p, ts.to_p))
-				raise "Error acquire credentials: #{result}" unless result.ok?
-			end
-
-			def encode_token(t)
-				# encode64 will add newlines every 60 characters so we need to remove those.
+        end
+
+        outputBuffer = SecurityBuffer.new
+        result = SSPIResult.new(API::InitializeSecurityContext.call(@credentials.to_p, @context.to_p, nil,
+          REQUEST_FLAGS, 0, SECURITY_NETWORK_DREP, SecurityBuffer.new(token).to_p, 0,
+          @context.to_p,
+          outputBuffer.to_p, @contextAttributes, TimeStamp.new.to_p))
+
+        if result.ok? then
+          return encode_token(outputBuffer.token)
+        else
+          raise "Error: #{result.to_s}"
+        end
+      ensure
+        # need to make sure we don't clean up if we've already cleaned up.
+        clean_up unless @cleaned_up
+      end
+
+     private
+
+      def clean_up
+        # free structures allocated
+        @cleaned_up = true
+        API::FreeCredentialsHandle.call(@credentials.to_p)
+        API::DeleteSecurityContext.call(@context.to_p)
+        @context = nil
+        @credentials = nil
+        @contextAttributes = nil
+      end
+
+      # Gets credentials based on user, domain or both. If both are nil, an error occurs
+      def get_credentials
+        @credentials = CredHandle.new
+        ts = TimeStamp.new
+        @identity = Identity.new @user, @domain
+        result = SSPIResult.new(API::AcquireCredentialsHandleA.call(nil, "Negotiate", SECPKG_CRED_OUTBOUND, nil, @identity.to_p,
+          nil, nil, @credentials.to_p, ts.to_p))
+        raise "Error acquire credentials: #{result}" unless result.ok?
+      end
+
+      def encode_token(t)
+        # encode64 will add newlines every 60 characters so we need to remove those.
         [t].pack("m").delete("\n")
-			end
-		end
-	end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ext/win32/resolv/depend b/ext/win32/resolv/depend
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6d24c3738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/win32/resolv/depend
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+resolv.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+resolv.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+resolv.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+resolv.o: resolv.c
+# AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/lib/win32ole.rb b/ext/win32ole/lib/win32ole.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7034f7845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/win32ole/lib/win32ole.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+begin
+  require 'win32ole.so'
+rescue LoadError
+  # do nothing
+end
+
+if defined?(WIN32OLE)
+  # WIN32OLE
+  class WIN32OLE
+
+    #
+    # By overriding Object#methods, WIN32OLE might
+    # work well with did_you_mean gem.
+    # This is experimental.
+    #
+    #  require 'win32ole'
+    #  dict = WIN32OLE.new('Scripting.Dictionary')
+    #  dict.Ade('a', 1)
+    #  #=> Did you mean?  Add
+    #
+    def methods(*args)
+      super + ole_methods_safely.map(&:name).map(&:to_sym)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def ole_methods_safely
+      ole_methods
+    rescue WIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError
+      []
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
index 9518e2f0cd..59bae0e774 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /*
  *  (c) 1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
- *  Developed by ActiveWare Internet Corp., http://www.ActiveWare.com
+ *  Developed by ActiveWare Internet Corp., now known as
+ *  ActiveState Tool Corp., http://www.ActiveState.com
  *
  *  Other modifications Copyright (c) 1997, 1998 by Gurusamy Sarathy
  *  <gsar@umich.edu> and Jan Dubois <jan.dubois@ibm.net>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@
 const IID IID_IMultiLanguage2 = {0xDCCFC164, 0x2B38, 0x11d2, {0xB7, 0xEC, 0x00, 0xC0, 0x4F, 0x8F, 0x5D, 0x9A}};
 #endif
 
-#define WIN32OLE_VERSION "1.8.5"
+#define WIN32OLE_VERSION "1.8.8"
 
 typedef HRESULT (STDAPICALLTYPE FNCOCREATEINSTANCEEX)
     (REFCLSID, IUnknown*, DWORD, COSERVERINFO*, DWORD, MULTI_QI*);
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ static volatile DWORD g_ole_initialized_key = TLS_OUT_OF_INDEXES;
 static BOOL g_uninitialize_hooked = FALSE;
 static BOOL g_cp_installed = FALSE;
 static BOOL g_lcid_installed = FALSE;
+static BOOL g_running_nano = FALSE;
 static HINSTANCE ghhctrl = NULL;
 static HINSTANCE gole32 = NULL;
 static FNCOCREATEINSTANCEEX *gCoCreateInstanceEx = NULL;
@@ -169,6 +171,7 @@ static VALUE fole_activex_initialize(VALUE self);
 static void com_hash_free(void *ptr);
 static void com_hash_mark(void *ptr);
 static size_t com_hash_size(const void *ptr);
+static void check_nano_server(void);
 
 static const rb_data_type_t ole_datatype = {
     "win32ole",
@@ -504,6 +507,7 @@ static UINT ole_encoding2cp(rb_encoding *enc)
     ENC_MACHING_CP(enc, "GB2312", 20936);
     ENC_MACHING_CP(enc, "GBK", 936);
     ENC_MACHING_CP(enc, "IBM437", 437);
+    ENC_MACHING_CP(enc, "IBM720", 720);
     ENC_MACHING_CP(enc, "IBM737", 737);
     ENC_MACHING_CP(enc, "IBM775", 775);
     ENC_MACHING_CP(enc, "IBM852", 852);
@@ -817,16 +821,22 @@ ole_initialize(void)
     }
 
     if(g_ole_initialized == FALSE) {
-        hr = OleInitialize(NULL);
+        if(g_running_nano) {
+            hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
+        } else {
+            hr = OleInitialize(NULL);
+        }
         if(FAILED(hr)) {
             ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "fail: OLE initialize");
         }
         g_ole_initialized_set(TRUE);
 
-        hr = CoRegisterMessageFilter(&imessage_filter, &previous_filter);
-        if(FAILED(hr)) {
-            previous_filter = NULL;
-            ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "fail: install OLE MessageFilter");
+        if (g_running_nano == FALSE) {
+            hr = CoRegisterMessageFilter(&imessage_filter, &previous_filter);
+            if(FAILED(hr)) {
+                previous_filter = NULL;
+                ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "fail: install OLE MessageFilter");
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1801,7 +1811,9 @@ ole_const_load(ITypeLib *pTypeLib, VALUE klass, VALUE self)
                 *pName = toupper((int)*pName);
                 id = rb_intern(pName);
                 if (rb_is_const_id(id)) {
-                    rb_define_const(klass, pName, val);
+                    if(!rb_const_defined_at(klass, id)) {
+                        rb_define_const(klass, pName, val);
+                    }
                 }
                 else {
                     rb_hash_aset(constant, rb_str_new2(pName), val);
@@ -1974,10 +1986,6 @@ fole_s_connect(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*", &svr_name, &others);
     StringValue(svr_name);
-    if (rb_safe_level() > 0 && OBJ_TAINTED(svr_name)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "insecure connection - `%s'",
-		StringValuePtr(svr_name));
-    }
 
     /* get CLSID from OLE server name */
     pBuf = ole_vstr2wc(svr_name);
@@ -2063,12 +2071,12 @@ fole_s_const_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->GetTypeInfo(pole->pDispatch,
                                                   0, lcid, &pTypeInfo);
         if(FAILED(hr)) {
-            ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
+            ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
         }
         hr = pTypeInfo->lpVtbl->GetContainingTypeLib(pTypeInfo, &pTypeLib, &index);
         if(FAILED(hr)) {
             OLE_RELEASE(pTypeInfo);
-            ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to GetContainingTypeLib");
+            ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetContainingTypeLib");
         }
         OLE_RELEASE(pTypeInfo);
         if(!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_NIL)) {
@@ -2432,12 +2440,16 @@ fole_s_ole_uninitialize(VALUE self)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     WIN32OLE.new(server, [host]) -> WIN32OLE object
+ *     WIN32OLE.new(server, license: 'key') -> WIN32OLE object
  *
  *  Returns a new WIN32OLE object(OLE Automation object).
  *  The first argument server specifies OLE Automation server.
  *  The first argument should be CLSID or PROGID.
  *  If second argument host specified, then returns OLE Automation
  *  object on host.
+ *  If :license keyword argument is provided,
+ *  IClassFactory2::CreateInstanceLic is used to create instance of
+ *  licensed server.
  *
  *      WIN32OLE.new('Excel.Application') # => Excel OLE Automation WIN32OLE object.
  *      WIN32OLE.new('{00024500-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}') # => Excel OLE Automation WIN32OLE object.
@@ -2448,25 +2460,23 @@ fole_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE svr_name;
     VALUE host;
     VALUE others;
+    VALUE opts;
     HRESULT hr;
     CLSID   clsid;
     OLECHAR *pBuf;
+    OLECHAR *key_buf;
     IDispatch *pDispatch;
+    IClassFactory2 * pIClassFactory2;
     void *p;
+    static ID keyword_ids[1];
+    VALUE kwargs[1];
+
     rb_call_super(0, 0);
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11*", &svr_name, &host, &others);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11*:", &svr_name, &host, &others, &opts);
 
     StringValue(svr_name);
-    if (rb_safe_level() > 0 && OBJ_TAINTED(svr_name)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "insecure object creation - `%s'",
-                 StringValuePtr(svr_name));
-    }
     if (!NIL_P(host)) {
         StringValue(host);
-        if (rb_safe_level() > 0 && OBJ_TAINTED(host)) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "insecure object creation - `%s'",
-                     StringValuePtr(host));
-        }
         return ole_create_dcom(self, svr_name, host, others);
     }
 
@@ -2483,9 +2493,35 @@ fole_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
                   StringValuePtr(svr_name));
     }
 
-    /* get IDispatch interface */
-    hr = CoCreateInstance(&clsid, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER | CLSCTX_LOCAL_SERVER,
-                          &IID_IDispatch, &p);
+    if (!keyword_ids[0]) {
+        keyword_ids[0] = rb_intern_const("license");
+    }
+    rb_get_kwargs(opts, keyword_ids, 0, 1, kwargs);
+
+    if (kwargs[0] == Qundef) {
+        /* get IDispatch interface */
+        hr = CoCreateInstance(
+            &clsid,
+            NULL,
+            CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER | CLSCTX_LOCAL_SERVER,
+            &IID_IDispatch,
+            &p
+        );
+    } else {
+        hr = CoGetClassObject(
+            &clsid,
+            CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER | CLSCTX_LOCAL_SERVER,
+            NULL,
+            &IID_IClassFactory2,
+            (LPVOID)&pIClassFactory2
+        );
+        if (hr == S_OK) {
+            key_buf = ole_vstr2wc(kwargs[0]);
+            hr = pIClassFactory2->lpVtbl->CreateInstanceLic(pIClassFactory2, NULL, NULL, &IID_IDispatch, key_buf, &p);
+            SysFreeString(key_buf);
+            OLE_RELEASE(pIClassFactory2);
+        }
+    }
     pDispatch = p;
     if(FAILED(hr)) {
         ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError,
@@ -2602,9 +2638,7 @@ ole_invoke(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, USHORT wFlags, BOOL is_bracket)
                 &wcmdname, 1, lcid, &DispID);
         SysFreeString(wcmdname);
         if(FAILED(hr)) {
-            ole_raise(hr, rb_eNoMethodError,
-                    "unknown property or method: `%s'",
-                    StringValuePtr(cmd));
+            return rb_eNoMethodError;
         }
     }
 
@@ -2618,7 +2652,7 @@ ole_invoke(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, USHORT wFlags, BOOL is_bracket)
         /*------------------------------------------
           hash object ==> named dispatch parameters
         --------------------------------------------*/
-        cNamedArgs = rb_long2int(RHASH_SIZE(param));
+        cNamedArgs = rb_long2int((long)RHASH_SIZE(param));
         op.dp.cArgs = cNamedArgs + argc - 2;
         op.pNamedArgs = ALLOCA_N(OLECHAR*, cNamedArgs + 1);
         op.dp.rgvarg = ALLOCA_N(VARIANTARG, op.dp.cArgs);
@@ -2806,7 +2840,11 @@ ole_invoke(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, USHORT wFlags, BOOL is_bracket)
 static VALUE
 fole_invoke(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    return ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_METHOD|DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, FALSE);
+    VALUE v = ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_METHOD|DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, FALSE);
+    if (v == rb_eNoMethodError) {
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+    return v;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2819,8 +2857,7 @@ ole_invoke2(VALUE self, VALUE dispid, VALUE args, VALUE types, USHORT dispkind)
     VARIANT result;
     DISPPARAMS dispParams;
     VARIANTARG* realargs = NULL;
-    int i, j;
-    VALUE obj = Qnil;
+    int i, j; VALUE obj = Qnil;
     VALUE tp, param;
     VALUE v;
     VARTYPE vt;
@@ -3074,7 +3111,11 @@ fole_setproperty2(VALUE self, VALUE dispid, VALUE args, VALUE types)
 static VALUE
 fole_setproperty_with_bracket(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    return ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_PROPERTYPUT, TRUE);
+    VALUE v = ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_PROPERTYPUT, TRUE);
+    if (v == rb_eNoMethodError) {
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+    return v;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3093,7 +3134,11 @@ fole_setproperty_with_bracket(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 fole_setproperty(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    return ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_PROPERTYPUT, FALSE);
+    VALUE v = ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_PROPERTYPUT, FALSE);
+    if (v == rb_eNoMethodError) {
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+    return v;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3115,7 +3160,11 @@ fole_setproperty(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 fole_getproperty_with_bracket(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    return ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, TRUE);
+    VALUE v = ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, TRUE);
+    if (v == rb_eNoMethodError) {
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+    return v;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3265,7 +3314,7 @@ fole_each(VALUE self)
 
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
         VariantClear(&result);
-        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError, "failed to get IEnum Interface");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to get IEnum Interface");
     }
 
     if (V_VT(&result) == VT_UNKNOWN) {
@@ -3281,7 +3330,7 @@ fole_each(VALUE self)
     }
     if (FAILED(hr) || !pEnum) {
         VariantClear(&result);
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to get IEnum Interface");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to get IEnum Interface");
     }
 
     VariantClear(&result);
@@ -3298,11 +3347,11 @@ fole_each(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 fole_missing(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE mid, sym;
+    VALUE mid, org_mid, sym, v;
     const char* mname;
     long n;
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
-    mid = argv[0];
+    mid = org_mid = argv[0];
     sym = rb_check_symbol(&mid);
     if (!NIL_P(sym)) mid = rb_sym2str(sym);
     mname = StringValueCStr(mid);
@@ -3318,7 +3367,12 @@ fole_missing(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
     else {
         argv[0] = rb_enc_associate(rb_str_dup(mid), cWIN32OLE_enc);
-        return ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_METHOD|DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, FALSE);
+        v = ole_invoke(argc, argv, self, DISPATCH_METHOD|DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, FALSE);
+        if (v == rb_eNoMethodError) {
+            argv[0] = org_mid;
+            return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+        }
+        return v;
     }
 }
 
@@ -3335,7 +3389,7 @@ typeinfo_from_ole(struct oledata *pole, ITypeInfo **ppti)
     HRESULT hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->GetTypeInfo(pole->pDispatch,
                                                       0, lcid, &pTypeInfo);
     if(FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
     }
     hr = pTypeInfo->lpVtbl->GetDocumentation(pTypeInfo,
                                              -1,
@@ -3345,7 +3399,7 @@ typeinfo_from_ole(struct oledata *pole, ITypeInfo **ppti)
     hr = pTypeInfo->lpVtbl->GetContainingTypeLib(pTypeInfo, &pTypeLib, &i);
     OLE_RELEASE(pTypeInfo);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to GetContainingTypeLib");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetContainingTypeLib");
     }
     count = pTypeLib->lpVtbl->GetTypeInfoCount(pTypeLib);
     for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
@@ -3470,7 +3524,7 @@ fole_type(VALUE self)
 
     hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->GetTypeInfo( pole->pDispatch, 0, lcid, &pTypeInfo );
     if(FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
     }
     type = ole_type_from_itypeinfo(pTypeInfo);
     OLE_RELEASE(pTypeInfo);
@@ -3504,7 +3558,7 @@ fole_typelib(VALUE self)
     hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->GetTypeInfo(pole->pDispatch,
                                               0, lcid, &pTypeInfo);
     if(FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeInfo");
     }
     vtlib = ole_typelib_from_itypeinfo(pTypeInfo);
     OLE_RELEASE(pTypeInfo);
@@ -3551,7 +3605,7 @@ fole_query_interface(VALUE self, VALUE str_iid)
     hr = pole->pDispatch->lpVtbl->QueryInterface(pole->pDispatch, &iid,
                                                  &p);
     if(FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError,
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError,
                   "failed to get interface `%s'",
                   StringValuePtr(str_iid));
     }
@@ -3792,7 +3846,7 @@ fole_method_help(VALUE self, VALUE cmdname)
     pole = oledata_get_struct(self);
     hr = typeinfo_from_ole(pole, &pTypeInfo);
     if(FAILED(hr))
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to get ITypeInfo");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to get ITypeInfo");
 
     obj = create_win32ole_method(pTypeInfo, cmdname);
 
@@ -3891,11 +3945,32 @@ com_hash_size(const void *ptr)
     return st_memsize(tbl);
 }
 
+static void
+check_nano_server(void)
+{
+    HKEY hsubkey;
+    LONG err;
+    const char * subkey = "SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Server\\ServerLevels";
+    const char * regval = "NanoServer";
+
+    err = RegOpenKeyEx(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, subkey, 0, KEY_READ, &hsubkey);
+    if (err == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        err = RegQueryValueEx(hsubkey, regval, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+        if (err == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+            g_running_nano = TRUE;
+        }
+        RegCloseKey(hsubkey);
+    }
+}
+
+LCID cWIN32OLE_lcid;
+
 void
 Init_win32ole(void)
 {
     cWIN32OLE_lcid = LOCALE_SYSTEM_DEFAULT;
     g_ole_initialized_init();
+    check_nano_server();
 
     com_vtbl.QueryInterface = QueryInterface;
     com_vtbl.AddRef = AddRef;
@@ -3912,11 +3987,11 @@ Init_win32ole(void)
     message_filter.RetryRejectedCall = mf_RetryRejectedCall;
     message_filter.MessagePending = mf_MessagePending;
 
-    enc2cp_hash = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData, &win32ole_hash_datatype, 0);
+    enc2cp_hash = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &win32ole_hash_datatype, 0);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(enc2cp_hash) = st_init_numtable();
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(enc2cp_hash);
 
-    com_hash = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData, &win32ole_hash_datatype, 0);
+    com_hash = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &win32ole_hash_datatype, 0);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(com_hash) = st_init_numtable();
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(com_hash);
 
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.gemspec b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..021625e44e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "win32ole"
+  spec.version       = "1.8.8"
+  spec.authors       = ["Masaki Suketa"]
+  spec.email         = ["suke@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides an interface for OLE Automation in Ruby}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/win32ole"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.h
index c019930397..cd627ef765 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.h
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ struct oledata {
     IDispatch *pDispatch;
 };
 
-VALUE cWIN32OLE;
-LCID cWIN32OLE_lcid;
+extern VALUE cWIN32OLE;
+extern LCID cWIN32OLE_lcid;
 
 struct oledata *oledata_get_struct(VALUE obj);
 LPWSTR ole_vstr2wc(VALUE vstr);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.c
index 62e69b186c..2bb5156263 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.c
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ ole_raise(HRESULT hr, VALUE ecs, const char *fmt, ...)
     rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(ecs, msg));
 }
 
+VALUE eWIN32OLERuntimeError;
+VALUE eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError;
+
 void
 Init_win32ole_error(void)
 {
@@ -80,4 +83,5 @@ Init_win32ole_error(void)
      *
      */
     eWIN32OLERuntimeError = rb_define_class("WIN32OLERuntimeError", rb_eRuntimeError);
+    eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError = rb_define_class("WIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError", eWIN32OLERuntimeError);
 }
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.h
index e0eee0ecf9..a2f329856f 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_error.h
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef WIN32OLE_ERROR_H
 #define WIN32OLE_ERROR_H 1
 
-VALUE eWIN32OLERuntimeError;
+extern VALUE eWIN32OLERuntimeError;
+extern VALUE eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError;
 NORETURN(PRINTF_ARGS(void ole_raise(HRESULT hr, VALUE ecs, const char *fmt, ...), 3, 4));
 void Init_win32ole_error(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_event.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_event.c
index 6de31cb137..041639af6c 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_event.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_event.c
@@ -922,10 +922,6 @@ ev_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     if(!RB_TYPE_P(itf, T_NIL)) {
         pitf = StringValuePtr(itf);
-        if (rb_safe_level() > 0 && OBJ_TAINTED(itf)) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "insecure event creation - `%s'",
-                     StringValuePtr(itf));
-        }
         hr = find_iid(ole, pitf, &iid, &pTypeInfo);
     }
     else {
@@ -942,7 +938,7 @@ ev_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
                                            &p);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
         OLE_RELEASE(pTypeInfo);
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError,
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError,
                   "failed to query IConnectionPointContainer");
     }
     pContainer = p;
@@ -953,7 +949,7 @@ ev_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     OLE_RELEASE(pContainer);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
         OLE_RELEASE(pTypeInfo);
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to query IConnectionPoint");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to query IConnectionPoint");
     }
     pIEV = EVENTSINK_Constructor();
     pIEV->m_iid = iid;
@@ -961,7 +957,7 @@ ev_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
                                           (IUnknown*)pIEV,
                                           &dwCookie);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, rb_eRuntimeError, "Advise Error");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "Advise Error");
     }
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct oleeventdata, &oleevent_datatype, poleev);
@@ -1264,6 +1260,7 @@ fev_get_handler(VALUE self)
 void
 Init_win32ole_event(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     ary_ole_event = rb_ary_new();
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(ary_ole_event);
     id_events = rb_intern("events");
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.c
index 381c1cbbd3..bf668300c2 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.c
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ ole_method_sub(VALUE self, ITypeInfo *pOwnerTypeInfo, ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, VALU
     VALUE method = Qnil;
     hr = OLE_GET_TYPEATTR(pTypeInfo, &pTypeAttr);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
     }
     for(i = 0; i < pTypeAttr->cFuncs && method == Qnil; i++) {
         hr = pTypeInfo->lpVtbl->GetFuncDesc(pTypeInfo, i, &pFuncDesc);
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ ole_methods_from_typeinfo(ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, int mask)
     VALUE methods = rb_ary_new();
     hr = OLE_GET_TYPEATTR(pTypeInfo, &pTypeAttr);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
     }
 
     ole_methods_sub(0, pTypeInfo, methods, mask);
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ olemethod_from_typeinfo(VALUE self, ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, VALUE name)
     VALUE method = Qnil;
     hr = OLE_GET_TYPEATTR(pTypeInfo, &pTypeAttr);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
     }
     method = ole_method_sub(self, 0, pTypeInfo, name);
     if (method != Qnil) {
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ ole_methods_sub(ITypeInfo *pOwnerTypeInfo, ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, VALUE methods,
     WORD i;
     hr = OLE_GET_TYPEATTR(pTypeInfo, &pTypeAttr);
     if (FAILED(hr)) {
-        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetTypeAttr");
     }
     for(i = 0; i < pTypeAttr->cFuncs; i++) {
         hr = pTypeInfo->lpVtbl->GetFuncDesc(pTypeInfo, i, &pFuncDesc);
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ folemethod_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE oletype, VALUE method)
 }
 
 /*
- *  call-seq
+ *  call-seq:
  *     WIN32OLE_METHOD#name
  *
  *  Returns the name of the method.
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ ole_method_return_type(ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, UINT method_index)
 
     hr = pTypeInfo->lpVtbl->GetFuncDesc(pTypeInfo, method_index, &pFuncDesc);
     if (FAILED(hr))
-        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLERuntimeError, "failed to GetFuncDesc");
+        ole_raise(hr, eWIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError, "failed to GetFuncDesc");
 
     type = ole_typedesc2val(pTypeInfo, &(pFuncDesc->elemdescFunc.tdesc), Qnil);
     pTypeInfo->lpVtbl->ReleaseFuncDesc(pTypeInfo, pFuncDesc);
@@ -923,6 +923,8 @@ folemethod_inspect(VALUE self)
     return default_inspect(self, "WIN32OLE_METHOD");
 }
 
+VALUE cWIN32OLE_METHOD;
+
 void Init_win32ole_method(void)
 {
     cWIN32OLE_METHOD = rb_define_class("WIN32OLE_METHOD", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.h
index ff2898ebeb..ef907d2fac 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_method.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ struct olemethoddata {
     UINT index;
 };
 
-VALUE cWIN32OLE_METHOD;
+extern VALUE cWIN32OLE_METHOD;
 VALUE folemethod_s_allocate(VALUE klass);
 VALUE ole_methods_from_typeinfo(ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, int mask);
 VALUE create_win32ole_method(ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, VALUE name);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.c
index e8838832a7..03523bc47d 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.c
@@ -589,6 +589,8 @@ folerecord_inspect(VALUE self)
                       field);
 }
 
+VALUE cWIN32OLE_RECORD;
+
 void
 Init_win32ole_record(void)
 {
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.h
index ea431e91f7..ab1df0ee7f 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_record.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef WIN32OLE_RECORD_H
 #define WIN32OLE_RECORD_H 1
 
-VALUE cWIN32OLE_RECORD;
+extern VALUE cWIN32OLE_RECORD;
 void ole_rec2variant(VALUE rec, VARIANT *var);
 void olerecord_set_ivar(VALUE obj, IRecordInfo *pri, void *prec);
 VALUE create_win32ole_record(IRecordInfo *pri, void *prec);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.c
index e6ac402ecf..fa39bf3696 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.c
@@ -883,6 +883,8 @@ foletype_inspect(VALUE self)
     return default_inspect(self, "WIN32OLE_TYPE");
 }
 
+VALUE cWIN32OLE_TYPE;
+
 void Init_win32ole_type(void)
 {
     cWIN32OLE_TYPE = rb_define_class("WIN32OLE_TYPE", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.h
index a26bf3e043..87b551e502 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_type.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef WIN32OLE_TYPE_H
 #define WIN32OLE_TYPE_H 1
-VALUE cWIN32OLE_TYPE;
+extern VALUE cWIN32OLE_TYPE;
 VALUE create_win32ole_type(ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, VALUE name);
 ITypeInfo *itypeinfo(VALUE self);
 VALUE ole_type_from_itypeinfo(ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.c
index 35376c644b..d89f181e07 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.c
@@ -822,6 +822,8 @@ foletypelib_inspect(VALUE self)
     return default_inspect(self, "WIN32OLE_TYPELIB");
 }
 
+VALUE cWIN32OLE_TYPELIB;
+
 void
 Init_win32ole_typelib(void)
 {
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.h
index 9fc117fcb4..2c2730bb58 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_typelib.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef WIN32OLE_TYPELIB_H
 #define WIN32OLE_TYPELIB_H 1
 
-VALUE cWIN32OLE_TYPELIB;
+extern VALUE cWIN32OLE_TYPELIB;
 
 void Init_win32ole_typelib(void);
 ITypeLib * itypelib(VALUE self);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.c
index 3dc9972ee7..803083156c 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.c
@@ -365,6 +365,8 @@ folevariable_inspect(VALUE self)
     return make_inspect("WIN32OLE_VARIABLE", detail);
 }
 
+VALUE cWIN32OLE_VARIABLE;
+
 void Init_win32ole_variable(void)
 {
     cWIN32OLE_VARIABLE = rb_define_class("WIN32OLE_VARIABLE", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.h
index 704dc13508..209613fd44 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variable.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef WIN32OLE_VARIABLE_H
 #define WIN32OLE_VARIABLE_H 1
 
-VALUE cWIN32OLE_VARIABLE;
+extern VALUE cWIN32OLE_VARIABLE;
 VALUE create_win32ole_variable(ITypeInfo *pTypeInfo, UINT index, VALUE name);
 void Init_win32ole_variable(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.c
index 3bbf86df52..93f0636593 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.c
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ ole_val2variant_err(VALUE val, VARIANT *var)
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, cWIN32OLE_VARIANT)) {
         v = folevariant_value(v);
     }
-    if (TYPE(v) != T_FIXNUM && TYPE(v) != T_BIGNUM && v != Qnil) {
+    if (!(FIXNUM_P(v) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_BIGNUM) || v == Qnil)) {
         rb_raise(eWIN32OLERuntimeError, "failed to convert VT_ERROR VARIANT:`%"PRIsVALUE"'", rb_inspect(v));
     }
     V_VT(var) = VT_ERROR;
@@ -689,9 +689,12 @@ ole_variant2variant(VALUE val, VARIANT *var)
     VariantCopy(var, &(pvar->var));
 }
 
+VALUE cWIN32OLE_VARIANT;
+
 void
 Init_win32ole_variant(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     cWIN32OLE_VARIANT = rb_define_class("WIN32OLE_VARIANT", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cWIN32OLE_VARIANT, folevariant_s_allocate);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cWIN32OLE_VARIANT, "array", folevariant_s_array, 2);
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.h
index efe7ea8bef..4bd3b0aeea 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef WIN32OLE_VARIANT_H
 #define WIN32OLE_VARIANT_H 1
 
-VALUE cWIN32OLE_VARIANT;
+extern VALUE cWIN32OLE_VARIANT;
 void ole_variant2variant(VALUE val, VARIANT *var);
 void Init_win32ole_variant(void);
 
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.c b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.c
index 4d76fdc790..145c08a16e 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.c
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.c
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "win32ole.h"
 
+VALUE mWIN32OLE_VARIANT;
+
 void Init_win32ole_variant_m(void)
 {
     /*
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.h b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.h
index afbef30218..6272a6578f 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.h
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole_variant_m.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef WIN32OLE_VARIANT_M_H
 #define WIN32OLE_VARIANT_M_H 1
 
-VALUE mWIN32OLE_VARIANT;
+extern VALUE mWIN32OLE_VARIANT;
 void Init_win32ole_variant_m(void);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/zlib/.gitignore b/ext/zlib/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..069491b4b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/zlib/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/zlib-[1-9]*.*.*
diff --git a/ext/zlib/depend b/ext/zlib/depend
index f094d343dc..5433affc69 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/depend
+++ b/ext/zlib/depend
@@ -1,17 +1,168 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 zlib.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 zlib.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/encoding.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/io.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/onigmo.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/oniguruma.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 zlib.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread.h
-zlib.o: $(top_srcdir)/include/ruby.h
 zlib.o: zlib.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/zlib/extconf.rb b/ext/zlib/extconf.rb
index c59ef7fd44..76cd34582e 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/zlib/extconf.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # extconf.rb
 #
@@ -27,17 +27,47 @@ else
     ]
     $INCFLAGS << " -I$(ZSRC)"
     if $mswin or $mingw
-      $libs = append_library($libs, "zdll")
       dll = "zlib1.dll"
       $extso << dll
+      $cleanfiles << "$(topdir)/#{dll}" << "$(ZIMPLIB)"
+      zmk = "\t$(MAKE) -f $(ZMKFILE) TOP=$(ZSRC)"
+      zopts = []
+      if $nmake
+        zmkfile = "$(ZSRC)/win32/Makefile.msc"
+        m = "#{zsrc}/win32/Makefile.msc"
+        # zopts << "USE_ASM=1"
+        zopts << "ARCH=#{RbConfig::CONFIG['target_cpu']}"
+      else
+        zmkfile = "$(ZSRC)/win32/Makefile.gcc"
+        m = "#{zsrc}/win32/Makefile.gcc"
+        zmk += " PREFIX="
+        zmk << CONFIG['CC'][/(.*-)gcc([^\/]*)\z/, 1]
+        zmk << " CC=$(CC)" if $2
+      end
+      m = File.read(m)
+      zimplib = m[/^IMPLIB[ \t]*=[ \t]*(\S+)/, 1]
+      $LOCAL_LIBS << " " << zimplib
+      unless $nmake or /^TOP[ \t]/ =~ m
+        m.gsub!(/win32\/zlib\.def/, '$(TOP)/\&')
+        m.gsub!(/^(\t.*[ \t])(\S+\.rc)/, '\1-I$(<D) $<')
+        m = "TOP = .\n""VPATH=$(TOP)\n" + m
+        zmkfile = File.basename(zmkfile)
+        File.rename(zmkfile, zmkfile+".orig") if File.exist?(zmkfile)
+        File.write(zmkfile, m)
+      end
       addconf.push(
-        "ZIMPLIB = zdll.lib\n",
+        "ZMKFILE = #{zmkfile}\n",
+        "ZIMPLIB = #{zimplib}\n",
+        "ZOPTS = #{zopts.join(' ')}\n",
         "$(TARGET_SO): $(ZIMPLIB)\n",
         "$(ZIMPLIB):\n",
-        "\t$(MAKE) -f $(ZSRC)/win32/Makefile.#{$nmake ? 'msc' : 'gcc'} TOP=$(ZSRC) $@\n",
+        "#{zmk} $(ZOPTS) $@\n",
         "install-so: $(topdir)/#{dll}",
         "$(topdir)/#{dll}: $(ZIMPLIB)\n",
         "\t$(Q) $(COPY) #{dll} $(@D)\n",
+        "clean: clean-zsrc\n",
+        "clean-zsrc:\n",
+        "#{zmk} clean\n",
       )
     end
     Logging.message "using zlib in #{zsrc}\n"
diff --git a/ext/zlib/extlibs b/ext/zlib/extlibs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e79d699977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/zlib/extlibs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+ver = 1.2.12
+pkg = zlib-$(ver)
+
+https://zlib.net/$(pkg).tar.gz \
+  md5:5fc414a9726be31427b440b434d05f78 \
+  sha512:cc2366fa45d5dfee1f983c8c51515e0cff959b61471e2e8d24350dea22d3f6fcc50723615a911b046ffc95f51ba337d39ae402131a55e6d1541d3b095d6c0a14 \
+  #
diff --git a/ext/zlib/zlib.c b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
index 516f62c989..5dbeba6943 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/zlib.c
+++ b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@
 # define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) 0
 #endif
 
-#define RUBY_ZLIB_VERSION  "0.6.0"
+#define RUBY_ZLIB_VERSION "2.0.0"
+
+#ifndef RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS
+# define rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, kw_splat) rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass)
+#endif
 
 #ifndef GZIP_SUPPORT
 #define GZIP_SUPPORT  1
@@ -52,7 +56,10 @@ max_uint(long n)
 #define MAX_UINT(n) (uInt)(n)
 #endif
 
-static ID id_dictionaries;
+#define OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts) \
+    (argc > 0 && !NIL_P((opts) = rb_check_hash_type(argv[argc-1])) && (--argc, 1))
+
+static ID id_dictionaries, id_read, id_buffer;
 
 /*--------- Prototypes --------*/
 
@@ -72,6 +79,7 @@ struct zstream_run_args;
 static void zstream_init(struct zstream*, const struct zstream_funcs*);
 static void zstream_expand_buffer(struct zstream*);
 static void zstream_expand_buffer_into(struct zstream*, unsigned long);
+static int zstream_expand_buffer_non_stream(struct zstream *z);
 static void zstream_append_buffer(struct zstream*, const Bytef*, long);
 static VALUE zstream_detach_buffer(struct zstream*);
 static VALUE zstream_shift_buffer(struct zstream*, long);
@@ -84,6 +92,7 @@ static void zstream_passthrough_input(struct zstream*);
 static VALUE zstream_detach_input(struct zstream*);
 static void zstream_reset(struct zstream*);
 static VALUE zstream_end(struct zstream*);
+static VALUE zstream_ensure_end(VALUE v);
 static void zstream_run(struct zstream*, Bytef*, long, int);
 static VALUE zstream_sync(struct zstream*, Bytef*, long);
 static void zstream_mark(void*);
@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ static VALUE rb_inflate_s_allocate(VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_inflate_initialize(int, VALUE*, VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_inflate_s_inflate(VALUE, VALUE);
 static void do_inflate(struct zstream*, VALUE);
-static VALUE rb_inflate_inflate(VALUE, VALUE);
+static VALUE rb_inflate_inflate(int, VALUE*, VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_inflate_addstr(VALUE, VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_inflate_sync(VALUE, VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_inflate_sync_point_p(VALUE);
@@ -139,19 +148,19 @@ static void gzfile_reset(struct gzfile*);
 static void gzfile_close(struct gzfile*, int);
 static void gzfile_write_raw(struct gzfile*);
 static VALUE gzfile_read_raw_partial(VALUE);
-static VALUE gzfile_read_raw_rescue(VALUE);
-static VALUE gzfile_read_raw(struct gzfile*);
-static int gzfile_read_raw_ensure(struct gzfile*, long);
+static VALUE gzfile_read_raw_rescue(VALUE,VALUE);
+static VALUE gzfile_read_raw(struct gzfile*, VALUE outbuf);
+static int gzfile_read_raw_ensure(struct gzfile*, long, VALUE outbuf);
 static char *gzfile_read_raw_until_zero(struct gzfile*, long);
 static unsigned int gzfile_get16(const unsigned char*);
 static unsigned long gzfile_get32(const unsigned char*);
 static void gzfile_set32(unsigned long n, unsigned char*);
 static void gzfile_make_header(struct gzfile*);
 static void gzfile_make_footer(struct gzfile*);
-static void gzfile_read_header(struct gzfile*);
-static void gzfile_check_footer(struct gzfile*);
+static void gzfile_read_header(struct gzfile*, VALUE outbuf);
+static void gzfile_check_footer(struct gzfile*, VALUE outbuf);
 static void gzfile_write(struct gzfile*, Bytef*, long);
-static long gzfile_read_more(struct gzfile*);
+static long gzfile_read_more(struct gzfile*, VALUE outbuf);
 static void gzfile_calc_crc(struct gzfile*, VALUE);
 static VALUE gzfile_read(struct gzfile*, long);
 static VALUE gzfile_read_all(struct gzfile*);
@@ -196,7 +205,7 @@ static VALUE rb_gzwriter_s_allocate(VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_gzwriter_s_open(int, VALUE*, VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_gzwriter_initialize(int, VALUE*, VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_gzwriter_flush(int, VALUE*, VALUE);
-static VALUE rb_gzwriter_write(VALUE, VALUE);
+static VALUE rb_gzwriter_write(int, VALUE*, VALUE);
 static VALUE rb_gzwriter_putc(VALUE, VALUE);
 
 static VALUE rb_gzreader_s_allocate(VALUE);
@@ -279,6 +288,7 @@ static VALUE rb_gzreader_readlines(int, VALUE*, VALUE);
  *   - Zlib::MemError
  *   - Zlib::BufError
  *   - Zlib::VersionError
+ *   - Zlib::InProgressError
  *
  * (if you have GZIP_SUPPORT)
  * - Zlib::GzipReader
@@ -295,7 +305,7 @@ void Init_zlib(void);
 /*--------- Exceptions --------*/
 
 static VALUE cZError, cStreamEnd, cNeedDict;
-static VALUE cStreamError, cDataError, cMemError, cBufError, cVersionError;
+static VALUE cStreamError, cDataError, cMemError, cBufError, cVersionError, cInProgressError;
 
 static void
 raise_zlib_error(int err, const char *msg)
@@ -359,11 +369,7 @@ finalizer_warn(const char *msg)
 static VALUE
 rb_zlib_version(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE str;
-
-    str = rb_str_new2(zlibVersion());
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);  /* for safe */
-    return str;
+    return rb_str_new2(zlibVersion());
 }
 
 #if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
@@ -405,6 +411,15 @@ do_checksum(int argc, VALUE *argv, uLong (*func)(uLong, const Bytef*, uInt))
     if (NIL_P(str)) {
 	sum = func(sum, Z_NULL, 0);
     }
+    else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(str, rb_cIO)) {
+        VALUE buf;
+        VALUE buflen = INT2NUM(8192);
+
+        while (!NIL_P(buf = rb_funcall(str, id_read, 1, buflen))) {
+            StringValue(buf);
+            sum = checksum_long(func, sum, (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(buf), RSTRING_LEN(buf));
+        }
+    }
     else {
 	StringValue(str);
 	sum = checksum_long(func, sum, (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
@@ -420,6 +435,8 @@ do_checksum(int argc, VALUE *argv, uLong (*func)(uLong, const Bytef*, uInt))
  * Calculates Adler-32 checksum for +string+, and returns updated value of
  * +adler+. If +string+ is omitted, it returns the Adler-32 initial value. If
  * +adler+ is omitted, it assumes that the initial value is given to +adler+.
+ * If +string+ is an IO instance, reads from the IO until the IO returns nil
+ * and returns Adler-32 of all read data.
  *
  * Example usage:
  *
@@ -450,7 +467,7 @@ rb_zlib_adler32(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 rb_zlib_adler32_combine(VALUE klass, VALUE adler1, VALUE adler2, VALUE len2)
 {
-  return ULONG2NUM(
+    return ULONG2NUM(
 	adler32_combine(NUM2ULONG(adler1), NUM2ULONG(adler2), NUM2LONG(len2)));
 }
 #else
@@ -464,7 +481,9 @@ rb_zlib_adler32_combine(VALUE klass, VALUE adler1, VALUE adler2, VALUE len2)
  *
  * Calculates CRC checksum for +string+, and returns updated value of +crc+. If
  * +string+ is omitted, it returns the CRC initial value. If +crc+ is omitted, it
- * assumes that the initial value is given to +crc+.
+ * assumes that the initial value is given to +crc+. If +string+ is an IO instance,
+ * reads from the IO until the IO returns nil and returns CRC checksum of all read
+ * data.
  *
  * FIXME: expression.
  */
@@ -488,7 +507,7 @@ rb_zlib_crc32(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 rb_zlib_crc32_combine(VALUE klass, VALUE crc1, VALUE crc2, VALUE len2)
 {
-  return ULONG2NUM(
+    return ULONG2NUM(
 	crc32_combine(NUM2ULONG(crc1), NUM2ULONG(crc2), NUM2LONG(len2)));
 }
 #else
@@ -527,8 +546,8 @@ rb_zlib_crc_table(VALUE obj)
 struct zstream {
     unsigned long flags;
     VALUE buf;
-    long buf_filled;
     VALUE input;
+    VALUE mutex;
     z_stream stream;
     const struct zstream_funcs {
 	int (*reset)(z_streamp);
@@ -537,19 +556,24 @@ struct zstream {
     } *func;
 };
 
-#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_READY      0x1
-#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_IN_STREAM  0x2
-#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_FINISHED   0x4
-#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_CLOSING    0x8
-#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_GZFILE     0x10 /* disallows yield from expand_buffer for
+#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_READY      (1 << 0)
+#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_IN_STREAM  (1 << 1)
+#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_FINISHED   (1 << 2)
+#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_CLOSING    (1 << 3)
+#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_GZFILE     (1 << 4) /* disallows yield from expand_buffer for
                                         gzip*/
-#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_UNUSED     0x20
+#define ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER    (1 << 5)
+#define ZSTREAM_IN_PROGRESS     (1 << 6)
+#define ZSTREAM_FLAG_UNUSED     (1 << 7)
 
 #define ZSTREAM_READY(z)       ((z)->flags |= ZSTREAM_FLAG_READY)
 #define ZSTREAM_IS_READY(z)    ((z)->flags & ZSTREAM_FLAG_READY)
 #define ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(z) ((z)->flags & ZSTREAM_FLAG_FINISHED)
 #define ZSTREAM_IS_CLOSING(z)  ((z)->flags & ZSTREAM_FLAG_CLOSING)
 #define ZSTREAM_IS_GZFILE(z)   ((z)->flags & ZSTREAM_FLAG_GZFILE)
+#define ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z)  (NIL_P((z)->buf) ? 0 : RSTRING_LEN((z)->buf))
+
+#define ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER_P(z)     ((z)->flags & ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER)
 
 #define ZSTREAM_EXPAND_BUFFER_OK          0
 
@@ -569,7 +593,9 @@ static const struct zstream_funcs inflate_funcs = {
 };
 
 struct zstream_run_args {
-    struct zstream * z;
+    struct zstream *const z;
+    Bytef *src;
+    long len;
     int flush;         /* stream flush value for inflate() or deflate() */
     int interrupt;     /* stop processing the stream and return to ruby */
     int jump_state;    /* for buffer expansion block break or exception */
@@ -599,8 +625,8 @@ zstream_init(struct zstream *z, const struct zstream_funcs *func)
 {
     z->flags = 0;
     z->buf = Qnil;
-    z->buf_filled = 0;
     z->input = Qnil;
+    z->mutex = rb_mutex_new();
     z->stream.zalloc = zlib_mem_alloc;
     z->stream.zfree = zlib_mem_free;
     z->stream.opaque = Z_NULL;
@@ -624,17 +650,25 @@ zstream_expand_buffer(struct zstream *z)
     }
 
     if (!ZSTREAM_IS_GZFILE(z) && rb_block_given_p()) {
-	if (z->buf_filled >= ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) {
+	long buf_filled = ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z);
+	if (buf_filled >= ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) {
 	    int state = 0;
-	    VALUE self = (VALUE)z->stream.opaque;
 
-	    rb_str_resize(z->buf, z->buf_filled);
-	    rb_obj_reveal(z->buf, rb_cString);
-	    OBJ_INFECT(z->buf, self);
+            if (!ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER_P(z)) {
+	        rb_obj_reveal(z->buf, rb_cString);
+            }
 
+            rb_mutex_unlock(z->mutex);
 	    rb_protect(rb_yield, z->buf, &state);
-
-	    z->buf = Qnil;
+            rb_mutex_lock(z->mutex);
+
+            if (ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER_P(z)) {
+                rb_str_modify(z->buf);
+                rb_str_set_len(z->buf, 0);
+            }
+            else {
+                z->buf = Qnil;
+            }
 	    zstream_expand_buffer_into(z, ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX);
 
 	    if (state)
@@ -644,23 +678,11 @@ zstream_expand_buffer(struct zstream *z)
 	}
 	else {
 	    zstream_expand_buffer_into(z,
-		    ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX - z->buf_filled);
+				       ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX - buf_filled);
 	}
     }
     else {
-	if (RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) - z->buf_filled >= ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) {
-	    z->stream.avail_out = ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX;
-	}
-	else {
-	    long inc = z->buf_filled / 2;
-	    if (inc < ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MIN) {
-		inc = ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MIN;
-	    }
-	    rb_str_resize(z->buf, z->buf_filled + inc);
-	    z->stream.avail_out = (inc < ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) ?
-		(int)inc : ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX;
-	}
-	z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + z->buf_filled;
+	zstream_expand_buffer_non_stream(z);
     }
 }
 
@@ -670,15 +692,14 @@ zstream_expand_buffer_into(struct zstream *z, unsigned long size)
     if (NIL_P(z->buf)) {
 	/* I uses rb_str_new here not rb_str_buf_new because
 	   rb_str_buf_new makes a zero-length string. */
-	z->buf = rb_str_new(0, size);
-	z->buf_filled = 0;
+	z->buf = rb_str_buf_new(size);
 	z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->buf);
 	z->stream.avail_out = MAX_UINT(size);
 	rb_obj_hide(z->buf);
     }
     else if (z->stream.avail_out != size) {
-	rb_str_resize(z->buf, z->buf_filled + size);
-	z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + z->buf_filled;
+	rb_str_modify_expand(z->buf, size);
+	z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_END(z->buf);
 	z->stream.avail_out = MAX_UINT(size);
     }
 }
@@ -695,34 +716,24 @@ zstream_expand_buffer_protect(void *ptr)
 }
 
 static int
-zstream_expand_buffer_without_gvl(struct zstream *z)
+zstream_expand_buffer_non_stream(struct zstream *z)
 {
-    char * new_str;
-    long inc, len;
+    long inc, len = ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z);
 
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) - z->buf_filled >= ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) {
+    if (rb_str_capacity(z->buf) - len >= ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) {
 	z->stream.avail_out = ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX;
     }
     else {
-	inc = z->buf_filled / 2;
+	inc = len / 2;
 	if (inc < ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MIN) {
 	    inc = ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MIN;
 	}
 
-	len = z->buf_filled + inc;
-
-	new_str = ruby_xrealloc(RSTRING(z->buf)->as.heap.ptr, len + 1);
-
-	/* from rb_str_resize */
-	RSTRING(z->buf)->as.heap.ptr = new_str;
-	RSTRING(z->buf)->as.heap.ptr[len] = '\0'; /* sentinel */
-	RSTRING(z->buf)->as.heap.len =
-	    RSTRING(z->buf)->as.heap.aux.capa = len;
-
+	rb_str_modify_expand(z->buf, inc);
 	z->stream.avail_out = (inc < ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) ?
 	    (int)inc : ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX;
     }
-    z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + z->buf_filled;
+    z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_END(z->buf);
 
     return ZSTREAM_EXPAND_BUFFER_OK;
 }
@@ -733,15 +744,14 @@ zstream_append_buffer(struct zstream *z, const Bytef *src, long len)
     if (NIL_P(z->buf)) {
 	z->buf = rb_str_buf_new(len);
 	rb_str_buf_cat(z->buf, (const char*)src, len);
-	z->buf_filled = len;
 	z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->buf);
 	z->stream.avail_out = 0;
 	rb_obj_hide(z->buf);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) < z->buf_filled + len) {
-	rb_str_resize(z->buf, z->buf_filled + len);
+    if ((long)rb_str_capacity(z->buf) < ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z) + len) {
+	rb_str_modify_expand(z->buf, len);
 	z->stream.avail_out = 0;
     }
     else {
@@ -752,9 +762,8 @@ zstream_append_buffer(struct zstream *z, const Bytef *src, long len)
 	    z->stream.avail_out = 0;
 	}
     }
-    memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + z->buf_filled, src, len);
-    z->buf_filled += len;
-    z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + z->buf_filled;
+    rb_str_cat(z->buf, (const char *)src, len);
+    z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_END(z->buf);
 }
 
 #define zstream_append_buffer2(z,v) \
@@ -763,7 +772,7 @@ zstream_append_buffer(struct zstream *z, const Bytef *src, long len)
 static VALUE
 zstream_detach_buffer(struct zstream *z)
 {
-    VALUE dst, self = (VALUE)z->stream.opaque;
+    VALUE dst;
 
     if (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(z) && !ZSTREAM_IS_GZFILE(z) &&
 	    rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -777,14 +786,12 @@ zstream_detach_buffer(struct zstream *z)
     }
     else {
 	dst = z->buf;
-	rb_str_resize(dst, z->buf_filled);
-	rb_obj_reveal(dst, rb_cString);
+        if (!ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER_P(z)) {
+	    rb_obj_reveal(dst, rb_cString);
+        }
     }
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(dst, self);
-
     z->buf = Qnil;
-    z->buf_filled = 0;
     z->stream.next_out = 0;
     z->stream.avail_out = 0;
 
@@ -800,18 +807,20 @@ static VALUE
 zstream_shift_buffer(struct zstream *z, long len)
 {
     VALUE dst;
-    long buflen;
+    char *bufptr;
+    long buflen = ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z);
 
-    if (z->buf_filled <= len) {
+    if (buflen <= len) {
 	return zstream_detach_buffer(z);
     }
 
-    dst = rb_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(z->buf), len);
-    z->buf_filled -= len;
-    memmove(RSTRING_PTR(z->buf), RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + len,
-	    z->buf_filled);
-    z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + z->buf_filled;
-    buflen = RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) - z->buf_filled;
+    bufptr = RSTRING_PTR(z->buf);
+    dst = rb_str_new(bufptr, len);
+    buflen -= len;
+    memmove(bufptr, bufptr + len, buflen);
+    rb_str_set_len(z->buf, buflen);
+    z->stream.next_out = (Bytef*)RSTRING_END(z->buf);
+    buflen = (long)rb_str_capacity(z->buf) - ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z);
     if (buflen > ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) {
 	buflen = ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX;
     }
@@ -823,13 +832,17 @@ zstream_shift_buffer(struct zstream *z, long len)
 static void
 zstream_buffer_ungets(struct zstream *z, const Bytef *b, unsigned long len)
 {
-    if (NIL_P(z->buf) || RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) - z->buf_filled == 0) {
+    char *bufptr;
+    long filled;
+
+    if (NIL_P(z->buf) || (long)rb_str_capacity(z->buf) <= ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z)) {
 	zstream_expand_buffer_into(z, len);
     }
 
-    memmove(RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + len, RSTRING_PTR(z->buf), z->buf_filled);
-    memmove(RSTRING_PTR(z->buf), b, len);
-    z->buf_filled+=len;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(z->buf, bufptr, filled);
+    memmove(bufptr + len, bufptr, filled);
+    memmove(bufptr, b, len);
+    rb_str_set_len(z->buf, filled + len);
     if (z->stream.avail_out > 0) {
 	if (len > z->stream.avail_out) len = z->stream.avail_out;
 	z->stream.next_out+=len;
@@ -840,17 +853,8 @@ zstream_buffer_ungets(struct zstream *z, const Bytef *b, unsigned long len)
 static void
 zstream_buffer_ungetbyte(struct zstream *z, int c)
 {
-    if (NIL_P(z->buf) || RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) - z->buf_filled == 0) {
-	zstream_expand_buffer(z);
-    }
-
-    memmove(RSTRING_PTR(z->buf) + 1, RSTRING_PTR(z->buf), z->buf_filled);
-    RSTRING_PTR(z->buf)[0] = (char)c;
-    z->buf_filled++;
-    if (z->stream.avail_out > 0) {
-	z->stream.next_out++;
-	z->stream.avail_out--;
-    }
+    Bytef cc = (Bytef)c;
+    zstream_buffer_ungets(z, &cc, 1);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -875,19 +879,50 @@ zstream_append_input(struct zstream *z, const Bytef *src, long len)
 static void
 zstream_discard_input(struct zstream *z, long len)
 {
-    if (NIL_P(z->input) || RSTRING_LEN(z->input) <= len) {
-	z->input = Qnil;
+    if (NIL_P(z->input)) {
     }
-    else {
-	z->input = rb_str_substr(z->input, len,
-				 RSTRING_LEN(z->input) - len);
+    else if (RBASIC_CLASS(z->input) == 0) {
+	/* hidden, we created z->input and have complete control */
+	char *ptr;
+	long oldlen, newlen;
+
+	RSTRING_GETMEM(z->input, ptr, oldlen);
+	newlen = oldlen - len;
+	if (newlen > 0) {
+	    memmove(ptr, ptr + len, newlen);
+	}
+	if (newlen < 0) {
+	    newlen = 0;
+	}
+	rb_str_resize(z->input, newlen);
+	if (newlen == 0) {
+	    rb_gc_force_recycle(z->input);
+	    z->input = Qnil;
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_str_set_len(z->input, newlen);
+	}
+    }
+    else { /* do not mangle user-provided data */
+	if (RSTRING_LEN(z->input) <= len) {
+	    z->input = Qnil;
+	}
+	else {
+	    z->input = rb_str_substr(z->input, len,
+				     RSTRING_LEN(z->input) - len);
+	}
     }
 }
 
 static void
 zstream_reset_input(struct zstream *z)
 {
-    z->input = Qnil;
+    if (!NIL_P(z->input) && RBASIC_CLASS(z->input) == 0) {
+	rb_str_resize(z->input, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+	z->input = Qnil;
+    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -912,7 +947,6 @@ zstream_detach_input(struct zstream *z)
 	rb_obj_reveal(dst, rb_cString);
     }
     z->input = Qnil;
-    rb_obj_reveal(dst, rb_cString);
     return dst;
 }
 
@@ -927,7 +961,6 @@ zstream_reset(struct zstream *z)
     }
     z->flags = ZSTREAM_FLAG_READY;
     z->buf = Qnil;
-    z->buf_filled = 0;
     z->stream.next_out = 0;
     z->stream.avail_out = 0;
     zstream_reset_input(z);
@@ -956,6 +989,12 @@ zstream_end(struct zstream *z)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+zstream_ensure_end(VALUE v)
+{
+    return zstream_end((struct zstream *)v);
+}
+
 static void *
 zstream_run_func(void *ptr)
 {
@@ -968,7 +1007,7 @@ zstream_run_func(void *ptr)
     while (!args->interrupt) {
 	n = z->stream.avail_out;
 	err = z->func->run(&z->stream, flush);
-	z->buf_filled += n - z->stream.avail_out;
+	rb_str_set_len(z->buf, ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(z) + (n - z->stream.avail_out));
 
 	if (err == Z_STREAM_END) {
 	    z->flags &= ~ZSTREAM_FLAG_IN_STREAM;
@@ -997,7 +1036,7 @@ zstream_run_func(void *ptr)
 							(void *)z);
 	}
 	else {
-	    state = zstream_expand_buffer_without_gvl(z);
+	    state = zstream_expand_buffer_non_stream(z);
 	}
 
 	if (state) {
@@ -1012,6 +1051,7 @@ zstream_run_func(void *ptr)
 
 /*
  * There is no safe way to interrupt z->run->func().
+ * async-signal-safe
  */
 static void
 zstream_unblock_func(void *ptr)
@@ -1021,18 +1061,17 @@ zstream_unblock_func(void *ptr)
     args->interrupt = 1;
 }
 
-static void
-zstream_run(struct zstream *z, Bytef *src, long len, int flush)
+static VALUE
+zstream_run_try(VALUE value_arg)
 {
-    struct zstream_run_args args;
-    int err;
-    VALUE guard = Qnil;
+    struct zstream_run_args *args = (struct zstream_run_args *)value_arg;
+    struct zstream *z = args->z;
+    Bytef *src = args->src;
+    long len = args->len;
+    int flush = args->flush;
 
-    args.z = z;
-    args.flush = flush;
-    args.interrupt = 0;
-    args.jump_state = 0;
-    args.stream_output = !ZSTREAM_IS_GZFILE(z) && rb_block_given_p();
+    int err;
+    VALUE old_input = Qnil;
 
     if (NIL_P(z->input) && len == 0) {
 	z->stream.next_in = (Bytef*)"";
@@ -1040,12 +1079,13 @@ zstream_run(struct zstream *z, Bytef *src, long len, int flush)
     }
     else {
 	zstream_append_input(z, src, len);
-	z->stream.next_in = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(z->input);
-	z->stream.avail_in = MAX_UINT(RSTRING_LEN(z->input));
 	/* keep reference to `z->input' so as not to be garbage collected
 	   after zstream_reset_input() and prevent `z->stream.next_in'
 	   from dangling. */
-	guard = z->input;
+	old_input = zstream_detach_input(z);
+	rb_obj_hide(old_input); /* for GVL release and later recycle */
+	z->stream.next_in = (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(old_input);
+	z->stream.avail_in = MAX_UINT(RSTRING_LEN(old_input));
     }
 
     if (z->stream.avail_out == 0) {
@@ -1053,8 +1093,20 @@ zstream_run(struct zstream *z, Bytef *src, long len, int flush)
     }
 
 loop:
-    err = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(zstream_run_func, (void *)&args,
-						 zstream_unblock_func, (void *)&args);
+#ifndef RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE
+    err = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(zstream_run_func, (void *)args,
+						 zstream_unblock_func, (void *)args);
+#else
+    err = (int)(VALUE)rb_nogvl(zstream_run_func, (void *)args,
+                               zstream_unblock_func, (void *)args,
+                               RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE);
+#endif
+
+    /* retry if no exception is thrown */
+    if (err == Z_OK && args->interrupt) {
+       args->interrupt = 0;
+       goto loop;
+    }
 
     if (flush != Z_FINISH && err == Z_BUF_ERROR
 	    && z->stream.avail_out > 0) {
@@ -1083,11 +1135,58 @@ loop:
 
     if (z->stream.avail_in > 0) {
 	zstream_append_input(z, z->stream.next_in, z->stream.avail_in);
-	RB_GC_GUARD(guard); /* prevent tail call to make guard effective */
     }
+    if (!NIL_P(old_input)) {
+	rb_str_resize(old_input, 0);
+	rb_gc_force_recycle(old_input);
+    }
+
+    if (args->jump_state)
+	rb_jump_tag(args->jump_state);
 
-    if (args.jump_state)
-	rb_jump_tag(args.jump_state);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+zstream_run_ensure(VALUE value_arg)
+{
+    struct zstream_run_args *args = (struct zstream_run_args *)value_arg;
+
+    /* Remove ZSTREAM_IN_PROGRESS flag to signal that this zstream is not in use. */
+    args->z->flags &= ~ZSTREAM_IN_PROGRESS;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+zstream_run_synchronized(VALUE value_arg)
+{
+    struct zstream_run_args *args = (struct zstream_run_args *)value_arg;
+
+    /* Cannot start zstream while it is in progress. */
+    if (args->z->flags & ZSTREAM_IN_PROGRESS) {
+        rb_raise(cInProgressError, "zlib stream is in progress");
+    }
+    args->z->flags |= ZSTREAM_IN_PROGRESS;
+
+    rb_ensure(zstream_run_try, value_arg, zstream_run_ensure, value_arg);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+zstream_run(struct zstream *z, Bytef *src, long len, int flush)
+{
+    struct zstream_run_args args = {
+        .z = z,
+        .src = src,
+        .len = len,
+        .flush = flush,
+        .interrupt = 0,
+        .jump_state = 0,
+        .stream_output = !ZSTREAM_IS_GZFILE(z) && rb_block_given_p(),
+    };
+    rb_mutex_synchronize(z->mutex, zstream_run_synchronized, (VALUE)&args);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1135,6 +1234,7 @@ zstream_mark(void *p)
     struct zstream *z = p;
     rb_gc_mark(z->buf);
     rb_gc_mark(z->input);
+    rb_gc_mark(z->mutex);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1316,7 +1416,6 @@ rb_zstream_flush_next_in(VALUE obj)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct zstream, &zstream_data_type, z);
     dst = zstream_detach_input(z);
-    OBJ_INFECT(dst, obj);
     return dst;
 }
 
@@ -1412,7 +1511,7 @@ rb_zstream_data_type(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 rb_zstream_adler(VALUE obj)
 {
-	return rb_uint2inum(get_zstream(obj)->stream.adler);
+    return rb_uint2inum(get_zstream(obj)->stream.adler);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1577,7 +1676,6 @@ rb_deflate_init_copy(VALUE self, VALUE orig)
     }
     z1->input = NIL_P(z2->input) ? Qnil : rb_str_dup(z2->input);
     z1->buf   = NIL_P(z2->buf)   ? Qnil : rb_str_dup(z2->buf);
-    z1->buf_filled = z2->buf_filled;
     z1->flags = z2->flags;
 
     return self;
@@ -1636,9 +1734,8 @@ rb_deflate_s_deflate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     args[0] = (VALUE)&z;
     args[1] = src;
-    dst = rb_ensure(deflate_run, (VALUE)args, zstream_end, (VALUE)&z);
+    dst = rb_ensure(deflate_run, (VALUE)args, zstream_ensure_end, (VALUE)&z);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(dst, src);
     return dst;
 }
 
@@ -1688,7 +1785,6 @@ rb_deflate_deflate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     VALUE src, flush;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &src, &flush);
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, src);
     do_deflate(z, src, ARG_FLUSH(flush));
 
     return zstream_detach_buffer(z);
@@ -1706,7 +1802,6 @@ rb_deflate_deflate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 rb_deflate_addstr(VALUE obj, VALUE src)
 {
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, src);
     do_deflate(get_zstream(obj), src, Z_NO_FLUSH);
     return obj;
 }
@@ -1761,23 +1856,26 @@ rb_deflate_params(VALUE obj, VALUE v_level, VALUE v_strategy)
     int level, strategy;
     int err;
     uInt n;
+    long filled;
 
     level = ARG_LEVEL(v_level);
     strategy = ARG_STRATEGY(v_strategy);
 
     n = z->stream.avail_out;
     err = deflateParams(&z->stream, level, strategy);
-    z->buf_filled += n - z->stream.avail_out;
+    filled = n - z->stream.avail_out;
     while (err == Z_BUF_ERROR) {
 	rb_warning("deflateParams() returned Z_BUF_ERROR");
 	zstream_expand_buffer(z);
+	rb_str_set_len(z->buf, RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) + filled);
 	n = z->stream.avail_out;
 	err = deflateParams(&z->stream, level, strategy);
-	z->buf_filled += n - z->stream.avail_out;
+	filled = n - z->stream.avail_out;
     }
     if (err != Z_OK) {
 	raise_zlib_error(err, z->stream.msg);
     }
+    rb_str_set_len(z->buf, RSTRING_LEN(z->buf) + filled);
 
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1803,7 +1901,6 @@ rb_deflate_set_dictionary(VALUE obj, VALUE dic)
     VALUE src = dic;
     int err;
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, dic);
     StringValue(src);
     err = deflateSetDictionary(&z->stream,
 			       (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(src), RSTRING_LENINT(src));
@@ -1948,9 +2045,8 @@ rb_inflate_s_inflate(VALUE obj, VALUE src)
 
     args[0] = (VALUE)&z;
     args[1] = src;
-    dst = rb_ensure(inflate_run, (VALUE)args, zstream_end, (VALUE)&z);
+    dst = rb_ensure(inflate_run, (VALUE)args, zstream_ensure_end, (VALUE)&z);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(dst, src);
     return dst;
 }
 
@@ -1991,8 +2087,8 @@ rb_inflate_add_dictionary(VALUE obj, VALUE dictionary)
  * Document-method: Zlib::Inflate#inflate
  *
  * call-seq:
- *   inflate(deflate_string)                 -> String
- *   inflate(deflate_string) { |chunk| ... } -> nil
+ *   inflate(deflate_string, buffer: nil)                 -> String
+ *   inflate(deflate_string, buffer: nil) { |chunk| ... } -> nil
  *
  * Inputs +deflate_string+ into the inflate stream and returns the output from
  * the stream.  Calling this method, both the input and the output buffer of
@@ -2002,6 +2098,15 @@ rb_inflate_add_dictionary(VALUE obj, VALUE dictionary)
  * If a block is given consecutive inflated chunks from the +deflate_string+
  * are yielded to the block and +nil+ is returned.
  *
+ * If a :buffer keyword argument is given and not nil:
+ *
+ * * The :buffer keyword should be a String, and will used as the output buffer.
+ *   Using this option can reuse the memory required during inflation.
+ * * When not passing a block, the return value will be the same object as the
+ *   :buffer keyword argument.
+ * * When passing a block, the yielded chunks will be the same value as the
+ *   :buffer keyword argument.
+ *
  * Raises a Zlib::NeedDict exception if a preset dictionary is needed to
  * decompress.  Set the dictionary by Zlib::Inflate#set_dictionary and then
  * call this method again with an empty string to flush the stream:
@@ -2025,12 +2130,37 @@ rb_inflate_add_dictionary(VALUE obj, VALUE dictionary)
  * See also Zlib::Inflate.new
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_inflate_inflate(VALUE obj, VALUE src)
+rb_inflate_inflate(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     struct zstream *z = get_zstream(obj);
-    VALUE dst;
+    VALUE dst, src, opts, buffer = Qnil;
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, src);
+    if (OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts)) {
+        VALUE buf;
+        rb_get_kwargs(opts, &id_buffer, 0, 1, &buf);
+        if (buf != Qundef && buf != Qnil) {
+            buffer = StringValue(buf);
+        }
+    }
+    if (buffer != Qnil) {
+        if (!(ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER_P(z) && z->buf == buffer)) {
+            long len = RSTRING_LEN(buffer);
+            if (len >= ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX) {
+                rb_str_modify(buffer);
+            }
+            else {
+                len = ZSTREAM_AVAIL_OUT_STEP_MAX - len;
+                rb_str_modify_expand(buffer, len);
+            }
+            rb_str_set_len(buffer, 0);
+            z->flags |= ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER;
+            z->buf = buffer;
+        }
+    } else if (ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER_P(z)) {
+        z->flags &= ~ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER;
+        z->buf = Qnil;
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "10", &src);
 
     if (ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(z)) {
 	if (NIL_P(src)) {
@@ -2039,8 +2169,11 @@ rb_inflate_inflate(VALUE obj, VALUE src)
 	else {
 	    StringValue(src);
 	    zstream_append_buffer2(z, src);
-	    dst = rb_str_new(0, 0);
-	    OBJ_INFECT(dst, obj);
+	    if (ZSTREAM_REUSE_BUFFER_P(z)) {
+                dst = rb_str_resize(buffer, 0);
+            } else {
+                dst = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+            }
 	}
     }
     else {
@@ -2066,8 +2199,6 @@ rb_inflate_addstr(VALUE obj, VALUE src)
 {
     struct zstream *z = get_zstream(obj);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, src);
-
     if (ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(z)) {
 	if (!NIL_P(src)) {
 	    StringValue(src);
@@ -2097,7 +2228,6 @@ rb_inflate_sync(VALUE obj, VALUE src)
 {
     struct zstream *z = get_zstream(obj);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, src);
     StringValue(src);
     return zstream_sync(z, (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(src), RSTRING_LEN(src));
 }
@@ -2139,7 +2269,6 @@ rb_inflate_set_dictionary(VALUE obj, VALUE dic)
     VALUE src = dic;
     int err;
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, dic);
     StringValue(src);
     err = inflateSetDictionary(&z->stream,
 			       (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(src), RSTRING_LENINT(src));
@@ -2196,7 +2325,7 @@ rb_inflate_set_dictionary(VALUE obj, VALUE dic)
 #define OS_CODE  OS_UNIX
 #endif
 
-static ID id_write, id_read, id_readpartial, id_flush, id_seek, id_close, id_path, id_input;
+static ID id_write, id_readpartial, id_flush, id_seek, id_close, id_path, id_input;
 static VALUE cGzError, cNoFooter, cCRCError, cLengthError;
 
 
@@ -2220,7 +2349,6 @@ struct gzfile {
     rb_encoding *enc2;
     rb_econv_t *ec;
     VALUE ecopts;
-    char *cbuf;
     VALUE path;
 };
 #define GZFILE_CBUF_CAPA 10
@@ -2228,12 +2356,23 @@ struct gzfile {
 #define GZFILE_FLAG_SYNC             ZSTREAM_FLAG_UNUSED
 #define GZFILE_FLAG_HEADER_FINISHED  (ZSTREAM_FLAG_UNUSED << 1)
 #define GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED  (ZSTREAM_FLAG_UNUSED << 2)
+#define GZFILE_FLAG_MTIME_IS_SET     (ZSTREAM_FLAG_UNUSED << 3)
 
 #define GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz) \
-    (ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&(gz)->z) && (gz)->z.buf_filled == 0)
+    (ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&(gz)->z) && ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&(gz)->z) == 0)
 
 #define GZFILE_READ_SIZE  2048
 
+struct read_raw_arg {
+    VALUE io;
+    union {
+	const VALUE argv[2]; /* for rb_funcallv */
+	struct {
+	    VALUE len;
+	    VALUE buf;
+	} in;
+    } as;
+};
 
 static void
 gzfile_mark(void *p)
@@ -2260,22 +2399,13 @@ gzfile_free(void *p)
 	}
 	zstream_finalize(z);
     }
-    if (gz->cbuf) {
-	xfree(gz->cbuf);
-    }
     xfree(gz);
 }
 
 static size_t
 gzfile_memsize(const void *p)
 {
-    const struct gzfile *gz = p;
-    size_t size = sizeof(struct gzfile);
-
-    if (gz->cbuf)
-	size += GZFILE_CBUF_CAPA;
-
-    return size;
+    return sizeof(struct gzfile);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t gzfile_data_type = {
@@ -2304,7 +2434,6 @@ gzfile_init(struct gzfile *gz, const struct zstream_funcs *funcs, void (*endfunc
     gz->ec = NULL;
     gz->ecflags = 0;
     gz->ecopts = Qnil;
-    gz->cbuf = 0;
     gz->path = Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -2356,9 +2485,8 @@ gzfile_write_raw(struct gzfile *gz)
 {
     VALUE str;
 
-    if (gz->z.buf_filled > 0) {
+    if (ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) > 0) {
 	str = zstream_detach_buffer(&gz->z);
-	OBJ_TAINT(str);  /* for safe */
 	rb_funcall(gz->io, id_write, 1, str);
 	if ((gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_SYNC)
 	    && rb_respond_to(gz->io, id_flush))
@@ -2369,21 +2497,23 @@ gzfile_write_raw(struct gzfile *gz)
 static VALUE
 gzfile_read_raw_partial(VALUE arg)
 {
-    struct gzfile *gz = (struct gzfile*)arg;
+    struct read_raw_arg *ra = (struct read_raw_arg *)arg;
     VALUE str;
+    int argc = NIL_P(ra->as.argv[1]) ? 1 : 2;
 
-    str = rb_funcall(gz->io, id_readpartial, 1, INT2FIX(GZFILE_READ_SIZE));
+    str = rb_funcallv(ra->io, id_readpartial, argc, ra->as.argv);
     Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
     return str;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-gzfile_read_raw_rescue(VALUE arg)
+gzfile_read_raw_rescue(VALUE arg, VALUE _)
 {
-    struct gzfile *gz = (struct gzfile*)arg;
+    struct read_raw_arg *ra = (struct read_raw_arg *)arg;
     VALUE str = Qnil;
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(rb_errinfo(), rb_eNoMethodError)) {
-        str = rb_funcall(gz->io, id_read, 1, INT2FIX(GZFILE_READ_SIZE));
+	int argc = NIL_P(ra->as.argv[1]) ? 1 : 2;
+	str = rb_funcallv(ra->io, id_read, argc, ra->as.argv);
         if (!NIL_P(str)) {
             Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
         }
@@ -2392,15 +2522,21 @@ gzfile_read_raw_rescue(VALUE arg)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-gzfile_read_raw(struct gzfile *gz)
+gzfile_read_raw(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE outbuf)
 {
-    return rb_rescue2(gzfile_read_raw_partial, (VALUE)gz,
-                      gzfile_read_raw_rescue, (VALUE)gz,
+    struct read_raw_arg ra;
+
+    ra.io = gz->io;
+    ra.as.in.len = INT2FIX(GZFILE_READ_SIZE);
+    ra.as.in.buf = outbuf;
+
+    return rb_rescue2(gzfile_read_raw_partial, (VALUE)&ra,
+                      gzfile_read_raw_rescue, (VALUE)&ra,
                       rb_eEOFError, rb_eNoMethodError, (VALUE)0);
 }
 
 static int
-gzfile_read_raw_ensure(struct gzfile *gz, long size)
+gzfile_read_raw_ensure(struct gzfile *gz, long size, VALUE outbuf)
 {
     VALUE str;
 
@@ -2409,7 +2545,7 @@ gzfile_read_raw_ensure(struct gzfile *gz, long size)
 	    rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of string");
     }
     while (NIL_P(gz->z.input) || RSTRING_LEN(gz->z.input) < size) {
-	str = gzfile_read_raw(gz);
+	str = gzfile_read_raw(gz, outbuf);
 	if (NIL_P(str)) return 0;
 	zstream_append_input2(&gz->z, str);
     }
@@ -2426,7 +2562,7 @@ gzfile_read_raw_until_zero(struct gzfile *gz, long offset)
 	p = memchr(RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.input) + offset, '\0',
 		   RSTRING_LEN(gz->z.input) - offset);
 	if (p) break;
-	str = gzfile_read_raw(gz);
+	str = gzfile_read_raw(gz, Qnil);
 	if (NIL_P(str)) {
 	    rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
 	}
@@ -2507,7 +2643,7 @@ gzfile_make_header(struct gzfile *gz)
     if (!NIL_P(gz->comment)) {
 	flags |= GZ_FLAG_COMMENT;
     }
-    if (gz->mtime == 0) {
+    if (!(gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_MTIME_IS_SET)) {
 	gz->mtime = time(0);
     }
 
@@ -2551,13 +2687,14 @@ gzfile_make_footer(struct gzfile *gz)
 }
 
 static void
-gzfile_read_header(struct gzfile *gz)
+gzfile_read_header(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE outbuf)
 {
     const unsigned char *head;
     long len;
     char flags, *p;
 
-    if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 10)) {  /* 10 is the size of gzip header */
+    /* 10 is the size of gzip header */
+    if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 10, outbuf)) {
 	gzfile_raise(gz, cGzError, "not in gzip format");
     }
 
@@ -2596,33 +2733,31 @@ gzfile_read_header(struct gzfile *gz)
     zstream_discard_input(&gz->z, 10);
 
     if (flags & GZ_FLAG_EXTRA) {
-	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 2)) {
+	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 2, outbuf)) {
 	    rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
 	}
 	len = gzfile_get16((Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.input));
-	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 2 + len)) {
+	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 2 + len, outbuf)) {
 	    rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
 	}
 	zstream_discard_input(&gz->z, 2 + len);
     }
     if (flags & GZ_FLAG_ORIG_NAME) {
-	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 1)) {
+	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 1, outbuf)) {
 	    rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
 	}
 	p = gzfile_read_raw_until_zero(gz, 0);
 	len = p - RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.input);
 	gz->orig_name = rb_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.input), len);
-	OBJ_TAINT(gz->orig_name);  /* for safe */
 	zstream_discard_input(&gz->z, len + 1);
     }
     if (flags & GZ_FLAG_COMMENT) {
-	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 1)) {
+	if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 1, outbuf)) {
 	    rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
 	}
 	p = gzfile_read_raw_until_zero(gz, 0);
 	len = p - RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.input);
 	gz->comment = rb_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.input), len);
-	OBJ_TAINT(gz->comment);  /* for safe */
 	zstream_discard_input(&gz->z, len + 1);
     }
 
@@ -2632,13 +2767,14 @@ gzfile_read_header(struct gzfile *gz)
 }
 
 static void
-gzfile_check_footer(struct gzfile *gz)
+gzfile_check_footer(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE outbuf)
 {
     unsigned long crc, length;
 
     gz->z.flags |= GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED;
 
-    if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 8)) { /* 8 is the size of gzip footer */
+    /* 8 is the size of gzip footer */
+    if (!gzfile_read_raw_ensure(gz, 8, outbuf)) {
 	gzfile_raise(gz, cNoFooter, "footer is not found");
     }
 
@@ -2672,12 +2808,12 @@ gzfile_write(struct gzfile *gz, Bytef *str, long len)
 }
 
 static long
-gzfile_read_more(struct gzfile *gz)
+gzfile_read_more(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE outbuf)
 {
     VALUE str;
 
     while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z)) {
-	str = gzfile_read_raw(gz);
+	str = gzfile_read_raw(gz, outbuf);
 	if (NIL_P(str)) {
 	    if (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z)) {
 		rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
@@ -2689,9 +2825,9 @@ gzfile_read_more(struct gzfile *gz)
 			Z_SYNC_FLUSH);
 	    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
 	}
-	if (gz->z.buf_filled > 0) break;
+	if (ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) > 0) break;
     }
-    return gz->z.buf_filled;
+    return ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2702,7 +2838,7 @@ gzfile_calc_crc(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE str)
     }
     else {
 	gz->crc = checksum_long(crc32, gz->crc, (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(str) + gz->ungetc,
-			RSTRING_LEN(str) - gz->ungetc);
+				RSTRING_LEN(str) - gz->ungetc);
 	gz->ungetc = 0;
     }
 }
@@ -2712,13 +2848,11 @@ gzfile_newstr(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE str)
 {
     if (!gz->enc2) {
 	rb_enc_associate(str, gz->enc);
-	OBJ_TAINT(str);  /* for safe */
 	return str;
     }
     if (gz->ec && rb_enc_dummy_p(gz->enc2)) {
         str = rb_econv_str_convert(gz->ec, str, ECONV_PARTIAL_INPUT);
 	rb_enc_associate(str, gz->enc);
-	OBJ_TAINT(str);
 	return str;
     }
     return rb_str_conv_enc_opts(str, gz->enc2, gz->enc,
@@ -2732,16 +2866,16 @@ gzfile_fill(struct gzfile *gz, long len)
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative length %ld given", len);
     if (len == 0)
 	return 0;
-    while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z) && gz->z.buf_filled < len) {
-	gzfile_read_more(gz);
+    while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z) && ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) < len) {
+	gzfile_read_more(gz, Qnil);
     }
     if (GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)) {
 	if (!(gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED)) {
-	    gzfile_check_footer(gz);
+	    gzfile_check_footer(gz, Qnil);
 	}
 	return -1;
     }
-    return len < gz->z.buf_filled ? len : gz->z.buf_filled;
+    return len < ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) ? len : ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2765,9 +2899,6 @@ gzfile_readpartial(struct gzfile *gz, long len, VALUE outbuf)
     if (len < 0)
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative length %ld given", len);
 
-    if (!NIL_P(outbuf))
-	OBJ_TAINT(outbuf);
-
     if (len == 0) {
         if (NIL_P(outbuf))
             return rb_str_new(0, 0);
@@ -2776,12 +2907,12 @@ gzfile_readpartial(struct gzfile *gz, long len, VALUE outbuf)
             return outbuf;
         }
     }
-    while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z) && gz->z.buf_filled == 0) {
-	gzfile_read_more(gz);
+    while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z) && ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) == 0) {
+	gzfile_read_more(gz, outbuf);
     }
     if (GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)) {
 	if (!(gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED)) {
-	    gzfile_check_footer(gz);
+	    gzfile_check_footer(gz, outbuf);
 	}
         if (!NIL_P(outbuf))
             rb_str_resize(outbuf, 0);
@@ -2794,10 +2925,10 @@ gzfile_readpartial(struct gzfile *gz, long len, VALUE outbuf)
     if (!NIL_P(outbuf)) {
         rb_str_resize(outbuf, RSTRING_LEN(dst));
         memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(outbuf), RSTRING_PTR(dst), RSTRING_LEN(dst));
-	RB_GC_GUARD(dst);
+	rb_str_resize(dst, 0);
+	rb_gc_force_recycle(dst);
 	dst = outbuf;
     }
-    OBJ_TAINT(dst);  /* for safe */
     return dst;
 }
 
@@ -2807,11 +2938,11 @@ gzfile_read_all(struct gzfile *gz)
     VALUE dst;
 
     while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z)) {
-	gzfile_read_more(gz);
+	gzfile_read_more(gz, Qnil);
     }
     if (GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)) {
 	if (!(gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED)) {
-	    gzfile_check_footer(gz);
+	    gzfile_check_footer(gz, Qnil);
 	}
 	return rb_str_new(0, 0);
     }
@@ -2819,7 +2950,6 @@ gzfile_read_all(struct gzfile *gz)
     dst = zstream_detach_buffer(&gz->z);
     if (NIL_P(dst)) return dst;
     gzfile_calc_crc(gz, dst);
-    OBJ_TAINT(dst);
     return gzfile_newstr(gz, dst);
 }
 
@@ -2830,12 +2960,12 @@ gzfile_getc(struct gzfile *gz)
     int len;
 
     len = rb_enc_mbmaxlen(gz->enc);
-    while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z) && gz->z.buf_filled < len) {
-	gzfile_read_more(gz);
+    while (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z) && ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) < len) {
+	gzfile_read_more(gz, Qnil);
     }
     if (GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)) {
 	if (!(gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED)) {
-	    gzfile_check_footer(gz);
+	    gzfile_check_footer(gz, Qnil);
 	}
 	return Qnil;
     }
@@ -2843,22 +2973,18 @@ gzfile_getc(struct gzfile *gz)
     if (gz->ec && rb_enc_dummy_p(gz->enc2)) {
 	const unsigned char *ss, *sp, *se;
 	unsigned char *ds, *dp, *de;
+	VALUE cbuf = rb_enc_str_new(0, GZFILE_CBUF_CAPA, gz->enc);
 
-	if (!gz->cbuf) {
-	    gz->cbuf = ALLOC_N(char, GZFILE_CBUF_CAPA);
-	}
         ss = sp = (const unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.buf);
-        se = sp + gz->z.buf_filled;
-        ds = dp = (unsigned char *)gz->cbuf;
+        se = sp + ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z);
+        ds = dp = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(cbuf);
         de = (unsigned char *)ds + GZFILE_CBUF_CAPA;
         (void)rb_econv_convert(gz->ec, &sp, se, &dp, de, ECONV_PARTIAL_INPUT|ECONV_AFTER_OUTPUT);
         rb_econv_check_error(gz->ec);
 	dst = zstream_shift_buffer(&gz->z, sp - ss);
 	gzfile_calc_crc(gz, dst);
-	dst = rb_str_new(gz->cbuf, dp - ds);
-	rb_enc_associate(dst, gz->enc);
-	OBJ_TAINT(dst);
-	return dst;
+	rb_str_resize(cbuf, dp - ds);
+	return cbuf;
     }
     else {
 	buf = gz->z.buf;
@@ -2905,7 +3031,7 @@ gzfile_writer_end(struct gzfile *gz)
     if (ZSTREAM_IS_CLOSING(&gz->z)) return;
     gz->z.flags |= ZSTREAM_FLAG_CLOSING;
 
-    rb_ensure(gzfile_writer_end_run, (VALUE)gz, zstream_end, (VALUE)&gz->z);
+    rb_ensure(gzfile_writer_end_run, (VALUE)gz, zstream_ensure_end, (VALUE)&gz->z);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2915,7 +3041,7 @@ gzfile_reader_end_run(VALUE arg)
 
     if (GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)
 	&& !(gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED)) {
-	gzfile_check_footer(gz);
+	gzfile_check_footer(gz, Qnil);
     }
 
     return Qnil;
@@ -2927,7 +3053,7 @@ gzfile_reader_end(struct gzfile *gz)
     if (ZSTREAM_IS_CLOSING(&gz->z)) return;
     gz->z.flags |= ZSTREAM_FLAG_CLOSING;
 
-    rb_ensure(gzfile_reader_end_run, (VALUE)gz, zstream_end, (VALUE)&gz->z);
+    rb_ensure(gzfile_reader_end_run, (VALUE)gz, zstream_ensure_end, (VALUE)&gz->z);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2952,12 +3078,11 @@ gzfile_reader_get_unused(struct gzfile *gz)
     if (!ZSTREAM_IS_READY(&gz->z)) return Qnil;
     if (!GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)) return Qnil;
     if (!(gz->z.flags & GZFILE_FLAG_FOOTER_FINISHED)) {
-	gzfile_check_footer(gz);
+	gzfile_check_footer(gz, Qnil);
     }
     if (NIL_P(gz->z.input)) return Qnil;
 
     str = rb_str_resurrect(gz->z.input);
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);  /* for safe */
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -3024,7 +3149,7 @@ static VALUE
 new_wrap(VALUE tmp)
 {
     new_wrap_arg_t *arg = (new_wrap_arg_t *)tmp;
-    return rb_class_new_instance(arg->argc, arg->argv, arg->klass);
+    return rb_class_new_instance_kw(arg->argc, arg->argv, arg->klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3057,7 +3182,7 @@ gzfile_wrap(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass, int close_io_on_error)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	obj = rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
+	obj = rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     }
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
@@ -3174,7 +3299,6 @@ rb_gzfile_orig_name(VALUE obj)
     if (!NIL_P(str)) {
 	str = rb_str_dup(str);
     }
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);  /* for safe */
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -3191,7 +3315,6 @@ rb_gzfile_comment(VALUE obj)
     if (!NIL_P(str)) {
 	str = rb_str_dup(str);
     }
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);  /* for safe */
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -3250,6 +3373,7 @@ rb_gzfile_set_mtime(VALUE obj, VALUE mtime)
 
     val = rb_Integer(mtime);
     gz->mtime = NUM2UINT(val);
+    gz->z.flags |= GZFILE_FLAG_MTIME_IS_SET;
 
     return mtime;
 }
@@ -3422,7 +3546,14 @@ static VALUE
 rb_gzfile_total_out(VALUE obj)
 {
     struct gzfile *gz = get_gzfile(obj);
-    return rb_uint2inum(gz->z.stream.total_out - gz->z.buf_filled);
+    uLong total_out = gz->z.stream.total_out;
+    long buf_filled = ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z);
+
+    if (total_out >= (uLong)buf_filled) {
+        return rb_uint2inum(total_out - buf_filled);
+    } else {
+        return LONG2FIX(-(buf_filled - (long)total_out));
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3441,6 +3572,16 @@ rb_gzfile_path(VALUE obj)
     return gz->path;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+gzfile_initialize_path_partial(VALUE obj)
+{
+    struct gzfile* gz;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct gzfile, &gzfile_data_type, gz);
+    gz->path = rb_funcall(gz->io, id_path, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(obj, "path", rb_gzfile_path, 0);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 static void
 rb_gzfile_ecopts(struct gzfile *gz, VALUE opts)
 {
@@ -3549,8 +3690,8 @@ rb_gzwriter_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     rb_gzfile_ecopts(gz, opt);
 
     if (rb_respond_to(io, id_path)) {
-	gz->path = rb_funcall(gz->io, id_path, 0);
-	rb_define_singleton_method(obj, "path", rb_gzfile_path, 0);
+	/* File#path may raise IOError in case when a path is unavailable */
+	rb_rescue2(gzfile_initialize_path_partial, obj, NULL, Qnil, rb_eIOError, (VALUE)0);
     }
 
     return obj;
@@ -3588,18 +3729,23 @@ rb_gzwriter_flush(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  * Same as IO.
  */
 static VALUE
-rb_gzwriter_write(VALUE obj, VALUE str)
+rb_gzwriter_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     struct gzfile *gz = get_gzfile(obj);
-
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING))
-	str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
-    if (gz->enc2 && gz->enc2 != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) {
-	str = rb_str_conv_enc(str, rb_enc_get(str), gz->enc2);
+    size_t total = 0;
+
+    while (argc-- > 0) {
+	VALUE str = *argv++;
+	if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING))
+	    str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
+	if (gz->enc2 && gz->enc2 != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) {
+	    str = rb_str_conv_enc(str, rb_enc_get(str), gz->enc2);
+	}
+	gzfile_write(gz, (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+	total += RSTRING_LEN(str);
+	RB_GC_GUARD(str);
     }
-    gzfile_write(gz, (Bytef*)RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
-    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
-    return INT2FIX(RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    return SIZET2NUM(total);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3715,6 +3861,60 @@ rb_gzreader_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Document-method: Zlib::GzipReader.zcat
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *   Zlib::GzipReader.zcat(io, options = {}, &block) => nil
+ *   Zlib::GzipReader.zcat(io, options = {}) => string
+ *
+ * Decompresses all gzip data in the +io+, handling multiple gzip
+ * streams until the end of the +io+.  There should not be any non-gzip
+ * data after the gzip streams.
+ *
+ * If a block is given, it is yielded strings of uncompressed data,
+ * and the method returns +nil+.
+ * If a block is not given, the method returns the concatenation of
+ * all uncompressed data in all gzip streams.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_gzreader_s_zcat(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE io, unused, obj, buf=0, tmpbuf;
+    long pos;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    io = argv[0];
+
+    do {
+        obj = rb_funcallv(klass, rb_intern("new"), argc, argv);
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+           rb_gzreader_each(0, 0, obj);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!buf) {
+                buf = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+            }
+            tmpbuf = gzfile_read_all(get_gzfile(obj));
+            rb_str_cat(buf, RSTRING_PTR(tmpbuf), RSTRING_LEN(tmpbuf));
+        }
+
+        rb_gzreader_read(0, 0, obj);
+        pos = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("pos"), 0));
+        unused = rb_gzreader_unused(obj);
+        rb_gzfile_finish(obj);
+        if (!NIL_P(unused)) {
+            pos -= NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(unused, rb_intern("length"), 0));
+            rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("pos="), 1, LONG2NUM(pos));
+        }
+    } while (pos < NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("size"), 0)));
+
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/*
  * Document-method: Zlib::GzipReader.new
  *
  * call-seq:
@@ -3748,12 +3948,12 @@ rb_gzreader_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
     gz->io = io;
     ZSTREAM_READY(&gz->z);
-    gzfile_read_header(gz);
+    gzfile_read_header(gz, Qnil);
     rb_gzfile_ecopts(gz, opt);
 
     if (rb_respond_to(io, id_path)) {
-	gz->path = rb_funcall(gz->io, id_path, 0);
-	rb_define_singleton_method(obj, "path", rb_gzfile_path, 0);
+	/* File#path may raise IOError in case when a path is unavailable */
+	rb_rescue2(gzfile_initialize_path_partial, obj, NULL, Qnil, rb_eIOError, (VALUE)0);
     }
 
     return obj;
@@ -3941,20 +4141,6 @@ rb_gzreader_each_byte(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 /*
- * Document-method: Zlib::GzipReader#bytes
- *
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_byte</code>.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_gzreader_bytes(VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_warn("Zlib::GzipReader#bytes is deprecated; use #each_byte instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(obj, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_byte")), 0, 0);
-    return rb_gzreader_each_byte(obj);
-}
-
-/*
  * Document-method: Zlib::GzipReader#ungetc
  *
  * See Zlib::GzipReader documentation for a description.
@@ -3996,20 +4182,20 @@ gzreader_skip_linebreaks(struct gzfile *gz)
     char *p;
     int n;
 
-    while (gz->z.buf_filled == 0) {
+    while (ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) == 0) {
 	if (GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)) return;
-	gzfile_read_more(gz);
+	gzfile_read_more(gz, Qnil);
     }
     n = 0;
     p = RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.buf);
 
     while (n++, *(p++) == '\n') {
-	if (n >= gz->z.buf_filled) {
+	if (n >= ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z)) {
 	    str = zstream_detach_buffer(&gz->z);
 	    gzfile_calc_crc(gz, str);
-	    while (gz->z.buf_filled == 0) {
+	    while (ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) == 0) {
 		if (GZFILE_IS_FINISHED(gz)) return;
-		gzfile_read_more(gz);
+		gzfile_read_more(gz, Qnil);
 	    }
 	    n = 0;
 	    p = RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.buf);
@@ -4031,7 +4217,7 @@ static long
 gzreader_charboundary(struct gzfile *gz, long n)
 {
     char *s = RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.buf);
-    char *e = s + gz->z.buf_filled;
+    char *e = s + ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z);
     char *p = rb_enc_left_char_head(s, s + n, e, gz->enc);
     long l = p - s;
     if (l < n) {
@@ -4126,25 +4312,25 @@ gzreader_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	gzreader_skip_linebreaks(gz);
     }
 
-    while (gz->z.buf_filled < rslen) {
+    while (ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) < rslen) {
 	if (ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z)) {
-	    if (gz->z.buf_filled > 0) gz->lineno++;
+	    if (ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) > 0) gz->lineno++;
 	    return gzfile_read(gz, rslen);
 	}
-	gzfile_read_more(gz);
+	gzfile_read_more(gz, Qnil);
     }
 
     p = RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.buf);
     n = rslen;
     for (;;) {
 	long filled;
-	if (n > gz->z.buf_filled) {
+	if (n > ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z)) {
 	    if (ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z)) break;
-	    gzfile_read_more(gz);
+	    gzfile_read_more(gz, Qnil);
 	    p = RSTRING_PTR(gz->z.buf) + n - rslen;
 	}
 	if (!rspara) rscheck(rsptr, rslen, rs);
-	filled = gz->z.buf_filled;
+	filled = ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z);
 	if (limit > 0 && filled >= limit) {
 	    filled = limit;
 	}
@@ -4161,7 +4347,7 @@ gzreader_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 	    p++, n++;
 	}
     }
-    if (maxlen > 1 && n == limit && (gz->z.buf_filled > n || !ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z))) {
+    if (maxlen > 1 && n == limit && (ZSTREAM_BUF_FILLED(&gz->z) > n || !ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z))) {
 	n = gzreader_charboundary(gz, n);
     }
 
@@ -4180,6 +4366,8 @@ gzreader_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  * Document-method: Zlib::GzipReader#gets
  *
  * See Zlib::GzipReader documentation for a description.
+ * However, note that this method can return +nil+ even if
+ * #eof? returns false, unlike the behavior of File#gets.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_gzreader_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
@@ -4227,20 +4415,6 @@ rb_gzreader_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 }
 
 /*
- * Document-method: Zlib::GzipReader#lines
- *
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_line</code>.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_gzreader_lines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_warn("Zlib::GzipReader#lines is deprecated; use #each_line instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(obj, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_line")), argc, argv);
-    return rb_gzreader_each(argc, argv, obj);
-}
-
-/*
  * Document-method: Zlib::GzipReader#readlines
  *
  * See Zlib::GzipReader documentation for a description.
@@ -4267,6 +4441,20 @@ rb_gzreader_external_encoding(VALUE self)
     return rb_enc_from_encoding(get_gzfile(self)->enc);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+zlib_gzip_end_rescue(VALUE arg)
+{
+    struct gzfile *gz = (struct gzfile *)arg;
+    gz->end(gz);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+zlib_gzip_ensure(VALUE arg)
+{
+    return rb_rescue(zlib_gzip_end_rescue, arg, NULL, Qnil);
+}
+
 static void
 zlib_gzip_end(struct gzfile *gz)
 {
@@ -4276,9 +4464,8 @@ zlib_gzip_end(struct gzfile *gz)
     zstream_end(&gz->z);
 }
 
-#define OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts) \
-    (argc > 0 && !NIL_P((opts) = rb_check_hash_type(argv[argc-1])) && (--argc, 1))
 static ID id_level, id_strategy;
+static VALUE zlib_gzip_run(VALUE arg);
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -4307,9 +4494,8 @@ zlib_s_gzip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     struct gzfile gz0;
     struct gzfile *gz = &gz0;
-    long len;
     int err;
-    VALUE src, opts, level=Qnil, strategy=Qnil;
+    VALUE src, opts, level=Qnil, strategy=Qnil, args[2];
 
     if (OPTHASH_GIVEN_P(opts)) {
 	ID keyword_ids[2];
@@ -4331,9 +4517,23 @@ zlib_s_gzip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     err = deflateInit2(&gz->z.stream, gz->level, Z_DEFLATED,
 		       -MAX_WBITS, DEF_MEM_LEVEL, ARG_STRATEGY(strategy));
     if (err != Z_OK) {
+	zlib_gzip_end(gz);
 	raise_zlib_error(err, gz->z.stream.msg);
     }
     ZSTREAM_READY(&gz->z);
+    args[0] = (VALUE)gz;
+    args[1] = src;
+    return rb_ensure(zlib_gzip_run, (VALUE)args, zlib_gzip_ensure, (VALUE)gz);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+zlib_gzip_run(VALUE arg)
+{
+    VALUE *args = (VALUE *)arg;
+    struct gzfile *gz = (struct gzfile *)args[0];
+    VALUE src = args[1];
+    long len;
+
     gzfile_make_header(gz);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(src);
     if (len > 0) {
@@ -4349,10 +4549,11 @@ static void
 zlib_gunzip_end(struct gzfile *gz)
 {
     gz->z.flags |= ZSTREAM_FLAG_CLOSING;
-    gzfile_check_footer(gz);
     zstream_end(&gz->z);
 }
 
+static VALUE zlib_gunzip_run(VALUE arg);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Zlib.gunzip(src) -> String
@@ -4377,7 +4578,6 @@ zlib_gunzip(VALUE klass, VALUE src)
     struct gzfile gz0;
     struct gzfile *gz = &gz0;
     int err;
-    VALUE dst;
 
     StringValue(src);
 
@@ -4389,15 +4589,25 @@ zlib_gunzip(VALUE klass, VALUE src)
     gz->io = Qundef;
     gz->z.input = src;
     ZSTREAM_READY(&gz->z);
-    gzfile_read_header(gz);
+    return rb_ensure(zlib_gunzip_run, (VALUE)gz, zlib_gzip_ensure, (VALUE)gz);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+zlib_gunzip_run(VALUE arg)
+{
+    struct gzfile *gz = (struct gzfile *)arg;
+    VALUE dst;
+
+    gzfile_read_header(gz, Qnil);
     dst = zstream_detach_buffer(&gz->z);
     gzfile_calc_crc(gz, dst);
-	    if (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z)) {
-		rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
-	    }
-    if (NIL_P(gz->z.input))
+    if (!ZSTREAM_IS_FINISHED(&gz->z)) {
+	rb_raise(cGzError, "unexpected end of file");
+    }
+    if (NIL_P(gz->z.input)) {
 	rb_raise(cNoFooter, "footer is not found");
-    gzfile_check_footer(gz);
+    }
+    gzfile_check_footer(gz, Qnil);
     return dst;
 }
 
@@ -4406,6 +4616,11 @@ zlib_gunzip(VALUE klass, VALUE src)
 void
 Init_zlib(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+#undef rb_intern
     VALUE mZlib, cZStream, cDeflate, cInflate;
 #if GZIP_SUPPORT
     VALUE cGzipFile, cGzipWriter, cGzipReader;
@@ -4423,6 +4638,7 @@ Init_zlib(void)
     cMemError     = rb_define_class_under(mZlib, "MemError", cZError);
     cBufError     = rb_define_class_under(mZlib, "BufError", cZError);
     cVersionError = rb_define_class_under(mZlib, "VersionError", cZError);
+    cInProgressError = rb_define_class_under(mZlib, "InProgressError", cZError);
 
     rb_define_module_function(mZlib, "zlib_version", rb_zlib_version, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(mZlib, "adler32", rb_zlib_adler32, -1);
@@ -4499,7 +4715,7 @@ Init_zlib(void)
     rb_define_alloc_func(cInflate, rb_inflate_s_allocate);
     rb_define_method(cInflate, "initialize", rb_inflate_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cInflate, "add_dictionary", rb_inflate_add_dictionary, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cInflate, "inflate", rb_inflate_inflate, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cInflate, "inflate", rb_inflate_inflate, -1);
     rb_define_method(cInflate, "<<", rb_inflate_addstr, 1);
     rb_define_method(cInflate, "sync", rb_inflate_sync, 1);
     rb_define_method(cInflate, "sync_point?", rb_inflate_sync_point_p, 0);
@@ -4640,7 +4856,7 @@ Init_zlib(void)
     rb_define_alloc_func(cGzipWriter, rb_gzwriter_s_allocate);
     rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "initialize", rb_gzwriter_initialize,-1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "flush", rb_gzwriter_flush, -1);
-    rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "write", rb_gzwriter_write, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "write", rb_gzwriter_write, -1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "putc", rb_gzwriter_putc, 1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "<<", rb_gzwriter_addstr, 1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "printf", rb_gzwriter_printf, -1);
@@ -4648,6 +4864,7 @@ Init_zlib(void)
     rb_define_method(cGzipWriter, "puts", rb_gzwriter_puts, -1);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(cGzipReader, "open", rb_gzreader_s_open,-1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cGzipReader, "zcat", rb_gzreader_s_zcat, -1);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cGzipReader, rb_gzreader_s_allocate);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "initialize", rb_gzreader_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "rewind", rb_gzreader_rewind, 0);
@@ -4660,14 +4877,12 @@ Init_zlib(void)
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "readbyte", rb_gzreader_readbyte, 0);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "each_byte", rb_gzreader_each_byte, 0);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "each_char", rb_gzreader_each_char, 0);
-    rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "bytes", rb_gzreader_bytes, 0);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "ungetc", rb_gzreader_ungetc, 1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "ungetbyte", rb_gzreader_ungetbyte, 1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "gets", rb_gzreader_gets, -1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "readline", rb_gzreader_readline, -1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "each", rb_gzreader_each, -1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "each_line", rb_gzreader_each, -1);
-    rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "lines", rb_gzreader_lines, -1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "readlines", rb_gzreader_readlines, -1);
     rb_define_method(cGzipReader, "external_encoding", rb_gzreader_external_encoding, 0);
 
@@ -4709,6 +4924,7 @@ Init_zlib(void)
 
     id_level = rb_intern("level");
     id_strategy = rb_intern("strategy");
+    id_buffer = rb_intern("buffer");
 #endif /* GZIP_SUPPORT */
 }
 
@@ -4730,6 +4946,7 @@ Init_zlib(void)
  * - Zlib::MemError
  * - Zlib::BufError
  * - Zlib::VersionError
+ * - Zlib::InProgressError
  *
  */
 
@@ -4805,6 +5022,20 @@ Init_zlib(void)
  */
 
 /*
+ * Document-class: Zlib::InProgressError
+ *
+ * Subclass of Zlib::Error. This error is raised when the zlib
+ * stream is currently in progress.
+ *
+ * For example:
+ *
+ *   inflater = Zlib::Inflate.new
+ *   inflater.inflate(compressed) do
+ *     inflater.inflate(compressed) # Raises Zlib::InProgressError
+ *   end
+ */
+
+/*
  * Document-class: Zlib::GzipFile::Error
  *
  * Base class of errors that occur when processing GZIP files.
@@ -4829,5 +5060,3 @@ Init_zlib(void)
  * Raised when the data length recorded in the gzip file footer is not equivalent
  * to the length of the actual uncompressed data.
  */
-
-
diff --git a/ext/zlib/zlib.gemspec b/ext/zlib/zlib.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d35065921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/zlib/zlib.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+source_version = ["", "ext/zlib/"].find do |dir|
+  begin
+    break File.open(File.join(__dir__, "#{dir}zlib.c")) {|f|
+      f.gets("\n#define RUBY_ZLIB_VERSION ")
+      f.gets[/\s*"(.+)"/, 1]
+    }
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  end
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "zlib"
+  spec.version       = source_version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto", "UENO Katsuhiro"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org", nil]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Ruby interface for the zlib compression/decompression library}
+  spec.description   = %q{Ruby interface for the zlib compression/decompression library}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/zlib"
+  spec.licenses       = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = [".gitignore",  "Gemfile", "LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "bin/console", "bin/setup", "ext/zlib/extconf.rb", "ext/zlib/zlib.c", "zlib.gemspec"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.extensions    = "ext/zlib/extconf.rb"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler"
+end
diff --git a/file.c b/file.c
index 55ed82954a..e77042fe20 100644
--- a/file.c
+++ b/file.c
@@ -11,27 +11,38 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#include "missing/file.h"
+# include "missing/file.h"
+# include "ruby.h"
 #endif
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
-#include <windows.h>
-#include <sys/cygwin.h>
-#include <wchar.h>
+# include <windows.h>
+# include <sys/cygwin.h>
+# include <wchar.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef __APPLE__
-#include <CoreFoundation/CFString.h>
+# if !(defined(__has_feature) && defined(__has_attribute))
+/* Maybe a bug in SDK of Xcode 10.2.1 */
+/* In this condition, <os/availability.h> does not define
+ * API_AVAILABLE and similar, but __API_AVAILABLE and similar which
+ * are defined in <Availability.h> */
+#   define API_AVAILABLE(...)
+#   define API_DEPRECATED(...)
+# endif
+# include <CoreFoundation/CFString.h>
 #endif
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "dln.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
-
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-#include <unistd.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
 # include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
@@ -49,89 +60,121 @@ int flock(int, int);
 # define MAXPATHLEN 1024
 #endif
 
-#include <ctype.h>
-
-#include <time.h>
-
 #ifdef HAVE_UTIME_H
-#include <utime.h>
+# include <utime.h>
 #elif defined HAVE_SYS_UTIME_H
-#include <sys/utime.h>
+# include <sys/utime.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_PWD_H
-#include <pwd.h>
+# include <pwd.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_SYSMACROS_H
-#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
+# include <sys/sysmacros.h>
 #endif
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
-#if defined(__native_client__)
-# if defined(NACL_NEWLIB)
-#  include "nacl/utime.h"
-#  include "nacl/stat.h"
-#  include "nacl/unistd.h"
-# else
-#  undef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
-# endif
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_MKDEV_H
-#include <sys/mkdev.h>
+# include <sys/mkdev.h>
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL_H)
-#include <fcntl.h>
+# include <fcntl.h>
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SYS_TIME_H)
-#include <sys/time.h>
+# include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
 
 #if !defined HAVE_LSTAT && !defined lstat
-#define lstat stat
+# define lstat stat
 #endif
 
 /* define system APIs */
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#include "win32/file.h"
-#define STAT(p, s)	rb_w32_ustati64((p), (s))
-#undef lstat
-#define lstat(p, s)	rb_w32_ulstati64((p), (s))
-#undef access
-#define access(p, m)	rb_w32_uaccess((p), (m))
-#undef truncate
-#define truncate(p, n)	rb_w32_utruncate((p), (n))
-#undef chmod
-#define chmod(p, m)	rb_w32_uchmod((p), (m))
-#undef chown
-#define chown(p, o, g)	rb_w32_uchown((p), (o), (g))
-#undef lchown
-#define lchown(p, o, g)	rb_w32_ulchown((p), (o), (g))
-#undef utime
-#define utime(p, t)	rb_w32_uutime((p), (t))
-#undef link
-#define link(f, t)	rb_w32_ulink((f), (t))
-#undef unlink
-#define unlink(p)	rb_w32_uunlink(p)
-#undef rename
-#define rename(f, t)	rb_w32_urename((f), (t))
-#undef symlink
-#define symlink(s, l)	rb_w32_usymlink((s), (l))
+# include "win32/file.h"
+# define STAT(p, s)      rb_w32_ustati128((p), (s))
+# undef lstat
+# define lstat(p, s)     rb_w32_ulstati128((p), (s))
+# undef access
+# define access(p, m)    rb_w32_uaccess((p), (m))
+# undef truncate
+# define truncate(p, n)  rb_w32_utruncate((p), (n))
+# undef chmod
+# define chmod(p, m)     rb_w32_uchmod((p), (m))
+# undef chown
+# define chown(p, o, g)  rb_w32_uchown((p), (o), (g))
+# undef lchown
+# define lchown(p, o, g) rb_w32_ulchown((p), (o), (g))
+# undef utimensat
+# define utimensat(s, p, t, f)   rb_w32_uutimensat((s), (p), (t), (f))
+# undef link
+# define link(f, t)      rb_w32_ulink((f), (t))
+# undef unlink
+# define unlink(p)       rb_w32_uunlink(p)
+# undef rename
+# define rename(f, t)    rb_w32_urename((f), (t))
+# undef symlink
+# define symlink(s, l)   rb_w32_usymlink((s), (l))
+
+# ifdef HAVE_REALPATH
+/* Don't use native realpath(3) on Windows, as the check for
+   absolute paths does not work for drive letters. */
+#  undef HAVE_REALPATH
+# endif
+#else
+# define STAT(p, s)      stat((p), (s))
+#endif
+
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
+# define USE_OSPATH 1
+# define TO_OSPATH(str) rb_str_encode_ospath(str)
 #else
-#define STAT(p, s)	stat((p), (s))
+# define USE_OSPATH 0
+# define TO_OSPATH(str) (str)
 #endif
 
+/* utime may fail if time is out-of-range for the FS [ruby-dev:38277] */
+#if defined DOSISH || defined __CYGWIN__
+# define UTIME_EINVAL
+#endif
+
+/* Solaris 10 realpath(3) doesn't support File.realpath */
+#if defined HAVE_REALPATH && defined __sun && defined __SVR4
+#undef HAVE_REALPATH
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_REALPATH
+# include <limits.h>
+# include <stdlib.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "dln.h"
+#include "encindex.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/compilers.h"
+#include "internal/dir.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/load.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/process.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+
 VALUE rb_cFile;
 VALUE rb_mFileTest;
 VALUE rb_cStat;
 
-#define insecure_obj_p(obj, level) ((level) > 0 && OBJ_TAINTED(obj))
-
 static VALUE
 file_path_convert(VALUE name)
 {
@@ -165,71 +208,56 @@ check_path_encoding(VALUE str)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_get_path_check_to_string(VALUE obj, int level)
+rb_get_path_check_to_string(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE tmp;
     ID to_path;
 
-    if (insecure_obj_p(obj, level)) {
-	rb_insecure_operation();
-    }
-
     if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_STRING)) {
 	return obj;
     }
     CONST_ID(to_path, "to_path");
-    tmp = rb_check_funcall(obj, to_path, 0, 0);
-    if (tmp == Qundef) {
-	tmp = obj;
-    }
+    tmp = rb_check_funcall_default(obj, to_path, 0, 0, obj);
     StringValue(tmp);
     return tmp;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_get_path_check_convert(VALUE obj, VALUE tmp, int level)
+rb_get_path_check_convert(VALUE obj)
 {
-    tmp = file_path_convert(tmp);
-    if (obj != tmp && insecure_obj_p(tmp, level)) {
-	rb_insecure_operation();
-    }
+    obj = file_path_convert(obj);
 
-    check_path_encoding(tmp);
-    StringValueCStr(tmp);
+    check_path_encoding(obj);
+    if (!rb_str_to_cstr(obj)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "path name contains null byte");
+    }
 
-    return rb_str_new4(tmp);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_get_path_check(VALUE obj, int level)
-{
-    VALUE tmp = rb_get_path_check_to_string(obj, level);
-    return rb_get_path_check_convert(obj, tmp, level);
+    return rb_str_new4(obj);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_get_path_no_checksafe(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_get_path_check(obj, 0);
+    return rb_get_path(obj);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_get_path(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_get_path_check(obj, rb_safe_level());
+    return rb_get_path_check_convert(rb_get_path_check_to_string(obj));
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_str_encode_ospath(VALUE path)
 {
-#if defined _WIN32 || defined __APPLE__
+#if USE_OSPATH
     int encidx = ENCODING_GET(path);
-#ifdef _WIN32
+#if 0 && defined _WIN32
     if (encidx == ENCINDEX_ASCII) {
 	encidx = rb_filesystem_encindex();
     }
 #endif
-    if (encidx != ENCINDEX_UTF_8) {
+    if (encidx != ENCINDEX_ASCII && encidx != ENCINDEX_UTF_8) {
 	rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_from_index(encidx);
 	rb_encoding *utf8 = rb_utf8_encoding();
 	path = rb_str_conv_enc(path, enc, utf8);
@@ -345,20 +373,72 @@ ignored_char_p(const char *p, const char *e, rb_encoding *enc)
 
 #define apply2args(n) (rb_check_arity(argc, n, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS), argc-=n)
 
+struct apply_filename {
+    const char *ptr;
+    VALUE path;
+};
+
+struct apply_arg {
+    int i;
+    int argc;
+    int errnum;
+    int (*func)(const char *, void *);
+    void *arg;
+    struct apply_filename fn[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
+};
+
+static void *
+no_gvl_apply2files(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct apply_arg *aa = ptr;
+
+    for (aa->i = 0; aa->i < aa->argc; aa->i++) {
+	if (aa->func(aa->fn[aa->i].ptr, aa->arg) < 0) {
+	    aa->errnum = errno;
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef UTIME_EINVAL
+NORETURN(static void utime_failed(struct apply_arg *));
+static int utime_internal(const char *, void *);
+#endif
+
 static VALUE
-apply2files(void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), int argc, VALUE *argv, void *arg)
+apply2files(int (*func)(const char *, void *), int argc, VALUE *argv, void *arg)
 {
-    long i;
-    volatile VALUE path;
+    VALUE v;
+    const size_t size = sizeof(struct apply_filename);
+    const long len = (long)(offsetof(struct apply_arg, fn) + (size * argc));
+    struct apply_arg *aa = ALLOCV(v, len);
+
+    aa->errnum = 0;
+    aa->argc = argc;
+    aa->arg = arg;
+    aa->func = func;
+
+    for (aa->i = 0; aa->i < argc; aa->i++) {
+	VALUE path = rb_get_path(argv[aa->i]);
 
-    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	const char *s;
-	path = rb_get_path(argv[i]);
 	path = rb_str_encode_ospath(path);
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(path);
-	(*func)(s, path, arg);
+	aa->fn[aa->i].ptr = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+	aa->fn[aa->i].path = path;
     }
 
+    rb_thread_call_without_gvl(no_gvl_apply2files, aa, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+    if (aa->errnum) {
+#ifdef UTIME_EINVAL
+	if (func == utime_internal) {
+	    utime_failed(aa);
+	}
+#endif
+	rb_syserr_fail_path(aa->errnum, aa->fn[aa->i].path);
+    }
+    if (v) {
+	ALLOCV_END(v);
+    }
     return LONG2FIX(argc);
 }
 
@@ -370,6 +450,13 @@ apply2files(void (*func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), int argc, VALUE *argv, vo
  *  Returns the pathname used to create <i>file</i> as a string. Does
  *  not normalize the name.
  *
+ *  The pathname may not point to the file corresponding to <i>file</i>.
+ *  For instance, the pathname becomes void when the file has been
+ *  moved or deleted.
+ *
+ *  This method raises IOError for a <i>file</i> created using
+ *  File::Constants::TMPFILE because they don't have a pathname.
+ *
  *     File.new("testfile").path               #=> "testfile"
  *     File.new("/tmp/../tmp/xxx", "w").path   #=> "/tmp/../tmp/xxx"
  *
@@ -382,8 +469,12 @@ rb_file_path(VALUE obj)
 
     fptr = RFILE(rb_io_taint_check(obj))->fptr;
     rb_io_check_initialized(fptr);
-    if (NIL_P(fptr->pathv)) return Qnil;
-    return rb_obj_taint(rb_str_dup(fptr->pathv));
+
+    if (NIL_P(fptr->pathv)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "File is unnamed (TMPFILE?)");
+    }
+
+    return rb_str_dup(fptr->pathv);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -427,7 +518,7 @@ get_stat(VALUE self)
     return st;
 }
 
-static struct timespec stat_mtimespec(struct stat *st);
+static struct timespec stat_mtimespec(const struct stat *st);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -504,7 +595,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_stat_dev_major(VALUE self)
 {
 #if defined(major)
-    return DEVT2NUM(major(get_stat(self)->st_dev));
+    return UINT2NUM(major(get_stat(self)->st_dev));
 #else
     return Qnil;
 #endif
@@ -525,7 +616,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_stat_dev_minor(VALUE self)
 {
 #if defined(minor)
-    return DEVT2NUM(minor(get_stat(self)->st_dev));
+    return UINT2NUM(minor(get_stat(self)->st_dev));
 #else
     return Qnil;
 #endif
@@ -544,17 +635,12 @@ rb_stat_dev_minor(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 rb_stat_ino(VALUE self)
 {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    struct stat *st = get_stat(self);
-    unsigned short *p2 = (unsigned short *)st;
-    unsigned int *p4 = (unsigned int *)st;
-    uint64_t r;
-    r = p2[2];
-    r <<= 16;
-    r |= p2[7];
-    r <<= 32;
-    r |= p4[5];
-    return ULL2NUM(r);
+#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INOHIGH
+    /* assume INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST and st_inohigh is just next of st_ino */
+    return rb_integer_unpack(&get_stat(self)->st_ino, 2,
+            SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INO, 0,
+            INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST|INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER|
+            INTEGER_PACK_2COMP);
 #elif SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INO > SIZEOF_LONG
     return ULL2NUM(get_stat(self)->st_ino);
 #else
@@ -596,7 +682,21 @@ rb_stat_mode(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 rb_stat_nlink(VALUE self)
 {
-    return UINT2NUM(get_stat(self)->st_nlink);
+    /* struct stat::st_nlink is nlink_t in POSIX.  Not the case for Windows. */
+    const struct stat *ptr = get_stat(self);
+
+    if (sizeof(ptr->st_nlink) <= sizeof(int)) {
+        return UINT2NUM((unsigned)ptr->st_nlink);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(ptr->st_nlink) == sizeof(long)) {
+        return ULONG2NUM((unsigned long)ptr->st_nlink);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(ptr->st_nlink) == sizeof(LONG_LONG)) {
+        return ULL2NUM((unsigned LONG_LONG)ptr->st_nlink);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_bug(":FIXME: don't know what to do");
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -668,7 +768,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_stat_rdev_major(VALUE self)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV) && defined(major)
-    return DEVT2NUM(major(get_stat(self)->st_rdev));
+    return UINT2NUM(major(get_stat(self)->st_rdev));
 #else
     return Qnil;
 #endif
@@ -689,7 +789,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_stat_rdev_minor(VALUE self)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV) && defined(minor)
-    return DEVT2NUM(minor(get_stat(self)->st_rdev));
+    return UINT2NUM(minor(get_stat(self)->st_rdev));
 #else
     return Qnil;
 #endif
@@ -757,7 +857,7 @@ rb_stat_blocks(VALUE self)
 }
 
 static struct timespec
-stat_atimespec(struct stat *st)
+stat_atimespec(const struct stat *st)
 {
     struct timespec ts;
     ts.tv_sec = st->st_atime;
@@ -774,14 +874,14 @@ stat_atimespec(struct stat *st)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-stat_atime(struct stat *st)
+stat_atime(const struct stat *st)
 {
     struct timespec ts = stat_atimespec(st);
     return rb_time_nano_new(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
 }
 
 static struct timespec
-stat_mtimespec(struct stat *st)
+stat_mtimespec(const struct stat *st)
 {
     struct timespec ts;
     ts.tv_sec = st->st_mtime;
@@ -798,14 +898,14 @@ stat_mtimespec(struct stat *st)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-stat_mtime(struct stat *st)
+stat_mtime(const struct stat *st)
 {
     struct timespec ts = stat_mtimespec(st);
     return rb_time_nano_new(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
 }
 
 static struct timespec
-stat_ctimespec(struct stat *st)
+stat_ctimespec(const struct stat *st)
 {
     struct timespec ts;
     ts.tv_sec = st->st_ctime;
@@ -822,7 +922,7 @@ stat_ctimespec(struct stat *st)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-stat_ctime(struct stat *st)
+stat_ctime(const struct stat *st)
 {
     struct timespec ts = stat_ctimespec(st);
     return rb_time_nano_new(ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
@@ -830,13 +930,15 @@ stat_ctime(struct stat *st)
 
 #define HAVE_STAT_BIRTHTIME
 #if defined(HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIMESPEC)
+typedef struct stat statx_data;
 static VALUE
-stat_birthtime(struct stat *st)
+stat_birthtime(const struct stat *st)
 {
-    struct timespec *ts = &st->st_birthtimespec;
+    const struct timespec *ts = &st->st_birthtimespec;
     return rb_time_nano_new(ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec);
 }
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
+typedef struct stat statx_data;
 # define stat_birthtime stat_ctime
 #else
 # undef HAVE_STAT_BIRTHTIME
@@ -847,7 +949,7 @@ stat_birthtime(struct stat *st)
  *     stat.atime   -> time
  *
  *  Returns the last access time for this file as an object of class
- *  <code>Time</code>.
+ *  Time.
  *
  *     File.stat("testfile").atime   #=> Wed Dec 31 18:00:00 CST 1969
  *
@@ -999,95 +1101,202 @@ rb_stat_inspect(VALUE self)
 	}
     }
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, self);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+typedef struct no_gvl_stat_data {
+    struct stat *st;
+    union {
+	const char *path;
+	int fd;
+    } file;
+} no_gvl_stat_data;
+
+static VALUE
+no_gvl_fstat(void *data)
+{
+    no_gvl_stat_data *arg = data;
+    return (VALUE)fstat(arg->file.fd, arg->st);
+}
+
 static int
-rb_stat(VALUE file, struct stat *st)
+fstat_without_gvl(int fd, struct stat *st)
 {
-    VALUE tmp;
+    no_gvl_stat_data data;
 
-    tmp = rb_check_convert_type(file, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io");
-    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	rb_io_t *fptr;
+    data.file.fd = fd;
+    data.st = st;
 
-	GetOpenFile(tmp, fptr);
-	return fstat(fptr->fd, st);
-    }
-    FilePathValue(file);
-    file = rb_str_encode_ospath(file);
-    return STAT(StringValueCStr(file), st);
+    return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(no_gvl_fstat, &data, fd);
 }
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-static HANDLE
-w32_io_info(VALUE *file, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION *st)
+static void *
+no_gvl_stat(void * data)
+{
+    no_gvl_stat_data *arg = data;
+    return (void *)(VALUE)STAT(arg->file.path, arg->st);
+}
+
+static int
+stat_without_gvl(const char *path, struct stat *st)
+{
+    no_gvl_stat_data data;
+
+    data.file.path = path;
+    data.st = st;
+
+    return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(no_gvl_stat, &data,
+						  RUBY_UBF_IO, NULL);
+}
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIMESPEC) && \
+    defined(HAVE_STRUCT_STATX_STX_BTIME)
+
+# ifndef HAVE_STATX
+#   ifdef HAVE_SYSCALL_H
+#     include <syscall.h>
+#   elif defined HAVE_SYS_SYSCALL_H
+#     include <sys/syscall.h>
+#   endif
+#   if defined __linux__
+#     include <linux/stat.h>
+static inline int
+statx(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags,
+      unsigned int mask, struct statx *statxbuf)
+{
+    return (int)syscall(__NR_statx, dirfd, pathname, flags, mask, statxbuf);
+}
+#   endif
+# endif
+
+typedef struct no_gvl_statx_data {
+    struct statx *stx;
+    int fd;
+    const char *path;
+    int flags;
+    unsigned int mask;
+} no_gvl_statx_data;
+
+static VALUE
+io_blocking_statx(void *data)
+{
+    no_gvl_statx_data *arg = data;
+    return (VALUE)statx(arg->fd, arg->path, arg->flags, arg->mask, arg->stx);
+}
+
+static void *
+no_gvl_statx(void *data)
+{
+    return (void *)io_blocking_statx(data);
+}
+
+static int
+statx_without_gvl(const char *path, struct statx *stx, unsigned int mask)
+{
+    no_gvl_statx_data data = {stx, AT_FDCWD, path, 0, mask};
+
+    /* call statx(2) with pathname */
+    return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(no_gvl_statx, &data,
+                                                  RUBY_UBF_IO, NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+fstatx_without_gvl(int fd, struct statx *stx, unsigned int mask)
+{
+    no_gvl_statx_data data = {stx, fd, "", AT_EMPTY_PATH, mask};
+
+    /* call statx(2) with fd */
+    return (int)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(io_blocking_statx, &data, fd);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_statx(VALUE file, struct statx *stx, unsigned int mask)
 {
     VALUE tmp;
-    HANDLE f, ret = 0;
+    int result;
 
-    tmp = rb_check_convert_type(*file, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io");
+    tmp = rb_check_convert_type_with_id(file, T_FILE, "IO", idTo_io);
     if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	rb_io_t *fptr;
-
-	GetOpenFile(tmp, fptr);
-	f = (HANDLE)rb_w32_get_osfhandle(fptr->fd);
-	if (f == (HANDLE)-1) return INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+        rb_io_t *fptr;
+        GetOpenFile(tmp, fptr);
+        result = fstatx_without_gvl(fptr->fd, stx, mask);
+        file = tmp;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE tmp;
-	WCHAR *ptr;
-	int len;
-	VALUE v;
-
-	FilePathValue(*file);
-	tmp = rb_str_encode_ospath(*file);
-	len = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), -1, NULL, 0);
-	ptr = ALLOCV_N(WCHAR, v, len);
-	MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), -1, ptr, len);
-	f = CreateFileW(ptr, 0,
-			FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
-			FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, NULL);
-	ALLOCV_END(v);
-	if (f == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) return f;
-	ret = f;
+        FilePathValue(file);
+        file = rb_str_encode_ospath(file);
+        result = statx_without_gvl(RSTRING_PTR(file), stx, mask);
     }
-    if (GetFileType(f) == FILE_TYPE_DISK) {
-	ZeroMemory(st, sizeof(*st));
-	if (GetFileInformationByHandle(f, st)) return ret;
-    }
-    if (ret) CloseHandle(ret);
-    return INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    RB_GC_GUARD(file);
+    return result;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-close_handle(VALUE h)
+# define statx_has_birthtime(st) ((st)->stx_mask & STATX_BTIME)
+
+NORETURN(static void statx_notimplement(const char *field_name));
+
+/* rb_notimplement() shows "function is unimplemented on this machine".
+   It is not applicable to statx which behavior depends on the filesystem. */
+static void
+statx_notimplement(const char *field_name)
 {
-    CloseHandle((HANDLE)h);
-    return Qfalse;
+    rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+             "%s is unimplemented on this filesystem",
+             field_name);
 }
 
-struct w32_io_info_args {
-    VALUE *fname;
-    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION *st;
-};
-
 static VALUE
-call_w32_io_info(VALUE arg)
+statx_birthtime(const struct statx *stx, VALUE fname)
 {
-    struct w32_io_info_args *p = (void *)arg;
-    return (VALUE)w32_io_info(p->fname, p->st);
+    if (!statx_has_birthtime(stx)) {
+        /* birthtime is not supported on the filesystem */
+        statx_notimplement("birthtime");
+    }
+    return rb_time_nano_new((time_t)stx->stx_btime.tv_sec, stx->stx_btime.tv_nsec);
 }
+
+typedef struct statx statx_data;
+# define HAVE_STAT_BIRTHTIME
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_STAT_BIRTHTIME)
+# define statx_without_gvl(path, st, mask) stat_without_gvl(path, st)
+# define fstatx_without_gvl(fd, st, mask) fstat_without_gvl(fd, st)
+# define statx_birthtime(st, fname) stat_birthtime(st)
+# define statx_has_birthtime(st) 1
+# define rb_statx(file, st, mask) rb_stat(file, st)
+#else
+# define statx_has_birthtime(st) 0
 #endif
 
+static int
+rb_stat(VALUE file, struct stat *st)
+{
+    VALUE tmp;
+    int result;
+
+    tmp = rb_check_convert_type_with_id(file, T_FILE, "IO", idTo_io);
+    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	rb_io_t *fptr;
+
+	GetOpenFile(tmp, fptr);
+	result = fstat_without_gvl(fptr->fd, st);
+	file = tmp;
+    }
+    else {
+	FilePathValue(file);
+	file = rb_str_encode_ospath(file);
+	result = stat_without_gvl(RSTRING_PTR(file), st);
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(file);
+    return result;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.stat(file_name)   ->  stat
  *
- *  Returns a <code>File::Stat</code> object for the named file (see
- *  <code>File::Stat</code>).
+ *  Returns a File::Stat object for the named file (see File::Stat).
  *
  *     File.stat("testfile").mtime   #=> Tue Apr 08 12:58:04 CDT 2003
  *
@@ -1099,7 +1308,8 @@ rb_file_s_stat(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
     struct stat st;
 
     FilePathValue(fname);
-    if (rb_stat(fname, &st) < 0) {
+    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
+    if (stat_without_gvl(RSTRING_PTR(fname), &st) < 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fname);
     }
     return rb_stat_new(&st);
@@ -1110,7 +1320,7 @@ rb_file_s_stat(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
  *     ios.stat    -> stat
  *
  *  Returns status information for <em>ios</em> as an object of type
- *  <code>File::Stat</code>.
+ *  File::Stat.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     s = f.stat
@@ -1133,12 +1343,33 @@ rb_io_stat(VALUE obj)
     return rb_stat_new(&st);
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
+static void *
+no_gvl_lstat(void *ptr)
+{
+    no_gvl_stat_data *arg = ptr;
+    return (void *)(VALUE)lstat(arg->file.path, arg->st);
+}
+
+static int
+lstat_without_gvl(const char *path, struct stat *st)
+{
+    no_gvl_stat_data data;
+
+    data.file.path = path;
+    data.st = st;
+
+    return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(no_gvl_lstat, &data,
+						    RUBY_UBF_IO, NULL);
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_LSTAT */
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.lstat(file_name)   -> stat
  *
- *  Same as <code>File::stat</code>, but does not follow the last symbolic
- *  link. Instead, reports on the link itself.
+ *  Same as File::stat, but does not follow the last symbolic link.
+ *  Instead, reports on the link itself.
  *
  *     File.symlink("testfile", "link2test")   #=> 0
  *     File.stat("testfile").size              #=> 66
@@ -1155,7 +1386,7 @@ rb_file_s_lstat(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
 
     FilePathValue(fname);
     fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (lstat(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) == -1) {
+    if (lstat_without_gvl(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) == -1) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fname);
     }
     return rb_stat_new(&st);
@@ -1168,8 +1399,8 @@ rb_file_s_lstat(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
  *  call-seq:
  *     file.lstat   ->  stat
  *
- *  Same as <code>IO#stat</code>, but does not follow the last symbolic
- *  link. Instead, reports on the link itself.
+ *  Same as IO#stat, but does not follow the last symbolic link.
+ *  Instead, reports on the link itself.
  *
  *     File.symlink("testfile", "link2test")   #=> 0
  *     File.stat("testfile").size              #=> 66
@@ -1189,7 +1420,7 @@ rb_file_lstat(VALUE obj)
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
     if (NIL_P(fptr->pathv)) return Qnil;
     path = rb_str_encode_ospath(fptr->pathv);
-    if (lstat(RSTRING_PTR(path), &st) == -1) {
+    if (lstat_without_gvl(RSTRING_PTR(path), &st) == -1) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     }
     return rb_stat_new(&st);
@@ -1253,15 +1484,6 @@ rb_group_member(GETGROUPS_T gid)
 #define USE_GETEUID 1
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __native_client__
-// Although the NaCl toolchain contain eaccess() is it not yet
-// overridden by nacl_io.
-// TODO(sbc): Remove this once eaccess() is wired up correctly
-// in NaCl.
-# undef HAVE_EACCESS
-# undef USE_GETEUID
-#endif
-
 #ifndef HAVE_EACCESS
 int
 eaccess(const char *path, int mode)
@@ -1306,14 +1528,62 @@ eaccess(const char *path, int mode)
 }
 #endif
 
+struct access_arg {
+    const char *path;
+    int mode;
+};
+
+static void *
+nogvl_eaccess(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct access_arg *aa = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)eaccess(aa->path, aa->mode);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_eaccess(VALUE fname, int mode)
+{
+    struct access_arg aa;
+
+    FilePathValue(fname);
+    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
+    aa.path = StringValueCStr(fname);
+    aa.mode = mode;
+
+    return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_eaccess, &aa,
+						RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+}
+
+static void *
+nogvl_access(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct access_arg *aa = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)access(aa->path, aa->mode);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_access(VALUE fname, int mode)
+{
+    struct access_arg aa;
+
+    FilePathValue(fname);
+    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
+    aa.path = StringValueCStr(fname);
+    aa.mode = mode;
+
+    return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_access, &aa,
+						RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+}
 
 /*
  * Document-class: FileTest
  *
- *  <code>FileTest</code> implements file test operations similar to
- *  those used in <code>File::Stat</code>. It exists as a standalone
- *  module, and its methods are also insinuated into the <code>File</code>
- *  class. (Note that this is not done by inclusion: the interpreter cheats).
+ *  FileTest implements file test operations similar to those used in
+ *  File::Stat. It exists as a standalone module, and its methods are
+ *  also insinuated into the File class. (Note that this is not done
+ *  by inclusion: the interpreter cheats).
  *
  */
 
@@ -1401,7 +1671,7 @@ rb_file_symlink_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 
     FilePathValue(fname);
     fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (lstat(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (lstat_without_gvl(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) < 0) return Qfalse;
     if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) return Qtrue;
 #endif
 
@@ -1517,25 +1787,20 @@ rb_file_exist_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    File.exists?(file_name)   ->  true or false
- *
- * Deprecated method. Don't use.
- */
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 rb_file_exists_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    const char *s = "FileTest#";
+    const char *s = "FileTest#exist?";
     if (obj == rb_mFileTest) {
-	s = "FileTest.";
+	s = "FileTest.exist?";
     }
     else if (obj == rb_cFile ||
 	     (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS) &&
 	      RTEST(rb_class_inherited_p(obj, rb_cFile)))) {
-	s = "File.";
+	s = "File.exist?";
     }
-    rb_warning("%sexists? is a deprecated name, use %sexist? instead", s, s);
+    rb_warn_deprecated("%.*ss?", s, (int)(strlen(s)-1), s);
     return rb_file_exist_p(obj, fname);
 }
 
@@ -1545,14 +1810,15 @@ rb_file_exists_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is readable by the effective
  * user and group id of this process. See eaccess(3).
+ *
+ * Note that some OS-level security features may cause this to return true
+ * even though the file is not readable by the effective user/group.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_file_readable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    FilePathValue(fname);
-    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (eaccess(StringValueCStr(fname), R_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_eaccess(fname, R_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -1562,14 +1828,15 @@ rb_file_readable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is readable by the real
  * user and group id of this process. See access(3).
+ *
+ * Note that some OS-level security features may cause this to return true
+ * even though the file is not readable by the real user/group.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_file_readable_real_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    FilePathValue(fname);
-    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (access(StringValueCStr(fname), R_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_access(fname, R_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -1617,14 +1884,15 @@ rb_file_world_readable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is writable by the effective
  * user and group id of this process. See eaccess(3).
+ *
+ * Note that some OS-level security features may cause this to return true
+ * even though the file is not writable by the effective user/group.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_file_writable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    FilePathValue(fname);
-    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (eaccess(StringValueCStr(fname), W_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_eaccess(fname, W_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -1633,15 +1901,16 @@ rb_file_writable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *    File.writable_real?(file_name)   -> true or false
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is writable by the real
- * user and group id of this process. See access(3)
+ * user and group id of this process. See access(3).
+ *
+ * Note that some OS-level security features may cause this to return true
+ * even though the file is not writable by the real user/group.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_file_writable_real_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    FilePathValue(fname);
-    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (access(StringValueCStr(fname), W_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_access(fname, W_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -1681,14 +1950,19 @@ rb_file_world_writable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is executable by the effective
  * user and group id of this process. See eaccess(3).
+ *
+ * Windows does not support execute permissions separately from read
+ * permissions. On Windows, a file is only considered executable if it ends in
+ * .bat, .cmd, .com, or .exe.
+ *
+ * Note that some OS-level security features may cause this to return true
+ * even though the file is not executable by the effective user/group.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_file_executable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    FilePathValue(fname);
-    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (eaccess(StringValueCStr(fname), X_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_eaccess(fname, X_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -1698,14 +1972,19 @@ rb_file_executable_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is executable by the real
  * user and group id of this process. See access(3).
+ *
+ * Windows does not support execute permissions separately from read
+ * permissions. On Windows, a file is only considered executable if it ends in
+ * .bat, .cmd, .com, or .exe.
+ *
+ * Note that some OS-level security features may cause this to return true
+ * even though the file is not executable by the real user/group.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_file_executable_real_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    FilePathValue(fname);
-    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (access(StringValueCStr(fname), X_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_access(fname, X_OK) < 0) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -1835,9 +2114,7 @@ check3rdbyte(VALUE fname, int mode)
 {
     struct stat st;
 
-    FilePathValue(fname);
-    fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (STAT(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) < 0) return Qfalse;
+    if (rb_stat(fname, &st) < 0) return Qfalse;
     if (st.st_mode & mode) return Qtrue;
     return Qfalse;
 }
@@ -1848,6 +2125,8 @@ check3rdbyte(VALUE fname, int mode)
  *   File.setuid?(file_name)   ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file has the setuid bit set.
+ *
+ * _file_name_ can be an IO object.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1865,6 +2144,8 @@ rb_file_suid_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *   File.setgid?(file_name)   ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file has the setgid bit set.
+ *
+ * _file_name_ can be an IO object.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1882,6 +2163,8 @@ rb_file_sgid_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
  *   File.sticky?(file_name)   ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns <code>true</code> if the named file has the sticky bit set.
+ *
+ * _file_name_ can be an IO object.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1925,28 +2208,8 @@ rb_file_identical_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname1, VALUE fname2)
     if (st1.st_ino != st2.st_ino) return Qfalse;
     return Qtrue;
 #else
-    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION st1, st2;
-    HANDLE f1 = 0, f2 = 0;
-
-    f1 = w32_io_info(&fname1, &st1);
-    if (f1 == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) return Qfalse;
-    if (f1) {
-	struct w32_io_info_args arg;
-	arg.fname = &fname2;
-	arg.st = &st2;
-	f2 = (HANDLE)rb_ensure(call_w32_io_info, (VALUE)&arg, close_handle, (VALUE)f1);
-    }
-    else {
-	f2 = w32_io_info(&fname2, &st2);
-    }
-    if (f2 == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) return Qfalse;
-    if (f2) CloseHandle(f2);
-
-    if (st1.dwVolumeSerialNumber == st2.dwVolumeSerialNumber &&
-	st1.nFileIndexHigh == st2.nFileIndexHigh &&
-	st1.nFileIndexLow == st2.nFileIndexLow)
-	return Qtrue;
-    return Qfalse;
+    extern VALUE rb_w32_file_identical_p(VALUE, VALUE);
+    return rb_w32_file_identical_p(fname1, fname2);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -2035,7 +2298,7 @@ rb_file_s_ftype(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
 
     FilePathValue(fname);
     fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-    if (lstat(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) == -1) {
+    if (lstat_without_gvl(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) == -1) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fname);
     }
 
@@ -2046,7 +2309,7 @@ rb_file_s_ftype(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.atime(file_name)  ->  time
  *
- *  Returns the last access time for the named file as a Time object).
+ *  Returns the last access time for the named file as a Time object.
  *
  *  _file_name_ can be an IO object.
  *
@@ -2071,8 +2334,8 @@ rb_file_s_atime(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
  *  call-seq:
  *     file.atime    -> time
  *
- *  Returns the last access time (a <code>Time</code> object)
- *   for <i>file</i>, or epoch if <i>file</i> has not been accessed.
+ *  Returns the last access time (a Time object) for <i>file</i>, or
+ *  epoch if <i>file</i> has not been accessed.
  *
  *     File.new("testfile").atime   #=> Wed Dec 31 18:00:00 CST 1969
  *
@@ -2194,7 +2457,6 @@ rb_file_ctime(VALUE obj)
     return stat_ctime(&st);
 }
 
-#if defined(HAVE_STAT_BIRTHTIME)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.birthtime(file_name)  -> time
@@ -2209,17 +2471,18 @@ rb_file_ctime(VALUE obj)
  *
  */
 
-static VALUE
+#if defined(HAVE_STAT_BIRTHTIME)
+RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_file_s_birthtime(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
 {
-    struct stat st;
+    statx_data st;
 
-    if (rb_stat(fname, &st) < 0) {
+    if (rb_statx(fname, &st, STATX_BTIME) < 0) {
 	int e = errno;
 	FilePathValue(fname);
 	rb_syserr_fail_path(e, fname);
     }
-    return stat_birthtime(&st);
+    return statx_birthtime(&st, fname);
 }
 #else
 # define rb_file_s_birthtime rb_f_notimplement
@@ -2242,13 +2505,13 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_birthtime(VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    struct stat st;
+    statx_data st;
 
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
-    if (fstat(fptr->fd, &st) == -1) {
+    if (fstatx_without_gvl(fptr->fd, &st, STATX_BTIME) == -1) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     }
-    return stat_birthtime(&st);
+    return statx_birthtime(&st, fptr->pathv);
 }
 #else
 # define rb_file_birthtime rb_f_notimplement
@@ -2280,11 +2543,10 @@ rb_file_size(VALUE obj)
     return OFFT2NUM(st.st_size);
 }
 
-static void
-chmod_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *mode)
+static int
+chmod_internal(const char *path, void *mode)
 {
-    if (chmod(path, *(int *)mode) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail_path(pathv);
+    return chmod(path, *(mode_t *)mode);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2301,12 +2563,12 @@ chmod_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *mode)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_chmod(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_file_s_chmod(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
-    int mode;
+    mode_t mode;
 
     apply2args(1);
-    mode = NUM2INT(*argv++);
+    mode = NUM2MODET(*argv++);
 
     return apply2files(chmod_internal, argc, argv, &mode);
 }
@@ -2318,7 +2580,7 @@ rb_file_s_chmod(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *  Changes permission bits on <i>file</i> to the bit pattern
  *  represented by <i>mode_int</i>. Actual effects are platform
  *  dependent; on Unix systems, see <code>chmod(2)</code> for details.
- *  Follows symbolic links. Also see <code>File#lchmod</code>.
+ *  Follows symbolic links. Also see File#lchmod.
  *
  *     f = File.new("out", "w");
  *     f.chmod(0644)   #=> 0
@@ -2328,12 +2590,12 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_chmod(VALUE obj, VALUE vmode)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    int mode;
+    mode_t mode;
 #if !defined HAVE_FCHMOD || !HAVE_FCHMOD
     VALUE path;
 #endif
 
-    mode = NUM2INT(vmode);
+    mode = NUM2MODET(vmode);
 
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
 #ifdef HAVE_FCHMOD
@@ -2356,32 +2618,31 @@ rb_file_chmod(VALUE obj, VALUE vmode)
 }
 
 #if defined(HAVE_LCHMOD)
-static void
-lchmod_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *mode)
+static int
+lchmod_internal(const char *path, void *mode)
 {
-    if (lchmod(path, (int)(VALUE)mode) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail_path(pathv);
+    return lchmod(path, *(mode_t *)mode);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.lchmod(mode_int, file_name, ...)  -> integer
  *
- *  Equivalent to <code>File::chmod</code>, but does not follow symbolic
- *  links (so it will change the permissions associated with the link,
- *  not the file referenced by the link). Often not available.
+ *  Equivalent to File::chmod, but does not follow symbolic links (so
+ *  it will change the permissions associated with the link, not the
+ *  file referenced by the link). Often not available.
  *
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_lchmod(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_file_s_lchmod(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
-    long mode;
+    mode_t mode;
 
     apply2args(1);
-    mode = NUM2INT(*argv++);
+    mode = NUM2MODET(*argv++);
 
-    return apply2files(lchmod_internal, argc, argv, (void *)(long)mode);
+    return apply2files(lchmod_internal, argc, argv, &mode);
 }
 #else
 #define rb_file_s_lchmod rb_f_notimplement
@@ -2410,17 +2671,16 @@ struct chown_args {
     rb_gid_t group;
 };
 
-static void
-chown_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
+static int
+chown_internal(const char *path, void *arg)
 {
     struct chown_args *args = arg;
-    if (chown(path, args->owner, args->group) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail_path(pathv);
+    return chown(path, args->owner, args->group);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     File.chown(owner_int, group_int, file_name,... )  ->  integer
+ *     File.chown(owner_int, group_int, file_name, ...)  ->  integer
  *
  *  Changes the owner and group of the named file(s) to the given
  *  numeric owner and group id's. Only a process with superuser
@@ -2434,7 +2694,7 @@ chown_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_chown(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_file_s_chown(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     struct chown_args arg;
 
@@ -2454,7 +2714,7 @@ rb_file_s_chown(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *  change the owner of a file. The current owner of a file may change
  *  the file's group to any group to which the owner belongs. A
  *  <code>nil</code> or -1 owner or group id is ignored. Follows
- *  symbolic links. See also <code>File#lchown</code>.
+ *  symbolic links. See also File#lchown.
  *
  *     File.new("testfile").chown(502, 1000)
  *
@@ -2487,19 +2747,18 @@ rb_file_chown(VALUE obj, VALUE owner, VALUE group)
 }
 
 #if defined(HAVE_LCHOWN)
-static void
-lchown_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
+static int
+lchown_internal(const char *path, void *arg)
 {
     struct chown_args *args = arg;
-    if (lchown(path, args->owner, args->group) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail_path(pathv);
+    return lchown(path, args->owner, args->group);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.lchown(owner_int, group_int, file_name,..) -> integer
  *
- *  Equivalent to <code>File::chown</code>, but does not follow symbolic
+ *  Equivalent to File::chown, but does not follow symbolic
  *  links (so it will change the owner associated with the link, not the
  *  file referenced by the link). Often not available. Returns number
  *  of files in the argument list.
@@ -2507,7 +2766,7 @@ lchown_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_lchown(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_file_s_lchown(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     struct chown_args arg;
 
@@ -2524,18 +2783,25 @@ rb_file_s_lchown(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 struct utime_args {
     const struct timespec* tsp;
     VALUE atime, mtime;
+    int follow; /* Whether to act on symlinks (1) or their referent (0) */
 };
 
-#if defined DOSISH || defined __CYGWIN__
-NORETURN(static void utime_failed(VALUE, const struct timespec *, VALUE, VALUE));
+#ifdef UTIME_EINVAL
+NORETURN(static void utime_failed(struct apply_arg *));
 
 static void
-utime_failed(VALUE path, const struct timespec *tsp, VALUE atime, VALUE mtime)
+utime_failed(struct apply_arg *aa)
 {
-    int e = errno;
-    if (tsp && e == EINVAL) {
+    int e = aa->errnum;
+    VALUE path = aa->fn[aa->i].path;
+    struct utime_args *ua = aa->arg;
+
+    if (ua->tsp && e == EINVAL) {
 	VALUE e[2], a = Qnil, m = Qnil;
 	int d = 0;
+	VALUE atime = ua->atime;
+	VALUE mtime = ua->mtime;
+
 	if (!NIL_P(atime)) {
 	    a = rb_inspect(atime);
 	}
@@ -2560,14 +2826,12 @@ utime_failed(VALUE path, const struct timespec *tsp, VALUE atime, VALUE mtime)
     }
     rb_syserr_fail_path(e, path);
 }
-#else
-#define utime_failed(path, tsp, atime, mtime) rb_sys_fail_path(path)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_UTIMES)
 
-static void
-utime_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
+static int
+utime_internal(const char *path, void *arg)
 {
     struct utime_args *v = arg;
     const struct timespec *tsp = v->tsp;
@@ -2575,16 +2839,32 @@ utime_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
 
 #if defined(HAVE_UTIMENSAT)
     static int try_utimensat = 1;
+# ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+    static int try_utimensat_follow = 1;
+# else
+    const int try_utimensat_follow = 0;
+# endif
+    int flags = 0;
 
-    if (try_utimensat) {
-        if (utimensat(AT_FDCWD, path, tsp, 0) < 0) {
+    if (v->follow ? try_utimensat_follow : try_utimensat) {
+# ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+	if (v->follow) {
+	    flags = AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW;
+	}
+# endif
+
+	if (utimensat(AT_FDCWD, path, tsp, flags) < 0) {
             if (errno == ENOSYS) {
-                try_utimensat = 0;
+# ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+		try_utimensat_follow = 0;
+# endif
+		if (!v->follow)
+		    try_utimensat = 0;
                 goto no_utimensat;
             }
-            utime_failed(pathv, tsp, v->atime, v->mtime);
+            return -1; /* calls utime_failed */
         }
-        return;
+        return 0;
     }
 no_utimensat:
 #endif
@@ -2596,8 +2876,10 @@ no_utimensat:
         tvbuf[1].tv_usec = (int)(tsp[1].tv_nsec / 1000);
         tvp = tvbuf;
     }
-    if (utimes(path, tvp) < 0)
-	utime_failed(pathv, tsp, v->atime, v->mtime);
+#ifdef HAVE_LUTIMES
+    if (v->follow) return lutimes(path, tvp);
+#endif
+    return utimes(path, tvp);
 }
 
 #else
@@ -2609,8 +2891,8 @@ struct utimbuf {
 };
 #endif
 
-static void
-utime_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
+static int
+utime_internal(const char *path, void *arg)
 {
     struct utime_args *v = arg;
     const struct timespec *tsp = v->tsp;
@@ -2620,23 +2902,13 @@ utime_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
         utbuf.modtime = tsp[1].tv_sec;
         utp = &utbuf;
     }
-    if (utime(path, utp) < 0)
-	utime_failed(pathv, tsp, v->atime, v->mtime);
+    return utime(path, utp);
 }
 
 #endif
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *  File.utime(atime, mtime, file_name,...)   ->  integer
- *
- * Sets the access and modification times of each
- * named file to the first two arguments. Returns
- * the number of file names in the argument list.
- */
-
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_utime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+utime_internal_i(int argc, VALUE *argv, int follow)
 {
     struct utime_args args;
     struct timespec tss[2], *tsp = NULL;
@@ -2645,6 +2917,8 @@ rb_file_s_utime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     args.atime = *argv++;
     args.mtime = *argv++;
 
+    args.follow = follow;
+
     if (!NIL_P(args.atime) || !NIL_P(args.mtime)) {
 	tsp = tss;
 	tsp[0] = rb_time_timespec(args.atime);
@@ -2658,6 +2932,45 @@ rb_file_s_utime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     return apply2files(utime_internal, argc, argv, &args);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  File.utime(atime, mtime, file_name, ...)   ->  integer
+ *
+ * Sets the access and modification times of each named file to the
+ * first two arguments. If a file is a symlink, this method acts upon
+ * its referent rather than the link itself; for the inverse
+ * behavior see File.lutime. Returns the number of file
+ * names in the argument list.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_file_s_utime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
+{
+    return utime_internal_i(argc, argv, FALSE);
+}
+
+#if defined(HAVE_UTIMES) && (defined(HAVE_LUTIMES) || (defined(HAVE_UTIMENSAT) && defined(AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)))
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  File.lutime(atime, mtime, file_name, ...)   ->  integer
+ *
+ * Sets the access and modification times of each named file to the
+ * first two arguments. If a file is a symlink, this method acts upon
+ * the link itself as opposed to its referent; for the inverse
+ * behavior, see File.utime. Returns the number of file
+ * names in the argument list.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_file_s_lutime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
+{
+    return utime_internal_i(argc, argv, TRUE);
+}
+#else
+#define rb_file_s_lutime rb_f_notimplement
+#endif
+
 #ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
 # define syserr_fail2(e, s1, s2) syserr_fail2_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, e, s1, s2)
 #else
@@ -2697,7 +3010,7 @@ syserr_fail2_in(const char *func, int e, VALUE s1, VALUE s2)
  *
  *  Creates a new name for an existing file using a hard link. Will not
  *  overwrite <i>new_name</i> if it already exists (raising a subclass
- *  of <code>SystemCallError</code>). Not available on all platforms.
+ *  of SystemCallError). Not available on all platforms.
  *
  *     File.link("testfile", ".testfile")   #=> 0
  *     IO.readlines(".testfile")[0]         #=> "This is line one\n"
@@ -2726,7 +3039,7 @@ rb_file_s_link(VALUE klass, VALUE from, VALUE to)
  *     File.symlink(old_name, new_name)   -> 0
  *
  *  Creates a symbolic link called <i>new_name</i> for the existing file
- *  <i>old_name</i>. Raises a <code>NotImplemented</code> exception on
+ *  <i>old_name</i>. Raises a NotImplemented exception on
  *  platforms that do not support symbolic links.
  *
  *     File.symlink("testfile", "link2test")   #=> 0
@@ -2769,6 +3082,33 @@ rb_file_s_readlink(VALUE klass, VALUE path)
 }
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
+struct readlink_arg {
+    const char *path;
+    char *buf;
+    size_t size;
+};
+
+static void *
+nogvl_readlink(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct readlink_arg *ra = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)readlink(ra->path, ra->buf, ra->size);
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+readlink_without_gvl(VALUE path, VALUE buf, size_t size)
+{
+    struct readlink_arg ra;
+
+    ra.path = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+    ra.buf = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
+    ra.size = size;
+
+    return (ssize_t)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_readlink, &ra,
+						RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_readlink(VALUE path, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
@@ -2779,7 +3119,7 @@ rb_readlink(VALUE path, rb_encoding *enc)
     FilePathValue(path);
     path = rb_str_encode_ospath(path);
     v = rb_enc_str_new(0, size, enc);
-    while ((rv = readlink(RSTRING_PTR(path), RSTRING_PTR(v), size)) == size
+    while ((rv = readlink_without_gvl(path, v, size)) == size
 #ifdef _AIX
 	    || (rv < 0 && errno == ERANGE) /* quirky behavior of GPFS */
 #endif
@@ -2802,11 +3142,10 @@ rb_readlink(VALUE path, rb_encoding *enc)
 #define rb_file_s_readlink rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
-static void
-unlink_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
+static int
+unlink_internal(const char *path, void *arg)
 {
-    if (unlink(path) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail_path(pathv);
+    return unlink(path);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2816,7 +3155,13 @@ unlink_internal(const char *path, VALUE pathv, void *arg)
  *
  *  Deletes the named files, returning the number of names
  *  passed as arguments. Raises an exception on any error.
- *  See also <code>Dir::rmdir</code>.
+ *  Since the underlying implementation relies on the
+ *  <code>unlink(2)</code> system call, the type of
+ *  exception raised depends on its error type (see
+ *  https://linux.die.net/man/2/unlink) and has the form of
+ *  e.g. Errno::ENOENT.
+ *
+ *  See also Dir::rmdir.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2825,12 +3170,25 @@ rb_file_s_unlink(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return apply2files(unlink_internal, argc, argv, 0);
 }
 
+struct rename_args {
+    const char *src;
+    const char *dst;
+};
+
+static void *
+no_gvl_rename(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct rename_args *ra = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)rename(ra->src, ra->dst);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.rename(old_name, new_name)   -> 0
  *
- *  Renames the given file to the new name. Raises a
- *  <code>SystemCallError</code> if the file cannot be renamed.
+ *  Renames the given file to the new name. Raises a SystemCallError
+ *  if the file cannot be renamed.
  *
  *     File.rename("afile", "afile.bak")   #=> 0
  */
@@ -2838,26 +3196,27 @@ rb_file_s_unlink(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 rb_file_s_rename(VALUE klass, VALUE from, VALUE to)
 {
-    const char *src, *dst;
+    struct rename_args ra;
     VALUE f, t;
 
     FilePathValue(from);
     FilePathValue(to);
     f = rb_str_encode_ospath(from);
     t = rb_str_encode_ospath(to);
-    src = StringValueCStr(f);
-    dst = StringValueCStr(t);
+    ra.src = StringValueCStr(f);
+    ra.dst = StringValueCStr(t);
 #if defined __CYGWIN__
     errno = 0;
 #endif
-    if (rename(src, dst) < 0) {
+    if ((int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(no_gvl_rename, &ra,
+					 RUBY_UBF_IO, 0) < 0) {
 	int e = errno;
 #if defined DOSISH
 	switch (e) {
 	  case EEXIST:
-	    if (chmod(dst, 0666) == 0 &&
-		unlink(dst) == 0 &&
-		rename(src, dst) == 0)
+	    if (chmod(ra.dst, 0666) == 0 &&
+		unlink(ra.dst) == 0 &&
+		rename(ra.src, ra.dst) == 0)
 		return INT2FIX(0);
 	}
 #endif
@@ -2883,21 +3242,22 @@ rb_file_s_rename(VALUE klass, VALUE from, VALUE to)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_umask(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_file_s_umask(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
-    int omask = 0;
+    mode_t omask = 0;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    switch (argc) {
+      case 0:
 	omask = umask(0);
 	umask(omask);
+        break;
+      case 1:
+	omask = umask(NUM2MODET(argv[0]));
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_error_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     }
-    else if (argc == 1) {
-	omask = umask(NUM2INT(argv[0]));
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    }
-    return INT2FIX(omask);
+    return MODET2NUM(omask);
 }
 
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
@@ -2910,7 +3270,9 @@ rb_file_s_umask(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 #endif
 #ifdef FILE_ALT_SEPARATOR
 #define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/' || (x) == FILE_ALT_SEPARATOR)
+# ifdef DOSISH
 static const char file_alt_separator[] = {FILE_ALT_SEPARATOR, '\0'};
+# endif
 #else
 #define isdirsep(x) ((x) == '/')
 #endif
@@ -2977,9 +3339,9 @@ getcwdofdrv(int drv)
        of a particular drive is to change chdir() to that drive,
        so save the old cwd before chdir()
     */
-    oldcwd = my_getcwd();
+    oldcwd = ruby_getcwd();
     if (chdir(drive) == 0) {
-	drvcwd = my_getcwd();
+	drvcwd = ruby_getcwd();
 	chdir(oldcwd);
 	xfree(oldcwd);
     }
@@ -3241,21 +3603,42 @@ rb_default_home_dir(VALUE result)
 
 #if defined HAVE_PWD_H
     if (!dir) {
-	const char *login = getlogin();
-	if (login) {
-	    struct passwd *pw = getpwnam(login);
-	    if (pw) {
-		copy_home_path(result, pw->pw_dir);
-		endpwent();
-		return result;
-	    }
-	    endpwent();
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "couldn't find HOME for login `%s' -- expanding `~'",
-		     login);
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "couldn't find login name -- expanding `~'");
-	}
+        /* We'll look up the user's default home dir in the password db by
+         * login name, if possible, and failing that will fall back to looking
+         * the information up by uid (as would be needed for processes that
+         * are not a descendant of login(1) or a work-alike).
+         *
+         * While the lookup by uid is more likely to succeed (since we always
+         * have a uid, but may or may not have a login name), we prefer first
+         * looking up by name to accommodate the possibility of multiple login
+         * names (each with its own record in the password database, so each
+         * with a potentially different home directory) being mapped to the
+         * same uid (as explicitly allowed for by POSIX; see getlogin(3posix)).
+         */
+        VALUE login_name = rb_getlogin();
+
+# if !defined(HAVE_GETPWUID_R) && !defined(HAVE_GETPWUID)
+        /* This is a corner case, but for backward compatibility reasons we
+         * want to emit this error if neither the lookup by login name nor
+         * lookup by getuid() has a chance of succeeding.
+         */
+        if (NIL_P(login_name)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "couldn't find login name -- expanding `~'");
+        }
+# endif
+
+        VALUE pw_dir = rb_getpwdirnam_for_login(login_name);
+        if (NIL_P(pw_dir)) {
+            pw_dir = rb_getpwdiruid();
+            if (NIL_P(pw_dir)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "couldn't find home for uid `%ld'", (long)getuid());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* found it */
+        copy_home_path(result, RSTRING_PTR(pw_dir));
+        rb_str_resize(pw_dir, 0);
+        return result;
     }
 #endif
     if (!dir) {
@@ -3310,18 +3693,15 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
     const char *s, *b, *fend;
     char *buf, *p, *pend, *root;
     size_t buflen, bdiff;
-    int tainted;
     rb_encoding *enc, *fsenc = rb_filesystem_encoding();
 
     s = StringValuePtr(fname);
     fend = s + RSTRING_LEN(fname);
     enc = rb_enc_get(fname);
     BUFINIT();
-    tainted = OBJ_TAINTED(fname);
 
     if (s[0] == '~' && abs_mode == 0) {      /* execute only if NOT absolute_path() */
 	long userlen = 0;
-	tainted = 1;
 	if (isdirsep(s[1]) || s[1] == '\0') {
 	    buf = 0;
 	    b = 0;
@@ -3379,7 +3759,6 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
 	    }
 	    if (!same) {
 		char *e = append_fspath(result, fname, getcwdofdrv(*s), &enc, fsenc);
-		tainted = 1;
 		BUFINIT();
 		p = e;
 	    }
@@ -3400,8 +3779,7 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
 	    p = pend;
 	}
 	else {
-	    char *e = append_fspath(result, fname, my_getcwd(), &enc, fsenc);
-	    tainted = 1;
+	    char *e = append_fspath(result, fname, ruby_getcwd(), &enc, fsenc);
 	    BUFINIT();
 	    p = e;
 	}
@@ -3568,7 +3946,7 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
 	struct stat st;
 	p = (char *)s;
 	len = strlen(p);
-	if (lstat(buf, &st) == 0 && S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+	if (lstat_without_gvl(buf, &st) == 0 && S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
 	    is_symlink = 1;
 	    if (len > 4 && STRCASECMP(p + len - 4, ".lnk") != 0) {
 		lnk_added = 1;
@@ -3652,7 +4030,6 @@ rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE fname, VALUE dname, int abs_mode, int long_na
     }
 #endif
 
-    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(result);
     rb_str_set_len(result, p - buf);
     rb_enc_check(fname, result);
     ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAR(result);
@@ -3695,6 +4072,13 @@ rb_file_expand_path_fast(VALUE fname, VALUE dname)
     return expand_path(fname, dname, 0, 0, EXPAND_PATH_BUFFER());
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_file_s_expand_path(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    return rb_file_expand_path(argv[0], argc > 1 ? argv[1] : Qnil);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.expand_path(file_name [, dir_string] )  ->  abs_file_name
@@ -3723,11 +4107,10 @@ rb_file_expand_path_fast(VALUE fname, VALUE dname)
  *  parent, the root of the project and appends +lib/mygem.rb+.
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_file_s_expand_path(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+static VALUE
+s_expand_path(int c, const VALUE * v, VALUE _)
 {
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
-    return rb_file_expand_path(argv[0], argc > 1 ? argv[1] : Qnil);
+    return rb_file_s_expand_path(c, v);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -3737,6 +4120,13 @@ rb_file_absolute_path(VALUE fname, VALUE dname)
     return expand_path(fname, dname, 1, 1, EXPAND_PATH_BUFFER());
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_file_s_absolute_path(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    return rb_file_absolute_path(argv[0], argc > 1 ? argv[1] : Qnil);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.absolute_path(file_name [, dir_string] )  ->  abs_file_name
@@ -3750,15 +4140,41 @@ rb_file_absolute_path(VALUE fname, VALUE dname)
  *     File.absolute_path("~oracle/bin")       #=> "<relative_path>/~oracle/bin"
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_file_s_absolute_path(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+static VALUE
+s_absolute_path(int c, const VALUE * v, VALUE _)
 {
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
-    return rb_file_absolute_path(argv[0], argc > 1 ? argv[1] : Qnil);
+    return rb_file_s_absolute_path(c, v);
 }
 
-static void
-realpath_rec(long *prefixlenp, VALUE *resolvedp, const char *unresolved, VALUE loopcheck, int strict, int last)
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     File.absolute_path?(file_name)  ->  true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if +file_name+ is an absolute path, and
+ *  <code>false</code> otherwise.
+ *
+ *     File.absolute_path?("c:/foo")     #=> false (on Linux), true (on Windows)
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+s_absolute_path_p(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
+{
+    VALUE path = rb_get_path(fname);
+
+    if (!rb_is_absolute_path(RSTRING_PTR(path))) return Qfalse;
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+enum rb_realpath_mode {
+    RB_REALPATH_CHECK,
+    RB_REALPATH_DIR,
+    RB_REALPATH_STRICT,
+    RB_REALPATH_MODE_MAX
+};
+
+static int
+realpath_rec(long *prefixlenp, VALUE *resolvedp, const char *unresolved, VALUE fallback,
+	     VALUE loopcheck, enum rb_realpath_mode mode, int last)
 {
     const char *pend = unresolved + strlen(unresolved);
     rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(*resolvedp);
@@ -3799,6 +4215,10 @@ realpath_rec(long *prefixlenp, VALUE *resolvedp, const char *unresolved, VALUE l
             checkval = rb_hash_aref(loopcheck, testpath);
             if (!NIL_P(checkval)) {
                 if (checkval == ID2SYM(resolving)) {
+		    if (mode == RB_REALPATH_CHECK) {
+			errno = ELOOP;
+			return -1;
+		    }
                     rb_syserr_fail_path(ELOOP, testpath);
                 }
                 else {
@@ -3808,16 +4228,18 @@ realpath_rec(long *prefixlenp, VALUE *resolvedp, const char *unresolved, VALUE l
             else {
                 struct stat sbuf;
                 int ret;
-                VALUE testpath2 = rb_str_encode_ospath(testpath);
-#ifdef __native_client__
-                ret = stat(RSTRING_PTR(testpath2), &sbuf);
-#else
-                ret = lstat(RSTRING_PTR(testpath2), &sbuf);
-#endif
+                ret = lstat_without_gvl(RSTRING_PTR(testpath), &sbuf);
                 if (ret == -1) {
 		    int e = errno;
+		    if (e == ENOENT && !NIL_P(fallback)) {
+			if (stat_without_gvl(RSTRING_PTR(fallback), &sbuf) == 0) {
+			    rb_str_replace(*resolvedp, fallback);
+			    return 0;
+			}
+		    }
+		    if (mode == RB_REALPATH_CHECK) return -1;
 		    if (e == ENOENT) {
-                        if (strict || !last || *unresolved_firstsep)
+			if (mode == RB_REALPATH_STRICT || !last || *unresolved_firstsep)
 			    rb_syserr_fail_path(e, testpath);
                         *resolvedp = testpath;
                         break;
@@ -3829,7 +4251,7 @@ realpath_rec(long *prefixlenp, VALUE *resolvedp, const char *unresolved, VALUE l
 #ifdef HAVE_READLINK
                 if (S_ISLNK(sbuf.st_mode)) {
 		    VALUE link;
-		    volatile VALUE link_orig = Qnil;
+		    VALUE link_orig = Qnil;
 		    const char *link_prefix, *link_names;
                     long link_prefixlen;
                     rb_hash_aset(loopcheck, testpath, ID2SYM(resolving));
@@ -3838,15 +4260,17 @@ realpath_rec(long *prefixlenp, VALUE *resolvedp, const char *unresolved, VALUE l
 		    link_names = skipprefixroot(link_prefix, link_prefix + RSTRING_LEN(link), rb_enc_get(link));
 		    link_prefixlen = link_names - link_prefix;
 		    if (link_prefixlen > 0) {
-			rb_encoding *enc, *linkenc = rb_enc_get(link);
+			rb_encoding *tmpenc, *linkenc = rb_enc_get(link);
 			link_orig = link;
 			link = rb_str_subseq(link, 0, link_prefixlen);
-			enc = rb_enc_check(*resolvedp, link);
-			if (enc != linkenc) link = rb_str_conv_enc(link, linkenc, enc);
+			tmpenc = rb_enc_check(*resolvedp, link);
+			if (tmpenc != linkenc) link = rb_str_conv_enc(link, linkenc, tmpenc);
 			*resolvedp = link;
 			*prefixlenp = link_prefixlen;
 		    }
-		    realpath_rec(prefixlenp, resolvedp, link_names, loopcheck, strict, *unresolved_firstsep == '\0');
+		    if (realpath_rec(prefixlenp, resolvedp, link_names, testpath,
+				     loopcheck, mode, !*unresolved_firstsep))
+			return -1;
 		    RB_GC_GUARD(link_orig);
 		    rb_hash_aset(loopcheck, testpath, rb_str_dup_frozen(*resolvedp));
                 }
@@ -3860,25 +4284,19 @@ realpath_rec(long *prefixlenp, VALUE *resolvedp, const char *unresolved, VALUE l
             }
         }
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
-#ifdef __native_client__
-VALUE
-rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
-{
-    return path;
-}
-#else
-VALUE
-rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
+static VALUE
+rb_check_realpath_emulate(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, rb_encoding *origenc, enum rb_realpath_mode mode)
 {
     long prefixlen;
     VALUE resolved;
-    volatile VALUE unresolved_path;
+    VALUE unresolved_path;
     VALUE loopcheck;
-    volatile VALUE curdir = Qnil;
+    VALUE curdir = Qnil;
 
-    rb_encoding *enc, *origenc;
+    rb_encoding *enc;
     char *path_names = NULL, *basedir_names = NULL, *curdir_names = NULL;
     char *ptr, *prefixptr = NULL, *pend;
     long len;
@@ -3887,9 +4305,11 @@ rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
 
     if (!NIL_P(basedir)) {
         FilePathValue(basedir);
-        basedir = rb_str_dup_frozen(basedir);
+        basedir = TO_OSPATH(rb_str_dup_frozen(basedir));
     }
 
+    enc = rb_enc_get(unresolved_path);
+    unresolved_path = TO_OSPATH(unresolved_path);
     RSTRING_GETMEM(unresolved_path, ptr, len);
     path_names = skipprefixroot(ptr, ptr + len, rb_enc_get(unresolved_path));
     if (ptr != path_names) {
@@ -3906,7 +4326,7 @@ rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
         }
     }
 
-    curdir = rb_dir_getwd();
+    curdir = rb_dir_getwd_ospath();
     RSTRING_GETMEM(curdir, ptr, len);
     curdir_names = skipprefixroot(ptr, ptr + len, rb_enc_get(curdir));
     resolved = rb_str_subseq(curdir, 0, curdir_names - ptr);
@@ -3914,7 +4334,6 @@ rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
   root_found:
     RSTRING_GETMEM(resolved, prefixptr, prefixlen);
     pend = prefixptr + prefixlen;
-    enc = rb_enc_get(resolved);
     ptr = chompdirsep(prefixptr, pend, enc);
     if (ptr < pend) {
         prefixlen = ++ptr - prefixptr;
@@ -3929,7 +4348,6 @@ rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
     }
 #endif
 
-    origenc = enc;
     switch (rb_enc_to_index(enc)) {
       case ENCINDEX_ASCII:
       case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
@@ -3937,19 +4355,116 @@ rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
     }
 
     loopcheck = rb_hash_new();
-    if (curdir_names)
-        realpath_rec(&prefixlen, &resolved, curdir_names, loopcheck, 1, 0);
-    if (basedir_names)
-        realpath_rec(&prefixlen, &resolved, basedir_names, loopcheck, 1, 0);
-    realpath_rec(&prefixlen, &resolved, path_names, loopcheck, strict, 1);
+    if (curdir_names) {
+	if (realpath_rec(&prefixlen, &resolved, curdir_names, Qnil, loopcheck, mode, 0))
+	    return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (basedir_names) {
+	if (realpath_rec(&prefixlen, &resolved, basedir_names, Qnil, loopcheck, mode, 0))
+	    return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (realpath_rec(&prefixlen, &resolved, path_names, Qnil, loopcheck, mode, 1))
+	return Qnil;
 
-    if (origenc != enc && rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(resolved))
-	rb_enc_associate(resolved, origenc);
+    if (origenc && origenc != rb_enc_get(resolved)) {
+	if (rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(resolved)) {
+	    rb_enc_associate(resolved, origenc);
+	}
+	else {
+	    resolved = rb_str_conv_enc(resolved, NULL, origenc);
+	}
+    }
 
-    OBJ_TAINT(resolved);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(unresolved_path);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(curdir);
     return resolved;
 }
-#endif
+
+static VALUE rb_file_join(VALUE ary);
+
+static VALUE
+rb_check_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, rb_encoding *origenc, enum rb_realpath_mode mode)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_REALPATH
+    VALUE unresolved_path;
+    char *resolved_ptr = NULL;
+    VALUE resolved;
+
+    if (mode == RB_REALPATH_DIR) {
+        return rb_check_realpath_emulate(basedir, path, origenc, mode);
+    }
+
+    unresolved_path = rb_str_dup_frozen(path);
+    if (*RSTRING_PTR(unresolved_path) != '/' && !NIL_P(basedir)) {
+        unresolved_path = rb_file_join(rb_assoc_new(basedir, unresolved_path));
+    }
+    if (origenc) unresolved_path = TO_OSPATH(unresolved_path);
+
+    if ((resolved_ptr = realpath(RSTRING_PTR(unresolved_path), NULL)) == NULL) {
+        /* glibc realpath(3) does not allow /path/to/file.rb/../other_file.rb,
+           returning ENOTDIR in that case.
+           glibc realpath(3) can also return ENOENT for paths that exist,
+           such as /dev/fd/5.
+           Fallback to the emulated approach in either of those cases. */
+        if (errno == ENOTDIR ||
+            (errno == ENOENT && rb_file_exist_p(0, unresolved_path))) {
+            return rb_check_realpath_emulate(basedir, path, origenc, mode);
+
+        }
+        if (mode == RB_REALPATH_CHECK) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+        rb_sys_fail_path(unresolved_path);
+    }
+    resolved = ospath_new(resolved_ptr, strlen(resolved_ptr), rb_filesystem_encoding());
+    free(resolved_ptr);
+
+# if !defined(__LINUX__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+    /* As `resolved` is a String in the filesystem encoding, no
+     * conversion is needed */
+    struct stat st;
+    if (stat_without_gvl(RSTRING_PTR(resolved), &st) < 0) {
+        if (mode == RB_REALPATH_CHECK) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+        rb_sys_fail_path(unresolved_path);
+    }
+# endif
+
+    if (origenc && origenc != rb_enc_get(resolved)) {
+        if (!rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(resolved)) {
+            resolved = rb_str_conv_enc(resolved, NULL, origenc);
+        }
+        rb_enc_associate(resolved, origenc);
+    }
+
+    if (rb_enc_str_coderange(resolved) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN) {
+        rb_enc_associate(resolved, rb_filesystem_encoding());
+        if (rb_enc_str_coderange(resolved) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN) {
+            rb_enc_associate(resolved, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
+        }
+    }
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(unresolved_path);
+    return resolved;
+#else
+    return rb_check_realpath_emulate(basedir, path, origenc, mode);
+#endif /* HAVE_REALPATH */
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict)
+{
+    const enum rb_realpath_mode mode =
+	strict ? RB_REALPATH_STRICT : RB_REALPATH_DIR;
+    return rb_check_realpath_internal(basedir, path, rb_enc_get(path), mode);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_check_realpath(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    return rb_check_realpath_internal(basedir, path, enc, RB_REALPATH_CHECK);
+}
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -4097,13 +4612,13 @@ ruby_enc_find_basename(const char *name, long *baselen, long *alllen, rb_encodin
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.basename(file_name [, suffix] )  ->  base_name
  *
- *  Returns the last component of the filename given in <i>file_name</i>,
- *  which can be formed using both <code>File::SEPARATOR</code> and
- *  <code>File::ALT_SEPARATOR</code> as the separator when
- *  <code>File::ALT_SEPARATOR</code> is not <code>nil</code>. If
- *  <i>suffix</i> is given and present at the end of <i>file_name</i>,
- *  it is removed. If <i>suffix</i> is ".*", any extension will be
- *  removed.
+ *  Returns the last component of the filename given in
+ *  <i>file_name</i> (after first stripping trailing separators),
+ *  which can be formed using both File::SEPARATOR and
+ *  File::ALT_SEPARATOR as the separator when File::ALT_SEPARATOR is
+ *  not <code>nil</code>. If <i>suffix</i> is given and present at the
+ *  end of <i>file_name</i>, it is removed. If <i>suffix</i> is ".*",
+ *  any extension will be removed.
  *
  *     File.basename("/home/gumby/work/ruby.rb")          #=> "ruby.rb"
  *     File.basename("/home/gumby/work/ruby.rb", ".rb")   #=> "ruby"
@@ -4111,7 +4626,7 @@ ruby_enc_find_basename(const char *name, long *baselen, long *alllen, rb_encodin
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_basename(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_file_s_basename(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE fname, fext, basename;
     const char *name, *p;
@@ -4151,7 +4666,6 @@ rb_file_s_basename(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 
     basename = rb_str_new(p, f);
     rb_enc_copy(basename, fname);
-    OBJ_INFECT(basename, fname);
     return basename;
 }
 
@@ -4160,9 +4674,10 @@ rb_file_s_basename(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *     File.dirname(file_name)  ->  dir_name
  *
  *  Returns all components of the filename given in <i>file_name</i>
- *  except the last one. The filename can be formed using both
- *  <code>File::SEPARATOR</code> and <code>File::ALT_SEPARATOR</code> as the
- *  separator when <code>File::ALT_SEPARATOR</code> is not <code>nil</code>.
+ *  except the last one (after first stripping trailing separators).
+ *  The filename can be formed using both File::SEPARATOR and
+ *  File::ALT_SEPARATOR as the separator when File::ALT_SEPARATOR is
+ *  not <code>nil</code>.
  *
  *     File.dirname("/home/gumby/work/ruby.rb")   #=> "/home/gumby/work"
  */
@@ -4212,7 +4727,6 @@ rb_file_dirname(VALUE fname)
 	rb_str_cat(dirname, ".", 1);
 #endif
     rb_enc_copy(dirname, fname);
-    OBJ_INFECT(dirname, fname);
     return dirname;
 }
 
@@ -4294,10 +4808,13 @@ ruby_enc_find_extname(const char *name, long *len, rb_encoding *enc)
  *  An empty string will also be returned when the period is the last character
  *  in +path+.
  *
+ *  On Windows, trailing dots are truncated.
+ *
  *     File.extname("test.rb")         #=> ".rb"
  *     File.extname("a/b/d/test.rb")   #=> ".rb"
  *     File.extname(".a/b/d/test.rb")  #=> ".rb"
- *     File.extname("foo.")            #=> ""
+ *     File.extname("foo.")            #=> "" on Windows
+ *     File.extname("foo.")            #=> "." on non-Windows
  *     File.extname("test")            #=> ""
  *     File.extname(".profile")        #=> ""
  *     File.extname(".profile.sh")     #=> ".sh"
@@ -4315,10 +4832,9 @@ rb_file_s_extname(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
     name = StringValueCStr(fname);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(fname);
     e = ruby_enc_find_extname(name, &len, rb_enc_get(fname));
-    if (len <= 1)
+    if (len < 1)
 	return rb_str_new(0, 0);
     extname = rb_str_subseq(fname, e - name, len); /* keep the dot, too! */
-    OBJ_INFECT(extname, fname);
     return extname;
 }
 
@@ -4344,8 +4860,8 @@ rb_file_s_path(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
  *     File.split(file_name)   -> array
  *
  *  Splits the given string into a directory and a file component and
- *  returns them in a two-element array. See also
- *  <code>File::dirname</code> and <code>File::basename</code>.
+ *  returns them in a two-element array. See also File::dirname and
+ *  File::basename.
  *
  *     File.split("/home/gumby/.profile")   #=> ["/home/gumby", ".profile"]
  */
@@ -4354,23 +4870,18 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_s_split(VALUE klass, VALUE path)
 {
     FilePathStringValue(path);		/* get rid of converting twice */
-    return rb_assoc_new(rb_file_dirname(path), rb_file_s_basename(1,&path));
+    return rb_assoc_new(rb_file_dirname(path), rb_file_s_basename(1,&path,Qundef));
 }
 
-static VALUE separator;
-
-static VALUE rb_file_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep);
-
 static VALUE
-file_inspect_join(VALUE ary, VALUE argp, int recur)
+file_inspect_join(VALUE ary, VALUE arg, int recur)
 {
-    VALUE *arg = (VALUE *)argp;
-    if (recur || ary == arg[0]) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array");
-    return rb_file_join(arg[0], arg[1]);
+    if (recur || ary == arg) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array");
+    return rb_file_join(arg);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_file_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
+rb_file_join(VALUE ary)
 {
     long len, i;
     VALUE result, tmp;
@@ -4391,13 +4902,9 @@ rb_file_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 	    len += 10;
 	}
     }
-    if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
-	StringValue(sep);
-	len += RSTRING_LEN(sep) * (RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1);
-    }
+    len += RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
     result = rb_str_buf_new(len);
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(result);
-    OBJ_INFECT(result, ary);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	tmp = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
 	switch (OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(tmp)) {
@@ -4410,11 +4917,7 @@ rb_file_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "recursive array");
 	    }
 	    else {
-		VALUE args[2];
-
-		args[0] = tmp;
-		args[1] = sep;
-		tmp = rb_exec_recursive(file_inspect_join, ary, (VALUE)args);
+		tmp = rb_exec_recursive(file_inspect_join, ary, tmp);
 	    }
 	    break;
 	  default:
@@ -4425,15 +4928,13 @@ rb_file_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 	if (i == 0) {
 	    rb_enc_copy(result, tmp);
 	}
-	else if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
+	else {
 	    tail = chompdirsep(name, name + len, rb_enc_get(result));
 	    if (RSTRING_PTR(tmp) && isdirsep(RSTRING_PTR(tmp)[0])) {
 		rb_str_set_len(result, tail - name);
 	    }
 	    else if (!*tail) {
-		enc = rb_enc_check(result, sep);
-		rb_str_buf_append(result, sep);
-		rb_enc_associate(result, enc);
+		rb_str_cat(result, "/", 1);
 	    }
 	}
 	enc = rb_enc_check(result, tmp);
@@ -4450,7 +4951,7 @@ rb_file_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
  *     File.join(string, ...)  ->  string
  *
  *  Returns a new string formed by joining the strings using
- *  <code>File::SEPARATOR</code>.
+ *  <code>"/"</code>.
  *
  *     File.join("usr", "mail", "gumby")   #=> "usr/mail/gumby"
  *
@@ -4459,10 +4960,46 @@ rb_file_join(VALUE ary, VALUE sep)
 static VALUE
 rb_file_s_join(VALUE klass, VALUE args)
 {
-    return rb_file_join(args, separator);
+    return rb_file_join(args);
 }
 
 #if defined(HAVE_TRUNCATE) || defined(HAVE_CHSIZE)
+struct truncate_arg {
+    const char *path;
+#if defined(HAVE_TRUNCATE)
+#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2OFFT(n)
+    off_t pos;
+#else
+#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2LONG(n)
+    long pos;
+#endif
+};
+
+static void *
+nogvl_truncate(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct truncate_arg *ta = ptr;
+#ifdef HAVE_TRUNCATE
+    return (void *)(VALUE)truncate(ta->path, ta->pos);
+#else /* defined(HAVE_CHSIZE) */
+    {
+	int tmpfd = rb_cloexec_open(ta->path, 0, 0);
+
+	if (tmpfd < 0)
+	    return (void *)-1;
+	rb_update_max_fd(tmpfd);
+	if (chsize(tmpfd, ta->pos) < 0) {
+	    int e = errno;
+	    close(tmpfd);
+	    errno = e;
+	    return (void *)-1;
+	}
+	close(tmpfd);
+	return 0;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.truncate(file_name, integer)  -> 0
@@ -4481,36 +5018,18 @@ rb_file_s_join(VALUE klass, VALUE args)
 static VALUE
 rb_file_s_truncate(VALUE klass, VALUE path, VALUE len)
 {
-#ifdef HAVE_TRUNCATE
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2OFFT(n)
-    off_t pos;
-#else
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2LONG(n)
-    long pos;
-#endif
+    struct truncate_arg ta;
+    int r;
 
-    pos = NUM2POS(len);
+    ta.pos = NUM2POS(len);
     FilePathValue(path);
     path = rb_str_encode_ospath(path);
-#ifdef HAVE_TRUNCATE
-    if (truncate(StringValueCStr(path), pos) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail_path(path);
-#else /* defined(HAVE_CHSIZE) */
-    {
-	int tmpfd;
+    ta.path = StringValueCStr(path);
 
-	if ((tmpfd = rb_cloexec_open(StringValueCStr(path), 0, 0)) < 0) {
-	    rb_sys_fail_path(path);
-	}
-        rb_update_max_fd(tmpfd);
-	if (chsize(tmpfd, pos) < 0) {
-	    int e = errno;
-	    close(tmpfd);
-	    rb_syserr_fail_path(e, path);
-	}
-	close(tmpfd);
-    }
-#endif
+    r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_truncate, &ta,
+						RUBY_UBF_IO, NULL);
+    if (r < 0)
+	rb_sys_fail_path(path);
     return INT2FIX(0);
 #undef NUM2POS
 }
@@ -4519,6 +5038,29 @@ rb_file_s_truncate(VALUE klass, VALUE path, VALUE len)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_FTRUNCATE) || defined(HAVE_CHSIZE)
+struct ftruncate_arg {
+    int fd;
+#if defined(HAVE_FTRUNCATE)
+#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2OFFT(n)
+    off_t pos;
+#else
+#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2LONG(n)
+    long pos;
+#endif
+};
+
+static VALUE
+nogvl_ftruncate(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct ftruncate_arg *fa = ptr;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
+    return (VALUE)ftruncate(fa->fd, fa->pos);
+#else /* defined(HAVE_CHSIZE) */
+    return (VALUE)chsize(fa->fd, fa->pos);
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     file.truncate(integer)    -> 0
@@ -4537,27 +5079,18 @@ static VALUE
 rb_file_truncate(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-#if defined(HAVE_FTRUNCATE)
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2OFFT(n)
-    off_t pos;
-#else
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2LONG(n)
-    long pos;
-#endif
+    struct ftruncate_arg fa;
 
-    pos = NUM2POS(len);
+    fa.pos = NUM2POS(len);
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
     if (!(fptr->mode & FMODE_WRITABLE)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "not opened for writing");
     }
     rb_io_flush_raw(obj, 0);
-#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
-    if (ftruncate(fptr->fd, pos) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
-#else /* defined(HAVE_CHSIZE) */
-    if (chsize(fptr->fd, pos) < 0)
+    fa.fd = fptr->fd;
+    if ((int)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(nogvl_ftruncate, &fa, fa.fd) < 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
-#endif
+    }
     return INT2FIX(0);
 #undef NUM2POS
 }
@@ -4605,9 +5138,9 @@ rb_thread_flock(void *data)
  *
  *  Locks or unlocks a file according to <i>locking_constant</i> (a
  *  logical <em>or</em> of the values in the table below).
- *  Returns <code>false</code> if <code>File::LOCK_NB</code> is
- *  specified and the operation would otherwise have blocked. Not
- *  available on all platforms.
+ *  Returns <code>false</code> if File::LOCK_NB is specified and the
+ *  operation would otherwise have blocked. Not available on all
+ *  platforms.
  *
  *  Locking constants (in class File):
  *
@@ -4761,21 +5294,14 @@ test_check(int n, int argc, VALUE *argv)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_test(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_test(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     int cmd;
 
     if (argc == 0) rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
     cmd = NUM2CHR(argv[0]);
     if (cmd == 0) {
-      unknown:
-	/* unknown command */
-	if (ISPRINT(cmd)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown command '%s%c'", cmd == '\'' || cmd == '\\' ? "\\" : "", cmd);
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown command \"\\x%02X\"", cmd);
-	}
+        goto unknown;
     }
     if (strchr("bcdefgGkloOprRsSuwWxXz", cmd)) {
 	CHECK(1);
@@ -4901,22 +5427,28 @@ rb_f_test(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	    return Qfalse;
 	}
     }
-    goto unknown;
+  unknown:
+    /* unknown command */
+    if (ISPRINT(cmd)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown command '%s%c'", cmd == '\'' || cmd == '\\' ? "\\" : "", cmd);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown command \"\\x%02X\"", cmd);
+    }
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: File::Stat
  *
- *  Objects of class <code>File::Stat</code> encapsulate common status
- *  information for <code>File</code> objects. The information is
- *  recorded at the moment the <code>File::Stat</code> object is
- *  created; changes made to the file after that point will not be
- *  reflected. <code>File::Stat</code> objects are returned by
- *  <code>IO#stat</code>, <code>File::stat</code>,
- *  <code>File#lstat</code>, and <code>File::lstat</code>. Many of these
+ *  Objects of class File::Stat encapsulate common status information
+ *  for File objects. The information is recorded at the moment the
+ *  File::Stat object is created; changes made to the file after that
+ *  point will not be reflected. File::Stat objects are returned by
+ *  IO#stat, File::stat, File#lstat, and File::lstat. Many of these
  *  methods return platform-specific values, and not all values are
- *  meaningful on all systems. See also <code>Kernel#test</code>.
+ *  meaningful on all systems. See also Kernel#test.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5037,10 +5569,9 @@ rb_stat_p(VALUE obj)
  *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>stat</i> is a symbolic link,
  *  <code>false</code> if it isn't or if the operating system doesn't
- *  support this feature. As <code>File::stat</code> automatically
- *  follows symbolic links, <code>symlink?</code> will always be
- *  <code>false</code> for an object returned by
- *  <code>File::stat</code>.
+ *  support this feature. As File::stat automatically follows symbolic
+ *  links, #symlink? will always be <code>false</code> for an object
+ *  returned by File::stat.
  *
  *     File.symlink("testfile", "alink")   #=> 0
  *     File.stat("alink").symlink?         #=> false
@@ -5546,6 +6077,20 @@ rb_stat_sticky(VALUE obj)
 #define HAVE_MKFIFO
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFO
+struct mkfifo_arg {
+    const char *path;
+    mode_t mode;
+};
+
+static void *
+nogvl_mkfifo(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct mkfifo_arg *ma = ptr;
+
+    return (void *)(VALUE)mkfifo(ma->path, ma->mode);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     File.mkfifo(file_name, mode=0666)  => 0
@@ -5556,21 +6101,22 @@ rb_stat_sticky(VALUE obj)
  *  (mode & ~umask).
  */
 
-#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFO
 static VALUE
-rb_file_s_mkfifo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_file_s_mkfifo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE path;
-    int mode = 0666;
+    struct mkfifo_arg ma;
 
+    ma.mode = 0666;
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
     if (argc > 1) {
-	mode = NUM2INT(argv[1]);
+	ma.mode = NUM2MODET(argv[1]);
     }
     path = argv[0];
     FilePathValue(path);
     path = rb_str_encode_ospath(path);
-    if (mkfifo(RSTRING_PTR(path), mode)) {
+    ma.path = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+    if (rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_mkfifo, &ma, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0)) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(path);
     }
     return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -5579,7 +6125,7 @@ rb_file_s_mkfifo(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 #define rb_file_s_mkfifo rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
-VALUE rb_mFConst;
+static VALUE rb_mFConst;
 
 void
 rb_file_const(const char *name, VALUE value)
@@ -5612,7 +6158,7 @@ rb_is_absolute_path(const char *path)
 
 #if ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
 static int
-path_check_0(VALUE path, int execpath)
+path_check_0(VALUE path)
 {
     struct stat st;
     const char *p0 = StringValueCStr(path);
@@ -5621,7 +6167,7 @@ path_check_0(VALUE path, int execpath)
     char *p = 0, *s;
 
     if (!rb_is_absolute_path(p0)) {
-	char *buf = my_getcwd();
+	char *buf = ruby_getcwd();
 	VALUE newpath;
 
 	newpath = rb_str_new2(buf);
@@ -5640,12 +6186,12 @@ path_check_0(VALUE path, int execpath)
 #endif
 	if (STAT(p0, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && (st.st_mode & S_IWOTH)
 #ifdef S_ISVTX
-	    && !(p && execpath && (st.st_mode & S_ISVTX))
+	    && !(p && (st.st_mode & S_ISVTX))
 #endif
 	    && !access(p0, W_OK)) {
-	    rb_warn("Insecure world writable dir %s in %sPATH, mode 0%"
-		    PRI_MODET_PREFIX"o",
-		    p0, (execpath ? "" : "LOAD_"), st.st_mode);
+	    rb_enc_warn(enc, "Insecure world writable dir %s in PATH, mode 0%"
+			PRI_MODET_PREFIX"o",
+			p0, st.st_mode);
 	    if (p) *p = '/';
 	    RB_GC_GUARD(path);
 	    return 0;
@@ -5660,12 +6206,6 @@ path_check_0(VALUE path, int execpath)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if ENABLE_PATH_CHECK
-#define fpath_check(path) path_check_0((path), FALSE)
-#else
-#define fpath_check(path) 1
-#endif
-
 int
 rb_path_check(const char *path)
 {
@@ -5681,7 +6221,7 @@ rb_path_check(const char *path)
     if (!p) p = pend;
 
     for (;;) {
-	if (!path_check_0(rb_str_new(p0, p - p0), TRUE)) {
+	if (!path_check_0(rb_str_new(p0, p - p0))) {
 	    return 0;		/* not safe */
 	}
 	p0 = p + 1;
@@ -5707,7 +6247,7 @@ ruby_is_fd_loadable(int fd)
     if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
 	return 1;
 
-    if (S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode))
+    if (S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode) || S_ISCHR(st.st_mode))
 	return -1;
 
     if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
@@ -5764,12 +6304,6 @@ copy_path_class(VALUE path, VALUE orig)
 int
 rb_find_file_ext(VALUE *filep, const char *const *ext)
 {
-    return rb_find_file_ext_safe(filep, ext, rb_safe_level());
-}
-
-int
-rb_find_file_ext_safe(VALUE *filep, const char *const *ext, int safe_level)
-{
     const char *f = StringValueCStr(*filep);
     VALUE fname = *filep, load_path, tmp;
     long i, j, fnlen;
@@ -5779,18 +6313,12 @@ rb_find_file_ext_safe(VALUE *filep, const char *const *ext, int safe_level)
 
     if (f[0] == '~') {
 	fname = file_expand_path_1(fname);
-	if (safe_level >= 1 && OBJ_TAINTED(fname)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "loading from unsafe file %s", f);
-	}
 	f = RSTRING_PTR(fname);
 	*filep = fname;
 	expanded = 1;
     }
 
     if (expanded || rb_is_absolute_path(f) || is_explicit_relative(f)) {
-	if (safe_level >= 1 && !fpath_check(fname)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "loading from unsafe path %s", f);
-	}
 	if (!expanded) fname = file_expand_path_1(fname);
 	fnlen = RSTRING_LEN(fname);
 	for (i=0; ext[i]; i++) {
@@ -5817,14 +6345,13 @@ rb_find_file_ext_safe(VALUE *filep, const char *const *ext, int safe_level)
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(load_path); i++) {
 	    VALUE str = RARRAY_AREF(load_path, i);
 
-	    RB_GC_GUARD(str) = rb_get_path_check(str, safe_level);
+            RB_GC_GUARD(str) = rb_get_path(str);
 	    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) continue;
 	    rb_file_expand_path_internal(fname, str, 0, 0, tmp);
 	    if (rb_file_load_ok(RSTRING_PTR(tmp))) {
 		*filep = copy_path_class(tmp, *filep);
 		return (int)(j+1);
 	    }
-	    FL_UNSET(tmp, FL_TAINT);
 	}
 	rb_str_set_len(fname, fnlen);
     }
@@ -5836,30 +6363,18 @@ rb_find_file_ext_safe(VALUE *filep, const char *const *ext, int safe_level)
 VALUE
 rb_find_file(VALUE path)
 {
-    return rb_find_file_safe(path, rb_safe_level());
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_find_file_safe(VALUE path, int safe_level)
-{
     VALUE tmp, load_path;
     const char *f = StringValueCStr(path);
     int expanded = 0;
 
     if (f[0] == '~') {
 	tmp = file_expand_path_1(path);
-	if (safe_level >= 1 && OBJ_TAINTED(tmp)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "loading from unsafe file %s", f);
-	}
 	path = copy_path_class(tmp, path);
 	f = RSTRING_PTR(path);
 	expanded = 1;
     }
 
     if (expanded || rb_is_absolute_path(f) || is_explicit_relative(f)) {
-	if (safe_level >= 1 && !fpath_check(path)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "loading from unsafe path %s", f);
-	}
 	if (!rb_file_load_ok(f)) return 0;
 	if (!expanded)
 	    path = copy_path_class(file_expand_path_1(path), path);
@@ -5874,7 +6389,7 @@ rb_find_file_safe(VALUE path, int safe_level)
 	rb_enc_associate_index(tmp, rb_usascii_encindex());
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(load_path); i++) {
 	    VALUE str = RARRAY_AREF(load_path, i);
-	    RB_GC_GUARD(str) = rb_get_path_check(str, safe_level);
+            RB_GC_GUARD(str) = rb_get_path(str);
 	    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 0) {
 		rb_file_expand_path_internal(path, str, 0, 0, tmp);
 		f = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
@@ -5889,10 +6404,6 @@ rb_find_file_safe(VALUE path, int safe_level)
     }
 
   found:
-    if (safe_level >= 1 && !fpath_check(tmp)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "loading from unsafe file %s", f);
-    }
-
     return copy_path_class(tmp, path);
 }
 
@@ -5903,7 +6414,7 @@ define_filetest_function(const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, name, func, argc);
 }
 
-static const char null_device[] =
+const char ruby_null_device[] =
 #if defined DOSISH
     "NUL"
 #elif defined AMIGA || defined __amigaos__
@@ -5916,11 +6427,10 @@ static const char null_device[] =
     ;
 
 /*
- *  A <code>File</code> is an abstraction of any file object accessible
- *  by the program and is closely associated with class <code>IO</code>.
- *  <code>File</code> includes the methods of module
- *  <code>FileTest</code> as class methods, allowing you to write (for
- *  example) <code>File.exist?("foo")</code>.
+ *  A File is an abstraction of any file object accessible by the
+ *  program and is closely associated with class IO.  File includes
+ *  the methods of module FileTest as class methods, allowing you to
+ *  write (for example) <code>File.exist?("foo")</code>.
  *
  *  In the description of File methods,
  *  <em>permission bits</em> are a platform-specific
@@ -5952,6 +6462,8 @@ static const char null_device[] =
 void
 Init_File(void)
 {
+    VALUE separator;
+
     rb_mFileTest = rb_define_module("FileTest");
     rb_cFile = rb_define_class("File", rb_cIO);
 
@@ -6001,6 +6513,7 @@ Init_File(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "chown", rb_file_s_chown, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "lchmod", rb_file_s_lchmod, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "lchown", rb_file_s_lchown, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "lutime", rb_file_s_lutime, -1);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "link", rb_file_s_link, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "symlink", rb_file_s_symlink, 2);
@@ -6012,8 +6525,9 @@ Init_File(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "umask", rb_file_s_umask, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "truncate", rb_file_s_truncate, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "mkfifo", rb_file_s_mkfifo, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "expand_path", rb_file_s_expand_path, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "absolute_path", rb_file_s_absolute_path, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "expand_path", s_expand_path, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "absolute_path", s_absolute_path, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "absolute_path?", s_absolute_path_p, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "realpath", rb_file_s_realpath, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "realdirpath", rb_file_s_realdirpath, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "basename", rb_file_s_basename, -1);
@@ -6021,9 +6535,10 @@ Init_File(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "extname", rb_file_s_extname, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "path", rb_file_s_path, 1);
 
-    separator = rb_obj_freeze(rb_usascii_str_new2("/"));
+    separator = rb_fstring_lit("/");
     /* separates directory parts in path */
     rb_define_const(rb_cFile, "Separator", separator);
+    /* separates directory parts in path */
     rb_define_const(rb_cFile, "SEPARATOR", separator);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "split",  rb_file_s_split, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, "join",   rb_file_s_join, -2);
@@ -6035,7 +6550,7 @@ Init_File(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_cFile, "ALT_SEPARATOR", Qnil);
 #endif
     /* path list separator */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cFile, "PATH_SEPARATOR", rb_obj_freeze(rb_str_new2(PATH_SEP)));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cFile, "PATH_SEPARATOR", rb_fstring_cstr(PATH_SEP));
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "stat",  rb_io_stat, 0); /* this is IO's method */
     rb_define_method(rb_cFile, "lstat",  rb_file_lstat, 0);
@@ -6142,7 +6657,7 @@ Init_File(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_mFConst, "LOCK_NB", INT2FIX(LOCK_NB));
 
     /* Name of the null device */
-    rb_define_const(rb_mFConst, "NULL", rb_obj_freeze(rb_usascii_str_new2(null_device)));
+    rb_define_const(rb_mFConst, "NULL", rb_fstring_cstr(ruby_null_device));
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cFile, "path",  rb_file_path, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFile, "to_path",  rb_file_path, 0);
diff --git a/gc.c b/gc.c
index 847062557f..5d0c342206 100644
--- a/gc.c
+++ b/gc.c
@@ -14,39 +14,38 @@
 #define rb_data_object_alloc rb_data_object_alloc
 #define rb_data_typed_object_alloc rb_data_typed_object_alloc
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "ruby/re.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "ruby/thread.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "ruby/debug.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
-#include "gc.h"
-#include "constant.h"
-#include "ruby_atomic.h"
-#include "probes.h"
-#include "id_table.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <setjmp.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#endif
 
-#undef rb_data_object_wrap
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#define sighandler_t ruby_sighandler_t
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 
 #ifndef HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
 # ifdef _WIN32
-#   define HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
-#   define malloc_usable_size(a) _msize(a)
+#  define HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+#  define malloc_usable_size(a) _msize(a)
 # elif defined HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
-#   define HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
-#   define malloc_usable_size(a) malloc_size(a)
+#  define HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+#  define malloc_usable_size(a) malloc_size(a)
 # endif
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
-# ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
+# ifdef RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
+#  include RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
+# elif HAVE_MALLOC_H
 #  include <malloc.h>
 # elif defined(HAVE_MALLOC_NP_H)
 #  include <malloc_np.h>
@@ -55,39 +54,190 @@
 # endif
 #endif
 
-#if /* is ASAN enabled? */ \
-    __has_feature(address_sanitizer) /* Clang */ || \
-    defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)  /* GCC 4.8.x */
-  #define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS \
-        __attribute__((no_address_safety_analysis)) \
-        __attribute__((noinline))
-#else
-  #define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-#include <sys/time.h>
+# include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
-#include <sys/resource.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(__native_client__) && defined(NACL_NEWLIB)
-# include "nacl/resource.h"
-# undef HAVE_POSIX_MEMALIGN
-# undef HAVE_MEMALIGN
-
+# include <sys/resource.h>
 #endif
 
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
-#include <windows.h>
+# include <windows.h>
 #elif defined(HAVE_POSIX_MEMALIGN)
 #elif defined(HAVE_MEMALIGN)
-#include <malloc.h>
+# include <malloc.h>
 #endif
 
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "constant.h"
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/cont.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "internal/struct.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "probes.h"
+#include "regint.h"
+#include "ruby/debug.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/re.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "ruby_atomic.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
+#include "transient_heap.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+
 #define rb_setjmp(env) RUBY_SETJMP(env)
 #define rb_jmp_buf rb_jmpbuf_t
+#undef rb_data_object_wrap
+
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+size_add_overflow(size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    size_t z;
+    bool p;
+#if 0
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_add_overflow)
+    p = __builtin_add_overflow(x, y, &z);
+
+#elif defined(DSIZE_T)
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dx = x;
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dy = y;
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dz = dx + dy;
+    p = dz > SIZE_MAX;
+    z = (size_t)dz;
+
+#else
+    z = x + y;
+    p = z < y;
+
+#endif
+    return (struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag) { p, z, };
+}
+
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+size_mul_add_overflow(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z) /* x * y + z */
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag u = size_add_overflow(t.right, z);
+    return (struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag) { t.left || u.left, u.right };
+}
+
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+size_mul_add_mul_overflow(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, size_t w) /* x * y + z * w */
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag u = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(z, w);
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag v = size_add_overflow(t.right, u.right);
+    return (struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag) { t.left || u.left || v.left, v.right };
+}
+
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(static void gc_raise(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
+
+static inline size_t
+size_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, VALUE exc)
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
+    if (LIKELY(!t.left)) {
+        return t.right;
+    }
+    else if (rb_during_gc()) {
+        rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
+    }
+    else {
+        gc_raise(
+            exc,
+            "integer overflow: %"PRIuSIZE
+            " * %"PRIuSIZE
+            " > %"PRIuSIZE,
+            x, y, SIZE_MAX);
+    }
+}
+
+size_t
+rb_size_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, VALUE exc)
+{
+    return size_mul_or_raise(x, y, exc);
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+size_mul_add_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, VALUE exc)
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = size_mul_add_overflow(x, y, z);
+    if (LIKELY(!t.left)) {
+        return t.right;
+    }
+    else if (rb_during_gc()) {
+        rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
+    }
+    else {
+        gc_raise(
+            exc,
+            "integer overflow: %"PRIuSIZE
+            " * %"PRIuSIZE
+            " + %"PRIuSIZE
+            " > %"PRIuSIZE,
+            x, y, z, SIZE_MAX);
+    }
+}
+
+size_t
+rb_size_mul_add_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, VALUE exc)
+{
+    return size_mul_add_or_raise(x, y, z, exc);
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+size_mul_add_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, size_t w, VALUE exc)
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag t = size_mul_add_mul_overflow(x, y, z, w);
+    if (LIKELY(!t.left)) {
+        return t.right;
+    }
+    else if (rb_during_gc()) {
+        rb_memerror();          /* or...? */
+    }
+    else {
+        gc_raise(
+            exc,
+            "integer overflow: %"PRIdSIZE
+            " * %"PRIdSIZE
+            " + %"PRIdSIZE
+            " * %"PRIdSIZE
+            " > %"PRIdSIZE,
+            x, y, z, w, SIZE_MAX);
+    }
+}
 
 #if defined(HAVE_RB_GC_GUARDED_PTR_VAL) && HAVE_RB_GC_GUARDED_PTR_VAL
 /* trick the compiler into thinking a external signal handler uses this */
@@ -211,7 +361,6 @@ static ruby_gc_params_t gc_params = {
 #define GC_DEBUG 0
 #endif
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 /* RGENGC_DEBUG:
  * 1: basic information
  * 2: remember set operation
@@ -220,8 +369,18 @@ static ruby_gc_params_t gc_params = {
  * 5: sweep
  */
 #ifndef RGENGC_DEBUG
+#ifdef RUBY_DEVEL
+#define RGENGC_DEBUG       -1
+#else
 #define RGENGC_DEBUG       0
 #endif
+#endif
+#if RGENGC_DEBUG < 0 && !defined(_MSC_VER)
+# define RGENGC_DEBUG_ENABLED(level) (-(RGENGC_DEBUG) >= (level) && ruby_rgengc_debug >= (level))
+#else
+# define RGENGC_DEBUG_ENABLED(level) 0
+#endif
+int ruby_rgengc_debug;
 
 /* RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
  * 0: disable all assertions
@@ -235,6 +394,9 @@ static ruby_gc_params_t gc_params = {
 #define RGENGC_CHECK_MODE  0
 #endif
 
+// Note: using RUBY_ASSERT_WHEN() extend a macro in expr (info by nobu).
+#define GC_ASSERT(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0, expr, #expr)
+
 /* RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK
  * 0:  disable all assertions
  * >0: make a OLD object when new object creation.
@@ -271,22 +433,6 @@ static ruby_gc_params_t gc_params = {
 #define RGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC 0
 #endif
 
-#else /* USE_RGENGC */
-
-#ifdef RGENGC_DEBUG
-#undef RGENGC_DEBUG
-#endif
-#define RGENGC_DEBUG       0
-#ifdef RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
-#undef RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
-#endif
-#define RGENGC_CHECK_MODE  0
-#define RGENGC_PROFILE     0
-#define RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC 0
-#define RGENGC_FORCE_MAJOR_GC 0
-
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
-
 #ifndef GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
 #define GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL 0
 #endif
@@ -300,7 +446,7 @@ static ruby_gc_params_t gc_params = {
 #define GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP   1
 #endif
 #ifndef CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-#define CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE 0
+#define CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE) || CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE > 0
 #ifndef MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE
@@ -342,7 +488,14 @@ typedef enum {
 
     /* others */
     GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP   = 0x2000,
-    GPR_FLAG_HAVE_FINALIZE     = 0x4000
+    GPR_FLAG_HAVE_FINALIZE     = 0x4000,
+    GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK    = 0x8000,
+    GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK        = 0x10000,
+    GPR_FLAG_COMPACT          = 0x20000,
+
+    GPR_DEFAULT_REASON =
+        (GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK | GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK |
+         GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP | GPR_FLAG_CAPI),
 } gc_profile_record_flag;
 
 typedef struct gc_profile_record {
@@ -354,6 +507,7 @@ typedef struct gc_profile_record {
     size_t heap_total_objects;
     size_t heap_use_size;
     size_t heap_total_size;
+    size_t moved_objects;
 
 #if GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
     double gc_mark_time;
@@ -386,6 +540,16 @@ typedef struct gc_profile_record {
 #endif
 } gc_profile_record;
 
+#define FL_FROM_FREELIST FL_USER0
+
+struct RMoved {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE dummy;
+    VALUE destination;
+};
+
+#define RMOVED(obj) ((struct RMoved *)(obj))
+
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
 #pragma pack(push, 1) /* magic for reducing sizeof(RVALUE): 24 -> 20 */
 #endif
@@ -396,6 +560,7 @@ typedef struct RVALUE {
 	    VALUE flags;		/* always 0 for freed obj */
 	    struct RVALUE *next;
 	} free;
+        struct RMoved  moved;
 	struct RBasic  basic;
 	struct RObject object;
 	struct RClass  klass;
@@ -409,7 +574,6 @@ typedef struct RVALUE {
 	struct RStruct rstruct;
 	struct RBignum bignum;
 	struct RFile   file;
-	struct RNode   node;
 	struct RMatch  match;
 	struct RRational rational;
 	struct RComplex complex;
@@ -422,6 +586,8 @@ typedef struct RVALUE {
 	    struct rb_method_entry_struct ment;
 	    const rb_iseq_t iseq;
 	    rb_env_t env;
+	    struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct alloc;
+	    rb_ast_t ast;
 	} imemo;
 	struct {
 	    struct RBasic basic;
@@ -445,6 +611,7 @@ enum {
     BITS_SIZE = sizeof(bits_t),
     BITS_BITLENGTH = ( BITS_SIZE * CHAR_BIT )
 };
+#define popcount_bits rb_popcount_intptr
 
 struct heap_page_header {
     struct heap_page *page;
@@ -478,12 +645,11 @@ typedef struct mark_stack {
 } mark_stack_t;
 
 typedef struct rb_heap_struct {
-    RVALUE *freelist;
-
     struct heap_page *free_pages;
-    struct heap_page *using_page;
-    struct heap_page *pages;
-    struct heap_page *sweep_pages;
+    struct list_head pages;
+    struct heap_page *sweeping_page; /* iterator for .pages */
+    struct heap_page *compact_cursor;
+    size_t compact_cursor_index;
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
     struct heap_page *pooled_pages;
 #endif
@@ -513,11 +679,10 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 	unsigned int dont_gc : 1;
 	unsigned int dont_incremental : 1;
 	unsigned int during_gc : 1;
+        unsigned int during_compacting : 1;
 	unsigned int gc_stressful: 1;
 	unsigned int has_hook: 1;
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	unsigned int during_minor_gc : 1;
-#endif
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 	unsigned int during_incremental_marking : 1;
 #endif
@@ -525,6 +690,7 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 
     rb_event_flag_t hook_events;
     size_t total_allocated_objects;
+    VALUE next_object_id;
 
     rb_heap_t eden_heap;
     rb_heap_t tomb_heap; /* heap for zombies and ghosts */
@@ -533,11 +699,6 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 	rb_atomic_t finalizing;
     } atomic_flags;
 
-    struct mark_func_data_struct {
-	void *data;
-	void (*mark_func)(VALUE v, void *data);
-    } *mark_func_data;
-
     mark_stack_t mark_stack;
     size_t marked_slots;
 
@@ -569,9 +730,10 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 #endif
 	double invoke_time;
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	size_t minor_gc_count;
 	size_t major_gc_count;
+	size_t compact_count;
+	size_t read_barrier_faults;
 #if RGENGC_PROFILE > 0
 	size_t total_generated_normal_object_count;
 	size_t total_generated_shady_object_count;
@@ -589,7 +751,6 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 	size_t remembered_shady_object_count_types[RUBY_T_MASK];
 #endif
 #endif /* RGENGC_PROFILE */
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
 
 	/* temporary profiling space */
 	double gc_sweep_start_time;
@@ -606,7 +767,6 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 
     VALUE gc_stress_mode;
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     struct {
 	VALUE parent_object;
 	int need_major_gc;
@@ -626,13 +786,22 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 	size_t error_count;
 #endif
     } rgengc;
+
+    struct {
+        size_t considered_count_table[T_MASK];
+        size_t moved_count_table[T_MASK];
+        size_t total_moved;
+    } rcompactor;
+
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
     struct {
 	size_t pooled_slots;
 	size_t step_slots;
     } rincgc;
 #endif
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
+
+    st_table *id_to_obj_tbl;
+    st_table *obj_to_id_tbl;
 
 #if GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS
     VALUE stress_to_class;
@@ -640,26 +809,23 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 } rb_objspace_t;
 
 
-#ifndef HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG
 /* default tiny heap size: 16KB */
 #define HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG 14
-#endif
 #define CEILDIV(i, mod) (((i) + (mod) - 1)/(mod))
 enum {
     HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN = (1UL << HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG),
     HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_MASK = (~(~0UL << HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG)),
-    REQUIRED_SIZE_BY_MALLOC = (sizeof(size_t) * 5),
-    HEAP_PAGE_SIZE = (HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN - REQUIRED_SIZE_BY_MALLOC),
+    HEAP_PAGE_SIZE = HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN,
     HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT = (unsigned int)((HEAP_PAGE_SIZE - sizeof(struct heap_page_header))/sizeof(struct RVALUE)),
     HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT = CEILDIV(CEILDIV(HEAP_PAGE_SIZE, sizeof(struct RVALUE)), BITS_BITLENGTH),
     HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE = (BITS_SIZE * HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT),
-    HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_PLANES = USE_RGENGC ? 4 : 1 /* RGENGC: mark, unprotected, uncollectible, marking */
+    HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_PLANES = 4 /* RGENGC: mark, unprotected, uncollectible, marking */
 };
 
 struct heap_page {
-    struct heap_page *prev;
     short total_slots;
     short free_slots;
+    short pinned_slots;
     short final_slots;
     struct {
 	unsigned int before_sweep : 1;
@@ -671,17 +837,16 @@ struct heap_page {
     struct heap_page *free_next;
     RVALUE *start;
     RVALUE *freelist;
-    struct heap_page *next;
+    struct list_node page_node;
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     bits_t wb_unprotected_bits[HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT];
-#endif
     /* the following three bitmaps are cleared at the beginning of full GC */
     bits_t mark_bits[HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT];
-#if USE_RGENGC
     bits_t uncollectible_bits[HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT];
     bits_t marking_bits[HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT];
-#endif
+
+    /* If set, the object is not movable */
+    bits_t pinned_bits[HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT];
 };
 
 #define GET_PAGE_BODY(x)   ((struct heap_page_body *)((bits_t)(x) & ~(HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_MASK)))
@@ -700,20 +865,14 @@ struct heap_page {
 
 /* getting bitmap */
 #define GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(x)           (&GET_HEAP_PAGE(x)->mark_bits[0])
-#if USE_RGENGC
+#define GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(x)         (&GET_HEAP_PAGE(x)->pinned_bits[0])
 #define GET_HEAP_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITS(x)  (&GET_HEAP_PAGE(x)->uncollectible_bits[0])
 #define GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(x) (&GET_HEAP_PAGE(x)->wb_unprotected_bits[0])
 #define GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(x)        (&GET_HEAP_PAGE(x)->marking_bits[0])
-#endif
 
 /* Aliases */
-#if defined(ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE) && ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE
 #define rb_objspace (*rb_objspace_of(GET_VM()))
 #define rb_objspace_of(vm) ((vm)->objspace)
-#else
-static rb_objspace_t rb_objspace = {{GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_MIN}};
-#define rb_objspace_of(vm) (&rb_objspace)
-#endif
 
 #define ruby_initial_gc_stress	gc_params.gc_stress
 
@@ -733,7 +892,6 @@ VALUE *ruby_initial_gc_stress_ptr = &ruby_initial_gc_stress;
 #define heap_pages_deferred_final	objspace->heap_pages.deferred_final
 #define heap_eden               (&objspace->eden_heap)
 #define heap_tomb               (&objspace->tomb_heap)
-#define dont_gc 		objspace->flags.dont_gc
 #define during_gc		objspace->flags.during_gc
 #define finalizing		objspace->atomic_flags.finalizing
 #define finalizer_table 	objspace->finalizer_table
@@ -746,6 +904,18 @@ VALUE *ruby_initial_gc_stress_ptr = &ruby_initial_gc_stress;
 #define stress_to_class         0
 #endif
 
+#if 0
+#define dont_gc_on()          (fprintf(stderr, "dont_gc_on@%s:%d\n",      __FILE__, __LINE__), objspace->flags.dont_gc = 1)
+#define dont_gc_off()         (fprintf(stderr, "dont_gc_off@%s:%d\n",     __FILE__, __LINE__), objspace->flags.dont_gc = 0)
+#define dont_gc_set(b)        (fprintf(stderr, "dont_gc_set(%d)@%s:%d\n", __FILE__, __LINE__), (int)b), objspace->flags.dont_gc = (b))
+#define dont_gc_val()         (objspace->flags.dont_gc)
+#else
+#define dont_gc_on()          (objspace->flags.dont_gc = 1)
+#define dont_gc_off()         (objspace->flags.dont_gc = 0)
+#define dont_gc_set(b)        (((int)b), objspace->flags.dont_gc = (b))
+#define dont_gc_val()         (objspace->flags.dont_gc)
+#endif
+
 static inline enum gc_mode
 gc_mode_verify(enum gc_mode mode)
 {
@@ -767,11 +937,7 @@ gc_mode_verify(enum gc_mode mode)
 
 #define is_marking(objspace)             (gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_marking)
 #define is_sweeping(objspace)            (gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_sweeping)
-#if USE_RGENGC
 #define is_full_marking(objspace)        ((objspace)->flags.during_minor_gc == FALSE)
-#else
-#define is_full_marking(objspace)        TRUE
-#endif
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 #define is_incremental_marking(objspace) ((objspace)->flags.during_incremental_marking != FALSE)
 #else
@@ -782,7 +948,7 @@ gc_mode_verify(enum gc_mode mode)
 #else
 #define will_be_incremental_marking(objspace) FALSE
 #endif
-#define has_sweeping_pages(heap)         ((heap)->sweep_pages != 0)
+#define has_sweeping_pages(heap)         ((heap)->sweeping_page != 0)
 #define is_lazy_sweeping(heap)           (GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP && has_sweeping_pages(heap))
 
 #if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
@@ -809,54 +975,67 @@ struct RZombie {
 
 #define nomem_error GET_VM()->special_exceptions[ruby_error_nomemory]
 
+#if RUBY_MARK_FREE_DEBUG
 int ruby_gc_debug_indent = 0;
+#endif
 VALUE rb_mGC;
 int ruby_disable_gc = 0;
+int ruby_enable_autocompact = 0;
 
 void rb_iseq_mark(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+void rb_iseq_update_references(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 void rb_iseq_free(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+size_t rb_iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+void rb_vm_update_references(void *ptr);
 
 void rb_gcdebug_print_obj_condition(VALUE obj);
 
-static void rb_objspace_call_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 static VALUE define_final0(VALUE obj, VALUE block);
 
-static void negative_size_allocation_error(const char *);
-static void *aligned_malloc(size_t, size_t);
-static void aligned_free(void *);
+NORETURN(static void *gc_vraise(void *ptr));
+NORETURN(static void gc_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...));
+NORETURN(static void negative_size_allocation_error(const char *));
 
 static void init_mark_stack(mark_stack_t *stack);
 
 static int ready_to_gc(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 
-static int garbage_collect(rb_objspace_t *, int full_mark, int immediate_mark, int immediate_sweep, int reason);
+static int garbage_collect(rb_objspace_t *, int reason);
 
-static int  gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const int full_mark, const int immediate_mark, const unsigned int immediate_sweep, int reason);
+static int  gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int reason);
 static void gc_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
-static inline void gc_enter(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *event);
-static inline void gc_exit(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *event);
+
+enum gc_enter_event {
+    gc_enter_event_start,
+    gc_enter_event_mark_continue,
+    gc_enter_event_sweep_continue,
+    gc_enter_event_rest,
+    gc_enter_event_finalizer,
+    gc_enter_event_rb_memerror,
+};
+
+static inline void gc_enter(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_enter_event event, unsigned int *lock_lev);
+static inline void gc_exit(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_enter_event event, unsigned int *lock_lev);
 
 static void gc_marks(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark);
 static void gc_marks_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full);
 static int  gc_marks_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 static void gc_marks_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
-#if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
-static void gc_marks_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int slots);
+static void gc_marks_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t slots);
 static void gc_marks_continue(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap);
-#endif
 
 static void gc_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 static void gc_sweep_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 static void gc_sweep_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 static int  gc_sweep_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap);
 static void gc_sweep_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
-#if GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP
 static void gc_sweep_continue(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap);
-#endif
 
 static inline void gc_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr);
+static inline void gc_pin(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr);
+static inline void gc_mark_and_pin(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr);
 static void gc_mark_ptr(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr);
-static void gc_mark_maybe(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr);
+NO_SANITIZE("memory", static void gc_mark_maybe(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr));
 static void gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr);
 
 static int gc_mark_stacked_objects_incremental(rb_objspace_t *, size_t count);
@@ -864,7 +1043,7 @@ static int gc_mark_stacked_objects_all(rb_objspace_t *);
 static void gc_grey(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr);
 
 static inline int gc_mark_set(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj);
-static inline int is_pointer_to_heap(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr);
+NO_SANITIZE("memory", static inline int is_pointer_to_heap(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr));
 
 static void   push_mark_stack(mark_stack_t *, VALUE);
 static int    pop_mark_stack(mark_stack_t *, VALUE *);
@@ -872,11 +1051,12 @@ static size_t mark_stack_size(mark_stack_t *stack);
 static void   shrink_stack_chunk_cache(mark_stack_t *stack);
 
 static size_t obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types);
-static VALUE gc_verify_internal_consistency(VALUE self);
+static void gc_verify_internal_consistency(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 static int gc_verify_heap_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page, VALUE obj);
 static int gc_verify_heap_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace);
 
 static void gc_stress_set(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE flag);
+static VALUE gc_disable_no_rest(rb_objspace_t *);
 
 static double getrusage_time(void);
 static inline void gc_prof_setup_new_record(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int reason);
@@ -889,23 +1069,26 @@ static inline void gc_prof_sweep_timer_stop(rb_objspace_t *);
 static inline void gc_prof_set_malloc_info(rb_objspace_t *);
 static inline void gc_prof_set_heap_info(rb_objspace_t *);
 
+#define TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(_objspace, _type, _thing) do { \
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(_objspace, (VALUE)_thing)) { \
+       *((_type *)(&_thing)) = (_type)RMOVED((_thing))->destination; \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define UPDATE_IF_MOVED(_objspace, _thing) TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(_objspace, VALUE, _thing)
+
 #define gc_prof_record(objspace) (objspace)->profile.current_record
 #define gc_prof_enabled(objspace) ((objspace)->profile.run && (objspace)->profile.current_record)
 
 #ifdef HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
-# define gc_report(level, objspace, fmt, ...) \
-    if ((level) > RGENGC_DEBUG) {} else gc_report_body(level, objspace, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+# define gc_report(level, objspace, ...) \
+    if (!RGENGC_DEBUG_ENABLED(level)) {} else gc_report_body(level, objspace, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
-# define gc_report if (!(RGENGC_DEBUG)) {} else gc_report_body
+# define gc_report if (!RGENGC_DEBUG_ENABLED(0)) {} else gc_report_body
 #endif
 PRINTF_ARGS(static void gc_report_body(int level, rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *fmt, ...), 3, 4);
 static const char *obj_info(VALUE obj);
-
-#define PUSH_MARK_FUNC_DATA(v) do { \
-    struct mark_func_data_struct *prev_mark_func_data = objspace->mark_func_data; \
-    objspace->mark_func_data = (v);
-
-#define POP_MARK_FUNC_DATA() objspace->mark_func_data = prev_mark_func_data;} while (0)
+static const char *obj_type_name(VALUE obj);
 
 /*
  * 1 - TSC (H/W Time Stamp Counter)
@@ -959,6 +1142,19 @@ tick(void)
     return val;
 }
 
+#elif defined(__aarch64__) &&  defined(__GNUC__)
+typedef unsigned long tick_t;
+#define PRItick "lu"
+
+static __inline__ tick_t
+tick(void)
+{
+    unsigned long val;
+    __asm__ __volatile__ ("mrs %0, cntvct_el0", : "=r" (val));
+    return val;
+}
+
+
 #elif defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MSC_VER)
 #include <intrin.h>
 typedef unsigned __int64 tick_t;
@@ -1006,14 +1202,25 @@ tick(void)
 #define MEASURE_LINE(expr) expr
 #endif /* USE_TICK_T */
 
-#define FL_TEST2(x,f)         ((RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && SPECIAL_CONST_P(x)) ? (rb_bug("FL_TEST2: SPECIAL_CONST (%p)", (void *)(x)), 0) : FL_TEST_RAW((x),(f)) != 0)
-#define FL_SET2(x,f)          do {if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && SPECIAL_CONST_P(x)) rb_bug("FL_SET2: SPECIAL_CONST");   RBASIC(x)->flags |= (f);} while (0)
-#define FL_UNSET2(x,f)        do {if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && SPECIAL_CONST_P(x)) rb_bug("FL_UNSET2: SPECIAL_CONST"); RBASIC(x)->flags &= ~(f);} while (0)
+static inline void *
+asan_unpoison_object_temporary(VALUE obj)
+{
+    void *ptr = asan_poisoned_object_p(obj);
+    asan_unpoison_object(obj, false);
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+#define FL_CHECK2(name, x, pred) \
+    ((RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && SPECIAL_CONST_P(x)) ? \
+     (rb_bug(name": SPECIAL_CONST (%p)", (void *)(x)), 0) : (pred))
+#define FL_TEST2(x,f)  FL_CHECK2("FL_TEST2",  x, FL_TEST_RAW((x),(f)) != 0)
+#define FL_SET2(x,f)   FL_CHECK2("FL_SET2",   x, RBASIC(x)->flags |= (f))
+#define FL_UNSET2(x,f) FL_CHECK2("FL_UNSET2", x, RBASIC(x)->flags &= ~(f))
 
 #define RVALUE_MARK_BITMAP(obj)           MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), (obj))
+#define RVALUE_PIN_BITMAP(obj)            MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(obj), (obj))
 #define RVALUE_PAGE_MARKED(page, obj)     MARKED_IN_BITMAP((page)->mark_bits, (obj))
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 #define RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITMAP(obj) MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), (obj))
 #define RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITMAP(obj)  MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITS(obj), (obj))
 #define RVALUE_MARKING_BITMAP(obj)        MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), (obj))
@@ -1026,6 +1233,7 @@ tick(void)
 #define RVALUE_AGE_SHIFT 5 /* FL_PROMOTED0 bit */
 
 static int rgengc_remembered(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj);
+static int rgengc_remembered_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj);
 static int rgengc_remember(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj);
 static void rgengc_mark_and_rememberset_clear(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap);
 static void rgengc_rememberset_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap);
@@ -1036,8 +1244,107 @@ RVALUE_FLAGS_AGE(VALUE flags)
     return (int)((flags & (FL_PROMOTED0 | FL_PROMOTED1)) >> RVALUE_AGE_SHIFT);
 }
 
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
+static int
+check_rvalue_consistency_force(const VALUE obj, int terminate)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_NO_BARRIER();
+    {
+        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %p is a special const.\n", (void *)obj);
+            err++;
+        }
+        else if (!is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, (void *)obj)) {
+            /* check if it is in tomb_pages */
+            struct heap_page *page = NULL;
+            list_for_each(&heap_tomb->pages, page, page_node) {
+                if (&page->start[0] <= (RVALUE *)obj &&
+                    (RVALUE *)obj < &page->start[page->total_slots]) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %p is in a tomb_heap (%p).\n",
+                            (void *)obj, (void *)page);
+                    err++;
+                    goto skip;
+                }
+            }
+            bp();
+            fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %p is not a Ruby object.\n", (void *)obj);
+            err++;
+          skip:
+            ;
+        }
+        else {
+            const int wb_unprotected_bit = RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
+            const int uncollectible_bit = RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
+            const int mark_bit = RVALUE_MARK_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
+            const int marking_bit = RVALUE_MARKING_BITMAP(obj) != 0, remembered_bit = marking_bit;
+            const int age = RVALUE_FLAGS_AGE(RBASIC(obj)->flags);
+
+            if (GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->flags.in_tomb) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is in tomb page.\n", obj_info(obj));
+                err++;
+            }
+            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is T_NONE.\n", obj_info(obj));
+                err++;
+            }
+            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_ZOMBIE) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is T_ZOMBIE.\n", obj_info(obj));
+                err++;
+            }
+
+            obj_memsize_of((VALUE)obj, FALSE);
+
+            /* check generation
+             *
+             * OLD == age == 3 && old-bitmap && mark-bit (except incremental marking)
+             */
+            if (age > 0 && wb_unprotected_bit) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is not WB protected, but age is %d > 0.\n", obj_info(obj), age);
+                err++;
+            }
+
+            if (!is_marking(objspace) && uncollectible_bit && !mark_bit) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is uncollectible, but is not marked while !gc.\n", obj_info(obj));
+                err++;
+            }
+
+            if (!is_full_marking(objspace)) {
+                if (uncollectible_bit && age != RVALUE_OLD_AGE && !wb_unprotected_bit) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is uncollectible, but not old (age: %d) and not WB unprotected.\n",
+                            obj_info(obj), age);
+                    err++;
+                }
+                if (remembered_bit && age != RVALUE_OLD_AGE) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is remembered, but not old (age: %d).\n",
+                            obj_info(obj), age);
+                    err++;
+                }
+            }
 
+            /*
+             * check coloring
+             *
+             *               marking:false marking:true
+             * marked:false  white         *invalid*
+             * marked:true   black         grey
+             */
+            if (is_incremental_marking(objspace) && marking_bit) {
+                if (!is_marking(objspace) && !mark_bit) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "check_rvalue_consistency: %s is marking, but not marked.\n", obj_info(obj));
+                    err++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_NO_BARRIER();
+
+    if (err > 0 && terminate) {
+        rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency_force: there is %d errors.", err);
+    }
+    return err;
+}
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE == 0
 static inline VALUE
@@ -1049,60 +1356,30 @@ check_rvalue_consistency(const VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 check_rvalue_consistency(const VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+    check_rvalue_consistency_force(obj, TRUE);
+    return obj;
+}
+#endif
 
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %p is a special const.", (void *)obj);
-    }
-    else if (!is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, (void *)obj)) {
-	rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %p is not a Ruby object.", (void *)obj);
+static inline int
+gc_object_moved_p(rb_objspace_t * objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return FALSE;
     }
     else {
-	const int wb_unprotected_bit = RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
-	const int uncollectible_bit = RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
-	const int mark_bit = RVALUE_MARK_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
-	const int marking_bit = RVALUE_MARKING_BITMAP(obj) != 0, remembered_bit = marking_bit;
-	const int age = RVALUE_FLAGS_AGE(RBASIC(obj)->flags);
-
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE)   rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %s is T_NONE", obj_info(obj));
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_ZOMBIE) rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %s is T_ZOMBIE", obj_info(obj));
-	obj_memsize_of((VALUE)obj, FALSE);
-
-	/* check generation
-	 *
-	 * OLD == age == 3 && old-bitmap && mark-bit (except incremental marking)
-	 */
-	if (age > 0 && wb_unprotected_bit) {
-	    rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %s is not WB protected, but age is %d > 0.", obj_info(obj), age);
-	}
-
-	if (!is_marking(objspace) && uncollectible_bit && !mark_bit) {
-	    rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %s is uncollectible, but is not marked while !gc.", obj_info(obj));
-	}
-
-	if (!is_full_marking(objspace)) {
-	    if (uncollectible_bit && age != RVALUE_OLD_AGE && !wb_unprotected_bit) {
-		rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %s is uncollectible, but not old (age: %d) and not WB unprotected.", obj_info(obj), age);
-	    }
-	    if (remembered_bit && age != RVALUE_OLD_AGE) {
-		rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %s is rememberd, but not old (age: %d).", obj_info(obj), age);
-	    }
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * check coloring
-	 *
-	 *               marking:false marking:true
-	 * marked:false  white         *invalid*
-	 * marked:true   black         grey
-	 */
-	if (is_incremental_marking(objspace) && marking_bit) {
-	    if (!is_marking(objspace) && !mark_bit) rb_bug("check_rvalue_consistency: %s is marking, but not marked.", obj_info(obj));
-	}
+        void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(obj);
+        asan_unpoison_object(obj, false);
+
+        int ret =  BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MOVED;
+        /* Re-poison slot if it's not the one we want */
+        if (poisoned) {
+            GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE);
+            asan_poison_object(obj);
+        }
+        return ret;
     }
-    return obj;
 }
-#endif
 
 static inline int
 RVALUE_MARKED(VALUE obj)
@@ -1111,7 +1388,13 @@ RVALUE_MARKED(VALUE obj)
     return RVALUE_MARK_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
 }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
+static inline int
+RVALUE_PINNED(VALUE obj)
+{
+    check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
+    return RVALUE_PIN_BITMAP(obj) != 0;
+}
+
 static inline int
 RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -1168,6 +1451,7 @@ RVALUE_PAGE_OLD_UNCOLLECTIBLE_SET(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *pag
 {
     MARK_IN_BITMAP(&page->uncollectible_bits[0], obj);
     objspace->rgengc.old_objects++;
+    rb_transient_heap_promote(obj);
 
 #if RGENGC_PROFILE >= 2
     objspace->profile.total_promoted_count++;
@@ -1178,6 +1462,7 @@ RVALUE_PAGE_OLD_UNCOLLECTIBLE_SET(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *pag
 static inline void
 RVALUE_OLD_UNCOLLECTIBLE_SET(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_promote);
     RVALUE_PAGE_OLD_UNCOLLECTIBLE_SET(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj), obj);
 }
 
@@ -1214,7 +1499,7 @@ static inline void
 RVALUE_AGE_SET_OLD(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(!RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
+    GC_ASSERT(!RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
 
     RBASIC(obj)->flags = RVALUE_FLAGS_AGE_SET(RBASIC(obj)->flags, RVALUE_OLD_AGE);
     RVALUE_OLD_UNCOLLECTIBLE_SET(objspace, obj);
@@ -1227,7 +1512,7 @@ static inline void
 RVALUE_AGE_SET_CANDIDATE(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(!RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
+    GC_ASSERT(!RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
 
     RBASIC(obj)->flags = RVALUE_FLAGS_AGE_SET(RBASIC(obj)->flags, RVALUE_OLD_AGE - 1);
 
@@ -1245,7 +1530,7 @@ static inline void
 RVALUE_DEMOTE(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
+    GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
 
     if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace) && RVALUE_REMEMBERED(obj)) {
 	CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj);
@@ -1270,7 +1555,8 @@ static inline void
 RVALUE_AGE_RESET(VALUE obj)
 {
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(!RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
+    GC_ASSERT(!RVALUE_OLD_P(obj));
+
     RVALUE_AGE_RESET_RAW(obj);
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
 }
@@ -1295,21 +1581,24 @@ RVALUE_WHITE_P(VALUE obj)
     return RVALUE_MARKED(obj) == FALSE;
 }
 
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
-
 /*
   --------------------------- ObjectSpace -----------------------------
 */
 
+static inline void *
+calloc1(size_t n)
+{
+    return calloc(1, n);
+}
+
 rb_objspace_t *
 rb_objspace_alloc(void)
 {
-#if defined(ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE) && ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = calloc(1, sizeof(rb_objspace_t));
-#else
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-#endif
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = calloc1(sizeof(rb_objspace_t));
     malloc_limit = gc_params.malloc_limit_min;
+    list_head_init(&objspace->eden_heap.pages);
+    list_head_init(&objspace->tomb_heap.pages);
+    dont_gc_on();
 
     return objspace;
 }
@@ -1348,102 +1637,137 @@ rb_objspace_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 
 	objspace->eden_heap.total_pages = 0;
 	objspace->eden_heap.total_slots = 0;
-	objspace->eden_heap.pages = NULL;
     }
+    st_free_table(objspace->id_to_obj_tbl);
+    st_free_table(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl);
     free_stack_chunks(&objspace->mark_stack);
-#if !(defined(ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE) && ENABLE_VM_OBJSPACE)
-    if (objspace == &rb_objspace) return;
-#endif
     free(objspace);
 }
 
 static void
+heap_pages_expand_sorted_to(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t next_length)
+{
+    struct heap_page **sorted;
+    size_t size = size_mul_or_raise(next_length, sizeof(struct heap_page *), rb_eRuntimeError);
+
+    gc_report(3, objspace, "heap_pages_expand_sorted: next_length: %"PRIdSIZE", size: %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+              next_length, size);
+
+    if (heap_pages_sorted_length > 0) {
+	sorted = (struct heap_page **)realloc(heap_pages_sorted, size);
+	if (sorted) heap_pages_sorted = sorted;
+    }
+    else {
+	sorted = heap_pages_sorted = (struct heap_page **)malloc(size);
+    }
+
+    if (sorted == 0) {
+	rb_memerror();
+    }
+
+    heap_pages_sorted_length = next_length;
+}
+
+static void
 heap_pages_expand_sorted(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
+    /* usually heap_allocatable_pages + heap_eden->total_pages == heap_pages_sorted_length
+     * because heap_allocatable_pages contains heap_tomb->total_pages (recycle heap_tomb pages).
+     * however, if there are pages which do not have empty slots, then try to create new pages
+     * so that the additional allocatable_pages counts (heap_tomb->total_pages) are added.
+     */
     size_t next_length = heap_allocatable_pages;
     next_length += heap_eden->total_pages;
     next_length += heap_tomb->total_pages;
 
     if (next_length > heap_pages_sorted_length) {
-	struct heap_page **sorted;
-	size_t size = next_length * sizeof(struct heap_page *);
-
-	gc_report(3, objspace, "heap_pages_expand_sorted: next_length: %d, size: %d\n", (int)next_length, (int)size);
-
-	if (heap_pages_sorted_length > 0) {
-	    sorted = (struct heap_page **)realloc(heap_pages_sorted, size);
-	    if (sorted) heap_pages_sorted = sorted;
-	}
-	else {
-	    sorted = heap_pages_sorted = (struct heap_page **)malloc(size);
-	}
+	heap_pages_expand_sorted_to(objspace, next_length);
+    }
 
-	if (sorted == 0) {
-	    rb_memerror();
-	}
+    GC_ASSERT(heap_allocatable_pages + heap_eden->total_pages <= heap_pages_sorted_length);
+    GC_ASSERT(heap_allocated_pages <= heap_pages_sorted_length);
+}
 
-	heap_pages_sorted_length = next_length;
-    }
+static void
+heap_allocatable_pages_set(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t s)
+{
+    heap_allocatable_pages = s;
+    heap_pages_expand_sorted(objspace);
 }
 
 static inline void
 heap_page_add_freeobj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page, VALUE obj)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
     RVALUE *p = (RVALUE *)obj;
+
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+
     p->as.free.flags = 0;
     p->as.free.next = page->freelist;
     page->freelist = p;
+    asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && !is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, p)) {
-	rb_bug("heap_page_add_freeobj: %p is not rvalue.", p);
+    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE &&
+        /* obj should belong to page */
+        !(&page->start[0] <= (RVALUE *)obj &&
+          (RVALUE *)obj   <  &page->start[page->total_slots] &&
+          obj % sizeof(RVALUE) == 0)) {
+        rb_bug("heap_page_add_freeobj: %p is not rvalue.", (void *)p);
     }
 
+    asan_poison_object(obj);
     gc_report(3, objspace, "heap_page_add_freeobj: add %p to freelist\n", (void *)obj);
 }
 
 static inline void
-heap_add_freepage(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *page)
+heap_add_freepage(rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *page)
 {
-    if (page->freelist) {
-	page->free_next = heap->free_pages;
-	heap->free_pages = page;
-    }
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+    GC_ASSERT(page->free_slots != 0);
+    GC_ASSERT(page->freelist != NULL);
+
+    page->free_next = heap->free_pages;
+    heap->free_pages = page;
+
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("page:%p freelist:%p", page, page->freelist);
+
+    asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
 }
 
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
-static inline int
+static inline void
 heap_add_poolpage(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *page)
 {
-    if (page->freelist) {
-	page->free_next = heap->pooled_pages;
-	heap->pooled_pages = page;
-	objspace->rincgc.pooled_slots += page->free_slots;
-	return TRUE;
-    }
-    else {
-	return FALSE;
-    }
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+    GC_ASSERT(page->free_slots != 0);
+    GC_ASSERT(page->freelist != NULL);
+
+    page->free_next = heap->pooled_pages;
+    heap->pooled_pages = page;
+    objspace->rincgc.pooled_slots += page->free_slots;
+
+    asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
 }
 #endif
 
 static void
 heap_unlink_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *page)
 {
-    if (page->prev) page->prev->next = page->next;
-    if (page->next) page->next->prev = page->prev;
-    if (heap->pages == page) heap->pages = page->next;
-    page->prev = NULL;
-    page->next = NULL;
+    list_del(&page->page_node);
     heap->total_pages--;
     heap->total_slots -= page->total_slots;
 }
 
+static void rb_aligned_free(void *ptr);
+
 static void
 heap_page_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page)
 {
     heap_allocated_pages--;
     objspace->profile.total_freed_pages++;
-    aligned_free(GET_PAGE_BODY(page->start));
+    rb_aligned_free(GET_PAGE_BODY(page->start));
     free(page);
 }
 
@@ -1452,7 +1776,7 @@ heap_pages_free_unused_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
     size_t i, j;
 
-    if (heap_tomb->pages) {
+    if (!list_empty(&heap_tomb->pages)) {
 	for (i = j = 1; j < heap_allocated_pages; i++) {
 	    struct heap_page *page = heap_pages_sorted[i];
 
@@ -1467,7 +1791,13 @@ heap_pages_free_unused_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 		j++;
 	    }
 	}
-	if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(j == heap_allocated_pages);
+
+        struct heap_page *hipage = heap_pages_sorted[heap_allocated_pages - 1];
+        RVALUE *himem = hipage->start + hipage->total_slots;
+        GC_ASSERT(himem <= heap_pages_himem);
+        heap_pages_himem = himem;
+
+	GC_ASSERT(j == heap_allocated_pages);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1481,15 +1811,15 @@ heap_page_allocate(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     int limit = HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT;
 
     /* assign heap_page body (contains heap_page_header and RVALUEs) */
-    page_body = (struct heap_page_body *)aligned_malloc(HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN, HEAP_PAGE_SIZE);
+    page_body = (struct heap_page_body *)rb_aligned_malloc(HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN, HEAP_PAGE_SIZE);
     if (page_body == 0) {
 	rb_memerror();
     }
 
     /* assign heap_page entry */
-    page = (struct heap_page *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct heap_page));
+    page = calloc1(sizeof(struct heap_page));
     if (page == 0) {
-	aligned_free(page_body);
+        rb_aligned_free(page_body);
 	rb_memerror();
     }
 
@@ -1520,6 +1850,7 @@ heap_page_allocate(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 	    rb_bug("same heap page is allocated: %p at %"PRIuVALUE, (void *)page_body, (VALUE)mid);
 	}
     }
+
     if (hi < heap_allocated_pages) {
 	MEMMOVE(&heap_pages_sorted[hi+1], &heap_pages_sorted[hi], struct heap_page_header*, heap_allocated_pages - hi);
     }
@@ -1527,9 +1858,17 @@ heap_page_allocate(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     heap_pages_sorted[hi] = page;
 
     heap_allocated_pages++;
+
+    GC_ASSERT(heap_eden->total_pages + heap_allocatable_pages <= heap_pages_sorted_length);
+    GC_ASSERT(heap_eden->total_pages + heap_tomb->total_pages == heap_allocated_pages - 1);
+    GC_ASSERT(heap_allocated_pages <= heap_pages_sorted_length);
+
     objspace->profile.total_allocated_pages++;
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(heap_allocated_pages <= heap_pages_sorted_length);
+    if (heap_allocated_pages > heap_pages_sorted_length) {
+	rb_bug("heap_page_allocate: allocated(%"PRIdSIZE") > sorted(%"PRIdSIZE")",
+	       heap_allocated_pages, heap_pages_sorted_length);
+    }
 
     if (heap_pages_lomem == 0 || heap_pages_lomem > start) heap_pages_lomem = start;
     if (heap_pages_himem < end) heap_pages_himem = end;
@@ -1539,25 +1878,27 @@ heap_page_allocate(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     page_body->header.page = page;
 
     for (p = start; p != end; p++) {
-	gc_report(3, objspace, "assign_heap_page: %p is added to freelist\n", p);
+	gc_report(3, objspace, "assign_heap_page: %p is added to freelist\n", (void *)p);
 	heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, page, (VALUE)p);
     }
     page->free_slots = limit;
 
+    asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
     return page;
 }
 
 static struct heap_page *
 heap_page_resurrect(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    struct heap_page *page = heap_tomb->pages;
+    struct heap_page *page = 0, *next;
 
-    while (page) {
+    list_for_each_safe(&heap_tomb->pages, page, next, page_node) {
+        asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
 	if (page->freelist != NULL) {
 	    heap_unlink_page(objspace, heap_tomb, page);
+            asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
 	    return page;
 	}
-	page = page->next;
     }
 
     return NULL;
@@ -1566,24 +1907,32 @@ heap_page_resurrect(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 static struct heap_page *
 heap_page_create(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    struct heap_page *page = heap_page_resurrect(objspace);
+    struct heap_page *page;
     const char *method = "recycle";
+
+    heap_allocatable_pages--;
+
+    page = heap_page_resurrect(objspace);
+
     if (page == NULL) {
 	page = heap_page_allocate(objspace);
 	method = "allocate";
     }
-    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "heap_page_create: %s - %p, heap_allocated_pages: %d, heap_allocated_pages: %d, tomb->total_pages: %d\n",
-		   method, page, (int)heap_pages_sorted_length, (int)heap_allocated_pages, (int)heap_tomb->total_pages);
+    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "heap_page_create: %s - %p, "
+                   "heap_allocated_pages: %"PRIdSIZE", "
+                   "heap_allocated_pages: %"PRIdSIZE", "
+                   "tomb->total_pages: %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+                   method, (void *)page, heap_pages_sorted_length, heap_allocated_pages, heap_tomb->total_pages);
     return page;
 }
 
 static void
 heap_add_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *page)
 {
+    /* Adding to eden heap during incremental sweeping is forbidden */
+    GC_ASSERT(!(heap == heap_eden && heap->sweeping_page));
     page->flags.in_tomb = (heap == heap_tomb);
-    page->next = heap->pages;
-    if (heap->pages) heap->pages->prev = page;
-    heap->pages = page;
+    list_add_tail(&heap->pages, &page->page_node);
     heap->total_pages++;
     heap->total_slots += page->total_slots;
 }
@@ -1593,7 +1942,7 @@ heap_assign_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
     struct heap_page *page = heap_page_create(objspace);
     heap_add_page(objspace, heap, page);
-    heap_add_freepage(objspace, heap, page);
+    heap_add_freepage(heap, page);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1601,12 +1950,13 @@ heap_add_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, size_t add)
 {
     size_t i;
 
-    heap_allocatable_pages = add;
-    heap_pages_expand_sorted(objspace);
+    heap_allocatable_pages_set(objspace, add);
+
     for (i = 0; i < add; i++) {
 	heap_assign_page(objspace, heap);
     }
-    heap_allocatable_pages = 0;
+
+    GC_ASSERT(heap_allocatable_pages == 0);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -1656,19 +2006,23 @@ heap_set_increment(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t additional_pages)
 
     if (next_used_limit == heap_allocated_pages) next_used_limit++;
 
-    heap_allocatable_pages = next_used_limit - used;
-    heap_pages_expand_sorted(objspace);
+    heap_allocatable_pages_set(objspace, next_used_limit - used);
 
-    gc_report(1, objspace, "heap_set_increment: heap_allocatable_pages is %d\n", (int)heap_allocatable_pages);
+    gc_report(1, objspace, "heap_set_increment: heap_allocatable_pages is %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+              heap_allocatable_pages);
 }
 
 static int
 heap_increment(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
     if (heap_allocatable_pages > 0) {
-	gc_report(1, objspace, "heap_increment: heap_pages_sorted_length: %d, heap_pages_inc: %d, heap->total_pages: %d\n",
-		  (int)heap_pages_sorted_length, (int)heap_allocatable_pages, (int)heap->total_pages);
-	heap_allocatable_pages--;
+	gc_report(1, objspace, "heap_increment: heap_pages_sorted_length: %"PRIdSIZE", "
+                  "heap_pages_inc: %"PRIdSIZE", heap->total_pages: %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+		  heap_pages_sorted_length, heap_allocatable_pages, heap->total_pages);
+
+	GC_ASSERT(heap_allocatable_pages + heap_eden->total_pages <= heap_pages_sorted_length);
+	GC_ASSERT(heap_allocated_pages <= heap_pages_sorted_length);
+
 	heap_assign_page(objspace, heap);
 	return TRUE;
     }
@@ -1678,72 +2032,22 @@ heap_increment(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 static void
 heap_prepare(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(heap->free_pages == NULL);
+    GC_ASSERT(heap->free_pages == NULL);
 
-#if GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP
     if (is_lazy_sweeping(heap)) {
 	gc_sweep_continue(objspace, heap);
     }
-#endif
-#if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
     else if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
 	gc_marks_continue(objspace, heap);
     }
-#endif
 
     if (heap->free_pages == NULL &&
 	(will_be_incremental_marking(objspace) || heap_increment(objspace, heap) == FALSE) &&
-	gc_start(objspace, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ) == FALSE) {
+	gc_start(objspace, GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ) == FALSE) {
 	rb_memerror();
     }
 }
 
-static RVALUE *
-heap_get_freeobj_from_next_freepage(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
-{
-    struct heap_page *page;
-    RVALUE *p;
-
-    while (heap->free_pages == NULL) {
-	heap_prepare(objspace, heap);
-    }
-    page = heap->free_pages;
-    heap->free_pages = page->free_next;
-    heap->using_page = page;
-
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(page->free_slots != 0);
-    p = page->freelist;
-    page->freelist = NULL;
-    page->free_slots = 0;
-    return p;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-heap_get_freeobj_head(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
-{
-    RVALUE *p = heap->freelist;
-    if (LIKELY(p != NULL)) {
-	heap->freelist = p->as.free.next;
-    }
-    return (VALUE)p;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-heap_get_freeobj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
-{
-    RVALUE *p = heap->freelist;
-
-    while (1) {
-	if (LIKELY(p != NULL)) {
-	    heap->freelist = p->as.free.next;
-	    return (VALUE)p;
-	}
-	else {
-	    p = heap_get_freeobj_from_next_freepage(objspace, heap);
-	}
-    }
-}
-
 void
 rb_objspace_set_event_hook(const rb_event_flag_t event)
 {
@@ -1753,184 +2057,308 @@ rb_objspace_set_event_hook(const rb_event_flag_t event)
 }
 
 static void
-gc_event_hook_body(rb_thread_t *th, rb_objspace_t *objspace, const rb_event_flag_t event, VALUE data)
+gc_event_hook_body(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_objspace_t *objspace, const rb_event_flag_t event, VALUE data)
 {
-    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, event, th->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, data);
+    const VALUE *pc = ec->cfp->pc;
+    if (pc && VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(ec->cfp)) {
+        /* increment PC because source line is calculated with PC-1 */
+        ec->cfp->pc++;
+    }
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, event, ec->cfp->self, 0, 0, 0, data);
+    ec->cfp->pc = pc;
 }
 
 #define gc_event_hook_available_p(objspace) ((objspace)->flags.has_hook)
 #define gc_event_hook_needed_p(objspace, event) ((objspace)->hook_events & (event))
 
-#define gc_event_hook(objspace, event, data) do { \
+#define gc_event_hook_prep(objspace, event, data, prep) do { \
     if (UNLIKELY(gc_event_hook_needed_p(objspace, event))) { \
-	gc_event_hook_body(GET_THREAD(), (objspace), (event), (data)); \
+        prep; \
+	gc_event_hook_body(GET_EC(), (objspace), (event), (data)); \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
+#define gc_event_hook(objspace, event, data) gc_event_hook_prep(objspace, event, data, (void)0)
+
 static inline VALUE
-newobj_init(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, int wb_protected, rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+newobj_init(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, int wb_protected, rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0) {
-	assert(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE);
-	assert((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
-    }
+#if !__has_feature(memory_sanitizer)
+    GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE);
+    GC_ASSERT((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
+#endif
+    RVALUE *p = RANY(obj);
+    p->as.basic.flags = flags;
+    *((VALUE *)&p->as.basic.klass) = klass;
 
-    /* OBJSETUP */
-    RBASIC(obj)->flags = flags;
-    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(obj, klass);
-    RANY(obj)->as.values.v1 = v1;
-    RANY(obj)->as.values.v2 = v2;
-    RANY(obj)->as.values.v3 = v3;
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE
+    rb_ractor_setup_belonging(obj);
+#endif
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
-    assert(RVALUE_MARKED(obj) == FALSE);
-    assert(RVALUE_MARKING(obj) == FALSE);
-    assert(RVALUE_OLD_P(obj) == FALSE);
-    assert(RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj) == FALSE);
+    p->as.values.v1 = p->as.values.v2 = p->as.values.v3 = 0;
 
-    if (flags & FL_PROMOTED1) {
-	if (RVALUE_AGE(obj) != 2) rb_bug("newobj: %s of age (%d) != 2.", obj_info(obj), RVALUE_AGE(obj));
-    }
-    else {
-	if (RVALUE_AGE(obj) > 0) rb_bug("newobj: %s of age (%d) > 0.", obj_info(obj), RVALUE_AGE(obj));
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_NO_BARRIER();
+    {
+        check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
+
+        GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_MARKED(obj) == FALSE);
+        GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_MARKING(obj) == FALSE);
+        GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_OLD_P(obj) == FALSE);
+        GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj) == FALSE);
+
+        if (flags & FL_PROMOTED1) {
+            if (RVALUE_AGE(obj) != 2) rb_bug("newobj: %s of age (%d) != 2.", obj_info(obj), RVALUE_AGE(obj));
+        }
+        else {
+            if (RVALUE_AGE(obj) > 0) rb_bug("newobj: %s of age (%d) > 0.", obj_info(obj), RVALUE_AGE(obj));
+        }
+        if (rgengc_remembered(objspace, (VALUE)obj)) rb_bug("newobj: %s is remembered.", obj_info(obj));
     }
-    if (rgengc_remembered(objspace, (VALUE)obj)) rb_bug("newobj: %s is remembered.", obj_info(obj));
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_NO_BARRIER();
 #endif
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     if (UNLIKELY(wb_protected == FALSE)) {
-	MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), obj);
+        ASSERT_vm_locking();
+        MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), obj);
     }
-#endif
+
+    // TODO: make it atomic, or ractor local
+    objspace->total_allocated_objects++;
 
 #if RGENGC_PROFILE
     if (wb_protected) {
-	objspace->profile.total_generated_normal_object_count++;
+        objspace->profile.total_generated_normal_object_count++;
 #if RGENGC_PROFILE >= 2
-	objspace->profile.generated_normal_object_count_types[BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)]++;
+        objspace->profile.generated_normal_object_count_types[BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)]++;
 #endif
     }
     else {
-	objspace->profile.total_generated_shady_object_count++;
+        objspace->profile.total_generated_shady_object_count++;
 #if RGENGC_PROFILE >= 2
-	objspace->profile.generated_shady_object_count_types[BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)]++;
+        objspace->profile.generated_shady_object_count_types[BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)]++;
 #endif
     }
 #endif
 
 #if GC_DEBUG
-    RANY(obj)->file = rb_source_loc(&RANY(obj)->line);
-    assert(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)); /* check alignment */
+    RANY(obj)->file = rb_source_location_cstr(&RANY(obj)->line);
+    GC_ASSERT(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)); /* check alignment */
 #endif
 
-    objspace->total_allocated_objects++;
-
     gc_report(5, objspace, "newobj: %s\n", obj_info(obj));
 
 #if RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK > 0
     {
-	static int newobj_cnt = RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK;
+        static int newobj_cnt = RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK;
 
-	if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace) &&
-	    flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED &&   /* do not promote WB unprotected objects */
-	    ! RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ARRAY)) { /* array.c assumes that allocated objects are new */
-	    if (--newobj_cnt == 0) {
-		newobj_cnt = RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK;
+        if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace) &&
+            flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED &&   /* do not promote WB unprotected objects */
+            ! RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ARRAY)) { /* array.c assumes that allocated objects are new */
+            if (--newobj_cnt == 0) {
+                newobj_cnt = RGENGC_OLD_NEWOBJ_CHECK;
 
-		gc_mark_set(objspace, obj);
-		RVALUE_AGE_SET_OLD(objspace, obj);
+                gc_mark_set(objspace, obj);
+                RVALUE_AGE_SET_OLD(objspace, obj);
 
-		rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(obj);
-	    }
-	}
+                rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(obj);
+            }
+        }
     }
 #endif
-    check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
+    // RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("obj:%p (%s)", (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj));
     return obj;
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-newobj_slowpath(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, rb_objspace_t *objspace, int wb_protected)
+ractor_cached_freeobj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    RVALUE *p = cr->newobj_cache.freelist;
+
+    if (p) {
+        VALUE obj = (VALUE)p;
+        cr->newobj_cache.freelist = p->as.free.next;
+        asan_unpoison_object(obj, true);
+        return obj;
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
+static struct heap_page *
+heap_next_freepage(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
+    struct heap_page *page;
+
+    while (heap->free_pages == NULL) {
+	heap_prepare(objspace, heap);
+    }
+    page = heap->free_pages;
+    heap->free_pages = page->free_next;
+
+    GC_ASSERT(page->free_slots != 0);
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("page:%p freelist:%p cnt:%d", page, page->freelist, page->free_slots);
+
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+
+    return page;
+}
+
+static inline void
+ractor_cache_slots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+    GC_ASSERT(cr->newobj_cache.freelist == NULL);
+
+    struct heap_page *page = heap_next_freepage(objspace, heap_eden);
+
+    cr->newobj_cache.using_page = page;
+    cr->newobj_cache.freelist = page->freelist;
+    page->free_slots = 0;
+    page->freelist = NULL;
+
+    GC_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P((VALUE)cr->newobj_cache.freelist, T_NONE));
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+newobj_fill(VALUE obj, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3)
+{
+    RVALUE *p = (RVALUE *)obj;
+    p->as.values.v1 = v1;
+    p->as.values.v2 = v2;
+    p->as.values.v3 = v3;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static VALUE newobj_slowpath(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr, int wb_protected));
+
+static inline VALUE
+newobj_slowpath(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr, int wb_protected)
 {
     VALUE obj;
+    unsigned int lev;
 
-    if (UNLIKELY(during_gc || ruby_gc_stressful)) {
-	if (during_gc) {
-	    dont_gc = 1;
-	    during_gc = 0;
-	    rb_bug("object allocation during garbage collection phase");
-	}
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_CR_LEV(cr, &lev);
+    {
+        if (UNLIKELY(during_gc || ruby_gc_stressful)) {
+            if (during_gc) {
+                dont_gc_on();
+                during_gc = 0;
+                rb_bug("object allocation during garbage collection phase");
+            }
 
-	if (ruby_gc_stressful) {
-	    if (!garbage_collect(objspace, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ)) {
-		rb_memerror();
-	    }
-	}
+            if (ruby_gc_stressful) {
+                if (!garbage_collect(objspace, GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ)) {
+                    rb_memerror();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // allocate new slot
+        while ((obj = ractor_cached_freeobj(objspace, cr)) == Qfalse) {
+            ractor_cache_slots(objspace, cr);
+        }
+        GC_ASSERT(obj != 0);
+        newobj_init(klass, flags, wb_protected, objspace, obj);
+        gc_event_hook_prep(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ, obj, newobj_fill(obj, 0, 0, 0));
     }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_CR_LEV(cr, &lev);
 
-    obj = heap_get_freeobj(objspace, heap_eden);
-    newobj_init(klass, flags, v1, v2, v3, wb_protected, objspace, obj);
-    gc_event_hook(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ, obj);
     return obj;
 }
 
-NOINLINE(static VALUE newobj_slowpath_wb_protected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, rb_objspace_t *objspace));
-NOINLINE(static VALUE newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, rb_objspace_t *objspace));
+NOINLINE(static VALUE newobj_slowpath_wb_protected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags,
+                                                   rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr));
+NOINLINE(static VALUE newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags,
+                                                     rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr));
 
 static VALUE
-newobj_slowpath_wb_protected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+newobj_slowpath_wb_protected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr)
 {
-    return newobj_slowpath(klass, flags, v1, v2, v3, objspace, TRUE);
+    return newobj_slowpath(klass, flags, objspace, cr, TRUE);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr)
 {
-    return newobj_slowpath(klass, flags, v1, v2, v3, objspace, FALSE);
+    return newobj_slowpath(klass, flags, objspace, cr, FALSE);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, int wb_protected)
+newobj_of0(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, int wb_protected, rb_ractor_t *cr)
 {
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     VALUE obj;
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_newobj);
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(obj_newobj_wb_unprotected, !wb_protected);
 
 #if GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS
     if (UNLIKELY(stress_to_class)) {
-	long i, cnt = RARRAY_LEN(stress_to_class);
-	const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(stress_to_class);
-	for (i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
-	    if (klass == ptr[i]) rb_memerror();
-	}
+        long i, cnt = RARRAY_LEN(stress_to_class);
+        for (i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
+            if (klass == RARRAY_AREF(stress_to_class, i)) rb_memerror();
+        }
     }
 #endif
-    if (!(during_gc ||
-	  ruby_gc_stressful ||
-	  gc_event_hook_available_p(objspace)) &&
-	(obj = heap_get_freeobj_head(objspace, heap_eden)) != Qfalse) {
-	return newobj_init(klass, flags, v1, v2, v3, wb_protected, objspace, obj);
+
+    if ((!UNLIKELY(during_gc ||
+                   ruby_gc_stressful ||
+                   gc_event_hook_available_p(objspace)) &&
+         wb_protected &&
+         (obj = ractor_cached_freeobj(objspace, cr)) != Qfalse)) {
+
+        newobj_init(klass, flags, wb_protected, objspace, obj);
     }
     else {
-	return wb_protected ?
-	  newobj_slowpath_wb_protected(klass, flags, v1, v2, v3, objspace) :
-	  newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(klass, flags, v1, v2, v3, objspace);
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_newobj_slowpath);
+
+        obj = wb_protected ?
+          newobj_slowpath_wb_protected(klass, flags, objspace, cr) :
+          newobj_slowpath_wb_unprotected(klass, flags, objspace, cr);
     }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, int wb_protected)
+{
+    VALUE obj = newobj_of0(klass, flags, wb_protected, GET_RACTOR());
+    return newobj_fill(obj, v1, v2, v3);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+newobj_of_cr(rb_ractor_t *cr, VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, int wb_protected)
+{
+    VALUE obj = newobj_of0(klass, flags, wb_protected, cr);
+    return newobj_fill(obj, v1, v2, v3);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0) assert((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
+    GC_ASSERT((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
     return newobj_of(klass, flags, 0, 0, 0, FALSE);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0) assert((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
+    GC_ASSERT((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
     return newobj_of(klass, flags, 0, 0, 0, TRUE);
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_ec_wb_protected_newobj_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE flags)
+{
+    GC_ASSERT((flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED) == 0);
+    return newobj_of_cr(rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec), klass, flags, 0, 0, 0, TRUE);
+}
+
 /* for compatibility */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1942,15 +2370,40 @@ rb_newobj(void)
 VALUE
 rb_newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags)
 {
-    return newobj_of(klass, flags & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED, 0, 0, 0, flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED);
+    if ((flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == T_OBJECT) {
+        return newobj_of(klass, (flags | ROBJECT_EMBED) & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED , Qundef, Qundef, Qundef, flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED);
+    } else {
+        return newobj_of(klass, flags & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED, 0, 0, 0, flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED);
+    }
 }
 
-NODE*
-rb_node_newnode(enum node_type type, VALUE a0, VALUE a1, VALUE a2)
+#define UNEXPECTED_NODE(func) \
+    rb_bug(#func"(): GC does not handle T_NODE 0x%x(%p) 0x%"PRIxVALUE, \
+	   BUILTIN_TYPE(obj), (void*)(obj), RBASIC(obj)->flags)
+
+const char *
+rb_imemo_name(enum imemo_type type)
 {
-    NODE *n = (NODE *)newobj_of(0, T_NODE, a0, a1, a2, FALSE); /* TODO: node also should be wb protected */
-    nd_set_type(n, type);
-    return n;
+    // put no default case to get a warning if an imemo type is missing
+    switch (type) {
+#define IMEMO_NAME(x) case imemo_##x: return #x;
+        IMEMO_NAME(env);
+        IMEMO_NAME(cref);
+        IMEMO_NAME(svar);
+        IMEMO_NAME(throw_data);
+        IMEMO_NAME(ifunc);
+        IMEMO_NAME(memo);
+        IMEMO_NAME(ment);
+        IMEMO_NAME(iseq);
+        IMEMO_NAME(tmpbuf);
+        IMEMO_NAME(ast);
+        IMEMO_NAME(parser_strterm);
+        IMEMO_NAME(callinfo);
+        IMEMO_NAME(callcache);
+        IMEMO_NAME(constcache);
+#undef IMEMO_NAME
+    }
+    return "unknown";
 }
 
 #undef rb_imemo_new
@@ -1962,29 +2415,84 @@ rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0)
     return newobj_of(v0, flags, v1, v2, v3, TRUE);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0)
+{
+    VALUE flags = T_IMEMO | (imemo_tmpbuf << FL_USHIFT);
+    return newobj_of(v0, flags, v1, v2, v3, FALSE);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_maybe_mark_buffer(void *buf, size_t cnt)
+{
+    return rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new((VALUE)buf, 0, (VALUE)cnt, 0);
+}
+
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_parser_heap(void *buf, rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *old_heap, size_t cnt)
+{
+    return (rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new((VALUE)buf, (VALUE)old_heap, (VALUE)cnt, 0);
+}
+
+static size_t
+imemo_memsize(VALUE obj)
+{
+    size_t size = 0;
+    switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
+      case imemo_ment:
+        size += sizeof(RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ment.def);
+        break;
+      case imemo_iseq:
+        size += rb_iseq_memsize((rb_iseq_t *)obj);
+        break;
+      case imemo_env:
+        size += RANY(obj)->as.imemo.env.env_size * sizeof(VALUE);
+        break;
+      case imemo_tmpbuf:
+        size += RANY(obj)->as.imemo.alloc.cnt * sizeof(VALUE);
+        break;
+      case imemo_ast:
+        size += rb_ast_memsize(&RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ast);
+        break;
+      case imemo_cref:
+      case imemo_svar:
+      case imemo_throw_data:
+      case imemo_ifunc:
+      case imemo_memo:
+      case imemo_parser_strterm:
+        break;
+      default:
+        /* unreachable */
+        break;
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
 #if IMEMO_DEBUG
 VALUE
 rb_imemo_new_debug(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0, const char *file, int line)
 {
     VALUE memo = rb_imemo_new(type, v1, v2, v3, v0);
-    fprintf(stderr, "memo %p (type: %d) @ %s:%d\n", memo, imemo_type(memo), file, line);
+    fprintf(stderr, "memo %p (type: %d) @ %s:%d\n", (void *)memo, imemo_type(memo), file, line);
     return memo;
 }
 #endif
 
 VALUE
+rb_class_allocate_instance(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE flags = T_OBJECT | ROBJECT_EMBED;
+    return newobj_of(klass, flags, Qundef, Qundef, Qundef, RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT);
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_data_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(dfree != (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)1);
     if (klass) Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
     return newobj_of(klass, T_DATA, (VALUE)dmark, (VALUE)dfree, (VALUE)datap, FALSE);
 }
 
-#undef rb_data_object_alloc
-RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION(rb_data_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *datap,
-					 RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree),
-		    rb_data_object_wrap, (klass, datap, dmark, dfree))
-
-
 VALUE
 rb_data_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree)
 {
@@ -1996,15 +2504,11 @@ rb_data_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_
 VALUE
 rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
 {
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(type);
     if (klass) Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
     return newobj_of(klass, T_DATA, (VALUE)type, (VALUE)1, (VALUE)datap, type->flags & RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED);
 }
 
-#undef rb_data_typed_object_alloc
-RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION(rb_data_typed_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *datap,
-					       const rb_data_type_t *type),
-		    rb_data_typed_object_wrap, (klass, datap, type))
-
 VALUE
 rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t *type)
 {
@@ -2045,8 +2549,13 @@ is_pointer_to_heap(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr)
     register struct heap_page *page;
     register size_t hi, lo, mid;
 
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_isptr_trial);
+
     if (p < heap_pages_lomem || p > heap_pages_himem) return FALSE;
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_isptr_range);
+
     if ((VALUE)p % sizeof(RVALUE) != 0) return FALSE;
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_isptr_align);
 
     /* check if p looks like a pointer using bsearch*/
     lo = 0;
@@ -2056,7 +2565,14 @@ is_pointer_to_heap(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr)
 	page = heap_pages_sorted[mid];
 	if (page->start <= p) {
 	    if (p < page->start + page->total_slots) {
-		return TRUE;
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_isptr_maybe);
+
+                if (page->flags.in_tomb) {
+                    return FALSE;
+                }
+                else {
+                    return TRUE;
+                }
 	    }
 	    lo = mid + 1;
 	}
@@ -2082,27 +2598,183 @@ rb_free_const_table(struct rb_id_table *tbl)
     rb_id_table_free(tbl);
 }
 
+static int
+free_iv_index_tbl_free_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+{
+    xfree((void *)value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+iv_index_tbl_free(struct st_table *tbl)
+{
+    st_foreach(tbl, free_iv_index_tbl_free_i, 0);
+}
+
+// alive: if false, target pointers can be freed already.
+//        To check it, we need objspace parameter.
+static void
+vm_ccs_free(struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs, int alive, rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE klass)
+{
+    if (ccs->entries) {
+        for (int i=0; i<ccs->len; i++) {
+            const struct rb_callcache *cc = ccs->entries[i].cc;
+            if (!alive) {
+                void *ptr = asan_poisoned_object_p((VALUE)cc);
+                asan_unpoison_object((VALUE)cc, false);
+                // ccs can be free'ed.
+                if (is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, (void *)cc) &&
+                    IMEMO_TYPE_P(cc, imemo_callcache) &&
+                    cc->klass == klass) {
+                    // OK. maybe target cc.
+                }
+                else {
+                    if (ptr) {
+                        asan_poison_object((VALUE)cc);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (ptr) {
+                    asan_poison_object((VALUE)cc);
+                }
+            }
+            vm_cc_invalidate(cc);
+        }
+        ruby_xfree(ccs->entries);
+    }
+    ruby_xfree(ccs);
+}
+
+void
+rb_vm_ccs_free(struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs)
+{
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(ccs_free);
+    vm_ccs_free(ccs, TRUE, NULL, Qundef);
+}
+
+struct cc_tbl_i_data {
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace;
+    VALUE klass;
+    bool alive;
+};
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cc_table_mark_i(ID id, VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data_ptr)
+{
+    struct cc_tbl_i_data *data = data_ptr;
+    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
+    VM_ASSERT(vm_ccs_p(ccs));
+    VM_ASSERT(id == ccs->cme->called_id);
+
+    if (METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(ccs->cme)) {
+        rb_vm_ccs_free(ccs);
+        return ID_TABLE_DELETE;
+    }
+    else {
+        gc_mark(data->objspace, (VALUE)ccs->cme);
+
+        for (int i=0; i<ccs->len; i++) {
+            VM_ASSERT(data->klass == ccs->entries[i].cc->klass);
+            VM_ASSERT(ccs->cme == vm_cc_cme(ccs->entries[i].cc));
+
+            gc_mark(data->objspace, (VALUE)ccs->entries[i].ci);
+            gc_mark(data->objspace, (VALUE)ccs->entries[i].cc);
+        }
+        return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+cc_table_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl = RCLASS_CC_TBL(klass);
+    if (cc_tbl) {
+        struct cc_tbl_i_data data = {
+            .objspace = objspace,
+            .klass = klass,
+        };
+        rb_id_table_foreach(cc_tbl, cc_table_mark_i, &data);
+    }
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cc_table_free_i(VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data_ptr)
+{
+    struct cc_tbl_i_data *data = data_ptr;
+    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
+    VM_ASSERT(vm_ccs_p(ccs));
+    vm_ccs_free(ccs, data->alive, data->objspace, data->klass);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+cc_table_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE klass, bool alive)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl = RCLASS_CC_TBL(klass);
+
+    if (cc_tbl) {
+        struct cc_tbl_i_data data = {
+            .objspace = objspace,
+            .klass = klass,
+            .alive = alive,
+        };
+        rb_id_table_foreach_values(cc_tbl, cc_table_free_i, &data);
+        rb_id_table_free(cc_tbl);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_cc_table_free(VALUE klass)
+{
+    cc_table_free(&rb_objspace, klass, TRUE);
+}
+
 static inline void
 make_zombie(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj, void (*dfree)(void *), void *data)
 {
     struct RZombie *zombie = RZOMBIE(obj);
-    zombie->basic.flags = T_ZOMBIE;
+    zombie->basic.flags = T_ZOMBIE | (zombie->basic.flags & FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID);
     zombie->dfree = dfree;
     zombie->data = data;
     zombie->next = heap_pages_deferred_final;
     heap_pages_deferred_final = (VALUE)zombie;
+
+    struct heap_page *page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj);
+    page->final_slots++;
+    heap_pages_final_slots++;
 }
 
 static inline void
 make_io_zombie(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr = RANY(obj)->as.file.fptr;
-    make_zombie(objspace, obj, (void (*)(void*))rb_io_fptr_finalize, fptr);
+    make_zombie(objspace, obj, rb_io_fptr_finalize_internal, fptr);
+}
+
+static void
+obj_free_object_id(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+    st_data_t o = (st_data_t)obj, id;
+
+    GC_ASSERT(FL_TEST(obj, FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID));
+    FL_UNSET(obj, FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID);
+
+    if (st_delete(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, &o, &id)) {
+        GC_ASSERT(id);
+        st_delete(objspace->id_to_obj_tbl, &id, NULL);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_bug("Object ID seen, but not in mapping table: %s\n", obj_info(obj));
+    }
 }
 
 static int
 obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_free);
+    // RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("obj:%p (%s)", (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj));
+
     gc_event_hook(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_FREEOBJ, obj);
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
@@ -2112,6 +2784,8 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
       case T_FALSE:
 	rb_bug("obj_free() called for broken object");
 	break;
+      default:
+        break;
     }
 
     if (FL_TEST(obj, FL_EXIVAR)) {
@@ -2119,7 +2793,10 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	FL_UNSET(obj, FL_EXIVAR);
     }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
+    if (FL_TEST(obj, FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID) && !FL_TEST(obj, FL_FINALIZE)) {
+        obj_free_object_id(objspace, obj);
+    }
+
     if (RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj)) CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), obj);
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
@@ -2130,18 +2807,25 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	CHECK(RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE);
 #undef CHECK
 #endif
-#endif
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_OBJECT:
-	if (!(RANY(obj)->as.basic.flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) &&
-            RANY(obj)->as.object.as.heap.ivptr) {
-	    xfree(RANY(obj)->as.object.as.heap.ivptr);
-	}
-	break;
+        if (RANY(obj)->as.basic.flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_embed);
+        }
+        else if (ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_transient);
+        }
+        else {
+            xfree(RANY(obj)->as.object.as.heap.ivptr);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_ptr);
+        }
+        break;
       case T_MODULE:
       case T_CLASS:
+        mjit_remove_class_serial(RCLASS_SERIAL(obj));
 	rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+        cc_table_free(objspace, obj, FALSE);
 	if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj)) {
 	    st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
 	}
@@ -2149,7 +2833,7 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	    rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj));
 	}
 	if (RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj)) {
-	    st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj));
+            iv_index_tbl_free(RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj));
 	}
 	if (RCLASS_EXT(obj)->subclasses) {
 	    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MODULE) {
@@ -2165,21 +2849,78 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	if (RANY(obj)->as.klass.ptr)
 	    xfree(RANY(obj)->as.klass.ptr);
 	RANY(obj)->as.klass.ptr = NULL;
+
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(obj_module_ptr, BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MODULE);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(obj_class_ptr, BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS);
 	break;
       case T_STRING:
 	rb_str_free(obj);
 	break;
       case T_ARRAY:
-	rb_ary_free(obj);
+        rb_ary_free(obj);
 	break;
       case T_HASH:
-	if (RANY(obj)->as.hash.ntbl) {
-	    st_free_table(RANY(obj)->as.hash.ntbl);
-	}
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+        switch (RHASH_SIZE(obj)) {
+          case 0:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_empty);
+            break;
+          case 1:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_1);
+            break;
+          case 2:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_2);
+            break;
+          case 3:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_3);
+            break;
+          case 4:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_4);
+            break;
+          case 5:
+          case 6:
+          case 7:
+          case 8:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_5_8);
+            break;
+          default:
+            GC_ASSERT(RHASH_SIZE(obj) > 8);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_g8);
+        }
+
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(obj)) {
+            if (RHASH_AR_TABLE(obj) == NULL) {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_null);
+            }
+            else {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_ar);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_st);
+        }
+#endif
+        if (/* RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(obj) */ !FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG)) {
+            struct ar_table_struct *tab = RHASH(obj)->as.ar;
+
+            if (tab) {
+                if (RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
+                    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_transient);
+                }
+                else {
+                    ruby_xfree(tab);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            GC_ASSERT(RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(obj));
+            st_free_table(RHASH(obj)->as.st);
+        }
 	break;
       case T_REGEXP:
 	if (RANY(obj)->as.regexp.ptr) {
 	    onig_free(RANY(obj)->as.regexp.ptr);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_regexp_ptr);
 	}
 	break;
       case T_DATA:
@@ -2203,40 +2944,66 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	    if (dfree) {
 		if (dfree == RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE) {
 		    xfree(data);
+                    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_data_xfree);
 		}
 		else if (free_immediately) {
 		    (*dfree)(data);
+                    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_data_imm_free);
 		}
 		else {
 		    make_zombie(objspace, obj, dfree, data);
+                    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_data_zombie);
 		    return 1;
 		}
 	    }
+            else {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_data_empty);
+            }
 	}
 	break;
       case T_MATCH:
 	if (RANY(obj)->as.match.rmatch) {
             struct rmatch *rm = RANY(obj)->as.match.rmatch;
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+            if (rm->regs.num_regs >= 8) {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_match_ge8);
+            }
+            else if (rm->regs.num_regs >= 4) {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_match_ge4);
+            }
+            else if (rm->regs.num_regs >= 1) {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_match_under4);
+            }
+#endif
 	    onig_region_free(&rm->regs, 0);
             if (rm->char_offset)
 		xfree(rm->char_offset);
 	    xfree(rm);
+
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_match_ptr);
 	}
 	break;
       case T_FILE:
 	if (RANY(obj)->as.file.fptr) {
 	    make_io_zombie(objspace, obj);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_file_ptr);
 	    return 1;
 	}
 	break;
       case T_RATIONAL:
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_rational);
+        break;
       case T_COMPLEX:
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_complex);
+        break;
+      case T_MOVED:
 	break;
       case T_ICLASS:
 	/* Basically , T_ICLASS shares table with the module */
-	if (FL_TEST(obj, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN)) {
-	    rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
-	}
+        if (RICLASS_OWNS_M_TBL_P(obj)) {
+            /* Method table is not shared for origin iclasses of classes */
+            rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+        }
 	if (RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(obj) != NULL) {
 	    rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(obj));
 	}
@@ -2244,35 +3011,51 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	    rb_class_detach_subclasses(obj);
 	    RCLASS_EXT(obj)->subclasses = NULL;
 	}
+        cc_table_free(objspace, obj, FALSE);
 	rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(obj);
 	rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(obj);
 	xfree(RANY(obj)->as.klass.ptr);
 	RANY(obj)->as.klass.ptr = NULL;
+
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_iclass_ptr);
 	break;
 
       case T_FLOAT:
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_float);
 	break;
 
       case T_BIGNUM:
-	if (!(RBASIC(obj)->flags & BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG) && BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj)) {
+	if (!BIGNUM_EMBED_P(obj) && BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj)) {
 	    xfree(BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj));
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_bignum_ptr);
 	}
+        else {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_bignum_embed);
+        }
 	break;
 
       case T_NODE:
-	rb_gc_free_node(obj);
-	break;			/* no need to free iv_tbl */
+	UNEXPECTED_NODE(obj_free);
+	break;
 
       case T_STRUCT:
-	if ((RBASIC(obj)->flags & RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK) == 0 &&
-	    RANY(obj)->as.rstruct.as.heap.ptr) {
-	    xfree((void *)RANY(obj)->as.rstruct.as.heap.ptr);
+        if ((RBASIC(obj)->flags & RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK) ||
+            RANY(obj)->as.rstruct.as.heap.ptr == NULL) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_struct_embed);
+        }
+        else if (RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_struct_transient);
+        }
+        else {
+            xfree((void *)RANY(obj)->as.rstruct.as.heap.ptr);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_struct_ptr);
 	}
 	break;
 
       case T_SYMBOL:
 	{
             rb_gc_free_dsymbol(obj);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_symbol);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -2280,16 +3063,52 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
 	  case imemo_ment:
 	    rb_free_method_entry(&RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ment);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_ment);
 	    break;
 	  case imemo_iseq:
 	    rb_iseq_free(&RANY(obj)->as.imemo.iseq);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_iseq);
 	    break;
 	  case imemo_env:
-	    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(RANY(obj)->as.imemo.env.ep));
+	    GC_ASSERT(VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(RANY(obj)->as.imemo.env.ep));
 	    xfree((VALUE *)RANY(obj)->as.imemo.env.env);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_env);
 	    break;
-	  default:
+	  case imemo_tmpbuf:
+	    xfree(RANY(obj)->as.imemo.alloc.ptr);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_tmpbuf);
+	    break;
+	  case imemo_ast:
+	    rb_ast_free(&RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ast);
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_ast);
 	    break;
+          case imemo_cref:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_cref);
+            break;
+          case imemo_svar:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_svar);
+            break;
+          case imemo_throw_data:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_throw_data);
+            break;
+          case imemo_ifunc:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_ifunc);
+            break;
+          case imemo_memo:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_memo);
+            break;
+          case imemo_parser_strterm:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_parser_strterm);
+            break;
+          case imemo_callinfo:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_callinfo);
+            break;
+          case imemo_callcache:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_callcache);
+            break;
+          case imemo_constcache:
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_imemo_constcache);
+            break;
 	}
 	return 0;
 
@@ -2299,7 +3118,7 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     if (FL_TEST(obj, FL_FINALIZE)) {
-	make_zombie(objspace, obj, 0, 0);
+        make_zombie(objspace, obj, 0, 0);
 	return 1;
     }
     else {
@@ -2307,12 +3126,53 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
+
+#define OBJ_ID_INCREMENT (sizeof(RVALUE) / 2)
+#define OBJ_ID_INITIAL (OBJ_ID_INCREMENT * 2)
+
+static int
+object_id_cmp(st_data_t x, st_data_t y)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM)) {
+        return !rb_big_eql(x, y);
+    } else {
+        return x != y;
+    }
+}
+
+static st_index_t
+object_id_hash(st_data_t n)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(n, T_BIGNUM)) {
+        return FIX2LONG(rb_big_hash(n));
+    } else {
+        return st_numhash(n);
+    }
+}
+static const struct st_hash_type object_id_hash_type = {
+    object_id_cmp,
+    object_id_hash,
+};
+
 void
 Init_heap(void)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 
-    gc_stress_set(objspace, ruby_initial_gc_stress);
+#if defined(HAVE_SYSCONF) && defined(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)
+    /* If Ruby's heap pages are not a multiple of the system page size, we
+     * cannot use mprotect for the read barrier, so we must disable automatic
+     * compaction. */
+    int pagesize;
+    pagesize = (int)sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+    if ((HEAP_PAGE_SIZE % pagesize) != 0) {
+        ruby_enable_autocompact = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    objspace->next_object_id = INT2FIX(OBJ_ID_INITIAL);
+    objspace->id_to_obj_tbl = st_init_table(&object_id_hash_type);
+    objspace->obj_to_id_tbl = st_init_numtable();
 
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
     objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit = gc_params.oldmalloc_limit_min;
@@ -2321,35 +3181,35 @@ Init_heap(void)
     heap_add_pages(objspace, heap_eden, gc_params.heap_init_slots / HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT);
     init_mark_stack(&objspace->mark_stack);
 
-#ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
-    {
-	/* altstack of another threads are allocated in another place */
-	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-	void *tmp = th->altstack;
-	th->altstack = malloc(rb_sigaltstack_size());
-	free(tmp); /* free previously allocated area */
-    }
-#endif
-
     objspace->profile.invoke_time = getrusage_time();
     finalizer_table = st_init_numtable();
 }
 
+void
+Init_gc_stress(void)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+
+    gc_stress_set(objspace, ruby_initial_gc_stress);
+}
+
 typedef int each_obj_callback(void *, void *, size_t, void *);
 
+static void objspace_each_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace, each_obj_callback *callback, void *data);
+static void objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(rb_objspace_t *, void (func)(const char *, VALUE, void *), void *);
+
 struct each_obj_args {
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace;
     each_obj_callback *callback;
     void *data;
 };
 
-static VALUE
-objspace_each_objects(VALUE arg)
+static void
+objspace_each_objects_without_setup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, each_obj_callback *callback, void *data)
 {
     size_t i;
     struct heap_page *page;
     RVALUE *pstart = NULL, *pend;
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    struct each_obj_args *args = (struct each_obj_args *)arg;
 
     i = 0;
     while (i < heap_allocated_pages) {
@@ -2362,16 +3222,22 @@ objspace_each_objects(VALUE arg)
 	pstart = page->start;
 	pend = pstart + page->total_slots;
 
-	if ((*args->callback)(pstart, pend, sizeof(RVALUE), args->data)) {
+        if ((*callback)(pstart, pend, sizeof(RVALUE), data)) {
 	    break;
 	}
     }
+}
 
+static VALUE
+objspace_each_objects_protected(VALUE arg)
+{
+    struct each_obj_args *args = (struct each_obj_args *)arg;
+    objspace_each_objects_without_setup(args->objspace, args->callback, args->data);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-incremental_enable(void)
+incremental_enable(VALUE _)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 
@@ -2418,32 +3284,30 @@ incremental_enable(void)
 void
 rb_objspace_each_objects(each_obj_callback *callback, void *data)
 {
-    struct each_obj_args args;
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+    objspace_each_objects(&rb_objspace, callback, data);
+}
+
+static void
+objspace_each_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace, each_obj_callback *callback, void *data)
+{
     int prev_dont_incremental = objspace->flags.dont_incremental;
 
     gc_rest(objspace);
     objspace->flags.dont_incremental = TRUE;
 
-    args.callback = callback;
-    args.data = data;
-
     if (prev_dont_incremental) {
-	objspace_each_objects((VALUE)&args);
+        objspace_each_objects_without_setup(objspace, callback, data);
     }
     else {
-	rb_ensure(objspace_each_objects, (VALUE)&args, incremental_enable, Qnil);
+        struct each_obj_args args = {objspace, callback, data};
+        rb_ensure(objspace_each_objects_protected, (VALUE)&args, incremental_enable, Qnil);
     }
 }
 
 void
 rb_objspace_each_objects_without_setup(each_obj_callback *callback, void *data)
 {
-    struct each_obj_args args;
-    args.callback = callback;
-    args.data = data;
-
-    objspace_each_objects((VALUE)&args);
+    objspace_each_objects_without_setup(&rb_objspace, callback, data);
 }
 
 struct os_each_struct {
@@ -2455,13 +3319,19 @@ static int
 internal_object_p(VALUE obj)
 {
     RVALUE *p = (RVALUE *)obj;
+    void *ptr = __asan_region_is_poisoned(p, SIZEOF_VALUE);
+    asan_unpoison_object(obj, false);
+    bool used_p = p->as.basic.flags;
 
-    if (p->as.basic.flags) {
-	switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(p)) {
+    if (used_p) {
+        switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+	  case T_NODE:
+	    UNEXPECTED_NODE(internal_object_p);
+	    break;
 	  case T_NONE:
+          case T_MOVED:
 	  case T_IMEMO:
 	  case T_ICLASS:
-	  case T_NODE:
 	  case T_ZOMBIE:
 	    break;
 	  case T_CLASS:
@@ -2475,6 +3345,9 @@ internal_object_p(VALUE obj)
 	    return 0;
 	}
     }
+    if (ptr || ! used_p) {
+        asan_poison_object(obj);
+    }
     return 1;
 }
 
@@ -2494,8 +3367,10 @@ os_obj_of_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
 	volatile VALUE v = (VALUE)p;
 	if (!internal_object_p(v)) {
 	    if (!oes->of || rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, oes->of)) {
-		rb_yield(v);
-		oes->num++;
+                if (!rb_multi_ractor_p() || rb_ractor_shareable_p(v)) {
+                    rb_yield(v);
+                    oes->num++;
+                }
 	    }
 	}
     }
@@ -2525,9 +3400,9 @@ os_obj_of(VALUE of)
  *  <i>module</i>. Returns the number of objects found. Immediate
  *  objects (<code>Fixnum</code>s, <code>Symbol</code>s
  *  <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, and <code>nil</code>) are
- *  never returned. In the example below, <code>each_object</code>
- *  returns both the numbers we defined and several constants defined in
- *  the <code>Math</code> module.
+ *  never returned. In the example below, #each_object returns both
+ *  the numbers we defined and several constants defined in the Math
+ *  module.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
@@ -2555,12 +3430,7 @@ os_each_obj(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 {
     VALUE of;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	of = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &of);
-    }
+    of = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? 0 : argv[0]);
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(os, 1, &of);
     return os_obj_of(of);
 }
@@ -2593,11 +3463,12 @@ rb_undefine_finalizer(VALUE obj)
 static void
 should_be_callable(VALUE block)
 {
-    if (!rb_obj_respond_to(block, rb_intern("call"), TRUE)) {
+    if (!rb_obj_respond_to(block, idCall, TRUE)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type argument %"PRIsVALUE" (should be callable)",
 		 rb_obj_class(block));
     }
 }
+
 static void
 should_be_finalizable(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -2617,6 +3488,57 @@ should_be_finalizable(VALUE obj)
  *  as an argument to <i>aProc</i>. If <i>aProc</i> is a lambda or
  *  method, make sure it can be called with a single argument.
  *
+ *  The return value is an array <code>[0, aProc]</code>.
+ *
+ *  The two recommended patterns are to either create the finaliser proc
+ *  in a non-instance method where it can safely capture the needed state,
+ *  or to use a custom callable object that stores the needed state
+ *  explicitly as instance variables.
+ *
+ *      class Foo
+ *        def initialize(data_needed_for_finalization)
+ *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, self.class.create_finalizer(data_needed_for_finalization))
+ *        end
+ *
+ *        def self.create_finalizer(data_needed_for_finalization)
+ *          proc {
+ *            puts "finalizing #{data_needed_for_finalization}"
+ *          }
+ *        end
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      class Bar
+ *       class Remover
+ *          def initialize(data_needed_for_finalization)
+ *            @data_needed_for_finalization = data_needed_for_finalization
+ *          end
+ *
+ *          def call(id)
+ *            puts "finalizing #{@data_needed_for_finalization}"
+ *          end
+ *        end
+ *
+ *        def initialize(data_needed_for_finalization)
+ *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Remover.new(data_needed_for_finalization))
+ *        end
+ *      end
+ *
+ *  Note that if your finalizer references the object to be
+ *  finalized it will never be run on GC, although it will still be
+ *  run at exit. You will get a warning if you capture the object
+ *  to be finalized as the receiver of the finalizer.
+ *
+ *      class CapturesSelf
+ *        def initialize(name)
+ *          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, proc {
+ *            # this finalizer will only be run on exit
+ *            puts "finalizing #{name}"
+ *          })
+ *        end
+ *      end
+ *
+ *  Also note that finalization can be unpredictable and is never guaranteed
+ *  to be run except on exit.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2633,6 +3555,10 @@ define_final(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 	should_be_callable(block);
     }
 
+    if (rb_callable_receiver(block) == obj) {
+        rb_warn("finalizer references object to be finalized");
+    }
+
     return define_final0(obj, block);
 }
 
@@ -2645,7 +3571,7 @@ define_final0(VALUE obj, VALUE block)
 
     RBASIC(obj)->flags |= FL_FINALIZE;
 
-    block = rb_ary_new3(2, INT2FIX(rb_safe_level()), block);
+    block = rb_ary_new3(2, INT2FIX(0), block);
     OBJ_FREEZE(block);
 
     if (st_lookup(finalizer_table, obj, &data)) {
@@ -2653,13 +3579,13 @@ define_final0(VALUE obj, VALUE block)
 
 	/* avoid duplicate block, table is usually small */
 	{
-	    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(table);
 	    long len = RARRAY_LEN(table);
 	    long i;
 
-	    for (i = 0; i < len; i++, ptr++) {
-		if (rb_funcall(*ptr, idEq, 1, block)) {
-		    return *ptr;
+            for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                VALUE recv = RARRAY_AREF(table, i);
+                if (rb_funcall(recv, idEq, 1, block)) {
+                    return recv;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
@@ -2701,10 +3627,6 @@ static VALUE
 run_single_final(VALUE final, VALUE objid)
 {
     const VALUE cmd = RARRAY_AREF(final, 1);
-    const int level = OBJ_TAINTED(cmd) ?
-	RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_MAX : FIX2INT(RARRAY_AREF(final, 0));
-
-    rb_set_safe_level_force(level);
     return rb_check_funcall(cmd, idCall, 1, &objid);
 }
 
@@ -2712,26 +3634,26 @@ static void
 run_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj, VALUE table)
 {
     long i;
-    int status;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
     volatile struct {
 	VALUE errinfo;
 	VALUE objid;
+	rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
 	long finished;
-	int safe;
     } saved;
-    rb_thread_t *const th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC();
 #define RESTORE_FINALIZER() (\
-	rb_set_safe_level_force(saved.safe), \
+	ec->cfp = saved.cfp, \
 	rb_set_errinfo(saved.errinfo))
 
-    saved.safe = rb_safe_level();
     saved.errinfo = rb_errinfo();
-    saved.objid = nonspecial_obj_id(obj);
+    saved.objid = rb_obj_id(obj);
+    saved.cfp = ec->cfp;
     saved.finished = 0;
 
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    status = TH_EXEC_TAG();
-    if (status) {
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    state = EC_EXEC_TAG();
+    if (state != TAG_NONE) {
 	++saved.finished;	/* skip failed finalizer */
     }
     for (i = saved.finished;
@@ -2739,7 +3661,7 @@ run_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj, VALUE table)
 	 saved.finished = ++i) {
 	run_single_final(RARRAY_AREF(table, i), saved.objid);
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
 #undef RESTORE_FINALIZER
 }
 
@@ -2762,20 +3684,34 @@ static void
 finalize_list(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE zombie)
 {
     while (zombie) {
-	VALUE next_zombie = RZOMBIE(zombie)->next;
-	struct heap_page *page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(zombie);
+        VALUE next_zombie;
+        struct heap_page *page;
+        asan_unpoison_object(zombie, false);
+        next_zombie = RZOMBIE(zombie)->next;
+        page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(zombie);
 
 	run_final(objspace, zombie);
 
-	RZOMBIE(zombie)->basic.flags = 0;
-	heap_pages_final_slots--;
-	page->final_slots--;
-	page->free_slots++;
-	heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(zombie), zombie);
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+        {
+            GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(zombie) == T_ZOMBIE);
+            if (FL_TEST(zombie, FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID)) {
+                obj_free_object_id(objspace, zombie);
+            }
 
-	objspace->profile.total_freed_objects++;
+            RZOMBIE(zombie)->basic.flags = 0;
+            GC_ASSERT(heap_pages_final_slots > 0);
+            GC_ASSERT(page->final_slots > 0);
+
+            heap_pages_final_slots--;
+            page->final_slots--;
+            page->free_slots++;
+            heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(zombie), zombie);
+            objspace->profile.total_freed_objects++;
+        }
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
 
-	zombie = next_zombie;
+        zombie = next_zombie;
     }
 }
 
@@ -2794,15 +3730,13 @@ gc_finalize_deferred(void *dmy)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = dmy;
     if (ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(finalizing, 1)) return;
-    finalize_deferred(objspace);
-    ATOMIC_SET(finalizing, 0);
-}
 
-/* TODO: to keep compatibility, maybe unused. */
-void
-rb_gc_finalize_deferred(void)
-{
-    gc_finalize_deferred(0);
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        finalize_deferred(objspace);
+        ATOMIC_SET(finalizing, 0);
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2831,28 +3765,24 @@ force_chain_object(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-void
-rb_gc_call_finalizer_at_exit(void)
-{
-#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2
-    gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
-#endif
-    rb_objspace_call_finalizer(&rb_objspace);
-}
+bool rb_obj_is_main_ractor(VALUE gv);
 
-static void
+void
 rb_objspace_call_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
     RVALUE *p, *pend;
     size_t i;
 
+#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2
+    gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
+#endif
     gc_rest(objspace);
 
     if (ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(finalizing, 1)) return;
 
     /* run finalizers */
     finalize_deferred(objspace);
-    assert(heap_pages_deferred_final == 0);
+    GC_ASSERT(heap_pages_deferred_final == 0);
 
     gc_rest(objspace);
     /* prohibit incremental GC */
@@ -2873,43 +3803,54 @@ rb_objspace_call_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     }
 
     /* prohibit GC because force T_DATA finalizers can break an object graph consistency */
-    dont_gc = 1;
+    dont_gc_on();
 
     /* running data/file finalizers are part of garbage collection */
-    gc_enter(objspace, "rb_objspace_call_finalizer");
+    unsigned int lock_lev;
+    gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_finalizer, &lock_lev);
 
     /* run data/file object's finalizers */
     for (i = 0; i < heap_allocated_pages; i++) {
 	p = heap_pages_sorted[i]->start; pend = p + heap_pages_sorted[i]->total_slots;
 	while (p < pend) {
-	    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(p)) {
+            VALUE vp = (VALUE)p;
+            void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(vp);
+            asan_unpoison_object(vp, false);
+            switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(vp)) {
 	      case T_DATA:
 		if (!DATA_PTR(p) || !RANY(p)->as.data.dfree) break;
-		if (rb_obj_is_thread((VALUE)p)) break;
-		if (rb_obj_is_mutex((VALUE)p)) break;
-		if (rb_obj_is_fiber((VALUE)p)) break;
-		p->as.free.flags = 0;
-		if (RTYPEDDATA_P(p)) {
+                if (rb_obj_is_thread(vp)) break;
+                if (rb_obj_is_mutex(vp)) break;
+                if (rb_obj_is_fiber(vp)) break;
+                if (rb_obj_is_main_ractor(vp)) break;
+                if (RTYPEDDATA_P(vp)) {
 		    RDATA(p)->dfree = RANY(p)->as.typeddata.type->function.dfree;
 		}
-		if (RANY(p)->as.data.dfree == (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)-1) {
+                p->as.free.flags = 0;
+		if (RANY(p)->as.data.dfree == RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE) {
 		    xfree(DATA_PTR(p));
 		}
 		else if (RANY(p)->as.data.dfree) {
-		    make_zombie(objspace, (VALUE)p, RANY(p)->as.data.dfree, RANY(p)->as.data.data);
+                    make_zombie(objspace, vp, RANY(p)->as.data.dfree, RANY(p)->as.data.data);
 		}
 		break;
 	      case T_FILE:
 		if (RANY(p)->as.file.fptr) {
-		    make_io_zombie(objspace, (VALUE)p);
+                    make_io_zombie(objspace, vp);
 		}
 		break;
+              default:
+                break;
 	    }
+            if (poisoned) {
+                GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(vp) == T_NONE);
+                asan_poison_object(vp);
+            }
 	    p++;
 	}
     }
 
-    gc_exit(objspace, "rb_objspace_call_finalizer");
+    gc_exit(objspace, gc_enter_event_finalizer, &lock_lev);
 
     if (heap_pages_deferred_final) {
 	finalize_list(objspace, heap_pages_deferred_final);
@@ -2920,16 +3861,6 @@ rb_objspace_call_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     ATOMIC_SET(finalizing, 0);
 }
 
-PUREFUNC(static inline int is_id_value(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr));
-static inline int
-is_id_value(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr)
-{
-    if (!is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, (void *)ptr)) return FALSE;
-    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(ptr) > T_FIXNUM) return FALSE;
-    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(ptr) == T_ICLASS) return FALSE;
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
 static inline int
 heap_is_swept_object(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, VALUE ptr)
 {
@@ -2968,8 +3899,11 @@ is_live_object(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE ptr)
 {
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(ptr)) {
       case T_NONE:
+      case T_MOVED:
       case T_ZOMBIE:
 	return FALSE;
+      default:
+        break;
     }
 
     if (!is_garbage_object(objspace, ptr)) {
@@ -3002,6 +3936,18 @@ rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(VALUE obj)
     return is_garbage_object(objspace, obj);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+id2ref_obj_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE objid)
+{
+    VALUE orig;
+    if (st_lookup(objspace->id_to_obj_tbl, objid, &orig)) {
+        return orig;
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qundef;
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ObjectSpace._id2ref(object_id) -> an_object
@@ -3013,10 +3959,12 @@ rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(VALUE obj)
  *     r = ObjectSpace._id2ref(s.object_id)   #=> "I am a string"
  *     r == s                                 #=> true
  *
+ *  On multi-ractor mode, if the object is not sharable, it raises
+ *  RangeError.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-id2ref(VALUE obj, VALUE objid)
+id2ref(VALUE objid)
 {
 #if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
 #define NUM2PTR(x) NUM2ULONG(x)
@@ -3025,35 +3973,110 @@ id2ref(VALUE obj, VALUE objid)
 #endif
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     VALUE ptr;
+    VALUE orig;
     void *p0;
 
-    ptr = NUM2PTR(objid);
-    p0 = (void *)ptr;
+    objid = rb_to_int(objid);
+    if (FIXNUM_P(objid) || rb_big_size(objid) <= SIZEOF_VOIDP) {
+        ptr = NUM2PTR(objid);
+        if (ptr == Qtrue) return Qtrue;
+        if (ptr == Qfalse) return Qfalse;
+        if (ptr == Qnil) return Qnil;
+        if (FIXNUM_P(ptr)) return (VALUE)ptr;
+        if (FLONUM_P(ptr)) return (VALUE)ptr;
+
+        ptr = obj_id_to_ref(objid);
+        if ((ptr % sizeof(RVALUE)) == (4 << 2)) {
+            ID symid = ptr / sizeof(RVALUE);
+            p0 = (void *)ptr;
+            if (rb_id2str(symid) == 0)
+                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%p is not symbol id value", p0);
+            return ID2SYM(symid);
+        }
+    }
 
-    if (ptr == Qtrue) return Qtrue;
-    if (ptr == Qfalse) return Qfalse;
-    if (ptr == Qnil) return Qnil;
-    if (FIXNUM_P(ptr)) return (VALUE)ptr;
-    if (FLONUM_P(ptr)) return (VALUE)ptr;
-    ptr = obj_id_to_ref(objid);
+    if ((orig = id2ref_obj_tbl(objspace, objid)) != Qundef &&
+        is_live_object(objspace, orig)) {
 
-    if ((ptr % sizeof(RVALUE)) == (4 << 2)) {
-        ID symid = ptr / sizeof(RVALUE);
-        if (rb_id2str(symid) == 0)
-	    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%p is not symbol id value", p0);
-	return ID2SYM(symid);
+        if (!rb_multi_ractor_p() || rb_ractor_shareable_p(orig)) {
+            return orig;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%+"PRIsVALUE" is id of the unshareable object on multi-ractor", rb_int2str(objid, 10));
+        }
     }
 
-    if (!is_id_value(objspace, ptr)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%p is not id value", p0);
+    if (rb_int_ge(objid, objspace->next_object_id)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%+"PRIsVALUE" is not id value", rb_int2str(objid, 10));
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%+"PRIsVALUE" is recycled object", rb_int2str(objid, 10));
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+os_id2ref(VALUE os, VALUE objid)
+{
+    return id2ref(objid);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_find_object_id(VALUE obj, VALUE (*get_heap_object_id)(VALUE))
+{
+    if (STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
+        return (SYM2ID(obj) * sizeof(RVALUE) + (4 << 2)) | FIXNUM_FLAG;
+    }
+    else if (FLONUM_P(obj)) {
+#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
+        return LONG2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)obj);
+#else
+        return LL2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)obj);
+#endif
+    }
+    else if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return LONG2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)obj);
     }
-    if (!is_live_object(objspace, ptr)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%p is recycled object", p0);
+
+    return get_heap_object_id(obj);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+cached_object_id(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE id;
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    if (st_lookup(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, (st_data_t)obj, &id)) {
+        GC_ASSERT(FL_TEST(obj, FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID));
     }
-    if (RBASIC(ptr)->klass == 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%p is internal object", p0);
+    else {
+        GC_ASSERT(!FL_TEST(obj, FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID));
+
+        id = objspace->next_object_id;
+        objspace->next_object_id = rb_int_plus(id, INT2FIX(OBJ_ID_INCREMENT));
+
+        VALUE already_disabled = rb_gc_disable_no_rest();
+        st_insert(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, (st_data_t)obj, (st_data_t)id);
+        st_insert(objspace->id_to_obj_tbl, (st_data_t)id, (st_data_t)obj);
+        if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
+        FL_SET(obj, FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID);
     }
-    return (VALUE)ptr;
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+
+    return id;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+nonspecial_obj_id_(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return nonspecial_obj_id(obj);
+}
+
+
+VALUE
+rb_memory_id(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_find_object_id(obj, nonspecial_obj_id_);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3072,6 +4095,8 @@ id2ref(VALUE obj, VALUE objid)
  *  Note: that some objects of builtin classes are reused for optimization.
  *  This is the case for immediate values and frozen string literals.
  *
+ *  BasicObject implements +__id__+, Kernel implements +object_id+.
+ *
  *  Immediate values are not passed by reference but are passed by value:
  *  +nil+, +true+, +false+, Fixnums, Symbols, and some Floats.
  *
@@ -3112,23 +4137,27 @@ rb_obj_id(VALUE obj)
      *  24 if 32-bit, double is 8-byte aligned
      *  40 if 64-bit
      */
-    if (STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
-        return (SYM2ID(obj) * sizeof(RVALUE) + (4 << 2)) | FIXNUM_FLAG;
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_P(obj)) {
-#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-	return LONG2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)obj);
-#else
-	return LL2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)obj);
-#endif
-    }
-    else if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	return LONG2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)obj);
-    }
-    return nonspecial_obj_id(obj);
+
+    return rb_find_object_id(obj, cached_object_id);
 }
 
-#include "regint.h"
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cc_table_memsize_i(VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data_ptr)
+{
+    size_t *total_size = data_ptr;
+    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
+    *total_size += sizeof(*ccs);
+    *total_size += sizeof(ccs->entries[0]) * ccs->capa;
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static size_t
+cc_table_memsize(struct rb_id_table *cc_table)
+{
+    size_t total = rb_id_table_memsize(cc_table);
+    rb_id_table_foreach_values(cc_table, cc_table_memsize_i, &total);
+    return total;
+}
 
 static size_t
 obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
@@ -3145,21 +4174,21 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_OBJECT:
-	if (!(RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) &&
-	    ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.ivptr) {
-	    size += ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.numiv * sizeof(VALUE);
+	if (!(RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
+	    size += ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj) * sizeof(VALUE);
 	}
 	break;
       case T_MODULE:
       case T_CLASS:
-	if (RCLASS_M_TBL(obj)) {
-	    size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
-	}
 	if (RCLASS_EXT(obj)) {
+            if (RCLASS_M_TBL(obj)) {
+                size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+            }
 	    if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj)) {
 		size += st_memsize(RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
 	    }
 	    if (RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj)) {
+                // TODO: more correct value
 		size += st_memsize(RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj));
 	    }
 	    if (RCLASS(obj)->ptr->iv_tbl) {
@@ -3168,15 +4197,21 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
 	    if (RCLASS(obj)->ptr->const_tbl) {
 		size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS(obj)->ptr->const_tbl);
 	    }
+            if (RCLASS_CC_TBL(obj)) {
+                size += cc_table_memsize(RCLASS_CC_TBL(obj));
+            }
 	    size += sizeof(rb_classext_t);
 	}
 	break;
       case T_ICLASS:
-	if (FL_TEST(obj, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN)) {
+        if (RICLASS_OWNS_M_TBL_P(obj)) {
 	    if (RCLASS_M_TBL(obj)) {
 		size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
 	    }
 	}
+        if (RCLASS_EXT(obj) && RCLASS_CC_TBL(obj)) {
+            size += cc_table_memsize(RCLASS_CC_TBL(obj));
+        }
 	break;
       case T_STRING:
 	size += rb_str_memsize(obj);
@@ -3185,9 +4220,16 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
 	size += rb_ary_memsize(obj);
 	break;
       case T_HASH:
-	if (RHASH(obj)->ntbl) {
-	    size += st_memsize(RHASH(obj)->ntbl);
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(obj)) {
+            if (RHASH_AR_TABLE(obj) != NULL) {
+                size_t rb_hash_ar_table_size();
+                size += rb_hash_ar_table_size();
+            }
 	}
+        else {
+            VM_ASSERT(RHASH_ST_TABLE(obj) != NULL);
+            size += st_memsize(RHASH_ST_TABLE(obj));
+        }
 	break;
       case T_REGEXP:
 	if (RREGEXP_PTR(obj)) {
@@ -3212,7 +4254,9 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
 	break;
       case T_RATIONAL:
       case T_COMPLEX:
+        break;
       case T_IMEMO:
+        size += imemo_memsize(obj);
 	break;
 
       case T_FLOAT:
@@ -3226,7 +4270,7 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
 	break;
 
       case T_NODE:
-	if (use_all_types) size += rb_node_memsize(obj);
+	UNEXPECTED_NODE(obj_memsize_of);
 	break;
 
       case T_STRUCT:
@@ -3237,6 +4281,7 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
 	break;
 
       case T_ZOMBIE:
+      case T_MOVED:
 	break;
 
       default:
@@ -3262,6 +4307,43 @@ set_zero(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+type_sym(size_t type)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+#define COUNT_TYPE(t) case (t): return ID2SYM(rb_intern(#t)); break;
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_NONE);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_OBJECT);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_CLASS);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_MODULE);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_FLOAT);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_STRING);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_REGEXP);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_ARRAY);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_HASH);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_STRUCT);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_BIGNUM);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_FILE);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_DATA);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_MATCH);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_COMPLEX);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_RATIONAL);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_NIL);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_TRUE);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_FALSE);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_SYMBOL);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_FIXNUM);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_IMEMO);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_UNDEF);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_NODE);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_ICLASS);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_ZOMBIE);
+        COUNT_TYPE(T_MOVED);
+#undef COUNT_TYPE
+        default:              return SIZET2NUM(type); break;
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ObjectSpace.count_objects([result_hash]) -> hash
@@ -3305,9 +4387,10 @@ count_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
     size_t freed = 0;
     size_t total = 0;
     size_t i;
-    VALUE hash;
+    VALUE hash = Qnil;
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &hash) == 1) {
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
+        hash = argv[0];
         if (!RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH))
             rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash given");
     }
@@ -3322,12 +4405,19 @@ count_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
 
 	p = page->start; pend = p + page->total_slots;
 	for (;p < pend; p++) {
+            VALUE vp = (VALUE)p;
+            void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(vp);
+            asan_unpoison_object(vp, false);
 	    if (p->as.basic.flags) {
-		counts[BUILTIN_TYPE(p)]++;
+                counts[BUILTIN_TYPE(vp)]++;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		freed++;
 	    }
+            if (poisoned) {
+                GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(vp) == T_NONE);
+                asan_poison_object(vp);
+            }
 	}
 	total += page->total_slots;
     }
@@ -3336,44 +4426,13 @@ count_objects(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
         hash = rb_hash_new();
     }
     else if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
-        st_foreach(RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash), set_zero, hash);
+        rb_hash_stlike_foreach(hash, set_zero, hash);
     }
     rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("TOTAL")), SIZET2NUM(total));
     rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("FREE")), SIZET2NUM(freed));
 
     for (i = 0; i <= T_MASK; i++) {
-        VALUE type;
-        switch (i) {
-#define COUNT_TYPE(t) case (t): type = ID2SYM(rb_intern(#t)); break;
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_NONE);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_OBJECT);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_CLASS);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_MODULE);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_FLOAT);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_STRING);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_REGEXP);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_ARRAY);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_HASH);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_STRUCT);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_BIGNUM);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_FILE);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_DATA);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_MATCH);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_COMPLEX);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_RATIONAL);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_NIL);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_TRUE);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_FALSE);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_SYMBOL);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_FIXNUM);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_IMEMO);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_UNDEF);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_NODE);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_ICLASS);
-	    COUNT_TYPE(T_ZOMBIE);
-#undef COUNT_TYPE
-          default:              type = INT2NUM(i); break;
-        }
+        VALUE type = type_sym(i);
         if (counts[i])
             rb_hash_aset(hash, type, SIZET2NUM(counts[i]));
     }
@@ -3408,13 +4467,369 @@ objspace_free_slots(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 static void
 gc_setup_mark_bits(struct heap_page *page)
 {
-#if USE_RGENGC
     /* copy oldgen bitmap to mark bitmap */
     memcpy(&page->mark_bits[0], &page->uncollectible_bits[0], HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE);
+}
+
+static int gc_is_moveable_obj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj);
+static VALUE gc_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE scan, VALUE free);
+
+static void
+lock_page_body(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page_body *body)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    DWORD old_protect;
+
+    if (!VirtualProtect(body, HEAP_PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_NOACCESS, &old_protect)) {
 #else
-    /* clear mark bitmap */
-    memset(&page->mark_bits[0], 0, HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE);
+    if(mprotect(body, HEAP_PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE)) {
+#endif
+        rb_bug("Couldn't protect page %p", (void *)body);
+    } else {
+        gc_report(5, objspace, "Protecting page in move %p\n", (void *)body);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+unlock_page_body(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page_body *body)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    DWORD old_protect;
+
+    if (!VirtualProtect(body, HEAP_PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_READWRITE, &old_protect)) {
+#else
+    if(mprotect(body, HEAP_PAGE_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)) {
+#endif
+        rb_bug("Couldn't unprotect page %p", (void *)body);
+    } else {
+        gc_report(5, objspace, "Unprotecting page in move %p\n", (void *)body);
+    }
+}
+
+static short
+try_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *sweep_page, VALUE dest)
+{
+    struct heap_page * cursor = heap->compact_cursor;
+    char from_freelist = 0;
+
+    GC_ASSERT(!MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(dest), dest));
+
+    /* T_NONE objects came from the free list.  If the object is *not* a
+     * T_NONE, it is an object that just got freed but hasn't been
+     * added to the freelist yet */
+
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(dest) == T_NONE) {
+        from_freelist = 1;
+    }
+
+    while(1) {
+        size_t index = heap->compact_cursor_index;
+
+        bits_t *mark_bits = cursor->mark_bits;
+        bits_t *pin_bits = cursor->pinned_bits;
+        RVALUE * p = cursor->start;
+        RVALUE * offset = p - NUM_IN_PAGE(p);
+
+        /* Find an object to move and move it. Movable objects must be
+         * marked, so we iterate using the marking bitmap */
+        for (size_t i = index; i < HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT; i++) {
+            bits_t bits = mark_bits[i] & ~pin_bits[i];
+
+            if (bits) {
+                p = offset + i * BITS_BITLENGTH;
+
+                do {
+                    if (bits & 1) {
+                        /* We're trying to move "p" */
+                        objspace->rcompactor.considered_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE((VALUE)p)]++;
+
+                        if (gc_is_moveable_obj(objspace, (VALUE)p)) {
+                            /* We were able to move "p" */
+                            objspace->rcompactor.moved_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE((VALUE)p)]++;
+                            objspace->rcompactor.total_moved++;
+                            gc_move(objspace, (VALUE)p, dest);
+                            gc_pin(objspace, (VALUE)p);
+                            heap->compact_cursor_index = i;
+                            if (from_freelist) {
+                                FL_SET((VALUE)p, FL_FROM_FREELIST);
+                            }
+
+                            return 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    p++;
+                    bits >>= 1;
+                } while (bits);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* We couldn't find a movable object on the compact cursor, so lets
+         * move to the next page (previous page since we are traveling in the
+         * opposite direction of the sweep cursor) and look there. */
+
+        struct heap_page * next;
+
+        next = list_prev(&heap->pages, cursor, page_node);
+
+        /* Protect the current cursor since it probably has T_MOVED slots. */
+        lock_page_body(objspace, GET_PAGE_BODY(cursor->start));
+
+        heap->compact_cursor = next;
+        heap->compact_cursor_index = 0;
+        cursor = next;
+
+        // Cursors have met, lets quit.  We set `heap->compact_cursor` equal
+        // to `heap->sweeping_page` so we know how far to iterate through
+        // the heap when unprotecting pages.
+        if (next == sweep_page) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+gc_unprotect_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
+{
+    struct heap_page *cursor = heap->compact_cursor;
+
+    while(cursor) {
+        unlock_page_body(objspace, GET_PAGE_BODY(cursor->start));
+        cursor = list_next(&heap->pages, cursor, page_node);
+    }
+}
+
+static void gc_update_references(rb_objspace_t * objspace, rb_heap_t *heap);
+static void invalidate_moved_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page);
+
+static void read_barrier_handler(intptr_t address)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+    rb_objspace_t * objspace = &rb_objspace;
+
+    address -= address % sizeof(RVALUE);
+
+    obj = (VALUE)address;
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        unlock_page_body(objspace, GET_PAGE_BODY(obj));
+
+        objspace->profile.read_barrier_faults++;
+
+        invalidate_moved_page(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj));
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+}
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+static LPTOP_LEVEL_EXCEPTION_FILTER old_handler;
+typedef void (*signal_handler)(int);
+static signal_handler old_sigsegv_handler;
+
+static LONG WINAPI read_barrier_signal(EXCEPTION_POINTERS * info)
+{
+    /* EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION is what's raised by access to protected pages */
+    if (info->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION) {
+        /* > The second array element specifies the virtual address of the inaccessible data.
+         * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winnt/ns-winnt-exception_record
+         *
+         * Use this address to invalidate the page */
+        read_barrier_handler((intptr_t)info->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1]);
+        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
+    } else {
+        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+uninstall_handlers(void)
+{
+    signal(SIGSEGV, old_sigsegv_handler);
+    SetUnhandledExceptionFilter(old_handler);
+}
+
+static void
+install_handlers(void)
+{
+    /* Remove SEGV handler so that the Unhandled Exception Filter handles it */
+    old_sigsegv_handler = signal(SIGSEGV, NULL);
+    /* Unhandled Exception Filter has access to the violation address similar
+     * to si_addr from sigaction */
+    old_handler = SetUnhandledExceptionFilter(read_barrier_signal);
+}
+#else
+static struct sigaction old_sigbus_handler;
+static struct sigaction old_sigsegv_handler;
+
+static void
+read_barrier_signal(int sig, siginfo_t * info, void * data)
+{
+    // setup SEGV/BUS handlers for errors
+    struct sigaction prev_sigbus, prev_sigsegv;
+    sigaction(SIGBUS, &old_sigbus_handler, &prev_sigbus);
+    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &old_sigsegv_handler, &prev_sigsegv);
+
+    // enable SIGBUS/SEGV
+    sigset_t set, prev_set;
+    sigemptyset(&set);
+    sigaddset(&set, SIGBUS);
+    sigaddset(&set, SIGSEGV);
+    sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, &prev_set);
+
+    // run handler
+    read_barrier_handler((intptr_t)info->si_addr);
+
+    // reset SEGV/BUS handlers
+    sigaction(SIGBUS, &prev_sigbus, NULL);
+    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &prev_sigsegv, NULL);
+    sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_set, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+uninstall_handlers(void)
+{
+    sigaction(SIGBUS, &old_sigbus_handler, NULL);
+    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &old_sigsegv_handler, NULL);
+}
+
+static void
+install_handlers(void)
+{
+    struct sigaction action;
+    memset(&action, 0, sizeof(struct sigaction));
+    sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask);
+    action.sa_sigaction = read_barrier_signal;
+    action.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_ONSTACK;
+
+    sigaction(SIGBUS, &action, &old_sigbus_handler);
+    sigaction(SIGSEGV, &action, &old_sigsegv_handler);
+}
 #endif
+
+static void
+revert_stack_objects(VALUE stack_obj, void *ctx)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t * objspace = (rb_objspace_t*)ctx;
+
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(stack_obj) == T_MOVED) {
+        /* For now we'll revert the whole page if the object made it to the
+         * stack.  I think we can change this to move just the one object
+         * back though */
+        invalidate_moved_page(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(stack_obj));
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+check_stack_for_moved(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_vm_t *vm = rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec);
+    rb_vm_each_stack_value(vm, revert_stack_objects, (void*)objspace);
+}
+
+static void
+gc_compact_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
+{
+    GC_ASSERT(heap->sweeping_page == heap->compact_cursor);
+
+    gc_unprotect_pages(objspace, heap);
+    uninstall_handlers();
+
+    /* The mutator is allowed to run during incremental sweeping. T_MOVED
+     * objects can get pushed on the stack and when the compaction process
+     * finishes up, it may remove the read barrier before anything has a
+     * chance to read from the T_MOVED address. To fix this, we scan the stack
+     * then revert any moved objects that made it to the stack. */
+    check_stack_for_moved(objspace);
+
+    gc_update_references(objspace, heap);
+    heap->compact_cursor = NULL;
+    heap->compact_cursor_index = 0;
+    objspace->profile.compact_count++;
+    if (gc_prof_enabled(objspace)) {
+        gc_profile_record *record = gc_prof_record(objspace);
+        record->moved_objects = objspace->rcompactor.total_moved - record->moved_objects;
+    }
+    rb_clear_constant_cache();
+    objspace->flags.during_compacting = FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+gc_fill_swept_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *sweep_page, int *freed_slots, int *empty_slots)
+{
+    /* Find any pinned but not marked objects and try to fill those slots */
+    int i;
+    int moved_slots = 0;
+    int finished_compacting = 0;
+    bits_t *mark_bits, *pin_bits;
+    bits_t bitset;
+    RVALUE *p, *offset;
+
+    mark_bits = sweep_page->mark_bits;
+    pin_bits = sweep_page->pinned_bits;
+
+    p = sweep_page->start;
+    offset = p - NUM_IN_PAGE(p);
+
+    struct heap_page * cursor = heap->compact_cursor;
+
+    unlock_page_body(objspace, GET_PAGE_BODY(cursor->start));
+
+    for (i=0; i < HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT; i++) {
+        /* *Want to move* objects are pinned but not marked. */
+        bitset = pin_bits[i] & ~mark_bits[i];
+
+        if (bitset) {
+            p = offset + i * BITS_BITLENGTH;
+            do {
+                if (bitset & 1) {
+                    VALUE dest = (VALUE)p;
+
+                    GC_ASSERT(MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(dest), dest));
+                    GC_ASSERT(!MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(dest), dest));
+
+                    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(dest), dest);
+
+                    if (finished_compacting) {
+                        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(dest) == T_NONE) {
+                            (*empty_slots)++;
+                        } else {
+                            (*freed_slots)++;
+                        }
+                        (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)dest, sizeof(RVALUE));
+                        heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, dest);
+                    } else {
+                        /* Zombie slots don't get marked, but we can't reuse
+                         * their memory until they have their finalizers run.*/
+                        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(dest) != T_ZOMBIE) {
+                            if(!try_move(objspace, heap, sweep_page, dest)) {
+                                finished_compacting = 1;
+                                (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)p, sizeof(RVALUE));
+                                gc_report(5, objspace, "Quit compacting, couldn't find an object to move\n");
+                                if (BUILTIN_TYPE(dest) == T_NONE) {
+                                    (*empty_slots)++;
+                                } else {
+                                    (*freed_slots)++;
+                                }
+                                heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, dest);
+                                gc_report(3, objspace, "page_sweep: %s is added to freelist\n", obj_info(dest));
+                            } else {
+                                moved_slots++;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                p++;
+                bitset >>= 1;
+            } while (bitset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    lock_page_body(objspace, GET_PAGE_BODY(heap->compact_cursor->start));
+
+    return finished_compacting;
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -3422,54 +4837,109 @@ gc_page_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *sweep_
 {
     int i;
     int empty_slots = 0, freed_slots = 0, final_slots = 0;
-    RVALUE *p, *pend,*offset;
+    int was_compacting = 0;
+    RVALUE *p, *offset;
     bits_t *bits, bitset;
 
     gc_report(2, objspace, "page_sweep: start.\n");
 
+    if (heap->compact_cursor) {
+        if (sweep_page == heap->compact_cursor) {
+            /* The compaction cursor and sweep page met, so we need to quit compacting */
+            gc_report(5, objspace, "Quit compacting, mark and compact cursor met\n");
+            gc_compact_finish(objspace, heap);
+        } else {
+            /* We anticipate filling the page, so NULL out the freelist. */
+            asan_unpoison_memory_region(&sweep_page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+            sweep_page->freelist = NULL;
+            asan_poison_memory_region(&sweep_page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
+            was_compacting = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
     sweep_page->flags.before_sweep = FALSE;
 
-    p = sweep_page->start; pend = p + sweep_page->total_slots;
+    p = sweep_page->start;
     offset = p - NUM_IN_PAGE(p);
     bits = sweep_page->mark_bits;
 
     /* create guard : fill 1 out-of-range */
     bits[BITMAP_INDEX(p)] |= BITMAP_BIT(p)-1;
-    bits[BITMAP_INDEX(pend)] |= ~(BITMAP_BIT(pend) - 1);
+
+    int out_of_range_bits = (NUM_IN_PAGE(p) + sweep_page->total_slots) % BITS_BITLENGTH;
+    if (out_of_range_bits != 0) { // sizeof(RVALUE) == 64
+        bits[BITMAP_INDEX(p) + sweep_page->total_slots / BITS_BITLENGTH] |= ~(((bits_t)1 << out_of_range_bits) - 1);
+    }
 
     for (i=0; i < HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT; i++) {
 	bitset = ~bits[i];
 	if (bitset) {
 	    p = offset  + i * BITS_BITLENGTH;
 	    do {
+                VALUE vp = (VALUE)p;
+                asan_unpoison_object(vp, false);
 		if (bitset & 1) {
-		    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(p)) {
-		      default: { /* majority case */
-			  gc_report(2, objspace, "page_sweep: free %s\n", obj_info((VALUE)p));
-#if USE_RGENGC && RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
-			  if (!is_full_marking(objspace)) {
-			      if (RVALUE_OLD_P((VALUE)p)) rb_bug("page_sweep: %s - old while minor GC.", obj_info((VALUE)p));
-			      if (rgengc_remembered(objspace, (VALUE)p)) rb_bug("page_sweep: %s - remembered.", obj_info((VALUE)p));
-			  }
-#endif
-			  if (obj_free(objspace, (VALUE)p)) {
-			      final_slots++;
-			  }
-			  else {
-			      (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)p, sizeof(RVALUE));
-			      heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, (VALUE)p);
-			      gc_report(3, objspace, "page_sweep: %s is added to freelist\n", obj_info((VALUE)p));
-			      freed_slots++;
-			  }
-			  break;
-		      }
+                    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(vp)) {
+		      default: /* majority case */
+                        gc_report(2, objspace, "page_sweep: free %p\n", (void *)p);
+#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
+                        if (!is_full_marking(objspace)) {
+                            if (RVALUE_OLD_P(vp)) rb_bug("page_sweep: %p - old while minor GC.", (void *)p);
+                            if (rgengc_remembered_sweep(objspace, vp)) rb_bug("page_sweep: %p - remembered.", (void *)p);
+                        }
+#endif
+                        if (obj_free(objspace, vp)) {
+                            final_slots++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (heap->compact_cursor) {
+                                /* We *want* to fill this slot */
+                                MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(vp), vp);
+                            } else {
+                                (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED((void*)p, sizeof(RVALUE));
+                                heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, vp);
+                                gc_report(3, objspace, "page_sweep: %s is added to freelist\n", obj_info(vp));
+                                freed_slots++;
+                            }
+
+                        }
+                        break;
 
 			/* minor cases */
+		      case T_MOVED:
+                        if (objspace->flags.during_compacting) {
+                            /* The sweep cursor shouldn't have made it to any
+                             * T_MOVED slots while the compact flag is enabled.
+                             * The sweep cursor and compact cursor move in
+                             * opposite directions, and when they meet references will
+                             * get updated and "during_compacting" should get disabled */
+                            rb_bug("T_MOVED shouldn't be seen until compaction is finished\n");
+                        }
+                        gc_report(3, objspace, "page_sweep: %s is added to freelist\n", obj_info(vp));
+                        if (FL_TEST(vp, FL_FROM_FREELIST)) {
+                            empty_slots++;
+                        } else {
+                            freed_slots++;
+                        }
+                        heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, vp);
+                        break;
 		      case T_ZOMBIE:
 			/* already counted */
 			break;
 		      case T_NONE:
-			empty_slots++; /* already freed */
+                        if (heap->compact_cursor) {
+                            /* We *want* to fill this slot */
+                            MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(vp), vp);
+                        } else {
+                            /* When we started sweeping this page, we were in
+                             * compacting mode and nulled the free list for
+                             * the page. But compaction finished, so we need to
+                             * put any T_NONE slots back on the freelist. */
+                            if (was_compacting) {
+                                heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, sweep_page, vp);
+                            }
+                            empty_slots++; /* already freed */
+                        }
 			break;
 		    }
 		}
@@ -3479,7 +4949,15 @@ gc_page_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *sweep_
 	}
     }
 
-    gc_setup_mark_bits(sweep_page);
+    if (heap->compact_cursor) {
+        if (gc_fill_swept_page(objspace, heap, sweep_page, &freed_slots, &empty_slots)) {
+            gc_compact_finish(objspace, heap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!heap->compact_cursor) {
+        gc_setup_mark_bits(sweep_page);
+    }
 
 #if GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
     if (gc_prof_enabled(objspace)) {
@@ -3488,15 +4966,13 @@ gc_page_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *sweep_
 	record->empty_objects += empty_slots;
     }
 #endif
-    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "gc_page_sweep(%d): total_slots: %d, freed_slots: %d, empty_slots: %d, final_slots: %d\n",
-		   (int)rb_gc_count(),
-		   (int)sweep_page->total_slots,
+    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "gc_page_sweep(%"PRIdSIZE"): total_slots: %d, freed_slots: %d, empty_slots: %d, final_slots: %d\n",
+		   rb_gc_count(),
+		   sweep_page->total_slots,
 		   freed_slots, empty_slots, final_slots);
 
     sweep_page->free_slots = freed_slots + empty_slots;
     objspace->profile.total_freed_objects += freed_slots;
-    heap_pages_final_slots += final_slots;
-    sweep_page->final_slots += final_slots;
 
     if (heap_pages_deferred_final && !finalizing) {
         rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
@@ -3540,9 +5016,9 @@ gc_mode_transition(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_mode mode)
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
     enum gc_mode prev_mode = gc_mode(objspace);
     switch (prev_mode) {
-      case gc_mode_none: assert(mode == gc_mode_marking); break;
-      case gc_mode_marking: assert(mode == gc_mode_sweeping); break;
-      case gc_mode_sweeping: assert(mode == gc_mode_none); break;
+      case gc_mode_none:     GC_ASSERT(mode == gc_mode_marking); break;
+      case gc_mode_marking:  GC_ASSERT(mode == gc_mode_sweeping); break;
+      case gc_mode_sweeping: GC_ASSERT(mode == gc_mode_none); break;
     }
 #endif
     if (0) fprintf(stderr, "gc_mode_transition: %s->%s\n", gc_mode_name(gc_mode(objspace)), gc_mode_name(mode));
@@ -3552,21 +5028,17 @@ gc_mode_transition(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_mode mode)
 static void
 gc_sweep_start_heap(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
-    heap->sweep_pages = heap->pages;
+    heap->sweeping_page = list_top(&heap->pages, struct heap_page, page_node);
     heap->free_pages = NULL;
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
     heap->pooled_pages = NULL;
     objspace->rincgc.pooled_slots = 0;
 #endif
-    if (heap->using_page) {
-	RVALUE **p = &heap->using_page->freelist;
-	while (*p) {
-	    p = &(*p)->as.free.next;
-	}
-	*p = heap->freelist;
-	heap->using_page = NULL;
+
+    rb_ractor_t *r = NULL;
+    list_for_each(&GET_VM()->ractor.set, r, vmlr_node) {
+        rb_gc_ractor_newobj_cache_clear(&r->newobj_cache);
     }
-    heap->freelist = NULL;
 }
 
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 4
@@ -3582,29 +5054,31 @@ gc_sweep_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 static void
 gc_sweep_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_sweep_finish");
+    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_sweep_finish\n");
 
     gc_prof_set_heap_info(objspace);
     heap_pages_free_unused_pages(objspace);
 
     /* if heap_pages has unused pages, then assign them to increment */
     if (heap_allocatable_pages < heap_tomb->total_pages) {
-	heap_allocatable_pages = heap_tomb->total_pages;
+	heap_allocatable_pages_set(objspace, heap_tomb->total_pages);
     }
 
     gc_event_hook(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_END_SWEEP, 0);
     gc_mode_transition(objspace, gc_mode_none);
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2
-    gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
+    gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
 #endif
 }
 
 static int
 gc_sweep_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
-    struct heap_page *sweep_page = heap->sweep_pages;
+    struct heap_page *sweep_page = heap->sweeping_page;
     int unlink_limit = 3;
+    int swept_slots = 0;
+
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
     int need_pool = will_be_incremental_marking(objspace) ? TRUE : FALSE;
 
@@ -3619,9 +5093,10 @@ gc_sweep_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
     gc_prof_sweep_timer_start(objspace);
 #endif
 
-    while (sweep_page) {
-	struct heap_page *next_sweep_page = heap->sweep_pages = sweep_page->next;
+    do {
+        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("sweep_page:%p", sweep_page);
 	int free_slots = gc_page_sweep(objspace, heap, sweep_page);
+        heap->sweeping_page = list_next(&heap->pages, sweep_page, page_node);
 
 	if (sweep_page->final_slots + free_slots == sweep_page->total_slots &&
 	    heap_pages_freeable_pages > 0 &&
@@ -3635,27 +5110,26 @@ gc_sweep_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 	else if (free_slots > 0) {
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 	    if (need_pool) {
-		if (heap_add_poolpage(objspace, heap, sweep_page)) {
-		    need_pool = FALSE;
-		}
+                heap_add_poolpage(objspace, heap, sweep_page);
+                need_pool = FALSE;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		heap_add_freepage(objspace, heap, sweep_page);
-		break;
+                heap_add_freepage(heap, sweep_page);
+                swept_slots += free_slots;
+                if (swept_slots > 2048) {
+                    break;
+                }
 	    }
 #else
-	    heap_add_freepage(objspace, heap, sweep_page);
-	    break;
+            heap_add_freepage(heap, sweep_page);
 #endif
 	}
 	else {
 	    sweep_page->free_next = NULL;
 	}
+    } while ((sweep_page = heap->sweeping_page));
 
-	sweep_page = next_sweep_page;
-    }
-
-    if (heap->sweep_pages == NULL) {
+    if (!heap->sweeping_page) {
 	gc_sweep_finish(objspace);
     }
 
@@ -3663,6 +5137,8 @@ gc_sweep_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
     gc_prof_sweep_timer_stop(objspace);
 #endif
 
+    GC_ASSERT(gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_sweeping ? heap->free_pages != NULL : 1);
+
     return heap->free_pages != NULL;
 }
 
@@ -3676,22 +5152,96 @@ gc_sweep_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     }
 }
 
-#if GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP
 static void
 gc_sweep_continue(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(dont_gc == FALSE);
+    GC_ASSERT(dont_gc_val() == FALSE);
+    if (!GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP) return;
 
-    gc_enter(objspace, "sweep_continue");
-#if USE_RGENGC
-    if (objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc == GPR_FLAG_NONE && heap_increment(objspace, heap)) {
-	gc_report(3, objspace, "gc_sweep_continue: success heap_increment().\n");
-    }
-#endif
+    unsigned int lock_lev;
+    gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_sweep_continue, &lock_lev);
     gc_sweep_step(objspace, heap);
-    gc_exit(objspace, "sweep_continue");
+    gc_exit(objspace, gc_enter_event_sweep_continue, &lock_lev);
+}
+
+static void
+invalidate_moved_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page)
+{
+    int i;
+    int empty_slots = 0, freed_slots = 0;
+    bits_t *mark_bits, *pin_bits;
+    bits_t bitset;
+    RVALUE *p, *offset;
+
+    mark_bits = page->mark_bits;
+    pin_bits = page->pinned_bits;
+
+    p = page->start;
+    offset = p - NUM_IN_PAGE(p);
+
+    for (i=0; i < HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_LIMIT; i++) {
+        /* Moved objects are pinned but never marked. We reuse the pin bits
+         * to indicate there is a moved object in this slot. */
+        bitset = pin_bits[i] & ~mark_bits[i];
+
+        if (bitset) {
+            p = offset + i * BITS_BITLENGTH;
+            do {
+                if (bitset & 1) {
+                    VALUE forwarding_object = (VALUE)p;
+                    VALUE object;
+
+                    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(forwarding_object) == T_MOVED) {
+                        GC_ASSERT(MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(forwarding_object), forwarding_object));
+                        GC_ASSERT(!MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(forwarding_object), forwarding_object));
+
+                        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(forwarding_object), forwarding_object);
+
+                        object = rb_gc_location(forwarding_object);
+
+                        if (FL_TEST(forwarding_object, FL_FROM_FREELIST)) {
+                            empty_slots++; /* already freed */
+                        } else {
+                            freed_slots++;
+                        }
+
+                        gc_move(objspace, object, forwarding_object);
+                        /* forwarding_object is now our actual object, and "object"
+                         * is the free slot for the original page */
+                        heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(object), object);
+
+                        GC_ASSERT(MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(forwarding_object), forwarding_object));
+                        GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(forwarding_object) != T_MOVED);
+                        GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(forwarding_object) != T_NONE);
+                    }
+                }
+                p++;
+                bitset >>= 1;
+            } while (bitset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    page->free_slots += (empty_slots + freed_slots);
+    objspace->profile.total_freed_objects += freed_slots;
+}
+
+static void
+gc_compact_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
+{
+    heap->compact_cursor = list_tail(&heap->pages, struct heap_page, page_node);
+    heap->compact_cursor_index = 0;
+
+    if (gc_prof_enabled(objspace)) {
+        gc_profile_record *record = gc_prof_record(objspace);
+        record->moved_objects = objspace->rcompactor.total_moved;
+    }
+
+    memset(objspace->rcompactor.considered_count_table, 0, T_MASK * sizeof(size_t));
+    memset(objspace->rcompactor.moved_count_table, 0, T_MASK * sizeof(size_t));
+
+    /* Set up read barrier for pages containing MOVED objects */
+    install_handlers();
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
 gc_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
@@ -3705,19 +5255,32 @@ gc_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 	gc_prof_sweep_timer_start(objspace);
 #endif
 	gc_sweep_start(objspace);
+        if (objspace->flags.during_compacting) {
+            struct heap_page *page = NULL;
+
+            list_for_each(&heap_eden->pages, page, page_node) {
+                page->flags.before_sweep = TRUE;
+            }
+
+            gc_compact_start(objspace, heap_eden);
+        }
+
 	gc_sweep_rest(objspace);
 #if !GC_ENABLE_LAZY_SWEEP
 	gc_prof_sweep_timer_stop(objspace);
 #endif
     }
     else {
-	struct heap_page *page;
+	struct heap_page *page = NULL;
 	gc_sweep_start(objspace);
-	page = heap_eden->sweep_pages;
-	while (page) {
-	    page->flags.before_sweep = TRUE;
-	    page = page->next;
-	}
+
+        if (ruby_enable_autocompact && is_full_marking(objspace)) {
+            gc_compact_start(objspace, heap_eden);
+        }
+
+        list_for_each(&heap_eden->pages, page, page_node) {
+            page->flags.before_sweep = TRUE;
+        }
 	gc_sweep_step(objspace, heap_eden);
     }
 
@@ -3784,7 +5347,7 @@ push_mark_stack_chunk(mark_stack_t *stack)
 {
     stack_chunk_t *next;
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(stack->index == stack->limit);
+    GC_ASSERT(stack->index == stack->limit);
 
     if (stack->cache_size > 0) {
         next = stack->cache;
@@ -3807,7 +5370,7 @@ pop_mark_stack_chunk(mark_stack_t *stack)
     stack_chunk_t *prev;
 
     prev = stack->chunk->next;
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(stack->index == 0);
+    GC_ASSERT(stack->index == 0);
     add_stack_chunk_cache(stack, stack->chunk);
     stack->chunk = prev;
     stack->index = stack->limit;
@@ -3829,6 +5392,22 @@ free_stack_chunks(mark_stack_t *stack)
 static void
 push_mark_stack(mark_stack_t *stack, VALUE data)
 {
+    VALUE obj = data;
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_NIL:
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_MOVED:
+	rb_bug("push_mark_stack() called for broken object");
+	break;
+
+      case T_NODE:
+	UNEXPECTED_NODE(push_mark_stack);
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+
     if (stack->index == stack->limit) {
         push_mark_stack_chunk(stack);
     }
@@ -3897,15 +5476,16 @@ init_mark_stack(mark_stack_t *stack)
 
 /* Marking */
 
-#ifdef __ia64
-#define SET_STACK_END (SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end), th->machine.register_stack_end = rb_ia64_bsp())
-#else
-#define SET_STACK_END SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&th->machine.stack_end)
-#endif
+#define SET_STACK_END SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&ec->machine.stack_end)
+
+#define STACK_START (ec->machine.stack_start)
+#define STACK_END (ec->machine.stack_end)
+#define STACK_LEVEL_MAX (ec->machine.stack_maxsize/sizeof(VALUE))
 
-#define STACK_START (th->machine.stack_start)
-#define STACK_END (th->machine.stack_end)
-#define STACK_LEVEL_MAX (th->machine.stack_maxsize/sizeof(VALUE))
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#undef STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
+#define STACK_GROW_DIRECTION 1
+#endif
 
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION < 0
 # define STACK_LENGTH  (size_t)(STACK_START - STACK_END)
@@ -3931,50 +5511,57 @@ ruby_get_stack_grow_direction(volatile VALUE *addr)
 size_t
 ruby_stack_length(VALUE **p)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     SET_STACK_END;
     if (p) *p = STACK_UPPER(STACK_END, STACK_START, STACK_END);
     return STACK_LENGTH;
 }
 
+#define PREVENT_STACK_OVERFLOW 1
+#ifndef PREVENT_STACK_OVERFLOW
 #if !(defined(POSIX_SIGNAL) && defined(SIGSEGV) && defined(HAVE_SIGALTSTACK))
+# define PREVENT_STACK_OVERFLOW 1
+#else
+# define PREVENT_STACK_OVERFLOW 0
+#endif
+#endif
+#if PREVENT_STACK_OVERFLOW
 static int
-stack_check(int water_mark)
+stack_check(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int water_mark)
 {
-    int ret;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
     SET_STACK_END;
-    ret = STACK_LENGTH > STACK_LEVEL_MAX - water_mark;
-#ifdef __ia64
-    if (!ret) {
-        ret = (VALUE*)rb_ia64_bsp() - th->machine.register_stack_start >
-              th->machine.register_stack_maxsize/sizeof(VALUE) - water_mark;
-    }
-#endif
-    return ret;
+
+    size_t length = STACK_LENGTH;
+    size_t maximum_length = STACK_LEVEL_MAX - water_mark;
+
+    return length > maximum_length;
 }
+#else
+#define stack_check(ec, water_mark) FALSE
 #endif
 
-#define STACKFRAME_FOR_CALL_CFUNC 512
+#define STACKFRAME_FOR_CALL_CFUNC 2048
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED int
+rb_ec_stack_check(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    return stack_check(ec, STACKFRAME_FOR_CALL_CFUNC);
+}
 
 int
 ruby_stack_check(void)
 {
-#if defined(POSIX_SIGNAL) && defined(SIGSEGV) && defined(HAVE_SIGALTSTACK)
-    return 0;
-#else
-    return stack_check(STACKFRAME_FOR_CALL_CFUNC);
-#endif
+    return stack_check(GET_EC(), STACKFRAME_FOR_CALL_CFUNC);
 }
 
-ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
+ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(static void mark_locations_array(rb_objspace_t *objspace, register const VALUE *x, register long n));
 static void
 mark_locations_array(rb_objspace_t *objspace, register const VALUE *x, register long n)
 {
     VALUE v;
     while (n--) {
         v = *x;
-	gc_mark_maybe(objspace, v);
+        gc_mark_maybe(objspace, v);
 	x++;
     }
 }
@@ -4001,37 +5588,75 @@ gc_mark_values(rb_objspace_t *objspace, long n, const VALUE *values)
     long i;
 
     for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-	gc_mark(objspace, values[i]);
+        gc_mark(objspace, values[i]);
     }
 }
 
 void
 rb_gc_mark_values(long n, const VALUE *values)
 {
+    long i;
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, values[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+gc_mark_stack_values(rb_objspace_t *objspace, long n, const VALUE *values)
+{
+    long i;
+
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (is_markable_object(objspace, values[i])) {
+            gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, values[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_gc_mark_vm_stack_values(long n, const VALUE *values)
+{
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    gc_mark_values(objspace, n, values);
+    gc_mark_stack_values(objspace, n, values);
 }
 
 static int
-mark_entry(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+mark_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
     gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)value);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static int
+mark_value_pin(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+    gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, (VALUE)value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+mark_tbl_no_pin(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_table *tbl)
+{
+    if (!tbl || tbl->num_entries == 0) return;
+    st_foreach(tbl, mark_value, (st_data_t)objspace);
+}
+
 static void
 mark_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_table *tbl)
 {
     if (!tbl || tbl->num_entries == 0) return;
-    st_foreach(tbl, mark_entry, (st_data_t)objspace);
+    st_foreach(tbl, mark_value_pin, (st_data_t)objspace);
 }
 
 static int
 mark_key(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
-    gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)key);
+    gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, (VALUE)key);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -4042,6 +5667,21 @@ mark_set(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_table *tbl)
     st_foreach(tbl, mark_key, (st_data_t)objspace);
 }
 
+static int
+pin_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+    gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, (VALUE)value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+mark_finalizer_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_table *tbl)
+{
+    if (!tbl) return;
+    st_foreach(tbl, pin_value, (st_data_t)objspace);
+}
+
 void
 rb_mark_set(st_table *tbl)
 {
@@ -4058,17 +5698,58 @@ mark_keyvalue(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static int
+pin_key_pin_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+
+    gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, (VALUE)key);
+    gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, (VALUE)value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+pin_key_mark_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+
+    gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, (VALUE)key);
+    gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+mark_hash(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(hash)) {
+        rb_hash_stlike_foreach(hash, pin_key_mark_value, (st_data_t)objspace);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_hash_stlike_foreach(hash, mark_keyvalue, (st_data_t)objspace);
+    }
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        if (LIKELY(during_gc) && RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash)) {
+            rb_transient_heap_mark(hash, RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        VM_ASSERT(!RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash));
+    }
+    gc_mark(objspace, RHASH(hash)->ifnone);
+}
+
 static void
-mark_hash(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_table *tbl)
+mark_st(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_table *tbl)
 {
     if (!tbl) return;
-    st_foreach(tbl, mark_keyvalue, (st_data_t)objspace);
+    st_foreach(tbl, pin_key_pin_value, (st_data_t)objspace);
 }
 
 void
 rb_mark_hash(st_table *tbl)
 {
-    mark_hash(&rb_objspace, tbl);
+    mark_st(&rb_objspace, tbl);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -4090,7 +5771,8 @@ mark_method_entry(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 	    gc_mark(objspace, def->body.attr.location);
 	    break;
 	  case VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD:
-	    gc_mark(objspace, def->body.proc);
+            gc_mark(objspace, def->body.bmethod.proc);
+            if (def->body.bmethod.hooks) rb_hook_list_mark(def->body.bmethod.hooks);
 	    break;
 	  case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS:
 	    gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)def->body.alias.original_me);
@@ -4155,11 +5837,11 @@ mark_const_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct rb_id_table *tbl)
      ((start) = STACK_END, (end) = STACK_START) : ((start) = STACK_START, (end) = STACK_END+(appendix)))
 #endif
 
-static void mark_stack_locations(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_thread_t *th,
+static void mark_stack_locations(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const rb_execution_context_t *ec,
 				 const VALUE *stack_start, const VALUE *stack_end);
 
 static void
-mark_current_machine_context(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_thread_t *th)
+mark_current_machine_context(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
     union {
 	rb_jmp_buf j;
@@ -4168,6 +5850,7 @@ mark_current_machine_context(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_thread_t *th)
     VALUE *stack_start, *stack_end;
 
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
+    memset(&save_regs_gc_mark, 0, sizeof(save_regs_gc_mark));
     /* This assumes that all registers are saved into the jmp_buf (and stack) */
     rb_setjmp(save_regs_gc_mark.j);
 
@@ -4179,30 +5862,26 @@ mark_current_machine_context(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_thread_t *th)
 
     mark_locations_array(objspace, save_regs_gc_mark.v, numberof(save_regs_gc_mark.v));
 
-    mark_stack_locations(objspace, th, stack_start, stack_end);
+    mark_stack_locations(objspace, ec, stack_start, stack_end);
 }
 
 void
-rb_gc_mark_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th)
+rb_gc_mark_machine_stack(const rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = rb_objspace_of(th->vm);
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     VALUE *stack_start, *stack_end;
 
     GET_STACK_BOUNDS(stack_start, stack_end, 0);
-    mark_stack_locations(objspace, th, stack_start, stack_end);
+    mark_stack_locations(objspace, ec, stack_start, stack_end);
 }
 
 static void
-mark_stack_locations(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_thread_t *th,
+mark_stack_locations(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const rb_execution_context_t *ec,
 		     const VALUE *stack_start, const VALUE *stack_end)
 {
 
     gc_mark_locations(objspace, stack_start, stack_end);
-#ifdef __ia64
-    gc_mark_locations(objspace,
-		      th->machine.register_stack_start,
-		      th->machine.register_stack_end);
-#endif
+
 #if defined(__mc68000__)
     gc_mark_locations(objspace,
 		      (VALUE*)((char*)stack_start + 2),
@@ -4216,15 +5895,35 @@ rb_mark_tbl(st_table *tbl)
     mark_tbl(&rb_objspace, tbl);
 }
 
+void
+rb_mark_tbl_no_pin(st_table *tbl)
+{
+    mark_tbl_no_pin(&rb_objspace, tbl);
+}
+
 static void
 gc_mark_maybe(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     (void)VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(&obj, sizeof(obj));
+
     if (is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, (void *)obj)) {
-	int type = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
-	if (type != T_ZOMBIE && type != T_NONE) {
-	    gc_mark_ptr(objspace, obj);
-	}
+        void *ptr = __asan_region_is_poisoned((void *)obj, SIZEOF_VALUE);
+        asan_unpoison_object(obj, false);
+
+        /* Garbage can live on the stack, so do not mark or pin */
+        switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+          case T_ZOMBIE:
+          case T_NONE:
+            break;
+          default:
+            gc_mark_and_pin(objspace, obj);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (ptr) {
+            GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE);
+            asan_poison_object(obj);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4237,12 +5936,12 @@ rb_gc_mark_maybe(VALUE obj)
 static inline int
 gc_mark_set(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
     if (RVALUE_MARKED(obj)) return 0;
     MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), obj);
     return 1;
 }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 static int
 gc_remember_unprotected(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -4266,12 +5965,10 @@ gc_remember_unprotected(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	return FALSE;
     }
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
 rgengc_check_relation(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-#if USE_RGENGC
     const VALUE old_parent = objspace->rgengc.parent_object;
 
     if (old_parent) { /* parent object is old */
@@ -4303,8 +6000,7 @@ rgengc_check_relation(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	}
     }
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(old_parent == objspace->rgengc.parent_object);
-#endif
+    GC_ASSERT(old_parent == objspace->rgengc.parent_object);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -4327,13 +6023,9 @@ gc_grey(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 static void
 gc_aging(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-#if USE_RGENGC
     struct heap_page *page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj);
 
-#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
-    assert(RVALUE_MARKING(obj) == FALSE);
-#endif
-
+    GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_MARKING(obj) == FALSE);
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
 
     if (!RVALUE_PAGE_WB_UNPROTECTED(page, obj)) {
@@ -4342,33 +6034,68 @@ gc_aging(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 	    RVALUE_AGE_INC(objspace, obj);
 	}
 	else if (is_full_marking(objspace)) {
-	    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(RVALUE_PAGE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(page, obj) == FALSE);
+	    GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_PAGE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(page, obj) == FALSE);
 	    RVALUE_PAGE_OLD_UNCOLLECTIBLE_SET(objspace, page, obj);
 	}
     }
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
 
     objspace->marked_slots++;
 }
 
 NOINLINE(static void gc_mark_ptr(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj));
+static void reachable_objects_from_callback(VALUE obj);
 
 static void
 gc_mark_ptr(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (LIKELY(objspace->mark_func_data == NULL)) {
+    if (LIKELY(during_gc)) {
 	rgengc_check_relation(objspace, obj);
 	if (!gc_mark_set(objspace, obj)) return; /* already marked */
+
+        if (0) { // for debug GC marking miss
+            if (objspace->rgengc.parent_object) {
+                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%p (%s) parent:%p (%s)",
+                               (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj),
+                               (void *)objspace->rgengc.parent_object, obj_type_name(objspace->rgengc.parent_object));
+            }
+            else {
+                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%p (%s)", (void *)obj, obj_type_name(obj));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (UNLIKELY(RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_NONE))) {
+            rp(obj);
+            rb_bug("try to mark T_NONE object"); /* check here will help debugging */
+        }
 	gc_aging(objspace, obj);
 	gc_grey(objspace, obj);
     }
     else {
-	objspace->mark_func_data->mark_func(obj, objspace->mark_func_data->data);
+        reachable_objects_from_callback(obj);
     }
 }
 
 static inline void
+gc_pin(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    GC_ASSERT(is_markable_object(objspace, obj));
+    if (UNLIKELY(objspace->flags.during_compacting)) {
+        if (LIKELY(during_gc)) {
+            MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(obj), obj);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+gc_mark_and_pin(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (!is_markable_object(objspace, obj)) return;
+    gc_pin(objspace, obj);
+    gc_mark_ptr(objspace, obj);
+}
+
+static inline void
 gc_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     if (!is_markable_object(objspace, obj)) return;
@@ -4376,11 +6103,17 @@ gc_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 }
 
 void
-rb_gc_mark(VALUE ptr)
+rb_gc_mark_movable(VALUE ptr)
 {
     gc_mark(&rb_objspace, ptr);
 }
 
+void
+rb_gc_mark(VALUE ptr)
+{
+    gc_mark_and_pin(&rb_objspace, ptr);
+}
+
 /* CAUTION: THIS FUNCTION ENABLE *ONLY BEFORE* SWEEPING.
  * This function is only for GC_END_MARK timing.
  */
@@ -4394,14 +6127,12 @@ rb_objspace_marked_object_p(VALUE obj)
 static inline void
 gc_mark_set_parent(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
-#if USE_RGENGC
     if (RVALUE_OLD_P(obj)) {
 	objspace->rgengc.parent_object = obj;
     }
     else {
 	objspace->rgengc.parent_object = Qfalse;
     }
-#endif
 }
 
 static void
@@ -4411,11 +6142,16 @@ gc_mark_imemo(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
       case imemo_env:
 	{
 	    const rb_env_t *env = (const rb_env_t *)obj;
-	    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(env->ep));
-	    gc_mark_values(objspace, (long)env->env_size, env->env);
-	    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(env->ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED);
-	    gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)rb_vm_env_prev_env(env));
-	    gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)env->iseq);
+
+            if (LIKELY(env->ep)) {
+                // just after newobj() can be NULL here.
+                GC_ASSERT(env->ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV] == obj);
+                GC_ASSERT(VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(env->ep));
+                gc_mark_values(objspace, (long)env->env_size, env->env);
+                VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(env->ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED);
+                gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)rb_vm_env_prev_env(env));
+                gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)env->iseq);
+            }
 	}
 	return;
       case imemo_cref:
@@ -4446,6 +6182,35 @@ gc_mark_imemo(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
       case imemo_iseq:
 	rb_iseq_mark((rb_iseq_t *)obj);
 	return;
+      case imemo_tmpbuf:
+	{
+	    const rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *m = &RANY(obj)->as.imemo.alloc;
+	    do {
+		rb_gc_mark_locations(m->ptr, m->ptr + m->cnt);
+	    } while ((m = m->next) != NULL);
+	}
+	return;
+      case imemo_ast:
+	rb_ast_mark(&RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ast);
+	return;
+      case imemo_parser_strterm:
+	rb_strterm_mark(obj);
+	return;
+      case imemo_callinfo:
+        return;
+      case imemo_callcache:
+        {
+            const struct rb_callcache *cc = (const struct rb_callcache *)obj;
+            // should not mark klass here
+            gc_mark(objspace, (VALUE)vm_cc_cme(cc));
+        }
+        return;
+      case imemo_constcache:
+        {
+            const struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *ice = (struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *)obj;
+            gc_mark(objspace, ice->value);
+        }
+        return;
 #if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
       default:
 	VM_UNREACHABLE(gc_mark_imemo);
@@ -4464,19 +6229,28 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+        /* Not immediates, but does not have references and singleton
+         * class */
+        return;
+
       case T_NIL:
       case T_FIXNUM:
 	rb_bug("rb_gc_mark() called for broken object");
 	break;
 
       case T_NODE:
-	obj = rb_gc_mark_node(&any->as.node);
-	if (obj) gc_mark(objspace, obj);
-	return;			/* no need to mark class. */
+	UNEXPECTED_NODE(rb_gc_mark);
+	break;
 
       case T_IMEMO:
 	gc_mark_imemo(objspace, obj);
 	return;
+
+      default:
+        break;
     }
 
     gc_mark(objspace, any->as.basic.klass);
@@ -4484,38 +6258,52 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_CLASS:
       case T_MODULE:
-	mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+        if (RCLASS_SUPER(obj)) {
+            gc_mark(objspace, RCLASS_SUPER(obj));
+        }
 	if (!RCLASS_EXT(obj)) break;
-	mark_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
+
+        mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+        cc_table_mark(objspace, obj);
+        mark_tbl_no_pin(objspace, RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
 	mark_const_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj));
-	gc_mark(objspace, RCLASS_SUPER((VALUE)obj));
 	break;
 
       case T_ICLASS:
-	if (FL_TEST(obj, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN)) {
+        if (RICLASS_OWNS_M_TBL_P(obj)) {
 	    mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
 	}
+        if (RCLASS_SUPER(obj)) {
+            gc_mark(objspace, RCLASS_SUPER(obj));
+        }
 	if (!RCLASS_EXT(obj)) break;
 	mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(obj));
-	gc_mark(objspace, RCLASS_SUPER((VALUE)obj));
+        cc_table_mark(objspace, obj);
 	break;
 
       case T_ARRAY:
-	if (FL_TEST(obj, ELTS_SHARED)) {
-	    gc_mark(objspace, any->as.array.as.heap.aux.shared);
+        if (FL_TEST(obj, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+            VALUE root = any->as.array.as.heap.aux.shared_root;
+            gc_mark(objspace, root);
 	}
 	else {
 	    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(obj);
-	    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(obj);
+            const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(obj);
 	    for (i=0; i < len; i++) {
-		gc_mark(objspace, *ptr++);
+                gc_mark(objspace, ptr[i]);
 	    }
-	}
+
+            if (LIKELY(during_gc)) {
+                if (!FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG) &&
+                    RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
+                    rb_transient_heap_mark(obj, ptr);
+                }
+            }
+        }
 	break;
 
       case T_HASH:
-	mark_hash(objspace, any->as.hash.ntbl);
-	gc_mark(objspace, any->as.hash.ifnone);
+        mark_hash(objspace, obj);
 	break;
 
       case T_STRING:
@@ -4538,16 +6326,23 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 
       case T_OBJECT:
         {
+            const VALUE * const ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
+
             uint32_t i, len = ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj);
-	    VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
             for (i  = 0; i < len; i++) {
-		gc_mark(objspace, *ptr++);
+                gc_mark(objspace, ptr[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (LIKELY(during_gc) &&
+                    ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
+                rb_transient_heap_mark(obj, ptr);
             }
         }
 	break;
 
       case T_FILE:
         if (any->as.file.fptr) {
+            gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->self);
             gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->pathv);
             gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->tied_io_for_writing);
             gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->writeconv_asciicompat);
@@ -4561,11 +6356,6 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
         gc_mark(objspace, any->as.regexp.src);
 	break;
 
-      case T_FLOAT:
-      case T_BIGNUM:
-      case T_SYMBOL:
-	break;
-
       case T_MATCH:
 	gc_mark(objspace, any->as.match.regexp);
 	if (any->as.match.str) {
@@ -4585,12 +6375,18 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 
       case T_STRUCT:
 	{
-	    long len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
-	    const VALUE *ptr = RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(obj);
+            long i;
+            const long len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+            const VALUE * const ptr = RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(obj);
 
-	    while (len--) {
-		gc_mark(objspace, *ptr++);
-	    }
+            for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                gc_mark(objspace, ptr[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (LIKELY(during_gc) &&
+                RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
+                rb_transient_heap_mark(obj, ptr);
+            }
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -4598,10 +6394,11 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 #if GC_DEBUG
 	rb_gcdebug_print_obj_condition((VALUE)obj);
 #endif
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MOVED)   rb_bug("rb_gc_mark(): %p is T_MOVED", (void *)obj);
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE)   rb_bug("rb_gc_mark(): %p is T_NONE", (void *)obj);
 	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_ZOMBIE) rb_bug("rb_gc_mark(): %p is T_ZOMBIE", (void *)obj);
 	rb_bug("rb_gc_mark(): unknown data type 0x%x(%p) %s",
-	       BUILTIN_TYPE(obj), any,
+	       BUILTIN_TYPE(obj), (void *)any,
 	       is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, any) ? "corrupted object" : "non object");
     }
 }
@@ -4646,7 +6443,7 @@ gc_mark_stacked_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int incremental, size_t count)
 #endif
     }
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 3) gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
+    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 3) gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
 
     if (is_mark_stack_empty(mstack)) {
 	shrink_stack_chunk_cache(mstack);
@@ -4690,13 +6487,14 @@ show_mark_ticks(void)
     }
 }
 
-#endif /* PRITNT_ROOT_TICKS */
+#endif /* PRINT_ROOT_TICKS */
 
 static void
 gc_mark_roots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char **categoryp)
 {
     struct gc_list *list;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_vm_t *vm = rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec);
 
 #if PRINT_ROOT_TICKS
     tick_t start_tick = tick();
@@ -4710,9 +6508,7 @@ gc_mark_roots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char **categoryp)
 
     if (categoryp) *categoryp = "xxx";
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     objspace->rgengc.parent_object = Qfalse;
-#endif
 
 #if PRINT_ROOT_TICKS
 #define MARK_CHECKPOINT_PRINT_TICK(category) do { \
@@ -4725,7 +6521,7 @@ gc_mark_roots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char **categoryp)
     prev_category = category; \
     start_tick = tick(); \
 } while (0)
-#else /* PRITNT_ROOT_TICKS */
+#else /* PRINT_ROOT_TICKS */
 #define MARK_CHECKPOINT_PRINT_TICK(category)
 #endif
 
@@ -4736,22 +6532,19 @@ gc_mark_roots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char **categoryp)
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("vm");
     SET_STACK_END;
-    rb_vm_mark(th->vm);
-    if (th->vm->self) gc_mark(objspace, th->vm->self);
+    rb_vm_mark(vm);
+    if (vm->self) gc_mark(objspace, vm->self);
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("finalizers");
-    mark_tbl(objspace, finalizer_table);
+    mark_finalizer_tbl(objspace, finalizer_table);
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("machine_context");
-    mark_current_machine_context(objspace, th);
-
-    MARK_CHECKPOINT("encodings");
-    rb_gc_mark_encodings();
+    mark_current_machine_context(objspace, ec);
 
     /* mark protected global variables */
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("global_list");
     for (list = global_list; list; list = list->next) {
-	rb_gc_mark_maybe(*list->varptr);
+        gc_mark_maybe(objspace, *list->varptr);
     }
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("end_proc");
@@ -4760,6 +6553,10 @@ gc_mark_roots(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char **categoryp)
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("global_tbl");
     rb_gc_mark_global_tbl();
 
+    MARK_CHECKPOINT("object_id");
+    rb_gc_mark(objspace->next_object_id);
+    mark_tbl_no_pin(objspace, objspace->obj_to_id_tbl); /* Only mark ids */
+
     if (stress_to_class) rb_gc_mark(stress_to_class);
 
     MARK_CHECKPOINT("finish");
@@ -4824,7 +6621,7 @@ reflist_dump(struct reflist *refs)
 }
 
 static int
-reflist_refered_from_machine_context(struct reflist *refs)
+reflist_referred_from_machine_context(struct reflist *refs)
 {
     int i;
     for (i=0; i<refs->pos; i++) {
@@ -4853,8 +6650,10 @@ static int
 allrefs_add(struct allrefs *data, VALUE obj)
 {
     struct reflist *refs;
+    st_data_t r;
 
-    if (st_lookup(data->references, obj, (st_data_t *)&refs)) {
+    if (st_lookup(data->references, obj, &r)) {
+        refs = (struct reflist *)r;
 	reflist_add(refs, data->root_obj);
 	return 0;
     }
@@ -4893,8 +6692,8 @@ objspace_allrefs(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     struct allrefs data;
     struct mark_func_data_struct mfd;
     VALUE obj;
-    int prev_dont_gc = dont_gc;
-    dont_gc = TRUE;
+    int prev_dont_gc = dont_gc_val();
+    dont_gc_on();
 
     data.objspace = objspace;
     data.references = st_init_numtable();
@@ -4915,12 +6714,12 @@ objspace_allrefs(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     }
     free_stack_chunks(&data.mark_stack);
 
-    dont_gc = prev_dont_gc;
+    dont_gc_set(prev_dont_gc);
     return data.references;
 }
 
 static int
-objspace_allrefs_destruct_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, void *ptr)
+objspace_allrefs_destruct_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t ptr)
 {
     struct reflist *refs = (struct reflist *)value;
     reflist_destruct(refs);
@@ -4949,13 +6748,14 @@ allrefs_dump_i(st_data_t k, st_data_t v, st_data_t ptr)
 static void
 allrefs_dump(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    fprintf(stderr, "[all refs] (size: %d)\n", (int)objspace->rgengc.allrefs_table->num_entries);
+    VALUE size = objspace->rgengc.allrefs_table->num_entries;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[all refs] (size: %"PRIuVALUE")\n", size);
     st_foreach(objspace->rgengc.allrefs_table, allrefs_dump_i, 0);
 }
 #endif
 
 static int
-gc_check_after_marks_i(st_data_t k, st_data_t v, void *ptr)
+gc_check_after_marks_i(st_data_t k, st_data_t v, st_data_t ptr)
 {
     VALUE obj = k;
     struct reflist *refs = (struct reflist *)v;
@@ -4967,7 +6767,7 @@ gc_check_after_marks_i(st_data_t k, st_data_t v, void *ptr)
 	fprintf(stderr, "gc_check_after_marks_i: %p is referred from ", (void *)obj);
 	reflist_dump(refs);
 
-	if (reflist_refered_from_machine_context(refs)) {
+	if (reflist_referred_from_machine_context(refs)) {
 	    fprintf(stderr, " (marked from machine stack).\n");
 	    /* marked from machine context can be false positive */
 	}
@@ -4980,13 +6780,13 @@ gc_check_after_marks_i(st_data_t k, st_data_t v, void *ptr)
 }
 
 static void
-gc_marks_check(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int (*checker_func)(ANYARGS), const char *checker_name)
+gc_marks_check(rb_objspace_t *objspace, st_foreach_callback_func *checker_func, const char *checker_name)
 {
     size_t saved_malloc_increase = objspace->malloc_params.increase;
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
     size_t saved_oldmalloc_increase = objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase;
 #endif
-    VALUE already_disabled = rb_gc_disable();
+    VALUE already_disabled = rb_objspace_gc_disable(objspace);
 
     objspace->rgengc.allrefs_table = objspace_allrefs(objspace);
 
@@ -5004,7 +6804,7 @@ gc_marks_check(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int (*checker_func)(ANYARGS), const char
     objspace_allrefs_destruct(objspace->rgengc.allrefs_table);
     objspace->rgengc.allrefs_table = 0;
 
-    if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
+    if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
     objspace->malloc_params.increase = saved_malloc_increase;
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
     objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase = saved_oldmalloc_increase;
@@ -5018,21 +6818,18 @@ struct verify_internal_consistency_struct {
     size_t live_object_count;
     size_t zombie_object_count;
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     VALUE parent;
     size_t old_object_count;
     size_t remembered_shady_count;
-#endif
 };
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 static void
 check_generation_i(const VALUE child, void *ptr)
 {
     struct verify_internal_consistency_struct *data = (struct verify_internal_consistency_struct *)ptr;
     const VALUE parent = data->parent;
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(RVALUE_OLD_P(parent));
+    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_OLD_P(parent));
 
     if (!RVALUE_OLD_P(child)) {
 	if (!RVALUE_REMEMBERED(parent) &&
@@ -5056,12 +6853,18 @@ check_color_i(const VALUE child, void *ptr)
 	data->err_count++;
     }
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
 check_children_i(const VALUE child, void *ptr)
 {
-    check_rvalue_consistency(child);
+    struct verify_internal_consistency_struct *data = (struct verify_internal_consistency_struct *)ptr;
+    if (check_rvalue_consistency_force(child, FALSE) != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "check_children_i: %s has error (referenced from %s)",
+                obj_info(child), obj_info(data->parent));
+        rb_print_backtrace(); /* C backtrace will help to debug */
+
+        data->err_count++;
+    }
 }
 
 static int
@@ -5072,16 +6875,22 @@ verify_internal_consistency_i(void *page_start, void *page_end, size_t stride, v
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = data->objspace;
 
     for (obj = (VALUE)page_start; obj != (VALUE)page_end; obj += stride) {
+        void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(obj);
+        asan_unpoison_object(obj, false);
+
 	if (is_live_object(objspace, obj)) {
 	    /* count objects */
 	    data->live_object_count++;
+            data->parent = obj;
 
-	    rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, check_children_i, (void *)data);
+            /* Normally, we don't expect T_MOVED objects to be in the heap.
+             * But they can stay alive on the stack, */
+            if (!gc_object_moved_p(objspace, obj)) {
+                /* moved slots don't have children */
+                rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, check_children_i, (void *)data);
+            }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	    /* check health of children */
-	    data->parent = obj;
-
 	    if (RVALUE_OLD_P(obj)) data->old_object_count++;
 	    if (RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj) && RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(obj)) data->remembered_shady_count++;
 
@@ -5098,14 +6907,17 @@ verify_internal_consistency_i(void *page_start, void *page_end, size_t stride, v
 		    rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, check_color_i, (void *)data);
 		}
 	    }
-#endif
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_ZOMBIE) {
-		if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(RBASIC(obj)->flags == T_ZOMBIE);
+		GC_ASSERT((RBASIC(obj)->flags & ~FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID) == T_ZOMBIE);
 		data->zombie_object_count++;
 	    }
 	}
+        if (poisoned) {
+            GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NONE);
+            asan_poison_object(obj);
+        }
     }
 
     return 0;
@@ -5114,81 +6926,101 @@ verify_internal_consistency_i(void *page_start, void *page_end, size_t stride, v
 static int
 gc_verify_heap_page(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page, VALUE obj)
 {
-#if USE_RGENGC
     int i;
     unsigned int has_remembered_shady = FALSE;
     unsigned int has_remembered_old = FALSE;
-    int rememberd_old_objects = 0;
+    int remembered_old_objects = 0;
     int free_objects = 0;
     int zombie_objects = 0;
 
     for (i=0; i<page->total_slots; i++) {
-	VALUE obj = (VALUE)&page->start[i];
-	if (RBASIC(obj) == 0) free_objects++;
-	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_ZOMBIE) zombie_objects++;
-	if (RVALUE_PAGE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(page, obj) && RVALUE_PAGE_WB_UNPROTECTED(page, obj)) has_remembered_shady = TRUE;
-	if (RVALUE_PAGE_MARKING(page, obj)) {
+	VALUE val = (VALUE)&page->start[i];
+        void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(val);
+        asan_unpoison_object(val, false);
+
+	if (RBASIC(val) == 0) free_objects++;
+	if (BUILTIN_TYPE(val) == T_ZOMBIE) zombie_objects++;
+	if (RVALUE_PAGE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(page, val) && RVALUE_PAGE_WB_UNPROTECTED(page, val)) {
+	    has_remembered_shady = TRUE;
+	}
+	if (RVALUE_PAGE_MARKING(page, val)) {
 	    has_remembered_old = TRUE;
-	    rememberd_old_objects++;
+	    remembered_old_objects++;
 	}
+
+        if (poisoned) {
+            GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(val) == T_NONE);
+            asan_poison_object(val);
+        }
     }
 
     if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace) &&
 	page->flags.has_remembered_objects == FALSE && has_remembered_old == TRUE) {
 
 	for (i=0; i<page->total_slots; i++) {
-	    VALUE obj = (VALUE)&page->start[i];
-	    if (RVALUE_PAGE_MARKING(page, obj)) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "marking -> %s\n", obj_info(obj));
+	    VALUE val = (VALUE)&page->start[i];
+	    if (RVALUE_PAGE_MARKING(page, val)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "marking -> %s\n", obj_info(val));
 	    }
 	}
 	rb_bug("page %p's has_remembered_objects should be false, but there are remembered old objects (%d). %s",
-	       page, rememberd_old_objects, obj ? obj_info(obj) : "");
+	       (void *)page, remembered_old_objects, obj ? obj_info(obj) : "");
     }
 
     if (page->flags.has_uncollectible_shady_objects == FALSE && has_remembered_shady == TRUE) {
 	rb_bug("page %p's has_remembered_shady should be false, but there are remembered shady objects. %s",
-	       page, obj ? obj_info(obj) : "");
+	       (void *)page, obj ? obj_info(obj) : "");
     }
 
     if (0) {
 	/* free_slots may not equal to free_objects */
 	if (page->free_slots != free_objects) {
-	    rb_bug("page %p's free_slots should be %d, but %d\n", page, (int)page->free_slots, free_objects);
+	    rb_bug("page %p's free_slots should be %d, but %d\n", (void *)page, page->free_slots, free_objects);
 	}
     }
     if (page->final_slots != zombie_objects) {
-	rb_bug("page %p's final_slots should be %d, but %d\n", page, (int)page->final_slots, zombie_objects);
+	rb_bug("page %p's final_slots should be %d, but %d\n", (void *)page, page->final_slots, zombie_objects);
     }
 
-    return rememberd_old_objects;
-#else
-    return 0;
-#endif
+    return remembered_old_objects;
 }
 
 static int
-gc_verify_heap_pages_(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page)
-{
-    int rememberd_old_objects = 0;
+gc_verify_heap_pages_(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct list_head *head)
+{
+    int remembered_old_objects = 0;
+    struct heap_page *page = 0;
+
+    list_for_each(head, page, page_node) {
+        asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+        RVALUE *p = page->freelist;
+        while (p) {
+            VALUE vp = (VALUE)p;
+            VALUE prev = vp;
+            asan_unpoison_object(vp, false);
+            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(vp) != T_NONE) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "freelist slot expected to be T_NONE but was: %s\n", obj_info(vp));
+            }
+            p = p->as.free.next;
+            asan_poison_object(prev);
+        }
+        asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
 
-    while (page) {
 	if (page->flags.has_remembered_objects == FALSE) {
-	    rememberd_old_objects += gc_verify_heap_page(objspace, page, Qfalse);
+	    remembered_old_objects += gc_verify_heap_page(objspace, page, Qfalse);
 	}
-	page = page->next;
     }
 
-    return rememberd_old_objects;
+    return remembered_old_objects;
 }
 
 static int
 gc_verify_heap_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    int rememberd_old_objects = 0;
-    rememberd_old_objects = gc_verify_heap_pages_(objspace, heap_eden->pages);
-    rememberd_old_objects = gc_verify_heap_pages_(objspace, heap_tomb->pages);
-    return rememberd_old_objects;
+    int remembered_old_objects = 0;
+    remembered_old_objects += gc_verify_heap_pages_(objspace, &heap_eden->pages);
+    remembered_old_objects += gc_verify_heap_pages_(objspace, &heap_tomb->pages);
+    return remembered_old_objects;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -5202,20 +7034,23 @@ gc_verify_heap_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
  *  if RGenGC is supported.
  */
 static VALUE
-gc_verify_internal_consistency(VALUE dummy)
+gc_verify_internal_consistency_m(VALUE dummy)
+{
+    gc_verify_internal_consistency(&rb_objspace);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+gc_verify_internal_consistency_(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     struct verify_internal_consistency_struct data = {0};
-    struct each_obj_args eo_args;
 
     data.objspace = objspace;
     gc_report(5, objspace, "gc_verify_internal_consistency: start\n");
 
     /* check relations */
 
-    eo_args.callback = verify_internal_consistency_i;
-    eo_args.data = (void *)&data;
-    objspace_each_objects((VALUE)&eo_args);
+    objspace_each_objects_without_setup(objspace, verify_internal_consistency_i, &data);
 
     if (data.err_count != 0) {
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 5
@@ -5231,24 +7066,28 @@ gc_verify_internal_consistency(VALUE dummy)
 
     /* check counters */
 
-    if (!is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden) && !finalizing) {
+    if (!is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden) &&
+        !finalizing &&
+        ruby_single_main_ractor != NULL) {
 	if (objspace_live_slots(objspace) != data.live_object_count) {
-	    fprintf(stderr, "heap_pages_final_slots: %d, objspace->profile.total_freed_objects: %d\n",
-		    (int)heap_pages_final_slots, (int)objspace->profile.total_freed_objects);
-	    rb_bug("inconsistent live slot nubmer: expect %"PRIuSIZE", but %"PRIuSIZE".", objspace_live_slots(objspace), data.live_object_count);
+	    fprintf(stderr, "heap_pages_final_slots: %"PRIdSIZE", "
+                    "objspace->profile.total_freed_objects: %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+		    heap_pages_final_slots, objspace->profile.total_freed_objects);
+	    rb_bug("inconsistent live slot number: expect %"PRIuSIZE", but %"PRIuSIZE".",
+                   objspace_live_slots(objspace), data.live_object_count);
 	}
     }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     if (!is_marking(objspace)) {
 	if (objspace->rgengc.old_objects != data.old_object_count) {
-	    rb_bug("inconsistent old slot nubmer: expect %"PRIuSIZE", but %"PRIuSIZE".", objspace->rgengc.old_objects, data.old_object_count);
+	    rb_bug("inconsistent old slot number: expect %"PRIuSIZE", but %"PRIuSIZE".",
+                   objspace->rgengc.old_objects, data.old_object_count);
 	}
 	if (objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects != data.remembered_shady_count) {
-	    rb_bug("inconsistent old slot nubmer: expect %"PRIuSIZE", but %"PRIuSIZE".", objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects, data.remembered_shady_count);
+            rb_bug("inconsistent number of wb unprotected objects: expect %"PRIuSIZE", but %"PRIuSIZE".",
+                   objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects, data.remembered_shady_count);
 	}
     }
-#endif
 
     if (!finalizing) {
 	size_t list_count = 0;
@@ -5275,14 +7114,36 @@ gc_verify_internal_consistency(VALUE dummy)
     }
 
     gc_report(5, objspace, "gc_verify_internal_consistency: OK\n");
+}
 
-    return Qnil;
+static void
+gc_verify_internal_consistency(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        rb_vm_barrier(); // stop other ractors
+
+        unsigned int prev_during_gc = during_gc;
+        during_gc = FALSE; // stop gc here
+        {
+            gc_verify_internal_consistency_(objspace);
+        }
+        during_gc = prev_during_gc;
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
 }
 
 void
 rb_gc_verify_internal_consistency(void)
 {
-    gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
+    gc_verify_internal_consistency(&rb_objspace);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+gc_verify_transient_heap_internal_consistency(VALUE dmy)
+{
+    rb_transient_heap_verify();
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /* marks */
@@ -5294,15 +7155,19 @@ gc_marks_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark)
     gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_start: (%s)\n", full_mark ? "full" : "minor");
     gc_mode_transition(objspace, gc_mode_marking);
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     if (full_mark) {
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 	objspace->rincgc.step_slots = (objspace->marked_slots * 2) / ((objspace->rincgc.pooled_slots / HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT) + 1);
 
-	if (0) fprintf(stderr, "objspace->marked_slots: %d, objspace->rincgc.pooled_page_num: %d, objspace->rincgc.step_slots: %d, \n",
-		       (int)objspace->marked_slots, (int)objspace->rincgc.pooled_slots, (int)objspace->rincgc.step_slots);
+	if (0) fprintf(stderr, "objspace->marked_slots: %"PRIdSIZE", "
+                       "objspace->rincgc.pooled_page_num: %"PRIdSIZE", "
+                       "objspace->rincgc.step_slots: %"PRIdSIZE", \n",
+                       objspace->marked_slots, objspace->rincgc.pooled_slots, objspace->rincgc.step_slots);
 #endif
 	objspace->flags.during_minor_gc = FALSE;
+        if (ruby_enable_autocompact) {
+            objspace->flags.during_compacting |= TRUE;
+        }
 	objspace->profile.major_gc_count++;
 	objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects = 0;
 	objspace->rgengc.old_objects = 0;
@@ -5317,20 +7182,20 @@ gc_marks_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark)
 	objspace->profile.minor_gc_count++;
 	rgengc_rememberset_mark(objspace, heap_eden);
     }
-#endif
 
     gc_mark_roots(objspace, NULL);
 
-    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_start: (%s) end, stack in %d\n", full_mark ? "full" : "minor", (int)mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
+    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_start: (%s) end, stack in %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+              full_mark ? "full" : "minor", mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
 }
 
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 static void
 gc_marks_wb_unprotected_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    struct heap_page *page = heap_eden->pages;
+    struct heap_page *page = 0;
 
-    while (page) {
+    list_for_each(&heap_eden->pages, page, page_node) {
 	bits_t *mark_bits = page->mark_bits;
 	bits_t *wbun_bits = page->wb_unprotected_bits;
 	RVALUE *p = page->start;
@@ -5346,10 +7211,8 @@ gc_marks_wb_unprotected_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 		do {
 		    if (bits & 1) {
 			gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_marks_wb_unprotected_objects: marked shady: %s\n", obj_info((VALUE)p));
-			if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE > 0) {
-			    assert(RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED((VALUE)p));
-			    assert(RVALUE_MARKED((VALUE)p));
-			}
+			GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED((VALUE)p));
+			GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_MARKED((VALUE)p));
 			gc_mark_children(objspace, (VALUE)p);
 		    }
 		    p++;
@@ -5357,8 +7220,6 @@ gc_marks_wb_unprotected_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 		} while (bits);
 	    }
 	}
-
-	page = page->next;
     }
 
     gc_mark_stacked_objects_all(objspace);
@@ -5371,8 +7232,7 @@ heap_move_pooled_pages_to_free_pages(rb_heap_t *heap)
 
     if (page) {
 	heap->pooled_pages = page->free_next;
-	page->free_next = heap->free_pages;
-	heap->free_pages = page;
+        heap_add_freepage(heap, page);
     }
 
     return page;
@@ -5392,13 +7252,15 @@ gc_marks_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 	}
 
 	if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && is_mark_stack_empty(&objspace->mark_stack) == 0) {
-	    rb_bug("gc_marks_finish: mark stack is not empty (%d).", (int)mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
+	    rb_bug("gc_marks_finish: mark stack is not empty (%"PRIdSIZE").",
+                   mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
 	}
 
 	gc_mark_roots(objspace, 0);
 
 	if (is_mark_stack_empty(&objspace->mark_stack) == FALSE) {
-	    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_finish: not empty (%d). retry.\n", (int)mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
+	    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_finish: not empty (%"PRIdSIZE"). retry.\n",
+                      mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -5415,17 +7277,15 @@ gc_marks_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 #endif /* GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK */
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2
-    gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
+    gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
 #endif
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     if (is_full_marking(objspace)) {
 	/* See the comment about RUBY_GC_HEAP_OLDOBJECT_LIMIT_FACTOR */
 	const double r = gc_params.oldobject_limit_factor;
 	objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects_limit = (size_t)(objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects * r);
 	objspace->rgengc.old_objects_limit = (size_t)(objspace->rgengc.old_objects * r);
     }
-#endif
 
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 4
     gc_marks_check(objspace, gc_check_after_marks_i, "after_marks");
@@ -5439,13 +7299,15 @@ gc_marks_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 	size_t max_free_slots = (size_t)(total_slots * gc_params.heap_free_slots_max_ratio);
 	size_t min_free_slots = (size_t)(total_slots * gc_params.heap_free_slots_min_ratio);
 	int full_marking = is_full_marking(objspace);
+        const int r_cnt = GET_VM()->ractor.cnt;
+        const int r_mul = r_cnt > 8 ? 8 : r_cnt; // upto 8
 
-#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE
-	assert(heap->total_slots >= objspace->marked_slots);
-#endif
+	GC_ASSERT(heap->total_slots >= objspace->marked_slots);
 
 	/* setup free-able page counts */
-	if (max_free_slots < gc_params.heap_init_slots) max_free_slots = gc_params.heap_init_slots;
+        if (max_free_slots < gc_params.heap_init_slots * r_mul) {
+            max_free_slots = gc_params.heap_init_slots * r_mul;
+        }
 
 	if (sweep_slots > max_free_slots) {
 	    heap_pages_freeable_pages = (sweep_slots - max_free_slots) / HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT;
@@ -5454,24 +7316,25 @@ gc_marks_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 	    heap_pages_freeable_pages = 0;
 	}
 
-	/* check free_min */
-	if (min_free_slots < gc_params.heap_free_slots) min_free_slots = gc_params.heap_free_slots;
+        /* check free_min */
+        if (min_free_slots < gc_params.heap_free_slots * r_mul) {
+            min_free_slots = gc_params.heap_free_slots * r_mul;
+        }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	if (sweep_slots < min_free_slots) {
 	    if (!full_marking) {
 		if (objspace->profile.count - objspace->rgengc.last_major_gc < RVALUE_OLD_AGE) {
 		    full_marking = TRUE;
 		    /* do not update last_major_gc, because full marking is not done. */
-		    goto increment;
+                    /* goto increment; */
 		}
 		else {
 		    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_finish: next is full GC!!)\n");
 		    objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc |= GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_NOFREE;
 		}
 	    }
-	    else {
-	      increment:
+            if (full_marking) {
+              /* increment: */
 		gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_finish: heap_set_increment!!\n");
 		heap_set_increment(objspace, heap_extend_pages(objspace, sweep_slots, total_slots));
 		heap_increment(objspace, heap);
@@ -5495,28 +7358,26 @@ gc_marks_finish(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 	    objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc = GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_FORCE;
 	}
 
-	gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_finish (marks %d objects, old %d objects, total %d slots, sweep %d slots, increment: %d, next GC: %s)\n",
-		  (int)objspace->marked_slots, (int)objspace->rgengc.old_objects, (int)heap->total_slots, (int)sweep_slots, (int)heap_allocatable_pages,
+	gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_finish (marks %"PRIdSIZE" objects, "
+                  "old %"PRIdSIZE" objects, total %"PRIdSIZE" slots, "
+                  "sweep %"PRIdSIZE" slots, increment: %"PRIdSIZE", next GC: %s)\n",
+                  objspace->marked_slots, objspace->rgengc.old_objects, heap->total_slots, sweep_slots, heap_allocatable_pages,
 		  objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc ? "major" : "minor");
-#else /* USE_RGENGC */
-	if (sweep_slots < min_free_slots) {
-	    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_marks_finish: heap_set_increment!!\n");
-	    heap_set_increment(objspace, heap_extend_pages(objspace, sweep_slot, total_slot));
-	    heap_increment(objspace, heap);
-	}
-#endif
     }
 
+    rb_transient_heap_finish_marking();
+    rb_ractor_finish_marking();
+
     gc_event_hook(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_END_MARK, 0);
 
     return TRUE;
 }
 
-#if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 static void
-gc_marks_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int slots)
+gc_marks_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t slots)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(is_marking(objspace));
+#if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
+    GC_ASSERT(is_marking(objspace));
 
     if (gc_mark_stacked_objects_incremental(objspace, slots)) {
 	if (gc_marks_finish(objspace)) {
@@ -5524,9 +7385,9 @@ gc_marks_step(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int slots)
 	    gc_sweep(objspace);
 	}
     }
-    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "objspace->marked_slots: %d\n", (int)objspace->marked_slots);
-}
+    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "objspace->marked_slots: %"PRIdSIZE"\n", objspace->marked_slots);
 #endif
+}
 
 static void
 gc_marks_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
@@ -5551,74 +7412,63 @@ gc_marks_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     gc_sweep(objspace);
 }
 
-#if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 static void
 gc_marks_continue(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
-    int slots = 0;
-    const char *from;
+    GC_ASSERT(dont_gc_val() == FALSE);
+#if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(dont_gc == FALSE);
+    unsigned int lock_lev;
+    gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_mark_continue, &lock_lev);
 
-    gc_enter(objspace, "marks_continue");
+    int slots = 0;
+    const char *from;
 
-    PUSH_MARK_FUNC_DATA(NULL);
-    {
-	if (heap->pooled_pages) {
-	    while (heap->pooled_pages && slots < HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT) {
-		struct heap_page *page = heap_move_pooled_pages_to_free_pages(heap);
-		slots += page->free_slots;
-	    }
-	    from = "pooled-pages";
-	}
-	else if (heap_increment(objspace, heap)) {
-	    slots = heap->free_pages->free_slots;
-	    from = "incremented-pages";
-	}
+    if (heap->pooled_pages) {
+        while (heap->pooled_pages && slots < HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT) {
+            struct heap_page *page = heap_move_pooled_pages_to_free_pages(heap);
+            slots += page->free_slots;
+        }
+        from = "pooled-pages";
+    }
+    else if (heap_increment(objspace, heap)) {
+        slots = heap->free_pages->free_slots;
+        from = "incremented-pages";
+    }
 
-	if (slots > 0) {
-	    gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_marks_continue: provide %d slots from %s.\n", slots, from);
-	    gc_marks_step(objspace, (int)objspace->rincgc.step_slots);
-	}
-	else {
-	    gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_marks_continue: no more pooled pages (stack depth: %d).\n", (int)mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
-	    gc_marks_rest(objspace);
-	}
+    if (slots > 0) {
+        gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_marks_continue: provide %d slots from %s.\n",
+                  slots, from);
+        gc_marks_step(objspace, objspace->rincgc.step_slots);
+    }
+    else {
+        gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_marks_continue: no more pooled pages (stack depth: %"PRIdSIZE").\n",
+                  mark_stack_size(&objspace->mark_stack));
+        gc_marks_rest(objspace);
     }
-    POP_MARK_FUNC_DATA();
 
-    gc_exit(objspace, "marks_continue");
-}
+    gc_exit(objspace, gc_enter_event_mark_continue, &lock_lev);
 #endif
+}
 
 static void
 gc_marks(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark)
 {
     gc_prof_mark_timer_start(objspace);
 
-    PUSH_MARK_FUNC_DATA(NULL);
-    {
-	/* setup marking */
+    /* setup marking */
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
-	gc_marks_start(objspace, full_mark);
-	if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
-	    gc_marks_rest(objspace);
-	}
+    gc_marks_start(objspace, full_mark);
+    if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
+        gc_marks_rest(objspace);
+    }
 
 #if RGENGC_PROFILE > 0
-	if (gc_prof_record(objspace)) {
-	    gc_profile_record *record = gc_prof_record(objspace);
-	    record->old_objects = objspace->rgengc.old_objects;
-	}
-#endif
-
-#else /* USE_RGENGC */
-	gc_marks_start(objspace, TRUE);
-	gc_marks_rest(objspace);
-#endif
+    if (gc_prof_record(objspace)) {
+        gc_profile_record *record = gc_prof_record(objspace);
+        record->old_objects = objspace->rgengc.old_objects;
     }
-    POP_MARK_FUNC_DATA();
+#endif
     gc_prof_mark_timer_stop(objspace);
 }
 
@@ -5633,7 +7483,6 @@ gc_report_body(int level, rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *fmt, ...)
 	va_list args;
 	const char *status = " ";
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	if (during_gc) {
 	    status = is_full_marking(objspace) ? "+" : "-";
 	}
@@ -5645,7 +7494,6 @@ gc_report_body(int level, rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *fmt, ...)
 		status = "M";
 	    }
 	}
-#endif
 
 	va_start(args, fmt);
 	vsnprintf(buf, 1024, fmt, args);
@@ -5656,8 +7504,6 @@ gc_report_body(int level, rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *fmt, ...)
     }
 }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
-
 /* bit operations */
 
 static int
@@ -5672,7 +7518,7 @@ rgengc_remembersetbits_set(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
     struct heap_page *page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj);
     bits_t *bits = &page->marking_bits[0];
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(!is_incremental_marking(objspace));
+    GC_ASSERT(!is_incremental_marking(objspace));
 
     if (MARKED_IN_BITMAP(bits, obj)) {
 	return FALSE;
@@ -5714,14 +7560,20 @@ rgengc_remember(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static int
-rgengc_remembered(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+rgengc_remembered_sweep(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
     int result = rgengc_remembersetbits_get(objspace, obj);
     check_rvalue_consistency(obj);
-    gc_report(6, objspace, "rgengc_remembered: %s\n", obj_info(obj));
     return result;
 }
 
+static int
+rgengc_remembered(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    gc_report(6, objspace, "rgengc_remembered: %s\n", obj_info(obj));
+    return rgengc_remembered_sweep(objspace, obj);
+}
+
 #ifndef PROFILE_REMEMBERSET_MARK
 #define PROFILE_REMEMBERSET_MARK 0
 #endif
@@ -5730,13 +7582,13 @@ static void
 rgengc_rememberset_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
     size_t j;
-    struct heap_page *page = heap->pages;
+    struct heap_page *page = 0;
 #if PROFILE_REMEMBERSET_MARK
     int has_old = 0, has_shady = 0, has_both = 0, skip = 0;
 #endif
     gc_report(1, objspace, "rgengc_rememberset_mark: start\n");
 
-    while (page) {
+    list_for_each(&heap->pages, page, page_node) {
 	if (page->flags.has_remembered_objects | page->flags.has_uncollectible_shady_objects) {
 	    RVALUE *p = page->start;
 	    RVALUE *offset = p - NUM_IN_PAGE(p);
@@ -5765,11 +7617,8 @@ rgengc_rememberset_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 			if (bitset & 1) {
 			    VALUE obj = (VALUE)p;
 			    gc_report(2, objspace, "rgengc_rememberset_mark: mark %s\n", obj_info(obj));
-
-			    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) {
-				assert(RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(obj));
-				assert(RVALUE_OLD_P(obj) || RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj));
-			    }
+			    GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(obj));
+			    GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_OLD_P(obj) || RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj));
 
 			    gc_mark_children(objspace, obj);
 			}
@@ -5784,8 +7633,6 @@ rgengc_rememberset_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 	    skip++;
 	}
 #endif
-
-	page = page->next;
     }
 
 #if PROFILE_REMEMBERSET_MARK
@@ -5797,15 +7644,15 @@ rgengc_rememberset_mark(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 static void
 rgengc_mark_and_rememberset_clear(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
-    struct heap_page *page = heap->pages;
+    struct heap_page *page = 0;
 
-    while (page) {
+    list_for_each(&heap->pages, page, page_node) {
 	memset(&page->mark_bits[0],       0, HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE);
-	memset(&page->marking_bits[0],    0, HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE);
 	memset(&page->uncollectible_bits[0], 0, HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE);
+        memset(&page->marking_bits[0],    0, HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE);
+        memset(&page->pinned_bits[0],     0, HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE);
 	page->flags.has_uncollectible_shady_objects = FALSE;
 	page->flags.has_remembered_objects = FALSE;
-	page = page->next;
     }
 }
 
@@ -5825,7 +7672,11 @@ gc_writebarrier_generational(VALUE a, VALUE b, rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 #if 1
     /* mark `a' and remember (default behavior) */
     if (!rgengc_remembered(objspace, a)) {
-	rgengc_remember(objspace, a);
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_NO_BARRIER();
+        {
+            rgengc_remember(objspace, a);
+        }
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_NO_BARRIER();
 	gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_generational: %s (remembered) -> %s\n", obj_info(a), obj_info(b));
     }
 #else
@@ -5862,18 +7713,18 @@ NOINLINE(static void gc_writebarrier_incremental(VALUE a, VALUE b, rb_objspace_t
 static void
 gc_writebarrier_incremental(VALUE a, VALUE b, rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [LG] %s -> %s\n", obj_info(a), obj_info(b));
+    gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [LG] %p -> %s\n", (void *)a, obj_info(b));
 
     if (RVALUE_BLACK_P(a)) {
 	if (RVALUE_WHITE_P(b)) {
 	    if (!RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(a)) {
-		gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [IN] %s -> %s\n", obj_info(a), obj_info(b));
+		gc_report(2, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [IN] %p -> %s\n", (void *)a, obj_info(b));
 		gc_mark_from(objspace, b, a);
 	    }
 	}
 	else if (RVALUE_OLD_P(a) && !RVALUE_OLD_P(b)) {
 	    if (!RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(b)) {
-		gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [GN] %s -> %s\n", obj_info(a), obj_info(b));
+		gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [GN] %p -> %s\n", (void *)a, obj_info(b));
 		RVALUE_AGE_SET_OLD(objspace, b);
 
 		if (RVALUE_BLACK_P(b)) {
@@ -5881,10 +7732,14 @@ gc_writebarrier_incremental(VALUE a, VALUE b, rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 		}
 	    }
 	    else {
-		gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [LL] %s -> %s\n", obj_info(a), obj_info(b));
+		gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_writebarrier_incremental: [LL] %p -> %s\n", (void *)a, obj_info(b));
 		gc_remember_unprotected(objspace, b);
 	    }
 	}
+
+        if (UNLIKELY(objspace->flags.during_compacting)) {
+            MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(b), b);
+        }
     }
 }
 #else
@@ -5900,16 +7755,22 @@ rb_gc_writebarrier(VALUE a, VALUE b)
     if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: b is special const");
 
     if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
-	if (!RVALUE_OLD_P(a) || RVALUE_OLD_P(b)) {
-	    return;
-	}
-	else {
-	    gc_writebarrier_generational(a, b, objspace);
-	}
+        if (!RVALUE_OLD_P(a) || RVALUE_OLD_P(b)) {
+            // do nothing
+        }
+        else {
+            gc_writebarrier_generational(a, b, objspace);
+        }
     }
-    else { /* slow path */
-	gc_writebarrier_incremental(a, b, objspace);
+    else {
+        /* slow path */
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_NO_BARRIER();
+        {
+            gc_writebarrier_incremental(a, b, objspace);
+        }
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_NO_BARRIER();
     }
+    return;
 }
 
 void
@@ -5941,6 +7802,7 @@ rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect(VALUE obj)
 	    RVALUE_AGE_RESET(obj);
 	}
 
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_wb_unprotect);
 	MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), obj);
     }
 }
@@ -5948,7 +7810,7 @@ rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect(VALUE obj)
 /*
  * remember `obj' if needed.
  */
-void
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED void
 rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
@@ -5972,7 +7834,7 @@ static st_table *rgengc_unprotect_logging_table;
 static int
 rgengc_unprotect_logging_exit_func_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 {
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s\t%d\n", (char *)key, (int)val);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s\t%"PRIuVALUE"\n", (char *)key, (VALUE)val);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -6003,19 +7865,16 @@ rb_gc_unprotect_logging(void *objptr, const char *filename, int line)
 	    cnt++;
 	}
 	else {
-	    ptr = (char *)malloc(strlen(buff) + 1);
+	    ptr = (strdup)(buff);
 	    if (!ptr) rb_memerror();
-	    strcpy(ptr, buff);
 	}
 	st_insert(rgengc_unprotect_logging_table, (st_data_t)ptr, cnt);
     }
 }
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
 
 void
 rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
 {
-#if USE_RGENGC
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 
     if (RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj) && !RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(dest)) {
@@ -6029,7 +7888,6 @@ rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     check_rvalue_consistency(dest);
-#endif
 }
 
 /* RGENGC analysis information */
@@ -6037,11 +7895,7 @@ rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
 VALUE
 rb_obj_rgengc_writebarrier_protected_p(VALUE obj)
 {
-#if USE_RGENGC
     return RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
-#else
-    return Qfalse;
-#endif
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -6055,80 +7909,109 @@ rb_obj_gc_flags(VALUE obj, ID* flags, size_t max)
 {
     size_t n = 0;
     static ID ID_marked;
-#if USE_RGENGC
-    static ID ID_wb_protected, ID_old, ID_marking, ID_uncollectible;
-#endif
+    static ID ID_wb_protected, ID_old, ID_marking, ID_uncollectible, ID_pinned;
 
     if (!ID_marked) {
 #define I(s) ID_##s = rb_intern(#s);
 	I(marked);
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	I(wb_protected);
 	I(old);
 	I(marking);
 	I(uncollectible);
-#endif
+        I(pinned);
 #undef I
     }
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
     if (RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj) == 0 && n<max)                   flags[n++] = ID_wb_protected;
     if (RVALUE_OLD_P(obj) && n<max)                                 flags[n++] = ID_old;
     if (RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE(obj) && n<max)                         flags[n++] = ID_uncollectible;
     if (MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj) && n<max) flags[n++] = ID_marking;
-#endif
     if (MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), obj) && n<max)    flags[n++] = ID_marked;
+    if (MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(obj), obj) && n<max)  flags[n++] = ID_pinned;
     return n;
 }
 
 /* GC */
 
 void
+rb_gc_ractor_newobj_cache_clear(rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t *newobj_cache)
+{
+    struct heap_page *page = newobj_cache->using_page;
+    RVALUE *freelist = newobj_cache->freelist;
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("ractor using_page:%p freelist:%p", page, freelist);
+
+    if (page && freelist) {
+        asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+        if (page->freelist) {
+            RVALUE *p = page->freelist;
+            asan_unpoison_object((VALUE)p, false);
+            while (p->as.free.next) {
+                RVALUE *prev = p;
+                p = p->as.free.next;
+                asan_poison_object((VALUE)prev);
+                asan_unpoison_object((VALUE)p, false);
+            }
+            p->as.free.next = freelist;
+            asan_poison_object((VALUE)p);
+        }
+        else {
+            page->freelist = freelist;
+        }
+        asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
+    }
+
+    newobj_cache->using_page = NULL;
+    newobj_cache->freelist = NULL;
+}
+
+void
 rb_gc_force_recycle(VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        int is_old = RVALUE_OLD_P(obj);
 
-#if USE_RGENGC
-    int is_old = RVALUE_OLD_P(obj);
-
-    gc_report(2, objspace, "rb_gc_force_recycle: %s\n", obj_info(obj));
+        gc_report(2, objspace, "rb_gc_force_recycle: %s\n", obj_info(obj));
 
-    if (is_old) {
-	if (RVALUE_MARKED(obj)) {
-	    objspace->rgengc.old_objects--;
-	}
-    }
-    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITS(obj), obj);
-    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), obj);
+        if (is_old) {
+            if (RVALUE_MARKED(obj)) {
+                objspace->rgengc.old_objects--;
+            }
+        }
+        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITS(obj), obj);
+        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS(obj), obj);
+        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(obj), obj);
 
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
-    if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
-	if (MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj)) {
-	    invalidate_mark_stack(&objspace->mark_stack, obj);
-	    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj);
-	}
-	CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), obj);
-    }
-    else {
+        if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
+            if (MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj)) {
+                invalidate_mark_stack(&objspace->mark_stack, obj);
+                CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj);
+            }
+            CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), obj);
+        }
+        else {
 #endif
-	if (is_old || !GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->flags.before_sweep) {
-	    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), obj);
-	}
-	CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj);
+            if (is_old || GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->flags.before_sweep) {
+                CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), obj);
+            }
+            CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS(obj), obj);
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
-    }
-#endif
+        }
 #endif
 
-    objspace->profile.total_freed_objects++;
+        objspace->profile.total_freed_objects++;
 
-    heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj), obj);
+        heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj), obj);
 
-    /* Disable counting swept_slots because there are no meaning.
-     * if (!MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(p), p)) {
-     *   objspace->heap.swept_slots++;
-     * }
-     */
+        /* Disable counting swept_slots because there are no meaning.
+         * if (!MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(p), p)) {
+         *   objspace->heap.swept_slots++;
+         * }
+         */
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
 }
 
 #ifndef MARK_OBJECT_ARY_BUCKET_SIZE
@@ -6138,15 +8021,19 @@ rb_gc_force_recycle(VALUE obj)
 void
 rb_gc_register_mark_object(VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE ary_ary = GET_THREAD()->vm->mark_object_ary;
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_last(0, 0, ary_ary);
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        VALUE ary_ary = GET_VM()->mark_object_ary;
+        VALUE ary = rb_ary_last(0, 0, ary_ary);
 
-    if (ary == Qnil || RARRAY_LEN(ary) >= MARK_OBJECT_ARY_BUCKET_SIZE) {
-	ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(MARK_OBJECT_ARY_BUCKET_SIZE);
-	rb_ary_push(ary_ary, ary);
-    }
+        if (ary == Qnil || RARRAY_LEN(ary) >= MARK_OBJECT_ARY_BUCKET_SIZE) {
+            ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(MARK_OBJECT_ARY_BUCKET_SIZE);
+            rb_ary_push(ary_ary, ary);
+        }
 
-    rb_ary_push(ary, obj);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, obj);
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
 }
 
 void
@@ -6205,7 +8092,7 @@ enum {
 static void
 heap_ready_to_gc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 {
-    if (!heap->freelist && !heap->free_pages) {
+    if (!heap->free_pages) {
 	if (!heap_increment(objspace, heap)) {
 	    heap_set_increment(objspace, 1);
 	    heap_increment(objspace, heap);
@@ -6216,7 +8103,7 @@ heap_ready_to_gc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
 static int
 ready_to_gc(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    if (dont_gc || during_gc || ruby_disable_gc) {
+    if (dont_gc_val() || during_gc || ruby_disable_gc) {
 	heap_ready_to_gc(objspace, heap_eden);
 	return FALSE;
     }
@@ -6235,8 +8122,7 @@ gc_reset_malloc_info(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 
 	if (inc > malloc_limit) {
 	    malloc_limit = (size_t)(inc * gc_params.malloc_limit_growth_factor);
-	    if (gc_params.malloc_limit_max > 0 && /* ignore max-check if 0 */
-		malloc_limit > gc_params.malloc_limit_max) {
+	    if (malloc_limit > gc_params.malloc_limit_max) {
 		malloc_limit = gc_params.malloc_limit_max;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -6272,12 +8158,12 @@ gc_reset_malloc_info(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 	    }
 	}
 
-	if (0) fprintf(stderr, "%d\t%d\t%u\t%u\t%d\n",
-		       (int)rb_gc_count(),
-		       (int)objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc,
-		       (unsigned int)objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase,
-		       (unsigned int)objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit,
-		       (unsigned int)gc_params.oldmalloc_limit_max);
+	if (0) fprintf(stderr, "%"PRIdSIZE"\t%d\t%"PRIuSIZE"\t%"PRIuSIZE"\t%"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+		       rb_gc_count(),
+		       objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc,
+		       objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase,
+		       objspace->rgengc.oldmalloc_increase_limit,
+		       gc_params.oldmalloc_limit_max);
     }
     else {
 	/* major GC */
@@ -6295,40 +8181,54 @@ gc_reset_malloc_info(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 }
 
 static int
-garbage_collect(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark, int immediate_mark, int immediate_sweep, int reason)
+garbage_collect(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int reason)
 {
+    int ret;
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
 #if GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
-    objspace->profile.prepare_time = getrusage_time();
+        objspace->profile.prepare_time = getrusage_time();
 #endif
 
-    gc_rest(objspace);
+        gc_rest(objspace);
 
 #if GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
-    objspace->profile.prepare_time = getrusage_time() - objspace->profile.prepare_time;
+        objspace->profile.prepare_time = getrusage_time() - objspace->profile.prepare_time;
 #endif
 
-    return gc_start(objspace, full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, reason);
+        ret = gc_start(objspace, reason);
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+
+    return ret;
 }
 
 static int
-gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const int full_mark, const int immediate_mark, const unsigned int immediate_sweep, int reason)
+gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int reason)
 {
-    int do_full_mark = full_mark;
-    objspace->flags.immediate_sweep = immediate_sweep;
+    unsigned int do_full_mark = !!((unsigned)reason & GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK);
+    unsigned int immediate_mark = (unsigned)reason & GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK;
+
+    /* reason may be clobbered, later, so keep set immediate_sweep here */
+    objspace->flags.immediate_sweep = !!((unsigned)reason & GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP);
+
+    /* Explicitly enable compaction (GC.compact) */
+    objspace->flags.during_compacting = !!(reason & GPR_FLAG_COMPACT);
 
     if (!heap_allocated_pages) return FALSE; /* heap is not ready */
-    if (reason != GPR_FLAG_METHOD && !ready_to_gc(objspace)) return TRUE; /* GC is not allowed */
+    if (!(reason & GPR_FLAG_METHOD) && !ready_to_gc(objspace)) return TRUE; /* GC is not allowed */
+
+    GC_ASSERT(gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_none);
+    GC_ASSERT(!is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden));
+    GC_ASSERT(!is_incremental_marking(objspace));
+
+    unsigned int lock_lev;
+    gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_start, &lock_lev);
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) {
-	assert(gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_none);
-	assert(!is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden));
-	assert(!is_incremental_marking(objspace));
 #if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2
-	gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
+    gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
 #endif
-    }
-
-    gc_enter(objspace, "gc_start");
 
     if (ruby_gc_stressful) {
 	int flag = FIXNUM_P(ruby_gc_stress_mode) ? FIX2INT(ruby_gc_stress_mode) : 0;
@@ -6340,7 +8240,6 @@ gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const int full_mark, const int immediate_mark,
 	objspace->flags.immediate_sweep = !(flag & (1<<gc_stress_no_immediate_sweep));
     }
     else {
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	if (objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc) {
 	    reason |= objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc;
 	    do_full_mark = TRUE;
@@ -6351,7 +8250,6 @@ gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const int full_mark, const int immediate_mark,
 	}
 
 	objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc = GPR_FLAG_NONE;
-#endif
     }
 
     if (do_full_mark && (reason & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_MASK) == 0) {
@@ -6373,19 +8271,41 @@ gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const int full_mark, const int immediate_mark,
 
     if (objspace->flags.immediate_sweep) reason |= GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP;
 
-    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_start(%d, %d, %d, reason: %d) => %d, %d, %d\n",
-	      full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, reason,
+    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_start(reason: %d) => %u, %d, %d\n",
+	      reason,
 	      do_full_mark, !is_incremental_marking(objspace), objspace->flags.immediate_sweep);
 
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_count);
+
+    if (reason & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_MASK) {
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_major_nofree, reason & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_NOFREE);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_major_oldgen, reason & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_OLDGEN);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_major_shady,  reason & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_SHADY);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_major_force,  reason & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_FORCE);
+#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_major_oldmalloc, reason & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_OLDMALLOC);
+#endif
+    }
+    else {
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_minor_newobj, reason & GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_minor_malloc, reason & GPR_FLAG_MALLOC);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_minor_method, reason & GPR_FLAG_METHOD);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_minor_capi,   reason & GPR_FLAG_CAPI);
+        (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(gc_minor_stress, reason & GPR_FLAG_STRESS);
+    }
+#endif
+
     objspace->profile.count++;
     objspace->profile.latest_gc_info = reason;
     objspace->profile.total_allocated_objects_at_gc_start = objspace->total_allocated_objects;
     objspace->profile.heap_used_at_gc_start = heap_allocated_pages;
     gc_prof_setup_new_record(objspace, reason);
     gc_reset_malloc_info(objspace);
+    rb_transient_heap_start_marking(do_full_mark);
 
     gc_event_hook(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_START, 0 /* TODO: pass minor/immediate flag? */);
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(during_gc);
+    GC_ASSERT(during_gc);
 
     gc_prof_timer_start(objspace);
     {
@@ -6393,7 +8313,7 @@ gc_start(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const int full_mark, const int immediate_mark,
     }
     gc_prof_timer_stop(objspace);
 
-    gc_exit(objspace, "gc_start");
+    gc_exit(objspace, gc_enter_event_start, &lock_lev);
     return TRUE;
 }
 
@@ -6404,28 +8324,24 @@ gc_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
     int sweeping = is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden);
 
     if (marking || sweeping) {
-	gc_enter(objspace, "gc_rest");
+        unsigned int lock_lev;
+	gc_enter(objspace, gc_enter_event_rest, &lock_lev);
 
-	if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2) gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
+        if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 2) gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
 
 	if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
-	    PUSH_MARK_FUNC_DATA(NULL);
-	    gc_marks_rest(objspace);
-	    POP_MARK_FUNC_DATA();
-	}
+            gc_marks_rest(objspace);
+        }
 	if (is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden)) {
 	    gc_sweep_rest(objspace);
 	}
-	gc_exit(objspace, "gc_rest");
+	gc_exit(objspace, gc_enter_event_rest, &lock_lev);
     }
 }
 
 struct objspace_and_reason {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace;
     int reason;
-    int full_mark;
-    int immediate_mark;
-    int immediate_sweep;
 };
 
 static void
@@ -6434,12 +8350,10 @@ gc_current_status_fill(rb_objspace_t *objspace, char *buff)
     int i = 0;
     if (is_marking(objspace)) {
 	buff[i++] = 'M';
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	if (is_full_marking(objspace))        buff[i++] = 'F';
 #if GC_ENABLE_INCREMENTAL_MARK
 	if (is_incremental_marking(objspace)) buff[i++] = 'I';
 #endif
-#endif
     }
     else if (is_sweeping(objspace)) {
 	buff[i++] = 'S';
@@ -6506,51 +8420,98 @@ gc_record(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int direction, const char *event)
 }
 #endif /* PRINT_ENTER_EXIT_TICK */
 
-static inline void
-gc_enter(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *event)
+static const char *
+gc_enter_event_cstr(enum gc_enter_event event)
+{
+    switch (event) {
+      case gc_enter_event_start: return "start";
+      case gc_enter_event_mark_continue: return "mark_continue";
+      case gc_enter_event_sweep_continue: return "sweep_continue";
+      case gc_enter_event_rest: return "rest";
+      case gc_enter_event_finalizer: return "finalizer";
+      case gc_enter_event_rb_memerror: return "rb_memerror";
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+gc_enter_count(enum gc_enter_event event)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(during_gc == 0);
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 3) gc_verify_internal_consistency(Qnil);
+    switch (event) {
+      case gc_enter_event_start:          RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_enter_start); break;
+      case gc_enter_event_mark_continue:  RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_enter_mark_continue); break;
+      case gc_enter_event_sweep_continue: RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_enter_sweep_continue); break;
+      case gc_enter_event_rest:           RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_enter_rest); break;
+      case gc_enter_event_finalizer:      RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(gc_enter_finalizer); break;
+      case gc_enter_event_rb_memerror:    /* nothing */ break;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+gc_enter(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_enter_event event, unsigned int *lock_lev)
+{
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_LEV(lock_lev);
+
+    switch (event) {
+      case gc_enter_event_rest:
+        if (!is_marking(objspace)) break;
+        // fall through
+      case gc_enter_event_start:
+      case gc_enter_event_mark_continue:
+        // stop other ractors
+        rb_vm_barrier();
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    gc_enter_count(event);
+    if (UNLIKELY(during_gc != 0)) rb_bug("during_gc != 0");
+    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE >= 3) gc_verify_internal_consistency(objspace);
+
+    mjit_gc_start_hook();
 
     during_gc = TRUE;
-    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_entr: %s [%s]\n", event, gc_current_status(objspace));
-    gc_record(objspace, 0, event);
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%s (%s)",gc_enter_event_cstr(event), gc_current_status(objspace));
+    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_enter: %s [%s]\n", gc_enter_event_cstr(event), gc_current_status(objspace));
+    gc_record(objspace, 0, gc_enter_event_cstr(event));
     gc_event_hook(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_ENTER, 0); /* TODO: which parameter should be passed? */
 }
 
 static inline void
-gc_exit(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *event)
+gc_exit(rb_objspace_t *objspace, enum gc_enter_event event, unsigned int *lock_lev)
 {
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(during_gc != 0);
+    GC_ASSERT(during_gc != 0);
 
     gc_event_hook(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_EXIT, 0); /* TODO: which parameter should be passsed? */
-    gc_record(objspace, 1, event);
-    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_exit: %s [%s]\n", event, gc_current_status(objspace));
+    gc_record(objspace, 1, gc_enter_event_cstr(event));
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("%s (%s)", gc_enter_event_cstr(event), gc_current_status(objspace));
+    gc_report(1, objspace, "gc_exit: %s [%s]\n", gc_enter_event_cstr(event), gc_current_status(objspace));
     during_gc = FALSE;
+
+    mjit_gc_exit_hook();
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_LEV(lock_lev);
 }
 
 static void *
 gc_with_gvl(void *ptr)
 {
     struct objspace_and_reason *oar = (struct objspace_and_reason *)ptr;
-    return (void *)(VALUE)garbage_collect(oar->objspace, oar->full_mark, oar->immediate_mark, oar->immediate_sweep, oar->reason);
+    return (void *)(VALUE)garbage_collect(oar->objspace, oar->reason);
 }
 
 static int
-garbage_collect_with_gvl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark, int immediate_mark, int immediate_sweep, int reason)
+garbage_collect_with_gvl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int reason)
 {
-    if (dont_gc) return TRUE;
+    if (dont_gc_val()) return TRUE;
     if (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p()) {
-	return garbage_collect(objspace, full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, reason);
+	return garbage_collect(objspace, reason);
     }
     else {
 	if (ruby_native_thread_p()) {
 	    struct objspace_and_reason oar;
 	    oar.objspace = objspace;
 	    oar.reason = reason;
-	    oar.full_mark = full_mark;
-	    oar.immediate_mark = immediate_mark;
-	    oar.immediate_sweep = immediate_sweep;
 	    return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_with_gvl(gc_with_gvl, (void *)&oar);
 	}
 	else {
@@ -6561,73 +8522,968 @@ garbage_collect_with_gvl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int full_mark, int immediate_m
     }
 }
 
-int
-rb_garbage_collect(void)
+static VALUE
+gc_start_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE full_mark, VALUE immediate_mark, VALUE immediate_sweep, VALUE compact)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+    int reason = GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK |
+                 GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK |
+                 GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP |
+                 GPR_FLAG_METHOD;
+
+    /* For now, compact implies full mark / sweep, so ignore other flags */
+    if (RTEST(compact)) {
+        reason |= GPR_FLAG_COMPACT;
+    } else {
+        if (!RTEST(full_mark))       reason &= ~GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK;
+        if (!RTEST(immediate_mark))  reason &= ~GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK;
+        if (!RTEST(immediate_sweep)) reason &= ~GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP;
+    }
+
+    garbage_collect(objspace, reason);
+    gc_finalize_deferred(objspace);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static int
+gc_is_moveable_obj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    GC_ASSERT(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
+
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_NONE:
+      case T_NIL:
+      case T_MOVED:
+      case T_ZOMBIE:
+        return FALSE;
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+        if (DYNAMIC_SYM_P(obj) && (RSYMBOL(obj)->id & ~ID_SCOPE_MASK)) {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        /* fall through */
+      case T_STRING:
+      case T_OBJECT:
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_IMEMO:
+      case T_ARRAY:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_ICLASS:
+      case T_MODULE:
+      case T_REGEXP:
+      case T_DATA:
+      case T_MATCH:
+      case T_STRUCT:
+      case T_HASH:
+      case T_FILE:
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+      case T_NODE:
+      case T_CLASS:
+        if (FL_TEST(obj, FL_FINALIZE)) {
+            /* The finalizer table is a numtable. It looks up objects by address.
+             * We can't mark the keys in the finalizer table because that would
+             * prevent the objects from being collected.  This check prevents
+             * objects that are keys in the finalizer table from being moved
+             * without directly pinning them. */
+            if (st_is_member(finalizer_table, obj)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+        GC_ASSERT(RVALUE_MARKED(obj));
+        GC_ASSERT(!RVALUE_PINNED(obj));
+
+        return TRUE;
+
+      default:
+        rb_bug("gc_is_moveable_obj: unreachable (%d)", (int)BUILTIN_TYPE(obj));
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+gc_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE scan, VALUE free)
+{
+    int marked;
+    int wb_unprotected;
+    int uncollectible;
+    int marking;
+    RVALUE *dest = (RVALUE *)free;
+    RVALUE *src = (RVALUE *)scan;
+
+    gc_report(4, objspace, "Moving object: %p -> %p\n", (void*)scan, (void *)free);
+
+    GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(scan) != T_NONE);
+    GC_ASSERT(!MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(free), free));
+
+    /* Save off bits for current object. */
+    marked = rb_objspace_marked_object_p((VALUE)src);
+    wb_unprotected = RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED((VALUE)src);
+    uncollectible = RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE((VALUE)src);
+    marking = RVALUE_MARKING((VALUE)src);
+
+    /* Clear bits for eventual T_MOVED */
+    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS((VALUE)src), (VALUE)src);
+    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS((VALUE)src), (VALUE)src);
+    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITS((VALUE)src), (VALUE)src);
+    CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS((VALUE)src), (VALUE)src);
+
+    if (FL_TEST((VALUE)src, FL_EXIVAR)) {
+        /* Same deal as below. Generic ivars are held in st tables.
+         * Resizing the table could cause a GC to happen and we can't allow it */
+        VALUE already_disabled = rb_gc_disable_no_rest();
+        rb_mv_generic_ivar((VALUE)src, (VALUE)dest);
+        if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
+    }
+
+    st_data_t srcid = (st_data_t)src, id;
+
+    /* If the source object's object_id has been seen, we need to update
+     * the object to object id mapping. */
+    if (st_lookup(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, srcid, &id)) {
+        gc_report(4, objspace, "Moving object with seen id: %p -> %p\n", (void *)src, (void *)dest);
+        /* inserting in the st table can cause the GC to run. We need to
+         * prevent re-entry in to the GC since `gc_move` is running in the GC,
+         * so temporarily disable the GC around the st table mutation */
+        VALUE already_disabled = rb_gc_disable_no_rest();
+        st_delete(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, &srcid, 0);
+        st_insert(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, (st_data_t)dest, id);
+        if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
+    }
+
+    /* Move the object */
+    memcpy(dest, src, sizeof(RVALUE));
+    memset(src, 0, sizeof(RVALUE));
+
+    /* Set bits for object in new location */
+    if (marking) {
+        MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+    else {
+        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+
+    if (marked) {
+        MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+    else {
+        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+
+    if (wb_unprotected) {
+        MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+    else {
+        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+
+    if (uncollectible) {
+        MARK_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+    else {
+        CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITS((VALUE)dest), (VALUE)dest);
+    }
+
+    /* Assign forwarding address */
+    src->as.moved.flags = T_MOVED;
+    src->as.moved.dummy = Qundef;
+    src->as.moved.destination = (VALUE)dest;
+    GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE((VALUE)dest) != T_NONE);
+
+    return (VALUE)src;
+}
+
+static int
+compare_free_slots(const void *left, const void *right, void *dummy)
+{
+    struct heap_page *left_page;
+    struct heap_page *right_page;
+
+    left_page = *(struct heap_page * const *)left;
+    right_page = *(struct heap_page * const *)right;
+
+    return left_page->free_slots - right_page->free_slots;
+}
+
+static void
+gc_sort_heap_by_empty_slots(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    size_t total_pages = heap_eden->total_pages;
+    size_t size = size_mul_or_raise(total_pages, sizeof(struct heap_page *), rb_eRuntimeError);
+    struct heap_page *page = 0, **page_list = malloc(size);
+    size_t i = 0;
+
+    list_for_each(&heap_eden->pages, page, page_node) {
+        page_list[i++] = page;
+        assert(page != NULL);
+    }
+    assert(total_pages > 0);
+    assert((size_t)i == total_pages);
+
+    /* Sort the heap so "filled pages" are first. `heap_add_page` adds to the
+     * head of the list, so empty pages will end up at the start of the heap */
+    ruby_qsort(page_list, total_pages, sizeof(struct heap_page *), compare_free_slots, NULL);
+
+    /* Reset the eden heap */
+    list_head_init(&objspace->eden_heap.pages);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < total_pages; i++) {
+        list_add(&heap_eden->pages, &page_list[i]->page_node);
+        if (page_list[i]->free_slots != 0) {
+            heap_add_freepage(heap_eden, page_list[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(page_list);
+}
+
+static void
+gc_ref_update_array(rb_objspace_t * objspace, VALUE v)
+{
+    long i, len;
+
+    if (FL_TEST(v, ELTS_SHARED))
+        return;
+
+    len = RARRAY_LEN(v);
+    if (len > 0) {
+        VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(v);
+        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ptr[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+gc_ref_update_object(rb_objspace_t * objspace, VALUE v)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(v);
+
+    uint32_t i, len = ROBJECT_NUMIV(v);
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ptr[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+hash_replace_ref(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t argp, int existing)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)argp;
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)*key)) {
+        *key = rb_gc_location((VALUE)*key);
+    }
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)*value)) {
+        *value = rb_gc_location((VALUE)*value);
+    }
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+hash_foreach_replace(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace;
+
+    objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)argp;
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)key)) {
+        return ST_REPLACE;
+    }
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)value)) {
+        return ST_REPLACE;
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+hash_replace_ref_value(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t argp, int existing)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)argp;
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)*value)) {
+        *value = rb_gc_location((VALUE)*value);
+    }
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+hash_foreach_replace_value(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
 {
-    return garbage_collect(&rb_objspace, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, GPR_FLAG_CAPI);
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace;
+
+    objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)argp;
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)value)) {
+        return ST_REPLACE;
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-#undef Init_stack
+static void
+gc_update_tbl_refs(rb_objspace_t * objspace, st_table *tbl)
+{
+    if (!tbl || tbl->num_entries == 0) return;
 
+    if (st_foreach_with_replace(tbl, hash_foreach_replace_value, hash_replace_ref_value, (st_data_t)objspace)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "hash modified during iteration");
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+gc_update_table_refs(rb_objspace_t * objspace, st_table *tbl)
+{
+    if (!tbl || tbl->num_entries == 0) return;
+
+    if (st_foreach_with_replace(tbl, hash_foreach_replace, hash_replace_ref, (st_data_t)objspace)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "hash modified during iteration");
+    }
+}
+
+/* Update MOVED references in an st_table */
 void
-Init_stack(volatile VALUE *addr)
+rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(st_table *ptr)
 {
-    ruby_init_stack(addr);
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+    gc_update_table_refs(objspace, ptr);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     GC.start                     -> nil
- *     ObjectSpace.garbage_collect  -> nil
- *     include GC; garbage_collect  -> nil
- *     GC.start(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true)           -> nil
- *     ObjectSpace.garbage_collect(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) -> nil
- *     include GC; garbage_collect(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) -> nil
- *
- *  Initiates garbage collection, unless manually disabled.
- *
- *  This method is defined with keyword arguments that default to true:
- *
- *     def GC.start(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true); end
- *
- *  Use full_mark: false to perform a minor GC.
- *  Use immediate_sweep: false to defer sweeping (use lazy sweep).
- *
- *  Note: These keyword arguments are implementation and version dependent. They
- *  are not guaranteed to be future-compatible, and may be ignored if the
- *  underlying implementation does not support them.
- */
+static void
+gc_ref_update_hash(rb_objspace_t * objspace, VALUE v)
+{
+    rb_hash_stlike_foreach_with_replace(v, hash_foreach_replace, hash_replace_ref, (st_data_t)objspace);
+}
+
+static void
+gc_ref_update_method_entry(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_method_entry_t *me)
+{
+    rb_method_definition_t *def = me->def;
+
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, me->owner);
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, me->defined_class);
+
+    if (def) {
+        switch (def->type) {
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ:
+            if (def->body.iseq.iseqptr) {
+                TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, rb_iseq_t *, def->body.iseq.iseqptr);
+            }
+            TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, rb_cref_t *, def->body.iseq.cref);
+            break;
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET:
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR:
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, def->body.attr.location);
+            break;
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD:
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, def->body.bmethod.proc);
+            break;
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS:
+            TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, struct rb_method_entry_struct *, def->body.alias.original_me);
+            return;
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED:
+            TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, struct rb_method_entry_struct *, def->body.refined.orig_me);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, def->body.refined.owner);
+            break;
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC:
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ZSUPER:
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_MISSING:
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED:
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF:
+          case VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+gc_update_values(rb_objspace_t *objspace, long n, VALUE *values)
+{
+    long i;
+
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, values[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+gc_ref_update_imemo(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
+      case imemo_env:
+        {
+            rb_env_t *env = (rb_env_t *)obj;
+            TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, rb_iseq_t *, env->iseq);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, env->ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV]);
+            gc_update_values(objspace, (long)env->env_size, (VALUE *)env->env);
+        }
+        break;
+      case imemo_cref:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.cref.klass);
+        TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, struct rb_cref_struct *, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.cref.next);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.cref.refinements);
+        break;
+      case imemo_svar:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.svar.cref_or_me);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.svar.lastline);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.svar.backref);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.svar.others);
+        break;
+      case imemo_throw_data:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.throw_data.throw_obj);
+        break;
+      case imemo_ifunc:
+        break;
+      case imemo_memo:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.memo.v1);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RANY(obj)->as.imemo.memo.v2);
+        break;
+      case imemo_ment:
+        gc_ref_update_method_entry(objspace, &RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ment);
+        break;
+      case imemo_iseq:
+        rb_iseq_update_references((rb_iseq_t *)obj);
+        break;
+      case imemo_ast:
+        rb_ast_update_references((rb_ast_t *)obj);
+        break;
+      case imemo_callcache:
+        {
+            const struct rb_callcache *cc = (const struct rb_callcache *)obj;
+            if (cc->klass) {
+                UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, cc->klass);
+                if (!is_live_object(objspace, cc->klass)) {
+                    *((VALUE *)(&cc->klass)) = (VALUE)0;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (cc->cme_) {
+                TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *, cc->cme_);
+                if (!is_live_object(objspace, (VALUE)cc->cme_)) {
+                    *((struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct **)(&cc->cme_)) = (struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct *)0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      case imemo_constcache:
+        {
+            const struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *ice = (struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *)obj;
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ice->value);
+        }
+        break;
+      case imemo_parser_strterm:
+      case imemo_tmpbuf:
+      case imemo_callinfo:
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_bug("not reachable %d", imemo_type(obj));
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+check_id_table_move(ID id, VALUE value, void *data)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)value)) {
+        return ID_TABLE_REPLACE;
+    }
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+/* Returns the new location of an object, if it moved.  Otherwise returns
+ * the existing location. */
+VALUE
+rb_gc_location(VALUE value)
+{
+
+    VALUE destination;
+
+    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(value)) {
+        void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(value);
+        asan_unpoison_object(value, false);
+
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(value) == T_MOVED) {
+            destination = (VALUE)RMOVED(value)->destination;
+            GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(destination) != T_NONE);
+        }
+        else {
+            destination = value;
+        }
+
+        /* Re-poison slot if it's not the one we want */
+        if (poisoned) {
+            GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(value) == T_NONE);
+            asan_poison_object(value);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        destination = value;
+    }
+
+    return destination;
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+update_id_table(ID *key, VALUE * value, void *data, int existing)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)*value)) {
+        *value = rb_gc_location((VALUE)*value);
+    }
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+update_m_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct rb_id_table *tbl)
+{
+    if (tbl) {
+        rb_id_table_foreach_with_replace(tbl, check_id_table_move, update_id_table, objspace);
+    }
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+update_cc_tbl_i(ID id, VALUE ccs_ptr, void *data)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+    struct rb_class_cc_entries *ccs = (struct rb_class_cc_entries *)ccs_ptr;
+    VM_ASSERT(vm_ccs_p(ccs));
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)ccs->cme)) {
+        ccs->cme = (const rb_callable_method_entry_t *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)ccs->cme);
+    }
+
+    for (int i=0; i<ccs->len; i++) {
+        if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)ccs->entries[i].ci)) {
+            ccs->entries[i].ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)ccs->entries[i].ci);
+        }
+        if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, (VALUE)ccs->entries[i].cc)) {
+            ccs->entries[i].cc = (struct rb_callcache *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)ccs->entries[i].cc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // do not replace
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+update_cc_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_CC_TBL(klass);
+    if (tbl) {
+        rb_id_table_foreach_with_replace(tbl, update_cc_tbl_i, 0, objspace);
+    }
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+update_const_table(VALUE value, void *data)
+{
+    rb_const_entry_t *ce = (rb_const_entry_t *)value;
+    rb_objspace_t * objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, ce->value)) {
+        ce->value = rb_gc_location(ce->value);
+    }
+
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(objspace, ce->file)) {
+        ce->file = rb_gc_location(ce->file);
+    }
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+update_const_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct rb_id_table *tbl)
+{
+    if (!tbl) return;
+    rb_id_table_foreach_values(tbl, update_const_table, objspace);
+}
+
+static void
+update_subclass_entries(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_subclass_entry_t *entry)
+{
+    while (entry) {
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, entry->klass);
+        entry = entry->next;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+update_iv_index_tbl_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)arg;
+    struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry *ent = (struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry *)value;
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ent->class_value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+update_class_ext(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_classext_t *ext)
+{
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ext->origin_);
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ext->refined_class);
+    update_subclass_entries(objspace, ext->subclasses);
+
+    // ext->iv_index_tbl
+    if (ext->iv_index_tbl) {
+        st_foreach(ext->iv_index_tbl, update_iv_index_tbl_i, (st_data_t)objspace);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+gc_update_object_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    RVALUE *any = RANY(obj);
+
+    gc_report(4, objspace, "update-refs: %p ->\n", (void *)obj);
+
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      case T_CLASS:
+      case T_MODULE:
+        if (RCLASS_SUPER((VALUE)obj)) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RCLASS(obj)->super);
+        }
+        if (!RCLASS_EXT(obj)) break;
+        update_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+        update_cc_tbl(objspace, obj);
+
+        gc_update_tbl_refs(objspace, RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
+
+        update_class_ext(objspace, RCLASS_EXT(obj));
+        update_const_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj));
+        break;
+
+      case T_ICLASS:
+        if (FL_TEST(obj, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN) &&
+                !FL_TEST(obj, RICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL)) {
+            update_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+        }
+        if (RCLASS_SUPER((VALUE)obj)) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RCLASS(obj)->super);
+        }
+        if (!RCLASS_EXT(obj)) break;
+        if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj)) {
+            gc_update_tbl_refs(objspace, RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
+        }
+        update_class_ext(objspace, RCLASS_EXT(obj));
+        update_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(obj));
+        update_cc_tbl(objspace, obj);
+        break;
+
+      case T_IMEMO:
+        gc_ref_update_imemo(objspace, obj);
+        return;
+
+      case T_NIL:
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_NODE:
+      case T_MOVED:
+      case T_NONE:
+        /* These can't move */
+        return;
+
+      case T_ARRAY:
+        if (FL_TEST(obj, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.array.as.heap.aux.shared_root);
+        }
+        else {
+            gc_ref_update_array(objspace, obj);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_HASH:
+        gc_ref_update_hash(objspace, obj);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.hash.ifnone);
+        break;
+
+      case T_STRING:
+        if (STR_SHARED_P(obj)) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.string.as.heap.aux.shared);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_DATA:
+        /* Call the compaction callback, if it exists */
+        {
+            void *const ptr = DATA_PTR(obj);
+            if (ptr) {
+                if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+                    RUBY_DATA_FUNC compact_func = any->as.typeddata.type->function.dcompact;
+                    if (compact_func) (*compact_func)(ptr);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_OBJECT:
+        gc_ref_update_object(objspace, obj);
+        break;
+
+      case T_FILE:
+        if (any->as.file.fptr) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->self);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->pathv);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->tied_io_for_writing);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->writeconv_asciicompat);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->writeconv_pre_ecopts);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->encs.ecopts);
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->write_lock);
+        }
+        break;
+      case T_REGEXP:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.regexp.src);
+        break;
+
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+        if (DYNAMIC_SYM_P((VALUE)any)) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RSYMBOL(any)->fstr);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+        break;
+
+      case T_MATCH:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.match.regexp);
+
+        if (any->as.match.str) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.match.str);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.rational.num);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.rational.den);
+        break;
+
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.complex.real);
+        UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, any->as.complex.imag);
+
+        break;
+
+      case T_STRUCT:
+        {
+            long i, len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+            VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(obj);
+
+            for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ptr[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+#if GC_DEBUG
+        rb_gcdebug_print_obj_condition((VALUE)obj);
+        rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
+        rb_bug("unreachable");
+#endif
+        break;
+
+    }
+
+    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RBASIC(obj)->klass);
+
+    gc_report(4, objspace, "update-refs: %p <-\n", (void *)obj);
+}
+
+static int
+gc_ref_update(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, rb_objspace_t * objspace, struct heap_page *page)
+{
+    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*), false);
+    asan_poison_memory_region(&page->freelist, sizeof(RVALUE*));
+    page->flags.has_uncollectible_shady_objects = FALSE;
+    page->flags.has_remembered_objects = FALSE;
+
+    /* For each object on the page */
+    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
+        void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+        asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+        switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(v)) {
+          case T_NONE:
+          case T_MOVED:
+          case T_ZOMBIE:
+            break;
+          default:
+            if (RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(v)) {
+                page->flags.has_uncollectible_shady_objects = TRUE;
+            }
+            if (RVALUE_PAGE_MARKING(page, v)) {
+                page->flags.has_remembered_objects = TRUE;
+            }
+            if (page->flags.before_sweep) {
+                if (RVALUE_MARKED(v)) {
+                    gc_update_object_references(objspace, v);
+                }
+            } else {
+                gc_update_object_references(objspace, v);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (poisoned) {
+            asan_poison_object(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+extern rb_symbols_t ruby_global_symbols;
+#define global_symbols ruby_global_symbols
+
+static void
+gc_update_references(rb_objspace_t * objspace, rb_heap_t *heap)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_vm_t *vm = rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec);
+    short should_set_mark_bits = 1;
+
+    struct heap_page *page = NULL;
+
+    list_for_each(&heap->pages, page, page_node) {
+        gc_ref_update(page->start, page->start + page->total_slots, sizeof(RVALUE), objspace, page);
+        if (page == heap->sweeping_page) {
+            should_set_mark_bits = 0;
+        }
+        if (should_set_mark_bits) {
+            gc_setup_mark_bits(page);
+        }
+    }
+    rb_vm_update_references(vm);
+    rb_transient_heap_update_references();
+    rb_gc_update_global_tbl();
+    global_symbols.ids = rb_gc_location(global_symbols.ids);
+    global_symbols.dsymbol_fstr_hash = rb_gc_location(global_symbols.dsymbol_fstr_hash);
+    gc_update_tbl_refs(objspace, objspace->obj_to_id_tbl);
+    gc_update_table_refs(objspace, objspace->id_to_obj_tbl);
+    gc_update_table_refs(objspace, global_symbols.str_sym);
+    gc_update_table_refs(objspace, finalizer_table);
+}
+
+static VALUE type_sym(size_t type);
 
 static VALUE
-gc_start_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+gc_compact_stats(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 {
+    size_t i;
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    int full_mark = TRUE, immediate_mark = TRUE, immediate_sweep = TRUE;
-    VALUE opt = Qnil;
-    static ID keyword_ids[3];
+    VALUE h = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE considered = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE moved = rb_hash_new();
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0:", &opt);
+    for (i=0; i<T_MASK; i++) {
+        if(objspace->rcompactor.considered_count_table[i]) {
+            rb_hash_aset(considered, type_sym(i), SIZET2NUM(objspace->rcompactor.considered_count_table[i]));
+        }
 
-    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
-	VALUE kwvals[3];
+        if(objspace->rcompactor.moved_count_table[i]) {
+            rb_hash_aset(moved, type_sym(i), SIZET2NUM(objspace->rcompactor.moved_count_table[i]));
+        }
+    }
 
-	if (!keyword_ids[0]) {
-	    keyword_ids[0] = rb_intern("full_mark");
-	    keyword_ids[1] = rb_intern("immediate_mark");
-	    keyword_ids[2] = rb_intern("immediate_sweep");
-	}
+    rb_hash_aset(h, ID2SYM(rb_intern("considered")), considered);
+    rb_hash_aset(h, ID2SYM(rb_intern("moved")), moved);
 
-	rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 3, kwvals);
+    return h;
+}
 
-	if (kwvals[0] != Qundef) full_mark = RTEST(kwvals[0]);
-	if (kwvals[1] != Qundef) immediate_mark = RTEST(kwvals[1]);
-	if (kwvals[2] != Qundef) immediate_sweep = RTEST(kwvals[2]);
+static void
+root_obj_check_moved_i(const char *category, VALUE obj, void *data)
+{
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(&rb_objspace, obj)) {
+        rb_bug("ROOT %s points to MOVED: %p -> %s\n", category, (void *)obj, obj_info(rb_gc_location(obj)));
     }
+}
 
-    garbage_collect(objspace, full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, GPR_FLAG_METHOD);
-    gc_finalize_deferred(objspace);
+static void
+reachable_object_check_moved_i(VALUE ref, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE parent = (VALUE)data;
+    if (gc_object_moved_p(&rb_objspace, ref)) {
+        rb_bug("Object %s points to MOVED: %p -> %s\n", obj_info(parent), (void *)ref, obj_info(rb_gc_location(ref)));
+    }
+}
 
-    return Qnil;
+static int
+heap_check_moved_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
+    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
+        if (gc_object_moved_p(&rb_objspace, v)) {
+            /* Moved object still on the heap, something may have a reference. */
+        }
+        else {
+            void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+            asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+            switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(v)) {
+              case T_NONE:
+              case T_ZOMBIE:
+                break;
+              default:
+                if (!rb_objspace_garbage_object_p(v)) {
+                    rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(v, reachable_object_check_moved_i, (void *)v);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (poisoned) {
+                GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(v) == T_NONE);
+                asan_poison_object(v);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+gc_compact(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    /* Run GC with compaction enabled */
+    gc_start_internal(ec, self, Qtrue, Qtrue, Qtrue, Qtrue);
+
+    return gc_compact_stats(ec, self);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+gc_verify_compaction_references(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE double_heap, VALUE toward_empty)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+
+    /* Clear the heap. */
+    gc_start_internal(ec, self, Qtrue, Qtrue, Qtrue, Qfalse);
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        gc_rest(objspace);
+
+        if (RTEST(double_heap)) {
+            heap_add_pages(objspace, heap_eden, heap_allocated_pages);
+        }
+
+        if (RTEST(toward_empty)) {
+            gc_sort_heap_by_empty_slots(objspace);
+        }
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+
+    gc_start_internal(ec, self, Qtrue, Qtrue, Qtrue, Qtrue);
+
+    objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(objspace, root_obj_check_moved_i, NULL);
+    objspace_each_objects(objspace, heap_check_moved_i, NULL);
+
+    return gc_compact_stats(ec, self);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -6641,8 +9497,8 @@ void
 rb_gc(void)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    garbage_collect(objspace, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, GPR_FLAG_CAPI);
-    gc_finalize_deferred(objspace);
+    int reason = GPR_DEFAULT_REASON;
+    garbage_collect(objspace, reason);
 }
 
 int
@@ -6659,11 +9515,11 @@ static const char *type_name(int type, VALUE obj);
 static void
 gc_count_add_each_types(VALUE hash, const char *name, const size_t *types)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE result = rb_hash_new_with_size(T_MASK);
     int i;
     for (i=0; i<T_MASK; i++) {
-	const char *type = type_name(i, 0);
-	rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)), SIZET2NUM(types[i]));
+        const char *type = type_name(i, 0);
+        rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type)), SIZET2NUM(types[i]));
     }
     rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern(name)), result);
 }
@@ -6675,18 +9531,8 @@ rb_gc_count(void)
     return rb_objspace.profile.count;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     GC.count -> Integer
- *
- *  The number of times GC occurred.
- *
- *  It returns the number of times GC occurred since the process started.
- *
- */
-
 static VALUE
-gc_count(VALUE self)
+gc_count(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 {
     return SIZET2NUM(rb_gc_count());
 }
@@ -6706,47 +9552,47 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const int orig_
     VALUE flags = orig_flags ? orig_flags : objspace->profile.latest_gc_info;
 
     if (SYMBOL_P(hash_or_key)) {
-	key = hash_or_key;
+        key = hash_or_key;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(hash_or_key, T_HASH)) {
-	hash = hash_or_key;
+        hash = hash_or_key;
     }
     else {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash or symbol given");
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash or symbol given");
     }
 
     if (sym_major_by == Qnil) {
 #define S(s) sym_##s = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
-	S(major_by);
-	S(gc_by);
-	S(immediate_sweep);
-	S(have_finalizer);
-	S(state);
-
-	S(stress);
-	S(nofree);
-	S(oldgen);
-	S(shady);
-	S(force);
+        S(major_by);
+        S(gc_by);
+        S(immediate_sweep);
+        S(have_finalizer);
+        S(state);
+
+        S(stress);
+        S(nofree);
+        S(oldgen);
+        S(shady);
+        S(force);
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-	S(oldmalloc);
+        S(oldmalloc);
 #endif
-	S(newobj);
-	S(malloc);
-	S(method);
-	S(capi);
+        S(newobj);
+        S(malloc);
+        S(method);
+        S(capi);
 
-	S(none);
-	S(marking);
-	S(sweeping);
+        S(none);
+        S(marking);
+        S(sweeping);
 #undef S
     }
 
 #define SET(name, attr) \
     if (key == sym_##name) \
-	return (attr); \
+        return (attr); \
     else if (hash != Qnil) \
-	rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_##name, (attr));
+        rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_##name, (attr));
 
     major_by =
       (flags & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_NOFREE) ? sym_nofree :
@@ -6760,25 +9606,25 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const int orig_
     SET(major_by, major_by);
 
     SET(gc_by,
-	(flags & GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ) ? sym_newobj :
-	(flags & GPR_FLAG_MALLOC) ? sym_malloc :
-	(flags & GPR_FLAG_METHOD) ? sym_method :
-	(flags & GPR_FLAG_CAPI)   ? sym_capi :
-	(flags & GPR_FLAG_STRESS) ? sym_stress :
-	Qnil
+        (flags & GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ) ? sym_newobj :
+        (flags & GPR_FLAG_MALLOC) ? sym_malloc :
+        (flags & GPR_FLAG_METHOD) ? sym_method :
+        (flags & GPR_FLAG_CAPI)   ? sym_capi :
+        (flags & GPR_FLAG_STRESS) ? sym_stress :
+        Qnil
     );
 
     SET(have_finalizer, (flags & GPR_FLAG_HAVE_FINALIZE) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
     SET(immediate_sweep, (flags & GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
 
     if (orig_flags == 0) {
-	SET(state, gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_none ? sym_none :
-	           gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_marking ? sym_marking : sym_sweeping);
+        SET(state, gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_none ? sym_none :
+                   gc_mode(objspace) == gc_mode_marking ? sym_marking : sym_sweeping);
     }
 #undef SET
 
     if (!NIL_P(key)) {/* matched key should return above */
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown key: %"PRIsVALUE, rb_sym2str(key));
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown key: %"PRIsVALUE, rb_sym2str(key));
     }
 
     return hash;
@@ -6791,29 +9637,16 @@ rb_gc_latest_gc_info(VALUE key)
     return gc_info_decode(objspace, key, 0);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     GC.latest_gc_info -> {:gc_by=>:newobj}
- *     GC.latest_gc_info(hash) -> hash
- *     GC.latest_gc_info(:major_by) -> :malloc
- *
- *  Returns information about the most recent garbage collection.
- */
-
 static VALUE
-gc_latest_gc_info(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+gc_latest_gc_info(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE arg)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    VALUE arg = Qnil;
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 1) {
-	if (!SYMBOL_P(arg) && !RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_HASH)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash or symbol given");
-	}
+    if (NIL_P(arg)) {
+        arg = rb_hash_new();
     }
-
-    if (arg == Qnil) {
-	arg = rb_hash_new();
+    else if (!SYMBOL_P(arg) && !RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_HASH)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash or symbol given");
     }
 
     return gc_info_decode(objspace, arg, 0);
@@ -6837,9 +9670,11 @@ enum gc_stat_sym {
     gc_stat_sym_total_freed_objects,
     gc_stat_sym_malloc_increase_bytes,
     gc_stat_sym_malloc_increase_bytes_limit,
-#if USE_RGENGC
     gc_stat_sym_minor_gc_count,
     gc_stat_sym_major_gc_count,
+    gc_stat_sym_compact_count,
+    gc_stat_sym_read_barrier_faults,
+    gc_stat_sym_total_moved_objects,
     gc_stat_sym_remembered_wb_unprotected_objects,
     gc_stat_sym_remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit,
     gc_stat_sym_old_objects,
@@ -6856,40 +9691,10 @@ enum gc_stat_sym {
     gc_stat_sym_total_remembered_normal_object_count,
     gc_stat_sym_total_remembered_shady_object_count,
 #endif
-#endif
     gc_stat_sym_last
 };
 
-enum gc_stat_compat_sym {
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_gc_stat_heap_used,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_eden_page_length,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_tomb_page_length,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_increment,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_length,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_live_slot,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_free_slot,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_final_slot,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_heap_swept_slot,
-#if USE_RGENGC
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_remembered_shady_object,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_remembered_shady_object_limit,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_old_object,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_old_object_limit,
-#endif
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_total_allocated_object,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_total_freed_object,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_malloc_increase,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_malloc_limit,
-#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_oldmalloc_increase,
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_oldmalloc_limit,
-#endif
-    gc_stat_compat_sym_last
-};
-
 static VALUE gc_stat_symbols[gc_stat_sym_last];
-static VALUE gc_stat_compat_symbols[gc_stat_compat_sym_last];
-static VALUE gc_stat_compat_table;
 
 static void
 setup_gc_stat_symbols(void)
@@ -6913,9 +9718,11 @@ setup_gc_stat_symbols(void)
 	S(total_freed_objects);
 	S(malloc_increase_bytes);
 	S(malloc_increase_bytes_limit);
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	S(minor_gc_count);
 	S(major_gc_count);
+	S(compact_count);
+	S(read_barrier_faults);
+	S(total_moved_objects);
 	S(remembered_wb_unprotected_objects);
 	S(remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit);
 	S(old_objects);
@@ -6932,106 +9739,10 @@ setup_gc_stat_symbols(void)
 	S(total_remembered_normal_object_count);
 	S(total_remembered_shady_object_count);
 #endif /* RGENGC_PROFILE */
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
 #undef S
-#define S(s) gc_stat_compat_symbols[gc_stat_compat_sym_##s] = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#s))
-	S(gc_stat_heap_used);
-	S(heap_eden_page_length);
-	S(heap_tomb_page_length);
-	S(heap_increment);
-	S(heap_length);
-	S(heap_live_slot);
-	S(heap_free_slot);
-	S(heap_final_slot);
-	S(heap_swept_slot);
-#if USE_RGEGC
-	S(remembered_shady_object);
-	S(remembered_shady_object_limit);
-	S(old_object);
-	S(old_object_limit);
-#endif
-	S(total_allocated_object);
-	S(total_freed_object);
-	S(malloc_increase);
-	S(malloc_limit);
-#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-	S(oldmalloc_increase);
-	S(oldmalloc_limit);
-#endif
-#undef S
-
-	{
-	    VALUE table = gc_stat_compat_table = rb_hash_new();
-	    rb_obj_hide(table);
-	    rb_gc_register_mark_object(table);
-
-	    /* compatibility layer for Ruby 2.1 */
-#define OLD_SYM(s) gc_stat_compat_symbols[gc_stat_compat_sym_##s]
-#define NEW_SYM(s) gc_stat_symbols[gc_stat_sym_##s]
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(gc_stat_heap_used), NEW_SYM(heap_allocated_pages));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(heap_eden_page_length), NEW_SYM(heap_eden_pages));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(heap_tomb_page_length), NEW_SYM(heap_tomb_pages));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(heap_increment), NEW_SYM(heap_allocatable_pages));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(heap_length), NEW_SYM(heap_sorted_length));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(heap_live_slot), NEW_SYM(heap_live_slots));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(heap_free_slot), NEW_SYM(heap_free_slots));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(heap_final_slot), NEW_SYM(heap_final_slots));
-#if USE_RGEGC
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(remembered_shady_object), NEW_SYM(remembered_wb_unprotected_objects));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(remembered_shady_object_limit), NEW_SYM(remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(old_object), NEW_SYM(old_objects));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(old_object_limit), NEW_SYM(old_objects_limit));
-#endif
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(total_allocated_object), NEW_SYM(total_allocated_objects));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(total_freed_object), NEW_SYM(total_freed_objects));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(malloc_increase), NEW_SYM(malloc_increase_bytes));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(malloc_limit), NEW_SYM(malloc_increase_bytes_limit));
-#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(oldmalloc_increase), NEW_SYM(oldmalloc_increase_bytes));
-	    rb_hash_aset(table, OLD_SYM(oldmalloc_limit), NEW_SYM(oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit));
-#endif
-#undef OLD_SYM
-#undef NEW_SYM
-	    rb_obj_freeze(table);
-	}
     }
 }
 
-static VALUE
-compat_key(VALUE key)
-{
-    VALUE new_key = rb_hash_lookup(gc_stat_compat_table, key);
-
-    if (!NIL_P(new_key)) {
-	static int warned = 0;
-	if (warned == 0) {
-	    rb_warn("GC.stat keys were changed from Ruby 2.1. "
-		    "In this case, you refer to obsolete `%"PRIsVALUE"' (new key is `%"PRIsVALUE"'). "
-		    "Please check <https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9924> for more information.",
-		    key, new_key);
-	    warned = 1;
-	}
-    }
-
-    return new_key;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-default_proc_for_compat_func(VALUE hash, VALUE dmy, int argc, VALUE *argv)
-{
-    VALUE key, new_key;
-
-    Check_Type(hash, T_HASH);
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 2);
-    key = argv[1];
-
-    if ((new_key = compat_key(key)) != Qnil) {
-	return rb_hash_lookup(hash, new_key);
-    }
-
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
 static size_t
 gc_stat_internal(VALUE hash_or_sym)
 {
@@ -7042,15 +9753,6 @@ gc_stat_internal(VALUE hash_or_sym)
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(hash_or_sym, T_HASH)) {
 	hash = hash_or_sym;
-
-	if (NIL_P(RHASH_IFNONE(hash))) {
-	    static VALUE default_proc_for_compat = 0;
-	    if (default_proc_for_compat == 0) { /* TODO: it should be */
-		default_proc_for_compat = rb_proc_new(default_proc_for_compat_func, Qnil);
-		rb_gc_register_mark_object(default_proc_for_compat);
-	    }
-	    rb_hash_set_default_proc(hash, default_proc_for_compat);
-	}
     }
     else if (SYMBOL_P(hash_or_sym)) {
 	key = hash_or_sym;
@@ -7065,7 +9767,6 @@ gc_stat_internal(VALUE hash_or_sym)
     else if (hash != Qnil) \
 	rb_hash_aset(hash, gc_stat_symbols[gc_stat_sym_##name], SIZET2NUM(attr));
 
-  again:
     SET(count, objspace->profile.count);
 
     /* implementation dependent counters */
@@ -7085,9 +9786,11 @@ gc_stat_internal(VALUE hash_or_sym)
     SET(total_freed_objects, objspace->profile.total_freed_objects);
     SET(malloc_increase_bytes, malloc_increase);
     SET(malloc_increase_bytes_limit, malloc_limit);
-#if USE_RGENGC
     SET(minor_gc_count, objspace->profile.minor_gc_count);
     SET(major_gc_count, objspace->profile.major_gc_count);
+    SET(compact_count, objspace->profile.compact_count);
+    SET(read_barrier_faults, objspace->profile.read_barrier_faults);
+    SET(total_moved_objects, objspace->rcompactor.total_moved);
     SET(remembered_wb_unprotected_objects, objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects);
     SET(remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit, objspace->rgengc.uncollectible_wb_unprotected_objects_limit);
     SET(old_objects, objspace->rgengc.old_objects);
@@ -7105,15 +9808,9 @@ gc_stat_internal(VALUE hash_or_sym)
     SET(total_remembered_normal_object_count, objspace->profile.total_remembered_normal_object_count);
     SET(total_remembered_shady_object_count, objspace->profile.total_remembered_shady_object_count);
 #endif /* RGENGC_PROFILE */
-#endif /* USE_RGENGC */
 #undef SET
 
     if (!NIL_P(key)) { /* matched key should return above */
-	VALUE new_key;
-	if ((new_key = compat_key(key)) != Qnil) {
-	    key = new_key;
-	    goto again;
-	}
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown key: %"PRIsVALUE, rb_sym2str(key));
     }
 
@@ -7131,69 +9828,23 @@ gc_stat_internal(VALUE hash_or_sym)
     return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     GC.stat -> Hash
- *     GC.stat(hash) -> hash
- *     GC.stat(:key) -> Numeric
- *
- *  Returns a Hash containing information about the GC.
- *
- *  The hash includes information about internal statistics about GC such as:
- *
- *      {
- *          :count=>0,
- *          :heap_allocated_pages=>24,
- *          :heap_sorted_length=>24,
- *          :heap_allocatable_pages=>0,
- *          :heap_available_slots=>9783,
- *          :heap_live_slots=>7713,
- *          :heap_free_slots=>2070,
- *          :heap_final_slots=>0,
- *          :heap_marked_slots=>0,
- *          :heap_eden_pages=>24,
- *          :heap_tomb_pages=>0,
- *          :total_allocated_pages=>24,
- *          :total_freed_pages=>0,
- *          :total_allocated_objects=>7796,
- *          :total_freed_objects=>83,
- *          :malloc_increase_bytes=>2389312,
- *          :malloc_increase_bytes_limit=>16777216,
- *          :minor_gc_count=>0,
- *          :major_gc_count=>0,
- *          :remembered_wb_unprotected_objects=>0,
- *          :remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit=>0,
- *          :old_objects=>0,
- *          :old_objects_limit=>0,
- *          :oldmalloc_increase_bytes=>2389760,
- *          :oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit=>16777216
- *      }
- *
- *  The contents of the hash are implementation specific and may be changed in
- *  the future.
- *
- *  This method is only expected to work on C Ruby.
- *
- */
-
 static VALUE
-gc_stat(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+gc_stat(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE arg) // arg is (nil || hash || symbol)
 {
-    VALUE arg = Qnil;
-
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 1) {
-	if (SYMBOL_P(arg)) {
-	    size_t value = gc_stat_internal(arg);
-	    return SIZET2NUM(value);
-	}
-	else if (!RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_HASH)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash or symbol given");
-	}
-    }
-
-    if (arg == Qnil) {
+    if (NIL_P(arg)) {
         arg = rb_hash_new();
     }
+    else if (SYMBOL_P(arg)) {
+        size_t value = gc_stat_internal(arg);
+        return SIZET2NUM(value);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_HASH)) {
+        // ok
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "non-hash or symbol given");
+    }
+
     gc_stat_internal(arg);
     return arg;
 }
@@ -7211,15 +9862,8 @@ rb_gc_stat(VALUE key)
     }
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    GC.stress	    -> integer, true or false
- *
- *  Returns current status of GC stress mode.
- */
-
 static VALUE
-gc_stress_get(VALUE self)
+gc_stress_get(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     return ruby_gc_stress_mode;
@@ -7232,76 +9876,92 @@ gc_stress_set(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE flag)
     objspace->gc_stress_mode = flag;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    GC.stress = flag          -> flag
- *
- *  Updates the GC stress mode.
- *
- *  When stress mode is enabled, the GC is invoked at every GC opportunity:
- *  all memory and object allocations.
- *
- *  Enabling stress mode will degrade performance, it is only for debugging.
- *
- *  flag can be true, false, or an integer bit-ORed following flags.
- *    0x01:: no major GC
- *    0x02:: no immediate sweep
- *    0x04:: full mark after malloc/calloc/realloc
- */
-
 static VALUE
-gc_stress_set_m(VALUE self, VALUE flag)
+gc_stress_set_m(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE flag)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     gc_stress_set(objspace, flag);
     return flag;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     GC.enable    -> true or false
- *
- *  Enables garbage collection, returning +true+ if garbage
- *  collection was previously disabled.
- *
- *     GC.disable   #=> false
- *     GC.enable    #=> true
- *     GC.enable    #=> false
- *
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_gc_enable(void)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    int old = dont_gc;
+    return rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
+}
 
-    dont_gc = FALSE;
+VALUE
+rb_objspace_gc_enable(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    int old = dont_gc_val();
+
+    dont_gc_off();
     return old ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     GC.disable    -> true or false
- *
- *  Disables garbage collection, returning +true+ if garbage
- *  collection was already disabled.
- *
- *     GC.disable   #=> false
- *     GC.disable   #=> true
- *
- */
+static VALUE
+gc_enable(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_gc_enable();
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_gc_disable_no_rest(void)
+{
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
+    return gc_disable_no_rest(objspace);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+gc_disable_no_rest(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    int old = dont_gc_val();
+    dont_gc_on();
+    return old ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
 
 VALUE
 rb_gc_disable(void)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    int old = dont_gc;
+    return rb_objspace_gc_disable(objspace);
+}
 
+VALUE
+rb_objspace_gc_disable(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
     gc_rest(objspace);
+    return gc_disable_no_rest(objspace);
+}
 
-    dont_gc = TRUE;
-    return old ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+static VALUE
+gc_disable(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_gc_disable();
+}
+
+static VALUE
+gc_set_auto_compact(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE _, VALUE v)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_SYSCONF) && defined(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)
+    /* If Ruby's heap pages are not a multiple of the system page size, we
+     * cannot use mprotect for the read barrier, so we must disable automatic
+     * compaction. */
+    int pagesize;
+    pagesize = (int)sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+    if ((HEAP_PAGE_SIZE % pagesize) != 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "Automatic compaction isn't available on this platform");
+    }
+#endif
+    ruby_enable_autocompact = RTEST(v);
+    return v;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+gc_get_auto_compact(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE _)
+{
+    return ruby_enable_autocompact ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -7393,13 +10053,15 @@ get_envparam_double(const char *name, double *default_value, double lower_bound,
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	  accept:
-	    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) fprintf(stderr, "%s=%f (default value: %f)\n", name, val, *default_value);
-	    *default_value = val;
-	    return 1;
+            goto accept;
 	}
     }
     return 0;
+
+  accept:
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) fprintf(stderr, "%s=%f (default value: %f)\n", name, val, *default_value);
+    *default_value = val;
+    return 1;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -7457,26 +10119,17 @@ gc_set_initial_pages(void)
  */
 
 void
-ruby_gc_set_params(int safe_level)
+ruby_gc_set_params(void)
 {
-    if (safe_level > 0) return;
-
     /* RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS */
     if (get_envparam_size("RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS", &gc_params.heap_free_slots, 0)) {
 	/* ok */
     }
-    else if (get_envparam_size("RUBY_FREE_MIN", &gc_params.heap_free_slots, 0)) {
-	rb_warn("RUBY_FREE_MIN is obsolete. Use RUBY_GC_HEAP_FREE_SLOTS instead.");
-    }
 
     /* RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS */
     if (get_envparam_size("RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS", &gc_params.heap_init_slots, 0)) {
 	gc_set_initial_pages();
     }
-    else if (get_envparam_size("RUBY_HEAP_MIN_SLOTS", &gc_params.heap_init_slots, 0)) {
-	rb_warn("RUBY_HEAP_MIN_SLOTS is obsolete. Use RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS instead.");
-	gc_set_initial_pages();
-    }
 
     get_envparam_double("RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_FACTOR", &gc_params.growth_factor, 1.0, 0.0, FALSE);
     get_envparam_size  ("RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_MAX_SLOTS", &gc_params.growth_max_slots, 0);
@@ -7490,6 +10143,9 @@ ruby_gc_set_params(int safe_level)
 
     get_envparam_size  ("RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT", &gc_params.malloc_limit_min, 0);
     get_envparam_size  ("RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_MAX", &gc_params.malloc_limit_max, 0);
+    if (!gc_params.malloc_limit_max) { /* ignore max-check if 0 */
+        gc_params.malloc_limit_max = SIZE_MAX;
+    }
     get_envparam_double("RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT_GROWTH_FACTOR", &gc_params.malloc_limit_growth_factor, 1.0, 0.0, FALSE);
 
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
@@ -7502,18 +10158,30 @@ ruby_gc_set_params(int safe_level)
 #endif
 }
 
+static void
+reachable_objects_from_callback(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+    cr->mfd->mark_func(obj, cr->mfd->data);
+}
+
 void
 rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(VALUE obj, void (func)(VALUE, void *), void *data)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 
+    if (during_gc) rb_bug("rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from() is not supported while during_gc == true");
+
     if (is_markable_object(objspace, obj)) {
-	struct mark_func_data_struct mfd;
-	mfd.mark_func = func;
-	mfd.data = data;
-	PUSH_MARK_FUNC_DATA(&mfd);
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        struct gc_mark_func_data_struct mfd = {
+            .mark_func = func,
+            .data = data,
+        }, *prev_mfd = cr->mfd;
+
+        cr->mfd = &mfd;
 	gc_mark_children(objspace, obj);
-	POP_MARK_FUNC_DATA();
+        cr->mfd = prev_mfd;
     }
 }
 
@@ -7534,48 +10202,80 @@ void
 rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(void (func)(const char *category, VALUE, void *), void *passing_data)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    struct root_objects_data data;
-    struct mark_func_data_struct mfd;
+    objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(objspace, func, passing_data);
+}
 
-    data.func = func;
-    data.data = passing_data;
+static void
+objspace_reachable_objects_from_root(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void (func)(const char *category, VALUE, void *), void *passing_data)
+{
+    if (during_gc) rb_bug("objspace_reachable_objects_from_root() is not supported while during_gc == true");
 
-    mfd.mark_func = root_objects_from;
-    mfd.data = &data;
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+    struct root_objects_data data = {
+        .func = func,
+        .data = passing_data,
+    };
+    struct gc_mark_func_data_struct mfd = {
+        .mark_func = root_objects_from,
+        .data = &data,
+    }, *prev_mfd = cr->mfd;
 
-    PUSH_MARK_FUNC_DATA(&mfd);
+    cr->mfd = &mfd;
     gc_mark_roots(objspace, &data.category);
-    POP_MARK_FUNC_DATA();
+    cr->mfd = prev_mfd;
 }
 
 /*
   ------------------------ Extended allocator ------------------------
 */
 
-static void objspace_xfree(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t size);
+struct gc_raise_tag {
+    VALUE exc;
+    const char *fmt;
+    va_list *ap;
+};
 
 static void *
-negative_size_allocation_error_with_gvl(void *ptr)
+gc_vraise(void *ptr)
 {
-    rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "%s", (const char *)ptr);
-    return 0; /* should not be reached */
+    struct gc_raise_tag *argv = ptr;
+    rb_vraise(argv->exc, argv->fmt, *argv->ap);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-negative_size_allocation_error(const char *msg)
+gc_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    struct gc_raise_tag argv = {
+        exc, fmt, &ap,
+    };
+
     if (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p()) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "%s", msg);
+        gc_vraise(&argv);
+        UNREACHABLE;
+    }
+    else if (ruby_native_thread_p()) {
+        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(gc_vraise, &argv);
+        UNREACHABLE;
     }
     else {
-	if (ruby_native_thread_p()) {
-	    rb_thread_call_with_gvl(negative_size_allocation_error_with_gvl, (void *)msg);
-	}
-	else {
-	    fprintf(stderr, "[FATAL] %s\n", msg);
-	    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-	}
+        /* Not in a ruby thread */
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s", "[FATAL] ");
+        vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
     }
+
+    va_end(ap);
+    abort();
+}
+
+static void objspace_xfree(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t size);
+
+static void
+negative_size_allocation_error(const char *msg)
+{
+    gc_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "%s", msg);
 }
 
 static void *
@@ -7585,6 +10285,8 @@ ruby_memerror_body(void *dummy)
     return 0;
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void ruby_memerror(void));
+RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
 static void
 ruby_memerror(void)
 {
@@ -7598,35 +10300,48 @@ ruby_memerror(void)
 	else {
 	    /* no ruby thread */
 	    fprintf(stderr, "[FATAL] failed to allocate memory\n");
-	    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}
     }
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }
 
 void
 rb_memerror(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = rb_objspace_of(th->vm);
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = rb_objspace_of(rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec));
+    VALUE exc;
+
+    if (0) {
+        // Print out pid, sleep, so you can attach debugger to see what went wrong:
+        fprintf(stderr, "rb_memerror pid=%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"d\n", getpid());
+        sleep(60);
+    }
 
-    if (during_gc) gc_exit(objspace, "rb_memerror");
+    if (during_gc) {
+        // TODO: OMG!! How to implement it?
+        gc_exit(objspace, gc_enter_event_rb_memerror, NULL);
+    }
 
-    if (!nomem_error ||
-	rb_thread_raised_p(th, RAISED_NOMEMORY)) {
+    exc = nomem_error;
+    if (!exc ||
+	rb_ec_raised_p(ec, RAISED_NOMEMORY)) {
 	fprintf(stderr, "[FATAL] failed to allocate memory\n");
 	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
-    if (rb_thread_raised_p(th, RAISED_NOMEMORY)) {
-	rb_thread_raised_clear(th);
-	GET_THREAD()->errinfo = nomem_error;
-	TH_JUMP_TAG(th, TAG_RAISE);
+    if (rb_ec_raised_p(ec, RAISED_NOMEMORY)) {
+	rb_ec_raised_clear(ec);
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_ec_raised_set(ec, RAISED_NOMEMORY);
+	exc = ruby_vm_special_exception_copy(exc);
     }
-    rb_thread_raised_set(th, RAISED_NOMEMORY);
-    rb_exc_raise(nomem_error);
+    ec->errinfo = exc;
+    EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, TAG_RAISE);
 }
 
-static void *
-aligned_malloc(size_t alignment, size_t size)
+void *
+rb_aligned_malloc(size_t alignment, size_t size)
 {
     void *res;
 
@@ -7653,16 +10368,14 @@ aligned_malloc(size_t alignment, size_t size)
     res = (void*)aligned;
 #endif
 
-#if defined(_DEBUG) || GC_DEBUG
     /* alignment must be a power of 2 */
-    assert(((alignment - 1) & alignment) == 0);
-    assert(alignment % sizeof(void*) == 0);
-#endif
+    GC_ASSERT(((alignment - 1) & alignment) == 0);
+    GC_ASSERT(alignment % sizeof(void*) == 0);
     return res;
 }
 
 static void
-aligned_free(void *ptr)
+rb_aligned_free(void *ptr)
 {
 #if defined __MINGW32__
     __mingw_aligned_free(ptr);
@@ -7686,9 +10399,9 @@ objspace_malloc_size(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t hint)
 }
 
 enum memop_type {
-    MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC  = 1,
-    MEMOP_TYPE_FREE    = 2,
-    MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC = 3
+    MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC  = 0,
+    MEMOP_TYPE_FREE,
+    MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC
 };
 
 static inline void
@@ -7707,7 +10420,13 @@ static void
 objspace_malloc_gc_stress(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
     if (ruby_gc_stressful && ruby_native_thread_p()) {
-	garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, gc_stress_full_mark_after_malloc_p(), TRUE, TRUE, GPR_FLAG_STRESS | GPR_FLAG_MALLOC);
+        int reason = GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK | GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP |
+                                     GPR_FLAG_STRESS | GPR_FLAG_MALLOC;
+
+        if (gc_stress_full_mark_after_malloc_p()) {
+            reason |= GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK;
+        }
+        garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, reason);
     }
 }
 
@@ -7729,12 +10448,12 @@ objspace_malloc_increase(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, si
 
     if (type == MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC) {
       retry:
-	if (malloc_increase > malloc_limit && ruby_native_thread_p() && !dont_gc) {
+	if (malloc_increase > malloc_limit && ruby_native_thread_p() && !dont_gc_val()) {
 	    if (ruby_thread_has_gvl_p() && is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden)) {
 		gc_rest(objspace); /* gc_rest can reduce malloc_increase */
 		goto retry;
 	    }
-	    garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, GPR_FLAG_MALLOC);
+	    garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, GPR_FLAG_MALLOC);
 	}
     }
 
@@ -7754,12 +10473,12 @@ objspace_malloc_increase(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, si
 	atomic_sub_nounderflow(&objspace->malloc_params.allocated_size, dec_size);
     }
 
-    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "increase - ptr: %p, type: %s, new_size: %d, old_size: %d\n",
+    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "increase - ptr: %p, type: %s, new_size: %"PRIdSIZE", old_size: %"PRIdSIZE"\n",
 		   mem,
 		   type == MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC  ? "malloc" :
 		   type == MEMOP_TYPE_FREE    ? "free  " :
 		   type == MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC ? "realloc": "error",
-		   (int)new_size, (int)old_size);
+		   new_size, old_size);
 
     switch (type) {
       case MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC:
@@ -7773,7 +10492,7 @@ objspace_malloc_increase(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, si
 	    }
 #if MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE_CHECK
 	    else {
-		if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) assert(objspace->malloc_params.allocations > 0);
+		GC_ASSERT(objspace->malloc_params.allocations > 0);
 	    }
 #endif
 	}
@@ -7783,13 +10502,27 @@ objspace_malloc_increase(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t new_size, si
 #endif
 }
 
+struct malloc_obj_info { /* 4 words */
+    size_t size;
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+    size_t gen;
+    const char *file;
+    size_t line;
+#endif
+};
+
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+const char *ruby_malloc_info_file;
+int ruby_malloc_info_line;
+#endif
+
 static inline size_t
 objspace_malloc_prepare(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
 {
     if (size == 0) size = 1;
 
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    size += sizeof(size_t);
+    size += sizeof(struct malloc_obj_info);
 #endif
 
     return size;
@@ -7798,25 +10531,69 @@ objspace_malloc_prepare(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
 static inline void *
 objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size)
 {
+    size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, mem, size);
+    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, size, 0, MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC);
+
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    ((size_t *)mem)[0] = size;
-    mem = (size_t *)mem + 1;
+    {
+        struct malloc_obj_info *info = mem;
+        info->size = size;
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+        info->gen = objspace->profile.count;
+        info->file = ruby_malloc_info_file;
+        info->line = info->file ? ruby_malloc_info_line : 0;
+#endif
+        mem = info + 1;
+    }
 #endif
 
     return mem;
 }
 
-#define TRY_WITH_GC(alloc) do { \
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && RUBY_DEBUG
+#define RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR
+#define TRY_WITH_GC(siz, expr) do {                          \
+        const gc_profile_record_flag gpr =                   \
+            GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK           |                   \
+            GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK      |                   \
+            GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP     |                   \
+            GPR_FLAG_MALLOC;                                 \
+        objspace_malloc_gc_stress(objspace);                 \
+                                                             \
+        if (LIKELY((expr))) {                                \
+            /* Success on 1st try */                         \
+        }                                                    \
+        else if (!garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, gpr)) { \
+            /* @shyouhei thinks this doesn't happen */       \
+            rb_bug("TRY_WITH_GC: could not GC");             \
+        }                                                    \
+        else if ((expr)) {                                   \
+            /* Success on 2nd try */                         \
+        }                                                    \
+        else {                                               \
+            rb_bug("TRY_WITH_GC: could not allocate:"        \
+                   "%"PRIdSIZE" bytes for %s",               \
+                   siz, # expr);                             \
+        }                                                    \
+    } while (0)
+#else
+#define TRY_WITH_GC(siz, alloc) do { \
         objspace_malloc_gc_stress(objspace); \
 	if (!(alloc) && \
-	    (!garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, GPR_FLAG_MALLOC) || /* full/immediate mark && immediate sweep */ \
+            (!garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK | \
+                GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK | GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP | \
+                GPR_FLAG_MALLOC) || \
 	     !(alloc))) { \
 	    ruby_memerror(); \
 	} \
     } while (0)
+#endif
 
-/* this shouldn't be called directly.
- * objspace_xmalloc and objspace_xmalloc2 checks allocation size.
+/* these shouldn't be called directly.
+ * objspace_* functions do not check allocation size.
  */
 static void *
 objspace_xmalloc0(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
@@ -7824,35 +10601,15 @@ objspace_xmalloc0(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
     void *mem;
 
     size = objspace_malloc_prepare(objspace, size);
-    TRY_WITH_GC(mem = malloc(size));
-    size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, mem, size);
-    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, size, 0, MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC);
+    TRY_WITH_GC(size, mem = malloc(size));
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(heap_xmalloc);
     return objspace_malloc_fixup(objspace, mem, size);
 }
 
-static void *
-objspace_xmalloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
-{
-    if ((ssize_t)size < 0) {
-	negative_size_allocation_error("too large allocation size");
-    }
-    return objspace_xmalloc0(objspace, size);
-}
-
 static inline size_t
 xmalloc2_size(const size_t count, const size_t elsize)
 {
-    size_t ret;
-    if (rb_mul_size_overflow(count, elsize, SSIZE_MAX, &ret)) {
-	ruby_malloc_size_overflow(count, elsize);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static void *
-objspace_xmalloc2(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t n, size_t size)
-{
-    return objspace_xmalloc0(&rb_objspace, xmalloc2_size(n, size));
+    return size_mul_or_raise(count, elsize, rb_eArgError);
 }
 
 static void *
@@ -7860,7 +10617,7 @@ objspace_xrealloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t ol
 {
     void *mem;
 
-    if (!ptr) return objspace_xmalloc(objspace, new_size);
+    if (!ptr) return objspace_xmalloc0(objspace, new_size);
 
     /*
      * The behavior of realloc(ptr, 0) is implementation defined.
@@ -7868,40 +10625,196 @@ objspace_xrealloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t ol
      * see http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/dr_400.htm
      */
     if (new_size == 0) {
-	objspace_xfree(objspace, ptr, old_size);
-	return 0;
+        if ((mem = objspace_xmalloc0(objspace, 0)) != NULL) {
+            /*
+             * - OpenBSD's malloc(3) man page says that when 0 is passed, it
+             *   returns a non-NULL pointer to an access-protected memory page.
+             *   The returned pointer cannot be read / written at all, but
+             *   still be a valid argument of free().
+             *
+             *   https://man.openbsd.org/malloc.3
+             *
+             * - Linux's malloc(3) man page says that it _might_ perhaps return
+             *   a non-NULL pointer when its argument is 0.  That return value
+             *   is safe (and is expected) to be passed to free().
+             *
+             *   http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/malloc.3.html
+             *
+             * - As I read the implementation jemalloc's malloc() returns fully
+             *   normal 16 bytes memory region when its argument is 0.
+             *
+             * - As I read the implementation musl libc's malloc() returns
+             *   fully normal 32 bytes memory region when its argument is 0.
+             *
+             * - Other malloc implementations can also return non-NULL.
+             */
+            objspace_xfree(objspace, ptr, old_size);
+            return mem;
+        }
+        else {
+            /*
+             * It is dangerous to return NULL here, because that could lead to
+             * RCE.  Fallback to 1 byte instead of zero.
+             *
+             * https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-11932
+             */
+            new_size = 1;
+        }
     }
 
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    new_size += sizeof(size_t);
-    ptr = (size_t *)ptr - 1;
-    old_size = ((size_t *)ptr)[0];
+    {
+        struct malloc_obj_info *info = (struct malloc_obj_info *)ptr - 1;
+        new_size += sizeof(struct malloc_obj_info);
+        ptr = info;
+        old_size = info->size;
+    }
 #endif
 
     old_size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, ptr, old_size);
-    TRY_WITH_GC(mem = realloc(ptr, new_size));
+    TRY_WITH_GC(new_size, mem = realloc(ptr, new_size));
     new_size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, mem, new_size);
 
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    ((size_t *)mem)[0] = new_size;
-    mem = (size_t *)mem + 1;
+    {
+        struct malloc_obj_info *info = mem;
+        info->size = new_size;
+        mem = info + 1;
+    }
 #endif
 
     objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, new_size, old_size, MEMOP_TYPE_REALLOC);
 
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(heap_xrealloc);
     return mem;
 }
 
+#if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE && USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+
+#define MALLOC_INFO_GEN_SIZE 100
+#define MALLOC_INFO_SIZE_SIZE 10
+static size_t malloc_info_gen_cnt[MALLOC_INFO_GEN_SIZE];
+static size_t malloc_info_gen_size[MALLOC_INFO_GEN_SIZE];
+static size_t malloc_info_size[MALLOC_INFO_SIZE_SIZE+1];
+static st_table *malloc_info_file_table;
+
+static int
+mmalloc_info_file_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t dmy)
+{
+    const char *file = (void *)key;
+    const size_t *data = (void *)val;
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s\t%"PRIdSIZE"\t%"PRIdSIZE"\n", file, data[0], data[1]);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+__attribute__((destructor))
+void
+rb_malloc_info_show_results(void)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "* malloc_info gen statistics\n");
+    for (i=0; i<MALLOC_INFO_GEN_SIZE; i++) {
+        if (i == MALLOC_INFO_GEN_SIZE-1) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "more\t%"PRIdSIZE"\t%"PRIdSIZE"\n", malloc_info_gen_cnt[i], malloc_info_gen_size[i]);
+        }
+        else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%d\t%"PRIdSIZE"\t%"PRIdSIZE"\n", i, malloc_info_gen_cnt[i], malloc_info_gen_size[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "* malloc_info size statistics\n");
+    for (i=0; i<MALLOC_INFO_SIZE_SIZE; i++) {
+        int s = 16 << i;
+        fprintf(stderr, "%d\t%"PRIdSIZE"\n", s, malloc_info_size[i]);
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "more\t%"PRIdSIZE"\n", malloc_info_size[i]);
+
+    if (malloc_info_file_table) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "* malloc_info file statistics\n");
+        st_foreach(malloc_info_file_table, mmalloc_info_file_i, 0);
+    }
+}
+#else
+void
+rb_malloc_info_show_results(void)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
 static void
 objspace_xfree(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t old_size)
 {
+    if (!ptr) {
+        /*
+         * ISO/IEC 9899 says "If ptr is a null pointer, no action occurs" since
+         * its first version.  We would better follow.
+         */
+        return;
+    }
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    ptr = ((size_t *)ptr) - 1;
-    old_size = ((size_t*)ptr)[0];
+    struct malloc_obj_info *info = (struct malloc_obj_info *)ptr - 1;
+    ptr = info;
+    old_size = info->size;
+
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+    {
+        int gen = (int)(objspace->profile.count - info->gen);
+        int gen_index = gen >= MALLOC_INFO_GEN_SIZE ? MALLOC_INFO_GEN_SIZE-1 : gen;
+        int i;
+
+        malloc_info_gen_cnt[gen_index]++;
+        malloc_info_gen_size[gen_index] += info->size;
+
+        for (i=0; i<MALLOC_INFO_SIZE_SIZE; i++) {
+            size_t s = 16 << i;
+            if (info->size <= s) {
+                malloc_info_size[i]++;
+                goto found;
+            }
+        }
+        malloc_info_size[i]++;
+      found:;
+
+        {
+            st_data_t key = (st_data_t)info->file, d;
+            size_t *data;
+
+            if (malloc_info_file_table == NULL) {
+                malloc_info_file_table = st_init_numtable_with_size(1024);
+            }
+            if (st_lookup(malloc_info_file_table, key, &d)) {
+                /* hit */
+                data = (size_t *)d;
+            }
+            else {
+                data = malloc(xmalloc2_size(2, sizeof(size_t)));
+                if (data == NULL) rb_bug("objspace_xfree: can not allocate memory");
+                data[0] = data[1] = 0;
+                st_insert(malloc_info_file_table, key, (st_data_t)data);
+            }
+            data[0] ++;
+            data[1] += info->size;
+        };
+        if (0 && gen >= 2) {         /* verbose output */
+            if (info->file) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "free - size:%"PRIdSIZE", gen:%d, pos: %s:%"PRIdSIZE"\n",
+                        info->size, gen, info->file, info->line);
+            }
+            else {
+                fprintf(stderr, "free - size:%"PRIdSIZE", gen:%d\n",
+                        info->size, gen);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
 #endif
     old_size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, ptr, old_size);
 
     free(ptr);
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(heap_xfree);
 
     objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, ptr, 0, old_size, MEMOP_TYPE_FREE);
 }
@@ -7913,9 +10826,12 @@ ruby_xmalloc0(size_t size)
 }
 
 void *
-ruby_xmalloc(size_t size)
+ruby_xmalloc_body(size_t size)
 {
-    return objspace_xmalloc(&rb_objspace, size);
+    if ((ssize_t)size < 0) {
+	negative_size_allocation_error("too large allocation size");
+    }
+    return ruby_xmalloc0(size);
 }
 
 void
@@ -7927,30 +10843,25 @@ ruby_malloc_size_overflow(size_t count, size_t elsize)
 }
 
 void *
-ruby_xmalloc2(size_t n, size_t size)
+ruby_xmalloc2_body(size_t n, size_t size)
 {
-    return objspace_xmalloc2(&rb_objspace, n, size);
+    return objspace_xmalloc0(&rb_objspace, xmalloc2_size(n, size));
 }
 
 static void *
-objspace_xcalloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t count, size_t elsize)
+objspace_xcalloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
 {
     void *mem;
-    size_t size;
 
-    size = xmalloc2_size(count, elsize);
     size = objspace_malloc_prepare(objspace, size);
-
-    TRY_WITH_GC(mem = calloc(1, size));
-    size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, mem, size);
-    objspace_malloc_increase(objspace, mem, size, 0, MEMOP_TYPE_MALLOC);
+    TRY_WITH_GC(size, mem = calloc1(size));
     return objspace_malloc_fixup(objspace, mem, size);
 }
 
 void *
-ruby_xcalloc(size_t n, size_t size)
+ruby_xcalloc_body(size_t n, size_t size)
 {
-    return objspace_xcalloc(&rb_objspace, n, size);
+    return objspace_xcalloc(&rb_objspace, xmalloc2_size(n, size));
 }
 
 #ifdef ruby_sized_xrealloc
@@ -7959,11 +10870,15 @@ ruby_xcalloc(size_t n, size_t size)
 void *
 ruby_sized_xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
 {
+    if ((ssize_t)new_size < 0) {
+	negative_size_allocation_error("too large allocation size");
+    }
+
     return objspace_xrealloc(&rb_objspace, ptr, new_size, old_size);
 }
 
 void *
-ruby_xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size)
+ruby_xrealloc_body(void *ptr, size_t new_size)
 {
     return ruby_sized_xrealloc(ptr, new_size, 0);
 }
@@ -7974,15 +10889,12 @@ ruby_xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size)
 void *
 ruby_sized_xrealloc2(void *ptr, size_t n, size_t size, size_t old_n)
 {
-    size_t len = size * n;
-    if (n != 0 && size != len / n) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "realloc: possible integer overflow");
-    }
+    size_t len = xmalloc2_size(n, size);
     return objspace_xrealloc(&rb_objspace, ptr, len, old_n * size);
 }
 
 void *
-ruby_xrealloc2(void *ptr, size_t n, size_t size)
+ruby_xrealloc2_body(void *ptr, size_t n, size_t size)
 {
     return ruby_sized_xrealloc2(ptr, n, size, 0);
 }
@@ -8004,6 +10916,34 @@ ruby_xfree(void *x)
     ruby_sized_xfree(x, 0);
 }
 
+void *
+rb_xmalloc_mul_add(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z) /* x * y + z */
+{
+    size_t w = size_mul_add_or_raise(x, y, z, rb_eArgError);
+    return ruby_xmalloc(w);
+}
+
+void *
+rb_xrealloc_mul_add(const void *p, size_t x, size_t y, size_t z) /* x * y + z */
+{
+    size_t w = size_mul_add_or_raise(x, y, z, rb_eArgError);
+    return ruby_xrealloc((void *)p, w);
+}
+
+void *
+rb_xmalloc_mul_add_mul(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, size_t w) /* x * y + z * w */
+{
+    size_t u = size_mul_add_mul_or_raise(x, y, z, w, rb_eArgError);
+    return ruby_xmalloc(u);
+}
+
+void *
+rb_xcalloc_mul_add_mul(size_t x, size_t y, size_t z, size_t w) /* x * y + z * w */
+{
+    size_t u = size_mul_add_mul_or_raise(x, y, z, w, rb_eArgError);
+    return ruby_xcalloc(u, 1);
+}
+
 /* Mimic ruby_xmalloc, but need not rb_objspace.
  * should return pointer suitable for ruby_xfree
  */
@@ -8012,13 +10952,25 @@ ruby_mimmalloc(size_t size)
 {
     void *mem;
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    size += sizeof(size_t);
+    size += sizeof(struct malloc_obj_info);
 #endif
     mem = malloc(size);
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
+    if (!mem) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    else
     /* set 0 for consistency of allocated_size/allocations */
-    ((size_t *)mem)[0] = 0;
-    mem = (size_t *)mem + 1;
+    {
+        struct malloc_obj_info *info = mem;
+        info->size = 0;
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+        info->gen = 0;
+        info->file = NULL;
+        info->line = 0;
+#endif
+        mem = info + 1;
+    }
 #endif
     return mem;
 }
@@ -8026,24 +10978,28 @@ ruby_mimmalloc(size_t size)
 void
 ruby_mimfree(void *ptr)
 {
-    size_t *mem = (size_t *)ptr;
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
-    mem = mem - 1;
+    struct malloc_obj_info *info = (struct malloc_obj_info *)ptr - 1;
+    ptr = info;
 #endif
-    free(mem);
+    free(ptr);
 }
 
 void *
 rb_alloc_tmp_buffer_with_count(volatile VALUE *store, size_t size, size_t cnt)
 {
-    NODE *s;
     void *ptr;
+    VALUE imemo;
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *tmpbuf;
 
-    s = rb_node_newnode(NODE_ALLOCA, 0, 0, 0);
+    /* Keep the order; allocate an empty imemo first then xmalloc, to
+     * get rid of potential memory leak */
+    imemo = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_maybe_mark_buffer(NULL, 0);
+    *store = imemo;
     ptr = ruby_xmalloc0(size);
-    s->u1.value = (VALUE)ptr;
-    s->u3.cnt = cnt;
-    *store = (VALUE)s;
+    tmpbuf = (rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)imemo;
+    tmpbuf->ptr = ptr;
+    tmpbuf->cnt = cnt;
     return ptr;
 }
 
@@ -8062,10 +11018,10 @@ rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(volatile VALUE *store, long len)
 void
 rb_free_tmp_buffer(volatile VALUE *store)
 {
-    VALUE s = ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(*store, 0);
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *s = (rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t*)ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(*store, 0);
     if (s) {
-	void *ptr = ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(RNODE(s)->u1.node, 0);
-	RNODE(s)->u3.cnt = 0;
+	void *ptr = ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(s->ptr, 0);
+	s->cnt = 0;
 	ruby_xfree(ptr);
     }
 }
@@ -8138,13 +11094,22 @@ wmap_mark_map(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 #endif
 
 static void
+wmap_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct weakmap *w = ptr;
+    if (w->wmap2obj) rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(w->wmap2obj);
+    if (w->obj2wmap) rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(w->obj2wmap);
+    w->final = rb_gc_location(w->final);
+}
+
+static void
 wmap_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     struct weakmap *w = ptr;
 #if WMAP_DELETE_DEAD_OBJECT_IN_MARK
     if (w->obj2wmap) st_foreach(w->obj2wmap, wmap_mark_map, (st_data_t)&rb_objspace);
 #endif
-    rb_gc_mark(w->final);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(w->final);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -8190,22 +11155,45 @@ static const rb_data_type_t weakmap_type = {
 	wmap_mark,
 	wmap_free,
 	wmap_memsize,
+        wmap_compact,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
+static VALUE wmap_finalize(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(objid, self));
+
 static VALUE
 wmap_allocate(VALUE klass)
 {
     struct weakmap *w;
     VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct weakmap, &weakmap_type, w);
-    w->obj2wmap = st_init_numtable();
-    w->wmap2obj = st_init_numtable();
-    w->final = rb_obj_method(obj, ID2SYM(rb_intern("finalize")));
+    w->obj2wmap = rb_init_identtable();
+    w->wmap2obj = rb_init_identtable();
+    w->final = rb_func_lambda_new(wmap_finalize, obj, 1, 1);
     return obj;
 }
 
 static int
+wmap_live_p(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return TRUE;
+    if (is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, (void *)obj)) {
+        void *poisoned = asan_unpoison_object_temporary(obj);
+
+        enum ruby_value_type t = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
+        int ret = (!(t == T_NONE || t >= T_FIXNUM || t == T_ICLASS) &&
+                   is_live_object(objspace, obj));
+
+        if (poisoned) {
+            asan_poison_object(obj);
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static int
 wmap_final_func(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 {
     VALUE wmap, *ptr, size, i, j;
@@ -8221,15 +11209,16 @@ wmap_final_func(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 	return ST_DELETE;
     }
     if (j < i) {
-	ptr = ruby_sized_xrealloc2(ptr, j + 1, sizeof(VALUE), i);
+        SIZED_REALLOC_N(ptr, VALUE, j + 1, i);
 	ptr[0] = j;
 	*value = (st_data_t)ptr;
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-wmap_finalize(VALUE self, VALUE objid)
+wmap_finalize(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(objid, self))
 {
     st_data_t orig, wmap, data;
     VALUE obj, *rids, i, size;
@@ -8237,7 +11226,9 @@ wmap_finalize(VALUE self, VALUE objid)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct weakmap, &weakmap_type, w);
     /* Get reference from object id. */
-    obj = obj_id_to_ref(objid);
+    if ((obj = id2ref_obj_tbl(&rb_objspace, objid)) == Qundef) {
+        rb_bug("wmap_finalize: objid is not found.");
+    }
 
     /* obj is original referenced object and/or weak reference. */
     orig = (st_data_t)obj;
@@ -8264,10 +11255,26 @@ struct wmap_iter_arg {
     VALUE value;
 };
 
+static VALUE
+wmap_inspect_append(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE str, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return rb_str_append(str, rb_inspect(obj));
+    }
+    else if (wmap_live_p(objspace, obj)) {
+        return rb_str_append(str, rb_any_to_s(obj));
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_str_catf(str, "#<collected:%p>", (void*)obj);
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 wmap_inspect_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 {
-    VALUE str = (VALUE)arg;
+    struct wmap_iter_arg *argp = (struct wmap_iter_arg *)arg;
+    rb_objspace_t *objspace = argp->objspace;
+    VALUE str = argp->value;
     VALUE k = (VALUE)key, v = (VALUE)val;
 
     if (RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] == '#') {
@@ -8277,13 +11284,9 @@ wmap_inspect_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 	rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
 	RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] = '#';
     }
-    k = SPECIAL_CONST_P(k) ? rb_inspect(k) : rb_any_to_s(k);
-    rb_str_append(str, k);
+    wmap_inspect_append(objspace, str, k);
     rb_str_cat2(str, " => ");
-    v = SPECIAL_CONST_P(v) ? rb_inspect(v) : rb_any_to_s(v);
-    rb_str_append(str, v);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, k);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, v);
+    wmap_inspect_append(objspace, str, v);
 
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -8294,11 +11297,14 @@ wmap_inspect(VALUE self)
     VALUE str;
     VALUE c = rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(self));
     struct weakmap *w;
+    struct wmap_iter_arg args;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct weakmap, &weakmap_type, w);
     str = rb_sprintf("-<%"PRIsVALUE":%p", c, (void *)self);
     if (w->wmap2obj) {
-	st_foreach(w->wmap2obj, wmap_inspect_i, str);
+	args.objspace = &rb_objspace;
+	args.value = str;
+	st_foreach(w->wmap2obj, wmap_inspect_i, (st_data_t)&args);
     }
     RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] = '#';
     rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
@@ -8310,7 +11316,7 @@ wmap_each_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)arg;
     VALUE obj = (VALUE)val;
-    if (is_id_value(objspace, obj) && is_live_object(objspace, obj)) {
+    if (wmap_live_p(objspace, obj)) {
 	rb_yield_values(2, (VALUE)key, obj);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -8333,7 +11339,7 @@ wmap_each_key_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)arg;
     VALUE obj = (VALUE)val;
-    if (is_id_value(objspace, obj) && is_live_object(objspace, obj)) {
+    if (wmap_live_p(objspace, obj)) {
 	rb_yield((VALUE)key);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -8356,7 +11362,7 @@ wmap_each_value_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)arg;
     VALUE obj = (VALUE)val;
-    if (is_id_value(objspace, obj) && is_live_object(objspace, obj)) {
+    if (wmap_live_p(objspace, obj)) {
 	rb_yield(obj);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -8381,7 +11387,7 @@ wmap_keys_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = argp->objspace;
     VALUE ary = argp->value;
     VALUE obj = (VALUE)val;
-    if (is_id_value(objspace, obj) && is_live_object(objspace, obj)) {
+    if (wmap_live_p(objspace, obj)) {
 	rb_ary_push(ary, (VALUE)key);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -8408,7 +11414,7 @@ wmap_values_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = argp->objspace;
     VALUE ary = argp->value;
     VALUE obj = (VALUE)val;
-    if (is_id_value(objspace, obj) && is_live_object(objspace, obj)) {
+    if (wmap_live_p(objspace, obj)) {
 	rb_ary_push(ary, obj);
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -8435,12 +11441,12 @@ wmap_aset_update(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
     if (existing) {
 	size = (ptr = optr = (VALUE *)*val)[0];
 	++size;
-	ptr = ruby_sized_xrealloc2(ptr, size + 1, sizeof(VALUE), size);
+        SIZED_REALLOC_N(ptr, VALUE, size + 1, size);
     }
     else {
 	optr = 0;
 	size = 1;
-	ptr = ruby_xmalloc2(2, sizeof(VALUE));
+	ptr = ruby_xmalloc0(2 * sizeof(VALUE));
     }
     ptr[0] = size;
     ptr[size] = (VALUE)arg;
@@ -8451,23 +11457,26 @@ wmap_aset_update(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 
 /* Creates a weak reference from the given key to the given value */
 static VALUE
-wmap_aset(VALUE self, VALUE wmap, VALUE orig)
+wmap_aset(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE value)
 {
     struct weakmap *w;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct weakmap, &weakmap_type, w);
-    should_be_finalizable(orig);
-    should_be_finalizable(wmap);
-    define_final0(orig, w->final);
-    define_final0(wmap, w->final);
-    st_update(w->obj2wmap, (st_data_t)orig, wmap_aset_update, wmap);
-    st_insert(w->wmap2obj, (st_data_t)wmap, (st_data_t)orig);
-    return nonspecial_obj_id(orig);
+    if (FL_ABLE(value)) {
+        define_final0(value, w->final);
+    }
+    if (FL_ABLE(key)) {
+        define_final0(key, w->final);
+    }
+
+    st_update(w->obj2wmap, (st_data_t)value, wmap_aset_update, key);
+    st_insert(w->wmap2obj, (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t)value);
+    return nonspecial_obj_id(value);
 }
 
 /* Retrieves a weakly referenced object with the given key */
 static VALUE
-wmap_aref(VALUE self, VALUE wmap)
+wmap_lookup(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
     st_data_t data;
     VALUE obj;
@@ -8475,20 +11484,28 @@ wmap_aref(VALUE self, VALUE wmap)
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct weakmap, &weakmap_type, w);
-    if (!st_lookup(w->wmap2obj, (st_data_t)wmap, &data)) return Qnil;
+    if (!st_lookup(w->wmap2obj, (st_data_t)key, &data)) return Qundef;
     obj = (VALUE)data;
-    if (!is_id_value(objspace, obj)) return Qnil;
-    if (!is_live_object(objspace, obj)) return Qnil;
+    if (!wmap_live_p(objspace, obj)) return Qundef;
     return obj;
 }
 
+/* Retrieves a weakly referenced object with the given key */
+static VALUE
+wmap_aref(VALUE self, VALUE key)
+{
+    VALUE obj = wmap_lookup(self, key);
+    return obj != Qundef ? obj : Qnil;
+}
+
 /* Returns +true+ if +key+ is registered */
 static VALUE
 wmap_has_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
-    return NIL_P(wmap_aref(self, key)) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+    return wmap_lookup(self, key) == Qundef ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
+/* Returns the number of referenced objects */
 static VALUE
 wmap_size(VALUE self)
 {
@@ -8577,12 +11594,12 @@ gc_prof_setup_new_record(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int reason)
 
 	if (!objspace->profile.records) {
 	    objspace->profile.size = GC_PROFILE_RECORD_DEFAULT_SIZE;
-	    objspace->profile.records = malloc(sizeof(gc_profile_record) * objspace->profile.size);
+	    objspace->profile.records = malloc(xmalloc2_size(sizeof(gc_profile_record), objspace->profile.size));
 	}
 	if (index >= objspace->profile.size) {
 	    void *ptr;
 	    objspace->profile.size += 1000;
-	    ptr = realloc(objspace->profile.records, sizeof(gc_profile_record) * objspace->profile.size);
+	    ptr = realloc(objspace->profile.records, xmalloc2_size(sizeof(gc_profile_record), objspace->profile.size));
 	    if (!ptr) rb_memerror();
 	    objspace->profile.records = ptr;
 	}
@@ -8752,19 +11769,17 @@ gc_prof_set_heap_info(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-gc_profile_clear(void)
+gc_profile_clear(VALUE _)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-    if (GC_PROFILE_RECORD_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2 < objspace->profile.size) {
-        objspace->profile.size = GC_PROFILE_RECORD_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2;
-        objspace->profile.records = realloc(objspace->profile.records, sizeof(gc_profile_record) * objspace->profile.size);
-        if (!objspace->profile.records) {
-            rb_memerror();
-        }
-    }
-    MEMZERO(objspace->profile.records, gc_profile_record, objspace->profile.size);
+    void *p = objspace->profile.records;
+    objspace->profile.records = NULL;
+    objspace->profile.size = 0;
     objspace->profile.next_index = 0;
     objspace->profile.current_record = 0;
+    if (p) {
+        free(p);
+    }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -8819,7 +11834,7 @@ gc_profile_clear(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-gc_profile_record_get(void)
+gc_profile_record_get(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE prof;
     VALUE gc_profile = rb_ary_new();
@@ -8840,6 +11855,7 @@ gc_profile_record_get(void)
         rb_hash_aset(prof, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_USE_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(record->heap_use_size));
         rb_hash_aset(prof, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_TOTAL_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(record->heap_total_size));
         rb_hash_aset(prof, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_TOTAL_OBJECTS")), SIZET2NUM(record->heap_total_objects));
+        rb_hash_aset(prof, ID2SYM(rb_intern("MOVED_OBJECTS")), SIZET2NUM(record->moved_objects));
         rb_hash_aset(prof, ID2SYM(rb_intern("GC_IS_MARKED")), Qtrue);
 #if GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
         rb_hash_aset(prof, ID2SYM(rb_intern("GC_MARK_TIME")), DBL2NUM(record->gc_mark_time));
@@ -8923,7 +11939,7 @@ gc_profile_dump_on(VALUE out, VALUE (*append)(VALUE, VALUE))
 	}
 
 #if GC_PROFILE_MORE_DETAIL
-	append(out, rb_str_new_cstr("\n\n" \
+        const char *str = "\n\n" \
 				    "More detail.\n" \
 				    "Prepare Time = Previously GC's rest sweep time\n"
 				    "Index Flags          Allocate Inc.  Allocate Limit"
@@ -8937,7 +11953,8 @@ gc_profile_dump_on(VALUE out, VALUE (*append)(VALUE, VALUE))
 #if GC_PROFILE_DETAIL_MEMORY
 				    " MaxRSS(KB) MinorFLT MajorFLT"
 #endif
-				    "\n"));
+                                    "\n";
+        append(out, rb_str_new_cstr(str));
 
 	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
 	    record = &objspace->profile.records[i];
@@ -9006,7 +12023,7 @@ gc_profile_dump_on(VALUE out, VALUE (*append)(VALUE, VALUE))
  */
 
 static VALUE
-gc_profile_result(void)
+gc_profile_result(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_str_buf_new(0);
     gc_profile_dump_on(str, rb_str_buf_append);
@@ -9027,12 +12044,7 @@ gc_profile_report(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE out;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	out = rb_stdout;
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &out);
-    }
+    out = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? rb_stdout : argv[0]);
     gc_profile_dump_on(out, rb_io_write);
 
     return Qnil;
@@ -9085,7 +12097,7 @@ gc_profile_enable_get(VALUE self)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-gc_profile_enable(void)
+gc_profile_enable(VALUE _)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     objspace->profile.run = TRUE;
@@ -9102,7 +12114,7 @@ gc_profile_enable(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-gc_profile_disable(void)
+gc_profile_disable(VALUE _)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 
@@ -9142,8 +12154,8 @@ type_name(int type, VALUE obj)
 	    TYPE_NAME(T_FIXNUM);
 	    TYPE_NAME(T_UNDEF);
 	    TYPE_NAME(T_IMEMO);
-	    TYPE_NAME(T_NODE);
 	    TYPE_NAME(T_ICLASS);
+            TYPE_NAME(T_MOVED);
 	    TYPE_NAME(T_ZOMBIE);
       case T_DATA:
 	if (obj && rb_objspace_data_type_name(obj)) {
@@ -9161,8 +12173,8 @@ obj_type_name(VALUE obj)
     return type_name(TYPE(obj), obj);
 }
 
-static const char *
-method_type_name(rb_method_type_t type)
+const char *
+rb_method_type_name(rb_method_type_t type)
 {
     switch (type) {
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ:           return "iseq";
@@ -9178,142 +12190,268 @@ method_type_name(rb_method_type_t type)
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF:          return "undef";
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED: return "notimplemented";
     }
-    rb_bug("method_type_name: unreachable (type: %d)", type);
+    rb_bug("rb_method_type_name: unreachable (type: %d)", type);
 }
 
 /* from array.c */
 # define ARY_SHARED_P(ary) \
-    (assert(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
+    (GC_ASSERT(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
      FL_TEST((ary),ELTS_SHARED)!=0)
 # define ARY_EMBED_P(ary) \
-    (assert(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
+    (GC_ASSERT(!FL_TEST((ary), ELTS_SHARED) || !FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)), \
      FL_TEST((ary), RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)!=0)
 
 static void
 rb_raw_iseq_info(char *buff, const int buff_size, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    if (iseq->body->location.label) {
-	snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s %s@%s:%d", buff,
+    if (buff_size > 0 && iseq->body && iseq->body->location.label && !RB_TYPE_P(iseq->body->location.pathobj, T_MOVED)) {
+	VALUE path = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
+	VALUE n = iseq->body->location.first_lineno;
+        snprintf(buff, buff_size, " %s@%s:%d",
 		 RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label),
-		 RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.path),
-		 FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno));
+		 RSTRING_PTR(path),
+		 n ? FIX2INT(n) : 0 );
     }
 }
 
+bool rb_ractor_p(VALUE rv);
+
+static int
+str_len_no_raise(VALUE str)
+{
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+    if (len < 0) return 0;
+    if (len > INT_MAX) return INT_MAX;
+    return (int)len;
+}
+
 const char *
 rb_raw_obj_info(char *buff, const int buff_size, VALUE obj)
 {
+    int pos = 0;
+    void *poisoned = asan_poisoned_object_p(obj);
+    asan_unpoison_object(obj, false);
+
+#define BUFF_ARGS buff + pos, buff_size - pos
+#define APPENDF(f) if ((pos += snprintf f) >= buff_size) goto end
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s", obj_type_name(obj));
+        APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "%s", obj_type_name(obj)));
+
+        if (FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, " %ld", FIX2LONG(obj)));
+        }
+        else if (SYMBOL_P(obj)) {
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, " %s", rb_id2name(SYM2ID(obj))));
+        }
     }
     else {
 #define TF(c) ((c) != 0 ? "true" : "false")
 #define C(c, s) ((c) != 0 ? (s) : " ")
 	const int type = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
-#if USE_RGENGC
 	const int age = RVALUE_FLAGS_AGE(RBASIC(obj)->flags);
 
-	snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%p [%d%s%s%s%s] %s",
-		 (void *)obj, age,
-		 C(RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITMAP(obj),  "L"),
-		 C(RVALUE_MARK_BITMAP(obj),           "M"),
-		 C(RVALUE_MARKING_BITMAP(obj),        "R"),
-		 C(RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITMAP(obj), "U"),
-		 obj_type_name(obj));
-#else
-	snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%p [%s] %s",
-		 (void *)obj,
-		 C(RVALUE_MARK_BITMAP(obj),           "M"),
-		 obj_type_name(obj));
-#endif
+        if (is_pointer_to_heap(&rb_objspace, (void *)obj)) {
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "%p [%d%s%s%s%s%s] %s ",
+                     (void *)obj, age,
+                     C(RVALUE_UNCOLLECTIBLE_BITMAP(obj),  "L"),
+                     C(RVALUE_MARK_BITMAP(obj),           "M"),
+                     C(RVALUE_PIN_BITMAP(obj),            "P"),
+                     C(RVALUE_MARKING_BITMAP(obj),        "R"),
+                     C(RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED_BITMAP(obj), "U"),
+                     obj_type_name(obj)));
+        }
+        else {
+            /* fake */
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "%p [%dXXXX] %s",
+                     (void *)obj, age,
+                     obj_type_name(obj)));
+        }
 
 	if (internal_object_p(obj)) {
 	    /* ignore */
 	}
 	else if (RBASIC(obj)->klass == 0) {
-	    snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s (temporary internal)", buff);
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "(temporary internal)"));
 	}
 	else {
-	    VALUE class_path = rb_class_path_cached(RBASIC(obj)->klass);
+            if (RTEST(RBASIC(obj)->klass)) {
+            VALUE class_path = rb_class_path_cached(RBASIC(obj)->klass);
 	    if (!NIL_P(class_path)) {
-		snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s (%s)", buff, RSTRING_PTR(class_path));
+                APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "(%s)", RSTRING_PTR(class_path)));
 	    }
+            }
 	}
 
 #if GC_DEBUG
-	snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s @%s:%d", buff, RANY(obj)->file, RANY(obj)->line);
+        APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "@%s:%d", RANY(obj)->file, RANY(obj)->line));
 #endif
 
 	switch (type) {
 	  case T_NODE:
-	    snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s (%s)", buff,
-		     ruby_node_name(nd_type(obj)));
+	    UNEXPECTED_NODE(rb_raw_obj_info);
 	    break;
 	  case T_ARRAY:
-	    snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s [%s%s] len: %d", buff,
-		     C(ARY_EMBED_P(obj),  "E"),
-		     C(ARY_SHARED_P(obj), "S"),
-		     (int)RARRAY_LEN(obj));
+            if (FL_TEST(obj, ELTS_SHARED)) {
+                APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "shared -> %s",
+                         rb_obj_info(RARRAY(obj)->as.heap.aux.shared_root)));
+            }
+            else if (FL_TEST(obj, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)) {
+                APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "[%s%s] len: %ld (embed)",
+                         C(ARY_EMBED_P(obj),  "E"),
+                         C(ARY_SHARED_P(obj), "S"),
+                         RARRAY_LEN(obj)));
+            }
+            else {
+                APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "[%s%s%s] len: %ld, capa:%ld ptr:%p",
+                         C(ARY_EMBED_P(obj),  "E"),
+                         C(ARY_SHARED_P(obj), "S"),
+                         C(RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(obj), "T"),
+                         RARRAY_LEN(obj),
+                         ARY_EMBED_P(obj) ? -1L : RARRAY(obj)->as.heap.aux.capa,
+                         (void *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(obj)));
+            }
 	    break;
 	  case T_STRING: {
-	      snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s %s", buff, RSTRING_PTR(obj));
-	      break;
-	  }
-	  case T_CLASS: {
-	      VALUE class_path = rb_class_path_cached(obj);
-	      if (!NIL_P(class_path)) {
-		  snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s %s", buff, RSTRING_PTR(class_path));
-	      }
-	      break;
+            if (STR_SHARED_P(obj)) APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, " [shared] "));
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "%.*s", str_len_no_raise(obj), RSTRING_PTR(obj)));
+	    break;
 	  }
+          case T_SYMBOL: {
+              VALUE fstr = RSYMBOL(obj)->fstr;
+              ID id = RSYMBOL(obj)->id;
+              if (RB_TYPE_P(fstr, T_STRING)) {
+                  APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, ":%s id:%d", RSTRING_PTR(fstr), (unsigned int)id));
+              }
+              else {
+                  APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "(%p) id:%d", (void *)fstr, (unsigned int)id));
+              }
+              break;
+          }
+          case T_MOVED: {
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "-> %p", (void*)rb_gc_location(obj)));
+            break;
+          }
+          case T_HASH: {
+              APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "[%c%c] %"PRIdSIZE,
+                       RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(obj) ? 'A' : 'S',
+                       RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(obj) ? 'T' : ' ',
+                       RHASH_SIZE(obj)));
+              break;
+          }
+          case T_CLASS:
+          case T_MODULE:
+            {
+                VALUE class_path = rb_class_path_cached(obj);
+                if (!NIL_P(class_path)) {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "%s", RSTRING_PTR(class_path)));
+                }
+                else {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "(annon)"));
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          case T_ICLASS:
+            {
+                VALUE class_path = rb_class_path_cached(RBASIC_CLASS(obj));
+                if (!NIL_P(class_path)) {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "src:%s", RSTRING_PTR(class_path)));
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          case T_OBJECT:
+            {
+                uint32_t len = ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj);
+
+                if (RANY(obj)->as.basic.flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "(embed) len:%d", len));
+                }
+                else {
+                    VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "len:%d ptr:%p", len, (void *)ptr));
+                }
+            }
+            break;
 	  case T_DATA: {
-	      const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
-	      if (rb_obj_is_proc(obj) && (iseq = vm_proc_iseq(obj)) != NULL) {
-		  rb_raw_iseq_info(buff, buff_size, iseq);
-	      }
-	      else {
-		  const char * const type_name = rb_objspace_data_type_name(obj);
-		  if (type_name) {
-		      snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s %s", buff, type_name);
-		  }
-	      }
-	      break;
+	    const struct rb_block *block;
+	    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+	    if (rb_obj_is_proc(obj) &&
+		(block = vm_proc_block(obj)) != NULL &&
+		(vm_block_type(block) == block_type_iseq) &&
+		(iseq = vm_block_iseq(block)) != NULL) {
+                rb_raw_iseq_info(BUFF_ARGS, iseq);
+	    }
+            else if (rb_ractor_p(obj)) {
+                rb_ractor_t *r = (void *)DATA_PTR(obj);
+                if (r) {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "r:%d", r->pub.id));
+                }
+            }
+	    else {
+		const char * const type_name = rb_objspace_data_type_name(obj);
+		if (type_name) {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "%s", type_name));
+		}
+	    }
+	    break;
 	  }
 	  case T_IMEMO: {
-	      const char *imemo_name;
-	      switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
-#define IMEMO_NAME(x) case imemo_##x: imemo_name = #x; break;
-		  IMEMO_NAME(env);
-		  IMEMO_NAME(cref);
-		  IMEMO_NAME(svar);
-		  IMEMO_NAME(throw_data);
-		  IMEMO_NAME(ifunc);
-		  IMEMO_NAME(memo);
-		  IMEMO_NAME(ment);
-		  IMEMO_NAME(iseq);
-#undef IMEMO_NAME
-	      }
-	      snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s %s", buff, imemo_name);
+            APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "<%s> ", rb_imemo_name(imemo_type(obj))));
 
-	      switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
-		case imemo_ment: {
-		    const rb_method_entry_t *me = &RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ment;
-		    snprintf(buff, buff_size, "%s (called_id: %s, type: %s, alias: %d, owner: %s, defined_class: %s)", buff,
+	    switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
+	      case imemo_ment: {
+		const rb_method_entry_t *me = &RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ment;
+		if (me->def) {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, ":%s (%s%s%s%s) type:%s alias:%d owner:%p defined_class:%p",
 			     rb_id2name(me->called_id),
-			     method_type_name(me->def->type),
-			     me->def->alias_count,
-			     obj_info(me->owner),
-			     obj_info(me->defined_class));
-		    break;
+                             METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me) == METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC ?  "pub" :
+                             METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me) == METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE ? "pri" : "pro",
+                             METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED(me) ? ",cmp" : "",
+                             METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED(me) ? ",cc" : "",
+                             METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(me) ? ",inv" : "",
+                             rb_method_type_name(me->def->type),
+                             me->def->alias_count,
+                             (void *)me->owner, // obj_info(me->owner),
+                             (void *)me->defined_class)); //obj_info(me->defined_class)));
+
+                    if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) {
+                        // APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, " (iseq:%p)", (void *)me->def->body.iseq.iseqptr));
+                        APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, " (iseq:%s)", obj_info((VALUE)me->def->body.iseq.iseqptr)));
+                    }
 		}
-		case imemo_iseq: {
-		    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = (const rb_iseq_t *)obj;
-		    rb_raw_iseq_info(buff, buff_size, iseq);
-		    break;
+		else {
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "%s", rb_id2name(me->called_id)));
 		}
-		default:
-		  break;
+		break;
 	      }
+	      case imemo_iseq: {
+		const rb_iseq_t *iseq = (const rb_iseq_t *)obj;
+                rb_raw_iseq_info(BUFF_ARGS, iseq);
+		break;
+	      }
+              case imemo_callinfo:
+                {
+                    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (const struct rb_callinfo *)obj;
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "(mid:%s, flag:%x argc:%d, kwarg:%s)",
+                             rb_id2name(vm_ci_mid(ci)),
+                             vm_ci_flag(ci),
+                             vm_ci_argc(ci),
+                             vm_ci_kwarg(ci) ? "available" : "NULL"));
+                    break;
+                }
+              case imemo_callcache:
+                {
+                    const struct rb_callcache *cc = (const struct rb_callcache *)obj;
+                    VALUE class_path = cc->klass ? rb_class_path_cached(cc->klass) : Qnil;
+
+                    APPENDF((BUFF_ARGS, "(klass:%s, cme:%s (%p) call:%p",
+                             NIL_P(class_path) ? "??" : RSTRING_PTR(class_path),
+                             vm_cc_cme(cc) ? rb_id2name(vm_cc_cme(cc)->called_id) : "<NULL>",
+                             (void *)vm_cc_cme(cc), (void *)vm_cc_call(cc)));
+                    break;
+                }
+	      default:
+		break;
+	    }
 	  }
 	  default:
 	    break;
@@ -9321,7 +12459,14 @@ rb_raw_obj_info(char *buff, const int buff_size, VALUE obj)
 #undef TF
 #undef C
     }
+  end:
+    if (poisoned) {
+        asan_poison_object(obj);
+    }
+
     return buff;
+#undef APPENDF
+#undef BUFF_ARGS
 }
 
 #if RGENGC_OBJ_INFO
@@ -9350,15 +12495,10 @@ obj_info(VALUE obj)
 }
 #endif
 
-const char *
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED const char *
 rb_obj_info(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!rb_special_const_p(obj)) {
-	return obj_info(obj);
-    }
-    else {
-	return obj_type_name(obj);
-    }
+    return obj_info(obj);
 }
 
 void
@@ -9368,6 +12508,13 @@ rb_obj_info_dump(VALUE obj)
     fprintf(stderr, "rb_obj_info_dump: %s\n", rb_raw_obj_info(buff, 0x100, obj));
 }
 
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED void
+rb_obj_info_dump_loc(VALUE obj, const char *file, int line, const char *func)
+{
+    char buff[0x100];
+    fprintf(stderr, "<OBJ_INFO:%s@%s:%d> %s\n", func, file, line, rb_raw_obj_info(buff, 0x100, obj));
+}
+
 #if GC_DEBUG
 
 void
@@ -9377,6 +12524,12 @@ rb_gcdebug_print_obj_condition(VALUE obj)
 
     fprintf(stderr, "created at: %s:%d\n", RANY(obj)->file, RANY(obj)->line);
 
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MOVED) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "moved?: true\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(stderr, "moved?: false\n");
+    }
     if (is_pointer_to_heap(objspace, (void *)obj)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "pointer to heap?: true\n");
     }
@@ -9386,12 +12539,11 @@ rb_gcdebug_print_obj_condition(VALUE obj)
     }
 
     fprintf(stderr, "marked?      : %s\n", MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(obj), obj) ? "true" : "false");
-#if USE_RGENGC
+    fprintf(stderr, "pinned?      : %s\n", MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_PINNED_BITS(obj), obj) ? "true" : "false");
     fprintf(stderr, "age?         : %d\n", RVALUE_AGE(obj));
     fprintf(stderr, "old?         : %s\n", RVALUE_OLD_P(obj) ? "true" : "false");
     fprintf(stderr, "WB-protected?: %s\n", RVALUE_WB_UNPROTECTED(obj) ? "false" : "true");
     fprintf(stderr, "remembered?  : %s\n", RVALUE_REMEMBERED(obj) ? "true" : "false");
-#endif
 
     if (is_lazy_sweeping(heap_eden)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "lazy sweeping?: true\n");
@@ -9403,7 +12555,7 @@ rb_gcdebug_print_obj_condition(VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-gcdebug_sentinel(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
+gcdebug_sentinel(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(obj, name))
 {
     fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: object %s(%p) is inadvertently collected\n", (char *)name, (void *)obj);
     return Qnil;
@@ -9418,6 +12570,13 @@ rb_gcdebug_sentinel(VALUE obj, const char *name)
 #endif /* GC_DEBUG */
 
 #if GC_DEBUG_STRESS_TO_CLASS
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    GC.add_stress_to_class(class[, ...])
+ *
+ *  Raises NoMemoryError when allocating an instance of the given classes.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 rb_gcdebug_add_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -9430,6 +12589,14 @@ rb_gcdebug_add_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    GC.remove_stress_to_class(class[, ...])
+ *
+ *  No longer raises NoMemoryError when allocating an instance of the
+ *  given classes.
+ *
+ */
 static VALUE
 rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
@@ -9457,9 +12624,9 @@ rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *
  *  ObjectSpace also provides support for object finalizers, procs that will be
  *  called when a specific object is about to be destroyed by garbage
- *  collection.
- *
- *     require 'objspace'
+ *  collection. See the documentation for
+ *  <code>ObjectSpace.define_finalizer</code> for important information on
+ *  how to use this method correctly.
  *
  *     a = "A"
  *     b = "B"
@@ -9467,6 +12634,9 @@ rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *     ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(a, proc {|id| puts "Finalizer one on #{id}" })
  *     ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(b, proc {|id| puts "Finalizer two on #{id}" })
  *
+ *     a = nil
+ *     b = nil
+ *
  *  _produces:_
  *
  *     Finalizer two on 537763470
@@ -9501,16 +12671,7 @@ rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  See also GC.count, GC.malloc_allocated_size and GC.malloc_allocations
  */
 
-/*
- *  The GC module provides an interface to Ruby's mark and
- *  sweep garbage collection mechanism.
- *
- *  Some of the underlying methods are also available via the ObjectSpace
- *  module.
- *
- *  You may obtain information about the operation of the GC through
- *  GC::Profiler.
- */
+#include "gc.rbinc"
 
 void
 Init_GC(void)
@@ -9521,22 +12682,16 @@ Init_GC(void)
     VALUE gc_constants;
 
     rb_mGC = rb_define_module("GC");
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "start", gc_start_internal, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "enable", rb_gc_enable, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "disable", rb_gc_disable, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "stress", gc_stress_get, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "stress=", gc_stress_set_m, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "count", gc_count, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "stat", gc_stat, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "latest_gc_info", gc_latest_gc_info, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mGC, "garbage_collect", gc_start_internal, -1);
 
     gc_constants = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("DEBUG")), GC_DEBUG ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RVALUE_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(sizeof(RVALUE)));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT")), SIZET2NUM(HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_PLANES")), SIZET2NUM(HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_PLANES));
+    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_PAGE_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(HEAP_PAGE_SIZE));
     OBJ_FREEZE(gc_constants);
+    /* internal constants */
     rb_define_const(rb_mGC, "INTERNAL_CONSTANTS", gc_constants);
 
     rb_mProfiler = rb_define_module_under(rb_mGC, "Profiler");
@@ -9550,13 +12705,13 @@ Init_GC(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProfiler, "total_time", gc_profile_total_time, 0);
 
     rb_mObjSpace = rb_define_module("ObjectSpace");
+
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "each_object", os_each_obj, -1);
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "garbage_collect", gc_start_internal, -1);
 
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "define_finalizer", define_final, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "undefine_finalizer", undefine_final, 1);
 
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_id2ref", id2ref, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_id2ref", os_id2ref, 1);
 
     rb_vm_register_special_exception(ruby_error_nomemory, rb_eNoMemError, "failed to allocate memory");
 
@@ -9582,12 +12737,12 @@ Init_GC(void)
 	rb_define_method(rb_cWeakMap, "values", wmap_values, 0);
 	rb_define_method(rb_cWeakMap, "size", wmap_size, 0);
 	rb_define_method(rb_cWeakMap, "length", wmap_size, 0);
-	rb_define_private_method(rb_cWeakMap, "finalize", wmap_finalize, 1);
 	rb_include_module(rb_cWeakMap, rb_mEnumerable);
     }
 
     /* internal methods */
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "verify_internal_consistency", gc_verify_internal_consistency, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "verify_internal_consistency", gc_verify_internal_consistency_m, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "verify_transient_heap_internal_consistency", gc_verify_transient_heap_internal_consistency, 0);
 #if MALLOC_ALLOCATED_SIZE
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "malloc_allocated_size", gc_malloc_allocated_size, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "malloc_allocations", gc_malloc_allocations, 0);
@@ -9598,9 +12753,9 @@ Init_GC(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "remove_stress_to_class", rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class, -1);
 #endif
 
-    /* ::GC::OPTS, which shows GC build options */
     {
 	VALUE opts;
+	/* GC build options */
 	rb_define_const(rb_mGC, "OPTS", opts = rb_ary_new());
 #define OPT(o) if (o) rb_ary_push(opts, rb_fstring_lit(#o))
 	OPT(GC_DEBUG);
@@ -9619,3 +12774,69 @@ Init_GC(void)
 	OBJ_FREEZE(opts);
     }
 }
+
+#ifdef ruby_xmalloc
+#undef ruby_xmalloc
+#endif
+#ifdef ruby_xmalloc2
+#undef ruby_xmalloc2
+#endif
+#ifdef ruby_xcalloc
+#undef ruby_xcalloc
+#endif
+#ifdef ruby_xrealloc
+#undef ruby_xrealloc
+#endif
+#ifdef ruby_xrealloc2
+#undef ruby_xrealloc2
+#endif
+
+void *
+ruby_xmalloc(size_t size)
+{
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = __FILE__;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = __LINE__;
+#endif
+    return ruby_xmalloc_body(size);
+}
+
+void *
+ruby_xmalloc2(size_t n, size_t size)
+{
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = __FILE__;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = __LINE__;
+#endif
+    return ruby_xmalloc2_body(n, size);
+}
+
+void *
+ruby_xcalloc(size_t n, size_t size)
+{
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = __FILE__;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = __LINE__;
+#endif
+    return ruby_xcalloc_body(n, size);
+}
+
+void *
+ruby_xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size)
+{
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = __FILE__;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = __LINE__;
+#endif
+    return ruby_xrealloc_body(ptr, new_size);
+}
+
+void *
+ruby_xrealloc2(void *ptr, size_t n, size_t new_size)
+{
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = __FILE__;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = __LINE__;
+#endif
+    return ruby_xrealloc2_body(ptr, n, new_size);
+}
diff --git a/gc.h b/gc.h
index c723106137..5d113cafce 100644
--- a/gc.h
+++ b/gc.h
@@ -1,17 +1,28 @@
-
 #ifndef RUBY_GC_H
 #define RUBY_GC_H 1
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
-#if defined(__x86_64__) && !defined(_ILP32) && defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__native_client__)
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && !defined(_ILP32) && defined(__GNUC__)
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("movq\t%%rsp, %0" : "=r" (*(p)))
-#elif defined(__i386) && defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__native_client__)
+#elif defined(__i386) && defined(__GNUC__)
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("movl\t%%esp, %0" : "=r" (*(p)))
+#elif defined(__powerpc64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("mr\t%0, %%r1" : "=r" (*(p)))
+#elif defined(__aarch64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("mov\t%0, sp" : "=r" (*(p)))
 #else
 NOINLINE(void rb_gc_set_stack_end(VALUE **stack_end_p));
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) rb_gc_set_stack_end(p)
 #define USE_CONSERVATIVE_STACK_END
 #endif
 
+#define RB_GC_SAVE_MACHINE_CONTEXT(th)				\
+    do {							\
+	FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;					\
+	setjmp((th)->ec->machine.regs);				\
+	SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(&(th)->ec->machine.stack_end);	\
+    } while (0)
+
 /* for GC debug */
 
 #ifndef RUBY_MARK_FREE_DEBUG
@@ -57,6 +68,10 @@ rb_gc_debug_body(const char *mode, const char *msg, int st, void *ptr)
 #define RUBY_GC_INFO if(0)printf
 #endif
 
+#define RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(ptr) do { \
+    VALUE markobj = (ptr); \
+    if (RTEST(markobj)) {rb_gc_mark_movable(markobj);} \
+} while (0)
 #define RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(ptr) do { \
     VALUE markobj = (ptr); \
     if (RTEST(markobj)) {rb_gc_mark(markobj);} \
@@ -77,6 +92,14 @@ int ruby_get_stack_grow_direction(volatile VALUE *addr);
 # define STACK_UPPER(x, a, b) (stack_growup_p(x) ? (a) : (b))
 #endif
 
+/*
+  STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION is used with STACK_DIR_UPPER.
+
+  On most normal systems, stacks grow from high address to lower address. In
+  this case, STACK_DIR_UPPER(a, b) will return (b), but on exotic systems where
+  the stack grows UP (from low address to high address), it will return (a).
+*/
+
 #if STACK_GROW_DIRECTION
 #define STACK_GROW_DIR_DETECTION
 #define STACK_DIR_UPPER(a,b) STACK_UPPER(0, (a), (b))
@@ -88,7 +111,10 @@ int ruby_get_stack_grow_direction(volatile VALUE *addr);
 
 const char *rb_obj_info(VALUE obj);
 const char *rb_raw_obj_info(char *buff, const int buff_size, VALUE obj);
-void rb_obj_info_dump(VALUE obj);
+
+VALUE rb_gc_disable_no_rest(void);
+
+struct rb_thread_struct;
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
diff --git a/gc.rb b/gc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a00b406ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# for gc.c
+
+#  The GC module provides an interface to Ruby's mark and
+#  sweep garbage collection mechanism.
+#
+#  Some of the underlying methods are also available via the ObjectSpace
+#  module.
+#
+#  You may obtain information about the operation of the GC through
+#  GC::Profiler.
+module GC
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.start                     -> nil
+  #     ObjectSpace.garbage_collect  -> nil
+  #     include GC; garbage_collect  -> nil
+  #     GC.start(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true)           -> nil
+  #     ObjectSpace.garbage_collect(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) -> nil
+  #     include GC; garbage_collect(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true) -> nil
+  #
+  #  Initiates garbage collection, even if manually disabled.
+  #
+  #  This method is defined with keyword arguments that default to true:
+  #
+  #     def GC.start(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true); end
+  #
+  #  Use full_mark: false to perform a minor GC.
+  #  Use immediate_sweep: false to defer sweeping (use lazy sweep).
+  #
+  #  Note: These keyword arguments are implementation and version dependent. They
+  #  are not guaranteed to be future-compatible, and may be ignored if the
+  #  underlying implementation does not support them.
+  def self.start full_mark: true, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true
+    Primitive.gc_start_internal full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, false
+  end
+
+  def garbage_collect full_mark: true, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true
+    Primitive.gc_start_internal full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, false
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.auto_compact    -> true or false
+  #
+  #  Returns whether or not automatic compaction has been enabled.
+  #
+  def self.auto_compact
+    Primitive.gc_get_auto_compact
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.auto_compact = flag
+  #
+  #  Updates automatic compaction mode.
+  #
+  #  When enabled, the compactor will execute on every major collection.
+  #
+  #  Enabling compaction will degrade performance on major collections.
+  def self.auto_compact=(flag)
+    Primitive.gc_set_auto_compact(flag)
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.enable    -> true or false
+  #
+  #  Enables garbage collection, returning +true+ if garbage
+  #  collection was previously disabled.
+  #
+  #     GC.disable   #=> false
+  #     GC.enable    #=> true
+  #     GC.enable    #=> false
+  #
+  def self.enable
+    Primitive.gc_enable
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.disable    -> true or false
+  #
+  #  Disables garbage collection, returning +true+ if garbage
+  #  collection was already disabled.
+  #
+  #     GC.disable   #=> false
+  #     GC.disable   #=> true
+  def self.disable
+    Primitive.gc_disable
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #    GC.stress	    -> integer, true or false
+  #
+  #  Returns current status of GC stress mode.
+  def self.stress
+    Primitive.gc_stress_get
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #    GC.stress = flag          -> flag
+  #
+  #  Updates the GC stress mode.
+  #
+  #  When stress mode is enabled, the GC is invoked at every GC opportunity:
+  #  all memory and object allocations.
+  #
+  #  Enabling stress mode will degrade performance, it is only for debugging.
+  #
+  #  flag can be true, false, or an integer bit-ORed following flags.
+  #    0x01:: no major GC
+  #    0x02:: no immediate sweep
+  #    0x04:: full mark after malloc/calloc/realloc
+  def self.stress=(flag)
+    Primitive.gc_stress_set_m flag
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.count -> Integer
+  #
+  #  The number of times GC occurred.
+  #
+  #  It returns the number of times GC occurred since the process started.
+  def self.count
+    Primitive.gc_count
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.stat -> Hash
+  #     GC.stat(hash) -> hash
+  #     GC.stat(:key) -> Numeric
+  #
+  #  Returns a Hash containing information about the GC.
+  #
+  #  The hash includes information about internal statistics about GC such as:
+  #
+  #      {
+  #          :count=>0,
+  #          :heap_allocated_pages=>24,
+  #          :heap_sorted_length=>24,
+  #          :heap_allocatable_pages=>0,
+  #          :heap_available_slots=>9783,
+  #          :heap_live_slots=>7713,
+  #          :heap_free_slots=>2070,
+  #          :heap_final_slots=>0,
+  #          :heap_marked_slots=>0,
+  #          :heap_eden_pages=>24,
+  #          :heap_tomb_pages=>0,
+  #          :total_allocated_pages=>24,
+  #          :total_freed_pages=>0,
+  #          :total_allocated_objects=>7796,
+  #          :total_freed_objects=>83,
+  #          :malloc_increase_bytes=>2389312,
+  #          :malloc_increase_bytes_limit=>16777216,
+  #          :minor_gc_count=>0,
+  #          :major_gc_count=>0,
+  #          :remembered_wb_unprotected_objects=>0,
+  #          :remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit=>0,
+  #          :old_objects=>0,
+  #          :old_objects_limit=>0,
+  #          :oldmalloc_increase_bytes=>2389760,
+  #          :oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit=>16777216
+  #      }
+  #
+  #  The contents of the hash are implementation specific and may be changed in
+  #  the future.
+  #
+  #  If the optional argument, hash, is given,
+  #  it is overwritten and returned.
+  #  This is intended to avoid probe effect.
+  #
+  #  This method is only expected to work on C Ruby.
+  def self.stat hash_or_key = nil
+    Primitive.gc_stat hash_or_key
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.latest_gc_info -> {:gc_by=>:newobj}
+  #     GC.latest_gc_info(hash) -> hash
+  #     GC.latest_gc_info(:major_by) -> :malloc
+  #
+  #  Returns information about the most recent garbage collection.
+  #
+  # If the optional argument, hash, is given,
+  # it is overwritten and returned.
+  # This is intended to avoid probe effect.
+  def self.latest_gc_info hash_or_key = nil
+    Primitive.gc_latest_gc_info hash_or_key
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.latest_compact_info -> {:considered=>{:T_CLASS=>11}, :moved=>{:T_CLASS=>11}}
+  #
+  #  Returns information about object moved in the most recent GC compaction.
+  #
+  # The returned hash has two keys :considered and :moved.  The hash for
+  # :considered lists the number of objects that were considered for movement
+  # by the compactor, and the :moved hash lists the number of objects that
+  # were actually moved.  Some objects can't be moved (maybe they were pinned)
+  # so these numbers can be used to calculate compaction efficiency.
+  def self.latest_compact_info
+    Primitive.gc_compact_stats
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     GC.compact
+  #
+  # This function compacts objects together in Ruby's heap.  It eliminates
+  # unused space (or fragmentation) in the heap by moving objects in to that
+  # unused space.  This function returns a hash which contains statistics about
+  # which objects were moved.  See `GC.latest_gc_info` for details about
+  # compaction statistics.
+  #
+  # This method is implementation specific and not expected to be implemented
+  # in any implementation besides MRI.
+  def self.compact
+    Primitive.gc_compact
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    GC.verify_compaction_references(toward: nil, double_heap: false) -> hash
+  #
+  # Verify compaction reference consistency.
+  #
+  # This method is implementation specific.  During compaction, objects that
+  # were moved are replaced with T_MOVED objects.  No object should have a
+  # reference to a T_MOVED object after compaction.
+  #
+  # This function doubles the heap to ensure room to move all objects,
+  # compacts the heap to make sure everything moves, updates all references,
+  # then performs a full GC.  If any object contains a reference to a T_MOVED
+  # object, that object should be pushed on the mark stack, and will
+  # make a SEGV.
+  def self.verify_compaction_references(toward: nil, double_heap: false)
+    Primitive.gc_verify_compaction_references(double_heap, toward == :empty)
+  end
+end
+
+module ObjectSpace
+  def garbage_collect full_mark: true, immediate_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true
+    Primitive.gc_start_internal full_mark, immediate_mark, immediate_sweep, false
+  end
+
+  module_function :garbage_collect
+end
diff --git a/gem_prelude.rb b/gem_prelude.rb
index be9c41933c..c4debb6509 100644
--- a/gem_prelude.rb
+++ b/gem_prelude.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-if defined?(Gem)
-  require 'rubygems.rb'
-  begin
-    gem 'did_you_mean'
-    require 'did_you_mean'
-  rescue Gem::LoadError, LoadError
-  end if defined?(DidYouMean)
-end
+begin
+  require 'rubygems'
+rescue LoadError
+  warn "`RubyGems' were not loaded."
+end if defined?(Gem)
+
+begin
+  require 'did_you_mean'
+rescue LoadError
+  warn "`did_you_mean' was not loaded."
+end if defined?(DidYouMean)
diff --git a/gems/bundled_gems b/gems/bundled_gems
index 3c17db2674..4eda5f919a 100644
--- a/gems/bundled_gems
+++ b/gems/bundled_gems
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-did_you_mean 1.1.0
-minitest 5.10.1
-net-telnet 0.1.1
-power_assert 0.4.1
-rake 12.0.0
-test-unit 3.2.3
-xmlrpc 0.2.1
+# gem-name version-to-bundle repository-url [optional-commit-hash-to-test-or-defaults-to-v-version]
+minitest 5.14.2 https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest
+power_assert 1.2.0 https://github.com/ruby/power_assert
+rake 13.0.3 https://github.com/ruby/rake
+test-unit 3.3.7 https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit 3.3.7
+rexml 3.2.5 https://github.com/ruby/rexml
+rss 0.2.9 https://github.com/ruby/rss 0.2.9
+typeprof 0.15.2 https://github.com/ruby/typeprof
+rbs 1.4.0 https://github.com/ruby/rbs
diff --git a/golf_prelude.rb b/golf_prelude.rb
index 8034601287..a13d3f71bc 100644
--- a/golf_prelude.rb
+++ b/golf_prelude.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Object
   @@golf_hash = {}
 
+  verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
   def method_missing m, *a, &b
     t = @@golf_hash[ [m, self.class] ] ||= matching_methods(m)[0]
     if t && b
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ class Object
       t ? __send__(t, *a, &b) : super
     end
   end
+  $VERBOSE = verbose
 
   def matching_methods(s = '', m = callable_methods)
     r = /^#{s.to_s.gsub(/./){"(.*?)" + Regexp.escape($&)}}/
@@ -50,6 +52,11 @@ class Object
     puts "#{a}ello, #{b}orld#{c}"
   end
 
+  def f(m = 100)
+    1.upto(m){|n|puts'FizzBuzz
+'[i=n**4%-15,i+13]||n}
+  end
+
   alias say puts
 
   def do_while
@@ -85,7 +92,7 @@ class String
     split('')
   end
 
-  (Array.instance_methods - instance_methods - [:to_ary, :transpose, :flatten, :flatten!, :compact, :compact!, :assoc, :rassoc]).each{|meth|
+  (Array.instance_methods - instance_methods - %i[to_ary transpose flatten flatten! compact compact! assoc rassoc]).each{|meth|
     eval "
     def #{meth}(*args, &block)
       a = to_a
diff --git a/goruby.c b/goruby.c
index 5ac4c96d12..e4119c56f7 100644
--- a/goruby.c
+++ b/goruby.c
@@ -35,7 +35,11 @@ goruby_options(int argc, char **argv)
     if ((isatty(0) && isatty(1) && isatty(2)) && (pipe(rw) == 0)) {
 	ssize_t n;
 	infd = dup(0);
-	if (infd < 0) return NULL;
+	if (infd < 0) {
+	    close(rw[0]);
+	    close(rw[1]);
+	    goto no_irb;
+	}
 	dup2(rw[0], 0);
 	close(rw[0]);
 	n = write(rw[1], cmd, sizeof(cmd) - 1);
@@ -45,9 +49,8 @@ goruby_options(int argc, char **argv)
 	close(infd);
 	return ret;
     }
-    else {
-	return ruby_options(argc, argv);
-    }
+  no_irb:
+    return ruby_options(argc, argv);
 }
 
 int
diff --git a/hash.c b/hash.c
index 4a28b86bae..17d4186acf 100644
--- a/hash.c
+++ b/hash.c
@@ -11,13 +11,9 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
-#include "probes.h"
-#include "id.h"
-#include "symbol.h"
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 # ifdef HAVE_CRT_EXTERNS_H
@@ -27,13 +23,42 @@
 # endif
 #endif
 
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/cont.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/time.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "probes.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
+#include "transient_heap.h"
+
+#ifndef HASH_DEBUG
+#define HASH_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#if HASH_DEBUG
+#include "gc.h"
+#endif
+
 #define HAS_EXTRA_STATES(hash, klass) ( \
     ((klass = has_extra_methods(rb_obj_class(hash))) != 0) || \
-    FL_TEST((hash), FL_EXIVAR|FL_TAINT|HASH_PROC_DEFAULT) || \
+    FL_TEST((hash), FL_EXIVAR|RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT) || \
     !NIL_P(RHASH_IFNONE(hash)))
 
 #define SET_DEFAULT(hash, ifnone) ( \
-    FL_UNSET_RAW(hash, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT), \
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT), \
     RHASH_SET_IFNONE(hash, ifnone))
 
 #define SET_PROC_DEFAULT(hash, proc) set_proc_default(hash, proc)
@@ -43,9 +68,9 @@
 static inline void
 copy_default(struct RHash *hash, const struct RHash *hash2)
 {
-    hash->basic.flags &= ~HASH_PROC_DEFAULT;
-    hash->basic.flags |= hash2->basic.flags & HASH_PROC_DEFAULT;
-    RHASH_SET_IFNONE(hash, RHASH_IFNONE(hash2));
+    hash->basic.flags &= ~RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT;
+    hash->basic.flags |= hash2->basic.flags & RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT;
+    RHASH_SET_IFNONE(hash, RHASH_IFNONE((VALUE)hash2));
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -81,13 +106,8 @@ rb_hash_freeze(VALUE hash)
 VALUE rb_cHash;
 
 static VALUE envtbl;
-static ID id_hash, id_yield, id_default, id_flatten_bang;
-
-VALUE
-rb_hash_ifnone(VALUE h)
-{
-    return RHASH_IFNONE(h);
-}
+static ID id_hash, id_default, id_flatten_bang;
+static ID id_hash_iter_lev;
 
 VALUE
 rb_hash_set_ifnone(VALUE hash, VALUE ifnone)
@@ -100,9 +120,6 @@ static int
 rb_any_cmp(VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     if (a == b) return 0;
-    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b)) {
-	return a != b;
-    }
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a, T_STRING) && RBASIC(a)->klass == rb_cString &&
 	RB_TYPE_P(b, T_STRING) && RBASIC(b)->klass == rb_cString) {
 	return rb_str_hash_cmp(a, b);
@@ -125,7 +142,11 @@ hash_recursive(VALUE obj, VALUE arg, int recurse)
 VALUE
 rb_hash(VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE hval = rb_exec_recursive_outer(hash_recursive, obj, 0);
+    VALUE hval = rb_check_funcall_basic_kw(obj, id_hash, rb_mKernel, 0, 0, 0);
+
+    if (hval == Qundef) {
+	hval = rb_exec_recursive_outer(hash_recursive, obj, 0);
+    }
 
     while (!FIXNUM_P(hval)) {
         if (RB_TYPE_P(hval, T_BIGNUM)) {
@@ -133,17 +154,27 @@ rb_hash(VALUE obj)
             unsigned long ul;
             sign = rb_integer_pack(hval, &ul, 1, sizeof(ul), 0,
                     INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER);
-            ul &= (1UL << (sizeof(long)*CHAR_BIT-1)) - 1;
-            if (sign < 0)
-                return LONG2FIX(-(long)ul);
-            return LONG2FIX((long)ul);
+            if (sign < 0) {
+                hval = LONG2FIX(ul | FIXNUM_MIN);
+            }
+            else {
+                hval = LONG2FIX(ul & FIXNUM_MAX);
+            }
         }
 	hval = rb_to_int(hval);
     }
     return hval;
 }
 
-long rb_objid_hash(st_index_t index);
+static long rb_objid_hash(st_index_t index);
+
+static st_index_t
+dbl_to_index(double d)
+{
+    union {double d; st_index_t i;} u;
+    u.d = d;
+    return u.i;
+}
 
 long
 rb_dbl_long_hash(double d)
@@ -153,12 +184,7 @@ rb_dbl_long_hash(double d)
 #if SIZEOF_INT == SIZEOF_VOIDP
     return rb_memhash(&d, sizeof(d));
 #else
-    {
-	union {double d; uint64_t i;} u;
-
-	u.d = d;
-	return rb_objid_hash(rb_hash_start(u.i));
-    }
+    return rb_objid_hash(dbl_to_index(d));
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -168,38 +194,40 @@ any_hash(VALUE a, st_index_t (*other_func)(VALUE))
     VALUE hval;
     st_index_t hnum;
 
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) {
+    switch (TYPE(a)) {
+      case T_SYMBOL:
 	if (STATIC_SYM_P(a)) {
-	    hnum = a >> (RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT + ID_SCOPE_SHIFT);
-	    hnum = rb_hash_start(hnum);
-	    goto out;
-	}
-	else if (FLONUM_P(a)) {
-	    /* prevent pathological behavior: [Bug #10761] */
-	    goto flt;
-	}
+            hnum = a >> (RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT + ID_SCOPE_SHIFT);
+            hnum = rb_hash_start(hnum);
+        }
+        else {
+            hnum = RSYMBOL(a)->hashval;
+        }
+        break;
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_TRUE:
+      case T_FALSE:
+      case T_NIL:
 	hnum = rb_objid_hash((st_index_t)a);
-    }
-    else if (BUILTIN_TYPE(a) == T_STRING) {
+        break;
+      case T_STRING:
 	hnum = rb_str_hash(a);
-    }
-    else if (BUILTIN_TYPE(a) == T_SYMBOL) {
-	hnum = RSYMBOL(a)->hashval;
-    }
-    else if (BUILTIN_TYPE(a) == T_BIGNUM) {
+        break;
+      case T_BIGNUM:
 	hval = rb_big_hash(a);
 	hnum = FIX2LONG(hval);
-    }
-    else if (BUILTIN_TYPE(a) == T_FLOAT) {
-      flt:
+        break;
+      case T_FLOAT: /* prevent pathological behavior: [Bug #10761] */
 	hnum = rb_dbl_long_hash(rb_float_value(a));
-    }
-    else {
+        break;
+      default:
 	hnum = other_func(a);
     }
-  out:
-    hnum <<= 1;
-    return (long)RSHIFT(hnum, 1);
+    if ((SIGNED_VALUE)hnum > 0)
+	hnum &= FIXNUM_MAX;
+    else
+	hnum |= FIXNUM_MIN;
+    return (long)hnum;
 }
 
 static st_index_t
@@ -221,14 +249,14 @@ rb_any_hash(VALUE a)
 
 /* Here we two primes with random bit generation.  */
 static const uint64_t prime1 = ((uint64_t)0x2e0bb864 << 32) | 0xe9ea7df5;
-static const uint64_t prime2 = ((uint64_t)0xcdb32970 << 32) | 0x830fcaa1;
+static const uint32_t prime2 = 0x830fcab9;
 
 
 static inline uint64_t
 mult_and_mix(uint64_t m1, uint64_t m2)
 {
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && UINT_MAX != ULONG_MAX
-    __uint128_t r = (__uint128_t) m1 * (__uint128_t) m2;
+#if defined HAVE_UINT128_T
+    uint128_t r = (uint128_t) m1 * (uint128_t) m2;
     return (uint64_t) (r >> 64) ^ (uint64_t) r;
 #else
     uint64_t hm1 = m1 >> 32, hm2 = m2 >> 32;
@@ -247,18 +275,51 @@ key64_hash(uint64_t key, uint32_t seed)
     return mult_and_mix(key + seed, prime1);
 }
 
-long
+/* Should cast down the result for each purpose */
+#define st_index_hash(index) key64_hash(rb_hash_start(index), prime2)
+
+static long
 rb_objid_hash(st_index_t index)
 {
-    return (long)key64_hash(rb_hash_start(index), (uint32_t)prime2);
+    return (long)st_index_hash(index);
 }
 
 static st_index_t
 objid_hash(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_objid_hash((st_index_t)obj);
+    VALUE object_id = rb_obj_id(obj);
+    if (!FIXNUM_P(object_id))
+        object_id = rb_big_hash(object_id);
+
+#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
+    return (st_index_t)st_index_hash((st_index_t)NUM2LONG(object_id));
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
+    return (st_index_t)st_index_hash((st_index_t)NUM2LL(object_id));
+#endif
 }
 
+/**
+ * call-seq:
+ *    obj.hash    -> integer
+ *
+ * Generates an Integer hash value for this object.  This function must have the
+ * property that <code>a.eql?(b)</code> implies <code>a.hash == b.hash</code>.
+ *
+ * The hash value is used along with #eql? by the Hash class to determine if
+ * two objects reference the same hash key.  Any hash value that exceeds the
+ * capacity of an Integer will be truncated before being used.
+ *
+ * The hash value for an object may not be identical across invocations or
+ * implementations of Ruby.  If you need a stable identifier across Ruby
+ * invocations and implementations you will need to generate one with a custom
+ * method.
+ *
+ * Certain core classes such as Integer use built-in hash calculations and
+ * do not call the #hash method when used as a hash key.
+ *--
+ * \private
+ *++
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_hash(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -266,12 +327,6 @@ rb_obj_hash(VALUE obj)
     return ST2FIX(hnum);
 }
 
-int
-rb_hash_iter_lev(VALUE h)
-{
-    return RHASH_ITER_LEV(h);
-}
-
 static const struct st_hash_type objhash = {
     rb_any_cmp,
     rb_any_hash,
@@ -289,18 +344,964 @@ rb_ident_hash(st_data_t n)
      *   many integers get interpreted as 2.0 or -2.0 [Bug #10761]
      */
     if (FLONUM_P(n)) {
-	n ^= (st_data_t)rb_float_value(n);
+        n ^= dbl_to_index(rb_float_value(n));
     }
 #endif
 
-    return (st_index_t)key64_hash(rb_hash_start((st_index_t)n), (uint32_t)prime2);
+    return (st_index_t)st_index_hash((st_index_t)n);
 }
 
-static const struct st_hash_type identhash = {
+#define identhash rb_hashtype_ident
+const struct st_hash_type rb_hashtype_ident = {
     rb_ident_cmp,
     rb_ident_hash,
 };
 
+typedef st_index_t st_hash_t;
+
+/*
+ * RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h):
+ * * as.ar == NULL or
+ *   as.ar points ar_table.
+ * * as.ar is allocated by transient heap or xmalloc.
+ *
+ * !RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h):
+ * * as.st points st_table.
+ */
+
+#define RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND     RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE
+
+#define RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, n) (&RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash)->pairs[n])
+#define RHASH_AR_CLEARED_HINT 0xff
+
+typedef struct ar_table_pair_struct {
+    VALUE key;
+    VALUE val;
+} ar_table_pair;
+
+typedef struct ar_table_struct {
+    /* 64bit CPU: 8B * 2 * 8 = 128B */
+    ar_table_pair pairs[RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE];
+} ar_table;
+
+size_t
+rb_hash_ar_table_size(void)
+{
+    return sizeof(ar_table);
+}
+
+static inline st_hash_t
+ar_do_hash(st_data_t key)
+{
+    return (st_hash_t)rb_any_hash(key);
+}
+
+static inline ar_hint_t
+ar_do_hash_hint(st_hash_t hash_value)
+{
+    return (ar_hint_t)hash_value;
+}
+
+static inline ar_hint_t
+ar_hint(VALUE hash, unsigned int index)
+{
+    return RHASH(hash)->ar_hint.ary[index];
+}
+
+static inline void
+ar_hint_set_hint(VALUE hash, unsigned int index, ar_hint_t hint)
+{
+    RHASH(hash)->ar_hint.ary[index] = hint;
+}
+
+static inline void
+ar_hint_set(VALUE hash, unsigned int index, st_hash_t hash_value)
+{
+    ar_hint_set_hint(hash, index, ar_do_hash_hint(hash_value));
+}
+
+static inline void
+ar_clear_entry(VALUE hash, unsigned int index)
+{
+    ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, index);
+    pair->key = Qundef;
+    ar_hint_set_hint(hash, index, RHASH_AR_CLEARED_HINT);
+}
+
+static inline int
+ar_cleared_entry(VALUE hash, unsigned int index)
+{
+    if (ar_hint(hash, index) == RHASH_AR_CLEARED_HINT) {
+        /* RHASH_AR_CLEARED_HINT is only a hint, not mean cleared entry,
+         * so you need to check key == Qundef
+         */
+        ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, index);
+        return pair->key == Qundef;
+    }
+    else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+ar_set_entry(VALUE hash, unsigned int index, st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_hash_t hash_value)
+{
+    ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, index);
+    pair->key = key;
+    pair->val = val;
+    ar_hint_set(hash, index, hash_value);
+}
+
+#define RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(h) (HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h)), \
+                                RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_RAW(h))
+
+#define RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_RAW(h) \
+  ((unsigned int)((RBASIC(h)->flags >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SHIFT) & \
+                  (RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_MASK >> RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SHIFT)))
+
+#define RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(h) (HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h)), \
+                                 RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_RAW(h))
+
+#define RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(h, s)  rb_hash_st_table_set(h, s)
+#define RHASH_TYPE(hash) (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash) ? &objhash : RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash)->type)
+
+#define HASH_ASSERT(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(HASH_DEBUG, expr, #expr)
+
+#if HASH_DEBUG
+#define hash_verify(hash) hash_verify_(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+void
+rb_hash_dump(VALUE hash)
+{
+    rb_obj_info_dump(hash);
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        unsigned i, n = 0, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+
+        fprintf(stderr, "  size:%u bound:%u\n",
+                RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash), RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash));
+
+        for (i=0; i<bound; i++) {
+            st_data_t k, v;
+
+            if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                char b1[0x100], b2[0x100];
+                ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+                k = pair->key;
+                v = pair->val;
+                fprintf(stderr, "  %d key:%s val:%s hint:%02x\n", i,
+                        rb_raw_obj_info(b1, 0x100, k),
+                        rb_raw_obj_info(b2, 0x100, v),
+                        ar_hint(hash, i));
+                n++;
+            }
+            else {
+                fprintf(stderr, "  %d empty\n", i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+hash_verify_(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH));
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        unsigned i, n = 0, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+
+        for (i=0; i<bound; i++) {
+            st_data_t k, v;
+            if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+                k = pair->key;
+                v = pair->val;
+                HASH_ASSERT(k != Qundef);
+                HASH_ASSERT(v != Qundef);
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        if (n != RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash)) {
+            rb_bug("n:%u, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE:%u", n, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash) != NULL);
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_RAW(hash) == 0);
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_RAW(hash) == 0);
+    }
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    if (RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash)) {
+        volatile st_data_t MAYBE_UNUSED(key) = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, 0)->key; /* read */
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash) != NULL);
+        HASH_ASSERT(rb_transient_heap_managed_ptr_p(RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash)));
+    }
+#endif
+    return hash;
+}
+
+#else
+#define hash_verify(h) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+static inline int
+RHASH_TABLE_NULL_P(VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (RHASH(hash)->as.ar == NULL) {
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash));
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int
+RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(VALUE hash)
+{
+    return RHASH_SIZE(hash) == 0;
+}
+
+int
+rb_hash_ar_table_p(VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (FL_TEST_RAW((hash), RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG)) {
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH(hash)->as.st != NULL);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    else {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+ar_table *
+rb_hash_ar_table(VALUE hash)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash));
+    return RHASH(hash)->as.ar;
+}
+
+st_table *
+rb_hash_st_table(VALUE hash)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash));
+    return RHASH(hash)->as.st;
+}
+
+void
+rb_hash_st_table_set(VALUE hash, st_table *st)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(st != NULL);
+    FL_SET_RAW((hash), RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG);
+    RHASH(hash)->as.st = st;
+}
+
+static void
+hash_ar_table_set(VALUE hash, ar_table *ar)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash));
+    HASH_ASSERT((RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash) && ar == NULL) ? FALSE : TRUE);
+    RHASH(hash)->as.ar = ar;
+    hash_verify(hash);
+}
+
+#define RHASH_SET_ST_FLAG(h)          FL_SET_RAW(h, RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG)
+#define RHASH_UNSET_ST_FLAG(h)        FL_UNSET_RAW(h, RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG)
+
+static inline void
+RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(VALUE h, st_index_t n)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h));
+    HASH_ASSERT(n <= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND);
+
+    RBASIC(h)->flags &= ~RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_MASK;
+    RBASIC(h)->flags |= n << RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SHIFT;
+}
+
+static inline void
+RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(VALUE h, st_index_t n)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h));
+    HASH_ASSERT(n <= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE);
+
+    RBASIC(h)->flags &= ~RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_MASK;
+    RBASIC(h)->flags |= n << RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SHIFT;
+}
+
+static inline void
+HASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_ADD(VALUE h, st_index_t n)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h));
+
+    RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(h, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(h) + n);
+
+    hash_verify(h);
+}
+
+#define RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_INC(h) HASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_ADD(h, 1)
+
+static inline void
+RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(VALUE h)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h));
+    int new_size = RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(h) - 1;
+
+    if (new_size != 0) {
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(h, new_size);
+    }
+    else {
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(h, 0);
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(h, 0);
+    }
+    hash_verify(h);
+}
+
+static inline void
+RHASH_AR_TABLE_CLEAR(VALUE h)
+{
+    RBASIC(h)->flags &= ~RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_MASK;
+    RBASIC(h)->flags &= ~RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_MASK;
+
+    hash_ar_table_set(h, NULL);
+}
+
+static ar_table*
+ar_alloc_table(VALUE hash)
+{
+    ar_table *tab = (ar_table*)rb_transient_heap_alloc(hash, sizeof(ar_table));
+
+    if (tab != NULL) {
+        RHASH_SET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(hash);
+    }
+    else {
+        RHASH_UNSET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(hash);
+        tab = (ar_table*)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(ar_table));
+    }
+
+    RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(hash, 0);
+    RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(hash, 0);
+    hash_ar_table_set(hash, tab);
+
+    return tab;
+}
+
+NOINLINE(static int ar_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y));
+
+static int
+ar_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return rb_any_cmp(x, y) == 0;
+}
+
+static unsigned
+ar_find_entry_hint(VALUE hash, ar_hint_t hint, st_data_t key)
+{
+    unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+    const ar_hint_t *hints = RHASH(hash)->ar_hint.ary;
+
+    /* if table is NULL, then bound also should be 0 */
+
+    for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+        if (hints[i] == hint) {
+            ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+            if (ar_equal(key, pair->key)) {
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(artable_hint_hit);
+                return i;
+            }
+            else {
+#if 0
+                static int pid;
+                static char fname[256];
+                static FILE *fp;
+
+                if (pid != getpid()) {
+                    snprintf(fname, sizeof(fname), "/tmp/ruby-armiss.%d", pid = getpid());
+                    if ((fp = fopen(fname, "w")) == NULL) rb_bug("fopen");
+                }
+
+                st_hash_t h1 = ar_do_hash(key);
+                st_hash_t h2 = ar_do_hash(pair->key);
+
+                fprintf(fp, "miss: hash_eq:%d hints[%d]:%02x hint:%02x\n"
+                            "      key      :%016lx %s\n"
+                            "      pair->key:%016lx %s\n",
+                        h1 == h2, i, hints[i], hint,
+                        h1, rb_obj_info(key), h2, rb_obj_info(pair->key));
+#endif
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(artable_hint_miss);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(artable_hint_notfound);
+    return RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND;
+}
+
+static unsigned
+ar_find_entry(VALUE hash, st_hash_t hash_value, st_data_t key)
+{
+    ar_hint_t hint = ar_do_hash_hint(hash_value);
+    return ar_find_entry_hint(hash, hint, key);
+}
+
+static inline void
+ar_free_and_clear_table(VALUE hash)
+{
+    ar_table *tab = RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash);
+
+    if (tab) {
+        if (RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash)) {
+            RHASH_UNSET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(hash);
+        }
+        else {
+            ruby_xfree(RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash));
+        }
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_CLEAR(hash);
+    }
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) == 0);
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash) == 0);
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash) == 0);
+}
+
+static void
+ar_try_convert_table(VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) return;
+
+    const unsigned size = RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash);
+
+    st_table *new_tab;
+    st_index_t i;
+
+    if (size < RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    new_tab = st_init_table_with_size(&objhash, size * 2);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND; i++) {
+        ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+        st_add_direct(new_tab, pair->key, pair->val);
+    }
+    ar_free_and_clear_table(hash);
+    RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(hash, new_tab);
+    return;
+}
+
+static st_table *
+ar_force_convert_table(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    st_table *new_tab;
+
+    if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        return RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
+    }
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash)) {
+        unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+
+#if RHASH_CONVERT_TABLE_DEBUG
+        rb_obj_info_dump(hash);
+        fprintf(stderr, "force_convert: %s:%d\n", file, line);
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_force_convert);
+#endif
+
+        new_tab = st_init_table_with_size(&objhash, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash));
+
+        for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+            if (ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) continue;
+
+            ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+            st_add_direct(new_tab, pair->key, pair->val);
+        }
+        ar_free_and_clear_table(hash);
+    }
+    else {
+        new_tab = st_init_table(&objhash);
+    }
+    RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(hash, new_tab);
+
+    return new_tab;
+}
+
+static ar_table *
+hash_ar_table(VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (RHASH_TABLE_NULL_P(hash)) {
+        ar_alloc_table(hash);
+    }
+    return RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash);
+}
+
+static int
+ar_compact_table(VALUE hash)
+{
+    const unsigned bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+    const unsigned size = RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash);
+
+    if (size == bound) {
+        return size;
+    }
+    else {
+        unsigned i, j=0;
+        ar_table_pair *pairs = RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash)->pairs;
+
+        for (i=0; i<bound; i++) {
+            if (ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                if (j <= i) j = i+1;
+                for (; j<bound; j++) {
+                    if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, j)) {
+                        pairs[i] = pairs[j];
+                        ar_hint_set_hint(hash, i, (st_hash_t)ar_hint(hash, j));
+                        ar_clear_entry(hash, j);
+                        j++;
+                        goto found;
+                    }
+                }
+                /* non-empty is not found */
+                goto done;
+              found:;
+            }
+        }
+      done:
+        HASH_ASSERT(i<=bound);
+
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(hash, size);
+        hash_verify(hash);
+        return size;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+ar_add_direct_with_hash(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_hash_t hash_value)
+{
+    unsigned bin = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) >= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (UNLIKELY(bin >= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND)) {
+            bin = ar_compact_table(hash);
+            hash_ar_table(hash);
+        }
+        HASH_ASSERT(bin < RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND);
+
+        ar_set_entry(hash, bin, key, val, hash_value);
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(hash, bin+1);
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_INC(hash);
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+ar_general_foreach(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_update_callback_func *replace, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) > 0) {
+        unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+            if (ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) continue;
+
+            ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+            enum st_retval retval = (*func)(pair->key, pair->val, arg, 0);
+            /* pair may be not valid here because of theap */
+
+            switch (retval) {
+              case ST_CONTINUE:
+                break;
+              case ST_CHECK:
+              case ST_STOP:
+                return 0;
+              case ST_REPLACE:
+                if (replace) {
+                    VALUE key = pair->key;
+                    VALUE val = pair->val;
+                    retval = (*replace)(&key, &val, arg, TRUE);
+
+                    // TODO: pair should be same as pair before.
+                    ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+                    pair->key = key;
+                    pair->val = val;
+                }
+                break;
+              case ST_DELETE:
+                ar_clear_entry(hash, i);
+                RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(hash);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+ar_foreach_with_replace(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_update_callback_func *replace, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    return ar_general_foreach(hash, func, replace, arg);
+}
+
+struct functor {
+    st_foreach_callback_func *func;
+    st_data_t arg;
+};
+
+static int
+apply_functor(st_data_t k, st_data_t v, st_data_t d, int _)
+{
+    const struct functor *f = (void *)d;
+    return f->func(k, v, f->arg);
+}
+
+static int
+ar_foreach(VALUE hash, st_foreach_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    const struct functor f = { func, arg };
+    return ar_general_foreach(hash, apply_functor, NULL, (st_data_t)&f);
+}
+
+static int
+ar_foreach_check(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg,
+                     st_data_t never)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) > 0) {
+        unsigned i, ret = 0, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+        enum st_retval retval;
+        st_data_t key;
+        ar_table_pair *pair;
+        ar_hint_t hint;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+            if (ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) continue;
+
+            pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+            key = pair->key;
+            hint = ar_hint(hash, i);
+
+            retval = (*func)(key, pair->val, arg, 0);
+            hash_verify(hash);
+
+            switch (retval) {
+              case ST_CHECK: {
+                  pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+                  if (pair->key == never) break;
+                  ret = ar_find_entry_hint(hash, hint, key);
+                  if (ret == RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) {
+                      retval = (*func)(0, 0, arg, 1);
+                      return 2;
+                  }
+              }
+              case ST_CONTINUE:
+                break;
+              case ST_STOP:
+              case ST_REPLACE:
+                return 0;
+              case ST_DELETE: {
+                  if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                      ar_clear_entry(hash, i);
+                      RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(hash);
+                  }
+                  break;
+              }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+ar_update(VALUE hash, st_data_t key,
+              st_update_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    int retval, existing;
+    unsigned bin = RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND;
+    st_data_t value = 0, old_key;
+    st_hash_t hash_value = ar_do_hash(key);
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash))) {
+        // `#hash` changes ar_table -> st_table
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) > 0) {
+        bin = ar_find_entry(hash, hash_value, key);
+        existing = (bin != RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+    }
+    else {
+        hash_ar_table(hash); /* allocate ltbl if needed */
+        existing = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (existing) {
+        ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, bin);
+        key = pair->key;
+        value = pair->val;
+    }
+    old_key = key;
+    retval = (*func)(&key, &value, arg, existing);
+    /* pair can be invalid here because of theap */
+
+    switch (retval) {
+      case ST_CONTINUE:
+        if (!existing) {
+            if (ar_add_direct_with_hash(hash, key, value, hash_value)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, bin);
+            if (old_key != key) {
+                pair->key = key;
+            }
+            pair->val = value;
+        }
+        break;
+      case ST_DELETE:
+        if (existing) {
+            ar_clear_entry(hash, bin);
+            RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(hash);
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    return existing;
+}
+
+static int
+ar_insert(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_data_t value)
+{
+    unsigned bin = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+    st_hash_t hash_value = ar_do_hash(key);
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash))) {
+        // `#hash` changes ar_table -> st_table
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    hash_ar_table(hash); /* prepare ltbl */
+
+    bin = ar_find_entry(hash, hash_value, key);
+    if (bin == RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) {
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) >= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else if (bin >= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) {
+            bin = ar_compact_table(hash);
+            hash_ar_table(hash);
+        }
+        HASH_ASSERT(bin < RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND);
+
+        ar_set_entry(hash, bin, key, value, hash_value);
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(hash, bin+1);
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_INC(hash);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, bin)->val = value;
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+ar_lookup(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_data_t *value)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        st_hash_t hash_value = ar_do_hash(key);
+        if (UNLIKELY(!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash))) {
+            // `#hash` changes ar_table -> st_table
+            return st_lookup(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), key, value);
+        }
+        unsigned bin = ar_find_entry(hash, hash_value, key);
+
+        if (bin == RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            HASH_ASSERT(bin < RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND);
+            if (value != NULL) {
+                *value = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, bin)->val;
+            }
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+ar_delete(VALUE hash, st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value)
+{
+    unsigned bin;
+    st_hash_t hash_value = ar_do_hash(*key);
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash))) {
+        // `#hash` changes ar_table -> st_table
+        return st_delete(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), key, value);
+    }
+
+    bin = ar_find_entry(hash, hash_value, *key);
+
+    if (bin == RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) {
+        if (value != 0) *value = 0;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (value != 0) {
+            ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, bin);
+            *value = pair->val;
+        }
+        ar_clear_entry(hash, bin);
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(hash);
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+ar_shift(VALUE hash, st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) > 0) {
+        unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+            if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+                if (value != 0) *value = pair->val;
+                *key = pair->key;
+                ar_clear_entry(hash, i);
+                RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(hash);
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (value != NULL) *value = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static long
+ar_keys(VALUE hash, st_data_t *keys, st_index_t size)
+{
+    unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+    st_data_t *keys_start = keys, *keys_end = keys + size;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+        if (keys == keys_end) {
+          break;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                *keys++ = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i)->key;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return keys - keys_start;
+}
+
+static long
+ar_values(VALUE hash, st_data_t *values, st_index_t size)
+{
+    unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+    st_data_t *values_start = values, *values_end = values + size;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+        if (values == values_end) {
+          break;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                *values++ = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i)->val;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return values - values_start;
+}
+
+static ar_table*
+ar_copy(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2)
+{
+    ar_table *old_tab = RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash2);
+
+    if (old_tab != NULL) {
+        ar_table *new_tab = RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash1);
+        if (new_tab == NULL) {
+            new_tab = (ar_table*) rb_transient_heap_alloc(hash1, sizeof(ar_table));
+            if (new_tab != NULL) {
+                RHASH_SET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(hash1);
+            }
+            else {
+                RHASH_UNSET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(hash1);
+                new_tab = (ar_table*)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(ar_table));
+            }
+        }
+        *new_tab = *old_tab;
+        RHASH(hash1)->ar_hint.word = RHASH(hash2)->ar_hint.word;
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(hash1, RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash2));
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(hash1, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash2));
+        hash_ar_table_set(hash1, new_tab);
+
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(hash1);
+        return new_tab;
+    }
+    else {
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(hash1, RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash2));
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(hash1, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash2));
+
+        if (RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash1)) {
+            RHASH_UNSET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(hash1);
+        }
+        else if (RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash1)) {
+            ruby_xfree(RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash1));
+        }
+
+        hash_ar_table_set(hash1, NULL);
+
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(hash1);
+        return old_tab;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ar_clear(VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash) != NULL) {
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SET(hash, 0);
+        RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SET(hash, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) == 0);
+        HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+void
+rb_hash_transient_heap_evacuate(VALUE hash, int promote)
+{
+    if (RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash)) {
+        ar_table *new_tab;
+        ar_table *old_tab = RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash);
+
+        if (UNLIKELY(old_tab == NULL)) {
+            rb_gc_force_recycle(hash);
+            return;
+        }
+        HASH_ASSERT(old_tab != NULL);
+        if (! promote) {
+            new_tab = rb_transient_heap_alloc(hash, sizeof(ar_table));
+            if (new_tab == NULL) promote = true;
+        }
+        if (promote) {
+            new_tab = ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(ar_table));
+            RHASH_UNSET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(hash);
+        }
+        *new_tab = *old_tab;
+        hash_ar_table_set(hash, new_tab);
+    }
+    hash_verify(hash);
+}
+#endif
+
 typedef int st_foreach_func(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t);
 
 struct foreach_safe_arg {
@@ -324,7 +1325,7 @@ foreach_safe_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t args, int error)
 }
 
 void
-st_foreach_safe(st_table *table, int (*func)(ANYARGS), st_data_t a)
+st_foreach_safe(st_table *table, st_foreach_func *func, st_data_t a)
 {
     struct foreach_safe_arg arg;
 
@@ -345,6 +1346,27 @@ struct hash_foreach_arg {
 };
 
 static int
+hash_ar_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
+{
+    struct hash_foreach_arg *arg = (struct hash_foreach_arg *)argp;
+    int status;
+
+    if (error) return ST_STOP;
+    status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
+    /* TODO: rehash check? rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration"); */
+
+    switch (status) {
+      case ST_DELETE:
+        return ST_DELETE;
+      case ST_CONTINUE:
+        break;
+      case ST_STOP:
+        return ST_STOP;
+    }
+    return ST_CHECK;
+}
+
+static int
 hash_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
 {
     struct hash_foreach_arg *arg = (struct hash_foreach_arg *)argp;
@@ -352,14 +1374,13 @@ hash_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
     st_table *tbl;
 
     if (error) return ST_STOP;
-    tbl = RHASH(arg->hash)->ntbl;
+    tbl = RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg->hash);
     status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
-    if (RHASH(arg->hash)->ntbl != tbl) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration");
+    if (RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg->hash) != tbl) {
+    	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration");
     }
     switch (status) {
       case ST_DELETE:
-	FL_SET(arg->hash, HASH_DELETED);
 	return ST_DELETE;
       case ST_CONTINUE:
 	break;
@@ -369,47 +1390,142 @@ hash_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
     return ST_CHECK;
 }
 
+static int
+iter_lev_in_ivar(VALUE hash)
+{
+    VALUE levval = rb_ivar_get(hash, id_hash_iter_lev);
+    HASH_ASSERT(FIXNUM_P(levval));
+    return FIX2INT(levval);
+}
+
+void rb_ivar_set_internal(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE val);
+
+static void
+iter_lev_in_ivar_set(VALUE hash, int lev)
+{
+    rb_ivar_set_internal(hash, id_hash_iter_lev, INT2FIX(lev));
+}
+
+static int
+iter_lev_in_flags(VALUE hash)
+{
+    unsigned int u = (unsigned int)((RBASIC(hash)->flags >> RHASH_LEV_SHIFT) & RHASH_LEV_MAX);
+    return (int)u;
+}
+
+static int
+RHASH_ITER_LEV(VALUE hash)
+{
+    int lev = iter_lev_in_flags(hash);
+
+    if (lev == RHASH_LEV_MAX) {
+        return iter_lev_in_ivar(hash);
+    }
+    else {
+        return lev;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+hash_iter_lev_inc(VALUE hash)
+{
+    int lev = iter_lev_in_flags(hash);
+    if (lev == RHASH_LEV_MAX) {
+        lev = iter_lev_in_ivar(hash);
+        iter_lev_in_ivar_set(hash, lev+1);
+    }
+    else {
+        lev += 1;
+        RBASIC(hash)->flags = ((RBASIC(hash)->flags & ~RHASH_LEV_MASK) | ((VALUE)lev << RHASH_LEV_SHIFT));
+        if (lev == RHASH_LEV_MAX) {
+            iter_lev_in_ivar_set(hash, lev);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+hash_iter_lev_dec(VALUE hash)
+{
+    int lev = iter_lev_in_flags(hash);
+    if (lev == RHASH_LEV_MAX) {
+        lev = iter_lev_in_ivar(hash);
+        HASH_ASSERT(lev > 0);
+        iter_lev_in_ivar_set(hash, lev-1);
+    }
+    else {
+        HASH_ASSERT(lev > 0);
+        RBASIC(hash)->flags = ((RBASIC(hash)->flags & ~RHASH_LEV_MASK) | ((lev-1) << RHASH_LEV_SHIFT));
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
 hash_foreach_ensure_rollback(VALUE hash)
 {
-    RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash)++;
+    hash_iter_lev_inc(hash);
     return 0;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 hash_foreach_ensure(VALUE hash)
 {
-    if (--RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) == 0) {
-	if (FL_TEST(hash, HASH_DELETED)) {
-	    st_cleanup_safe(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, (st_data_t)Qundef);
-	    FL_UNSET(hash, HASH_DELETED);
-	}
-    }
+    hash_iter_lev_dec(hash);
     return 0;
 }
 
+int
+rb_hash_stlike_foreach(VALUE hash, st_foreach_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        return ar_foreach(hash, func, arg);
+    }
+    else {
+        return st_foreach(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), func, arg);
+    }
+}
+
+int
+rb_hash_stlike_foreach_with_replace(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_update_callback_func *replace, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        return ar_foreach_with_replace(hash, func, replace, arg);
+    }
+    else {
+        return st_foreach_with_replace(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), func, replace, arg);
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
 hash_foreach_call(VALUE arg)
 {
     VALUE hash = ((struct hash_foreach_arg *)arg)->hash;
-    if (st_foreach_check(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, hash_foreach_iter, (st_data_t)arg, (st_data_t)Qundef)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "hash modified during iteration");
+    int ret = 0;
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        ret = ar_foreach_check(hash, hash_ar_foreach_iter,
+                                   (st_data_t)arg, (st_data_t)Qundef);
+    }
+    else if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        ret = st_foreach_check(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), hash_foreach_iter,
+                               (st_data_t)arg, (st_data_t)Qundef);
+    }
+    if (ret) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "ret: %d, hash modified during iteration", ret);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 void
-rb_hash_foreach(VALUE hash, int (*func)(ANYARGS), VALUE farg)
+rb_hash_foreach(VALUE hash, rb_foreach_func *func, VALUE farg)
 {
     struct hash_foreach_arg arg;
 
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
+    if (RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash))
         return;
-    RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash)++;
+    hash_iter_lev_inc(hash);
     arg.hash = hash;
     arg.func = (rb_foreach_func *)func;
     arg.arg  = farg;
     rb_ensure(hash_foreach_call, (VALUE)&arg, hash_foreach_ensure, hash);
+    hash_verify(hash);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -443,60 +1559,82 @@ rb_hash_new(void)
     return hash_alloc(rb_cHash);
 }
 
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_hash_new_with_size(st_index_t size)
+{
+    VALUE ret = rb_hash_new();
+    if (size == 0) {
+        /* do nothing */
+    }
+    else if (size <= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE) {
+        ar_alloc_table(ret);
+    }
+    else {
+        RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(ret, st_init_table_with_size(&objhash, size));
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 static VALUE
-hash_dup(VALUE hash, VALUE klass, VALUE flags)
+hash_copy(VALUE ret, VALUE hash)
 {
-    VALUE ret = hash_alloc_flags(klass, flags,
-				 RHASH_IFNONE(hash));
-    if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash))
-	RHASH(ret)->ntbl = st_copy(RHASH(hash)->ntbl);
+    if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash))
+            ar_copy(ret, hash);
+        else if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash))
+            RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(ret, st_copy(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash)));
+    }
     return ret;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+hash_dup(VALUE hash, VALUE klass, VALUE flags)
+{
+    return hash_copy(hash_alloc_flags(klass, flags, RHASH_IFNONE(hash)),
+                     hash);
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_hash_dup(VALUE hash)
 {
     const VALUE flags = RBASIC(hash)->flags;
     VALUE ret = hash_dup(hash, rb_obj_class(hash),
-			 flags & (FL_EXIVAR|FL_TAINT|HASH_PROC_DEFAULT));
+                         flags & (FL_EXIVAR|RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT));
     if (flags & FL_EXIVAR)
         rb_copy_generic_ivar(ret, hash);
     return ret;
 }
 
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_hash_resurrect(VALUE hash)
+{
+    VALUE ret = hash_dup(hash, rb_cHash, 0);
+    return ret;
+}
+
 static void
 rb_hash_modify_check(VALUE hash)
 {
     rb_check_frozen(hash);
 }
 
-static struct st_table *
-hash_tbl(VALUE hash)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED struct st_table *
+rb_hash_tbl_raw(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
 {
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl) {
-        RHASH(hash)->ntbl = st_init_table(&objhash);
-    }
-    return RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
+    return ar_force_convert_table(hash, file, line);
 }
 
 struct st_table *
-rb_hash_tbl(VALUE hash)
+rb_hash_tbl(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
 {
     OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(hash);
-    return hash_tbl(hash);
-}
-
-struct st_table *
-rb_hash_tbl_raw(VALUE hash)
-{
-    return hash_tbl(hash);
+    return rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash, file, line);
 }
 
 static void
 rb_hash_modify(VALUE hash)
 {
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    hash_tbl(hash);
 }
 
 NORETURN(static void no_new_key(void));
@@ -536,6 +1674,22 @@ struct update_arg {
 
 typedef int (*tbl_update_func)(st_data_t *, st_data_t *, st_data_t, int);
 
+int
+rb_hash_stlike_update(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_update_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        int result = ar_update(hash, (st_data_t)key, func, arg);
+        if (result == -1) {
+            ar_try_convert_table(hash);
+        }
+        else {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return st_update(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), (st_data_t)key, func, arg);
+}
+
 static int
 tbl_update(VALUE hash, VALUE key, tbl_update_func func, st_data_t optional_arg)
 {
@@ -549,7 +1703,7 @@ tbl_update(VALUE hash, VALUE key, tbl_update_func func, st_data_t optional_arg)
     arg.new_value = 0;
     arg.old_value = Qundef;
 
-    result = st_update(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, (st_data_t)key, func, (st_data_t)&arg);
+    result = rb_hash_stlike_update(hash, key, func, (st_data_t)&arg);
 
     /* write barrier */
     if (arg.new_key)   RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, arg.old_key, arg.new_key);
@@ -579,43 +1733,39 @@ set_proc_default(VALUE hash, VALUE proc)
 	}
     }
 
-    FL_SET_RAW(hash, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT);
+    FL_SET_RAW(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT);
     RHASH_SET_IFNONE(hash, proc);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Hash.new                          -> new_hash
- *     Hash.new(obj)                     -> new_hash
- *     Hash.new {|hash, key| block }     -> new_hash
- *
- *  Returns a new, empty hash. If this hash is subsequently accessed by
- *  a key that doesn't correspond to a hash entry, the value returned
- *  depends on the style of <code>new</code> used to create the hash. In
- *  the first form, the access returns <code>nil</code>. If
- *  <i>obj</i> is specified, this single object will be used for
- *  all <em>default values</em>. If a block is specified, it will be
- *  called with the hash object and the key, and should return the
- *  default value. It is the block's responsibility to store the value
- *  in the hash if required.
- *
- *     h = Hash.new("Go Fish")
- *     h["a"] = 100
- *     h["b"] = 200
- *     h["a"]           #=> 100
- *     h["c"]           #=> "Go Fish"
- *     # The following alters the single default object
- *     h["c"].upcase!   #=> "GO FISH"
- *     h["d"]           #=> "GO FISH"
- *     h.keys           #=> ["a", "b"]
- *
- *     # While this creates a new default object each time
- *     h = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = "Go Fish: #{key}" }
- *     h["c"]           #=> "Go Fish: c"
- *     h["c"].upcase!   #=> "GO FISH: C"
- *     h["d"]           #=> "Go Fish: d"
- *     h.keys           #=> ["c", "d"]
- *
+ *     Hash.new(default_value = nil) -> new_hash
+ *     Hash.new {|hash, key| ... } -> new_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a new empty \Hash object.
+ *
+ *  The initial default value and initial default proc for the new hash
+ *  depend on which form above was used. See {Default Values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values].
+ *
+ *  If neither an argument nor a block given,
+ *  initializes both the default value and the default proc to <tt>nil</tt>:
+ *    h = Hash.new
+ *    h.default # => nil
+ *    h.default_proc # => nil
+ *
+ *  If argument <tt>default_value</tt> given but no block given,
+ *  initializes the default value to the given <tt>default_value</tt>
+ *  and the default proc to <tt>nil</tt>:
+ *    h = Hash.new(false)
+ *    h.default # => false
+ *    h.default_proc # => nil
+ *
+ *  If a block given but no argument, stores the block as the default proc
+ *  and sets the default value to <tt>nil</tt>:
+ *    h = Hash.new {|hash, key| "Default value for #{key}" }
+ *    h.default # => nil
+ *    h.default_proc.class # => Proc
+ *    h[:nosuch] # => "Default value for nosuch"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -640,37 +1790,43 @@ rb_hash_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Hash[ key, value, ... ]         -> new_hash
- *     Hash[ [ [key, value], ... ] ]   -> new_hash
- *     Hash[ object ]                  -> new_hash
+ *    Hash[] -> new_empty_hash
+ *    Hash[hash] -> new_hash
+ *    Hash[ [*2_element_arrays] ] -> new_hash
+ *    Hash[*objects] -> new_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Hash object populated with the given objects, if any.
+ *  See Hash::new.
+ *
+ *  With no argument, returns a new empty \Hash.
  *
- *  Creates a new hash populated with the given objects.
+ *  When the single given argument is a \Hash,
+ *  returns a new \Hash populated with the entries from the given \Hash.
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    Hash[h] # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *  Similar to the literal <code>{ _key_ => _value_, ... }</code>. In the first
- *  form, keys and values occur in pairs, so there must be an even number of
- *  arguments.
+ *  When the single given argument is an \Array of 2-element Arrays,
+ *  returns a new \Hash object wherein each 2-element array forms a key-value entry:
+ *    Hash[ [ [:foo, 0], [:bar, 1] ] ] # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
  *
- *  The second and third form take a single argument which is either an array
- *  of key-value pairs or an object convertible to a hash.
+ *  When the argument count is an even number;
+ *  returns a new \Hash object wherein each successive pair of arguments
+ *  has become a key-value entry:
+ *    Hash[:foo, 0, :bar, 1] # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
  *
- *     Hash["a", 100, "b", 200]             #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
- *     Hash[ [ ["a", 100], ["b", 200] ] ]   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
- *     Hash["a" => 100, "b" => 200]         #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
+ *  Raises an exception if the argument list does not conform to any of the above.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE hash, tmp;
-    int i;
 
     if (argc == 1) {
-	tmp = rb_hash_s_try_convert(Qnil, argv[0]);
+        tmp = rb_hash_s_try_convert(Qnil, argv[0]);
 	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
 	    hash = hash_alloc(klass);
-	    if (RHASH(tmp)->ntbl) {
-		RHASH(hash)->ntbl = st_copy(RHASH(tmp)->ntbl);
-	    }
+            hash_copy(hash, tmp);
 	    return hash;
 	}
 
@@ -685,17 +1841,8 @@ rb_hash_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 		VALUE key, val = Qnil;
 
 		if (NIL_P(v)) {
-#if 0 /* refix in the next release */
 		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong element type %s at %ld (expected array)",
 			     rb_builtin_class_name(e), i);
-
-#else
-		    rb_warn("wrong element type %s at %ld (expected array)",
-			    rb_builtin_class_name(e), i);
-		    rb_warn("ignoring wrong elements is deprecated, remove them explicitly");
-		    rb_warn("this causes ArgumentError in the next release");
-		    continue;
-#endif
 		}
 		switch (RARRAY_LEN(v)) {
 		  default:
@@ -716,38 +1863,36 @@ rb_hash_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     hash = hash_alloc(klass);
-    if (argc > 0) {
-        RHASH(hash)->ntbl = st_init_table_with_size(&objhash, argc / 2);
-    }
-    for (i=0; i<argc; i+=2) {
-        rb_hash_aset(hash, argv[i], argv[i + 1]);
-    }
-
+    rb_hash_bulk_insert(argc, argv, hash);
+    hash_verify(hash);
     return hash;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-to_hash(VALUE hash)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_to_hash_type(VALUE hash)
 {
-    return rb_convert_type(hash, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(hash, T_HASH, "Hash", idTo_hash);
 }
+#define to_hash rb_to_hash_type
 
 VALUE
 rb_check_hash_type(VALUE hash)
 {
-    return rb_check_convert_type(hash, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+    return rb_check_convert_type_with_id(hash, T_HASH, "Hash", idTo_hash);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Hash.try_convert(obj) -> hash or nil
+ *    Hash.try_convert(obj) -> obj, new_hash, or nil
+ *
+ *  If +obj+ is a \Hash object, returns +obj+.
  *
- *  Try to convert <i>obj</i> into a hash, using to_hash method.
- *  Returns converted hash or nil if <i>obj</i> cannot be converted
- *  for any reason.
+ *  Otherwise if +obj+ responds to <tt>:to_hash</tt>,
+ *  calls <tt>obj.to_hash</tt> and returns the result.
  *
- *     Hash.try_convert({1=>2})   # => {1=>2}
- *     Hash.try_convert("1=>2")   # => nil
+ *  Returns +nil+ if +obj+ does not respond to <tt>:to_hash</tt>
+ *
+ *  Raises an exception unless <tt>obj.to_hash</tt> returns a \Hash object.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE hash)
@@ -755,6 +1900,52 @@ rb_hash_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE hash)
     return rb_check_hash_type(hash);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(hash) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Checks if a given hash is flagged by Module#ruby2_keywords (or
+ *  Proc#ruby2_keywords).
+ *  This method is not for casual use; debugging, researching, and
+ *  some truly necessary cases like serialization of arguments.
+ *
+ *     ruby2_keywords def foo(*args)
+ *       Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(args.last)
+ *     end
+ *     foo(k: 1)   #=> true
+ *     foo({k: 1}) #=> false
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_s_ruby2_keywords_hash_p(VALUE dummy, VALUE hash)
+{
+    Check_Type(hash, T_HASH);
+    return (RHASH(hash)->basic.flags & RHASH_PASS_AS_KEYWORDS) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash(hash) -> hash
+ *
+ *  Duplicates a given hash and adds a ruby2_keywords flag.
+ *  This method is not for casual use; debugging, researching, and
+ *  some truly necessary cases like deserialization of arguments.
+ *
+ *     h = {k: 1}
+ *     h = Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash(h)
+ *     def foo(k: 42)
+ *       k
+ *     end
+ *     foo(*[h]) #=> 1 with neither a warning or an error
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_s_ruby2_keywords_hash(VALUE dummy, VALUE hash)
+{
+    Check_Type(hash, T_HASH);
+    hash = rb_hash_dup(hash);
+    RHASH(hash)->basic.flags |= RHASH_PASS_AS_KEYWORDS;
+    return hash;
+}
+
 struct rehash_arg {
     VALUE hash;
     st_table *tbl;
@@ -763,30 +1954,25 @@ struct rehash_arg {
 static int
 rb_hash_rehash_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
 {
-    st_table *tbl = (st_table *)arg;
-
-    st_insert(tbl, (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t)value);
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(arg)) {
+        ar_insert(arg, (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t)value);
+    }
+    else {
+        st_insert(RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg), (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t)value);
+    }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.rehash -> hsh
- *
- *  Rebuilds the hash based on the current hash values for each key. If
- *  values of key objects have changed since they were inserted, this
- *  method will reindex <i>hsh</i>. If <code>Hash#rehash</code> is
- *  called while an iterator is traversing the hash, a
- *  <code>RuntimeError</code> will be raised in the iterator.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b" ]
- *     c = [ "c", "d" ]
- *     h = { a => 100, c => 300 }
- *     h[a]       #=> 100
- *     a[0] = "z"
- *     h[a]       #=> nil
- *     h.rehash   #=> {["z", "b"]=>100, ["c", "d"]=>300}
- *     h[a]       #=> 100
+ *     hash.rehash -> self
+ *
+ *  Rebuilds the hash table by recomputing the hash index for each key;
+ *  returns <tt>self</tt>.
+ *
+ *  The hash table becomes invalid if the hash value of a key
+ *  has changed after the entry was created.
+ *  See {Modifying an Active Hash Key}[#class-Hash-label-Modifying+an+Active+Hash+Key].
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -799,46 +1985,80 @@ rb_hash_rehash(VALUE hash)
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash during iteration");
     }
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
-        return hash;
-    tmp = hash_alloc(0);
-    tbl = st_init_table_with_size(RHASH(hash)->ntbl->type, RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries);
-    RHASH(tmp)->ntbl = tbl;
-
-    rb_hash_foreach(hash, rb_hash_rehash_i, (VALUE)tbl);
-    st_free_table(RHASH(hash)->ntbl);
-    RHASH(hash)->ntbl = tbl;
-    RHASH(tmp)->ntbl = 0;
-
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        tmp = hash_alloc(0);
+        ar_alloc_table(tmp);
+        rb_hash_foreach(hash, rb_hash_rehash_i, (VALUE)tmp);
+        ar_free_and_clear_table(hash);
+        ar_copy(hash, tmp);
+        ar_free_and_clear_table(tmp);
+    }
+    else if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        st_table *old_tab = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
+        tmp = hash_alloc(0);
+        tbl = st_init_table_with_size(old_tab->type, old_tab->num_entries);
+        RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(tmp, tbl);
+        rb_hash_foreach(hash, rb_hash_rehash_i, (VALUE)tmp);
+        st_free_table(old_tab);
+        RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(hash, tbl);
+        RHASH_ST_CLEAR(tmp);
+    }
+    hash_verify(hash);
     return hash;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+call_default_proc(VALUE proc, VALUE hash, VALUE key)
+{
+    VALUE args[2] = {hash, key};
+    return rb_proc_call_with_block(proc, 2, args, Qnil);
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_hash_default_value(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 {
-    if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(hash), id_default)) {
+    if (LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(hash), id_default))) {
 	VALUE ifnone = RHASH_IFNONE(hash);
-	if (!FL_TEST(hash, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) return ifnone;
+        if (!FL_TEST(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) return ifnone;
 	if (key == Qundef) return Qnil;
-	return rb_funcall(ifnone, id_yield, 2, hash, key);
+        return call_default_proc(ifnone, hash, key);
     }
     else {
 	return rb_funcall(hash, id_default, 1, key);
     }
 }
 
+static inline int
+hash_stlike_lookup(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_data_t *pval)
+{
+    hash_verify(hash);
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        return ar_lookup(hash, key, pval);
+    }
+    else {
+        return st_lookup(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), key, pval);
+    }
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED int
+rb_hash_stlike_lookup(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_data_t *pval)
+{
+    return hash_stlike_lookup(hash, key, pval);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh[key]    ->  value
- *
- *  Element Reference---Retrieves the <i>value</i> object corresponding
- *  to the <i>key</i> object. If not found, returns the default value (see
- *  <code>Hash::new</code> for details).
+ *    hash[key] -> value
  *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h["a"]   #=> 100
- *     h["c"]   #=> nil
+ *  Returns the value associated with the given +key+, if found:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h[:foo] # => 0
  *
+ *  If +key+ is not found, returns a default value
+ *  (see {Default Values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values]):
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h[:nosuch] # => nil
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -846,10 +2066,12 @@ rb_hash_aref(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 {
     st_data_t val;
 
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl || !st_lookup(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, key, &val)) {
-	return rb_hash_default_value(hash, key);
+    if (hash_stlike_lookup(hash, key, &val)) {
+        return (VALUE)val;
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_hash_default_value(hash, key);
     }
-    return (VALUE)val;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -857,10 +2079,12 @@ rb_hash_lookup2(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE def)
 {
     st_data_t val;
 
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl || !st_lookup(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, key, &val)) {
-	return def; /* without Hash#default */
+    if (hash_stlike_lookup(hash, key, &val)) {
+        return (VALUE)val;
+    }
+    else {
+        return def; /* without Hash#default */
     }
-    return (VALUE)val;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -871,31 +2095,26 @@ rb_hash_lookup(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.fetch(key [, default] )       -> obj
- *     hsh.fetch(key) {| key | block }   -> obj
- *
- *  Returns a value from the hash for the given key. If the key can't be
- *  found, there are several options: With no other arguments, it will
- *  raise a <code>KeyError</code> exception; if <i>default</i> is given,
- *  then that will be returned; if the optional code block is specified,
- *  then that will be run and its result returned.
+ *    hash.fetch(key) -> object
+ *    hash.fetch(key, default_value) -> object
+ *    hash.fetch(key) {|key| ... } -> object
  *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.fetch("a")                            #=> 100
- *     h.fetch("z", "go fish")                 #=> "go fish"
- *     h.fetch("z") { |el| "go fish, #{el}"}   #=> "go fish, z"
+ *  Returns the value for the given +key+, if found.
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.fetch(:bar) # => 1
  *
- *  The following example shows that an exception is raised if the key
- *  is not found and a default value is not supplied.
+ *  If +key+ is not found and no block was given,
+ *  returns +default_value+:
+ *    {}.fetch(:nosuch, :default) # => :default
+ *    {}.fetch(:nosuch) # => nil
  *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.fetch("z")
+ *  If +key+ is not found and a block was given,
+ *  yields +key+ to the block and returns the block's return value:
+ *    {}.fetch(:nosuch) {|key| "No key #{key}"} # => "No key nosuch"
  *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
- *
- *     prog.rb:2:in `fetch': key not found (KeyError)
- *      from prog.rb:2
+ *  Raises KeyError if neither +default_value+ nor a block was given.
  *
+ *  Note that this method does not use the values of either #default or #default_proc.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -912,19 +2131,26 @@ rb_hash_fetch_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
     if (block_given && argc == 2) {
 	rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
     }
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl || !st_lookup(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, key, &val)) {
-	if (block_given) return rb_yield(key);
-	if (argc == 1) {
-	    VALUE desc = rb_protect(rb_inspect, key, 0);
-	    if (NIL_P(desc)) {
-		desc = rb_any_to_s(key);
-	    }
-	    desc = rb_str_ellipsize(desc, 65);
-	    rb_raise(rb_eKeyError, "key not found: %"PRIsVALUE, desc);
-	}
-	return argv[1];
+
+    if (hash_stlike_lookup(hash, key, &val)) {
+        return (VALUE)val;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (block_given) {
+            return rb_yield(key);
+        }
+        else if (argc == 1) {
+            VALUE desc = rb_protect(rb_inspect, key, 0);
+            if (NIL_P(desc)) {
+                desc = rb_any_to_s(key);
+            }
+            desc = rb_str_ellipsize(desc, 65);
+            rb_key_err_raise(rb_sprintf("key not found: %"PRIsVALUE, desc), hash, key);
+        }
+        else {
+            return argv[1];
+        }
     }
-    return (VALUE)val;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -935,59 +2161,49 @@ rb_hash_fetch(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.default(key=nil)   -> obj
- *
- *  Returns the default value, the value that would be returned by
- *  <i>hsh</i>[<i>key</i>] if <i>key</i> did not exist in <i>hsh</i>.
- *  See also <code>Hash::new</code> and <code>Hash#default=</code>.
- *
- *     h = Hash.new                            #=> {}
- *     h.default                               #=> nil
- *     h.default(2)                            #=> nil
- *
- *     h = Hash.new("cat")                     #=> {}
- *     h.default                               #=> "cat"
- *     h.default(2)                            #=> "cat"
- *
- *     h = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = k.to_i*10}   #=> {}
- *     h.default                               #=> nil
- *     h.default(2)                            #=> 20
+ *    hash.default -> object
+ *    hash.default(key) -> object
+ *
+ *  Returns the default value for the given +key+.
+ *  The returned value will be determined either by the default proc or by the default value.
+ *  See {Default Values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values].
+ *
+ *  With no argument, returns the current default value:
+ *    h = {}
+ *    h.default # => nil
+ *
+ *  If +key+ is given, returns the default value for +key+,
+ *  regardless of whether that key exists:
+ *    h = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = "No key #{key}"}
+ *    h[:foo] = "Hello"
+ *    h.default(:foo) # => "No key foo"
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_default(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
 {
-    VALUE args[2], ifnone;
+    VALUE ifnone;
 
     rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     ifnone = RHASH_IFNONE(hash);
-    if (FL_TEST(hash, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
+    if (FL_TEST(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
 	if (argc == 0) return Qnil;
-	args[0] = hash;
-	args[1] = argv[0];
-	return rb_funcallv(ifnone, id_yield, 2, args);
+	return call_default_proc(ifnone, hash, argv[0]);
     }
     return ifnone;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.default = obj     -> obj
- *
- *  Sets the default value, the value returned for a key that does not
- *  exist in the hash. It is not possible to set the default to a
- *  <code>Proc</code> that will be executed on each key lookup.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.default = "Go fish"
- *     h["a"]     #=> 100
- *     h["z"]     #=> "Go fish"
- *     # This doesn't do what you might hope...
- *     h.default = proc do |hash, key|
- *       hash[key] = key + key
- *     end
- *     h[2]       #=> #<Proc:0x401b3948@-:6>
- *     h["cat"]   #=> #<Proc:0x401b3948@-:6>
+ *    hash.default = value -> object
+ *
+ *  Sets the default value to +value+; returns +value+:
+ *    h = {}
+ *    h.default # => nil
+ *    h.default = false # => false
+ *    h.default # => false
+ *
+ *  See {Default Values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values].
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1000,23 +2216,20 @@ rb_hash_set_default(VALUE hash, VALUE ifnone)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.default_proc -> anObject
- *
- *  If <code>Hash::new</code> was invoked with a block, return that
- *  block, otherwise return <code>nil</code>.
- *
- *     h = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = k*k }   #=> {}
- *     p = h.default_proc                 #=> #<Proc:0x401b3d08@-:1>
- *     a = []                             #=> []
- *     p.call(a, 2)
- *     a                                  #=> [nil, nil, 4]
+ *    hash.default_proc -> proc or nil
+ *
+ *  Returns the default proc for +self+
+ *  (see {Default Values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values]):
+ *    h = {}
+ *    h.default_proc # => nil
+ *    h.default_proc = proc {|hash, key| "Default value for #{key}" }
+ *    h.default_proc.class # => Proc
  */
 
-
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_default_proc(VALUE hash)
 {
-    if (FL_TEST(hash, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
+    if (FL_TEST(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
 	return RHASH_IFNONE(hash);
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -1024,15 +2237,16 @@ rb_hash_default_proc(VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.default_proc = proc_obj or nil
- *
- *  Sets the default proc to be executed on each failed key lookup.
- *
- *     h.default_proc = proc do |hash, key|
- *       hash[key] = key + key
- *     end
- *     h[2]       #=> 4
- *     h["cat"]   #=> "catcat"
+ *    hash.default_proc = proc -> proc
+ *
+ *  Sets the default proc for +self+ to +proc+:
+ *  (see {Default Values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values]):
+ *    h = {}
+ *    h.default_proc # => nil
+ *    h.default_proc = proc { |hash, key| "Default value for #{key}" }
+ *    h.default_proc.class # => Proc
+ *    h.default_proc = nil
+ *    h.default_proc # => nil
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1045,7 +2259,7 @@ rb_hash_set_default_proc(VALUE hash, VALUE proc)
 	SET_DEFAULT(hash, proc);
 	return proc;
     }
-    b = rb_check_convert_type(proc, T_DATA, "Proc", "to_proc");
+    b = rb_check_convert_type_with_id(proc, T_DATA, "Proc", idTo_proc);
     if (NIL_P(b) || !rb_obj_is_proc(b)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
 		 "wrong default_proc type %s (expected Proc)",
@@ -1070,16 +2284,15 @@ key_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.key(value)    -> key
- *
- *  Returns the key of an occurrence of a given value. If the value is
- *  not found, returns <code>nil</code>.
+ *    hash.key(value) -> key or nil
  *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300, "d" => 300 }
- *     h.key(200)   #=> "b"
- *     h.key(300)   #=> "c"
- *     h.key(999)   #=> nil
+ *  Returns the key for the first-found entry with the given +value+
+ *  (see {Entry Order}[#class-Hash-label-Entry+Order]):
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 2, baz: 2}
+ *    h.key(0) # => :foo
+ *    h.key(2) # => :bar
  *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if so such value is found.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1095,12 +2308,15 @@ rb_hash_key(VALUE hash, VALUE value)
     return args[1];
 }
 
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-rb_hash_index(VALUE hash, VALUE value)
+int
+rb_hash_stlike_delete(VALUE hash, st_data_t *pkey, st_data_t *pval)
 {
-    rb_warn("Hash#index is deprecated; use Hash#key");
-    return rb_hash_key(hash, value);
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        return ar_delete(hash, pkey, pval);
+    }
+    else {
+        return st_delete(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), pkey, pval);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1113,19 +2329,11 @@ rb_hash_delete_entry(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 {
     st_data_t ktmp = (st_data_t)key, val;
 
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl) {
-	return Qundef;
-    }
-    else if (RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) > 0 &&
-	     (st_delete_safe(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, &ktmp, &val, (st_data_t)Qundef))) {
-	FL_SET(hash, HASH_DELETED);
-	return (VALUE)val;
-    }
-    else if (st_delete(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, &ktmp, &val)) {
-	return (VALUE)val;
+    if (rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &ktmp, &val)) {
+        return (VALUE)val;
     }
     else {
-	return Qundef;
+        return Qundef;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1149,20 +2357,29 @@ rb_hash_delete(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.delete(key)                   -> value
- *     hsh.delete(key) {| key | block }  -> value
+ *    hash.delete(key) -> value or nil
+ *    hash.delete(key) {|key| ... } -> object
+ *
+ *  Deletes the entry for the given +key+ and returns its associated value.
+ *
+ *  If no block is given and +key+ is found, deletes the entry and returns the associated value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.delete(:bar) # => 1
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :baz=>2}
  *
- *  Deletes the key-value pair and returns the value from <i>hsh</i> whose
- *  key is equal to <i>key</i>. If the key is not found, it returns
- *  <em>nil</em>. If the optional code block is given and the
- *  key is not found, pass in the key and return the result of
- *  <i>block</i>.
+ *  If no block given and +key+ is not found, returns +nil+.
  *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.delete("a")                              #=> 100
- *     h.delete("z")                              #=> nil
- *     h.delete("z") { |el| "#{el} not found" }   #=> "z not found"
+ *  If a block is given and +key+ is found, ignores the block,
+ *  deletes the entry, and returns the associated value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.delete(:baz) { |key| raise 'Will never happen'} # => 2
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
  *
+ *  If a block is given and +key+ is not found,
+ *  calls the block and returns the block's return value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.delete(:nosuch) { |key| "Key #{key} not found" } # => "Key nosuch not found"
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1203,15 +2420,17 @@ shift_i_safe(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.shift -> anArray or obj
+ *    hash.shift -> [key, value] or default_value
  *
- *  Removes a key-value pair from <i>hsh</i> and returns it as the
- *  two-item array <code>[</code> <i>key, value</i> <code>]</code>, or
- *  the hash's default value if the hash is empty.
+ *  Removes the first hash entry
+ *  (see {Entry Order}[#class-Hash-label-Entry+Order]);
+ *  returns a 2-element \Array containing the removed key and value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.shift # => [:foo, 0]
+ *    h # => {:bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *     h = { 1 => "a", 2 => "b", 3 => "c" }
- *     h.shift   #=> [1, "a"]
- *     h         #=> {2=>"b", 3=>"c"}
+ *  Returns the default value if the hash is empty
+ *  (see {Default Values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values]).
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1220,14 +2439,29 @@ rb_hash_shift(VALUE hash)
     struct shift_var var;
 
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl) {
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
 	var.key = Qundef;
 	if (RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) == 0) {
-	    if (st_shift(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, &var.key, &var.val)) {
+            if (ar_shift(hash, &var.key, &var.val)) {
 		return rb_assoc_new(var.key, var.val);
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
+            rb_hash_foreach(hash, shift_i_safe, (VALUE)&var);
+            if (var.key != Qundef) {
+                rb_hash_delete_entry(hash, var.key);
+                return rb_assoc_new(var.key, var.val);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        var.key = Qundef;
+        if (RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) == 0) {
+            if (st_shift(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash), &var.key, &var.val)) {
+                return rb_assoc_new(var.key, var.val);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
 	    rb_hash_foreach(hash, shift_i_safe, (VALUE)&var);
 	    if (var.key != Qundef) {
 		rb_hash_delete_entry(hash, var.key);
@@ -1242,6 +2476,7 @@ static int
 delete_if_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 {
     if (RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, key, value))) {
+	rb_hash_modify(hash);
 	return ST_DELETE;
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -1255,17 +2490,19 @@ hash_enum_size(VALUE hash, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.delete_if {| key, value | block }  -> hsh
- *     hsh.delete_if                          -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Deletes every key-value pair from <i>hsh</i> for which <i>block</i>
- *  evaluates to <code>true</code>.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300 }
- *     h.delete_if {|key, value| key >= "b" }   #=> {"a"=>100}
- *
+ *    hash.delete_if {|key, value| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.delete_if -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  If a block given, calls the block with each key-value pair;
+ *  deletes each entry for which the block returns a truthy value;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.delete_if {|key, value| value > 0 } # => {:foo=>0}
+ *
+ *  If no block given, returns a new \Enumerator:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:delete_if>
+ *    e.each { |key, value| value > 0 } # => {:foo=>0}
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1273,18 +2510,28 @@ rb_hash_delete_if(VALUE hash)
 {
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
-	rb_hash_foreach(hash, delete_if_i, hash);
+    if (!RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
+        rb_hash_foreach(hash, delete_if_i, hash);
+    }
     return hash;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.reject! {| key, value | block }  -> hsh or nil
- *     hsh.reject!                          -> an_enumerator
+ *    hash.reject! {|key, value| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    hash.reject! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Equivalent to <code>Hash#delete_if</code>, but returns
- *  <code>nil</code> if no changes were made.
+ *  Returns +self+, whose remaining entries are those
+ *  for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.reject! {|key, value| value < 2 } # => {:baz=>2}
+ *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no entries are removed.
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.reject! # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:reject!>
+ *    e.each {|key, value| key.start_with?('b') } # => {:foo=>0}
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1297,7 +2544,7 @@ rb_hash_reject_bang(VALUE hash)
     n = RHASH_SIZE(hash);
     if (!n) return Qnil;
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, delete_if_i, hash);
-    if (n == RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries) return Qnil;
+    if (n == RHASH_SIZE(hash)) return Qnil;
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -1312,16 +2559,20 @@ reject_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE result)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.reject {|key, value| block}   -> a_hash
- *     hsh.reject                        -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Returns a new hash consisting of entries for which the block returns false.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300 }
- *     h.reject {|k,v| k < "b"}  #=> {"b" => 200, "c" => 300}
- *     h.reject {|k,v| v > 100}  #=> {"a" => 100}
+ *    hash.reject {|key, value| ... } -> new_hash
+ *    hash.reject -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Hash object whose entries are all those
+ *  from +self+ for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = h.reject {|key, value| key.start_with?('b') }
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0}
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.reject # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:reject>
+ *    h1 = e.each {|key, value| key.start_with?('b') }
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0}
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1344,14 +2595,76 @@ rb_hash_reject(VALUE hash)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hsh.values_at(key, ...)   -> array
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.slice(*keys) -> new_hash
  *
- * Return an array containing the values associated with the given keys.
- * Also see <code>Hash.select</code>.
+ *  Returns a new \Hash object containing the entries for the given +keys+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.slice(:baz, :foo) # => {:baz=>2, :foo=>0}
  *
- *   h = { "cat" => "feline", "dog" => "canine", "cow" => "bovine" }
- *   h.values_at("cow", "cat")  #=> ["bovine", "feline"]
+ *  Any given +keys+ that are not found are ignored.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_slice(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
+{
+    int i;
+    VALUE key, value, result;
+
+    if (argc == 0 || RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
+	return rb_hash_new();
+    }
+    result = rb_hash_new_with_size(argc);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+	key = argv[i];
+	value = rb_hash_lookup2(hash, key, Qundef);
+	if (value != Qundef)
+	    rb_hash_aset(result, key, value);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     hsh.except(*keys) -> a_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Hash excluding entries for the given +keys+:
+ *     h = { a: 100, b: 200, c: 300 }
+ *     h.except(:a)          #=> {:b=>200, :c=>300}
+ *
+ *  Any given +keys+ that are not found are ignored.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_except(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
+{
+    int i;
+    VALUE key, result;
+
+    result = hash_alloc(rb_cHash);
+    hash_copy(result, hash);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        key = argv[i];
+        rb_hash_delete(result, key);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.values_at(*keys) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing values for the given +keys+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.values_at(:baz, :foo) # => [2, 0]
+ *
+ *  The {default values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values] are returned
+ *  for any keys that are not found:
+ *    h.values_at(:hello, :foo) # => [nil, 0]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1367,22 +2680,26 @@ rb_hash_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hsh.fetch_values(key, ...)                 -> array
- *   hsh.fetch_values(key, ...) { |key| block } -> array
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.fetch_values(*keys) -> new_array
+ *    hash.fetch_values(*keys) {|key| ... } -> new_array
  *
- * Returns an array containing the values associated with the given keys
- * but also raises <code>KeyError</code> when one of keys can't be found.
- * Also see <code>Hash#values_at</code> and <code>Hash#fetch</code>.
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing the values associated with the given keys *keys:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.fetch_values(:baz, :foo) # => [2, 0]
  *
- *   h = { "cat" => "feline", "dog" => "canine", "cow" => "bovine" }
+ *  Returns a new empty \Array if no arguments given.
  *
- *   h.fetch_values("cow", "cat")                   #=> ["bovine", "feline"]
- *   h.fetch_values("cow", "bird")                  # raises KeyError
- *   h.fetch_values("cow", "bird") { |k| k.upcase } #=> ["bovine", "BIRD"]
+ *  When a block is given, calls the block with each missing key,
+ *  treating the block's return value as the value for that key:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    values = h.fetch_values(:bar, :foo, :bad, :bam) {|key| key.to_s}
+ *    values # => [1, 0, "bad", "bam"]
+ *
+ *  When no block is given, raises an exception if any given key is not found.
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_hash_fetch_values(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
 {
     VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(argc);
@@ -1405,19 +2722,22 @@ select_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE result)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.select {|key, value| block}   -> a_hash
- *     hsh.select                        -> an_enumerator
+ *    hash.select {|key, value| ... } -> new_hash
+ *    hash.select -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Returns a new hash consisting of entries for which the block returns true.
+ *  Hash#filter is an alias for Hash#select.
  *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Returns a new \Hash object whose entries are those for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.select {|key, value| value < 2 } # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
  *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300 }
- *     h.select {|k,v| k > "a"}  #=> {"b" => 200, "c" => 300}
- *     h.select {|k,v| v < 200}  #=> {"a" => 100}
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.select # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:select>
+ *    e.each {|key, value| value < 2 } # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_hash_select(VALUE hash)
 {
     VALUE result;
@@ -1434,6 +2754,7 @@ static int
 keep_if_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 {
     if (!RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, key, value))) {
+	rb_hash_modify(hash);
 	return ST_DELETE;
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -1441,47 +2762,62 @@ keep_if_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.select! {| key, value | block }  -> hsh or nil
- *     hsh.select!                          -> an_enumerator
+ *    hash.select! {|key, value| ... } -> self or nil
+ *    hash.select! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  Equivalent to <code>Hash#keep_if</code>, but returns
- *  <code>nil</code> if no changes were made.
+ *  Hash#filter! is an alias for Hash#select!.
+ *
+ *  Returns +self+, whose entries are those for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.select! {|key, value| value < 2 }  => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
+ *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no entries were removed.
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.select!  # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:select!>
+ *    e.each { |key, value| value < 2 } # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_hash_select_bang(VALUE hash)
 {
     st_index_t n;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
-        return Qnil;
-    n = RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries;
+    n = RHASH_SIZE(hash);
+    if (!n) return Qnil;
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, keep_if_i, hash);
-    if (n == RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries) return Qnil;
+    if (n == RHASH_SIZE(hash)) return Qnil;
     return hash;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.keep_if {| key, value | block }  -> hsh
- *     hsh.keep_if                          -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Deletes every key-value pair from <i>hsh</i> for which <i>block</i>
- *  evaluates to false.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
- *
+ *    hash.keep_if {|key, value| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.keep_if -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the block for each key-value pair;
+ *  retains the entry if the block returns a truthy value;
+ *  otherwise deletes the entry; returns +self+.
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.keep_if { |key, value| key.start_with?('b') } # => {:bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.keep_if # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:keep_if>
+ *    e.each { |key, value| key.start_with?('b') } # => {:bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_hash_keep_if(VALUE hash)
 {
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
-	rb_hash_foreach(hash, keep_if_i, hash);
+    if (!RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
+        rb_hash_foreach(hash, keep_if_i, hash);
+    }
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -1493,26 +2829,24 @@ clear_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE dummy)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.clear -> hsh
- *
- *  Removes all key-value pairs from <i>hsh</i>.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
- *     h.clear                          #=> {}
+ *    hash.clear -> self
  *
+ *  Removes all hash entries; returns +self+.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_hash_clear(VALUE hash)
 {
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
-        return hash;
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries > 0) {
-	if (RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) > 0)
-	    rb_hash_foreach(hash, clear_i, 0);
-	else
-	    st_clear(RHASH(hash)->ntbl);
+
+    if (RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) > 0) {
+        rb_hash_foreach(hash, clear_i, 0);
+    }
+    else if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        ar_clear(hash);
+    }
+    else {
+        st_clear(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash));
     }
 
     return hash;
@@ -1533,11 +2867,22 @@ hash_aset(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, struct update_arg *arg, int existing)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_hash_key_str(VALUE key)
+{
+    if (!RB_FL_ANY_RAW(key, FL_EXIVAR) && RBASIC_CLASS(key) == rb_cString) {
+        return rb_fstring(key);
+    }
+    else {
+	return rb_str_new_frozen(key);
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 hash_aset_str(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, struct update_arg *arg, int existing)
 {
-    if (!existing) {
-	*key = rb_str_new_frozen(*key);
+    if (!existing && !RB_OBJ_FROZEN(*key)) {
+	*key = rb_hash_key_str(*key);
     }
     return hash_aset(key, val, arg, existing);
 }
@@ -1547,43 +2892,43 @@ NOINSERT_UPDATE_CALLBACK(hash_aset_str)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh[key] = value        -> value
- *     hsh.store(key, value)   -> value
- *
- *  == Element Assignment
- *
- *  Associates the value given by +value+ with the key given by +key+.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h["a"] = 9
- *     h["c"] = 4
- *     h   #=> {"a"=>9, "b"=>200, "c"=>4}
- *     h.store("d", 42) #=> 42
- *     h   #=> {"a"=>9, "b"=>200, "c"=>4, "d"=>42}
- *
- *  +key+ should not have its value changed while it is in use as a key (an
- *  <tt>unfrozen String</tt> passed as a key will be duplicated and frozen).
- *
- *     a = "a"
- *     b = "b".freeze
- *     h = { a => 100, b => 200 }
- *     h.key(100).equal? a #=> false
- *     h.key(200).equal? b #=> true
- *
+ *    hash[key] = value -> value
+ *    hash.store(key, value)
+ *
+ *  Hash#store is an alias for Hash#[]=.
+
+ *  Associates the given +value+ with the given +key+; returns +value+.
+ *
+ *  If the given +key+ exists, replaces its value with the given +value+;
+ *  the ordering is not affected
+ *  (see {Entry Order}[#class-Hash-label-Entry+Order]):
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+ *    h[:foo] = 2 # => 2
+ *    h.store(:bar, 3) # => 3
+ *    h # => {:foo=>2, :bar=>3}
+ *
+ *  If +key+ does not exist, adds the +key+ and +value+;
+ *  the new entry is last in the order
+ *  (see {Entry Order}[#class-Hash-label-Entry+Order]):
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+ *    h[:baz] = 2 # => 2
+ *    h.store(:bat, 3) # => 3
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2, :bat=>3}
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_hash_aset(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val)
 {
     int iter_lev = RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash);
-    st_table *tbl = RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
 
     rb_hash_modify(hash);
-    if (!tbl) {
+
+    if (RHASH_TABLE_NULL_P(hash)) {
 	if (iter_lev > 0) no_new_key();
-	tbl = hash_tbl(hash);
+        ar_alloc_table(hash);
     }
-    if (tbl->type == &identhash || rb_obj_class(key) != rb_cString) {
+
+    if (RHASH_TYPE(hash) == &identhash || rb_obj_class(key) != rb_cString) {
 	RHASH_UPDATE_ITER(hash, iter_lev, key, hash_aset, val);
     }
     else {
@@ -1592,86 +2937,63 @@ rb_hash_aset(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val)
     return val;
 }
 
-static int
-replace_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE hash)
-{
-    rb_hash_aset(hash, key, val);
-
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-rb_hash_initialize_copy(VALUE hash, VALUE hash2)
-{
-    st_table *ntbl;
-
-    rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    hash2 = to_hash(hash2);
-
-    Check_Type(hash2, T_HASH);
-
-    if (hash == hash2) return hash;
-
-    ntbl = RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
-    if (RHASH(hash2)->ntbl) {
-	if (ntbl) st_free_table(ntbl);
-        RHASH(hash)->ntbl = st_copy(RHASH(hash2)->ntbl);
-	if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries)
-	    rb_hash_rehash(hash);
-    }
-    else if (ntbl) {
-	st_clear(ntbl);
-    }
-
-    COPY_DEFAULT(hash, hash2);
-
-    return hash;
-}
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.replace(other_hash) -> hsh
- *
- *  Replaces the contents of <i>hsh</i> with the contents of
- *  <i>other_hash</i>.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 })   #=> {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
+ *    hash.replace(other_hash) -> self
  *
+ *  Replaces the entire contents of +self+ with the contents of +other_hash+;
+ *  returns +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.replace({bat: 3, bam: 4}) # => {:bat=>3, :bam=>4}
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_replace(VALUE hash, VALUE hash2)
 {
-    st_table *table2;
-
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
     if (hash == hash2) return hash;
+    if (RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) > 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't replace hash during iteration");
+    }
     hash2 = to_hash(hash2);
 
     COPY_DEFAULT(hash, hash2);
 
-    table2 = RHASH(hash2)->ntbl;
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash2)) {
+            ar_clear(hash);
+        }
+        else {
+            ar_free_and_clear_table(hash);
+            RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(hash, st_init_table_with_size(RHASH_TYPE(hash2), RHASH_SIZE(hash2)));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash2)) {
+            st_free_table(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash));
+            RHASH_ST_CLEAR(hash);
+        }
+        else {
+            st_clear(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash));
+            RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash)->type = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash2)->type;
+        }
+    }
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash2, rb_hash_rehash_i, (VALUE)hash);
 
-    rb_hash_clear(hash);
-    if (table2) hash_tbl(hash)->type = table2->type;
-    rb_hash_foreach(hash2, replace_i, hash);
+    rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(hash);
 
     return hash;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.length    ->  integer
- *     hsh.size      ->  integer
+ *     hash.length -> integer
+ *     hash.size -> integer
  *
- *  Returns the number of key-value pairs in the hash.
+ *  Returns the count of entries in +self+:
+ *    {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.length # => 3
  *
- *     h = { "d" => 100, "a" => 200, "v" => 300, "e" => 400 }
- *     h.length        #=> 4
- *     h.delete("a")   #=> 200
- *     h.length        #=> 3
+ *  Hash#length is an alias for Hash#size.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1680,15 +3002,19 @@ rb_hash_size(VALUE hash)
     return INT2FIX(RHASH_SIZE(hash));
 }
 
+size_t
+rb_hash_size_num(VALUE hash)
+{
+    return (long)RHASH_SIZE(hash);
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.empty?    -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>hsh</i> contains no key-value pairs.
- *
- *     {}.empty?   #=> true
+ *    hash.empty? -> true or false
  *
+ *  Returns +true+ if there are no hash entries, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    {}.empty? # => true
+ *    {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.empty? # => false
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1698,7 +3024,7 @@ rb_hash_empty_p(VALUE hash)
 }
 
 static int
-each_value_i(VALUE key, VALUE value)
+each_value_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE _)
 {
     rb_yield(value);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -1706,21 +3032,26 @@ each_value_i(VALUE key, VALUE value)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.each_value {| value | block } -> hsh
- *     hsh.each_value                    -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Calls <i>block</i> once for each key in <i>hsh</i>, passing the
- *  value as a parameter.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.each_value {|value| puts value }
- *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
- *
- *     100
- *     200
+ *    hash.each_value {|value| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.each_value -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the given block with each value; returns +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.each_value {|value| puts value } # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *  Output:
+ *    0
+ *    1
+ *    2
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.each_value # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:each_value>
+ *    h1 = e.each {|value| puts value }
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *  Output:
+ *    0
+ *    1
+ *    2
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1732,7 +3063,7 @@ rb_hash_each_value(VALUE hash)
 }
 
 static int
-each_key_i(VALUE key, VALUE value)
+each_key_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE _)
 {
     rb_yield(key);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -1740,21 +3071,26 @@ each_key_i(VALUE key, VALUE value)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.each_key {| key | block } -> hsh
- *     hsh.each_key                  -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Calls <i>block</i> once for each key in <i>hsh</i>, passing the key
- *  as a parameter.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.each_key {|key| puts key }
- *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
- *
- *     a
- *     b
+ *    hash.each_key {|key| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.each_key -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Calls the given block with each key; returns +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.each_key {|key| puts key }  # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *  Output:
+ *    foo
+ *    bar
+ *    baz
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.each_key # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:each_key>
+ *    h1 = e.each {|key| puts key }
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *  Output:
+ *    foo
+ *    bar
+ *    baz
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_each_key(VALUE hash)
@@ -1765,14 +3101,14 @@ rb_hash_each_key(VALUE hash)
 }
 
 static int
-each_pair_i(VALUE key, VALUE value)
+each_pair_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE _)
 {
     rb_yield(rb_assoc_new(key, value));
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static int
-each_pair_i_fast(VALUE key, VALUE value)
+each_pair_i_fast(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE argv[2];
     argv[0] = key;
@@ -1783,60 +3119,233 @@ each_pair_i_fast(VALUE key, VALUE value)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.each      {| key, value | block } -> hsh
- *     hsh.each_pair {| key, value | block } -> hsh
- *     hsh.each                              -> an_enumerator
- *     hsh.each_pair                         -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Calls <i>block</i> once for each key in <i>hsh</i>, passing the key-value
- *  pair as parameters.
- *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.each {|key, value| puts "#{key} is #{value}" }
- *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
- *
- *     a is 100
- *     b is 200
- *
+ *    hash.each {|key, value| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.each_pair {|key, value| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.each -> new_enumerator
+ *    hash.each_pair -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Hash#each is an alias for Hash#each_pair.
+
+ *  Calls the given block with each key-value pair; returns +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.each_pair {|key, value| puts "#{key}: #{value}"} # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *  Output:
+ *    foo: 0
+ *    bar: 1
+ *    baz: 2
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.each_pair # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:each_pair>
+ *    h1 = e.each {|key, value| puts "#{key}: #{value}"}
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *  Output:
+ *    foo: 0
+ *    bar: 1
+ *    baz: 2
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_each_pair(VALUE hash)
 {
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
-    if (rb_block_arity() > 1)
+    if (rb_block_pair_yield_optimizable())
 	rb_hash_foreach(hash, each_pair_i_fast, 0);
     else
 	rb_hash_foreach(hash, each_pair_i, 0);
     return hash;
 }
 
+struct transform_keys_args{
+    VALUE trans;
+    VALUE result;
+    int block_given;
+};
+
+static int
+transform_keys_hash_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE transarg)
+{
+    struct transform_keys_args *p = (void *)transarg;
+    VALUE trans = p->trans, result = p->result;
+    VALUE new_key = rb_hash_lookup2(trans, key, Qundef);
+    if (new_key == Qundef) {
+        if (p->block_given)
+            new_key = rb_yield(key);
+        else
+            new_key = key;
+    }
+    rb_hash_aset(result, new_key, value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static int
-transform_values_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE result)
+transform_keys_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE result)
 {
-    VALUE new_value = rb_yield(value);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, key, new_value);
+    VALUE new_key = rb_yield(key);
+    rb_hash_aset(result, new_key, value);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.transform_values {|value| block } -> hsh
- *     hsh.transform_values                  -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Return a new with the results of running block once for every value.
- *  This method does not change the keys.
- *
- *     h = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }
- *     h.transform_values {|v| v * v + 1 }  #=> { a: 2, b: 5, c: 10 }
- *     h.transform_values(&:to_s)           #=> { a: "1", b: "2", c: "3" }
- *     h.transform_values.with_index {|v, i| "#{v}.#{i}" }
- *                                          #=> { a: "1.0", b: "2.1", c: "3.2" }
+ *    hash.transform_keys {|key| ... } -> new_hash
+ *    hash.transform_keys(hash2) -> new_hash
+ *    hash.transform_keys(hash2) {|other_key| ...} -> new_hash
+ *    hash.transform_keys -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Hash object; each entry has:
+ *  * A key provided by the block.
+ *  * The value from +self+.
+ *
+ *  An optional hash argument can be provided to map keys to new keys.
+ *  Any key not given will be mapped using the provided block,
+ *  or remain the same if no block is given.
+ *
+ *  Transform keys:
+ *      h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *      h1 = h.transform_keys {|key| key.to_s }
+ *      h1 # => {"foo"=>0, "bar"=>1, "baz"=>2}
+ *
+ *      h.transform_keys(foo: :bar, bar: :foo)
+ *      #=> {bar: 0, foo: 1, baz: 2}
+ *
+ *      h.transform_keys(foo: :hello, &:to_s)
+ *      #=> {:hello=>0, "bar"=>1, "baz"=>2}
+ *
+ *  Overwrites values for duplicate keys:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = h.transform_keys {|key| :bat }
+ *    h1 # => {:bat=>2}
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.transform_keys # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:transform_keys>
+ *    h1 = e.each { |key| key.to_s }
+ *    h1 # => {"foo"=>0, "bar"=>1, "baz"=>2}
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_transform_keys(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    struct transform_keys_args transarg = {0};
+
+    argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (argc > 0) {
+        transarg.trans = to_hash(argv[0]);
+        transarg.block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
+    }
+    result = rb_hash_new();
+    if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
+        if (transarg.trans) {
+            transarg.result = result;
+            rb_hash_foreach(hash, transform_keys_hash_i, (VALUE)&transarg);
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_hash_foreach(hash, transform_keys_i, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int flatten_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE ary);
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.transform_keys! {|key| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.transform_keys!(hash2) -> self
+ *    hash.transform_keys!(hash2) {|other_key| ...} -> self
+ *    hash.transform_keys! -> new_enumerator
  *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Same as Hash#transform_keys but modifies the receiver in place
+ *  instead of returning a new hash.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_transform_keys_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
+{
+    VALUE trans = 0;
+    int block_given = 0;
+
+    argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (argc > 0) {
+        trans = to_hash(argv[0]);
+        block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
+    }
+    rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
+    if (!RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
+        long i;
+        VALUE new_keys = hash_alloc(0);
+        VALUE pairs = rb_ary_tmp_new(RHASH_SIZE(hash) * 2);
+        rb_hash_foreach(hash, flatten_i, pairs);
+        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(pairs); i += 2) {
+            VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(pairs, i), new_key, val;
+
+            if (!trans) {
+                new_key = rb_yield(key);
+            }
+            else if ((new_key = rb_hash_lookup2(trans, key, Qundef)) != Qundef) {
+                /* use the transformed key */
+            }
+            else if (block_given) {
+                new_key = rb_yield(key);
+            }
+            else {
+                new_key = key;
+            }
+            val = RARRAY_AREF(pairs, i+1);
+            if (!hash_stlike_lookup(new_keys, key, NULL)) {
+                rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &key, NULL);
+            }
+            rb_hash_aset(hash, new_key, val);
+            rb_hash_aset(new_keys, new_key, Qnil);
+        }
+        rb_ary_clear(pairs);
+        rb_hash_clear(new_keys);
+    }
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static int
+transform_values_foreach_func(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
+{
+    return ST_REPLACE;
+}
+
+static int
+transform_values_foreach_replace(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t argp, int existing)
+{
+    VALUE new_value = rb_yield((VALUE)*value);
+    VALUE hash = (VALUE)argp;
+    rb_hash_modify(hash);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(hash, value, new_value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.transform_values {|value| ... } -> new_hash
+ *    hash.transform_values -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Hash object; each entry has:
+ *  * A key from +self+.
+ *  * A value provided by the block.
+ *
+ *  Transform values:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = h.transform_values {|value| value * 100}
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>100, :baz=>200}
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.transform_values # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}:transform_values>
+ *    h1 = e.each { |value| value * 100}
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>100, :baz=>200}
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_transform_values(VALUE hash)
@@ -1844,9 +3353,11 @@ rb_hash_transform_values(VALUE hash)
     VALUE result;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
-    result = rb_hash_new();
+    result = hash_copy(hash_alloc(rb_cHash), hash);
+    SET_DEFAULT(result, Qnil);
+
     if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
-        rb_hash_foreach(hash, transform_values_i, result);
+        rb_hash_stlike_foreach_with_replace(result, transform_values_foreach_func, transform_values_foreach_replace, result);
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -1854,27 +3365,29 @@ rb_hash_transform_values(VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.transform_values! {|value| block } -> hsh
- *     hsh.transform_values!                  -> an_enumerator
- *
- *  Return a new with the results of running block once for every value.
- *  This method does not change the keys.
- *
- *     h = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }
- *     h.transform_values! {|v| v * v + 1 }  #=> { a: 2, b: 5, c: 10 }
- *     h.transform_values!(&:to_s)           #=> { a: "1", b: "2", c: "3" }
- *     h.transform_values!.with_index {|v, i| "#{v}.#{i}" }
- *                                           #=> { a: "1.0", b: "2.1", c: "3.2" }
- *
- *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *    hash.transform_values! {|value| ... } -> self
+ *    hash.transform_values! -> new_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns +self+, whose keys are unchanged, and whose values are determined by the given block.
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.transform_values! {|value| value * 100} # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>100, :baz=>200}
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    e = h.transform_values! # => #<Enumerator: {:foo=>0, :bar=>100, :baz=>200}:transform_values!>
+ *    h1 = e.each {|value| value * 100}
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>100, :baz=>200}
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_transform_values_bang(VALUE hash)
 {
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(hash, 0, 0, hash_enum_size);
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
-        rb_hash_foreach(hash, transform_values_i, hash);
+
+    if (!RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
+        rb_hash_stlike_foreach_with_replace(hash, transform_values_foreach_func, transform_values_foreach_replace, hash);
+    }
+
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -1887,13 +3400,12 @@ to_a_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.to_a -> array
- *
- *  Converts <i>hsh</i> to a nested array of <code>[</code> <i>key,
- *  value</i> <code>]</code> arrays.
+ *    hash.to_a -> new_array
  *
- *     h = { "c" => 300, "a" => 100, "d" => 400, "c" => 300  }
- *     h.to_a   #=> [["c", 300], ["a", 100], ["d", 400]]
+ *  Returns a new \Array of 2-element \Array objects;
+ *  each nested \Array contains a key-value pair from +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.to_a # => [[:foo, 0], [:bar, 1], [:baz, 2]]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1903,7 +3415,6 @@ rb_hash_to_a(VALUE hash)
 
     ary = rb_ary_new_capa(RHASH_SIZE(hash));
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, to_a_i, ary);
-    OBJ_INFECT(ary, hash);
 
     return ary;
 }
@@ -1921,11 +3432,9 @@ inspect_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE str)
 	rb_enc_copy(str, str2);
     }
     rb_str_buf_append(str, str2);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, str2);
     rb_str_buf_cat_ascii(str, "=>");
     str2 = rb_inspect(value);
     rb_str_buf_append(str, str2);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, str2);
 
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -1939,20 +3448,19 @@ inspect_hash(VALUE hash, VALUE dummy, int recur)
     str = rb_str_buf_new2("{");
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, inspect_i, str);
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "}");
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, hash);
 
     return str;
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hsh.to_s     -> string
- *   hsh.inspect  -> string
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.inspect -> new_string
  *
- * Return the contents of this hash as a string.
+ *  Returns a new \String containing the hash entries:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.inspect # => "{:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}"
  *
- *     h = { "c" => 300, "a" => 100, "d" => 400, "c" => 300  }
- *     h.to_s   #=> "{\"c\"=>300, \"a\"=>100, \"d\"=>400}"
+ *  Hash#to_s is an alias for Hash#inspect.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1964,32 +3472,78 @@ rb_hash_inspect(VALUE hash)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *    hsh.to_hash   => hsh
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.to_hash -> self
  *
- * Returns +self+.
+ *  Returns +self+.
  */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_to_hash(VALUE hash)
 {
     return hash;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_hash_set_pair(VALUE hash, VALUE arg)
+{
+    VALUE pair;
+
+    pair = rb_check_array_type(arg);
+    if (NIL_P(pair)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong element type %s (expected array)",
+                 rb_builtin_class_name(arg));
+    }
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(pair) != 2) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "element has wrong array length (expected 2, was %ld)",
+                 RARRAY_LEN(pair));
+    }
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_AREF(pair, 0), RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1));
+    return hash;
+}
+
+static int
+to_h_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
+{
+    rb_hash_set_pair(hash, rb_yield_values(2, key, value));
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_to_h_block(VALUE hash)
+{
+    VALUE h = rb_hash_new_with_size(RHASH_SIZE(hash));
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, to_h_i, h);
+    return h;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.to_h     -> hsh or new_hash
+ *    hash.to_h -> self or new_hash
+ *    hash.to_h {|key, value| ... } -> new_hash
+ *
+ *  For an instance of \Hash, returns +self+.
  *
- *  Returns +self+. If called on a subclass of Hash, converts
- *  the receiver to a Hash object.
+ *  For a subclass of \Hash, returns a new \Hash
+ *  containing the content of +self+.
+ *
+ *  When a block is given, returns a new \Hash object
+ *  whose content is based on the block;
+ *  the block should return a 2-element \Array object
+ *  specifying the key-value pair to be included in the returned \Array:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = h.to_h {|key, value| [value, key] }
+ *    h1 # => {0=>:foo, 1=>:bar, 2=>:baz}
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_to_h(VALUE hash)
 {
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        return rb_hash_to_h_block(hash);
+    }
     if (rb_obj_class(hash) != rb_cHash) {
 	const VALUE flags = RBASIC(hash)->flags;
-	hash = hash_dup(hash, rb_cHash, flags & HASH_PROC_DEFAULT);
+        hash = hash_dup(hash, rb_cHash, flags & RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT);
     }
     return hash;
 }
@@ -2003,32 +3557,32 @@ keys_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.keys    -> array
- *
- *  Returns a new array populated with the keys from this hash. See also
- *  <code>Hash#values</code>.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300, "d" => 400 }
- *     h.keys   #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+ *    hash.keys -> new_array
  *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all keys in +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.keys # => [:foo, :bar, :baz]
  */
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_hash_keys(VALUE hash)
 {
-    VALUE keys;
     st_index_t size = RHASH_SIZE(hash);
+    VALUE keys =  rb_ary_new_capa(size);
 
-    keys = rb_ary_new_capa(size);
     if (size == 0) return keys;
 
     if (ST_DATA_COMPATIBLE_P(VALUE)) {
-	st_table *table = RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
-
-	rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(keys);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(keys, ptr, {
-	    size = st_keys_check(table, ptr, size, Qundef);
-	});
+        RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(keys, ptr, {
+            if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+                size = ar_keys(hash, ptr, size);
+            }
+            else {
+                st_table *table = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
+                size = st_keys(table, ptr, size);
+            }
+        });
+        rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(keys);
 	rb_ary_set_len(keys, size);
     }
     else {
@@ -2047,14 +3601,11 @@ values_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.values    -> array
- *
- *  Returns a new array populated with the values from <i>hsh</i>. See
- *  also <code>Hash#keys</code>.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300 }
- *     h.values   #=> [100, 200, 300]
+ *    hash.values -> new_array
  *
+ *  Returns a new \Array containing all values in +self+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.values # => [0, 1, 2]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -2067,14 +3618,22 @@ rb_hash_values(VALUE hash)
     if (size == 0) return values;
 
     if (ST_DATA_COMPATIBLE_P(VALUE)) {
-	st_table *table = RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
-
-	rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(values);
-	RARRAY_PTR_USE(values, ptr, {
-	    size = st_values_check(table, ptr, size, Qundef);
-	});
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+            rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(values);
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(values, ptr, {
+                size = ar_values(hash, ptr, size);
+            });
+        }
+        else if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+            st_table *table = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
+            rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(values);
+            RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(values, ptr, {
+                size = st_values(table, ptr, size);
+            });
+        }
 	rb_ary_set_len(values, size);
     }
+
     else {
 	rb_hash_foreach(hash, values_i, values);
     }
@@ -2084,32 +3643,25 @@ rb_hash_values(VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.has_key?(key)    -> true or false
- *     hsh.include?(key)    -> true or false
- *     hsh.key?(key)        -> true or false
- *     hsh.member?(key)     -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given key is present in <i>hsh</i>.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.has_key?("a")   #=> true
- *     h.has_key?("z")   #=> false
- *
- *  Note that <code>include?</code> and <code>member?</code> do not test member
- *  equality using <code>==</code> as do other Enumerables.
+ *    hash.include?(key) -> true or false
+ *    hash.has_key?(key) -> true or false
+ *    hash.key?(key) -> true or false
+ *    hash.member?(key) -> true or false
+
+ *  Methods #has_key?, #key?, and #member? are aliases for \#include?.
  *
- *  See also Enumerable#include?
+ *  Returns +true+ if +key+ is a key in +self+, otherwise +false+.
  */
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_hash_has_key(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 {
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
+    if (hash_stlike_lookup(hash, key, NULL)) {
+        return Qtrue;
+    }
+    else {
         return Qfalse;
-    if (st_lookup(RHASH(hash)->ntbl, key, 0)) {
-	return Qtrue;
     }
-    return Qfalse;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2126,15 +3678,9 @@ rb_hash_search_value(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.has_value?(value)    -> true or false
- *     hsh.value?(value)        -> true or false
+ *    hash.has_value?(value) -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given value is present for some key
- *  in <i>hsh</i>.
- *
- *     h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h.value?(100)   #=> true
- *     h.value?(999)   #=> false
+ *  Returns +true+ if +value+ is a value in +self+, otherwise +false+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2150,7 +3696,7 @@ rb_hash_has_value(VALUE hash, VALUE val)
 
 struct equal_data {
     VALUE result;
-    st_table *tbl;
+    VALUE hash;
     int eql;
 };
 
@@ -2160,15 +3706,17 @@ eql_i(VALUE key, VALUE val1, VALUE arg)
     struct equal_data *data = (struct equal_data *)arg;
     st_data_t val2;
 
-    if (!st_lookup(data->tbl, key, &val2)) {
-	data->result = Qfalse;
-	return ST_STOP;
+    if (!hash_stlike_lookup(data->hash, key, &val2)) {
+        data->result = Qfalse;
+        return ST_STOP;
     }
-    if (!(data->eql ? rb_eql(val1, (VALUE)val2) : (int)rb_equal(val1, (VALUE)val2))) {
-	data->result = Qfalse;
-	return ST_STOP;
+    else {
+        if (!(data->eql ? rb_eql(val1, (VALUE)val2) : (int)rb_equal(val1, (VALUE)val2))) {
+            data->result = Qfalse;
+            return ST_STOP;
+        }
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
     }
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2208,44 +3756,42 @@ hash_equal(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2, int eql)
     }
     if (RHASH_SIZE(hash1) != RHASH_SIZE(hash2))
 	return Qfalse;
-    if (!RHASH(hash1)->ntbl || !RHASH(hash2)->ntbl)
-        return Qtrue;
-    if (RHASH(hash1)->ntbl->type != RHASH(hash2)->ntbl->type)
-	return Qfalse;
+    if (!RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash1) && !RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash2)) {
+        if (RHASH_TYPE(hash1) != RHASH_TYPE(hash2)) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        else {
+            data.hash = hash2;
+            data.eql = eql;
+            return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, hash1, hash2, (VALUE)&data);
+        }
+    }
+
 #if 0
     if (!(rb_equal(RHASH_IFNONE(hash1), RHASH_IFNONE(hash2)) &&
-	  FL_TEST(hash1, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT) == FL_TEST(hash2, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT)))
+          FL_TEST(hash1, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT) == FL_TEST(hash2, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT)))
 	return Qfalse;
 #endif
-
-    data.tbl = RHASH(hash2)->ntbl;
-    data.eql = eql;
-    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, hash1, hash2, (VALUE)&data);
+    return Qtrue;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh == other_hash    -> true or false
- *
- *  Equality---Two hashes are equal if they each contain the same number
- *  of keys and if each key-value pair is equal to (according to
- *  <code>Object#==</code>) the corresponding elements in the other
- *  hash.
+ *    hash == object -> true or false
  *
- *     h1 = { "a" => 1, "c" => 2 }
- *     h2 = { 7 => 35, "c" => 2, "a" => 1 }
- *     h3 = { "a" => 1, "c" => 2, 7 => 35 }
- *     h4 = { "a" => 1, "d" => 2, "f" => 35 }
- *     h1 == h2   #=> false
- *     h2 == h3   #=> true
- *     h3 == h4   #=> false
+ *  Returns +true+ if all of the following are true:
+ *  * +object+ is a \Hash object.
+ *  * +hash+ and +object+ have the same keys (regardless of order).
+ *  * For each key +key+, <tt>hash[key] == object[key]</tt>.
  *
- *  The orders of each hashes are not compared.
- *
- *     h1 = { "a" => 1, "c" => 2 }
- *     h2 = { "c" => 2, "a" => 1 }
- *     h1 == h2   #=> true
+ *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
  *
+ *  Equal:
+ *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h2 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 == h2 # => true
+ *    h3 = {baz: 2, bar: 1, foo: 0}
+ *    h1 == h3 # => true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2256,11 +3802,21 @@ rb_hash_equal(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hash.eql?(other)  -> true or false
+ *    hash.eql? object -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if all of the following are true:
+ *  * +object+ is a \Hash object.
+ *  * +hash+ and +object+ have the same keys (regardless of order).
+ *  * For each key +key+, <tt>h[key] eql? object[key]</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Otherwise, returns +false+.
  *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>hash</i> and <i>other</i> are
- *  both hashes with the same content.
- *  The orders of each hashes are not compared.
+ *  Equal:
+ *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h2 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1.eql? h2 # => true
+ *    h3 = {baz: 2, bar: 1, foo: 0}
+ *    h1.eql? h3 # => true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2283,12 +3839,16 @@ hash_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.hash   -> integer
+ *    hash.hash -> an_integer
  *
- *  Compute a hash-code for this hash. Two hashes with the same content
- *  will have the same hash code (and will compare using <code>eql?</code>).
+ *  Returns the \Integer hash-code for the hash.
  *
- *  See also Object#hash.
+ *  Two \Hash objects have the same hash-code if their content is the same
+ *  (regardless or order):
+ *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h2 = {baz: 2, bar: 1, foo: 0}
+ *    h2.hash == h1.hash # => true
+ *    h2.eql? h1 # => true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2313,38 +3873,23 @@ rb_hash_invert_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.invert -> new_hash
- *
- *  Returns a new hash created by using <i>hsh</i>'s values as keys, and
- *  the keys as values.
- *  If a key with the same value already exists in the <i>hsh</i>, then
- *  the last one defined will be used, the earlier value(s) will be discarded.
- *
- *     h = { "n" => 100, "m" => 100, "y" => 300, "d" => 200, "a" => 0 }
- *     h.invert   #=> {0=>"a", 100=>"m", 200=>"d", 300=>"y"}
+ *    hash.invert -> new_hash
  *
- *  If there is no key with the same value, Hash#invert is involutive.
- *
- *    h = { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }
- *    h.invert.invert == h #=> true
- *
- *  The condition, no key with the same value, can be tested by comparing
- *  the size of inverted hash.
- *
- *    # no key with the same value
- *    h = { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }
- *    h.size == h.invert.size #=> true
- *
- *    # two (or more) keys has the same value
- *    h = { a: 1, b: 3, c: 1 }
- *    h.size == h.invert.size #=> false
+ *  Returns a new \Hash object with the each key-value pair inverted:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = h.invert
+ *    h1 # => {0=>:foo, 1=>:bar, 2=>:baz}
  *
+ *  Overwrites any repeated new keys:
+ *  (see {Entry Order}[#class-Hash-label-Entry+Order]):
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 0, baz: 0}
+ *    h.invert # => {0=>:baz}
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_invert(VALUE hash)
 {
-    VALUE h = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE h = rb_hash_new_with_size(RHASH_SIZE(hash));
 
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, rb_hash_invert_i, h);
     return h;
@@ -2402,39 +3947,71 @@ rb_hash_update_block_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.merge!(other_hash)                                 -> hsh
- *     hsh.update(other_hash)                                 -> hsh
- *     hsh.merge!(other_hash){|key, oldval, newval| block}    -> hsh
- *     hsh.update(other_hash){|key, oldval, newval| block}    -> hsh
- *
- *  Adds the contents of _other_hash_ to _hsh_.  If no block is specified,
- *  entries with duplicate keys are overwritten with the values from
- *  _other_hash_, otherwise the value of each duplicate key is determined by
- *  calling the block with the key, its value in _hsh_ and its value in
- *  _other_hash_.
- *
- *     h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h2 = { "b" => 254, "c" => 300 }
- *     h1.merge!(h2)   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>254, "c"=>300}
- *
- *     h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h2 = { "b" => 254, "c" => 300 }
- *     h1.merge!(h2) { |key, v1, v2| v1 }
- *                     #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200, "c"=>300}
+ *    hash.merge! -> self
+ *    hash.merge!(*other_hashes) -> self
+ *    hash.merge!(*other_hashes) { |key, old_value, new_value| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Merges each of +other_hashes+ into +self+; returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  Each argument in +other_hashes+ must be a \Hash.
+ *
+ *  \Method #update is an alias for \#merge!.
+ *
+ *  With arguments and no block:
+ *  * Returns +self+, after the given hashes are merged into it.
+ *  * The given hashes are merged left to right.
+ *  * Each new entry is added at the end.
+ *  * Each duplicate-key entry's value overwrites the previous value.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
+ *    h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
+ *    h.merge!(h1, h2) # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>4, :baz=>2, :bat=>6, :bam=>5}
+ *
+ *  With arguments and a block:
+ *  * Returns +self+, after the given hashes are merged.
+ *  *  The given hashes are merged left to right.
+ *  *  Each new-key entry is added at the end.
+ *  *  For each duplicate key:
+ *     * Calls the block with the key and the old and new values.
+ *     * The block's return value becomes the new value for the entry.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
+ *    h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
+ *    h3 = h.merge!(h1, h2) { |key, old_value, new_value| old_value + new_value }
+ *    h3 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>5, :baz=>2, :bat=>9, :bam=>5}
+ *
+ *  With no arguments:
+ *  * Returns +self+, unmodified.
+ *  * The block, if given, is ignored.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.merge # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *    h1 = h.merge! { |key, old_value, new_value| raise 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_hash_update(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2)
+rb_hash_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_hash_modify(hash1);
-    hash2 = to_hash(hash2);
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	rb_hash_foreach(hash2, rb_hash_update_block_i, hash1);
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_hash_foreach(hash2, rb_hash_update_i, hash1);
+    int i;
+    bool block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+
+    rb_hash_modify(self);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++){
+       VALUE hash = to_hash(argv[i]);
+       if (block_given) {
+           rb_hash_foreach(hash, rb_hash_update_block_i, self);
+       }
+       else {
+           rb_hash_foreach(hash, rb_hash_update_i, self);
+       }
     }
-    return hash1;
+    return self;
 }
 
 struct update_func_arg {
@@ -2493,28 +4070,59 @@ rb_hash_update_by(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2, rb_hash_update_func *func)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.merge(other_hash)                              -> new_hash
- *     hsh.merge(other_hash){|key, oldval, newval| block} -> new_hash
- *
- *  Returns a new hash containing the contents of <i>other_hash</i> and
- *  the contents of <i>hsh</i>. If no block is specified, the value for
- *  entries with duplicate keys will be that of <i>other_hash</i>. Otherwise
- *  the value for each duplicate key is determined by calling the block
- *  with the key, its value in <i>hsh</i> and its value in <i>other_hash</i>.
- *
- *     h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
- *     h2 = { "b" => 254, "c" => 300 }
- *     h1.merge(h2)   #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>254, "c"=>300}
- *     h1.merge(h2){|key, oldval, newval| newval - oldval}
- *                    #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>54,  "c"=>300}
- *     h1             #=> {"a"=>100, "b"=>200}
- *
+ *    hash.merge -> copy_of_self
+ *    hash.merge(*other_hashes) -> new_hash
+ *    hash.merge(*other_hashes) { |key, old_value, new_value| ... } -> new_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns the new \Hash formed by merging each of +other_hashes+
+ *  into a copy of +self+.
+ *
+ *  Each argument in +other_hashes+ must be a \Hash.
+ *
+ *  ---
+ *
+ *  With arguments and no block:
+ *  * Returns the new \Hash object formed by merging each successive
+ *    \Hash in +other_hashes+ into +self+.
+ *  * Each new-key entry is added at the end.
+ *  * Each duplicate-key entry's value overwrites the previous value.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
+ *    h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
+ *    h.merge(h1, h2) # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>4, :baz=>2, :bat=>6, :bam=>5}
+ *
+ *  With arguments and a block:
+ *  * Returns a new \Hash object that is the merge of +self+ and each given hash.
+ *  * The given hashes are merged left to right.
+ *  * Each new-key entry is added at the end.
+ *  * For each duplicate key:
+ *    * Calls the block with the key and the old and new values.
+ *    * The block's return value becomes the new value for the entry.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
+ *    h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
+ *    h3 = h.merge(h1, h2) { |key, old_value, new_value| old_value + new_value }
+ *    h3 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>5, :baz=>2, :bat=>9, :bam=>5}
+ *
+ *  With no arguments:
+ *  * Returns a copy of +self+.
+ *  * The block, if given, is ignored.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.merge # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *    h1 = h.merge { |key, old_value, new_value| raise 'Cannot happen' }
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_hash_merge(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2)
+rb_hash_merge(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_hash_update(rb_obj_dup(hash1), hash2);
+    return rb_hash_update(argc, argv, rb_hash_dup(self));
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2539,7 +4147,8 @@ static VALUE
 reset_hash_type(VALUE arg)
 {
     struct reset_hash_type_arg *p = (struct reset_hash_type_arg *)arg;
-    RHASH(p->hash)->ntbl->type = p->orighash;
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(p->hash));
+    RHASH_ST_TABLE(p->hash)->type = p->orighash;
     return Qundef;
 }
 
@@ -2557,16 +4166,13 @@ assoc_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hash.assoc(obj)   ->  an_array  or  nil
+ *    hash.assoc(key) -> new_array or nil
  *
- *  Searches through the hash comparing _obj_ with the key using <code>==</code>.
- *  Returns the key-value pair (two elements array) or +nil+
- *  if no match is found.  See <code>Array#assoc</code>.
+ *  If the given +key+ is found, returns a 2-element \Array containing that key and its value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.assoc(:bar) # => [:bar, 1]
  *
- *     h = {"colors"  => ["red", "blue", "green"],
- *          "letters" => ["a", "b", "c" ]}
- *     h.assoc("letters")  #=> ["letters", ["a", "b", "c"]]
- *     h.assoc("foo")      #=> nil
+ *  Returns +nil+ if key +key+ is not found.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -2577,7 +4183,10 @@ rb_hash_assoc(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
     VALUE args[2];
 
     if (RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) return Qnil;
-    table = RHASH(hash)->ntbl;
+
+    ar_force_convert_table(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash));
+    table = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
     orighash = table->type;
 
     if (orighash != &identhash) {
@@ -2587,7 +4196,7 @@ rb_hash_assoc(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 
 	assochash.compare = assoc_cmp;
 	assochash.hash = orighash->hash;
-	table->type = &assochash;
+        table->type = &assochash;
 	args[0] = hash;
 	args[1] = key;
 	ensure_arg.hash = hash;
@@ -2616,15 +4225,15 @@ rassoc_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hash.rassoc(obj) -> an_array or nil
+ *    hash.rassoc(value) -> new_array or nil
  *
- *  Searches through the hash comparing _obj_ with the value using <code>==</code>.
- *  Returns the first key-value pair (two-element array) that matches. See
- *  also <code>Array#rassoc</code>.
+ *  Returns a new 2-element \Array consisting of the key and value
+ *  of the first-found entry whose value is <tt>==</tt> to value
+ *  (see {Entry Order}[#class-Hash-label-Entry+Order]):
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 1}
+ *    h.rassoc(1) # => [:bar, 1]
  *
- *     a = {1=> "one", 2 => "two", 3 => "three", "ii" => "two"}
- *     a.rassoc("two")    #=> [2, "two"]
- *     a.rassoc("four")   #=> nil
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no such value found.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -2652,18 +4261,33 @@ flatten_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE ary)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hash.flatten -> an_array
- *     hash.flatten(level) -> an_array
- *
- *  Returns a new array that is a one-dimensional flattening of this
- *  hash. That is, for every key or value that is an array, extract
- *  its elements into the new array.  Unlike Array#flatten, this
- *  method does not flatten recursively by default.  The optional
- *  <i>level</i> argument determines the level of recursion to flatten.
- *
- *     a =  {1=> "one", 2 => [2,"two"], 3 => "three"}
- *     a.flatten    # => [1, "one", 2, [2, "two"], 3, "three"]
- *     a.flatten(2) # => [1, "one", 2, 2, "two", 3, "three"]
+ *     hash.flatten -> new_array
+ *     hash.flatten(level) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new \Array object that is a 1-dimensional flattening of +self+.
+ *
+ *  ---
+ *
+ *  By default, nested Arrays are not flattened:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: [:bat, 3], baz: 2}
+ *    h.flatten # => [:foo, 0, :bar, [:bat, 3], :baz, 2]
+ *
+ *  Takes the depth of recursive flattening from \Integer argument +level+:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: [:bat, [:baz, [:bat, ]]]}
+ *    h.flatten(1) # => [:foo, 0, :bar, [:bat, [:baz, [:bat]]]]
+ *    h.flatten(2) # => [:foo, 0, :bar, :bat, [:baz, [:bat]]]
+ *    h.flatten(3) # => [:foo, 0, :bar, :bat, :baz, [:bat]]
+ *    h.flatten(4) # => [:foo, 0, :bar, :bat, :baz, :bat]
+ *
+ *  When +level+ is negative, flattens all nested Arrays:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: [:bat, [:baz, [:bat, ]]]}
+ *    h.flatten(-1) # => [:foo, 0, :bar, :bat, :baz, :bat]
+ *    h.flatten(-2) # => [:foo, 0, :bar, :bat, :baz, :bat]
+ *
+ *  When +level+ is zero, returns the equivalent of #to_a :
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: [:bat, 3], baz: 2}
+ *    h.flatten(0) # => [[:foo, 0], [:bar, [:bat, 3]], [:baz, 2]]
+ *    h.flatten(0) == h.to_a # => true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2671,17 +4295,23 @@ rb_hash_flatten(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
 {
     VALUE ary;
 
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+
     if (argc) {
-	int level = NUM2INT(*argv);
+	int level = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
+
 	if (level == 0) return rb_hash_to_a(hash);
 
 	ary = rb_ary_new_capa(RHASH_SIZE(hash) * 2);
 	rb_hash_foreach(hash, flatten_i, ary);
-	if (level - 1 > 0) {
-	    *argv = INT2FIX(level - 1);
-	    rb_funcallv(ary, id_flatten_bang, argc, argv);
+	level--;
+
+	if (level > 0) {
+	    VALUE ary_flatten_level = INT2FIX(level);
+	    rb_funcallv(ary, id_flatten_bang, 1, &ary_flatten_level);
 	}
 	else if (level < 0) {
+	    /* flatten recursively */
 	    rb_funcallv(ary, id_flatten_bang, 0, 0);
 	}
     }
@@ -2713,14 +4343,12 @@ set_if_not_nil(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.compact -> new_hash
- *
- *  Returns a new hash with the nil values/key pairs removed
- *
- *     h = { a: 1, b: false, c: nil }
- *     h.compact     #=> { a: 1, b: false }
- *     h             #=> { a: 1, b: false, c: nil }
+ *    hash.compact -> new_hash
  *
+ *  Returns a copy of +self+ with all +nil+-valued entries removed:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: nil, baz: 2, bat: nil}
+ *    h1 = h.compact
+ *    h1 # => {:foo=>0, :baz=>2}
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2735,80 +4363,106 @@ rb_hash_compact(VALUE hash)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.compact! -> hsh
- *
- *  Removes all nil values from the hash.
- *  Returns the hash.
+ *    hash.compact! -> self or nil
  *
- *     h = { a: 1, b: false, c: nil }
- *     h.compact!     #=> { a: 1, b: false }
+ *  Returns +self+ with all its +nil+-valued entries removed (in place):
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: nil, baz: 2, bat: nil}
+ *    h.compact! # => {:foo=>0, :baz=>2}
  *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if no entries were removed.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_compact_bang(VALUE hash)
 {
+    st_index_t n;
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl) {
-	st_index_t n = RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries;
+    n = RHASH_SIZE(hash);
+    if (n) {
 	rb_hash_foreach(hash, delete_if_nil, hash);
-	if (n != RHASH(hash)->ntbl->num_entries)
+        if (n != RHASH_SIZE(hash))
 	    return hash;
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static st_table *rb_init_identtable_with_size(st_index_t size);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.compare_by_identity -> hsh
- *
- *  Makes <i>hsh</i> compare its keys by their identity, i.e. it
- *  will consider exact same objects as same keys.
- *
- *     h1 = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200, :c => "c" }
- *     h1["a"]        #=> 100
- *     h1.compare_by_identity
- *     h1.compare_by_identity? #=> true
- *     h1["a".dup]    #=> nil  # different objects.
- *     h1[:c]         #=> "c"  # same symbols are all same.
- *
+ *    hash.compare_by_identity -> self
+ *
+ *  Sets +self+ to consider only identity in comparing keys;
+ *  two keys are considered the same only if they are the same object;
+ *  returns +self+.
+ *
+ *  By default, these two object are considered to be the same key,
+ *  so +s1+ will overwrite +s0+:
+ *    s0 = 'x'
+ *    s1 = 'x'
+ *    h = {}
+ *    h.compare_by_identity? # => false
+ *    h[s0] = 0
+ *    h[s1] = 1
+ *    h # => {"x"=>1}
+ *
+ *  After calling \#compare_by_identity, the keys are considered to be different,
+ *  and therefore do not overwrite each other:
+ *    h = {}
+ *    h.compare_by_identity # => {}
+ *    h.compare_by_identity? # => true
+ *    h[s0] = 0
+ *    h[s1] = 1
+ *    h # => {"x"=>0, "x"=>1}
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_compare_by_id(VALUE hash)
 {
+    VALUE tmp;
+    st_table *identtable;
+
     if (rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(hash)) return hash;
-    rb_hash_modify(hash);
-    RHASH(hash)->ntbl->type = &identhash;
-    rb_hash_rehash(hash);
+
+    rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
+    ar_force_convert_table(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+    HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash));
+
+    tmp = hash_alloc(0);
+    identtable = rb_init_identtable_with_size(RHASH_SIZE(hash));
+    RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(tmp, identtable);
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, rb_hash_rehash_i, (VALUE)tmp);
+    st_free_table(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash));
+    RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(hash, identtable);
+    RHASH_ST_CLEAR(tmp);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(tmp);
+
     return hash;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.compare_by_identity? -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>hsh</i> will compare its keys by
- *  their identity.  Also see <code>Hash#compare_by_identity</code>.
+ *    hash.compare_by_identity? -> true or false
  *
+ *  Returns +true+ if #compare_by_identity has been called, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(VALUE hash)
 {
-    if (!RHASH(hash)->ntbl)
-        return Qfalse;
-    if (RHASH(hash)->ntbl->type == &identhash) {
+    if (RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash) && RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash)->type == &identhash) {
 	return Qtrue;
     }
-    return Qfalse;
+    else {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_ident_hash_new(void)
 {
     VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-    RHASH(hash)->ntbl = st_init_table(&identhash);
+    RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(hash, st_init_table(&identhash));
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -2818,7 +4472,7 @@ rb_init_identtable(void)
     return st_init_table(&identhash);
 }
 
-st_table *
+static st_table *
 rb_init_identtable_with_size(st_index_t size)
 {
     return st_init_table_with_size(&identhash, size);
@@ -2846,50 +4500,105 @@ any_p_i_fast(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static int
+any_p_i_pattern(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
+{
+    VALUE ret = rb_funcall(((VALUE *)arg)[1], idEqq, 1, rb_assoc_new(key, value));
+    if (RTEST(ret)) {
+	*(VALUE *)arg = Qtrue;
+	return ST_STOP;
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     hsh.any? [{ |(key, value)| block }]   -> true or false
- *
- *  See also Enumerable#any?
+ *    hash.any? -> true or false
+ *    hash.any?(object) -> true or false
+ *    hash.any? {|key, value| ... } -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if any element satisfies a given criterion;
+ *  +false+ otherwise.
+ *
+ *  With no argument and no block,
+ *  returns +true+ if +self+ is non-empty; +false+ if empty.
+ *
+ *  With argument +object+ and no block,
+ *  returns +true+ if for any key +key+
+ *  <tt>h.assoc(key) == object</tt>:
+ *   h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *   h.any?([:bar, 1]) # => true
+ *   h.any?([:bar, 0]) # => false
+ *   h.any?([:baz, 1]) # => false
+ *
+ *  With no argument and a block,
+ *  calls the block with each key-value pair;
+ *  returns +true+ if the block returns any truthy value,
+ *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.any? {|key, value| value < 3 } # => true
+ *    h.any? {|key, value| value > 3 } # => false
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_hash_any_p(VALUE hash)
+rb_hash_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
 {
-    VALUE ret = Qfalse;
+    VALUE args[2];
+    args[0] = Qfalse;
 
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     if (RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) return Qfalse;
-    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
-	/* yields pairs, never false */
-	return Qtrue;
+    if (argc) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            rb_warn("given block not used");
+        }
+	args[1] = argv[0];
+
+	rb_hash_foreach(hash, any_p_i_pattern, (VALUE)args);
     }
-    if (rb_block_arity() > 1)
-	rb_hash_foreach(hash, any_p_i_fast, (VALUE)&ret);
-    else
-	rb_hash_foreach(hash, any_p_i, (VALUE)&ret);
-    return ret;
+    else {
+	if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+	    /* yields pairs, never false */
+	    return Qtrue;
+	}
+        if (rb_block_pair_yield_optimizable())
+	    rb_hash_foreach(hash, any_p_i_fast, (VALUE)args);
+	else
+	    rb_hash_foreach(hash, any_p_i, (VALUE)args);
+    }
+    return args[0];
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hsh.dig(key, ...)                 -> object
- *
- * Extracts the nested value specified by the sequence of <i>key</i>
- * objects by calling +dig+ at each step, returning +nil+ if any
- * intermediate step is +nil+.
- *
- *   h = { foo: {bar: {baz: 1}}}
- *
- *   h.dig(:foo, :bar, :baz)     #=> 1
- *   h.dig(:foo, :zot, :xyz)     #=> nil
- *
- *   g = { foo: [10, 11, 12] }
- *   g.dig(:foo, 1)              #=> 11
- *   g.dig(:foo, 1, 0)           #=> TypeError: Integer does not have #dig method
- *   g.dig(:foo, :bar)           #=> TypeError: no implicit conversion of Symbol into Integer
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.dig(key, *identifiers) -> object
+ *
+ *  Finds and returns the object in nested objects
+ *  that is specified by +key+ and +identifiers+.
+ *  The nested objects may be instances of various classes.
+ *  See {Dig Methods}[rdoc-ref:doc/dig_methods.rdoc].
+ *
+ *  Nested Hashes:
+ *    h = {foo: {bar: {baz: 2}}}
+ *    h.dig(:foo) # => {:bar=>{:baz=>2}}
+ *    h.dig(:foo, :bar) # => {:bar=>{:baz=>2}}
+ *    h.dig(:foo, :bar, :baz) # => 2
+ *    h.dig(:foo, :bar, :BAZ) # => nil
+ *
+ *  Nested Hashes and Arrays:
+ *    h = {foo: {bar: [:a, :b, :c]}}
+ *    h.dig(:foo, :bar, 2) # => :c
+ *
+ *  This method will use the {default values}[#class-Hash-label-Default+Values]
+ *  for keys that are not present:
+ *    h = {foo: {bar: [:a, :b, :c]}}
+ *    h.dig(:hello) # => nil
+ *    h.default_proc = -> (hash, _key) { hash }
+ *    h.dig(:hello, :world) # => h
+ *    h.dig(:hello, :world, :foo, :bar, 2) # => :c
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_hash_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
@@ -2920,17 +4629,15 @@ hash_le(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hash <= other -> true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if <i>hash</i> is subset of
- * <i>other</i> or equals to <i>other</i>.
- *
- *    h1 = {a:1, b:2}
- *    h2 = {a:1, b:2, c:3}
- *    h1 <= h2   #=> true
- *    h2 <= h1   #=> false
- *    h1 <= h1   #=> true
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash <= other_hash -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +hash+ is a subset of +other_hash+, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+ *    h2 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 <= h2 # => true
+ *    h2 <= h1 # => false
+ *    h1 <= h1 # => true
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_le(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
@@ -2941,17 +4648,15 @@ rb_hash_le(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hash < other -> true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if <i>hash</i> is subset of
- * <i>other</i>.
- *
- *    h1 = {a:1, b:2}
- *    h2 = {a:1, b:2, c:3}
- *    h1 < h2    #=> true
- *    h2 < h1    #=> false
- *    h1 < h1    #=> false
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash < other_hash -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +hash+ is a proper subset of +other_hash+, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+ *    h2 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h1 < h2 # => true
+ *    h2 < h1 # => false
+ *    h1 < h1 # => false
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_lt(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
@@ -2962,17 +4667,15 @@ rb_hash_lt(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hash >= other -> true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if <i>other</i> is subset of
- * <i>hash</i> or equals to <i>hash</i>.
- *
- *    h1 = {a:1, b:2}
- *    h2 = {a:1, b:2, c:3}
- *    h1 >= h2   #=> false
- *    h2 >= h1   #=> true
- *    h1 >= h1   #=> true
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash >= other_hash -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +hash+ is a superset of +other_hash+, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h2 = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+ *    h1 >= h2 # => true
+ *    h2 >= h1 # => false
+ *    h1 >= h1 # => true
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_ge(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
@@ -2983,17 +4686,15 @@ rb_hash_ge(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq:
- *   hash > other -> true or false
- *
- * Returns <code>true</code> if <i>other</i> is subset of
- * <i>hash</i>.
- *
- *    h1 = {a:1, b:2}
- *    h2 = {a:1, b:2, c:3}
- *    h1 > h2    #=> false
- *    h2 > h1    #=> true
- *    h1 > h1    #=> false
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash > other_hash -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +hash+ is a proper superset of +other_hash+, +false+ otherwise:
+ *    h1 = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h2 = {foo: 0, bar: 1}
+ *    h1 > h2 # => true
+ *    h2 > h1 # => false
+ *    h1 > h1 # => false
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_gt(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
@@ -3004,16 +4705,34 @@ rb_hash_gt(VALUE hash, VALUE other)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-hash_proc_call(VALUE key, VALUE hash, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_proc)
+hash_proc_call(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(key, hash))
 {
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 1);
     return rb_hash_aref(hash, *argv);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    hash.to_proc -> proc
+ *
+ *  Returns a \Proc object that maps a key to its value:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    proc = h.to_proc
+ *    proc.class # => Proc
+ *    proc.call(:foo) # => 0
+ *    proc.call(:bar) # => 1
+ *    proc.call(:nosuch) # => nil
+ */
 static VALUE
 rb_hash_to_proc(VALUE hash)
 {
-    return rb_func_proc_new(hash_proc_call, hash);
+    return rb_func_lambda_new(hash_proc_call, hash, 1, 1);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_hash_deconstruct_keys(VALUE hash, VALUE keys)
+{
+    return hash;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -3033,14 +4752,71 @@ add_new_i(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 int
 rb_hash_add_new_element(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val)
 {
-    st_table *tbl = rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash);
+    st_table *tbl;
+    int ret = 0;
     VALUE args[2];
     args[0] = hash;
     args[1] = val;
+
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        hash_ar_table(hash);
+
+        ret = ar_update(hash, (st_data_t)key, add_new_i, (st_data_t)args);
+        if (ret != -1) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+        ar_try_convert_table(hash);
+    }
+    tbl = RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash);
     return st_update(tbl, (st_data_t)key, add_new_i, (st_data_t)args);
+
 }
 
-static int path_tainted = -1;
+static st_data_t
+key_stringify(VALUE key)
+{
+    return (rb_obj_class(key) == rb_cString && !RB_OBJ_FROZEN(key)) ?
+        rb_hash_key_str(key) : key;
+}
+
+static void
+ar_bulk_insert(VALUE hash, long argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; ) {
+        st_data_t k = key_stringify(argv[i++]);
+        st_data_t v = argv[i++];
+        ar_insert(hash, k, v);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, k);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(hash, Qundef, v);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_hash_bulk_insert(long argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
+{
+    HASH_ASSERT(argc % 2 == 0);
+    if (argc > 0) {
+        st_index_t size = argc / 2;
+
+        if (RHASH_TABLE_NULL_P(hash)) {
+            if (size <= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE) {
+                hash_ar_table(hash);
+            }
+            else {
+                RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash) &&
+            (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) + size <= RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE)) {
+            ar_bulk_insert(hash, argc, argv);
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_hash_bulk_insert_into_st_table(argc, argv, hash);
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 static char **origenviron;
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -3050,22 +4826,7 @@ static char **my_environ;
 #undef environ
 #define environ my_environ
 #undef getenv
-static char *(*w32_getenv)(const char*);
-static char *
-w32_getenv_unknown(const char *name)
-{
-    char *(*func)(const char*);
-    if (rb_locale_encindex() == rb_ascii8bit_encindex()) {
-	func = rb_w32_getenv;
-    }
-    else {
-	func = rb_w32_ugetenv;
-    }
-    /* atomic assignment in flat memory model */
-    return (w32_getenv = func)(name);
-}
-static char *(*w32_getenv)(const char*) = w32_getenv_unknown;
-#define getenv(n) w32_getenv(n)
+#define getenv(n) rb_w32_ugetenv(n)
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 #undef environ
 #define environ (*_NSGetEnviron())
@@ -3084,25 +4845,21 @@ extern char **environ;
 #define ENVNMATCH(s1, s2, n) (memcmp((s1), (s2), (n)) == 0)
 #endif
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-static VALUE
-env_str_transcode(VALUE str, rb_encoding *enc)
+static inline rb_encoding *
+env_encoding()
 {
-    return rb_str_conv_enc_opts(str, NULL, enc,
-				ECONV_INVALID_REPLACE | ECONV_UNDEF_REPLACE, Qnil);
-}
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    return rb_utf8_encoding();
+#else
+    return rb_locale_encoding();
 #endif
+}
 
 static VALUE
 env_enc_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    VALUE str = env_str_transcode(rb_utf8_str_new(ptr, len), enc);
-#else
     VALUE str = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(ptr, len, enc);
-#endif
 
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
     rb_obj_freeze(str);
     return str;
 }
@@ -3116,7 +4873,7 @@ env_enc_str_new_cstr(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc)
 static VALUE
 env_str_new(const char *ptr, long len)
 {
-    return env_enc_str_new(ptr, len, rb_locale_encoding());
+    return env_enc_str_new(ptr, len, env_encoding());
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3126,48 +4883,25 @@ env_str_new2(const char *ptr)
     return env_str_new(ptr, strlen(ptr));
 }
 
-static int env_path_tainted(const char *);
-
-static rb_encoding *
-env_encoding_for(const char *name, const char *ptr)
-{
-    if (ENVMATCH(name, PATH_ENV) && !env_path_tainted(ptr)) {
-	return rb_filesystem_encoding();
-    }
-    else {
-	return rb_locale_encoding();
-    }
-}
+static const char TZ_ENV[] = "TZ";
 
 static VALUE
 env_name_new(const char *name, const char *ptr)
 {
-    return env_enc_str_new_cstr(ptr, env_encoding_for(name, ptr));
+    return env_enc_str_new_cstr(ptr, env_encoding());
 }
 
 static void *
 get_env_cstr(
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    volatile VALUE *pstr,
-#else
     VALUE str,
-#endif
     const char *name)
 {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    VALUE str = *pstr;
-#endif
     char *var;
     rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(str);
     if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad environment variable %s: ASCII incompatible encoding: %s",
 		 name, rb_enc_name(enc));
     }
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    if (!rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(str)) {
-	*pstr = str = rb_str_conv_enc(str, NULL, rb_utf8_encoding());
-    }
-#endif
     var = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (memchr(var, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(str))) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad environment variable %s: contains null byte", name);
@@ -3175,13 +4909,8 @@ get_env_cstr(
     return rb_str_fill_terminator(str, 1); /* ASCII compatible */
 }
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#define get_env_ptr(var, val) \
-    (var = get_env_cstr(&(val), #var))
-#else
 #define get_env_ptr(var, val) \
     (var = get_env_cstr(val, #var))
-#endif
 
 static inline const char *
 env_name(volatile VALUE *s)
@@ -3194,21 +4923,34 @@ env_name(volatile VALUE *s)
 
 #define env_name(s) env_name(&(s))
 
+static VALUE env_aset(VALUE nm, VALUE val);
+
+static void
+reset_by_modified_env(const char *nam)
+{
+    /*
+     * ENV['TZ'] = nil has a special meaning.
+     * TZ is no longer considered up-to-date and ruby call tzset() as needed.
+     * It could be useful if sysadmin change /etc/localtime.
+     * This hack might works only on Linux glibc.
+     */
+    if (ENVMATCH(nam, TZ_ENV)) {
+        ruby_reset_timezone();
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
-env_delete(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
+env_delete(VALUE name)
 {
-    const char *nam, *val;
+    const char *nam = env_name(name);
+    const char *val = getenv(nam);
+
+    reset_by_modified_env(nam);
 
-    nam = env_name(name);
-    val = getenv(nam);
     if (val) {
 	VALUE value = env_str_new2(val);
 
 	ruby_setenv(nam, 0);
-	if (ENVMATCH(nam, PATH_ENV)) {
-	    RB_GC_GUARD(name);
-	    path_tainted = 0;
-	}
 	return value;
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -3216,20 +4958,36 @@ env_delete(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.delete(name)            -> value
- *   ENV.delete(name) { |name| } -> value
+ *   ENV.delete(name)                           -> value
+ *   ENV.delete(name) { |name| block }          -> value
+ *   ENV.delete(missing_name)                   -> nil
+ *   ENV.delete(missing_name) { |name| block }  -> block_value
+ *
+ * Deletes the environment variable with +name+ if it exists and returns its value:
+ *   ENV['foo'] = '0'
+ *   ENV.delete('foo') # => '0'
+ *
+ * If a block is not given and the named environment variable does not exist, returns +nil+.
  *
- * Deletes the environment variable with +name+ and returns the value of the
- * variable.  If a block is given it will be called when the named environment
- * does not exist.
+ * If a block given and the environment variable does not exist,
+ * yields +name+ to the block and returns the value of the block:
+ *   ENV.delete('foo') { |name| name * 2 } # => "foofoo"
+ *
+ * If a block given and the environment variable exists,
+ * deletes the environment variable and returns its value (ignoring the block):
+ *   ENV['foo'] = '0'
+ *   ENV.delete('foo') { |name| raise 'ignored' } # => "0"
+ *
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ is invalid.
+ * See {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values].
  */
 static VALUE
 env_delete_m(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
 {
     VALUE val;
 
-    val = env_delete(obj, name);
-    if (NIL_P(val) && rb_block_given_p()) rb_yield(name);
+    val = env_delete(name);
+    if (NIL_P(val) && rb_block_given_p()) val = rb_yield(name);
     return val;
 }
 
@@ -3237,8 +4995,13 @@ env_delete_m(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
  * call-seq:
  *   ENV[name] -> value
  *
- * Retrieves the +value+ for environment variable +name+ as a String.  Returns
- * +nil+ if the named variable does not exist.
+ * Returns the value for the environment variable +name+ if it exists:
+ *   ENV['foo'] = '0'
+ *   ENV['foo'] # => "0"
+ * Returns +nil+ if the named variable does not exist.
+ *
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ is invalid.
+ * See {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values].
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_f_getenv(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
@@ -3254,21 +5017,32 @@ rb_f_getenv(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
 }
 
 /*
- * :yield: missing_name
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.fetch(name)                        -> value
- *   ENV.fetch(name, default)               -> value
- *   ENV.fetch(name) { |missing_name| ... } -> value
- *
- * Retrieves the environment variable +name+.
- *
- * If the given name does not exist and neither +default+ nor a block a
- * provided an IndexError is raised.  If a block is given it is called with
- * the missing name to provide a value.  If a default value is given it will
- * be returned when no block is given.
+ *   ENV.fetch(name)                  -> value
+ *   ENV.fetch(name, default)         -> value
+ *   ENV.fetch(name) { |name| block } -> value
+ *
+ * If +name+ is the name of an environment variable, returns its value:
+ *   ENV['foo'] = '0'
+ *   ENV.fetch('foo') # => '0'
+ * Otherwise if a block is given (but not a default value),
+ * yields +name+ to the block and returns the block's return value:
+ *   ENV.fetch('foo') { |name| :need_not_return_a_string } # => :need_not_return_a_string
+ * Otherwise if a default value is given (but not a block), returns the default value:
+ *   ENV.delete('foo')
+ *   ENV.fetch('foo', :default_need_not_be_a_string) # => :default_need_not_be_a_string
+ * If the environment variable does not exist and both default and block are given,
+ * issues a warning ("warning: block supersedes default value argument"),
+ * yields +name+ to the block, and returns the block's return value:
+ *   ENV.fetch('foo', :default) { |name| :block_return } # => :block_return
+ * Raises KeyError if +name+ is valid, but not found,
+ * and neither default value nor block is given:
+ *   ENV.fetch('foo') # Raises KeyError (key not found: "foo")
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ is invalid.
+ * See {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values].
  */
 static VALUE
-env_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+env_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE key;
     long block_given;
@@ -3285,35 +5059,18 @@ env_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     if (!env) {
 	if (block_given) return rb_yield(key);
 	if (argc == 1) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eKeyError, "key not found: \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", key);
+	    rb_key_err_raise(rb_sprintf("key not found: \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", key), envtbl, key);
 	}
 	return argv[1];
     }
     return env_name_new(nam, env);
 }
 
-static void
-path_tainted_p(const char *path)
-{
-    path_tainted = rb_path_check(path)?0:1;
-}
-
-static int
-env_path_tainted(const char *path)
-{
-    if (path_tainted < 0) {
-	path_tainted_p(path);
-    }
-    return path_tainted;
-}
-
 int
 rb_env_path_tainted(void)
 {
-    if (path_tainted < 0) {
-	path_tainted_p(getenv(PATH_ENV));
-    }
-    return path_tainted;
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("rb_env_path_tainted", "3.2");
+    return 0;
 }
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) || (defined(HAVE_SETENV) && defined(HAVE_UNSETENV))
@@ -3352,10 +5109,33 @@ getenvsize(const WCHAR* p)
     while (*p++) p += lstrlenW(p) + 1;
     return p - porg + 1;
 }
+
 static size_t
 getenvblocksize(void)
 {
+#ifdef _MAX_ENV
+    return _MAX_ENV;
+#else
     return 32767;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int
+check_envsize(size_t n)
+{
+    if (_WIN32_WINNT < 0x0600 && rb_w32_osver() < 6) {
+	/* https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms682653(v=vs.85).aspx */
+	/* Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP: The maximum size of the
+	 * environment block for the process is 32,767 characters. */
+	WCHAR* p = GetEnvironmentStringsW();
+	if (!p) return -1; /* never happen */
+	n += getenvsize(p);
+	FreeEnvironmentStringsW(p);
+	if (n >= getenvblocksize()) {
+	    return -1;
+	}
+    }
+    return 0;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -3395,16 +5175,11 @@ ruby_setenv(const char *name, const char *value)
     check_envname(name);
     len = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, name, -1, NULL, 0);
     if (value) {
-	WCHAR* p = GetEnvironmentStringsW();
-	size_t n;
 	int len2;
-	if (!p) goto fail; /* never happen */
-	n = lstrlen(name) + 2 + strlen(value) + getenvsize(p);
-	FreeEnvironmentStringsW(p);
-	if (n >= getenvblocksize()) {
+	len2 = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, value, -1, NULL, 0);
+	if (check_envsize((size_t)len + len2)) { /* len and len2 include '\0' */
 	    goto fail;  /* 2 for '=' & '\0' */
 	}
-	len2 = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, value, -1, NULL, 0);
 	wname = ALLOCV_N(WCHAR, buf, len + len2);
 	wvalue = wname + len;
 	MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, name, -1, wname, len);
@@ -3532,21 +5307,61 @@ ruby_unsetenv(const char *name)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV[name] = value
+ *   ENV[name] = value      -> value
  *   ENV.store(name, value) -> value
  *
- * Sets the environment variable +name+ to +value+.  If the value given is
- * +nil+ the environment variable is deleted.
- * +name+ must be a string.
- *
+ * ENV.store is an alias for ENV.[]=.
+ *
+ * Creates, updates, or deletes the named environment variable, returning the value.
+ * Both +name+ and +value+ may be instances of String.
+ * See {Valid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Valid+Names+and+Values].
+ *
+ * - If the named environment variable does not exist:
+ *   - If +value+ is +nil+, does nothing.
+ *       ENV.clear
+ *       ENV['foo'] = nil # => nil
+ *       ENV.include?('foo') # => false
+ *       ENV.store('bar', nil) # => nil
+ *       ENV.include?('bar') # => false
+ *   - If +value+ is not +nil+, creates the environment variable with +name+ and +value+:
+ *       # Create 'foo' using ENV.[]=.
+ *       ENV['foo'] = '0' # => '0'
+ *       ENV['foo'] # => '0'
+ *       # Create 'bar' using ENV.store.
+ *       ENV.store('bar', '1') # => '1'
+ *       ENV['bar'] # => '1'
+ * - If the named environment variable exists:
+ *   - If +value+ is not +nil+, updates the environment variable with value +value+:
+ *       # Update 'foo' using ENV.[]=.
+ *       ENV['foo'] = '2' # => '2'
+ *       ENV['foo'] # => '2'
+ *       # Update 'bar' using ENV.store.
+ *       ENV.store('bar', '3') # => '3'
+ *       ENV['bar'] # => '3'
+ *   - If +value+ is +nil+, deletes the environment variable:
+ *       # Delete 'foo' using ENV.[]=.
+ *       ENV['foo'] = nil # => nil
+ *       ENV.include?('foo') # => false
+ *       # Delete 'bar' using ENV.store.
+ *       ENV.store('bar', nil) # => nil
+ *       ENV.include?('bar') # => false
+ *
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ or +value+ is invalid.
+ * See {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values].
  */
 static VALUE
-env_aset(VALUE obj, VALUE nm, VALUE val)
+env_aset_m(VALUE obj, VALUE nm, VALUE val)
+{
+    return env_aset(nm, val);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+env_aset(VALUE nm, VALUE val)
 {
     char *name, *value;
 
     if (NIL_P(val)) {
-	env_delete(obj, nm);
+        env_delete(nm);
 	return Qnil;
     }
     SafeStringValue(nm);
@@ -3557,38 +5372,26 @@ env_aset(VALUE obj, VALUE nm, VALUE val)
     get_env_ptr(value, val);
 
     ruby_setenv(name, value);
-    if (ENVMATCH(name, PATH_ENV)) {
-	RB_GC_GUARD(nm);
-	if (OBJ_TAINTED(val)) {
-	    /* already tainted, no check */
-	    path_tainted = 1;
-	    return val;
-	}
-	else {
-	    path_tainted_p(value);
-	}
-    }
+    reset_by_modified_env(name);
     return val;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   ENV.keys -> Array
- *
- * Returns every environment variable name in an Array
- */
 static VALUE
-env_keys(void)
+env_keys(int raw)
 {
     char **env;
     VALUE ary;
+    rb_encoding *enc = raw ? 0 : rb_locale_encoding();
 
     ary = rb_ary_new();
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
 	if (s) {
-	    rb_ary_push(ary, env_str_new(*env, s-*env));
+            const char *p = *env;
+            size_t l = s - p;
+            VALUE e = raw ? rb_utf8_str_new(p, l) : env_enc_str_new(p, l, enc);
+            rb_ary_push(ary, e);
 	}
 	env++;
     }
@@ -3596,6 +5399,25 @@ env_keys(void)
     return ary;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   ENV.keys -> array of names
+ *
+ * Returns all variable names in an Array:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.keys # => ['bar', 'foo']
+ * The order of the names is OS-dependent.
+ * See {About Ordering}[#class-ENV-label-About+Ordering].
+ *
+ * Returns the empty Array if ENV is empty.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+env_f_keys(VALUE _)
+{
+    return env_keys(FALSE);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 rb_env_size(VALUE ehash, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
@@ -3614,12 +5436,20 @@ rb_env_size(VALUE ehash, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.each_key { |name| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.each_key            -> Enumerator
- *
- * Yields each environment variable name.
- *
- * An Enumerator is returned if no block is given.
+ *   ENV.each_key { |name| block } -> ENV
+ *   ENV.each_key                  -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1') # => ENV
+ *   names = []
+ *   ENV.each_key { |name| names.push(name) } # => ENV
+ *   names # => ["bar", "foo"]
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   e = ENV.each_key # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}:each_key>
+ *   names = []
+ *   e.each { |name| names.push(name) } # => ENV
+ *   names # => ["bar", "foo"]
  */
 static VALUE
 env_each_key(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3628,19 +5458,13 @@ env_each_key(VALUE ehash)
     long i;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0, rb_env_size);
-    keys = env_keys();
+    keys = env_keys(FALSE);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
 	rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
     }
     return ehash;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   ENV.values -> Array
- *
- * Returns every environment variable value as an Array
- */
 static VALUE
 env_values(void)
 {
@@ -3662,12 +5486,38 @@ env_values(void)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.each_value { |value| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.each_value             -> Enumerator
+ *   ENV.values -> array of values
  *
- * Yields each environment variable +value+.
+ * Returns all environment variable values in an Array:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.values # => ['1', '0']
+ * The order of the values is OS-dependent.
+ * See {About Ordering}[#class-ENV-label-About+Ordering].
  *
- * An Enumerator is returned if no block was given.
+ * Returns the empty Array if ENV is empty.
+ */
+static VALUE
+env_f_values(VALUE _)
+{
+    return env_values();
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   ENV.each_value { |value| block } -> ENV
+ *   ENV.each_value                   -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable value:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1') # => ENV
+ *   values = []
+ *   ENV.each_value { |value| values.push(value) } # => ENV
+ *   values # => ["1", "0"]
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   e = ENV.each_value # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}:each_value>
+ *   values = []
+ *   e.each { |value| values.push(value) } # => ENV
+ *   values # => ["1", "0"]
  */
 static VALUE
 env_each_value(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3685,14 +5535,21 @@ env_each_value(VALUE ehash)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.each      { |name, value| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.each                        -> Enumerator
- *   ENV.each_pair { |name, value| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.each_pair                   -> Enumerator
- *
- * Yields each environment variable +name+ and +value+.
- *
- * If no block is given an Enumerator is returned.
+ *   ENV.each      { |name, value| block } -> ENV
+ *   ENV.each                              -> an_enumerator
+ *   ENV.each_pair { |name, value| block } -> ENV
+ *   ENV.each_pair                         -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name and its value as a 2-element \Array:
+ *   h = {}
+ *   ENV.each_pair { |name, value| h[name] = value } # => ENV
+ *   h # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   h = {}
+ *   e = ENV.each_pair # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}:each_pair>
+ *   e.each { |name, value| h[name] = value } # => ENV
+ *   h # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}
  */
 static VALUE
 env_each_pair(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3715,7 +5572,7 @@ env_each_pair(VALUE ehash)
     }
     FREE_ENVIRON(environ);
 
-    if (rb_block_arity() > 1) {
+    if (rb_block_pair_yield_optimizable()) {
 	for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i+=2) {
 	    rb_yield_values(2, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), RARRAY_AREF(ary, i+1));
 	}
@@ -3730,12 +5587,25 @@ env_each_pair(VALUE ehash)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.reject! { |name, value| } -> ENV or nil
- *   ENV.reject!                   -> Enumerator
- *
- * Equivalent to ENV#delete_if but returns +nil+ if no changes were made.
- *
- * Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+ *   ENV.reject! { |name, value| block } -> ENV or nil
+ *   ENV.reject!                         -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * Similar to ENV.delete_if, but returns +nil+ if no changes were made.
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name and its value as a 2-element Array,
+ * deleting each environment variable for which the block returns a truthy value,
+ * and returning ENV (if any deletions) or +nil+ (if not):
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.reject! { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"foo"=>"0"}
+ *   ENV.reject! { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => nil
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   e = ENV.reject! # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2", "foo"=>"0"}:reject!>
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"foo"=>"0"}
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => nil
  */
 static VALUE
 env_reject_bang(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3745,14 +5615,13 @@ env_reject_bang(VALUE ehash)
     int del = 0;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0, rb_env_size);
-    keys = env_keys();
+    keys = env_keys(FALSE);
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(keys);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
 	VALUE val = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
 	if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	    if (RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i), val))) {
-		FL_UNSET(RARRAY_AREF(keys, i), FL_TAINT);
-		env_delete(Qnil, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
+                env_delete(RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
 		del++;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -3764,12 +5633,23 @@ env_reject_bang(VALUE ehash)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.delete_if { |name, value| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.delete_if                   -> Enumerator
- *
- * Deletes every environment variable for which the block evaluates to +true+.
- *
- * If no block is given an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *   ENV.delete_if { |name, value| block } -> ENV
+ *   ENV.delete_if                         -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name and its value as a 2-element Array,
+ * deleting each environment variable for which the block returns a truthy value,
+ * and returning ENV (regardless of whether any deletions):
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.delete_if { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"foo"=>"0"}
+ *   ENV.delete_if { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   e = ENV.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2", "foo"=>"0"}:delete_if!>
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"foo"=>"0"}
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
  */
 static VALUE
 env_delete_if(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3781,13 +5661,23 @@ env_delete_if(VALUE ehash)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.values_at(name, ...) -> Array
+ *   ENV.values_at(*names) -> array of values
+ *
+ * Returns an Array containing the environment variable values associated with
+ * the given names:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.values_at('foo', 'baz') # => ["0", "2"]
  *
- * Returns an array containing the environment variable values associated with
- * the given names.  See also ENV.select.
+ * Returns +nil+ in the Array for each name that is not an ENV name:
+ *   ENV.values_at('foo', 'bat', 'bar', 'bam') # => ["0", nil, "1", nil]
+ *
+ * Returns an empty \Array if no names given.
+ *
+ * Raises an exception if any name is invalid.
+ * See {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values].
  */
 static VALUE
-env_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+env_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE result;
     long i;
@@ -3801,12 +5691,24 @@ env_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.select { |name, value| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.select                   -> Enumerator
- *
- * Returns a copy of the environment for entries where the block returns true.
- *
- * Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+ *   ENV.select { |name, value| block } -> hash of name/value pairs
+ *   ENV.select                         -> an_enumerator
+ *   ENV.filter { |name, value| block } -> hash of name/value pairs
+ *   ENV.filter                         -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * ENV.filter is an alias for ENV.select.
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name and its value as a 2-element Array,
+ * returning a Hash of the names and values for which the block returns a truthy value:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.select { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *   ENV.filter { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   e = ENV.select # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2", "foo"=>"0"}:select>
+ *   e.each { |name, value | name.start_with?('b') } # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *   e = ENV.filter # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2", "foo"=>"0"}:filter>
+ *   e.each { |name, value | name.start_with?('b') } # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
  */
 static VALUE
 env_select(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3817,7 +5719,7 @@ env_select(VALUE ehash)
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0, rb_env_size);
     result = rb_hash_new();
-    keys = env_keys();
+    keys = env_keys(FALSE);
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(keys); ++i) {
 	VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
 	VALUE val = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, key);
@@ -3834,10 +5736,40 @@ env_select(VALUE ehash)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.select! { |name, value| } -> ENV or nil
- *   ENV.select!                   -> Enumerator
- *
- * Equivalent to ENV#keep_if but returns +nil+ if no changes were made.
+ *   ENV.select! { |name, value| block } -> ENV or nil
+ *   ENV.select!                         -> an_enumerator
+ *   ENV.filter! { |name, value| block } -> ENV or nil
+ *   ENV.filter!                         -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * ENV.filter! is an alias for ENV.select!.
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name and its value as a 2-element Array,
+ * deleting each entry for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+,
+ * and returning ENV if any deletions made, or +nil+ otherwise:
+ *
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.select! { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *   ENV.select! { |name, value| true } # => nil
+ *
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.filter! { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *   ENV.filter! { |name, value| true } # => nil
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   e = ENV.select! # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}:select!>
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *   e.each { |name, value| true } # => nil
+ *
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   e = ENV.filter! # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}:filter!>
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *   e.each { |name, value| true } # => nil
  */
 static VALUE
 env_select_bang(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3847,14 +5779,13 @@ env_select_bang(VALUE ehash)
     int del = 0;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ehash, 0, 0, rb_env_size);
-    keys = env_keys();
+    keys = env_keys(FALSE);
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(keys);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
 	VALUE val = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
 	if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	    if (!RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i), val))) {
-		FL_UNSET(RARRAY_AREF(keys, i), FL_TAINT);
-		env_delete(Qnil, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
+                env_delete(RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
 		del++;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -3866,12 +5797,21 @@ env_select_bang(VALUE ehash)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.keep_if { |name, value| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.keep_if                   -> Enumerator
- *
- * Deletes every environment variable where the block evaluates to +false+.
- *
- * Returns an enumerator if no block was given.
+ *   ENV.keep_if { |name, value| block } -> ENV
+ *   ENV.keep_if                         -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name and its value as a 2-element Array,
+ * deleting each environment variable for which the block returns +false+ or +nil+,
+ * and returning ENV:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.keep_if { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   e = ENV.keep_if # => #<Enumerator: {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2", "foo"=>"0"}:keep_if>
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => ENV
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "baz"=>"2"}
  */
 static VALUE
 env_keep_if(VALUE ehash)
@@ -3883,22 +5823,48 @@ env_keep_if(VALUE ehash)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.clear
- *
- * Removes every environment variable.
+ *   ENV.slice(*names) -> hash of name/value pairs
+ *
+ * Returns a Hash of the given ENV names and their corresponding values:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2', 'bat' => '3')
+ *   ENV.slice('foo', 'baz') # => {"foo"=>"0", "baz"=>"2"}
+ *   ENV.slice('baz', 'foo') # => {"baz"=>"2", "foo"=>"0"}
+ * Raises an exception if any of the +names+ is invalid
+ * (see {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values]):
+ *   ENV.slice('foo', 'bar', :bat) # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
  */
+static VALUE
+env_slice(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
+{
+    int i;
+    VALUE key, value, result;
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        return rb_hash_new();
+    }
+    result = rb_hash_new_with_size(argc);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        key = argv[i];
+        value = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, key);
+        if (value != Qnil)
+            rb_hash_aset(result, key, value);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_env_clear(void)
 {
     VALUE keys;
     long i;
 
-    keys = env_keys();
+    keys = env_keys(TRUE);
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
-	VALUE val = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
-	if (!NIL_P(val)) {
-	    env_delete(Qnil, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
-	}
+        VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
+        const char *nam = RSTRING_PTR(key);
+        ruby_setenv(nam, 0);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(keys);
     return envtbl;
@@ -3906,24 +5872,43 @@ rb_env_clear(void)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
+ *   ENV.clear -> ENV
+ *
+ * Removes every environment variable; returns ENV:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.size # => 2
+ *   ENV.clear # => ENV
+ *   ENV.size # => 0
+ */
+static VALUE
+env_clear(VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_env_clear();
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
  *   ENV.to_s -> "ENV"
  *
- * Returns "ENV"
+ * Returns String 'ENV':
+ *   ENV.to_s # => "ENV"
  */
 static VALUE
-env_to_s(void)
+env_to_s(VALUE _)
 {
     return rb_usascii_str_new2("ENV");
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.inspect -> string
+ *   ENV.inspect -> a_string
  *
- * Returns the contents of the environment as a String.
+ * Returns the contents of the environment as a String:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.inspect # => "{\"bar\"=>\"1\", \"foo\"=>\"0\"}"
  */
 static VALUE
-env_inspect(void)
+env_inspect(VALUE _)
 {
     char **env;
     VALUE str, i;
@@ -3947,22 +5932,21 @@ env_inspect(void)
     }
     FREE_ENVIRON(environ);
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "}");
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
 
     return str;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.to_a -> Array
- *
- * Converts the environment variables into an array of names and value arrays.
- *
- *   ENV.to_a # => [["TERM", "xterm-color"], ["SHELL", "/bin/bash"], ...]
+ *   ENV.to_a -> array of 2-element arrays
  *
+ * Returns the contents of ENV as an Array of 2-element Arrays,
+ * each of which is a name/value pair:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.to_a # => [["bar", "1"], ["foo", "0"]]
  */
 static VALUE
-env_to_a(void)
+env_to_a(VALUE _)
 {
     char **env;
     VALUE ary;
@@ -3983,26 +5967,30 @@ env_to_a(void)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.rehash
+ *   ENV.rehash -> nil
+ *
+ * (Provided for compatibility with Hash.)
  *
- * Re-hashing the environment variables does nothing.  It is provided for
- * compatibility with Hash.
+ * Does not modify ENV; returns +nil+.
  */
 static VALUE
-env_none(void)
+env_none(VALUE _)
 {
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.length
- *   ENV.size
+ *   ENV.length -> an_integer
+ *   ENV.size   -> an_integer
  *
- * Returns the number of environment variables.
+ * Returns the count of environment variables:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.length # => 2
+ *   ENV.size # => 2
  */
 static VALUE
-env_size(void)
+env_size(VALUE _)
 {
     int i;
     char **env;
@@ -4018,10 +6006,14 @@ env_size(void)
  * call-seq:
  *   ENV.empty? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns true when there are no environment variables
+ * Returns +true+ when there are no environment variables, +false+ otherwise:
+ *   ENV.clear
+ *   ENV.empty? # => true
+ *   ENV['foo'] = '0'
+ *   ENV.empty? # => false
  */
 static VALUE
-env_empty_p(void)
+env_empty_p(VALUE _)
 {
     char **env;
 
@@ -4036,12 +6028,28 @@ env_empty_p(void)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.key?(name)     -> true or false
  *   ENV.include?(name) -> true or false
  *   ENV.has_key?(name) -> true or false
  *   ENV.member?(name)  -> true or false
+ *   ENV.key?(name)     -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if there is an environment variable with the given +name+.
+ * ENV.has_key?, ENV.member?, and ENV.key? are aliases for ENV.include?.
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if there is an environment variable with the given +name+:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.include?('foo') # => true
+ * Returns +false+ if +name+ is a valid String and there is no such environment variable:
+ *   ENV.include?('baz') # => false
+ * Returns +false+ if +name+ is the empty String or is a String containing character <code>'='</code>:
+ *   ENV.include?('') # => false
+ *   ENV.include?('=') # => false
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ is a String containing the NUL character <code>"\0"</code>:
+ *   ENV.include?("\0") # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable name: contains null byte)
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ has an encoding that is not ASCII-compatible:
+ *   ENV.include?("\xa1\xa1".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE))
+ *   # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable name: ASCII incompatible encoding: UTF-16LE)
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ is not a String:
+ *   ENV.include?(Object.new) # TypeError (no implicit conversion of Object into String)
  */
 static VALUE
 env_has_key(VALUE env, VALUE key)
@@ -4055,10 +6063,23 @@ env_has_key(VALUE env, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.assoc(name) -> Array or nil
- *
- * Returns an Array of the name and value of the environment variable with
- * +name+ or +nil+ if the name cannot be found.
+ *   ENV.assoc(name) -> [name, value] or nil
+ *
+ * Returns a 2-element Array containing the name and value of the environment variable
+ * for +name+ if it exists:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.assoc('foo') # => ['foo', '0']
+ * Returns +nil+ if +name+ is a valid String and there is no such environment variable.
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if +name+ is the empty String or is a String containing character <code>'='</code>.
+ *
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ is a String containing the NUL character <code>"\0"</code>:
+ *   ENV.assoc("\0") # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable name: contains null byte)
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ has an encoding that is not ASCII-compatible:
+ *   ENV.assoc("\xa1\xa1".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE))
+ *   # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable name: ASCII incompatible encoding: UTF-16LE)
+ * Raises an exception if +name+ is not a String:
+ *   ENV.assoc(Object.new) # TypeError (no implicit conversion of Object into String)
  */
 static VALUE
 env_assoc(VALUE env, VALUE key)
@@ -4073,10 +6094,15 @@ env_assoc(VALUE env, VALUE key)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.value?(value) -> true or false
+ *   ENV.value?(value)     -> true or false
  *   ENV.has_value?(value) -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if there is an environment variable with the given +value+.
+ * Returns +true+ if +value+ is the value for some environment variable name, +false+ otherwise:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.value?('0') # => true
+ *   ENV.has_value?('0') # => true
+ *   ENV.value?('2') # => false
+ *   ENV.has_value?('2') # => false
  */
 static VALUE
 env_has_value(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
@@ -4085,7 +6111,6 @@ env_has_value(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = rb_check_string_type(obj);
     if (NIL_P(obj)) return Qnil;
-    rb_check_safe_obj(obj);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
@@ -4104,10 +6129,17 @@ env_has_value(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.rassoc(value)
+ *   ENV.rassoc(value) -> [name, value] or nil
+ *
+ * Returns a 2-element Array containing the name and value of the
+ * *first* *found* environment variable that has value +value+, if one
+ * exists:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '0')
+ *   ENV.rassoc('0') # => ["bar", "0"]
+ * The order in which environment variables are examined is OS-dependent.
+ * See {About Ordering}[#class-ENV-label-About+Ordering].
  *
- * Returns an Array of the name and value of the environment variable with
- * +value+ or +nil+ if the value cannot be found.
+ * Returns +nil+ if there is no such environment variable.
  */
 static VALUE
 env_rassoc(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
@@ -4116,14 +6148,13 @@ env_rassoc(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = rb_check_string_type(obj);
     if (NIL_P(obj)) return Qnil;
-    rb_check_safe_obj(obj);
     env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
     while (*env) {
 	char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
 	if (s++) {
 	    long len = strlen(s);
 	    if (RSTRING_LEN(obj) == len && strncmp(s, RSTRING_PTR(obj), len) == 0) {
-		VALUE result = rb_assoc_new(rb_tainted_str_new(*env, s-*env-1), obj);
+                VALUE result = rb_assoc_new(rb_str_new(*env, s-*env-1), obj);
 		FREE_ENVIRON(environ);
 		return result;
 	    }
@@ -4136,10 +6167,19 @@ env_rassoc(VALUE dmy, VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.key(value) -> name
+ *   ENV.key(value) -> name or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the name of the first environment variable with +value+, if it exists:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '0')
+ *   ENV.key('0') # => "foo"
+ * The order in which environment variables are examined is OS-dependent.
+ * See {About Ordering}[#class-ENV-label-About+Ordering].
  *
- * Returns the name of the environment variable with +value+.  If the value is
- * not found +nil+ is returned.
+ * Returns +nil+ if there is no such value.
+ *
+ * Raises an exception if +value+ is invalid:
+ *   ENV.key(Object.new) # raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Object into String)
+ * See {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values].
  */
 static VALUE
 env_key(VALUE dmy, VALUE value)
@@ -4165,27 +6205,6 @@ env_key(VALUE dmy, VALUE value)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   ENV.index(value) -> key
- *
- * Deprecated method that is equivalent to ENV.key
- */
-static VALUE
-env_index(VALUE dmy, VALUE value)
-{
-    rb_warn("ENV.index is deprecated; use ENV.key");
-    return env_key(dmy, value);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   ENV.to_hash -> hash
- *   ENV.to_h    -> hash
- *
- * Creates a hash with a copy of the environment variables.
- *
- */
 static VALUE
 env_to_hash(void)
 {
@@ -4208,27 +6227,123 @@ env_to_hash(void)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.reject { |name, value| } -> Hash
- *   ENV.reject                   -> Enumerator
+ *   ENV.to_hash -> hash of name/value pairs
  *
- * Same as ENV#delete_if, but works on (and returns) a copy of the
- * environment.
+ * Returns a Hash containing all name/value pairs from ENV:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.to_hash # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+env_f_to_hash(VALUE _)
+{
+    return env_to_hash();
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   ENV.to_h                        -> hash of name/value pairs
+ *   ENV.to_h {|name, value| block } -> hash of name/value pairs
+ *
+ * With no block, returns a Hash containing all name/value pairs from ENV:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.to_h # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}
+ * With a block, returns a Hash whose items are determined by the block.
+ * Each name/value pair in ENV is yielded to the block.
+ * The block must return a 2-element Array (name/value pair)
+ * that is added to the return Hash as a key and value:
+ *   ENV.to_h { |name, value| [name.to_sym, value.to_i] } # => {:bar=>1, :foo=>0}
+ * Raises an exception if the block does not return an Array:
+ *   ENV.to_h { |name, value| name } # Raises TypeError (wrong element type String (expected array))
+ * Raises an exception if the block returns an Array of the wrong size:
+ *   ENV.to_h { |name, value| [name] } # Raises ArgumentError (element has wrong array length (expected 2, was 1))
  */
 static VALUE
-env_reject(void)
+env_to_h(VALUE _)
+{
+    VALUE hash = env_to_hash();
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        hash = rb_hash_to_h_block(hash);
+    }
+    return hash;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ENV.except(*keys) -> a_hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a hash except the given keys from ENV and their values.
+ *
+ *     ENV                       #=> {"LANG"=>"en_US.UTF-8", "TERM"=>"xterm-256color", "HOME"=>"/Users/rhc"}
+ *     ENV.except("TERM","HOME") #=> {"LANG"=>"en_US.UTF-8"}
+ */
+static VALUE
+env_except(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
+{
+    int i;
+    VALUE key, hash = env_to_hash();
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        key = argv[i];
+        rb_hash_delete(hash, key);
+    }
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   ENV.reject { |name, value| block } -> hash of name/value pairs
+ *   ENV.reject                         -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ * Yields each environment variable name and its value as a 2-element Array.
+ * Returns a Hash whose items are determined by the block.
+ * When the block returns a truthy value, the name/value pair is added to the return Hash;
+ * otherwise the pair is ignored:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1', 'baz' => '2')
+ *   ENV.reject { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => {"foo"=>"0"}
+ * Returns an Enumerator if no block given:
+ *   e = ENV.reject
+ *   e.each { |name, value| name.start_with?('b') } # => {"foo"=>"0"}
+ */
+static VALUE
+env_reject(VALUE _)
 {
     return rb_hash_delete_if(env_to_hash());
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE env_freeze(VALUE self));
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.shift -> Array or nil
+ *   ENV.freeze
  *
- * Removes an environment variable name-value pair from ENV and returns it as
- * an Array.  Returns +nil+ if when the environment is empty.
+ * Raises an exception:
+ *   ENV.freeze # Raises TypeError (cannot freeze ENV)
+ */
+static VALUE
+env_freeze(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot freeze ENV");
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(self);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   ENV.shift -> [name, value] or nil
+ *
+ * Removes the first environment variable from ENV and returns
+ * a 2-element Array containing its name and value:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.to_hash # => {'bar' => '1', 'foo' => '0'}
+ *   ENV.shift # => ['bar', '1']
+ *   ENV.to_hash # => {'foo' => '0'}
+ * Exactly which environment variable is "first" is OS-dependent.
+ * See {About Ordering}[#class-ENV-label-About+Ordering].
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if the environment is empty.
  */
 static VALUE
-env_shift(void)
+env_shift(VALUE _)
 {
     char **env;
     VALUE result = Qnil;
@@ -4239,7 +6354,7 @@ env_shift(void)
 	if (s) {
 	    VALUE key = env_str_new(*env, s-*env);
 	    VALUE val = env_str_new2(getenv(RSTRING_PTR(key)));
-	    env_delete(Qnil, key);
+            env_delete(key);
 	    result = rb_assoc_new(key, val);
 	}
     }
@@ -4249,33 +6364,71 @@ env_shift(void)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.invert -> Hash
- *
- * Returns a new hash created by using environment variable names as values
- * and values as names.
+ *   ENV.invert -> hash of value/name pairs
+ *
+ * Returns a Hash whose keys are the ENV values,
+ * and whose values are the corresponding ENV names:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.invert # => {"1"=>"bar", "0"=>"foo"}
+ * For a duplicate ENV value, overwrites the hash entry:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '0')
+ *   ENV.invert # => {"0"=>"foo"}
+ * Note that the order of the ENV processing is OS-dependent,
+ * which means that the order of overwriting is also OS-dependent.
+ * See {About Ordering}[#class-ENV-label-About+Ordering].
  */
 static VALUE
-env_invert(void)
+env_invert(VALUE _)
 {
     return rb_hash_invert(env_to_hash());
 }
 
+static void
+keylist_delete(VALUE keys, VALUE key)
+{
+    long keylen, elen;
+    const char *keyptr, *eptr;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(key, keyptr, keylen);
+    /* Don't stop at first key, as it is possible to have
+       multiple environment values with the same key.
+    */
+    for (long i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
+        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
+        RSTRING_GETMEM(e, eptr, elen);
+        if (elen != keylen) continue;
+        if (!ENVNMATCH(keyptr, eptr, elen)) continue;
+        rb_ary_delete_at(keys, i);
+        i--;
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 env_replace_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE keys)
 {
-    env_aset(Qnil, key, val);
-    if (rb_ary_includes(keys, key)) {
-	rb_ary_delete(keys, key);
-    }
+    env_name(key);
+    env_aset(key, val);
+
+    keylist_delete(keys, key);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.replace(hash) -> env
+ *   ENV.replace(hash) -> ENV
+ *
+ * Replaces the entire content of the environment variables
+ * with the name/value pairs in the given +hash+;
+ * returns ENV.
+ *
+ * Replaces the content of ENV with the given pairs:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1') # => ENV
+ *   ENV.to_hash # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}
  *
- * Replaces the contents of the environment variables with the contents of
- * +hash+.
+ * Raises an exception if a name or value is invalid
+ * (see {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values]):
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', :bar => '1') # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => 1) # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
+ *   ENV.to_hash # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}
  */
 static VALUE
 env_replace(VALUE env, VALUE hash)
@@ -4283,121 +6436,303 @@ env_replace(VALUE env, VALUE hash)
     VALUE keys;
     long i;
 
-    keys = env_keys();
+    keys = env_keys(TRUE);
     if (env == hash) return env;
     hash = to_hash(hash);
     rb_hash_foreach(hash, env_replace_i, keys);
 
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
-	env_delete(env, RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
+        env_delete(RARRAY_AREF(keys, i));
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(keys);
     return env;
 }
 
 static int
-env_update_i(VALUE key, VALUE val)
+env_update_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _)
 {
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	val = rb_yield_values(3, key, rb_f_getenv(Qnil, key), val);
+    env_aset(key, val);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+env_update_block_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _)
+{
+    VALUE oldval = rb_f_getenv(Qnil, key);
+    if (!NIL_P(oldval)) {
+	val = rb_yield_values(3, key, oldval, val);
     }
-    env_aset(Qnil, key, val);
+    env_aset(key, val);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   ENV.update(hash)                                  -> Hash
- *   ENV.update(hash) { |name, old_value, new_value| } -> Hash
- *
- * Adds the contents of +hash+ to the environment variables.  If no block is
- * specified entries with duplicate keys are overwritten, otherwise the value
- * of each duplicate name is determined by calling the block with the key, its
- * value from the environment and its value from the hash.
+ *   ENV.update(hash)                                     -> ENV
+ *   ENV.update(hash) { |name, env_val, hash_val| block } -> ENV
+ *   ENV.merge!(hash)                                     -> ENV
+ *   ENV.merge!(hash) { |name, env_val, hash_val| block } -> ENV
+ *
+ * ENV.update is an alias for ENV.merge!.
+ *
+ * Adds to ENV each key/value pair in the given +hash+; returns ENV:
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.merge!('baz' => '2', 'bat' => '3') # => {"bar"=>"1", "bat"=>"3", "baz"=>"2", "foo"=>"0"}
+ * Deletes the ENV entry for a hash value that is +nil+:
+ *   ENV.merge!('baz' => nil, 'bat' => nil) # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"0"}
+ * For an already-existing name, if no block given, overwrites the ENV value:
+ *   ENV.merge!('foo' => '4') # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"4"}
+ * For an already-existing name, if block given,
+ * yields the name, its ENV value, and its hash value;
+ * the block's return value becomes the new name:
+ *   ENV.merge!('foo' => '5') { |name, env_val, hash_val | env_val + hash_val } # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"45"}
+ * Raises an exception if a name or value is invalid
+ * (see {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values]);
+ *   ENV.replace('foo' => '0', 'bar' => '1')
+ *   ENV.merge!('foo' => '6', :bar => '7', 'baz' => '9') # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"6"}
+ *   ENV.merge!('foo' => '7', 'bar' => 8, 'baz' => '9') # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "foo"=>"7"}
+ * Raises an exception if the block returns an invalid name:
+ * (see {Invalid Names and Values}[#class-ENV-label-Invalid+Names+and+Values]):
+ *   ENV.merge!('bat' => '8', 'foo' => '9') { |name, env_val, hash_val | 10 } # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
+ *   ENV # => {"bar"=>"1", "bat"=>"8", "foo"=>"7"}
+ *
+ * Note that for the exceptions above,
+ * hash pairs preceding an invalid name or value are processed normally;
+ * those following are ignored.
  */
 static VALUE
 env_update(VALUE env, VALUE hash)
 {
     if (env == hash) return env;
     hash = to_hash(hash);
-    rb_hash_foreach(hash, env_update_i, 0);
+    rb_foreach_func *func = rb_block_given_p() ?
+        env_update_block_i : env_update_i;
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, func, 0);
     return env;
 }
 
 /*
- *  A Hash is a dictionary-like collection of unique keys and their values.
- *  Also called associative arrays, they are similar to Arrays, but where an
- *  Array uses integers as its index, a Hash allows you to use any object
- *  type.
+ *  A \Hash maps each of its unique keys to a specific value.
  *
- *  Hashes enumerate their values in the order that the corresponding keys
- *  were inserted.
+ *  A \Hash has certain similarities to an \Array, but:
+ *  - An \Array index is always an \Integer.
+ *  - A \Hash key can be (almost) any object.
  *
- *  A Hash can be easily created by using its implicit form:
+ *  === \Hash \Data Syntax
  *
- *    grades = { "Jane Doe" => 10, "Jim Doe" => 6 }
+ *  The older syntax for \Hash data uses the "hash rocket," <tt>=></tt>:
  *
- *  Hashes allow an alternate syntax for keys that are symbols.
- *  Instead of
+ *    h = {:foo => 0, :bar => 1, :baz => 2}
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *    options = { :font_size => 10, :font_family => "Arial" }
+ *  Alternatively, but only for a \Hash key that's a \Symbol,
+ *  you can use a newer JSON-style syntax,
+ *  where each bareword becomes a \Symbol:
  *
- *  You could write it as:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *    options = { font_size: 10, font_family: "Arial" }
+ *  You can also use a \String in place of a bareword:
  *
- *  Each named key is a symbol you can access in hash:
+ *    h = {'foo': 0, 'bar': 1, 'baz': 2}
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *    options[:font_size]  # => 10
+ *  And you can mix the styles:
  *
- *  A Hash can also be created through its ::new method:
+ *    h = {foo: 0, :bar => 1, 'baz': 2}
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *    grades = Hash.new
- *    grades["Dorothy Doe"] = 9
+ *  But it's an error to try the JSON-style syntax
+ *  for a key that's not a bareword or a String:
  *
- *  Hashes have a <em>default value</em> that is returned when accessing
- *  keys that do not exist in the hash. If no default is set +nil+ is used.
- *  You can set the default value by sending it as an argument to Hash.new:
+ *    # Raises SyntaxError (syntax error, unexpected ':', expecting =>):
+ *    h = {0: 'zero'}
  *
- *    grades = Hash.new(0)
+ *  === Common Uses
  *
- *  Or by using the #default= method:
+ *  You can use a \Hash to give names to objects:
  *
- *    grades = {"Timmy Doe" => 8}
- *    grades.default = 0
+ *    person = {name: 'Matz', language: 'Ruby'}
+ *    person # => {:name=>"Matz", :language=>"Ruby"}
  *
- *  Accessing a value in a Hash requires using its key:
+ *  You can use a \Hash to give names to method arguments:
  *
- *    puts grades["Jane Doe"] # => 0
+ *    def some_method(hash)
+ *      p hash
+ *    end
+ *    some_method({foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}) # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *  === Common Uses
+ *  Note: when the last argument in a method call is a \Hash,
+ *  the curly braces may be omitted:
+ *
+ *    some_method(foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2) # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *  Hashes are an easy way to represent data structures, such as
+ *  You can use a \Hash to initialize an object:
  *
- *    books         = {}
- *    books[:matz]  = "The Ruby Programming Language"
- *    books[:black] = "The Well-Grounded Rubyist"
+ *    class Dev
+ *      attr_accessor :name, :language
+ *      def initialize(hash)
+ *        self.name = hash[:name]
+ *        self.language = hash[:language]
+ *      end
+ *    end
+ *    matz = Dev.new(name: 'Matz', language: 'Ruby')
+ *    matz # => #<Dev: @name="Matz", @language="Ruby">
  *
- *  Hashes are also commonly used as a way to have named parameters in
- *  functions. Note that no brackets are used below. If a hash is the last
- *  argument on a method call, no braces are needed, thus creating a really
- *  clean interface:
+ *  === Creating a \Hash
  *
- *    Person.create(name: "John Doe", age: 27)
+ *  Here are three ways to create a \Hash:
  *
- *    def self.create(params)
- *      @name = params[:name]
- *      @age  = params[:age]
- *    end
+ *  - \Method <tt>Hash.new</tt>
+ *  - \Method <tt>Hash[]</tt>
+ *  - Literal form: <tt>{}</tt>.
+ *
+ *  ---
+ *
+ *  You can create a \Hash by calling method Hash.new.
+ *
+ *  Create an empty Hash:
+ *
+ *    h = Hash.new
+ *    h # => {}
+ *    h.class # => Hash
+ *
+ *  ---
+ *
+ *  You can create a \Hash by calling method Hash.[].
+ *
+ *  Create an empty Hash:
+ *
+ *    h = Hash[]
+ *    h # => {}
+ *
+ *  Create a \Hash with initial entries:
+ *
+ *    h = Hash[foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2]
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *
+ *  ---
+ *
+ *  You can create a \Hash by using its literal form (curly braces).
+ *
+ *  Create an empty \Hash:
+ *
+ *    h = {}
+ *    h # => {}
+ *
+ *  Create a \Hash with initial entries:
  *
- *  === Hash Keys
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
  *
- *  Two objects refer to the same hash key when their <code>hash</code> value
+ *
+ *  === \Hash Value Basics
+ *
+ *  The simplest way to retrieve a \Hash value (instance method #[]):
+ *
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h[:foo] # => 0
+ *
+ *  The simplest way to create or update a \Hash value (instance method #[]=):
+ *
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h[:bat] = 3 # => 3
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2, :bat=>3}
+ *    h[:foo] = 4 # => 4
+ *    h # => {:foo=>4, :bar=>1, :baz=>2, :bat=>3}
+ *
+ *  The simplest way to delete a \Hash entry (instance method #delete):
+ *
+ *    h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
+ *    h.delete(:bar) # => 1
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :baz=>2}
+ *
+ *  === Entry Order
+ *
+ *  A \Hash object presents its entries in the order of their creation. This is seen in:
+ *
+ *  - Iterative methods such as <tt>each</tt>, <tt>each_key</tt>, <tt>each_pair</tt>, <tt>each_value</tt>.
+ *  - Other order-sensitive methods such as <tt>shift</tt>, <tt>keys</tt>, <tt>values</tt>.
+ *  - The \String returned by method <tt>inspect</tt>.
+ *
+ *  A new \Hash has its initial ordering per the given entries:
+ *
+ *    h = Hash[foo: 0, bar: 1]
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1}
+ *
+ *  New entries are added at the end:
+ *
+ *    h[:baz] = 2
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
+ *
+ *  Updating a value does not affect the order:
+ *
+ *    h[:baz] = 3
+ *    h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>3}
+ *
+ *  But re-creating a deleted entry can affect the order:
+ *
+ *    h.delete(:foo)
+ *    h[:foo] = 5
+ *    h # => {:bar=>1, :baz=>3, :foo=>5}
+ *
+ *  === \Hash Keys
+ *
+ *  ==== \Hash Key Equivalence
+ *
+ *  Two objects are treated as the same \hash key when their <code>hash</code> value
  *  is identical and the two objects are <code>eql?</code> to each other.
  *
- *  A user-defined class may be used as a hash key if the <code>hash</code>
- *  and <code>eql?</code> methods are overridden to provide meaningful
- *  behavior.  By default, separate instances refer to separate hash keys.
+ *  ==== Modifying an Active \Hash Key
+ *
+ *  Modifying a \Hash key while it is in use damages the hash's index.
+ *
+ *  This \Hash has keys that are Arrays:
+ *
+ *    a0 = [ :foo, :bar ]
+ *    a1 = [ :baz, :bat ]
+ *    h = {a0 => 0, a1 => 1}
+ *    h.include?(a0) # => true
+ *    h[a0] # => 0
+ *    a0.hash # => 110002110
+ *
+ *  Modifying array element <tt>a0[0]</tt> changes its hash value:
+ *
+ *    a0[0] = :bam
+ *    a0.hash # => 1069447059
+ *
+ *  And damages the \Hash index:
+ *
+ *    h.include?(a0) # => false
+ *    h[a0] # => nil
+ *
+ *  You can repair the hash index using method +rehash+:
+ *
+ *    h.rehash # => {[:bam, :bar]=>0, [:baz, :bat]=>1}
+ *    h.include?(a0) # => true
+ *    h[a0] # => 0
+ *
+ *  A \String key is always safe.
+ *  That's because an unfrozen \String
+ *  passed as a key will be replaced by a duplicated and frozen \String:
+ *
+ *    s = 'foo'
+ *    s.frozen? # => false
+ *    h = {s => 0}
+ *    first_key = h.keys.first
+ *    first_key.frozen? # => true
+ *
+ *  ==== User-Defined \Hash Keys
+ *
+ *  To be useable as a \Hash key, objects must implement the methods <code>hash</code> and <code>eql?</code>.
+ *  Note: this requirement does not apply if the \Hash uses #compare_by_id since comparison will then rely on
+ *  the keys' object id instead of <code>hash</code> and <code>eql?</code>.
+ *
+ *  \Object defines basic implementation for <code>hash</code> and <code>eq?</code> that makes each object
+ *  a distinct key. Typically, user-defined classes will want to override these methods to provide meaningful
+ *  behavior, or for example inherit \Struct that has useful definitions for these.
  *
  *  A typical implementation of <code>hash</code> is based on the
  *  object's data while <code>eql?</code> is usually aliased to the overridden
@@ -4412,8 +6747,8 @@ env_update(VALUE env, VALUE hash)
  *      end
  *
  *      def ==(other)
- *        self.class === other and
- *          other.author == @author and
+ *        self.class === other &&
+ *          other.author == @author &&
  *          other.title == @title
  *      end
  *
@@ -4434,19 +6769,98 @@ env_update(VALUE env, VALUE hash)
  *
  *    reviews.length #=> 1
  *
- *  See also Object#hash and Object#eql?
+ *  === Default Values
+ *
+ *  The methods #[], #values_at and #dig need to return the value associated to a certain key.
+ *  When that key is not found, that value will be determined by its default proc (if any)
+ *  or else its default (initially `nil`).
+ *
+ *  You can retrieve the default value with method #default:
+ *
+ *    h = Hash.new
+ *    h.default # => nil
+ *
+ *  You can set the default value by passing an argument to method Hash.new or
+ *  with method #default=
+ *
+ *    h = Hash.new(-1)
+ *    h.default # => -1
+ *    h.default = 0
+ *    h.default # => 0
+ *
+ *  This default value is returned for #[], #values_at and #dig when a key is
+ *  not found:
+ *
+ *    counts = {foo: 42}
+ *    counts.default # => nil (default)
+ *    counts[:foo] = 42
+ *    counts[:bar] # => nil
+ *    counts.default = 0
+ *    counts[:bar] # => 0
+ *    counts.values_at(:foo, :bar, :baz) # => [42, 0, 0]
+ *    counts.dig(:bar) # => 0
+ *
+ *  Note that the default value is used without being duplicated. It is not advised to set
+ *  the default value to a mutable object:
+ *
+ *    synonyms = Hash.new([])
+ *    synonyms[:hello] # => []
+ *    synonyms[:hello] << :hi # => [:hi], but this mutates the default!
+ *    synonyms.default # => [:hi]
+ *    synonyms[:world] << :universe
+ *    synonyms[:world] # => [:hi, :universe], oops
+ *    synonyms.keys # => [], oops
+ *
+ *  To use a mutable object as default, it is recommended to use a default proc
+ *
+ *  ==== Default \Proc
+ *
+ *  When the default proc for a \Hash is set (i.e., not +nil+),
+ *  the default value returned by method #[] is determined by the default proc alone.
+ *
+ *  You can retrieve the default proc with method #default_proc:
+ *
+ *    h = Hash.new
+ *    h.default_proc # => nil
+ *
+ *  You can set the default proc by calling Hash.new with a block or
+ *  calling the method #default_proc=
+ *
+ *    h = Hash.new { |hash, key| "Default value for #{key}" }
+ *    h.default_proc.class # => Proc
+ *    h.default_proc = proc { |hash, key| "Default value for #{key.inspect}" }
+ *    h.default_proc.class # => Proc
+ *
+ *  When the default proc is set (i.e., not +nil+)
+ *  and method #[] is called with with a non-existent key,
+ *  #[] calls the default proc with both the \Hash object itself and the missing key,
+ *  then returns the proc's return value:
+ *
+ *    h = Hash.new { |hash, key| "Default value for #{key}" }
+ *    h[:nosuch] # => "Default value for nosuch"
+ *
+ *  Note that in the example above no entry for key +:nosuch+ is created:
+ *
+ *    h.include?(:nosuch) # => false
+ *
+ *  However, the proc itself can add a new entry:
+ *
+ *    synonyms = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
+ *    synonyms.include?(:hello) # => false
+ *    synonyms[:hello] << :hi # => [:hi]
+ *    synonyms[:world] << :universe # => [:universe]
+ *    synonyms.keys # => [:hello, :world]
+ *
+ *  Note that setting the default proc will clear the default value and vice versa.
  */
 
 void
 Init_Hash(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
-    id_hash = rb_intern("hash");
-    id_yield = rb_intern("yield");
-    id_default = rb_intern("default");
-    id_flatten_bang = rb_intern("flatten!");
+    id_hash = rb_intern_const("hash");
+    id_default = rb_intern_const("default");
+    id_flatten_bang = rb_intern_const("flatten!");
+    id_hash_iter_lev = rb_make_internal_id();
 
     rb_cHash = rb_define_class("Hash", rb_cObject);
 
@@ -4456,7 +6870,7 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHash, "[]", rb_hash_s_create, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHash, "try_convert", rb_hash_s_try_convert, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "initialize", rb_hash_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "initialize_copy", rb_hash_initialize_copy, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "initialize_copy", rb_hash_replace, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "rehash", rb_hash_rehash, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "to_hash", rb_hash_to_hash, 0);
@@ -4478,7 +6892,6 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "default_proc", rb_hash_default_proc, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "default_proc=", rb_hash_set_default_proc, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "key", rb_hash_key, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "index", rb_hash_index, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "size", rb_hash_size, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "length", rb_hash_size, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "empty?", rb_hash_empty_p, 0);
@@ -4488,6 +6901,8 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "each_pair", rb_hash_each_pair, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "each", rb_hash_each_pair, 0);
 
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "transform_keys", rb_hash_transform_keys, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "transform_keys!", rb_hash_transform_keys_bang, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "transform_values", rb_hash_transform_values, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "transform_values!", rb_hash_transform_values_bang, 0);
 
@@ -4502,14 +6917,18 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "keep_if", rb_hash_keep_if, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "select", rb_hash_select, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "select!", rb_hash_select_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "filter", rb_hash_select, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "filter!", rb_hash_select_bang, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "reject", rb_hash_reject, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "reject!", rb_hash_reject_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "slice", rb_hash_slice, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "except", rb_hash_except, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "clear", rb_hash_clear, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "invert", rb_hash_invert, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "update", rb_hash_update, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "update", rb_hash_update, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "replace", rb_hash_replace, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "merge!", rb_hash_update, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "merge", rb_hash_merge, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "merge!", rb_hash_update, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "merge", rb_hash_merge, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "assoc", rb_hash_assoc, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "rassoc", rb_hash_rassoc, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "flatten", rb_hash_flatten, -1);
@@ -4526,7 +6945,7 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "compare_by_identity", rb_hash_compare_by_id, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "compare_by_identity?", rb_hash_compare_by_id_p, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "any?", rb_hash_any_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "any?", rb_hash_any_p, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "dig", rb_hash_dig, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "<=", rb_hash_le, 1);
@@ -4534,9 +6953,89 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, ">=", rb_hash_ge, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHash, ">", rb_hash_gt, 1);
 
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHash, "deconstruct_keys", rb_hash_deconstruct_keys, 1);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHash, "ruby2_keywords_hash?", rb_hash_s_ruby2_keywords_hash_p, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHash, "ruby2_keywords_hash", rb_hash_s_ruby2_keywords_hash, 1);
+
     /* Document-class: ENV
      *
      * ENV is a hash-like accessor for environment variables.
+     *
+     * === Interaction with the Operating System
+     *
+     * The ENV object interacts with the operating system's environment variables:
+     *
+     * - When you get the value for a name in ENV, the value is retrieved from among the current environment variables.
+     * - When you create or set a name-value pair in ENV, the name and value are immediately set in the environment variables.
+     * - When you delete a name-value pair in ENV, it is immediately deleted from the environment variables.
+     *
+     * === Names and Values
+     *
+     * Generally, a name or value is a String.
+     *
+     * ==== Valid Names and Values
+     *
+     * Each name or value must be one of the following:
+     *
+     * - A String.
+     * - An object that responds to \#to_str by returning a String, in which case that String will be used as the name or value.
+     *
+     * ==== Invalid Names and Values
+     *
+     * A new name:
+     *
+     * - May not be the empty string:
+     *     ENV[''] = '0'
+     *     # Raises Errno::EINVAL (Invalid argument - ruby_setenv())
+     *
+     * - May not contain character <code>"="</code>:
+     *     ENV['='] = '0'
+     *     # Raises Errno::EINVAL (Invalid argument - ruby_setenv(=))
+     *
+     * A new name or value:
+     *
+     * - May not be a non-String that does not respond to \#to_str:
+     *
+     *     ENV['foo'] = Object.new
+     *     # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Object into String)
+     *     ENV[Object.new] = '0'
+     *     # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Object into String)
+     *
+     * - May not contain the NUL character <code>"\0"</code>:
+     *
+     *     ENV['foo'] = "\0"
+     *     # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable value: contains null byte)
+     *     ENV["\0"] == '0'
+     *     # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable name: contains null byte)
+     *
+     * - May not have an ASCII-incompatible encoding such as UTF-16LE or ISO-2022-JP:
+     *
+     *     ENV['foo'] = '0'.force_encoding(Encoding::ISO_2022_JP)
+     *     # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable name: ASCII incompatible encoding: ISO-2022-JP)
+     *     ENV["foo".force_encoding(Encoding::ISO_2022_JP)] = '0'
+     *     # Raises ArgumentError (bad environment variable name: ASCII incompatible encoding: ISO-2022-JP)
+     *
+     * === About Ordering
+     *
+     * ENV enumerates its name/value pairs in the order found
+     * in the operating system's environment variables.
+     * Therefore the ordering of ENV content is OS-dependent, and may be indeterminate.
+     *
+     * This will be seen in:
+     * - A Hash returned by an ENV method.
+     * - An Enumerator returned by an ENV method.
+     * - An Array returned by ENV.keys, ENV.values, or ENV.to_a.
+     * - The String returned by ENV.inspect.
+     * - The Array returned by ENV.shift.
+     * - The name returned by ENV.key.
+     *
+     * === About the Examples
+     * Some methods in ENV return ENV itself. Typically, there are many environment variables.
+     * It's not useful to display a large ENV in the examples here,
+     * so most example snippets begin by resetting the contents of ENV:
+     * - ENV.replace replaces ENV with a new collection of entries.
+     * - ENV.clear empties ENV.
      */
 
     /*
@@ -4549,8 +7048,8 @@ Init_Hash(void)
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "[]", rb_f_getenv, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "fetch", env_fetch, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "[]=", env_aset, 2);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "store", env_aset, 2);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "[]=", env_aset_m, 2);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "store", env_aset_m, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "each", env_each_pair, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "each_pair", env_each_pair, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "each_key", env_each_key, 0);
@@ -4558,26 +7057,31 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "delete", env_delete_m, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "delete_if", env_delete_if, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "keep_if", env_keep_if, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "clear", rb_env_clear, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "slice", env_slice, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "except", env_except, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "clear", env_clear, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "reject", env_reject, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "reject!", env_reject_bang, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "select", env_select, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "select!", env_select_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "filter", env_select, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "filter!", env_select_bang, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "shift", env_shift, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "freeze", env_freeze, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "invert", env_invert, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "replace", env_replace, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "update", env_update, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "merge!", env_update, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "inspect", env_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "rehash", env_none, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "to_a", env_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "to_s", env_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "key", env_key, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "index", env_index, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "size", env_size, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "length", env_size, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "empty?", env_empty_p, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "keys", env_keys, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "values", env_values, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "keys", env_f_keys, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "values", env_f_values, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "values_at", env_values_at, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "include?", env_has_key, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "member?", env_has_key, 1);
@@ -4585,8 +7089,8 @@ Init_Hash(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "has_value?", env_has_value, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "key?", env_has_key, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "value?", env_has_value, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "to_hash", env_to_hash, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "to_h", env_to_hash, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "to_hash", env_f_to_hash, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "to_h", env_to_h, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "assoc", env_assoc, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(envtbl, "rassoc", env_rassoc, 1);
 
@@ -4599,4 +7103,6 @@ Init_Hash(void)
 
     /* for callcc */
     ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(hash_foreach_ensure, hash_foreach_ensure_rollback);
+
+    HASH_ASSERT(sizeof(ar_hint_t) * RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE == sizeof(VALUE));
 }
diff --git a/hrtime.h b/hrtime.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f133bdb1ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hrtime.h
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+#ifndef RB_HRTIME_H
+#define RB_HRTIME_H
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include <time.h>
+#if defined(HAVE_SYS_TIME_H)
+#  include <sys/time.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Hi-res monotonic clock.  It is currently nsec resolution, which has over
+ * 500 years of range (with an unsigned 64-bit integer).  Developers
+ * targeting small systems may try 32-bit and low-resolution (milliseconds).
+ *
+ * TBD: Is nsec even necessary? usec resolution seems enough for userspace
+ * and it'll be suitable for use with devices lasting over 500,000 years
+ * (maybe some devices designed for long-term space travel)
+ *
+ * Current API:
+ *
+ *	* rb_hrtime_now      - current clock value (monotonic if available)
+ *	* rb_hrtime_mul      - multiply with overflow check
+ *	* rb_hrtime_add      - add with overflow check
+ *	* rb_timeval2hrtime  - convert from timeval
+ *	* rb_timespec2hrtime - convert from timespec
+ *	* rb_msec2hrtime     - convert from millisecond
+ *	* rb_sec2hrtime      - convert from time_t (seconds)
+ *	* rb_hrtime2timeval  - convert to timeval
+ *	* rb_hrtime2timespec - convert to timespec
+ *
+ * Note: no conversion to milliseconds is provided here because different
+ * functions have different limits (e.g. epoll_wait vs w32_wait_events).
+ * So we provide RB_HRTIME_PER_MSEC and similar macros for implementing
+ * this for each use case.
+ */
+#define RB_HRTIME_PER_USEC ((rb_hrtime_t)1000)
+#define RB_HRTIME_PER_MSEC (RB_HRTIME_PER_USEC * (rb_hrtime_t)1000)
+#define RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC  (RB_HRTIME_PER_MSEC * (rb_hrtime_t)1000)
+#define RB_HRTIME_MAX      UINT64_MAX
+
+/*
+ * Lets try to support time travelers.  Lets assume anybody with a time machine
+ * also has access to a modern gcc or clang with 128-bit int support
+ */
+#ifdef MY_RUBY_BUILD_MAY_TIME_TRAVEL
+typedef int128_t rb_hrtime_t;
+#else
+typedef uint64_t rb_hrtime_t;
+#endif
+
+/* thread.c */
+/* returns the value of the monotonic clock (if available) */
+rb_hrtime_t rb_hrtime_now(void);
+
+/*
+ * multiply @a and @b with overflow check and return the
+ * (clamped to RB_HRTIME_MAX) result.
+ */
+static inline rb_hrtime_t
+rb_hrtime_mul(rb_hrtime_t a, rb_hrtime_t b)
+{
+    rb_hrtime_t c;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_MUL_OVERFLOW
+    if (__builtin_mul_overflow(a, b, &c))
+        return RB_HRTIME_MAX;
+#else
+    if (b != 0 && a > RB_HRTIME_MAX / b) /* overflow */
+        return RB_HRTIME_MAX;
+    c = a * b;
+#endif
+    return c;
+}
+
+/*
+ * add @a and @b with overflow check and return the
+ * (clamped to RB_HRTIME_MAX) result.
+ */
+static inline rb_hrtime_t
+rb_hrtime_add(rb_hrtime_t a, rb_hrtime_t b)
+{
+    rb_hrtime_t c;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_ADD_OVERFLOW
+    if (__builtin_add_overflow(a, b, &c))
+        return RB_HRTIME_MAX;
+#else
+    c = a + b;
+    if (c < a) /* overflow */
+        return RB_HRTIME_MAX;
+#endif
+    return c;
+}
+
+/*
+ * convert a timeval struct to rb_hrtime_t, clamping at RB_HRTIME_MAX
+ */
+static inline rb_hrtime_t
+rb_timeval2hrtime(const struct timeval *tv)
+{
+    rb_hrtime_t s = rb_hrtime_mul((rb_hrtime_t)tv->tv_sec, RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC);
+    rb_hrtime_t u = rb_hrtime_mul((rb_hrtime_t)tv->tv_usec, RB_HRTIME_PER_USEC);
+
+    return rb_hrtime_add(s, u);
+}
+
+/*
+ * convert a timespec struct to rb_hrtime_t, clamping at RB_HRTIME_MAX
+ */
+static inline rb_hrtime_t
+rb_timespec2hrtime(const struct timespec *ts)
+{
+    rb_hrtime_t s = rb_hrtime_mul((rb_hrtime_t)ts->tv_sec, RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC);
+
+    return rb_hrtime_add(s, (rb_hrtime_t)ts->tv_nsec);
+}
+
+/*
+ * convert a millisecond value to rb_hrtime_t, clamping at RB_HRTIME_MAX
+ */
+static inline rb_hrtime_t
+rb_msec2hrtime(unsigned long msec)
+{
+    return rb_hrtime_mul((rb_hrtime_t)msec, RB_HRTIME_PER_MSEC);
+}
+
+/*
+ * convert a time_t value to rb_hrtime_t, clamping at RB_HRTIME_MAX
+ * Negative values will be clamped at 0.
+ */
+static inline rb_hrtime_t
+rb_sec2hrtime(time_t sec)
+{
+    if (sec <= 0) return 0;
+
+    return rb_hrtime_mul((rb_hrtime_t)sec, RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC);
+}
+
+/*
+ * convert a rb_hrtime_t value to a timespec, suitable for calling
+ * functions like ppoll(2) or kevent(2)
+ */
+static inline struct timespec *
+rb_hrtime2timespec(struct timespec *ts, const rb_hrtime_t *hrt)
+{
+    if (hrt) {
+        ts->tv_sec = (time_t)(*hrt / RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC);
+        ts->tv_nsec = (int32_t)(*hrt % RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC);
+        return ts;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * convert a rb_hrtime_t value to a timeval, suitable for calling
+ * functions like select(2)
+ */
+static inline struct timeval *
+rb_hrtime2timeval(struct timeval *tv, const rb_hrtime_t *hrt)
+{
+    if (hrt) {
+        tv->tv_sec = (time_t)(*hrt / RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC);
+        tv->tv_usec = (int32_t)((*hrt % RB_HRTIME_PER_SEC)/RB_HRTIME_PER_USEC);
+
+        return tv;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif /* RB_HRTIME_H */
diff --git a/ia64.s b/ia64.s
deleted file mode 100644
index 1087105585..0000000000
--- a/ia64.s
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-// rb_ia64_flushrs and rb_ia64_bsp is written in IA64 assembly language
-// because Intel Compiler for IA64 doesn't support inline assembly.
-//
-// This file is based on following C program compiled by gcc.
-//
-//   void rb_ia64_flushrs(void) { __builtin_ia64_flushrs(); }
-//   void *rb_ia64_bsp(void) { return __builtin_ia64_bsp(); }
-//
-// Note that rb_ia64_flushrs and rb_ia64_bsp works in its own stack frame.
-// It's because BSP is updated by br.call/brl.call (not alloc instruction).
-// So rb_ia64_flushrs flushes stack frames including caller's one.
-// rb_ia64_bsp returns the address next to caller's register stack frame.
-//
-// See also
-// Intel Itanium Architecture Software Developer's Manual
-// Volume 2: System Architecture.
-//
-	.file	"ia64.c"
-	.text
-	.align 16
-	.global rb_ia64_flushrs#
-	.proc rb_ia64_flushrs#
-rb_ia64_flushrs:
-	.prologue
-	.body
-	flushrs
-	;;
-	nop.i 0
-	br.ret.sptk.many b0
-	.endp rb_ia64_flushrs#
-	.align 16
-	.global rb_ia64_bsp#
-	.proc rb_ia64_bsp#
-rb_ia64_bsp:
-	.prologue
-	.body
-	nop.m 0
-	;;
-	mov r8 = ar.bsp
-	br.ret.sptk.many b0
-	.endp rb_ia64_bsp#
-	.ident	"GCC: (GNU) 3.3.5 (Debian 1:3.3.5-13)"
diff --git a/id_table.c b/id_table.c
index f0f37cc913..840ab46ee3 100644
--- a/id_table.c
+++ b/id_table.c
@@ -7,209 +7,13 @@
 #endif
 
 #if ID_TABLE_DEBUG == 0
+#undef NDEBUG
 #define NDEBUG
 #endif
 #include "ruby_assert.h"
 
-/*
- * st
- *    0: using st with debug information.
- *    1: using st.
- * array
- *   11: simple array. ids = [ID1, ID2, ...], values = [val1, val2, ...]
- *   12: simple array, and use rb_id_serial_t instead of ID.
- *   13: simple array, and use rb_id_serial_t instead of ID. Swap recent access.
- *   14: sorted array, and use rb_id_serial_t instead of ID.
- *   15: sorted array, and use rb_id_serial_t instead of ID, linear small part.
- * hash
- *   21: funny falcon's Coalesced Hashing implementation [Feature #6962]
- *   22: simple open addressing with quadratic probing.
- * mix (array + hash)
- *   31: array(12) (capa <= 32) + hash(22)
- *   32: array(14) (capa <= 32) + hash(22)
- *   33: array(12) (capa <= 64) + hash(22)
- *   34: array(14) (capa <= 64) + hash(22)
- *   34: array(15) (capa <= 64) + hash(22)
- */
-
-#ifndef ID_TABLE_IMPL
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL 34
-#endif
-
-#if ID_TABLE_IMPL == 0
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME st
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct st_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ST_DEBUG 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 1
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME st
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct st_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ST_DEBUG 0
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 11
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME list
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct list_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 12
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME list
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct list_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 13
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME list
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct list_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-#define ID_TABLE_SWAP_RECENT_ACCESS 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 14
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME list
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct list_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 15
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME list
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct list_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED_LINEAR_SMALL_RANGE 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 21
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME hash
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE sa_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_COALESCED_HASHING 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 22
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME hash
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct hash_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 31
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME mix
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct mix_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX_LIST_MAX_CAPA 32
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 32
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME mix
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct mix_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX_LIST_MAX_CAPA 32
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 33
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME mix
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct mix_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX_LIST_MAX_CAPA 64
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 34
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME mix
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct mix_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX_LIST_MAX_CAPA 64
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH 1
-
-#elif ID_TABLE_IMPL == 35
-#define ID_TABLE_NAME mix
-#define ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE struct mix_id_table
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_MIX_LIST_MAX_CAPA 64
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED 1
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED_LINEAR_SMALL_RANGE 1
-
-#define ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH 1
-
-#else
-#error
-#endif
-
-#if ID_TABLE_SWAP_RECENT_ACCESS && ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED
-#error
-#endif
-
-/* IMPL(create) will be "hash_id_table_create" and so on */
-#define IMPL1(name, op) TOKEN_PASTE(name, _id##op) /* expand `name' */
-#define IMPL(op)        IMPL1(ID_TABLE_NAME, _table##op) /* but prevent `op' */
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-# define UNUSED(func) static func __attribute__((unused))
-#else
-# define UNUSED(func) static func
-#endif
-
-UNUSED(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *IMPL(_create)(size_t));
-UNUSED(void IMPL(_free)(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *));
-UNUSED(void IMPL(_clear)(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *));
-UNUSED(size_t IMPL(_size)(const ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *));
-UNUSED(size_t IMPL(_memsize)(const ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *));
-UNUSED(int IMPL(_insert)(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *, ID, VALUE));
-UNUSED(int IMPL(_lookup)(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *, ID, VALUE *));
-UNUSED(int IMPL(_delete)(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *, ID));
-UNUSED(void IMPL(_foreach)(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *, void *));
-UNUSED(void IMPL(_foreach_values)(ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *, void *));
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL
 typedef rb_id_serial_t id_key_t;
+
 static inline ID
 key2id(id_key_t key)
 {
@@ -221,932 +25,7 @@ id2key(ID id)
 {
     return rb_id_to_serial(id);
 }
-#else /* ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL */
-
-typedef ID id_key_t;
-#define key2id(key) key
-#define id2key(id)  id
-
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_ID_SERIAL */
-
-/***************************************************************
- * 0: using st with debug information.
- * 1: using st.
- ***************************************************************/
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_ST
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_ST_DEBUG
-#define ID_TABLE_MARK 0x12345678
-
-struct st_id_table {
-    struct st_table *st;
-    unsigned int check;
-};
-
-static struct st_table *
-tbl2st(struct st_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    if (tbl->check != ID_TABLE_MARK) rb_bug("tbl2st: check error %x", tbl->check);
-    return tbl->st;
-}
-
-static struct st_id_table *
-st_id_table_create(size_t size)
-{
-    struct st_id_table *tbl = ALLOC(struct st_id_table);
-    tbl->st = st_init_numtable_with_size(size);
-    tbl->check = ID_TABLE_MARK;
-    return tbl;
-}
-
-static void
-st_id_table_free(struct st_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    st_free_table(tbl->st);
-    xfree(tbl);
-}
-
-#else /* ID_TABLE_USE_ST_DEBUG */
-
-struct st_id_table {
-    struct st_table st;
-};
-
-static struct st_table *
-tbl2st(struct st_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    return (struct st_table *)tbl;
-}
-
-static struct st_id_table *
-st_id_table_create(size_t size)
-{
-    return (struct st_id_table *)st_init_numtable_with_size(size);
-}
-
-static void
-st_id_table_free(struct st_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    st_free_table((struct st_table*)tbl);
-}
-
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_ST_DEBUG */
-
-static void
-st_id_table_clear(struct st_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    st_clear(tbl2st(tbl));
-}
-
-static size_t
-st_id_table_size(const struct st_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    return tbl2st(tbl)->num_entries;
-}
-
-static size_t
-st_id_table_memsize(const struct st_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    size_t header_size = ID_TABLE_USE_ST_DEBUG ? sizeof(struct st_id_table) : 0;
-    return header_size + st_memsize(tbl2st(tbl));
-}
-
-static int
-st_id_table_lookup(struct st_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *val)
-{
-    return st_lookup(tbl2st(tbl), (st_data_t)id, (st_data_t *)val);
-}
-
-static int
-st_id_table_insert(struct st_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val)
-{
-    return st_insert(tbl2st(tbl), id, val);
-}
-
-static int
-st_id_table_delete(struct st_id_table *tbl, ID id)
-{
-    return st_delete(tbl2st(tbl), (st_data_t *)&id, NULL);
-}
-
-static void
-st_id_table_foreach(struct st_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data)
-{
-    st_foreach(tbl2st(tbl), (int (*)(ANYARGS))func, (st_data_t)data);
-}
-
-struct values_iter_data {
-    rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *values_i;
-    void *data;
-};
-
-static int
-each_values(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
-{
-    struct values_iter_data *values_iter_data = (struct values_iter_data *)ptr;
-    return values_iter_data->values_i(val, values_iter_data->data);
-}
-
-static void
-st_id_table_foreach_values(struct st_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data)
-{
-    struct values_iter_data values_iter_data;
-    values_iter_data.values_i = func;
-    values_iter_data.data = data;
-    st_foreach(tbl2st(tbl), each_values, (st_data_t)&values_iter_data);
-}
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_ST */
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_LIST
-
-#define LIST_MIN_CAPA 4
-
-struct list_id_table {
-    int capa;
-    int num;
-    id_key_t *keys;
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES == 0
-    VALUE *values_;
-#endif
-};
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES
-#define TABLE_VALUES(tbl) ((VALUE *)((tbl)->keys + (tbl)->capa))
-#else
-#define TABLE_VALUES(tbl) (tbl)->values_
-#endif
-
-static struct list_id_table *
-list_id_table_init(struct list_id_table *tbl, size_t capa)
-{
-    if (capa > 0) {
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES && \
-    (UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS == 0) && (SIZEOF_VALUE == 8)
-	/* Workaround for 8-byte word alignment on 64-bit SPARC.
-	 * This code assumes that sizeof(ID) == 4, sizeof(VALUE) == 8, and
-	 *  xmalloc() returns 8-byte aligned memory block.
-	 */
-	if (capa & (size_t)1) capa += 1;
-#endif
-	tbl->capa = (int)capa;
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES
-	tbl->keys = (id_key_t *)xmalloc(sizeof(id_key_t) * capa + sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
-#else
-	tbl->keys = ALLOC_N(id_key_t, capa);
-	tbl->values_ = ALLOC_N(VALUE, capa);
-#endif
-    }
-    return tbl;
-}
-
-#ifndef ID_TABLE_USE_MIX
-static struct list_id_table *
-list_id_table_create(size_t capa)
-{
-    struct list_id_table *tbl = ZALLOC(struct list_id_table);
-    return list_id_table_init(tbl, capa);
-}
-#endif
-
-static void
-list_id_table_free(struct list_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    xfree(tbl->keys);
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES == 0
-    xfree(tbl->values_);
-#endif
-    xfree(tbl);
-}
-
-static void
-list_id_table_clear(struct list_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    tbl->num = 0;
-}
-
-static size_t
-list_id_table_size(const struct list_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    return (size_t)tbl->num;
-}
-
-static size_t
-list_id_table_memsize(const struct list_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    return (sizeof(id_key_t) + sizeof(VALUE)) * tbl->capa + sizeof(struct list_id_table);
-}
-
-static void
-list_table_extend(struct list_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    if (tbl->capa == tbl->num) {
-	const int capa = tbl->capa == 0 ? LIST_MIN_CAPA : (tbl->capa * 2);
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES
-	{
-	    VALUE *old_values, *new_values;
-	    VALUE *debug_values = NULL;
-	    const int num = tbl->num;
-	    const int size = sizeof(id_key_t) * capa + sizeof(VALUE) * capa;
-	    int i;
-
-	    if (num > 0) {
-		VALUE *orig_values = (VALUE *)(tbl->keys + num);
-		debug_values = ALLOC_N(VALUE, num);
-
-		for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-		    debug_values[i] = orig_values[i];
-		}
-
-		if (0)
-		    for (i=0; i< 2 * num; i++) {
-			unsigned char *cs = (unsigned char *)&tbl->keys[i];
-			size_t j;
-			fprintf(stderr, ">> %3d | %p - ", i, cs);
-			for (j=0; j<sizeof(VALUE); j++) {
-			    fprintf(stderr, "%x ", cs[j]);
-			}
-			fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-		    }
-	    }
-
-	    tbl->keys = (id_key_t *)xrealloc(tbl->keys, size);
-	    old_values = (VALUE *)(tbl->keys + num);
-	    new_values = (VALUE *)(tbl->keys + capa);
-
-	    /*  [ keys (num) ] [ values (num) ]
-	     *                 ^ old_values
-	     * realloc =>
-	     *  [ keys (capa = num * 2)  ] [ values (capa = num * 2) ]
-	     *                             ^ new_values
-	     */
-
-	    /* memmove */
-	    if (0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "memmove: %p -> %p (%d, capa: %d)\n",
-			old_values, new_values, num, capa);
-	    }
-	    assert(num < capa);
-	    assert(num == 0 || old_values < new_values);
-
-	    for (i=num-1; i>=0; i--) {
-		new_values[i] = old_values[i];
-	    }
-
-	    if (num > 0) {
-		for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-		    assert(debug_values[i] == new_values[i]);
-		}
-		xfree(debug_values);
-	    }
-	}
-
-	tbl->capa = capa;
-#else
-	tbl->capa = capa;
-	tbl->keys = (id_key_t *)xrealloc(tbl->keys, sizeof(id_key_t) * capa);
-	tbl->values_ = (VALUE *)xrealloc(tbl->values_, sizeof(VALUE) * capa);
-#endif
-    }
-}
-
-#if ID_TABLE_DEBUG
-static void
-list_table_show(struct list_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    const id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
-    const int num = tbl->num;
-    int i;
-
-    fprintf(stderr, "tbl: %p (num: %d)\n", tbl, num);
-    for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-	fprintf(stderr, " -> [%d] %s %d\n", i, rb_id2name(key2id(keys[i])), (int)keys[i]);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-static void
-tbl_assert(struct list_id_table *tbl)
-{
-#if ID_TABLE_DEBUG
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED
-    const id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
-    const int num = tbl->num;
-    int i;
-
-    for (i=0; i<num-1; i++) {
-	if (keys[i] >= keys[i+1]) {
-	    list_table_show(tbl);
-	    rb_bug(": not sorted.");
-	}
-    }
-#endif
-#endif
-}
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED
-static int
-list_ids_bsearch(const id_key_t *keys, id_key_t key, int num)
-{
-    int p, min = 0, max = num;
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED_LINEAR_SMALL_RANGE
-    if (num <= 64) {
-	if (num  > 32) {
-	    if (keys[num/2] <= key) {
-		min = num/2;
-	    } else {
-		max = num/2;
-	    }
-	}
-	for (p = min; p<num && keys[p] < key; p++) {
-	    assert(keys[p] != 0);
-	}
-	return (p<num && keys[p] == key) ? p : -p-1;
-    }
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED_LINEAR_SMALL_RANGE */
-
-    while (1) {
-	p = min + (max - min) / 2;
-
-	if (min >= max) {
-	    break;
-	}
-	else {
-	    id_key_t kp = keys[p];
-	    assert(p < max);
-	    assert(p >= min);
-
-	    if      (kp > key) max = p;
-	    else if (kp < key) min = p+1;
-	    else {
-		assert(kp == key);
-		assert(p >= 0);
-		assert(p < num);
-		return p;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-
-    assert(min == max);
-    assert(min == p);
-    return -p-1;
-}
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED */
-
-static int
-list_table_index(struct list_id_table *tbl, id_key_t key)
-{
-    const int num = tbl->num;
-    const id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED
-    return list_ids_bsearch(keys, key, num);
-#else /* ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED */
-    int i;
-
-    for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-	assert(keys[i] != 0);
-
-	if (keys[i] == key) {
-	    return (int)i;
-	}
-    }
-    return -1;
-#endif
-}
-
-static int
-list_id_table_lookup(struct list_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *valp)
-{
-    id_key_t key = id2key(id);
-    int index = list_table_index(tbl, key);
-
-    if (index >= 0) {
-	*valp = TABLE_VALUES(tbl)[index];
-
-#if ID_TABLE_SWAP_RECENT_ACCESS
-	if (index > 0) {
-	    VALUE *values = TABLE_VALUES(tbl);
-	    id_key_t tk = tbl->keys[index-1];
-	    VALUE tv = values[index-1];
-	    tbl->keys[index-1] = tbl->keys[index];
-	    tbl->keys[index] = tk;
-	    values[index-1] = values[index];
-	    values[index] = tv;
-	}
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_SWAP_RECENT_ACCESS */
-	return TRUE;
-    }
-    else {
-	return FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-list_id_table_insert(struct list_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val)
-{
-    const id_key_t key = id2key(id);
-    const int index = list_table_index(tbl, key);
-
-    if (index >= 0) {
-	TABLE_VALUES(tbl)[index] = val;
-    }
-    else {
-	list_table_extend(tbl);
-	{
-	    const int num = tbl->num++;
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED
-	    const int insert_index = -(index + 1);
-	    id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
-	    VALUE *values = TABLE_VALUES(tbl);
-	    int i;
-
-	    if (0) fprintf(stderr, "insert: %d into %d on\n", (int)key, insert_index);
-
-	    for (i=num; i>insert_index; i--) {
-		keys[i] = keys[i-1];
-		values[i] = values[i-1];
-	    }
-	    keys[i] = key;
-	    values[i] = val;
-
-	    tbl_assert(tbl);
-#else
-	    tbl->keys[num] = key;
-	    TABLE_VALUES(tbl)[num] = val;
-#endif
-	}
-    }
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-static int
-list_delete_index(struct list_id_table *tbl, id_key_t key, int index)
-{
-    if (index >= 0) {
-	VALUE *values = TABLE_VALUES(tbl);
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_LIST_SORTED
-	int i;
-	const int num = tbl->num;
-	id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
-
-	for (i=index+1; i<num; i++) { /* compaction */
-	    keys[i-1] = keys[i];
-	    values[i-1] = values[i];
-	}
-#else
-	tbl->keys[index] = tbl->keys[tbl->num-1];
-	values[index] = values[tbl->num-1];
-#endif
-	tbl->num--;
-	tbl_assert(tbl);
-
-	return TRUE;
-    }
-    else {
-	return FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-list_id_table_delete(struct list_id_table *tbl, ID id)
-{
-    const id_key_t key = id2key(id);
-    int index = list_table_index(tbl, key);
-    return list_delete_index(tbl, key, index);
-}
-
-#define FOREACH_LAST() do {   \
-    switch (ret) {            \
-      case ID_TABLE_ITERATOR_RESULT_END: \
-      case ID_TABLE_CONTINUE: \
-      case ID_TABLE_STOP:     \
-	break;                \
-      case ID_TABLE_DELETE:   \
-	list_delete_index(tbl, key, i); \
-	values = TABLE_VALUES(tbl);     \
-	num = tbl->num;                 \
-	i--; /* redo same index */      \
-	break; \
-    } \
-} while (0)
-
-static void
-list_id_table_foreach(struct list_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data)
-{
-    int num = tbl->num;
-    int i;
-    const id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
-    const VALUE *values = TABLE_VALUES(tbl);
-
-    for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-	const id_key_t key = keys[i];
-	enum rb_id_table_iterator_result ret = (*func)(key2id(key), values[i], data);
-	assert(key != 0);
-
-	FOREACH_LAST();
-	if (ret == ID_TABLE_STOP) return;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-list_id_table_foreach_values(struct list_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data)
-{
-    int num = tbl->num;
-    int i;
-    const id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
-    VALUE *values = TABLE_VALUES(tbl);
-
-    for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-	const id_key_t key = keys[i];
-	enum rb_id_table_iterator_result ret = (*func)(values[i], data);
-	assert(key != 0);
-
-	FOREACH_LAST();
-	if (ret == ID_TABLE_STOP) return;
-    }
-}
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_LIST */
-
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_COALESCED_HASHING
-/* implementation is based on
- * https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/6962 by funny_falcon
- */
-
-typedef unsigned int sa_index_t;
-
-#define SA_EMPTY    0
-#define SA_LAST     1
-#define SA_OFFSET   2
-#define SA_MIN_SIZE 4
-
-typedef struct sa_entry {
-    sa_index_t next;
-    id_key_t key;
-    VALUE value;
-} sa_entry;
-
-typedef struct {
-    sa_index_t num_bins;
-    sa_index_t num_entries;
-    sa_index_t free_pos;
-    sa_entry *entries;
-} sa_table;
-
-static void
-sa_init_table(register sa_table *table, sa_index_t num_bins)
-{
-    if (num_bins) {
-        table->num_entries = 0;
-        table->entries = ZALLOC_N(sa_entry, num_bins);
-        table->num_bins = num_bins;
-        table->free_pos = num_bins;
-    }
-}
-
-static sa_table*
-hash_id_table_create(size_t size)
-{
-    sa_table* table = ZALLOC(sa_table);
-    sa_init_table(table, (sa_index_t)size);
-    return table;
-}
-
-static void
-hash_id_table_clear(sa_table *table)
-{
-    xfree(table->entries);
-    memset(table, 0, sizeof(sa_table));
-}
-
-static void
-hash_id_table_free(sa_table *table)
-{
-    xfree(table->entries);
-    xfree(table);
-}
 
-static size_t
-hash_id_table_memsize(const sa_table *table)
-{
-    return sizeof(sa_table) + table->num_bins * sizeof (sa_entry);
-}
-
-static inline sa_index_t
-calc_pos(register sa_table* table, id_key_t key)
-{
-    return key & (table->num_bins - 1);
-}
-
-static void
-fix_empty(register sa_table* table)
-{
-    while (--table->free_pos &&
-	   table->entries[table->free_pos-1].next != SA_EMPTY);
-}
-
-#define FLOOR_TO_4 ((~((sa_index_t)0)) << 2)
-static sa_index_t
-find_empty(register sa_table* table, register sa_index_t pos)
-{
-    sa_index_t new_pos = table->free_pos-1;
-    sa_entry *entry;
-    static const unsigned offsets[][3] = {
-	{1, 2, 3},
-	{2, 3, 0},
-	{3, 1, 0},
-	{2, 1, 0}
-    };
-    const unsigned *const check = offsets[pos&3];
-    pos &= FLOOR_TO_4;
-    entry = table->entries+pos;
-
-    if (entry[check[0]].next == SA_EMPTY) { new_pos = pos + check[0]; goto check; }
-    if (entry[check[1]].next == SA_EMPTY) { new_pos = pos + check[1]; goto check; }
-    if (entry[check[2]].next == SA_EMPTY) { new_pos = pos + check[2]; goto check; }
-
-  check:
-    if (new_pos+1 == table->free_pos) fix_empty(table);
-    return new_pos;
-}
-
-static void resize(register sa_table* table);
-static int insert_into_chain(register sa_table*, register id_key_t, st_data_t, sa_index_t pos);
-static int insert_into_main(register sa_table*, id_key_t, st_data_t, sa_index_t pos, sa_index_t prev_pos);
-
-static int
-sa_insert(register sa_table* table, id_key_t key, VALUE value)
-{
-    register sa_entry *entry;
-    sa_index_t pos, main_pos;
-
-    if (table->num_bins == 0) {
-        sa_init_table(table, SA_MIN_SIZE);
-    }
-
-    pos = calc_pos(table, key);
-    entry = table->entries + pos;
-
-    if (entry->next == SA_EMPTY) {
-        entry->next = SA_LAST;
-        entry->key = key;
-        entry->value = value;
-        table->num_entries++;
-        if (pos+1 == table->free_pos) fix_empty(table);
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (entry->key == key) {
-        entry->value = value;
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (table->num_entries + (table->num_entries >> 2) > table->num_bins) {
-        resize(table);
-	return sa_insert(table, key, value);
-    }
-
-    main_pos = calc_pos(table, entry->key);
-    if (main_pos == pos) {
-        return insert_into_chain(table, key, value, pos);
-    }
-    else {
-        if (!table->free_pos) {
-            resize(table);
-            return sa_insert(table, key, value);
-        }
-        return insert_into_main(table, key, value, pos, main_pos);
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-hash_id_table_insert(register sa_table* table, ID id, VALUE value)
-{
-    return sa_insert(table, id2key(id), value);
-}
-
-static int
-insert_into_chain(register sa_table* table, id_key_t key, st_data_t value, sa_index_t pos)
-{
-    sa_entry *entry = table->entries + pos, *new_entry;
-    sa_index_t new_pos;
-
-    while (entry->next != SA_LAST) {
-        pos = entry->next - SA_OFFSET;
-        entry = table->entries + pos;
-        if (entry->key == key) {
-            entry->value = value;
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!table->free_pos) {
-        resize(table);
-        return sa_insert(table, key, value);
-    }
-
-    new_pos = find_empty(table, pos);
-    new_entry = table->entries + new_pos;
-    entry->next = new_pos + SA_OFFSET;
-
-    new_entry->next = SA_LAST;
-    new_entry->key = key;
-    new_entry->value = value;
-    table->num_entries++;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-insert_into_main(register sa_table* table, id_key_t key, st_data_t value, sa_index_t pos, sa_index_t prev_pos)
-{
-    sa_entry *entry = table->entries + pos;
-    sa_index_t new_pos = find_empty(table, pos);
-    sa_entry *new_entry = table->entries + new_pos;
-    sa_index_t npos;
-
-    *new_entry = *entry;
-
-    while((npos = table->entries[prev_pos].next - SA_OFFSET) != pos) {
-        prev_pos = npos;
-    }
-    table->entries[prev_pos].next = new_pos + SA_OFFSET;
-
-    entry->next = SA_LAST;
-    entry->key = key;
-    entry->value = value;
-    table->num_entries++;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static sa_index_t
-new_size(sa_index_t num_entries)
-{
-    sa_index_t size = num_entries >> 3;
-    size |= size >> 1;
-    size |= size >> 2;
-    size |= size >> 4;
-    size |= size >> 8;
-    size |= size >> 16;
-    return (size + 1) << 3;
-}
-
-static void
-resize(register sa_table *table)
-{
-    sa_table tmp_table;
-    sa_entry *entry;
-    sa_index_t i;
-
-    if (table->num_entries == 0) {
-        xfree(table->entries);
-	memset(table, 0, sizeof(sa_table));
-        return;
-    }
-
-    sa_init_table(&tmp_table, new_size(table->num_entries + (table->num_entries >> 2)));
-    entry = table->entries;
-
-    for(i = 0; i < table->num_bins; i++, entry++) {
-        if (entry->next != SA_EMPTY) {
-            sa_insert(&tmp_table, entry->key, entry->value);
-        }
-    }
-    xfree(table->entries);
-    *table = tmp_table;
-}
-
-static int
-hash_id_table_lookup(register sa_table *table, ID id, VALUE *valuep)
-{
-    register sa_entry *entry;
-    id_key_t key = id2key(id);
-
-    if (table->num_entries == 0) return 0;
-
-    entry = table->entries + calc_pos(table, key);
-    if (entry->next == SA_EMPTY) return 0;
-
-    if (entry->key == key) goto found;
-    if (entry->next == SA_LAST) return 0;
-
-    entry = table->entries + (entry->next - SA_OFFSET);
-    if (entry->key == key) goto found;
-
-    while(entry->next != SA_LAST) {
-        entry = table->entries + (entry->next - SA_OFFSET);
-        if (entry->key == key) goto found;
-    }
-    return 0;
-  found:
-    if (valuep) *valuep = entry->value;
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static size_t
-hash_id_table_size(const sa_table *table)
-{
-    return table->num_entries;
-}
-
-static int
-hash_id_table_delete(sa_table *table, ID id)
-{
-    sa_index_t pos, prev_pos = ~0;
-    sa_entry *entry;
-    id_key_t key = id2key(id);
-
-    if (table->num_entries == 0) goto not_found;
-
-    pos = calc_pos(table, key);
-    entry = table->entries + pos;
-
-    if (entry->next == SA_EMPTY) goto not_found;
-
-    do {
-        if (entry->key == key) {
-            if (entry->next != SA_LAST) {
-                sa_index_t npos = entry->next - SA_OFFSET;
-                *entry = table->entries[npos];
-                memset(table->entries + npos, 0, sizeof(sa_entry));
-            }
-            else {
-                memset(table->entries + pos, 0, sizeof(sa_entry));
-                if (~prev_pos) {
-                    table->entries[prev_pos].next = SA_LAST;
-                }
-            }
-            table->num_entries--;
-            if (table->num_entries < table->num_bins / 4) {
-                resize(table);
-            }
-            return 1;
-        }
-        if (entry->next == SA_LAST) break;
-        prev_pos = pos;
-        pos = entry->next - SA_OFFSET;
-        entry = table->entries + pos;
-    } while(1);
-
-  not_found:
-    return 0;
-}
-
-enum foreach_type {
-    foreach_key_values,
-    foreach_values
-};
-
-static void
-hash_foreach(sa_table *table, enum rb_id_table_iterator_result (*func)(ANYARGS), void *arg, enum foreach_type type)
-{
-    sa_index_t i;
-
-    if (table->num_bins > 0) {
-	for(i = 0; i < table->num_bins ; i++) {
-	    if (table->entries[i].next != SA_EMPTY) {
-		id_key_t key = table->entries[i].key;
-		st_data_t val = table->entries[i].value;
-		enum rb_id_table_iterator_result ret;
-
-		switch (type) {
-		  case foreach_key_values:
-		    ret = (*func)(key2id(key), val, arg);
-		    break;
-		  case foreach_values:
-		    ret = (*func)(val, arg);
-		    break;
-		}
-
-		switch (ret) {
-		  case ID_TABLE_DELETE:
-		    rb_warn("unsupported yet");
-		    break;
-		  default:
-		    break;
-		}
-		if (ret == ID_TABLE_STOP) break;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-hash_id_table_foreach(sa_table *table, enum rb_id_table_iterator_result (*func)(ID, VALUE, void *), void *arg)
-{
-    hash_foreach(table, func, arg, foreach_key_values);
-}
-
-static void
-hash_id_table_foreach_values(sa_table *table, enum rb_id_table_iterator_result (*func)(VALUE, void *), void *arg)
-{
-    hash_foreach(table, func, arg, foreach_values);
-}
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_COALESCED_HASHING */
-
-#ifdef ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH
 /* simple open addressing with quadratic probing.
    uses mark-bit on collisions - need extra 1 bit,
    ID is strictly 3 bits larger than rb_id_serial_t */
@@ -1159,7 +38,7 @@ typedef struct rb_id_item {
     VALUE    val;
 } item_t;
 
-struct hash_id_table {
+struct rb_id_table {
     int capa;
     int num;
     int used;
@@ -1172,7 +51,7 @@ struct hash_id_table {
 #define ITEM_COLLIDED(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].collision)
 #define ITEM_SET_COLLIDED(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].collision = 1)
 static inline void
-ITEM_SET_KEY(struct hash_id_table *tbl, int i, id_key_t key)
+ITEM_SET_KEY(struct rb_id_table *tbl, int i, id_key_t key)
 {
     tbl->items[i].key = key;
 }
@@ -1182,7 +61,7 @@ ITEM_SET_KEY(struct hash_id_table *tbl, int i, id_key_t key)
 #define ITEM_COLLIDED(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].key & 1)
 #define ITEM_SET_COLLIDED(tbl, i) ((tbl)->items[i].key |= 1)
 static inline void
-ITEM_SET_KEY(struct hash_id_table *tbl, int i, id_key_t key)
+ITEM_SET_KEY(struct rb_id_table *tbl, int i, id_key_t key)
 {
     tbl->items[i].key = (key << 1) | ITEM_COLLIDED(tbl, i);
 }
@@ -1201,10 +80,10 @@ round_capa(int capa)
     return (capa + 1) << 2;
 }
 
-static struct hash_id_table *
-hash_id_table_init(struct hash_id_table *tbl, int capa)
+static struct rb_id_table *
+rb_id_table_init(struct rb_id_table *tbl, int capa)
 {
-    MEMZERO(tbl, struct hash_id_table, 1);
+    MEMZERO(tbl, struct rb_id_table, 1);
     if (capa > 0) {
 	capa = round_capa(capa);
 	tbl->capa = (int)capa;
@@ -1213,44 +92,42 @@ hash_id_table_init(struct hash_id_table *tbl, int capa)
     return tbl;
 }
 
-#ifndef ID_TABLE_USE_MIX
-static struct hash_id_table *
-hash_id_table_create(size_t capa)
+struct rb_id_table *
+rb_id_table_create(size_t capa)
 {
-    struct hash_id_table *tbl = ALLOC(struct hash_id_table);
-    return hash_id_table_init(tbl, (int)capa);
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = ALLOC(struct rb_id_table);
+    return rb_id_table_init(tbl, (int)capa);
 }
-#endif
 
-static void
-hash_id_table_free(struct hash_id_table *tbl)
+void
+rb_id_table_free(struct rb_id_table *tbl)
 {
     xfree(tbl->items);
     xfree(tbl);
 }
 
-static void
-hash_id_table_clear(struct hash_id_table *tbl)
+void
+rb_id_table_clear(struct rb_id_table *tbl)
 {
     tbl->num = 0;
     tbl->used = 0;
     MEMZERO(tbl->items, item_t, tbl->capa);
 }
 
-static size_t
-hash_id_table_size(const struct hash_id_table *tbl)
+size_t
+rb_id_table_size(const struct rb_id_table *tbl)
 {
     return (size_t)tbl->num;
 }
 
-static size_t
-hash_id_table_memsize(const struct hash_id_table *tbl)
+size_t
+rb_id_table_memsize(const struct rb_id_table *tbl)
 {
-    return sizeof(item_t) * tbl->capa + sizeof(struct hash_id_table);
+    return sizeof(item_t) * tbl->capa + sizeof(struct rb_id_table);
 }
 
 static int
-hash_table_index(struct hash_id_table* tbl, id_key_t key)
+hash_table_index(struct rb_id_table* tbl, id_key_t key)
 {
     if (tbl->capa > 0) {
 	int mask = tbl->capa - 1;
@@ -1268,7 +145,7 @@ hash_table_index(struct hash_id_table* tbl, id_key_t key)
 }
 
 static void
-hash_table_raw_insert(struct hash_id_table *tbl, id_key_t key, VALUE val)
+hash_table_raw_insert(struct rb_id_table *tbl, id_key_t key, VALUE val)
 {
     int mask = tbl->capa - 1;
     int ix = key & mask;
@@ -1288,7 +165,7 @@ hash_table_raw_insert(struct hash_id_table *tbl, id_key_t key, VALUE val)
 }
 
 static int
-hash_delete_index(struct hash_id_table *tbl, int ix)
+hash_delete_index(struct rb_id_table *tbl, int ix)
 {
     if (ix >= 0) {
 	if (!ITEM_COLLIDED(tbl, ix)) {
@@ -1298,19 +175,20 @@ hash_delete_index(struct hash_id_table *tbl, int ix)
 	ITEM_SET_KEY(tbl, ix, 0);
 	tbl->items[ix].val = 0;
 	return TRUE;
-    } else {
+    }
+    else {
 	return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
 static void
-hash_table_extend(struct hash_id_table* tbl)
+hash_table_extend(struct rb_id_table* tbl)
 {
     if (tbl->used + (tbl->used >> 1) >= tbl->capa) {
 	int new_cap = round_capa(tbl->num + (tbl->num >> 1));
 	int i;
 	item_t* old;
-	struct hash_id_table tmp_tbl = {0, 0, 0};
+	struct rb_id_table tmp_tbl = {0, 0, 0};
 	if (new_cap < tbl->capa) {
 	    new_cap = round_capa(tbl->used + (tbl->used >> 1));
 	}
@@ -1330,7 +208,7 @@ hash_table_extend(struct hash_id_table* tbl)
 
 #if ID_TABLE_DEBUG && 0
 static void
-hash_table_show(struct hash_id_table *tbl)
+hash_table_show(struct rb_id_table *tbl)
 {
     const id_key_t *keys = tbl->keys;
     const int capa = tbl->capa;
@@ -1345,14 +223,14 @@ hash_table_show(struct hash_id_table *tbl)
 }
 #endif
 
-static int
-hash_id_table_lookup(struct hash_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *valp)
+int
+rb_id_table_lookup(struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *valp)
 {
     id_key_t key = id2key(id);
     int index = hash_table_index(tbl, key);
 
     if (index >= 0) {
-	*valp = tbl->items[index].val;
+        *valp = tbl->items[index].val;
 	return TRUE;
     }
     else {
@@ -1361,7 +239,7 @@ hash_id_table_lookup(struct hash_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *valp)
 }
 
 static int
-hash_id_table_insert_key(struct hash_id_table *tbl, const id_key_t key, const VALUE val)
+rb_id_table_insert_key(struct rb_id_table *tbl, const id_key_t key, const VALUE val)
 {
     const int index = hash_table_index(tbl, key);
 
@@ -1375,22 +253,43 @@ hash_id_table_insert_key(struct hash_id_table *tbl, const id_key_t key, const VA
     return TRUE;
 }
 
-static int
-hash_id_table_insert(struct hash_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val)
+int
+rb_id_table_insert(struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val)
 {
-    return hash_id_table_insert_key(tbl, id2key(id), val);
+    return rb_id_table_insert_key(tbl, id2key(id), val);
 }
 
-static int
-hash_id_table_delete(struct hash_id_table *tbl, ID id)
+int
+rb_id_table_delete(struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id)
 {
     const id_key_t key = id2key(id);
     int index = hash_table_index(tbl, key);
     return hash_delete_index(tbl, index);
 }
 
-static void
-hash_id_table_foreach(struct hash_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data)
+void
+rb_id_table_foreach_with_replace(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, rb_id_table_update_callback_func_t *replace, void *data)
+{
+    int i, capa = tbl->capa;
+
+    for (i=0; i<capa; i++) {
+        if (ITEM_KEY_ISSET(tbl, i)) {
+            enum rb_id_table_iterator_result ret = (*func)(Qundef, tbl->items[i].val, data);
+            assert(ITEM_GET_KEY(tbl, i));
+
+            if (ret == ID_TABLE_REPLACE) {
+                VALUE val = tbl->items[i].val;
+                ret = (*replace)(NULL, &val, data, TRUE);
+                tbl->items[i].val = val;
+            }
+            else if (ret == ID_TABLE_STOP)
+                return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_id_table_foreach(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data)
 {
     int i, capa = tbl->capa;
 
@@ -1408,8 +307,8 @@ hash_id_table_foreach(struct hash_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *fun
     }
 }
 
-static void
-hash_id_table_foreach_values(struct hash_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data)
+void
+rb_id_table_foreach_values(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data)
 {
     int i, capa = tbl->capa;
 
@@ -1424,169 +323,3 @@ hash_id_table_foreach_values(struct hash_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_valu
 	}
     }
 }
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_SMALL_HASH */
-
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_MIX
-
-struct mix_id_table {
-    union {
-	struct {
-	    int capa;
-	    int num;
-	} size;
-	struct list_id_table list;
-	struct hash_id_table hash;
-    } aux;
-};
-
-#define LIST_LIMIT_P(mix) ((mix)->aux.size.num == ID_TABLE_USE_MIX_LIST_MAX_CAPA)
-#define LIST_P(mix)       ((mix)->aux.size.capa <= ID_TABLE_USE_MIX_LIST_MAX_CAPA)
-
-static struct mix_id_table *
-mix_id_table_create(size_t size)
-{
-    struct mix_id_table *mix = ZALLOC(struct mix_id_table);
-    list_id_table_init((struct list_id_table *)mix, size);
-    return mix;
-}
-
-static void
-mix_id_table_free(struct mix_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) list_id_table_free(&tbl->aux.list);
-    else             hash_id_table_free(&tbl->aux.hash);
-}
-
-static void
-mix_id_table_clear(struct mix_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) list_id_table_clear(&tbl->aux.list);
-    else             hash_id_table_clear(&tbl->aux.hash);
-}
-
-static size_t
-mix_id_table_size(const struct mix_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) return list_id_table_size(&tbl->aux.list);
-    else             return hash_id_table_size(&tbl->aux.hash);
-}
-
-static size_t
-mix_id_table_memsize(const struct mix_id_table *tbl)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) return list_id_table_memsize(&tbl->aux.list) - sizeof(struct list_id_table) + sizeof(struct mix_id_table);
-    else             return hash_id_table_memsize(&tbl->aux.hash);
-}
-
-static int
-mix_id_table_insert(struct mix_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val)
-{
-    int r;
-
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) {
-	if (!LIST_LIMIT_P(tbl)) {
-	    r = list_id_table_insert(&tbl->aux.list, id, val);
-	}
-	else {
-	    /* convert to hash */
-	    /* overflow. TODO: this promotion should be done in list_extend_table */
-	    struct list_id_table *list = &tbl->aux.list;
-	    struct hash_id_table hash_body;
-	    id_key_t *keys = list->keys;
-	    VALUE *values = TABLE_VALUES(list);
-	    const int num = list->num;
-	    int i;
-
-	    hash_id_table_init(&hash_body, 0);
-
-	    for (i=0; i<num; i++) {
-		/* note that GC can run */
-		hash_id_table_insert_key(&hash_body, keys[i], values[i]);
-	    }
-
-	    tbl->aux.hash = hash_body;
-
-	    /* free list keys/values */
-	    xfree(keys);
-#if ID_TABLE_USE_CALC_VALUES == 0
-	    xfree(values);
-#endif
-	    goto hash_insert;
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      hash_insert:
-	r = hash_id_table_insert(&tbl->aux.hash, id, val);
-	assert(!LIST_P(tbl));
-    }
-    return r;
-}
-
-static int
-mix_id_table_lookup(struct mix_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *valp)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) return list_id_table_lookup(&tbl->aux.list, id, valp);
-    else             return hash_id_table_lookup(&tbl->aux.hash, id, valp);
-}
-
-static int
-mix_id_table_delete(struct mix_id_table *tbl, ID id)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) return list_id_table_delete(&tbl->aux.list, id);
-    else             return hash_id_table_delete(&tbl->aux.hash, id);
-}
-
-static void
-mix_id_table_foreach(struct mix_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) list_id_table_foreach(&tbl->aux.list, func, data);
-    else             hash_id_table_foreach(&tbl->aux.hash, func, data);
-}
-
-static void
-mix_id_table_foreach_values(struct mix_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data)
-{
-    if (LIST_P(tbl)) list_id_table_foreach_values(&tbl->aux.list, func, data);
-    else             hash_id_table_foreach_values(&tbl->aux.hash, func, data);
-}
-
-#endif /* ID_TABLE_USE_MIX */
-
-#define IMPL_TYPE1(type, prot, name, args) \
-    RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(type, prot, name, args)
-#define IMPL_TYPE(type, name, prot, args) \
-    IMPL_TYPE1(type, rb_id_table_##name prot, IMPL(_##name), args)
-#define IMPL_VOID1(prot, name, args) \
-    RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID(prot, name, args)
-#define IMPL_VOID(name, prot, args) \
-    IMPL_VOID1(rb_id_table_##name prot, IMPL(_##name), args)
-#define id_tbl (ID_TABLE_IMPL_TYPE *)tbl
-
-IMPL_TYPE(struct rb_id_table *, create, (size_t size), (size))
-IMPL_VOID(free, (struct rb_id_table *tbl), (id_tbl))
-IMPL_VOID(clear, (struct rb_id_table *tbl), (id_tbl))
-IMPL_TYPE(size_t, size, (const struct rb_id_table *tbl), (id_tbl))
-IMPL_TYPE(size_t, memsize, (const struct rb_id_table *tbl), (id_tbl))
-
-IMPL_TYPE(int , insert, (struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val),
-	  (id_tbl, id, val))
-IMPL_TYPE(int, lookup, (struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *valp),
-	  (id_tbl, id, valp))
-IMPL_TYPE(int, delete, (struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id),
-	  (id_tbl, id))
-
-IMPL_VOID(foreach,
-	  (struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data),
-	  (id_tbl, func, data))
-IMPL_VOID(foreach_values,
-	  (struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data),
-	  (id_tbl, func, data))
-
-#if ID_TABLE_STARTUP_SIG
-__attribute__((constructor))
-static void
-show_impl(void)
-{
-    fprintf(stderr, "impl: %d\n", ID_TABLE_IMPL);
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/id_table.h b/id_table.h
index b10b4ac164..f3dc681d17 100644
--- a/id_table.h
+++ b/id_table.h
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef RUBY_ID_TABLE_H
 #define RUBY_ID_TABLE_H 1
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 struct rb_id_table;
@@ -9,6 +11,7 @@ enum rb_id_table_iterator_result {
     ID_TABLE_CONTINUE = ST_CONTINUE,
     ID_TABLE_STOP     = ST_STOP,
     ID_TABLE_DELETE   = ST_DELETE,
+    ID_TABLE_REPLACE  = ST_REPLACE,
     ID_TABLE_ITERATOR_RESULT_END
 };
 
@@ -23,9 +26,11 @@ int rb_id_table_insert(struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val);
 int rb_id_table_lookup(struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE *valp);
 int rb_id_table_delete(struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id);
 
+typedef enum rb_id_table_iterator_result rb_id_table_update_callback_func_t(ID *id, VALUE *val, void *data, int existing);
 typedef enum rb_id_table_iterator_result rb_id_table_foreach_func_t(ID id, VALUE val, void *data);
 typedef enum rb_id_table_iterator_result rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t(VALUE val, void *data);
 void rb_id_table_foreach(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, void *data);
+void rb_id_table_foreach_with_replace(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *func, rb_id_table_update_callback_func_t *replace, void *data);
 void rb_id_table_foreach_values(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data);
 
 #endif	/* RUBY_ID_TABLE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby.h b/include/ruby.h
index 076b5ce258..31c1df3c5e 100644
--- a/include/ruby.h
+++ b/include/ruby.h
@@ -1,28 +1,33 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  ruby.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Sun 10 12:06:15 Jun JST 2007
-
-  Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_H
+#ifndef RUBY_H                                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_H 1
-
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Sun 10 12:06:15 Jun JST 2007
+ * @copyright  2007-2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#define HAVE_RUBY_ATOMIC_H      1
+#define HAVE_RUBY_DEBUG_H       1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_DEFINES_H     1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H    1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_INTERN_H      1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_IO_H          1
+#define HAVE_RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_H 1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_MISSING_H     1
+#define HAVE_RUBY_ONIGMO_H      1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_ONIGURUMA_H   1
+#define HAVE_RUBY_RACTOR_H      1
+#define HAVE_RUBY_RANDOM_H      1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_RE_H          1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_REGEX_H       1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_RUBY_H        1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_ST_H          1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_THREAD_H      1
+#define HAVE_RUBY_THREAD_NATIVE_H 1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_UTIL_H        1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_VERSION_H     1
 #define HAVE_RUBY_VM_H          1
diff --git a/include/ruby/assert.h b/include/ruby/assert.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b70d7103e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/assert.h
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_ASSERT_H                                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @date       Wed May 18 00:21:44 JST 1994
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/cold.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/assume.h"
+
+/* RUBY_NDEBUG  is very  simple:  after everything  described  below are  done,
+ * define it with either NDEBUG is undefined (=0) or defined (=1).  It is truly
+ * subordinate.
+ *
+ * RUBY_DEBUG versus NDEBUG is complicated.  Assertions shall be:
+ *
+ *                      | -UNDEBUG | -DNDEBUG
+ *       ---------------+----------+---------
+ *       -URUBY_DEBUG   | (*1)     | disabled
+ *       -DRUBY_DEBUG=0 | disabled | disabled
+ *       -DRUBY_DEBUG=1 | enabled  | (*2)
+ *       -DRUBY_DEBUG   | enabled  | (*2)
+ *
+ * where:
+ *
+ *   - (*1): Assertions shall  be silently disabled, no warnings,  in favour of
+ *     commit 21991e6ca59274e41a472b5256bd3245f6596c90.
+ *
+ *   - (*2): Compile-time warnings shall be issued.
+ */
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+
+/*
+ * Pro tip: `!!RUBY_DEBUG-1` expands to...
+ *
+ * - `!!(-1)`  (== `!0`  ==  `1`) when RUBY_DEBUG is defined to be empty,
+ * - `(!!0)-1` (== `0-1` == `-1`) when RUBY_DEBUG is defined as 0, and
+ * - `(!!n)-1` (== `1-1` ==  `0`) when RUBY_DEBUG is defined as something else.
+ */
+#if ! defined(RUBY_DEBUG)
+# define RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG 0
+#elif !!RUBY_DEBUG-1 < 0
+# define RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG 0
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * ISO/IEC 9899 (all past versions) says that  "If NDEBUG is defined as a macro
+ * name at  the point  in the  source file where  <assert.h> is  included, ..."
+ * which means we must not take its defined value into account.
+ */
+#if defined(NDEBUG)
+# define RBIMPL_NDEBUG 1
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_NDEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+/* Here we go... */
+#undef RUBY_DEBUG
+#undef RUBY_NDEBUG
+#undef NDEBUG
+#if defined(__DOXYGEN__)
+# /** Define this macro when you want assertions. */
+# define RUBY_DEBUG 0
+# /** Define this macro when you don't want assertions. */
+# define NDEBUG
+# /** This macro is basically the same as #NDEBUG */
+# define RUBY_NDEBUG 1
+
+#elif (RBIMPL_NDEBUG == 1) && (RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG == 0)
+# /* Assertions disabled as per request, no conflicts. */
+# define RUBY_DEBUG 0
+# define RUBY_NDEBUG 1
+# define NDEBUG
+
+#elif (RBIMPL_NDEBUG == 0) && (RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG == 1)
+# /* Assertions enabled as per request, no conflicts. */
+# define RUBY_DEBUG 1
+# define RUBY_NDEBUG 0
+# /* keep NDEBUG undefined */
+
+#elif (RBIMPL_NDEBUG == 0) && (RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG == 0)
+# /* The (*1) situation in avobe diagram. */
+# define RUBY_DEBUG 0
+# define RUBY_NDEBUG 1
+# define NDEBUG
+
+#elif (RBIMPL_NDEBUG == 1) && (RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG == 1)
+# /* The (*2) situation in above diagram. */
+# define RUBY_DEBUG 1
+# define RUBY_NDEBUG 0
+# /* keep NDEBUG undefined */
+
+# if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  pragma message("NDEBUG is ignored because RUBY_DEBUG>0.")
+# elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#  pragma GCC warning "NDEBUG is ignored because RUBY_DEBUG>0."
+# else
+#  error NDEBUG is ignored because RUBY_DEBUG>0.
+# endif
+#endif
+#undef RBIMPL_NDEBUG
+#undef RBIMPL_RUBY_DEBUG
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING RBIMPL_CAST((void)0)
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD()
+void rb_assert_failure(const char *file, int line, const char *name, const char *expr);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_FUNC RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_FUNC RBIMPL_CAST((const char *)0)
+#endif
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * Prints the given message, and terminates the entire process abnormally.
+ *
+ * @param  mesg  The message to display.
+ */
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_FAIL(mesg) \
+    rb_assert_failure(__FILE__, __LINE__, RBIMPL_ASSERT_FUNC, mesg)
+
+/**
+ * Asserts that the expression is truthy.  If not aborts with the message.
+ *
+ * @param  expr  What supposedly evaluates to true.
+ * @param  mesg  The message to display on failure.
+ */
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_MESG(expr, mesg) \
+    (RB_LIKELY(expr) ? RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING : RUBY_ASSERT_FAIL(mesg))
+
+/**
+ * A variant of #RUBY_ASSERT that does not interface with #RUBY_DEBUG.
+ *
+ * @copydetails #RUBY_ASSERT
+ */
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG((expr), #expr)
+
+/**
+ * Asserts that the given expression is truthy iff #RUBY_DEBUG is truthy.
+ *
+ * @param  expr  What supposedly evaluates to true.
+ */
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RUBY_ASSERT(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG((expr), #expr)
+#else
+# define RUBY_ASSERT(expr) RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * A  variant  of   #RUBY_ASSERT  that  interfaces  with   #NDEBUG  instead  of
+ * #RUBY_DEBUG.  This almost resembles `assert`  C standard macro, except minor
+ * implementation details.
+ *
+ * @copydetails #RUBY_ASSERT
+ */
+/* Currently  `RUBY_DEBUG == ! defined(NDEBUG)` is  always true.   There is  no
+ * difference any longer between this one and `RUBY_ASSERT`. */
+#if defined(NDEBUG)
+# define RUBY_ASSERT_NDEBUG(expr) RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING
+#else
+# define RUBY_ASSERT_NDEBUG(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG((expr), #expr)
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @copydoc #RUBY_ASSERT_WHEN
+ * @param  mesg  The message to display on failure.
+ */
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(cond, expr, mesg) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG((expr), (mesg))
+#else
+# define RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(cond, expr, mesg) \
+    ((cond) ? RUBY_ASSERT_MESG((expr), (mesg)) : RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING)
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * A variant  of #RUBY_ASSERT  that asserts when  either #RUBY_DEBUG  or `cond`
+ * parameter is truthy.
+ *
+ * @param  cond  Extra condition that shall hold for assertion to take effect.
+ * @param  expr  What supposedly evaluates to true.
+ */
+#define RUBY_ASSERT_WHEN(cond, expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN((cond), (expr), #expr)
+
+/**
+ * This is either #RUBY_ASSERT or #RBIMPL_ASSUME, depending on #RUBY_DEBUG.
+ *
+ * @copydetails #RUBY_ASSERT
+ */
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(expr)
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(Clang, 7, 0, 0)
+# /* See commit 67d259c5dccd31fe49d417fec169977712ffdf10 */
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(expr) RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING
+#elif defined(RUBY_ASSERT_NOASSUME)
+# /* See commit d300a734414ef6de7e8eb563b7cc4389c455ed08 */
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(expr) RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING
+#elif ! defined(RBIMPL_HAVE___ASSUME)
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(expr) RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(expr) RBIMPL_ASSUME(expr)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_ASSERT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/atomic.h b/include/ruby/atomic.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a898c30ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/atomic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_H
+#define RUBY_ATOMIC_H
+
+/*
+ * - RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS, RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE, RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_*:
+ *   return the old * value.
+ * - RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD, RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB, RUBY_ATOMIC_INC, RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC, RUBY_ATOMIC_OR, RUBY_ATOMIC_SET:
+ *   may be void.
+ */
+#if 0
+#elif defined HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS
+typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val) __atomic_fetch_add(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val) __atomic_fetch_sub(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) __atomic_fetch_or(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) __atomic_exchange_n(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
+   __typeof__(var) oldvaldup = (oldval); /* oldval should not be modified */ \
+   __atomic_compare_exchange_n(&(var), &oldvaldup, (newval), 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST); \
+   oldvaldup )
+
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_GENERIC_MACRO 1
+
+#elif defined HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS
+/* @shyouhei hack to support atomic operations in case of gcc. Gcc
+ * has its own pseudo-insns to support them.  See info, or
+ * http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Atomic-Builtins.html */
+
+typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t; /* Anything OK */
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val) __sync_fetch_and_add(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val) __sync_fetch_and_sub(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) __sync_fetch_and_or(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) __sync_lock_test_and_set(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) __sync_val_compare_and_swap(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
+
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_GENERIC_MACRO 1
+
+#elif defined _WIN32
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
+#pragma intrinsic(_InterlockedOr)
+#endif
+typedef LONG rb_atomic_t;
+
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SET(var, val) InterlockedExchange(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(var) InterlockedIncrement(&(var))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(var) InterlockedDecrement(&(var))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd(&(var), -(LONG)(val))
+#if defined __GNUC__
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) __asm__("lock\n\t" "orl\t%1, %0" : "=m"(var) : "Ir"(val))
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) rb_w32_atomic_or(&(var), (val))
+static inline void
+rb_w32_atomic_or(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t val)
+{
+#ifdef _M_IX86
+    __asm mov eax, var;
+    __asm mov ecx, val;
+    __asm lock or [eax], ecx;
+#else
+#error unsupported architecture
+#endif
+}
+#else
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) _InterlockedOr(&(var), (val))
+#endif
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) InterlockedExchange(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) InterlockedCompareExchange(&(var), (newval), (oldval))
+# if RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(MSVC, 13, 0, 0)
+static inline rb_atomic_t
+rb_w32_atomic_cas(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t oldval, rb_atomic_t newval)
+{
+    return (rb_atomic_t)InterlockedCompareExchange((PVOID *)var, (PVOID)newval, (PVOID)oldval);
+}
+#   undef RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) rb_w32_atomic_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
+# endif
+# ifdef _M_AMD64
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd64((LONG_LONG *)&(var), (val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd64((LONG_LONG *)&(var), -(LONG)(val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) InterlockedIncrement64(&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) InterlockedDecrement64(&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) InterlockedExchange64(&(var), (val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, newval) InterlockedCompareExchange64(&(var), (newval), (oldval))
+# else
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd((LONG *)&(var), (val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd((LONG *)&(var), -(LONG)(val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) InterlockedIncrement((LONG *)&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) InterlockedDecrement((LONG *)&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) InterlockedExchange((LONG *)&(var), (val))
+# endif
+
+# ifdef InterlockedExchangePointer
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) InterlockedExchangePointer((PVOID volatile *)&(var), (PVOID)(val))
+# endif /* See below for definitions of other situations */
+
+#elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
+#include <atomic.h>
+typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
+
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(var) atomic_inc_uint(&(var))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(var) atomic_dec_uint(&(var))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val) rb_atomic_fetch_add(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val) rb_atomic_fetch_sub(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, val) atomic_add_uint(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB(var, val) atomic_sub_uint(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val) atomic_or_uint(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) atomic_swap_uint(&(var), (val))
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) atomic_cas_uint(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
+
+static inline rb_atomic_t
+rb_atomic_fetch_add(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t val)
+{
+    return atomic_add_int_nv(var, val) - val;
+}
+
+static inline rb_atomic_t
+rb_atomic_fetch_sub(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t val)
+{
+    return atomic_add_int_nv(var, (rb_atomic_t)(-(int)val)) + val;
+}
+
+# if defined(_LP64) || defined(_I32LPx)
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) atomic_add_long(&(var), (val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) atomic_add_long(&(var), -(val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) atomic_inc_ulong(&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) atomic_dec_ulong(&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) atomic_swap_ulong(&(var), (val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, val) atomic_cas_ulong(&(var), (oldval), (val))
+# else
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) atomic_add_int(&(var), (val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) atomic_add_int(&(var), -(val))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) atomic_inc_uint(&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) atomic_dec_uint(&(var))
+#  define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) atomic_swap_uint(&(var), (val))
+# endif
+
+#else
+# error No atomic operation found
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SET
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SET(var, val) (void)RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, val) (void)RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB(var, val) (void)RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_INC
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, 1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB(var, 1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(var)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(var)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, val)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, val)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB
+# define RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB(var, val)
+#endif
+
+#if RUBY_ATOMIC_GENERIC_MACRO
+# ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+# endif
+
+# ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_CAS
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, newval) RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval)
+# endif
+
+# ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+# endif
+
+# ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, val)
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE
+# if SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) (void *)RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(val))
+# else
+#   error No atomic exchange for void*
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_CAS
+# if SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, val) (void *)RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(oldval), (size_t)(val))
+# else
+#   error No atomic compare-and-set for void*
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE
+# if SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(val))
+# else
+#   error No atomic exchange for VALUE
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS
+# if SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+#   define RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(oldval), (size_t)(val))
+# else
+#   error No atomic compare-and-set for VALUE
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_ATOMIC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward.h b/include/ruby/backward.h
index 4574cb98da..350a58ee95 100644
--- a/include/ruby/backward.h
+++ b/include/ruby/backward.h
@@ -1,12 +1,71 @@
-#ifndef RUBY_RUBY_BACKWARD_H
+#ifndef RUBY_RUBY_BACKWARD_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_RUBY_BACKWARD_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/interpreter.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
 
-#ifndef RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE
-# define RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE 1
-#endif
-#if RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE
+#define DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(ver, func) \
+    NORETURN(ERRORFUNC(("deprecated since "#ver), DEPRECATED(void func(void))))
+
+/* eval.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_disable_super);
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_enable_super);
+
+/* hash.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_hash_iter_lev);
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_hash_ifnone);
+
+/* string.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_str_associate);
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_str_associated);
+
+/* variable.c */
+DEPRECATED(void rb_autoload(VALUE, ID, const char*));
+
+/* vm.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_clear_cache);
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_FEATURE(2.2, rb_frame_pop);
+
+#define DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(func) \
+    NORETURN(ERRORFUNC(("deprecated internal function"), DEPRECATED(void func(void))))
+
+/* eval.c */
+NORETURN(ERRORFUNC(("internal function"), void rb_frozen_class_p(VALUE)));
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_exec_end_proc);
+
+/* error.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_compile_error);
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_compile_error_with_enc);
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_compile_error_append);
+
+/* gc.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_gc_call_finalizer_at_exit);
+
+/* signal.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_trap_exit);
+
+/* struct.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_struct_ptr);
+
+/* thread.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_clear_trace_func);
+
+/* variable.c */
+DECLARE_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_FEATURE(rb_generic_ivar_table);
+NORETURN(ERRORFUNC(("internal function"), VALUE rb_mod_const_missing(VALUE, VALUE)));
+
+/* from version.c */
+#if defined(RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE) && !!(RUBY_SHOW_COPYRIGHT_TO_DIE+0)
 /* for source code backward compatibility */
-DEPRECATED(static inline int ruby_show_copyright_to_die(int));
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("since 2.4"))
 static inline int
 ruby_show_copyright_to_die(int exitcode)
 {
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/assume.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fbb81439a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_ASSUME_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_ASSUME_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #ASSUME / #RB_LIKELY / #UNREACHABLE
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/builtin.h"
+
+#undef  ASSUME             /* Kill config.h definition */
+#undef  UNREACHABLE        /* Kill config.h definition */
+#define ASSUME             RBIMPL_ASSUME
+#define UNREACHABLE        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE()
+#define UNREACHABLE_RETURN RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN
+
+/* likely */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_expect)
+# define RB_LIKELY(x)   (__builtin_expect(!!(x), 1))
+# define RB_UNLIKELY(x) (__builtin_expect(!!(x), 0))
+
+#else
+# define RB_LIKELY(x)   (x)
+# define RB_UNLIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_ASSUME_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eaff9e3381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_ATTRIBUTES_H                  /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_ATTRIBUTES_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Various attribute-related macros.
+ *
+ * ### Q&A ###
+ *
+ * - Q: Why  are the  macros defined  in this  header file  so inconsistent  in
+ *      style?
+ *
+ * - A: Don't know.   Don't blame me.  Backward compatibility is  the key here.
+ *      I'm just preserving what they have been.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/cold.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/error.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/format.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/warning.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/* function attributes */
+#undef CONSTFUNC
+#define CONSTFUNC(x) RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST() x
+
+#undef PUREFUNC
+#define PUREFUNC(x) RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE() x
+
+#undef DEPRECATED
+#define DEPRECATED(x) RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("")) x
+
+#undef DEPRECATED_BY
+#define DEPRECATED_BY(n,x) RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: " # n)) x
+
+#undef DEPRECATED_TYPE
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+# define DEPRECATED_TYPE(mesg, decl)                      \
+    _Pragma("message \"DEPRECATED_TYPE is deprecated\""); \
+    decl RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(mseg)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+# pragma deprecated(DEPRECATED_TYPE)
+# define DEPRECATED_TYPE(mesg, decl)                              \
+    __pragma(message(__FILE__"("STRINGIZE(__LINE__)"): warning: " \
+                     "DEPRECATED_TYPE is deprecated"))            \
+    decl RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(mseg)
+#else
+# define DEPRECATED_TYPE(mesg, decl)                    \
+    <-<-"DEPRECATED_TYPE is deprecated"->->
+#endif
+
+#undef RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED
+#define RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED(mseg) RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED((mseg))
+
+#undef NOINLINE
+#define NOINLINE(x) RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE() x
+
+#ifndef MJIT_HEADER
+# undef ALWAYS_INLINE
+# define ALWAYS_INLINE(x) RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE() x
+#endif
+
+#undef ERRORFUNC
+#define ERRORFUNC(mesg, x) RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR(mesg) x
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(error)
+# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_ERRORFUNC 1
+#else
+# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_ERRORFUNC 0
+#endif
+
+#undef WARNINGFUNC
+#define WARNINGFUNC(mesg, x) RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING(mesg) x
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warning)
+# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_WARNINGFUNC 1
+#else
+# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_WARNINGFUNC 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+  cold attribute for code layout improvements
+  RUBY_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE not used because MSVC does not like nested func macros
+ */
+#undef COLDFUNC
+#define COLDFUNC RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD()
+
+#define PRINTF_ARGS(decl, string_index, first_to_check) \
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT, (string_index), (first_to_check)) \
+    decl
+
+#undef RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE
+#define RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE
+
+#undef RUBY_ATTR_MALLOC
+#define RUBY_ATTR_MALLOC RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+
+#undef RUBY_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL
+#define RUBY_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+
+#ifndef FUNC_MINIMIZED
+#define FUNC_MINIMIZED(x) x
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED
+#define FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED(x) x
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE
+#define RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(type, prot, name, args) \
+    FUNC_MINIMIZED(type prot) {return (type)name args;}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID
+#define RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID(prot, name, args) \
+    FUNC_MINIMIZED(void prot) {name args;}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION
+#define RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION(prot, name, args) \
+    RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(VALUE, prot, name, args)
+#endif
+
+#undef RUBY_FUNC_NONNULL
+#define RUBY_FUNC_NONNULL(n, x) RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(n) x
+
+#undef  NORETURN
+#define NORETURN(x) RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN() x
+#define NORETURN_STYLE_NEW
+
+#ifndef PACKED_STRUCT
+# define PACKED_STRUCT(x) x
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED
+# if UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+#   define PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(x) PACKED_STRUCT(x)
+# else
+#   define PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(x) x
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#undef RB_UNUSED_VAR
+#define RB_UNUSED_VAR(x) x RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_ATTRIBUTES_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/bool.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53164eb3b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_BOOL_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_BOOL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines old #TRUE / #FALSE
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+
+#ifndef FALSE
+# define FALSE false
+#elif FALSE
+# error FALSE must be false
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TRUE
+# define TRUE true
+#elif ! TRUE
+# error TRUE must be true
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_BOOL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a5b76c102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_GCC_VERSION_SINCE_H           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_GCC_VERSION_SINCE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines old #GCC_VERSION_SINCE
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+
+#ifndef GCC_VERSION_SINCE
+#define GCC_VERSION_SINCE(x, y, z) RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, (x), (y), (z))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GCC_VERSION_BEFORE
+#define GCC_VERSION_BEFORE(x, y, z) \
+     (RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(GCC, (x), (y), (z)) || \
+     (RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)                    && \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR == (x))      && \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR == (y))      && \
+     (RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH == (z))))))
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_GCC_VERSION_SINCE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1e376a107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_INTTYPES_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_INTTYPES_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      C99 shim for `<inttypes.h>`
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* PRI_LL_PREFIX etc. are here */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+# include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"       /* PRI_VALUE_PREFIX is here. */
+
+#ifndef PRI_INT_PREFIX
+# define PRI_INT_PREFIX ""
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRI_LONG_PREFIX
+# define PRI_LONG_PREFIX "l"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRI_SHORT_PREFIX
+# define PRI_SHORT_PREFIX "h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRI_64_PREFIX
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+# define PRI_64_PREFIX PRI_LONG_PREFIX
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
+# define PRI_64_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRIdPTR
+# define PRIdPTR PRI_PTR_PREFIX"d"
+# define PRIiPTR PRI_PTR_PREFIX"i"
+# define PRIoPTR PRI_PTR_PREFIX"o"
+# define PRIuPTR PRI_PTR_PREFIX"u"
+# define PRIxPTR PRI_PTR_PREFIX"x"
+# define PRIXPTR PRI_PTR_PREFIX"X"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK
+# define RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK "\v"
+#endif
+
+#if defined PRIdPTR && !defined PRI_VALUE_PREFIX
+# define PRIdVALUE PRIdPTR
+# define PRIoVALUE PRIoPTR
+# define PRIuVALUE PRIuPTR
+# define PRIxVALUE PRIxPTR
+# define PRIXVALUE PRIXPTR
+# define PRIsVALUE PRIiPTR"" RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK
+#else
+# define PRIdVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"d"
+# define PRIoVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"o"
+# define PRIuVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"u"
+# define PRIxVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"x"
+# define PRIXVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"X"
+# define PRIsVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"i" RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRI_VALUE_PREFIX
+# define PRI_VALUE_PREFIX ""
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRI_TIMET_PREFIX
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_TIME_T == SIZEOF_INT
+# define PRI_TIMET_PREFIX
+#elif SIZEOF_TIME_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define PRI_TIMET_PREFIX "l"
+#elif SIZEOF_TIME_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define PRI_TIMET_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_INT
+# define PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX ""
+#elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX "l"
+#elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRIdPTRDIFF
+# define PRIdPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"d"
+# define PRIiPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"i"
+# define PRIoPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"o"
+# define PRIuPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"u"
+# define PRIxPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"x"
+# define PRIXPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"X"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRI_SIZE_PREFIX
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
+# define PRI_SIZE_PREFIX ""
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define PRI_SIZE_PREFIX "l"
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define PRI_SIZE_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRIdSIZE
+# define PRIdSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"d"
+# define PRIiSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"i"
+# define PRIoSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"o"
+# define PRIuSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"u"
+# define PRIxSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"x"
+# define PRIXSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"X"
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_INTTYPES_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/limits.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e38009b01a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_LIMITS_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_LIMITS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Historical shim for `<limits.h>`.
+ *
+ * The macros in this header file are obsolescent.  Does anyone really need our
+ * own definition of #CHAR_BIT today?
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIMITS_H
+# include <limits.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+
+#ifndef LONG_MAX
+# /* assuming 32bit(2's complement) long */
+# define LONG_MAX 2147483647L
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LONG_MIN
+# define LONG_MIN (-LONG_MAX-1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CHAR_BIT
+# define CHAR_BIT 8
+#endif
+
+#ifdef LLONG_MAX
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(LONG_LONG_MAX)
+# define LLONG_MAX  LONG_LONG_MAX
+#elif defined(_I64_MAX)
+# define LLONG_MAX _I64_MAX
+#else
+# /* assuming 64bit(2's complement) long long */
+# define LLONG_MAX 9223372036854775807LL
+#endif
+
+#ifdef LLONG_MIN
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(LONG_LONG_MIN)
+# define LLONG_MIN  LONG_LONG_MIN
+#elif defined(_I64_MAX)
+# define LLONG_MIN _I64_MIN
+#else
+# define LLONG_MIN (-LLONG_MAX-1)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SIZE_MAX
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define SIZE_MAX ULLONG_MAX
+# define SIZE_MIN ULLONG_MIN
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define SIZE_MAX ULONG_MAX
+# define SIZE_MIN ULONG_MIN
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
+# define SIZE_MAX UINT_MAX
+# define SIZE_MIN UINT_MIN
+#else
+# define SIZE_MAX USHRT_MAX
+# define SIZE_MIN USHRT_MIN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SSIZE_MAX
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define SSIZE_MAX LLONG_MAX
+# define SSIZE_MIN LLONG_MIN
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define SSIZE_MAX LONG_MAX
+# define SSIZE_MIN LONG_MIN
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
+# define SSIZE_MAX INT_MAX
+# define SSIZE_MIN INT_MIN
+#else
+# define SSIZE_MAX SHRT_MAX
+# define SSIZE_MIN SHRT_MIN
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_LIMITS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83eabb459c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_LONG_LONG_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_LONG_LONG_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines old #LONG_LONG
+ *
+ * No  known  compiler   that  can  compile  today's  ruby   lacks  long  long.
+ * Historically MSVC was  one of such compiler, but it  implemented long long a
+ * while  ago  (some  time  back  in  2013).   The  macros  are  for  backwards
+ * compatibility only.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/warning.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING("-Wc++11-long-long")
+# define HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG 1
+# define LONG_LONG                           \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()                     \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wc++11-long-long) \
+    long long                                \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING("-Wlong-long")
+# define HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG 1
+# define LONG_LONG                     \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()               \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wlong-long) \
+    long long                          \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
+# define HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG 1
+# define LONG_LONG long long
+
+#elif SIZEOF___INT64 > 0
+# define HAVE_LONG_LONG 1
+# define LONG_LONG __int64
+# undef SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define SIZEOF_LONG_LONG SIZEOF___INT64
+
+#else
+# error Hello!  Ruby developers believe this message must not happen.
+# error If you encounter this message, can you file a bug report?
+# error Remember to attach a detailed description of your environment.
+# error Thank you!
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_BACKWARD2_LONG_LONG_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/r_cast.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/r_cast.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4600699a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/r_cast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_R_CAST_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_R_CAST_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines old #R_CAST
+ *
+ * Nobody is actively using this macro.
+ */
+#define R_CAST(st)   (struct st*)
+#define RMOVED(obj)  (R_CAST(RMoved)(obj))
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+# warning R_CAST and RMOVED are deprecated
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+# pragma message("warning: R_CAST and RMOVED are deprecated")
+#endif
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_R_CAST_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/rmodule.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/rmodule.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3e2d39f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/rmodule.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_RMODULE_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_RMODULE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Orphan macros.
+ *
+ * These macros  seems broken since at  least 2011. Nobody (except  ruby itself
+ * who is implementing the internals) could have used those macros for a while.
+ * Kept public as-is here to keep some theoretical backwards compatibility.
+ */
+#define RMODULE_IV_TBL(m) RCLASS_IV_TBL(m)
+#define RMODULE_CONST_TBL(m) RCLASS_CONST_TBL(m)
+#define RMODULE_M_TBL(m) RCLASS_M_TBL(m)
+#define RMODULE_SUPER(m) RCLASS_SUPER(m)
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+# warning RMODULE_* macros are deprecated
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+# pragma message("warning: RMODULE_* macros are deprecated")
+#endif
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_RMODULE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d3c333bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_STDALIGN_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_STDALIGN_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RUBY_ALIGNAS / #RUBY_ALIGNOF
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdalign.h"
+
+#undef RUBY_ALIGNAS
+#undef RUBY_ALIGNOF
+#define RUBY_ALIGNAS RBIMPL_ALIGNAS
+#define RUBY_ALIGNOF RBIMPL_ALIGNOF
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_STDALIGN_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h b/include/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2a9ca1e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD2_STDARG_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD2_STDARG_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines old #_
+ *
+ * Nobody should  ever use these  macros any  longer.  No konwn  compilers lack
+ * prototypes today.  It's 21st century.  Just forget them.
+ */
+
+#undef _
+#ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES
+# define _(args) args
+#else
+# define _(args) ()
+#endif
+
+#undef __
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+# define __(args) args
+#else
+# define __(args) ()
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define ANYARGS ...
+#else
+#define ANYARGS
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BACKWARD2_STDARG_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/classext.h b/include/ruby/backward/classext.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d5747316a..0000000000
--- a/include/ruby/backward/classext.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#if   defined __GNUC__
-#warning use of RClass internals is deprecated
-#elif defined _MSC_VER
-#pragma message("warning: use of RClass internals is deprecated")
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD_CLASSEXT_H
-#define RUBY_BACKWARD_CLASSEXT_H 1
-
-typedef struct rb_deprecated_classext_struct {
-    VALUE super;
-} rb_deprecated_classext_t;
-
-#undef RCLASS_SUPER(c)
-#define RCLASS_EXT(c) ((rb_deprecated_classext_t *)RCLASS(c)->ptr)
-#define RCLASS_SUPER(c) (RCLASS(c)->super)
-
-#endif	/* RUBY_BACKWARD_CLASSEXT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp b/include/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc5745d850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_BACKWARD_CXXANYARGS_HPP                       //-*-C++-*-vi:ft=cpp
+#define RUBY_BACKWARD_CXXANYARGS_HPP
+/// @file
+/// @author     \@shyouhei
+/// @copyright  This  file  is  a  part   of  the  programming  language  Ruby.
+///             Permission  is hereby  granted, to  either redistribute  and/or
+///             modify this file, provided that the conditions mentioned in the
+///             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+/// @note       DO NOT  MODERNIZE THIS FILE!   As the  file name implies  it is
+///             meant to  be a backwards  compatibility shim.  Please  stick to
+///             C++ 98 and never use newer features, like `constexpr`.
+/// @brief      Provides old prototypes for C++ programs.
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/class.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/cont.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/hash.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/proc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/variable.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/iterator.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/method.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/variable.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+
+extern "C++" {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+#include <cstddef>
+#endif
+
+/// @brief  The main namespace.
+/// @note   The name  "ruby" might  already be  taken, but that  must not  be a
+///         problem because namespaces are allowed to reopen.
+namespace ruby {
+
+/// Backwards compatibility layer.
+namespace backward {
+
+/// Provides  ANYARGS deprecation  warnings. In  C, ANYARGS  means there  is no
+/// function prototype.  Literally  anything, even including nothing,  can be a
+/// valid ANYARGS.   So passing a  correctly prototyped function pointer  to an
+/// ANYARGS-ed  function  parameter is  valid,  at  the  same time  passing  an
+/// ANYARGS-ed function pointer to a  granular typed function parameter is also
+/// valid.  However on the other hand in C++, ANYARGS doesn't actually mean any
+/// number of arguments.   C++'s ANYARGS means _variadic_  number of arguments.
+/// This is incompatible with ordinal, correct function prototypes.
+///
+/// Luckily, function  prototypes being distinct  each other means they  can be
+/// overloaded.  We can provide a compatibility layer for older Ruby APIs which
+/// used to have ANYARGS.  This namespace includes such attempts.
+namespace cxxanyargs {
+
+typedef VALUE type(ANYARGS);      ///< ANYARGS-ed function type.
+typedef void void_type(ANYARGS);  ///< ANYARGS-ed function type, void variant.
+typedef int int_type(ANYARGS);    ///< ANYARGS-ed function type, int variant.
+typedef VALUE onearg_type(VALUE); ///< Single-argumented function type.
+
+/// @name Hooking global variables
+/// @{
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Define a function-backended global variable.
+/// @param[in]   q  Name of the variable.
+/// @param[in]   w  Getter function.
+/// @param[in]   e  Setter function.
+/// @note        Both functions can be nullptr.
+/// @see         rb_define_hooked_variable()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline void
+rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *q, type *w, void_type *e)
+{
+    rb_gvar_getter_t *r = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_getter_t*>(w);
+    rb_gvar_setter_t *t = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_setter_t*>(e);
+    ::rb_define_virtual_variable(q, r, t);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *q, rb_gvar_getter_t *w, void_type *e)
+{
+    rb_gvar_setter_t *t = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_setter_t*>(e);
+    ::rb_define_virtual_variable(q, w, t);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *q, type *w, rb_gvar_setter_t *e)
+{
+    rb_gvar_getter_t *r = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_getter_t*>(w);
+    ::rb_define_virtual_variable(q, r, e);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+inline void
+rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *q, rb_gvar_getter_t *w, std::nullptr_t e)
+{
+    ::rb_define_virtual_variable(q, w, e);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *q, type *w, std::nullptr_t e)
+{
+    rb_gvar_getter_t *r = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_getter_t *>(w);
+    ::rb_define_virtual_variable(q, r, e);
+}
+
+inline void
+rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *q, std::nullptr_t w, rb_gvar_setter_t *e)
+{
+    ::rb_define_virtual_variable(q, w, e);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_virtual_variable(const char *q, std::nullptr_t w, void_type *e)
+{
+    rb_gvar_setter_t *r = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_setter_t *>(e);
+    ::rb_define_virtual_variable(q, w, r);
+}
+#endif
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Define a function-backended global variable.
+/// @param[in]   q  Name of the variable.
+/// @param[in]   w  Variable storage.
+/// @param[in]   e  Getter function.
+/// @param[in]   r  Setter function.
+/// @note        Both functions can be nullptr.
+/// @see         rb_define_virtual_variable()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline void
+rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, type *e, void_type *r)
+{
+    rb_gvar_getter_t *t = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_getter_t*>(e);
+    rb_gvar_setter_t *y = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_setter_t*>(r);
+    ::rb_define_hooked_variable(q, w, t, y);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, rb_gvar_getter_t *e, void_type *r)
+{
+    rb_gvar_setter_t *y = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_setter_t*>(r);
+    ::rb_define_hooked_variable(q, w, e, y);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, type *e, rb_gvar_setter_t *r)
+{
+    rb_gvar_getter_t *t = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_getter_t*>(e);
+    ::rb_define_hooked_variable(q, w, t, r);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+inline void
+rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, rb_gvar_getter_t *e, std::nullptr_t r)
+{
+    ::rb_define_hooked_variable(q, w, e, r);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, type *e, std::nullptr_t r)
+{
+    rb_gvar_getter_t *y = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_getter_t *>(e);
+    ::rb_define_hooked_variable(q, w, y, r);
+}
+
+inline void
+rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, std::nullptr_t e, rb_gvar_setter_t *r)
+{
+    ::rb_define_hooked_variable(q, w, e, r);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+inline void
+rb_define_hooked_variable(const char *q, VALUE *w, std::nullptr_t e, void_type *r)
+{
+    rb_gvar_setter_t *y = reinterpret_cast<rb_gvar_setter_t *>(r);
+    ::rb_define_hooked_variable(q, w, e, y);
+}
+#endif
+
+/// @}
+/// @name Exceptions and tag jumps
+/// @{
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Old way to implement iterators.
+/// @param[in]   q  A function that can yield.
+/// @param[in]   w  Passed to `q`.
+/// @param[in]   e  What is to be yielded.
+/// @param[in]   r  Passed to `e`.
+/// @return      The return value of `q`.
+/// @note        `e` can be nullptr.
+/// @deprecated  This function is obsolated since  long before 2.x era.  Do not
+///              use it any longer.  rb_block_call() is provided instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_iterate(onearg_type *q, VALUE w, type *e, VALUE r)
+{
+    rb_block_call_func_t t = reinterpret_cast<rb_block_call_func_t>(e);
+    return ::rb_iterate(q, w, t, r);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+inline VALUE
+rb_iterate(onearg_type *q, VALUE w, std::nullptr_t e, VALUE r)
+{
+    return ::rb_iterate(q, w, e, r);
+}
+#endif
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Call a method with a block.
+/// @param[in]   q  The self.
+/// @param[in]   w  The method.
+/// @param[in]   e  The # of elems of `r`
+/// @param[in]   r  The arguments.
+/// @param[in]   t  What is to be yielded.
+/// @param[in]   y  Passed to `t`
+/// @return      Return value of `q#w(*r,&t)`
+/// @note        't' can be nullptr.
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_block_call(VALUE q, ID w, int e, const VALUE *r, type *t, VALUE y)
+{
+    rb_block_call_func_t u = reinterpret_cast<rb_block_call_func_t>(t);
+    return ::rb_block_call(q, w, e, r, u, y);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+inline VALUE
+rb_block_call(VALUE q, ID w, int e, const VALUE *r, std::nullptr_t t, VALUE y)
+{
+    return ::rb_block_call(q, w, e, r, t, y);
+}
+#endif
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       An equivalent of `rescue` clause.
+/// @param[in]   q  A function that can raise.
+/// @param[in]   w  Passed to `q`.
+/// @param[in]   e  A function that cleans-up.
+/// @param[in]   r  Passed to `e`.
+/// @return      The return value of `q` if  no exception occurs, or the return
+///              value of `e` if otherwise.
+/// @note        `e` can be nullptr.
+/// @see         rb_ensure()
+/// @see         rb_rescue2()
+/// @see         rb_protect()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_rescue(type *q, VALUE w, type *e, VALUE r)
+{
+    typedef VALUE func1_t(VALUE);
+    typedef VALUE func2_t(VALUE, VALUE);
+    func1_t *t = reinterpret_cast<func1_t*>(q);
+    func2_t *y = reinterpret_cast<func2_t*>(e);
+    return ::rb_rescue(t, w, y, r);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       An equivalent of `rescue` clause.
+/// @param[in]   q    A function that can raise.
+/// @param[in]   w    Passed to `q`.
+/// @param[in]   e    A function that cleans-up.
+/// @param[in]   r    Passed to `e`.
+/// @param[in]   ...  0-terminated list of subclass of @ref rb_eException.
+/// @return      The return value of `q` if  no exception occurs, or the return
+///              value of `e` if otherwise.
+/// @note        `e` can be nullptr.
+/// @see         rb_ensure()
+/// @see         rb_rescue()
+/// @see         rb_protect()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_rescue2(type *q, VALUE w, type *e, VALUE r, ...)
+{
+    typedef VALUE func1_t(VALUE);
+    typedef VALUE func2_t(VALUE, VALUE);
+    func1_t *t = reinterpret_cast<func1_t*>(q);
+    func2_t *y = reinterpret_cast<func2_t*>(e);
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, r);
+    VALUE ret = ::rb_vrescue2(t, w, y, r, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       An equivalent of `ensure` clause.
+/// @param[in]   q  A function that can raise.
+/// @param[in]   w  Passed to `q`.
+/// @param[in]   e  A function that ensures.
+/// @param[in]   r  Passed to `e`.
+/// @return      The return value of `q`.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to `e`.
+/// @see         rb_rescue()
+/// @see         rb_rescue2()
+/// @see         rb_protect()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_ensure(type *q, VALUE w, type *e, VALUE r)
+{
+    typedef VALUE func1_t(VALUE);
+    func1_t *t = reinterpret_cast<func1_t*>(q);
+    func1_t *y = reinterpret_cast<func1_t*>(e);
+    return ::rb_ensure(t, w, y, r);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       An equivalent of `Kernel#catch`.
+/// @param[in]   q  The "tag" string.
+/// @param[in]   w  A function that can throw.
+/// @param[in]   e  Passed to `w`.
+/// @return      What was thrown.
+/// @note        `q` can be a nullptr but makes no sense to pass nullptr to`w`.
+/// @see         rb_block_call()
+/// @see         rb_protect()
+/// @see         rb_rb_catch_obj()
+/// @see         rb_rescue()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_catch(const char *q, type *w, VALUE e)
+{
+    rb_block_call_func_t r = reinterpret_cast<rb_block_call_func_t>(w);
+    return ::rb_catch(q, r, e);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NULLPTR
+inline VALUE
+rb_catch(const char *q, std::nullptr_t w, VALUE e)
+{
+    return ::rb_catch(q, w, e);
+}
+#endif
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       An equivalent of `Kernel#catch`.
+/// @param[in]   q  The "tag" object.
+/// @param[in]   w  A function that can throw.
+/// @param[in]   e  Passed to `w`.
+/// @return      What was thrown.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`w`.
+/// @see         rb_block_call()
+/// @see         rb_protect()
+/// @see         rb_rb_catch_obj()
+/// @see         rb_rescue()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_catch_obj(VALUE q, type *w, VALUE e)
+{
+    rb_block_call_func_t r = reinterpret_cast<rb_block_call_func_t>(w);
+    return ::rb_catch_obj(q, r, e);
+}
+
+/// @}
+/// @name Procs, Fibers and Threads
+/// @{
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Creates a @ref rb_cFiber instance.
+/// @param[in]   q  The fiber body.
+/// @param[in]   w  Passed to `q`.
+/// @return      What was allocated.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`q`.
+/// @see         rb_proc_new()
+/// @see         rb_thread_creatr()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_fiber_new(type *q, VALUE w)
+{
+    rb_block_call_func_t e = reinterpret_cast<rb_block_call_func_t>(q);
+    return ::rb_fiber_new(e, w);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Creates a @ref rb_cProc instance.
+/// @param[in]   q  The proc body.
+/// @param[in]   w  Passed to `q`.
+/// @return      What was allocated.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`q`.
+/// @see         rb_fiber_new()
+/// @see         rb_thread_creatr()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_proc_new(type *q, VALUE w)
+{
+    rb_block_call_func_t e = reinterpret_cast<rb_block_call_func_t>(q);
+    return ::rb_proc_new(e, w);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Creates a @ref rb_cThread instance.
+/// @param[in]   q  The thread body.
+/// @param[in]   w  Passed to `q`.
+/// @return      What was allocated.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`q`.
+/// @see         rb_proc_new()
+/// @see         rb_fiber_new()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline VALUE
+rb_thread_create(type *q, void *w)
+{
+    typedef VALUE ptr_t(void*);
+    ptr_t *e = reinterpret_cast<ptr_t*>(q);
+    return ::rb_thread_create(e, w);
+}
+
+/// @}
+/// @name Hash and st_table
+/// @{
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Iteration over the given table.
+/// @param[in]   q  A table to scan.
+/// @param[in]   w  A function to iterate.
+/// @param[in]   e  Passed to `w`.
+/// @retval      0  Always returns 0.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`w`.
+/// @see         st_foreach_check()
+/// @see         rb_hash_foreach()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline int
+st_foreach(st_table *q, int_type *w, st_data_t e)
+{
+    st_foreach_callback_func *r =
+        reinterpret_cast<st_foreach_callback_func*>(w);
+    return ::st_foreach(q, r, e);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Iteration over the given table.
+/// @param[in]   q  A table to scan.
+/// @param[in]   w  A function to iterate.
+/// @param[in]   e  Passed to `w`.
+/// @retval      0  Successful end of iteration.
+/// @retval      1  Element removed during traversing.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`w`.
+/// @see         st_foreach()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline int
+st_foreach_check(st_table *q, int_type *w, st_data_t e, st_data_t)
+{
+    st_foreach_check_callback_func *t =
+        reinterpret_cast<st_foreach_check_callback_func*>(w);
+    return ::st_foreach_check(q, t, e, 0);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Iteration over the given table.
+/// @param[in]   q  A table to scan.
+/// @param[in]   w  A function to iterate.
+/// @param[in]   e  Passed to `w`.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`w`.
+/// @see         st_foreach_check()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline void
+st_foreach_safe(st_table *q, int_type *w, st_data_t e)
+{
+    st_foreach_callback_func *r =
+        reinterpret_cast<st_foreach_callback_func*>(w);
+    ::st_foreach_safe(q, r, e);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Iteration over the given hash.
+/// @param[in]   q  A hash to scan.
+/// @param[in]   w  A function to iterate.
+/// @param[in]   e  Passed to `w`.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`w`.
+/// @see         st_foreach()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline void
+rb_hash_foreach(VALUE q, int_type *w, VALUE e)
+{
+    st_foreach_callback_func *r =
+        reinterpret_cast<st_foreach_callback_func*>(w);
+    ::rb_hash_foreach(q, r, e);
+}
+
+RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("Use of ANYARGS in this function is deprecated")
+/// @brief       Iteration over each instance variable of the object.
+/// @param[in]   q  An object.
+/// @param[in]   w  A function to iterate.
+/// @param[in]   e  Passed to `w`.
+/// @note        It makes no sense to pass nullptr to`w`.
+/// @see         st_foreach()
+/// @deprecated  Use glanular typed overload instead.
+inline void
+rb_ivar_foreach(VALUE q, int_type *w, VALUE e)
+{
+    st_foreach_callback_func *r =
+        reinterpret_cast<st_foreach_callback_func*>(w);
+    ::rb_ivar_foreach(q, r, e);
+}
+
+/// @}
+
+/// Driver for *_define_method.  ::rb_define_method function for instance takes
+/// a  pointer to  ANYARGS-ed  functions,  which in  fact  varies 18  different
+/// prototypes.  We  still need to  preserve ANYARGS  for storages but  why not
+/// check  the consistencies  if  possible.   In C++  a  function  has its  own
+/// prototype, which  is a compile-time  constant (static type) by  nature.  We
+/// can list  up all the  possible input types  and provide warnings  for other
+/// cases.  This is such attempt.
+namespace define_method {
+
+/// Type of ::rb_f_notimplement().
+typedef VALUE notimpl_type(int, const VALUE *, VALUE, VALUE);
+
+/// @brief   Template metaprogramming to generate function prototypes.
+/// @tparam  T  Type of method id (`ID` or `const char*` in practice).
+/// @tparam  F  Definition driver e.g. ::rb_define_method.
+template<typename T, void (*F)(VALUE klass, T mid, type *func, int arity)>
+struct driver {
+
+    /// @brief      Defines a method
+    /// @tparam     N  Arity of the function.
+    /// @tparam     U  The function in question
+    template<int N, typename U>
+    struct engine {
+
+        /* :TODO: Following deprecation attribute renders tons of warnings (one
+         * per  every  method  definitions),  which  is  annoying.   Of  course
+         * annoyance is the  core feature of deprecation  warnings...  But that
+         * could be  too much,  especially when the  warnings happen  inside of
+         * machine-generated programs.   And SWIG  is known  to do  such thing.
+         * The new  (granular) API was  introduced in  API version 2.7.   As of
+         * this writing the  version is 2.8.  Let's warn this  later, some time
+         * during 3.x.   Hopefully codes in  old (ANYARGS-ed) format  should be
+         * less than now. */
+#if (RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR * 100 + RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR) >= 301
+        RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("use of ANYARGS is deprecated")
+#endif
+        /// @copydoc define(VALUE klass, T mid, U func)
+        /// @deprecated  Pass corrctly typed function instead.
+        static inline void
+        define(VALUE klass, T mid, type func)
+        {
+            F(klass, mid, func, N);
+        }
+
+        /// @brief      Defines klass#mid as func, whose arity is N.
+        /// @param[in]  klass  Where the method lives.
+        /// @param[in]  mid    Name of the method to define.
+        /// @param[in]  func   Function that implements klass#mid.
+        static inline void
+        define(VALUE klass, T mid, U func)
+        {
+            F(klass, mid, reinterpret_cast<type *>(func), N);
+        }
+
+        /// @copydoc define(VALUE klass, T mid, U func)
+        static inline void
+        define(VALUE klass, T mid, notimpl_type func)
+        {
+            F(klass, mid, reinterpret_cast<type *>(func), N);
+        }
+    };
+
+    /// @cond INTERNAL_MACRO
+    template<int N, bool = false> struct specific : public engine<N, type *> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<15, b> : public engine<15, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<14, b> : public engine<14, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<13, b> : public engine<13, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<12, b> : public engine<12, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<11, b> : public engine<11, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<10, b> : public engine<10, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 9, b> : public engine< 9, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 8, b> : public engine< 8, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 7, b> : public engine< 7, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 6, b> : public engine< 6, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 5, b> : public engine< 5, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 4, b> : public engine< 4, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 3, b> : public engine< 3, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 2, b> : public engine< 2, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 1, b> : public engine< 1, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 0, b> : public engine< 0, VALUE(*)(VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<-1, b> : public engine<-1, VALUE(*)(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)> {
+        using engine<-1, VALUE(*)(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)>::define;
+        static inline void define(VALUE c, T m, VALUE(*f)(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)) { F(c, m, reinterpret_cast<type *>(f), -1); }
+    };
+    template<bool b> struct specific<-2, b> : public engine<-2, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    /// @endcond
+};
+
+/* We could perhaps merge this struct into the one above using variadic
+ * template parameters if we could assume C++11, but sadly we cannot. */
+template<typename T, void (*F)(T mid, type func, int arity)>
+struct driver0 {
+    template<int N, typename U>
+    struct engine {
+        RUBY_CXX_DEPRECATED("use of ANYARGS is deprecated")
+        static inline void
+        define(T mid, type func)
+        {
+            F(mid, func, N);
+        }
+        static inline void
+        define(T mid, U func)
+        {
+            F(mid, reinterpret_cast<type *>(func), N);
+        }
+        static inline void
+        define(T mid, notimpl_type func)
+        {
+            F(mid, reinterpret_cast<type *>(func), N);
+        }
+    };
+    /// @cond INTERNAL_MACRO
+    template<int N, bool = false> struct specific : public engine<N, type *> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<15, b> : public engine<15, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<14, b> : public engine<14, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<13, b> : public engine<13, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<12, b> : public engine<12, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<11, b> : public engine<11, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<10, b> : public engine<10, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 9, b> : public engine< 9, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 8, b> : public engine< 8, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 7, b> : public engine< 7, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 6, b> : public engine< 6, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 5, b> : public engine< 5, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 4, b> : public engine< 4, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 3, b> : public engine< 3, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 2, b> : public engine< 2, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 1, b> : public engine< 1, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific< 0, b> : public engine< 0, VALUE(*)(VALUE)> {};
+    template<bool b> struct specific<-1, b> : public engine<-1, VALUE(*)(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)> {
+        using engine<-1, VALUE(*)(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)>::define;
+        static inline void define(T m, VALUE(*f)(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)) { F(m, reinterpret_cast<type *>(f), -1); }
+    };
+    template<bool b> struct specific<-2, b> : public engine<-2, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE)> {};
+    /// @endcond
+};
+
+struct rb_define_method           : public driver <const char *, ::rb_define_method> {};           ///< Dispatches appropriate driver for ::rb_define_method.
+struct rb_define_method_id        : public driver <ID,           ::rb_define_method_id> {};        ///< Dispatches appropriate driver for ::rb_define_method_id.
+struct rb_define_private_method   : public driver <const char *, ::rb_define_private_method> {};   ///< Dispatches appropriate driver for ::rb_define_private_method.
+struct rb_define_protected_method : public driver <const char *, ::rb_define_protected_method> {}; ///< Dispatches appropriate driver for ::rb_define_protected_method.
+struct rb_define_singleton_method : public driver <const char *, ::rb_define_singleton_method> {}; ///< Dispatches appropriate driver for ::rb_define_singleton_method.
+struct rb_define_module_function  : public driver <const char *, ::rb_define_module_function> {};  ///< Dispatches appropriate driver for ::rb_define_module_function.
+struct rb_define_global_function  : public driver0<const char *, ::rb_define_global_function> {};  ///< Dispatches appropriate driver for ::rb_define_global_function.
+
+/// @brief        Defines klass\#mid.
+/// @param        klass  Where the method lives.
+/// @copydetails  #rb_define_global_function(mid, func, arity)
+#define rb_define_method(klass, mid, func, arity)           ruby::backward::cxxanyargs::define_method::rb_define_method::specific<arity>::define(klass, mid, func)
+
+/// @copydoc #rb_define_method(klass, mid, func, arity)
+#define rb_define_method_id(klass, mid, func, arity)        ruby::backward::cxxanyargs::define_method::rb_define_method_id::specific<arity>::define(klass, mid, func)
+
+/// @brief        Defines klass\#mid and makes it private.
+/// @copydetails  #rb_define_method(klass, mid, func, arity)
+#define rb_define_private_method(klass, mid, func, arity)   ruby::backward::cxxanyargs::define_method::rb_define_private_method::specific<arity>::define(klass, mid, func)
+
+/// @brief        Defines klass\#mid and makes it protected.
+/// @copydetails  #rb_define_method
+#define rb_define_protected_method(klass, mid, func, arity) ruby::backward::cxxanyargs::define_method::rb_define_protected_method::specific<arity>::define(klass, mid, func)
+
+/// @brief        Defines klass.mid.(klass, mid, func, arity)
+/// @copydetails  #rb_define_method
+#define rb_define_singleton_method(klass, mid, func, arity) ruby::backward::cxxanyargs::define_method::rb_define_singleton_method::specific<arity>::define(klass, mid, func)
+
+/// @brief        Defines klass\#mid and makes it a module function.
+/// @copydetails  #rb_define_method(klass, mid, func, arity)
+#define rb_define_module_function(klass, mid, func, arity)  ruby::backward::cxxanyargs::define_method::rb_define_module_function::specific<arity>::define(klass, mid, func)
+
+/// @brief Defines ::rb_mKernel \#mid.
+/// @param mid    Name of the defining method.
+/// @param func   Implementation of \#mid.
+/// @param arity  Arity of \#mid.
+#define rb_define_global_function(mid, func, arity)         ruby::backward::cxxanyargs::define_method::rb_define_global_function::specific<arity>::define(mid, func)
+
+}}}}}
+
+using namespace ruby::backward::cxxanyargs;
+#endif // RUBY_BACKWARD_CXXANYARGS_HPP
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/rubyio.h b/include/ruby/backward/rubyio.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a6e3a7c78b..0000000000
--- a/include/ruby/backward/rubyio.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#if   defined __GNUC__
-#warning use "ruby/io.h" instead of "rubyio.h"
-#elif defined _MSC_VER
-#pragma message("warning: use \"ruby/io.h\" instead of \"rubyio.h\"")
-#endif
-#include "ruby/io.h"
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/rubysig.h b/include/ruby/backward/rubysig.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 58b13cab1c..0000000000
--- a/include/ruby/backward/rubysig.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  rubysig.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  $Date$
-  created at: Wed Aug 16 01:15:38 JST 1995
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#if   defined __GNUC__
-#warning rubysig.h is obsolete
-#elif defined _MSC_VER
-#pragma message("warning: rubysig.h is obsolete")
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RUBYSIG_H
-#define RUBYSIG_H
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-
-#define RUBY_CRITICAL(statements) do {statements;} while (0)
-#define DEFER_INTS (0)
-#define ENABLE_INTS (1)
-#define ALLOW_INTS do {CHECK_INTS;} while (0)
-#define CHECK_INTS rb_thread_check_ints()
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
-
-#endif
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/st.h b/include/ruby/backward/st.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e36d44cf8..0000000000
--- a/include/ruby/backward/st.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#if   defined __GNUC__
-#warning use "ruby/st.h" instead of bare "st.h"
-#elif defined _MSC_VER
-#pragma message("warning: use \"ruby/st.h\" instead of bare \"st.h\"")
-#endif
-#include "ruby/st.h"
diff --git a/include/ruby/backward/util.h b/include/ruby/backward/util.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 11d32a2da8..0000000000
--- a/include/ruby/backward/util.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#if   defined __GNUC__
-#warning use "ruby/util.h" instead of bare "util.h"
-#elif defined _MSC_VER
-#pragma message("warning: use \"ruby/util.h\" instead of bare \"util.h\"")
-#endif
-#include "ruby/util.h"
diff --git a/include/ruby/debug.h b/include/ruby/debug.h
index 9bfc9b9a83..16891e8458 100644
--- a/include/ruby/debug.h
+++ b/include/ruby/debug.h
@@ -1,25 +1,20 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  ruby/debug.h -
-
-  $Author: ko1 $
-  created at: Tue Nov 20 20:35:08 2012
-
-  Copyright (C) 2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RB_DEBUG_H
+#ifndef RB_DEBUG_H                                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RB_DEBUG_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author: ko1 $
+ * @date       Tue Nov 20 20:35:08 2012
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/event.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 /* Note: This file contains experimental APIs. */
 /* APIs can be replaced at Ruby 2.0.1 or later */
@@ -75,6 +70,7 @@ VALUE rb_tracearg_event(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_lineno(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_path(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_method_id(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
+VALUE rb_tracearg_callee_id(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_defined_class(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_binding(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_self(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
@@ -82,7 +78,11 @@ VALUE rb_tracearg_return_value(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_raised_exception(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 VALUE rb_tracearg_object(rb_trace_arg_t *trace_arg);
 
-/* Postponed Job API */
+/*
+ * Postponed Job API
+ * rb_postponed_job_register and rb_postponed_job_register_one are
+ * async-signal-safe and used via SIGPROF by the "stackprof" RubyGem
+ */
 typedef void (*rb_postponed_job_func_t)(void *arg);
 int rb_postponed_job_register(unsigned int flags, rb_postponed_job_func_t func, void *data);
 int rb_postponed_job_register_one(unsigned int flags, rb_postponed_job_func_t func, void *data);
@@ -98,13 +98,6 @@ typedef enum {
 void rb_add_event_hook2(rb_event_hook_func_t func, rb_event_flag_t events, VALUE data, rb_event_hook_flag_t hook_flag);
 void rb_thread_add_event_hook2(VALUE thval, rb_event_hook_func_t func, rb_event_flag_t events, VALUE data, rb_event_hook_flag_t hook_flag);
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_DEBUG_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/defines.h b/include/ruby/defines.h
index a4da7ea014..d632a69fc1 100644
--- a/include/ruby/defines.h
+++ b/include/ruby/defines.h
@@ -1,110 +1,28 @@
-/************************************************
-
-  defines.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Wed May 18 00:21:44 JST 1994
-
-************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_DEFINES_H
+#ifndef RUBY_DEFINES_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_DEFINES_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Wed May 18 00:21:44 JST 1994
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
 
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#include "ruby/config.h"
-#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#endif
-
-/* function attributes */
-#ifndef CONSTFUNC
-# define CONSTFUNC(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef PUREFUNC
-# define PUREFUNC(x) x
-#endif
-#define NORETURN_STYLE_NEW 1
-#ifndef NORETURN
-# define NORETURN(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef DEPRECATED
-# define DEPRECATED(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef DEPRECATED_BY
-# define DEPRECATED_BY(n,x) DEPRECATED(x)
-#endif
-#ifndef DEPRECATED_TYPE
-# define DEPRECATED_TYPE(mesg, decl) decl
-#endif
-#ifndef NOINLINE
-# define NOINLINE(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef ALWAYS_INLINE
-# define ALWAYS_INLINE(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef ERRORFUNC
-# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_ERRORFUNC 0
-# define ERRORFUNC(mesg, x) x
-#else
-# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_ERRORFUNC 1
-#endif
-#ifndef WARNINGFUNC
-# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_WARNINGFUNC 0
-# define WARNINGFUNC(mesg, x) x
-#else
-# define HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_WARNINGFUNC 1
-#endif
-
-#ifndef GCC_VERSION_SINCE
-# if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__clang__)
-#  define GCC_VERSION_SINCE(major, minor, patchlevel) \
-    ((__GNUC__ > (major)) ||  \
-     ((__GNUC__ == (major) && \
-       ((__GNUC_MINOR__ > (minor)) || \
-        (__GNUC_MINOR__ == (minor) && __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ >= (patchlevel))))))
-# else
-#  define GCC_VERSION_SINCE(major, minor, patchlevel) 0
-# endif
-#endif
-
-/* likely */
-#if __GNUC__ >= 3
-#define RB_LIKELY(x)   (__builtin_expect(!!(x), 1))
-#define RB_UNLIKELY(x) (__builtin_expect(!!(x), 0))
-#else /* __GNUC__ >= 3 */
-#define RB_LIKELY(x)   (x)
-#define RB_UNLIKELY(x) (x)
-#endif /* __GNUC__ >= 3 */
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define PRINTF_ARGS(decl, string_index, first_to_check) \
-  decl __attribute__((format(printf, string_index, first_to_check)))
-#else
-#define PRINTF_ARGS(decl, string_index, first_to_check) decl
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION __extension__
-#define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(x) __extension__ ({ x; })
-#else
-#define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION
-#define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(x) (x)
-#endif
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
 /* AC_INCLUDES_DEFAULT */
 #include <stdio.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
 # include <sys/types.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
 # include <sys/stat.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef STDC_HEADERS
 # include <stdlib.h>
 # include <stddef.h>
@@ -113,21 +31,30 @@ extern "C" {
 #  include <stdlib.h>
 # endif
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_STRING_H
 # if !defined STDC_HEADERS && defined HAVE_MEMORY_H
 #  include <memory.h>
 # endif
 # include <string.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_STRINGS_H
 # include <strings.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
 # include <inttypes.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
 # include <stdint.h>
 #endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDALIGN_H
+# include <stdalign.h>
+#endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
 # include <unistd.h>
 #endif
@@ -137,232 +64,46 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 #ifdef RUBY_USE_SETJMPEX
-#include <setjmpex.h>
-#endif
-
+# include <setjmpex.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/xmalloc.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/bool.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dosish.h"
 #include "ruby/missing.h"
 
 #define RUBY
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-# ifndef  HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-# ifndef  HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#undef _
-#ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-# define _(args) args
-#else
-# define _(args) ()
-#endif
-
-#undef __
-#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-# define __(args) args
-#else
-# define __(args) ()
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-#define ANYARGS ...
-#else
-#define ANYARGS
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-# define RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN /* begin */
-# define RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END   /* end */
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-
-#define xmalloc ruby_xmalloc
-#define xmalloc2 ruby_xmalloc2
-#define xcalloc ruby_xcalloc
-#define xrealloc ruby_xrealloc
-#define xrealloc2 ruby_xrealloc2
-#define xfree ruby_xfree
-
-#if GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4,3,0)
-# define RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE(params) __attribute__ ((alloc_size params))
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+# define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION __extension__
+# define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(x) __extension__ ({ x; })
 #else
-# define RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE(params)
-#endif
-
-void *xmalloc(size_t) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1));
-void *xmalloc2(size_t,size_t) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1,2));
-void *xcalloc(size_t,size_t) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1,2));
-void *xrealloc(void*,size_t) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2));
-void *xrealloc2(void*,size_t,size_t) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2,3));
-void xfree(void*);
-
-#define STRINGIZE(expr) STRINGIZE0(expr)
-#ifndef STRINGIZE0
-#define STRINGIZE0(expr) #expr
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
-# define HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG 1
-#endif
-
-#if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > 0
-# define LONG_LONG long long
-#elif SIZEOF___INT64 > 0
-# define HAVE_LONG_LONG 1
-# define LONG_LONG __int64
-# undef SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-# define SIZEOF_LONG_LONG SIZEOF___INT64
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-#undef _WIN32
-#endif
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-/*
-  DOSISH mean MS-Windows style filesystem.
-  But you should use more precise macros like DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER, PATH_SEP,
-  ENV_IGNORECASE or CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM.
- */
-#define DOSISH 1
-# define DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
-#endif
-
-#ifdef AC_APPLE_UNIVERSAL_BUILD
-#undef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-#ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN__
-#define WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include "ruby/win32.h"
-#endif
-
-#ifdef RUBY_EXPORT
-#undef RUBY_EXTERN
-
-#ifndef FALSE
-# define FALSE 0
-#elif FALSE
-# error FALSE must be false
-#endif
-#ifndef TRUE
-# define TRUE 1
-#elif !TRUE
-# error TRUE must be true
-#endif
-
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
-#define RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RUBY_EXTERN
-#define RUBY_EXTERN extern
-#endif
-
-#ifndef EXTERN
-#define EXTERN RUBY_EXTERN	/* deprecated */
+# define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION
+# define RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(x) (x)
 #endif
 
+/* :FIXME:  Can someone  tell us  why is  this macro  defined here?   @shyouhei
+ * thinks this  is a  truly internal  macro but cannot  move around  because he
+ * doesn't understand the reason of this arrangement. */
 #ifndef RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE
-#define RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE INT_MAX
-        /* MB_CUR_MAX will not work well in C locale */
+# define RUBY_MBCHAR_MAXSIZE INT_MAX
+# /* MB_CUR_MAX will not work well in C locale */
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__sparc)
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 void rb_sparc_flush_register_windows(void);
-#  define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS rb_sparc_flush_register_windows()
-#elif defined(__ia64)
-void *rb_ia64_bsp(void);
-void rb_ia64_flushrs(void);
-#  define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS rb_ia64_flushrs()
-#else
-#  define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS ((void)0)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(DOSISH)
-#define PATH_SEP ";"
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+# define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS rb_sparc_flush_register_windows()
 #else
-#define PATH_SEP ":"
-#endif
-#define PATH_SEP_CHAR PATH_SEP[0]
-
-#define PATH_ENV "PATH"
-
-#if defined(DOSISH)
-#define ENV_IGNORECASE
-#endif
-
-#ifndef CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM
-# if defined DOSISH
-#   define CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM 1
-# else
-#   define CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM 0
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef DLEXT_MAXLEN
-#define DLEXT_MAXLEN 4
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RUBY_PLATFORM
-#define RUBY_PLATFORM "unknown-unknown"
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FUNC_MINIMIZED
-#define FUNC_MINIMIZED(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED
-#define FUNC_UNOPTIMIZED(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE
-#define RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(type, prot, name, args) \
-    FUNC_MINIMIZED(type prot) {return (type)name args;}
-#endif
-#ifndef RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID
-#define RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_VOID(prot, name, args) \
-    FUNC_MINIMIZED(void prot) {name args;}
-#endif
-#ifndef RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION
-#define RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION(prot, name, args) \
-    RUBY_ALIAS_FUNCTION_TYPE(VALUE, prot, name, args)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
-# if defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86) || \
-     defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_AMD64) || \
-     defined(__powerpc64__) || \
-     defined(__mc68020__)
-#   define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
-# else
-#   define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 0
-# endif
-#endif
-#ifndef PACKED_STRUCT
-# define PACKED_STRUCT(x) x
-#endif
-#ifndef PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED
-# if UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
-#   define PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(x) PACKED_STRUCT(x)
-# else
-#   define PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(x) x
-# endif
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
+# define FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS ((void)0)
 #endif
 
 #endif /* RUBY_DEFINES_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/encoding.h b/include/ruby/encoding.h
index e6ceb19cdf..07e6c9a671 100644
--- a/include/ruby/encoding.h
+++ b/include/ruby/encoding.h
@@ -1,29 +1,22 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  encoding.h -
-
-  $Author: matz $
-  created at: Thu May 24 11:49:41 JST 2007
-
-  Copyright (C) 2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_ENCODING_H
+#ifndef RUBY_ENCODING_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_ENCODING_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author: matz $
+ * @date       Thu May 24 11:49:41 JST 2007
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/oniguruma.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 enum ruby_encoding_consts {
     RUBY_ENCODING_INLINE_MAX = 127,
@@ -118,7 +111,9 @@ PUREFUNC(int rb_enc_dummy_p(rb_encoding *enc));
 PUREFUNC(int rb_enc_to_index(rb_encoding *enc));
 int rb_enc_get_index(VALUE obj);
 void rb_enc_set_index(VALUE obj, int encindex);
+int rb_enc_capable(VALUE obj);
 int rb_enc_find_index(const char *name);
+int rb_enc_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig);
 int rb_to_encoding_index(VALUE);
 rb_encoding *rb_to_encoding(VALUE);
 rb_encoding *rb_find_encoding(VALUE);
@@ -132,6 +127,8 @@ void rb_enc_copy(VALUE dst, VALUE src);
 VALUE rb_enc_str_new(const char*, long, rb_encoding*);
 VALUE rb_enc_str_new_cstr(const char*, rb_encoding*);
 VALUE rb_enc_str_new_static(const char*, long, rb_encoding*);
+VALUE rb_enc_interned_str(const char *, long, rb_encoding *);
+VALUE rb_enc_interned_str_cstr(const char *, rb_encoding *);
 VALUE rb_enc_reg_new(const char*, long, rb_encoding*, int);
 PRINTF_ARGS(VALUE rb_enc_sprintf(rb_encoding *, const char*, ...), 2, 3);
 VALUE rb_enc_vsprintf(rb_encoding *, const char*, va_list);
@@ -411,13 +408,6 @@ enum ruby_econv_flag_type {
 /* end of flags for rb_econv_convert */
 RUBY_ECONV_FLAGS_PLACEHOLDER};
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_ENCODING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/intern.h b/include/ruby/intern.h
index efa8f4058c..2480e2e703 100644
--- a/include/ruby/intern.h
+++ b/include/ruby/intern.h
@@ -1,989 +1,64 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  intern.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Thu Jun 10 14:22:17 JST 1993
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
-  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_INTERN_H
+#ifndef RUBY_INTERN_H                                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_INTERN_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Thu Jun 10 14:22:17 JST 1993
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #include "ruby/defines.h"
-#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-# include <stdarg.h>
-#else
-# include <varargs.h>
-#endif
+#include <stdarg.h>
 
 #include "ruby/st.h"
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-
 /*
  * Functions and variables that are used by more than one source file of
  * the kernel.
  */
 
-#define UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS (-1)
-
-/* array.c */
-void rb_mem_clear(register VALUE*, register long);
-VALUE rb_assoc_new(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_check_array_type(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_new(void);
-VALUE rb_ary_new_capa(long capa);
-VALUE rb_ary_new_from_args(long n, ...);
-VALUE rb_ary_new_from_values(long n, const VALUE *elts);
-VALUE rb_ary_tmp_new(long);
-void rb_ary_free(VALUE);
-void rb_ary_modify(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_freeze(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_shared_with_p(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_aref(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_subseq(VALUE, long, long);
-void rb_ary_store(VALUE, long, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_dup(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_resurrect(VALUE ary);
-VALUE rb_ary_to_ary(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_to_s(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_cat(VALUE, const VALUE *, long);
-VALUE rb_ary_push(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_pop(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_shift(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_unshift(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_entry(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_ary_each(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_join(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_reverse(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_rotate(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_ary_sort(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_delete(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_delete_at(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_ary_clear(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_concat(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_assoc(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_rassoc(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_includes(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_cmp(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig);
-VALUE rb_get_values_at(VALUE, long, int, const VALUE*, VALUE(*)(VALUE,long));
-VALUE rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len);
-#define rb_ary_new2 rb_ary_new_capa
-#define rb_ary_new3 rb_ary_new_from_args
-#define rb_ary_new4 rb_ary_new_from_values
-/* bignum.c */
-VALUE rb_big_new(size_t, int);
-int rb_bigzero_p(VALUE x);
-VALUE rb_big_clone(VALUE);
-void rb_big_2comp(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_norm(VALUE);
-void rb_big_resize(VALUE big, size_t len);
-VALUE rb_cstr_to_inum(const char*, int, int);
-VALUE rb_str_to_inum(VALUE, int, int);
-VALUE rb_cstr2inum(const char*, int);
-VALUE rb_str2inum(VALUE, int);
-VALUE rb_big2str(VALUE, int);
-long rb_big2long(VALUE);
-#define rb_big2int(x) rb_big2long(x)
-unsigned long rb_big2ulong(VALUE);
-#define rb_big2uint(x) rb_big2ulong(x)
-#if HAVE_LONG_LONG
-LONG_LONG rb_big2ll(VALUE);
-unsigned LONG_LONG rb_big2ull(VALUE);
-#endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */
-void rb_big_pack(VALUE val, unsigned long *buf, long num_longs);
-VALUE rb_big_unpack(unsigned long *buf, long num_longs);
-int rb_uv_to_utf8(char[6],unsigned long);
-VALUE rb_dbl2big(double);
-double rb_big2dbl(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_cmp(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_eq(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_eql(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_minus(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_mul(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_div(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_idiv(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_modulo(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_divmod(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_pow(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_and(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_or(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_xor(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_lshift(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_rshift(VALUE, VALUE);
-
-/* For rb_integer_pack and rb_integer_unpack: */
-/* "MS" in MSWORD and MSBYTE means "most significant" */
-/* "LS" in LSWORD and LSBYTE means "least significant" */
-#define INTEGER_PACK_MSWORD_FIRST       0x01
-#define INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST       0x02
-#define INTEGER_PACK_MSBYTE_FIRST       0x10
-#define INTEGER_PACK_LSBYTE_FIRST       0x20
-#define INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER  0x40
-#define INTEGER_PACK_2COMP              0x80
-#define INTEGER_PACK_FORCE_GENERIC_IMPLEMENTATION     0x400
-/* For rb_integer_unpack: */
-#define INTEGER_PACK_FORCE_BIGNUM       0x100
-#define INTEGER_PACK_NEGATIVE           0x200
-/* Combinations: */
-#define INTEGER_PACK_LITTLE_ENDIAN \
-    (INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST | \
-     INTEGER_PACK_LSBYTE_FIRST)
-#define INTEGER_PACK_BIG_ENDIAN \
-    (INTEGER_PACK_MSWORD_FIRST | \
-     INTEGER_PACK_MSBYTE_FIRST)
-int rb_integer_pack(VALUE val, void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails, int flags);
-VALUE rb_integer_unpack(const void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails, int flags);
-size_t rb_absint_size(VALUE val, int *nlz_bits_ret);
-size_t rb_absint_numwords(VALUE val, size_t word_numbits, size_t *nlz_bits_ret);
-int rb_absint_singlebit_p(VALUE val);
-
-/* rational.c */
-VALUE rb_rational_raw(VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_rational_raw1(x) rb_rational_raw((x), INT2FIX(1))
-#define rb_rational_raw2(x,y) rb_rational_raw((x), (y))
-VALUE rb_rational_new(VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_rational_new1(x) rb_rational_new((x), INT2FIX(1))
-#define rb_rational_new2(x,y) rb_rational_new((x), (y))
-VALUE rb_Rational(VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_Rational1(x) rb_Rational((x), INT2FIX(1))
-#define rb_Rational2(x,y) rb_Rational((x), (y))
-VALUE rb_rational_num(VALUE rat);
-VALUE rb_rational_den(VALUE rat);
-VALUE rb_flt_rationalize_with_prec(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_flt_rationalize(VALUE);
-/* complex.c */
-VALUE rb_complex_raw(VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_complex_raw1(x) rb_complex_raw((x), INT2FIX(0))
-#define rb_complex_raw2(x,y) rb_complex_raw((x), (y))
-VALUE rb_complex_new(VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_complex_new1(x) rb_complex_new((x), INT2FIX(0))
-#define rb_complex_new2(x,y) rb_complex_new((x), (y))
-VALUE rb_complex_polar(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_Complex(VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_Complex1(x) rb_Complex((x), INT2FIX(0))
-#define rb_Complex2(x,y) rb_Complex((x), (y))
-DEPRECATED(VALUE rb_complex_set_real(VALUE, VALUE));
-DEPRECATED(VALUE rb_complex_set_imag(VALUE, VALUE));
-/* class.c */
-VALUE rb_class_new(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_singleton_class_clone(VALUE);
-void rb_singleton_class_attached(VALUE,VALUE);
-void rb_check_inheritable(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_define_class_id(ID, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_module_new(void);
-VALUE rb_define_module_id(ID);
-VALUE rb_define_module_id_under(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_mod_included_modules(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_include_p(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_ancestors(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_public_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_protected_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_private_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_singleton_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-void rb_define_method_id(VALUE, ID, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), int);
-void rb_frozen_class_p(VALUE);
-void rb_undef(VALUE, ID);
-void rb_define_protected_method(VALUE, const char*, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), int);
-void rb_define_private_method(VALUE, const char*, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), int);
-void rb_define_singleton_method(VALUE, const char*, VALUE(*)(ANYARGS), int);
-VALUE rb_singleton_class(VALUE);
-/* compar.c */
-int rb_cmpint(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
-NORETURN(void rb_cmperr(VALUE, VALUE));
-/* cont.c */
-VALUE rb_fiber_new(VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), VALUE);
-VALUE rb_fiber_resume(VALUE fib, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
-VALUE rb_fiber_yield(int argc, const VALUE *argv);
-VALUE rb_fiber_current(void);
-VALUE rb_fiber_alive_p(VALUE);
-/* enum.c */
-VALUE rb_enum_values_pack(int, const VALUE*);
-/* enumerator.c */
-VALUE rb_enumeratorize(VALUE, VALUE, int, const VALUE *);
-typedef VALUE rb_enumerator_size_func(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_enumeratorize_with_size(VALUE, VALUE, int, const VALUE *, rb_enumerator_size_func *);
-#ifndef RUBY_EXPORT
-#define rb_enumeratorize_with_size(obj, id, argc, argv, size_fn) \
-    rb_enumeratorize_with_size(obj, id, argc, argv, (rb_enumerator_size_func *)(size_fn))
-#endif
-#define SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, size_fn) \
-    rb_enumeratorize_with_size((obj), ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), \
-			       (argc), (argv), (size_fn))
-#define RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, size_fn) do {		\
-	if (!rb_block_given_p())					\
-	    return SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, size_fn);		\
-    } while (0)
-#define RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv) RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, 0)
-/* error.c */
-VALUE rb_exc_new(VALUE, const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_exc_new_cstr(VALUE, const char*);
-VALUE rb_exc_new_str(VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_exc_new2 rb_exc_new_cstr
-#define rb_exc_new3 rb_exc_new_str
-PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_loaderror(const char*, ...)), 1, 2);
-PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_loaderror_with_path(VALUE path, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
-PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_name_error(ID, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
-PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_name_error_str(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
-NORETURN(void rb_invalid_str(const char*, const char*));
-NORETURN(DEPRECATED(PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_error(const char*, int, const char*, ...), 3, 4)));
-NORETURN(DEPRECATED(PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_error_with_enc(const char*, int, void *, const char*, ...), 4, 5)));
-NORETURN(DEPRECATED(PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_error_append(const char*, ...), 1, 2)));
-NORETURN(void rb_error_frozen(const char*));
-NORETURN(void rb_error_frozen_object(VALUE));
-CONSTFUNC(void rb_error_untrusted(VALUE));
-void rb_check_frozen(VALUE);
-CONSTFUNC(void rb_check_trusted(VALUE));
-#define rb_check_frozen_internal(obj) do { \
-	VALUE frozen_obj = (obj); \
-	if (OBJ_FROZEN(frozen_obj)) { \
-	    rb_error_frozen_object(frozen_obj); \
-	} \
-    } while (0)
-#define rb_check_trusted_internal(obj) ((void) 0)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define rb_check_frozen(obj) __extension__({rb_check_frozen_internal(obj);})
-#define rb_check_trusted(obj) __extension__({rb_check_trusted_internal(obj);})
-#else
-static inline void
-rb_check_frozen_inline(VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_check_frozen_internal(obj);
-}
-#define rb_check_frozen(obj) rb_check_frozen_inline(obj)
-static inline void
-rb_check_trusted_inline(VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_check_trusted_internal(obj);
-}
-#define rb_check_trusted(obj) rb_check_trusted_inline(obj)
-#endif
-void rb_check_copyable(VALUE obj, VALUE orig);
-
-#define RB_OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig) \
-    ((obj) != (orig) && (rb_obj_init_copy((obj), (orig)), 1))
-#define OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig) RB_OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig)
-
-/* eval.c */
-int rb_sourceline(void);
-const char *rb_sourcefile(void);
-VALUE rb_check_funcall(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
-
-NORETURN(void rb_error_arity(int, int, int));
-static inline int
-rb_check_arity(int argc, int min, int max)
-{
-    if ((argc < min) || (max != UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS && argc > max))
-	rb_error_arity(argc, min, max);
-    return argc;
-}
-#define rb_check_arity rb_check_arity /* for ifdef */
-
-#if defined(NFDBITS) && defined(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT)
-typedef struct {
-    int maxfd;
-    fd_set *fdset;
-} rb_fdset_t;
-
-void rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *);
-void rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *);
-void rb_fd_zero(rb_fdset_t *);
-void rb_fd_set(int, rb_fdset_t *);
-void rb_fd_clr(int, rb_fdset_t *);
-int rb_fd_isset(int, const rb_fdset_t *);
-void rb_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *, const fd_set *, int);
-void rb_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const rb_fdset_t *src);
-
-struct timeval;
-int rb_fd_select(int, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, struct timeval *);
-
-#define rb_fd_ptr(f)	((f)->fdset)
-#define rb_fd_max(f)	((f)->maxfd)
-
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-
-typedef struct {
-    int capa;
-    fd_set *fdset;
-} rb_fdset_t;
-
-void rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *);
-void rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *);
-#define rb_fd_zero(f)		((f)->fdset->fd_count = 0)
-void rb_fd_set(int, rb_fdset_t *);
-#define rb_fd_clr(n, f)		rb_w32_fdclr((n), (f)->fdset)
-#define rb_fd_isset(n, f)	rb_w32_fdisset((n), (f)->fdset)
-#define rb_fd_copy(d, s, n)	rb_w32_fd_copy((d), (s), (n))
-void rb_w32_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *, const fd_set *, int);
-#define rb_fd_dup(d, s)	rb_w32_fd_dup((d), (s))
-void rb_w32_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const rb_fdset_t *src);
-#define rb_fd_select(n, rfds, wfds, efds, timeout)	rb_w32_select((n), (rfds) ? ((rb_fdset_t*)(rfds))->fdset : NULL, (wfds) ? ((rb_fdset_t*)(wfds))->fdset : NULL, (efds) ? ((rb_fdset_t*)(efds))->fdset: NULL, (timeout))
-#define rb_fd_resize(n, f)	((void)(f))
-
-#define rb_fd_ptr(f)	((f)->fdset)
-#define rb_fd_max(f)	((f)->fdset->fd_count)
-
-#else
-
-typedef fd_set rb_fdset_t;
-#define rb_fd_zero(f)	FD_ZERO(f)
-#define rb_fd_set(n, f)	FD_SET((n), (f))
-#define rb_fd_clr(n, f)	FD_CLR((n), (f))
-#define rb_fd_isset(n, f) FD_ISSET((n), (f))
-#define rb_fd_copy(d, s, n) (*(d) = *(s))
-#define rb_fd_dup(d, s) (*(d) = *(s))
-#define rb_fd_resize(n, f)	((void)(f))
-#define rb_fd_ptr(f)	(f)
-#define rb_fd_init(f)	FD_ZERO(f)
-#define rb_fd_init_copy(d, s) (*(d) = *(s))
-#define rb_fd_term(f)	((void)(f))
-#define rb_fd_max(f)	FD_SETSIZE
-#define rb_fd_select(n, rfds, wfds, efds, timeout)	select((n), (rfds), (wfds), (efds), (timeout))
-
-#endif
-
-NORETURN(void rb_exc_raise(VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_exc_fatal(VALUE));
-NORETURN(VALUE rb_f_exit(int, const VALUE*));
-NORETURN(VALUE rb_f_abort(int, const VALUE*));
-void rb_remove_method(VALUE, const char*);
-void rb_remove_method_id(VALUE, ID);
-DEPRECATED(static inline void rb_disable_super(void));
-DEPRECATED(static inline void rb_enable_super(void));
-static inline void rb_disable_super(void)
-{
-    /* obsolete - no use */
-}
-static inline void rb_enable_super(void)
-{
-    rb_warning("rb_enable_super() is obsolete");
-}
-#define rb_disable_super(klass, name) rb_disable_super()
-#define rb_enable_super(klass, name) rb_enable_super()
-#define HAVE_RB_DEFINE_ALLOC_FUNC 1
-typedef VALUE (*rb_alloc_func_t)(VALUE);
-void rb_define_alloc_func(VALUE, rb_alloc_func_t);
-void rb_undef_alloc_func(VALUE);
-rb_alloc_func_t rb_get_alloc_func(VALUE);
-NORETURN(DEPRECATED(void rb_clear_cache(void)));
-void rb_clear_constant_cache(void);
-void rb_clear_method_cache_by_class(VALUE);
-void rb_alias(VALUE, ID, ID);
-void rb_attr(VALUE,ID,int,int,int);
-int rb_method_boundp(VALUE, ID, int);
-int rb_method_basic_definition_p(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_eval_cmd(VALUE, VALUE, int);
-int rb_obj_respond_to(VALUE, ID, int);
-int rb_respond_to(VALUE, ID);
-NORETURN(VALUE rb_f_notimplement(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj));
-#if !defined(RUBY_EXPORT) && defined(_WIN32)
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE (*const rb_f_notimplement_)(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
-#define rb_f_notimplement (*rb_f_notimplement_)
-#endif
-NORETURN(void rb_interrupt(void));
-VALUE rb_apply(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
-void rb_backtrace(void);
-ID rb_frame_this_func(void);
-VALUE rb_obj_instance_eval(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_instance_exec(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_module_eval(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_module_exec(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-void rb_load(VALUE, int);
-void rb_load_protect(VALUE, int, int*);
-NORETURN(void rb_jump_tag(int));
-int rb_provided(const char*);
-int rb_feature_provided(const char *, const char **);
-void rb_provide(const char*);
-VALUE rb_f_require(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_require_safe(VALUE, int);
-void rb_obj_call_init(VALUE, int, const VALUE*);
-VALUE rb_class_new_instance(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_block_proc(void);
-VALUE rb_block_lambda(void);
-VALUE rb_proc_new(VALUE (*)(ANYARGS/* VALUE yieldarg[, VALUE procarg] */), VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_is_proc(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_proc_call(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_proc_call_with_block(VALUE, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE);
-int rb_proc_arity(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_proc_lambda_p(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_binding_new(void);
-VALUE rb_obj_method(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_is_method(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_method_call(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_method_call_with_block(int, const VALUE *, VALUE, VALUE);
-int rb_mod_method_arity(VALUE, ID);
-int rb_obj_method_arity(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_protect(VALUE (*)(VALUE), VALUE, int*);
-void rb_set_end_proc(void (*)(VALUE), VALUE);
-void rb_exec_end_proc(void);
-void rb_thread_schedule(void);
-void rb_thread_wait_fd(int);
-int rb_thread_fd_writable(int);
-void rb_thread_fd_close(int);
-int rb_thread_alone(void);
-void rb_thread_sleep(int);
-void rb_thread_sleep_forever(void);
-void rb_thread_sleep_deadly(void);
-VALUE rb_thread_stop(void);
-VALUE rb_thread_wakeup(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_thread_wakeup_alive(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_thread_run(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_thread_kill(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_thread_create(VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), void*);
-int rb_thread_fd_select(int, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, struct timeval *);
-void rb_thread_wait_for(struct timeval);
-VALUE rb_thread_current(void);
-VALUE rb_thread_main(void);
-VALUE rb_thread_local_aref(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_thread_local_aset(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
-void rb_thread_atfork(void);
-void rb_thread_atfork_before_exec(void);
-VALUE rb_exec_recursive(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_exec_recursive_paired(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_exec_recursive_outer(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_exec_recursive_paired_outer(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
-/* dir.c */
-VALUE rb_dir_getwd(void);
-/* file.c */
-VALUE rb_file_s_expand_path(int, const VALUE *);
-VALUE rb_file_expand_path(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_file_s_absolute_path(int, const VALUE *);
-VALUE rb_file_absolute_path(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_file_dirname(VALUE fname);
-int rb_find_file_ext_safe(VALUE*, const char* const*, int);
-VALUE rb_find_file_safe(VALUE, int);
-int rb_find_file_ext(VALUE*, const char* const*);
-VALUE rb_find_file(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_file_directory_p(VALUE,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_encode_ospath(VALUE);
-int rb_is_absolute_path(const char *);
-/* gc.c */
-NORETURN(void rb_memerror(void));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_during_gc(void));
-void rb_gc_mark_locations(const VALUE*, const VALUE*);
-void rb_mark_tbl(struct st_table*);
-void rb_mark_set(struct st_table*);
-void rb_mark_hash(struct st_table*);
-void rb_gc_mark_maybe(VALUE);
-void rb_gc_mark(VALUE);
-void rb_gc_force_recycle(VALUE);
-void rb_gc(void);
-void rb_gc_copy_finalizer(VALUE,VALUE);
-void rb_gc_finalize_deferred(void);
-void rb_gc_call_finalizer_at_exit(void);
-VALUE rb_gc_enable(void);
-VALUE rb_gc_disable(void);
-VALUE rb_gc_start(void);
-VALUE rb_define_finalizer(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_undefine_finalizer(VALUE);
-size_t rb_gc_count(void);
-size_t rb_gc_stat(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_gc_latest_gc_info(VALUE);
-void rb_gc_adjust_memory_usage(ssize_t);
-/* hash.c */
-void st_foreach_safe(struct st_table *, int (*)(ANYARGS), st_data_t);
-VALUE rb_check_hash_type(VALUE);
-void rb_hash_foreach(VALUE, int (*)(ANYARGS), VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_new(void);
-VALUE rb_hash_dup(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_freeze(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_aref(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_lookup(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_lookup2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_fetch(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_aset(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_clear(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_delete_if(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_delete(VALUE,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_hash_set_ifnone(VALUE hash, VALUE ifnone);
-typedef VALUE rb_hash_update_func(VALUE newkey, VALUE oldkey, VALUE value);
-VALUE rb_hash_update_by(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2, rb_hash_update_func *func);
-struct st_table *rb_hash_tbl(VALUE);
-int rb_path_check(const char*);
-int rb_env_path_tainted(void);
-VALUE rb_env_clear(void);
-VALUE rb_hash_size(VALUE);
-DEPRECATED(int rb_hash_iter_lev(VALUE));
-DEPRECATED(VALUE rb_hash_ifnone(VALUE));
-/* io.c */
-#define rb_defout rb_stdout
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_fs;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_output_fs;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_rs;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_default_rs;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_output_rs;
-VALUE rb_io_write(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_gets(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_getbyte(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_ungetc(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_ungetbyte(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_close(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_flush(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_eof(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_binmode(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_ascii8bit_binmode(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_addstr(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_printf(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_print(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_puts(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_io_fdopen(int, int, const char*);
-VALUE rb_io_get_io(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_file_open(const char*, const char*);
-VALUE rb_file_open_str(VALUE, const char*);
-VALUE rb_gets(void);
-void rb_write_error(const char*);
-void rb_write_error2(const char*, long);
-void rb_close_before_exec(int lowfd, int maxhint, VALUE noclose_fds);
-int rb_pipe(int *pipes);
-int rb_reserved_fd_p(int fd);
-int rb_cloexec_open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
-int rb_cloexec_dup(int oldfd);
-int rb_cloexec_dup2(int oldfd, int newfd);
-int rb_cloexec_pipe(int fildes[2]);
-int rb_cloexec_fcntl_dupfd(int fd, int minfd);
-#define RB_RESERVED_FD_P(fd) rb_reserved_fd_p(fd)
-void rb_update_max_fd(int fd);
-void rb_fd_fix_cloexec(int fd);
-/* marshal.c */
-VALUE rb_marshal_dump(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_marshal_load(VALUE);
-void rb_marshal_define_compat(VALUE newclass, VALUE oldclass, VALUE (*dumper)(VALUE), VALUE (*loader)(VALUE, VALUE));
-/* numeric.c */
-NORETURN(void rb_num_zerodiv(void));
-#define RB_NUM_COERCE_FUNCS_NEED_OPID 1
-VALUE rb_num_coerce_bin(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_num_coerce_cmp(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_num_coerce_relop(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_num_coerce_bit(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_num2fix(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_fix2str(VALUE, int);
-CONSTFUNC(VALUE rb_dbl_cmp(double, double));
-/* object.c */
-int rb_eql(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_any_to_s(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_inspect(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_is_instance_of(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_is_kind_of(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_alloc(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_clone(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_dup(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_init_copy(VALUE,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_taint(VALUE);
-PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_obj_tainted(VALUE));
-VALUE rb_obj_untaint(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_untrust(VALUE);
-PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_obj_untrusted(VALUE));
-VALUE rb_obj_trust(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_freeze(VALUE);
-PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_obj_frozen_p(VALUE));
-VALUE rb_obj_id(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_class(VALUE);
-PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_class_real(VALUE));
-PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_class_inherited_p(VALUE, VALUE));
-VALUE rb_class_superclass(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_get_superclass(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_convert_type(VALUE,int,const char*,const char*);
-VALUE rb_check_convert_type(VALUE,int,const char*,const char*);
-VALUE rb_check_to_integer(VALUE, const char *);
-VALUE rb_check_to_float(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_to_int(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_check_to_int(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_Integer(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_to_float(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_Float(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_String(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_Array(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_Hash(VALUE);
-double rb_cstr_to_dbl(const char*, int);
-double rb_str_to_dbl(VALUE, int);
-/* parse.y */
-ID rb_id_attrset(ID);
-CONSTFUNC(int rb_is_const_id(ID));
-CONSTFUNC(int rb_is_global_id(ID));
-CONSTFUNC(int rb_is_instance_id(ID));
-CONSTFUNC(int rb_is_attrset_id(ID));
-CONSTFUNC(int rb_is_class_id(ID));
-CONSTFUNC(int rb_is_local_id(ID));
-CONSTFUNC(int rb_is_junk_id(ID));
-int rb_symname_p(const char*);
-int rb_sym_interned_p(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_backref_get(void);
-void rb_backref_set(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_lastline_get(void);
-void rb_lastline_set(VALUE);
-/* process.c */
-void rb_last_status_set(int status, rb_pid_t pid);
-VALUE rb_last_status_get(void);
-int rb_proc_exec(const char*);
-NORETURN(VALUE rb_f_exec(int, const VALUE*));
-rb_pid_t rb_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *status, int flags);
-void rb_syswait(rb_pid_t pid);
-rb_pid_t rb_spawn(int, const VALUE*);
-rb_pid_t rb_spawn_err(int, const VALUE*, char*, size_t);
-VALUE rb_proc_times(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_detach_process(rb_pid_t pid);
-/* range.c */
-VALUE rb_range_new(VALUE, VALUE, int);
-VALUE rb_range_beg_len(VALUE, long*, long*, long, int);
-int rb_range_values(VALUE range, VALUE *begp, VALUE *endp, int *exclp);
-/* random.c */
-unsigned int rb_genrand_int32(void);
-double rb_genrand_real(void);
-void rb_reset_random_seed(void);
-VALUE rb_random_bytes(VALUE rnd, long n);
-VALUE rb_random_int(VALUE rnd, VALUE max);
-unsigned int rb_random_int32(VALUE rnd);
-double rb_random_real(VALUE rnd);
-unsigned long rb_random_ulong_limited(VALUE rnd, unsigned long limit);
-unsigned long rb_genrand_ulong_limited(unsigned long i);
-/* re.c */
-#define rb_memcmp memcmp
-int rb_memcicmp(const void*,const void*,long);
-void rb_match_busy(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_reg_nth_defined(int, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_reg_nth_match(int, VALUE);
-int rb_reg_backref_number(VALUE match, VALUE backref);
-VALUE rb_reg_last_match(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_reg_match_pre(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_reg_match_post(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_reg_match_last(VALUE);
-#define HAVE_RB_REG_NEW_STR 1
-VALUE rb_reg_new_str(VALUE, int);
-VALUE rb_reg_new(const char *, long, int);
-VALUE rb_reg_alloc(void);
-VALUE rb_reg_init_str(VALUE re, VALUE s, int options);
-VALUE rb_reg_match(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_reg_match2(VALUE);
-int rb_reg_options(VALUE);
-/* ruby.c */
-#define rb_argv rb_get_argv()
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_argv0;
-VALUE rb_get_argv(void);
-void *rb_load_file(const char*);
-void *rb_load_file_str(VALUE);
-/* signal.c */
-VALUE rb_f_kill(int, const VALUE*);
-#ifdef POSIX_SIGNAL
-#define posix_signal ruby_posix_signal
-RETSIGTYPE (*posix_signal(int, RETSIGTYPE (*)(int)))(int);
-#endif
-void rb_trap_exit(void);
-void rb_trap_exec(void);
-const char *ruby_signal_name(int);
-void ruby_default_signal(int);
-/* sprintf.c */
-VALUE rb_f_sprintf(int, const VALUE*);
-PRINTF_ARGS(VALUE rb_sprintf(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
-VALUE rb_vsprintf(const char*, va_list);
-PRINTF_ARGS(VALUE rb_str_catf(VALUE, const char*, ...), 2, 3);
-VALUE rb_str_vcatf(VALUE, const char*, va_list);
-VALUE rb_str_format(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
-/* string.c */
-VALUE rb_str_new(const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_str_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_new_shared(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_new_frozen(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_new_with_class(VALUE, const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_tainted_str_new(const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_external_str_new(const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_external_str_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_locale_str_new(const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_locale_str_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_filesystem_str_new(const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_buf_new(long);
-VALUE rb_str_buf_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_buf_new2(const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_tmp_new(long);
-VALUE rb_usascii_str_new(const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_utf8_str_new(const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_new_static(const char *, long);
-VALUE rb_usascii_str_new_static(const char *, long);
-VALUE rb_utf8_str_new_static(const char *, long);
-void rb_str_free(VALUE);
-void rb_str_shared_replace(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_buf_append(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_buf_cat(VALUE, const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_str_buf_cat2(VALUE, const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_buf_cat_ascii(VALUE, const char*);
-VALUE rb_obj_as_string(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_check_string_type(VALUE);
-void rb_must_asciicompat(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_dup(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_resurrect(VALUE str);
-VALUE rb_str_locktmp(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_unlocktmp(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_dup_frozen(VALUE);
-#define rb_str_dup_frozen rb_str_new_frozen
-VALUE rb_str_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_times(VALUE, VALUE);
-long rb_str_sublen(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_str_substr(VALUE, long, long);
-VALUE rb_str_subseq(VALUE, long, long);
-char *rb_str_subpos(VALUE, long, long*);
-void rb_str_modify(VALUE);
-void rb_str_modify_expand(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_str_freeze(VALUE);
-void rb_str_set_len(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_str_resize(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_str_cat(VALUE, const char*, long);
-VALUE rb_str_cat_cstr(VALUE, const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_cat2(VALUE, const char*);
-VALUE rb_str_append(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_concat(VALUE, VALUE);
-st_index_t rb_memhash(const void *ptr, long len);
-st_index_t rb_hash_start(st_index_t);
-st_index_t rb_hash_uint32(st_index_t, uint32_t);
-st_index_t rb_hash_uint(st_index_t, st_index_t);
-st_index_t rb_hash_end(st_index_t);
-#define rb_hash_uint32(h, i) st_hash_uint32((h), (i))
-#define rb_hash_uint(h, i) st_hash_uint((h), (i))
-#define rb_hash_end(h) st_hash_end(h)
-st_index_t rb_str_hash(VALUE);
-int rb_str_hash_cmp(VALUE,VALUE);
-int rb_str_comparable(VALUE, VALUE);
-int rb_str_cmp(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_equal(VALUE str1, VALUE str2);
-VALUE rb_str_drop_bytes(VALUE, long);
-void rb_str_update(VALUE, long, long, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_replace(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_inspect(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_dump(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_split(VALUE, const char*);
-NORETURN(DEPRECATED(void rb_str_associate(VALUE, VALUE)));
-NORETURN(DEPRECATED(VALUE rb_str_associated(VALUE)));
-void rb_str_setter(VALUE, ID, VALUE*);
-VALUE rb_str_intern(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_sym_to_s(VALUE);
-long rb_str_strlen(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_length(VALUE);
-long rb_str_offset(VALUE, long);
-PUREFUNC(size_t rb_str_capacity(VALUE));
-VALUE rb_str_ellipsize(VALUE, long);
-VALUE rb_str_scrub(VALUE, VALUE);
-/* symbol.c */
-VALUE rb_sym_all_symbols(void);
-
-#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P
-#define rb_str_new(str, len) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(	\
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str) && __builtin_constant_p(len)) ? \
-	rb_str_new_static((str), (len)) : \
-	rb_str_new((str), (len))	  \
-)
-#define rb_str_new_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(	\
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?		\
-	rb_str_new_static((str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
-	rb_str_new_cstr(str)			\
-)
-#define rb_usascii_str_new(str, len) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str) && __builtin_constant_p(len)) ? \
-	rb_usascii_str_new_static((str), (len)) : \
-	rb_usascii_str_new((str), (len))	  \
-)
-#define rb_utf8_str_new(str, len) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str) && __builtin_constant_p(len)) ? \
-	rb_utf8_str_new_static((str), (len)) : \
-	rb_utf8_str_new((str), (len))	  \
-)
-#define rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?	       \
-	rb_tainted_str_new((str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
-	rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(str)	       \
-)
-#define rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?	       \
-	rb_usascii_str_new_static((str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
-	rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(str)	       \
-)
-#define rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?		\
-	rb_utf8_str_new_static((str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
-	rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(str)		\
-)
-#define rb_external_str_new_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?		\
-	rb_external_str_new((str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
-	rb_external_str_new_cstr(str)		\
-)
-#define rb_locale_str_new_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?	       \
-	rb_locale_str_new((str), (long)strlen(str)) :  \
-	rb_locale_str_new_cstr(str)	       \
-)
-#define rb_str_buf_new_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?		\
-	rb_str_buf_cat(rb_str_buf_new((long)strlen(str)), \
-		       (str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
-	rb_str_buf_new_cstr(str)		\
-)
-#define rb_str_cat_cstr(str, ptr) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(ptr)) ?	        \
-	rb_str_cat((str), (ptr), (long)strlen(ptr)) : \
-	rb_str_cat_cstr((str), (ptr))		\
-)
-#define rb_exc_new_cstr(klass, ptr) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(ptr)) ?	        \
-	rb_exc_new((klass), (ptr), (long)strlen(ptr)) : \
-	rb_exc_new_cstr((klass), (ptr))		\
-)
-#endif
-#define rb_str_new2 rb_str_new_cstr
-#define rb_str_new3 rb_str_new_shared
-#define rb_str_new4 rb_str_new_frozen
-#define rb_str_new5 rb_str_new_with_class
-#define rb_tainted_str_new2 rb_tainted_str_new_cstr
-#define rb_str_buf_new2 rb_str_buf_new_cstr
-#define rb_usascii_str_new2 rb_usascii_str_new_cstr
-#define rb_str_buf_cat rb_str_cat
-#define rb_str_buf_cat2 rb_str_cat_cstr
-#define rb_str_cat2 rb_str_cat_cstr
-#define rb_strlen_lit(str) (sizeof(str "") - 1)
-#define rb_str_new_lit(str) rb_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
-#define rb_usascii_str_new_lit(str) rb_usascii_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
-#define rb_utf8_str_new_lit(str) rb_utf8_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
-#define rb_enc_str_new_lit(str, enc) rb_enc_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str), (enc))
-#define rb_str_new_literal(str) rb_str_new_lit(str)
-#define rb_usascii_str_new_literal(str) rb_usascii_str_new_lit(str)
-#define rb_utf8_str_new_literal(str) rb_utf8_str_new_lit(str)
-#define rb_enc_str_new_literal(str, enc) rb_enc_str_new_lit(str, enc)
-
-/* struct.c */
-VALUE rb_struct_new(VALUE, ...);
-VALUE rb_struct_define(const char*, ...);
-VALUE rb_struct_define_under(VALUE, const char*, ...);
-VALUE rb_struct_alloc(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_struct_initialize(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_struct_aref(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_struct_aset(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_struct_getmember(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_struct_s_members(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_struct_members(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_struct_size(VALUE s);
-DEPRECATED(const VALUE *rb_struct_ptr(VALUE s));
-VALUE rb_struct_alloc_noinit(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_struct_define_without_accessor(const char *, VALUE, rb_alloc_func_t, ...);
-VALUE rb_struct_define_without_accessor_under(VALUE outer, const char *class_name, VALUE super, rb_alloc_func_t alloc, ...);
-
-/* thread.c */
-typedef void rb_unblock_function_t(void *);
-typedef VALUE rb_blocking_function_t(void *);
-void rb_thread_check_ints(void);
-int rb_thread_interrupted(VALUE thval);
-
-#define RUBY_UBF_IO ((rb_unblock_function_t *)-1)
-#define RUBY_UBF_PROCESS ((rb_unblock_function_t *)-1)
-VALUE rb_mutex_new(void);
-VALUE rb_mutex_locked_p(VALUE mutex);
-VALUE rb_mutex_trylock(VALUE mutex);
-VALUE rb_mutex_lock(VALUE mutex);
-VALUE rb_mutex_unlock(VALUE mutex);
-VALUE rb_mutex_sleep(VALUE self, VALUE timeout);
-VALUE rb_mutex_synchronize(VALUE mutex, VALUE (*func)(VALUE arg), VALUE arg);
-/* time.c */
-void rb_timespec_now(struct timespec *);
-VALUE rb_time_new(time_t, long);
-VALUE rb_time_nano_new(time_t, long);
-VALUE rb_time_timespec_new(const struct timespec *, int);
-VALUE rb_time_num_new(VALUE, VALUE);
-struct timeval rb_time_interval(VALUE num);
-struct timeval rb_time_timeval(VALUE time);
-struct timespec rb_time_timespec(VALUE time);
-/* variable.c */
-VALUE rb_mod_name(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_path(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_path_cached(VALUE);
-void rb_set_class_path(VALUE, VALUE, const char*);
-void rb_set_class_path_string(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_path_to_class(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_path2class(const char*);
-void rb_name_class(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_class_name(VALUE);
-DEPRECATED(void rb_autoload(VALUE, ID, const char*));
-VALUE rb_autoload_load(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_autoload_p(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_f_trace_var(int, const VALUE*);
-VALUE rb_f_untrace_var(int, const VALUE*);
-VALUE rb_f_global_variables(void);
-void rb_alias_variable(ID, ID);
-DEPRECATED(struct st_table* rb_generic_ivar_table(VALUE));
-void rb_copy_generic_ivar(VALUE,VALUE);
-void rb_free_generic_ivar(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ivar_get(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_ivar_set(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ivar_defined(VALUE, ID);
-void rb_ivar_foreach(VALUE, int (*)(ANYARGS), st_data_t);
-st_index_t rb_ivar_count(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_attr_get(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_obj_instance_variables(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_remove_instance_variable(VALUE, VALUE);
-void *rb_mod_const_at(VALUE, void*);
-void *rb_mod_const_of(VALUE, void*);
-VALUE rb_const_list(void*);
-VALUE rb_mod_constants(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_remove_const(VALUE, VALUE);
-int rb_const_defined(VALUE, ID);
-int rb_const_defined_at(VALUE, ID);
-int rb_const_defined_from(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_const_get(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_const_get_at(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_const_get_from(VALUE, ID);
-void rb_const_set(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_const_remove(VALUE, ID);
-NORETURN(VALUE rb_mod_const_missing(VALUE,VALUE));
-VALUE rb_cvar_defined(VALUE, ID);
-void rb_cvar_set(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_cvar_get(VALUE, ID);
-void rb_cv_set(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_cv_get(VALUE, const char*);
-void rb_define_class_variable(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_class_variables(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_mod_remove_cvar(VALUE, VALUE);
-
-ID rb_frame_callee(void);
-VALUE rb_str_succ(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_time_succ(VALUE);
-int rb_frame_method_id_and_class(ID *idp, VALUE *klassp);
-VALUE rb_make_backtrace(void);
-VALUE rb_make_exception(int, const VALUE*);
-
-/* deprecated */
-NORETURN(DEPRECATED(void rb_frame_pop(void)));
-
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/array.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/class.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/compar.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/complex.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/cont.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/dir.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/enum.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/error.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/eval.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/file.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/gc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/hash.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/io.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/load.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/object.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/parse.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/proc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/process.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/random.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/range.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/rational.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/re.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/select.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/signal.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/string.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/struct.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/time.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/variable.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/vm.h"
 
 #endif /* RUBY_INTERN_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/anyargs.h b/include/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f09a4e72e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ANYARGS_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Function overloads to issue warnings around #ANYARGS.
+ *
+ * For instance ::rb_define_method  takes a pointer to  #ANYARGS -ed functions,
+ * which in  fact varies 18  different prototypes.   We still need  to preserve
+ * #ANYARGS for storages but why not check the consistencies if possible.  With
+ * those complex macro overlays defined in  this header file, use of a function
+ * pointer gets checked against the corresponding arity argument.
+ *
+ * ### Q&A ###
+ *
+ * - Q: Where did the magic number "18" came from in the description above?
+ *
+ * - A: Count the case branch of `vm_method.c:call_cfunc_invoker_func()`.  Note
+ *      also that the 18  branches has lasted for at least  25 years.  See also
+ *      commit 200e0ee2fd3c1c006c528874a88f684447215524.
+ *
+ * - Q: What is this `__weakref__` thing?
+ *
+ * - A: That is a kind of function overloading mechanism that GCC provides.  In
+ *      this   case  for   instance  `rb_define_method_00`   is  an   alias  of
+ *      ::rb_define_method, with a strong type.
+ *
+ * - Q: What is this `__transparent_union__` thing?
+ *
+ *   A: That  is  another  kind  of function  overloading  mechanism  that  GCC
+ *      provides.   In this  case  the attributed  function  pointer is  either
+ *      `VALUE(*)(int,VALUE*,VALUE)` or `VALUE(*)(int,const VALUE*,VALUE)`.
+ *
+ *      This is better than `void*` or #ANYARGS because we can reject all other
+ *      possibilities than the two.
+ *
+ * - Q: What does this #rb_define_method macro mean?
+ *
+ * - A: It  selects  appropriate  alias  of  the  ::rb_define_method  function,
+ *      depending on the last (arity) argument.
+ *
+ * - Q: Why the special case for ::rb_f_notimplement ?
+ *
+ * - A: Function   pointer  to   ::rb_f_notimplement   is   special  cased   in
+ *      `vm_method.c:rb_add_method_cfunc()`.   That should  be  handled by  the
+ *      `__builtin_choose_expr`   chain  inside   of  #rb_define_method   macro
+ *      expansion.      In    order     to    do     so,    comparison     like
+ *      `(func == rb_f_notimplement)`        is        inappropriate        for
+ *      `__builtin_choose_expr`'s  expression  (which  must be  a  compile-time
+ *      integer constant  but the address  of ::rb_f_notimplement is  not fixed
+ *      until      the      linker).        Instead      we      are      using
+ *      `__builtin_types_compatible_p`, and in doing  so we need to distinguish
+ *      ::rb_f_notimplement from others, by type.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/class.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/method.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h"
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+# include "ruby/backward/cxxanyargs.hpp"
+
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+# /* Skip due to [Bug #16134] */
+
+#elif ! RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(transparent_union)
+# /* :TODO: improve here, please find a way to support. */
+
+#elif ! defined(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
+# /* :TODO: improve here, please find a way to support. */
+
+#else
+# /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+# if ! defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P)
+#  define RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f) 0
+# else
+#  define RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f) \
+    __builtin_types_compatible_p(             \
+        __typeof__(f),                        \
+        __typeof__(rb_f_notimplement))
+# endif
+
+# if ! defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
+#  define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(expr, truthy, falsy) (falsy)
+# else
+#  define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(expr, truthy, falsy) \
+    __builtin_choose_expr(                            \
+        __builtin_choose_expr(                        \
+            __builtin_constant_p(expr),               \
+            (expr), 0),                               \
+        (truthy), (falsy))
+# endif
+
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_m2(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -2, rb_define_singleton_method_m2, rb_define_singleton_method_m3)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_m1(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -1, rb_define_singleton_method_m1, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_m2(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_00(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  0, rb_define_singleton_method_00, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_m1(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_01(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  1, rb_define_singleton_method_01, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_00(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_02(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  2, rb_define_singleton_method_02, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_01(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_03(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  3, rb_define_singleton_method_03, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_02(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_04(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  4, rb_define_singleton_method_04, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_03(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_05(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  5, rb_define_singleton_method_05, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_04(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_06(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  6, rb_define_singleton_method_06, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_05(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_07(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  7, rb_define_singleton_method_07, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_06(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_08(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  8, rb_define_singleton_method_08, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_07(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_09(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  9, rb_define_singleton_method_09, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_08(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_10(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 10, rb_define_singleton_method_10, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_09(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_11(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 11, rb_define_singleton_method_11, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_10(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_12(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 12, rb_define_singleton_method_12, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_11(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_13(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_singleton_method_13, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_12(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_14(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_singleton_method_14, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_13(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_15(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_singleton_method_15, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_14(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_m2(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -2, rb_define_protected_method_m2, rb_define_protected_method_m3)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_m1(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -1, rb_define_protected_method_m1, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_m2(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_00(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  0, rb_define_protected_method_00, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_m1(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_01(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  1, rb_define_protected_method_01, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_00(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_02(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  2, rb_define_protected_method_02, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_01(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_03(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  3, rb_define_protected_method_03, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_02(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_04(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  4, rb_define_protected_method_04, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_03(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_05(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  5, rb_define_protected_method_05, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_04(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_06(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  6, rb_define_protected_method_06, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_05(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_07(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  7, rb_define_protected_method_07, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_06(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_08(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  8, rb_define_protected_method_08, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_07(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_09(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  9, rb_define_protected_method_09, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_08(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_10(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 10, rb_define_protected_method_10, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_09(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_11(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 11, rb_define_protected_method_11, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_10(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_12(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 12, rb_define_protected_method_12, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_11(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_13(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_protected_method_13, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_12(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_14(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_protected_method_14, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_13(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_15(n) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_protected_method_15, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_14(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_m2(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -2, rb_define_private_method_m2,   rb_define_private_method_m3)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_m1(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -1, rb_define_private_method_m1,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_m2(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_00(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  0, rb_define_private_method_00,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_m1(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_01(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  1, rb_define_private_method_01,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_00(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_02(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  2, rb_define_private_method_02,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_01(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_03(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  3, rb_define_private_method_03,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_02(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_04(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  4, rb_define_private_method_04,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_03(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_05(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  5, rb_define_private_method_05,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_04(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_06(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  6, rb_define_private_method_06,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_05(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_07(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  7, rb_define_private_method_07,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_06(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_08(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  8, rb_define_private_method_08,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_07(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_09(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  9, rb_define_private_method_09,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_08(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_10(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 10, rb_define_private_method_10,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_09(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_11(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 11, rb_define_private_method_11,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_10(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_12(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 12, rb_define_private_method_12,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_11(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_13(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_private_method_13,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_12(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_14(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_private_method_14,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_13(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_15(n)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_private_method_15,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_14(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_m2(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -2, rb_define_module_function_m2,  rb_define_module_function_m3)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_m1(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -1, rb_define_module_function_m1,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_m2(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_00(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  0, rb_define_module_function_00,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_m1(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_01(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  1, rb_define_module_function_01,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_00(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_02(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  2, rb_define_module_function_02,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_01(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_03(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  3, rb_define_module_function_03,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_02(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_04(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  4, rb_define_module_function_04,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_03(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_05(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  5, rb_define_module_function_05,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_04(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_06(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  6, rb_define_module_function_06,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_05(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_07(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  7, rb_define_module_function_07,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_06(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_08(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  8, rb_define_module_function_08,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_07(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_09(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  9, rb_define_module_function_09,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_08(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_10(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 10, rb_define_module_function_10,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_09(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_11(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 11, rb_define_module_function_11,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_10(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_12(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 12, rb_define_module_function_12,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_11(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_13(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_module_function_13,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_12(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_14(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_module_function_14,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_13(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_15(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_module_function_15,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_14(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_m2(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -2, rb_define_global_function_m2,  rb_define_global_function_m3)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_m1(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -1, rb_define_global_function_m1,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_m2(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_00(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  0, rb_define_global_function_00,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_m1(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_01(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  1, rb_define_global_function_01,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_00(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_02(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  2, rb_define_global_function_02,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_01(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_03(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  3, rb_define_global_function_03,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_02(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_04(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  4, rb_define_global_function_04,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_03(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_05(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  5, rb_define_global_function_05,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_04(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_06(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  6, rb_define_global_function_06,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_05(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_07(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  7, rb_define_global_function_07,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_06(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_08(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  8, rb_define_global_function_08,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_07(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_09(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  9, rb_define_global_function_09,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_08(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_10(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 10, rb_define_global_function_10,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_09(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_11(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 11, rb_define_global_function_11,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_10(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_12(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 12, rb_define_global_function_12,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_11(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_13(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_global_function_13,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_12(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_14(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_global_function_14,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_13(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_15(n)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_global_function_15,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_14(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_m2(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -2, rb_define_method_id_m2,        rb_define_method_id_m3)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_m1(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -1, rb_define_method_id_m1,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_m2(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_00(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  0, rb_define_method_id_00,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_m1(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_01(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  1, rb_define_method_id_01,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_00(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_02(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  2, rb_define_method_id_02,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_01(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_03(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  3, rb_define_method_id_03,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_02(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_04(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  4, rb_define_method_id_04,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_03(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_05(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  5, rb_define_method_id_05,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_04(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_06(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  6, rb_define_method_id_06,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_05(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_07(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  7, rb_define_method_id_07,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_06(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_08(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  8, rb_define_method_id_08,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_07(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_09(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  9, rb_define_method_id_09,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_08(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_10(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 10, rb_define_method_id_10,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_09(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_11(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 11, rb_define_method_id_11,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_10(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_12(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 12, rb_define_method_id_12,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_11(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_13(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_method_id_13,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_12(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_14(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_method_id_14,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_13(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_15(n)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_method_id_15,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_14(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_m2(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -2, rb_define_method_m2,           rb_define_method_m3)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_m1(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == -1, rb_define_method_m1,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_m2(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_00(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  0, rb_define_method_00,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_m1(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_01(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  1, rb_define_method_01,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_00(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_02(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  2, rb_define_method_02,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_01(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_03(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  3, rb_define_method_03,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_02(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_04(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  4, rb_define_method_04,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_03(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_05(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  5, rb_define_method_05,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_04(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_06(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  6, rb_define_method_06,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_05(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_07(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  7, rb_define_method_07,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_06(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_08(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  8, rb_define_method_08,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_07(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_09(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) ==  9, rb_define_method_09,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_08(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_10(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 10, rb_define_method_10,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_09(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_11(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 11, rb_define_method_11,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_10(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_12(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 12, rb_define_method_12,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_11(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_13(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_method_13,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_12(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_14(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_method_14,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_13(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_15(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_method_15,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_14(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method(n, f) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_singleton_method_m3, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method(n, f) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_protected_method_m3, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method(n, f)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_private_method_m3,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function(n, f)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_module_function_m3,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function(n, f)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_global_function_m3,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id(n, f)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_method_id_m3,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method(n, f)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_method_m3,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED() RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL() RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF(sym)
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(sym, ...) \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _m3(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(ANYARGS), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _m2(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _m1(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(int, union { VALUE *x; const VALUE *y; } __attribute__((__transparent_union__)), VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _00(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _01(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _02(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _03(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _04(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _05(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _06(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _07(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _08(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _09(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _10(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _11(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _12(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _13(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _14(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _15(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), int);
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_singleton_method, VALUE, const char *)
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_protected_method, VALUE, const char *)
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_private_method, VALUE, const char *)
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_module_function, VALUE, const char *)
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_global_function, const char *)
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_method_id, VALUE, ID)
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_method, VALUE, const char *)
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Defines klass\#mid.
+ * @see    ::rb_define_method
+ * @param  klass  Where the method lives.
+ * @param  mid    Name of the defining method.
+ * @param  func   Implementation of klass\#mid.
+ * @param  arity  Arity of klass\#mid.
+ */
+#define rb_define_method(klass, mid, func, arity)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method((arity), (func))((klass), (mid), (func), (arity))
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Defines klass\#mid.
+ * @see    ::rb_define_method_id
+ * @param  klass  Where the method lives.
+ * @param  mid    Name of the defining method.
+ * @param  func   Implementation of klass\#mid.
+ * @param  arity  Arity of klass\#mid.
+ */
+#define rb_define_method_id(klass, mid, func, arity)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id((arity), (func))((klass), (mid), (func), (arity))
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Defines obj.mid.
+ * @see    ::rb_define_singleton_method
+ * @param  obj    Where the method lives.
+ * @param  mid    Name of the defining method.
+ * @param  func   Implementation of obj.mid.
+ * @param  arity  Arity of obj.mid.
+ */
+#define rb_define_singleton_method(obj, mid, func, arity)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method((arity), (func))((obj), (mid), (func), (arity))
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Defines klass\#mid and make it protected.
+ * @see    ::rb_define_protected_method
+ * @param  klass  Where the method lives.
+ * @param  mid    Name of the defining method.
+ * @param  func   Implementation of klass\#mid.
+ * @param  arity  Arity of klass\#mid.
+ */
+#define rb_define_protected_method(klass, mid, func, arity) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method((arity), (func))((klass), (mid), (func), (arity))
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Defines klass\#mid and make it private.
+ * @see    ::rb_define_private_method
+ * @param  klass  Where the method lives.
+ * @param  mid    Name of the defining method.
+ * @param  func   Implementation of klass\#mid.
+ * @param  arity  Arity of klass\#mid.
+ */
+#define rb_define_private_method(klass, mid, func, arity)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method((arity), (func))((klass), (mid), (func), (arity))
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Defines mod\#mid and make it a module function.
+ * @see    ::rb_define_module_function
+ * @param  mod    Where the method lives.
+ * @param  mid    Name of the defining method.
+ * @param  func   Implementation of mod\#mid.
+ * @param  arity  Arity of mod\#mid.
+ */
+#define rb_define_module_function(mod, mid, func, arity)    RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function((arity), (func))((mod), (mid), (func), (arity))
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Defines ::rb_mKerbel \#mid.
+ * @see    ::rb_define_gobal_function
+ * @param  mid    Name of the defining method.
+ * @param  func   Implementation of ::rb_mKernel \#mid.
+ * @param  arity  Arity of ::rb_mKernel \#mid.
+ */
+#define rb_define_global_function(mid, func, arity)         RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function((arity), (func))((mid), (func), (arity))
+
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+/**
+ * This  macro is  to properly  cast  a function  parameter of  *_define_method
+ * family.  It  has been  around since  1.x era so  you can  maximize backwards
+ * compatibility by using it.
+ *
+ * ```CXX
+ * rb_define_method(klass, "method", RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(func), arity);
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param  func  A pointer to a function that implements a method.
+ */
+#if ! defined(RUBY_DEVEL)
+# define RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(func) RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func))
+
+#elif ! RUBY_DEVEL
+# define RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(func) RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func))
+
+#elif ! defined(rb_define_method)
+# define RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(func) RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func))
+
+#else
+# define RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(func) (func)
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ANYARGS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3806db444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Conversion between C's arithmtic types and Ruby's numeric types.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h"
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3033639a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_CHAR_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_CHAR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `char` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h"  /* NUM2INT is here, but */
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h" /* INT2FIX is here.*/
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rstring.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+
+#define RB_NUM2CHR rb_num2char_inline
+#define NUM2CHR    RB_NUM2CHR
+#define CHR2FIX    RB_CHR2FIX
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RB_CHR2FIX RB_CHR2FIX
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(CXX14)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RB_CHR2FIX(unsigned char c)
+{
+    return RB_INT2FIX(c);
+}
+
+static inline char
+rb_num2char_inline(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, RUBY_T_STRING) && (RSTRING_LEN(x)>=1))
+        return RSTRING_PTR(x)[0];
+    else
+        return RBIMPL_CAST((char)RB_NUM2INT(x));
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_CHAR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69d8630dbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_DOUBLE_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_DOUBLE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `double` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+#define NUM2DBL      rb_num2dbl
+#define RFLOAT_VALUE rb_float_value
+#define DBL2NUM      rb_float_new
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+double rb_num2dbl(VALUE);
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+double rb_float_value(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_float_new(double);
+VALUE rb_float_new_in_heap(double);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_DOUBLE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68544b760b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_FIXNUM_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_FIXNUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Handling of integers formerly known as Fixnums.
+ */
+#include "ruby/backward/2/limits.h"
+
+#define FIXABLE    RB_FIXABLE
+#define FIXNUM_MAX RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX
+#define FIXNUM_MIN RUBY_FIXNUM_MIN
+#define NEGFIXABLE RB_NEGFIXABLE
+#define POSFIXABLE RB_POSFIXABLE
+
+/*
+ * FIXABLE can be applied to anything, from double to intmax_t.  The problem is
+ * double.   On a  64bit system  RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX is  4,611,686,018,427,387,903,
+ * which is not representable by a double.  The nearest value that a double can
+ * represent  is   4,611,686,018,427,387,904,  which   is  not   fixable.   The
+ * seemingly-stragne "< FIXNUM_MAX + 1" expression below is due to this.
+ */
+#define RB_POSFIXABLE(_) ((_) <  RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX + 1)
+#define RB_NEGFIXABLE(_) ((_) >= RUBY_FIXNUM_MIN)
+#define RB_FIXABLE(_)    (RB_POSFIXABLE(_) && RB_NEGFIXABLE(_))
+#define RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX  (LONG_MAX / 2)
+#define RUBY_FIXNUM_MIN  (LONG_MIN / 2)
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_FIXNUM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32e3578bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_GID_T_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_GID_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `gid_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+
+#ifndef GIDT2NUM
+# define GIDT2NUM RB_LONG2NUM
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NUM2GIDT
+# define NUM2GIDT RB_NUM2LONG
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_GID_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..346fa9258b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_INT_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_INT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `int` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#define RB_INT2NUM  rb_int2num_inline
+#define RB_NUM2INT  rb_num2int_inline
+#define RB_UINT2NUM rb_uint2num_inline
+
+#define FIX2INT    RB_FIX2INT
+#define FIX2UINT   RB_FIX2UINT
+#define INT2NUM    RB_INT2NUM
+#define NUM2INT    RB_NUM2INT
+#define NUM2UINT   RB_NUM2UINT
+#define UINT2NUM   RB_UINT2NUM
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RB_FIX2INT  RB_FIX2INT
+#define RB_NUM2UINT RB_NUM2UINT
+#define RB_FIX2UINT RB_FIX2UINT
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+long rb_num2int(VALUE);
+long rb_fix2int(VALUE);
+unsigned long rb_num2uint(VALUE);
+unsigned long rb_fix2uint(VALUE);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+RB_FIX2INT(VALUE x)
+{
+    /* "FIX2INT raises a  TypeError if passed nil", says rubyspec.  Not sure if
+     * that is a desired behaviour but just preserve backwards compatilibily.
+     */
+#if 0
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXNUM_P(x));
+#endif
+    long ret;
+
+    if /* constexpr */ (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+        ret = rb_fix2int(x);
+    }
+    else {
+        ret = RB_FIX2LONG(x);
+    }
+
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((int)ret);
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_num2int_inline(VALUE x)
+{
+    long ret;
+
+    if /* constexpr */ (sizeof(int) == sizeof(long)) {
+        ret = RB_NUM2LONG(x);
+    }
+    else if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x)) {
+        ret = rb_fix2int(x);
+    }
+    else {
+        ret = rb_num2int(x);
+    }
+
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((int)ret);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline unsigned int
+RB_NUM2UINT(VALUE x)
+{
+    unsigned long ret;
+
+    if /* constexpr */ (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+        ret = rb_num2uint(x);
+    }
+    else {
+        ret = RB_NUM2ULONG(x);
+    }
+
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((unsigned int)ret);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline unsigned int
+RB_FIX2UINT(VALUE x)
+{
+#if 0 /* Ditto for RB_FIX2INT. */
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXNUM_P(x));
+#endif
+    unsigned long ret;
+
+    if /* constexpr */ (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+        ret = rb_fix2uint(x);
+    }
+    else {
+        ret = RB_FIX2ULONG(x);
+    }
+
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((unsigned int)ret);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)
+RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wtype-limits) /* We can ignore them here. */
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING("-Wtautological-constant-out-of-range-compare")
+RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wtautological-constant-out-of-range-compare)
+#endif
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_int2num_inline(int v)
+{
+    if (RB_FIXABLE(v))
+        return RB_INT2FIX(v);
+    else
+        return rb_int2big(v);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_uint2num_inline(unsigned int v)
+{
+    if (RB_POSFIXABLE(v))
+        return RB_LONG2FIX(v);
+    else
+        return rb_uint2big(v);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_INT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..442c87144c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_INTPTR_T_H                 /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_INTPTR_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `intptr_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+# include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
+#define rb_int_new  rb_int2inum
+#define rb_uint_new rb_uint2inum
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_int2big(intptr_t i);
+VALUE rb_int2inum(intptr_t i);
+VALUE rb_uint2big(uintptr_t i);
+VALUE rb_uint2inum(uintptr_t i);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_INTPTR_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aff7d68478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_LONG_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_LONG_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `long` and Ruby's.
+ *
+ * ### Q&A ###
+ *
+ * - Q: Why are INT2FIX etc. here, not in `int.h`?
+ *
+ * - A: Because they  are in fact  handling `long`.   It seems someone  did not
+ *      understand the difference of `int`  and `long` when they designed those
+ *      macros.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h"   /* FIXABLE */
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h" /* rb_int2big etc.*/
+#include "ruby/internal/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/cold.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"      /* FIXNUM_FLAG */
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#define FIX2LONG     RB_FIX2LONG
+#define FIX2ULONG    RB_FIX2ULONG
+#define INT2FIX      RB_INT2FIX
+#define LONG2FIX     RB_INT2FIX
+#define LONG2NUM     RB_LONG2NUM
+#define NUM2LONG     RB_NUM2LONG
+#define NUM2ULONG    RB_NUM2ULONG
+#define RB_FIX2LONG  rb_fix2long
+#define RB_FIX2ULONG rb_fix2ulong
+#define RB_LONG2FIX  RB_INT2FIX
+#define RB_LONG2NUM  rb_long2num_inline
+#define RB_NUM2LONG  rb_num2long_inline
+#define RB_NUM2ULONG rb_num2ulong_inline
+#define RB_ULONG2NUM rb_ulong2num_inline
+#define ULONG2NUM    RB_ULONG2NUM
+#define rb_fix_new   RB_INT2FIX
+#define rb_long2int  rb_long2int_inline
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RB_INT2FIX RB_INT2FIX
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD()
+void rb_out_of_int(SIGNED_VALUE num);
+
+long rb_num2long(VALUE num);
+unsigned long rb_num2ulong(VALUE num);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(CXX14)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RB_INT2FIX(long i)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXABLE(i));
+
+    /* :NOTE: VALUE can be wider than long.  As j being unsigned, 2j+1 is fully
+     * defined. Also it can be compiled into a single LEA instruction. */
+    const unsigned long j = i;
+    const unsigned long k = 2 * j + RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG;
+    const long          l = k;
+    const SIGNED_VALUE  m = l; /* Sign extend */
+    const VALUE         n = m;
+
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXNUM_P(n));
+    return n;
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_long2int_inline(long n)
+{
+    int i = RBIMPL_CAST((int)n);
+
+    if /* constexpr */ (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(int)) {
+        RBIMPL_ASSUME(i == n);
+    }
+
+    if (i != n)
+        rb_out_of_int(n);
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(CXX14)
+static inline long
+rbimpl_fix2long_by_idiv(VALUE x)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXNUM_P(x));
+
+    /* :NOTE: VALUE  can be wider  than long.  (x-1)/2 never  overflows because
+     * RB_FIXNUM_P(x)  holds.   Also it  has  no  portability issue  like  y>>1
+     * below. */
+    const SIGNED_VALUE y = x - RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG;
+    const SIGNED_VALUE z = y / 2;
+    const long         w = RBIMPL_CAST((long)z);
+
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXABLE(w));
+    return w;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(CXX14)
+static inline long
+rbimpl_fix2long_by_shift(VALUE x)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXNUM_P(x));
+
+    /* :NOTE: VALUE can be wider than long.  If right shift is arithmetic, this
+     * is noticeably faster than above. */
+    const SIGNED_VALUE y = x;
+    const SIGNED_VALUE z = y >> 1;
+    const long         w = RBIMPL_CAST((long)z);
+
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXABLE(w));
+    return w;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+static inline bool
+rbimpl_right_shift_is_arithmetic_p(void)
+{
+    return (-1 >> 1) == -1;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(CXX14)
+static inline long
+rb_fix2long(VALUE x)
+{
+    if /* constexpr */ (rbimpl_right_shift_is_arithmetic_p()) {
+        return rbimpl_fix2long_by_shift(x);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rbimpl_fix2long_by_idiv(x);
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(CXX14)
+static inline unsigned long
+rb_fix2ulong(VALUE x)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXNUM_P(x));
+    return rb_fix2long(x);
+}
+
+static inline long
+rb_num2long_inline(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
+        return RB_FIX2LONG(x);
+    else
+        return rb_num2long(x);
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long
+rb_num2ulong_inline(VALUE x)
+{
+    /* This (negative fixnum would become  a large unsigned long while negative
+     * bignum is  an exception) has been  THE behaviour of NUM2ULONG  since the
+     * beginning.  It is strange,  but we can no longer change  how it works at
+     * this moment.  We have to get by with it.  See also:
+     * https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9089 */
+    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
+        return RB_FIX2ULONG(x);
+    else
+        return rb_num2ulong(x);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_long2num_inline(long v)
+{
+    if (RB_FIXABLE(v))
+        return RB_LONG2FIX(v);
+    else
+        return rb_int2big(v);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_ulong2num_inline(unsigned long v)
+{
+    if (RB_POSFIXABLE(v))
+        return RB_LONG2FIX(v);
+    else
+        return rb_uint2big(v);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @cond INTERNAL_MACRO
+ *
+ * Following overload is necessary because sometimes  INT2FIX is used as a enum
+ * value (e.g. `enum {  FOO = INT2FIX(0) };`).  THIS IS NG  in theory because a
+ * VALUE does not fit into an enum (which must be a signed int).  But we cannot
+ * break existing codes.
+ */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14
+# /* C++ can write constexpr as enum values. */
+
+#elif ! defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
+# undef INT2FIX
+# define INT2FIX(i) (RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)(i)) << 1 | RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
+
+#else
+# undef INT2FIX
+# define INT2FIX(i)                                     \
+    __builtin_choose_expr(                              \
+        __builtin_constant_p(i),                        \
+        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)(i)) << 1 | RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG, \
+        RB_INT2FIX(i))
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_LONG_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96ffb37d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_LONG_LONG_H                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_LONG_LONG_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `long long` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+
+#define RB_LL2NUM  rb_ll2inum
+#define RB_ULL2NUM rb_ull2inum
+#define LL2NUM     RB_LL2NUM
+#define ULL2NUM    RB_ULL2NUM
+#define RB_NUM2LL  rb_num2ll_inline
+#define RB_NUM2ULL rb_num2ull
+#define NUM2LL     RB_NUM2LL
+#define NUM2ULL    RB_NUM2ULL
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_ll2inum(LONG_LONG);
+VALUE rb_ull2inum(unsigned LONG_LONG);
+LONG_LONG rb_num2ll(VALUE);
+unsigned LONG_LONG rb_num2ull(VALUE);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+static inline LONG_LONG
+rb_num2ll_inline(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
+        return RB_FIX2LONG(x);
+    else
+        return rb_num2ll(x);
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_LONG_LONG_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee47eb8221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_MODE_T_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_MODE_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `mode_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h"
+
+#ifndef NUM2MODET
+# define NUM2MODET RB_NUM2INT
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MODET2NUM
+# define MODET2NUM RB_INT2NUM
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_MODE_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84ec807e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_OFF_T_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_OFF_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `off_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+
+#ifdef OFFT2NUM
+# /* take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_OFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define OFFT2NUM RB_LL2NUM
+#elif SIZEOF_OFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define OFFT2NUM RB_LONG2NUM
+#else
+# define OFFT2NUM RB_INT2NUM
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NUM2OFFT
+# /* take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_OFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define NUM2OFFT RB_NUM2LL
+#elif SIZEOF_OFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define NUM2OFFT RB_NUM2LONG
+#else
+# define NUM2OFFT RB_NUM2INT
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_OFF_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eaca402776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_PID_T_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_PID_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `pid_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+
+#ifndef PIDT2NUM
+# define PIDT2NUM RB_LONG2NUM
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NUM2PIDT
+# define NUM2PIDT RB_NUM2LONG
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_PID_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef213a8d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_SHORT_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_SHORT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `short` and Ruby's.
+ *
+ * Shyouhei  wonders:  why  there  is   no  SHORT2NUM,  given  there  are  both
+ * #USHORT2NUM and #CHR2FIX?
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+
+#define RB_NUM2SHORT  rb_num2short_inline
+#define RB_NUM2USHORT rb_num2ushort
+#define NUM2SHORT     RB_NUM2SHORT
+#define NUM2USHORT    RB_NUM2USHORT
+#define USHORT2NUM    RB_INT2FIX
+#define RB_FIX2SHORT  rb_fix2short
+#define FIX2SHORT     RB_FIX2SHORT
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+short rb_num2short(VALUE);
+unsigned short rb_num2ushort(VALUE);
+short rb_fix2short(VALUE);
+unsigned short rb_fix2ushort(VALUE);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+static inline short
+rb_num2short_inline(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
+        return rb_fix2short(x);
+    else
+        return rb_num2short(x);
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_SOHRT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0458f1f5f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_SIZE_T_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_SIZE_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `size_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+
+#if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define RB_SIZE2NUM RB_ULL2NUM
+# define RB_SSIZE2NUM RB_LL2NUM
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define RB_SIZE2NUM RB_ULONG2NUM
+# define RB_SSIZE2NUM RB_LONG2NUM
+#else
+# define RB_SIZE2NUM RB_UINT2NUM
+# define RB_SSIZE2NUM RB_INT2NUM
+#endif
+
+#if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define RB_NUM2SIZE RB_NUM2ULL
+# define RB_NUM2SSIZE RB_NUM2LL
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+# define RB_NUM2SIZE RB_NUM2ULONG
+# define RB_NUM2SSIZE RB_NUM2LONG
+#else
+# define RB_NUM2SIZE RB_NUM2UINT
+# define RB_NUM2SSIZE RB_NUM2INT
+#endif
+
+#define NUM2SIZET RB_NUM2SIZE
+#define SIZET2NUM RB_SIZE2NUM
+#define NUM2SSIZET RB_NUM2SSIZE
+#define SSIZET2NUM RB_SSIZE2NUM
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_SIZE_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93a5ccb7a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMERIC_ST_DATA_T_H                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMERIC_ST_DATA_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `st_data_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+
+#define ST2FIX    RB_ST2FIX
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RB_ST2FIX RB_ST2FIX
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(CXX14)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/* See also [ruby-core:84395] [Bug #14218] [ruby-core:82687] [Bug #13877] */
+static inline VALUE
+RB_ST2FIX(st_data_t i)
+{
+    SIGNED_VALUE x = i;
+
+    if (x >= 0) {
+        x &= RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX;
+    }
+    else {
+        x |= RUBY_FIXNUM_MIN;
+    }
+
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FIXABLE(x));
+    unsigned long y = RBIMPL_CAST((unsigned long)x);
+    return RB_LONG2FIX(y);
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMERIC_ST_DATA_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdcf42f049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_UID_T_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_UID_T_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Arithmetic conversion between C's `uid_t` and Ruby's.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+
+#ifndef UIDT2NUM
+# define UIDT2NUM RB_LONG2NUM
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NUM2UIDT
+# define NUM2UIDT RB_NUM2LONG
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ARITHMETIC_UID_T_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/assume.h b/include/ruby/internal/assume.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e95b2fb12a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/assume.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ASSUME_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ASSUME_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ASSUME / #RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE.
+ *
+ * These macros must be defined at once because:
+ *
+ * - #RBIMPL_ASSUME could fallback to #RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE.
+ * - #RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE could fallback to #RBIMPL_ASSUME.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/builtin.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 13, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAVE___ASSUME
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Intel, 13, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAVE___ASSUME
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__builtin_unreachable`. */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable)
+# define RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(_) __builtin_unreachable()
+
+#elif defined(RBIMPL_HAVE___ASSUME)
+# define RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(_) return (__assume(0), (_))
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(_) return (_)
+#endif
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__builtin_unreachable`. */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable)
+# define RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE __builtin_unreachable
+
+#elif defined(RBIMPL_HAVE___ASSUME)
+# define RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE() __assume(0)
+#endif
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__assume`. */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Intel, 13, 0, 0)
+# /* icc warnings are false positives.  Ignore them. */
+# /* "warning #2261: __assume expression with side effects discarded" */
+# define RBIMPL_ASSUME(expr)     \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()        \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(2261) \
+    __assume(expr)              \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#elif defined(RBIMPL_HAVE___ASSUME)
+# define RBIMPL_ASSUME __assume
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume)
+# define RBIMPL_ASSUME __builtin_assume
+
+#elif ! defined(RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE)
+# define RBIMPL_ASSUME(_) RBIMPL_CAST((void)(_))
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ASSUME(_) \
+    (RB_LIKELY(!!(_)) ? RBIMPL_CAST((void)0) : RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE())
+#endif
+
+#if ! defined(RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE)
+# define RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE() RBIMPL_ASSUME(0)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ASSUME_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea96feec99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((alloc_size))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(alloc_size)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE(tuple) __attribute__((__alloc_size__ tuple))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE(tuple) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa9a3814cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL.
+ *
+ * ### Q&A ###
+ *
+ * - Q: What is this attribute?  I don't get what GCC manual is talking about.
+ *
+ * - A: In  short  it  is  an  attribute to  manipulate  GDB  backtraces.   The
+ *      attribute    makes    the   best    sense    when    it   comes    with
+ *      __attribute__((always_inline)).   When a  function annotated  with this
+ *      attribute gets inlined, and when you  somehow look at a backtrace which
+ *      includes such  inlined call site,  then the backtrace shows  the caller
+ *      and  not the  callee.  This  is handy  for instance  when an  identical
+ *      function is inlined  more than once in a single  big function.  On such
+ *      case it gets  vital to know where the inlining  happened in the callee.
+ *      See also https://stackoverflow.com/a/21936099
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((artificial))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(artificial)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL() __attribute__((__artificial__))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fcee507456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((cold))` */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(SunPro)
+# /* Recent SunPro has __has_attribute, and is borken. */
+# /* It reports it has attribute cold, reality isn't (warnings issued). */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD() /* void */
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(cold)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD() __attribute__((__cold__))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/const.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5b8da0c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((const))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(const)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST() __attribute__((__const__))
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(noalias)
+# /* If a function can be a const, that is also a noalias. */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST() __declspec(noalias)
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST() _Pragma("no_side_effect")
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST() /* void */
+#endif
+
+/** Enables #RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST iff. ! #RUBY_DEBUG. */
+#if !RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG() RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_UNLESS_DEBUG() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96b010ce6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      #RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/feature.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/token_paste.h"
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#if ! defined(__cplusplus)
+# /* Makes no sense. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 0
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 0
+
+#elif defined(__cpp_constexpr)
+# /* https://isocpp.org/std/standing-documents/sd-6-sg10-feature-test-recommendations */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 (__cpp_constexpr >= 200704L)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 (__cpp_constexpr >= 201304L)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 00, 00)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 11, 00)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5, 13, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 (__cplusplus >= 201402L)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 (__cplusplus >= 201402L)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 1
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 1
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_constexpr)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 1
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 0
+
+#else
+# /* :FIXME: icpc must have constexpr but don't know how to detect. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 0
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 0
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) C++11 `constexpr`.  */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(_) constexpr
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX11 constexpr
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 /* void */
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(_) /* void */
+#endif
+
+/** Enables #RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR iff. ! #RUBY_DEBUG. */
+#if !RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(_) RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(_)
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_UNLESS_DEBUG(_) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38a7deeaaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/extension.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `[[deprecated]]` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION(attribute_deprecated_with_message)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __attribute__((__deprecated__ msg))
+
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 10, 1, 0) /* && RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(GCC, 10, X, Y) */
+# /* https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=95302 */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) /* disable until they fix this bug */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 5, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __attribute__((__deprecated__ msg))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Intel, 13, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __attribute__((__deprecated__ msg))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) /* but not with message. */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __attribute__((__deprecated__))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 14, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __declspec(deprecated msg)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) __declspec(deprecated)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) [[deprecated msg]]
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) [[deprecated msg]]
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(msg) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a79e904b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((diagnose_if))` */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(Clang, 5, 0, 0)
+# /* https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=34319 */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF(_, __, ___) /* void */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(diagnose_if)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF(_, __, ___) \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH() \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wgcc-compat) \
+    __attribute__((__diagnose_if__(_, __, ___))) \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF(_, __, ___) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6faa58185a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY_H             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      #RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((enum_extensibility))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(enum_extensibility)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY(_) __attribute__((__enum_extensibility__(_)))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY(_) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/error.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da19b73c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((error))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(error)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR(msg) __attribute__((__error__ msg))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR(msg) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..148384d842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM.
+ * @see        https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#flag_enum
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((flag_enum)` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(flag_enum)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM() __attribute__((__flag_enum__))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPLATTR_FLAG_ENUM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b31f1016f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/**
+ * Wraps (or  simulates) `__forceinline`.  MSVC complains  on declarations like
+ * `static inline __forceinline void foo()`.   It  seems  MSVC's  `inline`  and
+ * `__forceinline` are mutually exclusive.  We have to mimic that behaviour for
+ * non-MSVC compilers.
+ */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 12, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE() __forceinline
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(always_inline)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE() __attribute__((__always_inline__)) inline
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE() inline
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/format.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fcbf7b6cfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((format))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(format)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(x, y, z) __attribute__((__format__(x, y, z)))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(x, y, z) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__MINGW_PRINTF_FORMAT)
+# define RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT __MINGW_PRINTF_FORMAT
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT __printf__
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f46d1bc670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps  (or simulates)  `[[maybe_unused]]` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED() [[maybe_unused]]
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED() [[maybe_unused]]
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(unused)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED() __attribute__((__unused__))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63324b7184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS.
+ *
+ * ### Q&A ###
+ *
+ * - Q: There  are  seemingly   similar  attributes  named  #RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST,
+ *      #RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE, and #RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS.  What are the difference?
+ *
+ * - A: Allowed operations are different.
+ *
+ *     - #RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST ... Functions attributed by this are not allowed to
+ *       read/write  _any_ pointers  at all  (there are  exceptional situations
+ *       when  reading a  pointer is  possible but  forget that;  they are  too
+ *       exceptional  to be  useful).  Just  remember that  everything pointer-
+ *       related are NG.
+ *
+ *     - #RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE  ...   Functions attributed  by  this  can read  any
+ *       nonvolatile pointers, but  no writes are allowed at  all.  The ability
+ *       to read _any_ nonvolatile pointers  makes it possible to mark ::VALUE-
+ *       taking functions as being pure, as long as they are read-only.
+ *
+ *     - #RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS  ...  Can  both   read/write,  but  only  through
+ *       pointers  passed to  the function  as parameters.   This is  a typical
+ *       situation when you create a  C++ non-static member function which only
+ *       concerns `this`.  No  global variables are allowed  to read/write.  So
+ *       this is not a super-set of being pure.  If you want to read something,
+ *       that has to  be passed to the function as  a pointer.  ::VALUE -taking
+ *       functions thus cannot be attributed as such.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__declspec((noalias))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(noalias)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS() __declspec(noalias)
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fd71b1c23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h"
+
+/**
+ * Wraps  (or simulates)  `[[nodiscard]]`.  In  C++  (at least  since C++20)  a
+ * nodiscard attribute can  have a message why the result  shall not be ignoed.
+ * However GCC attribute and SAL annotation cannot take them.
+ */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD() [[nodiscard]]
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD() [[nodiscard]]
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warn_unused_result)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD() __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
+#elif defined(_Check_return_)
+# /* Take SAL definition. */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD() _Check_return_
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..968a7742b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT.
+ *
+ * This isn't actually an attribute in C++ but who cares...
+ *
+ * Mainly due  to aesthetic reasons,  this one is  rarely used in  the project.
+ * But can  be handy on  occasions, especially when a  function's noexcept-ness
+ * depends on its calling functions.
+ *
+ * ### Q&A ###
+ *
+ * - Q: Can a function that raises Ruby exceptions be attributed `noexcept`?
+ *
+ * - A: Yes.   `noexcept` is  about  C++ exceptions,  not  Ruby's.  They  don't
+ *      interface each other.  You can  safely attribute a function that raises
+ *      Ruby exceptions as `noexcept`.
+ *
+ * - Q: How, then, can I assert that  a function I wrote doesn't raise any Ruby
+ *      exceptions?
+ *
+ * - A: `__attribute__((__leaf__))` is for that purpose.  A function attributed
+ *      as leaf can still throw C++  exceptions, but not Ruby's.  Note however,
+ *      that it's extremely difficult -- if  not impossible -- to assert that a
+ *      function  doesn't  raise any  Ruby  exceptions  at  all.  Use  of  that
+ *      attribute is not  recommended; mere mortals can't properly  use that by
+ *      hand.
+ *
+ * - Q: Does it make sense to attribute an inline function `noexcept`?
+ *
+ * - A: I thought so before.  But no, I don't think they are useful any longer.
+ *
+ *     - When an  inline function attributed `noexcept`  actually doesn't throw
+ *       any  exceptions at  all:  these days  I don't  see  any difference  in
+ *       generated assembly  by adding/removing this attribute.   C++ compilers
+ *       get smarter and  smarter.  Today they can infer if  it actually throws
+ *       or not without any annotations by humans (correct me if I'm wrong).
+ *
+ *     - When an inline function attributed `noexcepr` actually _does_ throw an
+ *       exception:  they  have to  call  `std::terminate`  then (C++  standard
+ *       mandates  so).  This  means exception  handling routines  are actually
+ *       enforced, not  omitted.  This doesn't impact  runtime performance (The
+ *       Itanium C++ ABI has zero-cost  exception handling), but does impact on
+ *       generated binary size.  This is bad.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/feature.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) C++11 `noexcept` */
+#if ! defined(__cplusplus)
+# /* Doesn't make sense. */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) /* void */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_noexcept)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) noexcept(noexcept(_))
+
+#elif defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) && __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) noexcept(noexcept(_))
+
+#elif defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) noexcept(noexcept(_))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) noexcept(noexcept(_))
+
+#elif __cplusplus >= 201103L
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) noexcept(noexcept(_))
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(_) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..619f99a171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__declspec(noinline)` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(noinline)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE() __declspec(noinline)
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noinline)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE() __attribute__((__noinline__))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_NOINLINE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfced0bf74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((nonnull))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nonnull)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(list) __attribute__((__nonnull__ list))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(list) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f741167c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `[[noreturn]]` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN() __declspec(noreturn)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN() __attribute__((__noreturn__))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN() [[noreturn]]
+
+#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN() _Noreturn
+
+#elif defined(_Noreturn)
+# /* glibc <sys/cdefs.h> has this macro. */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN() _Noreturn
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a10540ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((pure))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(pure)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE() __attribute__((__pure__))
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE() _Pragma("does_not_write_global_data")
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE() /* void */
+#endif
+
+/** Enables #RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE iff. ! #RUBY_DEBUG. */
+#if !RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG() RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f4b7db165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/token_paste.h"
+
+/* :FIXME:  config.h  includes conflicting  `#define  restrict`.   MSVC can  be
+ * detected  using `RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE()`,  but  Clang &  family cannot  use
+ * `__has_declspec_attribute()` which involves macro substitution. */
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__declspec(restrict)` */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 14, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT() __declspec(RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(re, strict))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(malloc)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT() __attribute__((__malloc__))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT() _Pragma("returns_new_memory")
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91c7be15cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL_H                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((returns_nonnull))` */
+#if defined(_Ret_nonnull_)
+# /* Take SAL definition. */
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL() _Ret_nonnull_
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(returns_nonnull)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL() __attribute__((__returns_nonnull__))
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb6b214828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((warning))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(warning)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING(msg) __attribute__((__warning__ msg))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING(msg) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59dba678fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((weakref))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(weakref)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF(sym) __attribute__((__weakref__(# sym)))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF(sym) /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/cast.h b/include/ruby/internal/cast.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..065a5d01c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/cast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_CAST_H                                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_CAST_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines RBIMPL_CAST.
+ * @cond       INTERNAL_MACRO
+ *
+ * This casting macro makes sense only inside  of other macros that are part of
+ * public headers.  They could be used  from C++, and C-style casts could issue
+ * warnings.  Ruby internals are pure C so they should not bother.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/warning.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+
+#if ! defined(__cplusplus)
+# define RBIMPL_CAST(expr) (expr)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 6, 0)
+# /* g++ has -Wold-style-cast since 1997 or so, but its _Pragma is broken. */
+# /* See https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/XWhU6J */
+# define RBIMPL_CAST(expr) (expr)
+# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING("-Wold-style-cast")
+# define RBIMPL_CAST(expr)                   \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()                    \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wold-style-cast) \
+    (expr)                                  \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_CAST(expr) (expr)
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_CAST_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..776d7add4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @brief   Checks if the compiler is of given brand.
+ * @param   cc     Compiler brand, like `MSVC`.
+ * @retval  true   It is.
+ * @retval  false  It isn't.
+ */
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(cc) RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_ ## cc
+
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h"
+/* :TODO: Other possible compilers to support:
+ *
+ * - IBM  XL: recent  XL are  clang-backended  so some  tweaks like  we do  for
+ *   Apple's might be needed.
+ *
+ * - ARM's armclang: ditto, it can be clang-backended.  */
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a5f558254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_APPLE_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_APPLE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Apple.
+ *
+ * Apple  ships clang.   Problem is,  its  `__clang_major__` etc.  are not  the
+ * upstream LLVM  version, but XCode's.  We  have to think Apple's  is distinct
+ * from LLVM's,  when it comes  to compiler  detection business in  this header
+ * file.
+ */
+#if ! defined(__clang__)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Apple 0
+
+#elif ! defined(__apple_build_version__)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Apple 0
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Apple 1
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR __clang_major__
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR __clang_minor__
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH __clang_patchlevel__
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_APPLE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30655f2f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_CLANG_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_CLANG_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Clang.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h"
+
+#if ! defined(__clang__)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Clang 0
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Apple)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Clang 0
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Clang 1
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR __clang_major__
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR __clang_minor__
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH __clang_patchlevel__
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_CLANG_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6eabfb61a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h"
+
+#if ! defined(__GNUC__)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC 0
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Apple)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC 0
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Clang)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC 0
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Intel)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC 0
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC 1
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR __GNUC__
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR __GNUC_MINOR__
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_GCC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ada120485e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_INTEL_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_INTEL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Intel.
+ */
+#if ! defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Intel 0
+
+#elif ! defined(__INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Intel 1
+# /* __INTEL_COMPILER = XXYZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (__INTEL_COMPILER / 100)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (__INTEL_COMPILER % 100 / 10)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH (__INTEL_COMPILER       % 10)
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_Intel 1
+# /* __INTEL_COMPILER = XXYZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (__INTEL_COMPILER / 100)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (__INTEL_COMPILER % 100 / 10)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH __INTEL_COMPILER_UPDATE
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_INTEL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60189da1a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC_H                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h"
+
+#if ! defined(_MSC_VER)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 0
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Clang)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 0
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Intel)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 0
+
+#elif _MSC_VER >= 1400
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 1
+# /* _MSC_FULL_VER = XXYYZZZZZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (_MSC_FULL_VER / 10000000)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (_MSC_FULL_VER % 10000000 / 100000)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH (_MSC_FULL_VER            % 100000)
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_FULL_VER)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 1
+# /* _MSC_FULL_VER = XXYYZZZZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (_MSC_FULL_VER / 1000000)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (_MSC_FULL_VER % 1000000 / 10000)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH (_MSC_FULL_VER           % 10000)
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC 1
+# /* _MSC_VER = XXYY */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (_MSC_VER / 100)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (_MSC_VER % 100)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH 0
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_MSVC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2eb7b892f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SUNPRO_H                  /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SUNPRO_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SunPro.
+ */
+#if ! (defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC))
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SunPro 0
+
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_C) && __SUNPRO_C >= 0x5100
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SunPro 1
+# /* __SUNPRO_C = 0xXYYZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR  (__SUNPRO_C >> 12)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR ((__SUNPRO_C >> 8 & 0xF) * 10 + (__SUNPRO_C >> 4 & 0xF))
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH  (__SUNPRO_C      & 0xF)
+
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC) && __SUNPRO_CC >= 0x5100
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SunPro 1
+# /* __SUNPRO_CC = 0xXYYZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR  (__SUNPRO_CC >> 12)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR ((__SUNPRO_CC >> 8 & 0xF) * 10 + (__SUNPRO_CC >> 4 & 0xF))
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH  (__SUNPRO_CC      & 0xF)
+
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_C)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SunPro 1
+# /* __SUNPRO_C = 0xXYZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (__SUNPRO_C >> 8)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (__SUNPRO_C >> 4 & 0xF)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH (__SUNPRO_C      & 0xF)
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SunPro 1
+# /* __SUNPRO_CC = 0xXYZ */
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR (__SUNPRO_CC >> 8)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR (__SUNPRO_CC >> 4 & 0xF)
+# define RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH (__SUNPRO_CC      & 0xF)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS_SUNPRO_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92abb8acc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+
+/**
+ * @brief   Checks if the compiler is of given brand and is newer than or equal
+ *          to the passed version.
+ * @param   cc     Compiler brand, like `MSVC`.
+ * @param   x      Major version.
+ * @param   y      Minor version.
+ * @param   z      Patchlevel.
+ * @retval  true   cc >= x.y.z.
+ * @retval  false  oherwise.
+ */
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(cc, x, y, z)     \
+     (RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(cc)                && \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR >  (x)) || \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR == (x)) && \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR >  (y)) || \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR == (y)) && \
+     (RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH >= (z)))))))
+
+/**
+ * @brief   Checks if  the compiler  is of  given brand and  is older  than the
+ *          passed version.
+ * @param   cc     Compiler brand, like `MSVC`.
+ * @param   x      Major version.
+ * @param   y      Minor version.
+ * @param   z      Patchlevel.
+ * @retval  true   cc < x.y.z.
+ * @retval  false  oherwise.
+ */
+#define RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(cc, x, y, z)    \
+     (RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(cc)                && \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR <  (x)) || \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MAJOR == (x)) && \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR <  (y)) || \
+    ((RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_MINOR == (y)) && \
+     (RBIMPL_COMPILER_VERSION_PATCH <  (z)))))))
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/config.h b/include/ruby/internal/config.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67d7e0156f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_CONFIG_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_CONFIG_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Thin wrapper to ruby/config.h
+ */
+#include "ruby/config.h"
+
+#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+# include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+
+#undef  HAVE_PROTOTYPES
+#define HAVE_PROTOTYPES 1
+
+#undef  HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+#define HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES 1
+
+#undef  TOKEN_PASTE
+#define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+#/* __builtin_choose_expr and __builtin_types_compatible aren't available
+# * on C++.  See https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html */
+# undef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P
+# undef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P
+
+/* HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO is for C.  C++ situations might be different. */
+# undef HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
+# if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#  define HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
+# elif defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) && __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+#  define HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
+# elif defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__)
+#  define HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
+# elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 16, 0, 0)
+#  define HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
+# else
+#  /* NG, not known. */
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(GCC, 4, 9, 0)
+# /* See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14221 */
+# undef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P
+#endif
+
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(GCC, 5, 0, 0)
+# /* GCC 4.9.2 reportedly has this feature  and is broken.  The function is not
+#  * officially documented below.  Seems we should not use it.
+#  * https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.9.4/gcc/Other-Builtins.html */
+# undef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_ALLOCA_WITH_ALIGN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
+# /* Oracle  Developer Studio  12.5: GCC compatibility guide  says it  supports
+#  * statement expressions.   But to our  knowledge they support  the extension
+#  * only for C and not for C++.  Prove  me wrong.  Am happy to support them if
+#  * there is a way. */
+# undef HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STRINGIZE0
+# define STRINGIZE(expr) STRINGIZE0(expr)
+# define STRINGIZE0(expr) #expr
+#endif
+
+#ifdef AC_APPLE_UNIVERSAL_BUILD
+# undef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+# ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#  define WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DLEXT_MAXLEN
+# define DLEXT_MAXLEN 4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_PLATFORM
+# define RUBY_PLATFORM "unknown-unknown"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(__i386)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(_M_IX86)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(__x86_64)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(_M_AMD64)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(__powerpc64__)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(__mc68020__)
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#else
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 0
+#endif
+
+/* Detection of __VA_OPT__ */
+#if ! defined(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
+# undef HAVE___VA_OPT__
+
+#else
+# /* Idea taken from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/48045656 */
+# define RBIMPL_TEST3(q, w, e, ...) e
+# define RBIMPL_TEST2(...)          RBIMPL_TEST3(__VA_OPT__(,),1,0,0)
+# define RBIMPL_TEST1()             RBIMPL_TEST2("ruby")
+# if RBIMPL_TEST1()
+#  define HAVE___VA_OPT__
+# else
+#  undef HAVE___VA_OPT__
+# endif
+# undef RBIMPL_TEST1
+# undef RBIMPL_TEST2
+# undef RBIMPL_TEST3
+#endif /* HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO */
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_CONFIG_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/constant_p.h b/include/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e54a8d85b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P.
+ *
+ * Note that __builtin_constant_p can be applicable inside of inline functions,
+ * according to GCC manual.  Clang lacks that feature, though.
+ *
+ * @see https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4898
+ * @see https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/builtin.h"
+
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_constant_p)
+# define RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(expr) __builtin_constant_p(expr)
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(expr) 0
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core.h b/include/ruby/internal/core.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53a00a4603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_CORE_H                                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_CORE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Core data structures, definitions and manupulations.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rarray.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rclass.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rdata.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rfile.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rhash.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/robject.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rstring.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h"
+#endif /* RBIMPL_CORE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..938e2dc897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RARRAY_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RARRAY_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RArray.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/rgengc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#ifndef USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+# define USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP 1
+#endif
+
+#define RARRAY(obj)            RBIMPL_CAST((struct RArray *)(obj))
+#define RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG      RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG
+#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK  RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK
+#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX   RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX
+#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+# define RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG
+#else
+# define RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG 0
+#endif
+#define RARRAY_LEN                 rb_array_len
+#define RARRAY_CONST_PTR           rb_array_const_ptr
+#define RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT rb_array_const_ptr_transient
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#if defined(__fcc__) || defined(__fcc_version) || \
+    defined(__FCC__) || defined(__FCC_VERSION)
+/* workaround for old version of Fujitsu C Compiler (fcc) */
+# define FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(x) ((const VALUE *)(x))
+#else
+# define FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN   RARRAY_EMBED_LEN
+#define RARRAY_LENINT      RARRAY_LENINT
+#define RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P
+#define RARRAY_ASET        RARRAY_ASET
+#define RARRAY_PTR         RARRAY_PTR
+/** @endcond */
+
+enum ruby_rarray_flags {
+    RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG      = RUBY_FL_USER1,
+    /* RUBY_FL_USER2 is for ELTS_SHARED */
+    RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK  = RUBY_FL_USER4 | RUBY_FL_USER3
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    ,
+    RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG  = RUBY_FL_USER13
+#endif
+};
+
+enum ruby_rarray_consts {
+    RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT = RUBY_FL_USHIFT + 3,
+    RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX   = RBIMPL_EMBED_LEN_MAX_OF(VALUE)
+};
+
+struct RArray {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            long len;
+            union {
+                long capa;
+#if defined(__clang__)      /* <- clang++ is sane */ || \
+    !defined(__cplusplus)   /* <- C99 is sane */     || \
+    (__cplusplus > 199711L) /* <- C++11 is sane */
+                const
+#endif
+                VALUE shared_root;
+            } aux;
+            const VALUE *ptr;
+        } heap;
+        const VALUE ary[RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
+    } as;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE *rb_ary_ptr_use_start(VALUE ary);
+void rb_ary_ptr_use_end(VALUE a);
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+void rb_ary_detransient(VALUE a);
+#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline long
+RARRAY_EMBED_LEN(VALUE ary)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(ary, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FL_ANY_RAW(ary, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG));
+
+    VALUE f = RBASIC(ary)->flags;
+    f &= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK;
+    f >>= RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT;
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((long)f);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+static inline long
+rb_array_len(VALUE a)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(a, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+
+    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(a, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)) {
+        return RARRAY_EMBED_LEN(a);
+    }
+    else {
+        return RARRAY(a)->as.heap.len;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+RARRAY_LENINT(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return rb_long2int(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE ary)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(ary, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    return RB_FL_ANY_RAW(ary, RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+/* internal function. do not use this function */
+static inline const VALUE *
+rb_array_const_ptr_transient(VALUE a)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(a, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+
+    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(a, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)) {
+        return FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(RARRAY(a)->as.ary);
+    }
+    else {
+        return FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(RARRAY(a)->as.heap.ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+#if ! USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+#endif
+/* internal function. do not use this function */
+static inline const VALUE *
+rb_array_const_ptr(VALUE a)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(a, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(a)) {
+        rb_ary_detransient(a);
+    }
+#endif
+    return rb_array_const_ptr_transient(a);
+}
+
+/* internal function. do not use this function */
+static inline VALUE *
+rb_array_ptr_use_start(VALUE a,
+                       RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+                       int allow_transient)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(a, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    if (!allow_transient) {
+        if (RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(a)) {
+            rb_ary_detransient(a);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return rb_ary_ptr_use_start(a);
+}
+
+/* internal function. do not use this function */
+static inline void
+rb_array_ptr_use_end(VALUE a,
+                     RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED()
+                     int allow_transient)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(a, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+    rb_ary_ptr_use_end(a);
+}
+
+#define RBIMPL_RARRAY_STMT(flag, ary, var, expr) do {        \
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE((ary), RUBY_T_ARRAY);                 \
+    const VALUE rbimpl_ary = (ary);                          \
+    VALUE *var = rb_array_ptr_use_start(rbimpl_ary, (flag)); \
+    expr;                                                   \
+    rb_array_ptr_use_end(rbimpl_ary, (flag));                \
+} while (0)
+
+#define RARRAY_PTR_USE_START(a) rb_array_ptr_use_start(a, 0)
+#define RARRAY_PTR_USE_END(a) rb_array_ptr_use_end(a, 0)
+#define RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr_name, expr) \
+    RBIMPL_RARRAY_STMT(0, ary, ptr_name, expr)
+
+#define RARRAY_PTR_USE_START_TRANSIENT(a) rb_array_ptr_use_start(a, 1)
+#define RARRAY_PTR_USE_END_TRANSIENT(a) rb_array_ptr_use_end(a, 1)
+#define RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr_name, expr) \
+    RBIMPL_RARRAY_STMT(1, ary, ptr_name, expr)
+
+static inline VALUE *
+RARRAY_PTR(VALUE ary)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(ary, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+
+    VALUE tmp = RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(ARRAY, ary);
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tmp));
+}
+
+static inline void
+RARRAY_ASET(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE v)
+{
+    RARRAY_PTR_USE_TRANSIENT(ary, ptr,
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(ary, &ptr[i], v));
+}
+
+/*
+ * :FIXME: we want to convert RARRAY_AREF into an inline function (to add rooms
+ * for more sanity checks).  However there were situations where the address of
+ * this macro is taken i.e. &RARRAY_AREF(...).  They cannot be possible if this
+ * is not a  macro.  Such usages are abuse, and  we eliminated them internally.
+ * However we are afraid  of similar things to remain in  the wild.  This macro
+ * remains as  it is due to  that.  If we could  warn such usages we  can set a
+ * transition path, but currently no way is found to do so.
+ */
+#define RARRAY_AREF(a, i) RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(a)[i]
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RARRAY_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6093c047a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RBASIC_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RBASIC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RBasic.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#define RBASIC(obj)          RBIMPL_CAST((struct RBasic *)(obj))
+#define RBASIC_CLASS         RBASIC_CLASS
+#define RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RBIMPL_EMBED_LEN_MAX_OF(T) \
+    RBIMPL_CAST((int)(sizeof(VALUE[RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX]) / (sizeof(T))))
+/** @endcond */
+
+enum ruby_rvalue_flags { RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX = 3 };
+
+struct
+RUBY_ALIGNAS(SIZEOF_VALUE)
+RBasic {
+    VALUE flags;                /**< @see enum ::ruby_fl_type. */
+    const VALUE klass;
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+  public:
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+    /**
+     * We need to define this explicit constructor because the field `klass` is
+     * const-qualified above,  which effectively  defines the  implicit default
+     * constructor as "deleted"  (as of C++11) --  No way but to  define one by
+     * ourselves.
+     */
+    RBasic() :
+        flags(RBIMPL_VALUE_NULL),
+        klass(RBIMPL_VALUE_NULL)
+    {
+    }
+#endif
+};
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_obj_hide(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_obj_reveal(VALUE obj, VALUE klass); /* do not use this API to change klass information */
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RBASIC_CLASS(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
+    return RBASIC(obj)->klass;
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RBASIC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89db566501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RBIGNUM_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RBIGNUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Routines to manipulate struct ::RBignum.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+
+#define RBIGNUM_SIGN rb_big_sign
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P
+#define RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+int rb_big_sign(VALUE num);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+static inline bool
+RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(VALUE b) {
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(b, RUBY_T_BIGNUM);
+    return RBIGNUM_SIGN(b);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(VALUE b) {
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(b, RUBY_T_BIGNUM);
+    return ! RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(b);
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RBIGNUM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0aa6b1290e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RCLASS_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RCLASS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Routines to manipulate struct ::RClass.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+
+#define RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID              RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID
+#define RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT            RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT
+#define RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT
+
+#define RCLASS(obj)  RBIMPL_CAST((struct RClass *)(obj))
+#define RMODULE      RCLASS
+#define RCLASS_SUPER rb_class_get_superclass
+
+enum ruby_rmodule_flags {
+    RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID              = RUBY_FL_USER2,
+    RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT            = RUBY_FL_USER3,
+    RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT = RUBY_FL_USER4
+};
+
+struct RClass; /* Opaque, declared here for RCLASS() macro. */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_class_get_superclass(VALUE);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RCLASS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca44a931dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RDATA_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RDATA_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RData.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/warning.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/token_paste.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/defines.h"
+
+#ifdef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(RUBY_EXPORT)
+# define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 1
+#else
+# define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
+#endif
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(f) RBIMPL_CAST((void (*)(void *))(f))
+#define RBIMPL_ATTRSET_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC() \
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_WARNING(("untyped Data is unsafe; use TypedData instead")) \
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by TypedData"))
+/** @endcond */
+
+#define RDATA(obj)                RBIMPL_CAST((struct RData *)(obj))
+#define DATA_PTR(obj)             RDATA(obj)->data
+#define RUBY_MACRO_SELECT         RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE
+#define RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE         RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(-1)
+#define RUBY_NEVER_FREE           RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(0)
+#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC(f) f RBIMPL_ATTRSET_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC()
+
+/*
+#define RUBY_DATA_FUNC(func) ((void (*)(void*))(func))
+*/
+typedef void (*RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(void*);
+
+struct RData {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark;
+    RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree;
+    void *data;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_data_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree);
+VALUE rb_data_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree);
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cObject;
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#define Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, mark, free, sval) \
+    rb_data_object_wrap(                          \
+        (klass),                                  \
+        (sval),                                   \
+        RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(mark),                    \
+        RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(free))
+
+#define Data_Make_Struct0(result, klass, type, size, mark, free, sval)  \
+    VALUE result = rb_data_object_zalloc(          \
+        (klass),                                   \
+        (size),                                    \
+        RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(mark),                     \
+        RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(free));                    \
+    (sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)DATA_PTR(result)); \
+    RBIMPL_CAST(/*suppress unused variable warnings*/(void)(sval))
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR
+#define Data_Make_Struct(klass, type, mark, free, sval) \
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION({      \
+        Data_Make_Struct0(   \
+            data_struct_obj, \
+            klass,           \
+            type,            \
+            sizeof(type),    \
+            mark,            \
+            free,            \
+            sval);           \
+        data_struct_obj;     \
+    })
+#else
+#define Data_Make_Struct(klass, type, mark, free, sval) \
+    rb_data_object_make(              \
+        (klass),                      \
+        RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(mark),        \
+        RBIMPL_DATA_FUNC(free),        \
+        RBIMPL_CAST((void **)&(sval)), \
+        sizeof(type))
+#endif
+
+#define Data_Get_Struct(obj, type, sval) \
+    ((sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type*)rb_data_object_get(obj)))
+
+RBIMPL_ATTRSET_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC()
+static inline VALUE
+rb_data_object_wrap_warning(VALUE klass, void *ptr, RUBY_DATA_FUNC mark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC free)
+{
+    return rb_data_object_wrap(klass, ptr, mark, free);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+rb_data_object_get(VALUE obj)
+{
+    Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
+    return DATA_PTR(obj);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTRSET_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC()
+static inline void *
+rb_data_object_get_warning(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_data_object_get(obj);
+}
+
+#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
+# define rb_data_object_wrap_warning(klass, ptr, mark, free) \
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION(                                       \
+        __builtin_choose_expr(                               \
+            __builtin_constant_p(klass) && !(klass),         \
+            rb_data_object_wrap(klass, ptr, mark, free),     \
+            (rb_data_object_wrap_warning)(klass, ptr, mark, free)))
+#endif
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_data_object_make(VALUE klass, RUBY_DATA_FUNC mark_func, RUBY_DATA_FUNC free_func, void **datap, size_t size)
+{
+    Data_Make_Struct0(result, klass, void, size, mark_func, free_func, *datap);
+    return result;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_data_object_wrap"))
+static inline VALUE
+rb_data_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *data, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree)
+{
+    return rb_data_object_wrap(klass, data, dmark, dfree);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_cObject.  Will be removed in 3.1."))
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+static inline VALUE
+rb_cData(void)
+{
+    return rb_cObject;
+}
+#define rb_cData rb_cData()
+
+#define rb_data_object_wrap_0 rb_data_object_wrap
+#define rb_data_object_wrap_1 rb_data_object_wrap_warning
+#define rb_data_object_wrap   RUBY_MACRO_SELECT(rb_data_object_wrap_, RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING)
+#define rb_data_object_get_0  rb_data_object_get
+#define rb_data_object_get_1  rb_data_object_get_warning
+#define rb_data_object_get    RUBY_MACRO_SELECT(rb_data_object_get_, RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING)
+#define rb_data_object_make_0 rb_data_object_make
+#define rb_data_object_make_1 rb_data_object_make_warning
+#define rb_data_object_make   RUBY_MACRO_SELECT(rb_data_object_make_, RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING)
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RDATA_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..464625b2bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RFILE_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RFILE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RFile.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+
+/* rb_io_t is in ruby/io.h.  The header file has historically not been included
+ * into ruby/ruby.h.  We follow that tradition. */
+struct rb_io_t;
+
+struct RFile {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    struct rb_io_t *fptr;
+};
+
+#define RFILE(obj) RBIMPL_CAST((struct RFile *)(obj))
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RFILE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9bedf0af80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RHASH_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RHASH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Routines to manipulate struct ::RHash.
+ *
+ * Shyouhei really suffered agnish over placement of macros in this file.  They
+ * are half-brken.  The situation (as of wriring) is:
+ *
+ * - #RHASH_TBL: works.
+ * - #RHASH_ITER_LEV: compile-time error.
+ * - #RHASH_IFNONE: compile-time error.
+ * - #RHASH_SIZE: works.
+ * - #RHASH_EMPTY_P: works.
+ * - #RHASH_SET_IFNONE: works (why... given you cannot query).
+ *
+ * Shyouhei stopped thinking.  Let them be as is.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#if !defined RUBY_EXPORT && !defined RUBY_NO_OLD_COMPATIBILITY
+# include "ruby/backward.h"
+#endif
+
+#define RHASH_TBL(h)                rb_hash_tbl(h, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RHASH_ITER_LEV(h)           rb_hash_iter_lev(h)
+#define RHASH_IFNONE(h)             rb_hash_ifnone(h)
+#define RHASH_SIZE(h)               rb_hash_size_num(h)
+#define RHASH_EMPTY_P(h)            (RHASH_SIZE(h) == 0)
+#define RHASH_SET_IFNONE(h, ifnone) rb_hash_set_ifnone((VALUE)h, ifnone)
+
+struct st_table;  /* in ruby/st.h */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+size_t rb_hash_size_num(VALUE hash);
+struct st_table *rb_hash_tbl(VALUE, const char *file, int line);
+VALUE rb_hash_set_ifnone(VALUE hash, VALUE ifnone);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RHASH_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rmatch.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rmatch.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03ab5e5d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rmatch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RMATCH_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RMATCH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RMatch.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#define RMATCH(obj) RBIMPL_CAST((struct RMatch *)(obj))
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RMATCH_REGS RMATCH_REGS
+/** @endcond */
+
+struct re_patter_buffer; /* a.k.a. OnigRegexType, defined in onigmo.h */
+struct re_registers;     /* Also in onigmo.h */
+
+/* @shyouhei wonders: is anyone actively using this typedef ...? */
+typedef struct re_pattern_buffer Regexp;
+
+struct rmatch_offset {
+    long beg;
+    long end;
+};
+
+struct rmatch {
+    struct re_registers regs;
+
+    struct rmatch_offset *char_offset;
+    int char_offset_num_allocated;
+};
+
+struct RMatch {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    VALUE str;
+    struct rmatch *rmatch;
+    VALUE regexp;  /* RRegexp */
+};
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline struct re_registers *
+RMATCH_REGS(VALUE match)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(match, RUBY_T_MATCH);
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RMATCH(match)->rmatch != NULL);
+    return &RMATCH(match)->rmatch->regs;
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RMATCH_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c352c87a40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ROBJECT_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ROBJECT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RObject.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+# include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+
+#define ROBJECT(obj)          RBIMPL_CAST((struct RObject *)(obj))
+#define ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX
+#define ROBJECT_EMBED         ROBJECT_EMBED
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define ROBJECT_NUMIV         ROBJECT_NUMIV
+#define ROBJECT_IVPTR         ROBJECT_IVPTR
+#define ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL  ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
+/** @endcond */
+
+enum ruby_robject_flags { ROBJECT_EMBED = RUBY_FL_USER1 };
+
+enum ruby_robject_consts { ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX = RBIMPL_EMBED_LEN_MAX_OF(VALUE) };
+
+struct st_table;
+
+struct RObject {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            uint32_t numiv;
+            VALUE *ivptr;
+            struct st_table *iv_index_tbl; /* shortcut for RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(rb_obj_class(obj)) */
+        } heap;
+        VALUE ary[ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
+    } as;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline uint32_t
+ROBJECT_NUMIV(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(obj, RUBY_T_OBJECT);
+
+    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
+        return ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX;
+    }
+    else {
+        return ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.numiv;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE *
+ROBJECT_IVPTR(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(obj, RUBY_T_OBJECT);
+
+    struct RObject *const ptr = ROBJECT(obj);
+
+    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
+        return ptr->as.ary;
+    }
+    else {
+        return ptr->as.heap.ivptr;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ROBJECT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f289ee1dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RREGEXP_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RREGEXP_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RRegexp.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rstring.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+
+#define RREGEXP(obj)     RBIMPL_CAST((struct RRegexp *)(obj))
+#define RREGEXP_PTR(obj) (RREGEXP(obj)->ptr)
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RREGEXP_SRC      RREGEXP_SRC
+#define RREGEXP_SRC_PTR  RREGEXP_SRC_PTR
+#define RREGEXP_SRC_LEN  RREGEXP_SRC_LEN
+#define RREGEXP_SRC_END  RREGEXP_SRC_END
+/** @endcond */
+
+struct re_patter_buffer; /* a.k.a. OnigRegexType, defined in onigmo.h */
+
+struct RRegexp {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    struct re_pattern_buffer *ptr;
+    const VALUE src;
+    unsigned long usecnt;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RREGEXP_SRC(VALUE rexp)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(rexp, RUBY_T_REGEXP);
+    VALUE ret = RREGEXP(rexp)->src;
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(ret, RUBY_T_STRING);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline char *
+RREGEXP_SRC_PTR(VALUE rexp)
+{
+    return RSTRING_PTR(RREGEXP_SRC(rexp));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline long
+RREGEXP_SRC_LEN(VALUE rexp)
+{
+    return RSTRING_LEN(RREGEXP_SRC(rexp));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline char *
+RREGEXP_SRC_END(VALUE rexp)
+{
+    return RSTRING_END(RREGEXP_SRC(rexp));
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RREGEXP_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d073da1d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RSTRING_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RSTRING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RString.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#define RSTRING(obj)            RBIMPL_CAST((struct RString *)(obj))
+#define RSTRING_NOEMBED         RSTRING_NOEMBED
+#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK  RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK
+#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT
+#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX   RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX
+#define RSTRING_FSTR            RSTRING_FSTR
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN RSTRING_EMBED_LEN
+#define RSTRING_LEN       RSTRING_LEN
+#define RSTRING_LENINT    RSTRING_LENINT
+#define RSTRING_PTR       RSTRING_PTR
+#define RSTRING_END       RSTRING_END
+/** @endcond */
+
+#define StringValue(v)     rb_string_value(&(v))
+#define StringValuePtr(v)  rb_string_value_ptr(&(v))
+#define StringValueCStr(v) rb_string_value_cstr(&(v))
+#define SafeStringValue(v) StringValue(v)
+#define ExportStringValue(v) do { \
+    StringValue(v);               \
+    (v) = rb_str_export(v);       \
+} while (0)
+
+enum ruby_rstring_flags {
+    RSTRING_NOEMBED         = RUBY_FL_USER1,
+    RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK  = RUBY_FL_USER2 | RUBY_FL_USER3 | RUBY_FL_USER4 |
+                              RUBY_FL_USER5 | RUBY_FL_USER6,
+    /* Actually,  string  encodings are  also  encoded  into the  flags,  using
+     * remaining bits.*/
+    RSTRING_FSTR            = RUBY_FL_USER17
+};
+
+enum ruby_rstring_consts {
+    RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT = RUBY_FL_USHIFT + 2,
+    RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX   = RBIMPL_EMBED_LEN_MAX_OF(char) - 1
+};
+
+struct RString {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            long len;
+            char *ptr;
+            union {
+                long capa;
+                VALUE shared;
+            } aux;
+        } heap;
+        char ary[RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX + 1];
+    } as;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_str_to_str(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_string_value(volatile VALUE*);
+char *rb_string_value_ptr(volatile VALUE*);
+char *rb_string_value_cstr(volatile VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_str_export(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_export_locale(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR(("rb_check_safe_str() and Check_SafeStr() are obsolete; use StringValue() instead"))
+void rb_check_safe_str(VALUE);
+#define Check_SafeStr(v) rb_check_safe_str(RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)(v)))
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline long
+RSTRING_EMBED_LEN(VALUE str)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(str, RUBY_T_STRING);
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(! RB_FL_ANY_RAW(str, RSTRING_NOEMBED));
+
+    VALUE f = RBASIC(str)->flags;
+    f &= RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK;
+    f >>= RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT;
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((long)f);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Intel)
+RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(413)
+#endif
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline struct RString
+rbimpl_rstring_getmem(VALUE str)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(str, RUBY_T_STRING);
+
+    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(str, RSTRING_NOEMBED)) {
+        return *RSTRING(str);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Expecting compilers to optimize this on-stack struct away. */
+        struct RString retval;
+        retval.as.heap.len = RSTRING_EMBED_LEN(str);
+        retval.as.heap.ptr = RSTRING(str)->as.ary;
+        return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline long
+RSTRING_LEN(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rbimpl_rstring_getmem(str).as.heap.len;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline char *
+RSTRING_PTR(VALUE str)
+{
+    char *ptr = rbimpl_rstring_getmem(str).as.heap.ptr;
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! ptr)) {
+        /* :BEWARE: @shyouhei thinks  that currently, there are  rooms for this
+         * function to return  NULL.  In the 20th century that  was a pointless
+         * concern.  However struct RString can hold fake strings nowadays.  It
+         * seems no  check against NULL  are exercised around handling  of them
+         * (one  of  such   usages  is  located  in   marshal.c,  which  scares
+         * @shyouhei).  Better check here for maximum safety.
+         *
+         * Also,  this is  not rb_warn()  because RSTRING_PTR()  can be  called
+         * during GC (see  what obj_info() does).  rb_warn()  needs to allocate
+         * Ruby objects.  That is not possible at this moment. */
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n",
+            "RSTRING_PTR is returning NULL!! "
+            "SIGSEGV is highly expected to follow immediately. "
+            "If you could reproduce, attach your debugger here, "
+            "and look at the passed string."
+        );
+    }
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline char *
+RSTRING_END(VALUE str)
+{
+    struct RString buf = rbimpl_rstring_getmem(str);
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! buf.as.heap.ptr)) {
+        /* Ditto. */
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n",
+            "RSTRING_END is returning NULL!! "
+            "SIGSEGV is highly expected to follow immediately. "
+            "If you could reproduce, attach your debugger here, "
+            "and look at the passed string."
+        );
+    }
+
+    return &buf.as.heap.ptr[buf.as.heap.len];
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+RSTRING_LENINT(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_long2int(RSTRING_LEN(str));
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR
+# define RSTRING_GETMEM(str, ptrvar, lenvar) \
+    __extension__ ({ \
+        struct RString rbimpl_str = rbimpl_rstring_getmem(str); \
+        (ptrvar) = rbimpl_str.as.heap.ptr; \
+        (lenvar) = rbimpl_str.as.heap.len; \
+    })
+#else
+# define RSTRING_GETMEM(str, ptrvar, lenvar) \
+    ((ptrvar) = RSTRING_PTR(str),           \
+     (lenvar) = RSTRING_LEN(str))
+#endif /* HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR */
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RSTRING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17454f7cbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RSTRUCT_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RSTRUCT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Routines to manipulate struct ::RStruct.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h"
+#if !defined RUBY_EXPORT && !defined RUBY_NO_OLD_COMPATIBILITY
+# include "ruby/backward.h"
+#endif
+
+#define RSTRUCT_PTR(st) rb_struct_ptr(st)
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RSTRUCT_LEN RSTRUCT_LEN
+#define RSTRUCT_SET RSTRUCT_SET
+#define RSTRUCT_GET RSTRUCT_GET
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_struct_size(VALUE s);
+VALUE rb_struct_aref(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_aset(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline long
+RSTRUCT_LEN(VALUE st)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(st, RUBY_T_STRUCT);
+
+    return RB_NUM2LONG(rb_struct_size(st));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RSTRUCT_SET(VALUE st, int k, VALUE v)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(st, RUBY_T_STRUCT);
+
+    return rb_struct_aset(st, INT2NUM(k), (v));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RSTRUCT_GET(VALUE st, int k)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(st, RUBY_T_STRUCT);
+
+    return rb_struct_aref(st, INT2NUM(k));
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RSTRUCT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c038e6f2b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines struct ::RTypedData.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rdata.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/error.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+
+#define HAVE_TYPE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T     1
+#define HAVE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T_FUNCTION 1
+#define HAVE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T_PARENT   1
+#define RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE      RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE
+#define RUBY_TYPED_NEVER_FREE        RUBY_NEVER_FREE
+#define RTYPEDDATA(obj)              RBIMPL_CAST((struct RTypedData *)(obj))
+#define RTYPEDDATA_DATA(v)           (RTYPEDDATA(v)->data)
+#define Check_TypedStruct(v, t)      \
+    rb_check_typeddata(RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)(v)), (t))
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RTYPEDDATA_P                 RTYPEDDATA_P
+#define RTYPEDDATA_TYPE              RTYPEDDATA_TYPE
+#define RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY  RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+#define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE  RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
+#define RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED      RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
+#define RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1         RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1
+/** @endcond */
+
+/* bits for rb_data_type_struct::flags */
+enum rbimpl_typeddata_flags {
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY = 1,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE = RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE,
+    RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED     = RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED, /* THIS FLAG DEPENDS ON Ruby version */
+    RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1        = RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1     /* THIS FLAG DEPENDS ON Ruby version */
+};
+
+typedef struct rb_data_type_struct rb_data_type_t;
+
+struct rb_data_type_struct {
+    const char *wrap_struct_name;
+    struct {
+        RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark;
+        RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree;
+        size_t (*dsize)(const void *);
+        RUBY_DATA_FUNC dcompact;
+        void *reserved[1]; /* For future extension.
+                              This array *must* be filled with ZERO. */
+    } function;
+    const rb_data_type_t *parent;
+    void *data;        /* This area can be used for any purpose
+                          by a programmer who define the type. */
+    VALUE flags;       /* RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED */
+};
+
+struct RTypedData {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    const rb_data_type_t *type;
+    VALUE typed_flag; /* 1 or not */
+    void *data;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *);
+VALUE rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t *type);
+int rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *parent);
+int rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);
+void *rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#define TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass,data_type,sval)\
+  rb_data_typed_object_wrap((klass),(sval),(data_type))
+
+#define TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, type, size, data_type, sval) \
+    VALUE result = rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(klass, size, data_type);    \
+    (sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)RTYPEDDATA_DATA(result));                  \
+    RBIMPL_CAST(/*suppress unused variable warnings*/(void)(sval))
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR
+#define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) \
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION({         \
+        TypedData_Make_Struct0( \
+            data_struct_obj,    \
+            klass,              \
+            type,               \
+            sizeof(type),       \
+            data_type,          \
+            sval);              \
+        data_struct_obj;        \
+    })
+#else
+#define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) \
+    rb_data_typed_object_make(        \
+        (klass),                      \
+        (data_type),                  \
+        RBIMPL_CAST((void **)&(sval)), \
+        sizeof(type))
+#endif
+
+#define TypedData_Get_Struct(obj,type,data_type,sval) \
+    ((sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)rb_check_typeddata((obj), (data_type))))
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RTYPEDDATA(obj)->typed_flag == 1;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RTYPEDDATA_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) {
+        Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
+        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(obj);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/* :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? */
+static inline const struct rb_data_type_struct *
+RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RTYPEDDATA_P(obj))) {
+        rb_unexpected_type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
+        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_data_typed_object_make(VALUE klass, const rb_data_type_t *type, void **datap, size_t size)
+{
+    TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, void, size, type, *datap);
+    return result;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_data_typed_object_wrap"))
+static inline VALUE
+rb_data_typed_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
+{
+    return rb_data_typed_object_wrap(klass, datap, type);
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/ctype.h b/include/ruby/internal/ctype.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aea3e0ca3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/ctype.h
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_CTYPE_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_CTYPE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Our own, locale independent, character handling routines.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <ctype.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
+#ifndef ISPRINT
+# define ISASCII  rb_isascii
+# define ISPRINT  rb_isprint
+# define ISGRAPH  rb_isgraph
+# define ISSPACE  rb_isspace
+# define ISUPPER  rb_isupper
+# define ISLOWER  rb_islower
+# define ISALNUM  rb_isalnum
+# define ISALPHA  rb_isalpha
+# define ISDIGIT  rb_isdigit
+# define ISXDIGIT rb_isxdigit
+# define ISBLANK  rb_isblank
+# define ISCNTRL  rb_iscntrl
+# define ISPUNCT  rb_ispunct
+#endif
+
+#define TOUPPER     rb_toupper
+#define TOLOWER     rb_tolower
+#define STRCASECMP  st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp
+#define STRNCASECMP st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp
+#define STRTOUL     ruby_strtoul
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+/* locale insensitive functions */
+int st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+int st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
+unsigned long ruby_strtoul(const char *str, char **endptr, int base);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+/*
+ * We are making  the functions below to return `int`  instead of `bool`.  They
+ * have been as such since their birth at 5f237d79033b2109afb768bc889611fa9630.
+ */
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isascii(int c)
+{
+    return '\0' <= c && c <= '\x7f';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isupper(int c)
+{
+    return 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_islower(int c)
+{
+    return 'a' <= c && c <= 'z';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isalpha(int c)
+{
+    return rb_isupper(c) || rb_islower(c);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isdigit(int c)
+{
+    return '0' <= c && c <= '9';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isalnum(int c)
+{
+    return rb_isalpha(c) || rb_isdigit(c);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isxdigit(int c)
+{
+    return rb_isdigit(c) || ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') || ('a' <= c && c <= 'f');
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isblank(int c)
+{
+    return c == ' ' || c == '\t';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isspace(int c)
+{
+    return c == ' ' || ('\t' <= c && c <= '\r');
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_iscntrl(int c)
+{
+    return ('\0' <= c && c < ' ') || c == '\x7f';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isprint(int c)
+{
+    return ' ' <= c && c <= '\x7e';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_ispunct(int c)
+{
+    return !rb_isalnum(c);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_isgraph(int c)
+{
+    return '!' <= c && c <= '\x7e';
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_tolower(int c)
+{
+    return rb_isupper(c) ? (c|0x20) : c;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline int
+rb_toupper(int c)
+{
+    return rb_islower(c) ? (c&0x5f) : c;
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_CTYPE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/dllexport.h b/include/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1488140854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_DLLEXPORT_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_DLLEXPORT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Tewaking visibility of C variables/functions.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+
+/* For MinGW, we need __declspec(dllimport) for RUBY_EXTERN on MJIT.
+   mswin's RUBY_EXTERN already has that. See also: win32/Makefile.sub */
+#undef RUBY_EXTERN
+#if defined(MJIT_HEADER) && defined(_WIN32)
+# define RUBY_EXTERN extern __declspec(dllimport)
+#elif defined(RUBY_EXPORT)
+# define RUBY_EXTERN extern
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+# define RUBY_EXTERN extern __declspec(dllimport)
+#else
+# define RUBY_EXTERN extern
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+# define RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN /* begin */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+# define RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END   /* end */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
+# define RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED /* void */
+#endif
+
+/* These macros are used for functions which are exported only for MJIT
+   and NOT ensured to be exported in future versions. */
+
+#if ! defined(MJIT_HEADER)
+# define MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
+#elif ! RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
+# define MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
+#else
+# define MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED static
+#endif
+
+#define MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+#define MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END   RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+/* On mswin, MJIT header transformation can't be used since cl.exe can't output
+   preprocessed output preserving macros. So this `MJIT_STATIC` is needed
+   to force non-static function to static on MJIT header to avoid symbol conflict. */
+#ifdef MJIT_HEADER
+# define MJIT_STATIC static
+#else
+# define MJIT_STATIC
+#endif
+
+/** Shortcut macro equivalent to `RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN extern "C" {`.
+ * \@shyouhei finds it handy. */
+#if defined(__DOXYGEN__)
+# define RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN() /* void */
+#elif defined(__cplusplus)
+# define RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN() RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN extern "C" {
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN() RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+#endif
+
+/** Counterpart of #RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN */
+#if defined(__DOXYGEN__)
+# define RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END() /* void */
+#elif defined(__cplusplus)
+# define RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END() } RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()   RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+#endif
+#endif /* RBIMPL_DLLEXPORT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/dosish.h b/include/ruby/internal/dosish.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb71e36505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/dosish.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_DOSISH_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_DOSISH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Support for so-called dosish systems.
+ */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _WIN32
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+/*
+  DOSISH mean MS-Windows style filesystem.
+  But you should use more precise macros like DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER, PATH_SEP,
+  ENV_IGNORECASE or CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM.
+ */
+#define DOSISH 1
+# define DOSISH_DRIVE_LETTER
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include "ruby/win32.h"
+#endif
+
+#if defined(DOSISH)
+#define PATH_SEP ";"
+#else
+#define PATH_SEP ":"
+#endif
+
+#define PATH_SEP_CHAR PATH_SEP[0]
+
+#define PATH_ENV "PATH"
+
+#if defined(DOSISH)
+#define ENV_IGNORECASE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM
+# if defined DOSISH
+#   define CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM 1
+# else
+#   define CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_DOSISH_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/error.h b/include/ruby/internal/error.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e9d5c4167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ERROR_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ERROR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Declares ::rb_raise().
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+VALUE rb_errinfo(void);
+void rb_set_errinfo(VALUE);
+
+typedef enum {
+    RB_WARN_CATEGORY_NONE,
+    RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED,
+    RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL,
+    RB_WARN_CATEGORY_ALL_BITS = 0x6 /* no RB_WARN_CATEGORY_NONE bit */
+} rb_warning_category_t;
+
+/* for rb_readwrite_sys_fail first argument */
+enum rb_io_wait_readwrite {RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE, RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE};
+#define RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE
+#define RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE
+
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_raise(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_fatal(const char*, ...)), 1, 2);
+COLDFUNC PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_bug(const char*, ...)), 1, 2);
+NORETURN(void rb_bug_errno(const char*, int));
+NORETURN(void rb_sys_fail(const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_sys_fail_str(VALUE));
+NORETURN(void rb_mod_sys_fail(VALUE, const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_mod_sys_fail_str(VALUE, VALUE));
+NORETURN(void rb_readwrite_sys_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite, const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_iter_break(void));
+NORETURN(void rb_iter_break_value(VALUE));
+NORETURN(void rb_exit(int));
+NORETURN(void rb_notimplement(void));
+VALUE rb_syserr_new(int, const char *);
+VALUE rb_syserr_new_str(int n, VALUE arg);
+NORETURN(void rb_syserr_fail(int, const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_syserr_fail_str(int, VALUE));
+NORETURN(void rb_mod_syserr_fail(VALUE, int, const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_mod_syserr_fail_str(VALUE, int, VALUE));
+NORETURN(void rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite, int, const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_unexpected_type(VALUE,int));
+
+VALUE *rb_ruby_verbose_ptr(void);
+VALUE *rb_ruby_debug_ptr(void);
+#define ruby_verbose (*rb_ruby_verbose_ptr())
+#define ruby_debug   (*rb_ruby_debug_ptr())
+
+/* reports if `-W' specified */
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warning(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_category_warning(rb_warning_category_t, const char*, ...), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_warning(const char *, int, const char*, ...), 3, 4);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_category_compile_warn(rb_warning_category_t, const char *, int, const char*, ...), 4, 5);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_sys_warning(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
+/* reports always */
+COLDFUNC PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warn(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
+COLDFUNC PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_category_warn(rb_warning_category_t, const char*, ...), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_warn(const char *, int, const char*, ...), 3, 4);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ERROR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/eval.h b/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..934611fbb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_EVAL_H                                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_EVAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Declares ::rb_eval_string().
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+VALUE rb_eval_string(const char*);
+VALUE rb_eval_string_protect(const char*, int*);
+VALUE rb_eval_string_wrap(const char*, int*);
+VALUE rb_funcall(VALUE, ID, int, ...);
+VALUE rb_funcallv(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_funcallv_kw(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*, int);
+VALUE rb_funcallv_public(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_funcallv_public_kw(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*, int);
+#define rb_funcall2 rb_funcallv
+#define rb_funcall3 rb_funcallv_public
+VALUE rb_funcall_passing_block(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*, int);
+VALUE rb_funcall_with_block(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_funcall_with_block_kw(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*, VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_call_super(int, const VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_call_super_kw(int, const VALUE*, int);
+VALUE rb_current_receiver(void);
+int rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, VALUE *);
+VALUE rb_extract_keywords(VALUE *orighash);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_EVAL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/event.h b/include/ruby/internal/event.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f20e01dc01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/event.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_EVENT_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_EVENT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Debugging and tracing APIs.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* traditional set_trace_func events */
+#define RUBY_EVENT_NONE      0x0000
+#define RUBY_EVENT_LINE      0x0001
+#define RUBY_EVENT_CLASS     0x0002
+#define RUBY_EVENT_END       0x0004
+#define RUBY_EVENT_CALL      0x0008
+#define RUBY_EVENT_RETURN    0x0010
+#define RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL    0x0020
+#define RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN  0x0040
+#define RUBY_EVENT_RAISE     0x0080
+#define RUBY_EVENT_ALL       0x00ff
+
+/* for TracePoint extended events */
+#define RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL            0x0100
+#define RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN          0x0200
+#define RUBY_EVENT_THREAD_BEGIN      0x0400
+#define RUBY_EVENT_THREAD_END        0x0800
+#define RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH      0x1000
+#define RUBY_EVENT_SCRIPT_COMPILED   0x2000
+#define RUBY_EVENT_TRACEPOINT_ALL    0xffff
+
+/* special events */
+#define RUBY_EVENT_RESERVED_FOR_INTERNAL_USE 0x030000
+
+/* internal events */
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_SWITCH          0x040000
+#define RUBY_EVENT_SWITCH                   0x040000 /* obsolete name. this macro is for compatibility */
+                                         /* 0x080000 */
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ          0x100000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_FREEOBJ         0x200000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_START        0x400000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_END_MARK     0x800000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_END_SWEEP   0x1000000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_ENTER       0x2000000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_EXIT        0x4000000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_OBJSPACE_MASK  0x7f00000
+#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_MASK          0xffff0000
+
+typedef uint32_t rb_event_flag_t;
+typedef void (*rb_event_hook_func_t)(rb_event_flag_t evflag, VALUE data, VALUE self, ID mid, VALUE klass);
+
+#define RB_EVENT_HOOKS_HAVE_CALLBACK_DATA 1
+void rb_add_event_hook(rb_event_hook_func_t func, rb_event_flag_t events, VALUE data);
+int rb_remove_event_hook(rb_event_hook_func_t func);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_EVENT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h b/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..455448fe8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_FL_TYPE_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_FL_TYPE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines enum ::ruby_fl_type.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for ENUM_OVER_INT */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+#include "ruby/defines.h"
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#ifdef ENUM_OVER_INT
+# define RBIMPL_WIDER_ENUM 1
+#elif SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT > 12+19+1
+# define RBIMPL_WIDER_ENUM 1
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_WIDER_ENUM 0
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+#define FL_SINGLETON    RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_SINGLETON)
+#define FL_WB_PROTECTED RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED)
+#define FL_PROMOTED0    RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0)
+#define FL_PROMOTED1    RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1)
+#define FL_FINALIZE     RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_FINALIZE)
+#define FL_TAINT        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_TAINT)
+#define FL_SHAREABLE    RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE)
+#define FL_UNTRUSTED    RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED)
+#define FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID  RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID)
+#define FL_EXIVAR       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)
+#define FL_FREEZE       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_FREEZE)
+
+#define FL_USHIFT       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USHIFT)
+
+#define FL_USER0        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER0)
+#define FL_USER1        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER1)
+#define FL_USER2        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER2)
+#define FL_USER3        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER3)
+#define FL_USER4        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER4)
+#define FL_USER5        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER5)
+#define FL_USER6        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER6)
+#define FL_USER7        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER7)
+#define FL_USER8        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER8)
+#define FL_USER9        RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER9)
+#define FL_USER10       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER10)
+#define FL_USER11       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER11)
+#define FL_USER12       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER12)
+#define FL_USER13       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER13)
+#define FL_USER14       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER14)
+#define FL_USER15       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER15)
+#define FL_USER16       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER16)
+#define FL_USER17       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER17)
+#define FL_USER18       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER18)
+#define FL_USER19       RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)(unsigned int)RUBY_FL_USER19)
+
+#define ELTS_SHARED          RUBY_ELTS_SHARED
+#define RUBY_ELTS_SHARED     RUBY_ELTS_SHARED
+#define RB_OBJ_FREEZE        rb_obj_freeze_inline
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RB_FL_ABLE           RB_FL_ABLE
+#define RB_FL_ALL            RB_FL_ALL
+#define RB_FL_ALL_RAW        RB_FL_ALL_RAW
+#define RB_FL_ANY            RB_FL_ANY
+#define RB_FL_ANY_RAW        RB_FL_ANY_RAW
+#define RB_FL_REVERSE        RB_FL_REVERSE
+#define RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW    RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW
+#define RB_FL_SET            RB_FL_SET
+#define RB_FL_SET_RAW        RB_FL_SET_RAW
+#define RB_FL_TEST           RB_FL_TEST
+#define RB_FL_TEST_RAW       RB_FL_TEST_RAW
+#define RB_FL_UNSET          RB_FL_UNSET
+#define RB_FL_UNSET_RAW      RB_FL_UNSET_RAW
+#define RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW    RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW
+#define RB_OBJ_FROZEN        RB_OBJ_FROZEN
+#define RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW    RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW
+#define RB_OBJ_INFECT        RB_OBJ_INFECT
+#define RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW    RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW
+#define RB_OBJ_TAINT         RB_OBJ_TAINT
+#define RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE     RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE
+#define RB_OBJ_TAINTED       RB_OBJ_TAINTED
+#define RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW   RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW
+#define RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW     RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW
+#define RB_OBJ_UNTRUST       RB_OBJ_UNTRUST
+#define RB_OBJ_UNTRUSTED     RB_OBJ_UNTRUSTED
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup deprecated_macros deprecated macro APIs
+ * @{
+ * These macros are deprecated. Prefer their `RB_`-prefixed versions.
+ */
+#define FL_ABLE         RB_FL_ABLE
+#define FL_ALL          RB_FL_ALL
+#define FL_ALL_RAW      RB_FL_ALL_RAW
+#define FL_ANY          RB_FL_ANY
+#define FL_ANY_RAW      RB_FL_ANY_RAW
+#define FL_REVERSE      RB_FL_REVERSE
+#define FL_REVERSE_RAW  RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW
+#define FL_SET          RB_FL_SET
+#define FL_SET_RAW      RB_FL_SET_RAW
+#define FL_TEST         RB_FL_TEST
+#define FL_TEST_RAW     RB_FL_TEST_RAW
+#define FL_UNSET        RB_FL_UNSET
+#define FL_UNSET_RAW    RB_FL_UNSET_RAW
+#define OBJ_FREEZE      RB_OBJ_FREEZE
+#define OBJ_FREEZE_RAW  RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW
+#define OBJ_FROZEN      RB_OBJ_FROZEN
+#define OBJ_FROZEN_RAW  RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW
+#define OBJ_INFECT      RB_OBJ_INFECT
+#define OBJ_INFECT_RAW  RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW
+#define OBJ_TAINT       RB_OBJ_TAINT
+#define OBJ_TAINTABLE   RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE
+#define OBJ_TAINTED     RB_OBJ_TAINTED
+#define OBJ_TAINTED_RAW RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW
+#define OBJ_TAINT_RAW   RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW
+#define OBJ_UNTRUST     RB_OBJ_UNTRUST
+#define OBJ_UNTRUSTED   RB_OBJ_UNTRUSTED
+/** @} */
+
+/* This is an enum because GDB wants it (rather than a macro) */
+enum ruby_fl_ushift { RUBY_FL_USHIFT = 12 };
+
+/* > The expression that defines the value  of an enumeration constant shall be
+ * > an integer constant expression that has a value representable as an `int`.
+ *
+ * -- ISO/IEC 9899:2018 section 6.7.2.2
+ *
+ * So ENUM_OVER_INT situation is an extension to the standard.  Note however
+ * that we do not support 16 bit `int` environment. */
+RB_GNUC_EXTENSION
+enum
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM()
+ruby_fl_type {
+    RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED = (1<<5),
+    RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0    = (1<<5),
+    RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1    = (1<<6),
+    RUBY_FL_PROMOTED     = RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0 | RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1,
+    RUBY_FL_FINALIZE     = (1<<7),
+    RUBY_FL_TAINT        = (1<<8),
+    RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE    = (1<<8),
+    RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED    = RUBY_FL_TAINT,
+    RUBY_FL_SEEN_OBJ_ID  = (1<<9),
+    RUBY_FL_EXIVAR       = (1<<10),
+    RUBY_FL_FREEZE       = (1<<11),
+
+#define RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(n) RUBY_FL_USER##n = (1<<(RUBY_FL_USHIFT+n))
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(0),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(1),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(2),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(3),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(4),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(5),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(6),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(7),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(8),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(9),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(10),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(11),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(12),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(13),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(14),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(15),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(16),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(17),
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(18),
+#if ENUM_OVER_INT
+    RBIMPL_FL_USER_N(19),
+#else
+# define RUBY_FL_USER19 (RBIMPL_VALUE_ONE<<(RUBY_FL_USHIFT+19))
+#endif
+#undef RBIMPL_FL_USER_N
+#undef RBIMPL_WIDER_ENUM
+
+    RUBY_ELTS_SHARED  = RUBY_FL_USER2,
+    RUBY_FL_SINGLETON = RUBY_FL_USER0,
+};
+
+enum { RUBY_FL_DUPPED = RUBY_T_MASK | RUBY_FL_EXIVAR | RUBY_FL_TAINT };
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+void rb_obj_infect(VALUE victim, VALUE carrier);
+void rb_freeze_singleton_class(VALUE klass);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static bool
+RB_FL_ABLE(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_NODE)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RB_FL_TEST_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FL_ABLE(obj));
+    return RBASIC(obj)->flags & flags;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RB_FL_TEST(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    if (RB_FL_ABLE(obj)) {
+        return RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, flags);
+    }
+    else {
+        return RBIMPL_VALUE_NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_FL_ANY_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    return RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, flags);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_FL_ANY(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    return RB_FL_TEST(obj, flags);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_FL_ALL_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    return RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, flags) == flags;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_FL_ALL(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    return RB_FL_TEST(obj, flags) == flags;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+rbimpl_fl_set_raw_raw(struct RBasic *obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    obj->flags |= flags;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_FL_SET_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FL_ABLE(obj));
+    rbimpl_fl_set_raw_raw(RBASIC(obj), flags);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_FL_SET(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    if (RB_FL_ABLE(obj)) {
+        RB_FL_SET_RAW(obj, flags);
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+rbimpl_fl_unset_raw_raw(struct RBasic *obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    obj->flags &= ~flags;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_FL_UNSET_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FL_ABLE(obj));
+    rbimpl_fl_unset_raw_raw(RBASIC(obj), flags);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_FL_UNSET(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    if (RB_FL_ABLE(obj)) {
+        RB_FL_UNSET_RAW(obj, flags);
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+rbimpl_fl_reverse_raw_raw(struct RBasic *obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    obj->flags ^= flags;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FL_ABLE(obj));
+    rbimpl_fl_reverse_raw_raw(RBASIC(obj), flags);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_FL_REVERSE(VALUE obj, VALUE flags)
+{
+    if (RB_FL_ABLE(obj)) {
+        RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW(obj, flags);
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (! RB_FL_ABLE(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_BIGNUM)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_FLOAT)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_TAINT);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_OBJ_TAINTED(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_FL_ANY(obj, RUBY_FL_TAINT);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RB_FL_SET_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_TAINT);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_OBJ_TAINT(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(obj)) {
+        RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW(obj);
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW(VALUE dst, VALUE src)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(dst));
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FL_ABLE(src));
+    RB_FL_SET_RAW(dst, RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW(src));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_OBJ_INFECT(VALUE dst, VALUE src)
+{
+    if (RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(dst) && RB_FL_ABLE(src)) {
+        RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW(dst, src);
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/* It is  intentional not to return  bool here. There  is a place in  ruby core
+ * (namely class.c:singleton_class_of()) where return value of this function is
+ * verbatimly passed to RB_FL_SET_RAW. */
+static inline VALUE
+RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_FREEZE);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_OBJ_FROZEN(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (! RB_FL_ABLE(obj)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj);
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RB_FL_SET_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_FREEZE);
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_obj_freeze_inline(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_FL_ABLE(x)) {
+        RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(x);
+        if (RBASIC_CLASS(x) && !(RBASIC(x)->flags & RUBY_FL_SINGLETON)) {
+            rb_freeze_singleton_class(x);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_FL_TYPE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/gc.h b/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d94f8a3736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_GC_H                                  /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_GC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Registering values to the GC.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/**
+ * Inform the garbage collector that `valptr` points to a live Ruby object that
+ * should not be moved. Note that extensions should use this API on global
+ * constants instead of assuming constants defined in Ruby are always alive.
+ * Ruby code can remove global constants.
+ */
+void rb_gc_register_address(VALUE *valptr);
+
+/**
+ * An alias for `rb_gc_register_address()`.
+ */
+void rb_global_variable(VALUE *);
+
+/**
+ * Inform the garbage collector that a pointer previously passed to
+ * `rb_gc_register_address()` no longer points to a live Ruby object.
+ */
+void rb_gc_unregister_address(VALUE *valptr);
+
+/**
+ * Inform the garbage collector that `object` is a live Ruby object that should
+ * not be moved.
+ *
+ * See also: rb_gc_register_address()
+ */
+void rb_gc_register_mark_object(VALUE object);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_GC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/glob.h b/include/ruby/internal/glob.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b78bb75b88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/glob.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_GLOB_H                                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_GLOB_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Declares ::rb_glob().
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+typedef int ruby_glob_func(const char*,VALUE, void*);
+void rb_glob(const char*,void(*)(const char*,VALUE,void*),VALUE);
+int ruby_glob(const char*,int,ruby_glob_func*,VALUE);
+int ruby_brace_glob(const char*,int,ruby_glob_func*,VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_GLOB_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/globals.h b/include/ruby/internal/globals.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddd731349e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/globals.h
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_GLOBALS_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_GLOBALS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Ruby-level global variables / constants, visible from C.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+#define RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION 1
+
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mKernel;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mComparable;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mEnumerable;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mErrno;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mFileTest;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mGC;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mMath;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mProcess;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mWaitReadable;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mWaitWritable;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBasicObject;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cObject;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cArray;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBinding;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cClass;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cDir;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cEncoding;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cEnumerator;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cFalseClass;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cFile;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cComplex;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cFloat;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cHash;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cIO;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cInteger;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cMatch;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cMethod;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cModule;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNilClass;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNumeric;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cProc;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRandom;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRange;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRational;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRegexp;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cStat;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cString;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cStruct;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cSymbol;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cThread;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cTime;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cTrueClass;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cUnboundMethod;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eException;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eStandardError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSystemExit;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eInterrupt;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSignal;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eFatal;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eArgError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eEOFError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eIndexError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eStopIteration;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eKeyError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRangeError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eIOError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRuntimeError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eFrozenError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSecurityError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSystemCallError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eThreadError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eTypeError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eZeroDivError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNotImpError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNoMemError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNoMethodError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eFloatDomainError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eLocalJumpError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSysStackError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRegexpError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eEncodingError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eEncCompatError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNoMatchingPatternError;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eScriptError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNameError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSyntaxError;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eLoadError;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eMathDomainError;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_stdin, rb_stdout, rb_stderr;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+static inline VALUE
+rb_class_of(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
+    }
+    else if (obj == RUBY_Qfalse) {
+        return rb_cFalseClass;
+    }
+    else if (obj == RUBY_Qnil) {
+        return rb_cNilClass;
+    }
+    else if (obj == RUBY_Qtrue) {
+        return rb_cTrueClass;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
+        return rb_cInteger;
+    }
+    else if (RB_STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
+        return rb_cSymbol;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLONUM_P(obj)) {
+        return rb_cFloat;
+    }
+
+#if !RUBY_DEBUG
+    RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qfalse);
+#else
+    RUBY_ASSERT_FAIL("unexpected type");
+#endif
+}
+
+#define CLASS_OF rb_class_of
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_GLOBALS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..512f061dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/token_paste.h"
+
+#if defined(__has_attribute)
+# if __has_attribute(pure) || RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)
+#  /* FreeBSD's   <sys/cdefs.h>   defines   its   own   *broken*   version   of
+#   * __has_attribute.   Cygwin copied  that  content  to be  a  victim of  the
+#   * broken-ness.  We don't take them into account. */
+#  define RBIMPL_HAVE___HAS_ATTRIBUTE 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_attribute`. */
+#if defined(RBIMPL_HAVE___HAS_ATTRIBUTE)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(_) __has_attribute(_)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)
+# /* GCC  <= 4  lack __has_attribute  predefined macro,  while have  attributes
+#  * themselves.  We can simulate the macro like the following: */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_aligned                    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_alloc_size                 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_artificial                 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_always_inline              RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 1, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_cdecl                      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_cold                       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_const                      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 2, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_deprecated                 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 1, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_dllexport                  RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_dllimport                  RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_error                      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_format                     RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_hot                        RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_leaf                       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_malloc                     RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_no_address_safety_analysis RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 8, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_no_sanitize_address        RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 8, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_no_sanitize_undefined      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_noinline                   RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 1, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_nonnull                    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_noreturn                   RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 2, 5, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_nothrow                    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_pure                       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 2,96, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_returns_nonnull            RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_returns_twice              RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 1, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_stdcall                    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_unused                     RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_visibility                 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_warn_unused_result         RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 4, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_warning                    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_weak                       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# /* Note that "0, 0, 0" might be inaccurate. */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(SunPro)
+# /* Oracle Solaris Studio 12.4 (cc version 5.11) introduced __has_attribute.
+#  * Before that, following attributes were available. */
+# /* See https://docs.oracle.com/cd/F24633_01/index.html */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_alias                      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_aligned                    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_always_inline              RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_const                      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_constructor                RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_destructor                 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_malloc                     RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_noinline                   RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_noreturn                   RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_packed                     RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_pure                       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_returns_twice              RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_vector_size                RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_visibility                 RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_weak                       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(SunPro, 5,  9, 0)
+
+#elif defined (_MSC_VER)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(_) 0
+# /* Fallback below doesn't work: see win32/Makefile.sub */
+
+#else
+# /* Take config.h definition when available. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(_) (RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_, _)+0)
+# ifdef ALWAYS_INLINE
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_always_inline 1
+# endif
+# ifdef FUNC_CDECL
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_cdecl 1
+# endif
+# ifdef CONSTFUNC
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_const 1
+# endif
+# ifdef DEPRECATED
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_deprecated 1
+# endif
+# ifdef ERRORFUNC
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_error 1
+# endif
+# ifdef FUNC_FASTCALL
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_fastcall 1
+# endif
+# ifdef PUREFUNC
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_pure 1
+# endif
+# ifdef NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_no_address_safety_analysis 1
+# endif
+# ifdef NO_SANITIZE
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_no_sanitize 1
+# endif
+# ifdef NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_no_sanitize_address 1
+# endif
+# ifdef NOINLINE
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_noinline 1
+# endif
+# ifdef RBIMPL_FUNC_NONNULL
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_nonnull 1
+# endif
+# ifdef NORETURN
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_noreturn 1
+# endif
+# ifdef FUNC_OPTIMIZED
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_optimize 1
+# endif
+# ifdef FUNC_STDCALL
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_stdcall 1
+# endif
+# ifdef MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_unused 1
+# endif
+# ifdef WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_warn_unused_result 1
+# endif
+# ifdef WARNINGFUNC
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_warning 1
+# endif
+# ifdef WEAK
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_weak 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18cfc69e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/token_paste.h"
+
+#if defined(__has_builtin)
+# if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Intel)
+#  /* :TODO: Intel  C Compiler  has __has_builtin (since  19.1 maybe?),  and is
+#   * reportedly  broken.  We  have to  skip them.   However the  situation can
+#   * change.  They might improve someday.  We need to revisit here later. */
+# elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC) && ! __has_builtin(__builtin_alloca)
+#  /* FreeBSD's   <sys/cdefs.h>   defines   its   own   *broken*   version   of
+#   * __has_builtin.   Cygwin  copied  that  content  to be  a  victim  of  the
+#   * broken-ness.  We don't take them into account. */
+# else
+#  define RBIMPL_HAVE___HAS_BUILTIN 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_builtin`. */
+#if defined(RBIMPL_HAVE___HAS_BUILTIN)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(_) __has_builtin(_)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)
+# /* :FIXME: Historically  GCC has had  tons of builtins, but  it implemented
+#  * __has_builtin  only  since  GCC  10.   This section  can  be  made  more
+#  * granular. */
+# /* https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=66970 */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_add_overflow      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 5, 1, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_alloca            RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 0, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_alloca_with_align RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 6, 1, 0)
+# /* See http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=52624 for bswap16. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_bswap16           RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 8, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_bswap32           RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_bswap64           RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_clz               RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_clzl              RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_clzll             RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_constant_p        RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 2,95, 3)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_ctz               RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_ctzl              RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_ctzll             RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_expect            RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_mul_overflow      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 5, 1, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_mul_overflow_p    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 7, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_popcount          RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_popcountl         RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_popcountll        RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 3, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_sub_overflow      RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 5, 1, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_unreachable       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 5, 0)
+# /* Note that "0, 0, 0" might be inaccurate. */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
+# /* MSVC has UNREACHABLE, but that is not __builtin_unreachable. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(_) 0
+
+#else
+# /* Take config.h definition when available */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(_) (RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN_, _)+0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_add_overflow      HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_ADD_OVERFLOW
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_alloca_with_align HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_ALLOCA_WITH_ALIGN
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_assume_aligned    HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_ASSUME_ALIGNED
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_bswap16           HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_BSWAP16
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_bswap32           HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_BSWAP32
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_bswap64           HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_BSWAP64
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_clz               HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CLZ
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_clzl              HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CLZL
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_clzll             HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CLZLL
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_constant_p        HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_ctz               HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CTZ
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_ctzll             HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CTZLL
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_expect            HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_EXPECT
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_mul_overflow      HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_MUL_OVERFLOW
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_mul_overflow_p    HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_MUL_OVERFLOW_P
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_popcount          HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_POPCOUNT
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_popcountll        HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_POPCOUNTLL
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_sub_overflow      HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_SUB_OVERFLOW
+# if defined(UNREACHABLE)
+#  define RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN___builtin_unreachable 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7eb94d22a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE.
+ */
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_c_attribute`. */
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+# /* Makes no sense. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE(_) 0
+
+#elif defined(__has_c_attribute)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE(_) __has_c_attribute(_)
+
+#else
+# /* As  of writing  everything  that lacks  __has_c_attribute also  completely
+#  * lacks C2x attributes as well.  Might change in future? */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE(_) 0
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_C_ATTRIBUTE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..255f611d70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/token_paste.h"
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(SunPro)
+# /* Oracle Developer Studio 12.5's C++  preprocessor is reportedly broken.  We
+#  * could simulate  __has_cpp_attribute like below,  but don't know  the exact
+#  * list of which version supported which attribute.  Just kill everything for
+#  * now.  If you can please :FIXME: */
+# /* https://unicode-org.atlassian.net/browse/ICU-12893 */
+# /* https://github.com/boostorg/config/pull/95 */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) 0
+
+#elif defined(__has_cpp_attribute)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) __has_cpp_attribute(_)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
+# /* MSVC has  never updated  its __cplusplus  since forever  (unless specified
+#  * explicitly by a compiler flag).   They also lack __has_cpp_attribute until
+#  * 2019.  However, they do have attributes since 2015 or so. */
+# /* https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/overview/visual-cpp-language-conformance */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_noreturn           200809 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 00, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_carries_dependency 200809 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 00, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_deprecated         201309 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_fallthrough        201603 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 10, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_maybe_unused       201603 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 11, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_nodiscard          201603 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 19, 11, 0)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(Clang, 3, 6, 0)
+# /* Clang  3.6.0  introduced  __has_cpp_attribute.  Prior  to  that  following
+#  * attributes were already there. */
+# /* https://clang.llvm.org/cxx_status.html */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_noreturn           200809 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Clang, 3, 3, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_deprecated         201309 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Clang, 3, 4, 0)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(GCC, 5, 0, 0)
+# /* GCC 5+ have __has_cpp_attribute, while 4.x had following attributes. */
+# /* https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_noreturn           200809 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 8, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_deprecated         201309 * RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 9, 0)
+
+#else
+# /* :FIXME:
+#  * Candidate compilers to list here:
+#  * - icpc: They have __INTEL_CXX11_MODE__.
+#  */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) 0
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_cpp_attribute`. */
+#if ! defined(__cplusplus)
+# /* Makes no sense. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(_) 0
+#else
+# /* GCC needs workarounds.  See https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/jdz3pa */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(_) \
+    ((RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) <= __cplusplus) ? RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE0(_) : 0)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02610338b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_H              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/token_paste.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_declspec_attribute`. */
+#if defined(__has_declspec_attribute)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(_) __has_declspec_attribute(_)
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(_) RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_, _)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_align       RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 8, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_deprecated  RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC,13, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_dllexport   RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 8, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_dllimport   RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 8, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_empty_bases RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC,19, 0, 23918)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_noalias     RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 8, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_noinline    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC,13, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_noreturn    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC,11, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_nothrow     RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 8, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_restrict    RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC,14, 0, 0)
+# /* Note that "8, 0, 0" might be inaccurate. */
+# if ! defined(__cplusplus)
+#  /* Clang has this in both C/C++, but MSVC has this in C++ only.*/
+#  undef RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_nothrow
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/extension.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ceb365ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/feature.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_extension`. */
+#if defined(__has_extension)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION(_) __has_extension(_)
+#else
+# /* Pre-3.0 clang had __has_feature but not __has_extension. */
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION(_) RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(_)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/feature.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b827590c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE.
+ */
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_feature`. */
+#if defined(__has_feature)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(_) __has_feature(_)
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(_) 0
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/has/warning.h b/include/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03975ecc2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING.
+ */
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__has_warning`. */
+#if defined(__has_warning)
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING(_) __has_warning(_)
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING(_) 0
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/array.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aafe0d1350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_ARRAY_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_ARRAY_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cArray.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* array.c */
+void rb_mem_clear(VALUE*, long);
+VALUE rb_assoc_new(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_check_array_type(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_new(void);
+VALUE rb_ary_new_capa(long capa);
+VALUE rb_ary_new_from_args(long n, ...);
+VALUE rb_ary_new_from_values(long n, const VALUE *elts);
+VALUE rb_ary_tmp_new(long);
+void rb_ary_free(VALUE);
+void rb_ary_modify(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_freeze(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_shared_with_p(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_aref(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_subseq(VALUE, long, long);
+void rb_ary_store(VALUE, long, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_dup(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_resurrect(VALUE ary);
+VALUE rb_ary_to_ary(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_to_s(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_cat(VALUE, const VALUE *, long);
+VALUE rb_ary_push(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_pop(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_shift(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_unshift(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_entry(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_ary_each(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_join(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_reverse(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_rotate(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_ary_sort(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_delete(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_delete_at(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_ary_clear(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_concat(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_assoc(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_rassoc(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_includes(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_cmp(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig);
+VALUE rb_get_values_at(VALUE, long, int, const VALUE*, VALUE(*)(VALUE,long));
+VALUE rb_ary_resize(VALUE ary, long len);
+#define rb_ary_new2 rb_ary_new_capa
+#define rb_ary_new3 rb_ary_new_from_args
+#define rb_ary_new4 rb_ary_new_from_values
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_ARRAY_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ac92e9c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_BIGNUM_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_BIGNUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to so-called rb_cBignum.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* bignum.c */
+VALUE rb_big_new(size_t, int);
+int rb_bigzero_p(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_big_clone(VALUE);
+void rb_big_2comp(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_norm(VALUE);
+void rb_big_resize(VALUE big, size_t len);
+VALUE rb_cstr_to_inum(const char*, int, int);
+VALUE rb_str_to_inum(VALUE, int, int);
+VALUE rb_cstr2inum(const char*, int);
+VALUE rb_str2inum(VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_big2str(VALUE, int);
+long rb_big2long(VALUE);
+#define rb_big2int(x) rb_big2long(x)
+unsigned long rb_big2ulong(VALUE);
+#define rb_big2uint(x) rb_big2ulong(x)
+#if HAVE_LONG_LONG
+LONG_LONG rb_big2ll(VALUE);
+unsigned LONG_LONG rb_big2ull(VALUE);
+#endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */
+void rb_big_pack(VALUE val, unsigned long *buf, long num_longs);
+VALUE rb_big_unpack(unsigned long *buf, long num_longs);
+int rb_uv_to_utf8(char[6],unsigned long);
+VALUE rb_dbl2big(double);
+double rb_big2dbl(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_cmp(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_eq(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_eql(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_minus(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_mul(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_div(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_idiv(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_modulo(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_divmod(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_pow(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_and(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_or(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_xor(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_lshift(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_rshift(VALUE, VALUE);
+
+/* For rb_integer_pack and rb_integer_unpack: */
+/* "MS" in MSWORD and MSBYTE means "most significant" */
+/* "LS" in LSWORD and LSBYTE means "least significant" */
+#define INTEGER_PACK_MSWORD_FIRST       0x01
+#define INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST       0x02
+#define INTEGER_PACK_MSBYTE_FIRST       0x10
+#define INTEGER_PACK_LSBYTE_FIRST       0x20
+#define INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER  0x40
+#define INTEGER_PACK_2COMP              0x80
+#define INTEGER_PACK_FORCE_GENERIC_IMPLEMENTATION     0x400
+/* For rb_integer_unpack: */
+#define INTEGER_PACK_FORCE_BIGNUM       0x100
+#define INTEGER_PACK_NEGATIVE           0x200
+/* Combinations: */
+#define INTEGER_PACK_LITTLE_ENDIAN \
+    (INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST | \
+     INTEGER_PACK_LSBYTE_FIRST)
+#define INTEGER_PACK_BIG_ENDIAN \
+    (INTEGER_PACK_MSWORD_FIRST | \
+     INTEGER_PACK_MSBYTE_FIRST)
+int rb_integer_pack(VALUE val, void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails, int flags);
+VALUE rb_integer_unpack(const void *words, size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails, int flags);
+size_t rb_absint_size(VALUE val, int *nlz_bits_ret);
+size_t rb_absint_numwords(VALUE val, size_t word_numbits, size_t *nlz_bits_ret);
+int rb_absint_singlebit_p(VALUE val);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_BIGNUM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/class.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3be80d283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_CLASS_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_CLASS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cClass/::rb_cModule.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* class.c */
+VALUE rb_class_new(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_singleton_class_clone(VALUE);
+void rb_singleton_class_attached(VALUE,VALUE);
+void rb_check_inheritable(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_define_class_id(ID, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_module_new(void);
+VALUE rb_define_module_id(ID);
+VALUE rb_define_module_id_under(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_mod_included_modules(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_include_p(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_ancestors(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_public_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_protected_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_private_instance_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_singleton_methods(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+void rb_define_method_id(VALUE, ID, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), int);
+void rb_undef(VALUE, ID);
+void rb_define_protected_method(VALUE, const char*, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), int);
+void rb_define_private_method(VALUE, const char*, VALUE (*)(ANYARGS), int);
+void rb_define_singleton_method(VALUE, const char*, VALUE(*)(ANYARGS), int);
+VALUE rb_singleton_class(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_CLASS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d226ca37b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef  RBIMPL_INTERN_COMPAR_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define  RBIMPL_INTERN_COMPAR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_mComparable.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* compar.c */
+int rb_cmpint(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+NORETURN(void rb_cmperr(VALUE, VALUE));
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_COMPAR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70343221f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_COMPLEX_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_COMPLEX_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cComplex.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h" /* INT2FIX is here. */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* complex.c */
+VALUE rb_complex_raw(VALUE, VALUE);
+#define rb_complex_raw1(x) rb_complex_raw((x), INT2FIX(0))
+#define rb_complex_raw2(x,y) rb_complex_raw((x), (y))
+VALUE rb_complex_new(VALUE, VALUE);
+#define rb_complex_new1(x) rb_complex_new((x), INT2FIX(0))
+#define rb_complex_new2(x,y) rb_complex_new((x), (y))
+VALUE rb_complex_new_polar(VALUE abs, VALUE arg);
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_complex_new_polar, VALUE rb_complex_polar(VALUE abs, VALUE arg));
+VALUE rb_complex_real(VALUE z);
+VALUE rb_complex_imag(VALUE z);
+VALUE rb_complex_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_complex_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_complex_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_complex_div(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_complex_uminus(VALUE z);
+VALUE rb_complex_conjugate(VALUE z);
+VALUE rb_complex_abs(VALUE z);
+VALUE rb_complex_arg(VALUE z);
+VALUE rb_complex_pow(VALUE base, VALUE exp);
+VALUE rb_dbl_complex_new(double real, double imag);
+#define rb_complex_add rb_complex_plus
+#define rb_complex_sub rb_complex_minus
+#define rb_complex_nagate rb_complex_uminus
+
+VALUE rb_Complex(VALUE, VALUE);
+#define rb_Complex1(x) rb_Complex((x), INT2FIX(0))
+#define rb_Complex2(x,y) rb_Complex((x), (y))
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_COMPLEX_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfa5630af2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef  RBIMPL_INTERN_CONT_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define  RBIMPL_INTERN_CONT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to rb_cFiber.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/iterator.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* cont.c */
+VALUE rb_fiber_new(rb_block_call_func_t, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_fiber_new_kw(rb_block_call_func_t, VALUE, int kw_splat);
+VALUE rb_fiber_resume(VALUE fib, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
+VALUE rb_fiber_resume_kw(VALUE fib, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat);
+VALUE rb_fiber_yield(int argc, const VALUE *argv);
+VALUE rb_fiber_yield_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat);
+VALUE rb_fiber_current(void);
+VALUE rb_fiber_alive_p(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_CONT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..936f4e1f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_DIR_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_DIR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cDir.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* dir.c */
+VALUE rb_dir_getwd(void);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_DIR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17c20c1c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_ENUM_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_ENUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_mEnumerable.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* enum.c */
+VALUE rb_enum_values_pack(int, const VALUE*);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_ENUM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c81485155c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_ENUMERATOR_H                   /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_ENUMERATOR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cEnumerator.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/eval.h" /* rb_frame_this_func */
+#include "ruby/internal/iterator.h"    /* rb_block_given_p */
+#include "ruby/internal/symbol.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+typedef VALUE rb_enumerator_size_func(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE begin;
+    VALUE end;
+    VALUE step;
+    int exclude_end;
+} rb_arithmetic_sequence_components_t;
+
+/* enumerator.c */
+VALUE rb_enumeratorize(VALUE, VALUE, int, const VALUE *);
+VALUE rb_enumeratorize_with_size(VALUE, VALUE, int, const VALUE *, rb_enumerator_size_func *);
+VALUE rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(VALUE, VALUE, int, const VALUE *, rb_enumerator_size_func *, int);
+int rb_arithmetic_sequence_extract(VALUE, rb_arithmetic_sequence_components_t *);
+VALUE rb_arithmetic_sequence_beg_len_step(VALUE, long *begp, long *lenp, long *stepp, long len, int err);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#ifndef RUBY_EXPORT
+# define rb_enumeratorize_with_size(obj, id, argc, argv, size_fn) \
+    rb_enumeratorize_with_size(obj, id, argc, argv, (rb_enumerator_size_func *)(size_fn))
+# define rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(obj, id, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat) \
+    rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(obj, id, argc, argv, (rb_enumerator_size_func *)(size_fn), kw_splat)
+#endif
+
+#define SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, size_fn)                  \
+    rb_enumeratorize_with_size((obj), ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), \
+                               (argc), (argv), (size_fn))
+
+#define SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat)        \
+    rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw((obj), ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), \
+                                  (argc), (argv), (size_fn), (kw_splat))
+
+#define RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, size_fn) do {          \
+        if (!rb_block_given_p())                                        \
+            return SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, size_fn);          \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat) do { \
+        if (!rb_block_given_p())                                            \
+            return SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, size_fn, kw_splat);              \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv) \
+    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv, 0)
+
+#define RETURN_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, kw_splat) \
+    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR_KW(obj, argc, argv, 0, kw_splat)
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_ENUMERATOR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/error.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa9fe2daba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_ERROR_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_ERROR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_eException.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
+
+#define UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS     (-1)
+#define rb_exc_new2             rb_exc_new_cstr
+#define rb_exc_new3             rb_exc_new_str
+#define rb_check_trusted        rb_check_trusted
+#define rb_check_trusted_inline rb_check_trusted
+#define rb_check_arity          rb_check_arity
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* error.c */
+VALUE rb_exc_new(VALUE, const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_exc_new_cstr(VALUE, const char*);
+VALUE rb_exc_new_str(VALUE, VALUE);
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_loaderror(const char*, ...)), 1, 2);
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_loaderror_with_path(VALUE path, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_name_error(ID, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_name_error_str(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_frozen_error_raise(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
+NORETURN(void rb_invalid_str(const char*, const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_error_frozen(const char*));
+NORETURN(void rb_error_frozen_object(VALUE));
+void rb_error_untrusted(VALUE);
+void rb_check_frozen(VALUE);
+void rb_check_trusted(VALUE);
+void rb_check_copyable(VALUE obj, VALUE orig);
+NORETURN(MJIT_STATIC void rb_error_arity(int, int, int));
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+/* Does anyone use this?  Remain not deleted for compatibility. */
+#define rb_check_frozen_internal(obj) do { \
+        VALUE frozen_obj = (obj); \
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(RB_OBJ_FROZEN(frozen_obj))) { \
+            rb_error_frozen_object(frozen_obj); \
+        } \
+    } while (0)
+
+static inline void
+rb_check_frozen_inline(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(RB_OBJ_FROZEN(obj))) {
+        rb_error_frozen_object(obj);
+    }
+}
+#define rb_check_frozen rb_check_frozen_inline
+
+static inline int
+rb_check_arity(int argc, int min, int max)
+{
+    if ((argc < min) || (max != UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS && argc > max))
+        rb_error_arity(argc, min, max);
+    return argc;
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_ERROR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11957053d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#ifndef  RBIMPL_INTERN_EVAL_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define  RBIMPL_INTERN_EVAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Pre-1.9 era evaluator APIs (now considered miscellaneous).
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* eval.c */
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void rb_exc_raise(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void rb_exc_fatal(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+VALUE rb_f_exit(int, const VALUE*);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+VALUE rb_f_abort(int, const VALUE*);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void rb_interrupt(void);
+ID rb_frame_this_func(void);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void rb_jump_tag(int);
+void rb_obj_call_init(VALUE, int, const VALUE*);
+void rb_obj_call_init_kw(VALUE, int, const VALUE*, int);
+VALUE rb_protect(VALUE (*)(VALUE), VALUE, int*);
+ID rb_frame_callee(void);
+VALUE rb_make_exception(int, const VALUE*);
+
+/* eval_jump.c */
+void rb_set_end_proc(void (*)(VALUE), VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_EVAL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ebefece66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_FILE_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_FILE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cFile.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* file.c */
+VALUE rb_file_s_expand_path(int, const VALUE *);
+VALUE rb_file_expand_path(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_file_s_absolute_path(int, const VALUE *);
+VALUE rb_file_absolute_path(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_file_dirname(VALUE fname);
+int rb_find_file_ext(VALUE*, const char* const*);
+VALUE rb_find_file(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_file_directory_p(VALUE,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_encode_ospath(VALUE);
+int rb_is_absolute_path(const char *);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_FILE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30759e0ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_GC_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_GC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_mGC.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* gc.c */
+COLDFUNC NORETURN(void rb_memerror(void));
+PUREFUNC(int rb_during_gc(void));
+void rb_gc_mark_locations(const VALUE*, const VALUE*);
+void rb_mark_tbl(struct st_table*);
+void rb_mark_tbl_no_pin(struct st_table*);
+void rb_mark_set(struct st_table*);
+void rb_mark_hash(struct st_table*);
+void rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(st_table *ptr);
+void rb_gc_mark_maybe(VALUE);
+void rb_gc_mark(VALUE);
+void rb_gc_mark_movable(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_gc_location(VALUE);
+void rb_gc_force_recycle(VALUE);
+void rb_gc(void);
+void rb_gc_copy_finalizer(VALUE,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_gc_enable(void);
+VALUE rb_gc_disable(void);
+VALUE rb_gc_start(void);
+VALUE rb_define_finalizer(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_undefine_finalizer(VALUE);
+size_t rb_gc_count(void);
+size_t rb_gc_stat(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_gc_latest_gc_info(VALUE);
+void rb_gc_adjust_memory_usage(ssize_t);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_GC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7a27c2cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_HASH_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_HASH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cHash.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* hash.c */
+void rb_st_foreach_safe(struct st_table *, int (*)(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t), st_data_t);
+#define st_foreach_safe rb_st_foreach_safe
+VALUE rb_check_hash_type(VALUE);
+void rb_hash_foreach(VALUE, int (*)(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_new(void);
+VALUE rb_hash_dup(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_freeze(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_aref(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_lookup(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_lookup2(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_fetch(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_aset(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_clear(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_delete_if(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_delete(VALUE,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_set_ifnone(VALUE hash, VALUE ifnone);
+void rb_hash_bulk_insert(long, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+typedef VALUE rb_hash_update_func(VALUE newkey, VALUE oldkey, VALUE value);
+VALUE rb_hash_update_by(VALUE hash1, VALUE hash2, rb_hash_update_func *func);
+struct st_table *rb_hash_tbl(VALUE, const char *file, int line);
+int rb_path_check(const char*);
+int rb_env_path_tainted(void);
+VALUE rb_env_clear(void);
+VALUE rb_hash_size(VALUE);
+void rb_hash_free(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_HASH_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/io.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2f2e53486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_IO_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_IO_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cIO.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* io.c */
+#define rb_defout rb_stdout
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_fs;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_output_fs;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_rs;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_default_rs;
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_output_rs;
+VALUE rb_io_write(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_gets(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_getbyte(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_ungetc(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_ungetbyte(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_close(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_flush(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_eof(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_binmode(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_ascii8bit_binmode(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_addstr(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_printf(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_print(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_puts(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_io_fdopen(int, int, const char*);
+VALUE rb_io_get_io(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_file_open(const char*, const char*);
+VALUE rb_file_open_str(VALUE, const char*);
+VALUE rb_gets(void);
+void rb_write_error(const char*);
+void rb_write_error2(const char*, long);
+void rb_close_before_exec(int lowfd, int maxhint, VALUE noclose_fds);
+int rb_pipe(int *pipes);
+int rb_reserved_fd_p(int fd);
+int rb_cloexec_open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
+int rb_cloexec_dup(int oldfd);
+int rb_cloexec_dup2(int oldfd, int newfd);
+int rb_cloexec_pipe(int fildes[2]);
+int rb_cloexec_fcntl_dupfd(int fd, int minfd);
+#define RB_RESERVED_FD_P(fd) rb_reserved_fd_p(fd)
+void rb_update_max_fd(int fd);
+void rb_fd_fix_cloexec(int fd);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_IO_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/load.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2cc5be0ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#ifndef  RBIMPL_INTERN_LOAD_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define  RBIMPL_INTERN_LOAD_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_f_require().
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* load.c */
+void rb_load(VALUE, int);
+void rb_load_protect(VALUE, int, int*);
+int rb_provided(const char*);
+int rb_feature_provided(const char *, const char **);
+void rb_provide(const char*);
+VALUE rb_f_require(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_require_string(VALUE);
+
+// extension configuration
+void rb_ext_ractor_safe(bool flag);
+#define RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE(f) rb_ext_ractor_safe(f)
+#define HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE 1
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_LOAD_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b0243244e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_MARSHAL_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_MARSHAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to rb_mMarshal.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* marshal.c */
+VALUE rb_marshal_dump(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_marshal_load(VALUE);
+void rb_marshal_define_compat(VALUE newclass, VALUE oldclass, VALUE (*dumper)(VALUE), VALUE (*loader)(VALUE, VALUE));
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_MARSHAL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..effc583756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_NUMERIC_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_NUMERIC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cNumeric.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* numeric.c */
+NORETURN(void rb_num_zerodiv(void));
+#define RB_NUM_COERCE_FUNCS_NEED_OPID 1
+VALUE rb_num_coerce_bin(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_num_coerce_cmp(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_num_coerce_relop(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_num_coerce_bit(VALUE, VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_num2fix(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_fix2str(VALUE, int);
+CONSTFUNC(VALUE rb_dbl_cmp(double, double));
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_NUMERIC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d55178584b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_OBJECT_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_OBJECT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cObject.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+#define RB_OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig) \
+    ((obj) != (orig) && (rb_obj_init_copy((obj), (orig)), 1))
+#define OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig) RB_OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig)
+
+VALUE rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_new_instance(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_new_instance_kw(int, const VALUE*, VALUE, int);
+
+/* object.c */
+int rb_eql(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_any_to_s(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_inspect(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_is_instance_of(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_is_kind_of(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_alloc(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_clone(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_dup(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_init_copy(VALUE,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_taint(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+VALUE rb_obj_tainted(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_untaint(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_untrust(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+VALUE rb_obj_untrusted(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_trust(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_freeze(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+VALUE rb_obj_frozen_p(VALUE);
+
+VALUE rb_obj_id(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_memory_id(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_class(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+VALUE rb_class_real(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+VALUE rb_class_inherited_p(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_superclass(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_get_superclass(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_convert_type(VALUE,int,const char*,const char*);
+VALUE rb_check_convert_type(VALUE,int,const char*,const char*);
+VALUE rb_check_to_integer(VALUE, const char *);
+VALUE rb_check_to_float(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_to_int(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_check_to_int(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_Integer(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_to_float(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_Float(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_String(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_Array(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_Hash(VALUE);
+double rb_cstr_to_dbl(const char*, int);
+double rb_str_to_dbl(VALUE, int);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_OBJECT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a5b8cb147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_PARSE_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_PARSE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cSymbol.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* parse.y */
+ID rb_id_attrset(ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+int rb_is_const_id(ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+int rb_is_global_id(ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+int rb_is_instance_id(ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+int rb_is_attrset_id(ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+int rb_is_class_id(ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+int rb_is_local_id(ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+int rb_is_junk_id(ID);
+int rb_symname_p(const char*);
+int rb_sym_interned_p(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_backref_get(void);
+void rb_backref_set(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_lastline_get(void);
+void rb_lastline_set(VALUE);
+
+/* symbol.c */
+VALUE rb_sym_all_symbols(void);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_PARSE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6f77cbd4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_PROC_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_PROC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cProc.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/iterator.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* proc.c */
+VALUE rb_block_proc(void);
+VALUE rb_block_lambda(void);
+VALUE rb_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_is_proc(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_proc_call(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_proc_call_kw(VALUE, VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_proc_call_with_block(VALUE, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_proc_call_with_block_kw(VALUE, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE, int);
+int rb_proc_arity(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_proc_lambda_p(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_binding_new(void);
+VALUE rb_obj_method(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_is_method(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_method_call(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_method_call_kw(int, const VALUE*, VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_method_call_with_block(int, const VALUE *, VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_method_call_with_block_kw(int, const VALUE *, VALUE, VALUE, int);
+int rb_mod_method_arity(VALUE, ID);
+int rb_obj_method_arity(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_protect(VALUE (*)(VALUE), VALUE, int*);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_PROC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/process.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b1005a205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_PROCESS_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_PROCESS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_mProcess.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* rb_pid_t is defined here. */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* process.c */
+void rb_last_status_set(int status, rb_pid_t pid);
+VALUE rb_last_status_get(void);
+int rb_proc_exec(const char*);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+VALUE rb_f_exec(int, const VALUE*);
+rb_pid_t rb_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *status, int flags);
+void rb_syswait(rb_pid_t pid);
+rb_pid_t rb_spawn(int, const VALUE*);
+rb_pid_t rb_spawn_err(int, const VALUE*, char*, size_t);
+VALUE rb_proc_times(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_detach_process(rb_pid_t pid);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_PROCESS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/random.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25c52f4ce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_RANDOM_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_RANDOM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      MT19937 backended pseudo random number generator.
+ * @see        Matsumoto,  M.,   Nishimura,  T.,  "Mersenne  Twister:   A  623-
+ *             dimensionally   equidistributed   uniform  pseudorandom   number
+ *             generator", ACM  Trans. on  Modeling and Computer  Simulation, 8
+ *             (1): pp 3-30, 1998.  https://doi.org/10.1145/272991.272995
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* random.c */
+unsigned int rb_genrand_int32(void);
+double rb_genrand_real(void);
+void rb_reset_random_seed(void);
+VALUE rb_random_bytes(VALUE rnd, long n);
+VALUE rb_random_int(VALUE rnd, VALUE max);
+unsigned int rb_random_int32(VALUE rnd);
+double rb_random_real(VALUE rnd);
+unsigned long rb_random_ulong_limited(VALUE rnd, unsigned long limit);
+unsigned long rb_genrand_ulong_limited(unsigned long i);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_RANDOM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/range.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ca47915e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_RANGE_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_RANGE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cRange.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* range.c */
+VALUE rb_range_new(VALUE, VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_range_beg_len(VALUE, long*, long*, long, int);
+int rb_range_values(VALUE range, VALUE *begp, VALUE *endp, int *exclp);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_RANGE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30a87ff31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_RATIONAL_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_RATIONAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cRational.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h" /* INT2FIX is here. */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* rational.c */
+VALUE rb_rational_raw(VALUE, VALUE);
+#define rb_rational_raw1(x) rb_rational_raw((x), INT2FIX(1))
+#define rb_rational_raw2(x,y) rb_rational_raw((x), (y))
+VALUE rb_rational_new(VALUE, VALUE);
+#define rb_rational_new1(x) rb_rational_new((x), INT2FIX(1))
+#define rb_rational_new2(x,y) rb_rational_new((x), (y))
+VALUE rb_Rational(VALUE, VALUE);
+#define rb_Rational1(x) rb_Rational((x), INT2FIX(1))
+#define rb_Rational2(x,y) rb_Rational((x), (y))
+VALUE rb_rational_num(VALUE rat);
+VALUE rb_rational_den(VALUE rat);
+VALUE rb_flt_rationalize_with_prec(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_flt_rationalize(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_RATIONAL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/re.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd7baef954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_RE_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_RE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cRegexp.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* re.c */
+#define rb_memcmp memcmp
+int rb_memcicmp(const void*,const void*,long);
+void rb_match_busy(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_reg_nth_defined(int, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_reg_nth_match(int, VALUE);
+int rb_reg_backref_number(VALUE match, VALUE backref);
+VALUE rb_reg_last_match(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_reg_match_pre(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_reg_match_post(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_reg_match_last(VALUE);
+#define HAVE_RB_REG_NEW_STR 1
+VALUE rb_reg_new_str(VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_reg_new(const char *, long, int);
+VALUE rb_reg_alloc(void);
+VALUE rb_reg_init_str(VALUE re, VALUE s, int options);
+VALUE rb_reg_match(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_reg_match2(VALUE);
+int rb_reg_options(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_RE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d9a71cf7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_RUBY_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_RUBY_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Process-global APIs.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* ruby.c */
+#define rb_argv rb_get_argv()
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_argv0;
+VALUE rb_get_argv(void);
+void *rb_load_file(const char*);
+void *rb_load_file_str(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_RUBY_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/select.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43d4cf354c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs to provide ::rb_fd_select().
+ * @note       Functions  and  structs defined  in  this  header file  are  not
+ *             necessarily ruby-specific.  They don't need ::VALUE etc.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+# include <sys/types.h>         /* for NFDBITS (BSD Net/2) */
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
+/* thread.c */
+#if defined(NFDBITS) && defined(HAVE_RB_FD_INIT)
+# include "ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h"
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+# include "ruby/internal/intern/select/win32.h"
+# define rb_fd_resize(n, f) ((void)(f))
+#else
+# include "ruby/internal/intern/select/posix.h"
+# define rb_fd_resize(n, f) ((void)(f))
+#endif
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+struct timeval;
+
+int rb_thread_fd_select(int, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, struct timeval *);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba56a159b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_LARGESIZE_H             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_LARGESIZE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs to provide ::rb_fd_select().
+ *
+ * Several Unix  platforms support file  descriptors bigger than  FD_SETSIZE in
+ * `select(2)` system call.
+ *
+ * - Linux 2.2.12 (?)
+ *
+ * - NetBSD 1.2 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.25)
+ *   `select(2)` documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
+ *   http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?select++NetBSD-4.0
+ *
+ * - FreeBSD 2.2 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.19)
+ *
+ * - OpenBSD 2.0 (src/sys/kern/sys_generic.c:1.4)
+ *   `select(2)` documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
+ *   http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=select&manpath=OpenBSD+4.4
+ *
+ * - HP-UX documents how to allocate fd_set dynamically.
+ *   http://docs.hp.com/en/B2355-60105/select.2.html
+ *
+ * - Solaris 8 has `select_large_fdset`
+ *
+ * - Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion)
+ *   `select(2)` returns `EINVAL`  if `nfds` is greater  than `FD_SET_SIZE` and
+ *   `_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT` (or `_DARWIN_C_SOURCE`) isn't defined.
+ *   http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#releasenotes/Darwin/SymbolVariantsRelNotes/_index.html
+ *
+ * When `fd_set` is not  big enough to hold big file  descriptors, it should be
+ * allocated dynamically.   Note that  this assumes  `fd_set` is  structured as
+ * bitmap.
+ *
+ * `rb_fd_init` allocates the memory.
+ * `rb_fd_term` frees the memory.
+ * `rb_fd_set` may re-allocate bitmap.
+ *
+ * So `rb_fd_set` doesn't reject file descriptors bigger than `FD_SETSIZE`.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
+/**@cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define rb_fd_ptr rb_fd_ptr
+#define rb_fd_max rb_fd_max
+/** @endcond */
+
+struct timeval;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int maxfd;
+    fd_set *fdset;
+} rb_fdset_t;
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+void rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_fd_zero(rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_fd_set(int, rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_fd_clr(int, rb_fdset_t *);
+int rb_fd_isset(int, const rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *, const fd_set *, int);
+void rb_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const rb_fdset_t *src);
+int rb_fd_select(int, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, rb_fdset_t *, struct timeval *);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+/* :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? */
+static inline fd_set *
+rb_fd_ptr(const rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    return f->fdset;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+static inline int
+rb_fd_max(const rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    return f->maxfd;
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_LARGESIZE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/posix.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/posix.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0bf68ae204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/posix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_POSIX_H                 /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_POSIX_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs to provide ::rb_fd_select().
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
+# include <sys/select.h>        /* for select(2) (modern POSIX) */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+# include <unistd.h>            /* for select(2) (archaic UNIX) */
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+
+typedef fd_set rb_fdset_t;
+
+#define rb_fd_zero   FD_ZERO
+#define rb_fd_set    FD_SET
+#define rb_fd_clr    FD_CLR
+#define rb_fd_isset  FD_ISSET
+#define rb_fd_init   FD_ZERO
+#define rb_fd_select select
+/**@cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define rb_fd_copy  rb_fd_copy
+#define rb_fd_dup   rb_fd_dup
+#define rb_fd_ptr   rb_fd_ptr
+#define rb_fd_max   rb_fd_max
+/** @endcond */
+
+static inline void
+rb_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, const fd_set *src, int n)
+{
+    *dst = *src;
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const fd_set *src)
+{
+    *dst = *src;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+/* :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? */
+static inline fd_set *
+rb_fd_ptr(rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    return f;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+static inline int
+rb_fd_max(const rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    return FD_SETSIZE;
+}
+
+/* :FIXME: What are these?  They don't exist for shibling implementations. */
+#define rb_fd_init_copy(d, s) (*(d) = *(s))
+#define rb_fd_term(f)   ((void)(f))
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_POSIX_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/win32.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/win32.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef75a0f760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/select/win32.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_WIN32_H                 /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_WIN32_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs to provide ::rb_fd_select().
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dosish.h"      /* for rb_w32_select */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+/**@cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define rb_fd_zero  rb_fd_zero
+#define rb_fd_clr   rb_fd_clr
+#define rb_fd_isset rb_fd_isset
+#define rb_fd_copy  rb_fd_copy
+#define rb_fd_dup   rb_fd_dup
+#define rb_fd_ptr   rb_fd_ptr
+#define rb_fd_max   rb_fd_max
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+struct timeval;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int capa;
+    fd_set *fdset;
+} rb_fdset_t;
+
+void rb_fd_init(rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_fd_term(rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_fd_set(int, rb_fdset_t *);
+void rb_w32_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *, const fd_set *, int);
+void rb_w32_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const rb_fdset_t *src);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+static inline void
+rb_fd_zero(rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    f->fdset->fd_count = 0;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline void
+rb_fd_clr(int n, rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    rb_w32_fdclr(n, f->fdset);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline int
+rb_fd_isset(int n, rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    return rb_w32_fdisset(n, f->fdset);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline void
+rb_fd_copy(rb_fdset_t *dst, const fd_set *src, int n)
+{
+    rb_w32_fd_copy(dst, src, n);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline void
+rb_fd_dup(rb_fdset_t *dst, const rb_fdset_t *src)
+{
+    rb_w32_fd_dup(dst, src);
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_fd_select(int n, rb_fdset_t *rfds, rb_fdset_t *wfds, rb_fdset_t *efds, struct timeval *timeout)
+{
+    return rb_w32_select(
+        n,
+        rfds ? rfds->fdset : NULL,
+        wfds ? wfds->fdset : NULL,
+        efds ? efds->fdset : NULL,
+        timeout);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+/* :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? */
+static inline fd_set *
+rb_fd_ptr(const rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    return f->fdset;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+static inline int
+rb_fd_max(const rb_fdset_t *f)
+{
+    const fd_set *p = f->fdset;
+
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(p);
+    return p->fd_count;
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_SELECT_WIN32_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8739c51f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_SIGNAL_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_SIGNAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Signal handling APIs.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* signal.c */
+VALUE rb_f_kill(int, const VALUE*);
+#ifdef POSIX_SIGNAL
+#define posix_signal ruby_posix_signal
+void (*posix_signal(int, void (*)(int)))(int);
+#endif
+const char *ruby_signal_name(int);
+void ruby_default_signal(int);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_SIGNAL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c90548353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_SPRINTF_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_SPRINTF_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Our own private printf(3).
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/format.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* sprintf.c */
+VALUE rb_f_sprintf(int, const VALUE*);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT, 1, 2)
+VALUE rb_sprintf(const char*, ...);
+VALUE rb_vsprintf(const char*, va_list);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT, 2, 3)
+VALUE rb_str_catf(VALUE, const char*, ...);
+VALUE rb_str_vcatf(VALUE, const char*, va_list);
+VALUE rb_str_format(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_SPRINTF_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/string.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a590b2043e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_STRING_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_STRING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cString.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRING_H
+# include <string.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+# include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/constant_p.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/variable.h" /* rb_gvar_setter_t */
+#include "ruby/st.h"         /* st_index_t */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* string.c */
+VALUE rb_str_new(const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_str_new_cstr(const char*);
+VALUE rb_str_new_shared(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_new_frozen(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_new_with_class(VALUE, const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(const char*);
+VALUE rb_tainted_str_new(const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_external_str_new(const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_external_str_new_cstr(const char*);
+VALUE rb_locale_str_new(const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_locale_str_new_cstr(const char*);
+VALUE rb_filesystem_str_new(const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(const char*);
+VALUE rb_str_buf_new(long);
+VALUE rb_str_buf_new_cstr(const char*);
+VALUE rb_str_buf_new2(const char*);
+VALUE rb_str_tmp_new(long);
+VALUE rb_usascii_str_new(const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(const char*);
+VALUE rb_utf8_str_new(const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(const char*);
+/**
+ *  *_str_new_static functions are intended for C string literals.
+ *  They require memory in the range [ptr, ptr+len] to always be readable.
+ *  Note that this range covers a total of len + 1 bytes.
+ */
+VALUE rb_str_new_static(const char *ptr, long len);
+VALUE rb_usascii_str_new_static(const char *ptr, long len);
+VALUE rb_utf8_str_new_static(const char *ptr, long len);
+VALUE rb_str_to_interned_str(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_interned_str(const char *, long);
+VALUE rb_interned_str_cstr(const char *);
+void rb_str_free(VALUE);
+void rb_str_shared_replace(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_buf_append(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_buf_cat(VALUE, const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_str_buf_cat2(VALUE, const char*);
+VALUE rb_str_buf_cat_ascii(VALUE, const char*);
+VALUE rb_obj_as_string(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_check_string_type(VALUE);
+void rb_must_asciicompat(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_dup(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_resurrect(VALUE str);
+VALUE rb_str_locktmp(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_unlocktmp(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_dup_frozen(VALUE);
+#define rb_str_dup_frozen rb_str_new_frozen
+VALUE rb_str_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_times(VALUE, VALUE);
+long rb_str_sublen(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_str_substr(VALUE, long, long);
+VALUE rb_str_subseq(VALUE, long, long);
+char *rb_str_subpos(VALUE, long, long*);
+void rb_str_modify(VALUE);
+void rb_str_modify_expand(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_str_freeze(VALUE);
+void rb_str_set_len(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_str_resize(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_str_cat(VALUE, const char*, long);
+VALUE rb_str_cat_cstr(VALUE, const char*);
+VALUE rb_str_cat2(VALUE, const char*);
+VALUE rb_str_append(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_concat(VALUE, VALUE);
+st_index_t rb_memhash(const void *ptr, long len);
+st_index_t rb_hash_start(st_index_t);
+st_index_t rb_hash_uint32(st_index_t, uint32_t);
+st_index_t rb_hash_uint(st_index_t, st_index_t);
+st_index_t rb_hash_end(st_index_t);
+#define rb_hash_uint32(h, i) st_hash_uint32((h), (i))
+#define rb_hash_uint(h, i) st_hash_uint((h), (i))
+#define rb_hash_end(h) st_hash_end(h)
+st_index_t rb_str_hash(VALUE);
+int rb_str_hash_cmp(VALUE,VALUE);
+int rb_str_comparable(VALUE, VALUE);
+int rb_str_cmp(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_equal(VALUE str1, VALUE str2);
+VALUE rb_str_drop_bytes(VALUE, long);
+void rb_str_update(VALUE, long, long, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_replace(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_inspect(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_dump(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_split(VALUE, const char*);
+rb_gvar_setter_t rb_str_setter;
+VALUE rb_str_intern(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_sym_to_s(VALUE);
+long rb_str_strlen(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_length(VALUE);
+long rb_str_offset(VALUE, long);
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+size_t rb_str_capacity(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_ellipsize(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_str_scrub(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_succ(VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline long
+rbimpl_strlen(const char *str)
+{
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((long)strlen(str));
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_str_new_cstr(const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_str_new_static(str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_tainted_str_new_cstr(const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_tainted_str_new(str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_usascii_str_new_cstr(const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_usascii_str_new_static(str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_utf8_str_new_cstr(const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_utf8_str_new_static(str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_external_str_new_cstr(const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_external_str_new(str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_locale_str_new_cstr(const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_locale_str_new(str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_str_buf_new_cstr(const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    VALUE buf = rb_str_buf_new(len);
+    return rb_str_buf_cat(buf, str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_str_cat_cstr(VALUE buf, const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_str_cat(buf, str, len);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rbimpl_exc_new_cstr(VALUE exc, const char *str)
+{
+    long len = rbimpl_strlen(str);
+    return rb_exc_new(exc, str, len);
+}
+
+#define rb_str_new(str, len)                    \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) &&                 \
+      RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(len) ?                  \
+      rb_str_new_static      :                  \
+      rb_str_new) ((str), (len)))
+
+#define rb_str_new_cstr(str)                    \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ?                  \
+      rbimpl_str_new_cstr    :                  \
+      rb_str_new_cstr) (str))
+
+#define rb_usascii_str_new(str, len)            \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str)    &&              \
+      RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(len)    ?               \
+      rb_usascii_str_new_static :               \
+      rb_usascii_str_new) ((str), (len)))
+
+#define rb_utf8_str_new(str, len)               \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) &&                 \
+      RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(len) ?                  \
+      rb_utf8_str_new_static :                  \
+      rb_utf8_str_new) ((str), (len)))
+
+#define rb_tainted_str_new_cstr(str)            \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str)      ?             \
+      rbimpl_tainted_str_new_cstr :             \
+      rb_tainted_str_new_cstr) (str))
+
+#define rb_usascii_str_new_cstr(str)            \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str)      ?             \
+      rbimpl_usascii_str_new_cstr :             \
+      rb_usascii_str_new_cstr) (str))
+
+#define rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(str)               \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str)   ?                \
+      rbimpl_utf8_str_new_cstr :                \
+      rb_utf8_str_new_cstr) (str))
+
+#define rb_external_str_new_cstr(str)           \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str)       ?            \
+      rbimpl_external_str_new_cstr :            \
+      rb_external_str_new_cstr) (str))
+
+#define rb_locale_str_new_cstr(str)             \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str)     ?              \
+      rbimpl_locale_str_new_cstr :              \
+      rb_locale_str_new_cstr) (str))
+
+#define rb_str_buf_new_cstr(str)                \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str)  ?                 \
+      rbimpl_str_buf_new_cstr :                 \
+      rb_str_buf_new_cstr) (str))
+
+#define rb_str_cat_cstr(buf, str)               \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ?                  \
+      rbimpl_str_cat_cstr    :                  \
+      rb_str_cat_cstr) ((buf), (str)))
+
+#define rb_exc_new_cstr(exc, str)               \
+    ((RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ?                  \
+      rbimpl_exc_new_cstr    :                  \
+      rb_exc_new_cstr) ((exc), (str)))
+
+#define rb_str_new2 rb_str_new_cstr
+#define rb_str_new3 rb_str_new_shared
+#define rb_str_new4 rb_str_new_frozen
+#define rb_str_new5 rb_str_new_with_class
+#define rb_tainted_str_new2 rb_tainted_str_new_cstr
+#define rb_str_buf_new2 rb_str_buf_new_cstr
+#define rb_usascii_str_new2 rb_usascii_str_new_cstr
+#define rb_str_buf_cat rb_str_cat
+#define rb_str_buf_cat2 rb_str_cat_cstr
+#define rb_str_cat2 rb_str_cat_cstr
+#define rb_strlen_lit(str) (sizeof(str "") - 1)
+#define rb_str_new_lit(str) rb_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
+#define rb_usascii_str_new_lit(str) rb_usascii_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
+#define rb_utf8_str_new_lit(str) rb_utf8_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
+#define rb_enc_str_new_lit(str, enc) rb_enc_str_new_static((str), rb_strlen_lit(str), (enc))
+#define rb_str_new_literal(str) rb_str_new_lit(str)
+#define rb_usascii_str_new_literal(str) rb_usascii_str_new_lit(str)
+#define rb_utf8_str_new_literal(str) rb_utf8_str_new_lit(str)
+#define rb_enc_str_new_literal(str, enc) rb_enc_str_new_lit(str, enc)
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_STRING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8818da96c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_STRUCT_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_STRUCT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cStruct.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/vm.h" /* rb_alloc_func_t */
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* struct.c */
+VALUE rb_struct_new(VALUE, ...);
+VALUE rb_struct_define(const char*, ...);
+VALUE rb_struct_define_under(VALUE, const char*, ...);
+VALUE rb_struct_alloc(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_initialize(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_aref(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_aset(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_getmember(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_struct_s_members(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_members(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_size(VALUE s);
+VALUE rb_struct_alloc_noinit(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_struct_define_without_accessor(const char *, VALUE, rb_alloc_func_t, ...);
+VALUE rb_struct_define_without_accessor_under(VALUE outer, const char *class_name, VALUE super, rb_alloc_func_t alloc, ...);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_STRUCT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a12a371058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_THREAD_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_THREAD_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cThread.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+struct timeval;
+
+/* thread.c */
+void rb_thread_schedule(void);
+void rb_thread_wait_fd(int);
+int rb_thread_fd_writable(int);
+void rb_thread_fd_close(int);
+int rb_thread_alone(void);
+void rb_thread_sleep(int);
+void rb_thread_sleep_forever(void);
+void rb_thread_sleep_deadly(void);
+VALUE rb_thread_stop(void);
+VALUE rb_thread_wakeup(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_thread_wakeup_alive(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_thread_run(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_thread_kill(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_thread_create(VALUE (*)(void *), void*);
+void rb_thread_wait_for(struct timeval);
+VALUE rb_thread_current(void);
+VALUE rb_thread_main(void);
+VALUE rb_thread_local_aref(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_thread_local_aset(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
+void rb_thread_atfork(void);
+void rb_thread_atfork_before_exec(void);
+VALUE rb_exec_recursive(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_exec_recursive_paired(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_exec_recursive_outer(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_exec_recursive_paired_outer(VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE, int),VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
+
+typedef void rb_unblock_function_t(void *);
+typedef VALUE rb_blocking_function_t(void *);
+void rb_thread_check_ints(void);
+int rb_thread_interrupted(VALUE thval);
+
+#define RUBY_UBF_IO RBIMPL_CAST((rb_unblock_function_t *)-1)
+#define RUBY_UBF_PROCESS RBIMPL_CAST((rb_unblock_function_t *)-1)
+VALUE rb_mutex_new(void);
+VALUE rb_mutex_locked_p(VALUE mutex);
+VALUE rb_mutex_trylock(VALUE mutex);
+VALUE rb_mutex_lock(VALUE mutex);
+VALUE rb_mutex_unlock(VALUE mutex);
+VALUE rb_mutex_sleep(VALUE self, VALUE timeout);
+VALUE rb_mutex_synchronize(VALUE mutex, VALUE (*func)(VALUE arg), VALUE arg);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_THREAD_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/time.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7ae6ec2f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_TIME_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_TIME_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cTime.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+# include <time.h>              /* for time_t */
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+struct timespec;
+struct timeval;
+
+/* time.c */
+void rb_timespec_now(struct timespec *);
+VALUE rb_time_new(time_t, long);
+VALUE rb_time_nano_new(time_t, long);
+VALUE rb_time_timespec_new(const struct timespec *, int);
+VALUE rb_time_num_new(VALUE, VALUE);
+struct timeval rb_time_interval(VALUE num);
+struct timeval rb_time_timeval(VALUE time);
+struct timespec rb_time_timespec(VALUE time);
+struct timespec rb_time_timespec_interval(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_time_utc_offset(VALUE time);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_TIME_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8210662fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_VARIABLE_H                     /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_VARIABLE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to names inside of a Ruby program.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* variable.c */
+VALUE rb_mod_name(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_path(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_class_path_cached(VALUE);
+void rb_set_class_path(VALUE, VALUE, const char*);
+void rb_set_class_path_string(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_path_to_class(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_path2class(const char*);
+VALUE rb_class_name(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_autoload_load(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_autoload_p(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_f_trace_var(int, const VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_f_untrace_var(int, const VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_f_global_variables(void);
+void rb_alias_variable(ID, ID);
+void rb_copy_generic_ivar(VALUE,VALUE);
+void rb_free_generic_ivar(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ivar_get(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_ivar_set(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ivar_defined(VALUE, ID);
+void rb_ivar_foreach(VALUE, int (*)(ID, VALUE, st_data_t), st_data_t);
+st_index_t rb_ivar_count(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_attr_get(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_obj_instance_variables(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_remove_instance_variable(VALUE, VALUE);
+void *rb_mod_const_at(VALUE, void*);
+void *rb_mod_const_of(VALUE, void*);
+VALUE rb_const_list(void*);
+VALUE rb_mod_constants(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_remove_const(VALUE, VALUE);
+int rb_const_defined(VALUE, ID);
+int rb_const_defined_at(VALUE, ID);
+int rb_const_defined_from(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_const_get(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_const_get_at(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_const_get_from(VALUE, ID);
+void rb_const_set(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_const_remove(VALUE, ID);
+#if 0 /* EXPERIMENTAL: remove if no problem */
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+VALUE rb_mod_const_missing(VALUE,VALUE);
+#endif
+VALUE rb_cvar_defined(VALUE, ID);
+void rb_cvar_set(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_cvar_get(VALUE, ID);
+void rb_cv_set(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_cv_get(VALUE, const char*);
+void rb_define_class_variable(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_class_variables(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_remove_cvar(VALUE, VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_VARIABLE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..706f160ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERN_VM_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERN_VM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Public APIs related to ::rb_cRubyVM.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* vm.c */
+int rb_sourceline(void);
+const char *rb_sourcefile(void);
+int rb_frame_method_id_and_class(ID *idp, VALUE *klassp);
+
+/* vm_eval.c */
+VALUE rb_check_funcall(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
+VALUE rb_check_funcall_kw(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*, int);
+void rb_remove_method(VALUE, const char*);
+void rb_remove_method_id(VALUE, ID);
+
+VALUE rb_eval_cmd_kw(VALUE, VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_apply(VALUE, ID, VALUE);
+
+VALUE rb_obj_instance_eval(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_instance_exec(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_module_eval(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_mod_module_exec(int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
+
+/* vm_method.c */
+#define HAVE_RB_DEFINE_ALLOC_FUNC 1
+typedef VALUE (*rb_alloc_func_t)(VALUE);
+void rb_define_alloc_func(VALUE, rb_alloc_func_t);
+void rb_undef_alloc_func(VALUE);
+rb_alloc_func_t rb_get_alloc_func(VALUE);
+void rb_clear_constant_cache(void);
+void rb_clear_method_cache_by_class(VALUE);
+void rb_alias(VALUE, ID, ID);
+void rb_attr(VALUE,ID,int,int,int);
+int rb_method_boundp(VALUE, ID, int);
+int rb_method_basic_definition_p(VALUE, ID);
+
+int rb_obj_respond_to(VALUE, ID, int);
+int rb_respond_to(VALUE, ID);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+VALUE rb_f_notimplement(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE marker);
+#if !defined(RUBY_EXPORT) && defined(_WIN32)
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE (*const rb_f_notimplement_)(int, const VALUE *, VALUE, VALUE marker);
+#define rb_f_notimplement (*rb_f_notimplement_)
+#endif
+
+/* vm_backtrace.c */
+void rb_backtrace(void);
+VALUE rb_make_backtrace(void);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERN_VM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/interpreter.h b/include/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29dee60aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_INTERPRETER_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_INTERPRETER_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Interpreter embedding APIs.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup embed CRuby Embedding APIs
+ * CRuby interpreter APIs. These are APIs to embed MRI interpreter into your
+ * program.
+ * These functions are not a part of Ruby extension library API.
+ * Extension libraries of Ruby should not depend on these functions.
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/** @defgroup ruby1 ruby(1) implementation
+ * A part of the implementation of ruby(1) command.
+ * Other programs that embed Ruby interpreter do not always need to use these
+ * functions.
+ * @{
+ */
+
+void ruby_sysinit(int *argc, char ***argv);
+void ruby_init(void);
+void* ruby_options(int argc, char** argv);
+int ruby_executable_node(void *n, int *status);
+int ruby_run_node(void *n);
+
+/* version.c */
+void ruby_show_version(void);
+#ifndef ruby_show_copyright
+void ruby_show_copyright(void);
+#endif
+
+/*! A convenience macro to call ruby_init_stack(). Must be placed just after
+ *  variable declarations */
+#define RUBY_INIT_STACK \
+    VALUE variable_in_this_stack_frame; \
+    ruby_init_stack(&variable_in_this_stack_frame);
+/*! @} */
+
+void ruby_init_stack(volatile VALUE*);
+
+int ruby_setup(void);
+int ruby_cleanup(volatile int);
+
+void ruby_finalize(void);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void ruby_stop(int);
+
+int ruby_stack_check(void);
+size_t ruby_stack_length(VALUE**);
+
+int ruby_exec_node(void *n);
+
+void ruby_script(const char* name);
+void ruby_set_script_name(VALUE name);
+
+void ruby_prog_init(void);
+void ruby_set_argv(int, char**);
+void *ruby_process_options(int, char**);
+void ruby_init_loadpath(void);
+void ruby_incpush(const char*);
+void ruby_sig_finalize(void);
+
+/*! @} */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_INTERPRETER_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/iterator.h b/include/ruby/internal/iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99c0831b13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ITERATOR_H                            /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ITERATOR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Block related APIs.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+#define RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_STRICT 1
+#define RUBY_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_TAKES_BLOCKARG 1
+#define RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielded_arg, callback_arg) \
+    VALUE yielded_arg, VALUE callback_arg, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE blockarg
+typedef VALUE rb_block_call_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielded_arg, callback_arg));
+typedef rb_block_call_func *rb_block_call_func_t;
+
+VALUE rb_each(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_yield(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_yield_values(int n, ...);
+VALUE rb_yield_values2(int n, const VALUE *argv);
+VALUE rb_yield_values_kw(int n, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat);
+VALUE rb_yield_splat(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_yield_splat_kw(VALUE, int);
+VALUE rb_yield_block(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielded_arg, callback_arg)); /* rb_block_call_func */
+int rb_keyword_given_p(void);
+int rb_block_given_p(void);
+void rb_need_block(void);
+VALUE rb_iterate(VALUE(*)(VALUE),VALUE,rb_block_call_func_t,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_block_call(VALUE,ID,int,const VALUE*,rb_block_call_func_t,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_block_call_kw(VALUE,ID,int,const VALUE*,rb_block_call_func_t,VALUE,int);
+VALUE rb_rescue(VALUE(*)(VALUE),VALUE,VALUE(*)(VALUE,VALUE),VALUE);
+VALUE rb_rescue2(VALUE(*)(VALUE),VALUE,VALUE(*)(VALUE,VALUE),VALUE,...);
+VALUE rb_vrescue2(VALUE(*)(VALUE),VALUE,VALUE(*)(VALUE,VALUE),VALUE,va_list);
+VALUE rb_ensure(VALUE(*)(VALUE),VALUE,VALUE(*)(VALUE),VALUE);
+VALUE rb_catch(const char*,rb_block_call_func_t,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_catch_obj(VALUE,rb_block_call_func_t,VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void rb_throw(const char*,VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void rb_throw_obj(VALUE,VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ITERATOR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/memory.h b/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46dfcadd10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_MEMORY_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_MEMORY_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Memory management stuff.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRING_H
+# include <string.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+# include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
+# include <alloca.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_WIN64)
+# include <intrin.h>
+# pragma intrinsic(_umul128)
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/builtin.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdalign.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/xmalloc.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/limits.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/defines.h"
+
+/* Make alloca work the best possible way.  */
+#if defined(alloca)
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_alloca)
+# define alloca __builtin_alloca
+#elif defined(_AIX)
+# pragma alloca
+#elif defined(__cplusplus)
+extern "C" void *alloca(size_t);
+#else
+extern void *alloca();
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE_INT128_T) && SIZEOF_SIZE_T <= 8
+# define DSIZE_T uint128_t
+#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define DSIZE_T unsigned LONG_LONG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef C_ALLOCA
+# define RUBY_ALLOCV_LIMIT 0
+#else
+# define RUBY_ALLOCV_LIMIT 1024
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define RB_GC_GUARD(v) \
+    (*__extension__ ({ \
+        volatile VALUE *rb_gc_guarded_ptr = &(v); \
+        __asm__("" : : "m"(rb_gc_guarded_ptr)); \
+        rb_gc_guarded_ptr; \
+    }))
+#elif defined _MSC_VER
+#define RB_GC_GUARD(v) (*rb_gc_guarded_ptr(&(v)))
+#else
+#define HAVE_RB_GC_GUARDED_PTR_VAL 1
+#define RB_GC_GUARD(v) (*rb_gc_guarded_ptr_val(&(v),(v)))
+#endif
+
+/* Casts needed because void* is NOT compaible with others in C++. */
+#define RB_ALLOC_N(type,n)  RBIMPL_CAST((type *)ruby_xmalloc2((n), sizeof(type)))
+#define RB_ALLOC(type)      RBIMPL_CAST((type *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(type)))
+#define RB_ZALLOC_N(type,n) RBIMPL_CAST((type *)ruby_xcalloc((n), sizeof(type)))
+#define RB_ZALLOC(type)     (RB_ZALLOC_N(type, 1))
+#define RB_REALLOC_N(var,type,n) \
+    ((var) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)ruby_xrealloc2((void *)(var), (n), sizeof(type))))
+
+#define ALLOCA_N(type,n) \
+    RBIMPL_CAST((type *)(!(n) ? NULL : alloca(rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(sizeof(type), (n)))))
+
+/* allocates _n_ bytes temporary buffer and stores VALUE including it
+ * in _v_.  _n_ may be evaluated twice. */
+#define RB_ALLOCV(v, n)        \
+    ((n) < RUBY_ALLOCV_LIMIT ? \
+     ((v) = 0, !(n) ? NULL : alloca(n)) : \
+     rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(&(v), (n)))
+#define RB_ALLOCV_N(type, v, n)                             \
+    RBIMPL_CAST((type *)                                     \
+        (((size_t)(n) < RUBY_ALLOCV_LIMIT / sizeof(type)) ? \
+         ((v) = 0, !(n) ? NULL : alloca((n) * sizeof(type))) : \
+         rb_alloc_tmp_buffer2(&(v), (n), sizeof(type))))
+#define RB_ALLOCV_END(v) rb_free_tmp_buffer(&(v))
+
+#define MEMZERO(p,type,n) memset((p), 0, rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(sizeof(type), (n)))
+#define MEMCPY(p1,p2,type,n) memcpy((p1), (p2), rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(sizeof(type), (n)))
+#define MEMMOVE(p1,p2,type,n) memmove((p1), (p2), rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(sizeof(type), (n)))
+#define MEMCMP(p1,p2,type,n) memcmp((p1), (p2), rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(sizeof(type), (n)))
+
+#define ALLOC_N    RB_ALLOC_N
+#define ALLOC      RB_ALLOC
+#define ZALLOC_N   RB_ZALLOC_N
+#define ZALLOC     RB_ZALLOC
+#define REALLOC_N  RB_REALLOC_N
+#define ALLOCV     RB_ALLOCV
+#define ALLOCV_N   RB_ALLOCV_N
+#define ALLOCV_END RB_ALLOCV_END
+
+/* Expecting this struct to be eliminated by function inlinings */
+struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag {
+    bool left;
+    size_t right;
+};
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2))
+void *rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(volatile VALUE *store, long len);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2,3))
+void *rb_alloc_tmp_buffer_with_count(volatile VALUE *store, size_t len,size_t count);
+
+void rb_free_tmp_buffer(volatile VALUE *store);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+void ruby_malloc_size_overflow(size_t, size_t);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_GC_GUARDED_PTR_VAL
+volatile VALUE *rb_gc_guarded_ptr_val(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE val);
+#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+# pragma optimize("", off)
+
+static inline volatile VALUE *
+rb_gc_guarded_ptr(volatile VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+# pragma optimize("", on)
+#endif
+
+/* Does anyone use it?  Just here for backwards compatibility. */
+static inline int
+rb_mul_size_overflow(size_t a, size_t b, size_t max, size_t *c)
+{
+#ifdef DSIZE_T
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T da, db, c2;
+    da = a;
+    db = b;
+    c2 = da * db;
+    if (c2 > max) return 1;
+    *c = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)c2);
+#else
+    if (b != 0 && a > max / b) return 1;
+    *c = a * b;
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 7, 0, 0)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX14) /* https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=70507 */
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Clang, 7, 0, 0)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX14) /* https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=37633 */
+#endif
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+static inline struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag
+rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag ret = { false,  0, };
+
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_mul_overflow)
+    ret.left = __builtin_mul_overflow(x, y, &ret.right);
+
+#elif defined(DSIZE_T)
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dx = x;
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dy = y;
+    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION DSIZE_T dz = dx * dy;
+    ret.left  = dz > SIZE_MAX;
+    ret.right = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)dz);
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_WIN64)
+    unsigned __int64 dp = 0;
+    unsigned __int64 dz = _umul128(x, y, &dp);
+    ret.left  = RBIMPL_CAST((bool)dp);
+    ret.right = RBIMPL_CAST((size_t)dz);
+
+#else
+    /* https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/c/INT30-C.+Ensure+that+unsigned+integer+operations+do+not+wrap */
+    ret.left  = (y != 0) && (x > SIZE_MAX / y);
+    ret.right = x * y;
+#endif
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(size_t x, size_t y)
+{
+    struct rbimpl_size_mul_overflow_tag size =
+        rbimpl_size_mul_overflow(x, y);
+
+    if (RB_LIKELY(! size.left)) {
+        return size.right;
+    }
+    else {
+        ruby_malloc_size_overflow(x, y);
+        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void *
+rb_alloc_tmp_buffer2(volatile VALUE *store, long count, size_t elsize)
+{
+    const size_t total_size = rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(count, elsize);
+    const size_t cnt = (total_size + sizeof(VALUE) - 1) / sizeof(VALUE);
+    return rb_alloc_tmp_buffer_with_count(store, total_size, cnt);
+}
+
+#ifndef __MINGW32__
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+/* At least since 2004, glibc's <string.h> annotates memcpy to be
+ * __attribute__((__nonnull__(1, 2))).  However it is safe to pass NULL to the
+ * source pointer, if n is 0.  Let's wrap memcpy. */
+static inline void *
+ruby_nonempty_memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n)
+{
+    if (n) {
+        return memcpy(dest, src, n);
+    }
+    else {
+        return dest;
+    }
+}
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+#undef memcpy
+#define memcpy ruby_nonempty_memcpy
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_MEMORY_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/method.h b/include/ruby/internal/method.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67600e8732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/method.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_METHOD_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_METHOD_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Creation and modification of Ruby methods.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+void rb_define_method(VALUE,const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),int);
+void rb_define_module_function(VALUE,const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),int);
+void rb_define_global_function(const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),int);
+
+void rb_undef_method(VALUE,const char*);
+void rb_define_alias(VALUE,const char*,const char*);
+void rb_define_attr(VALUE,const char*,int,int);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_METHOD_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/module.h b/include/ruby/internal/module.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f2dfdb1be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/module.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_MODULE_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_MODULE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Creation and modification of Ruby modules.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+VALUE rb_define_class(const char*,VALUE);
+VALUE rb_define_module(const char*);
+VALUE rb_define_class_under(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_define_module_under(VALUE, const char*);
+
+void rb_include_module(VALUE,VALUE);
+void rb_extend_object(VALUE,VALUE);
+void rb_prepend_module(VALUE,VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_MODULE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/newobj.h b/include/ruby/internal/newobj.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..684226e54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/newobj.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_NEWOBJ_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_NEWOBJ_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #NEWOBJ.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#define RB_NEWOBJ(obj,type) type *(obj) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)rb_newobj())
+#define RB_NEWOBJ_OF(obj,type,klass,flags) type *(obj) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)rb_newobj_of(klass, flags))
+
+#define NEWOBJ     RB_NEWOBJ
+#define NEWOBJ_OF  RB_NEWOBJ_OF /* core has special NEWOBJ_OF() in internal.h */
+#define OBJSETUP   rb_obj_setup /* use NEWOBJ_OF instead of NEWOBJ()+OBJSETUP() */
+#define CLONESETUP rb_clone_setup
+#define DUPSETUP   rb_dup_setup
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+VALUE rb_newobj(void);
+VALUE rb_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE klass, VALUE type);
+VALUE rb_obj_class(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_singleton_class_clone(VALUE);
+void rb_singleton_class_attached(VALUE,VALUE);
+void rb_copy_generic_ivar(VALUE,VALUE);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+static inline void
+rb_clone_setup(VALUE clone, VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(clone));
+
+    const VALUE flags = RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0 | RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1 | RUBY_FL_FINALIZE;
+    rb_obj_setup(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(obj),
+                 RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, ~flags));
+    rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC_CLASS(clone), clone);
+    if (RB_FL_TEST(obj, RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)) rb_copy_generic_ivar(clone, obj);
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_dup_setup(VALUE dup, VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(dup));
+
+    rb_obj_setup(dup, rb_obj_class(obj), RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_DUPPED));
+    if (RB_FL_TEST(obj, RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)) rb_copy_generic_ivar(dup, obj);
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_NEWOBJ_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/rgengc.h b/include/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2681d41844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_RGENGC_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_RGENGC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      RGENGC write-barrier APIs.
+ * @see        Sasada,  K.,  "Gradual  write-barrier   insertion  into  a  Ruby
+ *             interpreter",   in  proceedings   of   the   2019  ACM   SIGPLAN
+ *             International  Symposium on  Memory Management  (ISMM 2019),  pp
+ *             115-121, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3315573.3329986
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/attributes.h"
+
+#undef USE_RGENGC
+#define USE_RGENGC 1
+
+#ifndef USE_RINCGC
+# define USE_RINCGC 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT
+# define USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_HASH
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_HASH 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRUCT
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRUCT 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRING
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRING 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_REGEXP
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_REGEXP 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_FLOAT
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_FLOAT 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_COMPLEX
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_COMPLEX 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_RATIONAL
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_RATIONAL 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_NODE_CREF
+# define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_NODE_CREF 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @name Write barrier (WB) interfaces:
+ * @{
+ *
+ * @note The following  core interfaces can  be changed in the  future.  Please
+ *       catch up if you want to insert WB into C-extensions correctly.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * WB for new  reference from `a' to  `b'. Write `b' into `*slot'.  `slot' is a
+ * pointer in `a'.
+ */
+#define RB_OBJ_WRITE(a, slot, b) \
+    RBIMPL_CAST(rb_obj_write((VALUE)(a), (VALUE *)(slot), (VALUE)(b), __FILE__, __LINE__))
+/**
+ * WB for new  reference from `a' to  `b'.  This doesn't write  any values, but
+ * only  a WB  declaration.  `oldv'  is replaced  value with  `b' (not  used in
+ * current Ruby).
+ */
+#define RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(a, oldv, b) \
+    RBIMPL_CAST(rb_obj_written((VALUE)(a), (VALUE)(oldv), (VALUE)(b), __FILE__, __LINE__))
+/** @} */
+
+#define OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW
+#define OBJ_PROMOTED     RB_OBJ_PROMOTED
+#define OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT
+
+#define RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(x) rb_obj_wb_unprotect(x, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(type, obj) \
+    (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_##type ? OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(obj) : obj)
+#define RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT rb_gc_unprotect_logging
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW
+#define RB_OBJ_PROMOTED     RB_OBJ_PROMOTED
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+void rb_gc_writebarrier(VALUE a, VALUE b);
+void rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect(VALUE obj);
+#if USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT
+void rb_gc_unprotect_logging(void *objptr, const char *filename, int line);
+#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_FL_ABLE(obj));
+    return RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj,  RUBY_FL_PROMOTED);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_OBJ_PROMOTED(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (! RB_FL_ABLE(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW(obj);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_obj_wb_unprotect(VALUE x, RB_UNUSED_VAR(const char *filename), RB_UNUSED_VAR(int line))
+{
+#if USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT
+    RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT(RBIMPL_CAST((void *)x), filename, line);
+#endif
+    rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect(x);
+    return x;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_obj_written(VALUE a, RB_UNUSED_VAR(VALUE oldv), VALUE b, RB_UNUSED_VAR(const char *filename), RB_UNUSED_VAR(int line))
+{
+#if USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT
+    RGENGC_LOGGING_OBJ_WRITTEN(a, oldv, b, filename, line);
+#endif
+
+    if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) {
+        rb_gc_writebarrier(a, b);
+    }
+
+    return a;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_obj_write(VALUE a, VALUE *slot, VALUE b, RB_UNUSED_VAR(const char *filename), RB_UNUSED_VAR(int line))
+{
+#ifdef RGENGC_LOGGING_WRITE
+    RGENGC_LOGGING_WRITE(a, slot, b, filename, line);
+#endif
+
+    *slot = b;
+
+    rb_obj_written(a, RUBY_Qundef /* ignore `oldv' now */, b, filename, line);
+    return a;
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_RGENGC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/scan_args.h b/include/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9329e7e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_SCAN_ARGS_H                           /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_SCAN_ARGS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Compile-time static implementation of ::rb_scan_args().
+ *
+ * This  is a  beast.  It  statically analyses  the argument  spec string,  and
+ * expands the assignment of variables into dedicated codes.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/error.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/array.h" /* rb_ary_new_from_values */
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/error.h" /* rb_error_arity */
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/hash.h"  /* rb_hash_dup */
+#include "ruby/internal/intern/proc.h"  /* rb_block_proc */
+#include "ruby/internal/iterator.h"     /* rb_block_given_p / rb_keyword_given_p */
+#include "ruby/internal/static_assert.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#define RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS 0
+#define RB_SCAN_ARGS_KEYWORDS 1
+#define RB_SCAN_ARGS_LAST_HASH_KEYWORDS 3
+#define RB_NO_KEYWORDS 0
+#define RB_PASS_KEYWORDS 1
+#define RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS rb_keyword_given_p()
+/* rb_scan_args() format allows ':' for optional hash */
+#define HAVE_RB_SCAN_ARGS_OPTIONAL_HASH 1
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+int rb_scan_args(int, const VALUE*, const char*, ...);
+int rb_scan_args_kw(int, int, const VALUE*, const char*, ...);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR(("bad scan arg format"))
+void rb_scan_args_bad_format(const char*);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ERROR(("variable argument length doesn't match"))
+void rb_scan_args_length_mismatch(const char*,int);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+/* If we could use constexpr the following macros could be inline functions
+ * ... but sadly we cannot. */
+
+#define rb_scan_args_isdigit(c) (RBIMPL_CAST((unsigned char)((c)-'0'))<10)
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count_end(fmt, ofs, vari) \
+    ((fmt)[ofs] ? -1 : (vari))
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count_block(fmt, ofs, vari) \
+    ((fmt)[ofs]!='&' ? \
+     rb_scan_args_count_end(fmt, ofs, vari) : \
+     rb_scan_args_count_end(fmt, (ofs)+1, (vari)+1))
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count_hash(fmt, ofs, vari) \
+    ((fmt)[ofs]!=':' ? \
+     rb_scan_args_count_block(fmt, ofs, vari) : \
+     rb_scan_args_count_block(fmt, (ofs)+1, (vari)+1))
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count_trail(fmt, ofs, vari) \
+    (!rb_scan_args_isdigit((fmt)[ofs]) ? \
+     rb_scan_args_count_hash(fmt, ofs, vari) : \
+     rb_scan_args_count_hash(fmt, (ofs)+1, (vari)+((fmt)[ofs]-'0')))
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, ofs, vari) \
+    ((fmt)[ofs]!='*' ? \
+     rb_scan_args_count_trail(fmt, ofs, vari) : \
+     rb_scan_args_count_trail(fmt, (ofs)+1, (vari)+1))
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count_opt(fmt, ofs, vari) \
+    (!rb_scan_args_isdigit((fmt)[ofs]) ? \
+     rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, ofs, vari) : \
+     rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, (ofs)+1, (vari)+(fmt)[ofs]-'0'))
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count_lead(fmt, ofs, vari) \
+    (!rb_scan_args_isdigit((fmt)[ofs]) ? \
+     rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, ofs, vari) : \
+     rb_scan_args_count_opt(fmt, (ofs)+1, (vari)+(fmt)[ofs]-'0'))
+
+#define rb_scan_args_count(fmt) rb_scan_args_count_lead(fmt, 0, 0)
+
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(diagnose_if)
+# /* Assertions done in the attribute. */
+# define rb_scan_args_verify(fmt, varc) RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING
+#else
+# /* At  one sight  it _seems_  the expressions  below could  be written  using
+#  * static assrtions.  The reality is no, they don't.  Because fmt is a string
+#  * literal, any operations  against fmt cannot produce  the "integer constant
+#  * expression"s, as  defined in ISO/IEC  9899:2018 section 6.6  paragraph #6.
+#  * Static assertions  need such  integer constant  expressions as  defined in
+#  * ISO/IEC 9899:2018 section 6.7.10 paragraph #3.
+#  *
+#  * GCC nonetheless constant-folds this into no-op, though. */
+# define rb_scan_args_verify(fmt, varc) \
+    (sizeof(char[1-2*(rb_scan_args_count(fmt)<0)])!=1 ? \
+     rb_scan_args_bad_format(fmt) : \
+     sizeof(char[1-2*(rb_scan_args_count(fmt)!=(varc))])!=1 ? \
+     rb_scan_args_length_mismatch(fmt, varc) : \
+     RBIMPL_ASSERT_NOTHING)
+#endif
+
+static inline bool
+rb_scan_args_keyword_p(int kw_flag, VALUE last)
+{
+    switch (kw_flag) {
+      case RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS:
+        return !! rb_keyword_given_p();
+      case RB_SCAN_ARGS_KEYWORDS:
+        return true;
+      case RB_SCAN_ARGS_LAST_HASH_KEYWORDS:
+        return RB_TYPE_P(last, T_HASH);
+      default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static bool
+rb_scan_args_lead_p(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[0]);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_n_lead(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return (rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) ? fmt[0]-'0' : 0);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static bool
+rb_scan_args_opt_p(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return (rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) && rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_n_opt(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return (rb_scan_args_opt_p(fmt) ? fmt[1]-'0' : 0);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_var_idx(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return (!rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) ? 0 : !rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]) ? 1 : 2);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static bool
+rb_scan_args_f_var(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return (fmt[rb_scan_args_var_idx(fmt)]=='*');
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_trail_idx(const char *fmt)
+{
+    const int idx = rb_scan_args_var_idx(fmt);
+    return idx+(fmt[idx]=='*');
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_n_trail(const char *fmt)
+{
+    const int idx = rb_scan_args_trail_idx(fmt);
+    return (rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[idx]) ? fmt[idx]-'0' : 0);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_hash_idx(const char *fmt)
+{
+    const int idx = rb_scan_args_trail_idx(fmt);
+    return idx+rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[idx]);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static bool
+rb_scan_args_f_hash(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return (fmt[rb_scan_args_hash_idx(fmt)]==':');
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_block_idx(const char *fmt)
+{
+    const int idx = rb_scan_args_hash_idx(fmt);
+    return idx+(fmt[idx]==':');
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static bool
+rb_scan_args_f_block(const char *fmt)
+{
+    return (fmt[rb_scan_args_block_idx(fmt)]=='&');
+}
+
+# if 0
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_end_idx(const char *fmt)
+{
+    const int idx = rb_scan_args_block_idx(fmt);
+    return idx+(fmt[idx]=='&');
+}
+# endif
+
+/* NOTE: Use `char *fmt` instead of `const char *fmt` because of clang's bug*/
+/* https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=38095 */
+# define rb_scan_args0(argc, argv, fmt, varc, vars) \
+    rb_scan_args_set(RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS, argc, argv, \
+                     rb_scan_args_n_lead(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_n_opt(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_n_trail(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_f_var(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_f_hash(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_f_block(fmt), \
+                     (rb_scan_args_verify(fmt, varc), vars), (char *)fmt, varc)
+# define rb_scan_args_kw0(kw_flag, argc, argv, fmt, varc, vars) \
+    rb_scan_args_set(kw_flag, argc, argv, \
+                     rb_scan_args_n_lead(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_n_opt(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_n_trail(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_f_var(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_f_hash(fmt), \
+                     rb_scan_args_f_block(fmt), \
+                     (rb_scan_args_verify(fmt, varc), vars), (char *)fmt, varc)
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static int
+rb_scan_args_set(int kw_flag, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+                 int n_lead, int n_opt, int n_trail,
+                 bool f_var, bool f_hash, bool f_block,
+                 VALUE *vars[], RB_UNUSED_VAR(const char *fmt), RB_UNUSED_VAR(int varc))
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF(rb_scan_args_count(fmt) <  0,    "bad scan arg format",                    "error")
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_DIAGNOSE_IF(rb_scan_args_count(fmt) != varc, "variable argument length doesn't match", "error")
+{
+    int i, argi = 0, vari = 0;
+    VALUE *var, hash = Qnil;
+#define rb_scan_args_next_param() vars[vari++]
+    const int n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
+
+    /* capture an option hash - phase 1: pop from the argv */
+    if (f_hash && argc > 0) {
+        VALUE last = argv[argc - 1];
+        if (rb_scan_args_keyword_p(kw_flag, last)) {
+            hash = rb_hash_dup(last);
+            argc--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (argc < n_mand) {
+        goto argc_error;
+    }
+
+    /* capture leading mandatory arguments */
+    for (i = 0; i < n_lead; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+        argi++;
+    }
+
+    /* capture optional arguments */
+    for (i = 0; i < n_opt; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (argi < argc - n_trail) {
+            if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+            argi++;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (var) *var = Qnil;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* capture variable length arguments */
+    if (f_var) {
+        int n_var = argc - argi - n_trail;
+
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (0 < n_var) {
+            if (var) *var = rb_ary_new_from_values(n_var, &argv[argi]);
+            argi += n_var;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (var) *var = rb_ary_new();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* capture trailing mandatory arguments */
+    for (i = 0; i < n_trail; i++) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = argv[argi];
+        argi++;
+    }
+
+    /* capture an option hash - phase 2: assignment */
+    if (f_hash) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (var) *var = hash;
+    }
+
+    /* capture iterator block */
+    if (f_block) {
+        var = rb_scan_args_next_param();
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            *var = rb_block_proc();
+        }
+        else {
+            *var = Qnil;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (argi == argc) {
+        return argc;
+    }
+
+  argc_error:
+    rb_error_arity(argc, n_mand, f_var ? UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS : n_mand + n_opt);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(-1);
+#undef rb_scan_args_next_param
+}
+
+#if ! defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
+# /* skip */
+
+#elif ! defined(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
+# /* skip */
+
+#elif ! defined(__OPTIMIZE__)
+# /* skip */
+
+#elif defined(HAVE___VA_OPT__)
+# define rb_scan_args(argc, argvp, fmt, ...)                  \
+    __builtin_choose_expr(                                    \
+        __builtin_constant_p(fmt),                            \
+        rb_scan_args0(                                        \
+            argc, argvp, fmt,                                 \
+            (sizeof((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})/sizeof(VALUE*)), \
+            ((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})),                       \
+        (rb_scan_args)(argc, argvp, fmt __VA_OPT__(, __VA_ARGS__)))
+# define rb_scan_args_kw(kw_flag, argc, argvp, fmt, ...)      \
+    __builtin_choose_expr(                                    \
+        __builtin_constant_p(fmt),                            \
+        rb_scan_args_kw0(                                     \
+            kw_flag, argc, argvp, fmt,                        \
+            (sizeof((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})/sizeof(VALUE*)), \
+            ((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})),                       \
+        (rb_scan_args_kw)(kw_flag, argc, argvp, fmt __VA_OPT__(, __VA_ARGS__)))
+
+#elif defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+# /* skip */
+
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+# define rb_scan_args(argc, argvp, fmt, ...)                  \
+    __builtin_choose_expr(                                    \
+        __builtin_constant_p(fmt),                            \
+        rb_scan_args0(                                        \
+            argc, argvp, fmt,                                 \
+            (sizeof((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})/sizeof(VALUE*)), \
+            ((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})),                       \
+        (rb_scan_args)(argc, argvp, fmt, __VA_ARGS__))
+# define rb_scan_args_kw(kw_flag, argc, argvp, fmt, ...)      \
+    __builtin_choose_expr(                                    \
+        __builtin_constant_p(fmt),                            \
+        rb_scan_args_kw0(                                     \
+            kw_flag, argc, argvp, fmt,                        \
+            (sizeof((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})/sizeof(VALUE*)), \
+            ((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})),                       \
+        (rb_scan_args_kw)(kw_flag, argc, argvp, fmt, __VA_ARGS__ /**/))
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_SCAN_ARGS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h b/include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f36a230af2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_SPECIAL_CONSTS_H                      /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_SPECIAL_CONSTS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines enum ::ruby_special_consts.
+ * @see        Sasada,  K.,  "A   Lighweight  Representation  of  Floting-Point
+ *             Numbers  on  Ruby Interpreter",  in  proceedings  of 10th  JSSST
+ *             SIGPPL  Workshop   on  Programming  and   Programming  Languages
+ *             (PPL2008), pp. 9-16, 2008.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/const.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+#if defined(USE_FLONUM)
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif SIZEOF_VALUE >= SIZEOF_DOUBLE
+# define USE_FLONUM 1
+#else
+# define USE_FLONUM 0
+#endif
+
+#define RTEST           RB_TEST
+
+#define FIXNUM_P        RB_FIXNUM_P
+#define IMMEDIATE_P     RB_IMMEDIATE_P
+#define NIL_P           RB_NIL_P
+#define SPECIAL_CONST_P RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P
+#define STATIC_SYM_P    RB_STATIC_SYM_P
+
+#define Qfalse          RUBY_Qfalse
+#define Qnil            RUBY_Qnil
+#define Qtrue           RUBY_Qtrue
+#define Qundef          RUBY_Qundef
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define FIXNUM_FLAG        RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG
+#define FLONUM_FLAG        RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG
+#define FLONUM_MASK        RUBY_FLONUM_MASK
+#define FLONUM_P           RB_FLONUM_P
+#define IMMEDIATE_MASK     RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK
+#define SYMBOL_FLAG        RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG
+
+#define RB_FIXNUM_P        RB_FIXNUM_P
+#define RB_FLONUM_P        RB_FLONUM_P
+#define RB_IMMEDIATE_P     RB_IMMEDIATE_P
+#define RB_NIL_P           RB_NIL_P
+#define RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P
+#define RB_STATIC_SYM_P    RB_STATIC_SYM_P
+#define RB_TEST            RB_TEST
+/** @endcond */
+
+/** special constants - i.e. non-zero and non-fixnum constants */
+enum
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY(closed)
+ruby_special_consts {
+#if USE_FLONUM
+    RUBY_Qfalse         = 0x00, /* ...0000 0000 */
+    RUBY_Qtrue          = 0x14, /* ...0001 0100 */
+    RUBY_Qnil           = 0x08, /* ...0000 1000 */
+    RUBY_Qundef         = 0x34, /* ...0011 0100 */
+    RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK = 0x07, /* ...0000 0111 */
+    RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG    = 0x01, /* ...xxxx xxx1 */
+    RUBY_FLONUM_MASK    = 0x03, /* ...0000 0011 */
+    RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG    = 0x02, /* ...xxxx xx10 */
+    RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG    = 0x0c, /* ...xxxx 1100 */
+#else
+    RUBY_Qfalse         = 0x00, /* ...0000 0000 */
+    RUBY_Qtrue          = 0x02, /* ...0000 0010 */
+    RUBY_Qnil           = 0x04, /* ...0000 0100 */
+    RUBY_Qundef         = 0x06, /* ...0000 0110 */
+    RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK = 0x03, /* ...0000 0011 */
+    RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG    = 0x01, /* ...xxxx xxx1 */
+    RUBY_FLONUM_MASK    = 0x00, /* any values ANDed with FLONUM_MASK cannot be FLONUM_FLAG */
+    RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG    = 0x02, /* ...0000 0010 */
+    RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG    = 0x0e, /* ...0000 1110 */
+#endif
+
+    RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT  = 8 /** Least significant 8 bits are reserved. */
+};
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/*
+ * :NOTE: rbimpl_test HAS to be  `__attribute__((const))` in order for clang to
+ * properly deduce `__builtin_assume()`.
+ */
+static inline bool
+RB_TEST(VALUE obj)
+{
+    /*
+     *  Qfalse:  ....0000 0000
+     *  Qnil:    ....0000 1000
+     * ~Qnil:    ....1111 0111
+     *  v        ....xxxx xxxx
+     * ----------------------------
+     *  RTEST(v) ....xxxx 0xxx
+     *
+     *  RTEST(v) can be 0 if and only if (v == Qfalse || v == Qnil).
+     */
+    return obj & ~RUBY_Qnil;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_NIL_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return obj == RUBY_Qnil;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_FIXNUM_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return obj & RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX14)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_STATIC_SYM_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX14)
+    const VALUE mask = ~(RBIMPL_VALUE_FULL << RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT);
+    return (obj & mask) == RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_FLONUM_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if USE_FLONUM
+    return (obj & RUBY_FLONUM_MASK) == RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG;
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_IMMEDIATE_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return obj & RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_IMMEDIATE_P(obj) || ! RB_TEST(obj);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+/* This  function is  to mimic  old  rb_special_const_p macro  but have  anyone
+ * actually used its return value?  Wasn't it just something no one needed? */
+static inline VALUE
+rb_special_const_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) * RUBY_Qtrue;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @cond INTERNAL_MACRO
+ * See [ruby-dev:27513] for the following macros.
+ */
+#define RUBY_Qfalse RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_Qfalse)
+#define RUBY_Qtrue  RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_Qtrue)
+#define RUBY_Qnil   RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_Qnil)
+#define RUBY_Qundef RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)RUBY_Qundef)
+/** @endcond */
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_SPECIAL_CONSTS_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/static_assert.h b/include/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4bdadf196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT_H                       /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT.
+ */
+#include <assert.h>
+#include "ruby/internal/has/extension.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && defined(__cpp_static_assert)
+# /* https://isocpp.org/std/standing-documents/sd-6-sg10-feature-test-recommendations */
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 static_assert
+
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 16, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 static_assert
+
+#elif defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__)
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 static_assert
+
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 static_assert
+
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION(cxx_static_assert)
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 __extension__ static_assert
+
+#elif defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) && __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 __extension__ static_assert
+
+#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION(c_static_assert)
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 __extension__ _Static_assert
+
+#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 6, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 __extension__ _Static_assert
+
+#elif defined(static_assert)
+# /* Take <assert.h> definition */
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0 static_assert
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @brief  Wraps (or simulates) `static_assert`
+ * @param  name  Valid C/C++ identifier, describing the assertion.
+ * @param  expr  Expression to assert.
+ * @note   `name` shall not be a string literal.
+ */
+#if defined(__DOXYGEN__)
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT static_assert
+
+#elif defined(RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0)
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(name, expr) \
+    RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT0(expr, # name ": " # expr)
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(name, expr) \
+    typedef int static_assert_ ## name ## _check[1 - 2 * !(expr)]
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/stdalign.h b/include/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02eb7ab959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_STDALIGN_H                            /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_STDALIGN_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ALIGNAS / #RBIMPL_ALIGNOF
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/feature.h"
+
+/**
+ * Wraps (or simulates) `alignas`. This is C++11's `alignas` and is _different_
+ * from C11 `_Alignas`.  For instance,
+ *
+ * ```CXX
+ * typedef struct alignas(128) foo { int foo } foo;
+ * ```
+ *
+ * is a valid C++ while
+ *
+ * ```C
+ * typedef struct _Alignas(128) foo { int foo } foo;
+ * ```
+ *
+ * is an invalid C because:
+ *
+ * - You cannot `struct _Alignas`.
+ * - A `typedef` cannot have alignments.
+ */
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_alignas)
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNAS alignas
+
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNAS alignas
+
+#elif defined(__INTEL_CXX11_MODE__)
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNAS alignas
+
+#elif defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNAS alignas
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(align)
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNAS(_) __declspec(align(_))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(aligned)
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNAS(_) __attribute__((__aligned__(_)))
+
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNAS(_) /* void */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Wraps (or simulates) `alignof`.
+ *
+ * We want C11's `_Alignof`.  However in spite of its clear language, compilers
+ * (including GCC  and clang) tend to  have buggy implementations.  We  have to
+ * avoid such things to resort to our own version.
+ *
+ * @see https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=52023
+ * @see https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=69560
+ * @see https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=26547
+ */
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+# /* C++11 `alignof()` can be buggy. */
+# /* see: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=69560 */
+# /* But don't worry, we can use templates. */
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNOF(T) (static_cast<size_t>(ruby::rbimpl_alignof<T>::value))
+
+namespace ruby {
+template<typename T>
+struct rbimpl_alignof {
+    typedef struct {
+        char _;
+        T t;
+    } type;
+
+    enum {
+        value = offsetof(type, t)
+    };
+};
+}
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
+# /* Windows have no alignment glitch.*/
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNOF __alignof
+
+#elif defined(HAVE__ALIGNOF)
+# /* Autoconf detected availability of a sane `_Alignof()`. */
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNOF(T) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION(_Alignof(T))
+
+#else
+# /* :BEWARE:  This is  the last  resort.   If your  compiler somehow  supports
+#  * querying the alignment of a type,  you definitely should use that instead.
+#  * There are 2 known pitfalls for this fallback implementation:
+#  *
+#  * First, it is either an undefined  behaviour (C) or an explicit error (C++)
+#  * to define a  struct inside of `offsetof`. C compilers  tend to accept such
+#  * things, but AFAIK C++ has no room to allow.
+#  *
+#  * Second, there exist T  such that `struct { char _; T t;  }` is invalid.  A
+#  * known example is  when T is a  struct with a flexible  array member.  Such
+#  * struct cannot be enclosed into another one.
+#  */
+# /* see: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2083.htm */
+# /* see: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2350.htm */
+# define RBIMPL_ALIGNOF(T) offsetof(struct { char _; T t; }, t)
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_STDALIGN_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/stdbool.h b/include/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cd5103a05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      C99 shim for <stdbool.h>
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#if defined(__bool_true_false_are_defined)
+# /* Take that. */
+
+#elif defined(__cplusplus)
+# /* bool is a keyword in C++. */
+# if defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
+#  include <cstdbool>
+# endif
+#
+# ifndef __bool_true_false_are_defined
+#  define __bool_true_false_are_defined
+# endif
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H)
+# /* Take stdbool.h definition. */
+# include <stdbool.h>
+
+#else
+typedef unsigned char _Bool;
+# /* See also http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2229.htm */
+# define bool  _Bool
+# define true  ((_Bool)+1)
+# define false ((_Bool)+0)
+# define __bool_true_false_are_defined
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/symbol.h b/include/ruby/internal/symbol.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..762f1e8f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/symbol.h
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_SYMBOL_H                              /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_SYMBOL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #rb_intern
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDDEF_H
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRING_H
+# include <string.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/constant_p.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/builtin.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+
+#define RB_ID2SYM      rb_id2sym
+#define RB_SYM2ID      rb_sym2id
+#define ID2SYM         RB_ID2SYM
+#define SYM2ID         RB_SYM2ID
+#define CONST_ID_CACHE RUBY_CONST_ID_CACHE
+#define CONST_ID       RUBY_CONST_ID
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define rb_intern_const rb_intern_const
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+ID rb_sym2id(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_id2sym(ID);
+ID rb_intern(const char*);
+ID rb_intern2(const char*, long);
+ID rb_intern_str(VALUE str);
+const char *rb_id2name(ID);
+ID rb_check_id(volatile VALUE *);
+ID rb_to_id(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_id2str(ID);
+VALUE rb_sym2str(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_to_symbol(VALUE name);
+VALUE rb_check_symbol(volatile VALUE *namep);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline ID
+rb_intern_const(const char *str)
+{
+    size_t len = strlen(str);
+    return rb_intern2(str, RBIMPL_CAST((long)len));
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+static inline ID
+rbimpl_intern_const(ID *ptr, const char *str)
+{
+    while (! *ptr) {
+        *ptr = rb_intern_const(str);
+    }
+
+    return *ptr;
+}
+
+/* Does anyone use it?  Preserved for backward compat. */
+#define RUBY_CONST_ID_CACHE(result, str)                \
+    {                                                   \
+        static ID rb_intern_id_cache;                   \
+        rbimpl_intern_const(&rb_intern_id_cache, (str)); \
+        result rb_intern_id_cache;                      \
+    }
+#define RUBY_CONST_ID(var, str) \
+    do { \
+        static ID rbimpl_id; \
+        (var) = rbimpl_intern_const(&rbimpl_id, (str)); \
+    } while (0)
+
+#if defined(HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR)
+/* __builtin_constant_p and statement expression is available
+ * since gcc-2.7.2.3 at least. */
+#define rb_intern(str) \
+    (RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(str) ? \
+     __extension__ ({ \
+         static ID rbimpl_id; \
+         rbimpl_intern_const(&rbimpl_id, (str)); \
+     }) : \
+     (rb_intern)(str))
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_SYMBOL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/token_paste.h b/include/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c42f7a67ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/token_paste.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/warning.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+
+/* :TODO: add your  compiler here.  There are many compilers  that can suppress
+ * warnings via pragmas, but not all of them accept such things inside of `#if`
+ * and  variants'  conditions.   And  such nitpicking  behavours  tend  not  be
+ * documented.  Please  improve this file when  you are really sure  about your
+ * compiler's behaviour. */
+
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 2, 0)
+# /* GCC is one of such compiler who  cannot write `_Pragma` inside of a `#if`.
+#  * Cannot but globally kill everything.  This  is of course a very bad thing.
+#  * If you know how to reroute this please tell us. */
+# /* https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/K2xr7X */
+# define RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(x, y) TOKEN_PASTE(x, y)
+# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wundef"
+# /* > warning: "symbol" is not defined, evaluates to 0 [-Wundef] */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Intel)
+# /* Ditto for icc. */
+# /* https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/pTwDxE */
+# define RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(x, y) TOKEN_PASTE(x, y)
+# pragma warning(disable: 193)
+# /* > warning #193: zero used for undefined preprocessing identifier */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(MSVC, 19, 14, 26428)
+# /* :FIXME: is 19.14 the exact version they supported this? */
+# define RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(x, y) TOKEN_PASTE(x, y)
+# pragma warning(disable: 4668)
+# /* > warning C4668: 'symbol' is not defined as a preprocessor macro */
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(MSVC)
+# define RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(x, y) \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()         \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(4668)  \
+    TOKEN_PASTE(x, y)            \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#elif RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING("-Wundef")
+# define RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(x, y)   \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()           \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wundef) \
+    TOKEN_PASTE(x, y)              \
+    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+
+#else
+# /* No way. */
+# define RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE(x, y) TOKEN_PASTE(x, y)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_TOKEN_PASTE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/value.h b/include/ruby/internal/value.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b87fe140af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/value.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_VALUE_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_VALUE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines ::VALUE and ::ID.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/static_assert.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/long_long.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/limits.h"
+
+#if defined HAVE_UINTPTR_T && 0
+typedef uintptr_t VALUE;
+typedef uintptr_t ID;
+# define SIGNED_VALUE intptr_t
+# define SIZEOF_VALUE SIZEOF_UINTPTR_T
+# undef PRI_VALUE_PREFIX
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_NULL UINTPTR_C(0)
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_ONE  UINTPTR_C(1)
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_FULL UINTPTR_MAX
+
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
+typedef unsigned long VALUE;
+typedef unsigned long ID;
+# define SIGNED_VALUE long
+# define SIZEOF_VALUE SIZEOF_LONG
+# define PRI_VALUE_PREFIX "l"
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_NULL 0UL
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_ONE  1UL
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_FULL ULONG_MAX
+
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
+typedef unsigned LONG_LONG VALUE;
+typedef unsigned LONG_LONG ID;
+# define SIGNED_VALUE LONG_LONG
+# define LONG_LONG_VALUE 1
+# define SIZEOF_VALUE SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define PRI_VALUE_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_NULL 0ULL
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_ONE  1ULL
+# define RBIMPL_VALUE_FULL ULLONG_MAX
+
+#else
+# error ---->> ruby requires sizeof(void*) == sizeof(long) or sizeof(LONG_LONG) to be compiled. <<----
+#endif
+
+RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_int, SIZEOF_INT == sizeof(int));
+RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long, SIZEOF_LONG == sizeof(long));
+RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_long_long, SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == sizeof(LONG_LONG));
+RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_voidp, SIZEOF_VOIDP == sizeof(void *));
+#endif /* RBIMPL_VALUE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/value_type.h b/include/ruby/internal/value_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f24f08910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/value_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_VALUE_TYPE_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_VALUE_TYPE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines enum ::ruby_value_type.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/cold.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/constant_p.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/builtin.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+
+#if defined(T_DATA)
+/*
+ * :!BEWARE!: (Recent?)   Solaris' <nfs/nfs.h>  have conflicting  definition of
+ * T_DATA.  Let us stop here.  Please have a workaround like this:
+ *
+ * ```C
+ * #include <ruby/ruby.h> // <- Include this one first.
+ * #undef T_DATA          // <- ... and stick to RUBY_T_DATA forever.
+ * #include <nfs/nfs.h>   // <- OS-provided T_DATA introduced.
+ * ```
+ *
+ * See also [ruby-core:4261]
+ */
+# error Bail out due to conflicting definition of T_DATA.
+#endif
+
+#define T_ARRAY    RUBY_T_ARRAY
+#define T_BIGNUM   RUBY_T_BIGNUM
+#define T_CLASS    RUBY_T_CLASS
+#define T_COMPLEX  RUBY_T_COMPLEX
+#define T_DATA     RUBY_T_DATA
+#define T_FALSE    RUBY_T_FALSE
+#define T_FILE     RUBY_T_FILE
+#define T_FIXNUM   RUBY_T_FIXNUM
+#define T_FLOAT    RUBY_T_FLOAT
+#define T_HASH     RUBY_T_HASH
+#define T_ICLASS   RUBY_T_ICLASS
+#define T_IMEMO    RUBY_T_IMEMO
+#define T_MASK     RUBY_T_MASK
+#define T_MATCH    RUBY_T_MATCH
+#define T_MODULE   RUBY_T_MODULE
+#define T_MOVED    RUBY_T_MOVED
+#define T_NIL      RUBY_T_NIL
+#define T_NODE     RUBY_T_NODE
+#define T_NONE     RUBY_T_NONE
+#define T_OBJECT   RUBY_T_OBJECT
+#define T_RATIONAL RUBY_T_RATIONAL
+#define T_REGEXP   RUBY_T_REGEXP
+#define T_STRING   RUBY_T_STRING
+#define T_STRUCT   RUBY_T_STRUCT
+#define T_SYMBOL   RUBY_T_SYMBOL
+#define T_TRUE     RUBY_T_TRUE
+#define T_UNDEF    RUBY_T_UNDEF
+#define T_ZOMBIE   RUBY_T_ZOMBIE
+
+#define BUILTIN_TYPE      RB_BUILTIN_TYPE
+#define DYNAMIC_SYM_P     RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P
+#define RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P rb_integer_type_p
+#define SYMBOL_P          RB_SYMBOL_P
+#define rb_type_p         RB_TYPE_P
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+#define RB_BUILTIN_TYPE   RB_BUILTIN_TYPE
+#define RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P  RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P
+#define RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P   RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P
+#define RB_SYMBOL_P       RB_SYMBOL_P
+#define RB_TYPE_P         RB_TYPE_P
+#define Check_Type        Check_Type
+
+#if !RUBY_DEBUG
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(v, t) RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RB_TYPE_P((v), (t)))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE Check_Type
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+#define TYPE(_)           RBIMPL_CAST((int)rb_type(_))
+
+/** C-level type of an object. */
+enum
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ENUM_EXTENSIBILITY(closed)
+ruby_value_type {
+    RUBY_T_NONE     = 0x00, /**< Non-object (sweeped etc.) */
+
+    RUBY_T_OBJECT   = 0x01, /**< @see struct ::RObject */
+    RUBY_T_CLASS    = 0x02, /**< @see struct ::RClass and ::rb_cClass */
+    RUBY_T_MODULE   = 0x03, /**< @see struct ::RClass and ::rb_cModule */
+    RUBY_T_FLOAT    = 0x04, /**< @see struct ::RFloat */
+    RUBY_T_STRING   = 0x05, /**< @see struct ::RString */
+    RUBY_T_REGEXP   = 0x06, /**< @see struct ::RRegexp */
+    RUBY_T_ARRAY    = 0x07, /**< @see struct ::RArray */
+    RUBY_T_HASH     = 0x08, /**< @see struct ::RHash */
+    RUBY_T_STRUCT   = 0x09, /**< @see struct ::RStruct */
+    RUBY_T_BIGNUM   = 0x0a, /**< @see struct ::RBignum */
+    RUBY_T_FILE     = 0x0b, /**< @see struct ::RFile */
+    RUBY_T_DATA     = 0x0c, /**< @see struct ::RTypedData */
+    RUBY_T_MATCH    = 0x0d, /**< @see struct ::RMatch */
+    RUBY_T_COMPLEX  = 0x0e, /**< @see struct ::RComplex */
+    RUBY_T_RATIONAL = 0x0f, /**< @see struct ::RRational */
+
+    RUBY_T_NIL      = 0x11, /**< @see ::RUBY_Qnil */
+    RUBY_T_TRUE     = 0x12, /**< @see ::RUBY_Qfalse */
+    RUBY_T_FALSE    = 0x13, /**< @see ::RUBY_Qtrue */
+    RUBY_T_SYMBOL   = 0x14, /**< @see struct ::RSymbol */
+    RUBY_T_FIXNUM   = 0x15, /**< Integers formerly known as Fixnums. */
+    RUBY_T_UNDEF    = 0x16, /**< @see ::RUBY_Qundef */
+
+    RUBY_T_IMEMO    = 0x1a, /**< @see struct ::RIMemo */
+    RUBY_T_NODE     = 0x1b, /**< @see struct ::RNode */
+    RUBY_T_ICLASS   = 0x1c, /**< Hidden classes known as IClasses. */
+    RUBY_T_ZOMBIE   = 0x1d, /**< @see struct ::RZombie */
+    RUBY_T_MOVED    = 0x1e, /**< @see struct ::RMoved */
+
+    RUBY_T_MASK     = 0x1f
+};
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_COLD()
+void rb_check_type(VALUE obj, int t);
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline enum ruby_value_type
+RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
+
+    VALUE ret = RBASIC(obj)->flags & RUBY_T_MASK;
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((enum ruby_value_type)ret);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+static inline bool
+rb_integer_type_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == RUBY_T_BIGNUM;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+static inline enum ruby_value_type
+rb_type(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (! RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
+    }
+    else if (obj == RUBY_Qfalse) {
+        return RUBY_T_FALSE;
+    }
+    else if (obj == RUBY_Qnil) {
+        return RUBY_T_NIL;
+    }
+    else if (obj == RUBY_Qtrue) {
+        return RUBY_T_TRUE;
+    }
+    else if (obj == RUBY_Qundef) {
+        return RUBY_T_UNDEF;
+    }
+    else if (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
+        return RUBY_T_FIXNUM;
+    }
+    else if (RB_STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
+        return RUBY_T_SYMBOL;
+    }
+    else {
+        RBIMPL_ASSUME(RB_FLONUM_P(obj));
+        return RUBY_T_FLOAT;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_FLONUM_P(obj)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == RUBY_T_FLOAT;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == RUBY_T_SYMBOL;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_SYMBOL_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_STATIC_SYM_P(obj) || RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P(obj);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORCEINLINE()
+static bool
+rbimpl_RB_TYPE_P_fastpath(VALUE obj, enum ruby_value_type t)
+{
+    if (t == RUBY_T_TRUE) {
+        return obj == RUBY_Qtrue;
+    }
+    else if (t == RUBY_T_FALSE) {
+        return obj == RUBY_Qfalse;
+    }
+    else if (t == RUBY_T_NIL) {
+        return obj == RUBY_Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (t == RUBY_T_UNDEF) {
+        return obj == RUBY_Qundef;
+    }
+    else if (t == RUBY_T_FIXNUM) {
+        return RB_FIXNUM_P(obj);
+    }
+    else if (t == RUBY_T_SYMBOL) {
+        return RB_SYMBOL_P(obj);
+    }
+    else if (t == RUBY_T_FLOAT) {
+        return RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(obj);
+    }
+    else if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (t == RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline bool
+RB_TYPE_P(VALUE obj, enum ruby_value_type t)
+{
+    if (RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(t)) {
+        return rbimpl_RB_TYPE_P_fastpath(obj, t);
+    }
+    else {
+        return t == rb_type(obj);
+    }
+}
+
+/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
+/* Clang, unlike GCC, cannot propagate __builtin_constant_p beyond function
+ * boundary. */
+#if defined(__clang__)
+# undef RB_TYPE_P
+# define RB_TYPE_P(obj, t)                  \
+    (RBIMPL_CONSTANT_P(t)                  ? \
+     rbimpl_RB_TYPE_P_fastpath((obj), (t)) : \
+     (RB_TYPE_P)((obj), (t)))
+#endif
+
+/* clang 3.x (4.2 compatible) can't eliminate CSE of RB_BUILTIN_TYPE
+ * in inline function and caller function
+ * See also 8998c06461ea0bef11b3aeb30b6d2ab71c8762ba
+ */
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(Clang, 4, 0, 0)
+# undef rb_integer_type_p
+# define rb_integer_type_p(obj)                                 \
+    __extension__ ({                                            \
+        const VALUE integer_type_obj = (obj);                   \
+        (RB_FIXNUM_P(integer_type_obj) ||                       \
+         (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(integer_type_obj) &&              \
+          RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(integer_type_obj) == RUBY_T_BIGNUM)); \
+    })
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/* Defined in ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h */
+static inline bool rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(VALUE obj);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline void
+Check_Type(VALUE v, enum ruby_value_type t)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RB_TYPE_P(v, t))) {
+        goto slowpath;
+    }
+    else if (t != RUBY_T_DATA) {
+        goto fastpath;
+    }
+    else if (rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(v)) {
+        /* The intention itself is not necessarily clear to me, but at least it
+         * is  intentional   to  rule   out  typed   data  here.    See  commit
+         * a7c32bf81d3391cfb78cfda278f469717d0fb794. */
+        goto slowpath;
+    }
+    else {
+        goto fastpath;
+    }
+
+  fastpath:
+    return;
+
+  slowpath: /* <- :TODO: mark this label as cold. */
+    rb_check_type(v, t);
+}
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_VALUE_TYPE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/variable.h b/include/ruby/internal/variable.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0cfa61a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/variable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_VARIABLE_H                            /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_VARIABLE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      C-function backended Ruby-global variables.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+typedef VALUE rb_gvar_getter_t(ID id, VALUE *data);
+typedef void  rb_gvar_setter_t(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *data);
+typedef void  rb_gvar_marker_t(VALUE *var);
+
+rb_gvar_getter_t rb_gvar_undef_getter;
+rb_gvar_setter_t rb_gvar_undef_setter;
+rb_gvar_marker_t rb_gvar_undef_marker;
+
+rb_gvar_getter_t rb_gvar_val_getter;
+rb_gvar_setter_t rb_gvar_val_setter;
+rb_gvar_marker_t rb_gvar_val_marker;
+
+rb_gvar_getter_t rb_gvar_var_getter;
+rb_gvar_setter_t rb_gvar_var_setter;
+rb_gvar_marker_t rb_gvar_var_marker;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+rb_gvar_setter_t rb_gvar_readonly_setter;
+
+void rb_define_variable(const char*,VALUE*);
+void rb_define_virtual_variable(const char*,rb_gvar_getter_t*,rb_gvar_setter_t*);
+void rb_define_hooked_variable(const char*,VALUE*,rb_gvar_getter_t*,rb_gvar_setter_t*);
+void rb_define_readonly_variable(const char*,const VALUE*);
+void rb_define_const(VALUE,const char*,VALUE);
+void rb_define_global_const(const char*,VALUE);
+
+VALUE rb_gv_set(const char*, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_gv_get(const char*);
+VALUE rb_iv_get(VALUE, const char*);
+VALUE rb_iv_set(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_VARIABLE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/warning_push.h b/include/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8a21aaeab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH.
+ * @cond       INTERNAL_MACRO
+ *
+ * ### Q&A ###
+ *
+ * Q: Why all the macros defined in this file are function-like macros?
+ *
+ * A: Sigh.   This  is  because of  Doxgen.   Its  `SKIP_FUNCTION_MACROS = YES`
+ *    configuration setting  requests us  that if  we want  it to  ignore these
+ *    macros,  then we  have to  do  two things:  (1)  let them  be defined  as
+ *    function-like macros,  and (2) place  them separately in their  own line,
+ *    like below:
+ *
+ *    ```CXX
+ *    // NG -- foo's type  considered something like `unsigned int`.
+ *    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH
+ *    int foo(void);
+ *    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP
+ *
+ *    // OK -- the macros are ignored by Doxygen.
+ *    RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()
+ *    int foo(void);
+ *    RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+ *    ```
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_is.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+
+#if RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, 12, 0, 0)
+# /* Not sure exactly when but it seems VC++ 6.0 is a version with it.*/
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()        __pragma(warning(push))
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()         __pragma(warning(pop))
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_ERROR(flag)   __pragma(warning(error: flag))
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(flag) __pragma(warning(disable: flag))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(Intel, 13, 0, 0)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()        __pragma(warning(push))
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()         __pragma(warning(pop))
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_ERROR(flag)   __pragma(warning(error: flag))
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(flag) __pragma(warning(disable: flag))
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Clang) || RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(Apple)
+# /* Not sure exactly when but it seems LLVM 2.6.0 is a version with it. */
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA0(x)    _Pragma(# x)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(x)    RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA0(clang diagnostic x)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA2(x, y) RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(x # y)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()        RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(push)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()         RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(pop)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_ERROR(flag)   RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA2(error, flag)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(flag) RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA2(ignored, flag)
+
+#elif RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(GCC, 4, 6, 0)
+# /* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.6.0/gcc/Diagnostic-Pragmas.html */
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA0(x)    _Pragma(# x)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(x)    RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA0(GCC diagnostic x)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA2(x, y) RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(x # y)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()        RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(push)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()         RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA1(pop)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_ERROR(flag)   RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA2(error, flag)
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(flag) RBIMPL_WARNING_PRAGMA2(ignored, flag)
+
+#else
+# /* :FIXME: improve here */
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()        /* void */
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()         /* void */
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_ERROR(flag)   /* void */
+# define RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(flag) /* void */
+#endif /* _MSC_VER */
+/** @endcond */
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h b/include/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76da1eb099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_XMALLOC_H                             /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_XMALLOC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries. They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Declares ::ruby_xmalloc().
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
+# include <stdlib.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
+#ifndef USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+# define USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS 0
+#endif
+
+#define xmalloc ruby_xmalloc
+#define xmalloc2 ruby_xmalloc2
+#define xcalloc ruby_xcalloc
+#define xrealloc ruby_xrealloc
+#define xrealloc2 ruby_xrealloc2
+#define xfree ruby_xfree
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1))
+/**
+ * Allocates a  storage instance.  It is  largely the same as  system malloc(),
+ * except:
+ *
+ *   - It raises Ruby exceptions instead of returning NULL, and
+ *   - In case of `ENOMEM` it tries to GC to make some room.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  size            Requested amount of memory.
+ * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  No space left for `size` bytes allocation.
+ * @return     A valid pointer  to an allocated storage instance;  which has at
+ *             least `size` bytes width, with appropriate alignment detected by
+ *             the underlying malloc() routine.
+ * @note       It doesn't return NULL.
+ * @note       Unlike some malloc() implementations, it allocates something and
+ *             returns a meaningful value even when `size` is equal to zero.
+ * @warning    The return  value shall  be invalidated  exactly once  by either
+ *             ruby_xfree(),  ruby_xrealloc(), or  ruby_xrealloc2().   It is  a
+ *             failure to pass it to system free(), because the system and Ruby
+ *             might or might not share the same malloc() implementation.
+ */
+void *ruby_xmalloc(size_t size)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(malloc(size))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1,2))
+/**
+ * Identical to ruby_xmalloc(), except it allocates `nelems` * `elemsiz` bytes.
+ * This is needed  because the multiplication could integer  overflow.  On such
+ * situations  Ruby does  not try  to  allocate at  all but  raises Ruby  level
+ * exceptions  instead.  If  there  is  no integer  overflow  the behaviour  is
+ * exactly the same as `ruby_xmalloc(nelems*elemsiz)`.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  nelems          Number of elements.
+ * @param[in]  elemsiz         Size of an element.
+ * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  No space left for allocation.
+ * @exception  rb_eArgError    `nelems` * `elemsiz` would overflow.
+ * @return     A valid pointer  to an allocated storage instance;  which has at
+ *             least  `nelems`  *  `elemsiz`   bytes  width,  with  appropriate
+ *             alignment detected by the underlying malloc() routine.
+ * @note       It doesn't return NULL.
+ * @note       Unlike some malloc() implementations, it allocates something and
+ *             returns a  meaningful value even  when `nelems` or  `elemsiz` or
+ *             both are zero.
+ * @warning    The return  value shall  be invalidated  exactly once  by either
+ *             ruby_xfree(),  ruby_xrealloc(), or  ruby_xrealloc2().   It is  a
+ *             failure to pass it to system free(), because the system and Ruby
+ *             might or might not share the same malloc() implementation.
+ */
+void *ruby_xmalloc2(size_t nelems, size_t elemsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(malloc(nelems * elemsiz))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1,2))
+/**
+ * Identical  to ruby_xmalloc2(),  except it  zero-fills the  region before  it
+ * returns.  This could also be seen  as a routine identical to ruby_xmalloc(),
+ * except it calls calloc() instead of malloc() internally.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  nelems          Number of elements.
+ * @param[in]  elemsiz         Size of an element.
+ * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  No space left for allocation.
+ * @exception  rb_eArgError    `nelems` * `elemsiz` would overflow.
+ * @return     A valid pointer  to an allocated storage instance;  which has at
+ *             least  `nelems`  *  `elemsiz`   bytes  width,  with  appropriate
+ *             alignment detected by the underlying calloc() routine.
+ * @note       It doesn't return NULL.
+ * @note       Unlike some calloc() implementations, it allocates something and
+ *             returns a  meaningful value even  when `nelems` or  `elemsiz` or
+ *             both are zero.
+ * @warning    The return  value shall  be invalidated  exactly once  by either
+ *             ruby_xfree(),  ruby_xrealloc(), or  ruby_xrealloc2().   It is  a
+ *             failure to pass it to system free(), because the system and Ruby
+ *             might or might not share the same malloc() implementation.
+ */
+void *ruby_xcalloc(size_t nelems, size_t elemsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(calloc(nelems, elemsiz))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2))
+/**
+ * Resize the storage instance.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  ptr             A valid  pointer to a storage  instance that was
+ *                             previously returned  from either ruby_xmalloc(),
+ *                             ruby_xmalloc2(),                 ruby_xcalloc(),
+ *                             ruby_xrealloc(), or ruby_xrealloc2().
+ * @param[in]  newsiz          Requested new amount of memory.
+ * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  No space left for `newsiz` bytes allocation.
+ * @retval     ptr             In case the function  returns the passed pointer
+ *                             as-is,  the storage  instance  that the  pointer
+ *                             holds  is either  grown or  shrunken to  have at
+ *                             least `newsiz` bytes.
+ * @retval     otherwise       A  valid pointer  to a  newly allocated  storage
+ *                             instance  which  has  at  least  `newsiz`  bytes
+ *                             width, and holds previous contents of `ptr`.  In
+ *                             this  case `ptr`  is  invalidated as  if it  was
+ *                             passed to ruby_xfree().
+ * @note       It doesn't return NULL.
+ * @warning    Unlike some realloc() implementations, passing zero to `elemsiz`
+ *             is not the  same as calling ruby_xfree(),  because this function
+ *             never returns NULL.  Something meaningful still returns then.
+ * @warning    It is  a failure not to  check the return value.   Do not assume
+ *             anything on  it.  It could  be either identical to,  or distinct
+ *             form the passed argument.
+ * @warning    Do not  assume anything  on the alignment  of the  return value.
+ *             There is  no guarantee  that it  inherits the  passed argument's
+ *             one.
+ * @warning    The return  value shall  be invalidated  exactly once  by either
+ *             ruby_xfree(),  ruby_xrealloc(), or  ruby_xrealloc2().   It is  a
+ *             failure to pass it to system free(), because the system and Ruby
+ *             might or might not share the same malloc() implementation.
+ */
+void *ruby_xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t newsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(realloc(ptr, newsiz))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2,3))
+/**
+ * Identical to ruby_xrealloc(),  except it resizes the  given storage instance
+ * to `newelems` *  `newsiz` bytes.  This is needed  because the multiplication
+ * could integer overflow.   On such situations Ruby does not  try to touch the
+ * contents  of  argument pointer  at  all  but  raises Ruby  level  exceptions
+ * instead.  If there is no integer  overflow the behaviour is exactly the same
+ * as `ruby_xrealloc(ptr,nelems*elemsiz)`.
+ *
+ * This  is   roughly  the  same   as  reallocarray()  function   that  OpenBSD
+ * etc. provides, but also interacts with our GC.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  ptr             A valid  pointer to a storage  instance that was
+ *                             previously returned  from either ruby_xmalloc(),
+ *                             ruby_xmalloc2(),                 ruby_xcalloc(),
+ *                             ruby_xrealloc(), or ruby_xrealloc2().
+
+ * @param[in]  newelems        Requested new number of elements.
+ * @param[in]  newsiz          Requested new size of each element.
+ * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  No space left for  allocation.
+ * @exception  rb_eArgError    `newelems` * `newsiz` would overflow.
+ * @retval     ptr             In case the function  returns the passed pointer
+ *                             as-is,  the storage  instance  that the  pointer
+ *                             holds  is either  grown or  shrunken to  have at
+ *                             least `newelems` * `newsiz` bytes.
+ * @retval     otherwise       A  valid pointer  to a  newly allocated  storage
+ *                             instance  which   has  at  least   `newelems`  *
+ *                             `newsiz`   bytes  width,   and  holds   previous
+ *                             contents  of  `ptr`.   In  this  case  `ptr`  is
+ *                             invalidated as if it was passed to ruby_xfree().
+ * @note       It doesn't return NULL.
+ * @warning    Unlike some  realloc() implementations,  passing zero  to either
+ *             `newelems`   or  `elemsiz`   are   not  the   same  as   calling
+ *             ruby_xfree(),   because  this   function  never   returns  NULL.
+ *             Something meaningful still returns then.
+ * @warning    It is  a failure not to  check the return value.   Do not assume
+ *             anything on  it.  It could  be either identical to,  or distinct
+ *             form the passed argument.
+ * @warning    Do not  assume anything  on the alignment  of the  return value.
+ *             There is  no guarantee  that it  inherits the  passed argument's
+ *             one.
+ * @warning    The return  value shall  be invalidated  exactly once  by either
+ *             ruby_xfree(),  ruby_xrealloc(), or  ruby_xrealloc2().   It is  a
+ *             failure to pass it to system free(), because the system and Ruby
+ *             might or might not share the same malloc() implementation.
+ */
+void *ruby_xrealloc2(void *ptr, size_t newelems, size_t newsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(realloc(ptr, newelems * newsiz))
+;
+
+/**
+ * Deallocates a storage instance.
+ *
+ * @param[out]  ptr  Either NULL,  or a valid pointer  previously returned from
+ *                   one  of  ruby_xmalloc(), ruby_xmalloc2(),  ruby_xcalloc(),
+ *                   ruby_xrealloc(), or ruby_xrealloc2().
+ * @warning     Every single storage instance  that was previously allocated by
+ *              either    ruby_xmalloc(),   ruby_xmalloc2(),    ruby_xcalloc(),
+ *              ruby_xrealloc(),  or  ruby_xrealloc2()   shall  be  invalidated
+ *              exactly once by  either passing it to  ruby_xfree(), or passing
+ *              it to  either ruby_xrealloc(), ruby_xrealloc2() then  check the
+ *              return value for invalidation.
+ * @warning     Do not pass anything other  than pointers described above.  For
+ *              instance pointers returned from malloc() or mmap() shall not be
+ *              passed  to   this  function,  because  the   underlying  memory
+ *              management mechanism could differ.
+ * @warning     Do  not pass  any invalid  pointers  to this  function e.g.  by
+ *              calling it twice with a same argument.
+ */
+void ruby_xfree(void *ptr)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(free(ptr))
+;
+
+#if USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS || defined(__DOXYGEN)
+# define ruby_xmalloc(s1)            ruby_xmalloc_with_location(s1, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+# define ruby_xmalloc2(s1, s2)       ruby_xmalloc2_with_location(s1, s2, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+# define ruby_xcalloc(s1, s2)        ruby_xcalloc_with_location(s1, s2, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+# define ruby_xrealloc(ptr, s1)      ruby_xrealloc_with_location(ptr, s1, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+# define ruby_xrealloc2(ptr, s1, s2) ruby_xrealloc2_with_location(ptr, s1, s2, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1))
+void *ruby_xmalloc_body(size_t size)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(malloc(size))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1,2))
+void *ruby_xmalloc2_body(size_t nelems, size_t elemsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(malloc(nelems * elemsiz))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RESTRICT()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((1,2))
+void *ruby_xcalloc_body(size_t nelems, size_t elemsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(calloc(nelems, elemsiz))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2))
+void *ruby_xrealloc_body(void *ptr, size_t newsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(realloc(ptr, newsiz))
+;
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NODISCARD()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2,3))
+void *ruby_xrealloc2_body(void *ptr, size_t newelems, size_t newsiz)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOEXCEPT(realloc(ptr, newelems * newsiz))
+;
+
+RUBY_EXTERN const char *ruby_malloc_info_file;
+RUBY_EXTERN int ruby_malloc_info_line;
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_xmalloc_with_location(size_t s, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    void *ptr;
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = file;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = line;
+    ptr = ruby_xmalloc_body(s);
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = NULL;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_xmalloc2_with_location(size_t s1, size_t s2, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    void *ptr;
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = file;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = line;
+    ptr = ruby_xmalloc2_body(s1, s2);
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = NULL;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_xcalloc_with_location(size_t s1, size_t s2, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    void *ptr;
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = file;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = line;
+    ptr = ruby_xcalloc_body(s1, s2);
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = NULL;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_xrealloc_with_location(void *ptr, size_t s, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    void *rptr;
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = file;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = line;
+    rptr = ruby_xrealloc_body(ptr, s);
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = NULL;
+    return rptr;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_xrealloc2_with_location(void *ptr, size_t s1, size_t s2, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    void *rptr;
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = file;
+    ruby_malloc_info_line = line;
+    rptr = ruby_xrealloc2_body(ptr, s1, s2);
+    ruby_malloc_info_file = NULL;
+    return rptr;
+}
+#endif
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_XMALLOC_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/io.h b/include/ruby/io.h
index 60d6f6d32e..a3de95f281 100644
--- a/include/ruby/io.h
+++ b/include/ruby/io.h
@@ -1,33 +1,25 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  rubyio.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Fri Nov 12 16:47:09 JST 1993
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_IO_H
+#ifndef RUBY_IO_H                                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_IO_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Fri Nov 12 16:47:09 JST 1993
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <errno.h>
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
 
 #if defined(HAVE_STDIO_EXT_H)
 #include <stdio_ext.h>
 #endif
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include <errno.h>
 #if defined(HAVE_POLL)
 #  ifdef _AIX
 #    define reqevents events
@@ -49,7 +41,14 @@ extern "C" {
 #  define RB_WAITFD_OUT 0x004
 #endif
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+typedef enum {
+    RUBY_IO_READABLE = RB_WAITFD_IN,
+    RUBY_IO_WRITABLE = RB_WAITFD_OUT,
+    RUBY_IO_PRIORITY = RB_WAITFD_PRI,
+} rb_io_event_t;
+
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(struct rb_io_buffer_t {
     char *ptr;                  /* off + len <= capa */
@@ -60,6 +59,8 @@ PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(struct rb_io_buffer_t {
 typedef struct rb_io_buffer_t rb_io_buffer_t;
 
 typedef struct rb_io_t {
+    VALUE self;
+
     FILE *stdio_file;		/* stdio ptr for read/write if available */
     int fd;                     /* file descriptor */
     int mode;			/* mode flags: FMODE_XXXs */
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ typedef struct rb_io_t {
     VALUE write_lock;
 } rb_io_t;
 
+typedef struct rb_io_enc_t rb_io_enc_t;
+
 #define HAVE_RB_IO_T 1
 
 #define FMODE_READABLE              0x00000001
@@ -109,6 +112,7 @@ typedef struct rb_io_t {
 #define FMODE_APPEND                0x00000040
 #define FMODE_CREATE                0x00000080
 /* #define FMODE_NOREVLOOKUP        0x00000100 */
+#define FMODE_EXCL                  0x00000400
 #define FMODE_TRUNC                 0x00000800
 #define FMODE_TEXTMODE              0x00001000
 /* #define FMODE_PREP               0x00010000 */
@@ -117,11 +121,13 @@ typedef struct rb_io_t {
 /* #define FMODE_INET                  0x00400000 */
 /* #define FMODE_INET6                 0x00800000 */
 
-#define GetOpenFile(obj,fp) rb_io_check_closed((fp) = RFILE(rb_io_taint_check(obj))->fptr)
+#define RB_IO_POINTER(obj,fp) rb_io_check_closed((fp) = RFILE(rb_io_taint_check(obj))->fptr)
+#define GetOpenFile RB_IO_POINTER
 
-#define MakeOpenFile(obj, fp) do {\
+#define RB_IO_OPEN(obj, fp) do {\
     (fp) = rb_io_make_open_file(obj);\
 } while (0)
+#define MakeOpenFile RB_IO_OPEN
 
 rb_io_t *rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj);
 
@@ -143,13 +149,17 @@ VALUE rb_io_get_io(VALUE io);
 VALUE rb_io_check_io(VALUE io);
 VALUE rb_io_get_write_io(VALUE io);
 VALUE rb_io_set_write_io(VALUE io, VALUE w);
-int rb_io_wait_readable(int);
-int rb_io_wait_writable(int);
-int rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *tv);
 void rb_io_set_nonblock(rb_io_t *fptr);
 int rb_io_extract_encoding_option(VALUE opt, rb_encoding **enc_p, rb_encoding **enc2_p, int *fmode_p);
+void rb_io_extract_modeenc(VALUE *vmode_p, VALUE *vperm_p, VALUE opthash, int *oflags_p, int *fmode_p, rb_io_enc_t *convconfig_p);
 ssize_t rb_io_bufwrite(VALUE io, const void *buf, size_t size);
 
+int rb_io_wait_readable(int fd);
+int rb_io_wait_writable(int fd);
+int rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *tv);
+
+VALUE rb_io_wait(VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout);
+
 /* compatibility for ruby 1.8 and older */
 #define rb_io_mode_flags(modestr) [<"rb_io_mode_flags() is obsolete; use rb_io_modestr_fmode()">]
 #define rb_io_modenum_flags(oflags) [<"rb_io_modenum_flags() is obsolete; use rb_io_oflags_fmode()">]
@@ -165,13 +175,6 @@ VALUE rb_stat_new(const struct stat *);
 
 /* gc.c */
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_IO_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/memory_view.h b/include/ruby/memory_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4996cdbbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/memory_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_H
+#define RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Memory View.
+ */
+
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/intern.h"
+
+enum ruby_memory_view_flags {
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_SIMPLE            = 0,
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_WRITABLE          = (1<<0),
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_FORMAT            = (1<<1),
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_MULTI_DIMENSIONAL = (1<<2),
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_STRIDES           = (1<<3) | RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_MULTI_DIMENSIONAL,
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_ROW_MAJOR         = (1<<4) | RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_STRIDES,
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_COLUMN_MAJOR      = (1<<5) | RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_STRIDES,
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_ANY_CONTIGUOUS    = RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_ROW_MAJOR | RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_COLUMN_MAJOR,
+    RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_INDIRECT          = (1<<6) | RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_STRIDES,
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    char format;
+    unsigned native_size_p: 1;
+    unsigned little_endian_p: 1;
+    size_t offset;
+    size_t size;
+    size_t repeat;
+} rb_memory_view_item_component_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    /* The original object that has the memory exported via this memory view.
+     * The consumer of this memory view has the responsibility to call rb_gc_mark
+     * for preventing this obj collected by GC.  */
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    /* The pointer to the exported memory. */
+    void *data;
+
+    /* The number of bytes in data. */
+    ssize_t byte_size;
+
+    /* true for readonly memory, false for writable memory. */
+    bool readonly;
+
+    /* A string to describe the format of an element, or NULL for unsigned bytes.
+     * The format string is a sequence of the following pack-template specifiers:
+     *
+     *   c, C, s, s!, S, S!, n, v, i, i!, I, I!, l, l!, L, L!,
+     *   N, V, f, e, g, q, q!, Q, Q!, d, E, G, j, J, x
+     *
+     * For example, "dd" for an element that consists of two double values,
+     * and "CCC" for an element that consists of three bytes, such as
+     * an RGB color triplet.
+     *
+     * Also, the value endianness can be explicitly specified by '<' or '>'
+     * following a value type specifier.
+     *
+     * The items are packed contiguously.  When you emulate the alignment of
+     * structure members, put '|' at the beginning of the format string,
+     * like "|iqc".  On x86_64 Linux ABI, the size of the item by this format
+     * is 24 bytes instead of 13 bytes.
+     */
+    const char *format;
+
+    /* The number of bytes in each element.
+     * item_size should equal to rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format(format). */
+    ssize_t item_size;
+
+    struct {
+        /* The array of rb_memory_view_item_component_t that describes the
+         * item structure.  rb_memory_view_prepare_item_desc and
+         * rb_memory_view_get_item allocate this memory if needed,
+         * and rb_memory_view_release frees it. */
+        const rb_memory_view_item_component_t *components;
+
+        /* The number of components in an item. */
+        size_t length;
+    } item_desc;
+
+    /* The number of dimension. */
+    ssize_t ndim;
+
+    /* ndim size array indicating the number of elements in each dimension.
+     * This can be NULL when ndim == 1. */
+    const ssize_t *shape;
+
+    /* ndim size array indicating the number of bytes to skip to go to the
+     * next element in each dimension. */
+    const ssize_t *strides;
+
+    /* The offset in each dimension when this memory view exposes a nested array.
+     * Or, NULL when this memory view exposes a flat array. */
+    const ssize_t *sub_offsets;
+
+    /* the private data for managing this exported memory */
+    void *const private;
+} rb_memory_view_t;
+
+typedef bool (* rb_memory_view_get_func_t)(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t *view, int flags);
+typedef bool (* rb_memory_view_release_func_t)(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t *view);
+typedef bool (* rb_memory_view_available_p_func_t)(VALUE obj);
+
+typedef struct {
+    rb_memory_view_get_func_t get_func;
+    rb_memory_view_release_func_t release_func;
+    rb_memory_view_available_p_func_t available_p_func;
+} rb_memory_view_entry_t;
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+/* memory_view.c */
+bool rb_memory_view_register(VALUE klass, const rb_memory_view_entry_t *entry);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+bool rb_memory_view_is_row_major_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view);
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+bool rb_memory_view_is_column_major_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view);
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+void rb_memory_view_fill_contiguous_strides(const ssize_t ndim, const ssize_t item_size, const ssize_t *const shape, const bool row_major_p, ssize_t *const strides);
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+bool rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array(rb_memory_view_t *view, VALUE obj, void *data, const ssize_t len, const bool readonly);
+ssize_t rb_memory_view_parse_item_format(const char *format,
+                                         rb_memory_view_item_component_t **members,
+                                         size_t *n_members, const char **err);
+ssize_t rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format(const char *format, const char **err);
+void *rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer(rb_memory_view_t *view, const ssize_t *indices);
+VALUE rb_memory_view_extract_item_members(const void *ptr, const rb_memory_view_item_component_t *members, const size_t n_members);
+void rb_memory_view_prepare_item_desc(rb_memory_view_t *view);
+VALUE rb_memory_view_get_item(rb_memory_view_t *view, const ssize_t *indices);
+
+bool rb_memory_view_available_p(VALUE obj);
+bool rb_memory_view_get(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t* memory_view, int flags);
+bool rb_memory_view_release(rb_memory_view_t* memory_view);
+
+/* for testing */
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry;
+RUBY_EXTERN const rb_data_type_t rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry_data_type;
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+static inline bool
+rb_memory_view_is_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view)
+{
+    if (rb_memory_view_is_row_major_contiguous(view)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (rb_memory_view_is_column_major_contiguous(view)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif /* RUBY_BUFFER_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/missing.h b/include/ruby/missing.h
index 3474ca256f..f83f1b695c 100644
--- a/include/ruby/missing.h
+++ b/include/ruby/missing.h
@@ -1,42 +1,45 @@
-/************************************************
-
-  missing.h - prototype for *.c in ./missing, and
-  	      for missing timeval struct
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Sat May 11 23:46:03 JST 2002
-
-************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_MISSING_H
+#ifndef RUBY_MISSING_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_MISSING_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Sat May 11 23:46:03 JST 2002
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Prototype for *.c in ./missing, and for missing timeval struct.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stddef.h>
+#endif
 
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
+# include <cmath>
+#else
+# include <math.h> /* for INFINITY and NAN */
 #endif
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <math.h> /* for INFINITY and NAN */
 #ifdef RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
 # include RUBY_ALTERNATIVE_MALLOC_HEADER
 #endif
-#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#endif
 
-#if !defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEVAL) || !defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TIMESPEC)
 #if defined(HAVE_TIME_H)
 # include <time.h>
 #endif
+
 #if defined(HAVE_SYS_TIME_H)
 # include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
+# include <ieeefp.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
 #ifndef M_PI
 # define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
 #endif
@@ -44,11 +47,6 @@ extern "C" {
 # define M_PI_2 (M_PI/2)
 #endif
 
-#ifndef RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-# define RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN /* begin */
-# define RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END   /* end */
-#endif
-
 #if !defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEVAL)
 struct timeval {
     time_t tv_sec;	/* seconds */
@@ -57,6 +55,10 @@ struct timeval {
 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEVAL */
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TIMESPEC)
+/* :BEWARE: @shyouhei warns that  IT IS A WRONG IDEA to  define our own version
+ * of struct timespec here.  `clock_gettime` is  a system call, and your kernel
+ * could expect  something other  than just `long`  (results stack  smashing if
+ * that happens).  See also https://ewontfix.com/19/ */
 struct timespec {
     time_t tv_sec;	/* seconds */
     long tv_nsec;	/* nanoseconds */
@@ -70,14 +72,7 @@ struct timezone {
 };
 #endif
 
-#ifdef RUBY_EXPORT
-#undef RUBY_EXTERN
-#endif
-#ifndef RUBY_EXTERN
-#define RUBY_EXTERN extern
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 #ifndef HAVE_ACOSH
 RUBY_EXTERN double acosh(double);
@@ -136,7 +131,7 @@ RUBY_EXTERN double lgamma_r(double, int *);
 RUBY_EXTERN double cbrt(double);
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(HAVE_INFINITY) || !defined(HAVE_NAN)
+#if !defined(INFINITY) || !defined(NAN)
 union bytesequence4_or_float {
   unsigned char bytesequence[4];
   float float_value;
@@ -147,38 +142,53 @@ union bytesequence4_or_float {
 /** @internal */
 RUBY_EXTERN const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_infinity;
 # define INFINITY (rb_infinity.float_value)
+# define USE_RB_INFINITY 1
 #endif
 
 #ifndef NAN
 /** @internal */
 RUBY_EXTERN const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_nan;
 # define NAN (rb_nan.float_value)
+# define USE_RB_NAN 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HUGE_VAL
+# define HUGE_VAL ((double)INFINITY)
 #endif
 
-#ifndef isinf
-# ifndef HAVE_ISINF
-#  if defined(HAVE_FINITE) && defined(HAVE_ISNAN)
-#    ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
-#    include <ieeefp.h>
-#    endif
-#  define isinf(x) (!finite(x) && !isnan(x))
-#  else
+#if defined(isinf)
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(HAVE_ISINF)
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(HAVE_FINITE) && defined(HAVE_ISNAN)
+# define isinf(x) (!finite(x) && !isnan(x))
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+# // <cmath> must include constexpr bool isinf(double);
+#else
 RUBY_EXTERN int isinf(double);
-#  endif
-# endif
 #endif
 
-#ifndef isnan
-# ifndef HAVE_ISNAN
+#if defined(isnan)
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(HAVE_ISNAN)
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+# // <cmath> must include constexpr bool isnan(double);
+#else
 RUBY_EXTERN int isnan(double);
-# endif
 #endif
 
-#ifndef isfinite
-# ifndef HAVE_ISFINITE
-#   define HAVE_ISFINITE 1
-#   define isfinite(x) finite(x)
-# endif
+#if defined(isfinite)
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(HAVE_ISFINITE)
+# /* Take that. */
+#else
+# define HAVE_ISFINITE 1
+# define isfinite(x) finite(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_NAN
+RUBY_EXTERN double nan(const char *);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef HAVE_NEXTAFTER
@@ -214,12 +224,6 @@ RUBY_EXTERN char *strerror(int);
 RUBY_EXTERN char *strstr(const char *, const char *);
 #endif
 
-/*
-#ifndef HAVE_STRTOL
-RUBY_EXTERN long strtol(const char *, char **, int);
-#endif
-*/
-
 #ifndef HAVE_STRLCPY
 RUBY_EXTERN size_t strlcpy(char *, const char*, size_t);
 #endif
@@ -237,8 +241,8 @@ RUBY_EXTERN int ffs(int);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef BROKEN_CLOSE
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
+# include <sys/types.h>
+# include <sys/socket.h>
 RUBY_EXTERN int ruby_getpeername(int, struct sockaddr *, socklen_t *);
 RUBY_EXTERN int ruby_getsockname(int, struct sockaddr *, socklen_t *);
 RUBY_EXTERN int ruby_shutdown(int, int);
@@ -249,20 +253,14 @@ RUBY_EXTERN int ruby_close(int);
 RUBY_EXTERN void setproctitle(const char *fmt, ...);
 #endif
 
-#ifndef HAVE_EXPLICIT_BZERO
+#ifdef HAVE_EXPLICIT_BZERO
+# /* Take that. */
+#elif defined(SecureZeroMemory)
+# define explicit_bzero(b, len) SecureZeroMemory(b, len)
+#else
 RUBY_EXTERN void explicit_bzero(void *b, size_t len);
-# if defined SecureZeroMemory
-#   define explicit_bzero(b, len) SecureZeroMemory(b, len)
-# endif
 #endif
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_MISSING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/onigmo.h b/include/ruby/onigmo.h
index 868372494b..6187b37dc3 100644
--- a/include/ruby/onigmo.h
+++ b/include/ruby/onigmo.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #define ONIGMO_VERSION_MAJOR   6
 #define ONIGMO_VERSION_MINOR   1
-#define ONIGMO_VERSION_TEENY   1
+#define ONIGMO_VERSION_TEENY   3
 
 #ifndef ONIG_EXTERN
 # ifdef RUBY_EXTERN
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ int onigenc_str_bytelen_null(OnigEncoding enc, const OnigUChar* p);
 /* PART: regular expression */
 
 /* config parameters */
-#define ONIG_NREGION                          10
+#define ONIG_NREGION                          4
 #define ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_GROUP_NUM         32767
 #define ONIG_MAX_BACKREF_NUM                1000
 #define ONIG_MAX_REPEAT_NUM               100000
@@ -701,6 +701,7 @@ ONIG_EXTERN const OnigSyntaxType*   OnigDefaultSyntax;
 #define ONIG_IS_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP(r, i) \
   ((i) <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP && (r)->list && (r)->list[i])
 
+#ifdef USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY
 typedef struct OnigCaptureTreeNodeStruct {
   int group;   /* group number */
   OnigPosition beg;
@@ -709,6 +710,7 @@ typedef struct OnigCaptureTreeNodeStruct {
   int num_childs;
   struct OnigCaptureTreeNodeStruct** childs;
 } OnigCaptureTreeNode;
+#endif
 
 /* match result region type */
 struct re_registers {
@@ -716,8 +718,10 @@ struct re_registers {
   int  num_regs;
   OnigPosition* beg;
   OnigPosition* end;
+#ifdef USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY
   /* extended */
   OnigCaptureTreeNode* history_root;  /* capture history tree root */
+#endif
 };
 
 /* capture tree traverse */
@@ -866,8 +870,10 @@ ONIG_EXTERN
 int onig_number_of_captures(const OnigRegexType *reg);
 ONIG_EXTERN
 int onig_number_of_capture_histories(const OnigRegexType *reg);
+#ifdef USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY
 ONIG_EXTERN
 OnigCaptureTreeNode* onig_get_capture_tree(OnigRegion* region);
+#endif
 ONIG_EXTERN
 int onig_capture_tree_traverse(OnigRegion* region, int at, int(*callback_func)(int,OnigPosition,OnigPosition,int,int,void*), void* arg);
 ONIG_EXTERN
diff --git a/include/ruby/ractor.h b/include/ruby/ractor.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d6687456c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/ractor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_RACTOR_H
+#define RUBY_RACTOR_H 1
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author Koichi Sasada
+ * @date Tue Nov 17 16:39:15 2020
+ * @copyright Copyright (C) 2020 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+
+struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type {
+    void (*mark)(void *ptr);
+    void (*free)(void *ptr);
+    // TODO: update
+};
+
+typedef struct rb_ractor_local_key_struct *rb_ractor_local_key_t;
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRactor;
+
+VALUE rb_ractor_stdin(void);
+VALUE rb_ractor_stdout(void);
+VALUE rb_ractor_stderr(void);
+void rb_ractor_stdin_set(VALUE);
+void rb_ractor_stdout_set(VALUE);
+void rb_ractor_stderr_set(VALUE);
+
+rb_ractor_local_key_t rb_ractor_local_storage_value_newkey(void);
+VALUE rb_ractor_local_storage_value(rb_ractor_local_key_t key);
+bool rb_ractor_local_storage_value_lookup(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, VALUE *val);
+void  rb_ractor_local_storage_value_set(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, VALUE val);
+
+RUBY_EXTERN const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type rb_ractor_local_storage_type_free;
+#define RB_RACTOR_LOCAL_STORAGE_TYPE_FREE (&rb_ractor_local_storage_type_free)
+
+rb_ractor_local_key_t rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_newkey(const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type *type);
+void *rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr(rb_ractor_local_key_t key);
+void  rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_set(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, void *ptr);
+
+VALUE rb_ractor_make_shareable(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_ractor_make_shareable_copy(VALUE obj);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#define RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj) FL_TEST_RAW((obj), RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE)
+
+static inline bool
+rb_ractor_shareable_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    bool rb_ractor_shareable_p_continue(VALUE obj);
+
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_ractor_shareable_p_continue(obj);
+    }
+}
+
+#endif /* RUBY_RACTOR_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/random.h b/include/ruby/random.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56b2dd413f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/random.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_RANDOM_H
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @date       Sat May  7 11:51:14 JST 2016
+ * @copyright  2007-2020 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
+
+struct rb_random_struct {
+    VALUE seed;
+};
+typedef struct rb_random_struct rb_random_t;
+
+typedef void rb_random_init_func(rb_random_t *, const uint32_t *, size_t);
+typedef unsigned int rb_random_get_int32_func(rb_random_t *);
+typedef void rb_random_get_bytes_func(rb_random_t *, void *, size_t);
+typedef double rb_random_get_real_func(rb_random_t *, int);
+
+typedef struct {
+    size_t default_seed_bits;
+    rb_random_init_func *init;
+    rb_random_get_int32_func *get_int32;
+    rb_random_get_bytes_func *get_bytes;
+    rb_random_get_real_func *get_real;
+} rb_random_interface_t;
+
+#define RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DECLARE(prefix) \
+    static void prefix##_init(rb_random_t *, const uint32_t *, size_t); \
+    static unsigned int prefix##_get_int32(rb_random_t *); \
+    static void prefix##_get_bytes(rb_random_t *, void *, size_t)
+
+#define RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DECLARE_WITH_REAL(prefix) \
+    RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DECLARE(prefix); \
+    static double prefix##_get_real(rb_random_t *, int)
+
+#define RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(prefix) \
+    prefix##_init, \
+    prefix##_get_int32, \
+    prefix##_get_bytes
+
+#define RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE_WITH_REAL(prefix) \
+    RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(prefix), \
+    prefix##_get_real
+
+#if defined _WIN32 && !defined __CYGWIN__
+typedef rb_data_type_t rb_random_data_type_t;
+# define RB_RANDOM_PARENT 0
+#else
+typedef const rb_data_type_t rb_random_data_type_t;
+# define RB_RANDOM_PARENT &rb_random_data_type
+#endif
+
+#define RB_RANDOM_DATA_INIT_PARENT(random_data) \
+    rbimpl_random_data_init_parent(&random_data)
+
+void rb_random_mark(void *ptr);
+void rb_random_base_init(rb_random_t *rnd);
+double rb_int_pair_to_real(uint32_t a, uint32_t b, int excl);
+void rb_rand_bytes_int32(rb_random_get_int32_func *, rb_random_t *, void *, size_t);
+RUBY_EXTERN const rb_data_type_t rb_random_data_type;
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+/* :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? */
+static inline const rb_random_interface_t *
+rb_rand_if(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(RTYPEDDATA_P(obj));
+    const struct rb_data_type_struct *t = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
+    const void *ret = t->data;
+    return RBIMPL_CAST((const rb_random_interface_t *)ret);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NOALIAS()
+static inline void
+rbimpl_random_data_init_parent(rb_random_data_type_t *random_data)
+{
+#if defined _WIN32 && !defined __CYGWIN__
+    random_data->parent = &rb_random_data_type;
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* RUBY_RANDOM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/re.h b/include/ruby/re.h
index 166f254aa5..ec0f425db0 100644
--- a/include/ruby/re.h
+++ b/include/ruby/re.h
@@ -1,55 +1,24 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  re.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Thu Sep 30 14:18:32 JST 1993
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_RE_H
+#ifndef RUBY_RE_H                                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_RE_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Thu Sep 30 14:18:32 JST 1993
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 #include "ruby/regex.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core/rmatch.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-
-typedef struct re_pattern_buffer Regexp;
-
-struct rmatch_offset {
-    long beg;
-    long end;
-};
-
-struct rmatch {
-    struct re_registers regs;
-
-    int char_offset_updated;
-    int char_offset_num_allocated;
-    struct rmatch_offset *char_offset;
-};
-
-struct RMatch {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    VALUE str;
-    struct rmatch *rmatch;
-    VALUE regexp;  /* RRegexp */
-};
-
-#define RMATCH(obj)  (R_CAST(RMatch)(obj))
-#define RMATCH_REGS(obj)  (&(R_CAST(RMatch)(obj))->rmatch->regs)
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 VALUE rb_reg_regcomp(VALUE);
 long rb_reg_search(VALUE, VALUE, long, int);
@@ -60,13 +29,6 @@ VALUE rb_reg_quote(VALUE);
 regex_t *rb_reg_prepare_re(VALUE re, VALUE str);
 int rb_reg_region_copy(struct re_registers *, const struct re_registers *);
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_RE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/regex.h b/include/ruby/regex.h
index 024bed4a4e..22dae3231d 100644
--- a/include/ruby/regex.h
+++ b/include/ruby/regex.h
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  regex.h -
-
-  $Author$
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef ONIGURUMA_REGEX_H
+#ifndef ONIGURUMA_REGEX_H                            /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define ONIGURUMA_REGEX_H 1
-
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 extern "C" {
 #if 0
diff --git a/include/ruby/ruby.h b/include/ruby/ruby.h
index 4aa388849b..c68168d500 100644
--- a/include/ruby/ruby.h
+++ b/include/ruby/ruby.h
@@ -1,52 +1,18 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  ruby/ruby.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Thu Jun 10 14:26:32 JST 1993
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
-  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_RUBY_H
+#ifndef RUBY_RUBY_H                                  /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_RUBY_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#include "ruby/config.h"
-#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-/* __builtin_choose_expr and __builtin_types_compatible aren't available
- * on C++.  See https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html */
-# undef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P
-# undef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P
-#endif
-
-#include "defines.h"
-
-#ifndef ASSUME
-# ifdef UNREACHABLE
-#   define ASSUME(x) (RB_LIKELY(!!(x)) ? (void)0 : UNREACHABLE)
-# else
-#   define ASSUME(x) ((void)(x))
-# endif
-#endif
-#ifndef UNREACHABLE
-# define UNREACHABLE ((void)0)	/* unreachable */
-#endif
-
-#define RUBY_MACRO_SELECT(base, n) TOKEN_PASTE(base, n)
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Thu Jun 10 14:26:32 JST 1993
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 1993-2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_INTRINSICS_H
 # include <intrinsics.h>
@@ -54,1993 +20,86 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-
-/* Make alloca work the best possible way.  */
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-# ifndef alloca
-#  define alloca __builtin_alloca
-# endif
-#else
-# ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
-#  include <alloca.h>
-# else
-#  ifdef _AIX
-#pragma alloca
-#  else
-#   ifndef alloca		/* predefined by HP cc +Olibcalls */
-void *alloca();
-#   endif
-#  endif /* AIX */
-# endif	/* HAVE_ALLOCA_H */
-#endif /* __GNUC__ */
-
-#if defined HAVE_UINTPTR_T && 0
-typedef uintptr_t VALUE;
-typedef uintptr_t ID;
-# define SIGNED_VALUE intptr_t
-# define SIZEOF_VALUE SIZEOF_UINTPTR_T
-# undef PRI_VALUE_PREFIX
-#elif SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-typedef unsigned long VALUE;
-typedef unsigned long ID;
-# define SIGNED_VALUE long
-# define SIZEOF_VALUE SIZEOF_LONG
-# define PRI_VALUE_PREFIX "l"
-#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-typedef unsigned LONG_LONG VALUE;
-typedef unsigned LONG_LONG ID;
-# define SIGNED_VALUE LONG_LONG
-# define LONG_LONG_VALUE 1
-# define SIZEOF_VALUE SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-# define PRI_VALUE_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
-#else
-# error ---->> ruby requires sizeof(void*) == sizeof(long) or sizeof(LONG_LONG) to be compiled. <<----
-#endif
-
-typedef char ruby_check_sizeof_int[SIZEOF_INT == sizeof(int) ? 1 : -1];
-typedef char ruby_check_sizeof_long[SIZEOF_LONG == sizeof(long) ? 1 : -1];
-#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
-typedef char ruby_check_sizeof_long_long[SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == sizeof(LONG_LONG) ? 1 : -1];
-#endif
-typedef char ruby_check_sizeof_voidp[SIZEOF_VOIDP == sizeof(void*) ? 1 : -1];
-
-#ifndef PRI_INT_PREFIX
-#define PRI_INT_PREFIX ""
-#endif
-#ifndef PRI_LONG_PREFIX
-#define PRI_LONG_PREFIX "l"
-#endif
-
-#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
-#define PRI_64_PREFIX PRI_LONG_PREFIX
-#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
-#define PRI_64_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
-#endif
-
-#define RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK "\v"
-#if defined PRIdPTR && !defined PRI_VALUE_PREFIX
-#define PRIdVALUE PRIdPTR
-#define PRIoVALUE PRIoPTR
-#define PRIuVALUE PRIuPTR
-#define PRIxVALUE PRIxPTR
-#define PRIXVALUE PRIXPTR
-#define PRIsVALUE PRIiPTR"" RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK
-#else
-#define PRIdVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"d"
-#define PRIoVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"o"
-#define PRIuVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"u"
-#define PRIxVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"x"
-#define PRIXVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"X"
-#define PRIsVALUE PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"i" RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK
-#endif
-#ifndef PRI_VALUE_PREFIX
-# define PRI_VALUE_PREFIX ""
-#endif
-
-#ifndef PRI_TIMET_PREFIX
-# if SIZEOF_TIME_T == SIZEOF_INT
-#  define PRI_TIMET_PREFIX
-# elif SIZEOF_TIME_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-#  define PRI_TIMET_PREFIX "l"
-# elif SIZEOF_TIME_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-#  define PRI_TIMET_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX
-#elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_INT
-# define PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX ""
-#elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-# define PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX "l"
-#elif SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-# define PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
-#endif
-#define PRIdPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"d"
-#define PRIiPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"i"
-#define PRIoPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"o"
-#define PRIuPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"u"
-#define PRIxPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"x"
-#define PRIXPTRDIFF PRI_PTRDIFF_PREFIX"X"
-
-#if defined PRI_SIZE_PREFIX
-#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
-# define PRI_SIZE_PREFIX ""
-#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-# define PRI_SIZE_PREFIX "l"
-#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-# define PRI_SIZE_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
-#endif
-#define PRIdSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"d"
-#define PRIiSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"i"
-#define PRIoSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"o"
-#define PRIuSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"u"
-#define PRIxSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"x"
-#define PRIXSIZE PRI_SIZE_PREFIX"X"
-
-#ifdef __STDC__
-# include <limits.h>
-#else
-# ifndef LONG_MAX
-#  ifdef HAVE_LIMITS_H
-#   include <limits.h>
-#  else
-    /* assuming 32bit(2's complement) long */
-#   define LONG_MAX 2147483647
-#  endif
-# endif
-# ifndef LONG_MIN
-#  define LONG_MIN (-LONG_MAX-1)
-# endif
-# ifndef CHAR_BIT
-#  define CHAR_BIT 8
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
-# ifndef LLONG_MAX
-#  ifdef LONG_LONG_MAX
-#   define LLONG_MAX  LONG_LONG_MAX
-#  else
-#   ifdef _I64_MAX
-#    define LLONG_MAX _I64_MAX
-#   else
-    /* assuming 64bit(2's complement) long long */
-#    define LLONG_MAX 9223372036854775807LL
-#   endif
-#  endif
-# endif
-# ifndef LLONG_MIN
-#  ifdef LONG_LONG_MIN
-#   define LLONG_MIN  LONG_LONG_MIN
-#  else
-#   ifdef _I64_MIN
-#    define LLONG_MIN _I64_MIN
-#   else
-#    define LLONG_MIN (-LLONG_MAX-1)
-#   endif
-#  endif
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#define RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX (LONG_MAX>>1)
-#define RUBY_FIXNUM_MIN RSHIFT((long)LONG_MIN,1)
-#define FIXNUM_MAX RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX
-#define FIXNUM_MIN RUBY_FIXNUM_MIN
-
-#define RB_INT2FIX(i) (((VALUE)(i))<<1 | RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
-#define INT2FIX(i) RB_INT2FIX(i)
-#define RB_LONG2FIX(i) RB_INT2FIX(i)
-#define LONG2FIX(i) RB_INT2FIX(i)
-#define rb_fix_new(v) RB_INT2FIX(v)
-VALUE rb_int2inum(SIGNED_VALUE);
-
-#define rb_int_new(v) rb_int2inum(v)
-VALUE rb_uint2inum(VALUE);
-
-#define rb_uint_new(v) rb_uint2inum(v)
-
-#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
-VALUE rb_ll2inum(LONG_LONG);
-#define LL2NUM(v) rb_ll2inum(v)
-VALUE rb_ull2inum(unsigned LONG_LONG);
-#define ULL2NUM(v) rb_ull2inum(v)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef OFFT2NUM
-#if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_LONG && defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-# define OFFT2NUM(v) LL2NUM(v)
-#elif SIZEOF_OFF_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-# define OFFT2NUM(v) LONG2NUM(v)
-#else
-# define OFFT2NUM(v) INT2NUM(v)
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#if SIZEOF_SIZE_T > SIZEOF_LONG && defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-# define SIZET2NUM(v) ULL2NUM(v)
-# define SSIZET2NUM(v) LL2NUM(v)
-#elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-# define SIZET2NUM(v) ULONG2NUM(v)
-# define SSIZET2NUM(v) LONG2NUM(v)
-#else
-# define SIZET2NUM(v) UINT2NUM(v)
-# define SSIZET2NUM(v) INT2NUM(v)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef SIZE_MAX
-# if SIZEOF_SIZE_T > SIZEOF_LONG && defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-#   define SIZE_MAX ULLONG_MAX
-#   define SIZE_MIN ULLONG_MIN
-# elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-#   define SIZE_MAX ULONG_MAX
-#   define SIZE_MIN ULONG_MIN
-# elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
-#   define SIZE_MAX UINT_MAX
-#   define SIZE_MIN UINT_MIN
-# else
-#   define SIZE_MAX USHRT_MAX
-#   define SIZE_MIN USHRT_MIN
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef SSIZE_MAX
-# if SIZEOF_SIZE_T > SIZEOF_LONG && defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-#   define SSIZE_MAX LLONG_MAX
-#   define SSIZE_MIN LLONG_MIN
-# elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-#   define SSIZE_MAX LONG_MAX
-#   define SSIZE_MIN LONG_MIN
-# elif SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
-#   define SSIZE_MAX INT_MAX
-#   define SSIZE_MIN INT_MIN
-# else
-#   define SSIZE_MAX SHRT_MAX
-#   define SSIZE_MIN SHRT_MIN
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_VALUE
-NORETURN(void rb_out_of_int(SIGNED_VALUE num));
-#endif
-
-#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
-static inline int
-rb_long2int_inline(long n)
-{
-    int i = (int)n;
-    if ((long)i != n)
-	rb_out_of_int(n);
-
-    return i;
-}
-#define rb_long2int(n) rb_long2int_inline(n)
-#else
-#define rb_long2int(n) ((int)(n))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef PIDT2NUM
-#define PIDT2NUM(v) LONG2NUM(v)
-#endif
-#ifndef NUM2PIDT
-#define NUM2PIDT(v) NUM2LONG(v)
-#endif
-#ifndef UIDT2NUM
-#define UIDT2NUM(v) LONG2NUM(v)
-#endif
-#ifndef NUM2UIDT
-#define NUM2UIDT(v) NUM2LONG(v)
-#endif
-#ifndef GIDT2NUM
-#define GIDT2NUM(v) LONG2NUM(v)
-#endif
-#ifndef NUM2GIDT
-#define NUM2GIDT(v) NUM2LONG(v)
-#endif
-#ifndef NUM2MODET
-#define NUM2MODET(v) NUM2INT(v)
-#endif
-#ifndef MODET2NUM
-#define MODET2NUM(v) INT2NUM(v)
-#endif
-
-#define RB_FIX2LONG(x) ((long)RSHIFT((SIGNED_VALUE)(x),1))
-static inline long
-rb_fix2long(VALUE x)
-{
-    return RB_FIX2LONG(x);
-}
-#define RB_FIX2ULONG(x) ((unsigned long)RB_FIX2LONG(x))
-static inline unsigned long
-rb_fix2ulong(VALUE x)
-{
-    return RB_FIX2ULONG(x);
-}
-#define RB_FIXNUM_P(f) (((int)(SIGNED_VALUE)(f))&RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
-#define RB_POSFIXABLE(f) ((f) < RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX+1)
-#define RB_NEGFIXABLE(f) ((f) >= RUBY_FIXNUM_MIN)
-#define RB_FIXABLE(f) (RB_POSFIXABLE(f) && RB_NEGFIXABLE(f))
-#define FIX2LONG(x) RB_FIX2LONG(x)
-#define FIX2ULONG(x) RB_FIX2ULONG(x)
-#define FIXNUM_P(f) RB_FIXNUM_P(f)
-#define POSFIXABLE(f) RB_POSFIXABLE(f)
-#define NEGFIXABLE(f) RB_NEGFIXABLE(f)
-#define FIXABLE(f) RB_FIXABLE(f)
-
-#define RB_IMMEDIATE_P(x) ((VALUE)(x) & RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK)
-#define IMMEDIATE_P(x) RB_IMMEDIATE_P(x)
-
-ID rb_sym2id(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_id2sym(ID);
-#define RB_STATIC_SYM_P(x) (((VALUE)(x)&~((~(VALUE)0)<<RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT)) == RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG)
-#define RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P(x) (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(x) && RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(x) == (RUBY_T_SYMBOL))
-#define RB_SYMBOL_P(x) (RB_STATIC_SYM_P(x)||RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P(x))
-#define RB_ID2SYM(x) (rb_id2sym(x))
-#define RB_SYM2ID(x) (rb_sym2id(x))
-#define STATIC_SYM_P(x) RB_STATIC_SYM_P(x)
-#define DYNAMIC_SYM_P(x) RB_DYNAMIC_SYM_P(x)
-#define SYMBOL_P(x) RB_SYMBOL_P(x)
-#define ID2SYM(x) RB_ID2SYM(x)
-#define SYM2ID(x) RB_SYM2ID(x)
-
-#ifndef USE_FLONUM
-#if SIZEOF_VALUE >= SIZEOF_DOUBLE
-#define USE_FLONUM 1
-#else
-#define USE_FLONUM 0
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#if USE_FLONUM
-#define RB_FLONUM_P(x) ((((int)(SIGNED_VALUE)(x))&RUBY_FLONUM_MASK) == RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG)
-#else
-#define RB_FLONUM_P(x) 0
-#endif
-#define FLONUM_P(x) RB_FLONUM_P(x)
+#include "defines.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/anyargs.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/arithmetic.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/core.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/ctype.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/error.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/eval.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/event.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/gc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/glob.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/globals.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/warning.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/interpreter.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/iterator.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/memory.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/method.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/module.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/newobj.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/rgengc.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/scan_args.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/special_consts.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/symbol.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/variable.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/assume.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/limits.h"
+
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 /* Module#methods, #singleton_methods and so on return Symbols */
 #define USE_SYMBOL_AS_METHOD_NAME 1
 
-/* special constants - i.e. non-zero and non-fixnum constants */
-enum ruby_special_consts {
-#if USE_FLONUM
-    RUBY_Qfalse = 0x00,		/* ...0000 0000 */
-    RUBY_Qtrue  = 0x14,		/* ...0001 0100 */
-    RUBY_Qnil   = 0x08,		/* ...0000 1000 */
-    RUBY_Qundef = 0x34,		/* ...0011 0100 */
-
-    RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK = 0x07,
-    RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG    = 0x01,	/* ...xxxx xxx1 */
-    RUBY_FLONUM_MASK    = 0x03,
-    RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG    = 0x02,	/* ...xxxx xx10 */
-    RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG    = 0x0c,	/* ...0000 1100 */
-#else
-    RUBY_Qfalse = 0,		/* ...0000 0000 */
-    RUBY_Qtrue  = 2,		/* ...0000 0010 */
-    RUBY_Qnil   = 4,		/* ...0000 0100 */
-    RUBY_Qundef = 6,		/* ...0000 0110 */
-
-    RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK = 0x03,
-    RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG    = 0x01,	/* ...xxxx xxx1 */
-    RUBY_FLONUM_MASK    = 0x00,	/* any values ANDed with FLONUM_MASK cannot be FLONUM_FLAG */
-    RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG    = 0x02,
-    RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG    = 0x0e,	/* ...0000 1110 */
-#endif
-    RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT  = 8
-};
-
-#define RUBY_Qfalse ((VALUE)RUBY_Qfalse)
-#define RUBY_Qtrue  ((VALUE)RUBY_Qtrue)
-#define RUBY_Qnil   ((VALUE)RUBY_Qnil)
-#define RUBY_Qundef ((VALUE)RUBY_Qundef)	/* undefined value for placeholder */
-#define Qfalse RUBY_Qfalse
-#define Qtrue  RUBY_Qtrue
-#define Qnil   RUBY_Qnil
-#define Qundef RUBY_Qundef
-#define IMMEDIATE_MASK RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK
-#define FIXNUM_FLAG RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG
-#if USE_FLONUM
-#define FLONUM_MASK RUBY_FLONUM_MASK
-#define FLONUM_FLAG RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG
-#endif
-#define SYMBOL_FLAG RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG
-
-#define RB_TEST(v) !(((VALUE)(v) & (VALUE)~RUBY_Qnil) == 0)
-#define RB_NIL_P(v) !((VALUE)(v) != RUBY_Qnil)
-#define RTEST(v) RB_TEST(v)
-#define NIL_P(v) RB_NIL_P(v)
-
-#define CLASS_OF(v) rb_class_of((VALUE)(v))
-
-enum ruby_value_type {
-    RUBY_T_NONE   = 0x00,
-
-    RUBY_T_OBJECT = 0x01,
-    RUBY_T_CLASS  = 0x02,
-    RUBY_T_MODULE = 0x03,
-    RUBY_T_FLOAT  = 0x04,
-    RUBY_T_STRING = 0x05,
-    RUBY_T_REGEXP = 0x06,
-    RUBY_T_ARRAY  = 0x07,
-    RUBY_T_HASH   = 0x08,
-    RUBY_T_STRUCT = 0x09,
-    RUBY_T_BIGNUM = 0x0a,
-    RUBY_T_FILE   = 0x0b,
-    RUBY_T_DATA   = 0x0c,
-    RUBY_T_MATCH  = 0x0d,
-    RUBY_T_COMPLEX  = 0x0e,
-    RUBY_T_RATIONAL = 0x0f,
-
-    RUBY_T_NIL    = 0x11,
-    RUBY_T_TRUE   = 0x12,
-    RUBY_T_FALSE  = 0x13,
-    RUBY_T_SYMBOL = 0x14,
-    RUBY_T_FIXNUM = 0x15,
-    RUBY_T_UNDEF  = 0x16,
-
-    RUBY_T_IMEMO  = 0x1a,
-    RUBY_T_NODE   = 0x1b,
-    RUBY_T_ICLASS = 0x1c,
-    RUBY_T_ZOMBIE = 0x1d,
-
-    RUBY_T_MASK   = 0x1f
-};
-
-#define T_NONE   RUBY_T_NONE
-#define T_NIL    RUBY_T_NIL
-#define T_OBJECT RUBY_T_OBJECT
-#define T_CLASS  RUBY_T_CLASS
-#define T_ICLASS RUBY_T_ICLASS
-#define T_MODULE RUBY_T_MODULE
-#define T_FLOAT  RUBY_T_FLOAT
-#define T_STRING RUBY_T_STRING
-#define T_REGEXP RUBY_T_REGEXP
-#define T_ARRAY  RUBY_T_ARRAY
-#define T_HASH   RUBY_T_HASH
-#define T_STRUCT RUBY_T_STRUCT
-#define T_BIGNUM RUBY_T_BIGNUM
-#define T_FILE   RUBY_T_FILE
-#define T_FIXNUM RUBY_T_FIXNUM
-#define T_TRUE   RUBY_T_TRUE
-#define T_FALSE  RUBY_T_FALSE
-#define T_DATA   RUBY_T_DATA
-#define T_MATCH  RUBY_T_MATCH
-#define T_SYMBOL RUBY_T_SYMBOL
-#define T_RATIONAL RUBY_T_RATIONAL
-#define T_COMPLEX RUBY_T_COMPLEX
-#define T_IMEMO  RUBY_T_IMEMO
-#define T_UNDEF  RUBY_T_UNDEF
-#define T_NODE   RUBY_T_NODE
-#define T_ZOMBIE RUBY_T_ZOMBIE
-#define T_MASK   RUBY_T_MASK
-
-#define RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(x) (int)(((struct RBasic*)(x))->flags & RUBY_T_MASK)
-#define BUILTIN_TYPE(x) RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(x)
-
-static inline int rb_type(VALUE obj);
-#define TYPE(x) rb_type((VALUE)(x))
-
-#define RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(obj) (\
-	RB_FLONUM_P(obj) || \
-	(!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == RUBY_T_FLOAT))
-
-#define RB_TYPE_P(obj, type) ( \
-	((type) == RUBY_T_FIXNUM) ? RB_FIXNUM_P(obj) : \
-	((type) == RUBY_T_TRUE) ? ((obj) == RUBY_Qtrue) : \
-	((type) == RUBY_T_FALSE) ? ((obj) == RUBY_Qfalse) : \
-	((type) == RUBY_T_NIL) ? ((obj) == RUBY_Qnil) : \
-	((type) == RUBY_T_UNDEF) ? ((obj) == RUBY_Qundef) : \
-	((type) == RUBY_T_SYMBOL) ? RB_SYMBOL_P(obj) : \
-	((type) == RUBY_T_FLOAT) ? RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(obj) : \
-	(!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == (type)))
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define RB_GC_GUARD(v) \
-    (*__extension__ ({ \
-	volatile VALUE *rb_gc_guarded_ptr = &(v); \
-	__asm__("" : : "m"(rb_gc_guarded_ptr)); \
-	rb_gc_guarded_ptr; \
-    }))
-#elif defined _MSC_VER
-#pragma optimize("", off)
-static inline volatile VALUE *rb_gc_guarded_ptr(volatile VALUE *ptr) {return ptr;}
-#pragma optimize("", on)
-#define RB_GC_GUARD(v) (*rb_gc_guarded_ptr(&(v)))
-#else
-volatile VALUE *rb_gc_guarded_ptr_val(volatile VALUE *ptr, VALUE val);
-#define HAVE_RB_GC_GUARDED_PTR_VAL 1
-#define RB_GC_GUARD(v) (*rb_gc_guarded_ptr_val(&(v),(v)))
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define RB_UNUSED_VAR(x) x __attribute__ ((unused))
-#else
-#define RB_UNUSED_VAR(x) x
-#endif
-
-void rb_check_type(VALUE,int);
-#define Check_Type(v,t) rb_check_type((VALUE)(v),(t))
-
-VALUE rb_str_to_str(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_string_value(volatile VALUE*);
-char *rb_string_value_ptr(volatile VALUE*);
-char *rb_string_value_cstr(volatile VALUE*);
-
-#define StringValue(v) rb_string_value(&(v))
-#define StringValuePtr(v) rb_string_value_ptr(&(v))
-#define StringValueCStr(v) rb_string_value_cstr(&(v))
-
-void rb_check_safe_obj(VALUE);
-#define SafeStringValue(v) do {\
-    StringValue(v);\
-    rb_check_safe_obj(v);\
-} while (0)
-#if GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4,4,0)
-void rb_check_safe_str(VALUE) __attribute__((error("rb_check_safe_str() and Check_SafeStr() are obsolete; use SafeStringValue() instead")));
-# define Check_SafeStr(v) rb_check_safe_str((VALUE)(v))
-#else
-# define rb_check_safe_str(x) [<"rb_check_safe_str() is obsolete; use SafeStringValue() instead">]
-# define Check_SafeStr(v) [<"Check_SafeStr() is obsolete; use SafeStringValue() instead">]
-#endif
-
-VALUE rb_str_export(VALUE);
-#define ExportStringValue(v) do {\
-    SafeStringValue(v);\
-   (v) = rb_str_export(v);\
-} while (0)
-VALUE rb_str_export_locale(VALUE);
-
 VALUE rb_get_path(VALUE);
 #define FilePathValue(v) (RB_GC_GUARD(v) = rb_get_path(v))
 
 VALUE rb_get_path_no_checksafe(VALUE);
-#define FilePathStringValue(v) ((v) = rb_get_path_no_checksafe(v))
-
-#define RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_MAX 1
-void rb_secure(int);
-int rb_safe_level(void);
-void rb_set_safe_level(int);
-#if GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4,4,0)
-int ruby_safe_level_2_error(void) __attribute__((error("$SAFE=2 to 4 are obsolete")));
-int ruby_safe_level_2_warning(void) __attribute__((const,warning("$SAFE=2 to 4 are obsolete")));
-# ifdef RUBY_EXPORT
-#   define ruby_safe_level_2_warning() ruby_safe_level_2_error()
-# endif
+#define FilePathStringValue(v) ((v) = rb_get_path(v))
+
+#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P) && defined(HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR)
+# define rb_varargs_argc_check_runtime(argc, vargc) \
+    (((argc) <= (vargc)) ? (argc) : \
+     (rb_fatal("argc(%d) exceeds actual arguments(%d)", \
+	       argc, vargc), 0))
+# define rb_varargs_argc_valid_p(argc, vargc) \
+    ((argc) == 0 ? (vargc) <= 1 : /* [ruby-core:85266] [Bug #14425] */ \
+     (argc) == (vargc))
 # if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
-#  define RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_INVALID_P(level) \
-    __extension__(\
-	__builtin_choose_expr(\
-	    __builtin_constant_p(level), \
-	    ((level) < 0 || RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_MAX < (level)), 0))
-#  define RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_CHECK(level, type) \
-    __extension__(__builtin_choose_expr(RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_INVALID_P(level), ruby_safe_level_2_##type(), (level)))
-# else
-/* in gcc 4.8 or earlier, __builtin_choose_expr() does not consider
- * __builtin_constant_p(variable) a constant expression.
- */
-#  define RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_INVALID_P(level) \
-    __extension__(__builtin_constant_p(level) && \
-		  ((level) < 0 || RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_MAX < (level)))
-#  define RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_CHECK(level, type) \
-    (RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_INVALID_P(level) ? ruby_safe_level_2_##type() : (level))
-# endif
-# define rb_secure(level) rb_secure(RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_CHECK(level, warning))
-# define rb_set_safe_level(level) rb_set_safe_level(RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_CHECK(level, error))
-#endif
-void rb_set_safe_level_force(int);
-CONSTFUNC(void rb_secure_update(VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_insecure_operation(void));
-
-VALUE rb_errinfo(void);
-void rb_set_errinfo(VALUE);
-
-long rb_num2long(VALUE);
-unsigned long rb_num2ulong(VALUE);
-static inline long
-rb_num2long_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
-	return RB_FIX2LONG(x);
-    else
-	return rb_num2long(x);
-}
-#define RB_NUM2LONG(x) rb_num2long_inline(x)
-#define NUM2LONG(x) RB_NUM2LONG(x)
-static inline unsigned long
-rb_num2ulong_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
-	return RB_FIX2ULONG(x);
-    else
-	return rb_num2ulong(x);
-}
-#define RB_NUM2ULONG(x) rb_num2ulong_inline(x)
-#define NUM2ULONG(x) RB_NUM2ULONG(x)
-#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
-long rb_num2int(VALUE);
-long rb_fix2int(VALUE);
-#define RB_FIX2INT(x) ((int)rb_fix2int((VALUE)(x)))
-
-static inline int
-rb_num2int_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
-	return (int)rb_fix2int(x);
-    else
-	return (int)rb_num2int(x);
-}
-#define RB_NUM2INT(x) rb_num2int_inline(x)
-
-unsigned long rb_num2uint(VALUE);
-#define RB_NUM2UINT(x) ((unsigned int)rb_num2uint(x))
-unsigned long rb_fix2uint(VALUE);
-#define RB_FIX2UINT(x) ((unsigned int)rb_fix2uint(x))
-#else /* SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG */
-#define RB_NUM2INT(x) ((int)RB_NUM2LONG(x))
-#define RB_NUM2UINT(x) ((unsigned int)RB_NUM2ULONG(x))
-#define RB_FIX2INT(x) ((int)RB_FIX2LONG(x))
-#define RB_FIX2UINT(x) ((unsigned int)RB_FIX2ULONG(x))
-#endif /* SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG */
-#define NUM2INT(x)  RB_NUM2INT(x)
-#define NUM2UINT(x) RB_NUM2UINT(x)
-#define FIX2INT(x)  RB_FIX2INT(x)
-#define FIX2UINT(x) RB_FIX2UINT(x)
-
-short rb_num2short(VALUE);
-unsigned short rb_num2ushort(VALUE);
-short rb_fix2short(VALUE);
-unsigned short rb_fix2ushort(VALUE);
-#define RB_FIX2SHORT(x) (rb_fix2short((VALUE)(x)))
-#define FIX2SHORT(x) RB_FIX2SHORT(x)
-static inline short
-rb_num2short_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
-	return rb_fix2short(x);
-    else
-	return rb_num2short(x);
-}
-
-#define RB_NUM2SHORT(x) rb_num2short_inline(x)
-#define RB_NUM2USHORT(x) rb_num2ushort(x)
-#define NUM2SHORT(x) RB_NUM2SHORT(x)
-#define NUM2USHORT(x) RB_NUM2USHORT(x)
-
-#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
-LONG_LONG rb_num2ll(VALUE);
-unsigned LONG_LONG rb_num2ull(VALUE);
-static inline LONG_LONG
-rb_num2ll_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_FIXNUM_P(x))
-	return RB_FIX2LONG(x);
-    else
-	return rb_num2ll(x);
-}
-# define RB_NUM2LL(x) rb_num2ll_inline(x)
-# define RB_NUM2ULL(x) rb_num2ull(x)
-# define NUM2LL(x) RB_NUM2LL(x)
-# define NUM2ULL(x) RB_NUM2ULL(x)
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(NUM2OFFT)
-# if defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG) && SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_LONG
-#  define NUM2OFFT(x) ((off_t)NUM2LL(x))
-# else
-#  define NUM2OFFT(x) NUM2LONG(x)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG) && SIZEOF_SIZE_T > SIZEOF_LONG
-# define NUM2SIZET(x) ((size_t)NUM2ULL(x))
-# define NUM2SSIZET(x) ((ssize_t)NUM2LL(x))
-#else
-# define NUM2SIZET(x) NUM2ULONG(x)
-# define NUM2SSIZET(x) NUM2LONG(x)
-#endif
-
-double rb_num2dbl(VALUE);
-#define NUM2DBL(x) rb_num2dbl((VALUE)(x))
-
-VALUE rb_uint2big(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_int2big(SIGNED_VALUE);
-
-VALUE rb_newobj(void);
-VALUE rb_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE klass, VALUE type);
-#define RB_NEWOBJ(obj,type) type *(obj) = (type*)rb_newobj()
-#define RB_NEWOBJ_OF(obj,type,klass,flags) type *(obj) = (type*)rb_newobj_of(klass, flags)
-#define NEWOBJ(obj,type) RB_NEWOBJ(obj,type)
-#define NEWOBJ_OF(obj,type,klass,flags) RB_NEWOBJ_OF(obj,type,klass,flags) /* core has special NEWOBJ_OF() in internal.h */
-#define OBJSETUP(obj,c,t) rb_obj_setup(obj, c, t) /* use NEWOBJ_OF instead of NEWOBJ()+OBJSETUP() */
-#define CLONESETUP(clone,obj) rb_clone_setup(clone,obj)
-#define DUPSETUP(dup,obj) rb_dup_setup(dup,obj)
-
-#ifndef USE_RGENGC
-#define USE_RGENGC 1
-#ifndef USE_RINCGC
-#define USE_RINCGC 1
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#if USE_RGENGC == 0
-#define USE_RINCGC 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_ARRAY 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_HASH
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_HASH 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRUCT
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRUCT 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRING
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_STRING 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_REGEXP
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_REGEXP 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_FLOAT
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_FLOAT 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_COMPLEX
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_COMPLEX 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_RATIONAL
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_RATIONAL 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_BIGNUM 1
-#endif
-#ifndef RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_NODE_CREF
-#define RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_NODE_CREF 1
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__extension__
-#endif
-enum ruby_fl_type {
-    RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED = (1<<5),
-    RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0 = (1<<5),
-    RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1 = (1<<6),
-    RUBY_FL_PROMOTED  = RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0|RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1,
-    RUBY_FL_FINALIZE  = (1<<7),
-    RUBY_FL_TAINT     = (1<<8),
-    RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED = RUBY_FL_TAINT,
-    RUBY_FL_EXIVAR    = (1<<10),
-    RUBY_FL_FREEZE    = (1<<11),
-
-    RUBY_FL_USHIFT    = 12,
-
-#define RUBY_FL_USER_N(n) RUBY_FL_USER##n = (1<<(RUBY_FL_USHIFT+n))
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(0),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(1),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(2),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(3),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(4),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(5),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(6),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(7),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(8),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(9),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(10),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(11),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(12),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(13),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(14),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(15),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(16),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(17),
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(18),
-#if defined ENUM_OVER_INT || SIZEOF_INT*CHAR_BIT>12+19+1
-    RUBY_FL_USER_N(19),
-#else
-#define RUBY_FL_USER19 (((VALUE)1)<<(RUBY_FL_USHIFT+19))
-#endif
-
-    RUBY_ELTS_SHARED = RUBY_FL_USER2,
-    RUBY_FL_DUPPED = (RUBY_T_MASK|RUBY_FL_EXIVAR|RUBY_FL_TAINT),
-    RUBY_FL_SINGLETON = RUBY_FL_USER0
-};
-
-struct RBasic {
-    VALUE flags;
-    const VALUE klass;
-}
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-    __attribute__((aligned(sizeof(VALUE))))
-#endif
-;
-
-VALUE rb_obj_hide(VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_obj_reveal(VALUE obj, VALUE klass); /* do not use this API to change klass information */
-
-#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
-# define RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(type, obj) \
-    __extension__( \
-	__builtin_choose_expr( \
-	    RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_##type, \
-	    OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT((VALUE)(obj)), ((VALUE)(obj))))
-#else
-# define RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(type, obj) \
-    (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_##type ? \
-     OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT((VALUE)(obj)) : ((VALUE)(obj)))
-#endif
-
-#define RBASIC_CLASS(obj) (RBASIC(obj)->klass)
-
-#define ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-#define ROBJECT_EMBED ROBJECT_EMBED
-enum {
-    ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX = 3,
-    ROBJECT_EMBED = RUBY_FL_USER1,
-
-    ROBJECT_ENUM_END
-};
-
-struct RObject {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    union {
-	struct {
-	    uint32_t numiv;
-	    VALUE *ivptr;
-            void *iv_index_tbl; /* shortcut for RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(rb_obj_class(obj)) */
-	} heap;
-	VALUE ary[ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
-    } as;
-};
-#define ROBJECT_NUMIV(o) \
-    ((RBASIC(o)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) ? \
-     ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX : \
-     ROBJECT(o)->as.heap.numiv)
-#define ROBJECT_IVPTR(o) \
-    ((RBASIC(o)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) ? \
-     ROBJECT(o)->as.ary : \
-     ROBJECT(o)->as.heap.ivptr)
-#define ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL(o) \
-    ((RBASIC(o)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) ? \
-     RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(rb_obj_class(o)) : \
-     ROBJECT(o)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl)
-
-#define RClass RClassDeprecated
-#ifndef __cplusplus
-DEPRECATED_TYPE(("RClass is internal use only"),
-struct RClass {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-});
-#endif
-#define RCLASS_SUPER(c) rb_class_get_superclass(c)
-#define RMODULE_IV_TBL(m) RCLASS_IV_TBL(m)
-#define RMODULE_CONST_TBL(m) RCLASS_CONST_TBL(m)
-#define RMODULE_M_TBL(m) RCLASS_M_TBL(m)
-#define RMODULE_SUPER(m) RCLASS_SUPER(m)
-#define RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID
-#define RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT
-#define RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT
-enum {
-    RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID = RUBY_FL_USER2,
-    RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT = RUBY_FL_USER3,
-    RMODULE_INCLUDED_INTO_REFINEMENT = RUBY_FL_USER4,
-
-    RMODULE_ENUM_END
-};
-
-PUREFUNC(double rb_float_value(VALUE));
-VALUE rb_float_new(double);
-VALUE rb_float_new_in_heap(double);
-
-#define RFLOAT_VALUE(v) rb_float_value(v)
-#define DBL2NUM(dbl)  rb_float_new(dbl)
-
-#define RUBY_ELTS_SHARED RUBY_ELTS_SHARED
-#define ELTS_SHARED RUBY_ELTS_SHARED
-
-#define RSTRING_NOEMBED RSTRING_NOEMBED
-#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK
-#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT
-#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-#define RSTRING_FSTR RSTRING_FSTR
-enum {
-    RSTRING_NOEMBED = RUBY_FL_USER1,
-    RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK = (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|
-			      RUBY_FL_USER5|RUBY_FL_USER6),
-    RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT = (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+2),
-    RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX = (int)((sizeof(VALUE)*3)/sizeof(char)-1),
-    RSTRING_FSTR = RUBY_FL_USER17,
-
-    RSTRING_ENUM_END
-};
-struct RString {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    union {
-	struct {
-	    long len;
-	    char *ptr;
-	    union {
-		long capa;
-		VALUE shared;
-	    } aux;
-	} heap;
-	char ary[RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX + 1];
-    } as;
-};
-#define RSTRING_EMBED_LEN(str) \
-     (long)((RBASIC(str)->flags >> RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT) & \
-            (RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT))
-#define RSTRING_LEN(str) \
-    (!(RBASIC(str)->flags & RSTRING_NOEMBED) ? \
-     RSTRING_EMBED_LEN(str) : \
-     RSTRING(str)->as.heap.len)
-#define RSTRING_PTR(str) \
-    (!(RBASIC(str)->flags & RSTRING_NOEMBED) ? \
-     RSTRING(str)->as.ary : \
-     RSTRING(str)->as.heap.ptr)
-#define RSTRING_END(str) \
-    (!(RBASIC(str)->flags & RSTRING_NOEMBED) ? \
-     (RSTRING(str)->as.ary + RSTRING_EMBED_LEN(str)) : \
-     (RSTRING(str)->as.heap.ptr + RSTRING(str)->as.heap.len))
-#define RSTRING_LENINT(str) rb_long2int(RSTRING_LEN(str))
-#define RSTRING_GETMEM(str, ptrvar, lenvar) \
-    (!(RBASIC(str)->flags & RSTRING_NOEMBED) ? \
-     ((ptrvar) = RSTRING(str)->as.ary, (lenvar) = RSTRING_EMBED_LEN(str)) : \
-     ((ptrvar) = RSTRING(str)->as.heap.ptr, (lenvar) = RSTRING(str)->as.heap.len))
-
-enum {
-    RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX = 3,
-    RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG = RUBY_FL_USER1,
-    /* RUBY_FL_USER2 is for ELTS_SHARED */
-    RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK = (RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER3),
-    RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT = (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3),
-
-    RARRAY_ENUM_END
-};
-#define RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG (VALUE)RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG
-#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK (VALUE)RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK
-#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT
-struct RArray {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    union {
-	struct {
-	    long len;
-	    union {
-		long capa;
-		VALUE shared;
-	    } aux;
-	    const VALUE *ptr;
-	} heap;
-	const VALUE ary[RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
-    } as;
-};
-#define RARRAY_EMBED_LEN(a) \
-    (long)((RBASIC(a)->flags >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT) & \
-	   (RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT))
-#define RARRAY_LEN(a) rb_array_len(a)
-#define RARRAY_LENINT(ary) rb_long2int(RARRAY_LEN(ary))
-#define RARRAY_CONST_PTR(a) rb_array_const_ptr(a)
-
-#define RARRAY_PTR_USE_START(a) ((VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(a))
-#define RARRAY_PTR_USE_END(a) /* */
-
-#define RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr_name, expr) do { \
-    const VALUE _ary = (ary); \
-    VALUE *ptr_name = (VALUE *)RARRAY_PTR_USE_START(_ary); \
-    expr; \
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE_END(_ary); \
-} while (0)
-
-#define RARRAY_AREF(a, i)    (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(a)[i])
-#define RARRAY_ASET(a, i, v) do { \
-    const VALUE _ary = (a); \
-    VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)RARRAY_PTR_USE_START(_ary); \
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(_ary, &ptr[i], (v)); \
-    RARRAY_PTR_USE_END(_ary); \
-} while (0)
-
-#define RARRAY_PTR(a) ((VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(ARRAY, a)))
-
-struct RRegexp {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    struct re_pattern_buffer *ptr;
-    const VALUE src;
-    unsigned long usecnt;
-};
-#define RREGEXP_PTR(r) (RREGEXP(r)->ptr)
-#define RREGEXP_SRC(r) (RREGEXP(r)->src)
-#define RREGEXP_SRC_PTR(r) RSTRING_PTR(RREGEXP(r)->src)
-#define RREGEXP_SRC_LEN(r) RSTRING_LEN(RREGEXP(r)->src)
-#define RREGEXP_SRC_END(r) RSTRING_END(RREGEXP(r)->src)
-
-/* RHASH_TBL allocates st_table if not available. */
-#define RHASH_TBL(h) rb_hash_tbl(h)
-#define RHASH_ITER_LEV(h) rb_hash_iter_lev(h)
-#define RHASH_IFNONE(h) rb_hash_ifnone(h)
-#define RHASH_SIZE(h) NUM2SIZET(rb_hash_size(h))
-#define RHASH_EMPTY_P(h) (RHASH_SIZE(h) == 0)
-#define RHASH_SET_IFNONE(h, ifnone) rb_hash_set_ifnone((VALUE)h, ifnone)
-
-struct RFile {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    struct rb_io_t *fptr;
-};
-
-#define RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(cmp, r) RB_OBJ_WRITE((cmp), &((struct RComplex *)(cmp))->real,(r))
-#define RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(cmp, i) RB_OBJ_WRITE((cmp), &((struct RComplex *)(cmp))->imag,(i))
-
-struct RData {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    void (*dmark)(void*);
-    void (*dfree)(void*);
-    void *data;
-};
-
-typedef struct rb_data_type_struct rb_data_type_t;
-
-struct rb_data_type_struct {
-    const char *wrap_struct_name;
-    struct {
-	void (*dmark)(void*);
-	void (*dfree)(void*);
-	size_t (*dsize)(const void *);
-	void *reserved[2]; /* For future extension.
-			      This array *must* be filled with ZERO. */
-    } function;
-    const rb_data_type_t *parent;
-    void *data;        /* This area can be used for any purpose
-                          by a programmer who define the type. */
-    VALUE flags;       /* RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED */
-};
-
-#define HAVE_TYPE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T 1
-#define HAVE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T_FUNCTION 1
-#define HAVE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T_PARENT 1
-
-struct RTypedData {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    const rb_data_type_t *type;
-    VALUE typed_flag; /* 1 or not */
-    void *data;
-};
-
-#define DATA_PTR(dta) (RDATA(dta)->data)
-
-#define RTYPEDDATA_P(v)    (RTYPEDDATA(v)->typed_flag == 1)
-#define RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(v) (RTYPEDDATA(v)->type)
-#define RTYPEDDATA_DATA(v) (RTYPEDDATA(v)->data)
-
-/*
-#define RUBY_DATA_FUNC(func) ((void (*)(void*))(func))
-*/
-typedef void (*RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(void*);
-
-#ifndef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
-# if defined RUBY_EXPORT
-#   define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 1
+#   if HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_ERRORFUNC
+ERRORFUNC((" argument length doesn't match"), int rb_varargs_bad_length(int,int));
+#   else
+#     define rb_varargs_bad_length(argc, vargc) \
+	((argc)/rb_varargs_argc_valid_p(argc, vargc))
+#   endif
+#   define rb_varargs_argc_check(argc, vargc) \
+    __builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(argc), \
+	(rb_varargs_argc_valid_p(argc, vargc) ? (argc) : \
+	 rb_varargs_bad_length(argc, vargc)), \
+	rb_varargs_argc_check_runtime(argc, vargc))
 # else
-#   define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
+#   define rb_varargs_argc_check(argc, vargc) \
+	rb_varargs_argc_check_runtime(argc, vargc)
 # endif
 #endif
-VALUE rb_data_object_wrap(VALUE,void*,RUBY_DATA_FUNC,RUBY_DATA_FUNC);
-VALUE rb_data_object_zalloc(VALUE,size_t,RUBY_DATA_FUNC,RUBY_DATA_FUNC);
-VALUE rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *);
-VALUE rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t *type);
-int rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *parent);
-int rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE, const rb_data_type_t *);
-void *rb_check_typeddata(VALUE, const rb_data_type_t *);
-#define Check_TypedStruct(v,t) rb_check_typeddata((VALUE)(v),(t))
-#define RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE ((RUBY_DATA_FUNC)-1)
-#define RUBY_NEVER_FREE   ((RUBY_DATA_FUNC)0)
-#define RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE
-#define RUBY_TYPED_NEVER_FREE   RUBY_NEVER_FREE
-
-/* bits for rb_data_type_struct::flags */
-#define RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY  1 /* TYPE field */
-#define RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED      RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED /* THIS FLAG DEPENDS ON Ruby version */
-#define RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1         RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1    /* THIS FLAG DEPENDS ON Ruby version */
-
-#define Data_Wrap_Struct(klass,mark,free,sval)\
-    rb_data_object_wrap((klass),(sval),(RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(mark),(RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(free))
-
-#define Data_Make_Struct0(result, klass, type, size, mark, free, sval) \
-    VALUE result = rb_data_object_zalloc((klass), (size), \
-					 (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(mark), \
-					 (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(free)); \
-    (void)((sval) = (type *)DATA_PTR(result));
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define Data_Make_Struct(klass,type,mark,free,sval) ({\
-    Data_Make_Struct0(data_struct_obj, klass, type, sizeof(type), mark, free, sval); \
-    data_struct_obj; \
-})
-#else
-#define Data_Make_Struct(klass,type,mark,free,sval) (\
-    rb_data_object_make((klass),(RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(mark),(RUBY_DATA_FUNC)(free),(void **)&(sval),sizeof(type)) \
-)
-#endif
-
-#define TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass,data_type,sval)\
-  rb_data_typed_object_wrap((klass),(sval),(data_type))
-
-#define TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, type, size, data_type, sval) \
-    VALUE result = rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(klass, size, data_type); \
-    (void)((sval) = (type *)DATA_PTR(result));
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) ({\
-    TypedData_Make_Struct0(data_struct_obj, klass, type, sizeof(type), data_type, sval); \
-    data_struct_obj; \
-})
-#else
-#define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) (\
-    rb_data_typed_object_make((klass),(data_type),(void **)&(sval),sizeof(type)) \
-)
-#endif
-
-#define Data_Get_Struct(obj,type,sval) \
-    ((sval) = (type*)rb_data_object_get(obj))
-
-#define TypedData_Get_Struct(obj,type,data_type,sval) \
-    ((sval) = (type*)rb_check_typeddata((obj), (data_type)))
-
-#define RSTRUCT_LEN(st)         rb_struct_size(st)
-#define RSTRUCT_PTR(st)         rb_struct_ptr(st)
-#define RSTRUCT_SET(st, idx, v) rb_struct_aset(st, INT2NUM(idx), (v))
-#define RSTRUCT_GET(st, idx)    rb_struct_aref(st, INT2NUM(idx))
-
-int rb_big_sign(VALUE);
-#define RBIGNUM_SIGN(b) (rb_big_sign(b))
-#define RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(b) (RBIGNUM_SIGN(b)!=0)
-#define RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(b) (RBIGNUM_SIGN(b)==0)
-
-#define R_CAST(st)   (struct st*)
-#define RBASIC(obj)  (R_CAST(RBasic)(obj))
-#define ROBJECT(obj) (R_CAST(RObject)(obj))
-#define RCLASS(obj)  (R_CAST(RClass)(obj))
-#define RMODULE(obj) RCLASS(obj)
-#define RSTRING(obj) (R_CAST(RString)(obj))
-#define RREGEXP(obj) (R_CAST(RRegexp)(obj))
-#define RARRAY(obj)  (R_CAST(RArray)(obj))
-#define RDATA(obj)   (R_CAST(RData)(obj))
-#define RTYPEDDATA(obj)   (R_CAST(RTypedData)(obj))
-#define RFILE(obj)   (R_CAST(RFile)(obj))
-
-#define FL_SINGLETON    ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_SINGLETON)
-#define FL_WB_PROTECTED ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED)
-#define FL_PROMOTED0    ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_PROMOTED0)
-#define FL_PROMOTED1    ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_PROMOTED1)
-#define FL_FINALIZE     ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_FINALIZE)
-#define FL_TAINT        ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_TAINT)
-#define FL_UNTRUSTED    ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_UNTRUSTED)
-#define FL_EXIVAR       ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)
-#define FL_FREEZE       ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_FREEZE)
-
-#define FL_USHIFT       ((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USHIFT)
-
-#define FL_USER0  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER0)
-#define FL_USER1  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER1)
-#define FL_USER2  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER2)
-#define FL_USER3  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER3)
-#define FL_USER4  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER4)
-#define FL_USER5  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER5)
-#define FL_USER6  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER6)
-#define FL_USER7  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER7)
-#define FL_USER8  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER8)
-#define FL_USER9  	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER9)
-#define FL_USER10 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER10)
-#define FL_USER11 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER11)
-#define FL_USER12 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER12)
-#define FL_USER13 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER13)
-#define FL_USER14 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER14)
-#define FL_USER15 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER15)
-#define FL_USER16 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER16)
-#define FL_USER17 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER17)
-#define FL_USER18 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER18)
-#define FL_USER19 	((VALUE)RUBY_FL_USER19)
-
-#define RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(x) (RB_IMMEDIATE_P(x) || !RB_TEST(x))
-#define SPECIAL_CONST_P(x) RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(x)
-
-#define RB_FL_ABLE(x) (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(x) && RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(x) != RUBY_T_NODE)
-#define RB_FL_TEST_RAW(x,f) (RBASIC(x)->flags&(f))
-#define RB_FL_TEST(x,f) (RB_FL_ABLE(x)?RB_FL_TEST_RAW((x),(f)):0)
-#define RB_FL_ANY_RAW(x,f) RB_FL_TEST_RAW((x),(f))
-#define RB_FL_ANY(x,f) RB_FL_TEST((x),(f))
-#define RB_FL_ALL_RAW(x,f) (RB_FL_TEST_RAW((x),(f)) == (f))
-#define RB_FL_ALL(x,f) (RB_FL_TEST((x),(f)) == (f))
-#define RB_FL_SET_RAW(x,f) (void)(RBASIC(x)->flags |= (f))
-#define RB_FL_SET(x,f) (RB_FL_ABLE(x) ? RB_FL_SET_RAW(x, f) : (void)0)
-#define RB_FL_UNSET_RAW(x,f) (void)(RBASIC(x)->flags &= ~(VALUE)(f))
-#define RB_FL_UNSET(x,f) (RB_FL_ABLE(x) ? RB_FL_UNSET_RAW(x, f) : (void)0)
-#define RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW(x,f) (void)(RBASIC(x)->flags ^= (f))
-#define RB_FL_REVERSE(x,f) (RB_FL_ABLE(x) ? RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW(x, f) : (void)0)
-
-#define RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(x) (RB_FL_ABLE(x) && RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(x) != RUBY_T_BIGNUM && RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(x) != RUBY_T_FLOAT)
-#define RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW(x) RB_FL_TEST_RAW(x, RUBY_FL_TAINT)
-#define RB_OBJ_TAINTED(x) (!!RB_FL_TEST((x), RUBY_FL_TAINT))
-#define RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW(x) RB_FL_SET_RAW(x, RUBY_FL_TAINT)
-#define RB_OBJ_TAINT(x) (RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(x) ? RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW(x) : (void)0)
-#define RB_OBJ_UNTRUSTED(x) RB_OBJ_TAINTED(x)
-#define RB_OBJ_UNTRUST(x) RB_OBJ_TAINT(x)
-#define RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW(x,s) RB_FL_SET_RAW(x, RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW(s))
-#define RB_OBJ_INFECT(x,s) ( \
-    (RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(x) && RB_FL_ABLE(s)) ? \
-    RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW(x, s) : (void)0)
-
-#define RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(x) (RBASIC(x)->flags&RUBY_FL_FREEZE)
-#define RB_OBJ_FROZEN(x) (!RB_FL_ABLE(x) || RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(x))
-#define RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(x) (void)(RBASIC(x)->flags |= RUBY_FL_FREEZE)
-#define RB_OBJ_FREEZE(x) rb_obj_freeze_inline((VALUE)x)
-
-#define FL_ABLE(x) RB_FL_ABLE(x)
-#define FL_TEST_RAW(x,f) RB_FL_TEST_RAW(x,f)
-#define FL_TEST(x,f) RB_FL_TEST(x,f)
-#define FL_ANY_RAW(x,f) RB_FL_ANY_RAW(x,f)
-#define FL_ANY(x,f) RB_FL_ANY(x,f)
-#define FL_ALL_RAW(x,f) RB_FL_ALL_RAW(x,f)
-#define FL_ALL(x,f) RB_FL_ALL(x,f)
-#define FL_SET_RAW(x,f) RB_FL_SET_RAW(x,f)
-#define FL_SET(x,f) RB_FL_SET(x,f)
-#define FL_UNSET_RAW(x,f) RB_FL_UNSET_RAW(x,f)
-#define FL_UNSET(x,f) RB_FL_UNSET(x,f)
-#define FL_REVERSE_RAW(x,f) RB_FL_REVERSE_RAW(x,f)
-#define FL_REVERSE(x,f) RB_FL_REVERSE(x,f)
-
-#define OBJ_TAINTABLE(x) RB_OBJ_TAINTABLE(x)
-#define OBJ_TAINTED_RAW(x) RB_OBJ_TAINTED_RAW(x)
-#define OBJ_TAINTED(x) RB_OBJ_TAINTED(x)
-#define OBJ_TAINT_RAW(x) RB_OBJ_TAINT_RAW(x)
-#define OBJ_TAINT(x) RB_OBJ_TAINT(x)
-#define OBJ_UNTRUSTED(x) RB_OBJ_UNTRUSTED(x)
-#define OBJ_UNTRUST(x) RB_OBJ_UNTRUST(x)
-#define OBJ_INFECT_RAW(x,s) RB_OBJ_INFECT_RAW(x,s)
-#define OBJ_INFECT(x,s) RB_OBJ_INFECT(x,s)
-#define OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(x) RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(x)
-#define OBJ_FROZEN(x) RB_OBJ_FROZEN(x)
-#define OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(x) RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(x)
-#define OBJ_FREEZE(x) RB_OBJ_FREEZE(x)
-
-void rb_freeze_singleton_class(VALUE klass);
-
-static inline void
-rb_obj_freeze_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_FL_ABLE(x)) {
-	RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(x);
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(x) && !(RBASIC(x)->flags & RUBY_FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	    rb_freeze_singleton_class(x);
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-#if GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4,4,0)
-# define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC(func) func __attribute__((warning("untyped Data is unsafe; use TypedData instead")))
-#else
-# define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC(func) DEPRECATED(func)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__NO_INLINE__)
-#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
-RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC(static inline VALUE rb_data_object_wrap_warning(VALUE,void*,RUBY_DATA_FUNC,RUBY_DATA_FUNC));
-#endif
-RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_FUNC(static inline void *rb_data_object_get_warning(VALUE));
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_data_object_wrap_warning(VALUE klass, void *ptr, RUBY_DATA_FUNC mark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC free)
-{
-    return rb_data_object_wrap(klass, ptr, mark, free);
-}
-
-#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P)
-#define rb_data_object_wrap_warning(klass, ptr, mark, free) \
-    __extension__( \
-	__builtin_choose_expr( \
-	    __builtin_constant_p(klass) && !(klass), \
-	    rb_data_object_wrap(klass, ptr, mark, free), \
-	    rb_data_object_wrap_warning(klass, ptr, mark, free)))
-#endif
-#endif
-
-static inline void *
-rb_data_object_get(VALUE obj)
-{
-    Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
-    return ((struct RData *)obj)->data;
-}
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__NO_INLINE__)
-static inline void *
-rb_data_object_get_warning(VALUE obj)
-{
-    return rb_data_object_get(obj);
-}
-#endif
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_data_object_make(VALUE klass, RUBY_DATA_FUNC mark_func, RUBY_DATA_FUNC free_func, void **datap, size_t size)
-{
-    Data_Make_Struct0(result, klass, void, size, mark_func, free_func, *datap);
-    return result;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_data_typed_object_make(VALUE klass, const rb_data_type_t *type, void **datap, size_t size)
-{
-    TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, void, size, type, *datap);
-    return result;
-}
-
-#ifndef rb_data_object_alloc
-DEPRECATED_BY(rb_data_object_wrap, static inline VALUE rb_data_object_alloc(VALUE,void*,RUBY_DATA_FUNC,RUBY_DATA_FUNC));
-static inline VALUE
-rb_data_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *data, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree)
-{
-    return rb_data_object_wrap(klass, data, dmark, dfree);
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifndef rb_data_typed_object_alloc
-DEPRECATED_BY(rb_data_typed_object_wrap, static inline VALUE rb_data_typed_object_alloc(VALUE,void*,const rb_data_type_t*));
-static inline VALUE
-rb_data_typed_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
-{
-    return rb_data_typed_object_wrap(klass, datap, type);
-}
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__NO_INLINE__)
-#define rb_data_object_wrap_0 rb_data_object_wrap
-#define rb_data_object_wrap_1 rb_data_object_wrap_warning
-#define rb_data_object_wrap  RUBY_MACRO_SELECT(rb_data_object_wrap_, RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING)
-#define rb_data_object_get_0 rb_data_object_get
-#define rb_data_object_get_1 rb_data_object_get_warning
-#define rb_data_object_get  RUBY_MACRO_SELECT(rb_data_object_get_, RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING)
-#define rb_data_object_make_0 rb_data_object_make
-#define rb_data_object_make_1 rb_data_object_make_warning
-#define rb_data_object_make   RUBY_MACRO_SELECT(rb_data_object_make_, RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING)
-#endif
-
-#if USE_RGENGC
-#define RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW(x)      RB_FL_ALL_RAW(x, RUBY_FL_PROMOTED)
-#define RB_OBJ_PROMOTED(x)          (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(x) ? 0 : RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW(x))
-#define RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(x)      rb_obj_wb_unprotect(x, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-
-void rb_gc_writebarrier(VALUE a, VALUE b);
-void rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect(VALUE obj);
-
-#else /* USE_RGENGC */
-#define RB_OBJ_PROMOTED(x)          0
-#define RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(x)      rb_obj_wb_unprotect(x, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-#endif
-#define OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW(x)         RB_OBJ_PROMOTED_RAW(x)
-#define OBJ_PROMOTED(x)             RB_OBJ_PROMOTED(x)
-#define OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(x)         RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(x)
-
-/* Write barrier (WB) interfaces:
- * - RB_OBJ_WRITE(a, slot, b): WB for new reference from `a' to `b'.
- *     Write `b' into `*slot'. `slot' is a pointer in `a'.
- * - RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(a, oldv, b): WB for new reference from `a' to `b'.
- *     This doesn't write any values, but only a WB declaration.
- *     `oldv' is replaced value with `b' (not used in current Ruby).
- *
- * NOTE: The following core interfaces can be changed in the future.
- *       Please catch up if you want to insert WB into C-extensions
- *       correctly.
- */
-#define RB_OBJ_WRITE(a, slot, b)       rb_obj_write((VALUE)(a), (VALUE *)(slot), (VALUE)(b), __FILE__, __LINE__)
-#define RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(a, oldv, b)     rb_obj_written((VALUE)(a), (VALUE)(oldv), (VALUE)(b), __FILE__, __LINE__)
-
-#ifndef USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT
-#define USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT 0
-#endif
-
-#if USE_RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT
-void rb_gc_unprotect_logging(void *objptr, const char *filename, int line);
-#define RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT rb_gc_unprotect_logging
-#endif
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_obj_wb_unprotect(VALUE x, RB_UNUSED_VAR(const char *filename), RB_UNUSED_VAR(int line))
-{
-#ifdef RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT
-    RGENGC_LOGGING_WB_UNPROTECT((void *)x, filename, line);
-#endif
-#if USE_RGENGC
-    rb_gc_writebarrier_unprotect(x);
-#endif
-    return x;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_obj_written(VALUE a, RB_UNUSED_VAR(VALUE oldv), VALUE b, RB_UNUSED_VAR(const char *filename), RB_UNUSED_VAR(int line))
-{
-#ifdef RGENGC_LOGGING_OBJ_WRITTEN
-    RGENGC_LOGGING_OBJ_WRITTEN(a, oldv, b, filename, line);
-#endif
-
-#if USE_RGENGC
-    if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) {
-	rb_gc_writebarrier(a, b);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    return a;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_obj_write(VALUE a, VALUE *slot, VALUE b, RB_UNUSED_VAR(const char *filename), RB_UNUSED_VAR(int line))
-{
-#ifdef RGENGC_LOGGING_WRITE
-    RGENGC_LOGGING_WRITE(a, slot, b, filename, line);
-#endif
-
-    *slot = b;
-
-#if USE_RGENGC
-    rb_obj_written(a, RUBY_Qundef /* ignore `oldv' now */, b, filename, line);
-#endif
-    return a;
-}
-
-#define RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION 1
-#define RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(obj) rb_integer_type_p(obj)
-#if defined __GNUC__ && !GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4, 3, 0)
-/* clang 3.x (4.2 compatible) can't eliminate CSE of RB_BUILTIN_TYPE
- * in inline function and caller function */
-#define rb_integer_type_p(obj) \
-    __extension__ ({ \
-	const VALUE integer_type_obj = (obj); \
-	(RB_FIXNUM_P(integer_type_obj) || \
-	 (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(integer_type_obj) && \
-	  RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(integer_type_obj) == RUBY_T_BIGNUM)); \
-    })
-#else
-static inline int
-rb_integer_type_p(VALUE obj)
-{
-    return (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj) ||
-	    (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) &&
-	     RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == RUBY_T_BIGNUM));
-}
-#endif
-
-#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
-# define RB_INT2NUM(v) RB_INT2FIX((int)(v))
-# define RB_UINT2NUM(v) RB_LONG2FIX((unsigned int)(v))
-#else
-static inline VALUE
-rb_int2num_inline(int v)
-{
-    if (RB_FIXABLE(v))
-	return RB_INT2FIX(v);
-    else
-	return rb_int2big(v);
-}
-#define RB_INT2NUM(x) rb_int2num_inline(x)
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_uint2num_inline(unsigned int v)
-{
-    if (RB_POSFIXABLE(v))
-	return RB_LONG2FIX(v);
-    else
-	return rb_uint2big(v);
-}
-#define RB_UINT2NUM(x) rb_uint2num_inline(x)
-#endif
-#define INT2NUM(x) RB_INT2NUM(x)
-#define UINT2NUM(x) RB_UINT2NUM(x)
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_long2num_inline(long v)
-{
-    if (RB_FIXABLE(v))
-	return RB_LONG2FIX(v);
-    else
-	return rb_int2big(v);
-}
-#define RB_LONG2NUM(x) rb_long2num_inline(x)
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_ulong2num_inline(unsigned long v)
-{
-    if (RB_POSFIXABLE(v))
-	return RB_LONG2FIX(v);
-    else
-	return rb_uint2big(v);
-}
-#define RB_ULONG2NUM(x) rb_ulong2num_inline(x)
-
-static inline char
-rb_num2char_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, RUBY_T_STRING) && (RSTRING_LEN(x)>=1))
-	return RSTRING_PTR(x)[0];
-    else
-	return (char)(NUM2INT(x) & 0xff);
-}
-#define RB_NUM2CHR(x) rb_num2char_inline(x)
-
-#define RB_CHR2FIX(x) RB_INT2FIX((long)((x)&0xff))
-
-#define LONG2NUM(x) RB_LONG2NUM(x)
-#define ULONG2NUM(x) RB_ULONG2NUM(x)
-#define NUM2CHR(x) RB_NUM2CHR(x)
-#define CHR2FIX(x) RB_CHR2FIX(x)
-
-#define RB_ALLOC_N(type,n) ((type*)ruby_xmalloc2((size_t)(n),sizeof(type)))
-#define RB_ALLOC(type) ((type*)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(type)))
-#define RB_ZALLOC_N(type,n) ((type*)ruby_xcalloc((size_t)(n),sizeof(type)))
-#define RB_ZALLOC(type) (RB_ZALLOC_N(type,1))
-#define RB_REALLOC_N(var,type,n) ((var)=(type*)ruby_xrealloc2((char*)(var),(size_t)(n),sizeof(type)))
-
-#define ALLOC_N(type,n) RB_ALLOC_N(type,n)
-#define ALLOC(type) RB_ALLOC(type)
-#define ZALLOC_N(type,n) RB_ZALLOC_N(type,n)
-#define ZALLOC(type) RB_ZALLOC(type)
-#define REALLOC_N(var,type,n) RB_REALLOC_N(var,type,n)
-
-#define ALLOCA_N(type,n) ((type*)alloca(sizeof(type)*(n)))
-
-void *rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(volatile VALUE *store, long len) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2));
-void *rb_alloc_tmp_buffer_with_count(volatile VALUE *store, size_t len,size_t count) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2,3));
-void rb_free_tmp_buffer(volatile VALUE *store);
-NORETURN(void ruby_malloc_size_overflow(size_t, size_t));
-#if HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_SIZE_T * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-# define DSIZE_T unsigned LONG_LONG
-#elif defined(HAVE_INT128_T)
-# define DSIZE_T uint128_t
-#endif
-static inline int
-rb_mul_size_overflow(size_t a, size_t b, size_t max, size_t *c)
-{
-#ifdef DSIZE_T
-# ifdef __GNUC__
-    __extension__
-# endif
-    DSIZE_T c2 = (DSIZE_T)a * (DSIZE_T)b;
-    if (c2 > max) return 1;
-    *c = (size_t)c2;
-#else
-    if (b != 0 && a > max / b) return 1;
-    *c = a * b;
-#endif
-    return 0;
-}
-static inline void *
-rb_alloc_tmp_buffer2(volatile VALUE *store, long count, size_t elsize)
-{
-    size_t cnt = (size_t)count;
-    if (elsize % sizeof(VALUE) == 0) {
-	if (RB_UNLIKELY(cnt > LONG_MAX / sizeof(VALUE))) {
-	    ruby_malloc_size_overflow(cnt, elsize);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	size_t size, max = LONG_MAX - sizeof(VALUE) + 1;
-	if (RB_UNLIKELY(rb_mul_size_overflow(cnt, elsize, max, &size))) {
-	    ruby_malloc_size_overflow(cnt, elsize);
-	}
-	cnt = (size + sizeof(VALUE) - 1) / sizeof(VALUE);
-    }
-    return rb_alloc_tmp_buffer_with_count(store, cnt * sizeof(VALUE), cnt);
-}
-/* allocates _n_ bytes temporary buffer and stores VALUE including it
- * in _v_.  _n_ may be evaluated twice. */
-#ifdef C_ALLOCA
-# define RB_ALLOCV(v, n) rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(&(v), (n))
-# define RB_ALLOCV_N(type, v, n) \
-     rb_alloc_tmp_buffer2(&(v), (n), sizeof(type))
-#else
-# define RUBY_ALLOCV_LIMIT 1024
-# define RB_ALLOCV(v, n) ((n) < RUBY_ALLOCV_LIMIT ? \
-		       (RB_GC_GUARD(v) = 0, alloca(n)) : \
-		       rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(&(v), (n)))
-# define RB_ALLOCV_N(type, v, n) \
-    ((type*)(((size_t)(n) < RUBY_ALLOCV_LIMIT / sizeof(type)) ? \
-	     (RB_GC_GUARD(v) = 0, alloca((size_t)(n) * sizeof(type))) : \
-	     rb_alloc_tmp_buffer2(&(v), (long)(n), sizeof(type))))
-#endif
-#define RB_ALLOCV_END(v) rb_free_tmp_buffer(&(v))
-
-#define ALLOCV(v, n) RB_ALLOCV(v, n)
-#define ALLOCV_N(type, v, n) RB_ALLOCV_N(type, v, n)
-#define ALLOCV_END(v) RB_ALLOCV_END(v)
-
-#define MEMZERO(p,type,n) memset((p), 0, sizeof(type)*(size_t)(n))
-#define MEMCPY(p1,p2,type,n) memcpy((p1), (p2), sizeof(type)*(size_t)(n))
-#define MEMMOVE(p1,p2,type,n) memmove((p1), (p2), sizeof(type)*(size_t)(n))
-#define MEMCMP(p1,p2,type,n) memcmp((p1), (p2), sizeof(type)*(size_t)(n))
-
-void rb_obj_infect(VALUE,VALUE);
-
-typedef int ruby_glob_func(const char*,VALUE, void*);
-void rb_glob(const char*,void(*)(const char*,VALUE,void*),VALUE);
-int ruby_glob(const char*,int,ruby_glob_func*,VALUE);
-int ruby_brace_glob(const char*,int,ruby_glob_func*,VALUE);
-
-VALUE rb_define_class(const char*,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_define_module(const char*);
-VALUE rb_define_class_under(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_define_module_under(VALUE, const char*);
-
-void rb_include_module(VALUE,VALUE);
-void rb_extend_object(VALUE,VALUE);
-void rb_prepend_module(VALUE,VALUE);
-
-struct rb_global_variable;
-
-typedef VALUE rb_gvar_getter_t(ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-typedef void  rb_gvar_setter_t(VALUE val, ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-typedef void  rb_gvar_marker_t(VALUE *var);
-
-VALUE rb_gvar_undef_getter(ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-void  rb_gvar_undef_setter(VALUE val, ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-void  rb_gvar_undef_marker(VALUE *var);
-
-VALUE rb_gvar_val_getter(ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-void  rb_gvar_val_setter(VALUE val, ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-void  rb_gvar_val_marker(VALUE *var);
-
-VALUE rb_gvar_var_getter(ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-void  rb_gvar_var_setter(VALUE val, ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar);
-void  rb_gvar_var_marker(VALUE *var);
-
-NORETURN(void  rb_gvar_readonly_setter(VALUE val, ID id, void *data, struct rb_global_variable *gvar));
-
-void rb_define_variable(const char*,VALUE*);
-void rb_define_virtual_variable(const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),void(*)(ANYARGS));
-void rb_define_hooked_variable(const char*,VALUE*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),void(*)(ANYARGS));
-void rb_define_readonly_variable(const char*,const VALUE*);
-void rb_define_const(VALUE,const char*,VALUE);
-void rb_define_global_const(const char*,VALUE);
-
-#define RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(func) ((VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func))
-void rb_define_method(VALUE,const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),int);
-void rb_define_module_function(VALUE,const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),int);
-void rb_define_global_function(const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),int);
-
-void rb_undef_method(VALUE,const char*);
-void rb_define_alias(VALUE,const char*,const char*);
-void rb_define_attr(VALUE,const char*,int,int);
-
-void rb_global_variable(VALUE*);
-void rb_gc_register_mark_object(VALUE);
-void rb_gc_register_address(VALUE*);
-void rb_gc_unregister_address(VALUE*);
-
-ID rb_intern(const char*);
-ID rb_intern2(const char*, long);
-ID rb_intern_str(VALUE str);
-const char *rb_id2name(ID);
-ID rb_check_id(volatile VALUE *);
-ID rb_to_id(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_id2str(ID);
-VALUE rb_sym2str(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_to_symbol(VALUE name);
-VALUE rb_check_symbol(volatile VALUE *namep);
-
-#define RUBY_CONST_ID_CACHE(result, str)		\
-    {							\
-	static ID rb_intern_id_cache;			\
-	if (!rb_intern_id_cache)			\
-	    rb_intern_id_cache = rb_intern2((str), (long)strlen(str)); \
-	result rb_intern_id_cache;			\
-    }
-#define RUBY_CONST_ID(var, str) \
-    do RUBY_CONST_ID_CACHE((var) =, (str)) while (0)
-#define CONST_ID_CACHE(result, str) RUBY_CONST_ID_CACHE(result, str)
-#define CONST_ID(var, str) RUBY_CONST_ID(var, str)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-/* __builtin_constant_p and statement expression is available
- * since gcc-2.7.2.3 at least. */
-#define rb_intern(str) \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str) ? \
-        __extension__ (RUBY_CONST_ID_CACHE((ID), (str))) : \
-        rb_intern(str))
-#define rb_intern_const(str) \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str) ? \
-     __extension__ (rb_intern2((str), (long)strlen(str))) : \
-     (rb_intern)(str))
-#else
-#define rb_intern_const(str) rb_intern2((str), (long)strlen(str))
-#endif
 
 const char *rb_class2name(VALUE);
 const char *rb_obj_classname(VALUE);
 
 void rb_p(VALUE);
 
-VALUE rb_eval_string(const char*);
-VALUE rb_eval_string_protect(const char*, int*);
-VALUE rb_eval_string_wrap(const char*, int*);
-VALUE rb_funcall(VALUE, ID, int, ...);
-VALUE rb_funcallv(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
-VALUE rb_funcallv_public(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
-#define rb_funcall2 rb_funcallv
-#define rb_funcall3 rb_funcallv_public
-VALUE rb_funcall_passing_block(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*);
-VALUE rb_funcall_with_block(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE*, VALUE);
-int rb_scan_args(int, const VALUE*, const char*, ...);
-VALUE rb_call_super(int, const VALUE*);
-VALUE rb_current_receiver(void);
-int rb_get_kwargs(VALUE keyword_hash, const ID *table, int required, int optional, VALUE *);
-VALUE rb_extract_keywords(VALUE *orighash);
-
-/* rb_scan_args() format allows ':' for optional hash */
-#define HAVE_RB_SCAN_ARGS_OPTIONAL_HASH 1
-
-VALUE rb_gv_set(const char*, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_gv_get(const char*);
-VALUE rb_iv_get(VALUE, const char*);
-VALUE rb_iv_set(VALUE, const char*, VALUE);
-
 VALUE rb_equal(VALUE,VALUE);
 
-VALUE *rb_ruby_verbose_ptr(void);
-VALUE *rb_ruby_debug_ptr(void);
-#define ruby_verbose (*rb_ruby_verbose_ptr())
-#define ruby_debug   (*rb_ruby_debug_ptr())
-
-/* for rb_readwrite_sys_fail first argument */
-enum rb_io_wait_readwrite {RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE, RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE};
-#define RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE
-#define RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE
-
-PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_raise(VALUE, const char*, ...)), 2, 3);
-PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_fatal(const char*, ...)), 1, 2);
-PRINTF_ARGS(NORETURN(void rb_bug(const char*, ...)), 1, 2);
-NORETURN(void rb_bug_errno(const char*, int));
-NORETURN(void rb_sys_fail(const char*));
-NORETURN(void rb_sys_fail_str(VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_mod_sys_fail(VALUE, const char*));
-NORETURN(void rb_mod_sys_fail_str(VALUE, VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_readwrite_sys_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite, const char*));
-NORETURN(void rb_iter_break(void));
-NORETURN(void rb_iter_break_value(VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_exit(int));
-NORETURN(void rb_notimplement(void));
-VALUE rb_syserr_new(int, const char *);
-VALUE rb_syserr_new_str(int n, VALUE arg);
-NORETURN(void rb_syserr_fail(int, const char*));
-NORETURN(void rb_syserr_fail_str(int, VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_mod_syserr_fail(VALUE, int, const char*));
-NORETURN(void rb_mod_syserr_fail_str(VALUE, int, VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite, int, const char*));
-
-/* reports if `-W' specified */
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warning(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_warning(const char *, int, const char*, ...), 3, 4);
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_sys_warning(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
-/* reports always */
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warn(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_warn(const char *, int, const char*, ...), 3, 4);
-
-#define RUBY_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_TAKES_BLOCKARG 1
-#define RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielded_arg, callback_arg) \
-    VALUE yielded_arg, VALUE callback_arg, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE blockarg
-typedef VALUE rb_block_call_func(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielded_arg, callback_arg));
-
-#if defined RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_STRICT && RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_STRICT
-typedef rb_block_call_func *rb_block_call_func_t;
-#else
-typedef VALUE (*rb_block_call_func_t)(ANYARGS);
-#endif
-
-VALUE rb_each(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_yield(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_yield_values(int n, ...);
-VALUE rb_yield_values2(int n, const VALUE *argv);
-VALUE rb_yield_splat(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_yield_block(VALUE, VALUE, int, const VALUE *, VALUE); /* rb_block_call_func */
-int rb_block_given_p(void);
-void rb_need_block(void);
-VALUE rb_iterate(VALUE(*)(VALUE),VALUE,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE);
-VALUE rb_block_call(VALUE,ID,int,const VALUE*,rb_block_call_func_t,VALUE);
-VALUE rb_rescue(VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE);
-VALUE rb_rescue2(VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE,...);
-VALUE rb_ensure(VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE);
-VALUE rb_catch(const char*,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE);
-VALUE rb_catch_obj(VALUE,VALUE(*)(ANYARGS),VALUE);
-NORETURN(void rb_throw(const char*,VALUE));
-NORETURN(void rb_throw_obj(VALUE,VALUE));
-
 VALUE rb_require(const char*);
 
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mKernel;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mComparable;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mEnumerable;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mErrno;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mFileTest;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mGC;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mMath;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mProcess;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mWaitReadable;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_mWaitWritable;
-
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBasicObject;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cObject;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cArray;
-#ifndef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBignum;
-#endif
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cBinding;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cClass;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cCont;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cDir;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cData;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cFalseClass;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cEncoding;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cEnumerator;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cFile;
-#ifndef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cFixnum;
-#endif
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cFloat;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cHash;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cInteger;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cIO;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cMatch;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cMethod;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cModule;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNilClass;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cNumeric;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cProc;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRandom;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRange;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRational;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cComplex;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cRegexp;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cStat;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cString;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cStruct;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cSymbol;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cThread;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cTime;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cTrueClass;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cUnboundMethod;
-
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eException;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eStandardError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSystemExit;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eInterrupt;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSignal;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eFatal;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eArgError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eEOFError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eIndexError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eStopIteration;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eKeyError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRangeError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eIOError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRuntimeError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSecurityError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSystemCallError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eThreadError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eTypeError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eZeroDivError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNotImpError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNoMemError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNoMethodError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eFloatDomainError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eLocalJumpError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSysStackError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eRegexpError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eEncodingError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eEncCompatError;
-
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eScriptError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eNameError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eSyntaxError;
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eLoadError;
-
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eMathDomainError;
-
-RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_stdin, rb_stdout, rb_stderr;
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_class_of(VALUE obj)
-{
-    if (RB_IMMEDIATE_P(obj)) {
-	if (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj)) return rb_cInteger;
-	if (RB_FLONUM_P(obj)) return rb_cFloat;
-	if (obj == RUBY_Qtrue)  return rb_cTrueClass;
-	if (RB_STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) return rb_cSymbol;
-    }
-    else if (!RB_TEST(obj)) {
-	if (obj == RUBY_Qnil)   return rb_cNilClass;
-	if (obj == RUBY_Qfalse) return rb_cFalseClass;
-    }
-    return RBASIC(obj)->klass;
-}
-
-static inline int
-rb_type(VALUE obj)
-{
-    if (RB_IMMEDIATE_P(obj)) {
-	if (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj)) return RUBY_T_FIXNUM;
-        if (RB_FLONUM_P(obj)) return RUBY_T_FLOAT;
-        if (obj == RUBY_Qtrue)  return RUBY_T_TRUE;
-	if (RB_STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) return RUBY_T_SYMBOL;
-	if (obj == RUBY_Qundef) return RUBY_T_UNDEF;
-    }
-    else if (!RB_TEST(obj)) {
-	if (obj == RUBY_Qnil)   return RUBY_T_NIL;
-	if (obj == RUBY_Qfalse) return RUBY_T_FALSE;
-    }
-    return RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
-}
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define rb_type_p(obj, type) \
-    __extension__ (__builtin_constant_p(type) ? RB_TYPE_P((obj), (type)) : \
-		   rb_type(obj) == (type))
-#else
-#define rb_type_p(obj, type) (rb_type(obj) == (type))
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define rb_special_const_p(obj) \
-    __extension__ ({ \
-	VALUE special_const_obj = (obj); \
-	(int)(RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(special_const_obj) ? RUBY_Qtrue : RUBY_Qfalse); \
-    })
-#else
-static inline int
-rb_special_const_p(VALUE obj)
-{
-    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return (int)RUBY_Qtrue;
-    return (int)RUBY_Qfalse;
-}
-#endif
-
 #include "ruby/intern.h"
 
-static inline void
-rb_clone_setup(VALUE clone, VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_obj_setup(clone, rb_singleton_class_clone(obj), RBASIC(obj)->flags);
-    rb_singleton_class_attached(RBASIC_CLASS(clone), clone);
-    if (RB_FL_TEST(obj, RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)) rb_copy_generic_ivar(clone, obj);
-}
-
-static inline void
-rb_dup_setup(VALUE dup, VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_obj_setup(dup, rb_obj_class(obj), RB_FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_DUPPED));
-    if (RB_FL_TEST(obj, RUBY_FL_EXIVAR)) rb_copy_generic_ivar(dup, obj);
-}
-
-static inline long
-rb_array_len(VALUE a)
-{
-    return (RBASIC(a)->flags & RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG) ?
-	RARRAY_EMBED_LEN(a) : RARRAY(a)->as.heap.len;
-}
-
-#if defined(__fcc__) || defined(__fcc_version) || \
-    defined(__FCC__) || defined(__FCC_VERSION)
-/* workaround for old version of Fujitsu C Compiler (fcc) */
-# define FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(x) ((const VALUE *)(x))
-#else
-# define FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(x) (x)
-#endif
-
-static inline const VALUE *
-rb_array_const_ptr(VALUE a)
-{
-    return FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR((RBASIC(a)->flags & RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG) ?
-	RARRAY(a)->as.ary : RARRAY(a)->as.heap.ptr);
-}
-
 #if defined(EXTLIB) && defined(USE_DLN_A_OUT)
 /* hook for external modules */
 static char *dln_libs_to_be_linked[] = { EXTLIB, 0 };
@@ -2050,461 +109,45 @@ static char *dln_libs_to_be_linked[] = { EXTLIB, 0 };
 #define HAVE_NATIVETHREAD
 int ruby_native_thread_p(void);
 
-/* traditional set_trace_func events */
-#define RUBY_EVENT_NONE      0x0000
-#define RUBY_EVENT_LINE      0x0001
-#define RUBY_EVENT_CLASS     0x0002
-#define RUBY_EVENT_END       0x0004
-#define RUBY_EVENT_CALL      0x0008
-#define RUBY_EVENT_RETURN    0x0010
-#define RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL    0x0020
-#define RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN  0x0040
-#define RUBY_EVENT_RAISE     0x0080
-#define RUBY_EVENT_ALL       0x00ff
-
-/* for TracePoint extended events */
-#define RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL            0x0100
-#define RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN          0x0200
-#define RUBY_EVENT_THREAD_BEGIN      0x0400
-#define RUBY_EVENT_THREAD_END        0x0800
-#define RUBY_EVENT_FIBER_SWITCH      0x1000
-#define RUBY_EVENT_TRACEPOINT_ALL    0xffff
-
-/* special events */
-#define RUBY_EVENT_SPECIFIED_LINE         0x010000
-#define RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE               0x020000
-
-/* internal events */
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_SWITCH          0x040000
-#define RUBY_EVENT_SWITCH                   0x040000 /* obsolete name. this macro is for compatibility */
-                                         /* 0x080000 */
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ          0x100000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_FREEOBJ         0x200000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_START        0x400000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_END_MARK     0x800000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_END_SWEEP   0x1000000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_ENTER       0x2000000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_GC_EXIT        0x4000000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_OBJSPACE_MASK  0x7f00000
-#define RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_MASK          0xfffe0000
-
-typedef uint32_t rb_event_flag_t;
-typedef void (*rb_event_hook_func_t)(rb_event_flag_t evflag, VALUE data, VALUE self, ID mid, VALUE klass);
-
-#define RB_EVENT_HOOKS_HAVE_CALLBACK_DATA 1
-void rb_add_event_hook(rb_event_hook_func_t func, rb_event_flag_t events, VALUE data);
-int rb_remove_event_hook(rb_event_hook_func_t func);
-
-/* locale insensitive functions */
-
-static inline int rb_isascii(int c){ return '\0' <= c && c <= '\x7f'; }
-static inline int rb_isupper(int c){ return 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z'; }
-static inline int rb_islower(int c){ return 'a' <= c && c <= 'z'; }
-static inline int rb_isalpha(int c){ return rb_isupper(c) || rb_islower(c); }
-static inline int rb_isdigit(int c){ return '0' <= c && c <= '9'; }
-static inline int rb_isalnum(int c){ return rb_isalpha(c) || rb_isdigit(c); }
-static inline int rb_isxdigit(int c){ return rb_isdigit(c) || ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') || ('a' <= c && c <= 'f'); }
-static inline int rb_isblank(int c){ return c == ' ' || c == '\t'; }
-static inline int rb_isspace(int c){ return c == ' ' || ('\t' <= c && c <= '\r'); }
-static inline int rb_iscntrl(int c){ return ('\0' <= c && c < ' ') || c == '\x7f'; }
-static inline int rb_isprint(int c){ return ' ' <= c && c <= '\x7e'; }
-static inline int rb_ispunct(int c){ return !rb_isalnum(c); }
-static inline int rb_isgraph(int c){ return '!' <= c && c <= '\x7e'; }
-static inline int rb_tolower(int c) { return rb_isupper(c) ? (c|0x20) : c; }
-static inline int rb_toupper(int c) { return rb_islower(c) ? (c&0x5f) : c; }
-
-#ifndef ISPRINT
-#define ISASCII(c) rb_isascii(c)
-#define ISPRINT(c) rb_isprint(c)
-#define ISGRAPH(c) rb_isgraph(c)
-#define ISSPACE(c) rb_isspace(c)
-#define ISUPPER(c) rb_isupper(c)
-#define ISLOWER(c) rb_islower(c)
-#define ISALNUM(c) rb_isalnum(c)
-#define ISALPHA(c) rb_isalpha(c)
-#define ISDIGIT(c) rb_isdigit(c)
-#define ISXDIGIT(c) rb_isxdigit(c)
-#endif
-#define TOUPPER(c) rb_toupper(c)
-#define TOLOWER(c) rb_tolower(c)
-
-int st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
-int st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
-#define STRCASECMP(s1, s2) (st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp((s1), (s2)))
-#define STRNCASECMP(s1, s2, n) (st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp((s1), (s2), (n)))
-
-unsigned long ruby_strtoul(const char *str, char **endptr, int base);
-#define STRTOUL(str, endptr, base) (ruby_strtoul((str), (endptr), (base)))
-
 #define InitVM(ext) {void InitVM_##ext(void);InitVM_##ext();}
 
 PRINTF_ARGS(int ruby_snprintf(char *str, size_t n, char const *fmt, ...), 3, 4);
 int ruby_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t n, char const *fmt, va_list ap);
 
-#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P) && defined(__OPTIMIZE__)
-# define rb_scan_args(argc,argvp,fmt,...) \
-    __builtin_choose_expr(__builtin_constant_p(fmt), \
-        rb_scan_args0(argc,argvp,fmt,\
-		      (sizeof((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})/sizeof(VALUE*)), \
-		      ((VALUE*[]){__VA_ARGS__})), \
-        rb_scan_args(argc,argvp,fmt,__VA_ARGS__))
-# if HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_ERRORFUNC
-ERRORFUNC(("bad scan arg format"), int rb_scan_args_bad_format(const char*));
-ERRORFUNC(("variable argument length doesn't match"), int rb_scan_args_length_mismatch(const char*,int));
-# else
-#   define rb_scan_args_bad_format(fmt) 0
-#   define rb_scan_args_length_mismatch(fmt, varc) 0
-# endif
-
-# define rb_scan_args_isdigit(c) ((unsigned char)((c)-'0')<10)
-
-# define rb_scan_args_count_end(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) \
-    ((vari)/(!fmt[ofs] || rb_scan_args_bad_format(fmt)))
-
-# define rb_scan_args_count_block(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) \
-    (fmt[ofs]!='&' ? \
-     rb_scan_args_count_end(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) : \
-     rb_scan_args_count_end(fmt, ofs+1, varc, vari+1))
-
-# define rb_scan_args_count_hash(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) \
-    (fmt[ofs]!=':' ? \
-     rb_scan_args_count_block(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) : \
-     rb_scan_args_count_block(fmt, ofs+1, varc, vari+1))
-
-# define rb_scan_args_count_trail(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) \
-    (!rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[ofs]) ? \
-     rb_scan_args_count_hash(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) : \
-     rb_scan_args_count_hash(fmt, ofs+1, varc, vari+(fmt[ofs]-'0')))
-
-# define rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) \
-    (fmt[ofs]!='*' ? \
-     rb_scan_args_count_trail(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) : \
-     rb_scan_args_count_trail(fmt, ofs+1, varc, vari+1))
-
-# define rb_scan_args_count_opt(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) \
-    (!rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]) ? \
-     rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, ofs, varc, vari) : \
-     rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, ofs+1, varc, vari+fmt[ofs]-'0'))
-
-# define rb_scan_args_count(fmt, varc) \
-    ((!rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[0]) ? \
-      rb_scan_args_count_var(fmt, 0, varc, 0) : \
-      rb_scan_args_count_opt(fmt, 1, varc, fmt[0]-'0')) \
-     == (varc) || \
-     rb_scan_args_length_mismatch(fmt, varc))
-
-# define rb_scan_args_verify_count(fmt, varc) \
-    ((varc)/(rb_scan_args_count(fmt, varc)))
-
-# ifdef __GNUC__
-# define rb_scan_args_verify(fmt, varc) \
-    ({ \
-	int verify; \
-	_Pragma("GCC diagnostic push"); \
-	_Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Warray-bounds\""); \
-	verify = rb_scan_args_verify_count(fmt, varc); \
-	_Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop"); \
-	verify; \
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING("-Wgnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments")
+# /* Skip it; clang -pedantic doesn't like the following */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO) && defined(__OPTIMIZE__)
+# define rb_yield_values(argc, ...) \
+__extension__({ \
+	const int rb_yield_values_argc = (argc); \
+	const VALUE rb_yield_values_args[] = {__VA_ARGS__}; \
+	const int rb_yield_values_nargs = \
+	    (int)(sizeof(rb_yield_values_args) / sizeof(VALUE)); \
+	rb_yield_values2( \
+	    rb_varargs_argc_check(rb_yield_values_argc, rb_yield_values_nargs), \
+	    rb_yield_values_nargs ? rb_yield_values_args : NULL); \
     })
-# else
-# define rb_scan_args_verify(fmt, varc) \
-    rb_scan_args_verify_count(fmt, varc)
-# endif
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_lead_p(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_lead_p(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[0]);
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_n_lead(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_n_lead(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) ? fmt[0]-'0' : 0);
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_opt_p(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_opt_p(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) && rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]));
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_n_opt(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_n_opt(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (rb_scan_args_opt_p(fmt) ? fmt[1]-'0' : 0);
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_var_idx(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_var_idx(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (!rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) ? 0 : !rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]) ? 1 : 2);
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_f_var(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_f_var(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (fmt[rb_scan_args_var_idx(fmt)]=='*');
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_trail_idx(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_trail_idx(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) ?
-	    (rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]) || fmt[1]=='*')+1 :
-	    (fmt[0]=='*'));
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_trail_p(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_trail_p(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) ?
-	    (rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]) || fmt[1]=='*') &&
-	    rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[2]) :
-	    fmt[0]=='*' && rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]));
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_n_trail(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_n_trail(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (rb_scan_args_lead_p(fmt) ?
-	    ((rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]) || fmt[1]=='*') &&
-	     rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[2]) ? fmt[2]-'0' : 0) :
-	    (fmt[0]=='*' && rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[1]) ? fmt[1]-'0' : 0));
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_hash_idx(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_hash_idx(const char *fmt)
-{
-    const int idx = rb_scan_args_trail_idx(fmt);
-    return idx+rb_scan_args_isdigit(fmt[idx]);
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_f_hash(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_f_hash(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (fmt[rb_scan_args_hash_idx(fmt)]==':');
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_block_idx(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_block_idx(const char *fmt)
-{
-    const int idx = rb_scan_args_hash_idx(fmt);
-    return idx+(fmt[idx]==':');
-}
-
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_f_block(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_f_block(const char *fmt)
-{
-    return (fmt[rb_scan_args_block_idx(fmt)]=='&');
-}
-
-# if 0
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int rb_scan_args_end_idx(const char *fmt));
-static inline int
-rb_scan_args_end_idx(const char *fmt)
-{
-    const int idx = rb_scan_args_block_idx(fmt);
-    return idx+(fmt[idx]=='&');
-}
-# endif
-
-# define rb_scan_args0(argc, argv, fmt, varc, vars) \
-    rb_scan_args_set(argc, argv, \
-		     rb_scan_args_n_lead(fmt), \
-		     rb_scan_args_n_opt(fmt), \
-		     rb_scan_args_n_trail(fmt), \
-		     rb_scan_args_f_var(fmt), \
-		     rb_scan_args_f_hash(fmt), \
-		     rb_scan_args_f_block(fmt), \
-		     (rb_scan_args_verify(fmt, varc), vars))
-ALWAYS_INLINE(static int
-rb_scan_args_set(int argc, const VALUE *argv,
-		 int n_lead, int n_opt, int n_trail,
-		 int f_var, int f_hash, int f_block,
-		 VALUE *vars[]));
-inline int
-rb_scan_args_set(int argc, const VALUE *argv,
-		 int n_lead, int n_opt, int n_trail,
-		 int f_var, int f_hash, int f_block,
-		 VALUE *vars[])
-{
-    int i, argi = 0, vari = 0;
-    VALUE *var, hash = Qnil;
-    const int n_mand = n_lead + n_trail;
 
-    /* capture an option hash - phase 1: pop */
-    if (f_hash && n_mand < argc) {
-	VALUE last = argv[argc - 1];
-
-	if (RB_NIL_P(last)) {
-	    /* nil is taken as an empty option hash only if it is not
-	       ambiguous; i.e. '*' is not specified and arguments are
-	       given more than sufficient */
-	    if (!f_var && n_mand + n_opt < argc)
-		argc--;
-	}
-	else {
-	    hash = rb_check_hash_type(last);
-	    if (!RB_NIL_P(hash)) {
-		VALUE opts = rb_extract_keywords(&hash);
-		if (!hash) argc--;
-		hash = opts ? opts : Qnil;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-
-    rb_check_arity(argc, n_mand, f_var ? UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS : n_mand + n_opt);
-
-    /* capture leading mandatory arguments */
-    for (i = n_lead; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = vars[vari++];
-	if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	argi++;
-    }
-    /* capture optional arguments */
-    for (i = n_opt; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = vars[vari++];
-	if (argi < argc - n_trail) {
-	    if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	    argi++;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (var) *var = Qnil;
-	}
-    }
-    /* capture variable length arguments */
-    if (f_var) {
-	int n_var = argc - argi - n_trail;
-
-	var = vars[vari++];
-	if (0 < n_var) {
-	    if (var) *var = rb_ary_new4(n_var, &argv[argi]);
-	    argi += n_var;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (var) *var = rb_ary_new();
-	}
-    }
-    /* capture trailing mandatory arguments */
-    for (i = n_trail; i-- > 0; ) {
-	var = vars[vari++];
-	if (var) *var = argv[argi];
-	argi++;
-    }
-    /* capture an option hash - phase 2: assignment */
-    if (f_hash) {
-	var = vars[vari++];
-	if (var) *var = hash;
-    }
-    /* capture iterator block */
-    if (f_block) {
-	var = vars[vari++];
-	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-	    *var = rb_block_proc();
-	}
-	else {
-	    *var = Qnil;
-	}
-    }
-
-    return argc;
-}
+# define rb_funcall(recv, mid, argc, ...) \
+__extension__({ \
+	const int rb_funcall_argc = (argc); \
+	const VALUE rb_funcall_args[] = {__VA_ARGS__}; \
+	const int rb_funcall_nargs = \
+	    (int)(sizeof(rb_funcall_args) / sizeof(VALUE)); \
+        rb_funcallv(recv, mid, \
+	    rb_varargs_argc_check(rb_funcall_argc, rb_funcall_nargs), \
+	    rb_funcall_nargs ? rb_funcall_args : NULL); \
+    })
 #endif
 
 #ifndef RUBY_DONT_SUBST
 #include "ruby/subst.h"
 #endif
 
-/**
- * @defgroup embed CRuby Embedding APIs
- * CRuby interpreter APIs. These are APIs to embed MRI interpreter into your
- * program.
- * These functions are not a part of Ruby extension library API.
- * Extension libraries of Ruby should not depend on these functions.
- * @{
- */
-
-/** @defgroup ruby1 ruby(1) implementation
- * A part of the implementation of ruby(1) command.
- * Other programs that embed Ruby interpreter do not always need to use these
- * functions.
- * @{
- */
-
-void ruby_sysinit(int *argc, char ***argv);
-void ruby_init(void);
-void* ruby_options(int argc, char** argv);
-int ruby_executable_node(void *n, int *status);
-int ruby_run_node(void *n);
-
-/* version.c */
-void ruby_show_version(void);
-void ruby_show_copyright(void);
-
-
-/*! A convenience macro to call ruby_init_stack(). Must be placed just after
- *  variable declarations */
-#define RUBY_INIT_STACK \
-    VALUE variable_in_this_stack_frame; \
-    ruby_init_stack(&variable_in_this_stack_frame);
-/*! @} */
-
-#ifdef __ia64
-void ruby_init_stack(volatile VALUE*, void*);
-#define ruby_init_stack(addr) ruby_init_stack((addr), rb_ia64_bsp())
-#else
-void ruby_init_stack(volatile VALUE*);
-#endif
-#define Init_stack(addr) ruby_init_stack(addr)
-
-int ruby_setup(void);
-int ruby_cleanup(volatile int);
-
-void ruby_finalize(void);
-NORETURN(void ruby_stop(int));
-
-void ruby_set_stack_size(size_t);
-int ruby_stack_check(void);
-size_t ruby_stack_length(VALUE**);
-
-int ruby_exec_node(void *n);
-
-void ruby_script(const char* name);
-void ruby_set_script_name(VALUE name);
-
-void ruby_prog_init(void);
-void ruby_set_argv(int, char**);
-void *ruby_process_options(int, char**);
-void ruby_init_loadpath(void);
-void ruby_incpush(const char*);
-void ruby_sig_finalize(void);
-
-/*! @} */
-
 #if !defined RUBY_EXPORT && !defined RUBY_NO_OLD_COMPATIBILITY
 # include "ruby/backward.h"
 #endif
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
 #endif /* RUBY_RUBY_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/st.h b/include/ruby/st.h
index 47e14a3e2c..1e4bb80686 100644
--- a/include/ruby/st.h
+++ b/include/ruby/st.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* This is a public domain general purpose hash table package
    originally written by Peter Moore @ UCB.
 
-   The hash table data strutures were redesigned and the package was
+   The hash table data structures were redesigned and the package was
    rewritten by Vladimir Makarov <vmakarov@redhat.com>.  */
 
 #ifndef RUBY_ST_H
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ typedef char st_check_for_sizeof_st_index_t[SIZEOF_VOIDP == (int)sizeof(st_index
 #define SIZEOF_ST_INDEX_T SIZEOF_VOIDP
 
 struct st_hash_type {
-    int (*compare)(ANYARGS /*st_data_t, st_data_t*/); /* st_compare_func* */
-    st_index_t (*hash)(ANYARGS /*st_data_t*/);        /* st_hash_func* */
+    int (*compare)(st_data_t, st_data_t); /* st_compare_func* */
+    st_index_t (*hash)(st_data_t);        /* st_hash_func* */
 };
 
 #define ST_INDEX_BITS (SIZEOF_ST_INDEX_T * CHAR_BIT)
@@ -96,53 +96,95 @@ struct st_table {
 
 #define st_is_member(table,key) st_lookup((table),(key),(st_data_t *)0)
 
-enum st_retval {ST_CONTINUE, ST_STOP, ST_DELETE, ST_CHECK};
-
-st_table *st_init_table(const struct st_hash_type *);
-st_table *st_init_table_with_size(const struct st_hash_type *, st_index_t);
-st_table *st_init_numtable(void);
-st_table *st_init_numtable_with_size(st_index_t);
-st_table *st_init_strtable(void);
-st_table *st_init_strtable_with_size(st_index_t);
-st_table *st_init_strcasetable(void);
-st_table *st_init_strcasetable_with_size(st_index_t);
-int st_delete(st_table *, st_data_t *, st_data_t *); /* returns 0:notfound 1:deleted */
-int st_delete_safe(st_table *, st_data_t *, st_data_t *, st_data_t);
-int st_shift(st_table *, st_data_t *, st_data_t *); /* returns 0:notfound 1:deleted */
-int st_insert(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t);
-int st_insert2(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t (*)(st_data_t));
-int st_lookup(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t *);
-int st_get_key(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t *);
+enum st_retval {ST_CONTINUE, ST_STOP, ST_DELETE, ST_CHECK, ST_REPLACE};
+
+st_table *rb_st_init_table(const struct st_hash_type *);
+#define st_init_table rb_st_init_table
+st_table *rb_st_init_table_with_size(const struct st_hash_type *, st_index_t);
+#define st_init_table_with_size rb_st_init_table_with_size
+st_table *rb_st_init_numtable(void);
+#define st_init_numtable rb_st_init_numtable
+st_table *rb_st_init_numtable_with_size(st_index_t);
+#define st_init_numtable_with_size rb_st_init_numtable_with_size
+st_table *rb_st_init_strtable(void);
+#define st_init_strtable rb_st_init_strtable
+st_table *rb_st_init_strtable_with_size(st_index_t);
+#define st_init_strtable_with_size rb_st_init_strtable_with_size
+st_table *rb_st_init_strcasetable(void);
+#define st_init_strcasetable rb_st_init_strcasetable
+st_table *rb_st_init_strcasetable_with_size(st_index_t);
+#define st_init_strcasetable_with_size rb_st_init_strcasetable_with_size
+int rb_st_delete(st_table *, st_data_t *, st_data_t *); /* returns 0:notfound 1:deleted */
+#define st_delete rb_st_delete
+int rb_st_delete_safe(st_table *, st_data_t *, st_data_t *, st_data_t);
+#define st_delete_safe rb_st_delete_safe
+int rb_st_shift(st_table *, st_data_t *, st_data_t *); /* returns 0:notfound 1:deleted */
+#define st_shift rb_st_shift
+int rb_st_insert(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t);
+#define st_insert rb_st_insert
+int rb_st_insert2(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t (*)(st_data_t));
+#define st_insert2 rb_st_insert2
+int rb_st_lookup(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t *);
+#define st_lookup rb_st_lookup
+int rb_st_get_key(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t *);
+#define st_get_key rb_st_get_key
 typedef int st_update_callback_func(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing);
 /* *key may be altered, but must equal to the old key, i.e., the
  * results of hash() are same and compare() returns 0, otherwise the
  * behavior is undefined */
-int st_update(st_table *table, st_data_t key, st_update_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg);
-int st_foreach(st_table *, int (*)(ANYARGS), st_data_t);
-int st_foreach_check(st_table *, int (*)(ANYARGS), st_data_t, st_data_t);
-st_index_t st_keys(st_table *table, st_data_t *keys, st_index_t size);
-st_index_t st_keys_check(st_table *table, st_data_t *keys, st_index_t size, st_data_t never);
-st_index_t st_values(st_table *table, st_data_t *values, st_index_t size);
-st_index_t st_values_check(st_table *table, st_data_t *values, st_index_t size, st_data_t never);
-void st_add_direct(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t);
-void st_free_table(st_table *);
-void st_cleanup_safe(st_table *, st_data_t);
-void st_clear(st_table *);
-st_table *st_copy(st_table *);
-CONSTFUNC(int st_numcmp(st_data_t, st_data_t));
-CONSTFUNC(st_index_t st_numhash(st_data_t));
-PUREFUNC(int st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2));
-PUREFUNC(int st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n));
-#define st_strcasecmp st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp
-#define st_strncasecmp st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp
-PUREFUNC(size_t st_memsize(const st_table *));
-PUREFUNC(st_index_t st_hash(const void *ptr, size_t len, st_index_t h));
-CONSTFUNC(st_index_t st_hash_uint32(st_index_t h, uint32_t i));
-CONSTFUNC(st_index_t st_hash_uint(st_index_t h, st_index_t i));
-CONSTFUNC(st_index_t st_hash_end(st_index_t h));
-CONSTFUNC(st_index_t st_hash_start(st_index_t h));
+int rb_st_update(st_table *table, st_data_t key, st_update_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg);
+#define st_update rb_st_update
+typedef int st_foreach_callback_func(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t);
+typedef int st_foreach_check_callback_func(st_data_t, st_data_t, st_data_t, int);
+int rb_st_foreach_with_replace(st_table *tab, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_update_callback_func *replace, st_data_t arg);
+#define st_foreach_with_replace rb_st_foreach_with_replace
+int rb_st_foreach(st_table *, st_foreach_callback_func *, st_data_t);
+#define st_foreach rb_st_foreach
+int rb_st_foreach_check(st_table *, st_foreach_check_callback_func *, st_data_t, st_data_t);
+#define st_foreach_check rb_st_foreach_check
+st_index_t rb_st_keys(st_table *table, st_data_t *keys, st_index_t size);
+#define st_keys rb_st_keys
+st_index_t rb_st_keys_check(st_table *table, st_data_t *keys, st_index_t size, st_data_t never);
+#define st_keys_check rb_st_keys_check
+st_index_t rb_st_values(st_table *table, st_data_t *values, st_index_t size);
+#define st_values rb_st_values
+st_index_t rb_st_values_check(st_table *table, st_data_t *values, st_index_t size, st_data_t never);
+#define st_values_check rb_st_values_check
+void rb_st_add_direct(st_table *, st_data_t, st_data_t);
+#define st_add_direct rb_st_add_direct
+void rb_st_free_table(st_table *);
+#define st_free_table rb_st_free_table
+void rb_st_cleanup_safe(st_table *, st_data_t);
+#define st_cleanup_safe rb_st_cleanup_safe
+void rb_st_clear(st_table *);
+#define st_clear rb_st_clear
+st_table *rb_st_copy(st_table *);
+#define st_copy rb_st_copy
+CONSTFUNC(int rb_st_numcmp(st_data_t, st_data_t));
+#define st_numcmp rb_st_numcmp
+CONSTFUNC(st_index_t rb_st_numhash(st_data_t));
+#define st_numhash rb_st_numhash
+PUREFUNC(int rb_st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2));
+#define st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp rb_st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp
+PUREFUNC(int rb_st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n));
+#define st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp rb_st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp
+#define st_strcasecmp rb_st_locale_insensitive_strcasecmp
+#define st_strncasecmp rb_st_locale_insensitive_strncasecmp
+PUREFUNC(size_t rb_st_memsize(const st_table *));
+#define st_memsize rb_st_memsize
+PUREFUNC(st_index_t rb_st_hash(const void *ptr, size_t len, st_index_t h));
+#define st_hash rb_st_hash
+CONSTFUNC(st_index_t rb_st_hash_uint32(st_index_t h, uint32_t i));
+#define st_hash_uint32 rb_st_hash_uint32
+CONSTFUNC(st_index_t rb_st_hash_uint(st_index_t h, st_index_t i));
+#define st_hash_uint rb_st_hash_uint
+CONSTFUNC(st_index_t rb_st_hash_end(st_index_t h));
+#define st_hash_end rb_st_hash_end
+CONSTFUNC(st_index_t rb_st_hash_start(st_index_t h));
 #define st_hash_start(h) ((st_index_t)(h))
 
+void rb_hash_bulk_insert_into_st_table(long, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
diff --git a/include/ruby/subst.h b/include/ruby/subst.h
index 1f0e6db5a4..cf48a3909c 100644
--- a/include/ruby/subst.h
+++ b/include/ruby/subst.h
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
-#ifndef RUBY_SUBST_H
+#ifndef RUBY_SUBST_H                                 /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_SUBST_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
 
 #undef snprintf
 #undef vsnprintf
diff --git a/include/ruby/thread.h b/include/ruby/thread.h
index 550f678e54..b05537badb 100644
--- a/include/ruby/thread.h
+++ b/include/ruby/thread.h
@@ -1,27 +1,23 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  thread.h -
-
-  $Author: matz $
-  created at: Tue Jul 10 17:35:43 JST 2012
-
-  Copyright (C) 2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_THREAD_H
+#ifndef RUBY_THREAD_H                                /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_THREAD_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author: matz $
+ * @date       Tue Jul 10 17:35:43 JST 2012
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
 #include "ruby/intern.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
+/* flags for rb_nogvl */
+#define RB_NOGVL_INTR_FAIL       (0x1)
+#define RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE  (0x2)
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 void *rb_thread_call_with_gvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1);
 
@@ -30,16 +26,17 @@ void *rb_thread_call_without_gvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1,
 void *rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1,
 				  rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2);
 
+/*
+ * XXX: unstable/unapproved - out-of-tree code should NOT not depend
+ * on this until it hits Ruby 2.6.1
+ */
+void *rb_nogvl(void *(*func)(void *), void *data1,
+               rb_unblock_function_t *ubf, void *data2,
+               int flags);
+
 #define RUBY_CALL_WO_GVL_FLAG_SKIP_CHECK_INTS_AFTER 0x01
 #define RUBY_CALL_WO_GVL_FLAG_SKIP_CHECK_INTS_
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_THREAD_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/thread_native.h b/include/ruby/thread_native.h
index 8e500c5a13..7e08c2e97f 100644
--- a/include/ruby/thread_native.h
+++ b/include/ruby/thread_native.h
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  thread_native.h -
-
-  $Author: ko1 $
-  created at: Wed May 14 19:37:31 2014
-
-  Copyright (C) 2014 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_THREAD_NATIVE_H
+#ifndef RUBY_THREAD_NATIVE_H                         /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_THREAD_NATIVE_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author: ko1 $
+ * @date       Wed May 14 19:37:31 2014
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2014 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
 
 /*
  * This file contains wrapper APIs for native thread primitives
  * which Ruby interpreter uses.
  *
- * Now, we only suppors pthread and Windows threads.
+ * Now, we only support pthread and Windows threads.
  *
  * If you want to use Ruby's Mutex and so on to synchronize Ruby Threads,
  * please use Mutex directly.
@@ -32,10 +31,14 @@ typedef union rb_thread_lock_union {
     CRITICAL_SECTION crit;
 } rb_nativethread_lock_t;
 
+typedef struct rb_thread_cond_struct rb_nativethread_cond_t;
+
 #elif defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_H)
+
 #include <pthread.h>
 typedef pthread_t rb_nativethread_id_t;
 typedef pthread_mutex_t rb_nativethread_lock_t;
+typedef pthread_cond_t rb_nativethread_cond_t;
 
 #else
 #error "unsupported thread type"
@@ -51,6 +54,19 @@ void rb_nativethread_lock_destroy(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
 void rb_nativethread_lock_lock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
 void rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
 
+void rb_native_mutex_lock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+int  rb_native_mutex_trylock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+void rb_native_mutex_unlock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+void rb_native_mutex_initialize(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+void rb_native_mutex_destroy(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+
+void rb_native_cond_signal(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+void rb_native_cond_broadcast(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+void rb_native_cond_wait(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond, rb_nativethread_lock_t *mutex);
+void rb_native_cond_timedwait(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond, rb_nativethread_lock_t *mutex, unsigned long msec);
+void rb_native_cond_initialize(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+void rb_native_cond_destroy(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/ruby/util.h b/include/ruby/util.h
index 3b78e467b4..af022dacbd 100644
--- a/include/ruby/util.h
+++ b/include/ruby/util.h
@@ -1,51 +1,20 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  util.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Thu Mar  9 11:55:53 JST 1995
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_UTIL_H
+#ifndef RUBY_UTIL_H                                  /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_UTIL_H 1
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Thu Mar  9 11:55:53 JST 1995
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
 #include "ruby/defines.h"
-#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
-#endif
 
-#ifndef _
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-# ifndef  HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-# ifndef  HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-#  define HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES 1
-# endif
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_PROTOTYPES
-# define _(args) args
-#else
-# define _(args) ()
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-# define __(args) args
-#else
-# define __(args) ()
-#endif
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 #define DECIMAL_SIZE_OF_BITS(n) (((n) * 3010 + 9998) / 9999)
 /* an approximation of ceil(n * log10(2)), up to 65536 at least */
@@ -70,7 +39,6 @@ char *ruby_strdup(const char *);
 #define strdup(s) ruby_strdup(s)
 
 char *ruby_getcwd(void);
-#define my_getcwd() ruby_getcwd()
 
 double ruby_strtod(const char *, char **);
 #undef strtod
@@ -78,13 +46,6 @@ double ruby_strtod(const char *, char **);
 
 void ruby_each_words(const char *, void (*)(const char*, int, void*), void *);
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_UTIL_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/version.h b/include/ruby/version.h
index 8b4801fcfd..924bfa8f91 100644
--- a/include/ruby/version.h
+++ b/include/ruby/version.h
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  ruby/version.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Wed May 13 12:56:56 JST 2009
-
-  Copyright (C) 1993-2009 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
-  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-/*
+#ifndef RUBY_VERSION_H                               /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RUBY_VERSION_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Wed May 13 12:56:56 JST 2009
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 1993-2009 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ *
  * This file contains only
  * - never-changeable information, and
  * - interfaces accessible from extension libraries.
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@
  * check the features with mkmf.rb instead.
  */
 
-#ifndef RUBY_VERSION_H
-#define RUBY_VERSION_H 1
-
 /* The origin. */
 #define RUBY_AUTHOR "Yukihiro Matsumoto"
 #define RUBY_BIRTH_YEAR 1993
@@ -30,20 +27,16 @@
 #define RUBY_BIRTH_DAY 24
 
 /* API version */
-#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR 2
-#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR 4
+#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR 3
+#define RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR 0
 #define RUBY_API_VERSION_TEENY 0
 #define RUBY_API_VERSION_CODE (RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR*10000+RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR*100+RUBY_API_VERSION_TEENY)
 
 #ifdef RUBY_EXTERN
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* Internal note: this file could be included from verconf.mk _before_
+ * generating config.h, on Windows.  The #ifdef above is to trick such
+ * situation. */
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 /*
  * Interfaces from extension libraries.
@@ -61,14 +54,7 @@ RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_description[];
 RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_copyright[];
 RUBY_EXTERN const char ruby_engine[];
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 #endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/ruby/vm.h b/include/ruby/vm.h
index 73345264bd..7bdd567453 100644
--- a/include/ruby/vm.h
+++ b/include/ruby/vm.h
@@ -1,31 +1,23 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  ruby/vm.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Sat May 31 15:17:36 2008
-
-  Copyright (C) 2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_VM_H
+#ifndef RUBY_VM_H                                    /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
 #define RUBY_VM_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Sat May 31 15:17:36 2008
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
 
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 /* Place holder.
  *
  * We will prepare VM creation/control APIs on 1.9.2 or later.
- * If you have an interest about it, please see mvm branch.
- * http://svn.ruby-lang.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/branches/mvm/
+ *
  */
 
 /* VM type declaration */
@@ -52,13 +44,6 @@ int ruby_vm_destruct(ruby_vm_t *vm);
  */
 void ruby_vm_at_exit(void(*func)(ruby_vm_t *));
 
-RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_VM_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/win32.h b/include/ruby/win32.h
index ca99ee48f3..00259485a2 100644
--- a/include/ruby/win32.h
+++ b/include/ruby/win32.h
@@ -138,11 +138,18 @@ typedef int clockid_t;
 #undef stat
 #undef fstat
 #ifdef RUBY_EXPORT
-#define utime(_p, _t)		rb_w32_utime(_p, _t)
-#define lseek(_f, _o, _w)	_lseeki64(_f, _o, _w)
+#define utime(_p, _t)		rb_w32_uutime(_p, _t)
+#undef HAVE_UTIMES
+#define HAVE_UTIMES 1
+#define utimes(_p, _t)		rb_w32_uutimes(_p, _t)
+#undef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
+#define HAVE_UTIMENSAT 1
+#define AT_FDCWD		-100
+#define utimensat(_d, _p, _t, _f)	rb_w32_uutimensat(_d, _p, _t, _f)
+#define lseek(_f, _o, _w)	rb_w32_lseek(_f, _o, _w)
 
 #define pipe(p)			rb_w32_pipe(p)
-#define open			rb_w32_open
+#define open			rb_w32_uopen
 #define close(h)		rb_w32_close(h)
 #define fclose(f)		rb_w32_fclose(f)
 #define read(f, b, s)		rb_w32_read(f, b, s)
@@ -151,42 +158,51 @@ typedef int clockid_t;
 #define getppid()		rb_w32_getppid()
 #define sleep(x)		rb_w32_Sleep((x)*1000)
 #define Sleep(msec)		(void)rb_w32_Sleep(msec)
-#define fstati64(fd,st) 	rb_w32_fstati64(fd,st)
 
 #undef execv
-#define execv(path,argv)	rb_w32_aspawn(P_OVERLAY,path,argv)
+#define execv(path,argv)	rb_w32_uaspawn(P_OVERLAY,path,argv)
 #undef isatty
 #define isatty(h)		rb_w32_isatty(h)
 
 #undef mkdir
-#define mkdir(p, m)		rb_w32_mkdir(p, m)
+#define mkdir(p, m)		rb_w32_umkdir(p, m)
 #undef rmdir
-#define rmdir(p)		rb_w32_rmdir(p)
+#define rmdir(p)		rb_w32_urmdir(p)
 #undef unlink
-#define unlink(p)		rb_w32_unlink(p)
+#define unlink(p)		rb_w32_uunlink(p)
 #endif /* RUBY_EXPORT */
 
-#if SIZEOF_OFF_T == 8
+/* same with stati64 except the size of st_ino and nanosecond timestamps */
+struct stati128 {
+  _dev_t st_dev;
+  unsigned __int64 st_ino;
+  __int64 st_inohigh;
+  unsigned short st_mode;
+  short st_nlink;
+  short st_uid;
+  short st_gid;
+  _dev_t st_rdev;
+  __int64 st_size;
+  __time64_t st_atime;
+  long st_atimensec;
+  __time64_t st_mtime;
+  long st_mtimensec;
+  __time64_t st_ctime;
+  long st_ctimensec;
+};
+
 #define off_t __int64
-#define stat stati64
-#define fstat(fd,st)		fstati64(fd,st)
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION < 80
-#define stati64 _stati64
-#ifndef _stati64
-#define _stati64(path, st) rb_w32_stati64(path, st)
-#endif
-#else
-#define stati64 _stat64
-#define _stat64(path, st) rb_w32_stati64(path, st)
-#endif
-#else
-#define stat(path,st)		rb_w32_stat(path,st)
-#define fstat(fd,st)		rb_w32_fstat(fd,st)
-extern int rb_w32_stat(const char *, struct stat *);
-extern int rb_w32_fstat(int, struct stat *);
-#endif
-#define lstat(path,st)		rb_w32_lstati64(path,st)
-#define access(path,mode)	rb_w32_access(path,mode)
+#define stat stati128
+#undef SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INO
+#define SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INO sizeof(unsigned __int64)
+#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INOHIGH
+#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_ATIMENSEC
+#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC
+#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_CTIMENSEC
+#define fstat(fd,st)		rb_w32_fstati128(fd,st)
+#define stati128(path, st)	rb_w32_ustati128(path,st)
+#define lstat(path,st)		rb_w32_ulstati128(path,st)
+#define access(path,mode)	rb_w32_uaccess(path,mode)
 
 #define strcasecmp		_stricmp
 #define strncasecmp		_strnicmp
@@ -235,7 +251,6 @@ struct ifaddrs {
 
 extern void   rb_w32_sysinit(int *, char ***);
 extern DWORD  rb_w32_osid(void);
-extern rb_pid_t  rb_w32_pipe_exec(const char *, const char *, int, int *, int *);
 extern int    flock(int fd, int oper);
 extern int    rb_w32_io_cancelable_p(int);
 extern int    rb_w32_is_socket(int);
@@ -271,10 +286,8 @@ extern struct servent  *WSAAPI rb_w32_getservbyport(int, const char *);
 extern int    socketpair(int, int, int, int *);
 extern int    getifaddrs(struct ifaddrs **);
 extern void   freeifaddrs(struct ifaddrs *);
-extern char * rb_w32_getcwd(char *, int);
+extern char * rb_w32_ugetcwd(char *, int);
 extern char * rb_w32_ugetenv(const char *);
-extern char * rb_w32_getenv(const char *);
-extern int    rb_w32_rename(const char *, const char *);
 extern int    rb_w32_urename(const char *, const char *);
 extern char **rb_w32_get_environ(void);
 extern void   rb_w32_free_environ(char **);
@@ -283,22 +296,15 @@ extern const char *WSAAPI rb_w32_inet_ntop(int,const void *,char *,size_t);
 extern int WSAAPI rb_w32_inet_pton(int,const char *,void *);
 extern DWORD  rb_w32_osver(void);
 
-extern int chown(const char *, int, int);
 extern int rb_w32_uchown(const char *, int, int);
-extern int link(const char *, const char *);
 extern int rb_w32_ulink(const char *, const char *);
-extern ssize_t readlink(const char *, char *, size_t);
 extern ssize_t rb_w32_ureadlink(const char *, char *, size_t);
 extern ssize_t rb_w32_wreadlink(const WCHAR *, WCHAR *, size_t);
-extern int symlink(const char *src, const char *link);
 extern int rb_w32_usymlink(const char *src, const char *link);
 extern int gettimeofday(struct timeval *, struct timezone *);
 extern int clock_gettime(clockid_t, struct timespec *);
 extern int clock_getres(clockid_t, struct timespec *);
 extern rb_pid_t waitpid (rb_pid_t, int *, int);
-extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_spawn(int, const char *, const char*);
-extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_aspawn(int, const char *, char *const *);
-extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_aspawn_flags(int, const char *, char *const *, DWORD);
 extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_uspawn(int, const char *, const char*);
 extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_uaspawn(int, const char *, char *const *);
 extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_uaspawn_flags(int, const char *, char *const *, DWORD);
@@ -309,21 +315,15 @@ extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_getpid(void);
 extern rb_pid_t rb_w32_getppid(void);
 extern int rb_w32_isatty(int);
 extern int rb_w32_uchdir(const char *);
-extern int rb_w32_mkdir(const char *, int);
 extern int rb_w32_umkdir(const char *, int);
-extern int rb_w32_rmdir(const char *);
 extern int rb_w32_urmdir(const char *);
-extern int rb_w32_unlink(const char *);
 extern int rb_w32_uunlink(const char *);
 extern int rb_w32_uchmod(const char *, int);
-extern int rb_w32_stati64(const char *, struct stati64 *);
-extern int rb_w32_ustati64(const char *, struct stati64 *);
-extern int rb_w32_lstati64(const char *, struct stati64 *);
-extern int rb_w32_ulstati64(const char *, struct stati64 *);
-extern int rb_w32_access(const char *, int);
+extern int rb_w32_ustati128(const char *, struct stati128 *);
+extern int rb_w32_ulstati128(const char *, struct stati128 *);
 extern int rb_w32_uaccess(const char *, int);
 extern char rb_w32_fd_is_text(int);
-extern int rb_w32_fstati64(int, struct stati64 *);
+extern int rb_w32_fstati128(int, struct stati128 *);
 extern int rb_w32_dup2(int, int);
 
 #include <float.h>
@@ -418,11 +418,7 @@ extern int rb_w32_utruncate(const char *path, off_t length);
 
 #undef HAVE_TRUNCATE
 #define HAVE_TRUNCATE 1
-#if defined HAVE_TRUNCATE64
-#define truncate truncate64
-#else
-#define truncate rb_w32_truncate
-#endif
+#define truncate rb_w32_utruncate
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400 && _MSC_VER < 1800
 #define strtoll  _strtoi64
@@ -440,8 +436,6 @@ extern rb_gid_t  getegid (void);
 extern int       setuid (rb_uid_t);
 extern int       setgid (rb_gid_t);
 
-extern int fstati64(int, struct stati64 *);
-
 extern char *rb_w32_strerror(int);
 
 #ifdef RUBY_EXPORT
@@ -693,13 +687,13 @@ extern char *rb_w32_strerror(int);
 #define get_osfhandle(h)	rb_w32_get_osfhandle(h)
 
 #undef getcwd
-#define getcwd(b, s)		rb_w32_getcwd(b, s)
+#define getcwd(b, s)		rb_w32_ugetcwd(b, s)
 
 #undef getenv
-#define getenv(n)		rb_w32_getenv(n)
+#define getenv(n)		rb_w32_ugetenv(n)
 
 #undef rename
-#define rename(o, n)		rb_w32_rename(o, n)
+#define rename(o, n)		rb_w32_urename(o, n)
 
 #undef times
 #define times(t)		rb_w32_times(t)
@@ -722,7 +716,6 @@ struct tm *localtime_r(const time_t *, struct tm *);
 
 /* thread stuff */
 int  rb_w32_sleep(unsigned long msec);
-int  rb_w32_open(const char *, int, ...);
 int  rb_w32_uopen(const char *, int, ...);
 int  rb_w32_wopen(const WCHAR *, int, ...);
 int  rb_w32_close(int);
@@ -730,8 +723,10 @@ int  rb_w32_fclose(FILE*);
 int  rb_w32_pipe(int[2]);
 ssize_t rb_w32_read(int, void *, size_t);
 ssize_t rb_w32_write(int, const void *, size_t);
-int  rb_w32_utime(const char *, const struct utimbuf *);
+off_t  rb_w32_lseek(int, off_t, int);
 int  rb_w32_uutime(const char *, const struct utimbuf *);
+int  rb_w32_uutimes(const char *, const struct timeval *);
+int  rb_w32_uutimensat(int /* must be AT_FDCWD */, const char *, const struct timespec *, int /* must be 0 */);
 long rb_w32_write_console(uintptr_t, int);	/* use uintptr_t instead of VALUE because it's not defined yet here */
 int  WINAPI rb_w32_Sleep(unsigned long msec);
 int  rb_w32_wait_events_blocking(HANDLE *events, int num, DWORD timeout);
@@ -741,6 +736,27 @@ int  rb_w32_unwrap_io_handle(int);
 WCHAR *rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(UINT, const char *, int, long *);
 char *rb_w32_wstr_to_mbstr(UINT, const WCHAR *, int, long *);
 
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_ugetcwd, char *rb_w32_getcwd(char *, int));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_ugetenv, char *rb_w32_getenv(const char *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_urename, int rb_w32_rename(const char *, const char *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uopen, int rb_w32_open(const char *, int, ...));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uchown, int chown(const char *, int, int));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_ulink, int link(const char *, const char *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_ureadlink, ssize_t readlink(const char *, char *, size_t));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_usymlink, int symlink(const char *src, const char *link));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_umkdir, int rb_w32_mkdir(const char *, int));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_urmdir, int rb_w32_rmdir(const char *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uunlink, int rb_w32_unlink(const char *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uutime, int rb_w32_utime(const char *, const struct utimbuf *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uutimes, int rb_w32_utimes(const char *, const struct timeval *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uutimensat, int rb_w32_utimensat(int, const char *, const struct timespec *, int));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_ustati128, int rb_w32_stati128(const char *, struct stati128 *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_ulstati128, int rb_w32_lstati128(const char *, struct stati128 *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uaccess, int rb_w32_access(const char *, int));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uspawn, rb_pid_t rb_w32_spawn(int, const char *, const char*));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uaspawn, rb_pid_t rb_w32_aspawn(int, const char *, char *const *));
+DEPRECATED_BY(rb_w32_uaspawn_flags, rb_pid_t rb_w32_aspawn_flags(int, const char *, char *const *, DWORD));
+
 /*
 == ***CAUTION***
 Since this function is very dangerous, ((*NEVER*))
@@ -781,7 +797,7 @@ RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 static inline double
 rb_w32_pow(double x, double y)
 {
-    return powl(x, y);
+    return (double)powl(x, y);
 }
 #elif defined(__MINGW64_VERSION_MAJOR)
 double rb_w32_pow(double x, double y);
diff --git a/inits.c b/inits.c
index 5822f04cab..f636748101 100644
--- a/inits.c
+++ b/inits.c
@@ -9,15 +9,25 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/inits.h"
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+static void Init_builtin_prelude(void);
+#include "prelude.rbinc"
 
 #define CALL(n) {void Init_##n(void); Init_##n();}
 
 void
 rb_call_inits(void)
 {
+    CALL(Thread_Mutex);
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    CALL(TransientHeap);
+#endif
+    CALL(vm_postponed_job);
     CALL(Method);
     CALL(RandomSeedCore);
+    CALL(encodings);
     CALL(sym);
     CALL(var_tables);
     CALL(Object);
@@ -28,7 +38,6 @@ rb_call_inits(void)
     CALL(String);
     CALL(Exception);
     CALL(eval);
-    CALL(safe);
     CALL(jump);
     CALL(Numeric);
     CALL(Bignum);
@@ -52,14 +61,41 @@ rb_call_inits(void)
     CALL(Math);
     CALL(GC);
     CALL(Enumerator);
+    CALL(Ractor);
     CALL(VM);
     CALL(ISeq);
     CALL(Thread);
+    CALL(Scheduler);
     CALL(process);
     CALL(Cont);
     CALL(Rational);
     CALL(Complex);
+    CALL(MemoryView);
     CALL(version);
     CALL(vm_trace);
+    CALL(vm_stack_canary);
+    CALL(ast);
+    CALL(gc_stress);
+
+    // enable builtin loading
+    CALL(builtin);
+}
+
+void
+rb_call_builtin_inits(void)
+{
+#define BUILTIN(n) CALL(builtin_##n)
+    BUILTIN(gc);
+    BUILTIN(ractor);
+    BUILTIN(integer);
+    BUILTIN(io);
+    BUILTIN(dir);
+    BUILTIN(ast);
+    BUILTIN(trace_point);
+    BUILTIN(pack);
+    BUILTIN(warning);
+    BUILTIN(array);
+    BUILTIN(kernel);
+    Init_builtin_prelude();
 }
 #undef CALL
diff --git a/insns.def b/insns.def
index c963b42ec0..51e130786b 100644
--- a/insns.def
+++ b/insns.def
@@ -1,36 +1,62 @@
-/** ##skip -*- mode:c; style:ruby; coding: utf-8 -*-
+/* -*- C -*-
   insns.def - YARV instruction definitions
 
   $Author: $
   created at: 04/01/01 01:17:55 JST
 
   Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Koichi Sasada
-*/
-
-/** ##skip
-  instruction comment
-  @c: category
-  @e: english description
-  @j: japanese description
-
-  instruction form:
-    DEFINE_INSN
-    instruction_name
-    (instruction_operands, ..)
-    (pop_values, ..)
-    (return value)
-    {
+  Massive rewrite by @shyouhei in 2017.
+ */
+
+/* Some comments about this file's contents:
+
+   - The new format aims to be editable by C editor of your choice;
+     your mileage might vary of course.
+
+   - Each instructions are in following format:
+
+     DEFINE_INSN
+     instruction_name
+     (type operand, type operand, ..)
+     (pop_values, ..)
+     (return values ..)
+     // attr type name contents..
+     {
        .. // insn body
-    }
+     }
 
- */
+   - Unlike the old format which was line-oriented, you can now place
+     newlines and comments at liberal positions.
+
+   - `DEFINE_INSN` is a keyword.
+
+   - An instruction name must be a valid C identifier.
 
+   - Operands, pop values, return values are series of either variable
+     declarations, keyword `void`, or keyword `...`.  They are much
+     like C function declarations.
 
-/**
-  @c nop
-  @e nop
-  @j nop
+   - Attribute pragmas are optional, and can include arbitrary C
+     expressions.  You can write anything there but as of writing,
+     supported attributes are:
+
+       * sp_inc: Used to dynamically calculate sp increase in
+         `insn_stack_increase`.
+
+       * handles_sp: If it is true, VM deals with sp in the insn.
+         Default is if the instruction takes ISEQ operand or not.
+
+       * leaf: indicates that the instruction is "leaf" i.e. it does
+         not introduce new stack frame on top of it.
+         If an instruction handles sp, that can never be a leaf.
+
+   - Attributes can access operands, but not stack (push/pop) variables.
+
+   - An instruction's body is a pure C block, copied verbatimly into
+     the generated C source code.
  */
+
+/* nop */
 DEFINE_INSN
 nop
 ()
@@ -44,12 +70,8 @@ nop
 /* deal with variables                                    */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Get local variable (pointed by `idx' and `level').
+/* Get local variable (pointed by `idx' and `level').
      'level' indicates the nesting depth from the current block.
-  @j level, idx で指定されたローカル変数の値をスタックに置く。
-     level はブロックのネストレベルで、何段上かを示す。
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 getlocal
@@ -57,22 +79,13 @@ getlocal
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    int i, lev = (int)level;
-    const VALUE *ep = GET_EP();
-
-    /* optimized insns generated for level == (0|1) in defs/opt_operand.def */
-    for (i = 0; i < lev; i++) {
-	ep = GET_PREV_EP(ep);
-    }
-    val = *(ep - idx);
+    val = *(vm_get_ep(GET_EP(), level) - idx);
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(lvar_get);
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(lvar_get_dynamic, level > 0);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Set a local variable (pointed to by 'idx') as val.
+/* Set a local variable (pointed to by 'idx') as val.
      'level' indicates the nesting depth from the current block.
-  @j level, idx で指定されたローカル変数の値を val にする。
-     level はブロックのネストレベルで、何段上かを示す。
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 setlocal
@@ -80,186 +93,225 @@ setlocal
 (VALUE val)
 ()
 {
-    int i, lev = (int)level;
-    const VALUE *ep = GET_EP();
+    vm_env_write(vm_get_ep(GET_EP(), level), -(int)idx, val);
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(lvar_set);
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(lvar_set_dynamic, level > 0);
+}
 
-    /* optimized insns generated for level == (0|1) in defs/opt_operand.def */
-    for (i = 0; i < lev; i++) {
-	ep = GET_PREV_EP(ep);
+/* Get a block parameter. */
+DEFINE_INSN
+getblockparam
+(lindex_t idx, rb_num_t level)
+()
+(VALUE val)
+{
+    const VALUE *ep = vm_get_ep(GET_EP(), level);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep));
+
+    if (!VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM)) {
+	val = rb_vm_bh_to_procval(ec, VM_ENV_BLOCK_HANDLER(ep));
+	vm_env_write(ep, -(int)idx, val);
+	VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM);
+    }
+    else {
+	val = *(ep - idx);
+	RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(lvar_get);
+	(void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(lvar_get_dynamic, level > 0);
     }
+}
+
+/* Set block parameter. */
+DEFINE_INSN
+setblockparam
+(lindex_t idx, rb_num_t level)
+(VALUE val)
+()
+{
+    const VALUE *ep = vm_get_ep(GET_EP(), level);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep));
+
     vm_env_write(ep, -(int)idx, val);
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(lvar_set);
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(lvar_set_dynamic, level > 0);
+
+    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Get value of special local variable ($~, $_, ..).
-  @j 特殊なローカル変数（$~, $_, ...）の値を得る。
+/* Get special proxy object which only responds to `call` method if the block parameter
+     represents a iseq/ifunc block. Otherwise, same as `getblockparam`.
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
+getblockparamproxy
+(lindex_t idx, rb_num_t level)
+()
+(VALUE val)
+{
+    const VALUE *ep = vm_get_ep(GET_EP(), level);
+    VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep));
+
+    if (!VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM)) {
+	VALUE block_handler = VM_ENV_BLOCK_HANDLER(ep);
+
+	if (block_handler) {
+	    switch (vm_block_handler_type(block_handler)) {
+	      case block_handler_type_iseq:
+	      case block_handler_type_ifunc:
+		val = rb_block_param_proxy;
+		break;
+	      case block_handler_type_symbol:
+		val = rb_sym_to_proc(VM_BH_TO_SYMBOL(block_handler));
+		goto INSN_LABEL(set);
+	      case block_handler_type_proc:
+		val = VM_BH_TO_PROC(block_handler);
+		goto INSN_LABEL(set);
+	      default:
+		VM_UNREACHABLE(getblockparamproxy);
+	    }
+	}
+	else {
+	    val = Qnil;
+	  INSN_LABEL(set):
+	    vm_env_write(ep, -(int)idx, val);
+	    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	val = *(ep - idx);
+	RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(lvar_get);
+	(void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(lvar_get_dynamic, level > 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Get value of special local variable ($~, $_, ..). */
+DEFINE_INSN
 getspecial
 (rb_num_t key, rb_num_t type)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
+/* `$~ = MatchData.allocate; $&` can raise. */
+// attr bool leaf = (type == 0) ? true : false;
 {
-    val = vm_getspecial(th, GET_LEP(), key, type);
+    val = vm_getspecial(ec, GET_LEP(), key, type);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Set value of special local variable ($~, $_, ...) to obj.
-  @j 特別なローカル変数（$~, $_, ...）の値を設定する。
- */
+/* Set value of special local variable ($~, $_, ...) to obj. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 setspecial
 (rb_num_t key)
 (VALUE obj)
 ()
 {
-    lep_svar_set(th, GET_LEP(), key, obj);
+    lep_svar_set(ec, GET_LEP(), key, obj);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Get value of instance variable id of self.
-     If is_local is not 0, get value of class local variable.
-  @j self のインスタンス変数 id の値を得る。
- */
+/* Get value of instance variable id of self. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 getinstancevariable
-(ID id, IC ic)
+(ID id, IVC ic)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
+/* Ractor crashes when it accesses class/module-level instances variables. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has IVAR_ACCESSOR_SHOULD_BE_MAIN_RACTOR() */
 {
-    val = vm_getinstancevariable(GET_SELF(), id, ic);
+    val = vm_getinstancevariable(GET_ISEQ(), GET_SELF(), id, ic);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Set value of instance variable id of self to val.
-     If is_local is not 0, set value of class local variable.
-  @j self のインスタンス変数 id を val にする。
- */
+/* Set value of instance variable id of self to val. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 setinstancevariable
-(ID id, IC ic)
+(ID id, IVC ic)
 (VALUE val)
 ()
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_check_frozen_internal() */
 {
-    vm_setinstancevariable(GET_SELF(), id, val, ic);
+    vm_setinstancevariable(GET_ISEQ(), GET_SELF(), id, val, ic);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Get value of class variable id of klass as val.
-  @j 現在のスコープのクラス変数 id の値を得る。
- */
+/* Get value of class variable id of klass as val. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 getclassvariable
 (ID id)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
+/* "class variable access from toplevel" warning can be hooked. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_warning() */
 {
-    val = rb_cvar_get(vm_get_cvar_base(rb_vm_get_cref(GET_EP()), GET_CFP()), id);
+    val = rb_cvar_get(vm_get_cvar_base(vm_get_cref(GET_EP()), GET_CFP(), 1), id);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e Set value of class variable id of klass as val.
-  @j klass のクラス変数 id を val にする。
- */
+/* Set value of class variable id of klass as val. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 setclassvariable
 (ID id)
 (VALUE val)
 ()
+/* "class variable access from toplevel" warning can be hooked. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_warning() */
 {
     vm_ensure_not_refinement_module(GET_SELF());
-    rb_cvar_set(vm_get_cvar_base(rb_vm_get_cref(GET_EP()), GET_CFP()), id, val);
+    rb_cvar_set(vm_get_cvar_base(vm_get_cref(GET_EP()), GET_CFP(), 1), id, val);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e
-   Get constant variable id. If klass is Qnil, constants
-   are searched in the current scope. If klass is Qfalse, constants
-   are searched as top level constants. Otherwise, get constant under klass
+/* Get constant variable id. If klass is Qnil and allow_nil is Qtrue, constants
+   are searched in the current scope. Otherwise, get constant under klass
    class or module.
-  @j 定数 id の値を得る。
-   klass が Qnil なら、そのスコープで得られる定数の値を得る。
-   Qfalse なら、トップレベルスコープを得る。
-   それ以外なら、klass クラスの下の定数を得る。
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 getconstant
 (ID id)
-(VALUE klass)
+(VALUE klass, VALUE allow_nil)
 (VALUE val)
+/* getconstant can kick autoload */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_autoload_load() */
 {
-    val = vm_get_ev_const(th, klass, id, 0);
+    val = vm_get_ev_const(ec, klass, id, allow_nil == Qtrue, 0);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e
-   Set constant variable id. If klass is Qfalse, constant
-   is able to access in this scope. if klass is Qnil, set
-   top level constant. otherwise, set constant under klass
-   class or module.
-
-  @j 定数 id の値を val にする。
-   klass が Qfalse なら、そのスコープで得られる定数 id の値を設定する。
-   Qnil なら、トップレベルスコープの値を設定する。
-   それ以外なら、klass クラスの下の定数を設定する。
+/* Set constant variable id under cbase class or module.
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 setconstant
 (ID id)
 (VALUE val, VALUE cbase)
 ()
+/* Assigning an object to a constant is basically a leaf operation.
+ * The problem is, assigning a Module instance to a constant _names_
+ * that module.  Naming involves string manipulations, which are
+ * method calls. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has StringValue() */
 {
     vm_check_if_namespace(cbase);
     vm_ensure_not_refinement_module(GET_SELF());
     rb_const_set(cbase, id, val);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e get global variable id.
-  @j グローバル変数 id の値を得る。
- */
+/* get global variable id. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 getglobal
-(GENTRY entry)
+(ID gid)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = false;
 {
-    val = GET_GLOBAL((VALUE)entry);
+    val = rb_gvar_get(gid);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c variable
-  @e set global variable id as val.
-  @j グローバル変数 id の値を設定する。
- */
+/* set global variable id as val. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 setglobal
-(GENTRY entry)
+(ID gid)
 (VALUE val)
 ()
+// attr bool leaf = false;
 {
-    SET_GLOBAL((VALUE)entry, val);
+    rb_gvar_set(gid, val);
 }
 
-
 /**********************************************************/
 /* deal with values                                       */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put nil to stack.
-  @j スタックに nil をプッシュする。
- */
+/* put nil to stack. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 putnil
 ()
@@ -269,11 +321,7 @@ putnil
     val = Qnil;
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put self.
-  @j スタックに self をプッシュする。
- */
+/* put self. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 putself
 ()
@@ -283,11 +331,7 @@ putself
     val = GET_SELF();
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put some object.
-     i.e. Fixnum, true, false, nil, and so on.
-  @j オブジェクト val をスタックにプッシュする。
+/* put some object.
      i.e. Fixnum, true, false, nil, and so on.
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
@@ -299,165 +343,135 @@ putobject
     /* */
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put special object.  "value_type" is for expansion.
-  @j 特別なオブジェクト val をスタックにプッシュする。
-     オブジェクトの種類は value_type による．
- */
+/* put special object.  "value_type" is for expansion. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 putspecialobject
 (rb_num_t value_type)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    enum vm_special_object_type type = (enum vm_special_object_type)value_type;
-
-    switch (type) {
-      case VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE:
-	val = rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore;
-	break;
-      case VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE:
-	val = vm_get_cbase(GET_EP());
-	break;
-      case VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE:
-	val = vm_get_const_base(GET_EP());
-	break;
-      default:
-	rb_bug("putspecialobject insn: unknown value_type");
-    }
-}
+    enum vm_special_object_type type;
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put iseq value.
-  @j iseq をスタックにプッシュする。
- */
-DEFINE_INSN
-putiseq
-(ISEQ iseq)
-()
-(VALUE ret)
-{
-    ret = (VALUE)iseq;
+    type = (enum vm_special_object_type)value_type;
+    val = vm_get_special_object(GET_EP(), type);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put string val. string will be copied.
-  @j 文字列をコピーしてスタックにプッシュする。
- */
+/* put string val. string will be copied. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 putstring
 (VALUE str)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    val = rb_str_resurrect(str);
+    val = rb_ec_str_resurrect(ec, str);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put concatenate strings
-  @j スタックトップの文字列を n 個連結し，結果をスタックにプッシュする。
- */
+/* put concatenate strings */
 DEFINE_INSN
 concatstrings
 (rb_num_t num)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 1 - num;
+(VALUE val)
+/* This instruction can concat UTF-8 and binary strings, resulting in
+ * Encoding::CompatibilityError. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_enc_cr_str_buf_cat() */
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - (rb_snum_t)num;
 {
-    val = rb_str_concat_literals(num, &TOPN(num-1));
-    POPN(num);
+    val = rb_str_concat_literals(num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e push the result of to_str.
-  @j to_str の結果をスタックにプッシュする。
- */
+/* push the result of to_s. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 tostring
 ()
+(VALUE val, VALUE str)
 (VALUE val)
-(VALUE val)
-{
-    val = rb_obj_as_string(val);
-}
-
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e Freeze (dynamically) created strings. if debug_info is given, set it.
-  @j （埋め込み）文字列を freeze する。もし、debug_info が与えられていれば、それを設定する。
- */
-DEFINE_INSN
-freezestring
-(VALUE debug_info)
-(VALUE str)
-(VALUE str)
 {
-    if (!NIL_P(debug_info)) {
-	rb_ivar_set(str, id_debug_created_info, debug_info);
-    }
-    rb_str_freeze(str);
+    val = rb_obj_as_string_result(str, val);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e compile str to Regexp and push it.
+/* compile str to Regexp and push it.
      opt is the option for the Regexp.
-  @j 文字列 str を正規表現にコンパイルしてスタックにプッシュする。
-     コンパイル時，opt を正規表現のオプションとする。
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 toregexp
 (rb_num_t opt, rb_num_t cnt)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 1 - cnt;
+(VALUE val)
+/* This instruction can raise RegexpError, thus can call
+ * RegexpError#initialize */
+// attr bool leaf = false;
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - (rb_snum_t)cnt;
 {
-    VALUE rb_reg_new_ary(VALUE ary, int options);
-    rb_num_t i;
-    const VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(cnt);
-    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-	rb_ary_store(ary, cnt-i-1, TOPN(i));
-    }
-    POPN(cnt);
+    const VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(0, cnt, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(cnt));
     val = rb_reg_new_ary(ary, (int)opt);
     rb_ary_clear(ary);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put new array initialized with num values on the stack.
-  @j 新しい配列をスタック上の num 個の値で初期化して生成しプッシュする。
- */
+/* intern str to Symbol and push it. */
+DEFINE_INSN
+intern
+()
+(VALUE str)
+(VALUE sym)
+{
+    sym = rb_str_intern(str);
+}
+
+/* put new array initialized with num values on the stack. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 newarray
 (rb_num_t num)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 1 - num;
+(VALUE val)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - (rb_snum_t)num;
 {
-    val = rb_ary_new4((long)num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
-    POPN(num);
+    val = rb_ec_ary_new_from_values(ec, num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e dup array
-  @j 配列 ary を dup してスタックにプッシュする。
+/* put new array initialized with num values on the stack. There
+   should be at least one element on the stack, and the top element
+   should be a hash.  If the top element is empty, it is not
+   included in the array.
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
+newarraykwsplat
+(rb_num_t num)
+(...)
+(VALUE val)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - (rb_snum_t)num;
+{
+    if (RHASH_EMPTY_P(*STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(1))) {
+        val = rb_ary_new4(num-1, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
+    }
+    else {
+        val = rb_ary_new4(num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
+    }
+}
+
+/* dup array */
+DEFINE_INSN
 duparray
 (VALUE ary)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 {
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(ARRAY, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     val = rb_ary_resurrect(ary);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e if TOS is an array expand, expand it to num objects.
+/* dup hash */
+DEFINE_INSN
+duphash
+(VALUE hash)
+()
+(VALUE val)
+{
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(HASH, RHASH_SIZE(hash) << 1);
+    val = rb_hash_resurrect(hash);
+}
+
+/* if TOS is an array expand, expand it to num objects.
      if the number of the array is less than num, push nils to fill.
      if it is greater than num, exceeding elements are dropped.
      unless TOS is an array, push num - 1 nils.
@@ -465,110 +479,66 @@ duparray
      flag: 0x01 - rest args array
      flag: 0x02 - for postarg
      flag: 0x04 - reverse?
-  @j スタックトップのオブジェクトが配列であれば、それを展開する。
-     配列オブジェクトの要素数が num以下ならば、代わりに nil を積む。num以上なら、
-     num以上の要素は切り捨てる。
-     配列オブジェクトでなければ、num - 1 個の nil を積む。
-     もし flag が真なら、残り要素の配列を積む
-     flag: 0x01 - 最後を配列に
-     flag: 0x02 - postarg 用
-     flag: 0x04 - reverse?
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 expandarray
 (rb_num_t num, rb_num_t flag)
 (..., VALUE ary)
-(...) // inc += num - 1 + (flag & 1 ? 1 : 0);
+(...)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_check_array_type() */
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = (rb_snum_t)num - 1 + (flag & 1 ? 1 : 0);
 {
-    vm_expandarray(GET_CFP(), ary, num, (int)flag);
+    vm_expandarray(GET_SP(), ary, num, (int)flag);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e concat two arrays
-  @j 二つの配列 ary1, ary2 を連結しスタックへプッシュする。
- */
+/* concat two arrays */
 DEFINE_INSN
 concatarray
 ()
-(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2st)
+(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 (VALUE ary)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_check_array_type() */
 {
-    const VALUE ary2 = ary2st;
-    VALUE tmp1 = rb_check_convert_type(ary1, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
-    VALUE tmp2 = rb_check_convert_type(ary2, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
-
-    if (NIL_P(tmp1)) {
-	tmp1 = rb_ary_new3(1, ary1);
-    }
-
-    if (NIL_P(tmp2)) {
-	tmp2 = rb_ary_new3(1, ary2);
-    }
-
-    if (tmp1 == ary1) {
-	tmp1 = rb_ary_dup(ary1);
-    }
-    ary = rb_ary_concat(tmp1, tmp2);
+    ary = vm_concat_array(ary1, ary2);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e call to_a on array ary to splat
-  @j splat のために配列 ary に対して to_a を呼び出す。
- */
+/* call to_a on array ary to splat */
 DEFINE_INSN
 splatarray
 (VALUE flag)
 (VALUE ary)
 (VALUE obj)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_check_array_type() */
 {
-    VALUE tmp = rb_check_convert_type(ary, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
-    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	tmp = rb_ary_new3(1, ary);
-    }
-    else if (RTEST(flag)) {
-	tmp = rb_ary_dup(tmp);
-    }
-    obj = tmp;
+    obj = vm_splat_array(flag, ary);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put new Hash from n elements. n must be an even number.
-  @j 新しいハッシュをスタックトップの n 個を初期値として生成する。
-     n はキーと値のペアなので 2 の倍数でなければならない。
- */
+/* put new Hash from n elements. n must be an even number. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 newhash
 (rb_num_t num)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 1 - num;
+(VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_hash_key_str() */
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - (rb_snum_t)num;
 {
-    rb_num_t i;
-
     RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(HASH, num);
 
-    val = rb_hash_new();
+    val = rb_hash_new_with_size(num / 2);
 
-    for (i = num; i > 0; i -= 2) {
-	const VALUE v = TOPN(i - 2);
-	const VALUE k = TOPN(i - 1);
-	rb_hash_aset(val, k, v);
+    if (num) {
+        rb_hash_bulk_insert(num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num), val);
     }
-    POPN(num);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c put
-  @e put new Range object.(Range.new(low, high, flag))
-  @j Range.new(low, high, flag) のようなオブジェクトを生成しスタックにプッシュする。
- */
+/* put new Range object.(Range.new(low, high, flag)) */
 DEFINE_INSN
 newrange
 (rb_num_t flag)
 (VALUE low, VALUE high)
 (VALUE val)
+/* rb_range_new() exercises "bad value for range" check. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* see also: range.c:range_init() */
 {
     val = rb_range_new(low, high, (int)flag);
 }
@@ -577,11 +547,7 @@ newrange
 /* deal with stack operation                              */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e pop from stack.
-  @j スタックから一つポップする。
- */
+/* pop from stack. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 pop
 ()
@@ -592,11 +558,7 @@ pop
     /* none */
 }
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e duplicate stack top.
-  @j スタックトップをコピーしてスタックにプッシュする。
- */
+/* duplicate stack top. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 dup
 ()
@@ -606,31 +568,21 @@ dup
     val1 = val2 = val;
 }
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e duplicate stack top n elements
-  @j スタックトップの n 個をコピーしてスタックにプッシュする。
- */
+/* duplicate stack top n elements */
 DEFINE_INSN
 dupn
 (rb_num_t n)
 (...)
-(...) // inc += n;
+(...)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = n;
 {
-    rb_num_t i;
-    VALUE *sp = STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(n);
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-	GET_SP()[i] = sp[i];
-    }
-    INC_SP(n);
-}
+    void *dst = GET_SP();
+    void *src = STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(n);
 
+    MEMCPY(dst, src, VALUE, n);
+}
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e swap top 2 vals
-  @j スタックトップの 2 つの値を交換する。
- */
+/* swap top 2 vals */
 DEFINE_INSN
 swap
 ()
@@ -640,16 +592,13 @@ swap
     /* none */
 }
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e reverse stack top N order.
-  @j スタックトップの n 個の値を逆転する。
- */
+/* reverse stack top N order. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 reverse
 (rb_num_t n)
 (...)
-(...) // inc += 0;
+(...)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 0;
 {
     rb_num_t i;
     VALUE *sp = STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(n);
@@ -662,191 +611,108 @@ reverse
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e for stack caching.
-  @j スタックキャッシングの状態を調整するために必要な命令。
- */
-DEFINE_INSN
+/* for stack caching. */
+DEFINE_INSN_IF(STACK_CACHING)
 reput
 ()
 (..., VALUE val)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 0;
+(VALUE val)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 0;
 {
     /* none */
 }
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e get nth stack value from stack top
-  @j スタックトップから n 個目をスタックにプッシュする。
- */
+/* get nth stack value from stack top */
 DEFINE_INSN
 topn
 (rb_num_t n)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 1;
+(VALUE val)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1;
 {
     val = TOPN(n);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e set Nth stack entry to stack top
-  @j スタックトップの値を n 個目のスタックにコピー
- */
+/* set Nth stack entry to stack top */
 DEFINE_INSN
 setn
 (rb_num_t n)
 (..., VALUE val)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 0
+(VALUE val)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 0;
 {
-    TOPN(n-1) = val;
+    TOPN(n) = val;
 }
 
-/**
-  @c stack
-  @e empty current stack
-  @j current stack を空にする。
- */
+/* empty current stack */
 DEFINE_INSN
 adjuststack
 (rb_num_t n)
 (...)
-(...) // inc -= n
+(...)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = -(rb_snum_t)n;
 {
-    DEC_SP(n);
+    /* none */
 }
 
-
 /**********************************************************/
 /* deal with setting                                      */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c setting
-  @e defined?
-  @j defined? を行う。
- */
+/* defined? */
 DEFINE_INSN
 defined
 (rb_num_t op_type, VALUE obj, VALUE needstr)
 (VALUE v)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_defined(op_type);
 {
-    val = vm_defined(th, GET_CFP(), op_type, obj, needstr, v);
+    val = vm_defined(ec, GET_CFP(), op_type, obj, needstr, v);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c setting
-  @e check `target' matches `pattern'.
+/* check `target' matches `pattern'.
      `flag & VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_MASK' describe how to check pattern.
       VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN: ignore target and check pattern is truthy.
       VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE: check `patten === target'.
-      VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE: check `pattern.kind_op?(Module) && pattern == target'.
+      VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE: check `pattern.kind_op?(Module) && pattern === target'.
      if `flag & VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY' is not 0, then `patten' is array of patterns.
-  @j see above comments.
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 checkmatch
 (rb_num_t flag)
 (VALUE target, VALUE pattern)
 (VALUE result)
+// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_checkmatch(flag);
 {
-    enum vm_check_match_type checkmatch_type =
-      (enum vm_check_match_type)(flag & VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_MASK);
-    result = Qfalse;
-
-    if (flag & VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY) {
-	long i;
-	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(pattern); i++) {
-	    if (RTEST(check_match(RARRAY_AREF(pattern, i), target, checkmatch_type))) {
-		result = Qtrue;
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	if (RTEST(check_match(pattern, target, checkmatch_type))) {
-	    result = Qtrue;
-	}
-    }
+    result = vm_check_match(ec, target, pattern, flag);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c setting
-  @e check keywords are specified or not.
-  @j キーワードが指定されているかどうかチェックする
- */
+/* check keywords are specified or not. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 checkkeyword
-(lindex_t kw_bits_index, rb_num_t keyword_index)
+(lindex_t kw_bits_index, lindex_t keyword_index)
 ()
 (VALUE ret)
 {
-    const VALUE *ep = GET_EP();
-    const VALUE kw_bits = *(ep - kw_bits_index);
-
-    if (FIXNUM_P(kw_bits)) {
-	int bits = FIX2INT(kw_bits);
-	ret = (bits & (0x01 << keyword_index)) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
-    }
-    else {
-	VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(kw_bits, T_HASH));
-	ret = rb_hash_has_key(kw_bits, INT2FIX(keyword_index)) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
-    }
+    ret = vm_check_keyword(kw_bits_index, keyword_index, GET_EP());
 }
 
-/**
-  @c setting
-  @e trace
-  @j trace 用の命令。
- */
+/* check if val is type. */
 DEFINE_INSN
-trace
-(rb_num_t nf)
-()
-()
+checktype
+(rb_num_t type)
+(VALUE val)
+(VALUE ret)
 {
-    rb_event_flag_t flag = (rb_event_flag_t)nf;
-
-    if (RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_ENTRY_ENABLED() ||
-	RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_ENABLED() ||
-	RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_ENTRY_ENABLED() ||
-	RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_ENABLED()) {
-
-	switch (flag) {
-	  case RUBY_EVENT_CALL:
-	    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, 0, 0);
-	    break;
-	  case RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL:
-	    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, 0, 0);
-	    break;
-	  case RUBY_EVENT_RETURN:
-	    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, 0, 0);
-	    break;
-	  case RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN:
-	    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, 0, 0);
-	    break;
-	}
-    }
-
-    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, flag, GET_SELF(), 0, 0, 0 /* id and klass are resolved at callee */,
-		    (flag & (RUBY_EVENT_RETURN | RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN)) ? TOPN(0) : Qundef);
+    ret = (TYPE(val) == (int)type) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 /**********************************************************/
 /* deal with control flow 1: class/module                 */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c class/module
-  @e
-   enter class definition scope. if super is Qfalse, and class
+/* enter class definition scope. if super is Qfalse, and class
    "klass" is defined, it's redefine. otherwise, define "klass" class.
-  @j クラス定義スコープへ移行する。
-   もし super が Qfalse で klassクラスが定義されていれば再定義である。
-   そうでなければ、klass クラスを定義する。
  */
 DEFINE_INSN
 defineclass
@@ -854,89 +720,14 @@ defineclass
 (VALUE cbase, VALUE super)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    VALUE klass;
-    rb_vm_defineclass_type_t type = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE(flags);
-
-    switch (type) {
-      case VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS:
-	/* val is dummy.  classdef returns class scope value */
-
-	if (VM_DEFINECLASS_HAS_SUPERCLASS_P(flags) &&
-	    !RB_TYPE_P(super, T_CLASS)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass must be a Class (%"PRIsVALUE" given)",
-		     rb_obj_class(super));
-	}
-
-	vm_check_if_namespace(cbase);
-
-	/* find klass */
-	rb_autoload_load(cbase, id);
-	if ((klass = vm_search_const_defined_class(cbase, id)) != 0) {
-	    /* already exist */
-	    klass = VM_DEFINECLASS_SCOPED_P(flags) ?
-		rb_public_const_get_at(klass, id) : rb_const_get_at(klass, id);
-	    if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" is not a class", rb_id2str(id));
-	    }
-
-	    if (VM_DEFINECLASS_HAS_SUPERCLASS_P(flags)) {
-		VALUE tmp;
-		tmp = rb_class_real(RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
-
-		if (tmp != super) {
-		    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class %"PRIsVALUE"",
-			     rb_id2str(id));
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (!VM_DEFINECLASS_HAS_SUPERCLASS_P(flags)) {
-		super = rb_cObject;
-	    }
-	    /* new class declaration */
-	    klass = rb_define_class_id(id, super);
-	    rb_set_class_path_string(klass, cbase, rb_id2str(id));
-	    rb_const_set(cbase, id, klass);
-	    rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
-	}
-	break;
-      case VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS:
-	/* val is dummy.  classdef returns class scope value */
-	/* super is dummy */
-	klass = rb_singleton_class(cbase);
-	break;
-      case VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE:
-	/* val is dummy.  classdef returns class scope value */
-	/* super is dummy */
-
-	vm_check_if_namespace(cbase);
-
-	/* find klass */
-	if ((klass = vm_search_const_defined_class(cbase, id)) != 0) {
-	    klass = VM_DEFINECLASS_SCOPED_P(flags) ?
-		rb_public_const_get_at(klass, id) : rb_const_get_at(klass, id);
-	    /* already exist */
-	    if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" is not a module", rb_id2str(id));
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    /* new module declaration */
-	    klass = rb_define_module_id(id);
-	    rb_set_class_path_string(klass, cbase, rb_id2str(id));
-	    rb_const_set(cbase, id, klass);
-	}
-	break;
-      default:
-	rb_bug("unknown defineclass type: %d", (int)type);
-    }
+    VALUE klass = vm_find_or_create_class_by_id(id, flags, cbase, super);
 
     rb_iseq_check(class_iseq);
 
     /* enter scope */
-    vm_push_frame(th, class_iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS | VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL, klass,
+    vm_push_frame(ec, class_iseq, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS | VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL, klass,
 		  GET_BLOCK_HANDLER(),
-		  (VALUE)vm_cref_push(th, klass, NULL, FALSE),
+		  (VALUE)vm_cref_push(ec, klass, NULL, FALSE),
 		  class_iseq->body->iseq_encoded, GET_SP(),
 		  class_iseq->body->local_table_size,
 		  class_iseq->body->stack_max);
@@ -944,195 +735,193 @@ defineclass
     NEXT_INSN();
 }
 
+DEFINE_INSN
+definemethod
+(ID id, ISEQ iseq)
+()
+()
+{
+    vm_define_method(ec, Qnil, id, (VALUE)iseq, FALSE);
+}
+
+DEFINE_INSN
+definesmethod
+(ID id, ISEQ iseq)
+(VALUE obj)
+()
+{
+    vm_define_method(ec, obj, id, (VALUE)iseq, TRUE);
+}
 
 /**********************************************************/
 /* deal with control flow 2: method/iterator              */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c method/iterator
-  @e invoke method.
-  @j メソッド呼び出しを行う。ci に必要な情報が格納されている。
- */
+/* invoke method. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 send
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc, ISEQ blockiseq)
+(CALL_DATA cd, ISEQ blockiseq)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += - (int)(ci->orig_argc + ((ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) ? 1 : 0));
+(VALUE val)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(cd->ci);
+// attr rb_snum_t comptime_sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(ci);
 {
-    struct rb_calling_info calling;
+    VALUE bh = vm_caller_setup_arg_block(ec, GET_CFP(), cd->ci, blockiseq, false);
+    val = vm_sendish(ec, GET_CFP(), cd, bh, mexp_search_method);
 
-    vm_caller_setup_arg_block(th, reg_cfp, &calling, ci, blockiseq, FALSE);
-    vm_search_method(ci, cc, calling.recv = TOPN(calling.argc = ci->orig_argc));
-    CALL_METHOD(&calling, ci, cc);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        RESTORE_REGS();
+        NEXT_INSN();
+    }
+}
+
+/* Invoke method without block */
+DEFINE_INSN
+opt_send_without_block
+(CALL_DATA cd)
+(...)
+(VALUE val)
+// attr bool handles_sp = true;
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(cd->ci);
+// attr rb_snum_t comptime_sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(ci);
+{
+    VALUE bh = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
+    val = vm_sendish(ec, GET_CFP(), cd, bh, mexp_search_method);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        RESTORE_REGS();
+        NEXT_INSN();
+    }
 }
 
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_str_freeze
-(VALUE str)
+(VALUE str, CALL_DATA cd)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_FREEZE, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = str;
-    }
-    else {
-	val = rb_funcall(rb_str_resurrect(str), idFreeze, 0);
+    val = vm_opt_str_freeze(str, BOP_FREEZE, idFreeze);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        PUSH(rb_str_resurrect(str));
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
+/* optimized nil? */
 DEFINE_INSN
-opt_newarray_max
-(rb_num_t num)
-(...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 1 - num;
+opt_nil_p
+(CALL_DATA cd)
+(VALUE recv)
+(VALUE val)
 {
-#define id_cmp  idCmp
-    if (BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MAX, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	if (num == 0) {
-	    val = Qnil;
-	}
-	else {
-	    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
-	    VALUE result = Qundef;
-	    rb_num_t i = num - 1;
-	    result = TOPN(i);
-	    while (i-- > 0) {
-		const VALUE v = TOPN(i);
-		if (result == Qundef || OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, result, cmp_opt) > 0) {
-		    result = v;
-		}
-	    }
-	    val = result == Qundef ? Qnil : result;
-	}
-	POPN(num);
+    val = vm_opt_nil_p(GET_ISEQ(), cd, recv);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
-    else {
-	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new4((long)num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
-	val = rb_funcall(ary, idMax, 0);
-	POPN(num);
+}
+
+DEFINE_INSN
+opt_str_uminus
+(VALUE str, CALL_DATA cd)
+()
+(VALUE val)
+{
+    val = vm_opt_str_freeze(str, BOP_UMINUS, idUMinus);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        PUSH(rb_str_resurrect(str));
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
-#undef id_cmp
 }
 
 DEFINE_INSN
-opt_newarray_min
+opt_newarray_max
 (rb_num_t num)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += 1 - num;
+(VALUE val)
+/* This instruction typically has no funcalls.  But it compares array
+ * contents each other by nature.  That part could call methods when
+ * necessary.  No way to detect such method calls beforehand.  We
+ * cannot but mark it being not leaf. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - (rb_snum_t)num;
 {
-#define id_cmp  idCmp
-    if (BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MIN, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	if (num == 0) {
-	    val = Qnil;
-	}
-	else {
-	    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
-	    VALUE result = Qundef;
-	    rb_num_t i = num - 1;
-	    result = TOPN(i);
-	    while (i-- > 0) {
-		const VALUE v = TOPN(i);
-		if (result == Qundef || OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, result, cmp_opt) < 0) {
-		    result = v;
-		}
-	    }
-	    val = result == Qundef ? Qnil : result;
-	}
-	POPN(num);
-    }
-    else {
-	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new4((long)num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
-	val = rb_funcall(ary, idMin, 0);
-	POPN(num);
-    }
-#undef id_cmp
+    val = vm_opt_newarray_max(num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e Invoke method without block
-  @j Invoke method without block
- */
 DEFINE_INSN
-opt_send_without_block
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+opt_newarray_min
+(rb_num_t num)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += -ci->orig_argc;
+(VALUE val)
+/* Same discussion as opt_newarray_max. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - (rb_snum_t)num;
 {
-    struct rb_calling_info calling;
-    calling.block_handler = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
-    vm_search_method(ci, cc, calling.recv = TOPN(calling.argc = ci->orig_argc));
-    CALL_METHOD(&calling, ci, cc);
+    val = vm_opt_newarray_min(num, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(num));
 }
 
-/**
-  @c method/iterator
-  @e super(args) # args.size => num
-  @j super を実行する。ci に必要な情報が格納されている。
- */
+/* super(args) # args.size => num */
 DEFINE_INSN
 invokesuper
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc, ISEQ blockiseq)
+(CALL_DATA cd, ISEQ blockiseq)
 (...)
-(VALUE val) // inc += - (int)(ci->orig_argc + ((ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) ? 1 : 0));
+(VALUE val)
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(cd->ci);
+// attr rb_snum_t comptime_sp_inc = sp_inc_of_sendish(ci);
 {
-    struct rb_calling_info calling;
-    calling.argc = ci->orig_argc;
+    VALUE bh = vm_caller_setup_arg_block(ec, GET_CFP(), cd->ci, blockiseq, true);
+    val = vm_sendish(ec, GET_CFP(), cd, bh, mexp_search_super);
 
-    vm_caller_setup_arg_block(th, reg_cfp, &calling, ci, blockiseq, TRUE);
-    calling.recv = GET_SELF();
-    vm_search_super_method(th, GET_CFP(), &calling, ci, cc);
-    CALL_METHOD(&calling, ci, cc);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        RESTORE_REGS();
+        NEXT_INSN();
+    }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c method/iterator
-  @e yield(args)
-  @j yield を実行する。
- */
+/* yield(args) */
 DEFINE_INSN
 invokeblock
-(CALL_INFO ci)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (...)
-(VALUE val)  // inc += 1 - ci->orig_argc;
+(VALUE val)
+// attr bool handles_sp = true;
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = sp_inc_of_invokeblock(cd->ci);
+// attr rb_snum_t comptime_sp_inc = sp_inc_of_invokeblock(ci);
 {
-    struct rb_calling_info calling;
-    calling.argc = ci->orig_argc;
-    calling.block_handler = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
-    calling.recv = GET_SELF();
+    VALUE bh = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;
+    val = vm_sendish(ec, GET_CFP(), cd, bh, mexp_search_invokeblock);
 
-    val = vm_invoke_block(th, GET_CFP(), &calling, ci);
     if (val == Qundef) {
-	RESTORE_REGS();
-	NEXT_INSN();
+        RESTORE_REGS();
+        NEXT_INSN();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c method/iterator
-  @e return from this scope.
-  @j このスコープから抜ける。
- */
+/* return from this scope. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 leave
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 (VALUE val)
+/* This is super surprising but when leaving from a frame, we check
+ * for interrupts.  If any, that should be executed on top of the
+ * current execution context.  This is a method call. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
+// attr bool handles_sp = true;
 {
     if (OPT_CHECKED_RUN) {
-	const VALUE *const bp = vm_base_ptr(reg_cfp);
-	if (reg_cfp->sp != bp) {
-	    rb_bug("Stack consistency error (sp: %"PRIdPTRDIFF", bp: %"PRIdPTRDIFF")",
-		   VM_SP_CNT(th, reg_cfp->sp), VM_SP_CNT(th, bp));
+        const VALUE *const bp = vm_base_ptr(GET_CFP());
+        if (GET_SP() != bp) {
+            vm_stack_consistency_error(ec, GET_CFP(), bp);
 	}
     }
 
-    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
-
-    if (vm_pop_frame(th, GET_CFP(), GET_EP())) {
+    if (vm_pop_frame(ec, GET_CFP(), GET_EP())) {
 #if OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
-	th->retval = val;
+	rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec)->retval = val;
 	return 0;
 #else
 	return val;
@@ -1147,19 +936,16 @@ leave
 /* deal with control flow 3: exception                    */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c exception
-  @e longjump
-  @j 大域ジャンプを行う。
- */
+/* longjump */
 DEFINE_INSN
 throw
 (rb_num_t throw_state)
 (VALUE throwobj)
 (VALUE val)
+/* Same discussion as leave. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
-    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
-    val = vm_throw(th, GET_CFP(), throw_state, throwobj);
+    val = vm_throw(ec, GET_CFP(), throw_state, throwobj);
     THROW_EXCEPTION(val);
     /* unreachable */
 }
@@ -1168,985 +954,504 @@ throw
 /* deal with control flow 4: local jump                   */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c jump
-  @e set PC to (PC + dst).
-  @j PC を (PC + dst) にする。
- */
+/* set PC to (PC + dst). */
 DEFINE_INSN
 jump
 (OFFSET dst)
 ()
 ()
+/* Same discussion as leave. */
+// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
-    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
     JUMP(dst);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c jump
-  @e if val is not false or nil, set PC to (PC + dst).
-  @j もし val が false か nil でなければ、PC を (PC + dst) にする。
- */
+/* if val is not false or nil, set PC to (PC + dst). */
 DEFINE_INSN
 branchif
 (OFFSET dst)
 (VALUE val)
 ()
+/* Same discussion as jump. */
+// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
     if (RTEST(val)) {
-	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
 	JUMP(dst);
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c jump
-  @e if val is false or nil, set PC to (PC + dst).
-  @j もし val が false か nil ならば、PC を (PC + dst) にする。
- */
+/* if val is false or nil, set PC to (PC + dst). */
 DEFINE_INSN
 branchunless
 (OFFSET dst)
 (VALUE val)
 ()
+/* Same discussion as jump. */
+// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
     if (!RTEST(val)) {
-	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
 	JUMP(dst);
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c jump
-  @e if val is nil, set PC to (PC + dst).
-  @j もし val が nil ならば、PC を (PC + dst) にする。
- */
+/* if val is nil, set PC to (PC + dst). */
 DEFINE_INSN
 branchnil
 (OFFSET dst)
 (VALUE val)
 ()
+/* Same discussion as jump. */
+// attr bool leaf = leafness_of_check_ints; /* has rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts() */
 {
     if (NIL_P(val)) {
-	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
 	JUMP(dst);
     }
 }
 
-
 /**********************************************************/
 /* for optimize                                           */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e push inline-cached value and go to dst if it is valid
-  @j インラインキャッシュが有効なら、値をスタックにプッシュして dst へジャンプする。
- */
+/* push inline-cached value and go to dst if it is valid */
 DEFINE_INSN
-getinlinecache
+opt_getinlinecache
 (OFFSET dst, IC ic)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (ic->ic_serial == GET_GLOBAL_CONSTANT_STATE() &&
-	(ic->ic_cref == NULL || ic->ic_cref == rb_vm_get_cref(GET_EP()))) {
-	val = ic->ic_value.value;
-	JUMP(dst);
+    struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *ice = ic->entry;
+    if (ice && vm_ic_hit_p(ice, GET_EP())) {
+        val = ice->value;
+        JUMP(dst);
     }
     else {
-	/* none */
 	val = Qnil;
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e set inline cache
-  @j インラインキャッシュの値を設定する。
- */
+/* set inline cache */
 DEFINE_INSN
-setinlinecache
+opt_setinlinecache
 (IC ic)
 (VALUE val)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    VM_ASSERT(ic->ic_value.value != Qundef);
-    ic->ic_value.value = val;
-    ic->ic_serial = GET_GLOBAL_CONSTANT_STATE() - ruby_vm_const_missing_count;
-    ic->ic_cref = vm_get_const_key_cref(GET_EP());
-    ruby_vm_const_missing_count = 0;
+    vm_ic_update(GET_ISEQ(), ic, val, GET_EP());
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e run iseq only once
-  @j once を実現する。
- */
+/* run iseq only once */
 DEFINE_INSN
 once
-(ISEQ iseq, IC ic)
+(ISEQ iseq, ISE ise)
 ()
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is = (union iseq_inline_storage_entry *)ic;
-
-#define RUNNING_THREAD_ONCE_DONE ((rb_thread_t *)(0x1))
-  retry:
-    if (is->once.running_thread == RUNNING_THREAD_ONCE_DONE) {
-	val = is->once.value;
-    }
-    else if (is->once.running_thread == NULL) {
-	is->once.running_thread = th;
-	val = is->once.value = rb_ensure(vm_once_exec, (VALUE)iseq, vm_once_clear, (VALUE)is);
-	/* is->once.running_thread is cleared by vm_once_clear() */
-	is->once.running_thread = RUNNING_THREAD_ONCE_DONE; /* success */
-	rb_iseq_add_mark_object(GET_ISEQ(), val);
-    }
-    else if (is->once.running_thread == th) {
-	/* recursive once */
-	val = vm_once_exec((VALUE)iseq);
-    }
-    else {
-	/* waiting for finish */
-	RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
-	rb_thread_schedule();
-	goto retry;
-    }
+    val = vm_once_dispatch(ec, iseq, ise);
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e case dispatcher, jump by table if possible
-  @j case 文で、可能なら表引きでジャンプする。
- */
+/* case dispatcher, jump by table if possible */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_case_dispatch
 (CDHASH hash, OFFSET else_offset)
 (..., VALUE key)
-() // inc += -1;
-{
-    switch (OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(key)) {
-      case -1:
-      case T_FLOAT:
-      case T_SYMBOL:
-      case T_BIGNUM:
-      case T_STRING:
-	if (BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_EQQ,
-				   SYMBOL_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG |
-				   INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG |
-				   FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG |
-				   NIL_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG    |
-				   TRUE_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG   |
-				   FALSE_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG  |
-				   STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    st_data_t val;
-	    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(key)) {
-		double kval = RFLOAT_VALUE(key);
-		if (!isinf(kval) && modf(kval, &kval) == 0.0) {
-		    key = FIXABLE(kval) ? LONG2FIX((long)kval) : rb_dbl2big(kval);
-		}
-	    }
-	    if (st_lookup(RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash), key, &val)) {
-		JUMP(FIX2INT((VALUE)val));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		JUMP(else_offset);
-	    }
-	}
+()
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = -1;
+{
+    OFFSET dst = vm_case_dispatch(hash, else_offset, key);
+
+    if (dst) {
+	JUMP(dst);
     }
 }
 
 /** simple functions */
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X+Y.
-  @j 最適化された X+Y。
- */
+/* optimized X+Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_plus
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_PLUS,INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	/* fixnum + fixnum */
-#ifndef LONG_LONG_VALUE
-	VALUE msb = (VALUE)1 << ((sizeof(VALUE) * CHAR_BIT) - 1);
-	val = recv - 1 + obj;
-	if ((~(recv ^ obj) & (recv ^ val)) & msb) {
-	    val = rb_int2big((SIGNED_VALUE)((val>>1) | (recv & msb)));
-	}
-#else
-	val = LONG2NUM(FIX2LONG(recv) + FIX2LONG(obj));
-#endif
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_PLUS, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) + RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-    }
-    else if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cFloat && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cFloat &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_PLUS, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) + RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cString && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cString &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_PLUS, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_str_plus(recv, obj);
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cArray &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_PLUS, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_ary_plus(recv, obj);
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_plus(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X-Y.
-  @j 最適化された X-Y。
- */
+/* optimized X-Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_minus
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MINUS, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	long a, b, c;
+    val = vm_opt_minus(recv, obj);
 
-	a = FIX2LONG(recv);
-	b = FIX2LONG(obj);
-	c = a - b;
-	val = LONG2NUM(c);
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MINUS, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) - RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-    }
-    else if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cFloat && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cFloat  &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MINUS, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) - RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	/* other */
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X*Y.
-  @j 最適化された X*Y。
- */
+/* optimized X*Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_mult
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MULT, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = rb_fix_mul_fix(recv, obj);
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MULT, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) * RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-    }
-    else if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cFloat && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cFloat  &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MULT, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) * RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_mult(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X/Y.
-  @j 最適化された X/Y。
- */
+/* optimized X/Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_div
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
+/* In case of division by zero, it raises. Thus
+ * ZeroDivisionError#initialize is called.  */
+// attr bool leaf = false;
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_DIV, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	if (FIX2LONG(obj) == 0) goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	val = rb_fix_div_fix(recv, obj);
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_DIV, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) / RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-    }
-    else if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cFloat && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cFloat  &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_DIV, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) / RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_div(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X%Y.
-  @j 最適化された X%Y。
- */
+/* optimized X%Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_mod
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
+/* Same discussion as opt_mod. */
+// attr bool leaf = false;
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MOD, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG )) {
-	if (FIX2LONG(obj) == 0) goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	val = rb_fix_mod_fix(recv, obj);
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MOD, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = DBL2NUM(ruby_float_mod(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv), RFLOAT_VALUE(obj)));
-    }
-    else if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cFloat && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cFloat &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MOD, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = DBL2NUM(ruby_float_mod(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv), RFLOAT_VALUE(obj)));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_mod(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X==Y.
-  @j 最適化された X==Y。
- */
+/* optimized X==Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_eq
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    val = opt_eq_func(recv, obj, ci, cc);
+    val = opt_equality(GET_ISEQ(), recv, obj, cd);
 
     if (val == Qundef) {
-	/* other */
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X!=Y.
-  @j 最適化された X!=Y。
- */
+/* optimized X!=Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_neq
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc, CALL_INFO ci_eq, CALL_CACHE cc_eq)
+(CALL_DATA cd_eq, CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    extern VALUE rb_obj_not_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2);
-    vm_search_method(ci, cc, recv);
-
-    val = Qundef;
-
-    if (check_cfunc(cc->me, rb_obj_not_equal)) {
-	val = opt_eq_func(recv, obj, ci_eq, cc_eq);
-
-	if (val != Qundef) {
-	    val = RTEST(val) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
-	}
-    }
+    val = vm_opt_neq(GET_ISEQ(), cd, cd_eq, recv, obj);
 
     if (val == Qundef) {
-	/* other */
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X<Y.
-  @j 最適化された X<Y。
- */
+/* optimized X<Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_lt
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LT, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	SIGNED_VALUE a = recv, b = obj;
+    val = vm_opt_lt(recv, obj);
 
-	if (a < b) {
-	    val = Qtrue;
-	}
-	else {
-	    val = Qfalse;
-	}
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LT, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	/* flonum is not NaN */
-	val = RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) < RFLOAT_VALUE(obj) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    }
-    else if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cFloat && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cFloat  &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LT, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = double_cmp_lt(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv), RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X<=Y.
-  @j 最適化された X<=Y。
- */
+/* optimized X<=Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_le
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LE, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	SIGNED_VALUE a = recv, b = obj;
+    val = vm_opt_le(recv, obj);
 
-	if (a <= b) {
-	    val = Qtrue;
-	}
-	else {
-	    val = Qfalse;
-	}
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LE, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	/* flonum is not NaN */
-	val = RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) <= RFLOAT_VALUE(obj) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    }
-    else {
-	/* other */
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X>Y.
-  @j 最適化された X>Y。
- */
+/* optimized X>Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_gt
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_GT, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	SIGNED_VALUE a = recv, b = obj;
+    val = vm_opt_gt(recv, obj);
 
-	if (a > b) {
-	    val = Qtrue;
-	}
-	else {
-	    val = Qfalse;
-	}
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_GT, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	/* flonum is not NaN */
-	val = RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) > RFLOAT_VALUE(obj) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    }
-    else if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cFloat && RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == rb_cFloat  &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_GT, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = double_cmp_gt(RFLOAT_VALUE(recv), RFLOAT_VALUE(obj));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized X>=Y.
-  @j 最適化された X>=Y。
- */
+/* optimized X>=Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_ge
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_GE, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	SIGNED_VALUE a = recv, b = obj;
+    val = vm_opt_ge(recv, obj);
 
-	if (a >= b) {
-	    val = Qtrue;
-	}
-	else {
-	    val = Qfalse;
-	}
-    }
-    else if (FLONUM_2_P(recv, obj) &&
-	     BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_GE, FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	/* flonum is not NaN */
-	val = RFLOAT_VALUE(recv) >= RFLOAT_VALUE(obj) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-    }
-    else {
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e <<
-  @j 最適化された X<<Y。
- */
+/* << */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_ltlt
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
+/* This instruction can append an integer, as a codepoint, into a
+ * string.  Then what happens if that codepoint does not exist in the
+ * string's encoding?  Of course an exception.  That's not a leaf. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has "invalid codepoint" exception */
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cString &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LTLT, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_str_concat(recv, obj);
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cArray &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LTLT, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_ary_push(recv, obj);
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
+    val = vm_opt_ltlt(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+}
+
+/* optimized X&Y. */
+DEFINE_INSN
+opt_and
+(CALL_DATA cd)
+(VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
+(VALUE val)
+{
+    val = vm_opt_and(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e []
-  @j 最適化された recv[obj]。
- */
+/* optimized X|Y. */
 DEFINE_INSN
-opt_aref
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+opt_or
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cArray && BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_AREF, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG) && FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
-	    val = rb_ary_entry(recv, FIX2LONG(obj));
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cHash && BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_AREF, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_hash_aref(recv, obj);
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
+    val = vm_opt_or(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+}
+
+/* [] */
+DEFINE_INSN
+opt_aref
+(CALL_DATA cd)
+(VALUE recv, VALUE obj)
+(VALUE val)
+/* This is complicated.  In case of hash, vm_opt_aref() resorts to
+ * rb_hash_aref().  If `recv` has no `obj`, this function then yields
+ * default_proc.  This is a method call.  So opt_aref is
+ * (surprisingly) not leaf. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #yield */
+{
+    val = vm_opt_aref(recv, obj);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e recv[obj] = set
-  @j 最適化された recv[obj] = set。
- */
+/* recv[obj] = set */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_aset
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE obj, VALUE set)
 (VALUE val)
+/* This is another story than opt_aref.  When vm_opt_aset() resorts
+ * to rb_hash_aset(), which should call #hash for `obj`. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #hash */
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cArray && BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_ASET, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG) && FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
-	    rb_ary_store(recv, FIX2LONG(obj), set);
-	    val = set;
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cHash && BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_ASET, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    rb_hash_aset(recv, obj, set);
-	    val = set;
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(obj);
-	PUSH(set);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_aset(recv, obj, set);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e recv[str] = set
-  @j 最適化された recv[str] = set。
- */
+/* recv[str] = set */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_aset_with
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc, VALUE key)
+(VALUE key, CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv, VALUE val)
 (VALUE val)
+/* Same discussion as opt_aset. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #hash */
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cHash &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_ASET, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG) &&
-	rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(recv) == Qfalse) {
-	rb_hash_aset(recv, key, val);
+    VALUE tmp = vm_opt_aset_with(recv, key, val);
+
+    if (tmp != Qundef) {
+	val = tmp;
     }
     else {
-	PUSH(recv);
-	PUSH(rb_str_resurrect(key));
+#ifndef MJIT_HEADER
+	TOPN(0) = rb_str_resurrect(key);
 	PUSH(val);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+#endif
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e recv[str]
-  @j 最適化された recv[str]。
- */
+/* recv[str] */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_aref_with
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc, VALUE key)
+(VALUE key, CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
+/* Same discussion as opt_aref. */
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* has rb_funcall() */ /* calls #yield */
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv) && RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cHash &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_AREF, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG) &&
-	rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(recv) == Qfalse) {
-	val = rb_hash_aref(recv, key);
-    }
-    else {
-	PUSH(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_aref_with(recv, key);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+#ifndef MJIT_HEADER
 	PUSH(rb_str_resurrect(key));
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+#endif
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized length
-  @j 最適化された recv.length()。
- */
+/* optimized length */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_length
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cString &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LENGTH, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_str_length(recv);
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cArray &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LENGTH, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = LONG2NUM(RARRAY_LEN(recv));
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cHash &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_LENGTH, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = INT2FIX(RHASH_SIZE(recv));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_length(recv, BOP_LENGTH);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized size
-  @j 最適化された recv.size()。
- */
+/* optimized size */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_size
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cString &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_SIZE, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_str_length(recv);
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cArray &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_SIZE, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = LONG2NUM(RARRAY_LEN(recv));
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cHash &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_SIZE, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = INT2FIX(RHASH_SIZE(recv));
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_length(recv, BOP_SIZE);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized empty?
-  @j 最適化された recv.empty?()。
- */
+/* optimized empty? */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_empty_p
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cString &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_EMPTY_P, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    if (RSTRING_LEN(recv) == 0) val = Qtrue;
-	    else val = Qfalse;
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cArray &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_EMPTY_P, ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    if (RARRAY_LEN(recv) == 0) val = Qtrue;
-	    else val = Qfalse;
-	}
-	else if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cHash &&
-		 BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_EMPTY_P, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    if (RHASH_EMPTY_P(recv)) val = Qtrue;
-	    else val = Qfalse;
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_empty_p(recv);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized succ
-  @j 最適化された recv.succ()。
- */
+/* optimized succ */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_succ
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
-	if (FIXNUM_P(recv) &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_SUCC, INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    /* fixnum + INT2FIX(1) */
-	    if (recv != LONG2FIX(FIXNUM_MAX)) {
-		val = recv - 1 + INT2FIX(1);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		val = LONG2NUM(FIXNUM_MAX + 1);
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	if (RBASIC_CLASS(recv) == rb_cString &&
-	    BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_SUCC, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	    val = rb_str_succ(recv);
-	}
-	else {
-	    goto INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch);
-	}
-    }
-    if (0) {
-      INSN_LABEL(normal_dispatch):
-	PUSH(recv);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
+    val = vm_opt_succ(recv);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized not
-  @j 最適化された recv.!()。
- */
+/* optimized not */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_not
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE recv)
 (VALUE val)
 {
-    vm_search_method(ci, cc, recv);
+    val = vm_opt_not(GET_ISEQ(), cd, recv);
 
-    if (check_cfunc(cc->me, rb_obj_not)) {
-	val = RTEST(recv) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
-    }
-    else {
-	PUSH(recv);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(recv);
-    }
-}
-
-
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized regexp match
-  @j 最適化された正規表現マッチ。
- */
-DEFINE_INSN
-opt_regexpmatch1
-(VALUE r)
-(VALUE obj)
-(VALUE val)
-{
-    if (BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MATCH, REGEXP_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = rb_reg_match(r, obj);
-    }
-    else {
-	val = rb_funcall(r, idEqTilde, 1, obj);
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e optimized regexp match 2
-  @j 最適化された正規表現マッチ 2
- */
+/* optimized regexp match 2 */
 DEFINE_INSN
 opt_regexpmatch2
-(CALL_INFO ci, CALL_CACHE cc)
+(CALL_DATA cd)
 (VALUE obj2, VALUE obj1)
 (VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* match_at() has rb_thread_check_ints() */
 {
-    if (CLASS_OF(obj2) == rb_cString &&
-	BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_MATCH, STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)) {
-	val = rb_reg_match(obj1, obj2);
-    }
-    else {
-	PUSH(obj2);
-	PUSH(obj1);
-	CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD(obj2);
+    val = vm_opt_regexpmatch2(obj2, obj1);
+
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+        CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD();
     }
 }
 
-/**
-  @c optimize
-  @e call native compiled method
-  @j ネイティブコンパイルしたメソッドを起動。
- */
-DEFINE_INSN
+/* call native compiled method */
+DEFINE_INSN_IF(SUPPORT_CALL_C_FUNCTION)
 opt_call_c_function
 (rb_insn_func_t funcptr)
 ()
 ()
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* anything can happen inside */
+// attr bool handles_sp = true;
 {
-    reg_cfp = (funcptr)(th, reg_cfp);
+    reg_cfp = (funcptr)(ec, reg_cfp);
 
     if (reg_cfp == 0) {
-	VALUE err = th->errinfo;
-	th->errinfo = Qnil;
+	VALUE err = ec->errinfo;
+	ec->errinfo = Qnil;
 	THROW_EXCEPTION(err);
     }
 
@@ -2154,12 +1459,56 @@ opt_call_c_function
     NEXT_INSN();
 }
 
-/**
-  @c joke
-  @e BLT
-  @j BLT
- */
+/* call specific function with args */
 DEFINE_INSN
+invokebuiltin
+(RB_BUILTIN bf)
+(...)
+(VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* anything can happen inside */
+// attr rb_snum_t sp_inc = 1 - bf->argc;
+{
+    val = vm_invoke_builtin(ec, reg_cfp, bf, STACK_ADDR_FROM_TOP(bf->argc));
+}
+
+/* call specific function with args (same parameters) */
+DEFINE_INSN
+opt_invokebuiltin_delegate
+(RB_BUILTIN bf, rb_num_t index)
+()
+(VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* anything can happen inside */
+{
+    val = vm_invoke_builtin_delegate(ec, reg_cfp, bf, (unsigned int)index);
+}
+
+/* call specific function with args (same parameters) and leave */
+DEFINE_INSN
+opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave
+(RB_BUILTIN bf, rb_num_t index)
+()
+(VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* anything can happen inside */
+{
+    val = vm_invoke_builtin_delegate(ec, reg_cfp, bf, (unsigned int)index);
+
+    /* leave fastpath */
+    /* TracePoint/return fallbacks this insn to opt_invokebuiltin_delegate */
+    if (vm_pop_frame(ec, GET_CFP(), GET_EP())) {
+#if OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec)->retval = val;
+        return 0;
+#else
+        return val;
+#endif
+    }
+    else {
+        RESTORE_REGS();
+    }
+}
+
+/* BLT */
+DEFINE_INSN_IF(SUPPORT_JOKE)
 bitblt
 ()
 ()
@@ -2168,12 +1517,8 @@ bitblt
     ret = rb_str_new2("a bit of bacon, lettuce and tomato");
 }
 
-/**
-  @c joke
-  @e The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything
-  @j 人生、宇宙、すべての答え。
- */
-DEFINE_INSN
+/* The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything */
+DEFINE_INSN_IF(SUPPORT_JOKE)
 answer
 ()
 ()
@@ -2181,4 +1526,3 @@ answer
 {
     ret = INT2FIX(42);
 }
-
diff --git a/integer.rb b/integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d18494f42f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+class Integer
+  # call-seq:
+  #    -int  ->  integer
+  #
+  # Returns +int+, negated.
+  def -@
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_uminus(self)'
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   ~int  ->  integer
+  #
+  # One's complement: returns a number where each bit is flipped.
+  #
+  # Inverts the bits in an Integer. As integers are conceptually of
+  # infinite length, the result acts as if it had an infinite number of
+  # one bits to the left. In hex representations, this is displayed
+  # as two periods to the left of the digits.
+  #
+  #   sprintf("%X", ~0x1122334455)    #=> "..FEEDDCCBBAA"
+  def ~
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_comp(self)'
+  end
+
+  def abs
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_abs(self)'
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    int.bit_length  ->  integer
+  #
+  # Returns the number of bits of the value of +int+.
+  #
+  # "Number of bits" means the bit position of the highest bit
+  # which is different from the sign bit
+  # (where the least significant bit has bit position 1).
+  # If there is no such bit (zero or minus one), zero is returned.
+  #
+  # I.e. this method returns <i>ceil(log2(int < 0 ? -int : int+1))</i>.
+  #
+  #    (-2**1000-1).bit_length   #=> 1001
+  #    (-2**1000).bit_length     #=> 1000
+  #    (-2**1000+1).bit_length   #=> 1000
+  #    (-2**12-1).bit_length     #=> 13
+  #    (-2**12).bit_length       #=> 12
+  #    (-2**12+1).bit_length     #=> 12
+  #    -0x101.bit_length         #=> 9
+  #    -0x100.bit_length         #=> 8
+  #    -0xff.bit_length          #=> 8
+  #    -2.bit_length             #=> 1
+  #    -1.bit_length             #=> 0
+  #    0.bit_length              #=> 0
+  #    1.bit_length              #=> 1
+  #    0xff.bit_length           #=> 8
+  #    0x100.bit_length          #=> 9
+  #    (2**12-1).bit_length      #=> 12
+  #    (2**12).bit_length        #=> 13
+  #    (2**12+1).bit_length      #=> 13
+  #    (2**1000-1).bit_length    #=> 1000
+  #    (2**1000).bit_length      #=> 1001
+  #    (2**1000+1).bit_length    #=> 1001
+  #
+  # This method can be used to detect overflow in Array#pack as follows:
+  #
+  #    if n.bit_length < 32
+  #      [n].pack("l") # no overflow
+  #    else
+  #      raise "overflow"
+  #    end
+  def bit_length
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_bit_length(self)'
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     int.even?  ->  true or false
+  #
+  #  Returns +true+ if +int+ is an even number.
+  def even?
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_even_p(self)'
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     int.integer?  ->  true
+  #
+  #  Since +int+ is already an Integer, this always returns +true+.
+  def integer?
+    return true
+  end
+
+  def magnitude
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_abs(self)'
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     int.odd?  ->  true or false
+  #
+  #  Returns +true+ if +int+ is an odd number.
+  def odd?
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_odd_p(self)'
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     int.ord  ->  self
+  #
+  #  Returns the +int+ itself.
+  #
+  #     97.ord   #=> 97
+  #
+  #  This method is intended for compatibility to character literals
+  #  in Ruby 1.9.
+  #
+  #  For example, <code>?a.ord</code> returns 97 both in 1.8 and 1.9.
+  def ord
+    return self
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     int.to_i    ->  integer
+  #
+  #  Since +int+ is already an Integer, returns +self+.
+  #
+  #  #to_int is an alias for #to_i.
+  def to_i
+    return self
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     int.to_int  ->  integer
+  #
+  #  Since +int+ is already an Integer, returns +self+.
+  def to_int
+    return self
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    int.zero? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ if +int+ has a zero value.
+  def zero?
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_int_zero_p(self)'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/internal.h b/internal.h
index 102ae02f2f..c3b3a799b1 100644
--- a/internal.h
+++ b/internal.h
@@ -1,1772 +1,107 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  internal.h -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Tue May 17 11:42:20 JST 2011
-
-  Copyright (C) 2011 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef RUBY_INTERNAL_H
+#ifndef RUBY_INTERNAL_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
 #define RUBY_INTERNAL_H 1
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     $Author$
+ * @date       Tue May 17 11:42:20 JST 2011
+ * @copyright  Copyright (C) 2011 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/encoding.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+# error not for C++
 #endif
 
 #define LIKELY(x) RB_LIKELY(x)
 #define UNLIKELY(x) RB_UNLIKELY(x)
 
-#ifndef MAYBE_UNUSED
-# define MAYBE_UNUSED(x) x
-#endif
-
-#ifndef WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-# define WARN_UNUSED_RESULT(x) x
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
-# include <valgrind/memcheck.h>
-# ifndef VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED
-#  define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(p, n) VALGRIND_MAKE_READABLE((p), (n))
-# endif
-# ifndef VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED
-#  define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) VALGRIND_MAKE_WRITABLE((p), (n))
-# endif
-#else
-# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(p, n) 0
-# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) 0
-#endif
-
 #define numberof(array) ((int)(sizeof(array) / sizeof((array)[0])))
+#define roomof(x, y) (((x) + (y) - 1) / (y))
+#define type_roomof(x, y) roomof(sizeof(x), sizeof(y))
 
-#ifndef __has_feature
-# define __has_feature(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef __has_extension
-# define __has_extension __has_feature
-#endif
-
-#if GCC_VERSION_SINCE(4, 6, 0) || __has_extension(c_static_assert)
-# define STATIC_ASSERT(name, expr) _Static_assert(expr, #name ": " #expr)
-#else
-# define STATIC_ASSERT(name, expr) typedef int static_assert_##name##_check[1 - 2*!(expr)]
-#endif
-
-#define SIGNED_INTEGER_TYPE_P(int_type) (0 > ((int_type)0)-1)
-#define SIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(sint_type) \
-  (sint_type) \
-  ((((sint_type)1) << (sizeof(sint_type) * CHAR_BIT - 2)) | \
-  ((((sint_type)1) << (sizeof(sint_type) * CHAR_BIT - 2)) - 1))
-#define SIGNED_INTEGER_MIN(sint_type) (-SIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(sint_type)-1)
-#define UNSIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(uint_type) (~(uint_type)0)
-
-#if SIGNEDNESS_OF_TIME_T < 0	/* signed */
-# define TIMET_MAX SIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(time_t)
-# define TIMET_MIN SIGNED_INTEGER_MIN(time_t)
-#elif SIGNEDNESS_OF_TIME_T > 0	/* unsigned */
-# define TIMET_MAX UNSIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(time_t)
-# define TIMET_MIN ((time_t)0)
-#endif
-#define TIMET_MAX_PLUS_ONE (2*(double)(TIMET_MAX/2+1))
-
-#define MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, min, max) ( \
-    (a) == 0 ? 0 : \
-    (a) == -1 ? (b) < -(max) : \
-    (a) > 0 ? \
-      ((b) > 0 ? (max) / (a) < (b) : (min) / (a) > (b)) : \
-      ((b) > 0 ? (min) / (a) < (b) : (max) / (a) > (b)))
-#define MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, FIXNUM_MIN, FIXNUM_MAX)
-#define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX)
-#define MUL_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)
-
-#ifndef swap16
-# ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_BSWAP16
-#  define swap16(x) __builtin_bswap16(x)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef swap16
-# define swap16(x)      ((uint16_t)((((x)&0xFF)<<8) | (((x)>>8)&0xFF)))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef swap32
-# ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_BSWAP32
-#  define swap32(x) __builtin_bswap32(x)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef swap32
-# define swap32(x)      ((uint32_t)((((x)&0xFF)<<24)    \
-                        |(((x)>>24)&0xFF)       \
-                        |(((x)&0x0000FF00)<<8)  \
-                        |(((x)&0x00FF0000)>>8)  ))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef swap64
-# ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_BSWAP64
-#  define swap64(x) __builtin_bswap64(x)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef swap64
-# ifdef HAVE_INT64_T
-#  define byte_in_64bit(n) ((uint64_t)0xff << (n))
-#  define swap64(x)       ((uint64_t)((((x)&byte_in_64bit(0))<<56)      \
-                           |(((x)>>56)&0xFF)                    \
-                           |(((x)&byte_in_64bit(8))<<40)        \
-                           |(((x)&byte_in_64bit(48))>>40)       \
-                           |(((x)&byte_in_64bit(16))<<24)       \
-                           |(((x)&byte_in_64bit(40))>>24)       \
-                           |(((x)&byte_in_64bit(24))<<8)        \
-                           |(((x)&byte_in_64bit(32))>>8)))
-# endif
-#endif
-
-static inline unsigned int
-nlz_int(unsigned int x)
-{
-#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CLZ)
-    if (x == 0) return SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT;
-    return (unsigned int)__builtin_clz(x);
-#else
-    unsigned int y;
-# if 64 < SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT
-    unsigned int n = 128;
-# elif 32 < SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT
-    unsigned int n = 64;
-# else
-    unsigned int n = 32;
-# endif
-# if 64 < SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT
-    y = x >> 64; if (y) {n -= 64; x = y;}
-# endif
-# if 32 < SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT
-    y = x >> 32; if (y) {n -= 32; x = y;}
-# endif
-    y = x >> 16; if (y) {n -= 16; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  8; if (y) {n -=  8; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  4; if (y) {n -=  4; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  2; if (y) {n -=  2; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  1; if (y) {return n - 2;}
-    return (unsigned int)(n - x);
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline unsigned int
-nlz_long(unsigned long x)
-{
-#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CLZL)
-    if (x == 0) return SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT;
-    return (unsigned int)__builtin_clzl(x);
-#else
-    unsigned long y;
-# if 64 < SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    unsigned int n = 128;
-# elif 32 < SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    unsigned int n = 64;
-# else
-    unsigned int n = 32;
-# endif
-# if 64 < SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    y = x >> 64; if (y) {n -= 64; x = y;}
-# endif
-# if 32 < SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    y = x >> 32; if (y) {n -= 32; x = y;}
-# endif
-    y = x >> 16; if (y) {n -= 16; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  8; if (y) {n -=  8; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  4; if (y) {n -=  4; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  2; if (y) {n -=  2; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  1; if (y) {return n - 2;}
-    return (unsigned int)(n - x);
-#endif
-}
-
-#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
-static inline unsigned int
-nlz_long_long(unsigned LONG_LONG x)
-{
-#if defined(HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CLZLL)
-    if (x == 0) return SIZEOF_LONG_LONG * CHAR_BIT;
-    return (unsigned int)__builtin_clzll(x);
-#else
-    unsigned LONG_LONG y;
-# if 64 < SIZEOF_LONG_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    unsigned int n = 128;
-# elif 32 < SIZEOF_LONG_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    unsigned int n = 64;
-# else
-    unsigned int n = 32;
-# endif
-# if 64 < SIZEOF_LONG_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    y = x >> 64; if (y) {n -= 64; x = y;}
-# endif
-# if 32 < SIZEOF_LONG_LONG * CHAR_BIT
-    y = x >> 32; if (y) {n -= 32; x = y;}
-# endif
-    y = x >> 16; if (y) {n -= 16; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  8; if (y) {n -=  8; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  4; if (y) {n -=  4; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  2; if (y) {n -=  2; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  1; if (y) {return n - 2;}
-    return (unsigned int)(n - x);
-#endif
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
-static inline unsigned int
-nlz_int128(uint128_t x)
-{
-    uint128_t y;
-    unsigned int n = 128;
-    y = x >> 64; if (y) {n -= 64; x = y;}
-    y = x >> 32; if (y) {n -= 32; x = y;}
-    y = x >> 16; if (y) {n -= 16; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  8; if (y) {n -=  8; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  4; if (y) {n -=  4; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  2; if (y) {n -=  2; x = y;}
-    y = x >>  1; if (y) {return n - 2;}
-    return (unsigned int)(n - x);
-}
-#endif
-
-static inline unsigned int
-nlz_intptr(uintptr_t x)
-{
-#if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
-    return nlz_long_long(x);
-#elif SIZEOF_VOIDP == 4
-    return nlz_int(x);
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline unsigned int
-rb_popcount32(uint32_t x)
-{
-#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_POPCOUNT
-    return (unsigned int)__builtin_popcount(x);
-#else
-    x = (x & 0x55555555) + (x >> 1 & 0x55555555);
-    x = (x & 0x33333333) + (x >> 2 & 0x33333333);
-    x = (x & 0x0f0f0f0f) + (x >> 4 & 0x0f0f0f0f);
-    x = (x & 0x001f001f) + (x >> 8 & 0x001f001f);
-    return (x & 0x0000003f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000003f);
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline int
-rb_popcount64(uint64_t x)
-{
-#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_POPCOUNT
-    return __builtin_popcountll(x);
-#else
-    x = (x & 0x5555555555555555) + (x >> 1 & 0x5555555555555555);
-    x = (x & 0x3333333333333333) + (x >> 2 & 0x3333333333333333);
-    x = (x & 0x0707070707070707) + (x >> 4 & 0x0707070707070707);
-    x = (x & 0x001f001f001f001f) + (x >> 8 & 0x001f001f001f001f);
-    x = (x & 0x0000003f0000003f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000003f0000003f);
-    return (x & 0x7f) + (x >>32 & 0x7f);
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline int
-rb_popcount_intptr(uintptr_t x)
-{
-#if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
-    return rb_popcount64(x);
-#elif SIZEOF_VOIDP == 4
-    return rb_popcount32(x);
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline int
-ntz_int32(uint32_t x)
-{
-#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CTZ
-    return __builtin_ctz(x);
-#else
-    return rb_popcount32((~x) & (x-1));
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline int
-ntz_int64(uint64_t x)
-{
-#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CTZLL
-    return __builtin_ctzll(x);
-#else
-    return rb_popcount64((~x) & (x-1));
-#endif
-}
-
-static inline int
-ntz_intptr(uintptr_t x)
-{
-#if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
-    return ntz_int64(x);
-#elif SIZEOF_VOIDP == 4
-    return ntz_int32(x);
-#endif
-}
-
-#if HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_LONG * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-# define DLONG LONG_LONG
-# define DL2NUM(x) LL2NUM(x)
-#elif defined(HAVE_INT128_T)
-# define DLONG int128_t
-# define DL2NUM(x) (RB_FIXABLE(x) ? LONG2FIX(x) : rb_int128t2big(x))
-VALUE rb_int128t2big(int128_t n);
-#endif
-
-#define ST2FIX(h) LONG2FIX((long)(h))
-
-
-/* arguments must be Fixnum */
-static inline VALUE
-rb_fix_mul_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    long lx = FIX2LONG(x);
-    long ly = FIX2LONG(y);
-#ifdef DLONG
-    return DL2NUM((DLONG)lx * (DLONG)ly);
-#else
-    if (MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(lx, ly)) {
-	return rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(lx), rb_int2big(ly));
-    }
-    else {
-	return LONG2FIX(lx * ly);
-    }
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
- * This behaves different from C99 for negative arguments.
- * Note that div may overflow fixnum.
- */
-static inline void
-rb_fix_divmod_fix(VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE *divp, VALUE *modp)
-{
-    /* assume / and % comply C99.
-     * ldiv(3) won't be inlined by GCC and clang.
-     * I expect / and % are compiled as single idiv.
-     */
-    long x = FIX2LONG(a);
-    long y = FIX2LONG(b);
-    long div, mod;
-    if (x == FIXNUM_MIN && y == -1) {
-	if (divp) *divp = LONG2NUM(-FIXNUM_MIN);
-	if (modp) *modp = LONG2FIX(0);
-	return;
-    }
-    div = x / y;
-    mod = x % y;
-    if (y > 0 ? mod < 0 : mod > 0) {
-	mod += y;
-	div -= 1;
-    }
-    if (divp) *divp = LONG2FIX(div);
-    if (modp) *modp = LONG2FIX(mod);
-}
-
-/* div() for Ruby
- * This behaves different from C99 for negative arguments.
- */
-static inline VALUE
-rb_fix_div_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    VALUE div;
-    rb_fix_divmod_fix(x, y, &div, NULL);
-    return div;
-}
-
-/* mod() for Ruby
- * This behaves different from C99 for negative arguments.
- */
-static inline VALUE
-rb_fix_mod_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
-{
-    VALUE mod;
-    rb_fix_divmod_fix(x, y, NULL, &mod);
-    return mod;
-}
-
-#if defined(HAVE_UINT128_T)
-#   define bit_length(x) \
-    (unsigned int) \
-    (sizeof(x) <= SIZEOF_INT ? SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT - nlz_int((unsigned int)(x)) : \
-     sizeof(x) <= SIZEOF_LONG ? SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT - nlz_long((unsigned long)(x)) : \
-     sizeof(x) <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG ? SIZEOF_LONG_LONG * CHAR_BIT - nlz_long_long((unsigned LONG_LONG)(x)) : \
-     SIZEOF_INT128_T * CHAR_BIT - nlz_int128((uint128_t)(x)))
-#elif defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-#   define bit_length(x) \
-    (unsigned int) \
-    (sizeof(x) <= SIZEOF_INT ? SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT - nlz_int((unsigned int)(x)) : \
-     sizeof(x) <= SIZEOF_LONG ? SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT - nlz_long((unsigned long)(x)) : \
-     SIZEOF_LONG_LONG * CHAR_BIT - nlz_long_long((unsigned LONG_LONG)(x)))
-#else
-#   define bit_length(x) \
-    (unsigned int) \
-    (sizeof(x) <= SIZEOF_INT ? SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT - nlz_int((unsigned int)(x)) : \
-     SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT - nlz_long((unsigned long)(x)))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef BDIGIT
-# if SIZEOF_INT*2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-#  define BDIGIT unsigned int
-#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT SIZEOF_INT
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned LONG_LONG
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED LONG_LONG
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX ""
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
-# elif SIZEOF_INT*2 <= SIZEOF_LONG
-#  define BDIGIT unsigned int
-#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT SIZEOF_INT
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned long
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED long
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX ""
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX "l"
-# elif SIZEOF_SHORT*2 <= SIZEOF_LONG
-#  define BDIGIT unsigned short
-#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT SIZEOF_SHORT
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned long
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED long
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX "h"
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX "l"
-# else
-#  define BDIGIT unsigned short
-#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT (SIZEOF_LONG/2)
-#  define SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT SIZEOF_LONG
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned long
-#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED long
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX "h"
-#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX "l"
-# endif
-#endif
-#ifndef SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT
-# define SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT SIZEOF_BDIGIT
-#endif
-
-#ifdef PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX
-# define PRIdBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"d"
-# define PRIiBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"i"
-# define PRIoBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"o"
-# define PRIuBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"u"
-# define PRIxBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"x"
-# define PRIXBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"X"
-#endif
-
-#ifdef PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX
-# define PRIdBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"d"
-# define PRIiBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"i"
-# define PRIoBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"o"
-# define PRIuBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"u"
-# define PRIxBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"x"
-# define PRIXBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"X"
-#endif
-
-#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS 3
-#ifndef BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-# if (SIZEOF_VALUE*3/SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT) < (1 << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS)-1
-#   define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX (SIZEOF_VALUE*3/SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT)
-# else
-#   define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX ((1 << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS)-1)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-struct RBignum {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    union {
-        struct {
-            size_t len;
-            BDIGIT *digits;
-        } heap;
-        BDIGIT ary[BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
-    } as;
-};
-#define BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT ((VALUE)FL_USER1)
-/* sign: positive:1, negative:0 */
-#define BIGNUM_SIGN(b) ((RBASIC(b)->flags & BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT) != 0)
-#define BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(b,sign) \
-  ((sign) ? (RBASIC(b)->flags |= BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT) \
-          : (RBASIC(b)->flags &= ~BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT))
-#define BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(b) BIGNUM_SIGN(b)
-#define BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(b) (!BIGNUM_SIGN(b))
-#define BIGNUM_NEGATE(b) (RBASIC(b)->flags ^= BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT)
-
-#define BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG ((VALUE)FL_USER2)
-#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK ((VALUE)(FL_USER5|FL_USER4|FL_USER3))
-#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT (FL_USHIFT+BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS)
-#define BIGNUM_LEN(b) \
-    ((RBASIC(b)->flags & BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG) ? \
-     (size_t)((RBASIC(b)->flags >> BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT) & \
-	      (BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)) : \
-     RBIGNUM(b)->as.heap.len)
-/* LSB:BIGNUM_DIGITS(b)[0], MSB:BIGNUM_DIGITS(b)[BIGNUM_LEN(b)-1] */
-#define BIGNUM_DIGITS(b) \
-    ((RBASIC(b)->flags & BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG) ? \
-     RBIGNUM(b)->as.ary : \
-     RBIGNUM(b)->as.heap.digits)
-#define BIGNUM_LENINT(b) rb_long2int(BIGNUM_LEN(b))
-
-#define RBIGNUM(obj) (R_CAST(RBignum)(obj))
-
-struct RRational {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    const VALUE num;
-    const VALUE den;
-};
-
-#define RRATIONAL(obj) (R_CAST(RRational)(obj))
-#define RRATIONAL_SET_NUM(rat, n) RB_OBJ_WRITE((rat), &((struct RRational *)(rat))->num,(n))
-#define RRATIONAL_SET_DEN(rat, d) RB_OBJ_WRITE((rat), &((struct RRational *)(rat))->den,(d))
-
-struct RFloat {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    double float_value;
-};
-
-#define RFLOAT(obj)  (R_CAST(RFloat)(obj))
+/* Prevent compiler from reordering access */
+#define ACCESS_ONCE(type,x) (*((volatile type *)&(x)))
 
-struct RComplex {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    const VALUE real;
-    const VALUE imag;
-};
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
-#define RCOMPLEX(obj) (R_CAST(RComplex)(obj))
+/* Following macros were formerly defined in this header but moved to somewhere
+ * else.  In order to detect them we undef here. */
 
-#ifdef RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL        /* shortcut macro for internal only */
-#undef RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL
-#undef RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG
-#define RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(cmp, r) RB_OBJ_WRITE((cmp), &((struct RComplex *)(cmp))->real,(r))
-#define RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(cmp, i) RB_OBJ_WRITE((cmp), &((struct RComplex *)(cmp))->imag,(i))
-#endif
+/* internal/array.h */
+#undef RARRAY_AREF
 
-struct RHash {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    struct st_table *ntbl;      /* possibly 0 */
-    int iter_lev;
-    const VALUE ifnone;
-};
+/* internal/class.h */
+#undef RClass
+#undef RCLASS_SUPER
 
-#define RHASH(obj)   (R_CAST(RHash)(obj))
+/* internal/gc.h */
+#undef NEWOBJ_OF
+#undef RB_NEWOBJ_OF
+#undef RB_OBJ_WRITE
 
-#ifdef RHASH_ITER_LEV
-#undef RHASH_ITER_LEV
+/* internal/hash.h */
 #undef RHASH_IFNONE
 #undef RHASH_SIZE
-#define RHASH_ITER_LEV(h) (RHASH(h)->iter_lev)
-#define RHASH_IFNONE(h) (RHASH(h)->ifnone)
-#define RHASH_SIZE(h) (RHASH(h)->ntbl ? RHASH(h)->ntbl->num_entries : (st_index_t)0)
-#endif
+#undef RHASH_TBL
+#undef RHASH_EMPTY_P
 
-/* missing/setproctitle.c */
-#ifndef HAVE_SETPROCTITLE
-extern void ruby_init_setproctitle(int argc, char *argv[]);
-#endif
-
-#define RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MAX RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MAX
-#define RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK
-#define RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT
-enum {
-    RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MAX = 3,
-    RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK = (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER1),
-    RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT = (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+1),
-
-    RSTRUCT_ENUM_END
-};
-
-struct RStruct {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    union {
-	struct {
-	    long len;
-	    const VALUE *ptr;
-	} heap;
-	const VALUE ary[RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
-    } as;
-};
+/* internal/object.h */
+#undef ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
 
+/* internal/struct.h */
 #undef RSTRUCT_LEN
 #undef RSTRUCT_PTR
 #undef RSTRUCT_SET
 #undef RSTRUCT_GET
-#define RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(st)                               \
-    (long)((RBASIC(st)->flags >> RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT) & \
-	   (RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK >> RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT))
-#define RSTRUCT_LEN(st) rb_struct_len(st)
-#define RSTRUCT_LENINT(st) rb_long2int(RSTRUCT_LEN(st))
-#define RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(st) rb_struct_const_ptr(st)
-#define RSTRUCT_PTR(st) ((VALUE *)RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(RB_OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT_FOR(STRUCT, st)))
-#define RSTRUCT_SET(st, idx, v) RB_OBJ_WRITE(st, &RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(st)[idx], (v))
-#define RSTRUCT_GET(st, idx)    (RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(st)[idx])
-#define RSTRUCT(obj) (R_CAST(RStruct)(obj))
-
-static inline long
-rb_struct_len(VALUE st)
-{
-    return (RBASIC(st)->flags & RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK) ?
-	RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(st) : RSTRUCT(st)->as.heap.len;
-}
-
-static inline const VALUE *
-rb_struct_const_ptr(VALUE st)
-{
-    return FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR((RBASIC(st)->flags & RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK) ?
-	RSTRUCT(st)->as.ary : RSTRUCT(st)->as.heap.ptr);
-}
-
-/* class.c */
-
-struct rb_deprecated_classext_struct {
-    char conflict[sizeof(VALUE) * 3];
-};
-
-struct rb_subclass_entry;
-typedef struct rb_subclass_entry rb_subclass_entry_t;
-
-struct rb_subclass_entry {
-    VALUE klass;
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *next;
-};
-
-#if defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-typedef unsigned LONG_LONG rb_serial_t;
-#define SERIALT2NUM ULL2NUM
-#elif defined(HAVE_UINT64_T)
-typedef uint64_t rb_serial_t;
-#define SERIALT2NUM SIZET2NUM
-#else
-typedef unsigned long rb_serial_t;
-#define SERIALT2NUM ULONG2NUM
-#endif
-
-struct rb_classext_struct {
-    struct st_table *iv_index_tbl;
-    struct st_table *iv_tbl;
-    struct rb_id_table *const_tbl;
-    struct rb_id_table *callable_m_tbl;
-    rb_subclass_entry_t *subclasses;
-    rb_subclass_entry_t **parent_subclasses;
-    /**
-     * In the case that this is an `ICLASS`, `module_subclasses` points to the link
-     * in the module's `subclasses` list that indicates that the klass has been
-     * included. Hopefully that makes sense.
-     */
-    rb_subclass_entry_t **module_subclasses;
-    rb_serial_t class_serial;
-    const VALUE origin_;
-    VALUE refined_class;
-    rb_alloc_func_t allocator;
-};
-
-typedef struct rb_classext_struct rb_classext_t;
-
-#undef RClass
-struct RClass {
-    struct RBasic basic;
-    VALUE super;
-    rb_classext_t *ptr;
-    struct rb_id_table *m_tbl;
-};
-
-void rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass);
-void rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(VALUE);
-int rb_singleton_class_internal_p(VALUE sklass);
-
-#define RCLASS_EXT(c) (RCLASS(c)->ptr)
-#define RCLASS_IV_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->iv_tbl)
-#define RCLASS_CONST_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->const_tbl)
-#define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS(c)->m_tbl)
-#define RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->callable_m_tbl)
-#define RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->iv_index_tbl)
-#define RCLASS_ORIGIN(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->origin_)
-#define RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->refined_class)
-#define RCLASS_SERIAL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->class_serial)
-
-#define RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN FL_USER5
-
-static inline void
-RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(VALUE klass, VALUE origin)
-{
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass), origin);
-    if (klass != origin) FL_SET(origin, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN);
-}
-
-#undef RCLASS_SUPER
-static inline VALUE
-RCLASS_SUPER(VALUE klass)
-{
-    return RCLASS(klass)->super;
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-RCLASS_SET_SUPER(VALUE klass, VALUE super)
-{
-    if (super) {
-	rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(klass);
-	rb_class_subclass_add(super, klass);
-    }
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &RCLASS(klass)->super, super);
-    return super;
-}
-/* IMEMO: Internal memo object */
-
-#ifndef IMEMO_DEBUG
-#define IMEMO_DEBUG 0
-#endif
-
-struct RIMemo {
-    VALUE flags;
-    VALUE v0;
-    VALUE v1;
-    VALUE v2;
-    VALUE v3;
-};
-
-enum imemo_type {
-    imemo_env        = 0,
-    imemo_cref       = 1,
-    imemo_svar       = 2,
-    imemo_throw_data = 3,
-    imemo_ifunc      = 4,
-    imemo_memo       = 5,
-    imemo_ment       = 6,
-    imemo_iseq       = 7,
-    imemo_mask       = 0x07
-};
-
-static inline enum imemo_type
-imemo_type(VALUE imemo)
-{
-    return (RBASIC(imemo)->flags >> FL_USHIFT) & imemo_mask;
-}
-
-/* FL_USER0 to FL_USER2 is for type */
-#define IMEMO_FL_USHIFT (FL_USHIFT + 3)
-#define IMEMO_FL_USER0 FL_USER3
-#define IMEMO_FL_USER1 FL_USER4
-#define IMEMO_FL_USER2 FL_USER5
-#define IMEMO_FL_USER3 FL_USER6
-#define IMEMO_FL_USER4 FL_USER7
-
-/* CREF in method.h */
-
-/* SVAR */
-
-struct vm_svar {
-    VALUE flags;
-    const VALUE cref_or_me;
-    const VALUE lastline;
-    const VALUE backref;
-    const VALUE others;
-};
-
-/* THROW_DATA */
-
-struct vm_throw_data {
-    VALUE flags;
-    VALUE reserved;
-    const VALUE throw_obj;
-    const struct rb_control_frame_struct *catch_frame;
-    VALUE throw_state;
-};
-
-#define THROW_DATA_P(err) RB_TYPE_P((err), T_IMEMO)
-
-/* IFUNC */
-
-struct vm_ifunc {
-    VALUE flags;
-    VALUE reserved;
-    VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS);
-    const void *data;
-    ID id;
-};
-
-#define IFUNC_NEW(a, b, c) ((struct vm_ifunc *)rb_imemo_new(imemo_ifunc, (VALUE)(a), (VALUE)(b), (VALUE)(c), 0))
-
-/* MEMO */
-
-struct MEMO {
-    VALUE flags;
-    VALUE reserved;
-    const VALUE v1;
-    const VALUE v2;
-    union {
-	long cnt;
-	long state;
-	const VALUE value;
-	VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS);
-    } u3;
-};
-
-#define MEMO_V1_SET(m, v) RB_OBJ_WRITE((m), &(m)->v1, (v))
-#define MEMO_V2_SET(m, v) RB_OBJ_WRITE((m), &(m)->v2, (v))
-
-#define MEMO_CAST(m) ((struct MEMO *)m)
 
-#define MEMO_NEW(a, b, c) ((struct MEMO *)rb_imemo_new(imemo_memo, (VALUE)(a), (VALUE)(b), (VALUE)(c), 0))
+/* Also,  we  keep  the  following  macros  here.   They  are  expected  to  be
+ * overridden in each headers. */
 
-#define roomof(x, y) (((x) + (y) - 1) / (y))
-#define type_roomof(x, y) roomof(sizeof(x), sizeof(y))
-#define MEMO_FOR(type, value) ((type *)RARRAY_PTR(value))
-#define NEW_MEMO_FOR(type, value) \
-  ((value) = rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(type_roomof(type, VALUE)), MEMO_FOR(type, value))
-#define NEW_PARTIAL_MEMO_FOR(type, value, member) \
-  ((value) = rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(type_roomof(type, VALUE)), \
-   rb_ary_set_len((value), offsetof(type, member) / sizeof(VALUE)), \
-   MEMO_FOR(type, value))
-
-#define STRING_P(s) (RB_TYPE_P((s), T_STRING) && CLASS_OF(s) == rb_cString)
-
-#ifdef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-# define rb_cFixnum rb_cInteger
-# define rb_cBignum rb_cInteger
-#endif
-
-enum {
-    cmp_opt_Fixnum,
-    cmp_opt_String,
-    cmp_optimizable_count
-};
-
-struct cmp_opt_data {
-    unsigned int opt_methods;
-    unsigned int opt_inited;
-};
-
-#define NEW_CMP_OPT_MEMO(type, value) \
-    NEW_PARTIAL_MEMO_FOR(type, value, cmp_opt)
-#define CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type) (1U << TOKEN_PASTE(cmp_opt_,type))
-#define CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, type) \
-    (((data).opt_inited & CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) ? \
-     ((data).opt_methods & CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) : \
-     (((data).opt_inited |= CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)), \
-      rb_method_basic_definition_p(TOKEN_PASTE(rb_c,type), id_cmp) && \
-      ((data).opt_methods |= CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type))))
-
-#define OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b, data) \
-    ((FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, Fixnum)) ? \
-     (((long)a > (long)b) ? 1 : ((long)a < (long)b) ? -1 : 0) : \
-     (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, String)) ? \
-     rb_str_cmp(a, b) : \
-     rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(a, id_cmp, 1, &b), a, b))
+/* internal/array.h */
+#define rb_ary_new_from_args(...) rb_nonexistent_symbol(__VA_ARGS__)
 
-/* ment is in method.h */
+/* internal/io.h */
+#define rb_io_fptr_finalize(...) rb_nonexistent_symbol(__VA_ARGS__)
 
-/* global variable */
+/* internal/string.h */
+#define rb_fstring_cstr(...) rb_nonexistent_symbol(__VA_ARGS__)
 
-struct rb_global_entry {
-    struct rb_global_variable *var;
-    ID id;
-};
+/* internal/symbol.h */
+#define rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(...) rb_nonexistent_symbol(__VA_ARGS__)
 
-struct rb_global_entry *rb_global_entry(ID);
-VALUE rb_gvar_get(struct rb_global_entry *);
-VALUE rb_gvar_set(struct rb_global_entry *, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_gvar_defined(struct rb_global_entry *);
+/* internal/vm.h */
+#define rb_funcallv(...) rb_nonexistent_symbol(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define rb_method_basic_definition_p(...) rb_nonexistent_symbol(__VA_ARGS__)
 
-struct vtm; /* defined by timev.h */
 
-/* array.c */
-VALUE rb_ary_last(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
-void rb_ary_set_len(VALUE, long);
-void rb_ary_delete_same(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(long capa);
-VALUE rb_ary_at(VALUE, VALUE);
-size_t rb_ary_memsize(VALUE);
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define rb_ary_new_from_args(n, ...) \
-    __extension__ ({ \
-	const VALUE args_to_new_ary[] = {__VA_ARGS__}; \
-	if (__builtin_constant_p(n)) { \
-	    STATIC_ASSERT(rb_ary_new_from_args, numberof(args_to_new_ary) == (n)); \
-	} \
-	rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args_to_new_ary), args_to_new_ary); \
-    })
-#endif
-
-/* bignum.c */
-extern const char ruby_digitmap[];
-double rb_big_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_uminus(VALUE x);
-VALUE rb_big_hash(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_odd_p(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_big_even_p(VALUE);
-size_t rb_big_size(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_integer_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_cstr_parse_inum(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, int base);
-VALUE rb_big_comp(VALUE x);
-VALUE rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_abs(VALUE x);
-VALUE rb_big_size_m(VALUE big);
-VALUE rb_big_bit_length(VALUE big);
-VALUE rb_big_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_le(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-
-/* class.c */
-VALUE rb_class_boot(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_class_inherited(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_make_metaclass(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_include_class_new(VALUE, VALUE);
-void rb_class_foreach_subclass(VALUE klass, void (*f)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
-void rb_class_detach_subclasses(VALUE);
-void rb_class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE);
-void rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_obj_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_obj_protected_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_obj_private_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_obj_public_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
-int rb_obj_basic_to_s_p(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_special_singleton_class(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach);
-VALUE rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj);
-void Init_class_hierarchy(void);
-
-int rb_class_has_methods(VALUE c);
-void rb_undef_methods_from(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
-
-/* compar.c */
-VALUE rb_invcmp(VALUE, VALUE);
-
-/* compile.c */
-struct rb_block;
-int rb_dvar_defined(ID, const struct rb_block *);
-int rb_local_defined(ID, const struct rb_block *);
-CONSTFUNC(const char * rb_insns_name(int i));
-VALUE rb_insns_name_array(void);
-
-/* complex.c */
-VALUE rb_complex_plus(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_complex_mul(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_complex_abs(VALUE x);
-VALUE rb_complex_sqrt(VALUE x);
-
-/* cont.c */
-VALUE rb_obj_is_fiber(VALUE);
-void rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(VALUE);
-void ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(VALUE (*ensure_func)(ANYARGS), VALUE (*rollback_func)(ANYARGS));
-
-/* debug.c */
-PRINTF_ARGS(void ruby_debug_printf(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
-
-/* dmyext.c */
-void Init_enc(void);
-void Init_ext(void);
-
-/* encoding.c */
-ID rb_id_encoding(void);
-CONSTFUNC(void rb_gc_mark_encodings(void));
-rb_encoding *rb_enc_get_from_index(int index);
-rb_encoding *rb_enc_check_str(VALUE str1, VALUE str2);
-int rb_encdb_replicate(const char *alias, const char *orig);
-int rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig);
-int rb_encdb_dummy(const char *name);
-void rb_encdb_declare(const char *name);
-void rb_enc_set_base(const char *name, const char *orig);
-int rb_enc_set_dummy(int index);
-void rb_encdb_set_unicode(int index);
-PUREFUNC(int rb_data_is_encoding(VALUE obj));
-
-/* enum.c */
-VALUE rb_f_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv);
-VALUE rb_nmin_run(VALUE obj, VALUE num, int by, int rev, int ary);
-
-/* error.c */
-extern VALUE rb_eEAGAIN;
-extern VALUE rb_eEWOULDBLOCK;
-extern VALUE rb_eEINPROGRESS;
-void rb_report_bug_valist(VALUE file, int line, const char *fmt, va_list args);
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_compile_error_str(VALUE file, int line, void *enc, const char *fmt, ...), 4, 5);
-VALUE rb_syntax_error_append(VALUE, VALUE, int, int, rb_encoding*, const char*, va_list);
-VALUE rb_check_backtrace(VALUE);
-NORETURN(void rb_async_bug_errno(const char *,int));
-const char *rb_builtin_type_name(int t);
-const char *rb_builtin_class_name(VALUE x);
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_enc_warn(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
-PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_sys_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
-VALUE rb_name_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method);
-#define rb_name_err_raise_str(mesg, recv, name) \
-    rb_exc_raise(rb_name_err_new(mesg, recv, name))
-#define rb_name_err_raise(mesg, recv, name) \
-    rb_name_err_raise_str(rb_fstring_cstr(mesg), (recv), (name))
-NORETURN(void ruby_only_for_internal_use(const char *));
-#define ONLY_FOR_INTERNAL_USE(func) ruby_only_for_internal_use(func)
-
-/* eval.c */
-VALUE rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(VALUE module);
-
-/* eval_error.c */
-void ruby_error_print(void);
-VALUE rb_get_backtrace(VALUE info);
-
-/* eval_jump.c */
-void rb_call_end_proc(VALUE data);
-void rb_mark_end_proc(void);
-
-/* file.c */
-VALUE rb_home_dir_of(VALUE user, VALUE result);
-VALUE rb_default_home_dir(VALUE result);
-VALUE rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict);
-void rb_file_const(const char*, VALUE);
-int rb_file_load_ok(const char *);
-VALUE rb_file_expand_path_fast(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE, VALUE, int, int, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_get_path_check_to_string(VALUE, int);
-VALUE rb_get_path_check_convert(VALUE, VALUE, int);
-void Init_File(void);
-int ruby_is_fd_loadable(int fd);
-
-#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
-# if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
-#   pragma GCC visibility push(default)
-# endif
-NORETURN(void rb_sys_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, VALUE path));
-NORETURN(void rb_syserr_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, int err, VALUE path));
-# if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
-#   pragma GCC visibility pop
-# endif
-# define rb_sys_fail_path(path) rb_sys_fail_path_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, path)
-# define rb_syserr_fail_path(err, path) rb_syserr_fail_path_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, (err), (path))
-#else
-# define rb_sys_fail_path(path) rb_sys_fail_str(path)
-# define rb_syserr_fail_path(err, path) rb_syserr_fail_str((err), (path))
-#endif
+/* MRI debug support */
 
 /* gc.c */
-extern VALUE *ruby_initial_gc_stress_ptr;
-extern int ruby_disable_gc;
-void Init_heap(void);
-void *ruby_mimmalloc(size_t size);
-void ruby_mimfree(void *ptr);
-void rb_objspace_set_event_hook(const rb_event_flag_t event);
-#if USE_RGENGC
-void rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(VALUE obj);
-#else
-#define rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(obj) 0
-#endif
-void ruby_gc_set_params(int safe_level);
-void rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute(VALUE dest, VALUE obj);
-
-#if defined(HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE) || defined(HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE) || defined(_WIN32)
-#define ruby_sized_xrealloc(ptr, new_size, old_size) ruby_xrealloc(ptr, new_size)
-#define ruby_sized_xrealloc2(ptr, new_count, element_size, old_count) ruby_xrealloc(ptr, new_count, element_size)
-#define ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, size) ruby_xfree(ptr)
-#define SIZED_REALLOC_N(var,type,n,old_n) REALLOC_N(var, type, n)
-#else
-void *ruby_sized_xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2));
-void *ruby_sized_xrealloc2(void *ptr, size_t new_count, size_t element_size, size_t old_count) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2, 3));
-void ruby_sized_xfree(void *x, size_t size);
-#define SIZED_REALLOC_N(var,type,n,old_n) ((var)=(type*)ruby_sized_xrealloc((char*)(var), (n) * sizeof(type), (old_n) * sizeof(type)))
-#endif
-
-void rb_gc_resurrect(VALUE ptr);
-
-/* optimized version of NEWOBJ() */
-#undef NEWOBJF_OF
-#undef RB_NEWOBJ_OF
-#define RB_NEWOBJ_OF(obj,type,klass,flags) \
-  type *(obj) = (type*)(((flags) & FL_WB_PROTECTED) ? \
-			rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(klass, (flags) & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED) : \
-			rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(klass, flags))
-#define NEWOBJ_OF(obj,type,klass,flags) RB_NEWOBJ_OF(obj,type,klass,flags)
-
-/* hash.c */
-struct st_table *rb_hash_tbl_raw(VALUE hash);
-VALUE rb_hash_has_key(VALUE hash, VALUE key);
-VALUE rb_hash_default_value(VALUE hash, VALUE key);
-VALUE rb_hash_set_default_proc(VALUE hash, VALUE proc);
-long rb_objid_hash(st_index_t index);
-long rb_dbl_long_hash(double d);
-st_table *rb_init_identtable(void);
-st_table *rb_init_identtable_with_size(st_index_t size);
-VALUE rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(VALUE hash);
-
-#define RHASH_TBL_RAW(h) rb_hash_tbl_raw(h)
-VALUE rb_hash_keys(VALUE hash);
-VALUE rb_hash_values(VALUE hash);
-VALUE rb_hash_rehash(VALUE hash);
-int rb_hash_add_new_element(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val);
-#define HASH_DELETED  FL_USER1
-#define HASH_PROC_DEFAULT FL_USER2
-
-/* inits.c */
-void rb_call_inits(void);
-
-/* io.c */
-const char *ruby_get_inplace_mode(void);
-void ruby_set_inplace_mode(const char *);
-ssize_t rb_io_bufread(VALUE io, void *buf, size_t size);
-void rb_stdio_set_default_encoding(void);
-VALUE rb_io_flush_raw(VALUE, int);
-size_t rb_io_memsize(const rb_io_t *);
-
-/* load.c */
-VALUE rb_get_load_path(void);
-VALUE rb_get_expanded_load_path(void);
-int rb_require_internal(VALUE fname, int safe);
-NORETURN(void rb_load_fail(VALUE, const char*));
-
-/* loadpath.c */
-extern const char ruby_exec_prefix[];
-extern const char ruby_initial_load_paths[];
-
-/* localeinit.c */
-int Init_enc_set_filesystem_encoding(void);
-
-/* math.c */
-VALUE rb_math_atan2(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_math_cos(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_math_cosh(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_math_exp(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_math_hypot(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_math_log(int argc, const VALUE *argv);
-VALUE rb_math_sin(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_math_sinh(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_math_sqrt(VALUE);
-
-/* newline.c */
-void Init_newline(void);
-
-/* numeric.c */
-
-#define FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P(num) ((SIGNED_VALUE)(num) > (SIGNED_VALUE)INT2FIX(0))
-#define FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num) ((SIGNED_VALUE)(num) < 0)
-#define FIXNUM_ZERO_P(num) ((num) == INT2FIX(0))
-
-#define INT_NEGATIVE_P(x) (FIXNUM_P(x) ? FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x) : BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(x))
-
-#ifndef ROUND_DEFAULT
-# define ROUND_DEFAULT RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_UP
-#endif
-enum ruby_num_rounding_mode {
-    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_UP,
-    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
-    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_DOWN,
-    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_DEFAULT = ROUND_DEFAULT
-};
-#define ROUND_TO(mode, even, up, down) \
-    ((mode) == RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_EVEN ? even : \
-     (mode) == RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_UP ? up : down)
-#define ROUND_FUNC(mode, name) \
-    ROUND_TO(mode, name##_half_even, name##_half_up, name##_half_down)
-#define ROUND_CALL(mode, name, args) \
-    ROUND_TO(mode, name##_half_even args, \
-	     name##_half_up args, name##_half_down args)
-
-int rb_num_to_uint(VALUE val, unsigned int *ret);
-VALUE ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl);
-int ruby_float_step(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl);
-double ruby_float_mod(double x, double y);
-int rb_num_negative_p(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_int_succ(VALUE num);
-VALUE rb_int_pred(VALUE num);
-VALUE rb_int_uminus(VALUE num);
-VALUE rb_float_uminus(VALUE num);
-VALUE rb_int_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_idiv(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_round(VALUE num, int ndigits, enum ruby_num_rounding_mode mode);
-VALUE rb_int2str(VALUE num, int base);
-VALUE rb_dbl_hash(double d);
-VALUE rb_fix_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_float_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-enum ruby_num_rounding_mode rb_num_get_rounding_option(VALUE opts);
-double rb_int_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_float_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_and(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_div(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_int_abs(VALUE num);
-VALUE rb_float_abs(VALUE flt);
-
-#if USE_FLONUM
-#define RUBY_BIT_ROTL(v, n) (((v) << (n)) | ((v) >> ((sizeof(v) * 8) - n)))
-#define RUBY_BIT_ROTR(v, n) (((v) >> (n)) | ((v) << ((sizeof(v) * 8) - n)))
-#endif
-
-static inline double
-rb_float_flonum_value(VALUE v)
-{
-#if USE_FLONUM
-    if (v != (VALUE)0x8000000000000002) { /* LIKELY */
-	union {
-	    double d;
-	    VALUE v;
-	} t;
-
-	VALUE b63 = (v >> 63);
-	/* e: xx1... -> 011... */
-	/*    xx0... -> 100... */
-	/*      ^b63           */
-	t.v = RUBY_BIT_ROTR((2 - b63) | (v & ~(VALUE)0x03), 3);
-	return t.d;
-    }
-#endif
-    return 0.0;
-}
-
-static inline double
-rb_float_noflonum_value(VALUE v)
-{
-    return ((struct RFloat *)v)->float_value;
-}
-
-static inline double
-rb_float_value_inline(VALUE v)
-{
-    if (FLONUM_P(v)) {
-	return rb_float_flonum_value(v);
-    }
-    return rb_float_noflonum_value(v);
-}
-
-static inline VALUE
-rb_float_new_inline(double d)
-{
-#if USE_FLONUM
-    union {
-	double d;
-	VALUE v;
-    } t;
-    int bits;
-
-    t.d = d;
-    bits = (int)((VALUE)(t.v >> 60) & 0x7);
-    /* bits contains 3 bits of b62..b60. */
-    /* bits - 3 = */
-    /*   b011 -> b000 */
-    /*   b100 -> b001 */
-
-    if (t.v != 0x3000000000000000 /* 1.72723e-77 */ &&
-	!((bits-3) & ~0x01)) {
-	return (RUBY_BIT_ROTL(t.v, 3) & ~(VALUE)0x01) | 0x02;
-    }
-    else if (t.v == (VALUE)0) {
-	/* +0.0 */
-	return 0x8000000000000002;
-    }
-    /* out of range */
-#endif
-    return rb_float_new_in_heap(d);
-}
-
-#define rb_float_value(v) rb_float_value_inline(v)
-#define rb_float_new(d)   rb_float_new_inline(d)
-
-/* object.c */
-void rb_obj_copy_ivar(VALUE dest, VALUE obj);
-CONSTFUNC(VALUE rb_obj_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2));
-CONSTFUNC(VALUE rb_obj_not(VALUE obj));
-VALUE rb_class_search_ancestor(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
-NORETURN(void rb_undefined_alloc(VALUE klass));
-double rb_num_to_dbl(VALUE val);
-VALUE rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, VALUE notfound);
-
-struct RBasicRaw {
-    VALUE flags;
-    VALUE klass;
-};
-
-#define RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(obj)        memset(&(((struct RBasicRaw *)((VALUE)(obj)))->klass), 0, sizeof(VALUE))
-#define RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(obj, cls) memcpy(&((struct RBasicRaw *)((VALUE)(obj)))->klass, &(cls), sizeof(VALUE))
-#define RBASIC_SET_CLASS(obj, cls)     do { \
-    VALUE _obj_ = (obj); \
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(_obj_, &((struct RBasicRaw *)(_obj_))->klass, cls); \
-} while (0)
-
-/* parse.y */
-#ifndef USE_SYMBOL_GC
-#define USE_SYMBOL_GC 1
-#endif
-VALUE rb_parser_get_yydebug(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_parser_set_yydebug(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_parser_set_context(VALUE, const struct rb_block *, int);
-void *rb_parser_load_file(VALUE parser, VALUE name);
-int rb_is_const_name(VALUE name);
-int rb_is_class_name(VALUE name);
-int rb_is_global_name(VALUE name);
-int rb_is_instance_name(VALUE name);
-int rb_is_attrset_name(VALUE name);
-int rb_is_local_name(VALUE name);
-int rb_is_method_name(VALUE name);
-int rb_is_junk_name(VALUE name);
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_const_sym(VALUE sym));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_class_sym(VALUE sym));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_global_sym(VALUE sym));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_instance_sym(VALUE sym));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_attrset_sym(VALUE sym));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_local_sym(VALUE sym));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_method_sym(VALUE sym));
-PUREFUNC(int rb_is_junk_sym(VALUE sym));
-ID rb_make_internal_id(void);
-void rb_gc_free_dsymbol(VALUE);
-ID rb_id_attrget(ID id);
+void rb_obj_info_dump(VALUE obj);
+void rb_obj_info_dump_loc(VALUE obj, const char *file, int line, const char *func);
 
-/* proc.c */
-VALUE rb_proc_location(VALUE self);
-st_index_t rb_hash_proc(st_index_t hash, VALUE proc);
-int rb_block_arity(void);
-VALUE rb_func_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE val);
-VALUE rb_func_lambda_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE val);
-
-/* process.c */
-#define RB_MAX_GROUPS (65536)
-
-struct rb_execarg {
-    union {
-        struct {
-            VALUE shell_script;
-        } sh;
-        struct {
-            VALUE command_name;
-            VALUE command_abspath; /* full path string or nil */
-            VALUE argv_str;
-            VALUE argv_buf;
-        } cmd;
-    } invoke;
-    VALUE redirect_fds;
-    VALUE envp_str;
-    VALUE envp_buf;
-    VALUE dup2_tmpbuf;
-    unsigned use_shell : 1;
-    unsigned pgroup_given : 1;
-    unsigned umask_given : 1;
-    unsigned unsetenv_others_given : 1;
-    unsigned unsetenv_others_do : 1;
-    unsigned close_others_given : 1;
-    unsigned close_others_do : 1;
-    unsigned chdir_given : 1;
-    unsigned new_pgroup_given : 1;
-    unsigned new_pgroup_flag : 1;
-    unsigned uid_given : 1;
-    unsigned gid_given : 1;
-    rb_pid_t pgroup_pgid; /* asis(-1), new pgroup(0), specified pgroup (0<V). */
-    VALUE rlimit_limits; /* Qfalse or [[rtype, softlim, hardlim], ...] */
-    mode_t umask_mask;
-    rb_uid_t uid;
-    rb_gid_t gid;
-    int close_others_maxhint;
-    VALUE fd_dup2;
-    VALUE fd_close;
-    VALUE fd_open;
-    VALUE fd_dup2_child;
-    VALUE env_modification; /* Qfalse or [[k1,v1], ...] */
-    VALUE path_env;
-    VALUE chdir_dir;
-};
-
-/* argv_str contains extra two elements.
- * The beginning one is for /bin/sh used by exec_with_sh.
- * The last one for terminating NULL used by execve.
- * See rb_exec_fillarg() in process.c. */
-#define ARGVSTR2ARGC(argv_str) (RSTRING_LEN(argv_str) / sizeof(char *) - 2)
-#define ARGVSTR2ARGV(argv_str) ((char **)RSTRING_PTR(argv_str) + 1)
-
-rb_pid_t rb_fork_ruby(int *status);
-void rb_last_status_clear(void);
-
-/* rational.c */
-VALUE rb_rational_uminus(VALUE self);
-VALUE rb_rational_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other);
-VALUE rb_lcm(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_rational_reciprocal(VALUE x);
-VALUE rb_cstr_to_rat(const char *, int);
-VALUE rb_rational_abs(VALUE self);
-VALUE rb_rational_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other);
-
-/* re.c */
-VALUE rb_reg_compile(VALUE str, int options, const char *sourcefile, int sourceline);
-VALUE rb_reg_check_preprocess(VALUE);
-long rb_reg_search0(VALUE, VALUE, long, int, int);
-VALUE rb_reg_match_p(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos);
-void rb_backref_set_string(VALUE string, long pos, long len);
-int rb_match_count(VALUE match);
-int rb_match_nth_defined(int nth, VALUE match);
-
-/* signal.c */
-extern int ruby_enable_coredump;
-int rb_get_next_signal(void);
-int rb_sigaltstack_size(void);
-
-/* strftime.c */
-#ifdef RUBY_ENCODING_H
-VALUE rb_strftime_timespec(const char *format, size_t format_len, rb_encoding *enc,
-			   const struct vtm *vtm, struct timespec *ts, int gmt);
-VALUE rb_strftime(const char *format, size_t format_len, rb_encoding *enc,
-		  const struct vtm *vtm, VALUE timev, int gmt);
-#endif
-
-/* string.c */
-void Init_frozen_strings(void);
-VALUE rb_fstring(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_fstring_new(const char *ptr, long len);
-#define rb_fstring_lit(str) rb_fstring_new((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
-#define rb_fstring_literal(str) rb_fstring_lit(str)
-VALUE rb_fstring_cstr(const char *str);
-#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P
-# define rb_fstring_cstr(str) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(	\
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?		\
-	rb_fstring_new((str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
-	rb_fstring_cstr(str) \
-)
-#endif
-#ifdef RUBY_ENCODING_H
-VALUE rb_fstring_enc_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
-#define rb_fstring_enc_lit(str, enc) rb_fstring_enc_new((str), rb_strlen_lit(str), (enc))
-#define rb_fstring_enc_literal(str, enc) rb_fstring_enc_lit(str, enc)
-VALUE rb_fstring_enc_cstr(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc);
-# ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P
-#  define rb_fstring_enc_cstr(str, enc) RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK( \
-    (__builtin_constant_p(str)) ?		\
-	rb_fstring_enc_new((str), (long)strlen(str), (enc)) : \
-	rb_fstring_enc_cstr(str, enc) \
-)
-# endif
-#endif
-int rb_str_buf_cat_escaped_char(VALUE result, unsigned int c, int unicode_p);
-int rb_str_symname_p(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_str_quote_unprintable(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_id_quote_unprintable(ID);
-#define QUOTE(str) rb_str_quote_unprintable(str)
-#define QUOTE_ID(id) rb_id_quote_unprintable(id)
-char *rb_str_fill_terminator(VALUE str, const int termlen);
-void rb_str_change_terminator_length(VALUE str, const int oldtermlen, const int termlen);
-VALUE rb_str_locktmp_ensure(VALUE str, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg);
-VALUE rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(VALUE str);
-void rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(VALUE str, VALUE tmp);
-VALUE rb_str_chomp_string(VALUE str, VALUE chomp);
-#ifdef RUBY_ENCODING_H
-VALUE rb_external_str_with_enc(VALUE str, rb_encoding *eenc);
-VALUE rb_str_cat_conv_enc_opts(VALUE newstr, long ofs, const char *ptr, long len,
-			       rb_encoding *from, int ecflags, VALUE ecopts);
-VALUE rb_enc_str_scrub(rb_encoding *enc, VALUE str, VALUE repl);
-#endif
-#define STR_NOEMBED      FL_USER1
-#define STR_SHARED       FL_USER2 /* = ELTS_SHARED */
-#define STR_EMBED_P(str) (!FL_TEST_RAW((str), STR_NOEMBED))
-#define STR_SHARED_P(s)  FL_ALL_RAW((s), STR_NOEMBED|ELTS_SHARED)
-#define is_ascii_string(str) (rb_enc_str_coderange(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT)
-#define is_broken_string(str) (rb_enc_str_coderange(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN)
-size_t rb_str_memsize(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_sym_proc_call(ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_proc);
-VALUE rb_sym_to_proc(VALUE sym);
-
-/* symbol.c */
-#ifdef RUBY_ENCODING_H
-VALUE rb_sym_intern(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
-VALUE rb_sym_intern_cstr(const char *ptr, rb_encoding *enc);
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define rb_sym_intern_cstr(ptr, enc) __extension__ ( \
-{						\
-    (__builtin_constant_p(ptr)) ?		\
-	rb_sym_intern((ptr), (long)strlen(ptr), (enc)) : \
-	rb_sym_intern_cstr((ptr), (enc)); \
-})
-#endif
-#endif
-VALUE rb_sym_intern_ascii(const char *ptr, long len);
-VALUE rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(const char *ptr);
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(ptr) __extension__ ( \
-{						\
-    (__builtin_constant_p(ptr)) ?		\
-	rb_sym_intern_ascii((ptr), (long)strlen(ptr)) : \
-	rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(ptr); \
-})
-#endif
-
-/* struct.c */
-VALUE rb_struct_init_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE s);
-VALUE rb_struct_lookup(VALUE s, VALUE idx);
-
-/* time.c */
-struct timeval rb_time_timeval(VALUE);
-
-/* thread.c */
-VALUE rb_obj_is_mutex(VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_suppress_tracing(VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg);
-void rb_thread_execute_interrupts(VALUE th);
-void rb_clear_trace_func(void);
-VALUE rb_get_coverages(void);
-VALUE rb_thread_shield_new(void);
-VALUE rb_thread_shield_wait(VALUE self);
-VALUE rb_thread_shield_release(VALUE self);
-VALUE rb_thread_shield_destroy(VALUE self);
-int rb_thread_to_be_killed(VALUE thread);
-void rb_mutex_allow_trap(VALUE self, int val);
-VALUE rb_uninterruptible(VALUE (*b_proc)(ANYARGS), VALUE data);
-VALUE rb_mutex_owned_p(VALUE self);
-void ruby_kill(rb_pid_t pid, int sig);
-
-/* thread_pthread.c, thread_win32.c */
-void Init_native_thread(void);
-int rb_divert_reserved_fd(int fd);
-
-/* transcode.c */
-extern VALUE rb_cEncodingConverter;
-size_t rb_econv_memsize(rb_econv_t *);
-
-/* us_ascii.c */
-extern rb_encoding OnigEncodingUS_ASCII;
-
-/* util.c */
-char *ruby_dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve);
-char *ruby_hdtoa(double d, const char *xdigs, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve);
-
-/* utf_8.c */
-extern rb_encoding OnigEncodingUTF_8;
-
-/* variable.c */
-void rb_gc_mark_global_tbl(void);
-size_t rb_generic_ivar_memsize(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_search_class_path(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_attr_delete(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_ivar_lookup(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE undef);
-void rb_autoload_str(VALUE mod, ID id, VALUE file);
-void rb_deprecate_constant(VALUE mod, const char *name);
-
-/* version.c */
-extern const char ruby_engine[];
-
-/* vm_insnhelper.h */
-rb_serial_t rb_next_class_serial(void);
-
-/* vm.c */
-VALUE rb_obj_is_thread(VALUE obj);
-void rb_vm_mark(void *ptr);
-void Init_BareVM(void);
-void Init_vm_objects(void);
-PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_vm_top_self(void));
-void rb_thread_recycle_stack_release(VALUE *);
-void rb_vm_change_state(void);
-void rb_vm_inc_const_missing_count(void);
-void rb_thread_mark(void *th);
-const void **rb_vm_get_insns_address_table(void);
-VALUE rb_sourcefilename(void);
-VALUE rb_source_location(int *pline);
-const char *rb_source_loc(int *pline);
-void rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame(void);
-int rb_vm_add_root_module(ID id, VALUE module);
-void rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(VALUE klass);
-VALUE rb_yield_refine_block(VALUE refinement, VALUE refinements);
-VALUE ruby_vm_special_exception_copy(VALUE);
-PUREFUNC(st_table *rb_vm_fstring_table(void));
-
-
-/* vm_dump.c */
-void rb_print_backtrace(void);
-
-/* vm_eval.c */
-void Init_vm_eval(void);
-VALUE rb_current_realfilepath(void);
-VALUE rb_check_block_call(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE *, rb_block_call_func_t, VALUE);
-typedef void rb_check_funcall_hook(int, VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_check_funcall_with_hook(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
-				 rb_check_funcall_hook *hook, VALUE arg);
-VALUE rb_check_funcall_default(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_catch_protect(VALUE t, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE data, int *stateptr);
-VALUE rb_yield_1(VALUE val);
-VALUE rb_yield_lambda(VALUE values);
-
-/* vm_insnhelper.c */
-VALUE rb_equal_opt(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2);
-
-/* vm_method.c */
-void Init_eval_method(void);
-int rb_method_defined_by(VALUE obj, ID mid, VALUE (*cfunc)(ANYARGS));
-
-/* miniprelude.c, prelude.c */
-void Init_prelude(void);
-
-/* vm_backtrace.c */
-void Init_vm_backtrace(void);
-VALUE rb_vm_thread_backtrace(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE thval);
-VALUE rb_vm_thread_backtrace_locations(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE thval);
-
-VALUE rb_make_backtrace(void);
-void rb_backtrace_print_as_bugreport(void);
-int rb_backtrace_p(VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_backtrace_to_str_ary(VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_backtrace_to_location_ary(VALUE obj);
-void rb_backtrace_print_to(VALUE output);
-VALUE rb_vm_backtrace_object(void);
+/* debug.c */
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-const char *rb_objspace_data_type_name(VALUE obj);
-
-/* Temporary.  This API will be removed (renamed). */
-VALUE rb_thread_io_blocking_region(rb_blocking_function_t *func, void *data1, int fd);
-
-/* bignum.c (export) */
-VALUE rb_big_mul_normal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_mul_balance(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_mul_karatsuba(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_mul_toom3(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_sq_fast(VALUE x);
-VALUE rb_big_divrem_normal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big2str_poweroftwo(VALUE x, int base);
-VALUE rb_big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base);
-VALUE rb_str2big_poweroftwo(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
-VALUE rb_str2big_normal(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
-VALUE rb_str2big_karatsuba(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
-#if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
-VALUE rb_big_mul_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big_divrem_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_big2str_gmp(VALUE x, int base);
-VALUE rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
-#endif
-
-/* error.c (export) */
-int rb_bug_reporter_add(void (*func)(FILE *, void *), void *data);
-NORETURN(void rb_unexpected_type(VALUE,int));
-#undef Check_Type
-#define Check_Type(v, t) \
-    (!RB_TYPE_P((VALUE)(v), (t)) || \
-     ((t) == RUBY_T_DATA && RTYPEDDATA_P(v)) ? \
-     rb_unexpected_type((VALUE)(v), (t)) : (void)0)
-
-/* file.c (export) */
-#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
-VALUE rb_readlink(VALUE path, rb_encoding *enc);
-#endif
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-VALUE rb_str_normalize_ospath(const char *ptr, long len);
-#endif
-
-/* hash.c (export) */
-VALUE rb_hash_delete_entry(VALUE hash, VALUE key);
-VALUE rb_ident_hash_new(void);
-
-/* io.c (export) */
-void rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(int fd);
-int rb_gc_for_fd(int err);
-void rb_write_error_str(VALUE mesg);
-
-/* numeric.c (export) */
-VALUE rb_int_positive_pow(long x, unsigned long y);
-
-/* process.c (export) */
-int rb_exec_async_signal_safe(const struct rb_execarg *e, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen);
-rb_pid_t rb_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status, int (*chfunc)(void*, char *, size_t), void *charg, VALUE fds, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen);
-VALUE rb_execarg_new(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int accept_shell);
-struct rb_execarg *rb_execarg_get(VALUE execarg_obj); /* dangerous.  needs GC guard. */
-VALUE rb_execarg_init(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int accept_shell, VALUE execarg_obj);
-int rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val);
-void rb_execarg_parent_start(VALUE execarg_obj);
-void rb_execarg_parent_end(VALUE execarg_obj);
-int rb_execarg_run_options(const struct rb_execarg *e, struct rb_execarg *s, char* errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen);
-VALUE rb_execarg_extract_options(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE opthash);
-void rb_execarg_setenv(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE env);
-
-/* rational.c (export) */
-VALUE rb_gcd(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-VALUE rb_gcd_normal(VALUE self, VALUE other);
-#if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
-VALUE rb_gcd_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
-#endif
-
-/* string.c (export) */
-#ifdef RUBY_ENCODING_H
-/* internal use */
-VALUE rb_setup_fake_str(struct RString *fake_str, const char *name, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
-#endif
-
-/* thread.c (export) */
-int ruby_thread_has_gvl_p(void); /* for ext/fiddle/closure.c */
-
-/* util.c (export) */
-extern const signed char ruby_digit36_to_number_table[];
-extern const char ruby_hexdigits[];
-extern unsigned long ruby_scan_digits(const char *str, ssize_t len, int base, size_t *retlen, int *overflow);
-
-/* variable.c (export) */
-void rb_mark_generic_ivar(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_const_missing(VALUE klass, VALUE name);
-int rb_class_ivar_set(VALUE klass, ID vid, VALUE value);
-st_table *rb_st_copy(VALUE obj, struct st_table *orig_tbl);
-
-/* gc.c (export) */
-VALUE rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE);
-
-size_t rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE);
-void rb_gc_verify_internal_consistency(void);
-
-#define RB_OBJ_GC_FLAGS_MAX 5
-size_t rb_obj_gc_flags(VALUE, ID[], size_t);
-void rb_gc_mark_values(long n, const VALUE *values);
-
-#if IMEMO_DEBUG
-VALUE rb_imemo_new_debug(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0, const char *file, int line);
-#define rb_imemo_new(type, v1, v2, v3, v0) rb_imemo_new_debug(type, v1, v2, v3, v0, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-#else
-VALUE rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0);
-#endif
-
+void ruby_debug_breakpoint(void);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void ruby_debug_printf(const char*, ...), 1, 2);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
-#define RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(name, arg) \
-    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(name##_CREATE, arg)
-#define RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(name, arg) \
-do { \
-    if (UNLIKELY(RUBY_DTRACE_##name##_ENABLED())) { \
-	int dtrace_line; \
-	const char *dtrace_file = rb_source_loc(&dtrace_line); \
-	if (!dtrace_file) dtrace_file = ""; \
-	RUBY_DTRACE_##name(arg, dtrace_file, dtrace_line); \
-    } \
-} while (0)
+// show obj data structure without any side-effect
+#define rp(obj) rb_obj_info_dump_loc((VALUE)(obj), __FILE__, __LINE__, RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING)
 
-#define RB_OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) rb_obj_builtin_type(obj)
-#define OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) RB_OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define rb_obj_builtin_type(obj) \
-__extension__({ \
-    VALUE arg_obj = (obj); \
-    RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(arg_obj) ? -1 : \
-	RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(arg_obj); \
-    })
-#else
-static inline int
-rb_obj_builtin_type(VALUE obj)
-{
-    return RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) ? -1 :
-	RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
-}
-#endif
+// same as rp, but add message header
+#define rp_m(msg, obj) do { \
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", (msg)); \
+    rb_obj_info_dump((VALUE)obj); \
+} while (0)
 
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+// `ruby_debug_breakpoint()` does nothing,
+// but breakpoint is set in run.gdb, so `make gdb` can stop here.
+#define bp() ruby_debug_breakpoint()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_INTERNAL_H */
diff --git a/internal/array.h b/internal/array.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44c0efbbc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/array.h
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_ARRAY_H                                 /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_ARRAY_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Array.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>                 /* for size_t */
+#include "internal/static_assert.h" /* for STATIC_ASSERT */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"         /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"              /* for RARRAY_LEN */
+
+#ifndef ARRAY_DEBUG
+# define ARRAY_DEBUG (0+RUBY_DEBUG)
+#endif
+
+#define RARRAY_PTR_IN_USE_FLAG FL_USER14
+
+/* array.c */
+VALUE rb_ary_last(int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+void rb_ary_set_len(VALUE, long);
+void rb_ary_delete_same(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(long capa);
+VALUE rb_ary_at(VALUE, VALUE);
+size_t rb_ary_memsize(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_to_array_type(VALUE obj);
+void rb_ary_cancel_sharing(VALUE ary);
+
+static inline VALUE rb_ary_entry_internal(VALUE ary, long offset);
+static inline bool ARY_PTR_USING_P(VALUE ary);
+static inline void RARY_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE ary);
+static inline void RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE ary);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* array.c (export) */
+void rb_ary_detransient(VALUE a);
+VALUE *rb_ary_ptr_use_start(VALUE ary);
+void rb_ary_ptr_use_end(VALUE ary);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(VALUE, long, const VALUE *);
+VALUE rb_check_to_array(VALUE ary);
+VALUE rb_ary_behead(VALUE, long);
+VALUE rb_ary_aref1(VALUE ary, VALUE i);
+
+struct rb_execution_context_struct;
+VALUE rb_ec_ary_new_from_values(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, long n, const VALUE *elts);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_ary_entry_internal(VALUE ary, long offset)
+{
+    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+    const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary);
+    if (len == 0) return Qnil;
+    if (offset < 0) {
+        offset += len;
+        if (offset < 0) return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (len <= offset) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    return ptr[offset];
+}
+
+static inline bool
+ARY_PTR_USING_P(VALUE ary)
+{
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(ary, RARRAY_PTR_IN_USE_FLAG);
+}
+
+static inline void
+RARY_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE ary)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_SET_RAW(ary, RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void
+RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE ary)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(ary, RARRAY_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+#undef rb_ary_new_from_args
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING("-Wgnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments")
+# /* Skip it; clang -pedantic doesn't like the following */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
+#define rb_ary_new_from_args(n, ...) \
+    __extension__ ({ \
+        const VALUE args_to_new_ary[] = {__VA_ARGS__}; \
+        if (__builtin_constant_p(n)) { \
+            STATIC_ASSERT(rb_ary_new_from_args, numberof(args_to_new_ary) == (n)); \
+        } \
+        rb_ary_new_from_values(numberof(args_to_new_ary), args_to_new_ary); \
+    })
+#endif
+
+#undef RARRAY_AREF
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+static inline VALUE
+RARRAY_AREF(VALUE ary, long i)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(ary, RUBY_T_ARRAY);
+
+    return RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary)[i];
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_ARRAY_H */
diff --git a/internal/bignum.h b/internal/bignum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95c1e6eacd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/bignum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_BIGNUM_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_BIGNUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Bignums.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for HAVE_LIBGMP */
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+# include <sys/types.h>         /* for ssize_t (note: on Windows ssize_t is */
+#endif                          /* `#define`d in ruby/config.h) */
+
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
+
+#ifndef BDIGIT
+# if SIZEOF_INT*2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+#  define BDIGIT unsigned int
+#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT SIZEOF_INT
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned LONG_LONG
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED LONG_LONG
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX ""
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
+# elif SIZEOF_INT*2 <= SIZEOF_LONG
+#  define BDIGIT unsigned int
+#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT SIZEOF_INT
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned long
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED long
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX ""
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX "l"
+# elif SIZEOF_SHORT*2 <= SIZEOF_LONG
+#  define BDIGIT unsigned short
+#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT SIZEOF_SHORT
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned long
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED long
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX "h"
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX "l"
+# else
+#  define BDIGIT unsigned short
+#  define SIZEOF_BDIGIT (SIZEOF_LONG/2)
+#  define SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT SIZEOF_LONG
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL unsigned long
+#  define BDIGIT_DBL_SIGNED long
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX "h"
+#  define PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX "l"
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT
+# define SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT SIZEOF_BDIGIT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX
+# define PRIdBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"d"
+# define PRIiBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"i"
+# define PRIoBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"o"
+# define PRIuBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"u"
+# define PRIxBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"x"
+# define PRIXBDIGIT PRI_BDIGIT_PREFIX"X"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX
+# define PRIdBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"d"
+# define PRIiBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"i"
+# define PRIoBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"o"
+# define PRIuBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"u"
+# define PRIxBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"x"
+# define PRIXBDIGIT_DBL PRI_BDIGIT_DBL_PREFIX"X"
+#endif
+
+#define RBIGNUM(obj) ((struct RBignum *)(obj))
+#define BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT FL_USER1
+#define BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG ((VALUE)FL_USER2)
+#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS 3
+#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK \
+    (~(~(VALUE)0U << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS) << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)
+#define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT \
+    (FL_USHIFT+3) /* bit offset of BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK */
+#ifndef BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX
+# if (SIZEOF_VALUE*RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX/SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT) < (1 << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS)-1
+#  define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX (SIZEOF_VALUE*RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX/SIZEOF_ACTUAL_BDIGIT)
+# else
+#  define BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX ((1 << BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_NUMBITS)-1)
+# endif
+#endif
+
+enum rb_int_parse_flags {
+    RB_INT_PARSE_SIGN       = 0x01,
+    RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE = 0x02,
+    RB_INT_PARSE_PREFIX     = 0x04,
+    RB_INT_PARSE_ALL        = 0x07,
+    RB_INT_PARSE_DEFAULT    = 0x07,
+};
+
+struct RBignum {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            size_t len;
+            BDIGIT *digits;
+        } heap;
+        BDIGIT ary[BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
+    } as;
+};
+
+/* bignum.c */
+extern const char ruby_digitmap[];
+double rb_big_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_uminus(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_big_hash(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_odd_p(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_big_even_p(VALUE);
+size_t rb_big_size(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_integer_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_integer_float_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_str_convert_to_inum(VALUE str, int base, int badcheck, int raise_exception);
+VALUE rb_big_comp(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_big_aref(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_abs(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_big_size_m(VALUE big);
+VALUE rb_big_bit_length(VALUE big);
+VALUE rb_big_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_le(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_powm(int const argc, VALUE * const argv, VALUE const num);
+static inline bool BIGNUM_SIGN(VALUE b);
+static inline bool BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(VALUE b);
+static inline bool BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(VALUE b);
+static inline void BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(VALUE b, bool sign);
+static inline void BIGNUM_NEGATE(VALUE b);
+static inline size_t BIGNUM_LEN(VALUE b);
+static inline BDIGIT *BIGNUM_DIGITS(VALUE b);
+static inline int BIGNUM_LENINT(VALUE b);
+static inline bool BIGNUM_EMBED_P(VALUE b);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* bignum.c (export) */
+VALUE rb_big_mul_normal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_mul_balance(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_mul_karatsuba(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_mul_toom3(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_sq_fast(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_big_divrem_normal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big2str_poweroftwo(VALUE x, int base);
+VALUE rb_big2str_generic(VALUE x, int base);
+VALUE rb_str2big_poweroftwo(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
+VALUE rb_str2big_normal(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
+VALUE rb_str2big_karatsuba(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
+#if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
+VALUE rb_big_mul_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big_divrem_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_big2str_gmp(VALUE x, int base);
+VALUE rb_str2big_gmp(VALUE arg, int base, int badcheck);
+#endif
+VALUE rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits, int base, int flags);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+#if defined(HAVE_INT128_T)
+VALUE rb_int128t2big(int128_t n);
+#endif
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+/* sign: positive:1, negative:0 */
+static inline bool
+BIGNUM_SIGN(VALUE b)
+{
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(b, BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(VALUE b)
+{
+    return BIGNUM_SIGN(b);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(VALUE b)
+{
+    return ! BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(b);
+}
+
+static inline void
+BIGNUM_SET_SIGN(VALUE b, bool sign)
+{
+    if (sign) {
+        FL_SET_RAW(b, BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT);
+    }
+    else {
+        FL_UNSET_RAW(b, BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+BIGNUM_NEGATE(VALUE b)
+{
+    FL_REVERSE_RAW(b, BIGNUM_SIGN_BIT);
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+BIGNUM_LEN(VALUE b)
+{
+    if (! BIGNUM_EMBED_P(b)) {
+        return RBIGNUM(b)->as.heap.len;
+    }
+    else {
+        size_t ret = RBASIC(b)->flags;
+        ret &= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_MASK;
+        ret >>= BIGNUM_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT;
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int
+BIGNUM_LENINT(VALUE b)
+{
+    return rb_long2int(BIGNUM_LEN(b));
+}
+
+/* LSB:BIGNUM_DIGITS(b)[0], MSB:BIGNUM_DIGITS(b)[BIGNUM_LEN(b)-1] */
+static inline BDIGIT *
+BIGNUM_DIGITS(VALUE b)
+{
+    if (BIGNUM_EMBED_P(b)) {
+        return RBIGNUM(b)->as.ary;
+    }
+    else {
+        return RBIGNUM(b)->as.heap.digits;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline bool
+BIGNUM_EMBED_P(VALUE b)
+{
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(b, BIGNUM_EMBED_FLAG);
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_BIGNUM_H */
diff --git a/internal/bits.h b/internal/bits.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..746947bfc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/bits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_BITS_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_BITS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for bitwise integer algorithms.
+ * @see        Henry S. Warren Jr., "Hacker's Delight" (2nd ed.), 2013.
+ * @see        SEI CERT C Coding Standard  INT32-C.  "Ensure that operations on
+ *             signed integers do not result in overflow"
+ * @see        https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html
+ * @see        https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#builtin-rotateleft
+ * @see        https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#builtin-rotateright
+ * @see        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/byteswap-uint64-byteswap-ulong-byteswap-ushort
+ * @see        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/rotl-rotl64-rotr-rotr64
+ * @see        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/bitscanforward-bitscanforward64
+ * @see        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/bitscanreverse-bitscanreverse64
+ * @see        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/lzcnt16-lzcnt-lzcnt64
+ * @see        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/popcnt16-popcnt-popcnt64
+ * @see        https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/#text=_lzcnt_u32
+ * @see        https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/#text=_tzcnt_u32
+ * @see        https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/#text=_rotl64
+ * @see        https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/#text=_rotr64
+ * @see        https://stackoverflow.com/a/776523
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <limits.h>             /* for CHAR_BITS */
+#include <stdint.h>             /* for uintptr_t */
+#include "internal/compilers.h" /* for MSC_VERSION_SINCE */
+
+#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+# include <stdlib.h>            /* for _byteswap_uint64 */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE_X86INTRIN_H) && ! defined(MJIT_HEADER)
+# /* Rule out MJIT_HEADER, which does not interface well with <immintrin.h> */
+# include <x86intrin.h>         /* for _lzcnt_u64 */
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+# include <intrin.h>            /* for the following intrinsics */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX__)
+# pragma intrinsic(__popcnt)
+# pragma intrinsic(__popcnt64)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX2__)
+# pragma intrinsic(__lzcnt)
+# pragma intrinsic(__lzcnt64)
+#endif
+
+#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+# pragma intrinsic(_rotl)
+# pragma intrinsic(_rotr)
+# ifdef _WIN64
+#  pragma intrinsic(_rotl64)
+#  pragma intrinsic(_rotr64)
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
+# pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
+# pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
+# ifdef _WIN64
+#  pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward64)
+#  pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"              /* for VALUE */
+#include "internal/static_assert.h" /* for STATIC_ASSERT */
+
+/* The most significant bit of the lower part of half-long integer.
+ * If sizeof(long) == 4, this is 0x8000.
+ * If sizeof(long) == 8, this is 0x80000000.
+ */
+#define HALF_LONG_MSB ((SIGNED_VALUE)1<<((SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT-1)/2))
+
+#define SIGNED_INTEGER_TYPE_P(T) (0 > ((T)0)-1)
+
+#define SIGNED_INTEGER_MIN(T)                           \
+    ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(int8_t))  ? ((T)INT8_MIN)  :  \
+    ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(int16_t)) ? ((T)INT16_MIN) :  \
+    ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(int32_t)) ? ((T)INT32_MIN) :  \
+    ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(int64_t)) ? ((T)INT64_MIN) :  \
+     0))))
+
+#define SIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(T) ((T)(SIGNED_INTEGER_MIN(T) ^ ((T)~(T)0)))
+
+#define UNSIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(T) ((T)~(T)0)
+
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_mul_overflow_p)
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
+    __builtin_mul_overflow_p((a), (b), (__typeof__(a * b))0)
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_mul_overflow)
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
+    __extension__ ({ __typeof__(a) c; __builtin_mul_overflow((a), (b), &c); })
+#endif
+
+#define MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, min, max) ( \
+    (a) == 0 ? 0 : \
+    (a) == -1 ? (b) < -(max) : \
+    (a) > 0 ? \
+      ((b) > 0 ? (max) / (a) < (b) : (min) / (a) > (b)) : \
+      ((b) > 0 ? (min) / (a) < (b) : (max) / (a) > (b)))
+
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_mul_overflow_p)
+/* __builtin_mul_overflow_p can take bitfield */
+/* and GCC permits bitfields for integers other than int */
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) \
+    __extension__ ({ \
+        struct { long fixnum : sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT - 1; } c = { 0 }; \
+        __builtin_mul_overflow_p((a), (b), c.fixnum); \
+    })
+#else
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b) \
+    MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, FIXNUM_MIN, FIXNUM_MAX)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MUL_OVERFLOW_P
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       MUL_OVERFLOW_P(a, b)
+#else
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LLONG_MIN, LLONG_MAX)
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)      MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX)
+# define MUL_OVERFLOW_INT_P(a, b)       MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(a, b, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+# define bit_length(x) \
+    (unsigned int) \
+    (sizeof(x) <= sizeof(int32_t) ? 32 - nlz_int32((uint32_t)(x)) : \
+     sizeof(x) <= sizeof(int64_t) ? 64 - nlz_int64((uint64_t)(x)) : \
+                                   128 - nlz_int128((uint128_t)(x)))
+#else
+# define bit_length(x) \
+    (unsigned int) \
+    (sizeof(x) <= sizeof(int32_t) ? 32 - nlz_int32((uint32_t)(x)) : \
+                                    64 - nlz_int64((uint64_t)(x)))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef swap16
+# define swap16 ruby_swap16
+#endif
+
+#ifndef swap32
+# define swap32 ruby_swap32
+#endif
+
+#ifndef swap64
+# define swap64 ruby_swap64
+#endif
+
+static inline uint16_t ruby_swap16(uint16_t);
+static inline uint32_t ruby_swap32(uint32_t);
+static inline uint64_t ruby_swap64(uint64_t);
+static inline unsigned nlz_int(unsigned x);
+static inline unsigned nlz_long(unsigned long x);
+static inline unsigned nlz_long_long(unsigned long long x);
+static inline unsigned nlz_intptr(uintptr_t x);
+static inline unsigned nlz_int32(uint32_t x);
+static inline unsigned nlz_int64(uint64_t x);
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+static inline unsigned nlz_int128(uint128_t x);
+#endif
+static inline unsigned rb_popcount32(uint32_t x);
+static inline unsigned rb_popcount64(uint64_t x);
+static inline unsigned rb_popcount_intptr(uintptr_t x);
+static inline int ntz_int32(uint32_t x);
+static inline int ntz_int64(uint64_t x);
+static inline int ntz_intptr(uintptr_t x);
+static inline VALUE RUBY_BIT_ROTL(VALUE, int);
+static inline VALUE RUBY_BIT_ROTR(VALUE, int);
+
+static inline uint16_t
+ruby_swap16(uint16_t x)
+{
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap16)
+    return __builtin_bswap16(x);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+    return _byteswap_ushort(x);
+
+#else
+    return (x << 8) | (x >> 8);
+
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+ruby_swap32(uint32_t x)
+{
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap32)
+    return __builtin_bswap32(x);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+    return _byteswap_ulong(x);
+
+#else
+    x = ((x & 0x0000FFFF) << 16) | ((x & 0xFFFF0000) >> 16);
+    x = ((x & 0x00FF00FF) <<  8) | ((x & 0xFF00FF00) >>  8);
+    return x;
+
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t
+ruby_swap64(uint64_t x)
+{
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap64)
+    return __builtin_bswap64(x);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310)
+    return _byteswap_uint64(x);
+
+#else
+    x = ((x & 0x00000000FFFFFFFFULL) << 32) | ((x & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL) >> 32);
+    x = ((x & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFULL) << 16) | ((x & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000ULL) >> 16);
+    x = ((x & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFULL) <<  8) | ((x & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00ULL) >>  8);
+    return x;
+
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+nlz_int32(uint32_t x)
+{
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX2__)
+    /* Note: It seems there is no such thing like __LZCNT__ predefined in MSVC.
+     * AMD  CPUs have  had this  instruction for  decades (since  K10) but  for
+     * Intel, Haswell is  the oldest one.  We need to  use __AVX2__ for maximum
+     * safety. */
+    return (unsigned int)__lzcnt(x);
+
+#elif defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__LZCNT__) && ! defined(MJIT_HEADER)
+    return (unsigned int)_lzcnt_u32(x);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
+    unsigned long r;
+    return _BitScanReverse(&r, x) ? (31 - (int)r) : 32;
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_clz)
+    STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_int, sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT == 32);
+    return x ? (unsigned int)__builtin_clz(x) : 32;
+
+#else
+    uint32_t y;
+    unsigned n = 32;
+    y = x >> 16; if (y) {n -= 16; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  8; if (y) {n -=  8; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  4; if (y) {n -=  4; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  2; if (y) {n -=  2; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  1; if (y) {return n - 2;}
+    return (unsigned int)(n - x);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+nlz_int64(uint64_t x)
+{
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX2__)
+    return (unsigned int)__lzcnt64(x);
+
+#elif defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__LZCNT__) && ! defined(MJIT_HEADER)
+    return (unsigned int)_lzcnt_u64(x);
+
+#elif defined(_WIN64) && MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400) /* &&! defined(__AVX2__) */
+    unsigned long r;
+    return _BitScanReverse64(&r, x) ? (63u - (unsigned int)r) : 64;
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_clzl)
+    if (x == 0) {
+        return 64;
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return (unsigned int)__builtin_clzl((unsigned long)x);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(long long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return (unsigned int)__builtin_clzll((unsigned long long)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* :FIXME: Is there a way to make this branch a compile-time error? */
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+
+#else
+    uint64_t y;
+    unsigned int n = 64;
+    y = x >> 32; if (y) {n -= 32; x = y;}
+    y = x >> 16; if (y) {n -= 16; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  8; if (y) {n -=  8; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  4; if (y) {n -=  4; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  2; if (y) {n -=  2; x = y;}
+    y = x >>  1; if (y) {return n - 2;}
+    return (unsigned int)(n - x);
+
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+static inline unsigned int
+nlz_int128(uint128_t x)
+{
+    uint64_t y = (uint64_t)(x >> 64);
+
+    if (x == 0) {
+        return 128;
+    }
+    else if (y == 0) {
+        return (unsigned int)nlz_int64(x) + 64;
+    }
+    else {
+        return (unsigned int)nlz_int64(y);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static inline unsigned int
+nlz_int(unsigned int x)
+{
+    if (sizeof(unsigned int) * CHAR_BIT == 32) {
+        return nlz_int32((uint32_t)x);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(unsigned int) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return nlz_int64((uint64_t)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+nlz_long(unsigned long x)
+{
+    if (sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT == 32) {
+        return nlz_int32((uint32_t)x);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return nlz_int64((uint64_t)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+nlz_long_long(unsigned long long x)
+{
+    if (sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return nlz_int64((uint64_t)x);
+    }
+#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
+    else if (sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT == 128) {
+        return nlz_int128((uint128_t)x);
+    }
+#endif
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+nlz_intptr(uintptr_t x)
+{
+    if (sizeof(uintptr_t) == sizeof(unsigned int)) {
+        return nlz_int((unsigned int)x);
+    }
+    if (sizeof(uintptr_t) == sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+        return nlz_long((unsigned long)x);
+    }
+    if (sizeof(uintptr_t) == sizeof(unsigned long long)) {
+        return nlz_long_long((unsigned long long)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+rb_popcount32(uint32_t x)
+{
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX__)
+    /* Note: CPUs since Nehalem and Barcelona  have had this instruction so SSE
+     * 4.2 should suffice, but it seems there is no such thing like __SSE_4_2__
+     * predefined macro in MSVC.  They do have __AVX__ so use it instead. */
+    return (unsigned int)__popcnt(x);
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_popcount)
+    STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_int, sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT >= 32);
+    return (unsigned int)__builtin_popcount(x);
+
+#else
+    x = (x & 0x55555555) + (x >> 1 & 0x55555555);
+    x = (x & 0x33333333) + (x >> 2 & 0x33333333);
+    x = (x & 0x0f0f0f0f) + (x >> 4 & 0x0f0f0f0f);
+    x = (x & 0x001f001f) + (x >> 8 & 0x001f001f);
+    x = (x & 0x0000003f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000003f);
+    return (unsigned int)x;
+
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+rb_popcount64(uint64_t x)
+{
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX__)
+    return (unsigned int)__popcnt64(x);
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_popcount)
+    if (sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return (unsigned int)__builtin_popcountl((unsigned long)x);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(long long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return (unsigned int)__builtin_popcountll((unsigned long long)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* :FIXME: Is there a way to make this branch a compile-time error? */
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+
+#else
+    x = (x & 0x5555555555555555) + (x >> 1 & 0x5555555555555555);
+    x = (x & 0x3333333333333333) + (x >> 2 & 0x3333333333333333);
+    x = (x & 0x0707070707070707) + (x >> 4 & 0x0707070707070707);
+    x = (x & 0x001f001f001f001f) + (x >> 8 & 0x001f001f001f001f);
+    x = (x & 0x0000003f0000003f) + (x >>16 & 0x0000003f0000003f);
+    x = (x & 0x000000000000007f) + (x >>32 & 0x000000000000007f);
+    return (unsigned int)x;
+
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int
+rb_popcount_intptr(uintptr_t x)
+{
+    if (sizeof(uintptr_t) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return rb_popcount64((uint64_t)x);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(uintptr_t) * CHAR_BIT == 32) {
+        return rb_popcount32((uint32_t)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int
+ntz_int32(uint32_t x)
+{
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__BMI__) && ! defined(MJIT_HEADER)
+    return (unsigned)_tzcnt_u32(x);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
+    /* :FIXME: Is there any way to issue TZCNT instead of BSF, apart from using
+     *         assembly?  Because issuing LZCNT seems possible (see nlz.h). */
+    unsigned long r;
+    return _BitScanForward(&r, x) ? (int)r : 32;
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_ctz)
+    STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_int, sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT == 32);
+    return x ? (unsigned)__builtin_ctz(x) : 32;
+
+#else
+    return rb_popcount32((~x) & (x-1));
+
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int
+ntz_int64(uint64_t x)
+{
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__BMI__) && ! defined(MJIT_HEADER)
+    return (unsigned)_tzcnt_u64(x);
+
+#elif defined(_WIN64) && MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1400)
+    unsigned long r;
+    return _BitScanForward64(&r, x) ? (int)r : 64;
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_ctzl)
+    if (x == 0) {
+        return 64;
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return (unsigned)__builtin_ctzl((unsigned long)x);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(long long) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return (unsigned)__builtin_ctzll((unsigned long long)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* :FIXME: Is there a way to make this branch a compile-time error? */
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+
+#else
+    return rb_popcount64((~x) & (x-1));
+
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int
+ntz_intptr(uintptr_t x)
+{
+    if (sizeof(uintptr_t) * CHAR_BIT == 64) {
+        return ntz_int64((uint64_t)x);
+    }
+    else if (sizeof(uintptr_t) * CHAR_BIT == 32) {
+        return ntz_int32((uint32_t)x);
+    }
+    else {
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(~0);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+RUBY_BIT_ROTL(VALUE v, int n)
+{
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateleft32) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+    return __builtin_rotateleft32(v, n);
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateleft64) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+    return __builtin_rotateleft64(v, n);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+    return _rotl(v, n);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+    return _rotl64(v, n);
+
+#elif defined(_lrotl) && (SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_LONG)
+    return _lrotl(v, n);
+
+#else
+    const int m = (sizeof(VALUE) * CHAR_BIT) - 1;
+    return (v << (n & m)) | (v >> (-n & m));
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+RUBY_BIT_ROTR(VALUE v, int n)
+{
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateright32) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+    return __builtin_rotateright32(v, n);
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__builtin_rotateright64) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+    return __builtin_rotateright64(v, n);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 32)
+    return _rotr(v, n);
+
+#elif MSC_VERSION_SINCE(1310) && (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT == 64)
+    return _rotr64(v, n);
+
+#elif defined(_lrotr) && (SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_LONG)
+    return _lrotr(v, n);
+
+#else
+    const int m = (sizeof(VALUE) * CHAR_BIT) - 1;
+    return (v << (-n & m)) | (v >> (n & m));
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_BITS_H */
diff --git a/internal/class.h b/internal/class.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eade920ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/class.h
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_CLASS_H                                 /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_CLASS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Class.
+ */
+#include "id_table.h"           /* for struct rb_id_table */
+#include "internal/gc.h"        /* for RB_OBJ_WRITE */
+#include "internal/serial.h"    /* for rb_serial_t */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/intern.h"        /* for rb_alloc_func_t */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
+
+#ifdef RCLASS_SUPER
+# undef RCLASS_SUPER
+#endif
+
+struct rb_subclass_entry {
+    VALUE klass;
+    struct rb_subclass_entry *next;
+};
+
+struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry {
+    uint32_t index;
+    rb_serial_t class_serial;
+    VALUE class_value;
+};
+
+struct rb_classext_struct {
+    struct st_table *iv_index_tbl; // ID -> struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry
+    struct st_table *iv_tbl;
+#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE /* otherwise m_tbl is in struct RClass */
+    struct rb_id_table *m_tbl;
+#endif
+    struct rb_id_table *const_tbl;
+    struct rb_id_table *callable_m_tbl;
+    struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl; /* ID -> [[ci, cc1], cc2, ...] */
+    struct rb_subclass_entry *subclasses;
+    struct rb_subclass_entry **parent_subclasses;
+    /**
+     * In the case that this is an `ICLASS`, `module_subclasses` points to the link
+     * in the module's `subclasses` list that indicates that the klass has been
+     * included. Hopefully that makes sense.
+     */
+    struct rb_subclass_entry **module_subclasses;
+#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T != SIZEOF_VALUE /* otherwise class_serial is in struct RClass */
+    rb_serial_t class_serial;
+#endif
+    const VALUE origin_;
+    const VALUE refined_class;
+    rb_alloc_func_t allocator;
+    const VALUE includer;
+};
+
+struct RClass {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    VALUE super;
+    struct rb_classext_struct *ptr;
+#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE
+    /* Class serial is as wide as VALUE.  Place it here. */
+    rb_serial_t class_serial;
+#else
+    /* Class serial does not fit into struct RClass. Place m_tbl instead. */
+    struct rb_id_table *m_tbl;
+#endif
+};
+
+typedef struct rb_subclass_entry rb_subclass_entry_t;
+typedef struct rb_classext_struct rb_classext_t;
+
+#define RCLASS_EXT(c) (RCLASS(c)->ptr)
+#define RCLASS_IV_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->iv_tbl)
+#define RCLASS_CONST_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->const_tbl)
+#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE
+# define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->m_tbl)
+#else
+# define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS(c)->m_tbl)
+#endif
+#define RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->callable_m_tbl)
+#define RCLASS_CC_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->cc_tbl)
+#define RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->iv_index_tbl)
+#define RCLASS_ORIGIN(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->origin_)
+#define RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->refined_class)
+#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE
+# define RCLASS_SERIAL(c) (RCLASS(c)->class_serial)
+#else
+# define RCLASS_SERIAL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->class_serial)
+#endif
+#define RCLASS_INCLUDER(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->includer)
+
+#define RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN FL_USER5
+#define RCLASS_CLONED     FL_USER6
+#define RICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL FL_USER8
+
+/* class.c */
+void rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass);
+void rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(VALUE);
+int rb_singleton_class_internal_p(VALUE sklass);
+VALUE rb_class_boot(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_make_metaclass(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_include_class_new(VALUE, VALUE);
+void rb_class_foreach_subclass(VALUE klass, void (*f)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
+void rb_class_detach_subclasses(VALUE);
+void rb_class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE);
+void rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_obj_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_obj_protected_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_obj_private_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_obj_public_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_special_singleton_class(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach);
+VALUE rb_singleton_class_get(VALUE obj);
+int rb_class_has_methods(VALUE c);
+void rb_undef_methods_from(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
+
+static inline void RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(VALUE klass, VALUE origin);
+static inline void RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(VALUE iclass);
+static inline VALUE RCLASS_SUPER(VALUE klass);
+static inline VALUE RCLASS_SET_SUPER(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
+static inline void RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(VALUE iclass, VALUE klass);
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_class_inherited(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_keyword_error_new(const char *, VALUE);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline void
+RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(VALUE klass, VALUE origin)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass), origin);
+    if (klass != origin) FL_SET(origin, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN);
+}
+
+static inline void
+RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(VALUE iclass)
+{
+    FL_SET(iclass, RICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+RICLASS_OWNS_M_TBL_P(VALUE iclass)
+{
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(iclass, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN | RICLASS_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL) == RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN;
+}
+
+static inline void
+RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(VALUE iclass, VALUE klass)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iclass, &RCLASS_INCLUDER(iclass), klass);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+RCLASS_SUPER(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return RCLASS(klass)->super;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+RCLASS_SET_SUPER(VALUE klass, VALUE super)
+{
+    if (super) {
+        rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(klass);
+        rb_class_subclass_add(super, klass);
+    }
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(klass, &RCLASS(klass)->super, super);
+    return super;
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_CLASS_H */
diff --git a/internal/compar.h b/internal/compar.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..888a3b5e1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/compar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_COMPAR_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_COMPAR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Comparable.
+ */
+#include "internal/vm.h"        /* for rb_method_basic_definition_p */
+
+#define STRING_P(s) (RB_TYPE_P((s), T_STRING) && CLASS_OF(s) == rb_cString)
+
+enum {
+    cmp_opt_Integer,
+    cmp_opt_String,
+    cmp_opt_Float,
+    cmp_optimizable_count
+};
+
+struct cmp_opt_data {
+    unsigned int opt_methods;
+    unsigned int opt_inited;
+};
+
+#define NEW_CMP_OPT_MEMO(type, value) \
+    NEW_PARTIAL_MEMO_FOR(type, value, cmp_opt)
+#define CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type) (1U << TOKEN_PASTE(cmp_opt_,type))
+#define CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, type) \
+    (((data).opt_inited & CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) ? \
+     ((data).opt_methods & CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) : \
+     (((data).opt_inited |= CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)), \
+      rb_method_basic_definition_p(TOKEN_PASTE(rb_c,type), id_cmp) && \
+      ((data).opt_methods |= CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type))))
+
+#define OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b, data) \
+    ((FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, Integer)) ? \
+     (((long)a > (long)b) ? 1 : ((long)a < (long)b) ? -1 : 0) : \
+     (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, String)) ? \
+     rb_str_cmp(a, b) : \
+     (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, Float)) ? \
+     rb_float_cmp(a, b) : \
+     rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(a, id_cmp, 1, &b), a, b))
+
+/* compar.c */
+VALUE rb_invcmp(VALUE, VALUE);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_COMPAR_H */
diff --git a/internal/compile.h b/internal/compile.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9842e0f5e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/compile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_COMPILE_H                               /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_COMPILE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for the compiler.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for rb_event_flag_t */
+
+struct rb_iseq_struct;          /* in vm_core.h */
+
+/* compile.c */
+int rb_dvar_defined(ID, const struct rb_iseq_struct *);
+int rb_local_defined(ID, const struct rb_iseq_struct *);
+const char *rb_insns_name(int i);
+VALUE rb_insns_name_array(void);
+
+/* iseq.c */
+int rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(const void *);
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* iseq.c (export) */
+rb_event_flag_t rb_iseq_event_flags(const struct rb_iseq_struct *iseq, size_t pos);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_COMPILE_H */
diff --git a/internal/compilers.h b/internal/compilers.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a2f1d8d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/compilers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_COMPILERS_H                             /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_COMPILERS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header absorbing C compipler differences.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/compiler_since.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/builtin.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/extension.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/feature.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/has/warning.h"
+#include "ruby/backward/2/gcc_version_since.h"
+
+#define MSC_VERSION_SINCE(_)   RBIMPL_COMPILER_SINCE(MSVC, (_) / 100, (_) % 100, 0)
+#define MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(_)  RBIMPL_COMPILER_BEFORE(MSVC, (_) / 100, (_) % 100, 0)
+
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+# define __has_attribute(...) RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_c_attribute
+# /* As  of writing  everything  that lacks  __has_c_attribute also  completely
+#  * lacks C2x attributes as well.  Might change in future? */
+# define __has_c_attribute(...) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_declspec_attribute
+# define __has_declspec_attribute(...) RBIMPL_HAS_DECLSPEC_ATTRIBUTE(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_builtin
+# define __has_builtin(...) RBIMPL_HAS_BUILTIN(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_feature
+# define __has_feature(...) RBIMPL_HAS_FEATURE(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_extension
+# define __has_extension(...) RBIMPL_HAS_EXTENSION(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_warning
+# define __has_warning(...) RBIMPL_HAS_WARNING(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __GNUC__
+# define __extension__ /* void */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MAYBE_UNUSED
+# define MAYBE_UNUSED(x) x
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+# define WARN_UNUSED_RESULT(x) x
+#endif
+
+#define RB_OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) rb_obj_builtin_type(obj)
+#define OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) RB_OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define rb_obj_builtin_type(obj) \
+__extension__({ \
+    VALUE arg_obj = (obj); \
+    RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(arg_obj) ? -1 : \
+        (int)RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(arg_obj);    \
+    })
+#else
+# include "ruby/ruby.h"
+static inline int
+rb_obj_builtin_type(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) ? -1 :
+        (int)RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* A macro for defining a flexible array, like: VALUE ary[FLEX_ARY_LEN]; */
+#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
+# define FLEX_ARY_LEN   /* VALUE ary[]; */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+# define FLEX_ARY_LEN 0 /* VALUE ary[0]; */
+#else
+# define FLEX_ARY_LEN 1 /* VALUE ary[1]; */
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * For declaring bitfields out of non-unsigned int types:
+ *   struct date {
+ *      BITFIELD(enum months, month, 4);
+ *      ...
+ *   };
+ */
+#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
+# define BITFIELD(type, name, size) type name : size
+#else
+# define BITFIELD(type, name, size) unsigned int name : size
+#endif
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_COMPILERS_H */
diff --git a/internal/complex.h b/internal/complex.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9eae804ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/complex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_COMPLEX_H                               /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_COMPLEX_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Complex.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/value.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
+
+struct RComplex {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    VALUE real;
+    VALUE imag;
+};
+
+#define RCOMPLEX(obj) ((struct RComplex *)(obj))
+
+/* shortcut macro for internal only */
+#define RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(cmp, r) RB_OBJ_WRITE((cmp), &RCOMPLEX(cmp)->real, (r))
+#define RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(cmp, i) RB_OBJ_WRITE((cmp), &RCOMPLEX(cmp)->imag, (i))
+
+/* complex.c */
+VALUE rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(double abs, double ang);
+st_index_t rb_complex_hash(VALUE comp);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_COMPLEX_H */
diff --git a/internal/cont.h b/internal/cont.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e49dd3c8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/cont.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_CONT_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_CONT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Fiber.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+struct rb_thread_struct;        /* in vm_core.h */
+struct rb_fiber_struct;         /* in cont.c */
+
+/* cont.c */
+VALUE rb_obj_is_fiber(VALUE);
+void rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(struct rb_thread_struct *);
+void ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(VALUE (*ensure_func)(VALUE), VALUE (*rollback_func)(VALUE));
+void rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
+
+VALUE rb_fiberptr_self(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
+unsigned int rb_fiberptr_blocking(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_CONT_H */
diff --git a/internal/dir.h b/internal/dir.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffbdb25208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dir.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_DIR_H                                   /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_DIR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Dir.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+/* dir.c */
+VALUE rb_dir_getwd_ospath(void);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_DIR_H */
diff --git a/internal/enc.h b/internal/enc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0afc74db5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/enc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_ENC_H                                   /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_ENC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Encoding.
+ */
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
+
+/* us_ascii.c */
+extern rb_encoding OnigEncodingUS_ASCII;
+
+/* utf_8.c */
+extern rb_encoding OnigEncodingUTF_8;
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_ENC_H */
diff --git a/internal/encoding.h b/internal/encoding.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0cf061bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/encoding.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_ENCODING_H                              /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_ENCODING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Encoding.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for ID */
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
+
+#define rb_enc_autoload_p(enc) (!rb_enc_mbmaxlen(enc))
+
+/* encoding.c */
+ID rb_id_encoding(void);
+rb_encoding *rb_enc_get_from_index(int index);
+rb_encoding *rb_enc_check_str(VALUE str1, VALUE str2);
+int rb_encdb_replicate(const char *alias, const char *orig);
+int rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig);
+int rb_enc_autoload(rb_encoding *enc);
+int rb_encdb_dummy(const char *name);
+void rb_encdb_declare(const char *name);
+void rb_enc_set_base(const char *name, const char *orig);
+int rb_enc_set_dummy(int index);
+void rb_encdb_set_unicode(int index);
+PUREFUNC(int rb_data_is_encoding(VALUE obj));
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_ENCODING_H */
diff --git a/internal/enum.h b/internal/enum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50890f0c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/enum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_ENUM_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_ENUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Enumerable.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+/* enum.c */
+extern VALUE rb_cArithSeq;
+VALUE rb_f_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv);
+VALUE rb_nmin_run(VALUE obj, VALUE num, int by, int rev, int ary);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_ENUM_H */
diff --git a/internal/enumerator.h b/internal/enumerator.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e20c37d9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/enumerator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_ENUMERATOR_H                            /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_ENUMERATOR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Enumerator.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "ruby/intern.h"        /* for rb_enumerator_size_func */
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* enumerator.c (export) */
+VALUE rb_arith_seq_new(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, VALUE const *argv,
+                       rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn,
+                       VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE step, int excl);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_ENUMERATOR_H */
diff --git a/internal/error.h b/internal/error.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0dd629f052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_ERROR_H                                 /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_ERROR_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Exception.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stdarg.h>             /* for va_list */
+#include "internal/string.h"    /* for rb_fstring_cstr */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
+#include "ruby/intern.h"        /* for rb_exc_raise */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for enum ruby_value_type */
+
+#ifdef Check_Type
+# undef Check_Type               /* in ruby/ruby.h */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef rb_raise_static
+# undef rb_raise_static
+# undef rb_sys_fail_path
+# undef rb_syserr_fail_path
+#endif
+
+#define rb_raise_static(e, m) \
+    rb_raise_cstr_i((e), rb_str_new_static((m), rb_strlen_lit(m)))
+#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
+# define rb_sys_fail_path(path) rb_sys_fail_path_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, path)
+# define rb_syserr_fail_path(err, path) rb_syserr_fail_path_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, (err), (path))
+# define rb_syserr_new_path(err, path) rb_syserr_new_path_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, (err), (path))
+#else
+# define rb_sys_fail_path(path) rb_sys_fail_str(path)
+# define rb_syserr_fail_path(err, path) rb_syserr_fail_str((err), (path))
+# define rb_syserr_new_path(err, path) rb_syserr_new_str((err), (path))
+#endif
+
+/* error.c */
+extern long rb_backtrace_length_limit;
+extern VALUE rb_eEAGAIN;
+extern VALUE rb_eEWOULDBLOCK;
+extern VALUE rb_eEINPROGRESS;
+void rb_report_bug_valist(VALUE file, int line, const char *fmt, va_list args);
+NORETURN(void rb_async_bug_errno(const char *,int));
+const char *rb_builtin_type_name(int t);
+const char *rb_builtin_class_name(VALUE x);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warn_deprecated(const char *fmt, const char *suggest, ...), 1, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove(const char *fmt, const char *removal, ...), 1, 3);
+VALUE rb_syntax_error_append(VALUE, VALUE, int, int, rb_encoding*, const char*, va_list);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_enc_warn(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_sys_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_syserr_enc_warning(int err, rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...), 3, 4);
+rb_warning_category_t rb_warning_category_from_name(VALUE category);
+bool rb_warning_category_enabled_p(rb_warning_category_t category);
+VALUE rb_name_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method);
+VALUE rb_nomethod_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method, VALUE args, int priv);
+VALUE rb_key_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name);
+PRINTF_ARGS(VALUE rb_warning_string(const char *fmt, ...), 1, 2);
+NORETURN(void rb_vraise(VALUE, const char *, va_list));
+NORETURN(static inline void rb_raise_cstr(VALUE etype, const char *mesg));
+NORETURN(static inline void rb_raise_cstr_i(VALUE etype, VALUE mesg));
+NORETURN(static inline void rb_name_err_raise_str(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name));
+NORETURN(static inline void rb_name_err_raise(const char *mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name));
+NORETURN(static inline void rb_key_err_raise(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name));
+static inline void Check_Type(VALUE v, enum ruby_value_type t);
+static inline bool rb_typeddata_is_instance_of_inline(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);
+#define rb_typeddata_is_instance_of rb_typeddata_is_instance_of_inline
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* error.c (export) */
+int rb_bug_reporter_add(void (*func)(FILE *, void *), void *data);
+#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
+NORETURN(void rb_sys_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, VALUE path));
+NORETURN(void rb_syserr_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, int err, VALUE path));
+VALUE rb_syserr_new_path_in(const char *func_name, int n, VALUE path);
+#endif
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline void
+rb_raise_cstr_i(VALUE etype, VALUE mesg)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_exc_new_str(etype, mesg);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_raise_cstr(VALUE etype, const char *mesg)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_str_new_cstr(mesg);
+    rb_raise_cstr_i(etype, str);
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_name_err_raise_str(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_name_err_new(mesg, recv, name);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_name_err_raise(const char *mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_fstring_cstr(mesg);
+    rb_name_err_raise_str(str, recv, name);
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_key_err_raise(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE name)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_key_err_new(mesg, recv, name);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+rb_typeddata_is_instance_of_inline(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
+{
+    return RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA) && RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) && (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == data_type);
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_ERROR_H */
diff --git a/internal/eval.h b/internal/eval.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8dae76b6f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/eval.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_EVAL_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_EVAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for the evaluator.
+ * @note       There  also  is  eval_intern.h, which  is  evaluator's  internal
+ *             header (related to this file, but not the same role).
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for ID */
+
+#define id_signo ruby_static_id_signo
+#define id_status ruby_static_id_status
+
+/* eval.c */
+extern ID ruby_static_id_signo;
+extern ID ruby_static_id_status;
+VALUE rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(VALUE module);
+void rb_class_modify_check(VALUE);
+NORETURN(VALUE rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv));
+
+/* eval_error.c */
+VALUE rb_get_backtrace(VALUE info);
+
+/* eval_jump.c */
+void rb_call_end_proc(VALUE data);
+void rb_mark_end_proc(void);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_EVAL_H */
diff --git a/internal/file.h b/internal/file.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a93c1392f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/file.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_FILE_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_FILE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for File.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encodinng */
+
+/* file.c */
+extern const char ruby_null_device[];
+VALUE rb_home_dir_of(VALUE user, VALUE result);
+VALUE rb_default_home_dir(VALUE result);
+VALUE rb_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, int strict);
+VALUE rb_check_realpath(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, rb_encoding *origenc);
+void rb_file_const(const char*, VALUE);
+int rb_file_load_ok(const char *);
+VALUE rb_file_expand_path_fast(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_file_expand_path_internal(VALUE, VALUE, int, int, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_get_path_check_to_string(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_get_path_check_convert(VALUE);
+int ruby_is_fd_loadable(int fd);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* file.c (export) */
+#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
+VALUE rb_readlink(VALUE path, rb_encoding *enc);
+#endif
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+VALUE rb_str_normalize_ospath(const char *ptr, long len);
+#endif
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_FILE_H */
diff --git a/internal/fixnum.h b/internal/fixnum.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e0e4be84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/fixnum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_FIXNUM_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_FIXNUM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Fixnums.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for HAVE_LONG_LONG */
+#include <limits.h>             /* for CHAR_BIT */
+#include "internal/compilers.h" /* for __has_builtin */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/intern.h"        /* for rb_big_mul */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for RB_FIXABLE */
+
+#if HAVE_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_LONG * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+# define DLONG LONG_LONG
+# define DL2NUM(x) LL2NUM(x)
+#elif defined(HAVE_INT128_T)
+# define DLONG int128_t
+# define DL2NUM(x) (RB_FIXABLE(x) ? LONG2FIX(x) : rb_int128t2big(x))
+VALUE rb_int128t2big(int128_t n); /* in bignum.c */
+#endif
+
+static inline long rb_overflowed_fix_to_int(long x);
+static inline VALUE rb_fix_plus_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+static inline VALUE rb_fix_minus_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+static inline VALUE rb_fix_mul_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+static inline void rb_fix_divmod_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y, VALUE *divp, VALUE *modp);
+static inline VALUE rb_fix_div_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+static inline VALUE rb_fix_mod_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+static inline bool FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P(VALUE num);
+static inline bool FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(VALUE num);
+static inline bool FIXNUM_ZERO_P(VALUE num);
+
+static inline long
+rb_overflowed_fix_to_int(long x)
+{
+    return (long)((unsigned long)(x >> 1) ^ (1LU << (SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT - 1)));
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_fix_plus_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+#if !__has_builtin(__builtin_add_overflow)
+    long lz = FIX2LONG(x) + FIX2LONG(y);
+    return LONG2NUM(lz);
+#else
+    long lz;
+    /* NOTE
+     * (1) `LONG2FIX(FIX2LONG(x)+FIX2LONG(y))`
+     +     = `((lx*2+1)/2 + (ly*2+1)/2)*2+1`
+     +     = `lx*2 + ly*2 + 1`
+     +     = `(lx*2+1) + (ly*2+1) - 1`
+     +     = `x + y - 1`
+     * (2) Fixnum's LSB is always 1.
+     *     It means you can always run `x - 1` without overflow.
+     * (3) Of course `z = x + (y-1)` may overflow.
+     *     At that time true value is
+     *     * positive: 0b0 1xxx...1, and z = 0b1xxx...1
+     *     * negative: 0b1 0xxx...1, and z = 0b0xxx...1
+     *     To convert this true value to long,
+     *     (a) Use arithmetic shift
+     *         * positive: 0b11xxx...
+     *         * negative: 0b00xxx...
+     *     (b) invert MSB
+     *         * positive: 0b01xxx...
+     *         * negative: 0b10xxx...
+     */
+    if (__builtin_add_overflow((long)x, (long)y-1, &lz)) {
+        return rb_int2big(rb_overflowed_fix_to_int(lz));
+    }
+    else {
+        return (VALUE)lz;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_fix_minus_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+#if !__has_builtin(__builtin_sub_overflow)
+    long lz = FIX2LONG(x) - FIX2LONG(y);
+    return LONG2NUM(lz);
+#else
+    long lz;
+    if (__builtin_sub_overflow((long)x, (long)y-1, &lz)) {
+        return rb_int2big(rb_overflowed_fix_to_int(lz));
+    }
+    else {
+        return (VALUE)lz;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* arguments must be Fixnum */
+static inline VALUE
+rb_fix_mul_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    long lx = FIX2LONG(x);
+    long ly = FIX2LONG(y);
+#ifdef DLONG
+    return DL2NUM((DLONG)lx * (DLONG)ly);
+#else
+    if (MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(lx, ly)) {
+        return rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(lx), rb_int2big(ly));
+    }
+    else {
+        return LONG2FIX(lx * ly);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * This behaves different from C99 for negative arguments.
+ * Note that div may overflow fixnum.
+ */
+static inline void
+rb_fix_divmod_fix(VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE *divp, VALUE *modp)
+{
+    /* assume / and % comply C99.
+     * ldiv(3) won't be inlined by GCC and clang.
+     * I expect / and % are compiled as single idiv.
+     */
+    long x = FIX2LONG(a);
+    long y = FIX2LONG(b);
+    long div, mod;
+    if (x == FIXNUM_MIN && y == -1) {
+        if (divp) *divp = LONG2NUM(-FIXNUM_MIN);
+        if (modp) *modp = LONG2FIX(0);
+        return;
+    }
+    div = x / y;
+    mod = x % y;
+    if (y > 0 ? mod < 0 : mod > 0) {
+        mod += y;
+        div -= 1;
+    }
+    if (divp) *divp = LONG2FIX(div);
+    if (modp) *modp = LONG2FIX(mod);
+}
+
+/* div() for Ruby
+ * This behaves different from C99 for negative arguments.
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+rb_fix_div_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    VALUE div;
+    rb_fix_divmod_fix(x, y, &div, NULL);
+    return div;
+}
+
+/* mod() for Ruby
+ * This behaves different from C99 for negative arguments.
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+rb_fix_mod_fix(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    VALUE mod;
+    rb_fix_divmod_fix(x, y, NULL, &mod);
+    return mod;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P(VALUE num)
+{
+    return (SIGNED_VALUE)num > (SIGNED_VALUE)INT2FIX(0);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(VALUE num)
+{
+    return (SIGNED_VALUE)num < 0;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+FIXNUM_ZERO_P(VALUE num)
+{
+    return num == INT2FIX(0);
+}
+#endif /* INTERNAL_FIXNUM_H */
diff --git a/internal/gc.h b/internal/gc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d439f6d8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/gc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_GC_H                                    /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_GC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for GC.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+
+#include "internal/compilers.h" /* for __has_attribute */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for rb_event_flag_t */
+
+struct rb_execution_context_struct; /* in vm_core.h */
+struct rb_objspace; /* in vm_core.h */
+
+#ifdef NEWOBJ_OF
+# undef NEWOBJ_OF
+# undef RB_NEWOBJ_OF
+# undef RB_OBJ_WRITE
+#endif
+
+/* optimized version of NEWOBJ() */
+#define RB_NEWOBJ_OF(var, T, c, f) \
+  T *(var) = (T *)(((f) & FL_WB_PROTECTED) ? \
+                   rb_wb_protected_newobj_of((c), (f) & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED) : \
+                   rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of((c), (f)))
+
+#define RB_EC_NEWOBJ_OF(ec, var, T, c, f) \
+  T *(var) = (T *)(((f) & FL_WB_PROTECTED) ? \
+                   rb_ec_wb_protected_newobj_of((ec), (c), (f) & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED) : \
+                   rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of((c), (f)))
+
+#define NEWOBJ_OF(var, T, c, f) RB_NEWOBJ_OF((var), T, (c), (f))
+#define RB_OBJ_GC_FLAGS_MAX 6   /* used in ext/objspace */
+
+#ifndef USE_UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS
+# define UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS(expr) (expr)
+#elif ! USE_UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS
+# define UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS(expr) (expr)
+#elif ! (__has_warning("-Waddress-of-packed-member") || GCC_VERSION_SINCE(9, 0, 0))
+# define UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS(expr) (expr)
+#else
+# include "internal/warnings.h"
+# define UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS(expr) __extension__({ \
+    COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH; \
+    COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Waddress-of-packed-member); \
+    __typeof__(expr) unaligned_member_access_result = (expr); \
+    COMPILER_WARNING_POP; \
+    unaligned_member_access_result; \
+})
+#endif
+
+#define UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ptr, mem) UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS(&(ptr)->mem)
+#define RB_OBJ_WRITE(a, slot, b) \
+    rb_obj_write((VALUE)(a), UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS((VALUE *)(slot)), \
+                 (VALUE)(b), __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+typedef struct ractor_newobj_cache {
+    struct RVALUE *freelist;
+    struct heap_page *using_page;
+} rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t;
+
+/* gc.c */
+extern VALUE *ruby_initial_gc_stress_ptr;
+extern int ruby_disable_gc;
+RUBY_ATTR_MALLOC void *ruby_mimmalloc(size_t size);
+void ruby_mimfree(void *ptr);
+void rb_objspace_set_event_hook(const rb_event_flag_t event);
+VALUE rb_objspace_gc_enable(struct rb_objspace *);
+VALUE rb_objspace_gc_disable(struct rb_objspace *);
+void ruby_gc_set_params(void);
+void rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute(VALUE dest, VALUE obj);
+#if __has_attribute(alloc_align)
+__attribute__((__alloc_align__(1)))
+#endif
+RUBY_ATTR_MALLOC void *rb_aligned_malloc(size_t, size_t) RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2));
+size_t rb_size_mul_or_raise(size_t, size_t, VALUE); /* used in compile.c */
+size_t rb_size_mul_add_or_raise(size_t, size_t, size_t, VALUE); /* used in iseq.h */
+RUBY_ATTR_MALLOC void *rb_xmalloc_mul_add(size_t, size_t, size_t);
+void *rb_xrealloc_mul_add(const void *, size_t, size_t, size_t);
+RUBY_ATTR_MALLOC void *rb_xmalloc_mul_add_mul(size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t);
+RUBY_ATTR_MALLOC void *rb_xcalloc_mul_add_mul(size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t);
+static inline void *ruby_sized_xrealloc_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size) RUBY_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2));
+static inline void *ruby_sized_xrealloc2_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_count, size_t elemsiz, size_t old_count) RUBY_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2, 3));
+static inline void ruby_sized_xfree_inlined(void *ptr, size_t size);
+VALUE rb_class_allocate_instance(VALUE klass);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* gc.c (export) */
+const char *rb_objspace_data_type_name(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_wb_protected_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_wb_unprotected_newobj_of(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_ec_wb_protected_newobj_of(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE flags);
+size_t rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE);
+void rb_gc_verify_internal_consistency(void);
+size_t rb_obj_gc_flags(VALUE, ID[], size_t);
+void rb_gc_mark_values(long n, const VALUE *values);
+void rb_gc_mark_vm_stack_values(long n, const VALUE *values);
+void *ruby_sized_xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size) RUBY_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2));
+void *ruby_sized_xrealloc2(void *ptr, size_t new_count, size_t element_size, size_t old_count) RUBY_ATTR_RETURNS_NONNULL RUBY_ATTR_ALLOC_SIZE((2, 3));
+void ruby_sized_xfree(void *x, size_t size);
+void rb_gc_ractor_newobj_cache_clear(rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t *newobj_cache);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+int rb_ec_stack_check(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec);
+void rb_gc_writebarrier_remember(VALUE obj);
+const char *rb_obj_info(VALUE obj);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#if defined(HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE) || defined(HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE) || defined(_WIN32)
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_sized_xrealloc_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
+{
+    return ruby_xrealloc(ptr, new_size);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_sized_xrealloc2_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_count, size_t elemsiz, size_t old_count)
+{
+    return ruby_xrealloc2(ptr, new_count, elemsiz);
+}
+
+static inline void
+ruby_sized_xfree_inlined(void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+    ruby_xfree(ptr);
+}
+
+# define SIZED_REALLOC_N(x, y, z, w) REALLOC_N(x, y, z)
+
+#else
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_sized_xrealloc_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
+{
+    return ruby_sized_xrealloc(ptr, new_size, old_size);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+ruby_sized_xrealloc2_inlined(void *ptr, size_t new_count, size_t elemsiz, size_t old_count)
+{
+    return ruby_sized_xrealloc2(ptr, new_count, elemsiz, old_count);
+}
+
+static inline void
+ruby_sized_xfree_inlined(void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+    ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, size);
+}
+
+# define SIZED_REALLOC_N(v, T, m, n) \
+    ((v) = (T *)ruby_sized_xrealloc2((void *)(v), (m), sizeof(T), (n)))
+
+#endif /* HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE */
+
+#define ruby_sized_xrealloc ruby_sized_xrealloc_inlined
+#define ruby_sized_xrealloc2 ruby_sized_xrealloc2_inlined
+#define ruby_sized_xfree ruby_sized_xfree_inlined
+#endif /* INTERNAL_GC_H */
diff --git a/internal/hash.h b/internal/hash.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4677c581b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/hash.h
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_HASH_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_HASH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Hash.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
+#include "ruby/st.h"            /* for struct st_table */
+
+#define RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE SIZEOF_VALUE
+
+struct ar_table_struct;
+typedef unsigned char ar_hint_t;
+
+enum ruby_rhash_flags {
+    RHASH_PASS_AS_KEYWORDS = FL_USER1,                                   /* FL 1 */
+    RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT = FL_USER2,                                       /* FL 2 */
+    RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG = FL_USER3,                                      /* FL 3 */
+    RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_MASK = (FL_USER4|FL_USER5|FL_USER6|FL_USER7),    /* FL 4..7 */
+    RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SHIFT = (FL_USHIFT+4),
+    RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_MASK = (FL_USER8|FL_USER9|FL_USER10|FL_USER11), /* FL 8..11 */
+    RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND_SHIFT = (FL_USHIFT+8),
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    RHASH_TRANSIENT_FLAG = FL_USER12,                                    /* FL 12 */
+#endif
+
+    // we can not put it in "enum" because it can exceed "int" range.
+#define RHASH_LEV_MASK (FL_USER13 | FL_USER14 | FL_USER15 |                /* FL 13..19 */ \
+                        FL_USER16 | FL_USER17 | FL_USER18 | FL_USER19)
+
+    RHASH_LEV_SHIFT = (FL_USHIFT + 13),
+    RHASH_LEV_MAX = 127, /* 7 bits */
+};
+
+struct RHash {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    union {
+        st_table *st;
+        struct ar_table_struct *ar; /* possibly 0 */
+    } as;
+    const VALUE ifnone;
+    union {
+        ar_hint_t ary[RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE];
+        VALUE word;
+    } ar_hint;
+};
+
+#define RHASH(obj) ((struct RHash *)(obj))
+
+#ifdef RHASH_IFNONE
+# undef RHASH_IFNONE
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RHASH_SIZE
+# undef RHASH_SIZE
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RHASH_EMPTY_P
+# undef RHASH_EMPTY_P
+#endif
+
+/* hash.c */
+void rb_hash_st_table_set(VALUE hash, st_table *st);
+VALUE rb_hash_default_value(VALUE hash, VALUE key);
+VALUE rb_hash_set_default_proc(VALUE hash, VALUE proc);
+long rb_dbl_long_hash(double d);
+st_table *rb_init_identtable(void);
+VALUE rb_to_hash_type(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_hash_key_str(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_hash_values(VALUE hash);
+VALUE rb_hash_rehash(VALUE hash);
+int rb_hash_add_new_element(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val);
+VALUE rb_hash_set_pair(VALUE hash, VALUE pair);
+int rb_hash_stlike_delete(VALUE hash, st_data_t *pkey, st_data_t *pval);
+int rb_hash_stlike_foreach_with_replace(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_update_callback_func *replace, st_data_t arg);
+int rb_hash_stlike_update(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_update_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg);
+extern st_table *rb_hash_st_table(VALUE hash);
+
+static inline unsigned RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_RAW(VALUE h);
+static inline VALUE RHASH_IFNONE(VALUE h);
+static inline size_t RHASH_SIZE(VALUE h);
+static inline bool RHASH_EMPTY_P(VALUE h);
+static inline bool RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(VALUE h);
+static inline bool RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(VALUE h);
+static inline struct ar_table_struct *RHASH_AR_TABLE(VALUE h);
+static inline st_table *RHASH_ST_TABLE(VALUE h);
+static inline size_t RHASH_ST_SIZE(VALUE h);
+static inline void RHASH_ST_CLEAR(VALUE h);
+static inline bool RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE h);
+static inline void RHASH_SET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(VALUE h);
+static inline void RHASH_UNSET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(VALUE h);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* hash.c (export) */
+VALUE rb_hash_delete_entry(VALUE hash, VALUE key);
+VALUE rb_ident_hash_new(void);
+int rb_hash_stlike_foreach(VALUE hash, st_foreach_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_hash_new_with_size(st_index_t size);
+VALUE rb_hash_resurrect(VALUE hash);
+int rb_hash_stlike_lookup(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_data_t *pval);
+VALUE rb_hash_keys(VALUE hash);
+VALUE rb_hash_has_key(VALUE hash, VALUE key);
+VALUE rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(VALUE hash);
+
+st_table *rb_hash_tbl_raw(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line);
+#define RHASH_TBL_RAW(h) rb_hash_tbl_raw(h, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#if 0 /* for debug */
+
+static inline bool
+RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(VALUE h)
+{
+    extern int rb_hash_ar_table_p(VALUE hash);
+    return rb_hash_ar_table_p(h)
+}
+
+static inline struct ar_table_struct *
+RHASH_AR_TABLE(VALUE h)
+{
+    extern struct ar_table_struct *rb_hash_ar_table(VALUE hash);
+    return rb_hash_ar_table(h)
+}
+
+static inline st_table *
+RHASH_ST_TABLE(VALUE h)
+{
+    return rb_hash_st_table(h)
+}
+
+#else
+
+static inline bool
+RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(VALUE h)
+{
+    return ! FL_TEST_RAW(h, RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG);
+}
+
+static inline struct ar_table_struct *
+RHASH_AR_TABLE(VALUE h)
+{
+    return RHASH(h)->as.ar;
+}
+
+static inline st_table *
+RHASH_ST_TABLE(VALUE h)
+{
+    return RHASH(h)->as.st;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static inline VALUE
+RHASH_IFNONE(VALUE h)
+{
+    return RHASH(h)->ifnone;
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+RHASH_SIZE(VALUE h)
+{
+    if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h)) {
+        return RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_RAW(h);
+    }
+    else {
+        return RHASH_ST_SIZE(h);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline bool
+RHASH_EMPTY_P(VALUE h)
+{
+    return RHASH_SIZE(h) == 0;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(VALUE h)
+{
+    return ! RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(h);
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+RHASH_ST_SIZE(VALUE h)
+{
+    return RHASH_ST_TABLE(h)->num_entries;
+}
+
+static inline void
+RHASH_ST_CLEAR(VALUE h)
+{
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(h, RHASH_ST_TABLE_FLAG);
+    RHASH(h)->as.ar = NULL;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned
+RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_RAW(VALUE h)
+{
+    VALUE ret = FL_TEST_RAW(h, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_MASK);
+    ret >>= RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_SHIFT;
+    return (unsigned)ret;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE h)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(h, RHASH_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void
+RHASH_SET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(VALUE h)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_SET_RAW(h, RHASH_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void
+RHASH_UNSET_TRANSIENT_FLAG(VALUE h)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(h, RHASH_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_HASH_H */
diff --git a/internal/imemo.h b/internal/imemo.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9e2136ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/imemo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_IMEMO_H                                 /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_IMEMO_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      IMEMO: Internal memo object.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "internal/array.h"     /* for rb_ary_tmp_new_fill */
+#include "internal/gc.h"        /* for RB_OBJ_WRITE */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for rb_block_call_func_t */
+
+#ifndef IMEMO_DEBUG
+# define IMEMO_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#define IMEMO_MASK   0x0f
+
+/* FL_USER0 to FL_USER3 is for type */
+#define IMEMO_FL_USHIFT (FL_USHIFT + 4)
+#define IMEMO_FL_USER0 FL_USER4
+#define IMEMO_FL_USER1 FL_USER5
+#define IMEMO_FL_USER2 FL_USER6
+#define IMEMO_FL_USER3 FL_USER7
+#define IMEMO_FL_USER4 FL_USER8
+#define IMEMO_FL_USER5 FL_USER9
+
+enum imemo_type {
+    imemo_env            =  0,
+    imemo_cref           =  1, /*!< class reference */
+    imemo_svar           =  2, /*!< special variable */
+    imemo_throw_data     =  3,
+    imemo_ifunc          =  4, /*!< iterator function */
+    imemo_memo           =  5,
+    imemo_ment           =  6,
+    imemo_iseq           =  7,
+    imemo_tmpbuf         =  8,
+    imemo_ast            =  9,
+    imemo_parser_strterm = 10,
+    imemo_callinfo       = 11,
+    imemo_callcache      = 12,
+    imemo_constcache     = 13,
+};
+
+/* CREF (Class REFerence) is defined in method.h */
+
+/*! SVAR (Special VARiable) */
+struct vm_svar {
+    VALUE flags;
+    const VALUE cref_or_me; /*!< class reference or rb_method_entry_t */
+    const VALUE lastline;
+    const VALUE backref;
+    const VALUE others;
+};
+
+/*! THROW_DATA */
+struct vm_throw_data {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE reserved;
+    const VALUE throw_obj;
+    const struct rb_control_frame_struct *catch_frame;
+    int throw_state;
+};
+
+#define THROW_DATA_CONSUMED IMEMO_FL_USER0
+
+/* IFUNC (Internal FUNCtion) */
+
+struct vm_ifunc_argc {
+#if SIZEOF_INT * 2 > SIZEOF_VALUE
+    signed int min: (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT) / 2;
+    signed int max: (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT) / 2;
+#else
+    int min, max;
+#endif
+};
+
+/*! IFUNC (Internal FUNCtion) */
+struct vm_ifunc {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE reserved;
+    rb_block_call_func_t func;
+    const void *data;
+    struct vm_ifunc_argc argc;
+};
+
+struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE reserved;
+    VALUE *ptr; /* malloc'ed buffer */
+    struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct *next; /* next imemo */
+    size_t cnt; /* buffer size in VALUE */
+};
+
+/*! MEMO
+ *
+ * @see imemo_type
+ * */
+struct MEMO {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE reserved;
+    const VALUE v1;
+    const VALUE v2;
+    union {
+        long cnt;
+        long state;
+        const VALUE value;
+        void (*func)(void);
+    } u3;
+};
+
+/* ment is in method.h */
+
+#define THROW_DATA_P(err) imemo_throw_data_p((VALUE)err)
+#define MEMO_CAST(m) ((struct MEMO *)(m))
+#define MEMO_NEW(a, b, c) ((struct MEMO *)rb_imemo_new(imemo_memo, (VALUE)(a), (VALUE)(b), (VALUE)(c), 0))
+#define MEMO_FOR(type, value) ((type *)RARRAY_PTR(value))
+#define NEW_MEMO_FOR(type, value) \
+  ((value) = rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(type_roomof(type, VALUE)), MEMO_FOR(type, value))
+#define NEW_PARTIAL_MEMO_FOR(type, value, member) \
+  ((value) = rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(type_roomof(type, VALUE)), \
+   rb_ary_set_len((value), offsetof(type, member) / sizeof(VALUE)), \
+   MEMO_FOR(type, value))
+
+typedef struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t;
+VALUE rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0);
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *rb_imemo_tmpbuf_parser_heap(void *buf, rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *old_heap, size_t cnt);
+struct vm_ifunc *rb_vm_ifunc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data, int min_argc, int max_argc);
+void rb_strterm_mark(VALUE obj);
+static inline enum imemo_type imemo_type(VALUE imemo);
+static inline int imemo_type_p(VALUE imemo, enum imemo_type imemo_type);
+static inline bool imemo_throw_data_p(VALUE imemo);
+static inline struct vm_ifunc *rb_vm_ifunc_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data);
+static inline VALUE rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer(void);
+static inline void *RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR(VALUE v);
+static inline void *rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(VALUE v, void *ptr);
+static inline VALUE rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(VALUE str);
+static inline void MEMO_V1_SET(struct MEMO *m, VALUE v);
+static inline void MEMO_V2_SET(struct MEMO *m, VALUE v);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+#if IMEMO_DEBUG
+VALUE rb_imemo_new_debug(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0, const char *file, int line);
+#define rb_imemo_new(type, v1, v2, v3, v0) rb_imemo_new_debug(type, v1, v2, v3, v0, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#else
+VALUE rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0);
+#endif
+const char *rb_imemo_name(enum imemo_type type);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline enum imemo_type
+imemo_type(VALUE imemo)
+{
+    return (RBASIC(imemo)->flags >> FL_USHIFT) & IMEMO_MASK;
+}
+
+static inline int
+imemo_type_p(VALUE imemo, enum imemo_type imemo_type)
+{
+    if (LIKELY(!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(imemo))) {
+        /* fixed at compile time if imemo_type is given. */
+        const VALUE mask = (IMEMO_MASK << FL_USHIFT) | RUBY_T_MASK;
+        const VALUE expected_type = (imemo_type << FL_USHIFT) | T_IMEMO;
+        /* fixed at runtime. */
+        return expected_type == (RBASIC(imemo)->flags & mask);
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+#define IMEMO_TYPE_P(v, t) imemo_type_p((VALUE)v, t)
+
+static inline bool
+imemo_throw_data_p(VALUE imemo)
+{
+    return RB_TYPE_P(imemo, T_IMEMO);
+}
+
+static inline struct vm_ifunc *
+rb_vm_ifunc_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data)
+{
+    return rb_vm_ifunc_new(func, data, 0, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer(void)
+{
+    return rb_imemo_new(imemo_tmpbuf, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void *
+RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR(VALUE v)
+{
+    const struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct *p = (const void *)v;
+    return p->ptr;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(VALUE v, void *ptr)
+{
+    return ((rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)v)->ptr = ptr;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(VALUE str)
+{
+    const void *src;
+    VALUE imemo;
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *tmpbuf;
+    void *dst;
+    size_t len;
+
+    SafeStringValue(str);
+    /* create tmpbuf to keep the pointer before xmalloc */
+    imemo = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    tmpbuf = (rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *)imemo;
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+    src = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    dst = ruby_xmalloc(len);
+    memcpy(dst, src, len);
+    tmpbuf->ptr = dst;
+    return imemo;
+}
+
+static inline void
+MEMO_V1_SET(struct MEMO *m, VALUE v)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(m, &m->v1, v);
+}
+
+static inline void
+MEMO_V2_SET(struct MEMO *m, VALUE v)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(m, &m->v2, v);
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_IMEMO_H */
diff --git a/internal/inits.h b/internal/inits.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..680c9cc1a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/inits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_INITS_H                                 /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_INITS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header aggregating init functions.
+ */
+
+/* class.c */
+void Init_class_hierarchy(void);
+
+/* dmyext.c */
+void Init_enc(void);
+void Init_ext(void);
+
+/* file.c */
+void Init_File(void);
+
+/* gc.c */
+void Init_heap(void);
+
+/* localeinit.c */
+int Init_enc_set_filesystem_encoding(void);
+
+/* newline.c */
+void Init_newline(void);
+
+/* vm.c */
+void Init_BareVM(void);
+void Init_vm_objects(void);
+
+/* vm_backtrace.c */
+void Init_vm_backtrace(void);
+
+/* vm_eval.c */
+void Init_vm_eval(void);
+
+/* vm_insnhelper.c */
+void Init_vm_stack_canary(void);
+
+/* vm_method.c */
+void Init_eval_method(void);
+
+/* inits.c */
+void rb_call_inits(void);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_INITS_H */
diff --git a/internal/io.h b/internal/io.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b184cec439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/io.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_IO_H                                    /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_IO_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for IO.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "ruby/io.h"            /* for rb_io_t */
+
+/* io.c */
+void ruby_set_inplace_mode(const char *);
+void rb_stdio_set_default_encoding(void);
+VALUE rb_io_flush_raw(VALUE, int);
+size_t rb_io_memsize(const rb_io_t *);
+int rb_stderr_tty_p(void);
+void rb_io_fptr_finalize_internal(void *ptr);
+#ifdef rb_io_fptr_finalize
+# undef rb_io_fptr_finalize
+#endif
+#define rb_io_fptr_finalize rb_io_fptr_finalize_internal
+VALUE rb_io_popen(VALUE pname, VALUE pmode, VALUE env, VALUE opt);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* io.c (export) */
+void rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(int fd);
+int rb_gc_for_fd(int err);
+void rb_write_error_str(VALUE mesg);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_IO_H */
diff --git a/internal/load.h b/internal/load.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37c1dee351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/load.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_LOAD_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_LOAD_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for require.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+/* load.c */
+VALUE rb_get_expanded_load_path(void);
+int rb_require_internal(VALUE fname);
+NORETURN(void rb_load_fail(VALUE, const char*));
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_LOAD_H */
diff --git a/internal/loadpath.h b/internal/loadpath.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f89f6694cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/loadpath.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_LOADPATH_H                              /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_LOADPATH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for $LOAD_PATH.
+ */
+
+/* loadpath.c */
+extern const char ruby_exec_prefix[];
+extern const char ruby_initial_load_paths[];
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_LOADPATH_H */
diff --git a/internal/math.h b/internal/math.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd8d553790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/math.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_MATH_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_MATH_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Math.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+/* math.c */
+VALUE rb_math_atan2(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_math_cos(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_math_cosh(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_math_exp(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_math_hypot(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_math_log(int argc, const VALUE *argv);
+VALUE rb_math_sin(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_math_sinh(VALUE);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_MATH_H */
diff --git a/internal/missing.h b/internal/missing.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0224075b3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/missing.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_MISSING_H                               /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_MISSING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header corresponding missing.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for HAVE_SETPROCTITLE */
+
+/* missing/setproctitle.c */
+#ifndef HAVE_SETPROCTITLE
+extern void ruby_init_setproctitle(int argc, char *argv[]);
+#endif
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_MISSING_H */
diff --git a/internal/numeric.h b/internal/numeric.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32d5bd27fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/numeric.h
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_NUMERIC_H                               /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_NUMERIC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Numeric.
+ */
+#include "internal/bignum.h"    /* for BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P */
+#include "internal/bits.h"      /* for RUBY_BIT_ROTL */
+#include "internal/fixnum.h"    /* for FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P */
+#include "internal/vm.h"        /* for rb_method_basic_definition_p */
+#include "ruby/intern.h"        /* for rb_cmperr */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for USE_FLONUM */
+
+#define ROUND_TO(mode, even, up, down) \
+    ((mode) == RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_EVEN ? even : \
+     (mode) == RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_UP ? up : down)
+#define ROUND_FUNC(mode, name) \
+    ROUND_TO(mode, name##_half_even, name##_half_up, name##_half_down)
+#define ROUND_CALL(mode, name, args) \
+    ROUND_TO(mode, name##_half_even args, \
+             name##_half_up args, name##_half_down args)
+
+#ifndef ROUND_DEFAULT
+# define ROUND_DEFAULT RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_UP
+#endif
+
+enum ruby_num_rounding_mode {
+    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_UP,
+    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
+    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_HALF_DOWN,
+    RUBY_NUM_ROUND_DEFAULT = ROUND_DEFAULT,
+};
+
+struct RFloat {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    double float_value;
+};
+
+#define RFLOAT(obj)  ((struct RFloat *)(obj))
+
+/* numeric.c */
+int rb_num_to_uint(VALUE val, unsigned int *ret);
+VALUE ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl);
+double ruby_float_step_size(double beg, double end, double unit, int excl);
+int ruby_float_step(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl, int allow_endless);
+int rb_num_negative_p(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_int_succ(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_float_uminus(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_int_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_div(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_idiv(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int2str(VALUE num, int base);
+VALUE rb_fix_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+enum ruby_num_rounding_mode rb_num_get_rounding_option(VALUE opts);
+double rb_int_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_and(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_int_div(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+int rb_int_positive_p(VALUE num);
+int rb_int_negative_p(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_num_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_ceil(VALUE num, int ndigits);
+VALUE rb_float_floor(VALUE x, int ndigits);
+VALUE rb_float_abs(VALUE flt);
+static inline VALUE rb_num_compare_with_zero(VALUE num, ID mid);
+static inline int rb_num_positive_int_p(VALUE num);
+static inline int rb_num_negative_int_p(VALUE num);
+static inline double rb_float_flonum_value(VALUE v);
+static inline double rb_float_noflonum_value(VALUE v);
+static inline double rb_float_value_inline(VALUE v);
+static inline VALUE rb_float_new_inline(double d);
+static inline bool INT_POSITIVE_P(VALUE num);
+static inline bool INT_NEGATIVE_P(VALUE num);
+static inline bool FLOAT_ZERO_P(VALUE num);
+#define rb_float_value rb_float_value_inline
+#define rb_float_new   rb_float_new_inline
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* numeric.c (export) */
+VALUE rb_int_positive_pow(long x, unsigned long y);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_flo_div_flo(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+double ruby_float_mod(double x, double y);
+VALUE rb_float_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+int rb_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_fix_aref(VALUE fix, VALUE idx);
+VALUE rb_int_zero_p(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_int_even_p(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_int_odd_p(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_int_abs(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_int_bit_length(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_int_uminus(VALUE num);
+VALUE rb_int_comp(VALUE num);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline bool
+INT_POSITIVE_P(VALUE num)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+        return FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P(num);
+    }
+    else {
+        return BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(num);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline bool
+INT_NEGATIVE_P(VALUE num)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+        return FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
+    }
+    else {
+        return BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline bool
+FLOAT_ZERO_P(VALUE num)
+{
+    return RFLOAT_VALUE(num) == 0.0;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_num_compare_with_zero(VALUE num, ID mid)
+{
+    VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
+    VALUE r = rb_check_funcall(num, mid, 1, &zero);
+    if (r == Qundef) {
+        rb_cmperr(num, zero);
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_num_positive_int_p(VALUE num)
+{
+    const ID mid = '>';
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+        if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, mid))
+            return FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P(num);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
+        if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, mid))
+            return BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(num);
+    }
+    return RTEST(rb_num_compare_with_zero(num, mid));
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_num_negative_int_p(VALUE num)
+{
+    const ID mid = '<';
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+        if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, mid))
+            return FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
+        if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, mid))
+            return BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
+    }
+    return RTEST(rb_num_compare_with_zero(num, mid));
+}
+
+static inline double
+rb_float_flonum_value(VALUE v)
+{
+#if USE_FLONUM
+    if (v != (VALUE)0x8000000000000002) { /* LIKELY */
+        union {
+            double d;
+            VALUE v;
+        } t;
+
+        VALUE b63 = (v >> 63);
+        /* e: xx1... -> 011... */
+        /*    xx0... -> 100... */
+        /*      ^b63           */
+        t.v = RUBY_BIT_ROTR((2 - b63) | (v & ~(VALUE)0x03), 3);
+        return t.d;
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0.0;
+}
+
+static inline double
+rb_float_noflonum_value(VALUE v)
+{
+    return RFLOAT(v)->float_value;
+}
+
+static inline double
+rb_float_value_inline(VALUE v)
+{
+    if (FLONUM_P(v)) {
+        return rb_float_flonum_value(v);
+    }
+    return rb_float_noflonum_value(v);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_float_new_inline(double d)
+{
+#if USE_FLONUM
+    union {
+        double d;
+        VALUE v;
+    } t;
+    int bits;
+
+    t.d = d;
+    bits = (int)((VALUE)(t.v >> 60) & 0x7);
+    /* bits contains 3 bits of b62..b60. */
+    /* bits - 3 = */
+    /*   b011 -> b000 */
+    /*   b100 -> b001 */
+
+    if (t.v != 0x3000000000000000 /* 1.72723e-77 */ &&
+        !((bits-3) & ~0x01)) {
+        return (RUBY_BIT_ROTL(t.v, 3) & ~(VALUE)0x01) | 0x02;
+    }
+    else if (t.v == (VALUE)0) {
+        /* +0.0 */
+        return 0x8000000000000002;
+    }
+    /* out of range */
+#endif
+    return rb_float_new_in_heap(d);
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_NUMERIC_H */
diff --git a/internal/object.h b/internal/object.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa820128c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/object.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_OBJECT_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_OBJECT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Object.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "internal/class.h"     /* for RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL */
+
+#ifdef ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
+# undef ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
+#endif
+
+/* object.c */
+VALUE rb_class_search_ancestor(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
+NORETURN(void rb_undefined_alloc(VALUE klass));
+double rb_num_to_dbl(VALUE val);
+VALUE rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, VALUE notfound);
+VALUE rb_immutable_obj_clone(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_check_convert_type_with_id(VALUE,int,const char*,ID);
+int rb_bool_expected(VALUE, const char *);
+static inline void RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(VALUE obj);
+static inline void RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE klass);
+static inline void RBASIC_SET_CLASS(VALUE obj, VALUE klass);
+static inline struct st_table *ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL_inline(VALUE obj);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* object.c (export) */
+int rb_opts_exception_p(VALUE opts, int default_value);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+CONSTFUNC(VALUE rb_obj_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2));
+CONSTFUNC(VALUE rb_obj_not(VALUE obj));
+VALUE rb_obj_not_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2);
+void rb_obj_copy_ivar(VALUE dest, VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_false(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_convert_type_with_id(VALUE v, int t, const char* nam, ID mid);
+VALUE rb_obj_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE obj);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline void
+RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct { VALUE flags; VALUE klass; } *ptr = (void *)obj;
+    ptr->klass = klass;
+}
+
+static inline void
+RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(obj, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void
+RBASIC_SET_CLASS(VALUE obj, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE oldv = RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(obj, klass);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, oldv, klass);
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+static inline struct st_table *
+ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL_inline(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
+        VALUE klass = rb_obj_class(obj);
+        return RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(klass);
+    }
+    else {
+        const struct RObject *const ptr = ROBJECT(obj);
+        return ptr->as.heap.iv_index_tbl;
+    }
+}
+#define ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL_inline
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_OBJECT_H */
diff --git a/internal/parse.h b/internal/parse.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a37a39f84d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/parse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_PARSE_H                                 /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_PARSE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for the parser.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+struct rb_iseq_struct;          /* in vm_core.h */
+
+/* parse.y */
+VALUE rb_parser_set_yydebug(VALUE, VALUE);
+void *rb_parser_load_file(VALUE parser, VALUE name);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_parser_set_context(VALUE, const struct rb_iseq_struct *, int);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_PARSE_H */
diff --git a/internal/proc.h b/internal/proc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5628a1f1c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/proc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_PROC_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_PROC_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Proc.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for rb_block_call_func_t */
+#include "ruby/st.h"            /* for st_index_t */
+struct rb_block;                /* in vm_core.h */
+struct rb_iseq_struct;          /* in vm_core.h */
+
+/* proc.c */
+VALUE rb_proc_location(VALUE self);
+st_index_t rb_hash_proc(st_index_t hash, VALUE proc);
+int rb_block_pair_yield_optimizable(void);
+int rb_block_arity(void);
+int rb_block_min_max_arity(int *max);
+VALUE rb_block_to_s(VALUE self, const struct rb_block *block, const char *additional_info);
+VALUE rb_callable_receiver(VALUE);
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_func_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE val);
+VALUE rb_func_lambda_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE val, int min_argc, int max_argc);
+VALUE rb_iseq_location(const struct rb_iseq_struct *iseq);
+VALUE rb_sym_to_proc(VALUE sym);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_PROC_H */
diff --git a/internal/process.h b/internal/process.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..904c9a5cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/process.h
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_PROCESS_H                               /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_PROCESS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Process.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for rb_pid_t */
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+# include <sys/types.h>         /* for mode_t */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# include "ruby/win32.h"        /* for mode_t */
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "internal/imemo.h"     /* for RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR */
+#include "internal/warnings.h"  /* for COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH */
+
+#define RB_MAX_GROUPS (65536)
+
+struct waitpid_state;
+struct rb_execarg {
+    union {
+        struct {
+            VALUE shell_script;
+        } sh;
+        struct {
+            VALUE command_name;
+            VALUE command_abspath; /* full path string or nil */
+            VALUE argv_str;
+            VALUE argv_buf;
+        } cmd;
+    } invoke;
+    VALUE redirect_fds;
+    VALUE envp_str;
+    VALUE envp_buf;
+    VALUE dup2_tmpbuf;
+    unsigned use_shell : 1;
+    unsigned pgroup_given : 1;
+    unsigned umask_given : 1;
+    unsigned unsetenv_others_given : 1;
+    unsigned unsetenv_others_do : 1;
+    unsigned close_others_given : 1;
+    unsigned close_others_do : 1;
+    unsigned chdir_given : 1;
+    unsigned new_pgroup_given : 1;
+    unsigned new_pgroup_flag : 1;
+    unsigned uid_given : 1;
+    unsigned gid_given : 1;
+    unsigned exception : 1;
+    unsigned exception_given : 1;
+    struct waitpid_state *waitpid_state; /* for async process management */
+    rb_pid_t pgroup_pgid; /* asis(-1), new pgroup(0), specified pgroup (0<V). */
+    VALUE rlimit_limits; /* Qfalse or [[rtype, softlim, hardlim], ...] */
+    mode_t umask_mask;
+    rb_uid_t uid;
+    rb_gid_t gid;
+    int close_others_maxhint;
+    VALUE fd_dup2;
+    VALUE fd_close;
+    VALUE fd_open;
+    VALUE fd_dup2_child;
+    VALUE env_modification; /* Qfalse or [[k1,v1], ...] */
+    VALUE path_env;
+    VALUE chdir_dir;
+};
+
+/* process.c */
+rb_pid_t rb_fork_ruby(int *status);
+void rb_last_status_clear(void);
+static inline char **ARGVSTR2ARGV(VALUE argv_str);
+static inline size_t ARGVSTR2ARGC(VALUE argv_str);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PWD_H
+VALUE rb_getlogin(void);
+VALUE rb_getpwdirnam_for_login(VALUE login);  /* read as: "get pwd db home dir by username for login" */
+VALUE rb_getpwdiruid(void);                   /* read as: "get pwd db home dir for getuid()" */
+#endif
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* process.c (export) */
+int rb_exec_async_signal_safe(const struct rb_execarg *e, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen);
+rb_pid_t rb_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status, int (*chfunc)(void*, char *, size_t), void *charg, VALUE fds, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen);
+VALUE rb_execarg_new(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int accept_shell, int allow_exc_opt);
+struct rb_execarg *rb_execarg_get(VALUE execarg_obj); /* dangerous.  needs GC guard. */
+int rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val);
+void rb_execarg_parent_start(VALUE execarg_obj);
+void rb_execarg_parent_end(VALUE execarg_obj);
+int rb_execarg_run_options(const struct rb_execarg *e, struct rb_execarg *s, char* errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen);
+VALUE rb_execarg_extract_options(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE opthash);
+void rb_execarg_setenv(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE env);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+/* argv_str contains extra two elements.
+ * The beginning one is for /bin/sh used by exec_with_sh.
+ * The last one for terminating NULL used by execve.
+ * See rb_exec_fillarg() in process.c. */
+static inline char **
+ARGVSTR2ARGV(VALUE argv_str)
+{
+    char **buf = RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR(argv_str);
+    return &buf[1];
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+ARGVSTR2ARGC(VALUE argv_str)
+{
+    size_t i = 0;
+    char *const *p = ARGVSTR2ARGV(argv_str);
+    while (p[i++])
+        ;
+    return i - 1;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#if __has_warning("-Wdeprecated-declarations") || RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wdeprecated-declarations)
+#endif
+static inline rb_pid_t
+rb_fork(void)
+{
+    return fork();
+}
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_PROCESS_H */
diff --git a/internal/random.h b/internal/random.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a92e65b8ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/random.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_RANDOM_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_RANDOM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Random.
+ */
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+
+/* random.c */
+int ruby_fill_random_bytes(void *, size_t, int);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_RANDOM_H */
diff --git a/internal/range.h b/internal/range.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fe6037c89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_RANGE_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_RANGE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Range.
+ */
+#include "internal/struct.h"    /* for RSTRUCT */
+
+/* range.c */
+static inline VALUE RANGE_BEG(VALUE r);
+static inline VALUE RANGE_END(VALUE r);
+static inline VALUE RANGE_EXCL(VALUE r);
+
+static inline VALUE
+RANGE_BEG(VALUE r)
+{
+    return RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[0];
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+RANGE_END(VALUE r)
+{
+    return RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[1];
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+RANGE_EXCL(VALUE r)
+{
+    return RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[2];
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_range_component_beg_len(VALUE b, VALUE e, int excl,
+                           long *begp, long *lenp, long len, int err);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_RANGE_H */
diff --git a/internal/rational.h b/internal/rational.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bbd2a9810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/rational.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_RATIONAL_H                              /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_RATIONAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Rational.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for HAVE_LIBGMP */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
+#include "internal/gc.h"        /* for RB_OBJ_WRITE */
+#include "internal/numeric.h"   /* for INT_POSITIVE_P */
+#include "ruby_assert.h"        /* for assert */
+
+struct RRational {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    VALUE num;
+    VALUE den;
+};
+
+#define RRATIONAL(obj) ((struct RRational *)(obj))
+
+/* rational.c */
+VALUE rb_rational_canonicalize(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_rational_uminus(VALUE self);
+VALUE rb_rational_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other);
+VALUE rb_rational_minus(VALUE self, VALUE other);
+VALUE rb_rational_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other);
+VALUE rb_rational_div(VALUE self, VALUE other);
+VALUE rb_lcm(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_rational_reciprocal(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_cstr_to_rat(const char *, int);
+VALUE rb_rational_hash(VALUE self);
+VALUE rb_rational_abs(VALUE self);
+VALUE rb_rational_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other);
+VALUE rb_rational_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other);
+VALUE rb_rational_floor(VALUE self, int ndigits);
+VALUE rb_numeric_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_float_numerator(VALUE x);
+VALUE rb_float_denominator(VALUE x);
+
+static inline void RATIONAL_SET_NUM(VALUE r, VALUE n);
+static inline void RATIONAL_SET_DEN(VALUE r, VALUE d);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* rational.c (export) */
+VALUE rb_gcd(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_gcd_normal(VALUE self, VALUE other);
+#if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
+VALUE rb_gcd_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+#endif
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline void
+RATIONAL_SET_NUM(VALUE r, VALUE n)
+{
+    assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(n));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(r, &RRATIONAL(r)->num, n);
+}
+
+static inline void
+RATIONAL_SET_DEN(VALUE r, VALUE d)
+{
+    assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(d));
+    assert(INT_POSITIVE_P(d));
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(r, &RRATIONAL(r)->den, d);
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_RATIONAL_H */
diff --git a/internal/re.h b/internal/re.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28fa3fb51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/re.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_RE_H                                    /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_RE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Regexp.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+/* re.c */
+VALUE rb_reg_compile(VALUE str, int options, const char *sourcefile, int sourceline);
+VALUE rb_reg_check_preprocess(VALUE);
+long rb_reg_search0(VALUE, VALUE, long, int, int);
+VALUE rb_reg_match_p(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos);
+bool rb_reg_start_with_p(VALUE re, VALUE str);
+void rb_backref_set_string(VALUE string, long pos, long len);
+void rb_match_unbusy(VALUE);
+int rb_match_count(VALUE match);
+int rb_match_nth_defined(int nth, VALUE match);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_reg_new_ary(VALUE ary, int options);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_RE_H */
diff --git a/internal/sanitizers.h b/internal/sanitizers.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4f5bdeda1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sanitizers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_SANITIZERS_H                            /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_SANITIZERS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for ASAN / MSAN / etc.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "internal/compilers.h" /* for __has_feature */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
+# include <valgrind/memcheck.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SANITIZER_ASAN_INTERFACE_H
+# include <sanitizer/asan_interface.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SANITIZER_MSAN_INTERFACE_H
+# if __has_feature(memory_sanitizer)
+#  include <sanitizer/msan_interface.h>
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+#if 0
+#elif __has_feature(memory_sanitizer) && __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+# define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) \
+    __attribute__((__no_sanitize__("memory, address"), __noinline__)) x
+#elif __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+# define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) \
+    __attribute__((__no_sanitize__("address"), __noinline__)) x
+#elif defined(NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS)
+# define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) \
+    NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS(NOINLINE(x))
+#elif defined(NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS)
+# define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) \
+    NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(NOINLINE(x))
+#else
+# define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS(x) x
+#endif
+
+#if defined(NO_SANITIZE) && RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)
+/* GCC warns about unknown sanitizer, which is annoying. */
+# include "internal/warnings.h"
+# undef NO_SANITIZE
+# define NO_SANITIZE(x, y) \
+    COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH; \
+    COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wattributes); \
+    __attribute__((__no_sanitize__(x))) y; \
+    COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NO_SANITIZE
+# define NO_SANITIZE(x, y) y
+#endif
+
+#if !__has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+# define __asan_poison_memory_region(x, y)
+# define __asan_unpoison_memory_region(x, y)
+# define __asan_region_is_poisoned(x, y) 0
+#endif
+
+#if !__has_feature(memory_sanitizer)
+# define __msan_allocated_memory(x, y) ((void)(x), (void)(y))
+# define __msan_poison(x, y) ((void)(x), (void)(y))
+# define __msan_unpoison(x, y) ((void)(x), (void)(y))
+# define __msan_unpoison_string(x) ((void)(x))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef VALGRIND_MAKE_READABLE
+# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(p, n) VALGRIND_MAKE_READABLE((p), (n))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef VALGRIND_MAKE_WRITABLE
+# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) VALGRIND_MAKE_WRITABLE((p), (n))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED
+# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(p, n) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED
+# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MJIT_HEADER
+
+/*!
+ * This function asserts that a (continuous) memory region from ptr to size
+ * being "poisoned".  Both read / write access to such memory region are
+ * prohibited until properly unpoisoned.  The region must be previously
+ * allocated (do not pass a freed pointer here), but not necessarily be an
+ * entire object that the malloc returns.  You can punch hole a part of a
+ * gigantic heap arena.  This is handy when you do not free an allocated memory
+ * region to reuse later: poison when you keep it unused, and unpoison when you
+ * reuse.
+ *
+ * \param[in]  ptr   pointer to the beginning of the memory region to poison.
+ * \param[in]  size  the length of the memory region to poison.
+ */
+static inline void
+asan_poison_memory_region(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+    __msan_poison(ptr, size);
+    __asan_poison_memory_region(ptr, size);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * This is a variant of asan_poison_memory_region that takes a VALUE.
+ *
+ * \param[in]  obj   target object.
+ */
+static inline void
+asan_poison_object(VALUE obj)
+{
+    MAYBE_UNUSED(struct RVALUE *) ptr = (void *)obj;
+    asan_poison_memory_region(ptr, SIZEOF_VALUE);
+}
+
+#if !__has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+#define asan_poison_object_if(ptr, obj) ((void)(ptr), (void)(obj))
+#else
+#define asan_poison_object_if(ptr, obj) do { \
+        if (ptr) asan_poison_object(obj); \
+    } while (0)
+#endif
+
+/*!
+ * This function predicates if the given object is fully addressable or not.
+ *
+ * \param[in]  obj        target object.
+ * \retval     0          the given object is fully addressable.
+ * \retval     otherwise  pointer to first such byte who is poisoned.
+ */
+static inline void *
+asan_poisoned_object_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    MAYBE_UNUSED(struct RVALUE *) ptr = (void *)obj;
+    return __asan_region_is_poisoned(ptr, SIZEOF_VALUE);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * This function asserts that a (formally poisoned) memory region from ptr to
+ * size is now addressable.  Write access to such memory region gets allowed.
+ * However read access might or might not be possible depending on situations,
+ * because the region can have contents of previous usages.  That information
+ * should be passed by the malloc_p flag.  If that is true, the contents of the
+ * region is _not_ fully defined (like the return value of malloc behaves).
+ * Reading from there is NG; write something first.  If malloc_p is false on
+ * the other hand, that memory region is fully defined and can be read
+ * immediately.
+ *
+ * \param[in]  ptr       pointer to the beginning of the memory region to unpoison.
+ * \param[in]  size      the length of the memory region.
+ * \param[in]  malloc_p  if the memory region is like a malloc's return value or not.
+ */
+static inline void
+asan_unpoison_memory_region(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, bool malloc_p)
+{
+    __asan_unpoison_memory_region(ptr, size);
+    if (malloc_p) {
+        __msan_allocated_memory(ptr, size);
+    }
+    else {
+        __msan_unpoison(ptr, size);
+    }
+}
+
+/*!
+ * This is a variant of asan_unpoison_memory_region that takes a VALUE.
+ *
+ * \param[in]  obj       target object.
+ * \param[in]  malloc_p  if the memory region is like a malloc's return value or not.
+ */
+static inline void
+asan_unpoison_object(VALUE obj, bool newobj_p)
+{
+    MAYBE_UNUSED(struct RVALUE *) ptr = (void *)obj;
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(ptr, SIZEOF_VALUE, newobj_p);
+}
+
+#endif /* MJIT_HEADER */
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_SANITIZERS_H */
diff --git a/internal/scheduler.h b/internal/scheduler.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8314020220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/scheduler.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_SCHEDULER_H                                 /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define RUBY_SCHEDULER_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Scheduler.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/intern.h"
+
+VALUE rb_scheduler_get();
+VALUE rb_scheduler_set(VALUE scheduler);
+
+VALUE rb_scheduler_current();
+VALUE rb_thread_scheduler_current(VALUE thread);
+
+VALUE rb_scheduler_timeout(struct timeval *timeout);
+
+VALUE rb_scheduler_close(VALUE scheduler);
+
+VALUE rb_scheduler_kernel_sleep(VALUE scheduler, VALUE duration);
+VALUE rb_scheduler_kernel_sleepv(VALUE scheduler, int argc, VALUE * argv);
+
+int rb_scheduler_supports_process_wait(VALUE scheduler);
+VALUE rb_scheduler_process_wait(VALUE scheduler, rb_pid_t pid, int flags);
+
+VALUE rb_scheduler_block(VALUE scheduler, VALUE blocker, VALUE timeout);
+VALUE rb_scheduler_unblock(VALUE scheduler, VALUE blocker, VALUE fiber);
+
+VALUE rb_scheduler_io_wait(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout);
+VALUE rb_scheduler_io_wait_readable(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
+VALUE rb_scheduler_io_wait_writable(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
+
+int rb_scheduler_supports_io_read(VALUE scheduler);
+VALUE rb_scheduler_io_read(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t offset, size_t length);
+
+int rb_scheduler_supports_io_write(VALUE scheduler);
+VALUE rb_scheduler_io_write(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t offset, size_t length);
+
+#endif /* RUBY_SCHEDULER_H */
diff --git a/internal/serial.h b/internal/serial.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..977cb35477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/serial.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_SERIAL_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_SERIAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for rb_serial_t.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for HAVE_LONG_LONG */
+#include "ruby/defines.h"       /* for LONG_LONG */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+# error need C99+
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned LONG_LONG rb_serial_t;
+#define SERIALT2NUM ULL2NUM
+#define PRI_SERIALT_PREFIX PRI_LL_PREFIX
+#define SIZEOF_SERIAL_T SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_SERIAL_H */
diff --git a/internal/signal.h b/internal/signal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b4672f15b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/signal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_SIGNAL_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_SIGNAL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for SignalException.
+ */
+
+/* signal.c */
+extern int ruby_enable_coredump;
+int rb_get_next_signal(void);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* signal.c (export) */
+int rb_grantpt(int fd);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_SIGNAL_H */
diff --git a/internal/static_assert.h b/internal/static_assert.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..284e410313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/static_assert.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT_H                         /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      C11 shim for _Static_assert.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/static_assert.h"
+#ifndef STATIC_ASSERT
+# define STATIC_ASSERT RBIMPL_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT_H */
diff --git a/internal/string.h b/internal/string.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..adc8385cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_STRING_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_STRING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for String.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "internal/compilers.h" /* for __has_builtin */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+#define STR_NOEMBED      FL_USER1
+#define STR_SHARED       FL_USER2 /* = ELTS_SHARED */
+
+#ifdef rb_fstring_cstr
+# undef rb_fstring_cstr
+#endif
+
+/* string.c */
+VALUE rb_fstring(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_fstring_cstr(const char *str);
+VALUE rb_fstring_enc_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
+int rb_str_buf_cat_escaped_char(VALUE result, unsigned int c, int unicode_p);
+int rb_str_symname_p(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_quote_unprintable(VALUE);
+char *rb_str_fill_terminator(VALUE str, const int termlen);
+void rb_str_change_terminator_length(VALUE str, const int oldtermlen, const int termlen);
+VALUE rb_str_locktmp_ensure(VALUE str, VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg);
+VALUE rb_str_chomp_string(VALUE str, VALUE chomp);
+VALUE rb_external_str_with_enc(VALUE str, rb_encoding *eenc);
+VALUE rb_str_cat_conv_enc_opts(VALUE newstr, long ofs, const char *ptr, long len,
+                               rb_encoding *from, int ecflags, VALUE ecopts);
+VALUE rb_enc_str_scrub(rb_encoding *enc, VALUE str, VALUE repl);
+VALUE rb_str_initialize(VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
+size_t rb_str_memsize(VALUE);
+char *rb_str_to_cstr(VALUE str);
+const char *ruby_escaped_char(int c);
+void rb_str_make_independent(VALUE str);
+int rb_enc_str_coderange_scan(VALUE str, rb_encoding *enc);
+
+static inline bool STR_EMBED_P(VALUE str);
+static inline bool STR_SHARED_P(VALUE str);
+static inline VALUE QUOTE(VALUE v);
+static inline VALUE QUOTE_ID(ID v);
+static inline bool is_ascii_string(VALUE str);
+static inline bool is_broken_string(VALUE str);
+static inline VALUE rb_str_eql_internal(const VALUE str1, const VALUE str2);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* string.c (export) */
+VALUE rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(VALUE str);
+void rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(VALUE str, VALUE tmp);
+VALUE rb_setup_fake_str(struct RString *fake_str, const char *name, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
+VALUE rb_str_upto_each(VALUE, VALUE, int, int (*each)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
+VALUE rb_str_upto_endless_each(VALUE, int (*each)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_fstring_new(const char *ptr, long len);
+VALUE rb_obj_as_string_result(VALUE str, VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_str_opt_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y);
+VALUE rb_str_concat_literals(size_t num, const VALUE *strary);
+VALUE rb_str_eql(VALUE str1, VALUE str2);
+VALUE rb_id_quote_unprintable(ID);
+VALUE rb_sym_proc_call(ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int kw_splat, VALUE passed_proc);
+
+struct rb_execution_context_struct;
+VALUE rb_ec_str_resurrect(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, VALUE str);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#define rb_fstring_lit(str) rb_fstring_new((str), rb_strlen_lit(str))
+#define rb_fstring_literal(str) rb_fstring_lit(str)
+#define rb_fstring_enc_lit(str, enc) rb_fstring_enc_new((str), rb_strlen_lit(str), (enc))
+#define rb_fstring_enc_literal(str, enc) rb_fstring_enc_lit(str, enc)
+
+static inline VALUE
+QUOTE(VALUE v)
+{
+    return rb_str_quote_unprintable(v);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+QUOTE_ID(ID i)
+{
+    return rb_id_quote_unprintable(i);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+STR_EMBED_P(VALUE str)
+{
+    return ! FL_TEST_RAW(str, STR_NOEMBED);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+STR_SHARED_P(VALUE str)
+{
+    return FL_ALL_RAW(str, STR_NOEMBED | ELTS_SHARED);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+is_ascii_string(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_enc_str_coderange(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+is_broken_string(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_enc_str_coderange(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN;
+}
+
+/* expect tail call optimization */
+static inline VALUE
+rb_str_eql_internal(const VALUE str1, const VALUE str2)
+{
+    const long len = RSTRING_LEN(str1);
+    const char *ptr1, *ptr2;
+
+    if (len != RSTRING_LEN(str2)) return Qfalse;
+    if (!rb_str_comparable(str1, str2)) return Qfalse;
+    if ((ptr1 = RSTRING_PTR(str1)) == (ptr2 = RSTRING_PTR(str2)))
+        return Qtrue;
+    if (memcmp(ptr1, ptr2, len) == 0)
+        return Qtrue;
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_constant_p)
+# define rb_fstring_cstr(str) \
+    (__builtin_constant_p(str) ? \
+        rb_fstring_new((str), (long)strlen(str)) : \
+        (rb_fstring_cstr)(str))
+#endif
+#endif /* INTERNAL_STRING_H */
diff --git a/internal/struct.h b/internal/struct.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82b2738b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/struct.h
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_STRUCT_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_STRUCT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Struct.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "internal/gc.h"        /* for RB_OBJ_WRITE */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
+
+enum {
+    RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MAX = RVALUE_EMBED_LEN_MAX,
+    RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK = (RUBY_FL_USER2|RUBY_FL_USER1),
+    RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT = (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+1),
+    RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_FLAG = FL_USER3,
+};
+
+struct RStruct {
+    struct RBasic basic;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            long len;
+            const VALUE *ptr;
+        } heap;
+        const VALUE ary[RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MAX];
+    } as;
+};
+
+#define RSTRUCT(obj) ((struct RStruct *)(obj))
+
+#ifdef RSTRUCT_LEN
+# undef RSTRUCT_LEN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RSTRUCT_PTR
+# undef RSTRUCT_PTR
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RSTRUCT_SET
+# undef RSTRUCT_SET
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RSTRUCT_GET
+# undef RSTRUCT_GET
+#endif
+
+#define RSTRUCT_LEN internal_RSTRUCT_LEN
+#define RSTRUCT_SET internal_RSTRUCT_SET
+#define RSTRUCT_GET internal_RSTRUCT_GET
+
+/* struct.c */
+VALUE rb_struct_init_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE s);
+VALUE rb_struct_lookup(VALUE s, VALUE idx);
+VALUE rb_struct_s_keyword_init(VALUE klass);
+static inline const VALUE *rb_struct_const_heap_ptr(VALUE st);
+static inline bool RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE st);
+static inline void RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE st);
+static inline void RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE st);
+static inline long RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(VALUE st);
+static inline long RSTRUCT_LEN(VALUE st);
+static inline int RSTRUCT_LENINT(VALUE st);
+static inline const VALUE *RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(VALUE st);
+static inline void RSTRUCT_SET(VALUE st, long k, VALUE v);
+static inline VALUE RSTRUCT_GET(VALUE st, long k);
+
+static inline bool
+RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE st)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void
+RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE st)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_SET_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void
+RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE st)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline long
+RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(VALUE st)
+{
+    long ret = FL_TEST_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK);
+    ret >>= RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline long
+RSTRUCT_LEN(VALUE st)
+{
+    if (FL_TEST_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK)) {
+        return RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN(st);
+    }
+    else {
+        return RSTRUCT(st)->as.heap.len;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int
+RSTRUCT_LENINT(VALUE st)
+{
+    return rb_long2int(RSTRUCT_LEN(st));
+}
+
+static inline const VALUE *
+RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(VALUE st)
+{
+    const struct RStruct *p = RSTRUCT(st);
+
+    if (FL_TEST_RAW(st, RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK)) {
+        return p->as.ary;
+    }
+    else {
+        return p->as.heap.ptr;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+RSTRUCT_SET(VALUE st, long k,  VALUE v)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(st, &RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(st)[k], v);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+RSTRUCT_GET(VALUE st, long k)
+{
+    return RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(st)[k];
+}
+
+static inline const VALUE *
+rb_struct_const_heap_ptr(VALUE st)
+{
+    /* TODO: check embed on debug mode */
+    return RSTRUCT(st)->as.heap.ptr;
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_STRUCT_H */
diff --git a/internal/symbol.h b/internal/symbol.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..691df66228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/symbol.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_SYMBOL_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_SYMBOL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Symbol.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
+#include "internal/compilers.h" /* for __has_builtin */
+
+#ifdef rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr
+# undef rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr
+#endif
+
+/* symbol.c */
+VALUE rb_to_symbol_type(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_sym_intern(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc);
+VALUE rb_sym_intern_ascii(const char *ptr, long len);
+VALUE rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(const char *ptr);
+int rb_is_const_name(VALUE name);
+int rb_is_class_name(VALUE name);
+int rb_is_instance_name(VALUE name);
+int rb_is_local_name(VALUE name);
+PUREFUNC(int rb_is_const_sym(VALUE sym));
+PUREFUNC(int rb_is_attrset_sym(VALUE sym));
+ID rb_make_internal_id(void);
+void rb_gc_free_dsymbol(VALUE);
+
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_constant_p)
+#define rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(ptr) \
+    (__builtin_constant_p(ptr) ? \
+        rb_sym_intern_ascii((ptr), (long)strlen(ptr)) : \
+        rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr(ptr))
+#endif
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_SYMBOL_H */
diff --git a/internal/thread.h b/internal/thread.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09b8551b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/thread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_THREAD_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_THREAD_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Thread.
+ */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "ruby/intern.h"        /* for rb_blocking_function_t */
+
+struct rb_thread_struct;        /* in vm_core.h */
+
+/* thread.c */
+#define COVERAGE_INDEX_LINES    0
+#define COVERAGE_INDEX_BRANCHES 1
+#define COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES    1
+#define COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES 2
+#define COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS  4
+#define COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES 8
+
+VALUE rb_obj_is_mutex(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_suppress_tracing(VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg);
+void rb_thread_execute_interrupts(VALUE th);
+VALUE rb_get_coverages(void);
+int rb_get_coverage_mode(void);
+VALUE rb_default_coverage(int);
+VALUE rb_thread_shield_new(void);
+VALUE rb_thread_shield_wait(VALUE self);
+VALUE rb_thread_shield_release(VALUE self);
+VALUE rb_thread_shield_destroy(VALUE self);
+int rb_thread_to_be_killed(VALUE thread);
+void rb_mutex_allow_trap(VALUE self, int val);
+VALUE rb_uninterruptible(VALUE (*b_proc)(VALUE), VALUE data);
+VALUE rb_mutex_owned_p(VALUE self);
+
+int rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval * timeout);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* Temporary.  This API will be removed (renamed). */
+VALUE rb_thread_io_blocking_region(rb_blocking_function_t *func, void *data1, int fd);
+
+/* thread.c (export) */
+int ruby_thread_has_gvl_p(void); /* for ext/fiddle/closure.c */
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+int rb_threadptr_execute_interrupts(struct rb_thread_struct *th, int blocking_timing);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_THREAD_H */
diff --git a/internal/time.h b/internal/time.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9ac084603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/time.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_TIME_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_TIME_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Time.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"      /* for SIGNEDNESS_OF_TIME_T */
+#include "internal/bits.h"      /* for SIGNED_INTEGER_MAX */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+#if SIGNEDNESS_OF_TIME_T < 0    /* signed */
+# define TIMET_MAX SIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(time_t)
+# define TIMET_MIN SIGNED_INTEGER_MIN(time_t)
+#elif SIGNEDNESS_OF_TIME_T > 0  /* unsigned */
+# define TIMET_MAX UNSIGNED_INTEGER_MAX(time_t)
+# define TIMET_MIN ((time_t)0)
+#endif
+
+struct timeval; /* <- in <sys/time.h> or <winsock2.h> */
+
+/* time.c */
+struct timeval rb_time_timeval(VALUE);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* time.c (export) */
+void ruby_reset_leap_second_info(void);
+void ruby_reset_timezone(void);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_TIME_H */
diff --git a/internal/transcode.h b/internal/transcode.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a60ac06d10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/transcode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_TRANSCODE_H                             /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_TRANSCODE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for Encoding::Converter.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_econv_t */
+
+/* transcode.c */
+extern VALUE rb_cEncodingConverter;
+size_t rb_econv_memsize(rb_econv_t *);
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_TRANSCODE_H */
diff --git a/internal/util.h b/internal/util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c28b884d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_UTIL_H                                  /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_UTIL_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header corresponding util.c.
+ * @warning    DO NOT ADD RANDOM GARBAGE HERE THIS FILE IS FOR util.c
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+# include <sys/types.h>         /* for ssize_t (note: on Windows ssize_t is */
+#endif                          /* `#define`d in ruby/config.h) */
+
+/* util.c */
+char *ruby_dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve);
+char *ruby_hdtoa(double d, const char *xdigs, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* util.c (export) */
+extern const signed char ruby_digit36_to_number_table[];
+extern const char ruby_hexdigits[];
+extern unsigned long ruby_scan_digits(const char *str, ssize_t len, int base, size_t *retlen, int *overflow);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_UTIL_H */
diff --git a/internal/variable.h b/internal/variable.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..057beccfcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/variable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_VARIABLE_H                              /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_VARIABLE_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for variables.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stddef.h>             /* for size_t */
+#include "constant.h"           /* for rb_const_entry_t */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+
+/* global variable */
+
+#define ROBJECT_TRANSIENT_FLAG    FL_USER13
+
+/* variable.c */
+void rb_gc_mark_global_tbl(void);
+void rb_gc_update_global_tbl(void);
+size_t rb_generic_ivar_memsize(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_search_class_path(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_attr_delete(VALUE, ID);
+VALUE rb_ivar_lookup(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE undef);
+void rb_autoload_str(VALUE mod, ID id, VALUE file);
+VALUE rb_autoload_at_p(VALUE, ID, int);
+NORETURN(VALUE rb_mod_const_missing(VALUE,VALUE));
+rb_gvar_getter_t *rb_gvar_getter_function_of(ID);
+rb_gvar_setter_t *rb_gvar_setter_function_of(ID);
+void rb_gvar_readonly_setter(VALUE v, ID id, VALUE *_);
+void rb_gvar_ractor_local(const char *name);
+static inline bool ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE obj);
+static inline void ROBJ_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE obj);
+static inline void ROBJ_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE obj);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+/* variable.c (export) */
+void rb_mark_generic_ivar(VALUE);
+void rb_mv_generic_ivar(VALUE src, VALUE dst);
+VALUE rb_const_missing(VALUE klass, VALUE name);
+int rb_class_ivar_set(VALUE klass, ID vid, VALUE value);
+void rb_iv_tbl_copy(VALUE dst, VALUE src);
+void rb_deprecate_constant(VALUE mod, const char *name);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_gvar_get(ID);
+VALUE rb_gvar_set(ID, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_gvar_defined(ID);
+void rb_const_warn_if_deprecated(const rb_const_entry_t *, VALUE, ID);
+void rb_init_iv_list(VALUE obj);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline bool
+ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    return FL_TEST_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void
+ROBJ_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_SET_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void
+ROBJ_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+    FL_UNSET_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_TRANSIENT_FLAG);
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* INTERNAL_VARIABLE_H */
diff --git a/internal/vm.h b/internal/vm.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..689b4fa61f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_VM_H                                    /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_VM_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header for RubyVM.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"         /* for bool */
+#include "internal/serial.h"        /* for rb_serial_t */
+#include "internal/static_assert.h" /* for STATIC_ASSERT */
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"              /* for ID */
+#include "ruby/st.h"                /* for st_table */
+
+#ifdef rb_funcallv
+# undef rb_funcallv
+#endif
+
+#ifdef rb_method_basic_definition_p
+# undef rb_method_basic_definition_p
+#endif
+
+struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct; /* in method.h */
+struct rb_method_definition_struct;     /* in method.h */
+struct rb_execution_context_struct;     /* in vm_core.h */
+struct rb_control_frame_struct;         /* in vm_core.h */
+struct rb_callinfo;                     /* in vm_core.h */
+
+enum method_missing_reason {
+    MISSING_NOENTRY   = 0x00,
+    MISSING_PRIVATE   = 0x01,
+    MISSING_PROTECTED = 0x02,
+    MISSING_FCALL     = 0x04,
+    MISSING_VCALL     = 0x08,
+    MISSING_SUPER     = 0x10,
+    MISSING_MISSING   = 0x20,
+    MISSING_NONE      = 0x40
+};
+
+/* vm_insnhelper.h */
+rb_serial_t rb_next_class_serial(void);
+
+/* vm.c */
+VALUE rb_obj_is_thread(VALUE obj);
+void rb_vm_mark(void *ptr);
+void rb_vm_each_stack_value(void *ptr, void (*cb)(VALUE, void*), void *ctx);
+PUREFUNC(VALUE rb_vm_top_self(void));
+void rb_vm_inc_const_missing_count(void);
+const void **rb_vm_get_insns_address_table(void);
+VALUE rb_source_location(int *pline);
+const char *rb_source_location_cstr(int *pline);
+MJIT_STATIC void rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame(void);
+int rb_vm_add_root_module(VALUE module);
+void rb_vm_check_redefinition_by_prepend(VALUE klass);
+int rb_vm_check_optimizable_mid(VALUE mid);
+VALUE rb_yield_refine_block(VALUE refinement, VALUE refinements);
+MJIT_STATIC VALUE ruby_vm_special_exception_copy(VALUE);
+PUREFUNC(st_table *rb_vm_fstring_table(void));
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE vm_exec(struct rb_execution_context_struct *, bool); /* used in JIT-ed code */
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+/* vm_eval.c */
+VALUE rb_current_realfilepath(void);
+VALUE rb_check_block_call(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE *, rb_block_call_func_t, VALUE);
+typedef void rb_check_funcall_hook(int, VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_check_funcall_with_hook(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+                                 rb_check_funcall_hook *hook, VALUE arg);
+VALUE rb_check_funcall_with_hook_kw(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+                                 rb_check_funcall_hook *hook, VALUE arg, int kw_splat);
+const char *rb_type_str(enum ruby_value_type type);
+VALUE rb_check_funcall_default(VALUE, ID, int, const VALUE *, VALUE);
+VALUE rb_check_funcall_basic_kw(VALUE, ID, VALUE, int, const VALUE*, int);
+VALUE rb_yield_1(VALUE val);
+VALUE rb_yield_force_blockarg(VALUE values);
+VALUE rb_lambda_call(VALUE obj, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+                     rb_block_call_func_t bl_proc, int min_argc, int max_argc,
+                     VALUE data2);
+void rb_check_stack_overflow(void);
+
+/* vm_insnhelper.c */
+VALUE rb_equal_opt(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2);
+VALUE rb_eql_opt(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2);
+
+struct rb_iseq_struct;
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+const struct rb_callcache *rb_vm_search_method_slowpath(const struct rb_callinfo *ci, VALUE klass);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+/* vm_method.c */
+struct rb_execution_context_struct;
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+int rb_ec_obj_respond_to(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, VALUE obj, ID id, int priv);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+/* vm_dump.c */
+void rb_print_backtrace(void);
+
+/* vm_backtrace.c */
+VALUE rb_vm_thread_backtrace(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE thval);
+VALUE rb_vm_thread_backtrace_locations(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE thval);
+VALUE rb_vm_backtrace(int argc, const VALUE * argv, struct rb_execution_context_struct * ec);
+VALUE rb_vm_backtrace_locations(int argc, const VALUE * argv, struct rb_execution_context_struct * ec);
+VALUE rb_make_backtrace(void);
+void rb_backtrace_print_as_bugreport(void);
+int rb_backtrace_p(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_backtrace_to_str_ary(VALUE obj);
+VALUE rb_backtrace_to_location_ary(VALUE obj);
+void rb_backtrace_each(VALUE (*iter)(VALUE recv, VALUE str), VALUE output);
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_ec_backtrace_object(const struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec);
+void rb_backtrace_use_iseq_first_lineno_for_last_location(VALUE self);
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+#define RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(name, arg) \
+    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(name##_CREATE, arg)
+#define RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(name, arg) \
+do { \
+    if (UNLIKELY(RUBY_DTRACE_##name##_ENABLED())) { \
+        int dtrace_line; \
+        const char *dtrace_file = rb_source_location_cstr(&dtrace_line); \
+        if (!dtrace_file) dtrace_file = ""; \
+        RUBY_DTRACE_##name(arg, dtrace_file, dtrace_line); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+#endif /* INTERNAL_VM_H */
diff --git a/internal/warnings.h b/internal/warnings.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63ded99d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/warnings.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_WARNINGS_H                              /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_WARNINGS_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @brief      Internal header to suppres / mandate warnings.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/warning_push.h"
+#define COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH          RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()
+#define COMPILER_WARNING_POP           RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
+#define COMPILER_WARNING_ERROR(flag)   RBIMPL_WARNING_ERROR(flag)
+#define COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(flag) RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(flag)
+#endif /* INTERNAL_WARNINGS_H */
diff --git a/io.c b/io.c
index 9f10d8f8f5..caa4dd28f7 100644
--- a/io.c
+++ b/io.c
@@ -11,15 +11,32 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "ruby/thread.h"
-#include "dln.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
-#include "id.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include "internal/scheduler.h"
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# include "ruby/ruby.h"
+# include "ruby/io.h"
+#endif
+
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include "ruby_atomic.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+/* non-Linux poll may not work on all FDs */
+#if defined(HAVE_POLL)
+# if defined(__linux__)
+#   define USE_POLL 1
+# endif
+# if defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 1100000
+#  define USE_POLL 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef USE_POLL
+# define USE_POLL 0
+#endif
 
 #undef free
 #define free(x) xfree(x)
@@ -44,7 +61,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __QNXNTO__
-#include "unix.h"
+#include <unix.h>
 #endif
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -93,7 +110,37 @@
 # include <sys/wait.h>		/* for WNOHANG on BSD */
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_COPYFILE_H
+# include <copyfile.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "ccan/list/list.h"
+#include "dln.h"
+#include "encindex.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/inits.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/process.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/transcode.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby_atomic.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
+
+#if !USE_POLL
+#  include "vm_core.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "builtin.h"
 
 #ifndef O_ACCMODE
 #define O_ACCMODE (O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY | O_RDWR)
@@ -120,13 +167,6 @@
 off_t __syscall(quad_t number, ...);
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __native_client__
-# undef F_GETFD
-# ifdef NACL_NEWLIB
-#  undef HAVE_IOCTL
-# endif
-#endif
-
 #define IO_RBUF_CAPA_MIN  8192
 #define IO_CBUF_CAPA_MIN  (128*1024)
 #define IO_RBUF_CAPA_FOR(fptr) (NEED_READCONV(fptr) ? IO_CBUF_CAPA_MIN : IO_RBUF_CAPA_MIN)
@@ -136,6 +176,8 @@ off_t __syscall(quad_t number, ...);
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #undef open
 #define open	rb_w32_uopen
+#undef rename
+#define rename(f, t)	rb_w32_urename((f), (t))
 #endif
 
 VALUE rb_cIO;
@@ -161,7 +203,6 @@ VALUE rb_default_rs;
 
 static VALUE argf;
 
-#define id_exception idException
 static ID id_write, id_read, id_getc, id_flush, id_readpartial, id_set_encoding;
 static VALUE sym_mode, sym_perm, sym_flags, sym_extenc, sym_intenc, sym_encoding, sym_open_args;
 static VALUE sym_textmode, sym_binmode, sym_autoclose;
@@ -174,12 +215,15 @@ static VALUE sym_DATA;
 static VALUE sym_HOLE;
 #endif
 
+static VALUE rb_io_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io);
+static VALUE prep_io(int fd, int fmode, VALUE klass, const char *path);
+
 struct argf {
     VALUE filename, current_file;
     long last_lineno;		/* $. */
     long lineno;
     VALUE argv;
-    char *inplace;
+    VALUE inplace;
     struct rb_io_enc_t encs;
     int8_t init_p, next_p, binmode;
 };
@@ -188,14 +232,22 @@ static rb_atomic_t max_file_descriptor = NOFILE;
 void
 rb_update_max_fd(int fd)
 {
-    struct stat buf;
     rb_atomic_t afd = (rb_atomic_t)fd;
     rb_atomic_t max_fd = max_file_descriptor;
+    int err;
 
-    if (afd <= max_fd)
+    if (fd < 0 || afd <= max_fd)
         return;
 
-    if (fstat(fd, &buf) != 0 && errno == EBADF) {
+#if defined(HAVE_FCNTL) && defined(F_GETFL)
+    err = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL) == -1;
+#else
+    {
+        struct stat buf;
+        err = fstat(fd, &buf) != 0;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (err && errno == EBADF) {
         rb_bug("rb_update_max_fd: invalid fd (%d) given.", fd);
     }
 
@@ -220,7 +272,7 @@ rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(int fd)
         flags2 = flags | FD_CLOEXEC; /* Set CLOEXEC for non-standard file descriptors: 3, 4, 5, ... */
     if (flags != flags2) {
         ret = fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags2);
-        if (ret == -1) {
+        if (ret != 0) {
             rb_bug("rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec: fcntl(%d, F_SETFD, %d) failed: %s", fd, flags2, strerror(errno));
         }
     }
@@ -257,14 +309,27 @@ rb_cloexec_open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode)
     int ret;
     static int o_cloexec_state = -1; /* <0: unknown, 0: ignored, >0: working */
 
+    static const int retry_interval = 0;
+    static const int retry_max_count = 10000;
+
+    int retry_count = 0;
+
 #ifdef O_CLOEXEC
     /* O_CLOEXEC is available since Linux 2.6.23.  Linux 2.6.18 silently ignore it. */
     flags |= O_CLOEXEC;
 #elif defined O_NOINHERIT
     flags |= O_NOINHERIT;
 #endif
-    ret = open(pathname, flags, mode);
-    if (ret == -1) return -1;
+
+    while ((ret = open(pathname, flags, mode)) == -1) {
+        int e = errno;
+        if (e != EAGAIN && e != EWOULDBLOCK) break;
+        if (retry_count++ >= retry_max_count) break;
+
+        sleep(retry_interval);
+    }
+
+    if (ret < 0) return ret;
     if (ret <= 2 || o_cloexec_state == 0) {
 	rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(ret);
     }
@@ -313,47 +378,62 @@ rb_cloexec_dup2(int oldfd, int newfd)
 #else
         ret = dup2(oldfd, newfd);
 #endif
-        if (ret == -1) return -1;
+        if (ret < 0) return ret;
     }
     rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(ret);
     return ret;
 }
 
-int
-rb_cloexec_pipe(int fildes[2])
+static int
+rb_fd_set_nonblock(int fd)
 {
-    int ret;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    return rb_w32_set_nonblock(fd);
+#elif defined(F_GETFL)
+    int oflags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
 
-#if defined(HAVE_PIPE2)
-    static int try_pipe2 = 1;
-    if (try_pipe2) {
-        ret = pipe2(fildes, O_CLOEXEC);
-        if (ret != -1)
-            return ret;
-        /* pipe2 is available since Linux 2.6.27, glibc 2.9. */
-        if (errno == ENOSYS) {
-            try_pipe2 = 0;
-            ret = pipe(fildes);
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        ret = pipe(fildes);
-    }
+    if (oflags == -1)
+        return -1;
+    if (oflags & O_NONBLOCK)
+        return 0;
+    oflags |= O_NONBLOCK;
+    return fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, oflags);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+rb_cloexec_pipe(int descriptors[2])
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_PIPE2
+    int result = pipe2(descriptors, O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK);
 #else
-    ret = pipe(fildes);
+    int result = pipe(descriptors);
 #endif
-    if (ret == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (result < 0)
+        return result;
+
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
-    if (ret == 0 && fildes[1] == -1) {
-	close(fildes[0]);
-	fildes[0] = -1;
-	errno = ENFILE;
-	return -1;
+    if (result == 0 && descriptors[1] == -1) {
+        close(descriptors[0]);
+        descriptors[0] = -1;
+        errno = ENFILE;
+        return -1;
     }
 #endif
-    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(fildes[0]);
-    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(fildes[1]);
-    return ret;
+
+#ifndef HAVE_PIPE2
+    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(descriptors[0]);
+    rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(descriptors[1]);
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    rb_fd_set_nonblock(descriptors[0]);
+    rb_fd_set_nonblock(descriptors[1]);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 int
@@ -385,7 +465,7 @@ rb_cloexec_fcntl_dupfd(int fd, int minfd)
     ret = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD, minfd);
 #elif defined(HAVE_DUP)
     ret = dup(fd);
-    if (ret != -1 && ret < minfd) {
+    if (ret >= 0 && ret < minfd) {
         const int prev_fd = ret;
         ret = rb_cloexec_fcntl_dupfd(fd, minfd);
         close(prev_fd);
@@ -394,7 +474,7 @@ rb_cloexec_fcntl_dupfd(int fd, int minfd)
 #else
 # error "dup() or fcntl(F_DUPFD) must be supported."
 #endif
-    if (ret == -1) return -1;
+    if (ret < 0) return ret;
     rb_maygvl_fd_fix_cloexec(ret);
     return ret;
 }
@@ -444,6 +524,42 @@ rb_cloexec_fcntl_dupfd(int fd, int minfd)
 static int io_fflush(rb_io_t *);
 static rb_io_t *flush_before_seek(rb_io_t *fptr);
 
+#define FMODE_PREP (1<<16)
+#define FMODE_SIGNAL_ON_EPIPE (1<<17)
+
+#define fptr_signal_on_epipe(fptr) \
+    (((fptr)->mode & FMODE_SIGNAL_ON_EPIPE) != 0)
+
+#define fptr_set_signal_on_epipe(fptr, flag) \
+    ((flag) ? \
+     (fptr)->mode |= FMODE_SIGNAL_ON_EPIPE : \
+     (fptr)->mode &= ~FMODE_SIGNAL_ON_EPIPE)
+
+extern ID ruby_static_id_signo;
+
+NORETURN(static void raise_on_write(rb_io_t *fptr, int e, VALUE errinfo));
+static void
+raise_on_write(rb_io_t *fptr, int e, VALUE errinfo)
+{
+#if defined EPIPE
+    if (fptr_signal_on_epipe(fptr) && (e == EPIPE)) {
+        const VALUE sig =
+# if defined SIGPIPE
+            INT2FIX(SIGPIPE) - INT2FIX(0) +
+# endif
+            INT2FIX(0);
+        rb_ivar_set(errinfo, ruby_static_id_signo, sig);
+    }
+#endif
+    rb_exc_raise(errinfo);
+}
+
+#define rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr) \
+    do { \
+        int e = errno; \
+        raise_on_write(fptr, e, rb_syserr_new_path(e, (fptr)->pathv)); \
+    } while (0)
+
 #define NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_READ(fptr) ((fptr)->mode & FMODE_TEXTMODE)
 #define NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_WRITE(fptr) ((fptr)->mode & FMODE_TEXTMODE)
 #if defined(RUBY_TEST_CRLF_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(_WIN32)
@@ -458,7 +574,14 @@ static rb_io_t *flush_before_seek(rb_io_t *fptr);
  * conversion IO process and universal newline decorator by default.
  */
 #define NEED_READCONV(fptr) ((fptr)->encs.enc2 != NULL || (fptr)->encs.ecflags & ~ECONV_CRLF_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)
-#define NEED_WRITECONV(fptr) (((fptr)->encs.enc != NULL && (fptr)->encs.enc != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) || ((fptr)->encs.ecflags & ((ECONV_DECORATOR_MASK & ~ECONV_CRLF_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)|ECONV_STATEFUL_DECORATOR_MASK)))
+#define WRITECONV_MASK ( \
+    (ECONV_DECORATOR_MASK & ~ECONV_CRLF_NEWLINE_DECORATOR)|\
+    ECONV_STATEFUL_DECORATOR_MASK|\
+    0)
+#define NEED_WRITECONV(fptr) ( \
+  ((fptr)->encs.enc != NULL && (fptr)->encs.enc != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) || \
+  ((fptr)->encs.ecflags & WRITECONV_MASK) || \
+  0)
 #define SET_BINARY_MODE(fptr) setmode((fptr)->fd, O_BINARY)
 
 #define NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_READ_CHECK(fptr) do {\
@@ -586,7 +709,11 @@ set_binary_mode_with_seek_cur(rb_io_t *fptr)
 /* Unix */
 # define DEFAULT_TEXTMODE 0
 #define NEED_READCONV(fptr) ((fptr)->encs.enc2 != NULL || NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_READ(fptr))
-#define NEED_WRITECONV(fptr) (((fptr)->encs.enc != NULL && (fptr)->encs.enc != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) || NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_WRITE(fptr) || ((fptr)->encs.ecflags & (ECONV_DECORATOR_MASK|ECONV_STATEFUL_DECORATOR_MASK)))
+#define NEED_WRITECONV(fptr) ( \
+  ((fptr)->encs.enc != NULL && (fptr)->encs.enc != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) || \
+  NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_WRITE(fptr) ||                        \
+  ((fptr)->encs.ecflags & (ECONV_DECORATOR_MASK|ECONV_STATEFUL_DECORATOR_MASK)) || \
+  0)
 #define SET_BINARY_MODE(fptr) (void)(fptr)
 #define NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_READ_CHECK(fptr) (void)(fptr)
 #define SET_UNIVERSAL_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_IF_ENC2(enc2, ecflags) ((void)(enc2), (void)(ecflags))
@@ -614,6 +741,15 @@ is_socket(int fd, VALUE path)
 
 static const char closed_stream[] = "closed stream";
 
+static void
+io_fd_check_closed(int fd)
+{
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        rb_thread_check_ints(); /* check for ruby_error_stream_closed */
+        rb_raise(rb_eIOError, closed_stream);
+    }
+}
+
 void
 rb_eof_error(void)
 {
@@ -639,9 +775,7 @@ void
 rb_io_check_closed(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     rb_io_check_initialized(fptr);
-    if (fptr->fd < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, closed_stream);
-    }
+    io_fd_check_closed(fptr->fd);
 }
 
 static rb_io_t *
@@ -655,13 +789,13 @@ rb_io_get_fptr(VALUE io)
 VALUE
 rb_io_get_io(VALUE io)
 {
-    return rb_convert_type(io, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io");
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(io, T_FILE, "IO", idTo_io);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_io_check_io(VALUE io)
 {
-    return rb_check_convert_type(io, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io");
+    return rb_check_convert_type_with_id(io, T_FILE, "IO", idTo_io);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -693,10 +827,10 @@ rb_io_set_write_io(VALUE io, VALUE w)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     IO.try_convert(obj)  ->  io or nil
+ *     IO.try_convert(obj)  -> io or nil
  *
  *  Try to convert <i>obj</i> into an IO, using to_io method.
- *  Returns converted IO or nil if <i>obj</i> cannot be converted
+ *  Returns converted IO or +nil+ if <i>obj</i> cannot be converted
  *  for any reason.
  *
  *     IO.try_convert(STDOUT)     #=> STDOUT
@@ -775,7 +909,7 @@ static rb_io_t *
 flush_before_seek(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-        rb_sys_fail(0);
+        rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
     io_unread(fptr);
     errno = 0;
     return fptr;
@@ -799,13 +933,13 @@ rb_io_check_char_readable(rb_io_t *fptr)
     }
     if (fptr->wbuf.len) {
         if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-            rb_sys_fail(0);
+            rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
     }
     if (fptr->tied_io_for_writing) {
 	rb_io_t *wfptr;
 	GetOpenFile(fptr->tied_io_for_writing, wfptr);
         if (io_fflush(wfptr) < 0)
-            rb_sys_fail(0);
+            rb_sys_fail_on_write(wfptr);
     }
 }
 
@@ -916,7 +1050,9 @@ io_alloc(VALUE klass)
 #endif
 
 struct io_internal_read_struct {
+    VALUE th;
     int fd;
+    int nonblock;
     void *buf;
     size_t capa;
 };
@@ -935,25 +1071,44 @@ struct io_internal_writev_struct {
 };
 #endif
 
+static int nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(VALUE th, int fd, short events);
 static VALUE
 internal_read_func(void *ptr)
 {
     struct io_internal_read_struct *iis = ptr;
-    return read(iis->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa);
+    ssize_t r;
+retry:
+    r = read(iis->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa);
+    if (r < 0 && !iis->nonblock) {
+        int e = errno;
+        if (e == EAGAIN || e == EWOULDBLOCK) {
+            if (nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(iis->th, iis->fd, RB_WAITFD_IN) != -1) {
+                goto retry;
+            }
+            errno = e;
+        }
+    }
+    return r;
 }
 
+#if defined __APPLE__
+# define do_write_retry(code) do {ret = code;} while (ret == -1 && errno == EPROTOTYPE)
+#else
+# define do_write_retry(code) ret = code
+#endif
 static VALUE
 internal_write_func(void *ptr)
 {
     struct io_internal_write_struct *iis = ptr;
-    return write(iis->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa);
+    ssize_t ret;
+    do_write_retry(write(iis->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa));
+    return (VALUE)ret;
 }
 
 static void*
 internal_write_func2(void *ptr)
 {
-    struct io_internal_write_struct *iis = ptr;
-    return (void*)(intptr_t)write(iis->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa);
+    return (void*)internal_write_func(ptr);
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_WRITEV
@@ -961,17 +1116,22 @@ static VALUE
 internal_writev_func(void *ptr)
 {
     struct io_internal_writev_struct *iis = ptr;
-    return writev(iis->fd, iis->iov, iis->iovcnt);
+    ssize_t ret;
+    do_write_retry(writev(iis->fd, iis->iov, iis->iovcnt));
+    return (VALUE)ret;
 }
 #endif
 
 static ssize_t
 rb_read_internal(int fd, void *buf, size_t count)
 {
-    struct io_internal_read_struct iis;
-    iis.fd = fd;
-    iis.buf = buf;
-    iis.capa = count;
+    struct io_internal_read_struct iis = {
+        .th = rb_thread_current(),
+        .fd = fd,
+        .nonblock = 0,
+        .buf = buf,
+        .capa = count
+    };
 
     return (ssize_t)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_read_func, &iis, fd);
 }
@@ -979,10 +1139,11 @@ rb_read_internal(int fd, void *buf, size_t count)
 static ssize_t
 rb_write_internal(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
 {
-    struct io_internal_write_struct iis;
-    iis.fd = fd;
-    iis.buf = buf;
-    iis.capa = count;
+    struct io_internal_write_struct iis = {
+        .fd = fd,
+        .buf = buf,
+        .capa = count
+    };
 
     return (ssize_t)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_write_func, &iis, fd);
 }
@@ -990,10 +1151,11 @@ rb_write_internal(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
 static ssize_t
 rb_write_internal2(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
 {
-    struct io_internal_write_struct iis;
-    iis.fd = fd;
-    iis.buf = buf;
-    iis.capa = count;
+    struct io_internal_write_struct iis = {
+        .fd = fd,
+        .buf = buf,
+        .capa = count
+    };
 
     return (ssize_t)rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(internal_write_func2, &iis,
 						RUBY_UBF_IO, NULL);
@@ -1003,10 +1165,11 @@ rb_write_internal2(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
 static ssize_t
 rb_writev_internal(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)
 {
-    struct io_internal_writev_struct iis;
-    iis.fd = fd;
-    iis.iov = iov;
-    iis.iovcnt = iovcnt;
+    struct io_internal_writev_struct iis = {
+        .fd = fd,
+        .iov = iov,
+        .iovcnt = iovcnt,
+    };
 
     return (ssize_t)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_writev_func, &iis, fd);
 }
@@ -1057,8 +1220,7 @@ io_flush_buffer_async2(VALUE arg)
     rb_io_t *fptr = (rb_io_t *)arg;
     VALUE ret;
 
-    ret = (VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(io_flush_buffer_sync2, fptr,
-					     RUBY_UBF_IO, NULL);
+    ret = (VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl2(io_flush_buffer_sync2, fptr, RUBY_UBF_IO, NULL);
 
     if (!ret) {
 	/* pending async interrupt is there. */
@@ -1091,7 +1253,6 @@ io_fflush(rb_io_t *fptr)
     rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
     if (fptr->wbuf.len == 0)
         return 0;
-    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
     while (fptr->wbuf.len > 0 && io_flush_buffer(fptr) != 0) {
 	if (!rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd))
 	    return -1;
@@ -1100,65 +1261,137 @@ io_fflush(rb_io_t *fptr)
     return 0;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_io_wait(VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
+
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        return rb_scheduler_io_wait(scheduler, io, events, timeout);
+    }
+
+    rb_io_t * fptr = NULL;
+    RB_IO_POINTER(io, fptr);
+
+    struct timeval tv_storage;
+    struct timeval *tv = NULL;
+
+    if (timeout != Qnil) {
+        tv_storage = rb_time_interval(timeout);
+        tv = &tv_storage;
+    }
+
+    int ready = rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(fptr->fd, RB_NUM2INT(events), tv);
+
+    if (ready < 0) {
+        rb_sys_fail(0);
+    }
+
+    // Not sure if this is necessary:
+    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
+
+    if (ready > 0) {
+        return RB_INT2NUM(ready);
+    } else {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_io_from_fd(int fd)
+{
+    return prep_io(fd, FMODE_PREP, rb_cIO, NULL);
+}
+
 int
 rb_io_wait_readable(int f)
 {
-    if (f < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, closed_stream);
-    }
+    VALUE scheduler;
+
+    io_fd_check_closed(f);
+
+    scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
     switch (errno) {
       case EINTR:
 #if defined(ERESTART)
       case ERESTART:
 #endif
-	rb_thread_check_ints();
-	return TRUE;
+        rb_thread_check_ints();
+        return TRUE;
 
       case EAGAIN:
 #if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
       case EWOULDBLOCK:
 #endif
-	rb_thread_wait_fd(f);
-	return TRUE;
+        if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+            return RTEST(
+                rb_scheduler_io_wait_readable(scheduler, rb_io_from_fd(f))
+            );
+        } else {
+            rb_thread_wait_fd(f);
+        }
+        return TRUE;
 
       default:
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
 int
 rb_io_wait_writable(int f)
 {
-    if (f < 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, closed_stream);
-    }
+    VALUE scheduler;
+
+    io_fd_check_closed(f);
+
+    scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
     switch (errno) {
       case EINTR:
 #if defined(ERESTART)
       case ERESTART:
 #endif
-	/*
-	 * In old Linux, several special files under /proc and /sys don't handle
-	 * select properly. Thus we need avoid to call if don't use O_NONBLOCK.
-	 * Otherwise, we face nasty hang up. Sigh.
-	 * e.g. http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=31b07093c44a7a442394d44423e21d783f5523b8
-	 * http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=31b07093c44a7a442394d44423e21d783f5523b8
-	 * In EINTR case, we only need to call RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING().
-	 * Then rb_thread_check_ints() is enough.
-	 */
-	rb_thread_check_ints();
-	return TRUE;
+        /*
+         * In old Linux, several special files under /proc and /sys don't handle
+         * select properly. Thus we need avoid to call if don't use O_NONBLOCK.
+         * Otherwise, we face nasty hang up. Sigh.
+         * e.g. http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=31b07093c44a7a442394d44423e21d783f5523b8
+         * http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=31b07093c44a7a442394d44423e21d783f5523b8
+         * In EINTR case, we only need to call RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS_BLOCKING().
+         * Then rb_thread_check_ints() is enough.
+         */
+        rb_thread_check_ints();
+        return TRUE;
 
       case EAGAIN:
 #if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
       case EWOULDBLOCK:
 #endif
-	rb_thread_fd_writable(f);
-	return TRUE;
+        if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+            return RTEST(
+                rb_scheduler_io_wait_writable(scheduler, rb_io_from_fd(f))
+            );
+        } else {
+            rb_thread_fd_writable(f);
+        }
+        return TRUE;
 
       default:
-	return FALSE;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *timeout)
+{
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
+
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        return RTEST(
+            rb_scheduler_io_wait(scheduler, rb_io_from_fd(fd), RB_INT2NUM(events), rb_scheduler_timeout(timeout))
+        );
     }
+
+    return rb_thread_wait_for_single_fd(fd, events, timeout);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1248,8 +1481,8 @@ io_binwrite_string(VALUE arg)
 
 	r = rb_writev_internal(fptr->fd, iov, 2);
 
-        if (r == -1)
-            return -1;
+        if (r < 0)
+            return r;
 
 	if (fptr->wbuf.len <= r) {
 	    r -= fptr->wbuf.len;
@@ -1310,12 +1543,24 @@ io_binwrite(VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len, rb_io_t *fptr, int nosync)
     rb_thread_check_ints();
 
     if ((n = len) <= 0) return n;
+
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
+    if (scheduler != Qnil && rb_scheduler_supports_io_write(scheduler)) {
+        ssize_t length = RB_NUM2SSIZE(
+            rb_scheduler_io_write(scheduler, fptr->self, str, offset, len)
+        );
+
+        if (length < 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+
+        return length;
+    }
+
     if (fptr->wbuf.ptr == NULL && !(!nosync && (fptr->mode & FMODE_SYNC))) {
         fptr->wbuf.off = 0;
         fptr->wbuf.len = 0;
         fptr->wbuf.capa = IO_WBUF_CAPA_MIN;
         fptr->wbuf.ptr = ALLOC_N(char, fptr->wbuf.capa);
-	fptr->write_lock = rb_mutex_new();
+        fptr->write_lock = rb_mutex_new();
 	rb_mutex_allow_trap(fptr->write_lock, 1);
     }
     if ((!nosync && (fptr->mode & (FMODE_SYNC|FMODE_TTY))) ||
@@ -1328,7 +1573,7 @@ io_binwrite(VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len, rb_io_t *fptr, int nosync)
 	arg.ptr = ptr + offset;
 	arg.length = n;
 	if (fptr->write_lock) {
-	    r = rb_mutex_synchronize(fptr->write_lock, io_binwrite_string, (VALUE)&arg);
+            r = rb_mutex_synchronize(fptr->write_lock, io_binwrite_string, (VALUE)&arg);
 	}
 	else {
 	    r = io_binwrite_string((VALUE)&arg);
@@ -1362,6 +1607,11 @@ io_binwrite(VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len, rb_io_t *fptr, int nosync)
 
 # define MODE_BTMODE(a,b,c) ((fmode & FMODE_BINMODE) ? (b) : \
                              (fmode & FMODE_TEXTMODE) ? (c) : (a))
+
+#define MODE_BTXMODE(a, b, c, d, e, f) ((fmode & FMODE_EXCL) ? \
+                                        MODE_BTMODE(d, e, f) : \
+                                        MODE_BTMODE(a, b, c))
+
 static VALUE
 do_writeconv(VALUE str, rb_io_t *fptr, int *converted)
 {
@@ -1475,21 +1725,210 @@ io_write(VALUE io, VALUE str, int nosync)
     rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
 
     n = io_fwrite(str, fptr, nosync);
-    if (n == -1L) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+    if (n < 0L) rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
 
     return LONG2FIX(n);
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_WRITEV
+struct binwritev_arg {
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    const struct iovec *iov;
+    int iovcnt;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+call_writev_internal(VALUE arg)
+{
+    struct binwritev_arg *p = (struct binwritev_arg *)arg;
+    return rb_writev_internal(p->fptr->fd, p->iov, p->iovcnt);
+}
+
+static long
+io_binwritev(struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, rb_io_t *fptr)
+{
+    int i;
+    long r, total = 0, written_len = 0;
+
+    /* don't write anything if current thread has a pending interrupt. */
+    rb_thread_check_ints();
+
+    if (iovcnt == 0) return 0;
+    for (i = 1; i < iovcnt; i++) total += iov[i].iov_len;
+
+    if (fptr->wbuf.ptr == NULL && !(fptr->mode & FMODE_SYNC)) {
+	fptr->wbuf.off = 0;
+	fptr->wbuf.len = 0;
+	fptr->wbuf.capa = IO_WBUF_CAPA_MIN;
+	fptr->wbuf.ptr = ALLOC_N(char, fptr->wbuf.capa);
+	fptr->write_lock = rb_mutex_new();
+	rb_mutex_allow_trap(fptr->write_lock, 1);
+    }
+
+    if (fptr->wbuf.ptr && fptr->wbuf.len) {
+	long offset = fptr->wbuf.off + fptr->wbuf.len;
+	if (offset + total <= fptr->wbuf.capa) {
+	    for (i = 1; i < iovcnt; i++) {
+		memcpy(fptr->wbuf.ptr+offset, iov[i].iov_base, iov[i].iov_len);
+		offset += iov[i].iov_len;
+	    }
+	    fptr->wbuf.len += total;
+	    return total;
+	}
+	else {
+	    iov[0].iov_base = fptr->wbuf.ptr + fptr->wbuf.off;
+	    iov[0].iov_len  = fptr->wbuf.len;
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	iov++;
+	if (!--iovcnt) return 0;
+    }
+
+  retry:
+    if (fptr->write_lock) {
+	struct binwritev_arg arg;
+	arg.fptr = fptr;
+	arg.iov  = iov;
+	arg.iovcnt = iovcnt;
+	r = rb_mutex_synchronize(fptr->write_lock, call_writev_internal, (VALUE)&arg);
+    }
+    else {
+	r = rb_writev_internal(fptr->fd, iov, iovcnt);
+    }
+
+    if (r >= 0) {
+	written_len += r;
+	if (fptr->wbuf.ptr && fptr->wbuf.len) {
+	    if (written_len < fptr->wbuf.len) {
+		fptr->wbuf.off += r;
+		fptr->wbuf.len -= r;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		written_len -= fptr->wbuf.len;
+		fptr->wbuf.off = 0;
+		fptr->wbuf.len = 0;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (written_len == total) return total;
+
+	while (r >= (ssize_t)iov->iov_len) {
+	    /* iovcnt > 0 */
+	    r -= iov->iov_len;
+	    iov->iov_len = 0;
+	    iov++;
+	    if (!--iovcnt) return total;
+	    /* defensive check: written_len should == total */
+	}
+	iov->iov_base = (char *)iov->iov_base + r;
+	iov->iov_len -= r;
+
+	errno = EAGAIN;
+    }
+    if (rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd)) {
+	rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
+	goto retry;
+    }
+
+    return -1L;
+}
+
+static long
+io_fwritev(int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_io_t *fptr)
+{
+    int i, converted, iovcnt = argc + 1;
+    long n;
+    VALUE v1, v2, str, tmp, *tmp_array;
+    struct iovec *iov;
+
+    iov = ALLOCV_N(struct iovec, v1, iovcnt);
+    tmp_array = ALLOCV_N(VALUE, v2, argc);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+	str = rb_obj_as_string(argv[i]);
+	converted = 0;
+	str = do_writeconv(str, fptr, &converted);
+	if (converted)
+	    OBJ_FREEZE(str);
+
+	tmp = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(str);
+	tmp_array[i] = tmp;
+	/* iov[0] is reserved for buffer of fptr */
+	iov[i+1].iov_base = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+	iov[i+1].iov_len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+    }
+
+    n = io_binwritev(iov, iovcnt, fptr);
+    if (v1) ALLOCV_END(v1);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+	rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(argv[i], tmp_array[i]);
+    }
+
+    if (v2) ALLOCV_END(v2);
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+static int
+iovcnt_ok(int iovcnt)
+{
+#ifdef IOV_MAX
+    return iovcnt < IOV_MAX;
+#else /* GNU/Hurd has writev, but no IOV_MAX */
+    return 1;
+#endif
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_WRITEV */
+
+static VALUE
+io_writev(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    long n;
+    VALUE tmp, total = INT2FIX(0);
+    int i, cnt = 1;
+
+    io = GetWriteIO(io);
+    tmp = rb_io_check_io(io);
+    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	/* port is not IO, call write method for it. */
+	return rb_funcallv(io, id_write, argc, argv);
+    }
+    io = tmp;
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i += cnt) {
+#ifdef HAVE_WRITEV
+	if ((fptr->mode & (FMODE_SYNC|FMODE_TTY)) && iovcnt_ok(cnt = argc - i)) {
+	    n = io_fwritev(cnt, &argv[i], fptr);
+	}
+	else
+#endif
+	{
+	    cnt = 1;
+	    /* sync at last item */
+	    n = io_fwrite(rb_obj_as_string(argv[i]), fptr, (i < argc-1));
+	}
+        if (n < 0L) rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
+	total = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), total);
+    }
+
+    return total;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.write(string)    -> integer
+ *     ios.write(string, ...)    -> integer
  *
- *  Writes the given string to <em>ios</em>. The stream must be opened
- *  for writing. If the argument is not a string, it will be converted
+ *  Writes the given strings to <em>ios</em>. The stream must be opened
+ *  for writing. Arguments that are not a string will be converted
  *  to a string using <code>to_s</code>. Returns the number of bytes
- *  written.
+ *  written in total.
  *
- *     count = $stdout.write("This is a test\n")
+ *     count = $stdout.write("This is", " a test\n")
  *     puts "That was #{count} bytes of data"
  *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
@@ -1499,9 +1938,15 @@ io_write(VALUE io, VALUE str, int nosync)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-io_write_m(VALUE io, VALUE str)
+io_write_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    return io_write(io, str, 0);
+    if (argc != 1) {
+	return io_writev(argc, argv, io);
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE str = argv[0];
+	return io_write(io, str, 0);
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1510,6 +1955,23 @@ rb_io_write(VALUE io, VALUE str)
     return rb_funcallv(io, id_write, 1, &str);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_io_writev(VALUE io, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    if (argc > 1 && rb_obj_method_arity(io, id_write) == 1) {
+	if (io != rb_ractor_stderr() && RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+	    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(io);
+	    char sep = FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) ? (klass = io, '.') : '#';
+            rb_category_warning(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "%+"PRIsVALUE"%c""write is outdated interface"
+		       " which accepts just one argument",
+		       klass, sep);
+	}
+	do rb_io_write(io, *argv++); while (--argc);
+	return argv[0];		/* unused right now */
+    }
+    return rb_funcallv(io, id_write, argc, argv);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios << obj     -> ios
@@ -1561,7 +2023,7 @@ rb_io_flush_raw(VALUE io, int sync)
 
     if (fptr->mode & FMODE_WRITABLE) {
         if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-            rb_sys_fail(0);
+            rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
     }
     if (fptr->mode & FMODE_READABLE) {
         io_unread(fptr);
@@ -1654,7 +2116,7 @@ interpret_seek_whence(VALUE vwhence)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.seek(amount, whence=IO::SEEK_SET)  ->  0
+ *     ios.seek(amount, whence=IO::SEEK_SET)  -> 0
  *
  *  Seeks to a given offset <i>anInteger</i> in the stream according to
  *  the value of <i>whence</i>:
@@ -1720,7 +2182,7 @@ static void clear_readconv(rb_io_t *fptr);
  *     ios.rewind    -> 0
  *
  *  Positions <em>ios</em> to the beginning of input, resetting
- *  <code>lineno</code> to zero.
+ *  #lineno to zero.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.readline   #=> "This is line one\n"
@@ -1750,6 +2212,16 @@ rb_io_rewind(VALUE io)
 }
 
 static int
+fptr_wait_readable(rb_io_t *fptr)
+{
+    int ret = rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd);
+
+    if (ret)
+        rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int
 io_fillbuf(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     ssize_t r;
@@ -1769,7 +2241,7 @@ io_fillbuf(rb_io_t *fptr)
 	    r = rb_read_internal(fptr->fd, fptr->rbuf.ptr, fptr->rbuf.capa);
 	}
         if (r < 0) {
-            if (rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd))
+            if (fptr_wait_readable(fptr))
                 goto retry;
 	    {
 		int e = errno;
@@ -1796,14 +2268,14 @@ io_fillbuf(rb_io_t *fptr)
  *
  *  Returns true if <em>ios</em> is at end of file that means
  *  there are no more data to read.
- *  The stream must be opened for reading or an <code>IOError</code> will be
+ *  The stream must be opened for reading or an IOError will be
  *  raised.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     dummy = f.readlines
  *     f.eof   #=> true
  *
- *  If <em>ios</em> is a stream such as pipe or socket, <code>IO#eof?</code>
+ *  If <em>ios</em> is a stream such as pipe or socket, IO#eof?
  *  blocks until the other end sends some data or closes it.
  *
  *     r, w = IO.pipe
@@ -1817,10 +2289,9 @@ io_fillbuf(rb_io_t *fptr)
  *     r, w = IO.pipe
  *     r.eof?  # blocks forever
  *
- *  Note that <code>IO#eof?</code> reads data to the input byte buffer.
- *  So <code>IO#sysread</code> may not behave as you intend with
- *  <code>IO#eof?</code>, unless you call <code>IO#rewind</code>
- *  first (which is not available for some streams).
+ *  Note that IO#eof? reads data to the input byte buffer.  So
+ *  IO#sysread may not behave as you intend with IO#eof?, unless you
+ *  call IO#rewind first (which is not available for some streams).
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1852,7 +2323,7 @@ rb_io_eof(VALUE io)
  *  Returns the current ``sync mode'' of <em>ios</em>. When sync mode is
  *  true, all output is immediately flushed to the underlying operating
  *  system and is not buffered by Ruby internally. See also
- *  <code>IO#fsync</code>.
+ *  IO#fsync.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.sync   #=> false
@@ -1877,7 +2348,7 @@ rb_io_sync(VALUE io)
  *  Sets the ``sync mode'' to <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>.
  *  When sync mode is true, all output is immediately flushed to the
  *  underlying operating system and is not buffered internally. Returns
- *  the new state. See also <code>IO#fsync</code>.
+ *  the new state. See also IO#fsync.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.sync = true
@@ -1904,12 +2375,11 @@ rb_io_set_sync(VALUE io, VALUE sync)
  *     ios.fsync   -> 0 or nil
  *
  *  Immediately writes all buffered data in <em>ios</em> to disk.
- *  Note that <code>fsync</code> differs from
- *  using <code>IO#sync=</code>. The latter ensures that data is flushed
- *  from Ruby's buffers, but does not guarantee that the underlying
- *  operating system actually writes it to disk.
+ *  Note that #fsync differs from using IO#sync=. The latter ensures
+ *  that data is flushed from Ruby's buffers, but does not guarantee
+ *  that the underlying operating system actually writes it to disk.
  *
- *  <code>NotImplementedError</code> is raised
+ *  NotImplementedError is raised
  *  if the underlying operating system does not support <em>fsync(2)</em>.
  */
 
@@ -1922,7 +2392,7 @@ rb_io_fsync(VALUE io)
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
 
     if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-        rb_sys_fail(0);
+        rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
     if ((int)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(nogvl_fsync, fptr, fptr->fd) < 0)
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -1958,8 +2428,8 @@ nogvl_fdatasync(void *ptr)
  *  Immediately writes all buffered data in <em>ios</em> to disk.
  *
  *  If the underlying operating system does not support <em>fdatasync(2)</em>,
- *  <code>IO#fsync</code> is called instead (which might raise a
- *  <code>NotImplementedError</code>).
+ *  IO#fsync is called instead (which might raise a
+ *  NotImplementedError).
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1971,7 +2441,7 @@ rb_io_fdatasync(VALUE io)
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
 
     if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-        rb_sys_fail(0);
+        rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
 
     if ((int)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(nogvl_fdatasync, fptr, fptr->fd) == 0)
 	return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -2012,7 +2482,7 @@ rb_io_fileno(VALUE io)
  *     ios.pid    -> integer
  *
  *  Returns the process ID of a child process associated with
- *  <em>ios</em>. This will be set by <code>IO.popen</code>.
+ *  <em>ios</em>. This will be set by IO.popen.
  *
  *     pipe = IO.popen("-")
  *     if pipe
@@ -2077,7 +2547,7 @@ rb_io_inspect(VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.to_io  ->  ios
+ *     ios.to_io  -> ios
  *
  *  Returns <em>ios</em>.
  */
@@ -2116,7 +2586,7 @@ io_bufread(char *ptr, long len, rb_io_t *fptr)
 	    c = rb_read_internal(fptr->fd, ptr+offset, n);
 	    if (c == 0) break;
 	    if (c < 0) {
-                if (rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd))
+                if (fptr_wait_readable(fptr))
                     goto again;
 		return -1;
 	    }
@@ -2140,7 +2610,7 @@ io_bufread(char *ptr, long len, rb_io_t *fptr)
     return len - n;
 }
 
-static void io_setstrbuf(VALUE *str, long len);
+static int io_setstrbuf(VALUE *str, long len);
 
 struct bufread_arg {
     char *str_ptr;
@@ -2159,6 +2629,17 @@ bufread_call(VALUE arg)
 static long
 io_fread(VALUE str, long offset, long size, rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
+    if (scheduler != Qnil && rb_scheduler_supports_io_read(scheduler)) {
+        ssize_t length = RB_NUM2SSIZE(
+            rb_scheduler_io_read(scheduler, fptr->self, str, offset, size)
+        );
+
+        if (length < 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+
+        return length;
+    }
+
     long len;
     struct bufread_arg arg;
 
@@ -2172,16 +2653,6 @@ io_fread(VALUE str, long offset, long size, rb_io_t *fptr)
     return len;
 }
 
-ssize_t
-rb_io_bufread(VALUE io, void *buf, size_t size)
-{
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-
-    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
-    rb_io_check_readable(fptr);
-    return (ssize_t)io_bufread(buf, (long)size, fptr);
-}
-
 static long
 remain_size(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
@@ -2196,7 +2667,7 @@ remain_size(rb_io_t *fptr)
 	)
     {
         if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-            rb_sys_fail(0);
+            rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
 	pos = lseek(fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
 	if (st.st_size >= pos && pos >= 0) {
 	    siz += st.st_size - pos;
@@ -2214,7 +2685,6 @@ remain_size(rb_io_t *fptr)
 static VALUE
 io_enc_str(VALUE str, rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
     rb_enc_associate(str, io_read_encoding(fptr));
     return str;
 }
@@ -2302,7 +2772,7 @@ fill_cbuf(rb_io_t *fptr, int ec_flags)
         if (res == econv_source_buffer_empty) {
             if (fptr->rbuf.len == 0) {
 		READ_CHECK(fptr);
-                if (io_fillbuf(fptr) == -1) {
+                if (io_fillbuf(fptr) < 0) {
 		    if (!fptr->readconv) {
 			return MORE_CHAR_FINISHED;
 		    }
@@ -2344,7 +2814,6 @@ io_shift_cbuf(rb_io_t *fptr, int len, VALUE *strp)
 	else {
 	    rb_str_cat(str, fptr->cbuf.ptr+fptr->cbuf.off, len);
 	}
-	OBJ_TAINT(str);
 	rb_enc_associate(str, fptr->encs.enc);
     }
     fptr->cbuf.off += len;
@@ -2359,33 +2828,45 @@ io_shift_cbuf(rb_io_t *fptr, int len, VALUE *strp)
     return str;
 }
 
-static void
+static int
 io_setstrbuf(VALUE *str, long len)
 {
 #ifdef _WIN32
     len = (len + 1) & ~1L;	/* round up for wide char */
 #endif
     if (NIL_P(*str)) {
-	*str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+	*str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+	return TRUE;
     }
     else {
 	VALUE s = StringValue(*str);
 	long clen = RSTRING_LEN(s);
 	if (clen >= len) {
 	    rb_str_modify(s);
-	    return;
+	    return FALSE;
 	}
 	len -= clen;
     }
     rb_str_modify_expand(*str, len);
+    return FALSE;
 }
 
+#define MAX_REALLOC_GAP 4096
 static void
-io_set_read_length(VALUE str, long n)
+io_shrink_read_string(VALUE str, long n)
+{
+    if (rb_str_capacity(str) - n > MAX_REALLOC_GAP) {
+	rb_str_resize(str, n);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+io_set_read_length(VALUE str, long n, int shrinkable)
 {
     if (RSTRING_LEN(str) != n) {
 	rb_str_modify(str);
 	rb_str_set_len(str, n);
+	if (shrinkable) io_shrink_read_string(str, n);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2397,11 +2878,12 @@ read_all(rb_io_t *fptr, long siz, VALUE str)
     long pos;
     rb_encoding *enc;
     int cr;
+    int shrinkable;
 
     if (NEED_READCONV(fptr)) {
 	int first = !NIL_P(str);
 	SET_BINARY_MODE(fptr);
-	io_setstrbuf(&str,0);
+	shrinkable = io_setstrbuf(&str,0);
         make_readconv(fptr, 0);
         while (1) {
             VALUE v;
@@ -2420,6 +2902,7 @@ read_all(rb_io_t *fptr, long siz, VALUE str)
             if (v == MORE_CHAR_FINISHED) {
                 clear_readconv(fptr);
 		if (first) rb_str_set_len(str, first = 0);
+		if (shrinkable) io_shrink_read_string(str, RSTRING_LEN(str));
                 return io_enc_str(str, fptr);
             }
         }
@@ -2433,7 +2916,7 @@ read_all(rb_io_t *fptr, long siz, VALUE str)
     cr = 0;
 
     if (siz == 0) siz = BUFSIZ;
-    io_setstrbuf(&str,siz);
+    shrinkable = io_setstrbuf(&str, siz);
     for (;;) {
 	READ_CHECK(fptr);
 	n = io_fread(str, bytes, siz - bytes, fptr);
@@ -2449,6 +2932,7 @@ read_all(rb_io_t *fptr, long siz, VALUE str)
 	siz += BUFSIZ;
 	rb_str_modify_expand(str, BUFSIZ);
     }
+    if (shrinkable) io_shrink_read_string(str, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     str = io_enc_str(str, fptr);
     ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, cr);
     return str;
@@ -2457,60 +2941,35 @@ read_all(rb_io_t *fptr, long siz, VALUE str)
 void
 rb_io_set_nonblock(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    if (rb_w32_set_nonblock(fptr->fd) != 0) {
+    if (rb_fd_set_nonblock(fptr->fd) != 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     }
-#else
-    int oflags;
-#ifdef F_GETFL
-    oflags = fcntl(fptr->fd, F_GETFL);
-    if (oflags == -1) {
-        rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
-    }
-#else
-    oflags = 0;
-#endif
-    if ((oflags & O_NONBLOCK) == 0) {
-        oflags |= O_NONBLOCK;
-        if (fcntl(fptr->fd, F_SETFL, oflags) == -1) {
-            rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
-        }
-    }
-#endif
 }
 
-struct read_internal_arg {
-    int fd;
-    char *str_ptr;
-    long len;
-};
-
 static VALUE
 read_internal_call(VALUE arg)
 {
-    struct read_internal_arg *p = (struct read_internal_arg *)arg;
-    p->len = rb_read_internal(p->fd, p->str_ptr, p->len);
-    return Qundef;
+    struct io_internal_read_struct *iis = (struct io_internal_read_struct *)arg;
+
+    return rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_read_func, iis, iis->fd);
 }
 
-static int
-no_exception_p(VALUE opts)
+static long
+read_internal_locktmp(VALUE str, struct io_internal_read_struct *iis)
 {
-    VALUE except;
-    ID id = id_exception;
-
-    rb_get_kwargs(opts, &id, 0, 1, &except);
-    return except == Qfalse;
+    return (long)rb_str_locktmp_ensure(str, read_internal_call, (VALUE)iis);
 }
 
+#define no_exception_p(opts) !rb_opts_exception_p((opts), TRUE)
+
 static VALUE
-io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
+io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, int no_exception, int nonblock)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     VALUE length, str;
     long n, len;
-    struct read_internal_arg arg;
+    struct io_internal_read_struct iis;
+    int shrinkable;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &length, &str);
 
@@ -2518,14 +2977,15 @@ io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative length %ld given", len);
     }
 
-    io_setstrbuf(&str,len);
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
+    shrinkable = io_setstrbuf(&str, len);
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
 
-    if (len == 0)
+    if (len == 0) {
+	io_set_read_length(str, 0, shrinkable);
 	return str;
+    }
 
     if (!nonblock)
         READ_CHECK(fptr);
@@ -2536,17 +2996,18 @@ io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
             rb_io_set_nonblock(fptr);
         }
 	io_setstrbuf(&str, len);
-	arg.fd = fptr->fd;
-	arg.str_ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	arg.len = len;
-	rb_str_locktmp_ensure(str, read_internal_call, (VALUE)&arg);
-	n = arg.len;
+        iis.th = rb_thread_current();
+        iis.fd = fptr->fd;
+        iis.nonblock = nonblock;
+        iis.buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+        iis.capa = len;
+        n = read_internal_locktmp(str, &iis);
         if (n < 0) {
 	    int e = errno;
-            if (!nonblock && rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd))
+            if (!nonblock && fptr_wait_readable(fptr))
                 goto again;
 	    if (nonblock && (e == EWOULDBLOCK || e == EAGAIN)) {
-                if (no_exception_p(opts))
+                if (no_exception)
                     return sym_wait_readable;
                 else
 		    rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE,
@@ -2555,7 +3016,7 @@ io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
             rb_syserr_fail_path(e, fptr->pathv);
         }
     }
-    io_set_read_length(str, n);
+    io_set_read_length(str, n, shrinkable);
 
     if (n == 0)
         return Qnil;
@@ -2571,11 +3032,13 @@ io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
  *  Reads at most <i>maxlen</i> bytes from the I/O stream.
  *  It blocks only if <em>ios</em> has no data immediately available.
  *  It doesn't block if some data available.
- *  If the optional <i>outbuf</i> argument is present,
+ *
+ *  If the optional _outbuf_ argument is present,
  *  it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
- *  The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
+ *  The _outbuf_ will contain only the received data after the method call
  *  even if it is not empty at the beginning.
- *  It raises <code>EOFError</code> on end of file.
+ *
+ *  It raises EOFError on end of file.
  *
  *  readpartial is designed for streams such as pipe, socket, tty, etc.
  *  It blocks only when no data immediately available.
@@ -2614,11 +3077,15 @@ io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
  *
  *  Note that readpartial behaves similar to sysread.
  *  The differences are:
- *  * If the byte buffer is not empty, read from the byte buffer instead of "sysread for buffered IO (IOError)".
- *  * It doesn't cause Errno::EWOULDBLOCK and Errno::EINTR.  When readpartial meets EWOULDBLOCK and EINTR by read system call, readpartial retry the system call.
+ *  * If the byte buffer is not empty, read from the byte buffer
+ *    instead of "sysread for buffered IO (IOError)".
+ *  * It doesn't cause Errno::EWOULDBLOCK and Errno::EINTR.  When
+ *    readpartial meets EWOULDBLOCK and EINTR by read system call,
+ *    readpartial retry the system call.
  *
  *  The latter means that readpartial is nonblocking-flag insensitive.
- *  It blocks on the situation IO#sysread causes Errno::EWOULDBLOCK as if the fd is blocking mode.
+ *  It blocks on the situation IO#sysread causes Errno::EWOULDBLOCK as
+ *  if the fd is blocking mode.
  *
  */
 
@@ -2634,9 +3101,9 @@ io_readpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-io_nonblock_eof(VALUE opts)
+io_nonblock_eof(int no_exception)
 {
-    if (!no_exception_p(opts)) {
+    if (!no_exception) {
         rb_eof_error();
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -2644,47 +3111,51 @@ io_nonblock_eof(VALUE opts)
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-io_read_nonblock(VALUE io, VALUE length, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
+io_read_nonblock(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE io, VALUE length, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     long n, len;
-    struct read_internal_arg arg;
+    struct io_internal_read_struct iis;
+    int shrinkable;
 
     if ((len = NUM2LONG(length)) < 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative length %ld given", len);
     }
 
-    io_setstrbuf(&str,len);
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
+    shrinkable = io_setstrbuf(&str, len);
+    rb_bool_expected(ex, "exception");
+
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
 
-    if (len == 0)
+    if (len == 0) {
+	io_set_read_length(str, 0, shrinkable);
 	return str;
+    }
 
     n = read_buffered_data(RSTRING_PTR(str), len, fptr);
     if (n <= 0) {
 	rb_io_set_nonblock(fptr);
-	io_setstrbuf(&str, len);
-	arg.fd = fptr->fd;
-	arg.str_ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	arg.len = len;
-	rb_str_locktmp_ensure(str, read_internal_call, (VALUE)&arg);
-	n = arg.len;
+	shrinkable |= io_setstrbuf(&str, len);
+        iis.fd = fptr->fd;
+        iis.nonblock = 1;
+        iis.buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+        iis.capa = len;
+        n = read_internal_locktmp(str, &iis);
         if (n < 0) {
 	    int e = errno;
 	    if ((e == EWOULDBLOCK || e == EAGAIN)) {
-                if (ex == Qfalse) return sym_wait_readable;
+                if (!ex) return sym_wait_readable;
 		rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE,
 					 e, "read would block");
             }
             rb_syserr_fail_path(e, fptr->pathv);
         }
     }
-    io_set_read_length(str, n);
+    io_set_read_length(str, n, shrinkable);
 
     if (n == 0) {
-	if (ex == Qfalse) return Qnil;
+        if (!ex) return Qnil;
 	rb_eof_error();
     }
 
@@ -2693,28 +3164,30 @@ io_read_nonblock(VALUE io, VALUE length, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-io_write_nonblock(VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
+io_write_nonblock(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     long n;
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING))
 	str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
+    rb_bool_expected(ex, "exception");
 
     io = GetWriteIO(io);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
 
     if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-        rb_sys_fail(0);
+        rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
 
     rb_io_set_nonblock(fptr);
     n = write(fptr->fd, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(str);
 
-    if (n == -1) {
+    if (n < 0) {
 	int e = errno;
 	if (e == EWOULDBLOCK || e == EAGAIN) {
-	    if (ex == Qfalse) {
+            if (!ex) {
 		return sym_wait_writable;
 	    }
 	    else {
@@ -2731,66 +3204,67 @@ io_write_nonblock(VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.read([length [, outbuf]])    -> string, outbuf, or nil
  *
- *  Reads <i>length</i> bytes from the I/O stream.
+ *  Reads _length_ bytes from the I/O stream.
  *
- *  <i>length</i> must be a non-negative integer or <code>nil</code>.
+ *  _length_ must be a non-negative integer or +nil+.
  *
- *  If <i>length</i> is a positive integer,
- *  it tries to read <i>length</i> bytes without any conversion (binary mode).
- *  It returns <code>nil</code> or a string whose length is 1 to <i>length</i> bytes.
- *  <code>nil</code> means it met EOF at beginning.
- *  The 1 to <i>length</i>-1 bytes string means it met EOF after reading the result.
- *  The <i>length</i> bytes string means it doesn't meet EOF.
- *  The resulted string is always ASCII-8BIT encoding.
+ *  If _length_ is a positive integer, +read+ tries to read
+ *  _length_ bytes without any conversion (binary mode).
+ *  It returns +nil+ if an EOF is encountered before anything can be read.
+ *  Fewer than _length_ bytes are returned if an EOF is encountered during
+ *  the read.
+ *  In the case of an integer _length_, the resulting string is always
+ *  in ASCII-8BIT encoding.
  *
- *  If <i>length</i> is omitted or is <code>nil</code>,
- *  it reads until EOF and the encoding conversion is applied.
- *  It returns a string even if EOF is met at beginning.
+ *  If _length_ is omitted or is +nil+, it reads until EOF
+ *  and the encoding conversion is applied, if applicable.
+ *  A string is returned even if EOF is encountered before any data is read.
  *
- *  If <i>length</i> is zero, it returns <code>""</code>.
+ *  If _length_ is zero, it returns an empty string (<code>""</code>).
  *
- *  If the optional <i>outbuf</i> argument is present, it must reference
- *  a String, which will receive the data.
- *  The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
+ *  If the optional _outbuf_ argument is present,
+ *  it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
+ *  The _outbuf_ will contain only the received data after the method call
  *  even if it is not empty at the beginning.
  *
- *  At end of file, it returns <code>nil</code> or <code>""</code>
- *  depend on <i>length</i>.
- *  <code><i>ios</i>.read()</code> and
- *  <code><i>ios</i>.read(nil)</code> returns <code>""</code>.
- *  <code><i>ios</i>.read(<i>positive-integer</i>)</code> returns <code>nil</code>.
+ *  When this method is called at end of file, it returns +nil+
+ *  or <code>""</code>, depending on _length_:
+ *  +read+, <code>read(nil)</code>, and <code>read(0)</code> return
+ *  <code>""</code>,
+ *  <code>read(<i>positive_integer</i>)</code> returns +nil+.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.read(16)   #=> "This is line one"
  *
- *     # reads whole file
- *     open("file") {|f|
- *       data = f.read # This returns a string even if the file is empty.
- *       ...
- *     }
+ *     # read whole file
+ *     open("file") do |f|
+ *       data = f.read   # This returns a string even if the file is empty.
+ *       # ...
+ *     end
  *
- *     # iterate over fixed length records.
- *     open("fixed-record-file") {|f|
+ *     # iterate over fixed length records
+ *     open("fixed-record-file") do |f|
  *       while record = f.read(256)
- *         ...
+ *         # ...
  *       end
- *     }
+ *     end
  *
- *     # iterate over variable length records.
- *     # record is prefixed by 32-bit length.
- *     open("variable-record-file") {|f|
+ *     # iterate over variable length records,
+ *     # each record is prefixed by its 32-bit length
+ *     open("variable-record-file") do |f|
  *       while len = f.read(4)
- *         len = len.unpack("N")[0] # 32-bit length
- *         record = f.read(len) # This returns a string even if len is 0.
+ *         len = len.unpack("N")[0]   # 32-bit length
+ *         record = f.read(len)       # This returns a string even if len is 0.
  *       end
- *     }
+ *     end
  *
- *  Note that this method behaves like fread() function in C.
- *  This means it retry to invoke read(2) system call to read data with the specified length (or until EOF).
- *  This behavior is preserved even if <i>ios</i> is non-blocking mode.
+ *  Note that this method behaves like the fread() function in C.
+ *  This means it retries to invoke read(2) system calls to read data
+ *  with the specified length (or until EOF).
+ *  This behavior is preserved even if <i>ios</i> is in non-blocking mode.
  *  (This method is non-blocking flag insensitive as other methods.)
- *  If you need the behavior like single read(2) system call,
- *  consider readpartial, read_nonblock and sysread.
+ *  If you need the behavior like a single read(2) system call,
+ *  consider #readpartial, #read_nonblock, and #sysread.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2799,6 +3273,7 @@ io_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     long n, len;
     VALUE length, str;
+    int shrinkable;
 #if defined(RUBY_TEST_CRLF_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(_WIN32)
     int previous_mode;
 #endif
@@ -2815,12 +3290,12 @@ io_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative length %ld given", len);
     }
 
-    io_setstrbuf(&str,len);
+    shrinkable = io_setstrbuf(&str,len);
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
     if (len == 0) {
-	io_set_read_length(str, 0);
+	io_set_read_length(str, 0, shrinkable);
 	return str;
     }
 
@@ -2829,14 +3304,13 @@ io_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     previous_mode = set_binary_mode_with_seek_cur(fptr);
 #endif
     n = io_fread(str, 0, len, fptr);
-    io_set_read_length(str, n);
+    io_set_read_length(str, n, shrinkable);
 #if defined(RUBY_TEST_CRLF_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(_WIN32)
     if (previous_mode == O_TEXT) {
 	setmode(fptr->fd, O_TEXT);
     }
 #endif
     if (n == 0) return Qnil;
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -3013,6 +3487,12 @@ rb_io_getline_fast(rb_io_t *fptr, rb_encoding *enc, int chomp)
 		read_buffered_data(RSTRING_PTR(str)+len, pending - chomplen, fptr);
 		fptr->rbuf.off += chomplen;
 		fptr->rbuf.len -= chomplen;
+                if (pending == 1 && chomplen == 1 && len > 0) {
+                    if (RSTRING_PTR(str)[len-1] == '\r') {
+                        rb_str_resize(str, --len);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
 	    }
 	    len += pending - chomplen;
 	    if (cr != ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN)
@@ -3270,20 +3750,20 @@ rb_io_gets_internal(VALUE io)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.gets(sep=$/)     -> string or nil
- *     ios.gets(limit)      -> string or nil
- *     ios.gets(sep, limit) -> string or nil
+ *     ios.gets(sep=$/ [, getline_args])     -> string or nil
+ *     ios.gets(limit [, getline_args])      -> string or nil
+ *     ios.gets(sep, limit [, getline_args]) -> string or nil
  *
  *  Reads the next ``line'' from the I/O stream; lines are separated by
- *  <i>sep</i>. A separator of <code>nil</code> reads the entire
+ *  <i>sep</i>. A separator of +nil+ reads the entire
  *  contents, and a zero-length separator reads the input a paragraph at
  *  a time (two successive newlines in the input separate paragraphs).
- *  The stream must be opened for reading or an <code>IOError</code>
- *  will be raised. The line read in will be returned and also assigned
- *  to <code>$_</code>. Returns <code>nil</code> if called at end of
- *  file.  If the first argument is an integer, or optional second
- *  argument is given, the returning string would not be longer than the
- *  given value in bytes.
+ *  The stream must be opened for reading or an IOError will be raised.
+ *  The line read in will be returned and also assigned to
+ *  <code>$_</code>. Returns +nil+ if called at end of file.  If the
+ *  first argument is an integer, or optional second argument is given,
+ *  the returning string would not be longer than the given value in
+ *  bytes.
  *
  *     File.new("testfile").gets   #=> "This is line one\n"
  *     $_                          #=> "This is line one\n"
@@ -3317,12 +3797,12 @@ rb_io_gets_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *     ios.lineno    -> integer
  *
  *  Returns the current line number in <em>ios</em>.  The stream must be
- *  opened for reading. <code>lineno</code> counts the number of times
- *  #gets is called rather than the number of newlines encountered.  The two
- *  values will differ if #gets is called with a separator other than newline.
+ *  opened for reading. #lineno counts the number of times #gets is called
+ *  rather than the number of newlines encountered.  The two values will
+ *  differ if #gets is called with a separator other than newline.
  *
  *  Methods that use <code>$/</code> like #each, #lines and #readline will
- *  also increment <code>lineno</code>.
+ *  also increment #lineno.
  *
  *  See also the <code>$.</code> variable.
  *
@@ -3374,12 +3854,11 @@ rb_io_set_lineno(VALUE io, VALUE lineno)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.readline(sep=$/)     -> string
- *     ios.readline(limit)      -> string
- *     ios.readline(sep, limit) -> string
+ *     ios.readline(sep=$/ [, getline_args])     -> string
+ *     ios.readline(limit [, getline_args])      -> string
+ *     ios.readline(sep, limit [, getline_args]) -> string
  *
- *  Reads a line as with <code>IO#gets</code>, but raises an
- *  <code>EOFError</code> on end of file.
+ *  Reads a line as with IO#gets, but raises an EOFError on end of file.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3397,20 +3876,26 @@ static VALUE io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.readlines(sep=$/)     -> array
- *     ios.readlines(limit)      -> array
- *     ios.readlines(sep, limit) -> array
+ *     ios.readlines(sep=$/ [, getline_args])     -> array
+ *     ios.readlines(limit [, getline_args])      -> array
+ *     ios.readlines(sep, limit [, getline_args]) -> array
  *
  *  Reads all of the lines in <em>ios</em>, and returns them in
- *  <i>anArray</i>. Lines are separated by the optional <i>sep</i>. If
- *  <i>sep</i> is <code>nil</code>, the rest of the stream is returned
- *  as a single record.  If the first argument is an integer, or
+ *  an array. Lines are separated by the optional <i>sep</i>. If
+ *  <i>sep</i> is +nil+, the rest of the stream is returned
+ *  as a single record.
+ *  If the first argument is an integer, or an
  *  optional second argument is given, the returning string would not be
  *  longer than the given value in bytes. The stream must be opened for
- *  reading or an <code>IOError</code> will be raised.
+ *  reading or an IOError will be raised.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.readlines[0]   #=> "This is line one\n"
+ *
+ *     f = File.new("testfile", chomp: true)
+ *     f.readlines[0]   #=> "This is line one"
+ *
+ *  See IO.readlines for details about getline_args.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3438,19 +3923,19 @@ io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.each(sep=$/) {|line| block }         -> ios
- *     ios.each(limit) {|line| block }          -> ios
- *     ios.each(sep,limit) {|line| block }      -> ios
- *     ios.each(...)                            -> an_enumerator
+ *     ios.each(sep=$/ [, getline_args])          {|line| block } -> ios
+ *     ios.each(limit [, getline_args])           {|line| block } -> ios
+ *     ios.each(sep, limit [, getline_args])      {|line| block } -> ios
+ *     ios.each(...)                             -> an_enumerator
  *
- *     ios.each_line(sep=$/) {|line| block }    -> ios
- *     ios.each_line(limit) {|line| block }     -> ios
- *     ios.each_line(sep,limit) {|line| block } -> ios
- *     ios.each_line(...)                       -> an_enumerator
+ *     ios.each_line(sep=$/ [, getline_args])     {|line| block } -> ios
+ *     ios.each_line(limit [, getline_args])      {|line| block } -> ios
+ *     ios.each_line(sep, limit [, getline_args]) {|line| block } -> ios
+ *     ios.each_line(...)                        -> an_enumerator
  *
  *  Executes the block for every line in <em>ios</em>, where lines are
  *  separated by <i>sep</i>. <em>ios</em> must be opened for
- *  reading or an <code>IOError</code> will be raised.
+ *  reading or an IOError will be raised.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
@@ -3463,6 +3948,8 @@ io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io)
  *     2: This is line two
  *     3: This is line three
  *     4: And so on...
+ *
+ *  See IO.readlines for details about getline_args.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3482,26 +3969,13 @@ rb_io_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_line</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_io_lines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_warn("IO#lines is deprecated; use #each_line instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(io, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_line")), argc, argv);
-    return rb_io_each_line(argc, argv, io);
-}
-
-/*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.each_byte {|byte| block }  -> ios
  *     ios.each_byte                  -> an_enumerator
  *
  *  Calls the given block once for each byte (0..255) in <em>ios</em>,
  *  passing the byte as an argument. The stream must be opened for
- *  reading or an <code>IOError</code> will be raised.
+ *  reading or an IOError will be raised.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
@@ -3524,27 +3998,14 @@ rb_io_each_byte(VALUE io)
 	    char *p = fptr->rbuf.ptr + fptr->rbuf.off++;
 	    fptr->rbuf.len--;
 	    rb_yield(INT2FIX(*p & 0xff));
+	    rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
 	    errno = 0;
 	}
-	rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
 	READ_CHECK(fptr);
     } while (io_fillbuf(fptr) >= 0);
     return io;
 }
 
-/*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_byte</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_io_bytes(VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_warn("IO#bytes is deprecated; use #each_byte instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(io, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_byte")), 0, 0);
-    return rb_io_each_byte(io);
-}
-
 static VALUE
 io_getc(rb_io_t *fptr, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
@@ -3552,9 +4013,9 @@ io_getc(rb_io_t *fptr, rb_encoding *enc)
     VALUE str;
 
     if (NEED_READCONV(fptr)) {
-        VALUE str = Qnil;
 	rb_encoding *read_enc = io_read_encoding(fptr);
 
+	str = Qnil;
 	SET_BINARY_MODE(fptr);
         make_readconv(fptr, 0);
 
@@ -3659,7 +4120,7 @@ io_getc(rb_io_t *fptr, rb_encoding *enc)
  *
  *  Calls the given block once for each character in <em>ios</em>,
  *  passing the character as an argument. The stream must be opened for
- *  reading or an <code>IOError</code> will be raised.
+ *  reading or an IOError will be raised.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
@@ -3687,29 +4148,15 @@ rb_io_each_char(VALUE io)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_char</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_io_chars(VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_warn("IO#chars is deprecated; use #each_char instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(io, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_char")), 0, 0);
-    return rb_io_each_char(io);
-}
-
-
-/*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.each_codepoint {|c| block }  -> ios
  *     ios.codepoints     {|c| block }  -> ios
  *     ios.each_codepoint               -> an_enumerator
  *     ios.codepoints                   -> an_enumerator
  *
- *  Passes the <code>Integer</code> ordinal of each character in <i>ios</i>,
+ *  Passes the Integer ordinal of each character in <i>ios</i>,
  *  passing the codepoint as an argument. The stream must be opened for
- *  reading or an <code>IOError</code> will be raised.
+ *  reading or an IOError will be raised.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
@@ -3772,6 +4219,7 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
 	    fptr->cbuf.off += n;
 	    fptr->cbuf.len -= n;
 	    rb_yield(UINT2NUM(c));
+            rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
 	}
     }
     NEED_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_ON_READ_CHECK(fptr);
@@ -3788,8 +4236,7 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
 	    rb_yield(UINT2NUM(c));
 	}
 	else if (MBCLEN_INVALID_P(r)) {
-	  invalid:
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid byte sequence in %s", rb_enc_name(enc));
+            goto invalid;
 	}
 	else if (MBCLEN_NEEDMORE_P(r)) {
 	    char cbuf[8], *p = cbuf;
@@ -3810,30 +4257,21 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
 	else {
 	    continue;
 	}
+        rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
     }
     return io;
-}
-
-/*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_codepoint</code>.
- */
 
-static VALUE
-rb_io_codepoints(VALUE io)
-{
-    rb_warn("IO#codepoints is deprecated; use #each_codepoint instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(io, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_codepoint")), 0, 0);
-    return rb_io_each_codepoint(io);
+  invalid:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid byte sequence in %s", rb_enc_name(enc));
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.getc   -> string or nil
  *
  *  Reads a one-character string from <em>ios</em>. Returns
- *  <code>nil</code> if called at end of file.
+ *  +nil+ if called at end of file.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.getc   #=> "h"
@@ -3859,7 +4297,7 @@ rb_io_getc(VALUE io)
  *     ios.readchar   -> string
  *
  *  Reads a one-character string from <em>ios</em>. Raises an
- *  <code>EOFError</code> on end of file.
+ *  EOFError on end of file.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.readchar   #=> "h"
@@ -3882,7 +4320,7 @@ rb_io_readchar(VALUE io)
  *     ios.getbyte   -> integer or nil
  *
  *  Gets the next 8-bit byte (0..255) from <em>ios</em>. Returns
- *  <code>nil</code> if called at end of file.
+ *  +nil+ if called at end of file.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.getbyte   #=> 84
@@ -3898,11 +4336,12 @@ rb_io_getbyte(VALUE io)
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
     READ_CHECK(fptr);
-    if (fptr->fd == 0 && (fptr->mode & FMODE_TTY) && RB_TYPE_P(rb_stdout, T_FILE)) {
+    VALUE r_stdout = rb_ractor_stdout();
+    if (fptr->fd == 0 && (fptr->mode & FMODE_TTY) && RB_TYPE_P(r_stdout, T_FILE)) {
         rb_io_t *ofp;
-        GetOpenFile(rb_stdout, ofp);
+        GetOpenFile(r_stdout, ofp);
         if (ofp->mode & FMODE_TTY) {
-            rb_io_flush(rb_stdout);
+            rb_io_flush(r_stdout);
         }
     }
     if (io_fillbuf(fptr) < 0) {
@@ -3918,8 +4357,8 @@ rb_io_getbyte(VALUE io)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.readbyte   -> integer
  *
- *  Reads a byte as with <code>IO#getbyte</code>, but raises an
- *  <code>EOFError</code> on end of file.
+ *  Reads a byte as with IO#getbyte, but raises an EOFError on end of
+ *  file.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3936,13 +4375,13 @@ rb_io_readbyte(VALUE io)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.ungetbyte(string)   -> nil
- *     ios.ungetbyte(integer)   -> nil
+ *     ios.ungetbyte(integer)  -> nil
  *
  *  Pushes back bytes (passed as a parameter) onto <em>ios</em>,
  *  such that a subsequent buffered read will return it. Only one byte
  *  may be pushed back before a subsequent read operation (that is,
  *  you will be able to read only the last of several bytes that have been pushed
- *  back). Has no effect with unbuffered reads (such as <code>IO#sysread</code>).
+ *  back). Has no effect with unbuffered reads (such as IO#sysread).
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")   #=> #<File:testfile>
  *     b = f.getbyte              #=> 0x38
@@ -3957,13 +4396,17 @@ rb_io_ungetbyte(VALUE io, VALUE b)
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
-    if (NIL_P(b)) return Qnil;
-    if (FIXNUM_P(b)) {
-	char cc = FIX2INT(b);
-	b = rb_str_new(&cc, 1);
-    }
-    else {
-	SafeStringValue(b);
+    switch (TYPE(b)) {
+      case T_NIL:
+        return Qnil;
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_BIGNUM: ;
+        VALUE v = rb_int_modulo(b, INT2FIX(256));
+        unsigned char c = NUM2INT(v) & 0xFF;
+        b = rb_str_new((const char *)&c, 1);
+        break;
+      default:
+        SafeStringValue(b);
     }
     io_ungetbyte(b, fptr);
     return Qnil;
@@ -3977,7 +4420,7 @@ rb_io_ungetbyte(VALUE io, VALUE b)
  *  such that a subsequent buffered character read will return it. Only one character
  *  may be pushed back before a subsequent read operation (that is,
  *  you will be able to read only the last of several characters that have been pushed
- *  back). Has no effect with unbuffered reads (such as <code>IO#sysread</code>).
+ *  back). Has no effect with unbuffered reads (such as IO#sysread).
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")   #=> #<File:testfile>
  *     c = f.getc                 #=> "8"
@@ -3993,7 +4436,6 @@ rb_io_ungetc(VALUE io, VALUE c)
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     rb_io_check_char_readable(fptr);
-    if (NIL_P(c)) return Qnil;
     if (FIXNUM_P(c)) {
 	c = rb_enc_uint_chr(FIX2UINT(c), io_read_encoding(fptr));
     }
@@ -4132,7 +4574,7 @@ rb_io_set_close_on_exec(VALUE io, VALUE arg)
             if ((ret & FD_CLOEXEC) != flag) {
                 ret = (ret & ~FD_CLOEXEC) | flag;
                 ret = fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, ret);
-                if (ret == -1) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+                if (ret != 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
             }
         }
 
@@ -4144,7 +4586,7 @@ rb_io_set_close_on_exec(VALUE io, VALUE arg)
         if ((ret & FD_CLOEXEC) != flag) {
             ret = (ret & ~FD_CLOEXEC) | flag;
             ret = fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, ret);
-            if (ret == -1) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+            if (ret != 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
         }
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -4153,7 +4595,6 @@ rb_io_set_close_on_exec(VALUE io, VALUE arg)
 #define rb_io_set_close_on_exec rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
-#define FMODE_PREP (1<<16)
 #define IS_PREP_STDIO(f) ((f)->mode & FMODE_PREP)
 #define PREP_STDIO_NAME(f) (RSTRING_PTR((f)->pathv))
 
@@ -4274,7 +4715,8 @@ static void free_io_buffer(rb_io_buffer_t *buf);
 static void clear_codeconv(rb_io_t *fptr);
 
 static void
-fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
+fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise, int keepgvl,
+                    struct list_head *busy)
 {
     VALUE err = Qnil;
     int fd = fptr->fd;
@@ -4294,8 +4736,7 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
     }
     if (fptr->wbuf.len) {
 	if (noraise) {
-	    if ((int)io_flush_buffer_sync(fptr) < 0 && NIL_P(err))
-		err = Qtrue;
+	    io_flush_buffer_sync(fptr);
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0 && NIL_P(err))
@@ -4307,6 +4748,14 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
     fptr->stdio_file = 0;
     fptr->mode &= ~(FMODE_READABLE|FMODE_WRITABLE);
 
+    /*
+     * ensure waiting_fd users do not hit EBADF, wait for them
+     * to exit before we call close().
+     */
+    if (busy) {
+        do rb_thread_schedule(); while (!list_empty(busy));
+    }
+
     if (IS_PREP_STDIO(fptr) || fd <= 2) {
 	/* need to keep FILE objects of stdin, stdout and stderr */
     }
@@ -4314,7 +4763,7 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
 	/* stdio_file is deallocated anyway
          * even if fclose failed.  */
 	if ((maygvl_fclose(stdio_file, noraise) < 0) && NIL_P(err))
-	    err = noraise ? Qtrue : INT2NUM(errno);
+	    if (!noraise) err = INT2NUM(errno);
     }
     else if (0 <= fd) {
 	/* fptr->fd may be closed even if close fails.
@@ -4322,10 +4771,10 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
          * We assumes it is closed.  */
 
 	/**/
-	int keepgvl = !(mode & FMODE_WRITABLE);
+	keepgvl |= !(mode & FMODE_WRITABLE);
 	keepgvl |= noraise;
 	if ((maygvl_close(fd, keepgvl) < 0) && NIL_P(err))
-	    err = noraise ? Qtrue : INT2NUM(errno);
+	    if (!noraise) err = INT2NUM(errno);
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(err) && !noraise) {
@@ -4339,7 +4788,7 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
 static void
 fptr_finalize(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
 {
-    fptr_finalize_flush(fptr, noraise);
+    fptr_finalize_flush(fptr, noraise, FALSE, 0);
     free_io_buffer(&fptr->rbuf);
     free_io_buffer(&fptr->wbuf);
     clear_codeconv(fptr);
@@ -4392,21 +4841,36 @@ clear_codeconv(rb_io_t *fptr)
     clear_writeconv(fptr);
 }
 
-int
-rb_io_fptr_finalize(rb_io_t *fptr)
+void
+rb_io_fptr_finalize_internal(void *ptr)
 {
-    if (!fptr) return 0;
+    rb_io_t *fptr = ptr;
+
+    if (!ptr) return;
     fptr->pathv = Qnil;
     if (0 <= fptr->fd)
-	rb_io_fptr_cleanup(fptr, TRUE);
+        rb_io_fptr_cleanup(fptr, TRUE);
     fptr->write_lock = 0;
     free_io_buffer(&fptr->rbuf);
     free_io_buffer(&fptr->wbuf);
     clear_codeconv(fptr);
     free(fptr);
-    return 1;
 }
 
+#undef rb_io_fptr_finalize
+int
+rb_io_fptr_finalize(rb_io_t *fptr)
+{
+    if (!fptr) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_io_fptr_finalize_internal(fptr);
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+#define rb_io_fptr_finalize(fptr) rb_io_fptr_finalize_internal(fptr)
+
 RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED size_t
 rb_io_memsize(const rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
@@ -4419,16 +4883,23 @@ rb_io_memsize(const rb_io_t *fptr)
     return size;
 }
 
-int rb_notify_fd_close(int fd);
+#ifdef _WIN32
+/* keep GVL while closing to prevent crash on Windows */
+# define KEEPGVL TRUE
+#else
+# define KEEPGVL FALSE
+#endif
+
+int rb_notify_fd_close(int fd, struct list_head *);
 static rb_io_t *
 io_close_fptr(VALUE io)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    int fd;
     VALUE write_io;
     rb_io_t *write_fptr;
-    int busy;
+    struct list_head busy;
 
+    list_head_init(&busy);
     write_io = GetWriteIO(io);
     if (io != write_io) {
         write_fptr = RFILE(write_io)->fptr;
@@ -4441,11 +4912,9 @@ io_close_fptr(VALUE io)
     if (!fptr) return 0;
     if (fptr->fd < 0) return 0;
 
-    fd = fptr->fd;
-    busy = rb_notify_fd_close(fd);
-    fptr_finalize_flush(fptr, FALSE);
-    if (busy) {
-	do rb_thread_schedule(); while (rb_notify_fd_close(fd));
+    if (rb_notify_fd_close(fptr->fd, &busy)) {
+        /* calls close(fptr->fd): */
+        fptr_finalize_flush(fptr, FALSE, KEEPGVL, &busy);
     }
     rb_io_fptr_cleanup(fptr, FALSE);
     return fptr;
@@ -4456,9 +4925,9 @@ fptr_waitpid(rb_io_t *fptr, int nohang)
 {
     int status;
     if (fptr->pid) {
-	rb_last_status_clear();
-	rb_waitpid(fptr->pid, &status, nohang ? WNOHANG : 0);
-	fptr->pid = 0;
+        rb_last_status_clear();
+        rb_waitpid(fptr->pid, &status, nohang ? WNOHANG : 0);
+        fptr->pid = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -4476,12 +4945,11 @@ rb_io_close(VALUE io)
  *
  *  Closes <em>ios</em> and flushes any pending writes to the operating
  *  system. The stream is unavailable for any further data operations;
- *  an <code>IOError</code> is raised if such an attempt is made. I/O
- *  streams are automatically closed when they are claimed by the
- *  garbage collector.
+ *  an IOError is raised if such an attempt is made. I/O streams are
+ *  automatically closed when they are claimed by the garbage collector.
  *
- *  If <em>ios</em> is opened by <code>IO.popen</code>,
- *  <code>close</code> sets <code>$?</code>.
+ *  If <em>ios</em> is opened by IO.popen, #close sets
+ *  <code>$?</code>.
  *
  *  Calling this method on closed IO object is just ignored since Ruby 2.3.
  */
@@ -4508,7 +4976,7 @@ static VALUE
 ignore_closed_stream(VALUE io, VALUE exc)
 {
     enum {mesg_len = sizeof(closed_stream)-1};
-    VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, rb_intern("mesg"));
+    VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, idMesg);
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(mesg, T_STRING) ||
 	RSTRING_LEN(mesg) != mesg_len ||
 	memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(mesg), closed_stream, mesg_len)) {
@@ -4571,7 +5039,7 @@ rb_io_closed(VALUE io)
  *
  *  Closes the read end of a duplex I/O stream (i.e., one that contains
  *  both a read and a write stream, such as a pipe). Will raise an
- *  <code>IOError</code> if the stream is not duplexed.
+ *  IOError if the stream is not duplexed.
  *
  *     f = IO.popen("/bin/sh","r+")
  *     f.close_read
@@ -4581,6 +5049,8 @@ rb_io_closed(VALUE io)
  *
  *     prog.rb:3:in `readlines': not opened for reading (IOError)
  *     	from prog.rb:3
+ *
+ *  Calling this method on closed IO object is just ignored since Ruby 2.3.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4630,7 +5100,7 @@ rb_io_close_read(VALUE io)
  *
  *  Closes the write end of a duplex I/O stream (i.e., one that contains
  *  both a read and a write stream, such as a pipe). Will raise an
- *  <code>IOError</code> if the stream is not duplexed.
+ *  IOError if the stream is not duplexed.
  *
  *     f = IO.popen("/bin/sh","r+")
  *     f.close_write
@@ -4641,6 +5111,8 @@ rb_io_close_read(VALUE io)
  *     prog.rb:3:in `write': not opened for writing (IOError)
  *     	from prog.rb:3:in `print'
  *     	from prog.rb:3
+ *
+ *  Calling this method on closed IO object is just ignored since Ruby 2.3.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4681,8 +5153,8 @@ rb_io_close_write(VALUE io)
  *     ios.sysseek(offset, whence=IO::SEEK_SET)   -> integer
  *
  *  Seeks to a given <i>offset</i> in the stream according to the value
- *  of <i>whence</i> (see <code>IO#seek</code> for values of
- *  <i>whence</i>). Returns the new offset into the file.
+ *  of <i>whence</i> (see IO#seek for values of <i>whence</i>). Returns
+ *  the new offset into the file.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.sysseek(-13, IO::SEEK_END)   #=> 53
@@ -4711,7 +5183,7 @@ rb_io_sysseek(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     }
     errno = 0;
     pos = lseek(fptr->fd, pos, whence);
-    if (pos == -1 && errno) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+    if (pos < 0 && errno) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
 
     return OFFT2NUM(pos);
 }
@@ -4723,7 +5195,7 @@ rb_io_sysseek(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  Writes the given string to <em>ios</em> using a low-level write.
  *  Returns the number of bytes written. Do not mix with other methods
  *  that write to <em>ios</em> or you may get unpredictable results.
- *  Raises <code>SystemCallError</code> on error.
+ *  Raises SystemCallError on error.
  *
  *     f = File.new("out", "w")
  *     f.syswrite("ABCDEF")   #=> 6
@@ -4751,7 +5223,7 @@ rb_io_syswrite(VALUE io, VALUE str)
     tmp = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(str);
     RSTRING_GETMEM(tmp, ptr, len);
     n = rb_write_internal(fptr->fd, ptr, len);
-    if (n == -1) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+    if (n < 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(str, tmp);
 
     return LONG2FIX(n);
@@ -4764,12 +5236,13 @@ rb_io_syswrite(VALUE io, VALUE str)
  *  Reads <i>maxlen</i> bytes from <em>ios</em> using a low-level
  *  read and returns them as a string.  Do not mix with other methods
  *  that read from <em>ios</em> or you may get unpredictable results.
- *  If the optional <i>outbuf</i> argument is present, it must reference
- *  a String, which will receive the data.
- *  The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
+ *
+ *  If the optional _outbuf_ argument is present,
+ *  it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
+ *  The _outbuf_ will contain only the received data after the method call
  *  even if it is not empty at the beginning.
- *  Raises <code>SystemCallError</code> on error and
- *  <code>EOFError</code> at end of file.
+ *
+ *  Raises SystemCallError on error and EOFError at end of file.
  *
  *     f = File.new("testfile")
  *     f.sysread(16)   #=> "This is line one"
@@ -4781,12 +5254,13 @@ rb_io_sysread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     VALUE len, str;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     long n, ilen;
-    struct read_internal_arg arg;
+    struct io_internal_read_struct iis;
+    int shrinkable;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &len, &str);
     ilen = NUM2LONG(len);
 
-    io_setstrbuf(&str,ilen);
+    shrinkable = io_setstrbuf(&str, ilen);
     if (ilen == 0) return str;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -4808,25 +5282,169 @@ rb_io_sysread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
 
     io_setstrbuf(&str, ilen);
-    rb_str_locktmp(str);
-    arg.fd = fptr->fd;
-    arg.str_ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    arg.len = ilen;
-    rb_ensure(read_internal_call, (VALUE)&arg, rb_str_unlocktmp, str);
-    n = arg.len;
+    iis.fd = fptr->fd;
+    iis.nonblock = 1; /* for historical reasons, maybe (see above) */
+    iis.buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    iis.capa = ilen;
+    n = read_internal_locktmp(str, &iis);
 
-    if (n == -1) {
+    if (n < 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     }
-    io_set_read_length(str, n);
+    io_set_read_length(str, n, shrinkable);
     if (n == 0 && ilen > 0) {
 	rb_eof_error();
     }
-    OBJ_TAINT(str);
 
     return str;
 }
 
+#if defined(HAVE_PREAD) || defined(HAVE_PWRITE)
+struct prdwr_internal_arg {
+    int fd;
+    void *buf;
+    size_t count;
+    off_t offset;
+};
+#endif /* HAVE_PREAD || HAVE_PWRITE */
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PREAD)
+static VALUE
+internal_pread_func(void *arg)
+{
+    struct prdwr_internal_arg *p = arg;
+    return (VALUE)pread(p->fd, p->buf, p->count, p->offset);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pread_internal_call(VALUE arg)
+{
+    struct prdwr_internal_arg *p = (struct prdwr_internal_arg *)arg;
+    return rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_pread_func, p, p->fd);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ios.pread(maxlen, offset[, outbuf])    -> string
+ *
+ *  Reads <i>maxlen</i> bytes from <em>ios</em> using the pread system call
+ *  and returns them as a string without modifying the underlying
+ *  descriptor offset.  This is advantageous compared to combining IO#seek
+ *  and IO#read in that it is atomic, allowing multiple threads/process to
+ *  share the same IO object for reading the file at various locations.
+ *  This bypasses any userspace buffering of the IO layer.
+ *  If the optional <i>outbuf</i> argument is present, it must
+ *  reference a String, which will receive the data.
+ *  Raises SystemCallError on error, EOFError at end of file and
+ *  NotImplementedError if platform does not implement the system call.
+ *
+ *     File.write("testfile", "This is line one\nThis is line two\n")
+ *     File.open("testfile") do |f|
+ *       p f.read           # => "This is line one\nThis is line two\n"
+ *       p f.pread(12, 0)   # => "This is line"
+ *       p f.pread(9, 8)    # => "line one\n"
+ *     end
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_io_pread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
+{
+    VALUE len, offset, str;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    ssize_t n;
+    struct prdwr_internal_arg arg;
+    int shrinkable;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &len, &offset, &str);
+    arg.count = NUM2SIZET(len);
+    arg.offset = NUM2OFFT(offset);
+
+    shrinkable = io_setstrbuf(&str, (long)arg.count);
+    if (arg.count == 0) return str;
+    arg.buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    rb_io_check_byte_readable(fptr);
+
+    arg.fd = fptr->fd;
+    rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
+
+    rb_str_locktmp(str);
+    n = (ssize_t)rb_ensure(pread_internal_call, (VALUE)&arg, rb_str_unlocktmp, str);
+
+    if (n < 0) {
+	rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+    }
+    io_set_read_length(str, n, shrinkable);
+    if (n == 0 && arg.count > 0) {
+	rb_eof_error();
+    }
+
+    return str;
+}
+#else
+# define rb_io_pread rb_f_notimplement
+#endif /* HAVE_PREAD */
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PWRITE)
+static VALUE
+internal_pwrite_func(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct prdwr_internal_arg *arg = ptr;
+
+    return (VALUE)pwrite(arg->fd, arg->buf, arg->count, arg->offset);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ios.pwrite(string, offset)    -> integer
+ *
+ *  Writes the given string to <em>ios</em> at <i>offset</i> using pwrite()
+ *  system call.  This is advantageous to combining IO#seek and IO#write
+ *  in that it is atomic, allowing multiple threads/process to share the
+ *  same IO object for reading the file at various locations.
+ *  This bypasses any userspace buffering of the IO layer.
+ *  Returns the number of bytes written.
+ *  Raises SystemCallError on error and NotImplementedError
+ *  if platform does not implement the system call.
+ *
+ *     File.open("out", "w") do |f|
+ *       f.pwrite("ABCDEF", 3)   #=> 6
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     File.read("out")          #=> "\u0000\u0000\u0000ABCDEF"
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_io_pwrite(VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE offset)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    ssize_t n;
+    struct prdwr_internal_arg arg;
+    VALUE tmp;
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING))
+	str = rb_obj_as_string(str);
+
+    arg.offset = NUM2OFFT(offset);
+
+    io = GetWriteIO(io);
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    rb_io_check_writable(fptr);
+    arg.fd = fptr->fd;
+
+    tmp = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(str);
+    arg.buf = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    arg.count = (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+
+    n = (ssize_t)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_pwrite_func, &arg, fptr->fd);
+    if (n < 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
+    rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(str, tmp);
+
+    return SSIZET2NUM(n);
+}
+#else
+# define rb_io_pwrite rb_f_notimplement
+#endif /* HAVE_PWRITE */
+
 VALUE
 rb_io_binmode(VALUE io)
 {
@@ -4894,7 +5512,6 @@ rb_io_ascii8bit_binmode(VALUE io)
  *  - newline conversion disabled
  *  - encoding conversion disabled
  *  - content is treated as ASCII-8BIT
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4939,10 +5556,10 @@ rb_io_fmode_modestr(int fmode)
       case FMODE_READABLE:
 	return MODE_BTMODE("r", "rb", "rt");
       case FMODE_WRITABLE:
-	return MODE_BTMODE("w", "wb", "wt");
+	return MODE_BTXMODE("w", "wb", "wt", "wx", "wbx", "wtx");
       case FMODE_READWRITE:
 	if (fmode & FMODE_CREATE) {
-	    return MODE_BTMODE("w+", "wb+", "wt+");
+            return MODE_BTXMODE("w+", "wb+", "wt+", "w+x", "wb+x", "wt+x");
 	}
 	return MODE_BTMODE("r+", "rb+", "rt+");
     }
@@ -4976,8 +5593,7 @@ rb_io_modestr_fmode(const char *modestr)
 	fmode |= FMODE_WRITABLE | FMODE_APPEND | FMODE_CREATE;
 	break;
       default:
-      error:
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid access mode %s", modestr);
+        goto error;
     }
 
     while (*m) {
@@ -4991,6 +5607,11 @@ rb_io_modestr_fmode(const char *modestr)
 	  case '+':
             fmode |= FMODE_READWRITE;
             break;
+          case 'x':
+            if (modestr[0] != 'w')
+                goto error;
+            fmode |= FMODE_EXCL;
+            break;
 	  default:
             goto error;
 	  case ':':
@@ -5006,6 +5627,10 @@ rb_io_modestr_fmode(const char *modestr)
         goto error;
 
     return fmode;
+
+  error:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid access mode %s", modestr);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
 int
@@ -5034,6 +5659,9 @@ rb_io_oflags_fmode(int oflags)
     if (oflags & O_CREAT) {
 	fmode |= FMODE_CREATE;
     }
+    if (oflags & O_EXCL) {
+        fmode |= FMODE_EXCL;
+    }
 #ifdef O_BINARY
     if (oflags & O_BINARY) {
 	fmode |= FMODE_BINMODE;
@@ -5069,6 +5697,9 @@ rb_io_fmode_oflags(int fmode)
     if (fmode & FMODE_CREATE) {
         oflags |= O_CREAT;
     }
+    if (fmode & FMODE_EXCL) {
+        oflags |= O_EXCL;
+    }
 #ifdef O_BINARY
     if (fmode & FMODE_BINMODE) {
         oflags |= O_BINARY;
@@ -5092,7 +5723,11 @@ rb_io_oflags_modestr(int oflags)
 #else
 # define MODE_BINARY(a,b) (a)
 #endif
-    int accmode = oflags & (O_RDONLY|O_WRONLY|O_RDWR);
+    int accmode;
+    if (oflags & O_EXCL) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "exclusive access mode is not supported");
+    }
+    accmode = oflags & (O_RDONLY|O_WRONLY|O_RDWR);
     if (oflags & O_APPEND) {
 	if (accmode == O_WRONLY) {
 	    return MODE_BINARY("a", "ab");
@@ -5101,7 +5736,7 @@ rb_io_oflags_modestr(int oflags)
 	    return MODE_BINARY("a+", "ab+");
 	}
     }
-    switch (oflags & (O_RDONLY|O_WRONLY|O_RDWR)) {
+    switch (accmode) {
       default:
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid access oflags 0x%x", oflags);
       case O_RDONLY:
@@ -5305,9 +5940,12 @@ validate_enc_binmode(int *fmode_p, int ecflags, rb_encoding *enc, rb_encoding *e
         !rb_enc_asciicompat(enc ? enc : rb_default_external_encoding()))
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ASCII incompatible encoding needs binmode");
 
+    if ((fmode & FMODE_BINMODE) && (ecflags & ECONV_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_MASK)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "newline decorator with binary mode");
+    }
     if (!(fmode & FMODE_BINMODE) &&
 	(DEFAULT_TEXTMODE || (ecflags & ECONV_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_MASK))) {
-	fmode |= DEFAULT_TEXTMODE;
+	fmode |= FMODE_TEXTMODE;
 	*fmode_p = fmode;
     }
 #if !DEFAULT_TEXTMODE
@@ -5347,7 +5985,7 @@ extract_binmode(VALUE opthash, int *fmode)
     }
 }
 
-static void
+void
 rb_io_extract_modeenc(VALUE *vmode_p, VALUE *vperm_p, VALUE opthash,
         int *oflags_p, int *fmode_p, convconfig_t *convconfig_p)
 {
@@ -5405,6 +6043,18 @@ rb_io_extract_modeenc(VALUE *vmode_p, VALUE *vperm_p, VALUE opthash,
 #endif
 	SET_UNIVERSAL_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_IF_ENC2(enc2, ecflags);
         ecopts = Qnil;
+        if (fmode & FMODE_BINMODE) {
+#ifdef O_BINARY
+            oflags |= O_BINARY;
+#endif
+            if (!has_enc)
+                rb_io_ext_int_to_encs(rb_ascii8bit_encoding(), NULL, &enc, &enc2, fmode);
+        }
+#if DEFAULT_TEXTMODE
+        else if (NIL_P(vmode)) {
+            fmode |= DEFAULT_TEXTMODE;
+        }
+#endif
     }
     else {
 	VALUE v;
@@ -5585,7 +6235,10 @@ static int
 io_strip_bom(VALUE io)
 {
     VALUE b1, b2, b3, b4;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
 
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    if (!(fptr->mode & FMODE_READABLE)) return 0;
     if (NIL_P(b1 = rb_io_getbyte(io))) return 0;
     switch (b1) {
       case INT2FIX(0xEF):
@@ -5616,12 +6269,9 @@ io_strip_bom(VALUE io)
 		    return ENCINDEX_UTF_32LE;
 		}
 		rb_io_ungetbyte(io, b4);
-		rb_io_ungetbyte(io, b3);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		rb_io_ungetbyte(io, b3);
-		return ENCINDEX_UTF_16LE;
 	    }
+            rb_io_ungetbyte(io, b3);
+            return ENCINDEX_UTF_16LE;
 	}
 	rb_io_ungetbyte(io, b2);
 	break;
@@ -5644,26 +6294,30 @@ io_strip_bom(VALUE io)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void
+static rb_encoding *
 io_set_encoding_by_bom(VALUE io)
 {
     int idx = io_strip_bom(io);
     rb_io_t *fptr;
+    rb_encoding *extenc = NULL;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     if (idx) {
-	io_encoding_set(fptr, rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_from_index(idx)),
-		rb_io_internal_encoding(io), Qnil);
+        extenc = rb_enc_from_index(idx);
+        io_encoding_set(fptr, rb_enc_from_encoding(extenc),
+                        rb_io_internal_encoding(io), Qnil);
     }
     else {
 	fptr->encs.enc2 = NULL;
     }
+    return extenc;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 rb_file_open_generic(VALUE io, VALUE filename, int oflags, int fmode,
 		     const convconfig_t *convconfig, mode_t perm)
 {
+    VALUE pathv;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     convconfig_t cc;
     if (!convconfig) {
@@ -5679,8 +6333,15 @@ rb_file_open_generic(VALUE io, VALUE filename, int oflags, int fmode,
     MakeOpenFile(io, fptr);
     fptr->mode = fmode;
     fptr->encs = *convconfig;
-    fptr->pathv = rb_str_new_frozen(filename);
-    fptr->fd = rb_sysopen(fptr->pathv, oflags, perm);
+    pathv = rb_str_new_frozen(filename);
+#ifdef O_TMPFILE
+    if (!(oflags & O_TMPFILE)) {
+        fptr->pathv = pathv;
+    }
+#else
+    fptr->pathv = pathv;
+#endif
+    fptr->fd = rb_sysopen(pathv, oflags, perm);
     io_check_tty(fptr);
     if (fmode & FMODE_SETENC_BY_BOM) io_set_encoding_by_bom(io);
 
@@ -5697,6 +6358,8 @@ rb_file_open_internal(VALUE io, VALUE filename, const char *modestr)
     if (p) {
         parse_mode_enc(p+1, rb_usascii_encoding(),
 		       &convconfig.enc, &convconfig.enc2, &fmode);
+        convconfig.ecflags = 0;
+        convconfig.ecopts = Qnil;
     }
     else {
 	rb_encoding *e;
@@ -5748,23 +6411,16 @@ pipe_add_fptr(rb_io_t *fptr)
 static void
 pipe_del_fptr(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
-    struct pipe_list *list = pipe_list;
+    struct pipe_list **prev = &pipe_list;
     struct pipe_list *tmp;
 
-    if (list->fptr == fptr) {
-	pipe_list = list->next;
-	free(list);
-	return;
-    }
-
-    while (list->next) {
-	if (list->next->fptr == fptr) {
-	    tmp = list->next;
-	    list->next = list->next->next;
+    while ((tmp = *prev) != 0) {
+	if (tmp->fptr == fptr) {
+	    *prev = tmp->next;
 	    free(tmp);
 	    return;
 	}
-	list = list->next;
+	prev = &tmp->next;
     }
 }
 
@@ -5789,7 +6445,7 @@ pipe_finalize(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
 #if !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK) && !defined(_WIN32)
     int status = 0;
     if (fptr->stdio_file) {
-	status = pclose(fptr->stdio_file);
+        status = pclose(fptr->stdio_file);
     }
     fptr->fd = -1;
     fptr->stdio_file = 0;
@@ -5801,6 +6457,31 @@ pipe_finalize(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise)
 }
 #endif
 
+static void
+fptr_copy_finalizer(rb_io_t *fptr, const rb_io_t *orig)
+{
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
+    void (*const old_finalize)(struct rb_io_t*,int) = fptr->finalize;
+
+    if (old_finalize == orig->finalize) return;
+#endif
+
+    fptr->finalize = orig->finalize;
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
+    if (old_finalize != pipe_finalize) {
+	struct pipe_list *list;
+	for (list = pipe_list; list; list = list->next) {
+	    if (list->fptr == fptr) break;
+	}
+	if (!list) pipe_add_fptr(fptr);
+    }
+    else {
+	pipe_del_fptr(fptr);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
 void
 rb_io_synchronized(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
@@ -5819,7 +6500,7 @@ rb_pipe(int *pipes)
 {
     int ret;
     ret = rb_cloexec_pipe(pipes);
-    if (ret == -1) {
+    if (ret < 0) {
         if (rb_gc_for_fd(errno)) {
             ret = rb_cloexec_pipe(pipes);
         }
@@ -5896,9 +6577,9 @@ linux_get_maxfd(void)
     char buf[4096], *p, *np, *e;
     ssize_t ss;
     fd = rb_cloexec_open("/proc/self/status", O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY, 0);
-    if (fd == -1) return -1;
+    if (fd < 0) return fd;
     ss = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
-    if (ss == -1) goto err;
+    if (ss < 0) goto err;
     p = buf;
     e = buf + ss;
     while ((int)sizeof("FDSize:\t0\n")-1 <= e-p &&
@@ -5917,7 +6598,7 @@ linux_get_maxfd(void)
 
   err:
     close(fd);
-    return -1;
+    return (int)ss;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -6087,7 +6768,7 @@ pipe_open(VALUE execarg_obj, const char *modestr, int fmode,
 #   if defined(HAVE_SPAWNVE)
 	if (eargp->envp_str) envp = (char **)RSTRING_PTR(eargp->envp_str);
 #   endif
-	while ((pid = DO_SPAWN(cmd, args, envp)) == -1) {
+        while ((pid = DO_SPAWN(cmd, args, envp)) < 0) {
 	    /* exec failed */
 	    switch (e = errno) {
 	      case EAGAIN:
@@ -6120,7 +6801,7 @@ pipe_open(VALUE execarg_obj, const char *modestr, int fmode,
     }
 
     /* parent */
-    if (pid == -1) {
+    if (pid < 0) {
 # if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
 	e = errno;
 # endif
@@ -6231,7 +6912,7 @@ pipe_open_s(VALUE prog, const char *modestr, int fmode,
     VALUE execarg_obj = Qnil;
 
     if (!is_popen_fork(prog))
-	execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE);
+        execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE, FALSE);
     return pipe_open(execarg_obj, modestr, fmode, convconfig);
 }
 
@@ -6245,6 +6926,8 @@ pipe_close(VALUE io)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE popen_finish(VALUE port, VALUE klass);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     IO.popen([env,] cmd, mode="r" [, opt])               -> io
@@ -6252,7 +6935,7 @@ pipe_close(VALUE io)
  *
  *  Runs the specified command as a subprocess; the subprocess's
  *  standard input and output will be connected to the returned
- *  <code>IO</code> object.
+ *  IO object.
  *
  *  The PID of the started process can be obtained by IO#pid method.
  *
@@ -6270,8 +6953,8 @@ pipe_close(VALUE io)
  *
  *  If <i>cmd</i> is an +Array+ of +String+,
  *  then it will be used as the subprocess's +argv+ bypassing a shell.
- *  The array can contains a hash at first for environments and
- *  a hash at last for options similar to <code>spawn</code>.
+ *  The array can contain a hash at first for environments and
+ *  a hash at last for options similar to #spawn.
  *
  *  The default mode for the new file object is ``r'',
  *  but <i>mode</i> may be set to any of the modes listed in the description for class IO.
@@ -6293,21 +6976,19 @@ pipe_close(VALUE io)
  *      ls_result_with_error = ls_io.read
  *    }
  *
- *  Raises exceptions which <code>IO.pipe</code> and
- *  <code>Kernel.spawn</code> raise.
+ *  Raises exceptions which IO.pipe and Kernel.spawn raise.
  *
  *  If a block is given, Ruby will run the command as a child connected
  *  to Ruby with a pipe. Ruby's end of the pipe will be passed as a
  *  parameter to the block.
  *  At the end of block, Ruby closes the pipe and sets <code>$?</code>.
- *  In this case <code>IO.popen</code> returns
- *  the value of the block.
+ *  In this case IO.popen returns the value of the block.
  *
  *  If a block is given with a _cmd_ of ``<code>-</code>'',
  *  the block will be run in two separate processes: once in the parent,
  *  and once in a child. The parent process will be passed the pipe
  *  object as a parameter to the block, the child version of the block
- *  will be passed <code>nil</code>, and the child's standard in and
+ *  will be passed +nil+, and the child's standard in and
  *  standard out will be connected to the parent through the pipe. Not
  *  available on all platforms.
  *
@@ -6315,7 +6996,7 @@ pipe_close(VALUE io)
  *     p f.readlines
  *     f.close
  *     puts "Parent is #{Process.pid}"
- *     IO.popen("date") { |f| puts f.gets }
+ *     IO.popen("date") {|f| puts f.gets }
  *     IO.popen("-") {|f| $stderr.puts "#{Process.pid} is here, f is #{f.inspect}"}
  *     p $?
  *     IO.popen(%w"sed -e s|^|<foo>| -e s&$&;zot;&", "r+") {|f|
@@ -6336,10 +7017,7 @@ pipe_close(VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 rb_io_s_popen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    const char *modestr;
-    VALUE pname, pmode = Qnil, port, tmp, opt = Qnil, env = Qnil, execarg_obj = Qnil;
-    int oflags, fmode;
-    convconfig_t convconfig;
+    VALUE pname, pmode = Qnil, opt = Qnil, env = Qnil;
 
     if (argc > 1 && !NIL_P(opt = rb_check_hash_type(argv[argc-1]))) --argc;
     if (argc > 1 && !NIL_P(env = rb_check_hash_type(argv[0]))) --argc, ++argv;
@@ -6355,6 +7033,16 @@ rb_io_s_popen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	    rb_error_arity(argc + ex, 1 + ex, 2 + ex);
 	}
     }
+    return popen_finish(rb_io_popen(pname, pmode, env, opt), klass);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_io_popen(VALUE pname, VALUE pmode, VALUE env, VALUE opt)
+{
+    const char *modestr;
+    VALUE tmp, execarg_obj = Qnil;
+    int oflags, fmode;
+    convconfig_t convconfig;
 
     tmp = rb_check_array_type(pname);
     if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
@@ -6364,14 +7052,14 @@ rb_io_s_popen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many arguments");
 	}
 #endif
-	execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new((int)len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tmp), FALSE);
+        execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new((int)len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tmp), FALSE, FALSE);
 	RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
     }
     else {
 	SafeStringValue(pname);
 	execarg_obj = Qnil;
 	if (!is_popen_fork(pname))
-	    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(1, &pname, TRUE);
+            execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(1, &pname, TRUE, FALSE);
     }
     if (!NIL_P(execarg_obj)) {
 	if (!NIL_P(opt))
@@ -6382,13 +7070,18 @@ rb_io_s_popen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     rb_io_extract_modeenc(&pmode, 0, opt, &oflags, &fmode, &convconfig);
     modestr = rb_io_oflags_modestr(oflags);
 
-    port = pipe_open(execarg_obj, modestr, fmode, &convconfig);
+    return pipe_open(execarg_obj, modestr, fmode, &convconfig);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+popen_finish(VALUE port, VALUE klass)
+{
     if (NIL_P(port)) {
 	/* child */
 	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	    rb_yield(Qnil);
-            rb_io_flush(rb_stdout);
-            rb_io_flush(rb_stderr);
+            rb_io_flush(rb_ractor_stdout());
+            rb_io_flush(rb_ractor_stderr());
 	    _exit(0);
 	}
 	return Qnil;
@@ -6446,11 +7139,11 @@ rb_open_file(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *     File.open(filename, mode="r" [, opt]) {|file| block } -> obj
  *     File.open(filename [, mode [, perm]] [, opt]) {|file| block } -> obj
  *
- *  With no associated block, <code>File.open</code> is a synonym for
+ *  With no associated block, File.open is a synonym for
  *  File.new. If the optional code block is given, it will
  *  be passed the opened +file+ as an argument and the File object will
  *  automatically be closed when the block terminates.  The value of the block
- *  will be returned from <code>File.open</code>.
+ *  will be returned from File.open.
  *
  *  If a file is being created, its initial permissions may be set using the
  *  +perm+ parameter.  See File.new for further discussion.
@@ -6463,9 +7156,9 @@ rb_open_file(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *
  *  call-seq:
  *     IO.open(fd, mode="r" [, opt])                -> io
- *     IO.open(fd, mode="r" [, opt]) { |io| block } -> obj
+ *     IO.open(fd, mode="r" [, opt]) {|io| block }  -> obj
  *
- *  With no associated block, <code>IO.open</code> is a synonym for IO.new.  If
+ *  With no associated block, IO.open is a synonym for IO.new.  If
  *  the optional code block is given, it will be passed +io+ as an argument,
  *  and the IO object will automatically be closed when the block terminates.
  *  In this instance, IO.open returns the value of the block.
@@ -6476,7 +7169,7 @@ rb_open_file(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 rb_io_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE io = rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
+    VALUE io = rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	return rb_ensure(rb_yield, io, io_close, io);
@@ -6490,13 +7183,13 @@ rb_io_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *     IO.sysopen(path, [mode, [perm]])  -> integer
  *
  *  Opens the given path, returning the underlying file descriptor as a
- *  <code>Integer</code>.
+ *  Integer.
  *
  *     IO.sysopen("testfile")   #=> 3
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_io_s_sysopen(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_io_s_sysopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE fname, vmode, vperm;
     VALUE intmode;
@@ -6532,7 +7225,6 @@ check_pipe_command(VALUE filename_or_command)
 
     if (rb_enc_ascget(s, e, &chlen, rb_enc_get(filename_or_command)) == '|') {
         VALUE cmd = rb_str_new(s+chlen, l-chlen);
-        OBJ_INFECT(cmd, filename_or_command);
         return cmd;
     }
     return Qnil;
@@ -6575,7 +7267,7 @@ check_pipe_command(VALUE filename_or_command)
  *  parent.  If the command is not <code>"-"</code>, the subprocess runs the
  *  command.
  *
- *  When the subprocess is ruby (opened via <code>"|-"</code>), the +open+
+ *  When the subprocess is Ruby (opened via <code>"|-"</code>), the +open+
  *  call returns +nil+.  If a block is associated with the open call, that
  *  block will run twice --- once in the parent and once in the child.
  *
@@ -6608,7 +7300,7 @@ check_pipe_command(VALUE filename_or_command)
  *  Open a subprocess running the same Ruby program:
  *
  *     f = open("|-", "w+")
- *     if f == nil
+ *     if f.nil?
  *       puts "in Child"
  *       exit
  *     else
@@ -6637,7 +7329,7 @@ check_pipe_command(VALUE filename_or_command)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_open(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     ID to_open = 0;
     int redirect = FALSE;
@@ -6663,7 +7355,7 @@ rb_f_open(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	}
     }
     if (redirect) {
-	VALUE io = rb_funcallv(argv[0], to_open, argc-1, argv+1);
+        VALUE io = rb_funcallv_kw(argv[0], to_open, argc-1, argv+1, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 
 	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
 	    return rb_ensure(rb_yield, io, io_close, io);
@@ -6673,10 +7365,10 @@ rb_f_open(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     return rb_io_s_open(argc, argv, rb_cFile);
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_io_open_generic(VALUE, int, int, const convconfig_t *, mode_t);
+static VALUE rb_io_open_generic(VALUE, VALUE, int, int, const convconfig_t *, mode_t);
 
 static VALUE
-rb_io_open(VALUE filename, VALUE vmode, VALUE vperm, VALUE opt)
+rb_io_open(VALUE io, VALUE filename, VALUE vmode, VALUE vperm, VALUE opt)
 {
     int oflags, fmode;
     convconfig_t convconfig;
@@ -6684,34 +7376,24 @@ rb_io_open(VALUE filename, VALUE vmode, VALUE vperm, VALUE opt)
 
     rb_io_extract_modeenc(&vmode, &vperm, opt, &oflags, &fmode, &convconfig);
     perm = NIL_P(vperm) ? 0666 :  NUM2MODET(vperm);
-    return rb_io_open_generic(filename, oflags, fmode, &convconfig, perm);
+    return rb_io_open_generic(io, filename, oflags, fmode, &convconfig, perm);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_io_open_generic(VALUE filename, int oflags, int fmode,
+rb_io_open_generic(VALUE klass, VALUE filename, int oflags, int fmode,
 		   const convconfig_t *convconfig, mode_t perm)
 {
     VALUE cmd;
-    if (!NIL_P(cmd = check_pipe_command(filename))) {
+    if (klass == rb_cIO && !NIL_P(cmd = check_pipe_command(filename))) {
 	return pipe_open_s(cmd, rb_io_oflags_modestr(oflags), fmode, convconfig);
     }
     else {
-        return rb_file_open_generic(io_alloc(rb_cFile), filename,
+	return rb_file_open_generic(io_alloc(klass), filename,
 				    oflags, fmode, convconfig, perm);
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_io_open_with_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
-{
-    VALUE io;
-
-    io = io_alloc(rb_cFile);
-    rb_open_file(argc, argv, io);
-    return io;
-}
-
-static VALUE
 io_reopen(VALUE io, VALUE nfile)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr, *orig;
@@ -6735,17 +7417,17 @@ io_reopen(VALUE io, VALUE nfile)
     }
     if (fptr->mode & FMODE_WRITABLE) {
         if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-            rb_sys_fail(0);
+            rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
     }
     else {
-	io_tell(fptr);
+        flush_before_seek(fptr);
     }
     if (orig->mode & FMODE_READABLE) {
 	pos = io_tell(orig);
     }
     if (orig->mode & FMODE_WRITABLE) {
         if (io_fflush(orig) < 0)
-            rb_sys_fail(0);
+            rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
     }
 
     /* copy rb_io_t structure */
@@ -6754,11 +7436,7 @@ io_reopen(VALUE io, VALUE nfile)
     fptr->lineno = orig->lineno;
     if (RTEST(orig->pathv)) fptr->pathv = orig->pathv;
     else if (!IS_PREP_STDIO(fptr)) fptr->pathv = Qnil;
-    fptr->finalize = orig->finalize;
-#if defined (__CYGWIN__) || !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
-    if (fptr->finalize == pipe_finalize)
-	pipe_add_fptr(fptr);
-#endif
+    fptr_copy_finalizer(fptr, orig);
 
     fd = fptr->fd;
     fd2 = orig->fd;
@@ -6778,7 +7456,7 @@ io_reopen(VALUE io, VALUE nfile)
             rb_update_max_fd(fd);
             fptr->fd = fd;
 	}
-	rb_notify_fd_close(fd);
+	rb_thread_fd_close(fd);
 	if ((orig->mode & FMODE_READABLE) && pos >= 0) {
 	    if (io_seek(fptr, pos, SEEK_SET) < 0 && errno) {
 		rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
@@ -6813,12 +7491,13 @@ rb_freopen(VALUE fname, const char *mode, FILE *fp)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ios.reopen(other_IO)         -> ios
- *     ios.reopen(path, mode_str)   -> ios
+ *     ios.reopen(other_IO)             -> ios
+ *     ios.reopen(path, mode [, opt])   -> ios
  *
  *  Reassociates <em>ios</em> with the I/O stream given in
  *  <i>other_IO</i> or to a new stream opened on <i>path</i>. This may
  *  dynamically change the actual class of this stream.
+ *  The +mode+ and +opt+ parameters accept the same values as IO.open.
  *
  *     f1 = File.new("testfile")
  *     f2 = File.new("testfile")
@@ -6877,7 +7556,7 @@ rb_io_reopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE file)
 
     if (fptr->mode & FMODE_WRITABLE) {
         if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
-            rb_sys_fail(0);
+            rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
     }
     fptr->rbuf.off = fptr->rbuf.len = 0;
 
@@ -6885,7 +7564,7 @@ rb_io_reopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE file)
 	int e = rb_freopen(rb_str_encode_ospath(fptr->pathv),
 			   rb_io_oflags_modestr(oflags),
 			   fptr->stdio_file);
-	if (e) rb_syserr_fail_path(e, fptr->pathv);
+        if (e) rb_syserr_fail_path(e, fptr->pathv);
         fptr->fd = fileno(fptr->stdio_file);
         rb_fd_fix_cloexec(fptr->fd);
 #ifdef USE_SETVBUF
@@ -6937,11 +7616,7 @@ rb_io_init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE io)
     fptr->pid = orig->pid;
     fptr->lineno = orig->lineno;
     if (!NIL_P(orig->pathv)) fptr->pathv = orig->pathv;
-    fptr->finalize = orig->finalize;
-#if defined (__CYGWIN__) || !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
-    if (fptr->finalize == pipe_finalize)
-	pipe_add_fptr(fptr);
-#endif
+    fptr_copy_finalizer(fptr, orig);
 
     fd = ruby_dup(orig->fd);
     fptr->fd = fd;
@@ -6967,8 +7642,7 @@ rb_io_init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE io)
  *     ios.printf(format_string [, obj, ...])   -> nil
  *
  *  Formats and writes to <em>ios</em>, converting parameters under
- *  control of the format string. See <code>Kernel#sprintf</code>
- *  for details.
+ *  control of the format string. See Kernel#sprintf for details.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -6990,13 +7664,13 @@ rb_io_printf(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_printf(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_printf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE out;
 
     if (argc == 0) return Qnil;
     if (RB_TYPE_P(argv[0], T_STRING)) {
-	out = rb_stdout;
+	out = rb_ractor_stdout();
     }
     else {
 	out = argv[0];
@@ -7008,21 +7682,31 @@ rb_f_printf(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static void
+deprecated_str_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var)
+{
+    rb_str_setter(val, id, &val);
+    if (!NIL_P(val)) {
+        rb_warn_deprecated("`%s'", NULL, rb_id2name(id));
+    }
+    *var = val;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.print               -> nil
  *     ios.print(obj, ...)     -> nil
  *
- *  Writes the given object(s) to <em>ios</em>. Returns <code>nil</code>.
+ *  Writes the given object(s) to <em>ios</em>. Returns +nil+.
  *
  *  The stream must be opened for writing.
  *  Each given object that isn't a string will be converted by calling
  *  its <code>to_s</code> method.
  *  When called without arguments, prints the contents of <code>$_</code>.
  *
- *  If the output field separator (<code>$,</code>) is not <code>nil</code>,
+ *  If the output field separator (<code>$,</code>) is not +nil+,
  *  it is inserted between objects.
- *  If the output record separator (<code>$\\</code>) is not <code>nil</code>,
+ *  If the output record separator (<code>$\\</code>) is not +nil+,
  *  it is appended to the output.
  *
  *     $stdout.print("This is ", 100, " percent.\n")
@@ -7044,6 +7728,9 @@ rb_io_print(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
 	line = rb_lastline_get();
 	argv = &line;
     }
+    if (argc > 1 && !NIL_P(rb_output_fs)) {
+        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "$, is set to non-nil value");
+    }
     for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
 	if (!NIL_P(rb_output_fs) && i>0) {
 	    rb_io_write(out, rb_output_fs);
@@ -7081,9 +7768,9 @@ rb_io_print(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_print(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_print(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
-    rb_io_print(argc, argv, rb_stdout);
+    rb_io_print(argc, argv, rb_ractor_stdout());
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -7091,11 +7778,10 @@ rb_f_print(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.putc(obj)    -> obj
  *
- *  If <i>obj</i> is <code>Numeric</code>, write the character whose code is
- *  the least-significant byte of <i>obj</i>, otherwise write the first byte
- *  of the string representation of <i>obj</i> to <em>ios</em>. Note: This
- *  method is not safe for use with multi-byte characters as it will truncate
- *  them.
+ *  If <i>obj</i> is Numeric, write the character whose code is the
+ *  least-significant byte of <i>obj</i>.  If <i>obj</i> is String,
+ *  write the first character of <i>obj</i> to <em>ios</em>.  Otherwise,
+ *  raise TypeError.
  *
  *     $stdout.putc "A"
  *     $stdout.putc 65
@@ -7128,22 +7814,23 @@ rb_io_putc(VALUE io, VALUE ch)
  *
  *    $stdout.putc(int)
  *
- * Refer to the documentation for IO#putc for important information regarding
- * multi-byte characters.
+ *  Refer to the documentation for IO#putc for important information regarding
+ *  multi-byte characters.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_f_putc(VALUE recv, VALUE ch)
 {
-    if (recv == rb_stdout) {
+    VALUE r_stdout = rb_ractor_stdout();
+    if (recv == r_stdout) {
 	return rb_io_putc(recv, ch);
     }
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_stdout, rb_intern("putc"), 1, &ch);
+    return rb_funcallv(r_stdout, rb_intern("putc"), 1, &ch);
 }
 
 
-static int
-str_end_with_asciichar(VALUE str, int c)
+int
+rb_str_end_with_asciichar(VALUE str, int c)
 {
     long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
     const char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
@@ -7181,14 +7868,17 @@ io_puts_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE out, int recur)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ios.puts(obj, ...)    -> nil
  *
- *  Writes the given object(s) to <em>ios</em> as with <code>IO#print</code>.
+ *  Writes the given object(s) to <em>ios</em>.
  *  Writes a newline after any that do not already end
- *  with a newline sequence.
+ *  with a newline sequence. Returns +nil+.
  *
+ *  The stream must be opened for writing.
  *  If called with an array argument, writes each element on a new line.
+ *  Each given object that isn't a string or array will be converted
+ *  by calling its +to_s+ method.
  *  If called without arguments, outputs a single newline.
  *
- *     $stdout.puts("this", "is", "a", "test")
+ *     $stdout.puts("this", "is", ["a", "test"])
  *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
  *
@@ -7196,13 +7886,16 @@ io_puts_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE out, int recur)
  *     is
  *     a
  *     test
+ *
+ *  Note that +puts+ always uses newlines and is not affected
+ *  by the output record separator (<code>$\\</code>).
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_io_puts(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
 {
-    int i;
-    VALUE line;
+    int i, n;
+    VALUE line, args[2];
 
     /* if no argument given, print newline. */
     if (argc == 0) {
@@ -7219,11 +7912,13 @@ rb_io_puts(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
 	}
 	line = rb_obj_as_string(argv[i]);
       string:
-	rb_io_write(out, line);
+	n = 0;
+	args[n++] = line;
 	if (RSTRING_LEN(line) == 0 ||
-            !str_end_with_asciichar(line, '\n')) {
-	    rb_io_write(out, rb_default_rs);
+            !rb_str_end_with_asciichar(line, '\n')) {
+	    args[n++] = rb_default_rs;
 	}
+	rb_io_writev(out, n, args);
     }
 
     return Qnil;
@@ -7241,52 +7936,50 @@ rb_io_puts(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
 static VALUE
 rb_f_puts(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
 {
-    if (recv == rb_stdout) {
+    VALUE r_stdout = rb_ractor_stdout();
+    if (recv == r_stdout) {
 	return rb_io_puts(argc, argv, recv);
     }
-    return rb_funcallv(rb_stdout, rb_intern("puts"), argc, argv);
+    return rb_funcallv(r_stdout, rb_intern("puts"), argc, argv);
 }
 
-void
-rb_p(VALUE obj) /* for debug print within C code */
+static VALUE
+rb_p_write(VALUE str)
 {
-    VALUE str = rb_obj_as_string(rb_inspect(obj));
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(rb_stdout, T_FILE) &&
-        rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(rb_stdout), id_write)) {
-        io_write(rb_stdout, str, 1);
-        io_write(rb_stdout, rb_default_rs, 0);
+    VALUE args[2];
+    args[0] = str;
+    args[1] = rb_default_rs;
+    VALUE r_stdout = rb_ractor_stdout();
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(r_stdout, T_FILE) &&
+        rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(r_stdout), id_write)) {
+	io_writev(2, args, r_stdout);
     }
     else {
-        rb_io_write(rb_stdout, str);
-        rb_io_write(rb_stdout, rb_default_rs);
+	rb_io_writev(r_stdout, 2, args);
     }
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
-struct rb_f_p_arg {
-    int argc;
-    VALUE *argv;
-};
+void
+rb_p(VALUE obj) /* for debug print within C code */
+{
+    rb_p_write(rb_obj_as_string(rb_inspect(obj)));
+}
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_p_internal(VALUE arg)
+rb_p_result(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
-    struct rb_f_p_arg *arg1 = (struct rb_f_p_arg*)arg;
-    int argc = arg1->argc;
-    VALUE *argv = arg1->argv;
-    int i;
     VALUE ret = Qnil;
 
-    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	rb_p(argv[i]);
-    }
     if (argc == 1) {
 	ret = argv[0];
     }
     else if (argc > 1) {
 	ret = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
     }
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(rb_stdout, T_FILE)) {
-	rb_io_flush(rb_stdout);
+    VALUE r_stdout = rb_ractor_stdout();
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(r_stdout, T_FILE)) {
+	rb_io_flush(r_stdout);
     }
     return ret;
 }
@@ -7312,11 +8005,12 @@ rb_f_p_internal(VALUE arg)
 static VALUE
 rb_f_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_f_p_arg arg;
-    arg.argc = argc;
-    arg.argv = argv;
-
-    return rb_uninterruptible(rb_f_p_internal, (VALUE)&arg);
+    int i;
+    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+        VALUE inspected = rb_obj_as_string(rb_inspect(argv[i]));
+        rb_uninterruptible(rb_p_write, inspected);
+    }
+    return rb_p_result(argc, argv);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -7348,28 +8042,34 @@ rb_obj_display(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE out;
 
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	out = rb_stdout;
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &out);
-    }
+    out = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? rb_ractor_stdout() : argv[0]);
     rb_io_write(out, self);
 
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static int
+rb_stderr_to_original_p(void)
+{
+    return (rb_ractor_stderr() == orig_stderr || RFILE(orig_stderr)->fptr->fd < 0);
+}
+
 void
 rb_write_error2(const char *mesg, long len)
 {
-    if (rb_stderr == orig_stderr || RFILE(orig_stderr)->fptr->fd < 0) {
+    if (rb_stderr_to_original_p()) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	if (isatty(fileno(stderr))) {
+	    if (rb_w32_write_console(rb_str_new(mesg, len), fileno(stderr)) > 0) return;
+	}
+#endif
 	if (fwrite(mesg, sizeof(char), (size_t)len, stderr) < (size_t)len) {
 	    /* failed to write to stderr, what can we do? */
 	    return;
 	}
     }
     else {
-	rb_io_write(rb_stderr, rb_str_new(mesg, len));
+	rb_io_write(rb_ractor_stderr(), rb_str_new(mesg, len));
     }
 }
 
@@ -7383,7 +8083,7 @@ void
 rb_write_error_str(VALUE mesg)
 {
     /* a stopgap measure for the time being */
-    if (rb_stderr == orig_stderr || RFILE(orig_stderr)->fptr->fd < 0) {
+    if (rb_stderr_to_original_p()) {
 	size_t len = (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(mesg);
 #ifdef _WIN32
 	if (isatty(fileno(stderr))) {
@@ -7397,10 +8097,18 @@ rb_write_error_str(VALUE mesg)
     }
     else {
 	/* may unlock GVL, and  */
-	rb_io_write(rb_stderr, mesg);
+	rb_io_write(rb_ractor_stderr(), mesg);
     }
 }
 
+int
+rb_stderr_tty_p(void)
+{
+    if (rb_stderr_to_original_p())
+	return isatty(fileno(stderr));
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static void
 must_respond_to(ID mid, VALUE val, ID id)
 {
@@ -7412,10 +8120,41 @@ must_respond_to(ID mid, VALUE val, ID id)
 }
 
 static void
-stdout_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *variable)
+stdin_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    rb_ractor_stdin_set(val);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+stdin_getter(ID id, VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    return rb_ractor_stdin();
+}
+
+static void
+stdout_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *ptr)
 {
     must_respond_to(id_write, val, id);
-    *variable = val;
+    rb_ractor_stdout_set(val);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+stdout_getter(ID id, VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    return rb_ractor_stdout();
+}
+
+static void
+stderr_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    must_respond_to(id_write, val, id);
+    rb_ractor_stderr_set(val);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+stderr_getter(ID id, VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    return rb_ractor_stderr();
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7425,6 +8164,7 @@ prep_io(int fd, int fmode, VALUE klass, const char *path)
     VALUE io = io_alloc(klass);
 
     MakeOpenFile(io, fp);
+    fp->self = io;
     fp->fd = fd;
     fp->mode = fmode;
     if (!io_check_tty(fp)) {
@@ -7467,11 +8207,29 @@ prep_stdio(FILE *f, int fmode, VALUE klass, const char *path)
     return io;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_io_prep_stdin(void)
+{
+    return prep_stdio(stdin,  FMODE_READABLE, rb_cIO, "<STDIN>");
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_io_prep_stdout(void)
+{
+    return prep_stdio(stdout, FMODE_WRITABLE|FMODE_SIGNAL_ON_EPIPE, rb_cIO, "<STDOUT>");
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_io_prep_stderr(void)
+{
+    return prep_stdio(stderr, FMODE_WRITABLE|FMODE_SYNC, rb_cIO, "<STDERR>");
+}
+
 FILE *
 rb_io_stdio_file(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     if (!fptr->stdio_file) {
-        int oflags = rb_io_fmode_oflags(fptr->mode);
+        int oflags = rb_io_fmode_oflags(fptr->mode) & ~O_EXCL;
         fptr->stdio_file = rb_fdopen(fptr->fd, rb_io_oflags_modestr(oflags));
     }
     return fptr->stdio_file;
@@ -7490,6 +8248,7 @@ static inline rb_io_t *
 rb_io_fptr_new(void)
 {
     rb_io_t *fp = ALLOC(rb_io_t);
+    fp->self = Qnil;
     fp->fd = -1;
     fp->stdio_file = NULL;
     fp->mode = 0;
@@ -7522,11 +8281,12 @@ rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj)
 
     Check_Type(obj, T_FILE);
     if (RFILE(obj)->fptr) {
-	rb_io_close(obj);
-	rb_io_fptr_finalize(RFILE(obj)->fptr);
-	RFILE(obj)->fptr = 0;
+        rb_io_close(obj);
+        rb_io_fptr_finalize(RFILE(obj)->fptr);
+        RFILE(obj)->fptr = 0;
     }
     fp = rb_io_fptr_new();
+    fp->self = obj;
     RFILE(obj)->fptr = fp;
     return fp;
 }
@@ -7545,8 +8305,8 @@ rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj)
  *  === Open Mode
  *
  *  When +mode+ is an integer it must be combination of the modes defined in
- *  File::Constants (+File::RDONLY+, +File::WRONLY | File::CREAT+).  See the
- *  open(2) man page for more information.
+ *  File::Constants (+File::RDONLY+, <code>File::WRONLY|File::CREAT</code>).
+ *  See the open(2) man page for more information.
  *
  *  When +mode+ is a string it must be in one of the following forms:
  *
@@ -7589,6 +8349,10 @@ rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj)
  *
  *  	"t"  Text file mode
  *
+ *  The exclusive access mode ("x") can be used together with "w" to ensure
+ *  the file is created. Errno::EEXIST is raised when it already exists.
+ *  It may not be supported with all kinds of streams (e.g. pipes).
+ *
  *  When the open mode of original IO is read only, the mode cannot be
  *  changed to be writable.  Similarly, the open mode cannot be changed from
  *  write only to readable.
@@ -7607,7 +8371,7 @@ rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj)
  *  converted from +int_enc+ to +ext_enc+ upon output.  See Encoding for
  *  further details of transcoding on input and output.
  *
- *  If "BOM|UTF-8", "BOM|UTF-16LE" or "BOM|UTF16-BE" are used, ruby checks for
+ *  If "BOM|UTF-8", "BOM|UTF-16LE" or "BOM|UTF16-BE" are used, Ruby checks for
  *  a Unicode BOM in the input document to help determine the encoding.  For
  *  UTF-16 encodings the file open mode must be binary.  When present, the BOM
  *  is stripped and the external encoding from the BOM is used.  When the BOM
@@ -7627,14 +8391,13 @@ rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj)
  *    If +mode+ parameter is given, this parameter will be bitwise-ORed.
  *
  *  :\external_encoding ::
- *    External encoding for the IO.  "-" is a synonym for the default external
- *    encoding.
+ *    External encoding for the IO.
  *
  *  :\internal_encoding ::
  *    Internal encoding for the IO.  "-" is a synonym for the default internal
  *    encoding.
  *
- *    If the value is nil no conversion occurs.
+ *    If the value is +nil+ no conversion occurs.
  *
  *  :encoding ::
  *    Specifies external and internal encodings as "extern:intern".
@@ -7678,7 +8441,7 @@ rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj)
  *    io.puts "Hello, World!"
  *
  *  Both of above print "Hello, World!" in UTF-16LE to standard error output
- *  with converting EOL generated by <code>puts</code> to CR.
+ *  with converting EOL generated by #puts to CR.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7707,7 +8470,7 @@ rb_io_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     oflags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
     if (oflags == -1) rb_sys_fail(0);
 #else
-    if (fstat(fd, &st) == -1) rb_sys_fail(0);
+    if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
 #endif
     rb_update_max_fd(fd);
 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL) && defined(F_GETFL)
@@ -7724,6 +8487,7 @@ rb_io_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 	fmode |= FMODE_PREP;
     }
     MakeOpenFile(io, fp);
+    fp->self = io;
     fp->fd = fd;
     fp->mode = fmode;
     fp->encs = convconfig;
@@ -7742,6 +8506,44 @@ rb_io_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *     ios.set_encoding_by_bom   -> encoding or nil
+ *
+ *  Checks if +ios+ starts with a BOM, and then consumes it and sets
+ *  the external encoding.  Returns the result encoding if found, or
+ *  nil.  If +ios+ is not binmode or its encoding has been set
+ *  already, an exception will be raised.
+ *
+ *    File.write("bom.txt", "\u{FEFF}abc")
+ *    ios = File.open("bom.txt", "rb")
+ *    ios.set_encoding_by_bom    #=>  #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+ *
+ *    File.write("nobom.txt", "abc")
+ *    ios = File.open("nobom.txt", "rb")
+ *    ios.set_encoding_by_bom    #=>  nil
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_io_set_encoding_by_bom(VALUE io)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+
+    GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
+    if (!(fptr->mode & FMODE_BINMODE)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ASCII incompatible encoding needs binmode");
+    }
+    if (fptr->encs.enc2) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding conversion is set");
+    }
+    else if (fptr->encs.enc && fptr->encs.enc != rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding is set to %s already",
+                 rb_enc_name(fptr->encs.enc));
+    }
+    if (!io_set_encoding_by_bom(io)) return Qnil;
+    return rb_enc_from_encoding(fptr->encs.enc);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *     File.new(filename, mode="r" [, opt])            -> file
  *     File.new(filename [, mode [, perm]] [, opt])    -> file
  *
@@ -7754,6 +8556,10 @@ rb_io_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  mode and permission bits are platform dependent; on Unix systems, see
  *  open(2) and chmod(2) man pages for details.
  *
+ *  The new File object is buffered mode (or non-sync mode), unless
+ *  +filename+ is a tty.
+ *  See IO#flush, IO#fsync, IO#fdatasync, and IO#sync= about sync mode.
+ *
  *  === Examples
  *
  *    f = File.new("testfile", "r")
@@ -7790,7 +8596,7 @@ rb_io_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 	rb_warn("%"PRIsVALUE"::new() does not take block; use %"PRIsVALUE"::open() instead",
 		cname, cname);
     }
-    return rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
+    return rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 
@@ -7798,7 +8604,7 @@ rb_io_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *  call-seq:
  *     IO.for_fd(fd, mode [, opt])    -> io
  *
- *  Synonym for <code>IO.new</code>.
+ *  Synonym for IO.new.
  *
  */
 
@@ -7835,12 +8641,12 @@ rb_io_autoclose_p(VALUE io)
  *     f = open("/dev/null")
  *     IO.for_fd(f.fileno)
  *     # ...
- *     f.gets # may cause IOError
+ *     f.gets # may cause Errno::EBADF
  *
  *     f = open("/dev/null")
- *     IO.for_fd(f.fileno).autoclose = true
+ *     IO.for_fd(f.fileno).autoclose = false
  *     # ...
- *     f.gets # won't cause IOError
+ *     f.gets # won't cause Errno::EBADF
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -7852,7 +8658,7 @@ rb_io_set_autoclose(VALUE io, VALUE autoclose)
 	fptr->mode |= FMODE_PREP;
     else
 	fptr->mode &= ~FMODE_PREP;
-    return io;
+    return autoclose;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -7862,29 +8668,21 @@ argf_mark(void *ptr)
     rb_gc_mark(p->filename);
     rb_gc_mark(p->current_file);
     rb_gc_mark(p->argv);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->inplace);
     rb_gc_mark(p->encs.ecopts);
 }
 
-static void
-argf_free(void *ptr)
-{
-    struct argf *p = ptr;
-    xfree(p->inplace);
-    xfree(p);
-}
-
 static size_t
 argf_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
     const struct argf *p = ptr;
     size_t size = sizeof(*p);
-    if (p->inplace) size += strlen(p->inplace) + 1;
     return size;
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t argf_type = {
     "ARGF",
-    {argf_mark, argf_free, argf_memsize},
+    {argf_mark, RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, argf_memsize},
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
@@ -7926,11 +8724,6 @@ argf_initialize_copy(VALUE argf, VALUE orig)
     if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(argf, orig)) return argf;
     ARGF = argf_of(orig);
     ARGF.argv = rb_obj_dup(ARGF.argv);
-    if (ARGF.inplace) {
-	const char *inplace = ARGF.inplace;
-	ARGF.inplace = 0;
-	ARGF.inplace = ruby_strdup(inplace);
-    }
     return argf;
 }
 
@@ -7962,7 +8755,7 @@ argf_set_lineno(VALUE argf, VALUE val)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.lineno -> integer
+ *     ARGF.lineno  -> integer
  *
  *  Returns the current line number of ARGF as a whole. This value
  *  can be set manually with +ARGF.lineno=+.
@@ -8017,8 +8810,10 @@ argf_next_argv(VALUE argf)
     int stdout_binmode = 0;
     int fmode;
 
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(rb_stdout, T_FILE)) {
-        GetOpenFile(rb_stdout, fptr);
+    VALUE r_stdout = rb_ractor_stdout();
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(r_stdout, T_FILE)) {
+        GetOpenFile(r_stdout, fptr);
         if (fptr->mode & FMODE_BINMODE)
             stdout_binmode = 1;
     }
@@ -8046,8 +8841,9 @@ argf_next_argv(VALUE argf)
       retry:
 	if (RARRAY_LEN(ARGF.argv) > 0) {
 	    VALUE filename = rb_ary_shift(ARGF.argv);
-	    StringValueCStr(filename);
-	    ARGF.filename = rb_str_encode_ospath(filename);
+	    FilePathValue(filename);
+	    ARGF.filename = filename;
+	    filename = rb_str_encode_ospath(filename);
 	    fn = StringValueCStr(filename);
 	    if (RSTRING_LEN(filename) == 1 && fn[0] == '-') {
 		ARGF.current_file = rb_stdin;
@@ -8068,15 +8864,19 @@ argf_next_argv(VALUE argf)
 		    VALUE str;
 		    int fw;
 
-		    if (RB_TYPE_P(rb_stdout, T_FILE) && rb_stdout != orig_stdout) {
-			rb_io_close(rb_stdout);
+		    if (RB_TYPE_P(r_stdout, T_FILE) && r_stdout != orig_stdout) {
+			rb_io_close(r_stdout);
 		    }
 		    fstat(fr, &st);
 		    str = filename;
-		    if (*ARGF.inplace) {
+		    if (!NIL_P(ARGF.inplace)) {
+			VALUE suffix = ARGF.inplace;
 			str = rb_str_dup(str);
-			rb_str_cat2(str, ARGF.inplace);
-			/* TODO: encoding of ARGF.inplace */
+			if (NIL_P(rb_str_cat_conv_enc_opts(str, RSTRING_LEN(str),
+							   RSTRING_PTR(suffix), RSTRING_LEN(suffix),
+							   rb_enc_get(suffix), 0, Qnil))) {
+			    rb_str_append(str, suffix);
+			}
 #ifdef NO_SAFE_RENAME
 			(void)close(fr);
 			(void)unlink(RSTRING_PTR(str));
@@ -8134,7 +8934,7 @@ argf_next_argv(VALUE argf)
 		    }
 #endif
 		    write_io = prep_io(fw, FMODE_WRITABLE, rb_cFile, fn);
-		    rb_stdout = write_io;
+		    rb_ractor_stdout_set(write_io);
 		    if (stdout_binmode) rb_io_binmode(rb_stdout);
 		}
 		fmode = FMODE_READABLE;
@@ -8145,6 +8945,7 @@ argf_next_argv(VALUE argf)
 		if (!NIL_P(write_io)) {
 		    rb_io_set_write_io(ARGF.current_file, write_io);
 		}
+		RB_GC_GUARD(filename);
 	    }
 	    if (ARGF.binmode) rb_io_ascii8bit_binmode(ARGF.current_file);
 	    GetOpenFile(ARGF.current_file, fptr);
@@ -8173,7 +8974,7 @@ argf_next_argv(VALUE argf)
 	ARGF.filename = rb_str_new2("-");
 	if (ARGF.inplace) {
 	    rb_warn("Can't do inplace edit for stdio");
-	    rb_stdout = orig_stdout;
+	    rb_ractor_stdout_set(orig_stdout);
 	}
     }
     if (ARGF.init_p == -1) ARGF.init_p = 1;
@@ -8230,9 +9031,9 @@ static VALUE argf_gets(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     gets(sep=$/)    -> string or nil
- *     gets(limit)     -> string or nil
- *     gets(sep,limit) -> string or nil
+ *     gets(sep=$/ [, getline_args])     -> string or nil
+ *     gets(limit [, getline_args])      -> string or nil
+ *     gets(sep, limit [, getline_args]) -> string or nil
  *
  *  Returns (and assigns to <code>$_</code>) the next line from the list
  *  of files in +ARGV+ (or <code>$*</code>), or from standard input if
@@ -8244,8 +9045,8 @@ static VALUE argf_gets(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
  *  divided by two consecutive newlines.  If the first argument is an
  *  integer, or optional second argument is given, the returning string
  *  would not be longer than the given value in bytes.  If multiple
- *  filenames are present in +ARGV+, +gets(nil)+ will read the contents
- *  one file at a time.
+ *  filenames are present in +ARGV+, <code>gets(nil)</code> will read
+ *  the contents one file at a time.
  *
  *     ARGV << "testfile"
  *     print while gets
@@ -8272,18 +9073,21 @@ rb_f_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.gets(sep=$/)     -> string or nil
- *     ARGF.gets(limit)      -> string or nil
- *     ARGF.gets(sep, limit) -> string or nil
+ *     ARGF.gets(sep=$/ [, getline_args])     -> string or nil
+ *     ARGF.gets(limit [, getline_args])      -> string or nil
+ *     ARGF.gets(sep, limit [, getline_args]) -> string or nil
  *
  *  Returns the next line from the current file in +ARGF+.
  *
- *  By default lines are assumed to be separated by +$/+; to use a different
- *  character as a separator, supply it as a +String+ for the _sep_ argument.
+ *  By default lines are assumed to be separated by <code>$/</code>;
+ *  to use a different character as a separator, supply it as a +String+
+ *  for the _sep_ argument.
  *
  *  The optional _limit_ argument specifies how many characters of each line
  *  to return. By default all characters are returned.
  *
+ *  See IO.readlines for details about getline_args.
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
 argf_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
@@ -8330,7 +9134,7 @@ static VALUE argf_readline(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
  *     readline(limit)      -> string
  *     readline(sep, limit) -> string
  *
- *  Equivalent to <code>Kernel::gets</code>, except
+ *  Equivalent to Kernel::gets, except
  *  +readline+ raises +EOFError+ at end of file.
  */
 
@@ -8352,10 +9156,11 @@ rb_f_readline(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
  *
  *  Returns the next line from the current file in +ARGF+.
  *
- *  By default lines are assumed to be separated by +$/+; to use a different
- *  character as a separator, supply it as a +String+ for the _sep_ argument.
+ *  By default lines are assumed to be separated by <code>$/</code>;
+ *  to use a different character as a separator, supply it as a +String+
+ *  for the _sep_ argument.
  *
- *  The optional  _limit_ argument specifies how many characters of each line
+ *  The optional _limit_ argument specifies how many characters of each line
  *  to return. By default all characters are returned.
  *
  *  An +EOFError+ is raised at the end of the file.
@@ -8379,9 +9184,9 @@ static VALUE argf_readlines(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     readlines(sep=$/)    -> array
- *     readlines(limit)     -> array
- *     readlines(sep,limit) -> array
+ *     readlines(sep=$/)     -> array
+ *     readlines(limit)      -> array
+ *     readlines(sep, limit) -> array
  *
  *  Returns an array containing the lines returned by calling
  *  <code>Kernel.gets(<i>sep</i>)</code> until the end of file.
@@ -8465,6 +9270,7 @@ rb_f_backquote(VALUE obj, VALUE str)
     GetOpenFile(port, fptr);
     result = read_all(fptr, remain_size(fptr), Qnil);
     rb_io_close(port);
+    RFILE(port)->fptr = NULL;
     rb_io_fptr_finalize(fptr);
     rb_gc_force_recycle(port); /* also guards from premature GC */
 
@@ -8761,17 +9567,17 @@ advice_arg_check(VALUE advice)
  *
  *  If an error occurs, one of the following exceptions will be raised:
  *
- *  <code>IOError</code>:: The <code>IO</code> stream is closed.
- *  <code>Errno::EBADF</code>::
+ *  IOError:: The IO stream is closed.
+ *  Errno::EBADF::
  *    The file descriptor of the current file is invalid.
- *  <code>Errno::EINVAL</code>:: An invalid value for _advice_ was given.
- *  <code>Errno::ESPIPE</code>::
+ *  Errno::EINVAL:: An invalid value for _advice_ was given.
+ *  Errno::ESPIPE::
  *    The file descriptor of the current file refers to a FIFO or
- *    pipe. (Linux raises <code>Errno::EINVAL</code> in this case).
- *  <code>TypeError</code>::
+ *    pipe. (Linux raises Errno::EINVAL in this case).
+ *  TypeError::
  *    Either _advice_ was not a Symbol, or one of the
- *    other arguments was not an <code>Integer</code>.
- *  <code>RangeError</code>:: One of the arguments given was too big/small.
+ *    other arguments was not an Integer.
+ *  RangeError:: One of the arguments given was too big/small.
  *
  *  This list is not exhaustive; other Errno:: exceptions are also possible.
  */
@@ -8801,32 +9607,31 @@ rb_io_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     IO.select(read_array [, write_array [, error_array [, timeout]]]) -> array  or  nil
+ *     IO.select(read_array [, write_array [, error_array [, timeout]]]) -> array or nil
  *
  *  Calls select(2) system call.
- *  It monitors given arrays of <code>IO</code> objects, waits until one or more
- *  of <code>IO</code> objects are ready for reading, are ready for writing,
- *  and have pending exceptions respectively, and returns an array that
- *  contains arrays of those IO objects.  It will return <code>nil</code>
- *  if optional <i>timeout</i> value is given and no <code>IO</code> object
- *  is ready in <i>timeout</i> seconds.
- *
- *  <code>IO.select</code> peeks the buffer of <code>IO</code> objects for testing readability.
- *  If the <code>IO</code> buffer is not empty,
- *  <code>IO.select</code> immediately notifies readability.
- *  This "peek" only happens for <code>IO</code> objects.
- *  It does not happen for IO-like objects such as OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.
- *
- *  The best way to use <code>IO.select</code> is invoking it
- *  after nonblocking methods such as <code>read_nonblock</code>, <code>write_nonblock</code>, etc.
- *  The methods raise an exception which is extended by
- *  <code>IO::WaitReadable</code> or <code>IO::WaitWritable</code>.
- *  The modules notify how the caller should wait with <code>IO.select</code>.
- *  If <code>IO::WaitReadable</code> is raised, the caller should wait for reading.
- *  If <code>IO::WaitWritable</code> is raised, the caller should wait for writing.
- *
- *  So, blocking read (<code>readpartial</code>) can be emulated using
- *  <code>read_nonblock</code> and <code>IO.select</code> as follows:
+ *  It monitors given arrays of IO objects, waits until one or more of
+ *  IO objects are ready for reading, are ready for writing, and have
+ *  pending exceptions respectively, and returns an array that contains
+ *  arrays of those IO objects.  It will return +nil+ if optional
+ *  <i>timeout</i> value is given and no IO object is ready in
+ *  <i>timeout</i> seconds.
+ *
+ *  IO.select peeks the buffer of IO objects for testing readability.
+ *  If the IO buffer is not empty, IO.select immediately notifies
+ *  readability.  This "peek" only happens for IO objects.  It does not
+ *  happen for IO-like objects such as OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.
+ *
+ *  The best way to use IO.select is invoking it after nonblocking
+ *  methods such as #read_nonblock, #write_nonblock, etc.  The methods
+ *  raise an exception which is extended by IO::WaitReadable or
+ *  IO::WaitWritable.  The modules notify how the caller should wait
+ *  with IO.select.  If IO::WaitReadable is raised, the caller should
+ *  wait for reading.  If IO::WaitWritable is raised, the caller should
+ *  wait for writing.
+ *
+ *  So, blocking read (#readpartial) can be emulated using
+ *  #read_nonblock and IO.select as follows:
  *
  *    begin
  *      result = io_like.read_nonblock(maxlen)
@@ -8838,57 +9643,57 @@ rb_io_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *      retry
  *    end
  *
- *  Especially, the combination of nonblocking methods and
- *  <code>IO.select</code> is preferred for <code>IO</code> like
- *  objects such as <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket</code>.
- *  It has <code>to_io</code> method to return underlying <code>IO</code> object.
- *  <code>IO.select</code> calls <code>to_io</code> to obtain the file descriptor to wait.
+ *  Especially, the combination of nonblocking methods and IO.select is
+ *  preferred for IO like objects such as OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.  It
+ *  has #to_io method to return underlying IO object.  IO.select calls
+ *  #to_io to obtain the file descriptor to wait.
  *
- *  This means that readability notified by <code>IO.select</code> doesn't mean
- *  readability from <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket</code> object.
+ *  This means that readability notified by IO.select doesn't mean
+ *  readability from OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket object.
  *
- *  The most likely situation is that <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket</code> buffers some data.
- *  <code>IO.select</code> doesn't see the buffer.
- *  So <code>IO.select</code> can block when <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#readpartial</code> doesn't block.
+ *  The most likely situation is that OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket buffers
+ *  some data.  IO.select doesn't see the buffer.  So IO.select can
+ *  block when OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#readpartial doesn't block.
  *
  *  However, several more complicated situations exist.
  *
  *  SSL is a protocol which is sequence of records.
  *  The record consists of multiple bytes.
- *  So, the remote side of SSL sends a partial record,
- *  <code>IO.select</code> notifies readability but
- *  <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket</code> cannot decrypt a byte and
- *  <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#readpartial</code> will blocks.
+ *  So, the remote side of SSL sends a partial record, IO.select
+ *  notifies readability but OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket cannot decrypt a
+ *  byte and OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#readpartial will block.
  *
  *  Also, the remote side can request SSL renegotiation which forces
  *  the local SSL engine to write some data.
- *  This means <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#readpartial</code> may
- *  invoke <code>write</code> system call and it can block.
- *  In such a situation, <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#read_nonblock</code>
- *  raises IO::WaitWritable instead of blocking.
- *  So, the caller should wait for ready for writability as above example.
+ *  This means OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#readpartial may invoke #write
+ *  system call and it can block.
+ *  In such a situation, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#read_nonblock raises
+ *  IO::WaitWritable instead of blocking.
+ *  So, the caller should wait for ready for writability as above
+ *  example.
  *
- *  The combination of nonblocking methods and <code>IO.select</code> is
- *  also useful for streams such as tty, pipe socket socket when
- *  multiple processes read from a stream.
+ *  The combination of nonblocking methods and IO.select is also useful
+ *  for streams such as tty, pipe socket socket when multiple processes
+ *  read from a stream.
  *
  *  Finally, Linux kernel developers don't guarantee that
  *  readability of select(2) means readability of following read(2) even
  *  for a single process.
  *  See select(2) manual on GNU/Linux system.
  *
- *  Invoking <code>IO.select</code> before <code>IO#readpartial</code> works well as usual.
- *  However it is not the best way to use <code>IO.select</code>.
+ *  Invoking IO.select before IO#readpartial works well as usual.
+ *  However it is not the best way to use IO.select.
  *
  *  The writability notified by select(2) doesn't show
- *  how many bytes writable.
- *  <code>IO#write</code> method blocks until given whole string is written.
- *  So, <code>IO#write(two or more bytes)</code> can block after writability is notified by <code>IO.select</code>.
- *  <code>IO#write_nonblock</code> is required to avoid the blocking.
+ *  how many bytes are writable.
+ *  IO#write method blocks until given whole string is written.
+ *  So, <code>IO#write(two or more bytes)</code> can block after
+ *  writability is notified by IO.select.  IO#write_nonblock is required
+ *  to avoid the blocking.
  *
- *  Blocking write (<code>write</code>) can be emulated using
- *  <code>write_nonblock</code> and <code>IO.select</code> as follows:
- *  IO::WaitReadable should also be rescued for SSL renegotiation in <code>OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket</code>.
+ *  Blocking write (#write) can be emulated using #write_nonblock and
+ *  IO.select as follows: IO::WaitReadable should also be rescued for
+ *  SSL renegotiation in OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.
  *
  *    while 0 < string.bytesize
  *      begin
@@ -8904,9 +9709,9 @@ rb_io_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *    end
  *
  *  === Parameters
- *  read_array:: an array of <code>IO</code> objects that wait until ready for read
- *  write_array:: an array of <code>IO</code> objects that wait until ready for write
- *  error_array:: an array of <code>IO</code> objects that wait for exceptions
+ *  read_array:: an array of IO objects that wait until ready for read
+ *  write_array:: an array of IO objects that wait until ready for write
+ *  error_array:: an array of IO objects that wait for exceptions
  *  timeout:: a numeric value in second
  *
  *  === Example
@@ -8963,12 +9768,12 @@ rb_f_select(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     return rb_ensure(select_call, (VALUE)&args, select_end, (VALUE)&args);
 }
 
-#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+#if (defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
  typedef unsigned long ioctl_req_t;
 # define NUM2IOCTLREQ(num) NUM2ULONG(num)
 #else
  typedef int ioctl_req_t;
-# define NUM2IOCTLREQ(num) NUM2INT(num)
+# define NUM2IOCTLREQ(num) ((int)NUM2LONG(num))
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_IOCTL
@@ -9055,14 +9860,6 @@ typedef long fcntl_arg_t;
 typedef int fcntl_arg_t;
 #endif
 
-#if defined __native_client__ && !defined __GLIBC__
-// struct flock is currently missing the NaCl newlib headers
-// TODO(sbc): remove this once it gets added.
-#undef F_GETLK
-#undef F_SETLK
-#undef F_SETLKW
-#endif
-
 static long
 fcntl_narg_len(int cmd)
 {
@@ -9318,11 +10115,17 @@ do_fcntl(int fd, int cmd, long narg)
     arg.narg = narg;
 
     retval = (int)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(nogvl_fcntl, &arg, fd);
+    if (retval != -1) {
+	switch (cmd) {
 #if defined(F_DUPFD)
-    if (retval != -1 && cmd == F_DUPFD) {
-	rb_update_max_fd(retval);
-    }
+	  case F_DUPFD:
+#endif
+#if defined(F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)
+	  case F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC:
 #endif
+	    rb_update_max_fd(retval);
+	}
+    }
 
     return retval;
 }
@@ -9359,9 +10162,9 @@ rb_fcntl(VALUE io, VALUE req, VALUE arg)
  *  query file-oriented I/O streams. Arguments and results are platform
  *  dependent. If <i>arg</i> is a number, its value is passed
  *  directly. If it is a string, it is interpreted as a binary sequence
- *  of bytes (<code>Array#pack</code> might be a useful way to build this
- *  string). On Unix platforms, see <code>fcntl(2)</code> for details.
- *  Not implemented on all platforms.
+ *  of bytes (Array#pack might be a useful way to build this string). On
+ *  Unix platforms, see <code>fcntl(2)</code> for details.  Not
+ *  implemented on all platforms.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -9401,17 +10204,18 @@ rb_io_fcntl(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *
  *     hello
  *
- *
  *  Calling +syscall+ on a platform which does not have any way to
  *  an arbitrary system function just fails with NotImplementedError.
  *
- * Note::
- *   +syscall+ is essentially unsafe and unportable. Feel free to shoot your foot.
- *   DL (Fiddle) library is preferred for safer and a bit more portable programming.
+ *  *Note:*
+ *  +syscall+ is essentially unsafe and unportable.
+ *  Feel free to shoot your foot.
+ *  The DL (Fiddle) library is preferred for safer and a bit
+ *  more portable programming.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_syscall(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_syscall(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE arg[8];
 #if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8 && defined(HAVE___SYSCALL) && SIZEOF_INT != 8 /* mainly *BSD */
@@ -9446,7 +10250,8 @@ rb_f_syscall(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     int i;
 
     if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
-	rb_warning("We plan to remove a syscall function at future release. DL(Fiddle) provides safer alternative.");
+        rb_category_warning(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED,
+            "We plan to remove a syscall function at future release. DL(Fiddle) provides safer alternative.");
     }
 
     if (argc == 0)
@@ -9614,7 +10419,7 @@ pipe_pair_close(VALUE rw)
  *     IO.pipe(...) {|read_io, write_io| ... }
  *
  *  Creates a pair of pipe endpoints (connected to each other) and
- *  returns them as a two-element array of <code>IO</code> objects:
+ *  returns them as a two-element array of IO objects:
  *  <code>[</code> <i>read_io</i>, <i>write_io</i> <code>]</code>.
  *
  *  If a block is given, the block is called and
@@ -9676,7 +10481,7 @@ rb_io_s_pipe(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     VALUE ret;
 
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", &v1, &v2, &opt);
-    if (rb_pipe(pipes) == -1)
+    if (rb_pipe(pipes) < 0)
         rb_sys_fail(0);
 
     args[0] = klass;
@@ -9713,6 +10518,12 @@ rb_io_s_pipe(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     rb_io_synchronized(fptr2);
 
     extract_binmode(opt, &fmode);
+
+    if ((fmode & FMODE_BINMODE) && v1 == Qnil) {
+        rb_io_ascii8bit_binmode(r);
+        rb_io_ascii8bit_binmode(w);
+    }
+
 #if DEFAULT_TEXTMODE
     if ((fptr->mode & FMODE_TEXTMODE) && (fmode & FMODE_BINMODE)) {
 	fptr->mode &= ~FMODE_TEXTMODE;
@@ -9750,9 +10561,10 @@ struct foreach_arg {
 };
 
 static void
-open_key_args(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE opt, struct foreach_arg *arg)
+open_key_args(VALUE klass, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE opt, struct foreach_arg *arg)
 {
     VALUE path, v;
+    VALUE vmode = Qnil, vperm = Qnil;
 
     path = *argv++;
     argc--;
@@ -9761,34 +10573,24 @@ open_key_args(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE opt, struct foreach_arg *arg)
     arg->argc = argc;
     arg->argv = argv;
     if (NIL_P(opt)) {
-	arg->io = rb_io_open(path, INT2NUM(O_RDONLY), INT2FIX(0666), Qnil);
-	return;
+	vmode = INT2NUM(O_RDONLY);
+	vperm = INT2FIX(0666);
     }
-    v = rb_hash_aref(opt, sym_open_args);
-    if (!NIL_P(v)) {
-	VALUE args;
-	long n;
+    else if (!NIL_P(v = rb_hash_aref(opt, sym_open_args))) {
+	int n;
 
-	v = rb_convert_type(v, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
-	n = RARRAY_LEN(v) + 1;
-#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
-	if (n > INT_MAX) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many arguments");
-	}
-#endif
-	args = rb_ary_tmp_new(n);
-	rb_ary_push(args, path);
-	rb_ary_concat(args, v);
-	arg->io = rb_io_open_with_args((int)n, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args));
-	rb_ary_clear(args);	/* prevent from GC */
-	return;
+	v = rb_to_array_type(v);
+	n = RARRAY_LENINT(v);
+	rb_check_arity(n, 0, 3); /* rb_io_open */
+        rb_scan_args_kw(RB_SCAN_ARGS_LAST_HASH_KEYWORDS, n, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(v), "02:", &vmode, &vperm, &opt);
     }
-    arg->io = rb_io_open(path, Qnil, Qnil, opt);
+    arg->io = rb_io_open(klass, path, vmode, vperm, opt);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-io_s_foreach(struct getline_arg *arg)
+io_s_foreach(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct getline_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     VALUE str;
 
     while (!NIL_P(str = rb_io_getline_1(arg->rs, arg->limit, arg->chomp, arg->io))) {
@@ -9801,9 +10603,9 @@ io_s_foreach(struct getline_arg *arg)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     IO.foreach(name, sep=$/ [, open_args]) {|line| block }     -> nil
- *     IO.foreach(name, limit [, open_args]) {|line| block }      -> nil
- *     IO.foreach(name, sep, limit [, open_args]) {|line| block } -> nil
+ *     IO.foreach(name, sep=$/ [, getline_args, open_args]) {|line| block }     -> nil
+ *     IO.foreach(name, limit [, getline_args, open_args]) {|line| block }      -> nil
+ *     IO.foreach(name, sep, limit [, getline_args, open_args]) {|line| block } -> nil
  *     IO.foreach(...)                                            -> an_enumerator
  *
  *  Executes the block for every line in the named I/O port, where lines
@@ -9821,7 +10623,8 @@ io_s_foreach(struct getline_arg *arg)
  *     GOT And so on...
  *
  *  If the last argument is a hash, it's the keyword argument to open.
- *  See <code>IO.read</code> for detail.
+ *  See IO.readlines for details about getline_args.
+ *  And see also IO.read for details about open_args.
  *
  */
 
@@ -9836,7 +10639,7 @@ rb_io_s_foreach(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13:", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, &opt);
     RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, orig_argc, argv);
     extract_getline_args(argc-1, argv+1, &garg);
-    open_key_args(argc, argv, opt, &arg);
+    open_key_args(self, argc, argv, opt, &arg);
     if (NIL_P(arg.io)) return Qnil;
     extract_getline_opts(opt, &garg);
     check_getline_args(&garg.rs, &garg.limit, garg.io = arg.io);
@@ -9844,16 +10647,17 @@ rb_io_s_foreach(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-io_s_readlines(struct getline_arg *arg)
+io_s_readlines(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct getline_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     return io_readlines(arg, arg->io);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     IO.readlines(name, sep=$/ [, open_args])     -> array
- *     IO.readlines(name, limit [, open_args])      -> array
- *     IO.readlines(name, sep, limit [, open_args]) -> array
+ *     IO.readlines(name, sep=$/ [, getline_args, open_args])     -> array
+ *     IO.readlines(name, limit [, getline_args, open_args])      -> array
+ *     IO.readlines(name, sep, limit [, getline_args, open_args]) -> array
  *
  *  Reads the entire file specified by <i>name</i> as individual
  *  lines, and returns those lines in an array. Lines are separated by
@@ -9862,9 +10666,21 @@ io_s_readlines(struct getline_arg *arg)
  *     a = IO.readlines("testfile")
  *     a[0]   #=> "This is line one\n"
  *
+ *     b = IO.readlines("testfile", chomp: true)
+ *     b[0]   #=> "This is line one"
+ *
  *  If the last argument is a hash, it's the keyword argument to open.
- *  See <code>IO.read</code> for detail.
  *
+ *  === Options for getline
+ *
+ *  The options hash accepts the following keys:
+ *
+ *  :chomp::
+ *    When the optional +chomp+ keyword argument has a true value,
+ *    <code>\n</code>, <code>\r</code>, and <code>\r\n</code>
+ *    will be removed from the end of each line.
+ *
+ *  See also IO.read for details about open_args.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -9876,7 +10692,7 @@ rb_io_s_readlines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13:", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, &opt);
     extract_getline_args(argc-1, argv+1, &garg);
-    open_key_args(argc, argv, opt, &arg);
+    open_key_args(io, argc, argv, opt, &arg);
     if (NIL_P(arg.io)) return Qnil;
     extract_getline_opts(opt, &garg);
     check_getline_args(&garg.rs, &garg.limit, garg.io = arg.io);
@@ -9884,8 +10700,9 @@ rb_io_s_readlines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-io_s_read(struct foreach_arg *arg)
+io_s_read(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct foreach_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     return io_read(arg->argc, arg->argv, arg->io);
 }
 
@@ -9908,8 +10725,8 @@ seek_before_access(VALUE argp)
  *     IO.read(name, [length [, offset]] [, opt] )   -> string
  *
  *  Opens the file, optionally seeks to the given +offset+, then returns
- *  +length+ bytes (defaulting to the rest of the file).  <code>read</code>
- *  ensures the file is closed before returning.
+ *  +length+ bytes (defaulting to the rest of the file).  #read ensures
+ *  the file is closed before returning.
  *
  *  If +name+ starts with a pipe character (<code>"|"</code>), a subprocess is
  *  created in the same way as Kernel#open, and its output is returned.
@@ -9925,7 +10742,7 @@ seek_before_access(VALUE argp)
  *    if +length+ is specified.  See Encoding.aliases for possible encodings.
  *
  *  :mode::
- *    string
+ *    string or integer
  *
  *    Specifies the <i>mode</i> argument for open().  It must start
  *    with an "r", otherwise it will cause an error.
@@ -9952,7 +10769,7 @@ rb_io_s_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     struct foreach_arg arg;
 
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13:", NULL, NULL, &offset, NULL, &opt);
-    open_key_args(argc, argv, opt, &arg);
+    open_key_args(io, argc, argv, opt, &arg);
     if (NIL_P(arg.io)) return Qnil;
     if (!NIL_P(offset)) {
 	struct seek_arg sarg;
@@ -9974,10 +10791,10 @@ rb_io_s_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  call-seq:
  *     IO.binread(name, [length [, offset]] )   -> string
  *
- *  Opens the file, optionally seeks to the given <i>offset</i>, then returns
- *  <i>length</i> bytes (defaulting to the rest of the file).
- *  <code>binread</code> ensures the file is closed before returning.
- *  The open mode would be "rb:ASCII-8BIT".
+ *  Opens the file, optionally seeks to the given <i>offset</i>, then
+ *  returns <i>length</i> bytes (defaulting to the rest of the file).
+ *  #binread ensures the file is closed before returning.  The open mode
+ *  would be <code>"rb:ASCII-8BIT"</code>.
  *
  *     IO.binread("testfile")           #=> "This is line one\nThis is line two\nThis is line three\nAnd so on...\n"
  *     IO.binread("testfile", 20)       #=> "This is line one\nThi"
@@ -10001,7 +10818,7 @@ rb_io_s_binread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", NULL, NULL, &offset);
     FilePathValue(argv[0]);
     convconfig.enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
-    arg.io = rb_io_open_generic(argv[0], oflags, fmode, &convconfig, 0);
+    arg.io = rb_io_open_generic(io, argv[0], oflags, fmode, &convconfig, 0);
     if (NIL_P(arg.io)) return Qnil;
     arg.argv = argv+1;
     arg.argc = (argc > 1) ? 1 : 0;
@@ -10021,13 +10838,14 @@ rb_io_s_binread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-io_s_write0(struct write_arg *arg)
+io_s_write0(VALUE v)
 {
+    struct write_arg *arg = (void * )v;
     return io_write(arg->io,arg->str,arg->nosync);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, int binary)
+io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass, int binary)
 {
     VALUE string, offset, opt;
     struct foreach_arg arg;
@@ -10047,7 +10865,7 @@ io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, int binary)
        if (NIL_P(offset)) mode |= O_TRUNC;
        rb_hash_aset(opt,sym_mode,INT2NUM(mode));
     }
-    open_key_args(argc,argv,opt,&arg);
+    open_key_args(klass, argc, argv, opt, &arg);
 
 #ifndef O_BINARY
     if (binary) rb_io_binmode_m(arg.io);
@@ -10080,10 +10898,9 @@ io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, int binary)
  *     IO.write(name, string [, offset] [, opt])   -> integer
  *
  *  Opens the file, optionally seeks to the given <i>offset</i>, writes
- *  <i>string</i>, then returns the length written.
- *  <code>write</code> ensures the file is closed before returning.
- *  If <i>offset</i> is not given, the file is truncated.  Otherwise,
- *  it is not truncated.
+ *  <i>string</i>, then returns the length written.  #write ensures the
+ *  file is closed before returning.  If <i>offset</i> is not given in
+ *  write mode, the file is truncated.  Otherwise, it is not truncated.
  *
  *    IO.write("testfile", "0123456789", 20)  #=> 10
  *    # File could contain:  "This is line one\nThi0123456789two\nThis is line three\nAnd so on...\n"
@@ -10100,7 +10917,7 @@ io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, int binary)
  *    See Encoding.aliases for possible encodings.
  *
  *  :mode::
- *    string
+ *    string or integer
  *
  *    Specifies the <i>mode</i> argument for open().  It must start
  *    with "w", "a", or "r+", otherwise it will cause an error.
@@ -10121,23 +10938,22 @@ io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, int binary)
 static VALUE
 rb_io_s_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    return io_s_write(argc, argv, 0);
+    return io_s_write(argc, argv, io, 0);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     IO.binwrite(name, string, [offset] )   => integer
- *     IO.binwrite(name, string, [offset], open_args )   => integer
- *
- *  Same as <code>IO.write</code> except opening the file in binary mode
- *  and ASCII-8BIT encoding ("wb:ASCII-8BIT").
+ *     IO.binwrite(name, string, [offset] )             -> integer
+ *     IO.binwrite(name, string, [offset], open_args )  -> integer
  *
+ *  Same as IO.write except opening the file in binary mode and
+ *  ASCII-8BIT encoding (<code>"wb:ASCII-8BIT"</code>).
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_io_s_binwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
-    return io_s_write(argc, argv, 1);
+    return io_s_write(argc, argv, io, 1);
 }
 
 struct copy_stream_struct {
@@ -10148,14 +10964,18 @@ struct copy_stream_struct {
 
     int src_fd;
     int dst_fd;
-    int close_src;
-    int close_dst;
+    unsigned close_src : 1;
+    unsigned close_dst : 1;
+    int error_no;
     off_t total;
     const char *syserr;
-    int error_no;
     const char *notimp;
-    rb_fdset_t fds;
     VALUE th;
+    struct stat src_stat;
+    struct stat dst_stat;
+#ifdef HAVE_FCOPYFILE
+    copyfile_state_t copyfile_state;
+#endif
 };
 
 static void *
@@ -10190,26 +11010,79 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-/* non-Linux poll may not work on all FDs */
-#if defined(HAVE_POLL) && defined(__linux__)
-#  define USE_POLL 1
-#  define IOWAIT_SYSCALL "poll"
-#else
-#  define IOWAIT_SYSCALL "select"
-#  define USE_POLL 0
-#endif
+struct wait_for_single_fd {
+    VALUE scheduler;
+
+    int fd;
+    short events;
+
+    VALUE result;
+};
+
+static void *
+rb_thread_scheduler_wait_for_single_fd(void * _args)
+{
+    struct wait_for_single_fd *args = (struct wait_for_single_fd *)_args;
+
+    args->result = rb_scheduler_io_wait(args->scheduler, rb_io_from_fd(args->fd), INT2NUM(args->events), Qnil);
+
+    return NULL;
+}
 
 #if USE_POLL
+#  define IOWAIT_SYSCALL "poll"
+STATIC_ASSERT(pollin_expected, POLLIN == RB_WAITFD_IN);
+STATIC_ASSERT(pollout_expected, POLLOUT == RB_WAITFD_OUT);
 static int
-nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, short events)
+nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(VALUE th, int fd, short events)
 {
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_thread_scheduler_current(th);
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        struct wait_for_single_fd args = {.scheduler = scheduler, .fd = fd, .events = events};
+        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(rb_thread_scheduler_wait_for_single_fd, &args);
+        return RTEST(args.result);
+    }
+
     struct pollfd fds;
 
     fds.fd = fd;
     fds.events = events;
 
-    return poll(&fds, 1, 0);
+    return poll(&fds, 1, -1);
 }
+#else /* !USE_POLL */
+#  define IOWAIT_SYSCALL "select"
+static int
+nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(VALUE th, int fd, short events)
+{
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_thread_scheduler_current(th);
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        struct wait_for_single_fd args = {.scheduler = scheduler, .fd = fd, .events = events};
+        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(rb_thread_scheduler_wait_for_single_fd, &args);
+        return RTEST(args.result);
+    }
+
+    rb_fdset_t fds;
+    int ret;
+
+    rb_fd_init(&fds);
+    rb_fd_set(fd, &fds);
+
+    switch (events) {
+      case RB_WAITFD_IN:
+        ret = rb_fd_select(fd + 1, &fds, 0, 0, 0);
+        break;
+      case RB_WAITFD_OUT:
+        ret = rb_fd_select(fd + 1, 0, &fds, 0, 0);
+        break;
+      default:
+        VM_UNREACHABLE(nogvl_wait_for_single_fd);
+    }
+
+    rb_fd_term(&fds);
+    return ret;
+}
+#endif /* !USE_POLL */
 
 static int
 maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
@@ -10221,69 +11094,220 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 	    ret = rb_wait_for_single_fd(stp->src_fd, RB_WAITFD_IN, NULL);
 	}
 	else {
-	    ret = nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(stp->src_fd, POLLIN);
+	    ret = nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(stp->th, stp->src_fd, RB_WAITFD_IN);
 	}
-    } while (ret == -1 && maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(has_gvl, stp));
+    } while (ret < 0 && maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(has_gvl, stp));
 
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        stp->syserr = "poll";
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        stp->syserr = IOWAIT_SYSCALL;
         stp->error_no = errno;
-        return -1;
+        return ret;
     }
     return 0;
 }
-#else /* !USE_POLL */
-static int
-maygvl_select(int has_gvl, int n, rb_fdset_t *rfds, rb_fdset_t *wfds, rb_fdset_t *efds, struct timeval *timeout)
-{
-    if (has_gvl)
-        return rb_thread_fd_select(n, rfds, wfds, efds, timeout);
-    else
-        return rb_fd_select(n, rfds, wfds, efds, timeout);
-}
 
 static int
-maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
+nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
     int ret;
 
     do {
-	rb_fd_zero(&stp->fds);
-	rb_fd_set(stp->src_fd, &stp->fds);
-        ret = maygvl_select(has_gvl, rb_fd_max(&stp->fds), &stp->fds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-    } while (ret == -1 && maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(has_gvl, stp));
+	ret = nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(stp->th, stp->dst_fd, RB_WAITFD_OUT);
+    } while (ret < 0 && maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(0, stp));
 
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        stp->syserr = "select";
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        stp->syserr = IOWAIT_SYSCALL;
         stp->error_no = errno;
-        return -1;
+        return ret;
     }
     return 0;
 }
-#endif /* !USE_POLL */
+
+#ifdef USE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
+
+static ssize_t
+simple_copy_file_range(int in_fd, off_t *in_offset, int out_fd, off_t *out_offset, size_t count, unsigned int flags)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
+    return copy_file_range(in_fd, in_offset, out_fd, out_offset, count, flags);
+#else
+    return syscall(__NR_copy_file_range, in_fd, in_offset, out_fd, out_offset, count, flags);
+#endif
+}
 
 static int
-nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
+nogvl_copy_file_range(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
-    int ret;
+    ssize_t ss;
+    off_t src_size;
+    off_t copy_length, src_offset, *src_offset_ptr;
 
-    do {
-#if USE_POLL
-	ret = nogvl_wait_for_single_fd(stp->dst_fd, POLLOUT);
-#else
-	rb_fd_zero(&stp->fds);
-	rb_fd_set(stp->dst_fd, &stp->fds);
-        ret = rb_fd_select(rb_fd_max(&stp->fds), NULL, &stp->fds, NULL, NULL);
+    if (!S_ISREG(stp->src_stat.st_mode))
+        return 0;
+
+    src_size = stp->src_stat.st_size;
+    src_offset = stp->src_offset;
+    if (src_offset >= (off_t)0) {
+	src_offset_ptr = &src_offset;
+    }
+    else {
+	src_offset_ptr = NULL; /* if src_offset_ptr is NULL, then bytes are read from in_fd starting from the file offset */
+    }
+
+    copy_length = stp->copy_length;
+    if (copy_length < (off_t)0) {
+        if (src_offset < (off_t)0) {
+	    off_t current_offset;
+            errno = 0;
+            current_offset = lseek(stp->src_fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
+            if (current_offset < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+                stp->syserr = "lseek";
+                stp->error_no = errno;
+                return (int)current_offset;
+            }
+            copy_length = src_size - current_offset;
+	}
+	else {
+            copy_length = src_size - src_offset;
+	}
+    }
+
+  retry_copy_file_range:
+# if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    /* we are limited by the 32-bit ssize_t return value on 32-bit */
+    ss = (copy_length > (off_t)SSIZE_MAX) ? SSIZE_MAX : (ssize_t)copy_length;
+# else
+    ss = (ssize_t)copy_length;
+# endif
+    ss = simple_copy_file_range(stp->src_fd, src_offset_ptr, stp->dst_fd, NULL, ss, 0);
+    if (0 < ss) {
+        stp->total += ss;
+        copy_length -= ss;
+        if (0 < copy_length) {
+            goto retry_copy_file_range;
+        }
+    }
+    if (ss < 0) {
+	if (maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(0, stp)) {
+            goto retry_copy_file_range;
+	}
+        switch (errno) {
+	  case EINVAL:
+	  case EPERM: /* copy_file_range(2) doesn't exist (may happen in
+			 docker container) */
+#ifdef ENOSYS
+	  case ENOSYS:
+#endif
+#ifdef EXDEV
+	  case EXDEV: /* in_fd and out_fd are not on the same filesystem */
+#endif
+            return 0;
+	  case EAGAIN:
+#if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
+	  case EWOULDBLOCK:
 #endif
-    } while (ret == -1 && maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(0, stp));
+            {
+                int ret = nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(stp);
+                if (ret < 0) return ret;
+            }
+            goto retry_copy_file_range;
+	  case EBADF:
+	    {
+		int e = errno;
+		int flags = fcntl(stp->dst_fd, F_GETFL);
 
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        stp->syserr = IOWAIT_SYSCALL;
+		if (flags != -1 && flags & O_APPEND) {
+		    return 0;
+		}
+		errno = e;
+	    }
+        }
+        stp->syserr = "copy_file_range";
         stp->error_no = errno;
-        return -1;
+        return (int)ss;
     }
-    return 0;
+    return 1;
 }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FCOPYFILE
+static int
+nogvl_fcopyfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
+{
+    off_t cur, ss = 0;
+    const off_t src_offset = stp->src_offset;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (stp->copy_length >= (off_t)0) {
+        /* copy_length can't be specified in fcopyfile(3) */
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (!S_ISREG(stp->src_stat.st_mode))
+        return 0;
+
+    if (!S_ISREG(stp->dst_stat.st_mode))
+        return 0;
+    if (lseek(stp->dst_fd, 0, SEEK_CUR) > (off_t)0) /* if dst IO was already written */
+        return 0;
+    if (fcntl(stp->dst_fd, F_GETFL) & O_APPEND) {
+        /* fcopyfile(3) appends src IO to dst IO and then truncates
+         * dst IO to src IO's original size. */
+        off_t end = lseek(stp->dst_fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+        lseek(stp->dst_fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+        if (end > (off_t)0) return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (src_offset > (off_t)0) {
+        off_t r;
+
+        /* get current offset */
+        errno = 0;
+        cur = lseek(stp->src_fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
+        if (cur < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+            stp->error_no = errno;
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        errno = 0;
+        r = lseek(stp->src_fd, src_offset, SEEK_SET);
+        if (r < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+            stp->error_no = errno;
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    stp->copyfile_state = copyfile_state_alloc(); /* this will be freed by copy_stream_finalize() */
+    ret = fcopyfile(stp->src_fd, stp->dst_fd, stp->copyfile_state, COPYFILE_DATA);
+    copyfile_state_get(stp->copyfile_state, COPYFILE_STATE_COPIED, &ss); /* get copied bytes */
+
+    if (ret == 0) { /* success */
+        stp->total = ss;
+        if (src_offset > (off_t)0) {
+            off_t r;
+            errno = 0;
+            /* reset offset */
+            r = lseek(stp->src_fd, cur, SEEK_SET);
+            if (r < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+                stp->error_no = errno;
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        switch (errno) {
+          case ENOTSUP:
+          case EPERM:
+          case EINVAL:
+            return 0;
+        }
+        stp->syserr = "fcopyfile";
+        stp->error_no = errno;
+        return (int)ret;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+#endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SENDFILE
 
@@ -10318,7 +11342,7 @@ simple_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, off_t count)
 #  else
     r = sendfile(in_fd, out_fd, pos, (size_t)count, NULL, &sbytes, 0);
 #  endif
-    if (r != 0 && sbytes == 0) return -1;
+    if (r != 0 && sbytes == 0) return r;
     if (offset) {
 	*offset += sbytes;
     }
@@ -10336,51 +11360,38 @@ simple_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, off_t count)
 static int
 nogvl_copy_stream_sendfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
-    struct stat src_stat, dst_stat;
     ssize_t ss;
-    int ret;
-
+    off_t src_size;
     off_t copy_length;
     off_t src_offset;
     int use_pread;
 
-    ret = fstat(stp->src_fd, &src_stat);
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        stp->syserr = "fstat";
-        stp->error_no = errno;
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (!S_ISREG(src_stat.st_mode))
+    if (!S_ISREG(stp->src_stat.st_mode))
         return 0;
 
-    ret = fstat(stp->dst_fd, &dst_stat);
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        stp->syserr = "fstat";
-        stp->error_no = errno;
-        return -1;
-    }
+    src_size = stp->src_stat.st_size;
 #ifndef __linux__
-    if ((dst_stat.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFSOCK)
+    if ((stp->dst_stat.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFSOCK)
 	return 0;
 #endif
 
     src_offset = stp->src_offset;
-    use_pread = src_offset != (off_t)-1;
+    use_pread = src_offset >= (off_t)0;
 
     copy_length = stp->copy_length;
-    if (copy_length == (off_t)-1) {
+    if (copy_length < (off_t)0) {
         if (use_pread)
-            copy_length = src_stat.st_size - src_offset;
+            copy_length = src_size - src_offset;
         else {
             off_t cur;
             errno = 0;
             cur = lseek(stp->src_fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
-            if (cur == (off_t)-1 && errno) {
+            if (cur < (off_t)0 && errno) {
                 stp->syserr = "lseek";
                 stp->error_no = errno;
-                return -1;
+                return (int)cur;
             }
-            copy_length = src_stat.st_size - cur;
+            copy_length = src_size - cur;
         }
     }
 
@@ -10404,7 +11415,7 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_sendfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
             goto retry_sendfile;
         }
     }
-    if (ss == -1) {
+    if (ss < 0) {
 	if (maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(0, stp))
 	    goto retry_sendfile;
         switch (errno) {
@@ -10412,29 +11423,37 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_sendfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 #ifdef ENOSYS
 	  case ENOSYS:
 #endif
+#ifdef EOPNOTSUP
+	  /* some RedHat kernels may return EOPNOTSUP on an NFS mount.
+	     see also: [Feature #16965] */
+	  case EOPNOTSUP:
+#endif
             return 0;
 	  case EAGAIN:
 #if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
 	  case EWOULDBLOCK:
 #endif
+            {
+                int ret;
 #ifndef __linux__
-           /*
-            * Linux requires stp->src_fd to be a mmap-able (regular) file,
-            * select() reports regular files to always be "ready", so
-            * there is no need to select() on it.
-            * Other OSes may have the same limitation for sendfile() which
-            * allow us to bypass maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read()...
-            */
-            if (maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(0, stp) == -1)
-                return -1;
-#endif
-            if (nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(stp) == -1)
-                return -1;
+               /*
+                * Linux requires stp->src_fd to be a mmap-able (regular) file,
+                * select() reports regular files to always be "ready", so
+                * there is no need to select() on it.
+                * Other OSes may have the same limitation for sendfile() which
+                * allow us to bypass maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read()...
+                */
+                ret = maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(0, stp);
+                if (ret < 0) return ret;
+#endif
+                ret = nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(stp);
+                if (ret < 0) return ret;
+            }
             goto retry_sendfile;
         }
         stp->syserr = "sendfile";
         stp->error_no = errno;
-        return -1;
+        return (int)ss;
     }
     return 1;
 }
@@ -10454,7 +11473,7 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp, char *buf,
 {
     ssize_t ss;
   retry_read:
-    if (offset == (off_t)-1) {
+    if (offset < (off_t)0) {
         ss = maygvl_read(has_gvl, stp->src_fd, buf, len);
     }
     else {
@@ -10468,7 +11487,7 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp, char *buf,
     if (ss == 0) {
         return 0;
     }
-    if (ss == -1) {
+    if (ss < 0) {
 	if (maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(has_gvl, stp))
 	    goto retry_read;
         switch (errno) {
@@ -10476,18 +11495,19 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp, char *buf,
 #if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
 	  case EWOULDBLOCK:
 #endif
-            if (maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(has_gvl, stp) == -1)
-                return -1;
+            {
+                int ret = maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(has_gvl, stp);
+                if (ret < 0) return ret;
+            }
             goto retry_read;
 #ifdef ENOSYS
 	  case ENOSYS:
             stp->notimp = "pread";
-            return -1;
+            return ss;
 #endif
         }
-        stp->syserr = offset == (off_t)-1 ?  "read" : "pread";
+        stp->syserr = offset < (off_t)0 ?  "read" : "pread";
         stp->error_no = errno;
-        return -1;
     }
     return ss;
 }
@@ -10499,17 +11519,17 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp, char *buf, size_t len)
     int off = 0;
     while (len) {
         ss = write(stp->dst_fd, buf+off, len);
-        if (ss == -1) {
-	    if (maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(0, stp))
-		continue;
+        if (ss < 0) {
+            if (maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(0, stp))
+                continue;
             if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
-                if (nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(stp) == -1)
-                    return -1;
+                int ret = nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(stp);
+                if (ret < 0) return ret;
                 continue;
             }
             stp->syserr = "write";
             stp->error_no = errno;
-            return -1;
+            return (int)ss;
         }
         off += (int)ss;
         len -= (int)ss;
@@ -10531,15 +11551,15 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_read_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
     int use_pread;
 
     copy_length = stp->copy_length;
-    use_eof = copy_length == (off_t)-1;
+    use_eof = copy_length < (off_t)0;
     src_offset = stp->src_offset;
-    use_pread = src_offset != (off_t)-1;
+    use_pread = src_offset >= (off_t)0;
 
     if (use_pread && stp->close_src) {
         off_t r;
 	errno = 0;
         r = lseek(stp->src_fd, src_offset, SEEK_SET);
-        if (r == (off_t)-1 && errno) {
+        if (r < (off_t)0 && errno) {
             stp->syserr = "lseek";
             stp->error_no = errno;
             return;
@@ -10579,10 +11599,22 @@ static void *
 nogvl_copy_stream_func(void *arg)
 {
     struct copy_stream_struct *stp = (struct copy_stream_struct *)arg;
-#ifdef USE_SENDFILE
+#if defined(USE_SENDFILE) || defined(USE_COPY_FILE_RANGE) || defined(HAVE_FCOPYFILE)
     int ret;
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
+    ret = nogvl_copy_file_range(stp);
+    if (ret != 0)
+	goto finish; /* error or success */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FCOPYFILE
+    ret = nogvl_fcopyfile(stp);
+    if (ret != 0)
+        goto finish; /* error or success */
+#endif
+
 #ifdef USE_SENDFILE
     ret = nogvl_copy_stream_sendfile(stp);
     if (ret != 0)
@@ -10591,7 +11623,7 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_func(void *arg)
 
     nogvl_copy_stream_read_write(stp);
 
-#ifdef USE_SENDFILE
+#if defined(USE_SENDFILE) || defined(USE_COPY_FILE_RANGE) || defined(HAVE_FCOPYFILE)
   finish:
 #endif
     return 0;
@@ -10608,7 +11640,7 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
     off_t off = stp->src_offset;
     ID read_method = id_readpartial;
 
-    if (stp->src_fd == -1) {
+    if (stp->src_fd < 0) {
 	if (!rb_respond_to(stp->src, read_method)) {
 	    read_method = id_read;
 	}
@@ -10617,15 +11649,17 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
     while (1) {
         long numwrote;
         long l;
-        if (stp->copy_length == (off_t)-1) {
+        if (stp->copy_length < (off_t)0) {
             l = buflen;
         }
         else {
-            if (rest == 0)
-                break;
+	    if (rest == 0) {
+		rb_str_resize(buf, 0);
+		break;
+	    }
             l = buflen < rest ? buflen : (long)rest;
         }
-        if (stp->src_fd == -1) {
+        if (stp->src_fd < 0) {
             VALUE rc = rb_funcall(stp->src, read_method, 2, INT2FIX(l), buf);
 
             if (read_method == id_read && NIL_P(rc))
@@ -10636,11 +11670,11 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
             rb_str_resize(buf, buflen);
             ss = maygvl_copy_stream_read(1, stp, RSTRING_PTR(buf), l, off);
             rb_str_resize(buf, ss > 0 ? ss : 0);
-            if (ss == -1)
+            if (ss < 0)
                 return Qnil;
             if (ss == 0)
                 rb_eof_error();
-            if (off != (off_t)-1)
+            if (off >= (off_t)0)
                 off += ss;
         }
         n = rb_io_write(stp->dst, buf);
@@ -10658,11 +11692,11 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
 static VALUE
 copy_stream_fallback(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
-    if (stp->src_fd == -1 && stp->src_offset != (off_t)-1) {
+    if (stp->src_fd < 0 && stp->src_offset >= (off_t)0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot specify src_offset for non-IO");
     }
     rb_rescue2(copy_stream_fallback_body, (VALUE)stp,
-               (VALUE (*) (ANYARGS))0, (VALUE)0,
+               (VALUE (*) (VALUE, VALUE))0, (VALUE)0,
                rb_eEOFError, (VALUE)0);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -10691,6 +11725,7 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
 	src_fd = -1;
     }
     else {
+        int stat_ret;
 	VALUE tmp_io = rb_io_check_io(src_io);
 	if (!NIL_P(tmp_io)) {
 	    src_io = tmp_io;
@@ -10707,6 +11742,13 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
 	GetOpenFile(src_io, src_fptr);
 	rb_io_check_byte_readable(src_fptr);
 	src_fd = src_fptr->fd;
+
+        stat_ret = fstat(src_fd, &stp->src_stat);
+        if (stat_ret < 0) {
+            stp->syserr = "fstat";
+            stp->error_no = errno;
+            return Qnil;
+        }
     }
     stp->src_fd = src_fd;
 
@@ -10717,7 +11759,8 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
 	dst_fd = -1;
     }
     else {
-	VALUE tmp_io = rb_io_check_io(dst_io);
+        int stat_ret;
+        VALUE tmp_io = rb_io_check_io(dst_io);
 	if (!NIL_P(tmp_io)) {
 	    dst_io = GetWriteIO(tmp_io);
 	}
@@ -10738,6 +11781,13 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
 	GetOpenFile(dst_io, dst_fptr);
 	rb_io_check_writable(dst_fptr);
 	dst_fd = dst_fptr->fd;
+
+        stat_ret = fstat(dst_fd, &stp->dst_stat);
+        if (stat_ret < 0) {
+            stp->syserr = "fstat";
+            stp->error_no = errno;
+            return Qnil;
+        }
     }
     stp->dst_fd = dst_fd;
 
@@ -10748,10 +11798,10 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
     if (dst_fptr)
 	io_ascii8bit_binmode(dst_fptr);
 
-    if (stp->src_offset == (off_t)-1 && src_fptr && src_fptr->rbuf.len) {
+    if (stp->src_offset < (off_t)0 && src_fptr && src_fptr->rbuf.len) {
         size_t len = src_fptr->rbuf.len;
         VALUE str;
-        if (stp->copy_length != (off_t)-1 && stp->copy_length < (off_t)len) {
+        if (stp->copy_length >= (off_t)0 && stp->copy_length < (off_t)len) {
             len = (size_t)stp->copy_length;
         }
         str = rb_str_buf_new(len);
@@ -10759,12 +11809,13 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
         read_buffered_data(RSTRING_PTR(str), len, src_fptr);
         if (dst_fptr) { /* IO or filename */
             if (io_binwrite(str, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), dst_fptr, 0) < 0)
-                rb_sys_fail(0);
+                rb_sys_fail_on_write(dst_fptr);
         }
         else /* others such as StringIO */
 	    rb_io_write(dst_io, str);
+        rb_str_resize(str, 0);
         stp->total += len;
-        if (stp->copy_length != (off_t)-1)
+        if (stp->copy_length >= (off_t)0)
             stp->copy_length -= len;
     }
 
@@ -10775,13 +11826,10 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
     if (stp->copy_length == 0)
         return Qnil;
 
-    if (src_fd == -1 || dst_fd == -1) {
+    if (src_fd < 0 || dst_fd < 0) {
         return copy_stream_fallback(stp);
     }
 
-    rb_fd_set(src_fd, &stp->fds);
-    rb_fd_set(dst_fd, &stp->fds);
-
     rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_copy_stream_func, (void*)stp, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -10790,13 +11838,19 @@ static VALUE
 copy_stream_finalize(VALUE arg)
 {
     struct copy_stream_struct *stp = (struct copy_stream_struct *)arg;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FCOPYFILE
+    if (stp->copyfile_state) {
+        copyfile_state_free(stp->copyfile_state);
+    }
+#endif
+
     if (stp->close_src) {
         rb_io_close_m(stp->src);
     }
     if (stp->close_dst) {
         rb_io_close_m(stp->dst);
     }
-    rb_fd_term(&stp->fds);
     if (stp->syserr) {
         rb_syserr_fail(stp->error_no, stp->syserr);
     }
@@ -10813,7 +11867,11 @@ copy_stream_finalize(VALUE arg)
  *     IO.copy_stream(src, dst, copy_length, src_offset)
  *
  *  IO.copy_stream copies <i>src</i> to <i>dst</i>.
- *  <i>src</i> and <i>dst</i> is either a filename or an IO.
+ *  <i>src</i> and <i>dst</i> is either a filename or an IO-like object.
+ *  IO-like object for <i>src</i> should have #readpartial or #read
+ *  method.  IO-like object for <i>dst</i> should have #write method.
+ *  (Specialized mechanisms, such as sendfile system call, may be used
+ *  on appropriate situation.)
  *
  *  This method returns the number of bytes copied.
  *
@@ -10857,7 +11915,6 @@ rb_io_s_copy_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     else
         st.src_offset = NUM2OFFT(src_offset);
 
-    rb_fd_init(&st.fds);
     rb_ensure(copy_stream_body, (VALUE)&st, copy_stream_finalize, (VALUE)&st);
 
     return OFFT2NUM(st.total);
@@ -10868,7 +11925,7 @@ rb_io_s_copy_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *     io.external_encoding   -> encoding
  *
  *  Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of the file.
- *  If io is write mode and no encoding is specified, returns <code>nil</code>.
+ *  If _io_ is in write mode and no encoding is specified, returns +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -10893,7 +11950,7 @@ rb_io_external_encoding(VALUE io)
  *     io.internal_encoding   -> encoding
  *
  *  Returns the Encoding of the internal string if conversion is
- *  specified.  Otherwise returns nil.
+ *  specified.  Otherwise returns +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -10968,7 +12025,7 @@ global_argf_p(VALUE arg)
  *
  *  To set the external encoding use +ARGF.set_encoding+.
  *
- * For example:
+ *  For example:
  *
  *     ARGF.external_encoding  #=>  #<Encoding:UTF-8>
  *
@@ -10993,7 +12050,7 @@ argf_external_encoding(VALUE argf)
  *  is returned. Otherwise, if +Encoding.default_external+ has been set, that
  *  value is returned. Failing that, if a default external encoding was
  *  specified on the command-line, that value is used. If the encoding is
- *  unknown, nil is returned.
+ *  unknown, +nil+ is returned.
  */
 static VALUE
 argf_internal_encoding(VALUE argf)
@@ -11026,7 +12083,7 @@ argf_internal_encoding(VALUE argf)
  *
  *  If the external encoding and the internal encoding are specified, the
  *  optional +Hash+ argument can be used to adjust the conversion process. The
- *  structure of this hash is explained in the +String#encode+ documentation.
+ *  structure of this hash is explained in the String#encode documentation.
  *
  *  For example:
  *
@@ -11073,10 +12130,10 @@ argf_tell(VALUE argf)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.seek(amount, whence=IO::SEEK_SET)  ->  0
+ *     ARGF.seek(amount, whence=IO::SEEK_SET)  -> 0
  *
  *  Seeks to offset _amount_ (an +Integer+) in the +ARGF+ stream according to
- *  the value of _whence_. See +IO#seek+ for further details.
+ *  the value of _whence_. See IO#seek for further details.
  */
 static VALUE
 argf_seek_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
@@ -11221,22 +12278,28 @@ argf_eof(VALUE argf)
  *  called without arguments the contents of this pseudo file are returned in
  *  their entirety.
  *
- *  _length_ must be a non-negative integer or nil. If it is a positive
- *  integer, +read+ tries to read at most _length_ bytes. It returns nil
- *  if an EOF was encountered before anything could be read. Fewer than
- *  _length_ bytes may be returned if an EOF is encountered during the read.
+ *  _length_ must be a non-negative integer or +nil+.
+ *
+ *  If _length_ is a positive integer, +read+ tries to read
+ *  _length_ bytes without any conversion (binary mode).
+ *  It returns +nil+ if an EOF is encountered before anything can be read.
+ *  Fewer than _length_ bytes are returned if an EOF is encountered during
+ *  the read.
+ *  In the case of an integer _length_, the resulting string is always
+ *  in ASCII-8BIT encoding.
  *
- *  If _length_ is omitted or is _nil_, it reads until EOF. A String is
- *  returned even if EOF is encountered before any data is read.
+ *  If _length_ is omitted or is +nil+, it reads until EOF
+ *  and the encoding conversion is applied, if applicable.
+ *  A string is returned even if EOF is encountered before any data is read.
  *
- *  If _length_ is zero, it returns _""_.
+ *  If _length_ is zero, it returns an empty string (<code>""</code>).
  *
- *  If the optional _outbuf_ argument is present, it must reference a String,
- *  which will receive the data.
- *  The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
+ *  If the optional _outbuf_ argument is present,
+ *  it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
+ *  The _outbuf_ will contain only the received data after the method call
  *  even if it is not empty at the beginning.
  *
- * For example:
+ *  For example:
  *
  *     $ echo "small" > small.txt
  *     $ echo "large" > large.txt
@@ -11247,8 +12310,11 @@ argf_eof(VALUE argf)
  *     ARGF.read(2)   #=> "sm"
  *     ARGF.read(0)   #=> ""
  *
- *  Note that this method behaves like fread() function in C.  If you need the
- *  behavior like read(2) system call, consider +ARGF.readpartial+.
+ *  Note that this method behaves like the fread() function in C.
+ *  This means it retries to invoke read(2) system calls to read data
+ *  with the specified length.
+ *  If you need the behavior like a single read(2) system call,
+ *  consider ARGF#readpartial or ARGF#read_nonblock.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -11290,7 +12356,7 @@ argf_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
 	long slen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
 	if (slen < len) {
 	    len -= slen;
-	    argv[0] = INT2NUM(len);
+            argv[0] = LONG2NUM(len);
 	    goto retry;
 	}
     }
@@ -11323,14 +12389,14 @@ static VALUE argf_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf, VALUE opts,
  *
  *  If the optional _outbuf_ argument is present,
  *  it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
- *  The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
+ *  The _outbuf_ will contain only the received data after the method call
  *  even if it is not empty at the beginning.
  *
- *  It raises <code>EOFError</code> on end of ARGF stream.
+ *  It raises EOFError on end of ARGF stream.
  *  Since ARGF stream is a concatenation of multiple files,
  *  internally EOF is occur for each file.
  *  ARGF.readpartial returns empty strings for EOFs except the last one and
- *  raises <code>EOFError</code> for the last one.
+ *  raises EOFError for the last one.
  *
  */
 
@@ -11342,8 +12408,8 @@ argf_readpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.read_nonblock(maxlen)              -> string
- *     ARGF.read_nonblock(maxlen, outbuf)      -> outbuf
+ *     ARGF.read_nonblock(maxlen[, options])              -> string
+ *     ARGF.read_nonblock(maxlen, outbuf[, options])      -> outbuf
  *
  *  Reads at most _maxlen_ bytes from the ARGF stream in non-blocking mode.
  */
@@ -11365,12 +12431,14 @@ static VALUE
 argf_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
 {
     VALUE tmp, str, length;
+    int no_exception;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &length, &str);
     if (!NIL_P(str)) {
         StringValue(str);
         argv[1] = str;
     }
+    no_exception = no_exception_p(opts);
 
     if (!next_argv()) {
 	if (!NIL_P(str)) {
@@ -11379,24 +12447,25 @@ argf_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf, VALUE opts, int nonblock)
         rb_eof_error();
     }
     if (ARGF_GENERIC_INPUT_P()) {
+        VALUE (*const rescue_does_nothing)(VALUE, VALUE) = 0;
 	struct argf_call_arg arg;
 	arg.argc = argc;
 	arg.argv = argv;
 	arg.argf = argf;
 	tmp = rb_rescue2(argf_forward_call, (VALUE)&arg,
-			 RUBY_METHOD_FUNC(0), Qnil, rb_eEOFError, (VALUE)0);
+                         rescue_does_nothing, Qnil, rb_eEOFError, (VALUE)0);
     }
     else {
-        tmp = io_getpartial(argc, argv, ARGF.current_file, opts, nonblock);
+        tmp = io_getpartial(argc, argv, ARGF.current_file, no_exception, nonblock);
     }
     if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
         if (ARGF.next_p == -1) {
-	    return io_nonblock_eof(opts);
+            return io_nonblock_eof(no_exception);
         }
         argf_close(argf);
         ARGF.next_p = 1;
         if (RARRAY_LEN(ARGF.argv) == 0) {
-	    return io_nonblock_eof(opts);
+            return io_nonblock_eof(no_exception);
 	}
         if (NIL_P(str))
             str = rb_str_new(NULL, 0);
@@ -11574,10 +12643,14 @@ argf_block_call_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, argf))
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+#define ARGF_block_call(mid, argc, argv, func, argf) \
+    rb_block_call_kw(ARGF.current_file, mid, argc, argv, \
+                     func, argf, rb_keyword_given_p())
+
 static void
 argf_block_call(ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
 {
-    VALUE ret = rb_block_call(ARGF.current_file, mid, argc, argv, argf_block_call_i, argf);
+    VALUE ret = ARGF_block_call(mid, argc, argv, argf_block_call_i, argf);
     if (ret != Qundef) ARGF.next_p = 1;
 }
 
@@ -11593,19 +12666,19 @@ argf_block_call_line_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, argf))
 static void
 argf_block_call_line(ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
 {
-    VALUE ret = rb_block_call(ARGF.current_file, mid, argc, argv, argf_block_call_line_i, argf);
+    VALUE ret = ARGF_block_call(mid, argc, argv, argf_block_call_line_i, argf);
     if (ret != Qundef) ARGF.next_p = 1;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.each(sep=$/)            {|line| block }  -> ARGF
- *     ARGF.each(sep=$/,limit)      {|line| block }  -> ARGF
- *     ARGF.each(...)                                -> an_enumerator
+ *     ARGF.each(sep=$/)             {|line| block }  -> ARGF
+ *     ARGF.each(sep=$/, limit)      {|line| block }  -> ARGF
+ *     ARGF.each(...)                                 -> an_enumerator
  *
- *     ARGF.each_line(sep=$/)       {|line| block }  -> ARGF
- *     ARGF.each_line(sep=$/,limit) {|line| block }  -> ARGF
- *     ARGF.each_line(...)                           -> an_enumerator
+ *     ARGF.each_line(sep=$/)        {|line| block }  -> ARGF
+ *     ARGF.each_line(sep=$/, limit) {|line| block }  -> ARGF
+ *     ARGF.each_line(...)                            -> an_enumerator
  *
  *  Returns an enumerator which iterates over each line (separated by _sep_,
  *  which defaults to your platform's newline character) of each file in
@@ -11618,13 +12691,21 @@ argf_block_call_line(ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
  *  a single file consisting of the concatenation of each named file. After
  *  the last line of the first file has been returned, the first line of the
  *  second file is returned. The +ARGF.filename+ and +ARGF.lineno+ methods can
- *  be used to determine the filename and line number, respectively, of the
- *  current line.
+ *  be used to determine the filename of the current line and line number of
+ *  the whole input, respectively.
  *
  *  For example, the following code prints out each line of each named file
  *  prefixed with its line number, displaying the filename once per file:
  *
  *     ARGF.each_line do |line|
+ *       puts ARGF.filename if ARGF.file.lineno == 1
+ *       puts "#{ARGF.file.lineno}: #{line}"
+ *     end
+ *
+ *  While the following code prints only the first file's name at first, and
+ *  the contents with line number counted through all named files.
+ *
+ *     ARGF.each_line do |line|
  *       puts ARGF.filename if ARGF.lineno == 1
  *       puts "#{ARGF.lineno}: #{line}"
  *     end
@@ -11640,23 +12721,7 @@ argf_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_line</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-argf_lines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
-{
-    rb_warn("ARGF#lines is deprecated; use #each_line instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(argf, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_line")), argc, argv);
-    return argf_each_line(argc, argv, argf);
-}
-
-/*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.bytes     {|byte| block }  -> ARGF
- *     ARGF.bytes                      -> an_enumerator
- *
  *     ARGF.each_byte {|byte| block }  -> ARGF
  *     ARGF.each_byte                  -> an_enumerator
  *
@@ -11671,7 +12736,7 @@ argf_lines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- * For example:
+ *  For example:
  *
  *     ARGF.bytes.to_a  #=> [35, 32, ... 95, 10]
  *
@@ -11687,22 +12752,9 @@ argf_each_byte(VALUE argf)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_byte</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-argf_bytes(VALUE argf)
-{
-    rb_warn("ARGF#bytes is deprecated; use #each_byte instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(argf, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_byte")), 0, 0);
-    return argf_each_byte(argf);
-}
-
-/*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.each_char  {|char| block }  -> ARGF
- *     ARGF.each_char                   -> an_enumerator
+ *     ARGF.each_char {|char| block }  -> ARGF
+ *     ARGF.each_char                  -> an_enumerator
  *
  *  Iterates over each character of each file in +ARGF+.
  *
@@ -11726,22 +12778,9 @@ argf_each_char(VALUE argf)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_char</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-argf_chars(VALUE argf)
-{
-    rb_warn("ARGF#chars is deprecated; use #each_char instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(argf, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_char")), 0, 0);
-    return argf_each_char(argf);
-}
-
-/*
  *  call-seq:
- *     ARGF.each_codepoint  {|codepoint| block }  -> ARGF
- *     ARGF.each_codepoint                   -> an_enumerator
+ *     ARGF.each_codepoint {|codepoint| block }  -> ARGF
+ *     ARGF.each_codepoint                       -> an_enumerator
  *
  *  Iterates over each codepoint of each file in +ARGF+.
  *
@@ -11765,19 +12804,6 @@ argf_each_codepoint(VALUE argf)
 }
 
 /*
- *  This is a deprecated alias for <code>each_codepoint</code>.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-argf_codepoints(VALUE argf)
-{
-    rb_warn("ARGF#codepoints is deprecated; use #each_codepoint instead");
-    if (!rb_block_given_p())
-	return rb_enumeratorize(argf, ID2SYM(rb_intern("each_codepoint")), 0, 0);
-    return argf_each_codepoint(argf);
-}
-
-/*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ARGF.filename  -> String
  *     ARGF.path      -> String
@@ -11816,8 +12842,8 @@ argf_filename_getter(ID id, VALUE *var)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ARGF.file  -> IO or File object
  *
- *  Returns the current file as an +IO+ or +File+ object. #<IO:<STDIN>> is
- *  returned when the current file is STDIN.
+ *  Returns the current file as an +IO+ or +File+ object.
+ *  <code>$stdin</code> is returned when the current file is STDIN.
  *
  *  For example:
  *
@@ -11862,10 +12888,10 @@ argf_binmode_m(VALUE argf)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ARGF.binmode?  -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns true if +ARGF+ is being read in binary mode; false otherwise. (To
- *  enable binary mode use +ARGF.binmode+.
+ *  Returns true if +ARGF+ is being read in binary mode; false otherwise.
+ *  To enable binary mode use +ARGF.binmode+.
  *
- * For example:
+ *  For example:
  *
  *     ARGF.binmode?  #=> false
  *     ARGF.binmode
@@ -11884,7 +12910,7 @@ argf_binmode_p(VALUE argf)
  *  Sets the current file to the next file in ARGV. If there aren't any more
  *  files it has no effect.
  *
- * For example:
+ *  For example:
  *
  *     $ ruby argf.rb foo bar
  *     ARGF.filename  #=> "foo"
@@ -11909,7 +12935,7 @@ argf_skip(VALUE argf)
  *  no more files to open, just closes the current file. +STDIN+ will not be
  *  closed.
  *
- * For example:
+ *  For example:
  *
  *     $ ruby argf.rb foo bar
  *
@@ -11962,14 +12988,15 @@ argf_to_s(VALUE argf)
  *     ARGF.inplace_mode  -> String
  *
  *  Returns the file extension appended to the names of modified files under
- *  inplace-edit mode. This value can be set using +ARGF.inplace_mode=+ or
+ *  in-place edit mode. This value can be set using +ARGF.inplace_mode=+ or
  *  passing the +-i+ switch to the Ruby binary.
  */
 static VALUE
 argf_inplace_mode_get(VALUE argf)
 {
     if (!ARGF.inplace) return Qnil;
-    return rb_str_new2(ARGF.inplace);
+    if (NIL_P(ARGF.inplace)) return rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    return rb_str_dup(ARGF.inplace);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -11982,7 +13009,7 @@ opt_i_get(ID id, VALUE *var)
  *  call-seq:
  *     ARGF.inplace_mode = ext  -> ARGF
  *
- *  Sets the filename extension for in place editing mode to the given String.
+ *  Sets the filename extension for in-place editing mode to the given String.
  *  Each file being edited has this value appended to its filename. The
  *  modified file is saved under this new name.
  *
@@ -11995,24 +13022,20 @@ opt_i_get(ID id, VALUE *var)
  *        print line.sub("foo","bar")
  *      end
  *
- * Each line of _file.txt_ has the first occurrence of "foo" replaced with
- * "bar", then the new line is written out to _file.txt.bak_.
+ *  Each line of _file.txt_ has the first occurrence of "foo" replaced with
+ *  "bar", then the new line is written out to _file.txt.bak_.
  */
 static VALUE
 argf_inplace_mode_set(VALUE argf, VALUE val)
 {
-    if (rb_safe_level() >= 1 && OBJ_TAINTED(val))
-	rb_insecure_operation();
-
     if (!RTEST(val)) {
-	if (ARGF.inplace) free(ARGF.inplace);
-	ARGF.inplace = 0;
+	ARGF.inplace = Qfalse;
+    }
+    else if (StringValueCStr(val), !RSTRING_LEN(val)) {
+	ARGF.inplace = Qnil;
     }
     else {
-	StringValue(val);
-	if (ARGF.inplace) free(ARGF.inplace);
-	ARGF.inplace = 0;
-	ARGF.inplace = strdup(RSTRING_PTR(val));
+	ARGF.inplace = rb_str_new_frozen(val);
     }
     return argf;
 }
@@ -12023,18 +13046,10 @@ opt_i_set(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var)
     argf_inplace_mode_set(*var, val);
 }
 
-const char *
-ruby_get_inplace_mode(void)
-{
-    return ARGF.inplace;
-}
-
 void
 ruby_set_inplace_mode(const char *suffix)
 {
-    if (ARGF.inplace) free(ARGF.inplace);
-    ARGF.inplace = 0;
-    if (suffix) ARGF.inplace = strdup(suffix);
+    ARGF.inplace = !suffix ? Qfalse : !*suffix ? Qnil : rb_str_new(suffix, strlen(suffix));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -12098,53 +13113,67 @@ argf_write(VALUE argf, VALUE str)
 }
 
 void
-rb_readwrite_sys_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite writable, const char *mesg)
+rb_readwrite_sys_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite waiting, const char *mesg)
 {
-    rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(writable, errno, mesg);
+    rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(waiting, errno, mesg);
 }
 
 void
-rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite writable, int n, const char *mesg)
+rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite waiting, int n, const char *mesg)
 {
-    VALUE arg;
+    VALUE arg, c = Qnil;
     arg = mesg ? rb_str_new2(mesg) : Qnil;
-    if (writable == RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE) {
+    switch (waiting) {
+      case RB_IO_WAIT_WRITABLE:
 	switch (n) {
 	  case EAGAIN:
-	    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, rb_eEAGAINWaitWritable));
+            c = rb_eEAGAINWaitWritable;
 	    break;
 #if EAGAIN != EWOULDBLOCK
 	  case EWOULDBLOCK:
-	    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitWritable));
+            c = rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitWritable;
 	    break;
 #endif
 	  case EINPROGRESS:
-	    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitWritable));
+            c = rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitWritable;
 	    break;
 	  default:
-	    rb_mod_sys_fail_str(rb_mWaitWritable, arg);
+            rb_mod_syserr_fail_str(rb_mWaitWritable, n, arg);
 	}
-    }
-    else if (writable == RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE) {
+        break;
+      case RB_IO_WAIT_READABLE:
 	switch (n) {
 	  case EAGAIN:
-	    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, rb_eEAGAINWaitReadable));
+            c = rb_eEAGAINWaitReadable;
 	    break;
 #if EAGAIN != EWOULDBLOCK
 	  case EWOULDBLOCK:
-	    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitReadable));
+            c = rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitReadable;
 	    break;
 #endif
 	  case EINPROGRESS:
-	    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitReadable));
+            c = rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitReadable;
 	    break;
 	  default:
-	    rb_mod_sys_fail_str(rb_mWaitReadable, arg);
+            rb_mod_syserr_fail_str(rb_mWaitReadable, n, arg);
 	}
+        break;
+      default:
+	rb_bug("invalid read/write type passed to rb_readwrite_sys_fail: %d", waiting);
     }
-    else {
-	rb_bug("invalid read/write type passed to rb_readwrite_sys_fail: %d", writable);
-    }
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, c));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+get_LAST_READ_LINE(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
+{
+    return rb_lastline_get();
+}
+
+static void
+set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
+{
+    rb_lastline_set(val);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -12158,8 +13187,8 @@ rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite writable, int n, const char *
  *    File.open("/etc/hosts") {|f| f.close; f.read }
  *      #=> IOError: closed stream
  *
- * Note that some IO failures raise +SystemCallError+s and these are not
- * subclasses of IOError:
+ * Note that some IO failures raise <code>SystemCallError</code>s
+ * and these are not subclasses of IOError:
  *
  *    File.open("does/not/exist")
  *      #=> Errno::ENOENT: No such file or directory - does/not/exist
@@ -12172,7 +13201,7 @@ rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite writable, int n, const char *
  * methods exist in two forms,
  *
  * one that returns +nil+ when the end of file is reached, the other
- * raises EOFError +EOFError+.
+ * raises +EOFError+.
  *
  * +EOFError+ is a subclass of +IOError+.
  *
@@ -12305,9 +13334,6 @@ rb_readwrite_syserr_fail(enum rb_io_wait_readwrite writable, int n, const char *
 void
 Init_IO(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
     VALUE rb_cARGF;
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
 #include <sys/cygwin.h>
@@ -12325,12 +13351,12 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_eIOError = rb_define_class("IOError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_eEOFError = rb_define_class("EOFError", rb_eIOError);
 
-    id_write = rb_intern("write");
-    id_read = rb_intern("read");
-    id_getc = rb_intern("getc");
-    id_flush = rb_intern("flush");
-    id_readpartial = rb_intern("readpartial");
-    id_set_encoding = rb_intern("set_encoding");
+    id_write = rb_intern_const("write");
+    id_read = rb_intern_const("read");
+    id_getc = rb_intern_const("getc");
+    id_flush = rb_intern_const("flush");
+    id_readpartial = rb_intern_const("readpartial");
+    id_set_encoding = rb_intern_const("set_encoding");
 
     rb_define_global_function("syscall", rb_f_syscall, -1);
 
@@ -12353,10 +13379,18 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_cIO = rb_define_class("IO", rb_cObject);
     rb_include_module(rb_cIO, rb_mEnumerable);
 
+    rb_define_const(rb_cIO, "READABLE", INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cIO, "WRITABLE", INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_WRITABLE));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cIO, "PRIORITY", INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_PRIORITY));
+
+    /* exception to wait for reading. see IO.select. */
     rb_mWaitReadable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "WaitReadable");
+    /* exception to wait for writing. see IO.select. */
     rb_mWaitWritable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "WaitWritable");
+    /* exception to wait for reading by EAGAIN. see IO.select. */
     rb_eEAGAINWaitReadable = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "EAGAINWaitReadable", rb_eEAGAIN);
     rb_include_module(rb_eEAGAINWaitReadable, rb_mWaitReadable);
+    /* exception to wait for writing by EAGAIN. see IO.select. */
     rb_eEAGAINWaitWritable = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "EAGAINWaitWritable", rb_eEAGAIN);
     rb_include_module(rb_eEAGAINWaitWritable, rb_mWaitWritable);
 #if EAGAIN == EWOULDBLOCK
@@ -12367,13 +13401,17 @@ Init_IO(void)
     /* same as IO::EAGAINWaitWritable */
     rb_define_const(rb_cIO, "EWOULDBLOCKWaitWritable", rb_eEAGAINWaitWritable);
 #else
+    /* exception to wait for reading by EWOULDBLOCK. see IO.select. */
     rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitReadable = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "EWOULDBLOCKWaitReadable", rb_eEWOULDBLOCK);
     rb_include_module(rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitReadable, rb_mWaitReadable);
+    /* exception to wait for writing by EWOULDBLOCK. see IO.select. */
     rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitWritable = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "EWOULDBLOCKWaitWritable", rb_eEWOULDBLOCK);
     rb_include_module(rb_eEWOULDBLOCKWaitWritable, rb_mWaitWritable);
 #endif
+    /* exception to wait for reading by EINPROGRESS. see IO.select. */
     rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitReadable = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "EINPROGRESSWaitReadable", rb_eEINPROGRESS);
     rb_include_module(rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitReadable, rb_mWaitReadable);
+    /* exception to wait for writing by EINPROGRESS. see IO.select. */
     rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitWritable = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "EINPROGRESSWaitWritable", rb_eEINPROGRESS);
     rb_include_module(rb_eEINPROGRESSWaitWritable, rb_mWaitWritable);
 
@@ -12402,17 +13440,18 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "initialize", rb_io_initialize, -1);
 
     rb_output_fs = Qnil;
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$,", &rb_output_fs, 0, rb_str_setter);
+    rb_define_hooked_variable("$,", &rb_output_fs, 0, deprecated_str_setter);
 
-    rb_rs = rb_default_rs = rb_usascii_str_new2("\n");
+    rb_default_rs = rb_fstring_lit("\n"); /* avoid modifying RS_default */
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_default_rs);
+    rb_rs = rb_default_rs;
     rb_output_rs = Qnil;
-    OBJ_FREEZE(rb_default_rs);	/* avoid modifying RS_default */
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$/", &rb_rs, 0, rb_str_setter);
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$-0", &rb_rs, 0, rb_str_setter);
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$\\", &rb_output_rs, 0, rb_str_setter);
+    rb_define_hooked_variable("$/", &rb_rs, 0, deprecated_str_setter);
+    rb_define_hooked_variable("$-0", &rb_rs, 0, deprecated_str_setter);
+    rb_define_hooked_variable("$\\", &rb_output_rs, 0, deprecated_str_setter);
 
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$_", rb_lastline_get, rb_lastline_set);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$_", get_LAST_READ_LINE, set_LAST_READ_LINE);
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$_");
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "initialize_copy", rb_io_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "reopen", rb_io_reopen, -1);
@@ -12427,14 +13466,13 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "each_byte",  rb_io_each_byte, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "each_char",  rb_io_each_char, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "each_codepoint",  rb_io_each_codepoint, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "lines",  rb_io_lines, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "bytes",  rb_io_bytes, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "chars",  rb_io_chars, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "codepoints",  rb_io_codepoints, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "syswrite", rb_io_syswrite, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "sysread",  rb_io_sysread, -1);
 
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "pread", rb_io_pread, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "pwrite", rb_io_pwrite, 2);
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "fileno", rb_io_fileno, 0);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cIO, "to_i", "fileno");
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "to_io", rb_io_to_io, 0);
@@ -12449,13 +13487,9 @@ Init_IO(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readlines",  rb_io_readlines, -1);
 
-    /* for prelude.rb use only: */
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cIO, "__read_nonblock", io_read_nonblock, 3);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cIO, "__write_nonblock", io_write_nonblock, 2);
-
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readpartial",  io_readpartial, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "read",  io_read, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "write", io_write_m, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "write", io_write_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "gets",  rb_io_gets_m, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readline",  rb_io_readline, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getc",  rb_io_getc, 0);
@@ -12511,17 +13545,29 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "external_encoding", rb_io_external_encoding, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "internal_encoding", rb_io_internal_encoding, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "set_encoding", rb_io_set_encoding, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "set_encoding_by_bom", rb_io_set_encoding_by_bom, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "autoclose?", rb_io_autoclose_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "autoclose=", rb_io_set_autoclose, 1);
 
-    rb_define_variable("$stdin", &rb_stdin);
-    rb_stdin = prep_stdio(stdin, FMODE_READABLE, rb_cIO, "<STDIN>");
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$stdout", &rb_stdout, 0, stdout_setter);
-    rb_stdout = prep_stdio(stdout, FMODE_WRITABLE, rb_cIO, "<STDOUT>");
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$stderr", &rb_stderr, 0, stdout_setter);
-    rb_stderr = prep_stdio(stderr, FMODE_WRITABLE|FMODE_SYNC, rb_cIO, "<STDERR>");
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$>", &rb_stdout, 0, stdout_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$stdin",  stdin_getter,  stdin_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$stdout", stdout_getter, stdout_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$>",      stdout_getter, stdout_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$stderr", stderr_getter, stderr_setter);
+
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$stdin");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$stdout");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$>");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$stderr");
+
+    rb_stdin  = rb_io_prep_stdin();
+    rb_stdout = rb_io_prep_stdout();
+    rb_stderr = rb_io_prep_stderr();
+
+    rb_global_variable(&rb_stdin);
+    rb_global_variable(&rb_stdout);
+    rb_global_variable(&rb_stderr);
+
     orig_stdout = rb_stdout;
     orig_stderr = rb_stderr;
 
@@ -12558,10 +13604,6 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "each_byte",  argf_each_byte, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "each_char",  argf_each_char, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "each_codepoint",  argf_each_codepoint, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "lines", argf_lines, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "bytes", argf_bytes, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "chars", argf_chars, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "codepoints", argf_codepoints, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "read",  argf_read, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cARGF, "readpartial",  argf_readpartial, -1);
@@ -12623,6 +13665,8 @@ Init_IO(void)
     ARGF.filename = rb_str_new2("-");
 
     rb_define_hooked_variable("$-i", &argf, opt_i_get, opt_i_set);
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-i");
+
     rb_define_hooked_variable("$*", &argf, argf_argv_getter, rb_gvar_readonly_setter);
 
 #if defined (_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
@@ -12633,31 +13677,33 @@ Init_IO(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cFile, "initialize",  rb_file_initialize, -1);
 
-    sym_mode = ID2SYM(rb_intern("mode"));
-    sym_perm = ID2SYM(rb_intern("perm"));
-    sym_flags = ID2SYM(rb_intern("flags"));
-    sym_extenc = ID2SYM(rb_intern("external_encoding"));
-    sym_intenc = ID2SYM(rb_intern("internal_encoding"));
+    sym_mode = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("mode"));
+    sym_perm = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("perm"));
+    sym_flags = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("flags"));
+    sym_extenc = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("external_encoding"));
+    sym_intenc = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("internal_encoding"));
     sym_encoding = ID2SYM(rb_id_encoding());
-    sym_open_args = ID2SYM(rb_intern("open_args"));
-    sym_textmode = ID2SYM(rb_intern("textmode"));
-    sym_binmode = ID2SYM(rb_intern("binmode"));
-    sym_autoclose = ID2SYM(rb_intern("autoclose"));
-    sym_normal = ID2SYM(rb_intern("normal"));
-    sym_sequential = ID2SYM(rb_intern("sequential"));
-    sym_random = ID2SYM(rb_intern("random"));
-    sym_willneed = ID2SYM(rb_intern("willneed"));
-    sym_dontneed = ID2SYM(rb_intern("dontneed"));
-    sym_noreuse = ID2SYM(rb_intern("noreuse"));
-    sym_SET = ID2SYM(rb_intern("SET"));
-    sym_CUR = ID2SYM(rb_intern("CUR"));
-    sym_END = ID2SYM(rb_intern("END"));
+    sym_open_args = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("open_args"));
+    sym_textmode = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("textmode"));
+    sym_binmode = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("binmode"));
+    sym_autoclose = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("autoclose"));
+    sym_normal = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("normal"));
+    sym_sequential = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("sequential"));
+    sym_random = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("random"));
+    sym_willneed = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("willneed"));
+    sym_dontneed = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("dontneed"));
+    sym_noreuse = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("noreuse"));
+    sym_SET = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("SET"));
+    sym_CUR = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("CUR"));
+    sym_END = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("END"));
 #ifdef SEEK_DATA
-    sym_DATA = ID2SYM(rb_intern("DATA"));
+    sym_DATA = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("DATA"));
 #endif
 #ifdef SEEK_HOLE
-    sym_HOLE = ID2SYM(rb_intern("HOLE"));
+    sym_HOLE = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("HOLE"));
 #endif
-    sym_wait_readable = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wait_readable"));
-    sym_wait_writable = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wait_writable"));
+    sym_wait_readable = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("wait_readable"));
+    sym_wait_writable = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("wait_writable"));
 }
+
+#include "io.rbinc"
diff --git a/io.rb b/io.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40873ea4fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/io.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+class IO
+  # other IO methods are defined in io.c
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    ios.read_nonblock(maxlen [, options])              -> string
+  #    ios.read_nonblock(maxlen, outbuf [, options])      -> outbuf
+  #
+  # Reads at most <i>maxlen</i> bytes from <em>ios</em> using
+  # the read(2) system call after O_NONBLOCK is set for
+  # the underlying file descriptor.
+  #
+  # If the optional <i>outbuf</i> argument is present,
+  # it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
+  # The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
+  # even if it is not empty at the beginning.
+  #
+  # read_nonblock just calls the read(2) system call.
+  # It causes all errors the read(2) system call causes: Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, etc.
+  # The caller should care such errors.
+  #
+  # If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN,
+  # it is extended by IO::WaitReadable.
+  # So IO::WaitReadable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying
+  # read_nonblock.
+  #
+  # read_nonblock causes EOFError on EOF.
+  #
+  # On some platforms, such as Windows, non-blocking mode is not supported
+  # on IO objects other than sockets. In such cases, Errno::EBADF will
+  # be raised.
+  #
+  # If the read byte buffer is not empty,
+  # read_nonblock reads from the buffer like readpartial.
+  # In this case, the read(2) system call is not called.
+  #
+  # When read_nonblock raises an exception kind of IO::WaitReadable,
+  # read_nonblock should not be called
+  # until io is readable for avoiding busy loop.
+  # This can be done as follows.
+  #
+  #   # emulates blocking read (readpartial).
+  #   begin
+  #     result = io.read_nonblock(maxlen)
+  #   rescue IO::WaitReadable
+  #     IO.select([io])
+  #     retry
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Although IO#read_nonblock doesn't raise IO::WaitWritable.
+  # OpenSSL::Buffering#read_nonblock can raise IO::WaitWritable.
+  # If IO and SSL should be used polymorphically,
+  # IO::WaitWritable should be rescued too.
+  # See the document of OpenSSL::Buffering#read_nonblock for sample code.
+  #
+  # Note that this method is identical to readpartial
+  # except the non-blocking flag is set.
+  #
+  # By specifying a keyword argument _exception_ to +false+, you can indicate
+  # that read_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitReadable exception, but
+  # return the symbol +:wait_readable+ instead. At EOF, it will return nil
+  # instead of raising EOFError.
+  def read_nonblock(len, buf = nil, exception: true)
+    Primitive.io_read_nonblock(len, buf, exception)
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    ios.write_nonblock(string)   -> integer
+  #    ios.write_nonblock(string [, options])   -> integer
+  #
+  # Writes the given string to <em>ios</em> using
+  # the write(2) system call after O_NONBLOCK is set for
+  # the underlying file descriptor.
+  #
+  # It returns the number of bytes written.
+  #
+  # write_nonblock just calls the write(2) system call.
+  # It causes all errors the write(2) system call causes: Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, etc.
+  # The result may also be smaller than string.length (partial write).
+  # The caller should care such errors and partial write.
+  #
+  # If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN,
+  # it is extended by IO::WaitWritable.
+  # So IO::WaitWritable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying write_nonblock.
+  #
+  #   # Creates a pipe.
+  #   r, w = IO.pipe
+  #
+  #   # write_nonblock writes only 65536 bytes and return 65536.
+  #   # (The pipe size is 65536 bytes on this environment.)
+  #   s = "a" * 100000
+  #   p w.write_nonblock(s)     #=> 65536
+  #
+  #   # write_nonblock cannot write a byte and raise EWOULDBLOCK (EAGAIN).
+  #   p w.write_nonblock("b")   # Resource temporarily unavailable (Errno::EAGAIN)
+  #
+  # If the write buffer is not empty, it is flushed at first.
+  #
+  # When write_nonblock raises an exception kind of IO::WaitWritable,
+  # write_nonblock should not be called
+  # until io is writable for avoiding busy loop.
+  # This can be done as follows.
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     result = io.write_nonblock(string)
+  #   rescue IO::WaitWritable, Errno::EINTR
+  #     IO.select(nil, [io])
+  #     retry
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Note that this doesn't guarantee to write all data in string.
+  # The length written is reported as result and it should be checked later.
+  #
+  # On some platforms such as Windows, write_nonblock is not supported
+  # according to the kind of the IO object.
+  # In such cases, write_nonblock raises <code>Errno::EBADF</code>.
+  #
+  # By specifying a keyword argument _exception_ to +false+, you can indicate
+  # that write_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitWritable exception, but
+  # return the symbol +:wait_writable+ instead.
+  def write_nonblock(buf, exception: true)
+    Primitive.io_write_nonblock(buf, exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/iseq.c b/iseq.c
index 07d8828e9b..2d83bc3f06 100644
--- a/iseq.c
+++ b/iseq.c
@@ -9,20 +9,37 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
+#define RUBY_VM_INSNS_INFO 1
+/* #define RUBY_MARK_FREE_DEBUG 1 */
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
 # include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif
 
-/* #define RUBY_MARK_FREE_DEBUG 1 */
+#include "eval_intern.h"
 #include "gc.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
-#include "iseq.h"
 #include "id_table.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bits.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/compile.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/parse.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
 
+#include "builtin.h"
 #include "insns.inc"
 #include "insns_info.inc"
 
@@ -30,6 +47,12 @@ VALUE rb_cISeq;
 static VALUE iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 static const rb_iseq_t *iseqw_check(VALUE iseqw);
 
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+static struct succ_index_table *succ_index_table_create(int max_pos, int *data, int size);
+static unsigned int *succ_index_table_invert(int max_pos, struct succ_index_table *sd, int size);
+static int succ_index_lookup(const struct succ_index_table *sd, int x);
+#endif
+
 #define hidden_obj_p(obj) (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && !RBASIC(obj)->klass)
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -43,22 +66,34 @@ obj_resurrect(VALUE obj)
 	  case T_ARRAY:
 	    obj = rb_ary_resurrect(obj);
 	    break;
+          case T_HASH:
+            obj = rb_hash_resurrect(obj);
+            break;
+          default:
+	    break;
 	}
     }
     return obj;
 }
 
 static void
+free_arena(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *cur)
+{
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *next;
+
+    while (cur) {
+        next = cur->next;
+        ruby_xfree(cur);
+        cur = next;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
 compile_data_free(struct iseq_compile_data *compile_data)
 {
     if (compile_data) {
-	struct iseq_compile_data_storage *cur, *next;
-	cur = compile_data->storage_head;
-	while (cur) {
-	    next = cur->next;
-	    ruby_xfree(cur);
-	    cur = next;
-	}
+	free_arena(compile_data->node.storage_head);
+	free_arena(compile_data->insn.storage_head);
 	if (compile_data->ivar_cache_table) {
 	    rb_id_table_free(compile_data->ivar_cache_table);
 	}
@@ -71,63 +106,320 @@ rb_iseq_free(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     RUBY_FREE_ENTER("iseq");
 
-    if (iseq) {
-	if (iseq->body) {
-	    ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->iseq_encoded);
-	    ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->line_info_table);
-	    ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->local_table);
-	    ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->is_entries);
-
-	    if (iseq->body->ci_entries) {
-		unsigned int i;
-		struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&iseq->body->ci_entries[iseq->body->ci_size];
-		for (i=0; i<iseq->body->ci_kw_size; i++) {
-		    const struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg;
-		    ruby_xfree((void *)kw_arg);
-		}
-		ruby_xfree(iseq->body->ci_entries);
-		ruby_xfree(iseq->body->cc_entries);
-	    }
-	    ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->catch_table);
-	    ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->param.opt_table);
+    if (iseq && iseq->body) {
+	struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+	mjit_free_iseq(iseq); /* Notify MJIT */
+	ruby_xfree((void *)body->iseq_encoded);
+	ruby_xfree((void *)body->insns_info.body);
+	if (body->insns_info.positions) ruby_xfree((void *)body->insns_info.positions);
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+	if (body->insns_info.succ_index_table) ruby_xfree(body->insns_info.succ_index_table);
+#endif
+        if (LIKELY(body->local_table != rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl))
+            ruby_xfree((void *)body->local_table);
+	ruby_xfree((void *)body->is_entries);
 
-	    if (iseq->body->param.keyword != NULL) {
-		ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->param.keyword->default_values);
-		ruby_xfree((void *)iseq->body->param.keyword);
-	    }
-	    compile_data_free(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq));
-	    ruby_xfree(iseq->body);
+        if (body->call_data) {
+            ruby_xfree(body->call_data);
 	}
+	ruby_xfree((void *)body->catch_table);
+	ruby_xfree((void *)body->param.opt_table);
+
+	if (body->param.keyword != NULL) {
+	    ruby_xfree((void *)body->param.keyword->default_values);
+	    ruby_xfree((void *)body->param.keyword);
+	}
+	compile_data_free(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq));
+        if (body->outer_variables) rb_id_table_free(body->outer_variables);
+	ruby_xfree(body);
     }
+
+    if (iseq && ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq) && iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks) {
+        rb_hook_list_free(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks);
+    }
+
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("iseq");
 }
 
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+static VALUE
+rb_vm_insn_addr2insn2(const void *addr)
+{
+    return (VALUE)rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(addr);
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+rb_vm_insn_null_translator(const void *addr)
+{
+    return (VALUE)addr;
+}
+
+typedef VALUE iseq_value_itr_t(void *ctx, VALUE obj);
+typedef VALUE rb_vm_insns_translator_t(const void *addr);
+
+static int
+iseq_extract_values(VALUE *code, size_t pos, iseq_value_itr_t * func, void *data, rb_vm_insns_translator_t * translator)
+{
+    VALUE insn = translator((void *)code[pos]);
+    int len = insn_len(insn);
+    int op_no;
+    const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+
+    for (op_no = 0; types[op_no]; op_no++) {
+	char type = types[op_no];
+	switch (type) {
+          case TS_CDHASH:
+          case TS_ISEQ:
+          case TS_VALUE:
+            {
+              VALUE op = code[pos + op_no + 1];
+              if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(op)) {
+                  VALUE newop = func(data, op);
+                  if (newop != op) {
+                      code[pos + op_no + 1] = newop;
+                  }
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+          case TS_IC:
+            {
+                IC ic = (IC)code[pos + op_no + 1];
+                if (ic->entry) {
+                    VALUE nv = func(data, (VALUE)ic->entry);
+                    if ((VALUE)ic->entry != nv) {
+                        ic->entry = (void *)nv;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+          case TS_IVC:
+            {
+                IVC ivc = (IVC)code[pos + op_no + 1];
+                if (ivc->entry) {
+                    if (RB_TYPE_P(ivc->entry->class_value, T_NONE)) {
+                        rb_bug("!! %u", ivc->entry->index);
+                    }
+                    VALUE nv = func(data, ivc->entry->class_value);
+                    if (ivc->entry->class_value != nv) {
+                        ivc->entry->class_value = nv;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+          case TS_ISE:
+            {
+              union iseq_inline_storage_entry *const is = (union iseq_inline_storage_entry *)code[pos + op_no + 1];
+              if (is->once.value) {
+                  VALUE nv = func(data, is->once.value);
+                  if (is->once.value != nv) {
+                      is->once.value = nv;
+                  }
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
+	}
+    }
+
+    return len;
+}
+
+static void
+rb_iseq_each_value(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, iseq_value_itr_t * func, void *data)
+{
+    unsigned int size;
+    VALUE *code;
+    size_t n;
+    rb_vm_insns_translator_t *const translator =
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        (FL_TEST((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED)) ? rb_vm_insn_addr2insn2 :
+#endif
+        rb_vm_insn_null_translator;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+
+    size = body->iseq_size;
+    code = body->iseq_encoded;
+
+    for (n = 0; n < size;) {
+	n += iseq_extract_values(code, n, func, data, translator);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+update_each_insn_value(void *ctx, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_gc_location(obj);
+}
+
+void
+rb_iseq_update_references(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if (iseq->body) {
+        struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+
+        body->variable.coverage = rb_gc_location(body->variable.coverage);
+        body->variable.pc2branchindex = rb_gc_location(body->variable.pc2branchindex);
+        body->location.label = rb_gc_location(body->location.label);
+        body->location.base_label = rb_gc_location(body->location.base_label);
+        body->location.pathobj = rb_gc_location(body->location.pathobj);
+        if (body->local_iseq) {
+            body->local_iseq = (struct rb_iseq_struct *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)body->local_iseq);
+        }
+        if (body->parent_iseq) {
+            body->parent_iseq = (struct rb_iseq_struct *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)body->parent_iseq);
+        }
+        if (body->call_data) {
+            for (unsigned int i=0; i<body->ci_size; i++) {
+                struct rb_call_data *cds = body->call_data;
+                if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P((VALUE)cds[i].ci)) {
+                    cds[i].ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cds[i].ci);
+                }
+                cds[i].cc = (struct rb_callcache *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)cds[i].cc);
+            }
+        }
+        if (FL_TEST((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ)) {
+            rb_iseq_each_value(iseq, update_each_insn_value, NULL);
+            VALUE *original_iseq = ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ(iseq);
+            if (original_iseq) {
+                size_t n = 0;
+                const unsigned int size = body->iseq_size;
+                while (n < size) {
+                    n += iseq_extract_values(original_iseq, n, update_each_insn_value, NULL, rb_vm_insn_null_translator);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (body->param.flags.has_kw && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq) == NULL) {
+            int i, j;
+
+            i = body->param.keyword->required_num;
+
+            for (j = 0; i < body->param.keyword->num; i++, j++) {
+                VALUE obj = body->param.keyword->default_values[j];
+                if (obj != Qundef) {
+                    body->param.keyword->default_values[j] = rb_gc_location(obj);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (body->catch_table) {
+            struct iseq_catch_table *table = body->catch_table;
+            unsigned int i;
+            for (i = 0; i < table->size; i++) {
+                struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;
+                entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(table, entries[i]);
+                if (entry->iseq) {
+                    entry->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)entry->iseq);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+#if USE_MJIT
+        mjit_update_references(iseq);
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+each_insn_value(void *ctx, VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(obj);
+    return obj;
+}
+
 void
 rb_iseq_mark(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     RUBY_MARK_ENTER("iseq");
 
-    RUBY_GC_INFO("%s @ %s\n", RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label), RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.path));
+    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(iseq->wrapper);
 
     if (iseq->body) {
-	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
 
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(body->mark_ary);
-	rb_gc_mark(body->location.label);
-	rb_gc_mark(body->location.base_label);
-	rb_gc_mark(body->location.path);
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(body->location.absolute_path);
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL((VALUE)body->parent_iseq);
+        if (FL_TEST((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ)) {
+	    rb_iseq_each_value(iseq, each_insn_value, NULL);
+	}
+
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(body->variable.coverage);
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(body->variable.pc2branchindex);
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(body->location.label);
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(body->location.base_label);
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(body->location.pathobj);
+        RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL((VALUE)body->parent_iseq);
+
+        if (body->call_data) {
+            struct rb_call_data *cds = (struct rb_call_data *)body->call_data;
+            for (unsigned int i=0; i<body->ci_size; i++) {
+                const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cds[i].ci;
+                const struct rb_callcache *cc = cds[i].cc;
+
+                if (vm_ci_markable(ci)) {
+                    rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)ci);
+                }
+                if (cc && vm_cc_markable(cc)) {
+                    if (!vm_cc_invalidated_p(cc)) {
+                        rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)cc);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        cds[i].cc = rb_vm_empty_cc();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+	if (body->param.flags.has_kw && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq) == NULL) {
+	    const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const keyword = body->param.keyword;
+	    int i, j;
+
+	    i = keyword->required_num;
+
+	    for (j = 0; i < keyword->num; i++, j++) {
+		VALUE obj = keyword->default_values[j];
+		if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+                    rb_gc_mark_movable(obj);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (body->catch_table) {
+	    const struct iseq_catch_table *table = body->catch_table;
+	    unsigned int i;
+	    for (i = 0; i < table->size; i++) {
+		const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;
+		entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(table, entries[i]);
+		if (entry->iseq) {
+                    rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)entry->iseq);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+
+#if USE_MJIT
+        mjit_mark_cc_entries(body);
+#endif
     }
 
-    if (FL_TEST(iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET)) {
+    if (FL_TEST_RAW((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET)) {
 	rb_gc_mark(iseq->aux.loader.obj);
     }
-    else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq) != 0) {
+    else if (FL_TEST_RAW((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_USE_COMPILE_DATA)) {
 	const struct iseq_compile_data *const compile_data = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq);
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(compile_data->mark_ary);
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(compile_data->err_info);
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(compile_data->catch_table_ary);
+
+        rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(compile_data->insn.storage_head);
+
+        RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(compile_data->err_info);
+        if (RTEST(compile_data->catch_table_ary)) {
+            rb_gc_mark(compile_data->catch_table_ary);
+        }
+        VM_ASSERT(compile_data != NULL);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* executable */
+        VM_ASSERT(ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq));
+        if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks) {
+            rb_hook_list_mark(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks);
+        }
     }
 
     RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("iseq");
@@ -146,8 +438,8 @@ param_keyword_size(const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *pkw)
     return size;
 }
 
-static size_t
-iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+size_t
+rb_iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     size_t size = 0; /* struct already counted as RVALUE size */
     const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
@@ -155,41 +447,23 @@ iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
     /* TODO: should we count original_iseq? */
 
-    if (body) {
-	struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&body->ci_entries[body->ci_size];
-
-	size += sizeof(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
-	size += body->iseq_size * sizeof(VALUE);
-	size += body->line_info_size * sizeof(struct iseq_line_info_entry);
-	size += body->local_table_size * sizeof(ID);
-	if (body->catch_table) {
-	    size += iseq_catch_table_bytes(body->catch_table->size);
-	}
-	size += (body->param.opt_num + 1) * sizeof(VALUE);
-	size += param_keyword_size(body->param.keyword);
-
-	/* body->is_entries */
-	size += body->is_size * sizeof(union iseq_inline_storage_entry);
-
-	/* body->ci_entries */
-	size += body->ci_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info);
-	size += body->ci_kw_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg);
-
-	/* body->cc_entries */
-	size += body->ci_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_cache);
-	size += body->ci_kw_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_cache);
-
-	if (ci_kw_entries) {
-	    unsigned int i;
+    if (ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq) && body) {
+        size += sizeof(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
+        size += body->iseq_size * sizeof(VALUE);
+        size += body->insns_info.size * (sizeof(struct iseq_insn_info_entry) + sizeof(unsigned int));
+        size += body->local_table_size * sizeof(ID);
+        if (body->catch_table) {
+            size += iseq_catch_table_bytes(body->catch_table->size);
+        }
+        size += (body->param.opt_num + 1) * sizeof(VALUE);
+        size += param_keyword_size(body->param.keyword);
 
-	    for (i = 0; i < body->ci_kw_size; i++) {
-		const struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg;
+        /* body->is_entries */
+        size += body->is_size * sizeof(union iseq_inline_storage_entry);
 
-		if (kw_arg) {
-		    size += rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes(kw_arg->keyword_len);
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+        /* body->call_data */
+        size += body->ci_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_data);
+        // TODO: should we count imemo_callinfo?
     }
 
     compile_data = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq);
@@ -198,9 +472,9 @@ iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
 	size += sizeof(struct iseq_compile_data);
 
-	cur = compile_data->storage_head;
+	cur = compile_data->node.storage_head;
 	while (cur) {
-	    size += cur->size + SIZEOF_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE;
+	    size += cur->size + offsetof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage, buff);
 	    cur = cur->next;
 	}
     }
@@ -208,126 +482,228 @@ iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     return size;
 }
 
+struct rb_iseq_constant_body *
+rb_iseq_constant_body_alloc(void)
+{
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *iseq_body;
+    iseq_body = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
+    return iseq_body;
+}
+
 static rb_iseq_t *
 iseq_alloc(void)
 {
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_imemo_alloc();
-    iseq->body = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
+    iseq->body = rb_iseq_constant_body_alloc();
     return iseq;
 }
 
-static rb_iseq_location_t *
-iseq_location_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE path, VALUE absolute_path, VALUE name, VALUE first_lineno)
+VALUE
+rb_iseq_pathobj_new(VALUE path, VALUE realpath)
 {
-    rb_iseq_location_t *loc = &iseq->body->location;
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &loc->path, path);
-    if (RTEST(absolute_path) && rb_str_cmp(path, absolute_path) == 0) {
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &loc->absolute_path, path);
+    VALUE pathobj;
+    VM_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING));
+    VM_ASSERT(realpath == Qnil || RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING));
+
+    if (path == realpath ||
+	(!NIL_P(realpath) && rb_str_cmp(path, realpath) == 0)) {
+	pathobj = rb_fstring(path);
     }
     else {
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &loc->absolute_path, absolute_path);
+	if (!NIL_P(realpath)) realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
+	pathobj = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_fstring(path), realpath);
+	rb_obj_freeze(pathobj);
     }
+    return pathobj;
+}
+
+void
+rb_iseq_pathobj_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE path, VALUE realpath)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &iseq->body->location.pathobj,
+		 rb_iseq_pathobj_new(path, realpath));
+}
+
+static rb_iseq_location_t *
+iseq_location_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, VALUE first_lineno, const rb_code_location_t *code_location, const int node_id)
+{
+    rb_iseq_location_t *loc = &iseq->body->location;
+
+    rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &loc->label, name);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &loc->base_label, name);
     loc->first_lineno = first_lineno;
+    if (code_location) {
+        loc->node_id = node_id;
+	loc->code_location = *code_location;
+    }
+    else {
+	loc->code_location.beg_pos.lineno = 0;
+	loc->code_location.beg_pos.column = 0;
+	loc->code_location.end_pos.lineno = -1;
+	loc->code_location.end_pos.column = -1;
+    }
+
     return loc;
 }
 
 static void
 set_relation(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const rb_iseq_t *piseq)
 {
-    const VALUE type = iseq->body->type;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const VALUE type = body->type;
 
     /* set class nest stack */
     if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP) {
-	iseq->body->local_iseq = iseq;
+	body->local_iseq = iseq;
     }
     else if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD || type == ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS) {
-	iseq->body->local_iseq = iseq;
+	body->local_iseq = iseq;
     }
     else if (piseq) {
-	iseq->body->local_iseq = piseq->body->local_iseq;
+	body->local_iseq = piseq->body->local_iseq;
     }
 
     if (piseq) {
-	iseq->body->parent_iseq = piseq;
+	body->parent_iseq = piseq;
     }
 
     if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN) {
-	iseq->body->local_iseq = iseq;
+	body->local_iseq = iseq;
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_iseq_add_mark_object(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE obj)
+static struct iseq_compile_data_storage *
+new_arena(void)
 {
-    /* TODO: check dedup */
-    rb_ary_push(ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq), obj);
+    struct iseq_compile_data_storage * new_arena =
+        (struct iseq_compile_data_storage *)
+        ALLOC_N(char, INITIAL_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE_BUFF_SIZE +
+                offsetof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage, buff));
+
+    new_arena->pos = 0;
+    new_arena->next = 0;
+    new_arena->size = INITIAL_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE_BUFF_SIZE;
+
+    return new_arena;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 prepare_iseq_build(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
-		   VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE absolute_path, VALUE first_lineno,
-		   const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type,
-		   const rb_compile_option_t *option)
+                   VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, VALUE first_lineno, const rb_code_location_t *code_location, const int node_id,
+		   const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth, enum iseq_type type, const rb_compile_option_t *option)
 {
     VALUE coverage = Qfalse;
+    VALUE err_info = Qnil;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+
+    if (parent && (type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN || type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP))
+	err_info = Qfalse;
 
-    iseq->body->type = type;
+    body->type = type;
     set_relation(iseq, parent);
 
     name = rb_fstring(name);
-    path = rb_fstring(path);
-    if (RTEST(absolute_path)) absolute_path = rb_fstring(absolute_path);
-    iseq_location_setup(iseq, path, absolute_path, name, first_lineno);
-    if (iseq != iseq->body->local_iseq) {
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &iseq->body->location.base_label, iseq->body->local_iseq->body->location.label);
-    }
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &iseq->body->mark_ary, iseq_mark_ary_create(0));
-
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq) = ZALLOC(struct iseq_compile_data);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, Qnil);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->mark_ary, rb_ary_tmp_new(3));
-
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_head = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_current =
-      (struct iseq_compile_data_storage *)
-	ALLOC_N(char, INITIAL_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE_BUFF_SIZE +
-		SIZEOF_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE);
-
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, rb_ary_tmp_new(3));
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_head->pos = 0;
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_head->next = 0;
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_head->size =
-      INITIAL_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE_BUFF_SIZE;
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option = option;
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_coverable_line = -1;
+    iseq_location_setup(iseq, name, path, realpath, first_lineno, code_location, node_id);
+    if (iseq != body->local_iseq) {
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &body->location.base_label, body->local_iseq->body->location.label);
+    }
+    ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, Qnil);
+    ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_CLEAR(iseq);
+    body->variable.flip_count = 0;
 
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_ALLOC(iseq);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, err_info);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, Qnil);
+
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->node.storage_head = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->node.storage_current = new_arena();
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->insn.storage_head = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->insn.storage_current = new_arena();
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth = isolated_depth;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option = option;
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table = NULL;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->builtin_function_table = GET_VM()->builtin_function_table;
+
 
     if (option->coverage_enabled) {
 	VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
 	if (RTEST(coverages)) {
-	    coverage = rb_hash_lookup(coverages, path);
+	    coverage = rb_hash_lookup(coverages, rb_iseq_path(iseq));
 	    if (NIL_P(coverage)) coverage = Qfalse;
 	}
     }
     ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, coverage);
+    if (coverage && ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq))
+        ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX_SET(iseq, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
 
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL > 0
+static void validate_get_insn_info(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+#endif
+
+void
+rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+    /* create succ_index_table */
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    int size = body->insns_info.size;
+    int max_pos = body->iseq_size;
+    int *data = (int *)body->insns_info.positions;
+    if (body->insns_info.succ_index_table) ruby_xfree(body->insns_info.succ_index_table);
+    body->insns_info.succ_index_table = succ_index_table_create(max_pos, data, size);
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE == 0
+    ruby_xfree(body->insns_info.positions);
+    body->insns_info.positions = NULL;
+#endif
+#endif
+}
+
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+unsigned int *
+rb_iseq_insns_info_decode_positions(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    int size = body->insns_info.size;
+    int max_pos = body->iseq_size;
+    struct succ_index_table *sd = body->insns_info.succ_index_table;
+    return succ_index_table_invert(max_pos, sd, size);
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+rb_iseq_init_trace(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events = 0;
+    if (ruby_vm_event_enabled_global_flags & ISEQ_TRACE_EVENTS) {
+        rb_iseq_trace_set(iseq, ruby_vm_event_enabled_global_flags & ISEQ_TRACE_EVENTS);
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
-cleanup_iseq_build(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+finish_iseq_build(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     struct iseq_compile_data *data = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq);
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     VALUE err = data->err_info;
-    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq) = 0;
+    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_CLEAR(iseq);
     compile_data_free(data);
 
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL > 0
+    validate_get_insn_info(iseq);
+#endif
+
     if (RTEST(err)) {
-	rb_funcallv(err, rb_intern("set_backtrace"), 1, &iseq->body->location.path);
+	VALUE path = pathobj_path(body->location.pathobj);
+	if (err == Qtrue) err = rb_exc_new_cstr(rb_eSyntaxError, "compile error");
+	rb_funcallv(err, rb_intern("set_backtrace"), 1, &path);
 	rb_exc_raise(err);
     }
+
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(iseq_num);
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_ADD(iseq_cd_num, iseq->body->ci_size);
+
+    rb_iseq_init_trace(iseq);
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -339,7 +715,6 @@ static rb_compile_option_t COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT = {
     OPT_OPERANDS_UNIFICATION, /* int operands_unification; */
     OPT_INSTRUCTIONS_UNIFICATION, /* int instructions_unification; */
     OPT_STACK_CACHING, /* int stack_caching; */
-    OPT_TRACE_INSTRUCTION, /* int trace_instruction */
     OPT_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL,
     OPT_DEBUG_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL,
     TRUE,			/* coverage_enabled */
@@ -366,7 +741,6 @@ set_compile_option_from_hash(rb_compile_option_t *option, VALUE opt)
     SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, operands_unification);
     SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, instructions_unification);
     SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, stack_caching);
-    SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, trace_instruction);
     SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, frozen_string_literal);
     SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, debug_frozen_string_literal);
     SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, coverage_enabled);
@@ -375,7 +749,7 @@ set_compile_option_from_hash(rb_compile_option_t *option, VALUE opt)
 #undef SET_COMPILE_OPTION_NUM
 }
 
-void
+static void
 rb_iseq_make_compile_option(rb_compile_option_t *option, VALUE opt)
 {
     Check_Type(opt, T_HASH);
@@ -408,7 +782,7 @@ make_compile_option(rb_compile_option_t *option, VALUE opt)
 static VALUE
 make_compile_option_value(rb_compile_option_t *option)
 {
-    VALUE opt = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE opt = rb_hash_new_with_size(11);
 #define SET_COMPILE_OPTION(o, h, mem) \
   rb_hash_aset((h), ID2SYM(rb_intern(#mem)), (o)->mem ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
 #define SET_COMPILE_OPTION_NUM(o, h, mem) \
@@ -421,7 +795,6 @@ make_compile_option_value(rb_compile_option_t *option)
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, operands_unification);
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, instructions_unification);
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, stack_caching);
-	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, trace_instruction);
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, frozen_string_literal);
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, debug_frozen_string_literal);
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, coverage_enabled);
@@ -433,26 +806,42 @@ make_compile_option_value(rb_compile_option_t *option)
 }
 
 rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_new(NODE *node, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE absolute_path,
+rb_iseq_new(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,
 	    const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type)
 {
-    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(node, name, path, absolute_path, INT2FIX(0), parent, type,
-				&COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, INT2FIX(0), parent,
+                                0, type, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_new_top(NODE *node, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE absolute_path, const rb_iseq_t *parent)
+rb_iseq_new_top(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, const rb_iseq_t *parent)
+{
+    VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
+    if (RTEST(coverages)) {
+        if (ast->line_count >= 0) {
+            int len = (rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES) ? 0 : ast->line_count;
+            VALUE coverage = rb_default_coverage(len);
+            rb_hash_aset(coverages, path, coverage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, INT2FIX(0), parent, 0,
+                                ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
+}
+
+rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_new_main(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, const rb_iseq_t *parent)
 {
-    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(node, name, path, absolute_path, INT2FIX(0), parent, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP,
-				&COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, rb_fstring_lit("<main>"),
+				path, realpath, INT2FIX(0),
+				parent, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_new_main(NODE *node, VALUE path, VALUE absolute_path, const rb_iseq_t *parent)
+rb_iseq_new_eval(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, VALUE first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth)
 {
-    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(node, rb_fstring_cstr("<main>"),
-				path, absolute_path, INT2FIX(0),
-				parent, ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, first_lineno,
+                                parent, isolated_depth, ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 static inline rb_iseq_t *
@@ -470,22 +859,50 @@ iseq_translate(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 }
 
 rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_new_with_opt(NODE *node, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE absolute_path,
-		     VALUE first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent,
-		     enum iseq_type type, const rb_compile_option_t *option)
+rb_iseq_new_with_opt(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,
+		     VALUE first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth,
+                     enum iseq_type type, const rb_compile_option_t *option)
 {
+    const NODE *node = ast ? ast->root : 0;
     /* TODO: argument check */
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_alloc();
+    rb_compile_option_t new_opt;
 
-    if (!option) option = &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT;
-    prepare_iseq_build(iseq, name, path, absolute_path, first_lineno, parent, type, option);
+    if (option) {
+        new_opt = *option;
+    }
+    else {
+        new_opt = COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT;
+    }
+    if (ast && ast->compile_option) rb_iseq_make_compile_option(&new_opt, ast->compile_option);
+
+    prepare_iseq_build(iseq, name, path, realpath, first_lineno, node ? &node->nd_loc : NULL, node ? nd_node_id(node) : -1, parent, isolated_depth, type, &new_opt);
 
     rb_iseq_compile_node(iseq, node);
-    cleanup_iseq_build(iseq);
+    finish_iseq_build(iseq);
 
     return iseq_translate(iseq);
 }
 
+rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_new_with_callback(
+    const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func * ifunc,
+    VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,
+    VALUE first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent,
+    enum iseq_type type, const rb_compile_option_t *option)
+{
+    /* TODO: argument check */
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_alloc();
+
+    if (!option) option = &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT;
+    prepare_iseq_build(iseq, name, path, realpath, first_lineno, NULL, -1, parent, 0, type, option);
+
+    rb_iseq_compile_callback(iseq, ifunc);
+    finish_iseq_build(iseq);
+
+    return iseq;
+}
+
 const rb_iseq_t *
 rb_iseq_load_iseq(VALUE fname)
 {
@@ -498,10 +915,10 @@ rb_iseq_load_iseq(VALUE fname)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-#define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_convert_type((v), T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary")
-#define CHECK_HASH(v)    rb_convert_type((v), T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash")
-#define CHECK_STRING(v)  rb_convert_type((v), T_STRING, "String", "to_str")
-#define CHECK_SYMBOL(v)  rb_convert_type((v), T_SYMBOL, "Symbol", "to_sym")
+#define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_to_array_type(v)
+#define CHECK_HASH(v)    rb_to_hash_type(v)
+#define CHECK_STRING(v)  rb_str_to_str(v)
+#define CHECK_SYMBOL(v)  rb_to_symbol_type(v)
 static inline VALUE CHECK_INTEGER(VALUE v) {(void)NUM2LONG(v); return v;}
 
 static enum iseq_type
@@ -515,7 +932,7 @@ iseq_type_from_sym(VALUE type)
     const ID id_ensure = rb_intern("ensure");
     const ID id_eval = rb_intern("eval");
     const ID id_main = rb_intern("main");
-    const ID id_defined_guard = rb_intern("defined_guard");
+    const ID id_plain = rb_intern("plain");
     /* ensure all symbols are static or pinned down before
      * conversion */
     const ID typeid = rb_check_id(&type);
@@ -527,7 +944,7 @@ iseq_type_from_sym(VALUE type)
     if (typeid == id_ensure) return ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE;
     if (typeid == id_eval) return ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL;
     if (typeid == id_main) return ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN;
-    if (typeid == id_defined_guard) return ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD;
+    if (typeid == id_plain) return ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN;
     return (enum iseq_type)-1;
 }
 
@@ -537,12 +954,13 @@ iseq_load(VALUE data, const rb_iseq_t *parent, VALUE opt)
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_alloc();
 
     VALUE magic, version1, version2, format_type, misc;
-    VALUE name, path, absolute_path, first_lineno;
+    VALUE name, path, realpath, first_lineno, code_location, node_id;
     VALUE type, body, locals, params, exception;
 
     st_data_t iseq_type;
     rb_compile_option_t option;
     int i = 0;
+    rb_code_location_t tmp_loc = { {0, 0}, {-1, -1} };
 
     /* [magic, major_version, minor_version, format_type, misc,
      *  label, path, first_lineno,
@@ -560,8 +978,8 @@ iseq_load(VALUE data, const rb_iseq_t *parent, VALUE opt)
 
     name        = CHECK_STRING(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
     path        = CHECK_STRING(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
-    absolute_path = rb_ary_entry(data, i++);
-    absolute_path = NIL_P(absolute_path) ? Qnil : CHECK_STRING(absolute_path);
+    realpath    = rb_ary_entry(data, i++);
+    realpath    = NIL_P(realpath) ? Qnil : CHECK_STRING(realpath);
     first_lineno = CHECK_INTEGER(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
 
     type        = CHECK_SYMBOL(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
@@ -574,17 +992,27 @@ iseq_load(VALUE data, const rb_iseq_t *parent, VALUE opt)
 
     iseq_type = iseq_type_from_sym(type);
     if (iseq_type == (enum iseq_type)-1) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unsupport type: :%"PRIsVALUE, rb_sym2str(type));
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unsupported type: :%"PRIsVALUE, rb_sym2str(type));
+    }
+
+    node_id = rb_hash_aref(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("node_id")));
+
+    code_location = rb_hash_aref(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("code_location")));
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(code_location, T_ARRAY) && RARRAY_LEN(code_location) == 4) {
+	tmp_loc.beg_pos.lineno = NUM2INT(rb_ary_entry(code_location, 0));
+	tmp_loc.beg_pos.column = NUM2INT(rb_ary_entry(code_location, 1));
+	tmp_loc.end_pos.lineno = NUM2INT(rb_ary_entry(code_location, 2));
+	tmp_loc.end_pos.column = NUM2INT(rb_ary_entry(code_location, 3));
     }
 
     make_compile_option(&option, opt);
     option.peephole_optimization = FALSE; /* because peephole optimization can modify original iseq */
-    prepare_iseq_build(iseq, name, path, absolute_path, first_lineno,
-		       parent, (enum iseq_type)iseq_type, &option);
+    prepare_iseq_build(iseq, name, path, realpath, first_lineno, &tmp_loc, NUM2INT(node_id),
+                       parent, 0, (enum iseq_type)iseq_type, &option);
 
     rb_iseq_build_from_ary(iseq, misc, locals, params, exception, body);
 
-    cleanup_iseq_build(iseq);
+    finish_iseq_build(iseq);
 
     return iseqw_new(iseq);
 }
@@ -606,22 +1034,19 @@ rb_iseq_load(VALUE data, VALUE parent, VALUE opt)
     return iseq_load(data, RTEST(parent) ? (rb_iseq_t *)parent : NULL, opt);
 }
 
-rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_compile_with_option(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE absolute_path, VALUE line, const struct rb_block *base_block, VALUE opt)
+static rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_compile_with_option(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE realpath, VALUE line, VALUE opt)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = NULL;
-    const rb_iseq_t *const parent = base_block ? vm_block_iseq(base_block) : NULL;
     rb_compile_option_t option;
-    const enum iseq_type type = parent ? ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL : ISEQ_TYPE_TOP;
 #if !defined(__GNUC__) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 8)
 # define INITIALIZED volatile /* suppress warnings by gcc 4.8 */
 #else
 # define INITIALIZED /* volatile */
 #endif
-    NODE *(*parse)(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE file, int start);
+    rb_ast_t *(*parse)(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE file, int start);
     int ln;
-    NODE *INITIALIZED node;
+    rb_ast_t *INITIALIZED ast;
 
     /* safe results first */
     make_compile_option(&option, opt);
@@ -636,46 +1061,44 @@ rb_iseq_compile_with_option(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE absolute_path, VALUE li
     }
     {
 	const VALUE parser = rb_parser_new();
-	rb_parser_set_context(parser, base_block, FALSE);
-	node = (*parse)(parser, file, src, ln);
+        VALUE name = rb_fstring_lit("<compiled>");
+        const rb_iseq_t *outer_scope = rb_iseq_new(NULL, name, name, Qnil, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP);
+        VALUE outer_scope_v = (VALUE)outer_scope;
+        rb_parser_set_context(parser, outer_scope, FALSE);
+        RB_GC_GUARD(outer_scope_v);
+	ast = (*parse)(parser, file, src, ln);
     }
 
-    if (!node) {
-	rb_exc_raise(th->errinfo);
+    if (!ast->body.root) {
+	rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+	rb_exc_raise(GET_EC()->errinfo);
     }
     else {
-	INITIALIZED VALUE label = parent ?
-	    parent->body->location.label :
-	    rb_fstring_cstr("<compiled>");
-	iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(node, label, file, absolute_path, line,
-				    parent, type, &option);
+	INITIALIZED VALUE label = rb_fstring_lit("<compiled>");
+	iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast->body, label, file, realpath, line,
+				    NULL, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &option);
+	rb_ast_dispose(ast);
     }
 
     return iseq;
 }
 
-rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_compile(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE line)
-{
-    return rb_iseq_compile_with_option(src, file, Qnil, line, 0, Qnil);
-}
-
-rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_compile_on_base(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE line, const struct rb_block *base_block)
+VALUE
+rb_iseq_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    return rb_iseq_compile_with_option(src, file, Qnil, line, base_block, Qnil);
+    return pathobj_path(iseq->body->location.pathobj);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_iseq_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+rb_iseq_realpath(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    return iseq->body->location.path;
+    return pathobj_realpath(iseq->body->location.pathobj);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_iseq_absolute_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    return iseq->body->location.absolute_path;
+    return rb_iseq_realpath(iseq);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -699,24 +1122,56 @@ rb_iseq_first_lineno(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 VALUE
 rb_iseq_method_name(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    const rb_iseq_t *local_iseq;
-
-    local_iseq = iseq->body->local_iseq;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body->local_iseq->body;
 
-    if (local_iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
-	return local_iseq->body->location.base_label;
+    if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
+	return body->location.base_label;
     }
     else {
 	return Qnil;
     }
 }
 
+void
+rb_iseq_code_location(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int *beg_pos_lineno, int *beg_pos_column, int *end_pos_lineno, int *end_pos_column)
+{
+    const rb_code_location_t *loc = &iseq->body->location.code_location;
+    if (beg_pos_lineno) *beg_pos_lineno = loc->beg_pos.lineno;
+    if (beg_pos_column) *beg_pos_column = loc->beg_pos.column;
+    if (end_pos_lineno) *end_pos_lineno = loc->end_pos.lineno;
+    if (end_pos_column) *end_pos_column = loc->end_pos.column;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_iseq_coverage(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     return ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq);
 }
 
+static int
+remove_coverage_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+{
+    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
+    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
+        void *ptr = asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+        asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+	if (rb_obj_is_iseq(v)) {
+            rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)v;
+            ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, Qnil);
+	}
+
+        asan_poison_object_if(ptr, v);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+rb_iseq_remove_coverage_all(void)
+{
+    rb_objspace_each_objects(remove_coverage_i, NULL);
+}
+
 /* define wrapper class methods (RubyVM::InstructionSequence) */
 
 static void
@@ -728,7 +1183,7 @@ iseqw_mark(void *ptr)
 static size_t
 iseqw_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
-    return iseq_memsize((const rb_iseq_t *)ptr);
+    return rb_iseq_memsize((const rb_iseq_t *)ptr);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t iseqw_data_type = {
@@ -740,14 +1195,22 @@ static const rb_data_type_t iseqw_data_type = {
 static VALUE
 iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    union { const rb_iseq_t *in; void *out; } deconst;
-    VALUE obj;
+    if (iseq->wrapper) {
+        return iseq->wrapper;
+    }
+    else {
+        union { const rb_iseq_t *in; void *out; } deconst;
+        VALUE obj;
+        deconst.in = iseq;
+        obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cISeq, &iseqw_data_type, deconst.out);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, iseq);
 
-    deconst.in = iseq;
-    obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cISeq, &iseqw_data_type, deconst.out);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, iseq);
+        /* cache a wrapper object */
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE((VALUE)iseq, &iseq->wrapper, obj);
+        RB_OBJ_FREEZE((VALUE)iseq);
 
-    return obj;
+        return obj;
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -764,10 +1227,14 @@ rb_iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
  *  Takes +source+, a String of Ruby code and compiles it to an
  *  InstructionSequence.
  *
- *  Optionally takes +file+, +path+, and +line+ which describe the filename,
- *  absolute path and first line number of the ruby code in +source+ which are
+ *  Optionally takes +file+, +path+, and +line+ which describe the file path,
+ *  real path and first line number of the ruby code in +source+ which are
  *  metadata attached to the returned +iseq+.
  *
+ *  +file+ is used for `__FILE__` and exception backtrace. +path+ is used for
+ *  +require_relative+ base. It is recommended these should be the same full
+ *  path.
+ *
  *  +options+, which can be +true+, +false+ or a +Hash+, is used to
  *  modify the default behavior of the Ruby iseq compiler.
  *
@@ -776,6 +1243,14 @@ rb_iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
  *     RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("a = 1 + 2")
  *     #=> <RubyVM::InstructionSequence:<compiled>@<compiled>>
  *
+ *     path = "test.rb"
+ *     RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(File.read(path), path, File.expand_path(path))
+ *     #=> <RubyVM::InstructionSequence:<compiled>@test.rb:1>
+ *
+ *     path = File.expand_path("test.rb")
+ *     RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(File.read(path), path, path)
+ *     #=> <RubyVM::InstructionSequence:<compiled>@/absolute/path/to/test.rb:1>
+ *
  */
 static VALUE
 iseqw_s_compile(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -783,8 +1258,6 @@ iseqw_s_compile(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE src, file = Qnil, path = Qnil, line = INT2FIX(1), opt = Qnil;
     int i;
 
-    rb_secure(1);
-
     i = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*:", &src, NULL, &opt);
     if (i > 4+NIL_P(opt)) rb_error_arity(argc, 1, 5);
     switch (i) {
@@ -793,10 +1266,15 @@ iseqw_s_compile(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
       case 3: path = argv[--i];
       case 2: file = argv[--i];
     }
-    if (NIL_P(file)) file = rb_fstring_cstr("<compiled>");
+
+    if (NIL_P(file)) file = rb_fstring_lit("<compiled>");
+    if (NIL_P(path)) path = file;
     if (NIL_P(line)) line = INT2FIX(1);
 
-    return iseqw_new(rb_iseq_compile_with_option(src, file, path, line, 0, opt));
+    Check_Type(path, T_STRING);
+    Check_Type(file, T_STRING);
+
+    return iseqw_new(rb_iseq_compile_with_option(src, file, path, line, opt));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -823,12 +1301,11 @@ static VALUE
 iseqw_s_compile_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE file, line = INT2FIX(1), opt = Qnil;
-    VALUE parser, f, exc = Qnil;
-    NODE *node;
+    VALUE parser, f, exc = Qnil, ret;
+    rb_ast_t *ast;
     rb_compile_option_t option;
     int i;
 
-    rb_secure(1);
     i = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*:", &file, NULL, &opt);
     if (i > 1+NIL_P(opt)) rb_error_arity(argc, 1, 2);
     switch (i) {
@@ -841,18 +1318,23 @@ iseqw_s_compile_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     parser = rb_parser_new();
     rb_parser_set_context(parser, NULL, FALSE);
-    node = rb_parser_compile_file_path(parser, file, f, NUM2INT(line));
-    if (!node) exc = GET_THREAD()->errinfo;
+    ast = (rb_ast_t *)rb_parser_load_file(parser, file);
+    if (!ast->body.root) exc = GET_EC()->errinfo;
 
     rb_io_close(f);
-    if (!node) rb_exc_raise(exc);
+    if (!ast->body.root) {
+	rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+	rb_exc_raise(exc);
+    }
 
     make_compile_option(&option, opt);
 
-    return iseqw_new(rb_iseq_new_with_opt(node, rb_fstring_cstr("<main>"),
-					  file,
-					  rb_realpath_internal(Qnil, file, 1),
-					  line, NULL, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &option));
+    ret = iseqw_new(rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast->body, rb_fstring_lit("<main>"),
+					 file,
+					 rb_realpath_internal(Qnil, file, 1),
+					 line, NULL, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &option));
+    rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+    return ret;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -879,7 +1361,6 @@ iseqw_s_compile_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  * +:specialized_instruction+
  *  * +:stack_caching+
  *  * +:tailcall_optimization+
- *  * +:trace_instruction+
  *
  *  Additionally, +:debug_level+ can be set to an integer.
  *
@@ -891,7 +1372,6 @@ static VALUE
 iseqw_s_compile_option_set(VALUE self, VALUE opt)
 {
     rb_compile_option_t option;
-    rb_secure(1);
     make_compile_option(&option, opt);
     COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT = option;
     return opt;
@@ -917,7 +1397,7 @@ iseqw_check(VALUE iseqw)
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = DATA_PTR(iseqw);
 
     if (!iseq->body) {
-	ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
+	rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
     }
 
     if (!iseq->body->location.label) {
@@ -943,7 +1423,6 @@ rb_iseqw_to_iseq(VALUE iseqw)
 static VALUE
 iseqw_eval(VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_secure(1);
     return rb_iseq_eval(iseqw_check(self));
 }
 
@@ -955,14 +1434,17 @@ static VALUE
 iseqw_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseqw_check(self);
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    VALUE klass = rb_class_name(rb_obj_class(self));
 
-    if (!iseq->body->location.label) {
-        return rb_sprintf("#<%s: uninitialized>", rb_obj_classname(self));
+    if (!body->location.label) {
+	return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": uninitialized>", klass);
     }
     else {
-	return rb_sprintf("<%s:%s@%s>",
-			  rb_obj_classname(self),
-			  RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label), RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.path));
+	return rb_sprintf("<%"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE"@%"PRIsVALUE":%d>",
+			  klass,
+			  body->location.label, rb_iseq_path(iseq),
+			  FIX2INT(rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1014,7 +1496,7 @@ iseqw_path(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 iseqw_absolute_path(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_iseq_absolute_path(iseqw_check(self));
+    return rb_iseq_realpath(iseqw_check(self));
 }
 
 /*  Returns the label of this instruction sequence.
@@ -1149,7 +1631,7 @@ static VALUE iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
  *    The type of the instruction sequence.
  *
  *    Valid values are +:top+, +:method+, +:block+, +:class+, +:rescue+,
- *    +:ensure+, +:eval+, +:main+, and +:defined_guard+.
+ *    +:ensure+, +:eval+, +:main+, and +plain+.
  *
  *  [locals]
  *    An array containing the names of all arguments and local variables as
@@ -1175,52 +1657,170 @@ static VALUE
 iseqw_to_a(VALUE self)
 {
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseqw_check(self);
-    rb_secure(1);
     return iseq_data_to_ary(iseq);
 }
 
-/* TODO: search algorithm is brute force.
-         this should be binary search or so. */
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 1 /* binary search */
+static const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+get_insn_info_binary_search(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    size_t size = body->insns_info.size;
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info = body->insns_info.body;
+    const unsigned int *positions = body->insns_info.positions;
+    const int debug = 0;
+
+    if (debug) {
+	printf("size: %"PRIuSIZE"\n", size);
+	printf("insns_info[%"PRIuSIZE"]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %"PRIuSIZE"\n",
+	       (size_t)0, positions[0], insns_info[0].line_no, pos);
+    }
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (size == 1) {
+	return &insns_info[0];
+    }
+    else {
+	size_t l = 1, r = size - 1;
+	while (l <= r) {
+	    size_t m = l + (r - l) / 2;
+	    if (positions[m] == pos) {
+		return &insns_info[m];
+	    }
+	    if (positions[m] < pos) {
+		l = m + 1;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		r = m - 1;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (l >= size) {
+	    return &insns_info[size-1];
+	}
+	if (positions[l] > pos) {
+	    return &insns_info[l-1];
+	}
+	return &insns_info[l];
+    }
+}
+
+static const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+get_insn_info(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+{
+    return get_insn_info_binary_search(iseq, pos);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2 /* succinct bitvector */
+static const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+get_insn_info_succinct_bitvector(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    size_t size = body->insns_info.size;
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info = body->insns_info.body;
+    const int debug = 0;
+
+    if (debug) {
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+        const unsigned int *positions = body->insns_info.positions;
+        printf("size: %"PRIuSIZE"\n", size);
+        printf("insns_info[%"PRIuSIZE"]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %"PRIuSIZE"\n",
+               (size_t)0, positions[0], insns_info[0].line_no, pos);
+#else
+        printf("size: %"PRIuSIZE"\n", size);
+        printf("insns_info[%"PRIuSIZE"]: line: %d, pos: %"PRIuSIZE"\n",
+               (size_t)0, insns_info[0].line_no, pos);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (size == 0) {
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (size == 1) {
+	return &insns_info[0];
+    }
+    else {
+	int index;
+	VM_ASSERT(body->insns_info.succ_index_table != NULL);
+	index = succ_index_lookup(body->insns_info.succ_index_table, (int)pos);
+	return &insns_info[index-1];
+    }
+}
+
+static const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+get_insn_info(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+{
+    return get_insn_info_succinct_bitvector(iseq, pos);
+}
+#endif
 
-static const struct iseq_line_info_entry *
-get_line_info(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 || VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 0
+static const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+get_insn_info_linear_search(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
 {
-    size_t i = 0, size = iseq->body->line_info_size;
-    const struct iseq_line_info_entry *table = iseq->body->line_info_table;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    size_t i = 0, size = body->insns_info.size;
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info = body->insns_info.body;
+    const unsigned int *positions = body->insns_info.positions;
     const int debug = 0;
 
     if (debug) {
 	printf("size: %"PRIuSIZE"\n", size);
-	printf("table[%"PRIuSIZE"]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %"PRIuSIZE"\n",
-	       i, table[i].position, table[i].line_no, pos);
+	printf("insns_info[%"PRIuSIZE"]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %"PRIuSIZE"\n",
+	       i, positions[i], insns_info[i].line_no, pos);
     }
 
     if (size == 0) {
-	return 0;
+	return NULL;
     }
     else if (size == 1) {
-	return &table[0];
+	return &insns_info[0];
     }
     else {
 	for (i=1; i<size; i++) {
-	    if (debug) printf("table[%"PRIuSIZE"]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %"PRIuSIZE"\n",
-			      i, table[i].position, table[i].line_no, pos);
+	    if (debug) printf("insns_info[%"PRIuSIZE"]: position: %d, line: %d, pos: %"PRIuSIZE"\n",
+			      i, positions[i], insns_info[i].line_no, pos);
 
-	    if (table[i].position == pos) {
-		return &table[i];
+	    if (positions[i] == pos) {
+		return &insns_info[i];
 	    }
-	    if (table[i].position > pos) {
-		return &table[i-1];
+	    if (positions[i] > pos) {
+		return &insns_info[i-1];
 	    }
 	}
     }
-    return &table[i-1];
+    return &insns_info[i-1];
 }
+#endif
 
-static unsigned int
-find_line_no(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 0 /* linear search */
+static const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
+get_insn_info(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
 {
-    const struct iseq_line_info_entry *entry = get_line_info(iseq, pos);
+    return get_insn_info_linear_search(iseq, pos);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL > 0
+static void
+validate_get_insn_info(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    size_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < body->iseq_size; i++) {
+	if (get_insn_info_linear_search(iseq, i) != get_insn_info(iseq, i)) {
+	    rb_bug("validate_get_insn_info: get_insn_info_linear_search(iseq, %"PRIuSIZE") != get_insn_info(iseq, %"PRIuSIZE")", i, i);
+	}
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+unsigned int
+rb_iseq_line_no(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+{
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = get_insn_info(iseq, pos);
 
     if (entry) {
 	return entry->line_no;
@@ -1230,30 +1830,61 @@ find_line_no(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
     }
 }
 
-unsigned int
-rb_iseq_line_no(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED rb_event_flag_t
+rb_iseq_event_flags(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
 {
-    if (pos == 0) {
-	return find_line_no(iseq, pos);
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = get_insn_info(iseq, pos);
+    if (entry) {
+	return entry->events;
     }
     else {
-	return find_line_no(iseq, pos - 1);
+	return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_iseq_clear_event_flags(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos, rb_event_flag_t reset)
+{
+    struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = (struct iseq_insn_info_entry *)get_insn_info(iseq, pos);
+    if (entry) {
+        entry->events &= ~reset;
+        if (!(entry->events & iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events)) {
+            void rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos);
+            rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(iseq, pos);
+        }
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
-id_to_name(ID id, VALUE default_value)
+local_var_name(const rb_iseq_t *diseq, VALUE level, VALUE op)
 {
-    VALUE str = rb_id2str(id);
-    if (!str) {
-	str = default_value;
+    VALUE i;
+    VALUE name;
+    ID lid;
+    int idx;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
+	diseq = diseq->body->parent_iseq;
     }
-    else if (!rb_str_symname_p(str)) {
-	str = rb_str_inspect(str);
+    idx = diseq->body->local_table_size - (int)op - 1;
+    lid = diseq->body->local_table[idx];
+    name = rb_id2str(lid);
+    if (!name) {
+	name = rb_str_new_cstr("?");
     }
-    return str;
+    else if (!rb_str_symname_p(name)) {
+	name = rb_str_inspect(name);
+    }
+    else {
+	name = rb_str_dup(name);
+    }
+    rb_str_catf(name, "@%d", idx);
+    return name;
 }
 
+int rb_insn_unified_local_var_level(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_dump_literal(VALUE lit);
+
 VALUE
 rb_insn_operand_intern(const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 		       VALUE insn, int op_no, VALUE op,
@@ -1269,26 +1900,40 @@ rb_insn_operand_intern(const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 	break;
 
       case TS_NUM:		/* ULONG */
+	if (insn == BIN(defined) && op_no == 0) {
+	    enum defined_type deftype = (enum defined_type)op;
+	    switch (deftype) {
+	      case DEFINED_FUNC:
+		ret = rb_fstring_lit("func");
+		break;
+	      case DEFINED_REF:
+		ret = rb_fstring_lit("ref");
+		break;
+	      case DEFINED_CONST_FROM:
+		ret = rb_fstring_lit("constant-from");
+		break;
+	      default:
+		ret = rb_iseq_defined_string(deftype);
+		break;
+	    }
+	    if (ret) break;
+	}
+	else if (insn == BIN(checktype) && op_no == 0) {
+	    const char *type_str = rb_type_str((enum ruby_value_type)op);
+	    if (type_str) {
+		ret = rb_str_new_cstr(type_str); break;
+	    }
+	}
 	ret = rb_sprintf("%"PRIuVALUE, op);
 	break;
 
       case TS_LINDEX:{
-	if (insn == BIN(getlocal) || insn == BIN(setlocal)) {
-	    if (pnop) {
-		const rb_iseq_t *diseq = iseq;
-		VALUE level = *pnop, i;
-		ID lid;
-
-		for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
-		    diseq = diseq->body->parent_iseq;
-		}
-		lid = diseq->body->local_table[diseq->body->local_table_size +
-					       VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1 - op];
-		ret = id_to_name(lid, INT2FIX('*'));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		ret = rb_sprintf("%"PRIuVALUE, op);
-	    }
+	int level;
+	if (types[op_no+1] == TS_NUM && pnop) {
+	    ret = local_var_name(iseq, *pnop, op - VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE);
+	}
+	else if ((level = rb_insn_unified_local_var_level(insn)) >= 0) {
+	    ret = local_var_name(iseq, (VALUE)level, op - VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE);
 	}
 	else {
 	    ret = rb_inspect(INT2FIX(op));
@@ -1296,11 +1941,25 @@ rb_insn_operand_intern(const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 	break;
       }
       case TS_ID:		/* ID (symbol) */
-	op = ID2SYM(op);
+	ret = rb_inspect(ID2SYM(op));
+	break;
 
       case TS_VALUE:		/* VALUE */
 	op = obj_resurrect(op);
-	ret = rb_inspect(op);
+	if (insn == BIN(defined) && op_no == 1 && FIXNUM_P(op)) {
+	    /* should be DEFINED_REF */
+	    int type = NUM2INT(op);
+	    if (type) {
+		if (type & 1) {
+		    ret = rb_sprintf(":$%c", (type >> 1));
+		}
+		else {
+		    ret = rb_sprintf(":$%d", (type >> 1));
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+	ret = rb_dump_literal(op);
 	if (CLASS_OF(op) == rb_cISeq) {
 	    if (child) {
 		rb_ary_push(child, op);
@@ -1322,53 +1981,53 @@ rb_insn_operand_intern(const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 	    }
 	    break;
 	}
-      case TS_GENTRY:
-	{
-	    struct rb_global_entry *entry = (struct rb_global_entry *)op;
-	    ret = rb_str_dup(rb_id2str(entry->id));
-	}
-	break;
 
       case TS_IC:
+      case TS_IVC:
+      case TS_ISE:
 	ret = rb_sprintf("<is:%"PRIdPTRDIFF">", (union iseq_inline_storage_entry *)op - iseq->body->is_entries);
 	break;
 
-      case TS_CALLINFO:
+      case TS_CALLDATA:
 	{
-	    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)op;
+            struct rb_call_data *cd = (struct rb_call_data *)op;
+            const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cd->ci;
 	    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+            ID mid = vm_ci_mid(ci);
 
-	    if (ci->mid) {
-		rb_ary_push(ary, rb_sprintf("mid:%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(ci->mid)));
+            if (mid) {
+		rb_ary_push(ary, rb_sprintf("mid:%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(mid)));
 	    }
 
-	    rb_ary_push(ary, rb_sprintf("argc:%d", ci->orig_argc));
+	    rb_ary_push(ary, rb_sprintf("argc:%d", vm_ci_argc(ci)));
 
-	    if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) {
-		struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_args = ((struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)ci)->kw_arg;
-		VALUE kw_ary = rb_ary_new_from_values(kw_args->keyword_len, kw_args->keywords);
-		rb_ary_push(ary, rb_sprintf("kw:[%"PRIsVALUE"]", rb_ary_join(kw_ary, rb_str_new2(","))));
+            if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_KWARG) {
+                const struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_args = vm_ci_kwarg(ci);
+                VALUE kw_ary = rb_ary_new_from_values(kw_args->keyword_len, kw_args->keywords);
+                rb_ary_push(ary, rb_sprintf("kw:[%"PRIsVALUE"]", rb_ary_join(kw_ary, rb_str_new2(","))));
 	    }
 
-	    if (ci->flag) {
+            if (vm_ci_flag(ci)) {
 		VALUE flags = rb_ary_new();
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("ARGS_SPLAT"));
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("ARGS_BLOCKARG"));
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_FCALL) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("FCALL"));
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_VCALL) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("VCALL"));
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_TAILCALL) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("TAILCALL"));
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_SUPER) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("SUPER"));
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("KWARG"));
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_OPT_SEND) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("SNED")); /* maybe not reachable */
-		if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2("ARGS_SIMPLE")); /* maybe not reachable */
+# define CALL_FLAG(n) if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_##n) rb_ary_push(flags, rb_str_new2(#n))
+		CALL_FLAG(ARGS_SPLAT);
+		CALL_FLAG(ARGS_BLOCKARG);
+		CALL_FLAG(FCALL);
+		CALL_FLAG(VCALL);
+		CALL_FLAG(ARGS_SIMPLE);
+		CALL_FLAG(BLOCKISEQ);
+		CALL_FLAG(TAILCALL);
+		CALL_FLAG(SUPER);
+		CALL_FLAG(ZSUPER);
+		CALL_FLAG(KWARG);
+		CALL_FLAG(KW_SPLAT);
+                CALL_FLAG(KW_SPLAT_MUT);
+		CALL_FLAG(OPT_SEND); /* maybe not reachable */
 		rb_ary_push(ary, rb_ary_join(flags, rb_str_new2("|")));
 	    }
-	    ret = rb_sprintf("<callinfo!%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_ary_join(ary, rb_str_new2(", ")));
-	}
-	break;
 
-      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-	ret = rb_str_new2("<callcache>");
+            ret = rb_sprintf("<calldata!%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_ary_join(ary, rb_str_new2(", ")));
+        }
 	break;
 
       case TS_CDHASH:
@@ -1388,12 +2047,29 @@ rb_insn_operand_intern(const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
 	}
 	break;
 
+      case TS_BUILTIN:
+        {
+            const struct rb_builtin_function *bf = (const struct rb_builtin_function *)op;
+            ret = rb_sprintf("<builtin!%s/%d>",
+                             bf->name, bf->argc);
+        }
+        break;
+
       default:
-	rb_bug("insn_operand_intern: unknown operand type: %c", type);
+	rb_bug("unknown operand type: %c", type);
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+right_strip(VALUE str)
+{
+    const char *beg = RSTRING_PTR(str), *end = RSTRING_END(str);
+    while (end-- > beg && *end == ' ');
+    rb_str_set_len(str, end - beg + 1);
+    return str;
+}
+
 /**
  * Disassemble a instruction
  * Iseq -> Iseq inspect object
@@ -1411,15 +2087,15 @@ rb_iseq_disasm_insn(VALUE ret, const VALUE *code, size_t pos,
 
     insn_name_buff = insn_name(insn);
     if (1) {
-	rb_str_catf(str, "%04"PRIuSIZE" %-16s ", pos, insn_name_buff);
+	extern const int rb_vm_max_insn_name_size;
+	rb_str_catf(str, "%04"PRIuSIZE" %-*s ", pos, rb_vm_max_insn_name_size, insn_name_buff);
     }
     else {
-	rb_str_catf(str, "%04"PRIuSIZE" %-16.*s ", pos,
+	rb_str_catf(str, "%04"PRIuSIZE" %-28.*s ", pos,
 		    (int)strcspn(insn_name_buff, "_"), insn_name_buff);
     }
 
     for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
-	const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
 	VALUE opstr = rb_insn_operand_intern(iseq, insn, j, code[pos + j + 1],
 					     len, pos, &code[pos + j + 2],
 					     child);
@@ -1431,8 +2107,8 @@ rb_iseq_disasm_insn(VALUE ret, const VALUE *code, size_t pos,
     }
 
     {
-	unsigned int line_no = find_line_no(iseq, pos);
-	unsigned int prev = pos == 0 ? 0 : find_line_no(iseq, pos - 1);
+	unsigned int line_no = rb_iseq_line_no(iseq, pos);
+	unsigned int prev = pos == 0 ? 0 : rb_iseq_line_no(iseq, pos - 1);
 	if (line_no && line_no != prev) {
 	    long slen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
 	    slen = (slen > 70) ? 0 : (70 - slen);
@@ -1440,12 +2116,31 @@ rb_iseq_disasm_insn(VALUE ret, const VALUE *code, size_t pos,
 	}
     }
 
+    {
+	rb_event_flag_t events = rb_iseq_event_flags(iseq, pos);
+	if (events) {
+            str = rb_str_catf(str, "[%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s]",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_LINE     ? "Li" : "",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_CLASS    ? "Cl" : "",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_END      ? "En" : "",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_CALL     ? "Ca" : "",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_RETURN   ? "Re" : "",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL   ? "Cc" : "",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN ? "Cr" : "",
+			      events & RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL   ? "Bc" : "",
+                              events & RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN ? "Br" : "",
+                              events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE   ? "Cli" : "",
+                              events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH ? "Cbr" : "");
+	}
+    }
+
+    right_strip(str);
     if (ret) {
 	rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
 	rb_str_concat(ret, str);
     }
     else {
-	printf("%s\n", RSTRING_PTR(str));
+	printf("%.*s\n", (int)RSTRING_LEN(str), RSTRING_PTR(str));
     }
     return len;
 }
@@ -1467,7 +2162,7 @@ catch_type(int type)
       case CATCH_TYPE_NEXT:
 	return "next";
       default:
-	rb_bug("unknown catch type (%d)", type);
+	rb_bug("unknown catch type: %d", type);
 	return 0;
     }
 }
@@ -1475,124 +2170,172 @@ catch_type(int type)
 static VALUE
 iseq_inspect(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    if (!iseq->body->location.label) {
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    if (!body->location.label) {
 	return rb_sprintf("#<ISeq: uninitialized>");
     }
     else {
-	return rb_sprintf("#<ISeq:%s@%s>", RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label), RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.path));
+	const rb_code_location_t *loc = &body->location.code_location;
+	return rb_sprintf("#<ISeq:%"PRIsVALUE"@%"PRIsVALUE":%d (%d,%d)-(%d,%d)>",
+			  body->location.label, rb_iseq_path(iseq),
+			  loc->beg_pos.lineno,
+			  loc->beg_pos.lineno,
+			  loc->beg_pos.column,
+			  loc->end_pos.lineno,
+			  loc->end_pos.column);
     }
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_iseq_disasm(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+static const rb_data_type_t tmp_set = {
+    "tmpset",
+    {(void (*)(void *))rb_mark_set, (void (*)(void *))st_free_table, 0, 0,},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static VALUE
+rb_iseq_disasm_recursive(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE indent)
 {
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
     VALUE *code;
     VALUE str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
     VALUE child = rb_ary_tmp_new(3);
     unsigned int size;
     unsigned int i;
     long l;
-    const ID *tbl;
     size_t n;
     enum {header_minlen = 72};
+    st_table *done_iseq = 0;
+    VALUE done_iseq_wrapper = Qnil;
+    const char *indent_str;
+    long indent_len;
 
-    rb_secure(1);
+    size = body->iseq_size;
 
-    size = iseq->body->iseq_size;
+    indent_len = RSTRING_LEN(indent);
+    indent_str = RSTRING_PTR(indent);
 
+    rb_str_cat(str, indent_str, indent_len);
     rb_str_cat2(str, "== disasm: ");
 
-    rb_str_concat(str, iseq_inspect(iseq));
-    if ((l = RSTRING_LEN(str)) < header_minlen) {
-	rb_str_resize(str, header_minlen);
-	memset(RSTRING_PTR(str) + l, '=', header_minlen - l);
+    rb_str_append(str, iseq_inspect(iseq));
+    rb_str_catf(str, " (catch: %s)", body->catch_except_p ? "TRUE" : "FALSE");
+    if ((l = RSTRING_LEN(str) - indent_len) < header_minlen) {
+	rb_str_modify_expand(str, header_minlen - l);
+	memset(RSTRING_END(str), '=', header_minlen - l);
     }
     rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
 
     /* show catch table information */
-    if (iseq->body->catch_table) {
+    if (body->catch_table) {
+	rb_str_cat(str, indent_str, indent_len);
 	rb_str_cat2(str, "== catch table\n");
     }
-    if (iseq->body->catch_table) {
-	for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->catch_table->size; i++) {
-	    const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry = &iseq->body->catch_table->entries[i];
+    if (body->catch_table) {
+	rb_str_cat_cstr(indent, "| ");
+	indent_str = RSTRING_PTR(indent);
+	for (i = 0; i < body->catch_table->size; i++) {
+	    const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry =
+		UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(body->catch_table, entries[i]);
+	    rb_str_cat(str, indent_str, indent_len);
 	    rb_str_catf(str,
 			"| catch type: %-6s st: %04d ed: %04d sp: %04d cont: %04d\n",
 			catch_type((int)entry->type), (int)entry->start,
 			(int)entry->end, (int)entry->sp, (int)entry->cont);
-	    if (entry->iseq) {
-		rb_str_concat(str, rb_iseq_disasm(rb_iseq_check(entry->iseq)));
+	    if (entry->iseq && !(done_iseq && st_is_member(done_iseq, (st_data_t)entry->iseq))) {
+		rb_str_concat(str, rb_iseq_disasm_recursive(rb_iseq_check(entry->iseq), indent));
+		if (!done_iseq) {
+                    done_iseq = st_init_numtable();
+                    done_iseq_wrapper = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &tmp_set, done_iseq);
+                }
+		st_insert(done_iseq, (st_data_t)entry->iseq, (st_data_t)0);
+		indent_str = RSTRING_PTR(indent);
 	    }
 	}
+	rb_str_resize(indent, indent_len);
+	indent_str = RSTRING_PTR(indent);
     }
-    if (iseq->body->catch_table) {
+    if (body->catch_table) {
+	rb_str_cat(str, indent_str, indent_len);
 	rb_str_cat2(str, "|-------------------------------------"
 		    "-----------------------------------\n");
     }
 
     /* show local table information */
-    tbl = iseq->body->local_table;
-
-    if (tbl) {
+    if (body->local_table) {
+	const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const keyword = body->param.keyword;
+	rb_str_cat(str, indent_str, indent_len);
 	rb_str_catf(str,
 		    "local table (size: %d, argc: %d "
 		    "[opts: %d, rest: %d, post: %d, block: %d, kw: %d@%d, kwrest: %d])\n",
-		    iseq->body->local_table_size,
-		    iseq->body->param.lead_num,
-		    iseq->body->param.opt_num,
-		    iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest ? iseq->body->param.rest_start : -1,
-		    iseq->body->param.post_num,
-		    iseq->body->param.flags.has_block ? iseq->body->param.block_start : -1,
-		    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw ? iseq->body->param.keyword->num : -1,
-		    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw ? iseq->body->param.keyword->required_num : -1,
-		    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest ? iseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start : -1);
-
-	for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
-	    int li = (int)i;
+		    body->local_table_size,
+		    body->param.lead_num,
+		    body->param.opt_num,
+		    body->param.flags.has_rest ? body->param.rest_start : -1,
+		    body->param.post_num,
+		    body->param.flags.has_block ? body->param.block_start : -1,
+		    body->param.flags.has_kw ? keyword->num : -1,
+		    body->param.flags.has_kw ? keyword->required_num : -1,
+		    body->param.flags.has_kwrest ? keyword->rest_start : -1);
+
+	for (i = body->local_table_size; i > 0;) {
+	    int li = body->local_table_size - --i - 1;
 	    long width;
-	    VALUE name = id_to_name(tbl[i], 0);
-	    char argi[0x100] = "";
-	    char opti[0x100] = "";
-
-	    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
-		int argc = iseq->body->param.lead_num;
-		int opts = iseq->body->param.opt_num;
+	    VALUE name = local_var_name(iseq, 0, i);
+            char argi[0x100];
+            char opti[0x100];
+
+            opti[0] = '\0';
+	    if (body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+		int argc = body->param.lead_num;
+		int opts = body->param.opt_num;
 		if (li >= argc && li < argc + opts) {
 		    snprintf(opti, sizeof(opti), "Opt=%"PRIdVALUE,
-			     iseq->body->param.opt_table[li - argc]);
+			     body->param.opt_table[li - argc]);
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    snprintf(argi, sizeof(argi), "%s%s%s%s%s",	/* arg, opts, rest, post  block */
-		     iseq->body->param.lead_num > li ? "Arg" : "",
+	    snprintf(argi, sizeof(argi), "%s%s%s%s%s%s",	/* arg, opts, rest, post, kwrest, block */
+		     body->param.lead_num > li ? "Arg" : "",
 		     opti,
-		     (iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest && iseq->body->param.rest_start == li) ? "Rest" : "",
-		     (iseq->body->param.flags.has_post && iseq->body->param.post_start <= li && li < iseq->body->param.post_start + iseq->body->param.post_num) ? "Post" : "",
-		     (iseq->body->param.flags.has_block && iseq->body->param.block_start == li) ? "Block" : "");
+		     (body->param.flags.has_rest && body->param.rest_start == li) ? "Rest" : "",
+		     (body->param.flags.has_post && body->param.post_start <= li && li < body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num) ? "Post" : "",
+		     (body->param.flags.has_kwrest && keyword->rest_start == li) ? "Kwrest" : "",
+		     (body->param.flags.has_block && body->param.block_start == li) ? "Block" : "");
 
-	    rb_str_catf(str, "[%2d] ", iseq->body->local_table_size - i);
+	    rb_str_cat(str, indent_str, indent_len);
+	    rb_str_catf(str, "[%2d] ", i + 1);
 	    width = RSTRING_LEN(str) + 11;
-	    if (name)
-		rb_str_append(str, name);
-	    else
-		rb_str_cat2(str, "?");
+	    rb_str_append(str, name);
 	    if (*argi) rb_str_catf(str, "<%s>", argi);
 	    if ((width -= RSTRING_LEN(str)) > 0) rb_str_catf(str, "%*s", (int)width, "");
 	}
-	rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
+	rb_str_cat_cstr(right_strip(str), "\n");
     }
 
     /* show each line */
     code = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
     for (n = 0; n < size;) {
+	rb_str_cat(str, indent_str, indent_len);
 	n += rb_iseq_disasm_insn(str, code, n, iseq, child);
     }
 
     for (l = 0; l < RARRAY_LEN(child); l++) {
 	VALUE isv = rb_ary_entry(child, l);
-	rb_str_concat(str, rb_iseq_disasm(rb_iseq_check((rb_iseq_t *)isv)));
+	if (done_iseq && st_is_member(done_iseq, (st_data_t)isv)) continue;
+	rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "\n");
+	rb_str_concat(str, rb_iseq_disasm_recursive(rb_iseq_check((rb_iseq_t *)isv), indent));
+	indent_str = RSTRING_PTR(indent);
     }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(done_iseq_wrapper);
+
+    return str;
+}
 
+VALUE
+rb_iseq_disasm(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_iseq_disasm_recursive(iseq, rb_str_new(0, 0));
+    rb_str_resize(str, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -1620,6 +2363,116 @@ iseqw_disasm(VALUE self)
     return rb_iseq_disasm(iseqw_check(self));
 }
 
+static int
+iseq_iterate_children(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, void (*iter_func)(const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq, void *data), void *data)
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+    VALUE *code = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const rb_iseq_t *child;
+    VALUE all_children = rb_obj_hide(rb_ident_hash_new());
+
+    if (body->catch_table) {
+        for (i = 0; i < body->catch_table->size; i++) {
+            const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry =
+                UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(body->catch_table, entries[i]);
+            child = entry->iseq;
+            if (child) {
+                if (rb_hash_aref(all_children, (VALUE)child) == Qnil) {
+                    rb_hash_aset(all_children, (VALUE)child, Qtrue);
+                    (*iter_func)(child, data);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (i=0; i<body->iseq_size;) {
+        VALUE insn = code[i];
+        int len = insn_len(insn);
+        const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
+        int j;
+
+        for (j=0; types[j]; j++) {
+            switch (types[j]) {
+              case TS_ISEQ:
+                child = (const rb_iseq_t *)code[i+j+1];
+                if (child) {
+                    if (rb_hash_aref(all_children, (VALUE)child) == Qnil) {
+                        rb_hash_aset(all_children, (VALUE)child, Qtrue);
+                        (*iter_func)(child, data);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+              default:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        i += len;
+    }
+
+    return (int)RHASH_SIZE(all_children);
+}
+
+static void
+yield_each_children(const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq, void *data)
+{
+    rb_yield(iseqw_new(child_iseq));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     iseq.each_child{|child_iseq| ...} -> iseq
+ *
+ *  Iterate all direct child instruction sequences.
+ *  Iteration order is implementation/version defined
+ *  so that people should not rely on the order.
+ */
+static VALUE
+iseqw_each_child(VALUE self)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseqw_check(self);
+    iseq_iterate_children(iseq, yield_each_children, NULL);
+    return self;
+}
+
+static void
+push_event_info(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t events, int line, VALUE ary)
+{
+#define C(ev, cstr, l) if (events & ev) rb_ary_push(ary, rb_ary_new_from_args(2, l, ID2SYM(rb_intern(cstr))));
+    C(RUBY_EVENT_CLASS,    "class",    rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq));
+    C(RUBY_EVENT_CALL,     "call",     rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq));
+    C(RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL,   "b_call",   rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq));
+    C(RUBY_EVENT_LINE,     "line",     INT2FIX(line));
+    C(RUBY_EVENT_END,      "end",      INT2FIX(line));
+    C(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN,   "return",   INT2FIX(line));
+    C(RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN, "b_return", INT2FIX(line));
+#undef C
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     iseq.trace_points -> ary
+ *
+ *  Return trace points in the instruction sequence.
+ *  Return an array of [line, event_symbol] pair.
+ */
+static VALUE
+iseqw_trace_points(VALUE self)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseqw_check(self);
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    unsigned int i;
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+
+    for (i=0; i<body->insns_info.size; i++) {
+	const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = &body->insns_info.body[i];
+	if (entry->events) {
+	    push_event_info(iseq, entry->events, entry->line_no, ary);
+	}
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
 /*
  *  Returns the instruction sequence containing the given proc or method.
  *
@@ -1660,17 +2513,18 @@ iseqw_s_of(VALUE klass, VALUE body)
 {
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq = NULL;
 
-    rb_secure(1);
-
     if (rb_obj_is_proc(body)) {
-	iseq = vm_proc_iseq(body);
+        iseq = vm_proc_iseq(body);
 
-	if (!rb_obj_is_iseq((VALUE)iseq)) {
-	    iseq = NULL;
-	}
+        if (!rb_obj_is_iseq((VALUE)iseq)) {
+            iseq = NULL;
+        }
     }
-    else {
-	iseq = rb_method_iseq(body);
+    else if (rb_obj_is_method(body)) {
+        iseq = rb_method_iseq(body);
+    }
+    else if (rb_typeddata_is_instance_of(body, &iseqw_data_type)) {
+        return body;
     }
 
     return iseq ? iseqw_new(iseq) : Qnil;
@@ -1741,16 +2595,16 @@ ruby_node_name(int node)
     switch (node) {
 #include "node_name.inc"
       default:
-	rb_bug("unknown node (%d)", node);
+	rb_bug("unknown node: %d", node);
 	return 0;
     }
 }
 
 #define DECL_SYMBOL(name) \
-  static VALUE sym_##name
+  static ID sym_##name
 
 #define INIT_SYMBOL(name) \
-  sym_##name = ID2SYM(rb_intern(#name))
+  sym_##name = rb_intern(#name)
 
 static VALUE
 register_label(struct st_table *table, unsigned long idx)
@@ -1772,7 +2626,7 @@ exception_type2symbol(VALUE type)
       case CATCH_TYPE_REDO:   CONST_ID(id, "redo");   break;
       case CATCH_TYPE_NEXT:   CONST_ID(id, "next");   break;
       default:
-	rb_bug("exception_type2symbol: unknown type %d", (int)type);
+	rb_bug("unknown exception type: %d", (int)type);
     }
     return ID2SYM(id);
 }
@@ -1785,18 +2639,25 @@ cdhash_each(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ary)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static const rb_data_type_t label_wrapper = {
+    "label_wrapper",
+    {(void (*)(void *))rb_mark_tbl, (void (*)(void *))st_free_table, 0, 0,},
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
 static VALUE
 iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
     unsigned int i;
     long l;
-    size_t ti;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const iseq_body = iseq->body;
+    const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *prev_insn_info;
     unsigned int pos;
-    unsigned int line = 0;
+    int last_line = 0;
     VALUE *seq, *iseq_original;
 
     VALUE val = rb_ary_new();
-    VALUE type; /* Symbol */
+    ID type; /* Symbol */
     VALUE locals = rb_ary_new();
     VALUE params = rb_hash_new();
     VALUE body = rb_ary_new(); /* [[:insn1, ...], ...] */
@@ -1804,8 +2665,9 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     VALUE exception = rb_ary_new(); /* [[....]] */
     VALUE misc = rb_hash_new();
 
-    static VALUE insn_syms[VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE];
+    static ID insn_syms[VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE/2]; /* w/o-trace only */
     struct st_table *labels_table = st_init_numtable();
+    VALUE labels_wrapper = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &label_wrapper, labels_table);
 
     DECL_SYMBOL(top);
     DECL_SYMBOL(method);
@@ -1815,12 +2677,12 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     DECL_SYMBOL(ensure);
     DECL_SYMBOL(eval);
     DECL_SYMBOL(main);
-    DECL_SYMBOL(defined_guard);
+    DECL_SYMBOL(plain);
 
     if (sym_top == 0) {
 	int i;
-	for (i=0; i<VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
-	    insn_syms[i] = ID2SYM(rb_intern(insn_name(i)));
+	for (i=0; i<numberof(insn_syms); i++) {
+            insn_syms[i] = rb_intern(insn_name(i));
 	}
 	INIT_SYMBOL(top);
 	INIT_SYMBOL(method);
@@ -1830,11 +2692,11 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 	INIT_SYMBOL(ensure);
 	INIT_SYMBOL(eval);
 	INIT_SYMBOL(main);
-	INIT_SYMBOL(defined_guard);
+	INIT_SYMBOL(plain);
     }
 
     /* type */
-    switch (iseq->body->type) {
+    switch (iseq_body->type) {
       case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:    type = sym_top;    break;
       case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD: type = sym_method; break;
       case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK:  type = sym_block;  break;
@@ -1843,19 +2705,19 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
       case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE: type = sym_ensure; break;
       case ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL:   type = sym_eval;   break;
       case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:   type = sym_main;   break;
-      case ISEQ_TYPE_DEFINED_GUARD: type = sym_defined_guard; break;
-      default: rb_bug("unsupported iseq type");
+      case ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN:  type = sym_plain;  break;
+      default: rb_bug("unsupported iseq type: %d", (int)iseq_body->type);
     };
 
     /* locals */
-    for (i=0; i<iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
-	ID lid = iseq->body->local_table[i];
+    for (i=0; i<iseq_body->local_table_size; i++) {
+	ID lid = iseq_body->local_table[i];
 	if (lid) {
 	    if (rb_id2str(lid)) {
 		rb_ary_push(locals, ID2SYM(lid));
 	    }
 	    else { /* hidden variable from id_internal() */
-		rb_ary_push(locals, ULONG2NUM(iseq->body->local_table_size-i+1));
+		rb_ary_push(locals, ULONG2NUM(iseq_body->local_table_size-i+1));
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
@@ -1865,57 +2727,58 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
     /* params */
     {
+	const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const keyword = iseq_body->param.keyword;
 	int j;
 
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
-          int len = iseq->body->param.opt_num + 1;
-          VALUE arg_opt_labels = rb_ary_new2(len);
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+	    int len = iseq_body->param.opt_num + 1;
+	    VALUE arg_opt_labels = rb_ary_new2(len);
 
-          for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-              VALUE l = register_label(labels_table, iseq->body->param.opt_table[j]);
-              rb_ary_push(arg_opt_labels, l);
-          }
-          rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("opt")), arg_opt_labels);
+	    for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {
+		VALUE l = register_label(labels_table, iseq_body->param.opt_table[j]);
+		rb_ary_push(arg_opt_labels, l);
+	    }
+	    rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("opt")), arg_opt_labels);
         }
 
 	/* commit */
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_lead) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("lead_num")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.lead_num));
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_post) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("post_num")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.post_num));
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_post) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("post_start")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.post_start));
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("rest_start")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.rest_start));
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_block) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("block_start")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.block_start));
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw) {
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_lead) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("lead_num")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->param.lead_num));
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_post) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("post_num")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->param.post_num));
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_post) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("post_start")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->param.post_start));
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_rest) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("rest_start")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->param.rest_start));
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_block) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("block_start")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->param.block_start));
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_kw) {
 	    VALUE keywords = rb_ary_new();
 	    int i, j;
-	    for (i=0; i<iseq->body->param.keyword->required_num; i++) {
-		rb_ary_push(keywords, ID2SYM(iseq->body->param.keyword->table[i]));
+	    for (i=0; i<keyword->required_num; i++) {
+		rb_ary_push(keywords, ID2SYM(keyword->table[i]));
 	    }
-	    for (j=0; i<iseq->body->param.keyword->num; i++, j++) {
-		VALUE key = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(iseq->body->param.keyword->table[i]));
-		if (iseq->body->param.keyword->default_values[j] != Qundef) {
-		    rb_ary_push(key, iseq->body->param.keyword->default_values[j]);
+	    for (j=0; i<keyword->num; i++, j++) {
+		VALUE key = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(keyword->table[i]));
+		if (keyword->default_values[j] != Qundef) {
+		    rb_ary_push(key, keyword->default_values[j]);
 		}
 		rb_ary_push(keywords, key);
 	    }
 
 	    rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("kwbits")),
-	                 INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.keyword->bits_start));
+	                 INT2FIX(keyword->bits_start));
 	    rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyword")), keywords);
 	}
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("kwrest")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start));
-	if (iseq->body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("ambiguous_param0")), Qtrue);
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("kwrest")), INT2FIX(keyword->rest_start));
+	if (iseq_body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0) rb_hash_aset(params, ID2SYM(rb_intern("ambiguous_param0")), Qtrue);
     }
 
     /* body */
     iseq_original = rb_iseq_original_iseq((rb_iseq_t *)iseq);
 
-    for (seq = iseq_original; seq < iseq_original + iseq->body->iseq_size; ) {
+    for (seq = iseq_original; seq < iseq_original + iseq_body->iseq_size; ) {
 	VALUE insn = *seq++;
 	int j, len = insn_len(insn);
 	VALUE *nseq = seq + len - 1;
 	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(len);
 
-	rb_ary_push(ary, insn_syms[insn]);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(insn_syms[insn%numberof(insn_syms)]));
 	for (j=0; j<len-1; j++, seq++) {
 	    switch (insn_op_type(insn, j)) {
 	      case TS_OFFSET: {
@@ -1942,47 +2805,42 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 		    }
 		}
 		break;
-	      case TS_GENTRY:
-		{
-		    struct rb_global_entry *entry = (struct rb_global_entry *)*seq;
-		    rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(entry->id));
-		}
-		break;
 	      case TS_IC:
+              case TS_IVC:
+	      case TS_ISE:
 		{
 		    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is = (union iseq_inline_storage_entry *)*seq;
-		    rb_ary_push(ary, INT2FIX(is - iseq->body->is_entries));
+		    rb_ary_push(ary, INT2FIX(is - iseq_body->is_entries));
 		}
 		break;
-	      case TS_CALLINFO:
+              case TS_CALLDATA:
 		{
-		    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)*seq;
+                    struct rb_call_data *cd = (struct rb_call_data *)*seq;
+                    const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cd->ci;
 		    VALUE e = rb_hash_new();
-		    int orig_argc = ci->orig_argc;
+                    int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci);
 
-		    rb_hash_aset(e, ID2SYM(rb_intern("mid")), ci->mid ? ID2SYM(ci->mid) : Qnil);
-		    rb_hash_aset(e, ID2SYM(rb_intern("flag")), UINT2NUM(ci->flag));
+                    ID mid = vm_ci_mid(ci);
+		    rb_hash_aset(e, ID2SYM(rb_intern("mid")), mid ? ID2SYM(mid) : Qnil);
+		    rb_hash_aset(e, ID2SYM(rb_intern("flag")), UINT2NUM(vm_ci_flag(ci)));
 
-		    if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) {
-			struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)ci;
-			int i;
-			VALUE kw = rb_ary_new2((long)ci_kw->kw_arg->keyword_len);
+                    if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_KWARG) {
+                        const struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kwarg = vm_ci_kwarg(ci);
+                        int i;
+			VALUE kw = rb_ary_new2((long)kwarg->keyword_len);
 
-			orig_argc -= ci_kw->kw_arg->keyword_len;
-			for (i = 0; i < ci_kw->kw_arg->keyword_len; i++) {
-			    rb_ary_push(kw, ci_kw->kw_arg->keywords[i]);
+			argc -= kwarg->keyword_len;
+                        for (i = 0; i < kwarg->keyword_len; i++) {
+			    rb_ary_push(kw, kwarg->keywords[i]);
 			}
 			rb_hash_aset(e, ID2SYM(rb_intern("kw_arg")), kw);
 		    }
 
 		    rb_hash_aset(e, ID2SYM(rb_intern("orig_argc")),
-				INT2FIX(orig_argc));
+				INT2FIX(argc));
 		    rb_ary_push(ary, e);
 	        }
 		break;
-	      case TS_CALLCACHE:
-		rb_ary_push(ary, Qfalse);
-		break;
 	      case TS_ID:
 		rb_ary_push(ary, ID2SYM(*seq));
 		break;
@@ -2014,6 +2872,21 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 		    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
 		}
 		break;
+              case TS_BUILTIN:
+                {
+                    VALUE val = rb_hash_new();
+#if SIZEOF_VALUE <= SIZEOF_LONG
+                    VALUE func_ptr = LONG2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)((RB_BUILTIN)*seq)->func_ptr);
+#else
+                    VALUE func_ptr = LL2NUM((SIGNED_VALUE)((RB_BUILTIN)*seq)->func_ptr);
+#endif
+                    rb_hash_aset(val, ID2SYM(rb_intern("func_ptr")), func_ptr);
+                    rb_hash_aset(val, ID2SYM(rb_intern("argc")), INT2NUM(((RB_BUILTIN)*seq)->argc));
+                    rb_hash_aset(val, ID2SYM(rb_intern("index")), INT2NUM(((RB_BUILTIN)*seq)->index));
+                    rb_hash_aset(val, ID2SYM(rb_intern("name")), rb_str_new_cstr(((RB_BUILTIN)*seq)->name));
+                    rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+                }
+                break;
 	      default:
 		rb_bug("unknown operand: %c", insn_op_type(insn, j));
 	    }
@@ -2024,9 +2897,10 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     nbody = body;
 
     /* exception */
-    if (iseq->body->catch_table) for (i=0; i<iseq->body->catch_table->size; i++) {
+    if (iseq_body->catch_table) for (i=0; i<iseq_body->catch_table->size; i++) {
 	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
-	const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry = &iseq->body->catch_table->entries[i];
+	const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry =
+	    UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(iseq_body->catch_table, entries[i]);
 	rb_ary_push(ary, exception_type2symbol(entry->type));
 	if (entry->iseq) {
 	    rb_ary_push(ary, iseq_data_to_ary(rb_iseq_check(entry->iseq)));
@@ -2043,9 +2917,10 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
     /* make body with labels and insert line number */
     body = rb_ary_new();
-    ti = 0;
+    prev_insn_info = NULL;
 
     for (l=0, pos=0; l<RARRAY_LEN(nbody); l++) {
+	const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *info;
 	VALUE ary = RARRAY_AREF(nbody, l);
 	st_data_t label;
 
@@ -2053,24 +2928,45 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 	    rb_ary_push(body, (VALUE)label);
 	}
 
-	if (ti < iseq->body->line_info_size && iseq->body->line_info_table[ti].position == pos) {
-	    line = iseq->body->line_info_table[ti].line_no;
-	    rb_ary_push(body, INT2FIX(line));
-	    ti++;
+	info = get_insn_info(iseq, pos);
+
+	if (prev_insn_info != info) {
+	    int line = info->line_no;
+	    rb_event_flag_t events = info->events;
+
+	    if (line > 0 && last_line != line) {
+		rb_ary_push(body, INT2FIX(line));
+		last_line = line;
+	    }
+#define CHECK_EVENT(ev) if (events & ev) rb_ary_push(body, ID2SYM(rb_intern(#ev)));
+	    CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
+	    CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
+	    CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_END);
+	    CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
+	    CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
+	    CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
+	    CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
+#undef CHECK_EVENT
+	    prev_insn_info = info;
 	}
 
 	rb_ary_push(body, ary);
 	pos += RARRAY_LENINT(ary); /* reject too huge data */
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(nbody);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(labels_wrapper);
+
+    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("arg_size")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->param.size));
+    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("local_size")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->local_table_size));
+    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("stack_max")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->stack_max));
+    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("node_id")), INT2FIX(iseq_body->location.node_id));
+    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("code_location")),
+	    rb_ary_new_from_args(4,
+		INT2FIX(iseq_body->location.code_location.beg_pos.lineno),
+		INT2FIX(iseq_body->location.code_location.beg_pos.column),
+		INT2FIX(iseq_body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno),
+		INT2FIX(iseq_body->location.code_location.end_pos.column)));
 
-    st_free_table(labels_table);
-
-    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("arg_size")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->param.size));
-    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("local_size")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->local_table_size));
-    rb_hash_aset(misc, ID2SYM(rb_intern("stack_max")), INT2FIX(iseq->body->stack_max));
-
-    /* TODO: compatibility issue */
     /*
      * [:magic, :major_version, :minor_version, :format_type, :misc,
      *  :name, :path, :absolute_path, :start_lineno, :type, :locals, :args,
@@ -2081,11 +2977,11 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     rb_ary_push(val, INT2FIX(ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION)); /* minor */
     rb_ary_push(val, INT2FIX(1));
     rb_ary_push(val, misc);
-    rb_ary_push(val, iseq->body->location.label);
-    rb_ary_push(val, iseq->body->location.path);
-    rb_ary_push(val, iseq->body->location.absolute_path);
-    rb_ary_push(val, iseq->body->location.first_lineno);
-    rb_ary_push(val, type);
+    rb_ary_push(val, iseq_body->location.label);
+    rb_ary_push(val, rb_iseq_path(iseq));
+    rb_ary_push(val, rb_iseq_realpath(iseq));
+    rb_ary_push(val, iseq_body->location.first_lineno);
+    rb_ary_push(val, ID2SYM(type));
     rb_ary_push(val, locals);
     rb_ary_push(val, params);
     rb_ary_push(val, exception);
@@ -2097,10 +2993,12 @@ VALUE
 rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc)
 {
     int i, r;
-    VALUE a, args = rb_ary_new2(iseq->body->param.size);
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const keyword = body->param.keyword;
+    VALUE a, args = rb_ary_new2(body->param.size);
     ID req, opt, rest, block, key, keyrest;
 #define PARAM_TYPE(type) rb_ary_push(a = rb_ary_new2(2), ID2SYM(type))
-#define PARAM_ID(i) iseq->body->local_table[(i)]
+#define PARAM_ID(i) body->local_table[(i)]
 #define PARAM(i, type) (		      \
 	PARAM_TYPE(type),		      \
 	rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i)) ?	      \
@@ -2110,18 +3008,18 @@ rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc)
     CONST_ID(req, "req");
     CONST_ID(opt, "opt");
     if (is_proc) {
-	for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->param.lead_num; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < body->param.lead_num; i++) {
 	    PARAM_TYPE(opt);
 	    rb_ary_push(a, rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i)) ? ID2SYM(PARAM_ID(i)) : Qnil);
 	    rb_ary_push(args, a);
 	}
     }
     else {
-	for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->param.lead_num; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < body->param.lead_num; i++) {
 	    rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(i, req));
 	}
     }
-    r = iseq->body->param.lead_num + iseq->body->param.opt_num;
+    r = body->param.lead_num + body->param.opt_num;
     for (; i < r; i++) {
 	PARAM_TYPE(opt);
 	if (rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i))) {
@@ -2129,52 +3027,58 @@ rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc)
 	}
 	rb_ary_push(args, a);
     }
-    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest) {
+    if (body->param.flags.has_rest) {
 	CONST_ID(rest, "rest");
-	rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(iseq->body->param.rest_start, rest));
+	rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(body->param.rest_start, rest));
     }
-    r = iseq->body->param.post_start + iseq->body->param.post_num;
+    r = body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num;
     if (is_proc) {
-	for (i = iseq->body->param.post_start; i < r; i++) {
+	for (i = body->param.post_start; i < r; i++) {
 	    PARAM_TYPE(opt);
 	    rb_ary_push(a, rb_id2str(PARAM_ID(i)) ? ID2SYM(PARAM_ID(i)) : Qnil);
 	    rb_ary_push(args, a);
 	}
     }
     else {
-	for (i = iseq->body->param.post_start; i < r; i++) {
+	for (i = body->param.post_start; i < r; i++) {
 	    rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(i, req));
 	}
     }
-    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw) {
+    if (body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg) {
+	ID nokey;
+	CONST_ID(nokey, "nokey");
+	PARAM_TYPE(nokey);
+	rb_ary_push(args, a);
+    }
+    if (body->param.flags.has_kw) {
 	i = 0;
-	if (iseq->body->param.keyword->required_num > 0) {
+	if (keyword->required_num > 0) {
 	    ID keyreq;
 	    CONST_ID(keyreq, "keyreq");
-	    for (; i < iseq->body->param.keyword->required_num; i++) {
+	    for (; i < keyword->required_num; i++) {
 		PARAM_TYPE(keyreq);
-		if (rb_id2str(iseq->body->param.keyword->table[i])) {
-		    rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(iseq->body->param.keyword->table[i]));
+		if (rb_id2str(keyword->table[i])) {
+		    rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(keyword->table[i]));
 		}
 		rb_ary_push(args, a);
 	    }
 	}
 	CONST_ID(key, "key");
-	for (; i < iseq->body->param.keyword->num; i++) {
+	for (; i < keyword->num; i++) {
 	    PARAM_TYPE(key);
-	    if (rb_id2str(iseq->body->param.keyword->table[i])) {
-		rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(iseq->body->param.keyword->table[i]));
+	    if (rb_id2str(keyword->table[i])) {
+		rb_ary_push(a, ID2SYM(keyword->table[i]));
 	    }
 	    rb_ary_push(args, a);
 	}
     }
-    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+    if (body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
 	CONST_ID(keyrest, "keyrest");
-	rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(iseq->body->param.keyword->rest_start, keyrest));
+	rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(keyword->rest_start, keyrest));
     }
-    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_block) {
+    if (body->param.flags.has_block) {
 	CONST_ID(block, "block");
-	rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(iseq->body->param.block_start, block));
+	rb_ary_push(args, PARAM(body->param.block_start, block));
     }
     return args;
 }
@@ -2219,131 +3123,262 @@ rb_iseq_defined_string(enum defined_type type)
     return str;
 }
 
-/* Experimental tracing support: trace(line) -> trace(specified_line)
- * MRI Specific.
- */
+/* A map from encoded_insn to insn_data: decoded insn number, its len,
+ * non-trace version of encoded insn, and trace version. */
+
+static st_table *encoded_insn_data;
+typedef struct insn_data_struct {
+    int insn;
+    int insn_len;
+    void *notrace_encoded_insn;
+    void *trace_encoded_insn;
+} insn_data_t;
+static insn_data_t insn_data[VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE/2];
+
+void
+rb_vm_encoded_insn_data_table_init(void)
+{
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+    const void * const *table = rb_vm_get_insns_address_table();
+#define INSN_CODE(insn) ((VALUE)table[insn])
+#else
+#define INSN_CODE(insn) (insn)
+#endif
+    st_data_t insn;
+    encoded_insn_data = st_init_numtable_with_size(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE / 2);
+
+    for (insn = 0; insn < VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE/2; insn++) {
+        st_data_t key1 = (st_data_t)INSN_CODE(insn);
+        st_data_t key2 = (st_data_t)INSN_CODE(insn + VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE/2);
+
+        insn_data[insn].insn = (int)insn;
+        insn_data[insn].insn_len = insn_len(insn);
+
+        if (insn != BIN(opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave)) {
+            insn_data[insn].notrace_encoded_insn = (void *) key1;
+            insn_data[insn].trace_encoded_insn = (void *) key2;
+        }
+        else {
+            insn_data[insn].notrace_encoded_insn = (void *) INSN_CODE(BIN(opt_invokebuiltin_delegate));
+            insn_data[insn].trace_encoded_insn = (void *) INSN_CODE(BIN(opt_invokebuiltin_delegate) + VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE/2);
+        }
+
+        st_add_direct(encoded_insn_data, key1, (st_data_t)&insn_data[insn]);
+        st_add_direct(encoded_insn_data, key2, (st_data_t)&insn_data[insn]);
+    }
+}
 
 int
-rb_iseqw_line_trace_each(VALUE iseqw, int (*func)(int line, rb_event_flag_t *events_ptr, void *d), void *data)
+rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(const void *addr)
 {
-    int trace_num = 0;
-    unsigned int pos;
-    size_t insn;
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseqw_check(iseqw);
-    int cont = 1;
-    VALUE *iseq_original;
-
-    iseq_original = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);
-    for (pos = 0; cont && pos < iseq->body->iseq_size; pos += insn_len(insn)) {
-	insn = iseq_original[pos];
-
-	if (insn == BIN(trace)) {
-	    rb_event_flag_t current_events;
-
-	    current_events = (rb_event_flag_t)iseq_original[pos+1];
-
-	    if (current_events & RUBY_EVENT_LINE) {
-		rb_event_flag_t events = current_events & RUBY_EVENT_SPECIFIED_LINE;
-		trace_num++;
-
-		if (func) {
-		    int line = find_line_no(iseq, pos);
-		    /* printf("line: %d\n", line); */
-		    cont = (*func)(line, &events, data);
-		    if (current_events != events) {
-			VALUE *encoded = (VALUE *)iseq->body->iseq_encoded;
-			iseq_original[pos+1] = encoded[pos+1] =
-			  (VALUE)(current_events | (events & RUBY_EVENT_SPECIFIED_LINE));
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+    st_data_t key = (st_data_t)addr;
+    st_data_t val;
+
+    if (st_lookup(encoded_insn_data, key, &val)) {
+        insn_data_t *e = (insn_data_t *)val;
+        return (int)e->insn;
     }
-    return trace_num;
+
+    rb_bug("rb_vm_insn_addr2insn: invalid insn address: %p", addr);
 }
 
-static int
-collect_trace(int line, rb_event_flag_t *events_ptr, void *ptr)
+static inline int
+encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(VALUE *iseq_encoded_insn, rb_event_flag_t turnon, bool remain_current_trace)
 {
-    VALUE result = (VALUE)ptr;
-    rb_ary_push(result, INT2NUM(line));
-    return 1;
+    st_data_t key = (st_data_t)*iseq_encoded_insn;
+    st_data_t val;
+
+    if (st_lookup(encoded_insn_data, key, &val)) {
+        insn_data_t *e = (insn_data_t *)val;
+        if (remain_current_trace && key == (st_data_t)e->trace_encoded_insn) {
+            turnon = 1;
+        }
+        *iseq_encoded_insn = (VALUE) (turnon ? e->trace_encoded_insn : e->notrace_encoded_insn);
+        return e->insn_len;
+    }
+
+    rb_bug("trace_instrument: invalid insn address: %p", (void *)*iseq_encoded_insn);
 }
 
-/*
- * <b>Experimental MRI specific feature, only available as C level api.</b>
- *
- * Returns all +specified_line+ events.
- */
-VALUE
-rb_iseqw_line_trace_all(VALUE iseqw)
+void
+rb_iseq_trace_flag_cleared(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_ary_new();
-    rb_iseqw_line_trace_each(iseqw, collect_trace, (void *)result);
-    return result;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    VALUE *iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
+    encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(&iseq_encoded[pos], 0, false);
 }
 
-struct set_specifc_data {
-    int pos;
-    int set;
-    int prev; /* 1: set, 2: unset, 0: not found */
+static int
+iseq_add_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line)
+{
+    unsigned int pc;
+    int n = 0;
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+    VALUE *iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq));
+
+    for (pc=0; pc<body->iseq_size;) {
+        const struct iseq_insn_info_entry *entry = get_insn_info(iseq, pc);
+        rb_event_flag_t pc_events = entry->events;
+        rb_event_flag_t target_events = turnon_events;
+        unsigned int line = (int)entry->line_no;
+
+        if (target_line == 0 || target_line == line) {
+            /* ok */
+        }
+        else {
+            target_events &= ~RUBY_EVENT_LINE;
+        }
+
+        if (pc_events & target_events) {
+            n++;
+        }
+        pc += encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(&iseq_encoded[pc], pc_events & (target_events | iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events), true);
+    }
+
+    if (n > 0) {
+        if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks == NULL) {
+            ((rb_iseq_t *)iseq)->aux.exec.local_hooks = RB_ZALLOC(rb_hook_list_t);
+        }
+        rb_hook_list_connect_tracepoint((VALUE)iseq, iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks, tpval, target_line);
+    }
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+struct trace_set_local_events_struct {
+    rb_event_flag_t turnon_events;
+    VALUE tpval;
+    unsigned int target_line;
+    int n;
 };
 
+static void
+iseq_add_local_tracepoint_i(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, void *p)
+{
+    struct trace_set_local_events_struct *data = (struct trace_set_local_events_struct *)p;
+    data->n += iseq_add_local_tracepoint(iseq, data->turnon_events, data->tpval, data->target_line);
+    iseq_iterate_children(iseq, iseq_add_local_tracepoint_i, p);
+}
+
+int
+rb_iseq_add_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line)
+{
+    struct trace_set_local_events_struct data;
+    data.turnon_events = turnon_events;
+    data.tpval = tpval;
+    data.target_line = target_line;
+    data.n = 0;
+
+    iseq_add_local_tracepoint_i(iseq, (void *)&data);
+    if (0) rb_funcall(Qnil, rb_intern("puts"), 1, rb_iseq_disasm(iseq)); /* for debug */
+    return data.n;
+}
+
 static int
-line_trace_specify(int line, rb_event_flag_t *events_ptr, void *ptr)
+iseq_remove_local_tracepoint(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval)
 {
-    struct set_specifc_data *data = (struct set_specifc_data *)ptr;
+    int n = 0;
 
-    if (data->pos == 0) {
-	data->prev = *events_ptr & RUBY_EVENT_SPECIFIED_LINE ? 1 : 2;
-	if (data->set) {
-	    *events_ptr = *events_ptr | RUBY_EVENT_SPECIFIED_LINE;
-	}
-	else {
-	    *events_ptr = *events_ptr & ~RUBY_EVENT_SPECIFIED_LINE;
-	}
-	return 0; /* found */
-    }
-    else {
-	data->pos--;
-	return 1;
+    if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks) {
+        unsigned int pc;
+        const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+        VALUE *iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
+        rb_event_flag_t local_events = 0;
+
+        rb_hook_list_remove_tracepoint(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks, tpval);
+        local_events = iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks->events;
+
+        if (local_events == 0) {
+            if (iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks->running == 0) {
+                rb_hook_list_free(iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks);
+            }
+            ((rb_iseq_t *)iseq)->aux.exec.local_hooks = NULL;
+        }
+
+        for (pc = 0; pc<body->iseq_size;) {
+            rb_event_flag_t pc_events = rb_iseq_event_flags(iseq, pc);
+            pc += encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(&iseq_encoded[pc], pc_events & (local_events | iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events), false);
+        }
     }
+    return n;
 }
 
-/*
- * <b>Experimental MRI specific feature, only available as C level api.</b>
- *
- * Set a +specified_line+ event at the given line position, if the +set+
- * parameter is +true+.
- *
- * This method is useful for building a debugger breakpoint at a specific line.
- *
- * A TypeError is raised if +set+ is not boolean.
- *
- * If +pos+ is a negative integer a TypeError exception is raised.
- */
-VALUE
-rb_iseqw_line_trace_specify(VALUE iseqval, VALUE pos, VALUE set)
+struct trace_clear_local_events_struct {
+    VALUE tpval;
+    int n;
+};
+
+static void
+iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_i(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, void *p)
+{
+    struct trace_clear_local_events_struct *data = (struct trace_clear_local_events_struct *)p;
+    data->n += iseq_remove_local_tracepoint(iseq, data->tpval);
+    iseq_iterate_children(iseq, iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_i, p);
+}
+
+int
+rb_iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval)
 {
-    struct set_specifc_data data;
+    struct trace_clear_local_events_struct data;
+    data.tpval = tpval;
+    data.n = 0;
 
-    data.prev = 0;
-    data.pos = NUM2INT(pos);
-    if (data.pos < 0) rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "`pos' is negative");
+    iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_i(iseq, (void *)&data);
+    return data.n;
+}
 
-    switch (set) {
-      case Qtrue:  data.set = 1; break;
-      case Qfalse: data.set = 0; break;
-      default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "`set' should be true/false");
+void
+rb_iseq_trace_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events)
+{
+    if (iseq->aux.exec.global_trace_events == turnon_events) {
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (!ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq)) {
+	/* this is building ISeq */
+	return;
+    }
+    else {
+        unsigned int pc;
+	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
+	VALUE *iseq_encoded = (VALUE *)body->iseq_encoded;
+        rb_event_flag_t enabled_events;
+        rb_event_flag_t local_events = iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks ? iseq->aux.exec.local_hooks->events : 0;
+        ((rb_iseq_t *)iseq)->aux.exec.global_trace_events = turnon_events;
+        enabled_events = turnon_events | local_events;
+
+        for (pc=0; pc<body->iseq_size;) {
+            rb_event_flag_t pc_events = rb_iseq_event_flags(iseq, pc);
+            pc += encoded_iseq_trace_instrument(&iseq_encoded[pc], pc_events & enabled_events, true);
+	}
     }
+}
 
-    rb_iseqw_line_trace_each(iseqval, line_trace_specify, (void *)&data);
+static int
+trace_set_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
+{
+    rb_event_flag_t turnon_events = *(rb_event_flag_t *)data;
 
-    if (data.prev == 0) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "`pos' is out of range.");
+    VALUE v = (VALUE)vstart;
+    for (; v != (VALUE)vend; v += stride) {
+        void *ptr = asan_poisoned_object_p(v);
+        asan_unpoison_object(v, false);
+
+	if (rb_obj_is_iseq(v)) {
+	    rb_iseq_trace_set(rb_iseq_check((rb_iseq_t *)v), turnon_events);
+	}
+
+        asan_poison_object_if(ptr, v);
     }
-    return data.prev == 1 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+rb_iseq_trace_set_all(rb_event_flag_t turnon_events)
+{
+    rb_objspace_each_objects(trace_set_i, &turnon_events);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -2372,9 +3407,8 @@ rb_iseqw_local_variables(VALUE iseqval)
 static VALUE
 iseqw_to_binary(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE opt;
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &opt);
-    return iseq_ibf_dump(iseqw_check(self), opt);
+    VALUE opt = !rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? Qnil : argv[0];
+    return rb_iseq_ibf_dump(iseqw_check(self), opt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2393,7 +3427,7 @@ iseqw_to_binary(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 iseqw_s_load_from_binary(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
-    return iseqw_new(iseq_ibf_load(str));
+    return iseqw_new(rb_iseq_ibf_load(str));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2405,19 +3439,156 @@ iseqw_s_load_from_binary(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 static VALUE
 iseqw_s_load_from_binary_extra_data(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
-    return  iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(str);
+    return rb_iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(str);
+}
+
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+
+/* An implementation of succinct bit-vector for insn_info table.
+ *
+ * A succinct bit-vector is a small and efficient data structure that provides
+ * a bit-vector augmented with an index for O(1) rank operation:
+ *
+ *   rank(bv, n): the number of 1's within a range from index 0 to index n
+ *
+ * This can be used to lookup insn_info table from PC.
+ * For example, consider the following iseq and insn_info_table:
+ *
+ *  iseq               insn_info_table
+ *  PC  insn+operand   position  lineno event
+ *   0: insn1                 0: 1      [Li]
+ *   2: insn2                 2: 2      [Li]  <= (A)
+ *   5: insn3                 8: 3      [Li]  <= (B)
+ *   8: insn4
+ *
+ * In this case, a succinct bit-vector whose indexes 0, 2, 8 is "1" and
+ * other indexes is "0", i.e., "101000001", is created.
+ * To lookup the lineno of insn2, calculate rank("10100001", 2) = 2, so
+ * the line (A) is the entry in question.
+ * To lookup the lineno of insn4, calculate rank("10100001", 8) = 3, so
+ * the line (B) is the entry in question.
+ *
+ * A naive implementation of succinct bit-vector works really well
+ * not only for large size but also for small size.  However, it has
+ * tiny overhead for very small size.  So, this implementation consist
+ * of two parts: one part is the "immediate" table that keeps rank result
+ * as a raw table, and the other part is a normal succinct bit-vector.
+ */
+
+#define IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE 54 /* a multiple of 9, and < 128 */
+
+struct succ_index_table {
+    uint64_t imm_part[IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE / 9];
+    struct succ_dict_block {
+	unsigned int rank;
+	uint64_t small_block_ranks; /* 9 bits * 7 = 63 bits */
+	uint64_t bits[512/64];
+    } succ_part[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
+};
+
+#define imm_block_rank_set(v, i, r) (v) |= (uint64_t)(r) << (7 * (i))
+#define imm_block_rank_get(v, i) (((int)((v) >> ((i) * 7))) & 0x7f)
+#define small_block_rank_set(v, i, r) (v) |= (uint64_t)(r) << (9 * ((i) - 1))
+#define small_block_rank_get(v, i) ((i) == 0 ? 0 : (((int)((v) >> (((i) - 1) * 9))) & 0x1ff))
+
+static struct succ_index_table *
+succ_index_table_create(int max_pos, int *data, int size)
+{
+    const int imm_size = (max_pos < IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE ? max_pos + 8 : IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE) / 9;
+    const int succ_size = (max_pos < IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE ? 0 : (max_pos - IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE + 511)) / 512;
+    struct succ_index_table *sd =
+        rb_xcalloc_mul_add_mul(
+            imm_size, sizeof(uint64_t),
+            succ_size, sizeof(struct succ_dict_block));
+    int i, j, k, r;
+
+    r = 0;
+    for (j = 0; j < imm_size; j++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+	    if (r < size && data[r] == j * 9 + i) r++;
+	    imm_block_rank_set(sd->imm_part[j], i, r);
+	}
+    }
+    for (k = 0; k < succ_size; k++) {
+	struct succ_dict_block *sd_block = &sd->succ_part[k];
+	int small_rank = 0;
+	sd_block->rank = r;
+	for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
+	    uint64_t bits = 0;
+	    if (j) small_block_rank_set(sd_block->small_block_ranks, j, small_rank);
+	    for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
+		if (r < size && data[r] == k * 512 + j * 64 + i + IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE) {
+		    bits |= ((uint64_t)1) << i;
+		    r++;
+		}
+	    }
+	    sd_block->bits[j] = bits;
+	    small_rank += rb_popcount64(bits);
+	}
+    }
+    return sd;
+}
+
+static unsigned int *
+succ_index_table_invert(int max_pos, struct succ_index_table *sd, int size)
+{
+    const int imm_size = (max_pos < IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE ? max_pos + 8 : IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE) / 9;
+    const int succ_size = (max_pos < IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE ? 0 : (max_pos - IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE + 511)) / 512;
+    unsigned int *positions = ALLOC_N(unsigned int, size), *p;
+    int i, j, k, r = -1;
+    p = positions;
+    for (j = 0; j < imm_size; j++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+	    int nr = imm_block_rank_get(sd->imm_part[j], i);
+	    if (r != nr) *p++ = j * 9 + i;
+	    r = nr;
+	}
+    }
+    for (k = 0; k < succ_size; k++) {
+	for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
+	    for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
+		if (sd->succ_part[k].bits[j] & (((uint64_t)1) << i)) {
+		    *p++ = k * 512 + j * 64 + i + IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return positions;
+}
+
+static int
+succ_index_lookup(const struct succ_index_table *sd, int x)
+{
+    if (x < IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE) {
+	const int i = x / 9;
+	const int j = x % 9;
+	return imm_block_rank_get(sd->imm_part[i], j);
+    }
+    else {
+	const int block_index = (x - IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE) / 512;
+	const struct succ_dict_block *block = &sd->succ_part[block_index];
+	const int block_bit_index = (x - IMMEDIATE_TABLE_SIZE) % 512;
+	const int small_block_index = block_bit_index / 64;
+	const int small_block_popcount = small_block_rank_get(block->small_block_ranks, small_block_index);
+	const int popcnt = rb_popcount64(block->bits[small_block_index] << (63 - block_bit_index % 64));
+
+	return block->rank + small_block_popcount + popcnt;
+    }
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: RubyVM::InstructionSequence
  *
  *  The InstructionSequence class represents a compiled sequence of
- *  instructions for the Ruby Virtual Machine.
+ *  instructions for the Virtual Machine used in MRI. Not all implementations of Ruby
+ *  may implement this class, and for the implementations that implement it,
+ *  the methods defined and behavior of the methods can change in any version.
  *
  *  With it, you can get a handle to the instructions that make up a method or
  *  a proc, compile strings of Ruby code down to VM instructions, and
  *  disassemble instruction sequences to strings for easy inspection. It is
- *  mostly useful if you want to learn how the Ruby VM works, but it also lets
+ *  mostly useful if you want to learn how YARV works, but it also lets
  *  you control various settings for the Ruby iseq compiler.
  *
  *  You can find the source for the VM instructions in +insns.def+ in the Ruby
@@ -2426,6 +3597,8 @@ iseqw_s_load_from_binary_extra_data(VALUE self, VALUE str)
  *  The instruction sequence results will almost certainly change as Ruby
  *  changes, so example output in this documentation may be different from what
  *  you see.
+ *
+ *  Of course, this class is MRI specific.
  */
 
 void
@@ -2451,16 +3624,8 @@ Init_ISeq(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cISeq, "label", iseqw_label, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cISeq, "base_label", iseqw_base_label, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cISeq, "first_lineno", iseqw_first_lineno, 0);
-
-#if 0
-    /* Now, it is experimental. No discussions, no tests. */
-    /* They can be used from C level. Please give us feedback. */
-    rb_define_method(rb_cISeq, "line_trace_all", rb_iseqw_line_trace_all, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cISeq, "line_trace_specify", rb_iseqw_line_trace_specify, 2);
-#else
-    (void)rb_iseqw_line_trace_all;
-    (void)rb_iseqw_line_trace_specify;
-#endif
+    rb_define_method(rb_cISeq, "trace_points", iseqw_trace_points, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cISeq, "each_child", iseqw_each_child, 0);
 
 #if 0 /* TBD */
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cISeq, "marshal_dump", iseqw_marshal_dump, 0);
diff --git a/iseq.h b/iseq.h
index 6a5cb8bdad..bae534c71d 100644
--- a/iseq.h
+++ b/iseq.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_ISEQ_H
+#define RUBY_ISEQ_H 1
 /**********************************************************************
 
   iseq.h -
@@ -8,73 +10,135 @@
   Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Koichi Sasada
 
 **********************************************************************/
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
 
-#ifndef RUBY_ISEQ_H
-#define RUBY_ISEQ_H 1
-
-#define ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION 2
-#define ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION 3
+RUBY_EXTERN const int ruby_api_version[];
+#define ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION ((unsigned int)ruby_api_version[0])
+#define ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION ((unsigned int)ruby_api_version[1])
 
 #ifndef rb_iseq_t
 typedef struct rb_iseq_struct rb_iseq_t;
 #define rb_iseq_t rb_iseq_t
 #endif
 
-static inline size_t
-rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes(int keyword_len)
-{
-    return sizeof(struct rb_call_info_kw_arg) + sizeof(VALUE) * (keyword_len - 1);
-}
-
-enum iseq_mark_ary_index {
-    ISEQ_MARK_ARY_COVERAGE,
-    ISEQ_MARK_ARY_FLIP_CNT,
-    ISEQ_MARK_ARY_ORIGINAL_ISEQ,
-    ISEQ_MARK_ARY_INITIAL_SIZE
-};
-
-static inline VALUE
-iseq_mark_ary_create(int flip_cnt)
-{
-    VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(ISEQ_MARK_ARY_INITIAL_SIZE);
-    rb_ary_push(ary, Qnil);              /* ISEQ_MARK_ARY_COVERAGE */
-    rb_ary_push(ary, INT2FIX(flip_cnt)); /* ISEQ_MARK_ARY_FLIP_CNT */
-    rb_ary_push(ary, Qnil);              /* ISEQ_MARK_ARY_ORIGINAL_ISEQ */
-    return ary;
-}
+extern const ID rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl[];
 
-#define ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq)           (iseq)->body->mark_ary
+#define ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)           iseq->body->variable.coverage
+#define ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, cov)  RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &iseq->body->variable.coverage, cov)
+#define ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq)      RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq), COVERAGE_INDEX_LINES)
+#define ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq)    RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq), COVERAGE_INDEX_BRANCHES)
 
-#define ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)           RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq), ISEQ_MARK_ARY_COVERAGE)
-#define ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, cov)  RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq), ISEQ_MARK_ARY_COVERAGE, cov)
+#define ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq)         iseq->body->variable.pc2branchindex
+#define ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX_SET(iseq, h)  RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &iseq->body->variable.pc2branchindex, h)
 
-#define ISEQ_FLIP_CNT(iseq) FIX2INT(RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq), ISEQ_MARK_ARY_FLIP_CNT))
+#define ISEQ_FLIP_CNT(iseq) (iseq)->body->variable.flip_count
 
-static inline int
+static inline rb_snum_t
 ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    int cnt = ISEQ_FLIP_CNT(iseq);
-    RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq), ISEQ_MARK_ARY_FLIP_CNT, INT2FIX(cnt+1));
+    rb_snum_t cnt = iseq->body->variable.flip_count;
+    iseq->body->variable.flip_count += 1;
     return cnt;
 }
 
 static inline VALUE *
 ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    VALUE str = RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq), ISEQ_MARK_ARY_ORIGINAL_ISEQ);
-    if (RTEST(str)) return (VALUE *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    return NULL;
+    return iseq->body->variable.original_iseq;
+}
+
+static inline void
+ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_CLEAR(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    void *ptr = iseq->body->variable.original_iseq;
+    iseq->body->variable.original_iseq = NULL;
+    if (ptr) {
+        ruby_xfree(ptr);
+    }
 }
 
 static inline VALUE *
 ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_ALLOC(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, long size)
 {
-    VALUE str = rb_str_tmp_new(size * sizeof(VALUE));
-    RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_MARK_ARY(iseq), ISEQ_MARK_ARY_ORIGINAL_ISEQ, str);
-    return (VALUE *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    return iseq->body->variable.original_iseq =
+        ALLOC_N(VALUE, size);
 }
 
-#define ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)       (iseq)->aux.compile_data
+#define ISEQ_TRACE_EVENTS (RUBY_EVENT_LINE  | \
+			   RUBY_EVENT_CLASS | \
+			   RUBY_EVENT_END   | \
+			   RUBY_EVENT_CALL  | \
+			   RUBY_EVENT_RETURN| \
+			   RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL| \
+			   RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN| \
+                           RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE| \
+                           RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH)
+
+#define ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET   IMEMO_FL_USER1
+#define ISEQ_USE_COMPILE_DATA IMEMO_FL_USER2
+#define ISEQ_TRANSLATED       IMEMO_FL_USER3
+#define ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ    IMEMO_FL_USER4
+
+#define ISEQ_EXECUTABLE_P(iseq) (FL_TEST_RAW(((VALUE)iseq), ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET | ISEQ_USE_COMPILE_DATA) == 0)
+
+struct iseq_compile_data {
+    /* GC is needed */
+    const VALUE err_info;
+    const VALUE catch_table_ary;	/* Array */
+
+    /* GC is not needed */
+    struct iseq_label_data *start_label;
+    struct iseq_label_data *end_label;
+    struct iseq_label_data *redo_label;
+    const rb_iseq_t *current_block;
+    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *ensure_node_stack;
+    struct {
+      struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_head;
+      struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_current;
+    } node;
+    struct {
+      struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_head;
+      struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_current;
+    } insn;
+    int loopval_popped;	/* used by NODE_BREAK */
+    int last_line;
+    int label_no;
+    int node_level;
+    int isolated_depth;
+    unsigned int ci_index;
+    const rb_compile_option_t *option;
+    struct rb_id_table *ivar_cache_table;
+    const struct rb_builtin_function *builtin_function_table;
+#if OPT_SUPPORT_JOKE
+    st_table *labels_table;
+#endif
+};
+
+static inline struct iseq_compile_data *
+ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if (iseq->flags & ISEQ_USE_COMPILE_DATA) {
+	return iseq->aux.compile_data;
+    }
+    else {
+	return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void
+ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_ALLOC(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    iseq->aux.compile_data = ZALLOC(struct iseq_compile_data);
+    iseq->flags |= ISEQ_USE_COMPILE_DATA;
+}
+
+static inline void
+ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_CLEAR(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    iseq->flags &= ~ISEQ_USE_COMPILE_DATA;
+    iseq->aux.compile_data = NULL;
+}
 
 static inline rb_iseq_t *
 iseq_imemo_alloc(void)
@@ -82,42 +146,51 @@ iseq_imemo_alloc(void)
     return (rb_iseq_t *)rb_imemo_new(imemo_iseq, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 
-#define ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET   IMEMO_FL_USER1
-
-VALUE iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt);
-void ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
-const rb_iseq_t *iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str);
-VALUE iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str);
+VALUE rb_iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt);
+void rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str);
+const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_ibf_load_bytes(const char *cstr, size_t);
+VALUE rb_iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str);
+void rb_iseq_init_trace(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+int rb_iseq_add_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events, VALUE tpval, unsigned int target_line);
+int rb_iseq_remove_local_tracepoint_recursively(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE tpval);
+const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_load_iseq(VALUE fname);
+
+#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
+unsigned int *rb_iseq_insns_info_decode_positions(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body);
+#endif
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
 /* compile.c */
-VALUE rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, NODE *node);
-int rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+VALUE rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node);
+VALUE rb_iseq_compile_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func * ifunc);
 VALUE *rb_iseq_original_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 void rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc,
 			    VALUE locals, VALUE args,
 			    VALUE exception, VALUE body);
+void rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *arena);
 
 /* iseq.c */
-void rb_iseq_add_mark_object(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_iseq_load(VALUE data, VALUE parent, VALUE opt);
 VALUE rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc);
-struct st_table *ruby_insn_make_insn_table(void);
 unsigned int rb_iseq_line_no(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos);
+void rb_iseq_trace_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t turnon_events);
+void rb_iseq_trace_set_all(rb_event_flag_t turnon_events);
+void rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 
-int rb_iseqw_line_trace_each(VALUE iseqval, int (*func)(int line, rb_event_flag_t *events_ptr, void *d), void *data);
-VALUE rb_iseqw_line_trace_all(VALUE iseqval);
-VALUE rb_iseqw_line_trace_specify(VALUE iseqval, VALUE pos, VALUE set);
+struct rb_iseq_constant_body *rb_iseq_constant_body_alloc(void);
 VALUE rb_iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseqw_to_iseq(VALUE iseqw);
 
-VALUE rb_iseq_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
-VALUE rb_iseq_absolute_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+VALUE rb_iseq_absolute_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq); /* obsolete */
 VALUE rb_iseq_label(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 VALUE rb_iseq_base_label(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 VALUE rb_iseq_first_lineno(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
 VALUE rb_iseq_method_name(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+void rb_iseq_code_location(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int *first_lineno, int *first_column, int *last_lineno, int *last_column);
+
+void rb_iseq_remove_coverage_all(void);
 
 /* proc.c */
 const rb_iseq_t *rb_method_iseq(VALUE body);
@@ -131,16 +204,15 @@ struct rb_compile_option_struct {
     unsigned int operands_unification: 1;
     unsigned int instructions_unification: 1;
     unsigned int stack_caching: 1;
-    unsigned int trace_instruction: 1;
     unsigned int frozen_string_literal: 1;
     unsigned int debug_frozen_string_literal: 1;
     unsigned int coverage_enabled: 1;
     int debug_level;
 };
 
-struct iseq_line_info_entry {
-    unsigned int position;
-    unsigned int line_no;
+struct iseq_insn_info_entry {
+    int line_no;
+    rb_event_flag_t events;
 };
 
 struct iseq_catch_table_entry {
@@ -152,7 +224,21 @@ struct iseq_catch_table_entry {
 	CATCH_TYPE_REDO   = INT2FIX(5),
 	CATCH_TYPE_NEXT   = INT2FIX(6)
     } type;
-    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+
+    /*
+     * iseq type:
+     *   CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE:
+     *     use iseq as continuation.
+     *
+     *   CATCH_TYPE_BREAK (iter):
+     *     use iseq as key.
+     *
+     *   CATCH_TYPE_BREAK (while), CATCH_TYPE_RETRY,
+     *   CATCH_TYPE_REDO, CATCH_TYPE_NEXT:
+     *     NULL.
+     */
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+
     unsigned int start;
     unsigned int end;
     unsigned int cont;
@@ -161,18 +247,19 @@ struct iseq_catch_table_entry {
 
 PACKED_STRUCT_UNALIGNED(struct iseq_catch_table {
     unsigned int size;
-    struct iseq_catch_table_entry entries[1]; /* flexible array */
+    struct iseq_catch_table_entry entries[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
 });
 
 static inline int
 iseq_catch_table_bytes(int n)
 {
     enum {
-	catch_table_entries_max = (INT_MAX - sizeof(struct iseq_catch_table)) / sizeof(struct iseq_catch_table_entry)
+	catch_table_entry_size = sizeof(struct iseq_catch_table_entry),
+	catch_table_entries_max = (INT_MAX - offsetof(struct iseq_catch_table, entries)) / catch_table_entry_size
     };
     if (n > catch_table_entries_max) rb_fatal("too large iseq_catch_table - %d", n);
-    return (int)(sizeof(struct iseq_catch_table) +
-		 (n - 1) * sizeof(struct iseq_catch_table_entry));
+    return (int)(offsetof(struct iseq_catch_table, entries) +
+		 n * catch_table_entry_size);
 }
 
 #define INITIAL_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE_BUFF_SIZE (512)
@@ -181,47 +268,13 @@ struct iseq_compile_data_storage {
     struct iseq_compile_data_storage *next;
     unsigned int pos;
     unsigned int size;
-    char buff[1]; /* flexible array */
-};
-
-/* account for flexible array */
-#define SIZEOF_ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_STORAGE \
-    (sizeof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage) - 1)
-
-struct iseq_compile_data {
-    /* GC is needed */
-    const VALUE err_info;
-    VALUE mark_ary;
-    const VALUE catch_table_ary;	/* Array */
-
-    /* GC is not needed */
-    struct iseq_label_data *start_label;
-    struct iseq_label_data *end_label;
-    struct iseq_label_data *redo_label;
-    const rb_iseq_t *current_block;
-    VALUE ensure_node;
-    VALUE for_iseq;
-    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *ensure_node_stack;
-    int loopval_popped;	/* used by NODE_BREAK */
-    int cached_const;
-    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_head;
-    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_current;
-    int last_line;
-    int last_coverable_line;
-    int label_no;
-    int node_level;
-    unsigned int ci_index;
-    unsigned int ci_kw_index;
-    const rb_compile_option_t *option;
-    struct rb_id_table *ivar_cache_table;
-#if SUPPORT_JOKE
-    st_table *labels_table;
-#endif
+    char buff[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
 };
 
 /* defined? */
 
 enum defined_type {
+    DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED,
     DEFINED_NIL = 1,
     DEFINED_IVAR,
     DEFINED_LVAR,
@@ -238,11 +291,11 @@ enum defined_type {
     DEFINED_EXPR,
     DEFINED_IVAR2,
     DEFINED_REF,
-    DEFINED_FUNC
+    DEFINED_FUNC,
+    DEFINED_CONST_FROM
 };
 
 VALUE rb_iseq_defined_string(enum defined_type type);
-void rb_iseq_make_compile_option(struct rb_compile_option_struct *option, VALUE opt);
 
 /* vm.c */
 VALUE rb_iseq_local_variables(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
diff --git a/kernel.rb b/kernel.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04a371a7c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+module Kernel
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     obj.class    -> class
+  #
+  #  Returns the class of <i>obj</i>. This method must always be called
+  #  with an explicit receiver, as #class is also a reserved word in
+  #  Ruby.
+  #
+  #     1.class      #=> Integer
+  #     self.class   #=> Object
+  #--
+  # Equivalent to \c Object\#class in Ruby.
+  #
+  # Returns the class of \c obj, skipping singleton classes or module inclusions.
+  #++
+  #
+  def class
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_obj_class(self)'
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     obj.clone(freeze: nil) -> an_object
+  #
+  #  Produces a shallow copy of <i>obj</i>---the instance variables of
+  #  <i>obj</i> are copied, but not the objects they reference.
+  #  #clone copies the frozen value state of <i>obj</i>, unless the
+  #  +:freeze+ keyword argument is given with a false or true value.
+  #  See also the discussion under Object#dup.
+  #
+  #     class Klass
+  #        attr_accessor :str
+  #     end
+  #     s1 = Klass.new      #=> #<Klass:0x401b3a38>
+  #     s1.str = "Hello"    #=> "Hello"
+  #     s2 = s1.clone       #=> #<Klass:0x401b3998 @str="Hello">
+  #     s2.str[1,4] = "i"   #=> "i"
+  #     s1.inspect          #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3a38 @str=\"Hi\">"
+  #     s2.inspect          #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3998 @str=\"Hi\">"
+  #
+  #  This method may have class-specific behavior.  If so, that
+  #  behavior will be documented under the #+initialize_copy+ method of
+  #  the class.
+  #
+  def clone(freeze: nil)
+    Primitive.rb_obj_clone2(freeze)
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     obj.frozen?    -> true or false
+  #
+  #  Returns the freeze status of <i>obj</i>.
+  #
+  #     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+  #     a.freeze    #=> ["a", "b", "c"]
+  #     a.frozen?   #=> true
+  #--
+  # Determines if the object is frozen. Equivalent to \c Object\#frozen? in Ruby.
+  # \param[in] obj  the object to be determines
+  # \retval Qtrue if frozen
+  # \retval Qfalse if not frozen
+  #++
+  #
+  def frozen?
+    Primitive.attr! 'inline'
+    Primitive.cexpr! 'rb_obj_frozen_p(self)'
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     obj.tap {|x| block }    -> obj
+  #
+  #  Yields self to the block, and then returns self.
+  #  The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
+  #  in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+  #
+  #     (1..10)                  .tap {|x| puts "original: #{x}" }
+  #       .to_a                  .tap {|x| puts "array:    #{x}" }
+  #       .select {|x| x.even? } .tap {|x| puts "evens:    #{x}" }
+  #       .map {|x| x*x }        .tap {|x| puts "squares:  #{x}" }
+  #
+  #--
+  # \private
+  #++
+  #
+  def tap
+    yield(self)
+    self
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     obj.then {|x| block }          -> an_object
+  #
+  #  Yields self to the block and returns the result of the block.
+  #
+  #     3.next.then {|x| x**x }.to_s             #=> "256"
+  #
+  #  Good usage for +then+ is value piping in method chains:
+  #
+  #     require 'open-uri'
+  #     require 'json'
+  #
+  #     construct_url(arguments).
+  #       then {|url| open(url).read }.
+  #       then {|response| JSON.parse(response) }
+  #
+  #  When called without block, the method returns +Enumerator+,
+  #  which can be used, for example, for conditional
+  #  circuit-breaking:
+  #
+  #     # meets condition, no-op
+  #     1.then.detect(&:odd?)            # => 1
+  #     # does not meet condition, drop value
+  #     2.then.detect(&:odd?)            # => nil
+  #
+  def then
+    unless Primitive.block_given_p
+      return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, rb_obj_size)'
+    end
+    yield(self)
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     obj.yield_self {|x| block }    -> an_object
+  #
+  #  Yields self to the block and returns the result of the block.
+  #
+  #     "my string".yield_self {|s| s.upcase }   #=> "MY STRING"
+  #
+  #  Good usage for +then+ is value piping in method chains:
+  #
+  #     require 'open-uri'
+  #     require 'json'
+  #
+  #     construct_url(arguments).
+  #       then {|url| open(url).read }.
+  #       then {|response| JSON.parse(response) }
+  #
+  def yield_self
+    unless Primitive.block_given_p
+      return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, rb_obj_size)'
+    end
+    yield(self)
+  end
+
+  module_function
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     Float(arg, exception: true)    -> float or nil
+  #
+  #  Returns <i>arg</i> converted to a float. Numeric types are
+  #  converted directly, and with exception to String and
+  #  <code>nil</code> the rest are converted using
+  #  <i>arg</i><code>.to_f</code>.  Converting a String with invalid
+  #  characters will result in a ArgumentError.  Converting
+  #  <code>nil</code> generates a TypeError.  Exceptions can be
+  #  suppressed by passing <code>exception: false</code>.
+  #
+  #     Float(1)                 #=> 1.0
+  #     Float("123.456")         #=> 123.456
+  #     Float("123.0_badstring") #=> ArgumentError: invalid value for Float(): "123.0_badstring"
+  #     Float(nil)               #=> TypeError: can't convert nil into Float
+  #     Float("123.0_badstring", exception: false)  #=> nil
+  #
+  def Float(arg, exception: true)
+    Primitive.rb_f_float(arg, exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lex.c.blt b/lex.c.blt
index 7d8dd5b6e7..92a4793b00 100644
--- a/lex.c.blt
+++ b/lex.c.blt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* C code produced by gperf version 3.0.4 */
+/* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
 /* Command-line: gperf -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -N rb_reserved_word -k'1,3,$' defs/keywords  */
 
 #if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
@@ -25,15 +25,16 @@
       && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
       && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126))
 /* The character set is not based on ISO-646.  */
-error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>."
+#error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gperf@gnu.org>."
 #endif
 
+#define gperf_offsetof(s, n) (short)offsetof(struct s##_t, s##_str##n)
 #line 1 "defs/keywords"
 
-struct kwtable {int name, id[2], state;};
+struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*const char *, unsigned int*/);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 #line 9 "defs/keywords"
 struct kwtable;
@@ -45,15 +46,15 @@ struct kwtable;
 #define MAX_HASH_VALUE 50
 /* maximum key range = 43, duplicates = 0 */
 
-#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || defined(__cplusplus) || defined(__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__)
-inline
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#ifdef __GNUC__
 __inline
+#else
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+inline
+#endif
 #endif
 static unsigned int
-hash (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
   static const unsigned char asso_values[] =
     {
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ hash (str, len)
       51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51,
       51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51
     };
-  register int hval = len;
+  register unsigned int hval = (unsigned int)len;
 
   switch (hval)
     {
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ hash (str, len)
         hval += asso_values[(unsigned char)str[0]];
         break;
     }
-  return hval + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[len - 1]];
+  return (unsigned int)hval + asso_values[(unsigned char)str[len - 1]];
 }
 
 struct stringpool_t
@@ -188,110 +189,102 @@ static const struct stringpool_t stringpool_contents =
     "while"
   };
 #define stringpool ((const char *) &stringpool_contents)
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-__inline
-#if defined __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ || defined __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
-__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))
-#endif
-#endif
 const struct kwtable *
-rb_reserved_word (str, len)
-     register const char *str;
-     register unsigned int len;
+rb_reserved_word (register const char *str, register size_t len)
 {
   static const struct kwtable wordlist[] =
     {
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 19 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str8), {keyword_break, keyword_break}, EXPR_MID},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 8), {keyword_break, keyword_break}, EXPR_MID},
 #line 25 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str9), {keyword_else, keyword_else}, EXPR_BEG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 9), {keyword_else, keyword_else}, EXPR_BEG},
 #line 35 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str10), {keyword_nil, keyword_nil}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 10), {keyword_nil, keyword_nil}, EXPR_END},
 #line 28 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str11), {keyword_ensure, keyword_ensure}, EXPR_BEG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 11), {keyword_ensure, keyword_ensure}, EXPR_BEG},
 #line 27 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str12), {keyword_end, keyword_end}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 12), {keyword_end, keyword_end}, EXPR_END},
 #line 44 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str13), {keyword_then, keyword_then}, EXPR_BEG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 13), {keyword_then, keyword_then}, EXPR_BEG},
 #line 36 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str14), {keyword_not, keyword_not}, EXPR_ARG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 14), {keyword_not, keyword_not}, EXPR_ARG},
 #line 29 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str15), {keyword_false, keyword_false}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 15), {keyword_false, keyword_false}, EXPR_END},
 #line 42 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str16), {keyword_self, keyword_self}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 16), {keyword_self, keyword_self}, EXPR_END},
 #line 26 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str17), {keyword_elsif, keyword_elsif}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 17), {keyword_elsif, keyword_elsif}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 39 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str18), {keyword_rescue, modifier_rescue}, EXPR_MID},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 18), {keyword_rescue, modifier_rescue}, EXPR_MID},
 #line 45 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str19), {keyword_true, keyword_true}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 19), {keyword_true, keyword_true}, EXPR_END},
 #line 48 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str20), {keyword_until, modifier_until}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 20), {keyword_until, modifier_until}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 47 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str21), {keyword_unless, modifier_unless}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 21), {keyword_unless, modifier_unless}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 41 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str22), {keyword_return, keyword_return}, EXPR_MID},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 22), {keyword_return, keyword_return}, EXPR_MID},
 #line 22 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str23), {keyword_def, keyword_def}, EXPR_FNAME},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 23), {keyword_def, keyword_def}, EXPR_FNAME},
 #line 17 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str24), {keyword_and, keyword_and}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 24), {keyword_and, keyword_and}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 24 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str25), {keyword_do, keyword_do}, EXPR_BEG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 25), {keyword_do, keyword_do}, EXPR_BEG},
 #line 51 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str26), {keyword_yield, keyword_yield}, EXPR_ARG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 26), {keyword_yield, keyword_yield}, EXPR_ARG},
 #line 30 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str27), {keyword_for, keyword_for}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 27), {keyword_for, keyword_for}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 46 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str28), {keyword_undef, keyword_undef}, EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 28), {keyword_undef, keyword_undef}, EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM},
 #line 37 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str29), {keyword_or, keyword_or}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 29), {keyword_or, keyword_or}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 32 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str30), {keyword_in, keyword_in}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 30), {keyword_in, keyword_in}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 49 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str31), {keyword_when, keyword_when}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 31), {keyword_when, keyword_when}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 40 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str32), {keyword_retry, keyword_retry}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 32), {keyword_retry, keyword_retry}, EXPR_END},
 #line 31 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str33), {keyword_if, modifier_if}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 33), {keyword_if, modifier_if}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 20 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str34), {keyword_case, keyword_case}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 34), {keyword_case, keyword_case}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 38 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str35), {keyword_redo, keyword_redo}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 35), {keyword_redo, keyword_redo}, EXPR_END},
 #line 34 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str36), {keyword_next, keyword_next}, EXPR_MID},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 36), {keyword_next, keyword_next}, EXPR_MID},
 #line 43 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str37), {keyword_super, keyword_super}, EXPR_ARG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 37), {keyword_super, keyword_super}, EXPR_ARG},
 #line 33 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str38), {keyword_module, keyword_module}, EXPR_VALUE},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 38), {keyword_module, keyword_module}, EXPR_VALUE},
 #line 18 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str39), {keyword_begin, keyword_begin}, EXPR_BEG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 39), {keyword_begin, keyword_begin}, EXPR_BEG},
 #line 12 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str40), {keyword__LINE__, keyword__LINE__}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 40), {keyword__LINE__, keyword__LINE__}, EXPR_END},
 #line 13 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str41), {keyword__FILE__, keyword__FILE__}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 41), {keyword__FILE__, keyword__FILE__}, EXPR_END},
 #line 11 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str42), {keyword__ENCODING__, keyword__ENCODING__}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 42), {keyword__ENCODING__, keyword__ENCODING__}, EXPR_END},
 #line 15 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str43), {keyword_END, keyword_END}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 43), {keyword_END, keyword_END}, EXPR_END},
 #line 16 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str44), {keyword_alias, keyword_alias}, EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 44), {keyword_alias, keyword_alias}, EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM},
 #line 14 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str45), {keyword_BEGIN, keyword_BEGIN}, EXPR_END},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 45), {keyword_BEGIN, keyword_BEGIN}, EXPR_END},
 #line 23 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str46), {keyword_defined, keyword_defined}, EXPR_ARG},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 46), {keyword_defined, keyword_defined}, EXPR_ARG},
 #line 21 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str47), {keyword_class, keyword_class}, EXPR_CLASS},
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 47), {keyword_class, keyword_class}, EXPR_CLASS},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 50 "defs/keywords"
-      {(int)offsetof(struct stringpool_t, stringpool_str50), {keyword_while, modifier_while}, EXPR_VALUE}
+      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 50), {keyword_while, modifier_while}, EXPR_VALUE}
     };
 
   if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
     {
-      register int key = hash (str, len);
+      register unsigned int key = hash (str, len);
 
-      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE && key >= 0)
+      if (key <= MAX_HASH_VALUE)
         {
           register int o = wordlist[key].name;
           if (o >= 0)
diff --git a/lib/.document b/lib/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d612d1077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/.document
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Add files to this as they become documented
+
+*.rb
+
+# bundler # not in RDoc
+cgi
+csv
+drb
+forwardable
+irb
+matrix
+net
+optparse
+racc/*.rb
+racc/rdoc
+rdoc
+rexml
+rinda
+rss
+rubygems
+scanf.rb
+shell
+unicode_normalize
+uri
+webrick
+yaml
diff --git a/lib/English.gemspec b/lib/English.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad6eb7aced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/English.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "english"
+  spec.version       = "0.7.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Require 'English.rb' to reference global variables with less cryptic names.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Require 'English.rb' to reference global variables with less cryptic names.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/English"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses       = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/English.rb b/lib/English.rb
index 0c17229682..ec90ff10cd 100644
--- a/lib/English.rb
+++ b/lib/English.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #  Include the English library file in a Ruby script, and you can
-#  reference the global variables such as \VAR{\$\_} using less
-#  cryptic names, listed in the following table.% \vref{tab:english}.
+#  reference the global variables such as <tt>$_</tt> using less
+#  cryptic names, listed below.
 #
 #  Without 'English':
 #
@@ -52,45 +52,43 @@ module English end if false
 alias $ERROR_INFO              $!
 
 # The stack backtrace generated by the last
-# exception. <tt>See Kernel.caller</tt> for details. Thread local.
+# exception. See Kernel#caller for details. Thread local.
 alias $ERROR_POSITION          $@
 
-# The default separator pattern used by <tt>String.split</tt>.  May be
-# set from the command line using the <tt>-F</tt> flag.
+# The default separator pattern used by String#split.  May be set from
+# the command line using the <tt>-F</tt> flag.
 alias $FS                      $;
 
-# The default separator pattern used by <tt>String.split</tt>.  May be
-# set from the command line using the <tt>-F</tt> flag.
+# The default separator pattern used by String#split.  May be set from
+# the command line using the <tt>-F</tt> flag.
 alias $FIELD_SEPARATOR         $;
 
 # The separator string output between the parameters to methods such
-# as <tt>Kernel.print</tt> and <tt>Array.join</tt>. Defaults to +nil+,
-# which adds no text.
+# as Kernel#print and Array#join. Defaults to +nil+, which adds no
+# text.
 alias $OFS                     $,
 
 # The separator string output between the parameters to methods such
-# as <tt>Kernel.print</tt> and <tt>Array.join</tt>. Defaults to +nil+,
-# which adds no text.
+# as Kernel#print and Array#join. Defaults to +nil+, which adds no
+# text.
 alias $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR  $,
 
 # The input record separator (newline by default). This is the value
-# that routines such as <tt>Kernel.gets</tt> use to determine record
+# that routines such as Kernel#gets use to determine record
 # boundaries. If set to +nil+, +gets+ will read the entire file.
 alias $RS                      $/
 
 # The input record separator (newline by default). This is the value
-# that routines such as <tt>Kernel.gets</tt> use to determine record
+# that routines such as Kernel#gets use to determine record
 # boundaries. If set to +nil+, +gets+ will read the entire file.
 alias $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR  $/
 
 # The string appended to the output of every call to methods such as
-# <tt>Kernel.print</tt> and <tt>IO.write</tt>. The default value is
-# +nil+.
+# Kernel#print and IO#write. The default value is +nil+.
 alias $ORS                     $\
 
 # The string appended to the output of every call to methods such as
-# <tt>Kernel.print</tt> and <tt>IO.write</tt>. The default value is
-# +nil+.
+# Kernel#print and IO#write. The default value is +nil+.
 alias $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR $\
 
 # The number of the last line read from the current input file.
@@ -99,14 +97,14 @@ alias $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER       $.
 # The number of the last line read from the current input file.
 alias $NR                      $.
 
-# The last line read by <tt>Kernel.gets</tt> or
-# <tt>Kernel.readline</tt>. Many string-related functions in the
-# +Kernel+ module operate on <tt>$_</tt> by default. The variable is
+# The last line read by Kernel#gets or
+# Kernel#readline. Many string-related functions in the
+# Kernel module operate on <tt>$_</tt> by default. The variable is
 # local to the current scope. Thread local.
 alias $LAST_READ_LINE          $_
 
-# The destination of output for <tt>Kernel.print</tt>
-# and <tt>Kernel.printf</tt>. The default value is
+# The destination of output for Kernel#print
+# and Kernel#printf. The default value is
 # <tt>$stdout</tt>.
 alias $DEFAULT_OUTPUT          $>
 
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ alias $DEFAULT_OUTPUT          $>
 # given as command-line arguments, or <tt>$stdin</tt>
 # (in the case where there are no
 # arguments). <tt>$<</tt> supports methods similar to a
-# +File+ object:
+# File object:
 # +inmode+, +close+,
 # <tt>closed?</tt>, +each+,
 # <tt>each_byte</tt>, <tt>each_line</tt>,
@@ -129,8 +127,8 @@ alias $DEFAULT_OUTPUT          $>
 # +rewind+, +seek+, +skip+,
 # +tell+, <tt>to_a</tt>, <tt>to_i</tt>,
 # <tt>to_io</tt>, <tt>to_s</tt>, along with the
-# methods in +Enumerable+. The method +file+
-# returns a +File+ object for the file currently
+# methods in Enumerable. The method +file+
+# returns a File object for the file currently
 # being read. This may change as <tt>$<</tt> reads
 # through the files on the command line. Read only.
 alias $DEFAULT_INPUT           $<
@@ -153,9 +151,7 @@ alias $CHILD_STATUS            $?
 # scope.
 alias $LAST_MATCH_INFO         $~
 
-# If set to any value apart from +nil+ or +false+, all pattern matches
-# will be case insensitive, string comparisons will ignore case, and
-# string hash values will be case insensitive. Deprecated
+# This variable is no longer effective. Deprecated.
 alias $IGNORECASE              $=
 
 # An array of strings containing the command-line
diff --git a/lib/abbrev.gemspec b/lib/abbrev.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4edf0edaa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/abbrev.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "abbrev"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA"]
+  spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Calculates a set of unique abbreviations for a given set of strings}
+  spec.description   = %q{Calculates a set of unique abbreviations for a given set of strings}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/abbrev"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/abbrev.rb b/lib/abbrev.rb
index 2eac293c30..2af01d2eae 100644
--- a/lib/abbrev.rb
+++ b/lib/abbrev.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # Copyright (c) 2001,2003 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
 #
diff --git a/lib/base64.gemspec b/lib/base64.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..331ecc4491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/base64.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "base64"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yusuke Endoh"]
+  spec.email         = ["mame@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Support for encoding and decoding binary data using a Base64 representation.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Support for encoding and decoding binary data using a Base64 representation.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/base64"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/base64.rb b/lib/base64.rb
index a08941af92..5c8df841f1 100644
--- a/lib/base64.rb
+++ b/lib/base64.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # = base64.rb: methods for base64-encoding and -decoding strings
 #
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ module Base64
   #    This is line three
   #    And so on...
   def decode64(str)
-    str.unpack("m").first
+    str.unpack1("m")
   end
 
   # Returns the Base64-encoded version of +bin+.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ module Base64
   # ArgumentError is raised if +str+ is incorrectly padded or contains
   # non-alphabet characters.  Note that CR or LF are also rejected.
   def strict_decode64(str)
-    str.unpack("m0").first
+    str.unpack1("m0")
   end
 
   # Returns the Base64-encoded version of +bin+.
@@ -81,8 +81,9 @@ module Base64
   # Note that the result can still contain '='.
   # You can remove the padding by setting +padding+ as false.
   def urlsafe_encode64(bin, padding: true)
-    str = strict_encode64(bin).tr("+/", "-_")
-    str = str.delete("=") unless padding
+    str = strict_encode64(bin)
+    str.tr!("+/", "-_")
+    str.delete!("=") unless padding
     str
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/benchmark.rb b/lib/benchmark.rb
index ec1b658cde..5ce9710586 100644
--- a/lib/benchmark.rb
+++ b/lib/benchmark.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # benchmark.rb - a performance benchmarking library
 #
@@ -439,6 +439,9 @@ module Benchmark
 
     #
     # An in-place version of #add.
+    # Changes the times of this Tms object by making it the sum of the times
+    # for this Tms object, plus the time required to execute
+    # the code block (+blk+).
     #
     def add!(&blk)
       t = Benchmark.measure(&blk)
@@ -452,7 +455,7 @@ module Benchmark
 
     #
     # Returns a new Tms object obtained by memberwise summation
-    # of the individual times for this Tms object with those of the other
+    # of the individual times for this Tms object with those of the +other+
     # Tms object.
     # This method and #/() are useful for taking statistics.
     #
@@ -460,20 +463,20 @@ module Benchmark
 
     #
     # Returns a new Tms object obtained by memberwise subtraction
-    # of the individual times for the other Tms object from those of this
+    # of the individual times for the +other+ Tms object from those of this
     # Tms object.
     #
     def -(other); memberwise(:-, other) end
 
     #
     # Returns a new Tms object obtained by memberwise multiplication
-    # of the individual times for this Tms object by _x_.
+    # of the individual times for this Tms object by +x+.
     #
     def *(x); memberwise(:*, x) end
 
     #
     # Returns a new Tms object obtained by memberwise division
-    # of the individual times for this Tms object by _x_.
+    # of the individual times for this Tms object by +x+.
     # This method and #+() are useful for taking statistics.
     #
     def /(x); memberwise(:/, x) end
@@ -529,7 +532,7 @@ module Benchmark
     #
     # Returns a new Tms object obtained by memberwise operation +op+
     # of the individual times for this Tms object with those of the other
-    # Tms object.
+    # Tms object (+x+).
     #
     # +op+ can be a mathematical operation such as <tt>+</tt>, <tt>-</tt>,
     # <tt>*</tt>, <tt>/</tt>
diff --git a/lib/benchmark/benchmark.gemspec b/lib/benchmark/benchmark.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..031ccbe34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/benchmark/benchmark.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/benchmark/version"
+rescue LoadError # Fallback to load version file in ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "benchmark"
+  spec.version       = Benchmark::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{a performance benchmarking library}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/benchmark"
+  spec.licenses       = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/benchmark/version.rb b/lib/benchmark/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90d1a3900c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/benchmark/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Benchmark
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler.rb b/lib/bundler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ab87ac299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,697 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "bundler/vendored_fileutils"
+require "pathname"
+require "rbconfig"
+
+require_relative "bundler/errors"
+require_relative "bundler/environment_preserver"
+require_relative "bundler/plugin"
+require_relative "bundler/rubygems_ext"
+require_relative "bundler/rubygems_integration"
+require_relative "bundler/version"
+require_relative "bundler/constants"
+require_relative "bundler/current_ruby"
+require_relative "bundler/build_metadata"
+
+# Bundler provides a consistent environment for Ruby projects by
+# tracking and installing the exact gems and versions that are needed.
+#
+# Since Ruby 2.6, Bundler is a part of Ruby's standard library.
+#
+# Bunder is used by creating _gemfiles_ listing all the project dependencies
+# and (optionally) their versions and then using
+#
+#   require 'bundler/setup'
+#
+# or Bundler.setup to setup environment where only specified gems and their
+# specified versions could be used.
+#
+# See {Bundler website}[https://bundler.io/docs.html] for extensive documentation
+# on gemfiles creation and Bundler usage.
+#
+# As a standard library inside project, Bundler could be used for introspection
+# of loaded and required modules.
+#
+module Bundler
+  environment_preserver = EnvironmentPreserver.from_env
+  ORIGINAL_ENV = environment_preserver.restore
+  environment_preserver.replace_with_backup
+  SUDO_MUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new
+
+  autoload :Definition,             File.expand_path("bundler/definition", __dir__)
+  autoload :Dependency,             File.expand_path("bundler/dependency", __dir__)
+  autoload :DepProxy,               File.expand_path("bundler/dep_proxy", __dir__)
+  autoload :Deprecate,              File.expand_path("bundler/deprecate", __dir__)
+  autoload :Digest,                 File.expand_path("bundler/digest", __dir__)
+  autoload :Dsl,                    File.expand_path("bundler/dsl", __dir__)
+  autoload :EndpointSpecification,  File.expand_path("bundler/endpoint_specification", __dir__)
+  autoload :Env,                    File.expand_path("bundler/env", __dir__)
+  autoload :Fetcher,                File.expand_path("bundler/fetcher", __dir__)
+  autoload :FeatureFlag,            File.expand_path("bundler/feature_flag", __dir__)
+  autoload :GemHelper,              File.expand_path("bundler/gem_helper", __dir__)
+  autoload :GemHelpers,             File.expand_path("bundler/gem_helpers", __dir__)
+  autoload :GemVersionPromoter,     File.expand_path("bundler/gem_version_promoter", __dir__)
+  autoload :Graph,                  File.expand_path("bundler/graph", __dir__)
+  autoload :Index,                  File.expand_path("bundler/index", __dir__)
+  autoload :Injector,               File.expand_path("bundler/injector", __dir__)
+  autoload :Installer,              File.expand_path("bundler/installer", __dir__)
+  autoload :LazySpecification,      File.expand_path("bundler/lazy_specification", __dir__)
+  autoload :LockfileParser,         File.expand_path("bundler/lockfile_parser", __dir__)
+  autoload :MatchPlatform,          File.expand_path("bundler/match_platform", __dir__)
+  autoload :ProcessLock,            File.expand_path("bundler/process_lock", __dir__)
+  autoload :RemoteSpecification,    File.expand_path("bundler/remote_specification", __dir__)
+  autoload :Resolver,               File.expand_path("bundler/resolver", __dir__)
+  autoload :Retry,                  File.expand_path("bundler/retry", __dir__)
+  autoload :RubyDsl,                File.expand_path("bundler/ruby_dsl", __dir__)
+  autoload :RubyVersion,            File.expand_path("bundler/ruby_version", __dir__)
+  autoload :Runtime,                File.expand_path("bundler/runtime", __dir__)
+  autoload :Settings,               File.expand_path("bundler/settings", __dir__)
+  autoload :SharedHelpers,          File.expand_path("bundler/shared_helpers", __dir__)
+  autoload :Source,                 File.expand_path("bundler/source", __dir__)
+  autoload :SourceList,             File.expand_path("bundler/source_list", __dir__)
+  autoload :SourceMap,              File.expand_path("bundler/source_map", __dir__)
+  autoload :SpecSet,                File.expand_path("bundler/spec_set", __dir__)
+  autoload :StubSpecification,      File.expand_path("bundler/stub_specification", __dir__)
+  autoload :UI,                     File.expand_path("bundler/ui", __dir__)
+  autoload :URICredentialsFilter,   File.expand_path("bundler/uri_credentials_filter", __dir__)
+  autoload :VersionRanges,          File.expand_path("bundler/version_ranges", __dir__)
+
+  class << self
+    def configure
+      @configured ||= configure_gem_home_and_path
+    end
+
+    def ui
+      (defined?(@ui) && @ui) || (self.ui = UI::Shell.new)
+    end
+
+    def ui=(ui)
+      Bundler.rubygems.ui = UI::RGProxy.new(ui)
+      @ui = ui
+    end
+
+    # Returns absolute path of where gems are installed on the filesystem.
+    def bundle_path
+      @bundle_path ||= Pathname.new(configured_bundle_path.path).expand_path(root)
+    end
+
+    def configured_bundle_path
+      @configured_bundle_path ||= settings.path.tap(&:validate!)
+    end
+
+    # Returns absolute location of where binstubs are installed to.
+    def bin_path
+      @bin_path ||= begin
+        path = settings[:bin] || "bin"
+        path = Pathname.new(path).expand_path(root).expand_path
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path) {|p| FileUtils.mkdir_p(p) }
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Turns on the Bundler runtime. After +Bundler.setup+ call, all +load+ or
+    # +require+ of the gems would be allowed only if they are part of
+    # the Gemfile or Ruby's standard library. If the versions specified
+    # in Gemfile, only those versions would be loaded.
+    #
+    # Assuming Gemfile
+    #
+    #    gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0'
+    #    group :test do
+    #      gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0'
+    #    end
+    #
+    # The code using Bundler.setup works as follows:
+    #
+    #    require 'third_gem' # allowed, required from global gems
+    #    require 'first_gem' # allowed, loads the last installed version
+    #    Bundler.setup
+    #    require 'fourth_gem' # fails with LoadError
+    #    require 'second_gem' # loads exactly version 1.0
+    #
+    # +Bundler.setup+ can be called only once, all subsequent calls are no-op.
+    #
+    # If _groups_ list is provided, only gems from specified groups would
+    # be allowed (gems specified outside groups belong to special +:default+ group).
+    #
+    # To require all gems from Gemfile (or only some groups), see Bundler.require.
+    #
+    def setup(*groups)
+      # Return if all groups are already loaded
+      return @setup if defined?(@setup) && @setup
+
+      definition.validate_runtime!
+
+      SharedHelpers.print_major_deprecations!
+
+      if groups.empty?
+        # Load all groups, but only once
+        @setup = load.setup
+      else
+        load.setup(*groups)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Setups Bundler environment (see Bundler.setup) if it is not already set,
+    # and loads all gems from groups specified. Unlike ::setup, can be called
+    # multiple times with different groups (if they were allowed by setup).
+    #
+    # Assuming Gemfile
+    #
+    #    gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0'
+    #    group :test do
+    #      gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0'
+    #    end
+    #
+    # The code will work as follows:
+    #
+    #    Bundler.setup # allow all groups
+    #    Bundler.require(:default) # requires only first_gem
+    #    # ...later
+    #    Bundler.require(:test)   # requires second_gem
+    #
+    def require(*groups)
+      setup(*groups).require(*groups)
+    end
+
+    def load
+      @load ||= Runtime.new(root, definition)
+    end
+
+    def environment
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler.environment has been removed in favor of Bundler.load", :print_caller_location => true
+      load
+    end
+
+    # Returns an instance of Bundler::Definition for given Gemfile and lockfile
+    #
+    # @param unlock [Hash, Boolean, nil] Gems that have been requested
+    #   to be updated or true if all gems should be updated
+    # @return [Bundler::Definition]
+    def definition(unlock = nil)
+      @definition = nil if unlock
+      @definition ||= begin
+        configure
+        Definition.build(default_gemfile, default_lockfile, unlock)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def frozen_bundle?
+      frozen = settings[:deployment]
+      frozen ||= settings[:frozen]
+      frozen
+    end
+
+    def locked_gems
+      @locked_gems ||=
+        if defined?(@definition) && @definition
+          definition.locked_gems
+        elsif Bundler.default_lockfile.file?
+          lock = Bundler.read_file(Bundler.default_lockfile)
+          LockfileParser.new(lock)
+        end
+    end
+
+    def most_specific_locked_platform?(platform)
+      return false unless defined?(@definition) && @definition
+
+      definition.most_specific_locked_platform == platform
+    end
+
+    def ruby_scope
+      "#{Bundler.rubygems.ruby_engine}/#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]}"
+    end
+
+    def user_home
+      @user_home ||= begin
+        home = Bundler.rubygems.user_home
+        bundle_home = home ? File.join(home, ".bundle") : nil
+
+        warning = if home.nil?
+          "Your home directory is not set."
+        elsif !File.directory?(home)
+          "`#{home}` is not a directory."
+        elsif !File.writable?(home) && (!File.directory?(bundle_home) || !File.writable?(bundle_home))
+          "`#{home}` is not writable."
+        end
+
+        if warning
+          Bundler.ui.warn "#{warning}\n"
+          user_home = tmp_home_path
+          Bundler.ui.warn "Bundler will use `#{user_home}' as your home directory temporarily.\n"
+          user_home
+        else
+          Pathname.new(home)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def user_bundle_path(dir = "home")
+      env_var, fallback = case dir
+                          when "home"
+                            ["BUNDLE_USER_HOME", proc { Pathname.new(user_home).join(".bundle") }]
+                          when "cache"
+                            ["BUNDLE_USER_CACHE", proc { user_bundle_path.join("cache") }]
+                          when "config"
+                            ["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG", proc { user_bundle_path.join("config") }]
+                          when "plugin"
+                            ["BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN", proc { user_bundle_path.join("plugin") }]
+                          else
+                            raise BundlerError, "Unknown user path requested: #{dir}"
+      end
+      # `fallback` will already be a Pathname, but Pathname.new() is
+      # idempotent so it's OK
+      Pathname.new(ENV.fetch(env_var, &fallback))
+    end
+
+    def user_cache
+      user_bundle_path("cache")
+    end
+
+    def home
+      bundle_path.join("bundler")
+    end
+
+    def install_path
+      home.join("gems")
+    end
+
+    def specs_path
+      bundle_path.join("specifications")
+    end
+
+    def root
+      @root ||= begin
+                  SharedHelpers.root
+                rescue GemfileNotFound
+                  bundle_dir = default_bundle_dir
+                  raise GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile or .bundle/ directory" unless bundle_dir
+                  Pathname.new(File.expand_path("..", bundle_dir))
+                end
+    end
+
+    def app_config_path
+      if app_config = ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"]
+        app_config_pathname = Pathname.new(app_config)
+
+        if app_config_pathname.absolute?
+          app_config_pathname
+        else
+          app_config_pathname.expand_path(root)
+        end
+      else
+        root.join(".bundle")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def app_cache(custom_path = nil)
+      path = custom_path || root
+      Pathname.new(path).join(settings.app_cache_path)
+    end
+
+    def tmp(name = Process.pid.to_s)
+      Kernel.send(:require, "tmpdir")
+      Pathname.new(Dir.mktmpdir(["bundler", name]))
+    end
+
+    def rm_rf(path)
+      FileUtils.remove_entry_secure(path) if path && File.exist?(path)
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      message = <<EOF
+It is a security vulnerability to allow your home directory to be world-writable, and bundler can not continue.
+You should probably consider fixing this issue by running `chmod o-w ~` on *nix.
+Please refer to https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.2/libdoc/fileutils/rdoc/FileUtils.html#method-c-remove_entry_secure for details.
+EOF
+      File.world_writable?(path) ? Bundler.ui.warn(message) : raise
+      raise PathError, "Please fix the world-writable issue with your #{path} directory"
+    end
+
+    def settings
+      @settings ||= Settings.new(app_config_path)
+    rescue GemfileNotFound
+      @settings = Settings.new(Pathname.new(".bundle").expand_path)
+    end
+
+    # @return [Hash] Environment present before Bundler was activated
+    def original_env
+      ORIGINAL_ENV.clone
+    end
+
+    # @deprecated Use `unbundled_env` instead
+    def clean_env
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
+        2,
+        "`Bundler.clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_env`. " \
+        "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_env`",
+        :print_caller_location => true
+      )
+
+      unbundled_env
+    end
+
+    # @return [Hash] Environment with all bundler-related variables removed
+    def unbundled_env
+      env = original_env
+
+      if env.key?("BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH")
+        env["MANPATH"] = env["BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH"]
+      end
+
+      env.delete_if {|k, _| k[0, 7] == "BUNDLE_" }
+
+      if env.key?("RUBYOPT")
+        rubyopt = env["RUBYOPT"].split(" ")
+        rubyopt.delete("-r#{File.expand_path("bundler/setup", __dir__)}")
+        rubyopt.delete("-rbundler/setup")
+        env["RUBYOPT"] = rubyopt.join(" ")
+      end
+
+      if env.key?("RUBYLIB")
+        rubylib = env["RUBYLIB"].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+        rubylib.delete(File.expand_path("..", __FILE__))
+        env["RUBYLIB"] = rubylib.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+      end
+
+      env
+    end
+
+    # Run block with environment present before Bundler was activated
+    def with_original_env
+      with_env(original_env) { yield }
+    end
+
+    # @deprecated Use `with_unbundled_env` instead
+    def with_clean_env
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
+        2,
+        "`Bundler.with_clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.with_unbundled_env`. " \
+        "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.with_original_env`",
+        :print_caller_location => true
+      )
+
+      with_env(unbundled_env) { yield }
+    end
+
+    # Run block with all bundler-related variables removed
+    def with_unbundled_env
+      with_env(unbundled_env) { yield }
+    end
+
+    # Run subcommand with the environment present before Bundler was activated
+    def original_system(*args)
+      with_original_env { Kernel.system(*args) }
+    end
+
+    # @deprecated Use `unbundled_system` instead
+    def clean_system(*args)
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
+        2,
+        "`Bundler.clean_system` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_system`. " \
+        "If you instead want to run the command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_system`",
+        :print_caller_location => true
+      )
+
+      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.system(*args) }
+    end
+
+    # Run subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
+    def unbundled_system(*args)
+      with_unbundled_env { Kernel.system(*args) }
+    end
+
+    # Run a `Kernel.exec` to a subcommand with the environment present before Bundler was activated
+    def original_exec(*args)
+      with_original_env { Kernel.exec(*args) }
+    end
+
+    # @deprecated Use `unbundled_exec` instead
+    def clean_exec(*args)
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
+        2,
+        "`Bundler.clean_exec` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_exec`. " \
+        "If you instead want to exec to a command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_exec`",
+        :print_caller_location => true
+      )
+
+      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) }
+    end
+
+    # Run a `Kernel.exec` to a subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
+    def unbundled_exec(*args)
+      with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) }
+    end
+
+    def local_platform
+      return Gem::Platform::RUBY if settings[:force_ruby_platform] || Gem.platforms == [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
+      Gem::Platform.local
+    end
+
+    def default_gemfile
+      SharedHelpers.default_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def default_lockfile
+      SharedHelpers.default_lockfile
+    end
+
+    def default_bundle_dir
+      SharedHelpers.default_bundle_dir
+    end
+
+    def system_bindir
+      # Gem.bindir doesn't always return the location that RubyGems will install
+      # system binaries. If you put '-n foo' in your .gemrc, RubyGems will
+      # install binstubs there instead. Unfortunately, RubyGems doesn't expose
+      # that directory at all, so rather than parse .gemrc ourselves, we allow
+      # the directory to be set as well, via `bundle config set --local bindir foo`.
+      Bundler.settings[:system_bindir] || Bundler.rubygems.gem_bindir
+    end
+
+    def preferred_gemfile_name
+      Bundler.settings[:init_gems_rb] ? "gems.rb" : "Gemfile"
+    end
+
+    def use_system_gems?
+      configured_bundle_path.use_system_gems?
+    end
+
+    def requires_sudo?
+      return @requires_sudo if defined?(@requires_sudo_ran)
+
+      sudo_present = which "sudo" if settings.allow_sudo?
+
+      if sudo_present
+        # the bundle path and subdirectories need to be writable for RubyGems
+        # to be able to unpack and install gems without exploding
+        path = bundle_path
+        path = path.parent until path.exist?
+
+        # bins are written to a different location on OS X
+        bin_dir = Pathname.new(Bundler.system_bindir)
+        bin_dir = bin_dir.parent until bin_dir.exist?
+
+        # if any directory is not writable, we need sudo
+        files = [path, bin_dir] | Dir[bundle_path.join("build_info/*").to_s] | Dir[bundle_path.join("*").to_s]
+        unwritable_files = files.reject {|f| File.writable?(f) }
+        sudo_needed = !unwritable_files.empty?
+        if sudo_needed
+          Bundler.ui.warn "Following files may not be writable, so sudo is needed:\n  #{unwritable_files.map(&:to_s).sort.join("\n  ")}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      @requires_sudo_ran = true
+      @requires_sudo = settings.allow_sudo? && sudo_present && sudo_needed
+    end
+
+    def mkdir_p(path, options = {})
+      if requires_sudo? && !options[:no_sudo]
+        sudo "mkdir -p '#{path}'" unless File.exist?(path)
+      else
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :write) do |p|
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def which(executable)
+      if File.file?(executable) && File.executable?(executable)
+        executable
+      elsif paths = ENV["PATH"]
+        quote = '"'.freeze
+        paths.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).find do |path|
+          path = path[1..-2] if path.start_with?(quote) && path.end_with?(quote)
+          executable_path = File.expand_path(executable, path)
+          return executable_path if File.file?(executable_path) && File.executable?(executable_path)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sudo(str)
+      SUDO_MUTEX.synchronize do
+        prompt = "\n\n" + <<-PROMPT.gsub(/^ {6}/, "").strip + " "
+        Your user account isn't allowed to install to the system RubyGems.
+        You can cancel this installation and run:
+
+            bundle config set --local path 'vendor/bundle'
+            bundle install
+
+        to install the gems into ./vendor/bundle/, or you can enter your password
+        and install the bundled gems to RubyGems using sudo.
+
+        Password:
+        PROMPT
+
+        unless @prompted_for_sudo ||= system(%(sudo -k -p "#{prompt}" true))
+          raise SudoNotPermittedError,
+            "Bundler requires sudo access to install at the moment. " \
+            "Try installing again, granting Bundler sudo access when prompted, or installing into a different path."
+        end
+
+        `sudo -p "#{prompt}" #{str}`
+      end
+    end
+
+    def read_file(file)
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file, :read) do
+        File.open(file, "r:UTF-8", &:read)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def load_marshal(data)
+      Marshal.load(data)
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      raise MarshalError, "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+    end
+
+    def load_gemspec(file, validate = false)
+      @gemspec_cache ||= {}
+      key = File.expand_path(file)
+      @gemspec_cache[key] ||= load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate)
+      # Protect against caching side-effected gemspecs by returning a
+      # new instance each time.
+      @gemspec_cache[key].dup if @gemspec_cache[key]
+    end
+
+    def load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate = false)
+      path = Pathname.new(file)
+      contents = read_file(file)
+      spec = if contents.start_with?("---") # YAML header
+        eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents)
+      else
+        # Eval the gemspec from its parent directory, because some gemspecs
+        # depend on "./" relative paths.
+        SharedHelpers.chdir(path.dirname.to_s) do
+          eval_gemspec(path, contents)
+        end
+      end
+      return unless spec
+      spec.loaded_from = path.expand_path.to_s
+      Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec) if validate
+      spec
+    end
+
+    def clear_gemspec_cache
+      @gemspec_cache = {}
+    end
+
+    def git_present?
+      return @git_present if defined?(@git_present)
+      @git_present = Bundler.which("git") || Bundler.which("git.exe")
+    end
+
+    def feature_flag
+      @feature_flag ||= FeatureFlag.new(VERSION)
+    end
+
+    def reset!
+      reset_paths!
+      Plugin.reset!
+      reset_rubygems!
+    end
+
+    def reset_settings_and_root!
+      @settings = nil
+      @root = nil
+    end
+
+    def reset_paths!
+      @bin_path = nil
+      @bundler_major_version = nil
+      @bundle_path = nil
+      @configured = nil
+      @configured_bundle_path = nil
+      @definition = nil
+      @load = nil
+      @locked_gems = nil
+      @root = nil
+      @settings = nil
+      @setup = nil
+      @user_home = nil
+    end
+
+    def reset_rubygems!
+      return unless defined?(@rubygems) && @rubygems
+      rubygems.undo_replacements
+      rubygems.reset
+      @rubygems = nil
+    end
+
+    def configure_gem_home_and_path(path = bundle_path)
+      configure_gem_path
+      configure_gem_home(path)
+      Bundler.rubygems.clear_paths
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents)
+      require_relative "bundler/psyched_yaml"
+
+      # If the YAML is invalid, Syck raises an ArgumentError, and Psych
+      # raises a Psych::SyntaxError. See psyched_yaml.rb for more info.
+      Gem::Specification.from_yaml(contents)
+    rescue YamlLibrarySyntaxError, ArgumentError, Gem::EndOfYAMLException, Gem::Exception
+      eval_gemspec(path, contents)
+    end
+
+    def eval_gemspec(path, contents)
+      eval(contents, TOPLEVEL_BINDING.dup, path.expand_path.to_s)
+    rescue ScriptError, StandardError => e
+      msg = "There was an error while loading `#{path.basename}`: #{e.message}"
+
+      raise GemspecError, Dsl::DSLError.new(msg, path, e.backtrace, contents)
+    end
+
+    def configure_gem_path
+      unless use_system_gems?
+        # this needs to be empty string to cause
+        # PathSupport.split_gem_path to only load up the
+        # Bundler --path setting as the GEM_PATH.
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "GEM_PATH", ""
+      end
+    end
+
+    def configure_gem_home(path)
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "GEM_HOME", path.to_s
+    end
+
+    def tmp_home_path
+      Kernel.send(:require, "tmpdir")
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(Dir.tmpdir) do
+        path = Bundler.tmp
+        at_exit { Bundler.rm_rf(path) }
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param env [Hash]
+    def with_env(env)
+      backup = ENV.to_hash
+      ENV.replace(env)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ENV.replace(backup)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb b/lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0846e82e06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # Represents metadata from when the Bundler gem was built.
+  module BuildMetadata
+    # begin ivars
+    @release = false
+    # end ivars
+
+    # A hash representation of the build metadata.
+    def self.to_h
+      {
+        "Built At" => built_at,
+        "Git SHA" => git_commit_sha,
+        "Released Version" => release?,
+      }
+    end
+
+    # A string representing the date the bundler gem was built.
+    def self.built_at
+      @built_at ||= Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y-%m-%d").freeze
+    end
+
+    # The SHA for the git commit the bundler gem was built from.
+    def self.git_commit_sha
+      return @git_commit_sha if instance_variable_defined? :@git_commit_sha
+
+      # If Bundler has been installed without its .git directory and without a
+      # commit instance variable then we can't determine its commits SHA.
+      git_dir = File.join(File.expand_path("../../../..", __FILE__), ".git")
+      if File.directory?(git_dir)
+        return @git_commit_sha = Dir.chdir(git_dir) { `git rev-parse --short HEAD`.strip.freeze }
+      end
+
+      @git_commit_sha ||= "unknown"
+    end
+
+    # Whether this is an official release build of Bundler.
+    def self.release?
+      @release
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec b/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38c533b0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/bundler/version"
+rescue LoadError
+  # for Ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name        = "bundler"
+  s.version     = Bundler::VERSION
+  s.license     = "MIT"
+  s.authors     = [
+    "André Arko", "Samuel Giddins", "Colby Swandale", "Hiroshi Shibata",
+    "David Rodríguez", "Grey Baker", "Stephanie Morillo", "Chris Morris", "James Wen", "Tim Moore",
+    "André Medeiros", "Jessica Lynn Suttles", "Terence Lee", "Carl Lerche",
+    "Yehuda Katz"
+  ]
+  s.email       = ["team@bundler.io"]
+  s.homepage    = "https://bundler.io"
+  s.summary     = "The best way to manage your application's dependencies"
+  s.description = "Bundler manages an application's dependencies through its entire life, across many machines, systematically and repeatably"
+
+  if s.respond_to?(:metadata=)
+    s.metadata = {
+      "bug_tracker_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ABundler",
+      "changelog_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/CHANGELOG.md",
+      "homepage_uri" => "https://bundler.io/",
+      "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/",
+    }
+  end
+
+  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.3.0"
+  s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 2.5.2"
+
+  s.files = Dir.glob("lib/bundler{.rb,/**/*}", File::FNM_DOTMATCH).reject {|f| File.directory?(f) }
+
+  # include the gemspec itself because warbler breaks w/o it
+  s.files += %w[lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec]
+
+  s.bindir        = "libexec"
+  s.executables   = %w[bundle bundler]
+  s.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/capistrano.rb b/lib/bundler/capistrano.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f3712d48e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/capistrano.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "shared_helpers"
+Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+  "The Bundler task for Capistrano. Please use https://github.com/capistrano/bundler"
+
+# Capistrano task for Bundler.
+#
+# Add "require 'bundler/capistrano'" in your Capistrano deploy.rb, and
+# Bundler will be activated after each new deployment.
+require_relative "deployment"
+require "capistrano/version"
+
+if defined?(Capistrano::Version) && Gem::Version.new(Capistrano::Version).release >= Gem::Version.new("3.0")
+  raise "For Capistrano 3.x integration, please use https://github.com/capistrano/bundler"
+end
+
+Capistrano::Configuration.instance(:must_exist).load do
+  before "deploy:finalize_update", "bundle:install"
+  Bundler::Deployment.define_task(self, :task, :except => { :no_release => true })
+  set :rake, lambda { "#{fetch(:bundle_cmd, "bundle")} exec rake" }
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli.rb b/lib/bundler/cli.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d271086b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "vendored_thor"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI < Thor
+    require_relative "cli/common"
+
+    package_name "Bundler"
+
+    AUTO_INSTALL_CMDS = %w[show binstubs outdated exec open console licenses clean].freeze
+    PARSEABLE_COMMANDS = %w[check config help exec platform show version].freeze
+
+    COMMAND_ALIASES = {
+      "check" => "c",
+      "install" => "i",
+      "plugin" => "",
+      "list" => "ls",
+      "exec" => ["e", "ex", "exe"],
+      "cache" => ["package", "pack"],
+      "version" => ["-v", "--version"],
+    }.freeze
+
+    def self.start(*)
+      super
+    ensure
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.print_major_deprecations!
+    end
+
+    def self.dispatch(*)
+      super do |i|
+        i.send(:print_command)
+        i.send(:warn_on_outdated_bundler)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.all_aliases
+      @all_aliases ||= begin
+                         command_aliases = {}
+
+                         COMMAND_ALIASES.each do |name, aliases|
+                           Array(aliases).each do |one_alias|
+                             command_aliases[one_alias] = name
+                           end
+                         end
+
+                         command_aliases
+                       end
+    end
+
+    def self.aliases_for(command_name)
+      COMMAND_ALIASES.select {|k, _| k == command_name }.invert
+    end
+
+    def initialize(*args)
+      super
+
+      custom_gemfile = options[:gemfile] || Bundler.settings[:gemfile]
+      if custom_gemfile && !custom_gemfile.empty?
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", File.expand_path(custom_gemfile)
+        Bundler.reset_settings_and_root!
+      end
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :retry, options[:retry]
+
+      current_cmd = args.last[:current_command].name
+      auto_install if AUTO_INSTALL_CMDS.include?(current_cmd)
+    rescue UnknownArgumentError => e
+      raise InvalidOption, e.message
+    ensure
+      self.options ||= {}
+      unprinted_warnings = Bundler.ui.unprinted_warnings
+      Bundler.ui = UI::Shell.new(options)
+      Bundler.ui.level = "debug" if options["verbose"]
+      unprinted_warnings.each {|w| Bundler.ui.warn(w) }
+    end
+
+    check_unknown_options!(:except => [:config, :exec])
+    stop_on_unknown_option! :exec
+
+    desc "cli_help", "Prints a summary of bundler commands", :hide => true
+    def cli_help
+      version
+      Bundler.ui.info "\n"
+
+      primary_commands = ["install", "update", "cache", "exec", "config", "help"]
+
+      list = self.class.printable_commands(true)
+      by_name = list.group_by {|name, _message| name.match(/^bundle (\w+)/)[1] }
+      utilities = by_name.keys.sort - primary_commands
+      primary_commands.map! {|name| (by_name[name] || raise("no primary command #{name}")).first }
+      utilities.map! {|name| by_name[name].first }
+
+      shell.say "Bundler commands:\n\n"
+
+      shell.say "  Primary commands:\n"
+      shell.print_table(primary_commands, :indent => 4, :truncate => true)
+      shell.say
+      shell.say "  Utilities:\n"
+      shell.print_table(utilities, :indent => 4, :truncate => true)
+      shell.say
+      self.class.send(:class_options_help, shell)
+    end
+    default_task(Bundler.feature_flag.default_cli_command)
+
+    class_option "no-color", :type => :boolean, :desc => "Disable colorization in output"
+    class_option "retry",    :type => :numeric, :aliases => "-r", :banner => "NUM",
+                             :desc => "Specify the number of times you wish to attempt network commands"
+    class_option "verbose", :type => :boolean, :desc => "Enable verbose output mode", :aliases => "-V"
+
+    def help(cli = nil)
+      case cli
+      when "gemfile" then command = "gemfile"
+      when nil       then command = "bundle"
+      else command = "bundle-#{cli}"
+      end
+
+      man_path = File.expand_path("man", __dir__)
+      man_pages = Hash[Dir.glob(File.join(man_path, "**", "*")).grep(/.*\.\d*\Z/).collect do |f|
+        [File.basename(f, ".*"), f]
+      end]
+
+      if man_pages.include?(command)
+        man_page = man_pages[command]
+        if Bundler.which("man") && man_path !~ %r{^file:/.+!/META-INF/jruby.home/.+}
+          Kernel.exec "man #{man_page}"
+        else
+          puts File.read("#{man_path}/#{File.basename(man_page)}.ronn")
+        end
+      elsif command_path = Bundler.which("bundler-#{cli}")
+        Kernel.exec(command_path, "--help")
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.handle_no_command_error(command, has_namespace = $thor_runner)
+      if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins? && Bundler::Plugin.command?(command)
+        return Bundler::Plugin.exec_command(command, ARGV[1..-1])
+      end
+
+      return super unless command_path = Bundler.which("bundler-#{command}")
+
+      Kernel.exec(command_path, *ARGV[1..-1])
+    end
+
+    desc "init [OPTIONS]", "Generates a Gemfile into the current working directory"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Init generates a default Gemfile in the current working directory. When adding a
+      Gemfile to a gem with a gemspec, the --gemspec option will automatically add each
+      dependency listed in the gemspec file to the newly created Gemfile.
+    D
+    method_option "gemspec", :type => :string, :banner => "Use the specified .gemspec to create the Gemfile"
+    def init
+      require_relative "cli/init"
+      Init.new(options.dup).run
+    end
+
+    desc "check [OPTIONS]", "Checks if the dependencies listed in Gemfile are satisfied by currently installed gems"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Check searches the local machine for each of the gems requested in the Gemfile. If
+      all gems are found, Bundler prints a success message and exits with a status of 0.
+      If not, the first missing gem is listed and Bundler exits status 1.
+    D
+    method_option "dry-run", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "Lock the Gemfile"
+    method_option "gemfile", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
+    method_option "path", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME).#{" Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine" unless Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?}"
+    def check
+      remembered_flag_deprecation("path")
+
+      require_relative "cli/check"
+      Check.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    map aliases_for("check")
+
+    desc "remove [GEM [GEM ...]]", "Removes gems from the Gemfile"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Removes the given gems from the Gemfile while ensuring that the resulting Gemfile is still valid. If the gem is not found, Bundler prints a error message and if gem could not be removed due to any reason Bundler will display a warning.
+    D
+    method_option "install", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Runs 'bundle install' after removing the gems from the Gemfile"
+    def remove(*gems)
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "The `--install` flag has been deprecated. `bundle install` is triggered by default.") if ARGV.include?("--install")
+      require_relative "cli/remove"
+      Remove.new(gems, options).run
+    end
+
+    desc "install [OPTIONS]", "Install the current environment to the system"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Install will install all of the gems in the current bundle, making them available
+      for use. In a freshly checked out repository, this command will give you the same
+      gem versions as the last person who updated the Gemfile and ran `bundle update`.
+
+      Passing [DIR] to install (e.g. vendor) will cause the unpacked gems to be installed
+      into the [DIR] directory rather than into system gems.
+
+      If the bundle has already been installed, bundler will tell you so and then exit.
+    D
+    method_option "binstubs", :type => :string, :lazy_default => "bin", :banner =>
+      "Generate bin stubs for bundled gems to ./bin"
+    method_option "clean", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Run bundle clean automatically after install"
+    method_option "deployment", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Install using defaults tuned for deployment environments"
+    method_option "frozen", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this install"
+    method_option "full-index", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Fall back to using the single-file index of all gems"
+    method_option "gemfile", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
+    method_option "jobs", :aliases => "-j", :type => :numeric, :banner =>
+      "Specify the number of jobs to run in parallel"
+    method_option "local", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead"
+    method_option "no-cache", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Don't update the existing gem cache."
+    method_option "redownload", :type => :boolean, :aliases => "--force", :banner =>
+      "Force downloading every gem."
+    method_option "no-prune", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Don't remove stale gems from the cache."
+    method_option "path", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME).#{" Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine" unless Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?}"
+    method_option "quiet", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Only output warnings and errors."
+    method_option "shebang", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Specify a different shebang executable name than the default (usually 'ruby')"
+    method_option "standalone", :type => :array, :lazy_default => [], :banner =>
+      "Make a bundle that can work without the Bundler runtime"
+    method_option "system", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Install to the system location ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME) even if the bundle was previously installed somewhere else for this application"
+    method_option "trust-policy", :alias => "P", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Gem trust policy (like gem install -P). Must be one of " +
+        Bundler.rubygems.security_policy_keys.join("|")
+    method_option "without", :type => :array, :banner =>
+      "Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group."
+    method_option "with", :type => :array, :banner =>
+      "Include gems that are part of the specified named group."
+    def install
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`") if ARGV.include?("--force")
+
+      %w[clean deployment frozen no-prune path shebang system without with].each do |option|
+        remembered_flag_deprecation(option)
+      end
+
+      remembered_negative_flag_deprecation("no-deployment")
+
+      require_relative "cli/install"
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:no_install => false) do
+        Install.new(options.dup).run
+      end
+    end
+
+    map aliases_for("install")
+
+    desc "update [OPTIONS]", "Update the current environment"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Update will install the newest versions of the gems listed in the Gemfile. Use
+      update when you have changed the Gemfile, or if you want to get the newest
+      possible versions of the gems in the bundle.
+    D
+    method_option "full-index", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Fall back to using the single-file index of all gems"
+    method_option "gemfile", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
+    method_option "group", :aliases => "-g", :type => :array, :banner =>
+      "Update a specific group"
+    method_option "jobs", :aliases => "-j", :type => :numeric, :banner =>
+      "Specify the number of jobs to run in parallel"
+    method_option "local", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead"
+    method_option "quiet", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Only output warnings and errors."
+    method_option "source", :type => :array, :banner =>
+      "Update a specific source (and all gems associated with it)"
+    method_option "redownload", :type => :boolean, :aliases => "--force", :banner =>
+      "Force downloading every gem."
+    method_option "ruby", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Update ruby specified in Gemfile.lock"
+    method_option "bundler", :type => :string, :lazy_default => "> 0.a", :banner =>
+      "Update the locked version of bundler"
+    method_option "patch", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Prefer updating only to next patch version"
+    method_option "minor", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Prefer updating only to next minor version"
+    method_option "major", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Prefer updating to next major version (default)"
+    method_option "strict", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Do not allow any gem to be updated past latest --patch | --minor | --major"
+    method_option "conservative", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow shared dependencies to be updated."
+    method_option "all", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Update everything."
+    def update(*gems)
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`") if ARGV.include?("--force")
+      require_relative "cli/update"
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:no_install => false) do
+        Update.new(options, gems).run
+      end
+    end
+
+    desc "show GEM [OPTIONS]", "Shows all gems that are part of the bundle, or the path to a given gem"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Show lists the names and versions of all gems that are required by your Gemfile.
+      Calling show with [GEM] will list the exact location of that gem on your machine.
+    D
+    method_option "paths", :type => :boolean,
+                           :banner => "List the paths of all gems that are required by your Gemfile."
+    method_option "outdated", :type => :boolean,
+                              :banner => "Show verbose output including whether gems are outdated."
+    def show(gem_name = nil)
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "the `--outdated` flag to `bundle show` was undocumented and will be removed without replacement") if ARGV.include?("--outdated")
+      require_relative "cli/show"
+      Show.new(options, gem_name).run
+    end
+
+    desc "list", "List all gems in the bundle"
+    method_option "name-only", :type => :boolean, :banner => "print only the gem names"
+    method_option "only-group", :type => :array, :default => [], :banner => "print gems from a given set of groups"
+    method_option "without-group", :type => :array, :default => [], :banner => "print all gems except from a given set of groups"
+    method_option "paths", :type => :boolean, :banner => "print the path to each gem in the bundle"
+    def list
+      require_relative "cli/list"
+      List.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    map aliases_for("list")
+
+    desc "info GEM [OPTIONS]", "Show information for the given gem"
+    method_option "path", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Print full path to gem"
+    method_option "version", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Print gem version"
+    def info(gem_name)
+      require_relative "cli/info"
+      Info.new(options, gem_name).run
+    end
+
+    desc "binstubs GEM [OPTIONS]", "Install the binstubs of the listed gem"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Generate binstubs for executables in [GEM]. Binstubs are put into bin,
+      or the --binstubs directory if one has been set. Calling binstubs with [GEM [GEM]]
+      will create binstubs for all given gems.
+    D
+    method_option "force", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "Overwrite existing binstubs if they exist"
+    method_option "path", :type => :string, :lazy_default => "bin", :banner =>
+      "Binstub destination directory (default bin)"
+    method_option "shebang", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Specify a different shebang executable name than the default (usually 'ruby')"
+    method_option "standalone", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Make binstubs that can work without the Bundler runtime"
+    method_option "all", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Install binstubs for all gems"
+    method_option "all-platforms", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "Install binstubs for all platforms"
+    def binstubs(*gems)
+      require_relative "cli/binstubs"
+      Binstubs.new(options, gems).run
+    end
+
+    desc "add GEM VERSION", "Add gem to Gemfile and run bundle install"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Adds the specified gem to Gemfile (if valid) and run 'bundle install' in one step.
+    D
+    method_option "version", :aliases => "-v", :type => :string
+    method_option "group", :aliases => "-g", :type => :string
+    method_option "source", :aliases => "-s", :type => :string
+    method_option "git", :type => :string
+    method_option "branch", :type => :string
+    method_option "skip-install", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Adds gem to the Gemfile but does not install it"
+    method_option "optimistic", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Adds optimistic declaration of version to gem"
+    method_option "strict", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Adds strict declaration of version to gem"
+    def add(*gems)
+      require_relative "cli/add"
+      Add.new(options.dup, gems).run
+    end
+
+    desc "outdated GEM [OPTIONS]", "List installed gems with newer versions available"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Outdated lists the names and versions of gems that have a newer version available
+      in the given source. Calling outdated with [GEM [GEM]] will only check for newer
+      versions of the given gems. Prerelease gems are ignored by default. If your gems
+      are up to date, Bundler will exit with a status of 0. Otherwise, it will exit 1.
+
+      For more information on patch level options (--major, --minor, --patch,
+      --update-strict) see documentation on the same options on the update command.
+    D
+    method_option "group", :type => :string, :banner => "List gems from a specific group"
+    method_option "groups", :type => :boolean, :banner => "List gems organized by groups"
+    method_option "local", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead"
+    method_option "pre", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Check for newer pre-release gems"
+    method_option "source", :type => :array, :banner => "Check against a specific source"
+    strict_is_update = Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?
+    method_option "filter-strict", :type => :boolean, :aliases => strict_is_update ? [] : %w[--strict], :banner =>
+      "Only list newer versions allowed by your Gemfile requirements"
+    method_option "update-strict", :type => :boolean, :aliases => strict_is_update ? %w[--strict] : [], :banner =>
+      "Strict conservative resolution, do not allow any gem to be updated past latest --patch | --minor | --major"
+    method_option "minor", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Prefer updating only to next minor version"
+    method_option "major", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Prefer updating to next major version (default)"
+    method_option "patch", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Prefer updating only to next patch version"
+    method_option "filter-major", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Only list major newer versions"
+    method_option "filter-minor", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Only list minor newer versions"
+    method_option "filter-patch", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Only list patch newer versions"
+    method_option "parseable", :aliases => "--porcelain", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Use minimal formatting for more parseable output"
+    method_option "only-explicit", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Only list gems specified in your Gemfile, not their dependencies"
+    def outdated(*gems)
+      require_relative "cli/outdated"
+      Outdated.new(options, gems).run
+    end
+
+    desc "fund [OPTIONS]", "Lists information about gems seeking funding assistance"
+    method_option "group", :aliases => "-g", :type => :array, :banner =>
+      "Fetch funding information for a specific group"
+    def fund
+      require_relative "cli/fund"
+      Fund.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    desc "cache [OPTIONS]", "Locks and then caches all of the gems into vendor/cache"
+    method_option "all",  :type => :boolean,
+                          :default => Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all?,
+                          :banner => "Include all sources (including path and git)."
+    method_option "all-platforms", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Include gems for all platforms present in the lockfile, not only the current one"
+    method_option "cache-path", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Specify a different cache path than the default (vendor/cache)."
+    method_option "gemfile", :type => :string, :banner => "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
+    method_option "no-install", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Don't install the gems, only update the cache."
+    method_option "no-prune", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Don't remove stale gems from the cache."
+    method_option "path", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Specify a different path than the system default ($BUNDLE_PATH or $GEM_HOME).#{" Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine" unless Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?}"
+    method_option "quiet", :type => :boolean, :banner => "Only output warnings and errors."
+    method_option "frozen", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this bundle cache operation's install"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      The cache command will copy the .gem files for every gem in the bundle into the
+      directory ./vendor/cache. If you then check that directory into your source
+      control repository, others who check out your source will be able to install the
+      bundle without having to download any additional gems.
+    D
+    def cache
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+        "The `--all` flag is deprecated because it relies on being " \
+        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler will no longer " \
+        "do in future versions. Instead please use `bundle config set cache_all true`, " \
+        "and stop using this flag" if ARGV.include?("--all")
+
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+        "The `--path` flag is deprecated because its semantics are unclear. " \
+        "Use `bundle config cache_path` to configure the path of your cache of gems, " \
+        "and `bundle config path` to configure the path where your gems are installed, " \
+        "and stop using this flag" if ARGV.include?("--path")
+
+      require_relative "cli/cache"
+      Cache.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    map aliases_for("cache")
+
+    desc "exec [OPTIONS]", "Run the command in context of the bundle"
+    method_option :keep_file_descriptors, :type => :boolean, :default => true
+    method_option :gemfile, :type => :string, :required => false
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Exec runs a command, providing it access to the gems in the bundle. While using
+      bundle exec you can require and call the bundled gems as if they were installed
+      into the system wide RubyGems repository.
+    D
+    def exec(*args)
+      if ARGV.include?("--no-keep-file-descriptors")
+        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, "The `--no-keep-file-descriptors` has been deprecated. `bundle exec` no longer mess with your file descriptors. Close them in the exec'd script if you need to")
+      end
+
+      require_relative "cli/exec"
+      Exec.new(options, args).run
+    end
+
+    map aliases_for("exec")
+
+    desc "config NAME [VALUE]", "Retrieve or set a configuration value"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Retrieves or sets a configuration value. If only one parameter is provided, retrieve the value. If two parameters are provided, replace the
+      existing value with the newly provided one.
+
+      By default, setting a configuration value sets it for all projects
+      on the machine.
+
+      If a global setting is superseded by local configuration, this command
+      will show the current value, as well as any superseded values and
+      where they were specified.
+    D
+    require_relative "cli/config"
+    subcommand "config", Config
+
+    desc "open GEM", "Opens the source directory of the given bundled gem"
+    def open(name)
+      require_relative "cli/open"
+      Open.new(options, name).run
+    end
+
+    unless Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+      desc "console [GROUP]", "Opens an IRB session with the bundle pre-loaded"
+      def console(group = nil)
+        require_relative "cli/console"
+        Console.new(options, group).run
+      end
+    end
+
+    desc "version", "Prints the bundler's version information"
+    def version
+      cli_help = current_command.name == "cli_help"
+      if cli_help || ARGV.include?("version")
+        build_info = " (#{BuildMetadata.built_at} commit #{BuildMetadata.git_commit_sha})"
+      end
+
+      if !cli_help && Bundler.feature_flag.print_only_version_number?
+        Bundler.ui.info "#{Bundler::VERSION}#{build_info}"
+      else
+        Bundler.ui.info "Bundler version #{Bundler::VERSION}#{build_info}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    map aliases_for("version")
+
+    desc "licenses", "Prints the license of all gems in the bundle"
+    def licenses
+      Bundler.load.specs.sort_by {|s| s.license.to_s }.reverse_each do |s|
+        gem_name = s.name
+        license  = s.license || s.licenses
+
+        if license.empty?
+          Bundler.ui.warn "#{gem_name}: Unknown"
+        else
+          Bundler.ui.info "#{gem_name}: #{license}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    unless Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+      desc "viz [OPTIONS]", "Generates a visual dependency graph", :hide => true
+      long_desc <<-D
+        Viz generates a PNG file of the current Gemfile as a dependency graph.
+        Viz requires the ruby-graphviz gem (and its dependencies).
+        The associated gems must also be installed via 'bundle install'.
+      D
+      method_option :file, :type => :string, :default => "gem_graph", :aliases => "-f", :desc => "The name to use for the generated file. see format option"
+      method_option :format, :type => :string, :default => "png", :aliases => "-F", :desc => "This is output format option. Supported format is png, jpg, svg, dot ..."
+      method_option :requirements, :type => :boolean, :default => false, :aliases => "-R", :desc => "Set to show the version of each required dependency."
+      method_option :version, :type => :boolean, :default => false, :aliases => "-v", :desc => "Set to show each gem version."
+      method_option :without, :type => :array, :default => [], :aliases => "-W", :banner => "GROUP[ GROUP...]", :desc => "Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group."
+      def viz
+        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "The `viz` command has been renamed to `graph` and moved to a plugin. See https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph"
+        require_relative "cli/viz"
+        Viz.new(options.dup).run
+      end
+    end
+
+    old_gem = instance_method(:gem)
+
+    desc "gem NAME [OPTIONS]", "Creates a skeleton for creating a rubygem"
+    method_option :exe, :type => :boolean, :default => false, :aliases => ["--bin", "-b"], :desc => "Generate a binary executable for your library."
+    method_option :coc, :type => :boolean, :desc => "Generate a code of conduct file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.coc true`."
+    method_option :edit, :type => :string, :aliases => "-e", :required => false, :banner => "EDITOR",
+                         :lazy_default => [ENV["BUNDLER_EDITOR"], ENV["VISUAL"], ENV["EDITOR"]].find {|e| !e.nil? && !e.empty? },
+                         :desc => "Open generated gemspec in the specified editor (defaults to $EDITOR or $BUNDLER_EDITOR)"
+    method_option :ext, :type => :boolean, :default => false, :desc => "Generate the boilerplate for C extension code"
+    method_option :git, :type => :boolean, :default => true, :desc => "Initialize a git repo inside your library."
+    method_option :mit, :type => :boolean, :desc => "Generate an MIT license file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.mit true`."
+    method_option :rubocop, :type => :boolean, :desc => "Add rubocop to the generated Rakefile and gemspec. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.rubocop true`."
+    method_option :changelog, :type => :boolean, :desc => "Generate changelog file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.changelog true`."
+    method_option :test, :type => :string, :lazy_default => Bundler.settings["gem.test"] || "", :aliases => "-t", :banner => "Use the specified test framework for your library",
+                         :desc => "Generate a test directory for your library, either rspec, minitest or test-unit. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.test (rspec|minitest|test-unit)`."
+    method_option :ci, :type => :string, :lazy_default => Bundler.settings["gem.ci"] || "",
+                       :desc => "Generate CI configuration, either GitHub Actions, Travis CI, GitLab CI or CircleCI. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.ci (github|travis|gitlab|circle)`"
+    method_option :linter, :type => :string, :lazy_default => Bundler.settings["gem.linter"] || "",
+                           :desc => "Add a linter and code formatter, either RuboCop or Standard. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.linter (rubocop|standard)`"
+    method_option :github_username, :type => :string, :default => Bundler.settings["gem.github_username"], :banner => "Set your username on GitHub", :desc => "Fill in GitHub username on README so that you don't have to do it manually. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.github_username <your_username>`."
+
+    def gem(name)
+    end
+
+    commands["gem"].tap do |gem_command|
+      def gem_command.run(instance, args = [])
+        arity = 1 # name
+
+        require_relative "cli/gem"
+        cmd_args = args + [instance]
+        cmd_args.unshift(instance.options)
+
+        cmd = begin
+          Gem.new(*cmd_args)
+        rescue ArgumentError => e
+          instance.class.handle_argument_error(self, e, args, arity)
+        end
+
+        cmd.run
+      end
+    end
+
+    undef_method(:gem)
+    define_method(:gem, old_gem)
+    private :gem
+
+    def self.source_root
+      File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "templates"))
+    end
+
+    desc "clean [OPTIONS]", "Cleans up unused gems in your bundler directory", :hide => true
+    method_option "dry-run", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "Only print out changes, do not clean gems"
+    method_option "force", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "Forces clean even if --path is not set"
+    def clean
+      require_relative "cli/clean"
+      Clean.new(options.dup).run
+    end
+
+    desc "platform [OPTIONS]", "Displays platform compatibility information"
+    method_option "ruby", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "only display ruby related platform information"
+    def platform
+      require_relative "cli/platform"
+      Platform.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    desc "inject GEM VERSION", "Add the named gem, with version requirements, to the resolved Gemfile", :hide => true
+    method_option "source", :type => :string, :banner =>
+     "Install gem from the given source"
+    method_option "group", :type => :string, :banner =>
+     "Install gem into a bundler group"
+    def inject(name, version)
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "The `inject` command has been replaced by the `add` command"
+      require_relative "cli/inject"
+      Inject.new(options.dup, name, version).run
+    end
+
+    desc "lock", "Creates a lockfile without installing"
+    method_option "update", :type => :array, :lazy_default => true, :banner =>
+      "ignore the existing lockfile, update all gems by default, or update list of given gems"
+    method_option "local", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "do not attempt to fetch remote gemspecs and use the local gem cache only"
+    method_option "print", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "print the lockfile to STDOUT instead of writing to the file system"
+    method_option "gemfile", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
+    method_option "lockfile", :type => :string, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "the path the lockfile should be written to"
+    method_option "full-index", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
+      "Fall back to using the single-file index of all gems"
+    method_option "add-platform", :type => :array, :default => [], :banner =>
+      "Add a new platform to the lockfile"
+    method_option "remove-platform", :type => :array, :default => [], :banner =>
+      "Remove a platform from the lockfile"
+    method_option "patch", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "If updating, prefer updating only to next patch version"
+    method_option "minor", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "If updating, prefer updating only to next minor version"
+    method_option "major", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "If updating, prefer updating to next major version (default)"
+    method_option "strict", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "If updating, do not allow any gem to be updated past latest --patch | --minor | --major"
+    method_option "conservative", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "If updating, use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow shared dependencies to be updated"
+    def lock
+      require_relative "cli/lock"
+      Lock.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    desc "env", "Print information about the environment Bundler is running under"
+    def env
+      Env.write($stdout)
+    end
+
+    desc "doctor [OPTIONS]", "Checks the bundle for common problems"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Doctor scans the OS dependencies of each of the gems requested in the Gemfile. If
+      missing dependencies are detected, Bundler prints them and exits status 1.
+      Otherwise, Bundler prints a success message and exits with a status of 0.
+    D
+    method_option "gemfile", :type => :string, :banner =>
+      "Use the specified gemfile instead of Gemfile"
+    method_option "quiet", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+        "Only output warnings and errors."
+    def doctor
+      require_relative "cli/doctor"
+      Doctor.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    desc "issue", "Learn how to report an issue in Bundler"
+    def issue
+      require_relative "cli/issue"
+      Issue.new.run
+    end
+
+    desc "pristine [GEMS...]", "Restores installed gems to pristine condition"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Restores installed gems to pristine condition from files located in the
+      gem cache. Gems installed from a git repository will be issued `git
+      checkout --force`.
+    D
+    def pristine(*gems)
+      require_relative "cli/pristine"
+      Pristine.new(gems).run
+    end
+
+    if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+      require_relative "cli/plugin"
+      desc "plugin", "Manage the bundler plugins"
+      subcommand "plugin", Plugin
+    end
+
+    # Reformat the arguments passed to bundle that include a --help flag
+    # into the corresponding `bundle help #{command}` call
+    def self.reformatted_help_args(args)
+      bundler_commands = (COMMAND_ALIASES.keys + COMMAND_ALIASES.values).flatten
+
+      help_flags = %w[--help -h]
+      exec_commands = ["exec"] + COMMAND_ALIASES["exec"]
+
+      help_used = args.index {|a| help_flags.include? a }
+      exec_used = args.index {|a| exec_commands.include? a }
+
+      command = args.find {|a| bundler_commands.include? a }
+      command = all_aliases[command] if all_aliases[command]
+
+      if exec_used && help_used
+        if exec_used + help_used == 1
+          %w[help exec]
+        else
+          args
+        end
+      elsif help_used
+        args = args.dup
+        args.delete_at(help_used)
+        ["help", command || args].flatten.compact
+      else
+        args
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Automatically invoke `bundle install` and resume if
+    # Bundler.settings[:auto_install] exists. This is set through config cmd
+    # `bundle config set --global auto_install 1`.
+    #
+    # Note that this method `nil`s out the global Definition object, so it
+    # should be called first, before you instantiate anything like an
+    # `Installer` that'll keep a reference to the old one instead.
+    def auto_install
+      return unless Bundler.settings[:auto_install]
+
+      begin
+        Bundler.definition.specs
+      rescue GemNotFound
+        Bundler.ui.info "Automatically installing missing gems."
+        Bundler.reset!
+        invoke :install, []
+        Bundler.reset!
+      end
+    end
+
+    def current_command
+      _, _, config = @_initializer
+      config[:current_command]
+    end
+
+    def print_command
+      return unless Bundler.ui.debug?
+      cmd = current_command
+      command_name = cmd.name
+      return if PARSEABLE_COMMANDS.include?(command_name)
+      command = ["bundle", command_name] + args
+      options_to_print = options.dup
+      options_to_print.delete_if do |k, v|
+        next unless o = cmd.options[k]
+        o.default == v
+      end
+      command << Thor::Options.to_switches(options_to_print.sort_by(&:first)).strip
+      command.reject!(&:empty?)
+      Bundler.ui.info "Running `#{command * " "}` with bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}"
+    end
+
+    def warn_on_outdated_bundler
+      return if Bundler.settings[:disable_version_check]
+
+      command_name = current_command.name
+      return if PARSEABLE_COMMANDS.include?(command_name)
+
+      return unless SharedHelpers.md5_available?
+
+      latest = Fetcher::CompactIndex.
+               new(nil, Source::Rubygems::Remote.new(Bundler::URI("https://rubygems.org")), nil).
+               send(:compact_index_client).
+               instance_variable_get(:@cache).
+               dependencies("bundler").
+               map {|d| Gem::Version.new(d.first) }.
+               max
+      return unless latest
+
+      current = Gem::Version.new(VERSION)
+      return if current >= latest
+      latest_installed = Bundler.rubygems.find_name("bundler").map(&:version).max
+
+      installation = "To install the latest version, run `gem install bundler#{" --pre" if latest.prerelease?}`"
+      if latest_installed && latest_installed > current
+        suggestion = "To update to the most recent installed version (#{latest_installed}), run `bundle update --bundler`"
+        suggestion = "#{installation}\n#{suggestion}" if latest_installed < latest
+      else
+        suggestion = installation
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.warn "The latest bundler is #{latest}, but you are currently running #{current}.\n#{suggestion}"
+    rescue RuntimeError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def remembered_negative_flag_deprecation(name)
+      positive_name = name.gsub(/\Ano-/, "")
+      option = current_command.options[positive_name]
+      flag_name = "--no-" + option.switch_name.gsub(/\A--/, "")
+
+      flag_deprecation(positive_name, flag_name, option)
+    end
+
+    def remembered_flag_deprecation(name)
+      option = current_command.options[name]
+      flag_name = option.switch_name
+
+      flag_deprecation(name, flag_name, option)
+    end
+
+    def flag_deprecation(name, flag_name, option)
+      name_index = ARGV.find {|arg| flag_name == arg.split("=")[0] }
+      return unless name_index
+
+      value = options[name]
+      value = value.join(" ").to_s if option.type == :array
+
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+        "The `#{flag_name}` flag is deprecated because it relies on being " \
+        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler will no longer " \
+        "do in future versions. Instead please use `bundle config set --local #{name.tr("-", "_")} " \
+        "'#{value}'`, and stop using this flag"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5bcf30d82d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Add
+    attr_reader :gems, :options, :version
+
+    def initialize(options, gems)
+      @gems = gems
+      @options = options
+      @options[:group] = options[:group].split(",").map(&:strip) unless options[:group].nil?
+      @version = options[:version].split(",").map(&:strip) unless options[:version].nil?
+    end
+
+    def run
+      validate_options!
+      inject_dependencies
+      perform_bundle_install unless options["skip-install"]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def perform_bundle_install
+      Installer.install(Bundler.root, Bundler.definition)
+      Bundler.load.cache if Bundler.app_cache.exist?
+    end
+
+    def inject_dependencies
+      dependencies = gems.map {|g| Bundler::Dependency.new(g, version, options) }
+
+      Injector.inject(dependencies,
+        :conservative_versioning => options[:version].nil?, # Perform conservative versioning only when version is not specified
+        :optimistic => options[:optimistic],
+        :strict => options[:strict])
+    end
+
+    def validate_options!
+      raise InvalidOption, "You can not specify `--strict` and `--optimistic` at the same time." if options[:strict] && options[:optimistic]
+
+      # raise error when no gems are specified
+      raise InvalidOption, "Please specify gems to add." if gems.empty?
+
+      version.to_a.each do |v|
+        raise InvalidOption, "Invalid gem requirement pattern '#{v}'" unless Gem::Requirement::PATTERN =~ v.to_s
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/binstubs.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/binstubs.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..639c01ff39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/binstubs.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Binstubs
+    attr_reader :options, :gems
+    def initialize(options, gems)
+      @options = options
+      @gems = gems
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
+      path_option = options["path"]
+      path_option = nil if path_option && path_option.empty?
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :bin, path_option if options["path"]
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :shebang, options["shebang"]
+      installer = Installer.new(Bundler.root, Bundler.definition)
+
+      installer_opts = {
+        :force => options[:force],
+        :binstubs_cmd => true,
+        :all_platforms => options["all-platforms"],
+      }
+
+      if options[:all]
+        raise InvalidOption, "Cannot specify --all with specific gems" unless gems.empty?
+        @gems = Bundler.definition.specs.map(&:name)
+        installer_opts.delete(:binstubs_cmd)
+      elsif gems.empty?
+        Bundler.ui.error "`bundle binstubs` needs at least one gem to run."
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      gems.each do |gem_name|
+        spec = Bundler.definition.specs.find {|s| s.name == gem_name }
+        unless spec
+          raise GemNotFound, Bundler::CLI::Common.gem_not_found_message(
+            gem_name, Bundler.definition.specs
+          )
+        end
+
+        if options[:standalone]
+          next Bundler.ui.warn("Sorry, Bundler can only be run via RubyGems.") if gem_name == "bundler"
+          Bundler.settings.temporary(:path => (Bundler.settings[:path] || Bundler.root)) do
+            installer.generate_standalone_bundler_executable_stubs(spec, installer_opts)
+          end
+        else
+          installer.generate_bundler_executable_stubs(spec, installer_opts)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/cache.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/cache.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c8698ed7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/cache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Cache
+    attr_reader :options
+
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.level = "warn" if options[:quiet]
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :path, options[:path]
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :cache_path, options["cache-path"]
+
+      setup_cache_all
+      install
+
+      # TODO: move cache contents here now that all bundles are locked
+      custom_path = Bundler.settings[:path] if options[:path]
+
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:cache_all_platforms => options["all-platforms"]) do
+        Bundler.load.cache(custom_path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def install
+      require_relative "install"
+      options = self.options.dup
+      options["local"] = false if Bundler.settings[:cache_all_platforms]
+      options["no-cache"] = true
+      Bundler::CLI::Install.new(options).run
+    end
+
+    def setup_cache_all
+      all = options.fetch(:all, Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all? || nil)
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :cache_all, all
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/check.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/check.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65c51337d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/check.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Check
+    attr_reader :options
+
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :path, options[:path]
+
+      definition = Bundler.definition
+      definition.validate_runtime!
+
+      begin
+        definition.resolve_only_locally!
+        not_installed = definition.missing_specs
+      rescue GemNotFound, VersionConflict
+        Bundler.ui.error "Bundler can't satisfy your Gemfile's dependencies."
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Install missing gems with `bundle install`."
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      if not_installed.any?
+        Bundler.ui.error "The following gems are missing"
+        not_installed.each {|s| Bundler.ui.error " * #{s.name} (#{s.version})" }
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Install missing gems with `bundle install`"
+        exit 1
+      elsif !Bundler.default_lockfile.file? && Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        Bundler.ui.error "This bundle has been frozen, but there is no #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} present"
+        exit 1
+      else
+        Bundler.load.lock(:preserve_unknown_sections => true) unless options[:"dry-run"]
+        Bundler.ui.info "The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/clean.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/clean.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6b0968e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/clean.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Clean
+    attr_reader :options
+
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      require_path_or_force unless options[:"dry-run"]
+      Bundler.load.clean(options[:"dry-run"])
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    def require_path_or_force
+      return unless Bundler.use_system_gems? && !options[:force]
+      raise InvalidOption, "Cleaning all the gems on your system is dangerous! " \
+        "If you're sure you want to remove every system gem not in this " \
+        "bundle, run `bundle clean --force`."
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba259143b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module CLI::Common
+    def self.output_post_install_messages(messages)
+      return if Bundler.settings["ignore_messages"]
+      messages.to_a.each do |name, msg|
+        print_post_install_message(name, msg) unless Bundler.settings["ignore_messages.#{name}"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.print_post_install_message(name, msg)
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Post-install message from #{name}:"
+      Bundler.ui.info msg
+    end
+
+    def self.output_fund_metadata_summary
+      definition = Bundler.definition
+      current_dependencies = definition.requested_dependencies
+      current_specs = definition.specs
+
+      count = current_dependencies.count {|dep| current_specs[dep.name].first.metadata.key?("funding_uri") }
+
+      return if count.zero?
+
+      intro = count > 1 ? "#{count} installed gems you directly depend on are" : "#{count} installed gem you directly depend on is"
+      message = "#{intro} looking for funding.\n  Run `bundle fund` for details"
+      Bundler.ui.info message
+    end
+
+    def self.output_without_groups_message(command)
+      return if Bundler.settings[:without].empty?
+      Bundler.ui.confirm without_groups_message(command)
+    end
+
+    def self.without_groups_message(command)
+      command_in_past_tense = command == :install ? "installed" : "updated"
+      groups = Bundler.settings[:without]
+      "Gems in the #{verbalize_groups(groups)} were not #{command_in_past_tense}."
+    end
+
+    def self.verbalize_groups(groups)
+      groups.map!{|g| "'#{g}'" }
+      group_list = [groups[0...-1].join(", "), groups[-1..-1]].
+        reject {|s| s.to_s.empty? }.join(" and ")
+      group_str = groups.size == 1 ? "group" : "groups"
+      "#{group_str} #{group_list}"
+    end
+
+    def self.select_spec(name, regex_match = nil)
+      specs = []
+      regexp = Regexp.new(name) if regex_match
+
+      Bundler.definition.specs.each do |spec|
+        return spec if spec.name == name
+        specs << spec if regexp && spec.name =~ regexp
+      end
+
+      case specs.count
+      when 0
+        dep_in_other_group = Bundler.definition.current_dependencies.find {|dep|dep.name == name }
+
+        if dep_in_other_group
+          raise GemNotFound, "Could not find gem '#{name}', because it's in the #{verbalize_groups(dep_in_other_group.groups)}, configured to be ignored."
+        else
+          raise GemNotFound, gem_not_found_message(name, Bundler.definition.dependencies)
+        end
+      when 1
+        specs.first
+      else
+        ask_for_spec_from(specs)
+      end
+    rescue RegexpError
+      raise GemNotFound, gem_not_found_message(name, Bundler.definition.dependencies)
+    end
+
+    def self.ask_for_spec_from(specs)
+      specs.each_with_index do |spec, index|
+        Bundler.ui.info "#{index.succ} : #{spec.name}", true
+      end
+      Bundler.ui.info "0 : - exit -", true
+
+      num = Bundler.ui.ask("> ").to_i
+      num > 0 ? specs[num - 1] : nil
+    end
+
+    def self.gem_not_found_message(missing_gem_name, alternatives)
+      require_relative "../similarity_detector"
+      message = "Could not find gem '#{missing_gem_name}'."
+      alternate_names = alternatives.map {|a| a.respond_to?(:name) ? a.name : a }
+      suggestions = SimilarityDetector.new(alternate_names).similar_word_list(missing_gem_name)
+      message += "\nDid you mean #{suggestions}?" if suggestions
+      message
+    end
+
+    def self.ensure_all_gems_in_lockfile!(names, locked_gems = Bundler.locked_gems)
+      return unless locked_gems
+
+      locked_names = locked_gems.specs.map(&:name).uniq
+      names.-(locked_names).each do |g|
+        raise GemNotFound, gem_not_found_message(g, locked_names)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.configure_gem_version_promoter(definition, options)
+      patch_level = patch_level_options(options)
+      patch_level << :patch if patch_level.empty? && Bundler.settings[:prefer_patch]
+      raise InvalidOption, "Provide only one of the following options: #{patch_level.join(", ")}" unless patch_level.length <= 1
+
+      definition.gem_version_promoter.tap do |gvp|
+        gvp.level = patch_level.first || :major
+        gvp.strict = options[:strict] || options["update-strict"] || options["filter-strict"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.patch_level_options(options)
+      [:major, :minor, :patch].select {|v| options.keys.include?(v.to_s) }
+    end
+
+    def self.clean_after_install?
+      clean = Bundler.settings[:clean]
+      return clean unless clean.nil?
+      clean ||= Bundler.feature_flag.auto_clean_without_path? && Bundler.settings[:path].nil?
+      clean &&= !Bundler.use_system_gems?
+      clean
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/config.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/config.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d2aba0916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/config.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Config < Thor
+    class_option :parseable, :type => :boolean, :banner => "Use minimal formatting for more parseable output"
+
+    def self.scope_options
+      method_option :global, :type => :boolean, :banner => "Only change the global config"
+      method_option :local, :type => :boolean, :banner => "Only change the local config"
+    end
+    private_class_method :scope_options
+
+    desc "base NAME [VALUE]", "The Bundler 1 config interface", :hide => true
+    scope_options
+    method_option :delete, :type => :boolean, :banner => "delete"
+    def base(name = nil, *value)
+      new_args =
+        if ARGV.size == 1
+          ["config", "list"]
+        elsif ARGV.include?("--delete")
+          ARGV.map {|arg| arg == "--delete" ? "unset" : arg }
+        elsif ARGV.include?("--global") || ARGV.include?("--local") || ARGV.size == 3
+          ["config", "set", *ARGV[1..-1]]
+        else
+          ["config", "get", ARGV[1]]
+        end
+
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 3,
+        "Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle #{new_args.join(" ")}` instead."
+
+      Base.new(options, name, value, self).run
+    end
+
+    desc "list", "List out all configured settings"
+    def list
+      Base.new(options, nil, nil, self).run
+    end
+
+    desc "get NAME", "Returns the value for the given key"
+    def get(name)
+      Base.new(options, name, nil, self).run
+    end
+
+    desc "set NAME VALUE", "Sets the given value for the given key"
+    scope_options
+    def set(name, value, *value_)
+      Base.new(options, name, value_.unshift(value), self).run
+    end
+
+    desc "unset NAME", "Unsets the value for the given key"
+    scope_options
+    def unset(name)
+      options[:delete] = true
+      Base.new(options, name, nil, self).run
+    end
+
+    default_task :base
+
+    class Base
+      attr_reader :name, :value, :options, :scope, :thor
+
+      def initialize(options, name, value, thor)
+        @options = options
+        @name = name
+        value = Array(value)
+        @value = value.empty? ? nil : value.join(" ")
+        @thor = thor
+        validate_scope!
+      end
+
+      def run
+        unless name
+          warn_unused_scope "Ignoring --#{scope}"
+          confirm_all
+          return
+        end
+
+        if options[:delete]
+          if !explicit_scope? || scope != "global"
+            Bundler.settings.set_local(name, nil)
+          end
+          if !explicit_scope? || scope != "local"
+            Bundler.settings.set_global(name, nil)
+          end
+          return
+        end
+
+        if value.nil?
+          warn_unused_scope "Ignoring --#{scope} since no value to set was given"
+
+          if options[:parseable]
+            if value = Bundler.settings[name]
+              Bundler.ui.info("#{name}=#{value}")
+            end
+            return
+          end
+
+          confirm(name)
+          return
+        end
+
+        Bundler.ui.info(message) if message
+        Bundler.settings.send("set_#{scope}", name, new_value)
+      end
+
+      def confirm_all
+        if @options[:parseable]
+          thor.with_padding do
+            Bundler.settings.all.each do |setting|
+              val = Bundler.settings[setting]
+              Bundler.ui.info "#{setting}=#{val}"
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          Bundler.ui.confirm "Settings are listed in order of priority. The top value will be used.\n"
+          Bundler.settings.all.each do |setting|
+            Bundler.ui.confirm setting
+            show_pretty_values_for(setting)
+            Bundler.ui.confirm ""
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def confirm(name)
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "Settings for `#{name}` in order of priority. The top value will be used"
+        show_pretty_values_for(name)
+      end
+
+      def new_value
+        pathname = Pathname.new(value)
+        if name.start_with?("local.") && pathname.directory?
+          pathname.expand_path.to_s
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def message
+        locations = Bundler.settings.locations(name)
+        if @options[:parseable]
+          "#{name}=#{new_value}" if new_value
+        elsif scope == "global"
+          if !locations[:local].nil?
+            "Your application has set #{name} to #{locations[:local].inspect}. " \
+              "This will override the global value you are currently setting"
+          elsif locations[:env]
+            "You have a bundler environment variable for #{name} set to " \
+              "#{locations[:env].inspect}. This will take precedence over the global value you are setting"
+          elsif !locations[:global].nil? && locations[:global] != value
+            "You are replacing the current global value of #{name}, which is currently " \
+              "#{locations[:global].inspect}"
+          end
+        elsif scope == "local" && !locations[:local].nil? && locations[:local] != value
+          "You are replacing the current local value of #{name}, which is currently " \
+            "#{locations[:local].inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def show_pretty_values_for(setting)
+        thor.with_padding do
+          Bundler.settings.pretty_values_for(setting).each do |line|
+            Bundler.ui.info line
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def explicit_scope?
+        @explicit_scope
+      end
+
+      def warn_unused_scope(msg)
+        return unless explicit_scope?
+        return if options[:parseable]
+
+        Bundler.ui.warn(msg)
+      end
+
+      def validate_scope!
+        @explicit_scope = true
+        scopes = %w[global local].select {|s| options[s] }
+        case scopes.size
+        when 0
+          @scope = "global"
+          @explicit_scope = false
+        when 1
+          @scope = scopes.first
+        else
+          raise InvalidOption,
+            "The options #{scopes.join " and "} were specified. Please only use one of the switches at a time."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97b8dc0663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Console
+    attr_reader :options, :group
+    def initialize(options, group)
+      @options = options
+      @group = group
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "bundle console will be replaced " \
+                           "by `bin/console` generated by `bundle gem <name>`"
+
+      group ? Bundler.require(:default, *group.split(" ").map!(&:to_sym)) : Bundler.require
+      ARGV.clear
+
+      console = get_console(Bundler.settings[:console] || "irb")
+      console.start
+    end
+
+    def get_console(name)
+      require name
+      get_constant(name)
+    rescue LoadError
+      Bundler.ui.error "Couldn't load console #{name}, falling back to irb"
+      require "irb"
+      get_constant("irb")
+    end
+
+    def get_constant(name)
+      const_name = {
+        "pry"  => :Pry,
+        "ripl" => :Ripl,
+        "irb"  => :IRB,
+      }[name]
+      Object.const_get(const_name)
+    rescue NameError
+      Bundler.ui.error "Could not find constant #{const_name}"
+      exit 1
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/doctor.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/doctor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43f1ca92e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/doctor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rbconfig"
+require "shellwords"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Doctor
+    DARWIN_REGEX = /\s+(.+) \(compatibility /.freeze
+    LDD_REGEX = /\t\S+ => (\S+) \(\S+\)/.freeze
+
+    attr_reader :options
+
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def otool_available?
+      Bundler.which("otool")
+    end
+
+    def ldd_available?
+      Bundler.which("ldd")
+    end
+
+    def dylibs_darwin(path)
+      output = `/usr/bin/otool -L #{path.shellescape}`.chomp
+      dylibs = output.split("\n")[1..-1].map {|l| l.match(DARWIN_REGEX).captures[0] }.uniq
+      # ignore @rpath and friends
+      dylibs.reject {|dylib| dylib.start_with? "@" }
+    end
+
+    def dylibs_ldd(path)
+      output = `/usr/bin/ldd #{path.shellescape}`.chomp
+      output.split("\n").map do |l|
+        match = l.match(LDD_REGEX)
+        next if match.nil?
+        match.captures[0]
+      end.compact
+    end
+
+    def dylibs(path)
+      case RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
+      when /darwin/
+        return [] unless otool_available?
+        dylibs_darwin(path)
+      when /(linux|solaris|bsd)/
+        return [] unless ldd_available?
+        dylibs_ldd(path)
+      else # Windows, etc.
+        Bundler.ui.warn("Dynamic library check not supported on this platform.")
+        []
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bundles_for_gem(spec)
+      Dir.glob("#{spec.full_gem_path}/**/*.bundle")
+    end
+
+    def check!
+      require_relative "check"
+      Bundler::CLI::Check.new({}).run
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.level = "warn" if options[:quiet]
+      Bundler.settings.validate!
+      check!
+
+      definition = Bundler.definition
+      broken_links = {}
+
+      definition.specs.each do |spec|
+        bundles_for_gem(spec).each do |bundle|
+          bad_paths = dylibs(bundle).select {|f| !File.exist?(f) }
+          if bad_paths.any?
+            broken_links[spec] ||= []
+            broken_links[spec].concat(bad_paths)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      permissions_valid = check_home_permissions
+
+      if broken_links.any?
+        message = "The following gems are missing OS dependencies:"
+        broken_links.map do |spec, paths|
+          paths.uniq.map do |path|
+            "\n * #{spec.name}: #{path}"
+          end
+        end.flatten.sort.each {|m| message += m }
+        raise ProductionError, message
+      elsif !permissions_valid
+        Bundler.ui.info "No issues found with the installed bundle"
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def check_home_permissions
+      require "find"
+      files_not_readable_or_writable = []
+      files_not_rw_and_owned_by_different_user = []
+      files_not_owned_by_current_user_but_still_rw = []
+      broken_symlinks = []
+      Find.find(Bundler.bundle_path.to_s).each do |f|
+        if !File.exist?(f)
+          broken_symlinks << f
+        elsif !File.writable?(f) || !File.readable?(f)
+          if File.stat(f).uid != Process.uid
+            files_not_rw_and_owned_by_different_user << f
+          else
+            files_not_readable_or_writable << f
+          end
+        elsif File.stat(f).uid != Process.uid
+          files_not_owned_by_current_user_but_still_rw << f
+        end
+      end
+
+      ok = true
+
+      if broken_symlinks.any?
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Broken links exist in the Bundler home. Please report them to the offending gem's upstream repo. These files are:\n - #{broken_symlinks.join("\n - ")}"
+
+        ok = false
+      end
+
+      if files_not_owned_by_current_user_but_still_rw.any?
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Files exist in the Bundler home that are owned by another " \
+          "user, but are still readable/writable. These files are:\n - #{files_not_owned_by_current_user_but_still_rw.join("\n - ")}"
+
+        ok = false
+      end
+
+      if files_not_rw_and_owned_by_different_user.any?
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Files exist in the Bundler home that are owned by another " \
+          "user, and are not readable/writable. These files are:\n - #{files_not_rw_and_owned_by_different_user.join("\n - ")}"
+
+        ok = false
+      end
+
+      if files_not_readable_or_writable.any?
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Files exist in the Bundler home that are not " \
+          "readable/writable by the current user. These files are:\n - #{files_not_readable_or_writable.join("\n - ")}"
+
+        ok = false
+      end
+
+      ok
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42b602a055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../current_ruby"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Exec
+    attr_reader :options, :args, :cmd
+
+    TRAPPED_SIGNALS = %w[INT].freeze
+
+    def initialize(options, args)
+      @options = options
+      @cmd = args.shift
+      @args = args
+      @args << { :close_others => !options.keep_file_descriptors? } unless Bundler.current_ruby.jruby?
+    end
+
+    def run
+      validate_cmd!
+      SharedHelpers.set_bundle_environment
+      if bin_path = Bundler.which(cmd)
+        if !Bundler.settings[:disable_exec_load] && ruby_shebang?(bin_path)
+          return kernel_load(bin_path, *args)
+        end
+        kernel_exec(bin_path, *args)
+      else
+        # exec using the given command
+        kernel_exec(cmd, *args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def validate_cmd!
+      return unless cmd.nil?
+      Bundler.ui.error "bundler: exec needs a command to run"
+      exit 128
+    end
+
+    def kernel_exec(*args)
+      Kernel.exec(*args)
+    rescue Errno::EACCES, Errno::ENOEXEC
+      Bundler.ui.error "bundler: not executable: #{cmd}"
+      exit 126
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      Bundler.ui.error "bundler: command not found: #{cmd}"
+      Bundler.ui.warn "Install missing gem executables with `bundle install`"
+      exit 127
+    end
+
+    def kernel_load(file, *args)
+      args.pop if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+      ARGV.replace(args)
+      $0 = file
+      Process.setproctitle(process_title(file, args)) if Process.respond_to?(:setproctitle)
+      require_relative "../setup"
+      TRAPPED_SIGNALS.each {|s| trap(s, "DEFAULT") }
+      Kernel.load(file)
+    rescue SystemExit, SignalException
+      raise
+    rescue Exception # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
+      Bundler.ui.error "bundler: failed to load command: #{cmd} (#{file})"
+      Bundler::FriendlyErrors.disable!
+      raise
+    end
+
+    def process_title(file, args)
+      "#{file} #{args.join(" ")}".strip
+    end
+
+    def ruby_shebang?(file)
+      possibilities = [
+        "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\n",
+        "#!/usr/bin/env jruby\n",
+        "#!/usr/bin/env truffleruby\n",
+        "#!#{Gem.ruby}\n",
+      ]
+
+      if File.zero?(file)
+        Bundler.ui.warn "#{file} is empty"
+        return false
+      end
+
+      first_line = File.open(file, "rb") {|f| f.read(possibilities.map(&:size).max) }
+      possibilities.any? {|shebang| first_line.start_with?(shebang) }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/fund.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/fund.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52db5aef68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/fund.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Fund
+    attr_reader :options
+
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
+
+      groups = Array(options[:group]).map(&:to_sym)
+
+      deps = if groups.any?
+        Bundler.definition.dependencies_for(groups)
+      else
+        Bundler.definition.current_dependencies
+      end
+
+      fund_info = deps.each_with_object([]) do |dep, arr|
+        spec = Bundler.definition.specs[dep.name].first
+        if spec.metadata.key?("funding_uri")
+          arr << "* #{spec.name} (#{spec.version})\n  Funding: #{spec.metadata["funding_uri"]}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      if fund_info.empty?
+        Bundler.ui.info "None of the installed gems you directly depend on are looking for funding."
+      else
+        Bundler.ui.info fund_info.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a74325fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI
+    Bundler.require_thor_actions
+    include Thor::Actions
+  end
+
+  class CLI::Gem
+    TEST_FRAMEWORK_VERSIONS = {
+      "rspec" => "3.0",
+      "minitest" => "5.0",
+      "test-unit" => "3.0",
+    }.freeze
+
+    attr_reader :options, :gem_name, :thor, :name, :target
+
+    def initialize(options, gem_name, thor)
+      @options = options
+      @gem_name = resolve_name(gem_name)
+
+      @thor = thor
+      thor.behavior = :invoke
+      thor.destination_root = nil
+
+      @name = @gem_name
+      @target = SharedHelpers.pwd.join(gem_name)
+
+      validate_ext_name if options[:ext]
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Creating gem '#{name}'..."
+
+      underscored_name = name.tr("-", "_")
+      namespaced_path = name.tr("-", "/")
+      constant_name = name.gsub(/-[_-]*(?![_-]|$)/) { "::" }.gsub(/([_-]+|(::)|^)(.|$)/) { $2.to_s + $3.upcase }
+      constant_array = constant_name.split("::")
+
+      use_git = Bundler.git_present? && options[:git]
+
+      git_author_name = use_git ? `git config user.name`.chomp : ""
+      git_username = use_git ? `git config github.user`.chomp : ""
+      git_user_email = use_git ? `git config user.email`.chomp : ""
+
+      github_username = if options[:github_username].nil?
+        git_username
+      elsif options[:github_username] == false
+        ""
+      else
+        options[:github_username]
+      end
+
+      config = {
+        :name             => name,
+        :underscored_name => underscored_name,
+        :namespaced_path  => namespaced_path,
+        :makefile_path    => "#{underscored_name}/#{underscored_name}",
+        :constant_name    => constant_name,
+        :constant_array   => constant_array,
+        :author           => git_author_name.empty? ? "TODO: Write your name" : git_author_name,
+        :email            => git_user_email.empty? ? "TODO: Write your email address" : git_user_email,
+        :test             => options[:test],
+        :ext              => options[:ext],
+        :exe              => options[:exe],
+        :bundler_version  => bundler_dependency_version,
+        :git              => use_git,
+        :github_username  => github_username.empty? ? "[USERNAME]" : github_username,
+        :required_ruby_version => required_ruby_version,
+      }
+      ensure_safe_gem_name(name, constant_array)
+
+      templates = {
+        "#{Bundler.preferred_gemfile_name}.tt" => Bundler.preferred_gemfile_name,
+        "lib/newgem.rb.tt" => "lib/#{namespaced_path}.rb",
+        "lib/newgem/version.rb.tt" => "lib/#{namespaced_path}/version.rb",
+        "sig/newgem.rbs.tt" => "sig/#{namespaced_path}.rbs",
+        "newgem.gemspec.tt" => "#{name}.gemspec",
+        "Rakefile.tt" => "Rakefile",
+        "README.md.tt" => "README.md",
+        "bin/console.tt" => "bin/console",
+        "bin/setup.tt" => "bin/setup",
+      }
+
+      executables = %w[
+        bin/console
+        bin/setup
+      ]
+
+      templates.merge!("gitignore.tt" => ".gitignore") if use_git
+
+      if test_framework = ask_and_set_test_framework
+        config[:test] = test_framework
+        config[:test_framework_version] = TEST_FRAMEWORK_VERSIONS[test_framework]
+
+        case test_framework
+        when "rspec"
+          templates.merge!(
+            "rspec.tt" => ".rspec",
+            "spec/spec_helper.rb.tt" => "spec/spec_helper.rb",
+            "spec/newgem_spec.rb.tt" => "spec/#{namespaced_path}_spec.rb"
+          )
+          config[:test_task] = :spec
+        when "minitest"
+          templates.merge!(
+            "test/minitest/test_helper.rb.tt" => "test/test_helper.rb",
+            "test/minitest/newgem_test.rb.tt" => "test/#{namespaced_path}_test.rb"
+          )
+          config[:test_task] = :test
+        when "test-unit"
+          templates.merge!(
+            "test/test-unit/test_helper.rb.tt" => "test/test_helper.rb",
+            "test/test-unit/newgem_test.rb.tt" => "test/#{namespaced_path}_test.rb"
+          )
+          config[:test_task] = :test
+        end
+      end
+
+      config[:ci] = ask_and_set_ci
+      case config[:ci]
+      when "github"
+        templates.merge!("github/workflows/main.yml.tt" => ".github/workflows/main.yml")
+      when "travis"
+        templates.merge!("travis.yml.tt" => ".travis.yml")
+      when "gitlab"
+        templates.merge!("gitlab-ci.yml.tt" => ".gitlab-ci.yml")
+      when "circle"
+        templates.merge!("circleci/config.yml.tt" => ".circleci/config.yml")
+      end
+
+      if ask_and_set(:mit, "Do you want to license your code permissively under the MIT license?",
+        "This means that any other developer or company will be legally allowed to use your code " \
+        "for free as long as they admit you created it. You can read more about the MIT license " \
+        "at https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit.")
+        config[:mit] = true
+        Bundler.ui.info "MIT License enabled in config"
+        templates.merge!("LICENSE.txt.tt" => "LICENSE.txt")
+      end
+
+      if ask_and_set(:coc, "Do you want to include a code of conduct in gems you generate?",
+        "Codes of conduct can increase contributions to your project by contributors who " \
+        "prefer collaborative, safe spaces. You can read more about the code of conduct at " \
+        "contributor-covenant.org. Having a code of conduct means agreeing to the responsibility " \
+        "of enforcing it, so be sure that you are prepared to do that. Be sure that your email " \
+        "address is specified as a contact in the generated code of conduct so that people know " \
+        "who to contact in case of a violation. For suggestions about " \
+        "how to enforce codes of conduct, see https://bit.ly/coc-enforcement.")
+        config[:coc] = true
+        Bundler.ui.info "Code of conduct enabled in config"
+        templates.merge!("CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt" => "CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md")
+      end
+
+      if ask_and_set(:changelog, "Do you want to include a changelog?",
+        "A changelog is a file which contains a curated, chronologically ordered list of notable " \
+        "changes for each version of a project. To make it easier for users and contributors to" \
+        " see precisely what notable changes have been made between each release (or version) of" \
+        " the project. Whether consumers or developers, the end users of software are" \
+        " human beings who care about what's in the software. When the software changes, people " \
+        "want to know why and how. see https://keepachangelog.com")
+        config[:changelog] = true
+        Bundler.ui.info "Changelog enabled in config"
+        templates.merge!("CHANGELOG.md.tt" => "CHANGELOG.md")
+      end
+
+      config[:linter] = ask_and_set_linter
+      case config[:linter]
+      when "rubocop"
+        config[:linter_version] = rubocop_version
+        Bundler.ui.info "RuboCop enabled in config"
+        templates.merge!("rubocop.yml.tt" => ".rubocop.yml")
+      when "standard"
+        config[:linter_version] = standard_version
+        Bundler.ui.info "Standard enabled in config"
+        templates.merge!("standard.yml.tt" => ".standard.yml")
+      end
+
+      templates.merge!("exe/newgem.tt" => "exe/#{name}") if config[:exe]
+
+      if options[:ext]
+        templates.merge!(
+          "ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt" => "ext/#{name}/extconf.rb",
+          "ext/newgem/newgem.h.tt" => "ext/#{name}/#{underscored_name}.h",
+          "ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt" => "ext/#{name}/#{underscored_name}.c"
+        )
+      end
+
+      if target.exist? && !target.directory?
+        Bundler.ui.error "Couldn't create a new gem named `#{gem_name}` because there's an existing file named `#{gem_name}`."
+        exit Bundler::BundlerError.all_errors[Bundler::GenericSystemCallError]
+      end
+
+      if use_git
+        Bundler.ui.info "Initializing git repo in #{target}"
+        require "shellwords"
+        `git init #{target.to_s.shellescape}`
+
+        config[:git_default_branch] = File.read("#{target}/.git/HEAD").split("/").last.chomp
+      end
+
+      templates.each do |src, dst|
+        destination = target.join(dst)
+        thor.template("newgem/#{src}", destination, config)
+      end
+
+      executables.each do |file|
+        path = target.join(file)
+        executable = (path.stat.mode | 0o111)
+        path.chmod(executable)
+      end
+
+      if use_git
+        Dir.chdir(target) do
+          `git add .`
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Open gemspec in editor
+      open_editor(options["edit"], target.join("#{name}.gemspec")) if options[:edit]
+
+      Bundler.ui.info "Gem '#{name}' was successfully created. " \
+        "For more information on making a RubyGem visit https://bundler.io/guides/creating_gem.html"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def resolve_name(name)
+      SharedHelpers.pwd.join(name).basename.to_s
+    end
+
+    def ask_and_set(key, header, message)
+      choice = options[key]
+      choice = Bundler.settings["gem.#{key}"] if choice.nil?
+
+      if choice.nil?
+        Bundler.ui.confirm header
+        choice = Bundler.ui.yes? "#{message} y/(n):"
+        Bundler.settings.set_global("gem.#{key}", choice)
+      end
+
+      choice
+    end
+
+    def validate_ext_name
+      return unless gem_name.index("-")
+
+      Bundler.ui.error "You have specified a gem name which does not conform to the \n" \
+                       "naming guidelines for C extensions. For more information, \n" \
+                       "see the 'Extension Naming' section at the following URL:\n" \
+                       "https://guides.rubygems.org/gems-with-extensions/\n"
+      exit 1
+    end
+
+    def ask_and_set_test_framework
+      test_framework = options[:test] || Bundler.settings["gem.test"]
+
+      if test_framework.to_s.empty?
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "Do you want to generate tests with your gem?"
+        Bundler.ui.info hint_text("test")
+
+        result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a test framework. rspec/minitest/test-unit/(none):"
+        if result =~ /rspec|minitest|test-unit/
+          test_framework = result
+        else
+          test_framework = false
+        end
+      end
+
+      if Bundler.settings["gem.test"].nil?
+        Bundler.settings.set_global("gem.test", test_framework)
+      end
+
+      if options[:test] == Bundler.settings["gem.test"]
+        Bundler.ui.info "#{options[:test]} is already configured, ignoring --test flag."
+      end
+
+      test_framework
+    end
+
+    def hint_text(setting)
+      if Bundler.settings["gem.#{setting}"] == false
+        "Your choice will only be applied to this gem."
+      else
+        "Future `bundle gem` calls will use your choice. " \
+        "This setting can be changed anytime with `bundle config gem.#{setting}`."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ask_and_set_ci
+      ci_template = options[:ci] || Bundler.settings["gem.ci"]
+
+      if ci_template.to_s.empty?
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "Do you want to set up continuous integration for your gem? " \
+          "Supported services:\n" \
+          "* CircleCI:       https://circleci.com/\n" \
+          "* GitHub Actions: https://github.com/features/actions\n" \
+          "* GitLab CI:      https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/\n" \
+          "* Travis CI:      https://travis-ci.org/\n" \
+          "\n"
+        Bundler.ui.info hint_text("ci")
+
+        result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a CI service. github/travis/gitlab/circle/(none):"
+        if result =~ /github|travis|gitlab|circle/
+          ci_template = result
+        else
+          ci_template = false
+        end
+      end
+
+      if Bundler.settings["gem.ci"].nil?
+        Bundler.settings.set_global("gem.ci", ci_template)
+      end
+
+      if options[:ci] == Bundler.settings["gem.ci"]
+        Bundler.ui.info "#{options[:ci]} is already configured, ignoring --ci flag."
+      end
+
+      ci_template
+    end
+
+    def ask_and_set_linter
+      linter_template = options[:linter] || Bundler.settings["gem.linter"]
+      linter_template = deprecated_rubocop_option if linter_template.nil?
+
+      if linter_template.to_s.empty?
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "Do you want to add a code linter and formatter to your gem? " \
+          "Supported Linters:\n" \
+          "* RuboCop:       https://rubocop.org\n" \
+          "* Standard:      https://github.com/testdouble/standard\n" \
+          "\n"
+        Bundler.ui.info hint_text("linter")
+
+        result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a linter. rubocop/standard/(none):"
+        if result =~ /rubocop|standard/
+          linter_template = result
+        else
+          linter_template = false
+        end
+      end
+
+      if Bundler.settings["gem.linter"].nil?
+        Bundler.settings.set_global("gem.linter", linter_template)
+      end
+
+      # Once gem.linter safely set, unset the deprecated gem.rubocop
+      unless Bundler.settings["gem.rubocop"].nil?
+        Bundler.settings.set_global("gem.rubocop", nil)
+      end
+
+      if options[:linter] == Bundler.settings["gem.linter"]
+        Bundler.ui.info "#{options[:linter]} is already configured, ignoring --linter flag."
+      end
+
+      linter_template
+    end
+
+    def deprecated_rubocop_option
+      if !options[:rubocop].nil?
+        if options[:rubocop]
+          Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "--rubocop is deprecated, use --linter=rubocop"
+          "rubocop"
+        else
+          Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "--no-rubocop is deprecated, use --linter"
+          false
+        end
+      elsif !Bundler.settings["gem.rubocop"].nil?
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+          "config gem.rubocop is deprecated; we've updated your config to use gem.linter instead"
+        Bundler.settings["gem.rubocop"] ? "rubocop" : false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bundler_dependency_version
+      v = Gem::Version.new(Bundler::VERSION)
+      req = v.segments[0..1]
+      req << "a" if v.prerelease?
+      req.join(".")
+    end
+
+    def ensure_safe_gem_name(name, constant_array)
+      if name =~ /^\d/
+        Bundler.ui.error "Invalid gem name #{name} Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      constant_name = constant_array.join("::")
+
+      existing_constant = constant_array.inject(Object) do |c, s|
+        defined = begin
+          c.const_defined?(s)
+        rescue NameError
+          Bundler.ui.error "Invalid gem name #{name} -- `#{constant_name}` is an invalid constant name"
+          exit 1
+        end
+        (defined && c.const_get(s)) || break
+      end
+
+      return unless existing_constant
+      Bundler.ui.error "Invalid gem name #{name} constant #{constant_name} is already in use. Please choose another gem name."
+      exit 1
+    end
+
+    def open_editor(editor, file)
+      thor.run(%(#{editor} "#{file}"))
+    end
+
+    def required_ruby_version
+      if Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.4.a") then "2.3.0"
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.5.a") then "2.4.0"
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.6.a") then "2.5.0"
+      else
+        "2.6.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def rubocop_version
+      if Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.4.a") then "0.81.0"
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.5.a") then "1.12"
+      else
+        "1.21"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def standard_version
+      if Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.4.a") then "0.2.5"
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.5.a") then "1.0"
+      else
+        "1.3"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/info.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/info.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76c8cf60c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/info.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Info
+    attr_reader :gem_name, :options
+    def initialize(options, gem_name)
+      @options = options
+      @gem_name = gem_name
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.silence do
+        Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
+        Bundler.load.lock
+      end
+
+      spec = spec_for_gem(gem_name)
+
+      if spec
+        return print_gem_path(spec) if @options[:path]
+        return print_gem_version(spec) if @options[:version]
+        print_gem_info(spec)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def spec_for_gem(gem_name)
+      spec = Bundler.definition.specs.find {|s| s.name == gem_name }
+      spec || default_gem_spec(gem_name) || Bundler::CLI::Common.select_spec(gem_name, :regex_match)
+    end
+
+    def default_gem_spec(gem_name)
+      return unless Gem::Specification.respond_to?(:find_all_by_name)
+      gem_spec = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(gem_name).last
+      return gem_spec if gem_spec && gem_spec.respond_to?(:default_gem?) && gem_spec.default_gem?
+    end
+
+    def spec_not_found(gem_name)
+      raise GemNotFound, Bundler::CLI::Common.gem_not_found_message(gem_name, Bundler.definition.dependencies)
+    end
+
+    def print_gem_version(spec)
+      Bundler.ui.info spec.version.to_s
+    end
+
+    def print_gem_path(spec)
+      name = spec.name
+      if name == "bundler"
+        path = File.expand_path("../../../..", __FILE__)
+      else
+        path = spec.full_gem_path
+        if spec.deleted_gem?
+          return Bundler.ui.warn "The gem #{name} has been deleted. It was installed at: #{path}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.info path
+    end
+
+    def print_gem_info(spec)
+      metadata = spec.metadata
+      name = spec.name
+      gem_info = String.new
+      gem_info << "  * #{name} (#{spec.version}#{spec.git_version})\n"
+      gem_info << "\tSummary: #{spec.summary}\n" if spec.summary
+      gem_info << "\tHomepage: #{spec.homepage}\n" if spec.homepage
+      gem_info << "\tDocumentation: #{metadata["documentation_uri"]}\n" if metadata.key?("documentation_uri")
+      gem_info << "\tSource Code: #{metadata["source_code_uri"]}\n" if metadata.key?("source_code_uri")
+      gem_info << "\tFunding: #{metadata["funding_uri"]}\n" if metadata.key?("funding_uri")
+      gem_info << "\tWiki: #{metadata["wiki_uri"]}\n" if metadata.key?("wiki_uri")
+      gem_info << "\tChangelog: #{metadata["changelog_uri"]}\n" if metadata.key?("changelog_uri")
+      gem_info << "\tBug Tracker: #{metadata["bug_tracker_uri"]}\n" if metadata.key?("bug_tracker_uri")
+      gem_info << "\tMailing List: #{metadata["mailing_list_uri"]}\n" if metadata.key?("mailing_list_uri")
+      gem_info << "\tPath: #{spec.full_gem_path}\n"
+      gem_info << "\tDefault Gem: yes" if spec.respond_to?(:default_gem?) && spec.default_gem?
+
+      if name != "bundler" && spec.deleted_gem?
+        return Bundler.ui.warn "The gem #{name} has been deleted. Gemspec information is still available though:\n#{gem_info}"
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.info gem_info
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/init.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/init.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d851d02d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/init.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Init
+    attr_reader :options
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      if File.exist?(gemfile)
+        Bundler.ui.error "#{gemfile} already exists at #{File.expand_path(gemfile)}"
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      unless File.writable?(Dir.pwd)
+        Bundler.ui.error "Can not create #{gemfile} as the current directory is not writable."
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      if options[:gemspec]
+        gemspec = File.expand_path(options[:gemspec])
+        unless File.exist?(gemspec)
+          Bundler.ui.error "Gem specification #{gemspec} doesn't exist"
+          exit 1
+        end
+
+        spec = Bundler.load_gemspec_uncached(gemspec)
+
+        File.open(gemfile, "wb") do |file|
+          file << "# Generated from #{gemspec}\n"
+          file << spec.to_gemfile
+        end
+      else
+        FileUtils.cp(File.expand_path("../../templates/#{gemfile}", __FILE__), gemfile)
+      end
+
+      puts "Writing new #{gemfile} to #{SharedHelpers.pwd}/#{gemfile}"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def gemfile
+      @gemfile ||= Bundler.preferred_gemfile_name
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/inject.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/inject.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8093a85283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/inject.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Inject
+    attr_reader :options, :name, :version, :group, :source, :gems
+    def initialize(options, name, version)
+      @options = options
+      @name = name
+      @version = version || last_version_number
+      @group = options[:group].split(",") unless options[:group].nil?
+      @source = options[:source]
+      @gems = []
+    end
+
+    def run
+      # The required arguments allow Thor to give useful feedback when the arguments
+      # are incorrect. This adds those first two arguments onto the list as a whole.
+      gems.unshift(source).unshift(group).unshift(version).unshift(name)
+
+      # Build an array of Dependency objects out of the arguments
+      deps = []
+      # when `inject` support addition of more than one gem, then this loop will
+      # help. Currently this loop is running once.
+      gems.each_slice(4) do |gem_name, gem_version, gem_group, gem_source|
+        ops = Gem::Requirement::OPS.map {|key, _val| key }
+        has_op = ops.any? {|op| gem_version.start_with? op }
+        gem_version = "~> #{gem_version}" unless has_op
+        deps << Bundler::Dependency.new(gem_name, gem_version, "group" => gem_group, "source" => gem_source)
+      end
+
+      added = Injector.inject(deps, options)
+
+      if added.any?
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "Added to Gemfile:"
+        Bundler.ui.confirm(added.map do |d|
+          name = "'#{d.name}'"
+          requirement = ", '#{d.requirement}'"
+          group = ", :group => #{d.groups.inspect}" if d.groups != Array(:default)
+          source = ", :source => '#{d.source}'" unless d.source.nil?
+          %(gem #{name}#{requirement}#{group}#{source})
+        end.join("\n"))
+      else
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "All gems were already present in the Gemfile"
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def last_version_number
+      definition = Bundler.definition(true)
+      definition.resolve_remotely!
+      specs = definition.index[name].sort_by(&:version)
+      unless options[:pre]
+        specs.delete_if {|b| b.respond_to?(:version) && b.version.prerelease? }
+      end
+      spec = specs.last
+      spec.version.to_s
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c1915fea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Install
+    attr_reader :options
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.level = "warn" if options[:quiet]
+
+      warn_if_root
+
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "RB_USER_INSTALL", "1" if Bundler::FREEBSD
+
+      # Disable color in deployment mode
+      Bundler.ui.shell = Thor::Shell::Basic.new if options[:deployment]
+
+      check_for_options_conflicts
+
+      check_trust_policy
+
+      if options[:deployment] || options[:frozen] || Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        unless Bundler.default_lockfile.exist?
+          flag   = "--deployment flag" if options[:deployment]
+          flag ||= "--frozen flag"     if options[:frozen]
+          flag ||= "deployment setting"
+          raise ProductionError, "The #{flag} requires a #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)}. Please make " \
+                                 "sure you have checked your #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} into version control " \
+                                 "before deploying."
+        end
+
+        options[:local] = true if Bundler.app_cache.exist?
+
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :deployment, true if options[:deployment]
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :frozen, true if options[:frozen]
+      end
+
+      # When install is called with --no-deployment, disable deployment mode
+      if options[:deployment] == false
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :frozen, nil
+        options[:system] = true
+      end
+
+      normalize_settings
+
+      Bundler::Fetcher.disable_endpoint = options["full-index"]
+
+      if options["binstubs"]
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+          "The --binstubs option will be removed in favor of `bundle binstubs --all`"
+      end
+
+      Plugin.gemfile_install(Bundler.default_gemfile) if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+
+      definition = Bundler.definition
+      definition.validate_runtime!
+
+      installer = Installer.install(Bundler.root, definition, options)
+
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:cache_all_platforms => options[:local] ? false : Bundler.settings[:cache_all_platforms]) do
+        Bundler.load.cache(nil, options[:local]) if Bundler.app_cache.exist? && !options["no-cache"] && !Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Bundle complete! #{dependencies_count_for(definition)}, #{gems_installed_for(definition)}."
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.output_without_groups_message(:install)
+
+      if Bundler.use_system_gems?
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "Use `bundle info [gemname]` to see where a bundled gem is installed."
+      else
+        relative_path = Bundler.configured_bundle_path.base_path_relative_to_pwd
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "Bundled gems are installed into `#{relative_path}`"
+      end
+
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.output_post_install_messages installer.post_install_messages
+
+      warn_ambiguous_gems
+
+      if CLI::Common.clean_after_install?
+        require_relative "clean"
+        Bundler::CLI::Clean.new(options).run
+      end
+
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.output_fund_metadata_summary
+    rescue Gem::InvalidSpecificationException
+      Bundler.ui.warn "You have one or more invalid gemspecs that need to be fixed."
+      raise
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def warn_if_root
+      return if Bundler.settings[:silence_root_warning] || Gem.win_platform? || !Process.uid.zero?
+      Bundler.ui.warn "Don't run Bundler as root. Bundler can ask for sudo " \
+        "if it is needed, and installing your bundle as root will break this " \
+        "application for all non-root users on this machine.", :wrap => true
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_count_for(definition)
+      count = definition.dependencies.count
+      "#{count} Gemfile #{count == 1 ? "dependency" : "dependencies"}"
+    end
+
+    def gems_installed_for(definition)
+      count = definition.specs.count
+      "#{count} #{count == 1 ? "gem" : "gems"} now installed"
+    end
+
+    def check_for_group_conflicts_in_cli_options
+      conflicting_groups = Array(options[:without]) & Array(options[:with])
+      return if conflicting_groups.empty?
+      raise InvalidOption, "You can't list a group in both with and without." \
+        " The offending groups are: #{conflicting_groups.join(", ")}."
+    end
+
+    def check_for_options_conflicts
+      if (options[:path] || options[:deployment]) && options[:system]
+        error_message = String.new
+        error_message << "You have specified both --path as well as --system. Please choose only one option.\n" if options[:path]
+        error_message << "You have specified both --deployment as well as --system. Please choose only one option.\n" if options[:deployment]
+        raise InvalidOption.new(error_message)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_trust_policy
+      trust_policy = options["trust-policy"]
+      unless Bundler.rubygems.security_policies.keys.unshift(nil).include?(trust_policy)
+        raise InvalidOption, "RubyGems doesn't know about trust policy '#{trust_policy}'. " \
+          "The known policies are: #{Bundler.rubygems.security_policies.keys.join(", ")}."
+      end
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :"trust-policy", trust_policy
+    end
+
+    def normalize_groups
+      options[:with] &&= options[:with].join(":").tr(" ", ":").split(":")
+      options[:without] &&= options[:without].join(":").tr(" ", ":").split(":")
+
+      check_for_group_conflicts_in_cli_options
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :with, nil if options[:with] == []
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :without, nil if options[:without] == []
+
+      with = options.fetch(:with, [])
+      with |= Bundler.settings[:with].map(&:to_s)
+      with -= options[:without] if options[:without]
+
+      without = options.fetch(:without, [])
+      without |= Bundler.settings[:without].map(&:to_s)
+      without -= options[:with] if options[:with]
+
+      options[:with]    = with
+      options[:without] = without
+
+      unless Bundler.settings[:without] == options[:without] && Bundler.settings[:with] == options[:with]
+        # need to nil them out first to get around validation for backwards compatibility
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :without, nil
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :with,    nil
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :without, options[:without] - options[:with]
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :with,    options[:with]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def normalize_settings
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :path, nil if options[:system]
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:path_relative_to_cwd => false) do
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :path, "vendor/bundle" if Bundler.settings[:deployment] && Bundler.settings[:path].nil?
+      end
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :path, options[:path]
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:path_relative_to_cwd => false) do
+        Bundler.settings.set_command_option :path, "bundle" if options["standalone"] && Bundler.settings[:path].nil?
+      end
+
+      bin_option = options["binstubs"]
+      bin_option = nil if bin_option && bin_option.empty?
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :bin, bin_option if options["binstubs"]
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :shebang, options["shebang"]
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :jobs, options["jobs"]
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :no_prune, options["no-prune"]
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :no_install, options["no-install"]
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :clean, options["clean"]
+
+      normalize_groups
+
+      options[:force] = options[:redownload]
+    end
+
+    def warn_ambiguous_gems
+      # TODO: remove this when we drop Bundler 1.x support
+      Installer.ambiguous_gems.to_a.each do |name, installed_from_uri, *also_found_in_uris|
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Warning: the gem '#{name}' was found in multiple sources."
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Installed from: #{installed_from_uri}"
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Also found in:"
+        also_found_in_uris.each {|uri| Bundler.ui.warn "  * #{uri}" }
+        Bundler.ui.warn "You should add a source requirement to restrict this gem to your preferred source."
+        Bundler.ui.warn "For example:"
+        Bundler.ui.warn "    gem '#{name}', :source => '#{installed_from_uri}'"
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Then uninstall the gem '#{name}' (or delete all bundled gems) and then install again."
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/issue.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/issue.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b891ecb1d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/issue.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rbconfig"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Issue
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.info <<-EOS.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
+        Did you find an issue with Bundler? Before filing a new issue,
+        be sure to check out these resources:
+
+        1. Check out our troubleshooting guide for quick fixes to common issues:
+        https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md
+
+        2. Instructions for common Bundler uses can be found on the documentation
+        site: https://bundler.io/
+
+        3. Information about each Bundler command can be found in the Bundler
+        man pages: https://bundler.io/man/bundle.1.html
+
+        Hopefully the troubleshooting steps above resolved your problem!  If things
+        still aren't working the way you expect them to, please let us know so
+        that we can diagnose and help fix the problem you're having, by filling
+        in the new issue form located at
+        https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md,
+        and copy and pasting the information below.
+
+      EOS
+
+      Bundler.ui.info Bundler::Env.report
+
+      Bundler.ui.info "\n## Bundle Doctor"
+      doctor
+    end
+
+    def doctor
+      require_relative "doctor"
+      Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({}).run
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/list.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/list.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f56bf5b86a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/list.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::List
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+      @without_group = options["without-group"].map(&:to_sym)
+      @only_group = options["only-group"].map(&:to_sym)
+    end
+
+    def run
+      raise InvalidOption, "The `--only-group` and `--without-group` options cannot be used together" if @only_group.any? && @without_group.any?
+
+      raise InvalidOption, "The `--name-only` and `--paths` options cannot be used together" if @options["name-only"] && @options[:paths]
+
+      specs = if @only_group.any? || @without_group.any?
+        filtered_specs_by_groups
+      else
+        begin
+          Bundler.load.specs
+        rescue GemNotFound => e
+          Bundler.ui.error e.message
+          Bundler.ui.warn "Install missing gems with `bundle install`."
+          exit 1
+        end
+      end.reject {|s| s.name == "bundler" }.sort_by(&:name)
+
+      return Bundler.ui.info "No gems in the Gemfile" if specs.empty?
+
+      return specs.each {|s| Bundler.ui.info s.name } if @options["name-only"]
+      return specs.each {|s| Bundler.ui.info s.full_gem_path } if @options["paths"]
+
+      Bundler.ui.info "Gems included by the bundle:"
+
+      specs.each {|s| Bundler.ui.info "  * #{s.name} (#{s.version}#{s.git_version})" }
+
+      Bundler.ui.info "Use `bundle info` to print more detailed information about a gem"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def verify_group_exists(groups)
+      (@without_group + @only_group).each do |group|
+        raise InvalidOption, "`#{group}` group could not be found." unless groups.include?(group)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def filtered_specs_by_groups
+      definition = Bundler.definition
+      groups = definition.groups
+
+      verify_group_exists(groups)
+
+      show_groups =
+        if @without_group.any?
+          groups.reject {|g| @without_group.include?(g) }
+        elsif @only_group.any?
+          groups.select {|g| @only_group.include?(g) }
+        else
+          groups
+        end.map(&:to_sym)
+
+      definition.specs_for(show_groups)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d613a6644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Lock
+    attr_reader :options
+
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      unless Bundler.default_gemfile
+        Bundler.ui.error "Unable to find a Gemfile to lock"
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      print = options[:print]
+      ui = Bundler.ui
+      Bundler.ui = UI::Silent.new if print
+
+      Bundler::Fetcher.disable_endpoint = options["full-index"]
+
+      update = options[:update]
+      conservative = options[:conservative]
+
+      if update.is_a?(Array) # unlocking specific gems
+        Bundler::CLI::Common.ensure_all_gems_in_lockfile!(update)
+        update = { :gems => update, :conservative => conservative }
+      elsif update
+        update = { :conservative => conservative } if conservative
+      end
+      definition = Bundler.definition(update)
+
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.configure_gem_version_promoter(Bundler.definition, options) if options[:update]
+
+      options["remove-platform"].each do |platform|
+        definition.remove_platform(platform)
+      end
+
+      options["add-platform"].each do |platform_string|
+        platform = Gem::Platform.new(platform_string)
+        if platform.to_s == "unknown"
+          Bundler.ui.warn "The platform `#{platform_string}` is unknown to RubyGems " \
+            "and adding it will likely lead to resolution errors"
+        end
+        definition.add_platform(platform)
+      end
+
+      if definition.platforms.empty?
+        raise InvalidOption, "Removing all platforms from the bundle is not allowed"
+      end
+
+      definition.resolve_remotely! unless options[:local]
+
+      if print
+        puts definition.to_lock
+      else
+        file = options[:lockfile]
+        file = file ? File.expand_path(file) : Bundler.default_lockfile
+        puts "Writing lockfile to #{file}"
+        definition.lock(file)
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui = ui
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/open.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/open.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea504344f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/open.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Open
+    attr_reader :options, :name
+    def initialize(options, name)
+      @options = options
+      @name = name
+    end
+
+    def run
+      editor = [ENV["BUNDLER_EDITOR"], ENV["VISUAL"], ENV["EDITOR"]].find {|e| !e.nil? && !e.empty? }
+      return Bundler.ui.info("To open a bundled gem, set $EDITOR or $BUNDLER_EDITOR") unless editor
+      return unless spec = Bundler::CLI::Common.select_spec(name, :regex_match)
+      if spec.default_gem?
+        Bundler.ui.info "Unable to open #{name} because it's a default gem, so the directory it would normally be installed to does not exist."
+      else
+        path = spec.full_gem_path
+        Dir.chdir(path) do
+          require "shellwords"
+          command = Shellwords.split(editor) + [path]
+          Bundler.with_original_env do
+            system(*command)
+          end || Bundler.ui.info("Could not run '#{command.join(" ")}'")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5183b060b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Outdated
+    attr_reader :options, :gems, :options_include_groups, :filter_options_patch, :sources, :strict
+    attr_accessor :outdated_gems
+
+    def initialize(options, gems)
+      @options = options
+      @gems = gems
+      @sources = Array(options[:source])
+
+      @filter_options_patch = options.keys & %w[filter-major filter-minor filter-patch]
+
+      @outdated_gems = []
+
+      @options_include_groups = [:group, :groups].any? do |v|
+        options.keys.include?(v.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # the patch level options imply strict is also true. It wouldn't make
+      # sense otherwise.
+      @strict = options["filter-strict"] || Bundler::CLI::Common.patch_level_options(options).any?
+    end
+
+    def run
+      check_for_deployment_mode!
+
+      gems.each do |gem_name|
+        Bundler::CLI::Common.select_spec(gem_name)
+      end
+
+      Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
+      current_specs = Bundler.ui.silence { Bundler.definition.resolve }
+
+      current_dependencies = Bundler.ui.silence do
+        Bundler.load.dependencies.map {|dep| [dep.name, dep] }.to_h
+      end
+
+      definition = if gems.empty? && sources.empty?
+        # We're doing a full update
+        Bundler.definition(true)
+      else
+        Bundler.definition(:gems => gems, :sources => sources)
+      end
+
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.configure_gem_version_promoter(
+        Bundler.definition,
+        options
+      )
+
+      definition_resolution = proc do
+        options[:local] ? definition.resolve_with_cache! : definition.resolve_remotely!
+      end
+
+      if options[:parseable]
+        Bundler.ui.silence(&definition_resolution)
+      else
+        definition_resolution.call
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.info ""
+
+      # Loop through the current specs
+      gemfile_specs, dependency_specs = current_specs.partition do |spec|
+        current_dependencies.key? spec.name
+      end
+
+      specs = if options["only-explicit"]
+        gemfile_specs
+      else
+        gemfile_specs + dependency_specs
+      end
+
+      specs.sort_by(&:name).uniq(&:name).each do |current_spec|
+        next unless gems.empty? || gems.include?(current_spec.name)
+
+        active_spec = retrieve_active_spec(definition, current_spec)
+        next unless active_spec
+
+        next unless filter_options_patch.empty? || update_present_via_semver_portions(current_spec, active_spec, options)
+
+        gem_outdated = Gem::Version.new(active_spec.version) > Gem::Version.new(current_spec.version)
+        next unless gem_outdated || (current_spec.git_version != active_spec.git_version)
+
+        dependency = current_dependencies[current_spec.name]
+        groups = ""
+        if dependency && !options[:parseable]
+          groups = dependency.groups.join(", ")
+        end
+
+        outdated_gems << {
+          :active_spec => active_spec,
+          :current_spec => current_spec,
+          :dependency => dependency,
+          :groups => groups,
+        }
+      end
+
+      if outdated_gems.empty?
+        unless options[:parseable]
+          Bundler.ui.info(nothing_outdated_message)
+        end
+      else
+        if options_include_groups
+          relevant_outdated_gems = outdated_gems.group_by {|g| g[:groups] }.sort.flat_map do |groups, gems|
+            contains_group = groups.split(", ").include?(options[:group])
+            next unless options[:groups] || contains_group
+
+            gems
+          end.compact
+
+          if options[:parseable]
+            relevant_outdated_gems.each do |gems|
+              print_gems(gems)
+            end
+          else
+            print_gems_table(relevant_outdated_gems)
+          end
+        elsif options[:parseable]
+          print_gems(outdated_gems)
+        else
+          print_gems_table(outdated_gems)
+        end
+
+        exit 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def groups_text(group_text, groups)
+      "#{group_text}#{groups.split(",").size > 1 ? "s" : ""} \"#{groups}\""
+    end
+
+    def nothing_outdated_message
+      if filter_options_patch.any?
+        display = filter_options_patch.map do |o|
+          o.sub("filter-", "")
+        end.join(" or ")
+
+        "No #{display} updates to display.\n"
+      else
+        "Bundle up to date!\n"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def retrieve_active_spec(definition, current_spec)
+      active_spec = definition.resolve.find_by_name_and_platform(current_spec.name, current_spec.platform)
+      return unless active_spec
+
+      return active_spec if strict
+
+      active_specs = active_spec.source.specs.search(current_spec.name).select {|spec| spec.match_platform(current_spec.platform) }.sort_by(&:version)
+      if !current_spec.version.prerelease? && !options[:pre] && active_specs.size > 1
+        active_specs.delete_if {|b| b.respond_to?(:version) && b.version.prerelease? }
+      end
+      active_specs.last
+    end
+
+    def print_gems(gems_list)
+      gems_list.each do |gem|
+        print_gem(
+          gem[:current_spec],
+          gem[:active_spec],
+          gem[:dependency],
+          gem[:groups],
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    def print_gems_table(gems_list)
+      data = gems_list.map do |gem|
+        gem_column_for(
+          gem[:current_spec],
+          gem[:active_spec],
+          gem[:dependency],
+          gem[:groups],
+        )
+      end
+
+      print_indented([table_header] + data)
+    end
+
+    def print_gem(current_spec, active_spec, dependency, groups)
+      spec_version = "#{active_spec.version}#{active_spec.git_version}"
+      spec_version += " (from #{active_spec.loaded_from})" if Bundler.ui.debug? && active_spec.loaded_from
+      current_version = "#{current_spec.version}#{current_spec.git_version}"
+
+      if dependency && dependency.specific?
+        dependency_version = %(, requested #{dependency.requirement})
+      end
+
+      spec_outdated_info = "#{active_spec.name} (newest #{spec_version}, " \
+        "installed #{current_version}#{dependency_version})"
+
+      output_message = if options[:parseable]
+        spec_outdated_info.to_s
+      elsif options_include_groups || groups.empty?
+        "  * #{spec_outdated_info}"
+      else
+        "  * #{spec_outdated_info} in #{groups_text("group", groups)}"
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.info output_message.rstrip
+    end
+
+    def gem_column_for(current_spec, active_spec, dependency, groups)
+      current_version = "#{current_spec.version}#{current_spec.git_version}"
+      spec_version = "#{active_spec.version}#{active_spec.git_version}"
+      dependency = dependency.requirement if dependency
+
+      ret_val = [active_spec.name, current_version, spec_version, dependency.to_s, groups.to_s]
+      ret_val << active_spec.loaded_from.to_s if Bundler.ui.debug?
+      ret_val
+    end
+
+    def check_for_deployment_mode!
+      return unless Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+      suggested_command = if Bundler.settings.locations("frozen").keys.&([:global, :local]).any?
+        "bundle config unset frozen"
+      elsif Bundler.settings.locations("deployment").keys.&([:global, :local]).any?
+        "bundle config unset deployment"
+      end
+      raise ProductionError, "You are trying to check outdated gems in " \
+        "deployment mode. Run `bundle outdated` elsewhere.\n" \
+        "\nIf this is a development machine, remove the " \
+        "#{Bundler.default_gemfile} freeze" \
+        "\nby running `#{suggested_command}`."
+    end
+
+    def update_present_via_semver_portions(current_spec, active_spec, options)
+      current_major = current_spec.version.segments.first
+      active_major = active_spec.version.segments.first
+
+      update_present = false
+      update_present = active_major > current_major if options["filter-major"]
+
+      if !update_present && (options["filter-minor"] || options["filter-patch"]) && current_major == active_major
+        current_minor = get_version_semver_portion_value(current_spec, 1)
+        active_minor = get_version_semver_portion_value(active_spec, 1)
+
+        update_present = active_minor > current_minor if options["filter-minor"]
+
+        if !update_present && options["filter-patch"] && current_minor == active_minor
+          current_patch = get_version_semver_portion_value(current_spec, 2)
+          active_patch = get_version_semver_portion_value(active_spec, 2)
+
+          update_present = active_patch > current_patch
+        end
+      end
+
+      update_present
+    end
+
+    def get_version_semver_portion_value(spec, version_portion_index)
+      version_section = spec.version.segments[version_portion_index, 1]
+      version_section.to_a[0].to_i
+    end
+
+    def print_indented(matrix)
+      header = matrix[0]
+      data = matrix[1..-1]
+
+      column_sizes = Array.new(header.size) do |index|
+        matrix.max_by {|row| row[index].length }[index].length
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.info justify(header, column_sizes)
+
+      data.sort_by! {|row| row[0] }
+
+      data.each do |row|
+        Bundler.ui.info justify(row, column_sizes)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def table_header
+      header = ["Gem", "Current", "Latest", "Requested", "Groups"]
+      header << "Path" if Bundler.ui.debug?
+      header
+    end
+
+    def justify(row, sizes)
+      row.each_with_index.map do |element, index|
+        element.ljust(sizes[index])
+      end.join("  ").strip + "\n"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/platform.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/platform.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e97cad49a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/platform.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Platform
+    attr_reader :options
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      platforms, ruby_version = Bundler.ui.silence do
+        locked_ruby_version = Bundler.locked_gems && Bundler.locked_gems.ruby_version
+        gemfile_ruby_version = Bundler.definition.ruby_version && Bundler.definition.ruby_version.single_version_string
+        [Bundler.definition.platforms.map {|p| "* #{p}" },
+         locked_ruby_version || gemfile_ruby_version]
+      end
+      output = []
+
+      if options[:ruby]
+        if ruby_version
+          output << ruby_version
+        else
+          output << "No ruby version specified"
+        end
+      else
+        output << "Your platform is: #{RUBY_PLATFORM}"
+        output << "Your app has gems that work on these platforms:\n#{platforms.join("\n")}"
+
+        if ruby_version
+          output << "Your Gemfile specifies a Ruby version requirement:\n* #{ruby_version}"
+
+          begin
+            Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
+            output << "Your current platform satisfies the Ruby version requirement."
+          rescue RubyVersionMismatch => e
+            output << e.message
+          end
+        else
+          output << "Your Gemfile does not specify a Ruby version requirement."
+        end
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.info output.join("\n\n")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/plugin.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/plugin.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe3f4412fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/plugin.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../vendored_thor"
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Plugin < Thor
+    desc "install PLUGINS", "Install the plugin from the source"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Install plugins either from the rubygems source provided (with --source option) or from a git source provided with --git (for remote repos) or --local_git (for local repos). If no sources are provided, it uses Gem.sources
+   D
+    method_option "source", :type => :string, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "URL of the RubyGems source to fetch the plugin from"
+    method_option "version", :type => :string, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "The version of the plugin to fetch"
+    method_option "git", :type => :string, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "URL of the git repo to fetch from"
+    method_option "local_git", :type => :string, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "Path of the local git repo to fetch from"
+    method_option "branch", :type => :string, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "The git branch to checkout"
+    method_option "ref", :type => :string, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "The git revision to check out"
+    def install(*plugins)
+      Bundler::Plugin.install(plugins, options)
+    end
+
+    desc "uninstall PLUGINS", "Uninstall the plugins"
+    long_desc <<-D
+      Uninstall given list of plugins. To uninstall all the plugins, use -all option.
+    D
+    method_option "all", :type => :boolean, :default => nil, :banner =>
+      "Uninstall all the installed plugins. If no plugin is installed, then it does nothing."
+    def uninstall(*plugins)
+      Bundler::Plugin.uninstall(plugins, options)
+    end
+
+    desc "list", "List the installed plugins and available commands"
+    def list
+      Bundler::Plugin.list
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/pristine.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/pristine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6654f8053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/pristine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Pristine
+    def initialize(gems)
+      @gems = gems
+    end
+
+    def run
+      CLI::Common.ensure_all_gems_in_lockfile!(@gems)
+      definition = Bundler.definition
+      definition.validate_runtime!
+      installer = Bundler::Installer.new(Bundler.root, definition)
+
+      Bundler.load.specs.each do |spec|
+        next if spec.name == "bundler" # Source::Rubygems doesn't install bundler
+        next if !@gems.empty? && !@gems.include?(spec.name)
+
+        gem_name = "#{spec.name} (#{spec.version}#{spec.git_version})"
+        gem_name += " (#{spec.platform})" if !spec.platform.nil? && spec.platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+        case source = spec.source
+        when Source::Rubygems
+          cached_gem = spec.cache_file
+          unless File.exist?(cached_gem)
+            Bundler.ui.error("Failed to pristine #{gem_name}. Cached gem #{cached_gem} does not exist.")
+            next
+          end
+
+          FileUtils.rm_rf spec.full_gem_path
+        when Source::Git
+          if source.local?
+            Bundler.ui.warn("Cannot pristine #{gem_name}. Gem is locally overridden.")
+            next
+          end
+
+          source.remote!
+          if extension_cache_path = source.extension_cache_path(spec)
+            FileUtils.rm_rf extension_cache_path
+          end
+          FileUtils.rm_rf spec.extension_dir
+          FileUtils.rm_rf spec.full_gem_path
+        else
+          Bundler.ui.warn("Cannot pristine #{gem_name}. Gem is sourced from local path.")
+          next
+        end
+
+        Bundler::GemInstaller.new(spec, installer, false, 0, true).install_from_spec
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/remove.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/remove.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44a4d891dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/remove.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Remove
+    def initialize(gems, options)
+      @gems = gems
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      raise InvalidOption, "Please specify gems to remove." if @gems.empty?
+
+      Injector.remove(@gems, {})
+      Installer.install(Bundler.root, Bundler.definition)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/show.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/show.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5eaaba1ef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/show.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Show
+    attr_reader :options, :gem_name, :latest_specs
+    def initialize(options, gem_name)
+      @options = options
+      @gem_name = gem_name
+      @verbose = options[:verbose] || options[:outdated]
+      @latest_specs = fetch_latest_specs if @verbose
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.silence do
+        Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
+        Bundler.load.lock
+      end
+
+      if gem_name
+        if gem_name == "bundler"
+          path = File.expand_path("../../../..", __FILE__)
+        else
+          spec = Bundler::CLI::Common.select_spec(gem_name, :regex_match)
+          return unless spec
+          path = spec.full_gem_path
+          unless File.directory?(path)
+            return Bundler.ui.warn "The gem #{gem_name} has been deleted. It was installed at: #{path}"
+          end
+        end
+        return Bundler.ui.info(path)
+      end
+
+      if options[:paths]
+        Bundler.load.specs.sort_by(&:name).map do |s|
+          Bundler.ui.info s.full_gem_path
+        end
+      else
+        Bundler.ui.info "Gems included by the bundle:"
+        Bundler.load.specs.sort_by(&:name).each do |s|
+          desc = "  * #{s.name} (#{s.version}#{s.git_version})"
+          if @verbose
+            latest = latest_specs.find {|l| l.name == s.name }
+            Bundler.ui.info <<-END.gsub(/^ +/, "")
+              #{desc}
+              \tSummary:  #{s.summary || "No description available."}
+              \tHomepage: #{s.homepage || "No website available."}
+              \tStatus:   #{outdated?(s, latest) ? "Outdated - #{s.version} < #{latest.version}" : "Up to date"}
+            END
+          else
+            Bundler.ui.info desc
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def fetch_latest_specs
+      definition = Bundler.definition(true)
+      if options[:outdated]
+        Bundler.ui.info "Fetching remote specs for outdated check...\n\n"
+        Bundler.ui.silence { definition.resolve_remotely! }
+      else
+        definition.resolve_with_cache!
+      end
+      Bundler.reset!
+      definition.specs
+    end
+
+    def outdated?(current, latest)
+      return false unless latest
+      Gem::Version.new(current.version) < Gem::Version.new(latest.version)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/update.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/update.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95a8886ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/update.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Update
+    attr_reader :options, :gems
+    def initialize(options, gems)
+      @options = options
+      @gems = gems
+    end
+
+    def run
+      Bundler.ui.level = "warn" if options[:quiet]
+
+      Plugin.gemfile_install(Bundler.default_gemfile) if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+
+      sources = Array(options[:source])
+      groups  = Array(options[:group]).map(&:to_sym)
+
+      full_update = gems.empty? && sources.empty? && groups.empty? && !options[:ruby] && !options[:bundler]
+
+      if full_update && !options[:all]
+        if Bundler.feature_flag.update_requires_all_flag?
+          raise InvalidOption, "To update everything, pass the `--all` flag."
+        end
+        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 3, "Pass --all to `bundle update` to update everything"
+      elsif !full_update && options[:all]
+        raise InvalidOption, "Cannot specify --all along with specific options."
+      end
+
+      conservative = options[:conservative]
+
+      if full_update
+        if conservative
+          Bundler.definition(:conservative => conservative)
+        else
+          Bundler.definition(true)
+        end
+      else
+        unless Bundler.default_lockfile.exist?
+          raise GemfileLockNotFound, "This Bundle hasn't been installed yet. " \
+            "Run `bundle install` to update and install the bundled gems."
+        end
+        Bundler::CLI::Common.ensure_all_gems_in_lockfile!(gems)
+
+        if groups.any?
+          deps = Bundler.definition.dependencies.select {|d| (d.groups & groups).any? }
+          gems.concat(deps.map(&:name))
+        end
+
+        Bundler.definition(:gems => gems, :sources => sources, :ruby => options[:ruby],
+                           :conservative => conservative,
+                           :bundler => options[:bundler])
+      end
+
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.configure_gem_version_promoter(Bundler.definition, options)
+
+      Bundler::Fetcher.disable_endpoint = options["full-index"]
+
+      opts = options.dup
+      opts["update"] = true
+      opts["local"] = options[:local]
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :jobs, opts["jobs"]
+
+      Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
+
+      if locked_gems = Bundler.definition.locked_gems
+        previous_locked_info = locked_gems.specs.reduce({}) do |h, s|
+          h[s.name] = { :spec => s, :version => s.version, :source => s.source.identifier }
+          h
+        end
+      end
+
+      installer = Installer.install Bundler.root, Bundler.definition, opts
+      Bundler.load.cache if Bundler.app_cache.exist?
+
+      if CLI::Common.clean_after_install?
+        require_relative "clean"
+        Bundler::CLI::Clean.new(options).run
+      end
+
+      if locked_gems
+        gems.each do |name|
+          locked_info = previous_locked_info[name]
+          next unless locked_info
+
+          locked_spec = locked_info[:spec]
+          new_spec = Bundler.definition.specs[name].first
+          unless new_spec
+            unless locked_spec.match_platform(Bundler.local_platform)
+              Bundler.ui.warn "Bundler attempted to update #{name} but it was not considered because it is for a different platform from the current one"
+            end
+
+            next
+          end
+
+          locked_source = locked_info[:source]
+          new_source = new_spec.source.identifier
+          next if locked_source != new_source
+
+          new_version = new_spec.version
+          locked_version = locked_info[:version]
+          if new_version < locked_version
+            Bundler.ui.warn "Note: #{name} version regressed from #{locked_version} to #{new_version}"
+          elsif new_version == locked_version
+            Bundler.ui.warn "Bundler attempted to update #{name} but its version stayed the same"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Bundle updated!"
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.output_without_groups_message(:update)
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.output_post_install_messages installer.post_install_messages
+
+      Bundler::CLI::Common.output_fund_metadata_summary
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/viz.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/viz.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..644f9b25cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/viz.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CLI::Viz
+    attr_reader :options, :gem_name
+    def initialize(options)
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def run
+      # make sure we get the right `graphviz`. There is also a `graphviz`
+      # gem we're not built to support
+      gem "ruby-graphviz"
+      require "graphviz"
+
+      options[:without] = options[:without].join(":").tr(" ", ":").split(":")
+      output_file = File.expand_path(options[:file])
+
+      graph = Graph.new(Bundler.load, output_file, options[:version], options[:requirements], options[:format], options[:without])
+      graph.viz
+    rescue LoadError => e
+      Bundler.ui.error e.inspect
+      Bundler.ui.warn "Make sure you have the graphviz ruby gem. You can install it with:"
+      Bundler.ui.warn "`gem install ruby-graphviz`"
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      raise unless e.message =~ /GraphViz not installed or dot not in PATH/
+      Bundler.ui.error e.message
+      Bundler.ui.warn "Please install GraphViz. On a Mac with Homebrew, you can run `brew install graphviz`."
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client.rb b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5dbeb3b10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+require "set"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CompactIndexClient
+    DEBUG_MUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new
+    def self.debug
+      return unless ENV["DEBUG_COMPACT_INDEX"]
+      DEBUG_MUTEX.synchronize { warn("[#{self}] #{yield}") }
+    end
+
+    class Error < StandardError; end
+
+    require_relative "compact_index_client/cache"
+    require_relative "compact_index_client/updater"
+
+    attr_reader :directory
+
+    def initialize(directory, fetcher)
+      @directory = Pathname.new(directory)
+      @updater = Updater.new(fetcher)
+      @cache = Cache.new(@directory)
+      @endpoints = Set.new
+      @info_checksums_by_name = {}
+      @parsed_checksums = false
+      @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    end
+
+    def execution_mode=(block)
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "execution_mode=" }
+      @endpoints = Set.new
+
+      @execution_mode = block
+    end
+
+    # @return [Lambda] A lambda that takes an array of inputs and a block, and
+    #         maps the inputs with the block in parallel.
+    #
+    def execution_mode
+      @execution_mode || sequentially
+    end
+
+    def sequential_execution_mode!
+      self.execution_mode = sequentially
+    end
+
+    def sequentially
+      @sequentially ||= lambda do |inputs, &blk|
+        inputs.map(&blk)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def names
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "/names" }
+      update(@cache.names_path, "names")
+      @cache.names
+    end
+
+    def versions
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "/versions" }
+      update(@cache.versions_path, "versions")
+      versions, @info_checksums_by_name = @cache.versions
+      versions
+    end
+
+    def dependencies(names)
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "dependencies(#{names})" }
+      execution_mode.call(names) do |name|
+        update_info(name)
+        @cache.dependencies(name).map {|d| d.unshift(name) }
+      end.flatten(1)
+    end
+
+    def spec(name, version, platform = nil)
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "spec(name = #{name}, version = #{version}, platform = #{platform})" }
+      update_info(name)
+      @cache.specific_dependency(name, version, platform)
+    end
+
+    def update_and_parse_checksums!
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "update_and_parse_checksums!" }
+      return @info_checksums_by_name if @parsed_checksums
+      update(@cache.versions_path, "versions")
+      @info_checksums_by_name = @cache.checksums
+      @parsed_checksums = true
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def update(local_path, remote_path)
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "update(#{local_path}, #{remote_path})" }
+      unless synchronize { @endpoints.add?(remote_path) }
+        Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "already fetched #{remote_path}" }
+        return
+      end
+      @updater.update(local_path, url(remote_path))
+    end
+
+    def update_info(name)
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "update_info(#{name})" }
+      path = @cache.info_path(name)
+      checksum = @updater.checksum_for_file(path)
+      unless existing = @info_checksums_by_name[name]
+        Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "skipping updating info for #{name} since it is missing from versions" }
+        return
+      end
+      if checksum == existing
+        Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "skipping updating info for #{name} since the versions checksum matches the local checksum" }
+        return
+      end
+      Bundler::CompactIndexClient.debug { "updating info for #{name} since the versions checksum #{existing} != the local checksum #{checksum}" }
+      update(path, "info/#{name}")
+    end
+
+    def url(path)
+      path
+    end
+
+    def synchronize
+      @mutex.synchronize { yield }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/cache.rb b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/cache.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2cd069ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/cache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "gem_parser"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CompactIndexClient
+    class Cache
+      attr_reader :directory
+
+      def initialize(directory)
+        @directory = Pathname.new(directory).expand_path
+        info_roots.each do |dir|
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(dir) do
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(dir)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def names
+        lines(names_path)
+      end
+
+      def names_path
+        directory.join("names")
+      end
+
+      def versions
+        versions_by_name = Hash.new {|hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
+        info_checksums_by_name = {}
+
+        lines(versions_path).each do |line|
+          name, versions_string, info_checksum = line.split(" ", 3)
+          info_checksums_by_name[name] = info_checksum || ""
+          versions_string.split(",").each do |version|
+            if version.start_with?("-")
+              version = version[1..-1].split("-", 2).unshift(name)
+              versions_by_name[name].delete(version)
+            else
+              version = version.split("-", 2).unshift(name)
+              versions_by_name[name] << version
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        [versions_by_name, info_checksums_by_name]
+      end
+
+      def versions_path
+        directory.join("versions")
+      end
+
+      def checksums
+        checksums = {}
+
+        lines(versions_path).each do |line|
+          name, _, checksum = line.split(" ", 3)
+          checksums[name] = checksum
+        end
+
+        checksums
+      end
+
+      def dependencies(name)
+        lines(info_path(name)).map do |line|
+          parse_gem(line)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def info_path(name)
+        name = name.to_s
+        if name =~ /[^a-z0-9_-]/
+          name += "-#{SharedHelpers.digest(:MD5).hexdigest(name).downcase}"
+          info_roots.last.join(name)
+        else
+          info_roots.first.join(name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def specific_dependency(name, version, platform)
+        pattern = [version, platform].compact.join("-")
+        return nil if pattern.empty?
+
+        gem_lines = info_path(name).read
+        gem_line = gem_lines[/^#{Regexp.escape(pattern)}\b.*/, 0]
+        gem_line ? parse_gem(gem_line) : nil
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def lines(path)
+        return [] unless path.file?
+        lines = SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :read, &:read).split("\n")
+        header = lines.index("---")
+        header ? lines[header + 1..-1] : lines
+      end
+
+      def parse_gem(line)
+        @dependency_parser ||= GemParser.new
+        @dependency_parser.parse(line)
+      end
+
+      def info_roots
+        [
+          directory.join("info"),
+          directory.join("info-special-characters"),
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/gem_parser.rb b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/gem_parser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7bf4c6001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/gem_parser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class CompactIndexClient
+    if defined?(Gem::Resolver::APISet::GemParser)
+      GemParser = Gem::Resolver::APISet::GemParser
+    else
+      class GemParser
+        def parse(line)
+          version_and_platform, rest = line.split(" ", 2)
+          version, platform = version_and_platform.split("-", 2)
+          dependencies, requirements = rest.split("|", 2).map {|s| s.split(",") } if rest
+          dependencies = dependencies ? dependencies.map {|d| parse_dependency(d) } : []
+          requirements = requirements ? requirements.map {|d| parse_dependency(d) } : []
+          [version, platform, dependencies, requirements]
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def parse_dependency(string)
+          dependency = string.split(":")
+          dependency[-1] = dependency[-1].split("&") if dependency.size > 1
+          dependency
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/updater.rb b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/updater.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9b9cec0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/updater.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../vendored_fileutils"
+
+module Bundler
+  class CompactIndexClient
+    class Updater
+      class MisMatchedChecksumError < Error
+        def initialize(path, server_checksum, local_checksum)
+          @path = path
+          @server_checksum = server_checksum
+          @local_checksum = local_checksum
+        end
+
+        def message
+          "The checksum of /#{@path} does not match the checksum provided by the server! Something is wrong " \
+            "(local checksum is #{@local_checksum.inspect}, was expecting #{@server_checksum.inspect})."
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize(fetcher)
+        @fetcher = fetcher
+        require_relative "../vendored_tmpdir"
+      end
+
+      def update(local_path, remote_path, retrying = nil)
+        headers = {}
+
+        Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir("bundler-compact-index-") do |local_temp_dir|
+          local_temp_path = Pathname.new(local_temp_dir).join(local_path.basename)
+
+          # first try to fetch any new bytes on the existing file
+          if retrying.nil? && local_path.file?
+            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_temp_path) do
+              FileUtils.cp local_path, local_temp_path
+            end
+            headers["If-None-Match"] = etag_for(local_temp_path)
+            headers["Range"] =
+              if local_temp_path.size.nonzero?
+                # Subtract a byte to ensure the range won't be empty.
+                # Avoids 416 (Range Not Satisfiable) responses.
+                "bytes=#{local_temp_path.size - 1}-"
+              else
+                "bytes=#{local_temp_path.size}-"
+              end
+          end
+
+          response = @fetcher.call(remote_path, headers)
+          return nil if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPNotModified)
+
+          content = response.body
+
+          etag = (response["ETag"] || "").gsub(%r{\AW/}, "")
+          correct_response = SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_temp_path) do
+            if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPPartialContent) && local_temp_path.size.nonzero?
+              local_temp_path.open("a") {|f| f << slice_body(content, 1..-1) }
+
+              etag_for(local_temp_path) == etag
+            else
+              local_temp_path.open("wb") {|f| f << content }
+
+              etag.length.zero? || etag_for(local_temp_path) == etag
+            end
+          end
+
+          if correct_response
+            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_path) do
+              FileUtils.mv(local_temp_path, local_path)
+            end
+            return nil
+          end
+
+          if retrying
+            raise MisMatchedChecksumError.new(remote_path, etag, etag_for(local_temp_path))
+          end
+
+          update(local_path, remote_path, :retrying)
+        end
+      rescue Zlib::GzipFile::Error
+        raise Bundler::HTTPError
+      end
+
+      def etag_for(path)
+        sum = checksum_for_file(path)
+        sum ? %("#{sum}") : nil
+      end
+
+      def slice_body(body, range)
+        body.byteslice(range)
+      end
+
+      def checksum_for_file(path)
+        return nil unless path.file?
+        # This must use File.read instead of Digest.file().hexdigest
+        # because we need to preserve \n line endings on windows when calculating
+        # the checksum
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :read) do
+          SharedHelpers.digest(:MD5).hexdigest(File.read(path))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/constants.rb b/lib/bundler/constants.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e4ebb37ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/constants.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  WINDOWS = RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"] =~ /(msdos|mswin|djgpp|mingw)/
+  FREEBSD = RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"] =~ /bsd/
+  NULL    = WINDOWS ? "NUL" : "/dev/null"
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb b/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f84d68e262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # Returns current version of Ruby
+  #
+  # @return [CurrentRuby] Current version of Ruby
+  def self.current_ruby
+    @current_ruby ||= CurrentRuby.new
+  end
+
+  class CurrentRuby
+    KNOWN_MINOR_VERSIONS = %w[
+      1.8
+      1.9
+      2.0
+      2.1
+      2.2
+      2.3
+      2.4
+      2.5
+      2.6
+      2.7
+      3.0
+    ].freeze
+
+    KNOWN_MAJOR_VERSIONS = KNOWN_MINOR_VERSIONS.map {|v| v.split(".", 2).first }.uniq.freeze
+
+    KNOWN_PLATFORMS = %w[
+      jruby
+      maglev
+      mingw
+      mri
+      mswin
+      mswin64
+      rbx
+      ruby
+      truffleruby
+      x64_mingw
+    ].freeze
+
+    def ruby?
+      return true if Bundler::GemHelpers.generic_local_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+      !mswin? && (RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" || RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx" || RUBY_ENGINE == "maglev" || RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby")
+    end
+
+    def mri?
+      !mswin? && RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
+    end
+
+    def rbx?
+      ruby? && RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx"
+    end
+
+    def jruby?
+      RUBY_ENGINE == "jruby"
+    end
+
+    def maglev?
+      RUBY_ENGINE == "maglev"
+    end
+
+    def truffleruby?
+      RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby"
+    end
+
+    def mswin?
+      Gem.win_platform?
+    end
+
+    def mswin64?
+      Gem.win_platform? && Bundler.local_platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY && Bundler.local_platform.os == "mswin64" && Bundler.local_platform.cpu == "x64"
+    end
+
+    def mingw?
+      Gem.win_platform? && Bundler.local_platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY && Bundler.local_platform.os == "mingw32" && Bundler.local_platform.cpu != "x64"
+    end
+
+    def x64_mingw?
+      Gem.win_platform? && Bundler.local_platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY && Bundler.local_platform.os == "mingw32" && Bundler.local_platform.cpu == "x64"
+    end
+
+    (KNOWN_MINOR_VERSIONS + KNOWN_MAJOR_VERSIONS).each do |version|
+      trimmed_version = version.tr(".", "")
+      define_method(:"on_#{trimmed_version}?") do
+        RUBY_VERSION.start_with?("#{version}.")
+      end
+
+      KNOWN_PLATFORMS.each do |platform|
+        define_method(:"#{platform}_#{trimmed_version}?") do
+          send(:"#{platform}?") && send(:"on_#{trimmed_version}?")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/definition.rb b/lib/bundler/definition.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..584f379256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/definition.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,832 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "lockfile_parser"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Definition
+    include GemHelpers
+
+    attr_reader(
+      :dependencies,
+      :locked_deps,
+      :locked_gems,
+      :platforms,
+      :requires,
+      :ruby_version,
+      :lockfile,
+      :gemfiles
+    )
+
+    # Given a gemfile and lockfile creates a Bundler definition
+    #
+    # @param gemfile [Pathname] Path to Gemfile
+    # @param lockfile [Pathname,nil] Path to Gemfile.lock
+    # @param unlock [Hash, Boolean, nil] Gems that have been requested
+    #   to be updated or true if all gems should be updated
+    # @return [Bundler::Definition]
+    def self.build(gemfile, lockfile, unlock)
+      unlock ||= {}
+      gemfile = Pathname.new(gemfile).expand_path
+
+      raise GemfileNotFound, "#{gemfile} not found" unless gemfile.file?
+
+      Dsl.evaluate(gemfile, lockfile, unlock)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # How does the new system work?
+    #
+    # * Load information from Gemfile and Lockfile
+    # * Invalidate stale locked specs
+    #  * All specs from stale source are stale
+    #  * All specs that are reachable only through a stale
+    #    dependency are stale.
+    # * If all fresh dependencies are satisfied by the locked
+    #  specs, then we can try to resolve locally.
+    #
+    # @param lockfile [Pathname] Path to Gemfile.lock
+    # @param dependencies [Array(Bundler::Dependency)] array of dependencies from Gemfile
+    # @param sources [Bundler::SourceList]
+    # @param unlock [Hash, Boolean, nil] Gems that have been requested
+    #   to be updated or true if all gems should be updated
+    # @param ruby_version [Bundler::RubyVersion, nil] Requested Ruby Version
+    # @param optional_groups [Array(String)] A list of optional groups
+    def initialize(lockfile, dependencies, sources, unlock, ruby_version = nil, optional_groups = [], gemfiles = [])
+      if [true, false].include?(unlock)
+        @unlocking_bundler = false
+        @unlocking = unlock
+      else
+        @unlocking_bundler = unlock.delete(:bundler)
+        @unlocking = unlock.any? {|_k, v| !Array(v).empty? }
+      end
+
+      @dependencies    = dependencies
+      @sources         = sources
+      @unlock          = unlock
+      @optional_groups = optional_groups
+      @remote          = false
+      @specs           = nil
+      @ruby_version    = ruby_version
+      @gemfiles        = gemfiles
+
+      @lockfile               = lockfile
+      @lockfile_contents      = String.new
+      @locked_bundler_version = nil
+      @locked_ruby_version    = nil
+      @new_platform = nil
+
+      if lockfile && File.exist?(lockfile)
+        @lockfile_contents = Bundler.read_file(lockfile)
+        @locked_gems = LockfileParser.new(@lockfile_contents)
+        @locked_platforms = @locked_gems.platforms
+        @platforms = @locked_platforms.dup
+        @locked_bundler_version = @locked_gems.bundler_version
+        @locked_ruby_version = @locked_gems.ruby_version
+
+        if unlock != true
+          @locked_deps    = @locked_gems.dependencies
+          @locked_specs   = SpecSet.new(@locked_gems.specs)
+          @locked_sources = @locked_gems.sources
+        else
+          @unlock         = {}
+          @locked_deps    = {}
+          @locked_specs   = SpecSet.new([])
+          @locked_sources = []
+        end
+      else
+        @unlock         = {}
+        @platforms      = []
+        @locked_gems    = nil
+        @locked_deps    = {}
+        @locked_specs   = SpecSet.new([])
+        @locked_sources = []
+        @locked_platforms = []
+      end
+
+      locked_gem_sources = @locked_sources.select {|s| s.is_a?(Source::Rubygems) }
+      @multisource_allowed = locked_gem_sources.size == 1 && locked_gem_sources.first.multiple_remotes? && Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+
+      if @multisource_allowed
+        unless sources.aggregate_global_source?
+          msg = "Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure. Make sure you run `bundle install` in non frozen mode and commit the result to make your lockfile secure."
+
+          Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, msg
+        end
+
+        @sources.merged_gem_lockfile_sections!(locked_gem_sources.first)
+      end
+
+      @unlock[:sources] ||= []
+      @unlock[:ruby] ||= if @ruby_version && locked_ruby_version_object
+        @ruby_version.diff(locked_ruby_version_object)
+      end
+      @unlocking ||= @unlock[:ruby] ||= (!@locked_ruby_version ^ !@ruby_version)
+
+      add_current_platform unless current_ruby_platform_locked? || Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+
+      converge_path_sources_to_gemspec_sources
+      @path_changes = converge_paths
+      @source_changes = converge_sources
+
+      if @unlock[:conservative]
+        @unlock[:gems] ||= @dependencies.map(&:name)
+      else
+        eager_unlock = expand_dependencies(@unlock[:gems] || [], true)
+        @unlock[:gems] = @locked_specs.for(eager_unlock, false, false).map(&:name)
+      end
+
+      @dependency_changes = converge_dependencies
+      @local_changes = converge_locals
+
+      @locked_specs_incomplete_for_platform = !@locked_specs.for(requested_dependencies & expand_dependencies(locked_dependencies), true, true)
+
+      @requires = compute_requires
+    end
+
+    def gem_version_promoter
+      @gem_version_promoter ||= begin
+        locked_specs =
+          if unlocking? && @locked_specs.empty? && !@lockfile_contents.empty?
+            # Definition uses an empty set of locked_specs to indicate all gems
+            # are unlocked, but GemVersionPromoter needs the locked_specs
+            # for conservative comparison.
+            Bundler::SpecSet.new(@locked_gems.specs)
+          else
+            @locked_specs
+          end
+        GemVersionPromoter.new(locked_specs, @unlock[:gems])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def resolve_only_locally!
+      @remote = false
+      sources.local_only!
+      resolve
+    end
+
+    def resolve_with_cache!
+      sources.cached!
+      resolve
+    end
+
+    def resolve_remotely!
+      @remote = true
+      sources.remote!
+      resolve
+    end
+
+    # For given dependency list returns a SpecSet with Gemspec of all the required
+    # dependencies.
+    #  1. The method first resolves the dependencies specified in Gemfile
+    #  2. After that it tries and fetches gemspec of resolved dependencies
+    #
+    # @return [Bundler::SpecSet]
+    def specs
+      @specs ||= materialize(requested_dependencies)
+    end
+
+    def new_specs
+      specs - @locked_specs
+    end
+
+    def removed_specs
+      @locked_specs - specs
+    end
+
+    def missing_specs
+      resolve.materialize(requested_dependencies).missing_specs
+    end
+
+    def missing_specs?
+      missing = missing_specs
+      return false if missing.empty?
+      Bundler.ui.debug "The definition is missing #{missing.map(&:full_name)}"
+      true
+    rescue BundlerError => e
+      @resolve = nil
+      @specs = nil
+      @gem_version_promoter = nil
+
+      Bundler.ui.debug "The definition is missing dependencies, failed to resolve & materialize locally (#{e})"
+      true
+    end
+
+    def requested_specs
+      specs_for(requested_groups)
+    end
+
+    def requested_dependencies
+      dependencies_for(requested_groups)
+    end
+
+    def current_dependencies
+      dependencies.select do |d|
+        d.should_include? && !d.gem_platforms(@platforms).empty?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def locked_dependencies
+      @locked_deps.values
+    end
+
+    def specs_for(groups)
+      return specs if groups.empty?
+      deps = dependencies_for(groups)
+      materialize(deps)
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_for(groups)
+      groups.map!(&:to_sym)
+      deps = current_dependencies.reject do |d|
+        (d.groups & groups).empty?
+      end
+      expand_dependencies(deps)
+    end
+
+    # Resolve all the dependencies specified in Gemfile. It ensures that
+    # dependencies that have been already resolved via locked file and are fresh
+    # are reused when resolving dependencies
+    #
+    # @return [SpecSet] resolved dependencies
+    def resolve
+      @resolve ||= begin
+        last_resolve = converge_locked_specs
+        if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+          Bundler.ui.debug "Frozen, using resolution from the lockfile"
+          last_resolve
+        elsif !unlocking? && nothing_changed?
+          Bundler.ui.debug("Found no changes, using resolution from the lockfile")
+          last_resolve
+        else
+          # Run a resolve against the locally available gems
+          Bundler.ui.debug("Found changes from the lockfile, re-resolving dependencies because #{change_reason}")
+          expanded_dependencies = expand_dependencies(dependencies + metadata_dependencies, @remote)
+          Resolver.resolve(expanded_dependencies, source_requirements, last_resolve, gem_version_promoter, additional_base_requirements_for_resolve, platforms)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def spec_git_paths
+      sources.git_sources.map {|s| File.realpath(s.path) if File.exist?(s.path) }.compact
+    end
+
+    def groups
+      dependencies.map(&:groups).flatten.uniq
+    end
+
+    def lock(file, preserve_unknown_sections = false)
+      contents = to_lock
+
+      # Convert to \r\n if the existing lock has them
+      # i.e., Windows with `git config core.autocrlf=true`
+      contents.gsub!(/\n/, "\r\n") if @lockfile_contents.match("\r\n")
+
+      if @locked_bundler_version
+        locked_major = @locked_bundler_version.segments.first
+        current_major = Gem::Version.create(Bundler::VERSION).segments.first
+
+        if updating_major = locked_major < current_major
+          Bundler.ui.warn "Warning: the lockfile is being updated to Bundler #{current_major}, " \
+                          "after which you will be unable to return to Bundler #{@locked_bundler_version.segments.first}."
+        end
+      end
+
+      preserve_unknown_sections ||= !updating_major && (Bundler.frozen_bundle? || !(unlocking? || @unlocking_bundler))
+
+      return if file && File.exist?(file) && lockfiles_equal?(@lockfile_contents, contents, preserve_unknown_sections)
+
+      if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        Bundler.ui.error "Cannot write a changed lockfile while frozen."
+        return
+      end
+
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file) do |p|
+        File.open(p, "wb") {|f| f.puts(contents) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def locked_bundler_version
+      if @locked_bundler_version && @locked_bundler_version < Gem::Version.new(Bundler::VERSION)
+        new_version = Bundler::VERSION
+      end
+
+      new_version || @locked_bundler_version || Bundler::VERSION
+    end
+
+    def locked_ruby_version
+      return unless ruby_version
+      if @unlock[:ruby] || !@locked_ruby_version
+        Bundler::RubyVersion.system
+      else
+        @locked_ruby_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    def locked_ruby_version_object
+      return unless @locked_ruby_version
+      @locked_ruby_version_object ||= begin
+        unless version = RubyVersion.from_string(@locked_ruby_version)
+          raise LockfileError, "The Ruby version #{@locked_ruby_version} from " \
+            "#{@lockfile} could not be parsed. " \
+            "Try running bundle update --ruby to resolve this."
+        end
+        version
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_lock
+      require_relative "lockfile_generator"
+      LockfileGenerator.generate(self)
+    end
+
+    def ensure_equivalent_gemfile_and_lockfile(explicit_flag = false)
+      msg = String.new
+      msg << "You are trying to install in deployment mode after changing\n" \
+             "your Gemfile. Run `bundle install` elsewhere and add the\n" \
+             "updated #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} to version control."
+
+      unless explicit_flag
+        suggested_command = if Bundler.settings.locations("frozen").keys.&([:global, :local]).any?
+          "bundle config unset frozen"
+        elsif Bundler.settings.locations("deployment").keys.&([:global, :local]).any?
+          "bundle config unset deployment"
+        end
+        msg << "\n\nIf this is a development machine, remove the #{Bundler.default_gemfile} " \
+               "freeze \nby running `#{suggested_command}`."
+      end
+
+      added =   []
+      deleted = []
+      changed = []
+
+      new_platforms = @platforms - @locked_platforms
+      deleted_platforms = @locked_platforms - @platforms
+      added.concat new_platforms.map {|p| "* platform: #{p}" }
+      deleted.concat deleted_platforms.map {|p| "* platform: #{p}" }
+
+      new_deps = @dependencies - locked_dependencies
+      deleted_deps = locked_dependencies - @dependencies
+
+      added.concat new_deps.map {|d| "* #{pretty_dep(d)}" } if new_deps.any?
+      deleted.concat deleted_deps.map {|d| "* #{pretty_dep(d)}" } if deleted_deps.any?
+
+      both_sources = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      @dependencies.each {|d| both_sources[d.name][0] = d }
+      locked_dependencies.each {|d| both_sources[d.name][1] = d }
+
+      both_sources.each do |name, (dep, lock_dep)|
+        next if dep.nil? || lock_dep.nil?
+
+        gemfile_source = dep.source || sources.default_source
+        lock_source = lock_dep.source || sources.default_source
+        next if lock_source.include?(gemfile_source)
+
+        gemfile_source_name = dep.source ? gemfile_source.identifier : "no specified source"
+        lockfile_source_name = lock_dep.source ? lock_source.identifier : "no specified source"
+        changed << "* #{name} from `#{lockfile_source_name}` to `#{gemfile_source_name}`"
+      end
+
+      reason = change_reason
+      msg << "\n\n#{reason.split(", ").map(&:capitalize).join("\n")}" unless reason.strip.empty?
+      msg << "\n\nYou have added to the Gemfile:\n" << added.join("\n") if added.any?
+      msg << "\n\nYou have deleted from the Gemfile:\n" << deleted.join("\n") if deleted.any?
+      msg << "\n\nYou have changed in the Gemfile:\n" << changed.join("\n") if changed.any?
+      msg << "\n"
+
+      raise ProductionError, msg if added.any? || deleted.any? || changed.any? || !nothing_changed?
+    end
+
+    def validate_runtime!
+      validate_ruby!
+      validate_platforms!
+    end
+
+    def validate_ruby!
+      return unless ruby_version
+
+      if diff = ruby_version.diff(Bundler::RubyVersion.system)
+        problem, expected, actual = diff
+
+        msg = case problem
+              when :engine
+                "Your Ruby engine is #{actual}, but your Gemfile specified #{expected}"
+              when :version
+                "Your Ruby version is #{actual}, but your Gemfile specified #{expected}"
+              when :engine_version
+                "Your #{Bundler::RubyVersion.system.engine} version is #{actual}, but your Gemfile specified #{ruby_version.engine} #{expected}"
+              when :patchlevel
+                if !expected.is_a?(String)
+                  "The Ruby patchlevel in your Gemfile must be a string"
+                else
+                  "Your Ruby patchlevel is #{actual}, but your Gemfile specified #{expected}"
+                end
+        end
+
+        raise RubyVersionMismatch, msg
+      end
+    end
+
+    def validate_platforms!
+      return if current_platform_locked?
+
+      raise ProductionError, "Your bundle only supports platforms #{@platforms.map(&:to_s)} " \
+        "but your local platform is #{Bundler.local_platform}. " \
+        "Add the current platform to the lockfile with `bundle lock --add-platform #{Bundler.local_platform}` and try again."
+    end
+
+    def add_platform(platform)
+      @new_platform ||= !@platforms.include?(platform)
+      @platforms |= [platform]
+    end
+
+    def remove_platform(platform)
+      return if @platforms.delete(Gem::Platform.new(platform))
+      raise InvalidOption, "Unable to remove the platform `#{platform}` since the only platforms are #{@platforms.join ", "}"
+    end
+
+    def most_specific_locked_platform
+      @platforms.min_by do |bundle_platform|
+        platform_specificity_match(bundle_platform, local_platform)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :sources
+    private :sources
+
+    def nothing_changed?
+      !@source_changes && !@dependency_changes && !@new_platform && !@path_changes && !@local_changes && !@locked_specs_incomplete_for_platform
+    end
+
+    def unlocking?
+      @unlocking
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def materialize(dependencies)
+      specs = resolve.materialize(dependencies)
+      missing_specs = specs.missing_specs
+
+      if missing_specs.any?
+        missing_specs.each do |s|
+          locked_gem = @locked_specs[s.name].last
+          next if locked_gem.nil? || locked_gem.version != s.version || !@remote
+          raise GemNotFound, "Your bundle is locked to #{locked_gem} from #{locked_gem.source}, but that version can " \
+                             "no longer be found in that source. That means the author of #{locked_gem} has removed it. " \
+                             "You'll need to update your bundle to a version other than #{locked_gem} that hasn't been " \
+                             "removed in order to install."
+        end
+
+        raise GemNotFound, "Could not find #{missing_specs.map(&:full_name).join(", ")} in any of the sources"
+      end
+
+      unless specs["bundler"].any?
+        bundler = sources.metadata_source.specs.search(Gem::Dependency.new("bundler", VERSION)).last
+        specs["bundler"] = bundler
+      end
+
+      specs
+    end
+
+    def precompute_source_requirements_for_indirect_dependencies?
+      @remote && sources.non_global_rubygems_sources.all?(&:dependency_api_available?) && !sources.aggregate_global_source?
+    end
+
+    def current_ruby_platform_locked?
+      return false unless generic_local_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+      current_platform_locked?
+    end
+
+    def current_platform_locked?
+      @platforms.any? do |bundle_platform|
+        MatchPlatform.platforms_match?(bundle_platform, Bundler.local_platform)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_current_platform
+      add_platform(local_platform)
+    end
+
+    def change_reason
+      if unlocking?
+        unlock_reason = @unlock.reject {|_k, v| Array(v).empty? }.map do |k, v|
+          if v == true
+            k.to_s
+          else
+            v = Array(v)
+            "#{k}: (#{v.join(", ")})"
+          end
+        end.join(", ")
+        return "bundler is unlocking #{unlock_reason}"
+      end
+      [
+        [@source_changes, "the list of sources changed"],
+        [@dependency_changes, "the dependencies in your gemfile changed"],
+        [@new_platform, "you added a new platform to your gemfile"],
+        [@path_changes, "the gemspecs for path gems changed"],
+        [@local_changes, "the gemspecs for git local gems changed"],
+        [@locked_specs_incomplete_for_platform, "the lockfile does not have all gems needed for the current platform"],
+      ].select(&:first).map(&:last).join(", ")
+    end
+
+    def pretty_dep(dep, source = false)
+      SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(dep, source)
+    end
+
+    # Check if the specs of the given source changed
+    # according to the locked source.
+    def specs_changed?(source)
+      locked = @locked_sources.find {|s| s == source }
+
+      !locked || dependencies_for_source_changed?(source, locked) || specs_for_source_changed?(source)
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_for_source_changed?(source, locked_source = source)
+      deps_for_source = @dependencies.select {|s| s.source == source }
+      locked_deps_for_source = locked_dependencies.select {|dep| dep.source == locked_source }
+
+      deps_for_source.uniq.sort != locked_deps_for_source.sort
+    end
+
+    def specs_for_source_changed?(source)
+      locked_index = Index.new
+      locked_index.use(@locked_specs.select {|s| source.can_lock?(s) })
+
+      # order here matters, since Index#== is checking source.specs.include?(locked_index)
+      locked_index != source.specs
+    rescue PathError, GitError => e
+      Bundler.ui.debug "Assuming that #{source} has not changed since fetching its specs errored (#{e})"
+      false
+    end
+
+    # Get all locals and override their matching sources.
+    # Return true if any of the locals changed (for example,
+    # they point to a new revision) or depend on new specs.
+    def converge_locals
+      locals = []
+
+      Bundler.settings.local_overrides.map do |k, v|
+        spec   = @dependencies.find {|s| s.name == k }
+        source = spec && spec.source
+        if source && source.respond_to?(:local_override!)
+          source.unlock! if @unlock[:gems].include?(spec.name)
+          locals << [source, source.local_override!(v)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      sources_with_changes = locals.select do |source, changed|
+        changed || specs_changed?(source)
+      end.map(&:first)
+      !sources_with_changes.each {|source| @unlock[:sources] << source.name }.empty?
+    end
+
+    def converge_paths
+      sources.path_sources.any? do |source|
+        specs_changed?(source)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def converge_path_source_to_gemspec_source(source)
+      return source unless source.instance_of?(Source::Path)
+      gemspec_source = sources.path_sources.find {|s| s.is_a?(Source::Gemspec) && s.as_path_source == source }
+      gemspec_source || source
+    end
+
+    def converge_path_sources_to_gemspec_sources
+      @locked_sources.map! do |source|
+        converge_path_source_to_gemspec_source(source)
+      end
+      @locked_specs.each do |spec|
+        spec.source &&= converge_path_source_to_gemspec_source(spec.source)
+      end
+      @locked_deps.each do |_, dep|
+        dep.source &&= converge_path_source_to_gemspec_source(dep.source)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def converge_sources
+      # Replace the sources from the Gemfile with the sources from the Gemfile.lock,
+      # if they exist in the Gemfile.lock and are `==`. If you can't find an equivalent
+      # source in the Gemfile.lock, use the one from the Gemfile.
+      changes = sources.replace_sources!(@locked_sources)
+
+      sources.all_sources.each do |source|
+        # If the source is unlockable and the current command allows an unlock of
+        # the source (for example, you are doing a `bundle update <foo>` of a git-pinned
+        # gem), unlock it. For git sources, this means to unlock the revision, which
+        # will cause the `ref` used to be the most recent for the branch (or master) if
+        # an explicit `ref` is not used.
+        if source.respond_to?(:unlock!) && @unlock[:sources].include?(source.name)
+          source.unlock!
+          changes = true
+        end
+      end
+
+      changes
+    end
+
+    def converge_dependencies
+      changes = false
+
+      @dependencies.each do |dep|
+        if dep.source
+          dep.source = sources.get(dep.source)
+        end
+
+        unless locked_dep = @locked_deps[dep.name]
+          changes = true
+          next
+        end
+
+        # Gem::Dependency#== matches Gem::Dependency#type. As the lockfile
+        # doesn't carry a notion of the dependency type, if you use
+        # add_development_dependency in a gemspec that's loaded with the gemspec
+        # directive, the lockfile dependencies and resolved dependencies end up
+        # with a mismatch on #type. Work around that by setting the type on the
+        # dep from the lockfile.
+        locked_dep.instance_variable_set(:@type, dep.type)
+
+        # We already know the name matches from the hash lookup
+        # so we only need to check the requirement now
+        changes ||= dep.requirement != locked_dep.requirement
+      end
+
+      changes
+    end
+
+    # Remove elements from the locked specs that are expired. This will most
+    # commonly happen if the Gemfile has changed since the lockfile was last
+    # generated
+    def converge_locked_specs
+      resolve = converge_specs(@locked_specs)
+
+      diff = nil
+
+      # Now, we unlock any sources that do not have anymore gems pinned to it
+      sources.all_sources.each do |source|
+        next unless source.respond_to?(:unlock!)
+
+        unless resolve.any? {|s| s.source == source }
+          diff ||= @locked_specs.to_a - resolve.to_a
+          source.unlock! if diff.any? {|s| s.source == source }
+        end
+      end
+
+      resolve
+    end
+
+    def converge_specs(specs)
+      deps = []
+      converged = []
+      specs.each do |s|
+        # Replace the locked dependency's source with the equivalent source from the Gemfile
+        dep = @dependencies.find {|d| s.satisfies?(d) }
+
+        if dep && (!dep.source || s.source.include?(dep.source))
+          deps << dep
+        end
+
+        s.source = (dep && dep.source) || sources.get(s.source) || sources.default_source unless Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+
+        next if @unlock[:sources].include?(s.source.name)
+
+        # If the spec is from a path source and it doesn't exist anymore
+        # then we unlock it.
+
+        # Path sources have special logic
+        if s.source.instance_of?(Source::Path) || s.source.instance_of?(Source::Gemspec)
+          new_specs = begin
+            s.source.specs
+          rescue PathError, GitError
+            # if we won't need the source (according to the lockfile),
+            # don't error if the path/git source isn't available
+            next if specs.
+                    for(requested_dependencies, false, true).
+                    none? {|locked_spec| locked_spec.source == s.source }
+
+            raise
+          end
+
+          new_spec = new_specs[s].first
+
+          # If the spec is no longer in the path source, unlock it. This
+          # commonly happens if the version changed in the gemspec
+          next unless new_spec
+
+          s.dependencies.replace(new_spec.dependencies)
+        end
+
+        if dep.nil? && requested_dependencies.find {|d| s.name == d.name }
+          @unlock[:gems] << s.name
+        else
+          converged << s
+        end
+      end
+
+      resolve = SpecSet.new(converged)
+      SpecSet.new(resolve.for(expand_dependencies(deps, true), false, false).reject{|s| @unlock[:gems].include?(s.name) })
+    end
+
+    def metadata_dependencies
+      @metadata_dependencies ||= begin
+        ruby_versions = ruby_version_requirements(@ruby_version)
+        [
+          Dependency.new("Ruby\0", ruby_versions),
+          Dependency.new("RubyGems\0", Gem::VERSION),
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ruby_version_requirements(ruby_version)
+      return [] unless ruby_version
+      if ruby_version.patchlevel
+        [ruby_version.to_gem_version_with_patchlevel]
+      else
+        ruby_version.versions.map do |version|
+          requirement = Gem::Requirement.new(version)
+          if requirement.exact?
+            "~> #{version}.0"
+          else
+            requirement
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def expand_dependencies(dependencies, remote = false)
+      deps = []
+      dependencies.each do |dep|
+        dep = Dependency.new(dep, ">= 0") unless dep.respond_to?(:name)
+        next unless remote || dep.current_platform?
+        target_platforms = dep.gem_platforms(remote ? @platforms : [generic_local_platform])
+        deps += expand_dependency_with_platforms(dep, target_platforms)
+      end
+      deps
+    end
+
+    def expand_dependency_with_platforms(dep, platforms)
+      platforms.map do |p|
+        DepProxy.get_proxy(dep, p)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def source_requirements
+      # Record the specs available in each gem's source, so that those
+      # specs will be available later when the resolver knows where to
+      # look for that gemspec (or its dependencies)
+      source_requirements = if precompute_source_requirements_for_indirect_dependencies?
+        { :default => sources.default_source }.merge(source_map.all_requirements)
+      else
+        { :default => Source::RubygemsAggregate.new(sources, source_map) }.merge(source_map.direct_requirements)
+      end
+      metadata_dependencies.each do |dep|
+        source_requirements[dep.name] = sources.metadata_source
+      end
+      source_requirements[:default_bundler] = source_requirements["bundler"] || sources.default_source
+      source_requirements["bundler"] = sources.metadata_source # needs to come last to override
+      source_requirements
+    end
+
+    def requested_groups
+      groups - Bundler.settings[:without] - @optional_groups + Bundler.settings[:with]
+    end
+
+    def lockfiles_equal?(current, proposed, preserve_unknown_sections)
+      if preserve_unknown_sections
+        sections_to_ignore = LockfileParser.sections_to_ignore(@locked_bundler_version)
+        sections_to_ignore += LockfileParser.unknown_sections_in_lockfile(current)
+        sections_to_ignore += LockfileParser::ENVIRONMENT_VERSION_SECTIONS
+        pattern = /#{Regexp.union(sections_to_ignore)}\n(\s{2,}.*\n)+/
+        whitespace_cleanup = /\n{2,}/
+        current = current.gsub(pattern, "\n").gsub(whitespace_cleanup, "\n\n").strip
+        proposed = proposed.gsub(pattern, "\n").gsub(whitespace_cleanup, "\n\n").strip
+      end
+      current == proposed
+    end
+
+    def compute_requires
+      dependencies.reduce({}) do |requires, dep|
+        next requires unless dep.should_include?
+        requires[dep.name] = Array(dep.autorequire || dep.name).map do |file|
+          # Allow `require: true` as an alias for `require: <name>`
+          file == true ? dep.name : file
+        end
+        requires
+      end
+    end
+
+    def additional_base_requirements_for_resolve
+      return [] unless @locked_gems && unlocking? && !sources.expired_sources?(@locked_gems.sources)
+      converge_specs(@locked_gems.specs).map do |locked_spec|
+        name = locked_spec.name
+        dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= #{locked_spec.version}")
+        DepProxy.get_proxy(dep, locked_spec.platform)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def source_map
+      @source_map ||= SourceMap.new(sources, dependencies)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dep_proxy.rb b/lib/bundler/dep_proxy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a32dc37b49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/dep_proxy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class DepProxy
+    attr_reader :__platform, :dep
+
+    @proxies = {}
+
+    def self.get_proxy(dep, platform)
+      @proxies[[dep, platform]] ||= new(dep, platform).freeze
+    end
+
+    def initialize(dep, platform)
+      @dep = dep
+      @__platform = platform
+    end
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+    def type
+      @dep.type
+    end
+
+    def name
+      @dep.name
+    end
+
+    def requirement
+      @dep.requirement
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      s = name.dup
+      s << " (#{requirement})" unless requirement == Gem::Requirement.default
+      s << " #{__platform}" unless __platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      s
+    end
+
+    def dup
+      raise NoMethodError.new("DepProxy cannot be duplicated")
+    end
+
+    def clone
+      raise NoMethodError.new("DepProxy cannot be cloned")
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def method_missing(*args, &blk)
+      @dep.send(*args, &blk)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dependency.rb b/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af07e8bc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rubygems/dependency"
+require_relative "shared_helpers"
+require_relative "rubygems_ext"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Dependency < Gem::Dependency
+    attr_reader :autorequire
+    attr_reader :groups, :platforms, :gemfile, :git, :branch
+
+    PLATFORM_MAP = {
+      :ruby     => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_18  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_19  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_20  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_21  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_22  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_23  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_24  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_25  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :ruby_26  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri      => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_18   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_19   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_20   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_21   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_22   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_23   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_24   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_25   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :mri_26   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :rbx      => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :truffleruby => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+      :jruby    => Gem::Platform::JAVA,
+      :jruby_18 => Gem::Platform::JAVA,
+      :jruby_19 => Gem::Platform::JAVA,
+      :mswin    => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_18 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_19 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_20 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_21 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_22 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_23 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_24 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_25 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin_26 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
+      :mswin64    => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_19 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_20 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_21 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_22 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_23 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_24 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_25 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mswin64_26 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
+      :mingw    => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_18 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_19 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_20 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_21 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_22 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_23 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_24 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_25 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :mingw_26 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw    => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw_20 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw_21 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw_22 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw_23 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw_24 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw_25 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+      :x64_mingw_26 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
+    }.freeze
+
+    def initialize(name, version, options = {}, &blk)
+      type = options["type"] || :runtime
+      super(name, version, type)
+
+      @autorequire    = nil
+      @groups         = Array(options["group"] || :default).map(&:to_sym)
+      @source         = options["source"]
+      @git            = options["git"]
+      @branch         = options["branch"]
+      @platforms      = Array(options["platforms"])
+      @env            = options["env"]
+      @should_include = options.fetch("should_include", true)
+      @gemfile        = options["gemfile"]
+
+      @autorequire = Array(options["require"] || []) if options.key?("require")
+    end
+
+    # Returns the platforms this dependency is valid for, in the same order as
+    # passed in the `valid_platforms` parameter
+    def gem_platforms(valid_platforms)
+      return valid_platforms if @platforms.empty?
+
+      valid_generic_platforms = valid_platforms.map {|p| [p, GemHelpers.generic(p)] }.to_h
+      @gem_platforms ||= expanded_platforms.compact.uniq
+
+      filtered_generic_platforms = valid_generic_platforms.values & @gem_platforms
+      valid_generic_platforms.select {|_, v| filtered_generic_platforms.include?(v) }.keys
+    end
+
+    def expanded_platforms
+      @platforms.map {|pl| PLATFORM_MAP[pl] }
+    end
+
+    def should_include?
+      @should_include && current_env? && current_platform?
+    end
+
+    def current_env?
+      return true unless @env
+      if @env.is_a?(Hash)
+        @env.all? do |key, val|
+          ENV[key.to_s] && (val.is_a?(String) ? ENV[key.to_s] == val : ENV[key.to_s] =~ val)
+        end
+      else
+        ENV[@env.to_s]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def current_platform?
+      return true if @platforms.empty?
+      @platforms.any? do |p|
+        Bundler.current_ruby.send("#{p}?")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_lock
+      out = super
+      out << "!" if source
+      out << "\n"
+    end
+
+    def specific?
+      super
+    rescue NoMethodError
+      requirement != ">= 0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/deployment.rb b/lib/bundler/deployment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b432ae6ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/deployment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "shared_helpers"
+Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler no longer integrates with " \
+  "Capistrano, but Capistrano provides its own integration with " \
+  "Bundler via the capistrano-bundler gem. Use it instead."
+
+module Bundler
+  class Deployment
+    def self.define_task(context, task_method = :task, opts = {})
+      if defined?(Capistrano) && context.is_a?(Capistrano::Configuration)
+        context_name = "capistrano"
+        role_default = "{:except => {:no_release => true}}"
+        error_type = ::Capistrano::CommandError
+      else
+        context_name = "vlad"
+        role_default = "[:app]"
+        error_type = ::Rake::CommandFailedError
+      end
+
+      roles = context.fetch(:bundle_roles, false)
+      opts[:roles] = roles if roles
+
+      context.send :namespace, :bundle do
+        send :desc, <<-DESC
+          Install the current Bundler environment. By default, gems will be \
+          installed to the shared/bundle path. Gems in the development and \
+          test group will not be installed. The install command is executed \
+          with the --deployment and --quiet flags. If the bundle cmd cannot \
+          be found then you can override the bundle_cmd variable to specify \
+          which one it should use. The base path to the app is fetched from \
+          the :latest_release variable. Set it for custom deploy layouts.
+
+          You can override any of these defaults by setting the variables shown below.
+
+          N.B. bundle_roles must be defined before you require 'bundler/#{context_name}' \
+          in your deploy.rb file.
+
+            set :bundle_gemfile,  "Gemfile"
+            set :bundle_dir,      File.join(fetch(:shared_path), 'bundle')
+            set :bundle_flags,    "--deployment --quiet"
+            set :bundle_without,  [:development, :test]
+            set :bundle_with,     [:mysql]
+            set :bundle_cmd,      "bundle" # e.g. "/opt/ruby/bin/bundle"
+            set :bundle_roles,    #{role_default} # e.g. [:app, :batch]
+        DESC
+        send task_method, :install, opts do
+          bundle_cmd     = context.fetch(:bundle_cmd, "bundle")
+          bundle_flags   = context.fetch(:bundle_flags, "--deployment --quiet")
+          bundle_dir     = context.fetch(:bundle_dir, File.join(context.fetch(:shared_path), "bundle"))
+          bundle_gemfile = context.fetch(:bundle_gemfile, "Gemfile")
+          bundle_without = [*context.fetch(:bundle_without, [:development, :test])].compact
+          bundle_with    = [*context.fetch(:bundle_with, [])].compact
+          app_path = context.fetch(:latest_release)
+          if app_path.to_s.empty?
+            raise error_type.new("Cannot detect current release path - make sure you have deployed at least once.")
+          end
+          args = ["--gemfile #{File.join(app_path, bundle_gemfile)}"]
+          args << "--path #{bundle_dir}" unless bundle_dir.to_s.empty?
+          args << bundle_flags.to_s
+          args << "--without #{bundle_without.join(" ")}" unless bundle_without.empty?
+          args << "--with #{bundle_with.join(" ")}" unless bundle_with.empty?
+
+          run "cd #{app_path} && #{bundle_cmd} install #{args.join(" ")}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/deprecate.rb b/lib/bundler/deprecate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f59533630e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/deprecate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+begin
+  require "rubygems/deprecate"
+rescue LoadError
+  # it's fine if it doesn't exist on the current RubyGems...
+  nil
+end
+
+module Bundler
+  # If Bundler::Deprecate is an autoload constant, we need to define it
+  if defined?(Bundler::Deprecate) && !autoload?(:Deprecate)
+    # nothing to do!
+  elsif defined? ::Deprecate
+    Deprecate = ::Deprecate
+  elsif defined? Gem::Deprecate
+    Deprecate = Gem::Deprecate
+  else
+    class Deprecate
+    end
+  end
+
+  unless Deprecate.respond_to?(:skip_during)
+    def Deprecate.skip_during
+      original = skip
+      self.skip = true
+      yield
+    ensure
+      self.skip = original
+    end
+  end
+
+  unless Deprecate.respond_to?(:skip)
+    def Deprecate.skip
+      @skip ||= false
+    end
+  end
+
+  unless Deprecate.respond_to?(:skip=)
+    def Deprecate.skip=(skip)
+      @skip = skip
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/digest.rb b/lib/bundler/digest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..759f609416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/digest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# This code was extracted from https://github.com/Solistra/ruby-digest which is under public domain
+module Bundler
+  module Digest
+    # The initial constant values for the 32-bit constant words A, B, C, D, and
+    # E, respectively.
+    SHA1_WORDS = [0x67452301, 0xEFCDAB89, 0x98BADCFE, 0x10325476, 0xC3D2E1F0].freeze
+
+    # The 8-bit field used for bitwise `AND` masking. Defaults to `0xFFFFFFFF`.
+    SHA1_MASK = 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+    class << self
+      def sha1(string)
+        unless string.is_a?(String)
+          raise TypeError, "can't convert #{string.class.inspect} into String"
+        end
+
+        buffer = string.b
+
+        words = SHA1_WORDS.dup
+        generate_split_buffer(buffer) do |chunk|
+          w = []
+          chunk.each_slice(4) do |a, b, c, d|
+            w << (((a << 8 | b) << 8 | c) << 8 | d)
+          end
+          a, b, c, d, e = *words
+          (16..79).each do |i|
+            w[i] = SHA1_MASK & rotate((w[i-3] ^ w[i-8] ^ w[i-14] ^ w[i-16]), 1)
+          end
+          0.upto(79) do |i|
+            case i
+            when  0..19
+              f = ((b & c) | (~b & d))
+              k = 0x5A827999
+            when 20..39
+              f = (b ^ c ^ d)
+              k = 0x6ED9EBA1
+            when 40..59
+              f = ((b & c) | (b & d) | (c & d))
+              k = 0x8F1BBCDC
+            when 60..79
+              f = (b ^ c ^ d)
+              k = 0xCA62C1D6
+            end
+            t = SHA1_MASK & (SHA1_MASK & rotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + w[i])
+            a, b, c, d, e = t, a, SHA1_MASK & rotate(b, 30), c, d # rubocop:disable Style/ParallelAssignment
+          end
+          mutated = [a, b, c, d, e]
+          words.map!.with_index {|word, index| SHA1_MASK & (word + mutated[index]) }
+        end
+
+        words.pack("N*").unpack("H*").first
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def generate_split_buffer(string, &block)
+        size   = string.bytesize * 8
+        buffer = string.bytes << 128
+        buffer << 0 while buffer.size % 64 != 56
+        buffer.concat([size].pack("Q>").bytes)
+        buffer.each_slice(64, &block)
+      end
+
+      def rotate(value, spaces)
+        value << spaces | value >> (32 - spaces)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dsl.rb b/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1108fc3b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "dependency"
+require_relative "ruby_dsl"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Dsl
+    include RubyDsl
+
+    def self.evaluate(gemfile, lockfile, unlock)
+      builder = new
+      builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile)
+      builder.to_definition(lockfile, unlock)
+    end
+
+    VALID_PLATFORMS = Bundler::Dependency::PLATFORM_MAP.keys.freeze
+
+    VALID_KEYS = %w[group groups git path glob name branch ref tag require submodules
+                    platform platforms type source install_if gemfile].freeze
+
+    GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL = %r{\Ahttps://github\.com/([A-Za-z0-9_\-\.]+/[A-Za-z0-9_\-\.]+)/pull/(\d+)\z}.freeze
+
+    attr_reader :gemspecs
+    attr_accessor :dependencies
+
+    def initialize
+      @source               = nil
+      @sources              = SourceList.new
+      @git_sources          = {}
+      @dependencies         = []
+      @groups               = []
+      @install_conditionals = []
+      @optional_groups      = []
+      @platforms            = []
+      @env                  = nil
+      @ruby_version         = nil
+      @gemspecs             = []
+      @gemfile              = nil
+      @gemfiles             = []
+      add_git_sources
+    end
+
+    def eval_gemfile(gemfile, contents = nil)
+      expanded_gemfile_path = Pathname.new(gemfile).expand_path(@gemfile && @gemfile.parent)
+      original_gemfile = @gemfile
+      @gemfile = expanded_gemfile_path
+      @gemfiles << expanded_gemfile_path
+      contents ||= Bundler.read_file(@gemfile.to_s)
+      instance_eval(contents.dup.tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" }, gemfile.to_s, 1)
+    rescue Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
+      message = "There was an error " \
+        "#{e.is_a?(GemfileEvalError) ? "evaluating" : "parsing"} " \
+        "`#{File.basename gemfile.to_s}`: #{e.message}"
+
+      raise DSLError.new(message, gemfile, e.backtrace, contents)
+    ensure
+      @gemfile = original_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def gemspec(opts = nil)
+      opts ||= {}
+      path              = opts[:path] || "."
+      glob              = opts[:glob]
+      name              = opts[:name]
+      development_group = opts[:development_group] || :development
+      expanded_path     = gemfile_root.join(path)
+
+      gemspecs = Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("{,*}.gemspec", expanded_path).map {|g| Bundler.load_gemspec(g) }.compact
+      gemspecs.reject! {|s| s.name != name } if name
+      Index.sort_specs(gemspecs)
+      specs_by_name_and_version = gemspecs.group_by {|s| [s.name, s.version] }
+
+      case specs_by_name_and_version.size
+      when 1
+        specs = specs_by_name_and_version.values.first
+        spec = specs.find {|s| s.match_platform(Bundler.local_platform) } || specs.first
+
+        @gemspecs << spec
+
+        gem spec.name, :name => spec.name, :path => path, :glob => glob
+
+        group(development_group) do
+          spec.development_dependencies.each do |dep|
+            gem dep.name, *(dep.requirement.as_list + [:type => :development])
+          end
+        end
+      when 0
+        raise InvalidOption, "There are no gemspecs at #{expanded_path}"
+      else
+        raise InvalidOption, "There are multiple gemspecs at #{expanded_path}. " \
+          "Please use the :name option to specify which one should be used"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def gem(name, *args)
+      options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop.dup : {}
+      options["gemfile"] = @gemfile
+      version = args || [">= 0"]
+
+      normalize_options(name, version, options)
+
+      dep = Dependency.new(name, version, options)
+
+      # if there's already a dependency with this name we try to prefer one
+      if current = @dependencies.find {|d| d.name == dep.name }
+        deleted_dep = @dependencies.delete(current) if current.type == :development
+
+        unless deleted_dep
+          if current.requirement != dep.requirement
+            return if dep.type == :development
+
+            update_prompt = ""
+
+            if File.basename(@gemfile) == Injector::INJECTED_GEMS
+              if dep.requirements_list.include?(">= 0") && !current.requirements_list.include?(">= 0")
+                update_prompt = ". Gem already added"
+              else
+                update_prompt = ". If you want to update the gem version, run `bundle update #{current.name}`"
+
+                update_prompt += ". You may also need to change the version requirement specified in the Gemfile if it's too restrictive." unless current.requirements_list.include?(">= 0")
+              end
+            end
+
+            raise GemfileError, "You cannot specify the same gem twice with different version requirements.\n" \
+                            "You specified: #{current.name} (#{current.requirement}) and #{dep.name} (#{dep.requirement})" \
+                             "#{update_prompt}"
+          else
+            Bundler.ui.warn "Your Gemfile lists the gem #{current.name} (#{current.requirement}) more than once.\n" \
+                            "You should probably keep only one of them.\n" \
+                            "Remove any duplicate entries and specify the gem only once.\n" \
+                            "While it's not a problem now, it could cause errors if you change the version of one of them later."
+          end
+
+          if current.source != dep.source
+            return if dep.type == :development
+            raise GemfileError, "You cannot specify the same gem twice coming from different sources.\n" \
+                            "You specified that #{dep.name} (#{dep.requirement}) should come from " \
+                            "#{current.source || "an unspecified source"} and #{dep.source}\n"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      @dependencies << dep
+    end
+
+    def source(source, *args, &blk)
+      options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop.dup : {}
+      options = normalize_hash(options)
+      source = normalize_source(source)
+
+      if options.key?("type")
+        options["type"] = options["type"].to_s
+        unless Plugin.source?(options["type"])
+          raise InvalidOption, "No plugin sources available for #{options["type"]}"
+        end
+
+        unless block_given?
+          raise InvalidOption, "You need to pass a block to #source with :type option"
+        end
+
+        source_opts = options.merge("uri" => source)
+        with_source(@sources.add_plugin_source(options["type"], source_opts), &blk)
+      elsif block_given?
+        with_source(@sources.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => source), &blk)
+      else
+        @sources.add_global_rubygems_remote(source)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def git_source(name, &block)
+      unless block_given?
+        raise InvalidOption, "You need to pass a block to #git_source"
+      end
+
+      if valid_keys.include?(name.to_s)
+        raise InvalidOption, "You cannot use #{name} as a git source. It " \
+          "is a reserved key. Reserved keys are: #{valid_keys.join(", ")}"
+      end
+
+      @git_sources[name.to_s] = block
+    end
+
+    def path(path, options = {}, &blk)
+      source_options = normalize_hash(options).merge(
+        "path" => Pathname.new(path),
+        "root_path" => gemfile_root,
+        "gemspec" => gemspecs.find {|g| g.name == options["name"] }
+      )
+
+      source_options["global"] = true unless block_given?
+
+      source = @sources.add_path_source(source_options)
+      with_source(source, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def git(uri, options = {}, &blk)
+      unless block_given?
+        msg = "You can no longer specify a git source by itself. Instead, \n" \
+              "either use the :git option on a gem, or specify the gems that \n" \
+              "bundler should find in the git source by passing a block to \n" \
+              "the git method, like: \n\n" \
+              "  git 'git://github.com/rails/rails.git' do\n" \
+              "    gem 'rails'\n" \
+              "  end"
+        raise DeprecatedError, msg
+      end
+
+      with_source(@sources.add_git_source(normalize_hash(options).merge("uri" => uri)), &blk)
+    end
+
+    def github(repo, options = {})
+      raise ArgumentError, "GitHub sources require a block" unless block_given?
+      github_uri  = @git_sources["github"].call(repo)
+      git_options = normalize_hash(options).merge("uri" => github_uri)
+      git_source  = @sources.add_git_source(git_options)
+      with_source(git_source) { yield }
+    end
+
+    def to_definition(lockfile, unlock)
+      check_primary_source_safety
+      Definition.new(lockfile, @dependencies, @sources, unlock, @ruby_version, @optional_groups, @gemfiles)
+    end
+
+    def group(*args, &blk)
+      options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop.dup : {}
+      normalize_group_options(options, args)
+
+      @groups.concat args
+
+      if options["optional"]
+        optional_groups = args - @optional_groups
+        @optional_groups.concat optional_groups
+      end
+
+      yield
+    ensure
+      args.each { @groups.pop }
+    end
+
+    def install_if(*args)
+      @install_conditionals.concat args
+      yield
+    ensure
+      args.each { @install_conditionals.pop }
+    end
+
+    def platforms(*platforms)
+      @platforms.concat platforms
+      yield
+    ensure
+      platforms.each { @platforms.pop }
+    end
+    alias_method :platform, :platforms
+
+    def env(name)
+      old = @env
+      @env = name
+      yield
+    ensure
+      @env = old
+    end
+
+    def plugin(*args)
+      # Pass on
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(name, *args)
+      raise GemfileError, "Undefined local variable or method `#{name}' for Gemfile"
+    end
+
+    def check_primary_source_safety
+      check_path_source_safety
+      check_rubygems_source_safety
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def add_git_sources
+      git_source(:github) do |repo_name|
+        warn_deprecated_git_source(:github, <<-'RUBY'.strip, 'Change any "reponame" :github sources to "username/reponame".')
+"https://github.com/#{repo_name}.git"
+        RUBY
+        if repo_name =~ GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL
+          {
+            "git" => "https://github.com/#{$1}.git",
+            "branch" => "refs/pull/#{$2}/head",
+            "ref" => nil,
+            "tag" => nil,
+          }
+        else
+          repo_name = "#{repo_name}/#{repo_name}" unless repo_name.include?("/")
+          "https://github.com/#{repo_name}.git"
+        end
+      end
+
+      git_source(:gist) do |repo_name|
+        warn_deprecated_git_source(:gist, '"https://gist.github.com/#{repo_name}.git"')
+
+        "https://gist.github.com/#{repo_name}.git"
+      end
+
+      git_source(:bitbucket) do |repo_name|
+        warn_deprecated_git_source(:bitbucket, <<-'RUBY'.strip)
+user_name, repo_name = repo_name.split("/")
+repo_name ||= user_name
+"https://#{user_name}@bitbucket.org/#{user_name}/#{repo_name}.git"
+        RUBY
+
+        user_name, repo_name = repo_name.split("/")
+        repo_name ||= user_name
+        "https://#{user_name}@bitbucket.org/#{user_name}/#{repo_name}.git"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def with_source(source)
+      old_source = @source
+      if block_given?
+        @source = source
+        yield
+      end
+      source
+    ensure
+      @source = old_source
+    end
+
+    def normalize_hash(opts)
+      opts.keys.each do |k|
+        opts[k.to_s] = opts.delete(k) unless k.is_a?(String)
+      end
+      opts
+    end
+
+    def valid_keys
+      @valid_keys ||= VALID_KEYS
+    end
+
+    def normalize_options(name, version, opts)
+      if name.is_a?(Symbol)
+        raise GemfileError, %(You need to specify gem names as Strings. Use 'gem "#{name}"' instead)
+      end
+      if name =~ /\s/
+        raise GemfileError, %('#{name}' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace)
+      end
+      raise GemfileError, %(an empty gem name is not valid) if name.empty?
+
+      normalize_hash(opts)
+
+      git_names = @git_sources.keys.map(&:to_s)
+      validate_keys("gem '#{name}'", opts, valid_keys + git_names)
+
+      groups = @groups.dup
+      opts["group"] = opts.delete("groups") || opts["group"]
+      groups.concat Array(opts.delete("group"))
+      groups = [:default] if groups.empty?
+
+      install_if = @install_conditionals.dup
+      install_if.concat Array(opts.delete("install_if"))
+      install_if = install_if.reduce(true) do |memo, val|
+        memo && (val.respond_to?(:call) ? val.call : val)
+      end
+
+      platforms = @platforms.dup
+      opts["platforms"] = opts["platform"] || opts["platforms"]
+      platforms.concat Array(opts.delete("platforms"))
+      platforms.map!(&:to_sym)
+      platforms.each do |p|
+        next if VALID_PLATFORMS.include?(p)
+        raise GemfileError, "`#{p}` is not a valid platform. The available options are: #{VALID_PLATFORMS.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      # Save sources passed in a key
+      if opts.key?("source")
+        source = normalize_source(opts["source"])
+        opts["source"] = @sources.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => source)
+      end
+
+      git_name = (git_names & opts.keys).last
+      if @git_sources[git_name]
+        git_opts = @git_sources[git_name].call(opts[git_name])
+        git_opts = { "git" => git_opts } if git_opts.is_a?(String)
+        opts.merge!(git_opts) do |key, _gemfile_value, _git_source_value|
+          raise GemfileError, %(The :#{key} option can't be used with `#{git_name}: #{opts[git_name].inspect}`)
+        end
+      end
+
+      %w[git path].each do |type|
+        next unless param = opts[type]
+        if version.first && version.first =~ /^\s*=?\s*(\d[^\s]*)\s*$/
+          options = opts.merge("name" => name, "version" => $1)
+        else
+          options = opts.dup
+        end
+        source = send(type, param, options) {}
+        opts["source"] = source
+      end
+
+      opts["source"]         ||= @source
+      opts["env"]            ||= @env
+      opts["platforms"]      = platforms.dup
+      opts["group"]          = groups
+      opts["should_include"] = install_if
+    end
+
+    def normalize_group_options(opts, groups)
+      normalize_hash(opts)
+
+      groups = groups.map {|group| ":#{group}" }.join(", ")
+      validate_keys("group #{groups}", opts, %w[optional])
+
+      opts["optional"] ||= false
+    end
+
+    def validate_keys(command, opts, valid_keys)
+      invalid_keys = opts.keys - valid_keys
+
+      git_source = opts.keys & @git_sources.keys.map(&:to_s)
+      if opts["branch"] && !(opts["git"] || opts["github"] || git_source.any?)
+        raise GemfileError, %(The `branch` option for `#{command}` is not allowed. Only gems with a git source can specify a branch)
+      end
+
+      return true unless invalid_keys.any?
+
+      message = String.new
+      message << "You passed #{invalid_keys.map {|k| ":" + k }.join(", ")} "
+      message << if invalid_keys.size > 1
+        "as options for #{command}, but they are invalid."
+      else
+        "as an option for #{command}, but it is invalid."
+      end
+
+      message << " Valid options are: #{valid_keys.join(", ")}."
+      message << " You may be able to resolve this by upgrading Bundler to the newest version."
+      raise InvalidOption, message
+    end
+
+    def normalize_source(source)
+      case source
+      when :gemcutter, :rubygems, :rubyforge
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "The source :#{source} is deprecated because HTTP " \
+          "requests are insecure.\nPlease change your source to 'https://" \
+          "rubygems.org' if possible, or 'http://rubygems.org' if not."
+        "http://rubygems.org"
+      when String
+        source
+      else
+        raise GemfileError, "Unknown source '#{source}'"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_path_source_safety
+      return if @sources.global_path_source.nil?
+
+      msg = "You can no longer specify a path source by itself. Instead, \n" \
+              "either use the :path option on a gem, or specify the gems that \n" \
+              "bundler should find in the path source by passing a block to \n" \
+              "the path method, like: \n\n" \
+              "    path 'dir/containing/rails' do\n" \
+              "      gem 'rails'\n" \
+              "    end\n\n"
+
+      SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(2, msg.strip)
+    end
+
+    def check_rubygems_source_safety
+      if @sources.implicit_global_source?
+        implicit_global_source_warning
+      elsif @sources.aggregate_global_source?
+        multiple_global_source_warning
+      end
+    end
+
+    def implicit_global_source_warning
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "This Gemfile does not include an explicit global source. " \
+        "Not using an explicit global source may result in a different lockfile being generated depending on " \
+        "the gems you have installed locally before bundler is run. " \
+        "Instead, define a global source in your Gemfile like this: source \"https://rubygems.org\"."
+    end
+
+    def multiple_global_source_warning
+      if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+        msg = "This Gemfile contains multiple primary sources. " \
+          "Each source after the first must include a block to indicate which gems " \
+          "should come from that source"
+        raise GemfileEvalError, msg
+      else
+        Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Your Gemfile contains multiple primary sources. " \
+          "Using `source` more than once without a block is a security risk, and " \
+          "may result in installing unexpected gems. To resolve this warning, use " \
+          "a block to indicate which gems should come from the secondary source."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def warn_deprecated_git_source(name, replacement, additional_message = nil)
+      additional_message &&= " #{additional_message}"
+      replacement = if replacement.count("\n").zero?
+        "{|repo_name| #{replacement} }"
+      else
+        "do |repo_name|\n#{replacement.to_s.gsub(/^/, "      ")}\n    end"
+      end
+
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 3, <<-EOS
+The :#{name} git source is deprecated, and will be removed in the future.#{additional_message} Add this code to the top of your Gemfile to ensure it continues to work:
+
+    git_source(:#{name}) #{replacement}
+
+      EOS
+    end
+
+    class DSLError < GemfileError
+      # @return [String] the description that should be presented to the user.
+      #
+      attr_reader :description
+
+      # @return [String] the path of the dsl file that raised the exception.
+      #
+      attr_reader :dsl_path
+
+      # @return [Exception] the backtrace of the exception raised by the
+      #         evaluation of the dsl file.
+      #
+      attr_reader :backtrace
+
+      # @param [Exception] backtrace @see backtrace
+      # @param [String]    dsl_path  @see dsl_path
+      #
+      def initialize(description, dsl_path, backtrace, contents = nil)
+        @status_code = $!.respond_to?(:status_code) && $!.status_code
+
+        @description = description
+        @dsl_path    = dsl_path
+        @backtrace   = backtrace
+        @contents    = contents
+      end
+
+      def status_code
+        @status_code || super
+      end
+
+      # @return [String] the contents of the DSL that cause the exception to
+      #         be raised.
+      #
+      def contents
+        @contents ||= begin
+          dsl_path && File.exist?(dsl_path) && File.read(dsl_path)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The message of the exception reports the content of podspec for the
+      # line that generated the original exception.
+      #
+      # @example Output
+      #
+      #   Invalid podspec at `RestKit.podspec` - undefined method
+      #   `exclude_header_search_paths=' for #<Pod::Specification for
+      #   `RestKit/Network (0.9.3)`>
+      #
+      #       from spec-repos/master/RestKit/0.9.3/RestKit.podspec:36
+      #       -------------------------------------------
+      #           # because it would break: #import <CoreData/CoreData.h>
+      #    >      ns.exclude_header_search_paths = 'Code/RestKit.h'
+      #         end
+      #       -------------------------------------------
+      #
+      # @return [String] the message of the exception.
+      #
+      def to_s
+        @to_s ||= begin
+          trace_line, description = parse_line_number_from_description
+
+          m = String.new("\n[!] ")
+          m << description
+          m << ". Bundler cannot continue.\n"
+
+          return m unless backtrace && dsl_path && contents
+
+          trace_line = backtrace.find {|l| l.include?(dsl_path.to_s) } || trace_line
+          return m unless trace_line
+          line_numer = trace_line.split(":")[1].to_i - 1
+          return m unless line_numer
+
+          lines      = contents.lines.to_a
+          indent     = " #  "
+          indicator  = indent.tr("#", ">")
+          first_line = line_numer.zero?
+          last_line  = (line_numer == (lines.count - 1))
+
+          m << "\n"
+          m << "#{indent}from #{trace_line.gsub(/:in.*$/, "")}\n"
+          m << "#{indent}-------------------------------------------\n"
+          m << "#{indent}#{lines[line_numer - 1]}" unless first_line
+          m << "#{indicator}#{lines[line_numer]}"
+          m << "#{indent}#{lines[line_numer + 1]}" unless last_line
+          m << "\n" unless m.end_with?("\n")
+          m << "#{indent}-------------------------------------------\n"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def parse_line_number_from_description
+        description = self.description
+        if dsl_path && description =~ /((#{Regexp.quote File.expand_path(dsl_path)}|#{Regexp.quote dsl_path.to_s}):\d+)/
+          trace_line = Regexp.last_match[1]
+          description = description.sub(/\n.*\n(\.\.\.)? *\^~+$/, "").sub(/#{Regexp.quote trace_line}:\s*/, "").sub("\n", " - ")
+        end
+        [trace_line, description]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def gemfile_root
+      @gemfile ||= Bundler.default_gemfile
+      @gemfile.dirname
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/endpoint_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/endpoint_specification.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..476151ae56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/endpoint_specification.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # used for Creating Specifications from the Gemcutter Endpoint
+  class EndpointSpecification < Gem::Specification
+    ILLFORMED_MESSAGE = 'Ill-formed requirement ["#<YAML::Syck::DefaultKey'.freeze
+    include MatchPlatform
+
+    attr_reader :name, :version, :platform, :required_rubygems_version, :required_ruby_version, :checksum
+    attr_accessor :source, :remote, :dependencies
+
+    def initialize(name, version, platform, dependencies, metadata = nil)
+      super()
+      @name         = name
+      @version      = Gem::Version.create version
+      @platform     = platform
+      @dependencies = dependencies.map {|dep, reqs| build_dependency(dep, reqs) }
+
+      @loaded_from          = nil
+      @remote_specification = nil
+
+      parse_metadata(metadata)
+    end
+
+    def fetch_platform
+      @platform
+    end
+
+    # needed for standalone, load required_paths from local gemspec
+    # after the gem is installed
+    def require_paths
+      if @remote_specification
+        @remote_specification.require_paths
+      elsif _local_specification
+        _local_specification.require_paths
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # needed for inline
+    def load_paths
+      # remote specs aren't installed, and can't have load_paths
+      if _local_specification
+        _local_specification.load_paths
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # needed for binstubs
+    def executables
+      if @remote_specification
+        @remote_specification.executables
+      elsif _local_specification
+        _local_specification.executables
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # needed for bundle clean
+    def bindir
+      if @remote_specification
+        @remote_specification.bindir
+      elsif _local_specification
+        _local_specification.bindir
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # needed for post_install_messages during install
+    def post_install_message
+      if @remote_specification
+        @remote_specification.post_install_message
+      elsif _local_specification
+        _local_specification.post_install_message
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # needed for "with native extensions" during install
+    def extensions
+      if @remote_specification
+        @remote_specification.extensions
+      elsif _local_specification
+        _local_specification.extensions
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _local_specification
+      return unless @loaded_from && File.exist?(local_specification_path)
+      eval(File.read(local_specification_path)).tap do |spec|
+        spec.loaded_from = @loaded_from
+      end
+    end
+
+    def __swap__(spec)
+      SharedHelpers.ensure_same_dependencies(self, dependencies, spec.dependencies)
+      @remote_specification = spec
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def local_specification_path
+      "#{base_dir}/specifications/#{full_name}.gemspec"
+    end
+
+    def parse_metadata(data)
+      return unless data
+      data.each do |k, v|
+        next unless v
+        case k.to_s
+        when "checksum"
+          @checksum = v.last
+        when "rubygems"
+          @required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(v)
+        when "ruby"
+          @required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(v)
+        end
+      end
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      raise GemspecError, "There was an error parsing the metadata for the gem #{name} (#{version}): #{e.class}\n#{e}\nThe metadata was #{data.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    def build_dependency(name, requirements)
+      Gem::Dependency.new(name, requirements)
+    rescue ArgumentError => e
+      raise unless e.message.include?(ILLFORMED_MESSAGE)
+      puts # we shouldn't print the error message on the "fetching info" status line
+      raise GemspecError,
+        "Unfortunately, the gem #{name} (#{version}) has an invalid " \
+        "gemspec.\nPlease ask the gem author to yank the bad version to fix " \
+        "this issue. For more information, see http://bit.ly/syck-defaultkey."
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/env.rb b/lib/bundler/env.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00d4ef2196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/env.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "rubygems_integration"
+require_relative "source/git/git_proxy"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Env
+    def self.write(io)
+      io.write report
+    end
+
+    def self.report(options = {})
+      print_gemfile = options.delete(:print_gemfile) { true }
+      print_gemspecs = options.delete(:print_gemspecs) { true }
+
+      out = String.new
+      append_formatted_table("Environment", environment, out)
+      append_formatted_table("Bundler Build Metadata", BuildMetadata.to_h, out)
+
+      unless Bundler.settings.all.empty?
+        out << "\n## Bundler settings\n\n```\n"
+        Bundler.settings.all.each do |setting|
+          out << setting << "\n"
+          Bundler.settings.pretty_values_for(setting).each do |line|
+            out << "  " << line << "\n"
+          end
+        end
+        out << "```\n"
+      end
+
+      return out unless SharedHelpers.in_bundle?
+
+      if print_gemfile
+        gemfiles = [Bundler.default_gemfile]
+        begin
+          gemfiles = Bundler.definition.gemfiles
+        rescue GemfileNotFound
+          nil
+        end
+
+        out << "\n## Gemfile\n"
+        gemfiles.each do |gemfile|
+          out << "\n### #{Pathname.new(gemfile).relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)}\n\n"
+          out << "```ruby\n" << read_file(gemfile).chomp << "\n```\n"
+        end
+
+        out << "\n### #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)}\n\n"
+        out << "```\n" << read_file(Bundler.default_lockfile).chomp << "\n```\n"
+      end
+
+      if print_gemspecs
+        dsl = Dsl.new.tap {|d| d.eval_gemfile(Bundler.default_gemfile) }
+        out << "\n## Gemspecs\n" unless dsl.gemspecs.empty?
+        dsl.gemspecs.each do |gs|
+          out << "\n### #{File.basename(gs.loaded_from)}"
+          out << "\n\n```ruby\n" << read_file(gs.loaded_from).chomp << "\n```\n"
+        end
+      end
+
+      out
+    end
+
+    def self.read_file(filename)
+      Bundler.read_file(filename.to_s).strip
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      "<No #{filename} found>"
+    rescue RuntimeError => e
+      "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+    end
+
+    def self.ruby_version
+      str = String.new(RUBY_VERSION)
+      str << "p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}" if defined? RUBY_PATCHLEVEL
+      str << " (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE} revision #{RUBY_REVISION}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
+    end
+
+    def self.git_version
+      Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy.new(nil, nil, nil).full_version
+    rescue Bundler::Source::Git::GitNotInstalledError
+      "not installed"
+    end
+
+    def self.version_of(script)
+      return "not installed" unless Bundler.which(script)
+      `#{script} --version`.chomp
+    end
+
+    def self.chruby_version
+      return "not installed" unless Bundler.which("chruby-exec")
+      `chruby-exec -- chruby --version`.
+        sub(/.*^chruby: (#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN}).*/m, '\1')
+    end
+
+    def self.environment
+      out = []
+
+      out << ["Bundler", Bundler::VERSION]
+      out << ["  Platforms", Gem.platforms.join(", ")]
+      out << ["Ruby", ruby_version]
+      out << ["  Full Path", Gem.ruby]
+      out << ["  Config Dir", Pathname.new(Gem::ConfigFile::SYSTEM_WIDE_CONFIG_FILE).dirname]
+      out << ["RubyGems", Gem::VERSION]
+      out << ["  Gem Home", Gem.dir]
+      out << ["  Gem Path", Gem.path.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)]
+      out << ["  User Home", Gem.user_home]
+      out << ["  User Path", Gem.user_dir]
+      out << ["  Bin Dir", Gem.bindir]
+      if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL)
+        out << ["OpenSSL"]
+        out << ["  Compiled", OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION] if defined?(OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION)
+        out << ["  Loaded", OpenSSL::OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION] if defined?(OpenSSL::OPENSSL_LIBRARY_VERSION)
+        out << ["  Cert File", OpenSSL::X509::DEFAULT_CERT_FILE] if defined?(OpenSSL::X509::DEFAULT_CERT_FILE)
+        out << ["  Cert Dir", OpenSSL::X509::DEFAULT_CERT_DIR] if defined?(OpenSSL::X509::DEFAULT_CERT_DIR)
+      end
+      out << ["Tools"]
+      out << ["  Git", git_version]
+      out << ["  RVM", ENV.fetch("rvm_version") { version_of("rvm") }]
+      out << ["  rbenv", version_of("rbenv")]
+      out << ["  chruby", chruby_version]
+
+      %w[rubygems-bundler open_gem].each do |name|
+        specs = Bundler.rubygems.find_name(name)
+        out << ["  #{name}", "(#{specs.map(&:version).join(",")})"] unless specs.empty?
+      end
+      if (exe = caller.last.split(":").first) && exe =~ %r{(exe|bin)/bundler?\z}
+        shebang = File.read(exe).lines.first
+        shebang.sub!(/^#!\s*/, "")
+        unless shebang.start_with?(Gem.ruby, "/usr/bin/env ruby")
+          out << ["Gem.ruby", Gem.ruby]
+          out << ["bundle #!", shebang]
+        end
+      end
+
+      out
+    end
+
+    def self.append_formatted_table(title, pairs, out)
+      return if pairs.empty?
+      out << "\n" unless out.empty?
+      out << "## #{title}\n\n```\n"
+      ljust = pairs.map {|k, _v| k.to_s.length }.max
+      pairs.each do |k, v|
+        out << "#{k.to_s.ljust(ljust)}  #{v}\n"
+      end
+      out << "```\n"
+    end
+
+    private_class_method :read_file, :ruby_version, :git_version, :append_formatted_table, :version_of, :chruby_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb b/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f08e049d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class EnvironmentPreserver
+    INTENTIONALLY_NIL = "BUNDLER_ENVIRONMENT_PRESERVER_INTENTIONALLY_NIL".freeze
+    BUNDLER_KEYS = %w[
+      BUNDLE_BIN_PATH
+      BUNDLE_GEMFILE
+      BUNDLER_VERSION
+      GEM_HOME
+      GEM_PATH
+      MANPATH
+      PATH
+      RB_USER_INSTALL
+      RUBYLIB
+      RUBYOPT
+    ].map(&:freeze).freeze
+    BUNDLER_PREFIX = "BUNDLER_ORIG_".freeze
+
+    def self.from_env
+      new(env_to_hash(ENV), BUNDLER_KEYS)
+    end
+
+    def self.env_to_hash(env)
+      to_hash = env.to_hash
+      return to_hash unless Gem.win_platform?
+
+      to_hash.each_with_object({}) {|(k,v), a| a[k.upcase] = v }
+    end
+
+    # @param env [Hash]
+    # @param keys [Array<String>]
+    def initialize(env, keys)
+      @original = env
+      @keys = keys
+      @prefix = BUNDLER_PREFIX
+    end
+
+    # Replaces `ENV` with the bundler environment variables backed up
+    def replace_with_backup
+      unless Gem.win_platform?
+        ENV.replace(backup)
+        return
+      end
+
+      # Fallback logic for Windows below to workaround
+      # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16798. Can be dropped once all
+      # supported rubies include the fix for that.
+
+      ENV.clear
+
+      backup.each {|k, v| ENV[k] = v }
+    end
+
+    # @return [Hash]
+    def backup
+      env = @original.clone
+      @keys.each do |key|
+        value = env[key]
+        if !value.nil? && !value.empty?
+          env[@prefix + key] ||= value
+        elsif value.nil?
+          env[@prefix + key] ||= INTENTIONALLY_NIL
+        end
+      end
+      env
+    end
+
+    # @return [Hash]
+    def restore
+      env = @original.clone
+      @keys.each do |key|
+        value_original = env[@prefix + key]
+        next if value_original.nil? || value_original.empty?
+        if value_original == INTENTIONALLY_NIL
+          env.delete(key)
+        else
+          env[key] = value_original
+        end
+        env.delete(@prefix + key)
+      end
+      env
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/errors.rb b/lib/bundler/errors.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ad7460e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/errors.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class BundlerError < StandardError
+    def self.status_code(code)
+      define_method(:status_code) { code }
+      if match = BundlerError.all_errors.find {|_k, v| v == code }
+        error, _ = match
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "Trying to register #{self} for status code #{code} but #{error} is already registered"
+      end
+      BundlerError.all_errors[self] = code
+    end
+
+    def self.all_errors
+      @all_errors ||= {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  class GemfileError < BundlerError; status_code(4); end
+  class InstallError < BundlerError; status_code(5); end
+
+  # Internal error, should be rescued
+  class VersionConflict < BundlerError
+    attr_reader :conflicts
+
+    def initialize(conflicts, msg = nil)
+      super(msg)
+      @conflicts = conflicts
+    end
+
+    status_code(6)
+  end
+
+  class GemNotFound < BundlerError; status_code(7); end
+  class InstallHookError < BundlerError; status_code(8); end
+  class GemfileNotFound < BundlerError; status_code(10); end
+  class GitError < BundlerError; status_code(11); end
+  class DeprecatedError < BundlerError; status_code(12); end
+  class PathError < BundlerError; status_code(13); end
+  class GemspecError < BundlerError; status_code(14); end
+  class InvalidOption < BundlerError; status_code(15); end
+  class ProductionError < BundlerError; status_code(16); end
+  class HTTPError < BundlerError
+    status_code(17)
+    def filter_uri(uri)
+      URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri)
+    end
+  end
+  class RubyVersionMismatch < BundlerError; status_code(18); end
+  class SecurityError < BundlerError; status_code(19); end
+  class LockfileError < BundlerError; status_code(20); end
+  class CyclicDependencyError < BundlerError; status_code(21); end
+  class GemfileLockNotFound < BundlerError; status_code(22); end
+  class PluginError < BundlerError; status_code(29); end
+  class SudoNotPermittedError < BundlerError; status_code(30); end
+  class ThreadCreationError < BundlerError; status_code(33); end
+  class APIResponseMismatchError < BundlerError; status_code(34); end
+  class APIResponseInvalidDependenciesError < BundlerError; status_code(35); end
+  class GemfileEvalError < GemfileError; end
+  class MarshalError < StandardError; end
+
+  class PermissionError < BundlerError
+    def initialize(path, permission_type = :write)
+      @path = path
+      @permission_type = permission_type
+    end
+
+    def action
+      case @permission_type
+      when :read then "read from"
+      when :write then "write to"
+      when :executable, :exec then "execute"
+      else @permission_type.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def permission_type
+      case @permission_type
+      when :create
+        "executable permissions for all parent directories and write permissions for `#{parent_folder}`"
+      when :delete
+        permissions = "executable permissions for all parent directories and write permissions for `#{parent_folder}`"
+        permissions += ", and the same thing for all subdirectories inside #{@path}" if File.directory?(@path)
+        permissions
+      else
+        "#{@permission_type} permissions for that path"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parent_folder
+      File.dirname(@path)
+    end
+
+    def message
+      "There was an error while trying to #{action} `#{@path}`. " \
+      "It is likely that you need to grant #{permission_type}."
+    end
+
+    status_code(23)
+  end
+
+  class GemRequireError < BundlerError
+    attr_reader :orig_exception
+
+    def initialize(orig_exception, msg)
+      full_message = msg + "\nGem Load Error is: #{orig_exception.message}\n"\
+                      "Backtrace for gem load error is:\n"\
+                      "#{orig_exception.backtrace.join("\n")}\n"\
+                      "Bundler Error Backtrace:\n"
+      super(full_message)
+      @orig_exception = orig_exception
+    end
+
+    status_code(24)
+  end
+
+  class YamlSyntaxError < BundlerError
+    attr_reader :orig_exception
+
+    def initialize(orig_exception, msg)
+      super(msg)
+      @orig_exception = orig_exception
+    end
+
+    status_code(25)
+  end
+
+  class TemporaryResourceError < PermissionError
+    def message
+      "There was an error while trying to #{action} `#{@path}`. " \
+      "Some resource was temporarily unavailable. It's suggested that you try" \
+      "the operation again."
+    end
+
+    status_code(26)
+  end
+
+  class VirtualProtocolError < BundlerError
+    def message
+      "There was an error relating to virtualization and file access. " \
+      "It is likely that you need to grant access to or mount some file system correctly."
+    end
+
+    status_code(27)
+  end
+
+  class OperationNotSupportedError < PermissionError
+    def message
+      "Attempting to #{action} `#{@path}` is unsupported by your OS."
+    end
+
+    status_code(28)
+  end
+
+  class NoSpaceOnDeviceError < PermissionError
+    def message
+      "There was an error while trying to #{action} `#{@path}`. " \
+      "There was insufficient space remaining on the device."
+    end
+
+    status_code(31)
+  end
+
+  class GenericSystemCallError < BundlerError
+    attr_reader :underlying_error
+
+    def initialize(underlying_error, message)
+      @underlying_error = underlying_error
+      super("#{message}\nThe underlying system error is #{@underlying_error.class}: #{@underlying_error}")
+    end
+
+    status_code(32)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb b/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e441b941c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class FeatureFlag
+    def self.settings_flag(flag, &default)
+      unless Bundler::Settings::BOOL_KEYS.include?(flag.to_s)
+        raise "Cannot use `#{flag}` as a settings feature flag since it isn't a bool key"
+      end
+
+      settings_method("#{flag}?", flag, &default)
+    end
+    private_class_method :settings_flag
+
+    def self.settings_option(key, &default)
+      settings_method(key, key, &default)
+    end
+    private_class_method :settings_option
+
+    def self.settings_method(name, key, &default)
+      define_method(name) do
+        value = Bundler.settings[key]
+        value = instance_eval(&default) if value.nil?
+        value
+      end
+    end
+    private_class_method :settings_method
+
+    (1..10).each {|v| define_method("bundler_#{v}_mode?") { major_version >= v } }
+
+    settings_flag(:allow_offline_install) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:auto_clean_without_path) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:cache_all) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:default_install_uses_path) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:forget_cli_options) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:global_gem_cache) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:path_relative_to_cwd) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:plugins) { @bundler_version >= Gem::Version.new("1.14") }
+    settings_flag(:print_only_version_number) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:setup_makes_kernel_gem_public) { !bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:suppress_install_using_messages) { bundler_3_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:update_requires_all_flag) { bundler_4_mode? }
+    settings_flag(:use_gem_version_promoter_for_major_updates) { bundler_3_mode? }
+
+    settings_option(:default_cli_command) { bundler_3_mode? ? :cli_help : :install }
+
+    def initialize(bundler_version)
+      @bundler_version = Gem::Version.create(bundler_version)
+    end
+
+    def major_version
+      @bundler_version.segments.first
+    end
+    private :major_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e3253a942f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "vendored_persistent"
+require "cgi"
+require "securerandom"
+require "zlib"
+require "rubygems/request"
+
+module Bundler
+  # Handles all the fetching with the rubygems server
+  class Fetcher
+    autoload :CompactIndex, File.expand_path("fetcher/compact_index", __dir__)
+    autoload :Downloader, File.expand_path("fetcher/downloader", __dir__)
+    autoload :Dependency, File.expand_path("fetcher/dependency", __dir__)
+    autoload :Index, File.expand_path("fetcher/index", __dir__)
+
+    # This error is raised when it looks like the network is down
+    class NetworkDownError < HTTPError; end
+    # This error is raised if we should rate limit our requests to the API
+    class TooManyRequestsError < HTTPError; end
+    # This error is raised if the API returns a 413 (only printed in verbose)
+    class FallbackError < HTTPError; end
+    # This is the error raised if OpenSSL fails the cert verification
+    class CertificateFailureError < HTTPError
+      def initialize(remote_uri)
+        remote_uri = filter_uri(remote_uri)
+        super "Could not verify the SSL certificate for #{remote_uri}.\nThere" \
+          " is a chance you are experiencing a man-in-the-middle attack, but" \
+          " most likely your system doesn't have the CA certificates needed" \
+          " for verification. For information about OpenSSL certificates, see" \
+          " https://railsapps.github.io/openssl-certificate-verify-failed.html." \
+          " To connect without using SSL, edit your Gemfile" \
+          " sources and change 'https' to 'http'."
+      end
+    end
+    # This is the error raised when a source is HTTPS and OpenSSL didn't load
+    class SSLError < HTTPError
+      def initialize(msg = nil)
+        super msg || "Could not load OpenSSL.\n" \
+            "You must recompile Ruby with OpenSSL support or change the sources in your " \
+            "Gemfile from 'https' to 'http'. Instructions for compiling with OpenSSL " \
+            "using RVM are available at rvm.io/packages/openssl."
+      end
+    end
+    # This error is raised if HTTP authentication is required, but not provided.
+    class AuthenticationRequiredError < HTTPError
+      def initialize(remote_uri)
+        remote_uri = filter_uri(remote_uri)
+        super "Authentication is required for #{remote_uri}.\n" \
+          "Please supply credentials for this source. You can do this by running:\n" \
+          "`bundle config set --global #{remote_uri} username:password`\n" \
+          "or by storing the credentials in the `#{Settings.key_for(remote_uri)}` environment variable"
+      end
+    end
+    # This error is raised if HTTP authentication is provided, but incorrect.
+    class BadAuthenticationError < HTTPError
+      def initialize(remote_uri)
+        remote_uri = filter_uri(remote_uri)
+        super "Bad username or password for #{remote_uri}.\n" \
+          "Please double-check your credentials and correct them."
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Exceptions classes that should bypass retry attempts. If your password didn't work the
+    # first time, it's not going to the third time.
+    NET_ERRORS = [:HTTPBadGateway, :HTTPBadRequest, :HTTPFailedDependency,
+                  :HTTPForbidden, :HTTPInsufficientStorage, :HTTPMethodNotAllowed,
+                  :HTTPMovedPermanently, :HTTPNoContent, :HTTPNotFound,
+                  :HTTPNotImplemented, :HTTPPreconditionFailed, :HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge,
+                  :HTTPRequestURITooLong, :HTTPUnauthorized, :HTTPUnprocessableEntity,
+                  :HTTPUnsupportedMediaType, :HTTPVersionNotSupported].freeze
+    FAIL_ERRORS = begin
+      fail_errors = [AuthenticationRequiredError, BadAuthenticationError, FallbackError]
+      fail_errors << Gem::Requirement::BadRequirementError if defined?(Gem::Requirement::BadRequirementError)
+      fail_errors.concat(NET_ERRORS.map {|e| SharedHelpers.const_get_safely(e, Net) }.compact)
+    end.freeze
+
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :disable_endpoint, :api_timeout, :redirect_limit, :max_retries
+    end
+
+    self.redirect_limit = Bundler.settings[:redirect] # How many redirects to allow in one request
+    self.api_timeout    = Bundler.settings[:timeout] # How long to wait for each API call
+    self.max_retries    = Bundler.settings[:retry] # How many retries for the API call
+
+    def initialize(remote)
+      @remote = remote
+
+      Socket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+      connection # create persistent connection
+    end
+
+    def uri
+      @remote.anonymized_uri
+    end
+
+    # fetch a gem specification
+    def fetch_spec(spec)
+      spec -= [nil, "ruby", ""]
+      spec_file_name = "#{spec.join "-"}.gemspec"
+
+      uri = Bundler::URI.parse("#{remote_uri}#{Gem::MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR}#{spec_file_name}.rz")
+      if uri.scheme == "file"
+        path = Bundler.rubygems.correct_for_windows_path(uri.path)
+        Bundler.load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(Gem.read_binary(path))
+      elsif cached_spec_path = gemspec_cached_path(spec_file_name)
+        Bundler.load_gemspec(cached_spec_path)
+      else
+        Bundler.load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(downloader.fetch(uri).body)
+      end
+    rescue MarshalError
+      raise HTTPError, "Gemspec #{spec} contained invalid data.\n" \
+        "Your network or your gem server is probably having issues right now."
+    end
+
+    # return the specs in the bundler format as an index with retries
+    def specs_with_retry(gem_names, source)
+      Bundler::Retry.new("fetcher", FAIL_ERRORS).attempts do
+        specs(gem_names, source)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # return the specs in the bundler format as an index
+    def specs(gem_names, source)
+      old = Bundler.rubygems.sources
+      index = Bundler::Index.new
+
+      if Bundler::Fetcher.disable_endpoint
+        @use_api = false
+        specs = fetchers.last.specs(gem_names)
+      else
+        specs = []
+        fetchers.shift until fetchers.first.available? || fetchers.empty?
+        fetchers.dup.each do |f|
+          break unless f.api_fetcher? && !gem_names || !specs = f.specs(gem_names)
+          fetchers.delete(f)
+        end
+        @use_api = false if fetchers.none?(&:api_fetcher?)
+      end
+
+      specs.each do |name, version, platform, dependencies, metadata|
+        spec = if dependencies
+          EndpointSpecification.new(name, version, platform, dependencies, metadata)
+        else
+          RemoteSpecification.new(name, version, platform, self)
+        end
+        spec.source = source
+        spec.remote = @remote
+        index << spec
+      end
+
+      index
+    rescue CertificateFailureError
+      Bundler.ui.info "" if gem_names && use_api # newline after dots
+      raise
+    ensure
+      Bundler.rubygems.sources = old
+    end
+
+    def use_api
+      return @use_api if defined?(@use_api)
+
+      fetchers.shift until fetchers.first.available?
+
+      @use_api = if remote_uri.scheme == "file" || Bundler::Fetcher.disable_endpoint
+        false
+      else
+        fetchers.first.api_fetcher?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def user_agent
+      @user_agent ||= begin
+        ruby = Bundler::RubyVersion.system
+
+        agent = String.new("bundler/#{Bundler::VERSION}")
+        agent << " rubygems/#{Gem::VERSION}"
+        agent << " ruby/#{ruby.versions_string(ruby.versions)}"
+        agent << " (#{ruby.host})"
+        agent << " command/#{ARGV.first}"
+
+        if ruby.engine != "ruby"
+          # engine_version raises on unknown engines
+          engine_version = begin
+                             ruby.engine_versions
+                           rescue RuntimeError
+                             "???"
+                           end
+          agent << " #{ruby.engine}/#{ruby.versions_string(engine_version)}"
+        end
+
+        agent << " options/#{Bundler.settings.all.join(",")}"
+
+        agent << " ci/#{cis.join(",")}" if cis.any?
+
+        # add a random ID so we can consolidate runs server-side
+        agent << " " << SecureRandom.hex(8)
+
+        # add any user agent strings set in the config
+        extra_ua = Bundler.settings[:user_agent]
+        agent << " " << extra_ua if extra_ua
+
+        agent
+      end
+    end
+
+    def fetchers
+      @fetchers ||= FETCHERS.map {|f| f.new(downloader, @remote, uri) }
+    end
+
+    def http_proxy
+      return unless uri = connection.proxy_uri
+      uri.to_s
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class}:0x#{object_id} uri=#{uri}>"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    FETCHERS = [CompactIndex, Dependency, Index].freeze
+
+    def cis
+      env_cis = {
+        "TRAVIS" => "travis",
+        "CIRCLECI" => "circle",
+        "SEMAPHORE" => "semaphore",
+        "JENKINS_URL" => "jenkins",
+        "BUILDBOX" => "buildbox",
+        "GO_SERVER_URL" => "go",
+        "SNAP_CI" => "snap",
+        "GITLAB_CI" => "gitlab",
+        "CI_NAME" => ENV["CI_NAME"],
+        "CI" => "ci",
+      }
+      env_cis.find_all {|env, _| ENV[env] }.map {|_, ci| ci }
+    end
+
+    def connection
+      @connection ||= begin
+        needs_ssl = remote_uri.scheme == "https" ||
+          Bundler.settings[:ssl_verify_mode] ||
+          Bundler.settings[:ssl_client_cert]
+        raise SSLError if needs_ssl && !defined?(OpenSSL::SSL)
+
+        con = PersistentHTTP.new :name => "bundler", :proxy => :ENV
+        if gem_proxy = Bundler.rubygems.configuration[:http_proxy]
+          con.proxy = Bundler::URI.parse(gem_proxy) if gem_proxy != :no_proxy
+        end
+
+        if remote_uri.scheme == "https"
+          con.verify_mode = (Bundler.settings[:ssl_verify_mode] ||
+            OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER)
+          con.cert_store = bundler_cert_store
+        end
+
+        ssl_client_cert = Bundler.settings[:ssl_client_cert] ||
+          (Bundler.rubygems.configuration.ssl_client_cert if
+            Bundler.rubygems.configuration.respond_to?(:ssl_client_cert))
+        if ssl_client_cert
+          pem = File.read(ssl_client_cert)
+          con.cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(pem)
+          con.key  = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(pem)
+        end
+
+        con.read_timeout = Fetcher.api_timeout
+        con.open_timeout = Fetcher.api_timeout
+        con.override_headers["User-Agent"] = user_agent
+        con.override_headers["X-Gemfile-Source"] = @remote.original_uri.to_s if @remote.original_uri
+        con
+      end
+    end
+
+    # cached gem specification path, if one exists
+    def gemspec_cached_path(spec_file_name)
+      paths = Bundler.rubygems.spec_cache_dirs.map {|dir| File.join(dir, spec_file_name) }
+      paths = paths.select {|path| File.file? path }
+      paths.first
+    end
+
+    HTTP_ERRORS = [
+      Timeout::Error, EOFError, SocketError, Errno::ENETDOWN, Errno::ENETUNREACH,
+      Errno::EINVAL, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, Errno::EAGAIN,
+      Net::HTTPBadResponse, Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, Net::ProtocolError,
+      PersistentHTTP::Error, Zlib::BufError, Errno::EHOSTUNREACH
+    ].freeze
+
+    def bundler_cert_store
+      store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
+      ssl_ca_cert = Bundler.settings[:ssl_ca_cert] ||
+        (Bundler.rubygems.configuration.ssl_ca_cert if
+          Bundler.rubygems.configuration.respond_to?(:ssl_ca_cert))
+      if ssl_ca_cert
+        if File.directory? ssl_ca_cert
+          store.add_path ssl_ca_cert
+        else
+          store.add_file ssl_ca_cert
+        end
+      else
+        store.set_default_paths
+        Gem::Request.get_cert_files.each {|c| store.add_file c }
+      end
+      store
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def remote_uri
+      @remote.uri
+    end
+
+    def downloader
+      @downloader ||= Downloader.new(connection, self.class.redirect_limit)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/base.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16cc98273a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Fetcher
+    class Base
+      attr_reader :downloader
+      attr_reader :display_uri
+      attr_reader :remote
+
+      def initialize(downloader, remote, display_uri)
+        raise "Abstract class" if self.class == Base
+        @downloader = downloader
+        @remote = remote
+        @display_uri = display_uri
+      end
+
+      def remote_uri
+        @remote.uri
+      end
+
+      def fetch_uri
+        @fetch_uri ||= begin
+          if remote_uri.host == "rubygems.org"
+            uri = remote_uri.dup
+            uri.host = "index.rubygems.org"
+            uri
+          else
+            remote_uri
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def available?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def api_fetcher?
+        false
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def log_specs(debug_msg)
+        if Bundler.ui.debug?
+          Bundler.ui.debug debug_msg
+        else
+          Bundler.ui.info ".", false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc69b884ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "base"
+require_relative "../worker"
+
+module Bundler
+  autoload :CompactIndexClient, File.expand_path("../compact_index_client", __dir__)
+
+  class Fetcher
+    class CompactIndex < Base
+      def self.compact_index_request(method_name)
+        method = instance_method(method_name)
+        undef_method(method_name)
+        define_method(method_name) do |*args, &blk|
+          begin
+            method.bind(self).call(*args, &blk)
+          rescue NetworkDownError, CompactIndexClient::Updater::MisMatchedChecksumError => e
+            raise HTTPError, e.message
+          rescue AuthenticationRequiredError
+            # Fail since we got a 401 from the server.
+            raise
+          rescue HTTPError => e
+            Bundler.ui.trace(e)
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def specs(gem_names)
+        specs_for_names(gem_names)
+      end
+      compact_index_request :specs
+
+      def specs_for_names(gem_names)
+        gem_info = []
+        complete_gems = []
+        remaining_gems = gem_names.dup
+
+        until remaining_gems.empty?
+          log_specs "Looking up gems #{remaining_gems.inspect}"
+
+          deps = begin
+                   parallel_compact_index_client.dependencies(remaining_gems)
+                 rescue TooManyRequestsError
+                   @bundle_worker.stop if @bundle_worker
+                   @bundle_worker = nil # reset it.  Not sure if necessary
+                   serial_compact_index_client.dependencies(remaining_gems)
+                 end
+          next_gems = deps.map {|d| d[3].map(&:first).flatten(1) }.flatten(1).uniq
+          deps.each {|dep| gem_info << dep }
+          complete_gems.concat(deps.map(&:first)).uniq!
+          remaining_gems = next_gems - complete_gems
+        end
+        @bundle_worker.stop if @bundle_worker
+        @bundle_worker = nil # reset it.  Not sure if necessary
+
+        gem_info
+      end
+
+      def fetch_spec(spec)
+        spec -= [nil, "ruby", ""]
+        contents = compact_index_client.spec(*spec)
+        return nil if contents.nil?
+        contents.unshift(spec.first)
+        contents[3].map! {|d| Gem::Dependency.new(*d) }
+        EndpointSpecification.new(*contents)
+      end
+      compact_index_request :fetch_spec
+
+      def available?
+        return nil unless SharedHelpers.md5_available?
+        user_home = Bundler.user_home
+        return nil unless user_home.directory? && user_home.writable?
+        # Read info file checksums out of /versions, so we can know if gems are up to date
+        fetch_uri.scheme != "file" && compact_index_client.update_and_parse_checksums!
+      rescue CompactIndexClient::Updater::MisMatchedChecksumError => e
+        Bundler.ui.debug(e.message)
+        nil
+      end
+      compact_index_request :available?
+
+      def api_fetcher?
+        true
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def compact_index_client
+        @compact_index_client ||=
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(cache_path) do
+            CompactIndexClient.new(cache_path, client_fetcher)
+          end
+      end
+
+      def parallel_compact_index_client
+        compact_index_client.execution_mode = lambda do |inputs, &blk|
+          func = lambda {|object, _index| blk.call(object) }
+          worker = bundle_worker(func)
+          inputs.each {|input| worker.enq(input) }
+          inputs.map { worker.deq }
+        end
+
+        compact_index_client
+      end
+
+      def serial_compact_index_client
+        compact_index_client.sequential_execution_mode!
+        compact_index_client
+      end
+
+      def bundle_worker(func = nil)
+        @bundle_worker ||= begin
+          worker_name = "Compact Index (#{display_uri.host})"
+          Bundler::Worker.new(Bundler.settings.processor_count, worker_name, func)
+        end
+        @bundle_worker.tap do |worker|
+          worker.instance_variable_set(:@func, func) if func
+        end
+      end
+
+      def cache_path
+        Bundler.user_cache.join("compact_index", remote.cache_slug)
+      end
+
+      def client_fetcher
+        ClientFetcher.new(self, Bundler.ui)
+      end
+
+      ClientFetcher = Struct.new(:fetcher, :ui) do
+        def call(path, headers)
+          fetcher.downloader.fetch(fetcher.fetch_uri + path, headers)
+        rescue NetworkDownError => e
+          raise unless Bundler.feature_flag.allow_offline_install? && headers["If-None-Match"]
+          ui.warn "Using the cached data for the new index because of a network error: #{e}"
+          Net::HTTPNotModified.new(nil, nil, nil)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/dependency.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/dependency.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c52c32fb5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/dependency.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "base"
+require "cgi"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Fetcher
+    class Dependency < Base
+      def available?
+        @available ||= fetch_uri.scheme != "file" && downloader.fetch(dependency_api_uri)
+      rescue NetworkDownError => e
+        raise HTTPError, e.message
+      rescue AuthenticationRequiredError
+        # Fail since we got a 401 from the server.
+        raise
+      rescue HTTPError
+        false
+      end
+
+      def api_fetcher?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list = [], last_spec_list = [])
+        query_list = gem_names.uniq - full_dependency_list
+
+        log_specs "Query List: #{query_list.inspect}"
+
+        return last_spec_list if query_list.empty?
+
+        spec_list, deps_list = Bundler::Retry.new("dependency api", FAIL_ERRORS).attempts do
+          dependency_specs(query_list)
+        end
+
+        returned_gems = spec_list.map(&:first).uniq
+        specs(deps_list, full_dependency_list + returned_gems, spec_list + last_spec_list)
+      rescue MarshalError
+        Bundler.ui.info "" unless Bundler.ui.debug? # new line now that the dots are over
+        Bundler.ui.debug "could not fetch from the dependency API, trying the full index"
+        nil
+      rescue HTTPError, GemspecError
+        Bundler.ui.info "" unless Bundler.ui.debug? # new line now that the dots are over
+        Bundler.ui.debug "could not fetch from the dependency API\nit's suggested to retry using the full index via `bundle install --full-index`"
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def dependency_specs(gem_names)
+        Bundler.ui.debug "Query Gemcutter Dependency Endpoint API: #{gem_names.join(",")}"
+
+        gem_list = unmarshalled_dep_gems(gem_names)
+        get_formatted_specs_and_deps(gem_list)
+      end
+
+      def unmarshalled_dep_gems(gem_names)
+        gem_list = []
+        gem_names.each_slice(Source::Rubygems::API_REQUEST_SIZE) do |names|
+          marshalled_deps = downloader.fetch(dependency_api_uri(names)).body
+          gem_list.concat(Bundler.load_marshal(marshalled_deps))
+        end
+        gem_list
+      end
+
+      def get_formatted_specs_and_deps(gem_list)
+        deps_list = []
+        spec_list = []
+
+        gem_list.each do |s|
+          deps_list.concat(s[:dependencies].map(&:first))
+          deps = s[:dependencies].map {|n, d| [n, d.split(", ")] }
+          spec_list.push([s[:name], s[:number], s[:platform], deps])
+        end
+        [spec_list, deps_list]
+      end
+
+      def dependency_api_uri(gem_names = [])
+        uri = fetch_uri + "api/v1/dependencies"
+        uri.query = "gems=#{CGI.escape(gem_names.sort.join(","))}" if gem_names.any?
+        uri
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2aad3a500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Fetcher
+    class Downloader
+      attr_reader :connection
+      attr_reader :redirect_limit
+
+      def initialize(connection, redirect_limit)
+        @connection = connection
+        @redirect_limit = redirect_limit
+      end
+
+      def fetch(uri, headers = {}, counter = 0)
+        raise HTTPError, "Too many redirects" if counter >= redirect_limit
+
+        filtered_uri = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri)
+
+        response = request(uri, headers)
+        Bundler.ui.debug("HTTP #{response.code} #{response.message} #{filtered_uri}")
+
+        case response
+        when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPNotModified
+          response
+        when Net::HTTPRedirection
+          new_uri = Bundler::URI.parse(response["location"])
+          if new_uri.host == uri.host
+            new_uri.user = uri.user
+            new_uri.password = uri.password
+          end
+          fetch(new_uri, headers, counter + 1)
+        when Net::HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable
+          new_headers = headers.dup
+          new_headers.delete("Range")
+          new_headers["Accept-Encoding"] = "gzip"
+          fetch(uri, new_headers)
+        when Net::HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge
+          raise FallbackError, response.body
+        when Net::HTTPTooManyRequests
+          raise TooManyRequestsError, response.body
+        when Net::HTTPUnauthorized
+          raise BadAuthenticationError, uri.host if uri.userinfo
+          raise AuthenticationRequiredError, uri.host
+        when Net::HTTPNotFound
+          raise FallbackError, "Net::HTTPNotFound: #{filtered_uri}"
+        else
+          raise HTTPError, "#{response.class}#{": #{response.body}" unless response.body.empty?}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def request(uri, headers)
+        validate_uri_scheme!(uri)
+
+        filtered_uri = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri)
+
+        Bundler.ui.debug "HTTP GET #{filtered_uri}"
+        req = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri.request_uri, headers
+        if uri.user
+          user = CGI.unescape(uri.user)
+          password = uri.password ? CGI.unescape(uri.password) : nil
+          req.basic_auth(user, password)
+        end
+        connection.request(uri, req)
+      rescue NoMethodError => e
+        raise unless ["undefined method", "use_ssl="].all? {|snippet| e.message.include? snippet }
+        raise LoadError.new("cannot load such file -- openssl")
+      rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
+        raise CertificateFailureError.new(uri)
+      rescue *HTTP_ERRORS => e
+        Bundler.ui.trace e
+        if e.is_a?(SocketError) || e.message =~ /host down:/
+          raise NetworkDownError, "Could not reach host #{uri.host}. Check your network " \
+            "connection and try again."
+        else
+          raise HTTPError, "Network error while fetching #{filtered_uri}" \
+            " (#{e})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def validate_uri_scheme!(uri)
+        return if uri.scheme =~ /\Ahttps?\z/
+        raise InvalidOption,
+          "The request uri `#{uri}` has an invalid scheme (`#{uri.scheme}`). " \
+          "Did you mean `http` or `https`?"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/index.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/index.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d14c47aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/index.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "base"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Fetcher
+    class Index < Base
+      def specs(_gem_names)
+        Bundler.rubygems.fetch_all_remote_specs(remote)
+      rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError => e
+        case e.message
+        when /certificate verify failed/
+          raise CertificateFailureError.new(display_uri)
+        when /401/
+          raise BadAuthenticationError, remote_uri if remote_uri.userinfo
+          raise AuthenticationRequiredError, remote_uri
+        when /403/
+          raise BadAuthenticationError, remote_uri if remote_uri.userinfo
+          raise AuthenticationRequiredError, remote_uri
+        else
+          raise HTTPError, "Could not fetch specs from #{display_uri} due to underlying error <#{e.message}>"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fetch_spec(spec)
+        spec -= [nil, "ruby", ""]
+        spec_file_name = "#{spec.join "-"}.gemspec"
+
+        uri = Bundler::URI.parse("#{remote_uri}#{Gem::MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR}#{spec_file_name}.rz")
+        if uri.scheme == "file"
+          path = Bundler.rubygems.correct_for_windows_path(uri.path)
+          Bundler.load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(Gem.read_binary(path))
+        elsif cached_spec_path = gemspec_cached_path(spec_file_name)
+          Bundler.load_gemspec(cached_spec_path)
+        else
+          Bundler.load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(downloader.fetch(uri).body)
+        end
+      rescue MarshalError
+        raise HTTPError, "Gemspec #{spec} contained invalid data.\n" \
+          "Your network or your gem server is probably having issues right now."
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # cached gem specification path, if one exists
+      def gemspec_cached_path(spec_file_name)
+        paths = Bundler.rubygems.spec_cache_dirs.map {|dir| File.join(dir, spec_file_name) }
+        paths.find {|path| File.file? path }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb b/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc615db60c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "vendored_thor"
+
+module Bundler
+  module FriendlyErrors
+    module_function
+
+    def enable!
+      @disabled = false
+    end
+
+    def disabled?
+      @disabled
+    end
+
+    def disable!
+      @disabled = true
+    end
+
+    def log_error(error)
+      case error
+      when YamlSyntaxError
+        Bundler.ui.error error.message
+        Bundler.ui.trace error.orig_exception
+      when Dsl::DSLError, GemspecError
+        Bundler.ui.error error.message
+      when GemRequireError
+        Bundler.ui.error error.message
+        Bundler.ui.trace error.orig_exception
+      when BundlerError
+        Bundler.ui.error error.message, :wrap => true
+        Bundler.ui.trace error
+      when Thor::Error
+        Bundler.ui.error error.message
+      when LoadError
+        raise error unless error.message =~ /cannot load such file -- openssl|openssl.so|libcrypto.so/
+        Bundler.ui.error "\nCould not load OpenSSL. #{error.class}: #{error}\n#{error.backtrace.join("\n  ")}"
+      when Interrupt
+        Bundler.ui.error "\nQuitting..."
+        Bundler.ui.trace error
+      when Gem::InvalidSpecificationException
+        Bundler.ui.error error.message, :wrap => true
+      when SystemExit
+      when *[defined?(Java::JavaLang::OutOfMemoryError) && Java::JavaLang::OutOfMemoryError].compact
+        Bundler.ui.error "\nYour JVM has run out of memory, and Bundler cannot continue. " \
+          "You can decrease the amount of memory Bundler needs by removing gems from your Gemfile, " \
+          "especially large gems. (Gems can be as large as hundreds of megabytes, and Bundler has to read those files!). " \
+          "Alternatively, you can increase the amount of memory the JVM is able to use by running Bundler with jruby -J-Xmx1024m -S bundle (JRuby defaults to 500MB)."
+      else request_issue_report_for(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def exit_status(error)
+      case error
+      when BundlerError then error.status_code
+      when Thor::Error then 15
+      when SystemExit then error.status
+      else 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def request_issue_report_for(e)
+      Bundler.ui.error <<-EOS.gsub(/^ {8}/, ""), nil, nil
+        --- ERROR REPORT TEMPLATE -------------------------------------------------------
+
+        ```
+        #{e.class}: #{e.message}
+          #{e.backtrace && e.backtrace.join("\n          ").chomp}
+        ```
+
+        #{Bundler::Env.report}
+        --- TEMPLATE END ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+      EOS
+
+      Bundler.ui.error "Unfortunately, an unexpected error occurred, and Bundler cannot continue."
+
+      Bundler.ui.error <<-EOS.gsub(/^ {8}/, ""), nil, :yellow
+
+        First, try this link to see if there are any existing issue reports for this error:
+        #{issues_url(e)}
+
+        If there aren't any reports for this error yet, please fill in the new issue form located at #{new_issue_url}, and copy and paste the report template above in there.
+      EOS
+    end
+
+    def issues_url(exception)
+      message = exception.message.lines.first.tr(":", " ").chomp
+      message = message.split("-").first if exception.is_a?(Errno)
+      require "cgi"
+      "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/search?q=" \
+        "#{CGI.escape(message)}&type=Issues"
+    end
+
+    def new_issue_url
+      "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.with_friendly_errors
+    FriendlyErrors.enable!
+    yield
+  rescue SignalException
+    raise
+  rescue Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
+    raise if FriendlyErrors.disabled?
+
+    FriendlyErrors.log_error(e)
+    exit FriendlyErrors.exit_status(e)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_helper.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..034f2e5960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/gem_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../bundler"
+require "shellwords"
+
+module Bundler
+  class GemHelper
+    include Rake::DSL if defined? Rake::DSL
+
+    class << self
+      # set when install'd.
+      attr_accessor :instance
+
+      def install_tasks(opts = {})
+        new(opts[:dir], opts[:name]).install
+      end
+
+      def tag_prefix=(prefix)
+        instance.tag_prefix = prefix
+      end
+
+      def gemspec(&block)
+        gemspec = instance.gemspec
+        block.call(gemspec) if block
+        gemspec
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :spec_path, :base, :gemspec
+
+    attr_writer :tag_prefix
+
+    def initialize(base = nil, name = nil)
+      @base = File.expand_path(base || SharedHelpers.pwd)
+      gemspecs = name ? [File.join(@base, "#{name}.gemspec")] : Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("{,*}.gemspec", @base)
+      raise "Unable to determine name from existing gemspec. Use :name => 'gemname' in #install_tasks to manually set it." unless gemspecs.size == 1
+      @spec_path = gemspecs.first
+      @gemspec = Bundler.load_gemspec(@spec_path)
+      @tag_prefix = ""
+    end
+
+    def install
+      built_gem_path = nil
+
+      desc "Build #{name}-#{version}.gem into the pkg directory."
+      task "build" do
+        built_gem_path = build_gem
+      end
+
+      desc "Generate SHA512 checksum if #{name}-#{version}.gem into the checksums directory."
+      task "build:checksum" => "build" do
+        build_checksum(built_gem_path)
+      end
+
+      desc "Build and install #{name}-#{version}.gem into system gems."
+      task "install" => "build" do
+        install_gem(built_gem_path)
+      end
+
+      desc "Build and install #{name}-#{version}.gem into system gems without network access."
+      task "install:local" => "build" do
+        install_gem(built_gem_path, :local)
+      end
+
+      desc "Create tag #{version_tag} and build and push #{name}-#{version}.gem to #{gem_push_host}\n" \
+           "To prevent publishing in RubyGems use `gem_push=no rake release`"
+      task "release", [:remote] => ["build", "release:guard_clean",
+                                    "release:source_control_push", "release:rubygem_push"] do
+      end
+
+      task "release:guard_clean" do
+        guard_clean
+      end
+
+      task "release:source_control_push", [:remote] do |_, args|
+        tag_version { git_push(args[:remote]) } unless already_tagged?
+      end
+
+      task "release:rubygem_push" => "build" do
+        rubygem_push(built_gem_path) if gem_push?
+      end
+
+      GemHelper.instance = self
+    end
+
+    def build_gem
+      file_name = nil
+      sh([*gem_command, "build", "-V", spec_path]) do
+        file_name = File.basename(built_gem_path)
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(File.join(base, "pkg")) {|p| FileUtils.mkdir_p(p) }
+        FileUtils.mv(built_gem_path, "pkg")
+        Bundler.ui.confirm "#{name} #{version} built to pkg/#{file_name}."
+      end
+      File.join(base, "pkg", file_name)
+    end
+
+    def install_gem(built_gem_path = nil, local = false)
+      built_gem_path ||= build_gem
+      cmd = [*gem_command, "install", built_gem_path.to_s]
+      cmd << "--local" if local
+      sh(cmd)
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "#{name} (#{version}) installed."
+    end
+
+    def build_checksum(built_gem_path = nil)
+      built_gem_path ||= build_gem
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(File.join(base, "checksums")) {|p| FileUtils.mkdir_p(p) }
+      file_name = "#{File.basename(built_gem_path)}.sha512"
+      require "digest/sha2"
+      checksum = ::Digest::SHA512.new.hexdigest(built_gem_path.to_s)
+      target = File.join(base, "checksums", file_name)
+      File.write(target, checksum)
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "#{name} #{version} checksum written to checksums/#{file_name}."
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    def rubygem_push(path)
+      cmd = [*gem_command, "push", path]
+      cmd << "--key" << gem_key if gem_key
+      cmd << "--host" << allowed_push_host if allowed_push_host
+      sh_with_input(cmd)
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Pushed #{name} #{version} to #{gem_push_host}"
+    end
+
+    def built_gem_path
+      Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("#{name}-*.gem", base).sort_by {|f| File.mtime(f) }.last
+    end
+
+    def git_push(remote = nil)
+      remote ||= default_remote
+      sh("git push #{remote} refs/heads/#{current_branch}".shellsplit)
+      sh("git push #{remote} refs/tags/#{version_tag}".shellsplit)
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Pushed git commits and release tag."
+    end
+
+    def default_remote
+      remote_for_branch, status = sh_with_status(%W[git config --get branch.#{current_branch}.remote])
+      return "origin" unless status.success?
+
+      remote_for_branch.strip
+    end
+
+    def current_branch
+      # We can replace this with `git branch --show-current` once we drop support for git < 2.22.0
+      sh(%w[git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD]).gsub(%r{\Aheads/}, "").strip
+    end
+
+    def allowed_push_host
+      @gemspec.metadata["allowed_push_host"] if @gemspec.respond_to?(:metadata)
+    end
+
+    def gem_push_host
+      env_rubygems_host = ENV["RUBYGEMS_HOST"]
+      env_rubygems_host = nil if
+        env_rubygems_host && env_rubygems_host.empty?
+
+      allowed_push_host || env_rubygems_host || "rubygems.org"
+    end
+
+    def already_tagged?
+      return false unless sh(%w[git tag]).split(/\n/).include?(version_tag)
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Tag #{version_tag} has already been created."
+      true
+    end
+
+    def guard_clean
+      clean? && committed? || raise("There are files that need to be committed first.")
+    end
+
+    def clean?
+      sh_with_status(%w[git diff --exit-code])[1].success?
+    end
+
+    def committed?
+      sh_with_status(%w[git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD])[1].success?
+    end
+
+    def tag_version
+      sh %W[git tag -m Version\ #{version} #{version_tag}]
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Tagged #{version_tag}."
+      yield if block_given?
+    rescue RuntimeError
+      Bundler.ui.error "Untagging #{version_tag} due to error."
+      sh_with_status %W[git tag -d #{version_tag}]
+      raise
+    end
+
+    def version
+      gemspec.version
+    end
+
+    def version_tag
+      "#{@tag_prefix}v#{version}"
+    end
+
+    def name
+      gemspec.name
+    end
+
+    def sh_with_input(cmd)
+      Bundler.ui.debug(cmd)
+      SharedHelpers.chdir(base) do
+        abort unless Kernel.system(*cmd)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sh(cmd, &block)
+      out, status = sh_with_status(cmd, &block)
+      unless status.success?
+        raise("Running `#{cmd.shelljoin}` failed with the following output:\n\n#{out}\n")
+      end
+      out
+    end
+
+    def sh_with_status(cmd, &block)
+      Bundler.ui.debug(cmd)
+      SharedHelpers.chdir(base) do
+        outbuf = IO.popen(cmd, :err => [:child, :out], &:read)
+        status = $?
+        block.call(outbuf) if status.success? && block
+        [outbuf, status]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def gem_key
+      Bundler.settings["gem.push_key"].to_s.downcase if Bundler.settings["gem.push_key"]
+    end
+
+    def gem_push?
+      !%w[n no nil false off 0].include?(ENV["gem_push"].to_s.downcase)
+    end
+
+    def gem_command
+      ENV["GEM_COMMAND"]&.shellsplit || ["gem"]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b271b8d229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module GemHelpers
+    GENERIC_CACHE = { Gem::Platform::RUBY => Gem::Platform::RUBY } # rubocop:disable Style/MutableConstant
+    GENERICS = [
+      [Gem::Platform.new("java"), Gem::Platform.new("java")],
+      [Gem::Platform.new("mswin32"), Gem::Platform.new("mswin32")],
+      [Gem::Platform.new("mswin64"), Gem::Platform.new("mswin64")],
+      [Gem::Platform.new("universal-mingw32"), Gem::Platform.new("universal-mingw32")],
+      [Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32"), Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32")],
+      [Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-mingw32"), Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32")],
+      [Gem::Platform.new("mingw32"), Gem::Platform.new("x86-mingw32")],
+    ].freeze
+
+    def generic(p)
+      GENERIC_CACHE[p] ||= begin
+        _, found = GENERICS.find do |match, _generic|
+          p.os == match.os && (!match.cpu || p.cpu == match.cpu)
+        end
+        found || Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :generic
+
+    def generic_local_platform
+      generic(local_platform)
+    end
+    module_function :generic_local_platform
+
+    def local_platform
+      Bundler.local_platform
+    end
+    module_function :local_platform
+
+    def platform_specificity_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+      spec_platform = Gem::Platform.new(spec_platform)
+
+      PlatformMatch.specificity_score(spec_platform, user_platform)
+    end
+    module_function :platform_specificity_match
+
+    def select_best_platform_match(specs, platform)
+      matching = specs.select {|spec| spec.match_platform(platform) }
+      exact = matching.select {|spec| spec.platform == platform }
+      return exact if exact.any?
+
+      sorted_matching = matching.sort_by {|spec| platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform) }
+      exemplary_spec = sorted_matching.first
+
+      sorted_matching.take_while{|spec| same_specificity(platform, spec, exemplary_spec) && same_deps(spec, exemplary_spec) }
+    end
+    module_function :select_best_platform_match
+
+    class PlatformMatch
+      def self.specificity_score(spec_platform, user_platform)
+        return -1 if spec_platform == user_platform
+        return 1_000_000 if spec_platform.nil? || spec_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || user_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+        os_match(spec_platform, user_platform) +
+          cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 10 +
+          platform_version_match(spec_platform, user_platform) * 100
+      end
+
+      def self.os_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+        if spec_platform.os == user_platform.os
+          0
+        else
+          1
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.cpu_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+        if spec_platform.cpu == user_platform.cpu
+          0
+        elsif spec_platform.cpu == "arm" && user_platform.cpu.to_s.start_with?("arm")
+          0
+        elsif spec_platform.cpu.nil? || spec_platform.cpu == "universal"
+          1
+        else
+          2
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.platform_version_match(spec_platform, user_platform)
+        if spec_platform.version == user_platform.version
+          0
+        elsif spec_platform.version.nil?
+          1
+        else
+          2
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def same_specificity(platform, spec, exemplary_spec)
+      platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, platform) == platform_specificity_match(exemplary_spec.platform, platform)
+    end
+    module_function :same_specificity
+
+    def same_deps(spec, exemplary_spec)
+      same_runtime_deps = spec.dependencies.sort == exemplary_spec.dependencies.sort
+      return same_runtime_deps unless spec.is_a?(Gem::Specification) && exemplary_spec.is_a?(Gem::Specification)
+
+      same_metadata_deps = spec.required_ruby_version == exemplary_spec.required_ruby_version && spec.required_rubygems_version == exemplary_spec.required_rubygems_version
+      same_runtime_deps && same_metadata_deps
+    end
+    module_function :same_deps
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_tasks.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_tasks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc725d3602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/gem_tasks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rake/clean"
+CLOBBER.include "pkg"
+
+require_relative "gem_helper"
+Bundler::GemHelper.install_tasks
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_version_promoter.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_version_promoter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3cce3f2139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/gem_version_promoter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # This class contains all of the logic for determining the next version of a
+  # Gem to update to based on the requested level (patch, minor, major).
+  # Primarily designed to work with Resolver which will provide it the list of
+  # available dependency versions as found in its index, before returning it to
+  # to the resolution engine to select the best version.
+  class GemVersionPromoter
+    DEBUG = ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER"] || ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER"]
+
+    attr_reader :level, :locked_specs, :unlock_gems
+
+    # By default, strict is false, meaning every available version of a gem
+    # is returned from sort_versions. The order gives preference to the
+    # requested level (:patch, :minor, :major) but in complicated requirement
+    # cases some gems will by necessity by promoted past the requested level,
+    # or even reverted to older versions.
+    #
+    # If strict is set to true, the results from sort_versions will be
+    # truncated, eliminating any version outside the current level scope.
+    # This can lead to unexpected outcomes or even VersionConflict exceptions
+    # that report a version of a gem not existing for versions that indeed do
+    # existing in the referenced source.
+    attr_accessor :strict
+
+    attr_accessor :prerelease_specified
+
+    # Given a list of locked_specs and a list of gems to unlock creates a
+    # GemVersionPromoter instance.
+    #
+    # @param locked_specs [SpecSet] All current locked specs. Unlike Definition
+    #   where this list is empty if all gems are being updated, this should
+    #   always be populated for all gems so this class can properly function.
+    # @param unlock_gems [String] List of gem names being unlocked. If empty,
+    #   all gems will be considered unlocked.
+    # @return [GemVersionPromoter]
+    def initialize(locked_specs = SpecSet.new([]), unlock_gems = [])
+      @level = :major
+      @strict = false
+      @locked_specs = locked_specs
+      @unlock_gems = unlock_gems
+      @sort_versions = {}
+      @prerelease_specified = {}
+    end
+
+    # @param value [Symbol] One of three Symbols: :major, :minor or :patch.
+    def level=(value)
+      v = case value
+          when String, Symbol
+            value.to_sym
+      end
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "Unexpected level #{v}. Must be :major, :minor or :patch" unless [:major, :minor, :patch].include?(v)
+      @level = v
+    end
+
+    # Given a Dependency and an Array of SpecGroups of available versions for a
+    # gem, this method will return the Array of SpecGroups sorted (and possibly
+    # truncated if strict is true) in an order to give preference to the current
+    # level (:major, :minor or :patch) when resolution is deciding what versions
+    # best resolve all dependencies in the bundle.
+    # @param dep [Dependency] The Dependency of the gem.
+    # @param spec_groups [SpecGroup] An array of SpecGroups for the same gem
+    #    named in the @dep param.
+    # @return [SpecGroup] A new instance of the SpecGroup Array sorted and
+    #    possibly filtered.
+    def sort_versions(dep, spec_groups)
+      before_result = "before sort_versions: #{debug_format_result(dep, spec_groups).inspect}" if DEBUG
+
+      @sort_versions[dep] ||= begin
+        gem_name = dep.name
+
+        # An Array per version returned, different entries for different platforms.
+        # We only need the version here so it's ok to hard code this to the first instance.
+        locked_spec = locked_specs[gem_name].first
+
+        if strict
+          filter_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
+        else
+          sort_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
+        end.tap do |specs|
+          if DEBUG
+            puts before_result
+            puts " after sort_versions: #{debug_format_result(dep, specs).inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @return [bool] Convenience method for testing value of level variable.
+    def major?
+      level == :major
+    end
+
+    # @return [bool] Convenience method for testing value of level variable.
+    def minor?
+      level == :minor
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def filter_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
+      res = spec_groups.select do |spec_group|
+        if locked_spec && !major?
+          gsv = spec_group.version
+          lsv = locked_spec.version
+
+          must_match = minor? ? [0] : [0, 1]
+
+          matches = must_match.map {|idx| gsv.segments[idx] == lsv.segments[idx] }
+          matches.uniq == [true] ? (gsv >= lsv) : false
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      sort_dep_specs(res, locked_spec)
+    end
+
+    def sort_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
+      return spec_groups unless locked_spec
+      @gem_name = locked_spec.name
+      @locked_version = locked_spec.version
+
+      result = spec_groups.sort do |a, b|
+        @a_ver = a.version
+        @b_ver = b.version
+
+        unless @prerelease_specified[@gem_name]
+          a_pre = @a_ver.prerelease?
+          b_pre = @b_ver.prerelease?
+
+          next -1 if a_pre && !b_pre
+          next  1 if b_pre && !a_pre
+        end
+
+        if major?
+          @a_ver <=> @b_ver
+        elsif either_version_older_than_locked
+          @a_ver <=> @b_ver
+        elsif segments_do_not_match(:major)
+          @b_ver <=> @a_ver
+        elsif !minor? && segments_do_not_match(:minor)
+          @b_ver <=> @a_ver
+        else
+          @a_ver <=> @b_ver
+        end
+      end
+      post_sort(result)
+    end
+
+    def either_version_older_than_locked
+      @a_ver < @locked_version || @b_ver < @locked_version
+    end
+
+    def segments_do_not_match(level)
+      index = [:major, :minor].index(level)
+      @a_ver.segments[index] != @b_ver.segments[index]
+    end
+
+    def unlocking_gem?
+      unlock_gems.empty? || unlock_gems.include?(@gem_name)
+    end
+
+    # Specific version moves can't always reliably be done during sorting
+    # as not all elements are compared against each other.
+    def post_sort(result)
+      # default :major behavior in Bundler does not do this
+      return result if major?
+      if unlocking_gem?
+        result
+      else
+        move_version_to_end(result, @locked_version)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def move_version_to_end(result, version)
+      move, keep = result.partition {|s| s.version.to_s == version.to_s }
+      keep.concat(move)
+    end
+
+    def debug_format_result(dep, spec_groups)
+      a = [dep.to_s,
+           spec_groups.map {|sg| [sg.version, sg.dependencies_for_activated_platforms.map {|dp| [dp.name, dp.requirement.to_s] }] }]
+      last_map = a.last.map {|sg_data| [sg_data.first.version, sg_data.last.map {|aa| aa.join(" ") }] }
+      [a.first, last_map, level, strict ? :strict : :not_strict]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gemdeps.rb b/lib/bundler/gemdeps.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd4b25d0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/gemdeps.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Gemdeps
+    def initialize(runtime)
+      @runtime = runtime
+    end
+
+    def requested_specs
+      @runtime.requested_specs
+    end
+
+    def specs
+      @runtime.specs
+    end
+
+    def dependencies
+      @runtime.dependencies
+    end
+
+    def current_dependencies
+      @runtime.current_dependencies
+    end
+
+    def requires
+      @runtime.requires
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/graph.rb b/lib/bundler/graph.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f52e2f0f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/graph.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "set"
+module Bundler
+  class Graph
+    GRAPH_NAME = :Gemfile
+
+    def initialize(env, output_file, show_version = false, show_requirements = false, output_format = "png", without = [])
+      @env               = env
+      @output_file       = output_file
+      @show_version      = show_version
+      @show_requirements = show_requirements
+      @output_format     = output_format
+      @without_groups    = without.map(&:to_sym)
+
+      @groups            = []
+      @relations         = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = Set.new }
+      @node_options      = {}
+      @edge_options      = {}
+
+      _populate_relations
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :groups, :relations, :node_options, :edge_options, :output_file, :output_format
+
+    def viz
+      GraphVizClient.new(self).run
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def _populate_relations
+      parent_dependencies = _groups.values.to_set.flatten
+      loop do
+        break if parent_dependencies.empty?
+
+        tmp = Set.new
+        parent_dependencies.each do |dependency|
+          child_dependencies = spec_for_dependency(dependency).runtime_dependencies.to_set
+          @relations[dependency.name] += child_dependencies.map(&:name).to_set
+          tmp += child_dependencies
+
+          @node_options[dependency.name] = _make_label(dependency, :node)
+          child_dependencies.each do |c_dependency|
+            @edge_options["#{dependency.name}_#{c_dependency.name}"] = _make_label(c_dependency, :edge)
+          end
+        end
+        parent_dependencies = tmp
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _groups
+      relations = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = Set.new }
+      @env.current_dependencies.each do |dependency|
+        dependency.groups.each do |group|
+          next if @without_groups.include?(group)
+
+          relations[group.to_s].add(dependency)
+          @relations[group.to_s].add(dependency.name)
+
+          @node_options[group.to_s] ||= _make_label(group, :node)
+          @edge_options["#{group}_#{dependency.name}"] = _make_label(dependency, :edge)
+        end
+      end
+      @groups = relations.keys
+      relations
+    end
+
+    def _make_label(symbol_or_string_or_dependency, element_type)
+      case element_type.to_sym
+      when :node
+        if symbol_or_string_or_dependency.is_a?(Gem::Dependency)
+          label = symbol_or_string_or_dependency.name.dup
+          label << "\n#{spec_for_dependency(symbol_or_string_or_dependency).version}" if @show_version
+        else
+          label = symbol_or_string_or_dependency.to_s
+        end
+      when :edge
+        label = nil
+        if symbol_or_string_or_dependency.respond_to?(:requirements_list) && @show_requirements
+          tmp = symbol_or_string_or_dependency.requirements_list.join(", ")
+          label = tmp if tmp != ">= 0"
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "2nd argument is invalid"
+      end
+      label.nil? ? {} : { :label => label }
+    end
+
+    def spec_for_dependency(dependency)
+      @env.requested_specs.find {|s| s.name == dependency.name }
+    end
+
+    class GraphVizClient
+      def initialize(graph_instance)
+        @graph_name    = graph_instance.class::GRAPH_NAME
+        @groups        = graph_instance.groups
+        @relations     = graph_instance.relations
+        @node_options  = graph_instance.node_options
+        @edge_options  = graph_instance.edge_options
+        @output_file   = graph_instance.output_file
+        @output_format = graph_instance.output_format
+      end
+
+      def g
+        @g ||= ::GraphViz.digraph(@graph_name, :concentrate => true, :normalize => true, :nodesep => 0.55) do |g|
+          g.edge[:weight]   = 2
+          g.edge[:fontname] = g.node[:fontname] = "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif"
+          g.edge[:fontsize] = 12
+        end
+      end
+
+      def run
+        @groups.each do |group|
+          g.add_nodes(
+            group, {
+              :style     => "filled",
+              :fillcolor => "#B9B9D5",
+              :shape     => "box3d",
+              :fontsize  => 16,
+            }.merge(@node_options[group])
+          )
+        end
+
+        @relations.each do |parent, children|
+          children.each do |child|
+            if @groups.include?(parent)
+              g.add_nodes(child, { :style => "filled", :fillcolor => "#B9B9D5" }.merge(@node_options[child]))
+              g.add_edges(parent, child, { :constraint => false }.merge(@edge_options["#{parent}_#{child}"]))
+            else
+              g.add_nodes(child, @node_options[child])
+              g.add_edges(parent, child, @edge_options["#{parent}_#{child}"])
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @output_format.to_s == "debug"
+          $stdout.puts g.output :none => String
+          Bundler.ui.info "debugging bundle viz..."
+        else
+          begin
+            g.output @output_format.to_sym => "#{@output_file}.#{@output_format}"
+            Bundler.ui.info "#{@output_file}.#{@output_format}"
+          rescue ArgumentError => e
+            warn "Unsupported output format. See Ruby-Graphviz/lib/graphviz/constants.rb"
+            raise e
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/index.rb b/lib/bundler/index.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8930fca6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/index.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Index
+    include Enumerable
+
+    def self.build
+      i = new
+      yield i
+      i
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :specs, :all_specs, :sources
+    protected :specs, :all_specs
+
+    RUBY = "ruby".freeze
+    NULL = "\0".freeze
+
+    def initialize
+      @sources = []
+      @cache = {}
+      @specs = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = {} }
+      @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = EMPTY_SEARCH }
+    end
+
+    def initialize_copy(o)
+      @sources = o.sources.dup
+      @cache = {}
+      @specs = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = {} }
+      @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = EMPTY_SEARCH }
+
+      o.specs.each do |name, hash|
+        @specs[name] = hash.dup
+      end
+      o.all_specs.each do |name, array|
+        @all_specs[name] = array.dup
+      end
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class}:0x#{object_id} sources=#{sources.map(&:inspect)} specs.size=#{specs.size}>"
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      each { return false }
+      true
+    end
+
+    def search_all(name)
+      all_matches = local_search(name) + @all_specs[name]
+      @sources.each do |source|
+        all_matches.concat(source.search_all(name))
+      end
+      all_matches
+    end
+
+    # Search this index's specs, and any source indexes that this index knows
+    # about, returning all of the results.
+    def search(query, base = nil)
+      sort_specs(unsorted_search(query, base))
+    end
+
+    def unsorted_search(query, base)
+      results = local_search(query, base)
+
+      seen = results.map(&:full_name).uniq unless @sources.empty?
+
+      @sources.each do |source|
+        source.unsorted_search(query, base).each do |spec|
+          next if seen.include?(spec.full_name)
+
+          seen << spec.full_name
+          results << spec
+        end
+      end
+
+      results
+    end
+    protected :unsorted_search
+
+    def self.sort_specs(specs)
+      specs.sort_by do |s|
+        platform_string = s.platform.to_s
+        [s.version, platform_string == RUBY ? NULL : platform_string]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sort_specs(specs)
+      self.class.sort_specs(specs)
+    end
+
+    def local_search(query, base = nil)
+      case query
+      when Gem::Specification, RemoteSpecification, LazySpecification, EndpointSpecification then search_by_spec(query)
+      when String then specs_by_name(query)
+      when Gem::Dependency then search_by_dependency(query, base)
+      when DepProxy then search_by_dependency(query.dep, base)
+      else
+        raise "You can't search for a #{query.inspect}."
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias_method :[], :search
+
+    def <<(spec)
+      @specs[spec.name][spec.full_name] = spec
+      spec
+    end
+
+    def each(&blk)
+      return enum_for(:each) unless blk
+      specs.values.each do |spec_sets|
+        spec_sets.values.each(&blk)
+      end
+      sources.each {|s| s.each(&blk) }
+      self
+    end
+
+    def spec_names
+      names = specs.keys + sources.map(&:spec_names)
+      names.uniq!
+      names
+    end
+
+    def unmet_dependency_names
+      dependency_names.select do |name|
+        search(name).empty?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dependency_names
+      names = []
+      each do |spec|
+        spec.dependencies.each do |dep|
+          next if dep.type == :development
+          names << dep.name
+        end
+      end
+      names.uniq
+    end
+
+    def use(other, override_dupes = false)
+      return unless other
+      other.each do |s|
+        if (dupes = search_by_spec(s)) && !dupes.empty?
+          # safe to << since it's a new array when it has contents
+          @all_specs[s.name] = dupes << s
+          next unless override_dupes
+        end
+        self << s
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
+    def size
+      @sources.inject(@specs.size) do |size, source|
+        size += source.size
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Whether all the specs in self are in other
+    # TODO: rename to #include?
+    def ==(other)
+      all? do |spec|
+        other_spec = other[spec].first
+        other_spec && dependencies_eql?(spec, other_spec) && spec.source == other_spec.source
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_eql?(spec, other_spec)
+      deps       = spec.dependencies.select {|d| d.type != :development }
+      other_deps = other_spec.dependencies.select {|d| d.type != :development }
+      deps.sort == other_deps.sort
+    end
+
+    def add_source(index)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Source must be an index, not #{index.class}" unless index.is_a?(Index)
+      @sources << index
+      @sources.uniq! # need to use uniq! here instead of checking for the item before adding
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def specs_by_name(name)
+      @specs[name].values
+    end
+
+    def search_by_dependency(dependency, base = nil)
+      @cache[base || false] ||= {}
+      @cache[base || false][dependency] ||= begin
+        specs = specs_by_name(dependency.name)
+        specs += base if base
+        found = specs.select do |spec|
+          next true if spec.source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
+          if base # allow all platforms when searching from a lockfile
+            dependency.matches_spec?(spec)
+          else
+            dependency.matches_spec?(spec) && Gem::Platform.match_spec?(spec)
+          end
+        end
+
+        found
+      end
+    end
+
+    EMPTY_SEARCH = [].freeze
+
+    def search_by_spec(spec)
+      spec = @specs[spec.name][spec.full_name]
+      spec ? [spec] : EMPTY_SEARCH
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/injector.rb b/lib/bundler/injector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..613bda4f84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/injector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Injector
+    INJECTED_GEMS = "injected gems".freeze
+
+    def self.inject(new_deps, options = {})
+      injector = new(new_deps, options)
+      injector.inject(Bundler.default_gemfile, Bundler.default_lockfile)
+    end
+
+    def self.remove(gems, options = {})
+      injector = new(gems, options)
+      injector.remove(Bundler.default_gemfile, Bundler.default_lockfile)
+    end
+
+    def initialize(deps, options = {})
+      @deps = deps
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    # @param [Pathname] gemfile_path The Gemfile in which to inject the new dependency.
+    # @param [Pathname] lockfile_path The lockfile in which to inject the new dependency.
+    # @return [Array]
+    def inject(gemfile_path, lockfile_path)
+      if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        # ensure the lock and Gemfile are synced
+        Bundler.definition.ensure_equivalent_gemfile_and_lockfile(true)
+      end
+
+      # temporarily unfreeze
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:deployment => false, :frozen => false) do
+        # evaluate the Gemfile we have now
+        builder = Dsl.new
+        builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile_path)
+
+        # don't inject any gems that are already in the Gemfile
+        @deps -= builder.dependencies
+
+        # add new deps to the end of the in-memory Gemfile
+        # Set conservative versioning to false because
+        # we want to let the resolver resolve the version first
+        builder.eval_gemfile(INJECTED_GEMS, build_gem_lines(false)) if @deps.any?
+
+        # resolve to see if the new deps broke anything
+        @definition = builder.to_definition(lockfile_path, {})
+        @definition.resolve_remotely!
+
+        # since nothing broke, we can add those gems to the gemfile
+        append_to(gemfile_path, build_gem_lines(@options[:conservative_versioning])) if @deps.any?
+
+        # since we resolved successfully, write out the lockfile
+        @definition.lock(Bundler.default_lockfile)
+
+        # invalidate the cached Bundler.definition
+        Bundler.reset_paths!
+
+        # return an array of the deps that we added
+        @deps
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param [Pathname] gemfile_path The Gemfile from which to remove dependencies.
+    # @param [Pathname] lockfile_path The lockfile from which to remove dependencies.
+    # @return [Array]
+    def remove(gemfile_path, lockfile_path)
+      # remove gems from each gemfiles we have
+      Bundler.definition.gemfiles.each do |path|
+        deps = remove_deps(path)
+
+        show_warning("No gems were removed from the gemfile.") if deps.empty?
+
+        deps.each {|dep| Bundler.ui.confirm "#{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(dep, false)} was removed." }
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def conservative_version(spec)
+      version = spec.version
+      return ">= 0" if version.nil?
+      segments = version.segments
+      seg_end_index = version >= Gem::Version.new("1.0") ? 1 : 2
+
+      prerelease_suffix = version.to_s.gsub(version.release.to_s, "") if version.prerelease?
+      "#{version_prefix}#{segments[0..seg_end_index].join(".")}#{prerelease_suffix}"
+    end
+
+    def version_prefix
+      if @options[:strict]
+        "= "
+      elsif @options[:optimistic]
+        ">= "
+      else
+        "~> "
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_gem_lines(conservative_versioning)
+      @deps.map do |d|
+        name = d.name.dump
+
+        requirement = if conservative_versioning
+          ", \"#{conservative_version(@definition.specs[d.name][0])}\""
+        else
+          ", #{d.requirement.as_list.map(&:dump).join(", ")}"
+        end
+
+        if d.groups != Array(:default)
+          group = d.groups.size == 1 ? ", :group => #{d.groups.first.inspect}" : ", :groups => #{d.groups.inspect}"
+        end
+
+        source = ", :source => \"#{d.source}\"" unless d.source.nil?
+        git = ", :git => \"#{d.git}\"" unless d.git.nil?
+        branch = ", :branch => \"#{d.branch}\"" unless d.branch.nil?
+
+        %(gem #{name}#{requirement}#{group}#{source}#{git}#{branch})
+      end.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    def append_to(gemfile_path, new_gem_lines)
+      gemfile_path.open("a") do |f|
+        f.puts
+        f.puts new_gem_lines
+      end
+    end
+
+    # evaluates a gemfile to remove the specified gem
+    # from it.
+    def remove_deps(gemfile_path)
+      initial_gemfile = File.readlines(gemfile_path)
+
+      Bundler.ui.info "Removing gems from #{gemfile_path}"
+
+      # evaluate the Gemfile we have
+      builder = Dsl.new
+      builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile_path)
+
+      removed_deps = remove_gems_from_dependencies(builder, @deps, gemfile_path)
+
+      # abort the operation if no gems were removed
+      # no need to operate on gemfile further
+      return [] if removed_deps.empty?
+
+      cleaned_gemfile = remove_gems_from_gemfile(@deps, gemfile_path)
+
+      SharedHelpers.write_to_gemfile(gemfile_path, cleaned_gemfile)
+
+      # check for errors
+      # including extra gems being removed
+      # or some gems not being removed
+      # and return the actual removed deps
+      cross_check_for_errors(gemfile_path, builder.dependencies, removed_deps, initial_gemfile)
+    end
+
+    # @param [Dsl]      builder Dsl object of current Gemfile.
+    # @param [Array]    gems Array of names of gems to be removed.
+    # @param [Pathname] gemfile_path Path of the Gemfile.
+    # @return [Array]   Array of removed dependencies.
+    def remove_gems_from_dependencies(builder, gems, gemfile_path)
+      removed_deps = []
+
+      gems.each do |gem_name|
+        deleted_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == gem_name }
+
+        if deleted_dep.nil?
+          raise GemfileError, "`#{gem_name}` is not specified in #{gemfile_path} so it could not be removed."
+        end
+
+        builder.dependencies.delete(deleted_dep)
+
+        removed_deps << deleted_dep
+      end
+
+      removed_deps
+    end
+
+    # @param [Array] gems            Array of names of gems to be removed.
+    # @param [Pathname] gemfile_path The Gemfile from which to remove dependencies.
+    def remove_gems_from_gemfile(gems, gemfile_path)
+      patterns = /gem\s+(['"])#{Regexp.union(gems)}\1|gem\s*\((['"])#{Regexp.union(gems)}\2\)/
+      new_gemfile = []
+      multiline_removal = false
+      File.readlines(gemfile_path).each do |line|
+        match_data = line.match(patterns)
+        if match_data && is_not_within_comment?(line, match_data)
+          multiline_removal = line.rstrip.end_with?(",")
+          # skip lines which match the regex
+          next
+        end
+
+        # skip followup lines until line does not end with ','
+        new_gemfile << line unless multiline_removal
+        multiline_removal = line.rstrip.end_with?(",") if multiline_removal
+      end
+
+      # remove line \n and append them with other strings
+      new_gemfile.each_with_index do |_line, index|
+        if new_gemfile[index + 1] == "\n"
+          new_gemfile[index] += new_gemfile[index + 1]
+          new_gemfile.delete_at(index + 1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      %w[group source env install_if].each {|block| remove_nested_blocks(new_gemfile, block) }
+
+      new_gemfile.join.chomp
+    end
+
+    # @param [String] line          Individual line of gemfile content.
+    # @param [MatchData] match_data Data about Regex match.
+    def is_not_within_comment?(line, match_data)
+      match_start_index = match_data.offset(0).first
+      !line[0..match_start_index].include?("#")
+    end
+
+    # @param [Array] gemfile       Array of gemfile contents.
+    # @param [String] block_name   Name of block name to look for.
+    def remove_nested_blocks(gemfile, block_name)
+      nested_blocks = 0
+
+      # count number of nested blocks
+      gemfile.each_with_index {|line, index| nested_blocks += 1 if !gemfile[index + 1].nil? && gemfile[index + 1].include?(block_name) && line.include?(block_name) }
+
+      while nested_blocks >= 0
+        nested_blocks -= 1
+
+        gemfile.each_with_index do |line, index|
+          next unless !line.nil? && line.strip.start_with?(block_name)
+          if gemfile[index + 1] =~ /^\s*end\s*$/
+            gemfile[index] = nil
+            gemfile[index + 1] = nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        gemfile.compact!
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param [Pathname] gemfile_path   The Gemfile from which to remove dependencies.
+    # @param [Array] original_deps     Array of original dependencies.
+    # @param [Array] removed_deps      Array of removed dependencies.
+    # @param [Array] initial_gemfile   Contents of original Gemfile before any operation.
+    def cross_check_for_errors(gemfile_path, original_deps, removed_deps, initial_gemfile)
+      # evaluate the new gemfile to look for any failure cases
+      builder = Dsl.new
+      builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile_path)
+
+      # record gems which were removed but not requested
+      extra_removed_gems = original_deps - builder.dependencies
+
+      # if some extra gems were removed then raise error
+      # and revert Gemfile to original
+      unless extra_removed_gems.empty?
+        SharedHelpers.write_to_gemfile(gemfile_path, initial_gemfile.join)
+
+        raise InvalidOption, "Gems could not be removed. #{extra_removed_gems.join(", ")} would also have been removed. Bundler cannot continue."
+      end
+
+      # record gems which could not be removed due to some reasons
+      errored_deps = builder.dependencies.select {|d| d.gemfile == gemfile_path } & removed_deps.select {|d| d.gemfile == gemfile_path }
+
+      show_warning "#{errored_deps.map(&:name).join(", ")} could not be removed." unless errored_deps.empty?
+
+      # return actual removed dependencies
+      removed_deps - errored_deps
+    end
+
+    def show_warning(message)
+      Bundler.ui.info Bundler.ui.add_color(message, :yellow)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/inline.rb b/lib/bundler/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a718418fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Allows for declaring a Gemfile inline in a ruby script, optionally installing
+# any gems that aren't already installed on the user's system.
+#
+# @note Every gem that is specified in this 'Gemfile' will be `require`d, as if
+#       the user had manually called `Bundler.require`. To avoid a requested gem
+#       being automatically required, add the `:require => false` option to the
+#       `gem` dependency declaration.
+#
+# @param install [Boolean] whether gems that aren't already installed on the
+#                          user's system should be installed.
+#                          Defaults to `false`.
+#
+# @param gemfile [Proc]    a block that is evaluated as a `Gemfile`.
+#
+# @example Using an inline Gemfile
+#
+#          #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+#          require 'bundler/inline'
+#
+#          gemfile do
+#            source 'https://rubygems.org'
+#            gem 'json', require: false
+#            gem 'nap', require: 'rest'
+#            gem 'cocoapods', '~> 0.34.1'
+#          end
+#
+#          puts Pod::VERSION # => "0.34.4"
+#
+def gemfile(install = false, options = {}, &gemfile)
+  require_relative "../bundler"
+
+  opts = options.dup
+  ui = opts.delete(:ui) { Bundler::UI::Shell.new }
+  ui.level = "silent" if opts.delete(:quiet)
+  raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options: #{opts.keys.join(", ")}" unless opts.empty?
+
+  begin
+    old_root = Bundler.method(:root)
+    bundler_module = class << Bundler; self; end
+    bundler_module.send(:remove_method, :root)
+    def Bundler.root
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.pwd.expand_path
+    end
+    old_gemfile = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+    Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", "Gemfile"
+
+    Bundler::Plugin.gemfile_install(&gemfile) if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+    builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+    builder.instance_eval(&gemfile)
+    builder.check_primary_source_safety
+
+    Bundler.settings.temporary(:deployment => false, :frozen => false) do
+      definition = builder.to_definition(nil, true)
+      def definition.lock(*); end
+      definition.validate_runtime!
+
+      Bundler.ui = install ? ui : Bundler::UI::Silent.new
+      if install || definition.missing_specs?
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(:inline => true) do
+          installer = Bundler::Installer.install(Bundler.root, definition, :system => true)
+          installer.post_install_messages.each do |name, message|
+            Bundler.ui.info "Post-install message from #{name}:\n#{message}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      runtime = Bundler::Runtime.new(nil, definition)
+      runtime.setup.require
+    end
+  ensure
+    if bundler_module
+      bundler_module.send(:remove_method, :root)
+      bundler_module.send(:define_method, :root, old_root)
+    end
+
+    if old_gemfile
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = old_gemfile
+    else
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = ""
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63e02ba496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "worker"
+require_relative "installer/parallel_installer"
+require_relative "installer/standalone"
+require_relative "installer/gem_installer"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Installer
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :ambiguous_gems
+
+      Installer.ambiguous_gems = []
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :post_install_messages
+
+    # Begins the installation process for Bundler.
+    # For more information see the #run method on this class.
+    def self.install(root, definition, options = {})
+      installer = new(root, definition)
+      Plugin.hook(Plugin::Events::GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL_ALL, definition.dependencies)
+      installer.run(options)
+      Plugin.hook(Plugin::Events::GEM_AFTER_INSTALL_ALL, definition.dependencies)
+      installer
+    end
+
+    def initialize(root, definition)
+      @root = root
+      @definition = definition
+      @post_install_messages = {}
+    end
+
+    # Runs the install procedures for a specific Gemfile.
+    #
+    # Firstly, this method will check to see if `Bundler.bundle_path` exists
+    # and if not then Bundler will create the directory. This is usually the same
+    # location as RubyGems which typically is the `~/.gem` directory
+    # unless other specified.
+    #
+    # Secondly, it checks if Bundler has been configured to be "frozen".
+    # Frozen ensures that the Gemfile and the Gemfile.lock file are matching.
+    # This stops a situation where a developer may update the Gemfile but may not run
+    # `bundle install`, which leads to the Gemfile.lock file not being correctly updated.
+    # If this file is not correctly updated then any other developer running
+    # `bundle install` will potentially not install the correct gems.
+    #
+    # Thirdly, Bundler checks if there are any dependencies specified in the Gemfile.
+    # If there are no dependencies specified then Bundler returns a warning message stating
+    # so and this method returns.
+    #
+    # Fourthly, Bundler checks if the Gemfile.lock exists, and if so
+    # then proceeds to set up a definition based on the Gemfile and the Gemfile.lock.
+    # During this step Bundler will also download information about any new gems
+    # that are not in the Gemfile.lock and resolve any dependencies if needed.
+    #
+    # Fifthly, Bundler resolves the dependencies either through a cache of gems or by remote.
+    # This then leads into the gems being installed, along with stubs for their executables,
+    # but only if the --binstubs option has been passed or Bundler.options[:bin] has been set
+    # earlier.
+    #
+    # Sixthly, a new Gemfile.lock is created from the installed gems to ensure that the next time
+    # that a user runs `bundle install` they will receive any updates from this process.
+    #
+    # Finally, if the user has specified the standalone flag, Bundler will generate the needed
+    # require paths and save them in a `setup.rb` file. See `bundle standalone --help` for more
+    # information.
+    def run(options)
+      create_bundle_path
+
+      ProcessLock.lock do
+        if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+          @definition.ensure_equivalent_gemfile_and_lockfile(options[:deployment])
+        end
+
+        if @definition.dependencies.empty?
+          Bundler.ui.warn "The Gemfile specifies no dependencies"
+          lock
+          return
+        end
+
+        if resolve_if_needed(options)
+          ensure_specs_are_compatible!
+          load_plugins
+          options.delete(:jobs)
+        else
+          options[:jobs] = 1 # to avoid the overhead of Bundler::Worker
+        end
+        install(options)
+
+        Gem::Specification.reset # invalidate gem specification cache so that installed gems are immediately available
+
+        lock unless Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        Standalone.new(options[:standalone], @definition).generate if options[:standalone]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def generate_bundler_executable_stubs(spec, options = {})
+      if options[:binstubs_cmd] && spec.executables.empty?
+        options = {}
+        spec.runtime_dependencies.each do |dep|
+          bins = @definition.specs[dep].first.executables
+          options[dep.name] = bins unless bins.empty?
+        end
+        if options.any?
+          Bundler.ui.warn "#{spec.name} has no executables, but you may want " \
+            "one from a gem it depends on."
+          options.each {|name, bins| Bundler.ui.warn "  #{name} has: #{bins.join(", ")}" }
+        else
+          Bundler.ui.warn "There are no executables for the gem #{spec.name}."
+        end
+        return
+      end
+
+      # double-assignment to avoid warnings about variables that will be used by ERB
+      bin_path = Bundler.bin_path
+      bin_path = bin_path
+      relative_gemfile_path = Bundler.default_gemfile.relative_path_from(bin_path)
+      relative_gemfile_path = relative_gemfile_path
+      ruby_command = Thor::Util.ruby_command
+      ruby_command = ruby_command
+      template_path = File.expand_path("../templates/Executable", __FILE__)
+      if spec.name == "bundler"
+        template_path += ".bundler"
+        spec.executables = %(bundle)
+      end
+      template = File.read(template_path)
+
+      exists = []
+      spec.executables.each do |executable|
+        binstub_path = "#{bin_path}/#{executable}"
+        if File.exist?(binstub_path) && !options[:force]
+          exists << executable
+          next
+        end
+
+        mode = Gem.win_platform? ? "wb:UTF-8" : "w"
+        require "erb"
+        content = if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.6"
+          ERB.new(template, :trim_mode => "-").result(binding)
+        else
+          ERB.new(template, nil, "-").result(binding)
+        end
+
+        File.write(binstub_path, content, :mode => mode, :perm => 0o777 & ~File.umask)
+        if Gem.win_platform? || options[:all_platforms]
+          prefix = "@ruby -x \"%~f0\" %*\n@exit /b %ERRORLEVEL%\n\n"
+          File.write("#{binstub_path}.cmd", prefix + content, :mode => mode)
+        end
+      end
+
+      if options[:binstubs_cmd] && exists.any?
+        case exists.size
+        when 1
+          Bundler.ui.warn "Skipped #{exists[0]} since it already exists."
+        when 2
+          Bundler.ui.warn "Skipped #{exists.join(" and ")} since they already exist."
+        else
+          items = exists[0...-1].empty? ? nil : exists[0...-1].join(", ")
+          skipped = [items, exists[-1]].compact.join(" and ")
+          Bundler.ui.warn "Skipped #{skipped} since they already exist."
+        end
+        Bundler.ui.warn "If you want to overwrite skipped stubs, use --force."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def generate_standalone_bundler_executable_stubs(spec, options = {})
+      # double-assignment to avoid warnings about variables that will be used by ERB
+      bin_path = Bundler.bin_path
+      unless path = Bundler.settings[:path]
+        raise "Can't standalone without an explicit path set"
+      end
+      standalone_path = Bundler.root.join(path).relative_path_from(bin_path)
+      standalone_path = standalone_path
+      template = File.read(File.expand_path("../templates/Executable.standalone", __FILE__))
+      ruby_command = Thor::Util.ruby_command
+      ruby_command = ruby_command
+
+      spec.executables.each do |executable|
+        next if executable == "bundle"
+        executable_path = Pathname(spec.full_gem_path).join(spec.bindir, executable).relative_path_from(bin_path)
+        executable_path = executable_path
+
+        mode = Gem.win_platform? ? "wb:UTF-8" : "w"
+        require "erb"
+        content = if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.6"
+          ERB.new(template, :trim_mode => "-").result(binding)
+        else
+          ERB.new(template, nil, "-").result(binding)
+        end
+
+        File.write("#{bin_path}/#{executable}", content, :mode => mode, :perm => 0o755)
+        if Gem.win_platform? || options[:all_platforms]
+          prefix = "@ruby -x \"%~f0\" %*\n@exit /b %ERRORLEVEL%\n\n"
+          File.write("#{bin_path}/#{executable}.cmd", prefix + content, :mode => mode)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # the order that the resolver provides is significant, since
+    # dependencies might affect the installation of a gem.
+    # that said, it's a rare situation (other than rake), and parallel
+    # installation is SO MUCH FASTER. so we let people opt in.
+    def install(options)
+      force = options["force"]
+      jobs = installation_parallelization(options)
+      install_in_parallel jobs, options[:standalone], force
+    end
+
+    def installation_parallelization(options)
+      if jobs = options.delete(:jobs)
+        return jobs
+      end
+
+      if jobs = Bundler.settings[:jobs]
+        return jobs
+      end
+
+      # Parallelization has some issues on Windows, so it's not yet the default
+      return 1 if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      Bundler.settings.processor_count
+    end
+
+    def load_plugins
+      Bundler.rubygems.load_plugins
+
+      requested_path_gems = @definition.requested_specs.select {|s| s.source.is_a?(Source::Path) }
+      path_plugin_files = requested_path_gems.map do |spec|
+        begin
+          Bundler.rubygems.spec_matches_for_glob(spec, "rubygems_plugin#{Bundler.rubygems.suffix_pattern}")
+        rescue TypeError
+          error_message = "#{spec.name} #{spec.version} has an invalid gemspec"
+          raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, error_message
+        end
+      end.flatten
+      Bundler.rubygems.load_plugin_files(path_plugin_files)
+      Bundler.rubygems.load_env_plugins
+    end
+
+    def ensure_specs_are_compatible!
+      system_ruby = Bundler::RubyVersion.system
+      rubygems_version = Gem::Version.create(Gem::VERSION)
+      @definition.specs.each do |spec|
+        if required_ruby_version = spec.required_ruby_version
+          unless required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(system_ruby.gem_version)
+            raise InstallError, "#{spec.full_name} requires ruby version #{required_ruby_version}, " \
+              "which is incompatible with the current version, #{system_ruby}"
+          end
+        end
+        next unless required_rubygems_version = spec.required_rubygems_version
+        unless required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(rubygems_version)
+          raise InstallError, "#{spec.full_name} requires rubygems version #{required_rubygems_version}, " \
+            "which is incompatible with the current version, #{rubygems_version}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def install_in_parallel(size, standalone, force = false)
+      spec_installations = ParallelInstaller.call(self, @definition.specs, size, standalone, force)
+      spec_installations.each do |installation|
+        post_install_messages[installation.name] = installation.post_install_message if installation.has_post_install_message?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def create_bundle_path
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(Bundler.bundle_path.to_s) do |p|
+        Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
+      end unless Bundler.bundle_path.exist?
+    rescue Errno::EEXIST
+      raise PathError, "Could not install to path `#{Bundler.bundle_path}` " \
+        "because a file already exists at that path. Either remove or rename the file so the directory can be created."
+    end
+
+    # returns whether or not a re-resolve was needed
+    def resolve_if_needed(options)
+      if !@definition.unlocking? && !options["force"] && !Bundler.settings[:inline] && Bundler.default_lockfile.file?
+        return false if @definition.nothing_changed? && !@definition.missing_specs?
+      end
+
+      options["local"] ? @definition.resolve_with_cache! : @definition.resolve_remotely!
+      true
+    end
+
+    def lock(opts = {})
+      @definition.lock(Bundler.default_lockfile, opts[:preserve_unknown_sections])
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer/gem_installer.rb b/lib/bundler/installer/gem_installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1df86ccfbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer/gem_installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class GemInstaller
+    attr_reader :spec, :standalone, :worker, :force, :installer
+
+    def initialize(spec, installer, standalone = false, worker = 0, force = false)
+      @spec = spec
+      @installer = installer
+      @standalone = standalone
+      @worker = worker
+      @force = force
+    end
+
+    def install_from_spec
+      post_install_message = spec_settings ? install_with_settings : install
+      Bundler.ui.debug "#{worker}:  #{spec.name} (#{spec.version}) from #{spec.loaded_from}"
+      generate_executable_stubs
+      return true, post_install_message
+    rescue Bundler::InstallHookError, Bundler::SecurityError, Bundler::APIResponseMismatchError
+      raise
+    rescue Errno::ENOSPC
+      return false, out_of_space_message
+    rescue Bundler::BundlerError, Gem::InstallError, Bundler::APIResponseInvalidDependenciesError => e
+      return false, specific_failure_message(e)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def specific_failure_message(e)
+      message = "#{e.class}: #{e.message}\n"
+      message += "  " + e.backtrace.join("\n  ") + "\n\n"
+      message = message.lines.first + Bundler.ui.add_color(message.lines.drop(1).join, :clear)
+      message + Bundler.ui.add_color(failure_message, :red)
+    end
+
+    def failure_message
+      install_error_message
+    end
+
+    def install_error_message
+      "An error occurred while installing #{spec.name} (#{spec.version}), and Bundler cannot continue."
+    end
+
+    def spec_settings
+      # Fetch the build settings, if there are any
+      if settings = Bundler.settings["build.#{spec.name}"]
+        require "shellwords"
+        Shellwords.shellsplit(settings)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def install
+      spec.source.install(spec, :force => force, :ensure_builtin_gems_cached => standalone, :build_args => Array(spec_settings))
+    end
+
+    def install_with_settings
+      # Build arguments are global, so this is mutexed
+      Bundler.rubygems.install_with_build_args([spec_settings]) { install }
+    end
+
+    def out_of_space_message
+      "#{install_error_message}\nYour disk is out of space. Free some space to be able to install your bundle."
+    end
+
+    def generate_executable_stubs
+      return if Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?
+      return if Bundler.settings[:inline]
+      if Bundler.settings[:bin] && standalone
+        installer.generate_standalone_bundler_executable_stubs(spec)
+      elsif Bundler.settings[:bin]
+        installer.generate_bundler_executable_stubs(spec, :force => true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer/parallel_installer.rb b/lib/bundler/installer/parallel_installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b6680e5e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer/parallel_installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../worker"
+require_relative "gem_installer"
+
+module Bundler
+  class ParallelInstaller
+    class SpecInstallation
+      attr_accessor :spec, :name, :full_name, :post_install_message, :state, :error
+      def initialize(spec)
+        @spec = spec
+        @name = spec.name
+        @full_name = spec.full_name
+        @state = :none
+        @post_install_message = ""
+        @error = nil
+      end
+
+      def installed?
+        state == :installed
+      end
+
+      def enqueued?
+        state == :enqueued
+      end
+
+      def failed?
+        state == :failed
+      end
+
+      def ready_to_enqueue?
+        state == :none
+      end
+
+      def has_post_install_message?
+        !post_install_message.empty?
+      end
+
+      def ignorable_dependency?(dep)
+        dep.type == :development || dep.name == @name
+      end
+
+      # Checks installed dependencies against spec's dependencies to make
+      # sure needed dependencies have been installed.
+      def dependencies_installed?(all_specs)
+        installed_specs = all_specs.select(&:installed?).map(&:name)
+        dependencies.all? {|d| installed_specs.include? d.name }
+      end
+
+      # Represents only the non-development dependencies, the ones that are
+      # itself and are in the total list.
+      def dependencies
+        @dependencies ||= all_dependencies.reject {|dep| ignorable_dependency? dep }
+      end
+
+      def missing_lockfile_dependencies(all_spec_names)
+        dependencies.reject {|dep| all_spec_names.include? dep.name }
+      end
+
+      # Represents all dependencies
+      def all_dependencies
+        @spec.dependencies
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "#<#{self.class} #{full_name} (#{state})>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.call(*args)
+      new(*args).call
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :size
+
+    def initialize(installer, all_specs, size, standalone, force)
+      @installer = installer
+      @size = size
+      @standalone = standalone
+      @force = force
+      @specs = all_specs.map {|s| SpecInstallation.new(s) }
+      @spec_set = all_specs
+      @rake = @specs.find {|s| s.name == "rake" }
+    end
+
+    def call
+      check_for_corrupt_lockfile
+
+      if @rake
+        do_install(@rake, 0)
+        Gem::Specification.reset
+      end
+
+      if @size > 1
+        install_with_worker
+      else
+        install_serially
+      end
+
+      check_for_unmet_dependencies
+
+      handle_error if failed_specs.any?
+      @specs
+    ensure
+      worker_pool && worker_pool.stop
+    end
+
+    def check_for_unmet_dependencies
+      unmet_dependencies = @specs.map do |s|
+        [
+          s,
+          s.dependencies.reject {|dep| @specs.any? {|spec| dep.matches_spec?(spec.spec) } },
+        ]
+      end.reject {|a| a.last.empty? }
+      return if unmet_dependencies.empty?
+
+      warning = []
+      warning << "Your lockfile doesn't include a valid resolution."
+      warning << "You can fix this by regenerating your lockfile or trying to manually editing the bad locked gems to a version that satisfies all dependencies."
+      warning << "The unmet dependencies are:"
+
+      unmet_dependencies.each do |spec, unmet_spec_dependencies|
+        unmet_spec_dependencies.each do |unmet_spec_dependency|
+          warning << "* #{unmet_spec_dependency}, depended upon #{spec.full_name}, unsatisfied by #{@specs.find {|s| s.name == unmet_spec_dependency.name && !unmet_spec_dependency.matches_spec?(s.spec) }.full_name}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.warn(warning.join("\n"))
+    end
+
+    def check_for_corrupt_lockfile
+      missing_dependencies = @specs.map do |s|
+        [
+          s,
+          s.missing_lockfile_dependencies(@specs.map(&:name)),
+        ]
+      end.reject {|a| a.last.empty? }
+      return if missing_dependencies.empty?
+
+      warning = []
+      warning << "Your lockfile was created by an old Bundler that left some things out."
+      if @size != 1
+        warning << "Because of the missing DEPENDENCIES, we can only install gems one at a time, instead of installing #{@size} at a time."
+        @size = 1
+      end
+      warning << "You can fix this by adding the missing gems to your Gemfile, running bundle install, and then removing the gems from your Gemfile."
+      warning << "The missing gems are:"
+
+      missing_dependencies.each do |spec, missing|
+        warning << "* #{missing.map(&:name).join(", ")} depended upon by #{spec.name}"
+      end
+
+      Bundler.ui.warn(warning.join("\n"))
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def failed_specs
+      @specs.select(&:failed?)
+    end
+
+    def install_with_worker
+      enqueue_specs
+      process_specs until finished_installing?
+    end
+
+    def install_serially
+      until finished_installing?
+        raise "failed to find a spec to enqueue while installing serially" unless spec_install = @specs.find(&:ready_to_enqueue?)
+        spec_install.state = :enqueued
+        do_install(spec_install, 0)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def worker_pool
+      @worker_pool ||= Bundler::Worker.new @size, "Parallel Installer", lambda {|spec_install, worker_num|
+        do_install(spec_install, worker_num)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def do_install(spec_install, worker_num)
+      Plugin.hook(Plugin::Events::GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL, spec_install)
+      gem_installer = Bundler::GemInstaller.new(
+        spec_install.spec, @installer, @standalone, worker_num, @force
+      )
+      success, message = gem_installer.install_from_spec
+      if success
+        spec_install.state = :installed
+        spec_install.post_install_message = message unless message.nil?
+      else
+        spec_install.error = "#{message}\n\n#{require_tree_for_spec(spec_install.spec)}"
+        spec_install.state = :failed
+      end
+      Plugin.hook(Plugin::Events::GEM_AFTER_INSTALL, spec_install)
+      spec_install
+    end
+
+    # Dequeue a spec and save its post-install message and then enqueue the
+    # remaining specs.
+    # Some specs might've had to wait til this spec was installed to be
+    # processed so the call to `enqueue_specs` is important after every
+    # dequeue.
+    def process_specs
+      worker_pool.deq
+      enqueue_specs
+    end
+
+    def finished_installing?
+      @specs.all? do |spec|
+        return true if spec.failed?
+        spec.installed?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def handle_error
+      errors = failed_specs.map(&:error)
+      if exception = errors.find {|e| e.is_a?(Bundler::BundlerError) }
+        raise exception
+      end
+      raise Bundler::InstallError, errors.join("\n\n")
+    end
+
+    def require_tree_for_spec(spec)
+      tree = @spec_set.what_required(spec)
+      t = String.new("In #{File.basename(SharedHelpers.default_gemfile)}:\n")
+      tree.each_with_index do |s, depth|
+        t << "  " * depth.succ << s.name
+        unless tree.last == s
+          t << %( was resolved to #{s.version}, which depends on)
+        end
+        t << %(\n)
+      end
+      t
+    end
+
+    # Keys in the remains hash represent uninstalled gems specs.
+    # We enqueue all gem specs that do not have any dependencies.
+    # Later we call this lambda again to install specs that depended on
+    # previously installed specifications. We continue until all specs
+    # are installed.
+    def enqueue_specs
+      @specs.select(&:ready_to_enqueue?).each do |spec|
+        if spec.dependencies_installed? @specs
+          spec.state = :enqueued
+          worker_pool.enq spec
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer/standalone.rb b/lib/bundler/installer/standalone.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8494b4bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer/standalone.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Standalone
+    def initialize(groups, definition)
+      @specs = definition.specs_for(groups)
+    end
+
+    def generate
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(bundler_path) do |p|
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+      end
+      File.open File.join(bundler_path, "setup.rb"), "w" do |file|
+        file.puts "require 'rbconfig'"
+        file.puts reverse_rubygems_kernel_mixin
+        paths.each do |path|
+          if Pathname.new(path).absolute?
+            file.puts %($:.unshift "#{path}")
+          else
+            file.puts %($:.unshift File.expand_path("\#{__dir__}/#{path}"))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def paths
+      @specs.map do |spec|
+        next if spec.name == "bundler"
+        Array(spec.require_paths).map do |path|
+          gem_path(path, spec).sub(version_dir, '#{RUBY_ENGINE}/#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]}')
+          # This is a static string intentionally. It's interpolated at a later time.
+        end
+      end.flatten.compact
+    end
+
+    def version_dir
+      "#{RUBY_ENGINE}/#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]}"
+    end
+
+    def bundler_path
+      Bundler.root.join(Bundler.settings[:path], "bundler")
+    end
+
+    def gem_path(path, spec)
+      full_path = Pathname.new(path).absolute? ? path : File.join(spec.full_gem_path, path)
+      if spec.source.instance_of?(Source::Path)
+        full_path
+      else
+        Pathname.new(full_path).relative_path_from(Bundler.root.join(bundler_path)).to_s
+      end
+    rescue TypeError
+      error_message = "#{spec.name} #{spec.version} has an invalid gemspec"
+      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException.new(error_message)
+    end
+
+    def reverse_rubygems_kernel_mixin
+      <<~END
+      kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
+      [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |k|
+        if k.private_method_defined?(:gem_original_require)
+          private_require = k.private_method_defined?(:require)
+          k.send(:remove_method, :require)
+          k.send(:define_method, :require, k.instance_method(:gem_original_require))
+          k.send(:private, :require) if private_require
+        end
+      end
+      END
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4eb228f314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "match_platform"
+
+module Bundler
+  class LazySpecification
+    include MatchPlatform
+
+    attr_reader :name, :version, :dependencies, :platform
+    attr_accessor :source, :remote
+
+    def initialize(name, version, platform, source = nil)
+      @name          = name
+      @version       = version
+      @dependencies  = []
+      @platform      = platform || Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      @source        = source
+      @specification = nil
+    end
+
+    def full_name
+      if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || platform.nil?
+        "#{@name}-#{@version}"
+      else
+        "#{@name}-#{@version}-#{platform}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      identifier == other.identifier
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      identifier.eql?(other.identifier)
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      identifier.hash
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Does this locked specification satisfy +dependency+?
+    #
+    # NOTE: Rubygems default requirement is ">= 0", which doesn't match
+    # prereleases of 0 versions, like "0.0.0.dev" or "0.0.0.SNAPSHOT". However,
+    # bundler users expect those to work. We need to make sure that Gemfile
+    # dependencies without explicit requirements (which use ">= 0" under the
+    # hood by default) are still valid for locked specs using this kind of
+    # versions. The method implements an ad-hoc fix for that. A better solution
+    # might be to change default rubygems requirement of dependencies to be ">=
+    # 0.A" but that's a major refactoring likely to break things. Hopefully we
+    # can attempt it in the future.
+    #
+
+    def satisfies?(dependency)
+      effective_requirement = dependency.requirement == Gem::Requirement.default ? Gem::Requirement.new(">= 0.A") : dependency.requirement
+
+      @name == dependency.name && effective_requirement.satisfied_by?(Gem::Version.new(@version))
+    end
+
+    def to_lock
+      out = String.new
+
+      if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || platform.nil?
+        out << "    #{name} (#{version})\n"
+      else
+        out << "    #{name} (#{version}-#{platform})\n"
+      end
+
+      dependencies.sort_by(&:to_s).uniq.each do |dep|
+        next if dep.type == :development
+        out << "    #{dep.to_lock}\n"
+      end
+
+      out
+    end
+
+    def __materialize__
+      @specification = if source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec) && source.gemspec.name == name
+        source.gemspec.tap {|s| s.source = source }
+      else
+        search_object = if source.is_a?(Source::Path)
+          Dependency.new(name, version)
+        else
+          ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform? ? self : Dependency.new(name, version)
+        end
+        platform_object = Gem::Platform.new(platform)
+        candidates = source.specs.search(search_object)
+        same_platform_candidates = candidates.select do |spec|
+          MatchPlatform.platforms_match?(spec.platform, platform_object)
+        end
+        installable_candidates = same_platform_candidates.select do |spec|
+          !spec.is_a?(EndpointSpecification) ||
+            (spec.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
+              spec.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version))
+        end
+        search = installable_candidates.last || same_platform_candidates.last
+        search.dependencies = dependencies if search && (search.is_a?(RemoteSpecification) || search.is_a?(EndpointSpecification))
+        search
+      end
+    end
+
+    def respond_to?(*args)
+      super || @specification ? @specification.respond_to?(*args) : nil
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      @__to_s ||= if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || platform.nil?
+        "#{name} (#{version})"
+      else
+        "#{name} (#{version}-#{platform})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def identifier
+      @__identifier ||= [name, version, platform_string]
+    end
+
+    def git_version
+      return unless source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Git)
+      " #{source.revision[0..6]}"
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    def platform_string
+      platform_string = platform.to_s
+      platform_string == Index::RUBY ? Index::NULL : platform_string
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def to_ary
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(method, *args, &blk)
+      raise "LazySpecification has not been materialized yet (calling :#{method} #{args.inspect})" unless @specification
+
+      return super unless respond_to?(method)
+
+      @specification.send(method, *args, &blk)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # For backwards compatibility with existing lockfiles, if the most specific
+    # locked platform is RUBY, we keep the previous behaviour of resolving the
+    # best platform variant at materiliazation time. For previous bundler
+    # versions (before 2.2.0) this was always the case (except when the lockfile
+    # only included non-ruby platforms), but we're also keeping this behaviour
+    # on newer bundlers unless users generate the lockfile from scratch or
+    # explicitly add a more specific platform.
+    #
+    def ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform?
+      !Bundler.most_specific_locked_platform?(Gem::Platform::RUBY) || Bundler.settings[:force_ruby_platform]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb b/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bc6bd7339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class LockfileGenerator
+    attr_reader :definition
+    attr_reader :out
+
+    # @private
+    def initialize(definition)
+      @definition = definition
+      @out = String.new
+    end
+
+    def self.generate(definition)
+      new(definition).generate!
+    end
+
+    def generate!
+      add_sources
+      add_platforms
+      add_dependencies
+      add_locked_ruby_version
+      add_bundled_with
+
+      out
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def add_sources
+      definition.send(:sources).lock_sources.each_with_index do |source, idx|
+        out << "\n" unless idx.zero?
+
+        # Add the source header
+        out << source.to_lock
+
+        # Find all specs for this source
+        specs = definition.resolve.select {|s| source.can_lock?(s) }
+        add_specs(specs)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_specs(specs)
+      # This needs to be sorted by full name so that
+      # gems with the same name, but different platform
+      # are ordered consistently
+      specs.sort_by(&:full_name).each do |spec|
+        next if spec.name == "bundler".freeze
+        out << spec.to_lock
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_platforms
+      add_section("PLATFORMS", definition.platforms)
+    end
+
+    def add_dependencies
+      out << "\nDEPENDENCIES\n"
+
+      handled = []
+      definition.dependencies.sort_by(&:to_s).each do |dep|
+        next if handled.include?(dep.name)
+        out << dep.to_lock
+        handled << dep.name
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_locked_ruby_version
+      return unless locked_ruby_version = definition.locked_ruby_version
+      add_section("RUBY VERSION", locked_ruby_version.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def add_bundled_with
+      add_section("BUNDLED WITH", definition.locked_bundler_version.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def add_section(name, value)
+      out << "\n#{name}\n"
+      case value
+      when Array
+        value.map(&:to_s).sort.each do |val|
+          out << "  #{val}\n"
+        end
+      when Hash
+        value.to_a.sort_by {|k, _| k.to_s }.each do |key, val|
+          out << "  #{key}: #{val}\n"
+        end
+      when String
+        out << "   #{value}\n"
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "#{value.inspect} can't be serialized in a lockfile"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb b/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ff4910a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class LockfileParser
+    attr_reader :sources, :dependencies, :specs, :platforms, :bundler_version, :ruby_version
+
+    BUNDLED      = "BUNDLED WITH".freeze
+    DEPENDENCIES = "DEPENDENCIES".freeze
+    PLATFORMS    = "PLATFORMS".freeze
+    RUBY         = "RUBY VERSION".freeze
+    GIT          = "GIT".freeze
+    GEM          = "GEM".freeze
+    PATH         = "PATH".freeze
+    PLUGIN       = "PLUGIN SOURCE".freeze
+    SPECS        = "  specs:".freeze
+    OPTIONS      = /^  ([a-z]+): (.*)$/i.freeze
+    SOURCE       = [GIT, GEM, PATH, PLUGIN].freeze
+
+    SECTIONS_BY_VERSION_INTRODUCED = {
+      Gem::Version.create("1.0") => [DEPENDENCIES, PLATFORMS, GIT, GEM, PATH].freeze,
+      Gem::Version.create("1.10") => [BUNDLED].freeze,
+      Gem::Version.create("1.12") => [RUBY].freeze,
+      Gem::Version.create("1.13") => [PLUGIN].freeze,
+    }.freeze
+
+    KNOWN_SECTIONS = SECTIONS_BY_VERSION_INTRODUCED.values.flatten.freeze
+
+    ENVIRONMENT_VERSION_SECTIONS = [BUNDLED, RUBY].freeze
+
+    def self.sections_in_lockfile(lockfile_contents)
+      lockfile_contents.scan(/^\w[\w ]*$/).uniq
+    end
+
+    def self.unknown_sections_in_lockfile(lockfile_contents)
+      sections_in_lockfile(lockfile_contents) - KNOWN_SECTIONS
+    end
+
+    def self.sections_to_ignore(base_version = nil)
+      base_version &&= base_version.release
+      base_version ||= Gem::Version.create("1.0".dup)
+      attributes = []
+      SECTIONS_BY_VERSION_INTRODUCED.each do |version, introduced|
+        next if version <= base_version
+        attributes += introduced
+      end
+      attributes
+    end
+
+    def initialize(lockfile)
+      @platforms    = []
+      @sources      = []
+      @dependencies = {}
+      @state        = nil
+      @specs        = {}
+
+      if lockfile.match(/<<<<<<<|=======|>>>>>>>|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|/)
+        raise LockfileError, "Your #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} contains merge conflicts.\n" \
+          "Run `git checkout HEAD -- #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)}` first to get a clean lock."
+      end
+
+      lockfile.split(/(?:\r?\n)+/).each do |line|
+        if SOURCE.include?(line)
+          @state = :source
+          parse_source(line)
+        elsif line == DEPENDENCIES
+          @state = :dependency
+        elsif line == PLATFORMS
+          @state = :platform
+        elsif line == RUBY
+          @state = :ruby
+        elsif line == BUNDLED
+          @state = :bundled_with
+        elsif line =~ /^[^\s]/
+          @state = nil
+        elsif @state
+          send("parse_#{@state}", line)
+        end
+      end
+      @specs = @specs.values.sort_by(&:identifier)
+      warn_for_outdated_bundler_version
+    rescue ArgumentError => e
+      Bundler.ui.debug(e)
+      raise LockfileError, "Your lockfile is unreadable. Run `rm #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)}` " \
+        "and then `bundle install` to generate a new lockfile."
+    end
+
+    def warn_for_outdated_bundler_version
+      return unless bundler_version
+      return if bundler_version.segments.last == "dev"
+      prerelease_text = bundler_version.prerelease? ? " --pre" : ""
+      current_version = Gem::Version.create(Bundler::VERSION)
+      return unless current_version < bundler_version
+      Bundler.ui.warn "Warning: the running version of Bundler (#{current_version}) is older " \
+           "than the version that created the lockfile (#{bundler_version}). We suggest you to " \
+           "upgrade to the version that created the lockfile by running `gem install " \
+           "bundler:#{bundler_version}#{prerelease_text}`.\n"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    TYPES = {
+      GIT    => Bundler::Source::Git,
+      GEM    => Bundler::Source::Rubygems,
+      PATH   => Bundler::Source::Path,
+      PLUGIN => Bundler::Plugin,
+    }.freeze
+
+    def parse_source(line)
+      case line
+      when SPECS
+        case @type
+        when PATH
+          @current_source = TYPES[@type].from_lock(@opts)
+          @sources << @current_source
+        when GIT
+          @current_source = TYPES[@type].from_lock(@opts)
+          @sources << @current_source
+        when GEM
+          @opts["remotes"] = Array(@opts.delete("remote")).reverse
+          @current_source = TYPES[@type].from_lock(@opts)
+          @sources << @current_source
+        when PLUGIN
+          @current_source = Plugin.source_from_lock(@opts)
+          @sources << @current_source
+        end
+      when OPTIONS
+        value = $2
+        value = true if value == "true"
+        value = false if value == "false"
+
+        key = $1
+
+        if @opts[key]
+          @opts[key] = Array(@opts[key])
+          @opts[key] << value
+        else
+          @opts[key] = value
+        end
+      when *SOURCE
+        @current_source = nil
+        @opts = {}
+        @type = line
+      else
+        parse_spec(line)
+      end
+    end
+
+    space = / /
+    NAME_VERSION = /
+      ^(#{space}{2}|#{space}{4}|#{space}{6})(?!#{space}) # Exactly 2, 4, or 6 spaces at the start of the line
+      (.*?)                                              # Name
+      (?:#{space}\(([^-]*)                               # Space, followed by version
+      (?:-(.*))?\))?                                     # Optional platform
+      (!)?                                               # Optional pinned marker
+      $                                                  # Line end
+    /xo.freeze
+
+    def parse_dependency(line)
+      return unless line =~ NAME_VERSION
+      spaces = $1
+      return unless spaces.size == 2
+      name = $2
+      version = $3
+      pinned = $5
+
+      version = version.split(",").map(&:strip) if version
+
+      dep = Bundler::Dependency.new(name, version)
+
+      if pinned && dep.name != "bundler"
+        spec = @specs.find {|_, v| v.name == dep.name }
+        dep.source = spec.last.source if spec
+
+        # Path sources need to know what the default name / version
+        # to use in the case that there are no gemspecs present. A fake
+        # gemspec is created based on the version set on the dependency
+        # TODO: Use the version from the spec instead of from the dependency
+        if version && version.size == 1 && version.first =~ /^\s*= (.+)\s*$/ && dep.source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Path)
+          dep.source.name    = name
+          dep.source.version = $1
+        end
+      end
+
+      @dependencies[dep.name] = dep
+    end
+
+    def parse_spec(line)
+      return unless line =~ NAME_VERSION
+      spaces = $1
+      name = $2
+      version = $3
+      platform = $4
+
+      if spaces.size == 4
+        version = Gem::Version.new(version)
+        platform = platform ? Gem::Platform.new(platform) : Gem::Platform::RUBY
+        @current_spec = LazySpecification.new(name, version, platform)
+        @current_spec.source = @current_source
+        @current_source.add_dependency_names(name)
+
+        @specs[@current_spec.identifier] = @current_spec
+      elsif spaces.size == 6
+        version = version.split(",").map(&:strip) if version
+        dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, version)
+        @current_spec.dependencies << dep
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_platform(line)
+      @platforms << Gem::Platform.new($1) if line =~ /^  (.*)$/
+    end
+
+    def parse_bundled_with(line)
+      line = line.strip
+      return unless Gem::Version.correct?(line)
+      @bundler_version = Gem::Version.create(line)
+    end
+
+    def parse_ruby(line)
+      @ruby_version = line.strip
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/.document b/lib/bundler/man/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb66f13c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/.document
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Ignore all files in this directory
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a94467e25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-ADD" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-add\fR \- Add gem to the Gemfile and run bundle install
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle add\fR \fIGEM_NAME\fR [\-\-group=GROUP] [\-\-version=VERSION] [\-\-source=SOURCE] [\-\-git=GIT] [\-\-branch=BRANCH] [\-\-skip\-install] [\-\-strict] [\-\-optimistic]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Adds the named gem to the Gemfile and run \fBbundle install\fR\. \fBbundle install\fR can be avoided by using the flag \fB\-\-skip\-install\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Example:
+.
+.P
+bundle add rails
+.
+.P
+bundle add rails \-\-version "< 3\.0, > 1\.1"
+.
+.P
+bundle add rails \-\-version "~> 5\.0\.0" \-\-source "https://gems\.example\.com" \-\-group "development"
+.
+.P
+bundle add rails \-\-skip\-install
+.
+.P
+bundle add rails \-\-group "development, test"
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-version\fR, \fB\-v\fR
+Specify version requirements(s) for the added gem\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-group\fR, \fB\-g\fR
+Specify the group(s) for the added gem\. Multiple groups should be separated by commas\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-source\fR, , \fB\-s\fR
+Specify the source for the added gem\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-git\fR
+Specify the git source for the added gem\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-branch\fR
+Specify the git branch for the added gem\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-skip\-install\fR
+Adds the gem to the Gemfile but does not install it\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-optimistic\fR
+Adds optimistic declaration of version
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-strict\fR
+Adds strict declaration of version
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26cbe55647
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+bundle-add(1) -- Add gem to the Gemfile and run bundle install
+================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle add` <GEM_NAME> [--group=GROUP] [--version=VERSION] [--source=SOURCE] [--git=GIT] [--branch=BRANCH] [--skip-install] [--strict] [--optimistic]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+Adds the named gem to the Gemfile and run `bundle install`. `bundle install` can be avoided by using the flag `--skip-install`.
+
+Example:
+
+bundle add rails
+
+bundle add rails --version "< 3.0, > 1.1"
+
+bundle add rails --version "~> 5.0.0" --source "https://gems.example.com" --group "development"
+
+bundle add rails --skip-install
+
+bundle add rails --group "development, test"
+
+## OPTIONS
+* `--version`, `-v`:
+  Specify version requirements(s) for the added gem.
+
+* `--group`, `-g`:
+  Specify the group(s) for the added gem. Multiple groups should be separated by commas.
+
+* `--source`, , `-s`:
+  Specify the source for the added gem.
+
+* `--git`:
+  Specify the git source for the added gem.
+
+* `--branch`:
+  Specify the git branch for the added gem.
+
+* `--skip-install`:
+  Adds the gem to the Gemfile but does not install it.
+
+* `--optimistic`:
+  Adds optimistic declaration of version
+
+* `--strict`:
+  Adds strict declaration of version
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d1b1d4247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-BINSTUBS" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-binstubs\fR \- Install the binstubs of the listed gems
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle binstubs\fR \fIGEM_NAME\fR [\-\-force] [\-\-path PATH] [\-\-standalone]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables\. Bundler creates a small Ruby file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the command, and puts it into \fBbin/\fR\. Binstubs are a shortcut\-or alternative\- to always using \fBbundle exec\fR\. This gives you a file that can be run directly, and one that will always run the correct gem version used by the application\.
+.
+.P
+For example, if you run \fBbundle binstubs rspec\-core\fR, Bundler will create the file \fBbin/rspec\fR\. That file will contain enough code to load Bundler, tell it to load the bundled gems, and then run rspec\.
+.
+.P
+This command generates binstubs for executables in \fBGEM_NAME\fR\. Binstubs are put into \fBbin\fR, or the \fB\-\-path\fR directory if one has been set\. Calling binstubs with [GEM [GEM]] will create binstubs for all given gems\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-force\fR
+Overwrite existing binstubs if they exist\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-path\fR
+The location to install the specified binstubs to\. This defaults to \fBbin\fR\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-standalone\fR
+Makes binstubs that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at runtime\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-shebang\fR
+Specify a different shebang executable name than the default (default \'ruby\')
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-all\fR
+Create binstubs for all gems in the bundle\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a96186929f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+bundle-binstubs(1) -- Install the binstubs of the listed gems
+=============================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle binstubs` <GEM_NAME> [--force] [--path PATH] [--standalone]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables. Bundler creates a
+small Ruby file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the command,
+and puts it into `bin/`. Binstubs are a shortcut-or alternative-
+to always using `bundle exec`. This gives you a file that can be run
+directly, and one that will always run the correct gem version
+used by the application.
+
+For example, if you run `bundle binstubs rspec-core`, Bundler will create
+the file `bin/rspec`. That file will contain enough code to load Bundler,
+tell it to load the bundled gems, and then run rspec.
+
+This command generates binstubs for executables in `GEM_NAME`.
+Binstubs are put into `bin`, or the `--path` directory if one has been set.
+Calling binstubs with [GEM [GEM]] will create binstubs for all given gems.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--force`:
+  Overwrite existing binstubs if they exist.
+
+* `--path`:
+  The location to install the specified binstubs to. This defaults to `bin`.
+
+* `--standalone`:
+  Makes binstubs that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at
+  runtime.
+
+* `--shebang`:
+  Specify a different shebang executable name than the default (default 'ruby')
+
+* `--all`:
+  Create binstubs for all gems in the bundle.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acbdae0df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CACHE" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-cache\fR \- Package your needed \fB\.gem\fR files into your application
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle cache\fR
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Copy all of the \fB\.gem\fR files needed to run the application into the \fBvendor/cache\fR directory\. In the future, when running [bundle install(1)][bundle\-install], use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on \fBrubygems\.org\fR\.
+.
+.SH "GIT AND PATH GEMS"
+The \fBbundle cache\fR command can also package \fB:git\fR and \fB:path\fR dependencies besides \.gem files\. This needs to be explicitly enabled via the \fB\-\-all\fR option\. Once used, the \fB\-\-all\fR option will be remembered\.
+.
+.SH "SUPPORT FOR MULTIPLE PLATFORMS"
+When using gems that have different packages for different platforms, Bundler supports caching of gems for other platforms where the Gemfile has been resolved (i\.e\. present in the lockfile) in \fBvendor/cache\fR\. This needs to be enabled via the \fB\-\-all\-platforms\fR option\. This setting will be remembered in your local bundler configuration\.
+.
+.SH "REMOTE FETCHING"
+By default, if you run \fBbundle install(1)\fR](bundle\-install\.1\.html) after running bundle cache(1) \fIbundle\-cache\.1\.html\fR, bundler will still connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR to check whether a platform\-specific gem exists for any of the gems in \fBvendor/cache\fR\.
+.
+.P
+For instance, consider this Gemfile(5):
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source "https://rubygems\.org"
+
+gem "nokogiri"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+If you run \fBbundle cache\fR under C Ruby, bundler will retrieve the version of \fBnokogiri\fR for the \fB"ruby"\fR platform\. If you deploy to JRuby and run \fBbundle install\fR, bundler is forced to check to see whether a \fB"java"\fR platformed \fBnokogiri\fR exists\.
+.
+.P
+Even though the \fBnokogiri\fR gem for the Ruby platform is \fItechnically\fR acceptable on JRuby, it has a C extension that does not run on JRuby\. As a result, bundler will, by default, still connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR to check whether it has a version of one of your gems more specific to your platform\.
+.
+.P
+This problem is also not limited to the \fB"java"\fR platform\. A similar (common) problem can happen when developing on Windows and deploying to Linux, or even when developing on OSX and deploying to Linux\.
+.
+.P
+If you know for sure that the gems packaged in \fBvendor/cache\fR are appropriate for the platform you are on, you can run \fBbundle install \-\-local\fR to skip checking for more appropriate gems, and use the ones in \fBvendor/cache\fR\.
+.
+.P
+One way to be sure that you have the right platformed versions of all your gems is to run \fBbundle cache\fR on an identical machine and check in the gems\. For instance, you can run \fBbundle cache\fR on an identical staging box during your staging process, and check in the \fBvendor/cache\fR before deploying to production\.
+.
+.P
+By default, bundle cache(1) \fIbundle\-cache\.1\.html\fR fetches and also installs the gems to the default location\. To package the dependencies to \fBvendor/cache\fR without installing them to the local install location, you can run \fBbundle cache \-\-no\-install\fR\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..383adb2ba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+bundle-cache(1) -- Package your needed `.gem` files into your application
+===========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle cache`
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Copy all of the `.gem` files needed to run the application into the
+`vendor/cache` directory. In the future, when running [bundle install(1)][bundle-install],
+use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on `rubygems.org`.
+
+## GIT AND PATH GEMS
+
+The `bundle cache` command can also package `:git` and `:path` dependencies
+besides .gem files. This needs to be explicitly enabled via the `--all` option.
+Once used, the `--all` option will be remembered.
+
+## SUPPORT FOR MULTIPLE PLATFORMS
+
+When using gems that have different packages for different platforms, Bundler
+supports caching of gems for other platforms where the Gemfile has been resolved
+(i.e. present in the lockfile) in `vendor/cache`.  This needs to be enabled via
+the `--all-platforms` option. This setting will be remembered in your local
+bundler configuration.
+
+## REMOTE FETCHING
+
+By default, if you run `bundle install(1)`](bundle-install.1.html) after running
+[bundle cache(1)](bundle-cache.1.html), bundler will still connect to `rubygems.org`
+to check whether a platform-specific gem exists for any of the gems
+in `vendor/cache`.
+
+For instance, consider this Gemfile(5):
+
+    source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+    gem "nokogiri"
+
+If you run `bundle cache` under C Ruby, bundler will retrieve
+the version of `nokogiri` for the `"ruby"` platform. If you deploy
+to JRuby and run `bundle install`, bundler is forced to check to
+see whether a `"java"` platformed `nokogiri` exists.
+
+Even though the `nokogiri` gem for the Ruby platform is
+_technically_ acceptable on JRuby, it has a C extension
+that does not run on JRuby. As a result, bundler will, by default,
+still connect to `rubygems.org` to check whether it has a version
+of one of your gems more specific to your platform.
+
+This problem is also not limited to the `"java"` platform.
+A similar (common) problem can happen when developing on Windows
+and deploying to Linux, or even when developing on OSX and
+deploying to Linux.
+
+If you know for sure that the gems packaged in `vendor/cache`
+are appropriate for the platform you are on, you can run
+`bundle install --local` to skip checking for more appropriate
+gems, and use the ones in `vendor/cache`.
+
+One way to be sure that you have the right platformed versions
+of all your gems is to run `bundle cache` on an identical
+machine and check in the gems. For instance, you can run
+`bundle cache` on an identical staging box during your
+staging process, and check in the `vendor/cache` before
+deploying to production.
+
+By default, [bundle cache(1)](bundle-cache.1.html) fetches and also
+installs the gems to the default location. To package the
+dependencies to `vendor/cache` without installing them to the
+local install location, you can run `bundle cache --no-install`.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e555c9b399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CHECK" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-check\fR \- Verifies if dependencies are satisfied by installed gems
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle check\fR [\-\-dry\-run] [\-\-gemfile=FILE] [\-\-path=PATH]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+\fBcheck\fR searches the local machine for each of the gems requested in the Gemfile\. If all gems are found, Bundler prints a success message and exits with a status of 0\.
+.
+.P
+If not, the first missing gem is listed and Bundler exits status 1\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-dry\-run\fR
+Locks the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] before running the command\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-gemfile\fR
+Use the specified gemfile instead of the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-path\fR
+Specify a different path than the system default (\fB$BUNDLE_PATH\fR or \fB$GEM_HOME\fR)\. Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2846b8ff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+bundle-check(1) -- Verifies if dependencies are satisfied by installed gems
+===========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle check` [--dry-run]
+               [--gemfile=FILE]
+               [--path=PATH]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+`check` searches the local machine for each of the gems requested in the
+Gemfile. If all gems are found, Bundler prints a success message and exits with
+a status of 0.
+
+If not, the first missing gem is listed and Bundler exits status 1.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--dry-run`:
+  Locks the [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] before running the command.
+* `--gemfile`:
+  Use the specified gemfile instead of the [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)].
+* `--path`:
+  Specify a different path than the system default (`$BUNDLE_PATH` or `$GEM_HOME`).
+  Bundler will remember this value for future installs on this machine.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d403247524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CLEAN" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-clean\fR \- Cleans up unused gems in your bundler directory
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle clean\fR [\-\-dry\-run] [\-\-force]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+This command will remove all unused gems in your bundler directory\. This is useful when you have made many changes to your gem dependencies\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-dry\-run\fR
+Print the changes, but do not clean the unused gems\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-force\fR
+Force a clean even if \fB\-\-path\fR is not set\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de23991782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+bundle-clean(1) -- Cleans up unused gems in your bundler directory
+==================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle clean` [--dry-run] [--force]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+This command will remove all unused gems in your bundler directory. This is
+useful when you have made many changes to your gem dependencies.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--dry-run`:
+  Print the changes, but do not clean the unused gems.
+* `--force`:
+  Force a clean even if `--path` is not set.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..976dae3aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CONFIG" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-config\fR \- Set bundler configuration options
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle config\fR [list|get|set|unset] [\fIname\fR [\fIvalue\fR]]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+This command allows you to interact with Bundler\'s configuration system\.
+.
+.P
+Bundler loads configuration settings in this order:
+.
+.IP "1." 4
+Local config (\fB<project_root>/\.bundle/config\fR or \fB$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config\fR)
+.
+.IP "2." 4
+Environmental variables (\fBENV\fR)
+.
+.IP "3." 4
+Global config (\fB~/\.bundle/config\fR)
+.
+.IP "4." 4
+Bundler default config
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config list\fR with will print a list of all bundler configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration was set\.
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config get <name>\fR will print the value of that configuration setting, and where it was set\.
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config set <name> <value>\fR will set that configuration to the value specified for all bundles executed as the current user\. The configuration will be stored in \fB~/\.bundle/config\fR\. If \fIname\fR already is set, \fIname\fR will be overridden and user will be warned\.
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config set \-\-global <name> <value>\fR works the same as above\.
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config set \-\-local <name> <value>\fR will set that configuration in the directory for the local application\. The configuration will be stored in \fB<project_root>/\.bundle/config\fR\. If \fBBUNDLE_APP_CONFIG\fR is set, the configuration will be stored in \fB$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config unset <name>\fR will delete the configuration in both local and global sources\.
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config unset \-\-global <name>\fR will delete the configuration only from the user configuration\.
+.
+.P
+Executing \fBbundle config unset \-\-local <name> <value>\fR will delete the configuration only from the local application\.
+.
+.P
+Executing bundle with the \fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG\fR environment variable set will cause it to ignore all configuration\.
+.
+.SH "REMEMBERING OPTIONS"
+Flags passed to \fBbundle install\fR or the Bundler runtime, such as \fB\-\-path foo\fR or \fB\-\-without production\fR, are remembered between commands and saved to your local application\'s configuration (normally, \fB\./\.bundle/config\fR)\.
+.
+.P
+However, this will be changed in bundler 3, so it\'s better not to rely on this behavior\. If these options must be remembered, it\'s better to set them using \fBbundle config\fR (e\.g\., \fBbundle config set \-\-local path foo\fR)\.
+.
+.P
+The options that can be configured are:
+.
+.TP
+\fBbin\fR
+Creates a directory (defaults to \fB~/bin\fR) and place any executables from the gem there\. These executables run in Bundler\'s context\. If used, you might add this directory to your environment\'s \fBPATH\fR variable\. For instance, if the \fBrails\fR gem comes with a \fBrails\fR executable, this flag will create a \fBbin/rails\fR executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be resolved using the bundled gems\.
+.
+.TP
+\fBdeployment\fR
+In deployment mode, Bundler will \'roll\-out\' the bundle for \fBproduction\fR use\. Please check carefully if you want to have this option enabled in \fBdevelopment\fR or \fBtest\fR environments\.
+.
+.TP
+\fBpath\fR
+The location to install the specified gems to\. This defaults to Rubygems\' setting\. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, \fBgem install \.\.\.\fR will have gem installed there, too\. Therefore, gems installed without a \fB\-\-path \.\.\.\fR setting will show up by calling \fBgem list\fR\. Accordingly, gems installed to other locations will not get listed\.
+.
+.TP
+\fBwithout\fR
+A space\-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during installation\.
+.
+.TP
+\fBwith\fR
+A space\-separated list of groups referencing gems to include during installation\.
+.
+.SH "BUILD OPTIONS"
+You can use \fBbundle config\fR to give Bundler the flags to pass to the gem installer every time bundler tries to install a particular gem\.
+.
+.P
+A very common example, the \fBmysql\fR gem, requires Snow Leopard users to pass configuration flags to \fBgem install\fR to specify where to find the \fBmysql_config\fR executable\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem install mysql \-\- \-\-with\-mysql\-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Since the specific location of that executable can change from machine to machine, you can specify these flags on a per\-machine basis\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global build\.mysql \-\-with\-mysql\-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+After running this command, every time bundler needs to install the \fBmysql\fR gem, it will pass along the flags you specified\.
+.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION KEYS"
+Configuration keys in bundler have two forms: the canonical form and the environment variable form\.
+.
+.P
+For instance, passing the \fB\-\-without\fR flag to bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR prevents Bundler from installing certain groups specified in the Gemfile(5)\. Bundler persists this value in \fBapp/\.bundle/config\fR so that calls to \fBBundler\.setup\fR do not try to find gems from the \fBGemfile\fR that you didn\'t install\. Additionally, subsequent calls to bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR remember this setting and skip those groups\.
+.
+.P
+The canonical form of this configuration is \fB"without"\fR\. To convert the canonical form to the environment variable form, capitalize it, and prepend \fBBUNDLE_\fR\. The environment variable form of \fB"without"\fR is \fBBUNDLE_WITHOUT\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Any periods in the configuration keys must be replaced with two underscores when setting it via environment variables\. The configuration key \fBlocal\.rack\fR becomes the environment variable \fBBUNDLE_LOCAL__RACK\fR\.
+.
+.SH "LIST OF AVAILABLE KEYS"
+The following is a list of all configuration keys and their purpose\. You can learn more about their operation in bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBallow_deployment_source_credential_changes\fR (\fBBUNDLE_ALLOW_DEPLOYMENT_SOURCE_CREDENTIAL_CHANGES\fR): When in deployment mode, allow changing the credentials to a gem\'s source\. Ex: \fBhttps://some\.host\.com/gems/path/\fR \-> \fBhttps://user_name:password@some\.host\.com/gems/path\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBallow_offline_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_ALLOW_OFFLINE_INSTALL\fR): Allow Bundler to use cached data when installing without network access\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBauto_clean_without_path\fR (\fBBUNDLE_AUTO_CLEAN_WITHOUT_PATH\fR): Automatically run \fBbundle clean\fR after installing when an explicit \fBpath\fR has not been set and Bundler is not installing into the system gems\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBauto_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_AUTO_INSTALL\fR): Automatically run \fBbundle install\fR when gems are missing\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBbin\fR (\fBBUNDLE_BIN\fR): Install executables from gems in the bundle to the specified directory\. Defaults to \fBfalse\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBcache_all\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_ALL\fR): Cache all gems, including path and git gems\. This needs to be explicitly configured on bundler 1 and bundler 2, but will be the default on bundler 3\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBcache_all_platforms\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_ALL_PLATFORMS\fR): Cache gems for all platforms\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBcache_path\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CACHE_PATH\fR): The directory that bundler will place cached gems in when running \fBbundle package\fR, and that bundler will look in when installing gems\. Defaults to \fBvendor/cache\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBclean\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CLEAN\fR): Whether Bundler should run \fBbundle clean\fR automatically after \fBbundle install\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBconsole\fR (\fBBUNDLE_CONSOLE\fR): The console that \fBbundle console\fR starts\. Defaults to \fBirb\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdefault_install_uses_path\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DEFAULT_INSTALL_USES_PATH\fR): Whether a \fBbundle install\fR without an explicit \fB\-\-path\fR argument defaults to installing gems in \fB\.bundle\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdeployment\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT\fR): Disallow changes to the \fBGemfile\fR\. When the \fBGemfile\fR is changed and the lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdisable_checksum_validation\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_CHECKSUM_VALIDATION\fR): Allow installing gems even if they do not match the checksum provided by RubyGems\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdisable_exec_load\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_EXEC_LOAD\fR): Stop Bundler from using \fBload\fR to launch an executable in\-process in \fBbundle exec\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdisable_local_branch_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_BRANCH_CHECK\fR): Allow Bundler to use a local git override without a branch specified in the Gemfile\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdisable_local_revision_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_REVISION_CHECK\fR): Allow Bundler to use a local git override without checking if the revision present in the lockfile is present in the repository\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdisable_shared_gems\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_SHARED_GEMS\fR): Stop Bundler from accessing gems installed to RubyGems\' normal location\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBdisable_version_check\fR (\fBBUNDLE_DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK\fR): Stop Bundler from checking if a newer Bundler version is available on rubygems\.org\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBforce_ruby_platform\fR (\fBBUNDLE_FORCE_RUBY_PLATFORM\fR): Ignore the current machine\'s platform and install only \fBruby\fR platform gems\. As a result, gems with native extensions will be compiled from source\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBfrozen\fR (\fBBUNDLE_FROZEN\fR): Disallow changes to the \fBGemfile\fR\. When the \fBGemfile\fR is changed and the lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked\. Defaults to \fBtrue\fR when \fB\-\-deployment\fR is used\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBgem\.github_username\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME\fR): Sets a GitHub username or organization to be used in \fBREADME\fR file when you create a new gem via \fBbundle gem\fR command\. It can be overridden by passing an explicit \fB\-\-github\-username\fR flag to \fBbundle gem\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBgem\.push_key\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEM__PUSH_KEY\fR): Sets the \fB\-\-key\fR parameter for \fBgem push\fR when using the \fBrake release\fR command with a private gemstash server\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBgemfile\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GEMFILE\fR): The name of the file that bundler should use as the \fBGemfile\fR\. This location of this file also sets the root of the project, which is used to resolve relative paths in the \fBGemfile\fR, among other things\. By default, bundler will search up from the current working directory until it finds a \fBGemfile\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBglobal_gem_cache\fR (\fBBUNDLE_GLOBAL_GEM_CACHE\fR): Whether Bundler should cache all gems globally, rather than locally to the installing Ruby installation\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBignore_messages\fR (\fBBUNDLE_IGNORE_MESSAGES\fR): When set, no post install messages will be printed\. To silence a single gem, use dot notation like \fBignore_messages\.httparty true\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBinit_gems_rb\fR (\fBBUNDLE_INIT_GEMS_RB\fR): Generate a \fBgems\.rb\fR instead of a \fBGemfile\fR when running \fBbundle init\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBjobs\fR (\fBBUNDLE_JOBS\fR): The number of gems Bundler can install in parallel\. Defaults to 1 on Windows, and to the the number of processors on other platforms\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBno_install\fR (\fBBUNDLE_NO_INSTALL\fR): Whether \fBbundle package\fR should skip installing gems\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBno_prune\fR (\fBBUNDLE_NO_PRUNE\fR): Whether Bundler should leave outdated gems unpruned when caching\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBpath\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH\fR): The location on disk where all gems in your bundle will be located regardless of \fB$GEM_HOME\fR or \fB$GEM_PATH\fR values\. Bundle gems not found in this location will be installed by \fBbundle install\fR\. Defaults to \fBGem\.dir\fR\. When \-\-deployment is used, defaults to vendor/bundle\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBpath\.system\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM\fR): Whether Bundler will install gems into the default system path (\fBGem\.dir\fR)\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBpath_relative_to_cwd\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PATH_RELATIVE_TO_CWD\fR) Makes \fB\-\-path\fR relative to the CWD instead of the \fBGemfile\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBplugins\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PLUGINS\fR): Enable Bundler\'s experimental plugin system\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBprefer_patch\fR (BUNDLE_PREFER_PATCH): Prefer updating only to next patch version during updates\. Makes \fBbundle update\fR calls equivalent to \fBbundler update \-\-patch\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBprint_only_version_number\fR (\fBBUNDLE_PRINT_ONLY_VERSION_NUMBER\fR): Print only version number from \fBbundler \-\-version\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBredirect\fR (\fBBUNDLE_REDIRECT\fR): The number of redirects allowed for network requests\. Defaults to \fB5\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBretry\fR (\fBBUNDLE_RETRY\fR): The number of times to retry failed network requests\. Defaults to \fB3\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBsetup_makes_kernel_gem_public\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SETUP_MAKES_KERNEL_GEM_PUBLIC\fR): Have \fBBundler\.setup\fR make the \fBKernel#gem\fR method public, even though RubyGems declares it as private\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBshebang\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SHEBANG\fR): The program name that should be invoked for generated binstubs\. Defaults to the ruby install name used to generate the binstub\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBsilence_deprecations\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SILENCE_DEPRECATIONS\fR): Whether Bundler should silence deprecation warnings for behavior that will be changed in the next major version\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBsilence_root_warning\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING\fR): Silence the warning Bundler prints when installing gems as root\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBssl_ca_cert\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_CA_CERT\fR): Path to a designated CA certificate file or folder containing multiple certificates for trusted CAs in PEM format\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBssl_client_cert\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_CLIENT_CERT\fR): Path to a designated file containing a X\.509 client certificate and key in PEM format\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBssl_verify_mode\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_VERIFY_MODE\fR): The SSL verification mode Bundler uses when making HTTPS requests\. Defaults to verify peer\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBsuppress_install_using_messages\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SUPPRESS_INSTALL_USING_MESSAGES\fR): Avoid printing \fBUsing \.\.\.\fR messages during installation when the version of a gem has not changed\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBsystem_bindir\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SYSTEM_BINDIR\fR): The location where RubyGems installs binstubs\. Defaults to \fBGem\.bindir\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBtimeout\fR (\fBBUNDLE_TIMEOUT\fR): The seconds allowed before timing out for network requests\. Defaults to \fB10\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBupdate_requires_all_flag\fR (\fBBUNDLE_UPDATE_REQUIRES_ALL_FLAG\fR): Require passing \fB\-\-all\fR to \fBbundle update\fR when everything should be updated, and disallow passing no options to \fBbundle update\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBuser_agent\fR (\fBBUNDLE_USER_AGENT\fR): The custom user agent fragment Bundler includes in API requests\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBwith\fR (\fBBUNDLE_WITH\fR): A \fB:\fR\-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should install\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBwithout\fR (\fBBUNDLE_WITHOUT\fR): A \fB:\fR\-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should not install\.
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In general, you should set these settings per\-application by using the applicable flag to the bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR or bundle package(1) \fIbundle\-package\.1\.html\fR command\.
+.
+.P
+You can set them globally either via environment variables or \fBbundle config\fR, whichever is preferable for your setup\. If you use both, environment variables will take preference over global settings\.
+.
+.SH "LOCAL GIT REPOS"
+Bundler also allows you to work against a git repository locally instead of using the remote version\. This can be achieved by setting up a local override:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-local local\.GEM_NAME /path/to/local/git/repository
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+For example, in order to use a local Rack repository, a developer could call:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-local local\.rack ~/Work/git/rack
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Now instead of checking out the remote git repository, the local override will be used\. Similar to a path source, every time the local git repository change, changes will be automatically picked up by Bundler\. This means a commit in the local git repo will update the revision in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR to the local git repo revision\. This requires the same attention as git submodules\. Before pushing to the remote, you need to ensure the local override was pushed, otherwise you may point to a commit that only exists in your local machine\. You\'ll also need to CGI escape your usernames and passwords as well\.
+.
+.P
+Bundler does many checks to ensure a developer won\'t work with invalid references\. Particularly, we force a developer to specify a branch in the \fBGemfile\fR in order to use this feature\. If the branch specified in the \fBGemfile\fR and the current branch in the local git repository do not match, Bundler will abort\. This ensures that a developer is always working against the correct branches, and prevents accidental locking to a different branch\.
+.
+.P
+Finally, Bundler also ensures that the current revision in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR exists in the local git repository\. By doing this, Bundler forces you to fetch the latest changes in the remotes\.
+.
+.SH "MIRRORS OF GEM SOURCES"
+Bundler supports overriding gem sources with mirrors\. This allows you to configure rubygems\.org as the gem source in your Gemfile while still using your mirror to fetch gems\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global mirror\.SOURCE_URL MIRROR_URL
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+For example, to use a mirror of rubygems\.org hosted at rubygems\-mirror\.org:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global mirror\.http://rubygems\.org http://rubygems\-mirror\.org
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Each mirror also provides a fallback timeout setting\. If the mirror does not respond within the fallback timeout, Bundler will try to use the original server instead of the mirror\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global mirror\.SOURCE_URL\.fallback_timeout TIMEOUT
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+For example, to fall back to rubygems\.org after 3 seconds:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global mirror\.https://rubygems\.org\.fallback_timeout 3
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+The default fallback timeout is 0\.1 seconds, but the setting can currently only accept whole seconds (for example, 1, 15, or 30)\.
+.
+.SH "CREDENTIALS FOR GEM SOURCES"
+Bundler allows you to configure credentials for any gem source, which allows you to avoid putting secrets into your Gemfile\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global SOURCE_HOSTNAME USERNAME:PASSWORD
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+For example, to save the credentials of user \fBclaudette\fR for the gem source at \fBgems\.longerous\.com\fR, you would run:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global gems\.longerous\.com claudette:s00pers3krit
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Or you can set the credentials as an environment variable like this:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+export BUNDLE_GEMS__LONGEROUS__COM="claudette:s00pers3krit"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+For gems with a git source with HTTP(S) URL you can specify credentials like so:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-global https://github\.com/rubygems/rubygems\.git username:password
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Or you can set the credentials as an environment variable like so:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+export BUNDLE_GITHUB__COM=username:password
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+This is especially useful for private repositories on hosts such as Github, where you can use personal OAuth tokens:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+export BUNDLE_GITHUB__COM=abcd0123generatedtoken:x\-oauth\-basic
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Note that any configured credentials will be redacted by informative commands such as \fBbundle config list\fR or \fBbundle config get\fR, unless you use the \fB\-\-parseable\fR flag\. This is to avoid unintentionally leaking credentials when copy\-pasting bundler output\.
+.
+.P
+Also note that to guarantee a sane mapping between valid environment variable names and valid host names, bundler makes the following transformations:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Any \fB\-\fR characters in a host name are mapped to a triple dash (\fB___\fR) in the corresponding environment variable\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Any \fB\.\fR characters in a host name are mapped to a double dash (\fB__\fR) in the corresponding environment variable\.
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+This means that if you have a gem server named \fBmy\.gem\-host\.com\fR, you\'ll need to use the \fBBUNDLE_MY__GEM___HOST__COM\fR variable to configure credentials for it through ENV\.
+.
+.SH "CONFIGURE BUNDLER DIRECTORIES"
+Bundler\'s home, config, cache and plugin directories are able to be configured through environment variables\. The default location for Bundler\'s home directory is \fB~/\.bundle\fR, which all directories inherit from by default\. The following outlines the available environment variables and their default values
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+BUNDLE_USER_HOME : $HOME/\.bundle
+BUNDLE_USER_CACHE : $BUNDLE_USER_HOME/cache
+BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG : $BUNDLE_USER_HOME/config
+BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN : $BUNDLE_USER_HOME/plugin
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f412ee3aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+bundle-config(1) -- Set bundler configuration options
+=====================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle config` [list|get|set|unset] [<name> [<value>]]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+This command allows you to interact with Bundler's configuration system.
+
+Bundler loads configuration settings in this order:
+
+1. Local config (`<project_root>/.bundle/config` or `$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config`)
+2. Environmental variables (`ENV`)
+3. Global config (`~/.bundle/config`)
+4. Bundler default config
+
+Executing `bundle config list` with will print a list of all bundler
+configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration
+was set.
+
+Executing `bundle config get <name>` will print the value of that configuration
+setting, and where it was set.
+
+Executing `bundle config set <name> <value>` will set that configuration to the
+value specified for all bundles executed as the current user. The configuration
+will be stored in `~/.bundle/config`. If <name> already is set, <name> will be
+overridden and user will be warned.
+
+Executing `bundle config set --global <name> <value>` works the same as above.
+
+Executing `bundle config set --local <name> <value>` will set that configuration
+in the directory for the local application. The configuration will be stored in
+`<project_root>/.bundle/config`. If `BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG` is set, the configuration
+will be stored in `$BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG/config`.
+
+Executing `bundle config unset <name>` will delete the configuration in both
+local and global sources.
+
+Executing `bundle config unset --global <name>` will delete the configuration
+only from the user configuration.
+
+Executing `bundle config unset --local <name> <value>` will delete the
+configuration only from the local application.
+
+Executing bundle with the `BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG` environment variable set will
+cause it to ignore all configuration.
+
+## REMEMBERING OPTIONS
+
+Flags passed to `bundle install` or the Bundler runtime, such as `--path foo` or
+`--without production`, are remembered between commands and saved to your local
+application's configuration (normally, `./.bundle/config`).
+
+However, this will be changed in bundler 3, so it's better not to rely on this
+behavior. If these options must be remembered, it's better to set them using
+`bundle config` (e.g., `bundle config set --local path foo`).
+
+The options that can be configured are:
+
+* `bin`:
+   Creates a directory (defaults to `~/bin`) and place any executables from the
+   gem there. These executables run in Bundler's context. If used, you might add
+   this directory to your environment's `PATH` variable. For instance, if the
+   `rails` gem comes with a `rails` executable, this flag will create a
+   `bin/rails` executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be
+   resolved using the bundled gems.
+
+* `deployment`:
+   In deployment mode, Bundler will 'roll-out' the bundle for
+   `production` use. Please check carefully if you want to have this option
+   enabled in `development` or `test` environments.
+
+* `path`:
+   The location to install the specified gems to. This defaults to Rubygems'
+   setting. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, `gem install ...` will
+   have gem installed there, too. Therefore, gems installed without a
+   `--path ...` setting will show up by calling `gem list`. Accordingly, gems
+   installed to other locations will not get listed.
+
+* `without`:
+   A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during installation.
+
+* `with`:
+  A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to include during installation.
+
+## BUILD OPTIONS
+
+You can use `bundle config` to give Bundler the flags to pass to the gem
+installer every time bundler tries to install a particular gem.
+
+A very common example, the `mysql` gem, requires Snow Leopard users to
+pass configuration flags to `gem install` to specify where to find the
+`mysql_config` executable.
+
+    gem install mysql -- --with-mysql-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+
+Since the specific location of that executable can change from machine
+to machine, you can specify these flags on a per-machine basis.
+
+    bundle config set --global build.mysql --with-mysql-config=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
+
+After running this command, every time bundler needs to install the
+`mysql` gem, it will pass along the flags you specified.
+
+## CONFIGURATION KEYS
+
+Configuration keys in bundler have two forms: the canonical form and the
+environment variable form.
+
+For instance, passing the `--without` flag to [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html)
+prevents Bundler from installing certain groups specified in the Gemfile(5). Bundler
+persists this value in `app/.bundle/config` so that calls to `Bundler.setup`
+do not try to find gems from the `Gemfile` that you didn't install. Additionally,
+subsequent calls to [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html) remember this setting
+and skip those groups.
+
+The canonical form of this configuration is `"without"`. To convert the canonical
+form to the environment variable form, capitalize it, and prepend `BUNDLE_`. The
+environment variable form of `"without"` is `BUNDLE_WITHOUT`.
+
+Any periods in the configuration keys must be replaced with two underscores when
+setting it via environment variables. The configuration key `local.rack` becomes
+the environment variable `BUNDLE_LOCAL__RACK`.
+
+## LIST OF AVAILABLE KEYS
+
+The following is a list of all configuration keys and their purpose. You can
+learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
+
+* `allow_deployment_source_credential_changes` (`BUNDLE_ALLOW_DEPLOYMENT_SOURCE_CREDENTIAL_CHANGES`):
+   When in deployment mode, allow changing the credentials to a gem's source.
+   Ex: `https://some.host.com/gems/path/` -> `https://user_name:password@some.host.com/gems/path`
+* `allow_offline_install` (`BUNDLE_ALLOW_OFFLINE_INSTALL`):
+   Allow Bundler to use cached data when installing without network access.
+* `auto_clean_without_path` (`BUNDLE_AUTO_CLEAN_WITHOUT_PATH`):
+   Automatically run `bundle clean` after installing when an explicit `path`
+   has not been set and Bundler is not installing into the system gems.
+* `auto_install` (`BUNDLE_AUTO_INSTALL`):
+   Automatically run `bundle install` when gems are missing.
+* `bin` (`BUNDLE_BIN`):
+   Install executables from gems in the bundle to the specified directory.
+   Defaults to `false`.
+* `cache_all` (`BUNDLE_CACHE_ALL`):
+   Cache all gems, including path and git gems. This needs to be explicitly
+   configured on bundler 1 and bundler 2, but will be the default on bundler 3.
+* `cache_all_platforms` (`BUNDLE_CACHE_ALL_PLATFORMS`):
+   Cache gems for all platforms.
+* `cache_path` (`BUNDLE_CACHE_PATH`):
+   The directory that bundler will place cached gems in when running
+   <code>bundle package</code>, and that bundler will look in when installing gems.
+   Defaults to `vendor/cache`.
+* `clean` (`BUNDLE_CLEAN`):
+   Whether Bundler should run `bundle clean` automatically after
+   `bundle install`.
+* `console` (`BUNDLE_CONSOLE`):
+   The console that `bundle console` starts. Defaults to `irb`.
+* `default_install_uses_path` (`BUNDLE_DEFAULT_INSTALL_USES_PATH`):
+   Whether a `bundle install` without an explicit `--path` argument defaults
+   to installing gems in `.bundle`.
+* `deployment` (`BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT`):
+   Disallow changes to the `Gemfile`. When the `Gemfile` is changed and the
+   lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked.
+* `disable_checksum_validation` (`BUNDLE_DISABLE_CHECKSUM_VALIDATION`):
+   Allow installing gems even if they do not match the checksum provided by
+   RubyGems.
+* `disable_exec_load` (`BUNDLE_DISABLE_EXEC_LOAD`):
+   Stop Bundler from using `load` to launch an executable in-process in
+   `bundle exec`.
+* `disable_local_branch_check` (`BUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_BRANCH_CHECK`):
+   Allow Bundler to use a local git override without a branch specified in the
+   Gemfile.
+* `disable_local_revision_check` (`BUNDLE_DISABLE_LOCAL_REVISION_CHECK`):
+   Allow Bundler to use a local git override without checking if the revision
+   present in the lockfile is present in the repository.
+* `disable_shared_gems` (`BUNDLE_DISABLE_SHARED_GEMS`):
+   Stop Bundler from accessing gems installed to RubyGems' normal location.
+* `disable_version_check` (`BUNDLE_DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK`):
+   Stop Bundler from checking if a newer Bundler version is available on
+   rubygems.org.
+* `force_ruby_platform` (`BUNDLE_FORCE_RUBY_PLATFORM`):
+   Ignore the current machine's platform and install only `ruby` platform gems.
+   As a result, gems with native extensions will be compiled from source.
+* `frozen` (`BUNDLE_FROZEN`):
+   Disallow changes to the `Gemfile`. When the `Gemfile` is changed and the
+   lockfile has not been updated, running Bundler commands will be blocked.
+   Defaults to `true` when `--deployment` is used.
+* `gem.github_username` (`BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME`):
+   Sets a GitHub username or organization to be used in `README` file when you
+   create a new gem via `bundle gem` command. It can be overridden by passing an
+   explicit `--github-username` flag to `bundle gem`.
+* `gem.push_key` (`BUNDLE_GEM__PUSH_KEY`):
+   Sets the `--key` parameter for `gem push` when using the `rake release`
+   command with a private gemstash server.
+* `gemfile` (`BUNDLE_GEMFILE`):
+   The name of the file that bundler should use as the `Gemfile`. This location
+   of this file also sets the root of the project, which is used to resolve
+   relative paths in the `Gemfile`, among other things. By default, bundler
+   will search up from the current working directory until it finds a
+   `Gemfile`.
+* `global_gem_cache` (`BUNDLE_GLOBAL_GEM_CACHE`):
+   Whether Bundler should cache all gems globally, rather than locally to the
+   installing Ruby installation.
+* `ignore_messages` (`BUNDLE_IGNORE_MESSAGES`):
+   When set, no post install messages will be printed. To silence a single gem,
+   use dot notation like `ignore_messages.httparty true`.
+* `init_gems_rb` (`BUNDLE_INIT_GEMS_RB`):
+   Generate a `gems.rb` instead of a `Gemfile` when running `bundle init`.
+* `jobs` (`BUNDLE_JOBS`):
+   The number of gems Bundler can install in parallel. Defaults to 1 on Windows,
+   and to the the number of processors on other platforms.
+* `no_install` (`BUNDLE_NO_INSTALL`):
+   Whether `bundle package` should skip installing gems.
+* `no_prune` (`BUNDLE_NO_PRUNE`):
+   Whether Bundler should leave outdated gems unpruned when caching.
+* `path` (`BUNDLE_PATH`):
+   The location on disk where all gems in your bundle will be located regardless
+   of `$GEM_HOME` or `$GEM_PATH` values. Bundle gems not found in this location
+   will be installed by `bundle install`. Defaults to `Gem.dir`. When --deployment
+   is used, defaults to vendor/bundle.
+* `path.system` (`BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM`):
+   Whether Bundler will install gems into the default system path (`Gem.dir`).
+* `path_relative_to_cwd` (`BUNDLE_PATH_RELATIVE_TO_CWD`)
+   Makes `--path` relative to the CWD instead of the `Gemfile`.
+* `plugins` (`BUNDLE_PLUGINS`):
+   Enable Bundler's experimental plugin system.
+* `prefer_patch` (BUNDLE_PREFER_PATCH):
+   Prefer updating only to next patch version during updates. Makes `bundle update` calls equivalent to `bundler update --patch`.
+* `print_only_version_number` (`BUNDLE_PRINT_ONLY_VERSION_NUMBER`):
+   Print only version number from `bundler --version`.
+* `redirect` (`BUNDLE_REDIRECT`):
+   The number of redirects allowed for network requests. Defaults to `5`.
+* `retry` (`BUNDLE_RETRY`):
+   The number of times to retry failed network requests. Defaults to `3`.
+* `setup_makes_kernel_gem_public` (`BUNDLE_SETUP_MAKES_KERNEL_GEM_PUBLIC`):
+   Have `Bundler.setup` make the `Kernel#gem` method public, even though
+   RubyGems declares it as private.
+* `shebang` (`BUNDLE_SHEBANG`):
+   The program name that should be invoked for generated binstubs. Defaults to
+   the ruby install name used to generate the binstub.
+* `silence_deprecations` (`BUNDLE_SILENCE_DEPRECATIONS`):
+   Whether Bundler should silence deprecation warnings for behavior that will
+   be changed in the next major version.
+* `silence_root_warning` (`BUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING`):
+   Silence the warning Bundler prints when installing gems as root.
+* `ssl_ca_cert` (`BUNDLE_SSL_CA_CERT`):
+   Path to a designated CA certificate file or folder containing multiple
+   certificates for trusted CAs in PEM format.
+* `ssl_client_cert` (`BUNDLE_SSL_CLIENT_CERT`):
+   Path to a designated file containing a X.509 client certificate
+   and key in PEM format.
+* `ssl_verify_mode` (`BUNDLE_SSL_VERIFY_MODE`):
+   The SSL verification mode Bundler uses when making HTTPS requests.
+   Defaults to verify peer.
+* `suppress_install_using_messages` (`BUNDLE_SUPPRESS_INSTALL_USING_MESSAGES`):
+   Avoid printing `Using ...` messages during installation when the version of
+   a gem has not changed.
+* `system_bindir` (`BUNDLE_SYSTEM_BINDIR`):
+   The location where RubyGems installs binstubs. Defaults to `Gem.bindir`.
+* `timeout` (`BUNDLE_TIMEOUT`):
+   The seconds allowed before timing out for network requests. Defaults to `10`.
+* `update_requires_all_flag` (`BUNDLE_UPDATE_REQUIRES_ALL_FLAG`):
+   Require passing `--all` to `bundle update` when everything should be updated,
+   and disallow passing no options to `bundle update`.
+* `user_agent` (`BUNDLE_USER_AGENT`):
+   The custom user agent fragment Bundler includes in API requests.
+* `with` (`BUNDLE_WITH`):
+   A `:`-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should install.
+* `without` (`BUNDLE_WITHOUT`):
+   A `:`-separated list of groups whose gems bundler should not install.
+
+In general, you should set these settings per-application by using the applicable
+flag to the [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html) or [bundle package(1)](bundle-package.1.html) command.
+
+You can set them globally either via environment variables or `bundle config`,
+whichever is preferable for your setup. If you use both, environment variables
+will take preference over global settings.
+
+## LOCAL GIT REPOS
+
+Bundler also allows you to work against a git repository locally
+instead of using the remote version. This can be achieved by setting
+up a local override:
+
+    bundle config set --local local.GEM_NAME /path/to/local/git/repository
+
+For example, in order to use a local Rack repository, a developer could call:
+
+    bundle config set --local local.rack ~/Work/git/rack
+
+Now instead of checking out the remote git repository, the local
+override will be used. Similar to a path source, every time the local
+git repository change, changes will be automatically picked up by
+Bundler. This means a commit in the local git repo will update the
+revision in the `Gemfile.lock` to the local git repo revision. This
+requires the same attention as git submodules. Before pushing to
+the remote, you need to ensure the local override was pushed, otherwise
+you may point to a commit that only exists in your local machine.
+You'll also need to CGI escape your usernames and passwords as well.
+
+Bundler does many checks to ensure a developer won't work with
+invalid references. Particularly, we force a developer to specify
+a branch in the `Gemfile` in order to use this feature. If the branch
+specified in the `Gemfile` and the current branch in the local git
+repository do not match, Bundler will abort. This ensures that
+a developer is always working against the correct branches, and prevents
+accidental locking to a different branch.
+
+Finally, Bundler also ensures that the current revision in the
+`Gemfile.lock` exists in the local git repository. By doing this, Bundler
+forces you to fetch the latest changes in the remotes.
+
+## MIRRORS OF GEM SOURCES
+
+Bundler supports overriding gem sources with mirrors. This allows you to
+configure rubygems.org as the gem source in your Gemfile while still using your
+mirror to fetch gems.
+
+    bundle config set --global mirror.SOURCE_URL MIRROR_URL
+
+For example, to use a mirror of rubygems.org hosted at rubygems-mirror.org:
+
+    bundle config set --global mirror.http://rubygems.org http://rubygems-mirror.org
+
+Each mirror also provides a fallback timeout setting. If the mirror does not
+respond within the fallback timeout, Bundler will try to use the original
+server instead of the mirror.
+
+    bundle config set --global mirror.SOURCE_URL.fallback_timeout TIMEOUT
+
+For example, to fall back to rubygems.org after 3 seconds:
+
+    bundle config set --global mirror.https://rubygems.org.fallback_timeout 3
+
+The default fallback timeout is 0.1 seconds, but the setting can currently
+only accept whole seconds (for example, 1, 15, or 30).
+
+## CREDENTIALS FOR GEM SOURCES
+
+Bundler allows you to configure credentials for any gem source, which allows
+you to avoid putting secrets into your Gemfile.
+
+    bundle config set --global SOURCE_HOSTNAME USERNAME:PASSWORD
+
+For example, to save the credentials of user `claudette` for the gem source at
+`gems.longerous.com`, you would run:
+
+    bundle config set --global gems.longerous.com claudette:s00pers3krit
+
+Or you can set the credentials as an environment variable like this:
+
+    export BUNDLE_GEMS__LONGEROUS__COM="claudette:s00pers3krit"
+
+For gems with a git source with HTTP(S) URL you can specify credentials like so:
+
+    bundle config set --global https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems.git username:password
+
+Or you can set the credentials as an environment variable like so:
+
+    export BUNDLE_GITHUB__COM=username:password
+
+This is especially useful for private repositories on hosts such as Github,
+where you can use personal OAuth tokens:
+
+    export BUNDLE_GITHUB__COM=abcd0123generatedtoken:x-oauth-basic
+
+Note that any configured credentials will be redacted by informative commands
+such as `bundle config list` or `bundle config get`, unless you use the
+`--parseable` flag. This is to avoid unintentionally leaking credentials when
+copy-pasting bundler output.
+
+Also note that to guarantee a sane mapping between valid environment variable
+names and valid host names, bundler makes the following transformations:
+
+* Any `-` characters in a host name are mapped to a triple dash (`___`) in the
+  corresponding environment variable.
+
+* Any `.` characters in a host name are mapped to a double dash (`__`) in the
+  corresponding environment variable.
+
+This means that if you have a gem server named `my.gem-host.com`, you'll need to
+use the `BUNDLE_MY__GEM___HOST__COM` variable to configure credentials for it
+through ENV.
+
+## CONFIGURE BUNDLER DIRECTORIES
+
+Bundler's home, config, cache and plugin directories are able to be configured
+through environment variables. The default location for Bundler's home directory is
+`~/.bundle`, which all directories inherit from by default. The following
+outlines the available environment variables and their default values
+
+    BUNDLE_USER_HOME : $HOME/.bundle
+    BUNDLE_USER_CACHE : $BUNDLE_USER_HOME/cache
+    BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG : $BUNDLE_USER_HOME/config
+    BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN : $BUNDLE_USER_HOME/plugin
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87a7fe5f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-DOCTOR" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-doctor\fR \- Checks the bundle for common problems
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle doctor\fR [\-\-quiet] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Checks your Gemfile and gem environment for common problems\. If issues are detected, Bundler prints them and exits status 1\. Otherwise, Bundler prints a success message and exits status 0\.
+.
+.P
+Examples of common problems caught by bundle\-doctor include:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Invalid Bundler settings
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Mismatched Ruby versions
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Mismatched platforms
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Uninstalled gems
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Missing dependencies
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-quiet\fR
+Only output warnings and errors\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-gemfile=<gemfile>\fR
+The location of the Gemfile(5) which Bundler should use\. This defaults to a Gemfile(5) in the current working directory\. In general, Bundler will assume that the location of the Gemfile(5) is also the project\'s root and will try to find \fBGemfile\.lock\fR and \fBvendor/cache\fR relative to this location\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..271ee800ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+bundle-doctor(1) -- Checks the bundle for common problems
+=========================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle doctor` [--quiet]
+                [--gemfile=GEMFILE]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Checks your Gemfile and gem environment for common problems. If issues
+are detected, Bundler prints them and exits status 1. Otherwise,
+Bundler prints a success message and exits status 0.
+
+Examples of common problems caught by bundle-doctor include:
+
+* Invalid Bundler settings
+* Mismatched Ruby versions
+* Mismatched platforms
+* Uninstalled gems
+* Missing dependencies
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--quiet`:
+  Only output warnings and errors.
+
+* `--gemfile=<gemfile>`:
+  The location of the Gemfile(5) which Bundler should use. This defaults
+  to a Gemfile(5) in the current working directory. In general, Bundler
+  will assume that the location of the Gemfile(5) is also the project's
+  root and will try to find `Gemfile.lock` and `vendor/cache` relative
+  to this location.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69adfa7c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-EXEC" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-exec\fR \- Execute a command in the context of the bundle
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle exec\fR [\-\-keep\-file\-descriptors] \fIcommand\fR
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+This command executes the command, making all gems specified in the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] available to \fBrequire\fR in Ruby programs\.
+.
+.P
+Essentially, if you would normally have run something like \fBrspec spec/my_spec\.rb\fR, and you want to use the gems specified in the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] and installed via bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR, you should run \fBbundle exec rspec spec/my_spec\.rb\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Note that \fBbundle exec\fR does not require that an executable is available on your shell\'s \fB$PATH\fR\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-keep\-file\-descriptors\fR
+Exec in Ruby 2\.0 began discarding non\-standard file descriptors\. When this flag is passed, exec will revert to the 1\.9 behaviour of passing all file descriptors to the new process\.
+.
+.SH "BUNDLE INSTALL \-\-BINSTUBS"
+If you use the \fB\-\-binstubs\fR flag in bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR, Bundler will automatically create a directory (which defaults to \fBapp_root/bin\fR) containing all of the executables available from gems in the bundle\.
+.
+.P
+After using \fB\-\-binstubs\fR, \fBbin/rspec spec/my_spec\.rb\fR is identical to \fBbundle exec rspec spec/my_spec\.rb\fR\.
+.
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT MODIFICATIONS"
+\fBbundle exec\fR makes a number of changes to the shell environment, then executes the command you specify in full\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+make sure that it\'s still possible to shell out to \fBbundle\fR from inside a command invoked by \fBbundle exec\fR (using \fB$BUNDLE_BIN_PATH\fR)
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+put the directory containing executables (like \fBrails\fR, \fBrspec\fR, \fBrackup\fR) for your bundle on \fB$PATH\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+make sure that if bundler is invoked in the subshell, it uses the same \fBGemfile\fR (by setting \fBBUNDLE_GEMFILE\fR)
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+add \fB\-rbundler/setup\fR to \fB$RUBYOPT\fR, which makes sure that Ruby programs invoked in the subshell can see the gems in the bundle
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+It also modifies Rubygems:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+disallow loading additional gems not in the bundle
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+modify the \fBgem\fR method to be a no\-op if a gem matching the requirements is in the bundle, and to raise a \fBGem::LoadError\fR if it\'s not
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Define \fBGem\.refresh\fR to be a no\-op, since the source index is always frozen when using bundler, and to prevent gems from the system leaking into the environment
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Override \fBGem\.bin_path\fR to use the gems in the bundle, making system executables work
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Add all gems in the bundle into Gem\.loaded_specs
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Finally, \fBbundle exec\fR also implicitly modifies \fBGemfile\.lock\fR if the lockfile and the Gemfile do not match\. Bundler needs the Gemfile to determine things such as a gem\'s groups, \fBautorequire\fR, and platforms, etc\., and that information isn\'t stored in the lockfile\. The Gemfile and lockfile must be synced in order to \fBbundle exec\fR successfully, so \fBbundle exec\fR updates the lockfile beforehand\.
+.
+.SS "Loading"
+By default, when attempting to \fBbundle exec\fR to a file with a ruby shebang, Bundler will \fBKernel\.load\fR that file instead of using \fBKernel\.exec\fR\. For the vast majority of cases, this is a performance improvement\. In a rare few cases, this could cause some subtle side\-effects (such as dependence on the exact contents of \fB$0\fR or \fB__FILE__\fR) and the optimization can be disabled by enabling the \fBdisable_exec_load\fR setting\.
+.
+.SS "Shelling out"
+Any Ruby code that opens a subshell (like \fBsystem\fR, backticks, or \fB%x{}\fR) will automatically use the current Bundler environment\. If you need to shell out to a Ruby command that is not part of your current bundle, use the \fBwith_clean_env\fR method with a block\. Any subshells created inside the block will be given the environment present before Bundler was activated\. For example, Homebrew commands run Ruby, but don\'t work inside a bundle:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+Bundler\.with_clean_env do
+  `brew install wget`
+end
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Using \fBwith_clean_env\fR is also necessary if you are shelling out to a different bundle\. Any Bundler commands run in a subshell will inherit the current Gemfile, so commands that need to run in the context of a different bundle also need to use \fBwith_clean_env\fR\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+Bundler\.with_clean_env do
+  Dir\.chdir "/other/bundler/project" do
+    `bundle exec \./script`
+  end
+end
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Bundler provides convenience helpers that wrap \fBsystem\fR and \fBexec\fR, and they can be used like this:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+Bundler\.clean_system(\'brew install wget\')
+Bundler\.clean_exec(\'brew install wget\')
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SH "RUBYGEMS PLUGINS"
+At present, the Rubygems plugin system requires all files named \fBrubygems_plugin\.rb\fR on the load path of \fIany\fR installed gem when any Ruby code requires \fBrubygems\.rb\fR\. This includes executables installed into the system, like \fBrails\fR, \fBrackup\fR, and \fBrspec\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Since Rubygems plugins can contain arbitrary Ruby code, they commonly end up activating themselves or their dependencies\.
+.
+.P
+For instance, the \fBgemcutter 0\.5\fR gem depended on \fBjson_pure\fR\. If you had that version of gemcutter installed (even if you \fIalso\fR had a newer version without this problem), Rubygems would activate \fBgemcutter 0\.5\fR and \fBjson_pure <latest>\fR\.
+.
+.P
+If your Gemfile(5) also contained \fBjson_pure\fR (or a gem with a dependency on \fBjson_pure\fR), the latest version on your system might conflict with the version in your Gemfile(5), or the snapshot version in your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\.
+.
+.P
+If this happens, bundler will say:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+You have already activated json_pure 1\.4\.6 but your Gemfile
+requires json_pure 1\.4\.3\. Consider using bundle exec\.
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In this situation, you almost certainly want to remove the underlying gem with the problematic gem plugin\. In general, the authors of these plugins (in this case, the \fBgemcutter\fR gem) have released newer versions that are more careful in their plugins\.
+.
+.P
+You can find a list of all the gems containing gem plugins by running
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+ruby \-rrubygems \-e "puts Gem\.find_files(\'rubygems_plugin\.rb\')"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+At the very least, you should remove all but the newest version of each gem plugin, and also remove all gem plugins that you aren\'t using (\fBgem uninstall gem_name\fR)\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dec3c7cb82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+bundle-exec(1) -- Execute a command in the context of the bundle
+================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle exec` [--keep-file-descriptors] <command>
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+This command executes the command, making all gems specified in the
+[`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] available to `require` in Ruby programs.
+
+Essentially, if you would normally have run something like
+`rspec spec/my_spec.rb`, and you want to use the gems specified
+in the [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] and installed via [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html), you
+should run `bundle exec rspec spec/my_spec.rb`.
+
+Note that `bundle exec` does not require that an executable is
+available on your shell's `$PATH`.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--keep-file-descriptors`:
+  Exec in Ruby 2.0 began discarding non-standard file descriptors. When this
+  flag is passed, exec will revert to the 1.9 behaviour of passing all file
+  descriptors to the new process.
+
+## BUNDLE INSTALL --BINSTUBS
+
+If you use the `--binstubs` flag in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html), Bundler will
+automatically create a directory (which defaults to `app_root/bin`)
+containing all of the executables available from gems in the bundle.
+
+After using `--binstubs`, `bin/rspec spec/my_spec.rb` is identical
+to `bundle exec rspec spec/my_spec.rb`.
+
+## ENVIRONMENT MODIFICATIONS
+
+`bundle exec` makes a number of changes to the shell environment,
+then executes the command you specify in full.
+
+* make sure that it's still possible to shell out to `bundle`
+  from inside a command invoked by `bundle exec` (using
+  `$BUNDLE_BIN_PATH`)
+* put the directory containing executables (like `rails`, `rspec`,
+  `rackup`) for your bundle on `$PATH`
+* make sure that if bundler is invoked in the subshell, it uses
+  the same `Gemfile` (by setting `BUNDLE_GEMFILE`)
+* add `-rbundler/setup` to `$RUBYOPT`, which makes sure that
+  Ruby programs invoked in the subshell can see the gems in
+  the bundle
+
+It also modifies Rubygems:
+
+* disallow loading additional gems not in the bundle
+* modify the `gem` method to be a no-op if a gem matching
+  the requirements is in the bundle, and to raise a
+  `Gem::LoadError` if it's not
+* Define `Gem.refresh` to be a no-op, since the source
+  index is always frozen when using bundler, and to
+  prevent gems from the system leaking into the environment
+* Override `Gem.bin_path` to use the gems in the bundle,
+  making system executables work
+* Add all gems in the bundle into Gem.loaded_specs
+
+Finally, `bundle exec` also implicitly modifies `Gemfile.lock` if the lockfile
+and the Gemfile do not match. Bundler needs the Gemfile to determine things
+such as a gem's groups, `autorequire`, and platforms, etc., and that
+information isn't stored in the lockfile. The Gemfile and lockfile must be
+synced in order to `bundle exec` successfully, so `bundle exec`
+updates the lockfile beforehand.
+
+### Loading
+
+By default, when attempting to `bundle exec` to a file with a ruby shebang,
+Bundler will `Kernel.load` that file instead of using `Kernel.exec`. For the
+vast majority of cases, this is a performance improvement. In a rare few cases,
+this could cause some subtle side-effects (such as dependence on the exact
+contents of `$0` or `__FILE__`) and the optimization can be disabled by enabling
+the `disable_exec_load` setting.
+
+### Shelling out
+
+Any Ruby code that opens a subshell (like `system`, backticks, or `%x{}`) will
+automatically use the current Bundler environment. If you need to shell out to
+a Ruby command that is not part of your current bundle, use the
+`with_clean_env` method with a block. Any subshells created inside the block
+will be given the environment present before Bundler was activated. For
+example, Homebrew commands run Ruby, but don't work inside a bundle:
+
+    Bundler.with_clean_env do
+      `brew install wget`
+    end
+
+Using `with_clean_env` is also necessary if you are shelling out to a different
+bundle. Any Bundler commands run in a subshell will inherit the current
+Gemfile, so commands that need to run in the context of a different bundle also
+need to use `with_clean_env`.
+
+    Bundler.with_clean_env do
+      Dir.chdir "/other/bundler/project" do
+        `bundle exec ./script`
+      end
+    end
+
+Bundler provides convenience helpers that wrap `system` and `exec`, and they
+can be used like this:
+
+    Bundler.clean_system('brew install wget')
+    Bundler.clean_exec('brew install wget')
+
+
+## RUBYGEMS PLUGINS
+
+At present, the Rubygems plugin system requires all files
+named `rubygems_plugin.rb` on the load path of _any_ installed
+gem when any Ruby code requires `rubygems.rb`. This includes
+executables installed into the system, like `rails`, `rackup`,
+and `rspec`.
+
+Since Rubygems plugins can contain arbitrary Ruby code, they
+commonly end up activating themselves or their dependencies.
+
+For instance, the `gemcutter 0.5` gem depended on `json_pure`.
+If you had that version of gemcutter installed (even if
+you _also_ had a newer version without this problem), Rubygems
+would activate `gemcutter 0.5` and `json_pure <latest>`.
+
+If your Gemfile(5) also contained `json_pure` (or a gem
+with a dependency on `json_pure`), the latest version on
+your system might conflict with the version in your
+Gemfile(5), or the snapshot version in your `Gemfile.lock`.
+
+If this happens, bundler will say:
+
+    You have already activated json_pure 1.4.6 but your Gemfile
+    requires json_pure 1.4.3. Consider using bundle exec.
+
+In this situation, you almost certainly want to remove the
+underlying gem with the problematic gem plugin. In general,
+the authors of these plugins (in this case, the `gemcutter`
+gem) have released newer versions that are more careful in
+their plugins.
+
+You can find a list of all the gems containing gem plugins
+by running
+
+    ruby -rrubygems -e "puts Gem.find_files('rubygems_plugin.rb')"
+
+At the very least, you should remove all but the newest
+version of each gem plugin, and also remove all gem plugins
+that you aren't using (`gem uninstall gem_name`).
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fae5c34e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-GEM" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-gem\fR \- Generate a project skeleton for creating a rubygem
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle gem\fR \fIGEM_NAME\fR \fIOPTIONS\fR
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Generates a directory named \fBGEM_NAME\fR with a \fBRakefile\fR, \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR, and other supporting files and directories that can be used to develop a rubygem with that name\.
+.
+.P
+Run \fBrake \-T\fR in the resulting project for a list of Rake tasks that can be used to test and publish the gem to rubygems\.org\.
+.
+.P
+The generated project skeleton can be customized with OPTIONS, as explained below\. Note that these options can also be specified via Bundler\'s global configuration file using the following names:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBgem\.coc\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBgem\.mit\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBgem\.test\fR
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exe\fR or \fB\-b\fR or \fB\-\-bin\fR
+Specify that Bundler should create a binary executable (as \fBexe/GEM_NAME\fR) in the generated rubygem project\. This binary will also be added to the \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR manifest\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-exe\fR
+Do not create a binary (overrides \fB\-\-exe\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-coc\fR
+Add a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR file to the root of the generated project\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-coc\fR
+Do not create a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR (overrides \fB\-\-coc\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ext\fR
+Add boilerplate for C extension code to the generated project\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-ext\fR
+Do not add C extension code (overrides \fB\-\-ext\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-mit\fR
+Add an MIT license to a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR file in the root of the generated project\. Your name from the global git config is used for the copyright statement\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-mit\fR
+Do not create a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR (overrides \fB\-\-mit\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-test=minitest\fR, \fB\-\-test=rspec\fR, \fB\-\-test=test\-unit\fR
+Specify the test framework that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBminitest\fR, \fBrspec\fR and \fBtest\-unit\fR\. The \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR will be configured and a skeleton test/spec directory will be created based on this option\. Given no option is specified:
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is configured to generate tests, this defaults to Bundler\'s global config setting \fBgem\.test\fR\.
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is configured to not generate tests, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project\.
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ci\fR, \fB\-\-ci=github\fR, \fB\-\-ci=travis\fR, \fB\-\-ci=gitlab\fR, \fB\-\-ci=circle\fR
+Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBgithub\fR, \fBtravis\fR, \fBgitlab\fR and \fBcircle\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is configured to generate CI files, this defaults to Bundler\'s global config setting \fBgem\.ci\fR\.
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is configured to not generate CI files, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project\.
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-linter\fR, \fB\-\-linter=rubocop\fR, \fB\-\-linter=standard\fR
+Specify the linter and code formatter that Bundler should add to the project\'s development dependencies\. Acceptable values are \fBrubocop\fR and \fBstandard\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is configured to add a linter, this defaults to Bundler\'s global config setting \fBgem\.linter\fR\.
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is configured not to add a linter, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project\.
+.
+.IP
+When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-edit[=EDITOR]\fR
+Open the resulting GEM_NAME\.gemspec in EDITOR, or the default editor if not specified\. The default is \fB$BUNDLER_EDITOR\fR, \fB$VISUAL\fR, or \fB$EDITOR\fR\.
+.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+bundle config(1) \fIbundle\-config\.1\.html\fR
+.
+.IP "" 0
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61c741fb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+bundle-gem(1) -- Generate a project skeleton for creating a rubygem
+====================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle gem` <GEM_NAME> [OPTIONS]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Generates a directory named `GEM_NAME` with a `Rakefile`, `GEM_NAME.gemspec`,
+and other supporting files and directories that can be used to develop a
+rubygem with that name.
+
+Run `rake -T` in the resulting project for a list of Rake tasks that can be used
+to test and publish the gem to rubygems.org.
+
+The generated project skeleton can be customized with OPTIONS, as explained
+below. Note that these options can also be specified via Bundler's global
+configuration file using the following names:
+
+* `gem.coc`
+* `gem.mit`
+* `gem.test`
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--exe` or `-b` or `--bin`:
+  Specify that Bundler should create a binary executable (as `exe/GEM_NAME`)
+  in the generated rubygem project. This binary will also be added to the
+  `GEM_NAME.gemspec` manifest. This behavior is disabled by default.
+
+* `--no-exe`:
+  Do not create a binary (overrides `--exe` specified in the global config).
+
+* `--coc`:
+  Add a `CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md` file to the root of the generated project. If
+  this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the
+  answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future `bundle gem` use.
+
+* `--no-coc`:
+  Do not create a `CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md` (overrides `--coc` specified in the
+  global config).
+
+* `--ext`:
+  Add boilerplate for C extension code to the generated project. This behavior
+  is disabled by default.
+
+* `--no-ext`:
+  Do not add C extension code (overrides `--ext` specified in the global
+  config).
+
+* `--mit`:
+  Add an MIT license to a `LICENSE.txt` file in the root of the generated
+  project. Your name from the global git config is used for the copyright
+  statement. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be
+  displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future
+  `bundle gem` use.
+
+* `--no-mit`:
+  Do not create a `LICENSE.txt` (overrides `--mit` specified in the global
+  config).
+
+* `-t`, `--test=minitest`, `--test=rspec`, `--test=test-unit`:
+  Specify the test framework that Bundler should use when generating the
+  project. Acceptable values are `minitest`, `rspec` and `test-unit`. The
+  `GEM_NAME.gemspec` will be configured and a skeleton test/spec directory will
+  be created based on this option. Given no option is specified:
+
+  When Bundler is configured to generate tests, this defaults to Bundler's
+  global config setting `gem.test`.
+
+  When Bundler is configured to not generate tests, an interactive prompt will
+  be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project.
+
+  When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and
+  the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future `bundle gem`
+  use.
+
+* `--ci`, `--ci=github`, `--ci=travis`, `--ci=gitlab`, `--ci=circle`:
+  Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when
+  generating the project. Acceptable values are `github`, `travis`, `gitlab`
+  and `circle`. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory.
+  Given no option is specified:
+
+  When Bundler is configured to generate CI files, this defaults to Bundler's
+  global config setting `gem.ci`.
+
+  When Bundler is configured to not generate CI files, an interactive prompt
+  will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project.
+
+  When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and
+  the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future `bundle gem`
+  use.
+
+* `--linter`, `--linter=rubocop`, `--linter=standard`:
+  Specify the linter and code formatter that Bundler should add to the
+  project's development dependencies. Acceptable values are `rubocop` and
+  `standard`. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory.
+  Given no option is specified:
+
+  When Bundler is configured to add a linter, this defaults to Bundler's
+  global config setting `gem.linter`.
+
+  When Bundler is configured not to add a linter, an interactive prompt
+  will be displayed and the answer will be used for the current rubygem project.
+
+  When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and
+  the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future `bundle gem`
+  use.
+
+* `-e`, `--edit[=EDITOR]`:
+  Open the resulting GEM_NAME.gemspec in EDITOR, or the default editor if not
+  specified. The default is `$BUNDLER_EDITOR`, `$VISUAL`, or `$EDITOR`.
+
+## SEE ALSO
+
+* [bundle config(1)](bundle-config.1.html)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e1400ec56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INFO" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-info\fR \- Show information for the given gem in your bundle
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle info\fR [GEM] [\-\-path]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Print the basic information about the provided GEM such as homepage, version, path and summary\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-path\fR
+Print the path of the given gem
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47e457aa3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+bundle-info(1) -- Show information for the given gem in your bundle
+=========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle info` [GEM]
+              [--path]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Print the basic information about the provided GEM such as homepage, version,
+path and summary.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--path`:
+Print the path of the given gem
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..612d16031c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INIT" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-init\fR \- Generates a Gemfile into the current working directory
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle init\fR [\-\-gemspec=FILE]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Init generates a default [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] in the current working directory\. When adding a [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] to a gem with a gemspec, the \fB\-\-gemspec\fR option will automatically add each dependency listed in the gemspec file to the newly created [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-gemspec\fR
+Use the specified \.gemspec to create the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]
+.
+.SH "FILES"
+Included in the default [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] generated is the line \fB# frozen_string_literal: true\fR\. This is a magic comment supported for the first time in Ruby 2\.3\. The presence of this line results in all string literals in the file being implicitly frozen\.
+.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+Gemfile(5) \fIhttps://bundler\.io/man/gemfile\.5\.html\fR
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d3d97deea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+bundle-init(1) -- Generates a Gemfile into the current working directory
+========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle init` [--gemspec=FILE]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Init generates a default [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] in the current working directory. When
+adding a [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] to a gem with a gemspec, the `--gemspec` option will
+automatically add each dependency listed in the gemspec file to the newly
+created [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)].
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--gemspec`:
+  Use the specified .gemspec to create the [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)]
+
+## FILES
+
+Included in the default [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)]
+generated is the line `# frozen_string_literal: true`. This is a magic comment
+supported for the first time in Ruby 2.3. The presence of this line
+results in all string literals in the file being implicitly frozen.
+
+## SEE ALSO
+
+[Gemfile(5)](https://bundler.io/man/gemfile.5.html)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ded4d6d64b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INJECT" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-inject\fR \- Add named gem(s) with version requirements to Gemfile
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle inject\fR [GEM] [VERSION]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Adds the named gem(s) with their version requirements to the resolved [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]\.
+.
+.P
+This command will add the gem to both your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile\.lock if it isn\'t listed yet\.
+.
+.P
+Example:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle install
+bundle inject \'rack\' \'> 0\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+This will inject the \'rack\' gem with a version greater than 0 in your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile\.lock
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f454341896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+bundle-inject(1) -- Add named gem(s) with version requirements to Gemfile
+=========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle inject` [GEM] [VERSION]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Adds the named gem(s) with their version requirements to the resolved
+[`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)].
+
+This command will add the gem to both your [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile.lock if it
+isn't listed yet.
+
+Example:
+
+    bundle install
+    bundle inject 'rack' '> 0'
+
+This will inject the 'rack' gem with a version greater than 0 in your
+[`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)] and Gemfile.lock
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ccf100b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INSTALL" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-install\fR \- Install the dependencies specified in your Gemfile
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle install\fR [\-\-binstubs[=DIRECTORY]] [\-\-clean] [\-\-deployment] [\-\-frozen] [\-\-full\-index] [\-\-gemfile=GEMFILE] [\-\-jobs=NUMBER] [\-\-local] [\-\-no\-cache] [\-\-no\-prune] [\-\-path PATH] [\-\-quiet] [\-\-redownload] [\-\-retry=NUMBER] [\-\-shebang] [\-\-standalone[=GROUP[ GROUP\.\.\.]]] [\-\-system] [\-\-trust\-policy=POLICY] [\-\-with=GROUP[ GROUP\.\.\.]] [\-\-without=GROUP[ GROUP\.\.\.]]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Install the gems specified in your Gemfile(5)\. If this is the first time you run bundle install (and a \fBGemfile\.lock\fR does not exist), Bundler will fetch all remote sources, resolve dependencies and install all needed gems\.
+.
+.P
+If a \fBGemfile\.lock\fR does exist, and you have not updated your Gemfile(5), Bundler will fetch all remote sources, but use the dependencies specified in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR instead of resolving dependencies\.
+.
+.P
+If a \fBGemfile\.lock\fR does exist, and you have updated your Gemfile(5), Bundler will use the dependencies in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR for all gems that you did not update, but will re\-resolve the dependencies of gems that you did update\. You can find more information about this update process below under \fICONSERVATIVE UPDATING\fR\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+The \fB\-\-clean\fR, \fB\-\-deployment\fR, \fB\-\-frozen\fR, \fB\-\-no\-prune\fR, \fB\-\-path\fR, \fB\-\-shebang\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR, \fB\-\-without\fR and \fB\-\-with\fR options are deprecated because they only make sense if they are applied to every subsequent \fBbundle install\fR run automatically and that requires \fBbundler\fR to silently remember them\. Since \fBbundler\fR will no longer remember CLI flags in future versions, \fBbundle config\fR (see bundle\-config(1)) should be used to apply them permanently\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-binstubs[=<directory>]\fR
+Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables\. Bundler creates a small Ruby file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the command, and puts it in \fBbin/\fR\. This lets you link the binstub inside of an application to the exact gem version the application needs\.
+.
+.IP
+Creates a directory (defaults to \fB~/bin\fR) and places any executables from the gem there\. These executables run in Bundler\'s context\. If used, you might add this directory to your environment\'s \fBPATH\fR variable\. For instance, if the \fBrails\fR gem comes with a \fBrails\fR executable, this flag will create a \fBbin/rails\fR executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be resolved using the bundled gems\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-clean\fR
+On finishing the installation Bundler is going to remove any gems not present in the current Gemfile(5)\. Don\'t worry, gems currently in use will not be removed\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBclean\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-deployment\fR
+In \fIdeployment mode\fR, Bundler will \'roll\-out\' the bundle for production or CI use\. Please check carefully if you want to have this option enabled in your development environment\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBdeployment\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-redownload\fR
+Force download every gem, even if the required versions are already available locally\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-frozen\fR
+Do not allow the Gemfile\.lock to be updated after this install\. Exits non\-zero if there are going to be changes to the Gemfile\.lock\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBfrozen\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-full\-index\fR
+Bundler will not call Rubygems\' API endpoint (default) but download and cache a (currently big) index file of all gems\. Performance can be improved for large bundles that seldom change by enabling this option\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-gemfile=<gemfile>\fR
+The location of the Gemfile(5) which Bundler should use\. This defaults to a Gemfile(5) in the current working directory\. In general, Bundler will assume that the location of the Gemfile(5) is also the project\'s root and will try to find \fBGemfile\.lock\fR and \fBvendor/cache\fR relative to this location\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-jobs=[<number>]\fR, \fB\-j[<number>]\fR
+The maximum number of parallel download and install jobs\. The default is \fB1\fR\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-local\fR
+Do not attempt to connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR\. Instead, Bundler will use the gems already present in Rubygems\' cache or in \fBvendor/cache\fR\. Note that if an appropriate platform\-specific gem exists on \fBrubygems\.org\fR it will not be found\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-cache\fR
+Do not update the cache in \fBvendor/cache\fR with the newly bundled gems\. This does not remove any gems in the cache but keeps the newly bundled gems from being cached during the install\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-prune\fR
+Don\'t remove stale gems from the cache when the installation finishes\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBno_prune\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-path=<path>\fR
+The location to install the specified gems to\. This defaults to Rubygems\' setting\. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, \fBgem install \.\.\.\fR will have gem installed there, too\. Therefore, gems installed without a \fB\-\-path \.\.\.\fR setting will show up by calling \fBgem list\fR\. Accordingly, gems installed to other locations will not get listed\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBpath\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-quiet\fR
+Do not print progress information to the standard output\. Instead, Bundler will exit using a status code (\fB$?\fR)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-retry=[<number>]\fR
+Retry failed network or git requests for \fInumber\fR times\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-shebang=<ruby\-executable>\fR
+Uses the specified ruby executable (usually \fBruby\fR) to execute the scripts created with \fB\-\-binstubs\fR\. In addition, if you use \fB\-\-binstubs\fR together with \fB\-\-shebang jruby\fR these executables will be changed to execute \fBjruby\fR instead\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBshebang\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-standalone[=<list>]\fR
+Makes a bundle that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at runtime\. A space separated list of groups to install has to be specified\. Bundler creates a directory named \fBbundle\fR and installs the bundle there\. It also generates a \fBbundle/bundler/setup\.rb\fR file to replace Bundler\'s own setup in the manner required\. Using this option implicitly sets \fBpath\fR, which is a [remembered option][REMEMBERED OPTIONS]\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-system\fR
+Installs the gems specified in the bundle to the system\'s Rubygems location\. This overrides any previous configuration of \fB\-\-path\fR\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBsystem\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-trust\-policy=[<policy>]\fR
+Apply the Rubygems security policy \fIpolicy\fR, where policy is one of \fBHighSecurity\fR, \fBMediumSecurity\fR, \fBLowSecurity\fR, \fBAlmostNoSecurity\fR, or \fBNoSecurity\fR\. For more details, please see the Rubygems signing documentation linked below in \fISEE ALSO\fR\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-with=<list>\fR
+A space\-separated list of groups referencing gems to install\. If an optional group is given it is installed\. If a group is given that is in the remembered list of groups given to \-\-without, it is removed from that list\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBwith\fR setting\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-without=<list>\fR
+A space\-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during installation\. If a group is given that is in the remembered list of groups given to \-\-with, it is removed from that list\.
+.
+.IP
+This option is deprecated in favor of the \fBwithout\fR setting\.
+.
+.SH "DEPLOYMENT MODE"
+Bundler\'s defaults are optimized for development\. To switch to defaults optimized for deployment and for CI, use the \fB\-\-deployment\fR flag\. Do not activate deployment mode on development machines, as it will cause an error when the Gemfile(5) is modified\.
+.
+.IP "1." 4
+A \fBGemfile\.lock\fR is required\.
+.
+.IP
+To ensure that the same versions of the gems you developed with and tested with are also used in deployments, a \fBGemfile\.lock\fR is required\.
+.
+.IP
+This is mainly to ensure that you remember to check your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR into version control\.
+.
+.IP "2." 4
+The \fBGemfile\.lock\fR must be up to date
+.
+.IP
+In development, you can modify your Gemfile(5) and re\-run \fBbundle install\fR to \fIconservatively update\fR your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR snapshot\.
+.
+.IP
+In deployment, your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR should be up\-to\-date with changes made in your Gemfile(5)\.
+.
+.IP "3." 4
+Gems are installed to \fBvendor/bundle\fR not your default system location
+.
+.IP
+In development, it\'s convenient to share the gems used in your application with other applications and other scripts that run on the system\.
+.
+.IP
+In deployment, isolation is a more important default\. In addition, the user deploying the application may not have permission to install gems to the system, or the web server may not have permission to read them\.
+.
+.IP
+As a result, \fBbundle install \-\-deployment\fR installs gems to the \fBvendor/bundle\fR directory in the application\. This may be overridden using the \fB\-\-path\fR option\.
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SH "SUDO USAGE"
+By default, Bundler installs gems to the same location as \fBgem install\fR\.
+.
+.P
+In some cases, that location may not be writable by your Unix user\. In that case, Bundler will stage everything in a temporary directory, then ask you for your \fBsudo\fR password in order to copy the gems into their system location\.
+.
+.P
+From your perspective, this is identical to installing the gems directly into the system\.
+.
+.P
+You should never use \fBsudo bundle install\fR\. This is because several other steps in \fBbundle install\fR must be performed as the current user:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Updating your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Updating your \fBvendor/cache\fR, if necessary
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Checking out private git repositories using your user\'s SSH keys
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Of these three, the first two could theoretically be performed by \fBchown\fRing the resulting files to \fB$SUDO_USER\fR\. The third, however, can only be performed by invoking the \fBgit\fR command as the current user\. Therefore, git gems are downloaded and installed into \fB~/\.bundle\fR rather than $GEM_HOME or $BUNDLE_PATH\.
+.
+.P
+As a result, you should run \fBbundle install\fR as the current user, and Bundler will ask for your password if it is needed to put the gems into their final location\.
+.
+.SH "INSTALLING GROUPS"
+By default, \fBbundle install\fR will install all gems in all groups in your Gemfile(5), except those declared for a different platform\.
+.
+.P
+However, you can explicitly tell Bundler to skip installing certain groups with the \fB\-\-without\fR option\. This option takes a space\-separated list of groups\.
+.
+.P
+While the \fB\-\-without\fR option will skip \fIinstalling\fR the gems in the specified groups, it will still \fIdownload\fR those gems and use them to resolve the dependencies of every gem in your Gemfile(5)\.
+.
+.P
+This is so that installing a different set of groups on another machine (such as a production server) will not change the gems and versions that you have already developed and tested against\.
+.
+.P
+\fBBundler offers a rock\-solid guarantee that the third\-party code you are running in development and testing is also the third\-party code you are running in production\. You can choose to exclude some of that code in different environments, but you will never be caught flat\-footed by different versions of third\-party code being used in different environments\.\fR
+.
+.P
+For a simple illustration, consider the following Gemfile(5):
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source \'https://rubygems\.org\'
+
+gem \'sinatra\'
+
+group :production do
+  gem \'rack\-perftools\-profiler\'
+end
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In this case, \fBsinatra\fR depends on any version of Rack (\fB>= 1\.0\fR), while \fBrack\-perftools\-profiler\fR depends on 1\.x (\fB~> 1\.0\fR)\.
+.
+.P
+When you run \fBbundle install \-\-without production\fR in development, we look at the dependencies of \fBrack\-perftools\-profiler\fR as well\. That way, you do not spend all your time developing against Rack 2\.0, using new APIs unavailable in Rack 1\.x, only to have Bundler switch to Rack 1\.2 when the \fBproduction\fR group \fIis\fR used\.
+.
+.P
+This should not cause any problems in practice, because we do not attempt to \fBinstall\fR the gems in the excluded groups, and only evaluate as part of the dependency resolution process\.
+.
+.P
+This also means that you cannot include different versions of the same gem in different groups, because doing so would result in different sets of dependencies used in development and production\. Because of the vagaries of the dependency resolution process, this usually affects more than the gems you list in your Gemfile(5), and can (surprisingly) radically change the gems you are using\.
+.
+.SH "THE GEMFILE\.LOCK"
+When you run \fBbundle install\fR, Bundler will persist the full names and versions of all gems that you used (including dependencies of the gems specified in the Gemfile(5)) into a file called \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Bundler uses this file in all subsequent calls to \fBbundle install\fR, which guarantees that you always use the same exact code, even as your application moves across machines\.
+.
+.P
+Because of the way dependency resolution works, even a seemingly small change (for instance, an update to a point\-release of a dependency of a gem in your Gemfile(5)) can result in radically different gems being needed to satisfy all dependencies\.
+.
+.P
+As a result, you \fBSHOULD\fR check your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR into version control, in both applications and gems\. If you do not, every machine that checks out your repository (including your production server) will resolve all dependencies again, which will result in different versions of third\-party code being used if \fBany\fR of the gems in the Gemfile(5) or any of their dependencies have been updated\.
+.
+.P
+When Bundler first shipped, the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR was included in the \fB\.gitignore\fR file included with generated gems\. Over time, however, it became clear that this practice forces the pain of broken dependencies onto new contributors, while leaving existing contributors potentially unaware of the problem\. Since \fBbundle install\fR is usually the first step towards a contribution, the pain of broken dependencies would discourage new contributors from contributing\. As a result, we have revised our guidance for gem authors to now recommend checking in the lock for gems\.
+.
+.SH "CONSERVATIVE UPDATING"
+When you make a change to the Gemfile(5) and then run \fBbundle install\fR, Bundler will update only the gems that you modified\.
+.
+.P
+In other words, if a gem that you \fBdid not modify\fR worked before you called \fBbundle install\fR, it will continue to use the exact same versions of all dependencies as it used before the update\.
+.
+.P
+Let\'s take a look at an example\. Here\'s your original Gemfile(5):
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source \'https://rubygems\.org\'
+
+gem \'actionpack\', \'2\.3\.8\'
+gem \'activemerchant\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In this case, both \fBactionpack\fR and \fBactivemerchant\fR depend on \fBactivesupport\fR\. The \fBactionpack\fR gem depends on \fBactivesupport 2\.3\.8\fR and \fBrack ~> 1\.1\.0\fR, while the \fBactivemerchant\fR gem depends on \fBactivesupport >= 2\.3\.2\fR, \fBbraintree >= 2\.0\.0\fR, and \fBbuilder >= 2\.0\.0\fR\.
+.
+.P
+When the dependencies are first resolved, Bundler will select \fBactivesupport 2\.3\.8\fR, which satisfies the requirements of both gems in your Gemfile(5)\.
+.
+.P
+Next, you modify your Gemfile(5) to:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source \'https://rubygems\.org\'
+
+gem \'actionpack\', \'3\.0\.0\.rc\'
+gem \'activemerchant\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+The \fBactionpack 3\.0\.0\.rc\fR gem has a number of new dependencies, and updates the \fBactivesupport\fR dependency to \fB= 3\.0\.0\.rc\fR and the \fBrack\fR dependency to \fB~> 1\.2\.1\fR\.
+.
+.P
+When you run \fBbundle install\fR, Bundler notices that you changed the \fBactionpack\fR gem, but not the \fBactivemerchant\fR gem\. It evaluates the gems currently being used to satisfy its requirements:
+.
+.TP
+\fBactivesupport 2\.3\.8\fR
+also used to satisfy a dependency in \fBactivemerchant\fR, which is not being updated
+.
+.TP
+\fBrack ~> 1\.1\.0\fR
+not currently being used to satisfy another dependency
+.
+.P
+Because you did not explicitly ask to update \fBactivemerchant\fR, you would not expect it to suddenly stop working after updating \fBactionpack\fR\. However, satisfying the new \fBactivesupport 3\.0\.0\.rc\fR dependency of actionpack requires updating one of its dependencies\.
+.
+.P
+Even though \fBactivemerchant\fR declares a very loose dependency that theoretically matches \fBactivesupport 3\.0\.0\.rc\fR, Bundler treats gems in your Gemfile(5) that have not changed as an atomic unit together with their dependencies\. In this case, the \fBactivemerchant\fR dependency is treated as \fBactivemerchant 1\.7\.1 + activesupport 2\.3\.8\fR, so \fBbundle install\fR will report that it cannot update \fBactionpack\fR\.
+.
+.P
+To explicitly update \fBactionpack\fR, including its dependencies which other gems in the Gemfile(5) still depend on, run \fBbundle update actionpack\fR (see \fBbundle update(1)\fR)\.
+.
+.P
+\fBSummary\fR: In general, after making a change to the Gemfile(5) , you should first try to run \fBbundle install\fR, which will guarantee that no other gem in the Gemfile(5) is impacted by the change\. If that does not work, run bundle update(1) \fIbundle\-update\.1\.html\fR\.
+.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Gem install docs \fIhttp://guides\.rubygems\.org/rubygems\-basics/#installing\-gems\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Rubygems signing docs \fIhttp://guides\.rubygems\.org/security/\fR
+.
+.IP "" 0
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ea777f1d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+bundle-install(1) -- Install the dependencies specified in your Gemfile
+=======================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle install` [--binstubs[=DIRECTORY]]
+                 [--clean]
+                 [--deployment]
+                 [--frozen]
+                 [--full-index]
+                 [--gemfile=GEMFILE]
+                 [--jobs=NUMBER]
+                 [--local]
+                 [--no-cache]
+                 [--no-prune]
+                 [--path PATH]
+                 [--quiet]
+                 [--redownload]
+                 [--retry=NUMBER]
+                 [--shebang]
+                 [--standalone[=GROUP[ GROUP...]]]
+                 [--system]
+                 [--trust-policy=POLICY]
+                 [--with=GROUP[ GROUP...]]
+                 [--without=GROUP[ GROUP...]]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Install the gems specified in your Gemfile(5). If this is the first
+time you run bundle install (and a `Gemfile.lock` does not exist),
+Bundler will fetch all remote sources, resolve dependencies and
+install all needed gems.
+
+If a `Gemfile.lock` does exist, and you have not updated your Gemfile(5),
+Bundler will fetch all remote sources, but use the dependencies
+specified in the `Gemfile.lock` instead of resolving dependencies.
+
+If a `Gemfile.lock` does exist, and you have updated your Gemfile(5),
+Bundler will use the dependencies in the `Gemfile.lock` for all gems
+that you did not update, but will re-resolve the dependencies of
+gems that you did update. You can find more information about this
+update process below under [CONSERVATIVE UPDATING][].
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+The `--clean`, `--deployment`, `--frozen`, `--no-prune`, `--path`, `--shebang`,
+`--system`, `--without` and `--with` options are deprecated because they only
+make sense if they are applied to every subsequent `bundle install` run
+automatically and that requires `bundler` to silently remember them. Since
+`bundler` will no longer remember CLI flags in future versions, `bundle config`
+(see bundle-config(1)) should be used to apply them permanently.
+
+* `--binstubs[=<directory>]`:
+  Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables. Bundler creates a small Ruby
+  file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the command, and puts it in `bin/`.
+  This lets you link the binstub inside of an application to the exact gem
+  version the application needs.
+
+  Creates a directory (defaults to `~/bin`) and places any executables from the
+  gem there. These executables run in Bundler's context. If used, you might add
+  this directory to your environment's `PATH` variable. For instance, if the
+  `rails` gem comes with a `rails` executable, this flag will create a
+  `bin/rails` executable that ensures that all referred dependencies will be
+  resolved using the bundled gems.
+
+* `--clean`:
+  On finishing the installation Bundler is going to remove any gems not present
+  in the current Gemfile(5). Don't worry, gems currently in use will not be
+  removed.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `clean` setting.
+
+* `--deployment`:
+  In [deployment mode][DEPLOYMENT MODE], Bundler will 'roll-out' the bundle for
+  production or CI use. Please check carefully if you want to have this option
+  enabled in your development environment.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `deployment` setting.
+
+* `--redownload`:
+  Force download every gem, even if the required versions are already available
+  locally.
+
+* `--frozen`:
+  Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this install. Exits
+  non-zero if there are going to be changes to the Gemfile.lock.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `frozen` setting.
+
+* `--full-index`:
+  Bundler will not call Rubygems' API endpoint (default) but download and cache
+  a (currently big) index file of all gems. Performance can be improved for
+  large bundles that seldom change by enabling this option.
+
+* `--gemfile=<gemfile>`:
+  The location of the Gemfile(5) which Bundler should use. This defaults
+  to a Gemfile(5) in the current working directory. In general, Bundler
+  will assume that the location of the Gemfile(5) is also the project's
+  root and will try to find `Gemfile.lock` and `vendor/cache` relative
+  to this location.
+
+* `--jobs=[<number>]`, `-j[<number>]`:
+  The maximum number of parallel download and install jobs. The default
+  is `1`.
+
+* `--local`:
+  Do not attempt to connect to `rubygems.org`. Instead, Bundler will use the
+  gems already present in Rubygems' cache or in `vendor/cache`. Note that if an
+  appropriate platform-specific gem exists on `rubygems.org` it will not be
+  found.
+
+* `--no-cache`:
+  Do not update the cache in `vendor/cache` with the newly bundled gems. This
+  does not remove any gems in the cache but keeps the newly bundled gems from
+  being cached during the install.
+
+* `--no-prune`:
+  Don't remove stale gems from the cache when the installation finishes.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `no_prune` setting.
+
+* `--path=<path>`:
+  The location to install the specified gems to. This defaults to Rubygems'
+  setting. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems, `gem install ...` will
+  have gem installed there, too. Therefore, gems installed without a
+  `--path ...` setting will show up by calling `gem list`. Accordingly, gems
+  installed to other locations will not get listed.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `path` setting.
+
+* `--quiet`:
+  Do not print progress information to the standard output. Instead, Bundler
+  will exit using a status code (`$?`).
+
+* `--retry=[<number>]`:
+  Retry failed network or git requests for <number> times.
+
+* `--shebang=<ruby-executable>`:
+  Uses the specified ruby executable (usually `ruby`) to execute the scripts
+  created with `--binstubs`. In addition, if you use `--binstubs` together with
+  `--shebang jruby` these executables will be changed to execute `jruby`
+  instead.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `shebang` setting.
+
+* `--standalone[=<list>]`:
+  Makes a bundle that can work without depending on Rubygems or Bundler at
+  runtime. A space separated list of groups to install has to be specified.
+  Bundler creates a directory named `bundle` and installs the bundle there. It
+  also generates a `bundle/bundler/setup.rb` file to replace Bundler's own setup
+  in the manner required. Using this option implicitly sets `path`, which is a
+  [remembered option][REMEMBERED OPTIONS].
+
+* `--system`:
+  Installs the gems specified in the bundle to the system's Rubygems location.
+  This overrides any previous configuration of `--path`.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `system` setting.
+
+* `--trust-policy=[<policy>]`:
+  Apply the Rubygems security policy <policy>, where policy is one of
+  `HighSecurity`, `MediumSecurity`, `LowSecurity`, `AlmostNoSecurity`, or
+  `NoSecurity`. For more details, please see the Rubygems signing documentation
+  linked below in [SEE ALSO][].
+
+* `--with=<list>`:
+  A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to install. If an
+  optional group is given it is installed. If a group is given that is
+  in the remembered list of groups given to --without, it is removed
+  from that list.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `with` setting.
+
+* `--without=<list>`:
+  A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during installation.
+  If a group is given that is in the remembered list of groups given
+  to --with, it is removed from that list.
+
+  This option is deprecated in favor of the `without` setting.
+
+## DEPLOYMENT MODE
+
+Bundler's defaults are optimized for development. To switch to
+defaults optimized for deployment and for CI, use the `--deployment`
+flag. Do not activate deployment mode on development machines, as it
+will cause an error when the Gemfile(5) is modified.
+
+1. A `Gemfile.lock` is required.
+
+   To ensure that the same versions of the gems you developed with
+   and tested with are also used in deployments, a `Gemfile.lock`
+   is required.
+
+   This is mainly to ensure that you remember to check your
+   `Gemfile.lock` into version control.
+
+2. The `Gemfile.lock` must be up to date
+
+   In development, you can modify your Gemfile(5) and re-run
+   `bundle install` to [conservatively update][CONSERVATIVE UPDATING]
+   your `Gemfile.lock` snapshot.
+
+   In deployment, your `Gemfile.lock` should be up-to-date with
+   changes made in your Gemfile(5).
+
+3. Gems are installed to `vendor/bundle` not your default system location
+
+   In development, it's convenient to share the gems used in your
+   application with other applications and other scripts that run on
+   the system.
+
+   In deployment, isolation is a more important default. In addition,
+   the user deploying the application may not have permission to install
+   gems to the system, or the web server may not have permission to
+   read them.
+
+   As a result, `bundle install --deployment` installs gems to
+   the `vendor/bundle` directory in the application. This may be
+   overridden using the `--path` option.
+
+## SUDO USAGE
+
+By default, Bundler installs gems to the same location as `gem install`.
+
+In some cases, that location may not be writable by your Unix user. In
+that case, Bundler will stage everything in a temporary directory,
+then ask you for your `sudo` password in order to copy the gems into
+their system location.
+
+From your perspective, this is identical to installing the gems
+directly into the system.
+
+You should never use `sudo bundle install`. This is because several
+other steps in `bundle install` must be performed as the current user:
+
+* Updating your `Gemfile.lock`
+* Updating your `vendor/cache`, if necessary
+* Checking out private git repositories using your user's SSH keys
+
+Of these three, the first two could theoretically be performed by
+`chown`ing the resulting files to `$SUDO_USER`. The third, however,
+can only be performed by invoking the `git` command as
+the current user. Therefore, git gems are downloaded and installed
+into `~/.bundle` rather than $GEM_HOME or $BUNDLE_PATH.
+
+As a result, you should run `bundle install` as the current user,
+and Bundler will ask for your password if it is needed to put the
+gems into their final location.
+
+## INSTALLING GROUPS
+
+By default, `bundle install` will install all gems in all groups
+in your Gemfile(5), except those declared for a different platform.
+
+However, you can explicitly tell Bundler to skip installing
+certain groups with the `--without` option. This option takes
+a space-separated list of groups.
+
+While the `--without` option will skip _installing_ the gems in the
+specified groups, it will still _download_ those gems and use them to
+resolve the dependencies of every gem in your Gemfile(5).
+
+This is so that installing a different set of groups on another
+ machine (such as a production server) will not change the
+gems and versions that you have already developed and tested against.
+
+`Bundler offers a rock-solid guarantee that the third-party
+code you are running in development and testing is also the
+third-party code you are running in production. You can choose
+to exclude some of that code in different environments, but you
+will never be caught flat-footed by different versions of
+third-party code being used in different environments.`
+
+For a simple illustration, consider the following Gemfile(5):
+
+    source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+    gem 'sinatra'
+
+    group :production do
+      gem 'rack-perftools-profiler'
+    end
+
+In this case, `sinatra` depends on any version of Rack (`>= 1.0`), while
+`rack-perftools-profiler` depends on 1.x (`~> 1.0`).
+
+When you run `bundle install --without production` in development, we
+look at the dependencies of `rack-perftools-profiler` as well. That way,
+you do not spend all your time developing against Rack 2.0, using new
+APIs unavailable in Rack 1.x, only to have Bundler switch to Rack 1.2
+when the `production` group _is_ used.
+
+This should not cause any problems in practice, because we do not
+attempt to `install` the gems in the excluded groups, and only evaluate
+as part of the dependency resolution process.
+
+This also means that you cannot include different versions of the same
+gem in different groups, because doing so would result in different
+sets of dependencies used in development and production. Because of
+the vagaries of the dependency resolution process, this usually
+affects more than the gems you list in your Gemfile(5), and can
+(surprisingly) radically change the gems you are using.
+
+## THE GEMFILE.LOCK
+
+When you run `bundle install`, Bundler will persist the full names
+and versions of all gems that you used (including dependencies of
+the gems specified in the Gemfile(5)) into a file called `Gemfile.lock`.
+
+Bundler uses this file in all subsequent calls to `bundle install`,
+which guarantees that you always use the same exact code, even
+as your application moves across machines.
+
+Because of the way dependency resolution works, even a
+seemingly small change (for instance, an update to a point-release
+of a dependency of a gem in your Gemfile(5)) can result in radically
+different gems being needed to satisfy all dependencies.
+
+As a result, you `SHOULD` check your `Gemfile.lock` into version
+control, in both applications and gems. If you do not, every machine that
+checks out your repository (including your production server) will resolve all
+dependencies again, which will result in different versions of
+third-party code being used if `any` of the gems in the Gemfile(5)
+or any of their dependencies have been updated.
+
+When Bundler first shipped, the `Gemfile.lock` was included in the `.gitignore`
+file included with generated gems.  Over time, however, it became clear that
+this practice forces the pain of broken dependencies onto new contributors,
+while leaving existing contributors potentially unaware of the problem. Since
+`bundle install` is usually the first step towards a contribution, the pain of
+broken dependencies would discourage new contributors from contributing. As a
+result, we have revised our guidance for gem authors to now recommend checking
+in the lock for gems.
+
+## CONSERVATIVE UPDATING
+
+When you make a change to the Gemfile(5) and then run `bundle install`,
+Bundler will update only the gems that you modified.
+
+In other words, if a gem that you `did not modify` worked before
+you called `bundle install`, it will continue to use the exact
+same versions of all dependencies as it used before the update.
+
+Let's take a look at an example. Here's your original Gemfile(5):
+
+    source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+    gem 'actionpack', '2.3.8'
+    gem 'activemerchant'
+
+In this case, both `actionpack` and `activemerchant` depend on
+`activesupport`. The `actionpack` gem depends on `activesupport 2.3.8`
+and `rack ~> 1.1.0`, while the `activemerchant` gem depends on
+`activesupport >= 2.3.2`, `braintree >= 2.0.0`, and `builder >= 2.0.0`.
+
+When the dependencies are first resolved, Bundler will select
+`activesupport 2.3.8`, which satisfies the requirements of both
+gems in your Gemfile(5).
+
+Next, you modify your Gemfile(5) to:
+
+    source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+    gem 'actionpack', '3.0.0.rc'
+    gem 'activemerchant'
+
+The `actionpack 3.0.0.rc` gem has a number of new dependencies,
+and updates the `activesupport` dependency to `= 3.0.0.rc` and
+the `rack` dependency to `~> 1.2.1`.
+
+When you run `bundle install`, Bundler notices that you changed
+the `actionpack` gem, but not the `activemerchant` gem. It
+evaluates the gems currently being used to satisfy its requirements:
+
+  * `activesupport 2.3.8`:
+    also used to satisfy a dependency in `activemerchant`,
+    which is not being updated
+  * `rack ~> 1.1.0`:
+    not currently being used to satisfy another dependency
+
+Because you did not explicitly ask to update `activemerchant`,
+you would not expect it to suddenly stop working after updating
+`actionpack`. However, satisfying the new `activesupport 3.0.0.rc`
+dependency of actionpack requires updating one of its dependencies.
+
+Even though `activemerchant` declares a very loose dependency
+that theoretically matches `activesupport 3.0.0.rc`, Bundler treats
+gems in your Gemfile(5) that have not changed as an atomic unit
+together with their dependencies. In this case, the `activemerchant`
+dependency is treated as `activemerchant 1.7.1 + activesupport 2.3.8`,
+so `bundle install` will report that it cannot update `actionpack`.
+
+To explicitly update `actionpack`, including its dependencies
+which other gems in the Gemfile(5) still depend on, run
+`bundle update actionpack` (see `bundle update(1)`).
+
+`Summary`: In general, after making a change to the Gemfile(5) , you
+should first try to run `bundle install`, which will guarantee that no
+other gem in the Gemfile(5) is impacted by the change. If that
+does not work, run [bundle update(1)](bundle-update.1.html).
+
+## SEE ALSO
+
+* [Gem install docs](http://guides.rubygems.org/rubygems-basics/#installing-gems)
+* [Rubygems signing docs](http://guides.rubygems.org/security/)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a697173af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-LIST" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-list\fR \- List all the gems in the bundle
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle list\fR [\-\-name\-only] [\-\-paths] [\-\-without\-group=GROUP[ GROUP\.\.\.]] [\-\-only\-group=GROUP[ GROUP\.\.\.]]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Prints a list of all the gems in the bundle including their version\.
+.
+.P
+Example:
+.
+.P
+bundle list \-\-name\-only
+.
+.P
+bundle list \-\-paths
+.
+.P
+bundle list \-\-without\-group test
+.
+.P
+bundle list \-\-only\-group dev
+.
+.P
+bundle list \-\-only\-group dev test \-\-paths
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-name\-only\fR
+Print only the name of each gem\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-paths\fR
+Print the path to each gem in the bundle\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-without\-group=<list>\fR
+A space\-separated list of groups of gems to skip during printing\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-only\-group=<list>\fR
+A space\-separated list of groups of gems to print\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc058ecd5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+bundle-list(1) -- List all the gems in the bundle
+=========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle list` [--name-only] [--paths] [--without-group=GROUP[ GROUP...]] [--only-group=GROUP[ GROUP...]]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Prints a list of all the gems in the bundle including their version.
+
+Example:
+
+bundle list --name-only
+
+bundle list --paths
+
+bundle list --without-group test
+
+bundle list --only-group dev
+
+bundle list --only-group dev test --paths
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--name-only`:
+  Print only the name of each gem.
+* `--paths`:
+  Print the path to each gem in the bundle.
+* `--without-group=<list>`:
+  A space-separated list of groups of gems to skip during printing.
+* `--only-group=<list>`:
+  A space-separated list of groups of gems to print.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef515b0337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-LOCK" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-lock\fR \- Creates / Updates a lockfile without installing
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle lock\fR [\-\-update] [\-\-local] [\-\-print] [\-\-lockfile=PATH] [\-\-full\-index] [\-\-add\-platform] [\-\-remove\-platform] [\-\-patch] [\-\-minor] [\-\-major] [\-\-strict] [\-\-conservative]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Lock the gems specified in Gemfile\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-update=<*gems>\fR
+Ignores the existing lockfile\. Resolve then updates lockfile\. Taking a list of gems or updating all gems if no list is given\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-local\fR
+Do not attempt to connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR\. Instead, Bundler will use the gems already present in Rubygems\' cache or in \fBvendor/cache\fR\. Note that if a appropriate platform\-specific gem exists on \fBrubygems\.org\fR it will not be found\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-print\fR
+Prints the lockfile to STDOUT instead of writing to the file system\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-lockfile=<path>\fR
+The path where the lockfile should be written to\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-full\-index\fR
+Fall back to using the single\-file index of all gems\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-add\-platform\fR
+Add a new platform to the lockfile, re\-resolving for the addition of that platform\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-remove\-platform\fR
+Remove a platform from the lockfile\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-patch\fR
+If updating, prefer updating only to next patch version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-minor\fR
+If updating, prefer updating only to next minor version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-major\fR
+If updating, prefer updating to next major version (default)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-strict\fR
+If updating, do not allow any gem to be updated past latest \-\-patch | \-\-minor | \-\-major\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-conservative\fR
+If updating, use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow shared dependencies to be updated\.
+.
+.SH "UPDATING ALL GEMS"
+If you run \fBbundle lock\fR with \fB\-\-update\fR option without list of gems, bundler will ignore any previously installed gems and resolve all dependencies again based on the latest versions of all gems available in the sources\.
+.
+.SH "UPDATING A LIST OF GEMS"
+Sometimes, you want to update a single gem in the Gemfile(5), and leave the rest of the gems that you specified locked to the versions in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\.
+.
+.P
+For instance, you only want to update \fBnokogiri\fR, run \fBbundle lock \-\-update nokogiri\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Bundler will update \fBnokogiri\fR and any of its dependencies, but leave the rest of the gems that you specified locked to the versions in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\.
+.
+.SH "SUPPORTING OTHER PLATFORMS"
+If you want your bundle to support platforms other than the one you\'re running locally, you can run \fBbundle lock \-\-add\-platform PLATFORM\fR to add PLATFORM to the lockfile, force bundler to re\-resolve and consider the new platform when picking gems, all without needing to have a machine that matches PLATFORM handy to install those platform\-specific gems on\.
+.
+.P
+For a full explanation of gem platforms, see \fBgem help platform\fR\.
+.
+.SH "PATCH LEVEL OPTIONS"
+See bundle update(1) \fIbundle\-update\.1\.html\fR for details\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3aa5920f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+bundle-lock(1) -- Creates / Updates a lockfile without installing
+=================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle lock` [--update]
+              [--local]
+              [--print]
+              [--lockfile=PATH]
+              [--full-index]
+              [--add-platform]
+              [--remove-platform]
+              [--patch]
+              [--minor]
+              [--major]
+              [--strict]
+              [--conservative]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Lock the gems specified in Gemfile.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--update=<*gems>`:
+  Ignores the existing lockfile. Resolve then updates lockfile. Taking a list
+  of gems or updating all gems if no list is given.
+
+* `--local`:
+  Do not attempt to connect to `rubygems.org`. Instead, Bundler will use the
+  gems already present in Rubygems' cache or in `vendor/cache`. Note that if a
+  appropriate platform-specific gem exists on `rubygems.org` it will not be
+  found.
+
+* `--print`:
+  Prints the lockfile to STDOUT instead of writing to the file system.
+
+* `--lockfile=<path>`:
+  The path where the lockfile should be written to.
+
+* `--full-index`:
+  Fall back to using the single-file index of all gems.
+
+* `--add-platform`:
+  Add a new platform to the lockfile, re-resolving for the addition of that
+  platform.
+
+* `--remove-platform`:
+  Remove a platform from the lockfile.
+
+* `--patch`:
+  If updating, prefer updating only to next patch version.
+
+* `--minor`:
+  If updating, prefer updating only to next minor version.
+
+* `--major`:
+  If updating, prefer updating to next major version (default).
+
+* `--strict`:
+  If updating, do not allow any gem to be updated past latest --patch | --minor | --major.
+
+* `--conservative`:
+  If updating, use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow shared dependencies to be updated.
+
+## UPDATING ALL GEMS
+
+If you run `bundle lock` with `--update` option without list of gems, bundler will
+ignore any previously installed gems and resolve all dependencies again based
+on the latest versions of all gems available in the sources.
+
+## UPDATING A LIST OF GEMS
+
+Sometimes, you want to update a single gem in the Gemfile(5), and leave the rest of
+the gems that you specified locked to the versions in the `Gemfile.lock`.
+
+For instance, you only want to update `nokogiri`, run `bundle lock --update nokogiri`.
+
+Bundler will update `nokogiri` and any of its dependencies, but leave the rest of the
+gems that you specified locked to the versions in the `Gemfile.lock`.
+
+## SUPPORTING OTHER PLATFORMS
+
+If you want your bundle to support platforms other than the one you're running
+locally, you can run `bundle lock --add-platform PLATFORM` to add PLATFORM to
+the lockfile, force bundler to re-resolve and consider the new platform when
+picking gems, all without needing to have a machine that matches PLATFORM handy
+to install those platform-specific gems on.
+
+For a full explanation of gem platforms, see `gem help platform`.
+
+## PATCH LEVEL OPTIONS
+
+See [bundle update(1)](bundle-update.1.html) for details.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd28566bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-OPEN" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-open\fR \- Opens the source directory for a gem in your bundle
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle open\fR [GEM]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Opens the source directory of the provided GEM in your editor\.
+.
+.P
+For this to work the \fBEDITOR\fR or \fBBUNDLER_EDITOR\fR environment variable has to be set\.
+.
+.P
+Example:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle open \'rack\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Will open the source directory for the \'rack\' gem in your bundle\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..497beac93f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+bundle-open(1) -- Opens the source directory for a gem in your bundle
+=====================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle open` [GEM]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Opens the source directory of the provided GEM in your editor.
+
+For this to work the `EDITOR` or `BUNDLER_EDITOR` environment variable has to
+be set.
+
+Example:
+
+    bundle open 'rack'
+
+Will open the source directory for the 'rack' gem in your bundle.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9d50a1c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-OUTDATED" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-outdated\fR \- List installed gems with newer versions available
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle outdated\fR [GEM] [\-\-local] [\-\-pre] [\-\-source] [\-\-strict] [\-\-parseable | \-\-porcelain] [\-\-group=GROUP] [\-\-groups] [\-\-update\-strict] [\-\-patch|\-\-minor|\-\-major] [\-\-filter\-major] [\-\-filter\-minor] [\-\-filter\-patch] [\-\-only\-explicit]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Outdated lists the names and versions of gems that have a newer version available in the given source\. Calling outdated with [GEM [GEM]] will only check for newer versions of the given gems\. Prerelease gems are ignored by default\. If your gems are up to date, Bundler will exit with a status of 0\. Otherwise, it will exit 1\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-local\fR
+Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-pre\fR
+Check for newer pre\-release gems\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-source\fR
+Check against a specific source\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-strict\fR
+Only list newer versions allowed by your Gemfile requirements\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-parseable\fR, \fB\-\-porcelain\fR
+Use minimal formatting for more parseable output\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-group\fR
+List gems from a specific group\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-groups\fR
+List gems organized by groups\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-update\-strict\fR
+Strict conservative resolution, do not allow any gem to be updated past latest \-\-patch | \-\-minor| \-\-major\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-minor\fR
+Prefer updating only to next minor version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-major\fR
+Prefer updating to next major version (default)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-patch\fR
+Prefer updating only to next patch version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-filter\-major\fR
+Only list major newer versions\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-filter\-minor\fR
+Only list minor newer versions\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-filter\-patch\fR
+Only list patch newer versions\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-only\-explicit\fR
+Only list gems specified in your Gemfile, not their dependencies\.
+.
+.SH "PATCH LEVEL OPTIONS"
+See bundle update(1) \fIbundle\-update\.1\.html\fR for details\.
+.
+.P
+One difference between the patch level options in \fBbundle update\fR and here is the \fB\-\-strict\fR option\. \fB\-\-strict\fR was already an option on outdated before the patch level options were added\. \fB\-\-strict\fR wasn\'t altered, and the \fB\-\-update\-strict\fR option on \fBoutdated\fR reflects what \fB\-\-strict\fR does on \fBbundle update\fR\.
+.
+.SH "FILTERING OUTPUT"
+The 3 filtering options do not affect the resolution of versions, merely what versions are shown in the output\.
+.
+.P
+If the regular output shows the following:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+* faker (newest 1\.6\.6, installed 1\.6\.5, requested ~> 1\.4) in groups "development, test"
+* hashie (newest 3\.4\.6, installed 1\.2\.0, requested = 1\.2\.0) in groups "default"
+* headless (newest 2\.3\.1, installed 2\.2\.3) in groups "test"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+\fB\-\-filter\-major\fR would only show:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+* hashie (newest 3\.4\.6, installed 1\.2\.0, requested = 1\.2\.0) in groups "default"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+\fB\-\-filter\-minor\fR would only show:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+* headless (newest 2\.3\.1, installed 2\.2\.3) in groups "test"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+\fB\-\-filter\-patch\fR would only show:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+* faker (newest 1\.6\.6, installed 1\.6\.5, requested ~> 1\.4) in groups "development, test"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Filter options can be combined\. \fB\-\-filter\-minor\fR and \fB\-\-filter\-patch\fR would show:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+* faker (newest 1\.6\.6, installed 1\.6\.5, requested ~> 1\.4) in groups "development, test"
+* headless (newest 2\.3\.1, installed 2\.2\.3) in groups "test"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Combining all three \fBfilter\fR options would be the same result as providing none of them\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a991d23789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+bundle-outdated(1) -- List installed gems with newer versions available
+=======================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle outdated` [GEM] [--local]
+                        [--pre]
+                        [--source]
+                        [--strict]
+                        [--parseable | --porcelain]
+                        [--group=GROUP]
+                        [--groups]
+                        [--update-strict]
+                        [--patch|--minor|--major]
+                        [--filter-major]
+                        [--filter-minor]
+                        [--filter-patch]
+                        [--only-explicit]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Outdated lists the names and versions of gems that have a newer version available
+in the given source. Calling outdated with [GEM [GEM]] will only check for newer
+versions of the given gems. Prerelease gems are ignored by default. If your gems
+are up to date, Bundler will exit with a status of 0. Otherwise, it will exit 1.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--local`:
+  Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead.
+
+* `--pre`:
+  Check for newer pre-release gems.
+
+* `--source`:
+  Check against a specific source.
+
+* `--strict`:
+  Only list newer versions allowed by your Gemfile requirements.
+
+* `--parseable`, `--porcelain`:
+   Use minimal formatting for more parseable output.
+
+* `--group`:
+  List gems from a specific group.
+
+* `--groups`:
+  List gems organized by groups.
+
+* `--update-strict`:
+  Strict conservative resolution, do not allow any gem to be updated past latest --patch | --minor| --major.
+
+* `--minor`:
+  Prefer updating only to next minor version.
+
+* `--major`:
+  Prefer updating to next major version (default).
+
+* `--patch`:
+  Prefer updating only to next patch version.
+
+* `--filter-major`:
+  Only list major newer versions.
+
+* `--filter-minor`:
+  Only list minor newer versions.
+
+* `--filter-patch`:
+  Only list patch newer versions.
+
+* `--only-explicit`:
+  Only list gems specified in your Gemfile, not their dependencies.
+
+## PATCH LEVEL OPTIONS
+
+See [bundle update(1)](bundle-update.1.html) for details.
+
+One difference between the patch level options in `bundle update` and here is the `--strict` option.
+`--strict` was already an option on outdated before the patch level options were added. `--strict`
+wasn't altered, and the `--update-strict` option on `outdated` reflects what `--strict` does on
+`bundle update`.
+
+## FILTERING OUTPUT
+
+The 3 filtering options do not affect the resolution of versions, merely what versions are shown
+in the output.
+
+If the regular output shows the following:
+
+    * faker (newest 1.6.6, installed 1.6.5, requested ~> 1.4) in groups "development, test"
+    * hashie (newest 3.4.6, installed 1.2.0, requested = 1.2.0) in groups "default"
+    * headless (newest 2.3.1, installed 2.2.3) in groups "test"
+
+`--filter-major` would only show:
+
+    * hashie (newest 3.4.6, installed 1.2.0, requested = 1.2.0) in groups "default"
+
+`--filter-minor` would only show:
+
+    * headless (newest 2.3.1, installed 2.2.3) in groups "test"
+
+`--filter-patch` would only show:
+
+    * faker (newest 1.6.6, installed 1.6.5, requested ~> 1.4) in groups "development, test"
+
+Filter options can be combined. `--filter-minor` and `--filter-patch` would show:
+
+    * faker (newest 1.6.6, installed 1.6.5, requested ~> 1.4) in groups "development, test"
+    * headless (newest 2.3.1, installed 2.2.3) in groups "test"
+
+Combining all three `filter` options would be the same result as providing none of them.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b1c859f64b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PLATFORM" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-platform\fR \- Displays platform compatibility information
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle platform\fR [\-\-ruby]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+\fBplatform\fR will display information from your Gemfile, Gemfile\.lock, and Ruby VM about your platform\.
+.
+.P
+For instance, using this Gemfile(5):
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source "https://rubygems\.org"
+
+ruby "1\.9\.3"
+
+gem "rack"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+If you run \fBbundle platform\fR on Ruby 1\.9\.3, it will display the following output:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+Your platform is: x86_64\-linux
+
+Your app has gems that work on these platforms:
+* ruby
+
+Your Gemfile specifies a Ruby version requirement:
+* ruby 1\.9\.3
+
+Your current platform satisfies the Ruby version requirement\.
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+\fBplatform\fR will list all the platforms in your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR as well as the \fBruby\fR directive if applicable from your Gemfile(5)\. It will also let you know if the \fBruby\fR directive requirement has been met\. If \fBruby\fR directive doesn\'t match the running Ruby VM, it will tell you what part does not\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ruby\fR
+It will display the ruby directive information, so you don\'t have to parse it from the Gemfile(5)\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5d3283fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+bundle-platform(1) -- Displays platform compatibility information
+=================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle platform` [--ruby]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+`platform` will display information from your Gemfile, Gemfile.lock, and Ruby
+VM about your platform.
+
+For instance, using this Gemfile(5):
+
+    source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+    ruby "1.9.3"
+
+    gem "rack"
+
+If you run `bundle platform` on Ruby 1.9.3, it will display the following output:
+
+    Your platform is: x86_64-linux
+
+    Your app has gems that work on these platforms:
+    * ruby
+
+    Your Gemfile specifies a Ruby version requirement:
+    * ruby 1.9.3
+
+    Your current platform satisfies the Ruby version requirement.
+
+`platform` will list all the platforms in your `Gemfile.lock` as well as the
+`ruby` directive if applicable from your Gemfile(5). It will also let you know
+if the `ruby` directive requirement has been met. If `ruby` directive doesn't
+match the running Ruby VM, it will tell you what part does not.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--ruby`:
+  It will display the ruby directive information, so you don't have to
+  parse it from the Gemfile(5).
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e4a028666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PRISTINE" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-pristine\fR \- Restores installed gems to their pristine condition
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle pristine\fR
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+\fBpristine\fR restores the installed gems in the bundle to their pristine condition using the local gem cache from RubyGems\. For git gems, a forced checkout will be performed\.
+.
+.P
+For further explanation, \fBbundle pristine\fR ignores unpacked files on disk\. In other words, this command utilizes the local \fB\.gem\fR cache or the gem\'s git repository as if one were installing from scratch\.
+.
+.P
+Note: the Bundler gem cannot be restored to its original state with \fBpristine\fR\. One also cannot use \fBbundle pristine\fR on gems with a \'path\' option in the Gemfile, because bundler has no original copy it can restore from\.
+.
+.P
+When is it practical to use \fBbundle pristine\fR?
+.
+.P
+It comes in handy when a developer is debugging a gem\. \fBbundle pristine\fR is a great way to get rid of experimental changes to a gem that one may not want\.
+.
+.P
+Why use \fBbundle pristine\fR over \fBgem pristine \-\-all\fR?
+.
+.P
+Both commands are very similar\. For context: \fBbundle pristine\fR, without arguments, cleans all gems from the lockfile\. Meanwhile, \fBgem pristine \-\-all\fR cleans all installed gems for that Ruby version\.
+.
+.P
+If a developer forgets which gems in their project they might have been debugging, the Rubygems \fBgem pristine [GEMNAME]\fR command may be inconvenient\. One can avoid waiting for \fBgem pristine \-\-all\fR, and instead run \fBbundle pristine\fR\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2d6b6a348
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+bundle-pristine(1) -- Restores installed gems to their pristine condition
+===========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle pristine`
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+`pristine` restores the installed gems in the bundle to their pristine condition
+using the local gem cache from RubyGems. For git gems, a forced checkout will be performed.
+
+For further explanation, `bundle pristine` ignores unpacked files on disk. In other
+words, this command utilizes the local `.gem` cache or the gem's git repository
+as if one were installing from scratch.
+
+Note: the Bundler gem cannot be restored to its original state with `pristine`.
+One also cannot use `bundle pristine` on gems with a 'path' option in the Gemfile,
+because bundler has no original copy it can restore from.
+
+When is it practical to use `bundle pristine`?
+
+It comes in handy when a developer is debugging a gem. `bundle pristine` is a
+great way to get rid of experimental changes to a gem that one may not want.
+
+Why use `bundle pristine` over `gem pristine --all`?
+
+Both commands are very similar.
+For context: `bundle pristine`, without arguments, cleans all gems from the lockfile.
+Meanwhile, `gem pristine --all` cleans all installed gems for that Ruby version.
+
+If a developer forgets which gems in their project they might
+have been debugging, the Rubygems `gem pristine [GEMNAME]` command may be inconvenient.
+One can avoid waiting for `gem pristine --all`, and instead run `bundle pristine`.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b4edd1414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-REMOVE" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-remove\fR \- Removes gems from the Gemfile
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle remove [GEM [GEM \.\.\.]] [\-\-install]\fR
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Removes the given gems from the Gemfile while ensuring that the resulting Gemfile is still valid\. If a gem cannot be removed, a warning is printed\. If a gem is already absent from the Gemfile, and error is raised\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-install\fR
+Runs \fBbundle install\fR after the given gems have been removed from the Gemfile, which ensures that both the lockfile and the installed gems on disk are also updated to remove the given gem(s)\.
+.
+.P
+Example:
+.
+.P
+bundle remove rails
+.
+.P
+bundle remove rails rack
+.
+.P
+bundle remove rails rack \-\-install
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40a239b4a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+bundle-remove(1) -- Removes gems from the Gemfile
+===========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle remove [GEM [GEM ...]] [--install]`
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Removes the given gems from the Gemfile while ensuring that the resulting Gemfile is still valid. If a gem cannot be removed, a warning is printed. If a gem is already absent from the Gemfile, and error is raised.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--install`:
+  Runs `bundle install` after the given gems have been removed from the Gemfile, which ensures that both the lockfile and the installed gems on disk are also updated to remove the given gem(s).
+
+Example:
+
+bundle remove rails
+
+bundle remove rails rack
+
+bundle remove rails rack --install
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..375699ddf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-SHOW" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-show\fR \- Shows all the gems in your bundle, or the path to a gem
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle show\fR [GEM] [\-\-paths]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Without the [GEM] option, \fBshow\fR will print a list of the names and versions of all gems that are required by your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)], sorted by name\.
+.
+.P
+Calling show with [GEM] will list the exact location of that gem on your machine\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-paths\fR
+List the paths of all gems that are required by your [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)], sorted by gem name\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6a59a1445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+bundle-show(1) -- Shows all the gems in your bundle, or the path to a gem
+=========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle show` [GEM]
+              [--paths]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Without the [GEM] option, `show` will print a list of the names and versions of
+all gems that are required by your [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)], sorted by name.
+
+Calling show with [GEM] will list the exact location of that gem on your
+machine.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--paths`:
+  List the paths of all gems that are required by your [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)],
+  sorted by gem name.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c08bc66ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-UPDATE" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-update\fR \- Update your gems to the latest available versions
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle update\fR \fI*gems\fR [\-\-all] [\-\-group=NAME] [\-\-source=NAME] [\-\-local] [\-\-ruby] [\-\-bundler[=VERSION]] [\-\-full\-index] [\-\-jobs=JOBS] [\-\-quiet] [\-\-patch|\-\-minor|\-\-major] [\-\-redownload] [\-\-strict] [\-\-conservative]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Update the gems specified (all gems, if \fB\-\-all\fR flag is used), ignoring the previously installed gems specified in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\. In general, you should use bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR to install the same exact gems and versions across machines\.
+.
+.P
+You would use \fBbundle update\fR to explicitly update the version of a gem\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-all\fR
+Update all gems specified in Gemfile\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-group=<name>\fR, \fB\-g=[<name>]\fR
+Only update the gems in the specified group\. For instance, you can update all gems in the development group with \fBbundle update \-\-group development\fR\. You can also call \fBbundle update rails \-\-group test\fR to update the rails gem and all gems in the test group, for example\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-source=<name>\fR
+The name of a \fB:git\fR or \fB:path\fR source used in the Gemfile(5)\. For instance, with a \fB:git\fR source of \fBhttp://github\.com/rails/rails\.git\fR, you would call \fBbundle update \-\-source rails\fR
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-local\fR
+Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ruby\fR
+Update the locked version of Ruby to the current version of Ruby\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-bundler\fR
+Update the locked version of bundler to the invoked bundler version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-full\-index\fR
+Fall back to using the single\-file index of all gems\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-jobs=[<number>]\fR, \fB\-j[<number>]\fR
+Specify the number of jobs to run in parallel\. The default is \fB1\fR\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-retry=[<number>]\fR
+Retry failed network or git requests for \fInumber\fR times\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-quiet\fR
+Only output warnings and errors\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-redownload\fR
+Force downloading every gem\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-patch\fR
+Prefer updating only to next patch version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-minor\fR
+Prefer updating only to next minor version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-major\fR
+Prefer updating to next major version (default)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-strict\fR
+Do not allow any gem to be updated past latest \fB\-\-patch\fR | \fB\-\-minor\fR | \fB\-\-major\fR\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-conservative\fR
+Use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow indirect dependencies to be updated\.
+.
+.SH "UPDATING ALL GEMS"
+If you run \fBbundle update \-\-all\fR, bundler will ignore any previously installed gems and resolve all dependencies again based on the latest versions of all gems available in the sources\.
+.
+.P
+Consider the following Gemfile(5):
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source "https://rubygems\.org"
+
+gem "rails", "3\.0\.0\.rc"
+gem "nokogiri"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+When you run bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR the first time, bundler will resolve all of the dependencies, all the way down, and install what you need:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+Fetching gem metadata from https://rubygems\.org/\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.
+Resolving dependencies\.\.\.
+Installing builder 2\.1\.2
+Installing abstract 1\.0\.0
+Installing rack 1\.2\.8
+Using bundler 1\.7\.6
+Installing rake 10\.4\.0
+Installing polyglot 0\.3\.5
+Installing mime\-types 1\.25\.1
+Installing i18n 0\.4\.2
+Installing mini_portile 0\.6\.1
+Installing tzinfo 0\.3\.42
+Installing rack\-mount 0\.6\.14
+Installing rack\-test 0\.5\.7
+Installing treetop 1\.4\.15
+Installing thor 0\.14\.6
+Installing activesupport 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing erubis 2\.6\.6
+Installing activemodel 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing arel 0\.4\.0
+Installing mail 2\.2\.20
+Installing activeresource 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing actionpack 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing activerecord 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing actionmailer 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing railties 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing rails 3\.0\.0\.rc
+Installing nokogiri 1\.6\.5
+
+Bundle complete! 2 Gemfile dependencies, 26 gems total\.
+Use `bundle show [gemname]` to see where a bundled gem is installed\.
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+As you can see, even though you have two gems in the Gemfile(5), your application needs 26 different gems in order to run\. Bundler remembers the exact versions it installed in \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\. The next time you run bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR, bundler skips the dependency resolution and installs the same gems as it installed last time\.
+.
+.P
+After checking in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR into version control and cloning it on another machine, running bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR will \fIstill\fR install the gems that you installed last time\. You don\'t need to worry that a new release of \fBerubis\fR or \fBmail\fR changes the gems you use\.
+.
+.P
+However, from time to time, you might want to update the gems you are using to the newest versions that still match the gems in your Gemfile(5)\.
+.
+.P
+To do this, run \fBbundle update \-\-all\fR, which will ignore the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR, and resolve all the dependencies again\. Keep in mind that this process can result in a significantly different set of the 25 gems, based on the requirements of new gems that the gem authors released since the last time you ran \fBbundle update \-\-all\fR\.
+.
+.SH "UPDATING A LIST OF GEMS"
+Sometimes, you want to update a single gem in the Gemfile(5), and leave the rest of the gems that you specified locked to the versions in the \fBGemfile\.lock\fR\.
+.
+.P
+For instance, in the scenario above, imagine that \fBnokogiri\fR releases version \fB1\.4\.4\fR, and you want to update it \fIwithout\fR updating Rails and all of its dependencies\. To do this, run \fBbundle update nokogiri\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Bundler will update \fBnokogiri\fR and any of its dependencies, but leave alone Rails and its dependencies\.
+.
+.SH "OVERLAPPING DEPENDENCIES"
+Sometimes, multiple gems declared in your Gemfile(5) are satisfied by the same second\-level dependency\. For instance, consider the case of \fBthin\fR and \fBrack\-perftools\-profiler\fR\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source "https://rubygems\.org"
+
+gem "thin"
+gem "rack\-perftools\-profiler"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+The \fBthin\fR gem depends on \fBrack >= 1\.0\fR, while \fBrack\-perftools\-profiler\fR depends on \fBrack ~> 1\.0\fR\. If you run bundle install, you get:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+Fetching source index for https://rubygems\.org/
+Installing daemons (1\.1\.0)
+Installing eventmachine (0\.12\.10) with native extensions
+Installing open4 (1\.0\.1)
+Installing perftools\.rb (0\.4\.7) with native extensions
+Installing rack (1\.2\.1)
+Installing rack\-perftools_profiler (0\.0\.2)
+Installing thin (1\.2\.7) with native extensions
+Using bundler (1\.0\.0\.rc\.3)
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In this case, the two gems have their own set of dependencies, but they share \fBrack\fR in common\. If you run \fBbundle update thin\fR, bundler will update \fBdaemons\fR, \fBeventmachine\fR and \fBrack\fR, which are dependencies of \fBthin\fR, but not \fBopen4\fR or \fBperftools\.rb\fR, which are dependencies of \fBrack\-perftools_profiler\fR\. Note that \fBbundle update thin\fR will update \fBrack\fR even though it\'s \fIalso\fR a dependency of \fBrack\-perftools_profiler\fR\.
+.
+.P
+In short, by default, when you update a gem using \fBbundle update\fR, bundler will update all dependencies of that gem, including those that are also dependencies of another gem\.
+.
+.P
+To prevent updating indirect dependencies, prior to version 1\.14 the only option was the \fBCONSERVATIVE UPDATING\fR behavior in bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR:
+.
+.P
+In this scenario, updating the \fBthin\fR version manually in the Gemfile(5), and then running bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR will only update \fBdaemons\fR and \fBeventmachine\fR, but not \fBrack\fR\. For more information, see the \fBCONSERVATIVE UPDATING\fR section of bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Starting with 1\.14, specifying the \fB\-\-conservative\fR option will also prevent indirect dependencies from being updated\.
+.
+.SH "PATCH LEVEL OPTIONS"
+Version 1\.14 introduced 4 patch\-level options that will influence how gem versions are resolved\. One of the following options can be used: \fB\-\-patch\fR, \fB\-\-minor\fR or \fB\-\-major\fR\. \fB\-\-strict\fR can be added to further influence resolution\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-patch\fR
+Prefer updating only to next patch version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-minor\fR
+Prefer updating only to next minor version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-major\fR
+Prefer updating to next major version (default)\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-strict\fR
+Do not allow any gem to be updated past latest \fB\-\-patch\fR | \fB\-\-minor\fR | \fB\-\-major\fR\.
+.
+.P
+When Bundler is resolving what versions to use to satisfy declared requirements in the Gemfile or in parent gems, it looks up all available versions, filters out any versions that don\'t satisfy the requirement, and then, by default, sorts them from newest to oldest, considering them in that order\.
+.
+.P
+Providing one of the patch level options (e\.g\. \fB\-\-patch\fR) changes the sort order of the satisfying versions, causing Bundler to consider the latest \fB\-\-patch\fR or \fB\-\-minor\fR version available before other versions\. Note that versions outside the stated patch level could still be resolved to if necessary to find a suitable dependency graph\.
+.
+.P
+For example, if gem \'foo\' is locked at 1\.0\.2, with no gem requirement defined in the Gemfile, and versions 1\.0\.3, 1\.0\.4, 1\.1\.0, 1\.1\.1, 2\.0\.0 all exist, the default order of preference by default (\fB\-\-major\fR) will be "2\.0\.0, 1\.1\.1, 1\.1\.0, 1\.0\.4, 1\.0\.3, 1\.0\.2"\.
+.
+.P
+If the \fB\-\-patch\fR option is used, the order of preference will change to "1\.0\.4, 1\.0\.3, 1\.0\.2, 1\.1\.1, 1\.1\.0, 2\.0\.0"\.
+.
+.P
+If the \fB\-\-minor\fR option is used, the order of preference will change to "1\.1\.1, 1\.1\.0, 1\.0\.4, 1\.0\.3, 1\.0\.2, 2\.0\.0"\.
+.
+.P
+Combining the \fB\-\-strict\fR option with any of the patch level options will remove any versions beyond the scope of the patch level option, to ensure that no gem is updated that far\.
+.
+.P
+To continue the previous example, if both \fB\-\-patch\fR and \fB\-\-strict\fR options are used, the available versions for resolution would be "1\.0\.4, 1\.0\.3, 1\.0\.2"\. If \fB\-\-minor\fR and \fB\-\-strict\fR are used, it would be "1\.1\.1, 1\.1\.0, 1\.0\.4, 1\.0\.3, 1\.0\.2"\.
+.
+.P
+Gem requirements as defined in the Gemfile will still be the first determining factor for what versions are available\. If the gem requirement for \fBfoo\fR in the Gemfile is \'~> 1\.0\', that will accomplish the same thing as providing the \fB\-\-minor\fR and \fB\-\-strict\fR options\.
+.
+.SH "PATCH LEVEL EXAMPLES"
+Given the following gem specifications:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+foo 1\.4\.3, requires: ~> bar 2\.0
+foo 1\.4\.4, requires: ~> bar 2\.0
+foo 1\.4\.5, requires: ~> bar 2\.1
+foo 1\.5\.0, requires: ~> bar 2\.1
+foo 1\.5\.1, requires: ~> bar 3\.0
+bar with versions 2\.0\.3, 2\.0\.4, 2\.1\.0, 2\.1\.1, 3\.0\.0
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Gemfile:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem \'foo\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Gemfile\.lock:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+foo (1\.4\.3)
+  bar (~> 2\.0)
+bar (2\.0\.3)
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Cases:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+#  Command Line                     Result
+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
+1  bundle update \-\-patch            \'foo 1\.4\.5\', \'bar 2\.1\.1\'
+2  bundle update \-\-patch foo        \'foo 1\.4\.5\', \'bar 2\.1\.1\'
+3  bundle update \-\-minor            \'foo 1\.5\.1\', \'bar 3\.0\.0\'
+4  bundle update \-\-minor \-\-strict   \'foo 1\.5\.0\', \'bar 2\.1\.1\'
+5  bundle update \-\-patch \-\-strict   \'foo 1\.4\.4\', \'bar 2\.0\.4\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In case 1, bar is upgraded to 2\.1\.1, a minor version increase, because the dependency from foo 1\.4\.5 required it\.
+.
+.P
+In case 2, only foo is requested to be unlocked, but bar is also allowed to move because it\'s not a declared dependency in the Gemfile\.
+.
+.P
+In case 3, bar goes up a whole major release, because a minor increase is preferred now for foo, and when it goes to 1\.5\.1, it requires 3\.0\.0 of bar\.
+.
+.P
+In case 4, foo is preferred up to a minor version, but 1\.5\.1 won\'t work because the \-\-strict flag removes bar 3\.0\.0 from consideration since it\'s a major increment\.
+.
+.P
+In case 5, both foo and bar have any minor or major increments removed from consideration because of the \-\-strict flag, so the most they can move is up to 1\.4\.4 and 2\.0\.4\.
+.
+.SH "RECOMMENDED WORKFLOW"
+In general, when working with an application managed with bundler, you should use the following workflow:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+After you create your Gemfile(5) for the first time, run
+.
+.IP
+$ bundle install
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Check the resulting \fBGemfile\.lock\fR into version control
+.
+.IP
+$ git add Gemfile\.lock
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+When checking out this repository on another development machine, run
+.
+.IP
+$ bundle install
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+When checking out this repository on a deployment machine, run
+.
+.IP
+$ bundle install \-\-deployment
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+After changing the Gemfile(5) to reflect a new or update dependency, run
+.
+.IP
+$ bundle install
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Make sure to check the updated \fBGemfile\.lock\fR into version control
+.
+.IP
+$ git add Gemfile\.lock
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+If bundle install(1) \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR reports a conflict, manually update the specific gems that you changed in the Gemfile(5)
+.
+.IP
+$ bundle update rails thin
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+If you want to update all the gems to the latest possible versions that still match the gems listed in the Gemfile(5), run
+.
+.IP
+$ bundle update \-\-all
+.
+.IP "" 0
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a16f29149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+bundle-update(1) -- Update your gems to the latest available versions
+=====================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle update` <*gems> [--all]
+                        [--group=NAME]
+                        [--source=NAME]
+                        [--local]
+                        [--ruby]
+                        [--bundler[=VERSION]]
+                        [--full-index]
+                        [--jobs=JOBS]
+                        [--quiet]
+                        [--patch|--minor|--major]
+                        [--redownload]
+                        [--strict]
+                        [--conservative]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Update the gems specified (all gems, if `--all` flag is used), ignoring
+the previously installed gems specified in the `Gemfile.lock`. In
+general, you should use [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html) to install the same exact
+gems and versions across machines.
+
+You would use `bundle update` to explicitly update the version of a
+gem.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--all`:
+  Update all gems specified in Gemfile.
+
+* `--group=<name>`, `-g=[<name>]`:
+  Only update the gems in the specified group. For instance, you can update all gems
+  in the development group with `bundle update --group development`. You can also
+  call `bundle update rails --group test` to update the rails gem and all gems in
+  the test group, for example.
+
+* `--source=<name>`:
+  The name of a `:git` or `:path` source used in the Gemfile(5). For
+  instance, with a `:git` source of `http://github.com/rails/rails.git`,
+  you would call `bundle update --source rails`
+
+* `--local`:
+  Do not attempt to fetch gems remotely and use the gem cache instead.
+
+* `--ruby`:
+  Update the locked version of Ruby to the current version of Ruby.
+
+* `--bundler`:
+  Update the locked version of bundler to the invoked bundler version.
+
+* `--full-index`:
+  Fall back to using the single-file index of all gems.
+
+* `--jobs=[<number>]`, `-j[<number>]`:
+  Specify the number of jobs to run in parallel. The default is `1`.
+
+* `--retry=[<number>]`:
+  Retry failed network or git requests for <number> times.
+
+* `--quiet`:
+  Only output warnings and errors.
+
+* `--redownload`:
+  Force downloading every gem.
+
+* `--patch`:
+  Prefer updating only to next patch version.
+
+* `--minor`:
+  Prefer updating only to next minor version.
+
+* `--major`:
+  Prefer updating to next major version (default).
+
+* `--strict`:
+  Do not allow any gem to be updated past latest `--patch` | `--minor` | `--major`.
+
+* `--conservative`:
+  Use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow indirect dependencies to be updated.
+
+## UPDATING ALL GEMS
+
+If you run `bundle update --all`, bundler will ignore
+any previously installed gems and resolve all dependencies again
+based on the latest versions of all gems available in the sources.
+
+Consider the following Gemfile(5):
+
+    source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+    gem "rails", "3.0.0.rc"
+    gem "nokogiri"
+
+When you run [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html) the first time, bundler will resolve
+all of the dependencies, all the way down, and install what you need:
+
+    Fetching gem metadata from https://rubygems.org/.........
+    Resolving dependencies...
+    Installing builder 2.1.2
+    Installing abstract 1.0.0
+    Installing rack 1.2.8
+    Using bundler 1.7.6
+    Installing rake 10.4.0
+    Installing polyglot 0.3.5
+    Installing mime-types 1.25.1
+    Installing i18n 0.4.2
+    Installing mini_portile 0.6.1
+    Installing tzinfo 0.3.42
+    Installing rack-mount 0.6.14
+    Installing rack-test 0.5.7
+    Installing treetop 1.4.15
+    Installing thor 0.14.6
+    Installing activesupport 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing erubis 2.6.6
+    Installing activemodel 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing arel 0.4.0
+    Installing mail 2.2.20
+    Installing activeresource 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing actionpack 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing activerecord 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing actionmailer 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing railties 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing rails 3.0.0.rc
+    Installing nokogiri 1.6.5
+
+    Bundle complete! 2 Gemfile dependencies, 26 gems total.
+    Use `bundle show [gemname]` to see where a bundled gem is installed.
+
+As you can see, even though you have two gems in the Gemfile(5), your application
+needs 26 different gems in order to run. Bundler remembers the exact versions
+it installed in `Gemfile.lock`. The next time you run [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html), bundler skips
+the dependency resolution and installs the same gems as it installed last time.
+
+After checking in the `Gemfile.lock` into version control and cloning it on another
+machine, running [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html) will _still_ install the gems that you installed
+last time. You don't need to worry that a new release of `erubis` or `mail` changes
+the gems you use.
+
+However, from time to time, you might want to update the gems you are using to the
+newest versions that still match the gems in your Gemfile(5).
+
+To do this, run `bundle update --all`, which will ignore the `Gemfile.lock`, and resolve
+all the dependencies again. Keep in mind that this process can result in a significantly
+different set of the 25 gems, based on the requirements of new gems that the gem
+authors released since the last time you ran `bundle update --all`.
+
+## UPDATING A LIST OF GEMS
+
+Sometimes, you want to update a single gem in the Gemfile(5), and leave the rest of the
+gems that you specified locked to the versions in the `Gemfile.lock`.
+
+For instance, in the scenario above, imagine that `nokogiri` releases version `1.4.4`, and
+you want to update it _without_ updating Rails and all of its dependencies. To do this,
+run `bundle update nokogiri`.
+
+Bundler will update `nokogiri` and any of its dependencies, but leave alone Rails and
+its dependencies.
+
+## OVERLAPPING DEPENDENCIES
+
+Sometimes, multiple gems declared in your Gemfile(5) are satisfied by the same
+second-level dependency. For instance, consider the case of `thin` and
+`rack-perftools-profiler`.
+
+    source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+    gem "thin"
+    gem "rack-perftools-profiler"
+
+The `thin` gem depends on `rack >= 1.0`, while `rack-perftools-profiler` depends
+on `rack ~> 1.0`. If you run bundle install, you get:
+
+    Fetching source index for https://rubygems.org/
+    Installing daemons (1.1.0)
+    Installing eventmachine (0.12.10) with native extensions
+    Installing open4 (1.0.1)
+    Installing perftools.rb (0.4.7) with native extensions
+    Installing rack (1.2.1)
+    Installing rack-perftools_profiler (0.0.2)
+    Installing thin (1.2.7) with native extensions
+    Using bundler (1.0.0.rc.3)
+
+In this case, the two gems have their own set of dependencies, but they share
+`rack` in common. If you run `bundle update thin`, bundler will update `daemons`,
+`eventmachine` and `rack`, which are dependencies of `thin`, but not `open4` or
+`perftools.rb`, which are dependencies of `rack-perftools_profiler`. Note that
+`bundle update thin` will update `rack` even though it's _also_ a dependency of
+`rack-perftools_profiler`.
+
+In short, by default, when you update a gem using `bundle update`, bundler will
+update all dependencies of that gem, including those that are also dependencies
+of another gem.
+
+To prevent updating indirect dependencies, prior to version 1.14 the only option
+was the `CONSERVATIVE UPDATING` behavior in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html):
+
+In this scenario, updating the `thin` version manually in the Gemfile(5),
+and then running [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html) will only update `daemons` and `eventmachine`,
+but not `rack`. For more information, see the `CONSERVATIVE UPDATING` section
+of [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
+
+Starting with 1.14, specifying the `--conservative` option will also prevent indirect
+dependencies from being updated.
+
+## PATCH LEVEL OPTIONS
+
+Version 1.14 introduced 4 patch-level options that will influence how gem
+versions are resolved. One of the following options can be used: `--patch`,
+`--minor` or `--major`. `--strict` can be added to further influence resolution.
+
+* `--patch`:
+  Prefer updating only to next patch version.
+
+* `--minor`:
+  Prefer updating only to next minor version.
+
+* `--major`:
+  Prefer updating to next major version (default).
+
+* `--strict`:
+  Do not allow any gem to be updated past latest `--patch` | `--minor` | `--major`.
+
+When Bundler is resolving what versions to use to satisfy declared
+requirements in the Gemfile or in parent gems, it looks up all
+available versions, filters out any versions that don't satisfy
+the requirement, and then, by default, sorts them from newest to
+oldest, considering them in that order.
+
+Providing one of the patch level options (e.g. `--patch`) changes the
+sort order of the satisfying versions, causing Bundler to consider the
+latest `--patch` or `--minor` version available before other versions.
+Note that versions outside the stated patch level could still be
+resolved to if necessary to find a suitable dependency graph.
+
+For example, if gem 'foo' is locked at 1.0.2, with no gem requirement
+defined in the Gemfile, and versions 1.0.3, 1.0.4, 1.1.0, 1.1.1, 2.0.0
+all exist, the default order of preference by default (`--major`) will
+be "2.0.0, 1.1.1, 1.1.0, 1.0.4, 1.0.3, 1.0.2".
+
+If the `--patch` option is used, the order of preference will change to
+"1.0.4, 1.0.3, 1.0.2, 1.1.1, 1.1.0, 2.0.0".
+
+If the `--minor` option is used, the order of preference will change to
+"1.1.1, 1.1.0, 1.0.4, 1.0.3, 1.0.2, 2.0.0".
+
+Combining the `--strict` option with any of the patch level options
+will remove any versions beyond the scope of the patch level option,
+to ensure that no gem is updated that far.
+
+To continue the previous example, if both `--patch` and `--strict`
+options are used, the available versions for resolution would be
+"1.0.4, 1.0.3, 1.0.2". If `--minor` and `--strict` are used, it would
+be "1.1.1, 1.1.0, 1.0.4, 1.0.3, 1.0.2".
+
+Gem requirements as defined in the Gemfile will still be the first
+determining factor for what versions are available. If the gem
+requirement for `foo` in the Gemfile is '~> 1.0', that will accomplish
+the same thing as providing the `--minor` and `--strict` options.
+
+## PATCH LEVEL EXAMPLES
+
+Given the following gem specifications:
+
+    foo 1.4.3, requires: ~> bar 2.0
+    foo 1.4.4, requires: ~> bar 2.0
+    foo 1.4.5, requires: ~> bar 2.1
+    foo 1.5.0, requires: ~> bar 2.1
+    foo 1.5.1, requires: ~> bar 3.0
+    bar with versions 2.0.3, 2.0.4, 2.1.0, 2.1.1, 3.0.0
+
+Gemfile:
+
+    gem 'foo'
+
+Gemfile.lock:
+
+    foo (1.4.3)
+      bar (~> 2.0)
+    bar (2.0.3)
+
+Cases:
+
+    #  Command Line                     Result
+    ------------------------------------------------------------
+    1  bundle update --patch            'foo 1.4.5', 'bar 2.1.1'
+    2  bundle update --patch foo        'foo 1.4.5', 'bar 2.1.1'
+    3  bundle update --minor            'foo 1.5.1', 'bar 3.0.0'
+    4  bundle update --minor --strict   'foo 1.5.0', 'bar 2.1.1'
+    5  bundle update --patch --strict   'foo 1.4.4', 'bar 2.0.4'
+
+In case 1, bar is upgraded to 2.1.1, a minor version increase, because
+the dependency from foo 1.4.5 required it.
+
+In case 2, only foo is requested to be unlocked, but bar is also
+allowed to move because it's not a declared dependency in the Gemfile.
+
+In case 3, bar goes up a whole major release, because a minor increase
+is preferred now for foo, and when it goes to 1.5.1, it requires 3.0.0
+of bar.
+
+In case 4, foo is preferred up to a minor version, but 1.5.1 won't work
+because the --strict flag removes bar 3.0.0 from consideration since
+it's a major increment.
+
+In case 5, both foo and bar have any minor or major increments removed
+from consideration because of the --strict flag, so the most they can
+move is up to 1.4.4 and 2.0.4.
+
+## RECOMMENDED WORKFLOW
+
+In general, when working with an application managed with bundler, you should
+use the following workflow:
+
+* After you create your Gemfile(5) for the first time, run
+
+    $ bundle install
+
+* Check the resulting `Gemfile.lock` into version control
+
+    $ git add Gemfile.lock
+
+* When checking out this repository on another development machine, run
+
+    $ bundle install
+
+* When checking out this repository on a deployment machine, run
+
+    $ bundle install --deployment
+
+* After changing the Gemfile(5) to reflect a new or update dependency, run
+
+    $ bundle install
+
+* Make sure to check the updated `Gemfile.lock` into version control
+
+    $ git add Gemfile.lock
+
+* If [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html) reports a conflict, manually update the specific
+  gems that you changed in the Gemfile(5)
+
+    $ bundle update rails thin
+
+* If you want to update all the gems to the latest possible versions that
+  still match the gems listed in the Gemfile(5), run
+
+    $ bundle update --all
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f792aa6346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-VIZ" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-viz\fR \- Generates a visual dependency graph for your Gemfile
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle viz\fR [\-\-file=FILE] [\-\-format=FORMAT] [\-\-requirements] [\-\-version] [\-\-without=GROUP GROUP]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+\fBviz\fR generates a PNG file of the current \fBGemfile(5)\fR as a dependency graph\. \fBviz\fR requires the ruby\-graphviz gem (and its dependencies)\.
+.
+.P
+The associated gems must also be installed via \fBbundle install(1)\fR \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-file\fR, \fB\-f\fR
+The name to use for the generated file\. See \fB\-\-format\fR option
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-format\fR, \fB\-F\fR
+This is output format option\. Supported format is png, jpg, svg, dot \.\.\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-requirements\fR, \fB\-R\fR
+Set to show the version of each required dependency\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-version\fR, \fB\-v\fR
+Set to show each gem version\.
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-without\fR, \fB\-W\fR
+Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..701df5415e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+bundle-viz(1) -- Generates a visual dependency graph for your Gemfile
+=====================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle viz` [--file=FILE]
+             [--format=FORMAT]
+             [--requirements]
+             [--version]
+             [--without=GROUP GROUP]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+`viz` generates a PNG file of the current `Gemfile(5)` as a dependency graph.
+`viz` requires the ruby-graphviz gem (and its dependencies).
+
+The associated gems must also be installed via [`bundle install(1)`](bundle-install.1.html).
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--file`, `-f`:
+  The name to use for the generated file. See `--format` option
+* `--format`, `-F`:
+  This is output format option. Supported format is png, jpg, svg, dot ...
+* `--requirements`, `-R`:
+  Set to show the version of each required dependency.
+* `--version`, `-v`:
+  Set to show each gem version.
+* `--without`, `-W`:
+  Exclude gems that are part of the specified named group.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b1458bf57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE" "1" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\fR \- Ruby Dependency Management
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle\fR COMMAND [\-\-no\-color] [\-\-verbose] [ARGS]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Bundler manages an \fBapplication\'s dependencies\fR through its entire life across many machines systematically and repeatably\.
+.
+.P
+See the bundler website \fIhttps://bundler\.io\fR for information on getting started, and Gemfile(5) for more information on the \fBGemfile\fR format\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-color\fR
+Print all output without color
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-retry\fR, \fB\-r\fR
+Specify the number of times you wish to attempt network commands
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-verbose\fR, \fB\-V\fR
+Print out additional logging information
+.
+.SH "BUNDLE COMMANDS"
+We divide \fBbundle\fR subcommands into primary commands and utilities:
+.
+.SH "PRIMARY COMMANDS"
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle install(1)\fR \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR
+Install the gems specified by the \fBGemfile\fR or \fBGemfile\.lock\fR
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle update(1)\fR \fIbundle\-update\.1\.html\fR
+Update dependencies to their latest versions
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle package(1)\fR \fIbundle\-package\.1\.html\fR
+Package the \.gem files required by your application into the \fBvendor/cache\fR directory
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle exec(1)\fR \fIbundle\-exec\.1\.html\fR
+Execute a script in the current bundle
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle config(1)\fR \fIbundle\-config\.1\.html\fR
+Specify and read configuration options for Bundler
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle help(1)\fR
+Display detailed help for each subcommand
+.
+.SH "UTILITIES"
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle add(1)\fR \fIbundle\-add\.1\.html\fR
+Add the named gem to the Gemfile and run \fBbundle install\fR
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle binstubs(1)\fR \fIbundle\-binstubs\.1\.html\fR
+Generate binstubs for executables in a gem
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle check(1)\fR \fIbundle\-check\.1\.html\fR
+Determine whether the requirements for your application are installed and available to Bundler
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle show(1)\fR \fIbundle\-show\.1\.html\fR
+Show the source location of a particular gem in the bundle
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle outdated(1)\fR \fIbundle\-outdated\.1\.html\fR
+Show all of the outdated gems in the current bundle
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle console(1)\fR
+Start an IRB session in the current bundle
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle open(1)\fR \fIbundle\-open\.1\.html\fR
+Open an installed gem in the editor
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle lock(1)\fR \fIbundle\-lock\.1\.html\fR
+Generate a lockfile for your dependencies
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle viz(1)\fR \fIbundle\-viz\.1\.html\fR
+Generate a visual representation of your dependencies
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle init(1)\fR \fIbundle\-init\.1\.html\fR
+Generate a simple \fBGemfile\fR, placed in the current directory
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle gem(1)\fR \fIbundle\-gem\.1\.html\fR
+Create a simple gem, suitable for development with Bundler
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle platform(1)\fR \fIbundle\-platform\.1\.html\fR
+Display platform compatibility information
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle clean(1)\fR \fIbundle\-clean\.1\.html\fR
+Clean up unused gems in your Bundler directory
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle doctor(1)\fR \fIbundle\-doctor\.1\.html\fR
+Display warnings about common problems
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle remove(1)\fR \fIbundle\-remove\.1\.html\fR
+Removes gems from the Gemfile
+.
+.SH "PLUGINS"
+When running a command that isn\'t listed in PRIMARY COMMANDS or UTILITIES, Bundler will try to find an executable on your path named \fBbundler\-<command>\fR and execute it, passing down any extra arguments to it\.
+.
+.SH "OBSOLETE"
+These commands are obsolete and should no longer be used:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBbundle cache(1)\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBbundle show(1)\fR
+.
+.IP "" 0
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b1712394a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+bundle(1) -- Ruby Dependency Management
+=======================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle` COMMAND [--no-color] [--verbose] [ARGS]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Bundler manages an `application's dependencies` through its entire life
+across many machines systematically and repeatably.
+
+See [the bundler website](https://bundler.io) for information on getting
+started, and Gemfile(5) for more information on the `Gemfile` format.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+* `--no-color`:
+  Print all output without color
+
+* `--retry`, `-r`:
+  Specify the number of times you wish to attempt network commands
+
+* `--verbose`, `-V`:
+  Print out additional logging information
+
+## BUNDLE COMMANDS
+
+We divide `bundle` subcommands into primary commands and utilities:
+
+## PRIMARY COMMANDS
+
+* [`bundle install(1)`](bundle-install.1.html):
+  Install the gems specified by the `Gemfile` or `Gemfile.lock`
+
+* [`bundle update(1)`](bundle-update.1.html):
+  Update dependencies to their latest versions
+
+* [`bundle package(1)`](bundle-package.1.html):
+  Package the .gem files required by your application into the
+  `vendor/cache` directory
+
+* [`bundle exec(1)`](bundle-exec.1.html):
+  Execute a script in the current bundle
+
+* [`bundle config(1)`](bundle-config.1.html):
+  Specify and read configuration options for Bundler
+
+* `bundle help(1)`:
+  Display detailed help for each subcommand
+
+## UTILITIES
+
+* [`bundle add(1)`](bundle-add.1.html):
+  Add the named gem to the Gemfile and run `bundle install`
+
+* [`bundle binstubs(1)`](bundle-binstubs.1.html):
+  Generate binstubs for executables in a gem
+
+* [`bundle check(1)`](bundle-check.1.html):
+  Determine whether the requirements for your application are installed
+  and available to Bundler
+
+* [`bundle show(1)`](bundle-show.1.html):
+  Show the source location of a particular gem in the bundle
+
+* [`bundle outdated(1)`](bundle-outdated.1.html):
+  Show all of the outdated gems in the current bundle
+
+* `bundle console(1)`:
+  Start an IRB session in the current bundle
+
+* [`bundle open(1)`](bundle-open.1.html):
+  Open an installed gem in the editor
+
+* [`bundle lock(1)`](bundle-lock.1.html):
+  Generate a lockfile for your dependencies
+
+* [`bundle viz(1)`](bundle-viz.1.html):
+  Generate a visual representation of your dependencies
+
+* [`bundle init(1)`](bundle-init.1.html):
+  Generate a simple `Gemfile`, placed in the current directory
+
+* [`bundle gem(1)`](bundle-gem.1.html):
+  Create a simple gem, suitable for development with Bundler
+
+* [`bundle platform(1)`](bundle-platform.1.html):
+  Display platform compatibility information
+
+* [`bundle clean(1)`](bundle-clean.1.html):
+  Clean up unused gems in your Bundler directory
+
+* [`bundle doctor(1)`](bundle-doctor.1.html):
+  Display warnings about common problems
+
+* [`bundle remove(1)`](bundle-remove.1.html):
+  Removes gems from the Gemfile
+
+## PLUGINS
+
+When running a command that isn't listed in PRIMARY COMMANDS or UTILITIES,
+Bundler will try to find an executable on your path named `bundler-<command>`
+and execute it, passing down any extra arguments to it.
+
+## OBSOLETE
+
+These commands are obsolete and should no longer be used:
+
+* `bundle cache(1)`
+* `bundle show(1)`
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5 b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e423522b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
@@ -0,0 +1,712 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "GEMFILE" "5" "December 2021" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBGemfile\fR \- A format for describing gem dependencies for Ruby programs
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+A \fBGemfile\fR describes the gem dependencies required to execute associated Ruby code\.
+.
+.P
+Place the \fBGemfile\fR in the root of the directory containing the associated code\. For instance, in a Rails application, place the \fBGemfile\fR in the same directory as the \fBRakefile\fR\.
+.
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+A \fBGemfile\fR is evaluated as Ruby code, in a context which makes available a number of methods used to describe the gem requirements\.
+.
+.SH "GLOBAL SOURCES"
+At the top of the \fBGemfile\fR, add a line for the \fBRubygems\fR source that contains the gems listed in the \fBGemfile\fR\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source "https://rubygems\.org"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+It is possible, but not recommended as of Bundler 1\.7, to add multiple global \fBsource\fR lines\. Each of these \fBsource\fRs \fBMUST\fR be a valid Rubygems repository\.
+.
+.P
+Sources are checked for gems following the heuristics described in \fISOURCE PRIORITY\fR\. If a gem is found in more than one global source, Bundler will print a warning after installing the gem indicating which source was used, and listing the other sources where the gem is available\. A specific source can be selected for gems that need to use a non\-standard repository, suppressing this warning, by using the \fI\fB:source\fR option\fR or a \fI\fBsource\fR block\fR\.
+.
+.SS "CREDENTIALS"
+Some gem sources require a username and password\. Use bundle config(1) \fIbundle\-config\.1\.html\fR to set the username and password for any of the sources that need it\. The command must be run once on each computer that will install the Gemfile, but this keeps the credentials from being stored in plain text in version control\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config gems\.example\.com user:password
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+For some sources, like a company Gemfury account, it may be easier to include the credentials in the Gemfile as part of the source URL\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source "https://user:password@gems\.example\.com"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Credentials in the source URL will take precedence over credentials set using \fBconfig\fR\.
+.
+.SH "RUBY"
+If your application requires a specific Ruby version or engine, specify your requirements using the \fBruby\fR method, with the following arguments\. All parameters are \fBOPTIONAL\fR unless otherwise specified\.
+.
+.SS "VERSION (required)"
+The version of Ruby that your application requires\. If your application requires an alternate Ruby engine, such as JRuby, Rubinius or TruffleRuby, this should be the Ruby version that the engine is compatible with\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+ruby "1\.9\.3"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "ENGINE"
+Each application \fImay\fR specify a Ruby engine\. If an engine is specified, an engine version \fImust\fR also be specified\.
+.
+.P
+What exactly is an Engine? \- A Ruby engine is an implementation of the Ruby language\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+For background: the reference or original implementation of the Ruby programming language is called Matz\'s Ruby Interpreter \fIhttps://en\.wikipedia\.org/wiki/Ruby_MRI\fR, or MRI for short\. This is named after Ruby creator Yukihiro Matsumoto, also known as Matz\. MRI is also known as CRuby, because it is written in C\. MRI is the most widely used Ruby engine\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Other implementations \fIhttps://www\.ruby\-lang\.org/en/about/\fR of Ruby exist\. Some of the more well\-known implementations include Rubinius \fIhttps://rubinius\.com/\fR, and JRuby \fIhttp://jruby\.org/\fR\. Rubinius is an alternative implementation of Ruby written in Ruby\. JRuby is an implementation of Ruby on the JVM, short for Java Virtual Machine\.
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "ENGINE VERSION"
+Each application \fImay\fR specify a Ruby engine version\. If an engine version is specified, an engine \fImust\fR also be specified\. If the engine is "ruby" the engine version specified \fImust\fR match the Ruby version\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+ruby "1\.8\.7", :engine => "jruby", :engine_version => "1\.6\.7"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "PATCHLEVEL"
+Each application \fImay\fR specify a Ruby patchlevel\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+ruby "2\.0\.0", :patchlevel => "247"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SH "GEMS"
+Specify gem requirements using the \fBgem\fR method, with the following arguments\. All parameters are \fBOPTIONAL\fR unless otherwise specified\.
+.
+.SS "NAME (required)"
+For each gem requirement, list a single \fIgem\fR line\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "nokogiri"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "VERSION"
+Each \fIgem\fR \fBMAY\fR have one or more version specifiers\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "nokogiri", ">= 1\.4\.2"
+gem "RedCloth", ">= 4\.1\.0", "< 4\.2\.0"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "REQUIRE AS"
+Each \fIgem\fR \fBMAY\fR specify files that should be used when autorequiring via \fBBundler\.require\fR\. You may pass an array with multiple files or \fBtrue\fR if the file you want \fBrequired\fR has the same name as \fIgem\fR or \fBfalse\fR to prevent any file from being autorequired\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "redis", :require => ["redis/connection/hiredis", "redis"]
+gem "webmock", :require => false
+gem "byebug", :require => true
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+The argument defaults to the name of the gem\. For example, these are identical:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "nokogiri"
+gem "nokogiri", :require => "nokogiri"
+gem "nokogiri", :require => true
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "GROUPS"
+Each \fIgem\fR \fBMAY\fR specify membership in one or more groups\. Any \fIgem\fR that does not specify membership in any group is placed in the \fBdefault\fR group\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rspec", :group => :test
+gem "wirble", :groups => [:development, :test]
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+The Bundler runtime allows its two main methods, \fBBundler\.setup\fR and \fBBundler\.require\fR, to limit their impact to particular groups\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+# setup adds gems to Ruby\'s load path
+Bundler\.setup                    # defaults to all groups
+require "bundler/setup"          # same as Bundler\.setup
+Bundler\.setup(:default)          # only set up the _default_ group
+Bundler\.setup(:test)             # only set up the _test_ group (but `not` _default_)
+Bundler\.setup(:default, :test)   # set up the _default_ and _test_ groups, but no others
+
+# require requires all of the gems in the specified groups
+Bundler\.require                  # defaults to the _default_ group
+Bundler\.require(:default)        # identical
+Bundler\.require(:default, :test) # requires the _default_ and _test_ groups
+Bundler\.require(:test)           # requires the _test_ group
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+The Bundler CLI allows you to specify a list of groups whose gems \fBbundle install\fR should not install with the \fBwithout\fR configuration\.
+.
+.P
+To specify multiple groups to ignore, specify a list of groups separated by spaces\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle config set \-\-local without test
+bundle config set \-\-local without development test
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Also, calling \fBBundler\.setup\fR with no parameters, or calling \fBrequire "bundler/setup"\fR will setup all groups except for the ones you excluded via \fB\-\-without\fR (since they are not available)\.
+.
+.P
+Note that on \fBbundle install\fR, bundler downloads and evaluates all gems, in order to create a single canonical list of all of the required gems and their dependencies\. This means that you cannot list different versions of the same gems in different groups\. For more details, see Understanding Bundler \fIhttps://bundler\.io/rationale\.html\fR\.
+.
+.SS "PLATFORMS"
+If a gem should only be used in a particular platform or set of platforms, you can specify them\. Platforms are essentially identical to groups, except that you do not need to use the \fB\-\-without\fR install\-time flag to exclude groups of gems for other platforms\.
+.
+.P
+There are a number of \fBGemfile\fR platforms:
+.
+.TP
+\fBruby\fR
+C Ruby (MRI), Rubinius or TruffleRuby, but \fBNOT\fR Windows
+.
+.TP
+\fBmri\fR
+Same as \fIruby\fR, but only C Ruby (MRI)
+.
+.TP
+\fBmingw\fR
+Windows 32 bit \'mingw32\' platform (aka RubyInstaller)
+.
+.TP
+\fBx64_mingw\fR
+Windows 64 bit \'mingw32\' platform (aka RubyInstaller x64)
+.
+.TP
+\fBrbx\fR
+Rubinius
+.
+.TP
+\fBjruby\fR
+JRuby
+.
+.TP
+\fBtruffleruby\fR
+TruffleRuby
+.
+.TP
+\fBmswin\fR
+Windows
+.
+.P
+You can restrict further by platform and version for all platforms \fIexcept\fR for \fBrbx\fR, \fBjruby\fR, \fBtruffleruby\fR and \fBmswin\fR\.
+.
+.P
+To specify a version in addition to a platform, append the version number without the delimiter to the platform\. For example, to specify that a gem should only be used on platforms with Ruby 2\.3, use:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+ruby_23
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+The full list of platforms and supported versions includes:
+.
+.TP
+\fBruby\fR
+1\.8, 1\.9, 2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
+.
+.TP
+\fBmri\fR
+1\.8, 1\.9, 2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
+.
+.TP
+\fBmingw\fR
+1\.8, 1\.9, 2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
+.
+.TP
+\fBx64_mingw\fR
+2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
+.
+.P
+As with groups, you can specify one or more platforms:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "weakling",   :platforms => :jruby
+gem "ruby\-debug", :platforms => :mri_18
+gem "nokogiri",   :platforms => [:mri_18, :jruby]
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+All operations involving groups (\fBbundle install\fR \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR, \fBBundler\.setup\fR, \fBBundler\.require\fR) behave exactly the same as if any groups not matching the current platform were explicitly excluded\.
+.
+.SS "SOURCE"
+You can select an alternate Rubygems repository for a gem using the \':source\' option\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "some_internal_gem", :source => "https://gems\.example\.com"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+This forces the gem to be loaded from this source and ignores any global sources declared at the top level of the file\. If the gem does not exist in this source, it will not be installed\.
+.
+.P
+Bundler will search for child dependencies of this gem by first looking in the source selected for the parent, but if they are not found there, it will fall back on global sources using the ordering described in \fISOURCE PRIORITY\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Selecting a specific source repository this way also suppresses the ambiguous gem warning described above in \fIGLOBAL SOURCES (#source)\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Using the \fB:source\fR option for an individual gem will also make that source available as a possible global source for any other gems which do not specify explicit sources\. Thus, when adding gems with explicit sources, it is recommended that you also ensure all other gems in the Gemfile are using explicit sources\.
+.
+.SS "GIT"
+If necessary, you can specify that a gem is located at a particular git repository using the \fB:git\fR parameter\. The repository can be accessed via several protocols:
+.
+.TP
+\fBHTTP(S)\fR
+gem "rails", :git => "https://github\.com/rails/rails\.git"
+.
+.TP
+\fBSSH\fR
+gem "rails", :git => "git@github\.com:rails/rails\.git"
+.
+.TP
+\fBgit\fR
+gem "rails", :git => "git://github\.com/rails/rails\.git"
+.
+.P
+If using SSH, the user that you use to run \fBbundle install\fR \fBMUST\fR have the appropriate keys available in their \fB$HOME/\.ssh\fR\.
+.
+.P
+\fBNOTE\fR: \fBhttp://\fR and \fBgit://\fR URLs should be avoided if at all possible\. These protocols are unauthenticated, so a man\-in\-the\-middle attacker can deliver malicious code and compromise your system\. HTTPS and SSH are strongly preferred\.
+.
+.P
+The \fBgroup\fR, \fBplatforms\fR, and \fBrequire\fR options are available and behave exactly the same as they would for a normal gem\.
+.
+.P
+A git repository \fBSHOULD\fR have at least one file, at the root of the directory containing the gem, with the extension \fB\.gemspec\fR\. This file \fBMUST\fR contain a valid gem specification, as expected by the \fBgem build\fR command\.
+.
+.P
+If a git repository does not have a \fB\.gemspec\fR, bundler will attempt to create one, but it will not contain any dependencies, executables, or C extension compilation instructions\. As a result, it may fail to properly integrate into your application\.
+.
+.P
+If a git repository does have a \fB\.gemspec\fR for the gem you attached it to, a version specifier, if provided, means that the git repository is only valid if the \fB\.gemspec\fR specifies a version matching the version specifier\. If not, bundler will print a warning\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", "2\.3\.8", :git => "https://github\.com/rails/rails\.git"
+# bundle install will fail, because the \.gemspec in the rails
+# repository\'s master branch specifies version 3\.0\.0
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+If a git repository does \fBnot\fR have a \fB\.gemspec\fR for the gem you attached it to, a version specifier \fBMUST\fR be provided\. Bundler will use this version in the simple \fB\.gemspec\fR it creates\.
+.
+.P
+Git repositories support a number of additional options\.
+.
+.TP
+\fBbranch\fR, \fBtag\fR, and \fBref\fR
+You \fBMUST\fR only specify at most one of these options\. The default is \fB:branch => "master"\fR\. For example:
+.
+.IP
+gem "rails", :git => "https://github\.com/rails/rails\.git", :branch => "5\-0\-stable"
+.
+.IP
+gem "rails", :git => "https://github\.com/rails/rails\.git", :tag => "v5\.0\.0"
+.
+.IP
+gem "rails", :git => "https://github\.com/rails/rails\.git", :ref => "4aded"
+.
+.TP
+\fBsubmodules\fR
+For reference, a git submodule \fIhttps://git\-scm\.com/book/en/v2/Git\-Tools\-Submodules\fR lets you have another git repository within a subfolder of your repository\. Specify \fB:submodules => true\fR to cause bundler to expand any submodules included in the git repository
+.
+.P
+If a git repository contains multiple \fB\.gemspecs\fR, each \fB\.gemspec\fR represents a gem located at the same place in the file system as the \fB\.gemspec\fR\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+|~rails                   [git root]
+| |\-rails\.gemspec         [rails gem located here]
+|~actionpack
+| |\-actionpack\.gemspec    [actionpack gem located here]
+|~activesupport
+| |\-activesupport\.gemspec [activesupport gem located here]
+|\.\.\.
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+To install a gem located in a git repository, bundler changes to the directory containing the gemspec, runs \fBgem build name\.gemspec\fR and then installs the resulting gem\. The \fBgem build\fR command, which comes standard with Rubygems, evaluates the \fB\.gemspec\fR in the context of the directory in which it is located\.
+.
+.SS "GIT SOURCE"
+A custom git source can be defined via the \fBgit_source\fR method\. Provide the source\'s name as an argument, and a block which receives a single argument and interpolates it into a string to return the full repo address:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+git_source(:stash){ |repo_name| "https://stash\.corp\.acme\.pl/#{repo_name}\.git" }
+gem \'rails\', :stash => \'forks/rails\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In addition, if you wish to choose a specific branch:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :stash => "forks/rails", :branch => "branch_name"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "GITHUB"
+\fBNOTE\fR: This shorthand should be avoided until Bundler 2\.0, since it currently expands to an insecure \fBgit://\fR URL\. This allows a man\-in\-the\-middle attacker to compromise your system\.
+.
+.P
+If the git repository you want to use is hosted on GitHub and is public, you can use the :github shorthand to specify the github username and repository name (without the trailing "\.git"), separated by a slash\. If both the username and repository name are the same, you can omit one\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :github => "rails/rails"
+gem "rails", :github => "rails"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Are both equivalent to
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :git => "git://github\.com/rails/rails\.git"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Since the \fBgithub\fR method is a specialization of \fBgit_source\fR, it accepts a \fB:branch\fR named argument\.
+.
+.P
+You can also directly pass a pull request URL:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :github => "https://github\.com/rails/rails/pull/43753"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Which is equivalent to:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :github => "rails/rails", branch: "refs/pull/43753/head"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "GIST"
+If the git repository you want to use is hosted as a Github Gist and is public, you can use the :gist shorthand to specify the gist identifier (without the trailing "\.git")\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "the_hatch", :gist => "4815162342"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Is equivalent to:
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "the_hatch", :git => "https://gist\.github\.com/4815162342\.git"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Since the \fBgist\fR method is a specialization of \fBgit_source\fR, it accepts a \fB:branch\fR named argument\.
+.
+.SS "BITBUCKET"
+If the git repository you want to use is hosted on Bitbucket and is public, you can use the :bitbucket shorthand to specify the bitbucket username and repository name (without the trailing "\.git"), separated by a slash\. If both the username and repository name are the same, you can omit one\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :bitbucket => "rails/rails"
+gem "rails", :bitbucket => "rails"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Are both equivalent to
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :git => "https://rails@bitbucket\.org/rails/rails\.git"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Since the \fBbitbucket\fR method is a specialization of \fBgit_source\fR, it accepts a \fB:branch\fR named argument\.
+.
+.SS "PATH"
+You can specify that a gem is located in a particular location on the file system\. Relative paths are resolved relative to the directory containing the \fBGemfile\fR\.
+.
+.P
+Similar to the semantics of the \fB:git\fR option, the \fB:path\fR option requires that the directory in question either contains a \fB\.gemspec\fR for the gem, or that you specify an explicit version that bundler should use\.
+.
+.P
+Unlike \fB:git\fR, bundler does not compile C extensions for gems specified as paths\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+gem "rails", :path => "vendor/rails"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+If you would like to use multiple local gems directly from the filesystem, you can set a global \fBpath\fR option to the path containing the gem\'s files\. This will automatically load gemspec files from subdirectories\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+path \'components\' do
+  gem \'admin_ui\'
+  gem \'public_ui\'
+end
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SH "BLOCK FORM OF SOURCE, GIT, PATH, GROUP and PLATFORMS"
+The \fB:source\fR, \fB:git\fR, \fB:path\fR, \fB:group\fR, and \fB:platforms\fR options may be applied to a group of gems by using block form\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+source "https://gems\.example\.com" do
+  gem "some_internal_gem"
+  gem "another_internal_gem"
+end
+
+git "https://github\.com/rails/rails\.git" do
+  gem "activesupport"
+  gem "actionpack"
+end
+
+platforms :ruby do
+  gem "ruby\-debug"
+  gem "sqlite3"
+end
+
+group :development, :optional => true do
+  gem "wirble"
+  gem "faker"
+end
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+In the case of the group block form the :optional option can be given to prevent a group from being installed unless listed in the \fB\-\-with\fR option given to the \fBbundle install\fR command\.
+.
+.P
+In the case of the \fBgit\fR block form, the \fB:ref\fR, \fB:branch\fR, \fB:tag\fR, and \fB:submodules\fR options may be passed to the \fBgit\fR method, and all gems in the block will inherit those options\.
+.
+.P
+The presence of a \fBsource\fR block in a Gemfile also makes that source available as a possible global source for any other gems which do not specify explicit sources\. Thus, when defining source blocks, it is recommended that you also ensure all other gems in the Gemfile are using explicit sources, either via source blocks or \fB:source\fR directives on individual gems\.
+.
+.SH "INSTALL_IF"
+The \fBinstall_if\fR method allows gems to be installed based on a proc or lambda\. This is especially useful for optional gems that can only be used if certain software is installed or some other conditions are met\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+install_if \-> { RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/ } do
+  gem "pasteboard"
+end
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SH "GEMSPEC"
+The \fB\.gemspec\fR \fIhttp://guides\.rubygems\.org/specification\-reference/\fR file is where you provide metadata about your gem to Rubygems\. Some required Gemspec attributes include the name, description, and homepage of your gem\. This is also where you specify the dependencies your gem needs to run\.
+.
+.P
+If you wish to use Bundler to help install dependencies for a gem while it is being developed, use the \fBgemspec\fR method to pull in the dependencies listed in the \fB\.gemspec\fR file\.
+.
+.P
+The \fBgemspec\fR method adds any runtime dependencies as gem requirements in the default group\. It also adds development dependencies as gem requirements in the \fBdevelopment\fR group\. Finally, it adds a gem requirement on your project (\fB:path => \'\.\'\fR)\. In conjunction with \fBBundler\.setup\fR, this allows you to require project files in your test code as you would if the project were installed as a gem; you need not manipulate the load path manually or require project files via relative paths\.
+.
+.P
+The \fBgemspec\fR method supports optional \fB:path\fR, \fB:glob\fR, \fB:name\fR, and \fB:development_group\fR options, which control where bundler looks for the \fB\.gemspec\fR, the glob it uses to look for the gemspec (defaults to: "{,\fI,\fR/*}\.gemspec"), what named \fB\.gemspec\fR it uses (if more than one is present), and which group development dependencies are included in\.
+.
+.P
+When a \fBgemspec\fR dependency encounters version conflicts during resolution, the local version under development will always be selected \-\- even if there are remote versions that better match other requirements for the \fBgemspec\fR gem\.
+.
+.SH "SOURCE PRIORITY"
+When attempting to locate a gem to satisfy a gem requirement, bundler uses the following priority order:
+.
+.IP "1." 4
+The source explicitly attached to the gem (using \fB:source\fR, \fB:path\fR, or \fB:git\fR)
+.
+.IP "2." 4
+For implicit gems (dependencies of explicit gems), any source, git, or path repository declared on the parent\. This results in bundler prioritizing the ActiveSupport gem from the Rails git repository over ones from \fBrubygems\.org\fR
+.
+.IP "3." 4
+The sources specified via global \fBsource\fR lines, searching each source in your \fBGemfile\fR from last added to first added\.
+.
+.IP "" 0
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20ce3242ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+Gemfile(5) -- A format for describing gem dependencies for Ruby programs
+========================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+A `Gemfile` describes the gem dependencies required to execute associated
+Ruby code.
+
+Place the `Gemfile` in the root of the directory containing the associated
+code. For instance, in a Rails application, place the `Gemfile` in the same
+directory as the `Rakefile`.
+
+## SYNTAX
+
+A `Gemfile` is evaluated as Ruby code, in a context which makes available
+a number of methods used to describe the gem requirements.
+
+## GLOBAL SOURCES
+
+At the top of the `Gemfile`, add a line for the `Rubygems` source that contains
+the gems listed in the `Gemfile`.
+
+    source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+It is possible, but not recommended as of Bundler 1.7, to add multiple global
+`source` lines. Each of these `source`s `MUST` be a valid Rubygems repository.
+
+Sources are checked for gems following the heuristics described in
+[SOURCE PRIORITY][]. If a gem is found in more than one global source, Bundler
+will print a warning after installing the gem indicating which source was used,
+and listing the other sources where the gem is available. A specific source can
+be selected for gems that need to use a non-standard repository, suppressing
+this warning, by using the [`:source` option](#SOURCE) or a
+[`source` block](#BLOCK-FORM-OF-SOURCE-GIT-PATH-GROUP-and-PLATFORMS).
+
+### CREDENTIALS
+
+Some gem sources require a username and password. Use [bundle config(1)](bundle-config.1.html) to set
+the username and password for any of the sources that need it. The command must
+be run once on each computer that will install the Gemfile, but this keeps the
+credentials from being stored in plain text in version control.
+
+    bundle config gems.example.com user:password
+
+For some sources, like a company Gemfury account, it may be easier to
+include the credentials in the Gemfile as part of the source URL.
+
+    source "https://user:password@gems.example.com"
+
+Credentials in the source URL will take precedence over credentials set using
+`config`.
+
+## RUBY
+
+If your application requires a specific Ruby version or engine, specify your
+requirements using the `ruby` method, with the following arguments.
+All parameters are `OPTIONAL` unless otherwise specified.
+
+### VERSION (required)
+
+The version of Ruby that your application requires. If your application
+requires an alternate Ruby engine, such as JRuby, Rubinius or TruffleRuby, this
+should be the Ruby version that the engine is compatible with.
+
+    ruby "1.9.3"
+
+### ENGINE
+
+Each application _may_ specify a Ruby engine. If an engine is specified, an
+engine version _must_ also be specified.
+
+What exactly is an Engine?
+  - A Ruby engine is an implementation of the Ruby language.
+
+  - For background: the reference or original implementation of the Ruby
+    programming language is called
+    [Matz's Ruby Interpreter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_MRI), or  MRI
+    for short. This is named after Ruby creator Yukihiro Matsumoto,
+    also known as Matz. MRI is also known as CRuby, because it is written in C.
+    MRI is the most widely used Ruby engine.
+
+  - [Other implementations](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/) of Ruby exist.
+    Some of the more well-known implementations include
+    [Rubinius](https://rubinius.com/), and [JRuby](http://jruby.org/).
+    Rubinius is an alternative implementation of Ruby written in Ruby.
+    JRuby is an implementation of Ruby on the JVM, short for Java Virtual Machine.
+
+### ENGINE VERSION
+
+Each application _may_ specify a Ruby engine version. If an engine version is
+specified, an engine _must_ also be specified. If the engine is "ruby" the
+engine version specified _must_ match the Ruby version.
+
+    ruby "1.8.7", :engine => "jruby", :engine_version => "1.6.7"
+
+### PATCHLEVEL
+
+Each application _may_ specify a Ruby patchlevel.
+
+    ruby "2.0.0", :patchlevel => "247"
+
+## GEMS
+
+Specify gem requirements using the `gem` method, with the following arguments.
+All parameters are `OPTIONAL` unless otherwise specified.
+
+### NAME (required)
+
+For each gem requirement, list a single _gem_ line.
+
+    gem "nokogiri"
+
+### VERSION
+
+Each _gem_ `MAY` have one or more version specifiers.
+
+    gem "nokogiri", ">= 1.4.2"
+    gem "RedCloth", ">= 4.1.0", "< 4.2.0"
+
+### REQUIRE AS
+
+Each _gem_ `MAY` specify files that should be used when autorequiring via
+`Bundler.require`. You may pass an array with multiple files or `true` if the file
+you want `required` has the same name as _gem_ or `false` to
+prevent any file from being autorequired.
+
+    gem "redis", :require => ["redis/connection/hiredis", "redis"]
+    gem "webmock", :require => false
+    gem "byebug", :require => true
+
+The argument defaults to the name of the gem. For example, these are identical:
+
+    gem "nokogiri"
+    gem "nokogiri", :require => "nokogiri"
+    gem "nokogiri", :require => true
+
+### GROUPS
+
+Each _gem_ `MAY` specify membership in one or more groups. Any _gem_ that does
+not specify membership in any group is placed in the `default` group.
+
+    gem "rspec", :group => :test
+    gem "wirble", :groups => [:development, :test]
+
+The Bundler runtime allows its two main methods, `Bundler.setup` and
+`Bundler.require`, to limit their impact to particular groups.
+
+    # setup adds gems to Ruby's load path
+    Bundler.setup                    # defaults to all groups
+    require "bundler/setup"          # same as Bundler.setup
+    Bundler.setup(:default)          # only set up the _default_ group
+    Bundler.setup(:test)             # only set up the _test_ group (but `not` _default_)
+    Bundler.setup(:default, :test)   # set up the _default_ and _test_ groups, but no others
+
+    # require requires all of the gems in the specified groups
+    Bundler.require                  # defaults to the _default_ group
+    Bundler.require(:default)        # identical
+    Bundler.require(:default, :test) # requires the _default_ and _test_ groups
+    Bundler.require(:test)           # requires the _test_ group
+
+The Bundler CLI allows you to specify a list of groups whose gems `bundle install` should
+not install with the `without` configuration.
+
+To specify multiple groups to ignore, specify a list of groups separated by spaces.
+
+    bundle config set --local without test
+    bundle config set --local without development test
+
+Also, calling `Bundler.setup` with no parameters, or calling `require "bundler/setup"`
+will setup all groups except for the ones you excluded via `--without` (since they
+are not available).
+
+Note that on `bundle install`, bundler downloads and evaluates all gems, in order to
+create a single canonical list of all of the required gems and their dependencies.
+This means that you cannot list different versions of the same gems in different
+groups. For more details, see [Understanding Bundler](https://bundler.io/rationale.html).
+
+### PLATFORMS
+
+If a gem should only be used in a particular platform or set of platforms, you can
+specify them. Platforms are essentially identical to groups, except that you do not
+need to use the `--without` install-time flag to exclude groups of gems for other
+platforms.
+
+There are a number of `Gemfile` platforms:
+
+  * `ruby`:
+    C Ruby (MRI), Rubinius or TruffleRuby, but `NOT` Windows
+  * `mri`:
+    Same as _ruby_, but only C Ruby (MRI)
+  * `mingw`:
+    Windows 32 bit 'mingw32' platform (aka RubyInstaller)
+  * `x64_mingw`:
+    Windows 64 bit 'mingw32' platform (aka RubyInstaller x64)
+  * `rbx`:
+    Rubinius
+  * `jruby`:
+    JRuby
+  * `truffleruby`:
+    TruffleRuby
+  * `mswin`:
+    Windows
+
+You can restrict further by platform and version for all platforms *except* for
+`rbx`, `jruby`, `truffleruby` and `mswin`.
+
+To specify a version in addition to a platform, append the version number without
+the delimiter to the platform. For example, to specify that a gem should only be
+used on platforms with Ruby 2.3, use:
+
+    ruby_23
+
+The full list of platforms and supported versions includes:
+
+  * `ruby`:
+    1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
+  * `mri`:
+    1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
+  * `mingw`:
+    1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
+  * `x64_mingw`:
+    2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
+
+As with groups, you can specify one or more platforms:
+
+    gem "weakling",   :platforms => :jruby
+    gem "ruby-debug", :platforms => :mri_18
+    gem "nokogiri",   :platforms => [:mri_18, :jruby]
+
+All operations involving groups ([`bundle install`](bundle-install.1.html), `Bundler.setup`,
+`Bundler.require`) behave exactly the same as if any groups not
+matching the current platform were explicitly excluded.
+
+### SOURCE
+
+You can select an alternate Rubygems repository for a gem using the ':source'
+option.
+
+    gem "some_internal_gem", :source => "https://gems.example.com"
+
+This forces the gem to be loaded from this source and ignores any global sources
+declared at the top level of the file. If the gem does not exist in this source,
+it will not be installed.
+
+Bundler will search for child dependencies of this gem by first looking in the
+source selected for the parent, but if they are not found there, it will fall
+back on global sources using the ordering described in [SOURCE PRIORITY][].
+
+Selecting a specific source repository this way also suppresses the ambiguous
+gem warning described above in
+[GLOBAL SOURCES (#source)](#GLOBAL-SOURCES).
+
+Using the `:source` option for an individual gem will also make that source
+available as a possible global source for any other gems which do not specify
+explicit sources. Thus, when adding gems with explicit sources, it is
+recommended that you also ensure all other gems in the Gemfile are using
+explicit sources.
+
+### GIT
+
+If necessary, you can specify that a gem is located at a particular
+git repository using the `:git` parameter. The repository can be accessed via
+several protocols:
+
+  * `HTTP(S)`:
+    gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git"
+  * `SSH`:
+    gem "rails", :git => "git@github.com:rails/rails.git"
+  * `git`:
+    gem "rails", :git => "git://github.com/rails/rails.git"
+
+If using SSH, the user that you use to run `bundle install` `MUST` have the
+appropriate keys available in their `$HOME/.ssh`.
+
+`NOTE`: `http://` and `git://` URLs should be avoided if at all possible. These
+protocols are unauthenticated, so a man-in-the-middle attacker can deliver
+malicious code and compromise your system. HTTPS and SSH are strongly
+preferred.
+
+The `group`, `platforms`, and `require` options are available and behave
+exactly the same as they would for a normal gem.
+
+A git repository `SHOULD` have at least one file, at the root of the
+directory containing the gem, with the extension `.gemspec`. This file
+`MUST` contain a valid gem specification, as expected by the `gem build`
+command.
+
+If a git repository does not have a `.gemspec`, bundler will attempt to
+create one, but it will not contain any dependencies, executables, or
+C extension compilation instructions. As a result, it may fail to properly
+integrate into your application.
+
+If a git repository does have a `.gemspec` for the gem you attached it
+to, a version specifier, if provided, means that the git repository is
+only valid if the `.gemspec` specifies a version matching the version
+specifier. If not, bundler will print a warning.
+
+    gem "rails", "2.3.8", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git"
+    # bundle install will fail, because the .gemspec in the rails
+    # repository's master branch specifies version 3.0.0
+
+If a git repository does `not` have a `.gemspec` for the gem you attached
+it to, a version specifier `MUST` be provided. Bundler will use this
+version in the simple `.gemspec` it creates.
+
+Git repositories support a number of additional options.
+
+  * `branch`, `tag`, and `ref`:
+    You `MUST` only specify at most one of these options. The default
+    is `:branch => "master"`.  For example:
+
+      gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git", :branch => "5-0-stable"
+
+      gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git", :tag => "v5.0.0"
+
+      gem "rails", :git => "https://github.com/rails/rails.git", :ref => "4aded"
+
+  * `submodules`:
+    For reference, a [git submodule](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Submodules)
+    lets you have another git repository within a subfolder of your repository.
+    Specify `:submodules => true` to cause bundler to expand any
+    submodules included in the git repository
+
+If a git repository contains multiple `.gemspecs`, each `.gemspec`
+represents a gem located at the same place in the file system as
+the `.gemspec`.
+
+    |~rails                   [git root]
+    | |-rails.gemspec         [rails gem located here]
+    |~actionpack
+    | |-actionpack.gemspec    [actionpack gem located here]
+    |~activesupport
+    | |-activesupport.gemspec [activesupport gem located here]
+    |...
+
+To install a gem located in a git repository, bundler changes to
+the directory containing the gemspec, runs `gem build name.gemspec`
+and then installs the resulting gem. The `gem build` command,
+which comes standard with Rubygems, evaluates the `.gemspec` in
+the context of the directory in which it is located.
+
+### GIT SOURCE
+
+A custom git source can be defined via the `git_source` method. Provide the source's name
+as an argument, and a block which receives a single argument and interpolates it into a
+string to return the full repo address:
+
+    git_source(:stash){ |repo_name| "https://stash.corp.acme.pl/#{repo_name}.git" }
+    gem 'rails', :stash => 'forks/rails'
+
+In addition, if you wish to choose a specific branch:
+
+    gem "rails", :stash => "forks/rails", :branch => "branch_name"
+
+### GITHUB
+
+`NOTE`: This shorthand should be avoided until Bundler 2.0, since it
+currently expands to an insecure `git://` URL. This allows a
+man-in-the-middle attacker to compromise your system.
+
+If the git repository you want to use is hosted on GitHub and is public, you can use the
+:github shorthand to specify the github username and repository name (without the
+trailing ".git"), separated by a slash. If both the username and repository name are the
+same, you can omit one.
+
+    gem "rails", :github => "rails/rails"
+    gem "rails", :github => "rails"
+
+Are both equivalent to
+
+    gem "rails", :git => "git://github.com/rails/rails.git"
+
+Since the `github` method is a specialization of `git_source`, it accepts a `:branch` named argument.
+
+You can also directly pass a pull request URL:
+
+    gem "rails", :github => "https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/43753"
+
+Which is equivalent to:
+
+    gem "rails", :github => "rails/rails", branch: "refs/pull/43753/head"
+
+### GIST
+
+If the git repository you want to use is hosted as a Github Gist and is public, you can use
+the :gist shorthand to specify the gist identifier (without the trailing ".git").
+
+    gem "the_hatch", :gist => "4815162342"
+
+Is equivalent to:
+
+    gem "the_hatch", :git => "https://gist.github.com/4815162342.git"
+
+Since the `gist` method is a specialization of `git_source`, it accepts a `:branch` named argument.
+
+### BITBUCKET
+
+If the git repository you want to use is hosted on Bitbucket and is public, you can use the
+:bitbucket shorthand to specify the bitbucket username and repository name (without the
+trailing ".git"), separated by a slash. If both the username and repository name are the
+same, you can omit one.
+
+    gem "rails", :bitbucket => "rails/rails"
+    gem "rails", :bitbucket => "rails"
+
+Are both equivalent to
+
+    gem "rails", :git => "https://rails@bitbucket.org/rails/rails.git"
+
+Since the `bitbucket` method is a specialization of `git_source`, it accepts a `:branch` named argument.
+
+### PATH
+
+You can specify that a gem is located in a particular location
+on the file system. Relative paths are resolved relative to the
+directory containing the `Gemfile`.
+
+Similar to the semantics of the `:git` option, the `:path`
+option requires that the directory in question either contains
+a `.gemspec` for the gem, or that you specify an explicit
+version that bundler should use.
+
+Unlike `:git`, bundler does not compile C extensions for
+gems specified as paths.
+
+    gem "rails", :path => "vendor/rails"
+
+If you would like to use multiple local gems directly from the filesystem, you can set a global `path` option to the path containing the gem's files. This will automatically load gemspec files from subdirectories.
+
+    path 'components' do
+      gem 'admin_ui'
+      gem 'public_ui'
+    end
+
+## BLOCK FORM OF SOURCE, GIT, PATH, GROUP and PLATFORMS
+
+The `:source`, `:git`, `:path`, `:group`, and `:platforms` options may be
+applied to a group of gems by using block form.
+
+    source "https://gems.example.com" do
+      gem "some_internal_gem"
+      gem "another_internal_gem"
+    end
+
+    git "https://github.com/rails/rails.git" do
+      gem "activesupport"
+      gem "actionpack"
+    end
+
+    platforms :ruby do
+      gem "ruby-debug"
+      gem "sqlite3"
+    end
+
+    group :development, :optional => true do
+      gem "wirble"
+      gem "faker"
+    end
+
+In the case of the group block form the :optional option can be given
+to prevent a group from being installed unless listed in the `--with`
+option given to the `bundle install` command.
+
+In the case of the `git` block form, the `:ref`, `:branch`, `:tag`,
+and `:submodules` options may be passed to the `git` method, and
+all gems in the block will inherit those options.
+
+The presence of a `source` block in a Gemfile also makes that source
+available as a possible global source for any other gems which do not specify
+explicit sources. Thus, when defining source blocks, it is
+recommended that you also ensure all other gems in the Gemfile are using
+explicit sources, either via source blocks or `:source` directives on
+individual gems.
+
+## INSTALL_IF
+
+The `install_if` method allows gems to be installed based on a proc or lambda.
+This is especially useful for optional gems that can only be used if certain
+software is installed or some other conditions are met.
+
+    install_if -> { RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/ } do
+      gem "pasteboard"
+    end
+
+## GEMSPEC
+
+The [`.gemspec`](http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/) file is where
+ you provide metadata about your gem to Rubygems. Some required Gemspec
+ attributes include the name, description, and homepage of your gem. This is
+ also where you specify the dependencies your gem needs to run.
+
+If you wish to use Bundler to help install dependencies for a gem while it is
+being developed, use the `gemspec` method to pull in the dependencies listed in
+the `.gemspec` file.
+
+The `gemspec` method adds any runtime dependencies as gem requirements in the
+default group. It also adds development dependencies as gem requirements in the
+`development` group. Finally, it adds a gem requirement on your project (`:path
+=> '.'`). In conjunction with `Bundler.setup`, this allows you to require project
+files in your test code as you would if the project were installed as a gem; you
+need not manipulate the load path manually or require project files via relative
+paths.
+
+The `gemspec` method supports optional `:path`, `:glob`, `:name`, and `:development_group`
+options, which control where bundler looks for the `.gemspec`, the glob it uses to look
+for the gemspec (defaults to: "{,*,*/*}.gemspec"), what named `.gemspec` it uses
+(if more than one is present), and which group development dependencies are included in.
+
+When a `gemspec` dependency encounters version conflicts during resolution, the
+local version under development will always be selected -- even if there are
+remote versions that better match other requirements for the `gemspec` gem.
+
+## SOURCE PRIORITY
+
+When attempting to locate a gem to satisfy a gem requirement,
+bundler uses the following priority order:
+
+  1. The source explicitly attached to the gem (using `:source`, `:path`, or
+     `:git`)
+  2. For implicit gems (dependencies of explicit gems), any source, git, or path
+     repository declared on the parent. This results in bundler prioritizing the
+     ActiveSupport gem from the Rails git repository over ones from
+     `rubygems.org`
+  3. The sources specified via global `source` lines, searching each source in
+     your `Gemfile` from last added to first added.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/index.txt b/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef2956b2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Gemfile(5)            gemfile.5
+bundle(1)             bundle.1
+bundle-add(1)         bundle-add.1
+bundle-binstubs(1)    bundle-binstubs.1
+bundle-cache(1)       bundle-cache.1
+bundle-check(1)       bundle-check.1
+bundle-clean(1)       bundle-clean.1
+bundle-config(1)      bundle-config.1
+bundle-doctor(1)      bundle-doctor.1
+bundle-exec(1)        bundle-exec.1
+bundle-gem(1)         bundle-gem.1
+bundle-info(1)        bundle-info.1
+bundle-init(1)        bundle-init.1
+bundle-inject(1)      bundle-inject.1
+bundle-install(1)     bundle-install.1
+bundle-list(1)        bundle-list.1
+bundle-lock(1)        bundle-lock.1
+bundle-open(1)        bundle-open.1
+bundle-outdated(1)    bundle-outdated.1
+bundle-platform(1)    bundle-platform.1
+bundle-pristine(1)    bundle-pristine.1
+bundle-remove(1)      bundle-remove.1
+bundle-show(1)        bundle-show.1
+bundle-update(1)      bundle-update.1
+bundle-viz(1)         bundle-viz.1
diff --git a/lib/bundler/match_platform.rb b/lib/bundler/match_platform.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69074925a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/match_platform.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "gem_helpers"
+
+module Bundler
+  module MatchPlatform
+    include GemHelpers
+
+    def match_platform(p)
+      MatchPlatform.platforms_match?(platform, p)
+    end
+
+    def self.platforms_match?(gemspec_platform, local_platform)
+      return true if gemspec_platform.nil?
+      return true if Gem::Platform::RUBY == gemspec_platform
+      return true if local_platform == gemspec_platform
+      gemspec_platform = Gem::Platform.new(gemspec_platform)
+      return true if GemHelpers.generic(gemspec_platform) === local_platform
+      return true if gemspec_platform === local_platform
+
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/mirror.rb b/lib/bundler/mirror.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a63b45b47d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/mirror.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "socket"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Settings
+    # Class used to build the mirror set and then find a mirror for a given URI
+    #
+    # @param prober [Prober object, nil] by default a TCPSocketProbe, this object
+    #   will be used to probe the mirror address to validate that the mirror replies.
+    class Mirrors
+      def initialize(prober = nil)
+        @all = Mirror.new
+        @prober = prober || TCPSocketProbe.new
+        @mirrors = {}
+      end
+
+      # Returns a mirror for the given uri.
+      #
+      # Depending on the uri having a valid mirror or not, it may be a
+      #   mirror that points to the provided uri
+      def for(uri)
+        if @all.validate!(@prober).valid?
+          @all
+        else
+          fetch_valid_mirror_for(Settings.normalize_uri(uri))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def each
+        @mirrors.each do |k, v|
+          yield k, v.uri.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      def parse(key, value)
+        config = MirrorConfig.new(key, value)
+        mirror = if config.all?
+          @all
+        else
+          @mirrors[config.uri] ||= Mirror.new
+        end
+        config.update_mirror(mirror)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def fetch_valid_mirror_for(uri)
+        downcased = uri.to_s.downcase
+        mirror = @mirrors[downcased] || @mirrors[Bundler::URI(downcased).host] || Mirror.new(uri)
+        mirror.validate!(@prober)
+        mirror = Mirror.new(uri) unless mirror.valid?
+        mirror
+      end
+    end
+
+    # A mirror
+    #
+    # Contains both the uri that should be used as a mirror and the
+    #   fallback timeout which will be used for probing if the mirror
+    #   replies on time or not.
+    class Mirror
+      DEFAULT_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT = 0.1
+
+      attr_reader :uri, :fallback_timeout
+
+      def initialize(uri = nil, fallback_timeout = 0)
+        self.uri = uri
+        self.fallback_timeout = fallback_timeout
+        @valid = nil
+      end
+
+      def uri=(uri)
+        @uri = if uri.nil?
+          nil
+        else
+          Bundler::URI(uri.to_s)
+        end
+        @valid = nil
+      end
+
+      def fallback_timeout=(timeout)
+        case timeout
+        when true, "true"
+          @fallback_timeout = DEFAULT_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT
+        when false, "false"
+          @fallback_timeout = 0
+        else
+          @fallback_timeout = timeout.to_i
+        end
+        @valid = nil
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        !other.nil? && uri == other.uri && fallback_timeout == other.fallback_timeout
+      end
+
+      def valid?
+        return false if @uri.nil?
+        return @valid unless @valid.nil?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def validate!(probe = nil)
+        @valid = false if uri.nil?
+        if @valid.nil?
+          @valid = fallback_timeout == 0 || (probe || TCPSocketProbe.new).replies?(self)
+        end
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class used to parse one configuration line
+    #
+    # Gets the configuration line and the value.
+    #   This object provides a `update_mirror` method
+    #   used to setup the given mirror value.
+    class MirrorConfig
+      attr_accessor :uri, :value
+
+      def initialize(config_line, value)
+        uri, fallback =
+          config_line.match(%r{\Amirror\.(all|.+?)(\.fallback_timeout)?\/?\z}).captures
+        @fallback = !fallback.nil?
+        @all = false
+        if uri == "all"
+          @all = true
+        else
+          @uri = Bundler::URI(uri).absolute? ? Settings.normalize_uri(uri) : uri
+        end
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      def all?
+        @all
+      end
+
+      def update_mirror(mirror)
+        if @fallback
+          mirror.fallback_timeout = @value
+        else
+          mirror.uri = Settings.normalize_uri(@value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class used for probing TCP availability for a given mirror.
+    class TCPSocketProbe
+      def replies?(mirror)
+        MirrorSockets.new(mirror).any? do |socket, address, timeout|
+          begin
+            socket.connect_nonblock(address)
+          rescue Errno::EINPROGRESS
+            wait_for_writtable_socket(socket, address, timeout)
+          rescue RuntimeError # Connection failed somehow, again
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def wait_for_writtable_socket(socket, address, timeout)
+        if IO.select(nil, [socket], nil, timeout)
+          probe_writtable_socket(socket, address)
+        else # TCP Handshake timed out, or there is something dropping packets
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def probe_writtable_socket(socket, address)
+        socket.connect_nonblock(address)
+      rescue Errno::EISCONN
+        true
+      rescue StandardError # Connection failed
+        false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Class used to build the list of sockets that correspond to
+  #   a given mirror.
+  #
+  # One mirror may correspond to many different addresses, both
+  #   because of it having many dns entries or because
+  #   the network interface is both ipv4 and ipv5
+  class MirrorSockets
+    def initialize(mirror)
+      @timeout = mirror.fallback_timeout
+      @addresses = Socket.getaddrinfo(mirror.uri.host, mirror.uri.port).map do |address|
+        SocketAddress.new(address[0], address[3], address[1])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def any?
+      @addresses.any? do |address|
+        socket = Socket.new(Socket.const_get(address.type), Socket::SOCK_STREAM, 0)
+        socket.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        value = yield socket, address.to_socket_address, @timeout
+        socket.close unless socket.closed?
+        value
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Socket address builder.
+  #
+  # Given a socket type, a host and a port,
+  #   provides a method to build sockaddr string
+  class SocketAddress
+    attr_reader :type, :host, :port
+
+    def initialize(type, host, port)
+      @type = type
+      @host = host
+      @port = port
+    end
+
+    def to_socket_address
+      Socket.pack_sockaddr_in(@port, @host)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..158c69e1a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "plugin/api"
+
+module Bundler
+  module Plugin
+    autoload :DSL,        File.expand_path("plugin/dsl", __dir__)
+    autoload :Events,     File.expand_path("plugin/events", __dir__)
+    autoload :Index,      File.expand_path("plugin/index", __dir__)
+    autoload :Installer,  File.expand_path("plugin/installer", __dir__)
+    autoload :SourceList, File.expand_path("plugin/source_list", __dir__)
+
+    class MalformattedPlugin < PluginError; end
+    class UndefinedCommandError < PluginError; end
+    class UnknownSourceError < PluginError; end
+    class PluginInstallError < PluginError; end
+
+    PLUGIN_FILE_NAME = "plugins.rb".freeze
+
+    module_function
+
+    def reset!
+      instance_variables.each {|i| remove_instance_variable(i) }
+
+      @sources = {}
+      @commands = {}
+      @hooks_by_event = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      @loaded_plugin_names = []
+    end
+
+    reset!
+
+    # Installs a new plugin by the given name
+    #
+    # @param [Array<String>] names the name of plugin to be installed
+    # @param [Hash] options various parameters as described in description.
+    #               Refer to cli/plugin for available options
+    def install(names, options)
+      specs = Installer.new.install(names, options)
+
+      save_plugins names, specs
+    rescue PluginError
+      specs_to_delete = specs.select {|k, _v| names.include?(k) && !index.commands.values.include?(k) }
+      specs_to_delete.each_value {|spec| Bundler.rm_rf(spec.full_gem_path) }
+
+      raise
+    end
+
+    # Uninstalls plugins by the given names
+    #
+    # @param [Array<String>] names the names of plugins to be uninstalled
+    def uninstall(names, options)
+      if names.empty? && !options[:all]
+        Bundler.ui.error "No plugins to uninstall. Specify at least 1 plugin to uninstall.\n"\
+          "Use --all option to uninstall all the installed plugins."
+        return
+      end
+
+      names = index.installed_plugins if options[:all]
+      if names.any?
+        names.each do |name|
+          if index.installed?(name)
+            Bundler.rm_rf(index.plugin_path(name))
+            index.unregister_plugin(name)
+            Bundler.ui.info "Uninstalled plugin #{name}"
+          else
+            Bundler.ui.error "Plugin #{name} is not installed \n"
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        Bundler.ui.info "No plugins installed"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # List installed plugins and commands
+    #
+    def list
+      installed_plugins = index.installed_plugins
+      if installed_plugins.any?
+        output = String.new
+        installed_plugins.each do |plugin|
+          output << "#{plugin}\n"
+          output << "-----\n"
+          index.plugin_commands(plugin).each do |command|
+            output << "  #{command}\n"
+          end
+          output << "\n"
+        end
+      else
+        output = "No plugins installed"
+      end
+      Bundler.ui.info output
+    end
+
+    # Evaluates the Gemfile with a limited DSL and installs the plugins
+    # specified by plugin method
+    #
+    # @param [Pathname] gemfile path
+    # @param [Proc] block that can be evaluated for (inline) Gemfile
+    def gemfile_install(gemfile = nil, &inline)
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:frozen => false, :deployment => false) do
+        builder = DSL.new
+        if block_given?
+          builder.instance_eval(&inline)
+        else
+          builder.eval_gemfile(gemfile)
+        end
+        builder.check_primary_source_safety
+        definition = builder.to_definition(nil, true)
+
+        return if definition.dependencies.empty?
+
+        plugins = definition.dependencies.map(&:name).reject {|p| index.installed? p }
+        installed_specs = Installer.new.install_definition(definition)
+
+        save_plugins plugins, installed_specs, builder.inferred_plugins
+      end
+    rescue RuntimeError => e
+      unless e.is_a?(GemfileError)
+        Bundler.ui.error "Failed to install plugin: #{e.message}\n  #{e.backtrace[0]}"
+      end
+      raise
+    end
+
+    # The index object used to store the details about the plugin
+    def index
+      @index ||= Index.new
+    end
+
+    # The directory root for all plugin related data
+    #
+    # If run in an app, points to local root, in app_config_path
+    # Otherwise, points to global root, in Bundler.user_bundle_path("plugin")
+    def root
+      @root ||= if SharedHelpers.in_bundle?
+        local_root
+      else
+        global_root
+      end
+    end
+
+    def local_root
+      Bundler.app_config_path.join("plugin")
+    end
+
+    # The global directory root for all plugin related data
+    def global_root
+      Bundler.user_bundle_path("plugin")
+    end
+
+    # The cache directory for plugin stuffs
+    def cache
+      @cache ||= root.join("cache")
+    end
+
+    # To be called via the API to register to handle a command
+    def add_command(command, cls)
+      @commands[command] = cls
+    end
+
+    # Checks if any plugin handles the command
+    def command?(command)
+      !index.command_plugin(command).nil?
+    end
+
+    # To be called from Cli class to pass the command and argument to
+    # appropriate plugin class
+    def exec_command(command, args)
+      raise UndefinedCommandError, "Command `#{command}` not found" unless command? command
+
+      load_plugin index.command_plugin(command) unless @commands.key? command
+
+      @commands[command].new.exec(command, args)
+    end
+
+    # To be called via the API to register to handle a source plugin
+    def add_source(source, cls)
+      @sources[source] = cls
+    end
+
+    # Checks if any plugin declares the source
+    def source?(name)
+      !index.source_plugin(name.to_s).nil?
+    end
+
+    # @return [Class] that handles the source. The class includes API::Source
+    def source(name)
+      raise UnknownSourceError, "Source #{name} not found" unless source? name
+
+      load_plugin(index.source_plugin(name)) unless @sources.key? name
+
+      @sources[name]
+    end
+
+    # @param [Hash] The options that are present in the lock file
+    # @return [API::Source] the instance of the class that handles the source
+    #                       type passed in locked_opts
+    def source_from_lock(locked_opts)
+      src = source(locked_opts["type"])
+
+      src.new(locked_opts.merge("uri" => locked_opts["remote"]))
+    end
+
+    # To be called via the API to register a hooks and corresponding block that
+    # will be called to handle the hook
+    def add_hook(event, &block)
+      unless Events.defined_event?(event)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Event '#{event}' not defined in Bundler::Plugin::Events"
+      end
+      @hooks_by_event[event.to_s] << block
+    end
+
+    # Runs all the hooks that are registered for the passed event
+    #
+    # It passes the passed arguments and block to the block registered with
+    # the api.
+    #
+    # @param [String] event
+    def hook(event, *args, &arg_blk)
+      return unless Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
+      unless Events.defined_event?(event)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Event '#{event}' not defined in Bundler::Plugin::Events"
+      end
+
+      plugins = index.hook_plugins(event)
+      return unless plugins.any?
+
+      (plugins - @loaded_plugin_names).each {|name| load_plugin(name) }
+
+      @hooks_by_event[event].each {|blk| blk.call(*args, &arg_blk) }
+    end
+
+    # currently only intended for specs
+    #
+    # @return [String, nil] installed path
+    def installed?(plugin)
+      Index.new.installed?(plugin)
+    end
+
+    # Post installation processing and registering with index
+    #
+    # @param [Array<String>] plugins list to be installed
+    # @param [Hash] specs of plugins mapped to installation path (currently they
+    #               contain all the installed specs, including plugins)
+    # @param [Array<String>] names of inferred source plugins that can be ignored
+    def save_plugins(plugins, specs, optional_plugins = [])
+      plugins.each do |name|
+        next if index.installed?(name)
+
+        spec = specs[name]
+
+        save_plugin(name, spec, optional_plugins.include?(name))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Checks if the gem is good to be a plugin
+    #
+    # At present it only checks whether it contains plugins.rb file
+    #
+    # @param [Pathname] plugin_path the path plugin is installed at
+    # @raise [MalformattedPlugin] if plugins.rb file is not found
+    def validate_plugin!(plugin_path)
+      plugin_file = plugin_path.join(PLUGIN_FILE_NAME)
+      raise MalformattedPlugin, "#{PLUGIN_FILE_NAME} was not found in the plugin." unless plugin_file.file?
+    end
+
+    # Validates and registers a plugin.
+    #
+    # @param [String] name the name of the plugin
+    # @param [Specification] spec of installed plugin
+    # @param [Boolean] optional_plugin, removed if there is conflict with any
+    #                     other plugin (used for default source plugins)
+    #
+    # @raise [PluginInstallError] if validation or registration raises any error
+    def save_plugin(name, spec, optional_plugin = false)
+      validate_plugin! Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path)
+      installed = register_plugin(name, spec, optional_plugin)
+      Bundler.ui.info "Installed plugin #{name}" if installed
+    rescue PluginError => e
+      raise PluginInstallError, "Failed to install plugin `#{spec.name}`, due to #{e.class} (#{e.message})"
+    end
+
+    # Runs the plugins.rb file in an isolated namespace, records the plugin
+    # actions it registers for and then passes the data to index to be stored.
+    #
+    # @param [String] name the name of the plugin
+    # @param [Specification] spec of installed plugin
+    # @param [Boolean] optional_plugin, removed if there is conflict with any
+    #                     other plugin (used for default source plugins)
+    #
+    # @raise [MalformattedPlugin] if plugins.rb raises any error
+    def register_plugin(name, spec, optional_plugin = false)
+      commands = @commands
+      sources = @sources
+      hooks = @hooks_by_event
+
+      @commands = {}
+      @sources = {}
+      @hooks_by_event = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
+
+      load_paths = spec.load_paths
+      Bundler.rubygems.add_to_load_path(load_paths)
+      path = Pathname.new spec.full_gem_path
+
+      begin
+        load path.join(PLUGIN_FILE_NAME), true
+      rescue StandardError => e
+        raise MalformattedPlugin, "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+      end
+
+      if optional_plugin && @sources.keys.any? {|s| source? s }
+        Bundler.rm_rf(path)
+        false
+      else
+        index.register_plugin(name, path.to_s, load_paths, @commands.keys,
+          @sources.keys, @hooks_by_event.keys)
+        true
+      end
+    ensure
+      @commands = commands
+      @sources = sources
+      @hooks_by_event = hooks
+    end
+
+    # Executes the plugins.rb file
+    #
+    # @param [String] name of the plugin
+    def load_plugin(name)
+      return unless name && !name.empty?
+
+      # Need to ensure before this that plugin root where the rest of gems
+      # are installed to be on load path to support plugin deps. Currently not
+      # done to avoid conflicts
+      path = index.plugin_path(name)
+
+      Bundler.rubygems.add_to_load_path(index.load_paths(name))
+
+      load path.join(PLUGIN_FILE_NAME)
+
+      @loaded_plugin_names << name
+    rescue RuntimeError => e
+      Bundler.ui.error "Failed loading plugin #{name}: #{e.message}"
+      raise
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      private :load_plugin, :register_plugin, :save_plugins, :validate_plugin!
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/api.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/api.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee2bffe3ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/api.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # This is the interfacing class represents the API that we intend to provide
+  # the plugins to use.
+  #
+  # For plugins to be independent of the Bundler internals they shall limit their
+  # interactions to methods of this class only. This will save them from breaking
+  # when some internal change.
+  #
+  # Currently we are delegating the methods defined in Bundler class to
+  # itself. So, this class acts as a buffer.
+  #
+  # If there is some change in the Bundler class that is incompatible to its
+  # previous behavior or if otherwise desired, we can reimplement(or implement)
+  # the method to preserve compatibility.
+  #
+  # To use this, either the class can inherit this class or use it directly.
+  # For example of both types of use, refer the file `spec/plugins/command.rb`
+  #
+  # To use it without inheriting, you will have to create an object of this
+  # to use the functions (except for declaration functions like command, source,
+  # and hooks).
+  module Plugin
+    class API
+      autoload :Source, File.expand_path("api/source", __dir__)
+
+      # The plugins should declare that they handle a command through this helper.
+      #
+      # @param [String] command being handled by them
+      # @param [Class] (optional) class that handles the command. If not
+      #                 provided, the `self` class will be used.
+      def self.command(command, cls = self)
+        Plugin.add_command command, cls
+      end
+
+      # The plugins should declare that they provide a installation source
+      # through this helper.
+      #
+      # @param [String] the source type they provide
+      # @param [Class] (optional) class that handles the source. If not
+      #                 provided, the `self` class will be used.
+      def self.source(source, cls = self)
+        cls.send :include, Bundler::Plugin::API::Source
+        Plugin.add_source source, cls
+      end
+
+      def self.hook(event, &block)
+        Plugin.add_hook(event, &block)
+      end
+
+      # The cache dir to be used by the plugins for storage
+      #
+      # @return [Pathname] path of the cache dir
+      def cache_dir
+        Plugin.cache.join("plugins")
+      end
+
+      # A tmp dir to be used by plugins
+      # Accepts names that get concatenated as suffix
+      #
+      # @return [Pathname] object for the new directory created
+      def tmp(*names)
+        Bundler.tmp(["plugin", *names].join("-"))
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(name, *args, &blk)
+        return Bundler.send(name, *args, &blk) if Bundler.respond_to?(name)
+
+        return SharedHelpers.send(name, *args, &blk) if SharedHelpers.respond_to?(name)
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def respond_to_missing?(name, include_private = false)
+        SharedHelpers.respond_to?(name, include_private) ||
+          Bundler.respond_to?(name, include_private) || super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/api/source.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/api/source.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32b1d0ee38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/api/source.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module Plugin
+    class API
+      # This class provides the base to build source plugins
+      # All the method here are required to build a source plugin (except
+      # `uri_hash`, `gem_install_dir`; they are helpers).
+      #
+      # Defaults for methods, where ever possible are provided which is
+      # expected to work. But, all source plugins have to override
+      # `fetch_gemspec_files` and `install`. Defaults are also not provided for
+      # `remote!`, `cache!` and `unlock!`.
+      #
+      # The defaults shall work for most situations but nevertheless they can
+      # be (preferably should be) overridden as per the plugins' needs safely
+      # (as long as they behave as expected).
+      # On overriding `initialize` you should call super first.
+      #
+      # If required plugin should override `hash`, `==` and `eql?` methods to be
+      # able to match objects representing same sources, but may be created in
+      # different situation (like form gemfile and lockfile). The default ones
+      # checks only for class and uri, but elaborate source plugins may need
+      # more comparisons (e.g. git checking on branch or tag).
+      #
+      # @!attribute [r] uri
+      #   @return [String] the remote specified with `source` block in Gemfile
+      #
+      # @!attribute [r] options
+      #   @return [String] options passed during initialization (either from
+      #     lockfile or Gemfile)
+      #
+      # @!attribute [r] name
+      #   @return [String] name that can be used to uniquely identify a source
+      #
+      # @!attribute [rw] dependency_names
+      #   @return [Array<String>] Names of dependencies that the source should
+      #     try to resolve. It is not necessary to use this list internally. This
+      #     is present to be compatible with `Definition` and is used by
+      #     rubygems source.
+      module Source
+        attr_reader :uri, :options, :name
+        attr_accessor :dependency_names
+
+        def initialize(opts)
+          @options = opts
+          @dependency_names = []
+          @uri = opts["uri"]
+          @type = opts["type"]
+          @name = opts["name"] || "#{@type} at #{@uri}"
+        end
+
+        # This is used by the default `spec` method to constructs the
+        # Specification objects for the gems and versions that can be installed
+        # by this source plugin.
+        #
+        # Note: If the spec method is overridden, this function is not necessary
+        #
+        # @return [Array<String>] paths of the gemspec files for gems that can
+        #                         be installed
+        def fetch_gemspec_files
+          []
+        end
+
+        # Options to be saved in the lockfile so that the source plugin is able
+        # to check out same version of gem later.
+        #
+        # There options are passed when the source plugin is created from the
+        # lock file.
+        #
+        # @return [Hash]
+        def options_to_lock
+          {}
+        end
+
+        # Install the gem specified by the spec at appropriate path.
+        # `install_path` provides a sufficient default, if the source can only
+        # satisfy one gem,  but is not binding.
+        #
+        # @return [String] post installation message (if any)
+        def install(spec, opts)
+          raise MalformattedPlugin, "Source plugins need to override the install method."
+        end
+
+        # It builds extensions, generates bins and installs them for the spec
+        # provided.
+        #
+        # It depends on `spec.loaded_from` to get full_gem_path. The source
+        # plugins should set that.
+        #
+        # It should be called in `install` after the plugin is done placing the
+        # gem at correct install location.
+        #
+        # It also runs Gem hooks `pre_install`, `post_build` and `post_install`
+        #
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def post_install(spec, disable_exts = false)
+          opts = { :env_shebang => false, :disable_extensions => disable_exts }
+          installer = Bundler::Source::Path::Installer.new(spec, opts)
+          installer.post_install
+        end
+
+        # A default installation path to install a single gem. If the source
+        # servers multiple gems, it's not of much use and the source should one
+        # of its own.
+        def install_path
+          @install_path ||=
+            begin
+              base_name = File.basename(Bundler::URI.parse(uri).normalize.path)
+
+              gem_install_dir.join("#{base_name}-#{uri_hash[0..11]}")
+            end
+        end
+
+        # Parses the gemspec files to find the specs for the gems that can be
+        # satisfied by the source.
+        #
+        # Few important points to keep in mind:
+        #   - If the gems are not installed then it shall return specs for all
+        #   the gems it can satisfy
+        #   - If gem is installed (that is to be detected by the plugin itself)
+        #   then it shall return at least the specs that are installed.
+        #   - The `loaded_from` for each of the specs shall be correct (it is
+        #   used to find the load path)
+        #
+        # @return [Bundler::Index] index containing the specs
+        def specs
+          files = fetch_gemspec_files
+
+          Bundler::Index.build do |index|
+            files.each do |file|
+              next unless spec = Bundler.load_gemspec(file)
+              Bundler.rubygems.set_installed_by_version(spec)
+
+              spec.source = self
+              Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec)
+
+              index << spec
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Set internal representation to fetch the gems/specs locally.
+        #
+        # When this is called, the source should try to fetch the specs and
+        # install from the local system.
+        def local!
+        end
+
+        # Set internal representation to fetch the gems/specs from remote.
+        #
+        # When this is called, the source should try to fetch the specs and
+        # install from remote path.
+        def remote!
+        end
+
+        # Set internal representation to fetch the gems/specs from app cache.
+        #
+        # When this is called, the source should try to fetch the specs and
+        # install from the path provided by `app_cache_path`.
+        def cached!
+        end
+
+        # This is called to update the spec and installation.
+        #
+        # If the source plugin is loaded from lockfile or otherwise, it shall
+        # refresh the cache/specs (e.g. git sources can make a fresh clone).
+        def unlock!
+        end
+
+        # Name of directory where plugin the is expected to cache the gems when
+        # #cache is called.
+        #
+        # Also this name is matched against the directories in cache for pruning
+        #
+        # This is used by `app_cache_path`
+        def app_cache_dirname
+          base_name = File.basename(Bundler::URI.parse(uri).normalize.path)
+          "#{base_name}-#{uri_hash}"
+        end
+
+        # This method is called while caching to save copy of the gems that the
+        # source can resolve to path provided by `app_cache_app`so that they can
+        # be reinstalled from the cache without querying the remote (i.e. an
+        # alternative to remote)
+        #
+        # This is stored with the app and source plugins should try to provide
+        # specs and install only from this cache when `cached!` is called.
+        #
+        # This cache is different from the internal caching that can be done
+        # at sub paths of `cache_path` (from API). This can be though as caching
+        # by bundler.
+        def cache(spec, custom_path = nil)
+          new_cache_path = app_cache_path(custom_path)
+
+          FileUtils.rm_rf(new_cache_path)
+          FileUtils.cp_r(install_path, new_cache_path)
+          FileUtils.touch(app_cache_path.join(".bundlecache"))
+        end
+
+        # This shall check if two source object represent the same source.
+        #
+        # The comparison shall take place only on the attribute that can be
+        # inferred from the options passed from Gemfile and not on attributes
+        # that are used to pin down the gem to specific version (e.g. Git
+        # sources should compare on branch and tag but not on commit hash)
+        #
+        # The sources objects are constructed from Gemfile as well as from
+        # lockfile. To converge the sources, it is necessary that they match.
+        #
+        # The same applies for `eql?` and `hash`
+        def ==(other)
+          other.is_a?(self.class) && uri == other.uri
+        end
+
+        # When overriding `eql?` please preserve the behaviour as mentioned in
+        # docstring for `==` method.
+        alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+        # When overriding `hash` please preserve the behaviour as mentioned in
+        # docstring for `==` method, i.e. two methods equal by above comparison
+        # should have same hash.
+        def hash
+          [self.class, uri].hash
+        end
+
+        # A helper method, not necessary if not used internally.
+        def installed?
+          File.directory?(install_path)
+        end
+
+        # The full path where the plugin should cache the gem so that it can be
+        # installed latter.
+        #
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def app_cache_path(custom_path = nil)
+          @app_cache_path ||= Bundler.app_cache(custom_path).join(app_cache_dirname)
+        end
+
+        # Used by definition.
+        #
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def unmet_deps
+          specs.unmet_dependency_names
+        end
+
+        # Used by definition.
+        #
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def spec_names
+          specs.spec_names
+        end
+
+        # Used by definition.
+        #
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def add_dependency_names(names)
+          @dependencies |= Array(names)
+        end
+
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def can_lock?(spec)
+          spec.source == self
+        end
+
+        # Generates the content to be entered into the lockfile.
+        # Saves type and remote and also calls to `options_to_lock`.
+        #
+        # Plugin should use `options_to_lock` to save information in lockfile
+        # and not override this.
+        #
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def to_lock
+          out = String.new("#{LockfileParser::PLUGIN}\n")
+          out << "  remote: #{@uri}\n"
+          out << "  type: #{@type}\n"
+          options_to_lock.each do |opt, value|
+            out << "  #{opt}: #{value}\n"
+          end
+          out << "  specs:\n"
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          "plugin source for #{@type} with uri #{@uri}"
+        end
+        alias_method :identifier, :to_s
+
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def include?(other)
+          other == self
+        end
+
+        def uri_hash
+          SharedHelpers.digest(:SHA1).hexdigest(uri)
+        end
+
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def gem_install_dir
+          Bundler.install_path
+        end
+
+        # It is used to obtain the full_gem_path.
+        #
+        # spec's loaded_from path is expanded against this to get full_gem_path
+        #
+        # Note: Do not override if you don't know what you are doing.
+        def root
+          Bundler.root
+        end
+
+        # @private
+        # Returns true
+        def bundler_plugin_api_source?
+          true
+        end
+
+        # @private
+        # This API on source might not be stable, and for now we expect plugins
+        # to download all specs in `#specs`, so we implement the method for
+        # compatibility purposes and leave it undocumented (and don't support)
+        # overriding it)
+        def double_check_for(*); end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/dsl.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/dsl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da751d1774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/dsl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module Plugin
+    # Dsl to parse the Gemfile looking for plugins to install
+    class DSL < Bundler::Dsl
+      class PluginGemfileError < PluginError; end
+      alias_method :_gem, :gem # To use for plugin installation as gem
+
+      # So that we don't have to override all there methods to dummy ones
+      # explicitly.
+      # They will be handled by method_missing
+      [:gemspec, :gem, :install_if, :platforms, :env].each {|m| undef_method m }
+
+      # This lists the plugins that was added automatically and not specified by
+      # the user.
+      #
+      # When we encounter :type attribute with a source block, we add a plugin
+      # by name bundler-source-<type> to list of plugins to be installed.
+      #
+      # These plugins are optional and are not installed when there is conflict
+      # with any other plugin.
+      attr_reader :inferred_plugins
+
+      def initialize
+        super
+        @sources = Plugin::SourceList.new
+        @inferred_plugins = [] # The source plugins inferred from :type
+      end
+
+      def plugin(name, *args)
+        _gem(name, *args)
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(name, *args)
+        raise PluginGemfileError, "Undefined local variable or method `#{name}' for Gemfile" unless Bundler::Dsl.method_defined? name
+      end
+
+      def source(source, *args, &blk)
+        options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop.dup : {}
+        options = normalize_hash(options)
+        return super unless options.key?("type")
+
+        plugin_name = "bundler-source-#{options["type"]}"
+
+        return if @dependencies.any? {|d| d.name == plugin_name }
+
+        plugin(plugin_name)
+        @inferred_plugins << plugin_name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/events.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/events.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc037d1af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/events.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module Plugin
+    module Events
+      def self.define(const, event)
+        const = const.to_sym.freeze
+        if const_defined?(const) && const_get(const) != event
+          raise ArgumentError, "Attempting to reassign #{const} to a different value"
+        end
+        const_set(const, event) unless const_defined?(const)
+        @events ||= {}
+        @events[event] = const
+      end
+      private_class_method :define
+
+      def self.reset
+        @events.each_value do |const|
+          remove_const(const)
+        end
+        @events = nil
+      end
+      private_class_method :reset
+
+      # Check if an event has been defined
+      # @param event [String] An event to check
+      # @return [Boolean] A boolean indicating if the event has been defined
+      def self.defined_event?(event)
+        @events ||= {}
+        @events.key?(event)
+      end
+
+      # @!parse
+      #   A hook called before each individual gem is installed
+      #   Includes a Bundler::ParallelInstaller::SpecInstallation.
+      #   No state, error, post_install_message will be present as nothing has installed yet
+      #   GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL = "before-install"
+      define :GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL, "before-install"
+
+      # @!parse
+      #   A hook called after each individual gem is installed
+      #   Includes a Bundler::ParallelInstaller::SpecInstallation.
+      #     - If state is failed, an error will be present.
+      #     - If state is success, a post_install_message may be present.
+      #   GEM_AFTER_INSTALL = "after-install"
+      define :GEM_AFTER_INSTALL,  "after-install"
+
+      # @!parse
+      #   A hook called before any gems install
+      #   Includes an Array of Bundler::Dependency objects
+      #   GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL_ALL = "before-install-all"
+      define :GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL_ALL, "before-install-all"
+
+      # @!parse
+      #   A hook called after any gems install
+      #   Includes an Array of Bundler::Dependency objects
+      #   GEM_AFTER_INSTALL_ALL = "after-install-all"
+      define :GEM_AFTER_INSTALL_ALL,  "after-install-all"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/index.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/index.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29d33be718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/index.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # Manages which plugins are installed and their sources. This also is supposed to map
+  # which plugin does what (currently the features are not implemented so this class is
+  # now a stub class).
+  module Plugin
+    class Index
+      class CommandConflict < PluginError
+        def initialize(plugin, commands)
+          msg = "Command(s) `#{commands.join("`, `")}` declared by #{plugin} are already registered."
+          super msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      class SourceConflict < PluginError
+        def initialize(plugin, sources)
+          msg = "Source(s) `#{sources.join("`, `")}` declared by #{plugin} are already registered."
+          super msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :commands
+
+      def initialize
+        @plugin_paths = {}
+        @commands = {}
+        @sources = {}
+        @hooks = {}
+        @load_paths = {}
+
+        begin
+          load_index(global_index_file, true)
+        rescue GenericSystemCallError
+          # no need to fail when on a read-only FS, for example
+          nil
+        end
+        load_index(local_index_file) if SharedHelpers.in_bundle?
+      end
+
+      # This function is to be called when a new plugin is installed. This
+      # function shall add the functions of the plugin to existing maps and also
+      # the name to source location.
+      #
+      # @param [String] name of the plugin to be registered
+      # @param [String] path where the plugin is installed
+      # @param [Array<String>] load_paths for the plugin
+      # @param [Array<String>] commands that are handled by the plugin
+      # @param [Array<String>] sources that are handled by the plugin
+      def register_plugin(name, path, load_paths, commands, sources, hooks)
+        old_commands = @commands.dup
+
+        common = commands & @commands.keys
+        raise CommandConflict.new(name, common) unless common.empty?
+        commands.each {|c| @commands[c] = name }
+
+        common = sources & @sources.keys
+        raise SourceConflict.new(name, common) unless common.empty?
+        sources.each {|k| @sources[k] = name }
+
+        hooks.each do |event|
+          event_hooks = (@hooks[event] ||= []) << name
+          event_hooks.uniq!
+        end
+
+        @plugin_paths[name] = path
+        @load_paths[name] = load_paths
+        save_index
+      rescue StandardError
+        @commands = old_commands
+        raise
+      end
+
+      def unregister_plugin(name)
+        @commands.delete_if {|_, v| v == name }
+        @sources.delete_if {|_, v| v == name }
+        @hooks.each do |hook, names|
+          names.delete(name)
+          @hooks.delete(hook) if names.empty?
+        end
+        @plugin_paths.delete(name)
+        @load_paths.delete(name)
+        save_index
+      end
+
+      # Path of default index file
+      def index_file
+        Plugin.root.join("index")
+      end
+
+      # Path where the global index file is stored
+      def global_index_file
+        Plugin.global_root.join("index")
+      end
+
+      # Path where the local index file is stored
+      def local_index_file
+        Plugin.local_root.join("index")
+      end
+
+      def plugin_path(name)
+        Pathname.new @plugin_paths[name]
+      end
+
+      def load_paths(name)
+        @load_paths[name]
+      end
+
+      # Fetch the name of plugin handling the command
+      def command_plugin(command)
+        @commands[command]
+      end
+
+      def installed?(name)
+        @plugin_paths[name]
+      end
+
+      def installed_plugins
+        @plugin_paths.keys
+      end
+
+      def plugin_commands(plugin)
+        @commands.find_all {|_, n| n == plugin }.map(&:first)
+      end
+
+      def source?(source)
+        @sources.key? source
+      end
+
+      def source_plugin(name)
+        @sources[name]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the list of plugin names handling the passed event
+      def hook_plugins(event)
+        @hooks[event] || []
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Reads the index file from the directory and initializes the instance
+      # variables.
+      #
+      # It skips the sources if the second param is true
+      # @param [Pathname] index file path
+      # @param [Boolean] is the index file global index
+      def load_index(index_file, global = false)
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(index_file, :read) do |index_f|
+          valid_file = index_f && index_f.exist? && !index_f.size.zero?
+          break unless valid_file
+
+          data = index_f.read
+
+          require_relative "../yaml_serializer"
+          index = YAMLSerializer.load(data)
+
+          @commands.merge!(index["commands"])
+          @hooks.merge!(index["hooks"])
+          @load_paths.merge!(index["load_paths"])
+          @plugin_paths.merge!(index["plugin_paths"])
+          @sources.merge!(index["sources"]) unless global
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Should be called when any of the instance variables change. Stores the
+      # instance variables in YAML format. (The instance variables are supposed
+      # to be only String key value pairs)
+      def save_index
+        index = {
+          "commands"     => @commands,
+          "hooks"        => @hooks,
+          "load_paths"   => @load_paths,
+          "plugin_paths" => @plugin_paths,
+          "sources"      => @sources,
+        }
+
+        require_relative "../yaml_serializer"
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(index_file) do |index_f|
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(index_f.dirname)
+          File.open(index_f, "w") {|f| f.puts YAMLSerializer.dump(index) }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7411fff45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # Handles the installation of plugin in appropriate directories.
+  #
+  # This class is supposed to be wrapper over the existing gem installation infra
+  # but currently it itself handles everything as the Source's subclasses (e.g. Source::RubyGems)
+  # are heavily dependent on the Gemfile.
+  module Plugin
+    class Installer
+      autoload :Rubygems, File.expand_path("installer/rubygems", __dir__)
+      autoload :Git,      File.expand_path("installer/git", __dir__)
+
+      def install(names, options)
+        check_sources_consistency!(options)
+
+        version = options[:version] || [">= 0"]
+
+        if options[:git]
+          install_git(names, version, options)
+        elsif options[:local_git]
+          install_local_git(names, version, options)
+        else
+          sources = options[:source] || Bundler.rubygems.sources
+          install_rubygems(names, version, sources)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Installs the plugin from Definition object created by limited parsing of
+      # Gemfile searching for plugins to be installed
+      #
+      # @param [Definition] definition object
+      # @return [Hash] map of names to their specs they are installed with
+      def install_definition(definition)
+        def definition.lock(*); end
+        definition.resolve_remotely!
+        specs = definition.specs
+
+        install_from_specs specs
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def check_sources_consistency!(options)
+        if options.key?(:git) && options.key?(:local_git)
+          raise InvalidOption, "Remote and local plugin git sources can't be both specified"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def install_git(names, version, options)
+        uri = options.delete(:git)
+        options["uri"] = uri
+
+        install_all_sources(names, version, options, options[:source])
+      end
+
+      def install_local_git(names, version, options)
+        uri = options.delete(:local_git)
+        options["uri"] = uri
+
+        install_all_sources(names, version, options, options[:source])
+      end
+
+      # Installs the plugin from rubygems source and returns the path where the
+      # plugin was installed
+      #
+      # @param [String] name of the plugin gem to search in the source
+      # @param [Array] version of the gem to install
+      # @param [String, Array<String>] source(s) to resolve the gem
+      #
+      # @return [Hash] map of names to the specs of plugins installed
+      def install_rubygems(names, version, sources)
+        install_all_sources(names, version, nil, sources)
+      end
+
+      def install_all_sources(names, version, git_source_options, rubygems_source)
+        source_list = SourceList.new
+
+        source_list.add_git_source(git_source_options) if git_source_options
+        Array(rubygems_source).each {|remote| source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote(remote) } if rubygems_source
+
+        deps = names.map {|name| Dependency.new name, version }
+
+        Bundler.configure_gem_home_and_path(Plugin.root)
+
+        definition = Definition.new(nil, deps, source_list, true)
+        install_definition(definition)
+      end
+
+      # Installs the plugins and deps from the provided specs and returns map of
+      # gems to their paths
+      #
+      # @param specs to install
+      #
+      # @return [Hash] map of names to the specs
+      def install_from_specs(specs)
+        paths = {}
+
+        specs.each do |spec|
+          spec.source.install spec
+
+          paths[spec.name] = spec
+        end
+
+        paths
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/git.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/git.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbb6c5e40e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/git.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module Plugin
+    class Installer
+      class Git < Bundler::Source::Git
+        def cache_path
+          @cache_path ||= begin
+            git_scope = "#{base_name}-#{uri_hash}"
+
+            Plugin.cache.join("bundler", "git", git_scope)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def install_path
+          @install_path ||= begin
+            git_scope = "#{base_name}-#{shortref_for_path(revision)}"
+
+            Plugin.root.join("bundler", "gems", git_scope)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def version_message(spec)
+          "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
+        end
+
+        def root
+          Plugin.root
+        end
+
+        def generate_bin(spec, disable_extensions = false)
+          # Need to find a way without code duplication
+          # For now, we can ignore this
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/rubygems.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/rubygems.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e144c14b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/rubygems.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module Plugin
+    class Installer
+      class Rubygems < Bundler::Source::Rubygems
+        def version_message(spec)
+          "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def requires_sudo?
+          false # Will change on implementation of project level plugins
+        end
+
+        def rubygems_dir
+          Plugin.root
+        end
+
+        def cache_path
+          Plugin.cache
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/source_list.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/source_list.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..547661cf2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/source_list.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # SourceList object to be used while parsing the Gemfile, setting the
+  # approptiate options to be used with Source classes for plugin installation
+  module Plugin
+    class SourceList < Bundler::SourceList
+      def add_git_source(options = {})
+        add_source_to_list Plugin::Installer::Git.new(options), git_sources
+      end
+
+      def add_rubygems_source(options = {})
+        add_source_to_list Plugin::Installer::Rubygems.new(options), @rubygems_sources
+      end
+
+      def all_sources
+        path_sources + git_sources + rubygems_sources + [metadata_source]
+      end
+
+      def default_source
+        git_sources.first || global_rubygems_source
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def rubygems_aggregate_class
+        Plugin::Installer::Rubygems
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/process_lock.rb b/lib/bundler/process_lock.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cba4fcdba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/process_lock.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class ProcessLock
+    def self.lock(bundle_path = Bundler.bundle_path)
+      lock_file_path = File.join(bundle_path, "bundler.lock")
+      has_lock = false
+
+      File.open(lock_file_path, "w") do |f|
+        f.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
+        has_lock = true
+        yield
+        f.flock(File::LOCK_UN)
+      end
+    rescue Errno::EACCES, Errno::ENOLCK, *[SharedHelpers.const_get_safely(:ENOTSUP, Errno)].compact
+      # In the case the user does not have access to
+      # create the lock file or is using NFS where
+      # locks are not available we skip locking.
+      yield
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm_f(lock_file_path) if has_lock
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/psyched_yaml.rb b/lib/bundler/psyched_yaml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..463d52dc4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/psyched_yaml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Psych could be in the stdlib
+# but it's too late if Syck is already loaded
+begin
+  require "psych" unless defined?(Syck)
+rescue LoadError
+  # Apparently Psych wasn't available. Oh well.
+end
+
+# At least load the YAML stdlib, whatever that may be
+require "yaml" unless defined?(YAML.dump)
+
+module Bundler
+  # On encountering invalid YAML,
+  # Psych raises Psych::SyntaxError
+  if defined?(::Psych::SyntaxError)
+    YamlLibrarySyntaxError = ::Psych::SyntaxError
+  else # Syck raises ArgumentError
+    YamlLibrarySyntaxError = ::ArgumentError
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89b69e1045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # Represents a lazily loaded gem specification, where the full specification
+  # is on the source server in rubygems' "quick" index. The proxy object is to
+  # be seeded with what we're given from the source's abbreviated index - the
+  # full specification will only be fetched when necessary.
+  class RemoteSpecification
+    include MatchPlatform
+    include Comparable
+
+    attr_reader :name, :version, :platform
+    attr_writer :dependencies
+    attr_accessor :source, :remote
+
+    def initialize(name, version, platform, spec_fetcher)
+      @name         = name
+      @version      = Gem::Version.create version
+      @platform     = platform
+      @spec_fetcher = spec_fetcher
+      @dependencies = nil
+    end
+
+    # Needed before installs, since the arch matters then and quick
+    # specs don't bother to include the arch in the platform string
+    def fetch_platform
+      @platform = _remote_specification.platform
+    end
+
+    def full_name
+      if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY || platform.nil?
+        "#{@name}-#{@version}"
+      else
+        "#{@name}-#{@version}-#{platform}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Compare this specification against another object. Using sort_obj
+    # is compatible with Gem::Specification and other Bundler or RubyGems
+    # objects. Otherwise, use the default Object comparison.
+    def <=>(other)
+      if other.respond_to?(:sort_obj)
+        sort_obj <=> other.sort_obj
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Because Rubyforge cannot be trusted to provide valid specifications
+    # once the remote gem is downloaded, the backend specification will
+    # be swapped out.
+    def __swap__(spec)
+      raise APIResponseInvalidDependenciesError unless spec.dependencies.all? {|d| d.is_a?(Gem::Dependency) }
+
+      SharedHelpers.ensure_same_dependencies(self, dependencies, spec.dependencies)
+      @_remote_specification = spec
+    end
+
+    # Create a delegate used for sorting. This strategy is copied from
+    # RubyGems 2.23 and ensures that Bundler's specifications can be
+    # compared and sorted with RubyGems' own specifications.
+    #
+    # @see #<=>
+    # @see Gem::Specification#sort_obj
+    #
+    # @return [Array] an object you can use to compare and sort this
+    #   specification against other specifications
+    def sort_obj
+      [@name, @version, @platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY ? -1 : 1]
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "#<#{self.class} name=#{name} version=#{version} platform=#{platform}>"
+    end
+
+    def dependencies
+      @dependencies ||= begin
+        deps = method_missing(:dependencies)
+
+        # allow us to handle when the specs dependencies are an array of array of string
+        # in order to delay the crash to `#__swap__` where it results in a friendlier error
+        # see https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/5797
+        deps = deps.map {|d| d.is_a?(Gem::Dependency) ? d : Gem::Dependency.new(*d) }
+
+        deps
+      end
+    end
+
+    def git_version
+      return unless loaded_from && source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Git)
+      " #{source.revision[0..6]}"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def to_ary
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def _remote_specification
+      @_remote_specification ||= @spec_fetcher.fetch_spec([@name, @version, @platform])
+      @_remote_specification || raise(GemspecError, "Gemspec data for #{full_name} was" \
+        " missing from the server! Try installing with `--full-index` as a workaround.")
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(method, *args, &blk)
+      _remote_specification.send(method, *args, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def respond_to?(method, include_all = false)
+      super || _remote_specification.respond_to?(method, include_all)
+    end
+    public :respond_to?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5eb17a3921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Resolver
+    require_relative "vendored_molinillo"
+    require_relative "resolver/spec_group"
+
+    include GemHelpers
+
+    # Figures out the best possible configuration of gems that satisfies
+    # the list of passed dependencies and any child dependencies without
+    # causing any gem activation errors.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # *dependencies<Gem::Dependency>:: The list of dependencies to resolve
+    #
+    # ==== Returns
+    # <GemBundle>,nil:: If the list of dependencies can be resolved, a
+    #   collection of gemspecs is returned. Otherwise, nil is returned.
+    def self.resolve(requirements, source_requirements = {}, base = [], gem_version_promoter = GemVersionPromoter.new, additional_base_requirements = [], platforms = nil)
+      base = SpecSet.new(base) unless base.is_a?(SpecSet)
+      resolver = new(source_requirements, base, gem_version_promoter, additional_base_requirements, platforms)
+      result = resolver.start(requirements)
+      SpecSet.new(SpecSet.new(result).for(requirements.reject{|dep| dep.name.end_with?("\0") }))
+    end
+
+    def initialize(source_requirements, base, gem_version_promoter, additional_base_requirements, platforms)
+      @source_requirements = source_requirements
+      @base = base
+      @resolver = Molinillo::Resolver.new(self, self)
+      @search_for = {}
+      @base_dg = Molinillo::DependencyGraph.new
+      @base.each do |ls|
+        dep = Dependency.new(ls.name, ls.version)
+        @base_dg.add_vertex(ls.name, DepProxy.get_proxy(dep, ls.platform), true)
+      end
+      additional_base_requirements.each {|d| @base_dg.add_vertex(d.name, d) }
+      @platforms = platforms.reject {|p| p != Gem::Platform::RUBY && (platforms - [p]).any? {|pl| generic(pl) == p } }
+      @resolving_only_for_ruby = platforms == [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
+      @gem_version_promoter = gem_version_promoter
+      @use_gvp = Bundler.feature_flag.use_gem_version_promoter_for_major_updates? || !@gem_version_promoter.major?
+    end
+
+    def start(requirements)
+      @gem_version_promoter.prerelease_specified = @prerelease_specified = {}
+      requirements.each {|dep| @prerelease_specified[dep.name] ||= dep.prerelease? }
+
+      verify_gemfile_dependencies_are_found!(requirements)
+      dg = @resolver.resolve(requirements, @base_dg)
+      dg.
+        map(&:payload).
+        reject {|sg| sg.name.end_with?("\0") }.
+        map(&:to_specs).
+        flatten
+    rescue Molinillo::VersionConflict => e
+      message = version_conflict_message(e)
+      raise VersionConflict.new(e.conflicts.keys.uniq, message)
+    rescue Molinillo::CircularDependencyError => e
+      names = e.dependencies.sort_by(&:name).map {|d| "gem '#{d.name}'" }
+      raise CyclicDependencyError, "Your bundle requires gems that depend" \
+        " on each other, creating an infinite loop. Please remove" \
+        " #{names.count > 1 ? "either " : ""}#{names.join(" or ")}" \
+        " and try again."
+    end
+
+    include Molinillo::UI
+
+    # Conveys debug information to the user.
+    #
+    # @param [Integer] depth the current depth of the resolution process.
+    # @return [void]
+    def debug(depth = 0)
+      return unless debug?
+      debug_info = yield
+      debug_info = debug_info.inspect unless debug_info.is_a?(String)
+      puts debug_info.split("\n").map {|s| depth == 0 ? "BUNDLER: #{s}" : "BUNDLER(#{depth}): #{s}" }
+    end
+
+    def debug?
+      return @debug_mode if defined?(@debug_mode)
+      @debug_mode =
+        ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER"] ||
+        ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE"] ||
+        ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER"] ||
+        ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE"] ||
+        false
+    end
+
+    def before_resolution
+      Bundler.ui.info "Resolving dependencies...", debug?
+    end
+
+    def after_resolution
+      Bundler.ui.info ""
+    end
+
+    def indicate_progress
+      Bundler.ui.info ".", false unless debug?
+    end
+
+    include Molinillo::SpecificationProvider
+
+    def dependencies_for(specification)
+      specification.dependencies_for_activated_platforms
+    end
+
+    def search_for(dependency_proxy)
+      platform = dependency_proxy.__platform
+      dependency = dependency_proxy.dep
+      name = dependency.name
+      @search_for[dependency_proxy] ||= begin
+        results = results_for(dependency, @base[name])
+
+        if vertex = @base_dg.vertex_named(name)
+          locked_requirement = vertex.payload.requirement
+        end
+
+        if !@prerelease_specified[name] && (!@use_gvp || locked_requirement.nil?)
+          # Move prereleases to the beginning of the list, so they're considered
+          # last during resolution.
+          pre, results = results.partition {|spec| spec.version.prerelease? }
+          results = pre + results
+        end
+
+        spec_groups = if results.any?
+          nested = []
+          results.each do |spec|
+            version, specs = nested.last
+            if version == spec.version
+              specs << spec
+            else
+              nested << [spec.version, [spec]]
+            end
+          end
+          nested.reduce([]) do |groups, (version, specs)|
+            next groups if locked_requirement && !locked_requirement.satisfied_by?(version)
+
+            specs_by_platform = Hash.new do |current_specs, current_platform|
+              current_specs[current_platform] = select_best_platform_match(specs, current_platform)
+            end
+
+            spec_group_ruby = SpecGroup.create_for(specs_by_platform, [Gem::Platform::RUBY], Gem::Platform::RUBY)
+            groups << spec_group_ruby if spec_group_ruby
+
+            next groups if @resolving_only_for_ruby
+
+            spec_group = SpecGroup.create_for(specs_by_platform, @platforms, platform)
+            groups << spec_group if spec_group
+
+            groups
+          end
+        else
+          []
+        end
+        # GVP handles major itself, but it's still a bit risky to trust it with it
+        # until we get it settled with new behavior. For 2.x it can take over all cases.
+        if !@use_gvp
+          spec_groups
+        else
+          @gem_version_promoter.sort_versions(dependency, spec_groups)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def index_for(dependency)
+      source_for(dependency.name).specs
+    end
+
+    def source_for(name)
+      @source_requirements[name] || @source_requirements[:default]
+    end
+
+    def results_for(dependency, base)
+      index_for(dependency).search(dependency, base)
+    end
+
+    def name_for(dependency)
+      dependency.name
+    end
+
+    def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
+      Bundler.default_gemfile.basename.to_s
+    rescue StandardError
+      "Gemfile"
+    end
+
+    def name_for_locking_dependency_source
+      Bundler.default_lockfile.basename.to_s
+    rescue StandardError
+      "Gemfile.lock"
+    end
+
+    def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
+      requirement.matches_spec?(spec) || spec.source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
+      dependencies.map(&:dep) == other_dependencies.map(&:dep)
+    end
+
+    def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
+      dependencies.sort_by do |dependency|
+        name = name_for(dependency)
+        vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
+        [
+          @base_dg.vertex_named(name) ? 0 : 1,
+          vertex.payload ? 0 : 1,
+          vertex.root? ? 0 : 1,
+          amount_constrained(dependency),
+          conflicts[name] ? 0 : 1,
+          vertex.payload ? 0 : search_for(dependency).count,
+          self.class.platform_sort_key(dependency.__platform),
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.platform_sort_key(platform)
+      # Prefer specific platform to not specific platform
+      return ["99-LAST", "", "", ""] if Gem::Platform::RUBY == platform
+      ["00", *platform.to_a.map {|part| part || "" }]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # returns an integer \in (-\infty, 0]
+    # a number closer to 0 means the dependency is less constraining
+    #
+    # dependencies w/ 0 or 1 possibilities (ignoring version requirements)
+    # are given very negative values, so they _always_ sort first,
+    # before dependencies that are unconstrained
+    def amount_constrained(dependency)
+      @amount_constrained ||= {}
+      @amount_constrained[dependency.name] ||= begin
+        if (base = @base[dependency.name]) && !base.empty?
+          dependency.requirement.satisfied_by?(base.first.version) ? 0 : 1
+        else
+          all = index_for(dependency).search(dependency.name).size
+
+          if all <= 1
+            all - 1_000_000
+          else
+            search = search_for(dependency)
+            search = @prerelease_specified[dependency.name] ? search.count : search.count {|s| !s.version.prerelease? }
+            search - all
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def verify_gemfile_dependencies_are_found!(requirements)
+      requirements.each do |requirement|
+        name = requirement.name
+        next if name == "bundler"
+        next unless search_for(requirement).empty?
+
+        if (base = @base[name]) && !base.empty?
+          version = base.first.version
+          message = "You have requested:\n" \
+            "  #{name} #{requirement.requirement}\n\n" \
+            "The bundle currently has #{name} locked at #{version}.\n" \
+            "Try running `bundle update #{name}`\n\n" \
+            "If you are updating multiple gems in your Gemfile at once,\n" \
+            "try passing them all to `bundle update`"
+        else
+          source = source_for(name)
+          specs = source.specs.search(name)
+          versions_with_platforms = specs.map {|s| [s.version, s.platform] }
+          cache_message = begin
+                              " or in gems cached in #{Bundler.settings.app_cache_path}" if Bundler.app_cache.exist?
+                            rescue GemfileNotFound
+                              nil
+                            end
+          message = String.new("Could not find gem '#{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(requirement)}' in #{source}#{cache_message}.\n")
+          message << "The source contains the following versions of '#{name}': #{formatted_versions_with_platforms(versions_with_platforms)}" if versions_with_platforms.any?
+        end
+        raise GemNotFound, message
+      end
+    end
+
+    def formatted_versions_with_platforms(versions_with_platforms)
+      version_platform_strs = versions_with_platforms.map do |vwp|
+        version = vwp.first
+        platform = vwp.last
+        version_platform_str = String.new(version.to_s)
+        version_platform_str << " #{platform}" unless platform.nil? || platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+        version_platform_str
+      end
+      version_platform_strs.join(", ")
+    end
+
+    def version_conflict_message(e)
+      # only show essential conflicts, if possible
+      conflicts = e.conflicts.dup
+
+      if conflicts["bundler"]
+        conflicts.replace("bundler" => conflicts["bundler"])
+      else
+        conflicts.delete_if do |_name, conflict|
+          deps = conflict.requirement_trees.map(&:last).flatten(1)
+          !Bundler::VersionRanges.empty?(*Bundler::VersionRanges.for_many(deps.map(&:requirement)))
+        end
+      end
+
+      e = Molinillo::VersionConflict.new(conflicts, e.specification_provider) unless conflicts.empty?
+
+      solver_name = "Bundler"
+      possibility_type = "gem"
+      e.message_with_trees(
+        :solver_name => solver_name,
+        :possibility_type => possibility_type,
+        :reduce_trees => lambda do |trees|
+          # called first, because we want to reduce the amount of work required to find maximal empty sets
+          trees = trees.uniq {|t| t.flatten.map {|dep| [dep.name, dep.requirement] } }
+
+          # bail out if tree size is too big for Array#combination to make any sense
+          return trees if trees.size > 15
+          maximal = 1.upto(trees.size).map do |size|
+            trees.map(&:last).flatten(1).combination(size).to_a
+          end.flatten(1).select do |deps|
+            Bundler::VersionRanges.empty?(*Bundler::VersionRanges.for_many(deps.map(&:requirement)))
+          end.min_by(&:size)
+
+          trees.reject! {|t| !maximal.include?(t.last) } if maximal
+
+          trees.sort_by {|t| t.reverse.map(&:name) }
+        end,
+        :printable_requirement => lambda {|req| SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(req) },
+        :additional_message_for_conflict => lambda do |o, name, conflict|
+          if name == "bundler"
+            o << %(\n  Current Bundler version:\n    bundler (#{Bundler::VERSION}))
+
+            conflict_dependency = conflict.requirement
+            conflict_requirement = conflict_dependency.requirement
+            other_bundler_required = !conflict_requirement.satisfied_by?(Gem::Version.new(Bundler::VERSION))
+
+            if other_bundler_required
+              o << "\n\n"
+
+              candidate_specs = source_for(:default_bundler).specs.search(conflict_dependency)
+              if candidate_specs.any?
+                target_version = candidate_specs.last.version
+                new_command = [File.basename($PROGRAM_NAME), "_#{target_version}_", *ARGV].join(" ")
+                o << "Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running.\n"
+                o << "Install the necessary version with `gem install bundler:#{target_version}` and rerun bundler using `#{new_command}`\n"
+              else
+                o << "Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running, and that version could not be found.\n"
+              end
+            end
+          elsif conflict.locked_requirement
+            o << "\n"
+            o << %(Running `bundle update` will rebuild your snapshot from scratch, using only\n)
+            o << %(the gems in your Gemfile, which may resolve the conflict.\n)
+          elsif !conflict.existing
+            o << "\n"
+
+            relevant_source = conflict.requirement.source || source_for(name)
+
+            metadata_requirement = name.end_with?("\0")
+
+            o << "Could not find gem '" unless metadata_requirement
+            o << SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(conflict.requirement)
+            o << "'" unless metadata_requirement
+            if conflict.requirement_trees.first.size > 1
+              o << ", which is required by "
+              o << "gem '#{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(conflict.requirement_trees.first[-2])}',"
+            end
+            o << " "
+
+            o << if metadata_requirement
+              "is not available in #{relevant_source}"
+            else
+              "in #{relevant_source}.\n"
+            end
+          end
+        end,
+        :version_for_spec => lambda {|spec| spec.version },
+        :incompatible_version_message_for_conflict => lambda do |name, _conflict|
+          if name.end_with?("\0")
+            %(#{solver_name} found conflicting requirements for the #{name} version:)
+          else
+            %(#{solver_name} could not find compatible versions for #{possibility_type} "#{name}":)
+          end
+        end
+      )
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/spec_group.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/spec_group.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f4fd18c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/spec_group.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Resolver
+    class SpecGroup
+      attr_accessor :name, :version, :source
+      attr_accessor :activated_platforms
+
+      def self.create_for(specs, all_platforms, specific_platform)
+        specific_platform_specs = specs[specific_platform]
+        return unless specific_platform_specs.any?
+
+        platforms = all_platforms.select {|p| specs[p].any? }
+
+        new(specific_platform_specs.first, specs, platforms)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(exemplary_spec, specs, relevant_platforms)
+        @exemplary_spec = exemplary_spec
+        @name = exemplary_spec.name
+        @version = exemplary_spec.version
+        @source = exemplary_spec.source
+
+        @activated_platforms = relevant_platforms
+        @dependencies = Hash.new do |dependencies, platforms|
+          dependencies[platforms] = dependencies_for(platforms)
+        end
+        @specs = specs
+      end
+
+      def to_specs
+        activated_platforms.map do |p|
+          specs = @specs[p]
+          next unless specs.any?
+
+          specs.map do |s|
+            lazy_spec = LazySpecification.new(name, version, s.platform, source)
+            lazy_spec.dependencies.replace s.dependencies
+            lazy_spec
+          end
+        end.flatten.compact.uniq
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        activated_platforms_string = sorted_activated_platforms.join(", ")
+        "#{name} (#{version}) (#{activated_platforms_string})"
+      end
+
+      def dependencies_for_activated_platforms
+        @dependencies[activated_platforms]
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return unless other.is_a?(SpecGroup)
+        name == other.name &&
+          version == other.version &&
+          sorted_activated_platforms == other.sorted_activated_platforms &&
+          source == other.source
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        return unless other.is_a?(SpecGroup)
+        name.eql?(other.name) &&
+          version.eql?(other.version) &&
+          sorted_activated_platforms.eql?(other.sorted_activated_platforms) &&
+          source.eql?(other.source)
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        name.hash ^ version.hash ^ sorted_activated_platforms.hash ^ source.hash
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def sorted_activated_platforms
+        activated_platforms.sort_by(&:to_s)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def dependencies_for(platforms)
+        platforms.map do |platform|
+          __dependencies(platform) + metadata_dependencies(platform)
+        end.flatten
+      end
+
+      def __dependencies(platform)
+        dependencies = []
+        @specs[platform].first.dependencies.each do |dep|
+          next if dep.type == :development
+          dependencies << DepProxy.get_proxy(dep, platform)
+        end
+        dependencies
+      end
+
+      def metadata_dependencies(platform)
+        spec = @specs[platform].first
+        return [] unless spec.is_a?(Gem::Specification)
+        dependencies = []
+        if !spec.required_ruby_version.nil? && !spec.required_ruby_version.none?
+          dependencies << DepProxy.get_proxy(Gem::Dependency.new("Ruby\0", spec.required_ruby_version), platform)
+        end
+        if !spec.required_rubygems_version.nil? && !spec.required_rubygems_version.none?
+          dependencies << DepProxy.get_proxy(Gem::Dependency.new("RubyGems\0", spec.required_rubygems_version), platform)
+        end
+        dependencies
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/retry.rb b/lib/bundler/retry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2415ade200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/retry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # General purpose class for retrying code that may fail
+  class Retry
+    attr_accessor :name, :total_runs, :current_run
+
+    class << self
+      def default_attempts
+        default_retries + 1
+      end
+      alias_method :attempts, :default_attempts
+
+      def default_retries
+        Bundler.settings[:retry]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(name, exceptions = nil, retries = self.class.default_retries)
+      @name = name
+      @retries = retries
+      @exceptions = Array(exceptions) || []
+      @total_runs = @retries + 1 # will run once, then upto attempts.times
+    end
+
+    def attempt(&block)
+      @current_run = 0
+      @failed      = false
+      @error       = nil
+      run(&block) while keep_trying?
+      @result
+    end
+    alias_method :attempts, :attempt
+
+    private
+
+    def run(&block)
+      @failed = false
+      @current_run += 1
+      @result = block.call
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      fail_attempt(e)
+    end
+
+    def fail_attempt(e)
+      @failed = true
+      if last_attempt? || @exceptions.any? {|k| e.is_a?(k) }
+        Bundler.ui.info "" unless Bundler.ui.debug?
+        raise e
+      end
+      return true unless name
+      Bundler.ui.info "" unless Bundler.ui.debug? # Add new line in case dots preceded this
+      Bundler.ui.warn "Retrying #{name} due to error (#{current_run.next}/#{total_runs}): #{e.class} #{e.message}", Bundler.ui.debug?
+    end
+
+    def keep_trying?
+      return true  if current_run.zero?
+      return false if last_attempt?
+      return true  if @failed
+    end
+
+    def last_attempt?
+      current_run >= total_runs
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb b/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6ba220cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module RubyDsl
+    def ruby(*ruby_version)
+      options = ruby_version.last.is_a?(Hash) ? ruby_version.pop : {}
+      ruby_version.flatten!
+      raise GemfileError, "Please define :engine_version" if options[:engine] && options[:engine_version].nil?
+      raise GemfileError, "Please define :engine" if options[:engine_version] && options[:engine].nil?
+
+      if options[:engine] == "ruby" && options[:engine_version] &&
+          ruby_version != Array(options[:engine_version])
+        raise GemfileEvalError, "ruby_version must match the :engine_version for MRI"
+      end
+      @ruby_version = RubyVersion.new(ruby_version, options[:patchlevel], options[:engine], options[:engine_version])
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb b/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..491f8c55a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class RubyVersion
+    attr_reader :versions,
+      :patchlevel,
+      :engine,
+      :engine_versions,
+      :gem_version,
+      :engine_gem_version
+
+    def initialize(versions, patchlevel, engine, engine_version)
+      # The parameters to this method must satisfy the
+      # following constraints, which are verified in
+      # the DSL:
+      #
+      # * If an engine is specified, an engine version
+      #   must also be specified
+      # * If an engine version is specified, an engine
+      #   must also be specified
+      # * If the engine is "ruby", the engine version
+      #   must not be specified, or the engine version
+      #   specified must match the version.
+
+      @versions = Array(versions).map do |v|
+        op, v = Gem::Requirement.parse(v)
+        op == "=" ? v.to_s : "#{op} #{v}"
+      end
+
+      @gem_version        = Gem::Requirement.create(@versions.first).requirements.first.last
+      @input_engine       = engine && engine.to_s
+      @engine             = engine && engine.to_s || "ruby"
+      @engine_versions    = (engine_version && Array(engine_version)) || @versions
+      @engine_gem_version = Gem::Requirement.create(@engine_versions.first).requirements.first.last
+      @patchlevel         = patchlevel
+    end
+
+    def to_s(versions = self.versions)
+      output = String.new("ruby #{versions_string(versions)}")
+      output << "p#{patchlevel}" if patchlevel
+      output << " (#{engine} #{versions_string(engine_versions)})" unless engine == "ruby"
+
+      output
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    PATTERN = /
+      ruby\s
+      ([\d.]+) # ruby version
+      (?:p(-?\d+))? # optional patchlevel
+      (?:\s\((\S+)\s(.+)\))? # optional engine info
+    /xo.freeze
+
+    # Returns a RubyVersion from the given string.
+    # @param [String] the version string to match.
+    # @return [RubyVersion,Nil] The version if the string is a valid RubyVersion
+    #         description, and nil otherwise.
+    def self.from_string(string)
+      new($1, $2, $3, $4) if string =~ PATTERN
+    end
+
+    def single_version_string
+      to_s(gem_version)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      versions == other.versions &&
+        engine == other.engine &&
+        engine_versions == other.engine_versions &&
+        patchlevel == other.patchlevel
+    end
+
+    def host
+      @host ||= [
+        RbConfig::CONFIG["host_cpu"],
+        RbConfig::CONFIG["host_vendor"],
+        RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"],
+      ].join("-")
+    end
+
+    # Returns a tuple of these things:
+    #   [diff, this, other]
+    #   The priority of attributes are
+    #   1. engine
+    #   2. ruby_version
+    #   3. engine_version
+    def diff(other)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Can only diff with a RubyVersion, not a #{other.class}" unless other.is_a?(RubyVersion)
+      if engine != other.engine && @input_engine
+        [:engine, engine, other.engine]
+      elsif versions.empty? || !matches?(versions, other.gem_version)
+        [:version, versions_string(versions), versions_string(other.versions)]
+      elsif @input_engine && !matches?(engine_versions, other.engine_gem_version)
+        [:engine_version, versions_string(engine_versions), versions_string(other.engine_versions)]
+      elsif patchlevel && (!patchlevel.is_a?(String) || !other.patchlevel.is_a?(String) || !matches?(patchlevel, other.patchlevel))
+        [:patchlevel, patchlevel, other.patchlevel]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def versions_string(versions)
+      Array(versions).join(", ")
+    end
+
+    def self.system
+      ruby_engine = RUBY_ENGINE.dup
+      ruby_version = ENV.fetch("BUNDLER_SPEC_RUBY_VERSION") { RUBY_VERSION }.dup
+      ruby_engine_version = RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION.dup
+      patchlevel = RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.to_s
+
+      @ruby_version ||= RubyVersion.new(ruby_version, patchlevel, ruby_engine, ruby_engine_version)
+    end
+
+    def to_gem_version_with_patchlevel
+      @gem_version_with_patch ||= begin
+        Gem::Version.create("#{@gem_version}.#{@patchlevel}")
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        @gem_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    def exact?
+      return @exact if defined?(@exact)
+      @exact = versions.all? {|v| Gem::Requirement.create(v).exact? }
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def matches?(requirements, version)
+      # Handles RUBY_PATCHLEVEL of -1 for instances like ruby-head
+      return requirements == version if requirements.to_s == "-1" || version.to_s == "-1"
+
+      Array(requirements).all? do |requirement|
+        Gem::Requirement.create(requirement).satisfied_by?(Gem::Version.create(version))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3efff1e86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+
+require "rubygems/specification"
+
+# Possible use in Gem::Specification#source below and require
+# shouldn't be deferred.
+require "rubygems/source"
+
+require_relative "match_platform"
+
+module Gem
+  class Specification
+    attr_accessor :remote, :location, :relative_loaded_from
+
+    remove_method :source
+    attr_writer :source
+    def source
+      (defined?(@source) && @source) || Gem::Source::Installed.new
+    end
+
+    alias_method :rg_full_gem_path, :full_gem_path
+    alias_method :rg_loaded_from,   :loaded_from
+
+    def full_gem_path
+      # this cannot check source.is_a?(Bundler::Plugin::API::Source)
+      # because that _could_ trip the autoload, and if there are unresolved
+      # gems at that time, this method could be called inside another require,
+      # thus raising with that constant being undefined. Better to check a method
+      if source.respond_to?(:path) || (source.respond_to?(:bundler_plugin_api_source?) && source.bundler_plugin_api_source?)
+        Pathname.new(loaded_from).dirname.expand_path(source.root).to_s.tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" }
+      else
+        rg_full_gem_path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def loaded_from
+      if relative_loaded_from
+        source.path.join(relative_loaded_from).to_s
+      else
+        rg_loaded_from
+      end
+    end
+
+    def load_paths
+      full_require_paths
+    end
+
+    alias_method :rg_extension_dir, :extension_dir
+    def extension_dir
+      @bundler_extension_dir ||= if source.respond_to?(:extension_dir_name)
+        unique_extension_dir = [source.extension_dir_name, File.basename(full_gem_path)].uniq.join("-")
+        File.expand_path(File.join(extensions_dir, unique_extension_dir))
+      else
+        rg_extension_dir
+      end
+    end
+
+    remove_method :gem_dir if instance_methods(false).include?(:gem_dir)
+    def gem_dir
+      full_gem_path
+    end
+
+    def groups
+      @groups ||= []
+    end
+
+    def git_version
+      return unless loaded_from && source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Git)
+      " #{source.revision[0..6]}"
+    end
+
+    def to_gemfile(path = nil)
+      gemfile = String.new("source 'https://rubygems.org'\n")
+      gemfile << dependencies_to_gemfile(nondevelopment_dependencies)
+      unless development_dependencies.empty?
+        gemfile << "\n"
+        gemfile << dependencies_to_gemfile(development_dependencies, :development)
+      end
+      gemfile
+    end
+
+    def nondevelopment_dependencies
+      dependencies - development_dependencies
+    end
+
+    def deleted_gem?
+      !default_gem? && !File.directory?(full_gem_path)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def dependencies_to_gemfile(dependencies, group = nil)
+      gemfile = String.new
+      if dependencies.any?
+        gemfile << "group :#{group} do\n" if group
+        dependencies.each do |dependency|
+          gemfile << "  " if group
+          gemfile << %(gem "#{dependency.name}")
+          req = dependency.requirements_list.first
+          gemfile << %(, "#{req}") if req
+          gemfile << "\n"
+        end
+        gemfile << "end\n" if group
+      end
+      gemfile
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Dependency
+    attr_accessor :source, :groups
+
+    alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+    def encode_with(coder)
+      to_yaml_properties.each do |ivar|
+        coder[ivar.to_s.sub(/^@/, "")] = instance_variable_get(ivar)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_yaml_properties
+      instance_variables.reject {|p| ["@source", "@groups"].include?(p.to_s) }
+    end
+
+    def to_lock
+      out = String.new("  #{name}")
+      unless requirement.none?
+        reqs = requirement.requirements.map {|o, v| "#{o} #{v}" }.sort.reverse
+        out << " (#{reqs.join(", ")})"
+      end
+      out
+    end
+  end
+
+  # comparison is done order independently since rubygems 3.2.0.rc.2
+  unless Gem::Requirement.new("> 1", "< 2") == Gem::Requirement.new("< 2", "> 1")
+    class Requirement
+      module OrderIndependentComparison
+        def ==(other)
+          if _requirements_sorted? && other._requirements_sorted?
+            super
+          else
+            _with_sorted_requirements == other._with_sorted_requirements
+          end
+        end
+
+        protected
+
+        def _requirements_sorted?
+          return @_are_requirements_sorted if defined?(@_are_requirements_sorted)
+          strings = as_list
+          @_are_requirements_sorted = strings == strings.sort
+        end
+
+        def _with_sorted_requirements
+          @_with_sorted_requirements ||= _requirements_sorted? ? self : self.class.new(as_list.sort)
+        end
+      end
+
+      prepend OrderIndependentComparison
+    end
+  end
+
+  if Gem::Requirement.new("~> 2.0").hash == Gem::Requirement.new("~> 2.0.0").hash
+    class Requirement
+      module CorrectHashForLambdaOperator
+        def hash
+          if requirements.any? {|r| r.first == "~>" }
+            requirements.map {|r| r.first == "~>" ? [r[0], r[1].to_s] : r }.sort.hash
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      prepend CorrectHashForLambdaOperator
+    end
+  end
+
+  require "rubygems/platform"
+
+  class Platform
+    JAVA  = Gem::Platform.new("java") unless defined?(JAVA)
+    MSWIN = Gem::Platform.new("mswin32") unless defined?(MSWIN)
+    MSWIN64 = Gem::Platform.new("mswin64") unless defined?(MSWIN64)
+    MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("x86-mingw32") unless defined?(MINGW)
+    X64_MINGW = Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32") unless defined?(X64_MINGW)
+  end
+
+  Platform.singleton_class.module_eval do
+    unless Platform.singleton_methods.include?(:match_spec?)
+      def match_spec?(spec)
+        match_gem?(spec.platform, spec.name)
+      end
+
+      def match_gem?(platform, gem_name)
+        match_platforms?(platform, Gem.platforms)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def match_platforms?(platform, platforms)
+        platforms.any? do |local_platform|
+          platform.nil? ||
+            local_platform == platform ||
+            (local_platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY && local_platform =~ platform)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  require "rubygems/util"
+
+  Util.singleton_class.module_eval do
+    if Util.singleton_methods.include?(:glob_files_in_dir) # since 3.0.0.beta.2
+      remove_method :glob_files_in_dir
+    end
+
+    def glob_files_in_dir(glob, base_path)
+      if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.5"
+        Dir.glob(glob, :base => base_path).map! {|f| File.expand_path(f, base_path) }
+      else
+        Dir.glob(File.join(base_path.to_s.gsub(/[\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&'), glob)).map! {|f| File.expand_path(f) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module Gem
+  class Specification
+    include ::Bundler::MatchPlatform
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb9f1cb3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rubygems/installer"
+
+module Bundler
+  class RubyGemsGemInstaller < Gem::Installer
+    def check_executable_overwrite(filename)
+      # Bundler needs to install gems regardless of binstub overwriting
+    end
+
+    def install
+      pre_install_checks
+
+      run_pre_install_hooks
+
+      spec.loaded_from = spec_file
+
+      # Completely remove any previous gem files
+      strict_rm_rf gem_dir
+      strict_rm_rf spec.extension_dir
+
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(gem_dir, :create) do
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p gem_dir, :mode => 0o755
+      end
+
+      extract_files
+
+      build_extensions
+      write_build_info_file
+      run_post_build_hooks
+
+      generate_bin
+      generate_plugins
+
+      write_spec
+
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access("#{gem_home}/cache", :write) do
+        write_cache_file
+      end
+
+      say spec.post_install_message unless spec.post_install_message.nil?
+
+      run_post_install_hooks
+
+      spec
+    end
+
+    def generate_plugins
+      return unless Gem::Installer.instance_methods(false).include?(:generate_plugins)
+
+      latest = Gem::Specification.stubs_for(spec.name).first
+      return if latest && latest.version > spec.version
+
+      ensure_writable_dir @plugins_dir
+
+      if spec.plugins.empty?
+        remove_plugins_for(spec, @plugins_dir)
+      else
+        regenerate_plugins_for(spec, @plugins_dir)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pre_install_checks
+      super && validate_bundler_checksum(options[:bundler_expected_checksum])
+    end
+
+    def build_extensions
+      extension_cache_path = options[:bundler_extension_cache_path]
+      unless extension_cache_path && extension_dir = spec.extension_dir
+        require "shellwords" # compensate missing require in rubygems before version 3.2.25
+        return super
+      end
+
+      extension_dir = Pathname.new(extension_dir)
+      build_complete = SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(extension_cache_path.join("gem.build_complete"), :read, &:file?)
+      if build_complete && !options[:force]
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(extension_dir.parent, &:mkpath)
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(extension_cache_path) do
+          FileUtils.cp_r extension_cache_path, spec.extension_dir
+        end
+      else
+        require "shellwords" # compensate missing require in rubygems before version 3.2.25
+        super
+        if extension_dir.directory? # not made for gems without extensions
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(extension_cache_path.parent, &:mkpath)
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(extension_cache_path) do
+            FileUtils.cp_r extension_dir, extension_cache_path
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def strict_rm_rf(dir)
+      # FileUtils.rm_rf should probably rise in case of permission issues like
+      # `rm -rf` does. However, it fails to delete the folder silently due to
+      # https://github.com/ruby/fileutils/issues/57. It should probably be fixed
+      # inside `fileutils` but for now I`m checking whether the folder was
+      # removed after it completes, and raising otherwise.
+      FileUtils.rm_rf dir
+
+      raise PermissionError.new(dir, :delete) if File.directory?(dir)
+    end
+
+    def validate_bundler_checksum(checksum)
+      return true if Bundler.settings[:disable_checksum_validation]
+      return true unless checksum
+      return true unless source = @package.instance_variable_get(:@gem)
+      return true unless source.respond_to?(:with_read_io)
+      digest = source.with_read_io do |io|
+        digest = SharedHelpers.digest(:SHA256).new
+        digest << io.read(16_384) until io.eof?
+        io.rewind
+        send(checksum_type(checksum), digest)
+      end
+      unless digest == checksum
+        raise SecurityError, <<-MESSAGE
+          Bundler cannot continue installing #{spec.name} (#{spec.version}).
+          The checksum for the downloaded `#{spec.full_name}.gem` does not match \
+          the checksum given by the server. This means the contents of the downloaded \
+          gem is different from what was uploaded to the server, and could be a potential security issue.
+
+          To resolve this issue:
+          1. delete the downloaded gem located at: `#{spec.gem_dir}/#{spec.full_name}.gem`
+          2. run `bundle install`
+
+          If you wish to continue installing the downloaded gem, and are certain it does not pose a \
+          security issue despite the mismatching checksum, do the following:
+          1. run `bundle config set --local disable_checksum_validation true` to turn off checksum verification
+          2. run `bundle install`
+
+          (More info: The expected SHA256 checksum was #{checksum.inspect}, but the \
+          checksum for the downloaded gem was #{digest.inspect}.)
+          MESSAGE
+      end
+      true
+    end
+
+    def checksum_type(checksum)
+      case checksum.length
+      when 64 then :hexdigest!
+      when 44 then :base64digest!
+      else raise InstallError, "The given checksum for #{spec.full_name} (#{checksum.inspect}) is not a valid SHA256 hexdigest nor base64digest"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def hexdigest!(digest)
+      digest.hexdigest!
+    end
+
+    def base64digest!(digest)
+      if digest.respond_to?(:base64digest!)
+        digest.base64digest!
+      else
+        [digest.digest!].pack("m0")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6d59baf15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rubygems" unless defined?(Gem)
+
+module Bundler
+  class RubygemsIntegration
+    if defined?(Gem::Ext::Builder::CHDIR_MONITOR)
+      EXT_LOCK = Gem::Ext::Builder::CHDIR_MONITOR
+    else
+      require "monitor"
+
+      EXT_LOCK = Monitor.new
+    end
+
+    def self.version
+      @version ||= Gem::Version.new(Gem::VERSION)
+    end
+
+    def self.provides?(req_str)
+      Gem::Requirement.new(req_str).satisfied_by?(version)
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      @replaced_methods = {}
+      backport_ext_builder_monitor
+    end
+
+    def version
+      self.class.version
+    end
+
+    def provides?(req_str)
+      self.class.provides?(req_str)
+    end
+
+    def build_args
+      require "rubygems/command"
+      Gem::Command.build_args
+    end
+
+    def build_args=(args)
+      require "rubygems/command"
+      Gem::Command.build_args = args
+    end
+
+    def loaded_specs(name)
+      Gem.loaded_specs[name]
+    end
+
+    def add_to_load_path(paths)
+      return Gem.add_to_load_path(*paths) if Gem.respond_to?(:add_to_load_path)
+
+      if insert_index = Gem.load_path_insert_index
+        # Gem directories must come after -I and ENV['RUBYLIB']
+        $LOAD_PATH.insert(insert_index, *paths)
+      else
+        # We are probably testing in core, -I and RUBYLIB don't apply
+        $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*paths)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def mark_loaded(spec)
+      if spec.respond_to?(:activated=)
+        current = Gem.loaded_specs[spec.name]
+        current.activated = false if current
+        spec.activated = true
+      end
+      Gem.loaded_specs[spec.name] = spec
+    end
+
+    def validate(spec)
+      Bundler.ui.silence { spec.validate(false) }
+    rescue Gem::InvalidSpecificationException => e
+      error_message = "The gemspec at #{spec.loaded_from} is not valid. Please fix this gemspec.\n" \
+        "The validation error was '#{e.message}'\n"
+      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException.new(error_message)
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def set_installed_by_version(spec, installed_by_version = Gem::VERSION)
+      return unless spec.respond_to?(:installed_by_version=)
+      spec.installed_by_version = Gem::Version.create(installed_by_version)
+    end
+
+    def spec_missing_extensions?(spec, default = true)
+      return spec.missing_extensions? if spec.respond_to?(:missing_extensions?)
+
+      return false if spec.default_gem?
+      return false if spec.extensions.empty?
+
+      default
+    end
+
+    def spec_matches_for_glob(spec, glob)
+      return spec.matches_for_glob(glob) if spec.respond_to?(:matches_for_glob)
+
+      spec.load_paths.map do |lp|
+        Dir["#{lp}/#{glob}#{suffix_pattern}"]
+      end.flatten(1)
+    end
+
+    def stub_set_spec(stub, spec)
+      stub.instance_variable_set(:@spec, spec)
+    end
+
+    def path(obj)
+      obj.to_s
+    end
+
+    def configuration
+      require_relative "psyched_yaml"
+      Gem.configuration
+    rescue Gem::SystemExitException, LoadError => e
+      Bundler.ui.error "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+      Bundler.ui.trace e
+      raise
+    rescue YamlLibrarySyntaxError => e
+      raise YamlSyntaxError.new(e, "Your RubyGems configuration, which is " \
+        "usually located in ~/.gemrc, contains invalid YAML syntax.")
+    end
+
+    def ruby_engine
+      Gem.ruby_engine
+    end
+
+    def read_binary(path)
+      Gem.read_binary(path)
+    end
+
+    def inflate(obj)
+      Gem::Util.inflate(obj)
+    end
+
+    def correct_for_windows_path(path)
+      if Gem::Util.respond_to?(:correct_for_windows_path)
+        Gem::Util.correct_for_windows_path(path)
+      elsif path[0].chr == "/" && path[1].chr =~ /[a-z]/i && path[2].chr == ":"
+        path[1..-1]
+      else
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sources=(val)
+      # Gem.configuration creates a new Gem::ConfigFile, which by default will read ~/.gemrc
+      # If that file exists, its settings (including sources) will overwrite the values we
+      # are about to set here. In order to avoid that, we force memoizing the config file now.
+      configuration
+
+      Gem.sources = val
+    end
+
+    def sources
+      Gem.sources
+    end
+
+    def gem_dir
+      Gem.dir
+    end
+
+    def gem_bindir
+      Gem.bindir
+    end
+
+    def user_home
+      Gem.user_home
+    end
+
+    def gem_path
+      Gem.path
+    end
+
+    def reset
+      Gem::Specification.reset
+    end
+
+    def post_reset_hooks
+      Gem.post_reset_hooks
+    end
+
+    def suffix_pattern
+      Gem.suffix_pattern
+    end
+
+    def gem_cache
+      gem_path.map {|p| File.expand_path("cache", p) }
+    end
+
+    def spec_cache_dirs
+      @spec_cache_dirs ||= begin
+        dirs = gem_path.map {|dir| File.join(dir, "specifications") }
+        dirs << Gem.spec_cache_dir if Gem.respond_to?(:spec_cache_dir) # Not in RubyGems 2.0.3 or earlier
+        dirs.uniq.select {|dir| File.directory? dir }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def marshal_spec_dir
+      Gem::MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR
+    end
+
+    def clear_paths
+      Gem.clear_paths
+    end
+
+    def bin_path(gem, bin, ver)
+      Gem.bin_path(gem, bin, ver)
+    end
+
+    def loaded_gem_paths
+      loaded_gem_paths = Gem.loaded_specs.map {|_, s| s.full_require_paths }
+      loaded_gem_paths.flatten
+    end
+
+    def load_plugins
+      Gem.load_plugins if Gem.respond_to?(:load_plugins)
+    end
+
+    def load_plugin_files(files)
+      Gem.load_plugin_files(files) if Gem.respond_to?(:load_plugin_files)
+    end
+
+    def load_env_plugins
+      Gem.load_env_plugins if Gem.respond_to?(:load_env_plugins)
+    end
+
+    def ui=(obj)
+      Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui = obj
+    end
+
+    def ext_lock
+      EXT_LOCK
+    end
+
+    def with_build_args(args)
+      ext_lock.synchronize do
+        old_args = build_args
+        begin
+          self.build_args = args
+          yield
+        ensure
+          self.build_args = old_args
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def spec_from_gem(path, policy = nil)
+      require "rubygems/security"
+      require_relative "psyched_yaml"
+      gem_from_path(path, security_policies[policy]).spec
+    rescue Exception, Gem::Exception, Gem::Security::Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
+      if e.is_a?(Gem::Security::Exception) ||
+          e.message =~ /unknown trust policy|unsigned gem/i ||
+          e.message =~ /couldn't verify (meta)?data signature/i
+        raise SecurityError,
+          "The gem #{File.basename(path, ".gem")} can't be installed because " \
+          "the security policy didn't allow it, with the message: #{e.message}"
+      else
+        raise e
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_gem(gem_dir, spec)
+      build(spec)
+    end
+
+    def security_policy_keys
+      %w[High Medium Low AlmostNo No].map {|level| "#{level}Security" }
+    end
+
+    def security_policies
+      @security_policies ||= begin
+        require "rubygems/security"
+        Gem::Security::Policies
+      rescue LoadError, NameError
+        {}
+      end
+    end
+
+    def reverse_rubygems_kernel_mixin
+      # Disable rubygems' gem activation system
+      kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
+      [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |k|
+        if k.private_method_defined?(:gem_original_require)
+          redefine_method(k, :require, k.instance_method(:gem_original_require))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def replace_gem(specs, specs_by_name)
+      reverse_rubygems_kernel_mixin
+
+      executables = nil
+
+      kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
+      [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |kernel_class|
+        redefine_method(kernel_class, :gem) do |dep, *reqs|
+          if executables && executables.include?(File.basename(caller.first.split(":").first))
+            break
+          end
+
+          reqs.pop if reqs.last.is_a?(Hash)
+
+          unless dep.respond_to?(:name) && dep.respond_to?(:requirement)
+            dep = Gem::Dependency.new(dep, reqs)
+          end
+
+          if spec = specs_by_name[dep.name]
+            return true if dep.matches_spec?(spec)
+          end
+
+          message = if spec.nil?
+            target_file = begin
+                            Bundler.default_gemfile.basename
+                          rescue GemfileNotFound
+                            "inline Gemfile"
+                          end
+            "#{dep.name} is not part of the bundle." \
+            " Add it to your #{target_file}."
+          else
+            "can't activate #{dep}, already activated #{spec.full_name}. " \
+            "Make sure all dependencies are added to Gemfile."
+          end
+
+          e = Gem::LoadError.new(message)
+          e.name = dep.name
+          if e.respond_to?(:requirement=)
+            e.requirement = dep.requirement
+          elsif e.respond_to?(:version_requirement=)
+            e.version_requirement = dep.requirement
+          end
+          raise e
+        end
+
+        # backwards compatibility shim, see https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/5102
+        kernel_class.send(:public, :gem) if Bundler.feature_flag.setup_makes_kernel_gem_public?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Used to make bin stubs that are not created by bundler work
+    # under bundler. The new Gem.bin_path only considers gems in
+    # +specs+
+    def replace_bin_path(specs_by_name)
+      gem_class = (class << Gem; self; end)
+
+      redefine_method(gem_class, :find_spec_for_exe) do |gem_name, *args|
+        exec_name = args.first
+        raise ArgumentError, "you must supply exec_name" unless exec_name
+
+        spec_with_name = specs_by_name[gem_name]
+        matching_specs_by_exec_name = specs_by_name.values.select {|s| s.executables.include?(exec_name) }
+        spec = matching_specs_by_exec_name.delete(spec_with_name)
+
+        unless spec || !matching_specs_by_exec_name.empty?
+          message = "can't find executable #{exec_name} for gem #{gem_name}"
+          if spec_with_name.nil?
+            message += ". #{gem_name} is not currently included in the bundle, " \
+                       "perhaps you meant to add it to your #{Bundler.default_gemfile.basename}?"
+          end
+          raise Gem::Exception, message
+        end
+
+        unless spec
+          spec = matching_specs_by_exec_name.shift
+          warn \
+            "Bundler is using a binstub that was created for a different gem (#{spec.name}).\n" \
+            "You should run `bundle binstub #{gem_name}` " \
+            "to work around a system/bundle conflict."
+        end
+
+        unless matching_specs_by_exec_name.empty?
+          conflicting_names = matching_specs_by_exec_name.map(&:name).join(", ")
+          warn \
+            "The `#{exec_name}` executable in the `#{spec.name}` gem is being loaded, but it's also present in other gems (#{conflicting_names}).\n" \
+            "If you meant to run the executable for another gem, make sure you use a project specific binstub (`bundle binstub <gem_name>`).\n" \
+            "If you plan to use multiple conflicting executables, generate binstubs for them and disambiguate their names."
+        end
+
+        spec
+      end
+
+      redefine_method(gem_class, :activate_bin_path) do |name, *args|
+        exec_name = args.first
+        return ENV["BUNDLE_BIN_PATH"] if exec_name == "bundle"
+
+        # Copy of Rubygems activate_bin_path impl
+        requirement = args.last
+        spec = find_spec_for_exe name, exec_name, [requirement]
+
+        gem_bin = File.join(spec.full_gem_path, spec.bindir, exec_name)
+        gem_from_path_bin = File.join(File.dirname(spec.loaded_from), spec.bindir, exec_name)
+        File.exist?(gem_bin) ? gem_bin : gem_from_path_bin
+      end
+
+      redefine_method(gem_class, :bin_path) do |name, *args|
+        exec_name = args.first
+        return ENV["BUNDLE_BIN_PATH"] if exec_name == "bundle"
+
+        spec = find_spec_for_exe(name, *args)
+        exec_name ||= spec.default_executable
+
+        gem_bin = File.join(spec.full_gem_path, spec.bindir, exec_name)
+        gem_from_path_bin = File.join(File.dirname(spec.loaded_from), spec.bindir, exec_name)
+        File.exist?(gem_bin) ? gem_bin : gem_from_path_bin
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Replace or hook into RubyGems to provide a bundlerized view
+    # of the world.
+    def replace_entrypoints(specs)
+      specs_by_name = add_default_gems_to(specs)
+
+      replace_gem(specs, specs_by_name)
+      stub_rubygems(specs)
+      replace_bin_path(specs_by_name)
+
+      Gem.clear_paths
+    end
+
+    # Add default gems not already present in specs, and return them as a hash.
+    def add_default_gems_to(specs)
+      specs_by_name = specs.reduce({}) do |h, s|
+        h[s.name] = s
+        h
+      end
+
+      Bundler.rubygems.default_stubs.each do |stub|
+        default_spec = stub.to_spec
+        default_spec_name = default_spec.name
+        next if specs_by_name.key?(default_spec_name)
+
+        specs << default_spec
+        specs_by_name[default_spec_name] = default_spec
+      end
+
+      specs_by_name
+    end
+
+    def undo_replacements
+      @replaced_methods.each do |(sym, klass), method|
+        redefine_method(klass, sym, method)
+      end
+      if Binding.public_method_defined?(:source_location)
+        post_reset_hooks.reject! {|proc| proc.binding.source_location[0] == __FILE__ }
+      else
+        post_reset_hooks.reject! {|proc| proc.binding.eval("__FILE__") == __FILE__ }
+      end
+      @replaced_methods.clear
+    end
+
+    def redefine_method(klass, method, unbound_method = nil, &block)
+      visibility = method_visibility(klass, method)
+      begin
+        if (instance_method = klass.instance_method(method)) && method != :initialize
+          # doing this to ensure we also get private methods
+          klass.send(:remove_method, method)
+        end
+      rescue NameError
+        # method isn't defined
+        nil
+      end
+      @replaced_methods[[method, klass]] = instance_method
+      if unbound_method
+        klass.send(:define_method, method, unbound_method)
+        klass.send(visibility, method)
+      elsif block
+        klass.send(:define_method, method, &block)
+        klass.send(visibility, method)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def method_visibility(klass, method)
+      if klass.private_method_defined?(method)
+        :private
+      elsif klass.protected_method_defined?(method)
+        :protected
+      else
+        :public
+      end
+    end
+
+    def stub_rubygems(specs)
+      Gem::Specification.all = specs
+
+      Gem.post_reset do
+        Gem::Specification.all = specs
+      end
+
+      redefine_method((class << Gem; self; end), :finish_resolve) do |*|
+        []
+      end
+    end
+
+    def plain_specs
+      Gem::Specification._all
+    end
+
+    def plain_specs=(specs)
+      Gem::Specification.all = specs
+    end
+
+    def fetch_specs(remote, name)
+      require "rubygems/remote_fetcher"
+      path = remote.uri.to_s + "#{name}.#{Gem.marshal_version}.gz"
+      fetcher = gem_remote_fetcher
+      fetcher.headers = { "X-Gemfile-Source" => remote.original_uri.to_s } if remote.original_uri
+      string = fetcher.fetch_path(path)
+      Bundler.load_marshal(string)
+    rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
+      # it's okay for prerelease to fail
+      raise unless name == "prerelease_specs"
+    end
+
+    def fetch_all_remote_specs(remote)
+      specs = fetch_specs(remote, "specs")
+      pres = fetch_specs(remote, "prerelease_specs") || []
+
+      specs.concat(pres)
+    end
+
+    def download_gem(spec, uri, cache_dir)
+      require "rubygems/remote_fetcher"
+      uri = Bundler.settings.mirror_for(uri)
+      fetcher = gem_remote_fetcher
+      fetcher.headers = { "X-Gemfile-Source" => spec.remote.original_uri.to_s } if spec.remote.original_uri
+      Bundler::Retry.new("download gem from #{uri}").attempts do
+        gem_file_name = spec.file_name
+        local_gem_path = File.join cache_dir, gem_file_name
+        return if File.exist? local_gem_path
+
+        begin
+          remote_gem_path = uri + "gems/#{gem_file_name}"
+          remote_gem_path = remote_gem_path.to_s if provides?("< 3.2.0.rc.1")
+
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_gem_path) do
+            fetcher.cache_update_path remote_gem_path, local_gem_path
+          end
+        rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
+          raise if spec.original_platform == spec.platform
+
+          original_gem_file_name = "#{spec.original_name}.gem"
+          raise if gem_file_name == original_gem_file_name
+
+          gem_file_name = original_gem_file_name
+          retry
+        end
+      end
+    rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError => e
+      raise Bundler::HTTPError, "Could not download gem from #{uri} due to underlying error <#{e.message}>"
+    end
+
+    def gem_remote_fetcher
+      require "rubygems/remote_fetcher"
+      proxy = configuration[:http_proxy]
+      Gem::RemoteFetcher.new(proxy)
+    end
+
+    def gem_from_path(path, policy = nil)
+      require "rubygems/package"
+      p = Gem::Package.new(path)
+      p.security_policy = policy if policy
+      p
+    end
+
+    def build(spec, skip_validation = false)
+      require "rubygems/package"
+      Gem::Package.build(spec, skip_validation)
+    end
+
+    def repository_subdirectories
+      Gem::REPOSITORY_SUBDIRECTORIES
+    end
+
+    def install_with_build_args(args)
+      yield
+    end
+
+    def path_separator
+      Gem.path_separator
+    end
+
+    def all_specs
+      Gem::Specification.stubs.map do |stub|
+        StubSpecification.from_stub(stub)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def backport_ext_builder_monitor
+      # So we can avoid requiring "rubygems/ext" in its entirety
+      Gem.module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        module Ext
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "rubygems/ext/builder"
+
+      Gem::Ext::Builder.class_eval do
+        unless const_defined?(:CHDIR_MONITOR)
+          const_set(:CHDIR_MONITOR, EXT_LOCK)
+        end
+
+        remove_const(:CHDIR_MUTEX) if const_defined?(:CHDIR_MUTEX)
+        const_set(:CHDIR_MUTEX, const_get(:CHDIR_MONITOR))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_name(name)
+      Gem::Specification.stubs_for(name).map(&:to_spec)
+    end
+
+    if Gem::Specification.respond_to?(:default_stubs)
+      def default_stubs
+        Gem::Specification.default_stubs("*.gemspec")
+      end
+    else
+      def default_stubs
+        Gem::Specification.send(:default_stubs, "*.gemspec")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def use_gemdeps(gemfile)
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path(gemfile)
+      require_relative "gemdeps"
+      runtime = Bundler.setup
+      activated_spec_names = runtime.requested_specs.map(&:to_spec).sort_by(&:name)
+      [Gemdeps.new(runtime), activated_spec_names]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.rubygems
+    @rubygems ||= RubygemsIntegration.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/runtime.rb b/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7276b0e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Runtime
+    include SharedHelpers
+
+    def initialize(root, definition)
+      @root = root
+      @definition = definition
+    end
+
+    def setup(*groups)
+      @definition.ensure_equivalent_gemfile_and_lockfile if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+
+      # Has to happen first
+      clean_load_path
+
+      specs = @definition.specs_for(groups)
+
+      SharedHelpers.set_bundle_environment
+      Bundler.rubygems.replace_entrypoints(specs)
+
+      # Activate the specs
+      load_paths = specs.map do |spec|
+        check_for_activated_spec!(spec)
+
+        Bundler.rubygems.mark_loaded(spec)
+        spec.load_paths.reject {|path| $LOAD_PATH.include?(path) }
+      end.reverse.flatten
+
+      Bundler.rubygems.add_to_load_path(load_paths)
+
+      setup_manpath
+
+      lock(:preserve_unknown_sections => true)
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    def require(*groups)
+      groups.map!(&:to_sym)
+      groups = [:default] if groups.empty?
+
+      @definition.dependencies.each do |dep|
+        # Skip the dependency if it is not in any of the requested groups, or
+        # not for the current platform, or doesn't match the gem constraints.
+        next unless (dep.groups & groups).any? && dep.should_include?
+
+        required_file = nil
+
+        begin
+          # Loop through all the specified autorequires for the
+          # dependency. If there are none, use the dependency's name
+          # as the autorequire.
+          Array(dep.autorequire || dep.name).each do |file|
+            # Allow `require: true` as an alias for `require: <name>`
+            file = dep.name if file == true
+            required_file = file
+            begin
+              Kernel.require file
+            rescue RuntimeError => e
+              raise e if e.is_a?(LoadError) # we handle this a little later
+              raise Bundler::GemRequireError.new e,
+                "There was an error while trying to load the gem '#{file}'."
+            end
+          end
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          raise if dep.autorequire || e.path != required_file
+
+          if dep.autorequire.nil? && dep.name.include?("-")
+            begin
+              namespaced_file = dep.name.tr("-", "/")
+              Kernel.require namespaced_file
+            rescue LoadError => e
+              raise if e.path != namespaced_file
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.definition_method(meth)
+      define_method(meth) do
+        raise ArgumentError, "no definition when calling Runtime##{meth}" unless @definition
+        @definition.send(meth)
+      end
+    end
+    private_class_method :definition_method
+
+    definition_method :requested_specs
+    definition_method :specs
+    definition_method :dependencies
+    definition_method :current_dependencies
+    definition_method :requires
+
+    def lock(opts = {})
+      return if @definition.nothing_changed? && !@definition.unlocking?
+      @definition.lock(Bundler.default_lockfile, opts[:preserve_unknown_sections])
+    end
+
+    alias_method :gems, :specs
+
+    def cache(custom_path = nil, local = false)
+      cache_path = Bundler.app_cache(custom_path)
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(cache_path) do |p|
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+      end unless File.exist?(cache_path)
+
+      Bundler.ui.info "Updating files in #{Bundler.settings.app_cache_path}"
+
+      specs_to_cache = if Bundler.settings[:cache_all_platforms]
+        @definition.resolve.materialized_for_all_platforms
+      else
+        begin
+          specs
+        rescue GemNotFound
+          if local
+            Bundler.ui.warn "Some gems seem to be missing from your #{Bundler.settings.app_cache_path} directory."
+          end
+
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      specs_to_cache.each do |spec|
+        next if spec.name == "bundler"
+        next if spec.source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
+        spec.source.send(:fetch_gem, spec) if Bundler.settings[:cache_all_platforms] && spec.source.respond_to?(:fetch_gem, true)
+        spec.source.cache(spec, custom_path) if spec.source.respond_to?(:cache)
+      end
+
+      Dir[cache_path.join("*/.git")].each do |git_dir|
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(git_dir)
+        FileUtils.touch(File.expand_path("../.bundlecache", git_dir))
+      end
+
+      prune_cache(cache_path) unless Bundler.settings[:no_prune]
+    end
+
+    def prune_cache(cache_path)
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(cache_path) do |p|
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+      end unless File.exist?(cache_path)
+      resolve = @definition.resolve
+      prune_gem_cache(resolve, cache_path)
+      prune_git_and_path_cache(resolve, cache_path)
+    end
+
+    def clean(dry_run = false)
+      gem_bins             = Dir["#{Gem.dir}/bin/*"]
+      git_dirs             = Dir["#{Gem.dir}/bundler/gems/*"]
+      git_cache_dirs       = Dir["#{Gem.dir}/cache/bundler/git/*"]
+      gem_dirs             = Dir["#{Gem.dir}/gems/*"]
+      gem_files            = Dir["#{Gem.dir}/cache/*.gem"]
+      gemspec_files        = Dir["#{Gem.dir}/specifications/*.gemspec"]
+      extension_dirs       = Dir["#{Gem.dir}/extensions/*/*/*"] + Dir["#{Gem.dir}/bundler/gems/extensions/*/*/*"]
+      spec_gem_paths       = []
+      # need to keep git sources around
+      spec_git_paths       = @definition.spec_git_paths
+      spec_git_cache_dirs  = []
+      spec_gem_executables = []
+      spec_cache_paths     = []
+      spec_gemspec_paths   = []
+      spec_extension_paths = []
+      Bundler.rubygems.add_default_gems_to(specs).values.each do |spec|
+        spec_gem_paths << spec.full_gem_path
+        # need to check here in case gems are nested like for the rails git repo
+        md = %r{(.+bundler/gems/.+-[a-f0-9]{7,12})}.match(spec.full_gem_path)
+        spec_git_paths << md[1] if md
+        spec_gem_executables << spec.executables.collect do |executable|
+          e = "#{Bundler.rubygems.gem_bindir}/#{executable}"
+          [e, "#{e}.bat"]
+        end
+        spec_cache_paths << spec.cache_file
+        spec_gemspec_paths << spec.spec_file
+        spec_extension_paths << spec.extension_dir if spec.respond_to?(:extension_dir)
+        spec_git_cache_dirs << spec.source.cache_path.to_s if spec.source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Git)
+      end
+      spec_gem_paths.uniq!
+      spec_gem_executables.flatten!
+
+      stale_gem_bins       = gem_bins - spec_gem_executables
+      stale_git_dirs       = git_dirs - spec_git_paths - ["#{Gem.dir}/bundler/gems/extensions"]
+      stale_git_cache_dirs = git_cache_dirs - spec_git_cache_dirs
+      stale_gem_dirs       = gem_dirs - spec_gem_paths
+      stale_gem_files      = gem_files - spec_cache_paths
+      stale_gemspec_files  = gemspec_files - spec_gemspec_paths
+      stale_extension_dirs = extension_dirs - spec_extension_paths
+
+      removed_stale_gem_dirs = stale_gem_dirs.collect {|dir| remove_dir(dir, dry_run) }
+      removed_stale_git_dirs = stale_git_dirs.collect {|dir| remove_dir(dir, dry_run) }
+      output = removed_stale_gem_dirs + removed_stale_git_dirs
+
+      unless dry_run
+        stale_files = stale_gem_bins + stale_gem_files + stale_gemspec_files
+        stale_files.each do |file|
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(File.dirname(file)) do |_p|
+            FileUtils.rm(file) if File.exist?(file)
+          end
+        end
+
+        stale_dirs = stale_git_cache_dirs + stale_extension_dirs
+        stale_dirs.each do |stale_dir|
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(stale_dir) do |dir|
+            FileUtils.rm_rf(dir) if File.exist?(dir)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      output
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def prune_gem_cache(resolve, cache_path)
+      cached = Dir["#{cache_path}/*.gem"]
+
+      cached = cached.delete_if do |path|
+        spec = Bundler.rubygems.spec_from_gem path
+
+        resolve.any? do |s|
+          s.name == spec.name && s.version == spec.version && !s.source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Git)
+        end
+      end
+
+      if cached.any?
+        Bundler.ui.info "Removing outdated .gem files from #{Bundler.settings.app_cache_path}"
+
+        cached.each do |path|
+          Bundler.ui.info "  * #{File.basename(path)}"
+          File.delete(path)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prune_git_and_path_cache(resolve, cache_path)
+      cached = Dir["#{cache_path}/*/.bundlecache"]
+
+      cached = cached.delete_if do |path|
+        name = File.basename(File.dirname(path))
+
+        resolve.any? do |s|
+          source = s.source
+          source.respond_to?(:app_cache_dirname) && source.app_cache_dirname == name
+        end
+      end
+
+      if cached.any?
+        Bundler.ui.info "Removing outdated git and path gems from #{Bundler.settings.app_cache_path}"
+
+        cached.each do |path|
+          path = File.dirname(path)
+          Bundler.ui.info "  * #{File.basename(path)}"
+          FileUtils.rm_rf(path)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def setup_manpath
+      # Add man/ subdirectories from activated bundles to MANPATH for man(1)
+      manuals = $LOAD_PATH.map do |path|
+        man_subdir = path.sub(/lib$/, "man")
+        man_subdir unless Dir[man_subdir + "/man?/"].empty?
+      end.compact
+
+      return if manuals.empty?
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "MANPATH", manuals.concat(
+        ENV["MANPATH"] ? ENV["MANPATH"].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) : [""]
+      ).uniq.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+    end
+
+    def remove_dir(dir, dry_run)
+      full_name = Pathname.new(dir).basename.to_s
+
+      parts    = full_name.split("-")
+      name     = parts[0..-2].join("-")
+      version  = parts.last
+      output   = "#{name} (#{version})"
+
+      if dry_run
+        Bundler.ui.info "Would have removed #{output}"
+      else
+        Bundler.ui.info "Removing #{output}"
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(dir)
+      end
+
+      output
+    end
+
+    def check_for_activated_spec!(spec)
+      return unless activated_spec = Bundler.rubygems.loaded_specs(spec.name)
+      return if activated_spec.version == spec.version
+
+      suggestion = if activated_spec.default_gem?
+        "Since #{spec.name} is a default gem, you can either remove your dependency on it" \
+        " or try updating to a newer version of bundler that supports #{spec.name} as a default gem."
+      else
+        "Prepending `bundle exec` to your command may solve this."
+      end
+
+      e = Gem::LoadError.new "You have already activated #{activated_spec.name} #{activated_spec.version}, " \
+                             "but your Gemfile requires #{spec.name} #{spec.version}. #{suggestion}"
+      e.name = spec.name
+      if e.respond_to?(:requirement=)
+        e.requirement = Gem::Requirement.new(spec.version.to_s)
+      else
+        e.version_requirement = Gem::Requirement.new(spec.version.to_s)
+      end
+      raise e
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/settings.rb b/lib/bundler/settings.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ced590b6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/settings.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Settings
+    autoload :Mirror,  File.expand_path("mirror", __dir__)
+    autoload :Mirrors, File.expand_path("mirror", __dir__)
+    autoload :Validator, File.expand_path("settings/validator", __dir__)
+
+    BOOL_KEYS = %w[
+      allow_deployment_source_credential_changes
+      allow_offline_install
+      auto_clean_without_path
+      auto_install
+      cache_all
+      cache_all_platforms
+      clean
+      default_install_uses_path
+      deployment
+      disable_checksum_validation
+      disable_exec_load
+      disable_local_branch_check
+      disable_local_revision_check
+      disable_shared_gems
+      disable_version_check
+      force_ruby_platform
+      forget_cli_options
+      frozen
+      gem.changelog
+      gem.coc
+      gem.mit
+      git.allow_insecure
+      global_gem_cache
+      ignore_messages
+      init_gems_rb
+      inline
+      no_install
+      no_prune
+      path_relative_to_cwd
+      path.system
+      plugins
+      prefer_patch
+      print_only_version_number
+      setup_makes_kernel_gem_public
+      silence_deprecations
+      silence_root_warning
+      suppress_install_using_messages
+      update_requires_all_flag
+      use_gem_version_promoter_for_major_updates
+    ].freeze
+
+    NUMBER_KEYS = %w[
+      jobs
+      redirect
+      retry
+      ssl_verify_mode
+      timeout
+    ].freeze
+
+    ARRAY_KEYS = %w[
+      with
+      without
+    ].freeze
+
+    STRING_KEYS = %w[
+      bin
+      cache_path
+      console
+      gem.ci
+      gem.github_username
+      gem.linter
+      gem.rubocop
+      gem.test
+      gemfile
+      path
+      shebang
+      system_bindir
+      trust-policy
+    ].freeze
+
+    DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
+      "BUNDLE_SILENCE_DEPRECATIONS" => false,
+      "BUNDLE_DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK" => true,
+      "BUNDLE_PREFER_PATCH" => false,
+      "BUNDLE_REDIRECT" => 5,
+      "BUNDLE_RETRY" => 3,
+      "BUNDLE_TIMEOUT" => 10,
+    }.freeze
+
+    def initialize(root = nil)
+      @root            = root
+      @local_config    = load_config(local_config_file)
+      @env_config      = ENV.to_h.select {|key, _value| key =~ /\ABUNDLE_.+/ }
+      @global_config   = load_config(global_config_file)
+      @temporary       = {}
+    end
+
+    def [](name)
+      key = key_for(name)
+      value = configs.values.map {|config| config[key] }.compact.first
+
+      converted_value(value, name)
+    end
+
+    def set_command_option(key, value)
+      if Bundler.feature_flag.forget_cli_options?
+        temporary(key => value)
+        value
+      else
+        set_local(key, value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_command_option_if_given(key, value)
+      return if value.nil?
+      set_command_option(key, value)
+    end
+
+    def set_local(key, value)
+      local_config_file || raise(GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile")
+
+      set_key(key, value, @local_config, local_config_file)
+    end
+
+    def temporary(update)
+      existing = Hash[update.map {|k, _| [k, @temporary[key_for(k)]] }]
+      update.each do |k, v|
+        set_key(k, v, @temporary, nil)
+      end
+      return unless block_given?
+      begin
+        yield
+      ensure
+        existing.each {|k, v| set_key(k, v, @temporary, nil) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_global(key, value)
+      set_key(key, value, @global_config, global_config_file)
+    end
+
+    def all
+      keys = @temporary.keys | @global_config.keys | @local_config.keys | @env_config.keys
+
+      keys.map do |key|
+        key.sub(/^BUNDLE_/, "").gsub(/___/, "-").gsub(/__/, ".").downcase
+      end.sort
+    end
+
+    def local_overrides
+      repos = {}
+      all.each do |k|
+        repos[$'] = self[k] if k =~ /^local\./
+      end
+      repos
+    end
+
+    def mirror_for(uri)
+      if uri.is_a?(String)
+        require_relative "vendored_uri"
+        uri = Bundler::URI(uri)
+      end
+
+      gem_mirrors.for(uri.to_s).uri
+    end
+
+    def credentials_for(uri)
+      self[uri.to_s] || self[uri.host]
+    end
+
+    def gem_mirrors
+      all.inject(Mirrors.new) do |mirrors, k|
+        mirrors.parse(k, self[k]) if k.start_with?("mirror.")
+        mirrors
+      end
+    end
+
+    def locations(key)
+      key = key_for(key)
+      configs.keys.inject({}) do |partial_locations, level|
+        value_on_level = configs[level][key]
+        partial_locations[level] = value_on_level unless value_on_level.nil?
+        partial_locations
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pretty_values_for(exposed_key)
+      key = key_for(exposed_key)
+
+      locations = []
+
+      if value = @temporary[key]
+        locations << "Set for the current command: #{printable_value(value, exposed_key).inspect}"
+      end
+
+      if value = @local_config[key]
+        locations << "Set for your local app (#{local_config_file}): #{printable_value(value, exposed_key).inspect}"
+      end
+
+      if value = @env_config[key]
+        locations << "Set via #{key}: #{printable_value(value, exposed_key).inspect}"
+      end
+
+      if value = @global_config[key]
+        locations << "Set for the current user (#{global_config_file}): #{printable_value(value, exposed_key).inspect}"
+      end
+
+      return ["You have not configured a value for `#{exposed_key}`"] if locations.empty?
+      locations
+    end
+
+    def processor_count
+      require "etc"
+      Etc.nprocessors
+    rescue StandardError
+      1
+    end
+
+    # for legacy reasons, in Bundler 2, we do not respect :disable_shared_gems
+    def path
+      configs.each do |_level, settings|
+        path = value_for("path", settings)
+        path_system = value_for("path.system", settings)
+        disabled_shared_gems = value_for("disable_shared_gems", settings)
+        next if path.nil? && path_system.nil? && disabled_shared_gems.nil?
+        system_path = path_system || (disabled_shared_gems == false)
+        return Path.new(path, system_path)
+      end
+
+      Path.new(nil, false)
+    end
+
+    Path = Struct.new(:explicit_path, :system_path) do
+      def path
+        path = base_path
+        path = File.join(path, Bundler.ruby_scope) unless use_system_gems?
+        path
+      end
+
+      def use_system_gems?
+        return true if system_path
+        return false if explicit_path
+        !Bundler.feature_flag.default_install_uses_path?
+      end
+
+      def base_path
+        path = explicit_path
+        path ||= ".bundle" unless use_system_gems?
+        path ||= Bundler.rubygems.gem_dir
+        path
+      end
+
+      def base_path_relative_to_pwd
+        base_path = Pathname.new(self.base_path)
+        expanded_base_path = base_path.expand_path(Bundler.root)
+        relative_path = expanded_base_path.relative_path_from(Pathname.pwd)
+        if relative_path.to_s.start_with?("..")
+          relative_path = base_path if base_path.absolute?
+        else
+          relative_path = Pathname.new(File.join(".", relative_path))
+        end
+        relative_path
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        expanded_base_path
+      end
+
+      def validate!
+        return unless explicit_path && system_path
+        path = Bundler.settings.pretty_values_for(:path)
+        path.unshift(nil, "path:") unless path.empty?
+        system_path = Bundler.settings.pretty_values_for("path.system")
+        system_path.unshift(nil, "path.system:") unless system_path.empty?
+        disable_shared_gems = Bundler.settings.pretty_values_for(:disable_shared_gems)
+        disable_shared_gems.unshift(nil, "disable_shared_gems:") unless disable_shared_gems.empty?
+        raise InvalidOption,
+          "Using a custom path while using system gems is unsupported.\n#{path.join("\n")}\n#{system_path.join("\n")}\n#{disable_shared_gems.join("\n")}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def allow_sudo?
+      key = key_for(:path)
+      path_configured = @temporary.key?(key) || @local_config.key?(key)
+      !path_configured
+    end
+
+    def ignore_config?
+      ENV["BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG"]
+    end
+
+    def app_cache_path
+      @app_cache_path ||= self[:cache_path] || "vendor/cache"
+    end
+
+    def validate!
+      all.each do |raw_key|
+        [@local_config, @env_config, @global_config].each do |settings|
+          value = value_for(raw_key, settings)
+          Validator.validate!(raw_key, value, settings.dup)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def key_for(key)
+      self.class.key_for(key)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def configs
+      {
+        :temporary => @temporary,
+        :local => @local_config,
+        :env => @env_config,
+        :global => @global_config,
+        :default => DEFAULT_CONFIG,
+      }
+    end
+
+    def value_for(name, config)
+      converted_value(config[key_for(name)], name)
+    end
+
+    def parent_setting_for(name)
+      split_specific_setting_for(name)[0]
+    end
+
+    def specific_gem_for(name)
+      split_specific_setting_for(name)[1]
+    end
+
+    def split_specific_setting_for(name)
+      name.split(".")
+    end
+
+    def is_bool(name)
+      BOOL_KEYS.include?(name.to_s) || BOOL_KEYS.include?(parent_setting_for(name.to_s))
+    end
+
+    def is_string(name)
+      STRING_KEYS.include?(name.to_s) || name.to_s.start_with?("local.") || name.to_s.start_with?("mirror.") || name.to_s.start_with?("build.")
+    end
+
+    def to_bool(value)
+      case value
+      when nil, /\A(false|f|no|n|0|)\z/i, false
+        false
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    def is_num(key)
+      NUMBER_KEYS.include?(key.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def is_array(key)
+      ARRAY_KEYS.include?(key.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def is_credential(key)
+      key == "gem.push_key"
+    end
+
+    def is_userinfo(value)
+      value.include?(":")
+    end
+
+    def to_array(value)
+      return [] unless value
+      value.split(":").map(&:to_sym)
+    end
+
+    def array_to_s(array)
+      array = Array(array)
+      return nil if array.empty?
+      array.join(":").tr(" ", ":")
+    end
+
+    def set_key(raw_key, value, hash, file)
+      raw_key = raw_key.to_s
+      value = array_to_s(value) if is_array(raw_key)
+
+      key = key_for(raw_key)
+
+      return if hash[key] == value
+
+      hash[key] = value
+      hash.delete(key) if value.nil?
+
+      Validator.validate!(raw_key, converted_value(value, raw_key), hash)
+
+      return unless file
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file) do |p|
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(p.dirname)
+        require_relative "yaml_serializer"
+        p.open("w") {|f| f.write(YAMLSerializer.dump(hash)) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def converted_value(value, key)
+      if is_array(key)
+        to_array(value)
+      elsif value.nil?
+        nil
+      elsif is_bool(key) || value == "false"
+        to_bool(value)
+      elsif is_num(key)
+        value.to_i
+      else
+        value.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def printable_value(value, key)
+      converted = converted_value(value, key)
+      return converted unless converted.is_a?(String)
+
+      if is_string(key)
+        converted
+      elsif is_credential(key)
+        "[REDACTED]"
+      elsif is_userinfo(converted)
+        username, pass = converted.split(":", 2)
+
+        if pass == "x-oauth-basic"
+          username = "[REDACTED]"
+        else
+          pass = "[REDACTED]"
+        end
+
+        [username, pass].join(":")
+      else
+        converted
+      end
+    end
+
+    def global_config_file
+      if ENV["BUNDLE_CONFIG"] && !ENV["BUNDLE_CONFIG"].empty?
+        Pathname.new(ENV["BUNDLE_CONFIG"])
+      elsif ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"] && !ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"].empty?
+        Pathname.new(ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"])
+      elsif ENV["BUNDLE_USER_HOME"] && !ENV["BUNDLE_USER_HOME"].empty?
+        Pathname.new(ENV["BUNDLE_USER_HOME"]).join("config")
+      elsif Bundler.rubygems.user_home && !Bundler.rubygems.user_home.empty?
+        Pathname.new(Bundler.rubygems.user_home).join(".bundle/config")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def local_config_file
+      Pathname.new(@root).join("config") if @root
+    end
+
+    def load_config(config_file)
+      return {} if !config_file || ignore_config?
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(config_file, :read) do |file|
+        valid_file = file.exist? && !file.size.zero?
+        return {} unless valid_file
+        require_relative "yaml_serializer"
+        YAMLSerializer.load(file.read).inject({}) do |config, (k, v)|
+          new_k = k
+
+          if k.include?("-")
+            Bundler.ui.warn "Your #{file} config includes `#{k}`, which contains the dash character (`-`).\n" \
+              "This is deprecated, because configuration through `ENV` should be possible, but `ENV` keys cannot include dashes.\n" \
+              "Please edit #{file} and replace any dashes in configuration keys with a triple underscore (`___`)."
+
+            new_k = k.gsub("-", "___")
+          end
+
+          config[new_k] = v
+          config
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    PER_URI_OPTIONS = %w[
+      fallback_timeout
+    ].freeze
+
+    NORMALIZE_URI_OPTIONS_PATTERN =
+      /
+        \A
+        (\w+\.)? # optional prefix key
+        (https?.*?) # URI
+        (\.#{Regexp.union(PER_URI_OPTIONS)})? # optional suffix key
+        \z
+      /ix.freeze
+
+    def self.key_for(key)
+      key = normalize_uri(key).to_s if key.is_a?(String) && /https?:/ =~ key
+      key = key.to_s.gsub(".", "__").gsub("-", "___").upcase
+      "BUNDLE_#{key}"
+    end
+
+    # TODO: duplicates Rubygems#normalize_uri
+    # TODO: is this the correct place to validate mirror URIs?
+    def self.normalize_uri(uri)
+      uri = uri.to_s
+      if uri =~ NORMALIZE_URI_OPTIONS_PATTERN
+        prefix = $1
+        uri = $2
+        suffix = $3
+      end
+      uri = "#{uri}/" unless uri.end_with?("/")
+      require_relative "vendored_uri"
+      uri = Bundler::URI(uri)
+      unless uri.absolute?
+        raise ArgumentError, format("Gem sources must be absolute. You provided '%s'.", uri)
+      end
+      "#{prefix}#{uri}#{suffix}"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/settings/validator.rb b/lib/bundler/settings/validator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a57ea7f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/settings/validator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Settings
+    class Validator
+      class Rule
+        attr_reader :description
+
+        def initialize(keys, description, &validate)
+          @keys = keys
+          @description = description
+          @validate = validate
+        end
+
+        def validate!(key, value, settings)
+          instance_exec(key, value, settings, &@validate)
+        end
+
+        def fail!(key, value, *reasons)
+          reasons.unshift @description
+          raise InvalidOption, "Setting `#{key}` to #{value.inspect} failed:\n#{reasons.map {|r| " - #{r}" }.join("\n")}"
+        end
+
+        def set(settings, key, value, *reasons)
+          hash_key = k(key)
+          return if settings[hash_key] == value
+          reasons.unshift @description
+          Bundler.ui.info "Setting `#{key}` to #{value.inspect}, since #{reasons.join(", ")}"
+          if value.nil?
+            settings.delete(hash_key)
+          else
+            settings[hash_key] = value
+          end
+        end
+
+        def k(key)
+          Bundler.settings.key_for(key)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.rules
+        @rules ||= Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      end
+      private_class_method :rules
+
+      def self.rule(keys, description, &blk)
+        rule = Rule.new(keys, description, &blk)
+        keys.each {|k| rules[k] << rule }
+      end
+      private_class_method :rule
+
+      def self.validate!(key, value, settings)
+        rules_to_validate = rules[key]
+        rules_to_validate.each {|rule| rule.validate!(key, value, settings) }
+      end
+
+      rule %w[path path.system], "path and path.system are mutually exclusive" do |key, value, settings|
+        if key == "path" && value
+          set(settings, "path.system", nil)
+        elsif key == "path.system" && value
+          set(settings, :path, nil)
+        end
+      end
+
+      rule %w[with without], "a group cannot be in both `with` & `without` simultaneously" do |key, value, settings|
+        with = settings.fetch(k(:with), "").split(":").map(&:to_sym)
+        without = settings.fetch(k(:without), "").split(":").map(&:to_sym)
+
+        other_key = key == "with" ? :without : :with
+        other_setting = key == "with" ? without : with
+
+        conflicting = with & without
+        if conflicting.any?
+          fail!(key, value, "`#{other_key}` is current set to #{other_setting.inspect}", "the `#{conflicting.join("`, `")}` groups conflict")
+        end
+      end
+
+      rule %w[path], "relative paths are expanded relative to the current working directory" do |key, value, settings|
+        next if value.nil?
+
+        path = Pathname.new(value)
+        next if !path.relative? || !Bundler.feature_flag.path_relative_to_cwd?
+
+        path = path.expand_path
+
+        root = begin
+                 Bundler.root
+               rescue GemfileNotFound
+                 Pathname.pwd.expand_path
+               end
+
+        path = begin
+                 path.relative_path_from(root)
+               rescue ArgumentError
+                 path
+               end
+
+        set(settings, key, path.to_s)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/setup.rb b/lib/bundler/setup.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32e9b2d7c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/setup.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "shared_helpers"
+
+if Bundler::SharedHelpers.in_bundle?
+  require_relative "../bundler"
+
+  if STDOUT.tty? || ENV["BUNDLER_FORCE_TTY"]
+    begin
+      Bundler.ui.silence { Bundler.setup }
+    rescue Bundler::BundlerError => e
+      Bundler.ui.error e.message
+      Bundler.ui.warn e.backtrace.join("\n") if ENV["DEBUG"]
+      if e.is_a?(Bundler::GemNotFound)
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Run `bundle install` to install missing gems."
+      end
+      exit e.status_code
+    end
+  else
+    Bundler.ui.silence { Bundler.setup }
+  end
+
+  # We might be in the middle of shelling out to rubygems
+  # (RUBYOPT=-rbundler/setup), so we need to give rubygems the opportunity of
+  # not being silent.
+  Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui = nil
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb b/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df1c136c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+require "rbconfig"
+
+require_relative "version"
+require_relative "constants"
+require_relative "rubygems_integration"
+require_relative "current_ruby"
+
+module Bundler
+  module SharedHelpers
+    def root
+      gemfile = find_gemfile
+      raise GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile" unless gemfile
+      Pathname.new(gemfile).tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" }.expand_path.parent
+    end
+
+    def default_gemfile
+      gemfile = find_gemfile
+      raise GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile" unless gemfile
+      Pathname.new(gemfile).tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" }.expand_path
+    end
+
+    def default_lockfile
+      gemfile = default_gemfile
+
+      case gemfile.basename.to_s
+      when "gems.rb" then Pathname.new(gemfile.sub(/.rb$/, ".locked"))
+      else Pathname.new("#{gemfile}.lock")
+      end.tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" }
+    end
+
+    def default_bundle_dir
+      bundle_dir = find_directory(".bundle")
+      return nil unless bundle_dir
+
+      bundle_dir = Pathname.new(bundle_dir)
+
+      global_bundle_dir = Bundler.user_home.join(".bundle")
+      return nil if bundle_dir == global_bundle_dir
+
+      bundle_dir
+    end
+
+    def in_bundle?
+      find_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def chdir(dir, &blk)
+      Bundler.rubygems.ext_lock.synchronize do
+        Dir.chdir dir, &blk
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pwd
+      Bundler.rubygems.ext_lock.synchronize do
+        Pathname.pwd
+      end
+    end
+
+    def with_clean_git_env(&block)
+      keys    = %w[GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE]
+      old_env = keys.inject({}) do |h, k|
+        h.update(k => ENV[k])
+      end
+
+      keys.each {|key| ENV.delete(key) }
+
+      block.call
+    ensure
+      keys.each {|key| ENV[key] = old_env[key] }
+    end
+
+    def set_bundle_environment
+      set_bundle_variables
+      set_path
+      set_rubyopt
+      set_rubylib
+    end
+
+    # Rescues permissions errors raised by file system operations
+    # (ie. Errno:EACCESS, Errno::EAGAIN) and raises more friendly errors instead.
+    #
+    # @param path [String] the path that the action will be attempted to
+    # @param action [Symbol, #to_s] the type of operation that will be
+    #   performed. For example: :write, :read, :exec
+    #
+    # @yield path
+    #
+    # @raise [Bundler::PermissionError] if Errno:EACCES is raised in the
+    #   given block
+    # @raise [Bundler::TemporaryResourceError] if Errno:EAGAIN is raised in the
+    #   given block
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   filesystem_access("vendor/cache", :write) do
+    #     FileUtils.mkdir_p("vendor/cache")
+    #   end
+    #
+    # @see {Bundler::PermissionError}
+    def filesystem_access(path, action = :write, &block)
+      yield(path.dup.tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" })
+    rescue Errno::EACCES
+      raise PermissionError.new(path, action)
+    rescue Errno::EAGAIN
+      raise TemporaryResourceError.new(path, action)
+    rescue Errno::EPROTO
+      raise VirtualProtocolError.new
+    rescue Errno::ENOSPC
+      raise NoSpaceOnDeviceError.new(path, action)
+    rescue *[const_get_safely(:ENOTSUP, Errno)].compact
+      raise OperationNotSupportedError.new(path, action)
+    rescue Errno::EEXIST, Errno::ENOENT
+      raise
+    rescue SystemCallError => e
+      raise GenericSystemCallError.new(e, "There was an error accessing `#{path}`.")
+    end
+
+    def const_get_safely(constant_name, namespace)
+      const_in_namespace = namespace.constants.include?(constant_name.to_s) ||
+        namespace.constants.include?(constant_name.to_sym)
+      return nil unless const_in_namespace
+      namespace.const_get(constant_name)
+    end
+
+    def major_deprecation(major_version, message, print_caller_location: false)
+      if print_caller_location
+        caller_location = caller_locations(2, 2).first
+        message = "#{message} (called at #{caller_location.path}:#{caller_location.lineno})"
+      end
+
+      bundler_major_version = Bundler.bundler_major_version
+      if bundler_major_version > major_version
+        require_relative "errors"
+        raise DeprecatedError, "[REMOVED] #{message}"
+      end
+
+      return unless bundler_major_version >= major_version && prints_major_deprecations?
+      Bundler.ui.warn("[DEPRECATED] #{message}")
+    end
+
+    def print_major_deprecations!
+      multiple_gemfiles = search_up(".") do |dir|
+        gemfiles = gemfile_names.select {|gf| File.file? File.expand_path(gf, dir) }
+        next if gemfiles.empty?
+        break gemfiles.size != 1
+      end
+      return unless multiple_gemfiles
+      message = "Multiple gemfiles (gems.rb and Gemfile) detected. " \
+                "Make sure you remove Gemfile and Gemfile.lock since bundler is ignoring them in favor of gems.rb and gems.rb.locked."
+      Bundler.ui.warn message
+    end
+
+    def ensure_same_dependencies(spec, old_deps, new_deps)
+      new_deps = new_deps.reject {|d| d.type == :development }
+      old_deps = old_deps.reject {|d| d.type == :development }
+
+      without_type = proc {|d| Gem::Dependency.new(d.name, d.requirements_list.sort) }
+      new_deps.map!(&without_type)
+      old_deps.map!(&without_type)
+
+      extra_deps = new_deps - old_deps
+      return if extra_deps.empty?
+
+      Bundler.ui.debug "#{spec.full_name} from #{spec.remote} has either corrupted API or lockfile dependencies" \
+        " (was expecting #{old_deps.map(&:to_s)}, but the real spec has #{new_deps.map(&:to_s)})"
+      raise APIResponseMismatchError,
+        "Downloading #{spec.full_name} revealed dependencies not in the API or the lockfile (#{extra_deps.join(", ")})." \
+        "\nEither installing with `--full-index` or running `bundle update #{spec.name}` should fix the problem."
+    end
+
+    def pretty_dependency(dep, print_source = false)
+      msg = String.new(dep.name)
+      msg << " (#{dep.requirement})" unless dep.requirement == Gem::Requirement.default
+
+      if dep.is_a?(Bundler::Dependency)
+        platform_string = dep.platforms.join(", ")
+        msg << " " << platform_string if !platform_string.empty? && platform_string != Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      end
+
+      msg << " from the `#{dep.source}` source" if print_source && dep.source
+      msg
+    end
+
+    def md5_available?
+      return @md5_available if defined?(@md5_available)
+      @md5_available = begin
+        require "openssl"
+        ::OpenSSL::Digest.digest("MD5", "")
+        true
+      rescue LoadError
+        true
+      rescue ::OpenSSL::Digest::DigestError
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def digest(name)
+      require "digest"
+      Digest(name)
+    end
+
+    def write_to_gemfile(gemfile_path, contents)
+      filesystem_access(gemfile_path) {|g| File.open(g, "w") {|file| file.puts contents } }
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def validate_bundle_path
+      path_separator = Bundler.rubygems.path_separator
+      return unless Bundler.bundle_path.to_s.split(path_separator).size > 1
+      message = "Your bundle path contains text matching #{path_separator.inspect}, " \
+                "which is the path separator for your system. Bundler cannot " \
+                "function correctly when the Bundle path contains the " \
+                "system's PATH separator. Please change your " \
+                "bundle path to not match #{path_separator.inspect}." \
+                "\nYour current bundle path is '#{Bundler.bundle_path}'."
+      raise Bundler::PathError, message
+    end
+
+    def find_gemfile
+      given = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+      return given if given && !given.empty?
+      find_file(*gemfile_names)
+    end
+
+    def gemfile_names
+      ["gems.rb", "Gemfile"]
+    end
+
+    def find_file(*names)
+      search_up(*names) do |filename|
+        return filename if File.file?(filename)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_directory(*names)
+      search_up(*names) do |dirname|
+        return dirname if File.directory?(dirname)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def search_up(*names)
+      previous = nil
+      current  = File.expand_path(SharedHelpers.pwd).tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" }
+
+      until !File.directory?(current) || current == previous
+        if ENV["BUNDLE_SPEC_RUN"]
+          # avoid stepping above the tmp directory when testing
+          gemspec = if ENV["GEM_COMMAND"]
+            # for Ruby Core
+            "lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec"
+          else
+            "bundler.gemspec"
+          end
+
+          # avoid stepping above the tmp directory when testing
+          return nil if File.file?(File.join(current, gemspec))
+        end
+
+        names.each do |name|
+          filename = File.join(current, name)
+          yield filename
+        end
+        previous = current
+        current = File.expand_path("..", current)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_env(key, value)
+      raise ArgumentError, "new key #{key}" unless EnvironmentPreserver::BUNDLER_KEYS.include?(key)
+      orig_key = "#{EnvironmentPreserver::BUNDLER_PREFIX}#{key}"
+      orig = ENV[key]
+      orig ||= EnvironmentPreserver::INTENTIONALLY_NIL
+      ENV[orig_key] ||= orig
+
+      ENV[key] = value
+    end
+    public :set_env
+
+    def set_bundle_variables
+      # bundler exe & lib folders have same root folder, typical gem installation
+      exe_file = File.expand_path("../../../exe/bundle", __FILE__)
+
+      # for Ruby core repository testing
+      exe_file = File.expand_path("../../../libexec/bundle", __FILE__) unless File.exist?(exe_file)
+
+      # bundler is a default gem, exe path is separate
+      exe_file = Bundler.rubygems.bin_path("bundler", "bundle", VERSION) unless File.exist?(exe_file)
+
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_BIN_PATH", exe_file
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", find_gemfile.to_s
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLER_VERSION", Bundler::VERSION
+    end
+
+    def set_path
+      validate_bundle_path
+      paths = (ENV["PATH"] || "").split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+      paths.unshift "#{Bundler.bundle_path}/bin"
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "PATH", paths.uniq.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+    end
+
+    def set_rubyopt
+      rubyopt = [ENV["RUBYOPT"]].compact
+      setup_require = "-r#{File.expand_path("setup", __dir__)}"
+      return if !rubyopt.empty? && rubyopt.first =~ /#{setup_require}/
+      rubyopt.unshift setup_require
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "RUBYOPT", rubyopt.join(" ")
+    end
+
+    def set_rubylib
+      rubylib = (ENV["RUBYLIB"] || "").split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+      rubylib.unshift bundler_ruby_lib unless RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"] == bundler_ruby_lib
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "RUBYLIB", rubylib.uniq.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+    end
+
+    def bundler_ruby_lib
+      resolve_path File.expand_path("../..", __FILE__)
+    end
+
+    def clean_load_path
+      loaded_gem_paths = Bundler.rubygems.loaded_gem_paths
+
+      $LOAD_PATH.reject! do |p|
+        resolved_path = resolve_path(p)
+        next if $LOADED_FEATURES.any? {|lf| lf.start_with?(resolved_path) }
+        loaded_gem_paths.delete(p)
+      end
+      $LOAD_PATH.uniq!
+    end
+
+    def resolve_path(path)
+      expanded = File.expand_path(path)
+      return expanded unless File.respond_to?(:realpath) && File.exist?(expanded)
+
+      File.realpath(expanded)
+    end
+
+    def prints_major_deprecations?
+      require_relative "../bundler"
+      return false if Bundler.settings[:silence_deprecations]
+      require_relative "deprecate"
+      return false if Bundler::Deprecate.skip
+      true
+    end
+
+    extend self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/similarity_detector.rb b/lib/bundler/similarity_detector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50e66b9cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/similarity_detector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class SimilarityDetector
+    SimilarityScore = Struct.new(:string, :distance)
+
+    # initialize with an array of words to be matched against
+    def initialize(corpus)
+      @corpus = corpus
+    end
+
+    # return an array of words similar to 'word' from the corpus
+    def similar_words(word, limit = 3)
+      words_by_similarity = @corpus.map {|w| SimilarityScore.new(w, levenshtein_distance(word, w)) }
+      words_by_similarity.select {|s| s.distance <= limit }.sort_by(&:distance).map(&:string)
+    end
+
+    # return the result of 'similar_words', concatenated into a list
+    # (eg "a, b, or c")
+    def similar_word_list(word, limit = 3)
+      words = similar_words(word, limit)
+      if words.length == 1
+        words[0]
+      elsif words.length > 1
+        [words[0..-2].join(", "), words[-1]].join(" or ")
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    # https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=683059&seqNum=36
+    def levenshtein_distance(this, that, ins = 2, del = 2, sub = 1)
+      # ins, del, sub are weighted costs
+      return nil if this.nil?
+      return nil if that.nil?
+      dm = [] # distance matrix
+
+      # Initialize first row values
+      dm[0] = (0..this.length).collect {|i| i * ins }
+      fill = [0] * (this.length - 1)
+
+      # Initialize first column values
+      (1..that.length).each do |i|
+        dm[i] = [i * del, fill.flatten]
+      end
+
+      # populate matrix
+      (1..that.length).each do |i|
+        (1..this.length).each do |j|
+          # critical comparison
+          dm[i][j] = [
+            dm[i - 1][j - 1] + (this[j - 1] == that[i - 1] ? 0 : sub),
+            dm[i][j - 1] + ins,
+            dm[i - 1][j] + del,
+          ].min
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The last value in matrix is the Levenshtein distance between the strings
+      dm[that.length][this.length]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source.rb b/lib/bundler/source.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a2b332cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    autoload :Gemspec,  File.expand_path("source/gemspec", __dir__)
+    autoload :Git,      File.expand_path("source/git", __dir__)
+    autoload :Metadata, File.expand_path("source/metadata", __dir__)
+    autoload :Path,     File.expand_path("source/path", __dir__)
+    autoload :Rubygems, File.expand_path("source/rubygems", __dir__)
+    autoload :RubygemsAggregate, File.expand_path("source/rubygems_aggregate", __dir__)
+
+    attr_accessor :dependency_names
+
+    def unmet_deps
+      specs.unmet_dependency_names
+    end
+
+    def version_message(spec)
+      message = "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
+      message += " (#{spec.platform})" if spec.platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY && !spec.platform.nil?
+
+      if Bundler.locked_gems
+        locked_spec = Bundler.locked_gems.specs.find {|s| s.name == spec.name }
+        locked_spec_version = locked_spec.version if locked_spec
+        if locked_spec_version && spec.version != locked_spec_version
+          message += Bundler.ui.add_color(" (was #{locked_spec_version})", version_color(spec.version, locked_spec_version))
+        end
+      end
+
+      message
+    end
+
+    def can_lock?(spec)
+      spec.source == self
+    end
+
+    def local!; end
+
+    def local_only!; end
+
+    def cached!; end
+
+    def remote!; end
+
+    def add_dependency_names(names)
+      @dependency_names = Array(dependency_names) | Array(names)
+    end
+
+    # it's possible that gems from one source depend on gems from some
+    # other source, so now we download gemspecs and iterate over those
+    # dependencies, looking for gems we don't have info on yet.
+    def double_check_for(*); end
+
+    def dependency_names_to_double_check
+      specs.dependency_names
+    end
+
+    def spec_names
+      specs.spec_names
+    end
+
+    def include?(other)
+      other == self
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class}:0x#{object_id} #{self}>"
+    end
+
+    def identifier
+      to_s
+    end
+
+    def path?
+      instance_of?(Bundler::Source::Path)
+    end
+
+    def extension_cache_path(spec)
+      return unless Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
+      return unless source_slug = extension_cache_slug(spec)
+      Bundler.user_cache.join(
+        "extensions", Gem::Platform.local.to_s, Bundler.ruby_scope,
+        source_slug, spec.full_name
+      )
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def version_color(spec_version, locked_spec_version)
+      if Gem::Version.correct?(spec_version) && Gem::Version.correct?(locked_spec_version)
+        # display yellow if there appears to be a regression
+        earlier_version?(spec_version, locked_spec_version) ? :yellow : :green
+      else
+        # default to green if the versions cannot be directly compared
+        :green
+      end
+    end
+
+    def earlier_version?(spec_version, locked_spec_version)
+      Gem::Version.new(spec_version) < Gem::Version.new(locked_spec_version)
+    end
+
+    def print_using_message(message)
+      if !message.include?("(was ") && Bundler.feature_flag.suppress_install_using_messages?
+        Bundler.ui.debug message
+      else
+        Bundler.ui.info message
+      end
+    end
+
+    def extension_cache_slug(_)
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/gemspec.rb b/lib/bundler/source/gemspec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e3447e776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/gemspec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Gemspec < Path
+      attr_reader :gemspec
+
+      def initialize(options)
+        super
+        @gemspec = options["gemspec"]
+      end
+
+      def as_path_source
+        Path.new(options)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/git.rb b/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a41a2f23e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../vendored_fileutils"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Git < Path
+      autoload :GitProxy, File.expand_path("git/git_proxy", __dir__)
+
+      attr_reader :uri, :ref, :branch, :options, :glob, :submodules
+
+      def initialize(options)
+        @options = options
+        @glob = options["glob"] || DEFAULT_GLOB
+
+        @allow_cached = false
+        @allow_remote = false
+
+        # Stringify options that could be set as symbols
+        %w[ref branch tag revision].each {|k| options[k] = options[k].to_s if options[k] }
+
+        @uri        = options["uri"] || ""
+        @safe_uri   = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(@uri)
+        @branch     = options["branch"]
+        @ref        = options["ref"] || options["branch"] || options["tag"]
+        @submodules = options["submodules"]
+        @name       = options["name"]
+        @version    = options["version"].to_s.strip.gsub("-", ".pre.")
+
+        @copied     = false
+        @local      = false
+      end
+
+      def self.from_lock(options)
+        new(options.merge("uri" => options.delete("remote")))
+      end
+
+      def to_lock
+        out = String.new("GIT\n")
+        out << "  remote: #{@uri}\n"
+        out << "  revision: #{revision}\n"
+        %w[ref branch tag submodules].each do |opt|
+          out << "  #{opt}: #{options[opt]}\n" if options[opt]
+        end
+        out << "  glob: #{@glob}\n" unless default_glob?
+        out << "  specs:\n"
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        [self.class, uri, ref, branch, name, version, glob, submodules].hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        other.is_a?(Git) && uri == other.uri && ref == other.ref &&
+          branch == other.branch && name == other.name &&
+          version == other.version && glob == other.glob &&
+          submodules == other.submodules
+      end
+
+      alias_method :==, :eql?
+
+      def to_s
+        begin
+          at = if local?
+            path
+          elsif user_ref = options["ref"]
+            if ref =~ /\A[a-z0-9]{4,}\z/i
+              shortref_for_display(user_ref)
+            else
+              user_ref
+            end
+          elsif ref
+            ref
+          else
+            git_proxy.branch
+          end
+
+          rev = "at #{at}@#{shortref_for_display(revision)}"
+        rescue GitError
+          ""
+        end
+
+        specifiers = [rev, glob_for_display].compact
+        suffix =
+          if specifiers.any?
+            " (#{specifiers.join(", ")})"
+          else
+            ""
+          end
+
+        "#{@safe_uri}#{suffix}"
+      end
+
+      def name
+        File.basename(@uri, ".git")
+      end
+
+      # This is the path which is going to contain a specific
+      # checkout of the git repository. When using local git
+      # repos, this is set to the local repo.
+      def install_path
+        @install_path ||= begin
+          git_scope = "#{base_name}-#{shortref_for_path(revision)}"
+
+          path = Bundler.install_path.join(git_scope)
+
+          if !path.exist? && Bundler.requires_sudo?
+            Bundler.user_bundle_path.join(Bundler.ruby_scope).join(git_scope)
+          else
+            path
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      alias_method :path, :install_path
+
+      def extension_dir_name
+        "#{base_name}-#{shortref_for_path(revision)}"
+      end
+
+      def unlock!
+        git_proxy.revision = nil
+        options["revision"] = nil
+
+        @unlocked = true
+      end
+
+      def local_override!(path)
+        return false if local?
+
+        original_path = path
+        path = Pathname.new(path)
+        path = path.expand_path(Bundler.root) unless path.relative?
+
+        unless options["branch"] || Bundler.settings[:disable_local_branch_check]
+          raise GitError, "Cannot use local override for #{name} at #{path} because " \
+            ":branch is not specified in Gemfile. Specify a branch or run " \
+            "`bundle config unset local.#{override_for(original_path)}` to remove the local override"
+        end
+
+        unless path.exist?
+          raise GitError, "Cannot use local override for #{name} because #{path} " \
+            "does not exist. Run `bundle config unset local.#{override_for(original_path)}` to remove the local override"
+        end
+
+        set_local!(path)
+
+        # Create a new git proxy without the cached revision
+        # so the Gemfile.lock always picks up the new revision.
+        @git_proxy = GitProxy.new(path, uri, ref)
+
+        if git_proxy.branch != options["branch"] && !Bundler.settings[:disable_local_branch_check]
+          raise GitError, "Local override for #{name} at #{path} is using branch " \
+            "#{git_proxy.branch} but Gemfile specifies #{options["branch"]}"
+        end
+
+        changed = cached_revision && cached_revision != git_proxy.revision
+
+        if !Bundler.settings[:disable_local_revision_check] && changed && !@unlocked && !git_proxy.contains?(cached_revision)
+          raise GitError, "The Gemfile lock is pointing to revision #{shortref_for_display(cached_revision)} " \
+            "but the current branch in your local override for #{name} does not contain such commit. " \
+            "Please make sure your branch is up to date."
+        end
+
+        changed
+      end
+
+      def specs(*)
+        set_local!(app_cache_path) if has_app_cache? && !local?
+
+        if requires_checkout? && !@copied
+          fetch
+          git_proxy.copy_to(install_path, submodules)
+          serialize_gemspecs_in(install_path)
+          @copied = true
+        end
+
+        local_specs
+      end
+
+      def install(spec, options = {})
+        force = options[:force]
+
+        print_using_message "Using #{version_message(spec)} from #{self}"
+
+        if (requires_checkout? && !@copied) || force
+          Bundler.ui.debug "  * Checking out revision: #{ref}"
+          git_proxy.copy_to(install_path, submodules)
+          serialize_gemspecs_in(install_path)
+          @copied = true
+        end
+
+        generate_bin_options = { :disable_extensions => !Bundler.rubygems.spec_missing_extensions?(spec), :build_args => options[:build_args] }
+        generate_bin(spec, generate_bin_options)
+
+        requires_checkout? ? spec.post_install_message : nil
+      end
+
+      def cache(spec, custom_path = nil)
+        app_cache_path = app_cache_path(custom_path)
+        return unless Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all?
+        return if path == app_cache_path
+        cached!
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(app_cache_path)
+        git_proxy.checkout if requires_checkout?
+        git_proxy.copy_to(app_cache_path, @submodules)
+        serialize_gemspecs_in(app_cache_path)
+      end
+
+      def load_spec_files
+        super
+      rescue PathError => e
+        Bundler.ui.trace e
+        raise GitError, "#{self} is not yet checked out. Run `bundle install` first."
+      end
+
+      # This is the path which is going to contain a cache
+      # of the git repository. When using the same git repository
+      # across different projects, this cache will be shared.
+      # When using local git repos, this is set to the local repo.
+      def cache_path
+        @cache_path ||= begin
+          if Bundler.requires_sudo? || Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
+            Bundler.user_cache
+          else
+            Bundler.bundle_path.join("cache", "bundler")
+          end.join("git", git_scope)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def app_cache_dirname
+        "#{base_name}-#{shortref_for_path(cached_revision || revision)}"
+      end
+
+      def revision
+        git_proxy.revision
+      end
+
+      def allow_git_ops?
+        @allow_remote || @allow_cached
+      end
+
+      def local?
+        @local
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def serialize_gemspecs_in(destination)
+        destination = destination.expand_path(Bundler.root) if destination.relative?
+        Dir["#{destination}/#{@glob}"].each do |spec_path|
+          # Evaluate gemspecs and cache the result. Gemspecs
+          # in git might require git or other dependencies.
+          # The gemspecs we cache should already be evaluated.
+          spec = Bundler.load_gemspec(spec_path)
+          next unless spec
+          Bundler.rubygems.set_installed_by_version(spec)
+          Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec)
+          File.open(spec_path, "wb") {|file| file.write(spec.to_ruby) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def set_local!(path)
+        @local       = true
+        @local_specs = @git_proxy = nil
+        @cache_path  = @install_path = path
+      end
+
+      def has_app_cache?
+        cached_revision && super
+      end
+
+      def requires_checkout?
+        allow_git_ops? && !local? && !cached_revision_checked_out?
+      end
+
+      def cached_revision_checked_out?
+        cached_revision && cached_revision == revision && install_path.exist?
+      end
+
+      def base_name
+        File.basename(uri.sub(%r{^(\w+://)?([^/:]+:)?(//\w*/)?(\w*/)*}, ""), ".git")
+      end
+
+      def shortref_for_display(ref)
+        ref[0..6]
+      end
+
+      def shortref_for_path(ref)
+        ref[0..11]
+      end
+
+      def glob_for_display
+        default_glob? ? nil : "glob: #{@glob}"
+      end
+
+      def default_glob?
+        @glob == DEFAULT_GLOB
+      end
+
+      def uri_hash
+        if uri =~ %r{^\w+://(\w+@)?}
+          # Downcase the domain component of the URI
+          # and strip off a trailing slash, if one is present
+          input = Bundler::URI.parse(uri).normalize.to_s.sub(%r{/$}, "")
+        else
+          # If there is no URI scheme, assume it is an ssh/git URI
+          input = uri
+        end
+        # We use SHA1 here for historical reason and to preserve backward compatibility.
+        # But a transition to a simpler mangling algorithm would be welcome.
+        Bundler::Digest.sha1(input)
+      end
+
+      def cached_revision
+        options["revision"]
+      end
+
+      def cached?
+        cache_path.exist?
+      end
+
+      def git_proxy
+        @git_proxy ||= GitProxy.new(cache_path, uri, ref, cached_revision, self)
+      end
+
+      def fetch
+        git_proxy.checkout
+      rescue GitError => e
+        raise unless Bundler.feature_flag.allow_offline_install?
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Using cached git data because of network errors:\n#{e}"
+      end
+
+      # no-op, since we validate when re-serializing the gemspec
+      def validate_spec(_spec); end
+
+      def load_gemspec(file)
+        stub = Gem::StubSpecification.gemspec_stub(file, install_path.parent, install_path.parent)
+        stub.full_gem_path = Pathname.new(file).dirname.expand_path(root).to_s.tap{|x| x.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7" }
+        StubSpecification.from_stub(stub)
+      end
+
+      def git_scope
+        "#{base_name}-#{uri_hash}"
+      end
+
+      def extension_cache_slug(_)
+        extension_dir_name
+      end
+
+      def override_for(path)
+        Bundler.settings.local_overrides.key(path)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb b/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..745a7fe118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Git
+      class GitNotInstalledError < GitError
+        def initialize
+          msg = String.new
+          msg << "You need to install git to be able to use gems from git repositories. "
+          msg << "For help installing git, please refer to GitHub's tutorial at https://help.github.com/articles/set-up-git"
+          super msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      class GitNotAllowedError < GitError
+        def initialize(command)
+          msg = String.new
+          msg << "Bundler is trying to run `#{command}` at runtime. You probably need to run `bundle install`. However, "
+          msg << "this error message could probably be more useful. Please submit a ticket at https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/new?labels=Bundler&template=bundler-related-issue.md "
+          msg << "with steps to reproduce as well as the following\n\nCALLER: #{caller.join("\n")}"
+          super msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      class GitCommandError < GitError
+        attr_reader :command
+
+        def initialize(command, path, extra_info = nil)
+          @command = command
+
+          msg = String.new
+          msg << "Git error: command `#{command}` in directory #{path} has failed."
+          msg << "\n#{extra_info}" if extra_info
+          msg << "\nIf this error persists you could try removing the cache directory '#{path}'" if path.exist?
+          super msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MissingGitRevisionError < GitCommandError
+        def initialize(command, destination_path, ref, repo)
+          msg = "Revision #{ref} does not exist in the repository #{repo}. Maybe you misspelled it?"
+          super command, destination_path, msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The GitProxy is responsible to interact with git repositories.
+      # All actions required by the Git source is encapsulated in this
+      # object.
+      class GitProxy
+        attr_accessor :path, :uri, :ref
+        attr_writer :revision
+
+        def initialize(path, uri, ref, revision = nil, git = nil)
+          @path     = path
+          @uri      = uri
+          @ref      = ref
+          @revision = revision
+          @git      = git
+        end
+
+        def revision
+          @revision ||= find_local_revision
+        end
+
+        def branch
+          @branch ||= allowed_with_path do
+            git("rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD", :dir => path).strip
+          end
+        end
+
+        def contains?(commit)
+          allowed_with_path do
+            result, status = git_null("branch", "--contains", commit, :dir => path)
+            status.success? && result =~ /^\* (.*)$/
+          end
+        end
+
+        def version
+          git("--version").match(/(git version\s*)?((\.?\d+)+).*/)[2]
+        end
+
+        def full_version
+          git("--version").sub("git version", "").strip
+        end
+
+        def checkout
+          return if path.exist? && has_revision_cached?
+          extra_ref = "#{ref}:#{ref}" if ref && ref.start_with?("refs/")
+
+          Bundler.ui.info "Fetching #{URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri)}"
+
+          configured_uri = configured_uri_for(uri).to_s
+
+          unless path.exist?
+            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path.dirname) do |p|
+              FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+            end
+            git_retry "clone", "--bare", "--no-hardlinks", "--quiet", "--", configured_uri, path.to_s
+            return unless extra_ref
+          end
+
+          with_path do
+            git_retry(*["fetch", "--force", "--quiet", "--tags", "--", configured_uri, "refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*", extra_ref].compact, :dir => path)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def copy_to(destination, submodules = false)
+          # method 1
+          unless File.exist?(destination.join(".git"))
+            begin
+              SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(destination.dirname) do |p|
+                FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+              end
+              SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(destination) do |p|
+                FileUtils.rm_rf(p)
+              end
+              git_retry "clone", "--no-checkout", "--quiet", path.to_s, destination.to_s
+              File.chmod(((File.stat(destination).mode | 0o777) & ~File.umask), destination)
+            rescue Errno::EEXIST => e
+              file_path = e.message[%r{.*?((?:[a-zA-Z]:)?/.*)}, 1]
+              raise GitError, "Bundler could not install a gem because it needs to " \
+                "create a directory, but a file exists - #{file_path}. Please delete " \
+                "this file and try again."
+            end
+          end
+          # method 2
+          git_retry "fetch", "--force", "--quiet", "--tags", path.to_s, :dir => destination
+
+          begin
+            git "reset", "--hard", @revision, :dir => destination
+          rescue GitCommandError => e
+            raise MissingGitRevisionError.new(e.command, destination, @revision, URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri))
+          end
+
+          if submodules
+            git_retry "submodule", "update", "--init", "--recursive", :dir => destination
+          elsif Gem::Version.create(version) >= Gem::Version.create("2.9.0")
+            inner_command = "git -C $toplevel submodule deinit --force $sm_path"
+            git_retry "submodule", "foreach", "--quiet", inner_command, :dir => destination
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def git_null(*command, dir: nil)
+          check_allowed(command)
+
+          out, status = SharedHelpers.with_clean_git_env do
+            capture_and_ignore_stderr(*capture3_args_for(command, dir))
+          end
+
+          [URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(out, uri), status]
+        end
+
+        def git_retry(*command, dir: nil)
+          command_with_no_credentials = check_allowed(command)
+
+          Bundler::Retry.new("`#{command_with_no_credentials}` at #{dir || SharedHelpers.pwd}").attempts do
+            git(*command, :dir => dir)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def git(*command, dir: nil)
+          command_with_no_credentials = check_allowed(command)
+
+          out, status = SharedHelpers.with_clean_git_env do
+            capture_and_filter_stderr(*capture3_args_for(command, dir))
+          end
+
+          filtered_out = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(out, uri)
+
+          raise GitCommandError.new(command_with_no_credentials, dir || SharedHelpers.pwd, filtered_out) unless status.success?
+
+          filtered_out
+        end
+
+        def has_revision_cached?
+          return unless @revision
+          with_path { git("cat-file", "-e", @revision, :dir => path) }
+          true
+        rescue GitError
+          false
+        end
+
+        def remove_cache
+          FileUtils.rm_rf(path)
+        end
+
+        def find_local_revision
+          allowed_with_path do
+            git("rev-parse", "--verify", ref || "HEAD", :dir => path).strip
+          end
+        rescue GitCommandError => e
+          raise MissingGitRevisionError.new(e.command, path, ref, URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri))
+        end
+
+        # Adds credentials to the URI as Fetcher#configured_uri_for does
+        def configured_uri_for(uri)
+          if /https?:/ =~ uri
+            remote = Bundler::URI(uri)
+            config_auth = Bundler.settings[remote.to_s] || Bundler.settings[remote.host]
+            remote.userinfo ||= config_auth
+            remote.to_s
+          else
+            uri
+          end
+        end
+
+        def allow?
+          allowed = @git ? @git.allow_git_ops? : true
+
+          raise GitNotInstalledError.new if allowed && !Bundler.git_present?
+
+          allowed
+        end
+
+        def with_path(&blk)
+          checkout unless path.exist?
+          blk.call
+        end
+
+        def allowed_with_path
+          return with_path { yield } if allow?
+          raise GitError, "The git source #{uri} is not yet checked out. Please run `bundle install` before trying to start your application"
+        end
+
+        def check_allowed(command)
+          require "shellwords"
+          command_with_no_credentials = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string("git #{command.shelljoin}", uri)
+          raise GitNotAllowedError.new(command_with_no_credentials) unless allow?
+          command_with_no_credentials
+        end
+
+        def capture_and_filter_stderr(*cmd)
+          require "open3"
+          return_value, captured_err, status = Open3.capture3(*cmd)
+          Bundler.ui.warn URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(captured_err, uri) unless captured_err.empty?
+          [return_value, status]
+        end
+
+        def capture_and_ignore_stderr(*cmd)
+          require "open3"
+          return_value, _, status = Open3.capture3(*cmd)
+          [return_value, status]
+        end
+
+        def capture3_args_for(cmd, dir)
+          return ["git", *cmd] unless dir
+
+          if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode? || supports_minus_c?
+            ["git", "-C", dir.to_s, *cmd]
+          else
+            ["git", *cmd, { :chdir => dir.to_s }]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def supports_minus_c?
+          @supports_minus_c ||= Gem::Version.new(version) >= Gem::Version.new("1.8.5")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/metadata.rb b/lib/bundler/source/metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50b65ce0ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Metadata < Source
+      def specs
+        @specs ||= Index.build do |idx|
+          idx << Gem::Specification.new("Ruby\0", RubyVersion.system.to_gem_version_with_patchlevel)
+          idx << Gem::Specification.new("RubyGems\0", Gem::VERSION) do |s|
+            s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.default
+          end
+
+          idx << Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+            s.name     = "bundler"
+            s.version  = VERSION
+            s.license  = "MIT"
+            s.platform = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+            s.source   = self
+            s.authors  = ["bundler team"]
+            s.bindir   = "exe"
+            s.homepage = "https://bundler.io"
+            s.summary  = "The best way to manage your application's dependencies"
+            s.executables = %w[bundle]
+            # can't point to the actual gemspec or else the require paths will be wrong
+            s.loaded_from = File.expand_path("..", __FILE__)
+          end
+
+          if local_spec = Bundler.rubygems.find_name("bundler").find {|s| s.version.to_s == VERSION }
+            idx << local_spec
+          end
+
+          idx.each {|s| s.source = self }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def options
+        {}
+      end
+
+      def install(spec, _opts = {})
+        print_using_message "Using #{version_message(spec)}"
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "the local ruby installation"
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        self.class == other.class
+      end
+      alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+      def hash
+        self.class.hash
+      end
+
+      def version_message(spec)
+        "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/path.rb b/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01f89b204d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Path < Source
+      autoload :Installer, File.expand_path("path/installer", __dir__)
+
+      attr_reader :path, :options, :root_path, :original_path
+      attr_writer :name
+      attr_accessor :version
+
+      protected :original_path
+
+      DEFAULT_GLOB = "{,*,*/*}.gemspec".freeze
+
+      def initialize(options)
+        @options = options.dup
+        @glob = options["glob"] || DEFAULT_GLOB
+
+        @allow_cached = false
+        @allow_remote = false
+
+        @root_path = options["root_path"] || root
+
+        if options["path"]
+          @path = Pathname.new(options["path"])
+          expanded_path = expand(@path)
+          @path = if @path.relative?
+            expanded_path.relative_path_from(root_path.expand_path)
+          else
+            expanded_path
+          end
+        end
+
+        @name    = options["name"]
+        @version = options["version"]
+
+        # Stores the original path. If at any point we move to the
+        # cached directory, we still have the original path to copy from.
+        @original_path = @path
+      end
+
+      def remote!
+        @local_specs = nil
+        @allow_remote = true
+      end
+
+      def cached!
+        @local_specs = nil
+        @allow_cached = true
+      end
+
+      def self.from_lock(options)
+        new(options.merge("path" => options.delete("remote")))
+      end
+
+      def to_lock
+        out = String.new("PATH\n")
+        out << "  remote: #{lockfile_path}\n"
+        out << "  glob: #{@glob}\n" unless @glob == DEFAULT_GLOB
+        out << "  specs:\n"
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "source at `#{@path}`"
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        [self.class, expanded_path, version].hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        return unless other.class == self.class
+        expanded_original_path == other.expanded_original_path &&
+          version == other.version
+      end
+
+      alias_method :==, :eql?
+
+      def name
+        File.basename(expanded_path.to_s)
+      end
+
+      def install(spec, options = {})
+        using_message = "Using #{version_message(spec)} from #{self}"
+        using_message += " and installing its executables" unless spec.executables.empty?
+        print_using_message using_message
+        generate_bin(spec, :disable_extensions => true)
+        nil # no post-install message
+      end
+
+      def cache(spec, custom_path = nil)
+        app_cache_path = app_cache_path(custom_path)
+        return unless Bundler.feature_flag.cache_all?
+        return if expand(@original_path).to_s.index(root_path.to_s + "/") == 0
+
+        unless @original_path.exist?
+          raise GemNotFound, "Can't cache gem #{version_message(spec)} because #{self} is missing!"
+        end
+
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(app_cache_path)
+        FileUtils.cp_r("#{@original_path}/.", app_cache_path)
+        FileUtils.touch(app_cache_path.join(".bundlecache"))
+      end
+
+      def local_specs(*)
+        @local_specs ||= load_spec_files
+      end
+
+      def specs
+        if has_app_cache?
+          @path = app_cache_path
+          @expanded_path = nil # Invalidate
+        end
+        local_specs
+      end
+
+      def app_cache_dirname
+        name
+      end
+
+      def root
+        Bundler.root
+      end
+
+      def expanded_original_path
+        @expanded_original_path ||= expand(original_path)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def expanded_path
+        @expanded_path ||= expand(path)
+      end
+
+      def expand(somepath)
+        if Bundler.current_ruby.jruby? # TODO: Unify when https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/7598 fixed upstream and all supported jrubies include the fix
+          somepath.expand_path(root_path).expand_path
+        else
+          somepath.expand_path(root_path)
+        end
+      rescue ArgumentError => e
+        Bundler.ui.debug(e)
+        raise PathError, "There was an error while trying to use the path " \
+          "`#{somepath}`.\nThe error message was: #{e.message}."
+      end
+
+      def lockfile_path
+        return relative_path(original_path) if original_path.absolute?
+        expand(original_path).relative_path_from(root)
+      end
+
+      def app_cache_path(custom_path = nil)
+        @app_cache_path ||= Bundler.app_cache(custom_path).join(app_cache_dirname)
+      end
+
+      def has_app_cache?
+        SharedHelpers.in_bundle? && app_cache_path.exist?
+      end
+
+      def load_gemspec(file)
+        return unless spec = Bundler.load_gemspec(file)
+        Bundler.rubygems.set_installed_by_version(spec)
+        spec
+      end
+
+      def validate_spec(spec)
+        Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec)
+      end
+
+      def load_spec_files
+        index = Index.new
+
+        if File.directory?(expanded_path)
+          # We sort depth-first since `<<` will override the earlier-found specs
+          Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir(@glob, expanded_path).sort_by {|p| -p.split(File::SEPARATOR).size }.each do |file|
+            next unless spec = load_gemspec(file)
+            spec.source = self
+
+            # Validation causes extension_dir to be calculated, which depends
+            # on #source, so we validate here instead of load_gemspec
+            validate_spec(spec)
+            index << spec
+          end
+
+          if index.empty? && @name && @version
+            index << Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+              s.name     = @name
+              s.source   = self
+              s.version  = Gem::Version.new(@version)
+              s.platform = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+              s.summary  = "Fake gemspec for #{@name}"
+              s.relative_loaded_from = "#{@name}.gemspec"
+              s.authors = ["no one"]
+              if expanded_path.join("bin").exist?
+                executables = expanded_path.join("bin").children
+                executables.reject! {|p| File.directory?(p) }
+                s.executables = executables.map {|c| c.basename.to_s }
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          message = String.new("The path `#{expanded_path}` ")
+          message << if File.exist?(expanded_path)
+            "is not a directory."
+          else
+            "does not exist."
+          end
+          raise PathError, message
+        end
+
+        index
+      end
+
+      def relative_path(path = self.path)
+        if path.to_s.start_with?(root_path.to_s)
+          return path.relative_path_from(root_path)
+        end
+        path
+      end
+
+      def generate_bin(spec, options = {})
+        gem_dir = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path)
+
+        # Some gem authors put absolute paths in their gemspec
+        # and we have to save them from themselves
+        spec.files = spec.files.map do |p|
+          next p unless p =~ /\A#{Pathname::SEPARATOR_PAT}/
+          next if File.directory?(p)
+          begin
+            Pathname.new(p).relative_path_from(gem_dir).to_s
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            p
+          end
+        end.compact
+
+        installer = Path::Installer.new(
+          spec,
+          :env_shebang => false,
+          :disable_extensions => options[:disable_extensions],
+          :build_args => options[:build_args],
+          :bundler_extension_cache_path => extension_cache_path(spec)
+        )
+        installer.post_install
+      rescue Gem::InvalidSpecificationException => e
+        Bundler.ui.warn "\n#{spec.name} at #{spec.full_gem_path} did not have a valid gemspec.\n" \
+                        "This prevents bundler from installing bins or native extensions, but " \
+                        "that may not affect its functionality."
+
+        if !spec.extensions.empty? && !spec.email.empty?
+          Bundler.ui.warn "If you need to use this package without installing it from a gem " \
+                          "repository, please contact #{spec.email} and ask them " \
+                          "to modify their .gemspec so it can work with `gem build`."
+        end
+
+        Bundler.ui.warn "The validation message from RubyGems was:\n  #{e.message}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/path/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/source/path/installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a70973bde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/path/installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../rubygems_gem_installer"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Path
+      class Installer < Bundler::RubyGemsGemInstaller
+        attr_reader :spec
+
+        def initialize(spec, options = {})
+          @options            = options
+          @spec               = spec
+          @gem_dir            = Bundler.rubygems.path(spec.full_gem_path)
+          @wrappers           = true
+          @env_shebang        = true
+          @format_executable  = options[:format_executable] || false
+          @build_args         = options[:build_args] || Bundler.rubygems.build_args
+          @gem_bin_dir        = "#{Bundler.rubygems.gem_dir}/bin"
+          @disable_extensions = options[:disable_extensions]
+
+          if Bundler.requires_sudo?
+            @tmp_dir = Bundler.tmp(spec.full_name).to_s
+            @bin_dir = "#{@tmp_dir}/bin"
+          else
+            @bin_dir = @gem_bin_dir
+          end
+        end
+
+        def post_install
+          run_hooks(:pre_install)
+
+          unless @disable_extensions
+            build_extensions
+            run_hooks(:post_build)
+          end
+
+          generate_bin unless spec.executables.empty?
+
+          run_hooks(:post_install)
+        ensure
+          Bundler.rm_rf(@tmp_dir) if Bundler.requires_sudo?
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def generate_bin
+          super
+
+          if Bundler.requires_sudo?
+            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(@gem_bin_dir) do |p|
+              Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
+            end
+            spec.executables.each do |exe|
+              Bundler.sudo "cp -R #{@bin_dir}/#{exe} #{@gem_bin_dir}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def run_hooks(type)
+          hooks_meth = "#{type}_hooks"
+          return unless Gem.respond_to?(hooks_meth)
+          Gem.send(hooks_meth).each do |hook|
+            result = hook.call(self)
+            next unless result == false
+            location = " at #{$1}" if hook.inspect =~ /@(.*:\d+)/
+            message = "#{type} hook#{location} failed for #{spec.full_name}"
+            raise InstallHookError, message
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bc3aa17e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rubygems/user_interaction"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Rubygems < Source
+      autoload :Remote, File.expand_path("rubygems/remote", __dir__)
+
+      # Use the API when installing less than X gems
+      API_REQUEST_LIMIT = 500
+      # Ask for X gems per API request
+      API_REQUEST_SIZE = 50
+
+      attr_reader :remotes, :caches
+
+      def initialize(options = {})
+        @options = options
+        @remotes = []
+        @dependency_names = []
+        @allow_remote = false
+        @allow_cached = false
+        @allow_local = options["allow_local"] || false
+        @caches = [cache_path, *Bundler.rubygems.gem_cache]
+
+        Array(options["remotes"]).reverse_each {|r| add_remote(r) }
+      end
+
+      def local_only!
+        @specs = nil
+        @allow_local = true
+        @allow_cached = false
+        @allow_remote = false
+      end
+
+      def local!
+        return if @allow_local
+
+        @specs = nil
+        @allow_local = true
+      end
+
+      def remote!
+        return if @allow_remote
+
+        @specs = nil
+        @allow_remote = true
+      end
+
+      def cached!
+        return if @allow_cached
+
+        @specs = nil
+        @allow_local = true
+        @allow_cached = true
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        @remotes.hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        other.is_a?(Rubygems) && other.credless_remotes == credless_remotes
+      end
+
+      alias_method :==, :eql?
+
+      def include?(o)
+        o.is_a?(Rubygems) && (o.credless_remotes - credless_remotes).empty?
+      end
+
+      def multiple_remotes?
+        @remotes.size > 1
+      end
+
+      def no_remotes?
+        @remotes.size == 0
+      end
+
+      def can_lock?(spec)
+        return super unless multiple_remotes?
+        include?(spec.source)
+      end
+
+      def options
+        { "remotes" => @remotes.map(&:to_s) }
+      end
+
+      def self.from_lock(options)
+        new(options)
+      end
+
+      def to_lock
+        out = String.new("GEM\n")
+        remotes.reverse_each do |remote|
+          out << "  remote: #{suppress_configured_credentials remote}\n"
+        end
+        out << "  specs:\n"
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        if remotes.empty?
+          "locally installed gems"
+        elsif @allow_remote && @allow_cached && @allow_local
+          "rubygems repository #{remote_names}, cached gems or installed locally"
+        elsif @allow_remote && @allow_local
+          "rubygems repository #{remote_names} or installed locally"
+        elsif @allow_remote
+          "rubygems repository #{remote_names}"
+        elsif @allow_cached && @allow_local
+          "cached gems or installed locally"
+        else
+          "locally installed gems"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        if remotes.empty?
+          "locally installed gems"
+        else
+          "rubygems repository #{remote_names}"
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method :name, :identifier
+
+      def specs
+        @specs ||= begin
+          # remote_specs usually generates a way larger Index than the other
+          # sources, and large_idx.use small_idx is way faster than
+          # small_idx.use large_idx.
+          idx = @allow_remote ? remote_specs.dup : Index.new
+          idx.use(cached_specs, :override_dupes) if @allow_cached || @allow_remote
+          idx.use(installed_specs, :override_dupes) if @allow_local
+          idx
+        end
+      end
+
+      def install(spec, opts = {})
+        force = opts[:force]
+        ensure_builtin_gems_cached = opts[:ensure_builtin_gems_cached]
+
+        if ensure_builtin_gems_cached && spec.default_gem?
+          if !cached_path(spec)
+            cached_built_in_gem(spec) unless spec.remote
+            force = true
+          else
+            spec.loaded_from = loaded_from(spec)
+          end
+        end
+
+        if installed?(spec) && !force
+          print_using_message "Using #{version_message(spec)}"
+          return nil # no post-install message
+        end
+
+        # Download the gem to get the spec, because some specs that are returned
+        # by rubygems.org are broken and wrong.
+        if spec.remote
+          # Check for this spec from other sources
+          uris = [spec.remote.anonymized_uri]
+          uris += remotes_for_spec(spec).map(&:anonymized_uri)
+          uris.uniq!
+          Installer.ambiguous_gems << [spec.name, *uris] if uris.length > 1
+
+          path = fetch_gem(spec)
+          begin
+            s = Bundler.rubygems.spec_from_gem(path, Bundler.settings["trust-policy"])
+            spec.__swap__(s)
+          rescue Gem::Package::FormatError
+            Bundler.rm_rf(path)
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+        unless Bundler.settings[:no_install]
+          message = "Installing #{version_message(spec)}"
+          message += " with native extensions" if spec.extensions.any?
+          Bundler.ui.confirm message
+
+          path = cached_gem(spec)
+          raise GemNotFound, "Could not find #{spec.file_name} for installation" unless path
+          if requires_sudo?
+            install_path = Bundler.tmp(spec.full_name)
+            bin_path     = install_path.join("bin")
+          else
+            install_path = rubygems_dir
+            bin_path     = Bundler.system_bindir
+          end
+
+          Bundler.mkdir_p bin_path, :no_sudo => true unless spec.executables.empty? || Bundler.rubygems.provides?(">= 2.7.5")
+
+          require_relative "../rubygems_gem_installer"
+
+          installed_spec = Bundler::RubyGemsGemInstaller.at(
+            path,
+            :install_dir         => install_path.to_s,
+            :bin_dir             => bin_path.to_s,
+            :ignore_dependencies => true,
+            :wrappers            => true,
+            :env_shebang         => true,
+            :build_args          => opts[:build_args],
+            :bundler_expected_checksum => spec.respond_to?(:checksum) && spec.checksum,
+            :bundler_extension_cache_path => extension_cache_path(spec)
+          ).install
+          spec.full_gem_path = installed_spec.full_gem_path
+
+          # SUDO HAX
+          if requires_sudo?
+            Bundler.rubygems.repository_subdirectories.each do |name|
+              src = File.join(install_path, name, "*")
+              dst = File.join(rubygems_dir, name)
+              if name == "extensions" && Dir.glob(src).any?
+                src = File.join(src, "*/*")
+                ext_src = Dir.glob(src).first
+                ext_src.gsub!(src[0..-6], "")
+                dst = File.dirname(File.join(dst, ext_src))
+              end
+              SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(dst) do |p|
+                Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
+              end
+              Bundler.sudo "cp -R #{src} #{dst}" if Dir[src].any?
+            end
+
+            spec.executables.each do |exe|
+              SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(Bundler.system_bindir) do |p|
+                Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
+              end
+              Bundler.sudo "cp -R #{install_path}/bin/#{exe} #{Bundler.system_bindir}/"
+            end
+          end
+          installed_spec.loaded_from = loaded_from(spec)
+        end
+        spec.loaded_from = loaded_from(spec)
+
+        spec.post_install_message
+      ensure
+        Bundler.rm_rf(install_path) if requires_sudo?
+      end
+
+      def cache(spec, custom_path = nil)
+        cached_path = cached_gem(spec)
+        raise GemNotFound, "Missing gem file '#{spec.file_name}'." unless cached_path
+        return if File.dirname(cached_path) == Bundler.app_cache.to_s
+        Bundler.ui.info "  * #{File.basename(cached_path)}"
+        FileUtils.cp(cached_path, Bundler.app_cache(custom_path))
+      rescue Errno::EACCES => e
+        Bundler.ui.debug(e)
+        raise InstallError, e.message
+      end
+
+      def cached_built_in_gem(spec)
+        cached_path = cached_path(spec)
+        if cached_path.nil?
+          remote_spec = remote_specs.search(spec).first
+          if remote_spec
+            cached_path = fetch_gem(remote_spec)
+          else
+            Bundler.ui.warn "#{spec.full_name} is built in to Ruby, and can't be cached because your Gemfile doesn't have any sources that contain it."
+          end
+        end
+        cached_path
+      end
+
+      def add_remote(source)
+        uri = normalize_uri(source)
+        @remotes.unshift(uri) unless @remotes.include?(uri)
+      end
+
+      def spec_names
+        if @allow_remote && dependency_api_available?
+          remote_specs.spec_names
+        else
+          []
+        end
+      end
+
+      def unmet_deps
+        if @allow_remote && dependency_api_available?
+          remote_specs.unmet_dependency_names
+        else
+          []
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fetchers
+        @fetchers ||= remotes.map do |uri|
+          remote = Source::Rubygems::Remote.new(uri)
+          Bundler::Fetcher.new(remote)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def double_check_for(unmet_dependency_names)
+        return unless @allow_remote
+        return unless dependency_api_available?
+
+        unmet_dependency_names = unmet_dependency_names.call
+        unless unmet_dependency_names.nil?
+          if api_fetchers.size <= 1
+            # can't do this when there are multiple fetchers because then we might not fetch from _all_
+            # of them
+            unmet_dependency_names -= remote_specs.spec_names # avoid re-fetching things we've already gotten
+          end
+          return if unmet_dependency_names.empty?
+        end
+
+        Bundler.ui.debug "Double checking for #{unmet_dependency_names || "all specs (due to the size of the request)"} in #{self}"
+
+        fetch_names(api_fetchers, unmet_dependency_names, specs, false)
+      end
+
+      def dependency_names_to_double_check
+        names = []
+        remote_specs.each do |spec|
+          case spec
+          when EndpointSpecification, Gem::Specification, StubSpecification, LazySpecification
+            names.concat(spec.runtime_dependencies.map(&:name))
+          when RemoteSpecification # from the full index
+            return nil
+          else
+            raise "unhandled spec type (#{spec.inspect})"
+          end
+        end
+        names
+      end
+
+      def dependency_api_available?
+        api_fetchers.any?
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def remote_names
+        remotes.map(&:to_s).join(", ")
+      end
+
+      def credless_remotes
+        if Bundler.settings[:allow_deployment_source_credential_changes]
+          remotes.map(&method(:remove_auth))
+        else
+          remotes.map(&method(:suppress_configured_credentials))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def remotes_for_spec(spec)
+        specs.search_all(spec.name).inject([]) do |uris, s|
+          uris << s.remote if s.remote
+          uris
+        end
+      end
+
+      def loaded_from(spec)
+        "#{rubygems_dir}/specifications/#{spec.full_name}.gemspec"
+      end
+
+      def cached_gem(spec)
+        if spec.default_gem?
+          cached_built_in_gem(spec)
+        else
+          cached_path(spec)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def cached_path(spec)
+        global_cache_path = download_cache_path(spec)
+        @caches << global_cache_path if global_cache_path
+
+        possibilities = @caches.map {|p| "#{p}/#{spec.file_name}" }
+        possibilities.find {|p| File.exist?(p) }
+      end
+
+      def normalize_uri(uri)
+        uri = uri.to_s
+        uri = "#{uri}/" unless uri =~ %r{/$}
+        require_relative "../vendored_uri"
+        uri = Bundler::URI(uri)
+        raise ArgumentError, "The source must be an absolute URI. For example:\n" \
+          "source 'https://rubygems.org'" if !uri.absolute? || (uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::HTTP) && uri.host.nil?)
+        uri
+      end
+
+      def suppress_configured_credentials(remote)
+        remote_nouser = remove_auth(remote)
+        if remote.userinfo && remote.userinfo == Bundler.settings[remote_nouser]
+          remote_nouser
+        else
+          remote
+        end
+      end
+
+      def remove_auth(remote)
+        if remote.user || remote.password
+          remote.dup.tap {|uri| uri.user = uri.password = nil }.to_s
+        else
+          remote.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      def installed_specs
+        @installed_specs ||= Index.build do |idx|
+          Bundler.rubygems.all_specs.reverse_each do |spec|
+            spec.source = self
+            if Bundler.rubygems.spec_missing_extensions?(spec, false)
+              Bundler.ui.debug "Source #{self} is ignoring #{spec} because it is missing extensions"
+              next
+            end
+            idx << spec
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def cached_specs
+        @cached_specs ||= begin
+          idx = @allow_local ? installed_specs.dup : Index.new
+
+          Dir["#{cache_path}/*.gem"].each do |gemfile|
+            next if gemfile =~ /^bundler\-[\d\.]+?\.gem/
+            s ||= Bundler.rubygems.spec_from_gem(gemfile)
+            s.source = self
+            idx << s
+          end
+
+          idx
+        end
+      end
+
+      def api_fetchers
+        fetchers.select {|f| f.use_api && f.fetchers.first.api_fetcher? }
+      end
+
+      def remote_specs
+        @remote_specs ||= Index.build do |idx|
+          index_fetchers = fetchers - api_fetchers
+
+          # gather lists from non-api sites
+          fetch_names(index_fetchers, nil, idx, false)
+
+          # because ensuring we have all the gems we need involves downloading
+          # the gemspecs of those gems, if the non-api sites contain more than
+          # about 500 gems, we treat all sites as non-api for speed.
+          allow_api = idx.size < API_REQUEST_LIMIT && dependency_names.size < API_REQUEST_LIMIT
+          Bundler.ui.debug "Need to query more than #{API_REQUEST_LIMIT} gems." \
+            " Downloading full index instead..." unless allow_api
+
+          fetch_names(api_fetchers, allow_api && dependency_names, idx, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fetch_names(fetchers, dependency_names, index, override_dupes)
+        fetchers.each do |f|
+          if dependency_names
+            Bundler.ui.info "Fetching gem metadata from #{URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(f.uri)}", Bundler.ui.debug?
+            index.use f.specs_with_retry(dependency_names, self), override_dupes
+            Bundler.ui.info "" unless Bundler.ui.debug? # new line now that the dots are over
+          else
+            Bundler.ui.info "Fetching source index from #{URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(f.uri)}"
+            index.use f.specs_with_retry(nil, self), override_dupes
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fetch_gem(spec)
+        return false unless spec.remote
+
+        spec.fetch_platform
+
+        cache_path = download_cache_path(spec) || default_cache_path_for(rubygems_dir)
+        gem_path = "#{cache_path}/#{spec.file_name}"
+
+        if requires_sudo?
+          download_path = Bundler.tmp(spec.full_name)
+          download_cache_path = default_cache_path_for(download_path)
+        else
+          download_cache_path = cache_path
+        end
+
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(download_cache_path) do |p|
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+        end
+        download_gem(spec, download_cache_path)
+
+        if requires_sudo?
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(cache_path) do |p|
+            Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
+          end
+          Bundler.sudo "mv #{download_cache_path}/#{spec.file_name} #{gem_path}"
+        end
+
+        gem_path
+      ensure
+        Bundler.rm_rf(download_path) if requires_sudo?
+      end
+
+      def installed?(spec)
+        installed_specs[spec].any? && !spec.deleted_gem?
+      end
+
+      def requires_sudo?
+        Bundler.requires_sudo?
+      end
+
+      def rubygems_dir
+        Bundler.rubygems.gem_dir
+      end
+
+      def default_cache_path_for(dir)
+        "#{dir}/cache"
+      end
+
+      def cache_path
+        Bundler.app_cache
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Checks if the requested spec exists in the global cache. If it does,
+      # we copy it to the download path, and if it does not, we download it.
+      #
+      # @param  [Specification] spec
+      #         the spec we want to download or retrieve from the cache.
+      #
+      # @param  [String] download_cache_path
+      #         the local directory the .gem will end up in.
+      #
+      def download_gem(spec, download_cache_path)
+        uri = spec.remote.uri
+        Bundler.ui.confirm("Fetching #{version_message(spec)}")
+        Bundler.rubygems.download_gem(spec, uri, download_cache_path)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the global cache path of the calling Rubygems::Source object.
+      #
+      # Note that the Source determines the path's subdirectory. We use this
+      # subdirectory in the global cache path so that gems with the same name
+      # -- and possibly different versions -- from different sources are saved
+      # to their respective subdirectories and do not override one another.
+      #
+      # @param  [Gem::Specification] specification
+      #
+      # @return [Pathname] The global cache path.
+      #
+      def download_cache_path(spec)
+        return unless Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
+        return unless remote = spec.remote
+        return unless cache_slug = remote.cache_slug
+
+        Bundler.user_cache.join("gems", cache_slug)
+      end
+
+      def extension_cache_slug(spec)
+        return unless remote = spec.remote
+        remote.cache_slug
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems/remote.rb b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems/remote.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82c850ffbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems/remote.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class Rubygems
+      class Remote
+        attr_reader :uri, :anonymized_uri, :original_uri
+
+        def initialize(uri)
+          orig_uri = uri
+          uri = Bundler.settings.mirror_for(uri)
+          @original_uri = orig_uri if orig_uri != uri
+          fallback_auth = Bundler.settings.credentials_for(uri)
+
+          @uri = apply_auth(uri, fallback_auth).freeze
+          @anonymized_uri = remove_auth(@uri).freeze
+        end
+
+        # @return [String] A slug suitable for use as a cache key for this
+        #         remote.
+        #
+        def cache_slug
+          @cache_slug ||= begin
+            return nil unless SharedHelpers.md5_available?
+
+            cache_uri = original_uri || uri
+
+            host = cache_uri.to_s.start_with?("file://") ? nil : cache_uri.host
+
+            uri_parts = [host, cache_uri.user, cache_uri.port, cache_uri.path]
+            uri_digest = SharedHelpers.digest(:MD5).hexdigest(uri_parts.compact.join("."))
+
+            uri_parts[-1] = uri_digest
+            uri_parts.compact.join(".")
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          "rubygems remote at #{anonymized_uri}"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def apply_auth(uri, auth)
+          if auth && uri.userinfo.nil?
+            uri = uri.dup
+            uri.userinfo = auth
+          end
+
+          uri
+        rescue Bundler::URI::InvalidComponentError
+          error_message = "Please CGI escape your usernames and passwords before " \
+                          "setting them for authentication."
+          raise HTTPError.new(error_message)
+        end
+
+        def remove_auth(uri)
+          if uri.userinfo
+            uri = uri.dup
+            uri.user = uri.password = nil
+          end
+
+          uri
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems_aggregate.rb b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems_aggregate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99ef81ad54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems_aggregate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Source
+    class RubygemsAggregate
+      attr_reader :source_map, :sources
+
+      def initialize(sources, source_map)
+        @sources = sources
+        @source_map = source_map
+
+        @index = build_index
+      end
+
+      def specs
+        @index
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        to_s
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "any of the sources"
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def build_index
+        Index.build do |idx|
+          dependency_names = source_map.pinned_spec_names
+
+          sources.all_sources.each do |source|
+            source.dependency_names = dependency_names - source_map.pinned_spec_names(source)
+            idx.add_source source.specs
+            dependency_names.concat(source.unmet_deps).uniq!
+          end
+
+          double_check_for_index(idx, dependency_names)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Suppose the gem Foo depends on the gem Bar.  Foo exists in Source A.  Bar has some versions that exist in both
+      # sources A and B.  At this point, the API request will have found all the versions of Bar in source A,
+      # but will not have found any versions of Bar from source B, which is a problem if the requested version
+      # of Foo specifically depends on a version of Bar that is only found in source B. This ensures that for
+      # each spec we found, we add all possible versions from all sources to the index.
+      def double_check_for_index(idx, dependency_names)
+        pinned_names = source_map.pinned_spec_names
+
+        names = :names # do this so we only have to traverse to get dependency_names from the index once
+        unmet_dependency_names = lambda do
+          return names unless names == :names
+          new_names = sources.all_sources.map(&:dependency_names_to_double_check)
+          return names = nil if new_names.compact!
+          names = new_names.flatten(1).concat(dependency_names)
+          names.uniq!
+          names -= pinned_names
+          names
+        end
+
+        sources.all_sources.each do |source|
+          source.double_check_for(unmet_dependency_names)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source_list.rb b/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4773397c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class SourceList
+    attr_reader :path_sources,
+      :git_sources,
+      :plugin_sources,
+      :global_path_source,
+      :metadata_source
+
+    def global_rubygems_source
+      @global_rubygems_source ||= rubygems_aggregate_class.new("allow_local" => true)
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      @path_sources           = []
+      @git_sources            = []
+      @plugin_sources         = []
+      @global_rubygems_source = nil
+      @global_path_source     = nil
+      @rubygems_sources       = []
+      @metadata_source        = Source::Metadata.new
+
+      @merged_gem_lockfile_sections = false
+    end
+
+    def merged_gem_lockfile_sections?
+      @merged_gem_lockfile_sections
+    end
+
+    def merged_gem_lockfile_sections!(replacement_source)
+      @merged_gem_lockfile_sections = true
+      @global_rubygems_source = replacement_source
+    end
+
+    def aggregate_global_source?
+      global_rubygems_source.multiple_remotes?
+    end
+
+    def implicit_global_source?
+      global_rubygems_source.no_remotes?
+    end
+
+    def add_path_source(options = {})
+      if options["gemspec"]
+        add_source_to_list Source::Gemspec.new(options), path_sources
+      else
+        path_source = add_source_to_list Source::Path.new(options), path_sources
+        @global_path_source ||= path_source if options["global"]
+        path_source
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_git_source(options = {})
+      add_source_to_list(Source::Git.new(options), git_sources).tap do |source|
+        warn_on_git_protocol(source)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_rubygems_source(options = {})
+      new_source = Source::Rubygems.new(options)
+      return @global_rubygems_source if @global_rubygems_source == new_source
+
+      add_source_to_list new_source, @rubygems_sources
+    end
+
+    def add_plugin_source(source, options = {})
+      add_source_to_list Plugin.source(source).new(options), @plugin_sources
+    end
+
+    def add_global_rubygems_remote(uri)
+      global_rubygems_source.add_remote(uri)
+      global_rubygems_source
+    end
+
+    def default_source
+      global_path_source || global_rubygems_source
+    end
+
+    def rubygems_sources
+      non_global_rubygems_sources + [global_rubygems_source]
+    end
+
+    def non_global_rubygems_sources
+      @rubygems_sources
+    end
+
+    def rubygems_remotes
+      rubygems_sources.map(&:remotes).flatten.uniq
+    end
+
+    def all_sources
+      path_sources + git_sources + plugin_sources + rubygems_sources + [metadata_source]
+    end
+
+    def non_default_explicit_sources
+      all_sources - [default_source, metadata_source]
+    end
+
+    def get(source)
+      source_list_for(source).find {|s| equivalent_source?(source, s) }
+    end
+
+    def lock_sources
+      lock_other_sources + lock_rubygems_sources
+    end
+
+    def lock_other_sources
+      (path_sources + git_sources + plugin_sources).sort_by(&:identifier)
+    end
+
+    def lock_rubygems_sources
+      if merged_gem_lockfile_sections?
+        [combine_rubygems_sources]
+      else
+        rubygems_sources.sort_by(&:identifier)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if there are changes
+    def replace_sources!(replacement_sources)
+      return false if replacement_sources.empty?
+
+      @rubygems_sources, @path_sources, @git_sources, @plugin_sources = map_sources(replacement_sources)
+      @global_rubygems_source = global_replacement_source(replacement_sources)
+
+      different_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if there are changes
+    def expired_sources?(replacement_sources)
+      return false if replacement_sources.empty?
+
+      lock_sources = dup_with_replaced_sources(replacement_sources).lock_sources
+
+      different_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
+    end
+
+    def local_only!
+      all_sources.each(&:local_only!)
+    end
+
+    def cached!
+      all_sources.each(&:cached!)
+    end
+
+    def remote!
+      all_sources.each(&:remote!)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def dup_with_replaced_sources(replacement_sources)
+      new_source_list = dup
+      new_source_list.replace_sources!(replacement_sources)
+      new_source_list
+    end
+
+    def map_sources(replacement_sources)
+      [@rubygems_sources, @path_sources, @git_sources, @plugin_sources].map do |sources|
+        sources.map do |source|
+          replacement_sources.find {|s| s == source } || source
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def global_replacement_source(replacement_sources)
+      replacement_source = replacement_sources.find {|s| s == global_rubygems_source }
+      return global_rubygems_source unless replacement_source
+
+      replacement_source.local!
+      replacement_source
+    end
+
+    def different_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
+      !equivalent_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
+    end
+
+    def rubygems_aggregate_class
+      Source::Rubygems
+    end
+
+    def add_source_to_list(source, list)
+      list.unshift(source).uniq!
+      source
+    end
+
+    def source_list_for(source)
+      case source
+      when Source::Git          then git_sources
+      when Source::Path         then path_sources
+      when Source::Rubygems     then rubygems_sources
+      when Plugin::API::Source  then plugin_sources
+      else raise ArgumentError, "Invalid source: #{source.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def combine_rubygems_sources
+      Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => rubygems_remotes)
+    end
+
+    def warn_on_git_protocol(source)
+      return if Bundler.settings["git.allow_insecure"]
+
+      if source.uri =~ /^git\:/
+        Bundler.ui.warn "The git source `#{source.uri}` uses the `git` protocol, " \
+          "which transmits data without encryption. Disable this warning with " \
+          "`bundle config set --local git.allow_insecure true`, or switch to the `https` " \
+          "protocol to keep your data secure."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def equivalent_sources?(lock_sources, replacement_sources)
+      lock_sources.sort_by(&:identifier) == replacement_sources.sort_by(&:identifier)
+    end
+
+    def equivalent_source?(source, other_source)
+      source == other_source
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source_map.rb b/lib/bundler/source_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a554f26f76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/source_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class SourceMap
+    attr_reader :sources, :dependencies
+
+    def initialize(sources, dependencies)
+      @sources = sources
+      @dependencies = dependencies
+    end
+
+    def pinned_spec_names(skip = nil)
+      direct_requirements.reject {|_, source| source == skip }.keys
+    end
+
+    def all_requirements
+      requirements = direct_requirements.dup
+
+      unmet_deps = sources.non_default_explicit_sources.map do |source|
+        (source.spec_names - pinned_spec_names).each do |indirect_dependency_name|
+          previous_source = requirements[indirect_dependency_name]
+          if previous_source.nil?
+            requirements[indirect_dependency_name] = source
+          else
+            no_ambiguous_sources = Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+
+            msg = ["The gem '#{indirect_dependency_name}' was found in multiple relevant sources."]
+            msg.concat [previous_source, source].map {|s| "  * #{s}" }.sort
+            msg << "You #{no_ambiguous_sources ? :must : :should} add this gem to the source block for the source you wish it to be installed from."
+            msg = msg.join("\n")
+
+            raise SecurityError, msg if no_ambiguous_sources
+            Bundler.ui.warn "Warning: #{msg}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        source.unmet_deps
+      end
+
+      sources.default_source.add_dependency_names(unmet_deps.flatten - requirements.keys)
+
+      requirements
+    end
+
+    def direct_requirements
+      @direct_requirements ||= begin
+        requirements = {}
+        default = sources.default_source
+        dependencies.each do |dep|
+          dep_source = dep.source || default
+          dep_source.add_dependency_names(dep.name)
+          requirements[dep.name] = dep_source
+        end
+        requirements
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb b/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a19d18388a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "vendored_tsort"
+
+module Bundler
+  class SpecSet
+    include Enumerable
+    include TSort
+
+    def initialize(specs)
+      @specs = specs
+    end
+
+    def for(dependencies, check = false, match_current_platform = false)
+      handled = []
+      deps = dependencies.dup
+      specs = []
+
+      loop do
+        break unless dep = deps.shift
+        next if handled.any?{|d| d.name == dep.name && (match_current_platform || d.__platform == dep.__platform) } || dep.name == "bundler"
+
+        handled << dep
+
+        specs_for_dep = spec_for_dependency(dep, match_current_platform)
+        if specs_for_dep.any?
+          match_current_platform ? specs += specs_for_dep : specs |= specs_for_dep
+
+          specs_for_dep.first.dependencies.each do |d|
+            next if d.type == :development
+            d = DepProxy.get_proxy(d, dep.__platform) unless match_current_platform
+            deps << d
+          end
+        elsif check
+          return false
+        end
+      end
+
+      if spec = lookup["bundler"].first
+        specs << spec
+      end
+
+      check ? true : specs
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      key = key.name if key.respond_to?(:name)
+      lookup[key].reverse
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @specs << value
+      @lookup = nil
+      @sorted = nil
+    end
+
+    def sort!
+      self
+    end
+
+    def to_a
+      sorted.dup
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      lookup.dup
+    end
+
+    def materialize(deps)
+      materialized = self.for(deps, false, true)
+
+      materialized.map! do |s|
+        next s unless s.is_a?(LazySpecification)
+        s.source.local!
+        s.__materialize__ || s
+      end
+      SpecSet.new(materialized)
+    end
+
+    # Materialize for all the specs in the spec set, regardless of what platform they're for
+    # This is in contrast to how for does platform filtering (and specifically different from how `materialize` calls `for` only for the current platform)
+    # @return [Array<Gem::Specification>]
+    def materialized_for_all_platforms
+      @specs.map do |s|
+        next s unless s.is_a?(LazySpecification)
+        s.source.local!
+        s.source.remote!
+        spec = s.__materialize__
+        raise GemNotFound, "Could not find #{s.full_name} in any of the sources" unless spec
+        spec
+      end
+    end
+
+    def missing_specs
+      @specs.select {|s| s.is_a?(LazySpecification) }
+    end
+
+    def merge(set)
+      arr = sorted.dup
+      set.each do |set_spec|
+        full_name = set_spec.full_name
+        next if arr.any? {|spec| spec.full_name == full_name }
+        arr << set_spec
+      end
+      SpecSet.new(arr)
+    end
+
+    def find_by_name_and_platform(name, platform)
+      @specs.detect {|spec| spec.name == name && spec.match_platform(platform) }
+    end
+
+    def what_required(spec)
+      unless req = find {|s| s.dependencies.any? {|d| d.type == :runtime && d.name == spec.name } }
+        return [spec]
+      end
+      what_required(req) << spec
+    end
+
+    def <<(spec)
+      @specs << spec
+    end
+
+    def length
+      @specs.length
+    end
+
+    def size
+      @specs.size
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      @specs.empty?
+    end
+
+    def each(&b)
+      sorted.each(&b)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def sorted
+      rake = @specs.find {|s| s.name == "rake" }
+      begin
+        @sorted ||= ([rake] + tsort).compact.uniq
+      rescue TSort::Cyclic => error
+        cgems = extract_circular_gems(error)
+        raise CyclicDependencyError, "Your bundle requires gems that depend" \
+          " on each other, creating an infinite loop. Please remove either" \
+          " gem '#{cgems[1]}' or gem '#{cgems[0]}' and try again."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def extract_circular_gems(error)
+      error.message.scan(/@name="(.*?)"/).flatten
+    end
+
+    def lookup
+      @lookup ||= begin
+        lookup = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
+        Index.sort_specs(@specs).reverse_each do |s|
+          lookup[s.name] << s
+        end
+        lookup
+      end
+    end
+
+    def tsort_each_node
+      # MUST sort by name for backwards compatibility
+      @specs.sort_by(&:name).each {|s| yield s }
+    end
+
+    def spec_for_dependency(dep, match_current_platform)
+      specs_for_platforms = lookup[dep.name]
+      if match_current_platform
+        GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(specs_for_platforms.select{|s| Gem::Platform.match_spec?(s) }, Bundler.local_platform)
+      else
+        GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(specs_for_platforms, dep.__platform)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def tsort_each_child(s)
+      s.dependencies.sort_by(&:name).each do |d|
+        next if d.type == :development
+        lookup[d.name].each {|s2| yield s2 }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/stub_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/stub_specification.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa071901e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/stub_specification.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class StubSpecification < RemoteSpecification
+    def self.from_stub(stub)
+      return stub if stub.is_a?(Bundler::StubSpecification)
+      spec = new(stub.name, stub.version, stub.platform, nil)
+      spec.stub = stub
+      spec
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :stub, :ignored
+
+    def source=(source)
+      super
+      # Stub has no concept of source, which means that extension_dir may be wrong
+      # This is the case for git-based gems. So, instead manually assign the extension dir
+      return unless source.respond_to?(:extension_dir_name)
+      path = File.join(stub.extensions_dir, source.extension_dir_name)
+      stub.extension_dir = File.expand_path(path)
+    end
+
+    def to_yaml
+      _remote_specification.to_yaml
+    end
+
+    # @!group Stub Delegates
+
+    def manually_installed?
+      # This is for manually installed gems which are gems that were fixed in place after a
+      # failed installation. Once the issue was resolved, the user then manually created
+      # the gem specification using the instructions provided by `gem help install`
+      installed_by_version == Gem::Version.new(0)
+    end
+
+    # This is defined directly to avoid having to loading the full spec
+    def missing_extensions?
+      return false if default_gem?
+      return false if extensions.empty?
+      return false if File.exist? gem_build_complete_path
+      return false if manually_installed?
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def activated
+      stub.activated
+    end
+
+    def activated=(activated)
+      stub.instance_variable_set(:@activated, activated)
+    end
+
+    def extensions
+      stub.extensions
+    end
+
+    def gem_build_complete_path
+      File.join(extension_dir, "gem.build_complete")
+    end
+
+    def default_gem?
+      stub.default_gem?
+    end
+
+    def full_gem_path
+      # deleted gems can have their stubs return nil, so in that case grab the
+      # expired path from the full spec
+      stub.full_gem_path || method_missing(:full_gem_path)
+    end
+
+    def full_require_paths
+      stub.full_require_paths
+    end
+
+    def load_paths
+      full_require_paths
+    end
+
+    def loaded_from
+      stub.loaded_from
+    end
+
+    def matches_for_glob(glob)
+      stub.matches_for_glob(glob)
+    end
+
+    def raw_require_paths
+      stub.raw_require_paths
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def _remote_specification
+      @_remote_specification ||= begin
+        rs = stub.to_spec
+        if rs.equal?(self) # happens when to_spec gets the spec from Gem.loaded_specs
+          rs = Gem::Specification.load(loaded_from)
+          Bundler.rubygems.stub_set_spec(stub, rs)
+        end
+
+        unless rs
+          raise GemspecError, "The gemspec for #{full_name} at #{loaded_from}" \
+            " was missing or broken. Try running `gem pristine #{name} -v #{version}`" \
+            " to fix the cached spec."
+        end
+
+        rs.source = source
+
+        rs
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/.document b/lib/bundler/templates/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb66f13c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/.document
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Ignore all files in this directory
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/Executable b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e8d5b317a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env <%= Bundler.settings[:shebang] || RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"] %>
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application '<%= executable %>' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../<%= relative_gemfile_path %>",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+bundle_binstub = File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
+
+if File.file?(bundle_binstub)
+  if File.read(bundle_binstub, 300) =~ /This file was generated by Bundler/
+    load(bundle_binstub)
+  else
+    abort("Your `bin/bundle` was not generated by Bundler, so this binstub cannot run.
+Replace `bin/bundle` by running `bundle binstubs bundler --force`, then run this command again.")
+  end
+end
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+load Gem.bin_path("<%= spec.name %>", "<%= executable %>")
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.bundler b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.bundler
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8009412ea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.bundler
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env <%= Bundler.settings[:shebang] || RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"] %>
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application '<%= executable %>' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "rubygems"
+
+m = Module.new do
+  module_function
+
+  def invoked_as_script?
+    File.expand_path($0) == File.expand_path(__FILE__)
+  end
+
+  def env_var_version
+    ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"]
+  end
+
+  def cli_arg_version
+    return unless invoked_as_script? # don't want to hijack other binstubs
+    return unless "update".start_with?(ARGV.first || " ") # must be running `bundle update`
+    bundler_version = nil
+    update_index = nil
+    ARGV.each_with_index do |a, i|
+      if update_index && update_index.succ == i && a =~ Gem::Version::ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN
+        bundler_version = a
+      end
+      next unless a =~ /\A--bundler(?:[= ](#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN}))?\z/
+      bundler_version = $1
+      update_index = i
+    end
+    bundler_version
+  end
+
+  def gemfile
+    gemfile = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+    return gemfile if gemfile && !gemfile.empty?
+
+    File.expand_path("../<%= relative_gemfile_path %>", __FILE__)
+  end
+
+  def lockfile
+    lockfile =
+      case File.basename(gemfile)
+      when "gems.rb" then gemfile.sub(/\.rb$/, gemfile)
+      else "#{gemfile}.lock"
+      end
+    File.expand_path(lockfile)
+  end
+
+  def lockfile_version
+    return unless File.file?(lockfile)
+    lockfile_contents = File.read(lockfile)
+    return unless lockfile_contents =~ /\n\nBUNDLED WITH\n\s{2,}(#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN})\n/
+    Regexp.last_match(1)
+  end
+
+  def bundler_requirement
+    @bundler_requirement ||=
+      env_var_version || cli_arg_version ||
+        bundler_requirement_for(lockfile_version)
+  end
+
+  def bundler_requirement_for(version)
+    return "#{Gem::Requirement.default}.a" unless version
+
+    bundler_gem_version = Gem::Version.new(version)
+
+    requirement = bundler_gem_version.approximate_recommendation
+
+    return requirement unless Gem::Version.new(Gem::VERSION) < Gem::Version.new("2.7.0")
+
+    requirement += ".a" if bundler_gem_version.prerelease?
+
+    requirement
+  end
+
+  def load_bundler!
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= gemfile
+
+    activate_bundler
+  end
+
+  def activate_bundler
+    gem_error = activation_error_handling do
+      gem "bundler", bundler_requirement
+    end
+    return if gem_error.nil?
+    require_error = activation_error_handling do
+      require "bundler/version"
+    end
+    return if require_error.nil? && Gem::Requirement.new(bundler_requirement).satisfied_by?(Gem::Version.new(Bundler::VERSION))
+    warn "Activating bundler (#{bundler_requirement}) failed:\n#{gem_error.message}\n\nTo install the version of bundler this project requires, run `gem install bundler -v '#{bundler_requirement}'`"
+    exit 42
+  end
+
+  def activation_error_handling
+    yield
+    nil
+  rescue StandardError, LoadError => e
+    e
+  end
+end
+
+m.load_bundler!
+
+if m.invoked_as_script?
+  load Gem.bin_path("<%= spec.name %>", "<%= executable %>")
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.standalone b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.standalone
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bf0753f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.standalone
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env <%= Bundler.settings[:shebang] || RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"] %>
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application '<%= executable %>' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+path = Pathname.new(__FILE__)
+$:.unshift File.expand_path "../<%= standalone_path %>", path.realpath
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+load File.expand_path "../<%= executable_path %>", path.realpath
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/Gemfile b/lib/bundler/templates/Gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d41f2719b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/Gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+git_source(:github) { |repo_name| "https://github.com/#{repo_name}" }
+
+# gem "rails"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/gems.rb b/lib/bundler/templates/gems.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56a62a7a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/gems.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# A sample gems.rb
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+git_source(:github) { |repo_name| "https://github.com/#{repo_name}" }
+
+# gem "rails"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CHANGELOG.md.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CHANGELOG.md.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9ea96d453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CHANGELOG.md.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+## [Unreleased]
+
+## [0.1.0] - <%= Time.now.strftime('%F') %>
+
+- Initial release
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..175b821a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
+
+We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming, diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our community include:
+
+* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
+* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
+* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
+* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes, and learning from the experience
+* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall community
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or
+  advances of any kind
+* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email
+  address, without their explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+  professional setting
+
+## Enforcement Responsibilities
+
+Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.
+
+Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation decisions when appropriate.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces. Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at <%= config[:email] %>. All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
+
+All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the reporter of any incident.
+
+## Enforcement Guidelines
+
+Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
+
+### 1. Correction
+
+**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
+
+**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
+
+### 2. Warning
+
+**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series of actions.
+
+**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or permanent ban.
+
+### 3. Temporary Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior.
+
+**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period. Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
+
+### 4. Permanent Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior,  harassment of an individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
+
+**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within the community.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 2.0,
+available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/0/code_of_conduct.html.
+
+Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by [Mozilla's code of conduct enforcement ladder](https://github.com/mozilla/diversity).
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq. Translations are available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Gemfile.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Gemfile.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de82a63c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Gemfile.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+# Specify your gem's dependencies in <%= config[:name] %>.gemspec
+gemspec
+
+gem "rake", "~> 13.0"
+<%- if config[:ext] -%>
+
+gem "rake-compiler"
+<%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:test] -%>
+
+gem "<%= config[:test] %>", "~> <%= config[:test_framework_version] %>"
+<%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:linter] == "rubocop" -%>
+
+gem "rubocop", "~> <%= config[:linter_version] %>"
+<%- elsif config[:linter] == "standard" -%>
+
+gem "standard", "~> <%= config[:linter_version] %>"
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/LICENSE.txt.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/LICENSE.txt.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76ef4b0191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/LICENSE.txt.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) <%= Time.now.year %> <%= config[:author] %>
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/README.md.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/README.md.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fd87abe9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/README.md.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# <%= config[:constant_name] %>
+
+Welcome to your new gem! In this directory, you'll find the files you need to be able to package up your Ruby library into a gem. Put your Ruby code in the file `lib/<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>`. To experiment with that code, run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt.
+
+TODO: Delete this and the text above, and describe your gem
+
+## Installation
+
+Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem '<%= config[:name] %>'
+```
+
+And then execute:
+
+    $ bundle install
+
+Or install it yourself as:
+
+    $ gem install <%= config[:name] %>
+
+## Usage
+
+TODO: Write usage instructions here
+
+## Development
+
+After checking out the repo, run `bin/setup` to install dependencies.<% if config[:test] %> Then, run `rake <%= config[:test].sub('mini', '').sub('rspec', 'spec') %>` to run the tests.<% end %> You can also run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment.<% if config[:bin] %> Run `bundle exec <%= config[:name] %>` to use the gem in this directory, ignoring other installed copies of this gem.<% end %>
+
+To install this gem onto your local machine, run `bundle exec rake install`. To release a new version, update the version number in `version.rb`, and then run `bundle exec rake release`, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and the created tag, and push the `.gem` file to [rubygems.org](https://rubygems.org).
+<% if config[:git] -%>
+
+## Contributing
+
+Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/<%= config[:github_username] %>/<%= config[:name] %>.<% if config[:coc] %> This project is intended to be a safe, welcoming space for collaboration, and contributors are expected to adhere to the [code of conduct](https://github.com/<%= config[:github_username] %>/<%= config[:name] %>/blob/<%= config[:git_default_branch] %>/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).<% end %>
+<% end -%>
+<% if config[:mit] -%>
+
+## License
+
+The gem is available as open source under the terms of the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
+<% end -%>
+<% if config[:git] && config[:coc] -%>
+
+## Code of Conduct
+
+Everyone interacting in the <%= config[:constant_name] %> project's codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms and mailing lists is expected to follow the [code of conduct](https://github.com/<%= config[:github_username] %>/<%= config[:name] %>/blob/<%= config[:git_default_branch] %>/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00b91c8464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+<% default_task_names = [config[:test_task]].compact -%>
+<% case config[:test] -%>
+<% when "minitest", "test-unit" -%>
+require "rake/testtask"
+
+Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
+  t.libs << "test"
+  t.libs << "lib"
+  t.test_files = FileList["test/**/*_test.rb"]
+end
+
+<% when "rspec" -%>
+require "rspec/core/rake_task"
+
+RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
+
+<% end -%>
+<% if config[:linter] == "rubocop" -%>
+<% default_task_names << :rubocop -%>
+require "rubocop/rake_task"
+
+RuboCop::RakeTask.new
+
+<% elsif config[:linter] == "standard" -%>
+<% default_task_names << :standard -%>
+require "standard/rake"
+
+<% end -%>
+<% if config[:ext] -%>
+<% default_task_names.unshift(:clobber, :compile) -%>
+require "rake/extensiontask"
+
+task build: :compile
+
+Rake::ExtensionTask.new("<%= config[:underscored_name] %>") do |ext|
+  ext.lib_dir = "lib/<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
+end
+
+<% end -%>
+<% if default_task_names.size == 1 -%>
+task default: <%= default_task_names.first.inspect %>
+<% else -%>
+task default: %i[<%= default_task_names.join(" ") %>]
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/console.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/console.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08dfaaef69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/console.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+require "<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
+
+# You can add fixtures and/or initialization code here to make experimenting
+# with your gem easier. You can also use a different console, if you like.
+
+# (If you use this, don't forget to add pry to your Gemfile!)
+# require "pry"
+# Pry.start
+
+require "irb"
+IRB.start(__FILE__)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/setup.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/setup.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dce67d860a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/setup.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+IFS=$'\n\t'
+set -vx
+
+bundle install
+
+# Do any other automated setup that you need to do here
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79fd0dcc0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+version: 2.1
+jobs:
+  build:
+    docker:
+      - image: ruby:<%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run:
+          name: Run the default task
+          command: |
+            gem install bundler -v <%= Bundler::VERSION %>
+            bundle install
+            bundle exec rake
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/exe/newgem.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/exe/newgem.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8339bb79f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/exe/newgem.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require "<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e918063ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mkmf"
+
+create_makefile(<%= config[:makefile_path].inspect %>)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8177c4d202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "<%= config[:underscored_name] %>.h"
+
+VALUE rb_m<%= config[:constant_array].join %>;
+
+void
+Init_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>(void)
+{
+  rb_m<%= config[:constant_array].join %> = rb_define_module(<%= config[:constant_name].inspect %>);
+}
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.h.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.h.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6e420b66e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.h.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#ifndef <%= config[:underscored_name].upcase %>_H
+#define <%= config[:underscored_name].upcase %>_H 1
+
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+#endif /* <%= config[:underscored_name].upcase %>_H */
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6570d177af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+name: Ruby
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - <%= config[:git_default_branch] %>
+
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Ruby ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        ruby:
+          - '<%= RUBY_VERSION %>'
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Set up Ruby
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      with:
+        ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+        bundler-cache: true
+    - name: Run the default task
+      run: bundle exec rake
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitignore.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitignore.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b1c9f9986c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitignore.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/.bundle/
+/.yardoc
+/_yardoc/
+/coverage/
+/doc/
+/pkg/
+/spec/reports/
+/tmp/
+<%- if config[:ext] -%>
+*.bundle
+*.so
+*.o
+*.a
+mkmf.log
+<%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:test] == "rspec" -%>
+
+# rspec failure tracking
+.rspec_status
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e71ff26a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+image: ruby:<%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+
+before_script:
+  - gem install bundler -v <%= Bundler::VERSION %>
+  - bundle install
+
+example_job:
+  script:
+    - bundle exec rake
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..caf6e32f4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "<%= File.basename(config[:namespaced_path]) %>/version"
+<%- if config[:ext] -%>
+require_relative "<%= File.basename(config[:namespaced_path]) %>/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>"
+<%- end -%>
+
+<%- config[:constant_array].each_with_index do |c, i| -%>
+<%= "  " * i %>module <%= c %>
+<%- end -%>
+<%= "  " * config[:constant_array].size %>class Error < StandardError; end
+<%= "  " * config[:constant_array].size %># Your code goes here...
+<%- (config[:constant_array].size-1).downto(0) do |i| -%>
+<%= "  " * i %>end
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem/version.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem/version.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5cd4cb232
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/lib/newgem/version.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+<%- config[:constant_array].each_with_index do |c, i| -%>
+<%= "  " * i %>module <%= c %>
+<%- end -%>
+<%= "  " * config[:constant_array].size %>VERSION = "0.1.0"
+<%- (config[:constant_array].size-1).downto(0) do |i| -%>
+<%= "  " * i %>end
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82281ab674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "lib/<%=config[:namespaced_path]%>/version"
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name = <%= config[:name].inspect %>
+  spec.version = <%= config[:constant_name] %>::VERSION
+  spec.authors = [<%= config[:author].inspect %>]
+  spec.email = [<%= config[:email].inspect %>]
+
+  spec.summary = "TODO: Write a short summary, because RubyGems requires one."
+  spec.description = "TODO: Write a longer description or delete this line."
+  spec.homepage = "TODO: Put your gem's website or public repo URL here."
+<%- if config[:mit] -%>
+  spec.license = "MIT"
+<%- end -%>
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= <%= config[:required_ruby_version] %>"
+
+  spec.metadata["allowed_push_host"] = "TODO: Set to your gem server 'https://example.com'"
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = "TODO: Put your gem's public repo URL here."
+  spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = "TODO: Put your gem's CHANGELOG.md URL here."
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path(__dir__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject do |f|
+      (f == __FILE__) || f.match(%r{\A(?:(?:test|spec|features)/|\.(?:git|travis|circleci)|appveyor)})
+    end
+  end
+  spec.bindir = "exe"
+  spec.executables = spec.files.grep(%r{\Aexe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+<%- if config[:ext] -%>
+  spec.extensions = ["ext/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>/extconf.rb"]
+<%- end -%>
+
+  # Uncomment to register a new dependency of your gem
+  # spec.add_dependency "example-gem", "~> 1.0"
+
+  # For more information and examples about making a new gem, checkout our
+  # guide at: https://bundler.io/guides/creating_gem.html
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/rspec.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/rspec.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34c5164d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/rspec.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+--format documentation
+--color
+--require spec_helper
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/rubocop.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/rubocop.yml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ecec78807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/rubocop.yml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+AllCops:
+  TargetRubyVersion: <%= ::Gem::Version.new(config[:required_ruby_version]).segments[0..1].join(".") %>
+
+Style/StringLiterals:
+  Enabled: true
+  EnforcedStyle: double_quotes
+
+Style/StringLiteralsInInterpolation:
+  Enabled: true
+  EnforcedStyle: double_quotes
+
+Layout/LineLength:
+  Max: 120
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/sig/newgem.rbs.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/sig/newgem.rbs.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb7b380bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/sig/newgem.rbs.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<%- config[:constant_array].each_with_index do |c, i| -%>
+<%= "  " * i %>module <%= c %>
+<%- end -%>
+<%= "  " * config[:constant_array].size %>VERSION: String
+<%= "  " * config[:constant_array].size %># See the writing guide of rbs: https://github.com/ruby/rbs#guides
+<%- (config[:constant_array].size-1).downto(0) do |i| -%>
+<%= "  " * i %>end
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/spec/newgem_spec.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/spec/newgem_spec.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82cada988c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/spec/newgem_spec.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe <%= config[:constant_name] %> do
+  it "has a version number" do
+    expect(<%= config[:constant_name] %>::VERSION).not_to be nil
+  end
+
+  it "does something useful" do
+    expect(false).to eq(true)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/spec/spec_helper.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/spec/spec_helper.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70c6d1fcde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/spec/spec_helper.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
+
+RSpec.configure do |config|
+  # Enable flags like --only-failures and --next-failure
+  config.example_status_persistence_file_path = ".rspec_status"
+
+  # Disable RSpec exposing methods globally on `Module` and `main`
+  config.disable_monkey_patching!
+
+  config.expect_with :rspec do |c|
+    c.syntax = :expect
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/standard.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/standard.yml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e88fbbe8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/standard.yml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# For available configuration options, see:
+#   https://github.com/testdouble/standard
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/minitest/newgem_test.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/minitest/newgem_test.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e005d69a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/minitest/newgem_test.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class <%= config[:constant_name] %>Test < Minitest::Test
+  def test_that_it_has_a_version_number
+    refute_nil ::<%= config[:constant_name] %>::VERSION
+  end
+
+  def test_it_does_something_useful
+    assert false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/minitest/test_helper.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/minitest/test_helper.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e05c387bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/minitest/test_helper.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __dir__)
+require "<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
+
+require "minitest/autorun"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/test-unit/newgem_test.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/test-unit/newgem_test.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c61094e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/test-unit/newgem_test.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class <%= config[:constant_name] %>Test < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  test "VERSION" do
+    assert do
+      ::<%= config[:constant_name] %>.const_defined?(:VERSION)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "something useful" do
+    assert_equal("expected", "actual")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/test-unit/test_helper.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/test-unit/test_helper.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f633c6039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/test/test-unit/test_helper.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __dir__)
+require "<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
+
+require "test-unit"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/travis.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/travis.yml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eab16addca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/travis.yml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+language: ruby
+cache: bundler
+rvm:
+  - <%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+before_install: gem install bundler -v <%= Bundler::VERSION %>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui.rb b/lib/bundler/ui.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a4fa03669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module UI
+    autoload :RGProxy, File.expand_path("ui/rg_proxy", __dir__)
+    autoload :Shell,   File.expand_path("ui/shell", __dir__)
+    autoload :Silent,  File.expand_path("ui/silent", __dir__)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui/rg_proxy.rb b/lib/bundler/ui/rg_proxy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef6def225b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui/rg_proxy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../ui"
+require "rubygems/user_interaction"
+
+module Bundler
+  module UI
+    class RGProxy < ::Gem::SilentUI
+      def initialize(ui)
+        @ui = ui
+        super()
+      end
+
+      def say(message)
+        @ui && @ui.debug(message)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb b/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17777af4ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../vendored_thor"
+
+module Bundler
+  module UI
+    class Shell
+      LEVELS = %w[silent error warn confirm info debug].freeze
+
+      attr_writer :shell
+
+      def initialize(options = {})
+        Thor::Base.shell = options["no-color"] ? Thor::Shell::Basic : nil
+        @shell = Thor::Base.shell.new
+        @level = ENV["DEBUG"] ? "debug" : "info"
+        @warning_history = []
+      end
+
+      def add_color(string, *color)
+        @shell.set_color(string, *color)
+      end
+
+      def info(msg, newline = nil)
+        tell_me(msg, nil, newline) if level("info")
+      end
+
+      def confirm(msg, newline = nil)
+        tell_me(msg, :green, newline) if level("confirm")
+      end
+
+      def warn(msg, newline = nil, color = :yellow)
+        return unless level("warn")
+        return if @warning_history.include? msg
+        @warning_history << msg
+
+        tell_err(msg, color, newline)
+      end
+
+      def error(msg, newline = nil, color = :red)
+        return unless level("error")
+        tell_err(msg, color, newline)
+      end
+
+      def debug(msg, newline = nil)
+        tell_me(msg, nil, newline) if debug?
+      end
+
+      def debug?
+        level("debug")
+      end
+
+      def quiet?
+        level("quiet")
+      end
+
+      def ask(msg)
+        @shell.ask(msg)
+      end
+
+      def yes?(msg)
+        @shell.yes?(msg)
+      end
+
+      def no?
+        @shell.no?(msg)
+      end
+
+      def level=(level)
+        raise ArgumentError unless LEVELS.include?(level.to_s)
+        @level = level.to_s
+      end
+
+      def level(name = nil)
+        return @level unless name
+        unless index = LEVELS.index(name)
+          raise "#{name.inspect} is not a valid level"
+        end
+        index <= LEVELS.index(@level)
+      end
+
+      def trace(e, newline = nil, force = false)
+        return unless debug? || force
+        msg = "#{e.class}: #{e.message}\n#{e.backtrace.join("\n  ")}"
+        tell_me(msg, nil, newline)
+      end
+
+      def silence(&blk)
+        with_level("silent", &blk)
+      end
+
+      def unprinted_warnings
+        []
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # valimism
+      def tell_me(msg, color = nil, newline = nil)
+        msg = word_wrap(msg) if newline.is_a?(Hash) && newline[:wrap]
+        if newline.nil?
+          @shell.say(msg, color)
+        else
+          @shell.say(msg, color, newline)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def tell_err(message, color = nil, newline = nil)
+        return if @shell.send(:stderr).closed?
+
+        newline ||= message.to_s !~ /( |\t)\Z/
+        message = word_wrap(message) if newline.is_a?(Hash) && newline[:wrap]
+
+        color = nil if color && !$stderr.tty?
+
+        buffer = @shell.send(:prepare_message, message, *color)
+        buffer << "\n" if newline && !message.to_s.end_with?("\n")
+
+        @shell.send(:stderr).print(buffer)
+        @shell.send(:stderr).flush
+      end
+
+      def strip_leading_spaces(text)
+        spaces = text[/\A\s+/, 0]
+        spaces ? text.gsub(/#{spaces}/, "") : text
+      end
+
+      def word_wrap(text, line_width = @shell.terminal_width)
+        strip_leading_spaces(text).split("\n").collect do |line|
+          line.length > line_width ? line.gsub(/(.{1,#{line_width}})(\s+|$)/, "\\1\n").strip : line
+        end * "\n"
+      end
+
+      def with_level(level)
+        original = @level
+        @level = level
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @level = original
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui/silent.rb b/lib/bundler/ui/silent.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dca1b2ac86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui/silent.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module UI
+    class Silent
+      attr_writer :shell
+
+      def initialize
+        @warnings = []
+      end
+
+      def add_color(string, color)
+        string
+      end
+
+      def info(message, newline = nil)
+      end
+
+      def confirm(message, newline = nil)
+      end
+
+      def warn(message, newline = nil)
+        @warnings |= [message]
+      end
+
+      def error(message, newline = nil)
+      end
+
+      def debug(message, newline = nil)
+      end
+
+      def debug?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def quiet?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def ask(message)
+      end
+
+      def yes?(msg)
+        raise "Cannot ask yes? with a silent shell"
+      end
+
+      def no?
+        raise "Cannot ask no? with a silent shell"
+      end
+
+      def level=(name)
+      end
+
+      def level(name = nil)
+      end
+
+      def trace(message, newline = nil, force = false)
+      end
+
+      def silence
+        yield
+      end
+
+      def unprinted_warnings
+        @warnings
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/uri_credentials_filter.rb b/lib/bundler/uri_credentials_filter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ccfaf0bc5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/uri_credentials_filter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module URICredentialsFilter
+    module_function
+
+    def credential_filtered_uri(uri_to_anonymize)
+      return uri_to_anonymize if uri_to_anonymize.nil?
+      uri = uri_to_anonymize.dup
+      if uri.is_a?(String)
+        return uri if File.exist?(uri)
+
+        require_relative "vendored_uri"
+        uri = Bundler::URI(uri)
+      end
+
+      if uri.userinfo
+        # oauth authentication
+        if uri.password == "x-oauth-basic" || uri.password == "x"
+          # URI as string does not display with password if no user is set
+          oauth_designation = uri.password
+          uri.user = oauth_designation
+        end
+        uri.password = nil
+      end
+      return uri.to_s if uri_to_anonymize.is_a?(String)
+      uri
+    rescue Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError # uri is not canonical uri scheme
+      uri
+    end
+
+    def credential_filtered_string(str_to_filter, uri)
+      return str_to_filter if uri.nil? || str_to_filter.nil?
+      str_with_no_credentials = str_to_filter.dup
+      anonymous_uri_str = credential_filtered_uri(uri).to_s
+      uri_str = uri.to_s
+      if anonymous_uri_str != uri_str
+        str_with_no_credentials = str_with_no_credentials.gsub(uri_str, anonymous_uri_str)
+      end
+      str_with_no_credentials
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/.document b/lib/bundler/vendor/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c43bbd6b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/.document
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Vendored files do not need to be documented
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/LICENSE b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7673cbfb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Copyright (c) 2011 Mike Perham
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..984c1c3dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+require "timeout"
+require_relative "connection_pool/version"
+
+class Bundler::ConnectionPool
+  class Error < ::RuntimeError; end
+  class PoolShuttingDownError < ::Bundler::ConnectionPool::Error; end
+  class TimeoutError < ::Timeout::Error; end
+end
+
+# Generic connection pool class for sharing a limited number of objects or network connections
+# among many threads.  Note: pool elements are lazily created.
+#
+# Example usage with block (faster):
+#
+#    @pool = Bundler::ConnectionPool.new { Redis.new }
+#    @pool.with do |redis|
+#      redis.lpop('my-list') if redis.llen('my-list') > 0
+#    end
+#
+# Using optional timeout override (for that single invocation)
+#
+#    @pool.with(timeout: 2.0) do |redis|
+#      redis.lpop('my-list') if redis.llen('my-list') > 0
+#    end
+#
+# Example usage replacing an existing connection (slower):
+#
+#    $redis = Bundler::ConnectionPool.wrap { Redis.new }
+#
+#    def do_work
+#      $redis.lpop('my-list') if $redis.llen('my-list') > 0
+#    end
+#
+# Accepts the following options:
+# - :size - number of connections to pool, defaults to 5
+# - :timeout - amount of time to wait for a connection if none currently available, defaults to 5 seconds
+#
+class Bundler::ConnectionPool
+  DEFAULTS = {size: 5, timeout: 5}
+
+  def self.wrap(options, &block)
+    Wrapper.new(options, &block)
+  end
+
+  def initialize(options = {}, &block)
+    raise ArgumentError, "Connection pool requires a block" unless block
+
+    options = DEFAULTS.merge(options)
+
+    @size = Integer(options.fetch(:size))
+    @timeout = options.fetch(:timeout)
+
+    @available = TimedStack.new(@size, &block)
+    @key = :"pool-#{@available.object_id}"
+    @key_count = :"pool-#{@available.object_id}-count"
+  end
+
+  def with(options = {})
+    Thread.handle_interrupt(Exception => :never) do
+      conn = checkout(options)
+      begin
+        Thread.handle_interrupt(Exception => :immediate) do
+          yield conn
+        end
+      ensure
+        checkin
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  alias then with
+
+  def checkout(options = {})
+    if ::Thread.current[@key]
+      ::Thread.current[@key_count] += 1
+      ::Thread.current[@key]
+    else
+      ::Thread.current[@key_count] = 1
+      ::Thread.current[@key] = @available.pop(options[:timeout] || @timeout)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def checkin
+    if ::Thread.current[@key]
+      if ::Thread.current[@key_count] == 1
+        @available.push(::Thread.current[@key])
+        ::Thread.current[@key] = nil
+        ::Thread.current[@key_count] = nil
+      else
+        ::Thread.current[@key_count] -= 1
+      end
+    else
+      raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::Error, "no connections are checked out"
+    end
+
+    nil
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Shuts down the Bundler::ConnectionPool by passing each connection to +block+ and
+  # then removing it from the pool. Attempting to checkout a connection after
+  # shutdown will raise +Bundler::ConnectionPool::PoolShuttingDownError+.
+
+  def shutdown(&block)
+    @available.shutdown(&block)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Reloads the Bundler::ConnectionPool by passing each connection to +block+ and then
+  # removing it the pool. Subsequent checkouts will create new connections as
+  # needed.
+
+  def reload(&block)
+    @available.shutdown(reload: true, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Size of this connection pool
+  attr_reader :size
+
+  # Number of pool entries available for checkout at this instant.
+  def available
+    @available.length
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative "connection_pool/timed_stack"
+require_relative "connection_pool/wrapper"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7b1cf06a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+##
+# The TimedStack manages a pool of homogeneous connections (or any resource
+# you wish to manage).  Connections are created lazily up to a given maximum
+# number.
+
+# Examples:
+#
+#    ts = TimedStack.new(1) { MyConnection.new }
+#
+#    # fetch a connection
+#    conn = ts.pop
+#
+#    # return a connection
+#    ts.push conn
+#
+#    conn = ts.pop
+#    ts.pop timeout: 5
+#    #=> raises Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError after 5 seconds
+
+class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
+  attr_reader :max
+
+  ##
+  # Creates a new pool with +size+ connections that are created from the given
+  # +block+.
+
+  def initialize(size = 0, &block)
+    @create_block = block
+    @created = 0
+    @que = []
+    @max = size
+    @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+    @resource = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+    @shutdown_block = nil
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns +obj+ to the stack.  +options+ is ignored in TimedStack but may be
+  # used by subclasses that extend TimedStack.
+
+  def push(obj, options = {})
+    @mutex.synchronize do
+      if @shutdown_block
+        @shutdown_block.call(obj)
+      else
+        store_connection obj, options
+      end
+
+      @resource.broadcast
+    end
+  end
+  alias << push
+
+  ##
+  # Retrieves a connection from the stack.  If a connection is available it is
+  # immediately returned.  If no connection is available within the given
+  # timeout a Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError is raised.
+  #
+  # +:timeout+ is the only checked entry in +options+ and is preferred over
+  # the +timeout+ argument (which will be removed in a future release).  Other
+  # options may be used by subclasses that extend TimedStack.
+
+  def pop(timeout = 0.5, options = {})
+    options, timeout = timeout, 0.5 if Hash === timeout
+    timeout = options.fetch :timeout, timeout
+
+    deadline = current_time + timeout
+    @mutex.synchronize do
+      loop do
+        raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::PoolShuttingDownError if @shutdown_block
+        return fetch_connection(options) if connection_stored?(options)
+
+        connection = try_create(options)
+        return connection if connection
+
+        to_wait = deadline - current_time
+        raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError, "Waited #{timeout} sec" if to_wait <= 0
+        @resource.wait(@mutex, to_wait)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Shuts down the TimedStack by passing each connection to +block+ and then
+  # removing it from the pool. Attempting to checkout a connection after
+  # shutdown will raise +Bundler::ConnectionPool::PoolShuttingDownError+ unless
+  # +:reload+ is +true+.
+
+  def shutdown(reload: false, &block)
+    raise ArgumentError, "shutdown must receive a block" unless block_given?
+
+    @mutex.synchronize do
+      @shutdown_block = block
+      @resource.broadcast
+
+      shutdown_connections
+      @shutdown_block = nil if reload
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns +true+ if there are no available connections.
+
+  def empty?
+    (@created - @que.length) >= @max
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The number of connections available on the stack.
+
+  def length
+    @max - @created + @que.length
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def current_time
+    Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
+  #
+  # This method must returns true if a connection is available on the stack.
+
+  def connection_stored?(options = nil)
+    !@que.empty?
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
+  #
+  # This method must return a connection from the stack.
+
+  def fetch_connection(options = nil)
+    @que.pop
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
+  #
+  # This method must shut down all connections on the stack.
+
+  def shutdown_connections(options = nil)
+    while connection_stored?(options)
+      conn = fetch_connection(options)
+      @shutdown_block.call(conn)
+    end
+    @created = 0
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
+  #
+  # This method must return +obj+ to the stack.
+
+  def store_connection(obj, options = nil)
+    @que.push obj
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # This is an extension point for TimedStack and is called with a mutex.
+  #
+  # This method must create a connection if and only if the total number of
+  # connections allowed has not been met.
+
+  def try_create(options = nil)
+    unless @created == @max
+      object = @create_block.call
+      @created += 1
+      object
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/version.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56ebf69902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Bundler::ConnectionPool
+  VERSION = "2.3.0"
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/wrapper.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/wrapper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..880170c06b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/wrapper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+class Bundler::ConnectionPool
+  class Wrapper < ::BasicObject
+    METHODS = [:with, :pool_shutdown, :wrapped_pool]
+
+    def initialize(options = {}, &block)
+      @pool = options.fetch(:pool) { ::Bundler::ConnectionPool.new(options, &block) }
+    end
+
+    def wrapped_pool
+      @pool
+    end
+
+    def with(&block)
+      @pool.with(&block)
+    end
+
+    def pool_shutdown(&block)
+      @pool.shutdown(&block)
+    end
+
+    def pool_size
+      @pool.size
+    end
+
+    def pool_available
+      @pool.available
+    end
+
+    def respond_to?(id, *args)
+      METHODS.include?(id) || with { |c| c.respond_to?(id, *args) }
+    end
+
+    # rubocop:disable Style/MethodMissingSuper
+    # rubocop:disable Style/MissingRespondToMissing
+    if ::RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0.0"
+      def method_missing(name, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+        with do |connection|
+          connection.send(name, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+        end
+      end
+    elsif ::RUBY_VERSION >= "2.7.0"
+      ruby2_keywords def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+        with do |connection|
+          connection.send(name, *args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+        with do |connection|
+          connection.send(name, *args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    # rubocop:enable Style/MethodMissingSuper
+    # rubocop:enable Style/MissingRespondToMissing
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/LICENSE.txt b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a009caefea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Yukihiro Matsumoto. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f8faf30c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1764 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+begin
+  require 'rbconfig'
+rescue LoadError
+  # for make mjit-headers
+end
+
+#
+# = fileutils.rb
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2000-2007 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+#
+# == module Bundler::FileUtils
+#
+# Namespace for several file utility methods for copying, moving, removing, etc.
+#
+# === Module Functions
+#
+#   require 'bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils'
+#
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.cd(dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.cd(dir, **options) {|dir| block }
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd()
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(target, link, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(targets, dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(target, link, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(targets, dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_sf(target, link, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp(src, dest, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp(list, dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r(src, dest, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r(list, dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.mv(src, dest, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.mv(list, dir, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_rf(list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.install(src, dest, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(mode, list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R(mode, list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.chown(user, group, list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R(user, group, list, **options)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(list, **options)
+#
+# Possible <tt>options</tt> are:
+#
+# <tt>:force</tt> :: forced operation (rewrite files if exist, remove
+#                    directories if not empty, etc.);
+# <tt>:verbose</tt> :: print command to be run, in bash syntax, before
+#                      performing it;
+# <tt>:preserve</tt> :: preserve object's group, user and modification
+#                       time on copying;
+# <tt>:noop</tt> :: no changes are made (usable in combination with
+#                   <tt>:verbose</tt> which will print the command to run)
+#
+# Each method documents the options that it honours. See also ::commands,
+# ::options and ::options_of methods to introspect which command have which
+# options.
+#
+# All methods that have the concept of a "source" file or directory can take
+# either one file or a list of files in that argument.  See the method
+# documentation for examples.
+#
+# There are some `low level' methods, which do not accept keyword arguments:
+#
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_file(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference = true)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_stream(srcstream, deststream)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry(path, force = false)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure(path, force = false)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.remove_file(path, force = false)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file(path_a, path_b)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_stream(stream_a, stream_b)
+#   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?(file, cmp_list)
+#
+# == module Bundler::FileUtils::Verbose
+#
+# This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but it outputs messages
+# before acting.  This equates to passing the <tt>:verbose</tt> flag to methods
+# in Bundler::FileUtils.
+#
+# == module Bundler::FileUtils::NoWrite
+#
+# This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
+# files/directories.  This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> flag to methods
+# in Bundler::FileUtils.
+#
+# == module Bundler::FileUtils::DryRun
+#
+# This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
+# files/directories.  This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> and
+# <tt>:verbose</tt> flags to methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+#
+module Bundler::FileUtils
+  VERSION = "1.4.1"
+
+  def self.private_module_function(name)   #:nodoc:
+    module_function name
+    private_class_method name
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns the name of the current directory.
+  #
+  def pwd
+    Dir.pwd
+  end
+  module_function :pwd
+
+  alias getwd pwd
+  module_function :getwd
+
+  #
+  # Changes the current directory to the directory +dir+.
+  #
+  # If this method is called with block, resumes to the previous
+  # working directory after the block execution has finished.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('/')  # change directory
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('/', verbose: true)   # change directory and report it
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('/') do  # change directory
+  #     # ...               # do something
+  #   end                   # return to original directory
+  #
+  def cd(dir, verbose: nil, &block) # :yield: dir
+    fu_output_message "cd #{dir}" if verbose
+    result = Dir.chdir(dir, &block)
+    fu_output_message 'cd -' if verbose and block
+    result
+  end
+  module_function :cd
+
+  alias chdir cd
+  module_function :chdir
+
+  #
+  # Returns true if +new+ is newer than all +old_list+.
+  # Non-existent files are older than any file.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?('hello.o', %w(hello.c hello.h)) or \
+  #       system 'make hello.o'
+  #
+  def uptodate?(new, old_list)
+    return false unless File.exist?(new)
+    new_time = File.mtime(new)
+    old_list.each do |old|
+      if File.exist?(old)
+        return false unless new_time > File.mtime(old)
+      end
+    end
+    true
+  end
+  module_function :uptodate?
+
+  def remove_trailing_slash(dir)   #:nodoc:
+    dir == '/' ? dir : dir.chomp(?/)
+  end
+  private_module_function :remove_trailing_slash
+
+  #
+  # Creates one or more directories.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir 'test'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir %w(tmp data)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir 'notexist', noop: true  # Does not really create.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir 'tmp', mode: 0700
+  #
+  def mkdir(list, mode: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "mkdir #{mode ? ('-m %03o ' % mode) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+
+    list.each do |dir|
+      fu_mkdir dir, mode
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :mkdir
+
+  #
+  # Creates a directory and all its parent directories.
+  # For example,
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p '/usr/local/lib/ruby'
+  #
+  # causes to make following directories, if they do not exist.
+  #
+  # * /usr
+  # * /usr/local
+  # * /usr/local/lib
+  # * /usr/local/lib/ruby
+  #
+  # You can pass several directories at a time in a list.
+  #
+  def mkdir_p(list, mode: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "mkdir -p #{mode ? ('-m %03o ' % mode) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return *list if noop
+
+    list.map {|path| remove_trailing_slash(path)}.each do |path|
+      # optimize for the most common case
+      begin
+        fu_mkdir path, mode
+        next
+      rescue SystemCallError
+        next if File.directory?(path)
+      end
+
+      stack = []
+      until path == stack.last   # dirname("/")=="/", dirname("C:/")=="C:/"
+        stack.push path
+        path = File.dirname(path)
+      end
+      stack.pop                 # root directory should exist
+      stack.reverse_each do |dir|
+        begin
+          fu_mkdir dir, mode
+        rescue SystemCallError
+          raise unless File.directory?(dir)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    return *list
+  end
+  module_function :mkdir_p
+
+  alias mkpath    mkdir_p
+  alias makedirs  mkdir_p
+  module_function :mkpath
+  module_function :makedirs
+
+  def fu_mkdir(path, mode)   #:nodoc:
+    path = remove_trailing_slash(path)
+    if mode
+      Dir.mkdir path, mode
+      File.chmod mode, path
+    else
+      Dir.mkdir path
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_mkdir
+
+  #
+  # Removes one or more directories.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir %w(somedir anydir otherdir)
+  #   # Does not really remove directory; outputs message.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir', verbose: true, noop: true
+  #
+  def rmdir(list, parents: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "rmdir #{parents ? '-p ' : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |dir|
+      Dir.rmdir(dir = remove_trailing_slash(dir))
+      if parents
+        begin
+          until (parent = File.dirname(dir)) == '.' or parent == dir
+            dir = parent
+            Dir.rmdir(dir)
+          end
+        rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY, Errno::EEXIST, Errno::ENOENT
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :rmdir
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(target, link, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(target,  dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(targets, dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  #
+  # In the first form, creates a hard link +link+ which points to +target+.
+  # If +link+ already exists, raises Errno::EEXIST.
+  # But if the +force+ option is set, overwrites +link+.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln 'gcc', 'cc', verbose: true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln '/usr/bin/emacs21', '/usr/bin/emacs'
+  #
+  # In the second form, creates a link +dir/target+ pointing to +target+.
+  # In the third form, creates several hard links in the directory +dir+,
+  # pointing to each item in +targets+.
+  # If +dir+ is not a directory, raises Errno::ENOTDIR.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd '/sbin'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln %w(cp mv mkdir), '/bin'   # Now /sbin/cp and /bin/cp are linked.
+  #
+  def ln(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    fu_output_message "ln#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
+      remove_file d, true if force
+      File.link s, d
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :ln
+
+  alias link ln
+  module_function :link
+
+  #
+  # Hard link +src+ to +dest+. If +src+ is a directory, this method links
+  # all its contents recursively. If +dest+ is a directory, links
+  # +src+ to +dest/src+.
+  #
+  # +src+ can be a list of files.
+  #
+  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
+  #
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r site_ruby + '/mylib', force: true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr 'lib/', site_ruby + '/mylib'
+  #
+  #   # Examples of linking several files to target directory.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr %w(mail.rb field.rb debug/), site_ruby + '/tmail'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr Dir.glob('*.rb'), '/home/aamine/lib/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true
+  #
+  #   # If you want to link all contents of a directory instead of the
+  #   # directory itself, c.f. src/x -> dest/x, src/y -> dest/y,
+  #   # use the following code.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr 'src/.', 'dest'  # cp_lr('src', 'dest') makes dest/src, but this doesn't.
+  #
+  def cp_lr(src, dest, noop: nil, verbose: nil,
+            dereference_root: true, remove_destination: false)
+    fu_output_message "cp -lr#{remove_destination ? ' --remove-destination' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      link_entry s, d, dereference_root, remove_destination
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :cp_lr
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(target, link, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(target,  dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(targets, dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  #
+  # In the first form, creates a symbolic link +link+ which points to +target+.
+  # If +link+ already exists, raises Errno::EEXIST.
+  # But if the <tt>force</tt> option is set, overwrites +link+.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s '/usr/bin/ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s 'verylongsourcefilename.c', 'c', force: true
+  #
+  # In the second form, creates a link +dir/target+ pointing to +target+.
+  # In the third form, creates several symbolic links in the directory +dir+,
+  # pointing to each item in +targets+.
+  # If +dir+ is not a directory, raises Errno::ENOTDIR.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s Dir.glob('/bin/*.rb'), '/home/foo/bin'
+  #
+  def ln_s(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    fu_output_message "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
+      remove_file d, true if force
+      File.symlink s, d
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :ln_s
+
+  alias symlink ln_s
+  module_function :symlink
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_sf(*args)
+  #
+  # Same as
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(*args, force: true)
+  #
+  def ln_sf(src, dest, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    ln_s src, dest, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose
+  end
+  module_function :ln_sf
+
+  #
+  # Hard links a file system entry +src+ to +dest+.
+  # If +src+ is a directory, this method links its contents recursively.
+  #
+  # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
+  # +src+ must exist, +dest+ must not exist.
+  #
+  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereferences the tree root.
+  #
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
+  def link_entry(src, dest, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
+    Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference_root).traverse do |ent|
+      destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && File.file?(destent.path)
+      ent.link destent.path
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :link_entry
+
+  #
+  # Copies a file content +src+ to +dest+.  If +dest+ is a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to +dest/src+.
+  #
+  # If +src+ is a list of files, then +dest+ must be a directory.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp 'eval.c', 'eval.c.org'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp %w(cgi.rb complex.rb date.rb), '/usr/lib/ruby/1.6'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp %w(cgi.rb complex.rb date.rb), '/usr/lib/ruby/1.6', verbose: true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp 'symlink', 'dest'   # copy content, "dest" is not a symlink
+  #
+  def cp(src, dest, preserve: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    fu_output_message "cp#{preserve ? ' -p' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      copy_file s, d, preserve
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :cp
+
+  alias copy cp
+  module_function :copy
+
+  #
+  # Copies +src+ to +dest+. If +src+ is a directory, this method copies
+  # all its contents recursively. If +dest+ is a directory, copies
+  # +src+ to +dest/src+.
+  #
+  # +src+ can be a list of files.
+  #
+  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
+  #
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
+  #   # Installing Ruby library "mylib" under the site_ruby
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r site_ruby + '/mylib', force: true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r 'lib/', site_ruby + '/mylib'
+  #
+  #   # Examples of copying several files to target directory.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r %w(mail.rb field.rb debug/), site_ruby + '/tmail'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r Dir.glob('*.rb'), '/home/foo/lib/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true
+  #
+  #   # If you want to copy all contents of a directory instead of the
+  #   # directory itself, c.f. src/x -> dest/x, src/y -> dest/y,
+  #   # use following code.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r 'src/.', 'dest'     # cp_r('src', 'dest') makes dest/src,
+  #                                      # but this doesn't.
+  #
+  def cp_r(src, dest, preserve: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil,
+           dereference_root: true, remove_destination: nil)
+    fu_output_message "cp -r#{preserve ? 'p' : ''}#{remove_destination ? ' --remove-destination' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      copy_entry s, d, preserve, dereference_root, remove_destination
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :cp_r
+
+  #
+  # Copies a file system entry +src+ to +dest+.
+  # If +src+ is a directory, this method copies its contents recursively.
+  # This method preserves file types, c.f. symlink, directory...
+  # (FIFO, device files and etc. are not supported yet)
+  #
+  # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
+  # +src+ must exist, +dest+ must not exist.
+  #
+  # If +preserve+ is true, this method preserves owner, group, and
+  # modified time.  Permissions are copied regardless +preserve+.
+  #
+  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
+  #
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
+  def copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
+    if dereference_root
+      src = File.realpath(src)
+    end
+
+    Entry_.new(src, nil, false).wrap_traverse(proc do |ent|
+      destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && (File.file?(destent.path) || File.symlink?(destent.path))
+      ent.copy destent.path
+    end, proc do |ent|
+      destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      ent.copy_metadata destent.path if preserve
+    end)
+  end
+  module_function :copy_entry
+
+  #
+  # Copies file contents of +src+ to +dest+.
+  # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
+  #
+  def copy_file(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference = true)
+    ent = Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference)
+    ent.copy_file dest
+    ent.copy_metadata dest if preserve
+  end
+  module_function :copy_file
+
+  #
+  # Copies stream +src+ to +dest+.
+  # +src+ must respond to #read(n) and
+  # +dest+ must respond to #write(str).
+  #
+  def copy_stream(src, dest)
+    IO.copy_stream(src, dest)
+  end
+  module_function :copy_stream
+
+  #
+  # Moves file(s) +src+ to +dest+.  If +file+ and +dest+ exist on the different
+  # disk partition, the file is copied then the original file is removed.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv 'badname.rb', 'goodname.rb'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv 'stuff.rb', '/notexist/lib/ruby', force: true  # no error
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv %w(junk.txt dust.txt), '/home/foo/.trash/'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv Dir.glob('test*.rb'), 'test', noop: true, verbose: true
+  #
+  def mv(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
+    fu_output_message "mv#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      destent = Entry_.new(d, nil, true)
+      begin
+        if destent.exist?
+          if destent.directory?
+            raise Errno::EEXIST, d
+          end
+        end
+        begin
+          File.rename s, d
+        rescue Errno::EXDEV,
+               Errno::EPERM # move from unencrypted to encrypted dir (ext4)
+          copy_entry s, d, true
+          if secure
+            remove_entry_secure s, force
+          else
+            remove_entry s, force
+          end
+        end
+      rescue SystemCallError
+        raise unless force
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :mv
+
+  alias move mv
+  module_function :move
+
+  #
+  # Remove file(s) specified in +list+.  This method cannot remove directories.
+  # All StandardErrors are ignored when the :force option is set.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm %w( junk.txt dust.txt )
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm Dir.glob('*.so')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm 'NotExistFile', force: true   # never raises exception
+  #
+  def rm(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "rm#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+
+    list.each do |path|
+      remove_file path, force
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :rm
+
+  alias remove rm
+  module_function :remove
+
+  #
+  # Equivalent to
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(list, force: true)
+  #
+  def rm_f(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    rm list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose
+  end
+  module_function :rm_f
+
+  alias safe_unlink rm_f
+  module_function :safe_unlink
+
+  #
+  # remove files +list+[0] +list+[1]... If +list+[n] is a directory,
+  # removes its all contents recursively. This method ignores
+  # StandardError when :force option is set.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r Dir.glob('/tmp/*')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r 'some_dir', force: true
+  #
+  # WARNING: This method causes local vulnerability
+  # if one of parent directories or removing directory tree are world
+  # writable (including /tmp, whose permission is 1777), and the current
+  # process has strong privilege such as Unix super user (root), and the
+  # system has symbolic link.  For secure removing, read the documentation
+  # of remove_entry_secure carefully, and set :secure option to true.
+  # Default is <tt>secure: false</tt>.
+  #
+  # NOTE: This method calls remove_entry_secure if :secure option is set.
+  # See also remove_entry_secure.
+  #
+  def rm_r(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "rm -r#{force ? 'f' : ''} #{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |path|
+      if secure
+        remove_entry_secure path, force
+      else
+        remove_entry path, force
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :rm_r
+
+  #
+  # Equivalent to
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(list, force: true)
+  #
+  # WARNING: This method causes local vulnerability.
+  # Read the documentation of rm_r first.
+  #
+  def rm_rf(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
+    rm_r list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose, secure: secure
+  end
+  module_function :rm_rf
+
+  alias rmtree rm_rf
+  module_function :rmtree
+
+  #
+  # This method removes a file system entry +path+.  +path+ shall be a
+  # regular file, a directory, or something.  If +path+ is a directory,
+  # remove it recursively.  This method is required to avoid TOCTTOU
+  # (time-of-check-to-time-of-use) local security vulnerability of rm_r.
+  # #rm_r causes security hole when:
+  #
+  # * Parent directory is world writable (including /tmp).
+  # * Removing directory tree includes world writable directory.
+  # * The system has symbolic link.
+  #
+  # To avoid this security hole, this method applies special preprocess.
+  # If +path+ is a directory, this method chown(2) and chmod(2) all
+  # removing directories.  This requires the current process is the
+  # owner of the removing whole directory tree, or is the super user (root).
+  #
+  # WARNING: You must ensure that *ALL* parent directories cannot be
+  # moved by other untrusted users.  For example, parent directories
+  # should not be owned by untrusted users, and should not be world
+  # writable except when the sticky bit set.
+  #
+  # WARNING: Only the owner of the removing directory tree, or Unix super
+  # user (root) should invoke this method.  Otherwise this method does not
+  # work.
+  #
+  # For details of this security vulnerability, see Perl's case:
+  #
+  # * https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2005-0448
+  # * https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2004-0452
+  #
+  # For fileutils.rb, this vulnerability is reported in [ruby-dev:26100].
+  #
+  def remove_entry_secure(path, force = false)
+    unless fu_have_symlink?
+      remove_entry path, force
+      return
+    end
+    fullpath = File.expand_path(path)
+    st = File.lstat(fullpath)
+    unless st.directory?
+      File.unlink fullpath
+      return
+    end
+    # is a directory.
+    parent_st = File.stat(File.dirname(fullpath))
+    unless parent_st.world_writable?
+      remove_entry path, force
+      return
+    end
+    unless parent_st.sticky?
+      raise ArgumentError, "parent directory is world writable, Bundler::FileUtils#remove_entry_secure does not work; abort: #{path.inspect} (parent directory mode #{'%o' % parent_st.mode})"
+    end
+
+    # freeze tree root
+    euid = Process.euid
+    dot_file = fullpath + "/."
+    begin
+      File.open(dot_file) {|f|
+        unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, f.stat)
+          # symlink (TOC-to-TOU attack?)
+          File.unlink fullpath
+          return
+        end
+        f.chown euid, -1
+        f.chmod 0700
+      }
+    rescue Errno::EISDIR # JRuby in non-native mode can't open files as dirs
+      File.lstat(dot_file).tap {|fstat|
+        unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, fstat)
+          # symlink (TOC-to-TOU attack?)
+          File.unlink fullpath
+          return
+        end
+        File.chown euid, -1, dot_file
+        File.chmod 0700, dot_file
+      }
+    end
+
+    unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, File.lstat(fullpath))
+      # TOC-to-TOU attack?
+      File.unlink fullpath
+      return
+    end
+
+    # ---- tree root is frozen ----
+    root = Entry_.new(path)
+    root.preorder_traverse do |ent|
+      if ent.directory?
+        ent.chown euid, -1
+        ent.chmod 0700
+      end
+    end
+    root.postorder_traverse do |ent|
+      begin
+        ent.remove
+      rescue
+        raise unless force
+      end
+    end
+  rescue
+    raise unless force
+  end
+  module_function :remove_entry_secure
+
+  def fu_have_symlink?   #:nodoc:
+    File.symlink nil, nil
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    return false
+  rescue TypeError
+    return true
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_have_symlink?
+
+  def fu_stat_identical_entry?(a, b)   #:nodoc:
+    a.dev == b.dev and a.ino == b.ino
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_stat_identical_entry?
+
+  #
+  # This method removes a file system entry +path+.
+  # +path+ might be a regular file, a directory, or something.
+  # If +path+ is a directory, remove it recursively.
+  #
+  # See also remove_entry_secure.
+  #
+  def remove_entry(path, force = false)
+    Entry_.new(path).postorder_traverse do |ent|
+      begin
+        ent.remove
+      rescue
+        raise unless force
+      end
+    end
+  rescue
+    raise unless force
+  end
+  module_function :remove_entry
+
+  #
+  # Removes a file +path+.
+  # This method ignores StandardError if +force+ is true.
+  #
+  def remove_file(path, force = false)
+    Entry_.new(path).remove_file
+  rescue
+    raise unless force
+  end
+  module_function :remove_file
+
+  #
+  # Removes a directory +dir+ and its contents recursively.
+  # This method ignores StandardError if +force+ is true.
+  #
+  def remove_dir(path, force = false)
+    remove_entry path, force   # FIXME?? check if it is a directory
+  end
+  module_function :remove_dir
+
+  #
+  # Returns true if the contents of a file +a+ and a file +b+ are identical.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file('somefile', 'somefile')       #=> true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file('/dev/null', '/dev/urandom')  #=> false
+  #
+  def compare_file(a, b)
+    return false unless File.size(a) == File.size(b)
+    File.open(a, 'rb') {|fa|
+      File.open(b, 'rb') {|fb|
+        return compare_stream(fa, fb)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+  module_function :compare_file
+
+  alias identical? compare_file
+  alias cmp compare_file
+  module_function :identical?
+  module_function :cmp
+
+  #
+  # Returns true if the contents of a stream +a+ and +b+ are identical.
+  #
+  def compare_stream(a, b)
+    bsize = fu_stream_blksize(a, b)
+
+    if RUBY_VERSION > "2.4"
+      sa = String.new(capacity: bsize)
+      sb = String.new(capacity: bsize)
+    else
+      sa = String.new
+      sb = String.new
+    end
+
+    begin
+      a.read(bsize, sa)
+      b.read(bsize, sb)
+      return true if sa.empty? && sb.empty?
+    end while sa == sb
+    false
+  end
+  module_function :compare_stream
+
+  #
+  # If +src+ is not same as +dest+, copies it and changes the permission
+  # mode to +mode+.  If +dest+ is a directory, destination is +dest+/+src+.
+  # This method removes destination before copy.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install 'ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby', mode: 0755, verbose: true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install 'lib.rb', '/usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby', verbose: true
+  #
+  def install(src, dest, mode: nil, owner: nil, group: nil, preserve: nil,
+              noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    if verbose
+      msg = +"install -c"
+      msg << ' -p' if preserve
+      msg << ' -m ' << mode_to_s(mode) if mode
+      msg << " -o #{owner}" if owner
+      msg << " -g #{group}" if group
+      msg << ' ' << [src,dest].flatten.join(' ')
+      fu_output_message msg
+    end
+    return if noop
+    uid = fu_get_uid(owner)
+    gid = fu_get_gid(group)
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      st = File.stat(s)
+      unless File.exist?(d) and compare_file(s, d)
+        remove_file d, true
+        copy_file s, d
+        File.utime st.atime, st.mtime, d if preserve
+        File.chmod fu_mode(mode, st), d if mode
+        File.chown uid, gid, d if uid or gid
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :install
+
+  def user_mask(target)  #:nodoc:
+    target.each_char.inject(0) do |mask, chr|
+      case chr
+      when "u"
+        mask | 04700
+      when "g"
+        mask | 02070
+      when "o"
+        mask | 01007
+      when "a"
+        mask | 07777
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "invalid `who' symbol in file mode: #{chr}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :user_mask
+
+  def apply_mask(mode, user_mask, op, mode_mask)   #:nodoc:
+    case op
+    when '='
+      (mode & ~user_mask) | (user_mask & mode_mask)
+    when '+'
+      mode | (user_mask & mode_mask)
+    when '-'
+      mode & ~(user_mask & mode_mask)
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :apply_mask
+
+  def symbolic_modes_to_i(mode_sym, path)  #:nodoc:
+    mode = if File::Stat === path
+             path.mode
+           else
+             File.stat(path).mode
+           end
+    mode_sym.split(/,/).inject(mode & 07777) do |current_mode, clause|
+      target, *actions = clause.split(/([=+-])/)
+      raise ArgumentError, "invalid file mode: #{mode_sym}" if actions.empty?
+      target = 'a' if target.empty?
+      user_mask = user_mask(target)
+      actions.each_slice(2) do |op, perm|
+        need_apply = op == '='
+        mode_mask = (perm || '').each_char.inject(0) do |mask, chr|
+          case chr
+          when "r"
+            mask | 0444
+          when "w"
+            mask | 0222
+          when "x"
+            mask | 0111
+          when "X"
+            if FileTest.directory? path
+              mask | 0111
+            else
+              mask
+            end
+          when "s"
+            mask | 06000
+          when "t"
+            mask | 01000
+          when "u", "g", "o"
+            if mask.nonzero?
+              current_mode = apply_mask(current_mode, user_mask, op, mask)
+            end
+            need_apply = false
+            copy_mask = user_mask(chr)
+            (current_mode & copy_mask) / (copy_mask & 0111) * (user_mask & 0111)
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "invalid `perm' symbol in file mode: #{chr}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        if mode_mask.nonzero? || need_apply
+          current_mode = apply_mask(current_mode, user_mask, op, mode_mask)
+        end
+      end
+      current_mode
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :symbolic_modes_to_i
+
+  def fu_mode(mode, path)  #:nodoc:
+    mode.is_a?(String) ? symbolic_modes_to_i(mode, path) : mode
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_mode
+
+  def mode_to_s(mode)  #:nodoc:
+    mode.is_a?(String) ? mode : "%o" % mode
+  end
+  private_module_function :mode_to_s
+
+  #
+  # Changes permission bits on the named files (in +list+) to the bit pattern
+  # represented by +mode+.
+  #
+  # +mode+ is the symbolic and absolute mode can be used.
+  #
+  # Absolute mode is
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod 0755, 'somecommand'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod 0644, %w(my.rb your.rb his.rb her.rb)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod 0755, '/usr/bin/ruby', verbose: true
+  #
+  # Symbolic mode is
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod "u=wrx,go=rx", 'somecommand'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod "u=wr,go=rr", %w(my.rb your.rb his.rb her.rb)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod "u=wrx,go=rx", '/usr/bin/ruby', verbose: true
+  #
+  # "a" :: is user, group, other mask.
+  # "u" :: is user's mask.
+  # "g" :: is group's mask.
+  # "o" :: is other's mask.
+  # "w" :: is write permission.
+  # "r" :: is read permission.
+  # "x" :: is execute permission.
+  # "X" ::
+  #   is execute permission for directories only, must be used in conjunction with "+"
+  # "s" :: is uid, gid.
+  # "t" :: is sticky bit.
+  # "+" :: is added to a class given the specified mode.
+  # "-" :: Is removed from a given class given mode.
+  # "=" :: Is the exact nature of the class will be given a specified mode.
+
+  def chmod(mode, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chmod %s %s', mode_to_s(mode), list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |path|
+      Entry_.new(path).chmod(fu_mode(mode, path))
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chmod
+
+  #
+  # Changes permission bits on the named files (in +list+)
+  # to the bit pattern represented by +mode+.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R 0700, "/tmp/app.#{$$}"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R "u=wrx", "/tmp/app.#{$$}"
+  #
+  def chmod_R(mode, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, force: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chmod -R%s %s %s',
+                              (force ? 'f' : ''),
+                              mode_to_s(mode), list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |root|
+      Entry_.new(root).traverse do |ent|
+        begin
+          ent.chmod(fu_mode(mode, ent.path))
+        rescue
+          raise unless force
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chmod_R
+
+  #
+  # Changes owner and group on the named files (in +list+)
+  # to the user +user+ and the group +group+.  +user+ and +group+
+  # may be an ID (Integer/String) or a name (String).
+  # If +user+ or +group+ is nil, this method does not change
+  # the attribute.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown 'root', 'staff', '/usr/local/bin/ruby'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown nil, 'bin', Dir.glob('/usr/bin/*'), verbose: true
+  #
+  def chown(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chown %s %s',
+                              (group ? "#{user}:#{group}" : user || ':'),
+                              list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    uid = fu_get_uid(user)
+    gid = fu_get_gid(group)
+    list.each do |path|
+      Entry_.new(path).chown uid, gid
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chown
+
+  #
+  # Changes owner and group on the named files (in +list+)
+  # to the user +user+ and the group +group+ recursively.
+  # +user+ and +group+ may be an ID (Integer/String) or
+  # a name (String).  If +user+ or +group+ is nil, this
+  # method does not change the attribute.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R 'www', 'www', '/var/www/htdocs'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R 'cvs', 'cvs', '/var/cvs', verbose: true
+  #
+  def chown_R(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, force: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chown -R%s %s %s',
+                              (force ? 'f' : ''),
+                              (group ? "#{user}:#{group}" : user || ':'),
+                              list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    uid = fu_get_uid(user)
+    gid = fu_get_gid(group)
+    list.each do |root|
+      Entry_.new(root).traverse do |ent|
+        begin
+          ent.chown uid, gid
+        rescue
+          raise unless force
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chown_R
+
+  def fu_get_uid(user)   #:nodoc:
+    return nil unless user
+    case user
+    when Integer
+      user
+    when /\A\d+\z/
+      user.to_i
+    else
+      require 'etc'
+      Etc.getpwnam(user) ? Etc.getpwnam(user).uid : nil
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_get_uid
+
+  def fu_get_gid(group)   #:nodoc:
+    return nil unless group
+    case group
+    when Integer
+      group
+    when /\A\d+\z/
+      group.to_i
+    else
+      require 'etc'
+      Etc.getgrnam(group) ? Etc.getgrnam(group).gid : nil
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_get_gid
+
+  #
+  # Updates modification time (mtime) and access time (atime) of file(s) in
+  # +list+.  Files are created if they don't exist.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch 'timestamp'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch Dir.glob('*.c');  system 'make'
+  #
+  def touch(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, mtime: nil, nocreate: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    t = mtime
+    if verbose
+      fu_output_message "touch #{nocreate ? '-c ' : ''}#{t ? t.strftime('-t %Y%m%d%H%M.%S ') : ''}#{list.join ' '}"
+    end
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |path|
+      created = nocreate
+      begin
+        File.utime(t, t, path)
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        raise if created
+        File.open(path, 'a') {
+          ;
+        }
+        created = true
+        retry if t
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :touch
+
+  private
+
+  module StreamUtils_
+    private
+
+    case (defined?(::RbConfig) ? ::RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] : ::RUBY_PLATFORM)
+    when /mswin|mingw/
+      def fu_windows?; true end
+    else
+      def fu_windows?; false end
+    end
+
+    def fu_copy_stream0(src, dest, blksize = nil)   #:nodoc:
+      IO.copy_stream(src, dest)
+    end
+
+    def fu_stream_blksize(*streams)
+      streams.each do |s|
+        next unless s.respond_to?(:stat)
+        size = fu_blksize(s.stat)
+        return size if size
+      end
+      fu_default_blksize()
+    end
+
+    def fu_blksize(st)
+      s = st.blksize
+      return nil unless s
+      return nil if s == 0
+      s
+    end
+
+    def fu_default_blksize
+      1024
+    end
+  end
+
+  include StreamUtils_
+  extend StreamUtils_
+
+  class Entry_   #:nodoc: internal use only
+    include StreamUtils_
+
+    def initialize(a, b = nil, deref = false)
+      @prefix = @rel = @path = nil
+      if b
+        @prefix = a
+        @rel = b
+      else
+        @path = a
+      end
+      @deref = deref
+      @stat = nil
+      @lstat = nil
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "\#<#{self.class} #{path()}>"
+    end
+
+    def path
+      if @path
+        File.path(@path)
+      else
+        join(@prefix, @rel)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prefix
+      @prefix || @path
+    end
+
+    def rel
+      @rel
+    end
+
+    def dereference?
+      @deref
+    end
+
+    def exist?
+      begin
+        lstat
+        true
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def file?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.file?
+    end
+
+    def directory?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.directory?
+    end
+
+    def symlink?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.symlink?
+    end
+
+    def chardev?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.chardev?
+    end
+
+    def blockdev?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.blockdev?
+    end
+
+    def socket?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.socket?
+    end
+
+    def pipe?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.pipe?
+    end
+
+    S_IF_DOOR = 0xD000
+
+    def door?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and (s.mode & 0xF000 == S_IF_DOOR)
+    end
+
+    def entries
+      opts = {}
+      opts[:encoding] = ::Encoding::UTF_8 if fu_windows?
+
+      files = if Dir.respond_to?(:children)
+        Dir.children(path, **opts)
+      else
+        Dir.entries(path(), **opts)
+           .reject {|n| n == '.' or n == '..' }
+      end
+
+      untaint = RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+      files.map {|n| Entry_.new(prefix(), join(rel(), untaint ? n.untaint : n)) }
+    end
+
+    def stat
+      return @stat if @stat
+      if lstat() and lstat().symlink?
+        @stat = File.stat(path())
+      else
+        @stat = lstat()
+      end
+      @stat
+    end
+
+    def stat!
+      return @stat if @stat
+      if lstat! and lstat!.symlink?
+        @stat = File.stat(path())
+      else
+        @stat = lstat!
+      end
+      @stat
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def lstat
+      if dereference?
+        @lstat ||= File.stat(path())
+      else
+        @lstat ||= File.lstat(path())
+      end
+    end
+
+    def lstat!
+      lstat()
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def chmod(mode)
+      if symlink?
+        File.lchmod mode, path() if have_lchmod?
+      else
+        File.chmod mode, path()
+      end
+    end
+
+    def chown(uid, gid)
+      if symlink?
+        File.lchown uid, gid, path() if have_lchown?
+      else
+        File.chown uid, gid, path()
+      end
+    end
+
+    def link(dest)
+      case
+      when directory?
+        if !File.exist?(dest) and descendant_directory?(dest, path)
+          raise ArgumentError, "cannot link directory %s to itself %s" % [path, dest]
+        end
+        begin
+          Dir.mkdir dest
+        rescue
+          raise unless File.directory?(dest)
+        end
+      else
+        File.link path(), dest
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy(dest)
+      lstat
+      case
+      when file?
+        copy_file dest
+      when directory?
+        if !File.exist?(dest) and descendant_directory?(dest, path)
+          raise ArgumentError, "cannot copy directory %s to itself %s" % [path, dest]
+        end
+        begin
+          Dir.mkdir dest
+        rescue
+          raise unless File.directory?(dest)
+        end
+      when symlink?
+        File.symlink File.readlink(path()), dest
+      when chardev?, blockdev?
+        raise "cannot handle device file"
+      when socket?
+        begin
+          require 'socket'
+        rescue LoadError
+          raise "cannot handle socket"
+        else
+          raise "cannot handle socket" unless defined?(UNIXServer)
+        end
+        UNIXServer.new(dest).close
+        File.chmod lstat().mode, dest
+      when pipe?
+        raise "cannot handle FIFO" unless File.respond_to?(:mkfifo)
+        File.mkfifo dest, lstat().mode
+      when door?
+        raise "cannot handle door: #{path()}"
+      else
+        raise "unknown file type: #{path()}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy_file(dest)
+      File.open(path()) do |s|
+        File.open(dest, 'wb', s.stat.mode) do |f|
+          IO.copy_stream(s, f)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy_metadata(path)
+      st = lstat()
+      if !st.symlink?
+        File.utime st.atime, st.mtime, path
+      end
+      mode = st.mode
+      begin
+        if st.symlink?
+          begin
+            File.lchown st.uid, st.gid, path
+          rescue NotImplementedError
+          end
+        else
+          File.chown st.uid, st.gid, path
+        end
+      rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES
+        # clear setuid/setgid
+        mode &= 01777
+      end
+      if st.symlink?
+        begin
+          File.lchmod mode, path
+        rescue NotImplementedError
+        end
+      else
+        File.chmod mode, path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def remove
+      if directory?
+        remove_dir1
+      else
+        remove_file
+      end
+    end
+
+    def remove_dir1
+      platform_support {
+        Dir.rmdir path().chomp(?/)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def remove_file
+      platform_support {
+        File.unlink path
+      }
+    end
+
+    def platform_support
+      return yield unless fu_windows?
+      first_time_p = true
+      begin
+        yield
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        raise
+      rescue => err
+        if first_time_p
+          first_time_p = false
+          begin
+            File.chmod 0700, path()   # Windows does not have symlink
+            retry
+          rescue SystemCallError
+          end
+        end
+        raise err
+      end
+    end
+
+    def preorder_traverse
+      stack = [self]
+      while ent = stack.pop
+        yield ent
+        stack.concat ent.entries.reverse if ent.directory?
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias traverse preorder_traverse
+
+    def postorder_traverse
+      if directory?
+        entries().each do |ent|
+          ent.postorder_traverse do |e|
+            yield e
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    ensure
+      yield self
+    end
+
+    def wrap_traverse(pre, post)
+      pre.call self
+      if directory?
+        entries.each do |ent|
+          ent.wrap_traverse pre, post
+        end
+      end
+      post.call self
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = nil
+
+    def have_lchmod?
+      # This is not MT-safe, but it does not matter.
+      if @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod == nil
+        @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = check_have_lchmod?
+      end
+      @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod
+    end
+
+    def check_have_lchmod?
+      return false unless File.respond_to?(:lchmod)
+      File.lchmod 0
+      return true
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      return false
+    end
+
+    @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown = nil
+
+    def have_lchown?
+      # This is not MT-safe, but it does not matter.
+      if @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown == nil
+        @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown = check_have_lchown?
+      end
+      @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown
+    end
+
+    def check_have_lchown?
+      return false unless File.respond_to?(:lchown)
+      File.lchown nil, nil
+      return true
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      return false
+    end
+
+    def join(dir, base)
+      return File.path(dir) if not base or base == '.'
+      return File.path(base) if not dir or dir == '.'
+      File.join(dir, base)
+    end
+
+    if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=[/#{Regexp.quote(File::ALT_SEPARATOR)}]|\\z)"
+    else
+      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=/|\\z)"
+    end
+
+    def descendant_directory?(descendant, ascendant)
+      if File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero?
+        File.expand_path(File.dirname(descendant)).casecmp(File.expand_path(ascendant)) == 0
+      else
+        File.expand_path(File.dirname(descendant)) == File.expand_path(ascendant)
+      end
+    end
+  end   # class Entry_
+
+  def fu_list(arg)   #:nodoc:
+    [arg].flatten.map {|path| File.path(path) }
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_list
+
+  def fu_each_src_dest(src, dest)   #:nodoc:
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      raise ArgumentError, "same file: #{s} and #{d}" if fu_same?(s, d)
+      yield s, d
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_each_src_dest
+
+  def fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest)   #:nodoc:
+    if tmp = Array.try_convert(src)
+      tmp.each do |s|
+        s = File.path(s)
+        yield s, File.join(dest, File.basename(s))
+      end
+    else
+      src = File.path(src)
+      if File.directory?(dest)
+        yield src, File.join(dest, File.basename(src))
+      else
+        yield src, File.path(dest)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_each_src_dest0
+
+  def fu_same?(a, b)   #:nodoc:
+    File.identical?(a, b)
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_same?
+
+  def fu_output_message(msg)   #:nodoc:
+    output = @fileutils_output if defined?(@fileutils_output)
+    output ||= $stderr
+    if defined?(@fileutils_label)
+      msg = @fileutils_label + msg
+    end
+    output.puts msg
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_output_message
+
+  # This hash table holds command options.
+  OPT_TABLE = {}    #:nodoc: internal use only
+  (private_instance_methods & methods(false)).inject(OPT_TABLE) {|tbl, name|
+    (tbl[name.to_s] = instance_method(name).parameters).map! {|t, n| n if t == :key}.compact!
+    tbl
+  }
+
+  public
+
+  #
+  # Returns an Array of names of high-level methods that accept any keyword
+  # arguments.
+  #
+  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.commands  #=> ["chmod", "cp", "cp_r", "install", ...]
+  #
+  def self.commands
+    OPT_TABLE.keys
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns an Array of option names.
+  #
+  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.options  #=> ["noop", "force", "verbose", "preserve", "mode"]
+  #
+  def self.options
+    OPT_TABLE.values.flatten.uniq.map {|sym| sym.to_s }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns true if the method +mid+ have an option +opt+.
+  #
+  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:cp, :noop)     #=> true
+  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:rm, :force)    #=> true
+  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:rm, :preserve) #=> false
+  #
+  def self.have_option?(mid, opt)
+    li = OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s] or raise ArgumentError, "no such method: #{mid}"
+    li.include?(opt)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns an Array of option names of the method +mid+.
+  #
+  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.options_of(:rm)  #=> ["noop", "verbose", "force"]
+  #
+  def self.options_of(mid)
+    OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s].map {|sym| sym.to_s }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns an Array of methods names which have the option +opt+.
+  #
+  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:preserve) #=> ["cp", "cp_r", "copy", "install"]
+  #
+  def self.collect_method(opt)
+    OPT_TABLE.keys.select {|m| OPT_TABLE[m].include?(opt) }
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  LOW_METHODS = singleton_methods(false) - collect_method(:noop).map(&:intern) # :nodoc:
+  module LowMethods # :nodoc: internal use only
+    private
+    def _do_nothing(*)end
+    ::Bundler::FileUtils::LOW_METHODS.map {|name| alias_method name, :_do_nothing}
+  end
+
+  METHODS = singleton_methods() - [:private_module_function,                  # :nodoc:
+      :commands, :options, :have_option?, :options_of, :collect_method]
+
+  #
+  # This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but it outputs messages
+  # before acting.  This equates to passing the <tt>:verbose</tt> flag to
+  # methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+  #
+  module Verbose
+    include Bundler::FileUtils
+    names = ::Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:verbose)
+    names.each do |name|
+      module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}(*args, **options)
+          super(*args, **options, verbose: true)
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+    private(*names)
+    extend self
+    class << self
+      public(*::Bundler::FileUtils::METHODS)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
+  # files/directories.  This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> flag
+  # to methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+  #
+  module NoWrite
+    include Bundler::FileUtils
+    include LowMethods
+    names = ::Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop)
+    names.each do |name|
+      module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}(*args, **options)
+          super(*args, **options, noop: true)
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+    private(*names)
+    extend self
+    class << self
+      public(*::Bundler::FileUtils::METHODS)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
+  # files/directories, with printing message before acting.
+  # This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> and <tt>:verbose</tt> flag
+  # to methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+  #
+  module DryRun
+    include Bundler::FileUtils
+    include LowMethods
+    names = ::Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop)
+    names.each do |name|
+      module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}(*args, **options)
+          super(*args, **options, noop: true, verbose: true)
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+    private(*names)
+    extend self
+    class << self
+      public(*::Bundler::FileUtils::METHODS)
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/LICENSE b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01feffa088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+This project is licensed under the MIT license.
+
+Copyright (c) 2014 Samuel E. Giddins segiddins@segiddins.me
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a52b96deaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'molinillo/gem_metadata'
+require_relative 'molinillo/errors'
+require_relative 'molinillo/resolver'
+require_relative 'molinillo/modules/ui'
+require_relative 'molinillo/modules/specification_provider'
+
+# Bundler::Molinillo is a generic dependency resolution algorithm.
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bcacf35243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # @!visibility private
+  module Delegates
+    # Delegates all {Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState} methods to a `#state` property.
+    module ResolutionState
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#name)
+      def name
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.name
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#requirements)
+      def requirements
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.requirements
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#activated)
+      def activated
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.activated
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#requirement)
+      def requirement
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.requirement
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#possibilities)
+      def possibilities
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.possibilities
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#depth)
+      def depth
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.depth
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#conflicts)
+      def conflicts
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.conflicts
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#unused_unwind_options)
+      def unused_unwind_options
+        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.unused_unwind_options
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8c695c1ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  module Delegates
+    # Delegates all {Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider} methods to a
+    # `#specification_provider` property.
+    module SpecificationProvider
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#search_for)
+      def search_for(dependency)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.search_for(dependency)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#dependencies_for)
+      def dependencies_for(specification)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.dependencies_for(specification)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#requirement_satisfied_by?)
+      def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#dependencies_equal?)
+      def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for)
+      def name_for(dependency)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.name_for(dependency)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for_explicit_dependency_source)
+      def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.name_for_explicit_dependency_source
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for_locking_dependency_source)
+      def name_for_locking_dependency_source
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.name_for_locking_dependency_source
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#sort_dependencies)
+      def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#allow_missing?)
+      def allow_missing?(dependency)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.allow_missing?(dependency)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Ensures any raised {NoSuchDependencyError} has its
+      # {NoSuchDependencyError#required_by} set.
+      # @yield
+      def with_no_such_dependency_error_handling
+        yield
+      rescue NoSuchDependencyError => error
+        if state
+          vertex = activated.vertex_named(name_for(error.dependency))
+          error.required_by += vertex.incoming_edges.map { |e| e.origin.name }
+          error.required_by << name_for_explicit_dependency_source unless vertex.explicit_requirements.empty?
+        end
+        raise
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10a25d2f08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative '../../../../vendored_tsort'
+
+require_relative 'dependency_graph/log'
+require_relative 'dependency_graph/vertex'
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # A directed acyclic graph that is tuned to hold named dependencies
+  class DependencyGraph
+    include Enumerable
+
+    # Enumerates through the vertices of the graph.
+    # @return [Array<Vertex>] The graph's vertices.
+    def each
+      return vertices.values.each unless block_given?
+      vertices.values.each { |v| yield v }
+    end
+
+    include Bundler::TSort
+
+    # @!visibility private
+    alias tsort_each_node each
+
+    # @!visibility private
+    def tsort_each_child(vertex, &block)
+      vertex.successors.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    # Topologically sorts the given vertices.
+    # @param [Enumerable<Vertex>] vertices the vertices to be sorted, which must
+    #   all belong to the same graph.
+    # @return [Array<Vertex>] The sorted vertices.
+    def self.tsort(vertices)
+      TSort.tsort(
+        lambda { |b| vertices.each(&b) },
+        lambda { |v, &b| (v.successors & vertices).each(&b) }
+      )
+    end
+
+    # A directed edge of a {DependencyGraph}
+    # @attr [Vertex] origin The origin of the directed edge
+    # @attr [Vertex] destination The destination of the directed edge
+    # @attr [Object] requirement The requirement the directed edge represents
+    Edge = Struct.new(:origin, :destination, :requirement)
+
+    # @return [{String => Vertex}] the vertices of the dependency graph, keyed
+    #   by {Vertex#name}
+    attr_reader :vertices
+
+    # @return [Log] the op log for this graph
+    attr_reader :log
+
+    # Initializes an empty dependency graph
+    def initialize
+      @vertices = {}
+      @log = Log.new
+    end
+
+    # Tags the current state of the dependency as the given tag
+    # @param  [Object] tag an opaque tag for the current state of the graph
+    # @return [Void]
+    def tag(tag)
+      log.tag(self, tag)
+    end
+
+    # Rewinds the graph to the state tagged as `tag`
+    # @param  [Object] tag the tag to rewind to
+    # @return [Void]
+    def rewind_to(tag)
+      log.rewind_to(self, tag)
+    end
+
+    # Initializes a copy of a {DependencyGraph}, ensuring that all {#vertices}
+    # are properly copied.
+    # @param [DependencyGraph] other the graph to copy.
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      super
+      @vertices = {}
+      @log = other.log.dup
+      traverse = lambda do |new_v, old_v|
+        return if new_v.outgoing_edges.size == old_v.outgoing_edges.size
+        old_v.outgoing_edges.each do |edge|
+          destination = add_vertex(edge.destination.name, edge.destination.payload)
+          add_edge_no_circular(new_v, destination, edge.requirement)
+          traverse.call(destination, edge.destination)
+        end
+      end
+      other.vertices.each do |name, vertex|
+        new_vertex = add_vertex(name, vertex.payload, vertex.root?)
+        new_vertex.explicit_requirements.replace(vertex.explicit_requirements)
+        traverse.call(new_vertex, vertex)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] a string suitable for debugging
+    def inspect
+      "#{self.class}:#{vertices.values.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    # @param [Hash] options options for dot output.
+    # @return [String] Returns a dot format representation of the graph
+    def to_dot(options = {})
+      edge_label = options.delete(:edge_label)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options: #{options.keys}" unless options.empty?
+
+      dot_vertices = []
+      dot_edges = []
+      vertices.each do |n, v|
+        dot_vertices << "  #{n} [label=\"{#{n}|#{v.payload}}\"]"
+        v.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
+          label = edge_label ? edge_label.call(e) : e.requirement
+          dot_edges << "  #{e.origin.name} -> #{e.destination.name} [label=#{label.to_s.dump}]"
+        end
+      end
+
+      dot_vertices.uniq!
+      dot_vertices.sort!
+      dot_edges.uniq!
+      dot_edges.sort!
+
+      dot = dot_vertices.unshift('digraph G {').push('') + dot_edges.push('}')
+      dot.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    # @param [DependencyGraph] other
+    # @return [Boolean] whether the two dependency graphs are equal, determined
+    #   by a recursive traversal of each {#root_vertices} and its
+    #   {Vertex#successors}
+    def ==(other)
+      return false unless other
+      return true if equal?(other)
+      vertices.each do |name, vertex|
+        other_vertex = other.vertex_named(name)
+        return false unless other_vertex
+        return false unless vertex.payload == other_vertex.payload
+        return false unless other_vertex.successors.to_set == vertex.successors.to_set
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param [String] name
+    # @param [Object] payload
+    # @param [Array<String>] parent_names
+    # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that is requiring the child
+    # @return [void]
+    def add_child_vertex(name, payload, parent_names, requirement)
+      root = !parent_names.delete(nil) { true }
+      vertex = add_vertex(name, payload, root)
+      vertex.explicit_requirements << requirement if root
+      parent_names.each do |parent_name|
+        parent_vertex = vertex_named(parent_name)
+        add_edge(parent_vertex, vertex, requirement)
+      end
+      vertex
+    end
+
+    # Adds a vertex with the given name, or updates the existing one.
+    # @param [String] name
+    # @param [Object] payload
+    # @return [Vertex] the vertex that was added to `self`
+    def add_vertex(name, payload, root = false)
+      log.add_vertex(self, name, payload, root)
+    end
+
+    # Detaches the {#vertex_named} `name` {Vertex} from the graph, recursively
+    # removing any non-root vertices that were orphaned in the process
+    # @param [String] name
+    # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices which have been detached
+    def detach_vertex_named(name)
+      log.detach_vertex_named(self, name)
+    end
+
+    # @param [String] name
+    # @return [Vertex,nil] the vertex with the given name
+    def vertex_named(name)
+      vertices[name]
+    end
+
+    # @param [String] name
+    # @return [Vertex,nil] the root vertex with the given name
+    def root_vertex_named(name)
+      vertex = vertex_named(name)
+      vertex if vertex && vertex.root?
+    end
+
+    # Adds a new {Edge} to the dependency graph
+    # @param [Vertex] origin
+    # @param [Vertex] destination
+    # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that this edge represents
+    # @return [Edge] the added edge
+    def add_edge(origin, destination, requirement)
+      if destination.path_to?(origin)
+        raise CircularDependencyError.new(path(destination, origin))
+      end
+      add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
+    end
+
+    # Deletes an {Edge} from the dependency graph
+    # @param [Edge] edge
+    # @return [Void]
+    def delete_edge(edge)
+      log.delete_edge(self, edge.origin.name, edge.destination.name, edge.requirement)
+    end
+
+    # Sets the payload of the vertex with the given name
+    # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
+    # @param [Object] payload the payload
+    # @return [Void]
+    def set_payload(name, payload)
+      log.set_payload(self, name, payload)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Adds a new {Edge} to the dependency graph without checking for
+    # circularity.
+    # @param (see #add_edge)
+    # @return (see #add_edge)
+    def add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
+      log.add_edge_no_circular(self, origin.name, destination.name, requirement)
+    end
+
+    # Returns the path between two vertices
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if there is no path between the vertices
+    # @param [Vertex] from
+    # @param [Vertex] to
+    # @return [Array<Vertex>] the shortest path from `from` to `to`
+    def path(from, to)
+      distances = Hash.new(vertices.size + 1)
+      distances[from.name] = 0
+      predecessors = {}
+      each do |vertex|
+        vertex.successors.each do |successor|
+          if distances[successor.name] > distances[vertex.name] + 1
+            distances[successor.name] = distances[vertex.name] + 1
+            predecessors[successor] = vertex
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      path = [to]
+      while before = predecessors[to]
+        path << before
+        to = before
+        break if to == from
+      end
+
+      unless path.last.equal?(from)
+        raise ArgumentError, "There is no path from #{from.name} to #{to.name}"
+      end
+
+      path.reverse
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c04c7eec9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # An action that modifies a {DependencyGraph} that is reversible.
+    # @abstract
+    class Action
+      # rubocop:disable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
+
+      # @return [Symbol] The name of the action.
+      def self.action_name
+        raise 'Abstract'
+      end
+
+      # Performs the action on the given graph.
+      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to perform the action on.
+      # @return [Void]
+      def up(graph)
+        raise 'Abstract'
+      end
+
+      # Reverses the action on the given graph.
+      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to reverse the action on.
+      # @return [Void]
+      def down(graph)
+        raise 'Abstract'
+      end
+
+      # @return [Action,Nil] The previous action
+      attr_accessor :previous
+
+      # @return [Action,Nil] The next action
+      attr_accessor :next
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..946a08236e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'action'
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # @!visibility private
+    # (see DependencyGraph#add_edge_no_circular)
+    class AddEdgeNoCircular < Action
+      # @!group Action
+
+      # (see Action.action_name)
+      def self.action_name
+        :add_vertex
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#up)
+      def up(graph)
+        edge = make_edge(graph)
+        edge.origin.outgoing_edges << edge
+        edge.destination.incoming_edges << edge
+        edge
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#down)
+      def down(graph)
+        edge = make_edge(graph)
+        delete_first(edge.origin.outgoing_edges, edge)
+        delete_first(edge.destination.incoming_edges, edge)
+      end
+
+      # @!group AddEdgeNoCircular
+
+      # @return [String] the name of the origin of the edge
+      attr_reader :origin
+
+      # @return [String] the name of the destination of the edge
+      attr_reader :destination
+
+      # @return [Object] the requirement that the edge represents
+      attr_reader :requirement
+
+      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to find vertices from
+      # @return [Edge] The edge this action adds
+      def make_edge(graph)
+        Edge.new(graph.vertex_named(origin), graph.vertex_named(destination), requirement)
+      end
+
+      # Initialize an action to add an edge to a dependency graph
+      # @param [String] origin the name of the origin of the edge
+      # @param [String] destination the name of the destination of the edge
+      # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that the edge represents
+      def initialize(origin, destination, requirement)
+        @origin = origin
+        @destination = destination
+        @requirement = requirement
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def delete_first(array, item)
+        return unless index = array.index(item)
+        array.delete_at(index)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..483527daf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'action'
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # @!visibility private
+    # (see DependencyGraph#add_vertex)
+    class AddVertex < Action # :nodoc:
+      # @!group Action
+
+      # (see Action.action_name)
+      def self.action_name
+        :add_vertex
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#up)
+      def up(graph)
+        if existing = graph.vertices[name]
+          @existing_payload = existing.payload
+          @existing_root = existing.root
+        end
+        vertex = existing || Vertex.new(name, payload)
+        graph.vertices[vertex.name] = vertex
+        vertex.payload ||= payload
+        vertex.root ||= root
+        vertex
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#down)
+      def down(graph)
+        if defined?(@existing_payload)
+          vertex = graph.vertices[name]
+          vertex.payload = @existing_payload
+          vertex.root = @existing_root
+        else
+          graph.vertices.delete(name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @!group AddVertex
+
+      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
+      attr_reader :name
+
+      # @return [Object] the payload for the vertex
+      attr_reader :payload
+
+      # @return [Boolean] whether the vertex is root or not
+      attr_reader :root
+
+      # Initialize an action to add a vertex to a dependency graph
+      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
+      # @param [Object] payload the payload for the vertex
+      # @param [Boolean] root whether the vertex is root or not
+      def initialize(name, payload, root)
+        @name = name
+        @payload = payload
+        @root = root
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d81940585a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'action'
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # @!visibility private
+    # (see DependencyGraph#delete_edge)
+    class DeleteEdge < Action
+      # @!group Action
+
+      # (see Action.action_name)
+      def self.action_name
+        :delete_edge
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#up)
+      def up(graph)
+        edge = make_edge(graph)
+        edge.origin.outgoing_edges.delete(edge)
+        edge.destination.incoming_edges.delete(edge)
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#down)
+      def down(graph)
+        edge = make_edge(graph)
+        edge.origin.outgoing_edges << edge
+        edge.destination.incoming_edges << edge
+        edge
+      end
+
+      # @!group DeleteEdge
+
+      # @return [String] the name of the origin of the edge
+      attr_reader :origin_name
+
+      # @return [String] the name of the destination of the edge
+      attr_reader :destination_name
+
+      # @return [Object] the requirement that the edge represents
+      attr_reader :requirement
+
+      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to find vertices from
+      # @return [Edge] The edge this action adds
+      def make_edge(graph)
+        Edge.new(
+          graph.vertex_named(origin_name),
+          graph.vertex_named(destination_name),
+          requirement
+        )
+      end
+
+      # Initialize an action to add an edge to a dependency graph
+      # @param [String] origin_name the name of the origin of the edge
+      # @param [String] destination_name the name of the destination of the edge
+      # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that the edge represents
+      def initialize(origin_name, destination_name, requirement)
+        @origin_name = origin_name
+        @destination_name = destination_name
+        @requirement = requirement
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36fce7c526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'action'
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # @!visibility private
+    # @see DependencyGraph#detach_vertex_named
+    class DetachVertexNamed < Action
+      # @!group Action
+
+      # (see Action#name)
+      def self.action_name
+        :add_vertex
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#up)
+      def up(graph)
+        return [] unless @vertex = graph.vertices.delete(name)
+
+        removed_vertices = [@vertex]
+        @vertex.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
+          v = e.destination
+          v.incoming_edges.delete(e)
+          if !v.root? && v.incoming_edges.empty?
+            removed_vertices.concat graph.detach_vertex_named(v.name)
+          end
+        end
+
+        @vertex.incoming_edges.each do |e|
+          v = e.origin
+          v.outgoing_edges.delete(e)
+        end
+
+        removed_vertices
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#down)
+      def down(graph)
+        return unless @vertex
+        graph.vertices[@vertex.name] = @vertex
+        @vertex.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
+          e.destination.incoming_edges << e
+        end
+        @vertex.incoming_edges.each do |e|
+          e.origin.outgoing_edges << e
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @!group DetachVertexNamed
+
+      # @return [String] the name of the vertex to detach
+      attr_reader :name
+
+      # Initialize an action to detach a vertex from a dependency graph
+      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex to detach
+      def initialize(name)
+        @name = name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f0de19886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'add_edge_no_circular'
+require_relative 'add_vertex'
+require_relative 'delete_edge'
+require_relative 'detach_vertex_named'
+require_relative 'set_payload'
+require_relative 'tag'
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # A log for dependency graph actions
+    class Log
+      # Initializes an empty log
+      def initialize
+        @current_action = @first_action = nil
+      end
+
+      # @!macro [new] action
+      #   {include:DependencyGraph#$0}
+      #   @param [Graph] graph the graph to perform the action on
+      #   @param (see DependencyGraph#$0)
+      #   @return (see DependencyGraph#$0)
+
+      # @macro action
+      def tag(graph, tag)
+        push_action(graph, Tag.new(tag))
+      end
+
+      # @macro action
+      def add_vertex(graph, name, payload, root)
+        push_action(graph, AddVertex.new(name, payload, root))
+      end
+
+      # @macro action
+      def detach_vertex_named(graph, name)
+        push_action(graph, DetachVertexNamed.new(name))
+      end
+
+      # @macro action
+      def add_edge_no_circular(graph, origin, destination, requirement)
+        push_action(graph, AddEdgeNoCircular.new(origin, destination, requirement))
+      end
+
+      # {include:DependencyGraph#delete_edge}
+      # @param [Graph] graph the graph to perform the action on
+      # @param [String] origin_name
+      # @param [String] destination_name
+      # @param [Object] requirement
+      # @return (see DependencyGraph#delete_edge)
+      def delete_edge(graph, origin_name, destination_name, requirement)
+        push_action(graph, DeleteEdge.new(origin_name, destination_name, requirement))
+      end
+
+      # @macro action
+      def set_payload(graph, name, payload)
+        push_action(graph, SetPayload.new(name, payload))
+      end
+
+      # Pops the most recent action from the log and undoes the action
+      # @param [DependencyGraph] graph
+      # @return [Action] the action that was popped off the log
+      def pop!(graph)
+        return unless action = @current_action
+        unless @current_action = action.previous
+          @first_action = nil
+        end
+        action.down(graph)
+        action
+      end
+
+      extend Enumerable
+
+      # @!visibility private
+      # Enumerates each action in the log
+      # @yield [Action]
+      def each
+        return enum_for unless block_given?
+        action = @first_action
+        loop do
+          break unless action
+          yield action
+          action = action.next
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      # @!visibility private
+      # Enumerates each action in the log in reverse order
+      # @yield [Action]
+      def reverse_each
+        return enum_for(:reverse_each) unless block_given?
+        action = @current_action
+        loop do
+          break unless action
+          yield action
+          action = action.previous
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      # @macro action
+      def rewind_to(graph, tag)
+        loop do
+          action = pop!(graph)
+          raise "No tag #{tag.inspect} found" unless action
+          break if action.class.action_name == :tag && action.tag == tag
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Adds the given action to the log, running the action
+      # @param [DependencyGraph] graph
+      # @param [Action] action
+      # @return The value returned by `action.up`
+      def push_action(graph, action)
+        action.previous = @current_action
+        @current_action.next = action if @current_action
+        @current_action = action
+        @first_action ||= action
+        action.up(graph)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e9b90e6cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'action'
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # @!visibility private
+    # @see DependencyGraph#set_payload
+    class SetPayload < Action # :nodoc:
+      # @!group Action
+
+      # (see Action.action_name)
+      def self.action_name
+        :set_payload
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#up)
+      def up(graph)
+        vertex = graph.vertex_named(name)
+        @old_payload = vertex.payload
+        vertex.payload = payload
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#down)
+      def down(graph)
+        graph.vertex_named(name).payload = @old_payload
+      end
+
+      # @!group SetPayload
+
+      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
+      attr_reader :name
+
+      # @return [Object] the payload for the vertex
+      attr_reader :payload
+
+      # Initialize an action to add set the payload for a vertex in a dependency
+      # graph
+      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
+      # @param [Object] payload the payload for the vertex
+      def initialize(name, payload)
+        @name = name
+        @payload = payload
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b5da3e4f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'action'
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # @!visibility private
+    # @see DependencyGraph#tag
+    class Tag < Action
+      # @!group Action
+
+      # (see Action.action_name)
+      def self.action_name
+        :tag
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#up)
+      def up(graph)
+      end
+
+      # (see Action#down)
+      def down(graph)
+      end
+
+      # @!group Tag
+
+      # @return [Object] An opaque tag
+      attr_reader :tag
+
+      # Initialize an action to tag a state of a dependency graph
+      # @param [Object] tag an opaque tag
+      def initialize(tag)
+        @tag = tag
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1185a8ab05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class DependencyGraph
+    # A vertex in a {DependencyGraph} that encapsulates a {#name} and a
+    # {#payload}
+    class Vertex
+      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
+      attr_accessor :name
+
+      # @return [Object] the payload the vertex holds
+      attr_accessor :payload
+
+      # @return [Array<Object>] the explicit requirements that required
+      #   this vertex
+      attr_reader :explicit_requirements
+
+      # @return [Boolean] whether the vertex is considered a root vertex
+      attr_accessor :root
+      alias root? root
+
+      # Initializes a vertex with the given name and payload.
+      # @param [String] name see {#name}
+      # @param [Object] payload see {#payload}
+      def initialize(name, payload)
+        @name = name.frozen? ? name : name.dup.freeze
+        @payload = payload
+        @explicit_requirements = []
+        @outgoing_edges = []
+        @incoming_edges = []
+      end
+
+      # @return [Array<Object>] all of the requirements that required
+      #   this vertex
+      def requirements
+        (incoming_edges.map(&:requirement) + explicit_requirements).uniq
+      end
+
+      # @return [Array<Edge>] the edges of {#graph} that have `self` as their
+      #   {Edge#origin}
+      attr_accessor :outgoing_edges
+
+      # @return [Array<Edge>] the edges of {#graph} that have `self` as their
+      #   {Edge#destination}
+      attr_accessor :incoming_edges
+
+      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} that have an edge with
+      #   `self` as their {Edge#destination}
+      def predecessors
+        incoming_edges.map(&:origin)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
+      #   {#descendent?}
+      def recursive_predecessors
+        _recursive_predecessors
+      end
+
+      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the predecessors to
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
+      #   {#descendent?}
+      def _recursive_predecessors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
+        incoming_edges.each do |edge|
+          vertex = edge.origin
+          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
+          vertex._recursive_predecessors(vertices)
+        end
+
+        vertices
+      end
+      protected :_recursive_predecessors
+
+      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} that have an edge with
+      #   `self` as their {Edge#origin}
+      def successors
+        outgoing_edges.map(&:destination)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
+      #   {#ancestor?}
+      def recursive_successors
+        _recursive_successors
+      end
+
+      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the successors to
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
+      #   {#ancestor?}
+      def _recursive_successors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
+        outgoing_edges.each do |edge|
+          vertex = edge.destination
+          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
+          vertex._recursive_successors(vertices)
+        end
+
+        vertices
+      end
+      protected :_recursive_successors
+
+      # @return [String] a string suitable for debugging
+      def inspect
+        "#{self.class}:#{name}(#{payload.inspect})"
+      end
+
+      # @return [Boolean] whether the two vertices are equal, determined
+      #   by a recursive traversal of each {Vertex#successors}
+      def ==(other)
+        return true if equal?(other)
+        shallow_eql?(other) &&
+          successors.to_set == other.successors.to_set
+      end
+
+      # @param  [Vertex] other the other vertex to compare to
+      # @return [Boolean] whether the two vertices are equal, determined
+      #   solely by {#name} and {#payload} equality
+      def shallow_eql?(other)
+        return true if equal?(other)
+        other &&
+          name == other.name &&
+          payload == other.payload
+      end
+
+      alias eql? ==
+
+      # @return [Fixnum] a hash for the vertex based upon its {#name}
+      def hash
+        name.hash
+      end
+
+      # Is there a path from `self` to `other` following edges in the
+      # dependency graph?
+      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
+      def path_to?(other)
+        _path_to?(other)
+      end
+
+      alias descendent? path_to?
+
+      # @param [Vertex] other the vertex to check if there's a path to
+      # @param [Set<Vertex>] visited the vertices of {#graph} that have been visited
+      # @return [Boolean] whether there is a path to `other` from `self`
+      def _path_to?(other, visited = new_vertex_set)
+        return false unless visited.add?(self)
+        return true if equal?(other)
+        successors.any? { |v| v._path_to?(other, visited) }
+      end
+      protected :_path_to?
+
+      # Is there a path from `other` to `self` following edges in the
+      # dependency graph?
+      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
+      def ancestor?(other)
+        other.path_to?(self)
+      end
+
+      alias is_reachable_from? ancestor?
+
+      def new_vertex_set
+        require 'set'
+        Set.new
+      end
+      private :new_vertex_set
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e210202b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # An error that occurred during the resolution process
+  class ResolverError < StandardError; end
+
+  # An error caused by searching for a dependency that is completely unknown,
+  # i.e. has no versions available whatsoever.
+  class NoSuchDependencyError < ResolverError
+    # @return [Object] the dependency that could not be found
+    attr_accessor :dependency
+
+    # @return [Array<Object>] the specifications that depended upon {#dependency}
+    attr_accessor :required_by
+
+    # Initializes a new error with the given missing dependency.
+    # @param [Object] dependency @see {#dependency}
+    # @param [Array<Object>] required_by @see {#required_by}
+    def initialize(dependency, required_by = [])
+      @dependency = dependency
+      @required_by = required_by.uniq
+      super()
+    end
+
+    # The error message for the missing dependency, including the specifications
+    # that had this dependency.
+    def message
+      sources = required_by.map { |r| "`#{r}`" }.join(' and ')
+      message = "Unable to find a specification for `#{dependency}`"
+      message += " depended upon by #{sources}" unless sources.empty?
+      message
+    end
+  end
+
+  # An error caused by attempting to fulfil a dependency that was circular
+  #
+  # @note This exception will be thrown if and only if a {Vertex} is added to a
+  #   {DependencyGraph} that has a {DependencyGraph::Vertex#path_to?} an
+  #   existing {DependencyGraph::Vertex}
+  class CircularDependencyError < ResolverError
+    # [Set<Object>] the dependencies responsible for causing the error
+    attr_reader :dependencies
+
+    # Initializes a new error with the given circular vertices.
+    # @param [Array<DependencyGraph::Vertex>] vertices the vertices in the dependency
+    #   that caused the error
+    def initialize(vertices)
+      super "There is a circular dependency between #{vertices.map(&:name).join(' and ')}"
+      @dependencies = vertices.map { |vertex| vertex.payload.possibilities.last }.to_set
+    end
+  end
+
+  # An error caused by conflicts in version
+  class VersionConflict < ResolverError
+    # @return [{String => Resolution::Conflict}] the conflicts that caused
+    #   resolution to fail
+    attr_reader :conflicts
+
+    # @return [SpecificationProvider] the specification provider used during
+    #   resolution
+    attr_reader :specification_provider
+
+    # Initializes a new error with the given version conflicts.
+    # @param [{String => Resolution::Conflict}] conflicts see {#conflicts}
+    # @param [SpecificationProvider] specification_provider see {#specification_provider}
+    def initialize(conflicts, specification_provider)
+      pairs = []
+      conflicts.values.flat_map(&:requirements).each do |conflicting|
+        conflicting.each do |source, conflict_requirements|
+          conflict_requirements.each do |c|
+            pairs << [c, source]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      super "Unable to satisfy the following requirements:\n\n" \
+        "#{pairs.map { |r, d| "- `#{r}` required by `#{d}`" }.join("\n")}"
+
+      @conflicts = conflicts
+      @specification_provider = specification_provider
+    end
+
+    require_relative 'delegates/specification_provider'
+    include Delegates::SpecificationProvider
+
+    # @return [String] An error message that includes requirement trees,
+    #   which is much more detailed & customizable than the default message
+    # @param [Hash] opts the options to create a message with.
+    # @option opts [String] :solver_name The user-facing name of the solver
+    # @option opts [String] :possibility_type The generic name of a possibility
+    # @option opts [Proc] :reduce_trees A proc that reduced the list of requirement trees
+    # @option opts [Proc] :printable_requirement A proc that pretty-prints requirements
+    # @option opts [Proc] :additional_message_for_conflict A proc that appends additional
+    #   messages for each conflict
+    # @option opts [Proc] :version_for_spec A proc that returns the version number for a
+    #   possibility
+    def message_with_trees(opts = {})
+      solver_name = opts.delete(:solver_name) { self.class.name.split('::').first }
+      possibility_type = opts.delete(:possibility_type) { 'possibility named' }
+      reduce_trees = opts.delete(:reduce_trees) { proc { |trees| trees.uniq.sort_by(&:to_s) } }
+      printable_requirement = opts.delete(:printable_requirement) { proc { |req| req.to_s } }
+      additional_message_for_conflict = opts.delete(:additional_message_for_conflict) { proc {} }
+      version_for_spec = opts.delete(:version_for_spec) { proc(&:to_s) }
+      incompatible_version_message_for_conflict = opts.delete(:incompatible_version_message_for_conflict) do
+        proc do |name, _conflict|
+          %(#{solver_name} could not find compatible versions for #{possibility_type} "#{name}":)
+        end
+      end
+
+      conflicts.sort.reduce(''.dup) do |o, (name, conflict)|
+        o << "\n" << incompatible_version_message_for_conflict.call(name, conflict) << "\n"
+        if conflict.locked_requirement
+          o << %(  In snapshot (#{name_for_locking_dependency_source}):\n)
+          o << %(    #{printable_requirement.call(conflict.locked_requirement)}\n)
+          o << %(\n)
+        end
+        o << %(  In #{name_for_explicit_dependency_source}:\n)
+        trees = reduce_trees.call(conflict.requirement_trees)
+
+        o << trees.map do |tree|
+          t = ''.dup
+          depth = 2
+          tree.each do |req|
+            t << '  ' * depth << printable_requirement.call(req)
+            unless tree.last == req
+              if spec = conflict.activated_by_name[name_for(req)]
+                t << %( was resolved to #{version_for_spec.call(spec)}, which)
+              end
+              t << %( depends on)
+            end
+            t << %(\n)
+            depth += 1
+          end
+          t
+        end.join("\n")
+
+        additional_message_for_conflict.call(o, name, conflict)
+
+        o
+      end.strip
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e13a781a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # The version of Bundler::Molinillo.
+  VERSION = '0.7.0'.freeze
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eeae79af3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # Provides information about specifications and dependencies to the resolver,
+  # allowing the {Resolver} class to remain generic while still providing power
+  # and flexibility.
+  #
+  # This module contains the methods that users of Bundler::Molinillo must to implement,
+  # using knowledge of their own model classes.
+  module SpecificationProvider
+    # Search for the specifications that match the given dependency.
+    # The specifications in the returned array will be considered in reverse
+    # order, so the latest version ought to be last.
+    # @note This method should be 'pure', i.e. the return value should depend
+    #   only on the `dependency` parameter.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] dependency
+    # @return [Array<Object>] the specifications that satisfy the given
+    #   `dependency`.
+    def search_for(dependency)
+      []
+    end
+
+    # Returns the dependencies of `specification`.
+    # @note This method should be 'pure', i.e. the return value should depend
+    #   only on the `specification` parameter.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] specification
+    # @return [Array<Object>] the dependencies that are required by the given
+    #   `specification`.
+    def dependencies_for(specification)
+      []
+    end
+
+    # Determines whether the given `requirement` is satisfied by the given
+    # `spec`, in the context of the current `activated` dependency graph.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] requirement
+    # @param [DependencyGraph] activated the current dependency graph in the
+    #   resolution process.
+    # @param [Object] spec
+    # @return [Boolean] whether `requirement` is satisfied by `spec` in the
+    #   context of the current `activated` dependency graph.
+    def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
+      true
+    end
+
+    # Determines whether two arrays of dependencies are equal, and thus can be
+    # grouped.
+    #
+    # @param [Array<Object>] dependencies
+    # @param [Array<Object>] other_dependencies
+    # @return [Boolean] whether `dependencies` and `other_dependencies` should
+    #   be considered equal.
+    def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
+      dependencies == other_dependencies
+    end
+
+    # Returns the name for the given `dependency`.
+    # @note This method should be 'pure', i.e. the return value should depend
+    #   only on the `dependency` parameter.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] dependency
+    # @return [String] the name for the given `dependency`.
+    def name_for(dependency)
+      dependency.to_s
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] the name of the source of explicit dependencies, i.e.
+    #   those passed to {Resolver#resolve} directly.
+    def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
+      'user-specified dependency'
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] the name of the source of 'locked' dependencies, i.e.
+    #   those passed to {Resolver#resolve} directly as the `base`
+    def name_for_locking_dependency_source
+      'Lockfile'
+    end
+
+    # Sort dependencies so that the ones that are easiest to resolve are first.
+    # Easiest to resolve is (usually) defined by:
+    #   1) Is this dependency already activated?
+    #   2) How relaxed are the requirements?
+    #   3) Are there any conflicts for this dependency?
+    #   4) How many possibilities are there to satisfy this dependency?
+    #
+    # @param [Array<Object>] dependencies
+    # @param [DependencyGraph] activated the current dependency graph in the
+    #   resolution process.
+    # @param [{String => Array<Conflict>}] conflicts
+    # @return [Array<Object>] a sorted copy of `dependencies`.
+    def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
+      dependencies.sort_by do |dependency|
+        name = name_for(dependency)
+        [
+          activated.vertex_named(name).payload ? 0 : 1,
+          conflicts[name] ? 0 : 1,
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns whether this dependency, which has no possible matching
+    # specifications, can safely be ignored.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] dependency
+    # @return [Boolean] whether this dependency can safely be skipped.
+    def allow_missing?(dependency)
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a166bc6991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # Conveys information about the resolution process to a user.
+  module UI
+    # The {IO} object that should be used to print output. `STDOUT`, by default.
+    #
+    # @return [IO]
+    def output
+      STDOUT
+    end
+
+    # Called roughly every {#progress_rate}, this method should convey progress
+    # to the user.
+    #
+    # @return [void]
+    def indicate_progress
+      output.print '.' unless debug?
+    end
+
+    # How often progress should be conveyed to the user via
+    # {#indicate_progress}, in seconds. A third of a second, by default.
+    #
+    # @return [Float]
+    def progress_rate
+      0.33
+    end
+
+    # Called before resolution begins.
+    #
+    # @return [void]
+    def before_resolution
+      output.print 'Resolving dependencies...'
+    end
+
+    # Called after resolution ends (either successfully or with an error).
+    # By default, prints a newline.
+    #
+    # @return [void]
+    def after_resolution
+      output.puts
+    end
+
+    # Conveys debug information to the user.
+    #
+    # @param [Integer] depth the current depth of the resolution process.
+    # @return [void]
+    def debug(depth = 0)
+      if debug?
+        debug_info = yield
+        debug_info = debug_info.inspect unless debug_info.is_a?(String)
+        debug_info = debug_info.split("\n").map { |s| ":#{depth.to_s.rjust 4}: #{s}" }
+        output.puts debug_info
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Whether or not debug messages should be printed.
+    # By default, whether or not the `MOLINILLO_DEBUG` environment variable is
+    # set.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def debug?
+      return @debug_mode if defined?(@debug_mode)
+      @debug_mode = ENV['MOLINILLO_DEBUG']
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c689ca7635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  class Resolver
+    # A specific resolution from a given {Resolver}
+    class Resolution
+      # A conflict that the resolution process encountered
+      # @attr [Object] requirement the requirement that immediately led to the conflict
+      # @attr [{String,Nil=>[Object]}] requirements the requirements that caused the conflict
+      # @attr [Object, nil] existing the existing spec that was in conflict with
+      #   the {#possibility}
+      # @attr [Object] possibility_set the set of specs that was unable to be
+      #   activated due to a conflict.
+      # @attr [Object] locked_requirement the relevant locking requirement.
+      # @attr [Array<Array<Object>>] requirement_trees the different requirement
+      #   trees that led to every requirement for the conflicting name.
+      # @attr [{String=>Object}] activated_by_name the already-activated specs.
+      # @attr [Object] underlying_error an error that has occurred during resolution, and
+      #    will be raised at the end of it if no resolution is found.
+      Conflict = Struct.new(
+        :requirement,
+        :requirements,
+        :existing,
+        :possibility_set,
+        :locked_requirement,
+        :requirement_trees,
+        :activated_by_name,
+        :underlying_error
+      )
+
+      class Conflict
+        # @return [Object] a spec that was unable to be activated due to a conflict
+        def possibility
+          possibility_set && possibility_set.latest_version
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A collection of possibility states that share the same dependencies
+      # @attr [Array] dependencies the dependencies for this set of possibilities
+      # @attr [Array] possibilities the possibilities
+      PossibilitySet = Struct.new(:dependencies, :possibilities)
+
+      class PossibilitySet
+        # String representation of the possibility set, for debugging
+        def to_s
+          "[#{possibilities.join(', ')}]"
+        end
+
+        # @return [Object] most up-to-date dependency in the possibility set
+        def latest_version
+          possibilities.last
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Details of the state to unwind to when a conflict occurs, and the cause of the unwind
+      # @attr [Integer] state_index the index of the state to unwind to
+      # @attr [Object] state_requirement the requirement of the state we're unwinding to
+      # @attr [Array] requirement_tree for the requirement we're relaxing
+      # @attr [Array] conflicting_requirements the requirements that combined to cause the conflict
+      # @attr [Array] requirement_trees for the conflict
+      # @attr [Array] requirements_unwound_to_instead array of unwind requirements that were chosen over this unwind
+      UnwindDetails = Struct.new(
+        :state_index,
+        :state_requirement,
+        :requirement_tree,
+        :conflicting_requirements,
+        :requirement_trees,
+        :requirements_unwound_to_instead
+      )
+
+      class UnwindDetails
+        include Comparable
+
+        # We compare UnwindDetails when choosing which state to unwind to. If
+        # two options have the same state_index we prefer the one most
+        # removed from a requirement that caused the conflict. Both options
+        # would unwind to the same state, but a `grandparent` option will
+        # filter out fewer of its possibilities after doing so - where a state
+        # is both a `parent` and a `grandparent` to requirements that have
+        # caused a conflict this is the correct behaviour.
+        # @param [UnwindDetail] other UnwindDetail to be compared
+        # @return [Integer] integer specifying ordering
+        def <=>(other)
+          if state_index > other.state_index
+            1
+          elsif state_index == other.state_index
+            reversed_requirement_tree_index <=> other.reversed_requirement_tree_index
+          else
+            -1
+          end
+        end
+
+        # @return [Integer] index of state requirement in reversed requirement tree
+        #    (the conflicting requirement itself will be at position 0)
+        def reversed_requirement_tree_index
+          @reversed_requirement_tree_index ||=
+            if state_requirement
+              requirement_tree.reverse.index(state_requirement)
+            else
+              999_999
+            end
+        end
+
+        # @return [Boolean] where the requirement of the state we're unwinding
+        #    to directly caused the conflict. Note: in this case, it is
+        #    impossible for the state we're unwinding to to be a parent of
+        #    any of the other conflicting requirements (or we would have
+        #    circularity)
+        def unwinding_to_primary_requirement?
+          requirement_tree.last == state_requirement
+        end
+
+        # @return [Array] array of sub-dependencies to avoid when choosing a
+        #    new possibility for the state we've unwound to. Only relevant for
+        #    non-primary unwinds
+        def sub_dependencies_to_avoid
+          @requirements_to_avoid ||=
+            requirement_trees.map do |tree|
+              index = tree.index(state_requirement)
+              tree[index + 1] if index
+            end.compact
+        end
+
+        # @return [Array] array of all the requirements that led to the need for
+        #    this unwind
+        def all_requirements
+          @all_requirements ||= requirement_trees.flatten(1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return [SpecificationProvider] the provider that knows about
+      #   dependencies, requirements, specifications, versions, etc.
+      attr_reader :specification_provider
+
+      # @return [UI] the UI that knows how to communicate feedback about the
+      #   resolution process back to the user
+      attr_reader :resolver_ui
+
+      # @return [DependencyGraph] the base dependency graph to which
+      #   dependencies should be 'locked'
+      attr_reader :base
+
+      # @return [Array] the dependencies that were explicitly required
+      attr_reader :original_requested
+
+      # Initializes a new resolution.
+      # @param [SpecificationProvider] specification_provider
+      #   see {#specification_provider}
+      # @param [UI] resolver_ui see {#resolver_ui}
+      # @param [Array] requested see {#original_requested}
+      # @param [DependencyGraph] base see {#base}
+      def initialize(specification_provider, resolver_ui, requested, base)
+        @specification_provider = specification_provider
+        @resolver_ui = resolver_ui
+        @original_requested = requested
+        @base = base
+        @states = []
+        @iteration_counter = 0
+        @parents_of = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      end
+
+      # Resolves the {#original_requested} dependencies into a full dependency
+      #   graph
+      # @raise [ResolverError] if successful resolution is impossible
+      # @return [DependencyGraph] the dependency graph of successfully resolved
+      #   dependencies
+      def resolve
+        start_resolution
+
+        while state
+          break if !state.requirement && state.requirements.empty?
+          indicate_progress
+          if state.respond_to?(:pop_possibility_state) # DependencyState
+            debug(depth) { "Creating possibility state for #{requirement} (#{possibilities.count} remaining)" }
+            state.pop_possibility_state.tap do |s|
+              if s
+                states.push(s)
+                activated.tag(s)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          process_topmost_state
+        end
+
+        resolve_activated_specs
+      ensure
+        end_resolution
+      end
+
+      # @return [Integer] the number of resolver iterations in between calls to
+      #   {#resolver_ui}'s {UI#indicate_progress} method
+      attr_accessor :iteration_rate
+      private :iteration_rate
+
+      # @return [Time] the time at which resolution began
+      attr_accessor :started_at
+      private :started_at
+
+      # @return [Array<ResolutionState>] the stack of states for the resolution
+      attr_accessor :states
+      private :states
+
+      private
+
+      # Sets up the resolution process
+      # @return [void]
+      def start_resolution
+        @started_at = Time.now
+
+        push_initial_state
+
+        debug { "Starting resolution (#{@started_at})\nUser-requested dependencies: #{original_requested}" }
+        resolver_ui.before_resolution
+      end
+
+      def resolve_activated_specs
+        activated.vertices.each do |_, vertex|
+          next unless vertex.payload
+
+          latest_version = vertex.payload.possibilities.reverse_each.find do |possibility|
+            vertex.requirements.all? { |req| requirement_satisfied_by?(req, activated, possibility) }
+          end
+
+          activated.set_payload(vertex.name, latest_version)
+        end
+        activated.freeze
+      end
+
+      # Ends the resolution process
+      # @return [void]
+      def end_resolution
+        resolver_ui.after_resolution
+        debug do
+          "Finished resolution (#{@iteration_counter} steps) " \
+          "(Took #{(ended_at = Time.now) - @started_at} seconds) (#{ended_at})"
+        end
+        debug { 'Unactivated: ' + Hash[activated.vertices.reject { |_n, v| v.payload }].keys.join(', ') } if state
+        debug { 'Activated: ' + Hash[activated.vertices.select { |_n, v| v.payload }].keys.join(', ') } if state
+      end
+
+      require_relative 'state'
+      require_relative 'modules/specification_provider'
+
+      require_relative 'delegates/resolution_state'
+      require_relative 'delegates/specification_provider'
+
+      include Bundler::Molinillo::Delegates::ResolutionState
+      include Bundler::Molinillo::Delegates::SpecificationProvider
+
+      # Processes the topmost available {RequirementState} on the stack
+      # @return [void]
+      def process_topmost_state
+        if possibility
+          attempt_to_activate
+        else
+          create_conflict
+          unwind_for_conflict
+        end
+      rescue CircularDependencyError => underlying_error
+        create_conflict(underlying_error)
+        unwind_for_conflict
+      end
+
+      # @return [Object] the current possibility that the resolution is trying
+      #   to activate
+      def possibility
+        possibilities.last
+      end
+
+      # @return [RequirementState] the current state the resolution is
+      #   operating upon
+      def state
+        states.last
+      end
+
+      # Creates and pushes the initial state for the resolution, based upon the
+      # {#requested} dependencies
+      # @return [void]
+      def push_initial_state
+        graph = DependencyGraph.new.tap do |dg|
+          original_requested.each do |requested|
+            vertex = dg.add_vertex(name_for(requested), nil, true)
+            vertex.explicit_requirements << requested
+          end
+          dg.tag(:initial_state)
+        end
+
+        push_state_for_requirements(original_requested, true, graph)
+      end
+
+      # Unwinds the states stack because a conflict has been encountered
+      # @return [void]
+      def unwind_for_conflict
+        details_for_unwind = build_details_for_unwind
+        unwind_options = unused_unwind_options
+        debug(depth) { "Unwinding for conflict: #{requirement} to #{details_for_unwind.state_index / 2}" }
+        conflicts.tap do |c|
+          sliced_states = states.slice!((details_for_unwind.state_index + 1)..-1)
+          raise_error_unless_state(c)
+          activated.rewind_to(sliced_states.first || :initial_state) if sliced_states
+          state.conflicts = c
+          state.unused_unwind_options = unwind_options
+          filter_possibilities_after_unwind(details_for_unwind)
+          index = states.size - 1
+          @parents_of.each { |_, a| a.reject! { |i| i >= index } }
+          state.unused_unwind_options.reject! { |uw| uw.state_index >= index }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Raises a VersionConflict error, or any underlying error, if there is no
+      # current state
+      # @return [void]
+      def raise_error_unless_state(conflicts)
+        return if state
+
+        error = conflicts.values.map(&:underlying_error).compact.first
+        raise error || VersionConflict.new(conflicts, specification_provider)
+      end
+
+      # @return [UnwindDetails] Details of the nearest index to which we could unwind
+      def build_details_for_unwind
+        # Get the possible unwinds for the current conflict
+        current_conflict = conflicts[name]
+        binding_requirements = binding_requirements_for_conflict(current_conflict)
+        unwind_details = unwind_options_for_requirements(binding_requirements)
+
+        last_detail_for_current_unwind = unwind_details.sort.last
+        current_detail = last_detail_for_current_unwind
+
+        # Look for past conflicts that could be unwound to affect the
+        # requirement tree for the current conflict
+        all_reqs = last_detail_for_current_unwind.all_requirements
+        all_reqs_size = all_reqs.size
+        relevant_unused_unwinds = unused_unwind_options.select do |alternative|
+          diff_reqs = all_reqs - alternative.requirements_unwound_to_instead
+          next if diff_reqs.size == all_reqs_size
+          # Find the highest index unwind whilst looping through
+          current_detail = alternative if alternative > current_detail
+          alternative
+        end
+
+        # Add the current unwind options to the `unused_unwind_options` array.
+        # The "used" option will be filtered out during `unwind_for_conflict`.
+        state.unused_unwind_options += unwind_details.reject { |detail| detail.state_index == -1 }
+
+        # Update the requirements_unwound_to_instead on any relevant unused unwinds
+        relevant_unused_unwinds.each do |d|
+          (d.requirements_unwound_to_instead << current_detail.state_requirement).uniq!
+        end
+        unwind_details.each do |d|
+          (d.requirements_unwound_to_instead << current_detail.state_requirement).uniq!
+        end
+
+        current_detail
+      end
+
+      # @param [Array<Object>] binding_requirements array of requirements that combine to create a conflict
+      # @return [Array<UnwindDetails>] array of UnwindDetails that have a chance
+      #    of resolving the passed requirements
+      def unwind_options_for_requirements(binding_requirements)
+        unwind_details = []
+
+        trees = []
+        binding_requirements.reverse_each do |r|
+          partial_tree = [r]
+          trees << partial_tree
+          unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(-1, nil, partial_tree, binding_requirements, trees, [])
+
+          # If this requirement has alternative possibilities, check if any would
+          # satisfy the other requirements that created this conflict
+          requirement_state = find_state_for(r)
+          if conflict_fixing_possibilities?(requirement_state, binding_requirements)
+            unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
+              states.index(requirement_state),
+              r,
+              partial_tree,
+              binding_requirements,
+              trees,
+              []
+            )
+          end
+
+          # Next, look at the parent of this requirement, and check if the requirement
+          # could have been avoided if an alternative PossibilitySet had been chosen
+          parent_r = parent_of(r)
+          next if parent_r.nil?
+          partial_tree.unshift(parent_r)
+          requirement_state = find_state_for(parent_r)
+          if requirement_state.possibilities.any? { |set| !set.dependencies.include?(r) }
+            unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
+              states.index(requirement_state),
+              parent_r,
+              partial_tree,
+              binding_requirements,
+              trees,
+              []
+            )
+          end
+
+          # Finally, look at the grandparent and up of this requirement, looking
+          # for any possibilities that wouldn't create their parent requirement
+          grandparent_r = parent_of(parent_r)
+          until grandparent_r.nil?
+            partial_tree.unshift(grandparent_r)
+            requirement_state = find_state_for(grandparent_r)
+            if requirement_state.possibilities.any? { |set| !set.dependencies.include?(parent_r) }
+              unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
+                states.index(requirement_state),
+                grandparent_r,
+                partial_tree,
+                binding_requirements,
+                trees,
+                []
+              )
+            end
+            parent_r = grandparent_r
+            grandparent_r = parent_of(parent_r)
+          end
+        end
+
+        unwind_details
+      end
+
+      # @param [DependencyState] state
+      # @param [Array] binding_requirements array of requirements
+      # @return [Boolean] whether or not the given state has any possibilities
+      #    that could satisfy the given requirements
+      def conflict_fixing_possibilities?(state, binding_requirements)
+        return false unless state
+
+        state.possibilities.any? do |possibility_set|
+          possibility_set.possibilities.any? do |poss|
+            possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, binding_requirements)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would not fix the
+      # conflict we've just rewound from
+      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just
+      #   unwound from
+      # @return [void]
+      def filter_possibilities_after_unwind(unwind_details)
+        return unless state && !state.possibilities.empty?
+
+        if unwind_details.unwinding_to_primary_requirement?
+          filter_possibilities_for_primary_unwind(unwind_details)
+        else
+          filter_possibilities_for_parent_unwind(unwind_details)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would not satisfy
+      # the requirements in the conflict we've just rewound from
+      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just unwound from
+      # @return [void]
+      def filter_possibilities_for_primary_unwind(unwind_details)
+        unwinds_to_state = unused_unwind_options.select { |uw| uw.state_index == unwind_details.state_index }
+        unwinds_to_state << unwind_details
+        unwind_requirement_sets = unwinds_to_state.map(&:conflicting_requirements)
+
+        state.possibilities.reject! do |possibility_set|
+          possibility_set.possibilities.none? do |poss|
+            unwind_requirement_sets.any? do |requirements|
+              possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, requirements)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] possibility a single possibility
+      # @param [Array] requirements an array of requirements
+      # @return [Boolean] whether the possibility satisfies all of the
+      #    given requirements
+      def possibility_satisfies_requirements?(possibility, requirements)
+        name = name_for(possibility)
+
+        activated.tag(:swap)
+        activated.set_payload(name, possibility) if activated.vertex_named(name)
+        satisfied = requirements.all? { |r| requirement_satisfied_by?(r, activated, possibility) }
+        activated.rewind_to(:swap)
+
+        satisfied
+      end
+
+      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would (eventually)
+      # create a requirement in the conflict we've just rewound from
+      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just unwound from
+      # @return [void]
+      def filter_possibilities_for_parent_unwind(unwind_details)
+        unwinds_to_state = unused_unwind_options.select { |uw| uw.state_index == unwind_details.state_index }
+        unwinds_to_state << unwind_details
+
+        primary_unwinds = unwinds_to_state.select(&:unwinding_to_primary_requirement?).uniq
+        parent_unwinds = unwinds_to_state.uniq - primary_unwinds
+
+        allowed_possibility_sets = primary_unwinds.flat_map do |unwind|
+          states[unwind.state_index].possibilities.select do |possibility_set|
+            possibility_set.possibilities.any? do |poss|
+              possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, unwind.conflicting_requirements)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        requirements_to_avoid = parent_unwinds.flat_map(&:sub_dependencies_to_avoid)
+
+        state.possibilities.reject! do |possibility_set|
+          !allowed_possibility_sets.include?(possibility_set) &&
+            (requirements_to_avoid - possibility_set.dependencies).empty?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @param [Conflict] conflict
+      # @return [Array] minimal array of requirements that would cause the passed
+      #    conflict to occur.
+      def binding_requirements_for_conflict(conflict)
+        return [conflict.requirement] if conflict.possibility.nil?
+
+        possible_binding_requirements = conflict.requirements.values.flatten(1).uniq
+
+        # When there's a `CircularDependency` error the conflicting requirement
+        # (the one causing the circular) won't be `conflict.requirement`
+        # (which won't be for the right state, because we won't have created it,
+        # because it's circular).
+        # We need to make sure we have that requirement in the conflict's list,
+        # otherwise we won't be able to unwind properly, so we just return all
+        # the requirements for the conflict.
+        return possible_binding_requirements if conflict.underlying_error
+
+        possibilities = search_for(conflict.requirement)
+
+        # If all the requirements together don't filter out all possibilities,
+        # then the only two requirements we need to consider are the initial one
+        # (where the dependency's version was first chosen) and the last
+        if binding_requirement_in_set?(nil, possible_binding_requirements, possibilities)
+          return [conflict.requirement, requirement_for_existing_name(name_for(conflict.requirement))].compact
+        end
+
+        # Loop through the possible binding requirements, removing each one
+        # that doesn't bind. Use a `reverse_each` as we want the earliest set of
+        # binding requirements, and don't use `reject!` as we wish to refine the
+        # array *on each iteration*.
+        binding_requirements = possible_binding_requirements.dup
+        possible_binding_requirements.reverse_each do |req|
+          next if req == conflict.requirement
+          unless binding_requirement_in_set?(req, binding_requirements, possibilities)
+            binding_requirements -= [req]
+          end
+        end
+
+        binding_requirements
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] requirement we wish to check
+      # @param [Array] possible_binding_requirements array of requirements
+      # @param [Array] possibilities array of possibilities the requirements will be used to filter
+      # @return [Boolean] whether or not the given requirement is required to filter
+      #    out all elements of the array of possibilities.
+      def binding_requirement_in_set?(requirement, possible_binding_requirements, possibilities)
+        possibilities.any? do |poss|
+          possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, possible_binding_requirements - [requirement])
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] requirement
+      # @return [Object] the requirement that led to `requirement` being added
+      #   to the list of requirements.
+      def parent_of(requirement)
+        return unless requirement
+        return unless index = @parents_of[requirement].last
+        return unless parent_state = @states[index]
+        parent_state.requirement
+      end
+
+      # @param [String] name
+      # @return [Object] the requirement that led to a version of a possibility
+      #   with the given name being activated.
+      def requirement_for_existing_name(name)
+        return nil unless vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
+        return nil unless vertex.payload
+        states.find { |s| s.name == name }.requirement
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] requirement
+      # @return [ResolutionState] the state whose `requirement` is the given
+      #   `requirement`.
+      def find_state_for(requirement)
+        return nil unless requirement
+        states.find { |i| requirement == i.requirement }
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] underlying_error
+      # @return [Conflict] a {Conflict} that reflects the failure to activate
+      #   the {#possibility} in conjunction with the current {#state}
+      def create_conflict(underlying_error = nil)
+        vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
+        locked_requirement = locked_requirement_named(name)
+
+        requirements = {}
+        unless vertex.explicit_requirements.empty?
+          requirements[name_for_explicit_dependency_source] = vertex.explicit_requirements
+        end
+        requirements[name_for_locking_dependency_source] = [locked_requirement] if locked_requirement
+        vertex.incoming_edges.each do |edge|
+          (requirements[edge.origin.payload.latest_version] ||= []).unshift(edge.requirement)
+        end
+
+        activated_by_name = {}
+        activated.each { |v| activated_by_name[v.name] = v.payload.latest_version if v.payload }
+        conflicts[name] = Conflict.new(
+          requirement,
+          requirements,
+          vertex.payload && vertex.payload.latest_version,
+          possibility,
+          locked_requirement,
+          requirement_trees,
+          activated_by_name,
+          underlying_error
+        )
+      end
+
+      # @return [Array<Array<Object>>] The different requirement
+      #   trees that led to every requirement for the current spec.
+      def requirement_trees
+        vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
+        vertex.requirements.map { |r| requirement_tree_for(r) }
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] requirement
+      # @return [Array<Object>] the list of requirements that led to
+      #   `requirement` being required.
+      def requirement_tree_for(requirement)
+        tree = []
+        while requirement
+          tree.unshift(requirement)
+          requirement = parent_of(requirement)
+        end
+        tree
+      end
+
+      # Indicates progress roughly once every second
+      # @return [void]
+      def indicate_progress
+        @iteration_counter += 1
+        @progress_rate ||= resolver_ui.progress_rate
+        if iteration_rate.nil?
+          if Time.now - started_at >= @progress_rate
+            self.iteration_rate = @iteration_counter
+          end
+        end
+
+        if iteration_rate && (@iteration_counter % iteration_rate) == 0
+          resolver_ui.indicate_progress
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Calls the {#resolver_ui}'s {UI#debug} method
+      # @param [Integer] depth the depth of the {#states} stack
+      # @param [Proc] block a block that yields a {#to_s}
+      # @return [void]
+      def debug(depth = 0, &block)
+        resolver_ui.debug(depth, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Attempts to activate the current {#possibility}
+      # @return [void]
+      def attempt_to_activate
+        debug(depth) { 'Attempting to activate ' + possibility.to_s }
+        existing_vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
+        if existing_vertex.payload
+          debug(depth) { "Found existing spec (#{existing_vertex.payload})" }
+          attempt_to_filter_existing_spec(existing_vertex)
+        else
+          latest = possibility.latest_version
+          possibility.possibilities.select! do |possibility|
+            requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, possibility)
+          end
+          if possibility.latest_version.nil?
+            # ensure there's a possibility for better error messages
+            possibility.possibilities << latest if latest
+            create_conflict
+            unwind_for_conflict
+          else
+            activate_new_spec
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Attempts to update the existing vertex's `PossibilitySet` with a filtered version
+      # @return [void]
+      def attempt_to_filter_existing_spec(vertex)
+        filtered_set = filtered_possibility_set(vertex)
+        if !filtered_set.possibilities.empty?
+          activated.set_payload(name, filtered_set)
+          new_requirements = requirements.dup
+          push_state_for_requirements(new_requirements, false)
+        else
+          create_conflict
+          debug(depth) { "Unsatisfied by existing spec (#{vertex.payload})" }
+          unwind_for_conflict
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Generates a filtered version of the existing vertex's `PossibilitySet` using the
+      # current state's `requirement`
+      # @param [Object] vertex existing vertex
+      # @return [PossibilitySet] filtered possibility set
+      def filtered_possibility_set(vertex)
+        PossibilitySet.new(vertex.payload.dependencies, vertex.payload.possibilities & possibility.possibilities)
+      end
+
+      # @param [String] requirement_name the spec name to search for
+      # @return [Object] the locked spec named `requirement_name`, if one
+      #   is found on {#base}
+      def locked_requirement_named(requirement_name)
+        vertex = base.vertex_named(requirement_name)
+        vertex && vertex.payload
+      end
+
+      # Add the current {#possibility} to the dependency graph of the current
+      # {#state}
+      # @return [void]
+      def activate_new_spec
+        conflicts.delete(name)
+        debug(depth) { "Activated #{name} at #{possibility}" }
+        activated.set_payload(name, possibility)
+        require_nested_dependencies_for(possibility)
+      end
+
+      # Requires the dependencies that the recently activated spec has
+      # @param [Object] possibility_set the PossibilitySet that has just been
+      #   activated
+      # @return [void]
+      def require_nested_dependencies_for(possibility_set)
+        nested_dependencies = dependencies_for(possibility_set.latest_version)
+        debug(depth) { "Requiring nested dependencies (#{nested_dependencies.join(', ')})" }
+        nested_dependencies.each do |d|
+          activated.add_child_vertex(name_for(d), nil, [name_for(possibility_set.latest_version)], d)
+          parent_index = states.size - 1
+          parents = @parents_of[d]
+          parents << parent_index if parents.empty?
+        end
+
+        push_state_for_requirements(requirements + nested_dependencies, !nested_dependencies.empty?)
+      end
+
+      # Pushes a new {DependencyState} that encapsulates both existing and new
+      # requirements
+      # @param [Array] new_requirements
+      # @param [Boolean] requires_sort
+      # @param [Object] new_activated
+      # @return [void]
+      def push_state_for_requirements(new_requirements, requires_sort = true, new_activated = activated)
+        new_requirements = sort_dependencies(new_requirements.uniq, new_activated, conflicts) if requires_sort
+        new_requirement = nil
+        loop do
+          new_requirement = new_requirements.shift
+          break if new_requirement.nil? || states.none? { |s| s.requirement == new_requirement }
+        end
+        new_name = new_requirement ? name_for(new_requirement) : ''.freeze
+        possibilities = possibilities_for_requirement(new_requirement)
+        handle_missing_or_push_dependency_state DependencyState.new(
+          new_name, new_requirements, new_activated,
+          new_requirement, possibilities, depth, conflicts.dup, unused_unwind_options.dup
+        )
+      end
+
+      # Checks a proposed requirement with any existing locked requirement
+      # before generating an array of possibilities for it.
+      # @param [Object] requirement the proposed requirement
+      # @param [Object] activated
+      # @return [Array] possibilities
+      def possibilities_for_requirement(requirement, activated = self.activated)
+        return [] unless requirement
+        if locked_requirement_named(name_for(requirement))
+          return locked_requirement_possibility_set(requirement, activated)
+        end
+
+        group_possibilities(search_for(requirement))
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] requirement the proposed requirement
+      # @param [Object] activated
+      # @return [Array] possibility set containing only the locked requirement, if any
+      def locked_requirement_possibility_set(requirement, activated = self.activated)
+        all_possibilities = search_for(requirement)
+        locked_requirement = locked_requirement_named(name_for(requirement))
+
+        # Longwinded way to build a possibilities array with either the locked
+        # requirement or nothing in it. Required, since the API for
+        # locked_requirement isn't guaranteed.
+        locked_possibilities = all_possibilities.select do |possibility|
+          requirement_satisfied_by?(locked_requirement, activated, possibility)
+        end
+
+        group_possibilities(locked_possibilities)
+      end
+
+      # Build an array of PossibilitySets, with each element representing a group of
+      # dependency versions that all have the same sub-dependency version constraints
+      # and are contiguous.
+      # @param [Array] possibilities an array of possibilities
+      # @return [Array<PossibilitySet>] an array of possibility sets
+      def group_possibilities(possibilities)
+        possibility_sets = []
+        current_possibility_set = nil
+
+        possibilities.reverse_each do |possibility|
+          dependencies = dependencies_for(possibility)
+          if current_possibility_set && dependencies_equal?(current_possibility_set.dependencies, dependencies)
+            current_possibility_set.possibilities.unshift(possibility)
+          else
+            possibility_sets.unshift(PossibilitySet.new(dependencies, [possibility]))
+            current_possibility_set = possibility_sets.first
+          end
+        end
+
+        possibility_sets
+      end
+
+      # Pushes a new {DependencyState}.
+      # If the {#specification_provider} says to
+      # {SpecificationProvider#allow_missing?} that particular requirement, and
+      # there are no possibilities for that requirement, then `state` is not
+      # pushed, and the vertex in {#activated} is removed, and we continue
+      # resolving the remaining requirements.
+      # @param [DependencyState] state
+      # @return [void]
+      def handle_missing_or_push_dependency_state(state)
+        if state.requirement && state.possibilities.empty? && allow_missing?(state.requirement)
+          state.activated.detach_vertex_named(state.name)
+          push_state_for_requirements(state.requirements.dup, false, state.activated)
+        else
+          states.push(state).tap { activated.tag(state) }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95eaab5991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'dependency_graph'
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # This class encapsulates a dependency resolver.
+  # The resolver is responsible for determining which set of dependencies to
+  # activate, with feedback from the {#specification_provider}
+  #
+  #
+  class Resolver
+    require_relative 'resolution'
+
+    # @return [SpecificationProvider] the specification provider used
+    #   in the resolution process
+    attr_reader :specification_provider
+
+    # @return [UI] the UI module used to communicate back to the user
+    #   during the resolution process
+    attr_reader :resolver_ui
+
+    # Initializes a new resolver.
+    # @param  [SpecificationProvider] specification_provider
+    #   see {#specification_provider}
+    # @param  [UI] resolver_ui
+    #   see {#resolver_ui}
+    def initialize(specification_provider, resolver_ui)
+      @specification_provider = specification_provider
+      @resolver_ui = resolver_ui
+    end
+
+    # Resolves the requested dependencies into a {DependencyGraph},
+    # locking to the base dependency graph (if specified)
+    # @param [Array] requested an array of 'requested' dependencies that the
+    #   {#specification_provider} can understand
+    # @param [DependencyGraph,nil] base the base dependency graph to which
+    #   dependencies should be 'locked'
+    def resolve(requested, base = DependencyGraph.new)
+      Resolution.new(specification_provider,
+                     resolver_ui,
+                     requested,
+                     base).
+        resolve
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68fa1f54e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler::Molinillo
+  # A state that a {Resolution} can be in
+  # @attr [String] name the name of the current requirement
+  # @attr [Array<Object>] requirements currently unsatisfied requirements
+  # @attr [DependencyGraph] activated the graph of activated dependencies
+  # @attr [Object] requirement the current requirement
+  # @attr [Object] possibilities the possibilities to satisfy the current requirement
+  # @attr [Integer] depth the depth of the resolution
+  # @attr [Hash] conflicts unresolved conflicts, indexed by dependency name
+  # @attr [Array<UnwindDetails>] unused_unwind_options unwinds for previous conflicts that weren't explored
+  ResolutionState = Struct.new(
+    :name,
+    :requirements,
+    :activated,
+    :requirement,
+    :possibilities,
+    :depth,
+    :conflicts,
+    :unused_unwind_options
+  )
+
+  class ResolutionState
+    # Returns an empty resolution state
+    # @return [ResolutionState] an empty state
+    def self.empty
+      new(nil, [], DependencyGraph.new, nil, nil, 0, {}, [])
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A state that encapsulates a set of {#requirements} with an {Array} of
+  # possibilities
+  class DependencyState < ResolutionState
+    # Removes a possibility from `self`
+    # @return [PossibilityState] a state with a single possibility,
+    #  the possibility that was removed from `self`
+    def pop_possibility_state
+      PossibilityState.new(
+        name,
+        requirements.dup,
+        activated,
+        requirement,
+        [possibilities.pop],
+        depth + 1,
+        conflicts.dup,
+        unused_unwind_options.dup
+      ).tap do |state|
+        state.activated.tag(state)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A state that encapsulates a single possibility to fulfill the given
+  # {#requirement}
+  class PossibilityState < ResolutionState
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/README.rdoc b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/README.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f95ad33ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/README.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+= net-http-persistent
+
+home :: https://github.com/drbrain/net-http-persistent
+rdoc :: http://docs.seattlerb.org/net-http-persistent
+
+== DESCRIPTION:
+
+Manages persistent connections using Net::HTTP including a thread pool for
+connecting to multiple hosts.
+
+Using persistent HTTP connections can dramatically increase the speed of HTTP.
+Creating a new HTTP connection for every request involves an extra TCP
+round-trip and causes TCP congestion avoidance negotiation to start over.
+
+Net::HTTP supports persistent connections with some API methods but does not
+make setting up a single persistent connection or managing multiple
+connections easy.  Net::HTTP::Persistent wraps Net::HTTP and allows you to
+focus on how to make HTTP requests.
+
+== FEATURES/PROBLEMS:
+
+* Supports TLS with secure defaults
+* Thread-safe
+* Pure ruby
+
+== SYNOPSIS
+
+The following example will make two requests to the same server.  The
+connection is kept alive between requests:
+
+    require 'net/http/persistent'
+
+    uri = URI 'http://example.com/awesome/web/service'
+
+    http = Net::HTTP::Persistent.new name: 'my_app_name'
+
+    # perform a GET
+    response = http.request uri
+
+    # create a POST
+    post_uri = uri + 'create'
+    post = Net::HTTP::Post.new post_uri.path
+    post.set_form_data 'some' => 'cool data'
+
+    # perform the POST, the URI is always required
+    response = http.request post_uri, post
+
+    # if you are done making http requests, or won't make requests for several
+    # minutes
+    http.shutdown
+
+Please see the documentation on Net::HTTP::Persistent for more information,
+including SSL connection verification, header handling and tunable options.
+
+== INSTALL:
+
+  gem install net-http-persistent
+
+== LICENSE:
+
+(The MIT License)
+
+Copyright (c) Eric Hodel, Aaron Patterson
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..beff6d658b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@
+require 'net/http'
+require_relative '../../../../uri/lib/uri'
+require 'cgi' # for escaping
+require_relative '../../../../connection_pool/lib/connection_pool'
+
+autoload :OpenSSL, 'openssl'
+
+##
+# Persistent connections for Net::HTTP
+#
+# Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent maintains persistent connections across all the
+# servers you wish to talk to.  For each host:port you communicate with a
+# single persistent connection is created.
+#
+# Connections will be shared across threads through a connection pool to
+# increase reuse of connections.
+#
+# You can shut down any remaining HTTP connections when done by calling
+# #shutdown.
+#
+# Example:
+#
+#   require 'bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent'
+#
+#   uri = Bundler::URI 'http://example.com/awesome/web/service'
+#
+#   http = Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent.new
+#
+#   # perform a GET
+#   response = http.request uri
+#
+#   # or
+#
+#   get = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri.request_uri
+#   response = http.request get
+#
+#   # create a POST
+#   post_uri = uri + 'create'
+#   post = Net::HTTP::Post.new post_uri.path
+#   post.set_form_data 'some' => 'cool data'
+#
+#   # perform the POST, the Bundler::URI is always required
+#   response http.request post_uri, post
+#
+# Note that for GET, HEAD and other requests that do not have a body you want
+# to use Bundler::URI#request_uri not Bundler::URI#path.  The request_uri contains the query
+# params which are sent in the body for other requests.
+#
+# == TLS/SSL
+#
+# TLS connections are automatically created depending upon the scheme of the
+# Bundler::URI.  TLS connections are automatically verified against the default
+# certificate store for your computer.  You can override this by changing
+# verify_mode or by specifying an alternate cert_store.
+#
+# Here are the TLS settings, see the individual methods for documentation:
+#
+# #certificate        :: This client's certificate
+# #ca_file            :: The certificate-authorities
+# #ca_path            :: Directory with certificate-authorities
+# #cert_store         :: An SSL certificate store
+# #ciphers            :: List of SSl ciphers allowed
+# #private_key        :: The client's SSL private key
+# #reuse_ssl_sessions :: Reuse a previously opened SSL session for a new
+#                        connection
+# #ssl_timeout        :: Session lifetime
+# #ssl_version        :: Which specific SSL version to use
+# #verify_callback    :: For server certificate verification
+# #verify_depth       :: Depth of certificate verification
+# #verify_mode        :: How connections should be verified
+#
+# == Proxies
+#
+# A proxy can be set through #proxy= or at initialization time by providing a
+# second argument to ::new.  The proxy may be the Bundler::URI of the proxy server or
+# <code>:ENV</code> which will consult environment variables.
+#
+# See #proxy= and #proxy_from_env for details.
+#
+# == Headers
+#
+# Headers may be specified for use in every request.  #headers are appended to
+# any headers on the request.  #override_headers replace existing headers on
+# the request.
+#
+# The difference between the two can be seen in setting the User-Agent.  Using
+# <code>http.headers['User-Agent'] = 'MyUserAgent'</code> will send "Ruby,
+# MyUserAgent" while <code>http.override_headers['User-Agent'] =
+# 'MyUserAgent'</code> will send "MyUserAgent".
+#
+# == Tuning
+#
+# === Segregation
+#
+# Each Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent instance has its own pool of connections.  There
+# is no sharing with other instances (as was true in earlier versions).
+#
+# === Idle Timeout
+#
+# If a connection hasn't been used for this number of seconds it will
+# automatically be reset upon the next use to avoid attempting to send to a
+# closed connection.  The default value is 5 seconds. nil means no timeout.
+# Set through #idle_timeout.
+#
+# Reducing this value may help avoid the "too many connection resets" error
+# when sending non-idempotent requests while increasing this value will cause
+# fewer round-trips.
+#
+# === Read Timeout
+#
+# The amount of time allowed between reading two chunks from the socket.  Set
+# through #read_timeout
+#
+# === Max Requests
+#
+# The number of requests that should be made before opening a new connection.
+# Typically many keep-alive capable servers tune this to 100 or less, so the
+# 101st request will fail with ECONNRESET. If unset (default), this value has
+# no effect, if set, connections will be reset on the request after
+# max_requests.
+#
+# === Open Timeout
+#
+# The amount of time to wait for a connection to be opened.  Set through
+# #open_timeout.
+#
+# === Socket Options
+#
+# Socket options may be set on newly-created connections.  See #socket_options
+# for details.
+#
+# === Connection Termination
+#
+# If you are done using the Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent instance you may shut down
+# all the connections in the current thread with #shutdown.  This is not
+# recommended for normal use, it should only be used when it will be several
+# minutes before you make another HTTP request.
+#
+# If you are using multiple threads, call #shutdown in each thread when the
+# thread is done making requests.  If you don't call shutdown, that's OK.
+# Ruby will automatically garbage collect and shutdown your HTTP connections
+# when the thread terminates.
+
+class Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent
+
+  ##
+  # The beginning of Time
+
+  EPOCH = Time.at 0 # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
+  # Is OpenSSL available?  This test works with autoload
+
+  HAVE_OPENSSL = defined? OpenSSL::SSL # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
+  # The default connection pool size is 1/4 the allowed open files
+  # (<code>ulimit -n</code>) or 256 if your OS does not support file handle
+  # limits (typically windows).
+
+  if Process.const_defined? :RLIMIT_NOFILE
+    open_file_limits = Process.getrlimit(Process::RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+
+    # Under JRuby on Windows Process responds to `getrlimit` but returns something that does not match docs
+    if open_file_limits.respond_to?(:first)
+      DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE = open_file_limits.first / 4
+    else
+      DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE = 256
+    end
+  else
+    DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE = 256
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The version of Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent you are using
+
+  VERSION = '4.0.0'
+
+  ##
+  # Error class for errors raised by Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent.  Various
+  # SystemCallErrors are re-raised with a human-readable message under this
+  # class.
+
+  class Error < StandardError; end
+
+  ##
+  # Use this method to detect the idle timeout of the host at +uri+.  The
+  # value returned can be used to configure #idle_timeout.  +max+ controls the
+  # maximum idle timeout to detect.
+  #
+  # After
+  #
+  # Idle timeout detection is performed by creating a connection then
+  # performing a HEAD request in a loop until the connection terminates
+  # waiting one additional second per loop.
+  #
+  # NOTE:  This may not work on ruby > 1.9.
+
+  def self.detect_idle_timeout uri, max = 10
+    uri = Bundler::URI uri unless Bundler::URI::Generic === uri
+    uri += '/'
+
+    req = Net::HTTP::Head.new uri.request_uri
+
+    http = new 'net-http-persistent detect_idle_timeout'
+
+    http.connection_for uri do |connection|
+      sleep_time = 0
+
+      http = connection.http
+
+      loop do
+        response = http.request req
+
+        $stderr.puts "HEAD #{uri} => #{response.code}" if $DEBUG
+
+        unless Net::HTTPOK === response then
+          raise Error, "bad response code #{response.code} detecting idle timeout"
+        end
+
+        break if sleep_time >= max
+
+        sleep_time += 1
+
+        $stderr.puts "sleeping #{sleep_time}" if $DEBUG
+        sleep sleep_time
+      end
+    end
+  rescue
+    # ignore StandardErrors, we've probably found the idle timeout.
+  ensure
+    return sleep_time unless $!
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # This client's OpenSSL::X509::Certificate
+
+  attr_reader :certificate
+
+  ##
+  # For Net::HTTP parity
+
+  alias cert certificate
+
+  ##
+  # An SSL certificate authority.  Setting this will set verify_mode to
+  # VERIFY_PEER.
+
+  attr_reader :ca_file
+
+  ##
+  # A directory of SSL certificates to be used as certificate authorities.
+  # Setting this will set verify_mode to VERIFY_PEER.
+
+  attr_reader :ca_path
+
+  ##
+  # An SSL certificate store.  Setting this will override the default
+  # certificate store.  See verify_mode for more information.
+
+  attr_reader :cert_store
+
+  ##
+  # The ciphers allowed for SSL connections
+
+  attr_reader :ciphers
+
+  ##
+  # Sends debug_output to this IO via Net::HTTP#set_debug_output.
+  #
+  # Never use this method in production code, it causes a serious security
+  # hole.
+
+  attr_accessor :debug_output
+
+  ##
+  # Current connection generation
+
+  attr_reader :generation # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
+  # Headers that are added to every request using Net::HTTP#add_field
+
+  attr_reader :headers
+
+  ##
+  # Maps host:port to an HTTP version.  This allows us to enable version
+  # specific features.
+
+  attr_reader :http_versions
+
+  ##
+  # Maximum time an unused connection can remain idle before being
+  # automatically closed.
+
+  attr_accessor :idle_timeout
+
+  ##
+  # Maximum number of requests on a connection before it is considered expired
+  # and automatically closed.
+
+  attr_accessor :max_requests
+
+  ##
+  # Number of retries to perform if a request fails.
+  #
+  # See also #max_retries=, Net::HTTP#max_retries=.
+
+  attr_reader :max_retries
+
+  ##
+  # The value sent in the Keep-Alive header.  Defaults to 30.  Not needed for
+  # HTTP/1.1 servers.
+  #
+  # This may not work correctly for HTTP/1.0 servers
+  #
+  # This method may be removed in a future version as RFC 2616 does not
+  # require this header.
+
+  attr_accessor :keep_alive
+
+  ##
+  # The name for this collection of persistent connections.
+
+  attr_reader :name
+
+  ##
+  # Seconds to wait until a connection is opened.  See Net::HTTP#open_timeout
+
+  attr_accessor :open_timeout
+
+  ##
+  # Headers that are added to every request using Net::HTTP#[]=
+
+  attr_reader :override_headers
+
+  ##
+  # This client's SSL private key
+
+  attr_reader :private_key
+
+  ##
+  # For Net::HTTP parity
+
+  alias key private_key
+
+  ##
+  # The URL through which requests will be proxied
+
+  attr_reader :proxy_uri
+
+  ##
+  # List of host suffixes which will not be proxied
+
+  attr_reader :no_proxy
+
+  ##
+  # Test-only accessor for the connection pool
+
+  attr_reader :pool # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
+  # Seconds to wait until reading one block.  See Net::HTTP#read_timeout
+
+  attr_accessor :read_timeout
+
+  ##
+  # Seconds to wait until writing one block.  See Net::HTTP#write_timeout
+
+  attr_accessor :write_timeout
+
+  ##
+  # By default SSL sessions are reused to avoid extra SSL handshakes.  Set
+  # this to false if you have problems communicating with an HTTPS server
+  # like:
+  #
+  #   SSL_connect [...] read finished A: unexpected message (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError)
+
+  attr_accessor :reuse_ssl_sessions
+
+  ##
+  # An array of options for Socket#setsockopt.
+  #
+  # By default the TCP_NODELAY option is set on sockets.
+  #
+  # To set additional options append them to this array:
+  #
+  #   http.socket_options << [Socket::SOL_SOCKET, Socket::SO_KEEPALIVE, 1]
+
+  attr_reader :socket_options
+
+  ##
+  # Current SSL connection generation
+
+  attr_reader :ssl_generation # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
+  # SSL session lifetime
+
+  attr_reader :ssl_timeout
+
+  ##
+  # SSL version to use.
+  #
+  # By default, the version will be negotiated automatically between client
+  # and server.  Ruby 1.9 and newer only. Deprecated since Ruby 2.5.
+
+  attr_reader :ssl_version
+
+  ##
+  # Minimum SSL version to use, e.g. :TLS1_1
+  #
+  # By default, the version will be negotiated automatically between client
+  # and server.  Ruby 2.5 and newer only.
+
+  attr_reader :min_version
+
+  ##
+  # Maximum SSL version to use, e.g. :TLS1_2
+  #
+  # By default, the version will be negotiated automatically between client
+  # and server.  Ruby 2.5 and newer only.
+
+  attr_reader :max_version
+
+  ##
+  # Where this instance's last-use times live in the thread local variables
+
+  attr_reader :timeout_key # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
+  # SSL verification callback.  Used when ca_file or ca_path is set.
+
+  attr_reader :verify_callback
+
+  ##
+  # Sets the depth of SSL certificate verification
+
+  attr_reader :verify_depth
+
+  ##
+  # HTTPS verify mode.  Defaults to OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER which verifies
+  # the server certificate.
+  #
+  # If no ca_file, ca_path or cert_store is set the default system certificate
+  # store is used.
+  #
+  # You can use +verify_mode+ to override any default values.
+
+  attr_reader :verify_mode
+
+  ##
+  # Creates a new Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent.
+  #
+  # Set a +name+ for fun.  Your library name should be good enough, but this
+  # otherwise has no purpose.
+  #
+  # +proxy+ may be set to a Bundler::URI::HTTP or :ENV to pick up proxy options from
+  # the environment.  See proxy_from_env for details.
+  #
+  # In order to use a Bundler::URI for the proxy you may need to do some extra work
+  # beyond Bundler::URI parsing if the proxy requires a password:
+  #
+  #   proxy = Bundler::URI 'http://proxy.example'
+  #   proxy.user     = 'AzureDiamond'
+  #   proxy.password = 'hunter2'
+  #
+  # Set +pool_size+ to limit the maximum number of connections allowed.
+  # Defaults to 1/4 the number of allowed file handles or 256 if your OS does
+  # not support a limit on allowed file handles.  You can have no more than
+  # this many threads with active HTTP transactions.
+
+  def initialize name: nil, proxy: nil, pool_size: DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE
+    @name = name
+
+    @debug_output     = nil
+    @proxy_uri        = nil
+    @no_proxy         = []
+    @headers          = {}
+    @override_headers = {}
+    @http_versions    = {}
+    @keep_alive       = 30
+    @open_timeout     = nil
+    @read_timeout     = nil
+    @write_timeout    = nil
+    @idle_timeout     = 5
+    @max_requests     = nil
+    @max_retries      = 1
+    @socket_options   = []
+    @ssl_generation   = 0 # incremented when SSL session variables change
+
+    @socket_options << [Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1] if
+      Socket.const_defined? :TCP_NODELAY
+
+    @pool = Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::Pool.new size: pool_size do |http_args|
+      Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::Connection.new Net::HTTP, http_args, @ssl_generation
+    end
+
+    @certificate        = nil
+    @ca_file            = nil
+    @ca_path            = nil
+    @ciphers            = nil
+    @private_key        = nil
+    @ssl_timeout        = nil
+    @ssl_version        = nil
+    @min_version        = nil
+    @max_version        = nil
+    @verify_callback    = nil
+    @verify_depth       = nil
+    @verify_mode        = nil
+    @cert_store         = nil
+
+    @generation         = 0 # incremented when proxy Bundler::URI changes
+
+    if HAVE_OPENSSL then
+      @verify_mode        = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
+      @reuse_ssl_sessions = OpenSSL::SSL.const_defined? :Session
+    end
+
+    self.proxy = proxy if proxy
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Sets this client's OpenSSL::X509::Certificate
+
+  def certificate= certificate
+    @certificate = certificate
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  # For Net::HTTP parity
+  alias cert= certificate=
+
+  ##
+  # Sets the SSL certificate authority file.
+
+  def ca_file= file
+    @ca_file = file
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Sets the SSL certificate authority path.
+
+  def ca_path= path
+    @ca_path = path
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Overrides the default SSL certificate store used for verifying
+  # connections.
+
+  def cert_store= store
+    @cert_store = store
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The ciphers allowed for SSL connections
+
+  def ciphers= ciphers
+    @ciphers = ciphers
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Creates a new connection for +uri+
+
+  def connection_for uri
+    use_ssl = uri.scheme.downcase == 'https'
+
+    net_http_args = [uri.hostname, uri.port]
+
+    # I'm unsure if uri.host or uri.hostname should be checked against
+    # the proxy bypass list.
+    if @proxy_uri and not proxy_bypass? uri.host, uri.port then
+      net_http_args.concat @proxy_args
+    else
+      net_http_args.concat [nil, nil, nil, nil]
+    end
+
+    connection = @pool.checkout net_http_args
+
+    http = connection.http
+
+    connection.ressl @ssl_generation if
+      connection.ssl_generation != @ssl_generation
+
+    if not http.started? then
+      ssl   http if use_ssl
+      start http
+    elsif expired? connection then
+      reset connection
+    end
+
+    http.keep_alive_timeout = @idle_timeout  if @idle_timeout
+    http.max_retries        = @max_retries   if http.respond_to?(:max_retries=)
+    http.read_timeout       = @read_timeout  if @read_timeout
+    http.write_timeout      = @write_timeout if
+      @write_timeout && http.respond_to?(:write_timeout=)
+
+    return yield connection
+  rescue Errno::ECONNREFUSED
+    address = http.proxy_address || http.address
+    port    = http.proxy_port    || http.port
+
+    raise Error, "connection refused: #{address}:#{port}"
+  rescue Errno::EHOSTDOWN
+    address = http.proxy_address || http.address
+    port    = http.proxy_port    || http.port
+
+    raise Error, "host down: #{address}:#{port}"
+  ensure
+    @pool.checkin net_http_args
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # CGI::escape wrapper
+
+  def escape str
+    CGI.escape str if str
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # CGI::unescape wrapper
+
+  def unescape str
+    CGI.unescape str if str
+  end
+
+
+  ##
+  # Returns true if the connection should be reset due to an idle timeout, or
+  # maximum request count, false otherwise.
+
+  def expired? connection
+    return true  if     @max_requests && connection.requests >= @max_requests
+    return false unless @idle_timeout
+    return true  if     @idle_timeout.zero?
+
+    Time.now - connection.last_use > @idle_timeout
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Starts the Net::HTTP +connection+
+
+  def start http
+    http.set_debug_output @debug_output if @debug_output
+    http.open_timeout = @open_timeout if @open_timeout
+
+    http.start
+
+    socket = http.instance_variable_get :@socket
+
+    if socket then # for fakeweb
+      @socket_options.each do |option|
+        socket.io.setsockopt(*option)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Finishes the Net::HTTP +connection+
+
+  def finish connection
+    connection.finish
+
+    connection.http.instance_variable_set :@last_communicated, nil
+    connection.http.instance_variable_set :@ssl_session, nil unless
+      @reuse_ssl_sessions
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns the HTTP protocol version for +uri+
+
+  def http_version uri
+    @http_versions["#{uri.hostname}:#{uri.port}"]
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Adds "http://" to the String +uri+ if it is missing.
+
+  def normalize_uri uri
+    (uri =~ /^https?:/) ? uri : "http://#{uri}"
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Set the maximum number of retries for a request.
+  #
+  # Defaults to one retry.
+  #
+  # Set this to 0 to disable retries.
+
+  def max_retries= retries
+    retries = retries.to_int
+
+    raise ArgumentError, "max_retries must be positive" if retries < 0
+
+    @max_retries = retries
+
+    reconnect
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Sets this client's SSL private key
+
+  def private_key= key
+    @private_key = key
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  # For Net::HTTP parity
+  alias key= private_key=
+
+  ##
+  # Sets the proxy server.  The +proxy+ may be the Bundler::URI of the proxy server,
+  # the symbol +:ENV+ which will read the proxy from the environment or nil to
+  # disable use of a proxy.  See #proxy_from_env for details on setting the
+  # proxy from the environment.
+  #
+  # If the proxy Bundler::URI is set after requests have been made, the next request
+  # will shut-down and re-open all connections.
+  #
+  # The +no_proxy+ query parameter can be used to specify hosts which shouldn't
+  # be reached via proxy; if set it should be a comma separated list of
+  # hostname suffixes, optionally with +:port+ appended, for example
+  # <tt>example.com,some.host:8080</tt>.
+
+  def proxy= proxy
+    @proxy_uri = case proxy
+                 when :ENV      then proxy_from_env
+                 when Bundler::URI::HTTP then proxy
+                 when nil       then # ignore
+                 else raise ArgumentError, 'proxy must be :ENV or a Bundler::URI::HTTP'
+                 end
+
+    @no_proxy.clear
+
+    if @proxy_uri then
+      @proxy_args = [
+        @proxy_uri.hostname,
+        @proxy_uri.port,
+        unescape(@proxy_uri.user),
+        unescape(@proxy_uri.password),
+      ]
+
+      @proxy_connection_id = [nil, *@proxy_args].join ':'
+
+      if @proxy_uri.query then
+        @no_proxy = CGI.parse(@proxy_uri.query)['no_proxy'].join(',').downcase.split(',').map { |x| x.strip }.reject { |x| x.empty? }
+      end
+    end
+
+    reconnect
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Creates a Bundler::URI for an HTTP proxy server from ENV variables.
+  #
+  # If +HTTP_PROXY+ is set a proxy will be returned.
+  #
+  # If +HTTP_PROXY_USER+ or +HTTP_PROXY_PASS+ are set the Bundler::URI is given the
+  # indicated user and password unless HTTP_PROXY contains either of these in
+  # the Bundler::URI.
+  #
+  # The +NO_PROXY+ ENV variable can be used to specify hosts which shouldn't
+  # be reached via proxy; if set it should be a comma separated list of
+  # hostname suffixes, optionally with +:port+ appended, for example
+  # <tt>example.com,some.host:8080</tt>. When set to <tt>*</tt> no proxy will
+  # be returned.
+  #
+  # For Windows users, lowercase ENV variables are preferred over uppercase ENV
+  # variables.
+
+  def proxy_from_env
+    env_proxy = ENV['http_proxy'] || ENV['HTTP_PROXY']
+
+    return nil if env_proxy.nil? or env_proxy.empty?
+
+    uri = Bundler::URI normalize_uri env_proxy
+
+    env_no_proxy = ENV['no_proxy'] || ENV['NO_PROXY']
+
+    # '*' is special case for always bypass
+    return nil if env_no_proxy == '*'
+
+    if env_no_proxy then
+      uri.query = "no_proxy=#{escape(env_no_proxy)}"
+    end
+
+    unless uri.user or uri.password then
+      uri.user     = escape ENV['http_proxy_user'] || ENV['HTTP_PROXY_USER']
+      uri.password = escape ENV['http_proxy_pass'] || ENV['HTTP_PROXY_PASS']
+    end
+
+    uri
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns true when proxy should by bypassed for host.
+
+  def proxy_bypass? host, port
+    host = host.downcase
+    host_port = [host, port].join ':'
+
+    @no_proxy.each do |name|
+      return true if host[-name.length, name.length] == name or
+         host_port[-name.length, name.length] == name
+    end
+
+    false
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Forces reconnection of all HTTP connections, including TLS/SSL
+  # connections.
+
+  def reconnect
+    @generation += 1
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Forces reconnection of only TLS/SSL connections.
+
+  def reconnect_ssl
+    @ssl_generation += 1
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Finishes then restarts the Net::HTTP +connection+
+
+  def reset connection
+    http = connection.http
+
+    finish connection
+
+    start http
+  rescue Errno::ECONNREFUSED
+    e = Error.new "connection refused: #{http.address}:#{http.port}"
+    e.set_backtrace $@
+    raise e
+  rescue Errno::EHOSTDOWN
+    e = Error.new "host down: #{http.address}:#{http.port}"
+    e.set_backtrace $@
+    raise e
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Makes a request on +uri+.  If +req+ is nil a Net::HTTP::Get is performed
+  # against +uri+.
+  #
+  # If a block is passed #request behaves like Net::HTTP#request (the body of
+  # the response will not have been read).
+  #
+  # +req+ must be a Net::HTTPGenericRequest subclass (see Net::HTTP for a list).
+
+  def request uri, req = nil, &block
+    uri      = Bundler::URI uri
+    req      = request_setup req || uri
+    response = nil
+
+    connection_for uri do |connection|
+      http = connection.http
+
+      begin
+        connection.requests += 1
+
+        response = http.request req, &block
+
+        if req.connection_close? or
+          (response.http_version <= '1.0' and
+            not response.connection_keep_alive?) or
+            response.connection_close? then
+          finish connection
+        end
+      rescue Exception # make sure to close the connection when it was interrupted
+        finish connection
+
+        raise
+      ensure
+        connection.last_use = Time.now
+      end
+    end
+
+    @http_versions["#{uri.hostname}:#{uri.port}"] ||= response.http_version
+
+    response
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Creates a GET request if +req_or_uri+ is a Bundler::URI and adds headers to the
+  # request.
+  #
+  # Returns the request.
+
+  def request_setup req_or_uri # :nodoc:
+    req = if req_or_uri.respond_to? 'request_uri' then
+            Net::HTTP::Get.new req_or_uri.request_uri
+          else
+            req_or_uri
+          end
+
+    @headers.each do |pair|
+      req.add_field(*pair)
+    end
+
+    @override_headers.each do |name, value|
+      req[name] = value
+    end
+
+    unless req['Connection'] then
+      req.add_field 'Connection', 'keep-alive'
+      req.add_field 'Keep-Alive', @keep_alive
+    end
+
+    req
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Shuts down all connections
+  #
+  # *NOTE*: Calling shutdown for can be dangerous!
+  #
+  # If any thread is still using a connection it may cause an error!  Call
+  # #shutdown when you are completely done making requests!
+
+  def shutdown
+    @pool.shutdown { |http| http.finish }
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Enables SSL on +connection+
+
+  def ssl connection
+    connection.use_ssl = true
+
+    connection.ciphers     = @ciphers     if @ciphers
+    connection.ssl_timeout = @ssl_timeout if @ssl_timeout
+    connection.ssl_version = @ssl_version if @ssl_version
+    connection.min_version = @min_version if @min_version
+    connection.max_version = @max_version if @max_version
+
+    connection.verify_depth = @verify_depth
+    connection.verify_mode  = @verify_mode
+
+    if OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER == OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE and
+       not Object.const_defined?(:I_KNOW_THAT_OPENSSL_VERIFY_PEER_EQUALS_VERIFY_NONE_IS_WRONG) then
+      warn <<-WARNING
+                             !!!SECURITY WARNING!!!
+
+The SSL HTTP connection to:
+
+  #{connection.address}:#{connection.port}
+
+                           !!!MAY NOT BE VERIFIED!!!
+
+On your platform your OpenSSL implementation is broken.
+
+There is no difference between the values of VERIFY_NONE and VERIFY_PEER.
+
+This means that attempting to verify the security of SSL connections may not
+work.  This exposes you to man-in-the-middle exploits, snooping on the
+contents of your connection and other dangers to the security of your data.
+
+To disable this warning define the following constant at top-level in your
+application:
+
+  I_KNOW_THAT_OPENSSL_VERIFY_PEER_EQUALS_VERIFY_NONE_IS_WRONG = nil
+
+      WARNING
+    end
+
+    connection.ca_file = @ca_file if @ca_file
+    connection.ca_path = @ca_path if @ca_path
+
+    if @ca_file or @ca_path then
+      connection.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
+      connection.verify_callback = @verify_callback if @verify_callback
+    end
+
+    if @certificate and @private_key then
+      connection.cert = @certificate
+      connection.key  = @private_key
+    end
+
+    connection.cert_store = if @cert_store then
+                              @cert_store
+                            else
+                              store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
+                              store.set_default_paths
+                              store
+                            end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # SSL session lifetime
+
+  def ssl_timeout= ssl_timeout
+    @ssl_timeout = ssl_timeout
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # SSL version to use
+
+  def ssl_version= ssl_version
+    @ssl_version = ssl_version
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Minimum SSL version to use
+
+  def min_version= min_version
+    @min_version = min_version
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # maximum SSL version to use
+
+  def max_version= max_version
+    @max_version = max_version
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Sets the depth of SSL certificate verification
+
+  def verify_depth= verify_depth
+    @verify_depth = verify_depth
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Sets the HTTPS verify mode.  Defaults to OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.
+  #
+  # Setting this to VERIFY_NONE is a VERY BAD IDEA and should NEVER be used.
+  # Securely transfer the correct certificate and update the default
+  # certificate store or set the ca file instead.
+
+  def verify_mode= verify_mode
+    @verify_mode = verify_mode
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # SSL verification callback.
+
+  def verify_callback= callback
+    @verify_callback = callback
+
+    reconnect_ssl
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative 'persistent/connection'
+require_relative 'persistent/pool'
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/connection.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/connection.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a57a5d1352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/connection.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+##
+# A Net::HTTP connection wrapper that holds extra information for managing the
+# connection's lifetime.
+
+class Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::Connection # :nodoc:
+
+  attr_accessor :http
+
+  attr_accessor :last_use
+
+  attr_accessor :requests
+
+  attr_accessor :ssl_generation
+
+  def initialize http_class, http_args, ssl_generation
+    @http           = http_class.new(*http_args)
+    @ssl_generation = ssl_generation
+
+    reset
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    @http.finish
+  rescue IOError
+  ensure
+    reset
+  end
+
+  def reset
+    @last_use = Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::EPOCH
+    @requests = 0
+  end
+
+  def ressl ssl_generation
+    @ssl_generation = ssl_generation
+
+    finish
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/pool.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/pool.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9dfa6ffdb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/pool.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+class Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::Pool < Bundler::ConnectionPool # :nodoc:
+
+  attr_reader :available # :nodoc:
+  attr_reader :key # :nodoc:
+
+  def initialize(options = {}, &block)
+    super
+
+    @available = Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::TimedStackMulti.new(@size, &block)
+    @key = "current-#{@available.object_id}"
+  end
+
+  def checkin net_http_args
+    stack = Thread.current[@key][net_http_args] ||= []
+
+    raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::Error, 'no connections are checked out' if
+      stack.empty?
+
+    conn = stack.pop
+
+    if stack.empty?
+      @available.push conn, connection_args: net_http_args
+
+      Thread.current[@key].delete(net_http_args)
+      Thread.current[@key] = nil if Thread.current[@key].empty?
+    end
+
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def checkout net_http_args
+    stacks = Thread.current[@key] ||= {}
+    stack  = stacks[net_http_args] ||= []
+
+    if stack.empty? then
+      conn = @available.pop connection_args: net_http_args
+    else
+      conn = stack.last
+    end
+
+    stack.push conn
+
+    conn
+  end
+
+  def shutdown
+    Thread.current[@key] = nil
+    super
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative 'timed_stack_multi'
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/timed_stack_multi.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/timed_stack_multi.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2da881c554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent/timed_stack_multi.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+class Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::TimedStackMulti < Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
+  # Returns a new hash that has arrays for keys
+  #
+  # Using a class method to limit the bindings referenced by the hash's
+  # default_proc
+
+  def self.hash_of_arrays # :nodoc:
+    Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+  end
+
+  def initialize(size = 0, &block)
+    super
+
+    @enqueued = 0
+    @ques = self.class.hash_of_arrays
+    @lru = {}
+    @key = :"connection_args-#{object_id}"
+  end
+
+  def empty?
+    (@created - @enqueued) >= @max
+  end
+
+  def length
+    @max - @created + @enqueued
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def connection_stored? options = {} # :nodoc:
+    !@ques[options[:connection_args]].empty?
+  end
+
+  def fetch_connection options = {} # :nodoc:
+    connection_args = options[:connection_args]
+
+    @enqueued -= 1
+    lru_update connection_args
+    @ques[connection_args].pop
+  end
+
+  def lru_update connection_args # :nodoc:
+    @lru.delete connection_args
+    @lru[connection_args] = true
+  end
+
+  def shutdown_connections # :nodoc:
+    @ques.each_key do |key|
+      super connection_args: key
+    end
+  end
+
+  def store_connection obj, options = {} # :nodoc:
+    @ques[options[:connection_args]].push obj
+    @enqueued += 1
+  end
+
+  def try_create options = {} # :nodoc:
+    connection_args = options[:connection_args]
+
+    if @created >= @max && @enqueued >= 1
+      oldest, = @lru.first
+      @lru.delete oldest
+      @ques[oldest].pop
+
+      @created -= 1
+    end
+
+    if @created < @max
+      @created += 1
+      lru_update connection_args
+      return @create_block.call(connection_args)
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/LICENSE.md b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/LICENSE.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef80540b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/LICENSE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Copyright (c) 2008 Yehuda Katz, Eric Hodel, et al.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0794dbb522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+require_relative "thor/base"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  $thor_runner ||= false
+  class << self
+    # Allows for custom "Command" package naming.
+    #
+    # === Parameters
+    # name<String>
+    # options<Hash>
+    #
+    def package_name(name, _ = {})
+      @package_name = name.nil? || name == "" ? nil : name
+    end
+
+    # Sets the default command when thor is executed without an explicit command to be called.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # meth<Symbol>:: name of the default command
+    #
+    def default_command(meth = nil)
+      if meth
+        @default_command = meth == :none ? "help" : meth.to_s
+      else
+        @default_command ||= from_superclass(:default_command, "help")
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :default_task, :default_command
+
+    # Registers another Bundler::Thor subclass as a command.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # klass<Class>:: Bundler::Thor subclass to register
+    # command<String>:: Subcommand name to use
+    # usage<String>:: Short usage for the subcommand
+    # description<String>:: Description for the subcommand
+    def register(klass, subcommand_name, usage, description, options = {})
+      if klass <= Bundler::Thor::Group
+        desc usage, description, options
+        define_method(subcommand_name) { |*args| invoke(klass, args) }
+      else
+        desc usage, description, options
+        subcommand subcommand_name, klass
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Defines the usage and the description of the next command.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # usage<String>
+    # description<String>
+    # options<String>
+    #
+    def desc(usage, description, options = {})
+      if options[:for]
+        command = find_and_refresh_command(options[:for])
+        command.usage = usage             if usage
+        command.description = description if description
+      else
+        @usage = usage
+        @desc = description
+        @hide = options[:hide] || false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Defines the long description of the next command.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # long description<String>
+    #
+    def long_desc(long_description, options = {})
+      if options[:for]
+        command = find_and_refresh_command(options[:for])
+        command.long_description = long_description if long_description
+      else
+        @long_desc = long_description
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Maps an input to a command. If you define:
+    #
+    #   map "-T" => "list"
+    #
+    # Running:
+    #
+    #   thor -T
+    #
+    # Will invoke the list command.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # Hash[String|Array => Symbol]:: Maps the string or the strings in the array to the given command.
+    #
+    def map(mappings = nil, **kw)
+      @map ||= from_superclass(:map, {})
+
+      if mappings && !kw.empty?
+        mappings = kw.merge!(mappings)
+      else
+        mappings ||= kw
+      end
+      if mappings
+        mappings.each do |key, value|
+          if key.respond_to?(:each)
+            key.each { |subkey| @map[subkey] = value }
+          else
+            @map[key] = value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      @map
+    end
+
+    # Declares the options for the next command to be declared.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # Hash[Symbol => Object]:: The hash key is the name of the option and the value
+    # is the type of the option. Can be :string, :array, :hash, :boolean, :numeric
+    # or :required (string). If you give a value, the type of the value is used.
+    #
+    def method_options(options = nil)
+      @method_options ||= {}
+      build_options(options, @method_options) if options
+      @method_options
+    end
+
+    alias_method :options, :method_options
+
+    # Adds an option to the set of method options. If :for is given as option,
+    # it allows you to change the options from a previous defined command.
+    #
+    #   def previous_command
+    #     # magic
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   method_option :foo => :bar, :for => :previous_command
+    #
+    #   def next_command
+    #     # magic
+    #   end
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # name<Symbol>:: The name of the argument.
+    # options<Hash>:: Described below.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # :desc     - Description for the argument.
+    # :required - If the argument is required or not.
+    # :default  - Default value for this argument. It cannot be required and have default values.
+    # :aliases  - Aliases for this option.
+    # :type     - The type of the argument, can be :string, :hash, :array, :numeric or :boolean.
+    # :banner   - String to show on usage notes.
+    # :hide     - If you want to hide this option from the help.
+    #
+    def method_option(name, options = {})
+      scope = if options[:for]
+        find_and_refresh_command(options[:for]).options
+      else
+        method_options
+      end
+
+      build_option(name, options, scope)
+    end
+    alias_method :option, :method_option
+
+    # Prints help information for the given command.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # shell<Bundler::Thor::Shell>
+    # command_name<String>
+    #
+    def command_help(shell, command_name)
+      meth = normalize_command_name(command_name)
+      command = all_commands[meth]
+      handle_no_command_error(meth) unless command
+
+      shell.say "Usage:"
+      shell.say "  #{banner(command).split("\n").join("\n  ")}"
+      shell.say
+      class_options_help(shell, nil => command.options.values)
+      if command.long_description
+        shell.say "Description:"
+        shell.print_wrapped(command.long_description, :indent => 2)
+      else
+        shell.say command.description
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :task_help, :command_help
+
+    # Prints help information for this class.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # shell<Bundler::Thor::Shell>
+    #
+    def help(shell, subcommand = false)
+      list = printable_commands(true, subcommand)
+      Bundler::Thor::Util.thor_classes_in(self).each do |klass|
+        list += klass.printable_commands(false)
+      end
+      list.sort! { |a, b| a[0] <=> b[0] }
+
+      if defined?(@package_name) && @package_name
+        shell.say "#{@package_name} commands:"
+      else
+        shell.say "Commands:"
+      end
+
+      shell.print_table(list, :indent => 2, :truncate => true)
+      shell.say
+      class_options_help(shell)
+    end
+
+    # Returns commands ready to be printed.
+    def printable_commands(all = true, subcommand = false)
+      (all ? all_commands : commands).map do |_, command|
+        next if command.hidden?
+        item = []
+        item << banner(command, false, subcommand)
+        item << (command.description ? "# #{command.description.gsub(/\s+/m, ' ')}" : "")
+        item
+      end.compact
+    end
+    alias_method :printable_tasks, :printable_commands
+
+    def subcommands
+      @subcommands ||= from_superclass(:subcommands, [])
+    end
+    alias_method :subtasks, :subcommands
+
+    def subcommand_classes
+      @subcommand_classes ||= {}
+    end
+
+    def subcommand(subcommand, subcommand_class)
+      subcommands << subcommand.to_s
+      subcommand_class.subcommand_help subcommand
+      subcommand_classes[subcommand.to_s] = subcommand_class
+
+      define_method(subcommand) do |*args|
+        args, opts = Bundler::Thor::Arguments.split(args)
+        invoke_args = [args, opts, {:invoked_via_subcommand => true, :class_options => options}]
+        invoke_args.unshift "help" if opts.delete("--help") || opts.delete("-h")
+        invoke subcommand_class, *invoke_args
+      end
+      subcommand_class.commands.each do |_meth, command|
+        command.ancestor_name = subcommand
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :subtask, :subcommand
+
+    # Extend check unknown options to accept a hash of conditions.
+    #
+    # === Parameters
+    # options<Hash>: A hash containing :only and/or :except keys
+    def check_unknown_options!(options = {})
+      @check_unknown_options ||= {}
+      options.each do |key, value|
+        if value
+          @check_unknown_options[key] = Array(value)
+        else
+          @check_unknown_options.delete(key)
+        end
+      end
+      @check_unknown_options
+    end
+
+    # Overwrite check_unknown_options? to take subcommands and options into account.
+    def check_unknown_options?(config) #:nodoc:
+      options = check_unknown_options
+      return false unless options
+
+      command = config[:current_command]
+      return true unless command
+
+      name = command.name
+
+      if subcommands.include?(name)
+        false
+      elsif options[:except]
+        !options[:except].include?(name.to_sym)
+      elsif options[:only]
+        options[:only].include?(name.to_sym)
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Stop parsing of options as soon as an unknown option or a regular
+    # argument is encountered.  All remaining arguments are passed to the command.
+    # This is useful if you have a command that can receive arbitrary additional
+    # options, and where those additional options should not be handled by
+    # Bundler::Thor.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    # To better understand how this is useful, let's consider a command that calls
+    # an external command.  A user may want to pass arbitrary options and
+    # arguments to that command.  The command itself also accepts some options,
+    # which should be handled by Bundler::Thor.
+    #
+    #   class_option "verbose",  :type => :boolean
+    #   stop_on_unknown_option! :exec
+    #   check_unknown_options!  :except => :exec
+    #
+    #   desc "exec", "Run a shell command"
+    #   def exec(*args)
+    #     puts "diagnostic output" if options[:verbose]
+    #     Kernel.exec(*args)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Here +exec+ can be called with +--verbose+ to get diagnostic output,
+    # e.g.:
+    #
+    #   $ thor exec --verbose echo foo
+    #   diagnostic output
+    #   foo
+    #
+    # But if +--verbose+ is given after +echo+, it is passed to +echo+ instead:
+    #
+    #   $ thor exec echo --verbose foo
+    #   --verbose foo
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # Symbol ...:: A list of commands that should be affected.
+    def stop_on_unknown_option!(*command_names)
+      @stop_on_unknown_option = stop_on_unknown_option | command_names
+    end
+
+    def stop_on_unknown_option?(command) #:nodoc:
+      command && stop_on_unknown_option.include?(command.name.to_sym)
+    end
+
+    # Disable the check for required options for the given commands.
+    # This is useful if you have a command that does not need the required options
+    # to work, like help.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # Symbol ...:: A list of commands that should be affected.
+    def disable_required_check!(*command_names)
+      @disable_required_check = disable_required_check | command_names
+    end
+
+    def disable_required_check?(command) #:nodoc:
+      command && disable_required_check.include?(command.name.to_sym)
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    def stop_on_unknown_option #:nodoc:
+      @stop_on_unknown_option ||= []
+    end
+
+    # help command has the required check disabled by default.
+    def disable_required_check #:nodoc:
+      @disable_required_check ||= [:help]
+    end
+
+    # The method responsible for dispatching given the args.
+    def dispatch(meth, given_args, given_opts, config) #:nodoc: # rubocop:disable MethodLength
+      meth ||= retrieve_command_name(given_args)
+      command = all_commands[normalize_command_name(meth)]
+
+      if !command && config[:invoked_via_subcommand]
+        # We're a subcommand and our first argument didn't match any of our
+        # commands. So we put it back and call our default command.
+        given_args.unshift(meth)
+        command = all_commands[normalize_command_name(default_command)]
+      end
+
+      if command
+        args, opts = Bundler::Thor::Options.split(given_args)
+        if stop_on_unknown_option?(command) && !args.empty?
+          # given_args starts with a non-option, so we treat everything as
+          # ordinary arguments
+          args.concat opts
+          opts.clear
+        end
+      else
+        args = given_args
+        opts = nil
+        command = dynamic_command_class.new(meth)
+      end
+
+      opts = given_opts || opts || []
+      config[:current_command] = command
+      config[:command_options] = command.options
+
+      instance = new(args, opts, config)
+      yield instance if block_given?
+      args = instance.args
+      trailing = args[Range.new(arguments.size, -1)]
+      instance.invoke_command(command, trailing || [])
+    end
+
+    # The banner for this class. You can customize it if you are invoking the
+    # thor class by another ways which is not the Bundler::Thor::Runner. It receives
+    # the command that is going to be invoked and a boolean which indicates if
+    # the namespace should be displayed as arguments.
+    #
+    def banner(command, namespace = nil, subcommand = false)
+      command.formatted_usage(self, $thor_runner, subcommand).split("\n").map do |formatted_usage|
+        "#{basename} #{formatted_usage}"
+      end.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    def baseclass #:nodoc:
+      Bundler::Thor
+    end
+
+    def dynamic_command_class #:nodoc:
+      Bundler::Thor::DynamicCommand
+    end
+
+    def create_command(meth) #:nodoc:
+      @usage ||= nil
+      @desc ||= nil
+      @long_desc ||= nil
+      @hide ||= nil
+
+      if @usage && @desc
+        base_class = @hide ? Bundler::Thor::HiddenCommand : Bundler::Thor::Command
+        commands[meth] = base_class.new(meth, @desc, @long_desc, @usage, method_options)
+        @usage, @desc, @long_desc, @method_options, @hide = nil
+        true
+      elsif all_commands[meth] || meth == "method_missing"
+        true
+      else
+        puts "[WARNING] Attempted to create command #{meth.inspect} without usage or description. " \
+             "Call desc if you want this method to be available as command or declare it inside a " \
+             "no_commands{} block. Invoked from #{caller[1].inspect}."
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :create_task, :create_command
+
+    def initialize_added #:nodoc:
+      class_options.merge!(method_options)
+      @method_options = nil
+    end
+
+    # Retrieve the command name from given args.
+    def retrieve_command_name(args) #:nodoc:
+      meth = args.first.to_s unless args.empty?
+      args.shift if meth && (map[meth] || meth !~ /^\-/)
+    end
+    alias_method :retrieve_task_name, :retrieve_command_name
+
+    # receives a (possibly nil) command name and returns a name that is in
+    # the commands hash. In addition to normalizing aliases, this logic
+    # will determine if a shortened command is an unambiguous substring of
+    # a command or alias.
+    #
+    # +normalize_command_name+ also converts names like +animal-prison+
+    # into +animal_prison+.
+    def normalize_command_name(meth) #:nodoc:
+      return default_command.to_s.tr("-", "_") unless meth
+
+      possibilities = find_command_possibilities(meth)
+      raise AmbiguousTaskError, "Ambiguous command #{meth} matches [#{possibilities.join(', ')}]" if possibilities.size > 1
+
+      if possibilities.empty?
+        meth ||= default_command
+      elsif map[meth]
+        meth = map[meth]
+      else
+        meth = possibilities.first
+      end
+
+      meth.to_s.tr("-", "_") # treat foo-bar as foo_bar
+    end
+    alias_method :normalize_task_name, :normalize_command_name
+
+    # this is the logic that takes the command name passed in by the user
+    # and determines whether it is an unambiguous substrings of a command or
+    # alias name.
+    def find_command_possibilities(meth)
+      len = meth.to_s.length
+      possibilities = all_commands.merge(map).keys.select { |n| meth == n[0, len] }.sort
+      unique_possibilities = possibilities.map { |k| map[k] || k }.uniq
+
+      if possibilities.include?(meth)
+        [meth]
+      elsif unique_possibilities.size == 1
+        unique_possibilities
+      else
+        possibilities
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :find_task_possibilities, :find_command_possibilities
+
+    def subcommand_help(cmd)
+      desc "help [COMMAND]", "Describe subcommands or one specific subcommand"
+      class_eval "
+        def help(command = nil, subcommand = true); super; end
+"
+    end
+    alias_method :subtask_help, :subcommand_help
+  end
+
+  include Bundler::Thor::Base
+
+  map HELP_MAPPINGS => :help
+
+  desc "help [COMMAND]", "Describe available commands or one specific command"
+  def help(command = nil, subcommand = false)
+    if command
+      if self.class.subcommands.include? command
+        self.class.subcommand_classes[command].help(shell, true)
+      else
+        self.class.command_help(shell, command)
+      end
+    else
+      self.class.help(shell, subcommand)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de9323b2db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+require_relative "actions/create_file"
+require_relative "actions/create_link"
+require_relative "actions/directory"
+require_relative "actions/empty_directory"
+require_relative "actions/file_manipulation"
+require_relative "actions/inject_into_file"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Actions
+    attr_accessor :behavior
+
+    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+      super(base)
+      base.extend ClassMethods
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Hold source paths for one Bundler::Thor instance. source_paths_for_search is the
+      # method responsible to gather source_paths from this current class,
+      # inherited paths and the source root.
+      #
+      def source_paths
+        @_source_paths ||= []
+      end
+
+      # Stores and return the source root for this class
+      def source_root(path = nil)
+        @_source_root = path if path
+        @_source_root ||= nil
+      end
+
+      # Returns the source paths in the following order:
+      #
+      #   1) This class source paths
+      #   2) Source root
+      #   3) Parents source paths
+      #
+      def source_paths_for_search
+        paths = []
+        paths += source_paths
+        paths << source_root if source_root
+        paths += from_superclass(:source_paths, [])
+        paths
+      end
+
+      # Add runtime options that help actions execution.
+      #
+      def add_runtime_options!
+        class_option :force, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-f", :group => :runtime,
+                             :desc => "Overwrite files that already exist"
+
+        class_option :pretend, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-p", :group => :runtime,
+                               :desc => "Run but do not make any changes"
+
+        class_option :quiet, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-q", :group => :runtime,
+                             :desc => "Suppress status output"
+
+        class_option :skip, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-s", :group => :runtime,
+                            :desc => "Skip files that already exist"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Extends initializer to add more configuration options.
+    #
+    # ==== Configuration
+    # behavior<Symbol>:: The actions default behavior. Can be :invoke or :revoke.
+    #                    It also accepts :force, :skip and :pretend to set the behavior
+    #                    and the respective option.
+    #
+    # destination_root<String>:: The root directory needed for some actions.
+    #
+    def initialize(args = [], options = {}, config = {})
+      self.behavior = case config[:behavior].to_s
+      when "force", "skip"
+        _cleanup_options_and_set(options, config[:behavior])
+        :invoke
+      when "revoke"
+        :revoke
+      else
+        :invoke
+      end
+
+      super
+      self.destination_root = config[:destination_root]
+    end
+
+    # Wraps an action object and call it accordingly to the thor class behavior.
+    #
+    def action(instance) #:nodoc:
+      if behavior == :revoke
+        instance.revoke!
+      else
+        instance.invoke!
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the root for this thor class (also aliased as destination root).
+    #
+    def destination_root
+      @destination_stack.last
+    end
+
+    # Sets the root for this thor class. Relatives path are added to the
+    # directory where the script was invoked and expanded.
+    #
+    def destination_root=(root)
+      @destination_stack ||= []
+      @destination_stack[0] = File.expand_path(root || "")
+    end
+
+    # Returns the given path relative to the absolute root (ie, root where
+    # the script started).
+    #
+    def relative_to_original_destination_root(path, remove_dot = true)
+      root = @destination_stack[0]
+      if path.start_with?(root) && [File::SEPARATOR, File::ALT_SEPARATOR, nil, ''].include?(path[root.size..root.size])
+        path = path.dup
+        path[0...root.size] = '.'
+        remove_dot ? (path[2..-1] || "") : path
+      else
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Holds source paths in instance so they can be manipulated.
+    #
+    def source_paths
+      @source_paths ||= self.class.source_paths_for_search
+    end
+
+    # Receives a file or directory and search for it in the source paths.
+    #
+    def find_in_source_paths(file)
+      possible_files = [file, file + TEMPLATE_EXTNAME]
+      relative_root = relative_to_original_destination_root(destination_root, false)
+
+      source_paths.each do |source|
+        possible_files.each do |f|
+          source_file = File.expand_path(f, File.join(source, relative_root))
+          return source_file if File.exist?(source_file)
+        end
+      end
+
+      message = "Could not find #{file.inspect} in any of your source paths. ".dup
+
+      unless self.class.source_root
+        message << "Please invoke #{self.class.name}.source_root(PATH) with the PATH containing your templates. "
+      end
+
+      message << if source_paths.empty?
+                   "Currently you have no source paths."
+                 else
+                   "Your current source paths are: \n#{source_paths.join("\n")}"
+                 end
+
+      raise Error, message
+    end
+
+    # Do something in the root or on a provided subfolder. If a relative path
+    # is given it's referenced from the current root. The full path is yielded
+    # to the block you provide. The path is set back to the previous path when
+    # the method exits.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # dir<String>:: the directory to move to.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => true to log and use padding.
+    #
+    def inside(dir = "", config = {}, &block)
+      verbose = config.fetch(:verbose, false)
+      pretend = options[:pretend]
+
+      say_status :inside, dir, verbose
+      shell.padding += 1 if verbose
+      @destination_stack.push File.expand_path(dir, destination_root)
+
+      # If the directory doesnt exist and we're not pretending
+      if !File.exist?(destination_root) && !pretend
+        require "fileutils"
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination_root)
+      end
+
+      if pretend
+        # In pretend mode, just yield down to the block
+        block.arity == 1 ? yield(destination_root) : yield
+      else
+        require "fileutils"
+        FileUtils.cd(destination_root) { block.arity == 1 ? yield(destination_root) : yield }
+      end
+
+      @destination_stack.pop
+      shell.padding -= 1 if verbose
+    end
+
+    # Goes to the root and execute the given block.
+    #
+    def in_root
+      inside(@destination_stack.first) { yield }
+    end
+
+    # Loads an external file and execute it in the instance binding.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: The path to the file to execute. Can be a web address or
+    #                a relative path from the source root.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   apply "http://gist.github.com/103208"
+    #
+    #   apply "recipes/jquery.rb"
+    #
+    def apply(path, config = {})
+      verbose = config.fetch(:verbose, true)
+      is_uri  = path =~ %r{^https?\://}
+      path    = find_in_source_paths(path) unless is_uri
+
+      say_status :apply, path, verbose
+      shell.padding += 1 if verbose
+
+      contents = if is_uri
+        require "open-uri"
+        URI.open(path, "Accept" => "application/x-thor-template", &:read)
+      else
+        open(path, &:read)
+      end
+
+      instance_eval(contents, path)
+      shell.padding -= 1 if verbose
+    end
+
+    # Executes a command returning the contents of the command.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # command<String>:: the command to be executed.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status, :capture => true to hide to output. Specify :with
+    #                to append an executable to command execution.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   inside('vendor') do
+    #     run('ln -s ~/edge rails')
+    #   end
+    #
+    def run(command, config = {})
+      return unless behavior == :invoke
+
+      destination = relative_to_original_destination_root(destination_root, false)
+      desc = "#{command} from #{destination.inspect}"
+
+      if config[:with]
+        desc = "#{File.basename(config[:with].to_s)} #{desc}"
+        command = "#{config[:with]} #{command}"
+      end
+
+      say_status :run, desc, config.fetch(:verbose, true)
+
+      return if options[:pretend]
+
+      env_splat = [config[:env]] if config[:env]
+
+      if config[:capture]
+        require "open3"
+        result, status = Open3.capture2e(*env_splat, command.to_s)
+        success = status.success?
+      else
+        result = system(*env_splat, command.to_s)
+        success = result
+      end
+
+      abort if !success && config.fetch(:abort_on_failure, self.class.exit_on_failure?)
+
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Executes a ruby script (taking into account WIN32 platform quirks).
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # command<String>:: the command to be executed.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    def run_ruby_script(command, config = {})
+      return unless behavior == :invoke
+      run command, config.merge(:with => Bundler::Thor::Util.ruby_command)
+    end
+
+    # Run a thor command. A hash of options can be given and it's converted to
+    # switches.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # command<String>:: the command to be invoked
+    # args<Array>:: arguments to the command
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status, :capture => true to hide to output.
+    #                Other options are given as parameter to Bundler::Thor.
+    #
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   thor :install, "http://gist.github.com/103208"
+    #   #=> thor install http://gist.github.com/103208
+    #
+    #   thor :list, :all => true, :substring => 'rails'
+    #   #=> thor list --all --substring=rails
+    #
+    def thor(command, *args)
+      config  = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      verbose = config.key?(:verbose) ? config.delete(:verbose) : true
+      pretend = config.key?(:pretend) ? config.delete(:pretend) : false
+      capture = config.key?(:capture) ? config.delete(:capture) : false
+
+      args.unshift(command)
+      args.push Bundler::Thor::Options.to_switches(config)
+      command = args.join(" ").strip
+
+      run command, :with => :thor, :verbose => verbose, :pretend => pretend, :capture => capture
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    # Allow current root to be shared between invocations.
+    #
+    def _shared_configuration #:nodoc:
+      super.merge!(:destination_root => destination_root)
+    end
+
+    def _cleanup_options_and_set(options, key) #:nodoc:
+      case options
+      when Array
+        %w(--force -f --skip -s).each { |i| options.delete(i) }
+        options << "--#{key}"
+      when Hash
+        [:force, :skip, "force", "skip"].each { |i| options.delete(i) }
+        options.merge!(key => true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/create_file.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/create_file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..330fc08cae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/create_file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+require_relative "empty_directory"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Actions
+    # Create a new file relative to the destination root with the given data,
+    # which is the return value of a block or a data string.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # data<String|NilClass>:: the data to append to the file.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   create_file "lib/fun_party.rb" do
+    #     hostname = ask("What is the virtual hostname I should use?")
+    #     "vhost.name = #{hostname}"
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   create_file "config/apache.conf", "your apache config"
+    #
+    def create_file(destination, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      data = args.first
+      action CreateFile.new(self, destination, block || data.to_s, config)
+    end
+    alias_method :add_file, :create_file
+
+    # CreateFile is a subset of Template, which instead of rendering a file with
+    # ERB, it gets the content from the user.
+    #
+    class CreateFile < EmptyDirectory #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :data
+
+      def initialize(base, destination, data, config = {})
+        @data = data
+        super(base, destination, config)
+      end
+
+      # Checks if the content of the file at the destination is identical to the rendered result.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Boolean:: true if it is identical, false otherwise.
+      #
+      def identical?
+        exists? && File.binread(destination) == render
+      end
+
+      # Holds the content to be added to the file.
+      #
+      def render
+        @render ||= if data.is_a?(Proc)
+          data.call
+        else
+          data
+        end
+      end
+
+      def invoke!
+        invoke_with_conflict_check do
+          require "fileutils"
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(destination))
+          File.open(destination, "wb") { |f| f.write render }
+        end
+        given_destination
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      # Now on conflict we check if the file is identical or not.
+      #
+      def on_conflict_behavior(&block)
+        if identical?
+          say_status :identical, :blue
+        else
+          options = base.options.merge(config)
+          force_or_skip_or_conflict(options[:force], options[:skip], &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # If force is true, run the action, otherwise check if it's not being
+      # skipped. If both are false, show the file_collision menu, if the menu
+      # returns true, force it, otherwise skip.
+      #
+      def force_or_skip_or_conflict(force, skip, &block)
+        if force
+          say_status :force, :yellow
+          yield unless pretend?
+        elsif skip
+          say_status :skip, :yellow
+        else
+          say_status :conflict, :red
+          force_or_skip_or_conflict(force_on_collision?, true, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Shows the file collision menu to the user and gets the result.
+      #
+      def force_on_collision?
+        base.shell.file_collision(destination) { render }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/create_link.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/create_link.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb76fcdbe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/create_link.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require_relative "create_file"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Actions
+    # Create a new file relative to the destination root from the given source.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # source<String|NilClass>:: the relative path to the source root.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #   :: give :symbolic => false for hard link.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   create_link "config/apache.conf", "/etc/apache.conf"
+    #
+    def create_link(destination, *args)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      source = args.first
+      action CreateLink.new(self, destination, source, config)
+    end
+    alias_method :add_link, :create_link
+
+    # CreateLink is a subset of CreateFile, which instead of taking a block of
+    # data, just takes a source string from the user.
+    #
+    class CreateLink < CreateFile #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :data
+
+      # Checks if the content of the file at the destination is identical to the rendered result.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Boolean:: true if it is identical, false otherwise.
+      #
+      def identical?
+        source = File.expand_path(render, File.dirname(destination))
+        exists? && File.identical?(source, destination)
+      end
+
+      def invoke!
+        invoke_with_conflict_check do
+          require "fileutils"
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(destination))
+          # Create a symlink by default
+          config[:symbolic] = true if config[:symbolic].nil?
+          File.unlink(destination) if exists?
+          if config[:symbolic]
+            File.symlink(render, destination)
+          else
+            File.link(render, destination)
+          end
+        end
+        given_destination
+      end
+
+      def exists?
+        super || File.symlink?(destination)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/directory.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/directory.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d37327a139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/directory.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+require_relative "empty_directory"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Actions
+    # Copies recursively the files from source directory to root directory.
+    # If any of the files finishes with .tt, it's considered to be a template
+    # and is placed in the destination without the extension .tt. If any
+    # empty directory is found, it's copied and all .empty_directory files are
+    # ignored. If any file name is wrapped within % signs, the text within
+    # the % signs will be executed as a method and replaced with the returned
+    # value. Let's suppose a doc directory with the following files:
+    #
+    #   doc/
+    #     components/.empty_directory
+    #     README
+    #     rdoc.rb.tt
+    #     %app_name%.rb
+    #
+    # When invoked as:
+    #
+    #   directory "doc"
+    #
+    # It will create a doc directory in the destination with the following
+    # files (assuming that the `app_name` method returns the value "blog"):
+    #
+    #   doc/
+    #     components/
+    #     README
+    #     rdoc.rb
+    #     blog.rb
+    #
+    # <b>Encoded path note:</b> Since Bundler::Thor internals use Object#respond_to? to check if it can
+    # expand %something%, this `something` should be a public method in the class calling
+    # #directory. If a method is private, Bundler::Thor stack raises PrivateMethodEncodedError.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # source<String>:: the relative path to the source root.
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #                If :recursive => false, does not look for paths recursively.
+    #                If :mode => :preserve, preserve the file mode from the source.
+    #                If :exclude_pattern => /regexp/, prevents copying files that match that regexp.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   directory "doc"
+    #   directory "doc", "docs", :recursive => false
+    #
+    def directory(source, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      destination = args.first || source
+      action Directory.new(self, source, destination || source, config, &block)
+    end
+
+    class Directory < EmptyDirectory #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :source
+
+      def initialize(base, source, destination = nil, config = {}, &block)
+        @source = File.expand_path(Dir[Util.escape_globs(base.find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))].first)
+        @block  = block
+        super(base, destination, {:recursive => true}.merge(config))
+      end
+
+      def invoke!
+        base.empty_directory given_destination, config
+        execute!
+      end
+
+      def revoke!
+        execute!
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def execute!
+        lookup = Util.escape_globs(source)
+        lookup = config[:recursive] ? File.join(lookup, "**") : lookup
+        lookup = file_level_lookup(lookup)
+
+        files(lookup).sort.each do |file_source|
+          next if File.directory?(file_source)
+          next if config[:exclude_pattern] && file_source.match(config[:exclude_pattern])
+          file_destination = File.join(given_destination, file_source.gsub(source, "."))
+          file_destination.gsub!("/./", "/")
+
+          case file_source
+          when /\.empty_directory$/
+            dirname = File.dirname(file_destination).gsub(%r{/\.$}, "")
+            next if dirname == given_destination
+            base.empty_directory(dirname, config)
+          when /#{TEMPLATE_EXTNAME}$/
+            base.template(file_source, file_destination[0..-4], config, &@block)
+          else
+            base.copy_file(file_source, file_destination, config, &@block)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def file_level_lookup(previous_lookup)
+        File.join(previous_lookup, "*")
+      end
+
+      def files(lookup)
+        Dir.glob(lookup, File::FNM_DOTMATCH)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/empty_directory.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/empty_directory.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..284d92c19a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/empty_directory.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Actions
+    # Creates an empty directory.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   empty_directory "doc"
+    #
+    def empty_directory(destination, config = {})
+      action EmptyDirectory.new(self, destination, config)
+    end
+
+    # Class which holds create directory logic. This is the base class for
+    # other actions like create_file and directory.
+    #
+    # This implementation is based in Templater actions, created by Jonas Nicklas
+    # and Michael S. Klishin under MIT LICENSE.
+    #
+    class EmptyDirectory #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :base, :destination, :given_destination, :relative_destination, :config
+
+      # Initializes given the source and destination.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # base<Bundler::Thor::Base>:: A Bundler::Thor::Base instance
+      # source<String>:: Relative path to the source of this file
+      # destination<String>:: Relative path to the destination of this file
+      # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+      #
+      def initialize(base, destination, config = {})
+        @base = base
+        @config = {:verbose => true}.merge(config)
+        self.destination = destination
+      end
+
+      # Checks if the destination file already exists.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Boolean:: true if the file exists, false otherwise.
+      #
+      def exists?
+        ::File.exist?(destination)
+      end
+
+      def invoke!
+        invoke_with_conflict_check do
+          require "fileutils"
+          ::FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def revoke!
+        say_status :remove, :red
+        require "fileutils"
+        ::FileUtils.rm_rf(destination) if !pretend? && exists?
+        given_destination
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      # Shortcut for pretend.
+      #
+      def pretend?
+        base.options[:pretend]
+      end
+
+      # Sets the absolute destination value from a relative destination value.
+      # It also stores the given and relative destination. Let's suppose our
+      # script is being executed on "dest", it sets the destination root to
+      # "dest". The destination, given_destination and relative_destination
+      # are related in the following way:
+      #
+      #   inside "bar" do
+      #     empty_directory "baz"
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   destination          #=> dest/bar/baz
+      #   relative_destination #=> bar/baz
+      #   given_destination    #=> baz
+      #
+      def destination=(destination)
+        return unless destination
+        @given_destination = convert_encoded_instructions(destination.to_s)
+        @destination = ::File.expand_path(@given_destination, base.destination_root)
+        @relative_destination = base.relative_to_original_destination_root(@destination)
+      end
+
+      # Filenames in the encoded form are converted. If you have a file:
+      #
+      #   %file_name%.rb
+      #
+      # It calls #file_name from the base and replaces %-string with the
+      # return value (should be String) of #file_name:
+      #
+      #   user.rb
+      #
+      # The method referenced can be either public or private.
+      #
+      def convert_encoded_instructions(filename)
+        filename.gsub(/%(.*?)%/) do |initial_string|
+          method = $1.strip
+          base.respond_to?(method, true) ? base.send(method) : initial_string
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Receives a hash of options and just execute the block if some
+      # conditions are met.
+      #
+      def invoke_with_conflict_check(&block)
+        if exists?
+          on_conflict_behavior(&block)
+        else
+          yield unless pretend?
+          say_status :create, :green
+        end
+
+        destination
+      rescue Errno::EISDIR, Errno::EEXIST
+        on_file_clash_behavior
+      end
+
+      def on_file_clash_behavior
+        say_status :file_clash, :red
+      end
+
+      # What to do when the destination file already exists.
+      #
+      def on_conflict_behavior
+        say_status :exist, :blue
+      end
+
+      # Shortcut to say_status shell method.
+      #
+      def say_status(status, color)
+        base.shell.say_status status, relative_destination, color if config[:verbose]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90a8d2e847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+require "erb"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Actions
+    # Copies the file from the relative source to the relative destination. If
+    # the destination is not given it's assumed to be equal to the source.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # source<String>:: the relative path to the source root.
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status, and
+    #                :mode => :preserve, to preserve the file mode from the source.
+
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   copy_file "README", "doc/README"
+    #
+    #   copy_file "doc/README"
+    #
+    def copy_file(source, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      destination = args.first || source
+      source = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))
+
+      resulting_destination = create_file destination, nil, config do
+        content = File.binread(source)
+        content = yield(content) if block
+        content
+      end
+      if config[:mode] == :preserve
+        mode = File.stat(source).mode
+        chmod(resulting_destination, mode, config)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Links the file from the relative source to the relative destination. If
+    # the destination is not given it's assumed to be equal to the source.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # source<String>:: the relative path to the source root.
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   link_file "README", "doc/README"
+    #
+    #   link_file "doc/README"
+    #
+    def link_file(source, *args)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      destination = args.first || source
+      source = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))
+
+      create_link destination, source, config
+    end
+
+    # Gets the content at the given address and places it at the given relative
+    # destination. If a block is given instead of destination, the content of
+    # the url is yielded and used as location.
+    #
+    # +get+ relies on open-uri, so passing application user input would provide
+    # a command injection attack vector.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # source<String>:: the address of the given content.
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   get "http://gist.github.com/103208", "doc/README"
+    #
+    #   get "http://gist.github.com/103208" do |content|
+    #     content.split("\n").first
+    #   end
+    #
+    def get(source, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      destination = args.first
+
+      render = if source =~ %r{^https?\://}
+        require "open-uri"
+        URI.send(:open, source) { |input| input.binmode.read }
+      else
+        source = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))
+        open(source) { |input| input.binmode.read }
+      end
+
+      destination ||= if block_given?
+        block.arity == 1 ? yield(render) : yield
+      else
+        File.basename(source)
+      end
+
+      create_file destination, render, config
+    end
+
+    # Gets an ERB template at the relative source, executes it and makes a copy
+    # at the relative destination. If the destination is not given it's assumed
+    # to be equal to the source removing .tt from the filename.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # source<String>:: the relative path to the source root.
+    # destination<String>:: the relative path to the destination root.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   template "README", "doc/README"
+    #
+    #   template "doc/README"
+    #
+    def template(source, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      destination = args.first || source.sub(/#{TEMPLATE_EXTNAME}$/, "")
+
+      source  = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))
+      context = config.delete(:context) || instance_eval("binding")
+
+      create_file destination, nil, config do
+        match = ERB.version.match(/(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)/)
+        capturable_erb = if match && match[1] >= "2.2.0" # Ruby 2.6+
+          CapturableERB.new(::File.binread(source), :trim_mode => "-", :eoutvar => "@output_buffer")
+        else
+          CapturableERB.new(::File.binread(source), nil, "-", "@output_buffer")
+        end
+        content = capturable_erb.tap do |erb|
+          erb.filename = source
+        end.result(context)
+        content = yield(content) if block
+        content
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Changes the mode of the given file or directory.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # mode<Integer>:: the file mode
+    # path<String>:: the name of the file to change mode
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   chmod "script/server", 0755
+    #
+    def chmod(path, mode, config = {})
+      return unless behavior == :invoke
+      path = File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
+      say_status :chmod, relative_to_original_destination_root(path), config.fetch(:verbose, true)
+      unless options[:pretend]
+        require "fileutils"
+        FileUtils.chmod_R(mode, path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Prepend text to a file. Since it depends on insert_into_file, it's reversible.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # data<String>:: the data to prepend to the file, can be also given as a block.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   prepend_to_file 'config/environments/test.rb', 'config.gem "rspec"'
+    #
+    #   prepend_to_file 'config/environments/test.rb' do
+    #     'config.gem "rspec"'
+    #   end
+    #
+    def prepend_to_file(path, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      config[:after] = /\A/
+      insert_into_file(path, *(args << config), &block)
+    end
+    alias_method :prepend_file, :prepend_to_file
+
+    # Append text to a file. Since it depends on insert_into_file, it's reversible.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # data<String>:: the data to append to the file, can be also given as a block.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   append_to_file 'config/environments/test.rb', 'config.gem "rspec"'
+    #
+    #   append_to_file 'config/environments/test.rb' do
+    #     'config.gem "rspec"'
+    #   end
+    #
+    def append_to_file(path, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      config[:before] = /\z/
+      insert_into_file(path, *(args << config), &block)
+    end
+    alias_method :append_file, :append_to_file
+
+    # Injects text right after the class definition. Since it depends on
+    # insert_into_file, it's reversible.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # klass<String|Class>:: the class to be manipulated
+    # data<String>:: the data to append to the class, can be also given as a block.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   inject_into_class "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", ApplicationController, "  filter_parameter :password\n"
+    #
+    #   inject_into_class "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", ApplicationController do
+    #     "  filter_parameter :password\n"
+    #   end
+    #
+    def inject_into_class(path, klass, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      config[:after] = /class #{klass}\n|class #{klass} .*\n/
+      insert_into_file(path, *(args << config), &block)
+    end
+
+    # Injects text right after the module definition. Since it depends on
+    # insert_into_file, it's reversible.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # module_name<String|Class>:: the module to be manipulated
+    # data<String>:: the data to append to the class, can be also given as a block.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   inject_into_module "app/helpers/application_helper.rb", ApplicationHelper, "  def help; 'help'; end\n"
+    #
+    #   inject_into_module "app/helpers/application_helper.rb", ApplicationHelper do
+    #     "  def help; 'help'; end\n"
+    #   end
+    #
+    def inject_into_module(path, module_name, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      config[:after] = /module #{module_name}\n|module #{module_name} .*\n/
+      insert_into_file(path, *(args << config), &block)
+    end
+
+    # Run a regular expression replacement on a file.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # flag<Regexp|String>:: the regexp or string to be replaced
+    # replacement<String>:: the replacement, can be also given as a block
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status, and
+    #                :force => true, to force the replacement regardless of runner behavior.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   gsub_file 'app/controllers/application_controller.rb', /#\s*(filter_parameter_logging :password)/, '\1'
+    #
+    #   gsub_file 'README', /rake/, :green do |match|
+    #     match << " no more. Use thor!"
+    #   end
+    #
+    def gsub_file(path, flag, *args, &block)
+      config = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+
+      return unless behavior == :invoke || config.fetch(:force, false)
+
+      path = File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
+      say_status :gsub, relative_to_original_destination_root(path), config.fetch(:verbose, true)
+
+      unless options[:pretend]
+        content = File.binread(path)
+        content.gsub!(flag, *args, &block)
+        File.open(path, "wb") { |file| file.write(content) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Uncomment all lines matching a given regex.  It will leave the space
+    # which existed before the comment hash in tact but will remove any spacing
+    # between the comment hash and the beginning of the line.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # flag<Regexp|String>:: the regexp or string used to decide which lines to uncomment
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   uncomment_lines 'config/initializers/session_store.rb', /active_record/
+    #
+    def uncomment_lines(path, flag, *args)
+      flag = flag.respond_to?(:source) ? flag.source : flag
+
+      gsub_file(path, /^(\s*)#[[:blank:]]*(.*#{flag})/, '\1\2', *args)
+    end
+
+    # Comment all lines matching a given regex.  It will leave the space
+    # which existed before the beginning of the line in tact and will insert
+    # a single space after the comment hash.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # flag<Regexp|String>:: the regexp or string used to decide which lines to comment
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   comment_lines 'config/initializers/session_store.rb', /cookie_store/
+    #
+    def comment_lines(path, flag, *args)
+      flag = flag.respond_to?(:source) ? flag.source : flag
+
+      gsub_file(path, /^(\s*)([^#\n]*#{flag})/, '\1# \2', *args)
+    end
+
+    # Removes a file at the given location.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # path<String>:: path of the file to be changed
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   remove_file 'README'
+    #   remove_file 'app/controllers/application_controller.rb'
+    #
+    def remove_file(path, config = {})
+      return unless behavior == :invoke
+      path = File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
+
+      say_status :remove, relative_to_original_destination_root(path), config.fetch(:verbose, true)
+      if !options[:pretend] && File.exist?(path)
+        require "fileutils"
+        ::FileUtils.rm_rf(path)
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :remove_dir, :remove_file
+
+    attr_accessor :output_buffer
+    private :output_buffer, :output_buffer=
+
+  private
+
+    def concat(string)
+      @output_buffer.concat(string)
+    end
+
+    def capture(*args)
+      with_output_buffer { yield(*args) }
+    end
+
+    def with_output_buffer(buf = "".dup) #:nodoc:
+      raise ArgumentError, "Buffer can not be a frozen object" if buf.frozen?
+      old_buffer = output_buffer
+      self.output_buffer = buf
+      yield
+      output_buffer
+    ensure
+      self.output_buffer = old_buffer
+    end
+
+    # Bundler::Thor::Actions#capture depends on what kind of buffer is used in ERB.
+    # Thus CapturableERB fixes ERB to use String buffer.
+    class CapturableERB < ERB
+      def set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar = "_erbout")
+        compiler.put_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.concat"
+        compiler.insert_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.concat"
+        compiler.pre_cmd = ["#{eoutvar} = ''.dup"]
+        compiler.post_cmd = [eoutvar]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/inject_into_file.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/inject_into_file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09ce0864f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions/inject_into_file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+require_relative "empty_directory"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Actions
+    # Injects the given content into a file. Different from gsub_file, this
+    # method is reversible.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # destination<String>:: Relative path to the destination root
+    # data<String>:: Data to add to the file. Can be given as a block.
+    # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status and the flag
+    #                for injection (:after or :before) or :force => true for
+    #                insert two or more times the same content.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   insert_into_file "config/environment.rb", "config.gem :thor", :after => "Rails::Initializer.run do |config|\n"
+    #
+    #   insert_into_file "config/environment.rb", :after => "Rails::Initializer.run do |config|\n" do
+    #     gems = ask "Which gems would you like to add?"
+    #     gems.split(" ").map{ |gem| "  config.gem :#{gem}" }.join("\n")
+    #   end
+    #
+    WARNINGS = { unchanged_no_flag: 'File unchanged! The supplied flag value not found!' }
+
+    def insert_into_file(destination, *args, &block)
+      data = block_given? ? block : args.shift
+
+      config = args.shift || {}
+      config[:after] = /\z/ unless config.key?(:before) || config.key?(:after)
+
+      action InjectIntoFile.new(self, destination, data, config)
+    end
+    alias_method :inject_into_file, :insert_into_file
+
+    class InjectIntoFile < EmptyDirectory #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :replacement, :flag, :behavior
+
+      def initialize(base, destination, data, config)
+        super(base, destination, {:verbose => true}.merge(config))
+
+        @behavior, @flag = if @config.key?(:after)
+          [:after, @config.delete(:after)]
+        else
+          [:before, @config.delete(:before)]
+        end
+
+        @replacement = data.is_a?(Proc) ? data.call : data
+        @flag = Regexp.escape(@flag) unless @flag.is_a?(Regexp)
+      end
+
+      def invoke!
+        content = if @behavior == :after
+          '\0' + replacement
+        else
+          replacement + '\0'
+        end
+
+        if exists?
+          if replace!(/#{flag}/, content, config[:force])
+            say_status(:invoke)
+          else
+            say_status(:unchanged, warning: WARNINGS[:unchanged_no_flag], color: :red)
+          end
+        else
+          unless pretend?
+            raise Bundler::Thor::Error, "The file #{ destination } does not appear to exist"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def revoke!
+        say_status :revoke
+
+        regexp = if @behavior == :after
+          content = '\1\2'
+          /(#{flag})(.*)(#{Regexp.escape(replacement)})/m
+        else
+          content = '\2\3'
+          /(#{Regexp.escape(replacement)})(.*)(#{flag})/m
+        end
+
+        replace!(regexp, content, true)
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def say_status(behavior, warning: nil, color: nil)
+        status = if behavior == :invoke
+          if flag == /\A/
+            :prepend
+          elsif flag == /\z/
+            :append
+          else
+            :insert
+          end
+        elsif warning
+          warning
+        else
+          :subtract
+        end
+
+        super(status, (color || config[:verbose]))
+      end
+
+      # Adds the content to the file.
+      #
+      def replace!(regexp, string, force)
+        return if pretend?
+        content = File.read(destination)
+        if force || !content.include?(replacement)
+          success = content.gsub!(regexp, string)
+
+          File.open(destination, "wb") { |file| file.write(content) }
+          success
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/base.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8487f9590a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+require_relative "command"
+require_relative "core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access"
+require_relative "error"
+require_relative "invocation"
+require_relative "nested_context"
+require_relative "parser"
+require_relative "shell"
+require_relative "line_editor"
+require_relative "util"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  autoload :Actions,    File.expand_path("actions", __dir__)
+  autoload :RakeCompat, File.expand_path("rake_compat", __dir__)
+  autoload :Group,      File.expand_path("group", __dir__)
+
+  # Shortcuts for help.
+  HELP_MAPPINGS       = %w(-h -? --help -D)
+
+  # Bundler::Thor methods that should not be overwritten by the user.
+  THOR_RESERVED_WORDS = %w(invoke shell options behavior root destination_root relative_root
+                           action add_file create_file in_root inside run run_ruby_script)
+
+  TEMPLATE_EXTNAME = ".tt"
+
+  class << self
+    def deprecation_warning(message) #:nodoc:
+      unless ENV['THOR_SILENCE_DEPRECATION']
+        warn "Deprecation warning: #{message}\n" +
+          'You can silence deprecations warning by setting the environment variable THOR_SILENCE_DEPRECATION.'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Base
+    attr_accessor :options, :parent_options, :args
+
+    # It receives arguments in an Array and two hashes, one for options and
+    # other for configuration.
+    #
+    # Notice that it does not check if all required arguments were supplied.
+    # It should be done by the parser.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # args<Array[Object]>:: An array of objects. The objects are applied to their
+    #                       respective accessors declared with <tt>argument</tt>.
+    #
+    # options<Hash>:: An options hash that will be available as self.options.
+    #                 The hash given is converted to a hash with indifferent
+    #                 access, magic predicates (options.skip?) and then frozen.
+    #
+    # config<Hash>:: Configuration for this Bundler::Thor class.
+    #
+    def initialize(args = [], local_options = {}, config = {})
+      parse_options = self.class.class_options
+
+      # The start method splits inbound arguments at the first argument
+      # that looks like an option (starts with - or --). It then calls
+      # new, passing in the two halves of the arguments Array as the
+      # first two parameters.
+
+      command_options = config.delete(:command_options) # hook for start
+      parse_options = parse_options.merge(command_options) if command_options
+      if local_options.is_a?(Array)
+        array_options = local_options
+        hash_options = {}
+      else
+        # Handle the case where the class was explicitly instantiated
+        # with pre-parsed options.
+        array_options = []
+        hash_options = local_options
+      end
+
+      # Let Bundler::Thor::Options parse the options first, so it can remove
+      # declared options from the array. This will leave us with
+      # a list of arguments that weren't declared.
+      stop_on_unknown = self.class.stop_on_unknown_option? config[:current_command]
+      disable_required_check = self.class.disable_required_check? config[:current_command]
+      opts = Bundler::Thor::Options.new(parse_options, hash_options, stop_on_unknown, disable_required_check)
+      self.options = opts.parse(array_options)
+      self.options = config[:class_options].merge(options) if config[:class_options]
+
+      # If unknown options are disallowed, make sure that none of the
+      # remaining arguments looks like an option.
+      opts.check_unknown! if self.class.check_unknown_options?(config)
+
+      # Add the remaining arguments from the options parser to the
+      # arguments passed in to initialize. Then remove any positional
+      # arguments declared using #argument (this is primarily used
+      # by Bundler::Thor::Group). Tis will leave us with the remaining
+      # positional arguments.
+      to_parse  = args
+      to_parse += opts.remaining unless self.class.strict_args_position?(config)
+
+      thor_args = Bundler::Thor::Arguments.new(self.class.arguments)
+      thor_args.parse(to_parse).each { |k, v| __send__("#{k}=", v) }
+      @args = thor_args.remaining
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      def included(base) #:nodoc:
+        super(base)
+        base.extend ClassMethods
+        base.send :include, Invocation
+        base.send :include, Shell
+      end
+
+      # Returns the classes that inherits from Bundler::Thor or Bundler::Thor::Group.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Array[Class]
+      #
+      def subclasses
+        @subclasses ||= []
+      end
+
+      # Returns the files where the subclasses are kept.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Hash[path<String> => Class]
+      #
+      def subclass_files
+        @subclass_files ||= Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      end
+
+      # Whenever a class inherits from Bundler::Thor or Bundler::Thor::Group, we should track the
+      # class and the file on Bundler::Thor::Base. This is the method responsible for it.
+      #
+      def register_klass_file(klass) #:nodoc:
+        file = caller[1].match(/(.*):\d+/)[1]
+        Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses << klass unless Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.include?(klass)
+
+        file_subclasses = Bundler::Thor::Base.subclass_files[File.expand_path(file)]
+        file_subclasses << klass unless file_subclasses.include?(klass)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def attr_reader(*) #:nodoc:
+        no_commands { super }
+      end
+
+      def attr_writer(*) #:nodoc:
+        no_commands { super }
+      end
+
+      def attr_accessor(*) #:nodoc:
+        no_commands { super }
+      end
+
+      # If you want to raise an error for unknown options, call check_unknown_options!
+      # This is disabled by default to allow dynamic invocations.
+      def check_unknown_options!
+        @check_unknown_options = true
+      end
+
+      def check_unknown_options #:nodoc:
+        @check_unknown_options ||= from_superclass(:check_unknown_options, false)
+      end
+
+      def check_unknown_options?(config) #:nodoc:
+        !!check_unknown_options
+      end
+
+      # If you want to raise an error when the default value of an option does not match
+      # the type call check_default_type!
+      # This will be the default; for compatibility a deprecation warning is issued if necessary.
+      def check_default_type!
+        @check_default_type = true
+      end
+
+      # If you want to use defaults that don't match the type of an option,
+      # either specify `check_default_type: false` or call `allow_incompatible_default_type!`
+      def allow_incompatible_default_type!
+        @check_default_type = false
+      end
+
+      def check_default_type #:nodoc:
+        @check_default_type = from_superclass(:check_default_type, nil) unless defined?(@check_default_type)
+        @check_default_type
+      end
+
+      # If true, option parsing is suspended as soon as an unknown option or a
+      # regular argument is encountered.  All remaining arguments are passed to
+      # the command as regular arguments.
+      def stop_on_unknown_option?(command_name) #:nodoc:
+        false
+      end
+
+      # If true, option set will not suspend the execution of the command when
+      # a required option is not provided.
+      def disable_required_check?(command_name) #:nodoc:
+        false
+      end
+
+      # If you want only strict string args (useful when cascading thor classes),
+      # call strict_args_position! This is disabled by default to allow dynamic
+      # invocations.
+      def strict_args_position!
+        @strict_args_position = true
+      end
+
+      def strict_args_position #:nodoc:
+        @strict_args_position ||= from_superclass(:strict_args_position, false)
+      end
+
+      def strict_args_position?(config) #:nodoc:
+        !!strict_args_position
+      end
+
+      # Adds an argument to the class and creates an attr_accessor for it.
+      #
+      # Arguments are different from options in several aspects. The first one
+      # is how they are parsed from the command line, arguments are retrieved
+      # from position:
+      #
+      #   thor command NAME
+      #
+      # Instead of:
+      #
+      #   thor command --name=NAME
+      #
+      # Besides, arguments are used inside your code as an accessor (self.argument),
+      # while options are all kept in a hash (self.options).
+      #
+      # Finally, arguments cannot have type :default or :boolean but can be
+      # optional (supplying :optional => :true or :required => false), although
+      # you cannot have a required argument after a non-required argument. If you
+      # try it, an error is raised.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # name<Symbol>:: The name of the argument.
+      # options<Hash>:: Described below.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # :desc     - Description for the argument.
+      # :required - If the argument is required or not.
+      # :optional - If the argument is optional or not.
+      # :type     - The type of the argument, can be :string, :hash, :array, :numeric.
+      # :default  - Default value for this argument. It cannot be required and have default values.
+      # :banner   - String to show on usage notes.
+      #
+      # ==== Errors
+      # ArgumentError:: Raised if you supply a required argument after a non required one.
+      #
+      def argument(name, options = {})
+        is_thor_reserved_word?(name, :argument)
+        no_commands { attr_accessor name }
+
+        required = if options.key?(:optional)
+          !options[:optional]
+        elsif options.key?(:required)
+          options[:required]
+        else
+          options[:default].nil?
+        end
+
+        remove_argument name
+
+        if required
+          arguments.each do |argument|
+            next if argument.required?
+            raise ArgumentError, "You cannot have #{name.to_s.inspect} as required argument after " \
+                                "the non-required argument #{argument.human_name.inspect}."
+          end
+        end
+
+        options[:required] = required
+
+        arguments << Bundler::Thor::Argument.new(name, options)
+      end
+
+      # Returns this class arguments, looking up in the ancestors chain.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Array[Bundler::Thor::Argument]
+      #
+      def arguments
+        @arguments ||= from_superclass(:arguments, [])
+      end
+
+      # Adds a bunch of options to the set of class options.
+      #
+      #   class_options :foo => false, :bar => :required, :baz => :string
+      #
+      # If you prefer more detailed declaration, check class_option.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # Hash[Symbol => Object]
+      #
+      def class_options(options = nil)
+        @class_options ||= from_superclass(:class_options, {})
+        build_options(options, @class_options) if options
+        @class_options
+      end
+
+      # Adds an option to the set of class options
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # name<Symbol>:: The name of the argument.
+      # options<Hash>:: Described below.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # :desc::     -- Description for the argument.
+      # :required:: -- If the argument is required or not.
+      # :default::  -- Default value for this argument.
+      # :group::    -- The group for this options. Use by class options to output options in different levels.
+      # :aliases::  -- Aliases for this option. <b>Note:</b> Bundler::Thor follows a convention of one-dash-one-letter options. Thus aliases like "-something" wouldn't be parsed; use either "\--something" or "-s" instead.
+      # :type::     -- The type of the argument, can be :string, :hash, :array, :numeric or :boolean.
+      # :banner::   -- String to show on usage notes.
+      # :hide::     -- If you want to hide this option from the help.
+      #
+      def class_option(name, options = {})
+        build_option(name, options, class_options)
+      end
+
+      # Removes a previous defined argument. If :undefine is given, undefine
+      # accessors as well.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # names<Array>:: Arguments to be removed
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   remove_argument :foo
+      #   remove_argument :foo, :bar, :baz, :undefine => true
+      #
+      def remove_argument(*names)
+        options = names.last.is_a?(Hash) ? names.pop : {}
+
+        names.each do |name|
+          arguments.delete_if { |a| a.name == name.to_s }
+          undef_method name, "#{name}=" if options[:undefine]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Removes a previous defined class option.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # names<Array>:: Class options to be removed
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   remove_class_option :foo
+      #   remove_class_option :foo, :bar, :baz
+      #
+      def remove_class_option(*names)
+        names.each do |name|
+          class_options.delete(name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Defines the group. This is used when thor list is invoked so you can specify
+      # that only commands from a pre-defined group will be shown. Defaults to standard.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # name<String|Symbol>
+      #
+      def group(name = nil)
+        if name
+          @group = name.to_s
+        else
+          @group ||= from_superclass(:group, "standard")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the commands for this Bundler::Thor class.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Hash:: An ordered hash with commands names as keys and Bundler::Thor::Command
+      #        objects as values.
+      #
+      def commands
+        @commands ||= Hash.new
+      end
+      alias_method :tasks, :commands
+
+      # Returns the commands for this Bundler::Thor class and all subclasses.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Hash:: An ordered hash with commands names as keys and Bundler::Thor::Command
+      #        objects as values.
+      #
+      def all_commands
+        @all_commands ||= from_superclass(:all_commands, Hash.new)
+        @all_commands.merge!(commands)
+      end
+      alias_method :all_tasks, :all_commands
+
+      # Removes a given command from this Bundler::Thor class. This is usually done if you
+      # are inheriting from another class and don't want it to be available
+      # anymore.
+      #
+      # By default it only remove the mapping to the command. But you can supply
+      # :undefine => true to undefine the method from the class as well.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # name<Symbol|String>:: The name of the command to be removed
+      # options<Hash>:: You can give :undefine => true if you want commands the method
+      #                 to be undefined from the class as well.
+      #
+      def remove_command(*names)
+        options = names.last.is_a?(Hash) ? names.pop : {}
+
+        names.each do |name|
+          commands.delete(name.to_s)
+          all_commands.delete(name.to_s)
+          undef_method name if options[:undefine]
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method :remove_task, :remove_command
+
+      # All methods defined inside the given block are not added as commands.
+      #
+      # So you can do:
+      #
+      #   class MyScript < Bundler::Thor
+      #     no_commands do
+      #       def this_is_not_a_command
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # You can also add the method and remove it from the command list:
+      #
+      #   class MyScript < Bundler::Thor
+      #     def this_is_not_a_command
+      #     end
+      #     remove_command :this_is_not_a_command
+      #   end
+      #
+      def no_commands(&block)
+        no_commands_context.enter(&block)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :no_tasks, :no_commands
+
+      def no_commands_context
+        @no_commands_context ||= NestedContext.new
+      end
+
+      def no_commands?
+        no_commands_context.entered?
+      end
+
+      # Sets the namespace for the Bundler::Thor or Bundler::Thor::Group class. By default the
+      # namespace is retrieved from the class name. If your Bundler::Thor class is named
+      # Scripts::MyScript, the help method, for example, will be called as:
+      #
+      #   thor scripts:my_script -h
+      #
+      # If you change the namespace:
+      #
+      #   namespace :my_scripts
+      #
+      # You change how your commands are invoked:
+      #
+      #   thor my_scripts -h
+      #
+      # Finally, if you change your namespace to default:
+      #
+      #   namespace :default
+      #
+      # Your commands can be invoked with a shortcut. Instead of:
+      #
+      #   thor :my_command
+      #
+      def namespace(name = nil)
+        if name
+          @namespace = name.to_s
+        else
+          @namespace ||= Bundler::Thor::Util.namespace_from_thor_class(self)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Parses the command and options from the given args, instantiate the class
+      # and invoke the command. This method is used when the arguments must be parsed
+      # from an array. If you are inside Ruby and want to use a Bundler::Thor class, you
+      # can simply initialize it:
+      #
+      #   script = MyScript.new(args, options, config)
+      #   script.invoke(:command, first_arg, second_arg, third_arg)
+      #
+      def start(given_args = ARGV, config = {})
+        config[:shell] ||= Bundler::Thor::Base.shell.new
+        dispatch(nil, given_args.dup, nil, config)
+      rescue Bundler::Thor::Error => e
+        config[:debug] || ENV["THOR_DEBUG"] == "1" ? (raise e) : config[:shell].error(e.message)
+        exit(false) if exit_on_failure?
+      rescue Errno::EPIPE
+        # This happens if a thor command is piped to something like `head`,
+        # which closes the pipe when it's done reading. This will also
+        # mean that if the pipe is closed, further unnecessary
+        # computation will not occur.
+        exit(true)
+      end
+
+      # Allows to use private methods from parent in child classes as commands.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #   names<Array>:: Method names to be used as commands
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   public_command :foo
+      #   public_command :foo, :bar, :baz
+      #
+      def public_command(*names)
+        names.each do |name|
+          class_eval "def #{name}(*); super end"
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method :public_task, :public_command
+
+      def handle_no_command_error(command, has_namespace = $thor_runner) #:nodoc:
+        raise UndefinedCommandError.new(command, all_commands.keys, (namespace if has_namespace))
+      end
+      alias_method :handle_no_task_error, :handle_no_command_error
+
+      def handle_argument_error(command, error, args, arity) #:nodoc:
+        name = [command.ancestor_name, command.name].compact.join(" ")
+        msg = "ERROR: \"#{basename} #{name}\" was called with ".dup
+        msg << "no arguments"               if     args.empty?
+        msg << "arguments " << args.inspect unless args.empty?
+        msg << "\nUsage: \"#{banner(command).split("\n").join("\"\n       \"")}\""
+        raise InvocationError, msg
+      end
+
+      # A flag that makes the process exit with status 1 if any error happens.
+      def exit_on_failure?
+        Bundler::Thor.deprecation_warning "Bundler::Thor exit with status 0 on errors. To keep this behavior, you must define `exit_on_failure?` in `#{self.name}`"
+        false
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      # Prints the class options per group. If an option does not belong to
+      # any group, it's printed as Class option.
+      #
+      def class_options_help(shell, groups = {}) #:nodoc:
+        # Group options by group
+        class_options.each do |_, value|
+          groups[value.group] ||= []
+          groups[value.group] << value
+        end
+
+        # Deal with default group
+        global_options = groups.delete(nil) || []
+        print_options(shell, global_options)
+
+        # Print all others
+        groups.each do |group_name, options|
+          print_options(shell, options, group_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Receives a set of options and print them.
+      def print_options(shell, options, group_name = nil)
+        return if options.empty?
+
+        list = []
+        padding = options.map { |o| o.aliases.size }.max.to_i * 4
+
+        options.each do |option|
+          next if option.hide
+          item = [option.usage(padding)]
+          item.push(option.description ? "# #{option.description}" : "")
+
+          list << item
+          list << ["", "# Default: #{option.default}"] if option.show_default?
+          list << ["", "# Possible values: #{option.enum.join(', ')}"] if option.enum
+        end
+
+        shell.say(group_name ? "#{group_name} options:" : "Options:")
+        shell.print_table(list, :indent => 2)
+        shell.say ""
+      end
+
+      # Raises an error if the word given is a Bundler::Thor reserved word.
+      def is_thor_reserved_word?(word, type) #:nodoc:
+        return false unless THOR_RESERVED_WORDS.include?(word.to_s)
+        raise "#{word.inspect} is a Bundler::Thor reserved word and cannot be defined as #{type}"
+      end
+
+      # Build an option and adds it to the given scope.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # name<Symbol>:: The name of the argument.
+      # options<Hash>:: Described in both class_option and method_option.
+      # scope<Hash>:: Options hash that is being built up
+      def build_option(name, options, scope) #:nodoc:
+        scope[name] = Bundler::Thor::Option.new(name, {:check_default_type => check_default_type}.merge!(options))
+      end
+
+      # Receives a hash of options, parse them and add to the scope. This is a
+      # fast way to set a bunch of options:
+      #
+      #   build_options :foo => true, :bar => :required, :baz => :string
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # Hash[Symbol => Object]
+      def build_options(options, scope) #:nodoc:
+        options.each do |key, value|
+          scope[key] = Bundler::Thor::Option.parse(key, value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Finds a command with the given name. If the command belongs to the current
+      # class, just return it, otherwise dup it and add the fresh copy to the
+      # current command hash.
+      def find_and_refresh_command(name) #:nodoc:
+        if commands[name.to_s]
+          commands[name.to_s]
+        elsif command = all_commands[name.to_s] # rubocop:disable AssignmentInCondition
+          commands[name.to_s] = command.clone
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "You supplied :for => #{name.inspect}, but the command #{name.inspect} could not be found."
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method :find_and_refresh_task, :find_and_refresh_command
+
+      # Everytime someone inherits from a Bundler::Thor class, register the klass
+      # and file into baseclass.
+      def inherited(klass)
+        super(klass)
+        Bundler::Thor::Base.register_klass_file(klass)
+        klass.instance_variable_set(:@no_commands, 0)
+      end
+
+      # Fire this callback whenever a method is added. Added methods are
+      # tracked as commands by invoking the create_command method.
+      def method_added(meth)
+        super(meth)
+        meth = meth.to_s
+
+        if meth == "initialize"
+          initialize_added
+          return
+        end
+
+        # Return if it's not a public instance method
+        return unless public_method_defined?(meth.to_sym)
+
+        return if no_commands? || !create_command(meth)
+
+        is_thor_reserved_word?(meth, :command)
+        Bundler::Thor::Base.register_klass_file(self)
+      end
+
+      # Retrieves a value from superclass. If it reaches the baseclass,
+      # returns default.
+      def from_superclass(method, default = nil)
+        if self == baseclass || !superclass.respond_to?(method, true)
+          default
+        else
+          value = superclass.send(method)
+
+          # Ruby implements `dup` on Object, but raises a `TypeError`
+          # if the method is called on immediates. As a result, we
+          # don't have a good way to check whether dup will succeed
+          # without calling it and rescuing the TypeError.
+          begin
+            value.dup
+          rescue TypeError
+            value
+          end
+
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # The basename of the program invoking the thor class.
+      #
+      def basename
+        File.basename($PROGRAM_NAME).split(" ").first
+      end
+
+      # SIGNATURE: Sets the baseclass. This is where the superclass lookup
+      # finishes.
+      def baseclass #:nodoc:
+      end
+
+      # SIGNATURE: Creates a new command if valid_command? is true. This method is
+      # called when a new method is added to the class.
+      def create_command(meth) #:nodoc:
+      end
+      alias_method :create_task, :create_command
+
+      # SIGNATURE: Defines behavior when the initialize method is added to the
+      # class.
+      def initialize_added #:nodoc:
+      end
+
+      # SIGNATURE: The hook invoked by start.
+      def dispatch(command, given_args, given_opts, config) #:nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/command.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/command.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..040c971c0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/command.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  class Command < Struct.new(:name, :description, :long_description, :usage, :options, :ancestor_name)
+    FILE_REGEXP = /^#{Regexp.escape(File.dirname(__FILE__))}/
+
+    def initialize(name, description, long_description, usage, options = nil)
+      super(name.to_s, description, long_description, usage, options || {})
+    end
+
+    def initialize_copy(other) #:nodoc:
+      super(other)
+      self.options = other.options.dup if other.options
+    end
+
+    def hidden?
+      false
+    end
+
+    # By default, a command invokes a method in the thor class. You can change this
+    # implementation to create custom commands.
+    def run(instance, args = [])
+      arity = nil
+
+      if private_method?(instance)
+        instance.class.handle_no_command_error(name)
+      elsif public_method?(instance)
+        arity = instance.method(name).arity
+        instance.__send__(name, *args)
+      elsif local_method?(instance, :method_missing)
+        instance.__send__(:method_missing, name.to_sym, *args)
+      else
+        instance.class.handle_no_command_error(name)
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError => e
+      handle_argument_error?(instance, e, caller) ? instance.class.handle_argument_error(self, e, args, arity) : (raise e)
+    rescue NoMethodError => e
+      handle_no_method_error?(instance, e, caller) ? instance.class.handle_no_command_error(name) : (raise e)
+    end
+
+    # Returns the formatted usage by injecting given required arguments
+    # and required options into the given usage.
+    def formatted_usage(klass, namespace = true, subcommand = false)
+      if ancestor_name
+        formatted = "#{ancestor_name} ".dup # add space
+      elsif namespace
+        namespace = klass.namespace
+        formatted = "#{namespace.gsub(/^(default)/, '')}:".dup
+      end
+      formatted ||= "#{klass.namespace.split(':').last} ".dup if subcommand
+
+      formatted ||= "".dup
+
+      Array(usage).map do |specific_usage|
+        formatted_specific_usage = formatted
+
+        formatted_specific_usage += required_arguments_for(klass, specific_usage)
+
+        # Add required options
+        formatted_specific_usage += " #{required_options}"
+
+        # Strip and go!
+        formatted_specific_usage.strip
+      end.join("\n")
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    # Add usage with required arguments
+    def required_arguments_for(klass, usage)
+      if klass && !klass.arguments.empty?
+        usage.to_s.gsub(/^#{name}/) do |match|
+          match << " " << klass.arguments.map(&:usage).compact.join(" ")
+        end
+      else
+        usage.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def not_debugging?(instance)
+      !(instance.class.respond_to?(:debugging) && instance.class.debugging)
+    end
+
+    def required_options
+      @required_options ||= options.map { |_, o| o.usage if o.required? }.compact.sort.join(" ")
+    end
+
+    # Given a target, checks if this class name is a public method.
+    def public_method?(instance) #:nodoc:
+      !(instance.public_methods & [name.to_s, name.to_sym]).empty?
+    end
+
+    def private_method?(instance)
+      !(instance.private_methods & [name.to_s, name.to_sym]).empty?
+    end
+
+    def local_method?(instance, name)
+      methods = instance.public_methods(false) + instance.private_methods(false) + instance.protected_methods(false)
+      !(methods & [name.to_s, name.to_sym]).empty?
+    end
+
+    def sans_backtrace(backtrace, caller) #:nodoc:
+      saned = backtrace.reject { |frame| frame =~ FILE_REGEXP || (frame =~ /\.java:/ && RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /java/) || (frame =~ %r{^kernel/} && RUBY_ENGINE =~ /rbx/) }
+      saned - caller
+    end
+
+    def handle_argument_error?(instance, error, caller)
+      not_debugging?(instance) && (error.message =~ /wrong number of arguments/ || error.message =~ /given \d*, expected \d*/) && begin
+        saned = sans_backtrace(error.backtrace, caller)
+        saned.empty? || saned.size == 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def handle_no_method_error?(instance, error, caller)
+      not_debugging?(instance) &&
+        error.message =~ /^undefined method `#{name}' for #{Regexp.escape(instance.to_s)}$/
+    end
+  end
+  Task = Command
+
+  # A command that is hidden in help messages but still invocable.
+  class HiddenCommand < Command
+    def hidden?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+  HiddenTask = HiddenCommand
+
+  # A dynamic command that handles method missing scenarios.
+  class DynamicCommand < Command
+    def initialize(name, options = nil)
+      super(name.to_s, "A dynamically-generated command", name.to_s, name.to_s, options)
+    end
+
+    def run(instance, args = [])
+      if (instance.methods & [name.to_s, name.to_sym]).empty?
+        super
+      else
+        instance.class.handle_no_command_error(name)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  DynamicTask = DynamicCommand
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c167aa33b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module CoreExt #:nodoc:
+    # A hash with indifferent access and magic predicates.
+    #
+    #   hash = Bundler::Thor::CoreExt::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new 'foo' => 'bar', 'baz' => 'bee', 'force' => true
+    #
+    #   hash[:foo]  #=> 'bar'
+    #   hash['foo'] #=> 'bar'
+    #   hash.foo?   #=> true
+    #
+    class HashWithIndifferentAccess < ::Hash #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(hash = {})
+        super()
+        hash.each do |key, value|
+          self[convert_key(key)] = value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def [](key)
+        super(convert_key(key))
+      end
+
+      def []=(key, value)
+        super(convert_key(key), value)
+      end
+
+      def delete(key)
+        super(convert_key(key))
+      end
+
+      def fetch(key, *args)
+        super(convert_key(key), *args)
+      end
+
+      def key?(key)
+        super(convert_key(key))
+      end
+
+      def values_at(*indices)
+        indices.map { |key| self[convert_key(key)] }
+      end
+
+      def merge(other)
+        dup.merge!(other)
+      end
+
+      def merge!(other)
+        other.each do |key, value|
+          self[convert_key(key)] = value
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      def reverse_merge(other)
+        self.class.new(other).merge(self)
+      end
+
+      def reverse_merge!(other_hash)
+        replace(reverse_merge(other_hash))
+      end
+
+      def replace(other_hash)
+        super(other_hash)
+      end
+
+      # Convert to a Hash with String keys.
+      def to_hash
+        Hash.new(default).merge!(self)
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def convert_key(key)
+        key.is_a?(Symbol) ? key.to_s : key
+      end
+
+      # Magic predicates. For instance:
+      #
+      #   options.force?                  # => !!options['force']
+      #   options.shebang                 # => "/usr/lib/local/ruby"
+      #   options.test_framework?(:rspec) # => options[:test_framework] == :rspec
+      #
+      def method_missing(method, *args)
+        method = method.to_s
+        if method =~ /^(\w+)\?$/
+          if args.empty?
+            !!self[$1]
+          else
+            self[$1] == args.first
+          end
+        else
+          self[method]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/error.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d57129b83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  Correctable = if defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker) && defined?(DidYouMean::Correctable) # rubocop:disable Naming/ConstantName
+                  # In order to support versions of Ruby that don't have keyword
+                  # arguments, we need our own spell checker class that doesn't take key
+                  # words. Even though this code wouldn't be hit because of the check
+                  # above, it's still necessary because the interpreter would otherwise be
+                  # unable to parse the file.
+                  class NoKwargSpellChecker < DidYouMean::SpellChecker # :nodoc:
+                    def initialize(dictionary)
+                      @dictionary = dictionary
+                    end
+                  end
+
+                  DidYouMean::Correctable
+                end
+
+  # Bundler::Thor::Error is raised when it's caused by wrong usage of thor classes. Those
+  # errors have their backtrace suppressed and are nicely shown to the user.
+  #
+  # Errors that are caused by the developer, like declaring a method which
+  # overwrites a thor keyword, SHOULD NOT raise a Bundler::Thor::Error. This way, we
+  # ensure that developer errors are shown with full backtrace.
+  class Error < StandardError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when a command was not found.
+  class UndefinedCommandError < Error
+    class SpellChecker
+      attr_reader :error
+
+      def initialize(error)
+        @error = error
+      end
+
+      def corrections
+        @corrections ||= spell_checker.correct(error.command).map(&:inspect)
+      end
+
+      def spell_checker
+        NoKwargSpellChecker.new(error.all_commands)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :command, :all_commands
+
+    def initialize(command, all_commands, namespace)
+      @command = command
+      @all_commands = all_commands
+
+      message = "Could not find command #{command.inspect}"
+      message = namespace ? "#{message} in #{namespace.inspect} namespace." : "#{message}."
+
+      super(message)
+    end
+
+    prepend Correctable if Correctable
+  end
+  UndefinedTaskError = UndefinedCommandError
+
+  class AmbiguousCommandError < Error
+  end
+  AmbiguousTaskError = AmbiguousCommandError
+
+  # Raised when a command was found, but not invoked properly.
+  class InvocationError < Error
+  end
+
+  class UnknownArgumentError < Error
+    class SpellChecker
+      attr_reader :error
+
+      def initialize(error)
+        @error = error
+      end
+
+      def corrections
+        @corrections ||=
+          error.unknown.flat_map { |unknown| spell_checker.correct(unknown) }.uniq.map(&:inspect)
+      end
+
+      def spell_checker
+        @spell_checker ||= NoKwargSpellChecker.new(error.switches)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :switches, :unknown
+
+    def initialize(switches, unknown)
+      @switches = switches
+      @unknown = unknown
+
+      super("Unknown switches #{unknown.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+    end
+
+    prepend Correctable if Correctable
+  end
+
+  class RequiredArgumentMissingError < InvocationError
+  end
+
+  class MalformattedArgumentError < InvocationError
+  end
+
+  if Correctable
+    DidYouMean::SPELL_CHECKERS.merge!(
+      'Bundler::Thor::UndefinedCommandError' => UndefinedCommandError::SpellChecker,
+      'Bundler::Thor::UnknownArgumentError' => UnknownArgumentError::SpellChecker
+    )
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/group.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/group.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7861d05345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/group.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+require_relative "base"
+
+# Bundler::Thor has a special class called Bundler::Thor::Group. The main difference to Bundler::Thor class
+# is that it invokes all commands at once. It also include some methods that allows
+# invocations to be done at the class method, which are not available to Bundler::Thor
+# commands.
+class Bundler::Thor::Group
+  class << self
+    # The description for this Bundler::Thor::Group. If none is provided, but a source root
+    # exists, tries to find the USAGE one folder above it, otherwise searches
+    # in the superclass.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # description<String>:: The description for this Bundler::Thor::Group.
+    #
+    def desc(description = nil)
+      if description
+        @desc = description
+      else
+        @desc ||= from_superclass(:desc, nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Prints help information.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # short:: When true, shows only usage.
+    #
+    def help(shell)
+      shell.say "Usage:"
+      shell.say "  #{banner}\n"
+      shell.say
+      class_options_help(shell)
+      shell.say desc if desc
+    end
+
+    # Stores invocations for this class merging with superclass values.
+    #
+    def invocations #:nodoc:
+      @invocations ||= from_superclass(:invocations, {})
+    end
+
+    # Stores invocation blocks used on invoke_from_option.
+    #
+    def invocation_blocks #:nodoc:
+      @invocation_blocks ||= from_superclass(:invocation_blocks, {})
+    end
+
+    # Invoke the given namespace or class given. It adds an instance
+    # method that will invoke the klass and command. You can give a block to
+    # configure how it will be invoked.
+    #
+    # The namespace/class given will have its options showed on the help
+    # usage. Check invoke_from_option for more information.
+    #
+    def invoke(*names, &block)
+      options = names.last.is_a?(Hash) ? names.pop : {}
+      verbose = options.fetch(:verbose, true)
+
+      names.each do |name|
+        invocations[name] = false
+        invocation_blocks[name] = block if block_given?
+
+        class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def _invoke_#{name.to_s.gsub(/\W/, '_')}
+            klass, command = self.class.prepare_for_invocation(nil, #{name.inspect})
+
+            if klass
+              say_status :invoke, #{name.inspect}, #{verbose.inspect}
+              block = self.class.invocation_blocks[#{name.inspect}]
+              _invoke_for_class_method klass, command, &block
+            else
+              say_status :error, %(#{name.inspect} [not found]), :red
+            end
+          end
+        METHOD
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Invoke a thor class based on the value supplied by the user to the
+    # given option named "name". A class option must be created before this
+    # method is invoked for each name given.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   class GemGenerator < Bundler::Thor::Group
+    #     class_option :test_framework, :type => :string
+    #     invoke_from_option :test_framework
+    #   end
+    #
+    # ==== Boolean options
+    #
+    # In some cases, you want to invoke a thor class if some option is true or
+    # false. This is automatically handled by invoke_from_option. Then the
+    # option name is used to invoke the generator.
+    #
+    # ==== Preparing for invocation
+    #
+    # In some cases you want to customize how a specified hook is going to be
+    # invoked. You can do that by overwriting the class method
+    # prepare_for_invocation. The class method must necessarily return a klass
+    # and an optional command.
+    #
+    # ==== Custom invocations
+    #
+    # You can also supply a block to customize how the option is going to be
+    # invoked. The block receives two parameters, an instance of the current
+    # class and the klass to be invoked.
+    #
+    def invoke_from_option(*names, &block)
+      options = names.last.is_a?(Hash) ? names.pop : {}
+      verbose = options.fetch(:verbose, :white)
+
+      names.each do |name|
+        unless class_options.key?(name)
+          raise ArgumentError, "You have to define the option #{name.inspect} " \
+                              "before setting invoke_from_option."
+        end
+
+        invocations[name] = true
+        invocation_blocks[name] = block if block_given?
+
+        class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def _invoke_from_option_#{name.to_s.gsub(/\W/, '_')}
+            return unless options[#{name.inspect}]
+
+            value = options[#{name.inspect}]
+            value = #{name.inspect} if TrueClass === value
+            klass, command = self.class.prepare_for_invocation(#{name.inspect}, value)
+
+            if klass
+              say_status :invoke, value, #{verbose.inspect}
+              block = self.class.invocation_blocks[#{name.inspect}]
+              _invoke_for_class_method klass, command, &block
+            else
+              say_status :error, %(\#{value} [not found]), :red
+            end
+          end
+        METHOD
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Remove a previously added invocation.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   remove_invocation :test_framework
+    #
+    def remove_invocation(*names)
+      names.each do |name|
+        remove_command(name)
+        remove_class_option(name)
+        invocations.delete(name)
+        invocation_blocks.delete(name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Overwrite class options help to allow invoked generators options to be
+    # shown recursively when invoking a generator.
+    #
+    def class_options_help(shell, groups = {}) #:nodoc:
+      get_options_from_invocations(groups, class_options) do |klass|
+        klass.send(:get_options_from_invocations, groups, class_options)
+      end
+      super(shell, groups)
+    end
+
+    # Get invocations array and merge options from invocations. Those
+    # options are added to group_options hash. Options that already exists
+    # in base_options are not added twice.
+    #
+    def get_options_from_invocations(group_options, base_options) #:nodoc: # rubocop:disable MethodLength
+      invocations.each do |name, from_option|
+        value = if from_option
+          option = class_options[name]
+          option.type == :boolean ? name : option.default
+        else
+          name
+        end
+        next unless value
+
+        klass, _ = prepare_for_invocation(name, value)
+        next unless klass && klass.respond_to?(:class_options)
+
+        value = value.to_s
+        human_name = value.respond_to?(:classify) ? value.classify : value
+
+        group_options[human_name] ||= []
+        group_options[human_name] += klass.class_options.values.select do |class_option|
+          base_options[class_option.name.to_sym].nil? && class_option.group.nil? &&
+            !group_options.values.flatten.any? { |i| i.name == class_option.name }
+        end
+
+        yield klass if block_given?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns commands ready to be printed.
+    def printable_commands(*)
+      item = []
+      item << banner
+      item << (desc ? "# #{desc.gsub(/\s+/m, ' ')}" : "")
+      [item]
+    end
+    alias_method :printable_tasks, :printable_commands
+
+    def handle_argument_error(command, error, _args, arity) #:nodoc:
+      msg = "#{basename} #{command.name} takes #{arity} argument".dup
+      msg << "s" if arity > 1
+      msg << ", but it should not."
+      raise error, msg
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    # The method responsible for dispatching given the args.
+    def dispatch(command, given_args, given_opts, config) #:nodoc:
+      if Bundler::Thor::HELP_MAPPINGS.include?(given_args.first)
+        help(config[:shell])
+        return
+      end
+
+      args, opts = Bundler::Thor::Options.split(given_args)
+      opts = given_opts || opts
+
+      instance = new(args, opts, config)
+      yield instance if block_given?
+
+      if command
+        instance.invoke_command(all_commands[command])
+      else
+        instance.invoke_all
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The banner for this class. You can customize it if you are invoking the
+    # thor class by another ways which is not the Bundler::Thor::Runner.
+    def banner
+      "#{basename} #{self_command.formatted_usage(self, false)}"
+    end
+
+    # Represents the whole class as a command.
+    def self_command #:nodoc:
+      Bundler::Thor::DynamicCommand.new(namespace, class_options)
+    end
+    alias_method :self_task, :self_command
+
+    def baseclass #:nodoc:
+      Bundler::Thor::Group
+    end
+
+    def create_command(meth) #:nodoc:
+      commands[meth.to_s] = Bundler::Thor::Command.new(meth, nil, nil, nil, nil)
+      true
+    end
+    alias_method :create_task, :create_command
+  end
+
+  include Bundler::Thor::Base
+
+protected
+
+  # Shortcut to invoke with padding and block handling. Use internally by
+  # invoke and invoke_from_option class methods.
+  def _invoke_for_class_method(klass, command = nil, *args, &block) #:nodoc:
+    with_padding do
+      if block
+        case block.arity
+        when 3
+          yield(self, klass, command)
+        when 2
+          yield(self, klass)
+        when 1
+          instance_exec(klass, &block)
+        end
+      else
+        invoke klass, command, *args
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/invocation.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/invocation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..248a466f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/invocation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Invocation
+    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+      super(base)
+      base.extend ClassMethods
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # This method is responsible for receiving a name and find the proper
+      # class and command for it. The key is an optional parameter which is
+      # available only in class methods invocations (i.e. in Bundler::Thor::Group).
+      def prepare_for_invocation(key, name) #:nodoc:
+        case name
+        when Symbol, String
+          Bundler::Thor::Util.find_class_and_command_by_namespace(name.to_s, !key)
+        else
+          name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Make initializer aware of invocations and the initialization args.
+    def initialize(args = [], options = {}, config = {}, &block) #:nodoc:
+      @_invocations = config[:invocations] || Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      @_initializer = [args, options, config]
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Make the current command chain accessible with in a Bundler::Thor-(sub)command
+    def current_command_chain
+      @_invocations.values.flatten.map(&:to_sym)
+    end
+
+    # Receives a name and invokes it. The name can be a string (either "command" or
+    # "namespace:command"), a Bundler::Thor::Command, a Class or a Bundler::Thor instance. If the
+    # command cannot be guessed by name, it can also be supplied as second argument.
+    #
+    # You can also supply the arguments, options and configuration values for
+    # the command to be invoked, if none is given, the same values used to
+    # initialize the invoker are used to initialize the invoked.
+    #
+    # When no name is given, it will invoke the default command of the current class.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   class A < Bundler::Thor
+    #     def foo
+    #       invoke :bar
+    #       invoke "b:hello", ["Erik"]
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def bar
+    #       invoke "b:hello", ["Erik"]
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class B < Bundler::Thor
+    #     def hello(name)
+    #       puts "hello #{name}"
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # You can notice that the method "foo" above invokes two commands: "bar",
+    # which belongs to the same class and "hello" which belongs to the class B.
+    #
+    # By using an invocation system you ensure that a command is invoked only once.
+    # In the example above, invoking "foo" will invoke "b:hello" just once, even
+    # if it's invoked later by "bar" method.
+    #
+    # When class A invokes class B, all arguments used on A initialization are
+    # supplied to B. This allows lazy parse of options. Let's suppose you have
+    # some rspec commands:
+    #
+    #   class Rspec < Bundler::Thor::Group
+    #     class_option :mock_framework, :type => :string, :default => :rr
+    #
+    #     def invoke_mock_framework
+    #       invoke "rspec:#{options[:mock_framework]}"
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # As you noticed, it invokes the given mock framework, which might have its
+    # own options:
+    #
+    #   class Rspec::RR < Bundler::Thor::Group
+    #     class_option :style, :type => :string, :default => :mock
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Since it's not rspec concern to parse mock framework options, when RR
+    # is invoked all options are parsed again, so RR can extract only the options
+    # that it's going to use.
+    #
+    # If you want Rspec::RR to be initialized with its own set of options, you
+    # have to do that explicitly:
+    #
+    #   invoke "rspec:rr", [], :style => :foo
+    #
+    # Besides giving an instance, you can also give a class to invoke:
+    #
+    #   invoke Rspec::RR, [], :style => :foo
+    #
+    def invoke(name = nil, *args)
+      if name.nil?
+        warn "[Bundler::Thor] Calling invoke() without argument is deprecated. Please use invoke_all instead.\n#{caller.join("\n")}"
+        return invoke_all
+      end
+
+      args.unshift(nil) if args.first.is_a?(Array) || args.first.nil?
+      command, args, opts, config = args
+
+      klass, command = _retrieve_class_and_command(name, command)
+      raise "Missing Bundler::Thor class for invoke #{name}" unless klass
+      raise "Expected Bundler::Thor class, got #{klass}" unless klass <= Bundler::Thor::Base
+
+      args, opts, config = _parse_initialization_options(args, opts, config)
+      klass.send(:dispatch, command, args, opts, config) do |instance|
+        instance.parent_options = options
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Invoke the given command if the given args.
+    def invoke_command(command, *args) #:nodoc:
+      current = @_invocations[self.class]
+
+      unless current.include?(command.name)
+        current << command.name
+        command.run(self, *args)
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :invoke_task, :invoke_command
+
+    # Invoke all commands for the current instance.
+    def invoke_all #:nodoc:
+      self.class.all_commands.map { |_, command| invoke_command(command) }
+    end
+
+    # Invokes using shell padding.
+    def invoke_with_padding(*args)
+      with_padding { invoke(*args) }
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    # Configuration values that are shared between invocations.
+    def _shared_configuration #:nodoc:
+      {:invocations => @_invocations}
+    end
+
+    # This method simply retrieves the class and command to be invoked.
+    # If the name is nil or the given name is a command in the current class,
+    # use the given name and return self as class. Otherwise, call
+    # prepare_for_invocation in the current class.
+    def _retrieve_class_and_command(name, sent_command = nil) #:nodoc:
+      if name.nil?
+        [self.class, nil]
+      elsif self.class.all_commands[name.to_s]
+        [self.class, name.to_s]
+      else
+        klass, command = self.class.prepare_for_invocation(nil, name)
+        [klass, command || sent_command]
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :_retrieve_class_and_task, :_retrieve_class_and_command
+
+    # Initialize klass using values stored in the @_initializer.
+    def _parse_initialization_options(args, opts, config) #:nodoc:
+      stored_args, stored_opts, stored_config = @_initializer
+
+      args ||= stored_args.dup
+      opts ||= stored_opts.dup
+
+      config ||= {}
+      config = stored_config.merge(_shared_configuration).merge!(config)
+
+      [args, opts, config]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c0c336e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require_relative "line_editor/basic"
+require_relative "line_editor/readline"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module LineEditor
+    def self.readline(prompt, options = {})
+      best_available.new(prompt, options).readline
+    end
+
+    def self.best_available
+      [
+        Bundler::Thor::LineEditor::Readline,
+        Bundler::Thor::LineEditor::Basic
+      ].detect(&:available?)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor/basic.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor/basic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe3d7c998f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor/basic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module LineEditor
+    class Basic
+      attr_reader :prompt, :options
+
+      def self.available?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def initialize(prompt, options)
+        @prompt = prompt
+        @options = options
+      end
+
+      def readline
+        $stdout.print(prompt)
+        get_input
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def get_input
+        if echo?
+          $stdin.gets
+        else
+          # Lazy-load io/console since it is gem-ified as of 2.3
+          require "io/console"
+          $stdin.noecho(&:gets)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def echo?
+        options.fetch(:echo, true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor/readline.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor/readline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..120eadd06a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/line_editor/readline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module LineEditor
+    class Readline < Basic
+      def self.available?
+        begin
+          require "readline"
+        rescue LoadError
+        end
+
+        Object.const_defined?(:Readline)
+      end
+
+      def readline
+        if echo?
+          ::Readline.completion_append_character = nil
+          # rb-readline does not allow Readline.completion_proc= to receive nil.
+          if complete = completion_proc
+            ::Readline.completion_proc = complete
+          end
+          ::Readline.readline(prompt, add_to_history?)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def add_to_history?
+        options.fetch(:add_to_history, true)
+      end
+
+      def completion_proc
+        if use_path_completion?
+          proc { |text| PathCompletion.new(text).matches }
+        elsif completion_options.any?
+          proc do |text|
+            completion_options.select { |option| option.start_with?(text) }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def completion_options
+        options.fetch(:limited_to, [])
+      end
+
+      def use_path_completion?
+        options.fetch(:path, false)
+      end
+
+      class PathCompletion
+        attr_reader :text
+        private :text
+
+        def initialize(text)
+          @text = text
+        end
+
+        def matches
+          relative_matches
+        end
+
+      private
+
+        def relative_matches
+          absolute_matches.map { |path| path.sub(base_path, "") }
+        end
+
+        def absolute_matches
+          Dir[glob_pattern].map do |path|
+            if File.directory?(path)
+              "#{path}/"
+            else
+              path
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def glob_pattern
+          "#{base_path}#{text}*"
+        end
+
+        def base_path
+          "#{Dir.pwd}/"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/nested_context.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/nested_context.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd36b9d43f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/nested_context.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  class NestedContext
+    def initialize
+      @depth = 0
+    end
+
+    def enter
+      push
+
+      yield
+    ensure
+      pop
+    end
+
+    def entered?
+      @depth > 0
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def push
+      @depth += 1
+    end
+
+    def pop
+      @depth -= 1
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45394732ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require_relative "parser/argument"
+require_relative "parser/arguments"
+require_relative "parser/option"
+require_relative "parser/options"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/argument.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/argument.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfe7398583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/argument.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  class Argument #:nodoc:
+    VALID_TYPES = [:numeric, :hash, :array, :string]
+
+    attr_reader :name, :description, :enum, :required, :type, :default, :banner
+    alias_method :human_name, :name
+
+    def initialize(name, options = {})
+      class_name = self.class.name.split("::").last
+
+      type = options[:type]
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "#{class_name} name can't be nil."                         if name.nil?
+      raise ArgumentError, "Type :#{type} is not valid for #{class_name.downcase}s."  if type && !valid_type?(type)
+
+      @name        = name.to_s
+      @description = options[:desc]
+      @required    = options.key?(:required) ? options[:required] : true
+      @type        = (type || :string).to_sym
+      @default     = options[:default]
+      @banner      = options[:banner] || default_banner
+      @enum        = options[:enum]
+
+      validate! # Trigger specific validations
+    end
+
+    def usage
+      required? ? banner : "[#{banner}]"
+    end
+
+    def required?
+      required
+    end
+
+    def show_default?
+      case default
+      when Array, String, Hash
+        !default.empty?
+      else
+        default
+      end
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    def validate!
+      raise ArgumentError, "An argument cannot be required and have default value." if required? && !default.nil?
+      raise ArgumentError, "An argument cannot have an enum other than an array." if @enum && !@enum.is_a?(Array)
+    end
+
+    def valid_type?(type)
+      self.class::VALID_TYPES.include?(type.to_sym)
+    end
+
+    def default_banner
+      case type
+      when :boolean
+        nil
+      when :string, :default
+        human_name.upcase
+      when :numeric
+        "N"
+      when :hash
+        "key:value"
+      when :array
+        "one two three"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/arguments.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/arguments.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a5d82cf29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/arguments.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  class Arguments #:nodoc: # rubocop:disable ClassLength
+    NUMERIC = /[-+]?(\d*\.\d+|\d+)/
+
+    # Receives an array of args and returns two arrays, one with arguments
+    # and one with switches.
+    #
+    def self.split(args)
+      arguments = []
+
+      args.each do |item|
+        break if item.is_a?(String) && item =~ /^-/
+        arguments << item
+      end
+
+      [arguments, args[Range.new(arguments.size, -1)]]
+    end
+
+    def self.parse(*args)
+      to_parse = args.pop
+      new(*args).parse(to_parse)
+    end
+
+    # Takes an array of Bundler::Thor::Argument objects.
+    #
+    def initialize(arguments = [])
+      @assigns = {}
+      @non_assigned_required = []
+      @switches = arguments
+
+      arguments.each do |argument|
+        if !argument.default.nil?
+          begin
+            @assigns[argument.human_name] = argument.default.dup
+          rescue TypeError  # Compatibility shim for un-dup-able Fixnum in Ruby < 2.4
+            @assigns[argument.human_name] = argument.default
+          end
+        elsif argument.required?
+          @non_assigned_required << argument
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse(args)
+      @pile = args.dup
+
+      @switches.each do |argument|
+        break unless peek
+        @non_assigned_required.delete(argument)
+        @assigns[argument.human_name] = send(:"parse_#{argument.type}", argument.human_name)
+      end
+
+      check_requirement!
+      @assigns
+    end
+
+    def remaining
+      @pile
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    def no_or_skip?(arg)
+      arg =~ /^--(no|skip)-([-\w]+)$/
+      $2
+    end
+
+    def last?
+      @pile.empty?
+    end
+
+    def peek
+      @pile.first
+    end
+
+    def shift
+      @pile.shift
+    end
+
+    def unshift(arg)
+      if arg.is_a?(Array)
+        @pile = arg + @pile
+      else
+        @pile.unshift(arg)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def current_is_value?
+      peek && peek.to_s !~ /^-{1,2}\S+/
+    end
+
+    # Runs through the argument array getting strings that contains ":" and
+    # mark it as a hash:
+    #
+    #   [ "name:string", "age:integer" ]
+    #
+    # Becomes:
+    #
+    #   { "name" => "string", "age" => "integer" }
+    #
+    def parse_hash(name)
+      return shift if peek.is_a?(Hash)
+      hash = {}
+
+      while current_is_value? && peek.include?(":")
+        key, value = shift.split(":", 2)
+        raise MalformattedArgumentError, "You can't specify '#{key}' more than once in option '#{name}'; got #{key}:#{hash[key]} and #{key}:#{value}" if hash.include? key
+        hash[key] = value
+      end
+      hash
+    end
+
+    # Runs through the argument array getting all strings until no string is
+    # found or a switch is found.
+    #
+    #   ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #
+    # And returns it as an array:
+    #
+    #   ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #
+    def parse_array(name)
+      return shift if peek.is_a?(Array)
+      array = []
+      array << shift while current_is_value?
+      array
+    end
+
+    # Check if the peek is numeric format and return a Float or Integer.
+    # Check if the peek is included in enum if enum is provided.
+    # Otherwise raises an error.
+    #
+    def parse_numeric(name)
+      return shift if peek.is_a?(Numeric)
+
+      unless peek =~ NUMERIC && $& == peek
+        raise MalformattedArgumentError, "Expected numeric value for '#{name}'; got #{peek.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      value = $&.index(".") ? shift.to_f : shift.to_i
+      if @switches.is_a?(Hash) && switch = @switches[name]
+        if switch.enum && !switch.enum.include?(value)
+          raise MalformattedArgumentError, "Expected '#{name}' to be one of #{switch.enum.join(', ')}; got #{value}"
+        end
+      end
+      value
+    end
+
+    # Parse string:
+    # for --string-arg, just return the current value in the pile
+    # for --no-string-arg, nil
+    # Check if the peek is included in enum if enum is provided. Otherwise raises an error.
+    #
+    def parse_string(name)
+      if no_or_skip?(name)
+        nil
+      else
+        value = shift
+        if @switches.is_a?(Hash) && switch = @switches[name]
+          if switch.enum && !switch.enum.include?(value)
+            raise MalformattedArgumentError, "Expected '#{name}' to be one of #{switch.enum.join(', ')}; got #{value}"
+          end
+        end
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Raises an error if @non_assigned_required array is not empty.
+    #
+    def check_requirement!
+      return if @non_assigned_required.empty?
+      names = @non_assigned_required.map do |o|
+        o.respond_to?(:switch_name) ? o.switch_name : o.human_name
+      end.join("', '")
+      class_name = self.class.name.split("::").last.downcase
+      raise RequiredArgumentMissingError, "No value provided for required #{class_name} '#{names}'"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/option.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/option.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a5af6f888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/option.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  class Option < Argument #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :aliases, :group, :lazy_default, :hide, :repeatable
+
+    VALID_TYPES = [:boolean, :numeric, :hash, :array, :string]
+
+    def initialize(name, options = {})
+      @check_default_type = options[:check_default_type]
+      options[:required] = false unless options.key?(:required)
+      @repeatable     = options.fetch(:repeatable, false)
+      super
+      @lazy_default   = options[:lazy_default]
+      @group          = options[:group].to_s.capitalize if options[:group]
+      @aliases        = Array(options[:aliases])
+      @hide           = options[:hide]
+    end
+
+    # This parse quick options given as method_options. It makes several
+    # assumptions, but you can be more specific using the option method.
+    #
+    #   parse :foo => "bar"
+    #   #=> Option foo with default value bar
+    #
+    #   parse [:foo, :baz] => "bar"
+    #   #=> Option foo with default value bar and alias :baz
+    #
+    #   parse :foo => :required
+    #   #=> Required option foo without default value
+    #
+    #   parse :foo => 2
+    #   #=> Option foo with default value 2 and type numeric
+    #
+    #   parse :foo => :numeric
+    #   #=> Option foo without default value and type numeric
+    #
+    #   parse :foo => true
+    #   #=> Option foo with default value true and type boolean
+    #
+    # The valid types are :boolean, :numeric, :hash, :array and :string. If none
+    # is given a default type is assumed. This default type accepts arguments as
+    # string (--foo=value) or booleans (just --foo).
+    #
+    # By default all options are optional, unless :required is given.
+    #
+    def self.parse(key, value)
+      if key.is_a?(Array)
+        name, *aliases = key
+      else
+        name = key
+        aliases = []
+      end
+
+      name    = name.to_s
+      default = value
+
+      type = case value
+      when Symbol
+        default = nil
+        if VALID_TYPES.include?(value)
+          value
+        elsif required = (value == :required) # rubocop:disable AssignmentInCondition
+          :string
+        end
+      when TrueClass, FalseClass
+        :boolean
+      when Numeric
+        :numeric
+      when Hash, Array, String
+        value.class.name.downcase.to_sym
+      end
+
+      new(name.to_s, :required => required, :type => type, :default => default, :aliases => aliases)
+    end
+
+    def switch_name
+      @switch_name ||= dasherized? ? name : dasherize(name)
+    end
+
+    def human_name
+      @human_name ||= dasherized? ? undasherize(name) : name
+    end
+
+    def usage(padding = 0)
+      sample = if banner && !banner.to_s.empty?
+        "#{switch_name}=#{banner}".dup
+      else
+        switch_name
+      end
+
+      sample = "[#{sample}]".dup unless required?
+
+      if boolean?
+        sample << ", [#{dasherize('no-' + human_name)}]" unless (name == "force") || name.start_with?("no-")
+      end
+
+      if aliases.empty?
+        (" " * padding) << sample
+      else
+        "#{aliases.join(', ')}, #{sample}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    VALID_TYPES.each do |type|
+      class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{type}?
+          self.type == #{type.inspect}
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    def validate!
+      raise ArgumentError, "An option cannot be boolean and required." if boolean? && required?
+      validate_default_type!
+    end
+
+    def validate_default_type!
+      default_type = case @default
+      when nil
+        return
+      when TrueClass, FalseClass
+        required? ? :string : :boolean
+      when Numeric
+        :numeric
+      when Symbol
+        :string
+      when Hash, Array, String
+        @default.class.name.downcase.to_sym
+      end
+
+      expected_type = (@repeatable && @type != :hash) ? :array : @type
+
+      if default_type != expected_type
+        err = "Expected #{expected_type} default value for '#{switch_name}'; got #{@default.inspect} (#{default_type})"
+
+        if @check_default_type
+          raise ArgumentError, err
+        elsif @check_default_type == nil
+          Bundler::Thor.deprecation_warning "#{err}.\n" +
+            'This will be rejected in the future unless you explicitly pass the options `check_default_type: false`' +
+            ' or call `allow_incompatible_default_type!` in your code'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dasherized?
+      name.index("-") == 0
+    end
+
+    def undasherize(str)
+      str.sub(/^-{1,2}/, "")
+    end
+
+    def dasherize(str)
+      (str.length > 1 ? "--" : "-") + str.tr("_", "-")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/options.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a8927d09c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  class Options < Arguments #:nodoc: # rubocop:disable ClassLength
+    LONG_RE     = /^(--\w+(?:-\w+)*)$/
+    SHORT_RE    = /^(-[a-z])$/i
+    EQ_RE       = /^(--\w+(?:-\w+)*|-[a-z])=(.*)$/i
+    SHORT_SQ_RE = /^-([a-z]{2,})$/i # Allow either -x -v or -xv style for single char args
+    SHORT_NUM   = /^(-[a-z])#{NUMERIC}$/i
+    OPTS_END    = "--".freeze
+
+    # Receives a hash and makes it switches.
+    def self.to_switches(options)
+      options.map do |key, value|
+        case value
+        when true
+          "--#{key}"
+        when Array
+          "--#{key} #{value.map(&:inspect).join(' ')}"
+        when Hash
+          "--#{key} #{value.map { |k, v| "#{k}:#{v}" }.join(' ')}"
+        when nil, false
+          nil
+        else
+          "--#{key} #{value.inspect}"
+        end
+      end.compact.join(" ")
+    end
+
+    # Takes a hash of Bundler::Thor::Option and a hash with defaults.
+    #
+    # If +stop_on_unknown+ is true, #parse will stop as soon as it encounters
+    # an unknown option or a regular argument.
+    def initialize(hash_options = {}, defaults = {}, stop_on_unknown = false, disable_required_check = false)
+      @stop_on_unknown = stop_on_unknown
+      @disable_required_check = disable_required_check
+      options = hash_options.values
+      super(options)
+
+      # Add defaults
+      defaults.each do |key, value|
+        @assigns[key.to_s] = value
+        @non_assigned_required.delete(hash_options[key])
+      end
+
+      @shorts = {}
+      @switches = {}
+      @extra = []
+      @stopped_parsing_after_extra_index = nil
+
+      options.each do |option|
+        @switches[option.switch_name] = option
+
+        option.aliases.each do |short|
+          name = short.to_s.sub(/^(?!\-)/, "-")
+          @shorts[name] ||= option.switch_name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def remaining
+      @extra
+    end
+
+    def peek
+      return super unless @parsing_options
+
+      result = super
+      if result == OPTS_END
+        shift
+        @parsing_options = false
+        @stopped_parsing_after_extra_index ||= @extra.size
+        super
+      else
+        result
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse(args) # rubocop:disable MethodLength
+      @pile = args.dup
+      @parsing_options = true
+
+      while peek
+        if parsing_options?
+          match, is_switch = current_is_switch?
+          shifted = shift
+
+          if is_switch
+            case shifted
+            when SHORT_SQ_RE
+              unshift($1.split("").map { |f| "-#{f}" })
+              next
+            when EQ_RE, SHORT_NUM
+              unshift($2)
+              switch = $1
+            when LONG_RE, SHORT_RE
+              switch = $1
+            end
+
+            switch = normalize_switch(switch)
+            option = switch_option(switch)
+            result = parse_peek(switch, option)
+            assign_result!(option, result)
+          elsif @stop_on_unknown
+            @parsing_options = false
+            @extra << shifted
+            @stopped_parsing_after_extra_index ||= @extra.size
+            @extra << shift while peek
+            break
+          elsif match
+            @extra << shifted
+            @extra << shift while peek && peek !~ /^-/
+          else
+            @extra << shifted
+          end
+        else
+          @extra << shift
+        end
+      end
+
+      check_requirement! unless @disable_required_check
+
+      assigns = Bundler::Thor::CoreExt::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@assigns)
+      assigns.freeze
+      assigns
+    end
+
+    def check_unknown!
+      to_check = @stopped_parsing_after_extra_index ? @extra[0...@stopped_parsing_after_extra_index] : @extra
+
+      # an unknown option starts with - or -- and has no more --'s afterward.
+      unknown = to_check.select { |str| str =~ /^--?(?:(?!--).)*$/ }
+      raise UnknownArgumentError.new(@switches.keys, unknown) unless unknown.empty?
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    def assign_result!(option, result)
+      if option.repeatable && option.type == :hash
+        (@assigns[option.human_name] ||= {}).merge!(result)
+      elsif option.repeatable
+        (@assigns[option.human_name] ||= []) << result
+      else
+        @assigns[option.human_name] = result
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Check if the current value in peek is a registered switch.
+    #
+    # Two booleans are returned.  The first is true if the current value
+    # starts with a hyphen; the second is true if it is a registered switch.
+    def current_is_switch?
+      case peek
+      when LONG_RE, SHORT_RE, EQ_RE, SHORT_NUM
+        [true, switch?($1)]
+      when SHORT_SQ_RE
+        [true, $1.split("").any? { |f| switch?("-#{f}") }]
+      else
+        [false, false]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def current_is_switch_formatted?
+      case peek
+      when LONG_RE, SHORT_RE, EQ_RE, SHORT_NUM, SHORT_SQ_RE
+        true
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def current_is_value?
+      peek && (!parsing_options? || super)
+    end
+
+    def switch?(arg)
+      !switch_option(normalize_switch(arg)).nil?
+    end
+
+    def switch_option(arg)
+      if match = no_or_skip?(arg) # rubocop:disable AssignmentInCondition
+        @switches[arg] || @switches["--#{match}"]
+      else
+        @switches[arg]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Check if the given argument is actually a shortcut.
+    #
+    def normalize_switch(arg)
+      (@shorts[arg] || arg).tr("_", "-")
+    end
+
+    def parsing_options?
+      peek
+      @parsing_options
+    end
+
+    # Parse boolean values which can be given as --foo=true, --foo or --no-foo.
+    #
+    def parse_boolean(switch)
+      if current_is_value?
+        if ["true", "TRUE", "t", "T", true].include?(peek)
+          shift
+          true
+        elsif ["false", "FALSE", "f", "F", false].include?(peek)
+          shift
+          false
+        else
+          @switches.key?(switch) || !no_or_skip?(switch)
+        end
+      else
+        @switches.key?(switch) || !no_or_skip?(switch)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Parse the value at the peek analyzing if it requires an input or not.
+    #
+    def parse_peek(switch, option)
+      if parsing_options? && (current_is_switch_formatted? || last?)
+        if option.boolean?
+          # No problem for boolean types
+        elsif no_or_skip?(switch)
+          return nil # User set value to nil
+        elsif option.string? && !option.required?
+          # Return the default if there is one, else the human name
+          return option.lazy_default || option.default || option.human_name
+        elsif option.lazy_default
+          return option.lazy_default
+        else
+          raise MalformattedArgumentError, "No value provided for option '#{switch}'"
+        end
+      end
+
+      @non_assigned_required.delete(option)
+      send(:"parse_#{option.type}", switch)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/rake_compat.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/rake_compat.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8f86372cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/rake_compat.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+require "rake"
+require "rake/dsl_definition"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  # Adds a compatibility layer to your Bundler::Thor classes which allows you to use
+  # rake package tasks. For example, to use rspec rake tasks, one can do:
+  #
+  #   require 'bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/rake_compat'
+  #   require 'rspec/core/rake_task'
+  #
+  #   class Default < Bundler::Thor
+  #     include Bundler::Thor::RakeCompat
+  #
+  #     RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec) do |t|
+  #       t.spec_opts = ['--options', './.rspec']
+  #       t.spec_files = FileList['spec/**/*_spec.rb']
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  module RakeCompat
+    include Rake::DSL if defined?(Rake::DSL)
+
+    def self.rake_classes
+      @rake_classes ||= []
+    end
+
+    def self.included(base)
+      super(base)
+      # Hack. Make rakefile point to invoker, so rdoc task is generated properly.
+      rakefile = File.basename(caller[0].match(/(.*):\d+/)[1])
+      Rake.application.instance_variable_set(:@rakefile, rakefile)
+      rake_classes << base
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# override task on (main), for compatibility with Rake 0.9
+instance_eval do
+  alias rake_namespace namespace
+
+  def task(*)
+    task = super
+
+    if klass = Bundler::Thor::RakeCompat.rake_classes.last # rubocop:disable AssignmentInCondition
+      non_namespaced_name = task.name.split(":").last
+
+      description = non_namespaced_name
+      description << task.arg_names.map { |n| n.to_s.upcase }.join(" ")
+      description.strip!
+
+      klass.desc description, Rake.application.last_description || non_namespaced_name
+      Rake.application.last_description = nil
+      klass.send :define_method, non_namespaced_name do |*args|
+        Rake::Task[task.name.to_sym].invoke(*args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    task
+  end
+
+  def namespace(name)
+    if klass = Bundler::Thor::RakeCompat.rake_classes.last # rubocop:disable AssignmentInCondition
+      const_name = Bundler::Thor::Util.camel_case(name.to_s).to_sym
+      klass.const_set(const_name, Class.new(Bundler::Thor))
+      new_klass = klass.const_get(const_name)
+      Bundler::Thor::RakeCompat.rake_classes << new_klass
+    end
+
+    super
+    Bundler::Thor::RakeCompat.rake_classes.pop
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/runner.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/runner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54c5525093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/runner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+require_relative "../thor"
+require_relative "group"
+
+require "yaml"
+require "digest/md5"
+require "pathname"
+
+class Bundler::Thor::Runner < Bundler::Thor #:nodoc: # rubocop:disable ClassLength
+  autoload :OpenURI, "open-uri"
+
+  map "-T" => :list, "-i" => :install, "-u" => :update, "-v" => :version
+
+  def self.banner(command, all = false, subcommand = false)
+    "thor " + command.formatted_usage(self, all, subcommand)
+  end
+
+  def self.exit_on_failure?
+    true
+  end
+
+  # Override Bundler::Thor#help so it can give information about any class and any method.
+  #
+  def help(meth = nil)
+    if meth && !respond_to?(meth)
+      initialize_thorfiles(meth)
+      klass, command = Bundler::Thor::Util.find_class_and_command_by_namespace(meth)
+      self.class.handle_no_command_error(command, false) if klass.nil?
+      klass.start(["-h", command].compact, :shell => shell)
+    else
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  # If a command is not found on Bundler::Thor::Runner, method missing is invoked and
+  # Bundler::Thor::Runner is then responsible for finding the command in all classes.
+  #
+  def method_missing(meth, *args)
+    meth = meth.to_s
+    initialize_thorfiles(meth)
+    klass, command = Bundler::Thor::Util.find_class_and_command_by_namespace(meth)
+    self.class.handle_no_command_error(command, false) if klass.nil?
+    args.unshift(command) if command
+    klass.start(args, :shell => shell)
+  end
+
+  desc "install NAME", "Install an optionally named Bundler::Thor file into your system commands"
+  method_options :as => :string, :relative => :boolean, :force => :boolean
+  def install(name) # rubocop:disable MethodLength
+    initialize_thorfiles
+
+    # If a directory name is provided as the argument, look for a 'main.thor'
+    # command in said directory.
+    begin
+      if File.directory?(File.expand_path(name))
+        base = File.join(name, "main.thor")
+        package = :directory
+        contents = open(base, &:read)
+      else
+        base = name
+        package = :file
+        contents = open(name, &:read)
+      end
+    rescue OpenURI::HTTPError
+      raise Error, "Error opening URI '#{name}'"
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      raise Error, "Error opening file '#{name}'"
+    end
+
+    say "Your Thorfile contains:"
+    say contents
+
+    unless options["force"]
+      return false if no?("Do you wish to continue [y/N]?")
+    end
+
+    as = options["as"] || begin
+      first_line = contents.split("\n")[0]
+      (match = first_line.match(/\s*#\s*module:\s*([^\n]*)/)) ? match[1].strip : nil
+    end
+
+    unless as
+      basename = File.basename(name)
+      as = ask("Please specify a name for #{name} in the system repository [#{basename}]:")
+      as = basename if as.empty?
+    end
+
+    location = if options[:relative] || name =~ %r{^https?://}
+      name
+    else
+      File.expand_path(name)
+    end
+
+    thor_yaml[as] = {
+      :filename   => Digest::MD5.hexdigest(name + as),
+      :location   => location,
+      :namespaces => Bundler::Thor::Util.namespaces_in_content(contents, base)
+    }
+
+    save_yaml(thor_yaml)
+    say "Storing thor file in your system repository"
+    destination = File.join(thor_root, thor_yaml[as][:filename])
+
+    if package == :file
+      File.open(destination, "w") { |f| f.puts contents }
+    else
+      require "fileutils"
+      FileUtils.cp_r(name, destination)
+    end
+
+    thor_yaml[as][:filename] # Indicate success
+  end
+
+  desc "version", "Show Bundler::Thor version"
+  def version
+    require_relative "version"
+    say "Bundler::Thor #{Bundler::Thor::VERSION}"
+  end
+
+  desc "uninstall NAME", "Uninstall a named Bundler::Thor module"
+  def uninstall(name)
+    raise Error, "Can't find module '#{name}'" unless thor_yaml[name]
+    say "Uninstalling #{name}."
+    require "fileutils"
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(File.join(thor_root, (thor_yaml[name][:filename]).to_s))
+
+    thor_yaml.delete(name)
+    save_yaml(thor_yaml)
+
+    puts "Done."
+  end
+
+  desc "update NAME", "Update a Bundler::Thor file from its original location"
+  def update(name)
+    raise Error, "Can't find module '#{name}'" if !thor_yaml[name] || !thor_yaml[name][:location]
+
+    say "Updating '#{name}' from #{thor_yaml[name][:location]}"
+
+    old_filename = thor_yaml[name][:filename]
+    self.options = options.merge("as" => name)
+
+    if File.directory? File.expand_path(name)
+      require "fileutils"
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(File.join(thor_root, old_filename))
+
+      thor_yaml.delete(old_filename)
+      save_yaml(thor_yaml)
+
+      filename = install(name)
+    else
+      filename = install(thor_yaml[name][:location])
+    end
+
+    File.delete(File.join(thor_root, old_filename)) unless filename == old_filename
+  end
+
+  desc "installed", "List the installed Bundler::Thor modules and commands"
+  method_options :internal => :boolean
+  def installed
+    initialize_thorfiles(nil, true)
+    display_klasses(true, options["internal"])
+  end
+
+  desc "list [SEARCH]", "List the available thor commands (--substring means .*SEARCH)"
+  method_options :substring => :boolean, :group => :string, :all => :boolean, :debug => :boolean
+  def list(search = "")
+    initialize_thorfiles
+
+    search = ".*#{search}" if options["substring"]
+    search = /^#{search}.*/i
+    group  = options[:group] || "standard"
+
+    klasses = Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.select do |k|
+      (options[:all] || k.group == group) && k.namespace =~ search
+    end
+
+    display_klasses(false, false, klasses)
+  end
+
+private
+
+  def thor_root
+    Bundler::Thor::Util.thor_root
+  end
+
+  def thor_yaml
+    @thor_yaml ||= begin
+      yaml_file = File.join(thor_root, "thor.yml")
+      yaml = YAML.load_file(yaml_file) if File.exist?(yaml_file)
+      yaml || {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Save the yaml file. If none exists in thor root, creates one.
+  #
+  def save_yaml(yaml)
+    yaml_file = File.join(thor_root, "thor.yml")
+
+    unless File.exist?(yaml_file)
+      require "fileutils"
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(thor_root)
+      yaml_file = File.join(thor_root, "thor.yml")
+      FileUtils.touch(yaml_file)
+    end
+
+    File.open(yaml_file, "w") { |f| f.puts yaml.to_yaml }
+  end
+
+  # Load the Thorfiles. If relevant_to is supplied, looks for specific files
+  # in the thor_root instead of loading them all.
+  #
+  # By default, it also traverses the current path until find Bundler::Thor files, as
+  # described in thorfiles. This look up can be skipped by supplying
+  # skip_lookup true.
+  #
+  def initialize_thorfiles(relevant_to = nil, skip_lookup = false)
+    thorfiles(relevant_to, skip_lookup).each do |f|
+      Bundler::Thor::Util.load_thorfile(f, nil, options[:debug]) unless Bundler::Thor::Base.subclass_files.keys.include?(File.expand_path(f))
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Finds Thorfiles by traversing from your current directory down to the root
+  # directory of your system. If at any time we find a Bundler::Thor file, we stop.
+  #
+  # We also ensure that system-wide Thorfiles are loaded first, so local
+  # Thorfiles can override them.
+  #
+  # ==== Example
+  #
+  # If we start at /Users/wycats/dev/thor ...
+  #
+  # 1. /Users/wycats/dev/thor
+  # 2. /Users/wycats/dev
+  # 3. /Users/wycats <-- we find a Thorfile here, so we stop
+  #
+  # Suppose we start at c:\Documents and Settings\james\dev\thor ...
+  #
+  # 1. c:\Documents and Settings\james\dev\thor
+  # 2. c:\Documents and Settings\james\dev
+  # 3. c:\Documents and Settings\james
+  # 4. c:\Documents and Settings
+  # 5. c:\ <-- no Thorfiles found!
+  #
+  def thorfiles(relevant_to = nil, skip_lookup = false)
+    thorfiles = []
+
+    unless skip_lookup
+      Pathname.pwd.ascend do |path|
+        thorfiles = Bundler::Thor::Util.globs_for(path).map { |g| Dir[g] }.flatten
+        break unless thorfiles.empty?
+      end
+    end
+
+    files  = (relevant_to ? thorfiles_relevant_to(relevant_to) : Bundler::Thor::Util.thor_root_glob)
+    files += thorfiles
+    files -= ["#{thor_root}/thor.yml"]
+
+    files.map! do |file|
+      File.directory?(file) ? File.join(file, "main.thor") : file
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Load Thorfiles relevant to the given method. If you provide "foo:bar" it
+  # will load all thor files in the thor.yaml that has "foo" e "foo:bar"
+  # namespaces registered.
+  #
+  def thorfiles_relevant_to(meth)
+    lookup = [meth, meth.split(":")[0...-1].join(":")]
+
+    files = thor_yaml.select do |_, v|
+      v[:namespaces] && !(v[:namespaces] & lookup).empty?
+    end
+
+    files.map { |_, v| File.join(thor_root, (v[:filename]).to_s) }
+  end
+
+  # Display information about the given klasses. If with_module is given,
+  # it shows a table with information extracted from the yaml file.
+  #
+  def display_klasses(with_modules = false, show_internal = false, klasses = Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses)
+    klasses -= [Bundler::Thor, Bundler::Thor::Runner, Bundler::Thor::Group] unless show_internal
+
+    raise Error, "No Bundler::Thor commands available" if klasses.empty?
+    show_modules if with_modules && !thor_yaml.empty?
+
+    list = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+    groups = klasses.select { |k| k.ancestors.include?(Bundler::Thor::Group) }
+
+    # Get classes which inherit from Bundler::Thor
+    (klasses - groups).each { |k| list[k.namespace.split(":").first] += k.printable_commands(false) }
+
+    # Get classes which inherit from Bundler::Thor::Base
+    groups.map! { |k| k.printable_commands(false).first }
+    list["root"] = groups
+
+    # Order namespaces with default coming first
+    list = list.sort { |a, b| a[0].sub(/^default/, "") <=> b[0].sub(/^default/, "") }
+    list.each { |n, commands| display_commands(n, commands) unless commands.empty? }
+  end
+
+  def display_commands(namespace, list) #:nodoc:
+    list.sort! { |a, b| a[0] <=> b[0] }
+
+    say shell.set_color(namespace, :blue, true)
+    say "-" * namespace.size
+
+    print_table(list, :truncate => true)
+    say
+  end
+  alias_method :display_tasks, :display_commands
+
+  def show_modules #:nodoc:
+    info = []
+    labels = %w(Modules Namespaces)
+
+    info << labels
+    info << ["-" * labels[0].size, "-" * labels[1].size]
+
+    thor_yaml.each do |name, hash|
+      info << [name, hash[:namespaces].join(", ")]
+    end
+
+    print_table info
+    say ""
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e36fa472d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+require "rbconfig"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Base
+    class << self
+      attr_writer :shell
+
+      # Returns the shell used in all Bundler::Thor classes. If you are in a Unix platform
+      # it will use a colored log, otherwise it will use a basic one without color.
+      #
+      def shell
+        @shell ||= if ENV["THOR_SHELL"] && !ENV["THOR_SHELL"].empty?
+          Bundler::Thor::Shell.const_get(ENV["THOR_SHELL"])
+        elsif RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"] =~ /mswin|mingw/ && !ENV["ANSICON"]
+          Bundler::Thor::Shell::Basic
+        else
+          Bundler::Thor::Shell::Color
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Shell
+    SHELL_DELEGATED_METHODS = [:ask, :error, :set_color, :yes?, :no?, :say, :say_status, :print_in_columns, :print_table, :print_wrapped, :file_collision, :terminal_width]
+    attr_writer :shell
+
+    autoload :Basic, File.expand_path("shell/basic", __dir__)
+    autoload :Color, File.expand_path("shell/color", __dir__)
+    autoload :HTML,  File.expand_path("shell/html", __dir__)
+
+    # Add shell to initialize config values.
+    #
+    # ==== Configuration
+    # shell<Object>:: An instance of the shell to be used.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   class MyScript < Bundler::Thor
+    #     argument :first, :type => :numeric
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   MyScript.new [1.0], { :foo => :bar }, :shell => Bundler::Thor::Shell::Basic.new
+    #
+    def initialize(args = [], options = {}, config = {})
+      super
+      self.shell = config[:shell]
+      shell.base ||= self if shell.respond_to?(:base)
+    end
+
+    # Holds the shell for the given Bundler::Thor instance. If no shell is given,
+    # it gets a default shell from Bundler::Thor::Base.shell.
+    def shell
+      @shell ||= Bundler::Thor::Base.shell.new
+    end
+
+    # Common methods that are delegated to the shell.
+    SHELL_DELEGATED_METHODS.each do |method|
+      module_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{method}(*args,&block)
+          shell.#{method}(*args,&block)
+        end
+      METHOD
+    end
+
+    # Yields the given block with padding.
+    def with_padding
+      shell.padding += 1
+      yield
+    ensure
+      shell.padding -= 1
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    # Allow shell to be shared between invocations.
+    #
+    def _shared_configuration #:nodoc:
+      super.merge!(:shell => shell)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2dddd4a53a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Shell
+    class Basic
+      DEFAULT_TERMINAL_WIDTH = 80
+
+      attr_accessor :base
+      attr_reader   :padding
+
+      # Initialize base, mute and padding to nil.
+      #
+      def initialize #:nodoc:
+        @base = nil
+        @mute = false
+        @padding = 0
+        @always_force = false
+      end
+
+      # Mute everything that's inside given block
+      #
+      def mute
+        @mute = true
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @mute = false
+      end
+
+      # Check if base is muted
+      #
+      def mute?
+        @mute
+      end
+
+      # Sets the output padding, not allowing less than zero values.
+      #
+      def padding=(value)
+        @padding = [0, value].max
+      end
+
+      # Sets the output padding while executing a block and resets it.
+      #
+      def indent(count = 1)
+        orig_padding = padding
+        self.padding = padding + count
+        yield
+        self.padding = orig_padding
+      end
+
+      # Asks something to the user and receives a response.
+      #
+      # If a default value is specified it will be presented to the user
+      # and allows them to select that value with an empty response. This
+      # option is ignored when limited answers are supplied.
+      #
+      # If asked to limit the correct responses, you can pass in an
+      # array of acceptable answers.  If one of those is not supplied,
+      # they will be shown a message stating that one of those answers
+      # must be given and re-asked the question.
+      #
+      # If asking for sensitive information, the :echo option can be set
+      # to false to mask user input from $stdin.
+      #
+      # If the required input is a path, then set the path option to
+      # true. This will enable tab completion for file paths relative
+      # to the current working directory on systems that support
+      # Readline.
+      #
+      # ==== Example
+      # ask("What is your name?")
+      #
+      # ask("What is the planet furthest from the sun?", :default => "Pluto")
+      #
+      # ask("What is your favorite Neopolitan flavor?", :limited_to => ["strawberry", "chocolate", "vanilla"])
+      #
+      # ask("What is your password?", :echo => false)
+      #
+      # ask("Where should the file be saved?", :path => true)
+      #
+      def ask(statement, *args)
+        options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+        color = args.first
+
+        if options[:limited_to]
+          ask_filtered(statement, color, options)
+        else
+          ask_simply(statement, color, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Say (print) something to the user. If the sentence ends with a whitespace
+      # or tab character, a new line is not appended (print + flush). Otherwise
+      # are passed straight to puts (behavior got from Highline).
+      #
+      # ==== Example
+      # say("I know you knew that.")
+      #
+      def say(message = "", color = nil, force_new_line = (message.to_s !~ /( |\t)\Z/))
+        return if quiet?
+
+        buffer = prepare_message(message, *color)
+        buffer << "\n" if force_new_line && !message.to_s.end_with?("\n")
+
+        stdout.print(buffer)
+        stdout.flush
+      end
+
+      # Say a status with the given color and appends the message. Since this
+      # method is used frequently by actions, it allows nil or false to be given
+      # in log_status, avoiding the message from being shown. If a Symbol is
+      # given in log_status, it's used as the color.
+      #
+      def say_status(status, message, log_status = true)
+        return if quiet? || log_status == false
+        spaces = "  " * (padding + 1)
+        color  = log_status.is_a?(Symbol) ? log_status : :green
+
+        status = status.to_s.rjust(12)
+        status = set_color status, color, true if color
+
+        buffer = "#{status}#{spaces}#{message}"
+        buffer = "#{buffer}\n" unless buffer.end_with?("\n")
+
+        stdout.print(buffer)
+        stdout.flush
+      end
+
+      # Make a question the to user and returns true if the user replies "y" or
+      # "yes".
+      #
+      def yes?(statement, color = nil)
+        !!(ask(statement, color, :add_to_history => false) =~ is?(:yes))
+      end
+
+      # Make a question the to user and returns true if the user replies "n" or
+      # "no".
+      #
+      def no?(statement, color = nil)
+        !!(ask(statement, color, :add_to_history => false) =~ is?(:no))
+      end
+
+      # Prints values in columns
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # Array[String, String, ...]
+      #
+      def print_in_columns(array)
+        return if array.empty?
+        colwidth = (array.map { |el| el.to_s.size }.max || 0) + 2
+        array.each_with_index do |value, index|
+          # Don't output trailing spaces when printing the last column
+          if ((((index + 1) % (terminal_width / colwidth))).zero? && !index.zero?) || index + 1 == array.length
+            stdout.puts value
+          else
+            stdout.printf("%-#{colwidth}s", value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Prints a table.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # Array[Array[String, String, ...]]
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # indent<Integer>:: Indent the first column by indent value.
+      # colwidth<Integer>:: Force the first column to colwidth spaces wide.
+      #
+      def print_table(array, options = {}) # rubocop:disable MethodLength
+        return if array.empty?
+
+        formats = []
+        indent = options[:indent].to_i
+        colwidth = options[:colwidth]
+        options[:truncate] = terminal_width if options[:truncate] == true
+
+        formats << "%-#{colwidth + 2}s".dup if colwidth
+        start = colwidth ? 1 : 0
+
+        colcount = array.max { |a, b| a.size <=> b.size }.size
+
+        maximas = []
+
+        start.upto(colcount - 1) do |index|
+          maxima = array.map { |row| row[index] ? row[index].to_s.size : 0 }.max
+          maximas << maxima
+          formats << if index == colcount - 1
+                       # Don't output 2 trailing spaces when printing the last column
+                       "%-s".dup
+                     else
+                       "%-#{maxima + 2}s".dup
+                     end
+        end
+
+        formats[0] = formats[0].insert(0, " " * indent)
+        formats << "%s"
+
+        array.each do |row|
+          sentence = "".dup
+
+          row.each_with_index do |column, index|
+            maxima = maximas[index]
+
+            f = if column.is_a?(Numeric)
+              if index == row.size - 1
+                # Don't output 2 trailing spaces when printing the last column
+                "%#{maxima}s"
+              else
+                "%#{maxima}s  "
+              end
+            else
+              formats[index]
+            end
+            sentence << f % column.to_s
+          end
+
+          sentence = truncate(sentence, options[:truncate]) if options[:truncate]
+          stdout.puts sentence
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Prints a long string, word-wrapping the text to the current width of the
+      # terminal display. Ideal for printing heredocs.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # String
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # indent<Integer>:: Indent each line of the printed paragraph by indent value.
+      #
+      def print_wrapped(message, options = {})
+        indent = options[:indent] || 0
+        width = terminal_width - indent
+        paras = message.split("\n\n")
+
+        paras.map! do |unwrapped|
+          words = unwrapped.split(" ")
+          counter = words.first.length
+          words.inject do |memo, word|
+            word = word.gsub(/\n\005/, "\n").gsub(/\005/, "\n")
+            counter = 0 if word.include? "\n"
+            if (counter + word.length + 1) < width
+              memo = "#{memo} #{word}"
+              counter += (word.length + 1)
+            else
+              memo = "#{memo}\n#{word}"
+              counter = word.length
+            end
+            memo
+          end
+        end.compact!
+
+        paras.each do |para|
+          para.split("\n").each do |line|
+            stdout.puts line.insert(0, " " * indent)
+          end
+          stdout.puts unless para == paras.last
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Deals with file collision and returns true if the file should be
+      # overwritten and false otherwise. If a block is given, it uses the block
+      # response as the content for the diff.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # destination<String>:: the destination file to solve conflicts
+      # block<Proc>:: an optional block that returns the value to be used in diff and merge
+      #
+      def file_collision(destination)
+        return true if @always_force
+        options = block_given? ? "[Ynaqdhm]" : "[Ynaqh]"
+
+        loop do
+          answer = ask(
+            %[Overwrite #{destination}? (enter "h" for help) #{options}],
+            :add_to_history => false
+          )
+
+          case answer
+          when nil
+            say ""
+            return true
+          when is?(:yes), is?(:force), ""
+            return true
+          when is?(:no), is?(:skip)
+            return false
+          when is?(:always)
+            return @always_force = true
+          when is?(:quit)
+            say "Aborting..."
+            raise SystemExit
+          when is?(:diff)
+            show_diff(destination, yield) if block_given?
+            say "Retrying..."
+          when is?(:merge)
+            if block_given? && !merge_tool.empty?
+              merge(destination, yield)
+              return nil
+            end
+
+            say "Please specify merge tool to `THOR_MERGE` env."
+          else
+            say file_collision_help
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This code was copied from Rake, available under MIT-LICENSE
+      # Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Jim Weirich
+      def terminal_width
+        result = if ENV["THOR_COLUMNS"]
+          ENV["THOR_COLUMNS"].to_i
+        else
+          unix? ? dynamic_width : DEFAULT_TERMINAL_WIDTH
+        end
+        result < 10 ? DEFAULT_TERMINAL_WIDTH : result
+      rescue
+        DEFAULT_TERMINAL_WIDTH
+      end
+
+      # Called if something goes wrong during the execution. This is used by Bundler::Thor
+      # internally and should not be used inside your scripts. If something went
+      # wrong, you can always raise an exception. If you raise a Bundler::Thor::Error, it
+      # will be rescued and wrapped in the method below.
+      #
+      def error(statement)
+        stderr.puts statement
+      end
+
+      # Apply color to the given string with optional bold. Disabled in the
+      # Bundler::Thor::Shell::Basic class.
+      #
+      def set_color(string, *) #:nodoc:
+        string
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def prepare_message(message, *color)
+        spaces = "  " * padding
+        spaces + set_color(message.to_s, *color)
+      end
+
+      def can_display_colors?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def lookup_color(color)
+        return color unless color.is_a?(Symbol)
+        self.class.const_get(color.to_s.upcase)
+      end
+
+      def stdout
+        $stdout
+      end
+
+      def stderr
+        $stderr
+      end
+
+      def is?(value) #:nodoc:
+        value = value.to_s
+
+        if value.size == 1
+          /\A#{value}\z/i
+        else
+          /\A(#{value}|#{value[0, 1]})\z/i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def file_collision_help #:nodoc:
+        <<-HELP
+        Y - yes, overwrite
+        n - no, do not overwrite
+        a - all, overwrite this and all others
+        q - quit, abort
+        d - diff, show the differences between the old and the new
+        h - help, show this help
+        m - merge, run merge tool
+        HELP
+      end
+
+      def show_diff(destination, content) #:nodoc:
+        diff_cmd = ENV["THOR_DIFF"] || ENV["RAILS_DIFF"] || "diff -u"
+
+        require "tempfile"
+        Tempfile.open(File.basename(destination), File.dirname(destination)) do |temp|
+          temp.write content
+          temp.rewind
+          system %(#{diff_cmd} "#{destination}" "#{temp.path}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def quiet? #:nodoc:
+        mute? || (base && base.options[:quiet])
+      end
+
+      # Calculate the dynamic width of the terminal
+      def dynamic_width
+        @dynamic_width ||= (dynamic_width_stty.nonzero? || dynamic_width_tput)
+      end
+
+      def dynamic_width_stty
+        `stty size 2>/dev/null`.split[1].to_i
+      end
+
+      def dynamic_width_tput
+        `tput cols 2>/dev/null`.to_i
+      end
+
+      def unix?
+        RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /(aix|darwin|linux|(net|free|open)bsd|cygwin|solaris|irix|hpux)/i
+      end
+
+      def truncate(string, width)
+        as_unicode do
+          chars = string.chars.to_a
+          if chars.length <= width
+            chars.join
+          else
+            chars[0, width - 3].join + "..."
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      if "".respond_to?(:encode)
+        def as_unicode
+          yield
+        end
+      else
+        def as_unicode
+          old = $KCODE
+          $KCODE = "U"
+          yield
+        ensure
+          $KCODE = old
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ask_simply(statement, color, options)
+        default = options[:default]
+        message = [statement, ("(#{default})" if default), nil].uniq.join(" ")
+        message = prepare_message(message, *color)
+        result = Bundler::Thor::LineEditor.readline(message, options)
+
+        return unless result
+
+        result = result.strip
+
+        if default && result == ""
+          default
+        else
+          result
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ask_filtered(statement, color, options)
+        answer_set = options[:limited_to]
+        case_insensitive = options.fetch(:case_insensitive, false)
+        correct_answer = nil
+        until correct_answer
+          answers = answer_set.join(", ")
+          answer = ask_simply("#{statement} [#{answers}]", color, options)
+          correct_answer = answer_match(answer_set, answer, case_insensitive)
+          say("Your response must be one of: [#{answers}]. Please try again.") unless correct_answer
+        end
+        correct_answer
+      end
+
+      def answer_match(possibilities, answer, case_insensitive)
+        if case_insensitive
+          possibilities.detect{ |possibility| possibility.downcase == answer.downcase }
+        else
+          possibilities.detect{ |possibility| possibility == answer }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def merge(destination, content) #:nodoc:
+        require "tempfile"
+        Tempfile.open([File.basename(destination), File.extname(destination)], File.dirname(destination)) do |temp|
+          temp.write content
+          temp.rewind
+          system %(#{merge_tool} "#{temp.path}" "#{destination}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def merge_tool #:nodoc:
+        @merge_tool ||= ENV["THOR_MERGE"] || git_merge_tool
+      end
+
+      def git_merge_tool #:nodoc:
+        `git config merge.tool`.rstrip rescue ""
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/color.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/color.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc167ed3cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/color.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+require_relative "basic"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Shell
+    # Inherit from Bundler::Thor::Shell::Basic and add set_color behavior. Check
+    # Bundler::Thor::Shell::Basic to see all available methods.
+    #
+    class Color < Basic
+      # Embed in a String to clear all previous ANSI sequences.
+      CLEAR      = "\e[0m"
+      # The start of an ANSI bold sequence.
+      BOLD       = "\e[1m"
+
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to black.
+      BLACK      = "\e[30m"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to red.
+      RED        = "\e[31m"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to green.
+      GREEN      = "\e[32m"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to yellow.
+      YELLOW     = "\e[33m"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to blue.
+      BLUE       = "\e[34m"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to magenta.
+      MAGENTA    = "\e[35m"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to cyan.
+      CYAN       = "\e[36m"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground ANSI color to white.
+      WHITE      = "\e[37m"
+
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to black.
+      ON_BLACK   = "\e[40m"
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to red.
+      ON_RED     = "\e[41m"
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to green.
+      ON_GREEN   = "\e[42m"
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to yellow.
+      ON_YELLOW  = "\e[43m"
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to blue.
+      ON_BLUE    = "\e[44m"
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to magenta.
+      ON_MAGENTA = "\e[45m"
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to cyan.
+      ON_CYAN    = "\e[46m"
+      # Set the terminal's background ANSI color to white.
+      ON_WHITE   = "\e[47m"
+
+      # Set color by using a string or one of the defined constants. If a third
+      # option is set to true, it also adds bold to the string. This is based
+      # on Highline implementation and it automatically appends CLEAR to the end
+      # of the returned String.
+      #
+      # Pass foreground, background and bold options to this method as
+      # symbols.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   set_color "Hi!", :red, :on_white, :bold
+      #
+      # The available colors are:
+      #
+      #   :bold
+      #   :black
+      #   :red
+      #   :green
+      #   :yellow
+      #   :blue
+      #   :magenta
+      #   :cyan
+      #   :white
+      #   :on_black
+      #   :on_red
+      #   :on_green
+      #   :on_yellow
+      #   :on_blue
+      #   :on_magenta
+      #   :on_cyan
+      #   :on_white
+      def set_color(string, *colors)
+        if colors.compact.empty? || !can_display_colors?
+          string
+        elsif colors.all? { |color| color.is_a?(Symbol) || color.is_a?(String) }
+          ansi_colors = colors.map { |color| lookup_color(color) }
+          "#{ansi_colors.join}#{string}#{CLEAR}"
+        else
+          # The old API was `set_color(color, bold=boolean)`. We
+          # continue to support the old API because you should never
+          # break old APIs unnecessarily :P
+          foreground, bold = colors
+          foreground = self.class.const_get(foreground.to_s.upcase) if foreground.is_a?(Symbol)
+
+          bold       = bold ? BOLD : ""
+          "#{bold}#{foreground}#{string}#{CLEAR}"
+        end
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def can_display_colors?
+        are_colors_supported? && !are_colors_disabled?
+      end
+
+      def are_colors_supported?
+        stdout.tty? && ENV["TERM"] != "dumb"
+      end
+
+      def are_colors_disabled?
+        !ENV['NO_COLOR'].nil?
+      end
+
+      # Overwrite show_diff to show diff with colors if Diff::LCS is
+      # available.
+      #
+      def show_diff(destination, content) #:nodoc:
+        if diff_lcs_loaded? && ENV["THOR_DIFF"].nil? && ENV["RAILS_DIFF"].nil?
+          actual  = File.binread(destination).to_s.split("\n")
+          content = content.to_s.split("\n")
+
+          Diff::LCS.sdiff(actual, content).each do |diff|
+            output_diff_line(diff)
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def output_diff_line(diff) #:nodoc:
+        case diff.action
+        when "-"
+          say "- #{diff.old_element.chomp}", :red, true
+        when "+"
+          say "+ #{diff.new_element.chomp}", :green, true
+        when "!"
+          say "- #{diff.old_element.chomp}", :red, true
+          say "+ #{diff.new_element.chomp}", :green, true
+        else
+          say "  #{diff.old_element.chomp}", nil, true
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Check if Diff::LCS is loaded. If it is, use it to create pretty output
+      # for diff.
+      #
+      def diff_lcs_loaded? #:nodoc:
+        return true if defined?(Diff::LCS)
+        return @diff_lcs_loaded unless @diff_lcs_loaded.nil?
+
+        @diff_lcs_loaded = begin
+          require "diff/lcs"
+          true
+        rescue LoadError
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/html.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/html.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77a6d13a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/shell/html.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+require_relative "basic"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Shell
+    # Inherit from Bundler::Thor::Shell::Basic and add set_color behavior. Check
+    # Bundler::Thor::Shell::Basic to see all available methods.
+    #
+    class HTML < Basic
+      # The start of an HTML bold sequence.
+      BOLD       = "font-weight: bold"
+
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to black.
+      BLACK      = "color: black"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to red.
+      RED        = "color: red"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to green.
+      GREEN      = "color: green"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to yellow.
+      YELLOW     = "color: yellow"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to blue.
+      BLUE       = "color: blue"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to magenta.
+      MAGENTA    = "color: magenta"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to cyan.
+      CYAN       = "color: cyan"
+      # Set the terminal's foreground HTML color to white.
+      WHITE      = "color: white"
+
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to black.
+      ON_BLACK   = "background-color: black"
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to red.
+      ON_RED     = "background-color: red"
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to green.
+      ON_GREEN   = "background-color: green"
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to yellow.
+      ON_YELLOW  = "background-color: yellow"
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to blue.
+      ON_BLUE    = "background-color: blue"
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to magenta.
+      ON_MAGENTA = "background-color: magenta"
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to cyan.
+      ON_CYAN    = "background-color: cyan"
+      # Set the terminal's background HTML color to white.
+      ON_WHITE   = "background-color: white"
+
+      # Set color by using a string or one of the defined constants. If a third
+      # option is set to true, it also adds bold to the string. This is based
+      # on Highline implementation and it automatically appends CLEAR to the end
+      # of the returned String.
+      #
+      def set_color(string, *colors)
+        if colors.all? { |color| color.is_a?(Symbol) || color.is_a?(String) }
+          html_colors = colors.map { |color| lookup_color(color) }
+          "<span style=\"#{html_colors.join('; ')};\">#{Bundler::Thor::Util.escape_html(string)}</span>"
+        else
+          color, bold = colors
+          html_color = self.class.const_get(color.to_s.upcase) if color.is_a?(Symbol)
+          styles = [html_color]
+          styles << BOLD if bold
+          "<span style=\"#{styles.join('; ')};\">#{Bundler::Thor::Util.escape_html(string)}</span>"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Ask something to the user and receives a response.
+      #
+      # ==== Example
+      # ask("What is your name?")
+      #
+      # TODO: Implement #ask for Bundler::Thor::Shell::HTML
+      def ask(statement, color = nil)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "Implement #ask for Bundler::Thor::Shell::HTML"
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def can_display_colors?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Overwrite show_diff to show diff with colors if Diff::LCS is
+      # available.
+      #
+      def show_diff(destination, content) #:nodoc:
+        if diff_lcs_loaded? && ENV["THOR_DIFF"].nil? && ENV["RAILS_DIFF"].nil?
+          actual  = File.binread(destination).to_s.split("\n")
+          content = content.to_s.split("\n")
+
+          Diff::LCS.sdiff(actual, content).each do |diff|
+            output_diff_line(diff)
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def output_diff_line(diff) #:nodoc:
+        case diff.action
+        when "-"
+          say "- #{diff.old_element.chomp}", :red, true
+        when "+"
+          say "+ #{diff.new_element.chomp}", :green, true
+        when "!"
+          say "- #{diff.old_element.chomp}", :red, true
+          say "+ #{diff.new_element.chomp}", :green, true
+        else
+          say "  #{diff.old_element.chomp}", nil, true
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Check if Diff::LCS is loaded. If it is, use it to create pretty output
+      # for diff.
+      #
+      def diff_lcs_loaded? #:nodoc:
+        return true if defined?(Diff::LCS)
+        return @diff_lcs_loaded unless @diff_lcs_loaded.nil?
+
+        @diff_lcs_loaded = begin
+          require "diff/lcs"
+          true
+        rescue LoadError
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/util.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/util.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddf4d21b90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/util.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+require "rbconfig"
+
+class Bundler::Thor
+  module Sandbox #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  # This module holds several utilities:
+  #
+  # 1) Methods to convert thor namespaces to constants and vice-versa.
+  #
+  #   Bundler::Thor::Util.namespace_from_thor_class(Foo::Bar::Baz) #=> "foo:bar:baz"
+  #
+  # 2) Loading thor files and sandboxing:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::Thor::Util.load_thorfile("~/.thor/foo")
+  #
+  module Util
+    class << self
+      # Receives a namespace and search for it in the Bundler::Thor::Base subclasses.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # namespace<String>:: The namespace to search for.
+      #
+      def find_by_namespace(namespace)
+        namespace = "default#{namespace}" if namespace.empty? || namespace =~ /^:/
+        Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.detect { |klass| klass.namespace == namespace }
+      end
+
+      # Receives a constant and converts it to a Bundler::Thor namespace. Since Bundler::Thor
+      # commands can be added to a sandbox, this method is also responsible for
+      # removing the sandbox namespace.
+      #
+      # This method should not be used in general because it's used to deal with
+      # older versions of Bundler::Thor. On current versions, if you need to get the
+      # namespace from a class, just call namespace on it.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # constant<Object>:: The constant to be converted to the thor path.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # String:: If we receive Foo::Bar::Baz it returns "foo:bar:baz"
+      #
+      def namespace_from_thor_class(constant)
+        constant = constant.to_s.gsub(/^Bundler::Thor::Sandbox::/, "")
+        constant = snake_case(constant).squeeze(":")
+        constant
+      end
+
+      # Given the contents, evaluate it inside the sandbox and returns the
+      # namespaces defined in the sandbox.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # contents<String>
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # Array[Object]
+      #
+      def namespaces_in_content(contents, file = __FILE__)
+        old_constants = Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.dup
+        Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.clear
+
+        load_thorfile(file, contents)
+
+        new_constants = Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.dup
+        Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.replace(old_constants)
+
+        new_constants.map!(&:namespace)
+        new_constants.compact!
+        new_constants
+      end
+
+      # Returns the thor classes declared inside the given class.
+      #
+      def thor_classes_in(klass)
+        stringfied_constants = klass.constants.map(&:to_s)
+        Bundler::Thor::Base.subclasses.select do |subclass|
+          next unless subclass.name
+          stringfied_constants.include?(subclass.name.gsub("#{klass.name}::", ""))
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Receives a string and convert it to snake case. SnakeCase returns snake_case.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # String
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # String
+      #
+      def snake_case(str)
+        return str.downcase if str =~ /^[A-Z_]+$/
+        str.gsub(/\B[A-Z]/, '_\&').squeeze("_") =~ /_*(.*)/
+        $+.downcase
+      end
+
+      # Receives a string and convert it to camel case. camel_case returns CamelCase.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # String
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # String
+      #
+      def camel_case(str)
+        return str if str !~ /_/ && str =~ /[A-Z]+.*/
+        str.split("_").map(&:capitalize).join
+      end
+
+      # Receives a namespace and tries to retrieve a Bundler::Thor or Bundler::Thor::Group class
+      # from it. It first searches for a class using the all the given namespace,
+      # if it's not found, removes the highest entry and searches for the class
+      # again. If found, returns the highest entry as the class name.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   class Foo::Bar < Bundler::Thor
+      #     def baz
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class Baz::Foo < Bundler::Thor::Group
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Bundler::Thor::Util.namespace_to_thor_class("foo:bar")     #=> Foo::Bar, nil # will invoke default command
+      #   Bundler::Thor::Util.namespace_to_thor_class("baz:foo")     #=> Baz::Foo, nil
+      #   Bundler::Thor::Util.namespace_to_thor_class("foo:bar:baz") #=> Foo::Bar, "baz"
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # namespace<String>
+      #
+      def find_class_and_command_by_namespace(namespace, fallback = true)
+        if namespace.include?(":") # look for a namespaced command
+          pieces  = namespace.split(":")
+          command = pieces.pop
+          klass   = Bundler::Thor::Util.find_by_namespace(pieces.join(":"))
+        end
+        unless klass # look for a Bundler::Thor::Group with the right name
+          klass = Bundler::Thor::Util.find_by_namespace(namespace)
+          command = nil
+        end
+        if !klass && fallback # try a command in the default namespace
+          command = namespace
+          klass   = Bundler::Thor::Util.find_by_namespace("")
+        end
+        [klass, command]
+      end
+      alias_method :find_class_and_task_by_namespace, :find_class_and_command_by_namespace
+
+      # Receives a path and load the thor file in the path. The file is evaluated
+      # inside the sandbox to avoid namespacing conflicts.
+      #
+      def load_thorfile(path, content = nil, debug = false)
+        content ||= File.binread(path)
+
+        begin
+          Bundler::Thor::Sandbox.class_eval(content, path)
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          $stderr.puts("WARNING: unable to load thorfile #{path.inspect}: #{e.message}")
+          if debug
+            $stderr.puts(*e.backtrace)
+          else
+            $stderr.puts(e.backtrace.first)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def user_home
+        @@user_home ||= if ENV["HOME"]
+          ENV["HOME"]
+        elsif ENV["USERPROFILE"]
+          ENV["USERPROFILE"]
+        elsif ENV["HOMEDRIVE"] && ENV["HOMEPATH"]
+          File.join(ENV["HOMEDRIVE"], ENV["HOMEPATH"])
+        elsif ENV["APPDATA"]
+          ENV["APPDATA"]
+        else
+          begin
+            File.expand_path("~")
+          rescue
+            if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+              "C:/"
+            else
+              "/"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the root where thor files are located, depending on the OS.
+      #
+      def thor_root
+        File.join(user_home, ".thor").tr('\\', "/")
+      end
+
+      # Returns the files in the thor root. On Windows thor_root will be something
+      # like this:
+      #
+      #   C:\Documents and Settings\james\.thor
+      #
+      # If we don't #gsub the \ character, Dir.glob will fail.
+      #
+      def thor_root_glob
+        files = Dir["#{escape_globs(thor_root)}/*"]
+
+        files.map! do |file|
+          File.directory?(file) ? File.join(file, "main.thor") : file
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Where to look for Bundler::Thor files.
+      #
+      def globs_for(path)
+        path = escape_globs(path)
+        ["#{path}/Thorfile", "#{path}/*.thor", "#{path}/tasks/*.thor", "#{path}/lib/tasks/*.thor"]
+      end
+
+      # Return the path to the ruby interpreter taking into account multiple
+      # installations and windows extensions.
+      #
+      def ruby_command
+        @ruby_command ||= begin
+          ruby_name = RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"]
+          ruby = File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG["bindir"], ruby_name)
+          ruby << RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]
+
+          # avoid using different name than ruby (on platforms supporting links)
+          if ruby_name != "ruby" && File.respond_to?(:readlink)
+            begin
+              alternate_ruby = File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG["bindir"], "ruby")
+              alternate_ruby << RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]
+
+              # ruby is a symlink
+              if File.symlink? alternate_ruby
+                linked_ruby = File.readlink alternate_ruby
+
+                # symlink points to 'ruby_install_name'
+                ruby = alternate_ruby if linked_ruby == ruby_name || linked_ruby == ruby
+              end
+            rescue NotImplementedError # rubocop:disable HandleExceptions
+              # just ignore on windows
+            end
+          end
+
+          # escape string in case path to ruby executable contain spaces.
+          ruby.sub!(/.*\s.*/m, '"\&"')
+          ruby
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string that has had any glob characters escaped.
+      # The glob characters are `* ? { } [ ]`.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   Bundler::Thor::Util.escape_globs('[apps]')   # => '\[apps\]'
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # String
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # String
+      #
+      def escape_globs(path)
+        path.to_s.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&')
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string that has had any HTML characters escaped.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   Bundler::Thor::Util.escape_html('<div>')   # => "&lt;div&gt;"
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # String
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # String
+      #
+      def escape_html(string)
+        CGI.escapeHTML(string)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/version.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3efa9f762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Bundler::Thor
+  VERSION = "1.1.0"
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/tmpdir/lib/tmpdir.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/tmpdir/lib/tmpdir.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70d43e0c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/tmpdir/lib/tmpdir.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# tmpdir - retrieve temporary directory path
+#
+# $Id$
+#
+
+require_relative '../../fileutils/lib/fileutils'
+begin
+  require 'etc.so'
+rescue LoadError # rescue LoadError for miniruby
+end
+
+class Bundler::Dir < Dir
+
+  @systmpdir ||= defined?(Etc.systmpdir) ? Etc.systmpdir : '/tmp'
+
+  ##
+  # Returns the operating system's temporary file path.
+
+  def self.tmpdir
+    tmp = nil
+    ['TMPDIR', 'TMP', 'TEMP', ['system temporary path', @systmpdir], ['/tmp']*2, ['.']*2].each do |name, dir = ENV[name]|
+      next if !dir
+      dir = File.expand_path(dir)
+      stat = File.stat(dir) rescue next
+      case
+      when !stat.directory?
+        warn "#{name} is not a directory: #{dir}"
+      when !stat.writable?
+        warn "#{name} is not writable: #{dir}"
+      when stat.world_writable? && !stat.sticky?
+        warn "#{name} is world-writable: #{dir}"
+      else
+        tmp = dir
+        break
+      end
+    end
+    raise ArgumentError, "could not find a temporary directory" unless tmp
+    tmp
+  end
+
+  # Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir creates a temporary directory.
+  #
+  # The directory is created with 0700 permission.
+  # Application should not change the permission to make the temporary directory accessible from other users.
+  #
+  # The prefix and suffix of the name of the directory is specified by
+  # the optional first argument, <i>prefix_suffix</i>.
+  # - If it is not specified or nil, "d" is used as the prefix and no suffix is used.
+  # - If it is a string, it is used as the prefix and no suffix is used.
+  # - If it is an array, first element is used as the prefix and second element is used as a suffix.
+  #
+  #  Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir {|dir| dir is ".../d..." }
+  #  Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir("foo") {|dir| dir is ".../foo..." }
+  #  Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir(["foo", "bar"]) {|dir| dir is ".../foo...bar" }
+  #
+  # The directory is created under Bundler::Dir.tmpdir or
+  # the optional second argument <i>tmpdir</i> if non-nil value is given.
+  #
+  #  Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir {|dir| dir is "#{Bundler::Dir.tmpdir}/d..." }
+  #  Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir(nil, "/var/tmp") {|dir| dir is "/var/tmp/d..." }
+  #
+  # If a block is given,
+  # it is yielded with the path of the directory.
+  # The directory and its contents are removed
+  # using Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry before Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir returns.
+  # The value of the block is returned.
+  #
+  #  Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir {|dir|
+  #    # use the directory...
+  #    open("#{dir}/foo", "w") { ... }
+  #  }
+  #
+  # If a block is not given,
+  # The path of the directory is returned.
+  # In this case, Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir doesn't remove the directory.
+  #
+  #  dir = Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir
+  #  begin
+  #    # use the directory...
+  #    open("#{dir}/foo", "w") { ... }
+  #  ensure
+  #    # remove the directory.
+  #    Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry dir
+  #  end
+  #
+  def self.mktmpdir(prefix_suffix=nil, *rest, **options)
+    base = nil
+    path = Tmpname.create(prefix_suffix || "d", *rest, **options) {|p, _, _, d|
+      base = d
+      mkdir(p, 0700)
+    }
+    if block_given?
+      begin
+        yield path.dup
+      ensure
+        unless base
+          stat = File.stat(File.dirname(path))
+          if stat.world_writable? and !stat.sticky?
+            raise ArgumentError, "parent directory is world writable but not sticky"
+          end
+        end
+        Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry path
+      end
+    else
+      path
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Tmpname # :nodoc:
+    module_function
+
+    def tmpdir
+      Bundler::Dir.tmpdir
+    end
+
+    UNUSABLE_CHARS = "^,-.0-9A-Z_a-z~"
+
+    class << (RANDOM = Random.new)
+      MAX = 36**6 # < 0x100000000
+      def next
+        rand(MAX).to_s(36)
+      end
+    end
+    private_constant :RANDOM
+
+    def create(basename, tmpdir=nil, max_try: nil, **opts)
+      origdir = tmpdir
+      tmpdir ||= tmpdir()
+      n = nil
+      prefix, suffix = basename
+      prefix = (String.try_convert(prefix) or
+                raise ArgumentError, "unexpected prefix: #{prefix.inspect}")
+      prefix = prefix.delete(UNUSABLE_CHARS)
+      suffix &&= (String.try_convert(suffix) or
+                  raise ArgumentError, "unexpected suffix: #{suffix.inspect}")
+      suffix &&= suffix.delete(UNUSABLE_CHARS)
+      begin
+        t = Time.now.strftime("%Y%m%d")
+        path = "#{prefix}#{t}-#{$$}-#{RANDOM.next}"\
+               "#{n ? %[-#{n}] : ''}#{suffix||''}"
+        path = File.join(tmpdir, path)
+        yield(path, n, opts, origdir)
+      rescue Errno::EEXIST
+        n ||= 0
+        n += 1
+        retry if !max_try or n < max_try
+        raise "cannot generate temporary name using `#{basename}' under `#{tmpdir}'"
+      end
+      path
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/tsort/LICENSE.txt b/lib/bundler/vendor/tsort/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a009caefea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/tsort/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Yukihiro Matsumoto. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/tsort/lib/tsort.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/tsort/lib/tsort.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8454583295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/tsort/lib/tsort.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#--
+# tsort.rb - provides a module for topological sorting and strongly connected components.
+#++
+#
+
+#
+# TSort implements topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm for
+# strongly connected components.
+#
+# TSort is designed to be able to be used with any object which can be
+# interpreted as a directed graph.
+#
+# TSort requires two methods to interpret an object as a graph,
+# tsort_each_node and tsort_each_child.
+#
+# * tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
+# * tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of a given node.
+#
+# The equality of nodes are defined by eql? and hash since
+# TSort uses Hash internally.
+#
+# == A Simple Example
+#
+# The following example demonstrates how to mix the TSort module into an
+# existing class (in this case, Hash). Here, we're treating each key in
+# the hash as a node in the graph, and so we simply alias the required
+# #tsort_each_node method to Hash's #each_key method. For each key in the
+# hash, the associated value is an array of the node's child nodes. This
+# choice in turn leads to our implementation of the required #tsort_each_child
+# method, which fetches the array of child nodes and then iterates over that
+# array using the user-supplied block.
+#
+#   require 'tsort'
+#
+#   class Hash
+#     include TSort
+#     alias tsort_each_node each_key
+#     def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
+#       fetch(node).each(&block)
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+#   {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[3], 3=>[], 4=>[]}.tsort
+#   #=> [3, 2, 1, 4]
+#
+#   {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}.strongly_connected_components
+#   #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
+#
+# == A More Realistic Example
+#
+# A very simple `make' like tool can be implemented as follows:
+#
+#   require 'tsort'
+#
+#   class Make
+#     def initialize
+#       @dep = {}
+#       @dep.default = []
+#     end
+#
+#     def rule(outputs, inputs=[], &block)
+#       triple = [outputs, inputs, block]
+#       outputs.each {|f| @dep[f] = [triple]}
+#       @dep[triple] = inputs
+#     end
+#
+#     def build(target)
+#       each_strongly_connected_component_from(target) {|ns|
+#         if ns.length != 1
+#           fs = ns.delete_if {|n| Array === n}
+#           raise TSort::Cyclic.new("cyclic dependencies: #{fs.join ', '}")
+#         end
+#         n = ns.first
+#         if Array === n
+#           outputs, inputs, block = n
+#           inputs_time = inputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.max
+#           begin
+#             outputs_time = outputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.min
+#           rescue Errno::ENOENT
+#             outputs_time = nil
+#           end
+#           if outputs_time == nil ||
+#              inputs_time != nil && outputs_time <= inputs_time
+#             sleep 1 if inputs_time != nil && inputs_time.to_i == Time.now.to_i
+#             block.call
+#           end
+#         end
+#       }
+#     end
+#
+#     def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
+#       @dep[node].each(&block)
+#     end
+#     include TSort
+#   end
+#
+#   def command(arg)
+#     print arg, "\n"
+#     system arg
+#   end
+#
+#   m = Make.new
+#   m.rule(%w[t1]) { command 'date > t1' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t2]) { command 'date > t2' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t3]) { command 'date > t3' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t4], %w[t1 t3]) { command 'cat t1 t3 > t4' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t5], %w[t4 t2]) { command 'cat t4 t2 > t5' }
+#   m.build('t5')
+#
+# == Bugs
+#
+# * 'tsort.rb' is wrong name because this library uses
+#   Tarjan's algorithm for strongly connected components.
+#   Although 'strongly_connected_components.rb' is correct but too long.
+#
+# == References
+#
+# R. E. Tarjan, "Depth First Search and Linear Graph Algorithms",
+# <em>SIAM Journal on Computing</em>, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 146-160, June 1972.
+#
+module Bundler
+  module TSort
+    class Cyclic < StandardError
+    end
+
+    # Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e.
+    # the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.
+    #
+    # If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.tsort #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.tsort # raises TSort::Cyclic
+    #
+    def tsort
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e.
+    # the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    # If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) # raises TSort::Cyclic
+    #
+    def TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child)
+      TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child).to_a
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the #tsort method.
+    # <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort_each</tt> is similar to <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort.each</tt>, but
+    # modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
+    #
+    # #tsort_each returns +nil+.
+    # If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.tsort_each {|n| p n }
+    #   #=> 4
+    #   #   2
+    #   #   3
+    #   #   1
+    #
+    def tsort_each(&block) # :yields: node
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child, &block)
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the TSort.tsort method.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) {|n| p n }
+    #   #=> 4
+    #   #   2
+    #   #   3
+    #   #   1
+    #
+    def TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) # :yields: node
+      return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?
+
+      TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|component|
+        if component.size == 1
+          yield component.first
+        else
+          raise Cyclic.new("topological sort failed: #{component.inspect}")
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents.
+    # Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
+    #
+    def strongly_connected_components
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+    end
+
+    # Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents.
+    # Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+    #   #=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+    #   #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
+    #
+    def TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+      TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child).to_a
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the #strongly_connected_components method.
+    # <tt><em>obj</em>.each_strongly_connected_component</tt> is similar to
+    # <tt><em>obj</em>.strongly_connected_components.each</tt>, but
+    # modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
+    #
+    # #each_strongly_connected_component returns +nil+.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2]
+    #   #   [3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    def each_strongly_connected_component(&block) # :yields: nodes
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child, &block)
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the TSort.strongly_connected_components method.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2]
+    #   #   [3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    def TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) # :yields: nodes
+      return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?
+
+      id_map = {}
+      stack = []
+      each_node.call {|node|
+        unless id_map.include? node
+          TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
+            yield c
+          }
+        end
+      }
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Iterates over strongly connected component in the subgraph reachable from
+    # _node_.
+    #
+    # Return value is unspecified.
+    #
+    # #each_strongly_connected_component_from doesn't call #tsort_each_node.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #
+    def each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, id_map={}, stack=[], &block) # :yields: nodes
+      TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, method(:tsort_each_child), id_map, stack, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Iterates over strongly connected components in a graph.
+    # The graph is represented by _node_ and _each_child_.
+    #
+    # _node_ is the first node.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument
+    # and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    # Return value is unspecified.
+    #
+    # #TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from is a class method and
+    # it doesn't need a class to represent a graph which includes TSort.
+    #
+    #   graph = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| graph[n].each(&b) }
+    #   TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(1, each_child) {|scc|
+    #     p scc
+    #   }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    def TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map={}, stack=[]) # :yields: nodes
+      return to_enum(__method__, node, each_child, id_map, stack) unless block_given?
+
+      minimum_id = node_id = id_map[node] = id_map.size
+      stack_length = stack.length
+      stack << node
+
+      each_child.call(node) {|child|
+        if id_map.include? child
+          child_id = id_map[child]
+          minimum_id = child_id if child_id && child_id < minimum_id
+        else
+          sub_minimum_id =
+            TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(child, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
+              yield c
+            }
+          minimum_id = sub_minimum_id if sub_minimum_id < minimum_id
+        end
+      }
+
+      if node_id == minimum_id
+        component = stack.slice!(stack_length .. -1)
+        component.each {|n| id_map[n] = nil}
+        yield component
+      end
+
+      minimum_id
+    end
+
+    # Should be implemented by a extended class.
+    #
+    # #tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
+    #
+    def tsort_each_node # :yields: node
+      raise NotImplementedError.new
+    end
+
+    # Should be implemented by a extended class.
+    #
+    # #tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of _node_.
+    #
+    def tsort_each_child(node) # :yields: child
+      raise NotImplementedError.new
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/LICENSE.txt b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a009caefea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Yukihiro Matsumoto. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00c01bd07b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# Bundler::URI is a module providing classes to handle Uniform Resource Identifiers
+# (RFC2396[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396]).
+#
+# == Features
+#
+# * Uniform way of handling URIs.
+# * Flexibility to introduce custom Bundler::URI schemes.
+# * Flexibility to have an alternate Bundler::URI::Parser (or just different patterns
+#   and regexp's).
+#
+# == Basic example
+#
+#   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+#
+#   uri = Bundler::URI("http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413")
+#   #=> #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413>
+#
+#   uri.scheme    #=> "http"
+#   uri.host      #=> "foo.com"
+#   uri.path      #=> "/posts"
+#   uri.query     #=> "id=30&limit=5"
+#   uri.fragment  #=> "time=1305298413"
+#
+#   uri.to_s      #=> "http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413"
+#
+# == Adding custom URIs
+#
+#   module Bundler::URI
+#     class RSYNC < Generic
+#       DEFAULT_PORT = 873
+#     end
+#     @@schemes['RSYNC'] = RSYNC
+#   end
+#   #=> Bundler::URI::RSYNC
+#
+#   Bundler::URI.scheme_list
+#   #=> {"FILE"=>Bundler::URI::File, "FTP"=>Bundler::URI::FTP, "HTTP"=>Bundler::URI::HTTP,
+#   #    "HTTPS"=>Bundler::URI::HTTPS, "LDAP"=>Bundler::URI::LDAP, "LDAPS"=>Bundler::URI::LDAPS,
+#   #    "MAILTO"=>Bundler::URI::MailTo, "RSYNC"=>Bundler::URI::RSYNC}
+#
+#   uri = Bundler::URI("rsync://rsync.foo.com")
+#   #=> #<Bundler::URI::RSYNC rsync://rsync.foo.com>
+#
+# == RFC References
+#
+# A good place to view an RFC spec is http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html.
+#
+# Here is a list of all related RFC's:
+# - RFC822[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822]
+# - RFC1738[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738]
+# - RFC2255[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2255]
+# - RFC2368[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2368]
+# - RFC2373[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373]
+# - RFC2396[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396]
+# - RFC2732[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2732]
+# - RFC3986[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986]
+#
+# == Class tree
+#
+# - Bundler::URI::Generic (in uri/generic.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::File - (in uri/file.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::FTP - (in uri/ftp.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::HTTP - (in uri/http.rb)
+#     - Bundler::URI::HTTPS - (in uri/https.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::LDAP - (in uri/ldap.rb)
+#     - Bundler::URI::LDAPS - (in uri/ldaps.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::MailTo - (in uri/mailto.rb)
+# - Bundler::URI::Parser - (in uri/common.rb)
+# - Bundler::URI::REGEXP - (in uri/common.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::REGEXP::PATTERN - (in uri/common.rb)
+# - Bundler::URI::Util - (in uri/common.rb)
+# - Bundler::URI::Escape - (in uri/common.rb)
+# - Bundler::URI::Error - (in uri/common.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError - (in uri/common.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::InvalidComponentError - (in uri/common.rb)
+#   - Bundler::URI::BadURIError - (in uri/common.rb)
+#
+# == Copyright Info
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# Documentation::
+#   Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+#   Dmitry V. Sabanin <sdmitry@lrn.ru>
+#   Vincent Batts <vbatts@hashbangbash.com>
+# License::
+#  Copyright (c) 2001 akira yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+#  You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+# Revision:: $Id$
+#
+
+module Bundler::URI
+end
+
+require_relative 'uri/version'
+require_relative 'uri/common'
+require_relative 'uri/generic'
+require_relative 'uri/file'
+require_relative 'uri/ftp'
+require_relative 'uri/http'
+require_relative 'uri/https'
+require_relative 'uri/ldap'
+require_relative 'uri/ldaps'
+require_relative 'uri/mailto'
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc1ab86c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,744 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#--
+# = uri/common.rb
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# Revision:: $Id$
+# License::
+#   You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative "rfc2396_parser"
+require_relative "rfc3986_parser"
+
+module Bundler::URI
+  REGEXP = RFC2396_REGEXP
+  Parser = RFC2396_Parser
+  RFC3986_PARSER = RFC3986_Parser.new
+
+  # Bundler::URI::Parser.new
+  DEFAULT_PARSER = Parser.new
+  DEFAULT_PARSER.pattern.each_pair do |sym, str|
+    unless REGEXP::PATTERN.const_defined?(sym)
+      REGEXP::PATTERN.const_set(sym, str)
+    end
+  end
+  DEFAULT_PARSER.regexp.each_pair do |sym, str|
+    const_set(sym, str)
+  end
+
+  module Util # :nodoc:
+    def make_components_hash(klass, array_hash)
+      tmp = {}
+      if array_hash.kind_of?(Array) &&
+          array_hash.size == klass.component.size - 1
+        klass.component[1..-1].each_index do |i|
+          begin
+            tmp[klass.component[i + 1]] = array_hash[i].clone
+          rescue TypeError
+            tmp[klass.component[i + 1]] = array_hash[i]
+          end
+        end
+
+      elsif array_hash.kind_of?(Hash)
+        array_hash.each do |key, value|
+          begin
+            tmp[key] = value.clone
+          rescue TypeError
+            tmp[key] = value
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{klass} (#{klass.component[1..-1].join(', ')})"
+      end
+      tmp[:scheme] = klass.to_s.sub(/\A.*::/, '').downcase
+
+      return tmp
+    end
+    module_function :make_components_hash
+  end
+
+  # Module for escaping unsafe characters with codes.
+  module Escape
+    #
+    # == Synopsis
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI.escape(str [, unsafe])
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +str+::
+    #   String to replaces in.
+    # +unsafe+::
+    #   Regexp that matches all symbols that must be replaced with codes.
+    #   By default uses <tt>UNSAFE</tt>.
+    #   When this argument is a String, it represents a character set.
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Escapes the string, replacing all unsafe characters with codes.
+    #
+    # This method is obsolete and should not be used. Instead, use
+    # CGI.escape, Bundler::URI.encode_www_form or Bundler::URI.encode_www_form_component
+    # depending on your specific use case.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   enc_uri = Bundler::URI.escape("http://example.com/?a=\11\15")
+    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=%09%0D"
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI.unescape(enc_uri)
+    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=\t\r"
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI.escape("@?@!", "!?")
+    #   # => "@%3F@%21"
+    #
+    def escape(*arg)
+      warn "Bundler::URI.escape is obsolete", uplevel: 1
+      DEFAULT_PARSER.escape(*arg)
+    end
+    alias encode escape
+    #
+    # == Synopsis
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI.unescape(str)
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +str+::
+    #   String to unescape.
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # This method is obsolete and should not be used. Instead, use
+    # CGI.unescape, Bundler::URI.decode_www_form or Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component
+    # depending on your specific use case.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   enc_uri = Bundler::URI.escape("http://example.com/?a=\11\15")
+    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=%09%0D"
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI.unescape(enc_uri)
+    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=\t\r"
+    #
+    def unescape(*arg)
+      warn "Bundler::URI.unescape is obsolete", uplevel: 1
+      DEFAULT_PARSER.unescape(*arg)
+    end
+    alias decode unescape
+  end # module Escape
+
+  extend Escape
+  include REGEXP
+
+  @@schemes = {}
+  # Returns a Hash of the defined schemes.
+  def self.scheme_list
+    @@schemes
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Base class for all Bundler::URI exceptions.
+  #
+  class Error < StandardError; end
+  #
+  # Not a Bundler::URI.
+  #
+  class InvalidURIError < Error; end
+  #
+  # Not a Bundler::URI component.
+  #
+  class InvalidComponentError < Error; end
+  #
+  # Bundler::URI is valid, bad usage is not.
+  #
+  class BadURIError < Error; end
+
+  #
+  # == Synopsis
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI::split(uri)
+  #
+  # == Args
+  #
+  # +uri+::
+  #   String with Bundler::URI.
+  #
+  # == Description
+  #
+  # Splits the string on following parts and returns array with result:
+  #
+  # * Scheme
+  # * Userinfo
+  # * Host
+  # * Port
+  # * Registry
+  # * Path
+  # * Opaque
+  # * Query
+  # * Fragment
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI.split("http://www.ruby-lang.org/")
+  #   # => ["http", nil, "www.ruby-lang.org", nil, nil, "/", nil, nil, nil]
+  #
+  def self.split(uri)
+    RFC3986_PARSER.split(uri)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # == Synopsis
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI::parse(uri_str)
+  #
+  # == Args
+  #
+  # +uri_str+::
+  #   String with Bundler::URI.
+  #
+  # == Description
+  #
+  # Creates one of the Bundler::URI's subclasses instance from the string.
+  #
+  # == Raises
+  #
+  # Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError::
+  #   Raised if Bundler::URI given is not a correct one.
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+  #
+  #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://www.ruby-lang.org/")
+  #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://www.ruby-lang.org/>
+  #   uri.scheme
+  #   # => "http"
+  #   uri.host
+  #   # => "www.ruby-lang.org"
+  #
+  # It's recommended to first ::escape the provided +uri_str+ if there are any
+  # invalid Bundler::URI characters.
+  #
+  def self.parse(uri)
+    RFC3986_PARSER.parse(uri)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # == Synopsis
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI::join(str[, str, ...])
+  #
+  # == Args
+  #
+  # +str+::
+  #   String(s) to work with, will be converted to RFC3986 URIs before merging.
+  #
+  # == Description
+  #
+  # Joins URIs.
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI.join("http://example.com/","main.rbx")
+  #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.com/main.rbx>
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI.join('http://example.com', 'foo')
+  #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo>
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', '/bar')
+  #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', 'bar')
+  #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo/', 'bar')
+  #   # => #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo/bar>
+  #
+  def self.join(*str)
+    RFC3986_PARSER.join(*str)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # == Synopsis
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI::extract(str[, schemes][,&blk])
+  #
+  # == Args
+  #
+  # +str+::
+  #   String to extract URIs from.
+  # +schemes+::
+  #   Limit Bundler::URI matching to specific schemes.
+  #
+  # == Description
+  #
+  # Extracts URIs from a string. If block given, iterates through all matched URIs.
+  # Returns nil if block given or array with matches.
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  #   require "bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri"
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI.extract("text here http://foo.example.org/bla and here mailto:test@example.com and here also.")
+  #   # => ["http://foo.example.com/bla", "mailto:test@example.com"]
+  #
+  def self.extract(str, schemes = nil, &block)
+    warn "Bundler::URI.extract is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+    DEFAULT_PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # == Synopsis
+  #
+  #   Bundler::URI::regexp([match_schemes])
+  #
+  # == Args
+  #
+  # +match_schemes+::
+  #   Array of schemes. If given, resulting regexp matches to URIs
+  #   whose scheme is one of the match_schemes.
+  #
+  # == Description
+  #
+  # Returns a Regexp object which matches to Bundler::URI-like strings.
+  # The Regexp object returned by this method includes arbitrary
+  # number of capture group (parentheses).  Never rely on it's number.
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+  #
+  #   # extract first Bundler::URI from html_string
+  #   html_string.slice(Bundler::URI.regexp)
+  #
+  #   # remove ftp URIs
+  #   html_string.sub(Bundler::URI.regexp(['ftp']), '')
+  #
+  #   # You should not rely on the number of parentheses
+  #   html_string.scan(Bundler::URI.regexp) do |*matches|
+  #     p $&
+  #   end
+  #
+  def self.regexp(schemes = nil)
+    warn "Bundler::URI.regexp is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+    DEFAULT_PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
+  end
+
+  TBLENCWWWCOMP_ = {} # :nodoc:
+  256.times do |i|
+    TBLENCWWWCOMP_[-i.chr] = -('%%%02X' % i)
+  end
+  TBLENCWWWCOMP_[' '] = '+'
+  TBLENCWWWCOMP_.freeze
+  TBLDECWWWCOMP_ = {} # :nodoc:
+  256.times do |i|
+    h, l = i>>4, i&15
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%X%X' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%x%X' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%X%x' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%x%x' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
+  end
+  TBLDECWWWCOMP_['+'] = ' '
+  TBLDECWWWCOMP_.freeze
+
+  # Encodes given +str+ to URL-encoded form data.
+  #
+  # This method doesn't convert *, -, ., 0-9, A-Z, _, a-z, but does convert SP
+  # (ASCII space) to + and converts others to %XX.
+  #
+  # If +enc+ is given, convert +str+ to the encoding before percent encoding.
+  #
+  # This is an implementation of
+  # http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-html5-20130806/forms.html#url-encoded-form-data.
+  #
+  # See Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component, Bundler::URI.encode_www_form.
+  def self.encode_www_form_component(str, enc=nil)
+    str = str.to_s.dup
+    if str.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+      if enc && enc != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+        str.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
+        str.encode!(enc, fallback: ->(x){"&##{x.ord};"})
+      end
+      str.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    end
+    str.gsub!(/[^*\-.0-9A-Z_a-z]/, TBLENCWWWCOMP_)
+    str.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
+  end
+
+  # Decodes given +str+ of URL-encoded form data.
+  #
+  # This decodes + to SP.
+  #
+  # See Bundler::URI.encode_www_form_component, Bundler::URI.decode_www_form.
+  def self.decode_www_form_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8)
+    raise ArgumentError, "invalid %-encoding (#{str})" if /%(?!\h\h)/ =~ str
+    str.b.gsub(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_).force_encoding(enc)
+  end
+
+  # Generates URL-encoded form data from given +enum+.
+  #
+  # This generates application/x-www-form-urlencoded data defined in HTML5
+  # from given an Enumerable object.
+  #
+  # This internally uses Bundler::URI.encode_www_form_component(str).
+  #
+  # This method doesn't convert the encoding of given items, so convert them
+  # before calling this method if you want to send data as other than original
+  # encoding or mixed encoding data. (Strings which are encoded in an HTML5
+  # ASCII incompatible encoding are converted to UTF-8.)
+  #
+  # This method doesn't handle files.  When you send a file, use
+  # multipart/form-data.
+  #
+  # This refers http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-serializer
+  #
+  #    Bundler::URI.encode_www_form([["q", "ruby"], ["lang", "en"]])
+  #    #=> "q=ruby&lang=en"
+  #    Bundler::URI.encode_www_form("q" => "ruby", "lang" => "en")
+  #    #=> "q=ruby&lang=en"
+  #    Bundler::URI.encode_www_form("q" => ["ruby", "perl"], "lang" => "en")
+  #    #=> "q=ruby&q=perl&lang=en"
+  #    Bundler::URI.encode_www_form([["q", "ruby"], ["q", "perl"], ["lang", "en"]])
+  #    #=> "q=ruby&q=perl&lang=en"
+  #
+  # See Bundler::URI.encode_www_form_component, Bundler::URI.decode_www_form.
+  def self.encode_www_form(enum, enc=nil)
+    enum.map do |k,v|
+      if v.nil?
+        encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
+      elsif v.respond_to?(:to_ary)
+        v.to_ary.map do |w|
+          str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
+          unless w.nil?
+            str << '='
+            str << encode_www_form_component(w, enc)
+          end
+        end.join('&')
+      else
+        str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
+        str << '='
+        str << encode_www_form_component(v, enc)
+      end
+    end.join('&')
+  end
+
+  # Decodes URL-encoded form data from given +str+.
+  #
+  # This decodes application/x-www-form-urlencoded data
+  # and returns an array of key-value arrays.
+  #
+  # This refers http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-parser,
+  # so this supports only &-separator, and doesn't support ;-separator.
+  #
+  #    ary = Bundler::URI.decode_www_form("a=1&a=2&b=3")
+  #    ary                   #=> [['a', '1'], ['a', '2'], ['b', '3']]
+  #    ary.assoc('a').last   #=> '1'
+  #    ary.assoc('b').last   #=> '3'
+  #    ary.rassoc('a').last  #=> '2'
+  #    Hash[ary]             #=> {"a"=>"2", "b"=>"3"}
+  #
+  # See Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component, Bundler::URI.encode_www_form.
+  def self.decode_www_form(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8, separator: '&', use__charset_: false, isindex: false)
+    raise ArgumentError, "the input of #{self.name}.#{__method__} must be ASCII only string" unless str.ascii_only?
+    ary = []
+    return ary if str.empty?
+    enc = Encoding.find(enc)
+    str.b.each_line(separator) do |string|
+      string.chomp!(separator)
+      key, sep, val = string.partition('=')
+      if isindex
+        if sep.empty?
+          val = key
+          key = +''
+        end
+        isindex = false
+      end
+
+      if use__charset_ and key == '_charset_' and e = get_encoding(val)
+        enc = e
+        use__charset_ = false
+      end
+
+      key.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
+      if val
+        val.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
+      else
+        val = +''
+      end
+
+      ary << [key, val]
+    end
+    ary.each do |k, v|
+      k.force_encoding(enc)
+      k.scrub!
+      v.force_encoding(enc)
+      v.scrub!
+    end
+    ary
+  end
+
+  private
+=begin command for WEB_ENCODINGS_
+  curl https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/encodings.json|
+  ruby -rjson -e 'H={}
+  h={
+    "shift_jis"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "euc-jp"=>"cp51932",
+    "iso-2022-jp"=>"cp50221",
+    "x-mac-cyrillic"=>"macCyrillic",
+  }
+  JSON($<.read).map{|x|x["encodings"]}.flatten.each{|x|
+    Encoding.find(n=h.fetch(n=x["name"].downcase,n))rescue next
+    x["labels"].each{|y|H[y]=n}
+  }
+  puts "{"
+  H.each{|k,v|puts %[  #{k.dump}=>#{v.dump},]}
+  puts "}"
+'
+=end
+  WEB_ENCODINGS_ = {
+    "unicode-1-1-utf-8"=>"utf-8",
+    "utf-8"=>"utf-8",
+    "utf8"=>"utf-8",
+    "866"=>"ibm866",
+    "cp866"=>"ibm866",
+    "csibm866"=>"ibm866",
+    "ibm866"=>"ibm866",
+    "csisolatin2"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "iso-8859-2"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "iso-ir-101"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "iso8859-2"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "iso88592"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "iso_8859-2"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "iso_8859-2:1987"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "l2"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "latin2"=>"iso-8859-2",
+    "csisolatin3"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "iso-8859-3"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "iso-ir-109"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "iso8859-3"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "iso88593"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "iso_8859-3"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "iso_8859-3:1988"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "l3"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "latin3"=>"iso-8859-3",
+    "csisolatin4"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "iso-8859-4"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "iso-ir-110"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "iso8859-4"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "iso88594"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "iso_8859-4"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "iso_8859-4:1988"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "l4"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "latin4"=>"iso-8859-4",
+    "csisolatincyrillic"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "cyrillic"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "iso-8859-5"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "iso-ir-144"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "iso8859-5"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "iso88595"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "iso_8859-5"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "iso_8859-5:1988"=>"iso-8859-5",
+    "arabic"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "asmo-708"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "csiso88596e"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "csiso88596i"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "csisolatinarabic"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "ecma-114"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso-8859-6"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso-8859-6-e"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso-8859-6-i"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso-ir-127"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso8859-6"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso88596"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso_8859-6"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "iso_8859-6:1987"=>"iso-8859-6",
+    "csisolatingreek"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "ecma-118"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "elot_928"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "greek"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "greek8"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "iso-8859-7"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "iso-ir-126"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "iso8859-7"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "iso88597"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "iso_8859-7"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "iso_8859-7:1987"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "sun_eu_greek"=>"iso-8859-7",
+    "csiso88598e"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "csisolatinhebrew"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "hebrew"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "iso-8859-8"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "iso-8859-8-e"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "iso-ir-138"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "iso8859-8"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "iso88598"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "iso_8859-8"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "iso_8859-8:1988"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "visual"=>"iso-8859-8",
+    "csisolatin6"=>"iso-8859-10",
+    "iso-8859-10"=>"iso-8859-10",
+    "iso-ir-157"=>"iso-8859-10",
+    "iso8859-10"=>"iso-8859-10",
+    "iso885910"=>"iso-8859-10",
+    "l6"=>"iso-8859-10",
+    "latin6"=>"iso-8859-10",
+    "iso-8859-13"=>"iso-8859-13",
+    "iso8859-13"=>"iso-8859-13",
+    "iso885913"=>"iso-8859-13",
+    "iso-8859-14"=>"iso-8859-14",
+    "iso8859-14"=>"iso-8859-14",
+    "iso885914"=>"iso-8859-14",
+    "csisolatin9"=>"iso-8859-15",
+    "iso-8859-15"=>"iso-8859-15",
+    "iso8859-15"=>"iso-8859-15",
+    "iso885915"=>"iso-8859-15",
+    "iso_8859-15"=>"iso-8859-15",
+    "l9"=>"iso-8859-15",
+    "iso-8859-16"=>"iso-8859-16",
+    "cskoi8r"=>"koi8-r",
+    "koi"=>"koi8-r",
+    "koi8"=>"koi8-r",
+    "koi8-r"=>"koi8-r",
+    "koi8_r"=>"koi8-r",
+    "koi8-ru"=>"koi8-u",
+    "koi8-u"=>"koi8-u",
+    "dos-874"=>"windows-874",
+    "iso-8859-11"=>"windows-874",
+    "iso8859-11"=>"windows-874",
+    "iso885911"=>"windows-874",
+    "tis-620"=>"windows-874",
+    "windows-874"=>"windows-874",
+    "cp1250"=>"windows-1250",
+    "windows-1250"=>"windows-1250",
+    "x-cp1250"=>"windows-1250",
+    "cp1251"=>"windows-1251",
+    "windows-1251"=>"windows-1251",
+    "x-cp1251"=>"windows-1251",
+    "ansi_x3.4-1968"=>"windows-1252",
+    "ascii"=>"windows-1252",
+    "cp1252"=>"windows-1252",
+    "cp819"=>"windows-1252",
+    "csisolatin1"=>"windows-1252",
+    "ibm819"=>"windows-1252",
+    "iso-8859-1"=>"windows-1252",
+    "iso-ir-100"=>"windows-1252",
+    "iso8859-1"=>"windows-1252",
+    "iso88591"=>"windows-1252",
+    "iso_8859-1"=>"windows-1252",
+    "iso_8859-1:1987"=>"windows-1252",
+    "l1"=>"windows-1252",
+    "latin1"=>"windows-1252",
+    "us-ascii"=>"windows-1252",
+    "windows-1252"=>"windows-1252",
+    "x-cp1252"=>"windows-1252",
+    "cp1253"=>"windows-1253",
+    "windows-1253"=>"windows-1253",
+    "x-cp1253"=>"windows-1253",
+    "cp1254"=>"windows-1254",
+    "csisolatin5"=>"windows-1254",
+    "iso-8859-9"=>"windows-1254",
+    "iso-ir-148"=>"windows-1254",
+    "iso8859-9"=>"windows-1254",
+    "iso88599"=>"windows-1254",
+    "iso_8859-9"=>"windows-1254",
+    "iso_8859-9:1989"=>"windows-1254",
+    "l5"=>"windows-1254",
+    "latin5"=>"windows-1254",
+    "windows-1254"=>"windows-1254",
+    "x-cp1254"=>"windows-1254",
+    "cp1255"=>"windows-1255",
+    "windows-1255"=>"windows-1255",
+    "x-cp1255"=>"windows-1255",
+    "cp1256"=>"windows-1256",
+    "windows-1256"=>"windows-1256",
+    "x-cp1256"=>"windows-1256",
+    "cp1257"=>"windows-1257",
+    "windows-1257"=>"windows-1257",
+    "x-cp1257"=>"windows-1257",
+    "cp1258"=>"windows-1258",
+    "windows-1258"=>"windows-1258",
+    "x-cp1258"=>"windows-1258",
+    "x-mac-cyrillic"=>"macCyrillic",
+    "x-mac-ukrainian"=>"macCyrillic",
+    "chinese"=>"gbk",
+    "csgb2312"=>"gbk",
+    "csiso58gb231280"=>"gbk",
+    "gb2312"=>"gbk",
+    "gb_2312"=>"gbk",
+    "gb_2312-80"=>"gbk",
+    "gbk"=>"gbk",
+    "iso-ir-58"=>"gbk",
+    "x-gbk"=>"gbk",
+    "gb18030"=>"gb18030",
+    "big5"=>"big5",
+    "big5-hkscs"=>"big5",
+    "cn-big5"=>"big5",
+    "csbig5"=>"big5",
+    "x-x-big5"=>"big5",
+    "cseucpkdfmtjapanese"=>"cp51932",
+    "euc-jp"=>"cp51932",
+    "x-euc-jp"=>"cp51932",
+    "csiso2022jp"=>"cp50221",
+    "iso-2022-jp"=>"cp50221",
+    "csshiftjis"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "ms932"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "ms_kanji"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "shift-jis"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "shift_jis"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "sjis"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "windows-31j"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "x-sjis"=>"Windows-31J",
+    "cseuckr"=>"euc-kr",
+    "csksc56011987"=>"euc-kr",
+    "euc-kr"=>"euc-kr",
+    "iso-ir-149"=>"euc-kr",
+    "korean"=>"euc-kr",
+    "ks_c_5601-1987"=>"euc-kr",
+    "ks_c_5601-1989"=>"euc-kr",
+    "ksc5601"=>"euc-kr",
+    "ksc_5601"=>"euc-kr",
+    "windows-949"=>"euc-kr",
+    "utf-16be"=>"utf-16be",
+    "utf-16"=>"utf-16le",
+    "utf-16le"=>"utf-16le",
+  } # :nodoc:
+
+  # :nodoc:
+  # return encoding or nil
+  # http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-encoding-get
+  def self.get_encoding(label)
+    Encoding.find(WEB_ENCODINGS_[label.to_str.strip.downcase]) rescue nil
+  end
+end # module Bundler::URI
+
+module Bundler
+
+  #
+  # Returns +uri+ converted to an Bundler::URI object.
+  #
+  def URI(uri)
+    if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic)
+      uri
+    elsif uri = String.try_convert(uri)
+      Bundler::URI.parse(uri)
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError,
+        "bad argument (expected Bundler::URI object or Bundler::URI string)"
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :URI
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df42f8bcdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'generic'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  #
+  # The "file" Bundler::URI is defined by RFC8089.
+  #
+  class File < Generic
+    # A Default port of nil for Bundler::URI::File.
+    DEFAULT_PORT = nil
+
+    #
+    # An Array of the available components for Bundler::URI::File.
+    #
+    COMPONENT = [
+      :scheme,
+      :host,
+      :path
+    ].freeze
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::File object from components, with syntax checking.
+    #
+    # The components accepted are +host+ and +path+.
+    #
+    # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
+    # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
+    #
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[host, path]</code>.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #     require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #     uri1 = Bundler::URI::File.build(['host.example.com', '/path/file.zip'])
+    #     uri1.to_s  # => "file://host.example.com/path/file.zip"
+    #
+    #     uri2 = Bundler::URI::File.build({:host => 'host.example.com',
+    #       :path => '/ruby/src'})
+    #     uri2.to_s  # => "file://host.example.com/ruby/src"
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+      tmp = Util::make_components_hash(self, args)
+      super(tmp)
+    end
+
+    # Protected setter for the host component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.host=.
+    #
+    def set_host(v)
+      v = "" if v.nil? || v == "localhost"
+      @host = v
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_port(v)
+    end
+
+    # raise InvalidURIError
+    def check_userinfo(user)
+      raise Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError, "can not set userinfo for file Bundler::URI"
+    end
+
+    # raise InvalidURIError
+    def check_user(user)
+      raise Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError, "can not set user for file Bundler::URI"
+    end
+
+    # raise InvalidURIError
+    def check_password(user)
+      raise Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError, "can not set password for file Bundler::URI"
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_userinfo(v)
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_user(v)
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_password(v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  @@schemes['FILE'] = File
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ftp.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ftp.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad39f57d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ftp.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/ftp.rb
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+# Revision:: $Id$
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'generic'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  #
+  # FTP Bundler::URI syntax is defined by RFC1738 section 3.2.
+  #
+  # This class will be redesigned because of difference of implementations;
+  # the structure of its path. draft-hoffman-ftp-uri-04 is a draft but it
+  # is a good summary about the de facto spec.
+  # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hoffman-ftp-uri-04
+  #
+  class FTP < Generic
+    # A Default port of 21 for Bundler::URI::FTP.
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 21
+
+    #
+    # An Array of the available components for Bundler::URI::FTP.
+    #
+    COMPONENT = [
+      :scheme,
+      :userinfo, :host, :port,
+      :path, :typecode
+    ].freeze
+
+    #
+    # Typecode is "a", "i", or "d".
+    #
+    # * "a" indicates a text file (the FTP command was ASCII)
+    # * "i" indicates a binary file (FTP command IMAGE)
+    # * "d" indicates the contents of a directory should be displayed
+    #
+    TYPECODE = ['a', 'i', 'd'].freeze
+
+    # Typecode prefix ";type=".
+    TYPECODE_PREFIX = ';type='.freeze
+
+    def self.new2(user, password, host, port, path,
+                  typecode = nil, arg_check = true) # :nodoc:
+      # Do not use this method!  Not tested.  [Bug #7301]
+      # This methods remains just for compatibility,
+      # Keep it undocumented until the active maintainer is assigned.
+      typecode = nil if typecode.size == 0
+      if typecode && !TYPECODE.include?(typecode)
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "bad typecode is specified: #{typecode}"
+      end
+
+      # do escape
+
+      self.new('ftp',
+               [user, password],
+               host, port, nil,
+               typecode ? path + TYPECODE_PREFIX + typecode : path,
+               nil, nil, nil, arg_check)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::FTP object from components, with syntax checking.
+    #
+    # The components accepted are +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +path+, and
+    # +typecode+.
+    #
+    # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
+    # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
+    #
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[userinfo, host, port, path, typecode]</code>.
+    #
+    # If the path supplied is absolute, it will be escaped in order to
+    # make it absolute in the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #     require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #     uri1 = Bundler::URI::FTP.build(['user:password', 'ftp.example.com', nil,
+    #       '/path/file.zip', 'i'])
+    #     uri1.to_s  # => "ftp://user:password@ftp.example.com/%2Fpath/file.zip;type=i"
+    #
+    #     uri2 = Bundler::URI::FTP.build({:host => 'ftp.example.com',
+    #       :path => 'ruby/src'})
+    #     uri2.to_s  # => "ftp://ftp.example.com/ruby/src"
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+
+      # Fix the incoming path to be generic URL syntax
+      # FTP path  ->  URL path
+      # foo/bar       /foo/bar
+      # /foo/bar      /%2Ffoo/bar
+      #
+      if args.kind_of?(Array)
+        args[3] = '/' + args[3].sub(/^\//, '%2F')
+      else
+        args[:path] = '/' + args[:path].sub(/^\//, '%2F')
+      end
+
+      tmp = Util::make_components_hash(self, args)
+
+      if tmp[:typecode]
+        if tmp[:typecode].size == 1
+          tmp[:typecode] = TYPECODE_PREFIX + tmp[:typecode]
+        end
+        tmp[:path] << tmp[:typecode]
+      end
+
+      return super(tmp)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::FTP object from generic URL components with no
+    # syntax checking.
+    #
+    # Unlike build(), this method does not escape the path component as
+    # required by RFC1738; instead it is treated as per RFC2396.
+    #
+    # Arguments are +scheme+, +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +registry+, +path+,
+    # +opaque+, +query+, and +fragment+, in that order.
+    #
+    def initialize(scheme,
+                   userinfo, host, port, registry,
+                   path, opaque,
+                   query,
+                   fragment,
+                   parser = nil,
+                   arg_check = false)
+      raise InvalidURIError unless path
+      path = path.sub(/^\//,'')
+      path.sub!(/^%2F/,'/')
+      super(scheme, userinfo, host, port, registry, path, opaque,
+            query, fragment, parser, arg_check)
+      @typecode = nil
+      if tmp = @path.index(TYPECODE_PREFIX)
+        typecode = @path[tmp + TYPECODE_PREFIX.size..-1]
+        @path = @path[0..tmp - 1]
+
+        if arg_check
+          self.typecode = typecode
+        else
+          self.set_typecode(typecode)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # typecode accessor.
+    #
+    # See Bundler::URI::FTP::COMPONENT.
+    attr_reader :typecode
+
+    # Validates typecode +v+,
+    # returns +true+ or +false+.
+    #
+    def check_typecode(v)
+      if TYPECODE.include?(v)
+        return true
+      else
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad typecode(expected #{TYPECODE.join(', ')}): #{v}"
+      end
+    end
+    private :check_typecode
+
+    # Private setter for the typecode +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::FTP.typecode=.
+    #
+    def set_typecode(v)
+      @typecode = v
+    end
+    protected :set_typecode
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the typecode +v+
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::FTP.check_typecode.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img")
+    #   #=> #<Bundler::URI::FTP ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img>
+    #   uri.typecode = "i"
+    #   uri
+    #   #=> #<Bundler::URI::FTP ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img;type=i>
+    #
+    def typecode=(typecode)
+      check_typecode(typecode)
+      set_typecode(typecode)
+      typecode
+    end
+
+    def merge(oth) # :nodoc:
+      tmp = super(oth)
+      if self != tmp
+        tmp.set_typecode(oth.typecode)
+      end
+
+      return tmp
+    end
+
+    # Returns the path from an FTP Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    # RFC 1738 specifically states that the path for an FTP Bundler::URI does not
+    # include the / which separates the Bundler::URI path from the Bundler::URI host. Example:
+    #
+    # <code>ftp://ftp.example.com/pub/ruby</code>
+    #
+    # The above Bundler::URI indicates that the client should connect to
+    # ftp.example.com then cd to pub/ruby from the initial login directory.
+    #
+    # If you want to cd to an absolute directory, you must include an
+    # escaped / (%2F) in the path. Example:
+    #
+    # <code>ftp://ftp.example.com/%2Fpub/ruby</code>
+    #
+    # This method will then return "/pub/ruby".
+    #
+    def path
+      return @path.sub(/^\//,'').sub(/^%2F/,'/')
+    end
+
+    # Private setter for the path of the Bundler::URI::FTP.
+    def set_path(v)
+      super("/" + v.sub(/^\//, "%2F"))
+    end
+    protected :set_path
+
+    # Returns a String representation of the Bundler::URI::FTP.
+    def to_s
+      save_path = nil
+      if @typecode
+        save_path = @path
+        @path = @path + TYPECODE_PREFIX + @typecode
+      end
+      str = super
+      if @typecode
+        @path = save_path
+      end
+
+      return str
+    end
+  end
+  @@schemes['FTP'] = FTP
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56b09e1d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/generic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1568 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# = uri/generic.rb
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+# Revision:: $Id$
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'common'
+autoload :IPSocket, 'socket'
+autoload :IPAddr, 'ipaddr'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  #
+  # Base class for all Bundler::URI classes.
+  # Implements generic Bundler::URI syntax as per RFC 2396.
+  #
+  class Generic
+    include Bundler::URI
+
+    #
+    # A Default port of nil for Bundler::URI::Generic.
+    #
+    DEFAULT_PORT = nil
+
+    #
+    # Returns default port.
+    #
+    def self.default_port
+      self::DEFAULT_PORT
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns default port.
+    #
+    def default_port
+      self.class.default_port
+    end
+
+    #
+    # An Array of the available components for Bundler::URI::Generic.
+    #
+    COMPONENT = [
+      :scheme,
+      :userinfo, :host, :port, :registry,
+      :path, :opaque,
+      :query,
+      :fragment
+    ].freeze
+
+    #
+    # Components of the Bundler::URI in the order.
+    #
+    def self.component
+      self::COMPONENT
+    end
+
+    USE_REGISTRY = false # :nodoc:
+
+    def self.use_registry # :nodoc:
+      self::USE_REGISTRY
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Synopsis
+    #
+    # See ::new.
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # At first, tries to create a new Bundler::URI::Generic instance using
+    # Bundler::URI::Generic::build. But, if exception Bundler::URI::InvalidComponentError is raised,
+    # then it does Bundler::URI::Escape.escape all Bundler::URI components and tries again.
+    #
+    def self.build2(args)
+      begin
+        return self.build(args)
+      rescue InvalidComponentError
+        if args.kind_of?(Array)
+          return self.build(args.collect{|x|
+            if x.is_a?(String)
+              DEFAULT_PARSER.escape(x)
+            else
+              x
+            end
+          })
+        elsif args.kind_of?(Hash)
+          tmp = {}
+          args.each do |key, value|
+            tmp[key] = if value
+                DEFAULT_PARSER.escape(value)
+              else
+                value
+              end
+          end
+          return self.build(tmp)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Synopsis
+    #
+    # See ::new.
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::Generic instance from components of Bundler::URI::Generic
+    # with check.  Components are: scheme, userinfo, host, port, registry, path,
+    # opaque, query, and fragment. You can provide arguments either by an Array or a Hash.
+    # See ::new for hash keys to use or for order of array items.
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+      if args.kind_of?(Array) &&
+          args.size == ::Bundler::URI::Generic::COMPONENT.size
+        tmp = args.dup
+      elsif args.kind_of?(Hash)
+        tmp = ::Bundler::URI::Generic::COMPONENT.collect do |c|
+          if args.include?(c)
+            args[c]
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        component = self.class.component rescue ::Bundler::URI::Generic::COMPONENT
+        raise ArgumentError,
+        "expected Array of or Hash of components of #{self.class} (#{component.join(', ')})"
+      end
+
+      tmp << nil
+      tmp << true
+      return self.new(*tmp)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +scheme+::
+    #   Protocol scheme, i.e. 'http','ftp','mailto' and so on.
+    # +userinfo+::
+    #   User name and password, i.e. 'sdmitry:bla'.
+    # +host+::
+    #   Server host name.
+    # +port+::
+    #   Server port.
+    # +registry+::
+    #   Registry of naming authorities.
+    # +path+::
+    #   Path on server.
+    # +opaque+::
+    #   Opaque part.
+    # +query+::
+    #   Query data.
+    # +fragment+::
+    #   Part of the Bundler::URI after '#' character.
+    # +parser+::
+    #   Parser for internal use [Bundler::URI::DEFAULT_PARSER by default].
+    # +arg_check+::
+    #   Check arguments [false by default].
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::Generic instance from ``generic'' components without check.
+    #
+    def initialize(scheme,
+                   userinfo, host, port, registry,
+                   path, opaque,
+                   query,
+                   fragment,
+                   parser = DEFAULT_PARSER,
+                   arg_check = false)
+      @scheme = nil
+      @user = nil
+      @password = nil
+      @host = nil
+      @port = nil
+      @path = nil
+      @query = nil
+      @opaque = nil
+      @fragment = nil
+      @parser = parser == DEFAULT_PARSER ? nil : parser
+
+      if arg_check
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        self.userinfo = userinfo
+        self.hostname = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.path = path
+        self.query = query
+        self.opaque = opaque
+        self.fragment = fragment
+      else
+        self.set_scheme(scheme)
+        self.set_userinfo(userinfo)
+        self.set_host(host)
+        self.set_port(port)
+        self.set_path(path)
+        self.query = query
+        self.set_opaque(opaque)
+        self.fragment=(fragment)
+      end
+      if registry
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "the scheme #{@scheme} does not accept registry part: #{registry} (or bad hostname?)"
+      end
+
+      @scheme&.freeze
+      self.set_path('') if !@path && !@opaque # (see RFC2396 Section 5.2)
+      self.set_port(self.default_port) if self.default_port && !@port
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the scheme component of the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar/baz").scheme #=> "http"
+    #
+    attr_reader :scheme
+
+    # Returns the host component of the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar/baz").host #=> "foo"
+    #
+    # It returns nil if no host component exists.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("mailto:foo@example.org").host #=> nil
+    #
+    # The component does not contain the port number.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo:8080/bar/baz").host #=> "foo"
+    #
+    # Since IPv6 addresses are wrapped with brackets in URIs,
+    # this method returns IPv6 addresses wrapped with brackets.
+    # This form is not appropriate to pass to socket methods such as TCPSocket.open.
+    # If unwrapped host names are required, use the #hostname method.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://[::1]/bar/baz").host     #=> "[::1]"
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://[::1]/bar/baz").hostname #=> "::1"
+    #
+    attr_reader :host
+
+    # Returns the port component of the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar/baz").port      #=> 80
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo:8080/bar/baz").port #=> 8080
+    #
+    attr_reader :port
+
+    def registry # :nodoc:
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Returns the path component of the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar/baz").path #=> "/bar/baz"
+    #
+    attr_reader :path
+
+    # Returns the query component of the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar/baz?search=FooBar").query #=> "search=FooBar"
+    #
+    attr_reader :query
+
+    # Returns the opaque part of the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("mailto:foo@example.org").opaque #=> "foo@example.org"
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar/baz").opaque     #=> nil
+    #
+    # The portion of the path that does not make use of the slash '/'.
+    # The path typically refers to an absolute path or an opaque part.
+    # (See RFC2396 Section 3 and 5.2.)
+    #
+    attr_reader :opaque
+
+    # Returns the fragment component of the Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar/baz?search=FooBar#ponies").fragment #=> "ponies"
+    #
+    attr_reader :fragment
+
+    # Returns the parser to be used.
+    #
+    # Unless a Bundler::URI::Parser is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
+    #
+    def parser
+      if !defined?(@parser) || !@parser
+        DEFAULT_PARSER
+      else
+        @parser || DEFAULT_PARSER
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Replaces self by other Bundler::URI object.
+    #
+    def replace!(oth)
+      if self.class != oth.class
+        raise ArgumentError, "expected #{self.class} object"
+      end
+
+      component.each do |c|
+        self.__send__("#{c}=", oth.__send__(c))
+      end
+    end
+    private :replace!
+
+    #
+    # Components of the Bundler::URI in the order.
+    #
+    def component
+      self.class.component
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :SCHEME.
+    #
+    def check_scheme(v)
+      if v && parser.regexp[:SCHEME] !~ v
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected scheme component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_scheme
+
+    # Protected setter for the scheme component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.scheme=.
+    #
+    def set_scheme(v)
+      @scheme = v&.downcase
+    end
+    protected :set_scheme
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the scheme component +v+
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_scheme.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
+    #   uri.scheme = "https"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "https://my.example.com"
+    #
+    def scheme=(v)
+      check_scheme(v)
+      set_scheme(v)
+      v
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Checks the +user+ and +password+.
+    #
+    # If +password+ is not provided, then +user+ is
+    # split, using Bundler::URI::Generic.split_userinfo, to
+    # pull +user+ and +password.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_user, Bundler::URI::Generic.check_password.
+    #
+    def check_userinfo(user, password = nil)
+      if !password
+        user, password = split_userinfo(user)
+      end
+      check_user(user)
+      check_password(password, user)
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_userinfo
+
+    #
+    # Checks the user +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    #
+    # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
+    # with a user component defined.
+    #
+    def check_user(v)
+      if @opaque
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "can not set user with opaque"
+      end
+
+      return v unless v
+
+      if parser.regexp[:USERINFO] !~ v
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected userinfo component or user component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_user
+
+    #
+    # Checks the password +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
+    #
+    # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
+    # with a user component defined.
+    #
+    def check_password(v, user = @user)
+      if @opaque
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "can not set password with opaque"
+      end
+      return v unless v
+
+      if !user
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "password component depends user component"
+      end
+
+      if parser.regexp[:USERINFO] !~ v
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad password component"
+      end
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_password
+
+    #
+    # Sets userinfo, argument is string like 'name:pass'.
+    #
+    def userinfo=(userinfo)
+      if userinfo.nil?
+        return nil
+      end
+      check_userinfo(*userinfo)
+      set_userinfo(*userinfo)
+      # returns userinfo
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the +user+ component
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_user.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://john:S3nsit1ve@my.example.com")
+    #   uri.user = "sam"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://sam:V3ry_S3nsit1ve@my.example.com"
+    #
+    def user=(user)
+      check_user(user)
+      set_user(user)
+      # returns user
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the +password+ component
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_password.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://john:S3nsit1ve@my.example.com")
+    #   uri.password = "V3ry_S3nsit1ve"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://john:V3ry_S3nsit1ve@my.example.com"
+    #
+    def password=(password)
+      check_password(password)
+      set_password(password)
+      # returns password
+    end
+
+    # Protected setter for the +user+ component, and +password+ if available
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.userinfo=.
+    #
+    def set_userinfo(user, password = nil)
+      unless password
+        user, password = split_userinfo(user)
+      end
+      @user     = user
+      @password = password if password
+
+      [@user, @password]
+    end
+    protected :set_userinfo
+
+    # Protected setter for the user component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.user=.
+    #
+    def set_user(v)
+      set_userinfo(v, @password)
+      v
+    end
+    protected :set_user
+
+    # Protected setter for the password component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.password=.
+    #
+    def set_password(v)
+      @password = v
+      # returns v
+    end
+    protected :set_password
+
+    # Returns the userinfo +ui+ as <code>[user, password]</code>
+    # if properly formatted as 'user:password'.
+    def split_userinfo(ui)
+      return nil, nil unless ui
+      user, password = ui.split(':', 2)
+
+      return user, password
+    end
+    private :split_userinfo
+
+    # Escapes 'user:password' +v+ based on RFC 1738 section 3.1.
+    def escape_userpass(v)
+      parser.escape(v, /[@:\/]/o) # RFC 1738 section 3.1 #/
+    end
+    private :escape_userpass
+
+    # Returns the userinfo, either as 'user' or 'user:password'.
+    def userinfo
+      if @user.nil?
+        nil
+      elsif @password.nil?
+        @user
+      else
+        @user + ':' + @password
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the user component.
+    def user
+      @user
+    end
+
+    # Returns the password component.
+    def password
+      @password
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Checks the host +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :HOST.
+    #
+    # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
+    # with a host component defined.
+    #
+    def check_host(v)
+      return v unless v
+
+      if @opaque
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "can not set host with registry or opaque"
+      elsif parser.regexp[:HOST] !~ v
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected host component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_host
+
+    # Protected setter for the host component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.host=.
+    #
+    def set_host(v)
+      @host = v
+    end
+    protected :set_host
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the host component +v+
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_host.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
+    #   uri.host = "foo.com"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://foo.com"
+    #
+    def host=(v)
+      check_host(v)
+      set_host(v)
+      v
+    end
+
+    # Extract the host part of the Bundler::URI and unwrap brackets for IPv6 addresses.
+    #
+    # This method is the same as Bundler::URI::Generic#host except
+    # brackets for IPv6 (and future IP) addresses are removed.
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI("http://[::1]/bar")
+    #   uri.hostname      #=> "::1"
+    #   uri.host          #=> "[::1]"
+    #
+    def hostname
+      v = self.host
+      /\A\[(.*)\]\z/ =~ v ? $1 : v
+    end
+
+    # Sets the host part of the Bundler::URI as the argument with brackets for IPv6 addresses.
+    #
+    # This method is the same as Bundler::URI::Generic#host= except
+    # the argument can be a bare IPv6 address.
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI("http://foo/bar")
+    #   uri.hostname = "::1"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://[::1]/bar"
+    #
+    # If the argument seems to be an IPv6 address,
+    # it is wrapped with brackets.
+    #
+    def hostname=(v)
+      v = "[#{v}]" if /\A\[.*\]\z/ !~ v && /:/ =~ v
+      self.host = v
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Checks the port +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :PORT.
+    #
+    # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
+    # with a port component defined.
+    #
+    def check_port(v)
+      return v unless v
+
+      if @opaque
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "can not set port with registry or opaque"
+      elsif !v.kind_of?(Integer) && parser.regexp[:PORT] !~ v
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected port component): #{v.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_port
+
+    # Protected setter for the port component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.port=.
+    #
+    def set_port(v)
+      v = v.empty? ? nil : v.to_i unless !v || v.kind_of?(Integer)
+      @port = v
+    end
+    protected :set_port
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the port component +v+
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_port.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
+    #   uri.port = 8080
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com:8080"
+    #
+    def port=(v)
+      check_port(v)
+      set_port(v)
+      port
+    end
+
+    def check_registry(v) # :nodoc:
+      raise InvalidURIError, "can not set registry"
+    end
+    private :check_registry
+
+    def set_registry(v) #:nodoc:
+      raise InvalidURIError, "can not set registry"
+    end
+    protected :set_registry
+
+    def registry=(v)
+      raise InvalidURIError, "can not set registry"
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Checks the path +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp
+    # for :ABS_PATH and :REL_PATH.
+    #
+    # Can not have a opaque component defined,
+    # with a path component defined.
+    #
+    def check_path(v)
+      # raise if both hier and opaque are not nil, because:
+      # absoluteURI   = scheme ":" ( hier_part | opaque_part )
+      # hier_part     = ( net_path | abs_path ) [ "?" query ]
+      if v && @opaque
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "path conflicts with opaque"
+      end
+
+      # If scheme is ftp, path may be relative.
+      # See RFC 1738 section 3.2.2, and RFC 2396.
+      if @scheme && @scheme != "ftp"
+        if v && v != '' && parser.regexp[:ABS_PATH] !~ v
+          raise InvalidComponentError,
+            "bad component(expected absolute path component): #{v}"
+        end
+      else
+        if v && v != '' && parser.regexp[:ABS_PATH] !~ v &&
+           parser.regexp[:REL_PATH] !~ v
+          raise InvalidComponentError,
+            "bad component(expected relative path component): #{v}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_path
+
+    # Protected setter for the path component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.path=.
+    #
+    def set_path(v)
+      @path = v
+    end
+    protected :set_path
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the path component +v+
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_path.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com/pub/files")
+    #   uri.path = "/faq/"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com/faq/"
+    #
+    def path=(v)
+      check_path(v)
+      set_path(v)
+      v
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the query component +v+.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com/?id=25")
+    #   uri.query = "id=1"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com/?id=1"
+    #
+    def query=(v)
+      return @query = nil unless v
+      raise InvalidURIError, "query conflicts with opaque" if @opaque
+
+      x = v.to_str
+      v = x.dup if x.equal? v
+      v.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8) rescue nil
+      v.delete!("\t\r\n")
+      v.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      raise InvalidURIError, "invalid percent escape: #{$1}" if /(%\H\H)/n.match(v)
+      v.gsub!(/(?!%\h\h|[!$-&(-;=?-_a-~])./n.freeze){'%%%02X' % $&.ord}
+      v.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
+      @query = v
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Checks the opaque +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance and
+    # against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :OPAQUE.
+    #
+    # Can not have a host, port, user, or path component defined,
+    # with an opaque component defined.
+    #
+    def check_opaque(v)
+      return v unless v
+
+      # raise if both hier and opaque are not nil, because:
+      # absoluteURI   = scheme ":" ( hier_part | opaque_part )
+      # hier_part     = ( net_path | abs_path ) [ "?" query ]
+      if @host || @port || @user || @path  # userinfo = @user + ':' + @password
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "can not set opaque with host, port, userinfo or path"
+      elsif v && parser.regexp[:OPAQUE] !~ v
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected opaque component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      return true
+    end
+    private :check_opaque
+
+    # Protected setter for the opaque component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.opaque=.
+    #
+    def set_opaque(v)
+      @opaque = v
+    end
+    protected :set_opaque
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the opaque component +v+
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.check_opaque.
+    #
+    def opaque=(v)
+      check_opaque(v)
+      set_opaque(v)
+      v
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the Bundler::URI::Parser Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
+    #
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Public setter for the fragment component +v+
+    # (with validation).
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com/?id=25#time=1305212049")
+    #   uri.fragment = "time=1305212086"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com/?id=25#time=1305212086"
+    #
+    def fragment=(v)
+      return @fragment = nil unless v
+
+      x = v.to_str
+      v = x.dup if x.equal? v
+      v.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8) rescue nil
+      v.delete!("\t\r\n")
+      v.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      v.gsub!(/(?!%\h\h|[!-~])./n){'%%%02X' % $&.ord}
+      v.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
+      @fragment = v
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns true if Bundler::URI is hierarchical.
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Bundler::URI has components listed in order of decreasing significance from left to right,
+    # see RFC3986 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 1.2.3.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com/")
+    #   uri.hierarchical?
+    #   #=> true
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("mailto:joe@example.com")
+    #   uri.hierarchical?
+    #   #=> false
+    #
+    def hierarchical?
+      if @path
+        true
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns true if Bundler::URI has a scheme (e.g. http:// or https://) specified.
+    #
+    def absolute?
+      if @scheme
+        true
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    alias absolute absolute?
+
+    #
+    # Returns true if Bundler::URI does not have a scheme (e.g. http:// or https://) specified.
+    #
+    def relative?
+      !absolute?
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns an Array of the path split on '/'.
+    #
+    def split_path(path)
+      path.split("/", -1)
+    end
+    private :split_path
+
+    #
+    # Merges a base path +base+, with relative path +rel+,
+    # returns a modified base path.
+    #
+    def merge_path(base, rel)
+
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 5)
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 6)
+      base_path = split_path(base)
+      rel_path  = split_path(rel)
+
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 6), a)
+      base_path << '' if base_path.last == '..'
+      while i = base_path.index('..')
+        base_path.slice!(i - 1, 2)
+      end
+
+      if (first = rel_path.first) and first.empty?
+        base_path.clear
+        rel_path.shift
+      end
+
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 6), c)
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 6), d)
+      rel_path.push('') if rel_path.last == '.' || rel_path.last == '..'
+      rel_path.delete('.')
+
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 6), e)
+      tmp = []
+      rel_path.each do |x|
+        if x == '..' &&
+            !(tmp.empty? || tmp.last == '..')
+          tmp.pop
+        else
+          tmp << x
+        end
+      end
+
+      add_trailer_slash = !tmp.empty?
+      if base_path.empty?
+        base_path = [''] # keep '/' for root directory
+      elsif add_trailer_slash
+        base_path.pop
+      end
+      while x = tmp.shift
+        if x == '..'
+          # RFC2396, Section 4
+          # a .. or . in an absolute path has no special meaning
+          base_path.pop if base_path.size > 1
+        else
+          # if x == '..'
+          #   valid absolute (but abnormal) path "/../..."
+          # else
+          #   valid absolute path
+          # end
+          base_path << x
+          tmp.each {|t| base_path << t}
+          add_trailer_slash = false
+          break
+        end
+      end
+      base_path.push('') if add_trailer_slash
+
+      return base_path.join('/')
+    end
+    private :merge_path
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +oth+::
+    #    Bundler::URI or String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Destructive form of #merge.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
+    #   uri.merge!("/main.rbx?page=1")
+    #   uri.to_s  # => "http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1"
+    #
+    def merge!(oth)
+      t = merge(oth)
+      if self == t
+        nil
+      else
+        replace!(t)
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +oth+::
+    #    Bundler::URI or String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Merges two URIs.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
+    #   uri.merge("/main.rbx?page=1")
+    #   # => "http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1"
+    #
+    def merge(oth)
+      rel = parser.send(:convert_to_uri, oth)
+
+      if rel.absolute?
+        #raise BadURIError, "both Bundler::URI are absolute" if absolute?
+        # hmm... should return oth for usability?
+        return rel
+      end
+
+      unless self.absolute?
+        raise BadURIError, "both Bundler::URI are relative"
+      end
+
+      base = self.dup
+
+      authority = rel.userinfo || rel.host || rel.port
+
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 2)
+      if (rel.path.nil? || rel.path.empty?) && !authority && !rel.query
+        base.fragment=(rel.fragment) if rel.fragment
+        return base
+      end
+
+      base.query = nil
+      base.fragment=(nil)
+
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 4)
+      if !authority
+        base.set_path(merge_path(base.path, rel.path)) if base.path && rel.path
+      else
+        # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 4)
+        base.set_path(rel.path) if rel.path
+      end
+
+      # RFC2396, Section 5.2, 7)
+      base.set_userinfo(rel.userinfo) if rel.userinfo
+      base.set_host(rel.host)         if rel.host
+      base.set_port(rel.port)         if rel.port
+      base.query = rel.query       if rel.query
+      base.fragment=(rel.fragment) if rel.fragment
+
+      return base
+    end # merge
+    alias + merge
+
+    # :stopdoc:
+    def route_from_path(src, dst)
+      case dst
+      when src
+        # RFC2396, Section 4.2
+        return ''
+      when %r{(?:\A|/)\.\.?(?:/|\z)}
+        # dst has abnormal absolute path,
+        # like "/./", "/../", "/x/../", ...
+        return dst.dup
+      end
+
+      src_path = src.scan(%r{[^/]*/})
+      dst_path = dst.scan(%r{[^/]*/?})
+
+      # discard same parts
+      while !dst_path.empty? && dst_path.first == src_path.first
+        src_path.shift
+        dst_path.shift
+      end
+
+      tmp = dst_path.join
+
+      # calculate
+      if src_path.empty?
+        if tmp.empty?
+          return './'
+        elsif dst_path.first.include?(':') # (see RFC2396 Section 5)
+          return './' + tmp
+        else
+          return tmp
+        end
+      end
+
+      return '../' * src_path.size + tmp
+    end
+    private :route_from_path
+    # :startdoc:
+
+    # :stopdoc:
+    def route_from0(oth)
+      oth = parser.send(:convert_to_uri, oth)
+      if self.relative?
+        raise BadURIError,
+          "relative Bundler::URI: #{self}"
+      end
+      if oth.relative?
+        raise BadURIError,
+          "relative Bundler::URI: #{oth}"
+      end
+
+      if self.scheme != oth.scheme
+        return self, self.dup
+      end
+      rel = Bundler::URI::Generic.new(nil, # it is relative Bundler::URI
+                             self.userinfo, self.host, self.port,
+                             nil, self.path, self.opaque,
+                             self.query, self.fragment, parser)
+
+      if rel.userinfo != oth.userinfo ||
+          rel.host.to_s.downcase != oth.host.to_s.downcase ||
+          rel.port != oth.port
+
+        if self.userinfo.nil? && self.host.nil?
+          return self, self.dup
+        end
+
+        rel.set_port(nil) if rel.port == oth.default_port
+        return rel, rel
+      end
+      rel.set_userinfo(nil)
+      rel.set_host(nil)
+      rel.set_port(nil)
+
+      if rel.path && rel.path == oth.path
+        rel.set_path('')
+        rel.query = nil if rel.query == oth.query
+        return rel, rel
+      elsif rel.opaque && rel.opaque == oth.opaque
+        rel.set_opaque('')
+        rel.query = nil if rel.query == oth.query
+        return rel, rel
+      end
+
+      # you can modify `rel', but can not `oth'.
+      return oth, rel
+    end
+    private :route_from0
+    # :startdoc:
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +oth+::
+    #    Bundler::URI or String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Calculates relative path from oth to self.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse('http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1')
+    #   uri.route_from('http://my.example.com')
+    #   #=> #<Bundler::URI::Generic /main.rbx?page=1>
+    #
+    def route_from(oth)
+      # you can modify `rel', but can not `oth'.
+      begin
+        oth, rel = route_from0(oth)
+      rescue
+        raise $!.class, $!.message
+      end
+      if oth == rel
+        return rel
+      end
+
+      rel.set_path(route_from_path(oth.path, self.path))
+      if rel.path == './' && self.query
+        # "./?foo" -> "?foo"
+        rel.set_path('')
+      end
+
+      return rel
+    end
+
+    alias - route_from
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +oth+::
+    #    Bundler::URI or String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Calculates relative path to oth from self.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse('http://my.example.com')
+    #   uri.route_to('http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1')
+    #   #=> #<Bundler::URI::Generic /main.rbx?page=1>
+    #
+    def route_to(oth)
+      parser.send(:convert_to_uri, oth).route_from(self)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns normalized Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI("HTTP://my.EXAMPLE.com").normalize
+    #   #=> #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://my.example.com/>
+    #
+    # Normalization here means:
+    #
+    # * scheme and host are converted to lowercase,
+    # * an empty path component is set to "/".
+    #
+    def normalize
+      uri = dup
+      uri.normalize!
+      uri
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Destructive version of #normalize.
+    #
+    def normalize!
+      if path&.empty?
+        set_path('/')
+      end
+      if scheme && scheme != scheme.downcase
+        set_scheme(self.scheme.downcase)
+      end
+      if host && host != host.downcase
+        set_host(self.host.downcase)
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Constructs String from Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    def to_s
+      str = ''.dup
+      if @scheme
+        str << @scheme
+        str << ':'
+      end
+
+      if @opaque
+        str << @opaque
+      else
+        if @host || %w[file postgres].include?(@scheme)
+          str << '//'
+        end
+        if self.userinfo
+          str << self.userinfo
+          str << '@'
+        end
+        if @host
+          str << @host
+        end
+        if @port && @port != self.default_port
+          str << ':'
+          str << @port.to_s
+        end
+        str << @path
+        if @query
+          str << '?'
+          str << @query
+        end
+      end
+      if @fragment
+        str << '#'
+        str << @fragment
+      end
+      str
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Compares two URIs.
+    #
+    def ==(oth)
+      if self.class == oth.class
+        self.normalize.component_ary == oth.normalize.component_ary
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      self.component_ary.hash
+    end
+
+    def eql?(oth)
+      self.class == oth.class &&
+      parser == oth.parser &&
+      self.component_ary.eql?(oth.component_ary)
+    end
+
+=begin
+
+--- Bundler::URI::Generic#===(oth)
+
+=end
+#    def ===(oth)
+#      raise NotImplementedError
+#    end
+
+=begin
+=end
+
+
+    # Returns an Array of the components defined from the COMPONENT Array.
+    def component_ary
+      component.collect do |x|
+        self.send(x)
+      end
+    end
+    protected :component_ary
+
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +components+::
+    #    Multiple Symbol arguments defined in Bundler::URI::HTTP.
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Selects specified components from Bundler::URI.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse('http://myuser:mypass@my.example.com/test.rbx')
+    #   uri.select(:userinfo, :host, :path)
+    #   # => ["myuser:mypass", "my.example.com", "/test.rbx"]
+    #
+    def select(*components)
+      components.collect do |c|
+        if component.include?(c)
+          self.send(c)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "expected of components of #{self.class} (#{self.class.component.join(', ')})"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +v+::
+    #    Bundler::URI or String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Attempts to parse other Bundler::URI +oth+,
+    # returns [parsed_oth, self].
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
+    #   uri.coerce("http://foo.com")
+    #   #=> [#<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://foo.com>, #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://my.example.com>]
+    #
+    def coerce(oth)
+      case oth
+      when String
+        oth = parser.parse(oth)
+      else
+        super
+      end
+
+      return oth, self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a proxy Bundler::URI.
+    # The proxy Bundler::URI is obtained from environment variables such as http_proxy,
+    # ftp_proxy, no_proxy, etc.
+    # If there is no proper proxy, nil is returned.
+    #
+    # If the optional parameter +env+ is specified, it is used instead of ENV.
+    #
+    # Note that capitalized variables (HTTP_PROXY, FTP_PROXY, NO_PROXY, etc.)
+    # are examined, too.
+    #
+    # But http_proxy and HTTP_PROXY is treated specially under CGI environment.
+    # It's because HTTP_PROXY may be set by Proxy: header.
+    # So HTTP_PROXY is not used.
+    # http_proxy is not used too if the variable is case insensitive.
+    # CGI_HTTP_PROXY can be used instead.
+    def find_proxy(env=ENV)
+      raise BadURIError, "relative Bundler::URI: #{self}" if self.relative?
+      name = self.scheme.downcase + '_proxy'
+      proxy_uri = nil
+      if name == 'http_proxy' && env.include?('REQUEST_METHOD') # CGI?
+        # HTTP_PROXY conflicts with *_proxy for proxy settings and
+        # HTTP_* for header information in CGI.
+        # So it should be careful to use it.
+        pairs = env.reject {|k, v| /\Ahttp_proxy\z/i !~ k }
+        case pairs.length
+        when 0 # no proxy setting anyway.
+          proxy_uri = nil
+        when 1
+          k, _ = pairs.shift
+          if k == 'http_proxy' && env[k.upcase] == nil
+            # http_proxy is safe to use because ENV is case sensitive.
+            proxy_uri = env[name]
+          else
+            proxy_uri = nil
+          end
+        else # http_proxy is safe to use because ENV is case sensitive.
+          proxy_uri = env.to_hash[name]
+        end
+        if !proxy_uri
+          # Use CGI_HTTP_PROXY.  cf. libwww-perl.
+          proxy_uri = env["CGI_#{name.upcase}"]
+        end
+      elsif name == 'http_proxy'
+        unless proxy_uri = env[name]
+          if proxy_uri = env[name.upcase]
+            warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Use http_proxy.', uplevel: 1
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        proxy_uri = env[name] || env[name.upcase]
+      end
+
+      if proxy_uri.nil? || proxy_uri.empty?
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      if self.hostname
+        begin
+          addr = IPSocket.getaddress(self.hostname)
+          return nil if /\A127\.|\A::1\z/ =~ addr
+        rescue SocketError
+        end
+      end
+
+      name = 'no_proxy'
+      if no_proxy = env[name] || env[name.upcase]
+        return nil unless Bundler::URI::Generic.use_proxy?(self.hostname, addr, self.port, no_proxy)
+      end
+      Bundler::URI.parse(proxy_uri)
+    end
+
+    def self.use_proxy?(hostname, addr, port, no_proxy) # :nodoc:
+      hostname = hostname.downcase
+      dothostname = ".#{hostname}"
+      no_proxy.scan(/([^:,\s]+)(?::(\d+))?/) {|p_host, p_port|
+        if !p_port || port == p_port.to_i
+          if p_host.start_with?('.')
+            return false if hostname.end_with?(p_host.downcase)
+          else
+            return false if dothostname.end_with?(".#{p_host.downcase}")
+          end
+          if addr
+            begin
+              return false if IPAddr.new(p_host).include?(addr)
+            rescue IPAddr::InvalidAddressError
+              next
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      }
+      true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6ca1c51de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/http.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/http.rb
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+# Revision:: $Id$
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'generic'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  #
+  # The syntax of HTTP URIs is defined in RFC1738 section 3.3.
+  #
+  # Note that the Ruby Bundler::URI library allows HTTP URLs containing usernames and
+  # passwords. This is not legal as per the RFC, but used to be
+  # supported in Internet Explorer 5 and 6, before the MS04-004 security
+  # update. See <URL:http://support.microsoft.com/kb/834489>.
+  #
+  class HTTP < Generic
+    # A Default port of 80 for Bundler::URI::HTTP.
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 80
+
+    # An Array of the available components for Bundler::URI::HTTP.
+    COMPONENT = %i[
+      scheme
+      userinfo host port
+      path
+      query
+      fragment
+    ].freeze
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::HTTP object from components, with syntax checking.
+    #
+    # The components accepted are userinfo, host, port, path, query, and
+    # fragment.
+    #
+    # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
+    # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
+    #
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[userinfo, host, port, path, query, fragment]</code>.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     uri = Bundler::URI::HTTP.build(host: 'www.example.com', path: '/foo/bar')
+    #
+    #     uri = Bundler::URI::HTTP.build([nil, "www.example.com", nil, "/path",
+    #       "query", 'fragment'])
+    #
+    # Currently, if passed userinfo components this method generates
+    # invalid HTTP URIs as per RFC 1738.
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+      tmp = Util.make_components_hash(self, args)
+      super(tmp)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Returns the full path for an HTTP request, as required by Net::HTTP::Get.
+    #
+    # If the Bundler::URI contains a query, the full path is Bundler::URI#path + '?' + Bundler::URI#query.
+    # Otherwise, the path is simply Bundler::URI#path.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     uri = Bundler::URI::HTTP.build(path: '/foo/bar', query: 'test=true')
+    #     uri.request_uri #  => "/foo/bar?test=true"
+    #
+    def request_uri
+      return unless @path
+
+      url = @query ? "#@path?#@query" : @path.dup
+      url.start_with?(?/.freeze) ? url : ?/ + url
+    end
+  end
+
+  @@schemes['HTTP'] = HTTP
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/https.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/https.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78dc6bf532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/https.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/https.rb
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+# Revision:: $Id$
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'http'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  # The default port for HTTPS URIs is 443, and the scheme is 'https:' rather
+  # than 'http:'. Other than that, HTTPS URIs are identical to HTTP URIs;
+  # see Bundler::URI::HTTP.
+  class HTTPS < HTTP
+    # A Default port of 443 for Bundler::URI::HTTPS
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 443
+  end
+  @@schemes['HTTPS'] = HTTPS
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ldap.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ldap.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b707bedb97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ldap.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/ldap.rb
+#
+# Author::
+#  Takaaki Tateishi <ttate@jaist.ac.jp>
+#  Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# License::
+#   Bundler::URI::LDAP is copyrighted free software by Takaaki Tateishi and Akira Yamada.
+#   You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+# Revision:: $Id$
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'generic'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  #
+  # LDAP Bundler::URI SCHEMA (described in RFC2255).
+  #--
+  # ldap://<host>/<dn>[?<attrs>[?<scope>[?<filter>[?<extensions>]]]]
+  #++
+  class LDAP < Generic
+
+    # A Default port of 389 for Bundler::URI::LDAP.
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 389
+
+    # An Array of the available components for Bundler::URI::LDAP.
+    COMPONENT = [
+      :scheme,
+      :host, :port,
+      :dn,
+      :attributes,
+      :scope,
+      :filter,
+      :extensions,
+    ].freeze
+
+    # Scopes available for the starting point.
+    #
+    # * SCOPE_BASE - the Base DN
+    # * SCOPE_ONE  - one level under the Base DN, not including the base DN and
+    #   not including any entries under this
+    # * SCOPE_SUB  - subtrees, all entries at all levels
+    #
+    SCOPE = [
+      SCOPE_ONE = 'one',
+      SCOPE_SUB = 'sub',
+      SCOPE_BASE = 'base',
+    ].freeze
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::LDAP object from components, with syntax checking.
+    #
+    # The components accepted are host, port, dn, attributes,
+    # scope, filter, and extensions.
+    #
+    # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
+    # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
+    #
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[host, port, dn, attributes, scope, filter, extensions]</code>.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     uri = Bundler::URI::LDAP.build({:host => 'ldap.example.com',
+    #       :dn => '/dc=example'})
+    #
+    #     uri = Bundler::URI::LDAP.build(["ldap.example.com", nil,
+    #       "/dc=example;dc=com", "query", nil, nil, nil])
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+      tmp = Util::make_components_hash(self, args)
+
+      if tmp[:dn]
+        tmp[:path] = tmp[:dn]
+      end
+
+      query = []
+      [:extensions, :filter, :scope, :attributes].collect do |x|
+        next if !tmp[x] && query.size == 0
+        query.unshift(tmp[x])
+      end
+
+      tmp[:query] = query.join('?')
+
+      return super(tmp)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::LDAP object from generic Bundler::URI components as per
+    # RFC 2396. No LDAP-specific syntax checking is performed.
+    #
+    # Arguments are +scheme+, +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +registry+, +path+,
+    # +opaque+, +query+, and +fragment+, in that order.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     uri = Bundler::URI::LDAP.new("ldap", nil, "ldap.example.com", nil, nil,
+    #       "/dc=example;dc=com", nil, "query", nil)
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Generic.new.
+    #
+    def initialize(*arg)
+      super(*arg)
+
+      if @fragment
+        raise InvalidURIError, 'bad LDAP URL'
+      end
+
+      parse_dn
+      parse_query
+    end
+
+    # Private method to cleanup +dn+ from using the +path+ component attribute.
+    def parse_dn
+      @dn = @path[1..-1]
+    end
+    private :parse_dn
+
+    # Private method to cleanup +attributes+, +scope+, +filter+, and +extensions+
+    # from using the +query+ component attribute.
+    def parse_query
+      @attributes = nil
+      @scope      = nil
+      @filter     = nil
+      @extensions = nil
+
+      if @query
+        attrs, scope, filter, extensions = @query.split('?')
+
+        @attributes = attrs if attrs && attrs.size > 0
+        @scope      = scope if scope && scope.size > 0
+        @filter     = filter if filter && filter.size > 0
+        @extensions = extensions if extensions && extensions.size > 0
+      end
+    end
+    private :parse_query
+
+    # Private method to assemble +query+ from +attributes+, +scope+, +filter+, and +extensions+.
+    def build_path_query
+      @path = '/' + @dn
+
+      query = []
+      [@extensions, @filter, @scope, @attributes].each do |x|
+        next if !x && query.size == 0
+        query.unshift(x)
+      end
+      @query = query.join('?')
+    end
+    private :build_path_query
+
+    # Returns dn.
+    def dn
+      @dn
+    end
+
+    # Private setter for dn +val+.
+    def set_dn(val)
+      @dn = val
+      build_path_query
+      @dn
+    end
+    protected :set_dn
+
+    # Setter for dn +val+.
+    def dn=(val)
+      set_dn(val)
+      val
+    end
+
+    # Returns attributes.
+    def attributes
+      @attributes
+    end
+
+    # Private setter for attributes +val+.
+    def set_attributes(val)
+      @attributes = val
+      build_path_query
+      @attributes
+    end
+    protected :set_attributes
+
+    # Setter for attributes +val+.
+    def attributes=(val)
+      set_attributes(val)
+      val
+    end
+
+    # Returns scope.
+    def scope
+      @scope
+    end
+
+    # Private setter for scope +val+.
+    def set_scope(val)
+      @scope = val
+      build_path_query
+      @scope
+    end
+    protected :set_scope
+
+    # Setter for scope +val+.
+    def scope=(val)
+      set_scope(val)
+      val
+    end
+
+    # Returns filter.
+    def filter
+      @filter
+    end
+
+    # Private setter for filter +val+.
+    def set_filter(val)
+      @filter = val
+      build_path_query
+      @filter
+    end
+    protected :set_filter
+
+    # Setter for filter +val+.
+    def filter=(val)
+      set_filter(val)
+      val
+    end
+
+    # Returns extensions.
+    def extensions
+      @extensions
+    end
+
+    # Private setter for extensions +val+.
+    def set_extensions(val)
+      @extensions = val
+      build_path_query
+      @extensions
+    end
+    protected :set_extensions
+
+    # Setter for extensions +val+.
+    def extensions=(val)
+      set_extensions(val)
+      val
+    end
+
+    # Checks if Bundler::URI has a path.
+    # For Bundler::URI::LDAP this will return +false+.
+    def hierarchical?
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  @@schemes['LDAP'] = LDAP
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ldaps.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ldaps.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0af35bb16b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/ldaps.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/ldap.rb
+#
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'ldap'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  # The default port for LDAPS URIs is 636, and the scheme is 'ldaps:' rather
+  # than 'ldap:'. Other than that, LDAPS URIs are identical to LDAP URIs;
+  # see Bundler::URI::LDAP.
+  class LDAPS < LDAP
+    # A Default port of 636 for Bundler::URI::LDAPS
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 636
+  end
+  @@schemes['LDAPS'] = LDAPS
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/mailto.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/mailto.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b2a4765c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/mailto.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/mailto.rb
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+# Revision:: $Id$
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'generic'
+
+module Bundler::URI
+
+  #
+  # RFC6068, the mailto URL scheme.
+  #
+  class MailTo < Generic
+    include REGEXP
+
+    # A Default port of nil for Bundler::URI::MailTo.
+    DEFAULT_PORT = nil
+
+    # An Array of the available components for Bundler::URI::MailTo.
+    COMPONENT = [ :scheme, :to, :headers ].freeze
+
+    # :stopdoc:
+    #  "hname" and "hvalue" are encodings of an RFC 822 header name and
+    #  value, respectively. As with "to", all URL reserved characters must
+    #  be encoded.
+    #
+    #  "#mailbox" is as specified in RFC 822 [RFC822]. This means that it
+    #  consists of zero or more comma-separated mail addresses, possibly
+    #  including "phrase" and "comment" components. Note that all URL
+    #  reserved characters in "to" must be encoded: in particular,
+    #  parentheses, commas, and the percent sign ("%"), which commonly occur
+    #  in the "mailbox" syntax.
+    #
+    #  Within mailto URLs, the characters "?", "=", "&" are reserved.
+
+    # ; RFC 6068
+    # hfields      = "?" hfield *( "&" hfield )
+    # hfield       = hfname "=" hfvalue
+    # hfname       = *qchar
+    # hfvalue      = *qchar
+    # qchar        = unreserved / pct-encoded / some-delims
+    # some-delims  = "!" / "$" / "'" / "(" / ")" / "*"
+    #              / "+" / "," / ";" / ":" / "@"
+    #
+    # ; RFC3986
+    # unreserved   = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
+    # pct-encoded  = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
+    HEADER_REGEXP  = /\A(?<hfield>(?:%\h\h|[!$'-.0-;@-Z_a-z~])*=(?:%\h\h|[!$'-.0-;@-Z_a-z~])*)(?:&\g<hfield>)*\z/
+    # practical regexp for email address
+    # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/input.html#valid-e-mail-address
+    EMAIL_REGEXP = /\A[a-zA-Z0-9.!\#$%&'*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?(?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?)*\z/
+    # :startdoc:
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::MailTo object from components, with syntax checking.
+    #
+    # Components can be provided as an Array or Hash. If an Array is used,
+    # the components must be supplied as <code>[to, headers]</code>.
+    #
+    # If a Hash is used, the keys are the component names preceded by colons.
+    #
+    # The headers can be supplied as a pre-encoded string, such as
+    # <code>"subject=subscribe&cc=address"</code>, or as an Array of Arrays
+    # like <code>[['subject', 'subscribe'], ['cc', 'address']]</code>.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #    require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #    m1 = Bundler::URI::MailTo.build(['joe@example.com', 'subject=Ruby'])
+    #    m1.to_s  # => "mailto:joe@example.com?subject=Ruby"
+    #
+    #    m2 = Bundler::URI::MailTo.build(['john@example.com', [['Subject', 'Ruby'], ['Cc', 'jack@example.com']]])
+    #    m2.to_s  # => "mailto:john@example.com?Subject=Ruby&Cc=jack@example.com"
+    #
+    #    m3 = Bundler::URI::MailTo.build({:to => 'listman@example.com', :headers => [['subject', 'subscribe']]})
+    #    m3.to_s  # => "mailto:listman@example.com?subject=subscribe"
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+      tmp = Util.make_components_hash(self, args)
+
+      case tmp[:to]
+      when Array
+        tmp[:opaque] = tmp[:to].join(',')
+      when String
+        tmp[:opaque] = tmp[:to].dup
+      else
+        tmp[:opaque] = ''
+      end
+
+      if tmp[:headers]
+        query =
+          case tmp[:headers]
+          when Array
+            tmp[:headers].collect { |x|
+              if x.kind_of?(Array)
+                x[0] + '=' + x[1..-1].join
+              else
+                x.to_s
+              end
+            }.join('&')
+          when Hash
+            tmp[:headers].collect { |h,v|
+              h + '=' + v
+            }.join('&')
+          else
+            tmp[:headers].to_s
+          end
+        unless query.empty?
+          tmp[:opaque] << '?' << query
+        end
+      end
+
+      super(tmp)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new Bundler::URI::MailTo object from generic URL components with
+    # no syntax checking.
+    #
+    # This method is usually called from Bundler::URI::parse, which checks
+    # the validity of each component.
+    #
+    def initialize(*arg)
+      super(*arg)
+
+      @to = nil
+      @headers = []
+
+      # The RFC3986 parser does not normally populate opaque
+      @opaque = "?#{@query}" if @query && !@opaque
+
+      unless @opaque
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "missing opaque part for mailto URL"
+      end
+      to, header = @opaque.split('?', 2)
+      # allow semicolon as a addr-spec separator
+      # http://support.microsoft.com/kb/820868
+      unless /\A(?:[^@,;]+@[^@,;]+(?:\z|[,;]))*\z/ =~ to
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "unrecognised opaque part for mailtoURL: #{@opaque}"
+      end
+
+      if arg[10] # arg_check
+        self.to = to
+        self.headers = header
+      else
+        set_to(to)
+        set_headers(header)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The primary e-mail address of the URL, as a String.
+    attr_reader :to
+
+    # E-mail headers set by the URL, as an Array of Arrays.
+    attr_reader :headers
+
+    # Checks the to +v+ component.
+    def check_to(v)
+      return true unless v
+      return true if v.size == 0
+
+      v.split(/[,;]/).each do |addr|
+        # check url safety as path-rootless
+        if /\A(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])*\z/ !~ addr
+          raise InvalidComponentError,
+            "an address in 'to' is invalid as Bundler::URI #{addr.dump}"
+        end
+
+        # check addr-spec
+        # don't s/\+/ /g
+        addr.gsub!(/%\h\h/, Bundler::URI::TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
+        if EMAIL_REGEXP !~ addr
+          raise InvalidComponentError,
+            "an address in 'to' is invalid as uri-escaped addr-spec #{addr.dump}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+    private :check_to
+
+    # Private setter for to +v+.
+    def set_to(v)
+      @to = v
+    end
+    protected :set_to
+
+    # Setter for to +v+.
+    def to=(v)
+      check_to(v)
+      set_to(v)
+      v
+    end
+
+    # Checks the headers +v+ component against either
+    # * HEADER_REGEXP
+    def check_headers(v)
+      return true unless v
+      return true if v.size == 0
+      if HEADER_REGEXP !~ v
+        raise InvalidComponentError,
+          "bad component(expected opaque component): #{v}"
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+    private :check_headers
+
+    # Private setter for headers +v+.
+    def set_headers(v)
+      @headers = []
+      if v
+        v.split('&').each do |x|
+          @headers << x.split(/=/, 2)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    protected :set_headers
+
+    # Setter for headers +v+.
+    def headers=(v)
+      check_headers(v)
+      set_headers(v)
+      v
+    end
+
+    # Constructs String from Bundler::URI.
+    def to_s
+      @scheme + ':' +
+        if @to
+          @to
+        else
+          ''
+        end +
+        if @headers.size > 0
+          '?' + @headers.collect{|x| x.join('=')}.join('&')
+        else
+          ''
+        end +
+        if @fragment
+          '#' + @fragment
+        else
+          ''
+        end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the RFC822 e-mail text equivalent of the URL, as a String.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   require 'bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = Bundler::URI.parse("mailto:ruby-list@ruby-lang.org?Subject=subscribe&cc=myaddr")
+    #   uri.to_mailtext
+    #   # => "To: ruby-list@ruby-lang.org\nSubject: subscribe\nCc: myaddr\n\n\n"
+    #
+    def to_mailtext
+      to = Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component(@to)
+      head = ''
+      body = ''
+      @headers.each do |x|
+        case x[0]
+        when 'body'
+          body = Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component(x[1])
+        when 'to'
+          to << ', ' + Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component(x[1])
+        else
+          head << Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component(x[0]).capitalize + ': ' +
+            Bundler::URI.decode_www_form_component(x[1])  + "\n"
+        end
+      end
+
+      "To: #{to}
+#{head}
+#{body}
+"
+    end
+    alias to_rfc822text to_mailtext
+  end
+
+  @@schemes['MAILTO'] = MailTo
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0d62ede64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+#--
+# = uri/common.rb
+#
+# Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
+# Revision:: $Id$
+# License::
+#   You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+#
+# See Bundler::URI for general documentation
+#
+
+module Bundler::URI
+  #
+  # Includes Bundler::URI::REGEXP::PATTERN
+  #
+  module RFC2396_REGEXP
+    #
+    # Patterns used to parse Bundler::URI's
+    #
+    module PATTERN
+      # :stopdoc:
+
+      # RFC 2396 (Bundler::URI Generic Syntax)
+      # RFC 2732 (IPv6 Literal Addresses in URL's)
+      # RFC 2373 (IPv6 Addressing Architecture)
+
+      # alpha         = lowalpha | upalpha
+      ALPHA = "a-zA-Z"
+      # alphanum      = alpha | digit
+      ALNUM = "#{ALPHA}\\d"
+
+      # hex           = digit | "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F" |
+      #                         "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f"
+      HEX     = "a-fA-F\\d"
+      # escaped       = "%" hex hex
+      ESCAPED = "%[#{HEX}]{2}"
+      # mark          = "-" | "_" | "." | "!" | "~" | "*" | "'" |
+      #                 "(" | ")"
+      # unreserved    = alphanum | mark
+      UNRESERVED = "\\-_.!~*'()#{ALNUM}"
+      # reserved      = ";" | "/" | "?" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" |
+      #                 "$" | ","
+      # reserved      = ";" | "/" | "?" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" |
+      #                 "$" | "," | "[" | "]" (RFC 2732)
+      RESERVED = ";/?:@&=+$,\\[\\]"
+
+      # domainlabel   = alphanum | alphanum *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
+      DOMLABEL = "(?:[#{ALNUM}](?:[-#{ALNUM}]*[#{ALNUM}])?)"
+      # toplabel      = alpha | alpha *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
+      TOPLABEL = "(?:[#{ALPHA}](?:[-#{ALNUM}]*[#{ALNUM}])?)"
+      # hostname      = *( domainlabel "." ) toplabel [ "." ]
+      HOSTNAME = "(?:#{DOMLABEL}\\.)*#{TOPLABEL}\\.?"
+
+      # :startdoc:
+    end # PATTERN
+
+    # :startdoc:
+  end # REGEXP
+
+  # Class that parses String's into Bundler::URI's.
+  #
+  # It contains a Hash set of patterns and Regexp's that match and validate.
+  #
+  class RFC2396_Parser
+    include RFC2396_REGEXP
+
+    #
+    # == Synopsis
+    #
+    #   Bundler::URI::Parser.new([opts])
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # The constructor accepts a hash as options for parser.
+    # Keys of options are pattern names of Bundler::URI components
+    # and values of options are pattern strings.
+    # The constructor generates set of regexps for parsing URIs.
+    #
+    # You can use the following keys:
+    #
+    #   * :ESCAPED (Bundler::URI::PATTERN::ESCAPED in default)
+    #   * :UNRESERVED (Bundler::URI::PATTERN::UNRESERVED in default)
+    #   * :DOMLABEL (Bundler::URI::PATTERN::DOMLABEL in default)
+    #   * :TOPLABEL (Bundler::URI::PATTERN::TOPLABEL in default)
+    #   * :HOSTNAME (Bundler::URI::PATTERN::HOSTNAME in default)
+    #
+    # == Examples
+    #
+    #   p = Bundler::URI::Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
+    #   u = p.parse("http://example.jp/%uABCD") #=> #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.jp/%uABCD>
+    #   Bundler::URI.parse(u.to_s) #=> raises Bundler::URI::InvalidURIError
+    #
+    #   s = "http://example.com/ABCD"
+    #   u1 = p.parse(s) #=> #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.com/ABCD>
+    #   u2 = Bundler::URI.parse(s) #=> #<Bundler::URI::HTTP http://example.com/ABCD>
+    #   u1 == u2 #=> true
+    #   u1.eql?(u2) #=> false
+    #
+    def initialize(opts = {})
+      @pattern = initialize_pattern(opts)
+      @pattern.each_value(&:freeze)
+      @pattern.freeze
+
+      @regexp = initialize_regexp(@pattern)
+      @regexp.each_value(&:freeze)
+      @regexp.freeze
+    end
+
+    # The Hash of patterns.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Parser.initialize_pattern.
+    attr_reader :pattern
+
+    # The Hash of Regexp.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Parser.initialize_regexp.
+    attr_reader :regexp
+
+    # Returns a split Bundler::URI against regexp[:ABS_URI].
+    def split(uri)
+      case uri
+      when ''
+        # null uri
+
+      when @regexp[:ABS_URI]
+        scheme, opaque, userinfo, host, port,
+          registry, path, query, fragment = $~[1..-1]
+
+        # Bundler::URI-reference = [ absoluteURI | relativeURI ] [ "#" fragment ]
+
+        # absoluteURI   = scheme ":" ( hier_part | opaque_part )
+        # hier_part     = ( net_path | abs_path ) [ "?" query ]
+        # opaque_part   = uric_no_slash *uric
+
+        # abs_path      = "/"  path_segments
+        # net_path      = "//" authority [ abs_path ]
+
+        # authority     = server | reg_name
+        # server        = [ [ userinfo "@" ] hostport ]
+
+        if !scheme
+          raise InvalidURIError,
+            "bad Bundler::URI(absolute but no scheme): #{uri}"
+        end
+        if !opaque && (!path && (!host && !registry))
+          raise InvalidURIError,
+            "bad Bundler::URI(absolute but no path): #{uri}"
+        end
+
+      when @regexp[:REL_URI]
+        scheme = nil
+        opaque = nil
+
+        userinfo, host, port, registry,
+          rel_segment, abs_path, query, fragment = $~[1..-1]
+        if rel_segment && abs_path
+          path = rel_segment + abs_path
+        elsif rel_segment
+          path = rel_segment
+        elsif abs_path
+          path = abs_path
+        end
+
+        # Bundler::URI-reference = [ absoluteURI | relativeURI ] [ "#" fragment ]
+
+        # relativeURI   = ( net_path | abs_path | rel_path ) [ "?" query ]
+
+        # net_path      = "//" authority [ abs_path ]
+        # abs_path      = "/"  path_segments
+        # rel_path      = rel_segment [ abs_path ]
+
+        # authority     = server | reg_name
+        # server        = [ [ userinfo "@" ] hostport ]
+
+      else
+        raise InvalidURIError, "bad Bundler::URI(is not Bundler::URI?): #{uri}"
+      end
+
+      path = '' if !path && !opaque # (see RFC2396 Section 5.2)
+      ret = [
+        scheme,
+        userinfo, host, port,         # X
+        registry,                     # X
+        path,                         # Y
+        opaque,                       # Y
+        query,
+        fragment
+      ]
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +uri+::
+    #    String
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Parses +uri+ and constructs either matching Bundler::URI scheme object
+    # (File, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, LDAP, LDAPS, or MailTo) or Bundler::URI::Generic.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   p = Bundler::URI::Parser.new
+    #   p.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
+    #   #=> #<Bundler::URI::LDAP ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john>
+    #
+    def parse(uri)
+      scheme, userinfo, host, port,
+        registry, path, opaque, query, fragment = self.split(uri)
+
+      if scheme && Bundler::URI.scheme_list.include?(scheme.upcase)
+        Bundler::URI.scheme_list[scheme.upcase].new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
+                                           registry, path, opaque, query,
+                                           fragment, self)
+      else
+        Generic.new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
+                    registry, path, opaque, query,
+                    fragment, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +uris+::
+    #    an Array of Strings
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Attempts to parse and merge a set of URIs.
+    #
+    def join(*uris)
+      uris[0] = convert_to_uri(uris[0])
+      uris.inject :merge
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   extract( str )
+    #   extract( str, schemes )
+    #   extract( str, schemes ) {|item| block }
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +str+::
+    #    String to search
+    # +schemes+::
+    #    Patterns to apply to +str+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Attempts to parse and merge a set of URIs.
+    # If no +block+ given, then returns the result,
+    # else it calls +block+ for each element in result.
+    #
+    # See also Bundler::URI::Parser.make_regexp.
+    #
+    def extract(str, schemes = nil)
+      if block_given?
+        str.scan(make_regexp(schemes)) { yield $& }
+        nil
+      else
+        result = []
+        str.scan(make_regexp(schemes)) { result.push $& }
+        result
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns Regexp that is default self.regexp[:ABS_URI_REF],
+    # unless +schemes+ is provided. Then it is a Regexp.union with self.pattern[:X_ABS_URI].
+    def make_regexp(schemes = nil)
+      unless schemes
+        @regexp[:ABS_URI_REF]
+      else
+        /(?=#{Regexp.union(*schemes)}:)#{@pattern[:X_ABS_URI]}/x
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   escape( str )
+    #   escape( str, unsafe )
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +str+::
+    #    String to make safe
+    # +unsafe+::
+    #    Regexp to apply. Defaults to self.regexp[:UNSAFE]
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Constructs a safe String from +str+, removing unsafe characters,
+    # replacing them with codes.
+    #
+    def escape(str, unsafe = @regexp[:UNSAFE])
+      unless unsafe.kind_of?(Regexp)
+        # perhaps unsafe is String object
+        unsafe = Regexp.new("[#{Regexp.quote(unsafe)}]", false)
+      end
+      str.gsub(unsafe) do
+        us = $&
+        tmp = ''
+        us.each_byte do |uc|
+          tmp << sprintf('%%%02X', uc)
+        end
+        tmp
+      end.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   unescape( str )
+    #   unescape( str, escaped )
+    #
+    # == Args
+    #
+    # +str+::
+    #    String to remove escapes from
+    # +escaped+::
+    #    Regexp to apply. Defaults to self.regexp[:ESCAPED]
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Removes escapes from +str+.
+    #
+    def unescape(str, escaped = @regexp[:ESCAPED])
+      enc = str.encoding
+      enc = Encoding::UTF_8 if enc == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      str.gsub(escaped) { [$&[1, 2]].pack('H2').force_encoding(enc) }
+    end
+
+    @@to_s = Kernel.instance_method(:to_s)
+    def inspect
+      @@to_s.bind_call(self)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Constructs the default Hash of patterns.
+    def initialize_pattern(opts = {})
+      ret = {}
+      ret[:ESCAPED] = escaped = (opts.delete(:ESCAPED) || PATTERN::ESCAPED)
+      ret[:UNRESERVED] = unreserved = opts.delete(:UNRESERVED) || PATTERN::UNRESERVED
+      ret[:RESERVED] = reserved = opts.delete(:RESERVED) || PATTERN::RESERVED
+      ret[:DOMLABEL] = opts.delete(:DOMLABEL) || PATTERN::DOMLABEL
+      ret[:TOPLABEL] = opts.delete(:TOPLABEL) || PATTERN::TOPLABEL
+      ret[:HOSTNAME] = hostname = opts.delete(:HOSTNAME)
+
+      # RFC 2396 (Bundler::URI Generic Syntax)
+      # RFC 2732 (IPv6 Literal Addresses in URL's)
+      # RFC 2373 (IPv6 Addressing Architecture)
+
+      # uric          = reserved | unreserved | escaped
+      ret[:URIC] = uric = "(?:[#{unreserved}#{reserved}]|#{escaped})"
+      # uric_no_slash = unreserved | escaped | ";" | "?" | ":" | "@" |
+      #                 "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | ","
+      ret[:URIC_NO_SLASH] = uric_no_slash = "(?:[#{unreserved};?:@&=+$,]|#{escaped})"
+      # query         = *uric
+      ret[:QUERY] = query = "#{uric}*"
+      # fragment      = *uric
+      ret[:FRAGMENT] = fragment = "#{uric}*"
+
+      # hostname      = *( domainlabel "." ) toplabel [ "." ]
+      # reg-name      = *( unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims ) # RFC3986
+      unless hostname
+        ret[:HOSTNAME] = hostname = "(?:[a-zA-Z0-9\\-.]|%\\h\\h)+"
+      end
+
+      # RFC 2373, APPENDIX B:
+      # IPv6address = hexpart [ ":" IPv4address ]
+      # IPv4address   = 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT
+      # hexpart = hexseq | hexseq "::" [ hexseq ] | "::" [ hexseq ]
+      # hexseq  = hex4 *( ":" hex4)
+      # hex4    = 1*4HEXDIG
+      #
+      # XXX: This definition has a flaw. "::" + IPv4address must be
+      # allowed too.  Here is a replacement.
+      #
+      # IPv4address = 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT
+      ret[:IPV4ADDR] = ipv4addr = "\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}"
+      # hex4     = 1*4HEXDIG
+      hex4 = "[#{PATTERN::HEX}]{1,4}"
+      # lastpart = hex4 | IPv4address
+      lastpart = "(?:#{hex4}|#{ipv4addr})"
+      # hexseq1  = *( hex4 ":" ) hex4
+      hexseq1 = "(?:#{hex4}:)*#{hex4}"
+      # hexseq2  = *( hex4 ":" ) lastpart
+      hexseq2 = "(?:#{hex4}:)*#{lastpart}"
+      # IPv6address = hexseq2 | [ hexseq1 ] "::" [ hexseq2 ]
+      ret[:IPV6ADDR] = ipv6addr = "(?:#{hexseq2}|(?:#{hexseq1})?::(?:#{hexseq2})?)"
+
+      # IPv6prefix  = ( hexseq1 | [ hexseq1 ] "::" [ hexseq1 ] ) "/" 1*2DIGIT
+      # unused
+
+      # ipv6reference = "[" IPv6address "]" (RFC 2732)
+      ret[:IPV6REF] = ipv6ref = "\\[#{ipv6addr}\\]"
+
+      # host          = hostname | IPv4address
+      # host          = hostname | IPv4address | IPv6reference (RFC 2732)
+      ret[:HOST] = host = "(?:#{hostname}|#{ipv4addr}|#{ipv6ref})"
+      # port          = *digit
+      ret[:PORT] = port = '\d*'
+      # hostport      = host [ ":" port ]
+      ret[:HOSTPORT] = hostport = "#{host}(?::#{port})?"
+
+      # userinfo      = *( unreserved | escaped |
+      #                    ";" | ":" | "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | "," )
+      ret[:USERINFO] = userinfo = "(?:[#{unreserved};:&=+$,]|#{escaped})*"
+
+      # pchar         = unreserved | escaped |
+      #                 ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | ","
+      pchar = "(?:[#{unreserved}:@&=+$,]|#{escaped})"
+      # param         = *pchar
+      param = "#{pchar}*"
+      # segment       = *pchar *( ";" param )
+      segment = "#{pchar}*(?:;#{param})*"
+      # path_segments = segment *( "/" segment )
+      ret[:PATH_SEGMENTS] = path_segments = "#{segment}(?:/#{segment})*"
+
+      # server        = [ [ userinfo "@" ] hostport ]
+      server = "(?:#{userinfo}@)?#{hostport}"
+      # reg_name      = 1*( unreserved | escaped | "$" | "," |
+      #                     ";" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" )
+      ret[:REG_NAME] = reg_name = "(?:[#{unreserved}$,;:@&=+]|#{escaped})+"
+      # authority     = server | reg_name
+      authority = "(?:#{server}|#{reg_name})"
+
+      # rel_segment   = 1*( unreserved | escaped |
+      #                     ";" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | "," )
+      ret[:REL_SEGMENT] = rel_segment = "(?:[#{unreserved};@&=+$,]|#{escaped})+"
+
+      # scheme        = alpha *( alpha | digit | "+" | "-" | "." )
+      ret[:SCHEME] = scheme = "[#{PATTERN::ALPHA}][\\-+.#{PATTERN::ALPHA}\\d]*"
+
+      # abs_path      = "/"  path_segments
+      ret[:ABS_PATH] = abs_path = "/#{path_segments}"
+      # rel_path      = rel_segment [ abs_path ]
+      ret[:REL_PATH] = rel_path = "#{rel_segment}(?:#{abs_path})?"
+      # net_path      = "//" authority [ abs_path ]
+      ret[:NET_PATH] = net_path = "//#{authority}(?:#{abs_path})?"
+
+      # hier_part     = ( net_path | abs_path ) [ "?" query ]
+      ret[:HIER_PART] = hier_part = "(?:#{net_path}|#{abs_path})(?:\\?(?:#{query}))?"
+      # opaque_part   = uric_no_slash *uric
+      ret[:OPAQUE_PART] = opaque_part = "#{uric_no_slash}#{uric}*"
+
+      # absoluteURI   = scheme ":" ( hier_part | opaque_part )
+      ret[:ABS_URI] = abs_uri = "#{scheme}:(?:#{hier_part}|#{opaque_part})"
+      # relativeURI   = ( net_path | abs_path | rel_path ) [ "?" query ]
+      ret[:REL_URI] = rel_uri = "(?:#{net_path}|#{abs_path}|#{rel_path})(?:\\?#{query})?"
+
+      # Bundler::URI-reference = [ absoluteURI | relativeURI ] [ "#" fragment ]
+      ret[:URI_REF] = "(?:#{abs_uri}|#{rel_uri})?(?:##{fragment})?"
+
+      ret[:X_ABS_URI] = "
+        (#{scheme}):                           (?# 1: scheme)
+        (?:
+           (#{opaque_part})                    (?# 2: opaque)
+        |
+           (?:(?:
+             //(?:
+                 (?:(?:(#{userinfo})@)?        (?# 3: userinfo)
+                   (?:(#{host})(?::(\\d*))?))? (?# 4: host, 5: port)
+               |
+                 (#{reg_name})                 (?# 6: registry)
+               )
+             |
+             (?!//))                           (?# XXX: '//' is the mark for hostport)
+             (#{abs_path})?                    (?# 7: path)
+           )(?:\\?(#{query}))?                 (?# 8: query)
+        )
+        (?:\\#(#{fragment}))?                  (?# 9: fragment)
+      "
+
+      ret[:X_REL_URI] = "
+        (?:
+          (?:
+            //
+            (?:
+              (?:(#{userinfo})@)?       (?# 1: userinfo)
+                (#{host})?(?::(\\d*))?  (?# 2: host, 3: port)
+            |
+              (#{reg_name})             (?# 4: registry)
+            )
+          )
+        |
+          (#{rel_segment})              (?# 5: rel_segment)
+        )?
+        (#{abs_path})?                  (?# 6: abs_path)
+        (?:\\?(#{query}))?              (?# 7: query)
+        (?:\\#(#{fragment}))?           (?# 8: fragment)
+      "
+
+      ret
+    end
+
+    # Constructs the default Hash of Regexp's.
+    def initialize_regexp(pattern)
+      ret = {}
+
+      # for Bundler::URI::split
+      ret[:ABS_URI] = Regexp.new('\A\s*' + pattern[:X_ABS_URI] + '\s*\z', Regexp::EXTENDED)
+      ret[:REL_URI] = Regexp.new('\A\s*' + pattern[:X_REL_URI] + '\s*\z', Regexp::EXTENDED)
+
+      # for Bundler::URI::extract
+      ret[:URI_REF]     = Regexp.new(pattern[:URI_REF])
+      ret[:ABS_URI_REF] = Regexp.new(pattern[:X_ABS_URI], Regexp::EXTENDED)
+      ret[:REL_URI_REF] = Regexp.new(pattern[:X_REL_URI], Regexp::EXTENDED)
+
+      # for Bundler::URI::escape/unescape
+      ret[:ESCAPED] = Regexp.new(pattern[:ESCAPED])
+      ret[:UNSAFE]  = Regexp.new("[^#{pattern[:UNRESERVED]}#{pattern[:RESERVED]}]")
+
+      # for Generic#initialize
+      ret[:SCHEME]   = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:SCHEME]}\\z")
+      ret[:USERINFO] = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:USERINFO]}\\z")
+      ret[:HOST]     = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:HOST]}\\z")
+      ret[:PORT]     = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:PORT]}\\z")
+      ret[:OPAQUE]   = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:OPAQUE_PART]}\\z")
+      ret[:REGISTRY] = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:REG_NAME]}\\z")
+      ret[:ABS_PATH] = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:ABS_PATH]}\\z")
+      ret[:REL_PATH] = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:REL_PATH]}\\z")
+      ret[:QUERY]    = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:QUERY]}\\z")
+      ret[:FRAGMENT] = Regexp.new("\\A#{pattern[:FRAGMENT]}\\z")
+
+      ret
+    end
+
+    def convert_to_uri(uri)
+      if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic)
+        uri
+      elsif uri = String.try_convert(uri)
+        parse(uri)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "bad argument (expected Bundler::URI object or Bundler::URI string)"
+      end
+    end
+
+  end # class Parser
+end # module Bundler::URI
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07ef4391c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+module Bundler::URI
+  class RFC3986_Parser # :nodoc:
+    # Bundler::URI defined in RFC3986
+    # this regexp is modified not to host is not empty string
+    RFC3986_URI = /\A(?<Bundler::URI>(?<scheme>[A-Za-z][+\-.0-9A-Za-z]*):(?<hier-part>\/\/(?<authority>(?:(?<userinfo>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=A-Z_a-z~])*)@)?(?<host>(?<IP-literal>\[(?:(?<IPv6address>(?:\h{1,4}:){6}(?<ls32>\h{1,4}:\h{1,4}|(?<IPv4address>(?<dec-octet>[1-9]\d|1\d{2}|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]|\d)\.\g<dec-octet>\.\g<dec-octet>\.\g<dec-octet>))|::(?:\h{1,4}:){5}\g<ls32>|\h{1,4}?::(?:\h{1,4}:){4}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:)?\h{1,4})?::(?:\h{1,4}:){3}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,2}\h{1,4})?::(?:\h{1,4}:){2}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,3}\h{1,4})?::\h{1,4}:\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,4}\h{1,4})?::\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,5}\h{1,4})?::\h{1,4}|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,6}\h{1,4})?::)|(?<IPvFuture>v\h+\.[!$&-.0-;=A-Z_a-z~]+))\])|\g<IPv4address>|(?<reg-name>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-9;=A-Z_a-z~])+))?(?::(?<port>\d*))?)(?<path-abempty>(?:\/(?<segment>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])*))*)|(?<path-absolute>\/(?:(?<segment-nz>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])+)(?:\/\g<segment>)*)?)|(?<path-rootless>\g<segment-nz>(?:\/\g<segment>)*)|(?<path-empty>))(?:\?(?<query>[^#]*))?(?:\#(?<fragment>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~\/?])*))?)\z/
+    RFC3986_relative_ref = /\A(?<relative-ref>(?<relative-part>\/\/(?<authority>(?:(?<userinfo>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=A-Z_a-z~])*)@)?(?<host>(?<IP-literal>\[(?<IPv6address>(?:\h{1,4}:){6}(?<ls32>\h{1,4}:\h{1,4}|(?<IPv4address>(?<dec-octet>[1-9]\d|1\d{2}|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]|\d)\.\g<dec-octet>\.\g<dec-octet>\.\g<dec-octet>))|::(?:\h{1,4}:){5}\g<ls32>|\h{1,4}?::(?:\h{1,4}:){4}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,1}\h{1,4})?::(?:\h{1,4}:){3}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,2}\h{1,4})?::(?:\h{1,4}:){2}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,3}\h{1,4})?::\h{1,4}:\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,4}\h{1,4})?::\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,5}\h{1,4})?::\h{1,4}|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,6}\h{1,4})?::)|(?<IPvFuture>v\h+\.[!$&-.0-;=A-Z_a-z~]+)\])|\g<IPv4address>|(?<reg-name>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-9;=A-Z_a-z~])+))?(?::(?<port>\d*))?)(?<path-abempty>(?:\/(?<segment>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])*))*)|(?<path-absolute>\/(?:(?<segment-nz>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])+)(?:\/\g<segment>)*)?)|(?<path-noscheme>(?<segment-nz-nc>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-9;=@-Z_a-z~])+)(?:\/\g<segment>)*)|(?<path-empty>))(?:\?(?<query>[^#]*))?(?:\#(?<fragment>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~\/?])*))?)\z/
+    attr_reader :regexp
+
+    def initialize
+      @regexp = default_regexp.each_value(&:freeze).freeze
+    end
+
+    def split(uri) #:nodoc:
+      begin
+        uri = uri.to_str
+      rescue NoMethodError
+        raise InvalidURIError, "bad Bundler::URI(is not Bundler::URI?): #{uri.inspect}"
+      end
+      uri.ascii_only? or
+        raise InvalidURIError, "Bundler::URI must be ascii only #{uri.dump}"
+      if m = RFC3986_URI.match(uri)
+        query = m["query".freeze]
+        scheme = m["scheme".freeze]
+        opaque = m["path-rootless".freeze]
+        if opaque
+          opaque << "?#{query}" if query
+          [ scheme,
+            nil, # userinfo
+            nil, # host
+            nil, # port
+            nil, # registry
+            nil, # path
+            opaque,
+            nil, # query
+            m["fragment".freeze]
+          ]
+        else # normal
+          [ scheme,
+            m["userinfo".freeze],
+            m["host".freeze],
+            m["port".freeze],
+            nil, # registry
+            (m["path-abempty".freeze] ||
+             m["path-absolute".freeze] ||
+             m["path-empty".freeze]),
+            nil, # opaque
+            query,
+            m["fragment".freeze]
+          ]
+        end
+      elsif m = RFC3986_relative_ref.match(uri)
+        [ nil, # scheme
+          m["userinfo".freeze],
+          m["host".freeze],
+          m["port".freeze],
+          nil, # registry,
+          (m["path-abempty".freeze] ||
+           m["path-absolute".freeze] ||
+           m["path-noscheme".freeze] ||
+           m["path-empty".freeze]),
+          nil, # opaque
+          m["query".freeze],
+          m["fragment".freeze]
+        ]
+      else
+        raise InvalidURIError, "bad Bundler::URI(is not Bundler::URI?): #{uri.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse(uri) # :nodoc:
+      scheme, userinfo, host, port,
+        registry, path, opaque, query, fragment = self.split(uri)
+      scheme_list = Bundler::URI.scheme_list
+      if scheme && scheme_list.include?(uc = scheme.upcase)
+        scheme_list[uc].new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
+                            registry, path, opaque, query,
+                            fragment, self)
+      else
+        Generic.new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
+                    registry, path, opaque, query,
+                    fragment, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def join(*uris) # :nodoc:
+      uris[0] = convert_to_uri(uris[0])
+      uris.inject :merge
+    end
+
+    @@to_s = Kernel.instance_method(:to_s)
+    def inspect
+      @@to_s.bind_call(self)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def default_regexp # :nodoc:
+      {
+        SCHEME: /\A[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+\-.]*\z/,
+        USERINFO: /\A(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=A-Z_a-z~])*\z/,
+        HOST: /\A(?:(?<IP-literal>\[(?:(?<IPv6address>(?:\h{1,4}:){6}(?<ls32>\h{1,4}:\h{1,4}|(?<IPv4address>(?<dec-octet>[1-9]\d|1\d{2}|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]|\d)\.\g<dec-octet>\.\g<dec-octet>\.\g<dec-octet>))|::(?:\h{1,4}:){5}\g<ls32>|\h{,4}::(?:\h{1,4}:){4}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:)?\h{1,4})?::(?:\h{1,4}:){3}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,2}\h{1,4})?::(?:\h{1,4}:){2}\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,3}\h{1,4})?::\h{1,4}:\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,4}\h{1,4})?::\g<ls32>|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,5}\h{1,4})?::\h{1,4}|(?:(?:\h{1,4}:){,6}\h{1,4})?::)|(?<IPvFuture>v\h+\.[!$&-.0-;=A-Z_a-z~]+))\])|\g<IPv4address>|(?<reg-name>(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-9;=A-Z_a-z~])*))\z/,
+        ABS_PATH: /\A\/(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])*(?:\/(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])*)*\z/,
+        REL_PATH: /\A(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])+(?:\/(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~])*)*\z/,
+        QUERY: /\A(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~\/?])*\z/,
+        FRAGMENT: /\A(?:%\h\h|[!$&-.0-;=@-Z_a-z~\/?])*\z/,
+        OPAQUE: /\A(?:[^\/].*)?\z/,
+        PORT: /\A[\x09\x0a\x0c\x0d ]*\d*[\x09\x0a\x0c\x0d ]*\z/,
+      }
+    end
+
+    def convert_to_uri(uri)
+      if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic)
+        uri
+      elsif uri = String.try_convert(uri)
+        parse(uri)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "bad argument (expected Bundler::URI object or Bundler::URI string)"
+      end
+    end
+
+  end # class Parser
+end # module Bundler::URI
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56177ef194
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module Bundler::URI
+  # :stopdoc:
+  VERSION_CODE = '001000'.freeze
+  VERSION = VERSION_CODE.scan(/../).collect{|n| n.to_i}.join('.').freeze
+  # :startdoc:
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendored_fileutils.rb b/lib/bundler/vendored_fileutils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1be1138ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendored_fileutils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler; end
+require_relative "vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendored_molinillo.rb b/lib/bundler/vendored_molinillo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1976f5cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendored_molinillo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler; end
+require_relative "vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendored_persistent.rb b/lib/bundler/vendored_persistent.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc9573e025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendored_persistent.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module Persistent
+    module Net
+      module HTTP
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+require_relative "vendor/net-http-persistent/lib/net/http/persistent"
+
+module Bundler
+  class PersistentHTTP < Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent
+    def connection_for(uri)
+      super(uri) do |connection|
+        result = yield connection
+        warn_old_tls_version_rubygems_connection(uri, connection)
+        result
+      end
+    end
+
+    def warn_old_tls_version_rubygems_connection(uri, connection)
+      return unless connection.http.use_ssl?
+      return unless (uri.host || "").end_with?("rubygems.org")
+
+      socket = connection.instance_variable_get(:@socket)
+      return unless socket
+      socket_io = socket.io
+      return unless socket_io.respond_to?(:ssl_version)
+      ssl_version = socket_io.ssl_version
+
+      case ssl_version
+      when /TLSv([\d\.]+)/
+        version = Gem::Version.new($1)
+        if version < Gem::Version.new("1.2")
+          Bundler.ui.warn \
+            "Warning: Your Ruby version is compiled against a copy of OpenSSL that is very old. " \
+            "Starting in January 2018, RubyGems.org will refuse connection requests from these " \
+            "very old versions of OpenSSL. If you will need to continue installing gems after " \
+            "January 2018, please follow this guide to upgrade: http://ruby.to/tls-outdated.",
+            :wrap => true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendored_thor.rb b/lib/bundler/vendored_thor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0666cfc9b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendored_thor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  def self.require_thor_actions
+    require_relative "vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions"
+  end
+end
+require_relative "vendor/thor/lib/thor"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendored_tmpdir.rb b/lib/bundler/vendored_tmpdir.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43b4fa75fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendored_tmpdir.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler; end
+require_relative "vendor/tmpdir/lib/tmpdir"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendored_tsort.rb b/lib/bundler/vendored_tsort.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38aed0b5de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendored_tsort.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler; end
+require_relative "vendor/tsort/lib/tsort"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendored_uri.rb b/lib/bundler/vendored_uri.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..905e8158e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendored_uri.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler; end
+require_relative "vendor/uri/lib/uri"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/version.rb b/lib/bundler/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..863eeaae5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+module Bundler
+  VERSION = "2.2.33".freeze
+
+  def self.bundler_major_version
+    @bundler_major_version ||= VERSION.split(".").first.to_i
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/version_ranges.rb b/lib/bundler/version_ranges.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12a956d6a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/version_ranges.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module VersionRanges
+    NEq = Struct.new(:version)
+    ReqR = Struct.new(:left, :right)
+    class ReqR
+      Endpoint = Struct.new(:version, :inclusive) do
+        def <=>(other)
+          if version.equal?(INFINITY)
+            return 0 if other.version.equal?(INFINITY)
+            return 1
+          elsif other.version.equal?(INFINITY)
+            return -1
+          end
+
+          comp = version <=> other.version
+          return comp unless comp.zero?
+
+          if inclusive && !other.inclusive
+            1
+          elsif !inclusive && other.inclusive
+            -1
+          else
+            0
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "#{left.inclusive ? "[" : "("}#{left.version}, #{right.version}#{right.inclusive ? "]" : ")"}"
+      end
+      INFINITY = begin
+        inf = Object.new
+        def inf.to_s
+          "∞"
+        end
+        def inf.<=>(other)
+          return 0 if other.equal?(self)
+          1
+        end
+        inf.freeze
+      end
+      ZERO = Gem::Version.new("0.a")
+
+      def cover?(v)
+        return false if left.inclusive && left.version > v
+        return false if !left.inclusive && left.version >= v
+
+        if right.version != INFINITY
+          return false if right.inclusive && right.version < v
+          return false if !right.inclusive && right.version <= v
+        end
+
+        true
+      end
+
+      def empty?
+        left.version == right.version && !(left.inclusive && right.inclusive)
+      end
+
+      def single?
+        left.version == right.version
+      end
+
+      def <=>(other)
+        return -1 if other.equal?(INFINITY)
+
+        comp = left <=> other.left
+        return comp unless comp.zero?
+
+        right <=> other.right
+      end
+
+      UNIVERSAL = ReqR.new(ReqR::Endpoint.new(Gem::Version.new("0.a"), true), ReqR::Endpoint.new(ReqR::INFINITY, false)).freeze
+    end
+
+    def self.for_many(requirements)
+      requirements = requirements.map(&:requirements).flatten(1).map {|r| r.join(" ") }
+      requirements << ">= 0.a" if requirements.empty?
+      requirement = Gem::Requirement.new(requirements)
+      self.for(requirement)
+    end
+
+    def self.for(requirement)
+      ranges = requirement.requirements.map do |op, v|
+        case op
+        when "=" then ReqR.new(ReqR::Endpoint.new(v, true), ReqR::Endpoint.new(v, true))
+        when "!=" then NEq.new(v)
+        when ">=" then ReqR.new(ReqR::Endpoint.new(v, true), ReqR::Endpoint.new(ReqR::INFINITY, false))
+        when ">" then ReqR.new(ReqR::Endpoint.new(v, false), ReqR::Endpoint.new(ReqR::INFINITY, false))
+        when "<" then ReqR.new(ReqR::Endpoint.new(ReqR::ZERO, true), ReqR::Endpoint.new(v, false))
+        when "<=" then ReqR.new(ReqR::Endpoint.new(ReqR::ZERO, true), ReqR::Endpoint.new(v, true))
+        when "~>" then ReqR.new(ReqR::Endpoint.new(v, true), ReqR::Endpoint.new(v.bump, false))
+        else raise "unknown version op #{op} in requirement #{requirement}"
+        end
+      end.uniq
+      ranges, neqs = ranges.partition {|r| !r.is_a?(NEq) }
+
+      [ranges.sort, neqs.map(&:version)]
+    end
+
+    def self.empty?(ranges, neqs)
+      !ranges.reduce(ReqR::UNIVERSAL) do |last_range, curr_range|
+        next false unless last_range
+        next false if curr_range.single? && neqs.include?(curr_range.left.version)
+        next curr_range if last_range.right.version == ReqR::INFINITY
+        case last_range.right.version <=> curr_range.left.version
+        # higher
+        when 1 then next ReqR.new(curr_range.left, last_range.right)
+        # equal
+        when 0
+          if last_range.right.inclusive && curr_range.left.inclusive && !neqs.include?(curr_range.left.version)
+            ReqR.new(curr_range.left, [curr_range.right, last_range.right].max)
+          end
+        # lower
+        when -1 then next false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vlad.rb b/lib/bundler/vlad.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..538e8c3e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/vlad.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "shared_helpers"
+Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2,
+  "The Bundler task for Vlad"
+
+# Vlad task for Bundler.
+#
+# Add "require 'bundler/vlad'" in your Vlad deploy.rb, and
+# include the vlad:bundle:install task in your vlad:deploy task.
+require_relative "deployment"
+
+include Rake::DSL if defined? Rake::DSL
+
+namespace :vlad do
+  Bundler::Deployment.define_task(Rake::RemoteTask, :remote_task, :roles => :app)
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/worker.rb b/lib/bundler/worker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e4ee21c51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/worker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Worker
+    POISON = Object.new
+
+    class WrappedException < StandardError
+      attr_reader :exception
+      def initialize(exn)
+        @exception = exn
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] the name of the worker
+    attr_reader :name
+
+    # Creates a worker pool of specified size
+    #
+    # @param size [Integer] Size of pool
+    # @param name [String] name the name of the worker
+    # @param func [Proc] job to run in inside the worker pool
+    def initialize(size, name, func)
+      @name = name
+      @request_queue = Thread::Queue.new
+      @response_queue = Thread::Queue.new
+      @func = func
+      @size = size
+      @threads = nil
+      @previous_interrupt_handler = nil
+    end
+
+    # Enqueue a request to be executed in the worker pool
+    #
+    # @param obj [String] mostly it is name of spec that should be downloaded
+    def enq(obj)
+      create_threads unless @threads
+      @request_queue.enq obj
+    end
+
+    # Retrieves results of job function being executed in worker pool
+    def deq
+      result = @response_queue.deq
+      raise result.exception if result.is_a?(WrappedException)
+      result
+    end
+
+    def stop
+      stop_threads
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def process_queue(i)
+      loop do
+        obj = @request_queue.deq
+        break if obj.equal? POISON
+        @response_queue.enq apply_func(obj, i)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def apply_func(obj, i)
+      @func.call(obj, i)
+    rescue Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
+      WrappedException.new(e)
+    end
+
+    # Stop the worker threads by sending a poison object down the request queue
+    # so as worker threads after retrieving it, shut themselves down
+    def stop_threads
+      return unless @threads
+
+      @threads.each { @request_queue.enq POISON }
+      @threads.each(&:join)
+
+      remove_interrupt_handler
+
+      @threads = nil
+    end
+
+    def abort_threads
+      Bundler.ui.debug("\n#{caller.join("\n")}")
+      @threads.each(&:exit)
+      exit 1
+    end
+
+    def create_threads
+      creation_errors = []
+
+      @threads = Array.new(@size) do |i|
+        begin
+          Thread.start { process_queue(i) }.tap do |thread|
+            thread.name = "#{name} Worker ##{i}" if thread.respond_to?(:name=)
+          end
+        rescue ThreadError => e
+          creation_errors << e
+          nil
+        end
+      end.compact
+
+      add_interrupt_handler unless @threads.empty?
+
+      return if creation_errors.empty?
+
+      message = "Failed to create threads for the #{name} worker: #{creation_errors.map(&:to_s).uniq.join(", ")}"
+      raise ThreadCreationError, message if @threads.empty?
+      Bundler.ui.info message
+    end
+
+    def add_interrupt_handler
+      @previous_interrupt_handler = trap("INT") { abort_threads }
+    end
+
+    def remove_interrupt_handler
+      return unless @previous_interrupt_handler
+
+      trap "INT", @previous_interrupt_handler
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/yaml_serializer.rb b/lib/bundler/yaml_serializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5ecbd4aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/yaml_serializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  # A stub yaml serializer that can handle only hashes and strings (as of now).
+  module YAMLSerializer
+    module_function
+
+    def dump(hash)
+      yaml = String.new("---")
+      yaml << dump_hash(hash)
+    end
+
+    def dump_hash(hash)
+      yaml = String.new("\n")
+      hash.each do |k, v|
+        yaml << k << ":"
+        if v.is_a?(Hash)
+          yaml << dump_hash(v).gsub(/^(?!$)/, "  ") # indent all non-empty lines
+        elsif v.is_a?(Array) # Expected to be array of strings
+          yaml << "\n- " << v.map {|s| s.to_s.gsub(/\s+/, " ").inspect }.join("\n- ") << "\n"
+        else
+          yaml << " " << v.to_s.gsub(/\s+/, " ").inspect << "\n"
+        end
+      end
+      yaml
+    end
+
+    ARRAY_REGEX = /
+      ^
+      (?:[ ]*-[ ]) # '- ' before array items
+      (['"]?) # optional opening quote
+      (.*) # value
+      \1 # matching closing quote
+      $
+    /xo.freeze
+
+    HASH_REGEX = /
+      ^
+      ([ ]*) # indentations
+      (.+) # key
+      (?::(?=(?:\s|$))) # :  (without the lookahead the #key includes this when : is present in value)
+      [ ]?
+      (['"]?) # optional opening quote
+      (.*) # value
+      \3 # matching closing quote
+      $
+    /xo.freeze
+
+    def load(str)
+      res = {}
+      stack = [res]
+      last_hash = nil
+      last_empty_key = nil
+      str.split(/\r?\n/).each do |line|
+        if match = HASH_REGEX.match(line)
+          indent, key, quote, val = match.captures
+          key = convert_to_backward_compatible_key(key)
+          depth = indent.scan(/  /).length
+          if quote.empty? && val.empty?
+            new_hash = {}
+            stack[depth][key] = new_hash
+            stack[depth + 1] = new_hash
+            last_empty_key = key
+            last_hash = stack[depth]
+          else
+            stack[depth][key] = val
+          end
+        elsif match = ARRAY_REGEX.match(line)
+          _, val = match.captures
+          last_hash[last_empty_key] = [] unless last_hash[last_empty_key].is_a?(Array)
+
+          last_hash[last_empty_key].push(val)
+        end
+      end
+      res
+    end
+
+    # for settings' keys
+    def convert_to_backward_compatible_key(key)
+      key = "#{key}/" if key =~ /https?:/i && key !~ %r{/\Z}
+      key = key.gsub(".", "__") if key.include?(".")
+      key
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      private :dump_hash, :convert_to_backward_compatible_key
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/cgi.rb b/lib/cgi.rb
index 167b76cef7..70b9d8c97b 100644
--- a/lib/cgi.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # cgi.rb - cgi support library
 #
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
 #           end
 #         end +
 #         cgi.pre do
-#           CGI::escapeHTML(
+#           CGI.escapeHTML(
 #             "params: #{cgi.params.inspect}\n" +
 #             "cookies: #{cgi.cookies.inspect}\n" +
 #             ENV.collect do |key, value|
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@
 #
 
 class CGI
+  VERSION = "0.2.1"
 end
 
 require 'cgi/core'
diff --git a/lib/cgi/cgi.gemspec b/lib/cgi/cgi.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a883934e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cgi/cgi.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Support for the Common Gateway Interface protocol.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Support for the Common Gateway Interface protocol.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/cgi"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/cgi/cookie.rb b/lib/cgi/cookie.rb
index 4cc050b90d..6b0d89ca3b 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/cookie.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/cookie.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'cgi/util'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require_relative 'util'
 class CGI
   # Class representing an HTTP cookie.
   #
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class CGI
     #
     #   name:: the name of the cookie.  Required.
     #   value:: the cookie's value or list of values.
-    #   path:: the path for which this cookie applies.  Defaults to the
+    #   path:: the path for which this cookie applies.  Defaults to
     #          the value of the +SCRIPT_NAME+ environment variable.
     #   domain:: the domain for which this cookie applies.
     #   expires:: the time at which this cookie expires, as a +Time+ object.
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ class CGI
       @expires = nil
       if name.kind_of?(String)
         @name = name
-        %r|^(.*/)|.match(ENV["SCRIPT_NAME"])
-        @path = ($1 or "")
+        @path = (%r|\A(.*/)| =~ ENV["SCRIPT_NAME"] ? $1 : "")
         @secure = false
         @httponly = false
         return super(value)
@@ -88,12 +87,7 @@ class CGI
       @name = options["name"]
       value = Array(options["value"])
       # simple support for IE
-      if options["path"]
-        @path = options["path"]
-      else
-        %r|^(.*/)|.match(ENV["SCRIPT_NAME"])
-        @path = ($1 or "")
-      end
+      @path = options["path"] || (%r|\A(.*/)| =~ ENV["SCRIPT_NAME"] ? $1 : "")
       @domain = options["domain"]
       @expires = options["expires"]
       @secure = options["secure"] == true
@@ -143,10 +137,10 @@ class CGI
     # Convert the Cookie to its string representation.
     def to_s
       val = collect{|v| CGI.escape(v) }.join("&")
-      buf = "#{@name}=#{val}"
+      buf = "#{@name}=#{val}".dup
       buf << "; domain=#{@domain}" if @domain
       buf << "; path=#{@path}"     if @path
-      buf << "; expires=#{CGI::rfc1123_date(@expires)}" if @expires
+      buf << "; expires=#{CGI.rfc1123_date(@expires)}" if @expires
       buf << "; secure"            if @secure
       buf << "; HttpOnly"          if @httponly
       buf
@@ -165,7 +159,6 @@ class CGI
       raw_cookie.split(/;\s?/).each do |pairs|
         name, values = pairs.split('=',2)
         next unless name and values
-        name = CGI.unescape(name)
         values ||= ""
         values = values.split('&').collect{|v| CGI.unescape(v,@@accept_charset) }
         if cookies.has_key?(name)
diff --git a/lib/cgi/core.rb b/lib/cgi/core.rb
index 1a741dcd76..bec76e0749 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/core.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/core.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # Methods for generating HTML, parsing CGI-related parameters, and
 # generating HTTP responses.
 #++
 class CGI
+  unless const_defined?(:Util)
+    module Util
+      @@accept_charset = "UTF-8" # :nodoc:
+    end
+    include Util
+    extend Util
+  end
 
   $CGI_ENV = ENV    # for FCGI support
 
@@ -146,7 +153,7 @@ class CGI
   #               "language"   => "ja",
   #               "expires"    => Time.now + 30,
   #               "cookie"     => [cookie1, cookie2],
-  #               "my_header1" => "my_value"
+  #               "my_header1" => "my_value",
   #               "my_header2" => "my_value")
   #
   # This method does not perform charset conversion.
@@ -182,7 +189,7 @@ class CGI
   alias :header :http_header
 
   def _header_for_string(content_type) #:nodoc:
-    buf = ''
+    buf = ''.dup
     if nph?()
       buf << "#{$CGI_ENV['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] || 'HTTP/1.0'} 200 OK#{EOL}"
       buf << "Date: #{CGI.rfc1123_date(Time.now)}#{EOL}"
@@ -198,7 +205,7 @@ class CGI
   private :_header_for_string
 
   def _header_for_hash(options)  #:nodoc:
-    buf = ''
+    buf = ''.dup
     ## add charset to option['type']
     options['type'] ||= 'text/html'
     charset = options.delete('charset')
@@ -254,13 +261,13 @@ class CGI
   private :_header_for_hash
 
   def nph?  #:nodoc:
-    return /IIS\/(\d+)/.match($CGI_ENV['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) && $1.to_i < 5
+    return /IIS\/(\d+)/ =~ $CGI_ENV['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] && $1.to_i < 5
   end
 
   def _header_for_modruby(buf)  #:nodoc:
     request = Apache::request
     buf.scan(/([^:]+): (.+)#{EOL}/o) do |name, value|
-      warn sprintf("name:%s value:%s\n", name, value) if $DEBUG
+      $stderr.printf("name:%s value:%s\n", name, value) if $DEBUG
       case name
       when 'Set-Cookie'
         request.headers_out.add(name, value)
@@ -368,14 +375,14 @@ class CGI
 
   # Parse an HTTP query string into a hash of key=>value pairs.
   #
-  #   params = CGI::parse("query_string")
+  #   params = CGI.parse("query_string")
   #     # {"name1" => ["value1", "value2", ...],
   #     #  "name2" => ["value1", "value2", ...], ... }
   #
-  def CGI::parse(query)
+  def self.parse(query)
     params = {}
     query.split(/[&;]/).each do |pairs|
-      key, value = pairs.split('=',2).collect{|v| CGI::unescape(v) }
+      key, value = pairs.split('=',2).collect{|v| CGI.unescape(v) }
 
       next unless key
 
@@ -414,7 +421,7 @@ class CGI
   module QueryExtension
 
     %w[ CONTENT_LENGTH SERVER_PORT ].each do |env|
-      define_method(env.sub(/^HTTP_/, '').downcase) do
+      define_method(env.delete_prefix('HTTP_').downcase) do
         (val = env_table[env]) && Integer(val)
       end
     end
@@ -427,7 +434,7 @@ class CGI
         HTTP_ACCEPT HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING
         HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL HTTP_FROM HTTP_HOST
         HTTP_NEGOTIATE HTTP_PRAGMA HTTP_REFERER HTTP_USER_AGENT ].each do |env|
-      define_method(env.sub(/^HTTP_/, '').downcase) do
+      define_method(env.delete_prefix('HTTP_').downcase) do
         env_table[env]
       end
     end
@@ -480,7 +487,7 @@ class CGI
       @files = {}
       boundary_rexp = /--#{Regexp.quote(boundary)}(#{EOL}|--)/
       boundary_size = "#{EOL}--#{boundary}#{EOL}".bytesize
-      buf = ''
+      buf = ''.dup
       bufsize = 10 * 1024
       max_count = MAX_MULTIPART_COUNT
       n = 0
@@ -535,13 +542,13 @@ class CGI
         body.rewind
         ## original filename
         /Content-Disposition:.* filename=(?:"(.*?)"|([^;\r\n]*))/i.match(head)
-        filename = $1 || $2 || ''
+        filename = $1 || $2 || ''.dup
         filename = CGI.unescape(filename) if unescape_filename?()
-        body.instance_variable_set(:@original_filename, filename.taint)
+        body.instance_variable_set(:@original_filename, filename)
         ## content type
         /Content-Type: (.*)/i.match(head)
-        (content_type = $1 || '').chomp!
-        body.instance_variable_set(:@content_type, content_type.taint)
+        (content_type = $1 || ''.dup).chomp!
+        body.instance_variable_set(:@content_type, content_type)
         ## query parameter name
         /Content-Disposition:.* name=(?:"(.*?)"|([^;\r\n]*))/i.match(head)
         name = $1 || $2 || ''
@@ -589,7 +596,7 @@ class CGI
       else
         begin
           require 'stringio'
-          body = StringIO.new("".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT))
+          body = StringIO.new("".b)
         rescue LoadError
           require 'tempfile'
           body = Tempfile.new('CGI', encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
@@ -600,6 +607,7 @@ class CGI
     end
     def unescape_filename?  #:nodoc:
       user_agent = $CGI_ENV['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
+      return false unless user_agent
       return /Mac/i.match(user_agent) && /Mozilla/i.match(user_agent) && !/MSIE/i.match(user_agent)
     end
 
@@ -641,7 +649,7 @@ class CGI
     # Reads query parameters in the @params field, and cookies into @cookies.
     def initialize_query()
       if ("POST" == env_table['REQUEST_METHOD']) and
-        %r|\Amultipart/form-data.*boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?|.match(env_table['CONTENT_TYPE'])
+        %r|\Amultipart/form-data.*boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?| =~ env_table['CONTENT_TYPE']
         current_max_multipart_length = @max_multipart_length.respond_to?(:call) ? @max_multipart_length.call : @max_multipart_length
         raise StandardError.new("too large multipart data.") if env_table['CONTENT_LENGTH'].to_i > current_max_multipart_length
         boundary = $1.dup
@@ -649,7 +657,7 @@ class CGI
         @params = read_multipart(boundary, Integer(env_table['CONTENT_LENGTH']))
       else
         @multipart = false
-        @params = CGI::parse(
+        @params = CGI.parse(
                     case env_table['REQUEST_METHOD']
                     when "GET", "HEAD"
                       if defined?(MOD_RUBY)
@@ -679,7 +687,7 @@ class CGI
         end
       end
 
-      @cookies = CGI::Cookie::parse((env_table['HTTP_COOKIE'] or env_table['COOKIE']))
+      @cookies = CGI::Cookie.parse((env_table['HTTP_COOKIE'] or env_table['COOKIE']))
     end
     private :initialize_query
 
@@ -700,7 +708,7 @@ class CGI
         if value
           return value
         elsif defined? StringIO
-          StringIO.new("".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT))
+          StringIO.new("".b)
         else
           Tempfile.new("CGI",encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
         end
@@ -734,7 +742,7 @@ class CGI
   #
   #   CGI.accept_charset = "EUC-JP"
   #
-  @@accept_charset="UTF-8"
+  @@accept_charset="UTF-8" if false # needed for rdoc?
 
   # Return the accept character set for all new CGI instances.
   def self.accept_charset
@@ -855,24 +863,24 @@ class CGI
 
     case @options[:tag_maker]
     when "html3"
-      require 'cgi/html'
+      require_relative 'html'
       extend Html3
       extend HtmlExtension
     when "html4"
-      require 'cgi/html'
+      require_relative 'html'
       extend Html4
       extend HtmlExtension
     when "html4Tr"
-      require 'cgi/html'
+      require_relative 'html'
       extend Html4Tr
       extend HtmlExtension
     when "html4Fr"
-      require 'cgi/html'
+      require_relative 'html'
       extend Html4Tr
       extend Html4Fr
       extend HtmlExtension
     when "html5"
-      require 'cgi/html'
+      require_relative 'html'
       extend Html5
       extend HtmlExtension
     end
diff --git a/lib/cgi/html.rb b/lib/cgi/html.rb
index 4b9e577b32..1543943320 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/html.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/html.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 class CGI
   # Base module for HTML-generation mixins.
   #
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ class CGI
     #   - O EMPTY
     def nOE_element(element, attributes = {})
       attributes={attributes=>nil} if attributes.kind_of?(String)
-      s = "<#{element.upcase}"
+      s = "<#{element.upcase}".dup
       attributes.each do|name, value|
         next unless value
         s << " "
-        s << CGI::escapeHTML(name.to_s)
+        s << CGI.escapeHTML(name.to_s)
         if value != true
           s << '="'
-          s << CGI::escapeHTML(value.to_s)
+          s << CGI.escapeHTML(value.to_s)
           s << '"'
         end
       end
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ class CGI
       end
       pretty = attributes.delete("PRETTY")
       pretty = "  " if true == pretty
-      buf = ""
+      buf = "".dup
 
       if attributes.has_key?("DOCTYPE")
         if attributes["DOCTYPE"]
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ class CGI
       buf << super(attributes)
 
       if pretty
-        CGI::pretty(buf, pretty)
+        CGI.pretty(buf, pretty)
       else
         buf
       end
diff --git a/lib/cgi/session.rb b/lib/cgi/session.rb
index b504f25f15..29e7b3ece3 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/session.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/session.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # cgi/session.rb - session support for cgi scripts
 #
@@ -403,11 +403,11 @@ class CGI
             for line in f
               line.chomp!
               k, v = line.split('=',2)
-              @hash[CGI::unescape(k)] = Marshal.restore(CGI::unescape(v))
+              @hash[CGI.unescape(k)] = Marshal.restore(CGI.unescape(v))
             end
           ensure
-            f.close unless f.nil?
-            lockf.close if lockf
+            f&.close
+            lockf&.close
           end
         end
         @hash
@@ -421,13 +421,13 @@ class CGI
           lockf.flock File::LOCK_EX
           f = File.open(@path+".new", File::CREAT|File::TRUNC|File::WRONLY, 0600)
           for k,v in @hash
-            f.printf "%s=%s\n", CGI::escape(k), CGI::escape(String(Marshal.dump(v)))
+            f.printf "%s=%s\n", CGI.escape(k), CGI.escape(String(Marshal.dump(v)))
           end
           f.close
           File.rename @path+".new", @path
         ensure
-          f.close if f
-          lockf.close if lockf
+          f&.close
+          lockf&.close
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb b/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb
index 2dfb72bdce..cc3006400f 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/session/pstore.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # cgi/session/pstore.rb - persistent storage of marshalled session data
 #
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 # persistent of session data on top of the pstore library.  See
 # cgi/session.rb for more details on session storage managers.
 
-require 'cgi/session'
+require_relative '../session'
 require 'pstore'
 
 class CGI
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ class CGI
         require 'digest/md5'
         md5 = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(id)[0,16]
         path = dir+"/"+prefix+md5
-        path.untaint
         if File::exist?(path)
           @hash = nil
         else
diff --git a/lib/cgi/util.rb b/lib/cgi/util.rb
index 66fa54d8e9..aab8b000cb 100644
--- a/lib/cgi/util.rb
+++ b/lib/cgi/util.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,23 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-class CGI; module Util; end; extend Util; end
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+class CGI
+  module Util; end
+  include Util
+  extend Util
+end
 module CGI::Util
   @@accept_charset="UTF-8" unless defined?(@@accept_charset)
   # URL-encode a string.
-  #   url_encoded_string = CGI::escape("'Stop!' said Fred")
+  #   url_encoded_string = CGI.escape("'Stop!' said Fred")
   #      # => "%27Stop%21%27+said+Fred"
   def escape(string)
     encoding = string.encoding
-    string.b.gsub(/([^ a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+)/) do |m|
+    string.b.gsub(/([^ a-zA-Z0-9_.\-~]+)/) do |m|
       '%' + m.unpack('H2' * m.bytesize).join('%').upcase
     end.tr(' ', '+').force_encoding(encoding)
   end
 
   # URL-decode a string with encoding(optional).
-  #   string = CGI::unescape("%27Stop%21%27+said+Fred")
+  #   string = CGI.unescape("%27Stop%21%27+said+Fred")
   #      # => "'Stop!' said Fred"
   def unescape(string,encoding=@@accept_charset)
     str=string.tr('+', ' ').b.gsub(/((?:%[0-9a-fA-F]{2})+)/) do |m|
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ module CGI::Util
   }
 
   # Escape special characters in HTML, namely '&\"<>
-  #   CGI::escapeHTML('Usage: foo "bar" <baz>')
+  #   CGI.escapeHTML('Usage: foo "bar" <baz>')
   #      # => "Usage: foo &quot;bar&quot; &lt;baz&gt;"
   def escapeHTML(string)
     enc = string.encoding
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ module CGI::Util
   end
 
   # Unescape a string that has been HTML-escaped
-  #   CGI::unescapeHTML("Usage: foo &quot;bar&quot; &lt;baz&gt;")
+  #   CGI.unescapeHTML("Usage: foo &quot;bar&quot; &lt;baz&gt;")
   #      # => "Usage: foo \"bar\" <baz>"
   def unescapeHTML(string)
     enc = string.encoding
@@ -114,10 +118,10 @@ module CGI::Util
     end
   end
 
-  # Synonym for CGI::escapeHTML(str)
+  # Synonym for CGI.escapeHTML(str)
   alias escape_html escapeHTML
 
-  # Synonym for CGI::unescapeHTML(str)
+  # Synonym for CGI.unescapeHTML(str)
   alias unescape_html unescapeHTML
 
   # Escape only the tags of certain HTML elements in +string+.
@@ -128,30 +132,30 @@ module CGI::Util
   # The attribute list of the open tag will also be escaped (for
   # instance, the double-quotes surrounding attribute values).
   #
-  #   print CGI::escapeElement('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>', "A", "IMG")
+  #   print CGI.escapeElement('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>', "A", "IMG")
   #     # "<BR>&lt;A HREF=&quot;url&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt"
   #
-  #   print CGI::escapeElement('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>', ["A", "IMG"])
+  #   print CGI.escapeElement('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>', ["A", "IMG"])
   #     # "<BR>&lt;A HREF=&quot;url&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt"
   def escapeElement(string, *elements)
     elements = elements[0] if elements[0].kind_of?(Array)
     unless elements.empty?
       string.gsub(/<\/?(?:#{elements.join("|")})(?!\w)(?:.|\n)*?>/i) do
-        CGI::escapeHTML($&)
+        CGI.escapeHTML($&)
       end
     else
       string
     end
   end
 
-  # Undo escaping such as that done by CGI::escapeElement()
+  # Undo escaping such as that done by CGI.escapeElement()
   #
-  #   print CGI::unescapeElement(
-  #           CGI::escapeHTML('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>'), "A", "IMG")
+  #   print CGI.unescapeElement(
+  #           CGI.escapeHTML('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>'), "A", "IMG")
   #     # "&lt;BR&gt;<A HREF="url"></A>"
   #
-  #   print CGI::unescapeElement(
-  #           CGI::escapeHTML('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>'), ["A", "IMG"])
+  #   print CGI.unescapeElement(
+  #           CGI.escapeHTML('<BR><A HREF="url"></A>'), ["A", "IMG"])
   #     # "&lt;BR&gt;<A HREF="url"></A>"
   def unescapeElement(string, *elements)
     elements = elements[0] if elements[0].kind_of?(Array)
@@ -164,10 +168,10 @@ module CGI::Util
     end
   end
 
-  # Synonym for CGI::escapeElement(str)
+  # Synonym for CGI.escapeElement(str)
   alias escape_element escapeElement
 
-  # Synonym for CGI::unescapeElement(str)
+  # Synonym for CGI.unescapeElement(str)
   alias unescape_element unescapeElement
 
   # Abbreviated day-of-week names specified by RFC 822
@@ -178,7 +182,7 @@ module CGI::Util
 
   # Format a +Time+ object as a String using the format specified by RFC 1123.
   #
-  #   CGI::rfc1123_date(Time.now)
+  #   CGI.rfc1123_date(Time.now)
   #     # Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT
   def rfc1123_date(time)
     t = time.clone.gmtime
@@ -192,13 +196,13 @@ module CGI::Util
   # +string+ is the HTML string to indent.  +shift+ is the indentation
   # unit to use; it defaults to two spaces.
   #
-  #   print CGI::pretty("<HTML><BODY></BODY></HTML>")
+  #   print CGI.pretty("<HTML><BODY></BODY></HTML>")
   #     # <HTML>
   #     #   <BODY>
   #     #   </BODY>
   #     # </HTML>
   #
-  #   print CGI::pretty("<HTML><BODY></BODY></HTML>", "\t")
+  #   print CGI.pretty("<HTML><BODY></BODY></HTML>", "\t")
   #     # <HTML>
   #     #         <BODY>
   #     #         </BODY>
diff --git a/lib/cmath.rb b/lib/cmath.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 41ab06e77c..0000000000
--- a/lib/cmath.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,435 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-##
-# = Trigonometric and transcendental functions for complex numbers.
-#
-# CMath is a library that provides trigonometric and transcendental
-# functions for complex numbers. The functions in this module accept
-# integers, floating-point numbers or complex numbers as arguments.
-#
-# Note that the selection of functions is similar, but not identical,
-# to that in module math. The reason for having two modules is that
-# some users aren't interested in complex numbers, and perhaps don't
-# even know what they are. They would rather have Math.sqrt(-1) raise
-# an exception than return a complex number.
-#
-# For more information you can see Complex class.
-#
-# == Usage
-#
-# To start using this library, simply require cmath library:
-#
-#   require "cmath"
-
-module CMath
-
-  include Math
-
-  # Backup of Math is needed because mathn.rb replaces Math with CMath.
-  RealMath = Math # :nodoc:
-  private_constant :RealMath
-
-  %w[
-    exp
-    log
-    log2
-    log10
-    sqrt
-    cbrt
-    sin
-    cos
-    tan
-    sinh
-    cosh
-    tanh
-    asin
-    acos
-    atan
-    atan2
-    asinh
-    acosh
-    atanh
-  ].each do |meth|
-    define_method(meth + '!') do |*args, &block|
-      warn("CMath##{meth}! is deprecated; use CMath##{meth} or Math##{meth}") if $VERBOSE
-      RealMath.send(meth, *args, &block)
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Math::E raised to the +z+ power
-  #
-  #   CMath.exp(1.i * Math::PI) #=> (-1.0+1.2246467991473532e-16i)
-  def exp(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.exp(z)
-      else
-        ere = RealMath.exp(z.real)
-        Complex(ere * RealMath.cos(z.imag),
-                ere * RealMath.sin(z.imag))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the natural logarithm of Complex. If a second argument is given,
-  # it will be the base of logarithm.
-  #
-  #   CMath.log(1 + 4i)     #=> (1.416606672028108+1.3258176636680326i)
-  #   CMath.log(1 + 4i, 10) #=> (0.6152244606891369+0.5757952953408879i)
-  def log(z, b=::Math::E)
-    begin
-      if z.real? && z >= 0 && b >= 0
-        RealMath.log(z, b)
-      else
-        Complex(RealMath.log(z.abs), z.arg) / log(b)
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the base 2 logarithm of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.log2(-1) => (0.0+4.532360141827194i)
-  def log2(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real? and z >= 0
-        RealMath.log2(z)
-      else
-        log(z) / RealMath.log(2)
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the base 10 logarithm of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.log10(-1) #=> (0.0+1.3643763538418412i)
-  def log10(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real? and z >= 0
-        RealMath.log10(z)
-      else
-        log(z) / RealMath.log(10)
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the non-negative square root of Complex.
-  #
-  #   CMath.sqrt(-1 + 0i) #=> 0.0+1.0i
-  def sqrt(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        if z < 0
-          Complex(0, RealMath.sqrt(-z))
-        else
-          RealMath.sqrt(z)
-        end
-      else
-        if z.imag < 0 ||
-            (z.imag == 0 && z.imag.to_s[0] == '-')
-          sqrt(z.conjugate).conjugate
-        else
-          r = z.abs
-          x = z.real
-          Complex(RealMath.sqrt((r + x) / 2.0), RealMath.sqrt((r - x) / 2.0))
-        end
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the principal value of the cube root of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.cbrt(1 + 4i) #=> (1.449461632813119+0.6858152562177092i)
-  def cbrt(z)
-    z ** (1.0/3)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the sine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
-  #
-  #   CMath.sin(1 + 1i) #=> (1.2984575814159773+0.6349639147847361i)
-  def sin(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.sin(z)
-      else
-        Complex(RealMath.sin(z.real) * RealMath.cosh(z.imag),
-                RealMath.cos(z.real) * RealMath.sinh(z.imag))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the cosine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
-  #
-  #   CMath.cos(1 + 1i) #=> (0.8337300251311491-0.9888977057628651i)
-  def cos(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.cos(z)
-      else
-        Complex(RealMath.cos(z.real) * RealMath.cosh(z.imag),
-                -RealMath.sin(z.real) * RealMath.sinh(z.imag))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the tangent of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
-  #
-  #   CMath.tan(1 + 1i) #=> (0.27175258531951174+1.0839233273386943i)
-  def tan(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.tan(z)
-      else
-        sin(z) / cos(z)
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the hyperbolic sine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
-  #
-  #   CMath.sinh(1 + 1i) #=> (0.6349639147847361+1.2984575814159773i)
-  def sinh(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.sinh(z)
-      else
-        Complex(RealMath.sinh(z.real) * RealMath.cos(z.imag),
-                RealMath.cosh(z.real) * RealMath.sin(z.imag))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the hyperbolic cosine of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
-  #
-  #   CMath.cosh(1 + 1i) #=> (0.8337300251311491+0.9888977057628651i)
-  def cosh(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.cosh(z)
-      else
-        Complex(RealMath.cosh(z.real) * RealMath.cos(z.imag),
-                RealMath.sinh(z.real) * RealMath.sin(z.imag))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the hyperbolic tangent of +z+, where +z+ is given in radians
-  #
-  #   CMath.tanh(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0839233273386943+0.27175258531951174i)
-  def tanh(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.tanh(z)
-      else
-        sinh(z) / cosh(z)
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the arc sine of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.asin(1 + 1i) #=> (0.6662394324925153+1.0612750619050355i)
-  def asin(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real? and z >= -1 and z <= 1
-        RealMath.asin(z)
-      else
-        (-1.0).i * log(1.0.i * z + sqrt(1.0 - z * z))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the arc cosine of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.acos(1 + 1i) #=> (0.9045568943023813-1.0612750619050357i)
-  def acos(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real? and z >= -1 and z <= 1
-        RealMath.acos(z)
-      else
-        (-1.0).i * log(z + 1.0.i * sqrt(1.0 - z * z))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the arc tangent of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.atan(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0172219678978514+0.4023594781085251i)
-  def atan(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.atan(z)
-      else
-        1.0.i * log((1.0.i + z) / (1.0.i - z)) / 2.0
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # returns the arc tangent of +y+ divided by +x+ using the signs of +y+ and
-  # +x+ to determine the quadrant
-  #
-  #   CMath.atan2(1 + 1i, 0) #=> (1.5707963267948966+0.0i)
-  def atan2(y,x)
-    begin
-      if y.real? and x.real?
-        RealMath.atan2(y,x)
-      else
-        (-1.0).i * log((x + 1.0.i * y) / sqrt(x * x + y * y))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.asinh(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0612750619050357+0.6662394324925153i)
-  def asinh(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real?
-        RealMath.asinh(z)
-      else
-        log(z + sqrt(1.0 + z * z))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.acosh(1 + 1i) #=> (1.0612750619050357+0.9045568943023813i)
-  def acosh(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real? and z >= 1
-        RealMath.acosh(z)
-      else
-        log(z + sqrt(z * z - 1.0))
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of +z+
-  #
-  #   CMath.atanh(1 + 1i) #=> (0.4023594781085251+1.0172219678978514i)
-  def atanh(z)
-    begin
-      if z.real? and z >= -1 and z <= 1
-        RealMath.atanh(z)
-      else
-        log((1.0 + z) / (1.0 - z)) / 2.0
-      end
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      handle_no_method_error
-    end
-  end
-
-  module_function :exp!
-  module_function :exp
-  module_function :log!
-  module_function :log
-  module_function :log2!
-  module_function :log2
-  module_function :log10!
-  module_function :log10
-  module_function :sqrt!
-  module_function :sqrt
-  module_function :cbrt!
-  module_function :cbrt
-
-  module_function :sin!
-  module_function :sin
-  module_function :cos!
-  module_function :cos
-  module_function :tan!
-  module_function :tan
-
-  module_function :sinh!
-  module_function :sinh
-  module_function :cosh!
-  module_function :cosh
-  module_function :tanh!
-  module_function :tanh
-
-  module_function :asin!
-  module_function :asin
-  module_function :acos!
-  module_function :acos
-  module_function :atan!
-  module_function :atan
-  module_function :atan2!
-  module_function :atan2
-
-  module_function :asinh!
-  module_function :asinh
-  module_function :acosh!
-  module_function :acosh
-  module_function :atanh!
-  module_function :atanh
-
-  module_function :frexp
-  module_function :ldexp
-  module_function :hypot
-  module_function :erf
-  module_function :erfc
-  module_function :gamma
-  module_function :lgamma
-
-  private
-  def handle_no_method_error # :nodoc:
-    if $!.name == :real?
-      raise TypeError, "Numeric Number required"
-    else
-      raise
-    end
-  end
-  module_function :handle_no_method_error
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/csv.rb b/lib/csv.rb
index 914acb28c7..056cfa2051 100644
--- a/lib/csv.rb
+++ b/lib/csv.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 # = csv.rb -- CSV Reading and Writing
 #
-#  Created by James Edward Gray II on 2005-10-31.
-#  Copyright 2005 James Edward Gray II. You can redistribute or modify this code
-#  under the terms of Ruby's license.
+# Created by James Edward Gray II on 2005-10-31.
 #
 # See CSV for documentation.
 #
@@ -12,18 +10,18 @@
 #
 # Welcome to the new and improved CSV.
 #
-# This version of the CSV library began its life as FasterCSV.  FasterCSV was
-# intended as a replacement to Ruby's then standard CSV library.  It was
+# This version of the CSV library began its life as FasterCSV. FasterCSV was
+# intended as a replacement to Ruby's then standard CSV library. It was
 # designed to address concerns users of that library had and it had three
 # primary goals:
 #
 # 1.  Be significantly faster than CSV while remaining a pure Ruby library.
-# 2.  Use a smaller and easier to maintain code base.  (FasterCSV eventually
-#     grew larger, was also but considerably richer in features.  The parsing
+# 2.  Use a smaller and easier to maintain code base. (FasterCSV eventually
+#     grew larger, was also but considerably richer in features. The parsing
 #     core remains quite small.)
 # 3.  Improve on the CSV interface.
 #
-# Obviously, the last one is subjective.  I did try to defer to the original
+# Obviously, the last one is subjective. I did try to defer to the original
 # interface whenever I didn't have a compelling reason to change it though, so
 # hopefully this won't be too radically different.
 #
@@ -31,20 +29,20 @@
 # the original library as of Ruby 1.9. If you are migrating code from 1.8 or
 # earlier, you may have to change your code to comply with the new interface.
 #
-# == What's Different From the Old CSV?
+# == What's the Different From the Old CSV?
 #
 # I'm sure I'll miss something, but I'll try to mention most of the major
 # differences I am aware of, to help others quickly get up to speed:
 #
-# === CSV Parsing
+# === \CSV Parsing
 #
-# * This parser is m17n aware.  See CSV for full details.
+# * This parser is m17n aware. See CSV for full details.
 # * This library has a stricter parser and will throw MalformedCSVErrors on
 #   problematic data.
-# * This library has a less liberal idea of a line ending than CSV.  What you
-#   set as the <tt>:row_sep</tt> is law.  It can auto-detect your line endings
+# * This library has a less liberal idea of a line ending than CSV. What you
+#   set as the <tt>:row_sep</tt> is law. It can auto-detect your line endings
 #   though.
-# * The old library returned empty lines as <tt>[nil]</tt>.  This library calls
+# * The old library returned empty lines as <tt>[nil]</tt>. This library calls
 #   them <tt>[]</tt>.
 # * This library has a much faster parser.
 #
@@ -58,9 +56,9 @@
 # * CSV now has a new() method used to wrap objects like String and IO for
 #   reading and writing.
 # * CSV::generate() is different from the old method.
-# * CSV no longer supports partial reads.  It works line-by-line.
+# * CSV no longer supports partial reads. It works line-by-line.
 # * CSV no longer allows the instance methods to override the separators for
-#   performance reasons.  They must be set in the constructor.
+#   performance reasons. They must be set in the constructor.
 #
 # If you use this library and find yourself missing any functionality I have
 # trimmed, please {let me know}[mailto:james@grayproductions.net].
@@ -72,16 +70,16 @@
 # == What is CSV, really?
 #
 # CSV maintains a pretty strict definition of CSV taken directly from
-# {the RFC}[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt].  I relax the rules in only one
-# place and that is to make using this library easier.  CSV will parse all valid
+# {the RFC}[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt]. I relax the rules in only one
+# place and that is to make using this library easier. CSV will parse all valid
 # CSV.
 #
-# What you don't want to do is feed CSV invalid data.  Because of the way the
+# What you don't want to do is to feed CSV invalid data. Because of the way the
 # CSV format works, it's common for a parser to need to read until the end of
-# the file to be sure a field is invalid.  This eats a lot of time and memory.
+# the file to be sure a field is invalid. This consumes a lot of time and memory.
 #
 # Luckily, when working with invalid CSV, Ruby's built-in methods will almost
-# always be superior in every way.  For example, parsing non-quoted fields is as
+# always be superior in every way. For example, parsing non-quoted fields is as
 # easy as:
 #
 #   data.split(",")
@@ -96,1871 +94,2385 @@ require "English"
 require "date"
 require "stringio"
 
+require_relative "csv/fields_converter"
+require_relative "csv/match_p"
+require_relative "csv/parser"
+require_relative "csv/row"
+require_relative "csv/table"
+require_relative "csv/writer"
+
+using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
+
+# == \CSV
+# \CSV (comma-separated variables) data is a text representation of a table:
+# - A _row_ _separator_ delimits table rows.
+#   A common row separator is the newline character <tt>"\n"</tt>.
+# - A _column_ _separator_ delimits fields in a row.
+#   A common column separator is the comma character <tt>","</tt>.
 #
-# This class provides a complete interface to CSV files and data.  It offers
-# tools to enable you to read and write to and from Strings or IO objects, as
-# needed.
+# This \CSV \String, with row separator <tt>"\n"</tt>
+# and column separator <tt>","</tt>,
+# has three rows and two columns:
+#   "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
 #
-# == Reading
+# Despite the name \CSV, a \CSV representation can use different separators.
 #
-# === From a File
+# For more about tables, see the Wikipedia article
+# "{Table (information)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)]",
+# especially its section
+# "{Simple table}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)#Simple_table]"
 #
-# ==== A Line at a Time
+# == \Class \CSV
 #
-#   CSV.foreach("path/to/file.csv") do |row|
-#     # use row here...
+# Class \CSV provides methods for:
+# - Parsing \CSV data from a \String object, a \File (via its file path), or an \IO object.
+# - Generating \CSV data to a \String object.
+#
+# To make \CSV available:
+#   require 'csv'
+#
+# All examples here assume that this has been done.
+#
+# == Keeping It Simple
+#
+# A \CSV object has dozens of instance methods that offer fine-grained control
+# of parsing and generating \CSV data.
+# For many needs, though, simpler approaches will do.
+#
+# This section summarizes the singleton methods in \CSV
+# that allow you to parse and generate without explicitly
+# creating \CSV objects.
+# For details, follow the links.
+#
+# === Simple Parsing
+#
+# Parsing methods commonly return either of:
+# - An \Array of Arrays of Strings:
+#   - The outer \Array is the entire "table".
+#   - Each inner \Array is a row.
+#   - Each \String is a field.
+# - A CSV::Table object.  For details, see
+#   {\CSV with Headers}[#class-CSV-label-CSV+with+Headers].
+#
+# ==== Parsing a \String
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be a string:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#
+# \Method CSV.parse returns the entire \CSV data:
+#   CSV.parse(string) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:
+#   CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# \CSV extends class \String with instance method String#parse_csv,
+# which also returns only the first row:
+#   string.parse_csv # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# ==== Parsing Via a \File Path
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be in a file:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   path = 't.csv'
+#   File.write(path, string)
+#
+# \Method CSV.read returns the entire \CSV data:
+#  CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:
+#  CSV.foreach(path) do |row|
+#    p row
+#  end
+# Output:
+#   ["foo", "0"]
+#   ["bar", "1"]
+#   ["baz", "2"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.table returns the entire \CSV data as a CSV::Table object:
+#   CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>
+#
+# ==== Parsing from an Open \IO Stream
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be in an open \IO stream:
+#
+# \Method CSV.read returns the entire \CSV data:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.read(file)
+#   end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# As does method CSV.parse:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.parse(file)
+#   end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#    CSV.parse_line(file)
+#   end # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.foreach(file) do |row|
+#       p row
+#     end
 #   end
+# Output:
+#   ["foo", "0"]
+#   ["bar", "1"]
+#   ["baz", "2"]
 #
-# ==== All at Once
+# \Method CSV.table returns the entire \CSV data as a CSV::Table object:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.table(file)
+#   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>
 #
-#   arr_of_arrs = CSV.read("path/to/file.csv")
+# === Simple Generating
 #
-# === From a String
+# \Method CSV.generate returns a \String;
+# this example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows
+# that are to be generated:
+#   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+#     csv << ['foo', 0]
+#     csv << ['bar', 1]
+#     csv << ['baz', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
 #
-# ==== A Line at a Time
+# \Method CSV.generate_line returns a \String containing the single row
+# constructed from an \Array:
+#   CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"
 #
-#   CSV.parse("CSV,data,String") do |row|
-#     # use row here...
+# \CSV extends class \Array with instance method <tt>Array#to_csv</tt>,
+# which forms an \Array into a \String:
+#   ['foo', '0'].to_csv # => "foo,0\n"
+#
+# === "Filtering" \CSV
+#
+# \Method CSV.filter provides a Unix-style filter for \CSV data.
+# The input data is processed to form the output data:
+#   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   out_string = ''
+#   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
+#     row[0] = row[0].upcase
+#     row[1] *= 4
 #   end
+#   out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+#
+# == \CSV Objects
+#
+# There are three ways to create a \CSV object:
+# - \Method CSV.new returns a new \CSV object.
+# - \Method CSV.instance returns a new or cached \CSV object.
+# - \Method \CSV() also returns a new or cached \CSV object.
+#
+# === Instance Methods
+#
+# \CSV has three groups of instance methods:
+# - Its own internally defined instance methods.
+# - Methods included by module Enumerable.
+# - Methods delegated to class IO. See below.
+#
+# ==== Delegated Methods
+#
+# For convenience, a CSV object will delegate to many methods in class IO.
+# (A few have wrapper "guard code" in \CSV.) You may call:
+# * IO#binmode
+# * #binmode?
+# * IO#close
+# * IO#close_read
+# * IO#close_write
+# * IO#closed?
+# * #eof
+# * #eof?
+# * IO#external_encoding
+# * IO#fcntl
+# * IO#fileno
+# * #flock
+# * IO#flush
+# * IO#fsync
+# * IO#internal_encoding
+# * #ioctl
+# * IO#isatty
+# * #path
+# * IO#pid
+# * IO#pos
+# * IO#pos=
+# * IO#reopen
+# * #rewind
+# * IO#seek
+# * #stat
+# * IO#string
+# * IO#sync
+# * IO#sync=
+# * IO#tell
+# * #to_i
+# * #to_io
+# * IO#truncate
+# * IO#tty?
+#
+# === Options
+#
+# The default values for options are:
+#   DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+#     # For both parsing and generating.
+#     col_sep:            ",",
+#     row_sep:            :auto,
+#     quote_char:         '"',
+#     # For parsing.
+#     field_size_limit:   nil,
+#     converters:         nil,
+#     unconverted_fields: nil,
+#     headers:            false,
+#     return_headers:     false,
+#     header_converters:  nil,
+#     skip_blanks:        false,
+#     skip_lines:         nil,
+#     liberal_parsing:    false,
+#     nil_value:          nil,
+#     empty_value:        "",
+#     # For generating.
+#     write_headers:      nil,
+#     quote_empty:        true,
+#     force_quotes:       false,
+#     write_converters:   nil,
+#     write_nil_value:    nil,
+#     write_empty_value:  "",
+#     strip:              false,
+#   }
+#
+# ==== Options for Parsing
+#
+# Options for parsing, described in detail below, include:
+# - +row_sep+: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.
+# - +col_sep+: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.
+# - +quote_char+: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.
+# - +field_size_limit+: Specifies the maximum field size allowed.
+# - +converters+: Specifies the field converters to be used.
+# - +unconverted_fields+: Specifies whether unconverted fields are to be available.
+# - +headers+: Specifies whether data contains headers,
+#   or specifies the headers themselves.
+# - +return_headers+: Specifies whether headers are to be returned.
+# - +header_converters+: Specifies the header converters to be used.
+# - +skip_blanks+: Specifies whether blanks lines are to be ignored.
+# - +skip_lines+: Specifies how comments lines are to be recognized.
+# - +strip+: Specifies whether leading and trailing whitespace are
+#   to be stripped from fields..
+# - +liberal_parsing+: Specifies whether \CSV should attempt to parse
+#   non-compliant data.
+# - +nil_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each null (no-text) field.
+# - +empty_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/field_size_limit.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/converters.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/unconverted_fields.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/headers.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/return_headers.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/header_converters.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_blanks.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_lines.rdoc
 #
-# ==== All at Once
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/strip.rdoc
 #
-#   arr_of_arrs = CSV.parse("CSV,data,String")
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/liberal_parsing.rdoc
 #
-# == Writing
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/nil_value.rdoc
 #
-# === To a File
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/empty_value.rdoc
 #
-#   CSV.open("path/to/file.csv", "wb") do |csv|
-#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
-#     csv << ["another", "row"]
-#     # ...
+# ==== Options for Generating
+#
+# Options for generating, described in detail below, include:
+# - +row_sep+: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.
+# - +col_sep+: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.
+# - +quote_char+: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.
+# - +write_headers+: Specifies whether headers are to be written.
+# - +force_quotes+: Specifies whether each output field is to be quoted.
+# - +quote_empty+: Specifies whether each empty output field is to be quoted.
+# - +write_converters+: Specifies the field converters to be used in writing.
+# - +write_nil_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each +nil+-valued field.
+# - +write_empty_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_headers.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/force_quotes.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/quote_empty.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_converters.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_nil_value.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_empty_value.rdoc
+#
+# === \CSV with Headers
+#
+# CSV allows to specify column names of CSV file, whether they are in data, or
+# provided separately. If headers are specified, reading methods return an instance
+# of CSV::Table, consisting of CSV::Row.
+#
+#   # Headers are part of data
+#   data = CSV.parse(<<~ROWS, headers: true)
+#     Name,Department,Salary
+#     Bob,Engineering,1000
+#     Jane,Sales,2000
+#     John,Management,5000
+#   ROWS
+#
+#   data.class      #=> CSV::Table
+#   data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bob" "Department":"Engineering" "Salary":"1000">
+#   data.first.to_h #=> {"Name"=>"Bob", "Department"=>"Engineering", "Salary"=>"1000"}
+#
+#   # Headers provided by developer
+#   data = CSV.parse('Bob,Engineering,1000', headers: %i[name department salary])
+#   data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row name:"Bob" department:"Engineering" salary:"1000">
+#
+# === \Converters
+#
+# By default, each value (field or header) parsed by \CSV is formed into a \String.
+# You can use a _field_ _converter_ or  _header_ _converter_
+# to intercept and modify the parsed values:
+# - See {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters].
+# - See {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters].
+#
+# Also by default, each value to be written during generation is written 'as-is'.
+# You can use a _write_ _converter_ to modify values before writing.
+# - See {Write Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Write+Converters].
+#
+# ==== Specifying \Converters
+#
+# You can specify converters for parsing or generating in the +options+
+# argument to various \CSV methods:
+# - Option +converters+ for converting parsed field values.
+# - Option +header_converters+ for converting parsed header values.
+# - Option +write_converters+ for converting values to be written (generated).
+#
+# There are three forms for specifying converters:
+# - A converter proc: executable code to be used for conversion.
+# - A converter name: the name of a stored converter.
+# - A converter list: an array of converter procs, converter names, and converter lists.
+#
+# ===== Converter Procs
+#
+# This converter proc, +strip_converter+, accepts a value +field+
+# and returns <tt>field.strip</tt>:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+# In this call to <tt>CSV.parse</tt>,
+# the keyword argument <tt>converters: string_converter</tt>
+# specifies that:
+# - \Proc +string_converter+ is to be called for each parsed field.
+# - The converter's return value is to replace the +field+ value.
+# Example:
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# A converter proc can receive a second argument, +field_info+,
+# that contains details about the field.
+# This modified +strip_converter+ displays its arguments:
+#   strip_converter = proc do |field, field_info|
+#     p [field, field_info]
+#     field.strip
 #   end
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+# Output:
+#  [" foo ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+#  [" 0 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+#  [" bar ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
+#  [" 1 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
+#  [" baz ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
+#  [" 2 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]
+# Each CSV::Info object shows:
+# - The 0-based field index.
+# - The 1-based line index.
+# - The field header, if any.
+#
+# ===== Stored \Converters
+#
+# A converter may be given a name and stored in a structure where
+# the parsing methods can find it by name.
+#
+# The storage structure for field converters is the \Hash CSV::Converters.
+# It has several built-in converter procs:
+# - <tt>:integer</tt>: converts each \String-embedded integer into a true \Integer.
+# - <tt>:float</tt>: converts each \String-embedded float into a true \Float.
+# - <tt>:date</tt>: converts each \String-embedded date into a true \Date.
+# - <tt>:date_time</tt>: converts each \String-embedded date-time into a true \DateTime
+# .
+# This example creates a converter proc, then stores it:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+#   CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
+# Then the parsing method call can refer to the converter
+# by its name, <tt>:strip</tt>:
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# The storage structure for header converters is the \Hash CSV::HeaderConverters,
+# which works in the same way.
+# It also has built-in converter procs:
+# - <tt>:downcase</tt>: Downcases each header.
+# - <tt>:symbol</tt>: Converts each header to a \Symbol.
+#
+# There is no such storage structure for write headers.
+#
+# ===== Converter Lists
+#
+# A _converter_ _list_ is an \Array that may include any assortment of:
+# - Converter procs.
+# - Names of stored converters.
+# - Nested converter lists.
+#
+# Examples:
+#   numeric_converters = [:integer, :float]
+#   date_converters = [:date, :date_time]
+#   [numeric_converters, strip_converter]
+#   [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
+#
+# Like a converter proc, a converter list may be named and stored in either
+# \CSV::Converters or CSV::HeaderConverters:
+#   CSV::Converters[:custom] = [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters[:custom] = [:downcase, :symbol]
+#
+# There are two built-in converter lists:
+#   CSV::Converters[:numeric] # => [:integer, :float]
+#   CSV::Converters[:all] # => [:date_time, :numeric]
+#
+# ==== Field \Converters
 #
-# === To a String
+# With no conversion, all parsed fields in all rows become Strings:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   ary = CSV.parse(string)
+#   ary # => # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
 #
-#   csv_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
-#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
-#     csv << ["another", "row"]
-#     # ...
+# When you specify a field converter, each parsed field is passed to the converter;
+# its return value becomes the stored value for the field.
+# A converter might, for example, convert an integer embedded in a \String
+# into a true \Integer.
+# (In fact, that's what built-in field converter +:integer+ does.)
+#
+# There are three ways to use field \converters.
+#
+# - Using option {converters}[#class-CSV-label-Option+converters] with a parsing method:
+#     ary = CSV.parse(string, converters: :integer)
+#     ary # => [0, 1, 2] # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+# - Using option {converters}[#class-CSV-label-Option+converters] with a new \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string, converters: :integer)
+#     # Field converters in effect:
+#     csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#     csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+# - Using method #convert to add a field converter to a \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string)
+#     # Add a converter.
+#     csv.convert(:integer)
+#     csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#     csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+#
+# Installing a field converter does not affect already-read rows:
+#   csv = CSV.new(string)
+#   csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
+#   # Add a converter.
+#   csv.convert(:integer)
+#   csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#   csv.read # => [["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+#
+# There are additional built-in \converters, and custom \converters are also supported.
+#
+# ===== Built-In Field \Converters
+#
+# The built-in field converters are in \Hash CSV::Converters:
+# - Each key is a field converter name.
+# - Each value is one of:
+#   - A \Proc field converter.
+#   - An \Array of field converter names.
+#
+# Display:
+#   CSV::Converters.each_pair do |name, value|
+#     if value.kind_of?(Proc)
+#       p [name, value.class]
+#     else
+#       p [name, value]
+#     end
 #   end
+# Output:
+#   [:integer, Proc]
+#   [:float, Proc]
+#   [:numeric, [:integer, :float]]
+#   [:date, Proc]
+#   [:date_time, Proc]
+#   [:all, [:date_time, :numeric]]
+#
+# Each of these converters transcodes values to UTF-8 before attempting conversion.
+# If a value cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will
+# fail and the value will remain unconverted.
+#
+# Converter +:integer+ converts each field that Integer() accepts:
+#   data = '0,1,2,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["0", "1", "2", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :integer)
+#   csv # => [0, 1, 2, "x"]
+#
+# Converter +:float+ converts each field that Float() accepts:
+#   data = '1.0,3.14159,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["1.0", "3.14159", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :float)
+#   csv # => [1.0, 3.14159, "x"]
+#
+# Converter +:numeric+ converts with both +:integer+ and +:float+..
 #
-# == Convert a Single Line
+# Converter +:date+ converts each field that Date::parse accepts:
+#   data = '2001-02-03,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["2001-02-03", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date)
+#   csv # => [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, "x"]
 #
-#   csv_string = ["CSV", "data"].to_csv   # to CSV
-#   csv_array  = "CSV,String".parse_csv   # from CSV
+# Converter +:date_time+ converts each field that DateTime::parse accepts:
+#   data = '2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date_time)
+#   csv # => [#<DateTime: 2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00 ((2458977j,71940s,0n),-18000s,2299161j)>, "x"]
 #
-# == Shortcut Interface
+# Converter +:numeric+ converts with both +:date_time+ and +:numeric+..
 #
-#   CSV             { |csv_out| csv_out << %w{my data here} }  # to $stdout
-#   CSV(csv = "")   { |csv_str| csv_str << %w{my data here} }  # to a String
-#   CSV($stderr)    { |csv_err| csv_err << %w{my data here} }  # to $stderr
-#   CSV($stdin)     { |csv_in|  csv_in.each { |row| p row } }  # from $stdin
+# As seen above, method #convert adds \converters to a \CSV instance,
+# and method #converters returns an \Array of the \converters in effect:
+#   csv = CSV.new('0,1,2')
+#   csv.converters # => []
+#   csv.convert(:integer)
+#   csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#   csv.convert(:date)
+#   csv.converters # => [:integer, :date]
 #
-# == Advanced Usage
+# ===== Custom Field \Converters
 #
-# === Wrap an IO Object
+# You can define a custom field converter:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+# You can register the converter in \Converters \Hash,
+# which allows you to refer to it by name:
+#   CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
 #
-#   csv = CSV.new(io, options)
-#   # ... read (with gets() or each()) from and write (with <<) to csv here ...
+# ==== Header \Converters
 #
-# == CSV and Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)
+# Header converters operate only on headers (and not on other rows).
+#
+# There are three ways to use header \converters;
+# these examples use built-in header converter +:dowhcase+,
+# which downcases each parsed header.
+#
+# - Option +header_converters+ with a singleton parsing method:
+#     string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+#     tbl.class # => CSV::Table
+#     tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]
+#
+# - Option +header_converters+ with a new \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string, header_converters: :downcase)
+#     # Header converters in effect:
+#     csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
+#     tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+#
+# - Method #header_convert adds a header converter to a \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string)
+#     # Add a header converter.
+#     csv.header_convert(:downcase)
+#     csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
+#     tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+#
+# ===== Built-In Header \Converters
+#
+# The built-in header \converters are in \Hash CSV::HeaderConverters.
+# The keys there are the names of the \converters:
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters.keys # => [:downcase, :symbol]
+#
+# Converter +:downcase+ converts each header by downcasing it:
+#   string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#   tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+#   tbl.class # => CSV::Table
+#   tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]
+#
+# Converter +:symbol+ converts each header by making it into a \Symbol:
+#   string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#   tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :symbol)
+#   tbl.headers # => [:name, :count]
+# Details:
+# - Strips leading and trailing whitespace.
+# - Downcases the header.
+# - Replaces embedded spaces with underscores.
+# - Removes non-word characters.
+# - Makes the string into a \Symbol.
+#
+# ===== Custom Header \Converters
+#
+# You can define a custom header converter:
+#   upcase_converter = proc {|header| header.upcase }
+#   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
+#   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+#   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+# You can register the converter in \HeaderConverters \Hash,
+# which allows you to refer to it by name:
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters[:upcase] = upcase_converter
+#   table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :upcase)
+#   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+#   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+#
+# ===== Write \Converters
+#
+# When you specify a write converter for generating \CSV,
+# each field to be written is passed to the converter;
+# its return value becomes the new value for the field.
+# A converter might, for example, strip whitespace from a field.
+#
+# Using no write converter (all fields unmodified):
+#   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+#     csv << [' foo ', 0]
+#     csv << [' bar ', 1]
+#     csv << [' baz ', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => " foo ,0\n bar ,1\n baz ,2\n"
+# Using option +write_converters+ with two custom write converters:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:strip) ? field.strip : field }
+#   upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:upcase) ? field.upcase : field }
+#   write_converters = [strip_converter, upcase_converter]
+#   output_string = CSV.generate(write_converters: write_converters) do |csv|
+#     csv << [' foo ', 0]
+#     csv << [' bar ', 1]
+#     csv << [' baz ', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,1\nBAZ,2\n"
+#
+# === Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)
 #
 # This new CSV parser is m17n savvy.  The parser works in the Encoding of the IO
-# or String object being read from or written to.  Your data is never transcoded
+# or String object being read from or written to. Your data is never transcoded
 # (unless you ask Ruby to transcode it for you) and will literally be parsed in
-# the Encoding it is in.  Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the
-# Encoding of your data.  This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself
+# the Encoding it is in. Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the
+# Encoding of your data. This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself
 # into your Encoding.
 #
 # Some transcoding must take place, of course, to accomplish this multiencoding
-# support.  For example, <tt>:col_sep</tt>, <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
+# support. For example, <tt>:col_sep</tt>, <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
 # <tt>:quote_char</tt> must be transcoded to match your data.  Hopefully this
 # makes the entire process feel transparent, since CSV's defaults should just
-# magically work for your data.  However, you can set these values manually in
+# magically work for your data. However, you can set these values manually in
 # the target Encoding to avoid the translation.
 #
 # It's also important to note that while all of CSV's core parser is now
-# Encoding agnostic, some features are not.  For example, the built-in
+# Encoding agnostic, some features are not. For example, the built-in
 # converters will try to transcode data to UTF-8 before making conversions.
 # Again, you can provide custom converters that are aware of your Encodings to
-# avoid this translation.  It's just too hard for me to support native
+# avoid this translation. It's just too hard for me to support native
 # conversions in all of Ruby's Encodings.
 #
-# Anyway, the practical side of this is simple:  make sure IO and String objects
+# Anyway, the practical side of this is simple: make sure IO and String objects
 # passed into CSV have the proper Encoding set and everything should just work.
 # CSV methods that allow you to open IO objects (CSV::foreach(), CSV::open(),
 # CSV::read(), and CSV::readlines()) do allow you to specify the Encoding.
 #
 # One minor exception comes when generating CSV into a String with an Encoding
-# that is not ASCII compatible.  There's no existing data for CSV to use to
+# that is not ASCII compatible. There's no existing data for CSV to use to
 # prepare itself and thus you will probably need to manually specify the desired
-# Encoding for most of those cases.  It will try to guess using the fields in a
+# Encoding for most of those cases. It will try to guess using the fields in a
 # row of output though, when using CSV::generate_line() or Array#to_csv().
 #
 # I try to point out any other Encoding issues in the documentation of methods
 # as they come up.
 #
 # This has been tested to the best of my ability with all non-"dummy" Encodings
-# Ruby ships with.  However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs.
+# Ruby ships with. However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs.
 # Please feel free to {report}[mailto:james@grayproductions.net] any issues you
 # find with it.
 #
 class CSV
-  # The version of the installed library.
-  VERSION = "2.4.8"
+
+  # The error thrown when the parser encounters illegal CSV formatting.
+  class MalformedCSVError < RuntimeError
+    attr_reader :line_number
+    alias_method :lineno, :line_number
+    def initialize(message, line_number)
+      @line_number = line_number
+      super("#{message} in line #{line_number}.")
+    end
+  end
 
   #
-  # A CSV::Row is part Array and part Hash.  It retains an order for the fields
-  # and allows duplicates just as an Array would, but also allows you to access
-  # fields by name just as you could if they were in a Hash.
+  # A FieldInfo Struct contains details about a field's position in the data
+  # source it was read from.  CSV will pass this Struct to some blocks that make
+  # decisions based on field structure.  See CSV.convert_fields() for an
+  # example.
   #
-  # All rows returned by CSV will be constructed from this class, if header row
-  # processing is activated.
+  # <b><tt>index</tt></b>::  The zero-based index of the field in its row.
+  # <b><tt>line</tt></b>::   The line of the data source this row is from.
+  # <b><tt>header</tt></b>:: The header for the column, when available.
   #
-  class Row
-    #
-    # Construct a new CSV::Row from +headers+ and +fields+, which are expected
-    # to be Arrays.  If one Array is shorter than the other, it will be padded
-    # with +nil+ objects.
-    #
-    # The optional +header_row+ parameter can be set to +true+ to indicate, via
-    # CSV::Row.header_row?() and CSV::Row.field_row?(), that this is a header
-    # row.  Otherwise, the row is assumes to be a field row.
-    #
-    # A CSV::Row object supports the following Array methods through delegation:
-    #
-    # * empty?()
-    # * length()
-    # * size()
-    #
-    def initialize(headers, fields, header_row = false)
-      @header_row = header_row
-      headers.each { |h| h.freeze if h.is_a? String }
-
-      # handle extra headers or fields
-      @row = if headers.size >= fields.size
-        headers.zip(fields)
-      else
-        fields.zip(headers).map { |pair| pair.reverse! }
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Internal data format used to compare equality.
-    attr_reader :row
-    protected   :row
-
-    ### Array Delegation ###
+  FieldInfo = Struct.new(:index, :line, :header)
 
-    extend Forwardable
-    def_delegators :@row, :empty?, :length, :size
+  # A Regexp used to find and convert some common Date formats.
+  DateMatcher     = / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
+                            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} )\z /x
+  # A Regexp used to find and convert some common DateTime formats.
+  DateTimeMatcher =
+    / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2}\s+\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
+            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} |
+            # ISO-8601
+            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}
+              (?:T\d{2}:\d{2}(?::\d{2}(?:\.\d+)?(?:[+-]\d{2}(?::\d{2})|Z)?)?)?
+        )\z /x
 
-    # Returns +true+ if this is a header row.
-    def header_row?
-      @header_row
-    end
+  # The encoding used by all converters.
+  ConverterEncoding = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
 
-    # Returns +true+ if this is a field row.
-    def field_row?
-      not header_row?
-    end
+  # A \Hash containing the names and \Procs for the built-in field converters.
+  # See {Built-In Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Built-In+Field+Converters].
+  #
+  # This \Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with
+  # custom field converters.
+  # See {Custom Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Field+Converters].
+  Converters  = {
+    integer:   lambda { |f|
+      Integer(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
+    },
+    float:     lambda { |f|
+      Float(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
+    },
+    numeric:   [:integer, :float],
+    date:      lambda { |f|
+      begin
+        e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
+        e.match?(DateMatcher) ? Date.parse(e) : f
+      rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
+        f
+      end
+    },
+    date_time: lambda { |f|
+      begin
+        e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
+        e.match?(DateTimeMatcher) ? DateTime.parse(e) : f
+      rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
+        f
+      end
+    },
+    all:       [:date_time, :numeric],
+  }
 
-    # Returns the headers of this row.
-    def headers
-      @row.map { |pair| pair.first }
-    end
+  # A \Hash containing the names and \Procs for the built-in header converters.
+  # See {Built-In Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Built-In+Header+Converters].
+  #
+  # This \Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with
+  # custom field converters.
+  # See {Custom Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Header+Converters].
+  HeaderConverters = {
+    downcase: lambda { |h| h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase },
+    symbol:   lambda { |h|
+      h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase.gsub(/[^\s\w]+/, "").strip.
+                                           gsub(/\s+/, "_").to_sym
+    }
+  }
+  # Default values for method options.
+  DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+    # For both parsing and generating.
+    col_sep:            ",",
+    row_sep:            :auto,
+    quote_char:         '"',
+    # For parsing.
+    field_size_limit:   nil,
+    converters:         nil,
+    unconverted_fields: nil,
+    headers:            false,
+    return_headers:     false,
+    header_converters:  nil,
+    skip_blanks:        false,
+    skip_lines:         nil,
+    liberal_parsing:    false,
+    nil_value:          nil,
+    empty_value:        "",
+    # For generating.
+    write_headers:      nil,
+    quote_empty:        true,
+    force_quotes:       false,
+    write_converters:   nil,
+    write_nil_value:    nil,
+    write_empty_value:  "",
+    strip:              false,
+  }.freeze
 
-    #
+  class << self
     # :call-seq:
-    #   field( header )
-    #   field( header, offset )
-    #   field( index )
-    #
-    # This method will return the field value by +header+ or +index+.  If a field
-    # is not found, +nil+ is returned.
-    #
-    # When provided, +offset+ ensures that a header match occurs on or later
-    # than the +offset+ index.  You can use this to find duplicate headers,
-    # without resorting to hard-coding exact indices.
-    #
-    def field(header_or_index, minimum_index = 0)
-      # locate the pair
-      finder = (header_or_index.is_a?(Integer) || header_or_index.is_a?(Range)) ? :[] : :assoc
-      pair   = @row[minimum_index..-1].send(finder, header_or_index)
-
-      # return the field if we have a pair
-      if pair.nil?
-        nil
+    #   instance(string, **options)
+    #   instance(io = $stdout, **options)
+    #   instance(string, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #   instance(io = $stdout, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #
+    # Creates or retrieves cached \CSV objects.
+    # For arguments and options, see CSV.new.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a \CSV object.
+    #
+    # The first call to +instance+ creates and caches a \CSV object:
+    #   s0 = 's0'
+    #   csv0 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv0.class # => CSV
+    #
+    # Subsequent calls to +instance+ with that _same_ +string+ or +io+
+    # retrieve that same cached object:
+    #   csv1 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv1.class # => CSV
+    #   csv1.equal?(csv0) # => true # Same CSV object
+    #
+    # A subsequent call to +instance+ with a _different_ +string+ or +io+
+    # creates and caches a _different_ \CSV object.
+    #   s1 = 's1'
+    #   csv2 = CSV.instance(s1)
+    #   csv2.equal?(csv0) # => false # Different CSV object
+    #
+    # All the cached objects remains available:
+    #   csv3 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv3.equal?(csv0) # true # Same CSV object
+    #   csv4 = CSV.instance(s1)
+    #   csv4.equal?(csv2) # true # Same CSV object
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # When a block is given, calls the block with the created or retrieved
+    # \CSV object; returns the block's return value:
+    #   CSV.instance(s0) {|csv| :foo } # => :foo
+    def instance(data = $stdout, **options)
+      # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
+      sig = [data.object_id] +
+            options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys.sort_by { |sym| sym.to_s })
+
+      # fetch or create the instance for this signature
+      @@instances ||= Hash.new
+      instance = (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, **options))
+
+      if block_given?
+        yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
       else
-        header_or_index.is_a?(Range) ? pair.map(&:last) : pair.last
+        instance        # or return the instance
       end
     end
-    alias_method :[], :field
 
-    #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   fetch( header )
-    #   fetch( header ) { |row| ... }
-    #   fetch( header, default )
-    #
-    # This method will fetch the field value by +header+. It has the same
-    # behavior as Hash#fetch: if there is a field with the given +header+, its
-    # value is returned. Otherwise, if a block is given, it is yielded the
-    # +header+ and its result is returned; if a +default+ is given as the
-    # second argument, it is returned; otherwise a KeyError is raised.
-    #
-    def fetch(header, *varargs)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Too many arguments" if varargs.length > 1
-      pair = @row.assoc(header)
-      if pair
-        pair.last
-      else
-        if block_given?
-          yield header
-        elsif varargs.empty?
-          raise KeyError, "key not found: #{header}"
+    #   filter(**options) {|row| ... }
+    #   filter(in_string, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   filter(in_io, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   filter(in_string, out_string, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   filter(in_string, out_io, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   filter(in_io, out_string, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   filter(in_io, out_io, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #
+    # Reads \CSV input and writes \CSV output.
+    #
+    # For each input row:
+    # - Forms the data into:
+    #   - A CSV::Row object, if headers are in use.
+    #   - An \Array of Arrays, otherwise.
+    # - Calls the block with that object.
+    # - Appends the block's return value to the output.
+    #
+    # Arguments:
+    # * \CSV source:
+    #   * Argument +in_string+, if given, should be a \String object;
+    #     it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    #   * Argument +in_io+, if given, should be an IO object that is
+    #     open for reading; on return, the IO object will be closed.
+    #   * If neither  +in_string+ nor +in_io+ is given,
+    #     the input stream defaults to {ARGF}[https://ruby-doc.org/core/ARGF.html].
+    # * \CSV output:
+    #   * Argument +out_string+, if given, should be a \String object;
+    #     it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    #   * Argument +out_io+, if given, should be an IO object that is
+    #     ppen for writing; on return, the IO object will be closed.
+    #   * If neither +out_string+ nor +out_io+ is given,
+    #     the output stream defaults to <tt>$stdout</tt>.
+    # * Argument +options+ should be keyword arguments.
+    #   - Each argument name that is prefixed with +in_+ or +input_+
+    #     is stripped of its prefix and is treated as an option
+    #     for parsing the input.
+    #     Option +input_row_sep+ defaults to <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>.
+    #   - Each argument name that is prefixed with +out_+ or +output_+
+    #     is stripped of its prefix and is treated as an option
+    #     for generating the output.
+    #     Option +output_row_sep+ defaults to <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>.
+    #   - Each argument not prefixed as above is treated as an option
+    #     both for parsing the input and for generating the output.
+    #   - See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
+    #     and {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   out_string = ''
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
+    #     row[0] = row[0].upcase
+    #     row[1] *= 4
+    #   end
+    #   out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+    def filter(input=nil, output=nil, **options)
+      # parse options for input, output, or both
+      in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}
+      options.each do |key, value|
+        case key.to_s
+        when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
+          in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
+        when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
+          out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
         else
-          varargs.first
+          in_options[key]  = value
+          out_options[key] = value
+        end
+      end
+
+      # build input and output wrappers
+      input  = new(input  || ARGF, **in_options)
+      output = new(output || $stdout, **out_options)
+
+      # process headers
+      need_manual_header_output =
+        (in_options[:headers] and
+         out_options[:headers] == true and
+         out_options[:write_headers])
+      if need_manual_header_output
+        first_row = input.shift
+        if first_row
+          if first_row.is_a?(Row)
+            headers = first_row.headers
+            yield headers
+            output << headers
+          end
+          yield first_row
+          output << first_row
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if there is a field with the given +header+.
-    def has_key?(header)
-      !!@row.assoc(header)
+      # read, yield, write
+      input.each do |row|
+        yield row
+        output << row
+      end
     end
-    alias_method :include?, :has_key?
-    alias_method :key?,     :has_key?
-    alias_method :member?,  :has_key?
 
     #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   []=( header, value )
-    #   []=( header, offset, value )
-    #   []=( index, value )
-    #
-    # Looks up the field by the semantics described in CSV::Row.field() and
-    # assigns the +value+.
-    #
-    # Assigning past the end of the row with an index will set all pairs between
-    # to <tt>[nil, nil]</tt>.  Assigning to an unused header appends the new
-    # pair.
-    #
-    def []=(*args)
-      value = args.pop
-
-      if args.first.is_a? Integer
-        if @row[args.first].nil?  # extending past the end with index
-          @row[args.first] = [nil, value]
-          @row.map! { |pair| pair.nil? ? [nil, nil] : pair }
-        else                      # normal index assignment
-          @row[args.first][1] = value
-        end
-      else
-        index = index(*args)
-        if index.nil?             # appending a field
-          self << [args.first, value]
-        else                      # normal header assignment
-          @row[index][1] = value
-        end
+    #   foreach(path, mode='r', **options) {|row| ... )
+    #   foreach(io, mode='r', **options {|row| ... )
+    #   foreach(path, mode='r', headers: ..., **options) {|row| ... )
+    #   foreach(io, mode='r', headers: ..., **options {|row| ... )
+    #   foreach(path, mode='r', **options) -> new_enumerator
+    #   foreach(io, mode='r', **options -> new_enumerator
+    #
+    # Calls the block with each row read from source +path+ or +io+.
+    #
+    # * Argument +path+, if given, must be the path to a file.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # * Argument +mode+, if given, must be a \File mode
+    #   See {Open Mode}[IO.html#method-c-new-label-Open+Mode].
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # * This method optionally accepts an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> option
+    #   that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from +path+ or +io+.
+    #   You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding
+    #   given by <tt>Encoding::default_external</tt>.
+    #   Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data.
+    #   You may provide a second Encoding to
+    #   have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,
+    #     encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'
+    #   would read +UTF-32BE+ data from the file
+    #   but transcode it to +UTF-8+ before parsing.
+    #
+    # ====== Without Option +headers+
+    #
+    # Without option +headers+, returns each row as an \Array object.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # Read rows from a file at +path+:
+    #   CSV.foreach(path) {|row| p row }
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # Read rows from an \IO object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.foreach(file) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # Returns a new \Enumerator if no block given:
+    #   CSV.foreach(path) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach("t.csv", "r")>
+    #   CSV.foreach(File.open(path)) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach(#<File:t.csv>, "r")>
+    #
+    # Issues a warning if an encoding is unsupported:
+    #   CSV.foreach(File.open(path), encoding: 'foo:bar') {|row| }
+    # Output:
+    #   warning: Unsupported encoding foo ignored
+    #   warning: Unsupported encoding bar ignored
+    #
+    # ====== With Option +headers+
+    #
+    # With {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers],
+    # returns each row as a CSV::Row object.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # Read rows from a file at +path+:
+    #   CSV.foreach(path, headers: true) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
+    #
+    # Read rows from an \IO object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.foreach(file, headers: true) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if +path+ is a \String, but not the path to a readable file:
+    #   # Raises Errno::ENOENT (No such file or directory @ rb_sysopen - nosuch.csv):
+    #   CSV.foreach('nosuch.csv') {|row| }
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if +io+ is an \IO object, but not open for reading:
+    #   io = File.open(path, 'w') {|row| }
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of nil into String):
+    #   CSV.foreach(io) {|row| }
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if +mode+ is invalid:
+    #   # Raises ArgumentError (invalid access mode nosuch):
+    #   CSV.foreach(path, 'nosuch') {|row| }
+    #
+    def foreach(path, mode="r", **options, &block)
+      return to_enum(__method__, path, mode, **options) unless block_given?
+      open(path, mode, **options) do |csv|
+        csv.each(&block)
       end
     end
 
     #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   <<( field )
-    #   <<( header_and_field_array )
-    #   <<( header_and_field_hash )
-    #
-    # If a two-element Array is provided, it is assumed to be a header and field
-    # and the pair is appended.  A Hash works the same way with the key being
-    # the header and the value being the field.  Anything else is assumed to be
-    # a lone field which is appended with a +nil+ header.
-    #
-    # This method returns the row for chaining.
-    #
-    def <<(arg)
-      if arg.is_a?(Array) and arg.size == 2  # appending a header and name
-        @row << arg
-      elsif arg.is_a?(Hash)                  # append header and name pairs
-        arg.each { |pair| @row << pair }
-      else                                   # append field value
-        @row << [nil, arg]
+    #   generate(csv_string, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #   generate(**options) {|csv| ... }
+    #
+    # * Argument +csv_string+, if given, must be a \String object;
+    #   defaults to a new empty \String.
+    # * Arguments +options+, if given, should be generating options.
+    #   See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Creates a new \CSV object via <tt>CSV.new(csv_string, **options)</tt>;
+    # calls the block with the \CSV object, which the block may modify;
+    # returns the \String generated from the \CSV object.
+    #
+    # Note that a passed \String *is* modified by this method.
+    # Pass <tt>csv_string</tt>.dup if the \String must be preserved.
+    #
+    # This method has one additional option: <tt>:encoding</tt>,
+    # which sets the base Encoding for the output if no no +str+ is specified.
+    # CSV needs this hint if you plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Add lines:
+    #   input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate(input_string) do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['bat', 3]
+    #     csv << ['bam', 4]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   output_string.equal?(input_string) # => true # Same string, modified
+    #
+    # Add lines into new string, preserving old string:
+    #   input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate(input_string.dup) do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['bat', 3]
+    #     csv << ['bam', 4]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string.equal?(input_string) # => false # Different strings
+    #
+    # Create lines from nothing:
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['foo', 0]
+    #     csv << ['bar', 1]
+    #     csv << ['baz', 2]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if +csv_string+ is not a \String object:
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
+    #   CSV.generate(0)
+    #
+    def generate(str=nil, **options)
+      encoding = options[:encoding]
+      # add a default empty String, if none was given
+      if str
+        str = StringIO.new(str)
+        str.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+        str.set_encoding(encoding) if encoding
+      else
+        str = +""
+        str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
       end
-
-      self  # for chaining
+      csv = new(str, **options) # wrap
+      yield csv         # yield for appending
+      csv.string        # return final String
     end
 
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.generate_line(ary)
+    #   CSV.generate_line(ary, **options)
     #
-    # A shortcut for appending multiple fields.  Equivalent to:
+    # Returns the \String created by generating \CSV from +ary+
+    # using the specified +options+.
     #
-    #   args.each { |arg| csv_row << arg }
+    # Argument +ary+ must be an \Array.
     #
-    # This method returns the row for chaining.
+    # Special options:
+    # * Option <tt>:row_sep</tt> defaults to <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
+    #   (<tt>$/</tt>).:
+    #     $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # => "\n"
+    # * This method accepts an additional option, <tt>:encoding</tt>, which sets the base
+    #   Encoding for the output. This method will try to guess your Encoding from
+    #   the first non-+nil+ field in +row+, if possible, but you may need to use
+    #   this parameter as a backup plan.
     #
-    def push(*args)
-      args.each { |arg| self << arg }
-
-      self  # for chaining
-    end
-
+    # For other +options+,
+    # see {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
     #
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   delete( header )
-    #   delete( header, offset )
-    #   delete( index )
-    #
-    # Used to remove a pair from the row by +header+ or +index+.  The pair is
-    # located as described in CSV::Row.field().  The deleted pair is returned,
-    # or +nil+ if a pair could not be found.
-    #
-    def delete(header_or_index, minimum_index = 0)
-      if header_or_index.is_a? Integer                 # by index
-        @row.delete_at(header_or_index)
-      elsif i = index(header_or_index, minimum_index)  # by header
-        @row.delete_at(i)
-      else
-        [ ]
-      end
-    end
-
+    # ---
     #
-    # The provided +block+ is passed a header and field for each pair in the row
-    # and expected to return +true+ or +false+, depending on whether the pair
-    # should be deleted.
+    # Returns the \String generated from an \Array:
+    #   CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"
     #
-    # This method returns the row for chaining.
+    # ---
     #
-    # If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned.
+    # Raises an exception if +ary+ is not an \Array:
+    #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `find' for :foo:Symbol)
+    #   CSV.generate_line(:foo)
     #
-    def delete_if(&block)
-      block or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
-
-      @row.delete_if(&block)
-
-      self  # for chaining
-    end
-
-    #
-    # This method accepts any number of arguments which can be headers, indices,
-    # Ranges of either, or two-element Arrays containing a header and offset.
-    # Each argument will be replaced with a field lookup as described in
-    # CSV::Row.field().
-    #
-    # If called with no arguments, all fields are returned.
-    #
-    def fields(*headers_and_or_indices)
-      if headers_and_or_indices.empty?  # return all fields--no arguments
-        @row.map { |pair| pair.last }
-      else                              # or work like values_at()
-        headers_and_or_indices.inject(Array.new) do |all, h_or_i|
-          all + if h_or_i.is_a? Range
-            index_begin = h_or_i.begin.is_a?(Integer) ? h_or_i.begin :
-                                                        index(h_or_i.begin)
-            index_end   = h_or_i.end.is_a?(Integer)   ? h_or_i.end :
-                                                        index(h_or_i.end)
-            new_range   = h_or_i.exclude_end? ? (index_begin...index_end) :
-                                                (index_begin..index_end)
-            fields.values_at(new_range)
-          else
-            [field(*Array(h_or_i))]
-          end
+    def generate_line(row, **options)
+      options = {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}.merge(options)
+      str = +""
+      if options[:encoding]
+        str.force_encoding(options[:encoding])
+      else
+        fallback_encoding = nil
+        output_encoding = nil
+        row.each do |field|
+          next unless field.is_a?(String)
+          fallback_encoding ||= field.encoding
+          next if field.ascii_only?
+          output_encoding = field.encoding
+          break
+        end
+        output_encoding ||= fallback_encoding
+        if output_encoding
+          str.force_encoding(output_encoding)
         end
       end
+      (new(str, **options) << row).string
     end
-    alias_method :values_at, :fields
 
     #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   index( header )
-    #   index( header, offset )
-    #
-    # This method will return the index of a field with the provided +header+.
-    # The +offset+ can be used to locate duplicate header names, as described in
-    # CSV::Row.field().
-    #
-    def index(header, minimum_index = 0)
-      # find the pair
-      index = headers[minimum_index..-1].index(header)
-      # return the index at the right offset, if we found one
-      index.nil? ? nil : index + minimum_index
-    end
+    #   open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) -> new_csv
+    #   open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) -> new_csv
+    #   open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } -> object
+    #   open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } -> object
+    #
+    # possible options elements:
+    #   hash form:
+    #     :invalid => nil      # raise error on invalid byte sequence (default)
+    #     :invalid => :replace # replace invalid byte sequence
+    #     :undef => :replace   # replace undefined conversion
+    #     :replace => string   # replacement string ("?" or "\uFFFD" if not specified)
+    #
+    # * Argument +path+, if given, must be the path to a file.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # * Argument +mode+, if given, must be a \File mode
+    #   See {Open Mode}[IO.html#method-c-new-label-Open+Mode].
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    # * This method optionally accepts an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> option
+    #   that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from +path+ or +io+.
+    #   You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding
+    #   given by <tt>Encoding::default_external</tt>.
+    #   Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data.
+    #   You may provide a second Encoding to
+    #   have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,
+    #     encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'
+    #   would read +UTF-32BE+ data from the file
+    #   but transcode it to +UTF-8+ before parsing.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a new \CSV object.
+    #
+    # Create a \CSV object using a file path:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # Create a \CSV object using an open \File:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(File.open(path))
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the created \CSV object;
+    # returns the block's return value:
+    #
+    # Using a file path:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(path) {|csv| p csv}
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # Using an open \File:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(File.open(path)) {|csv| p csv}
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is not a \String object or \IO object:
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
+    #   CSV.open(:foo)
+    def open(filename, mode="r", **options)
+      # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
+      # decorator
+      file_opts = {universal_newline: false}.merge(options)
+      options.delete(:invalid)
+      options.delete(:undef)
+      options.delete(:replace)
 
-    # Returns +true+ if +name+ is a header for this row, and +false+ otherwise.
-    def header?(name)
-      headers.include? name
-    end
-    alias_method :include?, :header?
+      begin
+        f = File.open(filename, mode, **file_opts)
+      rescue ArgumentError => e
+        raise unless /needs binmode/.match?(e.message) and mode == "r"
+        mode = "rb"
+        file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
+        retry
+      end
+      begin
+        csv = new(f, **options)
+      rescue Exception
+        f.close
+        raise
+      end
 
-    #
-    # Returns +true+ if +data+ matches a field in this row, and +false+
-    # otherwise.
-    #
-    def field?(data)
-      fields.include? data
+      # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
+      if block_given?
+        begin
+          yield csv
+        ensure
+          csv.close
+        end
+      else
+        csv
+      end
     end
 
-    include Enumerable
-
     #
-    # Yields each pair of the row as header and field tuples (much like
-    # iterating over a Hash). This method returns the row for chaining.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   parse(string) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   parse(io) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   parse(string, headers: ..., **options) -> csv_table
+    #   parse(io, headers: ..., **options) -> csv_table
+    #   parse(string, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   parse(io, **options) {|row| ... }
     #
-    # If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned.
+    # Parses +string+ or +io+ using the specified +options+.
     #
-    # Support for Enumerable.
+    # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+    #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # - Argument +options+: see {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
     #
-    def each(&block)
-      block or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
-
-      @row.each(&block)
-
-      self  # for chaining
-    end
-
-    #
-    # Returns +true+ if this row contains the same headers and fields in the
-    # same order as +other+.
-    #
-    def ==(other)
-      return @row == other.row if other.is_a? CSV::Row
-      @row == other
-    end
-
+    # ====== Without Option +headers+
     #
-    # Collapses the row into a simple Hash.  Be warned that this discards field
-    # order and clobbers duplicate fields.
+    # Without {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers] case.
     #
-    def to_hash
-      # flatten just one level of the internal Array
-      Hash[*@row.inject(Array.new) { |ary, pair| ary.push(*pair) }]
-    end
-
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
     #
-    # Returns the row as a CSV String.  Headers are not used.  Equivalent to:
+    # ---
     #
-    #   csv_row.fields.to_csv( options )
+    # With no block given, returns an \Array of Arrays formed from the source.
     #
-    def to_csv(options = Hash.new)
-      fields.to_csv(options)
-    end
-    alias_method :to_s, :to_csv
-
-    # A summary of fields, by header, in an ASCII compatible String.
-    def inspect
-      str = ["#<", self.class.to_s]
-      each do |header, field|
-        str << " " << (header.is_a?(Symbol) ? header.to_s : header.inspect) <<
-               ":" << field.inspect
-      end
-      str << ">"
-      begin
-        str.join('')
-      rescue  # any encoding error
-        str.map do |s|
-          e = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(s.encoding)
-          e ? s.encode(e) : s.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        end.join('')
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # A CSV::Table is a two-dimensional data structure for representing CSV
-  # documents.  Tables allow you to work with the data by row or column,
-  # manipulate the data, and even convert the results back to CSV, if needed.
-  #
-  # All tables returned by CSV will be constructed from this class, if header
-  # row processing is activated.
-  #
-  class Table
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   a_of_a = CSV.parse(string)
+    #   a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
     #
-    # Construct a new CSV::Table from +array_of_rows+, which are expected
-    # to be CSV::Row objects.  All rows are assumed to have the same headers.
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   a_of_a = File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file)
+    #   end
+    #   a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
     #
-    # A CSV::Table object supports the following Array methods through
-    # delegation:
+    # ---
     #
-    # * empty?()
-    # * length()
-    # * size()
+    # With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row:
     #
-    def initialize(array_of_rows)
-      @table = array_of_rows
-      @mode  = :col_or_row
-    end
-
-    # The current access mode for indexing and iteration.
-    attr_reader :mode
-
-    # Internal data format used to compare equality.
-    attr_reader :table
-    protected   :table
-
-    ### Array Delegation ###
-
-    extend Forwardable
-    def_delegators :@table, :empty?, :length, :size
-
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   CSV.parse(string) {|row| p row }
     #
-    # Returns a duplicate table object, in column mode.  This is handy for
-    # chaining in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware
-    # that this method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
     #
-    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
-    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
-    # with a duplicate.
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
     #
-    def by_col
-      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_col!
-    end
-
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
     #
-    # Switches the mode of this table to column mode.  All calls to indexing and
-    # iteration methods will work with columns until the mode is changed again.
+    # ====== With Option +headers+
     #
-    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    # With {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers] case.
     #
-    def by_col!
-      @mode = :col
-
-      self
-    end
-
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
     #
-    # Returns a duplicate table object, in mixed mode.  This is handy for
-    # chaining in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware
-    # that this method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    # ---
     #
-    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
-    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
-    # with a duplicate.
+    # With no block given, returns a CSV::Table object formed from the source.
     #
-    def by_col_or_row
-      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_col_or_row!
-    end
-
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   csv_table = CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
+    #   csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:5>
     #
-    # Switches the mode of this table to mixed mode.  All calls to indexing and
-    # iteration methods will use the default intelligent indexing system until
-    # the mode is changed again.  In mixed mode an index is assumed to be a row
-    # reference while anything else is assumed to be column access by headers.
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   csv_table = File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
+    #   end
+    #   csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
     #
-    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    # ---
     #
-    def by_col_or_row!
-      @mode = :col_or_row
-
-      self
-    end
-
+    # With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row,
+    # which has been formed into a CSV::Row object:
     #
-    # Returns a duplicate table object, in row mode.  This is handy for chaining
-    # in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware that this
-    # method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
     #
-    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
-    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
-    # with a duplicate.
+    # Output:
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
     #
-    def by_row
-      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_row!
-    end
-
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
     #
-    # Switches the mode of this table to row mode.  All calls to indexing and
-    # iteration methods will work with rows until the mode is changed again.
+    # Output:
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
     #
-    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    # ---
     #
-    def by_row!
-      @mode = :row
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is not a \String object or \IO object:
+    #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `close' for :foo:Symbol)
+    #   CSV.parse(:foo)
+    def parse(str, **options, &block)
+      csv = new(str, **options)
 
-      self
-    end
+      return csv.each(&block) if block_given?
 
-    #
-    # Returns the headers for the first row of this table (assumed to match all
-    # other rows).  An empty Array is returned for empty tables.
-    #
-    def headers
-      if @table.empty?
-        Array.new
-      else
-        @table.first.headers
+      # slurp contents, if no block is given
+      begin
+        csv.read
+      ensure
+        csv.close
       end
     end
 
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, **options) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io, **options) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true, **options) -> csv_row or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io, headers: true, **options) -> csv_row or nil
     #
-    # In the default mixed mode, this method returns rows for index access and
-    # columns for header access.  You can force the index association by first
-    # calling by_col!() or by_row!().
-    #
-    # Columns are returned as an Array of values.  Altering that Array has no
-    # effect on the table.
-    #
-    def [](index_or_header)
-      if @mode == :row or  # by index
-         (@mode == :col_or_row and (index_or_header.is_a?(Integer) or index_or_header.is_a?(Range)))
-        @table[index_or_header]
-      else                 # by header
-        @table.map { |row| row[index_or_header] }
-      end
-    end
-
+    # Returns the data created by parsing the first line of +string+ or +io+
+    # using the specified +options+.
     #
-    # In the default mixed mode, this method assigns rows for index access and
-    # columns for header access.  You can force the index association by first
-    # calling by_col!() or by_row!().
+    # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+    #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # - Argument +options+: see {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
     #
-    # Rows may be set to an Array of values (which will inherit the table's
-    # headers()) or a CSV::Row.
+    # ====== Without Option +headers+
     #
-    # Columns may be set to a single value, which is copied to each row of the
-    # column, or an Array of values.  Arrays of values are assigned to rows top
-    # to bottom in row major order.  Excess values are ignored and if the Array
-    # does not have a value for each row the extra rows will receive a +nil+.
+    # Without option +headers+, returns the first row as a new \Array.
     #
-    # Assigning to an existing column or row clobbers the data.  Assigning to
-    # new columns creates them at the right end of the table.
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
     #
-    def []=(index_or_header, value)
-      if @mode == :row or  # by index
-         (@mode == :col_or_row and index_or_header.is_a? Integer)
-        if value.is_a? Array
-          @table[index_or_header] = Row.new(headers, value)
-        else
-          @table[index_or_header] = value
-        end
-      else                 # set column
-        if value.is_a? Array  # multiple values
-          @table.each_with_index do |row, i|
-            if row.header_row?
-              row[index_or_header] = index_or_header
-            else
-              row[index_or_header] = value[i]
-            end
-          end
-        else                  # repeated value
-          @table.each do |row|
-            if row.header_row?
-              row[index_or_header] = index_or_header
-            else
-              row[index_or_header] = value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
+    # Parse the first line from a \String object:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]
     #
-    # The mixed mode default is to treat a list of indices as row access,
-    # returning the rows indicated.  Anything else is considered columnar
-    # access.  For columnar access, the return set has an Array for each row
-    # with the values indicated by the headers in each Array.  You can force
-    # column or row mode using by_col!() or by_row!().
-    #
-    # You cannot mix column and row access.
-    #
-    def values_at(*indices_or_headers)
-      if @mode == :row or  # by indices
-         ( @mode == :col_or_row and indices_or_headers.all? do |index|
-                                      index.is_a?(Integer)         or
-                                      ( index.is_a?(Range)         and
-                                        index.first.is_a?(Integer) and
-                                        index.last.is_a?(Integer) )
-                                    end )
-        @table.values_at(*indices_or_headers)
-      else                 # by headers
-        @table.map { |row| row.values_at(*indices_or_headers) }
-      end
-    end
-
+    # Parse the first line from a File object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse_line(file) # => ["foo", "0"]
+    #   end # => ["foo", "0"]
     #
-    # Adds a new row to the bottom end of this table.  You can provide an Array,
-    # which will be converted to a CSV::Row (inheriting the table's headers()),
-    # or a CSV::Row.
+    # Returns +nil+ if the argument is an empty \String:
+    #   CSV.parse_line('') # => nil
     #
-    # This method returns the table for chaining.
+    # ====== With Option +headers+
     #
-    def <<(row_or_array)
-      if row_or_array.is_a? Array  # append Array
-        @table << Row.new(headers, row_or_array)
-      else                         # append Row
-        @table << row_or_array
-      end
-
-      self  # for chaining
-    end
-
+    # With {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers],
+    # returns the first row as a CSV::Row object.
     #
-    # A shortcut for appending multiple rows.  Equivalent to:
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
     #
-    #   rows.each { |row| self << row }
+    # Parse the first line from a \String object:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
     #
-    # This method returns the table for chaining.
+    # Parse the first line from a File object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse_line(file, headers: true)
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
     #
-    def push(*rows)
-      rows.each { |row| self << row }
-
-      self  # for chaining
-    end
-
+    # ---
     #
-    # Removes and returns the indicated column or row.  In the default mixed
-    # mode indices refer to rows and everything else is assumed to be a column
-    # header.  Use by_col!() or by_row!() to force the lookup.
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is +nil+:
+    #   # Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
+    #   CSV.parse_line(nil)
     #
-    def delete(index_or_header)
-      if @mode == :row or  # by index
-         (@mode == :col_or_row and index_or_header.is_a? Integer)
-        @table.delete_at(index_or_header)
-      else                 # by header
-        @table.map { |row| row.delete(index_or_header).last }
-      end
+    def parse_line(line, **options)
+      new(line, **options).each.first
     end
 
     #
-    # Removes any column or row for which the block returns +true+.  In the
-    # default mixed mode or row mode, iteration is the standard row major
-    # walking of rows.  In column mode, iteration will +yield+ two element
-    # tuples containing the column name and an Array of values for that column.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   read(source, **options) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   read(source, headers: true, **options) -> csv_table
     #
-    # This method returns the table for chaining.
+    # Opens the given +source+ with the given +options+ (see CSV.open),
+    # reads the source (see CSV#read), and returns the result,
+    # which will be either an \Array of Arrays or a CSV::Table.
     #
-    # If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned.
+    # Without headers:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
     #
-    def delete_if(&block)
-      block or return enum_for(__method__) { @mode == :row or @mode == :col_or_row ? size : headers.size }
-
-      if @mode == :row or @mode == :col_or_row  # by index
-        @table.delete_if(&block)
-      else                                      # by header
-        to_delete = Array.new
-        headers.each_with_index do |header, i|
-          to_delete << header if block[[header, self[header]]]
-        end
-        to_delete.map { |header| delete(header) }
-      end
-
-      self  # for chaining
+    # With headers:
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.read(path, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    def read(path, **options)
+      open(path, **options) { |csv| csv.read }
     end
 
-    include Enumerable
-
-    #
-    # In the default mixed mode or row mode, iteration is the standard row major
-    # walking of rows.  In column mode, iteration will +yield+ two element
-    # tuples containing the column name and an Array of values for that column.
-    #
-    # This method returns the table for chaining.
-    #
-    # If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.readlines(source, **options)
     #
-    def each(&block)
-      block or return enum_for(__method__) { @mode == :col ? headers.size : size }
-
-      if @mode == :col
-        headers.each { |header| block[[header, self[header]]] }
-      else
-        @table.each(&block)
-      end
-
-      self  # for chaining
+    # Alias for CSV.read.
+    def readlines(path, **options)
+      read(path, **options)
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if all rows of this table ==() +other+'s rows.
-    def ==(other)
-      @table == other.table
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.table(source, **options)
+    #
+    # Calls CSV.read with +source+, +options+, and certain default options:
+    # - +headers+: +true+
+    # - +converbers+: +:numeric+
+    # - +header_converters+: +:symbol+
+    #
+    # Returns a CSV::Table object.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    def table(path, **options)
+      default_options = {
+        headers:           true,
+        converters:        :numeric,
+        header_converters: :symbol,
+      }
+      options = default_options.merge(options)
+      read(path, **options)
     end
+  end
 
-    #
-    # Returns the table as an Array of Arrays.  Headers will be the first row,
-    # then all of the field rows will follow.
-    #
-    def to_a
-      @table.inject([headers]) do |array, row|
-        if row.header_row?
-          array
-        else
-          array + [row.fields]
-        end
-      end
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   CSV.new(string)
+  #   CSV.new(io)
+  #   CSV.new(string, **options)
+  #   CSV.new(io, **options)
+  #
+  # Returns the new \CSV object created using +string+ or +io+
+  # and the specified +options+.
+  #
+  # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+  #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+  # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+  # - Argument +options+: See:
+  #   * {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
+  #   * {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating]
+  #   For performance reasons, the options cannot be overridden
+  #   in a \CSV object, so those specified here will endure.
+  #
+  # In addition to the \CSV instance methods, several \IO methods are delegated.
+  # See {Delegated Methods}[#class-CSV-label-Delegated+Methods].
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Create a \CSV object from a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('foo,0')
+  #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+  #
+  # Create a \CSV object from a \File object:
+  #   File.write('t.csv', 'foo,0')
+  #   csv = CSV.new(File.open('t.csv'))
+  #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the argument is +nil+:
+  #   # Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
+  #   CSV.new(nil)
+  #
+  def initialize(data,
+                 col_sep: ",",
+                 row_sep: :auto,
+                 quote_char: '"',
+                 field_size_limit: nil,
+                 converters: nil,
+                 unconverted_fields: nil,
+                 headers: false,
+                 return_headers: false,
+                 write_headers: nil,
+                 header_converters: nil,
+                 skip_blanks: false,
+                 force_quotes: false,
+                 skip_lines: nil,
+                 liberal_parsing: false,
+                 internal_encoding: nil,
+                 external_encoding: nil,
+                 encoding: nil,
+                 nil_value: nil,
+                 empty_value: "",
+                 quote_empty: true,
+                 write_converters: nil,
+                 write_nil_value: nil,
+                 write_empty_value: "",
+                 strip: false)
+    raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot parse nil as CSV") if data.nil?
+
+    if data.is_a?(String)
+      @io = StringIO.new(data)
+      @io.set_encoding(encoding || data.encoding)
+    else
+      @io = data
     end
+    @encoding = determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)
 
-    #
-    # Returns the table as a complete CSV String.  Headers will be listed first,
-    # then all of the field rows.
-    #
-    # This method assumes you want the Table.headers(), unless you explicitly
-    # pass <tt>:write_headers => false</tt>.
-    #
-    def to_csv(options = Hash.new)
-      wh = options.fetch(:write_headers, true)
-      @table.inject(wh ? [headers.to_csv(options)] : [ ]) do |rows, row|
-        if row.header_row?
-          rows
-        else
-          rows + [row.fields.to_csv(options)]
-        end
-      end.join('')
-    end
-    alias_method :to_s, :to_csv
+    @base_fields_converter_options = {
+      nil_value: nil_value,
+      empty_value: empty_value,
+    }
+    @write_fields_converter_options = {
+      nil_value: write_nil_value,
+      empty_value: write_empty_value,
+    }
+    @initial_converters = converters
+    @initial_header_converters = header_converters
+    @initial_write_converters = write_converters
+
+    @parser_options = {
+      column_separator: col_sep,
+      row_separator: row_sep,
+      quote_character: quote_char,
+      field_size_limit: field_size_limit,
+      unconverted_fields: unconverted_fields,
+      headers: headers,
+      return_headers: return_headers,
+      skip_blanks: skip_blanks,
+      skip_lines: skip_lines,
+      liberal_parsing: liberal_parsing,
+      encoding: @encoding,
+      nil_value: nil_value,
+      empty_value: empty_value,
+      strip: strip,
+    }
+    @parser = nil
+    @parser_enumerator = nil
+    @eof_error = nil
+
+    @writer_options = {
+      encoding: @encoding,
+      force_encoding: (not encoding.nil?),
+      force_quotes: force_quotes,
+      headers: headers,
+      write_headers: write_headers,
+      column_separator: col_sep,
+      row_separator: row_sep,
+      quote_character: quote_char,
+      quote_empty: quote_empty,
+    }
 
-    # Shows the mode and size of this table in a US-ASCII String.
-    def inspect
-      "#<#{self.class} mode:#{@mode} row_count:#{to_a.size}>".encode("US-ASCII")
-    end
+    @writer = nil
+    writer if @writer_options[:write_headers]
   end
 
-  # The error thrown when the parser encounters illegal CSV formatting.
-  class MalformedCSVError < RuntimeError; end
-
-  #
-  # A FieldInfo Struct contains details about a field's position in the data
-  # source it was read from.  CSV will pass this Struct to some blocks that make
-  # decisions based on field structure.  See CSV.convert_fields() for an
-  # example.
-  #
-  # <b><tt>index</tt></b>::  The zero-based index of the field in its row.
-  # <b><tt>line</tt></b>::   The line of the data source this row is from.
-  # <b><tt>header</tt></b>:: The header for the column, when available.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.col_sep -> string
   #
-  FieldInfo = Struct.new(:index, :line, :header)
-
-  # A Regexp used to find and convert some common Date formats.
-  DateMatcher     = / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
-                            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} )\z /x
-  # A Regexp used to find and convert some common DateTime formats.
-  DateTimeMatcher =
-    / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2}\s+\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
-            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} )\z /x
-
-  # The encoding used by all converters.
-  ConverterEncoding = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
+  # Returns the encoded column separator; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +col_sep+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+col_sep]:
+  #   CSV.new('').col_sep # => ","
+  def col_sep
+    parser.column_separator
+  end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.row_sep -> string
   #
-  # This Hash holds the built-in converters of CSV that can be accessed by name.
-  # You can select Converters with CSV.convert() or through the +options+ Hash
-  # passed to CSV::new().
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:integer</tt></b>::    Converts any field Integer() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:float</tt></b>::      Converts any field Float() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:numeric</tt></b>::    A combination of <tt>:integer</tt>
-  #                               and <tt>:float</tt>.
-  # <b><tt>:date</tt></b>::       Converts any field Date::parse() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:date_time</tt></b>::  Converts any field DateTime::parse() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:all</tt></b>::        All built-in converters.  A combination of
-  #                               <tt>:date_time</tt> and <tt>:numeric</tt>.
-  #
-  # All built-in converters transcode field data to UTF-8 before attempting a
-  # conversion.  If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will
-  # fail and the field will remain unchanged.
-  #
-  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
-  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
-  #
-  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names.  Combo fields
-  # can be nested with other combo fields.
-  #
-  Converters  = {
-    integer:   lambda { |f|
-      Integer(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
-    },
-    float:     lambda { |f|
-      Float(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
-    },
-    numeric:   [:integer, :float],
-    date:      lambda { |f|
-      begin
-        e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
-        e =~ DateMatcher ? Date.parse(e) : f
-      rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
-        f
-      end
-    },
-    date_time: lambda { |f|
-      begin
-        e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
-        e =~ DateTimeMatcher ? DateTime.parse(e) : f
-      rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
-        f
-      end
-    },
-    all:       [:date_time, :numeric],
-  }
+  # Returns the encoded row separator; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +row_sep+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+row_sep]:
+  #   CSV.new('').row_sep # => "\n"
+  def row_sep
+    parser.row_separator
+  end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.quote_char -> character
   #
-  # This Hash holds the built-in header converters of CSV that can be accessed
-  # by name.  You can select HeaderConverters with CSV.header_convert() or
-  # through the +options+ Hash passed to CSV::new().
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:downcase</tt></b>::  Calls downcase() on the header String.
-  # <b><tt>:symbol</tt></b>::    Leading/trailing spaces are dropped, string is
-  #                              downcased, remaining spaces are replaced with
-  #                              underscores, non-word characters are dropped,
-  #                              and finally to_sym() is called.
-  #
-  # All built-in header converters transcode header data to UTF-8 before
-  # attempting a conversion.  If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the
-  # conversion will fail and the header will remain unchanged.
-  #
-  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
-  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
-  #
-  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names.  Combo fields
-  # can be nested with other combo fields.
-  #
-  HeaderConverters = {
-    downcase: lambda { |h| h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase },
-    symbol:   lambda { |h|
-      h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase.strip.gsub(/\s+/, "_").
-                                                 gsub(/\W+/, "").to_sym
-    }
-  }
+  # Returns the encoded quote character; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +quote_char+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+quote_char]:
+  #   CSV.new('').quote_char # => "\""
+  def quote_char
+    parser.quote_character
+  end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.field_size_limit -> integer or nil
   #
-  # The options used when no overrides are given by calling code.  They are:
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:col_sep</tt></b>::            <tt>","</tt>
-  # <b><tt>:row_sep</tt></b>::            <tt>:auto</tt>
-  # <b><tt>:quote_char</tt></b>::         <tt>'"'</tt>
-  # <b><tt>:field_size_limit</tt></b>::   +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:converters</tt></b>::         +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:unconverted_fields</tt></b>:: +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:headers</tt></b>::            +false+
-  # <b><tt>:return_headers</tt></b>::     +false+
-  # <b><tt>:header_converters</tt></b>::  +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:skip_blanks</tt></b>::        +false+
-  # <b><tt>:force_quotes</tt></b>::       +false+
-  # <b><tt>:skip_lines</tt></b>::         +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:liberal_parsing</tt></b>::    +false+
-  #
-  DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
-    col_sep:            ",",
-    row_sep:            :auto,
-    quote_char:         '"',
-    field_size_limit:   nil,
-    converters:         nil,
-    unconverted_fields: nil,
-    headers:            false,
-    return_headers:     false,
-    header_converters:  nil,
-    skip_blanks:        false,
-    force_quotes:       false,
-    skip_lines:         nil,
-    liberal_parsing:    false,
-  }.freeze
+  # Returns the limit for field size; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +field_size_limit+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+field_size_limit]:
+  #   CSV.new('').field_size_limit # => nil
+  def field_size_limit
+    parser.field_size_limit
+  end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.skip_lines -> regexp or nil
   #
-  # This method will return a CSV instance, just like CSV::new(), but the
-  # instance will be cached and returned for all future calls to this method for
-  # the same +data+ object (tested by Object#object_id()) with the same
-  # +options+.
-  #
-  # If a block is given, the instance is passed to the block and the return
-  # value becomes the return value of the block.
-  #
-  def self.instance(data = $stdout, options = Hash.new)
-    # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
-    sig = [data.object_id] +
-          options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys.sort_by { |sym| sym.to_s })
-
-    # fetch or create the instance for this signature
-    @@instances ||= Hash.new
-    instance    =   (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, options))
-
-    if block_given?
-      yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
-    else
-      instance        # or return the instance
-    end
+  # Returns the \Regexp used to identify comment lines; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +skip_lines+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+skip_lines]:
+  #   CSV.new('').skip_lines # => nil
+  def skip_lines
+    parser.skip_lines
   end
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   filter( options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
-  #   filter( input, options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
-  #   filter( input, output, options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
-  #
-  # This method is a convenience for building Unix-like filters for CSV data.
-  # Each row is yielded to the provided block which can alter it as needed.
-  # After the block returns, the row is appended to +output+ altered or not.
-  #
-  # The +input+ and +output+ arguments can be anything CSV::new() accepts
-  # (generally String or IO objects).  If not given, they default to
-  # <tt>ARGF</tt> and <tt>$stdout</tt>.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter is also filtered down to CSV::new() after some
-  # clever key parsing.  Any key beginning with <tt>:in_</tt> or
-  # <tt>:input_</tt> will have that leading identifier stripped and will only
-  # be used in the +options+ Hash for the +input+ object.  Keys starting with
-  # <tt>:out_</tt> or <tt>:output_</tt> affect only +output+.  All other keys
-  # are assigned to both objects.
-  #
-  # The <tt>:output_row_sep</tt> +option+ defaults to
-  # <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>).
-  #
-  def self.filter(*args)
-    # parse options for input, output, or both
-    in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}
-    if args.last.is_a? Hash
-      args.pop.each do |key, value|
-        case key.to_s
-        when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
-          in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
-        when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
-          out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
-        else
-          in_options[key]  = value
-          out_options[key] = value
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    # build input and output wrappers
-    input  = new(args.shift || ARGF,    in_options)
-    output = new(args.shift || $stdout, out_options)
-
-    # read, yield, write
-    input.each do |row|
-      yield row
-      output << row
+  #   csv.converters -> array
+  #
+  # Returns an \Array containing field converters;
+  # see {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters]:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.converters # => []
+  #   csv.convert(:integer)
+  #   csv.converters # => [:integer]
+  #   csv.convert(proc {|x| x.to_s })
+  #   csv.converters
+  def converters
+    parser_fields_converter.map do |converter|
+      name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
+      name ? name.first : converter
     end
   end
 
-  #
-  # This method is intended as the primary interface for reading CSV files.  You
-  # pass a +path+ and any +options+ you wish to set for the read.  Each row of
-  # file will be passed to the provided +block+ in turn.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
-  # also understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use
-  # to specify the Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide
-  # this unless your data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will use this
-  # to determine how to parse the data.  You may provide a second Encoding to
-  # have the data transcoded as it is read.  For example,
-  # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
-  # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
-  #
-  def self.foreach(path, options = Hash.new, &block)
-    return to_enum(__method__, path, options) unless block
-    open(path, options) do |csv|
-      csv.each(&block)
-    end
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.unconverted_fields? -> object
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether unconverted fields are to be
+  # available; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +unconverted_fields+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+unconverted_fields]:
+  #   CSV.new('').unconverted_fields? # => nil
+  def unconverted_fields?
+    parser.unconverted_fields?
   end
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   generate( str, options = Hash.new ) { |csv| ... }
-  #   generate( options = Hash.new ) { |csv| ... }
-  #
-  # This method wraps a String you provide, or an empty default String, in a
-  # CSV object which is passed to the provided block.  You can use the block to
-  # append CSV rows to the String and when the block exits, the final String
-  # will be returned.
-  #
-  # Note that a passed String *is* modified by this method.  Call dup() before
-  # passing if you need a new String.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
-  # understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter when not passed a
-  # String to set the base Encoding for the output.  CSV needs this hint if you
-  # plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.
-  #
-  def self.generate(*args)
-    # add a default empty String, if none was given
-    if args.first.is_a? String
-      io = StringIO.new(args.shift)
-      io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
-      args.unshift(io)
+  #   csv.headers -> object
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are used; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').headers # => nil
+  def headers
+    if @writer
+      @writer.headers
     else
-      encoding = args[-1][:encoding] if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
-      str      = String.new
-      str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
-      args.unshift(str)
+      parsed_headers = parser.headers
+      return parsed_headers if parsed_headers
+      raw_headers = @parser_options[:headers]
+      raw_headers = nil if raw_headers == false
+      raw_headers
     end
-    csv = new(*args)  # wrap
-    yield csv         # yield for appending
-    csv.string        # return final String
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.return_headers? -> true or false
   #
-  # This method is a shortcut for converting a single row (Array) into a CSV
-  # String.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
-  # understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter to set the base
-  # Encoding for the output.  This method will try to guess your Encoding from
-  # the first non-+nil+ field in +row+, if possible, but you may need to use
-  # this parameter as a backup plan.
-  #
-  # The <tt>:row_sep</tt> +option+ defaults to <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
-  # (<tt>$/</tt>) when calling this method.
-  #
-  def self.generate_line(row, options = Hash.new)
-    options  = {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}.merge(options)
-    encoding = options.delete(:encoding)
-    str      = String.new
-    if encoding
-      str.force_encoding(encoding)
-    elsif field = row.find { |f| not f.nil? }
-      str.force_encoding(String(field).encoding)
-    end
-    (new(str, options) << row).string
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be returned; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +return_headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+return_headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').return_headers? # => false
+  def return_headers?
+    parser.return_headers?
   end
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   open( filename, mode = "rb", options = Hash.new ) { |faster_csv| ... }
-  #   open( filename, options = Hash.new ) { |faster_csv| ... }
-  #   open( filename, mode = "rb", options = Hash.new )
-  #   open( filename, options = Hash.new )
-  #
-  # This method opens an IO object, and wraps that with CSV.  This is intended
-  # as the primary interface for writing a CSV file.
-  #
-  # You must pass a +filename+ and may optionally add a +mode+ for Ruby's
-  # open().  You may also pass an optional Hash containing any +options+
-  # CSV::new() understands as the final argument.
-  #
-  # This method works like Ruby's open() call, in that it will pass a CSV object
-  # to a provided block and close it when the block terminates, or it will
-  # return the CSV object when no block is provided.  (*Note*: This is different
-  # from the Ruby 1.8 CSV library which passed rows to the block.  Use
-  # CSV::foreach() for that behavior.)
-  #
-  # You must provide a +mode+ with an embedded Encoding designator unless your
-  # data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will check the Encoding of the
-  # underlying IO object (set by the +mode+ you pass) to determine how to parse
-  # the data.   You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as
-  # it is read just as you can with a normal call to IO::open().  For example,
-  # <tt>"rb:UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file but
-  # transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
-  #
-  # An opened CSV object will delegate to many IO methods for convenience.  You
-  # may call:
-  #
-  # * binmode()
-  # * binmode?()
-  # * close()
-  # * close_read()
-  # * close_write()
-  # * closed?()
-  # * eof()
-  # * eof?()
-  # * external_encoding()
-  # * fcntl()
-  # * fileno()
-  # * flock()
-  # * flush()
-  # * fsync()
-  # * internal_encoding()
-  # * ioctl()
-  # * isatty()
-  # * path()
-  # * pid()
-  # * pos()
-  # * pos=()
-  # * reopen()
-  # * seek()
-  # * stat()
-  # * sync()
-  # * sync=()
-  # * tell()
-  # * to_i()
-  # * to_io()
-  # * truncate()
-  # * tty?()
-  #
-  def self.open(*args)
-    # find the +options+ Hash
-    options = if args.last.is_a? Hash then args.pop else Hash.new end
-    # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
-    # decorator
-    file_opts = {universal_newline: false}.merge(options)
-    begin
-      f = File.open(*args, file_opts)
-    rescue ArgumentError => e
-      raise unless /needs binmode/ =~ e.message and args.size == 1
-      args << "rb"
-      file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
-      retry
-    end
-    begin
-      csv = new(f, options)
-    rescue Exception
-      f.close
-      raise
-    end
-
-    # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
-    if block_given?
-      begin
-        yield csv
-      ensure
-        csv.close
-      end
-    else
-      csv
-    end
+  #   csv.write_headers? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be written; used for generating;
+  # see {Option +write_headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+write_headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').write_headers? # => nil
+  def write_headers?
+    @writer_options[:write_headers]
   end
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   parse( str, options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
-  #   parse( str, options = Hash.new )
-  #
-  # This method can be used to easily parse CSV out of a String.  You may either
-  # provide a +block+ which will be called with each row of the String in turn,
-  # or just use the returned Array of Arrays (when no +block+ is given).
-  #
-  # You pass your +str+ to read from, and an optional +options+ Hash containing
-  # anything CSV::new() understands.
+  #   csv.header_converters -> array
   #
-  def self.parse(*args, &block)
-    csv = new(*args)
-    if block.nil?  # slurp contents, if no block is given
-      begin
-        csv.read
-      ensure
-        csv.close
-      end
-    else           # or pass each row to a provided block
-      csv.each(&block)
+  # Returns an \Array containing header converters; used for parsing;
+  # see {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters]:
+  #   CSV.new('').header_converters # => []
+  def header_converters
+    header_fields_converter.map do |converter|
+      name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
+      name ? name.first : converter
     end
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.skip_blanks? -> true or false
   #
-  # This method is a shortcut for converting a single line of a CSV String into
-  # an Array.  Note that if +line+ contains multiple rows, anything beyond the
-  # first row is ignored.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.
-  #
-  def self.parse_line(line, options = Hash.new)
-    new(line, options).shift
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Use to slurp a CSV file into an Array of Arrays.  Pass the +path+ to the
-  # file and any +options+ CSV::new() understands.  This method also understands
-  # an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use to specify the
-  # Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide this unless
-  # your data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will use this to determine
-  # how to parse the data.  You may provide a second Encoding to have the data
-  # transcoded as it is read.  For example,
-  # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
-  # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
-  #
-  def self.read(path, *options)
-    open(path, *options) { |csv| csv.read }
+  # Returns the value that determines whether blank lines are to be ignored; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +skip_blanks+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+skip_blanks]:
+  #   CSV.new('').skip_blanks? # => false
+  def skip_blanks?
+    parser.skip_blanks?
   end
 
-  # Alias for CSV::read().
-  def self.readlines(*args)
-    read(*args)
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.force_quotes? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether all output fields are to be quoted;
+  # used for generating;
+  # see {Option +force_quotes+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+force_quotes]:
+  #   CSV.new('').force_quotes? # => false
+  def force_quotes?
+    @writer_options[:force_quotes]
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.liberal_parsing? -> true or false
   #
-  # A shortcut for:
-  #
-  #   CSV.read( path, { headers:           true,
-  #                     converters:        :numeric,
-  #                     header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
-  #
-  def self.table(path, options = Hash.new)
-    read( path, { headers:           true,
-                  converters:        :numeric,
-                  header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
+  # Returns the value that determines whether illegal input is to be handled; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +liberal_parsing+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+liberal_parsing]:
+  #   CSV.new('').liberal_parsing? # => false
+  def liberal_parsing?
+    parser.liberal_parsing?
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.encoding -> endcoding
   #
-  # This constructor will wrap either a String or IO object passed in +data+ for
-  # reading and/or writing.  In addition to the CSV instance methods, several IO
-  # methods are delegated.  (See CSV::open() for a complete list.)  If you pass
-  # a String for +data+, you can later retrieve it (after writing to it, for
-  # example) with CSV.string().
-  #
-  # Note that a wrapped String will be positioned at the beginning (for
-  # reading).  If you want it at the end (for writing), use CSV::generate().
-  # If you want any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.
-  #
-  # You may set any reading and/or writing preferences in the +options+ Hash.
-  # Available options are:
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:col_sep</tt></b>::            The String placed between each field.
-  #                                       This String will be transcoded into
-  #                                       the data's Encoding before parsing.
-  # <b><tt>:row_sep</tt></b>::            The String appended to the end of each
-  #                                       row.  This can be set to the special
-  #                                       <tt>:auto</tt> setting, which requests
-  #                                       that CSV automatically discover this
-  #                                       from the data.  Auto-discovery reads
-  #                                       ahead in the data looking for the next
-  #                                       <tt>"\r\n"</tt>, <tt>"\n"</tt>, or
-  #                                       <tt>"\r"</tt> sequence.  A sequence
-  #                                       will be selected even if it occurs in
-  #                                       a quoted field, assuming that you
-  #                                       would have the same line endings
-  #                                       there.  If none of those sequences is
-  #                                       found, +data+ is <tt>ARGF</tt>,
-  #                                       <tt>STDIN</tt>, <tt>STDOUT</tt>, or
-  #                                       <tt>STDERR</tt>, or the stream is only
-  #                                       available for output, the default
-  #                                       <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
-  #                                       (<tt>$/</tt>) is used.  Obviously,
-  #                                       discovery takes a little time.  Set
-  #                                       manually if speed is important.  Also
-  #                                       note that IO objects should be opened
-  #                                       in binary mode on Windows if this
-  #                                       feature will be used as the
-  #                                       line-ending translation can cause
-  #                                       problems with resetting the document
-  #                                       position to where it was before the
-  #                                       read ahead. This String will be
-  #                                       transcoded into the data's Encoding
-  #                                       before parsing.
-  # <b><tt>:quote_char</tt></b>::         The character used to quote fields.
-  #                                       This has to be a single character
-  #                                       String.  This is useful for
-  #                                       application that incorrectly use
-  #                                       <tt>'</tt> as the quote character
-  #                                       instead of the correct <tt>"</tt>.
-  #                                       CSV will always consider a double
-  #                                       sequence of this character to be an
-  #                                       escaped quote. This String will be
-  #                                       transcoded into the data's Encoding
-  #                                       before parsing.
-  # <b><tt>:field_size_limit</tt></b>::   This is a maximum size CSV will read
-  #                                       ahead looking for the closing quote
-  #                                       for a field.  (In truth, it reads to
-  #                                       the first line ending beyond this
-  #                                       size.)  If a quote cannot be found
-  #                                       within the limit CSV will raise a
-  #                                       MalformedCSVError, assuming the data
-  #                                       is faulty.  You can use this limit to
-  #                                       prevent what are effectively DoS
-  #                                       attacks on the parser.  However, this
-  #                                       limit can cause a legitimate parse to
-  #                                       fail and thus is set to +nil+, or off,
-  #                                       by default.
-  # <b><tt>:converters</tt></b>::         An Array of names from the Converters
-  #                                       Hash and/or lambdas that handle custom
-  #                                       conversion.  A single converter
-  #                                       doesn't have to be in an Array.  All
-  #                                       built-in converters try to transcode
-  #                                       fields to UTF-8 before converting.
-  #                                       The conversion will fail if the data
-  #                                       cannot be transcoded, leaving the
-  #                                       field unchanged.
-  # <b><tt>:unconverted_fields</tt></b>:: If set to +true+, an
-  #                                       unconverted_fields() method will be
-  #                                       added to all returned rows (Array or
-  #                                       CSV::Row) that will return the fields
-  #                                       as they were before conversion.  Note
-  #                                       that <tt>:headers</tt> supplied by
-  #                                       Array or String were not fields of the
-  #                                       document and thus will have an empty
-  #                                       Array attached.
-  # <b><tt>:headers</tt></b>::            If set to <tt>:first_row</tt> or
-  #                                       +true+, the initial row of the CSV
-  #                                       file will be treated as a row of
-  #                                       headers.  If set to an Array, the
-  #                                       contents will be used as the headers.
-  #                                       If set to a String, the String is run
-  #                                       through a call of CSV::parse_line()
-  #                                       with the same <tt>:col_sep</tt>,
-  #                                       <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
-  #                                       <tt>:quote_char</tt> as this instance
-  #                                       to produce an Array of headers.  This
-  #                                       setting causes CSV#shift() to return
-  #                                       rows as CSV::Row objects instead of
-  #                                       Arrays and CSV#read() to return
-  #                                       CSV::Table objects instead of an Array
-  #                                       of Arrays.
-  # <b><tt>:return_headers</tt></b>::     When +false+, header rows are silently
-  #                                       swallowed.  If set to +true+, header
-  #                                       rows are returned in a CSV::Row object
-  #                                       with identical headers and
-  #                                       fields (save that the fields do not go
-  #                                       through the converters).
-  # <b><tt>:write_headers</tt></b>::      When +true+ and <tt>:headers</tt> is
-  #                                       set, a header row will be added to the
-  #                                       output.
-  # <b><tt>:header_converters</tt></b>::  Identical in functionality to
-  #                                       <tt>:converters</tt> save that the
-  #                                       conversions are only made to header
-  #                                       rows.  All built-in converters try to
-  #                                       transcode headers to UTF-8 before
-  #                                       converting.  The conversion will fail
-  #                                       if the data cannot be transcoded,
-  #                                       leaving the header unchanged.
-  # <b><tt>:skip_blanks</tt></b>::        When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
-  #                                       skip over any empty rows. Note that
-  #                                       this setting will not skip rows that
-  #                                       contain column separators, even if
-  #                                       the rows contain no actual data. If
-  #                                       you want to skip rows that contain
-  #                                       separators but no content, consider
-  #                                       using <tt>:skip_lines</tt>, or
-  #                                       inspecting fields.compact.empty? on
-  #                                       each row.
-  # <b><tt>:force_quotes</tt></b>::       When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
-  #                                       quote all CSV fields it creates.
-  # <b><tt>:skip_lines</tt></b>::         When set to an object responding to
-  #                                       <tt>match</tt>, every line matching
-  #                                       it is considered a comment and ignored
-  #                                       during parsing. When set to a String,
-  #                                       it is first converted to a Regexp.
-  #                                       When set to +nil+ no line is considered
-  #                                       a comment. If the passed object does
-  #                                       not respond to <tt>match</tt>,
-  #                                       <tt>ArgumentError</tt> is thrown.
-  # <b><tt>:liberal_parsing</tt></b>::    When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
-  #                                       attempt to parse input not conformant
-  #                                       with RFC 4180, such as double quotes
-  #                                       in unquoted fields.
-  #
-  # See CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS for the default settings.
-  #
-  # Options cannot be overridden in the instance methods for performance reasons,
-  # so be sure to set what you want here.
-  #
-  def initialize(data, options = Hash.new)
-    if data.nil?
-      raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot parse nil as CSV")
-    end
-
-    # build the options for this read/write
-    options = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+  # Returns the encoding used for parsing and generating;
+  # see {Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)}[#class-CSV-label-Character+Encodings+-28M17n+or+Multilingualization-29]:
+  #   CSV.new('').encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
+  attr_reader :encoding
 
-    # create the IO object we will read from
-    @io       = data.is_a?(String) ? StringIO.new(data) : data
-    # honor the IO encoding if we can, otherwise default to ASCII-8BIT
-    @encoding = raw_encoding(nil) ||
-                ( if encoding = options.delete(:internal_encoding)
-                    case encoding
-                    when Encoding; encoding
-                    else Encoding.find(encoding)
-                    end
-                  end ) ||
-                ( case encoding = options.delete(:encoding)
-                  when Encoding; encoding
-                  when /\A[^:]+/; Encoding.find($&)
-                  end ) ||
-                Encoding.default_internal || Encoding.default_external
-    #
-    # prepare for building safe regular expressions in the target encoding,
-    # if we can transcode the needed characters
-    #
-    @re_esc   =   "\\".encode(@encoding).freeze rescue ""
-    @re_chars =   /#{%"[-\\]\\[\\.^$?*+{}()|# \r\n\t\f\v]".encode(@encoding)}/
-
-    init_separators(options)
-    init_parsers(options)
-    init_converters(options)
-    init_headers(options)
-    init_comments(options)
-
-    @force_encoding = !!(encoding || options.delete(:encoding))
-    options.delete(:internal_encoding)
-    options.delete(:external_encoding)
-    unless options.empty?
-      raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options:  #{options.keys.join(', ')}."
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.line_no -> integer
+  #
+  # Returns the count of the rows parsed or generated.
+  #
+  # Parsing:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   CSV.open(path) do |csv|
+  #     csv.each do |row|
+  #       p [csv.lineno, row]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   [1, ["foo", "0"]]
+  #   [2, ["bar", "1"]]
+  #   [3, ["baz", "2"]]
+  #
+  # Generating:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['bar', 1]
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['baz', 2]
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   0
+  #   1
+  #   2
+  def lineno
+    if @writer
+      @writer.lineno
+    else
+      parser.lineno
     end
-
-    # track our own lineno since IO gets confused about line-ends is CSV fields
-    @lineno = 0
   end
 
-  #
-  # The encoded <tt>:col_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
-  attr_reader :col_sep
-  #
-  # The encoded <tt>:row_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
-  attr_reader :row_sep
-  #
-  # The encoded <tt>:quote_char</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
-  attr_reader :quote_char
-  # The limit for field size, if any.  See CSV::new for details.
-  attr_reader :field_size_limit
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.line -> array
+  #
+  # Returns the line most recently read:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   CSV.open(path) do |csv|
+  #     csv.each do |row|
+  #       p [csv.lineno, csv.line]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   [1, "foo,0\n"]
+  #   [2, "bar,1\n"]
+  #   [3, "baz,2\n"]
+  def line
+    parser.line
+  end
 
-  # The regex marking a line as a comment. See CSV::new for details
-  attr_reader :skip_lines
+  ### IO and StringIO Delegation ###
 
-  #
-  # Returns the current list of converters in effect.  See CSV::new for details.
-  # Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others will be returned
-  # as is.
-  #
-  def converters
-    @converters.map do |converter|
-      name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
-      name ? name.first : converter
+  extend Forwardable
+  def_delegators :@io, :binmode, :close, :close_read, :close_write,
+                       :closed?, :external_encoding, :fcntl,
+                       :fileno, :flush, :fsync, :internal_encoding,
+                       :isatty, :pid, :pos, :pos=, :reopen,
+                       :seek, :string, :sync, :sync=, :tell,
+                       :truncate, :tty?
+
+  def binmode?
+    if @io.respond_to?(:binmode?)
+      @io.binmode?
+    else
+      false
     end
   end
-  #
-  # Returns +true+ if unconverted_fields() to parsed results.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
-  def unconverted_fields?() @unconverted_fields end
-  #
-  # Returns +nil+ if headers will not be used, +true+ if they will but have not
-  # yet been read, or the actual headers after they have been read.  See
-  # CSV::new for details.
-  #
-  def headers
-    @headers || true if @use_headers
+
+  def flock(*args)
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:flock)
+    @io.flock(*args)
   end
-  #
-  # Returns +true+ if headers will be returned as a row of results.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
-  def return_headers?()     @return_headers     end
-  # Returns +true+ if headers are written in output. See CSV::new for details.
-  def write_headers?()      @write_headers      end
-  #
-  # Returns the current list of converters in effect for headers.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.  Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others
-  # will be returned as is.
-  #
-  def header_converters
-    @header_converters.map do |converter|
-      name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
-      name ? name.first : converter
-    end
+
+  def ioctl(*args)
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:ioctl)
+    @io.ioctl(*args)
   end
-  #
-  # Returns +true+ blank lines are skipped by the parser. See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
-  def skip_blanks?()        @skip_blanks        end
-  # Returns +true+ if all output fields are quoted. See CSV::new for details.
-  def force_quotes?()       @force_quotes       end
-  # Returns +true+ if illegal input is handled. See CSV::new for details.
-  def liberal_parsing?()    @liberal_parsing    end
 
-  #
-  # The Encoding CSV is parsing or writing in.  This will be the Encoding you
-  # receive parsed data in and/or the Encoding data will be written in.
-  #
-  attr_reader :encoding
+  def path
+    @io.path if @io.respond_to?(:path)
+  end
 
-  #
-  # The line number of the last row read from this file.  Fields with nested
-  # line-end characters will not affect this count.
-  #
-  attr_reader :lineno
+  def stat(*args)
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:stat)
+    @io.stat(*args)
+  end
 
-  ### IO and StringIO Delegation ###
+  def to_i
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:to_i)
+    @io.to_i
+  end
 
-  extend Forwardable
-  def_delegators :@io, :binmode, :binmode?, :close, :close_read, :close_write,
-                       :closed?, :eof, :eof?, :external_encoding, :fcntl,
-                       :fileno, :flock, :flush, :fsync, :internal_encoding,
-                       :ioctl, :isatty, :path, :pid, :pos, :pos=, :reopen,
-                       :seek, :stat, :string, :sync, :sync=, :tell, :to_i,
-                       :to_io, :truncate, :tty?
+  def to_io
+    @io.respond_to?(:to_io) ? @io.to_io : @io
+  end
+
+  def eof?
+    return false if @eof_error
+    begin
+      parser_enumerator.peek
+      false
+    rescue MalformedCSVError => error
+      @eof_error = error
+      false
+    rescue StopIteration
+      true
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :eof, :eof?
 
   # Rewinds the underlying IO object and resets CSV's lineno() counter.
   def rewind
-    @headers = nil
-    @lineno  = 0
-
+    @parser = nil
+    @parser_enumerator = nil
+    @eof_error = nil
+    @writer.rewind if @writer
     @io.rewind
   end
 
   ### End Delegation ###
 
-  #
-  # The primary write method for wrapped Strings and IOs, +row+ (an Array or
-  # CSV::Row) is converted to CSV and appended to the data source.  When a
-  # CSV::Row is passed, only the row's fields() are appended to the output.
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for writing.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv << row -> self
+  #
+  # Appends a row to +self+.
+  #
+  # - Argument +row+ must be an \Array object or a CSV::Row object.
+  # - The output stream must be open for writing.
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Append Arrays:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     csv << ['bar', 1]
+  #     csv << ['baz', 2]
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # Append CSV::Rows:
+  #   headers = []
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # Headers in CSV::Row objects are not appended:
+  #   headers = ['Name', 'Count']
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +row+ is not an \Array or \CSV::Row:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `collect' for :foo:Symbol)
+  #     csv << :foo
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the output stream is not opened for writing:
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, '')
+  #   File.open(path) do |file|
+  #     CSV.open(file) do |csv|
+  #       # Raises IOError (not opened for writing)
+  #       csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     end
+  #   end
   def <<(row)
-    # make sure headers have been assigned
-    if header_row? and [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class
-      parse_headers  # won't read data for Array or String
-      self << @headers if @write_headers
-    end
-
-    # handle CSV::Row objects and Hashes
-    row = case row
-          when self.class::Row then row.fields
-          when Hash            then @headers.map { |header| row[header] }
-          else                      row
-          end
-
-    @headers =  row if header_row?
-    @lineno  += 1
-
-    output = row.map(&@quote).join(@col_sep) + @row_sep  # quote and separate
-    if @io.is_a?(StringIO)             and
-       output.encoding != (encoding = raw_encoding)
-      if @force_encoding
-        output = output.encode(encoding)
-      elsif (compatible_encoding = Encoding.compatible?(@io.string, output))
-        @io.set_encoding(compatible_encoding)
-        @io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
-      end
-    end
-    @io << output
-
-    self  # for chaining
+    writer << row
+    self
   end
   alias_method :add_row, :<<
   alias_method :puts,    :<<
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   convert( name )
-  #   convert { |field| ... }
-  #   convert { |field, field_info| ... }
-  #
-  # You can use this method to install a CSV::Converters built-in, or provide a
-  # block that handles a custom conversion.
-  #
-  # If you provide a block that takes one argument, it will be passed the field
-  # and is expected to return the converted value or the field itself.  If your
-  # block takes two arguments, it will also be passed a CSV::FieldInfo Struct,
-  # containing details about the field.  Again, the block should return a
-  # converted field or the field itself.
-  #
+  #   convert(converter_name) -> array_of_procs
+  #   convert {|field, field_info| ... } -> array_of_procs
+  #
+  # - With no block, installs a field converter (a \Proc).
+  # - With a block, defines and installs a custom field converter.
+  # - Returns the \Array of installed field converters.
+  #
+  # - Argument +converter_name+, if given, should be the name
+  #   of an existing field converter.
+  #
+  # See {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters].
+  # ---
+  #
+  # With no block, installs a field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.convert(:integer)
+  #   csv.convert(:float)
+  #   csv.convert(:date)
+  #   csv.converters # => [:integer, :float, :date]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # The block, if given, is called for each field:
+  # - Argument +field+ is the field value.
+  # - Argument +field_info+ is a CSV::FieldInfo object
+  #   containing details about the field.
+  #
+  # The examples here assume the prior execution of:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #
+  # Example giving a block:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert {|field, field_info| p [field, field_info]; field.upcase }
+  #   csv.read # => [["FOO", "0"], ["BAR", "1"], ["BAZ", "2"]]
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #   ["foo", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["0", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["bar", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
+  #   ["1", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
+  #   ["baz", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
+  #   ["2", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]
+  #
+  # The block need not return a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert {|field, field_info| field.to_sym }
+  #   csv.read # => [[:foo, :"0"], [:bar, :"1"], [:baz, :"2"]]
+  #
+  # If +converter_name+ is given, the block is not called:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert(:integer) {|field, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+  #   csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises a parse-time exception if +converter_name+ is not the name of a built-in
+  # field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert(:nosuch) => [nil]
+  #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
+  #   csv.read
   def convert(name = nil, &converter)
-    add_converter(:converters, self.class::Converters, name, &converter)
+    parser_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
   end
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   header_convert( name )
-  #   header_convert { |field| ... }
-  #   header_convert { |field, field_info| ... }
-  #
-  # Identical to CSV#convert(), but for header rows.
-  #
-  # Note that this method must be called before header rows are read to have any
-  # effect.
-  #
+  #   header_convert(converter_name) -> array_of_procs
+  #   header_convert {|header, field_info| ... } -> array_of_procs
+  #
+  # - With no block, installs a header converter (a \Proc).
+  # - With a block, defines and installs a custom header converter.
+  # - Returns the \Array of installed header converters.
+  #
+  # - Argument +converter_name+, if given, should be the name
+  #   of an existing header converter.
+  #
+  # See {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters].
+  # ---
+  #
+  # With no block, installs a header converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.header_convert(:symbol)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:downcase)
+  #   csv.header_converters # => [:symbol, :downcase]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # The block, if given, is called for each header:
+  # - Argument +header+ is the header value.
+  # - Argument +field_info+ is a CSV::FieldInfo object
+  #   containing details about the header.
+  #
+  # The examples here assume the prior execution of:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #
+  # Example giving a block:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| p [header, field_info]; header.upcase }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+  #   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #   ["Name", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["Value", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+
+  # The block need not return a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| header.to_sym }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table.headers # => [:Name, :Value]
+  #
+  # If +converter_name+ is given, the block is not called:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:downcase) {|header, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table.headers # => ["name", "value"]
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises a parse-time exception if +converter_name+ is not the name of a built-in
+  # field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:nosuch)
+  #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
+  #   csv.read
   def header_convert(name = nil, &converter)
-    add_converter( :header_converters,
-                   self.class::HeaderConverters,
-                   name,
-                   &converter )
+    header_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
   end
 
   include Enumerable
 
-  #
-  # Yields each row of the data source in turn.
-  #
-  # Support for Enumerable.
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
-  #
-  def each
-    if block_given?
-      while row = shift
-        yield row
-      end
-    else
-      to_enum
-    end
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.each -> enumerator
+  #   csv.each {|row| ...}
+  #
+  # Calls the block with each successive row.
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   ["foo", "0"]
+  #   ["bar", "1"]
+  #   ["baz", "2"]
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  def each(&block)
+    parser_enumerator.each(&block)
   end
 
-  #
-  # Slurps the remaining rows and returns an Array of Arrays.
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.read -> array or csv_table
+  #
+  # Forms the remaining rows from +self+ into:
+  # - A CSV::Table object, if headers are in use.
+  # - An \Array of Arrays, otherwise.
+  #
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.read # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.read # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.read
   def read
     rows = to_a
-    if @use_headers
-      Table.new(rows)
+    if parser.use_headers?
+      Table.new(rows, headers: parser.headers)
     else
       rows
     end
   end
   alias_method :readlines, :read
 
-  # Returns +true+ if the next row read will be a header row.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.header_row? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ if the next row to be read is a header row\;
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.header_row? # => false
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_row? # => true
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   csv.header_row? # => false
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.header_row?
   def header_row?
-    @use_headers and @headers.nil?
+    parser.header_row?
   end
 
-  #
-  # The primary read method for wrapped Strings and IOs, a single row is pulled
-  # from the data source, parsed and returned as an Array of fields (if header
-  # rows are not used) or a CSV::Row (when header rows are used).
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.shift -> array, csv_row, or nil
+  #
+  # Returns the next row of data as:
+  # - An \Array if no headers are used.
+  # - A CSV::Row object if headers are used.
+  #
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
+  #   csv.shift # => ["bar", "1"]
+  #   csv.shift # => ["baz", "2"]
+  #   csv.shift # => nil
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+  #   csv.shift # => nil
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.shift
   def shift
-    #########################################################################
-    ### This method is purposefully kept a bit long as simple conditional ###
-    ### checks are faster than numerous (expensive) method calls.         ###
-    #########################################################################
-
-    # handle headers not based on document content
-    if header_row? and @return_headers and
-       [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class
-      if @unconverted_fields
-        return add_unconverted_fields(parse_headers, Array.new)
-      else
-        return parse_headers
-      end
+    if @eof_error
+      eof_error, @eof_error = @eof_error, nil
+      raise eof_error
     end
-
-    #
-    # it can take multiple calls to <tt>@io.gets()</tt> to get a full line,
-    # because of \r and/or \n characters embedded in quoted fields
-    #
-    in_extended_col = false
-    csv             = Array.new
-
-    loop do
-      # add another read to the line
-      unless parse = @io.gets(@row_sep)
-        return nil
-      end
-
-      parse.sub!(@parsers[:line_end], "")
-
-      if csv.empty?
-        #
-        # I believe a blank line should be an <tt>Array.new</tt>, not Ruby 1.8
-        # CSV's <tt>[nil]</tt>
-        #
-        if parse.empty?
-          @lineno += 1
-          if @skip_blanks
-            next
-          elsif @unconverted_fields
-            return add_unconverted_fields(Array.new, Array.new)
-          elsif @use_headers
-            return self.class::Row.new(Array.new, Array.new)
-          else
-            return Array.new
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      next if @skip_lines and @skip_lines.match parse
-
-      parts =  parse.split(@col_sep, -1)
-      if parts.empty?
-        if in_extended_col
-          csv[-1] << @col_sep   # will be replaced with a @row_sep after the parts.each loop
-        else
-          csv << nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # This loop is the hot path of csv parsing. Some things may be non-dry
-      # for a reason. Make sure to benchmark when refactoring.
-      parts.each do |part|
-        if in_extended_col
-          # If we are continuing a previous column
-          if part[-1] == @quote_char && part.count(@quote_char) % 2 != 0
-            # extended column ends
-            csv[-1] = csv[-1].push(part[0..-2]).join("")
-            if csv.last =~ @parsers[:stray_quote]
-              raise MalformedCSVError,
-                    "Missing or stray quote in line #{lineno + 1}"
-            end
-            csv.last.gsub!(@quote_char * 2, @quote_char)
-            in_extended_col = false
-          else
-            csv.last.push(part, @col_sep)
-          end
-        elsif part[0] == @quote_char
-          # If we are starting a new quoted column
-          if part.count(@quote_char) % 2 != 0
-            # start an extended column
-            csv << [part[1..-1], @col_sep]
-            in_extended_col =  true
-          elsif part[-1] == @quote_char
-            # regular quoted column
-            csv << part[1..-2]
-            if csv.last =~ @parsers[:stray_quote]
-              raise MalformedCSVError,
-                    "Missing or stray quote in line #{lineno + 1}"
-            end
-            csv.last.gsub!(@quote_char * 2, @quote_char)
-          elsif @liberal_parsing
-            csv << part
-          else
-            raise MalformedCSVError,
-                  "Missing or stray quote in line #{lineno + 1}"
-          end
-        elsif part =~ @parsers[:quote_or_nl]
-          # Unquoted field with bad characters.
-          if part =~ @parsers[:nl_or_lf]
-            raise MalformedCSVError, "Unquoted fields do not allow " +
-                                     "\\r or \\n (line #{lineno + 1})."
-          else
-            if @liberal_parsing
-              csv << part
-            else
-              raise MalformedCSVError, "Illegal quoting in line #{lineno + 1}."
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          # Regular ole unquoted field.
-          csv << (part.empty? ? nil : part)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Replace tacked on @col_sep with @row_sep if we are still in an extended
-      # column.
-      csv[-1][-1] = @row_sep if in_extended_col
-
-      if in_extended_col
-        # if we're at eof?(), a quoted field wasn't closed...
-        if @io.eof?
-          raise MalformedCSVError,
-                "Unclosed quoted field on line #{lineno + 1}."
-        elsif @field_size_limit and csv.last.sum(&:size) >= @field_size_limit
-          raise MalformedCSVError, "Field size exceeded on line #{lineno + 1}."
-        end
-        # otherwise, we need to loop and pull some more data to complete the row
-      else
-        @lineno += 1
-
-        # save fields unconverted fields, if needed...
-        unconverted = csv.dup if @unconverted_fields
-
-        # convert fields, if needed...
-        csv = convert_fields(csv) unless @use_headers or @converters.empty?
-        # parse out header rows and handle CSV::Row conversions...
-        csv = parse_headers(csv)  if     @use_headers
-
-        # inject unconverted fields and accessor, if requested...
-        if @unconverted_fields and not csv.respond_to? :unconverted_fields
-          add_unconverted_fields(csv, unconverted)
-        end
-
-        # return the results
-        break csv
-      end
+    begin
+      parser_enumerator.next
+    rescue StopIteration
+      nil
     end
   end
   alias_method :gets,     :shift
   alias_method :readline, :shift
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.inspect -> string
   #
-  # Returns a simplified description of the key CSV attributes in an
-  # ASCII compatible String.
-  #
+  # Returns a \String showing certain properties of +self+:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   s = csv.inspect
+  #   s # => "#<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:\",\" row_sep:\"\\n\" quote_char:\"\\\"\" headers:true>"
   def inspect
-    str = ["<#", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
+    str = ["#<", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
     # show type of wrapped IO
     if    @io == $stdout then str << "$stdout"
     elsif @io == $stdin  then str << "$stdin"
@@ -1974,15 +2486,18 @@ class CSV
     # show encoding
     str << " encoding:" << @encoding.name
     # show other attributes
-    %w[ lineno     col_sep     row_sep
-        quote_char skip_blanks liberal_parsing ].each do |attr_name|
-      if a = instance_variable_get("@#{attr_name}")
+    ["lineno", "col_sep", "row_sep", "quote_char"].each do |attr_name|
+      if a = __send__(attr_name)
         str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
       end
     end
-    if @use_headers
-      str << " headers:" << headers.inspect
+    ["skip_blanks", "liberal_parsing"].each do |attr_name|
+      if a = __send__("#{attr_name}?")
+        str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
+      end
     end
+    _headers = headers
+    str << " headers:" << _headers.inspect if _headers
     str << ">"
     begin
       str.join('')
@@ -1996,347 +2511,126 @@ class CSV
 
   private
 
-  #
-  # Stores the indicated separators for later use.
-  #
-  # If auto-discovery was requested for <tt>@row_sep</tt>, this method will read
-  # ahead in the <tt>@io</tt> and try to find one.  +ARGF+, +STDIN+, +STDOUT+,
-  # +STDERR+ and any stream open for output only with a default
-  # <tt>@row_sep</tt> of <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>).
-  #
-  # This method also establishes the quoting rules used for CSV output.
-  #
-  def init_separators(options)
-    # store the selected separators
-    @col_sep    = options.delete(:col_sep).to_s.encode(@encoding)
-    @row_sep    = options.delete(:row_sep)  # encode after resolving :auto
-    @quote_char = options.delete(:quote_char).to_s.encode(@encoding)
+  def determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)
+    # honor the IO encoding if we can, otherwise default to ASCII-8BIT
+    io_encoding = raw_encoding
+    return io_encoding if io_encoding
 
-    if @quote_char.length != 1
-      raise ArgumentError, ":quote_char has to be a single character String"
+    return Encoding.find(internal_encoding) if internal_encoding
+
+    if encoding
+      encoding, = encoding.split(":", 2) if encoding.is_a?(String)
+      return Encoding.find(encoding)
     end
 
-    #
-    # automatically discover row separator when requested
-    # (not fully encoding safe)
-    #
-    if @row_sep == :auto
-      if [ARGF, STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR].include?(@io) or
-         (defined?(Zlib) and @io.class == Zlib::GzipWriter)
-        @row_sep = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
-      else
-        begin
-          #
-          # remember where we were (pos() will raise an exception if @io is pipe
-          # or not opened for reading)
-          #
-          saved_pos = @io.pos
-          while @row_sep == :auto
-            #
-            # if we run out of data, it's probably a single line
-            # (ensure will set default value)
-            #
-            break unless sample = @io.gets(nil, 1024)
-            # extend sample if we're unsure of the line ending
-            if sample.end_with? encode_str("\r")
-              sample << (@io.gets(nil, 1) || "")
-            end
-
-            # try to find a standard separator
-            if sample =~ encode_re("\r\n?|\n")
-              @row_sep = $&
-              break
-            end
-          end
+    Encoding.default_internal || Encoding.default_external
+  end
 
-          # tricky seek() clone to work around GzipReader's lack of seek()
-          @io.rewind
-          # reset back to the remembered position
-          while saved_pos > 1024  # avoid loading a lot of data into memory
-            @io.read(1024)
-            saved_pos -= 1024
-          end
-          @io.read(saved_pos) if saved_pos.nonzero?
-        rescue IOError         # not opened for reading
-          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
-        rescue NoMethodError   # Zlib::GzipWriter doesn't have some IO methods
-          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
-        rescue SystemCallError # pipe
-          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
-        ensure
-          #
-          # set default if we failed to detect
-          # (stream not opened for reading, a pipe, or a single line of data)
-          #
-          @row_sep = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR if @row_sep == :auto
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    @row_sep = @row_sep.to_s.encode(@encoding)
-
-    # establish quoting rules
-    @force_quotes   = options.delete(:force_quotes)
-    do_quote        = lambda do |field|
-      field         = String(field)
-      encoded_quote = @quote_char.encode(field.encoding)
-      encoded_quote                                +
-      field.gsub(encoded_quote, encoded_quote * 2) +
-      encoded_quote
-    end
-    quotable_chars = encode_str("\r\n", @col_sep, @quote_char)
-    @quote         = if @force_quotes
-      do_quote
-    else
-      lambda do |field|
-        if field.nil?  # represent +nil+ fields as empty unquoted fields
-          ""
-        else
-          field = String(field)  # Stringify fields
-          # represent empty fields as empty quoted fields
-          if field.empty? or
-             field.count(quotable_chars).nonzero?
-            do_quote.call(field)
-          else
-            field  # unquoted field
-          end
-        end
+  def normalize_converters(converters)
+    converters ||= []
+    unless converters.is_a?(Array)
+      converters = [converters]
+    end
+    converters.collect do |converter|
+      case converter
+      when Proc # custom code block
+        [nil, converter]
+      else # by name
+        [converter, nil]
       end
     end
   end
 
-  # Pre-compiles parsers and stores them by name for access during reads.
-  def init_parsers(options)
-    # store the parser behaviors
-    @skip_blanks      = options.delete(:skip_blanks)
-    @field_size_limit = options.delete(:field_size_limit)
-    @liberal_parsing  = options.delete(:liberal_parsing)
-
-    # prebuild Regexps for faster parsing
-    esc_row_sep = escape_re(@row_sep)
-    esc_quote   = escape_re(@quote_char)
-    @parsers = {
-      # for detecting parse errors
-      quote_or_nl:    encode_re("[", esc_quote, "\r\n]"),
-      nl_or_lf:       encode_re("[\r\n]"),
-      stray_quote:    encode_re( "[^", esc_quote, "]", esc_quote,
-                                 "[^", esc_quote, "]" ),
-      # safer than chomp!()
-      line_end:       encode_re(esc_row_sep, "\\z"),
-      # illegal unquoted characters
-      return_newline: encode_str("\r\n")
-    }
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Loads any converters requested during construction.
-  #
-  # If +field_name+ is set <tt>:converters</tt> (the default) field converters
-  # are set.  When +field_name+ is <tt>:header_converters</tt> header converters
-  # are added instead.
   #
-  # The <tt>:unconverted_fields</tt> option is also activated for
-  # <tt>:converters</tt> calls, if requested.
+  # Processes +fields+ with <tt>@converters</tt>, or <tt>@header_converters</tt>
+  # if +headers+ is passed as +true+, returning the converted field set. Any
+  # converter that changes the field into something other than a String halts
+  # the pipeline of conversion for that field. This is primarily an efficiency
+  # shortcut.
   #
-  def init_converters(options, field_name = :converters)
-    if field_name == :converters
-      @unconverted_fields = options.delete(:unconverted_fields)
+  def convert_fields(fields, headers = false)
+    if headers
+      header_fields_converter.convert(fields, nil, 0)
+    else
+      parser_fields_converter.convert(fields, @headers, lineno)
     end
+  end
 
-    instance_variable_set("@#{field_name}", Array.new)
-
-    # find the correct method to add the converters
-    convert = method(field_name.to_s.sub(/ers\Z/, ""))
-
-    # load converters
-    unless options[field_name].nil?
-      # allow a single converter not wrapped in an Array
-      unless options[field_name].is_a? Array
-        options[field_name] = [options[field_name]]
-      end
-      # load each converter...
-      options[field_name].each do |converter|
-        if converter.is_a? Proc  # custom code block
-          convert.call(&converter)
-        else                     # by name
-          convert.call(converter)
-        end
-      end
+  #
+  # Returns the encoding of the internal IO object.
+  #
+  def raw_encoding
+    if @io.respond_to? :internal_encoding
+      @io.internal_encoding || @io.external_encoding
+    elsif @io.respond_to? :encoding
+      @io.encoding
+    else
+      nil
     end
-
-    options.delete(field_name)
   end
 
-  # Stores header row settings and loads header converters, if needed.
-  def init_headers(options)
-    @use_headers    = options.delete(:headers)
-    @return_headers = options.delete(:return_headers)
-    @write_headers  = options.delete(:write_headers)
-
-    # headers must be delayed until shift(), in case they need a row of content
-    @headers = nil
-
-    init_converters(options, :header_converters)
+  def parser_fields_converter
+    @parser_fields_converter ||= build_parser_fields_converter
   end
 
-  # Stores the pattern of comments to skip from the provided options.
-  #
-  # The pattern must respond to +.match+, else ArgumentError is raised.
-  # Strings are converted to a Regexp.
-  #
-  # See also CSV.new
-  def init_comments(options)
-    @skip_lines = options.delete(:skip_lines)
-    @skip_lines = Regexp.new(@skip_lines) if @skip_lines.is_a? String
-    if @skip_lines and not @skip_lines.respond_to?(:match)
-      raise ArgumentError, ":skip_lines has to respond to matches"
-    end
+  def build_parser_fields_converter
+    specific_options = {
+      builtin_converters: Converters,
+    }
+    options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
+    build_fields_converter(@initial_converters, options)
   end
-  #
-  # The actual work method for adding converters, used by both CSV.convert() and
-  # CSV.header_convert().
-  #
-  # This method requires the +var_name+ of the instance variable to place the
-  # converters in, the +const+ Hash to lookup named converters in, and the
-  # normal parameters of the CSV.convert() and CSV.header_convert() methods.
-  #
-  def add_converter(var_name, const, name = nil, &converter)
-    if name.nil?  # custom converter
-      instance_variable_get("@#{var_name}") << converter
-    else          # named converter
-      combo = const[name]
-      case combo
-      when Array  # combo converter
-        combo.each do |converter_name|
-          add_converter(var_name, const, converter_name)
-        end
-      else        # individual named converter
-        instance_variable_get("@#{var_name}") << combo
-      end
-    end
+
+  def header_fields_converter
+    @header_fields_converter ||= build_header_fields_converter
   end
 
-  #
-  # Processes +fields+ with <tt>@converters</tt>, or <tt>@header_converters</tt>
-  # if +headers+ is passed as +true+, returning the converted field set.  Any
-  # converter that changes the field into something other than a String halts
-  # the pipeline of conversion for that field.  This is primarily an efficiency
-  # shortcut.
-  #
-  def convert_fields(fields, headers = false)
-    # see if we are converting headers or fields
-    converters = headers ? @header_converters : @converters
-
-    fields.map.with_index do |field, index|
-      converters.each do |converter|
-        break if field.nil?
-        field = if converter.arity == 1  # straight field converter
-          converter[field]
-        else                             # FieldInfo converter
-          header = @use_headers && !headers ? @headers[index] : nil
-          converter[field, FieldInfo.new(index, lineno, header)]
-        end
-        break unless field.is_a? String  # short-circuit pipeline for speed
-      end
-      field  # final state of each field, converted or original
-    end
+  def build_header_fields_converter
+    specific_options = {
+      builtin_converters: HeaderConverters,
+      accept_nil: true,
+    }
+    options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
+    build_fields_converter(@initial_header_converters, options)
   end
 
-  #
-  # This method is used to turn a finished +row+ into a CSV::Row.  Header rows
-  # are also dealt with here, either by returning a CSV::Row with identical
-  # headers and fields (save that the fields do not go through the converters)
-  # or by reading past them to return a field row. Headers are also saved in
-  # <tt>@headers</tt> for use in future rows.
-  #
-  # When +nil+, +row+ is assumed to be a header row not based on an actual row
-  # of the stream.
-  #
-  def parse_headers(row = nil)
-    if @headers.nil?                # header row
-      @headers = case @use_headers  # save headers
-                 # Array of headers
-                 when Array then @use_headers
-                 # CSV header String
-                 when String
-                   self.class.parse_line( @use_headers,
-                                          col_sep:    @col_sep,
-                                          row_sep:    @row_sep,
-                                          quote_char: @quote_char )
-                 # first row is headers
-                 else            row
-                 end
-
-      # prepare converted and unconverted copies
-      row      = @headers                       if row.nil?
-      @headers = convert_fields(@headers, true)
-      @headers.each { |h| h.freeze if h.is_a? String }
-
-      if @return_headers                                     # return headers
-        return self.class::Row.new(@headers, row, true)
-      elsif not [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class  # skip to field row
-        return shift
-      end
-    end
+  def writer_fields_converter
+    @writer_fields_converter ||= build_writer_fields_converter
+  end
 
-    self.class::Row.new(@headers, convert_fields(row))  # field row
+  def build_writer_fields_converter
+    build_fields_converter(@initial_write_converters,
+                           @write_fields_converter_options)
   end
 
-  #
-  # This method injects an instance variable <tt>unconverted_fields</tt> into
-  # +row+ and an accessor method for +row+ called unconverted_fields().  The
-  # variable is set to the contents of +fields+.
-  #
-  def add_unconverted_fields(row, fields)
-    class << row
-      attr_reader :unconverted_fields
+  def build_fields_converter(initial_converters, options)
+    fields_converter = FieldsConverter.new(options)
+    normalize_converters(initial_converters).each do |name, converter|
+      fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
     end
-    row.instance_eval { @unconverted_fields = fields }
-    row
+    fields_converter
   end
 
-  #
-  # This method is an encoding safe version of Regexp::escape().  It will escape
-  # any characters that would change the meaning of a regular expression in the
-  # encoding of +str+.  Regular expression characters that cannot be transcoded
-  # to the target encoding will be skipped and no escaping will be performed if
-  # a backslash cannot be transcoded.
-  #
-  def escape_re(str)
-    str.gsub(@re_chars) {|c| @re_esc + c}
+  def parser
+    @parser ||= Parser.new(@io, parser_options)
   end
 
-  #
-  # Builds a regular expression in <tt>@encoding</tt>.  All +chunks+ will be
-  # transcoded to that encoding.
-  #
-  def encode_re(*chunks)
-    Regexp.new(encode_str(*chunks))
+  def parser_options
+    @parser_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
+                          fields_converter: parser_fields_converter)
   end
 
-  #
-  # Builds a String in <tt>@encoding</tt>.  All +chunks+ will be transcoded to
-  # that encoding.
-  #
-  def encode_str(*chunks)
-    chunks.map { |chunk| chunk.encode(@encoding.name) }.join('')
+  def parser_enumerator
+    @parser_enumerator ||= parser.parse
   end
 
-  private
+  def writer
+    @writer ||= Writer.new(@io, writer_options)
+  end
 
-  #
-  # Returns the encoding of the internal IO object or the +default+ if the
-  # encoding cannot be determined.
-  #
-  def raw_encoding(default = Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-    if @io.respond_to? :internal_encoding
-      @io.internal_encoding || @io.external_encoding
-    elsif @io.is_a? StringIO
-      @io.string.encoding
-    elsif @io.respond_to? :encoding
-      @io.encoding
-    else
-      default
-    end
+  def writer_options
+    @writer_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
+                          fields_converter: writer_fields_converter)
   end
 end
 
@@ -2360,22 +2654,6 @@ def CSV(*args, &block)
   CSV.instance(*args, &block)
 end
 
-class Array # :nodoc:
-  # Equivalent to CSV::generate_line(self, options)
-  #
-  #   ["CSV", "data"].to_csv
-  #     #=> "CSV,data\n"
-  def to_csv(options = Hash.new)
-    CSV.generate_line(self, options)
-  end
-end
-
-class String # :nodoc:
-  # Equivalent to CSV::parse_line(self, options)
-  #
-  #   "CSV,data".parse_csv
-  #     #=> ["CSV", "data"]
-  def parse_csv(options = Hash.new)
-    CSV.parse_line(self, options)
-  end
-end
+require_relative "csv/version"
+require_relative "csv/core_ext/array"
+require_relative "csv/core_ext/string"
diff --git a/lib/csv/core_ext/array.rb b/lib/csv/core_ext/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8beb06b082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/core_ext/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class Array # :nodoc:
+  # Equivalent to CSV::generate_line(self, options)
+  #
+  #   ["CSV", "data"].to_csv
+  #     #=> "CSV,data\n"
+  def to_csv(**options)
+    CSV.generate_line(self, **options)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/core_ext/string.rb b/lib/csv/core_ext/string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b1d31c2a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/core_ext/string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class String # :nodoc:
+  # Equivalent to CSV::parse_line(self, options)
+  #
+  #   "CSV,data".parse_csv
+  #     #=> ["CSV", "data"]
+  def parse_csv(**options)
+    CSV.parse_line(self, **options)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/csv.gemspec b/lib/csv/csv.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0284728f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/csv.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/csv/version"
+rescue LoadError
+  # for Ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "csv"
+  spec.version       = CSV::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["James Edward Gray II", "Kouhei Sutou"]
+  spec.email         = [nil, "kou@cozmixng.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = "CSV Reading and Writing"
+  spec.description   = "The CSV library provides a complete interface to CSV files and data. It offers tools to enable you to read and write to and from Strings or IO objects, as needed."
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/csv"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  lib_path = "lib"
+  spec.require_paths = [lib_path]
+  files = []
+  lib_dir = File.join(__dir__, lib_path)
+  if File.exist?(lib_dir)
+    Dir.chdir(lib_dir) do
+      Dir.glob("**/*.rb").each do |file|
+        files << "lib/#{file}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  doc_dir = File.join(__dir__, "doc")
+  if File.exist?(doc_dir)
+    Dir.chdir(doc_dir) do
+      Dir.glob("**/*.rdoc").each do |rdoc_file|
+        files << "doc/#{rdoc_file}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  spec.files = files
+  spec.rdoc_options.concat(["--main", "README.md"])
+  rdoc_files = [
+    "LICENSE.txt",
+    "NEWS.md",
+    "README.md",
+  ]
+  recipes_dir = File.join(doc_dir, "csv", "recipes")
+  if File.exist?(recipes_dir)
+    Dir.chdir(recipes_dir) do
+      Dir.glob("**/*.rdoc").each do |recipe_file|
+        rdoc_files << "doc/csv/recipes/#{recipe_file}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  spec.extra_rdoc_files = rdoc_files
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  # spec.add_dependency "stringio", ">= 0.1.3"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "benchmark_driver"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "simplecov"
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/delete_suffix.rb b/lib/csv/delete_suffix.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d457718997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/delete_suffix.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# This provides String#delete_suffix? for Ruby 2.4.
+unless String.method_defined?(:delete_suffix)
+  class CSV
+    module DeleteSuffix
+      refine String do
+        def delete_suffix(suffix)
+          if end_with?(suffix)
+            self[0...-suffix.size]
+          else
+            self
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/fields_converter.rb b/lib/csv/fields_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..178ffb37bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/fields_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class CSV
+  # Note: Don't use this class directly. This is an internal class.
+  class FieldsConverter
+    include Enumerable
+    #
+    # A CSV::FieldsConverter is a data structure for storing the
+    # fields converter properties to be passed as a parameter
+    # when parsing a new file (e.g. CSV::Parser.new(@io, parser_options))
+    #
+
+    def initialize(options={})
+      @converters = []
+      @nil_value = options[:nil_value]
+      @empty_value = options[:empty_value]
+      @empty_value_is_empty_string = (@empty_value == "")
+      @accept_nil = options[:accept_nil]
+      @builtin_converters = options[:builtin_converters]
+      @need_static_convert = need_static_convert?
+    end
+
+    def add_converter(name=nil, &converter)
+      if name.nil?  # custom converter
+        @converters << converter
+      else          # named converter
+        combo = @builtin_converters[name]
+        case combo
+        when Array  # combo converter
+          combo.each do |sub_name|
+            add_converter(sub_name)
+          end
+        else        # individual named converter
+          @converters << combo
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def each(&block)
+      @converters.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      @converters.empty?
+    end
+
+    def convert(fields, headers, lineno)
+      return fields unless need_convert?
+
+      fields.collect.with_index do |field, index|
+        if field.nil?
+          field = @nil_value
+        elsif field.is_a?(String) and field.empty?
+          field = @empty_value unless @empty_value_is_empty_string
+        end
+        @converters.each do |converter|
+          break if field.nil? and @accept_nil
+          if converter.arity == 1  # straight field converter
+            field = converter[field]
+          else                     # FieldInfo converter
+            if headers
+              header = headers[index]
+            else
+              header = nil
+            end
+            field = converter[field, FieldInfo.new(index, lineno, header)]
+          end
+          break unless field.is_a?(String)  # short-circuit pipeline for speed
+        end
+        field  # final state of each field, converted or original
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+    def need_static_convert?
+      not (@nil_value.nil? and @empty_value_is_empty_string)
+    end
+
+    def need_convert?
+      @need_static_convert or
+        (not @converters.empty?)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/match_p.rb b/lib/csv/match_p.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..775559a3eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/match_p.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# This provides String#match? and Regexp#match? for Ruby 2.3.
+unless String.method_defined?(:match?)
+  class CSV
+    module MatchP
+      refine String do
+        def match?(pattern)
+          self =~ pattern
+        end
+      end
+
+      refine Regexp do
+        def match?(string)
+          self =~ string
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/parser.rb b/lib/csv/parser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2fb3b0a46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/parser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1142 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "strscan"
+
+require_relative "delete_suffix"
+require_relative "match_p"
+require_relative "row"
+require_relative "table"
+
+using CSV::DeleteSuffix if CSV.const_defined?(:DeleteSuffix)
+using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
+
+class CSV
+  # Note: Don't use this class directly. This is an internal class.
+  class Parser
+    #
+    # A CSV::Parser is m17n aware. The parser works in the Encoding of the IO
+    # or String object being read from or written to. Your data is never transcoded
+    # (unless you ask Ruby to transcode it for you) and will literally be parsed in
+    # the Encoding it is in. Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the
+    # Encoding of your data. This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself
+    # into your Encoding.
+    #
+
+    # Raised when encoding is invalid.
+    class InvalidEncoding < StandardError
+    end
+
+    #
+    # CSV::Scanner receives a CSV output, scans it and return the content.
+    # It also controls the life cycle of the object with its methods +keep_start+,
+    # +keep_end+, +keep_back+, +keep_drop+.
+    #
+    # Uses StringScanner (the official strscan gem). Strscan provides lexical
+    # scanning operations on a String. We inherit its object and take advantage
+    # on the methods. For more information, please visit:
+    # https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.6.1/libdoc/strscan/rdoc/StringScanner.html
+    #
+    class Scanner < StringScanner
+      alias_method :scan_all, :scan
+
+      def initialize(*args)
+        super
+        @keeps = []
+      end
+
+      def each_line(row_separator)
+        position = pos
+        rest.each_line(row_separator) do |line|
+          position += line.bytesize
+          self.pos = position
+          yield(line)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def keep_start
+        @keeps.push(pos)
+      end
+
+      def keep_end
+        start = @keeps.pop
+        string.byteslice(start, pos - start)
+      end
+
+      def keep_back
+        self.pos = @keeps.pop
+      end
+
+      def keep_drop
+        @keeps.pop
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # CSV::InputsScanner receives IO inputs, encoding and the chunk_size.
+    # It also controls the life cycle of the object with its methods +keep_start+,
+    # +keep_end+, +keep_back+, +keep_drop+.
+    #
+    # CSV::InputsScanner.scan() tries to match with pattern at the current position.
+    # If there's a match, the scanner advances the “scan pointer” and returns the matched string.
+    # Otherwise, the scanner returns nil.
+    #
+    # CSV::InputsScanner.rest() returns the “rest” of the string (i.e. everything after the scan pointer).
+    # If there is no more data (eos? = true), it returns "".
+    #
+    class InputsScanner
+      def initialize(inputs, encoding, chunk_size: 8192)
+        @inputs = inputs.dup
+        @encoding = encoding
+        @chunk_size = chunk_size
+        @last_scanner = @inputs.empty?
+        @keeps = []
+        read_chunk
+      end
+
+      def each_line(row_separator)
+        buffer = nil
+        input = @scanner.rest
+        position = @scanner.pos
+        offset = 0
+        n_row_separator_chars = row_separator.size
+        while true
+          input.each_line(row_separator) do |line|
+            @scanner.pos += line.bytesize
+            if buffer
+              if n_row_separator_chars == 2 and
+                buffer.end_with?(row_separator[0]) and
+                line.start_with?(row_separator[1])
+                buffer << line[0]
+                line = line[1..-1]
+                position += buffer.bytesize + offset
+                @scanner.pos = position
+                offset = 0
+                yield(buffer)
+                buffer = nil
+                next if line.empty?
+              else
+                buffer << line
+                line = buffer
+                buffer = nil
+              end
+            end
+            if line.end_with?(row_separator)
+              position += line.bytesize + offset
+              @scanner.pos = position
+              offset = 0
+              yield(line)
+            else
+              buffer = line
+            end
+          end
+          break unless read_chunk
+          input = @scanner.rest
+          position = @scanner.pos
+          offset = -buffer.bytesize if buffer
+        end
+        yield(buffer) if buffer
+      end
+
+      def scan(pattern)
+        value = @scanner.scan(pattern)
+        return value if @last_scanner
+
+        if value
+          read_chunk if @scanner.eos?
+          return value
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def scan_all(pattern)
+        value = @scanner.scan(pattern)
+        return value if @last_scanner
+
+        return nil if value.nil?
+        while @scanner.eos? and read_chunk and (sub_value = @scanner.scan(pattern))
+          value << sub_value
+        end
+        value
+      end
+
+      def eos?
+        @scanner.eos?
+      end
+
+      def keep_start
+        @keeps.push([@scanner.pos, nil])
+      end
+
+      def keep_end
+        start, buffer = @keeps.pop
+        keep = @scanner.string.byteslice(start, @scanner.pos - start)
+        if buffer
+          buffer << keep
+          keep = buffer
+        end
+        keep
+      end
+
+      def keep_back
+        start, buffer = @keeps.pop
+        if buffer
+          string = @scanner.string
+          keep = string.byteslice(start, string.bytesize - start)
+          if keep and not keep.empty?
+            @inputs.unshift(StringIO.new(keep))
+            @last_scanner = false
+          end
+          @scanner = StringScanner.new(buffer)
+        else
+          @scanner.pos = start
+        end
+        read_chunk if @scanner.eos?
+      end
+
+      def keep_drop
+        @keeps.pop
+      end
+
+      def rest
+        @scanner.rest
+      end
+
+      private
+      def read_chunk
+        return false if @last_scanner
+
+        unless @keeps.empty?
+          keep = @keeps.last
+          keep_start = keep[0]
+          string = @scanner.string
+          keep_data = string.byteslice(keep_start, @scanner.pos - keep_start)
+          if keep_data
+            keep_buffer = keep[1]
+            if keep_buffer
+              keep_buffer << keep_data
+            else
+              keep[1] = keep_data.dup
+            end
+          end
+          keep[0] = 0
+        end
+
+        input = @inputs.first
+        case input
+        when StringIO
+          string = input.read
+          raise InvalidEncoding unless string.valid_encoding?
+          @scanner = StringScanner.new(string)
+          @inputs.shift
+          @last_scanner = @inputs.empty?
+          true
+        else
+          chunk = input.gets(nil, @chunk_size)
+          if chunk
+            raise InvalidEncoding unless chunk.valid_encoding?
+            @scanner = StringScanner.new(chunk)
+            if input.respond_to?(:eof?) and input.eof?
+              @inputs.shift
+              @last_scanner = @inputs.empty?
+            end
+            true
+          else
+            @scanner = StringScanner.new("".encode(@encoding))
+            @inputs.shift
+            @last_scanner = @inputs.empty?
+            if @last_scanner
+              false
+            else
+              read_chunk
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(input, options)
+      @input = input
+      @options = options
+      @samples = []
+
+      prepare
+    end
+
+    def column_separator
+      @column_separator
+    end
+
+    def row_separator
+      @row_separator
+    end
+
+    def quote_character
+      @quote_character
+    end
+
+    def field_size_limit
+      @field_size_limit
+    end
+
+    def skip_lines
+      @skip_lines
+    end
+
+    def unconverted_fields?
+      @unconverted_fields
+    end
+
+    def headers
+      @headers
+    end
+
+    def header_row?
+      @use_headers and @headers.nil?
+    end
+
+    def return_headers?
+      @return_headers
+    end
+
+    def skip_blanks?
+      @skip_blanks
+    end
+
+    def liberal_parsing?
+      @liberal_parsing
+    end
+
+    def lineno
+      @lineno
+    end
+
+    def line
+      last_line
+    end
+
+    def parse(&block)
+      return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+
+      if @return_headers and @headers and @raw_headers
+        headers = Row.new(@headers, @raw_headers, true)
+        if @unconverted_fields
+          headers = add_unconverted_fields(headers, [])
+        end
+        yield headers
+      end
+
+      begin
+        @scanner ||= build_scanner
+        if quote_character.nil?
+          parse_no_quote(&block)
+        elsif @need_robust_parsing
+          parse_quotable_robust(&block)
+        else
+          parse_quotable_loose(&block)
+        end
+      rescue InvalidEncoding
+        if @scanner
+          ignore_broken_line
+          lineno = @lineno
+        else
+          lineno = @lineno + 1
+        end
+        message = "Invalid byte sequence in #{@encoding}"
+        raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, lineno)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def use_headers?
+      @use_headers
+    end
+
+    private
+    # A set of tasks to prepare the file in order to parse it
+    def prepare
+      prepare_variable
+      prepare_quote_character
+      prepare_backslash
+      prepare_skip_lines
+      prepare_strip
+      prepare_separators
+      prepare_quoted
+      prepare_unquoted
+      prepare_line
+      prepare_header
+      prepare_parser
+    end
+
+    def prepare_variable
+      @need_robust_parsing = false
+      @encoding = @options[:encoding]
+      liberal_parsing = @options[:liberal_parsing]
+      if liberal_parsing
+        @liberal_parsing = true
+        if liberal_parsing.is_a?(Hash)
+          @double_quote_outside_quote =
+            liberal_parsing[:double_quote_outside_quote]
+          @backslash_quote = liberal_parsing[:backslash_quote]
+        else
+          @double_quote_outside_quote = false
+          @backslash_quote = false
+        end
+        @need_robust_parsing = true
+      else
+        @liberal_parsing = false
+        @backslash_quote = false
+      end
+      @unconverted_fields = @options[:unconverted_fields]
+      @field_size_limit = @options[:field_size_limit]
+      @skip_blanks = @options[:skip_blanks]
+      @fields_converter = @options[:fields_converter]
+      @header_fields_converter = @options[:header_fields_converter]
+    end
+
+    def prepare_quote_character
+      @quote_character = @options[:quote_character]
+      if @quote_character.nil?
+        @escaped_quote_character = nil
+        @escaped_quote = nil
+      else
+        @quote_character = @quote_character.to_s.encode(@encoding)
+        if @quote_character.length != 1
+          message = ":quote_char has to be nil or a single character String"
+          raise ArgumentError, message
+        end
+        @double_quote_character = @quote_character * 2
+        @escaped_quote_character = Regexp.escape(@quote_character)
+        @escaped_quote = Regexp.new(@escaped_quote_character)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_backslash
+      return unless @backslash_quote
+
+      @backslash_character = "\\".encode(@encoding)
+
+      @escaped_backslash_character = Regexp.escape(@backslash_character)
+      @escaped_backslash = Regexp.new(@escaped_backslash_character)
+      if @quote_character.nil?
+        @backslash_quote_character = nil
+      else
+        @backslash_quote_character =
+          @backslash_character + @escaped_quote_character
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_skip_lines
+      skip_lines = @options[:skip_lines]
+      case skip_lines
+      when String
+        @skip_lines = skip_lines.encode(@encoding)
+      when Regexp, nil
+        @skip_lines = skip_lines
+      else
+        unless skip_lines.respond_to?(:match)
+          message =
+            ":skip_lines has to respond to \#match: #{skip_lines.inspect}"
+          raise ArgumentError, message
+        end
+        @skip_lines = skip_lines
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_strip
+      @strip = @options[:strip]
+      @escaped_strip = nil
+      @strip_value = nil
+      @rstrip_value = nil
+      if @strip.is_a?(String)
+        case @strip.length
+        when 0
+          raise ArgumentError, ":strip must not be an empty String"
+        when 1
+          # ok
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, ":strip doesn't support 2 or more characters yet"
+        end
+        @strip = @strip.encode(@encoding)
+        @escaped_strip = Regexp.escape(@strip)
+        if @quote_character
+          @strip_value = Regexp.new(@escaped_strip +
+                                    "+".encode(@encoding))
+          @rstrip_value = Regexp.new(@escaped_strip +
+                                     "+\\z".encode(@encoding))
+        end
+        @need_robust_parsing = true
+      elsif @strip
+        strip_values = " \t\f\v"
+        @escaped_strip = strip_values.encode(@encoding)
+        if @quote_character
+          @strip_value = Regexp.new("[#{strip_values}]+".encode(@encoding))
+          @rstrip_value = Regexp.new("[#{strip_values}]+\\z".encode(@encoding))
+        end
+        @need_robust_parsing = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    begin
+      StringScanner.new("x").scan("x")
+    rescue TypeError
+      @@string_scanner_scan_accept_string = false
+    else
+      @@string_scanner_scan_accept_string = true
+    end
+
+    def prepare_separators
+      column_separator = @options[:column_separator]
+      @column_separator = column_separator.to_s.encode(@encoding)
+      if @column_separator.size < 1
+        message = ":col_sep must be 1 or more characters: "
+        message += column_separator.inspect
+        raise ArgumentError, message
+      end
+      @row_separator =
+        resolve_row_separator(@options[:row_separator]).encode(@encoding)
+
+      @escaped_column_separator = Regexp.escape(@column_separator)
+      @escaped_first_column_separator = Regexp.escape(@column_separator[0])
+      if @column_separator.size > 1
+        @column_end = Regexp.new(@escaped_column_separator)
+        @column_ends = @column_separator.each_char.collect do |char|
+          Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(char))
+        end
+        @first_column_separators = Regexp.new(@escaped_first_column_separator +
+                                              "+".encode(@encoding))
+      else
+        if @@string_scanner_scan_accept_string
+          @column_end = @column_separator
+        else
+          @column_end = Regexp.new(@escaped_column_separator)
+        end
+        @column_ends = nil
+        @first_column_separators = nil
+      end
+
+      escaped_row_separator = Regexp.escape(@row_separator)
+      @row_end = Regexp.new(escaped_row_separator)
+      if @row_separator.size > 1
+        @row_ends = @row_separator.each_char.collect do |char|
+          Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(char))
+        end
+      else
+        @row_ends = nil
+      end
+
+      @cr = "\r".encode(@encoding)
+      @lf = "\n".encode(@encoding)
+      @cr_or_lf = Regexp.new("[\r\n]".encode(@encoding))
+      @not_line_end = Regexp.new("[^\r\n]+".encode(@encoding))
+    end
+
+    def prepare_quoted
+      if @quote_character
+        @quotes = Regexp.new(@escaped_quote_character +
+                             "+".encode(@encoding))
+        no_quoted_values = @escaped_quote_character.dup
+        if @backslash_quote
+          no_quoted_values << @escaped_backslash_character
+        end
+        @quoted_value = Regexp.new("[^".encode(@encoding) +
+                                   no_quoted_values +
+                                   "]+".encode(@encoding))
+      end
+      if @escaped_strip
+        @split_column_separator = Regexp.new(@escaped_strip +
+                                             "*".encode(@encoding) +
+                                             @escaped_column_separator +
+                                             @escaped_strip +
+                                             "*".encode(@encoding))
+      else
+        if @column_separator == " ".encode(@encoding)
+          @split_column_separator = Regexp.new(@escaped_column_separator)
+        else
+          @split_column_separator = @column_separator
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_unquoted
+      return if @quote_character.nil?
+
+      no_unquoted_values = "\r\n".encode(@encoding)
+      no_unquoted_values << @escaped_first_column_separator
+      unless @liberal_parsing
+        no_unquoted_values << @escaped_quote_character
+      end
+      @unquoted_value = Regexp.new("[^".encode(@encoding) +
+                                   no_unquoted_values +
+                                   "]+".encode(@encoding))
+    end
+
+    def resolve_row_separator(separator)
+      if separator == :auto
+        cr = "\r".encode(@encoding)
+        lf = "\n".encode(@encoding)
+        if @input.is_a?(StringIO)
+          pos = @input.pos
+          separator = detect_row_separator(@input.read, cr, lf)
+          @input.seek(pos)
+        elsif @input.respond_to?(:gets)
+          if @input.is_a?(File)
+            chunk_size = 32 * 1024
+          else
+            chunk_size = 1024
+          end
+          begin
+            while separator == :auto
+              #
+              # if we run out of data, it's probably a single line
+              # (ensure will set default value)
+              #
+              break unless sample = @input.gets(nil, chunk_size)
+
+              # extend sample if we're unsure of the line ending
+              if sample.end_with?(cr)
+                sample << (@input.gets(nil, 1) || "")
+              end
+
+              @samples << sample
+
+              separator = detect_row_separator(sample, cr, lf)
+            end
+          rescue IOError
+            # do nothing:  ensure will set default
+          end
+        end
+        separator = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR if separator == :auto
+      end
+      separator.to_s.encode(@encoding)
+    end
+
+    def detect_row_separator(sample, cr, lf)
+      lf_index = sample.index(lf)
+      if lf_index
+        cr_index = sample[0, lf_index].index(cr)
+      else
+        cr_index = sample.index(cr)
+      end
+      if cr_index and lf_index
+        if cr_index + 1 == lf_index
+          cr + lf
+        elsif cr_index < lf_index
+          cr
+        else
+          lf
+        end
+      elsif cr_index
+        cr
+      elsif lf_index
+        lf
+      else
+        :auto
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_line
+      @lineno = 0
+      @last_line = nil
+      @scanner = nil
+    end
+
+    def last_line
+      if @scanner
+        @last_line ||= @scanner.keep_end
+      else
+        @last_line
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_header
+      @return_headers = @options[:return_headers]
+
+      headers = @options[:headers]
+      case headers
+      when Array
+        @raw_headers = headers
+        @use_headers = true
+      when String
+        @raw_headers = parse_headers(headers)
+        @use_headers = true
+      when nil, false
+        @raw_headers = nil
+        @use_headers = false
+      else
+        @raw_headers = nil
+        @use_headers = true
+      end
+      if @raw_headers
+        @headers = adjust_headers(@raw_headers)
+      else
+        @headers = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_headers(row)
+      CSV.parse_line(row,
+                     col_sep:    @column_separator,
+                     row_sep:    @row_separator,
+                     quote_char: @quote_character)
+    end
+
+    def adjust_headers(headers)
+      adjusted_headers = @header_fields_converter.convert(headers, nil, @lineno)
+      adjusted_headers.each {|h| h.freeze if h.is_a? String}
+      adjusted_headers
+    end
+
+    def prepare_parser
+      @may_quoted = may_quoted?
+    end
+
+    def may_quoted?
+      return false if @quote_character.nil?
+
+      if @input.is_a?(StringIO)
+        pos = @input.pos
+        sample = @input.read
+        @input.seek(pos)
+      else
+        return false if @samples.empty?
+        sample = @samples.first
+      end
+      sample[0, 128].index(@quote_character)
+    end
+
+    SCANNER_TEST = (ENV["CSV_PARSER_SCANNER_TEST"] == "yes")
+    if SCANNER_TEST
+      class UnoptimizedStringIO
+        def initialize(string)
+          @io = StringIO.new(string, "rb:#{string.encoding}")
+        end
+
+        def gets(*args)
+          @io.gets(*args)
+        end
+
+        def each_line(*args, &block)
+          @io.each_line(*args, &block)
+        end
+
+        def eof?
+          @io.eof?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_scanner
+        inputs = @samples.collect do |sample|
+          UnoptimizedStringIO.new(sample)
+        end
+        if @input.is_a?(StringIO)
+          inputs << UnoptimizedStringIO.new(@input.read)
+        else
+          inputs << @input
+        end
+        chunk_size = ENV["CSV_PARSER_SCANNER_TEST_CHUNK_SIZE"] || "1"
+        InputsScanner.new(inputs,
+                          @encoding,
+                          chunk_size: Integer(chunk_size, 10))
+      end
+    else
+      def build_scanner
+        string = nil
+        if @samples.empty? and @input.is_a?(StringIO)
+          string = @input.read
+        elsif @samples.size == 1 and @input.respond_to?(:eof?) and @input.eof?
+          string = @samples[0]
+        end
+        if string
+          unless string.valid_encoding?
+            index = string.lines(@row_separator).index do |line|
+              !line.valid_encoding?
+            end
+            if index
+              message = "Invalid byte sequence in #{@encoding}"
+              raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, @lineno + index + 1)
+            end
+          end
+          Scanner.new(string)
+        else
+          inputs = @samples.collect do |sample|
+            StringIO.new(sample)
+          end
+          inputs << @input
+          InputsScanner.new(inputs, @encoding)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def skip_needless_lines
+      return unless @skip_lines
+
+      until @scanner.eos?
+        @scanner.keep_start
+        line = @scanner.scan_all(@not_line_end) || "".encode(@encoding)
+        line << @row_separator if parse_row_end
+        if skip_line?(line)
+          @lineno += 1
+          @scanner.keep_drop
+        else
+          @scanner.keep_back
+          return
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def skip_line?(line)
+      line = line.delete_suffix(@row_separator)
+      case @skip_lines
+      when String
+        line.include?(@skip_lines)
+      when Regexp
+        @skip_lines.match?(line)
+      else
+        @skip_lines.match(line)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_no_quote(&block)
+      @scanner.each_line(@row_separator) do |line|
+        next if @skip_lines and skip_line?(line)
+        original_line = line
+        line = line.delete_suffix(@row_separator)
+
+        if line.empty?
+          next if @skip_blanks
+          row = []
+        else
+          line = strip_value(line)
+          row = line.split(@split_column_separator, -1)
+          n_columns = row.size
+          i = 0
+          while i < n_columns
+            row[i] = nil if row[i].empty?
+            i += 1
+          end
+        end
+        @last_line = original_line
+        emit_row(row, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_quotable_loose(&block)
+      @scanner.keep_start
+      @scanner.each_line(@row_separator) do |line|
+        if @skip_lines and skip_line?(line)
+          @scanner.keep_drop
+          @scanner.keep_start
+          next
+        end
+        original_line = line
+        line = line.delete_suffix(@row_separator)
+
+        if line.empty?
+          if @skip_blanks
+            @scanner.keep_drop
+            @scanner.keep_start
+            next
+          end
+          row = []
+        elsif line.include?(@cr) or line.include?(@lf)
+          @scanner.keep_back
+          @need_robust_parsing = true
+          return parse_quotable_robust(&block)
+        else
+          row = line.split(@split_column_separator, -1)
+          n_columns = row.size
+          i = 0
+          while i < n_columns
+            column = row[i]
+            if column.empty?
+              row[i] = nil
+            else
+              n_quotes = column.count(@quote_character)
+              if n_quotes.zero?
+                # no quote
+              elsif n_quotes == 2 and
+                   column.start_with?(@quote_character) and
+                   column.end_with?(@quote_character)
+                row[i] = column[1..-2]
+              else
+                @scanner.keep_back
+                @need_robust_parsing = true
+                return parse_quotable_robust(&block)
+              end
+            end
+            i += 1
+          end
+        end
+        @scanner.keep_drop
+        @scanner.keep_start
+        @last_line = original_line
+        emit_row(row, &block)
+      end
+      @scanner.keep_drop
+    end
+
+    def parse_quotable_robust(&block)
+      row = []
+      skip_needless_lines
+      start_row
+      while true
+        @quoted_column_value = false
+        @unquoted_column_value = false
+        @scanner.scan_all(@strip_value) if @strip_value
+        value = parse_column_value
+        if value
+          @scanner.scan_all(@strip_value) if @strip_value
+          if @field_size_limit and value.size >= @field_size_limit
+            ignore_broken_line
+            raise MalformedCSVError.new("Field size exceeded", @lineno)
+          end
+        end
+        if parse_column_end
+          row << value
+        elsif parse_row_end
+          if row.empty? and value.nil?
+            emit_row([], &block) unless @skip_blanks
+          else
+            row << value
+            emit_row(row, &block)
+            row = []
+          end
+          skip_needless_lines
+          start_row
+        elsif @scanner.eos?
+          break if row.empty? and value.nil?
+          row << value
+          emit_row(row, &block)
+          break
+        else
+          if @quoted_column_value
+            ignore_broken_line
+            message = "Any value after quoted field isn't allowed"
+            raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, @lineno)
+          elsif @unquoted_column_value and
+                (new_line = @scanner.scan(@cr_or_lf))
+            ignore_broken_line
+            message = "Unquoted fields do not allow new line " +
+                      "<#{new_line.inspect}>"
+            raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, @lineno)
+          elsif @scanner.rest.start_with?(@quote_character)
+            ignore_broken_line
+            message = "Illegal quoting"
+            raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, @lineno)
+          elsif (new_line = @scanner.scan(@cr_or_lf))
+            ignore_broken_line
+            message = "New line must be <#{@row_separator.inspect}> " +
+                      "not <#{new_line.inspect}>"
+            raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, @lineno)
+          else
+            ignore_broken_line
+            raise MalformedCSVError.new("TODO: Meaningful message",
+                                        @lineno)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_column_value
+      if @liberal_parsing
+        quoted_value = parse_quoted_column_value
+        if quoted_value
+          @scanner.scan_all(@strip_value) if @strip_value
+          unquoted_value = parse_unquoted_column_value
+          if unquoted_value
+            if @double_quote_outside_quote
+              unquoted_value = unquoted_value.gsub(@quote_character * 2,
+                                                   @quote_character)
+              if quoted_value.empty? # %Q{""...} case
+                return @quote_character + unquoted_value
+              end
+            end
+            @quote_character + quoted_value + @quote_character + unquoted_value
+          else
+            quoted_value
+          end
+        else
+          parse_unquoted_column_value
+        end
+      elsif @may_quoted
+        parse_quoted_column_value ||
+          parse_unquoted_column_value
+      else
+        parse_unquoted_column_value ||
+          parse_quoted_column_value
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_unquoted_column_value
+      value = @scanner.scan_all(@unquoted_value)
+      return nil unless value
+
+      @unquoted_column_value = true
+      if @first_column_separators
+        while true
+          @scanner.keep_start
+          is_column_end = @column_ends.all? do |column_end|
+            @scanner.scan(column_end)
+          end
+          @scanner.keep_back
+          break if is_column_end
+          sub_separator = @scanner.scan_all(@first_column_separators)
+          break if sub_separator.nil?
+          value << sub_separator
+          sub_value = @scanner.scan_all(@unquoted_value)
+          break if sub_value.nil?
+          value << sub_value
+        end
+      end
+      value.gsub!(@backslash_quote_character, @quote_character) if @backslash_quote
+      if @rstrip_value
+        value.gsub!(@rstrip_value, "")
+      end
+      value
+    end
+
+    def parse_quoted_column_value
+      quotes = @scanner.scan_all(@quotes)
+      return nil unless quotes
+
+      @quoted_column_value = true
+      n_quotes = quotes.size
+      if (n_quotes % 2).zero?
+        quotes[0, (n_quotes - 2) / 2]
+      else
+        value = quotes[0, (n_quotes - 1) / 2]
+        while true
+          quoted_value = @scanner.scan_all(@quoted_value)
+          value << quoted_value if quoted_value
+          if @backslash_quote
+            if @scanner.scan(@escaped_backslash)
+              if @scanner.scan(@escaped_quote)
+                value << @quote_character
+              else
+                value << @backslash_character
+              end
+              next
+            end
+          end
+
+          quotes = @scanner.scan_all(@quotes)
+          unless quotes
+            ignore_broken_line
+            message = "Unclosed quoted field"
+            raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, @lineno)
+          end
+          n_quotes = quotes.size
+          if n_quotes == 1
+            break
+          elsif (n_quotes % 2) == 1
+            value << quotes[0, (n_quotes - 1) / 2]
+            break
+          else
+            value << quotes[0, n_quotes / 2]
+          end
+        end
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_column_end
+      return true if @scanner.scan(@column_end)
+      return false unless @column_ends
+
+      @scanner.keep_start
+      if @column_ends.all? {|column_end| @scanner.scan(column_end)}
+        @scanner.keep_drop
+        true
+      else
+        @scanner.keep_back
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_row_end
+      return true if @scanner.scan(@row_end)
+      return false unless @row_ends
+      @scanner.keep_start
+      if @row_ends.all? {|row_end| @scanner.scan(row_end)}
+        @scanner.keep_drop
+        true
+      else
+        @scanner.keep_back
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def strip_value(value)
+      return value unless @strip
+      return nil if value.nil?
+
+      case @strip
+      when String
+        size = value.size
+        while value.start_with?(@strip)
+          size -= 1
+          value = value[1, size]
+        end
+        while value.end_with?(@strip)
+          size -= 1
+          value = value[0, size]
+        end
+      else
+        value.strip!
+      end
+      value
+    end
+
+    def ignore_broken_line
+      @scanner.scan_all(@not_line_end)
+      @scanner.scan_all(@cr_or_lf)
+      @lineno += 1
+    end
+
+    def start_row
+      if @last_line
+        @last_line = nil
+      else
+        @scanner.keep_drop
+      end
+      @scanner.keep_start
+    end
+
+    def emit_row(row, &block)
+      @lineno += 1
+
+      raw_row = row
+      if @use_headers
+        if @headers.nil?
+          @headers = adjust_headers(row)
+          return unless @return_headers
+          row = Row.new(@headers, row, true)
+        else
+          row = Row.new(@headers,
+                        @fields_converter.convert(raw_row, @headers, @lineno))
+        end
+      else
+        # convert fields, if needed...
+        row = @fields_converter.convert(raw_row, nil, @lineno)
+      end
+
+      # inject unconverted fields and accessor, if requested...
+      if @unconverted_fields and not row.respond_to?(:unconverted_fields)
+        add_unconverted_fields(row, raw_row)
+      end
+
+      yield(row)
+    end
+
+    # This method injects an instance variable <tt>unconverted_fields</tt> into
+    # +row+ and an accessor method for +row+ called unconverted_fields().  The
+    # variable is set to the contents of +fields+.
+    def add_unconverted_fields(row, fields)
+      class << row
+        attr_reader :unconverted_fields
+      end
+      row.instance_variable_set(:@unconverted_fields, fields)
+      row
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/row.rb b/lib/csv/row.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f465ea2a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/row.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "forwardable"
+
+class CSV
+  #
+  # A CSV::Row is part Array and part Hash. It retains an order for the fields
+  # and allows duplicates just as an Array would, but also allows you to access
+  # fields by name just as you could if they were in a Hash.
+  #
+  # All rows returned by CSV will be constructed from this class, if header row
+  # processing is activated.
+  #
+  class Row
+    #
+    # Constructs a new CSV::Row from +headers+ and +fields+, which are expected
+    # to be Arrays. If one Array is shorter than the other, it will be padded
+    # with +nil+ objects.
+    #
+    # The optional +header_row+ parameter can be set to +true+ to indicate, via
+    # CSV::Row.header_row?() and CSV::Row.field_row?(), that this is a header
+    # row. Otherwise, the row assumes to be a field row.
+    #
+    # A CSV::Row object supports the following Array methods through delegation:
+    #
+    # * empty?()
+    # * length()
+    # * size()
+    #
+    def initialize(headers, fields, header_row = false)
+      @header_row = header_row
+      headers.each { |h| h.freeze if h.is_a? String }
+
+      # handle extra headers or fields
+      @row = if headers.size >= fields.size
+        headers.zip(fields)
+      else
+        fields.zip(headers).each(&:reverse!)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Internal data format used to compare equality.
+    attr_reader :row
+    protected   :row
+
+    ### Array Delegation ###
+
+    extend Forwardable
+    def_delegators :@row, :empty?, :length, :size
+
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      super_return_value = super
+      @row = @row.collect(&:dup)
+      super_return_value
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.header_row? -> true or false
+    #
+    # Returns +true+ if this is a header row, +false+ otherwise.
+    def header_row?
+      @header_row
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.field_row? -> true or false
+    #
+    # Returns +true+ if this is a field row, +false+ otherwise.
+    def field_row?
+      not header_row?
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    row.headers
+    #
+    # Returns the headers for this row:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table.first
+    #   row.headers # => ["Name", "Value"]
+    def headers
+      @row.map(&:first)
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   field(index)
+    #   field(header)
+    #   field(header, offset)
+    #
+    # Returns the field value for the given +index+ or +header+.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Fetch field value by \Integer index:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.field(0) # => "foo"
+    #   row.field(1) # => "bar"
+    #
+    # Counts backward from the last column if +index+ is negative:
+    #   row.field(-1) # => "0"
+    #   row.field(-2) # => "foo"
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if +index+ is out of range:
+    #   row.field(2) # => nil
+    #   row.field(-3) # => nil
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Fetch field value by header (first found):
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.field('Name') # => "Foo"
+    #
+    # Fetch field value by header, ignoring +offset+ leading fields:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.field('Name', 2) # => "Baz"
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the header does not exist.
+    def field(header_or_index, minimum_index = 0)
+      # locate the pair
+      finder = (header_or_index.is_a?(Integer) || header_or_index.is_a?(Range)) ? :[] : :assoc
+      pair   = @row[minimum_index..-1].public_send(finder, header_or_index)
+
+      # return the field if we have a pair
+      if pair.nil?
+        nil
+      else
+        header_or_index.is_a?(Range) ? pair.map(&:last) : pair.last
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :[], :field
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   fetch(header)
+    #   fetch(header, default)
+    #   fetch(header) {|row| ... }
+    #
+    # Returns the field value as specified by +header+.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With the single argument +header+, returns the field value
+    # for that header (first found):
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.fetch('Name') # => "Foo"
+    #
+    # Raises exception +KeyError+ if the header does not exist.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With arguments +header+ and +default+ given,
+    # returns the field value for the header (first found)
+    # if the header exists, otherwise returns +default+:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.fetch('Name', '') # => "Foo"
+    #   row.fetch(:nosuch, '') # => ""
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With argument +header+ and a block given,
+    # returns the field value for the header (first found)
+    # if the header exists; otherwise calls the block
+    # and returns its return value:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.fetch('Name') {|header| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => "Foo"
+    #   row.fetch(:nosuch) {|header| "Header '#{header} not found'" } # => "Header 'nosuch not found'"
+    def fetch(header, *varargs)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Too many arguments" if varargs.length > 1
+      pair = @row.assoc(header)
+      if pair
+        pair.last
+      else
+        if block_given?
+          yield header
+        elsif varargs.empty?
+          raise KeyError, "key not found: #{header}"
+        else
+          varargs.first
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.has_key?(header)
+    #
+    # Returns +true+ if there is a field with the given +header+,
+    # +false+ otherwise.
+    def has_key?(header)
+      !!@row.assoc(header)
+    end
+    alias_method :include?, :has_key?
+    alias_method :key?,     :has_key?
+    alias_method :member?,  :has_key?
+    alias_method :header?,  :has_key?
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row[index] = value -> value
+    #   row[header, offset] = value -> value
+    #   row[header] = value -> value
+    #
+    # Assigns the field value for the given +index+ or +header+;
+    # returns +value+.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Assign field value by \Integer index:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row[0] = 'Bat'
+    #   row[1] = 3
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bat" "Value":3>
+    #
+    # Counts backward from the last column if +index+ is negative:
+    #   row[-1] = 4
+    #   row[-2] = 'Bam'
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bam" "Value":4>
+    #
+    # Extends the row with <tt>nil:nil</tt> if positive +index+ is not in the row:
+    #   row[4] = 5
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bad" "Value":4 nil:nil nil:nil nil:5>
+    #
+    # Raises IndexError if negative +index+ is too small (too far from zero).
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Assign field value by header (first found):
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row['Name'] = 'Bat'
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bat" "Name":"Bar" "Name":"Baz">
+    #
+    # Assign field value by header, ignoring +offset+ leading fields:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row['Name', 2] = 4
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Foo" "Name":"Bar" "Name":4>
+    #
+    # Append new field by (new) header:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row['New'] = 6
+    #   row# => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0" "New":6>
+    def []=(*args)
+      value = args.pop
+
+      if args.first.is_a? Integer
+        if @row[args.first].nil?  # extending past the end with index
+          @row[args.first] = [nil, value]
+          @row.map! { |pair| pair.nil? ? [nil, nil] : pair }
+        else                      # normal index assignment
+          @row[args.first][1] = value
+        end
+      else
+        index = index(*args)
+        if index.nil?             # appending a field
+          self << [args.first, value]
+        else                      # normal header assignment
+          @row[index][1] = value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row << [header, value] -> self
+    #   row << hash -> self
+    #   row << value -> self
+    #
+    # Adds a field to +self+; returns +self+:
+    #
+    # If the argument is a 2-element \Array <tt>[header, value]</tt>,
+    # a field is added with the given +header+ and +value+:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row << ['NAME', 'Bat']
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Foo" "Name":"Bar" "Name":"Baz" "NAME":"Bat">
+    #
+    # If the argument is a \Hash, each <tt>key-value</tt> pair is added
+    # as a field with header +key+ and value +value+.
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row << {NAME: 'Bat', name: 'Bam'}
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Foo" "Name":"Bar" "Name":"Baz" NAME:"Bat" name:"Bam">
+    #
+    # Otherwise, the given +value+ is added as a field with no header.
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row << 'Bag'
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Foo" "Name":"Bar" "Name":"Baz" nil:"Bag">
+    def <<(arg)
+      if arg.is_a?(Array) and arg.size == 2  # appending a header and name
+        @row << arg
+      elsif arg.is_a?(Hash)                  # append header and name pairs
+        arg.each { |pair| @row << pair }
+      else                                   # append field value
+        @row << [nil, arg]
+      end
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.push(*values) ->self
+    #
+    # Appends each of the given +values+ to +self+ as a field; returns +self+:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.push('Bat', 'Bam')
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Foo" "Name":"Bar" "Name":"Baz" nil:"Bat" nil:"Bam">
+    def push(*args)
+      args.each { |arg| self << arg }
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   delete(index) -> [header, value] or nil
+    #   delete(header) -> [header, value] or empty_array
+    #   delete(header, offset) -> [header, value] or empty_array
+    #
+    # Removes a specified field from +self+; returns the 2-element \Array
+    # <tt>[header, value]</tt> if the field exists.
+    #
+    # If an \Integer argument +index+ is given,
+    # removes and returns the field at offset +index+,
+    # or returns +nil+ if the field does not exist:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.delete(1) # => ["Name", "Bar"]
+    #   row.delete(50) # => nil
+    #
+    # Otherwise, if the single argument +header+ is given,
+    # removes and returns the first-found field with the given header,
+    # of returns a new empty \Array if the field does not exist:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.delete('Name') # => ["Name", "Foo"]
+    #   row.delete('NAME') # => []
+    #
+    # If argument +header+ and \Integer argument +offset+ are given,
+    # removes and returns the first-found field with the given header
+    # whose +index+ is at least as large as +offset+:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.delete('Name', 1) # => ["Name", "Bar"]
+    #   row.delete('NAME', 1) # => []
+    def delete(header_or_index, minimum_index = 0)
+      if header_or_index.is_a? Integer                 # by index
+        @row.delete_at(header_or_index)
+      elsif i = index(header_or_index, minimum_index)  # by header
+        @row.delete_at(i)
+      else
+        [ ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.delete_if {|header, value| ... } -> self
+    #
+    # Removes fields from +self+ as selected by the block; returns +self+.
+    #
+    # Removes each field for which the block returns a truthy value:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.delete_if {|header, value| value.start_with?('B') } # => true
+    #   row # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Foo">
+    #   row.delete_if {|header, value| header.start_with?('B') } # => false
+    #
+    # If no block is given, returns a new Enumerator:
+    #   row.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: #<CSV::Row "Name":"Foo">:delete_if>
+    def delete_if(&block)
+      return enum_for(__method__) { size } unless block_given?
+
+      @row.delete_if(&block)
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   self.fields(*specifiers)
+    #
+    # Returns field values per the given +specifiers+, which may be any mixture of:
+    # - \Integer index.
+    # - \Range of \Integer indexes.
+    # - 2-element \Array containing a header and offset.
+    # - Header.
+    # - \Range of headers.
+    #
+    # For +specifier+ in one of the first four cases above,
+    # returns the result of <tt>self.field(specifier)</tt>;  see #field.
+    #
+    # Although there may be any number of +specifiers+,
+    # the examples here will illustrate one at a time.
+    #
+    # When the specifier is an \Integer +index+,
+    # returns <tt>self.field(index)</tt>L
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.fields(1) # => ["Bar"]
+    #
+    # When the specifier is a \Range of \Integers +range+,
+    # returns <tt>self.field(range)</tt>:
+    #   row.fields(1..2) # => ["Bar", "Baz"]
+    #
+    # When the specifier is a 2-element \Array +array+,
+    # returns <tt>self.field(array)</tt>L
+    #   row.fields('Name', 1) # => ["Foo", "Bar"]
+    #
+    # When the specifier is a header +header+,
+    # returns <tt>self.field(header)</tt>L
+    #   row.fields('Name') # => ["Foo"]
+    #
+    # When the specifier is a \Range of headers +range+,
+    # forms a new \Range +new_range+ from the indexes of
+    # <tt>range.start</tt> and <tt>range.end</tt>,
+    # and returns <tt>self.field(new_range)</tt>:
+    #   source = "Name,NAME,name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.fields('Name'..'NAME') # => ["Foo", "Bar"]
+    #
+    # Returns all fields if no argument given:
+    #   row.fields # => ["Foo", "Bar", "Baz"]
+    def fields(*headers_and_or_indices)
+      if headers_and_or_indices.empty?  # return all fields--no arguments
+        @row.map(&:last)
+      else                              # or work like values_at()
+        all = []
+        headers_and_or_indices.each do |h_or_i|
+          if h_or_i.is_a? Range
+            index_begin = h_or_i.begin.is_a?(Integer) ? h_or_i.begin :
+                                                        index(h_or_i.begin)
+            index_end   = h_or_i.end.is_a?(Integer)   ? h_or_i.end :
+                                                        index(h_or_i.end)
+            new_range   = h_or_i.exclude_end? ? (index_begin...index_end) :
+                                                (index_begin..index_end)
+            all.concat(fields.values_at(new_range))
+          else
+            all << field(*Array(h_or_i))
+          end
+        end
+        return all
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :values_at, :fields
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   index( header )
+    #   index( header, offset )
+    #
+    # This method will return the index of a field with the provided +header+.
+    # The +offset+ can be used to locate duplicate header names, as described in
+    # CSV::Row.field().
+    #
+    def index(header, minimum_index = 0)
+      # find the pair
+      index = headers[minimum_index..-1].index(header)
+      # return the index at the right offset, if we found one
+      index.nil? ? nil : index + minimum_index
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns +true+ if +data+ matches a field in this row, and +false+
+    # otherwise.
+    #
+    def field?(data)
+      fields.include? data
+    end
+
+    include Enumerable
+
+    #
+    # Yields each pair of the row as header and field tuples (much like
+    # iterating over a Hash). This method returns the row for chaining.
+    #
+    # If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned.
+    #
+    # Support for Enumerable.
+    #
+    def each(&block)
+      return enum_for(__method__) { size } unless block_given?
+
+      @row.each(&block)
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    alias_method :each_pair, :each
+
+    #
+    # Returns +true+ if this row contains the same headers and fields in the
+    # same order as +other+.
+    #
+    def ==(other)
+      return @row == other.row if other.is_a? CSV::Row
+      @row == other
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.to_h -> hash
+    #
+    # Returns the new \Hash formed by adding each header-value pair in +self+
+    # as a key-value pair in the \Hash.
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.to_h # => {"Name"=>"foo", "Value"=>"0"}
+    #
+    # Header order is preserved, but repeated headers are ignored:
+    #   source = "Name,Name,Name\nFoo,Bar,Baz\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.to_h # => {"Name"=>"Foo"}
+    def to_h
+      hash = {}
+      each do |key, _value|
+        hash[key] = self[key] unless hash.key?(key)
+      end
+      hash
+    end
+    alias_method :to_hash, :to_h
+
+    alias_method :to_ary, :to_a
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.to_csv -> csv_string
+    #
+    # Returns the row as a \CSV String. Headers are not included:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.to_csv # => "foo,0\n"
+    def to_csv(**options)
+      fields.to_csv(**options)
+    end
+    alias_method :to_s, :to_csv
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.dig(index_or_header, *identifiers) -> object
+    #
+    # Finds and returns the object in nested object that is specified
+    # by +index_or_header+ and +specifiers+.
+    #
+    # The nested objects may be instances of various classes.
+    # See {Dig Methods}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/doc/dig_methods_rdoc.html].
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.dig(1) # => "0"
+    #   row.dig('Value') # => "0"
+    #   row.dig(5) # => nil
+    def dig(index_or_header, *indexes)
+      value = field(index_or_header)
+      if value.nil?
+        nil
+      elsif indexes.empty?
+        value
+      else
+        unless value.respond_to?(:dig)
+          raise TypeError, "#{value.class} does not have \#dig method"
+        end
+        value.dig(*indexes)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   row.inspect -> string
+    #
+    # Returns an ASCII-compatible \String showing:
+    # - Class \CSV::Row.
+    # - Header-value pairs.
+    # Example:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   row = table[0]
+    #   row.inspect # => "#<CSV::Row \"Name\":\"foo\" \"Value\":\"0\">"
+    def inspect
+      str = ["#<", self.class.to_s]
+      each do |header, field|
+        str << " " << (header.is_a?(Symbol) ? header.to_s : header.inspect) <<
+               ":" << field.inspect
+      end
+      str << ">"
+      begin
+        str.join('')
+      rescue  # any encoding error
+        str.map do |s|
+          e = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(s.encoding)
+          e ? s.encode(e) : s.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+        end.join('')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/table.rb b/lib/csv/table.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ce0dd6daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/table.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "forwardable"
+
+class CSV
+  #
+  # A CSV::Table is a two-dimensional data structure for representing CSV
+  # documents. Tables allow you to work with the data by row or column,
+  # manipulate the data, and even convert the results back to CSV, if needed.
+  #
+  # All tables returned by CSV will be constructed from this class, if header
+  # row processing is activated.
+  #
+  class Table
+    #
+    # Constructs a new CSV::Table from +array_of_rows+, which are expected
+    # to be CSV::Row objects. All rows are assumed to have the same headers.
+    #
+    # The optional +headers+ parameter can be set to Array of headers.
+    # If headers aren't set, headers are fetched from CSV::Row objects.
+    # Otherwise, headers() method will return headers being set in
+    # headers argument.
+    #
+    # A CSV::Table object supports the following Array methods through
+    # delegation:
+    #
+    # * empty?()
+    # * length()
+    # * size()
+    #
+    def initialize(array_of_rows, headers: nil)
+      @table = array_of_rows
+      @headers = headers
+      unless @headers
+        if @table.empty?
+          @headers = []
+        else
+          @headers = @table.first.headers
+        end
+      end
+
+      @mode  = :col_or_row
+    end
+
+    # The current access mode for indexing and iteration.
+    attr_reader :mode
+
+    # Internal data format used to compare equality.
+    attr_reader :table
+    protected   :table
+
+    ### Array Delegation ###
+
+    extend Forwardable
+    def_delegators :@table, :empty?, :length, :size
+
+    #
+    # Returns a duplicate table object, in column mode. This is handy for
+    # chaining in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware
+    # that this method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    #
+    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining. Don't chain
+    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
+    # with a duplicate.
+    #
+    def by_col
+      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_col!
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switches the mode of this table to column mode. All calls to indexing and
+    # iteration methods will work with columns until the mode is changed again.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    #
+    def by_col!
+      @mode = :col
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns a duplicate table object, in mixed mode. This is handy for
+    # chaining in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware
+    # that this method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    #
+    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
+    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
+    # with a duplicate.
+    #
+    def by_col_or_row
+      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_col_or_row!
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switches the mode of this table to mixed mode. All calls to indexing and
+    # iteration methods will use the default intelligent indexing system until
+    # the mode is changed again. In mixed mode an index is assumed to be a row
+    # reference while anything else is assumed to be column access by headers.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    #
+    def by_col_or_row!
+      @mode = :col_or_row
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns a duplicate table object, in row mode.  This is handy for chaining
+    # in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware that this
+    # method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    #
+    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
+    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
+    # with a duplicate.
+    #
+    def by_row
+      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_row!
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switches the mode of this table to row mode. All calls to indexing and
+    # iteration methods will work with rows until the mode is changed again.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    #
+    def by_row!
+      @mode = :row
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the headers for the first row of this table (assumed to match all
+    # other rows). The headers Array passed to CSV::Table.new is returned for
+    # empty tables.
+    #
+    def headers
+      if @table.empty?
+        @headers.dup
+      else
+        @table.first.headers
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   table[n] -> row
+    #   table[range] -> array_of_rows
+    #   table[header] -> array_of_fields
+    #
+    # Returns data from the table;  does not modify the table.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # The expression <tt>table[n]</tt>, where +n+ is a non-negative \Integer,
+    # returns the +n+th row of the table, if that row exists,
+    # and if the access mode is <tt>:row</tt> or <tt>:col_or_row</tt>:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.by_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:row row_count:4>
+    #   table[1] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   table.by_col_or_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #   table[1] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #
+    # Counts backward from the last row if +n+ is negative:
+    #   table[-1] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if +n+ is too large or too small:
+    #   table[4] # => nil
+    #   table[-4] => nil
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if the access mode is <tt>:row</tt>
+    # and +n+ is not an
+    # {Integer-convertible object}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/implicit_conversion_rdoc.html#label-Integer-Convertible+Objects].
+    #   table.by_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:row row_count:4>
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of String into Integer):
+    #   table['Name']
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # The expression <tt>table[range]</tt>, where +range+ is a Range object,
+    # returns rows from the table, beginning at row <tt>range.first</tt>,
+    # if those rows exist, and if the access mode is <tt>:row</tt> or <tt>:col_or_row</tt>:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.by_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:row row_count:4>
+    #   rows = table[1..2] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   rows # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">]
+    #   table.by_col_or_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #   rows = table[1..2] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   rows # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">]
+    #
+    # If there are too few rows, returns all from <tt>range.first</tt> to the end:
+    #   rows = table[1..50] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   rows # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">]
+    #
+    # Special case:  if <tt>range.start == table.size</tt>, returns an empty \Array:
+    #   table[table.size..50] # => []
+    #
+    # If <tt>range.end</tt> is negative, calculates the ending index from the end:
+    #   rows = table[0..-1]
+    #   rows # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">]
+    #
+    # If <tt>range.start</tt> is negative, calculates the starting index from the end:
+    #   rows = table[-1..2]
+    #   rows # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">]
+    #
+    # If <tt>range.start</tt> is larger than <tt>table.size</tt>, returns +nil+:
+    #   table[4..4] # => nil
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # The expression <tt>table[header]</tt>, where +header+ is a \String,
+    # returns column values (\Array of \Strings) if the column exists
+    # and if the access mode is <tt>:col</tt> or <tt>:col_or_row</tt>:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.by_col! # => #<CSV::Table mode:col row_count:4>
+    #   table['Name'] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+    #   table.by_col_or_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #   col = table['Name']
+    #   col # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+    #
+    # Modifying the returned column values does not modify the table:
+    #   col[0] = 'bat'
+    #   col # => ["bat", "bar", "baz"]
+    #   table['Name'] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+    #
+    # Returns an \Array of +nil+ values if there is no such column:
+    #   table['Nosuch'] # => [nil, nil, nil]
+    def [](index_or_header)
+      if @mode == :row or  # by index
+         (@mode == :col_or_row and (index_or_header.is_a?(Integer) or index_or_header.is_a?(Range)))
+        @table[index_or_header]
+      else                 # by header
+        @table.map { |row| row[index_or_header] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # In the default mixed mode, this method assigns rows for index access and
+    # columns for header access. You can force the index association by first
+    # calling by_col!() or by_row!().
+    #
+    # Rows may be set to an Array of values (which will inherit the table's
+    # headers()) or a CSV::Row.
+    #
+    # Columns may be set to a single value, which is copied to each row of the
+    # column, or an Array of values. Arrays of values are assigned to rows top
+    # to bottom in row major order. Excess values are ignored and if the Array
+    # does not have a value for each row the extra rows will receive a +nil+.
+    #
+    # Assigning to an existing column or row clobbers the data. Assigning to
+    # new columns creates them at the right end of the table.
+    #
+    def []=(index_or_header, value)
+      if @mode == :row or  # by index
+         (@mode == :col_or_row and index_or_header.is_a? Integer)
+        if value.is_a? Array
+          @table[index_or_header] = Row.new(headers, value)
+        else
+          @table[index_or_header] = value
+        end
+      else                 # set column
+        unless index_or_header.is_a? Integer
+          index = @headers.index(index_or_header) || @headers.size
+          @headers[index] = index_or_header
+        end
+        if value.is_a? Array  # multiple values
+          @table.each_with_index do |row, i|
+            if row.header_row?
+              row[index_or_header] = index_or_header
+            else
+              row[index_or_header] = value[i]
+            end
+          end
+        else                  # repeated value
+          @table.each do |row|
+            if row.header_row?
+              row[index_or_header] = index_or_header
+            else
+              row[index_or_header] = value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   table.values_at(*indexes) -> array_of_rows
+    #   table.values_at(*headers) -> array_of_columns_data
+    #
+    # If the access mode is <tt>:row</tt> or <tt>:col_or_row</tt>,
+    # and each argument is either an \Integer or a \Range,
+    # returns rows.
+    # Otherwise, returns columns data.
+    #
+    # In either case, the returned values are in the order
+    # specified by the arguments.  Arguments may be repeated.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Returns rows as an \Array of \CSV::Row objects.
+    #
+    # No argument:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.values_at # => []
+    #
+    # One index:
+    #   values = table.values_at(0)
+    #   values # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">]
+    #
+    # Two indexes:
+    #   values = table.values_at(2, 0)
+    #   values # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">]
+    #
+    # One \Range:
+    #   values = table.values_at(1..2)
+    #   values # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">]
+    #
+    # \Ranges and indexes:
+    #   values = table.values_at(0..1, 1..2, 0, 2)
+    #   pp values
+    # Output:
+    #   [#<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">,
+    #    #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">,
+    #    #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">,
+    #    #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">,
+    #    #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">,
+    #    #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">]
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Returns columns data as row Arrays,
+    # each consisting of the specified columns data for that row:
+    #   values = table.values_at('Name')
+    #   values # => [["foo"], ["bar"], ["baz"]]
+    #   values = table.values_at('Value', 'Name')
+    #   values # => [["0", "foo"], ["1", "bar"], ["2", "baz"]]
+    def values_at(*indices_or_headers)
+      if @mode == :row or  # by indices
+         ( @mode == :col_or_row and indices_or_headers.all? do |index|
+                                      index.is_a?(Integer)         or
+                                      ( index.is_a?(Range)         and
+                                        index.first.is_a?(Integer) and
+                                        index.last.is_a?(Integer) )
+                                    end )
+        @table.values_at(*indices_or_headers)
+      else                 # by headers
+        @table.map { |row| row.values_at(*indices_or_headers) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   table << row_or_array -> self
+    #
+    # If +row_or_array+ is a \CSV::Row object,
+    # it is appended to the table:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table << CSV::Row.new(table.headers, ['bat', 3])
+    #   table[3] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bat" "Value":3>
+    #
+    # If +row_or_array+ is an \Array, it is used to create a new
+    # \CSV::Row object which is then appended to the table:
+    #   table << ['bam', 4]
+    #   table[4] # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bam" "Value":4>
+    def <<(row_or_array)
+      if row_or_array.is_a? Array  # append Array
+        @table << Row.new(headers, row_or_array)
+      else                         # append Row
+        @table << row_or_array
+      end
+
+      self # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   table.push(*rows_or_arrays) -> self
+    #
+    # A shortcut for appending multiple rows. Equivalent to:
+    #   rows.each {|row| self << row }
+    #
+    # Each argument may be either a \CSV::Row object or an \Array:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   rows = [
+    #     CSV::Row.new(table.headers, ['bat', 3]),
+    #     ['bam', 4]
+    #   ]
+    #   table.push(*rows)
+    #   table[3..4] # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"bat" "Value":3>, #<CSV::Row "Name":"bam" "Value":4>]
+    def push(*rows)
+      rows.each { |row| self << row }
+
+      self # for chaining
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   table.delete(*indexes) -> deleted_values
+    #   table.delete(*headers) -> deleted_values
+    #
+    # If the access mode is <tt>:row</tt> or <tt>:col_or_row</tt>,
+    # and each argument is either an \Integer or a \Range,
+    # returns deleted rows.
+    # Otherwise, returns deleted columns data.
+    #
+    # In either case, the returned values are in the order
+    # specified by the arguments.  Arguments may be repeated.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Returns rows as an \Array of \CSV::Row objects.
+    #
+    # One index:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   deleted_values = table.delete(0)
+    #   deleted_values # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">]
+    #
+    # Two indexes:
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   deleted_values = table.delete(2, 0)
+    #   deleted_values # => [#<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">, #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">]
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Returns columns data as column Arrays.
+    #
+    # One header:
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   deleted_values = table.delete('Name')
+    #   deleted_values # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+    #
+    # Two headers:
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   deleted_values = table.delete('Value', 'Name')
+    #   deleted_values # => [["0", "1", "2"], ["foo", "bar", "baz"]]
+    def delete(*indexes_or_headers)
+      if indexes_or_headers.empty?
+        raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given 0, expected 1+)"
+      end
+      deleted_values = indexes_or_headers.map do |index_or_header|
+        if @mode == :row or  # by index
+            (@mode == :col_or_row and index_or_header.is_a? Integer)
+          @table.delete_at(index_or_header)
+        else                 # by header
+          if index_or_header.is_a? Integer
+            @headers.delete_at(index_or_header)
+          else
+            @headers.delete(index_or_header)
+          end
+          @table.map { |row| row.delete(index_or_header).last }
+        end
+      end
+      if indexes_or_headers.size == 1
+        deleted_values[0]
+      else
+        deleted_values
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Removes rows or columns for which the block returns a truthy value;
+    # returns +self+.
+    #
+    # Removes rows when the access mode is <tt>:row</tt> or <tt>:col_or_row</tt>;
+    # calls the block with each \CSV::Row object:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.by_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:row row_count:4>
+    #   table.size # => 3
+    #   table.delete_if {|row| row['Name'].start_with?('b') }
+    #   table.size # => 1
+    #
+    # Removes columns when the access mode is <tt>:col</tt>;
+    # calls the block with each column as a 2-element array
+    # containing the header and an \Array of column fields:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.by_col! # => #<CSV::Table mode:col row_count:4>
+    #   table.headers.size # => 2
+    #   table.delete_if {|column_data| column_data[1].include?('2') }
+    #   table.headers.size # => 1
+    #
+    # Returns a new \Enumerator if no block is given:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>:delete_if>
+    def delete_if(&block)
+      return enum_for(__method__) { @mode == :row or @mode == :col_or_row ? size : headers.size } unless block_given?
+
+      if @mode == :row or @mode == :col_or_row  # by index
+        @table.delete_if(&block)
+      else                                      # by header
+        deleted = []
+        headers.each do |header|
+          deleted << delete(header) if yield([header, self[header]])
+        end
+      end
+
+      self # for chaining
+    end
+
+    include Enumerable
+
+    # Calls the block with each row or column; returns +self+.
+    #
+    # When the access mode is <tt>:row</tt> or <tt>:col_or_row</tt>,
+    # calls the block with each \CSV::Row object:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table.by_row! # => #<CSV::Table mode:row row_count:4>
+    #   table.each {|row| p row }
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+    #
+    # When the access mode is <tt>:col</tt>,
+    # calls the block with each column as a 2-element array
+    # containing the header and an \Array of column fields:
+    #   table.by_col! # => #<CSV::Table mode:col row_count:4>
+    #   table.each {|column_data| p column_data }
+    # Output:
+    #   ["Name", ["foo", "bar", "baz"]]
+    #   ["Value", ["0", "1", "2"]]
+    #
+    # Returns a new \Enumerator if no block is given:
+    #   table.each # => #<Enumerator: #<CSV::Table mode:col row_count:4>:each>
+    def each(&block)
+      return enum_for(__method__) { @mode == :col ? headers.size : size } unless block_given?
+
+      if @mode == :col
+        headers.each { |header| yield([header, self[header]]) }
+      else
+        @table.each(&block)
+      end
+
+      self # for chaining
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if all each row of +self+ <tt>==</tt>
+    # the corresponding row of +other_table+, otherwise, +false+.
+    #
+    # The access mode does no affect the result.
+    #
+    # Equal tables:
+    #   source = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   other_table = CSV.parse(source, headers: true)
+    #   table == other_table # => true
+    #
+    # Different row count:
+    #   other_table.delete(2)
+    #   table == other_table # => false
+    #
+    # Different last row:
+    #   other_table << ['bat', 3]
+    #   table == other_table # => false
+    def ==(other)
+      return @table == other.table if other.is_a? CSV::Table
+      @table == other
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the table as an Array of Arrays. Headers will be the first row,
+    # then all of the field rows will follow.
+    #
+    def to_a
+      array = [headers]
+      @table.each do |row|
+        array.push(row.fields) unless row.header_row?
+      end
+
+      array
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the table as a complete CSV String. Headers will be listed first,
+    # then all of the field rows.
+    #
+    # This method assumes you want the Table.headers(), unless you explicitly
+    # pass <tt>:write_headers => false</tt>.
+    #
+    def to_csv(write_headers: true, **options)
+      array = write_headers ? [headers.to_csv(**options)] : []
+      @table.each do |row|
+        array.push(row.fields.to_csv(**options)) unless row.header_row?
+      end
+
+      array.join("")
+    end
+    alias_method :to_s, :to_csv
+
+    #
+    # Extracts the nested value specified by the sequence of +index+ or +header+ objects by calling dig at each step,
+    # returning nil if any intermediate step is nil.
+    #
+    def dig(index_or_header, *index_or_headers)
+      value = self[index_or_header]
+      if value.nil?
+        nil
+      elsif index_or_headers.empty?
+        value
+      else
+        unless value.respond_to?(:dig)
+          raise TypeError, "#{value.class} does not have \#dig method"
+        end
+        value.dig(*index_or_headers)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Shows the mode and size of this table in a US-ASCII String.
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} mode:#{@mode} row_count:#{to_a.size}>".encode("US-ASCII")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/version.rb b/lib/csv/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51dc8433f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class CSV
+  # The version of the installed library.
+  VERSION = "3.1.9"
+end
diff --git a/lib/csv/writer.rb b/lib/csv/writer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d49115fccf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/csv/writer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "match_p"
+require_relative "row"
+
+using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
+
+class CSV
+  # Note: Don't use this class directly. This is an internal class.
+  class Writer
+    #
+    # A CSV::Writer receives an output, prepares the header, format and output.
+    # It allows us to write new rows in the object and rewind it.
+    #
+    attr_reader :lineno
+    attr_reader :headers
+
+    def initialize(output, options)
+      @output = output
+      @options = options
+      @lineno = 0
+      @fields_converter = nil
+      prepare
+      if @options[:write_headers] and @headers
+        self << @headers
+      end
+      @fields_converter = @options[:fields_converter]
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Adds a new row
+    #
+    def <<(row)
+      case row
+      when Row
+        row = row.fields
+      when Hash
+        row = @headers.collect {|header| row[header]}
+      end
+
+      @headers ||= row if @use_headers
+      @lineno += 1
+
+      row = @fields_converter.convert(row, nil, lineno) if @fields_converter
+
+      i = -1
+      converted_row = row.collect do |field|
+        i += 1
+        quote(field, i)
+      end
+      line = converted_row.join(@column_separator) + @row_separator
+      if @output_encoding
+        line = line.encode(@output_encoding)
+      end
+      @output << line
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Winds back to the beginning
+    #
+    def rewind
+      @lineno = 0
+      @headers = nil if @options[:headers].nil?
+    end
+
+    private
+    def prepare
+      @encoding = @options[:encoding]
+
+      prepare_header
+      prepare_format
+      prepare_output
+    end
+
+    def prepare_header
+      headers = @options[:headers]
+      case headers
+      when Array
+        @headers = headers
+        @use_headers = true
+      when String
+        @headers = CSV.parse_line(headers,
+                                  col_sep: @options[:column_separator],
+                                  row_sep: @options[:row_separator],
+                                  quote_char: @options[:quote_character])
+        @use_headers = true
+      when true
+        @headers = nil
+        @use_headers = true
+      else
+        @headers = nil
+        @use_headers = false
+      end
+      return unless @headers
+
+      converter = @options[:header_fields_converter]
+      @headers = converter.convert(@headers, nil, 0)
+      @headers.each do |header|
+        header.freeze if header.is_a?(String)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_force_quotes_fields(force_quotes)
+      @force_quotes_fields = {}
+      force_quotes.each do |name_or_index|
+        case name_or_index
+        when Integer
+          index = name_or_index
+          @force_quotes_fields[index] = true
+        when String, Symbol
+          name = name_or_index.to_s
+          if @headers.nil?
+            message = ":headers is required when you use field name " +
+                      "in :force_quotes: " +
+                      "#{name_or_index.inspect}: #{force_quotes.inspect}"
+            raise ArgumentError, message
+          end
+          index = @headers.index(name)
+          next if index.nil?
+          @force_quotes_fields[index] = true
+        else
+          message = ":force_quotes element must be " +
+                    "field index or field name: " +
+                    "#{name_or_index.inspect}: #{force_quotes.inspect}"
+          raise ArgumentError, message
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prepare_format
+      @column_separator = @options[:column_separator].to_s.encode(@encoding)
+      row_separator = @options[:row_separator]
+      if row_separator == :auto
+        @row_separator = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR.encode(@encoding)
+      else
+        @row_separator = row_separator.to_s.encode(@encoding)
+      end
+      @quote_character = @options[:quote_character]
+      force_quotes = @options[:force_quotes]
+      if force_quotes.is_a?(Array)
+        prepare_force_quotes_fields(force_quotes)
+        @force_quotes = false
+      elsif force_quotes
+        @force_quotes_fields = nil
+        @force_quotes = true
+      else
+        @force_quotes_fields = nil
+        @force_quotes = false
+      end
+      unless @force_quotes
+        @quotable_pattern =
+          Regexp.new("[\r\n".encode(@encoding) +
+                     Regexp.escape(@column_separator) +
+                     Regexp.escape(@quote_character.encode(@encoding)) +
+                     "]".encode(@encoding))
+      end
+      @quote_empty = @options.fetch(:quote_empty, true)
+    end
+
+    def prepare_output
+      @output_encoding = nil
+      return unless @output.is_a?(StringIO)
+
+      output_encoding = @output.internal_encoding || @output.external_encoding
+      if @encoding != output_encoding
+        if @options[:force_encoding]
+          @output_encoding = output_encoding
+        else
+          compatible_encoding = Encoding.compatible?(@encoding, output_encoding)
+          if compatible_encoding
+            @output.set_encoding(compatible_encoding)
+            @output.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def quote_field(field)
+      field = String(field)
+      encoded_quote_character = @quote_character.encode(field.encoding)
+      encoded_quote_character +
+        field.gsub(encoded_quote_character,
+                   encoded_quote_character * 2) +
+        encoded_quote_character
+    end
+
+    def quote(field, i)
+      if @force_quotes
+        quote_field(field)
+      elsif @force_quotes_fields and @force_quotes_fields[i]
+        quote_field(field)
+      else
+        if field.nil?  # represent +nil+ fields as empty unquoted fields
+          ""
+        else
+          field = String(field)  # Stringify fields
+          # represent empty fields as empty quoted fields
+          if (@quote_empty and field.empty?) or (field.valid_encoding? and @quotable_pattern.match?(field))
+            quote_field(field)
+          else
+            field  # unquoted field
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/debug.gemspec b/lib/debug.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c414d4827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/debug.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "debug"
+  spec.version       = "0.2.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Debugging functionality for Ruby}
+  spec.description   = %q{Debugging functionality for Ruby}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/debug"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = []
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/debug.rb b/lib/debug.rb
index 394a53e172..bf63ccf34d 100644
--- a/lib/debug.rb
+++ b/lib/debug.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
 # Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
 # Copyright (C) 2000-2003  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi  <nahi@ruby-lang.org>
 
-require 'continuation'
-
 if $SAFE > 0
   STDERR.print "-r debug.rb is not available in safe mode\n"
   exit 1
@@ -183,6 +181,9 @@ SCRIPT_LINES__ = {} unless defined? SCRIPT_LINES__ # :nodoc:
 
 class DEBUGGER__
   MUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new # :nodoc:
+  CONTINUATIONS_SUPPORTED = RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
+
+  require 'continuation' if CONTINUATIONS_SUPPORTED
 
   class Context # :nodoc:
     DEBUG_LAST_CMD = []
@@ -380,8 +381,10 @@ class DEBUGGER__
 
     def debug_command(file, line, id, binding)
       MUTEX.lock
-      unless defined?($debugger_restart) and $debugger_restart
-        callcc{|c| $debugger_restart = c}
+      if CONTINUATIONS_SUPPORTED
+        unless defined?($debugger_restart) and $debugger_restart
+          callcc{|c| $debugger_restart = c}
+        end
       end
       set_last_thread(Thread.current)
       frame_pos = 0
@@ -432,7 +435,7 @@ class DEBUGGER__
             pos = $2
             if $1
               klass = debug_silent_eval($1, binding)
-              file = $1
+              file = File.expand_path($1)
             end
             if pos =~ /^\d+$/
               pname = pos
@@ -653,7 +656,11 @@ class DEBUGGER__
             stdout.printf "%s\n", debug_eval($', binding).inspect
 
           when /^\s*r(?:estart)?$/
-            $debugger_restart.call
+            if CONTINUATIONS_SUPPORTED
+              $debugger_restart.call
+            else
+              stdout.print "Restart requires continuations.\n"
+            end
 
           when /^\s*h(?:elp)?$/
             debug_print_help()
@@ -1017,8 +1024,8 @@ EOHELP
     #
     #   (rdb:1) DEBUGGER__.thread_list_all
     #   +1 #<Thread:0x007fb2320c03f0 run> debug_me.rb.rb:3
-    #    2 #<Thread:0x007fb23218a538@debug_me.rb.rb:3 sleep>
-    #    3 #<Thread:0x007fb23218b0f0@debug_me.rb.rb:3 sleep>
+    #    2 #<Thread:0x007fb23218a538 debug_me.rb.rb:3 sleep>
+    #    3 #<Thread:0x007fb23218b0f0 debug_me.rb.rb:3 sleep>
     #   [1, 2, 3]
     #
     # Your current thread is indicated by a <b>+</b>
@@ -1027,8 +1034,8 @@ EOHELP
     #
     #   (rdb:1) th l
     #    +1 #<Thread:0x007f99328c0410 run>  debug_me.rb:3
-    #     2 #<Thread:0x007f9932938230@debug_me.rb:3 sleep> debug_me.rb:3
-    #     3 #<Thread:0x007f9932938e10@debug_me.rb:3 sleep> debug_me.rb:3
+    #     2 #<Thread:0x007f9932938230 debug_me.rb:3 sleep> debug_me.rb:3
+    #     3 #<Thread:0x007f9932938e10 debug_me.rb:3 sleep> debug_me.rb:3
     #
     # See DEBUGGER__ for more usage.
 
@@ -1102,9 +1109,11 @@ EOHELP
 
   stdout.printf "Debug.rb\n"
   stdout.printf "Emacs support available.\n\n"
-  RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {
-    trace_instruction: true
-  }
+  if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence)
+    RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {
+      trace_instruction: true
+    }
+  end
   set_trace_func proc { |event, file, line, id, binding, klass, *rest|
     DEBUGGER__.context.trace_func event, file, line, id, binding, klass
   }
diff --git a/lib/delegate.rb b/lib/delegate.rb
index b4188037b4..a5ae605e9e 100644
--- a/lib/delegate.rb
+++ b/lib/delegate.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # = delegate -- Support for the Delegation Pattern
 #
 # Documentation by James Edward Gray II and Gavin Sinclair
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 # SimpleDelegator's implementation serves as a nice example of the use of
 # Delegator:
 #
+#   require 'delegate'
+#
 #   class SimpleDelegator < Delegator
 #     def __getobj__
 #       @delegate_sd_obj # return object we are delegating to, required
@@ -37,14 +39,16 @@
 # Be advised, RDoc will not detect delegated methods.
 #
 class Delegator < BasicObject
+  VERSION = "0.2.0"
+
   kernel = ::Kernel.dup
   kernel.class_eval do
     alias __raise__ raise
-    [:to_s, :inspect, :=~, :!~, :===, :<=>, :eql?, :hash].each do |m|
+    [:to_s, :inspect, :=~, :!~, :===, :<=>, :hash].each do |m|
       undef_method m
     end
     private_instance_methods.each do |m|
-      if /\Ablock_given\?\z|iterator\?\z|\A__.*__\z/ =~ m
+      if /\Ablock_given\?\z|\Aiterator\?\z|\A__.*__\z/ =~ m
         next
       end
       undef_method m
@@ -60,8 +64,8 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
 
   ##
   # :method: raise
-  # Use __raise__ if your Delegator does not have a object to delegate the
-  # raise method call.
+  # Use #__raise__ if your Delegator does not have a object to delegate the
+  # #raise method call.
   #
 
   #
@@ -75,14 +79,14 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
   #
   # Handles the magic of delegation through \_\_getobj\_\_.
   #
-  def method_missing(m, *args, &block)
+  ruby2_keywords def method_missing(m, *args, &block)
     r = true
     target = self.__getobj__ {r = false}
 
-    if r && target.respond_to?(m)
+    if r && target_respond_to?(target, m, false)
       target.__send__(m, *args, &block)
-    elsif ::Kernel.respond_to?(m, true)
-      ::Kernel.instance_method(m).bind(self).(*args, &block)
+    elsif ::Kernel.method_defined?(m) || ::Kernel.private_method_defined?(m)
+      ::Kernel.instance_method(m).bind_call(self, *args, &block)
     else
       super(m, *args, &block)
     end
@@ -95,14 +99,31 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
   def respond_to_missing?(m, include_private)
     r = true
     target = self.__getobj__ {r = false}
-    r &&= target.respond_to?(m, include_private)
-    if r && include_private && !target.respond_to?(m, false)
-      warn "#{caller(3)[0]}: delegator does not forward private method \##{m}"
+    r &&= target_respond_to?(target, m, include_private)
+    if r && include_private && !target_respond_to?(target, m, false)
+      warn "delegator does not forward private method \##{m}", uplevel: 3
       return false
     end
     r
   end
 
+  KERNEL_RESPOND_TO = ::Kernel.instance_method(:respond_to?)
+  private_constant :KERNEL_RESPOND_TO
+
+  # Handle BasicObject instances
+  private def target_respond_to?(target, m, include_private)
+    case target
+    when Object
+      target.respond_to?(m, include_private)
+    else
+      if KERNEL_RESPOND_TO.bind_call(target, :respond_to?)
+        target.respond_to?(m, include_private)
+      else
+        KERNEL_RESPOND_TO.bind_call(target, m, include_private)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   #
   # Returns the methods available to this delegate object as the union
   # of this object's and \_\_getobj\_\_ methods.
@@ -146,6 +167,14 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
   end
 
   #
+  # Returns true if two objects are considered of equal value.
+  #
+  def eql?(obj)
+    return true if obj.equal?(self)
+    obj.eql?(__getobj__)
+  end
+
+  #
   # Delegates ! to the \_\_getobj\_\_
   #
   def !
@@ -193,8 +222,8 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
     end
   end
 
-  def initialize_clone(obj) # :nodoc:
-    self.__setobj__(obj.__getobj__.clone)
+  def initialize_clone(obj, freeze: nil) # :nodoc:
+    self.__setobj__(obj.__getobj__.clone(freeze: freeze))
   end
   def initialize_dup(obj) # :nodoc:
     self.__setobj__(obj.__getobj__.dup)
@@ -202,35 +231,12 @@ class Delegator < BasicObject
   private :initialize_clone, :initialize_dup
 
   ##
-  # :method: trust
-  # Trust both the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_ and self.
-  #
-
-  ##
-  # :method: untrust
-  # Untrust both the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_ and self.
-  #
-
-  ##
-  # :method: taint
-  # Taint both the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_ and self.
-  #
-
-  ##
-  # :method: untaint
-  # Untaint both the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_ and self.
-  #
-
-  ##
   # :method: freeze
   # Freeze both the object returned by \_\_getobj\_\_ and self.
   #
-
-  [:trust, :untrust, :taint, :untaint, :freeze].each do |method|
-    define_method method do
-      __getobj__.send(method)
-      super()
-    end
+  def freeze
+    __getobj__.freeze
+    super()
   end
 
   @delegator_api = self.public_instance_methods
@@ -251,6 +257,8 @@ end
 #     end
 #   end
 #
+#   require 'delegate'
+#
 #   class UserDecorator < SimpleDelegator
 #     def birth_year
 #       born_on.year
@@ -339,7 +347,7 @@ def Delegator.delegating_block(mid) # :nodoc:
   lambda do |*args, &block|
     target = self.__getobj__
     target.__send__(mid, *args, &block)
-  end
+  end.ruby2_keywords
 end
 
 #
@@ -352,6 +360,14 @@ end
 #     end
 #   end
 #
+# or:
+#
+#   MyClass = DelegateClass(ClassToDelegateTo) do    # Step 1
+#     def initialize
+#       super(obj_of_ClassToDelegateTo)              # Step 2
+#     end
+#   end
+#
 # Here's a sample of use from Tempfile which is really a File object with a
 # few special rules about storage location and when the File should be
 # deleted.  That makes for an almost textbook perfect example of how to use
@@ -375,11 +391,13 @@ end
 #     # ...
 #   end
 #
-def DelegateClass(superclass)
+def DelegateClass(superclass, &block)
   klass = Class.new(Delegator)
-  methods = superclass.instance_methods
-  methods -= ::Delegator.public_api
-  methods -= [:to_s, :inspect, :=~, :!~, :===]
+  ignores = [*::Delegator.public_api, :to_s, :inspect, :=~, :!~, :===]
+  protected_instance_methods = superclass.protected_instance_methods
+  protected_instance_methods -= ignores
+  public_instance_methods = superclass.public_instance_methods
+  public_instance_methods -= ignores
   klass.module_eval do
     def __getobj__ # :nodoc:
       unless defined?(@delegate_dc_obj)
@@ -392,15 +410,35 @@ def DelegateClass(superclass)
       __raise__ ::ArgumentError, "cannot delegate to self" if self.equal?(obj)
       @delegate_dc_obj = obj
     end
-    methods.each do |method|
+    protected_instance_methods.each do |method|
+      define_method(method, Delegator.delegating_block(method))
+      protected method
+    end
+    public_instance_methods.each do |method|
       define_method(method, Delegator.delegating_block(method))
     end
   end
   klass.define_singleton_method :public_instance_methods do |all=true|
-    super(all) - superclass.protected_instance_methods
+    super(all) | superclass.public_instance_methods
   end
   klass.define_singleton_method :protected_instance_methods do |all=true|
     super(all) | superclass.protected_instance_methods
   end
+  klass.define_singleton_method :instance_methods do |all=true|
+    super(all) | superclass.instance_methods
+  end
+  klass.define_singleton_method :public_instance_method do |name|
+    super(name)
+  rescue NameError
+    raise unless self.public_instance_methods.include?(name)
+    superclass.public_instance_method(name)
+  end
+  klass.define_singleton_method :instance_method do |name|
+    super(name)
+  rescue NameError
+    raise unless self.instance_methods.include?(name)
+    superclass.instance_method(name)
+  end
+  klass.module_eval(&block) if block
   return klass
 end
diff --git a/lib/delegate/delegate.gemspec b/lib/delegate/delegate.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05d9ced175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/delegate/delegate.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides three abilities to delegate method calls to an object.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Provides three abilities to delegate method calls to an object.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/delegate"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.7'
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean.rb b/lib/did_you_mean.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab7e6b01a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+require_relative "did_you_mean/version"
+require_relative "did_you_mean/core_ext/name_error"
+
+require_relative "did_you_mean/spell_checker"
+require_relative 'did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers'
+require_relative 'did_you_mean/spell_checkers/method_name_checker'
+require_relative 'did_you_mean/spell_checkers/key_error_checker'
+require_relative 'did_you_mean/spell_checkers/null_checker'
+require_relative 'did_you_mean/spell_checkers/require_path_checker'
+require_relative 'did_you_mean/formatters/plain_formatter'
+require_relative 'did_you_mean/tree_spell_checker'
+
+# The +DidYouMean+ gem adds functionality to suggest possible method/class
+# names upon errors such as +NameError+ and +NoMethodError+. In Ruby 2.3 or
+# later, it is automatically activated during startup.
+#
+# @example
+#
+#   methosd
+#   # => NameError: undefined local variable or method `methosd' for main:Object
+#   #   Did you mean?  methods
+#   #                  method
+#
+#   OBject
+#   # => NameError: uninitialized constant OBject
+#   #    Did you mean?  Object
+#
+#   @full_name = "Yuki Nishijima"
+#   first_name, last_name = full_name.split(" ")
+#   # => NameError: undefined local variable or method `full_name' for main:Object
+#   #    Did you mean?  @full_name
+#
+#   @@full_name = "Yuki Nishijima"
+#   @@full_anme
+#   # => NameError: uninitialized class variable @@full_anme in Object
+#   #    Did you mean?  @@full_name
+#
+#   full_name = "Yuki Nishijima"
+#   full_name.starts_with?("Y")
+#   # => NoMethodError: undefined method `starts_with?' for "Yuki Nishijima":String
+#   #    Did you mean?  start_with?
+#
+#   hash = {foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3}
+#   hash.fetch(:fooo)
+#   # => KeyError: key not found: :fooo
+#   #    Did you mean?  :foo
+#
+#
+# == Disabling +did_you_mean+
+#
+# Occasionally, you may want to disable the +did_you_mean+ gem for e.g.
+# debugging issues in the error object itself. You can disable it entirely by
+# specifying +--disable-did_you_mean+ option to the +ruby+ command:
+#
+#   $ ruby --disable-did_you_mean -e "1.zeor?"
+#   -e:1:in `<main>': undefined method `zeor?' for 1:Integer (NameError)
+#
+# When you do not have direct access to the +ruby+ command (e.g.
+# +rails console+, +irb+), you could applyoptions using the +RUBYOPT+
+# environment variable:
+#
+#   $ RUBYOPT='--disable-did_you_mean' irb
+#   irb:0> 1.zeor?
+#   # => NoMethodError (undefined method `zeor?' for 1:Integer)
+#
+#
+# == Getting the original error message
+#
+# Sometimes, you do not want to disable the gem entirely, but need to get the
+# original error message without suggestions (e.g. testing). In this case, you
+# could use the +#original_message+ method on the error object:
+#
+#   no_method_error = begin
+#                       1.zeor?
+#                     rescue NoMethodError => error
+#                       error
+#                     end
+#
+#   no_method_error.message
+#   # => NoMethodError (undefined method `zeor?' for 1:Integer)
+#   #    Did you mean?  zero?
+#
+#   no_method_error.original_message
+#   # => NoMethodError (undefined method `zeor?' for 1:Integer)
+#
+module DidYouMean
+  # Map of error types and spell checker objects.
+  SPELL_CHECKERS = Hash.new(NullChecker)
+
+  # Adds +DidYouMean+ functionality to an error using a given spell checker
+  def self.correct_error(error_class, spell_checker)
+    SPELL_CHECKERS[error_class.name] = spell_checker
+    error_class.prepend(Correctable) unless error_class < Correctable
+  end
+
+  correct_error NameError, NameErrorCheckers
+  correct_error KeyError, KeyErrorChecker
+  correct_error NoMethodError, MethodNameChecker
+  correct_error LoadError, RequirePathChecker if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.8.0'
+
+  # Returns the currently set formatter. By default, it is set to +DidYouMean::Formatter+.
+  def self.formatter
+    @@formatter
+  end
+
+  # Updates the primary formatter used to format the suggestions.
+  def self.formatter=(formatter)
+    @@formatter = formatter
+  end
+
+  self.formatter = PlainFormatter.new
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/core_ext/name_error.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/core_ext/name_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77dcd520c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/core_ext/name_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+module DidYouMean
+  module Correctable
+    def original_message
+      method(:to_s).super_method.call
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      msg = super.dup
+      suggestion = DidYouMean.formatter.message_for(corrections)
+
+      msg << suggestion if !msg.end_with?(suggestion)
+      msg
+    rescue
+      super
+    end
+
+    def corrections
+      @corrections ||= spell_checker.corrections
+    end
+
+    def spell_checker
+      SPELL_CHECKERS[self.class.to_s].new(self)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/did_you_mean.gemspec b/lib/did_you_mean/did_you_mean.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fe5723129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/did_you_mean.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/did_you_mean/version"
+rescue LoadError # Fallback to load version file in ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "did_you_mean"
+  spec.version       = DidYouMean::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Yuki Nishijima"]
+  spec.email         = ["mail@yukinishijima.net"]
+  spec.summary       = '"Did you mean?" experience in Ruby'
+  spec.description   = 'The gem that has been saving people from typos since 2014.'
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/did_you_mean"
+  spec.license       = "MIT"
+
+  spec.files         = `git ls-files`.split($/).reject{|path| path.start_with?('evaluation/') }
+  spec.test_files    = spec.files.grep(%r{^(test)/})
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.5.0'
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/experimental.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/experimental.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8e37e4532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/experimental.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+warn "Experimental features in the did_you_mean gem has been removed " \
+     "and `require \"did_you_mean/experimental\"' has no effect."
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/formatters/plain_formatter.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/formatters/plain_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2d995f587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/formatters/plain_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+module DidYouMean
+  # The +DidYouMean::PlainFormatter+ is the basic, default formatter for the
+  # gem. The formatter responds to the +message_for+ method and it returns a
+  # human readable string.
+  class PlainFormatter
+
+    # Returns a human readable string that contains +corrections+. This
+    # formatter is designed to be less verbose to not take too much screen
+    # space while being helpful enough to the user.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #
+    #   formatter = DidYouMean::PlainFormatter.new
+    #
+    #   # displays suggestions in two lines with the leading empty line
+    #   puts formatter.message_for(["methods", "method"])
+    #
+    #   Did you mean?  methods
+    #                   method
+    #   # => nil
+    #
+    #   # displays an empty line
+    #   puts formatter.message_for([])
+    #
+    #   # => nil
+    #
+    def message_for(corrections)
+      corrections.empty? ? "" : "\nDid you mean?  #{corrections.join("\n               ")}"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/formatters/verbose_formatter.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/formatters/verbose_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8fe214d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/formatters/verbose_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+module DidYouMean
+  # The +DidYouMean::VerboseFormatter+ uses extra empty lines to make the
+  # suggestion stand out more in the error message.
+  #
+  # In order to activate the verbose formatter,
+  #
+  # @example
+  #
+  #   OBject
+  #   # => NameError: uninitialized constant OBject
+  #   #    Did you mean?  Object
+  #
+  #   require 'did_you_mean/verbose'
+  #
+  #   OBject
+  #   # => NameError: uninitialized constant OBject
+  #   #
+  #   #        Did you mean? Object
+  #   #
+  #
+  class VerboseFormatter
+
+    # Returns a human readable string that contains +corrections+. This
+    # formatter is designed to be less verbose to not take too much screen
+    # space while being helpful enough to the user.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #
+    #   formatter = DidYouMean::PlainFormatter.new
+    #
+    #   puts formatter.message_for(["methods", "method"])
+    #
+    #
+    #       Did you mean? methods
+    #                     method
+    #
+    #   # => nil
+    #
+    def message_for(corrections)
+      return "" if corrections.empty?
+
+      output = "\n\n    Did you mean? ".dup
+      output << corrections.join("\n                  ")
+      output << "\n "
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/jaro_winkler.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/jaro_winkler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56db130af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/jaro_winkler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+module DidYouMean
+  module Jaro
+    module_function
+
+    def distance(str1, str2)
+      str1, str2 = str2, str1 if str1.length > str2.length
+      length1, length2 = str1.length, str2.length
+
+      m          = 0.0
+      t          = 0.0
+      range      = (length2 / 2).floor - 1
+      range      = 0 if range < 0
+      flags1     = 0
+      flags2     = 0
+
+      # Avoid duplicating enumerable objects
+      str1_codepoints = str1.codepoints
+      str2_codepoints = str2.codepoints
+
+      i = 0
+      while i < length1
+        last = i + range
+        j    = (i >= range) ? i - range : 0
+
+        while j <= last
+          if flags2[j] == 0 && str1_codepoints[i] == str2_codepoints[j]
+            flags2 |= (1 << j)
+            flags1 |= (1 << i)
+            m += 1
+            break
+          end
+
+          j += 1
+        end
+
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      k = i = 0
+      while i < length1
+        if flags1[i] != 0
+          j = index = k
+
+          k = while j < length2
+            index = j
+            break(j + 1) if flags2[j] != 0
+
+            j += 1
+          end
+
+          t += 1 if str1_codepoints[i] != str2_codepoints[index]
+        end
+
+        i += 1
+      end
+      t = (t / 2).floor
+
+      m == 0 ? 0 : (m / length1 + m / length2 + (m - t) / m) / 3
+    end
+  end
+
+  module JaroWinkler
+    WEIGHT    = 0.1
+    THRESHOLD = 0.7
+
+    module_function
+
+    def distance(str1, str2)
+      jaro_distance = Jaro.distance(str1, str2)
+
+      if jaro_distance > THRESHOLD
+        codepoints2  = str2.codepoints
+        prefix_bonus = 0
+
+        i = 0
+        str1.each_codepoint do |char1|
+          char1 == codepoints2[i] && i < 4 ? prefix_bonus += 1 : break
+          i += 1
+        end
+
+        jaro_distance + (prefix_bonus * WEIGHT * (1 - jaro_distance))
+      else
+        jaro_distance
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/levenshtein.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/levenshtein.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..098053470f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/levenshtein.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+module DidYouMean
+  module Levenshtein # :nodoc:
+    # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
+    # Copyright (c) 2006-2013 Paul Battley, Michael Neumann, Tim Fletcher.
+    #
+    # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
+    def distance(str1, str2)
+      n = str1.length
+      m = str2.length
+      return m if n.zero?
+      return n if m.zero?
+
+      d = (0..m).to_a
+      x = nil
+
+      # to avoid duplicating an enumerable object, create it outside of the loop
+      str2_codepoints = str2.codepoints
+
+      str1.each_codepoint.with_index(1) do |char1, i|
+        j = 0
+        while j < m
+          cost = (char1 == str2_codepoints[j]) ? 0 : 1
+          x = min3(
+            d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+            i + 1,      # deletion
+            d[j] + cost # substitution
+          )
+          d[j] = i
+          i = x
+
+          j += 1
+        end
+        d[m] = x
+      end
+
+      x
+    end
+    module_function :distance
+
+    private
+
+    # detects the minimum value out of three arguments. This method is
+    # faster than `[a, b, c].min` and puts less GC pressure.
+    # See https://github.com/ruby/did_you_mean/pull/1 for a performance
+    # benchmark.
+    def min3(a, b, c)
+      if a < b && a < c
+        a
+      elsif b < c
+        b
+      else
+        c
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :min3
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5106abba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+require_relative "levenshtein"
+require_relative "jaro_winkler"
+
+module DidYouMean
+  class SpellChecker
+    def initialize(dictionary:)
+      @dictionary = dictionary
+    end
+
+    def correct(input)
+      input     = normalize(input)
+      threshold = input.length > 3 ? 0.834 : 0.77
+
+      words = @dictionary.select { |word| JaroWinkler.distance(normalize(word), input) >= threshold }
+      words.reject! { |word| input == word.to_s }
+      words.sort_by! { |word| JaroWinkler.distance(word.to_s, input) }
+      words.reverse!
+
+      # Correct mistypes
+      threshold   = (input.length * 0.25).ceil
+      corrections = words.select { |c| Levenshtein.distance(normalize(c), input) <= threshold }
+
+      # Correct misspells
+      if corrections.empty?
+        corrections = words.select do |word|
+          word   = normalize(word)
+          length = input.length < word.length ? input.length : word.length
+
+          Levenshtein.distance(word, input) < length
+        end.first(1)
+      end
+
+      corrections
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def normalize(str_or_symbol) #:nodoc:
+      str = str_or_symbol.to_s.downcase
+      str.tr!("@", "")
+      str
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/key_error_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/key_error_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be4bea7789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/key_error_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require_relative "../spell_checker"
+
+module DidYouMean
+  class KeyErrorChecker
+    def initialize(key_error)
+      @key = key_error.key
+      @keys = key_error.receiver.keys
+    end
+
+    def corrections
+      @corrections ||= exact_matches.empty? ? SpellChecker.new(dictionary: @keys).correct(@key).map(&:inspect) : exact_matches
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def exact_matches
+      @exact_matches ||= @keys.select { |word| @key == word.to_s }.map(&:inspect)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/method_name_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/method_name_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0483127d6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/method_name_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+require_relative "../spell_checker"
+
+module DidYouMean
+  class MethodNameChecker
+    attr_reader :method_name, :receiver
+
+    NAMES_TO_EXCLUDE = { NilClass => nil.methods }
+    NAMES_TO_EXCLUDE.default = []
+
+    # +MethodNameChecker::RB_RESERVED_WORDS+ is the list of reserved words in
+    # Ruby that take an argument. Unlike
+    # +VariableNameChecker::RB_RESERVED_WORDS+, these reserved words require
+    # an argument, and a +NoMethodError+ is raised due to the presence of the
+    # argument.
+    #
+    # The +MethodNameChecker+ will use this list to suggest a reversed word if
+    # a +NoMethodError+ is raised and found closest matches.
+    #
+    # Also see +VariableNameChecker::RB_RESERVED_WORDS+.
+    RB_RESERVED_WORDS = %i(
+      alias
+      case
+      def
+      defined?
+      elsif
+      end
+      ensure
+      for
+      rescue
+      super
+      undef
+      unless
+      until
+      when
+      while
+      yield
+    )
+
+    def initialize(exception)
+      @method_name  = exception.name
+      @receiver     = exception.receiver
+      @private_call = exception.respond_to?(:private_call?) ? exception.private_call? : false
+    end
+
+    def corrections
+      @corrections ||= begin
+                         dictionary = method_names
+                         dictionary = RB_RESERVED_WORDS + dictionary if @private_call
+
+                         SpellChecker.new(dictionary: dictionary).correct(method_name) - names_to_exclude
+                       end
+    end
+
+    def method_names
+      if Object === receiver
+        method_names = receiver.methods + receiver.singleton_methods
+        method_names += receiver.private_methods if @private_call
+        method_names.uniq!
+        method_names
+      else
+        []
+      end
+    end
+
+    def names_to_exclude
+      Object === receiver ? NAMES_TO_EXCLUDE[receiver.class] : []
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e2aaa4cb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require_relative 'name_error_checkers/class_name_checker'
+require_relative 'name_error_checkers/variable_name_checker'
+
+module DidYouMean
+  class << (NameErrorCheckers = Object.new)
+    def new(exception)
+      case exception.original_message
+      when /uninitialized constant/
+        ClassNameChecker
+      when /undefined local variable or method/,
+           /undefined method/,
+           /uninitialized class variable/,
+           /no member '.*' in struct/
+        VariableNameChecker
+      else
+        NullChecker
+      end.new(exception)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers/class_name_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers/class_name_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..924265b929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers/class_name_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../spell_checker"
+
+module DidYouMean
+  class ClassNameChecker
+    attr_reader :class_name
+
+    def initialize(exception)
+      @class_name, @receiver, @original_message = exception.name, exception.receiver, exception.original_message
+    end
+
+    def corrections
+      @corrections ||= SpellChecker.new(dictionary: class_names)
+                         .correct(class_name)
+                         .map(&:full_name)
+                         .reject {|qualified_name| @original_message.include?(qualified_name) }
+    end
+
+    def class_names
+      scopes.flat_map do |scope|
+        scope.constants.map do |c|
+          ClassName.new(c, scope == Object ? "" : "#{scope}::")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def scopes
+      @scopes ||= @receiver.to_s.split("::").inject([Object]) do |_scopes, scope|
+        _scopes << _scopes.last.const_get(scope)
+      end.uniq
+    end
+
+    class ClassName < String
+      attr :namespace
+
+      def initialize(name, namespace = '')
+        super(name.to_s)
+        @namespace = namespace
+      end
+
+      def full_name
+        self.class.new("#{namespace}#{self}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    private_constant :ClassName
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers/variable_name_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers/variable_name_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e51b4fa3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/name_error_checkers/variable_name_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../spell_checker"
+
+module DidYouMean
+  class VariableNameChecker
+    attr_reader :name, :method_names, :lvar_names, :ivar_names, :cvar_names
+
+    NAMES_TO_EXCLUDE = { 'foo' => [:fork, :for] }
+    NAMES_TO_EXCLUDE.default = []
+
+    # +VariableNameChecker::RB_RESERVED_WORDS+ is the list of all reserved
+    # words in Ruby. They could be declared like methods are, and a typo would
+    # cause Ruby to raise a +NameError+ because of the way they are declared.
+    #
+    # The +:VariableNameChecker+ will use this list to suggest a reversed word
+    # if a +NameError+ is raised and found closest matches, excluding:
+    #
+    #   * +do+
+    #   * +if+
+    #   * +in+
+    #   * +or+
+    #
+    # Also see +MethodNameChecker::RB_RESERVED_WORDS+.
+    RB_RESERVED_WORDS = %i(
+      BEGIN
+      END
+      alias
+      and
+      begin
+      break
+      case
+      class
+      def
+      defined?
+      else
+      elsif
+      end
+      ensure
+      false
+      for
+      module
+      next
+      nil
+      not
+      redo
+      rescue
+      retry
+      return
+      self
+      super
+      then
+      true
+      undef
+      unless
+      until
+      when
+      while
+      yield
+      __LINE__
+      __FILE__
+      __ENCODING__
+    )
+
+    def initialize(exception)
+      @name       = exception.name.to_s.tr("@", "")
+      @lvar_names = exception.respond_to?(:local_variables) ? exception.local_variables : []
+      receiver    = exception.receiver
+
+      @method_names = receiver.methods + receiver.private_methods
+      @ivar_names   = receiver.instance_variables
+      @cvar_names   = receiver.class.class_variables
+      @cvar_names  += receiver.class_variables if receiver.kind_of?(Module)
+    end
+
+    def corrections
+      @corrections ||= SpellChecker
+                     .new(dictionary: (RB_RESERVED_WORDS + lvar_names + method_names + ivar_names + cvar_names))
+                     .correct(name) - NAMES_TO_EXCLUDE[@name]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/null_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/null_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1306f69d4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/null_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module DidYouMean
+  class NullChecker
+    def initialize(*);  end
+    def corrections; [] end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/require_path_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/require_path_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aaf877b412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/spell_checkers/require_path_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+require_relative "../spell_checker"
+require_relative "../tree_spell_checker"
+
+module DidYouMean
+  class RequirePathChecker
+    attr_reader :path
+
+    INITIAL_LOAD_PATH = $LOAD_PATH.dup.freeze
+    ENV_SPECIFIC_EXT  = ".#{RbConfig::CONFIG["DLEXT"]}"
+
+    private_constant :INITIAL_LOAD_PATH, :ENV_SPECIFIC_EXT
+
+    def self.requireables
+      @requireables ||= INITIAL_LOAD_PATH
+                          .flat_map {|path| Dir.glob("**/???*{.rb,#{ENV_SPECIFIC_EXT}}", base: path) }
+                          .map {|path| path.chomp!(".rb") || path.chomp!(ENV_SPECIFIC_EXT) }
+    end
+
+    def initialize(exception)
+      @path = exception.path
+    end
+
+    def corrections
+      @corrections ||= begin
+                         threshold     = path.size * 2
+                         dictionary    = self.class.requireables.reject {|str| str.size >= threshold }
+                         spell_checker = path.include?("/") ? TreeSpellChecker : SpellChecker
+
+                         spell_checker.new(dictionary: dictionary).correct(path).uniq
+                       end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/tree_spell_checker.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/tree_spell_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..799f07fcf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/tree_spell_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module DidYouMean
+  # spell checker for a dictionary that has a tree
+  # structure, see doc/tree_spell_checker_api.md
+  class TreeSpellChecker
+    attr_reader :dictionary, :separator, :augment
+
+    def initialize(dictionary:, separator: '/', augment: nil)
+      @dictionary = dictionary
+      @separator = separator
+      @augment = augment
+    end
+
+    def correct(input)
+      plausibles = plausible_dimensions(input)
+      return fall_back_to_normal_spell_check(input) if plausibles.empty?
+
+      suggestions = find_suggestions(input, plausibles)
+      return fall_back_to_normal_spell_check(input) if suggestions.empty?
+
+      suggestions
+    end
+
+    def dictionary_without_leaves
+      @dictionary_without_leaves ||= dictionary.map { |word| word.split(separator)[0..-2] }.uniq
+    end
+
+    def tree_depth
+      @tree_depth ||= dictionary_without_leaves.max { |a, b| a.size <=> b.size }.size
+    end
+
+    def dimensions
+      @dimensions ||= tree_depth.times.map do |index|
+                        dictionary_without_leaves.map { |element| element[index] }.compact.uniq
+                      end
+    end
+
+    def find_leaves(path)
+      path_with_separator = "#{path}#{separator}"
+
+      dictionary
+        .select {|str| str.include?(path_with_separator) }
+        .map {|str| str.gsub(path_with_separator, '') }
+    end
+
+    def plausible_dimensions(input)
+      input.split(separator)[0..-2]
+        .map
+        .with_index { |element, index| correct_element(dimensions[index], element) if dimensions[index] }
+        .compact
+    end
+
+    def possible_paths(states)
+      states.map { |state| state.join(separator) }
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def find_suggestions(input, plausibles)
+      states = plausibles[0].product(*plausibles[1..-1])
+      paths  = possible_paths(states)
+      leaf   = input.split(separator).last
+
+      find_ideas(paths, leaf)
+    end
+
+    def fall_back_to_normal_spell_check(input)
+      return [] unless augment
+
+      ::DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: dictionary).correct(input)
+    end
+
+    def find_ideas(paths, leaf)
+      paths.flat_map do |path|
+        names = find_leaves(path)
+        ideas = correct_element(names, leaf)
+
+        ideas_to_paths(ideas, leaf, names, path)
+      end.compact
+    end
+
+    def ideas_to_paths(ideas, leaf, names, path)
+      if ideas.empty?
+        nil
+      elsif names.include?(leaf)
+        ["#{path}#{separator}#{leaf}"]
+      else
+        ideas.map {|str| "#{path}#{separator}#{str}" }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def correct_element(names, element)
+      return names if names.size == 1
+
+      str = normalize(element)
+
+      return [str] if names.include?(str)
+
+      ::DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: names).correct(str)
+    end
+
+    def normalize(str)
+      str.downcase!
+      str.tr!('@', ' ') if str.include?('@')
+      str
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/verbose.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/verbose.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e86f167ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/verbose.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require_relative '../did_you_mean'
+require_relative 'formatters/verbose_formatter'
+
+DidYouMean.formatter = DidYouMean::VerboseFormatter.new
diff --git a/lib/did_you_mean/version.rb b/lib/did_you_mean/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a53a3185a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/did_you_mean/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module DidYouMean
+  VERSION = "1.5.0"
+end
diff --git a/lib/drb/acl.rb b/lib/drb/acl.rb
index 520b7df71d..b004656f09 100644
--- a/lib/drb/acl.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/acl.rb
@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ class ACL
     # +str+ may be "*" or "all" to match any address, an IP address string
     # to match a specific address, an IP address mask per IPAddr, or one
     # containing "*" to match part of an IPv4 address.
+    #
+    # IPAddr::InvalidPrefixError may be raised when an IP network
+    # address with an invalid netmask/prefix is given.
 
     def initialize(str)
       if str == '*' or str == 'all'
@@ -58,6 +61,10 @@ class ACL
       else
         begin
           @pat = [:ip, IPAddr.new(str)]
+        rescue IPAddr::InvalidPrefixError
+          # In this case, `str` shouldn't be a host name pattern
+          # because it contains a slash.
+          raise
         rescue ArgumentError
           @pat = [:name, dot_pat(str)]
         end
@@ -82,8 +89,7 @@ class ACL
     # Creates a Regexp to match an address.
 
     def dot_pat(str)
-      exp = "^" + dot_pat_str(str) + "$"
-      Regexp.new(exp)
+      /\A#{dot_pat_str(str)}\z/
     end
 
     public
diff --git a/lib/drb/drb.gemspec b/lib/drb/drb.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b31e896c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/drb/drb.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/drb/version"
+rescue LoadError # Fallback to load version file in ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "drb"
+  spec.version       = DRb::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Masatoshi SEKI"]
+  spec.email         = ["seki@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Distributed object system for Ruby}
+  spec.description   = %q{Distributed object system for Ruby}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/drb"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/drb/drb.rb b/lib/drb/drb.rb
index 38cb38563b..3e23213911 100644
--- a/lib/drb/drb.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/drb.rb
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@
 #   Translation of presentation on Ruby by Masatoshi Seki.
 
 require 'socket'
-require 'thread'
 require 'io/wait'
-require 'drb/eq'
+require 'monitor'
+require_relative 'eq'
 
 #
 # == Overview
@@ -160,8 +160,6 @@ require 'drb/eq'
 #   # The object that handles requests on the server
 #   FRONT_OBJECT=TimeServer.new
 #
-#   $SAFE = 1   # disable eval() and friends
-#
 #   DRb.start_service(URI, FRONT_OBJECT)
 #   # Wait for the drb server thread to finish before exiting.
 #   DRb.thread.join
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ require 'drb/eq'
 #       def get_logger(name)
 #           if !@loggers.has_key? name
 #               # make the filename safe, then declare it to be so
-#               fname = name.gsub(/[.\/\\\:]/, "_").untaint
+#               fname = name.gsub(/[.\/\\\:]/, "_")
 #               @loggers[name] = Logger.new(name, @basedir + "/" + fname)
 #           end
 #           return @loggers[name]
@@ -245,8 +243,6 @@ require 'drb/eq'
 #
 #   FRONT_OBJECT=LoggerFactory.new("/tmp/dlog")
 #
-#   $SAFE = 1   # disable eval() and friends
-#
 #   DRb.start_service(URI, FRONT_OBJECT)
 #   DRb.thread.join
 #
@@ -286,10 +282,7 @@ require 'drb/eq'
 #    ro.instance_eval("`rm -rf *`")
 #
 # The dangers posed by instance_eval and friends are such that a
-# DRbServer should generally be run with $SAFE set to at least
-# level 1.  This will disable eval() and related calls on strings
-# passed across the wire.  The sample usage code given above follows
-# this practice.
+# DRbServer should only be used when clients are trusted.
 #
 # A DRbServer can be configured with an access control list to
 # selectively allow or deny access from specified IP addresses.  The
@@ -361,7 +354,7 @@ module DRb
   # drb remains valid only while that object instance remains alive
   # within the server runtime.
   #
-  # For alternative mechanisms, see DRb::TimerIdConv in rdb/timeridconv.rb
+  # For alternative mechanisms, see DRb::TimerIdConv in drb/timeridconv.rb
   # and DRbNameIdConv in sample/name.rb in the full drb distribution.
   class DRbIdConv
 
@@ -378,7 +371,12 @@ module DRb
     # This implementation returns the object's __id__ in the local
     # object space.
     def to_id(obj)
-      obj.nil? ? nil : obj.__id__
+      case obj
+      when Object
+        obj.nil? ? nil : obj.__id__
+      when BasicObject
+        obj.__id__
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -561,7 +559,14 @@ module DRb
     end
 
     def dump(obj, error=false)  # :nodoc:
-      obj = make_proxy(obj, error) if obj.kind_of? DRbUndumped
+      case obj
+      when DRbUndumped
+        obj = make_proxy(obj, error)
+      when Object
+        # nothing
+      else
+        obj = make_proxy(obj, error)
+      end
       begin
         str = Marshal::dump(obj)
       rescue
@@ -589,16 +594,9 @@ module DRb
       raise(DRbConnError, 'premature marshal format(can\'t read)') if str.size < sz
       DRb.mutex.synchronize do
         begin
-          save = Thread.current[:drb_untaint]
-          Thread.current[:drb_untaint] = []
           Marshal::load(str)
         rescue NameError, ArgumentError
           DRbUnknown.new($!, str)
-        ensure
-          Thread.current[:drb_untaint].each do |x|
-            x.untaint
-          end
-          Thread.current[:drb_untaint] = save
         end
       end
     end
@@ -801,7 +799,7 @@ module DRb
     module_function :uri_option
 
     def auto_load(uri)  # :nodoc:
-      if uri =~ /^drb([a-z0-9]+):/
+      if /\Adrb([a-z0-9]+):/ =~ uri
         require("drb/#{$1}") rescue nil
       end
     end
@@ -817,13 +815,13 @@ module DRb
     # :stopdoc:
     private
     def self.parse_uri(uri)
-      if uri =~ /^druby:\/\/(.*?):(\d+)(\?(.*))?$/
+      if /\Adruby:\/\/(.*?):(\d+)(\?(.*))?\z/ =~ uri
         host = $1
         port = $2.to_i
         option = $4
         [host, port, option]
       else
-        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri =~ /^druby:/
+        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri.start_with?('druby:')
         raise(DRbBadURI, 'can\'t parse uri:' + uri)
       end
     end
@@ -838,8 +836,6 @@ module DRb
     # URI protocols.
     def self.open(uri, config)
       host, port, = parse_uri(uri)
-      host.untaint
-      port.untaint
       soc = TCPSocket.open(host, port)
       self.new(uri, soc, config)
     end
@@ -848,7 +844,11 @@ module DRb
     def self.getservername
       host = Socket::gethostname
       begin
-        Socket::gethostbyname(host)[0]
+        Socket::getaddrinfo(host, nil,
+                                  Socket::AF_UNSPEC,
+                                  Socket::SOCK_STREAM,
+                                  0,
+                                  Socket::AI_PASSIVE)[0][3]
       rescue
         'localhost'
       end
@@ -950,6 +950,7 @@ module DRb
     # returned by #open or by #accept, then it closes this particular
     # client-server session.
     def close
+      shutdown
       if @socket
         @socket.close
         @socket = nil
@@ -958,14 +959,8 @@ module DRb
     end
 
     def close_shutdown_pipe
-      if @shutdown_pipe_r && !@shutdown_pipe_r.closed?
-        @shutdown_pipe_r.close
-        @shutdown_pipe_r = nil
-      end
-      if @shutdown_pipe_w && !@shutdown_pipe_w.closed?
-        @shutdown_pipe_w.close
-        @shutdown_pipe_w = nil
-      end
+      @shutdown_pipe_w.close
+      @shutdown_pipe_r.close
     end
     private :close_shutdown_pipe
 
@@ -998,7 +993,7 @@ module DRb
 
     # Graceful shutdown
     def shutdown
-      @shutdown_pipe_w.close if @shutdown_pipe_w && !@shutdown_pipe_w.closed?
+      @shutdown_pipe_w.close
     end
 
     # Check to see if this connection is alive.
@@ -1013,6 +1008,8 @@ module DRb
 
     def set_sockopt(soc) # :nodoc:
       soc.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+    rescue IOError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::EINVAL
+      # closed/shutdown socket, ignore error
     end
   end
 
@@ -1055,9 +1052,6 @@ module DRb
 
       if DRb.here?(uri)
         obj = DRb.to_obj(ref)
-        if ((! obj.tainted?) && Thread.current[:drb_untaint])
-          Thread.current[:drb_untaint].push(obj)
-        end
         return obj
       end
 
@@ -1094,7 +1088,14 @@ module DRb
     def initialize(obj, uri=nil)
       @uri = nil
       @ref = nil
-      if obj.nil?
+      case obj
+      when Object
+        is_nil = obj.nil?
+      when BasicObject
+        is_nil = false
+      end
+
+      if is_nil
         return if uri.nil?
         @uri, option = DRbProtocol.uri_option(uri, DRb.config)
         @ref = DRbURIOption.new(option) unless option.nil?
@@ -1130,7 +1131,7 @@ module DRb
     end
 
     # Routes method calls to the referenced remote object.
-    def method_missing(msg_id, *a, &b)
+    ruby2_keywords def method_missing(msg_id, *a, &b)
       if DRb.here?(@uri)
         obj = DRb.to_obj(@ref)
         DRb.current_server.check_insecure_method(obj, msg_id)
@@ -1173,7 +1174,7 @@ module DRb
       bt = []
       result.backtrace.each do |x|
         break if /`__send__'$/ =~ x
-        if /^\(druby:\/\// =~ x
+        if /\A\(druby:\/\// =~ x
           bt.push(x)
         else
           bt.push(prefix + x)
@@ -1194,6 +1195,54 @@ module DRb
     end
   end
 
+  class ThreadObject
+    include MonitorMixin
+
+    def initialize(&blk)
+      super()
+      @wait_ev = new_cond
+      @req_ev = new_cond
+      @res_ev = new_cond
+      @status = :wait
+      @req = nil
+      @res = nil
+      @thread = Thread.new(self, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def alive?
+      @thread.alive?
+    end
+
+    def kill
+      @thread.kill
+      @thread.join
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(msg, *arg, &blk)
+      synchronize do
+        @wait_ev.wait_until { @status == :wait }
+        @req = [msg] + arg
+        @status = :req
+        @req_ev.broadcast
+        @res_ev.wait_until { @status == :res }
+        value = @res
+        @req = @res = nil
+        @status = :wait
+        @wait_ev.broadcast
+        return value
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _execute()
+      synchronize do
+        @req_ev.wait_until { @status == :req }
+        @res = yield(@req)
+        @status = :res
+        @res_ev.signal
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   # Class handling the connection between a DRbObject and the
   # server the real object lives on.
   #
@@ -1205,26 +1254,50 @@ module DRb
   # not normally need to deal with it directly.
   class DRbConn
     POOL_SIZE = 16  # :nodoc:
-    @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-    @pool = []
 
-    def self.open(remote_uri)  # :nodoc:
-      begin
-        conn = nil
-
-        @mutex.synchronize do
-          #FIXME
-          new_pool = []
-          @pool.each do |c|
-            if conn.nil? and c.uri == remote_uri
-              conn = c if c.alive?
+    def self.make_pool
+      ThreadObject.new do |queue|
+        pool = []
+        while true
+          queue._execute do |message|
+            case(message[0])
+            when :take then
+              remote_uri = message[1]
+              conn = nil
+              new_pool = []
+              pool.each do |c|
+                if conn.nil? and c.uri == remote_uri
+                  conn = c if c.alive?
+                else
+                  new_pool.push c
+                end
+              end
+              pool = new_pool
+              conn
+            when :store then
+              conn = message[1]
+              pool.unshift(conn)
+              pool.pop.close while pool.size > POOL_SIZE
+              conn
             else
-              new_pool.push c
+              nil
             end
           end
-          @pool = new_pool
         end
+      end
+    end
+    @pool_proxy = nil
 
+    def self.stop_pool
+      @pool_proxy&.kill
+      @pool_proxy = nil
+    end
+
+    def self.open(remote_uri)  # :nodoc:
+      begin
+        @pool_proxy = make_pool unless @pool_proxy&.alive?
+
+        conn = @pool_proxy.take(remote_uri)
         conn = self.new(remote_uri) unless conn
         succ, result = yield(conn)
         return succ, result
@@ -1232,10 +1305,7 @@ module DRb
       ensure
         if conn
           if succ
-            @mutex.synchronize do
-              @pool.unshift(conn)
-              @pool.pop.close while @pool.size > POOL_SIZE
-            end
+            @pool_proxy.store(conn)
           else
             conn.close
           end
@@ -1281,9 +1351,8 @@ module DRb
     @@idconv = DRbIdConv.new
     @@secondary_server = nil
     @@argc_limit = 256
-    @@load_limit = 256 * 102400
+    @@load_limit = 0xffffffff
     @@verbose = false
-    @@safe_level = 0
 
     # Set the default value for the :argc_limit option.
     #
@@ -1313,13 +1382,6 @@ module DRb
       @@idconv = idconv
     end
 
-    # Set the default safe level to +level+.  The default safe level is 0
-    #
-    # See #new for more information.
-    def self.default_safe_level(level)
-      @@safe_level = level
-    end
-
     # Set the default value of the :verbose option.
     #
     # See #new().  The initial default value is false.
@@ -1339,7 +1401,6 @@ module DRb
         :tcp_acl => @@acl,
         :load_limit => @@load_limit,
         :argc_limit => @@argc_limit,
-        :safe_level => @@safe_level
       }
       default_config.update(hash)
     end
@@ -1373,10 +1434,6 @@ module DRb
     # :argc_limit :: the maximum number of arguments to a remote
     #                method accepted by the server.  Defaults to
     #                256.
-    # :safe_level :: The safe level of the DRbServer.  The attribute
-    #                sets $SAFE for methods performed in the main_loop.
-    #                Defaults to 0.
-    #
     # The default values of these options can be modified on
     # a class-wide basis by the class methods #default_argc_limit,
     # #default_load_limit, #default_acl, #default_id_conv,
@@ -1408,7 +1465,6 @@ module DRb
 
       @front = front
       @idconv = @config[:idconv]
-      @safe_level = @config[:safe_level]
 
       @grp = ThreadGroup.new
       @thread = run
@@ -1435,12 +1491,6 @@ module DRb
     # The configuration of this DRbServer
     attr_reader :config
 
-    # The safe level for this server.  This is a number corresponding to
-    # $SAFE.
-    #
-    # The default safe_level is 0
-    attr_reader :safe_level
-
     # Set whether to operate in verbose mode.
     #
     # In verbose mode, failed calls are logged to stdout.
@@ -1467,12 +1517,7 @@ module DRb
       if  Thread.current['DRb'] && Thread.current['DRb']['server'] == self
         Thread.current['DRb']['stop_service'] = true
       else
-        if @protocol.respond_to? :shutdown
-          @protocol.shutdown
-        else
-          [@thread, *@grp.list].each {|thread| thread.kill} # xxx: Thread#kill
-        end
-        @thread.join
+        shutdown
       end
     end
 
@@ -1491,6 +1536,18 @@ module DRb
 
     private
 
+    def shutdown
+      current = Thread.current
+      if @protocol.respond_to? :shutdown
+        @protocol.shutdown
+      else
+        [@thread, *@grp.list].each { |thread|
+          thread.kill unless thread == current # xxx: Thread#kill
+        }
+      end
+      @thread.join unless @thread == current
+    end
+
     ##
     # Starts the DRb main loop in a new thread.
 
@@ -1520,9 +1577,9 @@ module DRb
     # Coerce an object to a string, providing our own representation if
     # to_s is not defined for the object.
     def any_to_s(obj)
-      obj.to_s + ":#{obj.class}"
+      "#{obj}:#{obj.class}"
     rescue
-      sprintf("#<%s:0x%lx>", obj.class, obj.__id__)
+      Kernel.instance_method(:to_s).bind_call(obj)
     end
 
     # Check that a method is callable via dRuby.
@@ -1538,14 +1595,27 @@ module DRb
       raise(ArgumentError, "#{any_to_s(msg_id)} is not a symbol") unless Symbol == msg_id.class
       raise(SecurityError, "insecure method `#{msg_id}'") if insecure_method?(msg_id)
 
-      if obj.private_methods.include?(msg_id)
-        desc = any_to_s(obj)
-        raise NoMethodError, "private method `#{msg_id}' called for #{desc}"
-      elsif obj.protected_methods.include?(msg_id)
-        desc = any_to_s(obj)
-        raise NoMethodError, "protected method `#{msg_id}' called for #{desc}"
+      case obj
+      when Object
+        if obj.private_methods.include?(msg_id)
+          desc = any_to_s(obj)
+          raise NoMethodError, "private method `#{msg_id}' called for #{desc}"
+        elsif obj.protected_methods.include?(msg_id)
+          desc = any_to_s(obj)
+          raise NoMethodError, "protected method `#{msg_id}' called for #{desc}"
+        else
+          true
+        end
       else
-        true
+        if Kernel.instance_method(:private_methods).bind(obj).call.include?(msg_id)
+          desc = any_to_s(obj)
+          raise NoMethodError, "private method `#{msg_id}' called for #{desc}"
+        elsif Kernel.instance_method(:protected_methods).bind(obj).call.include?(msg_id)
+          desc = any_to_s(obj)
+          raise NoMethodError, "protected method `#{msg_id}' called for #{desc}"
+        else
+          true
+        end
       end
     end
     public :check_insecure_method
@@ -1553,7 +1623,6 @@ module DRb
     class InvokeMethod  # :nodoc:
       def initialize(drb_server, client)
         @drb_server = drb_server
-        @safe_level = drb_server.safe_level
         @client = client
       end
 
@@ -1562,34 +1631,22 @@ module DRb
         @succ = false
         setup_message
 
-        if $SAFE < @safe_level
-          info = Thread.current['DRb']
-          if @block
-            @result = Thread.new {
-              Thread.current['DRb'] = info
-              $SAFE = @safe_level
-              perform_with_block
-            }.value
-          else
-            @result = Thread.new {
-              Thread.current['DRb'] = info
-              $SAFE = @safe_level
-              perform_without_block
-            }.value
-          end
+        if @block
+          @result = perform_with_block
         else
-          if @block
-            @result = perform_with_block
-          else
-            @result = perform_without_block
-          end
+          @result = perform_without_block
         end
         @succ = true
-        if @msg_id == :to_ary && @result.class == Array
-          @result = DRbArray.new(@result)
+        case @result
+        when Array
+          if @msg_id == :to_ary
+            @result = DRbArray.new(@result)
+          end
         end
         return @succ, @result
-      rescue StandardError, ScriptError, Interrupt
+      rescue NoMemoryError, SystemExit, SystemStackError, SecurityError
+        raise
+      rescue Exception
         @result = $!
         return @succ, @result
       end
@@ -1627,7 +1684,7 @@ module DRb
 
     end
 
-    require 'drb/invokemethod'
+    require_relative 'invokemethod'
     class InvokeMethod
       include InvokeMethod18Mixin
     end
@@ -1667,13 +1724,16 @@ module DRb
             invoke_method = InvokeMethod.new(self, client)
             succ, result = invoke_method.perform
             error_print(result) if !succ && verbose
-            client.send_reply(succ, result)
+            unless DRbConnError === result && result.message == 'connection closed'
+              client.send_reply(succ, result)
+            end
           rescue Exception => e
             error_print(e) if verbose
           ensure
             client.close unless succ
             if Thread.current['DRb']['stop_service']
-              Thread.new { stop_service }
+              shutdown
+              break
             end
             break unless succ
           end
@@ -1854,6 +1914,11 @@ module DRb
   # Removes +server+ from the list of registered servers.
   def remove_server(server)
     @server.delete(server.uri)
+    mutex.synchronize do
+      if @primary_server == server
+        @primary_server = nil
+      end
+    end
   end
   module_function :remove_server
 
diff --git a/lib/drb/extserv.rb b/lib/drb/extserv.rb
index 1cb1be4709..a93d5d1576 100644
--- a/lib/drb/extserv.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/extserv.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
         Copyright (c) 2000,2002 Masatoshi SEKI
 =end
 
-require 'drb/drb'
+require_relative 'drb'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module DRb
diff --git a/lib/drb/extservm.rb b/lib/drb/extservm.rb
index 7e70a3cd82..040e4e3e08 100644
--- a/lib/drb/extservm.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/extservm.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
         Copyright (c) 2000 Masatoshi SEKI
 =end
 
-require 'drb/drb'
-require 'thread'
+require_relative 'drb'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module DRb
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ module DRb
       synchronize do
         while true
           server = @servers[name]
-          return server if server&.alive?
+          return server if server && server.alive? # server may be `false'
           invoke_service(name)
           @cond.wait
         end
@@ -62,8 +61,7 @@ module DRb
     private
     def invoke_thread
       Thread.new do
-        while true
-          name = @queue.pop
+        while name = @queue.pop
           invoke_service_command(name, @@command[name])
         end
       end
diff --git a/lib/drb/gw.rb b/lib/drb/gw.rb
index d000507644..65a525476e 100644
--- a/lib/drb/gw.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/gw.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'drb/drb'
+require_relative 'drb'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module DRb
diff --git a/lib/drb/observer.rb b/lib/drb/observer.rb
index 3ee15331a1..0fb7301edf 100644
--- a/lib/drb/observer.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/observer.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module DRb
         if defined? @observer_peers
           @observer_peers.each do |observer, method|
             begin
-              observer.send(method, *arg)
+              observer.__send__(method, *arg)
             rescue
               delete_observer(observer)
             end
diff --git a/lib/drb/ssl.rb b/lib/drb/ssl.rb
index 8d2724e736..54ab1ef395 100644
--- a/lib/drb/ssl.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/ssl.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'socket'
 require 'openssl'
-require 'drb/drb'
+require_relative 'drb'
 require 'singleton'
 
 module DRb
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ module DRb
           return
         end
 
-        rsa = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(1024){|p, n|
+        rsa = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048){|p, n|
           next unless self[:verbose]
           case p
           when 0; $stderr.putc "."  # BN_generate_prime
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ module DRb
         if comment = self[:SSLCertComment]
           cert.add_extension(ef.create_extension("nsComment", comment))
         end
-        cert.sign(rsa, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new)
+        cert.sign(rsa, "SHA256")
 
         @cert = cert
         @pkey = rsa
@@ -226,13 +226,13 @@ module DRb
     #
     # Raises DRbBadScheme or DRbBadURI if +uri+ is not matching or malformed
     def self.parse_uri(uri) # :nodoc:
-      if uri =~ /^drbssl:\/\/(.*?):(\d+)(\?(.*))?$/
+      if /\Adrbssl:\/\/(.*?):(\d+)(\?(.*))?\z/ =~ uri
         host = $1
         port = $2.to_i
         option = $4
         [host, port, option]
       else
-        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri =~ /^drbssl:/
+        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri.start_with?('drbssl:')
         raise(DRbBadURI, 'can\'t parse uri:' + uri)
       end
     end
@@ -248,8 +248,6 @@ module DRb
     # configuration.  Either a Hash or DRb::DRbSSLSocket::SSLConfig
     def self.open(uri, config)
       host, port, = parse_uri(uri)
-      host.untaint
-      port.untaint
       soc = TCPSocket.open(host, port)
       ssl_conf = SSLConfig::new(config)
       ssl_conf.setup_ssl_context
@@ -336,7 +334,7 @@ module DRb
       end
       self.class.new(uri, ssl, @config, true)
       rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
-        warn("#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__}: warning: #{$!.message} (#{$!.class})") if @config[:verbose]
+        warn("#{$!.message} (#{$!.class})", uplevel: 0) if @config[:verbose]
         retry
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/drb/timeridconv.rb b/lib/drb/timeridconv.rb
index 9ac7e1e69c..3ead98a7f2 100644
--- a/lib/drb/timeridconv.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/timeridconv.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'drb/drb'
+require_relative 'drb'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module DRb
diff --git a/lib/drb/unix.rb b/lib/drb/unix.rb
index adacf6df5b..1629ad3bcd 100644
--- a/lib/drb/unix.rb
+++ b/lib/drb/unix.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'socket'
-require 'drb/drb'
+require_relative 'drb'
 require 'tmpdir'
 
 raise(LoadError, "UNIXServer is required") unless defined?(UNIXServer)
@@ -15,19 +15,18 @@ module DRb
   class DRbUNIXSocket < DRbTCPSocket
     # :stopdoc:
     def self.parse_uri(uri)
-      if /^drbunix:(.*?)(\?(.*))?$/ =~ uri
+      if /\Adrbunix:(.*?)(\?(.*))?\z/ =~ uri
         filename = $1
         option = $3
         [filename, option]
       else
-        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri =~ /^drbunix:/
+        raise(DRbBadScheme, uri) unless uri.start_with?('drbunix:')
         raise(DRbBadURI, 'can\'t parse uri:' + uri)
       end
     end
 
     def self.open(uri, config)
       filename, = parse_uri(uri)
-      filename.untaint
       soc = UNIXSocket.open(filename)
       self.new(uri, soc, config)
     end
@@ -95,6 +94,7 @@ module DRb
     public
     def close
       return unless @socket
+      shutdown # DRbProtocol#shutdown
       path = @socket.path if @server_mode
       @socket.close
       File.unlink(path) if @server_mode
diff --git a/lib/drb/version.rb b/lib/drb/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1f33cc65e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/drb/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module DRb
+  VERSION = "2.0.5"
+end
diff --git a/lib/drb/weakidconv.rb b/lib/drb/weakidconv.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ecf0bf515f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/drb/weakidconv.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require_relative 'drb'
+require 'monitor'
+
+module DRb
+
+  # To use WeakIdConv:
+  #
+  #  DRb.start_service(nil, nil, {:idconv => DRb::WeakIdConv.new})
+
+  class WeakIdConv < DRbIdConv
+    class WeakSet
+      include MonitorMixin
+      def initialize
+        super()
+        @immutable = {}
+        @map = ObjectSpace::WeakMap.new
+      end
+
+      def add(obj)
+        synchronize do
+          begin
+            @map[obj] = self
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            @immutable[obj.__id__] = obj
+          end
+          return obj.__id__
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fetch(ref)
+        synchronize do
+          @immutable.fetch(ref) {
+            @map.each { |key, _|
+              return key if key.__id__ == ref
+            }
+            raise RangeError.new("invalid reference")
+          }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize()
+      super()
+      @weak_set = WeakSet.new
+    end
+
+    def to_obj(ref) # :nodoc:
+      return super if ref.nil?
+      @weak_set.fetch(ref)
+    end
+
+    def to_id(obj) # :nodoc:
+      return @weak_set.add(obj)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# DRb.install_id_conv(WeakIdConv.new)
diff --git a/lib/e2mmap.rb b/lib/e2mmap.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ba1e87dd85..0000000000
--- a/lib/e2mmap.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#--
-#   e2mmap.rb - for Ruby 1.1
-#       $Release Version: 2.0$
-#       $Revision: 1.10 $
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA
-#
-#++
-#
-# Helper module for easily defining exceptions with predefined messages.
-#
-# == Usage
-#
-# 1.
-#   class Foo
-#     extend Exception2MessageMapper
-#     def_e2message ExistingExceptionClass, "message..."
-#     def_exception :NewExceptionClass, "message..."[, superclass]
-#     ...
-#   end
-#
-# 2.
-#   module Error
-#     extend Exception2MessageMapper
-#     def_e2message ExistingExceptionClass, "message..."
-#     def_exception :NewExceptionClass, "message..."[, superclass]
-#     ...
-#   end
-#   class Foo
-#     include Error
-#     ...
-#   end
-#
-#   foo = Foo.new
-#   foo.Fail ....
-#
-# 3.
-#   module Error
-#     extend Exception2MessageMapper
-#     def_e2message ExistingExceptionClass, "message..."
-#     def_exception :NewExceptionClass, "message..."[, superclass]
-#     ...
-#   end
-#   class Foo
-#     extend Exception2MessageMapper
-#     include Error
-#     ...
-#   end
-#
-#   Foo.Fail NewExceptionClass, arg...
-#   Foo.Fail ExistingExceptionClass, arg...
-#
-#
-module Exception2MessageMapper
-
-  E2MM = Exception2MessageMapper # :nodoc:
-
-  def E2MM.extend_object(cl)
-    super
-    cl.bind(self) unless cl < E2MM
-  end
-
-  def bind(cl)
-    self.module_eval "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}", __FILE__, __LINE__+1
-    begin;
-      def Raise(err = nil, *rest)
-        Exception2MessageMapper.Raise(self.class, err, *rest)
-      end
-      alias Fail Raise
-
-      class << self
-        undef included
-      end
-      def self.included(mod)
-        mod.extend Exception2MessageMapper
-      end
-    end;
-  end
-
-  # Fail(err, *rest)
-  #     err:    exception
-  #     rest:   message arguments
-  #
-  def Raise(err = nil, *rest)
-    E2MM.Raise(self, err, *rest)
-  end
-  alias Fail Raise
-  alias fail Raise
-
-  # def_e2message(c, m)
-  #         c:  exception
-  #         m:  message_form
-  #     define exception c with message m.
-  #
-  def def_e2message(c, m)
-    E2MM.def_e2message(self, c, m)
-  end
-
-  # def_exception(n, m, s)
-  #         n:  exception_name
-  #         m:  message_form
-  #         s:  superclass(default: StandardError)
-  #     define exception named ``c'' with message m.
-  #
-  def def_exception(n, m, s = StandardError)
-    E2MM.def_exception(self, n, m, s)
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Private definitions.
-  #
-  # {[class, exp] => message, ...}
-  @MessageMap = {}
-
-  # E2MM.def_e2message(k, e, m)
-  #         k:  class to define exception under.
-  #         e:  exception
-  #         m:  message_form
-  #     define exception c with message m.
-  #
-  def E2MM.def_e2message(k, c, m)
-    E2MM.instance_eval{@MessageMap[[k, c]] = m}
-    c
-  end
-
-  # E2MM.def_exception(k, n, m, s)
-  #         k:  class to define exception under.
-  #         n:  exception_name
-  #         m:  message_form
-  #         s:  superclass(default: StandardError)
-  #     define exception named ``c'' with message m.
-  #
-  def E2MM.def_exception(k, n, m, s = StandardError)
-    e = Class.new(s)
-    E2MM.instance_eval{@MessageMap[[k, e]] = m}
-    k.module_eval {remove_const(n)} if k.const_defined?(n, false)
-    k.const_set(n, e)
-  end
-
-  # Fail(klass, err, *rest)
-  #     klass:  class to define exception under.
-  #     err:    exception
-  #     rest:   message arguments
-  #
-  def E2MM.Raise(klass = E2MM, err = nil, *rest)
-    if form = e2mm_message(klass, err)
-      b = $@.nil? ? caller(1) : $@
-      b.shift if b[0] =~ /^#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:/
-      raise err, sprintf(form, *rest), b
-    else
-      E2MM.Fail E2MM, ErrNotRegisteredException, err.inspect
-    end
-  end
-  class << E2MM
-    alias Fail Raise
-  end
-
-  def E2MM.e2mm_message(klass, exp)
-    for c in klass.ancestors
-      if mes = @MessageMap[[c,exp]]
-        m = klass.instance_eval('"' + mes + '"')
-        return m
-      end
-    end
-    nil
-  end
-  class << self
-    alias message e2mm_message
-  end
-
-  E2MM.def_exception(E2MM,
-                     :ErrNotRegisteredException,
-                     "not registered exception(%s)")
-end
-
-
diff --git a/lib/erb.gemspec b/lib/erb.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cace278c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/erb.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "erb"
+  spec.version       = "2.2.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Masatoshi SEKI"]
+  spec.email         = ["seki@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{An easy to use but powerful templating system for Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{An easy to use but powerful templating system for Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/erb"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path("..", __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "libexec"
+  spec.executables   = ["erb"]
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "cgi"
+end
diff --git a/lib/erb.rb b/lib/erb.rb
index 9483711024..d2ea64ab60 100644
--- a/lib/erb.rb
+++ b/lib/erb.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # = ERB -- Ruby Templating
 #
 # Author:: Masatoshi SEKI
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ require "cgi/util"
 #
 # There are several settings you can change when you use ERB:
 # * the nature of the tags that are recognized;
-# * the value of <tt>$SAFE</tt> under which the template is run;
 # * the binding used to resolve local variables in the template.
 #
 # See the ERB.new and ERB#result methods for more detail.
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ require "cgi/util"
 #     James Edward Gray II
 #   }.gsub(/^  /, '')
 #
-#   message = ERB.new(template, 0, "%<>")
+#   message = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: "%<>")
 #
 #   # Set up template data.
 #   to = "Community Spokesman <spokesman@ruby_community.org>"
@@ -248,22 +247,20 @@ require "cgi/util"
 #
 # == Notes
 #
-# There are a variety of templating solutions available in various Ruby projects:
-# * ERB's big brother, eRuby, works the same but is written in C for speed;
-# * Amrita (smart at producing HTML/XML);
-# * cs/Template (written in C for speed);
-# * RDoc, distributed with Ruby, uses its own template engine, which can be reused elsewhere;
-# * and others; search {RubyGems.org}[https://rubygems.org/] or
-#   {The Ruby Toolbox}[https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/].
+# There are a variety of templating solutions available in various Ruby projects.
+# For example, RDoc, distributed with Ruby, uses its own template engine, which
+# can be reused elsewhere.
 #
-# Rails, the web application framework, uses ERB to create views.
+# Other popular engines could be found in the corresponding
+# {Category}[https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/categories/template_engines] of
+# The Ruby Toolbox.
 #
 class ERB
   Revision = '$Date::                           $' # :nodoc: #'
 
   # Returns revision information for the erb.rb module.
   def self.version
-    "erb.rb [2.1.0 #{ERB::Revision.split[1]}]"
+    "erb.rb [2.2.0 #{ERB::Revision.split[1]}]"
   end
 end
 
@@ -280,9 +277,9 @@ class ERB
   # ERB#src:
   #
   #   compiler = ERB::Compiler.new('<>')
-  #   compiler.pre_cmd    = ["_erbout=String.new"]
-  #   compiler.put_cmd    = "_erbout.concat"
-  #   compiler.insert_cmd = "_erbout.concat"
+  #   compiler.pre_cmd    = ["_erbout=+''"]
+  #   compiler.put_cmd    = "_erbout.<<"
+  #   compiler.insert_cmd = "_erbout.<<"
   #   compiler.post_cmd   = ["_erbout"]
   #
   #   code, enc = compiler.compile("Got <%= obj %>!\n")
@@ -291,7 +288,7 @@ class ERB
   # <i>Generates</i>:
   #
   #   #coding:UTF-8
-  #   _erbout=String.new; _erbout.concat "Got "; _erbout.concat(( obj ).to_s); _erbout.concat "!\n"; _erbout
+  #   _erbout=+''; _erbout.<< "Got ".freeze; _erbout.<<(( obj ).to_s); _erbout.<< "!\n".freeze; _erbout
   #
   # By default the output is sent to the print method.  For example:
   #
@@ -302,7 +299,7 @@ class ERB
   # <i>Generates</i>:
   #
   #   #coding:UTF-8
-  #   print "Got "; print(( obj ).to_s); print "!\n"
+  #   print "Got ".freeze; print(( obj ).to_s); print "!\n".freeze
   #
   # == Evaluation
   #
@@ -347,10 +344,6 @@ class ERB
       end
       attr_reader :value
       alias :to_s :value
-
-      def empty?
-        @value.empty?
-      end
     end
 
     class Scanner # :nodoc:
@@ -371,11 +364,13 @@ class ERB
         klass.new(src, trim_mode, percent)
       end
 
+      DEFAULT_STAGS = %w(<%% <%= <%# <%).freeze
+      DEFAULT_ETAGS = %w(%%> %>).freeze
       def initialize(src, trim_mode, percent)
         @src = src
         @stag = nil
-        @stags = %w(<%% <%= <%# <%).freeze
-        @etags = %w(%%> %>).freeze
+        @stags = DEFAULT_STAGS
+        @etags = DEFAULT_ETAGS
       end
       attr_accessor :stag
       attr_reader :stags, :etags
@@ -389,13 +384,13 @@ class ERB
         @trim_mode = trim_mode
         @percent = percent
         if @trim_mode == '>'
-          @scan_reg  = /(.*?)(%>\n|#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\n|\z)/m
+          @scan_reg  = /(.*?)(%>\r?\n|#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\n|\z)/m
           @scan_line = self.method(:trim_line1)
         elsif @trim_mode == '<>'
-          @scan_reg  = /(.*?)(%>\n|#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\n|\z)/m
+          @scan_reg  = /(.*?)(%>\r?\n|#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\n|\z)/m
           @scan_line = self.method(:trim_line2)
         elsif @trim_mode == '-'
-          @scan_reg  = /(.*?)(^[ \t]*<%\-|<%\-|-%>\n|-%>|#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\z)/m
+          @scan_reg  = /(.*?)(^[ \t]*<%\-|<%\-|-%>\r?\n|-%>|#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\z)/m
           @scan_line = self.method(:explicit_trim_line)
         else
           @scan_reg  = /(.*?)(#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\n|\z)/m
@@ -441,7 +436,7 @@ class ERB
         line.scan(@scan_reg) do |tokens|
           tokens.each do |token|
             next if token.empty?
-            if token == "%>\n"
+            if token == "%>\n" || token == "%>\r\n"
               yield('%>')
               yield(:cr)
             else
@@ -457,7 +452,7 @@ class ERB
           tokens.each do |token|
             next if token.empty?
             head = token unless head
-            if token == "%>\n"
+            if token == "%>\n" || token == "%>\r\n"
               yield('%>')
               if is_erb_stag?(head)
                 yield(:cr)
@@ -479,7 +474,7 @@ class ERB
             next if token.empty?
             if @stag.nil? && /[ \t]*<%-/ =~ token
               yield('<%')
-            elsif @stag && token == "-%>\n"
+            elsif @stag && (token == "-%>\n" || token == "-%>\r\n")
               yield('%>')
               yield(:cr)
             elsif @stag && token == '-%>'
@@ -499,25 +494,14 @@ class ERB
 
     Scanner.default_scanner = TrimScanner
 
-    class SimpleScanner < Scanner # :nodoc:
-      def scan
-        @src.scan(/(.*?)(#{(stags + etags).join('|')}|\n|\z)/m) do |tokens|
-          tokens.each do |token|
-            next if token.empty?
-            yield(token)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    Scanner.regist_scanner(SimpleScanner, nil, false)
-
     begin
       require 'strscan'
-      class SimpleScanner2 < Scanner # :nodoc:
+    rescue LoadError
+    else
+      class SimpleScanner < Scanner # :nodoc:
         def scan
-          stag_reg = /(.*?)(#{stags.join('|')}|\z)/m
-          etag_reg = /(.*?)(#{etags.join('|')}|\z)/m
+          stag_reg = (stags == DEFAULT_STAGS) ? /(.*?)(<%[%=#]?|\z)/m : /(.*?)(#{stags.join('|')}|\z)/m
+          etag_reg = (etags == DEFAULT_ETAGS) ? /(.*?)(%%?>|\z)/m : /(.*?)(#{etags.join('|')}|\z)/m
           scanner = StringScanner.new(@src)
           while ! scanner.eos?
             scanner.scan(@stag ? etag_reg : stag_reg)
@@ -526,7 +510,7 @@ class ERB
           end
         end
       end
-      Scanner.regist_scanner(SimpleScanner2, nil, false)
+      Scanner.register_scanner(SimpleScanner, nil, false)
 
       class ExplicitScanner < Scanner # :nodoc:
         def scan
@@ -542,23 +526,21 @@ class ERB
               yield('<%')
             elsif elem == '-%>'
               yield('%>')
-              yield(:cr) if scanner.scan(/(\n|\z)/)
+              yield(:cr) if scanner.scan(/(\r?\n|\z)/)
             else
               yield(elem)
             end
           end
         end
       end
-      Scanner.regist_scanner(ExplicitScanner, '-', false)
-
-    rescue LoadError
+      Scanner.register_scanner(ExplicitScanner, '-', false)
     end
 
     class Buffer # :nodoc:
       def initialize(compiler, enc=nil, frozen=nil)
         @compiler = compiler
         @line = []
-        @script = ''
+        @script = +''
         @script << "#coding:#{enc}\n" if enc
         @script << "#frozen-string-literal:#{frozen}\n" unless frozen.nil?
         @compiler.pre_cmd.each do |x|
@@ -587,17 +569,8 @@ class ERB
       end
     end
 
-    def content_dump(s) # :nodoc:
-      n = s.count("\n")
-      if n > 0
-        s.dump + "\n" * n
-      else
-        s.dump
-      end
-    end
-
     def add_put_cmd(out, content)
-      out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content_dump(content)}")
+      out.push("#{@put_cmd} #{content.dump}.freeze#{"\n" * content.count("\n")}")
     end
 
     def add_insert_cmd(out, content)
@@ -613,7 +586,7 @@ class ERB
       magic_comment = detect_magic_comment(s, enc)
       out = Buffer.new(self, *magic_comment)
 
-      self.content = ''
+      self.content = +''
       scanner = make_scanner(s)
       scanner.scan do |token|
         next if token.nil?
@@ -633,7 +606,7 @@ class ERB
       case stag
       when PercentLine
         add_put_cmd(out, content) if content.size > 0
-        self.content = ''
+        self.content = +''
         out.push(stag.to_s)
         out.cr
       when :cr
@@ -641,11 +614,11 @@ class ERB
       when '<%', '<%=', '<%#'
         scanner.stag = stag
         add_put_cmd(out, content) if content.size > 0
-        self.content = ''
+        self.content = +''
       when "\n"
         content << "\n"
         add_put_cmd(out, content)
-        self.content = ''
+        self.content = +''
       when '<%%'
         content << '<%'
       else
@@ -658,7 +631,7 @@ class ERB
       when '%>'
         compile_content(scanner.stag, out)
         scanner.stag = nil
-        self.content = ''
+        self.content = +''
       when '%%>'
         content << '%>'
       else
@@ -679,7 +652,7 @@ class ERB
       when '<%='
         add_insert_cmd(out, content)
       when '<%#'
-        # out.push("# #{content_dump(content)}")
+        # commented out
       end
     end
 
@@ -689,9 +662,13 @@ class ERB
         return [false, '>']
       when 2
         return [false, '<>']
-      when 0
+      when 0, nil
         return [false, nil]
       when String
+        unless mode.match?(/\A(%|-|>|<>){1,2}\z/)
+          warn_invalid_trim_mode(mode, uplevel: 5)
+        end
+
         perc = mode.include?('%')
         if mode.include?('-')
           return [perc, '-']
@@ -703,6 +680,7 @@ class ERB
           [perc, nil]
         end
       else
+        warn_invalid_trim_mode(mode, uplevel: 5)
         return [false, nil]
       end
     end
@@ -754,6 +732,10 @@ class ERB
       end
       return enc, frozen
     end
+
+    def warn_invalid_trim_mode(mode, uplevel:)
+      warn "Invalid ERB trim mode: #{mode.inspect} (trim_mode: nil, 0, 1, 2, or String composed of '%' and/or '-', '>', '<>')", uplevel: uplevel + 1
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -764,9 +746,7 @@ class ERB
   # Constructs a new ERB object with the template specified in _str_.
   #
   # An ERB object works by building a chunk of Ruby code that will output
-  # the completed template when run. If _safe_level_ is set to a non-nil value,
-  # ERB code will be run in a separate thread with <b>$SAFE</b> set to the
-  # provided level.
+  # the completed template when run.
   #
   # If _trim_mode_ is passed a String containing one or more of the following
   # modifiers, ERB will adjust its code generation as listed:
@@ -801,11 +781,11 @@ class ERB
   #    def build
   #      b = binding
   #      # create and run templates, filling member data variables
-  #      ERB.new(<<-'END_PRODUCT'.gsub(/^\s+/, ""), 0, "", "@product").result b
+  #      ERB.new(<<-'END_PRODUCT'.gsub(/^\s+/, ""), trim_mode: "", eoutvar: "@product").result b
   #        <%= PRODUCT[:name] %>
   #        <%= PRODUCT[:desc] %>
   #      END_PRODUCT
-  #      ERB.new(<<-'END_PRICE'.gsub(/^\s+/, ""), 0, "", "@price").result b
+  #      ERB.new(<<-'END_PRICE'.gsub(/^\s+/, ""), trim_mode: "", eoutvar: "@price").result b
   #        <%= PRODUCT[:name] %> -- <%= PRODUCT[:cost] %>
   #        <%= PRODUCT[:desc] %>
   #      END_PRICE
@@ -826,14 +806,31 @@ class ERB
   #  Chicken Fried Steak -- 9.95
   #  A well messages pattie, breaded and fried.
   #
-  def initialize(str, safe_level=nil, trim_mode=nil, eoutvar='_erbout')
-    @safe_level = safe_level
+  def initialize(str, safe_level=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_trim_mode=NOT_GIVEN, legacy_eoutvar=NOT_GIVEN, trim_mode: nil, eoutvar: '_erbout')
+    # Complex initializer for $SAFE deprecation at [Feature #14256]. Use keyword arguments to pass trim_mode or eoutvar.
+    if safe_level != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn 'Passing safe_level with the 2nd argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Do not use it, and specify other arguments as keyword arguments.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE || !ZERO_SAFE_LEVELS.include?(safe_level)
+    end
+    if legacy_trim_mode != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn 'Passing trim_mode with the 3rd argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Use keyword argument like ERB.new(str, trim_mode: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      trim_mode = legacy_trim_mode
+    end
+    if legacy_eoutvar != NOT_GIVEN
+      warn 'Passing eoutvar with the 4th argument of ERB.new is deprecated. Use keyword argument like ERB.new(str, eoutvar: ...) instead.', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+      eoutvar = legacy_eoutvar
+    end
+
     compiler = make_compiler(trim_mode)
     set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar)
     @src, @encoding, @frozen_string = *compiler.compile(str)
     @filename = nil
     @lineno = 0
+    @_init = self.class.singleton_class
   end
+  NOT_GIVEN = Object.new
+  private_constant :NOT_GIVEN
+  ZERO_SAFE_LEVELS = [0, nil]
+  private_constant :ZERO_SAFE_LEVELS
 
   ##
   # Creates a new compiler for ERB.  See ERB::Compiler.new for details
@@ -856,6 +853,21 @@ class ERB
   # is run
   attr_accessor :lineno
 
+  #
+  # Sets optional filename and line number that will be used in ERB code
+  # evaluation and error reporting. See also #filename= and #lineno=
+  #
+  #   erb = ERB.new('<%= some_x %>')
+  #   erb.render
+  #   # undefined local variable or method `some_x'
+  #   #   from (erb):1
+  #
+  #   erb.location = ['file.erb', 3]
+  #   # All subsequent error reporting would use new location
+  #   erb.render
+  #   # undefined local variable or method `some_x'
+  #   #   from file.erb:4
+  #
   def location=((filename, lineno))
     @filename = filename
     @lineno = lineno if lineno
@@ -867,10 +879,10 @@ class ERB
   # requires the setup of an ERB _compiler_ object.
   #
   def set_eoutvar(compiler, eoutvar = '_erbout')
-    compiler.put_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.concat"
-    compiler.insert_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.concat"
-    compiler.pre_cmd = ["#{eoutvar} = String.new"]
-    compiler.post_cmd = ["#{eoutvar}.force_encoding(__ENCODING__)"]
+    compiler.put_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.<<"
+    compiler.insert_cmd = "#{eoutvar}.<<"
+    compiler.pre_cmd = ["#{eoutvar} = +''"]
+    compiler.post_cmd = [eoutvar]
   end
 
   # Generate results and print them. (see ERB#result)
@@ -887,22 +899,35 @@ class ERB
   # code evaluation.
   #
   def result(b=new_toplevel)
-    if @safe_level
-      proc {
-        $SAFE = @safe_level
-        eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), @lineno)
-      }.call
-    else
-      eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), @lineno)
+    unless @_init.equal?(self.class.singleton_class)
+      raise ArgumentError, "not initialized"
     end
+    eval(@src, b, (@filename || '(erb)'), @lineno)
+  end
+
+  # Render a template on a new toplevel binding with local variables specified
+  # by a Hash object.
+  def result_with_hash(hash)
+    b = new_toplevel(hash.keys)
+    hash.each_pair do |key, value|
+      b.local_variable_set(key, value)
+    end
+    result(b)
   end
 
   ##
   # Returns a new binding each time *near* TOPLEVEL_BINDING for runs that do
   # not specify a binding.
 
-  def new_toplevel
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING.dup
+  def new_toplevel(vars = nil)
+    b = TOPLEVEL_BINDING
+    if vars
+      vars = vars.select {|v| b.local_variable_defined?(v)}
+      unless vars.empty?
+        return b.eval("tap {|;#{vars.join(',')}| break binding}")
+      end
+    end
+    b.dup
   end
   private :new_toplevel
 
@@ -994,8 +1019,8 @@ class ERB
     #   Programming%20Ruby%3A%20%20The%20Pragmatic%20Programmer%27s%20Guide
     #
     def url_encode(s)
-      s.to_s.b.gsub(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]/n) { |m|
-        sprintf("%%%02X", m.unpack("C")[0])
+      s.to_s.b.gsub(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_\-.~]/n) { |m|
+        sprintf("%%%02X", m.unpack1("C"))
       }
     end
     alias u url_encode
diff --git a/lib/fileutils.gemspec b/lib/fileutils.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53c32e7e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/fileutils.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+source_version = ["", "lib/"].find do |dir|
+  begin
+    break File.open(File.join(__dir__, "#{dir}fileutils.rb")) {|f|
+      f.gets("\n  VERSION = ")
+      f.gets[/\s*"(.+)"/, 1]
+    }
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  end
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = "fileutils"
+  s.version = source_version
+  s.summary = "Several file utility methods for copying, moving, removing, etc."
+  s.description = "Several file utility methods for copying, moving, removing, etc."
+
+  s.require_path = %w{lib}
+  s.files = ["LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "fileutils.gemspec", "lib/fileutils.rb"]
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+
+  s.authors = ["Minero Aoki"]
+  s.email = [nil]
+  s.homepage = "https://github.com/ruby/fileutils"
+  s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  s.metadata = {
+    "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/ruby/fileutils"
+  }
+end
diff --git a/lib/fileutils.rb b/lib/fileutils.rb
index 6662b90932..a2ad0c003e 100644
--- a/lib/fileutils.rb
+++ b/lib/fileutils.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+begin
+  require 'rbconfig'
+rescue LoadError
+  # for make mjit-headers
+end
+
 #
 # = fileutils.rb
 #
@@ -15,48 +22,58 @@
 #
 #   require 'fileutils'
 #
-#   FileUtils.cd(dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.cd(dir, options) {|dir| block }
+#   FileUtils.cd(dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.cd(dir, **options) {|dir| block }
 #   FileUtils.pwd()
-#   FileUtils.mkdir(dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.mkdir(list, options)
-#   FileUtils.mkdir_p(dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.mkdir_p(list, options)
-#   FileUtils.rmdir(dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.rmdir(list, options)
-#   FileUtils.ln(target, link, options)
-#   FileUtils.ln(targets, dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.ln_s(target, link, options)
-#   FileUtils.ln_s(targets, dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.ln_sf(target, link, options)
-#   FileUtils.cp(src, dest, options)
-#   FileUtils.cp(list, dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.cp_r(src, dest, options)
-#   FileUtils.cp_r(list, dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.mv(src, dest, options)
-#   FileUtils.mv(list, dir, options)
-#   FileUtils.rm(list, options)
-#   FileUtils.rm_r(list, options)
-#   FileUtils.rm_rf(list, options)
-#   FileUtils.install(src, dest, options)
-#   FileUtils.chmod(mode, list, options)
-#   FileUtils.chmod_R(mode, list, options)
-#   FileUtils.chown(user, group, list, options)
-#   FileUtils.chown_R(user, group, list, options)
-#   FileUtils.touch(list, options)
+#   FileUtils.mkdir(dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.mkdir(list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.mkdir_p(dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.mkdir_p(list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.rmdir(dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.rmdir(list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.ln(target, link, **options)
+#   FileUtils.ln(targets, dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.ln_s(target, link, **options)
+#   FileUtils.ln_s(targets, dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.ln_sf(target, link, **options)
+#   FileUtils.cp(src, dest, **options)
+#   FileUtils.cp(list, dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.cp_r(src, dest, **options)
+#   FileUtils.cp_r(list, dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.mv(src, dest, **options)
+#   FileUtils.mv(list, dir, **options)
+#   FileUtils.rm(list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.rm_r(list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.rm_rf(list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.install(src, dest, **options)
+#   FileUtils.chmod(mode, list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.chmod_R(mode, list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.chown(user, group, list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.chown_R(user, group, list, **options)
+#   FileUtils.touch(list, **options)
+#
+# Possible <tt>options</tt> are:
 #
-# The <tt>options</tt> parameter is a hash of options, taken from the list
-# <tt>:force</tt>, <tt>:noop</tt>, <tt>:preserve</tt>, and <tt>:verbose</tt>.
-# <tt>:noop</tt> means that no changes are made.  The other three are obvious.
-# Each method documents the options that it honours.
+# <tt>:force</tt> :: forced operation (rewrite files if exist, remove
+#                    directories if not empty, etc.);
+# <tt>:verbose</tt> :: print command to be run, in bash syntax, before
+#                      performing it;
+# <tt>:preserve</tt> :: preserve object's group, user and modification
+#                       time on copying;
+# <tt>:noop</tt> :: no changes are made (usable in combination with
+#                   <tt>:verbose</tt> which will print the command to run)
+#
+# Each method documents the options that it honours. See also ::commands,
+# ::options and ::options_of methods to introspect which command have which
+# options.
 #
 # All methods that have the concept of a "source" file or directory can take
 # either one file or a list of files in that argument.  See the method
 # documentation for examples.
 #
-# There are some `low level' methods, which do not accept any option:
+# There are some `low level' methods, which do not accept keyword arguments:
 #
-#   FileUtils.copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference = false)
+#   FileUtils.copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
 #   FileUtils.copy_file(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference = true)
 #   FileUtils.copy_stream(srcstream, deststream)
 #   FileUtils.remove_entry(path, force = false)
@@ -84,8 +101,8 @@
 # files/directories.  This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> and
 # <tt>:verbose</tt> flags to methods in FileUtils.
 #
-
 module FileUtils
+  VERSION = "1.5.0"
 
   def self.private_module_function(name)   #:nodoc:
     module_function name
@@ -106,19 +123,22 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # Changes the current directory to the directory +dir+.
   #
-  # If this method is called with block, resumes to the old
-  # working directory after the block execution finished.
+  # If this method is called with block, resumes to the previous
+  # working directory after the block execution has finished.
+  #
+  #   FileUtils.cd('/')  # change directory
   #
-  #   FileUtils.cd('/', :verbose => true)   # chdir and report it
+  #   FileUtils.cd('/', verbose: true)   # change directory and report it
   #
-  #   FileUtils.cd('/') do  # chdir
+  #   FileUtils.cd('/') do  # change directory
   #     # ...               # do something
   #   end                   # return to original directory
   #
   def cd(dir, verbose: nil, &block) # :yield: dir
     fu_output_message "cd #{dir}" if verbose
-    Dir.chdir(dir, &block)
+    result = Dir.chdir(dir, &block)
     fu_output_message 'cd -' if verbose and block
+    result
   end
   module_function :cd
 
@@ -153,9 +173,9 @@ module FileUtils
   # Creates one or more directories.
   #
   #   FileUtils.mkdir 'test'
-  #   FileUtils.mkdir %w( tmp data )
-  #   FileUtils.mkdir 'notexist', :noop => true  # Does not really create.
-  #   FileUtils.mkdir 'tmp', :mode => 0700
+  #   FileUtils.mkdir %w(tmp data)
+  #   FileUtils.mkdir 'notexist', noop: true  # Does not really create.
+  #   FileUtils.mkdir 'tmp', mode: 0700
   #
   def mkdir(list, mode: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -174,7 +194,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   #   FileUtils.mkdir_p '/usr/local/lib/ruby'
   #
-  # causes to make following directories, if it does not exist.
+  # causes to make following directories, if they do not exist.
   #
   # * /usr
   # * /usr/local
@@ -188,7 +208,9 @@ module FileUtils
     fu_output_message "mkdir -p #{mode ? ('-m %03o ' % mode) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
     return *list if noop
 
-    list.map {|path| remove_trailing_slash(path)}.each do |path|
+    list.each do |item|
+      path = remove_trailing_slash(item)
+
       # optimize for the most common case
       begin
         fu_mkdir path, mode
@@ -201,7 +223,9 @@ module FileUtils
       until path == stack.last   # dirname("/")=="/", dirname("C:/")=="C:/"
         stack.push path
         path = File.dirname(path)
+        break if File.directory?(path)
       end
+      stack.pop if path == stack.last   # root directory should exist
       stack.reverse_each do |dir|
         begin
           fu_mkdir dir, mode
@@ -237,22 +261,22 @@ module FileUtils
   #   FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir'
   #   FileUtils.rmdir %w(somedir anydir otherdir)
   #   # Does not really remove directory; outputs message.
-  #   FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir', :verbose => true, :noop => true
+  #   FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir', verbose: true, noop: true
   #
   def rmdir(list, parents: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message "rmdir #{parents ? '-p ' : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
     return if noop
     list.each do |dir|
-      begin
-        Dir.rmdir(dir = remove_trailing_slash(dir))
-        if parents
+      Dir.rmdir(dir = remove_trailing_slash(dir))
+      if parents
+        begin
           until (parent = File.dirname(dir)) == '.' or parent == dir
             dir = parent
             Dir.rmdir(dir)
           end
+        rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY, Errno::EEXIST, Errno::ENOENT
         end
-      rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY, Errno::EEXIST, Errno::ENOENT
       end
     end
   end
@@ -266,7 +290,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # In the first form, creates a hard link +link+ which points to +target+.
   # If +link+ already exists, raises Errno::EEXIST.
-  # But if the :force option is set, overwrites +link+.
+  # But if the +force+ option is set, overwrites +link+.
   #
   #   FileUtils.ln 'gcc', 'cc', verbose: true
   #   FileUtils.ln '/usr/bin/emacs21', '/usr/bin/emacs'
@@ -293,6 +317,39 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :link
 
   #
+  # Hard link +src+ to +dest+. If +src+ is a directory, this method links
+  # all its contents recursively. If +dest+ is a directory, links
+  # +src+ to +dest/src+.
+  #
+  # +src+ can be a list of files.
+  #
+  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
+  #
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
+  #   FileUtils.rm_r site_ruby + '/mylib', force: true
+  #   FileUtils.cp_lr 'lib/', site_ruby + '/mylib'
+  #
+  #   # Examples of linking several files to target directory.
+  #   FileUtils.cp_lr %w(mail.rb field.rb debug/), site_ruby + '/tmail'
+  #   FileUtils.cp_lr Dir.glob('*.rb'), '/home/aamine/lib/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true
+  #
+  #   # If you want to link all contents of a directory instead of the
+  #   # directory itself, c.f. src/x -> dest/x, src/y -> dest/y,
+  #   # use the following code.
+  #   FileUtils.cp_lr 'src/.', 'dest'  # cp_lr('src', 'dest') makes dest/src, but this doesn't.
+  #
+  def cp_lr(src, dest, noop: nil, verbose: nil,
+            dereference_root: true, remove_destination: false)
+    fu_output_message "cp -lr#{remove_destination ? ' --remove-destination' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      link_entry s, d, dereference_root, remove_destination
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :cp_lr
+
+  #
   # :call-seq:
   #   FileUtils.ln_s(target, link, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
   #   FileUtils.ln_s(target,  dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
@@ -300,7 +357,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # In the first form, creates a symbolic link +link+ which points to +target+.
   # If +link+ already exists, raises Errno::EEXIST.
-  # But if the :force option is set, overwrites +link+.
+  # But if the <tt>force</tt> option is set, overwrites +link+.
   #
   #   FileUtils.ln_s '/usr/bin/ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby'
   #   FileUtils.ln_s 'verylongsourcefilename.c', 'c', force: true
@@ -339,6 +396,26 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :ln_sf
 
   #
+  # Hard links a file system entry +src+ to +dest+.
+  # If +src+ is a directory, this method links its contents recursively.
+  #
+  # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
+  # +src+ must exist, +dest+ must not exist.
+  #
+  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereferences the tree root.
+  #
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
+  def link_entry(src, dest, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
+    Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference_root).traverse do |ent|
+      destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && File.file?(destent.path)
+      ent.link destent.path
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :link_entry
+
+  #
   # Copies a file content +src+ to +dest+.  If +dest+ is a directory,
   # copies +src+ to +dest/src+.
   #
@@ -346,7 +423,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   #   FileUtils.cp 'eval.c', 'eval.c.org'
   #   FileUtils.cp %w(cgi.rb complex.rb date.rb), '/usr/lib/ruby/1.6'
-  #   FileUtils.cp %w(cgi.rb complex.rb date.rb), '/usr/lib/ruby/1.6', :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.cp %w(cgi.rb complex.rb date.rb), '/usr/lib/ruby/1.6', verbose: true
   #   FileUtils.cp 'symlink', 'dest'   # copy content, "dest" is not a symlink
   #
   def cp(src, dest, preserve: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
@@ -368,13 +445,17 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # +src+ can be a list of files.
   #
+  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
+  #
+  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  #
   #   # Installing Ruby library "mylib" under the site_ruby
-  #   FileUtils.rm_r site_ruby + '/mylib', :force
+  #   FileUtils.rm_r site_ruby + '/mylib', force: true
   #   FileUtils.cp_r 'lib/', site_ruby + '/mylib'
   #
   #   # Examples of copying several files to target directory.
   #   FileUtils.cp_r %w(mail.rb field.rb debug/), site_ruby + '/tmail'
-  #   FileUtils.cp_r Dir.glob('*.rb'), '/home/foo/lib/ruby', :noop => true, :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.cp_r Dir.glob('*.rb'), '/home/foo/lib/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true
   #
   #   # If you want to copy all contents of a directory instead of the
   #   # directory itself, c.f. src/x -> dest/x, src/y -> dest/y,
@@ -409,9 +490,13 @@ module FileUtils
   # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
   #
   def copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
-    Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference_root).wrap_traverse(proc do |ent|
+    if dereference_root
+      src = File.realpath(src)
+    end
+
+    Entry_.new(src, nil, false).wrap_traverse(proc do |ent|
       destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
-      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && File.file?(destent.path)
+      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && (File.file?(destent.path) || File.symlink?(destent.path))
       ent.copy destent.path
     end, proc do |ent|
       destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
@@ -446,10 +531,10 @@ module FileUtils
   # disk partition, the file is copied then the original file is removed.
   #
   #   FileUtils.mv 'badname.rb', 'goodname.rb'
-  #   FileUtils.mv 'stuff.rb', '/notexist/lib/ruby', :force => true  # no error
+  #   FileUtils.mv 'stuff.rb', '/notexist/lib/ruby', force: true  # no error
   #
   #   FileUtils.mv %w(junk.txt dust.txt), '/home/foo/.trash/'
-  #   FileUtils.mv Dir.glob('test*.rb'), 'test', :noop => true, :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.mv Dir.glob('test*.rb'), 'test', noop: true, verbose: true
   #
   def mv(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
     fu_output_message "mv#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
@@ -460,13 +545,12 @@ module FileUtils
         if destent.exist?
           if destent.directory?
             raise Errno::EEXIST, d
-          else
-            destent.remove_file if rename_cannot_overwrite_file?
           end
         end
         begin
           File.rename s, d
-        rescue Errno::EXDEV
+        rescue Errno::EXDEV,
+               Errno::EPERM # move from unencrypted to encrypted dir (ext4)
           copy_entry s, d, true
           if secure
             remove_entry_secure s, force
@@ -484,18 +568,13 @@ module FileUtils
   alias move mv
   module_function :move
 
-  def rename_cannot_overwrite_file?   #:nodoc:
-    /emx/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-  end
-  private_module_function :rename_cannot_overwrite_file?
-
   #
   # Remove file(s) specified in +list+.  This method cannot remove directories.
   # All StandardErrors are ignored when the :force option is set.
   #
   #   FileUtils.rm %w( junk.txt dust.txt )
   #   FileUtils.rm Dir.glob('*.so')
-  #   FileUtils.rm 'NotExistFile', :force => true   # never raises exception
+  #   FileUtils.rm 'NotExistFile', force: true   # never raises exception
   #
   def rm(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -514,7 +593,7 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # Equivalent to
   #
-  #   FileUtils.rm(list, :force => true)
+  #   FileUtils.rm(list, force: true)
   #
   def rm_f(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     rm list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose
@@ -530,18 +609,18 @@ module FileUtils
   # StandardError when :force option is set.
   #
   #   FileUtils.rm_r Dir.glob('/tmp/*')
-  #   FileUtils.rm_r 'some_dir', :force => true
+  #   FileUtils.rm_r 'some_dir', force: true
   #
   # WARNING: This method causes local vulnerability
   # if one of parent directories or removing directory tree are world
   # writable (including /tmp, whose permission is 1777), and the current
   # process has strong privilege such as Unix super user (root), and the
   # system has symbolic link.  For secure removing, read the documentation
-  # of #remove_entry_secure carefully, and set :secure option to true.
-  # Default is :secure=>false.
+  # of remove_entry_secure carefully, and set :secure option to true.
+  # Default is <tt>secure: false</tt>.
   #
-  # NOTE: This method calls #remove_entry_secure if :secure option is set.
-  # See also #remove_entry_secure.
+  # NOTE: This method calls remove_entry_secure if :secure option is set.
+  # See also remove_entry_secure.
   #
   def rm_r(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -560,10 +639,10 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # Equivalent to
   #
-  #   FileUtils.rm_r(list, :force => true)
+  #   FileUtils.rm_r(list, force: true)
   #
   # WARNING: This method causes local vulnerability.
-  # Read the documentation of #rm_r first.
+  # Read the documentation of rm_r first.
   #
   def rm_rf(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
     rm_r list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose, secure: secure
@@ -577,7 +656,7 @@ module FileUtils
   # This method removes a file system entry +path+.  +path+ shall be a
   # regular file, a directory, or something.  If +path+ is a directory,
   # remove it recursively.  This method is required to avoid TOCTTOU
-  # (time-of-check-to-time-of-use) local security vulnerability of #rm_r.
+  # (time-of-check-to-time-of-use) local security vulnerability of rm_r.
   # #rm_r causes security hole when:
   #
   # * Parent directory is world writable (including /tmp).
@@ -600,8 +679,8 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   # For details of this security vulnerability, see Perl's case:
   #
-  # * http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2005-0448
-  # * http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2004-0452
+  # * https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2005-0448
+  # * https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2004-0452
   #
   # For fileutils.rb, this vulnerability is reported in [ruby-dev:26100].
   #
@@ -625,22 +704,38 @@ module FileUtils
     unless parent_st.sticky?
       raise ArgumentError, "parent directory is world writable, FileUtils#remove_entry_secure does not work; abort: #{path.inspect} (parent directory mode #{'%o' % parent_st.mode})"
     end
+
     # freeze tree root
     euid = Process.euid
-    File.open(fullpath + '/.') {|f|
-      unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, f.stat)
-        # symlink (TOC-to-TOU attack?)
-        File.unlink fullpath
-        return
-      end
-      f.chown euid, -1
-      f.chmod 0700
-      unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, File.lstat(fullpath))
-        # TOC-to-TOU attack?
-        File.unlink fullpath
-        return
-      end
-    }
+    dot_file = fullpath + "/."
+    begin
+      File.open(dot_file) {|f|
+        unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, f.stat)
+          # symlink (TOC-to-TOU attack?)
+          File.unlink fullpath
+          return
+        end
+        f.chown euid, -1
+        f.chmod 0700
+      }
+    rescue Errno::EISDIR # JRuby in non-native mode can't open files as dirs
+      File.lstat(dot_file).tap {|fstat|
+        unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, fstat)
+          # symlink (TOC-to-TOU attack?)
+          File.unlink fullpath
+          return
+        end
+        File.chown euid, -1, dot_file
+        File.chmod 0700, dot_file
+      }
+    end
+
+    unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, File.lstat(fullpath))
+      # TOC-to-TOU attack?
+      File.unlink fullpath
+      return
+    end
+
     # ---- tree root is frozen ----
     root = Entry_.new(path)
     root.preorder_traverse do |ent|
@@ -680,7 +775,7 @@ module FileUtils
   # +path+ might be a regular file, a directory, or something.
   # If +path+ is a directory, remove it recursively.
   #
-  # See also #remove_entry_secure.
+  # See also remove_entry_secure.
   #
   def remove_entry(path, force = false)
     Entry_.new(path).postorder_traverse do |ent|
@@ -716,10 +811,10 @@ module FileUtils
   module_function :remove_dir
 
   #
-  # Returns true if the contents of a file A and a file B are identical.
+  # Returns true if the contents of a file +a+ and a file +b+ are identical.
   #
-  #   FileUtils.compare_file('somefile', 'somefile')  #=> true
-  #   FileUtils.compare_file('/bin/cp', '/bin/mv')    #=> maybe false
+  #   FileUtils.compare_file('somefile', 'somefile')       #=> true
+  #   FileUtils.compare_file('/dev/null', '/dev/urandom')  #=> false
   #
   def compare_file(a, b)
     return false unless File.size(a) == File.size(b)
@@ -741,8 +836,15 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   def compare_stream(a, b)
     bsize = fu_stream_blksize(a, b)
-    sa = ""
-    sb = ""
+
+    if RUBY_VERSION > "2.4"
+      sa = String.new(capacity: bsize)
+      sb = String.new(capacity: bsize)
+    else
+      sa = String.new
+      sb = String.new
+    end
+
     begin
       a.read(bsize, sa)
       b.read(bsize, sb)
@@ -757,8 +859,8 @@ module FileUtils
   # mode to +mode+.  If +dest+ is a directory, destination is +dest+/+src+.
   # This method removes destination before copy.
   #
-  #   FileUtils.install 'ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby', :mode => 0755, :verbose => true
-  #   FileUtils.install 'lib.rb', '/usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby', :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.install 'ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby', mode: 0755, verbose: true
+  #   FileUtils.install 'lib.rb', '/usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby', verbose: true
   #
   def install(src, dest, mode: nil, owner: nil, group: nil, preserve: nil,
               noop: nil, verbose: nil)
@@ -818,11 +920,8 @@ module FileUtils
   private_module_function :apply_mask
 
   def symbolic_modes_to_i(mode_sym, path)  #:nodoc:
-    mode = if File::Stat === path
-             path.mode
-           else
-             File.stat(path).mode
-           end
+    path = File.stat(path) unless File::Stat === path
+    mode = path.mode
     mode_sym.split(/,/).inject(mode & 07777) do |current_mode, clause|
       target, *actions = clause.split(/([=+-])/)
       raise ArgumentError, "invalid file mode: #{mode_sym}" if actions.empty?
@@ -839,7 +938,7 @@ module FileUtils
           when "x"
             mask | 0111
           when "X"
-            if FileTest.directory? path
+            if path.directory?
               mask | 0111
             else
               mask
@@ -888,12 +987,12 @@ module FileUtils
   # Absolute mode is
   #   FileUtils.chmod 0755, 'somecommand'
   #   FileUtils.chmod 0644, %w(my.rb your.rb his.rb her.rb)
-  #   FileUtils.chmod 0755, '/usr/bin/ruby', :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.chmod 0755, '/usr/bin/ruby', verbose: true
   #
   # Symbolic mode is
   #   FileUtils.chmod "u=wrx,go=rx", 'somecommand'
   #   FileUtils.chmod "u=wr,go=rr", %w(my.rb your.rb his.rb her.rb)
-  #   FileUtils.chmod "u=wrx,go=rx", '/usr/bin/ruby', :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.chmod "u=wrx,go=rx", '/usr/bin/ruby', verbose: true
   #
   # "a" :: is user, group, other mask.
   # "u" :: is user's mask.
@@ -953,7 +1052,7 @@ module FileUtils
   # the attribute.
   #
   #   FileUtils.chown 'root', 'staff', '/usr/local/bin/ruby'
-  #   FileUtils.chown nil, 'bin', Dir.glob('/usr/bin/*'), :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.chown nil, 'bin', Dir.glob('/usr/bin/*'), verbose: true
   #
   def chown(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -977,7 +1076,7 @@ module FileUtils
   # method does not change the attribute.
   #
   #   FileUtils.chown_R 'www', 'www', '/var/www/htdocs'
-  #   FileUtils.chown_R 'cvs', 'cvs', '/var/cvs', :verbose => true
+  #   FileUtils.chown_R 'cvs', 'cvs', '/var/cvs', verbose: true
   #
   def chown_R(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, force: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -1000,11 +1099,6 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chown_R
 
-  begin
-    require 'etc'
-  rescue LoadError # rescue LoadError for miniruby
-  end
-
   def fu_get_uid(user)   #:nodoc:
     return nil unless user
     case user
@@ -1013,6 +1107,7 @@ module FileUtils
     when /\A\d+\z/
       user.to_i
     else
+      require 'etc'
       Etc.getpwnam(user) ? Etc.getpwnam(user).uid : nil
     end
   end
@@ -1026,6 +1121,7 @@ module FileUtils
     when /\A\d+\z/
       group.to_i
     else
+      require 'etc'
       Etc.getgrnam(group) ? Etc.getgrnam(group).gid : nil
     end
   end
@@ -1066,8 +1162,11 @@ module FileUtils
   module StreamUtils_
     private
 
-    def fu_windows?
-      /mswin|mingw|bccwin|emx/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    case (defined?(::RbConfig) ? ::RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] : ::RUBY_PLATFORM)
+    when /mswin|mingw/
+      def fu_windows?; true end
+    else
+      def fu_windows?; false end
     end
 
     def fu_copy_stream0(src, dest, blksize = nil)   #:nodoc:
@@ -1191,10 +1290,17 @@ module FileUtils
 
     def entries
       opts = {}
-      opts[:encoding] = ::Encoding::UTF_8 if fu_windows?
-      Dir.entries(path(), opts)\
-          .reject {|n| n == '.' or n == '..' }\
-          .map {|n| Entry_.new(prefix(), join(rel(), n.untaint)) }
+      opts[:encoding] = fu_windows? ? ::Encoding::UTF_8 : path.encoding
+
+      files = if Dir.respond_to?(:children)
+        Dir.children(path, **opts)
+      else
+        Dir.entries(path(), **opts)
+           .reject {|n| n == '.' or n == '..' }
+      end
+
+      untaint = RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+      files.map {|n| Entry_.new(prefix(), join(rel(), untaint ? n.untaint : n)) }
     end
 
     def stat
@@ -1239,6 +1345,7 @@ module FileUtils
       else
         File.chmod mode, path()
       end
+    rescue Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
     end
 
     def chown(uid, gid)
@@ -1249,6 +1356,22 @@ module FileUtils
       end
     end
 
+    def link(dest)
+      case
+      when directory?
+        if !File.exist?(dest) and descendant_directory?(dest, path)
+          raise ArgumentError, "cannot link directory %s to itself %s" % [path, dest]
+        end
+        begin
+          Dir.mkdir dest
+        rescue
+          raise unless File.directory?(dest)
+        end
+      else
+        File.link path(), dest
+      end
+    end
+
     def copy(dest)
       lstat
       case
@@ -1265,18 +1388,21 @@ module FileUtils
         end
       when symlink?
         File.symlink File.readlink(path()), dest
-      when chardev?
-        raise "cannot handle device file" unless File.respond_to?(:mknod)
-        mknod dest, ?c, 0666, lstat().rdev
-      when blockdev?
-        raise "cannot handle device file" unless File.respond_to?(:mknod)
-        mknod dest, ?b, 0666, lstat().rdev
+      when chardev?, blockdev?
+        raise "cannot handle device file"
       when socket?
-        raise "cannot handle socket" unless File.respond_to?(:mknod)
-        mknod dest, nil, lstat().mode, 0
+        begin
+          require 'socket'
+        rescue LoadError
+          raise "cannot handle socket"
+        else
+          raise "cannot handle socket" unless defined?(UNIXServer)
+        end
+        UNIXServer.new(dest).close
+        File.chmod lstat().mode, dest
       when pipe?
         raise "cannot handle FIFO" unless File.respond_to?(:mkfifo)
-        mkfifo dest, 0666
+        File.mkfifo dest, lstat().mode
       when door?
         raise "cannot handle door: #{path()}"
       else
@@ -1314,7 +1440,7 @@ module FileUtils
       if st.symlink?
         begin
           File.lchmod mode, path
-        rescue NotImplementedError
+        rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
         end
       else
         File.chmod mode, path
@@ -1395,14 +1521,14 @@ module FileUtils
 
     private
 
-    $fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = nil
+    @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = nil
 
     def have_lchmod?
       # This is not MT-safe, but it does not matter.
-      if $fileutils_rb_have_lchmod == nil
-        $fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = check_have_lchmod?
+      if @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod == nil
+        @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = check_have_lchmod?
       end
-      $fileutils_rb_have_lchmod
+      @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod
     end
 
     def check_have_lchmod?
@@ -1413,14 +1539,14 @@ module FileUtils
       return false
     end
 
-    $fileutils_rb_have_lchown = nil
+    @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown = nil
 
     def have_lchown?
       # This is not MT-safe, but it does not matter.
-      if $fileutils_rb_have_lchown == nil
-        $fileutils_rb_have_lchown = check_have_lchown?
+      if @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown == nil
+        @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown = check_have_lchown?
       end
-      $fileutils_rb_have_lchown
+      @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown
     end
 
     def check_have_lchown?
@@ -1434,18 +1560,29 @@ module FileUtils
     def join(dir, base)
       return File.path(dir) if not base or base == '.'
       return File.path(base) if not dir or dir == '.'
-      File.join(dir, base)
+      begin
+        File.join(dir, base)
+      rescue EncodingError
+        if fu_windows?
+          File.join(dir.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8), base.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8))
+        else
+          raise
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=[/#{Regexp.quote(File::ALT_SEPARATOR)}]|\\z)".freeze
+      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=[/#{Regexp.quote(File::ALT_SEPARATOR)}]|\\z)"
     else
-      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=/|\\z)".freeze
+      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=/|\\z)"
     end
-    SYSCASE = File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero? ? "-i" : ""
 
     def descendant_directory?(descendant, ascendant)
-      /\A(?#{SYSCASE}:#{Regexp.quote(ascendant)})#{DIRECTORY_TERM}/ =~ File.dirname(descendant)
+      if File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero?
+        File.expand_path(File.dirname(descendant)).casecmp(File.expand_path(ascendant)) == 0
+      else
+        File.expand_path(File.dirname(descendant)) == File.expand_path(ascendant)
+      end
     end
   end   # class Entry_
 
@@ -1484,13 +1621,13 @@ module FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_same?
 
-  @fileutils_output = $stderr
-  @fileutils_label  = ''
-
   def fu_output_message(msg)   #:nodoc:
-    @fileutils_output ||= $stderr
-    @fileutils_label  ||= ''
-    @fileutils_output.puts @fileutils_label + msg
+    output = @fileutils_output if defined?(@fileutils_output)
+    output ||= $stdout
+    if defined?(@fileutils_label)
+      msg = @fileutils_label + msg
+    end
+    output.puts msg
   end
   private_module_function :fu_output_message
 
@@ -1501,8 +1638,11 @@ module FileUtils
     tbl
   }
 
+  public
+
   #
-  # Returns an Array of method names which have any options.
+  # Returns an Array of names of high-level methods that accept any keyword
+  # arguments.
   #
   #   p FileUtils.commands  #=> ["chmod", "cp", "cp_r", "install", ...]
   #
@@ -1541,7 +1681,7 @@ module FileUtils
   end
 
   #
-  # Returns an Array of method names which have the option +opt+.
+  # Returns an Array of methods names which have the option +opt+.
   #
   #   p FileUtils.collect_method(:preserve) #=> ["cp", "cp_r", "copy", "install"]
   #
@@ -1549,14 +1689,16 @@ module FileUtils
     OPT_TABLE.keys.select {|m| OPT_TABLE[m].include?(opt) }
   end
 
-  LOW_METHODS = singleton_methods(false) - collect_method(:noop).map(&:intern)
-  module LowMethods
+  private
+
+  LOW_METHODS = singleton_methods(false) - collect_method(:noop).map(&:intern) # :nodoc:
+  module LowMethods # :nodoc: internal use only
     private
     def _do_nothing(*)end
     ::FileUtils::LOW_METHODS.map {|name| alias_method name, :_do_nothing}
   end
 
-  METHODS = singleton_methods() - [:private_module_function,
+  METHODS = singleton_methods() - [:private_module_function,                  # :nodoc:
       :commands, :options, :have_option?, :options_of, :collect_method]
 
   #
@@ -1566,8 +1708,6 @@ module FileUtils
   #
   module Verbose
     include FileUtils
-    @fileutils_output  = $stderr
-    @fileutils_label   = ''
     names = ::FileUtils.collect_method(:verbose)
     names.each do |name|
       module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
@@ -1591,8 +1731,6 @@ module FileUtils
   module NoWrite
     include FileUtils
     include LowMethods
-    @fileutils_output  = $stderr
-    @fileutils_label   = ''
     names = ::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop)
     names.each do |name|
       module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
@@ -1617,8 +1755,6 @@ module FileUtils
   module DryRun
     include FileUtils
     include LowMethods
-    @fileutils_output  = $stderr
-    @fileutils_label   = ''
     names = ::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop)
     names.each do |name|
       module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
diff --git a/lib/find.gemspec b/lib/find.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fff0f706cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/find.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "find"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ['Kazuki Tsujimoto']
+  spec.email         = ['kazuki@callcc.net']
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{This module supports top-down traversal of a set of file paths.}
+  spec.description   = %q{This module supports top-down traversal of a set of file paths.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/find"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/find.rb b/lib/find.rb
index 093f8557c3..3f54cf6b93 100644
--- a/lib/find.rb
+++ b/lib/find.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # find.rb: the Find module for processing all files under a given directory.
 #
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #
 #   Find.find(ENV["HOME"]) do |path|
 #     if FileTest.directory?(path)
-#       if File.basename(path)[0] == ?.
+#       if File.basename(path).start_with?('.')
 #         Find.prune       # Don't look any further into this directory.
 #       else
 #         next
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module Find
       ps = [path]
       while file = ps.shift
         catch(:prune) do
-          yield file.dup.taint
+          yield file.dup
           begin
             s = File.lstat(file)
           rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EACCES, Errno::ENOTDIR, Errno::ELOOP, Errno::ENAMETOOLONG
@@ -55,16 +55,15 @@ module Find
           end
           if s.directory? then
             begin
-              fs = Dir.entries(file, encoding: enc)
+              fs = Dir.children(file, encoding: enc)
             rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EACCES, Errno::ENOTDIR, Errno::ELOOP, Errno::ENAMETOOLONG
               raise unless ignore_error
               next
             end
             fs.sort!
             fs.reverse_each {|f|
-              next if f == "." or f == ".."
               f = File.join(file, f)
-              ps.unshift f.untaint
+              ps.unshift f
             }
           end
         end
diff --git a/lib/forwardable.rb b/lib/forwardable.rb
index 3662f56011..fb24b8c3e6 100644
--- a/lib/forwardable.rb
+++ b/lib/forwardable.rb
@@ -57,10 +57,9 @@
 #
 # == Another example
 #
-# We want to rely on what has come before obviously, but with delegation we can
-# take just the methods we need and even rename them as appropriate.  In many
-# cases this is preferable to inheritance, which gives us the entire old
-# interface, even if much of it isn't needed.
+# You could use Forwardable as an alternative to inheritance, when you don't want
+# to inherit all methods from the superclass. For instance, here is how you might
+# add a range of +Array+ instance methods to a new class +Queue+:
 #
 #   class Queue
 #     extend Forwardable
@@ -113,7 +112,8 @@ module Forwardable
   require 'forwardable/impl'
 
   # Version of +forwardable.rb+
-  FORWARDABLE_VERSION = "1.2.0"
+  VERSION = "1.3.2"
+  FORWARDABLE_VERSION = VERSION
 
   @debug = nil
   class << self
@@ -122,7 +122,8 @@ module Forwardable
   end
 
   # Takes a hash as its argument.  The key is a symbol or an array of
-  # symbols.  These symbols correspond to method names.  The value is
+  # symbols.  These symbols correspond to method names, instance variable
+  # names, or constant names (see def_delegator).  The value is
   # the accessor to which the methods will be delegated.
   #
   # :call-seq:
@@ -151,18 +152,21 @@ module Forwardable
   #   def_delegator :@records, :map
   #
   def def_instance_delegators(accessor, *methods)
-    methods.delete("__send__")
-    methods.delete("__id__")
-    for method in methods
+    methods.each do |method|
+      next if /\A__(?:send|id)__\z/ =~ method
       def_instance_delegator(accessor, method)
     end
   end
 
   # Define +method+ as delegator instance method with an optional
   # alias name +ali+. Method calls to +ali+ will be delegated to
-  # +accessor.method+.
+  # +accessor.method+.  +accessor+ should be a method name, instance
+  # variable name, or constant name.  Use the full path to the
+  # constant if providing the constant name.
+  # Returns the name of the method defined.
   #
   #   class MyQueue
+  #     CONST = 1
   #     extend Forwardable
   #     attr_reader :queue
   #     def initialize
@@ -170,18 +174,23 @@ module Forwardable
   #     end
   #
   #     def_delegator :@queue, :push, :mypush
+  #     def_delegator 'MyQueue::CONST', :to_i
   #   end
   #
   #   q = MyQueue.new
   #   q.mypush 42
   #   q.queue    #=> [42]
   #   q.push 23  #=> NoMethodError
+  #   q.to_i     #=> 1
   #
   def def_instance_delegator(accessor, method, ali = method)
     gen = Forwardable._delegator_method(self, accessor, method, ali)
 
     # If it's not a class or module, it's an instance
-    (Module === self ? self : singleton_class).module_eval(&gen)
+    mod = Module === self ? self : singleton_class
+    ret = mod.module_eval(&gen)
+    mod.__send__(:ruby2_keywords, ali) if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.7'
+    ret
   end
 
   alias delegate instance_delegate
@@ -206,7 +215,7 @@ module Forwardable
       method_call = "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;".chomp}"
         begin;
           unless defined? _.#{method}
-            ::Kernel.warn "\#{caller_locations(1)[0]}: "#{mesg.dump}"\#{_.class}"'##{method}'
+            ::Kernel.warn #{mesg.dump}"\#{_.class}"'##{method}', uplevel: 1
             _#{method_call}
           else
             _.#{method}(*args, &block)
@@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ module Forwardable
           #{pre}
           begin
             #{accessor}
-          end#{method_call}#{FILTER_EXCEPTION}
+          end#{method_call}
         end
       end
     end;
@@ -283,9 +292,8 @@ module SingleForwardable
   #   def_delegator :@records, :map
   #
   def def_single_delegators(accessor, *methods)
-    methods.delete("__send__")
-    methods.delete("__id__")
-    for method in methods
+    methods.each do |method|
+      next if /\A__(?:send|id)__\z/ =~ method
       def_single_delegator(accessor, method)
     end
   end
@@ -296,10 +304,13 @@ module SingleForwardable
   # Defines a method _method_ which delegates to _accessor_ (i.e. it calls
   # the method of the same name in _accessor_).  If _new_name_ is
   # provided, it is used as the name for the delegate method.
+  # Returns the name of the method defined.
   def def_single_delegator(accessor, method, ali = method)
     gen = Forwardable._delegator_method(self, accessor, method, ali)
 
-    instance_eval(&gen)
+    ret = instance_eval(&gen)
+    singleton_class.__send__(:ruby2_keywords, ali) if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.7'
+    ret
   end
 
   alias delegate single_delegate
diff --git a/lib/forwardable/forwardable.gemspec b/lib/forwardable/forwardable.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..523b8eec6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/forwardable/forwardable.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Keiju ISHITSUKA"]
+  spec.email         = ["keiju@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides delegation of specified methods to a designated object.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Provides delegation of specified methods to a designated object.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/forwardable"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.4.0'
+  spec.files         = ["forwardable.gemspec", "lib/forwardable.rb", "lib/forwardable/impl.rb"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/forwardable/impl.rb b/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
index 220d25aa95..58a9dfb69c 100644
--- a/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
+++ b/lib/forwardable/impl.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,5 @@
 # :stopdoc:
 module Forwardable
-  FILE_REGEXP = %r"#{Regexp.quote(File.dirname(__FILE__))}"
-  FILTER_EXCEPTION = <<-'END'
-
-        rescue ::Exception
-          $@.delete_if {|s| ::Forwardable::FILE_REGEXP =~ s} unless ::Forwardable::debug
-          ::Kernel::raise
-  END
-
   def self._valid_method?(method)
     catch {|tag|
       eval("BEGIN{throw tag}; ().#{method}", binding, __FILE__, __LINE__)
diff --git a/lib/getoptlong.rb b/lib/getoptlong.rb
index c0ba5399b7..53b80ff16c 100644
--- a/lib/getoptlong.rb
+++ b/lib/getoptlong.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # GetoptLong for Ruby
 #
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
 #     hello -n 6 --name -- /tmp
 #
 class GetoptLong
+  # Version.
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
   #
   # Orderings.
   #
@@ -310,7 +313,7 @@ class GetoptLong
         #
         next if i == argument_flag
         begin
-          if !i.is_a?(String) || i !~ /^-([^-]|-.+)$/
+          if !i.is_a?(String) || i !~ /\A-([^-]|-.+)\z/
             raise ArgumentError, "an invalid option `#{i}'"
           end
           if (@canonical_names.include?(i))
@@ -447,7 +450,7 @@ class GetoptLong
       terminate
       return nil
     elsif @ordering == PERMUTE
-      while 0 < ARGV.length && ARGV[0] !~ /^-./
+      while 0 < ARGV.length && ARGV[0] !~ /\A-./
         @non_option_arguments.push(ARGV.shift)
       end
       if ARGV.length == 0
@@ -456,7 +459,7 @@ class GetoptLong
       end
       argument = ARGV.shift
     elsif @ordering == REQUIRE_ORDER
-      if (ARGV[0] !~ /^-./)
+      if (ARGV[0] !~ /\A-./)
         terminate
         return nil
       end
@@ -477,7 +480,7 @@ class GetoptLong
     #
     # Check for long and short options.
     #
-    if argument =~ /^(--[^=]+)/ && @rest_singles.length == 0
+    if argument =~ /\A(--[^=]+)/ && @rest_singles.length == 0
       #
       # This is a long style option, which start with `--'.
       #
@@ -507,7 +510,7 @@ class GetoptLong
       # Check an argument to the option.
       #
       if @argument_flags[option_name] == REQUIRED_ARGUMENT
-        if argument =~ /=(.*)$/
+        if argument =~ /=(.*)/m
           option_argument = $1
         elsif 0 < ARGV.length
           option_argument = ARGV.shift
@@ -516,19 +519,19 @@ class GetoptLong
                     "option `#{argument}' requires an argument")
         end
       elsif @argument_flags[option_name] == OPTIONAL_ARGUMENT
-        if argument =~ /=(.*)$/
+        if argument =~ /=(.*)/m
           option_argument = $1
-        elsif 0 < ARGV.length && ARGV[0] !~ /^-./
+        elsif 0 < ARGV.length && ARGV[0] !~ /\A-./
           option_argument = ARGV.shift
         else
           option_argument = ''
         end
-      elsif argument =~ /=(.*)$/
+      elsif argument =~ /=(.*)/m
         set_error(NeedlessArgument,
                   "option `#{option_name}' doesn't allow an argument")
       end
 
-    elsif argument =~ /^(-(.))(.*)/
+    elsif argument =~ /\A(-(.))(.*)/m
       #
       # This is a short style option, which start with `-' (not `--').
       # Short options may be catenated (e.g. `-l -g' is equivalent to
@@ -555,7 +558,7 @@ class GetoptLong
           if 0 < @rest_singles.length
             option_argument = @rest_singles
             @rest_singles = ''
-          elsif 0 < ARGV.length && ARGV[0] !~ /^-./
+          elsif 0 < ARGV.length && ARGV[0] !~ /\A-./
             option_argument = ARGV.shift
           else
             option_argument = ''
diff --git a/lib/getoptlong/getoptlong.gemspec b/lib/getoptlong/getoptlong.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ebe3aed7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/getoptlong/getoptlong.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{GetoptLong for Ruby}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/getoptlong"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/ipaddr.gemspec b/lib/ipaddr.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5187f3be11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/ipaddr.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# coding: utf-8
+lib = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "ipaddr"
+  spec.version       = "1.2.2"
+  spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA", "Hajimu UMEMOTO"]
+  spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org", "ume@mahoroba.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{A class to manipulate an IP address in ruby}
+  spec.description   = <<-'DESCRIPTION'
+IPAddr provides a set of methods to manipulate an IP address.
+Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported.
+  DESCRIPTION
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/ipaddr"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = ["LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "ipaddr.gemspec", "lib/ipaddr.rb"]
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3"
+end
diff --git a/lib/ipaddr.rb b/lib/ipaddr.rb
index 6f70ebf773..7fff54b9d0 100644
--- a/lib/ipaddr.rb
+++ b/lib/ipaddr.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # ipaddr.rb - A class to manipulate an IP address
 #
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ class IPAddr
 
   # Creates a new ipaddr containing the given network byte ordered
   # string form of an IP address.
-  def IPAddr::new_ntoh(addr)
-    return IPAddr.new(IPAddr::ntop(addr))
+  def self.new_ntoh(addr)
+    return new(ntop(addr))
   end
 
   # Convert a network byte ordered string form of an IP address into
   # human readable form.
-  def IPAddr::ntop(addr)
+  def self.ntop(addr)
     case addr.size
     when 4
       s = addr.unpack('C4').join('.')
@@ -259,6 +259,50 @@ class IPAddr
     return @family == Socket::AF_INET6
   end
 
+  # Returns true if the ipaddr is a loopback address.
+  def loopback?
+    case @family
+    when Socket::AF_INET
+      @addr & 0xff000000 == 0x7f000000
+    when Socket::AF_INET6
+      @addr == 1
+    else
+      raise AddressFamilyError, "unsupported address family"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if the ipaddr is a private address.  IPv4 addresses
+  # in 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16 as defined in RFC
+  # 1918 and IPv6 Unique Local Addresses in fc00::/7 as defined in RFC
+  # 4193 are considered private.
+  def private?
+    case @family
+    when Socket::AF_INET
+      @addr & 0xff000000 == 0x0a000000 ||    # 10.0.0.0/8
+        @addr & 0xfff00000 == 0xac100000 ||  # 172.16.0.0/12
+        @addr & 0xffff0000 == 0xc0a80000     # 192.168.0.0/16
+    when Socket::AF_INET6
+      @addr & 0xfe00_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000 == 0xfc00_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
+    else
+      raise AddressFamilyError, "unsupported address family"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if the ipaddr is a link-local address.  IPv4
+  # addresses in 169.254.0.0/16 reserved by RFC 3927 and Link-Local
+  # IPv6 Unicast Addresses in fe80::/10 reserved by RFC 4291 are
+  # considered link-local.
+  def link_local?
+    case @family
+    when Socket::AF_INET
+      @addr & 0xffff0000 == 0xa9fe0000 # 169.254.0.0/16
+    when Socket::AF_INET6
+      @addr & 0xffc0_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000 == 0xfe80_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
+    else
+      raise AddressFamilyError, "unsupported address family"
+    end
+  end
+
   # Returns true if the ipaddr is an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.
   def ipv4_mapped?
     return ipv6? && (@addr >> 32) == 0xffff
@@ -266,6 +310,11 @@ class IPAddr
 
   # Returns true if the ipaddr is an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address.
   def ipv4_compat?
+    warn "IPAddr\##{__callee__} is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
+    _ipv4_compat?
+  end
+
+  def _ipv4_compat?
     if !ipv6? || (@addr >> 32) != 0
       return false
     end
@@ -273,6 +322,8 @@ class IPAddr
     return a != 0 && a != 1
   end
 
+  private :_ipv4_compat?
+
   # Returns a new ipaddr built by converting the native IPv4 address
   # into an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.
   def ipv4_mapped
@@ -285,6 +336,7 @@ class IPAddr
   # Returns a new ipaddr built by converting the native IPv4 address
   # into an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address.
   def ipv4_compat
+    warn "IPAddr\##{__callee__} is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     if !ipv4?
       raise InvalidAddressError, "not an IPv4 address"
     end
@@ -295,7 +347,7 @@ class IPAddr
   # native IPv4 address.  If the IP address is not an IPv4-mapped or
   # IPv4-compatible IPv6 address, returns self.
   def native
-    if !ipv4_mapped? && !ipv4_compat?
+    if !ipv4_mapped? && !_ipv4_compat?
       return self
     end
     return self.clone.set(@addr & IN4MASK, Socket::AF_INET)
@@ -371,6 +423,35 @@ class IPAddr
     return clone.set(begin_addr, @family)..clone.set(end_addr, @family)
   end
 
+  # Returns the prefix length in bits for the ipaddr.
+  def prefix
+    case @family
+    when Socket::AF_INET
+      n = IN4MASK ^ @mask_addr
+      i = 32
+    when Socket::AF_INET6
+      n = IN6MASK ^ @mask_addr
+      i = 128
+    else
+      raise AddressFamilyError, "unsupported address family"
+    end
+    while n.positive?
+      n >>= 1
+      i -= 1
+    end
+    i
+  end
+
+  # Sets the prefix length in bits
+  def prefix=(prefix)
+    case prefix
+    when Integer
+      mask!(prefix)
+    else
+      raise InvalidPrefixError, "prefix must be an integer"
+    end
+  end
+
   # Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of the
   # ipaddr. ("#<IPAddr: family:address/mask>")
   def inspect
@@ -413,7 +494,8 @@ class IPAddr
 
   # Set current netmask to given mask.
   def mask!(mask)
-    if mask.kind_of?(String)
+    case mask
+    when String
       if mask =~ /\A\d+\z/
         prefixlen = mask.to_i
       else
@@ -422,6 +504,10 @@ class IPAddr
           raise InvalidPrefixError, "address family is not same"
         end
         @mask_addr = m.to_i
+        n = @mask_addr ^ m.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr)
+        unless ((n + 1) & n).zero?
+          raise InvalidPrefixError, "invalid mask #{mask}"
+        end
         @addr &= @mask_addr
         return self
       end
@@ -508,6 +594,8 @@ class IPAddr
     else
       @mask_addr = (@family == Socket::AF_INET) ? IN4MASK : IN6MASK
     end
+  rescue InvalidAddressError => e
+    raise e.class, "#{e.message}: #{addr}"
   end
 
   def coerce_other(other)
diff --git a/lib/irb.rb b/lib/irb.rb
index 676abe42cd..93c4d25c92 100644
--- a/lib/irb.rb
+++ b/lib/irb.rb
@@ -9,15 +9,20 @@
 #
 #
 #
-require "e2mmap"
+require "ripper"
+require "reline"
 
-require "irb/init"
-require "irb/context"
-require "irb/extend-command"
+require_relative "irb/init"
+require_relative "irb/context"
+require_relative "irb/extend-command"
 
-require "irb/ruby-lex"
-require "irb/input-method"
-require "irb/locale"
+require_relative "irb/ruby-lex"
+require_relative "irb/input-method"
+require_relative "irb/locale"
+require_relative "irb/color"
+
+require_relative "irb/version"
+require_relative "irb/easter-egg"
 
 # IRB stands for "interactive Ruby" and is a tool to interactively execute Ruby
 # expressions read from the standard input.
@@ -41,14 +46,13 @@ require "irb/locale"
 #     irb(main):006:1> end
 #     #=> nil
 #
-# The Readline extension module can be used with irb. Use of Readline is
-# default if it's installed.
+# The singleline editor module or multiline editor module can be used with irb.
+# Use of multiline editor is default if it's installed.
 #
 # == Command line options
 #
 #   Usage:  irb.rb [options] [programfile] [arguments]
 #     -f                Suppress read of ~/.irbrc
-#     -m                Bc mode (load mathn, fraction or matrix are available)
 #     -d                Set $DEBUG to true (same as `ruby -d')
 #     -r load-module    Same as `ruby -r'
 #     -I path           Specify $LOAD_PATH directory
@@ -56,24 +60,36 @@ require "irb/locale"
 #     -E enc            Same as `ruby -E`
 #     -w                Same as `ruby -w`
 #     -W[level=2]       Same as `ruby -W`
-#     --inspect         Use `inspect' for output (default except for bc mode)
+#     --context-mode n  Set n[0-4] to method to create Binding Object,
+#                       when new workspace was created
+#     --echo            Show result(default)
+#     --noecho          Don't show result
+#     --inspect         Use `inspect' for output
 #     --noinspect       Don't use inspect for output
-#     --readline        Use Readline extension module
-#     --noreadline      Don't use Readline extension module
-#     --prompt prompt-mode
-#     --prompt-mode prompt-mode
+#     --multiline       Use multiline editor module
+#     --nomultiline     Don't use multiline editor module
+#     --singleline      Use singleline editor module
+#     --nosingleline    Don't use singleline editor module
+#     --colorize        Use colorization
+#     --nocolorize      Don't use colorization
+#     --prompt prompt-mode/--prompt-mode prompt-mode
 #                       Switch prompt mode. Pre-defined prompt modes are
 #                       `default', `simple', `xmp' and `inf-ruby'
 #     --inf-ruby-mode   Use prompt appropriate for inf-ruby-mode on emacs.
-#                       Suppresses --readline.
-#     --simple-prompt   Simple prompt mode
+#                       Suppresses --multiline and --singleline.
+#     --sample-book-mode/--simple-prompt
+#                       Simple prompt mode
 #     --noprompt        No prompt mode
+#     --single-irb      Share self with sub-irb.
 #     --tracer          Display trace for each execution of commands.
 #     --back-trace-limit n
 #                       Display backtrace top n and tail n. The default
 #                       value is 16.
-#     --irb_debug n     Set internal debug level to n (not for popular use)
-#     -v, --version     Print the version of irb
+#     --verbose         Show details
+#     --noverbose       Don't show details
+#     -v, --version	    Print the version of irb
+#     -h, --help        Print help
+#     --                Separate options of irb from the list of command-line args
 #
 # == Configuration
 #
@@ -90,24 +106,24 @@ require "irb/locale"
 # as follows in an +irb+ session:
 #
 #     IRB.conf[:IRB_NAME]="irb"
-#     IRB.conf[:MATH_MODE]=false
 #     IRB.conf[:INSPECT_MODE]=nil
 #     IRB.conf[:IRB_RC] = nil
 #     IRB.conf[:BACK_TRACE_LIMIT]=16
 #     IRB.conf[:USE_LOADER] = false
-#     IRB.conf[:USE_READLINE] = nil
+#     IRB.conf[:USE_MULTILINE] = nil
+#     IRB.conf[:USE_SINGLELINE] = nil
+#     IRB.conf[:USE_COLORIZE] = true
 #     IRB.conf[:USE_TRACER] = false
 #     IRB.conf[:IGNORE_SIGINT] = true
 #     IRB.conf[:IGNORE_EOF] = false
 #     IRB.conf[:PROMPT_MODE] = :DEFAULT
 #     IRB.conf[:PROMPT] = {...}
-#     IRB.conf[:DEBUG_LEVEL]=0
 #
 # === Auto indentation
 #
-# To enable auto-indent mode in irb, add the following to your +.irbrc+:
+# To disable auto-indent mode in irb, add the following to your +.irbrc+:
 #
-#     IRB.conf[:AUTO_INDENT] = true
+#     IRB.conf[:AUTO_INDENT] = false
 #
 # === Autocompletion
 #
@@ -117,16 +133,23 @@ require "irb/locale"
 #
 # === History
 #
-# By default, irb disables history and will not store any commands you used.
-#
-# If you want to enable history, add the following to your +.irbrc+:
+# By default, irb will store the last 1000 commands you used in
+# <code>IRB.conf[:HISTORY_FILE]</code> (<code>~/.irb_history</code> by default).
 #
-#     IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY] = 1000
+# If you want to disable history, add the following to your +.irbrc+:
 #
-# This will now store the last 1000 commands in <code>~/.irb_history</code>.
+#     IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY] = nil
 #
 # See IRB::Context#save_history= for more information.
 #
+# The history of _results_ of commands evaluated is not stored by default,
+# but can be turned on to be stored with this +.irbrc+ setting:
+#
+#     IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY] = <number>
+#
+# See IRB::Context#eval_history= and History class. The history of command
+# results is not permanently saved in any file.
+#
 # == Customizing the IRB Prompt
 #
 # In order to customize the prompt, you can change the following Hash:
@@ -136,7 +159,7 @@ require "irb/locale"
 # This example can be used in your +.irbrc+
 #
 #     IRB.conf[:PROMPT][:MY_PROMPT] = { # name of prompt mode
-#       :AUTO_INDENT => true,           # enables auto-indent mode
+#       :AUTO_INDENT => false,          # disables auto-indent mode
 #       :PROMPT_I =>  ">> ",		# simple prompt
 #       :PROMPT_S => nil,		# prompt for continuated strings
 #       :PROMPT_C => nil,		# prompt for continuated statement
@@ -165,6 +188,7 @@ require "irb/locale"
 #
 #     IRB.conf[:PROMPT_MODE][:DEFAULT] = {
 #       :PROMPT_I => "%N(%m):%03n:%i> ",
+#       :PROMPT_N => "%N(%m):%03n:%i> ",
 #       :PROMPT_S => "%N(%m):%03n:%i%l ",
 #       :PROMPT_C => "%N(%m):%03n:%i* ",
 #       :RETURN => "%s\n" # used to printf
@@ -257,7 +281,7 @@ require "irb/locale"
 # On the other hand, each conf in IRB@Command+line+options is used to
 # individually configure IRB.irb.
 #
-# If a proc is set for IRB.conf[:IRB_RC], its will be invoked after execution
+# If a proc is set for <code>IRB.conf[:IRB_RC]</code>, its will be invoked after execution
 # of that proc with the context of the current session as its argument. Each
 # session can be configured using this mechanism.
 #
@@ -268,7 +292,9 @@ require "irb/locale"
 # <code>_</code>::
 #   The value command executed, as a local variable
 # <code>__</code>::
-#   The history of evaluated commands
+#   The history of evaluated commands. Available only if
+#   <code>IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY]</code> is not +nil+ (which is the default).
+#   See also IRB::Context#eval_history= and IRB::History.
 # <code>__[line_no]</code>::
 #   Returns the evaluation value at the given line number, +line_no+.
 #   If +line_no+ is a negative, the return value +line_no+ many lines before
@@ -304,7 +330,7 @@ require "irb/locale"
 #   # check if Foo#foo is available
 #   irb(main):005:0> Foo.instance_methods #=> [:foo, ...]
 #
-#   # change the active sesssion
+#   # change the active session
 #   irb(main):006:0> fg 2
 #   # define Foo#bar in the context of Foo
 #   irb.2(Foo):005:0> def bar
@@ -356,9 +382,7 @@ module IRB
   def IRB.version
     if v = @CONF[:VERSION] then return v end
 
-    require "irb/version"
-    rv = @RELEASE_VERSION.sub(/\.0/, "")
-    @CONF[:VERSION] = format("irb %s(%s)", rv, @LAST_UPDATE_DATE)
+    @CONF[:VERSION] = format("irb %s (%s)", @RELEASE_VERSION, @LAST_UPDATE_DATE)
   end
 
   # The current IRB::Context of the session, see IRB.conf
@@ -385,7 +409,7 @@ module IRB
     irb.run(@CONF)
   end
 
-  # Calls each event hook of IRB.conf[:AT_EXIT] when the current session quits.
+  # Calls each event hook of <code>IRB.conf[:AT_EXIT]</code> when the current session quits.
   def IRB.irb_at_exit
     @CONF[:AT_EXIT].each{|hook| hook.call}
   end
@@ -407,21 +431,48 @@ module IRB
   end
 
   class Irb
+    ASSIGNMENT_NODE_TYPES = [
+      # Local, instance, global, class, constant, instance, and index assignment:
+      #   "foo = bar",
+      #   "@foo = bar",
+      #   "$foo = bar",
+      #   "@@foo = bar",
+      #   "::Foo = bar",
+      #   "a::Foo = bar",
+      #   "Foo = bar"
+      #   "foo.bar = 1"
+      #   "foo[1] = bar"
+      :assign,
+
+      # Operation assignment:
+      #   "foo += bar"
+      #   "foo -= bar"
+      #   "foo ||= bar"
+      #   "foo &&= bar"
+      :opassign,
+
+      # Multiple assignment:
+      #   "foo, bar = 1, 2
+      :massign,
+    ]
+    # Note: instance and index assignment expressions could also be written like:
+    # "foo.bar=(1)" and "foo.[]=(1, bar)", when expressed that way, the former
+    # be parsed as :assign and echo will be suppressed, but the latter is
+    # parsed as a :method_add_arg and the output won't be suppressed
+
     # Creates a new irb session
-    def initialize(workspace = nil, input_method = nil, output_method = nil)
-      @context = Context.new(self, workspace, input_method, output_method)
+    def initialize(workspace = nil, input_method = nil)
+      @context = Context.new(self, workspace, input_method)
       @context.main.extend ExtendCommandBundle
       @signal_status = :IN_IRB
-
       @scanner = RubyLex.new
-      @scanner.exception_on_syntax_error = false
     end
 
     def run(conf = IRB.conf)
       conf[:IRB_RC].call(context) if conf[:IRB_RC]
       conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT] = context
 
-      trap("SIGINT") do
+      prev_trap = trap("SIGINT") do
         signal_handle
       end
 
@@ -430,6 +481,7 @@ module IRB
           eval_input
         end
       ensure
+        trap("SIGINT", prev_trap)
         conf[:AT_EXIT].each{|hook| hook.call}
       end
     end
@@ -441,6 +493,8 @@ module IRB
 
     # Evaluates input for this session.
     def eval_input
+      exc = nil
+
       @scanner.set_prompt do
         |ltype, indent, continue, line_no|
         if ltype
@@ -458,14 +512,16 @@ module IRB
         else
           @context.io.prompt = p = ""
         end
-        if @context.auto_indent_mode
+        if @context.auto_indent_mode and !@context.io.respond_to?(:auto_indent)
           unless ltype
-            ind = prompt(@context.prompt_i, ltype, indent, line_no)[/.*\z/].size +
+            prompt_i = @context.prompt_i.nil? ? "" : @context.prompt_i
+            ind = prompt(prompt_i, ltype, indent, line_no)[/.*\z/].size +
               indent * 2 - p.size
             ind += 2 if continue
             @context.io.prompt = p + " " * ind if ind > 0
           end
         end
+        @context.io.prompt
       end
 
       @scanner.set_input(@context.io) do
@@ -479,65 +535,133 @@ module IRB
                 printf "Use \"exit\" to leave %s\n", @context.ap_name
               end
             else
-              print "\n"
+              print "\n" if @context.prompting?
             end
           end
           l
         end
       end
 
+      @scanner.set_auto_indent(@context) if @context.auto_indent_mode
+
       @scanner.each_top_level_statement do |line, line_no|
         signal_status(:IN_EVAL) do
           begin
-            line.untaint
-            @context.evaluate(line, line_no)
-            output_value if @context.echo?
-            exc = nil
-          rescue Interrupt => exc
-          rescue SystemExit, SignalException
-            raise
-          rescue Exception => exc
-          end
-          if exc
-            print exc.class, ": ", exc, "\n"
-            if exc.backtrace && exc.backtrace[0] =~ /irb(2)?(\/.*|-.*|\.rb)?:/ && exc.class.to_s !~ /^IRB/ &&
-                !(SyntaxError === exc)
-              irb_bug = true
-            else
-              irb_bug = false
+            line.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+            if IRB.conf[:MEASURE] && IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].empty?
+              IRB.set_measure_callback
             end
-
-            messages = []
-            lasts = []
-            levels = 0
-            if exc.backtrace
-              for m in exc.backtrace
-                m = @context.workspace.filter_backtrace(m) unless irb_bug
-                if m
-                  if messages.size < @context.back_trace_limit
-                    messages.push "\tfrom "+m
-                  else
-                    lasts.push "\tfrom "+m
-                    if lasts.size > @context.back_trace_limit
-                      lasts.shift
-                      levels += 1
-                    end
+            if IRB.conf[:MEASURE] && !IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].empty?
+              result = nil
+              last_proc = proc{ result = @context.evaluate(line, line_no, exception: exc) }
+              IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].inject(last_proc) { |chain, item|
+                _name, callback, arg = item
+                proc {
+                  callback.(@context, line, line_no, arg, exception: exc) do
+                    chain.call
                   end
+                }
+              }.call
+              @context.set_last_value(result)
+            else
+              @context.evaluate(line, line_no, exception: exc)
+            end
+            if @context.echo?
+              if assignment_expression?(line)
+                if @context.echo_on_assignment?
+                  output_value(@context.echo_on_assignment? == :truncate)
                 end
+              else
+                output_value
               end
             end
-            print messages.join("\n"), "\n"
-            unless lasts.empty?
-              printf "... %d levels...\n", levels if levels > 0
-              print lasts.join("\n"), "\n"
-            end
-            print "Maybe IRB bug!\n" if irb_bug
+          rescue Interrupt => exc
+          rescue SystemExit, SignalException
+            raise
+          rescue Exception => exc
+          else
+            exc = nil
+            next
           end
-          if $SAFE > 2
-            abort "Error: irb does not work for $SAFE level higher than 2"
+          handle_exception(exc)
+          @context.workspace.local_variable_set(:_, exc)
+          exc = nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def convert_invalid_byte_sequence(str)
+      str = str.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      conv = Encoding::Converter.new(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, Encoding::UTF_8)
+      dst = String.new
+      begin
+        ret = conv.primitive_convert(str, dst)
+        case ret
+        when :invalid_byte_sequence
+          conv.insert_output(conf.primitive_errinfo[3].dump[1..-2])
+          redo
+        when :undefined_conversion
+          c = conv.primitive_errinfo[3].dup.force_encoding(conv.primitive_errinfo[1])
+          conv.insert_output(c.dump[1..-2])
+          redo
+        when :incomplete_input
+          conv.insert_output(conv.primitive_errinfo[3].dump[1..-2])
+        when :finished
+        end
+        break
+      end while nil
+      dst
+    end
+
+    def handle_exception(exc)
+      if exc.backtrace && exc.backtrace[0] =~ /\/irb(2)?(\/.*|-.*|\.rb)?:/ && exc.class.to_s !~ /^IRB/ &&
+         !(SyntaxError === exc) && !(EncodingError === exc)
+        # The backtrace of invalid encoding hash (ex. {"\xAE": 1}) raises EncodingError without lineno.
+        irb_bug = true
+      else
+        irb_bug = false
+      end
+
+      if exc.backtrace
+        order = nil
+        if '2.5.0' == RUBY_VERSION
+          # Exception#full_message doesn't have keyword arguments.
+          message = exc.full_message # the same of (highlight: true, order: bottom)
+          order = :bottom
+        elsif '2.5.1' <= RUBY_VERSION && RUBY_VERSION < '3.0.0'
+          if STDOUT.tty?
+            message = exc.full_message(order: :bottom)
+            order = :bottom
+          else
+            message = exc.full_message(order: :top)
+            order = :top
           end
+        else # '3.0.0' <= RUBY_VERSION
+          message = exc.full_message(order: :top)
+          order = :top
         end
+        message = convert_invalid_byte_sequence(message)
+        message = message.gsub(/((?:^\t.+$\n)+)/)  { |m|
+          case order
+          when :top
+            lines = m.split("\n")
+          when :bottom
+            lines = m.split("\n").reverse
+          end
+          unless irb_bug
+            lines = lines.map { |l| @context.workspace.filter_backtrace(l) }.compact
+            if lines.size > @context.back_trace_limit
+              omit = lines.size - @context.back_trace_limit
+              lines = lines[0..(@context.back_trace_limit - 1)]
+              lines << "\t... %d levels..." % omit
+            end
+          end
+          lines = lines.reverse if order == :bottom
+          lines.map{ |l| l + "\n" }.join
+        }
+        puts message
       end
+      print "Maybe IRB bug!\n" if irb_bug
     end
 
     # Evaluates the given block using the given +path+ as the Context#irb_path
@@ -643,10 +767,18 @@ module IRB
         when "l"
           ltype
         when "i"
-          if $1
-            format("%" + $1 + "d", indent)
+          if indent < 0
+            if $1
+              "-".rjust($1.to_i)
+            else
+              "-"
+            end
           else
-            indent.to_s
+            if $1
+              format("%" + $1 + "d", indent)
+            else
+              indent.to_s
+            end
           end
         when "n"
           if $1
@@ -661,8 +793,37 @@ module IRB
       p
     end
 
-    def output_value # :nodoc:
-      printf @context.return_format, @context.inspect_last_value
+    def output_value(omit = false) # :nodoc:
+      str = @context.inspect_last_value
+      multiline_p = str.include?("\n")
+      if omit
+        winwidth = @context.io.winsize.last
+        if multiline_p
+          first_line = str.split("\n").first
+          result = @context.newline_before_multiline_output? ? (@context.return_format % first_line) : first_line
+          output_width = Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(result, true)
+          diff_size = output_width - Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(first_line, true)
+          if diff_size.positive? and output_width > winwidth
+            lines, _ = Reline::Unicode.split_by_width(first_line, winwidth - diff_size - 3)
+            str = "%s...\e[0m" % lines.first
+            multiline_p = false
+          else
+            str = str.gsub(/(\A.*?\n).*/m, "\\1...")
+          end
+        else
+          output_width = Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(@context.return_format % str, true)
+          diff_size = output_width - Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(str, true)
+          if diff_size.positive? and output_width > winwidth
+            lines, _ = Reline::Unicode.split_by_width(str, winwidth - diff_size - 3)
+            str = "%s...\e[0m" % lines.first
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      if multiline_p && @context.newline_before_multiline_output?
+        printf @context.return_format, "\n#{str}"
+      else
+        printf @context.return_format, str
+      end
     end
 
     # Outputs the local variables to this current session, including
@@ -681,6 +842,26 @@ module IRB
       end
       format("#<%s: %s>", self.class, ary.join(", "))
     end
+
+    def assignment_expression?(line)
+      # Try to parse the line and check if the last of possibly multiple
+      # expressions is an assignment type.
+
+      # If the expression is invalid, Ripper.sexp should return nil which will
+      # result in false being returned. Any valid expression should return an
+      # s-expression where the second selement of the top level array is an
+      # array of parsed expressions. The first element of each expression is the
+      # expression's type.
+      verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      result = ASSIGNMENT_NODE_TYPES.include?(Ripper.sexp(line)&.dig(1,-1,0))
+      $VERBOSE = verbose
+      result
+    end
+
+    ATTR_TTY = "\e[%sm"
+    def ATTR_TTY.[](*a) self % a.join(";"); end
+    ATTR_PLAIN = ""
+    def ATTR_PLAIN.[](*) self; end
   end
 
   def @CONF.inspect
@@ -707,9 +888,69 @@ module IRB
 end
 
 class Binding
-  # :nodoc:
+  # Opens an IRB session where +binding.irb+ is called which allows for
+  # interactive debugging. You can call any methods or variables available in
+  # the current scope, and mutate state if you need to.
+  #
+  #
+  # Given a Ruby file called +potato.rb+ containing the following code:
+  #
+  #     class Potato
+  #       def initialize
+  #         @cooked = false
+  #         binding.irb
+  #         puts "Cooked potato: #{@cooked}"
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     Potato.new
+  #
+  # Running <code>ruby potato.rb</code> will open an IRB session where
+  # +binding.irb+ is called, and you will see the following:
+  #
+  #     $ ruby potato.rb
+  #
+  #     From: potato.rb @ line 4 :
+  #
+  #         1: class Potato
+  #         2:   def initialize
+  #         3:     @cooked = false
+  #      => 4:     binding.irb
+  #         5:     puts "Cooked potato: #{@cooked}"
+  #         6:   end
+  #         7: end
+  #         8:
+  #         9: Potato.new
+  #
+  #     irb(#<Potato:0x00007feea1916670>):001:0>
+  #
+  # You can type any valid Ruby code and it will be evaluated in the current
+  # context. This allows you to debug without having to run your code repeatedly:
+  #
+  #     irb(#<Potato:0x00007feea1916670>):001:0> @cooked
+  #     => false
+  #     irb(#<Potato:0x00007feea1916670>):002:0> self.class
+  #     => Potato
+  #     irb(#<Potato:0x00007feea1916670>):003:0> caller.first
+  #     => ".../2.5.1/lib/ruby/2.5.0/irb/workspace.rb:85:in `eval'"
+  #     irb(#<Potato:0x00007feea1916670>):004:0> @cooked = true
+  #     => true
+  #
+  # You can exit the IRB session with the +exit+ command. Note that exiting will
+  # resume execution where +binding.irb+ had paused it, as you can see from the
+  # output printed to standard output in this example:
+  #
+  #     irb(#<Potato:0x00007feea1916670>):005:0> exit
+  #     Cooked potato: true
+  #
+  #
+  # See IRB@IRB+Usage for more information.
   def irb
-    IRB.setup(eval("__FILE__"))
-    IRB::Irb.new(IRB::WorkSpace.new(self)).run(IRB.conf)
+    IRB.setup(source_location[0], argv: [])
+    workspace = IRB::WorkSpace.new(self)
+    STDOUT.print(workspace.code_around_binding)
+    binding_irb = IRB::Irb.new(workspace)
+    binding_irb.context.irb_path = File.expand_path(source_location[0])
+    binding_irb.run(IRB.conf)
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/irb/.document b/lib/irb/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b0d6fa4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/.document
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+**/*.rb
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/chws.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/chws.rb
index e93c976f82..e9f257791c 100644
--- a/lib/irb/cmd/chws.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/chws.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "irb/cmd/nop.rb"
-require "irb/ext/change-ws.rb"
+require_relative "nop"
+require_relative "../ext/change-ws"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 module IRB
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/fork.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/fork.rb
index ae4d51b5d1..7566d10be0 100644
--- a/lib/irb/cmd/fork.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/fork.rb
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ module IRB
   module ExtendCommand
     class Fork < Nop
       def execute
-        pid = send ExtendCommand.irb_original_method_name("fork")
+        pid = __send__ ExtendCommand.irb_original_method_name("fork")
         unless pid
           class << self
             alias_method :exit, ExtendCommand.irb_original_method_name('exit')
           end
-          if iterator?
+          if block_given?
             begin
               yield
             ensure
@@ -35,5 +35,3 @@ module IRB
   end
 end
 # :startdoc:
-
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/help.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/help.rb
index db2bd567e5..0629479e92 100644
--- a/lib/irb/cmd/help.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/help.rb
@@ -9,17 +9,18 @@
 #
 #
 
-require 'rdoc/ri/driver'
-
-require "irb/cmd/nop.rb"
+require_relative "nop"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 module IRB
   module ExtendCommand
     class Help < Nop
-      begin
-        Ri = RDoc::RI::Driver.new
-      rescue SystemExit
+      def execute(*names)
+        require 'rdoc/ri/driver'
+        IRB::ExtendCommand::Help.const_set(:Ri, RDoc::RI::Driver.new)
+      rescue LoadError, SystemExit
+        IRB::ExtendCommand::Help.remove_method(:execute)
+        # raise NoMethodError in ensure
       else
         def execute(*names)
           if names.empty?
@@ -35,6 +36,9 @@ module IRB
           end
           nil
         end
+        nil
+      ensure
+        execute(*names)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/info.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/info.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d122c88b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/info.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+
+require_relative "nop"
+
+# :stopdoc:
+module IRB
+  module ExtendCommand
+    class Info < Nop
+      def execute
+        Class.new {
+          def inspect
+            str  = "Ruby version: #{RUBY_VERSION}\n"
+            str += "IRB version: #{IRB.version}\n"
+            str += "InputMethod: #{IRB.CurrentContext.io.inspect}\n"
+            str += ".irbrc path: #{IRB.rc_file}\n" if File.exist?(IRB.rc_file)
+            str += "RUBY_PLATFORM: #{RUBY_PLATFORM}\n"
+            str
+          end
+          alias_method :to_s, :inspect
+        }.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+# :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/load.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/load.rb
index f800b741eb..b6769a4124 100644
--- a/lib/irb/cmd/load.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/load.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "irb/cmd/nop.rb"
-require "irb/ext/loader"
+require_relative "nop"
+require_relative "../ext/loader"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 module IRB
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/ls.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/ls.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f163f4f9e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/ls.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "reline"
+require_relative "nop"
+require_relative "../color"
+
+# :stopdoc:
+module IRB
+  module ExtendCommand
+    class Ls < Nop
+      def execute(*arg, grep: nil)
+        o = Output.new(grep: grep)
+
+        obj    = arg.empty? ? irb_context.workspace.main : arg.first
+        locals = arg.empty? ? irb_context.workspace.binding.local_variables : []
+        klass  = (obj.class == Class || obj.class == Module ? obj : obj.class)
+
+        o.dump("constants", obj.constants) if obj.respond_to?(:constants)
+        o.dump("#{klass}.methods", obj.singleton_methods(false))
+        o.dump("#{klass}#methods", klass.public_instance_methods(false))
+        o.dump("instance variables", obj.instance_variables)
+        o.dump("class variables", klass.class_variables)
+        o.dump("locals", locals)
+      end
+
+      class Output
+        MARGIN = "  "
+
+        def initialize(grep: nil)
+          @grep = grep
+          @line_width = screen_width - MARGIN.length # right padding
+        end
+
+        def dump(name, strs)
+          strs = strs.grep(@grep) if @grep
+          strs = strs.sort
+          return if strs.empty?
+
+          # Attempt a single line
+          print "#{Color.colorize(name, [:BOLD, :BLUE])}: "
+          if fits_on_line?(strs, cols: strs.size, offset: "#{name}: ".length)
+            puts strs.join(MARGIN)
+            return
+          end
+          puts
+
+          # Dump with the largest # of columns that fits on a line
+          cols = strs.size
+          until fits_on_line?(strs, cols: cols, offset: MARGIN.length) || cols == 1
+            cols -= 1
+          end
+          widths = col_widths(strs, cols: cols)
+          strs.each_slice(cols) do |ss|
+            puts ss.map.with_index { |s, i| "#{MARGIN}%-#{widths[i]}s" % s }.join
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def fits_on_line?(strs, cols:, offset: 0)
+          width = col_widths(strs, cols: cols).sum + MARGIN.length * (cols - 1)
+          width <= @line_width - offset
+        end
+
+        def col_widths(strs, cols:)
+          cols.times.map do |col|
+            (col...strs.size).step(cols).map do |i|
+              strs[i].length
+            end.max
+          end
+        end
+
+        def screen_width
+          Reline.get_screen_size.last
+        rescue Errno::EINVAL # in `winsize': Invalid argument - <STDIN>
+          80
+        end
+      end
+      private_constant :Output
+    end
+  end
+end
+# :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/measure.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/measure.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58eaec2ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/measure.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require_relative "nop"
+
+# :stopdoc:
+module IRB
+  module ExtendCommand
+    class Measure < Nop
+      def initialize(*args)
+        super(*args)
+      end
+
+      def execute(type = nil, arg = nil, &block)
+        case type
+        when :off
+          IRB.conf[:MEASURE] = nil
+          IRB.unset_measure_callback(arg)
+        when :list
+          IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].each do |type_name, _, arg_val|
+            puts "- #{type_name}" + (arg_val ? "(#{arg_val.inspect})" : '')
+          end
+        when :on
+          IRB.conf[:MEASURE] = true
+          added = IRB.set_measure_callback(type, arg)
+          puts "#{added[0]} is added." if added
+        else
+          if block_given?
+            IRB.conf[:MEASURE] = true
+            added = IRB.set_measure_callback(&block)
+            puts "#{added[0]} is added." if added
+          else
+            IRB.conf[:MEASURE] = true
+            added = IRB.set_measure_callback(type, arg)
+            puts "#{added[0]} is added." if added
+          end
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+# :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/nop.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/nop.rb
index 9cf4337c28..d6f7a611a6 100644
--- a/lib/irb/cmd/nop.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/nop.rb
@@ -14,10 +14,16 @@ module IRB
   module ExtendCommand
     class Nop
 
-
-      def self.execute(conf, *opts)
-        command = new(conf)
-        command.execute(*opts)
+      if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" && RUBY_VERSION >= "2.7.0"
+        def self.execute(conf, *opts, **kwargs, &block)
+          command = new(conf)
+          command.execute(*opts, **kwargs, &block)
+        end
+      else
+        def self.execute(conf, *opts, &block)
+          command = new(conf)
+          command.execute(*opts, &block)
+        end
       end
 
       def initialize(conf)
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/pushws.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/pushws.rb
index ffe55abed6..612157d8a0 100644
--- a/lib/irb/cmd/pushws.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/pushws.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "irb/cmd/nop.rb"
-require "irb/ext/workspaces.rb"
+require_relative "nop"
+require_relative "../ext/workspaces"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 module IRB
@@ -38,4 +38,3 @@ module IRB
   end
 end
 # :startdoc:
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/show_source.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/show_source.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0bd40b7d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/show_source.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "nop"
+require_relative "../color"
+require_relative "../ruby-lex"
+
+# :stopdoc:
+module IRB
+  module ExtendCommand
+    class ShowSource < Nop
+      def execute(str = nil)
+        unless str.is_a?(String)
+          puts "Error: Expected a string but got #{str.inspect}"
+          return
+        end
+        source = find_source(str)
+        if source && File.exist?(source.file)
+          show_source(source)
+        else
+          puts "Error: Couldn't locate a definition for #{str}"
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # @param [IRB::ExtendCommand::ShowSource::Source] source
+      def show_source(source)
+        puts
+        puts "#{bold("From")}: #{source.file}:#{source.first_line}"
+        puts
+        code = IRB::Color.colorize_code(File.read(source.file))
+        puts code.lines[(source.first_line - 1)...source.last_line].join
+        puts
+      end
+
+      def find_source(str)
+        case str
+        when /\A[A-Z]\w*(::[A-Z]\w*)*\z/ # Const::Name
+          eval(str, irb_context.workspace.binding) # trigger autoload
+          base = irb_context.workspace.binding.receiver.yield_self { |r| r.is_a?(Module) ? r : Object }
+          file, line = base.const_source_location(str) if base.respond_to?(:const_source_location) # Ruby 2.7+
+        when /\A(?<owner>[A-Z]\w*(::[A-Z]\w*)*)#(?<method>[^ :.]+)\z/ # Class#method
+          owner = eval(Regexp.last_match[:owner], irb_context.workspace.binding)
+          method = Regexp.last_match[:method]
+          if owner.respond_to?(:instance_method) && owner.instance_methods.include?(method.to_sym)
+            file, line = owner.instance_method(method).source_location
+          end
+        when /\A((?<receiver>.+)(\.|::))?(?<method>[^ :.]+)\z/ # method, receiver.method, receiver::method
+          receiver = eval(Regexp.last_match[:receiver] || 'self', irb_context.workspace.binding)
+          method = Regexp.last_match[:method]
+          file, line = receiver.method(method).source_location if receiver.respond_to?(method)
+        end
+        if file && line
+          Source.new(file: file, first_line: line, last_line: find_end(file, line))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_end(file, first_line)
+        return first_line unless File.exist?(file)
+        lex = RubyLex.new
+        code = +""
+        File.read(file).lines[(first_line - 1)..-1].each_with_index do |line, i|
+          _ltype, _indent, continue, code_block_open = lex.check_state(code << line)
+          if !continue && !code_block_open
+            return first_line + i
+          end
+        end
+        first_line
+      end
+
+      def bold(str)
+        Color.colorize(str, [:BOLD])
+      end
+
+      Source = Struct.new(
+        :file,       # @param [String] - file name
+        :first_line, # @param [String] - first line
+        :last_line,  # @param [String] - last line
+        keyword_init: true,
+      )
+      private_constant :Source
+    end
+  end
+end
+# :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/subirb.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/subirb.rb
index c1602f6e45..1e18607d1a 100644
--- a/lib/irb/cmd/subirb.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/subirb.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "irb/cmd/nop.rb"
-require "irb/ext/multi-irb"
+require_relative "nop"
+require_relative "../ext/multi-irb"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 module IRB
diff --git a/lib/irb/cmd/whereami.rb b/lib/irb/cmd/whereami.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3def11b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/cmd/whereami.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "nop"
+
+# :stopdoc:
+module IRB
+  module ExtendCommand
+    class Whereami < Nop
+      def execute(*)
+        code = irb_context.workspace.code_around_binding
+        if code
+          puts code
+        else
+          puts "The current context doesn't have code."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+# :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/color.rb b/lib/irb/color.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfbb3cc668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/color.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'reline'
+require 'ripper'
+require 'irb/ruby-lex'
+
+module IRB # :nodoc:
+  module Color
+    CLEAR     = 0
+    BOLD      = 1
+    UNDERLINE = 4
+    REVERSE   = 7
+    RED       = 31
+    GREEN     = 32
+    YELLOW    = 33
+    BLUE      = 34
+    MAGENTA   = 35
+    CYAN      = 36
+
+    TOKEN_KEYWORDS = {
+      on_kw: ['nil', 'self', 'true', 'false', '__FILE__', '__LINE__', '__ENCODING__'],
+      on_const: ['ENV'],
+    }
+    private_constant :TOKEN_KEYWORDS
+
+    # A constant of all-bit 1 to match any Ripper's state in #dispatch_seq
+    ALL = -1
+    private_constant :ALL
+
+    begin
+      # Following pry's colors where possible, but sometimes having a compromise like making
+      # backtick and regexp as red (string's color, because they're sharing tokens).
+      TOKEN_SEQ_EXPRS = {
+        on_CHAR:            [[BLUE, BOLD],            ALL],
+        on_backtick:        [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_comment:         [[BLUE, BOLD],            ALL],
+        on_const:           [[BLUE, BOLD, UNDERLINE], ALL],
+        on_embexpr_beg:     [[RED],                   ALL],
+        on_embexpr_end:     [[RED],                   ALL],
+        on_embvar:          [[RED],                   ALL],
+        on_float:           [[MAGENTA, BOLD],         ALL],
+        on_gvar:            [[GREEN, BOLD],           ALL],
+        on_heredoc_beg:     [[RED],                   ALL],
+        on_heredoc_end:     [[RED],                   ALL],
+        on_ident:           [[BLUE, BOLD],            Ripper::EXPR_ENDFN],
+        on_imaginary:       [[BLUE, BOLD],            ALL],
+        on_int:             [[BLUE, BOLD],            ALL],
+        on_kw:              [[GREEN],                 ALL],
+        on_label:           [[MAGENTA],               ALL],
+        on_label_end:       [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_qsymbols_beg:    [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_qwords_beg:      [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_rational:        [[BLUE, BOLD],            ALL],
+        on_regexp_beg:      [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_regexp_end:      [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_symbeg:          [[YELLOW],                ALL],
+        on_symbols_beg:     [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_tstring_beg:     [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_tstring_content: [[RED],                   ALL],
+        on_tstring_end:     [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_words_beg:       [[RED, BOLD],             ALL],
+        on_parse_error:     [[RED, REVERSE],          ALL],
+        compile_error:      [[RED, REVERSE],          ALL],
+        on_assign_error:    [[RED, REVERSE],          ALL],
+        on_alias_error:     [[RED, REVERSE],          ALL],
+        on_class_name_error:[[RED, REVERSE],          ALL],
+        on_param_error:     [[RED, REVERSE],          ALL],
+        on___end__:         [[GREEN],                 ALL],
+      }
+    rescue NameError
+      # Give up highlighting Ripper-incompatible older Ruby
+      TOKEN_SEQ_EXPRS = {}
+    end
+    private_constant :TOKEN_SEQ_EXPRS
+
+    ERROR_TOKENS = TOKEN_SEQ_EXPRS.keys.select { |k| k.to_s.end_with?('error') }
+    private_constant :ERROR_TOKENS
+
+    class << self
+      def colorable?
+        $stdout.tty? && supported? && (/mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM || (ENV.key?('TERM') && ENV['TERM'] != 'dumb'))
+      end
+
+      def inspect_colorable?(obj, seen: {}.compare_by_identity)
+        case obj
+        when String, Symbol, Regexp, Integer, Float, FalseClass, TrueClass, NilClass
+          true
+        when Hash
+          without_circular_ref(obj, seen: seen) do
+            obj.all? { |k, v| inspect_colorable?(k, seen: seen) && inspect_colorable?(v, seen: seen) }
+          end
+        when Array
+          without_circular_ref(obj, seen: seen) do
+            obj.all? { |o| inspect_colorable?(o, seen: seen) }
+          end
+        when Range
+          inspect_colorable?(obj.begin, seen: seen) && inspect_colorable?(obj.end, seen: seen)
+        when Module
+          !obj.name.nil?
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        return '' unless colorable?
+        "\e[#{CLEAR}m"
+      end
+
+      def colorize(text, seq)
+        return text unless colorable?
+        seq = seq.map { |s| "\e[#{const_get(s)}m" }.join('')
+        "#{seq}#{text}#{clear}"
+      end
+
+      # If `complete` is false (code is incomplete), this does not warn compile_error.
+      # This option is needed to avoid warning a user when the compile_error is happening
+      # because the input is not wrong but just incomplete.
+      def colorize_code(code, complete: true, ignore_error: false)
+        return code unless colorable?
+
+        symbol_state = SymbolState.new
+        colored = +''
+        length = 0
+        end_seen = false
+
+        scan(code, allow_last_error: !complete) do |token, str, expr|
+          # IRB::ColorPrinter skips colorizing fragments with any invalid token
+          if ignore_error && ERROR_TOKENS.include?(token)
+            return Reline::Unicode.escape_for_print(code)
+          end
+
+          in_symbol = symbol_state.scan_token(token)
+          str.each_line do |line|
+            line = Reline::Unicode.escape_for_print(line)
+            if seq = dispatch_seq(token, expr, line, in_symbol: in_symbol)
+              colored << seq.map { |s| "\e[#{s}m" }.join('')
+              colored << line.sub(/\Z/, clear)
+            else
+              colored << line
+            end
+          end
+          length += str.bytesize
+          end_seen = true if token == :on___end__
+        end
+
+        # give up colorizing incomplete Ripper tokens
+        unless end_seen or length == code.bytesize
+          return Reline::Unicode.escape_for_print(code)
+        end
+
+        colored
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def without_circular_ref(obj, seen:, &block)
+        return false if seen.key?(obj)
+        seen[obj] = true
+        block.call
+      ensure
+        seen.delete(obj)
+      end
+
+      def supported?
+        return @supported if defined?(@supported)
+        @supported = Ripper::Lexer::Elem.method_defined?(:state)
+      end
+
+      def scan(code, allow_last_error:)
+        pos = [1, 0]
+
+        verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+        RubyLex.compile_with_errors_suppressed(code) do |inner_code, line_no|
+          lexer = Ripper::Lexer.new(inner_code, '(ripper)', line_no)
+          if lexer.respond_to?(:scan) # Ruby 2.7+
+            lexer.scan.each do |elem|
+              str = elem.tok
+              next if allow_last_error and /meets end of file|unexpected end-of-input/ =~ elem.message
+              next if ([elem.pos[0], elem.pos[1] + str.bytesize] <=> pos) <= 0
+
+              str.each_line do |line|
+                if line.end_with?("\n")
+                  pos[0] += 1
+                  pos[1] = 0
+                else
+                  pos[1] += line.bytesize
+                end
+              end
+
+              yield(elem.event, str, elem.state)
+            end
+          else
+            lexer.parse.each do |elem|
+              yield(elem.event, elem.tok, elem.state)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      ensure
+        $VERBOSE = verbose
+      end
+
+      def dispatch_seq(token, expr, str, in_symbol:)
+        if ERROR_TOKENS.include?(token)
+          TOKEN_SEQ_EXPRS[token][0]
+        elsif in_symbol
+          [YELLOW]
+        elsif TOKEN_KEYWORDS.fetch(token, []).include?(str)
+          [CYAN, BOLD]
+        elsif (seq, exprs = TOKEN_SEQ_EXPRS[token]; (expr & (exprs || 0)) != 0)
+          seq
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # A class to manage a state to know whether the current token is for Symbol or not.
+    class SymbolState
+      def initialize
+        # Push `true` to detect Symbol. `false` to increase the nest level for non-Symbol.
+        @stack = []
+      end
+
+      # Return true if the token is a part of Symbol.
+      def scan_token(token)
+        prev_state = @stack.last
+        case token
+        when :on_symbeg, :on_symbols_beg, :on_qsymbols_beg
+          @stack << true
+        when :on_ident, :on_op, :on_const, :on_ivar, :on_cvar, :on_gvar, :on_kw
+          if @stack.last # Pop only when it's Symbol
+            @stack.pop
+            return prev_state
+          end
+        when :on_tstring_beg
+          @stack << false
+        when :on_embexpr_beg
+          @stack << false
+          return prev_state
+        when :on_tstring_end # :on_tstring_end may close Symbol
+          @stack.pop
+          return prev_state
+        when :on_embexpr_end
+          @stack.pop
+        end
+        @stack.last
+      end
+    end
+    private_constant :SymbolState
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/irb/color_printer.rb b/lib/irb/color_printer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30c6825750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/color_printer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'pp'
+require 'irb/color'
+
+module IRB
+  class ColorPrinter < ::PP
+    class << self
+      def pp(obj, out = $>, width = screen_width)
+        q = ColorPrinter.new(out, width)
+        q.guard_inspect_key {q.pp obj}
+        q.flush
+        out << "\n"
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def screen_width
+        Reline.get_screen_size.last
+      rescue Errno::EINVAL # in `winsize': Invalid argument - <STDIN>
+        79
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pp(obj)
+      if obj.is_a?(String)
+        # Avoid calling Ruby 2.4+ String#pretty_print that splits a string by "\n"
+        text(obj.inspect)
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def text(str, width = nil)
+      unless str.is_a?(String)
+        str = str.inspect
+      end
+      width ||= str.length
+
+      case str
+      when /\A#</, '=', '>'
+        super(Color.colorize(str, [:GREEN]), width)
+      else
+        super(Color.colorize_code(str, ignore_error: true), width)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/irb/completion.rb b/lib/irb/completion.rb
index e7499a8e2b..d1bb82122e 100644
--- a/lib/irb/completion.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/completion.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 #
-#   irb/completor.rb -
+#   irb/completion.rb -
 #   	$Release Version: 0.9$
 #   	$Revision$
 #   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ishitsuka.com)
 #       From Original Idea of shugo@ruby-lang.org
 #
 
-require "readline"
+require_relative 'ruby-lex'
 
 module IRB
   module InputCompletor # :nodoc:
@@ -16,11 +16,12 @@ module IRB
     # Set of reserved words used by Ruby, you should not use these for
     # constants or variables
     ReservedWords = %w[
+      __ENCODING__ __LINE__ __FILE__
       BEGIN END
       alias and
       begin break
       case class
-      def defined do
+      def defined? do
       else elsif end ensure
       false for
       if in
@@ -35,118 +36,235 @@ module IRB
       yield
     ]
 
-    CompletionProc = proc { |input|
-      bind = IRB.conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT].workspace.binding
+    BASIC_WORD_BREAK_CHARACTERS = " \t\n`><=;|&{("
 
+    def self.retrieve_files_to_require_from_load_path
+      @@files_from_load_path ||= $LOAD_PATH.flat_map { |path|
+        begin
+          Dir.glob("**/*.{rb,#{RbConfig::CONFIG['DLEXT']}}", base: path)
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          []
+        end
+      }.uniq.map { |path|
+        path.sub(/\.(rb|#{RbConfig::CONFIG['DLEXT']})\z/, '')
+      }
+    end
+
+    def self.retrieve_files_to_require_relative_from_current_dir
+      @@files_from_current_dir ||= Dir.glob("**/*.{rb,#{RbConfig::CONFIG['DLEXT']}}", base: '.').map { |path|
+        path.sub(/\.(rb|#{RbConfig::CONFIG['DLEXT']})\z/, '')
+      }
+    end
+
+    CompletionRequireProc = lambda { |target, preposing = nil, postposing = nil|
+      if target =~ /\A(['"])([^'"]+)\Z/
+        quote = $1
+        actual_target = $2
+      else
+        return nil # It's not String literal
+      end
+      tokens = RubyLex.ripper_lex_without_warning(preposing.gsub(/\s*\z/, ''))
+      tok = nil
+      tokens.reverse_each do |t|
+        unless [:on_lparen, :on_sp, :on_ignored_sp, :on_nl, :on_ignored_nl, :on_comment].include?(t.event)
+          tok = t
+          break
+        end
+      end
+      result = []
+      if tok && tok.event == :on_ident && tok.state == Ripper::EXPR_CMDARG
+        case tok.tok
+        when 'require'
+          result = retrieve_files_to_require_from_load_path.select { |path|
+            path.start_with?(actual_target)
+          }.map { |path|
+            quote + path
+          }
+        when 'require_relative'
+          result = retrieve_files_to_require_relative_from_current_dir.select { |path|
+            path.start_with?(actual_target)
+          }.map { |path|
+            quote + path
+          }
+        end
+      end
+      result
+    }
+
+    CompletionProc = lambda { |target, preposing = nil, postposing = nil|
+      if preposing && postposing
+        result = CompletionRequireProc.(target, preposing, postposing)
+        unless result
+          result = retrieve_completion_data(target).compact.map{ |i| i.encode(Encoding.default_external) }
+        end
+        result
+      else
+        retrieve_completion_data(target).compact.map{ |i| i.encode(Encoding.default_external) }
+      end
+    }
+
+    def self.retrieve_completion_data(input, bind: IRB.conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT].workspace.binding, doc_namespace: false)
       case input
       when /^((["'`]).*\2)\.([^.]*)$/
         # String
         receiver = $1
-        message = Regexp.quote($3)
+        message = $3
 
         candidates = String.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        if doc_namespace
+          "String.#{message}"
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        end
 
       when /^(\/[^\/]*\/)\.([^.]*)$/
         # Regexp
         receiver = $1
-        message = Regexp.quote($2)
+        message = $2
 
         candidates = Regexp.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        if doc_namespace
+          "Regexp.#{message}"
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        end
 
       when /^([^\]]*\])\.([^.]*)$/
         # Array
         receiver = $1
-        message = Regexp.quote($2)
+        message = $2
 
         candidates = Array.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        if doc_namespace
+          "Array.#{message}"
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        end
 
       when /^([^\}]*\})\.([^.]*)$/
         # Proc or Hash
         receiver = $1
-        message = Regexp.quote($2)
+        message = $2
 
-        candidates = Proc.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        candidates |= Hash.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        proc_candidates = Proc.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
+        hash_candidates = Hash.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
+        if doc_namespace
+          ["Proc.#{message}", "Hash.#{message}"]
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, proc_candidates | hash_candidates)
+        end
 
       when /^(:[^:.]*)$/
         # Symbol
-        if Symbol.respond_to?(:all_symbols)
-          sym = $1
-          candidates = Symbol.all_symbols.collect{|s| ":" + s.id2name}
-          candidates.grep(/^#{Regexp.quote(sym)}/)
-        else
-          []
+        return nil if doc_namespace
+        sym = $1
+        candidates = Symbol.all_symbols.collect do |s|
+          ":" + s.id2name.encode(Encoding.default_external)
+        rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+          # ignore
         end
+        candidates.grep(/^#{Regexp.quote(sym)}/)
 
       when /^::([A-Z][^:\.\(]*)$/
         # Absolute Constant or class methods
         receiver = $1
         candidates = Object.constants.collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        candidates.grep(/^#{receiver}/).collect{|e| "::" + e}
+        if doc_namespace
+          candidates.find { |i| i == receiver }
+        else
+          candidates.grep(/^#{receiver}/).collect{|e| "::" + e}
+        end
 
       when /^([A-Z].*)::([^:.]*)$/
         # Constant or class methods
         receiver = $1
-        message = Regexp.quote($2)
+        message = $2
         begin
           candidates = eval("#{receiver}.constants.collect{|m| m.to_s}", bind)
           candidates |= eval("#{receiver}.methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}", bind)
         rescue Exception
           candidates = []
         end
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates, "::")
+        if doc_namespace
+          "#{receiver}::#{message}"
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, candidates, "::")
+        end
 
       when /^(:[^:.]+)(\.|::)([^.]*)$/
         # Symbol
         receiver = $1
         sep = $2
-        message = Regexp.quote($3)
+        message = $3
 
         candidates = Symbol.instance_methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
+        if doc_namespace
+          "Symbol.#{message}"
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
+        end
 
-      when /^(-?(0[dbo])?[0-9_]+(\.[0-9_]+)?([eE]-?[0-9]+)?)(\.|::)([^.]*)$/
+      when /^(?<num>-?(?:0[dbo])?[0-9_]+(?:\.[0-9_]+)?(?:(?:[eE][+-]?[0-9]+)?i?|r)?)(?<sep>\.|::)(?<mes>[^.]*)$/
         # Numeric
-        receiver = $1
-        sep = $5
-        message = Regexp.quote($6)
+        receiver = $~[:num]
+        sep = $~[:sep]
+        message = $~[:mes]
 
         begin
-          candidates = eval(receiver, bind).methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
+          instance = eval(receiver, bind)
+          if doc_namespace
+            "#{instance.class.name}.#{message}"
+          else
+            candidates = instance.methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
+            select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
+          end
         rescue Exception
-          candidates = []
+          if doc_namespace
+            nil
+          else
+            candidates = []
+          end
         end
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
 
       when /^(-?0x[0-9a-fA-F_]+)(\.|::)([^.]*)$/
         # Numeric(0xFFFF)
         receiver = $1
         sep = $2
-        message = Regexp.quote($3)
+        message = $3
 
         begin
-          candidates = eval(receiver, bind).methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
+          instance = eval(receiver, bind)
+          if doc_namespace
+            "#{instance.class.name}.#{message}"
+          else
+            candidates = instance.methods.collect{|m| m.to_s}
+            select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
+          end
         rescue Exception
-          candidates = []
+          if doc_namespace
+            nil
+          else
+            candidates = []
+          end
         end
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
 
       when /^(\$[^.]*)$/
         # global var
-        regmessage = Regexp.new(Regexp.quote($1))
-        candidates = global_variables.collect{|m| m.to_s}.grep(regmessage)
+        gvar = $1
+        all_gvars = global_variables.collect{|m| m.to_s}
+        if doc_namespace
+          all_gvars.find{ |i| i == gvar }
+        else
+          all_gvars.grep(Regexp.new(Regexp.quote(gvar)))
+        end
 
       when /^([^."].*)(\.|::)([^.]*)$/
         # variable.func or func.func
         receiver = $1
         sep = $2
-        message = Regexp.quote($3)
+        message = $3
 
-        gv = eval("global_variables", bind).collect{|m| m.to_s}
+        gv = eval("global_variables", bind).collect{|m| m.to_s}.push("true", "false", "nil")
         lv = eval("local_variables", bind).collect{|m| m.to_s}
         iv = eval("instance_variables", bind).collect{|m| m.to_s}
         cv = eval("self.class.constants", bind).collect{|m| m.to_s}
@@ -169,38 +287,76 @@ module IRB
         else
           # func1.func2
           candidates = []
+          to_ignore = ignored_modules
           ObjectSpace.each_object(Module){|m|
-            begin
-              name = m.name
-            rescue Exception
-              name = ""
-            end
-            begin
-              next if name != "IRB::Context" and
-                /^(IRB|SLex|RubyLex|RubyToken)/ =~ name
-            rescue Exception
-              next
-            end
+            next if (to_ignore.include?(m) rescue true)
             candidates.concat m.instance_methods(false).collect{|x| x.to_s}
           }
           candidates.sort!
           candidates.uniq!
         end
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
+        if doc_namespace
+          "#{rec.class.name}#{sep}#{candidates.find{ |i| i == message }}"
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep)
+        end
 
       when /^\.([^.]*)$/
         # unknown(maybe String)
 
         receiver = ""
-        message = Regexp.quote($1)
+        message = $1
 
         candidates = String.instance_methods(true).collect{|m| m.to_s}
-        select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        if doc_namespace
+          "String.#{candidates.find{ |i| i == message }}"
+        else
+          select_message(receiver, message, candidates)
+        end
 
       else
         candidates = eval("methods | private_methods | local_variables | instance_variables | self.class.constants", bind).collect{|m| m.to_s}
+        candidates |= ReservedWords
+
+        if doc_namespace
+          candidates.find{ |i| i == input }
+        else
+          candidates.grep(/^#{Regexp.quote(input)}/)
+        end
+      end
+    end
 
-        (candidates|ReservedWords).grep(/^#{Regexp.quote(input)}/)
+    PerfectMatchedProc = ->(matched, bind: IRB.conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT].workspace.binding) {
+      begin
+        require 'rdoc'
+      rescue LoadError
+        return
+      end
+
+      RDocRIDriver ||= RDoc::RI::Driver.new
+
+      if matched =~ /\A(?:::)?RubyVM/ and not ENV['RUBY_YES_I_AM_NOT_A_NORMAL_USER']
+        IRB.__send__(:easter_egg)
+        return
+      end
+
+      namespace = retrieve_completion_data(matched, bind: bind, doc_namespace: true)
+      return unless namespace
+
+      if namespace.is_a?(Array)
+        out = RDoc::Markup::Document.new
+        namespace.each do |m|
+          begin
+            RDocRIDriver.add_method(out, m)
+          rescue RDoc::RI::Driver::NotFoundError
+          end
+        end
+        RDocRIDriver.display(out)
+      else
+        begin
+          RDocRIDriver.display_names([namespace])
+        rescue RDoc::RI::Driver::NotFoundError
+        end
       end
     }
 
@@ -208,7 +364,7 @@ module IRB
     Operators = %w[% & * ** + - / < << <= <=> == === =~ > >= >> [] []= ^ ! != !~]
 
     def self.select_message(receiver, message, candidates, sep = ".")
-      candidates.grep(/^#{message}/).collect do |e|
+      candidates.grep(/^#{Regexp.quote(message)}/).collect do |e|
         case e
         when /^[a-zA-Z_]/
           receiver + sep + e
@@ -218,11 +374,30 @@ module IRB
         end
       end
     end
-  end
-end
 
-if Readline.respond_to?("basic_word_break_characters=")
-  Readline.basic_word_break_characters= " \t\n`><=;|&{("
+    def self.ignored_modules
+      # We could cache the result, but this is very fast already.
+      # By using this approach, we avoid Module#name calls, which are
+      # relatively slow when there are a lot of anonymous modules defined.
+      s = {}
+
+      scanner = lambda do |m|
+        next if s.include?(m) # IRB::ExtendCommandBundle::EXCB recurses.
+        s[m] = true
+        m.constants(false).each do |c|
+          value = m.const_get(c)
+          scanner.call(value) if value.is_a?(Module)
+        end
+      end
+
+      %i(IRB RubyLex).each do |sym|
+        next unless Object.const_defined?(sym)
+        scanner.call(Object.const_get(sym))
+      end
+
+      s.delete(IRB::Context) if defined?(IRB::Context)
+
+      s
+    end
+  end
 end
-Readline.completion_append_character = nil
-Readline.completion_proc = IRB::InputCompletor::CompletionProc
diff --git a/lib/irb/context.rb b/lib/irb/context.rb
index f5e1a7aa6f..0d358de6ff 100644
--- a/lib/irb/context.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/context.rb
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@
 #
 #
 #
-require "irb/workspace"
-require "irb/inspector"
-require "irb/output-method"
+require_relative "workspace"
+require_relative "inspector"
+require_relative "input-method"
+require_relative "output-method"
 
 module IRB
   # A class that wraps the current state of the irb session, including the
@@ -21,10 +22,10 @@ module IRB
     #
     # The optional +input_method+ argument:
     #
-    # +nil+::     uses stdin or Readline
+    # +nil+::     uses stdin or Reidline or Readline
     # +String+::  uses a File
     # +other+::   uses this as InputMethod
-    def initialize(irb, workspace = nil, input_method = nil, output_method = nil)
+    def initialize(irb, workspace = nil, input_method = nil)
       @irb = irb
       if workspace
         @workspace = workspace
@@ -38,12 +39,25 @@ module IRB
       @rc = IRB.conf[:RC]
       @load_modules = IRB.conf[:LOAD_MODULES]
 
-      @use_readline = IRB.conf[:USE_READLINE]
+      if IRB.conf.has_key?(:USE_SINGLELINE)
+        @use_singleline = IRB.conf[:USE_SINGLELINE]
+      elsif IRB.conf.has_key?(:USE_READLINE) # backward compatibility
+        @use_singleline = IRB.conf[:USE_READLINE]
+      else
+        @use_singleline = nil
+      end
+      if IRB.conf.has_key?(:USE_MULTILINE)
+        @use_multiline = IRB.conf[:USE_MULTILINE]
+      elsif IRB.conf.has_key?(:USE_REIDLINE) # backward compatibility
+        @use_multiline = IRB.conf[:USE_REIDLINE]
+      else
+        @use_multiline = nil
+      end
+      @use_colorize = IRB.conf[:USE_COLORIZE]
       @verbose = IRB.conf[:VERBOSE]
       @io = nil
 
       self.inspect_mode = IRB.conf[:INSPECT_MODE]
-      self.math_mode = IRB.conf[:MATH_MODE] if IRB.conf[:MATH_MODE]
       self.use_tracer = IRB.conf[:USE_TRACER] if IRB.conf[:USE_TRACER]
       self.use_loader = IRB.conf[:USE_LOADER] if IRB.conf[:USE_LOADER]
       self.eval_history = IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY] if IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY]
@@ -64,23 +78,42 @@ module IRB
 
       case input_method
       when nil
-        case use_readline?
+        @io = nil
+        case use_multiline?
         when nil
-          if (defined?(ReadlineInputMethod) && STDIN.tty? &&
-              IRB.conf[:PROMPT_MODE] != :INF_RUBY)
-            @io = ReadlineInputMethod.new
+          if STDIN.tty? && IRB.conf[:PROMPT_MODE] != :INF_RUBY && !use_singleline?
+            # Both of multiline mode and singleline mode aren't specified.
+            @io = ReidlineInputMethod.new
           else
-            @io = StdioInputMethod.new
+            @io = nil
           end
         when false
-          @io = StdioInputMethod.new
+          @io = nil
         when true
-          if defined?(ReadlineInputMethod)
-            @io = ReadlineInputMethod.new
+          @io = ReidlineInputMethod.new
+        end
+        unless @io
+          case use_singleline?
+          when nil
+            if (defined?(ReadlineInputMethod) && STDIN.tty? &&
+                IRB.conf[:PROMPT_MODE] != :INF_RUBY)
+              @io = ReadlineInputMethod.new
+            else
+              @io = nil
+            end
+          when false
+            @io = nil
+          when true
+            if defined?(ReadlineInputMethod)
+              @io = ReadlineInputMethod.new
+            else
+              @io = nil
+            end
           else
-            @io = StdioInputMethod.new
+            @io = nil
           end
         end
+        @io = StdioInputMethod.new unless @io
 
       when String
         @io = FileInputMethod.new(input_method)
@@ -91,17 +124,20 @@ module IRB
       end
       self.save_history = IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY] if IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY]
 
-      if output_method
-        @output_method = output_method
-      else
-        @output_method = StdioOutputMethod.new
-      end
-
       @echo = IRB.conf[:ECHO]
       if @echo.nil?
         @echo = true
       end
-      self.debug_level = IRB.conf[:DEBUG_LEVEL]
+
+      @echo_on_assignment = IRB.conf[:ECHO_ON_ASSIGNMENT]
+      if @echo_on_assignment.nil?
+        @echo_on_assignment = :truncate
+      end
+
+      @newline_before_multiline_output = IRB.conf[:NEWLINE_BEFORE_MULTILINE_OUTPUT]
+      if @newline_before_multiline_output.nil?
+        @newline_before_multiline_output = true
+      end
     end
 
     # The top-level workspace, see WorkSpace#main
@@ -117,9 +153,9 @@ module IRB
     attr_reader :thread
     # The current input method
     #
-    # Can be either StdioInputMethod, ReadlineInputMethod, FileInputMethod or
-    # other specified when the context is created. See ::new for more
-    # information on +input_method+.
+    # Can be either StdioInputMethod, ReadlineInputMethod,
+    # ReidlineInputMethod, FileInputMethod or other specified when the
+    # context is created. See ::new for more # information on +input_method+.
     attr_accessor :io
 
     # Current irb session
@@ -137,12 +173,18 @@ module IRB
     # +input_method+ passed to Context.new
     attr_accessor :irb_path
 
-    # Whether +Readline+ is enabled or not.
+    # Whether multiline editor mode is enabled or not.
     #
-    # A copy of the default <code>IRB.conf[:USE_READLINE]</code>
+    # A copy of the default <code>IRB.conf[:USE_MULTILINE]</code>
+    attr_reader :use_multiline
+    # Whether singleline editor mode is enabled or not.
     #
-    # See #use_readline= for more information.
-    attr_reader :use_readline
+    # A copy of the default <code>IRB.conf[:USE_SINGLELINE]</code>
+    attr_reader :use_singleline
+    # Whether colorization is enabled or not.
+    #
+    # A copy of the default <code>IRB.conf[:USE_COLORIZE]</code>
+    attr_reader :use_colorize
     # A copy of the default <code>IRB.conf[:INSPECT_MODE]</code>
     attr_reader :inspect_mode
 
@@ -165,17 +207,17 @@ module IRB
     # Can be either the default <code>IRB.conf[:AUTO_INDENT]</code>, or the
     # mode set by #prompt_mode=
     #
-    # To enable auto-indentation in irb:
+    # To disable auto-indentation in irb:
     #
-    #     IRB.conf[:AUTO_INDENT] = true
+    #     IRB.conf[:AUTO_INDENT] = false
     #
     # or
     #
-    #     irb_context.auto_indent_mode = true
+    #     irb_context.auto_indent_mode = false
     #
     # or
     #
-    #     IRB.CurrentContext.auto_indent_mode = true
+    #     IRB.CurrentContext.auto_indent_mode = false
     #
     # See IRB@Configuration for more information.
     attr_accessor :auto_indent_mode
@@ -198,7 +240,7 @@ module IRB
     attr_accessor :ignore_eof
     # Whether to echo the return value to output or not.
     #
-    # Uses IRB.conf[:ECHO] if available, or defaults to +true+.
+    # Uses <code>IRB.conf[:ECHO]</code> if available, or defaults to +true+.
     #
     #     puts "hello"
     #     # hello
@@ -207,14 +249,44 @@ module IRB
     #     puts "omg"
     #     # omg
     attr_accessor :echo
+    # Whether to echo for assignment expressions
+    #
+    # If set to +false+, the value of assignment will not be shown.
+    #
+    # If set to +true+, the value of assignment will be shown.
+    #
+    # If set to +:truncate+, the value of assignment will be shown and truncated.
+    #
+    # It defaults to +:truncate+.
+    #
+    #     a = "omg"
+    #     #=> omg
+    #     a = "omg" * 10
+    #     #=> omgomgomgomgomgomgomg...
+    #     IRB.CurrentContext.echo_on_assignment = false
+    #     a = "omg"
+    #     IRB.CurrentContext.echo_on_assignment = true
+    #     a = "omg"
+    #     #=> omgomgomgomgomgomgomgomgomgomg
+    attr_accessor :echo_on_assignment
+    # Whether a newline is put before multiline output.
+    #
+    # Uses <code>IRB.conf[:NEWLINE_BEFORE_MULTILINE_OUTPUT]</code> if available,
+    # or defaults to +true+.
+    #
+    #     "abc\ndef"
+    #     #=>
+    #     abc
+    #     def
+    #     IRB.CurrentContext.newline_before_multiline_output = false
+    #     "abc\ndef"
+    #     #=> abc
+    #     def
+    attr_accessor :newline_before_multiline_output
     # Whether verbose messages are displayed or not.
     #
     # A copy of the default <code>IRB.conf[:VERBOSE]</code>
     attr_accessor :verbose
-    # The debug level of irb
-    #
-    # See #debug_level= for more information.
-    attr_reader :debug_level
 
     # The limit of backtrace lines displayed as top +n+ and tail +n+.
     #
@@ -225,18 +297,34 @@ module IRB
     # See IRB@Command+line+options for more command line options.
     attr_accessor :back_trace_limit
 
-    # Alias for #use_readline
-    alias use_readline? use_readline
+    # Alias for #use_multiline
+    alias use_multiline? use_multiline
+    # Alias for #use_singleline
+    alias use_singleline? use_singleline
+    # backward compatibility
+    alias use_reidline use_multiline
+    # backward compatibility
+    alias use_reidline? use_multiline
+    # backward compatibility
+    alias use_readline use_singleline
+    # backward compatibility
+    alias use_readline? use_singleline
+    # Alias for #use_colorize
+    alias use_colorize? use_colorize
     # Alias for #rc
     alias rc? rc
     alias ignore_sigint? ignore_sigint
     alias ignore_eof? ignore_eof
     alias echo? echo
+    alias echo_on_assignment? echo_on_assignment
+    alias newline_before_multiline_output? newline_before_multiline_output
 
     # Returns whether messages are displayed or not.
     def verbose?
       if @verbose.nil?
-        if defined?(ReadlineInputMethod) && @io.kind_of?(ReadlineInputMethod)
+        if @io.kind_of?(ReidlineInputMethod)
+          false
+        elsif defined?(ReadlineInputMethod) && @io.kind_of?(ReadlineInputMethod)
           false
         elsif !STDIN.tty? or @io.kind_of?(FileInputMethod)
           true
@@ -249,9 +337,11 @@ module IRB
     end
 
     # Whether #verbose? is +true+, and +input_method+ is either
-    # StdioInputMethod or ReadlineInputMethod, see #io for more information.
+    # StdioInputMethod or ReidlineInputMethod or ReadlineInputMethod, see #io
+    # for more information.
     def prompting?
       verbose? || (STDIN.tty? && @io.kind_of?(StdioInputMethod) ||
+                   @io.kind_of?(ReidlineInputMethod) ||
                    (defined?(ReadlineInputMethod) && @io.kind_of?(ReadlineInputMethod)))
     end
 
@@ -262,7 +352,7 @@ module IRB
     # to #last_value.
     def set_last_value(value)
       @last_value = value
-      @workspace.evaluate self, "_ = IRB.CurrentContext.last_value"
+      @workspace.local_variable_set :_, value
     end
 
     # Sets the +mode+ of the prompt in this context.
@@ -350,34 +440,13 @@ module IRB
       @inspect_mode
     end
 
-    # Obsolete method.
-    #
-    # Can be set using the +--noreadline+ and +--readline+ command line
-    # options.
-    #
-    # See IRB@Command+line+options for more command line options.
-    def use_readline=(opt)
-      print "This method is obsolete."
-      print "Do nothing."
-    end
-
-    # Sets the debug level of irb
-    #
-    # Can also be set using the +--irb_debug+ command line option.
-    #
-    # See IRB@Command+line+options for more command line options.
-    def debug_level=(value)
-      @debug_level = value
-      RubyLex.debug_level = value
-    end
-
-    # Whether or not debug mode is enabled, see #debug_level=.
-    def debug?
-      @debug_level > 0
-    end
-
-    def evaluate(line, line_no) # :nodoc:
+    def evaluate(line, line_no, exception: nil) # :nodoc:
       @line_no = line_no
+      if exception
+        line_no -= 1
+        line = "begin ::Kernel.raise _; rescue _.class\n#{line}\n""end"
+        @workspace.local_variable_set(:_, exception)
+      end
       set_last_value(@workspace.evaluate(self, line, irb_path, line_no))
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/irb/easter-egg.rb b/lib/irb/easter-egg.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e79692de9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/easter-egg.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+require "reline"
+
+module IRB
+  class << self
+    class Vec
+      def initialize(x, y, z)
+        @x, @y, @z = x, y, z
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :x, :y, :z
+
+      def sub(other)
+        Vec.new(@x - other.x, @y - other.y, @z - other.z)
+      end
+
+      def dot(other)
+        @x*other.x + @y*other.y + @z*other.z
+      end
+
+      def cross(other)
+        ox, oy, oz = other.x, other.y, other.z
+        Vec.new(@y*oz-@z*oy, @z*ox-@x*oz, @x*oy-@y*ox)
+      end
+
+      def normalize
+        r = Math.sqrt(self.dot(self))
+        Vec.new(@x / r, @y / r, @z / r)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Canvas
+      def initialize((h, w))
+        @data = (0..h-2).map { [0] * w }
+        @scale = [w / 2.0, h-2].min
+        @center = Complex(w / 2, h-2)
+      end
+
+      def line((x1, y1), (x2, y2))
+        p1 = Complex(x1, y1) / 2 * @scale + @center
+        p2 = Complex(x2, y2) / 2 * @scale + @center
+        line0(p1, p2)
+      end
+
+      private def line0(p1, p2)
+        mid = (p1 + p2) / 2
+        if (p1 - p2).abs < 1
+          x, y = mid.rect
+          @data[y / 2][x] |= (y % 2 > 1 ? 2 : 1)
+        else
+          line0(p1, mid)
+          line0(p2, mid)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def draw
+        @data.each {|row| row.fill(0) }
+        yield
+        @data.map {|row| row.map {|n| " ',;"[n] }.join }.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RubyModel
+      def initialize
+        @faces = init_ruby_model
+      end
+
+      def init_ruby_model
+        cap_vertices    = (0..5).map {|i| Vec.new(*Complex.polar(1,  i        * Math::PI / 3).rect, 1) }
+        middle_vertices = (0..5).map {|i| Vec.new(*Complex.polar(2, (i + 0.5) * Math::PI / 3).rect, 0) }
+        bottom_vertex   = Vec.new(0, 0, -2)
+
+        faces = [cap_vertices]
+        6.times do |j|
+          i = j-1
+          faces << [cap_vertices[i], middle_vertices[i], cap_vertices[j]]
+          faces << [cap_vertices[j], middle_vertices[i], middle_vertices[j]]
+          faces << [middle_vertices[i], bottom_vertex, middle_vertices[j]]
+        end
+
+        faces
+      end
+
+      def render_frame(i)
+        angle = i / 10.0
+        dir = Vec.new(*Complex.polar(1, angle).rect, Math.sin(angle)).normalize
+        dir2 = Vec.new(*Complex.polar(1, angle - Math::PI/2).rect, 0)
+        up = dir.cross(dir2)
+        nm = dir.cross(up)
+        @faces.each do |vertices|
+          v0, v1, v2, = vertices
+          if v1.sub(v0).cross(v2.sub(v0)).dot(dir) > 0
+            points = vertices.map {|p| [nm.dot(p), up.dot(p)] }
+            (points + [points[0]]).each_cons(2) do |p1, p2|
+              yield p1, p2
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def easter_egg(type = nil)
+      type ||= [:logo, :dancing].sample
+      case type
+      when :logo
+        File.open(File.join(__dir__, 'ruby_logo.aa')) do |f|
+          require "rdoc"
+          RDoc::RI::Driver.new.page do |io|
+            IO.copy_stream(f, io)
+          end
+        end
+      when :dancing
+        begin
+          canvas = Canvas.new(Reline.get_screen_size)
+          Reline::IOGate.set_winch_handler do
+            canvas = Canvas.new(Reline.get_screen_size)
+          end
+          ruby_model = RubyModel.new
+          print "\e[?1049h"
+          0.step do |i| # TODO (0..).each needs Ruby 2.6 or later
+            buff = canvas.draw do
+              ruby_model.render_frame(i) do |p1, p2|
+                canvas.line(p1, p2)
+              end
+            end
+            buff[0, 20] = "\e[0mPress Ctrl+C to stop\e[31m\e[1m"
+            print "\e[H" + buff
+            sleep 0.05
+          end
+        rescue Interrupt
+        ensure
+          print "\e[0m\e[?1049l"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+IRB.__send__(:easter_egg, ARGV[0]&.to_sym) if $0 == __FILE__
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/change-ws.rb b/lib/irb/ext/change-ws.rb
index 94bfe62bc0..4c57e44eab 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/change-ws.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/change-ws.rb
@@ -43,4 +43,3 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/history.rb b/lib/irb/ext/history.rb
index 62363b13f4..fc304c6f6c 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/history.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/history.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     def set_last_value(value)
       _set_last_value(value)
 
-      if @eval_history
+      if defined?(@eval_history) && @eval_history
         @eval_history_values.push @line_no, @last_value
         @workspace.evaluate self, "__ = IRB.CurrentContext.instance_eval{@eval_history_values}"
       end
@@ -30,9 +30,13 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       @last_value
     end
 
-    # The command result history limit.
+    remove_method :eval_history= if method_defined?(:eval_history=)
+    # The command result history limit. This method is not available until
+    # #eval_history= was called with non-nil value (directly or via
+    # setting <code>IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY]</code> in <code>.irbrc</code>).
     attr_reader :eval_history
-    # Sets command result history limit.
+    # Sets command result history limit. Default value is set from
+    # <code>IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY]</code>.
     #
     # +no+ is an Integer or +nil+.
     #
@@ -41,6 +45,9 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     # If +no+ is 0, the number of history items is unlimited.
     #
     # If +no+ is +nil+, execution result history isn't used (default).
+    #
+    # History values are available via <code>__</code> variable, see
+    # IRB::History.
     def eval_history=(no)
       if no
         if defined?(@eval_history) && @eval_history
@@ -58,20 +65,51 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     end
   end
 
-  class History # :nodoc:
-
-    def initialize(size = 16)
+  # Represents history of results of previously evaluated commands.
+  #
+  # Available via <code>__</code> variable, only if <code>IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY]</code>
+  # or <code>IRB::CurrentContext().eval_history</code> is non-nil integer value
+  # (by default it is +nil+).
+  #
+  # Example (in `irb`):
+  #
+  #    # Initialize history
+  #    IRB::CurrentContext().eval_history = 10
+  #    # => 10
+  #
+  #    # Perform some commands...
+  #    1 + 2
+  #    # => 3
+  #    puts 'x'
+  #    # x
+  #    # => nil
+  #    raise RuntimeError
+  #    # ...error raised
+  #
+  #    # Inspect history (format is "<item number> <evaluated value>":
+  #    __
+  #    # => 1 10
+  #    # 2 3
+  #    # 3 nil
+  #
+  #    __[1]
+  #    # => 10
+  #
+  class History
+
+    def initialize(size = 16)  # :nodoc:
       @size = size
       @contents = []
     end
 
-    def size(size)
+    def size(size) # :nodoc:
       if size != 0 && size < @size
         @contents = @contents[@size - size .. @size]
       end
       @size = size
     end
 
+    # Get one item of the content (both positive and negative indexes work).
     def [](idx)
       begin
         if idx >= 0
@@ -84,14 +122,14 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    def push(no, val)
+    def push(no, val)  # :nodoc:
       @contents.push [no, val]
       @contents.shift if @size != 0 && @contents.size > @size
     end
 
     alias real_inspect inspect
 
-    def inspect
+    def inspect  # :nodoc:
       if @contents.empty?
         return real_inspect
       end
@@ -115,5 +153,3 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     end
   end
 end
-
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/loader.rb b/lib/irb/ext/loader.rb
index 840226db30..af028996e7 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/loader.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/loader.rb
@@ -31,8 +31,31 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       load_file(path, priv)
     end
 
+    if File.respond_to?(:absolute_path?)
+      def absolute_path?(path)
+        File.absolute_path?(path)
+      end
+    else
+      separator =
+        if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+          "[#{Regexp.quote(File::SEPARATOR + File::ALT_SEPARATOR)}]"
+        else
+          File::SEPARATOR
+        end
+      ABSOLUTE_PATH_PATTERN = # :nodoc:
+        case Dir.pwd
+        when /\A\w:/, /\A#{separator}{2}/
+          /\A(?:\w:|#{separator})#{separator}/
+        else
+          /\A#{separator}/
+        end
+      def absolute_path?(path)
+        ABSOLUTE_PATH_PATTERN =~ path
+      end
+    end
+
     def search_file_from_ruby_path(fn) # :nodoc:
-      if /^#{Regexp.quote(File::Separator)}/ =~ fn
+      if absolute_path?(fn)
         return fn if File.exist?(fn)
         return nil
       end
@@ -50,16 +73,18 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     # See Irb#suspend_input_method for more information.
     def source_file(path)
       irb.suspend_name(path, File.basename(path)) do
-        irb.suspend_input_method(FileInputMethod.new(path)) do
-          |back_io|
-          irb.signal_status(:IN_LOAD) do
-            if back_io.kind_of?(FileInputMethod)
-              irb.eval_input
-            else
-              begin
+        FileInputMethod.open(path) do |io|
+          irb.suspend_input_method(io) do
+            |back_io|
+            irb.signal_status(:IN_LOAD) do
+              if back_io.kind_of?(FileInputMethod)
                 irb.eval_input
-              rescue LoadAbort
-                print "load abort!!\n"
+              else
+                begin
+                  irb.eval_input
+                rescue LoadAbort
+                  print "load abort!!\n"
+                end
               end
             end
           end
@@ -79,16 +104,18 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
           ws = WorkSpace.new
         end
         irb.suspend_workspace(ws) do
-          irb.suspend_input_method(FileInputMethod.new(path)) do
-            |back_io|
-            irb.signal_status(:IN_LOAD) do
-              if back_io.kind_of?(FileInputMethod)
-                irb.eval_input
-              else
-                begin
+          FileInputMethod.open(path) do |io|
+            irb.suspend_input_method(io) do
+              |back_io|
+              irb.signal_status(:IN_LOAD) do
+                if back_io.kind_of?(FileInputMethod)
                   irb.eval_input
-                rescue LoadAbort
-                  print "load abort!!\n"
+                else
+                  begin
+                    irb.eval_input
+                  rescue LoadAbort
+                    print "load abort!!\n"
+                  end
                 end
               end
             end
@@ -126,4 +153,3 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/math-mode.rb b/lib/irb/ext/math-mode.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e409dbdc6a..0000000000
--- a/lib/irb/ext/math-mode.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   math-mode.rb -
-#   	$Release Version: 0.9.6$
-#   	$Revision$
-#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-require "mathn"
-
-module IRB
-  class Context
-    # Returns whether bc mode is enabled.
-    #
-    # See #math_mode=
-    attr_reader :math_mode
-    # Alias for #math_mode
-    alias math? math_mode
-
-    # Sets bc mode, which loads +lib/mathn.rb+ so fractions or matrix are
-    # available.
-    #
-    # Also available as the +-m+ command line option.
-    #
-    # See IRB@Command+line+options and the unix manpage <code>bc(1)</code> for
-    # more information.
-    def math_mode=(opt)
-      if @math_mode == true && !opt
-        IRB.fail CantReturnToNormalMode
-        return
-      end
-
-      @math_mode = opt
-      if math_mode
-        main.extend Math
-        print "start math mode\n" if verbose?
-      end
-    end
-
-    def inspect?
-      @inspect_mode.nil? && !@math_mode or @inspect_mode
-    end
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/multi-irb.rb b/lib/irb/ext/multi-irb.rb
index 982a319611..74de1ecde5 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/multi-irb.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/multi-irb.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 #
 #
 #
-IRB.fail CantShiftToMultiIrbMode unless defined?(Thread)
-require "thread"
+fail CantShiftToMultiIrbMode unless defined?(Thread)
 
 module IRB
   class JobManager
@@ -68,8 +67,8 @@ module IRB
     # exception is raised.
     def switch(key)
       th, irb = search(key)
-      IRB.fail IrbAlreadyDead unless th.alive?
-      IRB.fail IrbSwitchedToCurrentThread if th == Thread.current
+      fail IrbAlreadyDead unless th.alive?
+      fail IrbSwitchedToCurrentThread if th == Thread.current
       @current_job = irb
       th.run
       Thread.stop
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ module IRB
     def kill(*keys)
       for key in keys
         th, _ = search(key)
-        IRB.fail IrbAlreadyDead unless th.alive?
+        fail IrbAlreadyDead unless th.alive?
         th.exit
       end
     end
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ module IRB
             else
               @jobs.find{|k, v| v.context.main.equal?(key)}
             end
-      IRB.fail NoSuchJob, key if job.nil?
+      fail NoSuchJob, key if job.nil?
       job
     end
 
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ module IRB
     def delete(key)
       case key
       when Integer
-        IRB.fail NoSuchJob, key unless @jobs[key]
+        fail NoSuchJob, key unless @jobs[key]
         @jobs[key] = nil
       else
         catch(:EXISTS) do
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ module IRB
               throw :EXISTS
             end
           end
-          IRB.fail NoSuchJob, key
+          fail NoSuchJob, key
         end
       end
       until assoc = @jobs.pop; end unless @jobs.empty?
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/save-history.rb b/lib/irb/ext/save-history.rb
index ab64cf543d..7acaebe36a 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/save-history.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/save-history.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "readline"
-
 module IRB
   module HistorySavingAbility # :nodoc:
   end
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ module IRB
       IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY]
     end
 
-    remove_method :save_history= if respond_to?(:save_history=)
+    remove_method(:save_history=) if method_defined?(:save_history=)
     # Sets <code>IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY]</code> to the given +val+ and calls
     # #init_save_history with this context.
     #
@@ -58,8 +56,6 @@ module IRB
   end
 
   module HistorySavingAbility # :nodoc:
-    include Readline
-
     def HistorySavingAbility.extended(obj)
       IRB.conf[:AT_EXIT].push proc{obj.save_history}
       obj.load_history
@@ -67,19 +63,33 @@ module IRB
     end
 
     def load_history
+      return unless self.class.const_defined?(:HISTORY)
+      history = self.class::HISTORY
       if history_file = IRB.conf[:HISTORY_FILE]
         history_file = File.expand_path(history_file)
       end
       history_file = IRB.rc_file("_history") unless history_file
       if File.exist?(history_file)
-        open(history_file) do |f|
-          f.each {|l| HISTORY << l.chomp}
+        open(history_file, "r:#{IRB.conf[:LC_MESSAGES].encoding}") do |f|
+          f.each { |l|
+            l = l.chomp
+            if self.class == ReidlineInputMethod and history.last&.end_with?("\\")
+              history.last.delete_suffix!("\\")
+              history.last << "\n" << l
+            else
+              history << l
+            end
+          }
         end
+        @loaded_history_lines = history.size
+        @loaded_history_mtime = File.mtime(history_file)
       end
     end
 
     def save_history
-      if num = IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY] and (num = num.to_i) > 0
+      return unless self.class.const_defined?(:HISTORY)
+      history = self.class::HISTORY
+      if num = IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY] and (num = num.to_i) != 0
         if history_file = IRB.conf[:HISTORY_FILE]
           history_file = File.expand_path(history_file)
         end
@@ -91,13 +101,28 @@ module IRB
             File.chmod(0600, history_file)
           end
         rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        rescue Errno::EPERM
+          return
         rescue
           raise
         end
 
-        open(history_file, 'w', 0600 ) do |f|
-          hist = HISTORY.to_a
-          f.puts(hist[-num..-1] || hist)
+        if File.exist?(history_file) && @loaded_history_mtime &&
+           File.mtime(history_file) != @loaded_history_mtime
+          history = history[@loaded_history_lines..-1]
+          append_history = true
+        end
+
+        open(history_file, "#{append_history ? 'a' : 'w'}:#{IRB.conf[:LC_MESSAGES].encoding}", 0600) do |f|
+          hist = history.map{ |l| l.split("\n").join("\\\n") }
+          unless append_history
+            begin
+              hist = hist.last(num) if hist.size > num and num > 0
+            rescue RangeError # bignum too big to convert into `long'
+              # Do nothing because the bignum should be treated as inifinity
+            end
+          end
+          f.puts(hist)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/tracer.rb b/lib/irb/ext/tracer.rb
index 200f77e341..67ac4bb965 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/tracer.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/tracer.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,20 @@
 #
 #
 #
-require "tracer"
+begin
+  require "tracer"
+rescue LoadError
+  $stderr.puts "Tracer extension of IRB is enabled but tracer gem doesn't found."
+  module IRB
+    TracerLoadError = true
+    class Context
+      def use_tracer=(opt)
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  return # This is about to disable loading below
+end
 
 module IRB
 
@@ -69,4 +82,3 @@ module IRB
 
   IRB.initialize_tracer
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/use-loader.rb b/lib/irb/ext/use-loader.rb
index 571dd25d17..1897bc89e0 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/use-loader.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/use-loader.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "irb/cmd/load"
-require "irb/ext/loader"
+require_relative "../cmd/load"
+require_relative "loader"
 
 class Object
   alias __original__load__IRB_use_loader__ load
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ end
 
 module IRB
   module ExtendCommandBundle
+    remove_method :irb_load if method_defined?(:irb_load)
     # Loads the given file similarly to Kernel#load, see IrbLoader#irb_load
     def irb_load(*opts, &b)
       ExtendCommand::Load.execute(irb_context, *opts, &b)
     end
+    remove_method :irb_require if method_defined?(:irb_require)
     # Loads the given file similarly to Kernel#require
     def irb_require(*opts, &b)
       ExtendCommand::Require.execute(irb_context, *opts, &b)
@@ -44,7 +46,8 @@ module IRB
 
     alias use_loader? use_loader
 
-    # Sets IRB.conf[:USE_LOADER]
+    remove_method :use_loader= if method_defined?(:use_loader=)
+    # Sets <code>IRB.conf[:USE_LOADER]</code>
     #
     # See #use_loader for more information.
     def use_loader=(opt)
@@ -70,5 +73,3 @@ module IRB
     end
   end
 end
-
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/ext/workspaces.rb b/lib/irb/ext/workspaces.rb
index 5bd72c194f..730b58e64d 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ext/workspaces.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ext/workspaces.rb
@@ -64,4 +64,3 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/extend-command.rb b/lib/irb/extend-command.rb
index 6f15e6403a..339e9e6084 100644
--- a/lib/irb/extend-command.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/extend-command.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
 
     # Displays current configuration.
     #
-    # Modifing the configuration is achieved by sending a message to IRB.conf.
+    # Modifying the configuration is achieved by sending a message to IRB.conf.
     def irb_context
       IRB.CurrentContext
     end
@@ -46,58 +46,104 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     ]
 
     @EXTEND_COMMANDS = [
-      [:irb_current_working_workspace, :CurrentWorkingWorkspace, "irb/cmd/chws",
-       [:irb_print_working_workspace, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-       [:irb_cwws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-       [:irb_pwws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-       [:cwws, NO_OVERRIDE],
-       [:pwws, NO_OVERRIDE],
-       [:irb_current_working_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-       [:irb_print_working_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-       [:irb_cwb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-       [:irb_pwb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-    ],
-    [:irb_change_workspace, :ChangeWorkspace, "irb/cmd/chws",
-     [:irb_chws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:irb_cws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:chws, NO_OVERRIDE],
-     [:cws, NO_OVERRIDE],
-     [:irb_change_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:irb_cb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:cb, NO_OVERRIDE]],
-
-    [:irb_workspaces, :Workspaces, "irb/cmd/pushws",
-     [:workspaces, NO_OVERRIDE],
-     [:irb_bindings, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:bindings, NO_OVERRIDE]],
-    [:irb_push_workspace, :PushWorkspace, "irb/cmd/pushws",
-     [:irb_pushws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:pushws, NO_OVERRIDE],
-     [:irb_push_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:irb_pushb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:pushb, NO_OVERRIDE]],
-    [:irb_pop_workspace, :PopWorkspace, "irb/cmd/pushws",
-     [:irb_popws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:popws, NO_OVERRIDE],
-     [:irb_pop_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:irb_popb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
-     [:popb, NO_OVERRIDE]],
-
-    [:irb_load, :Load, "irb/cmd/load"],
-    [:irb_require, :Require, "irb/cmd/load"],
-    [:irb_source, :Source, "irb/cmd/load",
-     [:source, NO_OVERRIDE]],
-
-    [:irb, :IrbCommand, "irb/cmd/subirb"],
-    [:irb_jobs, :Jobs, "irb/cmd/subirb",
-     [:jobs, NO_OVERRIDE]],
-    [:irb_fg, :Foreground, "irb/cmd/subirb",
-     [:fg, NO_OVERRIDE]],
-    [:irb_kill, :Kill, "irb/cmd/subirb",
-     [:kill, OVERRIDE_PRIVATE_ONLY]],
-
-    [:irb_help, :Help, "irb/cmd/help",
-     [:help, NO_OVERRIDE]],
+      [
+        :irb_current_working_workspace, :CurrentWorkingWorkspace, "irb/cmd/chws",
+        [:irb_print_working_workspace, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_cwws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_pwws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:cwws, NO_OVERRIDE],
+        [:pwws, NO_OVERRIDE],
+        [:irb_current_working_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_print_working_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_cwb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_pwb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+      ],
+      [
+        :irb_change_workspace, :ChangeWorkspace, "irb/cmd/chws",
+        [:irb_chws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_cws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:chws, NO_OVERRIDE],
+        [:cws, NO_OVERRIDE],
+        [:irb_change_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_cb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:cb, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_workspaces, :Workspaces, "irb/cmd/pushws",
+        [:workspaces, NO_OVERRIDE],
+        [:irb_bindings, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:bindings, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+      [
+        :irb_push_workspace, :PushWorkspace, "irb/cmd/pushws",
+        [:irb_pushws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:pushws, NO_OVERRIDE],
+        [:irb_push_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_pushb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:pushb, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+      [
+        :irb_pop_workspace, :PopWorkspace, "irb/cmd/pushws",
+        [:irb_popws, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:popws, NO_OVERRIDE],
+        [:irb_pop_binding, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:irb_popb, OVERRIDE_ALL],
+        [:popb, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_load, :Load, "irb/cmd/load"],
+      [
+        :irb_require, :Require, "irb/cmd/load"],
+      [
+        :irb_source, :Source, "irb/cmd/load",
+        [:source, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb, :IrbCommand, "irb/cmd/subirb"],
+      [
+        :irb_jobs, :Jobs, "irb/cmd/subirb",
+        [:jobs, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+      [
+        :irb_fg, :Foreground, "irb/cmd/subirb",
+        [:fg, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+      [
+        :irb_kill, :Kill, "irb/cmd/subirb",
+        [:kill, OVERRIDE_PRIVATE_ONLY],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_help, :Help, "irb/cmd/help",
+        [:help, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_info, :Info, "irb/cmd/info"
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_ls, :Ls, "irb/cmd/ls",
+        [:ls, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_measure, :Measure, "irb/cmd/measure",
+        [:measure, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_show_source, :ShowSource, "irb/cmd/show_source",
+        [:show_source, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
+
+      [
+        :irb_whereami, :Whereami, "irb/cmd/whereami",
+        [:whereami, NO_OVERRIDE],
+      ],
 
     ]
 
@@ -138,20 +184,24 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       end
 
       if load_file
+        kwargs = ", **kwargs" if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" && RUBY_VERSION >= "2.7.0"
         line = __LINE__; eval %[
-          def #{cmd_name}(*opts, &b)
+          def #{cmd_name}(*opts#{kwargs}, &b)
             require "#{load_file}"
             arity = ExtendCommand::#{cmd_class}.instance_method(:execute).arity
             args = (1..(arity < 0 ? ~arity : arity)).map {|i| "arg" + i.to_s }
-            args << "*opts" if arity < 0
+            args << "*opts#{kwargs}" if arity < 0
             args << "&block"
             args = args.join(", ")
             line = __LINE__; eval %[
-              def #{cmd_name}(\#{args})
-            ExtendCommand::#{cmd_class}.execute(irb_context, \#{args})
+              unless singleton_class.class_variable_defined?(:@@#{cmd_name}_)
+                singleton_class.class_variable_set(:@@#{cmd_name}_, true)
+                def self.#{cmd_name}_(\#{args})
+                  ExtendCommand::#{cmd_class}.execute(irb_context, \#{args})
+                end
               end
             ], nil, __FILE__, line
-            send :#{cmd_name}, *opts, &b
+            __send__ :#{cmd_name}_, *opts#{kwargs}, &b
           end
         ], nil, __FILE__, line
       else
@@ -214,7 +264,6 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     @EXTEND_COMMANDS = [
       [:eval_history=, "irb/ext/history.rb"],
       [:use_tracer=, "irb/ext/tracer.rb"],
-      [:math_mode=, "irb/ext/math-mode.rb"],
       [:use_loader=, "irb/ext/use-loader.rb"],
       [:save_history=, "irb/ext/save-history.rb"],
     ]
@@ -223,7 +272,6 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     #
     # Context#eval_history=::   +irb/ext/history.rb+
     # Context#use_tracer=::     +irb/ext/tracer.rb+
-    # Context#math_mode=::      +irb/ext/math-mode.rb+
     # Context#use_loader=::     +irb/ext/use-loader.rb+
     # Context#save_history=::   +irb/ext/save-history.rb+
     def self.install_extend_commands
@@ -241,7 +289,7 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
         def #{cmd_name}(*opts, &b)
           Context.module_eval {remove_method(:#{cmd_name})}
           require "#{load_file}"
-          send :#{cmd_name}, *opts, &b
+          __send__ :#{cmd_name}, *opts, &b
         end
         for ali in aliases
           alias_method ali, cmd_name
@@ -264,8 +312,8 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       module_eval %[
         alias_method alias_name, base_method
         def #{base_method}(*opts)
-          send :#{extend_method}, *opts
-          send :#{alias_name}, *opts
+          __send__ :#{extend_method}, *opts
+          __send__ :#{alias_name}, *opts
         end
       ]
     end
@@ -280,8 +328,8 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       module_eval %[
         alias_method alias_name, base_method
         def #{base_method}(*opts)
-          send :#{alias_name}, *opts
-          send :#{extend_method}, *opts
+          __send__ :#{alias_name}, *opts
+          __send__ :#{extend_method}, *opts
         end
       ]
     end
@@ -306,4 +354,3 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/frame.rb b/lib/irb/frame.rb
index 6073809249..de54a98f1b 100644
--- a/lib/irb/frame.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/frame.rb
@@ -10,13 +10,18 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "e2mmap"
-
 module IRB
   class Frame
-    extend Exception2MessageMapper
-    def_exception :FrameOverflow, "frame overflow"
-    def_exception :FrameUnderflow, "frame underflow"
+    class FrameOverflow < StandardError
+      def initialize
+        super("frame overflow")
+      end
+    end
+    class FrameUnderflow < StandardError
+      def initialize
+        super("frame underflow")
+      end
+    end
 
     # Default number of stack frames
     INIT_STACK_TIMES = 3
@@ -44,7 +49,7 @@ module IRB
     # Raises FrameUnderflow if there are no frames in the given stack range.
     def top(n = 0)
       bind = @frames[-(n + CALL_STACK_OFFSET)]
-      Fail FrameUnderflow unless bind
+      fail FrameUnderflow unless bind
       bind
     end
 
@@ -54,7 +59,7 @@ module IRB
     # Raises FrameOverflow if there are no frames in the given stack range.
     def bottom(n = 0)
       bind = @frames[n]
-      Fail FrameOverflow unless bind
+      fail FrameOverflow unless bind
       bind
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/irb/help.rb b/lib/irb/help.rb
index a4264ab4ab..3eeaf841b0 100644
--- a/lib/irb/help.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/help.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #
 #
 
-require 'irb/magic-file'
+require_relative 'magic-file'
 
 module IRB
   # Outputs the irb help message, see IRB@Command+line+options.
@@ -34,4 +34,3 @@ module IRB
     }
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/init.rb b/lib/irb/init.rb
index 1184db15ea..78ef2fa3c1 100644
--- a/lib/irb/init.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/init.rb
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@
 module IRB # :nodoc:
 
   # initialize config
-  def IRB.setup(ap_path)
+  def IRB.setup(ap_path, argv: ::ARGV)
     IRB.init_config(ap_path)
     IRB.init_error
-    IRB.parse_opts
+    IRB.parse_opts(argv: argv)
     IRB.run_config
     IRB.load_modules
 
     unless @CONF[:PROMPT][@CONF[:PROMPT_MODE]]
-      IRB.fail(UndefinedPromptMode, @CONF[:PROMPT_MODE])
+      fail UndefinedPromptMode, @CONF[:PROMPT_MODE]
     end
   end
 
@@ -43,18 +43,19 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     @CONF[:LOAD_MODULES] = []
     @CONF[:IRB_RC] = nil
 
-    @CONF[:MATH_MODE] = false
-    @CONF[:USE_READLINE] = false unless defined?(ReadlineInputMethod)
+    @CONF[:USE_SINGLELINE] = false unless defined?(ReadlineInputMethod)
+    @CONF[:USE_COLORIZE] = true
     @CONF[:INSPECT_MODE] = true
     @CONF[:USE_TRACER] = false
     @CONF[:USE_LOADER] = false
     @CONF[:IGNORE_SIGINT] = true
     @CONF[:IGNORE_EOF] = false
     @CONF[:ECHO] = nil
+    @CONF[:ECHO_ON_ASSIGNMENT] = nil
     @CONF[:VERBOSE] = nil
 
     @CONF[:EVAL_HISTORY] = nil
-    @CONF[:SAVE_HISTORY] = nil
+    @CONF[:SAVE_HISTORY] = 1000
 
     @CONF[:BACK_TRACE_LIMIT] = 16
 
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       :SIMPLE => {
         :PROMPT_I => ">> ",
         :PROMPT_N => ">> ",
-        :PROMPT_S => nil,
+        :PROMPT_S => "%l> ",
         :PROMPT_C => "?> ",
         :RETURN => "=> %s\n"
       },
@@ -105,16 +106,89 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     }
 
     @CONF[:PROMPT_MODE] = (STDIN.tty? ? :DEFAULT : :NULL)
-    @CONF[:AUTO_INDENT] = false
+    @CONF[:AUTO_INDENT] = true
 
-    @CONF[:CONTEXT_MODE] = 3 # use binding in function on TOPLEVEL_BINDING
+    @CONF[:CONTEXT_MODE] = 4 # use a copy of TOPLEVEL_BINDING
     @CONF[:SINGLE_IRB] = false
 
+    @CONF[:MEASURE] = false
+    @CONF[:MEASURE_PROC] = {}
+    @CONF[:MEASURE_PROC][:TIME] = proc { |context, code, line_no, &block|
+      time = Time.now
+      result = block.()
+      now = Time.now
+      puts 'processing time: %fs' % (now - time) if IRB.conf[:MEASURE]
+      result
+    }
+    @CONF[:MEASURE_PROC][:STACKPROF] = proc { |context, code, line_no, arg, &block|
+      success = false
+      begin
+        require 'stackprof'
+        success = true
+      rescue LoadError
+        puts 'Please run "gem install stackprof" before measuring by StackProf.'
+      end
+      if success
+        result = nil
+        stackprof_result = StackProf.run(mode: arg ? arg : :cpu) do
+          result = block.()
+        end
+        StackProf::Report.new(stackprof_result).print_text if IRB.conf[:MEASURE]
+        result
+      else
+        block.()
+      end
+    }
+    @CONF[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS] = []
+
     @CONF[:LC_MESSAGES] = Locale.new
 
     @CONF[:AT_EXIT] = []
+  end
+
+  def IRB.set_measure_callback(type = nil, arg = nil, &block)
+    added = nil
+    if type
+      type_sym = type.upcase.to_sym
+      if IRB.conf[:MEASURE_PROC][type_sym]
+        added = [type_sym, IRB.conf[:MEASURE_PROC][type_sym], arg]
+      end
+    elsif IRB.conf[:MEASURE_PROC][:CUSTOM]
+      added = [:CUSTOM, IRB.conf[:MEASURE_PROC][:CUSTOM], arg]
+    elsif block_given?
+      added = [:BLOCK, block, arg]
+      found = IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].find{ |m| m[0] == added[0] && m[2] == added[2] }
+      if found
+        found[1] = block
+        return added
+      else
+        IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS] << added
+        return added
+      end
+    else
+      added = [:TIME, IRB.conf[:MEASURE_PROC][:TIME], arg]
+    end
+    if added
+      found = IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].find{ |m| m[0] == added[0] && m[2] == added[2] }
+      if found
+        # already added
+        nil
+      else
+        IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS] << added if added
+        added
+      end
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
 
-    @CONF[:DEBUG_LEVEL] = 0
+  def IRB.unset_measure_callback(type = nil)
+    if type.nil?
+      IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].clear
+    else
+      type_sym = type.upcase.to_sym
+      IRB.conf[:MEASURE_CALLBACKS].reject!{ |t, | t == type_sym }
+    end
   end
 
   def IRB.init_error
@@ -122,62 +196,74 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
   end
 
   # option analyzing
-  def IRB.parse_opts
+  def IRB.parse_opts(argv: ::ARGV)
     load_path = []
-    while opt = ARGV.shift
+    while opt = argv.shift
       case opt
       when "-f"
         @CONF[:RC] = false
-      when "-m"
-        @CONF[:MATH_MODE] = true
       when "-d"
         $DEBUG = true
         $VERBOSE = true
       when "-w"
-        $VERBOSE = true
+        Warning[:deprecated] = $VERBOSE = true
       when /^-W(.+)?/
-        opt = $1 || ARGV.shift
+        opt = $1 || argv.shift
         case opt
         when "0"
           $VERBOSE = nil
         when "1"
           $VERBOSE = false
         else
-          $VERBOSE = true
+          Warning[:deprecated] = $VERBOSE = true
         end
       when /^-r(.+)?/
-        opt = $1 || ARGV.shift
+        opt = $1 || argv.shift
         @CONF[:LOAD_MODULES].push opt if opt
       when /^-I(.+)?/
-        opt = $1 || ARGV.shift
+        opt = $1 || argv.shift
         load_path.concat(opt.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)) if opt
       when '-U'
         set_encoding("UTF-8", "UTF-8")
       when /^-E(.+)?/, /^--encoding(?:=(.+))?/
-        opt = $1 || ARGV.shift
+        opt = $1 || argv.shift
         set_encoding(*opt.split(':', 2))
       when "--inspect"
-        if /^-/ !~ ARGV.first
-          @CONF[:INSPECT_MODE] = ARGV.shift
+        if /^-/ !~ argv.first
+          @CONF[:INSPECT_MODE] = argv.shift
         else
           @CONF[:INSPECT_MODE] = true
         end
       when "--noinspect"
         @CONF[:INSPECT_MODE] = false
-      when "--readline"
-        @CONF[:USE_READLINE] = true
-      when "--noreadline"
-        @CONF[:USE_READLINE] = false
+      when "--singleline", "--readline", "--legacy"
+        @CONF[:USE_SINGLELINE] = true
+      when "--nosingleline", "--noreadline"
+        @CONF[:USE_SINGLELINE] = false
+      when "--multiline", "--reidline"
+        @CONF[:USE_MULTILINE] = true
+      when "--nomultiline", "--noreidline"
+        @CONF[:USE_MULTILINE] = false
       when "--echo"
         @CONF[:ECHO] = true
       when "--noecho"
         @CONF[:ECHO] = false
+      when "--echo-on-assignment"
+        @CONF[:ECHO_ON_ASSIGNMENT] = true
+      when "--noecho-on-assignment"
+        @CONF[:ECHO_ON_ASSIGNMENT] = false
+      when "--truncate-echo-on-assignment"
+        @CONF[:ECHO_ON_ASSIGNMENT] = :truncate
       when "--verbose"
         @CONF[:VERBOSE] = true
       when "--noverbose"
         @CONF[:VERBOSE] = false
+      when "--colorize"
+        @CONF[:USE_COLORIZE] = true
+      when "--nocolorize"
+        @CONF[:USE_COLORIZE] = false
       when /^--prompt-mode(?:=(.+))?/, /^--prompt(?:=(.+))?/
-        opt = $1 || ARGV.shift
+        opt = $1 || argv.shift
         prompt_mode = opt.upcase.tr("-", "_").intern
         @CONF[:PROMPT_MODE] = prompt_mode
       when "--noprompt"
@@ -189,28 +275,26 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       when "--tracer"
         @CONF[:USE_TRACER] = true
       when /^--back-trace-limit(?:=(.+))?/
-        @CONF[:BACK_TRACE_LIMIT] = ($1 || ARGV.shift).to_i
+        @CONF[:BACK_TRACE_LIMIT] = ($1 || argv.shift).to_i
       when /^--context-mode(?:=(.+))?/
-        @CONF[:CONTEXT_MODE] = ($1 || ARGV.shift).to_i
+        @CONF[:CONTEXT_MODE] = ($1 || argv.shift).to_i
       when "--single-irb"
         @CONF[:SINGLE_IRB] = true
-      when /^--irb_debug(?:=(.+))?/
-        @CONF[:DEBUG_LEVEL] = ($1 || ARGV.shift).to_i
       when "-v", "--version"
         print IRB.version, "\n"
         exit 0
       when "-h", "--help"
-        require "irb/help"
+        require_relative "help"
         IRB.print_usage
         exit 0
       when "--"
-        if opt = ARGV.shift
+        if opt = argv.shift
           @CONF[:SCRIPT] = opt
           $0 = opt
         end
         break
       when /^-/
-        IRB.fail UnrecognizedSwitch, opt
+        fail UnrecognizedSwitch, opt
       else
         @CONF[:SCRIPT] = opt
         $0 = opt
@@ -255,7 +339,7 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     when String
       return rc_file
     else
-      IRB.fail IllegalRCNameGenerator
+      fail IllegalRCNameGenerator
     end
   end
 
@@ -264,14 +348,23 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     if irbrc = ENV["IRBRC"]
       yield proc{|rc| rc == "rc" ? irbrc : irbrc+rc}
     end
+    if xdg_config_home = ENV["XDG_CONFIG_HOME"]
+      irb_home = File.join(xdg_config_home, "irb")
+      unless File.exist? irb_home
+        require 'fileutils'
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p irb_home
+      end
+      yield proc{|rc| irb_home + "/irb#{rc}"}
+    end
     if home = ENV["HOME"]
       yield proc{|rc| home+"/.irb#{rc}"}
     end
-    home = Dir.pwd
-    yield proc{|rc| home+"/.irb#{rc}"}
-    yield proc{|rc| home+"/irb#{rc.sub(/\A_?/, '.')}"}
-    yield proc{|rc| home+"/_irb#{rc}"}
-    yield proc{|rc| home+"/$irb#{rc}"}
+    current_dir = Dir.pwd
+    yield proc{|rc| current_dir+"/.config/irb/irb#{rc}"}
+    yield proc{|rc| current_dir+"/.irb#{rc}"}
+    yield proc{|rc| current_dir+"/irb#{rc.sub(/\A_?/, '.')}"}
+    yield proc{|rc| current_dir+"/_irb#{rc}"}
+    yield proc{|rc| current_dir+"/$irb#{rc}"}
   end
 
   # loading modules
@@ -280,7 +373,7 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       begin
         require m
       rescue LoadError => err
-        warn err.backtrace[0] << ":#{err.class}: #{err}"
+        warn "#{err.class}: #{err}", uplevel: 0
       end
     end
   end
@@ -289,15 +382,18 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
   DefaultEncodings = Struct.new(:external, :internal)
   class << IRB
     private
-    def set_encoding(extern, intern = nil)
+    def set_encoding(extern, intern = nil, override: true)
       verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
       Encoding.default_external = extern unless extern.nil? || extern.empty?
       Encoding.default_internal = intern unless intern.nil? || intern.empty?
-      @CONF[:ENCODINGS] = IRB::DefaultEncodings.new(extern, intern)
       [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].each do |io|
         io.set_encoding(extern, intern)
       end
-      @CONF[:LC_MESSAGES].instance_variable_set(:@encoding, extern)
+      if override
+        @CONF[:LC_MESSAGES].instance_variable_set(:@override_encoding, extern)
+      else
+        @CONF[:LC_MESSAGES].instance_variable_set(:@encoding, extern)
+      end
     ensure
       $VERBOSE = verbose
     end
diff --git a/lib/irb/input-method.rb b/lib/irb/input-method.rb
index f7b1aac3bf..1854567a2d 100644
--- a/lib/irb/input-method.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/input-method.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@
 #
 #
 #
-require 'irb/src_encoding'
-require 'irb/magic-file'
+require_relative 'src_encoding'
+require_relative 'magic-file'
+require_relative 'completion'
+require 'io/console'
+require 'reline'
 
 module IRB
   STDIN_FILE_NAME = "(line)" # :nodoc:
@@ -30,10 +33,18 @@ module IRB
     #
     # See IO#gets for more information.
     def gets
-      IRB.fail NotImplementedError, "gets"
+      fail NotImplementedError, "gets"
     end
     public :gets
 
+    def winsize
+      if instance_variable_defined?(:@stdout)
+        @stdout.winsize
+      else
+        [24, 80]
+      end
+    end
+
     # Whether this input method is still readable when there is no more data to
     # read.
     #
@@ -41,6 +52,11 @@ module IRB
     def readable_after_eof?
       false
     end
+
+    # For debug message
+    def inspect
+      'Abstract InputMethod'
+    end
   end
 
   class StdioInputMethod < InputMethod
@@ -67,7 +83,15 @@ module IRB
     #
     # See IO#eof? for more information.
     def eof?
-      @stdin.eof?
+      rs, = IO.select([@stdin], [], [], 0.00001)
+      if rs and rs[0]
+        c = @stdin.getc
+        result = c.nil? ? true : false
+        @stdin.ungetc(c) unless c.nil?
+        result
+      else # buffer is empty
+        false
+      end
     end
 
     # Whether this input method is still readable when there is no more data to
@@ -91,14 +115,31 @@ module IRB
     def encoding
       @stdin.external_encoding
     end
+
+    # For debug message
+    def inspect
+      'StdioInputMethod'
+    end
   end
 
   # Use a File for IO with irb, see InputMethod
   class FileInputMethod < InputMethod
+    class << self
+      def open(file, &block)
+        begin
+          io = new(file)
+          block.call(io)
+        ensure
+          io&.close
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Creates a new input method object
     def initialize(file)
       super
       @io = IRB::MagicFile.open(file)
+      @external_encoding = @io.external_encoding
     end
     # The file name of this input method, usually given during initialization.
     attr_reader :file_name
@@ -108,7 +149,7 @@ module IRB
     #
     # See IO#eof? for more information.
     def eof?
-      @io.eof?
+      @io.closed? || @io.eof?
     end
 
     # Reads the next line from this input method.
@@ -116,22 +157,39 @@ module IRB
     # See IO#gets for more information.
     def gets
       print @prompt
-      l = @io.gets
-      l
+      @io.gets
     end
 
     # The external encoding for standard input.
     def encoding
-      @io.external_encoding
+      @external_encoding
+    end
+
+    # For debug message
+    def inspect
+      'FileInputMethod'
+    end
+
+    def close
+      @io.close
     end
   end
 
   begin
-    require "readline"
     class ReadlineInputMethod < InputMethod
-      include Readline
+      def self.initialize_readline
+        require "readline"
+      rescue LoadError
+      else
+        include ::Readline
+      end
+
       # Creates a new input method object using Readline
       def initialize
+        self.class.initialize_readline
+        if Readline.respond_to?(:encoding_system_needs)
+          IRB.__send__(:set_encoding, Readline.encoding_system_needs.name, override: false)
+        end
         super
 
         @line_no = 0
@@ -140,6 +198,12 @@ module IRB
 
         @stdin = IO.open(STDIN.to_i, :external_encoding => IRB.conf[:LC_MESSAGES].encoding, :internal_encoding => "-")
         @stdout = IO.open(STDOUT.to_i, 'w', :external_encoding => IRB.conf[:LC_MESSAGES].encoding, :internal_encoding => "-")
+
+        if Readline.respond_to?("basic_word_break_characters=")
+          Readline.basic_word_break_characters = IRB::InputCompletor::BASIC_WORD_BREAK_CHARACTERS
+        end
+        Readline.completion_append_character = nil
+        Readline.completion_proc = IRB::InputCompletor::CompletionProc
       end
 
       # Reads the next line from this input method.
@@ -186,7 +250,122 @@ module IRB
       def encoding
         @stdin.external_encoding
       end
+
+      # For debug message
+      def inspect
+        readline_impl = (defined?(Reline) && Readline == Reline) ? 'Reline' : 'ext/readline'
+        str = "ReadlineInputMethod with #{readline_impl} #{Readline::VERSION}"
+        inputrc_path = File.expand_path(ENV['INPUTRC'] || '~/.inputrc')
+        str += " and #{inputrc_path}" if File.exist?(inputrc_path)
+        str
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ReidlineInputMethod < InputMethod
+    include Reline
+    # Creates a new input method object using Readline
+    def initialize
+      IRB.__send__(:set_encoding, Reline.encoding_system_needs.name, override: false)
+      super
+
+      @line_no = 0
+      @line = []
+      @eof = false
+
+      @stdin = ::IO.open(STDIN.to_i, :external_encoding => IRB.conf[:LC_MESSAGES].encoding, :internal_encoding => "-")
+      @stdout = ::IO.open(STDOUT.to_i, 'w', :external_encoding => IRB.conf[:LC_MESSAGES].encoding, :internal_encoding => "-")
+
+      if Reline.respond_to?("basic_word_break_characters=")
+        Reline.basic_word_break_characters = IRB::InputCompletor::BASIC_WORD_BREAK_CHARACTERS
+      end
+      Reline.completion_append_character = nil
+      Reline.completer_quote_characters = ''
+      Reline.completion_proc = IRB::InputCompletor::CompletionProc
+      Reline.output_modifier_proc =
+        if IRB.conf[:USE_COLORIZE]
+          proc do |output, complete: |
+            next unless IRB::Color.colorable?
+            IRB::Color.colorize_code(output, complete: complete)
+          end
+        else
+          proc do |output|
+            Reline::Unicode.escape_for_print(output)
+          end
+        end
+      Reline.dig_perfect_match_proc = IRB::InputCompletor::PerfectMatchedProc
+    end
+
+    def check_termination(&block)
+      @check_termination_proc = block
+    end
+
+    def dynamic_prompt(&block)
+      @prompt_proc = block
+    end
+
+    def auto_indent(&block)
+      @auto_indent_proc = block
+    end
+
+    # Reads the next line from this input method.
+    #
+    # See IO#gets for more information.
+    def gets
+      Reline.input = @stdin
+      Reline.output = @stdout
+      Reline.prompt_proc = @prompt_proc
+      Reline.auto_indent_proc = @auto_indent_proc if @auto_indent_proc
+      if l = readmultiline(@prompt, false, &@check_termination_proc)
+        HISTORY.push(l) if !l.empty?
+        @line[@line_no += 1] = l + "\n"
+      else
+        @eof = true
+        l
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Whether the end of this input method has been reached, returns +true+
+    # if there is no more data to read.
+    #
+    # See IO#eof? for more information.
+    def eof?
+      @eof
+    end
+
+    # Whether this input method is still readable when there is no more data to
+    # read.
+    #
+    # See IO#eof for more information.
+    def readable_after_eof?
+      true
+    end
+
+    # Returns the current line number for #io.
+    #
+    # #line counts the number of times #gets is called.
+    #
+    # See IO#lineno for more information.
+    def line(line_no)
+      @line[line_no]
+    end
+
+    # The external encoding for standard input.
+    def encoding
+      @stdin.external_encoding
+    end
+
+    # For debug message
+    def inspect
+      config = Reline::Config.new
+      str = "ReidlineInputMethod with Reline #{Reline::VERSION}"
+      if config.respond_to?(:inputrc_path)
+        inputrc_path = File.expand_path(config.inputrc_path)
+      else
+        inputrc_path = File.expand_path(ENV['INPUTRC'] || '~/.inputrc')
+      end
+      str += " and #{inputrc_path}" if File.exist?(inputrc_path)
+      str
     end
-  rescue LoadError
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/irb/inspector.rb b/lib/irb/inspector.rb
index f6f76712b8..c2f3b605db 100644
--- a/lib/irb/inspector.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/inspector.rb
@@ -100,18 +100,27 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     # Proc to call when the input is evaluated and output in irb.
     def inspect_value(v)
       @inspect.call(v)
+    rescue
+      puts "(Object doesn't support #inspect)"
+      ''
     end
   end
 
   Inspector.def_inspector([false, :to_s, :raw]){|v| v.to_s}
-  Inspector.def_inspector([true, :p, :inspect]){|v|
-    begin
-      v.inspect
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      puts "(Object doesn't support #inspect)"
+  Inspector.def_inspector([:p, :inspect]){|v|
+    result = v.inspect
+    if IRB.conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT]&.use_colorize? && Color.inspect_colorable?(v)
+      result = Color.colorize_code(result)
+    end
+    result
+  }
+  Inspector.def_inspector([true, :pp, :pretty_inspect], proc{require "irb/color_printer"}){|v|
+    if IRB.conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT]&.use_colorize?
+      IRB::ColorPrinter.pp(v, '').chomp
+    else
+      v.pretty_inspect.chomp
     end
   }
-  Inspector.def_inspector([:pp, :pretty_inspect], proc{require "pp"}){|v| v.pretty_inspect.chomp}
   Inspector.def_inspector([:yaml, :YAML], proc{require "yaml"}){|v|
     begin
       YAML.dump(v)
@@ -125,8 +134,3 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     Marshal.dump(v)
   }
 end
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/lib/irb/irb.gemspec b/lib/irb/irb.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38fee9d9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/irb.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/irb/version"
+rescue LoadError
+  # for Ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "irb"
+  spec.version       = IRB::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Keiju ISHITSUKA"]
+  spec.email         = ["keiju@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Interactive Ruby command-line tool for REPL (Read Eval Print Loop).}
+  spec.description   = %q{Interactive Ruby command-line tool for REPL (Read Eval Print Loop).}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/irb"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = [
+    ".document",
+    "Gemfile",
+    "LICENSE.txt",
+    "README.md",
+    "Rakefile",
+    "bin/console",
+    "bin/setup",
+    "doc/irb/irb-tools.rd.ja",
+    "doc/irb/irb.rd.ja",
+    "exe/irb",
+    "irb.gemspec",
+    "man/irb.1",
+  ] + Dir.glob("lib/**/*")
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.5")
+
+  spec.add_dependency "reline", ">= 0.1.5"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+end
diff --git a/lib/irb/lc/.document b/lib/irb/lc/.document
deleted file mode 100644
index 524bb9430b..0000000000
--- a/lib/irb/lc/.document
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# hide help-message files which contain usage information
-error.rb
-ja/encoding_aliases.rb
-ja/error.rb
diff --git a/lib/irb/lc/error.rb b/lib/irb/lc/error.rb
index 6623f82d84..798994e92c 100644
--- a/lib/irb/lc/error.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/lc/error.rb
@@ -9,24 +9,63 @@
 #
 #
 #
-require "e2mmap"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 module IRB
-
-  # exceptions
-  extend Exception2MessageMapper
-  def_exception :UnrecognizedSwitch, "Unrecognized switch: %s"
-  def_exception :NotImplementedError, "Need to define `%s'"
-  def_exception :CantReturnToNormalMode, "Can't return to normal mode."
-  def_exception :IllegalParameter, "Invalid parameter(%s)."
-  def_exception :IrbAlreadyDead, "Irb is already dead."
-  def_exception :IrbSwitchedToCurrentThread, "Switched to current thread."
-  def_exception :NoSuchJob, "No such job(%s)."
-  def_exception :CantShiftToMultiIrbMode, "Can't shift to multi irb mode."
-  def_exception :CantChangeBinding, "Can't change binding to (%s)."
-  def_exception :UndefinedPromptMode, "Undefined prompt mode(%s)."
-  def_exception :IllegalRCGenerator, 'Define illegal RC_NAME_GENERATOR.'
-
+  class UnrecognizedSwitch < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("Unrecognized switch: #{val}")
+    end
+  end
+  class NotImplementedError < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("Need to define `#{val}'")
+    end
+  end
+  class CantReturnToNormalMode < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Can't return to normal mode.")
+    end
+  end
+  class IllegalParameter < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("Invalid parameter(#{val}).")
+    end
+  end
+  class IrbAlreadyDead < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Irb is already dead.")
+    end
+  end
+  class IrbSwitchedToCurrentThread < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Switched to current thread.")
+    end
+  end
+  class NoSuchJob < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("No such job(#{val}).")
+    end
+  end
+  class CantShiftToMultiIrbMode < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Can't shift to multi irb mode.")
+    end
+  end
+  class CantChangeBinding < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("Can't change binding to (#{val}).")
+    end
+  end
+  class UndefinedPromptMode < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("Undefined prompt mode(#{val}).")
+    end
+  end
+  class IllegalRCGenerator < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Define illegal RC_NAME_GENERATOR.")
+    end
+  end
 end
 # :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/lc/help-message b/lib/irb/lc/help-message
index 5853693eb0..9c3ea859ad 100644
--- a/lib/irb/lc/help-message
+++ b/lib/irb/lc/help-message
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@
 #
 #
 Usage:  irb.rb [options] [programfile] [arguments]
-  -f		    Suppress read of ~/.irbrc
-  -m		    Bc mode (load mathn, fraction or matrix are available)
+  -f                Suppress read of ~/.irbrc
   -d                Set $DEBUG to true (same as `ruby -d')
   -r load-module    Same as `ruby -r'
   -I path           Specify $LOAD_PATH directory
@@ -19,28 +18,31 @@ Usage:  irb.rb [options] [programfile] [arguments]
   -E enc            Same as `ruby -E`
   -w                Same as `ruby -w`
   -W[level=2]       Same as `ruby -W`
-  --context-mode n  Set n[0-3] to method to create Binding Object,
+  --context-mode n  Set n[0-4] to method to create Binding Object,
                     when new workspace was created
   --echo            Show result(default)
   --noecho          Don't show result
-  --inspect	    Use `inspect' for output (default except for bc mode)
-  --noinspect	    Don't use inspect for output
-  --readline        Use Readline extension module
-  --noreadline	    Don't use Readline extension module
+  --inspect         Use `inspect' for output
+  --noinspect       Don't use inspect for output
+  --multiline       Use multiline editor module
+  --nomultiline     Don't use multiline editor module
+  --singleline      Use singleline editor module
+  --nosingleline    Don't use singleline editor module
+  --colorize        Use colorization
+  --nocolorize      Don't use colorization
   --prompt prompt-mode/--prompt-mode prompt-mode
-		    Switch prompt mode. Pre-defined prompt modes are
-		    `default', `simple', `xmp' and `inf-ruby'
+                    Switch prompt mode. Pre-defined prompt modes are
+                    `default', `simple', `xmp' and `inf-ruby'
   --inf-ruby-mode   Use prompt appropriate for inf-ruby-mode on emacs.
-		    Suppresses --readline.
+                    Suppresses --multiline and --singleline.
   --sample-book-mode/--simple-prompt
                     Simple prompt mode
   --noprompt        No prompt mode
   --single-irb      Share self with sub-irb.
   --tracer          Display trace for each execution of commands.
   --back-trace-limit n
-		    Display backtrace top n and tail n. The default
-		    value is 16.
-  --irb_debug n	    Set internal debug level to n (not for popular use)
+                    Display backtrace top n and tail n. The default
+                    value is 16.
   --verbose         Show details
   --noverbose       Don't show details
   -v, --version	    Print the version of irb
diff --git a/lib/irb/lc/ja/error.rb b/lib/irb/lc/ja/error.rb
index 919363154c..31ebb3b5f0 100644
--- a/lib/irb/lc/ja/error.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/lc/ja/error.rb
@@ -9,23 +9,64 @@
 #
 #
 #
-require "e2mmap"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 module IRB
-  # exceptions
-  extend Exception2MessageMapper
-  def_exception :UnrecognizedSwitch, 'スイッチ(%s)が分りません'
-  def_exception :NotImplementedError, '`%s\'の定義が必要です'
-  def_exception :CantReturnToNormalMode, 'Normalモードに戻れません.'
-  def_exception :IllegalParameter, 'パラメータ(%s)が間違っています.'
-  def_exception :IrbAlreadyDead, 'Irbは既に死んでいます.'
-  def_exception :IrbSwitchedToCurrentThread, 'カレントスレッドに切り替わりました.'
-  def_exception :NoSuchJob, 'そのようなジョブ(%s)はありません.'
-  def_exception :CantShiftToMultiIrbMode, 'multi-irb modeに移れません.'
-  def_exception :CantChangeBinding, 'バインディング(%s)に変更できません.'
-  def_exception :UndefinedPromptMode, 'プロンプトモード(%s)は定義されていません.'
-  def_exception :IllegalRCNameGenerator, 'RC_NAME_GENERATORが正しく定義されていません.'
+  class UnrecognizedSwitch < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("スイッチ(#{val})が分りません")
+    end
+  end
+  class NotImplementedError < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("`#{val}'の定義が必要です")
+    end
+  end
+  class CantReturnToNormalMode < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Normalモードに戻れません.")
+    end
+  end
+  class IllegalParameter < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("パラメータ(#{val})が間違っています.")
+    end
+  end
+  class IrbAlreadyDead < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Irbは既に死んでいます.")
+    end
+  end
+  class IrbSwitchedToCurrentThread < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("カレントスレッドに切り替わりました.")
+    end
+  end
+  class NoSuchJob < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("そのようなジョブ(#{val})はありません.")
+    end
+  end
+  class CantShiftToMultiIrbMode < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("multi-irb modeに移れません.")
+    end
+  end
+  class CantChangeBinding < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("バインディング(#{val})に変更できません.")
+    end
+  end
+  class UndefinedPromptMode < StandardError
+    def initialize(val)
+      super("プロンプトモード(#{val})は定義されていません.")
+    end
+  end
+  class IllegalRCGenerator < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("RC_NAME_GENERATORが正しく定義されていません.")
+    end
+  end
 end
 # :startdoc:
 # vim:fileencoding=utf-8
diff --git a/lib/irb/lc/ja/help-message b/lib/irb/lc/ja/help-message
index 288eb5245c..9794a8e24e 100644
--- a/lib/irb/lc/ja/help-message
+++ b/lib/irb/lc/ja/help-message
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #
 Usage:  irb.rb [options] [programfile] [arguments]
   -f		    ~/.irbrc を読み込まない.
-  -m		    bcモード(分数, 行列の計算ができる)
   -d                $DEBUG をtrueにする(ruby -d と同じ)
   -r load-module    ruby -r と同じ.
   -I path           $LOAD_PATH に path を追加する.
@@ -22,16 +21,21 @@ Usage:  irb.rb [options] [programfile] [arguments]
 		    オブジェクトの作成方法を 0 から 3 のいずれかに設定する.
   --echo	    実行結果を表示する(デフォルト).
   --noecho	    実行結果を表示しない.
-  --inspect	    結果出力にinspectを用いる(bcモード以外はデフォルト).
+  --inspect	    結果出力にinspectを用いる.
   --noinspect	    結果出力にinspectを用いない.
-  --readline	    readlineライブラリを利用する.
-  --noreadline	    readlineライブラリを利用しない.
+  --multiline       マルチラインエディタを利用する.
+  --nomultiline     マルチラインエディタを利用しない.
+  --singleline      シングルラインエディタを利用する.
+  --nosingleline    シングルラインエディタを利用しない.
+  --colorize	    色付けを利用する.
+  --nocolorize	    色付けを利用しない.
   --prompt prompt-mode/--prompt-mode prompt-mode
 		    プロンプトモードを切替えます. 現在定義されているプ
 		    ロンプトモードは, default, simple, xmp, inf-rubyが
 		    用意されています.
   --inf-ruby-mode   emacsのinf-ruby-mode用のプロンプト表示を行なう. 特
-		    に指定がない限り, readlineライブラリは使わなくなる.
+                    に指定がない限り, シングルラインエディタとマルチラ
+                    インエディタは使わなくなる.
   --sample-book-mode/--simple-prompt
 		    非常にシンプルなプロンプトを用いるモードです.
   --noprompt	    プロンプト表示を行なわない.
@@ -42,8 +46,6 @@ Usage:  irb.rb [options] [programfile] [arguments]
 		    バックトレース表示をバックトレースの頭から n, 後ろ
 		    からnだけ行なう. デフォルトは16
 
-  --irb_debug n	    irbのデバッグレベルをnに設定する(非推奨).
-
   --verbose	    詳細なメッセージを出力する.
   --noverbose	    詳細なメッセージを出力しない(デフォルト).
   -v, --version	    irbのバージョンを表示する.
diff --git a/lib/irb/locale.rb b/lib/irb/locale.rb
index df540c8cbb..bb44b41002 100644
--- a/lib/irb/locale.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/locale.rb
@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     LOCALE_DIR = "/lc/"
 
     @@legacy_encoding_alias_map = {}.freeze
+    @@loaded = []
 
     def initialize(locale = nil)
+      @override_encoding = nil
       @lang = @territory = @encoding_name = @modifier = nil
       @locale = locale || ENV["IRB_LANG"] || ENV["LC_MESSAGES"] || ENV["LC_ALL"] || ENV["LANG"] || "C"
       if m = LOCALE_NAME_RE.match(@locale)
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
         if @encoding_name
           begin load 'irb/encoding_aliases.rb'; rescue LoadError; end
           if @encoding = @@legacy_encoding_alias_map[@encoding_name]
-            warn "%s is obsolete. use %s" % ["#{@lang}_#{@territory}.#{@encoding_name}", "#{@lang}_#{@territory}.#{@encoding.name}"]
+            warn(("%s is obsolete. use %s" % ["#{@lang}_#{@territory}.#{@encoding_name}", "#{@lang}_#{@territory}.#{@encoding.name}"]), uplevel: 1)
           end
           @encoding = Encoding.find(@encoding_name) rescue nil
         end
@@ -39,12 +41,16 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
       @encoding ||= (Encoding.find('locale') rescue Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
     end
 
-    attr_reader :lang, :territory, :encoding, :modifier
+    attr_reader :lang, :territory, :modifier
+
+    def encoding
+      @override_encoding || @encoding
+    end
 
     def String(mes)
       mes = super(mes)
-      if @encoding
-        mes.encode(@encoding, undef: :replace)
+      if encoding
+        mes.encode(encoding, undef: :replace)
       else
         mes
       end
@@ -107,7 +113,10 @@ module IRB # :nodoc:
     def load(file, priv=nil)
       found = find(file)
       if found
-        return real_load(found, priv)
+        unless @@loaded.include?(found)
+          @@loaded << found # cache
+          return real_load(found, priv)
+        end
       else
         raise LoadError, "No such file to load -- #{file}"
       end
diff --git a/lib/irb/magic-file.rb b/lib/irb/magic-file.rb
index 2dee684657..34e06d64b3 100644
--- a/lib/irb/magic-file.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/magic-file.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module IRB
       line = io.gets if line[0,2] == "#!"
       encoding = detect_encoding(line)
       internal_encoding = encoding
-      encoding ||= default_src_encoding
+      encoding ||= IRB.default_src_encoding
       io.rewind
       io.set_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)
 
diff --git a/lib/irb/notifier.rb b/lib/irb/notifier.rb
index a21e865f2e..d0e413dd68 100644
--- a/lib/irb/notifier.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/notifier.rb
@@ -10,17 +10,21 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "e2mmap"
-require "irb/output-method"
+require_relative "output-method"
 
 module IRB
   # An output formatter used internally by the lexer.
   module Notifier
-    extend Exception2MessageMapper
-    def_exception :ErrUndefinedNotifier,
-      "undefined notifier level: %d is specified"
-    def_exception :ErrUnrecognizedLevel,
-      "unrecognized notifier level: %s is specified"
+    class ErrUndefinedNotifier < StandardError
+      def initialize(val)
+        super("undefined notifier level: #{val} is specified")
+      end
+    end
+    class ErrUnrecognizedLevel < StandardError
+      def initialize(val)
+        super("unrecognized notifier level: #{val} is specified")
+      end
+    end
 
     # Define a new Notifier output source, returning a new CompositeNotifier
     # with the given +prefix+ and +output_method+.
@@ -162,10 +166,10 @@ module IRB
           @level_notifier = value
         when Integer
           l = @notifiers[value]
-          Notifier.Raise ErrUndefinedNotifier, value unless l
+          raise ErrUndefinedNotifier, value unless l
           @level_notifier = l
         else
-          Notifier.Raise ErrUnrecognizedLevel, value unless l
+          raise ErrUnrecognizedLevel, value unless l
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/irb/output-method.rb b/lib/irb/output-method.rb
index 935a127d0a..3fda708cb0 100644
--- a/lib/irb/output-method.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/output-method.rb
@@ -10,21 +10,21 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "e2mmap"
-
 module IRB
   # An abstract output class for IO in irb. This is mainly used internally by
   # IRB::Notifier. You can define your own output method to use with Irb.new,
   # or Context.new
   class OutputMethod
-    extend Exception2MessageMapper
-    def_exception :NotImplementedError, "Need to define `%s'"
-
+    class NotImplementedError < StandardError
+      def initialize(val)
+        super("Need to define `#{val}'")
+      end
+    end
 
     # Open this method to implement your own output method, raises a
     # NotImplementedError if you don't define #print in your own class.
     def print(*opts)
-      OutputMethod.Raise NotImplementedError, "print"
+      raise NotImplementedError, "print"
     end
 
     # Prints the given +opts+, with a newline delimiter.
diff --git a/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb b/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb
index ca01662eee..82df06da2b 100644
--- a/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/ruby-lex.rb
@@ -10,74 +10,98 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "e2mmap"
-require "irb/slex"
-require "irb/ruby-token"
+require "ripper"
+require "jruby" if RUBY_ENGINE == "jruby"
 
 # :stopdoc:
 class RubyLex
 
-  extend Exception2MessageMapper
-  def_exception(:AlreadyDefinedToken, "Already defined token(%s)")
-  def_exception(:TkReading2TokenNoKey, "key nothing(key='%s')")
-  def_exception(:TkSymbol2TokenNoKey, "key nothing(key='%s')")
-  def_exception(:TkReading2TokenDuplicateError,
-                "key duplicate(token_n='%s', key='%s')")
-  def_exception(:SyntaxError, "%s")
-
-  def_exception(:TerminateLineInput, "Terminate Line Input")
-
-  include RubyToken
-
-  class << self
-    attr_accessor :debug_level
-    def debug?
-      @debug_level > 0
+  class TerminateLineInput < StandardError
+    def initialize
+      super("Terminate Line Input")
     end
   end
-  @debug_level = 0
 
   def initialize
-    lex_init
-    set_input(STDIN)
-
-    @seek = 0
     @exp_line_no = @line_no = 1
-    @base_char_no = 0
-    @char_no = 0
-    @rests = []
-    @readed = []
-    @here_readed = []
-
     @indent = 0
-    @indent_stack = []
-    @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-    @space_seen = false
-    @here_header = false
-    @post_symbeg = false
-
     @continue = false
     @line = ""
-
-    @skip_space = false
-    @readed_auto_clean_up = false
-    @exception_on_syntax_error = true
-
     @prompt = nil
   end
 
-  attr_accessor :skip_space
-  attr_accessor :readed_auto_clean_up
-  attr_accessor :exception_on_syntax_error
-
-  attr_reader :seek
-  attr_reader :char_no
-  attr_reader :line_no
-  attr_reader :indent
+  def self.compile_with_errors_suppressed(code)
+    line_no = 1
+    begin
+      result = yield code, line_no
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      code = ";\n#{code}"
+      line_no = 0
+      result = yield code, line_no
+    end
+    result
+  end
 
   # io functions
   def set_input(io, p = nil, &block)
     @io = io
+    if @io.respond_to?(:check_termination)
+      @io.check_termination do |code|
+        if Reline::IOGate.in_pasting?
+          lex = RubyLex.new
+          rest = lex.check_termination_in_prev_line(code)
+          if rest
+            Reline.delete_text
+            rest.bytes.reverse_each do |c|
+              Reline.ungetc(c)
+            end
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        else
+          code.gsub!(/\s*\z/, '').concat("\n")
+          ltype, indent, continue, code_block_open = check_state(code)
+          if ltype or indent > 0 or continue or code_block_open
+            false
+          else
+            true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    if @io.respond_to?(:dynamic_prompt)
+      @io.dynamic_prompt do |lines|
+        lines << '' if lines.empty?
+        result = []
+        tokens = self.class.ripper_lex_without_warning(lines.map{ |l| l + "\n" }.join)
+        code = String.new
+        partial_tokens = []
+        unprocessed_tokens = []
+        line_num_offset = 0
+        tokens.each do |t|
+          partial_tokens << t
+          unprocessed_tokens << t
+          if t[2].include?("\n")
+            t_str = t[2]
+            t_str.each_line("\n") do |s|
+              code << s << "\n"
+              ltype, indent, continue, code_block_open = check_state(code, partial_tokens)
+              result << @prompt.call(ltype, indent, continue || code_block_open, @line_no + line_num_offset)
+              line_num_offset += 1
+            end
+            unprocessed_tokens = []
+          else
+            code << t[2]
+          end
+        end
+        unless unprocessed_tokens.empty?
+          ltype, indent, continue, code_block_open = check_state(code, unprocessed_tokens)
+          result << @prompt.call(ltype, indent, continue || code_block_open, @line_no + line_num_offset)
+        end
+        result
+      end
+    end
     if p.respond_to?(:call)
       @input = p
     elsif block_given?
@@ -87,119 +111,105 @@ class RubyLex
     end
   end
 
-  def get_readed
-    if idx = @readed.rindex("\n")
-      @base_char_no = @readed.size - (idx + 1)
-    else
-      @base_char_no += @readed.size
-    end
-
-    readed = @readed.join("")
-    @readed = []
-    readed
-  end
-
-  def getc
-    while @rests.empty?
-      @rests.push nil unless buf_input
-    end
-    c = @rests.shift
-    if @here_header
-      @here_readed.push c
-    else
-      @readed.push c
-    end
-    @seek += 1
-    if c == "\n"
-      @line_no += 1
-      @char_no = 0
+  def set_prompt(p = nil, &block)
+    p = block if block_given?
+    if p.respond_to?(:call)
+      @prompt = p
     else
-      @char_no += 1
-    end
-    c
-  end
-
-  def gets
-    l = ""
-    while c = getc
-      l.concat(c)
-      break if c == "\n"
+      @prompt = Proc.new{print p}
     end
-    return nil if l == "" and c.nil?
-    l
   end
 
-  def eof?
-    @io.eof?
-  end
-
-  def getc_of_rests
-    if @rests.empty?
-      nil
-    else
-      getc
-    end
-  end
+  ERROR_TOKENS = [
+    :on_parse_error,
+    :compile_error,
+    :on_assign_error,
+    :on_alias_error,
+    :on_class_name_error,
+    :on_param_error
+  ]
 
-  def ungetc(c = nil)
-    if @here_readed.empty?
-      c2 = @readed.pop
-    else
-      c2 = @here_readed.pop
-    end
-    c = c2 unless c
-    @rests.unshift c #c =
-    @seek -= 1
-    if c == "\n"
-      @line_no -= 1
-      if idx = @readed.rindex("\n")
-        @char_no = idx + 1
+  def self.ripper_lex_without_warning(code)
+    verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+    tokens = nil
+    compile_with_errors_suppressed(code) do |inner_code, line_no|
+      lexer = Ripper::Lexer.new(inner_code, '-', line_no)
+      if lexer.respond_to?(:scan) # Ruby 2.7+
+        tokens = []
+        pos_to_index = {}
+        lexer.scan.each do |t|
+          if pos_to_index.has_key?(t[0])
+            index = pos_to_index[t[0]]
+            found_tk = tokens[index]
+            if ERROR_TOKENS.include?(found_tk[1]) && !ERROR_TOKENS.include?(t[1])
+              tokens[index] = t
+            end
+          else
+            pos_to_index[t[0]] = tokens.size
+            tokens << t
+          end
+        end
       else
-        @char_no = @base_char_no + @readed.size
+        tokens = lexer.parse
       end
-    else
-      @char_no -= 1
     end
+    tokens
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
   end
 
-  def peek_equal?(str)
-    chrs = str.split(//)
-    until @rests.size >= chrs.size
-      return false unless buf_input
-    end
-    @rests[0, chrs.size] == chrs
-  end
-
-  def peek_match?(regexp)
-    while @rests.empty?
-      return false unless buf_input
+  def find_prev_spaces(line_index)
+    return 0 if @tokens.size == 0
+    md = @tokens[0][2].match(/(\A +)/)
+    prev_spaces = md.nil? ? 0 : md[1].count(' ')
+    line_count = 0
+    @tokens.each_with_index do |t, i|
+      if t[2].include?("\n")
+        line_count += t[2].count("\n")
+        if line_count >= line_index
+          return prev_spaces
+        end
+        if (@tokens.size - 1) > i
+          md = @tokens[i + 1][2].match(/(\A +)/)
+          prev_spaces = md.nil? ? 0 : md[1].count(' ')
+        end
+      end
     end
-    regexp =~ @rests.join("")
+    prev_spaces
   end
 
-  def peek(i = 0)
-    while @rests.size <= i
-      return nil unless buf_input
+  def set_auto_indent(context)
+    if @io.respond_to?(:auto_indent) and context.auto_indent_mode
+      @io.auto_indent do |lines, line_index, byte_pointer, is_newline|
+        if is_newline
+          @tokens = self.class.ripper_lex_without_warning(lines[0..line_index].join("\n"))
+          prev_spaces = find_prev_spaces(line_index)
+          depth_difference = check_newline_depth_difference
+          depth_difference = 0 if depth_difference < 0
+          prev_spaces + depth_difference * 2
+        else
+          code = line_index.zero? ? '' : lines[0..(line_index - 1)].map{ |l| l + "\n" }.join
+          last_line = lines[line_index]&.byteslice(0, byte_pointer)
+          code += last_line if last_line
+          @tokens = self.class.ripper_lex_without_warning(code)
+          corresponding_token_depth = check_corresponding_token_depth
+          if corresponding_token_depth
+            corresponding_token_depth
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
-    @rests[i]
   end
 
-  def buf_input
-    prompt
-    line = @input.call
-    return nil unless line
-    @rests.concat line.chars.to_a
-    true
-  end
-  private :buf_input
-
-  def set_prompt(p = nil, &block)
-    p = block if block_given?
-    if p.respond_to?(:call)
-      @prompt = p
-    else
-      @prompt = Proc.new{print p}
-    end
+  def check_state(code, tokens = nil)
+    tokens = self.class.ripper_lex_without_warning(code) unless tokens
+    ltype = process_literal_type(tokens)
+    indent = process_nesting_level(tokens)
+    continue = process_continue(tokens)
+    code_block_open = check_code_block(code, tokens)
+    [ltype, indent, continue, code_block_open]
   end
 
   def prompt
@@ -210,20 +220,11 @@ class RubyLex
 
   def initialize_input
     @ltype = nil
-    @quoted = nil
     @indent = 0
-    @indent_stack = []
-    @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-    @space_seen = false
-    @here_header = false
-
     @continue = false
-    @post_symbeg = false
-
-    prompt
-
     @line = ""
     @exp_line_no = @line_no
+    @code_block_open = false
   end
 
   def each_top_level_statement
@@ -231,13 +232,17 @@ class RubyLex
     catch(:TERM_INPUT) do
       loop do
         begin
-          @continue = false
           prompt
           unless l = lex
             throw :TERM_INPUT if @line == ''
           else
+            @line_no += l.count("\n")
+            if l == "\n"
+              @exp_line_no += 1
+              next
+            end
             @line.concat l
-            if @ltype or @continue or @indent > 0
+            if @code_block_open or @ltype or @continue or @indent > 0
               next
             end
           end
@@ -245,927 +250,553 @@ class RubyLex
             @line.force_encoding(@io.encoding)
             yield @line, @exp_line_no
           end
-          break unless l
+          raise TerminateLineInput if @io.eof?
           @line = ''
           @exp_line_no = @line_no
 
           @indent = 0
-          @indent_stack = []
-          prompt
         rescue TerminateLineInput
           initialize_input
           prompt
-          get_readed
         end
       end
     end
   end
 
   def lex
-    until (((tk = token).kind_of?(TkNL) || tk.kind_of?(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT)) &&
-        !@continue or
-        tk.nil?)
-    end
-    line = get_readed
-    if line == "" and tk.kind_of?(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT) || tk.nil?
-      nil
-    else
-      line
-    end
+    line = @input.call
+    if @io.respond_to?(:check_termination)
+      return line # multiline
+    end
+    code = @line + (line.nil? ? '' : line)
+    code.gsub!(/\s*\z/, '').concat("\n")
+    @tokens = self.class.ripper_lex_without_warning(code)
+    @continue = process_continue
+    @code_block_open = check_code_block(code)
+    @indent = process_nesting_level
+    @ltype = process_literal_type
+    line
   end
 
-  def token
-    @prev_seek = @seek
-    @prev_line_no = @line_no
-    @prev_char_no = @char_no
-    begin
-      begin
-        tk = @OP.match(self)
-        @space_seen = tk.kind_of?(TkSPACE)
-        @lex_state = EXPR_END if @post_symbeg && tk.kind_of?(TkOp)
-        @post_symbeg = tk.kind_of?(TkSYMBEG)
-      rescue SyntaxError
-        raise if @exception_on_syntax_error
-        tk = TkError.new(@seek, @line_no, @char_no)
-      end
-    end while @skip_space and tk.kind_of?(TkSPACE)
-    if @readed_auto_clean_up
-      get_readed
-    end
-    tk
+  def process_continue(tokens = @tokens)
+    # last token is always newline
+    if tokens.size >= 2 and tokens[-2][1] == :on_regexp_end
+      # end of regexp literal
+      return false
+    elsif tokens.size >= 2 and tokens[-2][1] == :on_semicolon
+      return false
+    elsif tokens.size >= 2 and tokens[-2][1] == :on_kw and ['begin', 'else', 'ensure'].include?(tokens[-2][2])
+      return false
+    elsif !tokens.empty? and tokens.last[2] == "\\\n"
+      return true
+    elsif tokens.size >= 1 and tokens[-1][1] == :on_heredoc_end # "EOH\n"
+      return false
+    elsif tokens.size >= 2 and defined?(Ripper::EXPR_BEG) and tokens[-2][3].anybits?(Ripper::EXPR_BEG | Ripper::EXPR_FNAME) and tokens[-2][2] !~ /\A\.\.\.?\z/
+      # end of literal except for regexp
+      # endless range at end of line is not a continue
+      return true
+    end
+    false
   end
 
-  ENINDENT_CLAUSE = [
-    "case", "class", "def", "do", "for", "if",
-    "module", "unless", "until", "while", "begin"
-  ]
-  DEINDENT_CLAUSE = ["end"
-  ]
-
-  PERCENT_LTYPE = {
-    "q" => "\'",
-    "Q" => "\"",
-    "x" => "\`",
-    "r" => "/",
-    "w" => "]",
-    "W" => "]",
-    "i" => "]",
-    "I" => "]",
-    "s" => ":"
-  }
-
-  PERCENT_PAREN = {
-    "{" => "}",
-    "[" => "]",
-    "<" => ">",
-    "(" => ")"
-  }
-
-  Ltype2Token = {
-    "\'" => TkSTRING,
-    "\"" => TkSTRING,
-    "\`" => TkXSTRING,
-    "/" => TkREGEXP,
-    "]" => TkDSTRING,
-    ":" => TkSYMBOL
-  }
-  DLtype2Token = {
-    "\"" => TkDSTRING,
-    "\`" => TkDXSTRING,
-    "/" => TkDREGEXP,
-  }
-
-  def lex_init()
-    @OP = IRB::SLex.new
-    @OP.def_rules("\0", "\004", "\032") do |op, io|
-      Token(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules(" ", "\t", "\f", "\r", "\13") do |op, io|
-      @space_seen = true
-      while getc =~ /[ \t\f\r\13]/; end
-      ungetc
-      Token(TkSPACE)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("#") do |op, io|
-      identify_comment
+  def check_code_block(code, tokens = @tokens)
+    return true if tokens.empty?
+    if tokens.last[1] == :on_heredoc_beg
+      return true
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rule("=begin",
-                 proc{|op, io| @prev_char_no == 0 && peek(0) =~ /\s/}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @ltype = "="
-      until getc == "\n"; end
-      until peek_equal?("=end") && peek(4) =~ /\s/
-        until getc == "\n"; end
-      end
-      gets
-      @ltype = nil
-      Token(TkRD_COMMENT)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("\n") do |op, io|
-      print "\\n\n" if RubyLex.debug?
-      case @lex_state
-      when EXPR_BEG, EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
-        @continue = true
-      else
-        @continue = false
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        until (@indent_stack.empty? ||
-            [TkLPAREN, TkLBRACK, TkLBRACE,
-             TkfLPAREN, TkfLBRACK, TkfLBRACE].include?(@indent_stack.last))
-          @indent_stack.pop
+    begin # check if parser error are available
+      verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      case RUBY_ENGINE
+      when 'ruby'
+        self.class.compile_with_errors_suppressed(code) do |inner_code, line_no|
+          RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(inner_code, nil, nil, line_no)
         end
-      end
-      @here_header = false
-      @here_readed = []
-      Token(TkNL)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("*", "**",
-                  "=", "==", "===",
-                  "=~", "<=>",
-                  "<", "<=",
-                  ">", ">=", ">>",
-                  "!", "!=", "!~") do
-      |op, io|
-      case @lex_state
-      when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
-        @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
+      when 'jruby'
+        JRuby.compile_ir(code)
       else
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      end
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("<<") do
-      |op, io|
-      tk = nil
-      if @lex_state != EXPR_END && @lex_state != EXPR_CLASS &&
-          (@lex_state != EXPR_ARG || @space_seen)
-        c = peek(0)
-        if /\S/ =~ c && (/["'`]/ =~ c || /\w/ =~ c || c == "-" || c == "~")
-          tk = identify_here_document
+        catch(:valid) do
+          eval("BEGIN { throw :valid, true }\n#{code}")
+          false
         end
       end
-      unless tk
-        tk = Token(op)
-        case @lex_state
-        when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
-          @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
-        else
-          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        end
+    rescue EncodingError
+      # This is for a hash with invalid encoding symbol, {"\xAE": 1}
+    rescue SyntaxError => e
+      case e.message
+      when /unterminated (?:string|regexp) meets end of file/
+        # "unterminated regexp meets end of file"
+        #
+        #   example:
+        #     /
+        #
+        # "unterminated string meets end of file"
+        #
+        #   example:
+        #     '
+        return true
+      when /syntax error, unexpected end-of-input/
+        # "syntax error, unexpected end-of-input, expecting keyword_end"
+        #
+        #   example:
+        #     if ture
+        #       hoge
+        #       if false
+        #         fuga
+        #       end
+        return true
+      when /syntax error, unexpected keyword_end/
+        # "syntax error, unexpected keyword_end"
+        #
+        #   example:
+        #     if (
+        #     end
+        #
+        #   example:
+        #     end
+        return false
+      when /syntax error, unexpected '\.'/
+        # "syntax error, unexpected '.'"
+        #
+        #   example:
+        #     .
+        return false
+      when /unexpected tREGEXP_BEG/
+        # "syntax error, unexpected tREGEXP_BEG, expecting keyword_do or '{' or '('"
+        #
+        #   example:
+        #     method / f /
+        return false
       end
-      tk
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("'", '"') do
-      |op, io|
-      identify_string(op)
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rules("`") do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME
-        @lex_state = EXPR_END
-        Token(op)
-      else
-        identify_string(op)
+    if defined?(Ripper::EXPR_BEG)
+      last_lex_state = tokens.last[3]
+      if last_lex_state.allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_BEG)
+        return false
+      elsif last_lex_state.allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_DOT)
+        return true
+      elsif last_lex_state.allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_CLASS)
+        return true
+      elsif last_lex_state.allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_FNAME)
+        return true
+      elsif last_lex_state.allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_VALUE)
+        return true
+      elsif last_lex_state.allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_ARG)
+        return false
       end
     end
 
-    @OP.def_rules('?') do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_END
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkQUESTION)
+    false
+  end
+
+  def process_nesting_level(tokens = @tokens)
+    indent = 0
+    in_oneliner_def = nil
+    tokens.each_with_index { |t, index|
+      # detecting one-liner method definition
+      if in_oneliner_def.nil?
+        if t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_ENDFN)
+          in_oneliner_def = :ENDFN
+        end
       else
-        ch = getc
-        if @lex_state == EXPR_ARG && ch =~ /\s/
-          ungetc
-          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG;
-          Token(TkQUESTION)
+        if t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_ENDFN)
+          # continuing
+        elsif t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_BEG)
+          if t[2] == '='
+            in_oneliner_def = :BODY
+          end
         else
-          if (ch == '\\')
-            read_escape
+          if in_oneliner_def == :BODY
+            # one-liner method definition
+            indent -= 1
           end
-          @lex_state = EXPR_END
-          Token(TkINTEGER)
+          in_oneliner_def = nil
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    @OP.def_rules("&", "&&", "|", "||") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("+=", "-=", "*=", "**=",
-                  "&=", "|=", "^=", "<<=", ">>=", "||=", "&&=") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      op =~ /^(.*)=$/
-      Token(TkOPASGN, $1)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("+@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("-@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("+", "-") do
-      |op, io|
-      catch(:RET) do
-        if @lex_state == EXPR_ARG
-          if @space_seen and peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-            throw :RET, identify_number
-          else
-            @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-          end
-        elsif @lex_state != EXPR_END and peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-          throw :RET, identify_number
-        else
-          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+      case t[1]
+      when :on_lbracket, :on_lbrace, :on_lparen, :on_tlambeg
+        indent += 1
+      when :on_rbracket, :on_rbrace, :on_rparen
+        indent -= 1
+      when :on_kw
+        next if index > 0 and tokens[index - 1][3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_FNAME)
+        case t[2]
+        when 'do'
+          syntax_of_do = take_corresponding_syntax_to_kw_do(tokens, index)
+          indent += 1 if syntax_of_do == :method_calling
+        when 'def', 'case', 'for', 'begin', 'class', 'module'
+          indent += 1
+        when 'if', 'unless', 'while', 'until'
+          # postfix if/unless/while/until must be Ripper::EXPR_LABEL
+          indent += 1 unless t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_LABEL)
+        when 'end'
+          indent -= 1
         end
-        Token(op)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule(".") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      if peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-        ungetc
-        identify_number
-      else
-        # for "obj.if" etc.
-        @lex_state = EXPR_DOT
-        Token(TkDOT)
       end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("..", "...") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    lex_int2
+      # percent literals are not indented
+    }
+    indent
   end
 
-  def lex_int2
-    @OP.def_rules("]", "}", ")") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_END
-      @indent -= 1
-      @indent_stack.pop
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule(":") do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_END || peek(0) =~ /\s/
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkCOLON)
-      else
-        @lex_state = EXPR_FNAME
-        Token(TkSYMBEG)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("::") do
-       |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_BEG or @lex_state == EXPR_ARG && @space_seen
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkCOLON3)
-      else
-        @lex_state = EXPR_DOT
-        Token(TkCOLON2)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("/") do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == EXPR_MID
-        identify_string(op)
-      elsif peek(0) == '='
-        getc
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkOPASGN, "/") #/)
-      elsif @lex_state == EXPR_ARG and @space_seen and peek(0) !~ /\s/
-        identify_string(op)
-      else
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        Token("/") #/)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("^") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      Token("^")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules(",") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules(";") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      until (@indent_stack.empty? ||
-          [TkLPAREN, TkLBRACK, TkLBRACE,
-           TkfLPAREN, TkfLBRACK, TkfLBRACE].include?(@indent_stack.last))
-        @indent_stack.pop
-      end
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("~") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      Token("~")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("~@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      Token("~")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("(") do
-      |op, io|
-      @indent += 1
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == EXPR_MID
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        tk_c = TkfLPAREN
-      else
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        tk_c = TkLPAREN
-      end
-      @indent_stack.push tk_c
-      Token(tk_c)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("[]", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
-      Token("[]")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("[]=", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
-      Token("[]=")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("[") do
-      |op, io|
-      @indent += 1
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME
-        tk_c = TkfLBRACK
-      else
-        if @lex_state == EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == EXPR_MID
-          tk_c = TkLBRACK
-        elsif @lex_state == EXPR_ARG && @space_seen
-          tk_c = TkLBRACK
-        else
-          tk_c = TkfLBRACK
+  def is_method_calling?(tokens, index)
+    tk = tokens[index]
+    if tk[3].anybits?(Ripper::EXPR_CMDARG) and tk[1] == :on_ident
+      # The target method call to pass the block with "do".
+      return true
+    elsif tk[3].anybits?(Ripper::EXPR_ARG) and tk[1] == :on_ident
+      non_sp_index = tokens[0..(index - 1)].rindex{ |t| t[1] != :on_sp }
+      if non_sp_index
+        prev_tk = tokens[non_sp_index]
+        if prev_tk[3].anybits?(Ripper::EXPR_DOT) and prev_tk[1] == :on_period
+          # The target method call with receiver to pass the block with "do".
+          return true
         end
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      end
-      @indent_stack.push tk_c
-      Token(tk_c)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("{") do
-      |op, io|
-      @indent += 1
-      if @lex_state != EXPR_END && @lex_state != EXPR_ARG
-        tk_c = TkLBRACE
-      else
-        tk_c = TkfLBRACE
       end
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-      @indent_stack.push tk_c
-      Token(tk_c)
     end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('\\') do
-      |op, io|
-      if getc == "\n"
-        @space_seen = true
-        @continue = true
-        Token(TkSPACE)
-      else
-        read_escape
-        Token("\\")
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('%') do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == EXPR_MID
-        identify_quotation
-      elsif peek(0) == '='
-        getc
-        Token(TkOPASGN, :%)
-      elsif @lex_state == EXPR_ARG and @space_seen and peek(0) !~ /\s/
-        identify_quotation
-      else
-        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-        Token("%") #))
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('$') do
-      |op, io|
-      identify_gvar
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('@') do
-      |op, io|
-      if peek(0) =~ /[\w@]/
-        ungetc
-        identify_identifier
-      else
-        Token("@")
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("") do
-      |op, io|
-      printf "MATCH: start %s: %s\n", op, io.inspect if RubyLex.debug?
-      if peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-        t = identify_number
-      elsif peek(0) =~ /[^\x00-\/:-@\[-^`{-\x7F]/
-        t = identify_identifier
-      end
-      printf "MATCH: end %s: %s\n", op, io.inspect if RubyLex.debug?
-      t
-    end
-
-    p @OP if RubyLex.debug?
+    false
   end
 
-  def identify_gvar
-    @lex_state = EXPR_END
-
-    case ch = getc
-    when /[~_*$?!@\/\\;,=:<>".]/   #"
-      Token(TkGVAR, "$" + ch)
-    when "-"
-      Token(TkGVAR, "$-" + getc)
-    when "&", "`", "'", "+"
-      Token(TkBACK_REF, "$"+ch)
-    when /[1-9]/
-      while getc =~ /[0-9]/; end
-      ungetc
-      Token(TkNTH_REF)
-    when /\w/
-      ungetc
-      ungetc
-      identify_identifier
-    else
-      ungetc
-      Token("$")
-    end
+  def take_corresponding_syntax_to_kw_do(tokens, index)
+    syntax_of_do = nil
+    # Finding a syntax correnponding to "do".
+    index.downto(0) do |i|
+      tk = tokens[i]
+      # In "continue", the token isn't the corresponding syntax to "do".
+      non_sp_index = tokens[0..(i - 1)].rindex{ |t| t[1] != :on_sp }
+      first_in_fomula = false
+      if non_sp_index.nil?
+        first_in_fomula = true
+      elsif [:on_ignored_nl, :on_nl, :on_comment].include?(tokens[non_sp_index][1])
+        first_in_fomula = true
+      end
+      if is_method_calling?(tokens, i)
+        syntax_of_do = :method_calling
+        break if first_in_fomula
+      elsif tk[1] == :on_kw && %w{while until for}.include?(tk[2])
+        # A loop syntax in front of "do" found.
+        #
+        #   while cond do # also "until" or "for"
+        #   end
+        #
+        # This "do" doesn't increment indent because the loop syntax already
+        # incremented.
+        syntax_of_do = :loop_syntax
+        break if first_in_fomula
+      end
+    end
+    syntax_of_do
   end
 
-  def identify_identifier
-    token = ""
-    if peek(0) =~ /[$@]/
-      token.concat(c = getc)
-      if c == "@" and peek(0) == "@"
-        token.concat getc
-      end
-    end
-
-    while (ch = getc) =~ /[^\x00-\/:-@\[-^`{-\x7F]/
-      print ":", ch, ":" if RubyLex.debug?
-      token.concat ch
-    end
-    ungetc
-
-    if (ch == "!" || ch == "?") && token[0,1] =~ /\w/ && peek(0) != "="
-      token.concat getc
-    end
-
-    # almost fix token
-
-    case token
-    when /^\$/
-      return Token(TkGVAR, token)
-    when /^\@\@/
-      @lex_state = EXPR_END
-      # p Token(TkCVAR, token)
-      return Token(TkCVAR, token)
-    when /^\@/
-      @lex_state = EXPR_END
-      return Token(TkIVAR, token)
-    end
-
-    if @lex_state != EXPR_DOT
-      print token, "\n" if RubyLex.debug?
-
-      token_c, *trans = TkReading2Token[token]
-      if token_c
-        # reserved word?
+  def is_the_in_correspond_to_a_for(tokens, index)
+    syntax_of_in = nil
+    # Finding a syntax correnponding to "do".
+    index.downto(0) do |i|
+      tk = tokens[i]
+      # In "continue", the token isn't the corresponding syntax to "do".
+      non_sp_index = tokens[0..(i - 1)].rindex{ |t| t[1] != :on_sp }
+      first_in_fomula = false
+      if non_sp_index.nil?
+        first_in_fomula = true
+      elsif [:on_ignored_nl, :on_nl, :on_comment].include?(tokens[non_sp_index][1])
+        first_in_fomula = true
+      end
+      if tk[1] == :on_kw && tk[2] == 'for'
+        # A loop syntax in front of "do" found.
+        #
+        #   while cond do # also "until" or "for"
+        #   end
+        #
+        # This "do" doesn't increment indent because the loop syntax already
+        # incremented.
+        syntax_of_in = :for
+      end
+      break if first_in_fomula
+    end
+    syntax_of_in
+  end
 
-        if (@lex_state != EXPR_BEG &&
-            @lex_state != EXPR_FNAME &&
-            trans[1])
-          # modifiers
-          token_c = TkSymbol2Token[trans[1]]
-          @lex_state = trans[0]
+  def check_newline_depth_difference
+    depth_difference = 0
+    open_brace_on_line = 0
+    in_oneliner_def = nil
+    @tokens.each_with_index do |t, index|
+      # detecting one-liner method definition
+      if in_oneliner_def.nil?
+        if t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_ENDFN)
+          in_oneliner_def = :ENDFN
+        end
+      else
+        if t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_ENDFN)
+          # continuing
+        elsif t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_BEG)
+          if t[2] == '='
+            in_oneliner_def = :BODY
+          end
         else
-          if @lex_state != EXPR_FNAME and peek(0) != ':'
-            if ENINDENT_CLAUSE.include?(token)
-              # check for ``class = val'' etc.
-              valid = true
-              case token
-              when "class"
-                valid = false unless peek_match?(/^\s*(<<|\w|::)/)
-              when "def"
-                valid = false if peek_match?(/^\s*(([+\-\/*&\|^]|<<|>>|\|\||\&\&)=|\&\&|\|\|)/)
-              when "do"
-                valid = false if peek_match?(/^\s*([+\-\/*]?=|\*|<|>|\&)/)
-              when *ENINDENT_CLAUSE
-                valid = false if peek_match?(/^\s*([+\-\/*]?=|\*|<|>|\&|\|)/)
-              else
-                # no nothing
-              end
-              if valid
-                if token == "do"
-                  if ![TkFOR, TkWHILE, TkUNTIL].include?(@indent_stack.last)
-                    @indent += 1
-                    @indent_stack.push token_c
-                  end
-                else
-                  @indent += 1
-                  @indent_stack.push token_c
-                end
-              end
-
-            elsif DEINDENT_CLAUSE.include?(token)
-              @indent -= 1
-              @indent_stack.pop
-            end
-            @lex_state = trans[0]
-          else
-            @lex_state = EXPR_END
+          if in_oneliner_def == :BODY
+            # one-liner method definition
+            depth_difference -= 1
           end
+          in_oneliner_def = nil
         end
-        return Token(token_c, token)
-      end
-    end
-
-    if @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME
-      @lex_state = EXPR_END
-      if peek(0) == '='
-        token.concat getc
-      end
-    elsif @lex_state == EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == EXPR_DOT
-      @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
-    else
-      @lex_state = EXPR_END
-    end
-
-    if token[0, 1] =~ /[A-Z]/
-      return Token(TkCONSTANT, token)
-    elsif token[token.size - 1, 1] =~ /[!?]/
-      return Token(TkFID, token)
-    else
-      return Token(TkIDENTIFIER, token)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def identify_here_document
-    ch = getc
-    if ch == "-" || ch == "~"
-      ch = getc
-      indent = true
-    end
-    if /['"`]/ =~ ch
-      lt = ch
-      quoted = ""
-      while (c = getc) && c != lt
-        quoted.concat c
-      end
-    else
-      lt = '"'
-      quoted = ch.dup
-      while (c = getc) && c =~ /\w/
-        quoted.concat c
-      end
-      ungetc
-    end
-
-    ltback, @ltype = @ltype, lt
-    reserve = []
-    while ch = getc
-      reserve.push ch
-      if ch == "\\"
-        reserve.push ch = getc
-      elsif ch == "\n"
-        break
       end
-    end
-
-    @here_header = false
 
-    line = ""
-    while ch = getc
-      if ch == "\n"
-        if line == quoted
-          break
+      case t[1]
+      when :on_ignored_nl, :on_nl, :on_comment
+        if index != (@tokens.size - 1) and in_oneliner_def != :BODY
+          depth_difference = 0
+          open_brace_on_line = 0
         end
-        line = ""
-      else
-        line.concat ch unless indent && line == "" && /\s/ =~ ch
-        if @ltype != "'" && ch == "#" && peek(0) == "{"
-          identify_string_dvar
+        next
+      when :on_sp
+        next
+      end
+      case t[1]
+      when :on_lbracket, :on_lbrace, :on_lparen, :on_tlambeg
+        depth_difference += 1
+        open_brace_on_line += 1
+      when :on_rbracket, :on_rbrace, :on_rparen
+        depth_difference -= 1 if open_brace_on_line > 0
+      when :on_kw
+        next if index > 0 and @tokens[index - 1][3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_FNAME)
+        case t[2]
+        when 'do'
+          syntax_of_do = take_corresponding_syntax_to_kw_do(@tokens, index)
+          depth_difference += 1 if syntax_of_do == :method_calling
+        when 'def', 'case', 'for', 'begin', 'class', 'module'
+          depth_difference += 1
+        when 'if', 'unless', 'while', 'until', 'rescue'
+          # postfix if/unless/while/until/rescue must be Ripper::EXPR_LABEL
+          unless t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_LABEL)
+            depth_difference += 1
+          end
+        when 'else', 'elsif', 'ensure', 'when'
+          depth_difference += 1
+        when 'in'
+          unless is_the_in_correspond_to_a_for(@tokens, index)
+            depth_difference += 1
+          end
+        when 'end'
+          depth_difference -= 1
         end
       end
     end
-
-    @here_header = true
-    @here_readed.concat reserve
-    while ch = reserve.pop
-      ungetc ch
-    end
-
-    @ltype = ltback
-    @lex_state = EXPR_END
-    Token(Ltype2Token[lt])
-  end
-
-  def identify_quotation
-    ch = getc
-    if lt = PERCENT_LTYPE[ch]
-      ch = getc
-    elsif ch =~ /\W/
-      lt = "\""
-    else
-      RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "unknown type of %string"
-    end
-    @quoted = ch unless @quoted = PERCENT_PAREN[ch]
-    identify_string(lt, @quoted)
+    depth_difference
   end
 
-  def identify_number
-    @lex_state = EXPR_END
-
-    if peek(0) == "0" && peek(1) !~ /[.eE]/
-      getc
-      case peek(0)
-      when /[xX]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[0-9a-fA-F_]/
-      when /[bB]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[01_]/
-      when /[oO]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[0-7_]/
-      when /[dD]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[0-9_]/
-      when /[0-7]/
-        match = /[0-7_]/
-      when /[89]/
-        RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "Invalid octal digit"
+  def check_corresponding_token_depth
+    corresponding_token_depth = nil
+    is_first_spaces_of_line = true
+    is_first_printable_of_line = true
+    spaces_of_nest = []
+    spaces_at_line_head = 0
+    open_brace_on_line = 0
+    in_oneliner_def = nil
+    @tokens.each_with_index do |t, index|
+      # detecting one-liner method definition
+      if in_oneliner_def.nil?
+        if t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_ENDFN)
+          in_oneliner_def = :ENDFN
+        end
       else
-        return Token(TkINTEGER)
-      end
-
-      len0 = true
-      non_digit = false
-      while ch = getc
-        if match =~ ch
-          if ch == "_"
-            if non_digit
-              RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "trailing `#{ch}' in number"
-            else
-              non_digit = ch
-            end
-          else
-            non_digit = false
-            len0 = false
+        if t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_ENDFN)
+          # continuing
+        elsif t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_BEG)
+          if t[2] == '='
+            in_oneliner_def = :BODY
           end
         else
-          ungetc
-          if len0
-            RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "numeric literal without digits"
-          end
-          if non_digit
-            RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
+          if in_oneliner_def == :BODY
+            # one-liner method definition
+            if is_first_printable_of_line
+              corresponding_token_depth = spaces_of_nest.pop
+            else
+              spaces_of_nest.pop
+              corresponding_token_depth = nil
+            end
           end
-          break
+          in_oneliner_def = nil
         end
       end
-      return Token(TkINTEGER)
-    end
 
-    type = TkINTEGER
-    allow_point = true
-    allow_e = true
-    non_digit = false
-    while ch = getc
-      case ch
-      when /[0-9]/
-        non_digit = false
-      when "_"
-        non_digit = ch
-      when allow_point && "."
-        if non_digit
-          RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
-        end
-        type = TkFLOAT
-        if peek(0) !~ /[0-9]/
-          type = TkINTEGER
-          ungetc
-          break
-        end
-        allow_point = false
-      when allow_e && "e", allow_e && "E"
-        if non_digit
-          RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
-        end
-        type = TkFLOAT
-        if peek(0) =~ /[+-]/
-          getc
+      case t[1]
+      when :on_ignored_nl, :on_nl, :on_comment
+        if in_oneliner_def != :BODY
+          corresponding_token_depth = nil
+          spaces_at_line_head = 0
+          is_first_spaces_of_line = true
+          is_first_printable_of_line = true
+          open_brace_on_line = 0
         end
-        allow_e = false
-        allow_point = false
-        non_digit = ch
-      else
-        if non_digit
-          RubyLex.fail SyntaxError, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
+        next
+      when :on_sp
+        spaces_at_line_head = t[2].count(' ') if is_first_spaces_of_line
+        is_first_spaces_of_line = false
+        next
+      end
+      case t[1]
+      when :on_lbracket, :on_lbrace, :on_lparen, :on_tlambeg
+        spaces_of_nest.push(spaces_at_line_head + open_brace_on_line * 2)
+        open_brace_on_line += 1
+      when :on_rbracket, :on_rbrace, :on_rparen
+        if is_first_printable_of_line
+          corresponding_token_depth = spaces_of_nest.pop
+        else
+          spaces_of_nest.pop
+          corresponding_token_depth = nil
         end
-        ungetc
-        break
-      end
-    end
-    Token(type)
-  end
-
-  def identify_string(ltype, quoted = ltype)
-    @ltype = ltype
-    @quoted = quoted
-    subtype = nil
-    begin
-      nest = 0
-      while ch = getc
-        if @quoted == ch and nest == 0
-          break
-        elsif @ltype != "'" && ch == "#" && peek(0) == "{"
-          identify_string_dvar
-        elsif @ltype != "'" && @ltype != "]" && @ltype != ":" and ch == "#"
-          subtype = true
-        elsif ch == '\\' and @ltype == "'" #'
-          case ch = getc
-          when "\\", "\n", "'"
-          else
-            ungetc
+        open_brace_on_line -= 1
+      when :on_kw
+        next if index > 0 and @tokens[index - 1][3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_FNAME)
+        case t[2]
+        when 'do'
+          syntax_of_do = take_corresponding_syntax_to_kw_do(@tokens, index)
+          if syntax_of_do == :method_calling
+            spaces_of_nest.push(spaces_at_line_head)
           end
-        elsif ch == '\\' #'
-          read_escape
-        end
-        if PERCENT_PAREN.values.include?(@quoted)
-          if PERCENT_PAREN[ch] == @quoted
-            nest += 1
-          elsif ch == @quoted
-            nest -= 1
+        when 'def', 'case', 'for', 'begin', 'class', 'module'
+          spaces_of_nest.push(spaces_at_line_head)
+        when 'rescue'
+          unless t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_LABEL)
+            corresponding_token_depth = spaces_of_nest.last
+          end
+        when 'if', 'unless', 'while', 'until'
+          # postfix if/unless/while/until must be Ripper::EXPR_LABEL
+          unless t[3].allbits?(Ripper::EXPR_LABEL)
+            spaces_of_nest.push(spaces_at_line_head)
+          end
+        when 'else', 'elsif', 'ensure', 'when', 'in'
+          corresponding_token_depth = spaces_of_nest.last
+        when 'end'
+          if is_first_printable_of_line
+            corresponding_token_depth = spaces_of_nest.pop
+          else
+            spaces_of_nest.pop
+            corresponding_token_depth = nil
           end
         end
       end
-      if @ltype == "/"
-        while /[imxoesun]/ =~ peek(0)
-          getc
-        end
-      end
-      if subtype
-        Token(DLtype2Token[ltype])
-      else
-        Token(Ltype2Token[ltype])
-      end
-    ensure
-      @ltype = nil
-      @quoted = nil
-      @lex_state = EXPR_END
+      is_first_spaces_of_line = false
+      is_first_printable_of_line = false
     end
+    corresponding_token_depth
   end
 
-  def identify_string_dvar
-    begin
-      getc
-
-      reserve_continue = @continue
-      reserve_ltype = @ltype
-      reserve_indent = @indent
-      reserve_indent_stack = @indent_stack
-      reserve_state = @lex_state
-      reserve_quoted = @quoted
-
-      @ltype = nil
-      @quoted = nil
-      @indent = 0
-      @indent_stack = []
-      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-
-      loop do
-        @continue = false
-        prompt
-        tk = token
-        if @ltype or @continue or @indent >= 0
-          next
+  def check_string_literal(tokens)
+    i = 0
+    start_token = []
+    end_type = []
+    while i < tokens.size
+      t = tokens[i]
+      case t[1]
+      when :on_tstring_beg
+        start_token << t
+        end_type << [:on_tstring_end, :on_label_end]
+      when :on_regexp_beg
+        start_token << t
+        end_type << :on_regexp_end
+      when :on_symbeg
+        acceptable_single_tokens = %i{on_ident on_const on_op on_cvar on_ivar on_gvar on_kw}
+        if (i + 1) < tokens.size and acceptable_single_tokens.all?{ |st| tokens[i + 1][1] != st }
+          start_token << t
+          end_type << :on_tstring_end
         end
-        break if tk.kind_of?(TkRBRACE)
-      end
-    ensure
-      @continue = reserve_continue
-      @ltype = reserve_ltype
-      @indent = reserve_indent
-      @indent_stack = reserve_indent_stack
-      @lex_state = reserve_state
-      @quoted = reserve_quoted
-    end
+      when :on_backtick
+        start_token << t
+        end_type << :on_tstring_end
+      when :on_qwords_beg, :on_words_beg, :on_qsymbols_beg, :on_symbols_beg
+        start_token << t
+        end_type << :on_tstring_end
+      when :on_heredoc_beg
+        start_token << t
+        end_type << :on_heredoc_end
+      when *end_type.last
+        start_token.pop
+        end_type.pop
+      end
+      i += 1
+    end
+    start_token.last.nil? ? '' : start_token.last
   end
 
-  def identify_comment
-    @ltype = "#"
-
-    while ch = getc
-      if ch == "\n"
-        @ltype = nil
-        ungetc
-        break
+  def process_literal_type(tokens = @tokens)
+    start_token = check_string_literal(tokens)
+    case start_token[1]
+    when :on_tstring_beg
+      case start_token[2]
+      when ?"      then ?"
+      when /^%.$/  then ?"
+      when /^%Q.$/ then ?"
+      when ?'      then ?'
+      when /^%q.$/ then ?'
+      end
+    when :on_regexp_beg   then ?/
+    when :on_symbeg       then ?:
+    when :on_backtick     then ?`
+    when :on_qwords_beg   then ?]
+    when :on_words_beg    then ?]
+    when :on_qsymbols_beg then ?]
+    when :on_symbols_beg  then ?]
+    when :on_heredoc_beg
+      start_token[2] =~ /<<[-~]?(['"`])[_a-zA-Z0-9]+\1/
+      case $1
+      when ?" then ?"
+      when ?' then ?'
+      when ?` then ?`
+      else         ?"
       end
+    else
+      nil
     end
-    return Token(TkCOMMENT)
   end
 
-  def read_escape
-    case ch = getc
-    when "\n", "\r", "\f"
-    when "\\", "n", "t", "r", "f", "v", "a", "e", "b", "s" #"
-    when /[0-7]/
-      ungetc ch
-      3.times do
-        case ch = getc
-        when /[0-7]/
-        when nil
-          break
-        else
-          ungetc
-          break
+  def check_termination_in_prev_line(code)
+    tokens = self.class.ripper_lex_without_warning(code)
+    past_first_newline = false
+    index = tokens.rindex do |t|
+      # traverse first token before last line
+      if past_first_newline
+        if t.tok.include?("\n")
+          true
         end
+      elsif t.tok.include?("\n")
+        past_first_newline = true
+        false
+      else
+        false
       end
-
-    when "x"
-      2.times do
-        case ch = getc
-        when /[0-9a-fA-F]/
-        when nil
-          break
-        else
-          ungetc
+    end
+    if index
+      first_token = nil
+      last_line_tokens = tokens[(index + 1)..(tokens.size - 1)]
+      last_line_tokens.each do |t|
+        unless [:on_sp, :on_ignored_sp, :on_comment].include?(t.event)
+          first_token = t
           break
         end
       end
-
-    when "M"
-      if (ch = getc) != '-'
-        ungetc
+      if first_token.nil?
+        return false
+      elsif first_token && first_token.state == Ripper::EXPR_DOT
+        return false
       else
-        if (ch = getc) == "\\" #"
-          read_escape
+        tokens_without_last_line = tokens[0..index]
+        ltype = process_literal_type(tokens_without_last_line)
+        indent = process_nesting_level(tokens_without_last_line)
+        continue = process_continue(tokens_without_last_line)
+        code_block_open = check_code_block(tokens_without_last_line.map(&:tok).join(''), tokens_without_last_line)
+        if ltype or indent > 0 or continue or code_block_open
+          return false
+        else
+          return last_line_tokens.map(&:tok).join('')
         end
       end
-
-    when "C", "c" #, "^"
-      if ch == "C" and (ch = getc) != "-"
-        ungetc
-      elsif (ch = getc) == "\\" #"
-        read_escape
-      end
-    else
-      # other characters
     end
+    false
   end
 end
 # :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/ruby-token.rb b/lib/irb/ruby-token.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index af53d3c93b..0000000000
--- a/lib/irb/ruby-token.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,267 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   irb/ruby-token.rb - ruby tokens
-#   	$Release Version: 0.9.6$
-#   	$Revision$
-#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-# :stopdoc:
-module RubyToken
-  EXPR_BEG = :EXPR_BEG
-  EXPR_MID = :EXPR_MID
-  EXPR_END = :EXPR_END
-  EXPR_ARG = :EXPR_ARG
-  EXPR_FNAME = :EXPR_FNAME
-  EXPR_DOT = :EXPR_DOT
-  EXPR_CLASS = :EXPR_CLASS
-
-  class Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      @seek = seek
-      @line_no = line_no
-      @char_no = char_no
-    end
-    attr_reader :seek, :line_no, :char_no
-  end
-
-  class TkNode < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      super
-    end
-    attr_reader :node
-  end
-
-  class TkId < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, name)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      @name = name
-    end
-    attr_reader :name
-  end
-
-  class TkVal < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, value = nil)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      @value = value
-    end
-    attr_reader :value
-  end
-
-  class TkOp < Token
-    attr_accessor :name
-  end
-
-  class TkOPASGN < TkOp
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, op)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      op = TkReading2Token[op][0] unless op.kind_of?(Symbol)
-      @op = op
-    end
-    attr_reader :op
-  end
-
-  class TkUnknownChar < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, id)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      @name = name
-    end
-    attr_reader :name
-  end
-
-  class TkError < Token
-  end
-
-  def Token(token, value = nil)
-    case token
-    when String
-      if (tk = TkReading2Token[token]).nil?
-        IRB.fail TkReading2TokenNoKey, token
-      end
-      tk = Token(tk[0], value)
-      if tk.kind_of?(TkOp)
-        tk.name = token
-      end
-      return tk
-    when Symbol
-      if (tk = TkSymbol2Token[token]).nil?
-        IRB.fail TkSymbol2TokenNoKey, token
-      end
-      return Token(tk[0], value)
-    else
-      if (token.ancestors & [TkId, TkVal, TkOPASGN, TkUnknownChar]).empty?
-        token.new(@prev_seek, @prev_line_no, @prev_char_no)
-      else
-        token.new(@prev_seek, @prev_line_no, @prev_char_no, value)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  TokenDefinitions = [
-    [:TkCLASS,      TkId,  "class",  EXPR_CLASS],
-    [:TkMODULE,     TkId,  "module", EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkDEF,	    TkId,  "def",    EXPR_FNAME],
-    [:TkUNDEF,      TkId,  "undef",  EXPR_FNAME],
-    [:TkBEGIN,      TkId,  "begin",  EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkRESCUE,     TkId,  "rescue", EXPR_MID],
-    [:TkENSURE,     TkId,  "ensure", EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkEND,	    TkId,  "end",    EXPR_END],
-    [:TkIF,         TkId,  "if",     EXPR_BEG, :TkIF_MOD],
-    [:TkUNLESS,     TkId,  "unless", EXPR_BEG, :TkUNLESS_MOD],
-    [:TkTHEN,	    TkId,  "then",   EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkELSIF,      TkId,  "elsif",  EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkELSE,	    TkId,  "else",   EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkCASE,	    TkId,  "case",   EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkWHEN,	    TkId,  "when",   EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkWHILE,      TkId,  "while",  EXPR_BEG, :TkWHILE_MOD],
-    [:TkUNTIL,      TkId,  "until",  EXPR_BEG, :TkUNTIL_MOD],
-    [:TkFOR,	    TkId,  "for",    EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkBREAK,      TkId,  "break",  EXPR_END],
-    [:TkNEXT,	    TkId,  "next",   EXPR_END],
-    [:TkREDO,	    TkId,  "redo",   EXPR_END],
-    [:TkRETRY,      TkId,  "retry",  EXPR_END],
-    [:TkIN,	    TkId,  "in",     EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkDO,	    TkId,  "do",     EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkRETURN,     TkId,  "return", EXPR_MID],
-    [:TkYIELD,      TkId,  "yield",  EXPR_END],
-    [:TkSUPER,      TkId,  "super",  EXPR_END],
-    [:TkSELF,	    TkId,  "self",   EXPR_END],
-    [:TkNIL, 	    TkId,  "nil",    EXPR_END],
-    [:TkTRUE,	    TkId,  "true",   EXPR_END],
-    [:TkFALSE,      TkId,  "false",  EXPR_END],
-    [:TkAND,	    TkId,  "and",    EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkOR, 	    TkId,  "or",     EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkNOT,	    TkId,  "not",    EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkIF_MOD,     TkId],
-    [:TkUNLESS_MOD, TkId],
-    [:TkWHILE_MOD,  TkId],
-    [:TkUNTIL_MOD,  TkId],
-    [:TkALIAS,      TkId,  "alias",    EXPR_FNAME],
-    [:TkDEFINED,    TkId,  "defined?", EXPR_END],
-    [:TklBEGIN,     TkId,  "BEGIN",    EXPR_END],
-    [:TklEND,	    TkId,  "END",      EXPR_END],
-    [:Tk__LINE__,   TkId,  "__LINE__", EXPR_END],
-    [:Tk__FILE__,   TkId,  "__FILE__", EXPR_END],
-
-    [:TkIDENTIFIER, TkId],
-    [:TkFID,	    TkId],
-    [:TkGVAR,	    TkId],
-    [:TkCVAR,	    TkId],
-    [:TkIVAR,	    TkId],
-    [:TkCONSTANT,   TkId],
-
-    [:TkINTEGER,    TkVal],
-    [:TkFLOAT,      TkVal],
-    [:TkSTRING,     TkVal],
-    [:TkXSTRING,    TkVal],
-    [:TkREGEXP,     TkVal],
-    [:TkSYMBOL,     TkVal],
-
-    [:TkDSTRING,    TkNode],
-    [:TkDXSTRING,   TkNode],
-    [:TkDREGEXP,    TkNode],
-    [:TkNTH_REF,    TkNode],
-    [:TkBACK_REF,   TkNode],
-
-    [:TkUPLUS,      TkOp,   "+@"],
-    [:TkUMINUS,     TkOp,   "-@"],
-    [:TkPOW,	    TkOp,   "**"],
-    [:TkCMP,	    TkOp,   "<=>"],
-    [:TkEQ,	    TkOp,   "=="],
-    [:TkEQQ,	    TkOp,   "==="],
-    [:TkNEQ,	    TkOp,   "!="],
-    [:TkGEQ,	    TkOp,   ">="],
-    [:TkLEQ,	    TkOp,   "<="],
-    [:TkANDOP,      TkOp,   "&&"],
-    [:TkOROP,	    TkOp,   "||"],
-    [:TkMATCH,      TkOp,   "=~"],
-    [:TkNMATCH,     TkOp,   "!~"],
-    [:TkDOT2,	    TkOp,   ".."],
-    [:TkDOT3,	    TkOp,   "..."],
-    [:TkAREF,	    TkOp,   "[]"],
-    [:TkASET,	    TkOp,   "[]="],
-    [:TkLSHFT,      TkOp,   "<<"],
-    [:TkRSHFT,      TkOp,   ">>"],
-    [:TkCOLON2,     TkOp],
-    [:TkCOLON3,     TkOp],
-    [:TkASSOC,      TkOp,   "=>"],
-    [:TkQUESTION,   TkOp,   "?"],	 #?
-    [:TkCOLON,      TkOp,   ":"],        #:
-
-    [:TkfLPAREN],         # func( #
-    [:TkfLBRACK],         # func[ #
-    [:TkfLBRACE],         # func{ #
-    [:TkSTAR],            # *arg
-    [:TkAMPER],           # &arg #
-    [:TkSYMBEG],          # :SYMBOL
-
-    [:TkGT,	    TkOp,   ">"],
-    [:TkLT,	    TkOp,   "<"],
-    [:TkPLUS,	    TkOp,   "+"],
-    [:TkMINUS,      TkOp,   "-"],
-    [:TkMULT,	    TkOp,   "*"],
-    [:TkDIV,	    TkOp,   "/"],
-    [:TkMOD,	    TkOp,   "%"],
-    [:TkBITOR,      TkOp,   "|"],
-    [:TkBITXOR,     TkOp,   "^"],
-    [:TkBITAND,     TkOp,   "&"],
-    [:TkBITNOT,     TkOp,   "~"],
-    [:TkNOTOP,      TkOp,   "!"],
-
-    [:TkBACKQUOTE,  TkOp,   "`"],
-
-    [:TkASSIGN,     Token,  "="],
-    [:TkDOT,	    Token,  "."],
-    [:TkLPAREN,     Token,  "("],  #(exp)
-    [:TkLBRACK,     Token,  "["],  #[arry]
-    [:TkLBRACE,     Token,  "{"],  #{hash}
-    [:TkRPAREN,     Token,  ")"],
-    [:TkRBRACK,     Token,  "]"],
-    [:TkRBRACE,     Token,  "}"],
-    [:TkCOMMA,      Token,  ","],
-    [:TkSEMICOLON,  Token,  ";"],
-
-    [:TkCOMMENT],
-    [:TkRD_COMMENT],
-    [:TkSPACE],
-    [:TkNL],
-    [:TkEND_OF_SCRIPT],
-
-    [:TkBACKSLASH,  TkUnknownChar,  "\\"],
-    [:TkAT,	    TkUnknownChar,  "@"],
-    [:TkDOLLAR,     TkUnknownChar,  "$"],
-  ]
-
-  # {reading => token_class}
-  # {reading => [token_class, *opt]}
-  TkReading2Token = {}
-  TkSymbol2Token = {}
-
-  def RubyToken.def_token(token_n, super_token = Token, reading = nil, *opts)
-    token_n = token_n.id2name if token_n.kind_of?(Symbol)
-    if RubyToken.const_defined?(token_n)
-      IRB.fail AlreadyDefinedToken, token_n
-    end
-    token_c = eval("class #{token_n} < #{super_token}; end; #{token_n}")
-
-    if reading
-      if TkReading2Token[reading]
-        IRB.fail TkReading2TokenDuplicateError, token_n, reading
-      end
-      if opts.empty?
-        TkReading2Token[reading] = [token_c]
-      else
-        TkReading2Token[reading] = [token_c].concat(opts)
-      end
-    end
-    TkSymbol2Token[token_n.intern] = token_c
-  end
-
-  for defs in TokenDefinitions
-    def_token(*defs)
-  end
-end
-# :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/irb/ruby_logo.aa b/lib/irb/ruby_logo.aa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a34a3e2f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/irb/ruby_logo.aa
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+                                             -+smJYYN?mm-
+                                   HB"BBYT            TQg  NggT
+                              9Q+g       Nm,T      8g          NJW
+                          YS+              N2NJ"Sg               N?
+                       BQg                  #(  gT Nggggk          J
+                     5j                     NJ    NJ            NNge
+                  #Q                        #JJ     NgT            N(
+                @j                          bj         mT           J
+              Bj                           @/d           NJ         (
+            #q                            #((              NgT     #J
+           5d                            #(t                  mT   $d
+         #q                             @(@J                    NJB;
+        @(                             5d ? HHH H HQmgggggggmN    qD
+       5d                            #uN  2QdH                   E O
+      5                             5JSd  Nd  NJH               @d j
+     Fd                           @J4d     s     NQH           #d  (
+    #(                          #o6d       Nd       NgH       #d  #d
+    4                         B&Od          v          NgT   #d   F
+   #(                       9JGd            NH            NgUd    F
+   #d                    #GJQ                d             NP     $
+   #J                 #U+#Q                  N            Q #     j
+  j /W             BQ+ BQ                     d             NJ   NJ
+  - NjJH      HBIjTQggPJQgW                   N        W     k   #J
+ #J  b  HYWgggN       j s    Nag               d     NN      b   #d
+ #J  5-              D   s         Ngg         N    d        Nd  F
+ Fd BKH2            #+    s             NNgg    J Q           J  ]
+ F H @  J           N      y                   K(d            P  I
+ F4  E  N?         #d       y                #Q   NJ          E  j
+ F   W   Nd        q         m             Bg       NxW       N(H-
+ F   d    b       @           m          Hd            gW      vKJ
+ NJ  d     K      d            s      Bg                 aT    FDd
+  b #       d    N              m  BQ                      mV  N>
+   e5       Nd  #d              NggggggQWH HHHH              NJ -
+    m7       NW H            N                        HSVO1z=?11-
+      NgTH    bB        kH   WBHWWHBHWmQgg&gggggNNN
+           NNggggggNN
diff --git a/lib/irb/slex.rb b/lib/irb/slex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 68174771a7..0000000000
--- a/lib/irb/slex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,282 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   irb/slex.rb - simple lex analyzer
-#   	$Release Version: 0.9.6$
-#   	$Revision$
-#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-require "e2mmap"
-require "irb/notifier"
-
-# :stopdoc:
-module IRB
-  class SLex
-
-    extend Exception2MessageMapper
-    def_exception :ErrNodeNothing, "node nothing"
-    def_exception :ErrNodeAlreadyExists, "node already exists"
-
-    DOUT = Notifier::def_notifier("SLex::")
-    D_WARN = DOUT::def_notifier(1, "Warn: ")
-    D_DEBUG = DOUT::def_notifier(2, "Debug: ")
-    D_DETAIL = DOUT::def_notifier(4, "Detail: ")
-
-    DOUT.level = Notifier::D_NOMSG
-
-    def initialize
-      @head = Node.new("")
-    end
-
-    def def_rule(token, preproc = nil, postproc = nil, &block)
-      D_DETAIL.pp token
-
-      postproc = block if block_given?
-      create(token, preproc, postproc)
-    end
-
-    def def_rules(*tokens, &block)
-      if block_given?
-        p = block
-      end
-      for token in tokens
-        def_rule(token, nil, p)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def preproc(token, proc)
-      node = search(token)
-      node.preproc=proc
-    end
-
-    #$BMW%A%'%C%/(B?
-    def postproc(token)
-      node = search(token, proc)
-      node.postproc=proc
-    end
-
-    def search(token)
-      @head.search(token.split(//))
-    end
-
-    def create(token, preproc = nil, postproc = nil)
-      @head.create_subnode(token.split(//), preproc, postproc)
-    end
-
-    def match(token)
-      case token
-      when Array
-      when String
-        return match(token.split(//))
-      else
-        return @head.match_io(token)
-      end
-      ret = @head.match(token)
-      D_DETAIL.exec_if{D_DETAIL.printf "match end: %s:%s\n", ret, token.inspect}
-      ret
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      format("<SLex: @head = %s>", @head.inspect)
-    end
-
-    #----------------------------------------------------------------------
-    #
-    #   class Node -
-    #
-    #----------------------------------------------------------------------
-    class Node
-      # if postproc is nil, this node is an abstract node.
-      # if postproc is non-nil, this node is a real node.
-      def initialize(preproc = nil, postproc = nil)
-        @Tree = {}
-        @preproc = preproc
-        @postproc = postproc
-      end
-
-      attr_accessor :preproc
-      attr_accessor :postproc
-
-      def search(chrs, opt = nil)
-        return self if chrs.empty?
-        ch = chrs.shift
-        if node = @Tree[ch]
-          node.search(chrs, opt)
-        else
-          if opt
-            chrs.unshift ch
-            self.create_subnode(chrs)
-          else
-            SLex.fail ErrNodeNothing
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def create_subnode(chrs, preproc = nil, postproc = nil)
-        if chrs.empty?
-          if @postproc
-            D_DETAIL.pp node
-            SLex.fail ErrNodeAlreadyExists
-          else
-            D_DEBUG.puts "change abstract node to real node."
-            @preproc = preproc
-            @postproc = postproc
-          end
-          return self
-        end
-
-        ch = chrs.shift
-        if node = @Tree[ch]
-          if chrs.empty?
-            if node.postproc
-              DebugLogger.pp node
-              DebugLogger.pp self
-              DebugLogger.pp ch
-              DebugLogger.pp chrs
-              SLex.fail ErrNodeAlreadyExists
-            else
-              D_WARN.puts "change abstract node to real node"
-              node.preproc = preproc
-              node.postproc = postproc
-            end
-          else
-            node.create_subnode(chrs, preproc, postproc)
-          end
-        else
-          if chrs.empty?
-            node = Node.new(preproc, postproc)
-          else
-            node = Node.new
-            node.create_subnode(chrs, preproc, postproc)
-          end
-          @Tree[ch] = node
-        end
-        node
-      end
-
-      #
-      # chrs: String
-      #       character array
-      #       io must have getc()/ungetc(); and ungetc() must be
-      #       able to be called arbitrary number of times.
-      #
-      def match(chrs, op = "")
-        D_DETAIL.print "match>: ", chrs, "op:", op, "\n"
-        if chrs.empty?
-          if @preproc.nil? || @preproc.call(op, chrs)
-            DOUT.printf(D_DETAIL, "op1: %s\n", op)
-            @postproc.call(op, chrs)
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        else
-          ch = chrs.shift
-          if node = @Tree[ch]
-            if ret = node.match(chrs, op+ch)
-              return ret
-            else
-              chrs.unshift ch
-              if @postproc and @preproc.nil? || @preproc.call(op, chrs)
-                DOUT.printf(D_DETAIL, "op2: %s\n", op.inspect)
-                ret = @postproc.call(op, chrs)
-                return ret
-              else
-                return nil
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            chrs.unshift ch
-            if @postproc and @preproc.nil? || @preproc.call(op, chrs)
-              DOUT.printf(D_DETAIL, "op3: %s\n", op)
-              @postproc.call(op, chrs)
-              return ""
-            else
-              return nil
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def match_io(io, op = "")
-        if op == ""
-          ch = io.getc
-          if ch == nil
-            return nil
-          end
-        else
-          ch = io.getc_of_rests
-        end
-        if ch.nil?
-          if @preproc.nil? || @preproc.call(op, io)
-            D_DETAIL.printf("op1: %s\n", op)
-            @postproc.call(op, io)
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        else
-          if node = @Tree[ch]
-            if ret = node.match_io(io, op+ch)
-              ret
-            else
-              io.ungetc ch
-              if @postproc and @preproc.nil? || @preproc.call(op, io)
-                DOUT.exec_if{D_DETAIL.printf "op2: %s\n", op.inspect}
-                @postproc.call(op, io)
-              else
-                nil
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            io.ungetc ch
-            if @postproc and @preproc.nil? || @preproc.call(op, io)
-              D_DETAIL.printf("op3: %s\n", op)
-              @postproc.call(op, io)
-            else
-              nil
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-# :startdoc:
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  case $1
-  when "1"
-    tr = SLex.new
-    print "0: ", tr.inspect, "\n"
-    tr.def_rule("=") {print "=\n"}
-    print "1: ", tr.inspect, "\n"
-    tr.def_rule("==") {print "==\n"}
-    print "2: ", tr.inspect, "\n"
-
-    print "case 1:\n"
-    print tr.match("="), "\n"
-    print "case 2:\n"
-    print tr.match("=="), "\n"
-    print "case 3:\n"
-    print tr.match("=>"), "\n"
-
-  when "2"
-    tr = SLex.new
-    print "0: ", tr.inspect, "\n"
-    tr.def_rule("=") {print "=\n"}
-    print "1: ", tr.inspect, "\n"
-    tr.def_rule("==", proc{false}) {print "==\n"}
-    print "2: ", tr.inspect, "\n"
-
-    print "case 1:\n"
-    print tr.match("="), "\n"
-    print "case 2:\n"
-    print tr.match("=="), "\n"
-    print "case 3:\n"
-    print tr.match("=>"), "\n"
-  end
-  exit
-end
diff --git a/lib/irb/src_encoding.rb b/lib/irb/src_encoding.rb
index 32f997fc7c..99aea2b43e 100644
--- a/lib/irb/src_encoding.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/src_encoding.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 # DO NOT WRITE ANY MAGIC COMMENT HERE.
-def default_src_encoding
-  return __ENCODING__
+module IRB
+  def self.default_src_encoding
+    return __ENCODING__
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/irb/version.rb b/lib/irb/version.rb
index 094cb33c05..0014bdda74 100644
--- a/lib/irb/version.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/version.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #
 
 module IRB # :nodoc:
-  @RELEASE_VERSION = "0.9.6"
-  @LAST_UPDATE_DATE = "09/06/30"
+  VERSION = "1.3.5"
+  @RELEASE_VERSION = VERSION
+  @LAST_UPDATE_DATE = "2021-04-03"
 end
diff --git a/lib/irb/workspace.rb b/lib/irb/workspace.rb
index 16f714d66e..78d434d106 100644
--- a/lib/irb/workspace.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/workspace.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 #
 #
 #
+
+require "delegate"
+
 module IRB # :nodoc:
   class WorkSpace
     # Creates a new workspace.
@@ -39,8 +42,6 @@ EOF
 
         when 2	# binding in loaded file(thread use)
           unless defined? BINDING_QUEUE
-            require "thread"
-
             IRB.const_set(:BINDING_QUEUE, Thread::SizedQueue.new(1))
             Thread.abort_on_exception = true
             Thread.start do
@@ -50,18 +51,24 @@ EOF
           end
           @binding = BINDING_QUEUE.pop
 
-        when 3	# binding in function on TOPLEVEL_BINDING(default)
-          @binding = eval("def irb_binding; private; binding; end; irb_binding",
+        when 3	# binding in function on TOPLEVEL_BINDING
+          @binding = eval("self.class.remove_method(:irb_binding) if defined?(irb_binding); private; def irb_binding; binding; end; irb_binding",
                           TOPLEVEL_BINDING,
                           __FILE__,
                           __LINE__ - 3)
+        when 4  # binding is a copy of TOPLEVEL_BINDING (default)
+          @binding = TOPLEVEL_BINDING.dup
         end
       end
+
       if main.empty?
         @main = eval("self", @binding)
       else
         @main = main[0]
-        IRB.conf[:__MAIN__] = @main
+      end
+      IRB.conf[:__MAIN__] = @main
+
+      unless main.empty?
         case @main
         when Module
           @binding = eval("IRB.conf[:__MAIN__].module_eval('binding', __FILE__, __LINE__)", @binding, __FILE__, __LINE__)
@@ -69,11 +76,33 @@ EOF
           begin
             @binding = eval("IRB.conf[:__MAIN__].instance_eval('binding', __FILE__, __LINE__)", @binding, __FILE__, __LINE__)
           rescue TypeError
-            IRB.fail CantChangeBinding, @main.inspect
+            fail CantChangeBinding, @main.inspect
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      case @main
+      when Object
+        use_delegator = @main.frozen?
+      else
+        use_delegator = true
+      end
+
+      if use_delegator
+        @main = SimpleDelegator.new(@main)
+        IRB.conf[:__MAIN__] = @main
+        @main.singleton_class.class_eval do
+          private
+          define_method(:exit) do |*a, &b|
+            # Do nothing, will be overridden
           end
+          define_method(:binding, Kernel.instance_method(:binding))
+          define_method(:local_variables, Kernel.instance_method(:local_variables))
         end
+        @binding = eval("IRB.conf[:__MAIN__].instance_eval('binding', __FILE__, __LINE__)", @binding, *@binding.source_location)
       end
-      eval("_=nil", @binding)
+
+      @binding.local_variable_set(:_, nil)
     end
 
     # The Binding of this workspace
@@ -87,28 +116,68 @@ EOF
       eval(statements, @binding, file, line)
     end
 
+    def local_variable_set(name, value)
+      @binding.local_variable_set(name, value)
+    end
+
+    def local_variable_get(name)
+      @binding.local_variable_get(name)
+    end
+
     # error message manipulator
     def filter_backtrace(bt)
+      return nil if bt =~ /\/irb\/.*\.rb/
+      return nil if bt =~ /\/irb\.rb/
+      return nil if bt =~ /tool\/lib\/.*\.rb|runner\.rb/ # for tests in Ruby repository
       case IRB.conf[:CONTEXT_MODE]
-      when 0
-        return nil if bt =~ /\(irb_local_binding\)/
       when 1
-        if(bt =~ %r!/tmp/irb-binding! or
-            bt =~ %r!irb/.*\.rb! or
-            bt =~ /irb\.rb/)
-          return nil
-        end
-      when 2
-        return nil if bt =~ /irb\/.*\.rb/
-        return nil if bt =~ /irb\.rb/
+        return nil if bt =~ %r!/tmp/irb-binding!
       when 3
-        return nil if bt =~ /irb\/.*\.rb/
-        return nil if bt =~ /irb\.rb/
         bt = bt.sub(/:\s*in `irb_binding'/, '')
       end
       bt
     end
 
+    def code_around_binding
+      if @binding.respond_to?(:source_location)
+        file, pos = @binding.source_location
+      else
+        file, pos = @binding.eval('[__FILE__, __LINE__]')
+      end
+
+      if defined?(::SCRIPT_LINES__[file]) && lines = ::SCRIPT_LINES__[file]
+        code = ::SCRIPT_LINES__[file].join('')
+      else
+        begin
+          code = File.read(file)
+        rescue SystemCallError
+          return
+        end
+      end
+
+      # NOT using #use_colorize? of IRB.conf[:MAIN_CONTEXT] because this method may be called before IRB::Irb#run
+      use_colorize = IRB.conf.fetch(:USE_COLORIZE, true)
+      if use_colorize
+        lines = Color.colorize_code(code).lines
+      else
+        lines = code.lines
+      end
+      pos -= 1
+
+      start_pos = [pos - 5, 0].max
+      end_pos   = [pos + 5, lines.size - 1].min
+
+      if use_colorize
+        fmt = " %2s #{Color.colorize("%#{end_pos.to_s.length}d", [:BLUE, :BOLD])}: %s"
+      else
+        fmt = " %2s %#{end_pos.to_s.length}d: %s"
+      end
+      body = (start_pos..end_pos).map do |current_pos|
+        sprintf(fmt, pos == current_pos ? '=>' : '', current_pos + 1, lines[current_pos])
+      end.join("")
+      "\nFrom: #{file} @ line #{pos + 1} :\n\n#{body}#{Color.clear if use_colorize}\n"
+    end
+
     def IRB.delete_caller
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/irb/xmp.rb b/lib/irb/xmp.rb
index 3234cff7f3..88cbd88525 100644
--- a/lib/irb/xmp.rb
+++ b/lib/irb/xmp.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #
 #
 
-require "irb"
-require "irb/frame"
+require_relative "../irb"
+require_relative "frame"
 
 # An example printer for irb.
 #
diff --git a/lib/logger.rb b/lib/logger.rb
index 5dc108f567..5e88574aa5 100644
--- a/lib/logger.rb
+++ b/lib/logger.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # logger.rb - simple logging utility
 # Copyright (C) 2000-2003, 2005, 2008, 2011  NAKAMURA, Hiroshi <nahi@ruby-lang.org>.
 #
@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@
 
 require 'monitor'
 
+require_relative 'logger/version'
+require_relative 'logger/formatter'
+require_relative 'logger/log_device'
+require_relative 'logger/severity'
+require_relative 'logger/errors'
+
 # == Description
 #
 # The Logger class provides a simple but sophisticated logging utility that
@@ -109,7 +115,7 @@ require 'monitor'
 # 3. Create a logger for the specified file.
 #
 #      file = File.open('foo.log', File::WRONLY | File::APPEND)
-#      # To create new (and to remove old) logfile, add File::CREAT like:
+#      # To create new logfile, add File::CREAT like:
 #      # file = File.open('foo.log', File::WRONLY | File::APPEND | File::CREAT)
 #      logger = Logger.new(file)
 #
@@ -224,7 +230,6 @@ require 'monitor'
 #   })
 #
 class Logger
-  VERSION = "1.2.7"
   _, name, rev = %w$Id$
   if name
     name = name.chomp(",v")
@@ -232,29 +237,8 @@ class Logger
     name = File.basename(__FILE__)
   end
   rev ||= "v#{VERSION}"
-  ProgName = "#{name}/#{rev}".freeze
-
-  class Error < RuntimeError # :nodoc:
-  end
-  # not used after 1.2.7. just for compat.
-  class ShiftingError < Error # :nodoc:
-  end
+  ProgName = "#{name}/#{rev}"
 
-  # Logging severity.
-  module Severity
-    # Low-level information, mostly for developers.
-    DEBUG = 0
-    # Generic (useful) information about system operation.
-    INFO = 1
-    # A warning.
-    WARN = 2
-    # A handleable error condition.
-    ERROR = 3
-    # An unhandleable error that results in a program crash.
-    FATAL = 4
-    # An unknown message that should always be logged.
-    UNKNOWN = 5
-  end
   include Severity
 
   # Logging severity threshold (e.g. <tt>Logger::INFO</tt>).
@@ -268,17 +252,17 @@ class Logger
       @level = severity
     else
       case severity.to_s.downcase
-      when 'debug'.freeze
+      when 'debug'
         @level = DEBUG
-      when 'info'.freeze
+      when 'info'
         @level = INFO
-      when 'warn'.freeze
+      when 'warn'
         @level = WARN
-      when 'error'.freeze
+      when 'error'
         @level = ERROR
-      when 'fatal'.freeze
+      when 'fatal'
         @level = FATAL
-      when 'unknown'.freeze
+      when 'unknown'
         @level = UNKNOWN
       else
         raise ArgumentError, "invalid log level: #{severity}"
@@ -320,23 +304,38 @@ class Logger
 
   # Returns +true+ iff the current severity level allows for the printing of
   # +DEBUG+ messages.
-  def debug?; @level <= DEBUG; end
+  def debug?; level <= DEBUG; end
+
+  # Sets the severity to DEBUG.
+  def debug!; self.level = DEBUG; end
 
   # Returns +true+ iff the current severity level allows for the printing of
   # +INFO+ messages.
-  def info?; @level <= INFO; end
+  def info?; level <= INFO; end
+
+  # Sets the severity to INFO.
+  def info!; self.level = INFO; end
 
   # Returns +true+ iff the current severity level allows for the printing of
   # +WARN+ messages.
-  def warn?; @level <= WARN; end
+  def warn?; level <= WARN; end
+
+  # Sets the severity to WARN.
+  def warn!; self.level = WARN; end
 
   # Returns +true+ iff the current severity level allows for the printing of
   # +ERROR+ messages.
-  def error?; @level <= ERROR; end
+  def error?; level <= ERROR; end
+
+  # Sets the severity to ERROR.
+  def error!; self.level = ERROR; end
 
   # Returns +true+ iff the current severity level allows for the printing of
   # +FATAL+ messages.
-  def fatal?; @level <= FATAL; end
+  def fatal?; level <= FATAL; end
+
+  # Sets the severity to FATAL.
+  def fatal!; self.level = FATAL; end
 
   #
   # :call-seq:
@@ -350,14 +349,16 @@ class Logger
   # === Args
   #
   # +logdev+::
-  #   The log device.  This is a filename (String) or IO object (typically
-  #   +STDOUT+, +STDERR+, or an open file).
+  #   The log device.  This is a filename (String), IO object (typically
+  #   +STDOUT+, +STDERR+, or an open file), +nil+ (it writes nothing) or
+  #   +File::NULL+ (same as +nil+).
   # +shift_age+::
   #   Number of old log files to keep, *or* frequency of rotation (+daily+,
-  #   +weekly+ or +monthly+). Default value is 0.
+  #   +weekly+ or +monthly+). Default value is 0, which disables log file
+  #   rotation.
   # +shift_size+::
-  #   Maximum logfile size in bytes (only applies when +shift_age+ is a number).
-  #   Defaults to +1048576+ (1MB).
+  #   Maximum logfile size in bytes (only applies when +shift_age+ is a positive
+  #   Integer). Defaults to +1048576+ (1MB).
   # +level+::
   #   Logging severity threshold. Default values is Logger::DEBUG.
   # +progname+::
@@ -366,6 +367,8 @@ class Logger
   #   Logging formatter. Default values is an instance of Logger::Formatter.
   # +datetime_format+::
   #   Date and time format. Default value is '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'.
+  # +binmode+::
+  #   Use binary mode on the log device. Default value is false.
   # +shift_period_suffix+::
   #   The log file suffix format for +daily+, +weekly+ or +monthly+ rotation.
   #   Default is '%Y%m%d'.
@@ -376,17 +379,18 @@ class Logger
   #
   def initialize(logdev, shift_age = 0, shift_size = 1048576, level: DEBUG,
                  progname: nil, formatter: nil, datetime_format: nil,
-                 shift_period_suffix: '%Y%m%d')
+                 binmode: false, shift_period_suffix: '%Y%m%d')
     self.level = level
     self.progname = progname
     @default_formatter = Formatter.new
     self.datetime_format = datetime_format
     self.formatter = formatter
     @logdev = nil
-    if logdev
-      @logdev = LogDevice.new(logdev, :shift_age => shift_age,
-        :shift_size => shift_size,
-        :shift_period_suffix => shift_period_suffix)
+    if logdev && logdev != File::NULL
+      @logdev = LogDevice.new(logdev, shift_age: shift_age,
+        shift_size: shift_size,
+        shift_period_suffix: shift_period_suffix,
+        binmode: binmode)
     end
   end
 
@@ -407,7 +411,7 @@ class Logger
   # Reopen a log device.
   #
   def reopen(logdev = nil)
-    @logdev.reopen(logdev)
+    @logdev&.reopen(logdev)
     self
   end
 
@@ -454,10 +458,12 @@ class Logger
   #
   def add(severity, message = nil, progname = nil)
     severity ||= UNKNOWN
-    if @logdev.nil? or severity < @level
+    if @logdev.nil? or severity < level
       return true
     end
-    progname ||= @progname
+    if progname.nil?
+      progname = @progname
+    end
     if message.nil?
       if block_given?
         message = yield
@@ -477,9 +483,7 @@ class Logger
   # device exists, return +nil+.
   #
   def <<(msg)
-    unless @logdev.nil?
-      @logdev.write(msg)
-    end
+    @logdev&.write(msg)
   end
 
   #
@@ -566,13 +570,13 @@ class Logger
   # Close the logging device.
   #
   def close
-    @logdev.close if @logdev
+    @logdev&.close
   end
 
 private
 
   # Severity label for logging (max 5 chars).
-  SEV_LABEL = %w(DEBUG INFO WARN ERROR FATAL ANY).each(&:freeze).freeze
+  SEV_LABEL = %w(DEBUG INFO WARN ERROR FATAL ANY).freeze
 
   def format_severity(severity)
     SEV_LABEL[severity] || 'ANY'
@@ -581,273 +585,4 @@ private
   def format_message(severity, datetime, progname, msg)
     (@formatter || @default_formatter).call(severity, datetime, progname, msg)
   end
-
-
-  # Default formatter for log messages.
-  class Formatter
-    Format = "%s, [%s#%d] %5s -- %s: %s\n".freeze
-
-    attr_accessor :datetime_format
-
-    def initialize
-      @datetime_format = nil
-    end
-
-    def call(severity, time, progname, msg)
-      Format % [severity[0..0], format_datetime(time), $$, severity, progname,
-        msg2str(msg)]
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    def format_datetime(time)
-      time.strftime(@datetime_format || "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%6N ".freeze)
-    end
-
-    def msg2str(msg)
-      case msg
-      when ::String
-        msg
-      when ::Exception
-        "#{ msg.message } (#{ msg.class })\n" <<
-          (msg.backtrace || []).join("\n")
-      else
-        msg.inspect
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module Period
-    module_function
-
-    SiD = 24 * 60 * 60
-
-    def next_rotate_time(now, shift_age)
-      case shift_age
-      when 'daily'
-        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) + SiD
-      when 'weekly'
-        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) + SiD * (7 - now.wday)
-      when 'monthly'
-        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, 1) + SiD * 32
-        return Time.mktime(t.year, t.month, 1)
-      else
-        return now
-      end
-      if t.hour.nonzero? or t.min.nonzero? or t.sec.nonzero?
-        hour = t.hour
-        t = Time.mktime(t.year, t.month, t.mday)
-        t += SiD if hour > 12
-      end
-      t
-    end
-
-    def previous_period_end(now, shift_age)
-      case shift_age
-      when 'daily'
-        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) - SiD / 2
-      when 'weekly'
-        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) - (SiD * now.wday + SiD / 2)
-      when 'monthly'
-        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, 1) - SiD / 2
-      else
-        return now
-      end
-      Time.mktime(t.year, t.month, t.mday, 23, 59, 59)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Device used for logging messages.
-  class LogDevice
-    include Period
-
-    attr_reader :dev
-    attr_reader :filename
-    include MonitorMixin
-
-    def initialize(log = nil, shift_age: nil, shift_size: nil, shift_period_suffix: nil)
-      @dev = @filename = @shift_age = @shift_size = @shift_period_suffix = nil
-      mon_initialize
-      set_dev(log)
-      if @filename
-        @shift_age = shift_age || 7
-        @shift_size = shift_size || 1048576
-        @shift_period_suffix = shift_period_suffix || '%Y%m%d'
-
-        unless @shift_age.is_a?(Integer)
-          base_time = @dev.respond_to?(:stat) ? @dev.stat.mtime : Time.now
-          @next_rotate_time = next_rotate_time(base_time, @shift_age)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def write(message)
-      begin
-        synchronize do
-          if @shift_age and @dev.respond_to?(:stat)
-            begin
-              check_shift_log
-            rescue
-              warn("log shifting failed. #{$!}")
-            end
-          end
-          begin
-            @dev.write(message)
-          rescue
-            warn("log writing failed. #{$!}")
-          end
-        end
-      rescue Exception => ignored
-        warn("log writing failed. #{ignored}")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def close
-      begin
-        synchronize do
-          @dev.close rescue nil
-        end
-      rescue Exception
-        @dev.close rescue nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def reopen(log = nil)
-      # reopen the same filename if no argument, do nothing for IO
-      log ||= @filename if @filename
-      if log
-        synchronize do
-          if @filename and @dev
-            @dev.close rescue nil # close only file opened by Logger
-            @filename = nil
-          end
-          set_dev(log)
-        end
-      end
-      self
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    def set_dev(log)
-      if log.respond_to?(:write) and log.respond_to?(:close)
-        @dev = log
-      else
-        @dev = open_logfile(log)
-        @dev.sync = true
-        @filename = log
-      end
-    end
-
-    def open_logfile(filename)
-      begin
-        open(filename, (File::WRONLY | File::APPEND))
-      rescue Errno::ENOENT
-        create_logfile(filename)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def create_logfile(filename)
-      begin
-        logdev = open(filename, (File::WRONLY | File::APPEND | File::CREAT | File::EXCL))
-        logdev.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
-        logdev.sync = true
-        add_log_header(logdev)
-        logdev.flock(File::LOCK_UN)
-      rescue Errno::EEXIST
-        # file is created by another process
-        logdev = open_logfile(filename)
-        logdev.sync = true
-      end
-      logdev
-    end
-
-    def add_log_header(file)
-      file.write(
-        "# Logfile created on %s by %s\n" % [Time.now.to_s, Logger::ProgName]
-      ) if file.size == 0
-    end
-
-    def check_shift_log
-      if @shift_age.is_a?(Integer)
-        # Note: always returns false if '0'.
-        if @filename && (@shift_age > 0) && (@dev.stat.size > @shift_size)
-          lock_shift_log { shift_log_age }
-        end
-      else
-        now = Time.now
-        if now >= @next_rotate_time
-          @next_rotate_time = next_rotate_time(now, @shift_age)
-          lock_shift_log { shift_log_period(previous_period_end(now, @shift_age)) }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    if /mswin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-      def lock_shift_log
-        yield
-      end
-    else
-      def lock_shift_log
-        retry_limit = 8
-        retry_sleep = 0.1
-        begin
-          File.open(@filename, File::WRONLY | File::APPEND) do |lock|
-            lock.flock(File::LOCK_EX) # inter-process locking. will be unlocked at closing file
-            if File.identical?(@filename, lock) and File.identical?(lock, @dev)
-              yield # log shifting
-            else
-              # log shifted by another process (i-node before locking and i-node after locking are different)
-              @dev.close rescue nil
-              @dev = open_logfile(@filename)
-              @dev.sync = true
-            end
-          end
-        rescue Errno::ENOENT
-          # @filename file would not exist right after #rename and before #create_logfile
-          if retry_limit <= 0
-            warn("log rotation inter-process lock failed. #{$!}")
-          else
-            sleep retry_sleep
-            retry_limit -= 1
-            retry_sleep *= 2
-            retry
-          end
-        end
-      rescue
-        warn("log rotation inter-process lock failed. #{$!}")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def shift_log_age
-      (@shift_age-3).downto(0) do |i|
-        if FileTest.exist?("#{@filename}.#{i}")
-          File.rename("#{@filename}.#{i}", "#{@filename}.#{i+1}")
-        end
-      end
-      @dev.close rescue nil
-      File.rename("#{@filename}", "#{@filename}.0")
-      @dev = create_logfile(@filename)
-      return true
-    end
-
-    def shift_log_period(period_end)
-      suffix = period_end.strftime(@shift_period_suffix)
-      age_file = "#{@filename}.#{suffix}"
-      if FileTest.exist?(age_file)
-        # try to avoid filename crash caused by Timestamp change.
-        idx = 0
-        # .99 can be overridden; avoid too much file search with 'loop do'
-        while idx < 100
-          idx += 1
-          age_file = "#{@filename}.#{suffix}.#{idx}"
-          break unless FileTest.exist?(age_file)
-        end
-      end
-      @dev.close rescue nil
-      File.rename("#{@filename}", age_file)
-      @dev = create_logfile(@filename)
-      return true
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/logger/errors.rb b/lib/logger/errors.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8925e14ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/logger/errors.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# not used after 1.2.7. just for compat.
+class Logger
+  class Error < RuntimeError # :nodoc:
+  end
+  class ShiftingError < Error # :nodoc:
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/logger/formatter.rb b/lib/logger/formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a135b6fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/logger/formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Logger
+  # Default formatter for log messages.
+  class Formatter
+    Format = "%s, [%s#%d] %5s -- %s: %s\n"
+
+    attr_accessor :datetime_format
+
+    def initialize
+      @datetime_format = nil
+    end
+
+    def call(severity, time, progname, msg)
+      Format % [severity[0..0], format_datetime(time), Process.pid, severity, progname,
+        msg2str(msg)]
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    def format_datetime(time)
+      time.strftime(@datetime_format || "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%6N ")
+    end
+
+    def msg2str(msg)
+      case msg
+      when ::String
+        msg
+      when ::Exception
+        "#{ msg.message } (#{ msg.class })\n#{ msg.backtrace.join("\n") if msg.backtrace }"
+      else
+        msg.inspect
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/logger/log_device.rb b/lib/logger/log_device.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96d77b7b6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/logger/log_device.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'period'
+
+class Logger
+  # Device used for logging messages.
+  class LogDevice
+    include Period
+
+    attr_reader :dev
+    attr_reader :filename
+    include MonitorMixin
+
+    def initialize(log = nil, shift_age: nil, shift_size: nil, shift_period_suffix: nil, binmode: false)
+      @dev = @filename = @shift_age = @shift_size = @shift_period_suffix = nil
+      @binmode = binmode
+      mon_initialize
+      set_dev(log)
+      if @filename
+        @shift_age = shift_age || 7
+        @shift_size = shift_size || 1048576
+        @shift_period_suffix = shift_period_suffix || '%Y%m%d'
+
+        unless @shift_age.is_a?(Integer)
+          base_time = @dev.respond_to?(:stat) ? @dev.stat.mtime : Time.now
+          @next_rotate_time = next_rotate_time(base_time, @shift_age)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def write(message)
+      begin
+        synchronize do
+          if @shift_age and @dev.respond_to?(:stat)
+            begin
+              check_shift_log
+            rescue
+              warn("log shifting failed. #{$!}")
+            end
+          end
+          begin
+            @dev.write(message)
+          rescue
+            warn("log writing failed. #{$!}")
+          end
+        end
+      rescue Exception => ignored
+        warn("log writing failed. #{ignored}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def close
+      begin
+        synchronize do
+          @dev.close rescue nil
+        end
+      rescue Exception
+        @dev.close rescue nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def reopen(log = nil)
+      # reopen the same filename if no argument, do nothing for IO
+      log ||= @filename if @filename
+      if log
+        synchronize do
+          if @filename and @dev
+            @dev.close rescue nil # close only file opened by Logger
+            @filename = nil
+          end
+          set_dev(log)
+        end
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    def set_dev(log)
+      if log.respond_to?(:write) and log.respond_to?(:close)
+        @dev = log
+        if log.respond_to?(:path)
+          @filename = log.path
+        end
+      else
+        @dev = open_logfile(log)
+        @dev.sync = true
+        @dev.binmode if @binmode
+        @filename = log
+      end
+    end
+
+    def open_logfile(filename)
+      begin
+        File.open(filename, (File::WRONLY | File::APPEND))
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        create_logfile(filename)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def create_logfile(filename)
+      begin
+        logdev = File.open(filename, (File::WRONLY | File::APPEND | File::CREAT | File::EXCL))
+        logdev.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
+        logdev.sync = true
+        logdev.binmode if @binmode
+        add_log_header(logdev)
+        logdev.flock(File::LOCK_UN)
+      rescue Errno::EEXIST
+        # file is created by another process
+        logdev = open_logfile(filename)
+        logdev.sync = true
+      end
+      logdev
+    end
+
+    def add_log_header(file)
+      file.write(
+        "# Logfile created on %s by %s\n" % [Time.now.to_s, Logger::ProgName]
+      ) if file.size == 0
+    end
+
+    def check_shift_log
+      if @shift_age.is_a?(Integer)
+        # Note: always returns false if '0'.
+        if @filename && (@shift_age > 0) && (@dev.stat.size > @shift_size)
+          lock_shift_log { shift_log_age }
+        end
+      else
+        now = Time.now
+        if now >= @next_rotate_time
+          @next_rotate_time = next_rotate_time(now, @shift_age)
+          lock_shift_log { shift_log_period(previous_period_end(now, @shift_age)) }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    if /mswin|mingw|cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      def lock_shift_log
+        yield
+      end
+    else
+      def lock_shift_log
+        retry_limit = 8
+        retry_sleep = 0.1
+        begin
+          File.open(@filename, File::WRONLY | File::APPEND) do |lock|
+            lock.flock(File::LOCK_EX) # inter-process locking. will be unlocked at closing file
+            if File.identical?(@filename, lock) and File.identical?(lock, @dev)
+              yield # log shifting
+            else
+              # log shifted by another process (i-node before locking and i-node after locking are different)
+              @dev.close rescue nil
+              @dev = open_logfile(@filename)
+              @dev.sync = true
+            end
+          end
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          # @filename file would not exist right after #rename and before #create_logfile
+          if retry_limit <= 0
+            warn("log rotation inter-process lock failed. #{$!}")
+          else
+            sleep retry_sleep
+            retry_limit -= 1
+            retry_sleep *= 2
+            retry
+          end
+        end
+      rescue
+        warn("log rotation inter-process lock failed. #{$!}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def shift_log_age
+      (@shift_age-3).downto(0) do |i|
+        if FileTest.exist?("#{@filename}.#{i}")
+          File.rename("#{@filename}.#{i}", "#{@filename}.#{i+1}")
+        end
+      end
+      @dev.close rescue nil
+      File.rename("#{@filename}", "#{@filename}.0")
+      @dev = create_logfile(@filename)
+      return true
+    end
+
+    def shift_log_period(period_end)
+      suffix = period_end.strftime(@shift_period_suffix)
+      age_file = "#{@filename}.#{suffix}"
+      if FileTest.exist?(age_file)
+        # try to avoid filename crash caused by Timestamp change.
+        idx = 0
+        # .99 can be overridden; avoid too much file search with 'loop do'
+        while idx < 100
+          idx += 1
+          age_file = "#{@filename}.#{suffix}.#{idx}"
+          break unless FileTest.exist?(age_file)
+        end
+      end
+      @dev.close rescue nil
+      File.rename("#{@filename}", age_file)
+      @dev = create_logfile(@filename)
+      return true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/logger/logger.gemspec b/lib/logger/logger.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd6d97de3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/logger/logger.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/logger/version"
+rescue LoadError # Fallback to load version file in ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "logger"
+  spec.version       = Logger::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Naotoshi Seo", "SHIBATA Hiroshi"]
+  spec.email         = ["sonots@gmail.com", "hsbt@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides a simple logging utility for outputting messages.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Provides a simple logging utility for outputting messages.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/logger"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.glob("lib/**/*.rb") + ["logger.gemspec"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.3.0"
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler", ">= 0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake", ">= 12.3.3"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "test-unit"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rdoc"
+end
diff --git a/lib/logger/period.rb b/lib/logger/period.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a291dbbbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/logger/period.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Logger
+  module Period
+    module_function
+
+    SiD = 24 * 60 * 60
+
+    def next_rotate_time(now, shift_age)
+      case shift_age
+      when 'daily'
+        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) + SiD
+      when 'weekly'
+        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) + SiD * (7 - now.wday)
+      when 'monthly'
+        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, 1) + SiD * 32
+        return Time.mktime(t.year, t.month, 1)
+      when 'now', 'everytime'
+        return now
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "invalid :shift_age #{shift_age.inspect}, should be daily, weekly, monthly, or everytime"
+      end
+      if t.hour.nonzero? or t.min.nonzero? or t.sec.nonzero?
+        hour = t.hour
+        t = Time.mktime(t.year, t.month, t.mday)
+        t += SiD if hour > 12
+      end
+      t
+    end
+
+    def previous_period_end(now, shift_age)
+      case shift_age
+      when 'daily'
+        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) - SiD / 2
+      when 'weekly'
+        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, now.mday) - (SiD * now.wday + SiD / 2)
+      when 'monthly'
+        t = Time.mktime(now.year, now.month, 1) - SiD / 2
+      when 'now', 'everytime'
+        return now
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "invalid :shift_age #{shift_age.inspect}, should be daily, weekly, monthly, or everytime"
+      end
+      Time.mktime(t.year, t.month, t.mday, 23, 59, 59)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/logger/severity.rb b/lib/logger/severity.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b38afb7d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/logger/severity.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Logger
+  # Logging severity.
+  module Severity
+    # Low-level information, mostly for developers.
+    DEBUG = 0
+    # Generic (useful) information about system operation.
+    INFO = 1
+    # A warning.
+    WARN = 2
+    # A handleable error condition.
+    ERROR = 3
+    # An unhandleable error that results in a program crash.
+    FATAL = 4
+    # An unknown message that should always be logged.
+    UNKNOWN = 5
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/logger/version.rb b/lib/logger/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0f71830d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/logger/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Logger
+  VERSION = "1.4.3"
+end
diff --git a/lib/mathn.rb b/lib/mathn.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cb9401e37..0000000000
--- a/lib/mathn.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-# $Release Version: 0.5 $
-# $Revision: 1.1.1.1.4.1 $
-
-##
-# = mathn
-#
-# mathn serves to make mathematical operations more precise in Ruby
-# and to integrate other mathematical standard libraries.
-#
-# Without mathn:
-#
-#   3 / 2 => 1 # Integer
-#
-# With mathn:
-#
-#   3 / 2 => 3/2 # Rational
-#
-# mathn keeps value in exact terms.
-#
-# Without mathn:
-#
-#   20 / 9 * 3 * 14 / 7 * 3 / 2 # => 18
-#
-# With mathn:
-#
-#   20 / 9 * 3 * 14 / 7 * 3 / 2 # => 20
-#
-#
-# When you require 'mathn', the libraries for Prime, CMath, Matrix and Vector
-# are also loaded.
-#
-# == Copyright
-#
-# Author: Keiju ISHITSUKA (SHL Japan Inc.)
-#--
-# class Numeric follows to make this documentation findable in a reasonable
-# location
-
-warn('lib/mathn.rb is deprecated') if $VERBOSE
-
-class Numeric; end
-
-require "cmath.rb"
-require "matrix.rb"
-require "prime.rb"
-
-require "mathn/rational"
-require "mathn/complex"
-
-unless defined?(Math.exp!)
-  Object.instance_eval{remove_const :Math}
-  Math = CMath # :nodoc:
-end
-
-##
-# When mathn is required, Integer's division is enhanced to
-# return more precise values from mathematical expressions.
-#
-#   2/3*3  # => 0
-#   require 'mathn'
-#   2/3*3  # => 2
-#
-#   (2**72) / ((2**70) * 3)  # => 4/3
-
-class Integer
-  remove_method :/
-
-  ##
-  # +/+ defines the Rational division for Bignum.
-  #
-  #   (2**72) / ((2**70) * 3)  # => 4/3
-
-  alias / quo
-end
-
-##
-# When mathn is required, the Math module changes as follows:
-#
-# Standard Math module behaviour:
-#   Math.sqrt(4/9)     # => 0.0
-#   Math.sqrt(4.0/9.0) # => 0.666666666666667
-#   Math.sqrt(- 4/9)   # => Errno::EDOM: Numerical argument out of domain - sqrt
-#
-# After require 'mathn', this is changed to:
-#
-#   require 'mathn'
-#   Math.sqrt(4/9)      # => 2/3
-#   Math.sqrt(4.0/9.0)  # => 0.666666666666667
-#   Math.sqrt(- 4/9)    # => Complex(0, 2/3)
-
-module Math
-  remove_method(:sqrt)
-
-  ##
-  # Computes the square root of +a+.  It makes use of Complex and
-  # Rational to have no rounding errors if possible.
-  #
-  #   Math.sqrt(4/9)      # => 2/3
-  #   Math.sqrt(- 4/9)    # => Complex(0, 2/3)
-  #   Math.sqrt(4.0/9.0)  # => 0.666666666666667
-
-  def sqrt(a)
-    if a.kind_of?(Complex)
-      sqrt!(a)
-    elsif a.respond_to?(:nan?) and a.nan?
-      a
-    elsif a >= 0
-      rsqrt(a)
-    else
-      Complex(0,rsqrt(-a))
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Compute square root of a non negative number. This method is
-  # internally used by +Math.sqrt+.
-
-  def rsqrt(a)
-    if a.kind_of?(Float)
-      sqrt!(a)
-    elsif a.kind_of?(Rational)
-      rsqrt(a.numerator)/rsqrt(a.denominator)
-    else
-      src = a
-      max = 2 ** 32
-      byte_a = [src & 0xffffffff]
-      # ruby's bug
-      while (src >= max) and (src >>= 32)
-        byte_a.unshift src & 0xffffffff
-      end
-
-      answer = 0
-      main = 0
-      side = 0
-      for elm in byte_a
-        main = (main << 32) + elm
-        side <<= 16
-        if answer != 0
-          if main * 4  < side * side
-            applo = main.div(side)
-          else
-            applo = ((sqrt!(side * side + 4 * main) - side)/2.0).to_i + 1
-          end
-        else
-          applo = sqrt!(main).to_i + 1
-        end
-
-        while (x = (side + applo) * applo) > main
-          applo -= 1
-        end
-        main -= x
-        answer = (answer << 16) + applo
-        side += applo * 2
-      end
-      if main == 0
-        answer
-      else
-        sqrt!(a)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class << self
-    remove_method(:sqrt)
-  end
-  module_function :sqrt
-  module_function :rsqrt
-end
diff --git a/lib/matrix.rb b/lib/matrix.rb
index eaa4bfc6e1..32f1e233ce 100644
--- a/lib/matrix.rb
+++ b/lib/matrix.rb
@@ -12,126 +12,51 @@
 # Original Documentation:: Gavin Sinclair (sourced from <i>Ruby in a Nutshell</i> (Matsumoto, O'Reilly))
 ##
 
-require "e2mmap.rb"
+require_relative "matrix/version"
 
 module ExceptionForMatrix # :nodoc:
-  extend Exception2MessageMapper
-  def_e2message(TypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)")
-  def_e2message(ArgumentError, "Wrong # of arguments(%d for %d)")
-
-  def_exception("ErrDimensionMismatch", "\#{self.name} dimension mismatch")
-  def_exception("ErrNotRegular", "Not Regular Matrix")
-  def_exception("ErrOperationNotDefined", "Operation(%s) can\\'t be defined: %s op %s")
-  def_exception("ErrOperationNotImplemented", "Sorry, Operation(%s) not implemented: %s op %s")
+  class ErrDimensionMismatch < StandardError
+    def initialize(val = nil)
+      if val
+        super(val)
+      else
+        super("Dimension mismatch")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ErrNotRegular < StandardError
+    def initialize(val = nil)
+      if val
+        super(val)
+      else
+        super("Not Regular Matrix")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ErrOperationNotDefined < StandardError
+    def initialize(vals)
+      if vals.is_a?(Array)
+        super("Operation(#{vals[0]}) can't be defined: #{vals[1]} op #{vals[2]}")
+      else
+        super(vals)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ErrOperationNotImplemented < StandardError
+    def initialize(vals)
+      super("Sorry, Operation(#{vals[0]}) not implemented: #{vals[1]} op #{vals[2]}")
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 #
 # The +Matrix+ class represents a mathematical matrix. It provides methods for creating
 # matrices, operating on them arithmetically and algebraically,
-# and determining their mathematical properties (trace, rank, inverse, determinant).
-#
-# == Method Catalogue
-#
-# To create a matrix:
-# * Matrix[*rows]
-# * Matrix.[](*rows)
-# * Matrix.rows(rows, copy = true)
-# * Matrix.columns(columns)
-# * Matrix.build(row_count, column_count, &block)
-# * Matrix.diagonal(*values)
-# * Matrix.scalar(n, value)
-# * Matrix.identity(n)
-# * Matrix.unit(n)
-# * Matrix.I(n)
-# * Matrix.zero(n)
-# * Matrix.row_vector(row)
-# * Matrix.column_vector(column)
-# * Matrix.empty(row_count, column_count)
-# * Matrix.hstack(*matrices)
-# * Matrix.vstack(*matrices)
-#
-# To access Matrix elements/columns/rows/submatrices/properties:
-# * #[](i, j)
-# * #row_count (row_size)
-# * #column_count (column_size)
-# * #row(i)
-# * #column(j)
-# * #collect
-# * #map
-# * #each
-# * #each_with_index
-# * #find_index
-# * #minor(*param)
-# * #first_minor(row, column)
-# * #cofactor(row, column)
-# * #adjugate
-# * #laplace_expansion(row_or_column: num)
-# * #cofactor_expansion(row_or_column: num)
-#
-# Properties of a matrix:
-# * #diagonal?
-# * #empty?
-# * #hermitian?
-# * #lower_triangular?
-# * #normal?
-# * #orthogonal?
-# * #permutation?
-# * #real?
-# * #regular?
-# * #singular?
-# * #square?
-# * #symmetric?
-# * #unitary?
-# * #upper_triangular?
-# * #zero?
-#
-# Matrix arithmetic:
-# * #*(m)
-# * #+(m)
-# * #-(m)
-# * #/(m)
-# * #inverse
-# * #inv
-# * #**
-# * #+@
-# * #-@
-#
-# Matrix functions:
-# * #determinant
-# * #det
-# * #hstack(*matrices)
-# * #rank
-# * #round
-# * #trace
-# * #tr
-# * #transpose
-# * #t
-# * #vstack(*matrices)
-#
-# Matrix decompositions:
-# * #eigen
-# * #eigensystem
-# * #lup
-# * #lup_decomposition
-#
-# Complex arithmetic:
-# * conj
-# * conjugate
-# * imag
-# * imaginary
-# * real
-# * rect
-# * rectangular
-#
-# Conversion to other data types:
-# * #coerce(other)
-# * #row_vectors
-# * #column_vectors
-# * #to_a
-#
-# String representations:
-# * #to_s
-# * #inspect
+# and determining their mathematical properties such as trace, rank, inverse, determinant,
+# or eigensystem.
 #
 class Matrix
   include Enumerable
@@ -147,8 +72,8 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Creates a matrix where each argument is a row.
   #   Matrix[ [25, 93], [-1, 66] ]
-  #      =>  25 93
-  #          -1 66
+  #   #   =>  25 93
+  #   #       -1 66
   #
   def Matrix.[](*rows)
     rows(rows, false)
@@ -159,8 +84,8 @@ class Matrix
   # of the matrix.  If the optional argument +copy+ is false, use the given
   # arrays as the internal structure of the matrix without copying.
   #   Matrix.rows([[25, 93], [-1, 66]])
-  #      =>  25 93
-  #          -1 66
+  #   #   =>  25 93
+  #   #       -1 66
   #
   def Matrix.rows(rows, copy = true)
     rows = convert_to_array(rows, copy)
@@ -177,8 +102,8 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Creates a matrix using +columns+ as an array of column vectors.
   #   Matrix.columns([[25, 93], [-1, 66]])
-  #      =>  25 -1
-  #          93 66
+  #   #   =>  25 -1
+  #   #       93 66
   #
   def Matrix.columns(columns)
     rows(columns, false).transpose
@@ -191,9 +116,9 @@ class Matrix
   # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
   #
   #   m = Matrix.build(2, 4) {|row, col| col - row }
-  #     => Matrix[[0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, 0, 1, 2]]
+  #   #  => Matrix[[0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, 0, 1, 2]]
   #   m = Matrix.build(3) { rand }
-  #     => a 3x3 matrix with random elements
+  #   #  => a 3x3 matrix with random elements
   #
   def Matrix.build(row_count, column_count = row_count)
     row_count = CoercionHelper.coerce_to_int(row_count)
@@ -211,9 +136,9 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Creates a matrix where the diagonal elements are composed of +values+.
   #   Matrix.diagonal(9, 5, -3)
-  #     =>  9  0  0
-  #         0  5  0
-  #         0  0 -3
+  #   #  =>  9  0  0
+  #   #      0  5  0
+  #   #      0  0 -3
   #
   def Matrix.diagonal(*values)
     size = values.size
@@ -230,8 +155,8 @@ class Matrix
   # Creates an +n+ by +n+ diagonal matrix where each diagonal element is
   # +value+.
   #   Matrix.scalar(2, 5)
-  #     => 5 0
-  #        0 5
+  #   #  => 5 0
+  #   #     0 5
   #
   def Matrix.scalar(n, value)
     diagonal(*Array.new(n, value))
@@ -240,22 +165,22 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Creates an +n+ by +n+ identity matrix.
   #   Matrix.identity(2)
-  #     => 1 0
-  #        0 1
+  #   #  => 1 0
+  #   #     0 1
   #
   def Matrix.identity(n)
     scalar(n, 1)
   end
   class << Matrix
-    alias unit identity
-    alias I identity
+    alias_method :unit, :identity
+    alias_method :I, :identity
   end
 
   #
   # Creates a zero matrix.
   #   Matrix.zero(2)
-  #     => 0 0
-  #        0 0
+  #   #  => 0 0
+  #   #     0 0
   #
   def Matrix.zero(row_count, column_count = row_count)
     rows = Array.new(row_count){Array.new(column_count, 0)}
@@ -266,7 +191,7 @@ class Matrix
   # Creates a single-row matrix where the values of that row are as given in
   # +row+.
   #   Matrix.row_vector([4,5,6])
-  #     => 4 5 6
+  #   #  => 4 5 6
   #
   def Matrix.row_vector(row)
     row = convert_to_array(row)
@@ -277,9 +202,9 @@ class Matrix
   # Creates a single-column matrix where the values of that column are as given
   # in +column+.
   #   Matrix.column_vector([4,5,6])
-  #     => 4
-  #        5
-  #        6
+  #   #  => 4
+  #   #     5
+  #   #     6
   #
   def Matrix.column_vector(column)
     column = convert_to_array(column)
@@ -292,12 +217,12 @@ class Matrix
   #
   #   m = Matrix.empty(2, 0)
   #   m == Matrix[ [], [] ]
-  #     => true
+  #   #  => true
   #   n = Matrix.empty(0, 3)
   #   n == Matrix.columns([ [], [], [] ])
-  #     => true
+  #   #  => true
   #   m * n
-  #     => Matrix[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
+  #   #  => Matrix[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
   #
   def Matrix.empty(row_count = 0, column_count = 0)
     raise ArgumentError, "One size must be 0" if column_count != 0 && row_count != 0
@@ -314,10 +239,10 @@ class Matrix
   #   Matrix.vstack(x, y) # => Matrix[[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]]
   #
   def Matrix.vstack(x, *matrices)
-    raise TypeError, "Expected a Matrix, got a #{x.class}" unless x.is_a?(Matrix)
+    x = CoercionHelper.coerce_to_matrix(x)
     result = x.send(:rows).map(&:dup)
     matrices.each do |m|
-      raise TypeError, "Expected a Matrix, got a #{m.class}" unless m.is_a?(Matrix)
+      m = CoercionHelper.coerce_to_matrix(m)
       if m.column_count != x.column_count
         raise ErrDimensionMismatch, "The given matrices must have #{x.column_count} columns, but one has #{m.column_count}"
       end
@@ -335,11 +260,11 @@ class Matrix
   #   Matrix.hstack(x, y) # => Matrix[[1, 2, 5, 6], [3, 4, 7, 8]]
   #
   def Matrix.hstack(x, *matrices)
-    raise TypeError, "Expected a Matrix, got a #{x.class}" unless x.is_a?(Matrix)
+    x = CoercionHelper.coerce_to_matrix(x)
     result = x.send(:rows).map(&:dup)
     total_column_count = x.column_count
     matrices.each do |m|
-      raise TypeError, "Expected a Matrix, got a #{m.class}" unless m.is_a?(Matrix)
+      m = CoercionHelper.coerce_to_matrix(m)
       if m.row_count != x.row_count
         raise ErrDimensionMismatch, "The given matrices must have #{x.row_count} rows, but one has #{m.row_count}"
       end
@@ -351,8 +276,48 @@ class Matrix
     new result, total_column_count
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   Matrix.combine(*matrices) { |*elements| ... }
   #
-  # Matrix.new is private; use Matrix.rows, columns, [], etc... to create.
+  # Create a matrix by combining matrices entrywise, using the given block
+  #
+  #   x = Matrix[[6, 6], [4, 4]]
+  #   y = Matrix[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+  #   Matrix.combine(x, y) {|a, b| a - b} # => Matrix[[5, 4], [1, 0]]
+  #
+  def Matrix.combine(*matrices)
+    return to_enum(__method__, *matrices) unless block_given?
+
+    return Matrix.empty if matrices.empty?
+    matrices.map!(&CoercionHelper.method(:coerce_to_matrix))
+    x = matrices.first
+    matrices.each do |m|
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless x.row_count == m.row_count && x.column_count == m.column_count
+    end
+
+    rows = Array.new(x.row_count) do |i|
+      Array.new(x.column_count) do |j|
+        yield matrices.map{|m| m[i,j]}
+      end
+    end
+    new rows, x.column_count
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   combine(*other_matrices) { |*elements| ... }
+  #
+  # Creates new matrix by combining with <i>other_matrices</i> entrywise,
+  # using the given block.
+  #
+  #   x = Matrix[[6, 6], [4, 4]]
+  #   y = Matrix[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+  #   x.combine(y) {|a, b| a - b} # => Matrix[[5, 4], [1, 0]]
+  def combine(*matrices, &block)
+    Matrix.combine(self, *matrices, &block)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Matrix.new is private; use ::rows, ::columns, ::[], etc... to create.
   #
   def initialize(rows, column_count = rows[0].size)
     # No checking is done at this point. rows must be an Array of Arrays.
@@ -362,10 +327,9 @@ class Matrix
     @column_count = column_count
   end
 
-  def new_matrix(rows, column_count = rows[0].size) # :nodoc:
+  private def new_matrix(rows, column_count = rows[0].size) # :nodoc:
     self.class.send(:new, rows, column_count) # bypass privacy of Matrix.new
   end
-  private :new_matrix
 
   #
   # Returns element (+i+,+j+) of the matrix.  That is: row +i+, column +j+.
@@ -376,12 +340,107 @@ class Matrix
   alias element []
   alias component []
 
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   matrix[range, range] = matrix/element
+  #   matrix[range, integer] = vector/column_matrix/element
+  #   matrix[integer, range] = vector/row_matrix/element
+  #   matrix[integer, integer] = element
+  #
+  # Set element or elements of matrix.
   def []=(i, j, v)
-    @rows[i][j] = v
+    raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Matrix" if frozen?
+    rows = check_range(i, :row) or row = check_int(i, :row)
+    columns = check_range(j, :column) or column = check_int(j, :column)
+    if rows && columns
+      set_row_and_col_range(rows, columns, v)
+    elsif rows
+      set_row_range(rows, column, v)
+    elsif columns
+      set_col_range(row, columns, v)
+    else
+      set_value(row, column, v)
+    end
   end
   alias set_element []=
   alias set_component []=
-  private :[]=, :set_element, :set_component
+  private :set_element, :set_component
+
+  # Returns range or nil
+  private def check_range(val, direction)
+    return unless val.is_a?(Range)
+    count = direction == :row ? row_count : column_count
+    CoercionHelper.check_range(val, count, direction)
+  end
+
+  private def check_int(val, direction)
+    count = direction == :row ? row_count : column_count
+    CoercionHelper.check_int(val, count, direction)
+  end
+
+  private def set_value(row, col, value)
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch, "Expected a a value, got a #{value.class}" if value.respond_to?(:to_matrix)
+
+    @rows[row][col] = value
+  end
+
+  private def set_row_and_col_range(row_range, col_range, value)
+    if value.is_a?(Matrix)
+      if row_range.size != value.row_count || col_range.size != value.column_count
+        raise ErrDimensionMismatch, [
+          'Expected a Matrix of dimensions',
+          "#{row_range.size}x#{col_range.size}",
+          'got',
+          "#{value.row_count}x#{value.column_count}",
+        ].join(' ')
+      end
+      source = value.instance_variable_get :@rows
+      row_range.each_with_index do |row, i|
+        @rows[row][col_range] = source[i]
+      end
+    elsif value.is_a?(Vector)
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch, 'Expected a Matrix or a value, got a Vector'
+    else
+      value_to_set = Array.new(col_range.size, value)
+      row_range.each do |i|
+        @rows[i][col_range] = value_to_set
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def set_row_range(row_range, col, value)
+    if value.is_a?(Vector)
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless row_range.size == value.size
+      set_column_vector(row_range, col, value)
+    elsif value.is_a?(Matrix)
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless value.column_count == 1
+      value = value.column(0)
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless row_range.size == value.size
+      set_column_vector(row_range, col, value)
+    else
+      @rows[row_range].each{|e| e[col] = value }
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def set_column_vector(row_range, col, value)
+    value.each_with_index do |e, index|
+      r = row_range.begin + index
+      @rows[r][col] = e
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def set_col_range(row, col_range, value)
+    value = if value.is_a?(Vector)
+      value.to_a
+    elsif value.is_a?(Matrix)
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless value.row_count == 1
+      value.row(0).to_a
+    else
+      Array.new(col_range.size, value)
+    end
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless col_range.size == value.size
+    @rows[row][col_range] = value
+  end
 
   #
   # Returns the number of rows.
@@ -434,16 +493,49 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Returns a matrix that is the result of iteration of the given block over all
   # elements of the matrix.
+  # Elements can be restricted by passing an argument:
+  # * :all (default): yields all elements
+  # * :diagonal: yields only elements on the diagonal
+  # * :off_diagonal: yields all elements except on the diagonal
+  # * :lower: yields only elements on or below the diagonal
+  # * :strict_lower: yields only elements below the diagonal
+  # * :strict_upper: yields only elements above the diagonal
+  # * :upper: yields only elements on or above the diagonal
   #   Matrix[ [1,2], [3,4] ].collect { |e| e**2 }
-  #     => 1  4
-  #        9 16
+  #   #  => 1  4
+  #   #     9 16
   #
-  def collect(&block) # :yield: e
-    return to_enum(:collect) unless block_given?
-    rows = @rows.collect{|row| row.collect(&block)}
-    new_matrix rows, column_count
+  def collect(which = :all, &block) # :yield: e
+    return to_enum(:collect, which) unless block_given?
+    dup.collect!(which, &block)
+  end
+  alias_method :map, :collect
+
+  #
+  # Invokes the given block for each element of matrix, replacing the element with the value
+  # returned by the block.
+  # Elements can be restricted by passing an argument:
+  # * :all (default): yields all elements
+  # * :diagonal: yields only elements on the diagonal
+  # * :off_diagonal: yields all elements except on the diagonal
+  # * :lower: yields only elements on or below the diagonal
+  # * :strict_lower: yields only elements below the diagonal
+  # * :strict_upper: yields only elements above the diagonal
+  # * :upper: yields only elements on or above the diagonal
+  #
+  def collect!(which = :all)
+    return to_enum(:collect!, which) unless block_given?
+    raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Matrix" if frozen?
+    each_with_index(which){ |e, row_index, col_index| @rows[row_index][col_index] = yield e }
+  end
+
+  alias map! collect!
+
+  def freeze
+    @rows.each(&:freeze).freeze
+
+    super
   end
-  alias map collect
 
   #
   # Yields all elements of the matrix, starting with those of the first row,
@@ -457,16 +549,15 @@ class Matrix
   # * :strict_upper: yields only elements above the diagonal
   # * :upper: yields only elements on or above the diagonal
   #
-  #   Matrix[ [1,2], [3,4] ].each { |e| puts e }
-  #     # => prints the numbers 1 to 4
-  #   Matrix[ [1,2], [3,4] ].each(:strict_lower).to_a # => [3]
+  #     Matrix[ [1,2], [3,4] ].each { |e| puts e }
+  #       # => prints the numbers 1 to 4
+  #     Matrix[ [1,2], [3,4] ].each(:strict_lower).to_a # => [3]
   #
-  def each(which = :all) # :yield: e
+  def each(which = :all, &block) # :yield: e
     return to_enum :each, which unless block_given?
     last = column_count - 1
     case which
     when :all
-      block = Proc.new
       @rows.each do |row|
         row.each(&block)
       end
@@ -609,8 +700,8 @@ class Matrix
   # *  row_range, col_range
   #
   #   Matrix.diagonal(9, 5, -3).minor(0..1, 0..2)
-  #     => 9 0 0
-  #        0 5 0
+  #   #  => 9 0 0
+  #   #     0 5 0
   #
   # Like Array#[], negative indices count backward from the end of the
   # row or column (-1 is the last element). Returns nil if the starting
@@ -653,9 +744,9 @@ class Matrix
   # Returns the submatrix obtained by deleting the specified row and column.
   #
   #   Matrix.diagonal(9, 5, -3, 4).first_minor(1, 2)
-  #     => 9 0 0
-  #        0 0 0
-  #        0 0 4
+  #   #  => 9 0 0
+  #   #     0 0 0
+  #   #     0 0 4
   #
   def first_minor(row, column)
     raise RuntimeError, "first_minor of empty matrix is not defined" if empty?
@@ -682,11 +773,11 @@ class Matrix
   # the first minor by (-1)**(row + column).
   #
   #   Matrix.diagonal(9, 5, -3, 4).cofactor(1, 1)
-  #     => -108
+  #   #  => -108
   #
   def cofactor(row, column)
     raise RuntimeError, "cofactor of empty matrix is not defined" if empty?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
 
     det_of_minor = first_minor(row, column).determinant
     det_of_minor * (-1) ** (row + column)
@@ -696,11 +787,11 @@ class Matrix
   # Returns the adjugate of the matrix.
   #
   #   Matrix[ [7,6],[3,9] ].adjugate
-  #     => 9 -6
-  #        -3 7
+  #   #  => 9 -6
+  #   #     -3 7
   #
   def adjugate
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     Matrix.build(row_count, column_count) do |row, column|
       cofactor(column, row)
     end
@@ -710,10 +801,10 @@ class Matrix
   # Returns the Laplace expansion along given row or column.
   #
   #    Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].laplace_expansion(column: 1)
-  #     => 45
+  #    # => 45
   #
   #    Matrix[[Vector[1, 0], Vector[0, 1]], [2, 3]].laplace_expansion(row: 0)
-  #     => Vector[3, -2]
+  #    # => Vector[3, -2]
   #
   #
   def laplace_expansion(row: nil, column: nil)
@@ -723,7 +814,7 @@ class Matrix
       raise ArgumentError, "exactly one the row or column arguments must be specified"
     end
 
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     raise RuntimeError, "laplace_expansion of empty matrix is not defined" if empty?
 
     unless 0 <= num && num < row_count
@@ -746,7 +837,7 @@ class Matrix
   # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
   #
   def diagonal?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     each(:off_diagonal).all?(&:zero?)
   end
 
@@ -763,7 +854,7 @@ class Matrix
   # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
   #
   def hermitian?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     each_with_index(:upper).all? do |e, row, col|
       e == rows[col][row].conj
     end
@@ -781,7 +872,7 @@ class Matrix
   # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
   #
   def normal?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     rows.each_with_index do |row_i, i|
       rows.each_with_index do |row_j, j|
         s = 0
@@ -799,12 +890,13 @@ class Matrix
   # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
   #
   def orthogonal?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
-    rows.each_with_index do |row, i|
-      column_count.times do |j|
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+
+    rows.each_with_index do |row_i, i|
+      rows.each_with_index do |row_j, j|
         s = 0
         row_count.times do |k|
-          s += row[k] * rows[k][j]
+          s += row_i[k] * row_j[k]
         end
         return false unless s == (i == j ? 1 : 0)
       end
@@ -817,7 +909,7 @@ class Matrix
   # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
   #
   def permutation?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     cols = Array.new(column_count)
     rows.each_with_index do |row, i|
       found = false
@@ -867,7 +959,7 @@ class Matrix
   # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
   #
   def symmetric?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     each_with_index(:strict_upper) do |e, row, col|
       return false if e != rows[col][row]
     end
@@ -875,16 +967,29 @@ class Matrix
   end
 
   #
+  # Returns +true+ if this is an antisymmetric matrix.
+  # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
+  #
+  def antisymmetric?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    each_with_index(:upper) do |e, row, col|
+      return false unless e == -rows[col][row]
+    end
+    true
+  end
+  alias_method :skew_symmetric?, :antisymmetric?
+
+  #
   # Returns +true+ if this is a unitary matrix
   # Raises an error if matrix is not square.
   #
   def unitary?
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
-    rows.each_with_index do |row, i|
-      column_count.times do |j|
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    rows.each_with_index do |row_i, i|
+      rows.each_with_index do |row_j, j|
         s = 0
         row_count.times do |k|
-          s += row[k].conj * rows[k][j]
+          s += row_i[k].conj * row_j[k]
         end
         return false unless s == (i == j ? 1 : 0)
       end
@@ -926,12 +1031,11 @@ class Matrix
   end
 
   #
-  # Returns a clone of the matrix, so that the contents of each do not reference
-  # identical objects.
-  # There should be no good reason to do this since Matrices are immutable.
+  # Called for dup & clone.
   #
-  def clone
-    new_matrix @rows.map(&:dup), column_count
+  private def initialize_copy(m)
+    super
+    @rows = @rows.map(&:dup) unless frozen?
   end
 
   #
@@ -948,31 +1052,33 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Matrix multiplication.
   #   Matrix[[2,4], [6,8]] * Matrix.identity(2)
-  #     => 2 4
-  #        6 8
+  #   #  => 2 4
+  #   #     6 8
   #
   def *(m) # m is matrix or vector or number
     case(m)
     when Numeric
-      rows = @rows.collect {|row|
+      new_rows = @rows.collect {|row|
         row.collect {|e| e * m }
       }
-      return new_matrix rows, column_count
+      return new_matrix new_rows, column_count
     when Vector
       m = self.class.column_vector(m)
       r = self * m
       return r.column(0)
     when Matrix
-      Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if column_count != m.row_count
-
-      rows = Array.new(row_count) {|i|
-        Array.new(m.column_count) {|j|
-          (0 ... column_count).inject(0) do |vij, k|
-            vij + self[i, k] * m[k, j]
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch if column_count != m.row_count
+      m_rows = m.rows
+      new_rows = rows.map do |row_i|
+        Array.new(m.column_count) do |j|
+          vij = 0
+          column_count.times do |k|
+            vij += row_i[k] * m_rows[k][j]
           end
-        }
-      }
-      return new_matrix rows, m.column_count
+          vij
+        end
+      end
+      return new_matrix new_rows, m.column_count
     else
       return apply_through_coercion(m, __method__)
     end
@@ -981,13 +1087,13 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Matrix addition.
   #   Matrix.scalar(2,5) + Matrix[[1,0], [-4,7]]
-  #     =>  6  0
-  #        -4 12
+  #   #  =>  6  0
+  #   #     -4 12
   #
   def +(m)
     case m
     when Numeric
-      Matrix.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "+", self.class, m.class
+      raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["+", self.class, m.class]
     when Vector
       m = self.class.column_vector(m)
     when Matrix
@@ -995,7 +1101,7 @@ class Matrix
       return apply_through_coercion(m, __method__)
     end
 
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless row_count == m.row_count && column_count == m.column_count
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless row_count == m.row_count && column_count == m.column_count
 
     rows = Array.new(row_count) {|i|
       Array.new(column_count) {|j|
@@ -1008,13 +1114,13 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Matrix subtraction.
   #   Matrix[[1,5], [4,2]] - Matrix[[9,3], [-4,1]]
-  #     => -8  2
-  #         8  1
+  #   #  => -8  2
+  #   #      8  1
   #
   def -(m)
     case m
     when Numeric
-      Matrix.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "-", self.class, m.class
+      raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["-", self.class, m.class]
     when Vector
       m = self.class.column_vector(m)
     when Matrix
@@ -1022,7 +1128,7 @@ class Matrix
       return apply_through_coercion(m, __method__)
     end
 
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless row_count == m.row_count && column_count == m.column_count
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless row_count == m.row_count && column_count == m.column_count
 
     rows = Array.new(row_count) {|i|
       Array.new(column_count) {|j|
@@ -1035,8 +1141,8 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Matrix division (multiplication by the inverse).
   #   Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]] / Matrix[[2,9], [3,1]]
-  #     => -7  1
-  #        -3 -6
+  #   #  => -7  1
+  #   #     -3 -6
   #
   def /(other)
     case other
@@ -1053,18 +1159,29 @@ class Matrix
   end
 
   #
+  # Hadamard product
+  #    Matrix[[1,2], [3,4]].hadamard_product(Matrix[[1,2], [3,2]])
+  #    #  => 1  4
+  #    #     9  8
+  #
+  def hadamard_product(m)
+    combine(m){|a, b| a * b}
+  end
+  alias_method :entrywise_product, :hadamard_product
+
+  #
   # Returns the inverse of the matrix.
   #   Matrix[[-1, -1], [0, -1]].inverse
-  #     => -1  1
-  #         0 -1
+  #   #  => -1  1
+  #   #      0 -1
   #
   def inverse
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     self.class.I(row_count).send(:inverse_from, self)
   end
-  alias inv inverse
+  alias_method :inv, :inverse
 
-  def inverse_from(src) # :nodoc:
+  private def inverse_from(src) # :nodoc:
     last = row_count - 1
     a = src.to_a
 
@@ -1078,7 +1195,7 @@ class Matrix
           akk = v
         end
       end
-      Matrix.Raise ErrNotRegular if akk == 0
+      raise ErrNotRegular if akk == 0
       if i != k
         a[i], a[k] = a[k], a[i]
         @rows[i], @rows[k] = @rows[k], @rows[i]
@@ -1107,7 +1224,6 @@ class Matrix
     end
     self
   end
-  private :inverse_from
 
   #
   # Matrix exponentiation.
@@ -1115,29 +1231,52 @@ class Matrix
   # Non integer exponents will be handled by diagonalizing the matrix.
   #
   #   Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]] ** 2
-  #     => 67 96
-  #        48 99
+  #   #  => 67 96
+  #   #     48 99
   #
-  def **(other)
-    case other
+  def **(exp)
+    case exp
     when Integer
-      x = self
-      if other <= 0
-        x = self.inverse
-        return self.class.identity(self.column_count) if other == 0
-        other = -other
-      end
-      z = nil
-      loop do
-        z = z ? z * x : x if other[0] == 1
-        return z if (other >>= 1).zero?
-        x *= x
+      case
+      when exp == 0
+        _make_sure_it_is_invertible = inverse
+        self.class.identity(column_count)
+      when exp < 0
+        inverse.power_int(-exp)
+      else
+        power_int(exp)
       end
     when Numeric
       v, d, v_inv = eigensystem
-      v * self.class.diagonal(*d.each(:diagonal).map{|e| e ** other}) * v_inv
+      v * self.class.diagonal(*d.each(:diagonal).map{|e| e ** exp}) * v_inv
+    else
+      raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["**", self.class, exp.class]
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected def power_int(exp)
+    # assumes `exp` is an Integer > 0
+    #
+    # Previous algorithm:
+    #   build M**2, M**4 = (M**2)**2, M**8, ... and multiplying those you need
+    #   e.g. M**0b1011 = M**11 = M * M**2 * M**8
+    #                              ^  ^
+    #   (highlighted the 2 out of 5 multiplications involving `M * x`)
+    #
+    # Current algorithm has same number of multiplications but with lower exponents:
+    #    M**11 = M * (M * M**4)**2
+    #              ^    ^  ^
+    #   (highlighted the 3 out of 5 multiplications involving `M * x`)
+    #
+    # This should be faster for all (non nil-potent) matrices.
+    case
+    when exp == 1
+      self
+    when exp.odd?
+      self * power_int(exp - 1)
     else
-      Matrix.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "**", self.class, other.class
+      sqrt = power_int(exp / 2)
+      sqrt * sqrt
     end
   end
 
@@ -1145,10 +1284,22 @@ class Matrix
     self
   end
 
+  # Unary matrix negation.
+  #
+  #   -Matrix[[1,5], [4,2]]
+  #   # => -1 -5
+  #   #    -4 -2
   def -@
     collect {|e| -e }
   end
 
+  #
+  # Returns the absolute value elementwise
+  #
+  def abs
+    collect(&:abs)
+  end
+
   #--
   # MATRIX FUNCTIONS -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
   #++
@@ -1161,10 +1312,10 @@ class Matrix
   # Consider using exact types like Rational or BigDecimal instead.
   #
   #   Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].determinant
-  #     => 45
+  #   #  => 45
   #
   def determinant
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     m = @rows
     case row_count
       # Up to 4x4, give result using Laplacian expansion by minors.
@@ -1214,7 +1365,7 @@ class Matrix
   # with smaller bignums (if any), while a matrix of Float will usually have
   # intermediate results with better precision.
   #
-  def determinant_bareiss
+  private def determinant_bareiss
     size = row_count
     last = size - 1
     a = to_a
@@ -1240,16 +1391,15 @@ class Matrix
     end
     sign * pivot
   end
-  private :determinant_bareiss
 
   #
   # deprecated; use Matrix#determinant
   #
   def determinant_e
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Matrix#determinant_e is deprecated; use #determinant"
+    warn "Matrix#determinant_e is deprecated; use #determinant", uplevel: 1
     determinant
   end
-  alias det_e determinant_e
+  alias_method :det_e, :determinant_e
 
   #
   # Returns a new matrix resulting by stacking horizontally
@@ -1270,7 +1420,7 @@ class Matrix
   # Consider using exact types like Rational or BigDecimal instead.
   #
   #   Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].rank
-  #     => 2
+  #   #  => 2
   #
   def rank
     # We currently use Bareiss' multistep integer-preserving gaussian elimination
@@ -1304,7 +1454,7 @@ class Matrix
   # deprecated; use Matrix#rank
   #
   def rank_e
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Matrix#rank_e is deprecated; use #rank"
+    warn "Matrix#rank_e is deprecated; use #rank", uplevel: 1
     rank
   end
 
@@ -1318,31 +1468,31 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Returns the trace (sum of diagonal elements) of the matrix.
   #   Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].trace
-  #     => 16
+  #   #  => 16
   #
   def trace
-    Matrix.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless square?
     (0...column_count).inject(0) do |tr, i|
       tr + @rows[i][i]
     end
   end
-  alias tr trace
+  alias_method :tr, :trace
 
   #
   # Returns the transpose of the matrix.
   #   Matrix[[1,2], [3,4], [5,6]]
-  #     => 1 2
-  #        3 4
-  #        5 6
+  #   #  => 1 2
+  #   #     3 4
+  #   #     5 6
   #   Matrix[[1,2], [3,4], [5,6]].transpose
-  #     => 1 3 5
-  #        2 4 6
+  #   #  => 1 3 5
+  #   #     2 4 6
   #
   def transpose
     return self.class.empty(column_count, 0) if row_count.zero?
     new_matrix @rows.transpose, row_count
   end
-  alias t transpose
+  alias_method :t, :transpose
 
   #
   # Returns a new matrix resulting by stacking vertically
@@ -1371,7 +1521,7 @@ class Matrix
   def eigensystem
     EigenvalueDecomposition.new(self)
   end
-  alias eigen eigensystem
+  alias_method :eigen, :eigensystem
 
   #
   # Returns the LUP decomposition of the matrix; see +LUPDecomposition+.
@@ -1386,7 +1536,7 @@ class Matrix
   def lup
     LUPDecomposition.new(self)
   end
-  alias lup_decomposition lup
+  alias_method :lup_decomposition, :lup
 
   #--
   # COMPLEX ARITHMETIC -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
@@ -1395,39 +1545,50 @@ class Matrix
   #
   # Returns the conjugate of the matrix.
   #   Matrix[[Complex(1,2), Complex(0,1), 0], [1, 2, 3]]
-  #     => 1+2i   i  0
-  #           1   2  3
+  #   #  => 1+2i   i  0
+  #   #        1   2  3
   #   Matrix[[Complex(1,2), Complex(0,1), 0], [1, 2, 3]].conjugate
-  #     => 1-2i  -i  0
-  #           1   2  3
+  #   #  => 1-2i  -i  0
+  #   #        1   2  3
   #
   def conjugate
     collect(&:conjugate)
   end
-  alias conj conjugate
+  alias_method :conj, :conjugate
+
+  #
+  # Returns the adjoint of the matrix.
+  #
+  #   Matrix[ [i,1],[2,-i] ].adjoint
+  #   #  => -i 2
+  #   #      1 i
+  #
+  def adjoint
+    conjugate.transpose
+  end
 
   #
   # Returns the imaginary part of the matrix.
   #   Matrix[[Complex(1,2), Complex(0,1), 0], [1, 2, 3]]
-  #     => 1+2i  i  0
-  #           1  2  3
+  #   #  => 1+2i  i  0
+  #   #        1  2  3
   #   Matrix[[Complex(1,2), Complex(0,1), 0], [1, 2, 3]].imaginary
-  #     =>   2i  i  0
-  #           0  0  0
+  #   #  =>   2i  i  0
+  #   #        0  0  0
   #
   def imaginary
     collect(&:imaginary)
   end
-  alias imag imaginary
+  alias_method :imag, :imaginary
 
   #
   # Returns the real part of the matrix.
   #   Matrix[[Complex(1,2), Complex(0,1), 0], [1, 2, 3]]
-  #     => 1+2i  i  0
-  #           1  2  3
+  #   #  => 1+2i  i  0
+  #   #        1  2  3
   #   Matrix[[Complex(1,2), Complex(0,1), 0], [1, 2, 3]].real
-  #     =>    1  0  0
-  #           1  2  3
+  #   #  =>    1  0  0
+  #   #        1  2  3
   #
   def real
     collect(&:real)
@@ -1437,12 +1598,12 @@ class Matrix
   # Returns an array containing matrices corresponding to the real and imaginary
   # parts of the matrix
   #
-  # m.rect == [m.real, m.imag]  # ==> true for all matrices m
+  #   m.rect == [m.real, m.imag]  # ==> true for all matrices m
   #
   def rect
     [real, imag]
   end
-  alias rectangular rect
+  alias_method :rectangular, :rect
 
   #--
   # CONVERTING -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
@@ -1483,24 +1644,40 @@ class Matrix
   end
 
   #
+  # Explicit conversion to a Matrix. Returns self
+  #
+  def to_matrix
+    self
+  end
+
+  #
   # Returns an array of arrays that describe the rows of the matrix.
   #
   def to_a
     @rows.collect(&:dup)
   end
 
+  # Deprecated.
+  #
+  # Use <code>map(&:to_f)</code>
   def elements_to_f
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Matrix#elements_to_f is deprecated, use map(&:to_f)"
+    warn "Matrix#elements_to_f is deprecated, use map(&:to_f)", uplevel: 1
     map(&:to_f)
   end
 
+  # Deprecated.
+  #
+  # Use <code>map(&:to_i)</code>
   def elements_to_i
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Matrix#elements_to_i is deprecated, use map(&:to_i)"
+    warn "Matrix#elements_to_i is deprecated, use map(&:to_i)", uplevel: 1
     map(&:to_i)
   end
 
+  # Deprecated.
+  #
+  # Use <code>map(&:to_r)</code>
   def elements_to_r
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Matrix#elements_to_r is deprecated, use map(&:to_r)"
+    warn "Matrix#elements_to_r is deprecated, use map(&:to_r)", uplevel: 1
     map(&:to_r)
   end
 
@@ -1539,7 +1716,7 @@ class Matrix
     # Converts the obj to an Array. If copy is set to true
     # a copy of obj will be made if necessary.
     #
-    def convert_to_array(obj, copy = false) # :nodoc:
+    private def convert_to_array(obj, copy = false) # :nodoc:
       case obj
       when Array
         copy ? obj.dup : obj
@@ -1555,7 +1732,6 @@ class Matrix
         converted
       end
     end
-    private :convert_to_array
   end
 
   extend ConversionHelper
@@ -1565,14 +1741,13 @@ class Matrix
     # Applies the operator +oper+ with argument +obj+
     # through coercion of +obj+
     #
-    def apply_through_coercion(obj, oper)
+    private def apply_through_coercion(obj, oper)
       coercion = obj.coerce(self)
       raise TypeError unless coercion.is_a?(Array) && coercion.length == 2
       coercion[0].public_send(oper, coercion[1])
     rescue
       raise TypeError, "#{obj.inspect} can't be coerced into #{self.class}"
     end
-    private :apply_through_coercion
 
     #
     # Helper method to coerce a value into a specific class.
@@ -1582,7 +1757,7 @@ class Matrix
     #
     def self.coerce_to(obj, cls, meth) # :nodoc:
       return obj if obj.kind_of?(cls)
-
+      raise TypeError, "Expected a #{cls} but got a #{obj.class}" unless obj.respond_to? meth
       begin
         ret = obj.__send__(meth)
       rescue Exception => e
@@ -1596,6 +1771,30 @@ class Matrix
     def self.coerce_to_int(obj)
       coerce_to(obj, Integer, :to_int)
     end
+
+    def self.coerce_to_matrix(obj)
+      coerce_to(obj, Matrix, :to_matrix)
+    end
+
+    # Returns `nil` for non Ranges
+    # Checks range validity, return canonical range with 0 <= begin <= end < count
+    def self.check_range(val, count, kind)
+      canonical = (val.begin + (val.begin < 0 ? count : 0))..
+                  (val.end ? val.end + (val.end < 0 ? count : 0) - (val.exclude_end? ? 1 : 0)
+                           : count - 1)
+      unless 0 <= canonical.begin && canonical.begin <= canonical.end && canonical.end < count
+        raise IndexError, "given range #{val} is outside of #{kind} dimensions: 0...#{count}"
+      end
+      canonical
+    end
+
+    def self.check_int(val, count, kind)
+      val = CoercionHelper.coerce_to_int(val)
+      if val >= count || val < -count
+        raise IndexError, "given #{kind} #{val} is outside of #{-count}...#{count}"
+      end
+      val
+    end
   end
 
   include CoercionHelper
@@ -1616,7 +1815,7 @@ class Matrix
       when Numeric
         Scalar.new(@value + other)
       when Vector, Matrix
-        Scalar.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "+", @value.class, other.class
+        raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["+", @value.class, other.class]
       else
         apply_through_coercion(other, __method__)
       end
@@ -1627,7 +1826,7 @@ class Matrix
       when Numeric
         Scalar.new(@value - other)
       when Vector, Matrix
-        Scalar.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "-", @value.class, other.class
+        raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["-", @value.class, other.class]
       else
         apply_through_coercion(other, __method__)
       end
@@ -1649,7 +1848,7 @@ class Matrix
       when Numeric
         Scalar.new(@value / other)
       when Vector
-        Scalar.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "/", @value.class, other.class
+        raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["/", @value.class, other.class]
       when Matrix
         self * other.inverse
       else
@@ -1662,10 +1861,10 @@ class Matrix
       when Numeric
         Scalar.new(@value ** other)
       when Vector
-        Scalar.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "**", @value.class, other.class
+        raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["**", @value.class, other.class]
       when Matrix
         #other.powered_by(self)
-        Scalar.Raise ErrOperationNotImplemented, "**", @value.class, other.class
+        raise ErrOperationNotImplemented, ["**", @value.class, other.class]
       else
         apply_through_coercion(other, __method__)
       end
@@ -1685,10 +1884,14 @@ end
 # * Vector.[](*array)
 # * Vector.elements(array, copy = true)
 # * Vector.basis(size: n, index: k)
+# * Vector.zero(n)
 #
 # To access elements:
 # * #[](i)
 #
+# To set elements:
+# * #[]=(i, v)
+#
 # To enumerate the elements:
 # * #each2(v)
 # * #collect2(v)
@@ -1697,6 +1900,7 @@ end
 # * #angle_with(v)
 # * Vector.independent?(*vs)
 # * #independent?(*vs)
+# * #zero?
 #
 # Vector arithmetic:
 # * #*(x) "is matrix or number"
@@ -1707,11 +1911,13 @@ end
 # * #-@
 #
 # Vector functions:
-# * #inner_product(v), dot(v)
-# * #cross_product(v), cross(v)
+# * #inner_product(v), #dot(v)
+# * #cross_product(v), #cross(v)
 # * #collect
+# * #collect!
 # * #magnitude
 # * #map
+# * #map!
 # * #map2(v)
 # * #norm
 # * #normalize
@@ -1769,6 +1975,17 @@ class Vector
   end
 
   #
+  # Return a zero vector.
+  #
+  #    Vector.zero(3) # => Vector[0, 0, 0]
+  #
+  def Vector.zero(size)
+    raise ArgumentError, "invalid size (#{size} for 0..)" if size < 0
+    array = Array.new(size, 0)
+    new convert_to_array(array, false)
+  end
+
+  #
   # Vector.new is private; use Vector[] or Vector.elements to create.
   #
   def initialize(array)
@@ -1779,7 +1996,11 @@ class Vector
   # ACCESSING
 
   #
-  # Returns element number +i+ (starting at zero) of the vector.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   vector[range]
+  #   vector[integer]
+  #
+  # Returns element or elements of the vector.
   #
   def [](i)
     @elements[i]
@@ -1787,12 +2008,44 @@ class Vector
   alias element []
   alias component []
 
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   vector[range] = new_vector
+  #   vector[range] = row_matrix
+  #   vector[range] = new_element
+  #   vector[integer] = new_element
+  #
+  # Set element or elements of vector.
+  #
   def []=(i, v)
-    @elements[i]= v
+    raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Vector" if frozen?
+    if i.is_a?(Range)
+      range = Matrix::CoercionHelper.check_range(i, size, :vector)
+      set_range(range, v)
+    else
+      index = Matrix::CoercionHelper.check_int(i, size, :index)
+      set_value(index, v)
+    end
   end
   alias set_element []=
   alias set_component []=
-  private :[]=, :set_element, :set_component
+  private :set_element, :set_component
+
+  private def set_value(index, value)
+    @elements[index] = value
+  end
+
+  private def set_range(range, value)
+    if value.is_a?(Vector)
+      raise ArgumentError, "vector to be set has wrong size" unless range.size == value.size
+      @elements[range] = value.elements
+    elsif value.is_a?(Matrix)
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless value.row_count == 1
+      @elements[range] = value.row(0).elements
+    else
+      @elements[range] = Array.new(range.size, value)
+    end
+  end
 
   # Returns a vector with entries rounded to the given precision
   # (see Float#round)
@@ -1826,7 +2079,7 @@ class Vector
   #
   def each2(v) # :yield: e1, e2
     raise TypeError, "Integer is not like Vector" if v.kind_of?(Integer)
-    Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
     return to_enum(:each2, v) unless block_given?
     size.times do |i|
       yield @elements[i], v[i]
@@ -1840,7 +2093,7 @@ class Vector
   #
   def collect2(v) # :yield: e1, e2
     raise TypeError, "Integer is not like Vector" if v.kind_of?(Integer)
-    Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
     return to_enum(:collect2, v) unless block_given?
     Array.new(size) do |i|
       yield @elements[i], v[i]
@@ -1855,15 +2108,15 @@ class Vector
   # Returns +true+ iff all of vectors are linearly independent.
   #
   #   Vector.independent?(Vector[1,0], Vector[0,1])
-  #     => true
+  #   #  => true
   #
   #   Vector.independent?(Vector[1,2], Vector[2,4])
-  #     => false
+  #   #  => false
   #
   def Vector.independent?(*vs)
     vs.each do |v|
       raise TypeError, "expected Vector, got #{v.class}" unless v.is_a?(Vector)
-      Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == vs.first.size
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == vs.first.size
     end
     return false if vs.count > vs.first.size
     Matrix[*vs].rank.eql?(vs.count)
@@ -1873,15 +2126,39 @@ class Vector
   # Returns +true+ iff all of vectors are linearly independent.
   #
   #   Vector[1,0].independent?(Vector[0,1])
-  #     => true
+  #   # => true
   #
   #   Vector[1,2].independent?(Vector[2,4])
-  #     => false
+  #   # => false
   #
   def independent?(*vs)
     self.class.independent?(self, *vs)
   end
 
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ iff all elements are zero.
+  #
+  def zero?
+    all?(&:zero?)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Makes the matrix frozen and Ractor-shareable
+  #
+  def freeze
+    @elements.freeze
+    super
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Called for dup & clone.
+  #
+  private def initialize_copy(v)
+    super
+    @elements = @elements.dup unless frozen?
+  end
+
+
   #--
   # COMPARING -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
   #++
@@ -1900,13 +2177,6 @@ class Vector
   end
 
   #
-  # Returns a copy of the vector.
-  #
-  def clone
-    self.class.elements(@elements)
-  end
-
-  #
   # Returns a hash-code for the vector.
   #
   def hash
@@ -1928,7 +2198,7 @@ class Vector
     when Matrix
       Matrix.column_vector(self) * x
     when Vector
-      Vector.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "*", self.class, x.class
+      raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["*", self.class, x.class]
     else
       apply_through_coercion(x, __method__)
     end
@@ -1940,7 +2210,7 @@ class Vector
   def +(v)
     case v
     when Vector
-      Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
       els = collect2(v) {|v1, v2|
         v1 + v2
       }
@@ -1958,7 +2228,7 @@ class Vector
   def -(v)
     case v
     when Vector
-      Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
       els = collect2(v) {|v1, v2|
         v1 - v2
       }
@@ -1979,7 +2249,7 @@ class Vector
       els = @elements.collect{|e| e / x}
       self.class.elements(els, false)
     when Matrix, Vector
-      Vector.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "/", self.class, x.class
+      raise ErrOperationNotDefined, ["/", self.class, x.class]
     else
       apply_through_coercion(x, __method__)
     end
@@ -1999,10 +2269,10 @@ class Vector
 
   #
   # Returns the inner product of this vector with the other.
-  #   Vector[4,7].inner_product Vector[10,1]  => 47
+  #   Vector[4,7].inner_product Vector[10,1] # => 47
   #
   def inner_product(v)
-    Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
 
     p = 0
     each2(v) {|v1, v2|
@@ -2014,7 +2284,7 @@ class Vector
 
   #
   # Returns the cross product of this vector with the others.
-  #   Vector[1, 0, 0].cross_product Vector[0, 1, 0]   => Vector[0, 0, 1]
+  #   Vector[1, 0, 0].cross_product Vector[0, 1, 0]  # => Vector[0, 0, 1]
   #
   # It is generalized to other dimensions to return a vector perpendicular
   # to the arguments.
@@ -2029,7 +2299,7 @@ class Vector
     raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{vs.size} for #{size - 2})" unless vs.size == size - 2
     vs.each do |v|
       raise TypeError, "expected Vector, got #{v.class}" unless v.is_a? Vector
-      Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == size
+      raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == size
     end
     case size
     when 2
@@ -2054,17 +2324,28 @@ class Vector
     els = @elements.collect(&block)
     self.class.elements(els, false)
   end
-  alias map collect
+  alias_method :map, :collect
+
+  #
+  # Like Array#collect!
+  #
+  def collect!(&block)
+    return to_enum(:collect!) unless block_given?
+    raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Vector" if frozen?
+    @elements.collect!(&block)
+    self
+  end
+  alias map! collect!
 
   #
   # Returns the modulus (Pythagorean distance) of the vector.
-  #   Vector[5,8,2].r => 9.643650761
+  #   Vector[5,8,2].r # => 9.643650761
   #
   def magnitude
     Math.sqrt(@elements.inject(0) {|v, e| v + e.abs2})
   end
-  alias r magnitude
-  alias norm magnitude
+  alias_method :r, :magnitude
+  alias_method :norm, :magnitude
 
   #
   # Like Vector#collect2, but returns a Vector instead of an Array.
@@ -2081,7 +2362,7 @@ class Vector
   # Returns a new vector with the same direction but with norm 1.
   #   v = Vector[5,8,2].normalize
   #   # => Vector[0.5184758473652127, 0.8295613557843402, 0.20739033894608505]
-  #   v.norm => 1.0
+  #   v.norm # => 1.0
   #
   def normalize
     n = magnitude
@@ -2090,17 +2371,21 @@ class Vector
   end
 
   #
-  # Returns an angle with another vector. Result is within the [0...Math::PI].
+  # Returns an angle with another vector. Result is within the [0..Math::PI].
   #   Vector[1,0].angle_with(Vector[0,1])
   #   # => Math::PI / 2
   #
   def angle_with(v)
     raise TypeError, "Expected a Vector, got a #{v.class}" unless v.is_a?(Vector)
-    Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
+    raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
     prod = magnitude * v.magnitude
     raise ZeroVectorError, "Can't get angle of zero vector" if prod == 0
-
-    Math.acos( inner_product(v) / prod )
+    dot = inner_product(v)
+    if dot.abs >= prod
+      dot.positive? ? 0 : Math::PI
+    else
+      Math.acos(dot / prod)
+    end
   end
 
   #--
@@ -2121,18 +2406,25 @@ class Vector
     @elements.dup
   end
 
+  #
+  # Return a single-column matrix from this vector
+  #
+  def to_matrix
+    Matrix.column_vector(self)
+  end
+
   def elements_to_f
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Vector#elements_to_f is deprecated"
+    warn "Vector#elements_to_f is deprecated", uplevel: 1
     map(&:to_f)
   end
 
   def elements_to_i
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Vector#elements_to_i is deprecated"
+    warn "Vector#elements_to_i is deprecated", uplevel: 1
     map(&:to_i)
   end
 
   def elements_to_r
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Vector#elements_to_r is deprecated"
+    warn "Vector#elements_to_r is deprecated", uplevel: 1
     map(&:to_r)
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb b/lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb
index 919db9e83d..bf6637635a 100644
--- a/lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb
+++ b/lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class Matrix
     def eigenvector_matrix
       Matrix.send(:new, build_eigenvectors.transpose)
     end
-    alias v eigenvector_matrix
+    alias_method :v, :eigenvector_matrix
 
     # Returns the inverse of the eigenvector matrix +V+
     #
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class Matrix
       r = r.transpose.inverse unless @symmetric
       r
     end
-    alias v_inv eigenvector_matrix_inv
+    alias_method :v_inv, :eigenvector_matrix_inv
 
     # Returns the eigenvalues in an array
     #
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Matrix
     def eigenvalue_matrix
       Matrix.diagonal(*eigenvalues)
     end
-    alias d eigenvalue_matrix
+    alias_method :d, :eigenvalue_matrix
 
     # Returns [eigenvector_matrix, eigenvalue_matrix, eigenvector_matrix_inv]
     #
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ class Matrix
     end
     alias_method :to_a, :to_ary
 
-  private
-    def build_eigenvectors
+
+    private def build_eigenvectors
       # JAMA stores complex eigenvectors in a strange way
       # See http://web.archive.org/web/20111016032731/http://cio.nist.gov/esd/emaildir/lists/jama/msg01021.html
       @e.each_with_index.map do |imag, i|
@@ -96,9 +96,10 @@ class Matrix
         end
       end
     end
+
     # Complex scalar division.
 
-    def cdiv(xr, xi, yr, yi)
+    private def cdiv(xr, xi, yr, yi)
       if (yr.abs > yi.abs)
         r = yi/yr
         d = yr + r*yi
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ class Matrix
 
     # Symmetric Householder reduction to tridiagonal form.
 
-    def tridiagonalize
+    private def tridiagonalize
 
       #  This is derived from the Algol procedures tred2 by
       #  Bowdler, Martin, Reinsch, and Wilkinson, Handbook for
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ class Matrix
 
     # Symmetric tridiagonal QL algorithm.
 
-    def diagonalize
+    private def diagonalize
       #  This is derived from the Algol procedures tql2, by
       #  Bowdler, Martin, Reinsch, and Wilkinson, Handbook for
       #  Auto. Comp., Vol.ii-Linear Algebra, and the corresponding
@@ -350,7 +351,7 @@ class Matrix
 
     # Nonsymmetric reduction to Hessenberg form.
 
-    def reduce_to_hessenberg
+    private def reduce_to_hessenberg
       #  This is derived from the Algol procedures orthes and ortran,
       #  by Martin and Wilkinson, Handbook for Auto. Comp.,
       #  Vol.ii-Linear Algebra, and the corresponding
@@ -440,11 +441,9 @@ class Matrix
       end
     end
 
-
-
     # Nonsymmetric reduction from Hessenberg to real Schur form.
 
-    def hessenberg_to_real_schur
+    private def hessenberg_to_real_schur
 
       #  This is derived from the Algol procedure hqr2,
       #  by Martin and Wilkinson, Handbook for Auto. Comp.,
diff --git a/lib/matrix/lup_decomposition.rb b/lib/matrix/lup_decomposition.rb
index c001770a12..e37def75f6 100644
--- a/lib/matrix/lup_decomposition.rb
+++ b/lib/matrix/lup_decomposition.rb
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class Matrix
 
     def det
       if (@row_count != @column_count)
-        Matrix.Raise Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch
+        raise Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch
       end
       d = @pivot_sign
       @column_count.times do |j|
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ class Matrix
 
     def solve b
       if (singular?)
-        Matrix.Raise Matrix::ErrNotRegular, "Matrix is singular."
+        raise Matrix::ErrNotRegular, "Matrix is singular."
       end
       if b.is_a? Matrix
         if (b.row_count != @row_count)
-          Matrix.Raise Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch
+          raise Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch
         end
 
         # Copy right hand side with pivoting
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class Matrix
       else # same algorithm, specialized for simpler case of a vector
         b = convert_to_array(b)
         if (b.size != @row_count)
-          Matrix.Raise Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch
+          raise Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch
         end
 
         # Copy right hand side with pivoting
diff --git a/lib/matrix/matrix.gemspec b/lib/matrix/matrix.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2ff9ce7c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/matrix/matrix.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/matrix/version"
+rescue LoadError
+  # for Ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "matrix"
+  spec.version       = Matrix::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Marc-Andre Lafortune"]
+  spec.email         = ["ruby-core@marc-andre.ca"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{An implementation of Matrix and Vector classes.}
+  spec.description   = %q{An implementation of Matrix and Vector classes.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/matrix"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  spec.files         = [".gitignore", "Gemfile", "LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "bin/console", "bin/setup", "lib/matrix.rb", "lib/matrix/eigenvalue_decomposition.rb", "lib/matrix/lup_decomposition.rb", "lib/matrix/version.rb", "matrix.gemspec"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+end
diff --git a/lib/matrix/version.rb b/lib/matrix/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a8bc36aaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/matrix/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Matrix
+  VERSION = "0.3.1"
+end
diff --git a/lib/mkmf.rb b/lib/mkmf.rb
index 999ffaa379..9468a2c6c4 100644
--- a/lib/mkmf.rb
+++ b/lib/mkmf.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ require 'rbconfig'
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'shellwords'
 
-# :stopdoc:
 class String
+  # :stopdoc:
+
   # Wraps a string in escaped quotes if it contains whitespace.
   def quote
     /\s/ =~ self ? "\"#{self}\"" : "#{self}"
@@ -31,15 +32,20 @@ class String
   def sans_arguments
     self[/\A[^()]+/]
   end
+
+  # :startdoc:
 end
 
 class Array
+  # :stopdoc:
+
   # Wraps all strings in escaped quotes if they contain whitespace.
   def quote
     map {|s| s.quote}
   end
+
+  # :startdoc:
 end
-# :startdoc:
 
 ##
 # mkmf.rb is used by Ruby C extensions to generate a Makefile which will
@@ -129,7 +135,6 @@ module MakeMakefile
   $vendorarchdir = CONFIG["vendorarchdir"]
 
   $mswin = /mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-  $bccwin = /bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
   $mingw = /mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
   $cygwin = /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
   $netbsd = /netbsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
@@ -202,8 +207,8 @@ module MakeMakefile
         ['RUBYCOMMONDIR', '$(vendordir)$(target_prefix)'],
         ['RUBYLIBDIR',    '$(vendorlibdir)$(target_prefix)'],
         ['RUBYARCHDIR',   '$(vendorarchdir)$(target_prefix)'],
-        ['HDRDIR',        '$(rubyhdrdir)/ruby$(target_prefix)'],
-        ['ARCHHDRDIR',    '$(rubyhdrdir)/$(arch)/ruby$(target_prefix)'],
+        ['HDRDIR',        '$(vendorhdrdir)$(target_prefix)'],
+        ['ARCHHDRDIR',    '$(vendorarchhdrdir)$(target_prefix)'],
       ]
     else
       dirs = [
@@ -211,8 +216,8 @@ module MakeMakefile
         ['RUBYCOMMONDIR', '$(sitedir)$(target_prefix)'],
         ['RUBYLIBDIR',    '$(sitelibdir)$(target_prefix)'],
         ['RUBYARCHDIR',   '$(sitearchdir)$(target_prefix)'],
-        ['HDRDIR',        '$(rubyhdrdir)/ruby$(target_prefix)'],
-        ['ARCHHDRDIR',    '$(rubyhdrdir)/$(arch)/ruby$(target_prefix)'],
+        ['HDRDIR',        '$(sitehdrdir)$(target_prefix)'],
+        ['ARCHHDRDIR',    '$(sitearchhdrdir)$(target_prefix)'],
       ]
     end
     dirs << ['target_prefix', (target_prefix ? "/#{target_prefix}" : "")]
@@ -242,7 +247,12 @@ module MakeMakefile
     $topdir ||= RbConfig::CONFIG["topdir"]
     $arch_hdrdir = "$(extout)/include/$(arch)"
   else
-    abort "mkmf.rb can't find header files for ruby at #{$hdrdir}/ruby.h"
+    abort <<MESSAGE
+mkmf.rb can't find header files for ruby at #{$hdrdir}/ruby.h
+
+You might have to install separate package for the ruby development
+environment, ruby-dev or ruby-devel for example.
+MESSAGE
   end
 
   CONFTEST = "conftest".freeze
@@ -424,6 +434,10 @@ EOM
 EOM
   end
 
+  def conftest_source
+    CONFTEST_C
+  end
+
   def create_tmpsrc(src)
     src = "#{COMMON_HEADERS}\n#{src}"
     src = yield(src) if block_given?
@@ -432,7 +446,7 @@ EOM
     src.sub!(/[^\n]\z/, "\\&\n")
     count = 0
     begin
-      open(CONFTEST_C, "wb") do |cfile|
+      open(conftest_source, "wb") do |cfile|
         cfile.print src
       end
     rescue Errno::EACCES
@@ -464,14 +478,13 @@ MSG
       xsystem(command, *opts)
     ensure
       log_src(src)
-      MakeMakefile.rm_rf "#{CONFTEST}.dSYM"
     end
   end
 
-  def link_command(ldflags, opt="", libpath=$DEFLIBPATH|$LIBPATH)
+  def link_config(ldflags, opt="", libpath=$DEFLIBPATH|$LIBPATH)
     librubyarg = $extmk ? $LIBRUBYARG_STATIC : "$(LIBRUBYARG)"
     conf = RbConfig::CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote,
-                                  'src' => "#{CONFTEST_C}",
+                                  'src' => "#{conftest_source}",
                                   'arch_hdrdir' => $arch_hdrdir.quote,
                                   'top_srcdir' => $top_srcdir.quote,
                                   'INCFLAGS' => "#$INCFLAGS",
@@ -482,21 +495,29 @@ MSG
                                   'LOCAL_LIBS' => "#$LOCAL_LIBS #$libs",
                                   'LIBS' => "#{librubyarg} #{opt} #$LIBS")
     conf['LIBPATH'] = libpathflag(libpath.map {|s| RbConfig::expand(s.dup, conf)})
+    conf
+  end
+
+  def link_command(ldflags, *opts)
+    conf = link_config(ldflags, *opts)
     RbConfig::expand(TRY_LINK.dup, conf)
   end
 
-  def cc_command(opt="")
+  def cc_config(opt="")
     conf = RbConfig::CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote, 'srcdir' => $srcdir.quote,
                                   'arch_hdrdir' => $arch_hdrdir.quote,
                                   'top_srcdir' => $top_srcdir.quote)
+    conf
+  end
+
+  def cc_command(opt="")
+    conf = cc_config(opt)
     RbConfig::expand("$(CC) #$INCFLAGS #$CPPFLAGS #$CFLAGS #$ARCH_FLAG #{opt} -c #{CONFTEST_C}",
                      conf)
   end
 
   def cpp_command(outfile, opt="")
-    conf = RbConfig::CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote, 'srcdir' => $srcdir.quote,
-                                  'arch_hdrdir' => $arch_hdrdir.quote,
-                                  'top_srcdir' => $top_srcdir.quote)
+    conf = cc_config(opt)
     if $universal and (arch_flag = conf['ARCH_FLAG']) and !arch_flag.empty?
       conf['ARCH_FLAG'] = arch_flag.gsub(/(?:\G|\s)-arch\s+\S+/, '')
     end
@@ -527,6 +548,7 @@ MSG
   end
 
   def try_link0(src, opt="", *opts, &b) # :nodoc:
+    exe = CONFTEST+$EXEEXT
     cmd = link_command("", opt)
     if $universal
       require 'tmpdir'
@@ -540,7 +562,10 @@ MSG
       end
     else
       try_do(src, cmd, *opts, &b)
-    end and File.executable?(CONFTEST+$EXEEXT)
+    end and File.executable?(exe) or return nil
+    exe
+  ensure
+    MakeMakefile.rm_rf(*Dir["#{CONFTEST}*"]-[exe])
   end
 
   # Returns whether or not the +src+ can be compiled as a C source and linked
@@ -554,9 +579,9 @@ MSG
   # [+src+] a String which contains a C source
   # [+opt+] a String which contains linker options
   def try_link(src, opt="", *opts, &b)
-    try_link0(src, opt, *opts, &b)
-  ensure
-    MakeMakefile.rm_f "#{CONFTEST}*", "c0x32*"
+    exe = try_link0(src, opt, *opts, &b) or return false
+    MakeMakefile.rm_f exe
+    true
   end
 
   # Returns whether or not the +src+ can be compiled as a C source.  +opt+ is
@@ -655,7 +680,8 @@ MSG
   end
 
   def try_ldflags(flags, opts = {})
-    try_link(MAIN_DOES_NOTHING, flags, {:werror => true}.update(opts))
+    opts = {:werror => true}.update(opts) if $mswin
+    try_link(MAIN_DOES_NOTHING, flags, opts)
   end
 
   def append_ldflags(flags, *opts)
@@ -730,7 +756,7 @@ int main() {printf("%"PRI_CONFTEST_PREFIX"#{neg ? 'd' : 'u'}\\n", conftest_const
           end
         end
       ensure
-        MakeMakefile.rm_f "#{CONFTEST}*"
+        MakeMakefile.rm_f "#{CONFTEST}#{$EXEEXT}"
       end
     end
     nil
@@ -758,7 +784,7 @@ int main() {printf("%"PRI_CONFTEST_PREFIX"#{neg ? 'd' : 'u'}\\n", conftest_const
     if opt and !opt.empty?
       [[:to_str], [:join, " "], [:to_s]].each do |meth, *args|
         if opt.respond_to?(meth)
-          break opt = opt.send(meth, *args)
+          break opt = opt.__send__(meth, *args)
         end
       end
       opt = "#{opt} #{libs}"
@@ -956,7 +982,7 @@ SRC
       if noun
         [[:to_str], [:join, ","], [:to_s]].each do |meth, *args|
           if noun.respond_to?(meth)
-            break noun = noun.send(meth, *args)
+            break noun = noun.__send__(meth, *args)
           end
         end
         unless noun.empty?
@@ -993,6 +1019,7 @@ SRC
   # <code>--with-FOOlib</code> configuration option.
   #
   def have_library(lib, func = nil, headers = nil, opt = "", &b)
+    dir_config(lib)
     lib = with_config(lib+'lib', lib)
     checking_for checking_message(func && func.funcall_style, LIBARG%lib, opt) do
       if COMMON_LIBS.include?(lib)
@@ -1018,6 +1045,7 @@ SRC
   # library paths searched and linked against.
   #
   def find_library(lib, func, *paths, &b)
+    dir_config(lib)
     lib = with_config(lib+'lib', lib)
     paths = paths.collect {|path| path.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)}.flatten
     checking_for checking_message(func && func.funcall_style, LIBARG%lib) do
@@ -1091,6 +1119,7 @@ SRC
   # +HAVE_FOO_H+ preprocessor macro would be passed to the compiler.
   #
   def have_header(header, preheaders = nil, opt = "", &b)
+    dir_config(header[/.*?(?=\/)|.*?(?=\.)/])
     checking_for header do
       if try_header(cpp_include(preheaders)+cpp_include(header), opt, &b)
         $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_%s", header.tr_cpp))
@@ -1734,6 +1763,10 @@ SRC
   # application.
   #
   def dir_config(target, idefault=nil, ldefault=nil)
+    if conf = $config_dirs[target]
+      return conf
+    end
+
     if dir = with_config(target + "-dir", (idefault unless ldefault))
       defaults = Array === dir ? dir : dir.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
       idefault = ldefault = nil
@@ -1764,7 +1797,7 @@ SRC
     end
     $LIBPATH = ldirs | $LIBPATH
 
-    [idir, ldir]
+    $config_dirs[target] = [idir, ldir]
   end
 
   # Returns compile/link information about an installed library in a
@@ -1780,7 +1813,7 @@ SRC
   #
   # Where {option} is, for instance, <code>--cflags</code>.
   #
-  # The values obtained are appended to +$CFLAGS+, +$LDFLAGS+ and
+  # The values obtained are appended to +$INCFLAGS+, +$CFLAGS+, +$LDFLAGS+ and
   # +$libs+.
   #
   # If an <code>option</code> argument is given, the config command is
@@ -1836,9 +1869,9 @@ SRC
 
       $LDFLAGS = [orig_ldflags, ldflags].join(' ')
       Logging::message "package configuration for %s\n", pkg
-      Logging::message "cflags: %s\nldflags: %s\nlibs: %s\n\n",
-                       cflags, ldflags, libs
-      [cflags, ldflags, libs]
+      Logging::message "incflags: %s\ncflags: %s\nldflags: %s\nlibs: %s\n\n",
+                       incflags, cflags, ldflags, libs
+      [[incflags, cflags].join(' '), ldflags, libs]
     else
       Logging::message "package configuration for %s is not found\n", pkg
       nil
@@ -1909,7 +1942,7 @@ NULLCMD = #{CONFIG['NULLCMD']}
 srcdir = #{srcdir.gsub(/\$\((srcdir)\)|\$\{(srcdir)\}/) {mkintpath(CONFIG[$1||$2]).unspace}}
 topdir = #{mkintpath(topdir = $extmk ? CONFIG["topdir"] : $topdir).unspace}
 hdrdir = #{(hdrdir = CONFIG["hdrdir"]) == topdir ? "$(topdir)" : mkintpath(hdrdir).unspace}
-arch_hdrdir = #{$arch_hdrdir.quote}
+arch_hdrdir = #{mkintpath($arch_hdrdir).unspace}
 PATH_SEPARATOR = #{CONFIG['PATH_SEPARATOR']}
 VPATH = #{vpath.join(CONFIG['PATH_SEPARATOR'])}
 }
@@ -1937,7 +1970,7 @@ VPATH = #{vpath.join(CONFIG['PATH_SEPARATOR'])}
     else
       sep = ""
     end
-    possible_command = (proc {|s| s if /top_srcdir/ !~ s} unless $extmk)
+    possible_command = (proc {|s| s if /top_srcdir|tooldir/ !~ s} unless $extmk)
     extconf_h = $extconf_h ? "-DRUBY_EXTCONF_H=\\\"$(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)\\\" " : $defs.join(" ") << " "
     headers = %w[
       $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
@@ -1957,6 +1990,7 @@ VPATH = #{vpath.join(CONFIG['PATH_SEPARATOR'])}
     headers << '$(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)' if $extconf_h
     mk << %{
 
+CC_WRAPPER = #{CONFIG['CC_WRAPPER']}
 CC = #{CONFIG['CC']}
 CXX = #{CONFIG['CXX']}
 LIBRUBY = #{CONFIG['LIBRUBY']}
@@ -1974,6 +2008,7 @@ cxxflags = #{CONFIG['cxxflags']}
 optflags = #{CONFIG['optflags']}
 debugflags = #{CONFIG['debugflags']}
 warnflags = #{$warnflags}
+cppflags = #{CONFIG['cppflags']}
 CCDLFLAGS = #{$static ? '' : CONFIG['CCDLFLAGS']}
 CFLAGS   = $(CCDLFLAGS) #$CFLAGS $(ARCH_FLAG)
 INCFLAGS = -I. #$INCFLAGS
@@ -2099,7 +2134,6 @@ RULES
       line.gsub!(/\.o\b/, ".#{$OBJEXT}")
       line.gsub!(/\{\$\(VPATH\)\}/, "") unless $nmake
       line.gsub!(/\$\((?:hdr|top)dir\)\/config.h/, $config_h)
-      line.gsub!(%r"\$\(hdrdir\)/(?!ruby(?![^:;/\s]))(?=[-\w]+\.h)", '\&ruby/')
       if $nmake && /\A\s*\$\(RM|COPY\)/ =~ line
         line.gsub!(%r"[-\w\./]{2,}"){$&.tr("/", "\\")}
         line.gsub!(/(\$\((?!RM|COPY)[^:)]+)(?=\))/, '\1:/=\\')
@@ -2121,7 +2155,10 @@ RULES
     unless suffixes.empty?
       depout.unshift(".SUFFIXES: ." + suffixes.uniq.join(" .") + "\n\n")
     end
-    depout.unshift("$(OBJS): $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)\n\n") if $extconf_h
+    if $extconf_h
+      depout.unshift("$(OBJS): $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)\n\n")
+      depout.unshift("$(OBJS): $(hdrdir)/ruby/win32.h\n\n") if $mswin or $mingw
+    end
     depout.flatten!
     depout
   end
@@ -2185,7 +2222,7 @@ RULES
     message "creating Makefile\n"
     MakeMakefile.rm_f "#{CONFTEST}*"
     if CONFIG["DLEXT"] == $OBJEXT
-      for lib in libs = $libs.split
+      for lib in libs = $libs.split(' ')
         lib.sub!(/-l(.*)/, %%"lib\\1.#{$LIBEXT}"%)
       end
       $defs.push(format("-DEXTLIB='%s'", libs.join(",")))
@@ -2245,7 +2282,7 @@ RULES
     origdef ||= ''
 
     if $extout and $INSTALLFILES
-      $cleanfiles.concat($INSTALLFILES.collect {|files, dir|File.join(dir, files.sub(/\A\.\//, ''))})
+      $cleanfiles.concat($INSTALLFILES.collect {|files, dir|File.join(dir, files.delete_prefix('./'))})
       $distcleandirs.concat($INSTALLFILES.collect {|files, dir| dir})
     end
 
@@ -2297,7 +2334,7 @@ TIMESTAMP_DIR = #{$extout && $extmk ? '$(extout)/.timestamp' : '.'}
     conf << "\
 TARGET_SO_DIR =#{$extout ? " $(RUBYARCHDIR)/" : ''}
 TARGET_SO     = $(TARGET_SO_DIR)$(DLLIB)
-CLEANLIBS     = $(TARGET_SO) #{config_string('cleanlibs') {|t| t.gsub(/\$\*/) {n}}}
+CLEANLIBS     = #{'$(TARGET_SO) ' if target}#{config_string('cleanlibs') {|t| t.gsub(/\$\*/) {n}}}
 CLEANOBJS     = *.#{$OBJEXT} #{config_string('cleanobjs') {|t| t.gsub(/\$\*/, "$(TARGET)#{deffile ? '-$(arch)': ''}")} if target} *.bak
 " #"
 
@@ -2306,7 +2343,7 @@ CLEANOBJS     = *.#{$OBJEXT} #{config_string('cleanobjs') {|t| t.gsub(/\$\*/, "$
     mfile.puts(conf)
     mfile.print "
 all:    #{$extout ? "install" : target ? "$(DLLIB)" : "Makefile"}
-static: #{$extmk && !$static ? "all" : "$(STATIC_LIB)#{!$extmk ? " install-rb" : ""}"}
+static: #{$extmk && !$static ? "all" : "$(STATIC_LIB)#{$extout ? " install-rb" : ""}"}
 .PHONY: all install static install-so install-rb
 .PHONY: clean clean-so clean-static clean-rb
 " #"
@@ -2489,6 +2526,8 @@ site-install-rb: install-rb
     $enable_shared = config['ENABLE_SHARED'] == 'yes'
     $defs = []
     $extconf_h = nil
+    $config_dirs = {}
+
     if $warnflags = CONFIG['warnflags'] and CONFIG['GCC'] == 'yes'
       # turn warnings into errors only for bundled extensions.
       config['warnflags'] = $warnflags.gsub(/(\A|\s)-Werror[-=]/, '\1-W')
@@ -2501,6 +2540,9 @@ site-install-rb: install-rb
       end
       $warnflags = config['warnflags'] unless $extmk
     end
+    if (w = rbconfig['CC_WRAPPER']) and !w.empty? and !File.executable?(w)
+      rbconfig['CC_WRAPPER'] = config['CC_WRAPPER'] = ''
+    end
     $CFLAGS = with_config("cflags", arg_config("CFLAGS", config["CFLAGS"])).dup
     $CXXFLAGS = (with_config("cxxflags", arg_config("CXXFLAGS", config["CXXFLAGS"]))||'').dup
     $ARCH_FLAG = with_config("arch_flag", arg_config("ARCH_FLAG", config["ARCH_FLAG"])).dup
@@ -2544,6 +2586,7 @@ site-install-rb: install-rb
     $extout_prefix ||= nil
 
     $arg_config.clear
+    $config_dirs.clear
     dir_config("opt")
   end
 
@@ -2579,7 +2622,8 @@ MESSAGE
       src = src.sub(/\{/) do
         $& +
           "\n  if (argc > 1000000) {\n" +
-          refs.map {|n|"    printf(\"%p\", &#{n});\n"}.join("") +
+          refs.map {|n|"    int (* volatile #{n}p)(void)=(int (*)(void))&#{n};\n"}.join("") +
+          refs.map {|n|"    printf(\"%d\", (*#{n}p)());\n"}.join("") +
           "  }\n"
       end
     end
@@ -2703,7 +2747,7 @@ MESSAGE
   ##
   # A C main function which does no work
 
-  MAIN_DOES_NOTHING = config_string('MAIN_DOES_NOTHING') || "int main(int argc, char **argv)\n{\n  return 0;\n}"
+  MAIN_DOES_NOTHING = config_string('MAIN_DOES_NOTHING') || "int main(int argc, char **argv)\n{\n  return !!argv[argc];\n}"
   UNIVERSAL_INTS = config_string('UNIVERSAL_INTS') {|s| Shellwords.shellwords(s)} ||
     %w[int short long long\ long]
 
@@ -2731,9 +2775,59 @@ distclean: clean distclean-so distclean-static distclean-rb-default distclean-rb
 
 realclean: distclean
 "
+
+  @lang = Hash.new(self)
+
+  def self.[](name)
+    @lang.fetch(name)
+  end
+
+  def self.[]=(name, mod)
+    @lang[name] = mod
+  end
+
+  self["C++"] = Module.new do
+    include MakeMakefile
+    extend self
+
+    CONFTEST_CXX = "#{CONFTEST}.#{config_string('CXX_EXT') || CXX_EXT[0]}"
+
+    TRY_LINK_CXX = config_string('TRY_LINK_CXX') ||
+                   ((cmd = TRY_LINK.gsub(/\$\(C(?:C|(FLAGS))\)/, '$(CXX\1)')) != TRY_LINK && cmd) ||
+                   "$(CXX) #{OUTFLAG}#{CONFTEST}#{$EXEEXT} $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) " \
+                   "$(CXXFLAGS) $(src) $(LIBPATH) $(LDFLAGS) $(ARCH_FLAG) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LIBS)"
+
+    def have_devel?
+      unless defined? @have_devel
+        @have_devel = true
+        @have_devel = try_link(MAIN_DOES_NOTHING)
+      end
+      @have_devel
+    end
+
+    def conftest_source
+      CONFTEST_CXX
+    end
+
+    def cc_command(opt="")
+      conf = cc_config(opt)
+      RbConfig::expand("$(CXX) #$INCFLAGS #$CPPFLAGS #$CXXFLAGS #$ARCH_FLAG #{opt} -c #{CONFTEST_CXX}",
+                       conf)
+    end
+
+    def link_command(ldflags, *opts)
+      conf = link_config(ldflags, *opts)
+      RbConfig::expand(TRY_LINK_CXX.dup, conf)
+    end
+  end
 end
 
-include MakeMakefile
+# MakeMakefile::Global = #
+m = Module.new {
+  include(MakeMakefile)
+  private(*MakeMakefile.public_instance_methods(false))
+}
+include m
 
 if not $extmk and /\A(extconf|makefile).rb\z/ =~ File.basename($0)
   END {mkmf_failed($0)}
diff --git a/lib/monitor.rb b/lib/monitor.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ded0b3658..0000000000
--- a/lib/monitor.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,303 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-# = monitor.rb
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2001  Shugo Maeda <shugo@ruby-lang.org>
-#
-# This library is distributed under the terms of the Ruby license.
-# You can freely distribute/modify this library.
-#
-
-require 'thread'
-
-#
-# In concurrent programming, a monitor is an object or module intended to be
-# used safely by more than one thread.  The defining characteristic of a
-# monitor is that its methods are executed with mutual exclusion.  That is, at
-# each point in time, at most one thread may be executing any of its methods.
-# This mutual exclusion greatly simplifies reasoning about the implementation
-# of monitors compared to reasoning about parallel code that updates a data
-# structure.
-#
-# You can read more about the general principles on the Wikipedia page for
-# Monitors[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_%28synchronization%29]
-#
-# == Examples
-#
-# === Simple object.extend
-#
-#   require 'monitor.rb'
-#
-#   buf = []
-#   buf.extend(MonitorMixin)
-#   empty_cond = buf.new_cond
-#
-#   # consumer
-#   Thread.start do
-#     loop do
-#       buf.synchronize do
-#         empty_cond.wait_while { buf.empty? }
-#         print buf.shift
-#       end
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-#   # producer
-#   while line = ARGF.gets
-#     buf.synchronize do
-#       buf.push(line)
-#       empty_cond.signal
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-# The consumer thread waits for the producer thread to push a line to buf
-# while <tt>buf.empty?</tt>.  The producer thread (main thread) reads a
-# line from ARGF and pushes it into buf then calls <tt>empty_cond.signal</tt>
-# to notify the consumer thread of new data.
-#
-# === Simple Class include
-#
-#   require 'monitor'
-#
-#   class SynchronizedArray < Array
-#
-#     include MonitorMixin
-#
-#     def initialize(*args)
-#       super(*args)
-#     end
-#
-#     alias :old_shift :shift
-#     alias :old_unshift :unshift
-#
-#     def shift(n=1)
-#       self.synchronize do
-#         self.old_shift(n)
-#       end
-#     end
-#
-#     def unshift(item)
-#       self.synchronize do
-#         self.old_unshift(item)
-#       end
-#     end
-#
-#     # other methods ...
-#   end
-#
-# +SynchronizedArray+ implements an Array with synchronized access to items.
-# This Class is implemented as subclass of Array which includes the
-# MonitorMixin module.
-#
-module MonitorMixin
-  #
-  # FIXME: This isn't documented in Nutshell.
-  #
-  # Since MonitorMixin.new_cond returns a ConditionVariable, and the example
-  # above calls while_wait and signal, this class should be documented.
-  #
-  class ConditionVariable
-    class Timeout < Exception; end
-
-    #
-    # Releases the lock held in the associated monitor and waits; reacquires the lock on wakeup.
-    #
-    # If +timeout+ is given, this method returns after +timeout+ seconds passed,
-    # even if no other thread doesn't signal.
-    #
-    def wait(timeout = nil)
-      @monitor.__send__(:mon_check_owner)
-      count = @monitor.__send__(:mon_exit_for_cond)
-      begin
-        @cond.wait(@monitor.instance_variable_get(:@mon_mutex), timeout)
-        return true
-      ensure
-        @monitor.__send__(:mon_enter_for_cond, count)
-      end
-    end
-
-    #
-    # Calls wait repeatedly while the given block yields a truthy value.
-    #
-    def wait_while
-      while yield
-        wait
-      end
-    end
-
-    #
-    # Calls wait repeatedly until the given block yields a truthy value.
-    #
-    def wait_until
-      until yield
-        wait
-      end
-    end
-
-    #
-    # Wakes up the first thread in line waiting for this lock.
-    #
-    def signal
-      @monitor.__send__(:mon_check_owner)
-      @cond.signal
-    end
-
-    #
-    # Wakes up all threads waiting for this lock.
-    #
-    def broadcast
-      @monitor.__send__(:mon_check_owner)
-      @cond.broadcast
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def initialize(monitor)
-      @monitor = monitor
-      @cond = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
-    end
-  end
-
-  def self.extend_object(obj)
-    super(obj)
-    obj.__send__(:mon_initialize)
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Attempts to enter exclusive section.  Returns +false+ if lock fails.
-  #
-  def mon_try_enter
-    if @mon_owner != Thread.current
-      unless @mon_mutex.try_lock
-        return false
-      end
-      @mon_owner = Thread.current
-      @mon_count = 0
-    end
-    @mon_count += 1
-    return true
-  end
-  # For backward compatibility
-  alias try_mon_enter mon_try_enter
-
-  #
-  # Enters exclusive section.
-  #
-  def mon_enter
-    if @mon_owner != Thread.current
-      @mon_mutex.lock
-      @mon_owner = Thread.current
-      @mon_count = 0
-    end
-    @mon_count += 1
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Leaves exclusive section.
-  #
-  def mon_exit
-    mon_check_owner
-    @mon_count -=1
-    if @mon_count == 0
-      @mon_owner = nil
-      @mon_mutex.unlock
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Enters exclusive section and executes the block.  Leaves the exclusive
-  # section automatically when the block exits.  See example under
-  # +MonitorMixin+.
-  #
-  def mon_synchronize
-    mon_enter
-    begin
-      yield
-    ensure
-      mon_exit
-    end
-  end
-  alias synchronize mon_synchronize
-
-  #
-  # Creates a new MonitorMixin::ConditionVariable associated with the
-  # receiver.
-  #
-  def new_cond
-    return ConditionVariable.new(self)
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  # Use <tt>extend MonitorMixin</tt> or <tt>include MonitorMixin</tt> instead
-  # of this constructor.  Have look at the examples above to understand how to
-  # use this module.
-  def initialize(*args)
-    super
-    mon_initialize
-  end
-
-  # Initializes the MonitorMixin after being included in a class or when an
-  # object has been extended with the MonitorMixin
-  def mon_initialize
-    @mon_owner = nil
-    @mon_count = 0
-    @mon_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-  end
-
-  def mon_check_owner
-    if @mon_owner != Thread.current
-      raise ThreadError, "current thread not owner"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def mon_enter_for_cond(count)
-    @mon_owner = Thread.current
-    @mon_count = count
-  end
-
-  def mon_exit_for_cond
-    count = @mon_count
-    @mon_owner = nil
-    @mon_count = 0
-    return count
-  end
-end
-
-# Use the Monitor class when you want to have a lock object for blocks with
-# mutual exclusion.
-#
-#   require 'monitor'
-#
-#   lock = Monitor.new
-#   lock.synchronize do
-#     # exclusive access
-#   end
-#
-class Monitor
-  include MonitorMixin
-  alias try_enter try_mon_enter
-  alias enter mon_enter
-  alias exit mon_exit
-end
-
-
-# Documentation comments:
-#  - All documentation comes from Nutshell.
-#  - MonitorMixin.new_cond appears in the example, but is not documented in
-#    Nutshell.
-#  - All the internals (internal modules Accessible and Initializable, class
-#    ConditionVariable) appear in RDoc.  It might be good to hide them, by
-#    making them private, or marking them :nodoc:, etc.
-#  - RDoc doesn't recognise aliases, so we have mon_synchronize documented, but
-#    not synchronize.
-#  - mon_owner is in Nutshell, but appears as an accessor in a separate module
-#    here, so is hard/impossible to RDoc.  Some other useful accessors
-#    (mon_count and some queue stuff) are also in this module, and don't appear
-#    directly in the RDoc output.
-#  - in short, it may be worth changing the code layout in this file to make the
-#    documentation easier
-
-# Local variables:
-# mode: Ruby
-# tab-width: 8
-# End:
diff --git a/lib/mutex_m.gemspec b/lib/mutex_m.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f614dcd9a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/mutex_m.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/mutex_m"
+rescue LoadError
+  # for Ruby core repository
+  require_relative "mutex_m"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "mutex_m"
+  spec.version       = Mutex_m::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Keiju ISHITSUKA"]
+  spec.email         = ["keiju@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Mixin to extend objects to be handled like a Mutex.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Mixin to extend objects to be handled like a Mutex.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/mutex_m"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = ["Gemfile", "LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "lib/mutex_m.rb", "mutex_m.gemspec"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "test-unit"
+end
diff --git a/lib/mutex_m.rb b/lib/mutex_m.rb
index a8472f1582..18b6256595 100644
--- a/lib/mutex_m.rb
+++ b/lib/mutex_m.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@
 #
 # --
 
-
-require 'thread'
-
 # = mutex_m.rb
 #
 # When 'mutex_m' is required, any object that extends or includes Mutex_m will
@@ -28,16 +25,23 @@ require 'thread'
 #   obj.extend Mutex_m
 #
 # Or mixin Mutex_m into your module to your class inherit Mutex instance
-# methods.
+# methods --- remember to call super() in your class initialize method.
 #
 #   class Foo
 #     include Mutex_m
+#     def initialize
+#       # ...
+#       super()
+#     end
 #     # ...
 #   end
 #   obj = Foo.new
 #   # this obj can be handled like Mutex
 #
 module Mutex_m
+
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
   def Mutex_m.define_aliases(cl) # :nodoc:
     cl.module_eval %q{
       alias locked? mu_locked?
@@ -109,4 +113,5 @@ module Mutex_m
     mu_initialize
     super
   end
+  ruby2_keywords(:initialize) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
 end
diff --git a/lib/net/ftp.rb b/lib/net/ftp.rb
index 601d2cb4c3..2161d30d7c 100644
--- a/lib/net/ftp.rb
+++ b/lib/net/ftp.rb
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ module Net
     end
 
     # :stopdoc:
+    VERSION = "0.1.2"
     FTP_PORT = 21
     CRLF = "\r\n"
     DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE = BufferedIO::BUFSIZE
@@ -97,6 +98,10 @@ module Net
     # When +true+, the connection is in passive mode.  Default: +true+.
     attr_accessor :passive
 
+    # When +true+, use the IP address in PASV responses.  Otherwise, it uses
+    # the same IP address for the control connection.  Default: +false+.
+    attr_accessor :use_pasv_ip
+
     # When +true+, all traffic to and from the server is written
     # to +$stdout+.  Default: +false+.
     attr_accessor :debug_mode
@@ -182,16 +187,16 @@ module Net
     # The available options are:
     #
     # port::      Port number (default value is 21)
-    # ssl::       If options[:ssl] is true, then an attempt will be made
+    # ssl::       If +options+[:ssl] is true, then an attempt will be made
     #             to use SSL (now TLS) to connect to the server.  For this
     #             to work OpenSSL [OSSL] and the Ruby OpenSSL [RSSL]
-    #             extensions need to be installed.  If options[:ssl] is a
+    #             extensions need to be installed.  If +options+[:ssl] is a
     #             hash, it's passed to OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#set_params
     #             as parameters.
     # private_data_connection::  If true, TLS is used for data connections.
-    #                            Default: +true+ when options[:ssl] is true.
-    # username::  Username for login.  If options[:username] is the string
-    #             "anonymous" and the options[:password] is +nil+,
+    #                            Default: +true+ when +options+[:ssl] is true.
+    # username::  Username for login.  If +options+[:username] is the string
+    #             "anonymous" and the +options+[:password] is +nil+,
     #             "anonymous@" is used as a password.
     # password::  Password for login.
     # account::   Account information for ACCT.
@@ -205,6 +210,9 @@ module Net
     #                          handshake.
     #                          See Net::FTP#ssl_handshake_timeout for
     #                          details.  Default: +nil+.
+    # use_pasv_ip::  When +true+, use the IP address in PASV responses.
+    #                Otherwise, it uses the same IP address for the control
+    #                connection.  Default: +false+.
     # debug_mode::  When +true+, all traffic to and from the server is
     #               written to +$stdout+.  Default: +false+.
     #
@@ -230,6 +238,10 @@ module Net
         if defined?(VerifyCallbackProc)
           @ssl_context.verify_callback = VerifyCallbackProc
         end
+        @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
+          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
+          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
+        @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
         @ssl_session = nil
         if options[:private_data_connection].nil?
           @private_data_connection = true
@@ -261,14 +273,9 @@ module Net
       @open_timeout = options[:open_timeout]
       @ssl_handshake_timeout = options[:ssl_handshake_timeout]
       @read_timeout = options[:read_timeout] || 60
+      @use_pasv_ip = options[:use_pasv_ip] || false
       if host
-        if options[:port]
-          connect(host, options[:port] || FTP_PORT)
-        else
-          # spec/rubyspec/library/net/ftp/initialize_spec.rb depends on
-          # the number of arguments passed to connect....
-          connect(host)
-        end
+        connect(host, options[:port] || FTP_PORT)
         if options[:username]
           login(options[:username], options[:password], options[:account])
         end
@@ -316,13 +323,13 @@ module Net
 
     # Obsolete
     def return_code # :nodoc:
-      $stderr.puts("warning: Net::FTP#return_code is obsolete and do nothing")
+      warn("Net::FTP#return_code is obsolete and do nothing", uplevel: 1)
       return "\n"
     end
 
     # Obsolete
     def return_code=(s) # :nodoc:
-      $stderr.puts("warning: Net::FTP#return_code= is obsolete and do nothing")
+      warn("Net::FTP#return_code= is obsolete and do nothing", uplevel: 1)
     end
 
     # Constructs a socket with +host+ and +port+.
@@ -331,14 +338,19 @@ module Net
     # SOCKS_SERVER, then a SOCKSSocket is returned, else a Socket is
     # returned.
     def open_socket(host, port) # :nodoc:
-      return Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, OpenTimeout) {
-        if defined? SOCKSSocket and ENV["SOCKS_SERVER"]
-          @passive = true
-          sock = SOCKSSocket.open(host, port)
-        else
-          sock = Socket.tcp(host, port)
+      if defined? SOCKSSocket and ENV["SOCKS_SERVER"]
+        @passive = true
+        Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, OpenTimeout) do
+          SOCKSSocket.open(host, port)
         end
-      }
+      else
+        begin
+          Socket.tcp host, port, nil, nil, connect_timeout: @open_timeout
+        rescue Errno::ETIMEDOUT #raise Net:OpenTimeout instead for compatibility with previous versions
+          raise Net::OpenTimeout, "Timeout to open TCP connection to "\
+          "#{host}:#{port} (exceeds #{@open_timeout} seconds)"
+        end
+      end
     end
     private :open_socket
 
@@ -355,7 +367,6 @@ module Net
       if @ssl_context.verify_mode != VERIFY_NONE
         ssl_sock.post_connection_check(@host)
       end
-      @ssl_session = ssl_sock.session
       return ssl_sock
     end
     private :start_tls_session
@@ -544,18 +555,22 @@ module Net
     def transfercmd(cmd, rest_offset = nil) # :nodoc:
       if @passive
         host, port = makepasv
-        conn = open_socket(host, port)
-        if @resume and rest_offset
-          resp = sendcmd("REST " + rest_offset.to_s)
-          if !resp.start_with?("3")
+        begin
+          conn = open_socket(host, port)
+          if @resume and rest_offset
+            resp = sendcmd("REST " + rest_offset.to_s)
+            if !resp.start_with?("3")
+              raise FTPReplyError, resp
+            end
+          end
+          resp = sendcmd(cmd)
+          # skip 2XX for some ftp servers
+          resp = getresp if resp.start_with?("2")
+          if !resp.start_with?("1")
             raise FTPReplyError, resp
           end
-        end
-        resp = sendcmd(cmd)
-        # skip 2XX for some ftp servers
-        resp = getresp if resp.start_with?("2")
-        if !resp.start_with?("1")
-          raise FTPReplyError, resp
+        ensure
+          conn.close if conn && $!
         end
       else
         sock = makeport
@@ -634,14 +649,12 @@ module Net
         with_binary(true) do
           begin
             conn = transfercmd(cmd, rest_offset)
-            loop do
-              data = conn.read(blocksize)
-              break if data == nil
+            while data = conn.read(blocksize)
               yield(data)
             end
-            conn.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR)
+            conn.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR) rescue nil
             conn.read_timeout = 1
-            conn.read
+            conn.read rescue nil
           ensure
             conn.close if conn
           end
@@ -661,14 +674,12 @@ module Net
         with_binary(false) do
           begin
             conn = transfercmd(cmd)
-            loop do
-              line = conn.gets
-              break if line == nil
+            while line = conn.gets
               yield(line.sub(/\r?\n\z/, ""), !line.match(/\n\z/).nil?)
             end
-            conn.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR)
+            conn.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR) rescue nil
             conn.read_timeout = 1
-            conn.read
+            conn.read rescue nil
           ensure
             conn.close if conn
           end
@@ -689,14 +700,18 @@ module Net
       end
       synchronize do
         with_binary(true) do
-          conn = transfercmd(cmd)
-          loop do
-            buf = file.read(blocksize)
-            break if buf == nil
-            conn.write(buf)
-            yield(buf) if block_given?
+          begin
+            conn = transfercmd(cmd)
+            while buf = file.read(blocksize)
+              conn.write(buf)
+              yield(buf) if block_given?
+            end
+            conn.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR) rescue nil
+            conn.read_timeout = 1
+            conn.read rescue nil
+          ensure
+            conn.close if conn
           end
-          conn.close
           voidresp
         end
       end
@@ -718,17 +733,21 @@ module Net
     def storlines(cmd, file) # :yield: line
       synchronize do
         with_binary(false) do
-          conn = transfercmd(cmd)
-          loop do
-            buf = file.gets
-            break if buf == nil
-            if buf[-2, 2] != CRLF
-              buf = buf.chomp + CRLF
+          begin
+            conn = transfercmd(cmd)
+            while buf = file.gets
+              if buf[-2, 2] != CRLF
+                buf = buf.chomp + CRLF
+              end
+              conn.write(buf)
+              yield(buf) if block_given?
             end
-            conn.write(buf)
-            yield(buf) if block_given?
+            conn.shutdown(Socket::SHUT_WR) rescue nil
+            conn.read_timeout = 1
+            conn.read rescue nil
+          ensure
+            conn.close if conn
           end
-          conn.close
           voidresp
         end
       end
@@ -754,10 +773,10 @@ module Net
       if localfile
         if @resume
           rest_offset = File.size?(localfile)
-          f = open(localfile, "a")
+          f = File.open(localfile, "a")
         else
           rest_offset = nil
-          f = open(localfile, "w")
+          f = File.open(localfile, "w")
         end
       elsif !block_given?
         result = String.new
@@ -787,7 +806,7 @@ module Net
       f = nil
       result = nil
       if localfile
-        f = open(localfile, "w")
+        f = File.open(localfile, "w")
       elsif !block_given?
         result = String.new
       end
@@ -833,7 +852,7 @@ module Net
       else
         rest_offset = nil
       end
-      f = open(localfile)
+      f = File.open(localfile)
       begin
         f.binmode
         if rest_offset
@@ -852,7 +871,7 @@ module Net
     # passing in the transmitted data one line at a time.
     #
     def puttextfile(localfile, remotefile = File.basename(localfile), &block) # :yield: line
-      f = open(localfile)
+      f = File.open(localfile)
       begin
         storlines("STOR #{remotefile}", f, &block)
       ensure
@@ -1043,11 +1062,12 @@ module Net
     TIME_PARSER = ->(value, local = false) {
       unless /\A(?<year>\d{4})(?<month>\d{2})(?<day>\d{2})
             (?<hour>\d{2})(?<min>\d{2})(?<sec>\d{2})
-            (\.(?<fractions>\d+))?/x =~ value
+            (?:\.(?<fractions>\d{1,17}))?/x =~ value
+        value = value[0, 97] + "..." if value.size > 100
         raise FTPProtoError, "invalid time-val: #{value}"
       end
-      usec = fractions.to_i * 10 ** (6 - fractions.to_s.size)
-      Time.send(local ? :local : :utc, year, month, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
+      usec = ".#{fractions}".to_r * 1_000_000 if fractions
+      Time.public_send(local ? :local : :utc, year, month, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
     }
     FACT_PARSERS = Hash.new(CASE_DEPENDENT_PARSER)
     FACT_PARSERS["size"] = DECIMAL_PARSER
@@ -1239,8 +1259,9 @@ module Net
 
     #
     # Returns the status (STAT command).
-    # pathname - when stat is invoked with pathname as a parameter it acts like
-    #            list but alot faster and over the same tcp session.
+    #
+    # pathname:: when stat is invoked with pathname as a parameter it acts like
+    #            list but a lot faster and over the same tcp session.
     #
     def status(pathname = nil)
       line = pathname ? "STAT #{pathname}" : "STAT"
@@ -1301,6 +1322,41 @@ module Net
     end
 
     #
+    # Issues a FEAT command
+    #
+    # Returns an array of supported optional features
+    #
+    def features
+      resp = sendcmd("FEAT")
+      if !resp.start_with?("211")
+        raise FTPReplyError, resp
+      end
+
+      feats = []
+      resp.split("\n").each do |line|
+        next if !line.start_with?(' ') # skip status lines
+
+        feats << line.strip
+      end
+
+      return feats
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Issues an OPTS command
+    # - name Should be the name of the option to set
+    # - params is any optional parameters to supply with the option
+    #
+    # example: option('UTF8', 'ON') => 'OPTS UTF8 ON'
+    #
+    def option(name, params = nil)
+      cmd = "OPTS #{name}"
+      cmd += " #{params}" if params
+
+      voidcmd(cmd)
+    end
+
+    #
     # Closes the connection.  Further operations are impossible until you open
     # a new connection with #connect.
     #
@@ -1318,7 +1374,7 @@ module Net
     end
 
     #
-    # Returns +true+ iff the connection is closed.
+    # Returns +true+ if and only if the connection is closed.
     #
     def closed?
       @sock == nil or @sock.closed?
@@ -1332,8 +1388,13 @@ module Net
       if !resp.start_with?("227")
         raise FTPReplyError, resp
       end
-      if m = /\((?<host>\d+(,\d+){3}),(?<port>\d+,\d+)\)/.match(resp)
-        return parse_pasv_ipv4_host(m["host"]), parse_pasv_port(m["port"])
+      if m = /\((?<host>\d+(?:,\d+){3}),(?<port>\d+,\d+)\)/.match(resp)
+        if @use_pasv_ip
+          host = parse_pasv_ipv4_host(m["host"])
+        else
+          host = @bare_sock.remote_address.ip_address
+        end
+        return host, parse_pasv_port(m["port"])
       else
         raise FTPProtoError, resp
       end
@@ -1348,9 +1409,9 @@ module Net
       if !resp.start_with?("228")
         raise FTPReplyError, resp
       end
-      if m = /\(4,4,(?<host>\d+(,\d+){3}),2,(?<port>\d+,\d+)\)/.match(resp)
+      if m = /\(4,4,(?<host>\d+(?:,\d+){3}),2,(?<port>\d+,\d+)\)/.match(resp)
         return parse_pasv_ipv4_host(m["host"]), parse_pasv_port(m["port"])
-      elsif m = /\(6,16,(?<host>\d+(,(\d+)){15}),2,(?<port>\d+,\d+)\)/.match(resp)
+      elsif m = /\(6,16,(?<host>\d+(?:,\d+){15}),2,(?<port>\d+,\d+)\)/.match(resp)
         return parse_pasv_ipv6_host(m["host"]), parse_pasv_port(m["port"])
       else
         raise FTPProtoError, resp
@@ -1434,7 +1495,7 @@ module Net
           s = super(len, String.new, true)
           return s.empty? ? nil : s
         else
-          result = ""
+          result = String.new
           while s = super(DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE, String.new, true)
             break if s.empty?
             result << s
@@ -1459,7 +1520,7 @@ module Net
 
     if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket)
       class BufferedSSLSocket <  BufferedSocket
-        def initialize(*args)
+        def initialize(*args, **options)
           super
           @is_shutdown = false
         end
diff --git a/lib/net/http.rb b/lib/net/http.rb
index 5a22fc0015..34fc635a4d 100644
--- a/lib/net/http.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http.rb
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 
 require 'net/protocol'
 require 'uri'
+autoload :OpenSSL, 'openssl'
 
 module Net   #:nodoc:
-  autoload :OpenSSL, 'openssl'
 
   # :stopdoc:
   class HTTPBadResponse < StandardError; end
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   #
   # Net::HTTP provides a rich library which can be used to build HTTP
   # user-agents.  For more details about HTTP see
-  # [RFC2616](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt)
+  # [RFC2616](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt).
   #
   # Net::HTTP is designed to work closely with URI.  URI::HTTP#host,
   # URI::HTTP#port and URI::HTTP#request_uri are designed to work with
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   #
   # == How to use Net::HTTP
   #
-  # The following example code can be used as the basis of a HTTP user-agent
+  # The following example code can be used as the basis of an HTTP user-agent
   # which can perform a variety of request types using persistent
   # connections.
   #
@@ -104,14 +104,13 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   # open for multiple requests in the block if the server indicates it
   # supports persistent connections.
   #
+  # If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple HTTP requests without
+  # automatically closing it you can use ::new and then call #start and
+  # #finish manually.
+  #
   # The request types Net::HTTP supports are listed below in the section "HTTP
   # Request Classes".
   #
-  # If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple HTTP requests without
-  # automatically closing it you can use ::new instead of ::start.  #request
-  # will automatically open a connection to the server if one is not currently
-  # open.  You can manually close the connection with #finish.
-  #
   # For all the Net::HTTP request objects and shortcut request methods you may
   # supply either a String for the request path or a URI from which Net::HTTP
   # will extract the request path.
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   # === POST
   #
   # A POST can be made using the Net::HTTP::Post request class.  This example
-  # creates a urlencoded POST body:
+  # creates a URL encoded POST body:
   #
   #   uri = URI('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi')
   #   req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
@@ -187,13 +186,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   #     res.value
   #   end
   #
-  # At this time Net::HTTP does not support multipart/form-data.  To send
-  # multipart/form-data use Net::HTTPRequest#body= and
-  # Net::HTTPRequest#content_type=:
+  # To send multipart/form-data use Net::HTTPHeader#set_form:
   #
   #   req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
-  #   req.body = multipart_data
-  #   req.content_type = 'multipart/form-data'
+  #   req.set_form([['upload', File.open('foo.bar')]], 'multipart/form-data')
   #
   # Other requests that can contain a body such as PUT can be created in the
   # same way using the corresponding request class (Net::HTTP::Put).
@@ -222,7 +218,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   # === Basic Authentication
   #
   # Basic authentication is performed according to
-  # [RFC2617](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt)
+  # [RFC2617](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt).
   #
   #   uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?key=value')
   #
@@ -266,7 +262,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   #   end
   #
   # Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in an URI
-  # object that has a HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turn on TLS
+  # object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS
   # verification if the URI object has a 'https' URI scheme.
   #
   #   uri = URI('https://example.com/')
@@ -392,6 +388,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   class HTTP < Protocol
 
     # :stopdoc:
+    VERSION = "0.1.1"
     Revision = %q$Revision$.split[1]
     HTTPVersion = '1.1'
     begin
@@ -431,7 +428,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     #
     # Gets the body text from the target and outputs it to $stdout.  The
     # target can either be specified as
-    # (+uri+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
+    # (+uri+, +headers+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
     #
     #    Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')
     #
@@ -439,8 +436,12 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     #
     #    Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
     #
-    def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
-      get_response(uri_or_host, path, port) {|res|
+    # you can also specify request headers:
+    #
+    #    Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' }
+    #
+    def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
+      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port) {|res|
         res.read_body do |chunk|
           $stdout.print chunk
         end
@@ -450,7 +451,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
 
     # Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response
     # as a string.  The target can either be specified as
-    # (+uri+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
+    # (+uri+, +headers+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
     #
     #    print Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
     #
@@ -458,13 +459,17 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     #
     #    print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')
     #
-    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
-      get_response(uri_or_host, path, port).body
+    # you can also specify request headers:
+    #
+    #    Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' })
+    #
+    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
+      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body
     end
 
     # Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response
     # as a Net::HTTPResponse object.  The target can either be specified as
-    # (+uri+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
+    # (+uri+, +headers+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
     #
     #    res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
     #    print res.body
@@ -474,17 +479,23 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     #    res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html')
     #    print res.body
     #
-    def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block)
-      if path
+    # you can also specify request headers:
+    #
+    #    Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' })
+    #
+    def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil, &block)
+      if path_or_headers && !path_or_headers.is_a?(Hash)
         host = uri_or_host
+        path = path_or_headers
         new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
           return http.request_get(path, &block)
         }
       else
         uri = uri_or_host
+        headers = path_or_headers
         start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
               :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
-          return http.request_get(uri, &block)
+          return http.request_get(uri, headers, &block)
         }
       end
     end
@@ -503,7 +514,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
       start(url.hostname, url.port,
             :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
-        http.post(url.path, data, header)
+        http.post(url, data, header)
       }
     end
 
@@ -560,7 +571,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
 
     # :call-seq:
     #   HTTP.start(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass, &block)
-    #   HTTP.start(address, port=nil, p_addr=nil, p_port=nil, p_user=nil, p_pass=nil, opt, &block)
+    #   HTTP.start(address, port=nil, p_addr=:ENV, p_port=nil, p_user=nil, p_pass=nil, opt, &block)
     #
     # Creates a new Net::HTTP object, then additionally opens the TCP
     # connection and HTTP session.
@@ -575,8 +586,8 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # _opt_     :: optional hash
     #
     # _opt_ sets following values by its accessor.
-    # The keys are ca_file, ca_path, cert, cert_store, ciphers,
-    # close_on_empty_response, key, open_timeout, read_timeout, ssl_timeout,
+    # The keys are ipaddr, ca_file, ca_path, cert, cert_store, ciphers, keep_alive_timeout,
+    # close_on_empty_response, key, open_timeout, read_timeout, write_timeout, ssl_timeout,
     # ssl_version, use_ssl, verify_callback, verify_depth and verify_mode.
     # If you set :use_ssl as true, you can use https and default value of
     # verify_mode is set as OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.
@@ -591,8 +602,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
       arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
       port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
+      p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2
       port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
       http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)
+      http.ipaddr = opt[:ipaddr] if opt && opt[:ipaddr]
 
       if opt
         if opt[:use_ssl]
@@ -626,12 +639,13 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # detection from the environment.  To disable proxy detection set +p_addr+
     # to nil.
     #
-    # If you are connecting to a custom proxy, +p_addr+ the DNS name or IP
-    # address of the proxy host, +p_port+ the port to use to access the proxy,
-    # and +p_user+ and +p_pass+ the username and password if authorization is
-    # required to use the proxy.
+    # If you are connecting to a custom proxy, +p_addr+ specifies the DNS name
+    # or IP address of the proxy host, +p_port+ the port to use to access the
+    # proxy, +p_user+ and +p_pass+ the username and password if authorization
+    # is required to use the proxy, and p_no_proxy hosts which do not
+    # use the proxy.
     #
-    def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
+    def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
       http = super address, port
 
       if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
@@ -643,6 +657,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       elsif p_addr == :ENV then
         http.proxy_from_env = true
       else
+        if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(p_addr, p_addr, p_port, p_no_proxy)
+          p_addr = nil
+          p_port = nil
+        end
         http.proxy_address = p_addr
         http.proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
         http.proxy_user    = p_user
@@ -658,6 +676,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     def initialize(address, port = nil)
       @address = address
       @port    = (port || HTTP.default_port)
+      @ipaddr = nil
       @local_host = nil
       @local_port = nil
       @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion
@@ -668,7 +687,9 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       @started = false
       @open_timeout = 60
       @read_timeout = 60
+      @write_timeout = 60
       @continue_timeout = nil
+      @max_retries = 1
       @debug_output = nil
 
       @proxy_from_env = false
@@ -701,7 +722,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     #   http.start { .... }
     #
     def set_debug_output(output)
-      warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started' if started?
+      warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
       @debug_output = output
     end
 
@@ -723,6 +744,17 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     attr_writer :proxy_user
     attr_writer :proxy_pass
 
+    # The IP address to connect to/used to connect to
+    def ipaddr
+      started? ?  @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr
+    end
+
+    # Set the IP address to connect to
+    def ipaddr=(addr)
+      raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started?
+      @ipaddr = addr
+    end
+
     # Number of seconds to wait for the connection to open. Any number
     # may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
     # object cannot open a connection in this many seconds, it raises a
@@ -735,12 +767,41 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # it raises a Net::ReadTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
     attr_reader :read_timeout
 
+    # Number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2)
+    # call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional
+    # seconds. If the HTTP object cannot write data in this many seconds,
+    # it raises a Net::WriteTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
+    # Net::WriteTimeout is not raised on Windows.
+    attr_reader :write_timeout
+
+    # Maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of
+    # Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET,
+    # Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError,
+    # Timeout::Error.
+    # Should be a non-negative integer number. Zero means no retries.
+    # The default value is 1.
+    def max_retries=(retries)
+      retries = retries.to_int
+      if retries < 0
+        raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number'
+      end
+      @max_retries = retries
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :max_retries
+
     # Setter for the read_timeout attribute.
     def read_timeout=(sec)
       @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
       @read_timeout = sec
     end
 
+    # Setter for the write_timeout attribute.
+    def write_timeout=(sec)
+      @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
+      @write_timeout = sec
+    end
+
     # Seconds to wait for 100 Continue response. If the HTTP object does not
     # receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body. The
     # default value is +nil+.
@@ -790,12 +851,16 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       :@cert,
       :@cert_store,
       :@ciphers,
+      :@extra_chain_cert,
       :@key,
       :@ssl_timeout,
       :@ssl_version,
+      :@min_version,
+      :@max_version,
       :@verify_callback,
       :@verify_depth,
       :@verify_mode,
+      :@verify_hostname,
     ]
     SSL_ATTRIBUTES = [
       :ca_file,
@@ -803,12 +868,16 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       :cert,
       :cert_store,
       :ciphers,
+      :extra_chain_cert,
       :key,
       :ssl_timeout,
       :ssl_version,
+      :min_version,
+      :max_version,
       :verify_callback,
       :verify_depth,
       :verify_mode,
+      :verify_hostname,
     ]
 
     # Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.
@@ -830,6 +899,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # Sets the available ciphers.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=
     attr_accessor :ciphers
 
+    # Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
+    # See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#extra_chain_cert=
+    attr_accessor :extra_chain_cert
+
     # Sets an OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
     # (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extension.)
     attr_accessor :key
@@ -840,6 +913,12 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # Sets the SSL version.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=
     attr_accessor :ssl_version
 
+    # Sets the minimum SSL version.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=
+    attr_accessor :min_version
+
+    # Sets the maximum SSL version.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=
+    attr_accessor :max_version
+
     # Sets the verify callback for the server certification verification.
     attr_accessor :verify_callback
 
@@ -852,6 +931,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.
     attr_accessor :verify_mode
 
+    # Sets to check the server certificate is valid for the hostname.
+    # See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=
+    attr_accessor :verify_hostname
+
     # Returns the X.509 certificates the server presented.
     def peer_cert
       if not use_ssl? or not @socket
@@ -891,20 +974,20 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
 
     def connect
       if proxy? then
-        conn_address = proxy_address
-        conn_port    = proxy_port
+        conn_addr = proxy_address
+        conn_port = proxy_port
       else
-        conn_address = address
-        conn_port    = port
+        conn_addr = conn_address
+        conn_port = port
       end
 
-      D "opening connection to #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
+      D "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
       s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
         begin
-          TCPSocket.open(conn_address, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
+          TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
         rescue => e
           raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
-            "#{conn_address}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
+            "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
         end
       }
       s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
@@ -912,9 +995,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       if use_ssl?
         if proxy?
           plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
+                                      write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                                       continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                                       debug_output: @debug_output)
-          buf = "CONNECT #{@address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n"
+          buf = "CONNECT #{conn_address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n"
           buf << "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
           if proxy_user
             credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0')
@@ -929,30 +1013,36 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
         ssl_parameters = Hash.new
         iv_list = instance_variables
         SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i|
-          if iv_list.include?(ivname) and
+          if iv_list.include?(ivname)
             value = instance_variable_get(ivname)
-            ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value if value
+            unless value.nil?
+              ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value
+            end
           end
         end
         @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
         @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters)
-        D "starting SSL for #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
+        @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
+          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
+          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
+        @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
+        D "starting SSL for #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
         s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
         s.sync_close = true
         # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546
         s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname=
         if @ssl_session and
            Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout
-          s.session = @ssl_session if @ssl_session
+          s.session = @ssl_session
         end
         ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
-        if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+        if (@ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE) && @ssl_context.verify_hostname
           s.post_connection_check(@address)
         end
-        @ssl_session = s.session
-        D "SSL established"
+        D "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}"
       end
       @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
+                               write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                                continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                                debug_output: @debug_output)
       on_connect
@@ -1080,14 +1170,29 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    # The proxy username, if one is configured
+    # [Bug #12921]
+    if /linux|freebsd|darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE = true
+    else
+      ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE = false
+    end
+
+    # The username of the proxy server, if one is configured.
     def proxy_user
-      @proxy_user
+      if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
+        proxy_uri&.user
+      else
+        @proxy_user
+      end
     end
 
-    # The proxy password, if one is configured
+    # The password of the proxy server, if one is configured.
     def proxy_pass
-      @proxy_pass
+      if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
+        proxy_uri&.password
+      else
+        @proxy_pass
+      end
     end
 
     alias proxyaddr proxy_address   #:nodoc: obsolete
@@ -1098,7 +1203,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # without proxy, obsolete
 
     def conn_address # :nodoc:
-      address()
+      @ipaddr || address()
     end
 
     def conn_port # :nodoc:
@@ -1441,7 +1546,13 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       begin
         begin_transport req
         res = catch(:response) {
-          req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
+          begin
+            req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
+          rescue Errno::EPIPE
+            # Failure when writing full request, but we can probably
+            # still read the received response.
+          end
+
           begin
             res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
             res.decode_content = req.decode_content
@@ -1457,11 +1568,11 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       rescue Net::OpenTimeout
         raise
       rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError,
-             Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE,
+             Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, Errno::ETIMEDOUT,
              # avoid a dependency on OpenSSL
              defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError,
              Timeout::Error => exception
-        if count == 0 && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
+        if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
           count += 1
           @socket.close if @socket
           D "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
@@ -1564,11 +1675,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     private
 
     def addr_port
-      if use_ssl?
-        address() + (port == HTTP.https_default_port ? '' : ":#{port()}")
-      else
-        address() + (port == HTTP.http_default_port ? '' : ":#{port()}")
-      end
+      addr = address
+      addr = "[#{addr}]" if addr.include?(":")
+      default_port = use_ssl? ? HTTP.https_default_port : HTTP.http_default_port
+      default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}"
     end
 
     def D(msg)
@@ -1580,17 +1690,17 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
 
 end
 
-require 'net/http/exceptions'
+require_relative 'http/exceptions'
 
-require 'net/http/header'
+require_relative 'http/header'
 
-require 'net/http/generic_request'
-require 'net/http/request'
-require 'net/http/requests'
+require_relative 'http/generic_request'
+require_relative 'http/request'
+require_relative 'http/requests'
 
-require 'net/http/response'
-require 'net/http/responses'
+require_relative 'http/response'
+require_relative 'http/responses'
 
-require 'net/http/proxy_delta'
+require_relative 'http/proxy_delta'
 
-require 'net/http/backward'
+require_relative 'http/backward'
diff --git a/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb b/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
index 0d34526616..da5f7a70fc 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/exceptions.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,14 @@ class Net::HTTPServerException < Net::ProtoServerError
   # We cannot use the name "HTTPServerError", it is the name of the response.
   include Net::HTTPExceptions
 end
+
+# for compatibility
+Net::HTTPClientException = Net::HTTPServerException
+
 class Net::HTTPFatalError < Net::ProtoFatalError
   include Net::HTTPExceptions
 end
 
+module Net
+  deprecate_constant(:HTTPServerException)
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb b/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
index 6c5ceafe61..003f59d0ac 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/generic_request.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-# HTTPGenericRequest is the parent of the HTTPRequest class.
-# Do not use this directly; use a subclass of HTTPRequest.
+# HTTPGenericRequest is the parent of the Net::HTTPRequest class.
+# Do not use this directly; use a subclass of Net::HTTPRequest.
 #
-# Mixes in the HTTPHeader module to provide easier access to HTTP headers.
+# Mixes in the Net::HTTPHeader module to provide easier access to HTTP headers.
 #
 class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
 
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
     @response_has_body = resbody
 
     if URI === uri_or_path then
+      raise ArgumentError, "not an HTTP URI" unless URI::HTTP === uri_or_path
+      raise ArgumentError, "no host component for URI" unless uri_or_path.hostname
       @uri = uri_or_path.dup
       host = @uri.hostname.dup
       host << ":".freeze << @uri.port.to_s if @uri.port != @uri.default_port
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
   end
 
   def body_exist?
-    warn "Net::HTTPRequest#body_exist? is obsolete; use response_body_permitted?" if $VERBOSE
+    warn "Net::HTTPRequest#body_exist? is obsolete; use response_body_permitted?", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     response_body_permitted?
   end
 
@@ -168,9 +170,8 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
 
     def write(buf)
       # avoid memcpy() of buf, buf can huge and eat memory bandwidth
-      @sock.write("#{buf.bytesize.to_s(16)}\r\n")
-      rv = @sock.write(buf)
-      @sock.write("\r\n")
+      rv = buf.bytesize
+      @sock.write("#{rv.to_s(16)}\r\n", buf, "\r\n")
       rv
     end
 
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ class Net::HTTPGenericRequest
 
   def supply_default_content_type
     return if content_type()
-    warn 'net/http: warning: Content-Type did not set; using application/x-www-form-urlencoded' if $VERBOSE
+    warn 'net/http: Content-Type did not set; using application/x-www-form-urlencoded', uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     set_content_type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/net/http/header.rb b/lib/net/http/header.rb
index 63a163afbd..a8901e79cb 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/header.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/header.rb
@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
     @header = {}
     return unless initheader
     initheader.each do |key, value|
-      warn "net/http: warning: duplicated HTTP header: #{key}" if key?(key) and $VERBOSE
+      warn "net/http: duplicated HTTP header: #{key}", uplevel: 3 if key?(key) and $VERBOSE
       if value.nil?
-        warn "net/http: warning: nil HTTP header: #{key}" if $VERBOSE
+        warn "net/http: nil HTTP header: #{key}", uplevel: 3 if $VERBOSE
       else
-        @header[key.downcase] = [value.strip]
+        value = value.strip # raise error for invalid byte sequences
+        if value.count("\r\n") > 0
+          raise ArgumentError, "header #{key} has field value #{value.inspect}, this cannot include CR/LF"
+        end
+        @header[key.downcase.to_s] = [value]
       end
     end
   end
@@ -32,17 +36,17 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
   # Returns the header field corresponding to the case-insensitive key.
   # For example, a key of "Content-Type" might return "text/html"
   def [](key)
-    a = @header[key.downcase] or return nil
+    a = @header[key.downcase.to_s] or return nil
     a.join(', ')
   end
 
   # Sets the header field corresponding to the case-insensitive key.
   def []=(key, val)
     unless val
-      @header.delete key.downcase
+      @header.delete key.downcase.to_s
       return val
     end
-    @header[key.downcase] = [val]
+    set_field(key, val)
   end
 
   # [Ruby 1.8.3]
@@ -61,10 +65,39 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
   #   p request.get_fields('X-My-Header')   #=> ["a", "b", "c"]
   #
   def add_field(key, val)
-    if @header.key?(key.downcase)
-      @header[key.downcase].push val
+    stringified_downcased_key = key.downcase.to_s
+    if @header.key?(stringified_downcased_key)
+      append_field_value(@header[stringified_downcased_key], val)
+    else
+      set_field(key, val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def set_field(key, val)
+    case val
+    when Enumerable
+      ary = []
+      append_field_value(ary, val)
+      @header[key.downcase.to_s] = ary
+    else
+      val = val.to_s # for compatibility use to_s instead of to_str
+      if val.b.count("\r\n") > 0
+        raise ArgumentError, 'header field value cannot include CR/LF'
+      end
+      @header[key.downcase.to_s] = [val]
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def append_field_value(ary, val)
+    case val
+    when Enumerable
+      val.each{|x| append_field_value(ary, x)}
     else
-      @header[key.downcase] = [val]
+      val = val.to_s
+      if /[\r\n]/n.match?(val.b)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'header field value cannot include CR/LF'
+      end
+      ary.push val
     end
   end
 
@@ -80,8 +113,9 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
   #     #=> "session=al98axx; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-1999 23:58:23, query=rubyscript; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-1999 23:58:23"
   #
   def get_fields(key)
-    return nil unless @header[key.downcase]
-    @header[key.downcase].dup
+    stringified_downcased_key = key.downcase.to_s
+    return nil unless @header[stringified_downcased_key]
+    @header[stringified_downcased_key].dup
   end
 
   # Returns the header field corresponding to the case-insensitive key.
@@ -89,7 +123,7 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
   # raises an IndexError if there's no header field named +key+
   # See Hash#fetch
   def fetch(key, *args, &block)   #:yield: +key+
-    a = @header.fetch(key.downcase, *args, &block)
+    a = @header.fetch(key.downcase.to_s, *args, &block)
     a.kind_of?(Array) ? a.join(', ') : a
   end
 
@@ -150,12 +184,12 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
 
   # Removes a header field, specified by case-insensitive key.
   def delete(key)
-    @header.delete(key.downcase)
+    @header.delete(key.downcase.to_s)
   end
 
   # true if +key+ header exists.
   def key?(key)
-    @header.key?(key.downcase)
+    @header.key?(key.downcase.to_s)
   end
 
   # Returns a Hash consisting of header names and array of values.
@@ -289,7 +323,7 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
   end
 
   # Returns "true" if the "transfer-encoding" header is present and
-  # set to "chunked".  This is an HTTP/1.1 feature, allowing the
+  # set to "chunked".  This is an HTTP/1.1 feature, allowing
   # the content to be sent in "chunks" without at the outset
   # stating the entire content length.
   def chunked?
@@ -389,30 +423,50 @@ module Net::HTTPHeader
   alias form_data= set_form_data
 
   # Set an HTML form data set.
-  # +params+ is the form data set; it is an Array of Arrays or a Hash
-  # +enctype is the type to encode the form data set.
-  # It is application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data.
-  # +formopt+ is an optional hash to specify the detail.
+  # +params+ :: The form data to set, which should be an enumerable.
+  #             See below for more details.
+  # +enctype+ :: The content type to use to encode the form submission,
+  #              which should be application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
+  #              multipart/form-data.
+  # +formopt+ :: An options hash, supporting the following options:
+  #              :boundary :: The boundary of the multipart message. If
+  #                           not given, a random boundary will be used.
+  #              :charset :: The charset of the form submission. All
+  #                          field names and values of non-file fields
+  #                          should be encoded with this charset.
   #
-  # boundary:: the boundary of the multipart message
-  # charset::  the charset of the message. All names and the values of
-  #            non-file fields are encoded as the charset.
-  #
-  # Each item of params is an array and contains following items:
-  # +name+::  the name of the field
-  # +value+:: the value of the field, it should be a String or a File
-  # +opt+::   an optional hash to specify additional information
+  # Each item of params should respond to +each+ and yield 2-3 arguments,
+  # or an array of 2-3 elements. The arguments yielded should be:
+  #  * The name of the field.
+  #  * The value of the field, it should be a String or a File or IO-like.
+  #  * An options hash, supporting the following options, only
+  #    used for file uploads:
+  #    :filename :: The name of the file to use.
+  #    :content_type :: The content type of the uploaded file.
   #
   # Each item is a file field or a normal field.
-  # If +value+ is a File object or the +opt+ have a filename key,
+  # If +value+ is a File object or the +opt+ hash has a :filename key,
   # the item is treated as a file field.
   #
-  # If Transfer-Encoding is set as chunked, this send the request in
+  # If Transfer-Encoding is set as chunked, this sends the request using
   # chunked encoding. Because chunked encoding is HTTP/1.1 feature,
-  # you must confirm the server to support HTTP/1.1 before sending it.
+  # you should confirm that the server supports HTTP/1.1 before using
+  # chunked encoding.
   #
   # Example:
-  #    http.set_form([["q", "ruby"], ["lang", "en"]])
+  #    req.set_form([["q", "ruby"], ["lang", "en"]])
+  #
+  #    req.set_form({"f"=>File.open('/path/to/filename')},
+  #                 "multipart/form-data",
+  #                 charset: "UTF-8",
+  #    )
+  #
+  #    req.set_form([["f",
+  #                   File.open('/path/to/filename.bar'),
+  #                   {filename: "other-filename.foo"}
+  #                 ]],
+  #                 "multipart/form-data",
+  #    )
   #
   # See also RFC 2388, RFC 2616, HTML 4.01, and HTML5
   #
diff --git a/lib/net/http/net-http.gemspec b/lib/net/http/net-http.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5ef4045e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/net/http/net-http.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["NARUSE, Yui"]
+  spec.email         = ["naruse@airemix.jp"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{HTTP client api for Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{HTTP client api for Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/net-http"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.6.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "net-protocol"
+  spec.add_dependency "uri"
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/http/response.rb b/lib/net/http/response.rb
index 1351d7b2d2..08eaeb2cac 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/response.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/response.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@
 # header values both via hash-like methods and via individual readers.
 #
 # Note that each possible HTTP response code defines its own
-# HTTPResponse subclass.  These are listed below.
+# HTTPResponse subclass. All classes are defined under the Net module.
+# Indentation indicates inheritance.  For a list of the classes see Net::HTTP.
 #
-# All classes are defined under the Net module. Indentation indicates
-# inheritance.  For a list of the classes see Net::HTTP.
+# Correspondence <code>HTTP code => class</code> is stored in CODE_TO_OBJ
+# constant:
 #
+#    Net::HTTPResponse::CODE_TO_OBJ['404'] #=> Net::HTTPNotFound
 #
 class Net::HTTPResponse
   class << self
@@ -140,17 +142,17 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
   #
 
   def response   #:nodoc:
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Net::HTTPResponse#response is obsolete" if $VERBOSE
+    warn "Net::HTTPResponse#response is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     self
   end
 
   def header   #:nodoc:
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Net::HTTPResponse#header is obsolete" if $VERBOSE
+    warn "Net::HTTPResponse#header is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     self
   end
 
   def read_header   #:nodoc:
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Net::HTTPResponse#read_header is obsolete" if $VERBOSE
+    warn "Net::HTTPResponse#read_header is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     self
   end
 
@@ -174,6 +176,10 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
   # If a block is given, the body is passed to the block, and
   # the body is provided in fragments, as it is read in from the socket.
   #
+  # If +dest+ argument is given, response is read into that variable,
+  # with <code>dest#<<</code> method (it could be String or IO, or any
+  # other object responding to <code><<</code>).
+  #
   # Calling this method a second or subsequent time for the same
   # HTTPResponse object will return the value already read.
   #
@@ -262,12 +268,13 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
 
       begin
         yield inflate_body_io
+        success = true
       ensure
-        orig_err = $!
         begin
           inflate_body_io.finish
         rescue => err
-          raise orig_err || err
+          # Ignore #finish's error if there is an exception from yield
+          raise err if success
         end
       end
     when 'none', 'identity' then
@@ -380,6 +387,7 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
       end
       block = proc do |compressed_chunk|
         @inflate.inflate(compressed_chunk) do |chunk|
+          compressed_chunk.clear
           dest << chunk
         end
       end
diff --git a/lib/net/http/responses.rb b/lib/net/http/responses.rb
index 8e75f75d4f..50352032df 100644
--- a/lib/net/http/responses.rb
+++ b/lib/net/http/responses.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # :stopdoc:
+# https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
 class Net::HTTPUnknownResponse < Net::HTTPResponse
   HAS_BODY = true
   EXCEPTION_TYPE = Net::HTTPError
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ class Net::HTTPRedirection < Net::HTTPResponse           # 3xx
 end
 class Net::HTTPClientError < Net::HTTPResponse           # 4xx
   HAS_BODY = true
-  EXCEPTION_TYPE = Net::HTTPServerException   # for backward compatibility
+  EXCEPTION_TYPE = Net::HTTPClientException   # for backward compatibility
 end
 class Net::HTTPServerError < Net::HTTPResponse           # 5xx
   HAS_BODY = true
@@ -31,7 +32,12 @@ end
 class Net::HTTPSwitchProtocol < Net::HTTPInformation     # 101
   HAS_BODY = false
 end
-# 102 - RFC 2518; removed in RFC 4918
+class Net::HTTPProcessing < Net::HTTPInformation         # 102
+  HAS_BODY = false
+end
+class Net::HTTPEarlyHints < Net::HTTPInformation         # 103 - RFC 8297
+  HAS_BODY = false
+end
 
 class Net::HTTPOK < Net::HTTPSuccess                            # 200
   HAS_BODY = true
@@ -57,7 +63,9 @@ end
 class Net::HTTPMultiStatus < Net::HTTPSuccess                   # 207 - RFC 4918
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-# 208 Already Reported - RFC 5842; experimental
+class Net::HTTPAlreadyReported < Net::HTTPSuccess               # 208 - RFC 5842
+  HAS_BODY = true
+end
 class Net::HTTPIMUsed < Net::HTTPSuccess                        # 226 - RFC 3229
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
@@ -114,9 +122,10 @@ end
 class Net::HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired < Net::HTTPClientError   # 407
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-class Net::HTTPRequestTimeOut < Net::HTTPClientError                # 408
+class Net::HTTPRequestTimeout < Net::HTTPClientError                # 408
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
+Net::HTTPRequestTimeOut = Net::HTTPRequestTimeout
 class Net::HTTPConflict < Net::HTTPClientError                      # 409
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
@@ -129,24 +138,30 @@ end
 class Net::HTTPPreconditionFailed < Net::HTTPClientError            # 412
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-class Net::HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge < Net::HTTPClientError         # 413
+class Net::HTTPPayloadTooLarge < Net::HTTPClientError               # 413
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-class Net::HTTPRequestURITooLong < Net::HTTPClientError             # 414
+Net::HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge = Net::HTTPPayloadTooLarge
+class Net::HTTPURITooLong < Net::HTTPClientError                    # 414
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
+Net::HTTPRequestURITooLong = Net::HTTPURITooLong
 Net::HTTPRequestURITooLarge = Net::HTTPRequestURITooLong
 class Net::HTTPUnsupportedMediaType < Net::HTTPClientError          # 415
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-class Net::HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable < Net::HTTPClientError  # 416
+class Net::HTTPRangeNotSatisfiable < Net::HTTPClientError           # 416
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
+Net::HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable = Net::HTTPRangeNotSatisfiable
 class Net::HTTPExpectationFailed < Net::HTTPClientError             # 417
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
 # 418 I'm a teapot - RFC 2324; a joke RFC
 # 420 Enhance Your Calm - Twitter
+class Net::HTTPMisdirectedRequest < Net::HTTPClientError            # 421 - RFC 7540
+  HAS_BODY = true
+end
 class Net::HTTPUnprocessableEntity < Net::HTTPClientError           # 422 - RFC 4918
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
@@ -169,7 +184,7 @@ end
 class Net::HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge < Net::HTTPClientError   # 431 - RFC 6585
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-class Net::HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons < Net::HTTPClientError    # 451
+class Net::HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons < Net::HTTPClientError    # 451 - RFC 7725
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
 # 444 No Response - Nginx
@@ -189,19 +204,26 @@ end
 class Net::HTTPServiceUnavailable < Net::HTTPServerError            # 503
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-class Net::HTTPGatewayTimeOut < Net::HTTPServerError                # 504
+class Net::HTTPGatewayTimeout < Net::HTTPServerError                # 504
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
+Net::HTTPGatewayTimeOut = Net::HTTPGatewayTimeout
 class Net::HTTPVersionNotSupported < Net::HTTPServerError           # 505
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-# 506 Variant Also Negotiates - RFC 2295; experimental
+class Net::HTTPVariantAlsoNegotiates < Net::HTTPServerError         # 506
+  HAS_BODY = true
+end
 class Net::HTTPInsufficientStorage < Net::HTTPServerError           # 507 - RFC 4918
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
-# 508 Loop Detected - RFC 5842; experimental
+class Net::HTTPLoopDetected < Net::HTTPServerError                  # 508 - RFC 5842
+  HAS_BODY = true
+end
 # 509 Bandwidth Limit Exceeded - Apache bw/limited extension
-# 510 Not Extended - RFC 2774; experimental
+class Net::HTTPNotExtended < Net::HTTPServerError                   # 510 - RFC 2774
+  HAS_BODY = true
+end
 class Net::HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired < Net::HTTPServerError # 511 - RFC 6585
   HAS_BODY = true
 end
@@ -217,6 +239,8 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
   CODE_TO_OBJ = {
     '100' => Net::HTTPContinue,
     '101' => Net::HTTPSwitchProtocol,
+    '102' => Net::HTTPProcessing,
+    '103' => Net::HTTPEarlyHints,
 
     '200' => Net::HTTPOK,
     '201' => Net::HTTPCreated,
@@ -226,6 +250,7 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
     '205' => Net::HTTPResetContent,
     '206' => Net::HTTPPartialContent,
     '207' => Net::HTTPMultiStatus,
+    '208' => Net::HTTPAlreadyReported,
     '226' => Net::HTTPIMUsed,
 
     '300' => Net::HTTPMultipleChoices,
@@ -245,16 +270,17 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
     '405' => Net::HTTPMethodNotAllowed,
     '406' => Net::HTTPNotAcceptable,
     '407' => Net::HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired,
-    '408' => Net::HTTPRequestTimeOut,
+    '408' => Net::HTTPRequestTimeout,
     '409' => Net::HTTPConflict,
     '410' => Net::HTTPGone,
     '411' => Net::HTTPLengthRequired,
     '412' => Net::HTTPPreconditionFailed,
-    '413' => Net::HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge,
-    '414' => Net::HTTPRequestURITooLong,
+    '413' => Net::HTTPPayloadTooLarge,
+    '414' => Net::HTTPURITooLong,
     '415' => Net::HTTPUnsupportedMediaType,
-    '416' => Net::HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable,
+    '416' => Net::HTTPRangeNotSatisfiable,
     '417' => Net::HTTPExpectationFailed,
+    '421' => Net::HTTPMisdirectedRequest,
     '422' => Net::HTTPUnprocessableEntity,
     '423' => Net::HTTPLocked,
     '424' => Net::HTTPFailedDependency,
@@ -262,17 +288,20 @@ class Net::HTTPResponse
     '428' => Net::HTTPPreconditionRequired,
     '429' => Net::HTTPTooManyRequests,
     '431' => Net::HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge,
+    '451' => Net::HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons,
 
     '500' => Net::HTTPInternalServerError,
     '501' => Net::HTTPNotImplemented,
     '502' => Net::HTTPBadGateway,
     '503' => Net::HTTPServiceUnavailable,
-    '504' => Net::HTTPGatewayTimeOut,
+    '504' => Net::HTTPGatewayTimeout,
     '505' => Net::HTTPVersionNotSupported,
+    '506' => Net::HTTPVariantAlsoNegotiates,
     '507' => Net::HTTPInsufficientStorage,
+    '508' => Net::HTTPLoopDetected,
+    '510' => Net::HTTPNotExtended,
     '511' => Net::HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired,
   }
 end
 
 # :startdoc:
-
diff --git a/lib/net/http/status.rb b/lib/net/http/status.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8db3f7d9e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/net/http/status.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative '../http'
+
+if $0 == __FILE__
+  require 'open-uri'
+  IO.foreach(__FILE__) do |line|
+    puts line
+    break if line.start_with?('end')
+  end
+  puts
+  puts "Net::HTTP::STATUS_CODES = {"
+  url = "https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes-1.csv"
+  URI(url).read.each_line do |line|
+    code, mes, = line.split(',')
+    next if ['(Unused)', 'Unassigned', 'Description'].include?(mes)
+    puts "  #{code} => '#{mes}',"
+  end
+  puts "}"
+end
+
+Net::HTTP::STATUS_CODES = {
+  100 => 'Continue',
+  101 => 'Switching Protocols',
+  102 => 'Processing',
+  103 => 'Early Hints',
+  200 => 'OK',
+  201 => 'Created',
+  202 => 'Accepted',
+  203 => 'Non-Authoritative Information',
+  204 => 'No Content',
+  205 => 'Reset Content',
+  206 => 'Partial Content',
+  207 => 'Multi-Status',
+  208 => 'Already Reported',
+  226 => 'IM Used',
+  300 => 'Multiple Choices',
+  301 => 'Moved Permanently',
+  302 => 'Found',
+  303 => 'See Other',
+  304 => 'Not Modified',
+  305 => 'Use Proxy',
+  307 => 'Temporary Redirect',
+  308 => 'Permanent Redirect',
+  400 => 'Bad Request',
+  401 => 'Unauthorized',
+  402 => 'Payment Required',
+  403 => 'Forbidden',
+  404 => 'Not Found',
+  405 => 'Method Not Allowed',
+  406 => 'Not Acceptable',
+  407 => 'Proxy Authentication Required',
+  408 => 'Request Timeout',
+  409 => 'Conflict',
+  410 => 'Gone',
+  411 => 'Length Required',
+  412 => 'Precondition Failed',
+  413 => 'Payload Too Large',
+  414 => 'URI Too Long',
+  415 => 'Unsupported Media Type',
+  416 => 'Range Not Satisfiable',
+  417 => 'Expectation Failed',
+  421 => 'Misdirected Request',
+  422 => 'Unprocessable Entity',
+  423 => 'Locked',
+  424 => 'Failed Dependency',
+  426 => 'Upgrade Required',
+  428 => 'Precondition Required',
+  429 => 'Too Many Requests',
+  431 => 'Request Header Fields Too Large',
+  451 => 'Unavailable For Legal Reasons',
+  500 => 'Internal Server Error',
+  501 => 'Not Implemented',
+  502 => 'Bad Gateway',
+  503 => 'Service Unavailable',
+  504 => 'Gateway Timeout',
+  505 => 'HTTP Version Not Supported',
+  506 => 'Variant Also Negotiates',
+  507 => 'Insufficient Storage',
+  508 => 'Loop Detected',
+  510 => 'Not Extended',
+  511 => 'Network Authentication Required',
+}
diff --git a/lib/net/https.rb b/lib/net/https.rb
index 58cb6ddf19..d46721c82a 100644
--- a/lib/net/https.rb
+++ b/lib/net/https.rb
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@
 
 =end
 
-require 'net/http'
+require_relative 'http'
 require 'openssl'
diff --git a/lib/net/imap.rb b/lib/net/imap.rb
index 7a4d4da301..d45304f289 100644
--- a/lib/net/imap.rb
+++ b/lib/net/imap.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ require "socket"
 require "monitor"
 require "digest/md5"
 require "strscan"
+require 'net/protocol'
 begin
   require "openssl"
 rescue LoadError
@@ -199,7 +200,9 @@ module Net
   #    Goldsmith, D. and Davis, M., "UTF-7: A Mail-Safe Transformation Format of
   #    Unicode", RFC 2152, May 1997.
   #
-  class IMAP
+  class IMAP < Protocol
+    VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
     include MonitorMixin
     if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL)
       include OpenSSL
@@ -221,6 +224,11 @@ module Net
     # Returns all response handlers.
     attr_reader :response_handlers
 
+    # Seconds to wait until a connection is opened.
+    # If the IMAP object cannot open a connection within this time,
+    # it raises a Net::OpenTimeout exception. The default value is 30 seconds.
+    attr_reader :open_timeout
+
     # The thread to receive exceptions.
     attr_accessor :client_thread
 
@@ -314,6 +322,7 @@ module Net
 
     # Disconnects from the server.
     def disconnect
+      return if disconnected?
       begin
         begin
           # try to call SSL::SSLSocket#io.
@@ -807,13 +816,13 @@ module Net
     #   #=> "12-Oct-2000 22:40:59 +0900"
     #   p data.attr["UID"]
     #   #=> 98
-    def fetch(set, attr)
-      return fetch_internal("FETCH", set, attr)
+    def fetch(set, attr, mod = nil)
+      return fetch_internal("FETCH", set, attr, mod)
     end
 
     # Similar to #fetch(), but +set+ contains unique identifiers.
-    def uid_fetch(set, attr)
-      return fetch_internal("UID FETCH", set, attr)
+    def uid_fetch(set, attr, mod = nil)
+      return fetch_internal("UID FETCH", set, attr, mod)
     end
 
     # Sends a STORE command to alter data associated with messages
@@ -896,8 +905,9 @@ module Net
     #     end
     #   }
     #
-    def add_response_handler(handler = Proc.new)
-      @response_handlers.push(handler)
+    def add_response_handler(handler = nil, &block)
+      raise ArgumentError, "two Procs are passed" if handler && block
+      @response_handlers.push(block || handler)
     end
 
     # Removes the response handler.
@@ -952,12 +962,12 @@ module Net
         put_string("#{tag} IDLE#{CRLF}")
 
         begin
-          add_response_handler(response_handler)
+          add_response_handler(&response_handler)
           @idle_done_cond = new_cond
           @idle_done_cond.wait(timeout)
           @idle_done_cond = nil
           if @receiver_thread_terminating
-            raise Net::IMAP::Error, "connection closed"
+            raise @exception || Net::IMAP::Error.new("connection closed")
           end
         ensure
           unless @receiver_thread_terminating
@@ -992,7 +1002,7 @@ module Net
     def self.decode_utf7(s)
       return s.gsub(/&([^-]+)?-/n) {
         if $1
-          ($1.tr(",", "/") + "===").unpack("m")[0].encode(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_16BE)
+          ($1.tr(",", "/") + "===").unpack1("m").encode(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_16BE)
         else
           "&"
         end
@@ -1048,6 +1058,7 @@ module Net
     #         be installed.
     #         If options[:ssl] is a hash, it's passed to
     #         OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#set_params as parameters.
+    # open_timeout:: Seconds to wait until a connection is opened
     #
     # The most common errors are:
     #
@@ -1076,8 +1087,9 @@ module Net
       @port = options[:port] || (options[:ssl] ? SSL_PORT : PORT)
       @tag_prefix = "RUBY"
       @tagno = 0
+      @open_timeout = options[:open_timeout] || 30
       @parser = ResponseParser.new
-      @sock = TCPSocket.open(@host, @port)
+      @sock = tcp_socket(@host, @port)
       begin
         if options[:ssl]
           start_tls_session(options[:ssl])
@@ -1089,7 +1101,9 @@ module Net
         @tagged_responses = {}
         @response_handlers = []
         @tagged_response_arrival = new_cond
+        @continued_command_tag = nil
         @continuation_request_arrival = new_cond
+        @continuation_request_exception = nil
         @idle_done_cond = nil
         @logout_command_tag = nil
         @debug_output_bol = true
@@ -1117,6 +1131,15 @@ module Net
       end
     end
 
+    def tcp_socket(host, port)
+      s = Socket.tcp(host, port, :connect_timeout => @open_timeout)
+      s.setsockopt(:SOL_SOCKET, :SO_KEEPALIVE, true)
+      s
+    rescue Errno::ETIMEDOUT
+      raise Net::OpenTimeout, "Timeout to open TCP connection to " +
+        "#{host}:#{port} (exceeds #{@open_timeout} seconds)"
+    end
+
     def receive_responses
       connection_closed = false
       until connection_closed
@@ -1144,8 +1167,13 @@ module Net
             when TaggedResponse
               @tagged_responses[resp.tag] = resp
               @tagged_response_arrival.broadcast
-              if resp.tag == @logout_command_tag
+              case resp.tag
+              when @logout_command_tag
                 return
+              when @continued_command_tag
+                @continuation_request_exception =
+                  RESPONSE_ERRORS[resp.name].new(resp)
+                @continuation_request_arrival.signal
               end
             when UntaggedResponse
               record_response(resp.name, resp.data)
@@ -1190,12 +1218,14 @@ module Net
       end
       resp = @tagged_responses.delete(tag)
       case resp.name
+      when /\A(?:OK)\z/ni
+        return resp
       when /\A(?:NO)\z/ni
         raise NoResponseError, resp
       when /\A(?:BAD)\z/ni
         raise BadResponseError, resp
       else
-        return resp
+        raise UnknownResponseError, resp
       end
     end
 
@@ -1235,14 +1265,14 @@ module Net
         put_string(tag + " " + cmd)
         args.each do |i|
           put_string(" ")
-          send_data(i)
+          send_data(i, tag)
         end
         put_string(CRLF)
         if cmd == "LOGOUT"
           @logout_command_tag = tag
         end
         if block
-          add_response_handler(block)
+          add_response_handler(&block)
         end
         begin
           return get_tagged_response(tag, cmd)
@@ -1281,8 +1311,12 @@ module Net
       when Integer
         NumValidator.ensure_number(data)
       when Array
-        data.each do |i|
-          validate_data(i)
+        if data[0] == 'CHANGEDSINCE'
+          NumValidator.ensure_mod_sequence_value(data[1])
+        else
+          data.each do |i|
+            validate_data(i)
+          end
         end
       when Time
       when Symbol
@@ -1291,32 +1325,32 @@ module Net
       end
     end
 
-    def send_data(data)
+    def send_data(data, tag = nil)
       case data
       when nil
         put_string("NIL")
       when String
-        send_string_data(data)
+        send_string_data(data, tag)
       when Integer
         send_number_data(data)
       when Array
-        send_list_data(data)
+        send_list_data(data, tag)
       when Time
         send_time_data(data)
       when Symbol
         send_symbol_data(data)
       else
-        data.send_data(self)
+        data.send_data(self, tag)
       end
     end
 
-    def send_string_data(str)
+    def send_string_data(str, tag = nil)
       case str
       when ""
         put_string('""')
       when /[\x80-\xff\r\n]/n
         # literal
-        send_literal(str)
+        send_literal(str, tag)
       when /[(){ \x00-\x1f\x7f%*"\\]/n
         # quoted string
         send_quoted_string(str)
@@ -1329,18 +1363,28 @@ module Net
       put_string('"' + str.gsub(/["\\]/n, "\\\\\\&") + '"')
     end
 
-    def send_literal(str)
-      put_string("{" + str.bytesize.to_s + "}" + CRLF)
-      @continuation_request_arrival.wait
-      raise @exception if @exception
-      put_string(str)
+    def send_literal(str, tag = nil)
+      synchronize do
+        put_string("{" + str.bytesize.to_s + "}" + CRLF)
+        @continued_command_tag = tag
+        @continuation_request_exception = nil
+        begin
+          @continuation_request_arrival.wait
+          e = @continuation_request_exception || @exception
+          raise e if e
+          put_string(str)
+        ensure
+          @continued_command_tag = nil
+          @continuation_request_exception = nil
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     def send_number_data(num)
       put_string(num.to_s)
     end
 
-    def send_list_data(list)
+    def send_list_data(list, tag = nil)
       put_string("(")
       first = true
       list.each do |i|
@@ -1349,7 +1393,7 @@ module Net
         else
           put_string(" ")
         end
-        send_data(i)
+        send_data(i, tag)
       end
       put_string(")")
     end
@@ -1384,7 +1428,7 @@ module Net
       end
     end
 
-    def fetch_internal(cmd, set, attr)
+    def fetch_internal(cmd, set, attr, mod = nil)
       case attr
       when String then
         attr = RawData.new(attr)
@@ -1396,7 +1440,11 @@ module Net
 
       synchronize do
         @responses.delete("FETCH")
-        send_command(cmd, MessageSet.new(set), attr)
+        if mod
+          send_command(cmd, MessageSet.new(set), attr, mod)
+        else
+          send_command(cmd, MessageSet.new(set), attr)
+        end
         return @responses.delete("FETCH")
       end
     end
@@ -1487,15 +1535,16 @@ module Net
       end
       @sock = SSLSocket.new(@sock, context)
       @sock.sync_close = true
-      @sock.connect
+      @sock.hostname = @host if @sock.respond_to? :hostname=
+      ssl_socket_connect(@sock, @open_timeout)
       if context.verify_mode != VERIFY_NONE
         @sock.post_connection_check(@host)
       end
     end
 
     class RawData # :nodoc:
-      def send_data(imap)
-        imap.send(:put_string, @data)
+      def send_data(imap, tag)
+        imap.__send__(:put_string, @data)
       end
 
       def validate
@@ -1509,8 +1558,8 @@ module Net
     end
 
     class Atom # :nodoc:
-      def send_data(imap)
-        imap.send(:put_string, @data)
+      def send_data(imap, tag)
+        imap.__send__(:put_string, @data)
       end
 
       def validate
@@ -1524,8 +1573,8 @@ module Net
     end
 
     class QuotedString # :nodoc:
-      def send_data(imap)
-        imap.send(:send_quoted_string, @data)
+      def send_data(imap, tag)
+        imap.__send__(:send_quoted_string, @data)
       end
 
       def validate
@@ -1539,8 +1588,8 @@ module Net
     end
 
     class Literal # :nodoc:
-      def send_data(imap)
-        imap.send(:send_literal, @data)
+      def send_data(imap, tag)
+        imap.__send__(:send_literal, @data, tag)
       end
 
       def validate
@@ -1554,8 +1603,8 @@ module Net
     end
 
     class MessageSet # :nodoc:
-      def send_data(imap)
-        imap.send(:put_string, format_internal(@data))
+      def send_data(imap, tag)
+        imap.__send__(:put_string, format_internal(@data))
       end
 
       def validate
@@ -1630,6 +1679,15 @@ module Net
           num != 0 && valid_number?(num)
         end
 
+        # Check is passed argument valid 'mod_sequence_value' in RFC 4551 terminology
+        def valid_mod_sequence_value?(num)
+          # mod-sequence-value  = 1*DIGIT
+          #                        ; Positive unsigned 64-bit integer
+          #                        ; (mod-sequence)
+          #                        ; (1 <= n < 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
+          num >= 1 && num < 18446744073709551615
+        end
+
         # Ensure argument is 'number' or raise DataFormatError
         def ensure_number(num)
           return if valid_number?(num)
@@ -1645,6 +1703,14 @@ module Net
           msg = "nz_number must be non-zero unsigned 32-bit integer: #{num}"
           raise DataFormatError, msg
         end
+
+        # Ensure argument is 'mod_sequence_value' or raise DataFormatError
+        def ensure_mod_sequence_value(num)
+          return if valid_mod_sequence_value?(num)
+
+          msg = "mod_sequence_value must be unsigned 64-bit integer: #{num}"
+          raise DataFormatError, msg
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -1974,8 +2040,7 @@ module Net
       # generate a warning message to +stderr+, then return
       # the value of +subtype+.
       def media_subtype
-        $stderr.printf("warning: media_subtype is obsolete.\n")
-        $stderr.printf("         use subtype instead.\n")
+        warn("media_subtype is obsolete, use subtype instead.\n", uplevel: 1)
         return subtype
       end
     end
@@ -2002,8 +2067,7 @@ module Net
       # generate a warning message to +stderr+, then return
       # the value of +subtype+.
       def media_subtype
-        $stderr.printf("warning: media_subtype is obsolete.\n")
-        $stderr.printf("         use subtype instead.\n")
+        warn("media_subtype is obsolete, use subtype instead.\n", uplevel: 1)
         return subtype
       end
     end
@@ -2032,8 +2096,7 @@ module Net
       # generate a warning message to +stderr+, then return
       # the value of +subtype+.
       def media_subtype
-        $stderr.printf("warning: media_subtype is obsolete.\n")
-        $stderr.printf("         use subtype instead.\n")
+        warn("media_subtype is obsolete, use subtype instead.\n", uplevel: 1)
         return subtype
       end
     end
@@ -2093,8 +2156,7 @@ module Net
       # generate a warning message to +stderr+, then return
       # the value of +subtype+.
       def media_subtype
-        $stderr.printf("warning: media_subtype is obsolete.\n")
-        $stderr.printf("         use subtype instead.\n")
+        warn("media_subtype is obsolete, use subtype instead.\n", uplevel: 1)
         return subtype
       end
     end
@@ -2199,6 +2261,10 @@ module Net
         else
           result = response_tagged
         end
+        while lookahead.symbol == T_SPACE
+          # Ignore trailing space for Microsoft Exchange Server
+          shift_token
+        end
         match(T_CRLF)
         match(T_EOF)
         return result
@@ -2206,8 +2272,13 @@ module Net
 
       def continue_req
         match(T_PLUS)
-        match(T_SPACE)
-        return ContinuationRequest.new(resp_text, @str)
+        token = lookahead
+        if token.symbol == T_SPACE
+          shift_token
+          return ContinuationRequest.new(resp_text, @str)
+        else
+          return ContinuationRequest.new(ResponseText.new(nil, ""), @str)
+        end
       end
 
       def response_untagged
@@ -2306,6 +2377,8 @@ module Net
             name, val = body_data
           when /\A(?:UID)\z/ni
             name, val = uid_data
+          when /\A(?:MODSEQ)\z/ni
+            name, val = modseq_data
           else
             parse_error("unknown attribute `%s' for {%d}", token.value, n)
           end
@@ -2795,6 +2868,16 @@ module Net
         return name, number
       end
 
+      def modseq_data
+        token = match(T_ATOM)
+        name = token.value.upcase
+        match(T_SPACE)
+        match(T_LPAR)
+        modseq = number
+        match(T_RPAR)
+        return name, modseq
+      end
+
       def text_response
         token = match(T_ATOM)
         name = token.value.upcase
@@ -3160,7 +3243,7 @@ module Net
             if atom
               atom
             else
-              symbol = flag.capitalize.untaint.intern
+              symbol = flag.capitalize.intern
               @flag_symbols[symbol] = true
               if @flag_symbols.length > IMAP.max_flag_count
                 raise FlagCountError, "number of flag symbols exceeded"
@@ -3638,6 +3721,14 @@ module Net
     class ByeResponseError < ResponseError
     end
 
+    # Error raised upon an unknown response from the server.
+    class UnknownResponseError < ResponseError
+    end
+
+    RESPONSE_ERRORS = Hash.new(ResponseError)
+    RESPONSE_ERRORS["NO"] = NoResponseError
+    RESPONSE_ERRORS["BAD"] = BadResponseError
+
     # Error raised when too many flags are interned to symbols.
     class FlagCountError < Error
     end
diff --git a/lib/net/net-ftp.gemspec b/lib/net/net-ftp.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5eb098135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/net/net-ftp.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-"), "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Shugo Maeda"]
+  spec.email         = ["shugo@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Support for the File Transfer Protocol.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Support for the File Transfer Protocol.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "net-protocol"
+  spec.add_dependency "time"
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/net-imap.gemspec b/lib/net/net-imap.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7c341cd92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/net/net-imap.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-"), "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Shugo Maeda"]
+  spec.email         = ["shugo@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Ruby client api for Internet Message Access Protocol}
+  spec.description   = %q{Ruby client api for Internet Message Access Protocol}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.5.0")
+  spec.licenses       = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "net-protocol"
+  spec.add_dependency "digest"
+  spec.add_dependency "strscan"
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/net-pop.gemspec b/lib/net/net-pop.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a89f6086d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/net/net-pop.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-"), "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Ruby client library for POP3.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Ruby client library for POP3.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/net-pop"
+  spec.licenses       = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "net-protocol"
+  spec.add_dependency "digest"
+  spec.add_dependency "timeout"
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/net-protocol.gemspec b/lib/net/net-protocol.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..767a7d48e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/net/net-protocol.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-"), "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{The abstruct interface for net-* client.}
+  spec.description   = %q{The abstruct interface for net-* client.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/net-protocol"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "timeout"
+  spec.add_dependency "io-wait"
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/net-smtp.gemspec b/lib/net/net-smtp.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd0a2dd84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/net/net-smtp.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-"), "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Simple Mail Transfer Protocol client library for Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Simple Mail Transfer Protocol client library for Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/net-smtp"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "net-protocol"
+  spec.add_dependency "digest"
+  spec.add_dependency "timeout"
+end
diff --git a/lib/net/pop.rb b/lib/net/pop.rb
index 95d07652b6..8e75846820 100644
--- a/lib/net/pop.rb
+++ b/lib/net/pop.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # = net/pop.rb
 #
 # Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto.
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@ module Net
   #     require 'net/pop'
   #
   #     # Use APOP authentication if $isapop == true
-  #     pop = Net::POP3.APOP($is_apop).new('apop.example.com', 110)
-  #     pop.start(YourAccount', 'YourPassword') do |pop|
+  #     pop = Net::POP3.APOP($isapop).new('apop.example.com', 110)
+  #     pop.start('YourAccount', 'YourPassword') do |pop|
   #       # Rest of the code is the same.
   #     end
   #
@@ -194,9 +194,8 @@ module Net
   # String. Normally the unique-id is a hash of the message.
   #
   class POP3 < Protocol
-
-    # svn revision of this library
-    Revision = %q$Revision$.split[1]
+    # version of this library
+    VERSION = "0.1.1"
 
     #
     # Class Parameters
@@ -467,7 +466,7 @@ module Net
 
     # Provide human-readable stringification of class state.
     def inspect
-      "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{@started}>"
+      +"#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{@started}>"
     end
 
     # *WARNING*: This method causes a serious security hole.
@@ -549,8 +548,9 @@ module Net
         context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
         context.set_params(@ssl_params)
         s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, context)
+        s.hostname = @address
         s.sync_close = true
-        s.connect
+        ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
         if context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
           s.post_connection_check(@address)
         end
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ module Net
 
     # Provide human-readable stringification of class state.
     def inspect
-      "#<#{self.class} #{@number}#{@deleted ? ' deleted' : ''}>"
+      +"#<#{self.class} #{@number}#{@deleted ? ' deleted' : ''}>"
     end
 
     #
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ module Net
     # === Example without block
     #
     #     POP3.start('pop.example.com', 110,
-    #                'YourAccount, 'YourPassword') do |pop|
+    #                'YourAccount', 'YourPassword') do |pop|
     #       n = 1
     #       pop.mails.each do |popmail|
     #         File.open("inbox/#{n}", 'w') do |f|
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ module Net
     # === Example with block
     #
     #     POP3.start('pop.example.com', 110,
-    #                'YourAccount, 'YourPassword') do |pop|
+    #                'YourAccount', 'YourPassword') do |pop|
     #       n = 1
     #       pop.mails.each do |popmail|
     #         File.open("inbox/#{n}", 'w') do |f|
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ module Net
     #
     # This method raises a POPError if an error occurs.
     #
-    def pop( dest = '', &block ) # :yield: message_chunk
+    def pop( dest = +'', &block ) # :yield: message_chunk
       if block_given?
         @command.retr(@number, &block)
         nil
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ module Net
     # The optional +dest+ argument is obsolete.
     #
     # This method raises a POPError if an error occurs.
-    def top(lines, dest = '')
+    def top(lines, dest = +'')
       @command.top(@number, lines) do |chunk|
         dest << chunk
       end
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ module Net
     # The optional +dest+ argument is obsolete.
     #
     # This method raises a POPError if an error occurs.
-    def header(dest = '')
+    def header(dest = +'')
       top(0, dest)
     end
 
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ module Net
     # === Example
     #
     #     POP3.start('pop.example.com', 110,
-    #                'YourAccount, 'YourPassword') do |pop|
+    #                'YourAccount', 'YourPassword') do |pop|
     #       n = 1
     #       pop.mails.each do |popmail|
     #         File.open("inbox/#{n}", 'w') do |f|
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ module Net
     attr_reader :socket
 
     def inspect
-      "#<#{self.class} socket=#{@socket}>"
+      +"#<#{self.class} socket=#{@socket}>"
     end
 
     def auth(account, password)
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ module Net
           getok('UIDL')
           table = {}
           @socket.each_list_item do |line|
-            num, uid = line.split
+            num, uid = line.split(' ')
             table[num.to_i] = uid
           end
           return table
diff --git a/lib/net/protocol.rb b/lib/net/protocol.rb
index ca7ef6b8e5..edf2ed5a00 100644
--- a/lib/net/protocol.rb
+++ b/lib/net/protocol.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # = net/protocol.rb
 #
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ require 'io/wait'
 module Net # :nodoc:
 
   class Protocol   #:nodoc: internal use only
+    VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
     private
     def Protocol.protocol_param(name, val)
       module_eval(<<-End, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
@@ -75,20 +77,54 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
   # ReadTimeout, a subclass of Timeout::Error, is raised if a chunk of the
   # response cannot be read within the read_timeout.
 
-  class ReadTimeout            < Timeout::Error; end
+  class ReadTimeout < Timeout::Error
+    def initialize(io = nil)
+      @io = io
+    end
+    attr_reader :io
+
+    def message
+      msg = super
+      if @io
+        msg = "#{msg} with #{@io.inspect}"
+      end
+      msg
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # WriteTimeout, a subclass of Timeout::Error, is raised if a chunk of the
+  # response cannot be written within the write_timeout.  Not raised on Windows.
+
+  class WriteTimeout < Timeout::Error
+    def initialize(io = nil)
+      @io = io
+    end
+    attr_reader :io
+
+    def message
+      msg = super
+      if @io
+        msg = "#{msg} with #{@io.inspect}"
+      end
+      msg
+    end
+  end
 
 
   class BufferedIO   #:nodoc: internal use only
-    def initialize(io, read_timeout: 60, continue_timeout: nil, debug_output: nil)
+    def initialize(io, read_timeout: 60, write_timeout: 60, continue_timeout: nil, debug_output: nil)
       @io = io
       @read_timeout = read_timeout
+      @write_timeout = write_timeout
       @continue_timeout = continue_timeout
       @debug_output = debug_output
-      @rbuf = ''
+      @rbuf = ''.b
     end
 
     attr_reader :io
     attr_accessor :read_timeout
+    attr_accessor :write_timeout
     attr_accessor :continue_timeout
     attr_accessor :debug_output
 
@@ -114,17 +150,19 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
 
     public
 
-    def read(len, dest = '', ignore_eof = false)
+    def read(len, dest = ''.b, ignore_eof = false)
       LOG "reading #{len} bytes..."
       read_bytes = 0
       begin
         while read_bytes + @rbuf.size < len
-          dest << (s = rbuf_consume(@rbuf.size))
+          s = rbuf_consume(@rbuf.size)
           read_bytes += s.size
+          dest << s
           rbuf_fill
         end
-        dest << (s = rbuf_consume(len - read_bytes))
+        s = rbuf_consume(len - read_bytes)
         read_bytes += s.size
+        dest << s
       rescue EOFError
         raise unless ignore_eof
       end
@@ -132,13 +170,14 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
       dest
     end
 
-    def read_all(dest = '')
+    def read_all(dest = ''.b)
       LOG 'reading all...'
       read_bytes = 0
       begin
         while true
-          dest << (s = rbuf_consume(@rbuf.size))
+          s = rbuf_consume(@rbuf.size)
           read_bytes += s.size
+          dest << s
           rbuf_fill
         end
       rescue EOFError
@@ -169,25 +208,33 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
     BUFSIZE = 1024 * 16
 
     def rbuf_fill
-      case rv = @io.read_nonblock(BUFSIZE, exception: false)
+      tmp = @rbuf.empty? ? @rbuf : nil
+      case rv = @io.read_nonblock(BUFSIZE, tmp, exception: false)
       when String
-        return @rbuf << rv
+        return if rv.equal?(tmp)
+        @rbuf << rv
+        rv.clear
+        return
       when :wait_readable
-        @io.to_io.wait_readable(@read_timeout) or raise Net::ReadTimeout
+        (io = @io.to_io).wait_readable(@read_timeout) or raise Net::ReadTimeout.new(io)
         # continue looping
       when :wait_writable
         # OpenSSL::Buffering#read_nonblock may fail with IO::WaitWritable.
         # http://www.openssl.org/support/faq.html#PROG10
-        @io.to_io.wait_writable(@read_timeout) or raise Net::ReadTimeout
+        (io = @io.to_io).wait_writable(@read_timeout) or raise Net::ReadTimeout.new(io)
         # continue looping
       when nil
-        # callers do not care about backtrace, so avoid allocating for it
-        raise EOFError, 'end of file reached', []
+        raise EOFError, 'end of file reached'
       end while true
     end
 
     def rbuf_consume(len)
-      s = @rbuf.slice!(0, len)
+      if len == @rbuf.size
+        s = @rbuf
+        @rbuf = ''.b
+      else
+        s = @rbuf.slice!(0, len)
+      end
       @debug_output << %Q[-> #{s.dump}\n] if @debug_output
       s
     end
@@ -198,9 +245,9 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
 
     public
 
-    def write(str)
+    def write(*strs)
       writing {
-        write0 str
+        write0(*strs)
       }
     end
 
@@ -224,11 +271,34 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
       bytes
     end
 
-    def write0(str)
-      @debug_output << str.dump if @debug_output
-      len = @io.write(str)
-      @written_bytes += len
-      len
+    def write0(*strs)
+      @debug_output << strs.map(&:dump).join if @debug_output
+      orig_written_bytes = @written_bytes
+      strs.each_with_index do |str, i|
+        need_retry = true
+        case len = @io.write_nonblock(str, exception: false)
+        when Integer
+          @written_bytes += len
+          len -= str.bytesize
+          if len == 0
+            if strs.size == i+1
+              return @written_bytes - orig_written_bytes
+            else
+              need_retry = false
+              # next string
+            end
+          elsif len < 0
+            str = str.byteslice(len, -len)
+          else # len > 0
+            need_retry = false
+            # next string
+          end
+          # continue looping
+        when :wait_writable
+          (io = @io.to_io).wait_writable(@write_timeout) or raise Net::WriteTimeout.new(io)
+          # continue looping
+        end while need_retry
+      end
     end
 
     #
@@ -254,7 +324,7 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
 
 
   class InternetMessageIO < BufferedIO   #:nodoc: internal use only
-    def initialize(*)
+    def initialize(*, **)
       super
       @wbuf = nil
     end
@@ -269,7 +339,7 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
       read_bytes = 0
       while (line = readuntil("\r\n")) != ".\r\n"
         read_bytes += line.size
-        yield line.sub(/\A\./, '')
+        yield line.delete_prefix('.')
       end
       LOG_on()
       LOG "read message (#{read_bytes} bytes)"
@@ -331,7 +401,7 @@ module Net # :nodoc:
     end
 
     def using_each_crlf_line
-      @wbuf = ''
+      @wbuf = ''.b
       yield
       if not @wbuf.empty?   # unterminated last line
         write0 dot_stuff(@wbuf.chomp) + "\r\n"
diff --git a/lib/net/smtp.rb b/lib/net/smtp.rb
index 1302f3aa1d..a97c0c3395 100644
--- a/lib/net/smtp.rb
+++ b/lib/net/smtp.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # = net/smtp.rb
 #
 # Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Net
     include SMTPError
   end
 
-  # Represents SMTP error code 420 or 450, a temporary error.
+  # Represents SMTP error code 4xx, a temporary error.
   class SMTPServerBusy < ProtoServerError
     include SMTPError
   end
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ module Net
   # The SMTP server will judge whether it should send or reject
   # the SMTP session by inspecting the HELO domain.
   #
-  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25,
-  #                     'mail.from.domain') { |smtp| ... }
+  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25
+  #                     helo: 'mail.from.domain') { |smtp| ... }
   #
   # === SMTP Authentication
   #
@@ -157,17 +157,18 @@ module Net
   # SMTP.start/SMTP#start.
   #
   #     # PLAIN
-  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25, 'mail.from.domain',
-  #                     'Your Account', 'Your Password', :plain)
+  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25
+  #                     user: 'Your Account', secret: 'Your Password', authtype: :plain)
   #     # LOGIN
-  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25, 'mail.from.domain',
-  #                     'Your Account', 'Your Password', :login)
+  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25
+  #                     user: 'Your Account', secret: 'Your Password', authtype: :login)
   #
   #     # CRAM MD5
-  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25, 'mail.from.domain',
-  #                     'Your Account', 'Your Password', :cram_md5)
+  #     Net::SMTP.start('your.smtp.server', 25
+  #                     user: 'Your Account', secret: 'Your Password', authtype: :cram_md5)
   #
   class SMTP < Protocol
+    VERSION = "0.2.1"
 
     Revision = %q$Revision$.split[1]
 
@@ -190,8 +191,13 @@ module Net
       alias default_ssl_port default_tls_port
     end
 
-    def SMTP.default_ssl_context
-      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+    def SMTP.default_ssl_context(verify_peer=true)
+      context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+      context.verify_mode = verify_peer ? OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER : OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+      store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
+      store.set_default_paths
+      context.cert_store = store
+      context
     end
 
     #
@@ -217,8 +223,9 @@ module Net
       @error_occurred = false
       @debug_output = nil
       @tls = false
-      @starttls = false
-      @ssl_context = nil
+      @starttls = :auto
+      @ssl_context_tls = nil
+      @ssl_context_starttls = nil
     end
 
     # Provide human-readable stringification of class state.
@@ -293,11 +300,11 @@ module Net
     # Enables SMTP/TLS (SMTPS: SMTP over direct TLS connection) for
     # this object.  Must be called before the connection is established
     # to have any effect.  +context+ is a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object.
-    def enable_tls(context = SMTP.default_ssl_context)
+    def enable_tls(context = nil)
       raise 'openssl library not installed' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
-      raise ArgumentError, "SMTPS and STARTTLS is exclusive" if @starttls
+      raise ArgumentError, "SMTPS and STARTTLS is exclusive" if @starttls == :always
       @tls = true
-      @ssl_context = context
+      @ssl_context_tls = context
     end
 
     alias enable_ssl enable_tls
@@ -306,7 +313,7 @@ module Net
     # connection is established to have any effect.
     def disable_tls
       @tls = false
-      @ssl_context = nil
+      @ssl_context_tls = nil
     end
 
     alias disable_ssl disable_tls
@@ -330,27 +337,27 @@ module Net
 
     # Enables SMTP/TLS (STARTTLS) for this object.
     # +context+ is a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object.
-    def enable_starttls(context = SMTP.default_ssl_context)
+    def enable_starttls(context = nil)
       raise 'openssl library not installed' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
       raise ArgumentError, "SMTPS and STARTTLS is exclusive" if @tls
       @starttls = :always
-      @ssl_context = context
+      @ssl_context_starttls = context
     end
 
     # Enables SMTP/TLS (STARTTLS) for this object if server accepts.
     # +context+ is a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext object.
-    def enable_starttls_auto(context = SMTP.default_ssl_context)
+    def enable_starttls_auto(context = nil)
       raise 'openssl library not installed' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
       raise ArgumentError, "SMTPS and STARTTLS is exclusive" if @tls
       @starttls = :auto
-      @ssl_context = context
+      @ssl_context_starttls = context
     end
 
     # Disables SMTP/TLS (STARTTLS) for this object.  Must be called
     # before the connection is established to have any effect.
     def disable_starttls
       @starttls = false
-      @ssl_context = nil
+      @ssl_context_starttls = nil
     end
 
     # The address of the SMTP server to connect to.
@@ -401,11 +408,15 @@ module Net
     #
 
     #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #  start(address, port = nil, helo: 'localhost', user: nil, secret: nil, authtype: nil, tls_verify: true, tls_hostname: nil) { |smtp| ... }
+    #  start(address, port = nil, helo = 'localhost', user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil) { |smtp| ... }
+    #
     # Creates a new Net::SMTP object and connects to the server.
     #
     # This method is equivalent to:
     #
-    #   Net::SMTP.new(address, port).start(helo_domain, account, password, authtype)
+    #   Net::SMTP.new(address, port).start(helo: helo_domain, user: account, secret: password, authtype: authtype, tls_verify: flag, tls_hostname: hostname)
     #
     # === Example
     #
@@ -435,6 +446,9 @@ module Net
     # or other authentication token; and +authtype+ is the authentication
     # type, one of :plain, :login, or :cram_md5.  See the discussion of
     # SMTP Authentication in the overview notes.
+    # If +tls_verify+ is true, verify the server's certificate. The default is true.
+    # If the hostname in the server certificate is different from +address+,
+    # it can be specified with +tls_hostname+.
     #
     # === Errors
     #
@@ -449,10 +463,16 @@ module Net
     # * Net::ReadTimeout
     # * IOError
     #
-    def SMTP.start(address, port = nil, helo = 'localhost',
-                   user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil,
-                   &block)   # :yield: smtp
-      new(address, port).start(helo, user, secret, authtype, &block)
+    def SMTP.start(address, port = nil, *args, helo: nil,
+                   user: nil, secret: nil, password: nil, authtype: nil,
+                   tls_verify: true, tls_hostname: nil,
+                   &block)
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{args.size + 2}, expected 1..6)" if args.size > 4
+      helo ||= args[0] || 'localhost'
+      user ||= args[1]
+      secret ||= password || args[2]
+      authtype ||= args[3]
+      new(address, port).start(helo: helo, user: user, secret: secret, authtype: authtype, tls_verify: tls_verify, tls_hostname: tls_hostname, &block)
     end
 
     # +true+ if the SMTP session has been started.
@@ -461,6 +481,10 @@ module Net
     end
 
     #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #  start(helo: 'localhost', user: nil, secret: nil, authtype: nil, tls_verify: true, tls_hostname: nil) { |smtp| ... }
+    #  start(helo = 'localhost', user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil) { |smtp| ... }
+    #
     # Opens a TCP connection and starts the SMTP session.
     #
     # === Parameters
@@ -473,6 +497,9 @@ module Net
     # the type of authentication to attempt; it must be one of
     # :login, :plain, and :cram_md5.  See the notes on SMTP Authentication
     # in the overview.
+    # If +tls_verify+ is true, verify the server's certificate. The default is true.
+    # If the hostname in the server certificate is different from +address+,
+    # it can be specified with +tls_hostname+.
     #
     # === Block Usage
     #
@@ -487,7 +514,7 @@ module Net
     #
     #     require 'net/smtp'
     #     smtp = Net::SMTP.new('smtp.mail.server', 25)
-    #     smtp.start(helo_domain, account, password, authtype) do |smtp|
+    #     smtp.start(helo: helo_domain, user: account, secret: password, authtype: authtype) do |smtp|
     #       smtp.send_message msgstr, 'from@example.com', ['dest@example.com']
     #     end
     #
@@ -511,8 +538,20 @@ module Net
     # * Net::ReadTimeout
     # * IOError
     #
-    def start(helo = 'localhost',
-              user = nil, secret = nil, authtype = nil)   # :yield: smtp
+    def start(*args, helo: nil,
+              user: nil, secret: nil, password: nil, authtype: nil, tls_verify: true, tls_hostname: nil)
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{args.size}, expected 0..4)" if args.size > 4
+      helo ||= args[0] || 'localhost'
+      user ||= args[1]
+      secret ||= password || args[2]
+      authtype ||= args[3]
+      if @tls && @ssl_context_tls.nil?
+        @ssl_context_tls = SMTP.default_ssl_context(tls_verify)
+      end
+      if @starttls && @ssl_context_starttls.nil?
+        @ssl_context_starttls = SMTP.default_ssl_context(tls_verify)
+      end
+      @tls_hostname = tls_hostname
       if block_given?
         begin
           do_start helo, user, secret, authtype
@@ -549,16 +588,16 @@ module Net
         tcp_socket(@address, @port)
       end
       logging "Connection opened: #{@address}:#{@port}"
-      @socket = new_internet_message_io(tls? ? tlsconnect(s) : s)
+      @socket = new_internet_message_io(tls? ? tlsconnect(s, @ssl_context_tls) : s)
       check_response critical { recv_response() }
       do_helo helo_domain
-      if starttls_always? or (capable_starttls? and starttls_auto?)
+      if ! tls? and (starttls_always? or (capable_starttls? and starttls_auto?))
         unless capable_starttls?
           raise SMTPUnsupportedCommand,
               "STARTTLS is not supported on this server"
         end
         starttls
-        @socket = new_internet_message_io(tlsconnect(s))
+        @socket = new_internet_message_io(tlsconnect(s, @ssl_context_starttls))
         # helo response may be different after STARTTLS
         do_helo helo_domain
       end
@@ -576,14 +615,15 @@ module Net
       OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new socket, context
     end
 
-    def tlsconnect(s)
+    def tlsconnect(s, context)
       verified = false
-      s = ssl_socket(s, @ssl_context)
+      s = ssl_socket(s, context)
       logging "TLS connection started"
       s.sync_close = true
+      s.hostname = @tls_hostname || @address if s.respond_to? :hostname=
       ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
-      if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
-        s.post_connection_check(@address)
+      if context.verify_mode && context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+        s.post_connection_check(@tls_hostname || @address)
       end
       verified = true
       s
@@ -725,7 +765,7 @@ module Net
     def authenticate(user, secret, authtype = DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE)
       check_auth_method authtype
       check_auth_args user, secret
-      send auth_method(authtype), user, secret
+      public_send auth_method(authtype), user, secret
     end
 
     def auth_plain(user, secret)
@@ -831,9 +871,6 @@ module Net
     end
 
     def mailfrom(from_addr)
-      if $SAFE > 0
-        raise SecurityError, 'tainted from_addr' if from_addr.tainted?
-      end
       getok("MAIL FROM:<#{from_addr}>")
     end
 
@@ -859,9 +896,6 @@ module Net
     end
 
     def rcptto(to_addr)
-      if $SAFE > 0
-        raise SecurityError, 'tainted to_addr' if to_addr.tainted?
-      end
       getok("RCPT TO:<#{to_addr}>")
     end
 
@@ -945,7 +979,7 @@ module Net
     end
 
     def recv_response
-      buf = ''
+      buf = ''.dup
       while true
         line = @socket.readline
         buf << line << "\n"
@@ -1035,9 +1069,9 @@ module Net
       end
 
       # Creates a CRAM-MD5 challenge. You can view more information on CRAM-MD5
-      # on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAM-MD5
+      # on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAM-MD5
       def cram_md5_challenge
-        @string.split(/ /)[1].unpack('m')[0]
+        @string.split(/ /)[1].unpack1('m')
       end
 
       # Returns a hash of the human readable reply text in the response if it
@@ -1048,7 +1082,7 @@ module Net
         return {} unless @string[3, 1] == '-'
         h = {}
         @string.lines.drop(1).each do |line|
-          k, *v = line[4..-1].chomp.split
+          k, *v = line[4..-1].split(' ')
           h[k] = v
         end
         h
diff --git a/lib/observer.rb b/lib/observer.rb
index fa7446f384..ef70e39dd8 100644
--- a/lib/observer.rb
+++ b/lib/observer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # Implementation of the _Observer_ object-oriented design pattern.  The
 # following documentation is copied, with modifications, from "Programming
@@ -111,10 +111,35 @@
 #   Current price: 112
 #   Current price: 79
 #   --- Sun Jun 09 00:10:25 CDT 2002: Price below 80: 79
+#
+# === Usage with procs
+#
+# The +#notify_observers+ method can also be used with +proc+s by using
+# the +:call+ as +func+ parameter.
+#
+# The following example illustrates the use of a lambda:
+#
+#   require 'observer'
+#
+#   class Ticker
+#     include Observable
+#
+#     def run
+#       # logic to retrieve the price (here 77.0)
+#       changed
+#       notify_observers(77.0)
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+#   ticker = Ticker.new
+#   warner = ->(price) { puts "New price received: #{price}" }
+#   ticker.add_observer(warner, :call)
+#   ticker.run
 module Observable
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
 
   #
-  # Add +observer+ as an observer on this object. so that it will receive
+  # Add +observer+ as an observer on this object. So that it will receive
   # notifications.
   #
   # +observer+:: the object that will be notified of changes.
@@ -194,7 +219,7 @@ module Observable
     if defined? @observer_state and @observer_state
       if defined? @observer_peers
         @observer_peers.each do |k, v|
-          k.send v, *arg
+          k.__send__(v, *arg)
         end
       end
       @observer_state = false
diff --git a/lib/observer/observer.gemspec b/lib/observer/observer.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46538e881a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/observer/observer.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Implementation of the Observer object-oriented design pattern.}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/observer"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/open-uri.gemspec b/lib/open-uri.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..853049f7ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/open-uri.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "open-uri"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{An easy-to-use wrapper for Net::HTTP, Net::HTTPS and Net::FTP.}
+  spec.description   = %q{An easy-to-use wrapper for Net::HTTP, Net::HTTPS and Net::FTP.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/open-uri"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "uri"
+  spec.add_dependency "stringio"
+  spec.add_dependency "time"
+end
diff --git a/lib/open-uri.rb b/lib/open-uri.rb
index b09c18efd9..421a82ed0d 100644
--- a/lib/open-uri.rb
+++ b/lib/open-uri.rb
@@ -3,30 +3,24 @@ require 'uri'
 require 'stringio'
 require 'time'
 
-module Kernel
-  private
-  alias open_uri_original_open open # :nodoc:
-  class << self
-    alias open_uri_original_open open # :nodoc:
-  end
-
+module URI
   # Allows the opening of various resources including URIs.
   #
   # If the first argument responds to the 'open' method, 'open' is called on
   # it with the rest of the arguments.
   #
-  # If the first argument is a string that begins with xxx://, it is parsed by
+  # If the first argument is a string that begins with <code>(protocol)://<code>, it is parsed by
   # URI.parse.  If the parsed object responds to the 'open' method,
   # 'open' is called on it with the rest of the arguments.
   #
-  # Otherwise, the original Kernel#open is called.
+  # Otherwise, Kernel#open is called.
   #
   # OpenURI::OpenRead#open provides URI::HTTP#open, URI::HTTPS#open and
   # URI::FTP#open, Kernel#open.
   #
   # We can accept URIs and strings that begin with http://, https:// and
   # ftp://. In these cases, the opened file object is extended by OpenURI::Meta.
-  def open(name, *rest, &block) # :doc:
+  def self.open(name, *rest, &block)
     if name.respond_to?(:open)
       name.open(*rest, &block)
     elsif name.respond_to?(:to_str) &&
@@ -34,10 +28,9 @@ module Kernel
           (uri = URI.parse(name)).respond_to?(:open)
       uri.open(*rest, &block)
     else
-      open_uri_original_open(name, *rest, &block)
+      super
     end
   end
-  module_function :open
 end
 
 # OpenURI is an easy-to-use wrapper for Net::HTTP, Net::HTTPS and Net::FTP.
@@ -46,14 +39,14 @@ end
 #
 # It is possible to open an http, https or ftp URL as though it were a file:
 #
-#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/") {|f|
+#   URI.open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/") {|f|
 #     f.each_line {|line| p line}
 #   }
 #
 # The opened file has several getter methods for its meta-information, as
 # follows, since it is extended by OpenURI::Meta.
 #
-#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en") {|f|
+#   URI.open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en") {|f|
 #     f.each_line {|line| p line}
 #     p f.base_uri         # <URI::HTTP:0x40e6ef2 URL:http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/>
 #     p f.content_type     # "text/html"
@@ -64,7 +57,7 @@ end
 #
 # Additional header fields can be specified by an optional hash argument.
 #
-#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/",
+#   URI.open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/",
 #     "User-Agent" => "Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION}",
 #     "From" => "foo@bar.invalid",
 #     "Referer" => "http://www.ruby-lang.org/") {|f|
@@ -74,11 +67,11 @@ end
 # The environment variables such as http_proxy, https_proxy and ftp_proxy
 # are in effect by default. Here we disable proxy:
 #
-#   open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/", :proxy => nil) {|f|
+#   URI.open("http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/", :proxy => nil) {|f|
 #     # ...
 #   }
 #
-# See OpenURI::OpenRead.open and Kernel#open for more on available options.
+# See OpenURI::OpenRead.open and URI.open for more on available options.
 #
 # URI objects can be opened in a similar way.
 #
@@ -108,6 +101,7 @@ module OpenURI
     :ssl_verify_mode => nil,
     :ftp_active_mode => false,
     :redirect => true,
+    :encoding => nil,
   }
 
   def OpenURI.check_options(options) # :nodoc:
@@ -141,6 +135,12 @@ module OpenURI
       encoding, = $1,Encoding.find($1) if $1
       mode = nil
     end
+    if options.has_key? :encoding
+      if !encoding.nil?
+        raise ArgumentError, "encoding specified twice"
+      end
+      encoding = Encoding.find(options[:encoding])
+    end
 
     unless mode == nil ||
            mode == 'r' || mode == 'rb' ||
@@ -340,6 +340,7 @@ module OpenURI
           if options[:progress_proc] && Net::HTTPSuccess === resp
             options[:progress_proc].call(buf.size)
           end
+          str.clear
         }
       }
     }
@@ -528,17 +529,16 @@ module OpenURI
     # It can be used to guess charset.
     #
     # If charset parameter and block is not given,
-    # nil is returned except text type in HTTP.
-    # In that case, "iso-8859-1" is returned as defined by RFC2616 3.7.1.
+    # nil is returned except text type.
+    # In that case, "utf-8" is returned as defined by RFC6838 4.2.1
     def charset
       type, *parameters = content_type_parse
       if pair = parameters.assoc('charset')
         pair.last.downcase
       elsif block_given?
         yield
-      elsif type && %r{\Atext/} =~ type &&
-            @base_uri && /\Ahttp\z/i =~ @base_uri.scheme
-        "iso-8859-1" # RFC2616 3.7.1
+      elsif type && %r{\Atext/} =~ type
+        "utf-8" # RFC6838 4.2.1
       else
         nil
       end
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ module OpenURI
       OpenURI.open_uri(self, *rest, &block)
     end
 
-    # OpenURI::OpenRead#read([options]) reads a content referenced by self and
+    # OpenURI::OpenRead#read([ options ]) reads a content referenced by self and
     # returns the content as string.
     # The string is extended with OpenURI::Meta.
     # The argument +options+ is same as OpenURI::OpenRead#open.
diff --git a/lib/open3.gemspec b/lib/open3.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad9485adc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/open3.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-"), "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Popen, but with stderr, too}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/open3"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.6.0"
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/open3.rb b/lib/open3.rb
index 5ff1012b70..c574696bb1 100644
--- a/lib/open3.rb
+++ b/lib/open3.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #
 
 module Open3
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
 
   # Open stdin, stdout, and stderr streams and start external executable.
   # In addition, a thread to wait for the started process is created.
@@ -81,7 +82,13 @@ module Open3
   # If merged stdout and stderr output is not a problem, you can use Open3.popen2e.
   # If you really need stdout and stderr output as separate strings, you can consider Open3.capture3.
   #
-  def popen3(*cmd, **opts, &block)
+  def popen3(*cmd, &block)
+    if Hash === cmd.last
+      opts = cmd.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
     opts[:in] = in_r
     in_w.sync = true
@@ -136,7 +143,13 @@ module Open3
   #     p o.read #=> "*"
   #   }
   #
-  def popen2(*cmd, **opts, &block)
+  def popen2(*cmd, &block)
+    if Hash === cmd.last
+      opts = cmd.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
     opts[:in] = in_r
     in_w.sync = true
@@ -179,7 +192,13 @@ module Open3
   #     }
   #   }
   #
-  def popen2e(*cmd, **opts, &block)
+  def popen2e(*cmd, &block)
+    if Hash === cmd.last
+      opts = cmd.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
     opts[:in] = in_r
     in_w.sync = true
@@ -188,14 +207,17 @@ module Open3
     opts[[:out, :err]] = out_w
 
     popen_run(cmd, opts, [in_r, out_w], [in_w, out_r], &block)
+  ensure
+    if block
+      in_r.close
+      in_w.close
+      out_r.close
+      out_w.close
+    end
   end
   module_function :popen2e
 
   def popen_run(cmd, opts, child_io, parent_io) # :nodoc:
-    if last = Hash.try_convert(cmd.last)
-      opts = opts.merge(last)
-      cmd.pop
-    end
     pid = spawn(*cmd, opts)
     wait_thr = Process.detach(pid)
     child_io.each(&:close)
@@ -254,7 +276,16 @@ module Open3
   #     STDOUT.binmode; print thumbnail
   #   end
   #
-  def capture3(*cmd, stdin_data: '', binmode: false, **opts)
+  def capture3(*cmd)
+    if Hash === cmd.last
+      opts = cmd.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
+    stdin_data = opts.delete(:stdin_data) || ''
+    binmode = opts.delete(:binmode)
+
     popen3(*cmd, opts) {|i, o, e, t|
       if binmode
         i.binmode
@@ -264,7 +295,11 @@ module Open3
       out_reader = Thread.new { o.read }
       err_reader = Thread.new { e.read }
       begin
-        i.write stdin_data
+        if stdin_data.respond_to? :readpartial
+          IO.copy_stream(stdin_data, i)
+        else
+          i.write stdin_data
+        end
       rescue Errno::EPIPE
       end
       i.close
@@ -302,7 +337,16 @@ module Open3
   #   End
   #   image, s = Open3.capture2("gnuplot", :stdin_data=>gnuplot_commands, :binmode=>true)
   #
-  def capture2(*cmd, stdin_data: nil, binmode: false, **opts)
+  def capture2(*cmd)
+    if Hash === cmd.last
+      opts = cmd.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
+    stdin_data = opts.delete(:stdin_data)
+    binmode = opts.delete(:binmode)
+
     popen2(*cmd, opts) {|i, o, t|
       if binmode
         i.binmode
@@ -311,7 +355,11 @@ module Open3
       out_reader = Thread.new { o.read }
       if stdin_data
         begin
-          i.write stdin_data
+          if stdin_data.respond_to? :readpartial
+            IO.copy_stream(stdin_data, i)
+          else
+            i.write stdin_data
+          end
         rescue Errno::EPIPE
         end
       end
@@ -337,7 +385,16 @@ module Open3
   #   # capture make log
   #   make_log, s = Open3.capture2e("make")
   #
-  def capture2e(*cmd, stdin_data: nil, binmode: false, **opts)
+  def capture2e(*cmd)
+    if Hash === cmd.last
+      opts = cmd.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
+    stdin_data = opts.delete(:stdin_data)
+    binmode = opts.delete(:binmode)
+
     popen2e(*cmd, opts) {|i, oe, t|
       if binmode
         i.binmode
@@ -346,7 +403,11 @@ module Open3
       outerr_reader = Thread.new { oe.read }
       if stdin_data
         begin
-          i.write stdin_data
+          if stdin_data.respond_to? :readpartial
+            IO.copy_stream(stdin_data, i)
+          else
+            i.write stdin_data
+          end
         rescue Errno::EPIPE
         end
       end
@@ -398,7 +459,13 @@ module Open3
   #     stdin.close     # send EOF to sort.
   #     p stdout.read   #=> "     1\tbar\n     2\tbaz\n     3\tfoo\n"
   #   }
-  def pipeline_rw(*cmds, **opts, &block)
+  def pipeline_rw(*cmds, &block)
+    if Hash === cmds.last
+      opts = cmds.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
     opts[:in] = in_r
     in_w.sync = true
@@ -448,7 +515,13 @@ module Open3
   #     p ts[1].value #=> #<Process::Status: pid 24913 exit 0>
   #   }
   #
-  def pipeline_r(*cmds, **opts, &block)
+  def pipeline_r(*cmds, &block)
+    if Hash === cmds.last
+      opts = cmds.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     out_r, out_w = IO.pipe
     opts[:out] = out_w
 
@@ -484,7 +557,13 @@ module Open3
   #     i.puts "hello"
   #   }
   #
-  def pipeline_w(*cmds, **opts, &block)
+  def pipeline_w(*cmds, &block)
+    if Hash === cmds.last
+      opts = cmds.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
     opts[:in] = in_r
     in_w.sync = true
@@ -537,7 +616,13 @@ module Open3
   #     p err_r.read # error messages of pdftops and lpr.
   #   }
   #
-  def pipeline_start(*cmds, **opts, &block)
+  def pipeline_start(*cmds, &block)
+    if Hash === cmds.last
+      opts = cmds.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     if block
       pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [], [], &block)
     else
@@ -599,7 +684,13 @@ module Open3
   #   #   106
   #   #   202
   #
-  def pipeline(*cmds, **opts)
+  def pipeline(*cmds)
+    if Hash === cmds.last
+      opts = cmds.pop.dup
+    else
+      opts = {}
+    end
+
     pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [], []) {|ts|
       ts.map(&:value)
     }
@@ -645,8 +736,8 @@ module Open3
       end
       pid = spawn(*cmd, cmd_opts)
       wait_thrs << Process.detach(pid)
-      r.close if r
-      w2.close if w2
+      r&.close
+      w2&.close
       r = r2
     }
     result = parent_io + [wait_thrs]
diff --git a/lib/optparse.rb b/lib/optparse.rb
index d887e2f98d..598ebd12bd 100644
--- a/lib/optparse.rb
+++ b/lib/optparse.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # optparse.rb - command-line option analysis with the OptionParser class.
 #
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
 #   require 'optparse'
 #
 #   options = {}
-#   OptionParser.new do |opts|
-#     opts.banner = "Usage: example.rb [options]"
+#   OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#     parser.banner = "Usage: example.rb [options]"
 #
-#     opts.on("-v", "--[no-]verbose", "Run verbosely") do |v|
+#     parser.on("-v", "--[no-]verbose", "Run verbosely") do |v|
 #       options[:verbose] = v
 #     end
 #   end.parse!
@@ -96,15 +96,15 @@
 #     def self.parse(options)
 #       args = Options.new("world")
 #
-#       opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-#         opts.banner = "Usage: example.rb [options]"
+#       opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#         parser.banner = "Usage: example.rb [options]"
 #
-#         opts.on("-nNAME", "--name=NAME", "Name to say hello to") do |n|
+#         parser.on("-nNAME", "--name=NAME", "Name to say hello to") do |n|
 #           args.name = n
 #         end
 #
-#         opts.on("-h", "--help", "Prints this help") do
-#           puts opts
+#         parser.on("-h", "--help", "Prints this help") do
+#           puts parser
 #           exit
 #         end
 #       end
@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@
 # For options that require an argument, option specification strings may include an
 # option name in all caps. If an option is used without the required argument,
 # an exception will be raised.
+#
 #   require 'optparse'
 #
 #   options = {}
@@ -137,9 +138,9 @@
 #
 # Used:
 #
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb -r
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -r
 #   optparse-test.rb:9:in `<main>': missing argument: -r (OptionParser::MissingArgument)
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb -r my-library
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -r my-library
 #   You required my-library!
 #
 # === Type Coercion
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@
 # - Array -- Strings separated by ',' (e.g. 1,2,3)
 # - Regexp -- Regular expressions. Also includes options.
 #
-# We can also add our own coercions, which we will cover soon.
+# We can also add our own coercions, which we will cover below.
 #
 # ==== Using Built-in Conversions
 #
@@ -187,13 +188,12 @@
 #   end.parse!
 #
 # Used:
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t nonsense
+#
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t nonsense
 #   ... invalid argument: -t nonsense (OptionParser::InvalidArgument)
-#   from ... time.rb:5:in `block in <top (required)>'
-#   from optparse-test.rb:31:in `<main>'
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t 10-11-12
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t 10-11-12
 #   2010-11-12 00:00:00 -0500
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t 9:30
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t 9:30
 #   2014-08-13 09:30:00 -0400
 #
 # ==== Creating Custom Conversions
@@ -225,13 +225,39 @@
 #
 #   op.parse!
 #
-# output:
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 1
+# Used:
+#
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 1
 #   #<struct User id=1, name="Sam">
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 2
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 2
 #   #<struct User id=2, name="Gandalf">
-#   bash-3.2$ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 3
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 3
 #   optparse-test.rb:15:in `block in find_user': No User Found for id 3 (RuntimeError)
+#
+# === Store options to a Hash
+#
+# The +into+ option of +order+, +parse+ and so on methods stores command line options into a Hash.
+#
+#   require 'optparse'
+#
+#   params = {}
+#   OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#     parser.on('-a')
+#     parser.on('-b NUM', Integer)
+#     parser.on('-v', '--verbose')
+#   end.parse!(into: params)
+#
+#   p params
+#
+# Used:
+#
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -a
+#   {:a=>true}
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -a -v
+#   {:a=>true, :verbose=>true}
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -a -b 100
+#   {:a=>true, :b=>100}
+#
 # === Complete example
 #
 # The following example is a complete Ruby program.  You can run it and see the
@@ -393,6 +419,8 @@
 # have any questions, file a ticket at http://bugs.ruby-lang.org.
 #
 class OptionParser
+  OptionParser::Version = "0.1.1"
+
   # :stopdoc:
   NoArgument = [NO_ARGUMENT = :NONE, nil].freeze
   RequiredArgument = [REQUIRED_ARGUMENT = :REQUIRED, true].freeze
@@ -413,7 +441,7 @@ class OptionParser
       candidates = []
       block.call do |k, *v|
         (if Regexp === k
-           kn = "".freeze
+           kn = ""
            k === key
          else
            kn = defined?(k.id2name) ? k.id2name : k
@@ -508,8 +536,9 @@ class OptionParser
 
     def initialize(pattern = nil, conv = nil,
                    short = nil, long = nil, arg = nil,
-                   desc = ([] if short or long), block = Proc.new)
+                   desc = ([] if short or long), block = nil, &_block)
       raise if Array === pattern
+      block ||= _block
       @pattern, @conv, @short, @long, @arg, @desc, @block =
         pattern, conv, short, long, arg, desc, block
     end
@@ -565,7 +594,7 @@ class OptionParser
     #            +max+ columns.
     # +indent+:: Prefix string indents all summarized lines.
     #
-    def summarize(sdone = [], ldone = [], width = 1, max = width - 1, indent = "")
+    def summarize(sdone = {}, ldone = {}, width = 1, max = width - 1, indent = "")
       sopts, lopts = [], [], nil
       @short.each {|s| sdone.fetch(s) {sopts << s}; sdone[s] = true} if @short
       @long.each {|s| ldone.fetch(s) {lopts << s}; ldone[s] = true} if @long
@@ -577,7 +606,7 @@ class OptionParser
       while s = lopts.shift
         l = left[-1].length + s.length
         l += arg.length if left.size == 1 && arg
-        l < max or sopts.empty? or left << ''
+        l < max or sopts.empty? or left << +''
         left[-1] << (left[-1].empty? ? ' ' * 4 : ', ') << s
       end
 
@@ -628,7 +657,7 @@ class OptionParser
       return if sopts.empty? and lopts.empty? # completely hidden
 
       (sopts+lopts).each do |opt|
-        # "(-x -c -r)-l[left justify]" \
+        # "(-x -c -r)-l[left justify]"
         if /^--\[no-\](.+)$/ =~ opt
           o = $1
           yield("--#{o}", desc.join(""))
@@ -839,6 +868,10 @@ class OptionParser
       __send__(id).complete(opt, icase, *pat, &block)
     end
 
+    def get_candidates(id)
+      yield __send__(id).keys
+    end
+
     #
     # Iterates over each option, passing the option to the +block+.
     #
@@ -1058,6 +1091,7 @@ XXX
     @summary_width = width
     @summary_indent = indent
     @default_argv = ARGV
+    @require_exact = false
     add_officious
     yield self if block_given?
   end
@@ -1131,12 +1165,16 @@ XXX
   # Strings to be parsed in default.
   attr_accessor :default_argv
 
+  # Whether to require that options match exactly (disallows providing
+  # abbreviated long option as short option).
+  attr_accessor :require_exact
+
   #
   # Heading banner preceding summary.
   #
   def banner
     unless @banner
-      @banner = "Usage: #{program_name} [options]"
+      @banner = +"Usage: #{program_name} [options]"
       visit(:add_banner, @banner)
     end
     @banner
@@ -1165,14 +1203,14 @@ XXX
   # Version
   #
   def version
-    @version || (defined?(::Version) && ::Version)
+    (defined?(@version) && @version) || (defined?(::Version) && ::Version)
   end
 
   #
   # Release code
   #
   def release
-    @release || (defined?(::Release) && ::Release) || (defined?(::RELEASE) && ::RELEASE)
+    (defined?(@release) && @release) || (defined?(::Release) && ::Release) || (defined?(::RELEASE) && ::RELEASE)
   end
 
   #
@@ -1180,7 +1218,7 @@ XXX
   #
   def ver
     if v = version
-      str = "#{program_name} #{[v].join('.')}"
+      str = +"#{program_name} #{[v].join('.')}"
       str << " (#{v})" if v = release
       str
     end
@@ -1237,7 +1275,8 @@ XXX
   # +indent+:: Indentation, defaults to @summary_indent.
   #
   def summarize(to = [], width = @summary_width, max = width - 1, indent = @summary_indent, &blk)
-    blk ||= proc {|l| to << (l.index($/, -1) ? l : l + $/)}
+    nl = "\n"
+    blk ||= proc {|l| to << (l.index(nl, -1) ? l : l + nl)}
     visit(:summarize, {}, {}, width, max, indent, &blk)
     to
   end
@@ -1271,13 +1310,16 @@ XXX
   private :notwice
 
   SPLAT_PROC = proc {|*a| a.length <= 1 ? a.first : a} # :nodoc:
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   make_switch(params, block = nil)
   #
   # Creates an OptionParser::Switch from the parameters. The parsed argument
   # value is passed to the given block, where it can be processed.
   #
   # See at the beginning of OptionParser for some full examples.
   #
-  # +opts+ can include the following elements:
+  # +params+ can include the following elements:
   #
   # [Argument style:]
   #   One of the following:
@@ -1324,6 +1366,8 @@ XXX
   # [Description:]
   #   Description string for the option.
   #     "Run verbosely"
+  #   If you give multiple description strings, each string will be printed
+  #   line by line.
   #
   # [Handler:]
   #   Handler for the parsed argument value. Either give a block or pass a
@@ -1462,11 +1506,16 @@ XXX
       nolong
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define(*params, &block)
+  #
   def define(*opts, &block)
     top.append(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
     sw[0]
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   on(*params, &block)
   #
   # Add option switch and handler. See #make_switch for an explanation of
   # parameters.
@@ -1477,11 +1526,16 @@ XXX
   end
   alias def_option define
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define_head(*params, &block)
+  #
   def define_head(*opts, &block)
     top.prepend(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
     sw[0]
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   on_head(*params, &block)
   #
   # Add option switch like with #on, but at head of summary.
   #
@@ -1491,12 +1545,18 @@ XXX
   end
   alias def_head_option define_head
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define_tail(*params, &block)
+  #
   def define_tail(*opts, &block)
     base.append(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
     sw[0]
   end
 
   #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   on_tail(*params, &block)
+  #
   # Add option switch like with #on, but at tail of summary.
   #
   def on_tail(*opts, &block)
@@ -1514,7 +1574,10 @@ XXX
 
   #
   # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in order. When a block is given,
-  # each non-option argument is yielded.
+  # each non-option argument is yielded. When optional +into+ keyword
+  # argument is provided, the parsed option values are stored there via
+  # <code>[]=</code> method (so it can be Hash, or OpenStruct, or other
+  # similar object).
   #
   # Returns the rest of +argv+ left unparsed.
   #
@@ -1544,6 +1607,9 @@ XXX
           opt.tr!('_', '-')
           begin
             sw, = complete(:long, opt, true)
+            if require_exact && !sw.long.include?(arg)
+              raise InvalidOption, arg
+            end
           rescue ParseError
             raise $!.set_option(arg, true)
           end
@@ -1565,9 +1631,10 @@ XXX
               begin
                 sw, = complete(:short, opt)
                 # short option matched.
-                val = arg.sub(/\A-/, '')
+                val = arg.delete_prefix('-')
                 has_arg = true
               rescue InvalidOption
+                raise if require_exact
                 # if no short options match, try completion with long
                 # options.
                 sw, = complete(:long, opt)
@@ -1579,7 +1646,12 @@ XXX
           end
           begin
             opt, cb, val = sw.parse(val, argv) {|*exc| raise(*exc) if eq}
+          rescue ParseError
+            raise $!.set_option(arg, arg.length > 2)
+          else
             raise InvalidOption, arg if has_arg and !eq and arg == "-#{opt}"
+          end
+          begin
             argv.unshift(opt) if opt and (!rest or (opt = opt.sub(/\A-*/, '-')) != '-')
             val = cb.call(val) if cb
             setter.call(sw.switch_name, val) if setter
@@ -1610,7 +1682,10 @@ XXX
 
   #
   # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in permutation mode and returns
-  # list of non-option arguments.
+  # list of non-option arguments. When optional +into+ keyword
+  # argument is provided, the parsed option values are stored there via
+  # <code>[]=</code> method (so it can be Hash, or OpenStruct, or other
+  # similar object).
   #
   def permute(*argv, into: nil)
     argv = argv[0].dup if argv.size == 1 and Array === argv[0]
@@ -1631,6 +1706,9 @@ XXX
   #
   # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in order when environment variable
   # POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, and in permutation mode otherwise.
+  # When optional +into+ keyword argument is provided, the parsed option
+  # values are stored there via <code>[]=</code> method (so it can be Hash,
+  # or OpenStruct, or other similar object).
   #
   def parse(*argv, into: nil)
     argv = argv[0].dup if argv.size == 1 and Array === argv[0]
@@ -1653,11 +1731,11 @@ XXX
   # Wrapper method for getopts.rb.
   #
   #   params = ARGV.getopts("ab:", "foo", "bar:", "zot:Z;zot option")
-  #   # params[:a] = true   # -a
-  #   # params[:b] = "1"    # -b1
-  #   # params[:foo] = "1"  # --foo
-  #   # params[:bar] = "x"  # --bar x
-  #   # params[:zot] = "z"  # --zot Z
+  #   # params["a"] = true   # -a
+  #   # params["b"] = "1"    # -b1
+  #   # params["foo"] = "1"  # --foo
+  #   # params["bar"] = "x"  # --bar x
+  #   # params["zot"] = "z"  # --zot Z
   #
   def getopts(*args)
     argv = Array === args.first ? args.shift : default_argv
@@ -1704,7 +1782,7 @@ XXX
   #
   def visit(id, *args, &block)
     @stack.reverse_each do |el|
-      el.send(id, *args, &block)
+      el.__send__(id, *args, &block)
     end
     nil
   end
@@ -1734,26 +1812,41 @@ XXX
     if pat.empty?
       search(typ, opt) {|sw| return [sw, opt]} # exact match or...
     end
-    raise AmbiguousOption, catch(:ambiguous) {
+    ambiguous = catch(:ambiguous) {
       visit(:complete, typ, opt, icase, *pat) {|o, *sw| return sw}
-      raise InvalidOption, opt
     }
+    exc = ambiguous ? AmbiguousOption : InvalidOption
+    raise exc.new(opt, additional: self.method(:additional_message).curry[typ])
   end
   private :complete
 
+  #
+  # Returns additional info.
+  #
+  def additional_message(typ, opt)
+    return unless typ and opt and defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker)
+    all_candidates = []
+    visit(:get_candidates, typ) do |candidates|
+      all_candidates.concat(candidates)
+    end
+    all_candidates.select! {|cand| cand.is_a?(String) }
+    checker = DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: all_candidates)
+    DidYouMean.formatter.message_for(all_candidates & checker.correct(opt))
+  end
+
   def candidate(word)
     list = []
     case word
+    when '-'
+      long = short = true
     when /\A--/
       word, arg = word.split(/=/, 2)
       argpat = Completion.regexp(arg, false) if arg and !arg.empty?
       long = true
-    when /\A-(!-)/
-      short = true
     when /\A-/
-      long = short = true
+      short = true
     end
-    pat = Completion.regexp(word, true)
+    pat = Completion.regexp(word, long)
     visit(:each_option) do |opt|
       next unless Switch === opt
       opts = (long ? opt.long : []) + (short ? opt.short : [])
@@ -1776,13 +1869,26 @@ XXX
   # is not present. Returns whether successfully loaded.
   #
   # +filename+ defaults to basename of the program without suffix in a
-  # directory ~/.options.
+  # directory ~/.options, then the basename with '.options' suffix
+  # under XDG and Haiku standard places.
   #
   def load(filename = nil)
-    begin
-      filename ||= File.expand_path(File.basename($0, '.*'), '~/.options')
-    rescue
-      return false
+    unless filename
+      basename = File.basename($0, '.*')
+      return true if load(File.expand_path(basename, '~/.options')) rescue nil
+      basename << ".options"
+      return [
+        # XDG
+        ENV['XDG_CONFIG_HOME'],
+        '~/.config',
+        *ENV['XDG_CONFIG_DIRS']&.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR),
+
+        # Haiku
+        '~/config/settings',
+      ].any? {|dir|
+        next if !dir or dir.empty?
+        load(File.expand_path(basename, dir)) rescue nil
+      }
     end
     begin
       parse(*IO.readlines(filename).each {|s| s.chomp!})
@@ -1842,7 +1948,7 @@ XXX
   #
   # Float number format, and converts to Float.
   #
-  float = "(?:#{decimal}(?:\\.(?:#{decimal})?)?|\\.#{decimal})(?:E[-+]?#{decimal})?"
+  float = "(?:#{decimal}(?=(.)?)(?:\\.(?:#{decimal})?)?|\\.#{decimal})(?:E[-+]?#{decimal})?"
   floatpat = %r"\A[-+]?#{float}\z"io
   accept(Float, floatpat) {|s,| s.to_f if s}
 
@@ -1851,11 +1957,13 @@ XXX
   # for float format, and Rational for rational format.
   #
   real = "[-+]?(?:#{octal}|#{float})"
-  accept(Numeric, /\A(#{real})(?:\/(#{real}))?\z/io) {|s, d, n|
+  accept(Numeric, /\A(#{real})(?:\/(#{real}))?\z/io) {|s, d, f, n,|
     if n
       Rational(d, n)
-    elsif s
-      eval(s)
+    elsif f
+      Float(s)
+    else
+      Integer(s)
     end
   }
 
@@ -1865,7 +1973,7 @@ XXX
   DecimalInteger = /\A[-+]?#{decimal}\z/io
   accept(DecimalInteger, DecimalInteger) {|s,|
     begin
-      Integer(s)
+      Integer(s, 10)
     rescue ArgumentError
       raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
     end if s
@@ -1889,10 +1997,14 @@ XXX
   # integer format, Float for float format.
   #
   DecimalNumeric = floatpat     # decimal integer is allowed as float also.
-  accept(DecimalNumeric, floatpat) {|s,|
+  accept(DecimalNumeric, floatpat) {|s, f|
     begin
-      eval(s)
-    rescue SyntaxError
+      if f
+        Float(s)
+      else
+        Integer(s)
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError
       raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
     end if s
   }
@@ -1946,15 +2058,18 @@ XXX
   #
   class ParseError < RuntimeError
     # Reason which caused the error.
-    Reason = 'parse error'.freeze
+    Reason = 'parse error'
 
-    def initialize(*args)
+    def initialize(*args, additional: nil)
+      @additional = additional
+      @arg0, = args
       @args = args
       @reason = nil
     end
 
     attr_reader :args
     attr_writer :reason
+    attr_accessor :additional
 
     #
     # Pushes back erred argument(s) to +argv+.
@@ -1999,7 +2114,7 @@ XXX
     # Default stringizing method to emit standard error message.
     #
     def message
-      reason + ': ' + args.join(' ')
+      "#{reason}: #{args.join(' ')}#{additional[@arg0] if additional}"
     end
 
     alias to_s message
@@ -2009,42 +2124,42 @@ XXX
   # Raises when ambiguously completable string is encountered.
   #
   class AmbiguousOption < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous option'.freeze)
+    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous option')
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when there is an argument for a switch which takes no argument.
   #
   class NeedlessArgument < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'needless argument'.freeze)
+    const_set(:Reason, 'needless argument')
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when a switch with mandatory argument has no argument.
   #
   class MissingArgument < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'missing argument'.freeze)
+    const_set(:Reason, 'missing argument')
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when switch is undefined.
   #
   class InvalidOption < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid option'.freeze)
+    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid option')
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when the given argument does not match required format.
   #
   class InvalidArgument < ParseError
-    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid argument'.freeze)
+    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid argument')
   end
 
   #
   # Raises when the given argument word can't be completed uniquely.
   #
   class AmbiguousArgument < InvalidArgument
-    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous argument'.freeze)
+    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous argument')
   end
 
   #
diff --git a/lib/optparse/ac.rb b/lib/optparse/ac.rb
index fb0883f97a..9d520101aa 100644
--- a/lib/optparse/ac.rb
+++ b/lib/optparse/ac.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ class OptionParser::AC < OptionParser
     end
   end
 
+  ARG_CONV = proc {|val| val.nil? ? true : val}
+
   def _ac_arg_enable(prefix, name, help_string, block)
     _check_ac_args(name, block)
 
@@ -20,8 +22,9 @@ class OptionParser::AC < OptionParser
     ldesc = ["--#{prefix}-#{name}"]
     desc = [help_string]
     q = name.downcase
-    enable = Switch::NoArgument.new(nil, proc {true}, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block)
-    disable = Switch::NoArgument.new(nil, proc {false}, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block)
+    ac_block = proc {|val| block.call(ARG_CONV.call(val))}
+    enable = Switch::PlacedArgument.new(nil, ARG_CONV, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, ac_block)
+    disable = Switch::NoArgument.new(nil, proc {false}, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, ac_block)
     top.append(enable, [], ["enable-" + q], disable, ['disable-' + q])
     enable
   end
diff --git a/lib/optparse/kwargs.rb b/lib/optparse/kwargs.rb
index ed58cc142b..5a2def4747 100644
--- a/lib/optparse/kwargs.rb
+++ b/lib/optparse/kwargs.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 require 'optparse'
 
 class OptionParser
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define_by_keywords(options, method, **params)
+  #
   def define_by_keywords(options, meth, **opts)
     meth.parameters.each do |type, name|
       case type
diff --git a/lib/optparse/optparse.gemspec b/lib/optparse/optparse.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..831c787ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/optparse/optparse.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*OptionParser::Version\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Nobu Nakada"]
+  spec.email         = ["nobu@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{OptionParser is a class for command-line option analysis.}
+  spec.description   = %q{OptionParser is a class for command-line option analysis.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/optparse"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.5.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f|
+      f.match(%r{\A(?:(?:test|spec|features)/|Gemfile|\.(?:editor|git))})
+    }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{\Aexe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/ostruct.rb b/lib/ostruct.rb
index 417ecf62b3..a5a5140d10 100644
--- a/lib/ostruct.rb
+++ b/lib/ostruct.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # = ostruct.rb: OpenStruct implementation
 #
@@ -15,65 +15,99 @@
 # accomplished by using Ruby's metaprogramming to define methods on the class
 # itself.
 #
-# == Examples:
+# == Examples
 #
-#   require 'ostruct'
+#   require "ostruct"
 #
 #   person = OpenStruct.new
-#   person.name    = "John Smith"
-#   person.age     = 70
-#   person.pension = 300
+#   person.name = "John Smith"
+#   person.age  = 70
 #
-#   puts person.name     # -> "John Smith"
-#   puts person.age      # -> 70
-#   puts person.address  # -> nil
+#   person.name      # => "John Smith"
+#   person.age       # => 70
+#   person.address   # => nil
 #
-# An OpenStruct employs a Hash internally to store the methods and values and
-# can even be initialized with one:
+# An OpenStruct employs a Hash internally to store the attributes and values
+# and can even be initialized with one:
 #
-#   australia = OpenStruct.new(:country => "Australia", :population => 20_000_000)
-#   p australia   # -> <OpenStruct country="Australia" population=20000000>
+#   australia = OpenStruct.new(:country => "Australia", :capital => "Canberra")
+#     # => #<OpenStruct country="Australia", capital="Canberra">
 #
-# Hash keys with spaces or characters that would normally not be able to use for
-# method calls (e.g. ()[]*) will not be immediately available on the
-# OpenStruct object as a method for retrieval or assignment, but can be still be
-# reached through the Object#send method.
+# Hash keys with spaces or characters that could normally not be used for
+# method calls (e.g. <code>()[]*</code>) will not be immediately available
+# on the OpenStruct object as a method for retrieval or assignment, but can
+# still be reached through the Object#send method or using [].
 #
 #   measurements = OpenStruct.new("length (in inches)" => 24)
-#   measurements.send("length (in inches)")  # -> 24
+#   measurements[:"length (in inches)"]       # => 24
+#   measurements.send("length (in inches)")   # => 24
 #
-#   data_point = OpenStruct.new(:queued? => true)
-#   data_point.queued?                       # -> true
-#   data_point.send("queued?=",false)
-#   data_point.queued?                       # -> false
+#   message = OpenStruct.new(:queued? => true)
+#   message.queued?                           # => true
+#   message.send("queued?=", false)
+#   message.queued?                           # => false
 #
-# Removing the presence of a method requires the execution the delete_field
-# method as setting the property value to +nil+ will not remove the method.
+# Removing the presence of an attribute requires the execution of the
+# delete_field method as setting the property value to +nil+ will not
+# remove the attribute.
 #
-#   first_pet = OpenStruct.new(:name => 'Rowdy', :owner => 'John Smith')
-#   first_pet.owner = nil
-#   second_pet = OpenStruct.new(:name => 'Rowdy')
+#   first_pet  = OpenStruct.new(:name => "Rowdy", :owner => "John Smith")
+#   second_pet = OpenStruct.new(:name => "Rowdy")
 #
-#   first_pet == second_pet   # -> false
+#   first_pet.owner = nil
+#   first_pet                 # => #<OpenStruct name="Rowdy", owner=nil>
+#   first_pet == second_pet   # => false
 #
 #   first_pet.delete_field(:owner)
-#   first_pet == second_pet   # -> true
+#   first_pet                 # => #<OpenStruct name="Rowdy">
+#   first_pet == second_pet   # => true
 #
+# Ractor compatibility: A frozen OpenStruct with shareable values is itself shareable.
 #
-# == Implementation:
+# == Caveats
 #
 # An OpenStruct utilizes Ruby's method lookup structure to find and define the
-# necessary methods for properties. This is accomplished through the method
-# method_missing and define_method.
+# necessary methods for properties. This is accomplished through the methods
+# method_missing and define_singleton_method.
 #
 # This should be a consideration if there is a concern about the performance of
 # the objects that are created, as there is much more overhead in the setting
 # of these properties compared to using a Hash or a Struct.
+# Creating an open struct from a small Hash and accessing a few of the
+# entries can be 200 times slower than accessing the hash directly.
+#
+# This is a potential security issue; building OpenStruct from untrusted user data
+# (e.g. JSON web request) may be susceptible to a "symbol denial of service" attack
+# since the keys create methods and names of methods are never garbage collected.
+#
+# This may also be the source of incompatibilities between Ruby versions:
+#
+#   o = OpenStruct.new
+#   o.then # => nil in Ruby < 2.6, enumerator for Ruby >= 2.6
+#
+# Builtin methods may be overwritten this way, which may be a source of bugs
+# or security issues:
+#
+#   o = OpenStruct.new
+#   o.methods # => [:to_h, :marshal_load, :marshal_dump, :each_pair, ...
+#   o.methods = [:foo, :bar]
+#   o.methods # => [:foo, :bar]
+#
+# To help remedy clashes, OpenStruct uses only protected/private methods ending with `!`
+# and defines aliases for builtin public methods by adding a `!`:
+#
+#   o = OpenStruct.new(make: 'Bentley', class: :luxury)
+#   o.class # => :luxury
+#   o.class! # => OpenStruct
+#
+# It is recommended (but not enforced) to not use fields ending in `!`;
+# Note that a subclass' methods may not be overwritten, nor can OpenStruct's own methods
+# ending with `!`.
+#
+# For all these reasons, consider not using OpenStruct at all.
 #
 class OpenStruct
-  class << self # :nodoc:
-    alias allocate new
-  end
+  VERSION = "0.3.1"
 
   #
   # Creates a new OpenStruct object.  By default, the resulting OpenStruct
@@ -83,49 +117,74 @@ class OpenStruct
   # (can be a Hash, an OpenStruct or a Struct).
   # For example:
   #
-  #   require 'ostruct'
-  #   hash = { "country" => "Australia", :population => 20_000_000 }
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #   hash = { "country" => "Australia", :capital => "Canberra" }
   #   data = OpenStruct.new(hash)
   #
-  #   p data        # -> <OpenStruct country="Australia" population=20000000>
+  #   data   # => #<OpenStruct country="Australia", capital="Canberra">
   #
   def initialize(hash=nil)
-    @table = {}
     if hash
-      hash.each_pair do |k, v|
-        k = k.to_sym
-        @table[k] = v
-      end
+      update_to_values!(hash)
+    else
+      @table = {}
     end
   end
 
-  # Duplicate an OpenStruct object members.
-  def initialize_copy(orig)
+  # Duplicates an OpenStruct object's Hash table.
+  private def initialize_clone(orig) # :nodoc:
+    super # clones the singleton class for us
+    @table = @table.dup unless @table.frozen?
+  end
+
+  private def initialize_dup(orig) # :nodoc:
     super
-    @table = @table.dup
+    update_to_values!(@table)
   end
 
+  private def update_to_values!(hash) # :nodoc:
+    @table = {}
+    hash.each_pair do |k, v|
+      set_ostruct_member_value!(k, v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #   ostruct.to_h                        -> hash
+  #   ostruct.to_h {|name, value| block } -> hash
   #
   # Converts the OpenStruct to a hash with keys representing
-  # each attribute (as symbols) and their corresponding values
-  # Example:
+  # each attribute (as symbols) and their corresponding values.
   #
-  #   require 'ostruct'
-  #   data = OpenStruct.new("country" => "Australia", :population => 20_000_000)
-  #   data.to_h   # => {:country => "Australia", :population => 20000000 }
+  # If a block is given, the results of the block on each pair of
+  # the receiver will be used as pairs.
   #
-  def to_h
-    @table.dup
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #   data = OpenStruct.new("country" => "Australia", :capital => "Canberra")
+  #   data.to_h   # => {:country => "Australia", :capital => "Canberra" }
+  #   data.to_h {|name, value| [name.to_s, value.upcase] }
+  #               # => {"country" => "AUSTRALIA", "capital" => "CANBERRA" }
+  #
+  def to_h(&block)
+    if block
+      @table.to_h(&block)
+    else
+      @table.dup
+    end
   end
 
   #
-  # Yields all attributes (as a symbol) along with the corresponding values
-  # or returns an enumerator if not block is given.
-  # Example:
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   ostruct.each_pair {|name, value| block }  -> ostruct
+  #   ostruct.each_pair                         -> Enumerator
+  #
+  # Yields all attributes (as symbols) along with the corresponding values
+  # or returns an enumerator if no block is given.
   #
-  #   require 'ostruct'
-  #   data = OpenStruct.new("country" => "Australia", :population => 20_000_000)
-  #   data.each_pair.to_a  # => [[:country, "Australia"], [:population, 20000000]]
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #   data = OpenStruct.new("country" => "Australia", :capital => "Canberra")
+  #   data.each_pair.to_a   # => [[:country, "Australia"], [:capital, "Canberra"]]
   #
   def each_pair
     return to_enum(__method__) { @table.size } unless block_given?
@@ -136,34 +195,14 @@ class OpenStruct
   #
   # Provides marshalling support for use by the Marshal library.
   #
-  def marshal_dump
+  def marshal_dump # :nodoc:
     @table
   end
 
   #
   # Provides marshalling support for use by the Marshal library.
   #
-  def marshal_load(x)
-    @table = x
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Used internally to check if the OpenStruct is able to be
-  # modified before granting access to the internal Hash table to be modified.
-  #
-  def modifiable? # :nodoc:
-    begin
-      @modifiable = true
-    rescue
-      raise RuntimeError, "can't modify frozen #{self.class}", caller(3)
-    end
-    @table
-  end
-  private :modifiable?
-
-  # ::Kernel.warn("#{caller(1, 1)[0]}: do not use OpenStruct#modifiable")
-  alias modifiable modifiable? # :nodoc:
-  protected :modifiable
+  alias_method :marshal_load, :update_to_values! # :nodoc:
 
   #
   # Used internally to defined properties on the
@@ -171,104 +210,126 @@ class OpenStruct
   # define_singleton_method for both the getter method and the setter method.
   #
   def new_ostruct_member!(name) # :nodoc:
-    name = name.to_sym
-    unless singleton_class.method_defined?(name)
-      define_singleton_method(name) { @table[name] }
-      define_singleton_method("#{name}=") {|x| modifiable?[name] = x}
+    unless @table.key?(name) || is_method_protected!(name)
+      define_singleton_method!(name) { @table[name] }
+      define_singleton_method!("#{name}=") {|x| @table[name] = x}
     end
-    name
   end
   private :new_ostruct_member!
 
-  # ::Kernel.warn("#{caller(1, 1)[0]}: do not use OpenStruct#new_ostruct_member")
-  alias new_ostruct_member new_ostruct_member! # :nodoc:
-  protected :new_ostruct_member
+  private def is_method_protected!(name) # :nodoc:
+    if !respond_to?(name, true)
+      false
+    elsif name.end_with?('!')
+      true
+    else
+      method!(name).owner < OpenStruct
+    end
+  end
 
   def freeze
-    @table.each_key {|key| new_ostruct_member!(key)}
+    @table.freeze
     super
   end
 
-  def respond_to_missing?(mid, include_private = false)
-    mname = mid.to_s.chomp("=").to_sym
-    @table.key?(mname) || super
-  end
-
-  def method_missing(mid, *args) # :nodoc:
+  private def method_missing(mid, *args) # :nodoc:
     len = args.length
     if mname = mid[/.*(?==\z)/m]
       if len != 1
-        raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{len} for 1)", caller(1)
+        raise! ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (given #{len}, expected 1)", caller(1)
       end
-      modifiable?[new_ostruct_member!(mname)] = args[0]
+      set_ostruct_member_value!(mname, args[0])
     elsif len == 0
-      if @table.key?(mid)
-        new_ostruct_member!(mid) unless frozen?
-        @table[mid]
-      end
     else
-      err = NoMethodError.new "undefined method `#{mid}' for #{self}", mid, args
-      err.set_backtrace caller(1)
-      raise err
+      begin
+        super
+      rescue NoMethodError => err
+        err.backtrace.shift
+        raise!
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # Returns the value of a member.
   #
-  #   person = OpenStruct.new('name' => 'John Smith', 'age' => 70)
-  #   person[:age] # => 70, same as ostruct.age
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   ostruct[name]  -> object
+  #
+  # Returns the value of an attribute, or `nil` if there is no such attribute.
+  #
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #   person = OpenStruct.new("name" => "John Smith", "age" => 70)
+  #   person[:age]   # => 70, same as person.age
   #
   def [](name)
     @table[name.to_sym]
   end
 
   #
-  # Sets the value of a member.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   ostruct[name] = obj  -> obj
+  #
+  # Sets the value of an attribute.
   #
-  #   person = OpenStruct.new('name' => 'John Smith', 'age' => 70)
-  #   person[:age] = 42 # => equivalent to ostruct.age = 42
-  #   person.age # => 42
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #   person = OpenStruct.new("name" => "John Smith", "age" => 70)
+  #   person[:age] = 42   # equivalent to person.age = 42
+  #   person.age          # => 42
   #
   def []=(name, value)
-    modifiable?[new_ostruct_member!(name)] = value
+    name = name.to_sym
+    new_ostruct_member!(name)
+    @table[name] = value
   end
+  alias_method :set_ostruct_member_value!, :[]=
+  private :set_ostruct_member_value!
 
-  #
-  # Retrieves the value object corresponding to the each +name+
-  # objects repeatedly.
-  #
-  #   address = OpenStruct.new('city' => "Anytown NC", 'zip' => 12345)
-  #   person = OpenStruct.new('name' => 'John Smith', 'address' => address)
-  #   person.dig(:address, 'zip') # => 12345
-  #   person.dig(:business_address, 'zip') # => nil
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   ostruct.dig(name, *identifiers) -> object
+  #
+  # Finds and returns the object in nested objects
+  # that is specified by +name+ and +identifiers+.
+  # The nested objects may be instances of various classes.
+  # See {Dig Methods}[rdoc-ref:doc/dig_methods.rdoc].
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #   address = OpenStruct.new("city" => "Anytown NC", "zip" => 12345)
+  #   person  = OpenStruct.new("name" => "John Smith", "address" => address)
+  #   person.dig(:address, "zip") # => 12345
+  #   person.dig(:business_address, "zip") # => nil
   def dig(name, *names)
     begin
       name = name.to_sym
     rescue NoMethodError
-      raise TypeError, "#{name} is not a symbol nor a string"
+      raise! TypeError, "#{name} is not a symbol nor a string"
     end
     @table.dig(name, *names)
   end
 
   #
-  # Remove the named field from the object. Returns the value that the field
+  # Removes the named field from the object. Returns the value that the field
   # contained if it was defined.
   #
-  #   require 'ostruct'
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #
+  #   person = OpenStruct.new(name: "John", age: 70, pension: 300)
   #
-  #   person = OpenStruct.new('name' => 'John Smith', 'age' => 70)
+  #   person.delete_field!("age")  # => 70
+  #   person                       # => #<OpenStruct name="John", pension=300>
   #
-  #   person.delete_field('name')  # => 'John Smith'
+  # Setting the value to +nil+ will not remove the attribute:
+  #
+  #   person.pension = nil
+  #   person                 # => #<OpenStruct name="John", pension=nil>
   #
   def delete_field(name)
     sym = name.to_sym
     begin
-      singleton_class.__send__(:remove_method, sym, "#{sym}=")
+      singleton_class.remove_method(sym, "#{sym}=")
     rescue NameError
     end
     @table.delete(sym) do
-      raise NameError.new("no field `#{sym}' in #{self}", sym)
+      raise! NameError.new("no field `#{sym}' in #{self}", sym)
     end
   end
 
@@ -278,37 +339,40 @@ class OpenStruct
   # Returns a string containing a detailed summary of the keys and values.
   #
   def inspect
-    str = "#<#{self.class}"
-
     ids = (Thread.current[InspectKey] ||= [])
     if ids.include?(object_id)
-      return str << ' ...>'
-    end
-
-    ids << object_id
-    begin
-      first = true
-      for k,v in @table
-        str << "," unless first
-        first = false
-        str << " #{k}=#{v.inspect}"
+      detail = ' ...'
+    else
+      ids << object_id
+      begin
+        detail = @table.map do |key, value|
+          " #{key}=#{value.inspect}"
+        end.join(',')
+      ensure
+        ids.pop
       end
-      return str << '>'
-    ensure
-      ids.pop
     end
+    ['#<', self.class!, detail, '>'].join
   end
   alias :to_s :inspect
 
   attr_reader :table # :nodoc:
-  protected :table
   alias table! table
+  protected :table!
 
   #
   # Compares this object and +other+ for equality.  An OpenStruct is equal to
   # +other+ when +other+ is an OpenStruct and the two objects' Hash tables are
   # equal.
   #
+  #   require "ostruct"
+  #   first_pet  = OpenStruct.new("name" => "Rowdy")
+  #   second_pet = OpenStruct.new(:name  => "Rowdy")
+  #   third_pet  = OpenStruct.new("name" => "Rowdy", :age => nil)
+  #
+  #   first_pet == second_pet   # => true
+  #   first_pet == third_pet    # => false
+  #
   def ==(other)
     return false unless other.kind_of?(OpenStruct)
     @table == other.table!
@@ -324,10 +388,44 @@ class OpenStruct
     @table.eql?(other.table!)
   end
 
-  # Compute a hash-code for this OpenStruct.
-  # Two hashes with the same content will have the same hash code
-  # (and will be eql?).
-  def hash
+  # Computes a hash code for this OpenStruct.
+  def hash # :nodoc:
     @table.hash
   end
+
+  #
+  # Provides marshalling support for use by the YAML library.
+  #
+  def encode_with(coder) # :nodoc:
+    @table.each_pair do |key, value|
+      coder[key.to_s] = value
+    end
+    if @table.size == 1 && @table.key?(:table) # support for legacy format
+      # in the very unlikely case of a single entry called 'table'
+      coder['legacy_support!'] = true # add a bogus second entry
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Provides marshalling support for use by the YAML library.
+  #
+  def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
+    h = coder.map
+    if h.size == 1 # support for legacy format
+      key, val = h.first
+      if key == 'table'
+        h = val
+      end
+    end
+    update_to_values!(h)
+  end
+
+  # Make all public methods (builtin or our own) accessible with `!`:
+  instance_methods.each do |method|
+    new_name = "#{method}!"
+    alias_method new_name, method
+  end
+  # Other builtin private methods we use:
+  alias_method :raise!, :raise
+  private :raise!
 end
diff --git a/lib/ostruct/ostruct.gemspec b/lib/ostruct/ostruct.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f69a858aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/ostruct/ostruct.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Marc-Andre Lafortune"]
+  spec.email         = ["ruby-core@marc-andre.ca"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Class to build custom data structures, similar to a Hash.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Class to build custom data structures, similar to a Hash.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/ostruct"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  spec.files         = [".gitignore", "Gemfile", "LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "bin/console", "bin/setup", "lib/ostruct.rb", "ostruct.gemspec"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
+end
diff --git a/lib/pp.gemspec b/lib/pp.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b81df28bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/pp.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "pp"
+  spec.version       = "0.2.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides a PrettyPrinter for Ruby objects}
+  spec.description   = %q{Provides a PrettyPrinter for Ruby objects}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/pp"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.7.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = %w[
+    LICENSE.txt
+    lib/pp.rb
+    pp.gemspec
+  ]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "prettyprint"
+end
diff --git a/lib/pp.rb b/lib/pp.rb
index e19edef0ee..72480e5304 100644
--- a/lib/pp.rb
+++ b/lib/pp.rb
@@ -2,36 +2,9 @@
 
 require 'prettyprint'
 
-module Kernel
-  # Returns a pretty printed object as a string.
-  #
-  # In order to use this method you must first require the PP module:
-  #
-  #   require 'pp'
-  #
-  # See the PP module for more information.
-  def pretty_inspect
-    PP.pp(self, ''.dup)
-  end
-
-  # prints arguments in pretty form.
-  #
-  # pp returns argument(s).
-  def pp(*objs)
-    objs.each {|obj|
-      PP.pp(obj)
-    }
-    objs.size <= 1 ? objs.first : objs
-  end
-  module_function :pp
-end
-
 ##
 # A pretty-printer for Ruby objects.
 #
-# All examples assume you have loaded the PP class with:
-#   require 'pp'
-#
 ##
 # == What PP Does
 #
@@ -116,15 +89,29 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
 
   # :stopdoc:
   def PP.mcall(obj, mod, meth, *args, &block)
-    mod.instance_method(meth).bind(obj).call(*args, &block)
+    mod.instance_method(meth).bind_call(obj, *args, &block)
   end
   # :startdoc:
 
-  @sharing_detection = false
-  class << self
-    # Returns the sharing detection flag as a boolean value.
-    # It is false by default.
-    attr_accessor :sharing_detection
+  if defined? ::Ractor
+    class << self
+      # Returns the sharing detection flag as a boolean value.
+      # It is false (nil) by default.
+      def sharing_detection
+        Ractor.current[:pp_sharing_detection]
+      end
+      # Sets the sharing detection flag to b.
+      def sharing_detection=(b)
+        Ractor.current[:pp_sharing_detection] = b
+      end
+    end
+  else
+    @sharing_detection = false
+    class << self
+      # Returns the sharing detection flag as a boolean value.
+      # It is false by default.
+      attr_accessor :sharing_detection
+    end
   end
 
   module PPMethods
@@ -133,17 +120,17 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # and preserves the previous set of objects being printed.
     def guard_inspect_key
       if Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] == nil
-        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] = {}.taint
+        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__] = {}.compare_by_identity
       end
 
       if Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] == nil
-        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = {}.taint
+        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = {}.compare_by_identity
       end
 
       save = Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect]
 
       begin
-        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = {}.taint
+        Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = {}.compare_by_identity
         yield
       ensure
         Thread.current[:__recursive_key__][:inspect] = save
@@ -176,18 +163,20 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # Object#pretty_print_cycle is used when +obj+ is already
     # printed, a.k.a the object reference chain has a cycle.
     def pp(obj)
-      id = obj.object_id
+      # If obj is a Delegator then use the object being delegated to for cycle
+      # detection
+      obj = obj.__getobj__ if defined?(::Delegator) and obj.is_a?(::Delegator)
 
-      if check_inspect_key(id)
+      if check_inspect_key(obj)
         group {obj.pretty_print_cycle self}
         return
       end
 
       begin
-        push_inspect_key(id)
+        push_inspect_key(obj)
         group {obj.pretty_print self}
       ensure
-        pop_inspect_key(id) unless PP.sharing_detection
+        pop_inspect_key(obj) unless PP.sharing_detection
       end
     end
 
@@ -201,7 +190,7 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # A convenience method, like object_group, but also reformats the Object's
     # object_id.
     def object_address_group(obj, &block)
-      str = Kernel.instance_method(:to_s).bind(obj).call
+      str = Kernel.instance_method(:to_s).bind_call(obj)
       str.chomp!('>')
       group(1, str, '>', &block)
     end
@@ -248,7 +237,7 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
         else
           sep.call
         end
-        yield(*v)
+        RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0" ? yield(*v, **{}) : yield(*v)
       }
     end
 
@@ -306,12 +295,12 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # This module provides predefined #pretty_print methods for some of
     # the most commonly used built-in classes for convenience.
     def pretty_print(q)
-      method_method = Object.instance_method(:method).bind(self)
+      umethod_method = Object.instance_method(:method)
       begin
-        inspect_method = method_method.call(:inspect)
+        inspect_method = umethod_method.bind_call(self, :inspect)
       rescue NameError
       end
-      if inspect_method && /\(Kernel\)#/ !~ inspect_method.inspect
+      if inspect_method && inspect_method.owner != Kernel
         q.text self.inspect
       elsif !inspect_method && self.respond_to?(:inspect)
         q.text self.inspect
@@ -345,7 +334,7 @@ class PP < PrettyPrint
     # However, doing this requires that every class that #inspect is called on
     # implement #pretty_print, or a RuntimeError will be raised.
     def pretty_print_inspect
-      if /\(PP::ObjectMixin\)#/ =~ Object.instance_method(:method).bind(self).call(:pretty_print).inspect
+      if Object.instance_method(:method).bind_call(self, :pretty_print).owner == PP::ObjectMixin
         raise "pretty_print is not overridden for #{self.class}"
       end
       PP.singleline_pp(self, ''.dup)
@@ -413,7 +402,7 @@ class Range # :nodoc:
     q.breakable ''
     q.text(self.exclude_end? ? '...' : '..')
     q.breakable ''
-    q.pp self.end
+    q.pp self.end if self.end
   end
 end
 
@@ -541,6 +530,40 @@ class MatchData # :nodoc:
   end
 end
 
+class RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  def pretty_print_children(q, names = [])
+    children.zip(names) do |c, n|
+      if n
+        q.breakable
+        q.text "#{n}:"
+      end
+      q.group(2) do
+        q.breakable
+        q.pp c
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def pretty_print(q)
+    q.group(1, "(#{type}@#{first_lineno}:#{first_column}-#{last_lineno}:#{last_column}", ")") {
+      case type
+      when :SCOPE
+        pretty_print_children(q, %w"tbl args body")
+      when :ARGS
+        pretty_print_children(q, %w[pre_num pre_init opt first_post post_num post_init rest kw kwrest block])
+      when :DEFN
+        pretty_print_children(q, %w[mid body])
+      when :ARYPTN
+        pretty_print_children(q, %w[const pre rest post])
+      when :HSHPTN
+        pretty_print_children(q, %w[const kw kwrest])
+      else
+        pretty_print_children(q)
+      end
+    }
+  end
+end
+
 class Object < BasicObject # :nodoc:
   include PP::ObjectMixin
 end
@@ -560,3 +583,27 @@ end
     end
   }
 }
+
+module Kernel
+  # Returns a pretty printed object as a string.
+  #
+  # In order to use this method you must first require the PP module:
+  #
+  #   require 'pp'
+  #
+  # See the PP module for more information.
+  def pretty_inspect
+    PP.pp(self, ''.dup)
+  end
+
+  # prints arguments in pretty form.
+  #
+  # pp returns argument(s).
+  def pp(*objs)
+    objs.each {|obj|
+      PP.pp(obj)
+    }
+    objs.size <= 1 ? objs.first : objs
+  end
+  module_function :pp
+end
diff --git a/lib/prettyprint.gemspec b/lib/prettyprint.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eae2227d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/prettyprint.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "prettyprint"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Implements a pretty printing algorithm for readable structure.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Implements a pretty printing algorithm for readable structure.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/prettyprint"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/prettyprint.rb b/lib/prettyprint.rb
index 2a3ca90dc1..188c2e6db0 100644
--- a/lib/prettyprint.rb
+++ b/lib/prettyprint.rb
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class PrettyPrint
 
   # The maximum width of a line, before it is separated in to a newline
   #
-  # This defaults to 79, and should be a Fixnum
+  # This defaults to 79, and should be an Integer
   attr_reader :maxwidth
 
   # The value that is appended to +output+ to add a new line.
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class PrettyPrint
   # This defaults to "\n", and should be String
   attr_reader :newline
 
-  # A lambda or Proc, that takes one argument, of a Fixnum, and returns
+  # A lambda or Proc, that takes one argument, of an Integer, and returns
   # the corresponding number of spaces.
   #
   # By default this is:
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class PrettyPrint
     #
     # Arguments:
     # * +sep+ String of the separator
-    # * +width+ Fixnum width of the +sep+
+    # * +width+ Integer width of the +sep+
     # * +q+ parent PrettyPrint object, to base from
     def initialize(sep, width, q)
       @obj = sep
diff --git a/lib/prime.gemspec b/lib/prime.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8369d4d3d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/prime.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/prime"
+rescue LoadError
+  # for Ruby core repository
+  require_relative "prime"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "prime"
+  spec.version       = Prime::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Marc-Andre Lafortune"]
+  spec.email         = ["ruby-core@marc-andre.ca"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Prime numbers and factorization library.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Prime numbers and factorization library.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/prime"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = [".gitignore", "Gemfile", "LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "bin/console", "bin/setup", "lib/prime.rb", "prime.gemspec"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  spec.add_dependency "singleton"
+  spec.add_dependency "forwardable"
+end
diff --git a/lib/prime.rb b/lib/prime.rb
index ab9e05b2fe..fd9d6ac7be 100644
--- a/lib/prime.rb
+++ b/lib/prime.rb
@@ -31,11 +31,17 @@ class Integer
   end
 
   # Returns true if +self+ is a prime number, else returns false.
+  # Not recommended for very big integers (> 10**23).
   def prime?
     return self >= 2 if self <= 3
+
+    if (bases = miller_rabin_bases)
+      return miller_rabin_test(bases)
+    end
+
     return true if self == 5
     return false unless 30.gcd(self) == 1
-    (7..Math.sqrt(self).to_i).step(30) do |p|
+    (7..Integer.sqrt(self)).step(30) do |p|
       return false if
         self%(p)    == 0 || self%(p+4)  == 0 || self%(p+6)  == 0 || self%(p+10) == 0 ||
         self%(p+12) == 0 || self%(p+16) == 0 || self%(p+22) == 0 || self%(p+24) == 0
@@ -43,6 +49,73 @@ class Integer
     true
   end
 
+  MILLER_RABIN_BASES = [
+    [2],
+    [2,3],
+    [31,73],
+    [2,3,5],
+    [2,3,5,7],
+    [2,7,61],
+    [2,13,23,1662803],
+    [2,3,5,7,11],
+    [2,3,5,7,11,13],
+    [2,3,5,7,11,13,17],
+    [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23],
+    [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37],
+    [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41],
+  ].map!(&:freeze).freeze
+  private_constant :MILLER_RABIN_BASES
+
+  private def miller_rabin_bases
+    # Miller-Rabin's complexity is O(k log^3n).
+    # So we can reduce the complexity by reducing the number of bases tested.
+    # Using values from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Rabin_primality_test
+    i = case
+    when self < 0xffff                            then
+      # For small integers, Miller Rabin can be slower
+      # There is no mathematical significance to 0xffff
+      return nil
+  # when self < 2_047                             then 0
+    when self < 1_373_653                         then 1
+    when self < 9_080_191                         then 2
+    when self < 25_326_001                        then 3
+    when self < 3_215_031_751                     then 4
+    when self < 4_759_123_141                     then 5
+    when self < 1_122_004_669_633                 then 6
+    when self < 2_152_302_898_747                 then 7
+    when self < 3_474_749_660_383                 then 8
+    when self < 341_550_071_728_321               then 9
+    when self < 3_825_123_056_546_413_051         then 10
+    when self < 318_665_857_834_031_151_167_461   then 11
+    when self < 3_317_044_064_679_887_385_961_981 then 12
+    else return nil
+    end
+    MILLER_RABIN_BASES[i]
+  end
+
+  private def miller_rabin_test(bases)
+    return false if even?
+
+    r = 0
+    d = self >> 1
+    while d.even?
+      d >>= 1
+      r += 1
+    end
+
+    self_minus_1 = self-1
+    bases.each do |a|
+      x = a.pow(d, self)
+      next if x == 1 || x == self_minus_1 || a == self
+
+      return false if r.times do
+        x = x.pow(2, self)
+        break if x == self_minus_1
+      end
+    end
+    true
+  end
+
   # Iterates the given block over all prime numbers.
   #
   # See +Prime+#each for more details.
@@ -84,7 +157,7 @@ end
 # There are few implementations of generator.
 #
 # [+Prime+::+EratosthenesGenerator+]
-#   Uses eratosthenes' sieve.
+#   Uses Eratosthenes' sieve.
 # [+Prime+::+TrialDivisionGenerator+]
 #   Uses the trial division method.
 # [+Prime+::+Generator23+]
@@ -95,6 +168,9 @@ end
 #   has many prime factors. e.g. for Prime#prime? .
 
 class Prime
+
+  VERSION = "0.1.2"
+
   include Enumerable
   include Singleton
 
@@ -138,8 +214,22 @@ class Prime
     generator.each(&block)
   end
 
+  # Returns true if +obj+ is an Integer and is prime.  Also returns
+  # true if +obj+ is a Module that is an ancestor of +Prime+.
+  # Otherwise returns false.
+  def include?(obj)
+    case obj
+    when Integer
+      prime?(obj)
+    when Module
+      Module.instance_method(:include?).bind(Prime).call(obj)
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
 
   # Returns true if +value+ is a prime number, else returns false.
+  # Integer#prime? is much more performant.
   #
   # == Parameters
   #
@@ -158,17 +248,23 @@ class Prime
 
   # Re-composes a prime factorization and returns the product.
   #
+  # For the decomposition:
+  #
+  #   [[p_1, e_1], [p_2, e_2], ..., [p_n, e_n]],
+  #
+  # it returns:
+  #
+  #   p_1**e_1 * p_2**e_2 * ... * p_n**e_n.
+  #
   # == Parameters
-  # +pd+:: Array of pairs of integers. The each internal
-  #        pair consists of a prime number -- a prime factor --
-  #        and a natural number -- an exponent.
+  # +pd+:: Array of pairs of integers.
+  #        Each pair consists of a prime number -- a prime factor --
+  #        and a natural number -- its exponent (multiplicity).
   #
   # == Example
-  # For <tt>[[p_1, e_1], [p_2, e_2], ...., [p_n, e_n]]</tt>, it returns:
+  #   Prime.int_from_prime_division([[3, 2], [5, 1]])  #=> 45
+  #   3**2 * 5                                         #=> 45
   #
-  #   p_1**e_1 * p_2**e_2 * .... * p_n**e_n.
-  #
-  #   Prime.int_from_prime_division([[2,2], [3,1]])  #=> 12
   def int_from_prime_division(pd)
     pd.inject(1){|value, (prime, index)|
       value * prime**index
@@ -177,27 +273,32 @@ class Prime
 
   # Returns the factorization of +value+.
   #
+  # For an arbitrary integer:
+  #
+  #   p_1**e_1 * p_2**e_2 * ... * p_n**e_n,
+  #
+  # prime_division returns an array of pairs of integers:
+  #
+  #   [[p_1, e_1], [p_2, e_2], ..., [p_n, e_n]].
+  #
+  # Each pair consists of a prime number -- a prime factor --
+  # and a natural number -- its exponent (multiplicity).
+  #
   # == Parameters
   # +value+:: An arbitrary integer.
   # +generator+:: Optional. A pseudo-prime generator.
   #               +generator+.succ must return the next
-  #               pseudo-prime number in the ascending
-  #               order. It must generate all prime numbers,
-  #               but may also generate non prime numbers too.
+  #               pseudo-prime number in ascending order.
+  #               It must generate all prime numbers,
+  #               but may also generate non-prime numbers, too.
   #
   # === Exceptions
   # +ZeroDivisionError+:: when +value+ is zero.
   #
   # == Example
-  # For an arbitrary integer:
-  #
-  #   n = p_1**e_1 * p_2**e_2 * .... * p_n**e_n,
   #
-  # prime_division(n) returns:
-  #
-  #   [[p_1, e_1], [p_2, e_2], ...., [p_n, e_n]].
-  #
-  #   Prime.prime_division(12) #=> [[2,2], [3,1]]
+  #   Prime.prime_division(45)  #=> [[3, 2], [5, 1]]
+  #   3**2 * 5                  #=> 45
   #
   def prime_division(value, generator = Prime::Generator23.new)
     raise ZeroDivisionError if value == 0
@@ -280,9 +381,9 @@ class Prime
     end
 
     # see +Enumerator+#with_index.
-    def with_index(offset = 0)
-      return enum_for(:with_index, offset) { Float::INFINITY } unless block_given?
-      return each_with_index(&proc) if offset == 0
+    def with_index(offset = 0, &block)
+      return enum_for(:with_index, offset) { Float::INFINITY } unless block
+      return each_with_index(&block) if offset == 0
 
       each do |prime|
         yield prime, offset
@@ -388,13 +489,6 @@ class Prime
       @ulticheck_next_squared = 121   # @primes[@ulticheck_index + 1] ** 2
     end
 
-    # Returns the cached prime numbers.
-    def cache
-      @primes
-    end
-    alias primes cache
-    alias primes_so_far cache
-
     # Returns the +index+th prime number.
     #
     # +index+ is a 0-based index.
@@ -419,7 +513,7 @@ class Prime
     end
   end
 
-  # Internal use. An implementation of eratosthenes' sieve
+  # Internal use. An implementation of Eratosthenes' sieve
   class EratosthenesSieve
     include Singleton
 
@@ -445,7 +539,7 @@ class Prime
 
       segment_min = @max_checked
       segment_max = [segment_min + max_segment_size, max_cached_prime * 2].min
-      root = Integer(Math.sqrt(segment_max).floor)
+      root = Integer.sqrt(segment_max)
 
       segment = ((segment_min + 1) .. segment_max).step(2).to_a
 
diff --git a/lib/profile.rb b/lib/profile.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 39f8370370..0000000000
--- a/lib/profile.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'profiler'
-
-RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {
-  :trace_instruction => true,
-  :specialized_instruction => false
-}
-END {
-  Profiler__::print_profile(STDERR)
-}
-Profiler__::start_profile
diff --git a/lib/profiler.rb b/lib/profiler.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ab55e1fe48..0000000000
--- a/lib/profiler.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-# Profile provides a way to Profile your Ruby application.
-#
-# Profiling your program is a way of determining which methods are called and
-# how long each method takes to complete.  This way you can detect which
-# methods are possible bottlenecks.
-#
-# Profiling your program will slow down your execution time considerably,
-# so activate it only when you need it.  Don't confuse benchmarking with
-# profiling.
-#
-# There are two ways to activate Profiling:
-#
-# == Command line
-#
-# Run your Ruby script with <code>-rprofile</code>:
-#
-#   ruby -rprofile example.rb
-#
-# If you're profiling an executable in your <code>$PATH</code> you can use
-# <code>ruby -S</code>:
-#
-#   ruby -rprofile -S some_executable
-#
-# == From code
-#
-# Just require 'profile':
-#
-#   require 'profile'
-#
-#   def slow_method
-#     5000.times do
-#       9999999999999999*999999999
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-#   def fast_method
-#     5000.times do
-#       9999999999999999+999999999
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-#   slow_method
-#   fast_method
-#
-# The output in both cases is a report when the execution is over:
-#
-#   ruby -rprofile example.rb
-#
-#     %   cumulative   self              self     total
-#    time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name
-#    68.42     0.13      0.13        2    65.00    95.00  Integer#times
-#    15.79     0.16      0.03     5000     0.01     0.01  Fixnum#*
-#    15.79     0.19      0.03     5000     0.01     0.01  Fixnum#+
-#     0.00     0.19      0.00        2     0.00     0.00  IO#set_encoding
-#     0.00     0.19      0.00        1     0.00   100.00  Object#slow_method
-#     0.00     0.19      0.00        2     0.00     0.00  Module#method_added
-#     0.00     0.19      0.00        1     0.00    90.00  Object#fast_method
-#     0.00     0.19      0.00        1     0.00   190.00  #toplevel
-
-module Profiler__
-  class Wrapper < Struct.new(:defined_class, :method_id, :hash) # :nodoc:
-    private :defined_class=, :method_id=, :hash=
-
-    def initialize(klass, mid)
-      super(klass, mid, nil)
-      self.hash = Struct.instance_method(:hash).bind(self).call
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      "#{defined_class.inspect}#".sub(/\A\#<Class:(.*)>#\z/, '\1.') << method_id.to_s
-    end
-    alias inspect to_s
-  end
-
-  # internal values
-  @@start = nil # the start time that profiling began
-  @@stacks = nil # the map of stacks keyed by thread
-  @@maps = nil # the map of call data keyed by thread, class and id. Call data contains the call count, total time,
-  PROFILE_CALL_PROC = TracePoint.new(*%i[call c_call b_call]) {|tp| # :nodoc:
-    now = Process.times[0]
-    stack = (@@stacks[Thread.current] ||= [])
-    stack.push [now, 0.0]
-  }
-  PROFILE_RETURN_PROC = TracePoint.new(*%i[return c_return b_return]) {|tp| # :nodoc:
-    now = Process.times[0]
-    key = Wrapper.new(tp.defined_class, tp.method_id)
-    stack = (@@stacks[Thread.current] ||= [])
-    if tick = stack.pop
-      threadmap = (@@maps[Thread.current] ||= {})
-      data = (threadmap[key] ||= [0, 0.0, 0.0, key])
-      data[0] += 1
-      cost = now - tick[0]
-      data[1] += cost
-      data[2] += cost - tick[1]
-      stack[-1][1] += cost if stack[-1]
-    end
-  }
-module_function
-  # Starts the profiler.
-  #
-  # See Profiler__ for more information.
-  def start_profile
-    @@start = Process.times[0]
-    @@stacks = {}
-    @@maps = {}
-    PROFILE_CALL_PROC.enable
-    PROFILE_RETURN_PROC.enable
-  end
-  # Stops the profiler.
-  #
-  # See Profiler__ for more information.
-  def stop_profile
-    PROFILE_CALL_PROC.disable
-    PROFILE_RETURN_PROC.disable
-  end
-  # Outputs the results from the profiler.
-  #
-  # See Profiler__ for more information.
-  def print_profile(f)
-    stop_profile
-    total = Process.times[0] - @@start
-    if total == 0 then total = 0.01 end
-    totals = {}
-    @@maps.values.each do |threadmap|
-      threadmap.each do |key, data|
-        total_data = (totals[key] ||= [0, 0.0, 0.0, key])
-        total_data[0] += data[0]
-        total_data[1] += data[1]
-        total_data[2] += data[2]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Maybe we should show a per thread output and a totals view?
-
-    data = totals.values
-    data = data.sort_by{|x| -x[2]}
-    sum = 0
-    f.printf "  %%   cumulative   self              self     total\n"
-    f.printf " time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name\n"
-    for d in data
-      sum += d[2]
-      f.printf "%6.2f %8.2f  %8.2f %8d ", d[2]/total*100, sum, d[2], d[0]
-      f.printf "%8.2f %8.2f  %s\n", d[2]*1000/d[0], d[1]*1000/d[0], d[3]
-    end
-    f.printf "%6.2f %8.2f  %8.2f %8d ", 0.0, total, 0.0, 1     # ???
-    f.printf "%8.2f %8.2f  %s\n", 0.0, total*1000, "#toplevel" # ???
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/pstore.rb b/lib/pstore.rb
index f787bb0ae0..a46bcb84bc 100644
--- a/lib/pstore.rb
+++ b/lib/pstore.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # = PStore -- Transactional File Storage for Ruby Objects
 #
 # pstore.rb -
@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@ require "digest"
 # Needless to say, if you're storing valuable data with PStore, then you should
 # backup the PStore files from time to time.
 class PStore
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
   RDWR_ACCESS = {mode: IO::RDWR | IO::CREAT | IO::BINARY, encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT}.freeze
   RD_ACCESS = {mode: IO::RDONLY | IO::BINARY, encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT}.freeze
   WR_ACCESS = {mode: IO::WRONLY | IO::CREAT | IO::TRUNC | IO::BINARY, encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT}.freeze
@@ -374,7 +376,7 @@ class PStore
   def open_and_lock_file(filename, read_only)
     if read_only
       begin
-        file = File.new(filename, RD_ACCESS)
+        file = File.new(filename, **RD_ACCESS)
         begin
           file.flock(File::LOCK_SH)
           return file
@@ -386,7 +388,7 @@ class PStore
         return nil
       end
     else
-      file = File.new(filename, RDWR_ACCESS)
+      file = File.new(filename, **RDWR_ACCESS)
       file.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
       return file
     end
@@ -449,7 +451,7 @@ class PStore
 
   def save_data_with_atomic_file_rename_strategy(data, file)
     temp_filename = "#{@filename}.tmp.#{Process.pid}.#{rand 1000000}"
-    temp_file = File.new(temp_filename, WR_ACCESS)
+    temp_file = File.new(temp_filename, **WR_ACCESS)
     begin
       temp_file.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
       temp_file.write(data)
diff --git a/lib/pstore/pstore.gemspec b/lib/pstore/pstore.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8425795afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/pstore/pstore.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Transactional File Storage for Ruby Objects}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/pstore"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = "https://github.com/ruby/pstore"
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc.rb b/lib/racc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6e4ac03a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require 'racc/compat'
+require 'racc/debugflags'
+require 'racc/grammar'
+require 'racc/state'
+require 'racc/exception'
+require 'racc/info'
diff --git a/lib/racc/compat.rb b/lib/racc/compat.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62f4f630be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/compat.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+unless Object.method_defined?(:__send)
+  class Object
+    alias __send __send__
+  end
+end
+
+unless Object.method_defined?(:__send!)
+  class Object
+    alias __send! __send__
+  end
+end
+
+unless Array.method_defined?(:map!)
+  class Array
+    if Array.method_defined?(:collect!)
+      alias map! collect!
+    else
+      alias map! filter
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/debugflags.rb b/lib/racc/debugflags.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee34cf2314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/debugflags.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+module Racc
+
+  class DebugFlags
+    def DebugFlags.parse_option_string(s)
+      parse = rule = token = state = la = prec = conf = false
+      s.split(//).each do |ch|
+        case ch
+        when 'p' then parse = true
+        when 'r' then rule = true
+        when 't' then token = true
+        when 's' then state = true
+        when 'l' then la = true
+        when 'c' then prec = true
+        when 'o' then conf = true
+        else
+          raise "unknown debug flag char: #{ch.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+      new(parse, rule, token, state, la, prec, conf)
+    end
+
+    def initialize(parse = false, rule = false, token = false, state = false,
+                   la = false, prec = false, conf = false)
+      @parse = parse
+      @rule = rule
+      @token = token
+      @state = state
+      @la = la
+      @prec = prec
+      @any = (parse || rule || token || state || la || prec)
+      @status_logging = conf
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :parse
+    attr_reader :rule
+    attr_reader :token
+    attr_reader :state
+    attr_reader :la
+    attr_reader :prec
+
+    def any?
+      @any
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :status_logging
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/exception.rb b/lib/racc/exception.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c11dc2e43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/exception.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+module Racc
+  class Error < StandardError; end
+  class CompileError < Error; end
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/grammar.rb b/lib/racc/grammar.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3444dfcce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/grammar.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1118 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+require 'racc/compat'
+require 'racc/iset'
+require 'racc/sourcetext'
+require 'racc/logfilegenerator'
+require 'racc/exception'
+require 'forwardable'
+
+module Racc
+
+  class Grammar
+
+    def initialize(debug_flags = DebugFlags.new)
+      @symboltable = SymbolTable.new
+      @debug_symbol = debug_flags.token
+      @rules   = []  # :: [Rule]
+      @start   = nil
+      @n_expected_srconflicts = nil
+      @prec_table = []
+      @prec_table_closed = false
+      @closed = false
+      @states = nil
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :start
+    attr_reader :symboltable
+    attr_accessor :n_expected_srconflicts
+
+    def [](x)
+      @rules[x]
+    end
+
+    def each_rule(&block)
+      @rules.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    alias each each_rule
+
+    def each_index(&block)
+      @rules.each_index(&block)
+    end
+
+    def each_with_index(&block)
+      @rules.each_with_index(&block)
+    end
+
+    def size
+      @rules.size
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "<Racc::Grammar>"
+    end
+
+    extend Forwardable
+
+    def_delegator "@symboltable", :each, :each_symbol
+    def_delegator "@symboltable", :each_terminal
+    def_delegator "@symboltable", :each_nonterminal
+
+    def intern(value, dummy = false)
+      @symboltable.intern(value, dummy)
+    end
+
+    def symbols
+      @symboltable.symbols
+    end
+
+    def nonterminal_base
+      @symboltable.nt_base
+    end
+
+    def useless_nonterminal_exist?
+      n_useless_nonterminals() != 0
+    end
+
+    def n_useless_nonterminals
+      @n_useless_nonterminals ||= each_useless_nonterminal.count
+    end
+
+    def each_useless_nonterminal
+      return to_enum __method__ unless block_given?
+
+      @symboltable.each_nonterminal do |sym|
+        yield sym if sym.useless?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def useless_rule_exist?
+      n_useless_rules() != 0
+    end
+
+    def n_useless_rules
+      @n_useless_rules ||= each_useless_rule.count
+    end
+
+    def each_useless_rule
+      return to_enum __method__ unless block_given?
+
+      each do |r|
+        yield r if r.useless?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def nfa
+      (@states ||= States.new(self)).nfa
+    end
+
+    def dfa
+      (@states ||= States.new(self)).dfa
+    end
+
+    alias states dfa
+
+    def state_transition_table
+      states().state_transition_table
+    end
+
+    def parser_class
+      states = states()   # cache
+      if $DEBUG
+        srcfilename = caller(1).first.slice(/\A(.*?):/, 1)
+        begin
+          write_log srcfilename + ".output"
+        rescue SystemCallError
+        end
+        report = lambda {|s| $stderr.puts "racc: #{srcfilename}: #{s}" }
+        if states.should_report_srconflict?
+          report["#{states.n_srconflicts} shift/reduce conflicts"]
+        end
+        if states.rrconflict_exist?
+          report["#{states.n_rrconflicts} reduce/reduce conflicts"]
+        end
+        g = states.grammar
+        if g.useless_nonterminal_exist?
+          report["#{g.n_useless_nonterminals} useless nonterminals"]
+        end
+        if g.useless_rule_exist?
+          report["#{g.n_useless_rules} useless rules"]
+        end
+      end
+      states.state_transition_table.parser_class
+    end
+
+    def write_log(path)
+      File.open(path, 'w') {|f|
+        LogFileGenerator.new(states()).output f
+      }
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Grammar Definition Interface
+    #
+
+    def add(rule)
+      raise ArgumentError, "rule added after the Grammar closed" if @closed
+      @rules.push rule
+    end
+
+    def added?(sym)
+      @rules.detect {|r| r.target == sym }
+    end
+
+    def start_symbol=(s)
+      raise CompileError, "start symbol set twice'" if @start
+      @start = s
+    end
+
+    def declare_precedence(assoc, syms)
+      raise CompileError, "precedence table defined twice" if @prec_table_closed
+      @prec_table.push [assoc, syms]
+    end
+
+    def end_precedence_declaration(reverse)
+      @prec_table_closed = true
+      return if @prec_table.empty?
+      table = reverse ? @prec_table.reverse : @prec_table
+      table.each_with_index do |(assoc, syms), idx|
+        syms.each do |sym|
+          sym.assoc = assoc
+          sym.precedence = idx
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Dynamic Generation Interface
+    #
+
+    def Grammar.define(&block)
+      env = DefinitionEnv.new
+      env.instance_eval(&block)
+      env.grammar
+    end
+
+    class DefinitionEnv
+      def initialize
+        @grammar = Grammar.new
+        @seqs = Hash.new(0)
+        @delayed = []
+      end
+
+      def grammar
+        flush_delayed
+        @grammar.each do |rule|
+          if rule.specified_prec
+            rule.specified_prec = @grammar.intern(rule.specified_prec)
+          end
+        end
+        @grammar.init
+        @grammar
+      end
+
+      def precedence_table(&block)
+        env = PrecedenceDefinitionEnv.new(@grammar)
+        env.instance_eval(&block)
+        @grammar.end_precedence_declaration env.reverse
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(mid, *args, &block)
+        unless mid.to_s[-1,1] == '='
+          super   # raises NoMethodError
+        end
+        target = @grammar.intern(mid.to_s.chop.intern)
+        unless args.size == 1
+          raise ArgumentError, "too many arguments for #{mid} (#{args.size} for 1)"
+        end
+        _add target, args.first
+      end
+
+      def _add(target, x)
+        case x
+        when Sym
+          @delayed.each do |rule|
+            rule.replace x, target if rule.target == x
+          end
+          @grammar.symboltable.delete x
+        else
+          x.each_rule do |r|
+            r.target = target
+            @grammar.add r
+          end
+        end
+        flush_delayed
+      end
+
+      def _delayed_add(rule)
+        @delayed.push rule
+      end
+
+      def _added?(sym)
+        @grammar.added?(sym) or @delayed.detect {|r| r.target == sym }
+      end
+
+      def flush_delayed
+        return if @delayed.empty?
+        @delayed.each do |rule|
+          @grammar.add rule
+        end
+        @delayed.clear
+      end
+
+      def seq(*list, &block)
+        Rule.new(nil, list.map {|x| _intern(x) }, UserAction.proc(block))
+      end
+
+      def null(&block)
+        seq(&block)
+      end
+
+      def action(&block)
+        id = "@#{@seqs["action"] += 1}".intern
+        _delayed_add Rule.new(@grammar.intern(id), [], UserAction.proc(block))
+        id
+      end
+
+      alias _ action
+
+      def option(sym, default = nil, &block)
+        _defmetasyntax("option", _intern(sym), block) {|target|
+          seq() { default } | seq(sym)
+        }
+      end
+
+      def many(sym, &block)
+        _defmetasyntax("many", _intern(sym), block) {|target|
+            seq() { [] }\
+          | seq(target, sym) {|list, x| list.push x; list }
+        }
+      end
+
+      def many1(sym, &block)
+        _defmetasyntax("many1", _intern(sym), block) {|target|
+            seq(sym) {|x| [x] }\
+          | seq(target, sym) {|list, x| list.push x; list }
+        }
+      end
+
+      def separated_by(sep, sym, &block)
+        option(separated_by1(sep, sym), [], &block)
+      end
+
+      def separated_by1(sep, sym, &block)
+        _defmetasyntax("separated_by1", _intern(sym), block) {|target|
+            seq(sym) {|x| [x] }\
+          | seq(target, sep, sym) {|list, _, x| list.push x; list }
+        }
+      end
+
+      def _intern(x)
+        case x
+        when Symbol, String
+          @grammar.intern(x)
+        when Racc::Sym
+          x
+        else
+          raise TypeError, "wrong type #{x.class} (expected Symbol/String/Racc::Sym)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def _defmetasyntax(type, id, action, &block)
+        if action
+          idbase = "#{type}@#{id}-#{@seqs[type] += 1}"
+          target = _wrap(idbase, "#{idbase}-core", action)
+          _regist("#{idbase}-core", &block)
+        else
+          target = _regist("#{type}@#{id}", &block)
+        end
+        @grammar.intern(target)
+      end
+
+      def _regist(target_name)
+        target = target_name.intern
+        unless _added?(@grammar.intern(target))
+          yield(target).each_rule do |rule|
+            rule.target = @grammar.intern(target)
+            _delayed_add rule
+          end
+        end
+        target
+      end
+
+      def _wrap(target_name, sym, block)
+        target = target_name.intern
+        _delayed_add Rule.new(@grammar.intern(target),
+                              [@grammar.intern(sym.intern)],
+                              UserAction.proc(block))
+        target
+      end
+    end
+
+    class PrecedenceDefinitionEnv
+      def initialize(g)
+        @grammar = g
+        @prechigh_seen = false
+        @preclow_seen = false
+        @reverse = false
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :reverse
+
+      def higher
+        if @prechigh_seen
+          raise CompileError, "prechigh used twice"
+        end
+        @prechigh_seen = true
+      end
+
+      def lower
+        if @preclow_seen
+          raise CompileError, "preclow used twice"
+        end
+        if @prechigh_seen
+          @reverse = true
+        end
+        @preclow_seen = true
+      end
+
+      def left(*syms)
+        @grammar.declare_precedence :Left, syms.map {|s| @grammar.intern(s) }
+      end
+
+      def right(*syms)
+        @grammar.declare_precedence :Right, syms.map {|s| @grammar.intern(s) }
+      end
+
+      def nonassoc(*syms)
+        @grammar.declare_precedence :Nonassoc, syms.map {|s| @grammar.intern(s)}
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Computation
+    #
+
+    def init
+      return if @closed
+      @closed = true
+      @start ||= @rules.map {|r| r.target }.detect {|sym| not sym.dummy? }
+      raise CompileError, 'no rule in input' if @rules.empty?
+      add_start_rule
+      @rules.freeze
+      fix_ident
+      compute_hash
+      compute_heads
+      determine_terminals
+      compute_nullable_0
+      @symboltable.fix
+      compute_locate
+      @symboltable.each_nonterminal {|t| compute_expand t }
+      compute_nullable
+      compute_useless
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def add_start_rule
+      r = Rule.new(@symboltable.dummy,
+                   [@start, @symboltable.anchor, @symboltable.anchor],
+                   UserAction.empty)
+      r.ident = 0
+      r.hash = 0
+      r.precedence = nil
+      @rules.unshift r
+    end
+
+    # Rule#ident
+    # LocationPointer#ident
+    def fix_ident
+      @rules.each_with_index do |rule, idx|
+        rule.ident = idx
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Rule#hash
+    def compute_hash
+      hash = 4   # size of dummy rule
+      @rules.each do |rule|
+        rule.hash = hash
+        hash += (rule.size + 1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sym#heads
+    def compute_heads
+      @rules.each do |rule|
+        rule.target.heads.push rule.ptrs[0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sym#terminal?
+    def determine_terminals
+      @symboltable.each do |s|
+        s.term = s.heads.empty?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sym#self_null?
+    def compute_nullable_0
+      @symboltable.each do |s|
+        if s.terminal?
+          s.snull = false
+        else
+          s.snull = s.heads.any? {|loc| loc.reduce? }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sym#locate
+    def compute_locate
+      @rules.each do |rule|
+        t = nil
+        rule.ptrs.each do |ptr|
+          unless ptr.reduce?
+            tok = ptr.dereference
+            tok.locate.push ptr
+            t = tok if tok.terminal?
+          end
+        end
+        rule.precedence = t
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sym#expand
+    def compute_expand(t)
+      puts "expand> #{t.to_s}" if @debug_symbol
+      t.expand = _compute_expand(t, ISet.new, [])
+      puts "expand< #{t.to_s}: #{t.expand.to_s}" if @debug_symbol
+    end
+
+    def _compute_expand(t, set, lock)
+      if tmp = t.expand
+        set.update tmp
+        return set
+      end
+      tok = nil
+      set.update_a t.heads
+      t.heads.each do |ptr|
+        tok = ptr.dereference
+        if tok and tok.nonterminal?
+          unless lock[tok.ident]
+            lock[tok.ident] = true
+            _compute_expand tok, set, lock
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      set
+    end
+
+    # Sym#nullable?, Rule#nullable?
+    def compute_nullable
+      @rules.each       {|r| r.null = false }
+      @symboltable.each {|t| t.null = false }
+      r = @rules.dup
+      s = @symboltable.nonterminals
+      begin
+        rs = r.size
+        ss = s.size
+        check_rules_nullable r
+        check_symbols_nullable s
+      end until rs == r.size and ss == s.size
+    end
+
+    def check_rules_nullable(rules)
+      rules.delete_if do |rule|
+        rule.null = true
+        rule.symbols.each do |t|
+          unless t.nullable?
+            rule.null = false
+            break
+          end
+        end
+        rule.nullable?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_symbols_nullable(symbols)
+      symbols.delete_if do |sym|
+        sym.heads.each do |ptr|
+          if ptr.rule.nullable?
+            sym.null = true
+            break
+          end
+        end
+        sym.nullable?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sym#useless?, Rule#useless?
+    # FIXME: what means "useless"?
+    def compute_useless
+      @symboltable.each_terminal {|sym| sym.useless = false }
+      @symboltable.each_nonterminal {|sym| sym.useless = true }
+      @rules.each {|rule| rule.useless = true }
+      r = @rules.dup
+      s = @symboltable.nonterminals
+      begin
+        rs = r.size
+        ss = s.size
+        check_rules_useless r
+        check_symbols_useless s
+      end until r.size == rs and s.size == ss
+    end
+
+    def check_rules_useless(rules)
+      rules.delete_if do |rule|
+        rule.useless = false
+        rule.symbols.each do |sym|
+          if sym.useless?
+            rule.useless = true
+            break
+          end
+        end
+        not rule.useless?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_symbols_useless(s)
+      s.delete_if do |t|
+        t.heads.each do |ptr|
+          unless ptr.rule.useless?
+            t.useless = false
+            break
+          end
+        end
+        not t.useless?
+      end
+    end
+
+  end   # class Grammar
+
+
+  class Rule
+
+    def initialize(target, syms, act)
+      @target = target
+      @symbols = syms
+      @action = act
+      @alternatives = []
+
+      @ident = nil
+      @hash = nil
+      @ptrs = nil
+      @precedence = nil
+      @specified_prec = nil
+      @null = nil
+      @useless = nil
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :target
+    attr_reader :symbols
+    attr_reader :action
+
+    def |(x)
+      @alternatives.push x.rule
+      self
+    end
+
+    def rule
+      self
+    end
+
+    def each_rule(&block)
+      yield self
+      @alternatives.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :ident
+
+    attr_reader :hash
+    attr_reader :ptrs
+
+    def hash=(n)
+      @hash = n
+      ptrs = []
+      @symbols.each_with_index do |sym, idx|
+        ptrs.push LocationPointer.new(self, idx, sym)
+      end
+      ptrs.push LocationPointer.new(self, @symbols.size, nil)
+      @ptrs = ptrs
+    end
+
+    def precedence
+      @specified_prec || @precedence
+    end
+
+    def precedence=(sym)
+      @precedence ||= sym
+    end
+
+    def prec(sym, &block)
+      @specified_prec = sym
+      if block
+        unless @action.empty?
+          raise CompileError, 'both of rule action block and prec block given'
+        end
+        @action = UserAction.proc(block)
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :specified_prec
+
+    def nullable?() @null end
+    def null=(n)    @null = n end
+
+    def useless?()  @useless end
+    def useless=(u) @useless = u end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<Racc::Rule id=#{@ident} (#{@target})>"
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      other.kind_of?(Rule) and @ident == other.ident
+    end
+
+    def [](idx)
+      @symbols[idx]
+    end
+
+    def size
+      @symbols.size
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      @symbols.empty?
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "#<rule#{@ident}>"
+    end
+
+    def accept?
+      if tok = @symbols[-1]
+        tok.anchor?
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def each(&block)
+      @symbols.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def replace(src, dest)
+      @target = dest
+      @symbols = @symbols.map {|s| s == src ? dest : s }
+    end
+
+  end   # class Rule
+
+
+  class UserAction
+
+    def UserAction.source_text(src)
+      new(src, nil)
+    end
+
+    def UserAction.proc(pr = nil, &block)
+      if pr and block
+        raise ArgumentError, "both of argument and block given"
+      end
+      new(nil, pr || block)
+    end
+
+    def UserAction.empty
+      new(nil, nil)
+    end
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    def initialize(src, proc)
+      @source = src
+      @proc = proc
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :source
+    attr_reader :proc
+
+    def source?
+      not @proc
+    end
+
+    def proc?
+      not @source
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      not @proc and not @source
+    end
+
+    def name
+      "{action type=#{@source || @proc || 'nil'}}"
+    end
+
+    alias inspect name
+
+  end
+
+
+  class OrMark
+    def initialize(lineno)
+      @lineno = lineno
+    end
+
+    def name
+      '|'
+    end
+
+    alias inspect name
+
+    attr_reader :lineno
+  end
+
+
+  class Prec
+    def initialize(symbol, lineno)
+      @symbol = symbol
+      @lineno = lineno
+    end
+
+    def name
+      "=#{@symbol}"
+    end
+
+    alias inspect name
+
+    attr_reader :symbol
+    attr_reader :lineno
+  end
+
+
+  #
+  # A set of rule and position in it's RHS.
+  # Note that the number of pointers is more than rule's RHS array,
+  # because pointer points right edge of the final symbol when reducing.
+  #
+  class LocationPointer
+
+    def initialize(rule, i, sym)
+      @rule   = rule
+      @index  = i
+      @symbol = sym
+      @ident  = @rule.hash + i
+      @reduce = sym.nil?
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :rule
+    attr_reader :index
+    attr_reader :symbol
+
+    alias dereference symbol
+
+    attr_reader :ident
+    alias hash ident
+    attr_reader :reduce
+    alias reduce? reduce
+
+    def to_s
+      sprintf('(%d,%d %s)',
+              @rule.ident, @index, (reduce?() ? '#' : @symbol.to_s))
+    end
+
+    alias inspect to_s
+
+    def eql?(ot)
+      @hash == ot.hash
+    end
+
+    alias == eql?
+
+    def head?
+      @index == 0
+    end
+
+    def next
+      @rule.ptrs[@index + 1] or ptr_bug!
+    end
+
+    alias increment next
+
+    def before(len)
+      @rule.ptrs[@index - len] or ptr_bug!
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def ptr_bug!
+      raise "racc: fatal: pointer not exist: self: #{to_s}"
+    end
+
+  end   # class LocationPointer
+
+
+  class SymbolTable
+
+    include Enumerable
+
+    def initialize
+      @symbols = []   # :: [Racc::Sym]
+      @cache   = {}   # :: {(String|Symbol) => Racc::Sym}
+      @dummy  = intern(:$start, true)
+      @anchor = intern(false, true)     # Symbol ID = 0
+      @error  = intern(:error, false)   # Symbol ID = 1
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :dummy
+    attr_reader :anchor
+    attr_reader :error
+
+    def [](id)
+      @symbols[id]
+    end
+
+    def intern(val, dummy = false)
+      @cache[val] ||=
+          begin
+            sym = Sym.new(val, dummy)
+            @symbols.push sym
+            sym
+          end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :symbols
+    alias to_a symbols
+
+    def delete(sym)
+      @symbols.delete sym
+      @cache.delete sym.value
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :nt_base
+
+    def nt_max
+      @symbols.size
+    end
+
+    def each(&block)
+      @symbols.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def terminals(&block)
+      @symbols[0, @nt_base]
+    end
+
+    def each_terminal(&block)
+      @terms.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def nonterminals
+      @symbols[@nt_base, @symbols.size - @nt_base]
+    end
+
+    def each_nonterminal(&block)
+      @nterms.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def fix
+      terms, nterms = @symbols.partition {|s| s.terminal? }
+      @symbols = terms + nterms
+      @terms = terms
+      @nterms = nterms
+      @nt_base = terms.size
+      fix_ident
+      check_terminals
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def fix_ident
+      @symbols.each_with_index do |t, i|
+        t.ident = i
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_terminals
+      return unless @symbols.any? {|s| s.should_terminal? }
+      @anchor.should_terminal
+      @error.should_terminal
+      each_terminal do |t|
+        t.should_terminal if t.string_symbol?
+      end
+      each do |s|
+        s.should_terminal if s.assoc
+      end
+      terminals().reject {|t| t.should_terminal? }.each do |t|
+        raise CompileError, "terminal #{t} not declared as terminal"
+      end
+      nonterminals().select {|n| n.should_terminal? }.each do |n|
+        raise CompileError, "symbol #{n} declared as terminal but is not terminal"
+      end
+    end
+
+  end   # class SymbolTable
+
+
+  # Stands terminal and nonterminal symbols.
+  class Sym
+
+    def initialize(value, dummyp)
+      @ident = nil
+      @value = value
+      @dummyp = dummyp
+
+      @term  = nil
+      @nterm = nil
+      @should_terminal = false
+      @precedence = nil
+      case value
+      when Symbol
+        @to_s = value.to_s
+        @serialized = value.inspect
+        @string = false
+      when String
+        @to_s = value.inspect
+        @serialized = value.dump
+        @string = true
+      when false
+        @to_s = '$end'
+        @serialized = 'false'
+        @string = false
+      when ErrorSymbolValue
+        @to_s = 'error'
+        @serialized = 'Object.new'
+        @string = false
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "unknown symbol value: #{value.class}"
+      end
+
+      @heads    = []
+      @locate   = []
+      @snull    = nil
+      @null     = nil
+      @expand   = nil
+      @useless  = nil
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      def once_writer(nm)
+        nm = nm.id2name
+        module_eval(<<-EOS)
+          def #{nm}=(v)
+            raise 'racc: fatal: @#{nm} != nil' unless @#{nm}.nil?
+            @#{nm} = v
+          end
+        EOS
+      end
+    end
+
+    once_writer :ident
+    attr_reader :ident
+
+    alias hash ident
+
+    attr_reader :value
+
+    def dummy?
+      @dummyp
+    end
+
+    def terminal?
+      @term
+    end
+
+    def nonterminal?
+      @nterm
+    end
+
+    def term=(t)
+      raise 'racc: fatal: term= called twice' unless @term.nil?
+      @term = t
+      @nterm = !t
+    end
+
+    def should_terminal
+      @should_terminal = true
+    end
+
+    def should_terminal?
+      @should_terminal
+    end
+
+    def string_symbol?
+      @string
+    end
+
+    def serialize
+      @serialized
+    end
+
+    attr_writer :serialized
+
+    attr_accessor :precedence
+    attr_accessor :assoc
+
+    def to_s
+      @to_s.dup
+    end
+
+    alias inspect to_s
+
+    def |(x)
+      rule() | x.rule
+    end
+
+    def rule
+      Rule.new(nil, [self], UserAction.empty)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # cache
+    #
+
+    attr_reader :heads
+    attr_reader :locate
+
+    def self_null?
+      @snull
+    end
+
+    once_writer :snull
+
+    def nullable?
+      @null
+    end
+
+    def null=(n)
+      @null = n
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :expand
+    once_writer :expand
+
+    def useless?
+      @useless
+    end
+
+    def useless=(f)
+      @useless = f
+    end
+
+  end   # class Sym
+
+end   # module Racc
diff --git a/lib/racc/grammarfileparser.rb b/lib/racc/grammarfileparser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..419495113b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/grammarfileparser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+require 'racc'
+require 'racc/compat'
+require 'racc/grammar'
+require 'racc/parserfilegenerator'
+require 'racc/sourcetext'
+require 'stringio'
+
+module Racc
+
+  grammar = Grammar.define {
+    g = self
+
+    g.class = seq(:CLASS, :cname, many(:param), :RULE, :rules, option(:END))
+
+    g.cname       = seq(:rubyconst) {|name|
+                      @result.params.classname = name
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:rubyconst, "<", :rubyconst) {|c, _, s|
+                      @result.params.classname = c
+                      @result.params.superclass = s
+                    }
+
+    g.rubyconst   = separated_by1(:colon2, :SYMBOL) {|syms|
+                      syms.map {|s| s.to_s }.join('::')
+                    }
+
+    g.colon2 = seq(':', ':')
+
+    g.param       = seq(:CONV, many1(:convdef), :END) {|*|
+                      #@grammar.end_convert_block   # FIXME
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:PRECHIGH, many1(:precdef), :PRECLOW) {|*|
+                      @grammar.end_precedence_declaration true
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:PRECLOW, many1(:precdef), :PRECHIGH) {|*|
+                      @grammar.end_precedence_declaration false
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:START, :symbol) {|_, sym|
+                      @grammar.start_symbol = sym
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:TOKEN, :symbols) {|_, syms|
+                      syms.each do |s|
+                        s.should_terminal
+                      end
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:OPTION, :options) {|_, syms|
+                      syms.each do |opt|
+                        case opt
+                        when 'result_var'
+                          @result.params.result_var = true
+                        when 'no_result_var'
+                          @result.params.result_var = false
+                        when 'omit_action_call'
+                          @result.params.omit_action_call = true
+                        when 'no_omit_action_call'
+                          @result.params.omit_action_call = false
+                        else
+                          raise CompileError, "unknown option: #{opt}"
+                        end
+                      end
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:EXPECT, :DIGIT) {|_, num|
+                      if @grammar.n_expected_srconflicts
+                        raise CompileError, "`expect' seen twice"
+                      end
+                      @grammar.n_expected_srconflicts = num
+                    }
+
+    g.convdef     = seq(:symbol, :STRING) {|sym, code|
+                      sym.serialized = code
+                    }
+
+    g.precdef     = seq(:LEFT, :symbols) {|_, syms|
+                      @grammar.declare_precedence :Left, syms
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:RIGHT, :symbols) {|_, syms|
+                      @grammar.declare_precedence :Right, syms
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:NONASSOC, :symbols) {|_, syms|
+                      @grammar.declare_precedence :Nonassoc, syms
+                    }
+
+    g.symbols     = seq(:symbol) {|sym|
+                      [sym]
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:symbols, :symbol) {|list, sym|
+                      list.push sym
+                      list
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:symbols, "|")
+
+    g.symbol      = seq(:SYMBOL) {|sym| @grammar.intern(sym) }\
+                  | seq(:STRING) {|str| @grammar.intern(str) }
+
+    g.options     = many(:SYMBOL) {|syms| syms.map {|s| s.to_s } }
+
+    g.rules       = option(:rules_core) {|list|
+                      add_rule_block list  unless list.empty?
+                      nil
+                    }
+
+    g.rules_core  = seq(:symbol) {|sym|
+                      [sym]
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:rules_core, :rule_item) {|list, i|
+                      list.push i
+                      list
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:rules_core, ';') {|list, *|
+                      add_rule_block list  unless list.empty?
+                      list.clear
+                      list
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:rules_core, ':') {|list, *|
+                      next_target = list.pop
+                      add_rule_block list  unless list.empty?
+                      [next_target]
+                    }
+
+    g.rule_item   = seq(:symbol)\
+                  | seq("|") {|*|
+                      OrMark.new(@scanner.lineno)
+                    }\
+                  | seq("=", :symbol) {|_, sym|
+                      Prec.new(sym, @scanner.lineno)
+                    }\
+                  | seq(:ACTION) {|src|
+                      UserAction.source_text(src)
+                    }
+  }
+
+  GrammarFileParser = grammar.parser_class
+
+  if grammar.states.srconflict_exist?
+    raise 'Racc boot script fatal: S/R conflict in build'
+  end
+  if grammar.states.rrconflict_exist?
+    raise 'Racc boot script fatal: R/R conflict in build'
+  end
+
+  class GrammarFileParser   # reopen
+
+    class Result
+      def initialize(grammar)
+        @grammar = grammar
+        @params = ParserFileGenerator::Params.new
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :grammar
+      attr_reader :params
+    end
+
+    def GrammarFileParser.parse_file(filename)
+      parse(File.read(filename), filename, 1)
+    end
+
+    def GrammarFileParser.parse(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1)
+      new().parse(src, filename, lineno)
+    end
+
+    def initialize(debug_flags = DebugFlags.new)
+      @yydebug = debug_flags.parse
+    end
+
+    def parse(src, filename = '-', lineno = 1)
+      @filename = filename
+      @lineno = lineno
+      @scanner = GrammarFileScanner.new(src, @filename)
+      @scanner.debug = @yydebug
+      @grammar = Grammar.new
+      @result = Result.new(@grammar)
+      @embedded_action_seq = 0
+      yyparse @scanner, :yylex
+      parse_user_code
+      @result.grammar.init
+      @result
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def next_token
+      @scanner.scan
+    end
+
+    def on_error(tok, val, _values)
+      if val.respond_to?(:id2name)
+        v = val.id2name
+      elsif val.kind_of?(String)
+        v = val
+      else
+        v = val.inspect
+      end
+      raise CompileError, "#{location()}: unexpected token '#{v}'"
+    end
+
+    def location
+      "#{@filename}:#{@lineno - 1 + @scanner.lineno}"
+    end
+
+    def add_rule_block(list)
+      sprec = nil
+      target = list.shift
+      case target
+      when OrMark, UserAction, Prec
+        raise CompileError, "#{target.lineno}: unexpected symbol #{target.name}"
+      end
+      curr = []
+      list.each do |i|
+        case i
+        when OrMark
+          add_rule target, curr, sprec
+          curr = []
+          sprec = nil
+        when Prec
+          raise CompileError, "'=<prec>' used twice in one rule" if sprec
+          sprec = i.symbol
+        else
+          curr.push i
+        end
+      end
+      add_rule target, curr, sprec
+    end
+
+    def add_rule(target, list, sprec)
+      if list.last.kind_of?(UserAction)
+        act = list.pop
+      else
+        act = UserAction.empty
+      end
+      list.map! {|s| s.kind_of?(UserAction) ? embedded_action(s) : s }
+      rule = Rule.new(target, list, act)
+      rule.specified_prec = sprec
+      @grammar.add rule
+    end
+
+    def embedded_action(act)
+      sym = @grammar.intern("@#{@embedded_action_seq += 1}".intern, true)
+      @grammar.add Rule.new(sym, [], act)
+      sym
+    end
+
+    #
+    # User Code Block
+    #
+
+    def parse_user_code
+      line = @scanner.lineno
+      _, *blocks = *@scanner.epilogue.split(/^----/)
+      blocks.each do |block|
+        header, *body = block.lines.to_a
+        label0, pathes = *header.sub(/\A-+/, '').split('=', 2)
+        label = canonical_label(label0)
+        (pathes ? pathes.strip.split(' ') : []).each do |path|
+          add_user_code label, SourceText.new(File.read(path), path, 1)
+        end
+        add_user_code label, SourceText.new(body.join(''), @filename, line + 1)
+        line += (1 + body.size)
+      end
+    end
+
+    USER_CODE_LABELS = {
+      'header'  => :header,
+      'prepare' => :header,   # obsolete
+      'inner'   => :inner,
+      'footer'  => :footer,
+      'driver'  => :footer    # obsolete
+    }
+
+    def canonical_label(src)
+      label = src.to_s.strip.downcase.slice(/\w+/)
+      unless USER_CODE_LABELS.key?(label)
+        raise CompileError, "unknown user code type: #{label.inspect}"
+      end
+      label
+    end
+
+    def add_user_code(label, src)
+      @result.params.public_send(USER_CODE_LABELS[label]).push src
+    end
+
+  end
+
+
+  class GrammarFileScanner
+
+    def initialize(str, filename = '-')
+      @lines  = str.b.split(/\n|\r\n|\r/)
+      @filename = filename
+      @lineno = -1
+      @line_head   = true
+      @in_rule_blk = false
+      @in_conv_blk = false
+      @in_block = nil
+      @epilogue = ''
+      @debug = false
+      next_line
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :epilogue
+
+    def lineno
+      @lineno + 1
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :debug
+
+    def yylex(&block)
+      unless @debug
+        yylex0(&block)
+      else
+        yylex0 do |sym, tok|
+          $stderr.printf "%7d %-10s %s\n", lineno(), sym.inspect, tok.inspect
+          yield [sym, tok]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def yylex0
+      begin
+        until @line.empty?
+          @line.sub!(/\A\s+/, '')
+          if /\A\#/ =~ @line
+            break
+          elsif /\A\/\*/ =~ @line
+            skip_comment
+          elsif s = reads(/\A[a-zA-Z_]\w*/)
+            yield [atom_symbol(s), s.intern]
+          elsif s = reads(/\A\d+/)
+            yield [:DIGIT, s.to_i]
+          elsif ch = reads(/\A./)
+            case ch
+            when '"', "'"
+              yield [:STRING, eval(scan_quoted(ch))]
+            when '{'
+              lineno = lineno()
+              yield [:ACTION, SourceText.new(scan_action(), @filename, lineno)]
+            else
+              if ch == '|'
+                @line_head = false
+              end
+              yield [ch, ch]
+            end
+          else
+          end
+        end
+      end while next_line()
+      yield nil
+    end
+
+    def next_line
+      @lineno += 1
+      @line = @lines[@lineno]
+      if not @line or /\A----/ =~ @line
+        @epilogue = @lines.join("\n")
+        @lines.clear
+        @line = nil
+        if @in_block
+          @lineno -= 1
+          scan_error! sprintf('unterminated %s', @in_block)
+        end
+        false
+      else
+        @line.sub!(/(?:\n|\r\n|\r)\z/, '')
+        @line_head = true
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    ReservedWord = {
+      'right'    => :RIGHT,
+      'left'     => :LEFT,
+      'nonassoc' => :NONASSOC,
+      'preclow'  => :PRECLOW,
+      'prechigh' => :PRECHIGH,
+      'token'    => :TOKEN,
+      'convert'  => :CONV,
+      'options'  => :OPTION,
+      'start'    => :START,
+      'expect'   => :EXPECT,
+      'class'    => :CLASS,
+      'rule'     => :RULE,
+      'end'      => :END
+    }
+
+    def atom_symbol(token)
+      if token == 'end'
+        symbol = :END
+        @in_conv_blk = false
+        @in_rule_blk = false
+      else
+        if @line_head and not @in_conv_blk and not @in_rule_blk
+          symbol = ReservedWord[token] || :SYMBOL
+        else
+          symbol = :SYMBOL
+        end
+        case symbol
+        when :RULE then @in_rule_blk = true
+        when :CONV then @in_conv_blk = true
+        end
+      end
+      @line_head = false
+      symbol
+    end
+
+    def skip_comment
+      @in_block = 'comment'
+      until m = /\*\//.match(@line)
+        next_line
+      end
+      @line = m.post_match
+      @in_block = nil
+    end
+
+    $raccs_print_type = false
+
+    def scan_action
+      buf = String.new
+      nest = 1
+      pre = nil
+      @in_block = 'action'
+      begin
+        pre = nil
+        if s = reads(/\A\s+/)
+          # does not set 'pre'
+          buf << s
+        end
+        until @line.empty?
+          if s = reads(/\A[^'"`{}%#\/\$]+/)
+            buf << (pre = s)
+            next
+          end
+          case ch = read(1)
+          when '{'
+            nest += 1
+            buf << (pre = ch)
+          when '}'
+            nest -= 1
+            if nest == 0
+              @in_block = nil
+              buf.sub!(/[ \t\f]+\z/, '')
+              return buf
+            end
+            buf << (pre = ch)
+          when '#'   # comment
+            buf << ch << @line
+            break
+          when "'", '"', '`'
+            buf << (pre = scan_quoted(ch))
+          when '%'
+            if literal_head? pre, @line
+              # % string, regexp, array
+              buf << ch
+              case ch = read(1)
+              when /[qQx]/n
+                buf << ch << (pre = scan_quoted(read(1), '%string'))
+              when /wW/n
+                buf << ch << (pre = scan_quoted(read(1), '%array'))
+              when /s/n
+                buf << ch << (pre = scan_quoted(read(1), '%symbol'))
+              when /r/n
+                buf << ch << (pre = scan_quoted(read(1), '%regexp'))
+              when /[a-zA-Z0-9= ]/n   # does not include "_"
+                scan_error! "unknown type of % literal '%#{ch}'"
+              else
+                buf << (pre = scan_quoted(ch, '%string'))
+              end
+            else
+              # operator
+              buf << '||op->' if $raccs_print_type
+              buf << (pre = ch)
+            end
+          when '/'
+            if literal_head? pre, @line
+              # regexp
+              buf << (pre = scan_quoted(ch, 'regexp'))
+            else
+              # operator
+              buf << '||op->' if $raccs_print_type
+              buf << (pre = ch)
+            end
+          when '$'   # gvar
+            buf << ch << (pre = read(1))
+          else
+            raise 'racc: fatal: must not happen'
+          end
+        end
+        buf << "\n"
+      end while next_line()
+      raise 'racc: fatal: scan finished before parser finished'
+    end
+
+    def literal_head?(pre, post)
+      (!pre || /[a-zA-Z_0-9]/n !~ pre[-1,1]) &&
+          !post.empty? && /\A[\s\=]/n !~ post
+    end
+
+    def read(len)
+      s = @line[0, len]
+      @line = @line[len .. -1]
+      s
+    end
+
+    def reads(re)
+      m = re.match(@line) or return nil
+      @line = m.post_match
+      m[0]
+    end
+
+    def scan_quoted(left, tag = 'string')
+      buf = left.dup
+      buf = "||#{tag}->" + buf if $raccs_print_type
+      re = get_quoted_re(left)
+      sv, @in_block = @in_block, tag
+      begin
+        if s = reads(re)
+          buf << s
+          break
+        else
+          buf << @line
+        end
+      end while next_line()
+      @in_block = sv
+      buf << "<-#{tag}||" if $raccs_print_type
+      buf
+    end
+
+    LEFT_TO_RIGHT = {
+      '(' => ')',
+      '{' => '}',
+      '[' => ']',
+      '<' => '>'
+    }
+
+    CACHE = {}
+
+    def get_quoted_re(left)
+      term = Regexp.quote(LEFT_TO_RIGHT[left] || left)
+      CACHE[left] ||= /\A[^#{term}\\]*(?:\\.[^\\#{term}]*)*#{term}/
+    end
+
+    def scan_error!(msg)
+      raise CompileError, "#{lineno()}: #{msg}"
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end   # module Racc
diff --git a/lib/racc/info.rb b/lib/racc/info.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f599b13cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/info.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+module Racc
+  VERSION   = '1.5.2'
+  Version = VERSION
+  Copyright = 'Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki'
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/iset.rb b/lib/racc/iset.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..339221d21b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/iset.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+module Racc
+
+  # An "indexed" set.  All items must respond to :ident.
+  class ISet
+
+    def initialize(a = [])
+      @set = a
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :set
+
+    def add(i)
+      @set[i.ident] = i
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      @set[key.ident]
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, val)
+      @set[key.ident] = val
+    end
+
+    alias include? []
+    alias key? []
+
+    def update(other)
+      s = @set
+      o = other.set
+      o.each_index do |idx|
+        if t = o[idx]
+          s[idx] = t
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def update_a(a)
+      s = @set
+      a.each {|i| s[i.ident] = i }
+    end
+
+    def delete(key)
+      i = @set[key.ident]
+      @set[key.ident] = nil
+      i
+    end
+
+    def each(&block)
+      @set.compact.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def to_a
+      @set.compact
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "[#{@set.compact.join(' ')}]"
+    end
+
+    alias inspect to_s
+
+    def size
+      @set.nitems
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      @set.nitems == 0
+    end
+
+    def clear
+      @set.clear
+    end
+
+    def dup
+      ISet.new(@set.dup)
+    end
+
+  end   # class ISet
+
+end   # module Racc
diff --git a/lib/racc/logfilegenerator.rb b/lib/racc/logfilegenerator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f5aa0c8b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/logfilegenerator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+module Racc
+
+  class LogFileGenerator
+
+    def initialize(states, debug_flags = DebugFlags.new)
+      @states = states
+      @grammar = states.grammar
+      @debug_flags = debug_flags
+    end
+
+    def output(out)
+      output_conflict out; out.puts
+      output_useless  out; out.puts
+      output_rule     out; out.puts
+      output_token    out; out.puts
+      output_state    out
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Warnings
+    #
+
+    def output_conflict(out)
+      @states.each do |state|
+        if state.srconf
+          out.printf "state %d contains %d shift/reduce conflicts\n",
+                     state.stateid, state.srconf.size
+        end
+        if state.rrconf
+          out.printf "state %d contains %d reduce/reduce conflicts\n",
+                     state.stateid, state.rrconf.size
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def output_useless(out)
+      @grammar.each do |rl|
+        if rl.useless?
+          out.printf "rule %d (%s) never reduced\n",
+                     rl.ident, rl.target.to_s
+        end
+      end
+      @grammar.each_nonterminal do |t|
+        if t.useless?
+          out.printf "useless nonterminal %s\n", t.to_s
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # States
+    #
+
+    def output_state(out)
+      out << "--------- State ---------\n"
+
+      showall = @debug_flags.la || @debug_flags.state
+      @states.each do |state|
+        out << "\nstate #{state.ident}\n\n"
+
+        (showall ? state.closure : state.core).each do |ptr|
+          pointer_out(out, ptr) if ptr.rule.ident != 0 or showall
+        end
+        out << "\n"
+
+        action_out out, state
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pointer_out(out, ptr)
+      buf = sprintf("%4d) %s :", ptr.rule.ident, ptr.rule.target.to_s)
+      ptr.rule.symbols.each_with_index do |tok, idx|
+        buf << ' _' if idx == ptr.index
+        buf << ' ' << tok.to_s
+      end
+      buf << ' _' if ptr.reduce?
+      out.puts buf
+    end
+
+    def action_out(f, state)
+      sr = state.srconf && state.srconf.dup
+      rr = state.rrconf && state.rrconf.dup
+      acts = state.action
+      keys = acts.keys
+      keys.sort! {|a,b| a.ident <=> b.ident }
+
+      [ Shift, Reduce, Error, Accept ].each do |klass|
+        keys.delete_if do |tok|
+          act = acts[tok]
+          if act.kind_of?(klass)
+            outact f, tok, act
+            if sr and c = sr.delete(tok)
+              outsrconf f, c
+            end
+            if rr and c = rr.delete(tok)
+              outrrconf f, c
+            end
+
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      sr.each {|tok, c| outsrconf f, c } if sr
+      rr.each {|tok, c| outrrconf f, c } if rr
+
+      act = state.defact
+      if not act.kind_of?(Error) or @debug_flags.any?
+        outact f, '$default', act
+      end
+
+      f.puts
+      state.goto_table.each do |t, st|
+        if t.nonterminal?
+          f.printf "  %-12s  go to state %d\n", t.to_s, st.ident
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def outact(f, t, act)
+      case act
+      when Shift
+        f.printf "  %-12s  shift, and go to state %d\n",
+                 t.to_s, act.goto_id
+      when Reduce
+        f.printf "  %-12s  reduce using rule %d (%s)\n",
+                 t.to_s, act.ruleid, act.rule.target.to_s
+      when Accept
+        f.printf "  %-12s  accept\n", t.to_s
+      when Error
+        f.printf "  %-12s  error\n", t.to_s
+      else
+        raise "racc: fatal: wrong act for outact: act=#{act}(#{act.class})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def outsrconf(f, confs)
+      confs.each do |c|
+        r = c.reduce
+        f.printf "  %-12s  [reduce using rule %d (%s)]\n",
+                 c.shift.to_s, r.ident, r.target.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def outrrconf(f, confs)
+      confs.each do |c|
+        r = c.low_prec
+        f.printf "  %-12s  [reduce using rule %d (%s)]\n",
+                 c.token.to_s, r.ident, r.target.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Rules
+    #
+
+    def output_rule(out)
+      out.print "-------- Grammar --------\n\n"
+      @grammar.each do |rl|
+        if @debug_flags.any? or rl.ident != 0
+          out.printf "rule %d %s: %s\n",
+                     rl.ident, rl.target.to_s, rl.symbols.join(' ')
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Tokens
+    #
+
+    def output_token(out)
+      out.print "------- Symbols -------\n\n"
+
+      out.print "**Nonterminals, with rules where they appear\n\n"
+      @grammar.each_nonterminal do |t|
+        tmp = <<SRC
+  %s (%d)
+    on right: %s
+    on left : %s
+SRC
+        out.printf tmp, t.to_s, t.ident,
+                   symbol_locations(t.locate).join(' '),
+                   symbol_locations(t.heads).join(' ')
+      end
+
+      out.print "\n**Terminals, with rules where they appear\n\n"
+      @grammar.each_terminal do |t|
+        out.printf "  %s (%d) %s\n",
+                   t.to_s, t.ident, symbol_locations(t.locate).join(' ')
+      end
+    end
+
+    def symbol_locations(locs)
+      locs.map {|loc| loc.rule.ident }.reject {|n| n == 0 }.uniq
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end   # module Racc
diff --git a/lib/racc/parser-text.rb b/lib/racc/parser-text.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7090c6a01a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/parser-text.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,637 @@
+module Racc
+  PARSER_TEXT = <<'__end_of_file__'
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+#--
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+#
+# As a special exception, when this code is copied by Racc
+# into a Racc output file, you may use that output file
+# without restriction.
+#++
+
+require 'racc/info'
+
+unless defined?(NotImplementedError)
+  NotImplementedError = NotImplementError # :nodoc:
+end
+
+module Racc
+  class ParseError < StandardError; end
+end
+unless defined?(::ParseError)
+  ParseError = Racc::ParseError
+end
+
+# Racc is a LALR(1) parser generator.
+# It is written in Ruby itself, and generates Ruby programs.
+#
+# == Command-line Reference
+#
+#     racc [-o<var>filename</var>] [--output-file=<var>filename</var>]
+#          [-e<var>rubypath</var>] [--executable=<var>rubypath</var>]
+#          [-v] [--verbose]
+#          [-O<var>filename</var>] [--log-file=<var>filename</var>]
+#          [-g] [--debug]
+#          [-E] [--embedded]
+#          [-l] [--no-line-convert]
+#          [-c] [--line-convert-all]
+#          [-a] [--no-omit-actions]
+#          [-C] [--check-only]
+#          [-S] [--output-status]
+#          [--version] [--copyright] [--help] <var>grammarfile</var>
+#
+# [+grammarfile+]
+#   Racc grammar file. Any extension is permitted.
+# [-o+outfile+, --output-file=+outfile+]
+#   A filename for output. default is <+filename+>.tab.rb
+# [-O+filename+, --log-file=+filename+]
+#   Place logging output in file +filename+.
+#   Default log file name is <+filename+>.output.
+# [-e+rubypath+, --executable=+rubypath+]
+#   output executable file(mode 755). where +path+ is the Ruby interpreter.
+# [-v, --verbose]
+#   verbose mode. create +filename+.output file, like yacc's y.output file.
+# [-g, --debug]
+#   add debug code to parser class. To display debuggin information,
+#   use this '-g' option and set @yydebug true in parser class.
+# [-E, --embedded]
+#   Output parser which doesn't need runtime files (racc/parser.rb).
+# [-C, --check-only]
+#   Check syntax of racc grammar file and quit.
+# [-S, --output-status]
+#   Print messages time to time while compiling.
+# [-l, --no-line-convert]
+#   turns off line number converting.
+# [-c, --line-convert-all]
+#   Convert line number of actions, inner, header and footer.
+# [-a, --no-omit-actions]
+#   Call all actions, even if an action is empty.
+# [--version]
+#   print Racc version and quit.
+# [--copyright]
+#   Print copyright and quit.
+# [--help]
+#   Print usage and quit.
+#
+# == Generating Parser Using Racc
+#
+# To compile Racc grammar file, simply type:
+#
+#   $ racc parse.y
+#
+# This creates Ruby script file "parse.tab.y". The -o option can change the output filename.
+#
+# == Writing A Racc Grammar File
+#
+# If you want your own parser, you have to write a grammar file.
+# A grammar file contains the name of your parser class, grammar for the parser,
+# user code, and anything else.
+# When writing a grammar file, yacc's knowledge is helpful.
+# If you have not used yacc before, Racc is not too difficult.
+#
+# Here's an example Racc grammar file.
+#
+#   class Calcparser
+#   rule
+#     target: exp { print val[0] }
+#
+#     exp: exp '+' exp
+#        | exp '*' exp
+#        | '(' exp ')'
+#        | NUMBER
+#   end
+#
+# Racc grammar files resemble yacc files.
+# But (of course), this is Ruby code.
+# yacc's $$ is the 'result', $0, $1... is
+# an array called 'val', and $-1, $-2... is an array called '_values'.
+#
+# See the {Grammar File Reference}[rdoc-ref:lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc] for
+# more information on grammar files.
+#
+# == Parser
+#
+# Then you must prepare the parse entry method. There are two types of
+# parse methods in Racc, Racc::Parser#do_parse and Racc::Parser#yyparse
+#
+# Racc::Parser#do_parse is simple.
+#
+# It's yyparse() of yacc, and Racc::Parser#next_token is yylex().
+# This method must returns an array like [TOKENSYMBOL, ITS_VALUE].
+# EOF is [false, false].
+# (TOKENSYMBOL is a Ruby symbol (taken from String#intern) by default.
+# If you want to change this, see the grammar reference.
+#
+# Racc::Parser#yyparse is little complicated, but useful.
+# It does not use Racc::Parser#next_token, instead it gets tokens from any iterator.
+#
+# For example, <code>yyparse(obj, :scan)</code> causes
+# calling +obj#scan+, and you can return tokens by yielding them from +obj#scan+.
+#
+# == Debugging
+#
+# When debugging, "-v" or/and the "-g" option is helpful.
+#
+# "-v" creates verbose log file (.output).
+# "-g" creates a "Verbose Parser".
+# Verbose Parser prints the internal status when parsing.
+# But it's _not_ automatic.
+# You must use -g option and set +@yydebug+ to +true+ in order to get output.
+# -g option only creates the verbose parser.
+#
+# === Racc reported syntax error.
+#
+# Isn't there too many "end"?
+# grammar of racc file is changed in v0.10.
+#
+# Racc does not use '%' mark, while yacc uses huge number of '%' marks..
+#
+# === Racc reported "XXXX conflicts".
+#
+# Try "racc -v xxxx.y".
+# It causes producing racc's internal log file, xxxx.output.
+#
+# === Generated parsers does not work correctly
+#
+# Try "racc -g xxxx.y".
+# This command let racc generate "debugging parser".
+# Then set @yydebug=true in your parser.
+# It produces a working log of your parser.
+#
+# == Re-distributing Racc runtime
+#
+# A parser, which is created by Racc, requires the Racc runtime module;
+# racc/parser.rb.
+#
+# Ruby 1.8.x comes with Racc runtime module,
+# you need NOT distribute Racc runtime files.
+#
+# If you want to include the Racc runtime module with your parser.
+# This can be done by using '-E' option:
+#
+#   $ racc -E -omyparser.rb myparser.y
+#
+# This command creates myparser.rb which `includes' Racc runtime.
+# Only you must do is to distribute your parser file (myparser.rb).
+#
+# Note: parser.rb is ruby license, but your parser is not.
+# Your own parser is completely yours.
+module Racc
+
+  unless defined?(Racc_No_Extensions)
+    Racc_No_Extensions = false # :nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class Parser
+
+    Racc_Runtime_Version = ::Racc::VERSION
+    Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_R = ::Racc::VERSION
+
+    begin
+      if Object.const_defined?(:RUBY_ENGINE) and RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
+        require 'jruby'
+        require 'racc/cparse-jruby.jar'
+        com.headius.racc.Cparse.new.load(JRuby.runtime, false)
+      else
+        require 'racc/cparse'
+      end
+
+      unless new.respond_to?(:_racc_do_parse_c, true)
+        raise LoadError, 'old cparse.so'
+      end
+      if Racc_No_Extensions
+        raise LoadError, 'selecting ruby version of racc runtime core'
+      end
+
+      Racc_Main_Parsing_Routine    = :_racc_do_parse_c # :nodoc:
+      Racc_YY_Parse_Method         = :_racc_yyparse_c # :nodoc:
+      Racc_Runtime_Core_Version    = Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_C # :nodoc:
+      Racc_Runtime_Type            = 'c' # :nodoc:
+    rescue LoadError
+      Racc_Main_Parsing_Routine    = :_racc_do_parse_rb
+      Racc_YY_Parse_Method         = :_racc_yyparse_rb
+      Racc_Runtime_Core_Version    = Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_R
+      Racc_Runtime_Type            = 'ruby'
+    end
+
+    def Parser.racc_runtime_type # :nodoc:
+      Racc_Runtime_Type
+    end
+
+    def _racc_setup
+      @yydebug = false unless self.class::Racc_debug_parser
+      @yydebug = false unless defined?(@yydebug)
+      if @yydebug
+        @racc_debug_out = $stderr unless defined?(@racc_debug_out)
+        @racc_debug_out ||= $stderr
+      end
+      arg = self.class::Racc_arg
+      arg[13] = true if arg.size < 14
+      arg
+    end
+
+    def _racc_init_sysvars
+      @racc_state  = [0]
+      @racc_tstack = []
+      @racc_vstack = []
+
+      @racc_t = nil
+      @racc_val = nil
+
+      @racc_read_next = true
+
+      @racc_user_yyerror = false
+      @racc_error_status = 0
+    end
+
+    # The entry point of the parser. This method is used with #next_token.
+    # If Racc wants to get token (and its value), calls next_token.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #     def parse
+    #       @q = [[1,1],
+    #             [2,2],
+    #             [3,3],
+    #             [false, '$']]
+    #       do_parse
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def next_token
+    #       @q.shift
+    #     end
+    class_eval %{
+    def do_parse
+      #{Racc_Main_Parsing_Routine}(_racc_setup(), false)
+    end
+    }
+
+    # The method to fetch next token.
+    # If you use #do_parse method, you must implement #next_token.
+    #
+    # The format of return value is [TOKEN_SYMBOL, VALUE].
+    # +token-symbol+ is represented by Ruby's symbol by default, e.g. :IDENT
+    # for 'IDENT'.  ";" (String) for ';'.
+    #
+    # The final symbol (End of file) must be false.
+    def next_token
+      raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class}\#next_token is not defined"
+    end
+
+    def _racc_do_parse_rb(arg, in_debug)
+      action_table, action_check, action_default, action_pointer,
+      _,            _,            _,              _,
+      _,            _,            token_table,    * = arg
+
+      _racc_init_sysvars
+      tok = act = i = nil
+
+      catch(:racc_end_parse) {
+        while true
+          if i = action_pointer[@racc_state[-1]]
+            if @racc_read_next
+              if @racc_t != 0   # not EOF
+                tok, @racc_val = next_token()
+                unless tok      # EOF
+                  @racc_t = 0
+                else
+                  @racc_t = (token_table[tok] or 1)   # error token
+                end
+                racc_read_token(@racc_t, tok, @racc_val) if @yydebug
+                @racc_read_next = false
+              end
+            end
+            i += @racc_t
+            unless i >= 0 and
+                   act = action_table[i] and
+                   action_check[i] == @racc_state[-1]
+              act = action_default[@racc_state[-1]]
+            end
+          else
+            act = action_default[@racc_state[-1]]
+          end
+          while act = _racc_evalact(act, arg)
+            ;
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Another entry point for the parser.
+    # If you use this method, you must implement RECEIVER#METHOD_ID method.
+    #
+    # RECEIVER#METHOD_ID is a method to get next token.
+    # It must 'yield' the token, which format is [TOKEN-SYMBOL, VALUE].
+    class_eval %{
+    def yyparse(recv, mid)
+      #{Racc_YY_Parse_Method}(recv, mid, _racc_setup(), false)
+    end
+    }
+
+    def _racc_yyparse_rb(recv, mid, arg, c_debug)
+      action_table, action_check, action_default, action_pointer,
+      _,            _,            _,              _,
+      _,            _,            token_table,    * = arg
+
+      _racc_init_sysvars
+
+      catch(:racc_end_parse) {
+        until i = action_pointer[@racc_state[-1]]
+          while act = _racc_evalact(action_default[@racc_state[-1]], arg)
+            ;
+          end
+        end
+        recv.__send__(mid) do |tok, val|
+          unless tok
+            @racc_t = 0
+          else
+            @racc_t = (token_table[tok] or 1)   # error token
+          end
+          @racc_val = val
+          @racc_read_next = false
+
+          i += @racc_t
+          unless i >= 0 and
+                 act = action_table[i] and
+                 action_check[i] == @racc_state[-1]
+            act = action_default[@racc_state[-1]]
+          end
+          while act = _racc_evalact(act, arg)
+            ;
+          end
+
+          while !(i = action_pointer[@racc_state[-1]]) ||
+                ! @racc_read_next ||
+                @racc_t == 0  # $
+            unless i and i += @racc_t and
+                   i >= 0 and
+                   act = action_table[i] and
+                   action_check[i] == @racc_state[-1]
+              act = action_default[@racc_state[-1]]
+            end
+            while act = _racc_evalact(act, arg)
+              ;
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    ###
+    ### common
+    ###
+
+    def _racc_evalact(act, arg)
+      action_table, action_check, _, action_pointer,
+      _,            _,            _, _,
+      _,            _,            _, shift_n,
+      reduce_n,     * = arg
+      nerr = 0   # tmp
+
+      if act > 0 and act < shift_n
+        #
+        # shift
+        #
+        if @racc_error_status > 0
+          @racc_error_status -= 1 unless @racc_t <= 1 # error token or EOF
+        end
+        @racc_vstack.push @racc_val
+        @racc_state.push act
+        @racc_read_next = true
+        if @yydebug
+          @racc_tstack.push @racc_t
+          racc_shift @racc_t, @racc_tstack, @racc_vstack
+        end
+
+      elsif act < 0 and act > -reduce_n
+        #
+        # reduce
+        #
+        code = catch(:racc_jump) {
+          @racc_state.push _racc_do_reduce(arg, act)
+          false
+        }
+        if code
+          case code
+          when 1 # yyerror
+            @racc_user_yyerror = true   # user_yyerror
+            return -reduce_n
+          when 2 # yyaccept
+            return shift_n
+          else
+            raise '[Racc Bug] unknown jump code'
+          end
+        end
+
+      elsif act == shift_n
+        #
+        # accept
+        #
+        racc_accept if @yydebug
+        throw :racc_end_parse, @racc_vstack[0]
+
+      elsif act == -reduce_n
+        #
+        # error
+        #
+        case @racc_error_status
+        when 0
+          unless arg[21]    # user_yyerror
+            nerr += 1
+            on_error @racc_t, @racc_val, @racc_vstack
+          end
+        when 3
+          if @racc_t == 0   # is $
+            # We're at EOF, and another error occurred immediately after
+            # attempting auto-recovery
+            throw :racc_end_parse, nil
+          end
+          @racc_read_next = true
+        end
+        @racc_user_yyerror = false
+        @racc_error_status = 3
+        while true
+          if i = action_pointer[@racc_state[-1]]
+            i += 1   # error token
+            if  i >= 0 and
+                (act = action_table[i]) and
+                action_check[i] == @racc_state[-1]
+              break
+            end
+          end
+          throw :racc_end_parse, nil if @racc_state.size <= 1
+          @racc_state.pop
+          @racc_vstack.pop
+          if @yydebug
+            @racc_tstack.pop
+            racc_e_pop @racc_state, @racc_tstack, @racc_vstack
+          end
+        end
+        return act
+
+      else
+        raise "[Racc Bug] unknown action #{act.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      racc_next_state(@racc_state[-1], @racc_state) if @yydebug
+
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def _racc_do_reduce(arg, act)
+      _,          _,            _,            _,
+      goto_table, goto_check,   goto_default, goto_pointer,
+      nt_base,    reduce_table, _,            _,
+      _,          use_result,   * = arg
+
+      state = @racc_state
+      vstack = @racc_vstack
+      tstack = @racc_tstack
+
+      i = act * -3
+      len       = reduce_table[i]
+      reduce_to = reduce_table[i+1]
+      method_id = reduce_table[i+2]
+      void_array = []
+
+      tmp_t = tstack[-len, len] if @yydebug
+      tmp_v = vstack[-len, len]
+      tstack[-len, len] = void_array if @yydebug
+      vstack[-len, len] = void_array
+      state[-len, len]  = void_array
+
+      # tstack must be updated AFTER method call
+      if use_result
+        vstack.push __send__(method_id, tmp_v, vstack, tmp_v[0])
+      else
+        vstack.push __send__(method_id, tmp_v, vstack)
+      end
+      tstack.push reduce_to
+
+      racc_reduce(tmp_t, reduce_to, tstack, vstack) if @yydebug
+
+      k1 = reduce_to - nt_base
+      if i = goto_pointer[k1]
+        i += state[-1]
+        if i >= 0 and (curstate = goto_table[i]) and goto_check[i] == k1
+          return curstate
+        end
+      end
+      goto_default[k1]
+    end
+
+    # This method is called when a parse error is found.
+    #
+    # ERROR_TOKEN_ID is an internal ID of token which caused error.
+    # You can get string representation of this ID by calling
+    # #token_to_str.
+    #
+    # ERROR_VALUE is a value of error token.
+    #
+    # value_stack is a stack of symbol values.
+    # DO NOT MODIFY this object.
+    #
+    # This method raises ParseError by default.
+    #
+    # If this method returns, parsers enter "error recovering mode".
+    def on_error(t, val, vstack)
+      raise ParseError, sprintf("\nparse error on value %s (%s)",
+                                val.inspect, token_to_str(t) || '?')
+    end
+
+    # Enter error recovering mode.
+    # This method does not call #on_error.
+    def yyerror
+      throw :racc_jump, 1
+    end
+
+    # Exit parser.
+    # Return value is Symbol_Value_Stack[0].
+    def yyaccept
+      throw :racc_jump, 2
+    end
+
+    # Leave error recovering mode.
+    def yyerrok
+      @racc_error_status = 0
+    end
+
+    # For debugging output
+    def racc_read_token(t, tok, val)
+      @racc_debug_out.print 'read    '
+      @racc_debug_out.print tok.inspect, '(', racc_token2str(t), ') '
+      @racc_debug_out.puts val.inspect
+      @racc_debug_out.puts
+    end
+
+    def racc_shift(tok, tstack, vstack)
+      @racc_debug_out.puts "shift   #{racc_token2str tok}"
+      racc_print_stacks tstack, vstack
+      @racc_debug_out.puts
+    end
+
+    def racc_reduce(toks, sim, tstack, vstack)
+      out = @racc_debug_out
+      out.print 'reduce '
+      if toks.empty?
+        out.print ' <none>'
+      else
+        toks.each {|t| out.print ' ', racc_token2str(t) }
+      end
+      out.puts " --> #{racc_token2str(sim)}"
+      racc_print_stacks tstack, vstack
+      @racc_debug_out.puts
+    end
+
+    def racc_accept
+      @racc_debug_out.puts 'accept'
+      @racc_debug_out.puts
+    end
+
+    def racc_e_pop(state, tstack, vstack)
+      @racc_debug_out.puts 'error recovering mode: pop token'
+      racc_print_states state
+      racc_print_stacks tstack, vstack
+      @racc_debug_out.puts
+    end
+
+    def racc_next_state(curstate, state)
+      @racc_debug_out.puts  "goto    #{curstate}"
+      racc_print_states state
+      @racc_debug_out.puts
+    end
+
+    def racc_print_stacks(t, v)
+      out = @racc_debug_out
+      out.print '        ['
+      t.each_index do |i|
+        out.print ' (', racc_token2str(t[i]), ' ', v[i].inspect, ')'
+      end
+      out.puts ' ]'
+    end
+
+    def racc_print_states(s)
+      out = @racc_debug_out
+      out.print '        ['
+      s.each {|st| out.print ' ', st }
+      out.puts ' ]'
+    end
+
+    def racc_token2str(tok)
+      self.class::Racc_token_to_s_table[tok] or
+          raise "[Racc Bug] can't convert token #{tok} to string"
+    end
+
+    # Convert internal ID of token symbol to the string.
+    def token_to_str(t)
+      self.class::Racc_token_to_s_table[t]
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end
+
+__end_of_file__
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/parser.rb b/lib/racc/parser.rb
index 0cdb42e49d..df94e85eb7 100644
--- a/lib/racc/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/racc/parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 #--
-# $originalId: parser.rb,v 1.8 2006/07/06 11:42:07 aamine Exp $
-#
 # Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
 #
 # This program is free software.
@@ -12,6 +10,12 @@
 # without restriction.
 #++
 
+require 'racc/info'
+
+unless defined?(NotImplementedError)
+  NotImplementedError = NotImplementError # :nodoc:
+end
+
 module Racc
   class ParseError < StandardError; end
 end
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ end
 # == Command-line Reference
 #
 #     racc [-o<var>filename</var>] [--output-file=<var>filename</var>]
-#          [-e<var>rubypath</var>] [--embedded=<var>rubypath</var>]
+#          [-e<var>rubypath</var>] [--executable=<var>rubypath</var>]
 #          [-v] [--verbose]
 #          [-O<var>filename</var>] [--log-file=<var>filename</var>]
 #          [-g] [--debug]
@@ -37,7 +41,7 @@ end
 #          [-S] [--output-status]
 #          [--version] [--copyright] [--help] <var>grammarfile</var>
 #
-# [+filename+]
+# [+grammarfile+]
 #   Racc grammar file. Any extension is permitted.
 # [-o+outfile+, --output-file=+outfile+]
 #   A filename for output. default is <+filename+>.tab.rb
@@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ end
 # [-v, --verbose]
 #   verbose mode. create +filename+.output file, like yacc's y.output file.
 # [-g, --debug]
-#   add debug code to parser class. To display debugging information,
+#   add debug code to parser class. To display debuggin information,
 #   use this '-g' option and set @yydebug true in parser class.
 # [-E, --embedded]
 #   Output parser which doesn't need runtime files (racc/parser.rb).
@@ -171,7 +175,7 @@ end
 # This command creates myparser.rb which `includes' Racc runtime.
 # Only you must do is to distribute your parser file (myparser.rb).
 #
-# Note: parser.rb is LGPL, but your parser is not.
+# Note: parser.rb is ruby license, but your parser is not.
 # Your own parser is completely yours.
 module Racc
 
@@ -181,15 +185,18 @@ module Racc
 
   class Parser
 
-    Racc_Runtime_Version = '1.4.6'
-    Racc_Runtime_Revision = %w$originalRevision: 1.8 $[1]
+    Racc_Runtime_Version = ::Racc::VERSION
+    Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_R = ::Racc::VERSION
 
-    Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_R = '1.4.6'
-    Racc_Runtime_Core_Revision_R = %w$originalRevision: 1.8 $[1]
     begin
-      require 'racc/cparse'
-    # Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_C  = (defined in extension)
-      Racc_Runtime_Core_Revision_C = Racc_Runtime_Core_Id_C.split[2]
+      if Object.const_defined?(:RUBY_ENGINE) and RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
+        require 'jruby'
+        require 'racc/cparse-jruby.jar'
+        com.headius.racc.Cparse.new.load(JRuby.runtime, false)
+      else
+        require 'racc/cparse'
+      end
+
       unless new.respond_to?(:_racc_do_parse_c, true)
         raise LoadError, 'old cparse.so'
       end
@@ -200,13 +207,11 @@ module Racc
       Racc_Main_Parsing_Routine    = :_racc_do_parse_c # :nodoc:
       Racc_YY_Parse_Method         = :_racc_yyparse_c # :nodoc:
       Racc_Runtime_Core_Version    = Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_C # :nodoc:
-      Racc_Runtime_Core_Revision   = Racc_Runtime_Core_Revision_C # :nodoc:
       Racc_Runtime_Type            = 'c' # :nodoc:
     rescue LoadError
       Racc_Main_Parsing_Routine    = :_racc_do_parse_rb
       Racc_YY_Parse_Method         = :_racc_yyparse_rb
       Racc_Runtime_Core_Version    = Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_R
-      Racc_Runtime_Core_Revision   = Racc_Runtime_Core_Revision_R
       Racc_Runtime_Type            = 'ruby'
     end
 
@@ -255,9 +260,11 @@ module Racc
     #     def next_token
     #       @q.shift
     #     end
+    class_eval %{
     def do_parse
-      __send__(Racc_Main_Parsing_Routine, _racc_setup(), false)
+      #{Racc_Main_Parsing_Routine}(_racc_setup(), false)
     end
+    }
 
     # The method to fetch next token.
     # If you use #do_parse method, you must implement #next_token.
@@ -274,8 +281,7 @@ module Racc
     def _racc_do_parse_rb(arg, in_debug)
       action_table, action_check, action_default, action_pointer,
       _,            _,            _,              _,
-      _,            _,            token_table,    _,
-      _,            _,            * = arg
+      _,            _,            token_table,    * = arg
 
       _racc_init_sysvars
       tok = act = i = nil
@@ -316,19 +322,18 @@ module Racc
     #
     # RECEIVER#METHOD_ID is a method to get next token.
     # It must 'yield' the token, which format is [TOKEN-SYMBOL, VALUE].
+    class_eval %{
     def yyparse(recv, mid)
-      __send__(Racc_YY_Parse_Method, recv, mid, _racc_setup(), true)
+      #{Racc_YY_Parse_Method}(recv, mid, _racc_setup(), false)
     end
+    }
 
     def _racc_yyparse_rb(recv, mid, arg, c_debug)
       action_table, action_check, action_default, action_pointer,
-      _,             _,            _,              _,
-      _,            _,            token_table,    _,
-      _,            _,            * = arg
+      _,            _,            _,              _,
+      _,            _,            token_table,    * = arg
 
       _racc_init_sysvars
-      act = nil
-      i = nil
 
       catch(:racc_end_parse) {
         until i = action_pointer[@racc_state[-1]]
@@ -355,9 +360,9 @@ module Racc
             ;
           end
 
-          while not(i = action_pointer[@racc_state[-1]]) or
-                not @racc_read_next or
-                @racc_t == 0   # $
+          while !(i = action_pointer[@racc_state[-1]]) ||
+                ! @racc_read_next ||
+                @racc_t == 0  # $
             unless i and i += @racc_t and
                    i >= 0 and
                    act = action_table[i] and
@@ -378,16 +383,17 @@ module Racc
 
     def _racc_evalact(act, arg)
       action_table, action_check, _, action_pointer,
-      _,   _, _, _,
-      _,   _, _, shift_n,  reduce_n,
-      _,   _, * = arg
+      _,            _,            _, _,
+      _,            _,            _, shift_n,
+      reduce_n,     * = arg
+      nerr = 0   # tmp
 
       if act > 0 and act < shift_n
         #
         # shift
         #
         if @racc_error_status > 0
-          @racc_error_status -= 1 unless @racc_t == 1   # error token
+          @racc_error_status -= 1 unless @racc_t <= 1 # error token or EOF
         end
         @racc_vstack.push @racc_val
         @racc_state.push act
@@ -431,10 +437,13 @@ module Racc
         case @racc_error_status
         when 0
           unless arg[21]    # user_yyerror
+            nerr += 1
             on_error @racc_t, @racc_val, @racc_vstack
           end
         when 3
           if @racc_t == 0   # is $
+            # We're at EOF, and another error occurred immediately after
+            # attempting auto-recovery
             throw :racc_end_parse, nil
           end
           @racc_read_next = true
@@ -470,10 +479,11 @@ module Racc
     end
 
     def _racc_do_reduce(arg, act)
-      _, _, _, _,
-      goto_table,   goto_check,   goto_default,   goto_pointer,
-      nt_base,      reduce_table, _,    _,
-      _,     use_result,   * = arg
+      _,          _,            _,            _,
+      goto_table, goto_check,   goto_default, goto_pointer,
+      nt_base,    reduce_table, _,            _,
+      _,          use_result,   * = arg
+
       state = @racc_state
       vstack = @racc_vstack
       tstack = @racc_tstack
@@ -569,7 +579,6 @@ module Racc
         toks.each {|t| out.print ' ', racc_token2str(t) }
       end
       out.puts " --> #{racc_token2str(sim)}"
-
       racc_print_stacks tstack, vstack
       @racc_debug_out.puts
     end
diff --git a/lib/racc/parserfilegenerator.rb b/lib/racc/parserfilegenerator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb6c209536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/parserfilegenerator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+require 'racc/compat'
+require 'racc/sourcetext'
+require 'racc/parser-text'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+module Racc
+
+  class ParserFileGenerator
+
+    class Params
+      def self.bool_attr(name)
+        module_eval(<<-End)
+          def #{name}?
+            @#{name}
+          end
+
+          def #{name}=(b)
+            @#{name} = b
+          end
+        End
+      end
+
+      attr_accessor :filename
+      attr_accessor :classname
+      attr_accessor :superclass
+      bool_attr :omit_action_call
+      bool_attr :result_var
+      attr_accessor :header
+      attr_accessor :inner
+      attr_accessor :footer
+
+      bool_attr :debug_parser
+      bool_attr :convert_line
+      bool_attr :convert_line_all
+      bool_attr :embed_runtime
+      bool_attr :make_executable
+      attr_accessor :interpreter
+
+      def initialize
+        # Parameters derived from parser
+        self.filename = nil
+        self.classname = nil
+        self.superclass = 'Racc::Parser'
+        self.omit_action_call = true
+        self.result_var = true
+        self.header = []
+        self.inner  = []
+        self.footer = []
+
+        # Parameters derived from command line options
+        self.debug_parser = false
+        self.convert_line = true
+        self.convert_line_all = false
+        self.embed_runtime = false
+        self.make_executable = false
+        self.interpreter = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(states, params)
+      @states = states
+      @grammar = states.grammar
+      @params = params
+    end
+
+    def generate_parser
+      string_io = StringIO.new
+
+      init_line_conversion_system
+      @f = string_io
+      parser_file
+
+      string_io.rewind
+      string_io.read
+    end
+
+    def generate_parser_file(destpath)
+      init_line_conversion_system
+      File.open(destpath, 'w') {|f|
+        @f = f
+        parser_file
+      }
+      File.chmod 0755, destpath if @params.make_executable?
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def parser_file
+      shebang @params.interpreter if @params.make_executable?
+      notice
+      line
+      if @params.embed_runtime?
+        embed_library runtime_source()
+      else
+        require 'racc/parser.rb'
+      end
+      header
+      parser_class(@params.classname, @params.superclass) {
+        inner
+        state_transition_table
+      }
+      footer
+    end
+
+    c = ::RbConfig::CONFIG
+    RUBY_PATH = "#{c['bindir']}/#{c['ruby_install_name']}#{c['EXEEXT']}"
+
+    def shebang(path)
+      line '#!' + (path == 'ruby' ? RUBY_PATH : path)
+    end
+
+    def notice
+      line %q[#]
+      line %q[# DO NOT MODIFY!!!!]
+      line %Q[# This file is automatically generated by Racc #{Racc::Version}]
+      line %Q[# from Racc grammar file "#{@params.filename}".]
+      line %q[#]
+    end
+
+    def runtime_source
+      SourceText.new(::Racc::PARSER_TEXT, 'racc/parser.rb', 1)
+    end
+
+    def embed_library(src)
+      line %[###### #{src.filename} begin]
+      line %[unless $".index '#{src.filename}']
+      line %[$".push '#{src.filename}']
+      put src, @params.convert_line?
+      line %[end]
+      line %[###### #{src.filename} end]
+    end
+
+    def require(feature)
+      line "require '#{feature}'"
+    end
+
+    def parser_class(classname, superclass)
+      mods = classname.split('::')
+      classid = mods.pop
+      mods.each do |mod|
+        indent; line "module #{mod}"
+        cref_push mod
+      end
+      indent; line "class #{classid} < #{superclass}"
+      cref_push classid
+      yield
+      cref_pop
+      indent; line "end   \# class #{classid}"
+      mods.reverse_each do |mod|
+        cref_pop
+        indent; line "end   \# module #{mod}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def header
+      @params.header.each do |src|
+        line
+        put src, @params.convert_line_all?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def inner
+      @params.inner.each do |src|
+        line
+        put src, @params.convert_line?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def footer
+      @params.footer.each do |src|
+        line
+        put src, @params.convert_line_all?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Low Level Routines
+
+    def put(src, convert_line = false)
+      if convert_line
+        replace_location(src) {
+          @f.puts src.text
+        }
+      else
+        @f.puts src.text
+      end
+    end
+
+    def line(str = '')
+      @f.puts str
+    end
+
+    def init_line_conversion_system
+      @cref = []
+      @used_separator = {}
+    end
+
+    def cref_push(name)
+      @cref.push name
+    end
+
+    def cref_pop
+      @cref.pop
+    end
+
+    def indent
+      @f.print '  ' * @cref.size
+    end
+
+    def toplevel?
+      @cref.empty?
+    end
+
+    def replace_location(src)
+      sep = make_separator(src)
+      @f.print 'self.class.' if toplevel?
+      @f.puts "module_eval(<<'#{sep}', '#{src.filename}', #{src.lineno})"
+      yield
+      @f.puts sep
+    end
+
+    def make_separator(src)
+      sep = unique_separator(src.filename)
+      sep *= 2 while src.text.index(sep)
+      sep
+    end
+
+    def unique_separator(id)
+      sep = String.new "...end #{id}/module_eval..."
+      while @used_separator.key?(sep)
+        sep.concat sprintf('%02x', rand(255))
+      end
+      @used_separator[sep] = true
+      sep
+    end
+
+    #
+    # State Transition Table Serialization
+    #
+
+    public
+
+    def put_state_transition_table(f)
+      @f = f
+      state_transition_table
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def state_transition_table
+      table = @states.state_transition_table
+      table.use_result_var = @params.result_var?
+      table.debug_parser = @params.debug_parser?
+
+      line "##### State transition tables begin ###"
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_action_table', table.action_table
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_action_check', table.action_check
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_action_pointer', table.action_pointer
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_action_default', table.action_default
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_goto_table', table.goto_table
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_goto_check', table.goto_check
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_goto_pointer', table.goto_pointer
+      line
+      integer_list 'racc_goto_default', table.goto_default
+      line
+      i_i_sym_list 'racc_reduce_table', table.reduce_table
+      line
+      line "racc_reduce_n = #{table.reduce_n}"
+      line
+      line "racc_shift_n = #{table.shift_n}"
+      line
+      sym_int_hash 'racc_token_table', table.token_table
+      line
+      line "racc_nt_base = #{table.nt_base}"
+      line
+      line "racc_use_result_var = #{table.use_result_var}"
+      line
+      @f.print(unindent_auto(<<-End))
+        Racc_arg = [
+          racc_action_table,
+          racc_action_check,
+          racc_action_default,
+          racc_action_pointer,
+          racc_goto_table,
+          racc_goto_check,
+          racc_goto_default,
+          racc_goto_pointer,
+          racc_nt_base,
+          racc_reduce_table,
+          racc_token_table,
+          racc_shift_n,
+          racc_reduce_n,
+          racc_use_result_var ]
+      End
+      line
+      string_list 'Racc_token_to_s_table', table.token_to_s_table
+      line
+      line "Racc_debug_parser = #{table.debug_parser}"
+      line
+      line '##### State transition tables end #####'
+      actions
+    end
+
+    def integer_list(name, table)
+      if table.size > 2000
+        serialize_integer_list_compressed name, table
+      else
+        serialize_integer_list_std name, table
+      end
+    end
+
+    def serialize_integer_list_compressed(name, table)
+      # TODO: this can be made a LOT more clean with a simple split/map
+      sep  = "\n"
+      nsep = ",\n"
+      buf  = String.new
+      com  = ''
+      ncom = ','
+      co   = com
+      @f.print 'clist = ['
+      table.each do |i|
+        buf << co << i.to_s; co = ncom
+        if buf.size > 66
+          @f.print sep; sep = nsep
+          @f.print "'", buf, "'"
+          buf = String.new
+          co = com
+        end
+      end
+      unless buf.empty?
+        @f.print sep
+        @f.print "'", buf, "'"
+      end
+      line ' ]'
+
+      @f.print(<<-End)
+        #{name} = arr = ::Array.new(#{table.size}, nil)
+        idx = 0
+        clist.each do |str|
+          str.split(',', -1).each do |i|
+            arr[idx] = i.to_i unless i.empty?
+            idx += 1
+          end
+        end
+      End
+    end
+
+    def serialize_integer_list_std(name, table)
+      sep = ''
+      line "#{name} = ["
+      table.each_slice(10) do |ns|
+        @f.print sep; sep = ",\n"
+        @f.print ns.map {|n| sprintf('%6s', n ? n.to_s : 'nil') }.join(',')
+      end
+      line ' ]'
+    end
+
+    def i_i_sym_list(name, table)
+      sep = ''
+      line "#{name} = ["
+      table.each_slice(3) do |len, target, mid|
+        @f.print sep; sep = ",\n"
+        @f.printf '  %d, %d, %s', len, target, mid.inspect
+      end
+      line " ]"
+    end
+
+    def sym_int_hash(name, h)
+      sep = "\n"
+      @f.print "#{name} = {"
+      h.to_a.sort_by {|sym, i| i }.each do |sym, i|
+        @f.print sep; sep = ",\n"
+        @f.printf "  %s => %d", sym.serialize, i
+      end
+      line " }"
+    end
+
+    def string_list(name, list)
+      sep = "  "
+      line "#{name} = ["
+      list.each do |s|
+        @f.print sep; sep = ",\n  "
+        @f.print s.dump
+      end
+      line ' ]'
+    end
+
+    def actions
+      @grammar.each do |rule|
+        unless rule.action.source?
+          raise "racc: fatal: cannot generate parser file when any action is a Proc"
+        end
+      end
+
+      if @params.result_var?
+        decl = ', result'
+        retval = "\n    result"
+        default_body = ''
+      else
+        decl = ''
+        retval = ''
+        default_body = 'val[0]'
+      end
+      @grammar.each do |rule|
+        line
+        if rule.action.empty? and @params.omit_action_call?
+          line "# reduce #{rule.ident} omitted"
+        else
+          src0 = rule.action.source || SourceText.new(default_body, __FILE__, 0)
+          if @params.convert_line?
+            src = remove_blank_lines(src0)
+            delim = make_delimiter(src.text)
+            @f.printf unindent_auto(<<-End),
+              module_eval(<<'%s', '%s', %d)
+                def _reduce_%d(val, _values%s)
+                  %s%s
+                end
+              %s
+            End
+                      delim, src.filename, src.lineno - 1,
+                        rule.ident, decl,
+                        src.text, retval,
+                      delim
+          else
+            src = remove_blank_lines(src0)
+            @f.printf unindent_auto(<<-End),
+              def _reduce_%d(val, _values%s)
+              %s%s
+              end
+            End
+                      rule.ident, decl,
+                      src.text, retval
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      line
+      @f.printf unindent_auto(<<-'End'), decl
+        def _reduce_none(val, _values%s)
+          val[0]
+        end
+      End
+      line
+    end
+
+    def remove_blank_lines(src)
+      body = src.text.dup
+      line = src.lineno
+      while body.slice!(/\A[ \t\f]*(?:\n|\r\n|\r)/)
+        line += 1
+      end
+      SourceText.new(body, src.filename, line)
+    end
+
+    def make_delimiter(body)
+      delim = '.,.,'
+      while body.index(delim)
+        delim *= 2
+      end
+      delim
+    end
+
+    def unindent_auto(str)
+      lines = str.lines.to_a
+      n = minimum_indent(lines)
+      lines.map {|line| detab(line).sub(indent_re(n), '').rstrip + "\n" }.join('')
+    end
+
+    def minimum_indent(lines)
+      lines.map {|line| n_indent(line) }.min
+    end
+
+    def n_indent(line)
+      line.slice(/\A\s+/).size
+    end
+
+    RE_CACHE = {}
+
+    def indent_re(n)
+      RE_CACHE[n] ||= /\A {#{n}}/
+    end
+
+    def detab(str, ts = 8)
+      add = 0
+      len = nil
+      str.gsub(/\t/) {
+        len = ts - ($`.size + add) % ts
+        add += len - 1
+        ' ' * len
+      }
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/pre-setup b/lib/racc/pre-setup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5027d865b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/pre-setup
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+def generate_parser_text_rb(target)
+  return if File.exist?(srcfile(target))
+  $stderr.puts "generating #{target}..."
+  File.open(target, 'w') {|f|
+    f.puts "module Racc"
+    f.puts "  PARSER_TEXT = <<'__end_of_file__'"
+    f.puts File.read(srcfile('parser.rb'))
+    f.puts "__end_of_file__"
+    f.puts "end"
+  }
+end
+
+generate_parser_text_rb 'parser-text.rb'
diff --git a/lib/racc/racc.gemspec b/lib/racc/racc.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c345891ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/racc.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/racc/info"
+rescue LoadError # Fallback to load version file in ruby core repository
+  require_relative "info"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = "racc"
+  s.version = Racc::VERSION
+  s.summary = "Racc is a LALR(1) parser generator"
+  s.description = <<DESC
+Racc is a LALR(1) parser generator.
+  It is written in Ruby itself, and generates Ruby program.
+
+  NOTE: Ruby 1.8.x comes with Racc runtime module.  You
+  can run your parsers generated by racc 1.4.x out of the
+  box.
+DESC
+  s.authors = ["Minero Aoki", "Aaron Patterson"]
+  s.email = [nil, "aaron@tenderlovemaking.com"]
+  s.homepage = "http://i.loveruby.net/en/projects/racc/"
+  s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  s.executables = ["racc"]
+  s.files = [
+    "COPYING", "ChangeLog",
+    "README.ja.rdoc", "README.rdoc", "Rakefile", "TODO", "bin/racc",
+    "ext/racc/MANIFEST",
+    "ext/racc/com/headius/racc/Cparse.java", "ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c",
+    "ext/racc/cparse/extconf.rb",
+    "lib/racc.rb", "lib/racc/compat.rb",
+    "lib/racc/debugflags.rb", "lib/racc/exception.rb",
+    "lib/racc/grammar.rb", "lib/racc/grammarfileparser.rb",
+    "lib/racc/info.rb", "lib/racc/iset.rb",
+    "lib/racc/logfilegenerator.rb", "lib/racc/parser-text.rb",
+    "lib/racc/parser.rb", "lib/racc/parserfilegenerator.rb",
+    "lib/racc/pre-setup", "lib/racc/sourcetext.rb",
+    "lib/racc/state.rb", "lib/racc/statetransitiontable.rb",
+    "lib/racc/static.rb", "rdoc/en/NEWS.en.rdoc",
+    "rdoc/en/grammar.en.rdoc", "rdoc/ja/NEWS.ja.rdoc",
+    "rdoc/ja/command.ja.html", "rdoc/ja/debug.ja.rdoc",
+    "rdoc/ja/grammar.ja.rdoc", "rdoc/ja/index.ja.html",
+    "rdoc/ja/parser.ja.rdoc", "rdoc/ja/usage.ja.html",
+    "sample/array.y", "sample/array2.y", "sample/calc-ja.y",
+    "sample/calc.y", "sample/conflict.y", "sample/hash.y",
+    "sample/lalr.y", "sample/lists.y", "sample/syntax.y",
+    "sample/yyerr.y",
+    "test/assets/cadenza.y", "test/assets/cast.y",
+    "test/assets/chk.y", "test/assets/conf.y",
+    "test/assets/csspool.y", "test/assets/digraph.y",
+    "test/assets/echk.y", "test/assets/edtf.y", "test/assets/err.y",
+    "test/assets/error_recovery.y", "test/assets/expect.y",
+    "test/assets/firstline.y", "test/assets/huia.y",
+    "test/assets/ichk.y", "test/assets/intp.y",
+    "test/assets/journey.y", "test/assets/liquor.y",
+    "test/assets/machete.y", "test/assets/macruby.y",
+    "test/assets/mailp.y", "test/assets/mediacloth.y",
+    "test/assets/mof.y", "test/assets/namae.y", "test/assets/nasl.y",
+    "test/assets/newsyn.y", "test/assets/noend.y",
+    "test/assets/nokogiri-css.y", "test/assets/nonass.y",
+    "test/assets/normal.y", "test/assets/norule.y",
+    "test/assets/nullbug1.y", "test/assets/nullbug2.y",
+    "test/assets/opal.y", "test/assets/opt.y",
+    "test/assets/percent.y", "test/assets/php_serialization.y",
+    "test/assets/recv.y", "test/assets/riml.y",
+    "test/assets/rrconf.y", "test/assets/ruby18.y",
+    "test/assets/ruby19.y", "test/assets/ruby20.y",
+    "test/assets/ruby21.y", "test/assets/ruby22.y",
+    "test/assets/scan.y", "test/assets/syntax.y",
+    "test/assets/tp_plus.y", "test/assets/twowaysql.y",
+    "test/assets/unterm.y", "test/assets/useless.y",
+    "test/assets/yyerr.y", "test/bench.y", "test/helper.rb",
+    "test/infini.y", "test/regress/cadenza", "test/regress/cast",
+    "test/regress/csspool", "test/regress/edtf", "test/regress/huia",
+    "test/regress/journey", "test/regress/liquor",
+    "test/regress/machete", "test/regress/mediacloth",
+    "test/regress/mof", "test/regress/namae", "test/regress/nasl",
+    "test/regress/nokogiri-css", "test/regress/opal",
+    "test/regress/php_serialization", "test/regress/riml",
+    "test/regress/ruby18", "test/regress/ruby22",
+    "test/regress/tp_plus", "test/regress/twowaysql",
+    "test/scandata/brace", "test/scandata/gvar",
+    "test/scandata/normal", "test/scandata/percent",
+    "test/scandata/slash", "test/src.intp", "test/start.y",
+    "test/test_chk_y.rb", "test/test_grammar_file_parser.rb",
+    "test/test_racc_command.rb", "test/test_scan_y.rb",
+    "test/testscanner.rb", "web/racc.en.rhtml", "web/racc.ja.rhtml"
+  ]
+  s.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 0") if s.respond_to? :required_rubygems_version=
+  s.rdoc_options = ["--main", "README.rdoc"]
+  s.extra_rdoc_files = [
+    "README.ja.rdoc", "README.rdoc",
+    "rdoc/en/NEWS.en.rdoc", "rdoc/en/grammar.en.rdoc",
+    "rdoc/ja/NEWS.ja.rdoc", "rdoc/ja/debug.ja.rdoc",
+    "rdoc/ja/grammar.ja.rdoc", "rdoc/ja/parser.ja.rdoc",
+    "README.ja.rdoc", "README.rdoc"
+  ]
+
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /java/
+    s.files << 'lib/racc/cparse-jruby.jar'
+    s.platform = 'java'
+  else
+    s.extensions = ["ext/racc/cparse/extconf.rb"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc b/lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc
index c00e19daff..af10803f3a 100644
--- a/lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc
+++ b/lib/racc/rdoc/grammar.en.rdoc
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ You can insert comments about all places. Two styles of comments can be used, Ru
 The class block is formed like this:
 
   class CLASS_NAME
-    [precedance table]
+    [precedence table]
     [token declarations]
     [expected number of S/R conflicts]
     [options]
diff --git a/lib/racc/sourcetext.rb b/lib/racc/sourcetext.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de52dcae9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/sourcetext.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+module Racc
+
+  class SourceText
+    def initialize(text, filename, lineno)
+      @text = text
+      @filename = filename
+      @lineno = lineno
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :text
+    attr_reader :filename
+    attr_reader :lineno
+
+    def to_s
+      "#<SourceText #{location()}>"
+    end
+
+    def location
+      "#{@filename}:#{@lineno}"
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/state.rb b/lib/racc/state.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f85809fbeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/state.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,972 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+require 'racc/iset'
+require 'racc/statetransitiontable'
+require 'racc/exception'
+require 'forwardable'
+
+module Racc
+
+  # A table of LALR states.
+  class States
+
+    include Enumerable
+
+    def initialize(grammar, debug_flags = DebugFlags.new)
+      @grammar = grammar
+      @symboltable = grammar.symboltable
+      @d_state = debug_flags.state
+      @d_la    = debug_flags.la
+      @d_prec  = debug_flags.prec
+      @states = []
+      @statecache = {}
+      @actions = ActionTable.new(@grammar, self)
+      @nfa_computed = false
+      @dfa_computed = false
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :grammar
+    attr_reader :actions
+
+    def size
+      @states.size
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      '#<state table>'
+    end
+
+    alias to_s inspect
+
+    def [](i)
+      @states[i]
+    end
+
+    def each_state(&block)
+      @states.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    alias each each_state
+
+    def each_index(&block)
+      @states.each_index(&block)
+    end
+
+    extend Forwardable
+
+    def_delegator "@actions", :shift_n
+    def_delegator "@actions", :reduce_n
+    def_delegator "@actions", :nt_base
+
+    def should_report_srconflict?
+      srconflict_exist? and
+          (n_srconflicts() != @grammar.n_expected_srconflicts)
+    end
+
+    def srconflict_exist?
+      n_srconflicts() != 0
+    end
+
+    def n_srconflicts
+      @n_srconflicts ||= inject(0) {|sum, st| sum + st.n_srconflicts }
+    end
+
+    def rrconflict_exist?
+      n_rrconflicts() != 0
+    end
+
+    def n_rrconflicts
+      @n_rrconflicts ||= inject(0) {|sum, st| sum + st.n_rrconflicts }
+    end
+
+    def state_transition_table
+      @state_transition_table ||= StateTransitionTable.generate(self.dfa)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # NFA (Non-deterministic Finite Automaton) Computation
+    #
+
+    public
+
+    def nfa
+      return self if @nfa_computed
+      compute_nfa
+      @nfa_computed = true
+      self
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def compute_nfa
+      @grammar.init
+      # add state 0
+      core_to_state  [ @grammar[0].ptrs[0] ]
+      # generate LALR states
+      cur = 0
+      @gotos = []
+      while cur < @states.size
+        generate_states @states[cur]   # state is added here
+        cur += 1
+      end
+      @actions.init
+    end
+
+    def generate_states(state)
+      puts "dstate: #{state}" if @d_state
+
+      table = {}
+      state.closure.each do |ptr|
+        if sym = ptr.dereference
+          addsym table, sym, ptr.next
+        end
+      end
+      table.each do |sym, core|
+        puts "dstate: sym=#{sym} ncore=#{core}" if @d_state
+
+        dest = core_to_state(core.to_a)
+        state.goto_table[sym] = dest
+        id = sym.nonterminal?() ? @gotos.size : nil
+        g = Goto.new(id, sym, state, dest)
+        @gotos.push g if sym.nonterminal?
+        state.gotos[sym] = g
+        puts "dstate: #{state.ident} --#{sym}--> #{dest.ident}" if @d_state
+
+        # check infinite recursion
+        if state.ident == dest.ident and state.closure.size == 1
+          raise CompileError,
+              sprintf("Infinite recursion: state %d, with rule %d",
+                      state.ident, state.ptrs[0].rule.ident)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def addsym(table, sym, ptr)
+      unless s = table[sym]
+        table[sym] = s = ISet.new
+      end
+      s.add ptr
+    end
+
+    def core_to_state(core)
+      #
+      # convert CORE to a State object.
+      # If matching state does not exist, create it and add to the table.
+      #
+
+      k = fingerprint(core)
+      unless dest = @statecache[k]
+        # not registered yet
+        dest = State.new(@states.size, core)
+        @states.push dest
+
+        @statecache[k] = dest
+
+        puts "core_to_state: create state   ID #{dest.ident}" if @d_state
+      else
+        if @d_state
+          puts "core_to_state: dest is cached ID #{dest.ident}"
+          puts "core_to_state: dest core #{dest.core.join(' ')}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      dest
+    end
+
+    def fingerprint(arr)
+      arr.map {|i| i.ident }.pack('L*')
+    end
+
+    #
+    # DFA (Deterministic Finite Automaton) Generation
+    #
+
+    public
+
+    def dfa
+      return self if @dfa_computed
+      nfa
+      compute_dfa
+      @dfa_computed = true
+      self
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def compute_dfa
+      la = lookahead()
+      @states.each do |state|
+        state.la = la
+        resolve state
+      end
+      set_accept
+      @states.each do |state|
+        pack state
+      end
+      check_useless
+    end
+
+    def lookahead
+      #
+      # lookahead algorithm ver.3 -- from bison 1.26
+      #
+
+      gotos = @gotos
+      if @d_la
+        puts "\n--- goto ---"
+        gotos.each_with_index {|g, i| print i, ' '; p g }
+      end
+
+      ### initialize_LA()
+      ### set_goto_map()
+      la_rules = []
+      @states.each do |state|
+        state.check_la la_rules
+      end
+
+      ### initialize_F()
+      f     = create_tmap(gotos.size)
+      reads = []
+      edge  = []
+      gotos.each do |goto|
+        goto.to_state.goto_table.each do |t, st|
+          if t.terminal?
+            f[goto.ident] |= (1 << t.ident)
+          elsif t.nullable?
+            edge.push goto.to_state.gotos[t].ident
+          end
+        end
+        if edge.empty?
+          reads.push nil
+        else
+          reads.push edge
+          edge = []
+        end
+      end
+      digraph f, reads
+      if @d_la
+        puts "\n--- F1 (reads) ---"
+        print_tab gotos, reads, f
+      end
+
+      ### build_relations()
+      ### compute_FOLLOWS
+      path = nil
+      edge = []
+      lookback = Array.new(la_rules.size, nil)
+      includes = []
+      gotos.each do |goto|
+        goto.symbol.heads.each do |ptr|
+          path = record_path(goto.from_state, ptr.rule)
+          lastgoto = path.last
+          st = lastgoto ? lastgoto.to_state : goto.from_state
+          if st.conflict?
+            addrel lookback, st.rruleid(ptr.rule), goto
+          end
+          path.reverse_each do |g|
+            break if     g.symbol.terminal?
+            edge.push    g.ident
+            break unless g.symbol.nullable?
+          end
+        end
+        if edge.empty?
+          includes.push nil
+        else
+          includes.push edge
+          edge = []
+        end
+      end
+      includes = transpose(includes)
+      digraph f, includes
+      if @d_la
+        puts "\n--- F2 (includes) ---"
+        print_tab gotos, includes, f
+      end
+
+      ### compute_lookaheads
+      la = create_tmap(la_rules.size)
+      lookback.each_with_index do |arr, i|
+        if arr
+          arr.each do |g|
+            la[i] |= f[g.ident]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      if @d_la
+        puts "\n--- LA (lookback) ---"
+        print_tab la_rules, lookback, la
+      end
+
+      la
+    end
+
+    def create_tmap(size)
+      Array.new(size, 0)   # use Integer as bitmap
+    end
+
+    def addrel(tbl, i, item)
+      if a = tbl[i]
+        a.push item
+      else
+        tbl[i] = [item]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def record_path(begst, rule)
+      st = begst
+      path = []
+      rule.symbols.each do |t|
+        goto = st.gotos[t]
+        path.push goto
+        st = goto.to_state
+      end
+      path
+    end
+
+    def transpose(rel)
+      new = Array.new(rel.size, nil)
+      rel.each_with_index do |arr, idx|
+        if arr
+          arr.each do |i|
+            addrel new, i, idx
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      new
+    end
+
+    def digraph(map, relation)
+      n = relation.size
+      index    = Array.new(n, nil)
+      vertices = []
+      @infinity = n + 2
+
+      index.each_index do |i|
+        if not index[i] and relation[i]
+          traverse i, index, vertices, map, relation
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def traverse(i, index, vertices, map, relation)
+      vertices.push i
+      index[i] = height = vertices.size
+
+      if rp = relation[i]
+        rp.each do |proci|
+          unless index[proci]
+            traverse proci, index, vertices, map, relation
+          end
+          if index[i] > index[proci]
+            # circulative recursion !!!
+            index[i] = index[proci]
+          end
+          map[i] |= map[proci]
+        end
+      end
+
+      if index[i] == height
+        while true
+          proci = vertices.pop
+          index[proci] = @infinity
+          break if i == proci
+
+          map[proci] |= map[i]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # for debug
+    def print_atab(idx, tab)
+      tab.each_with_index do |i,ii|
+        printf '%-20s', idx[ii].inspect
+        p i
+      end
+    end
+
+    def print_tab(idx, rel, tab)
+      tab.each_with_index do |bin,i|
+        print i, ' ', idx[i].inspect, ' << '; p rel[i]
+        print '  '
+        each_t(@symboltable, bin) {|t| print ' ', t }
+        puts
+      end
+    end
+
+    # for debug
+    def print_tab_i(idx, rel, tab, i)
+      bin = tab[i]
+      print i, ' ', idx[i].inspect, ' << '; p rel[i]
+      print '  '
+      each_t(@symboltable, bin) {|t| print ' ', t }
+    end
+
+    # for debug
+    def printb(i)
+      each_t(@symboltable, i) do |t|
+        print t, ' '
+      end
+      puts
+    end
+
+    def each_t(tbl, set)
+      0.upto( set.size ) do |i|
+        (0..7).each do |ii|
+          if set[idx = i * 8 + ii] == 1
+            yield tbl[idx]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # resolve
+    #
+
+    def resolve(state)
+      if state.conflict?
+        resolve_rr state, state.ritems
+        resolve_sr state, state.stokens
+      else
+        if state.rrules.empty?
+          # shift
+          state.stokens.each do |t|
+            state.action[t] = @actions.shift(state.goto_table[t])
+          end
+        else
+          # reduce
+          state.defact = @actions.reduce(state.rrules[0])
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def resolve_rr(state, r)
+      r.each do |item|
+        item.each_la(@symboltable) do |t|
+          act = state.action[t]
+          if act
+            unless act.kind_of?(Reduce)
+              raise "racc: fatal: #{act.class} in action table"
+            end
+            # Cannot resolve R/R conflict (on t).
+            # Reduce with upper rule as default.
+            state.rr_conflict act.rule, item.rule, t
+          else
+            # No conflict.
+            state.action[t] = @actions.reduce(item.rule)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def resolve_sr(state, s)
+      s.each do |stok|
+        goto = state.goto_table[stok]
+        act = state.action[stok]
+
+        unless act
+          # no conflict
+          state.action[stok] = @actions.shift(goto)
+        else
+          unless act.kind_of?(Reduce)
+            puts 'DEBUG -------------------------------'
+            p stok
+            p act
+            state.action.each do |k,v|
+              print k.inspect, ' ', v.inspect, "\n"
+            end
+            raise "racc: fatal: #{act.class} in action table"
+          end
+
+          # conflict on stok
+
+          rtok = act.rule.precedence
+          case do_resolve_sr(stok, rtok)
+          when :Reduce
+            # action is already set
+
+          when :Shift
+            # overwrite
+            act.decref
+            state.action[stok] = @actions.shift(goto)
+
+          when :Error
+            act.decref
+            state.action[stok] = @actions.error
+
+          when :CantResolve
+            # shift as default
+            act.decref
+            state.action[stok] = @actions.shift(goto)
+            state.sr_conflict stok, act.rule
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ASSOC = {
+      :Left     => :Reduce,
+      :Right    => :Shift,
+      :Nonassoc => :Error
+    }
+
+    def do_resolve_sr(stok, rtok)
+      puts "resolve_sr: s/r conflict: rtok=#{rtok}, stok=#{stok}" if @d_prec
+
+      unless rtok and rtok.precedence
+        puts "resolve_sr: no prec for #{rtok}(R)" if @d_prec
+        return :CantResolve
+      end
+      rprec = rtok.precedence
+
+      unless stok and stok.precedence
+        puts "resolve_sr: no prec for #{stok}(S)" if @d_prec
+        return :CantResolve
+      end
+      sprec = stok.precedence
+
+      ret = if rprec == sprec
+              ASSOC[rtok.assoc] or
+                  raise "racc: fatal: #{rtok}.assoc is not Left/Right/Nonassoc"
+            else
+              (rprec > sprec) ? (:Reduce) : (:Shift)
+            end
+
+      puts "resolve_sr: resolved as #{ret.id2name}" if @d_prec
+      ret
+    end
+
+    #
+    # complete
+    #
+
+    def set_accept
+      anch = @symboltable.anchor
+      init_state = @states[0].goto_table[@grammar.start]
+      targ_state = init_state.action[anch].goto_state
+      acc_state  = targ_state.action[anch].goto_state
+
+      acc_state.action.clear
+      acc_state.goto_table.clear
+      acc_state.defact = @actions.accept
+    end
+
+    def pack(state)
+      ### find most frequently used reduce rule
+      act = state.action
+      arr = Array.new(@grammar.size, 0)
+      act.each do |t, a|
+        arr[a.ruleid] += 1  if a.kind_of?(Reduce)
+      end
+      i = arr.max
+      s = (i > 0) ? arr.index(i) : nil
+
+      ### set & delete default action
+      if s
+        r = @actions.reduce(s)
+        if not state.defact or state.defact == r
+          act.delete_if {|t, a| a == r }
+          state.defact = r
+        end
+      else
+        state.defact ||= @actions.error
+      end
+    end
+
+    def check_useless
+      used = []
+      @actions.each_reduce do |act|
+        if not act or act.refn == 0
+          act.rule.useless = true
+        else
+          t = act.rule.target
+          used[t.ident] = t
+        end
+      end
+      @symboltable.nt_base.upto(@symboltable.nt_max - 1) do |n|
+        unless used[n]
+          @symboltable[n].useless = true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+  end   # class StateTable
+
+
+  # A LALR state.
+  class State
+
+    def initialize(ident, core)
+      @ident = ident
+      @core = core
+      @goto_table = {}
+      @gotos = {}
+      @stokens = nil
+      @ritems = nil
+      @action = {}
+      @defact = nil
+      @rrconf = nil
+      @srconf = nil
+
+      @closure = make_closure(@core)
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :ident
+    alias stateid ident
+    alias hash ident
+
+    attr_reader :core
+    attr_reader :closure
+
+    attr_reader :goto_table
+    attr_reader :gotos
+
+    attr_reader :stokens
+    attr_reader :ritems
+    attr_reader :rrules
+
+    attr_reader :action
+    attr_accessor :defact   # default action
+
+    attr_reader :rrconf
+    attr_reader :srconf
+
+    def inspect
+      "<state #{@ident}>"
+    end
+
+    alias to_s inspect
+
+    def ==(oth)
+      @ident == oth.ident
+    end
+
+    alias eql? ==
+
+    def make_closure(core)
+      set = ISet.new
+      core.each do |ptr|
+        set.add ptr
+        if t = ptr.dereference and t.nonterminal?
+          set.update_a t.expand
+        end
+      end
+      set.to_a
+    end
+
+    def check_la(la_rules)
+      @conflict = false
+      s = []
+      r = []
+      @closure.each do |ptr|
+        if t = ptr.dereference
+          if t.terminal?
+            s[t.ident] = t
+            if t.ident == 1    # $error
+              @conflict = true
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          r.push ptr.rule
+        end
+      end
+      unless r.empty?
+        if not s.empty? or r.size > 1
+          @conflict = true
+        end
+      end
+      s.compact!
+      @stokens  = s
+      @rrules = r
+
+      if @conflict
+        @la_rules_i = la_rules.size
+        @la_rules = r.map {|i| i.ident }
+        la_rules.concat r
+      else
+        @la_rules_i = @la_rules = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def conflict?
+      @conflict
+    end
+
+    def rruleid(rule)
+      if i = @la_rules.index(rule.ident)
+        @la_rules_i + i
+      else
+        puts '/// rruleid'
+        p self
+        p rule
+        p @rrules
+        p @la_rules_i
+        raise 'racc: fatal: cannot get reduce rule id'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def la=(la)
+      return unless @conflict
+      i = @la_rules_i
+      @ritems = r = []
+      @rrules.each do |rule|
+        r.push Item.new(rule, la[i])
+        i += 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def rr_conflict(high, low, ctok)
+      c = RRconflict.new(@ident, high, low, ctok)
+
+      @rrconf ||= {}
+      if a = @rrconf[ctok]
+        a.push c
+      else
+        @rrconf[ctok] = [c]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sr_conflict(shift, reduce)
+      c = SRconflict.new(@ident, shift, reduce)
+
+      @srconf ||= {}
+      if a = @srconf[shift]
+        a.push c
+      else
+        @srconf[shift] = [c]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def n_srconflicts
+      @srconf ? @srconf.size : 0
+    end
+
+    def n_rrconflicts
+      @rrconf ? @rrconf.size : 0
+    end
+
+  end   # class State
+
+
+  #
+  # Represents a transition on the grammar.
+  # "Real goto" means a transition by nonterminal,
+  # but this class treats also terminal's.
+  # If one is a terminal transition, .ident returns nil.
+  #
+  class Goto
+    def initialize(ident, sym, from, to)
+      @ident      = ident
+      @symbol     = sym
+      @from_state = from
+      @to_state   = to
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :ident
+    attr_reader :symbol
+    attr_reader :from_state
+    attr_reader :to_state
+
+    def inspect
+      "(#{@from_state.ident}-#{@symbol}->#{@to_state.ident})"
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  # LALR item.  A set of rule and its lookahead tokens.
+  class Item
+    def initialize(rule, la)
+      @rule = rule
+      @la  = la
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :rule
+    attr_reader :la
+
+    def each_la(tbl)
+      la = @la
+      0.upto(la.size - 1) do |i|
+        (0..7).each do |ii|
+          if la[idx = i * 8 + ii] == 1
+            yield tbl[idx]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  # The table of LALR actions. Actions are either of
+  # Shift, Reduce, Accept and Error.
+  class ActionTable
+
+    def initialize(rt, st)
+      @grammar = rt
+      @statetable = st
+
+      @reduce = []
+      @shift = []
+      @accept = nil
+      @error = nil
+    end
+
+    def init
+      @grammar.each do |rule|
+        @reduce.push Reduce.new(rule)
+      end
+      @statetable.each do |state|
+        @shift.push Shift.new(state)
+      end
+      @accept = Accept.new
+      @error = Error.new
+    end
+
+    def reduce_n
+      @reduce.size
+    end
+
+    def reduce(i)
+      case i
+      when Rule    then i = i.ident
+      when Integer then ;
+      else
+        raise "racc: fatal: wrong class #{i.class} for reduce"
+      end
+
+      r = @reduce[i] or raise "racc: fatal: reduce action #{i.inspect} not exist"
+      r.incref
+      r
+    end
+
+    def each_reduce(&block)
+      @reduce.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def shift_n
+      @shift.size
+    end
+
+    def shift(i)
+      case i
+      when State   then i = i.ident
+      when Integer then ;
+      else
+        raise "racc: fatal: wrong class #{i.class} for shift"
+      end
+
+      @shift[i] or raise "racc: fatal: shift action #{i} does not exist"
+    end
+
+    def each_shift(&block)
+      @shift.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :accept
+    attr_reader :error
+
+  end
+
+
+  class Shift
+    def initialize(goto)
+      @goto_state = goto
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :goto_state
+
+    def goto_id
+      @goto_state.ident
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "<shift #{@goto_state.ident}>"
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  class Reduce
+    def initialize(rule)
+      @rule = rule
+      @refn = 0
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :rule
+    attr_reader :refn
+
+    def ruleid
+      @rule.ident
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "<reduce #{@rule.ident}>"
+    end
+
+    def incref
+      @refn += 1
+    end
+
+    def decref
+      @refn -= 1
+      raise 'racc: fatal: act.refn < 0' if @refn < 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Accept
+    def inspect
+      "<accept>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Error
+    def inspect
+      "<error>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SRconflict
+    def initialize(sid, shift, reduce)
+      @stateid = sid
+      @shift   = shift
+      @reduce  = reduce
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :stateid
+    attr_reader :shift
+    attr_reader :reduce
+
+    def to_s
+      sprintf('state %d: S/R conflict rule %d reduce and shift %s',
+              @stateid, @reduce.ruleid, @shift.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RRconflict
+    def initialize(sid, high, low, tok)
+      @stateid   = sid
+      @high_prec = high
+      @low_prec  = low
+      @token     = tok
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :stateid
+    attr_reader :high_prec
+    attr_reader :low_prec
+    attr_reader :token
+
+    def to_s
+      sprintf('state %d: R/R conflict with rule %d and %d on %s',
+              @stateid, @high_prec.ident, @low_prec.ident, @token.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/racc/statetransitiontable.rb b/lib/racc/statetransitiontable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4252ba0184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/statetransitiontable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+#--
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+#
+#++
+
+require 'racc/parser'
+
+unless Object.method_defined?(:funcall)
+  class Object
+    alias funcall __send__
+  end
+end
+
+module Racc
+
+  StateTransitionTable = Struct.new(:action_table,
+                                    :action_check,
+                                    :action_default,
+                                    :action_pointer,
+                                    :goto_table,
+                                    :goto_check,
+                                    :goto_default,
+                                    :goto_pointer,
+                                    :token_table,
+                                    :reduce_table,
+                                    :reduce_n,
+                                    :shift_n,
+                                    :nt_base,
+                                    :token_to_s_table,
+                                    :use_result_var,
+                                    :debug_parser)
+  class StateTransitionTable   # reopen
+    def StateTransitionTable.generate(states)
+      StateTransitionTableGenerator.new(states).generate
+    end
+
+    def initialize(states)
+      super()
+      @states = states
+      @grammar = states.grammar
+      self.use_result_var = true
+      self.debug_parser = true
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :states
+    attr_reader :grammar
+
+    def parser_class
+      ParserClassGenerator.new(@states).generate
+    end
+
+    def token_value_table
+      h = {}
+      token_table().each do |sym, i|
+        h[sym.value] = i
+      end
+      h
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  class StateTransitionTableGenerator
+
+    def initialize(states)
+      @states = states
+      @grammar = states.grammar
+    end
+
+    def generate
+      t = StateTransitionTable.new(@states)
+      gen_action_tables t, @states
+      gen_goto_tables t, @grammar
+      t.token_table = token_table(@grammar)
+      t.reduce_table = reduce_table(@grammar)
+      t.reduce_n = @states.reduce_n
+      t.shift_n = @states.shift_n
+      t.nt_base = @grammar.nonterminal_base
+      t.token_to_s_table = @grammar.symbols.map {|sym| sym.to_s }
+      t
+    end
+
+    def reduce_table(grammar)
+      t = [0, 0, :racc_error]
+      grammar.each_with_index do |rule, idx|
+        next if idx == 0
+        t.push rule.size
+        t.push rule.target.ident
+        t.push(if rule.action.empty?   # and @params.omit_action_call?
+               then :_reduce_none
+               else "_reduce_#{idx}".intern
+               end)
+      end
+      t
+    end
+
+    def token_table(grammar)
+      h = {}
+      grammar.symboltable.terminals.each do |t|
+        h[t] = t.ident
+      end
+      h
+    end
+
+    def gen_action_tables(t, states)
+      t.action_table = yytable  = []
+      t.action_check = yycheck  = []
+      t.action_default = yydefact = []
+      t.action_pointer = yypact   = []
+      e1 = []
+      e2 = []
+      states.each do |state|
+        yydefact.push act2actid(state.defact)
+        if state.action.empty?
+          yypact.push nil
+          next
+        end
+        vector = []
+        state.action.each do |tok, act|
+          vector[tok.ident] = act2actid(act)
+        end
+        addent e1, vector, state.ident, yypact
+      end
+      set_table e1, e2, yytable, yycheck, yypact
+    end
+
+    def gen_goto_tables(t, grammar)
+      t.goto_table   = yytable2  = []
+      t.goto_check   = yycheck2  = []
+      t.goto_pointer = yypgoto   = []
+      t.goto_default = yydefgoto = []
+      e1 = []
+      e2 = []
+      grammar.each_nonterminal do |tok|
+        tmp = []
+
+        # decide default
+        freq = Array.new(@states.size, 0)
+        @states.each do |state|
+          st = state.goto_table[tok]
+          if st
+            st = st.ident
+            freq[st] += 1
+          end
+          tmp[state.ident] = st
+        end
+        max = freq.max
+        if max > 1
+          default = freq.index(max)
+          tmp.map! {|i| default == i ? nil : i }
+        else
+          default = nil
+        end
+        yydefgoto.push default
+
+        # delete default value
+        tmp.pop until tmp.last or tmp.empty?
+        if tmp.compact.empty?
+          # only default
+          yypgoto.push nil
+          next
+        end
+
+        addent e1, tmp, (tok.ident - grammar.nonterminal_base), yypgoto
+      end
+      set_table e1, e2, yytable2, yycheck2, yypgoto
+    end
+
+    def addent(all, arr, chkval, ptr)
+      max = arr.size
+      min = nil
+      arr.each_with_index do |item, idx|
+        if item
+          min ||= idx
+        end
+      end
+      ptr.push(-7777)    # mark
+      arr = arr[min...max]
+      all.push [arr, chkval, mkmapexp(arr), min, ptr.size - 1]
+    end
+
+    n = 2 ** 16
+    begin
+      Regexp.compile("a{#{n}}")
+      RE_DUP_MAX = n
+    rescue RegexpError
+      n /= 2
+      retry
+    end
+
+    def mkmapexp(arr)
+      i = ii = 0
+      as = arr.size
+      map = String.new
+      maxdup = RE_DUP_MAX
+      curr = nil
+      while i < as
+        ii = i + 1
+        if arr[i]
+          ii += 1 while ii < as and arr[ii]
+          curr = '-'
+        else
+          ii += 1 while ii < as and not arr[ii]
+          curr = '.'
+        end
+
+        offset = ii - i
+        if offset == 1
+          map << curr
+        else
+          while offset > maxdup
+            map << "#{curr}{#{maxdup}}"
+            offset -= maxdup
+          end
+          map << "#{curr}{#{offset}}" if offset > 1
+        end
+        i = ii
+      end
+      Regexp.compile(map, 'n')
+    end
+
+    def set_table(entries, dummy, tbl, chk, ptr)
+      upper = 0
+      map = '-' * 10240
+
+      # sort long to short
+      entries.sort_by!.with_index {|a,i| [-a[0].size, i] }
+
+      entries.each do |arr, chkval, expr, min, ptri|
+        if upper + arr.size > map.size
+          map << '-' * (arr.size + 1024)
+        end
+        idx = map.index(expr)
+        ptr[ptri] = idx - min
+        arr.each_with_index do |item, i|
+          if item
+            i += idx
+            tbl[i] = item
+            chk[i] = chkval
+            map[i] = ?o
+          end
+        end
+        upper = idx + arr.size
+      end
+    end
+
+    def act2actid(act)
+      case act
+      when Shift  then act.goto_id
+      when Reduce then -act.ruleid
+      when Accept then @states.shift_n
+      when Error  then @states.reduce_n * -1
+      else
+        raise "racc: fatal: wrong act type #{act.class} in action table"
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+
+  class ParserClassGenerator
+
+    def initialize(states)
+      @states = states
+      @grammar = states.grammar
+    end
+
+    def generate
+      table = @states.state_transition_table
+      c = Class.new(::Racc::Parser)
+      c.const_set :Racc_arg, [table.action_table,
+                              table.action_check,
+                              table.action_default,
+                              table.action_pointer,
+                              table.goto_table,
+                              table.goto_check,
+                              table.goto_default,
+                              table.goto_pointer,
+                              table.nt_base,
+                              table.reduce_table,
+                              table.token_value_table,
+                              table.shift_n,
+                              table.reduce_n,
+                              false]
+      c.const_set :Racc_token_to_s_table, table.token_to_s_table
+      c.const_set :Racc_debug_parser, true
+      define_actions c
+      c
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def define_actions(c)
+      c.module_eval "def _reduce_none(vals, vstack) vals[0] end"
+      @grammar.each do |rule|
+        if rule.action.empty?
+          c.funcall(:alias_method, "_reduce_#{rule.ident}", :_reduce_none)
+        else
+          c.funcall(:define_method, "_racc_action_#{rule.ident}", &rule.action.proc)
+          c.module_eval(<<-End, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+            def _reduce_#{rule.ident}(vals, vstack)
+              _racc_action_#{rule.ident}(*vals)
+            end
+          End
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end   # module Racc
diff --git a/lib/racc/static.rb b/lib/racc/static.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bebbeb5aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/racc/static.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require 'racc'
+require 'racc/parser'
+require 'racc/grammarfileparser'
+require 'racc/parserfilegenerator'
+require 'racc/logfilegenerator'
diff --git a/lib/rbconfig/.document b/lib/rbconfig/.document
deleted file mode 100644
index 4cea83cd0e..0000000000
--- a/lib/rbconfig/.document
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# these files are obsolete
diff --git a/lib/rbconfig/datadir.rb b/lib/rbconfig/datadir.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 136162da44..0000000000
--- a/lib/rbconfig/datadir.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-# Copyright 2006 by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim Weirich and others.
-# All rights reserved.
-# See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
-#++
-
-# N.B. This file is used by Config.datadir in rubygems.rb, and must not be
-# removed before that require is removed. I require to avoid warning more than
-# once.
-
-warn 'rbconfig/datadir.rb and {Rb}Config.datadir is being deprecated from '\
- 'RubyGems. It will be removed completely on or after June 2011. If you '\
- 'wish to rely on a datadir, please use Gem.datadir.'
diff --git a/lib/rdoc.rb b/lib/rdoc.rb
index 18b8fcb9f3..2d3f8c1122 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 $DEBUG_RDOC = nil
 
 # :main: README.rdoc
@@ -62,10 +62,7 @@ module RDoc
 
   class Error < RuntimeError; end
 
-  ##
-  # RDoc version you are using
-
-  VERSION = '5.0.0'
+  require 'rdoc/version'
 
   ##
   # Method visibilities
@@ -123,9 +120,28 @@ module RDoc
     end
   end
 
-  autoload :RDoc,           'rdoc/rdoc'
+  def self.home
+    rdoc_dir = begin
+                File.expand_path('~/.rdoc')
+              rescue ArgumentError
+              end
+
+    if File.directory?(rdoc_dir)
+      rdoc_dir
+    else
+      begin
+        # XDG
+        xdg_data_home = ENV["XDG_DATA_HOME"] || File.join(File.expand_path("~"), '.local', 'share')
+        unless File.exist?(xdg_data_home)
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p xdg_data_home
+        end
+        File.join xdg_data_home, "rdoc"
+      rescue Errno::EACCES
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
-  autoload :TestCase,       'rdoc/test_case'
+  autoload :RDoc,           'rdoc/rdoc'
 
   autoload :CrossReference, 'rdoc/cross_reference'
   autoload :ERBIO,          'rdoc/erbio'
@@ -148,13 +164,11 @@ module RDoc
 
   autoload :KNOWN_CLASSES,  'rdoc/known_classes'
 
-  autoload :RubyLex,        'rdoc/ruby_lex'
-  autoload :RubyToken,      'rdoc/ruby_token'
   autoload :TokenStream,    'rdoc/token_stream'
 
   autoload :Comment,        'rdoc/comment'
 
-  autoload :I18n,           'rdoc/i18n'
+  require 'rdoc/i18n'
 
   # code objects
   #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/.document b/lib/rdoc/.document
index 41333c6411..6b5e1b21a5 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/.document
+++ b/lib/rdoc/.document
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 *.rb
+parser
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/alias.rb b/lib/rdoc/alias.rb
index 1e06fb96e5..858e053049 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/alias.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/alias.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Represent an alias, which is an old_name/new_name pair associated with a
 # particular context
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/anon_class.rb b/lib/rdoc/anon_class.rb
index 098bfdfcf9..d02a38c2cf 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/anon_class.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/anon_class.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # An anonymous class like:
 #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/any_method.rb b/lib/rdoc/any_method.rb
index 16ac8e024e..562e68461c 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/any_method.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/any_method.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # AnyMethod is the base class for objects representing methods
 
@@ -26,12 +26,6 @@ class RDoc::AnyMethod < RDoc::MethodAttr
 
   attr_accessor :c_function
 
-  ##
-  # Different ways to call this method
-
-  attr_reader :call_seq
-
-  ##
   # Parameters for this method
 
   attr_accessor :params
@@ -94,6 +88,19 @@ class RDoc::AnyMethod < RDoc::MethodAttr
   end
 
   ##
+  # Different ways to call this method
+
+  def call_seq
+    unless call_seq = _call_seq
+      call_seq = is_alias_for._call_seq if is_alias_for
+    end
+
+    return unless call_seq
+
+    deduplicate_call_seq(call_seq)
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Sets the different ways you can call this method.  If an empty +call_seq+
   # is given nil is assumed.
   #
@@ -244,9 +251,9 @@ class RDoc::AnyMethod < RDoc::MethodAttr
     if @block_params then
       # If this method has explicit block parameters, remove any explicit
       # &block
-      params.sub!(/,?\s*&\w+/, '')
+      params = params.sub(/,?\s*&\w+/, '')
     else
-      params.sub!(/\&(\w+)/, '\1')
+      params = params.sub(/\&(\w+)/, '\1')
     end
 
     params = params.gsub(/\s+/, '').split(',').reject(&:empty?)
@@ -265,7 +272,7 @@ class RDoc::AnyMethod < RDoc::MethodAttr
       params = params.sub(/(\|[^|]+\|)\s*\.\.\.\s*(end|\})/, '\1 \2')
     elsif @params then
       params = @params.gsub(/\s*\#.*/, '')
-      params = params.tr("\n", " ").squeeze(" ")
+      params = params.tr_s("\n ", " ")
       params = "(#{params})" unless params[0] == ?(
     else
       params = ''
@@ -274,12 +281,11 @@ class RDoc::AnyMethod < RDoc::MethodAttr
     if @block_params then
       # If this method has explicit block parameters, remove any explicit
       # &block
-      params.sub!(/,?\s*&\w+/, '')
+      params = params.sub(/,?\s*&\w+/, '')
 
-      block = @block_params.gsub(/\s*\#.*/, '')
-      block = block.tr("\n", " ").squeeze(" ")
+      block = @block_params.tr_s("\n ", " ")
       if block[0] == ?(
-        block.sub!(/^\(/, '').sub!(/\)/, '')
+        block = block.sub(/^\(/, '').sub(/\)/, '')
       end
       params << " { |#{block}| ... }"
     end
@@ -313,5 +319,43 @@ class RDoc::AnyMethod < RDoc::MethodAttr
     @superclass_method
   end
 
-end
+  protected
+
+  ##
+  # call_seq without deduplication and alias lookup.
+
+  def _call_seq
+    @call_seq if defined?(@call_seq) && @call_seq
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  ##
+  # call_seq with alias examples information removed, if this
+  # method is an alias method.
+
+  def deduplicate_call_seq(call_seq)
+    return call_seq unless is_alias_for || !aliases.empty?
+
+    method_name = self.name
+    method_name = method_name[0, 1] if method_name =~ /\A\[/
 
+    entries = call_seq.split "\n"
+
+    ignore = aliases.map(&:name)
+    if is_alias_for
+      ignore << is_alias_for.name
+      ignore.concat is_alias_for.aliases.map(&:name)
+    end
+    ignore.map! { |n| n =~ /\A\[/ ? n[0, 1] : n}
+    ignore.delete(method_name)
+    ignore = Regexp.union(ignore)
+
+    matching = entries.reject do |entry|
+      entry =~ /^\w*\.?#{ignore}/ or
+        entry =~ /\s#{ignore}\s/
+    end
+
+    matching.join "\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/attr.rb b/lib/rdoc/attr.rb
index f77a5c04a7..f780b3b976 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/attr.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/attr.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # An attribute created by \#attr, \#attr_reader, \#attr_writer or
 # \#attr_accessor
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/class_module.rb b/lib/rdoc/class_module.rb
index 5881d6cf24..7609080fbf 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/class_module.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/class_module.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # ClassModule is the base class for objects representing either a class or a
 # module.
@@ -136,7 +136,9 @@ class RDoc::ClassModule < RDoc::Context
                 normalize_comment comment
               end
 
-    @comment_location.delete_if { |(_, l)| l == location }
+    if location.parser == RDoc::Parser::C
+      @comment_location.delete_if { |(_, l)| l == location }
+    end
 
     @comment_location << [comment, location]
 
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ class RDoc::ClassModule < RDoc::Context
                 normalize_comment comment
               end
 
-    comment = "#{@comment}\n---\n#{comment}" unless @comment.empty?
+    comment = "#{@comment.to_s}\n---\n#{comment.to_s}" unless @comment.empty?
 
     super comment
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/code_object.rb b/lib/rdoc/code_object.rb
index 21aa2b09f5..aeb4b4762e 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/code_object.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/code_object.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Base class for the RDoc code tree.
 #
@@ -70,13 +70,6 @@ class RDoc::CodeObject
   attr_reader :metadata
 
   ##
-  # Offset in #file where this CodeObject was defined
-  #--
-  # TODO character or byte?
-
-  attr_accessor :offset
-
-  ##
   # Sets the parent CodeObject
 
   attr_writer :parent
@@ -151,7 +144,7 @@ class RDoc::CodeObject
                    # HACK correct fix is to have #initialize create @comment
                    #      with the correct encoding
                    if String === @comment and @comment.empty? then
-                     @comment.force_encoding comment.encoding
+                     @comment = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding @comment, comment.encoding
                    end
                    @comment
                  end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/code_objects.rb b/lib/rdoc/code_objects.rb
index 564849e1d1..434a25ac7f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/code_objects.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/code_objects.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # This file was used to load all the RDoc::CodeObject subclasses at once.  Now
 # autoload handles this.
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/comment.rb b/lib/rdoc/comment.rb
index c655763b3e..9e90999eac 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/comment.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/comment.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A comment holds the text comment for a RDoc::CodeObject and provides a
 # unified way of cleaning it up and parsing it into an RDoc::Markup::Document.
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ class RDoc::Comment
   attr_accessor :location
 
   ##
+  # Line where this Comment was written
+
+  attr_accessor :line
+
+  ##
   # For duck-typing when merging classes at load time
 
   alias file location # :nodoc:
@@ -34,6 +39,11 @@ class RDoc::Comment
   attr_reader :text
 
   ##
+  # Alias for text
+
+  alias to_s text
+
+  ##
   # Overrides the content returned by #parse.  Use when there is no #text
   # source for this comment
 
@@ -43,9 +53,10 @@ class RDoc::Comment
   # Creates a new comment with +text+ that is found in the RDoc::TopLevel
   # +location+.
 
-  def initialize text = nil, location = nil
+  def initialize text = nil, location = nil, language = nil
     @location = location
-    @text     = text
+    @text     = text.nil? ? nil : text.dup
+    @language = language
 
     @document   = nil
     @format     = 'rdoc'
@@ -114,10 +125,14 @@ class RDoc::Comment
 
       method.call_seq = seq.chomp
 
-    elsif @text.sub!(/^\s*:?call-seq:(.*?)(^\s*$|\z)/m, '') then
-      seq = $1
-      seq.gsub!(/^\s*/, '')
-      method.call_seq = seq
+    else
+      regexp = /^\s*:?call-seq:(.*?)(^\s*$|\z)/m
+      if regexp =~ @text then
+        @text = @text.sub(regexp, '')
+        seq = $1
+        seq.gsub!(/^\s*/, '')
+        method.call_seq = seq
+      end
     end
 
     method
@@ -133,8 +148,14 @@ class RDoc::Comment
   ##
   # HACK dubious
 
-  def force_encoding encoding
-    @text.force_encoding encoding
+  def encode! encoding
+    # TODO: Remove this condition after Ruby 2.2 EOL
+    if RUBY_VERSION < '2.3.0'
+      @text = @text.force_encoding encoding
+    else
+      @text = String.new @text, encoding: encoding
+    end
+    self
   end
 
   ##
@@ -200,7 +221,7 @@ class RDoc::Comment
   def remove_private
     # Workaround for gsub encoding for Ruby 1.9.2 and earlier
     empty = ''
-    empty.force_encoding @text.encoding
+    empty = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding empty, @text.encoding
 
     @text = @text.gsub(%r%^\s*([#*]?)--.*?^\s*(\1)\+\+\n?%m, empty)
     @text = @text.sub(%r%^\s*[#*]?--.*%m, '')
@@ -216,7 +237,7 @@ class RDoc::Comment
       @text.nil? and @document
 
     @document = nil
-    @text = text
+    @text = text.nil? ? nil : text.dup
   end
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/constant.rb b/lib/rdoc/constant.rb
index 4fd5c5f10f..0c3d7505a1 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/constant.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/constant.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A constant
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class RDoc::Constant < RDoc::CodeObject
     @value = value
 
     @is_alias_for = nil
-    @visibility   = nil
+    @visibility   = :public
 
     self.comment = comment
   end
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class RDoc::Constant < RDoc::CodeObject
     initialize array[1], nil, array[5]
 
     @full_name     = array[2]
-    @visibility    = array[3]
+    @visibility    = array[3] || :public
     @is_alias_for  = array[4]
     #                      5 handled above
     #                      6 handled below
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/context.rb b/lib/rdoc/context.rb
index dc34c3f34b..b3caa53aa1 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/context.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/context.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'cgi'
 
 ##
@@ -99,6 +99,11 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
   attr_accessor :visibility
 
   ##
+  # Current visibility of this line
+
+  attr_writer :current_line_visibility
+
+  ##
   # Hash of registered methods. Attributes are also registered here,
   # twice if they are RW.
 
@@ -148,6 +153,7 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
     @extends     = []
     @constants   = []
     @external_aliases = []
+    @current_line_visibility = nil
 
     # This Hash maps a method name to a list of unmatched aliases (aliases of
     # a method not yet encountered).
@@ -233,7 +239,7 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
 
       if known then
         known.comment = attribute.comment if known.comment.empty?
-      elsif registered = @methods_hash[attribute.pretty_name << '='] and
+      elsif registered = @methods_hash[attribute.pretty_name + '='] and
             RDoc::Attr === registered then
         registered.rw = 'RW'
       else
@@ -243,7 +249,7 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
     end
 
     if attribute.rw.index 'W' then
-      key = attribute.pretty_name << '='
+      key = attribute.pretty_name + '='
       known = @methods_hash[key]
 
       if known then
@@ -401,6 +407,7 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
     mod.section = current_section # TODO declaring context? something is
                                   # wrong here...
     mod.parent = self
+    mod.full_name = nil
     mod.store = @store
 
     unless @done_documenting then
@@ -408,6 +415,10 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
       # this must be done AFTER adding mod to its parent, so that the full
       # name is correct:
       all_hash[mod.full_name] = mod
+      if @store.unmatched_constant_alias[mod.full_name] then
+        to, file = @store.unmatched_constant_alias[mod.full_name]
+        add_module_alias mod, mod.name, to, file
+      end
     end
 
     mod
@@ -478,7 +489,11 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
       end
     else
       @methods_hash[key] = method
-      method.visibility = @visibility
+      if @current_line_visibility
+        method.visibility, @current_line_visibility = @current_line_visibility, nil
+      else
+        method.visibility = @visibility
+      end
       add_to @method_list, method
       resolve_aliases method
     end
@@ -501,40 +516,52 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
   end
 
   ##
+  # Adds a module by +RDoc::NormalModule+ instance. See also #add_module.
+
+  def add_module_by_normal_module(mod)
+    add_class_or_module mod, @modules, @store.modules_hash
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Adds an alias from +from+ (a class or module) to +name+ which was defined
   # in +file+.
 
-  def add_module_alias from, name, file
+  def add_module_alias from, from_name, to, file
     return from if @done_documenting
 
-    to_name = child_name name
+    to_full_name = child_name to.name
 
     # if we already know this name, don't register an alias:
     # see the metaprogramming in lib/active_support/basic_object.rb,
     # where we already know BasicObject is a class when we find
     # BasicObject = BlankSlate
-    return from if @store.find_class_or_module to_name
+    return from if @store.find_class_or_module to_full_name
+
+    unless from
+      @store.unmatched_constant_alias[child_name(from_name)] = [to, file]
+      return to
+    end
 
-    to = from.dup
-    to.name = name
-    to.full_name = nil
+    new_to = from.dup
+    new_to.name = to.name
+    new_to.full_name = nil
 
-    if to.module? then
-      @store.modules_hash[to_name] = to
-      @modules[name] = to
+    if new_to.module? then
+      @store.modules_hash[to_full_name] = new_to
+      @modules[to.name] = new_to
     else
-      @store.classes_hash[to_name] = to
-      @classes[name] = to
+      @store.classes_hash[to_full_name] = new_to
+      @classes[to.name] = new_to
     end
 
     # Registers a constant for this alias.  The constant value and comment
     # will be updated later, when the Ruby parser adds the constant
-    const = RDoc::Constant.new name, nil, to.comment
+    const = RDoc::Constant.new to.name, nil, new_to.comment
     const.record_location file
     const.is_alias_for = from
     add_constant const
 
-    to
+    new_to
   end
 
   ##
@@ -752,7 +779,7 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
     attributes.default = []
 
     sort_sections.each do |section|
-      yield section, constants[section].sort, attributes[section].sort
+      yield section, constants[section].select(&:display?).sort, attributes[section].select(&:display?).sort
     end
   end
 
@@ -853,7 +880,13 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
   # Finds a method named +name+ with singleton value +singleton+.
 
   def find_method(name, singleton)
-    @method_list.find { |m| m.name == name && m.singleton == singleton }
+    @method_list.find { |m|
+      if m.singleton
+        m.name == name && m.singleton == singleton
+      else
+        m.name == name && !m.singleton && !singleton
+      end
+    }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -959,11 +992,19 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
 
   ##
   # Instance methods
+
+  def instance_methods
+    @instance_methods ||= method_list.reject { |a| a.singleton }
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Instance methods
   #--
-  # TODO rename to instance_methods
+  # TODO remove this later
 
   def instance_method_list
-    @instance_method_list ||= method_list.reject { |a| a.singleton }
+    warn '#instance_method_list is obsoleted, please use #instance_methods'
+    @instance_methods ||= method_list.reject { |a| a.singleton }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1069,6 +1110,7 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
     return if [:private, :nodoc].include? min_visibility
     remove_invisible_in @method_list, min_visibility
     remove_invisible_in @attributes, min_visibility
+    remove_invisible_in @constants, min_visibility
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1156,6 +1198,17 @@ class RDoc::Context < RDoc::CodeObject
   end
 
   ##
+  # Given an array +names+ of constants, set the visibility of each constant to
+  # +visibility+
+
+  def set_constant_visibility_for(names, visibility)
+    names.each do |name|
+      constant = @constants_hash[name] or next
+      constant.visibility = visibility
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Sorts sections alphabetically (default) or in TomDoc fashion (none,
   # Public, Internal, Deprecated)
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/context/section.rb b/lib/rdoc/context/section.rb
index 7c3c8c603d..5fef4a9ffc 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/context/section.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/context/section.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A section of documentation like:
 #
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ class RDoc::Context::Section
 
   attr_reader :title
 
-  @@sequence = "SEC00000"
-
   ##
   # Creates a new section with +title+ and +comment+
 
@@ -43,9 +41,6 @@ class RDoc::Context::Section
     @parent = parent
     @title = title ? title.strip : title
 
-    @@sequence.succ!
-    @sequence = @@sequence.dup
-
     @comments = []
 
     add_comment comment
@@ -233,13 +228,5 @@ class RDoc::Context::Section
     end
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Section sequence number (deprecated)
-
-  def sequence
-    warn "RDoc::Context::Section#sequence is deprecated, use #aref"
-    @sequence
-  end
-
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/cross_reference.rb b/lib/rdoc/cross_reference.rb
index 0e40d23159..99a64cd99a 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/cross_reference.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/cross_reference.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # RDoc::CrossReference is a reusable way to create cross references for names.
 
@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@ class RDoc::CrossReference
   #
   # See CLASS_REGEXP_STR
 
-  METHOD_REGEXP_STR = '([a-z]\w*[!?=]?|%|===|\[\]=?|<<|>>)(?:\([\w.+*/=<>-]*\))?'
+  METHOD_REGEXP_STR = '([a-z]\w*[!?=]?|%|===|\[\]=?|<<|>>|\+@|-@|-|\+|\*)(?:\([\w.+*/=<>-]*\))?'
 
   ##
   # Regular expressions matching text that should potentially have
-  # cross-reference links generated are passed to add_special.  Note that
-  # these expressions are meant to pick up text for which cross-references
+  # cross-reference links generated are passed to add_regexp_handling. Note
+  # that these expressions are meant to pick up text for which cross-references
   # have been suppressed, since the suppression characters are removed by the
   # code that is triggered.
 
-  CROSSREF_REGEXP = /(?:^|\s)
+  CROSSREF_REGEXP = /(?:^|[\s()])
                      (
                       (?:
                        # A::B::C.meth
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class RDoc::CrossReference
   # Version of CROSSREF_REGEXP used when <tt>--hyperlink-all</tt> is specified.
 
   ALL_CROSSREF_REGEXP = /
-                     (?:^|\s)
+                     (?:^|[\s()])
                      (
                       (?:
                        # A::B::C.meth
@@ -127,23 +127,41 @@ class RDoc::CrossReference
 
     if /#{CLASS_REGEXP_STR}([.#]|::)#{METHOD_REGEXP_STR}/o =~ name then
       type = $2
-      type = '' if type == '.'  # will find either #method or ::method
-      method = "#{type}#{$3}"
+      if '.' == type # will find either #method or ::method
+        method = $3
+      else
+        method = "#{type}#{$3}"
+      end
       container = @context.find_symbol_module($1)
     elsif /^([.#]|::)#{METHOD_REGEXP_STR}/o =~ name then
       type = $1
-      type = '' if type == '.'
-      method = "#{type}#{$2}"
+      if '.' == type
+        method = $2
+      else
+        method = "#{type}#{$2}"
+      end
       container = @context
     else
+      type = nil
       container = nil
     end
 
     if container then
-      ref = container.find_local_symbol method
-
-      unless ref || RDoc::TopLevel === container then
-        ref = container.find_ancestor_local_symbol method
+      unless RDoc::TopLevel === container then
+        if '.' == type then
+          if 'new' == method then # AnyClassName.new will be class method
+            ref = container.find_local_symbol method
+            ref = container.find_ancestor_local_symbol method unless ref
+          else
+            ref = container.find_local_symbol "::#{method}"
+            ref = container.find_ancestor_local_symbol "::#{method}" unless ref
+            ref = container.find_local_symbol "##{method}" unless ref
+            ref = container.find_ancestor_local_symbol "##{method}" unless ref
+          end
+        else
+          ref = container.find_local_symbol method
+          ref = container.find_ancestor_local_symbol method unless ref
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -155,7 +173,7 @@ class RDoc::CrossReference
           end unless ref
 
     # Try a page name
-    ref = @store.page name if not ref and name =~ /^\w+$/
+    ref = @store.page name if not ref and name =~ /^[\w.]+$/
 
     ref = nil if RDoc::Alias === ref # external alias, can't link to it
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/encoding.rb b/lib/rdoc/encoding.rb
index 44881d043c..cf60badd24 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/encoding.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/encoding.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # coding: US-ASCII
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 ##
 # This class is a wrapper around File IO and Encoding that helps RDoc load
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@
 
 module RDoc::Encoding
 
+  HEADER_REGEXP = /^
+    (?:
+      \A\#!.*\n
+      |
+      ^\#\s+frozen[-_]string[-_]literal[=:].+\n
+      |
+      ^\#[^\n]+\b(?:en)?coding[=:]\s*(?<name>[^\s;]+).*\n
+      |
+      <\?xml[^?]*encoding=(?<quote>["'])(?<name>.*?)\k<quote>.*\n
+    )+
+  /xi # :nodoc:
+
   ##
   # Reads the contents of +filename+ and handles any encoding directives in
   # the file.
@@ -18,31 +30,32 @@ module RDoc::Encoding
   # unknown character in the target encoding will be replaced with '?'
 
   def self.read_file filename, encoding, force_transcode = false
-    content = open filename, "rb" do |f| f.read end
+    content = File.open filename, "rb" do |f| f.read end
     content.gsub!("\r\n", "\n") if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin|mingw/
 
     utf8 = content.sub!(/\A\xef\xbb\xbf/, '')
 
-    RDoc::Encoding.set_encoding content
+    enc = RDoc::Encoding.detect_encoding content
+    content = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding content, enc if enc
 
     begin
       encoding ||= Encoding.default_external
       orig_encoding = content.encoding
 
       if not orig_encoding.ascii_compatible? then
-        content.encode! encoding
+        content = content.encode encoding
       elsif utf8 then
-        content.force_encoding Encoding::UTF_8
-        content.encode! encoding
+        content = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding content, Encoding::UTF_8
+        content = content.encode encoding
       else
         # assume the content is in our output encoding
-        content.force_encoding encoding
+        content = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding content, encoding
       end
 
       unless content.valid_encoding? then
         # revert and try to transcode
-        content.force_encoding orig_encoding
-        content.encode! encoding
+        content = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding content, orig_encoding
+        content = content.encode encoding
       end
 
       unless content.valid_encoding? then
@@ -52,10 +65,11 @@ module RDoc::Encoding
     rescue Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError,
            Encoding::UndefinedConversionError => e
       if force_transcode then
-        content.force_encoding orig_encoding
-        content.encode!(encoding,
-                        :invalid => :replace, :undef => :replace,
-                        :replace => '?')
+        content = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding content, orig_encoding
+        content = content.encode(encoding,
+                                 :invalid => :replace,
+                                 :undef => :replace,
+                                 :replace => '?')
         return content
       else
         warn "unable to convert #{e.message} for #{filename}, skipping"
@@ -77,32 +91,46 @@ module RDoc::Encoding
     first_line = $1
 
     if first_line =~ /\A# +frozen[-_]string[-_]literal[=:].+$/i
-      string.sub! first_line, ''
+      string = string.sub first_line, ''
     end
+
+    string
   end
 
   ##
-  # Sets the encoding of +string+ based on the magic comment
+  # Detects the encoding of +string+ based on the magic comment
 
-  def self.set_encoding string
-    remove_frozen_string_literal string
-
-    string =~ /\A(?:#!.*\n)?(.*\n)/
+  def self.detect_encoding string
+    result = HEADER_REGEXP.match string
+    name = result && result[:name]
 
-    first_line = $1
-
-    name = case first_line
-           when /^<\?xml[^?]*encoding=(["'])(.*?)\1/ then $2
-           when /\b(?:en)?coding[=:]\s*([^\s;]+)/i   then $1
-           else                                           return
-           end
+    name ? Encoding.find(name) : nil
+  end
 
-    string.sub! first_line, ''
+  ##
+  # Removes magic comments and shebang
 
-    remove_frozen_string_literal string
+  def self.remove_magic_comment string
+    string.sub HEADER_REGEXP do |s|
+      s.gsub(/[^\n]/, '')
+    end
+  end
 
-    enc = Encoding.find name
-    string.force_encoding enc if enc
+  ##
+  # Changes encoding based on +encoding+ without converting and returns new
+  # string
+
+  def self.change_encoding text, encoding
+    if text.kind_of? RDoc::Comment
+      text.encode! encoding
+    else
+      # TODO: Remove this condition after Ruby 2.2 EOL
+      if RUBY_VERSION < '2.3.0'
+        text.force_encoding encoding
+      else
+        String.new text, encoding: encoding
+      end
+    end
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb b/lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb
index d17dda20a9..d6e3f41b7e 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Allows an ERB template to be rendered in the context (binding) of an
 # existing ERB template evaluation.
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class RDoc::ERBPartial < ERB
   def set_eoutvar compiler, eoutvar = '_erbout'
     super
 
-    compiler.pre_cmd = ["#{eoutvar} ||= ''"]
+    compiler.pre_cmd = ["#{eoutvar} ||= +''"]
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/erbio.rb b/lib/rdoc/erbio.rb
index a2aaa90e67..0d5f96e133 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/erbio.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/erbio.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'erb'
 
 ##
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'erb'
 #
 #   erbio = RDoc::ERBIO.new '<%= "hello world" %>', nil, nil
 #
-#   open 'hello.txt', 'w' do |io|
+#   File.open 'hello.txt', 'w' do |io|
 #     erbio.result binding
 #   end
 #
@@ -20,8 +20,12 @@ class RDoc::ERBIO < ERB
   ##
   # Defaults +eoutvar+ to 'io', otherwise is identical to ERB's initialize
 
-  def initialize str, safe_level = nil, trim_mode = nil, eoutvar = 'io'
-    super
+  def initialize str, safe_level = nil, legacy_trim_mode = nil, legacy_eoutvar = 'io', trim_mode: nil, eoutvar: 'io'
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.6'
+      super(str, trim_mode: trim_mode, eoutvar: eoutvar)
+    else
+      super(str, safe_level, legacy_trim_mode, legacy_eoutvar)
+    end
   end
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/extend.rb b/lib/rdoc/extend.rb
index 30b51a1dbd..e1b182902e 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/extend.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/extend.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A Module extension to a class with \#extend
 #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator.rb
index 6efc5e4474..340dcbf7ae 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # RDoc uses generators to turn parsed source code in the form of an
 # RDoc::CodeObject tree into some form of output.  RDoc comes with the HTML
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/darkfish.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/darkfish.rb
index e961518fcc..b46861d009 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/darkfish.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/darkfish.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # -*- mode: ruby; ruby-indent-level: 2; tab-width: 2 -*-
 
 require 'erb'
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'pathname'
-require 'rdoc/generator/markup'
+require_relative 'markup'
 
 ##
 # Darkfish RDoc HTML Generator
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
 
     @options.static_path.each do |path|
       unless File.directory? path then
-        FileUtils.install path, @outputdir, fu_options.merge(:mode => 0644)
+        FileUtils.install path, @outputdir, **fu_options.merge(:mode => 0644)
         next
       end
 
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
           dest_file = @outputdir + entry
 
           if File.directory? entry then
-            FileUtils.mkdir_p entry, fu_options
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p entry, **fu_options
           else
-            FileUtils.install entry, dest_file, fu_options.merge(:mode => 0644)
+            FileUtils.install entry, dest_file, **fu_options.merge(:mode => 0644)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -313,12 +313,16 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
     search_index_rel_prefix = rel_prefix
     search_index_rel_prefix += @asset_rel_path if @file_output
 
-    # suppress 1.9.3 warning
-    asset_rel_prefix = asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
+    asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
 
     @title = @options.title
 
-    render_template template_file, out_file do |io| binding end
+    render_template template_file, out_file do |io|
+      here = binding
+      # suppress 1.9.3 warning
+      here.local_variable_set(:asset_rel_prefix, asset_rel_prefix)
+      here
+    end
   rescue => e
     error = RDoc::Error.new \
       "error generating index.html: #{e.message} (#{e.class})"
@@ -343,14 +347,19 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
     search_index_rel_prefix = rel_prefix
     search_index_rel_prefix += @asset_rel_path if @file_output
 
-    # suppress 1.9.3 warning
-    asset_rel_prefix = asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
-    svninfo          = svninfo          = get_svninfo(current)
+    asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
+    svninfo          = get_svninfo(current)
 
     @title = "#{klass.type} #{klass.full_name} - #{@options.title}"
 
     debug_msg "  rendering #{out_file}"
-    render_template template_file, out_file do |io| binding end
+    render_template template_file, out_file do |io|
+      here = binding
+      # suppress 1.9.3 warning
+      here.local_variable_set(:asset_rel_prefix, asset_rel_prefix)
+      here.local_variable_set(:svninfo, svninfo)
+      here
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -416,8 +425,7 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
       search_index_rel_prefix = rel_prefix
       search_index_rel_prefix += @asset_rel_path if @file_output
 
-      # suppress 1.9.3 warning
-      asset_rel_prefix = asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
+      asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
 
       unless filepage_file then
         if file.text? then
@@ -434,7 +442,13 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
       @title += " - #{@options.title}"
       template_file ||= filepage_file
 
-      render_template template_file, out_file do |io| binding end
+      render_template template_file, out_file do |io|
+        here = binding
+        # suppress 1.9.3 warning
+        here.local_variable_set(:asset_rel_prefix, asset_rel_prefix)
+        here.local_variable_set(:current, current)
+        here
+      end
     end
   rescue => e
     error =
@@ -458,14 +472,19 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
     search_index_rel_prefix = rel_prefix
     search_index_rel_prefix += @asset_rel_path if @file_output
 
-    # suppress 1.9.3 warning
-    current          = current          = file
-    asset_rel_prefix = asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
+    current          = file
+    asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
 
     @title = "#{file.page_name} - #{@options.title}"
 
     debug_msg "  rendering #{out_file}"
-    render_template template_file, out_file do |io| binding end
+    render_template template_file, out_file do |io|
+      here = binding
+      # suppress 1.9.3 warning
+      here.local_variable_set(:current, current)
+      here.local_variable_set(:asset_rel_prefix, asset_rel_prefix)
+      here
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -483,12 +502,16 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
     search_index_rel_prefix = rel_prefix
     search_index_rel_prefix += @asset_rel_path if @file_output
 
-    # suppress 1.9.3 warning
-    asset_rel_prefix = asset_rel_prefix = ''
+    asset_rel_prefix = ''
 
     @title = 'Not Found'
 
-    render_template template_file do |io| binding end
+    render_template template_file do |io|
+      here = binding
+      # suppress 1.9.3 warning
+      here.local_variable_set(:asset_rel_prefix, asset_rel_prefix)
+      here
+    end
   rescue => e
     error = RDoc::Error.new \
       "error generating servlet_not_found: #{e.message} (#{e.class})"
@@ -540,12 +563,16 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
     search_index_rel_prefix = rel_prefix
     search_index_rel_prefix += @asset_rel_path if @file_output
 
-    # suppress 1.9.3 warning
-    asset_rel_prefix = asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
+    asset_rel_prefix = rel_prefix + @asset_rel_path
 
     @title = "Table of Contents - #{@options.title}"
 
-    render_template template_file, out_file do |io| binding end
+    render_template template_file, out_file do |io|
+      here = binding
+      # suppress 1.9.3 warning
+      here.local_variable_set(:asset_rel_prefix, asset_rel_prefix)
+      here
+    end
   rescue => e
     error = RDoc::Error.new \
       "error generating table_of_contents.html: #{e.message} (#{e.class})"
@@ -558,16 +585,16 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
     return unless source.exist?
 
     begin
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(destination), options
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(destination), **options
 
       begin
-        FileUtils.ln source, destination, options
+        FileUtils.ln source, destination, **options
       rescue Errno::EEXIST
         FileUtils.rm destination
         retry
       end
     rescue
-      FileUtils.cp source, destination, options
+      FileUtils.cp source, destination, **options
     end
   end
 
@@ -751,7 +778,11 @@ class RDoc::Generator::Darkfish
       erbout = "_erbout_#{file_var}"
     end
 
-    template = klass.new template, nil, '<>', erbout
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.6'
+      template = klass.new template, trim_mode: '-', eoutvar: erbout
+    else
+      template = klass.new template, nil, '-', erbout
+    end
     @template_cache[file] = template
     template
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/json_index.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/json_index.rb
index 931438b3c3..3a1000033d 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/json_index.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/json_index.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'json'
 begin
   require 'zlib'
@@ -147,12 +147,15 @@ class RDoc::Generator::JsonIndex
 
       JSON.dump data, io, 0
     end
+    unless ENV['SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'].nil?
+      index_file.utime index_file.atime, Time.at(ENV['SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'].to_i).gmtime
+    end
 
     Dir.chdir @template_dir do
       Dir['**/*.js'].each do |source|
         dest = File.join out_dir, source
 
-        FileUtils.install source, dest, :mode => 0644, :verbose => $DEBUG_RDOC
+        FileUtils.install source, dest, :mode => 0644, :preserve => true, :verbose => $DEBUG_RDOC
       end
     end
   end
@@ -161,7 +164,7 @@ class RDoc::Generator::JsonIndex
   # Compress the search_index.js file using gzip
 
   def generate_gzipped
-    return unless defined?(Zlib)
+    return if @options.dry_run or not defined?(Zlib)
 
     debug_msg "Compressing generated JSON index"
     out_dir = @base_dir + @options.op_dir
@@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ class RDoc::Generator::JsonIndex
     outfile           = out_dir + "#{search_index_file}.gz"
 
     debug_msg "Reading the JSON index file from %s" % search_index_file
-    search_index = search_index_file.read
+    search_index = search_index_file.read(mode: 'r:utf-8')
 
     debug_msg "Writing gzipped search index to %s" % outfile
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/markup.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/markup.rb
index 3ca423bb69..41e132450d 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/markup.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/markup.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Handle common RDoc::Markup tasks for various CodeObjects
 #
@@ -65,16 +65,6 @@ end
 
 class RDoc::MethodAttr
 
-  @add_line_numbers = false
-
-  class << self
-    ##
-    # Allows controlling whether <tt>#markup_code</tt> adds line numbers to
-    # the source code.
-
-    attr_accessor :add_line_numbers
-  end
-
   ##
   # Prepend +src+ with line numbers.  Relies on the first line of a source
   # code listing having:
@@ -106,7 +96,7 @@ class RDoc::MethodAttr
   ##
   # Turns the method's token stream into HTML.
   #
-  # Prepends line numbers if +add_line_numbers+ is true.
+  # Prepends line numbers if +options.line_numbers+ is true.
 
   def markup_code
     return '' unless @token_stream
@@ -126,7 +116,7 @@ class RDoc::MethodAttr
     end
     src.gsub!(/^#{' ' * indent}/, '') if indent > 0
 
-    add_line_numbers(src) if RDoc::MethodAttr.add_line_numbers
+    add_line_numbers(src) if options.line_numbers
 
     src
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot.rb
index e2cf22d730..bee1133b07 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Generates a POT file.
 #
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ class RDoc::Generator::POT
     extractor.extract
   end
 
-  autoload :MessageExtractor, 'rdoc/generator/pot/message_extractor'
-  autoload :PO,               'rdoc/generator/pot/po'
-  autoload :POEntry,          'rdoc/generator/pot/po_entry'
+  require_relative 'pot/message_extractor'
+  require_relative 'pot/po'
+  require_relative 'pot/po_entry'
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/message_extractor.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/message_extractor.rb
index 0dd2497c26..313dfd2dc7 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/message_extractor.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/message_extractor.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Extracts message from RDoc::Store
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po.rb
index 60e14db831..37d45e5258 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Generates a PO format text
 
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class RDoc::Generator::POT::PO
   def to_s
     po = ''
     sort_entries.each do |entry|
-      po << "\n" unless po.empty?
-      po << entry.to_s
+      po += "\n" unless po.empty?
+      po += entry.to_s
     end
     po
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po_entry.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po_entry.rb
index 515d02b48d..3c278826f4 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po_entry.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po_entry.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A PO entry in PO
 
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ class RDoc::Generator::POT::POEntry
 
   def to_s
     entry = ''
-    entry << format_translator_comment
-    entry << format_extracted_comment
-    entry << format_references
-    entry << format_flags
-    entry << <<-ENTRY
+    entry += format_translator_comment
+    entry += format_extracted_comment
+    entry += format_references
+    entry += format_flags
+    entry += <<-ENTRY
 msgid #{format_message(@msgid)}
 msgstr #{format_message(@msgstr)}
     ENTRY
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ msgstr #{format_message(@msgstr)}
 
     formatted_comment = ''
     comment.each_line do |line|
-      formatted_comment << "#{mark} #{line}"
+      formatted_comment += "#{mark} #{line}"
     end
-    formatted_comment << "\n" unless formatted_comment.end_with?("\n")
+    formatted_comment += "\n" unless formatted_comment.end_with?("\n")
     formatted_comment
   end
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ msgstr #{format_message(@msgstr)}
 
     formatted_references = ''
     @references.sort.each do |file, line|
-      formatted_references << "\#: #{file}:#{line}\n"
+      formatted_references += "\#: #{file}:#{line}\n"
     end
     formatted_references
   end
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ msgstr #{format_message(@msgstr)}
 
     formatted_message = '""'
     message.each_line do |line|
-      formatted_message << "\n"
-      formatted_message << "\"#{escape(line)}\""
+      formatted_message += "\n"
+      formatted_message += "\"#{escape(line)}\""
     end
     formatted_message
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/ri.rb b/lib/rdoc/generator/ri.rb
index 830777e587..0eef1d03f5 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/ri.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/ri.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Generates ri data files
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_footer.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_footer.rhtml
index 7c4debd1f7..9791b42901 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_footer.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_footer.rhtml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <footer id="validator-badges" role="contentinfo">
-  <p><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer">Validate</a>
-  <p>Generated by <a href="https://rdoc.github.io/rdoc">RDoc</a> <%= RDoc::VERSION %>.
+  <p><a href="https://validator.w3.org/check/referer">Validate</a>
+  <p>Generated by <a href="https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/">RDoc</a> <%= RDoc::VERSION %>.
   <p>Based on <a href="http://deveiate.org/projects/Darkfish-RDoc/">Darkfish</a> by <a href="http://deveiate.org">Michael Granger</a>.
 </footer>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_head.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_head.rhtml
index f308526823..e61fce1b9a 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_head.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_head.rhtml
@@ -7,14 +7,16 @@
   var index_rel_prefix = "<%= rel_prefix %>/";
 </script>
 
-<script src="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/js/jquery.js"></script>
-<script src="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/js/darkfish.js"></script>
+<script src="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/js/navigation.js" defer></script>
+<script src="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/js/search.js" defer></script>
+<script src="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/js/search_index.js" defer></script>
+<script src="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/js/searcher.js" defer></script>
+<script src="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/js/darkfish.js" defer></script>
 
 <link href="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/css/fonts.css" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/css/rdoc.css" rel="stylesheet">
-<% if @options.template_stylesheets.flatten.any? then %>
-<%   @options.template_stylesheets.flatten.each do |stylesheet| %>
+<%- if @options.template_stylesheets.flatten.any? then -%>
+<%-   @options.template_stylesheets.flatten.each do |stylesheet| -%>
 <link href="<%= asset_rel_prefix %>/<%= File.basename stylesheet %>" rel="stylesheet">
-<%   end %>
-<% end %>
-
+<%-   end -%>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_VCS_info.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_VCS_info.rhtml
index e889f8063d..22a12d9e95 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_VCS_info.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_VCS_info.rhtml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<% if !svninfo.empty? then %>
+<%- if !svninfo.empty? then %>
 <div id="file-svninfo-section" class="nav-section">
   <h3>VCS Info</h3>
 
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@
     </dl>
   </div>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_classes.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_classes.rhtml
index fe54d8339f..530f25c762 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_classes.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_classes.rhtml
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
   <h3>Class and Module Index</h3>
 
   <ul class="link-list">
-  <% @modsort.each do |index_klass| %>
+  <%- @modsort.each do |index_klass| -%>
     <li><a href="<%= rel_prefix %>/<%= index_klass.path %>"><%= index_klass.full_name %></a>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_extends.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_extends.rhtml
index 2bd8efee99..7602076c96 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_extends.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_extends.rhtml
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-<% unless klass.extends.empty? then %>
+<%- unless klass.extends.empty? then %>
 <div id="extends-section" class="nav-section">
   <h3>Extended With Modules</h3>
 
   <ul class="link-list">
-    <% klass.each_extend do |ext| %>
-  <% unless String === ext.module then %>
+    <%- klass.each_extend do |ext| -%>
+  <%- unless String === ext.module then -%>
     <li><a class="extend" href="<%= klass.aref_to ext.module.path %>"><%= ext.module.full_name %></a>
-  <% else %>
+  <%- else -%>
     <li><span class="extend"><%= ext.name %></span>
-  <% end %>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
+  <%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_in_files.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_in_files.rhtml
index 0ba1d2be80..74869a4b51 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_in_files.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_in_files.rhtml
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
   <h3>Defined In</h3>
 
   <ul>
-<% klass.in_files.each do |tl| %>
+<%- klass.in_files.each do |tl| -%>
     <li><%= h tl.relative_name %>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_includes.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_includes.rhtml
index d141098ecd..5b600e5975 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_includes.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_includes.rhtml
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-<% unless klass.includes.empty? then %>
+<%- unless klass.includes.empty? then %>
 <div id="includes-section" class="nav-section">
   <h3>Included Modules</h3>
 
   <ul class="link-list">
-  <% klass.each_include do |inc| %>
-  <% unless String === inc.module then %>
+  <%- klass.each_include do |inc| -%>
+  <%- unless String === inc.module then -%>
     <li><a class="include" href="<%= klass.aref_to inc.module.path %>"><%= inc.module.full_name %></a>
-  <% else %>
+  <%- else -%>
     <li><span class="include"><%= inc.name %></span>
-  <% end %>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
+  <%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_installed.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_installed.rhtml
index 1285bfd732..faed7e0a94 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_installed.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_installed.rhtml
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
   <h3>Documentation</h3>
 
   <ul>
-  <% installed.each do |name, href, exists, type, _| %>
-    <% next if type == :extra %>
+  <%- installed.each do |name, href, exists, type, _| -%>
+    <%- next if type == :extra -%>
     <li class="folder">
-    <% if exists then %>
+    <%- if exists then -%>
       <a href="<%= href %>"><%= h name %></a>
-    <% else %>
+    <%- else -%>
       <%= h name %>
-    <% end %>
-  <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
+  <%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_methods.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_methods.rhtml
index 45df08d8fe..5b4c295bed 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_methods.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_methods.rhtml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-<% unless klass.method_list.empty? then %>
+<%- unless klass.method_list.empty? then %>
 <!-- Method Quickref -->
 <div id="method-list-section" class="nav-section">
   <h3>Methods</h3>
 
   <ul class="link-list" role="directory">
-    <% klass.each_method do |meth| %>
-    <li <% if meth.calls_super %>class="calls-super" <% end %>><a href="#<%= meth.aref %>"><%= meth.singleton ? '::' : '#' %><%= h meth.name %></a>
-    <% end %>
+    <%- klass.each_method do |meth| -%>
+    <li <%- if meth.calls_super %>class="calls-super" <%- end %>><a href="#<%= meth.aref %>"><%= meth.singleton ? '::' : '#' %><%= h meth.name -%></a>
+    <%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_pages.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_pages.rhtml
index 5f39825f08..8ec83abda2 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_pages.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_pages.rhtml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-<% simple_files = @files.select { |f| f.text? } %>
-<% unless simple_files.empty? then %>
+<%- simple_files = @files.select { |f| f.text? } %>
+<%- unless simple_files.empty? then -%>
 <div id="fileindex-section" class="nav-section">
   <h3>Pages</h3>
 
   <ul class="link-list">
-  <% simple_files.each do |f| %>
+  <%- simple_files.each do |f| -%>
     <li><a href="<%= rel_prefix %>/<%= f.path %>"><%= h f.page_name %></a>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_parent.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_parent.rhtml
index cc04852652..1420da3201 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_parent.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_parent.rhtml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<% if klass.type == 'class' then %>
+<%- if klass.type == 'class' then %>
 <div id="parent-class-section" class="nav-section">
   <h3>Parent</h3>
 
-  <% if klass.superclass and not String === klass.superclass then %>
+  <%- if klass.superclass and not String === klass.superclass then -%>
   <p class="link"><a href="<%= klass.aref_to klass.superclass.path %>"><%= klass.superclass.full_name %></a>
-  <% else %>
+  <%- else -%>
   <p class="link"><%= klass.superclass %>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_sections.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_sections.rhtml
index 15ff78ba91..6dcd2ae81f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_sections.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_sections.rhtml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<% unless klass.sections.length == 1 then %>
+<%- unless klass.sections.length == 1 then %>
 <div id="sections-section" class="nav-section">
   <h3>Sections</h3>
 
   <ul class="link-list" role="directory">
-    <% klass.sort_sections.each do |section| %>
+    <%- klass.sort_sections.each do |section| -%>
       <li><a href="#<%= section.aref %>"><%= h section.title %></a></li>
-    <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_table_of_contents.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_table_of_contents.rhtml
index b58e6b3c61..bf70819f64 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_table_of_contents.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_table_of_contents.rhtml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<% comment = if current.respond_to? :comment_location then
+<%- comment = if current.respond_to? :comment_location then
                current.comment_location
              else
                current.comment
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
   <h3>Table of Contents</h3>
 
   <ul class="link-list" role="directory">
-<%   table.each do |heading| %>
+<%-   table.each do |heading| -%>
     <li><a href="#<%= heading.label current %>"><%= heading.plain_html %></a>
-<%   end %>
+<%-   end -%>
   </ul>
 </div>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/class.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/class.rhtml
index b497000112..5d7b6a1b80 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/class.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/class.rhtml
@@ -25,11 +25,9 @@
     <%= klass.description %>
   </section>
 
-  <% klass.each_section do |section, constants, attributes| %>
-  <% constants = constants.select { |const| const.display? } %>
-  <% attributes = attributes.select { |attr| attr.display? } %>
+  <%- klass.each_section do |section, constants, attributes| -%>
   <section id="<%= section.aref %>" class="documentation-section">
-    <% if section.title then %>
+    <%- if section.title then -%>
     <header class="documentation-section-title">
       <h2>
         <%= section.title %>
@@ -38,39 +36,39 @@
         <a href="#top">&uarr; top</a>
       </span>
     </header>
-    <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
 
-    <% if section.comment then %>
+    <%- if section.comment then -%>
     <div>
       <%= section.description %>
     </div>
-    <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
 
-    <% unless constants.empty? then %>
+    <%- unless constants.empty? then -%>
     <section class="constants-list">
       <header>
         <h3>Constants</h3>
       </header>
       <dl>
-      <% constants.each do |const| %>
+      <%- constants.each do |const| -%>
         <dt id="<%= const.name %>"><%= const.name %>
-        <% if const.comment then %>
+        <%- if const.comment then -%>
         <dd><%= const.description.strip %>
-        <% else %>
+        <%- else -%>
         <dd class="missing-docs">(Not documented)
-        <% end %>
-      <% end %>
+        <%- end -%>
+      <%- end -%>
       </dl>
     </section>
-    <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
 
-    <% unless attributes.empty? then %>
+    <%- unless attributes.empty? then -%>
     <section class="attribute-method-details" class="method-section">
       <header>
         <h3>Attributes</h3>
       </header>
 
-      <% attributes.each do |attrib| %>
+      <%- attributes.each do |attrib| -%>
       <div id="<%= attrib.aref %>" class="method-detail">
         <div class="method-heading attribute-method-heading">
           <span class="method-name"><%= h attrib.name %></span><span
@@ -78,18 +76,18 @@
         </div>
 
         <div class="method-description">
-        <% if attrib.comment then %>
+        <%- if attrib.comment then -%>
         <%= attrib.description.strip %>
-        <% else %>
+        <%- else -%>
         <p class="missing-docs">(Not documented)
-        <% end %>
+        <%- end -%>
         </div>
       </div>
-      <% end %>
+      <%- end -%>
     </section>
-    <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
 
-    <% klass.methods_by_type(section).each do |type, visibilities|
+    <%- klass.methods_by_type(section).each do |type, visibilities|
        next if visibilities.empty?
        visibilities.each do |visibility, methods|
          next if methods.empty? %>
@@ -98,38 +96,38 @@
          <h3><%= visibility.to_s.capitalize %> <%= type.capitalize %> Methods</h3>
        </header>
 
-    <% methods.each do |method| %>
+    <%- methods.each do |method| -%>
       <div id="<%= method.aref %>" class="method-detail <%= method.is_alias_for ? "method-alias" : '' %>">
-        <% if method.call_seq then %>
-        <%   method.call_seq.strip.split("\n").each_with_index do |call_seq, i| %>
+        <%- if (call_seq = method.call_seq) then -%>
+        <%-   call_seq.strip.split("\n").each_with_index do |call_seq, i| -%>
         <div class="method-heading">
           <span class="method-callseq">
             <%= h(call_seq.strip.
                   gsub( /^\w+\./m, '')).
                   gsub(/(.*)[-=]&gt;/, '\1&rarr;') %>
           </span>
-          <% if i == 0 and method.token_stream then %>
+          <%- if i == 0 and method.token_stream then -%>
           <span class="method-click-advice">click to toggle source</span>
-          <% end %>
+          <%- end -%>
         </div>
-        <%   end %>
-        <% else %>
+        <%-   end -%>
+        <%- else -%>
         <div class="method-heading">
           <span class="method-name"><%= h method.name %></span><span
-            class="method-args"><%= method.param_seq %></span>
-          <% if method.token_stream then %>
+            class="method-args"><%= h method.param_seq %></span>
+          <%- if method.token_stream then -%>
           <span class="method-click-advice">click to toggle source</span>
-          <% end %>
+          <%- end -%>
         </div>
-        <% end %>
+        <%- end -%>
 
         <div class="method-description">
-          <% if method.comment then %>
+          <%- if method.comment then -%>
           <%= method.description.strip %>
-          <% else %>
+          <%- else -%>
           <p class="missing-docs">(Not documented)
-          <% end %>
-          <% if method.calls_super then %>
+          <%- end -%>
+          <%- if method.calls_super then -%>
             <div class="method-calls-super">
               Calls superclass method
               <%=
@@ -137,16 +135,16 @@
                   method.formatter.link(method.superclass_method.full_name, method.superclass_method.full_name) : nil
               %>
             </div>
-          <% end %>
+          <%- end -%>
 
-          <% if method.token_stream then %>
+          <%- if method.token_stream then -%>
           <div class="method-source-code" id="<%= method.html_name %>-source">
             <pre><%= method.markup_code %></pre>
           </div>
-          <% end %>
+          <%- end -%>
         </div>
 
-        <% unless method.aliases.empty? then %>
+        <%- unless method.aliases.empty? then -%>
         <div class="aliases">
           Also aliased as: <%= method.aliases.map do |aka|
             if aka.parent then # HACK lib/rexml/encodings
@@ -156,19 +154,19 @@
             end
           end.join ", " %>
         </div>
-        <% end %>
+        <%- end -%>
 
-        <% if method.is_alias_for then %>
+        <%- if method.is_alias_for then -%>
         <div class="aliases">
           Alias for: <a href="<%= klass.aref_to method.is_alias_for.path %>"><%= h method.is_alias_for.name %></a>
         </div>
-        <% end %>
+        <%- end -%>
       </div>
 
-    <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
     </section>
-  <% end
+  <%- end
      end %>
   </section>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
 </main>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/rdoc.css b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/rdoc.css
index 2f4dca7e08..ebe2e93af6 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/rdoc.css
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/rdoc.css
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 /* vim: ft=css et sw=2 ts=2 sts=2 */
 /* Base Green is: #6C8C22 */
 
+.hide { display: none !important; }
+
 * { padding: 0; margin: 0; }
 
 body {
@@ -48,6 +50,16 @@ h6:hover span {
   display: inline;
 }
 
+h1:target,
+h2:target,
+h3:target,
+h4:target,
+h5:target,
+h6:target {
+  margin-left: -10px;
+  border-left: 10px solid #f1edba;
+}
+
 :link,
 :visited {
   color: #6C8C22;
@@ -62,6 +74,28 @@ h6:hover span {
 code,
 pre {
   font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, monospace;
+  background-color: rgba(27,31,35,0.05);
+  padding: 0em 0.2em;
+  border-radius: 0.2em;
+}
+
+table {
+  margin: 0;
+  border-spacing: 0;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table tr th, table tr td {
+  padding: 0.2em 0.4em;
+  border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+table tr th {
+  background-color: #eceaed;
+}
+
+table tr:nth-child(even) td {
+  background-color: #f5f4f6;
 }
 
 /* @group Generic Classes */
@@ -91,7 +125,7 @@ pre {
 
 .missing-docs {
   font-size: 120%;
-  background: white url(images/wrench_orange.png) no-repeat 4px center;
+  background: white url(../images/wrench_orange.png) no-repeat 4px center;
   color: #ccc;
   line-height: 2em;
   border: 1px solid #d00;
@@ -135,11 +169,11 @@ pre {
 .table-of-contents li .toc-toggle {
   width: 16px;
   height: 16px;
-  background: url(images/add.png) no-repeat;
+  background: url(../images/add.png) no-repeat;
 }
 
 .table-of-contents li .toc-toggle.open {
-  background: url(images/delete.png) no-repeat;
+  background: url(../images/delete.png) no-repeat;
 }
 
 /* @end */
@@ -151,6 +185,7 @@ nav {
   width: 260px;
   font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;
   font-size: 14px;
+  border-right: 1px solid #ccc;
 }
 
 main {
@@ -261,8 +296,13 @@ ul.link-list .type {
   -webkit-border-radius: 5px;
 }
 
+dl.note-list dt {
+  float: left;
+  margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
 .calls-super {
-  background: url(images/arrow_up.png) no-repeat right center;
+  background: url(../images/arrow_up.png) no-repeat right center;
 }
 
 /* @end */
@@ -441,7 +481,16 @@ main header h3 {
 /* @group Method Details */
 
 main .method-source-code {
-  display: none;
+  max-height: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  transition-duration: 200ms;
+  transition-delay: 0ms;
+  transition-property: all;
+  transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;
+}
+
+main .method-source-code.active-menu {
+  max-height: 100vh;
 }
 
 main .method-description .method-calls-super {
@@ -479,7 +528,7 @@ main .method-click-advice {
   visibility: hidden;
   padding-right: 20px;
   line-height: 20px;
-  background: url(images/zoom.png) no-repeat right top;
+  background: url(../images/zoom.png) no-repeat right top;
 }
 main .method-heading:hover .method-click-advice {
   visibility: visible;
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/index.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/index.rhtml
index 7d1c74807b..13fa3dcc7f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/index.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/index.rhtml
@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@
 </nav>
 
 <main role="main">
-<% if @options.main_page and
+<%- if @options.main_page and
       main_page = @files.find { |f| f.full_name == @options.main_page } then %>
 <%= main_page.description %>
-<% else %>
+<%- else -%>
 <p>This is the API documentation for <%= @title %>.
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
 </main>
-
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/darkfish.js b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/darkfish.js
index 38f877ed40..111bbf8eb9 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/darkfish.js
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/darkfish.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  */
 
 /* Provide console simulation for firebug-less environments */
+/*
 if (!("console" in window) || !("firebug" in console)) {
   var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir", "dirxml",
     "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace", "profile", "profileEnd"];
@@ -16,41 +17,35 @@ if (!("console" in window) || !("firebug" in console)) {
   for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
     window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
 };
-
-
-/**
- * Unwrap the first element that matches the given @expr@ from the targets and return them.
- */
-$.fn.unwrap = function( expr ) {
-  return this.each( function() {
-    $(this).parents( expr ).eq( 0 ).after( this ).remove();
-  });
-};
+*/
 
 
 function showSource( e ) {
   var target = e.target;
-  var codeSections = $(target).
-    parents('.method-detail').
-    find('.method-source-code');
-
-  $(target).
-    parents('.method-detail').
-    find('.method-source-code').
-    slideToggle();
+  while (!target.classList.contains('method-detail')) {
+    target = target.parentNode;
+  }
+  if (typeof target !== "undefined" && target !== null) {
+    target = target.querySelector('.method-source-code');
+  }
+  if (typeof target !== "undefined" && target !== null) {
+    target.classList.toggle('active-menu')
+  }
 };
 
 function hookSourceViews() {
-  $('.method-heading').click( showSource );
+  document.querySelectorAll('.method-heading').forEach(function (codeObject) {
+    codeObject.addEventListener('click', showSource);
+  });
 };
 
 function hookSearch() {
-  var input  = $('#search-field').eq(0);
-  var result = $('#search-results').eq(0);
-  $(result).show();
+  var input  = document.querySelector('#search-field');
+  var result = document.querySelector('#search-results');
+  result.classList.remove("initially-hidden");
 
-  var search_section = $('#search-section').get(0);
-  $(search_section).show();
+  var search_section = document.querySelector('#search-section');
+  search_section.classList.remove("initially-hidden");
 
   var search = new Search(search_data, input, result);
 
@@ -77,85 +72,13 @@ function hookSearch() {
   }
 
   search.select = function(result) {
-    var result_element = result.get(0);
-    window.location.href = result_element.firstChild.firstChild.href;
+    window.location.href = result.firstChild.firstChild.href;
   }
 
   search.scrollIntoView = search.scrollInWindow;
 };
 
-function highlightTarget( anchor ) {
-  console.debug( "Highlighting target '%s'.", anchor );
-
-  $("a[name]").each( function() {
-    if ( $(this).attr("name") == anchor ) {
-      if ( !$(this).parent().parent().hasClass('target-section') ) {
-        console.debug( "Wrapping the target-section" );
-        $('div.method-detail').unwrap( 'div.target-section' );
-        $(this).parent().wrap( '<div class="target-section"></div>' );
-      } else {
-        console.debug( "Already wrapped." );
-      }
-    }
-  });
-};
-
-function highlightLocationTarget() {
-  console.debug( "Location hash: %s", window.location.hash );
-  if ( ! window.location.hash || window.location.hash.length == 0 ) return;
-
-  var anchor = window.location.hash.substring(1);
-  console.debug( "Found anchor: %s; matching %s", anchor, "a[name=" + anchor + "]" );
-
-  highlightTarget( anchor );
-};
-
-function highlightClickTarget( event ) {
-  console.debug( "Highlighting click target for event %o", event.target );
-  try {
-    var anchor = $(event.target).attr( 'href' ).substring(1);
-    console.debug( "Found target anchor: %s", anchor );
-    highlightTarget( anchor );
-  } catch ( err ) {
-    console.error( "Exception while highlighting: %o", err );
-  };
-};
-
-function loadAsync(path, success, prefix) {
-  $.ajax({
-    url: prefix + path,
-    dataType: 'script',
-    success: success,
-    cache: true
-  });
-};
-
-$(document).ready( function() {
+document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
   hookSourceViews();
-  highlightLocationTarget();
-  $('ul.link-list a').bind( "click", highlightClickTarget );
-
-  var search_scripts_loaded = {
-    navigation_loaded:   false,
-    search_loaded:       false,
-    search_index_loaded: false,
-    searcher_loaded:     false,
-  }
-
-  var search_success_function = function(variable) {
-    return (function (data, status, xhr) {
-      search_scripts_loaded[variable] = true;
-
-      if (search_scripts_loaded['navigation_loaded']   == true &&
-          search_scripts_loaded['search_loaded']       == true &&
-          search_scripts_loaded['search_index_loaded'] == true &&
-          search_scripts_loaded['searcher_loaded']     == true)
-        hookSearch();
-    });
-  }
-
-  loadAsync('js/navigation.js',   search_success_function('navigation_loaded'), rdoc_rel_prefix);
-  loadAsync('js/search.js',       search_success_function('search_loaded'), rdoc_rel_prefix);
-  loadAsync('js/search_index.js', search_success_function('search_index_loaded'), index_rel_prefix);
-  loadAsync('js/searcher.js',     search_success_function('searcher_loaded'), rdoc_rel_prefix);
+  hookSearch();
 });
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 628ed9b316..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-/*! jQuery v1.6.4 http://jquery.com/ | http://jquery.org/license */
-(function(a,b){function cu(a){return f.isWindow(a)?a:a.nodeType===9?a.defaultView||a.parentWindow:!1}function cr(a){if(!cg[a]){var b=c.body,d=f("<"+a+">").appendTo(b),e=d.css("display");d.remove();if(e==="none"||e===""){ch||(ch=c.createElement("iframe"),ch.frameBorder=ch.width=ch.height=0),b.appendChild(ch);if(!ci||!ch.createElement)ci=(ch.contentWindow||ch.contentDocument).document,ci.write((c.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"?"<!doctype html>":"")+"<html><body>"),ci.close();d=ci.createElement(a),ci.body.appendChild(d),e=f.css(d,"display"),b.removeChild(ch)}cg[a]=e}return cg[a]}function cq(a,b){var c={};f.each(cm.concat.apply([],cm.slice(0,b)),function(){c[this]=a});return c}function cp(){cn=b}function co(){setTimeout(cp,0);return cn=f.now()}function cf(){try{return new a.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(b){}}function ce(){try{return new a.XMLHttpRequest}catch(b){}}function b$(a,c){a.dataFilter&&(c=a.dataFilter(c,a.dataType));var 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c+d*a},swing:function(a,b,c,d){return(-Math.cos(a*Math.PI)/2+.5)*d+c}},timers:[],fx:function(a,b,c){this.options=b,this.elem=a,this.prop=c,b.orig=b.orig||{}}}),f.fx.prototype={update:function(){this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),(f.fx.step[this.prop]||f.fx.step._default)(this)},cur:function(){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&(!this.elem.style||this.elem.style[this.prop]==null))return this.elem[this.prop];var a,b=f.css(this.elem,this.prop);return isNaN(a=parseFloat(b))?!b||b==="auto"?0:b:a},custom:function(a,b,c){function g(a){return d.step(a)}var d=this,e=f.fx;this.startTime=cn||co(),this.start=a,this.end=b,this.unit=c||this.unit||(f.cssNumber[this.prop]?"":"px"),this.now=this.start,this.pos=this.state=0,g.elem=this.elem,g()&&f.timers.push(g)&&!cl&&(cl=setInterval(e.tick,e.interval))},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=f.style(this.elem,this.prop),this.options.show=!0,this.custom(this.prop==="width"||this.prop==="height"?1:0,this.cur()),f(this.elem).show()},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=f.style(this.elem,this.prop),this.options.hide=!0,this.custom(this.cur(),0)},step:function(a){var b=cn||co(),c=!0,d=this.elem,e=this.options,g,h;if(a||b>=e.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end,this.pos=this.state=1,this.update(),e.animatedProperties[this.prop]=!0;for(g in e.animatedProperties)e.animatedProperties[g]!==!0&&(c=!1);if(c){e.overflow!=null&&!f.support.shrinkWrapBlocks&&f.each(["","X","Y"],function(a,b){d.style["overflow"+b]=e.overflow[a]}),e.hide&&f(d).hide();if(e.hide||e.show)for(var i in e.animatedProperties)f.style(d,i,e.orig[i]);e.complete.call(d)}return!1}e.duration==Infinity?this.now=b:(h=b-this.startTime,this.state=h/e.duration,this.pos=f.easing[e.animatedProperties[this.prop]](this.state,h,0,1,e.duration),this.now=this.start+(this.end-this.start)*this.pos),this.update();return!0}},f.extend(f.fx,{tick:function(){for(var a=f.timers,b=0;b<a.length;++b)a[b]()||a.splice(b--,1);a.length||f.fx.stop()},interval:13,stop:function(){clearInterval(cl),cl=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){f.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null?a.elem.style[a.prop]=(a.prop==="width"||a.prop==="height"?Math.max(0,a.now):a.now)+a.unit:a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}}),f.expr&&f.expr.filters&&(f.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return f.grep(f.timers,function(b){return a===b.elem}).length});var cs=/^t(?:able|d|h)$/i,ct=/^(?:body|html)$/i;"getBoundingClientRect"in c.documentElement?f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0],c;if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);try{c=b.getBoundingClientRect()}catch(d){}var e=b.ownerDocument,g=e.documentElement;if(!c||!f.contains(g,b))return c?{top:c.top,left:c.left}:{top:0,left:0};var h=e.body,i=cu(e),j=g.clientTop||h.clientTop||0,k=g.clientLeft||h.clientLeft||0,l=i.pageYOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollTop||h.scrollTop,m=i.pageXOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollLeft||h.scrollLeft,n=c.top+l-j,o=c.left+m-k;return{top:n,left:o}}:f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);f.offset.initialize();var c,d=b.offsetParent,e=b,g=b.ownerDocument,h=g.documentElement,i=g.body,j=g.defaultView,k=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l=b.offsetTop,m=b.offsetLeft;while((b=b.parentNode)&&b!==i&&b!==h){if(f.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed")break;c=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l-=b.scrollTop,m-=b.scrollLeft,b===d&&(l+=b.offsetTop,m+=b.offsetLeft,f.offset.doesNotAddBorder&&(!f.offset.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells||!cs.test(b.nodeName))&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),e=d,d=b.offsetParent),f.offset.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&c.overflow!=="visible"&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),k=c}if(k.position==="relative"||k.position==="static")l+=i.offsetTop,m+=i.offsetLeft;f.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed"&&(l+=Math.max(h.scrollTop,i.scrollTop),m+=Math.max(h.scrollLeft,i.scrollLeft));return{top:l,left:m}},f.offset={initialize:function(){var a=c.body,b=c.createElement("div"),d,e,g,h,i=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,j="<div style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;'><div></div></div><table style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0'><tr><td></td></tr></table>";f.extend(b.style,{position:"absolute",top:0,left:0,margin:0,border:0,width:"1px",height:"1px",visibility:"hidden"}),b.innerHTML=j,a.insertBefore(b,a.firstChild),d=b.firstChild,e=d.firstChild,h=d.nextSibling.firstChild.firstChild,this.doesNotAddBorder=e.offsetTop!==5,this.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells=h.offsetTop===5,e.style.position="fixed",e.style.top="20px",this.supportsFixedPosition=e.offsetTop===20||e.offsetTop===15,e.style.position=e.style.top="",d.style.overflow="hidden",d.style.position="relative",this.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible=e.offsetTop===-5,this.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset=a.offsetTop!==i,a.removeChild(b),f.offset.initialize=f.noop},bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,c=a.offsetLeft;f.offset.initialize(),f.offset.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset&&(b+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0);return{top:b,left:c}},setOffset:function(a,b,c){var d=f.css(a,"position");d==="static"&&(a.style.position="relative");var e=f(a),g=e.offset(),h=f.css(a,"top"),i=f.css(a,"left"),j=(d==="absolute"||d==="fixed")&&f.inArray("auto",[h,i])>-1,k={},l={},m,n;j?(l=e.position(),m=l.top,n=l.left):(m=parseFloat(h)||0,n=parseFloat(i)||0),f.isFunction(b)&&(b=b.call(a,c,g)),b.top!=null&&(k.top=b.top-g.top+m),b.left!=null&&(k.left=b.left-g.left+n),"using"in b?b.using.call(a,k):e.css(k)}},f.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),c=this.offset(),d=ct.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();c.top-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c.left-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0,d.top+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0,d.left+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:c.top-d.top,left:c.left-d.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var a=this.offsetParent||c.body;while(a&&!ct.test(a.nodeName)&&f.css(a,"position")==="static")a=a.offsetParent;return a})}}),f.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,c){var d="scroll"+c;f.fn[d]=function(c){var e,g;if(c===b){e=this[0];if(!e)return null;g=cu(e);return g?"pageXOffset"in g?g[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:f.support.boxModel&&g.document.documentElement[d]||g.document.body[d]:e[d]}return this.each(function(){g=cu(this),g?g.scrollTo(a?f(g).scrollLeft():c,a?c:f(g).scrollTop()):this[d]=c})}}),f.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,c){var d=c.toLowerCase();f.fn["inner"+c]=function(){var a=this[0];return a&&a.style?parseFloat(f.css(a,d,"padding")):null},f.fn["outer"+c]=function(a){var b=this[0];return b&&b.style?parseFloat(f.css(b,d,a?"margin":"border")):null},f.fn[d]=function(a){var e=this[0];if(!e)return a==null?null:this;if(f.isFunction(a))return this.each(function(b){var c=f(this);c[d](a.call(this,b,c[d]()))});if(f.isWindow(e)){var g=e.document.documentElement["client"+c],h=e.document.body;return e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&g||h&&h["client"+c]||g}if(e.nodeType===9)return Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+c],e.body["scroll"+c],e.documentElement["scroll"+c],e.body["offset"+c],e.documentElement["offset"+c]);if(a===b){var i=f.css(e,d),j=parseFloat(i);return f.isNaN(j)?i:j}return this.css(d,typeof a=="string"?a:a+"px")}}),a.jQuery=a.$=f})(window);
-\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/search.js b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/search.js
index 60ac295e6c..b558ca5b4f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/search.js
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/search.js
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
 Search = function(data, input, result) {
   this.data = data;
-  this.$input = $(input);
-  this.$result = $(result);
+  this.input = input;
+  this.result = result;
 
-  this.$current = null;
-  this.$view = this.$result.parent();
+  this.current = null;
+  this.view = this.result.parentNode;
   this.searcher = new Searcher(data.index);
   this.init();
 }
 
-Search.prototype = $.extend({}, Navigation, new function() {
+Search.prototype = Object.assign({}, Navigation, new function() {
   var suid = 1;
 
   this.init = function() {
     var _this = this;
     var observer = function(e) {
-      switch(e.originalEvent.keyCode) {
+      switch(e.keyCode) {
         case 38: // Event.KEY_UP
         case 40: // Event.KEY_DOWN
           return;
       }
-      _this.search(_this.$input[0].value);
+      _this.search(_this.input.value);
     };
-    this.$input.keyup(observer);
-    this.$input.click(observer); // mac's clear field
+    this.input.addEventListener('keyup', observer);
+    this.input.addEventListener('click', observer); // mac's clear field
 
     this.searcher.ready(function(results, isLast) {
       _this.addResults(results, isLast);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Search.prototype = $.extend({}, Navigation, new function() {
   }
 
   this.search = function(value, selectFirstMatch) {
-    value = jQuery.trim(value).toLowerCase();
+    value = value.trim().toLowerCase();
     if (value) {
       this.setNavigationActive(true);
     } else {
@@ -43,23 +43,23 @@ Search.prototype = $.extend({}, Navigation, new function() {
 
     if (value == '') {
       this.lastQuery = value;
-      this.$result.empty();
-      this.$result.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
+      this.result.innerHTML = '';
+      this.result.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
       this.setNavigationActive(false);
     } else if (value != this.lastQuery) {
       this.lastQuery = value;
-      this.$result.attr('aria-busy',     'true');
-      this.$result.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
+      this.result.setAttribute('aria-busy',     'true');
+      this.result.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
       this.firstRun = true;
       this.searcher.find(value);
     }
   }
 
   this.addResults = function(results, isLast) {
-    var target = this.$result.get(0);
+    var target = this.result;
     if (this.firstRun && (results.length > 0 || isLast)) {
-      this.$current = null;
-      this.$result.empty();
+      this.current = null;
+      this.result.innerHTML = '';
     }
 
     for (var i=0, l = results.length; i < l; i++) {
@@ -70,25 +70,26 @@ Search.prototype = $.extend({}, Navigation, new function() {
 
     if (this.firstRun && results.length > 0) {
       this.firstRun = false;
-      this.$current = $(target.firstChild);
-      this.$current.addClass('search-selected');
+      this.current = target.firstChild;
+      this.current.classList.add('search-selected');
     }
-    if (jQuery.browser.msie) this.$element[0].className += '';
+    //TODO: ECMAScript
+    //if (jQuery.browser.msie) this.$element[0].className += '';
 
-    if (isLast) this.$result.attr('aria-busy', 'false');
+    if (isLast) this.result.setAttribute('aria-busy', 'false');
   }
 
   this.move = function(isDown) {
-    if (!this.$current) return;
-    var $next = this.$current[isDown ? 'next' : 'prev']();
-    if ($next.length) {
-      this.$current.removeClass('search-selected');
-      $next.addClass('search-selected');
-      this.$input.attr('aria-activedescendant', $next.attr('id'));
-      this.scrollIntoView($next[0], this.$view[0]);
-      this.$current = $next;
-      this.$input.val($next[0].firstChild.firstChild.text);
-      this.$input.select();
+    if (!this.current) return;
+    var next = isDown ? this.current.nextElementSibling : this.current.previousElementSibling;
+    if (next) {
+      this.current.classList.remove('search-selected');
+      next.classList.add('search-selected');
+      this.input.setAttribute('aria-activedescendant', next.getAttribute('id'));
+      this.scrollIntoView(next, this.view);
+      this.current = next;
+      this.input.value = next.firstChild.firstChild.text;
+      this.input.select();
     }
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_root.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_root.rhtml
index 3a33659aea..cab3092b17 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_root.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_root.rhtml
@@ -19,28 +19,28 @@
   <p>Here you can browse local documentation from the ruby standard library and
   your installed gems.
 
-<% extra_dirs = installed.select { |_, _, _, type,| type == :extra } %>
-<% unless extra_dirs.empty? %>
+<%- extra_dirs = installed.select { |_, _, _, type,| type == :extra } -%>
+<%- unless extra_dirs.empty? -%>
   <h2>Extra Documentation Directories</h2>
 
   <p>The following additional documentation directories are available:</p>
 
   <ol>
-  <% extra_dirs.each do |name, href, exists, _, path| %>
+  <%- extra_dirs.each do |name, href, exists, _, path| -%>
     <li>
-    <% if exists %>
+    <%- if exists -%>
       <a href="<%= href %>"><%= h name %></a> (<%= h path %>)
-    <% else %>
+    <%- else -%>
       <%= h name %> (<%= h path %>; <i>not available</i>)
-    <% end %>
+    <%- end -%>
     </li>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
   </ol>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
 
-<% gems = installed.select { |_, _, _, type,| type == :gem } %>
-<% missing = gems.reject { |_, _, exists,| exists } %>
-<% unless missing.empty? then %>
+<%- gems = installed.select { |_, _, _, type,| type == :gem } -%>
+<%- missing = gems.reject { |_, _, exists,| exists } -%>
+<%- unless missing.empty? then -%>
   <h2>Missing Gem Documentation</h2>
 
   <p>You are missing documentation for some of your installed gems.
@@ -53,11 +53,10 @@
   the following commands.
 
   <ul>
-  <% names = missing.map { |name,| name.sub(/-([^-]*)$/, '') }.uniq %>
-  <% names.each do |name| %>
+  <%- names = missing.map { |name,| name.sub(/-([^-]*)$/, '') }.uniq -%>
+  <%- names.each do |name| -%>
     <li><kbd>gem rdoc <%=h name %></kbd>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
   </ul>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
 </main>
-
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/table_of_contents.rhtml b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/table_of_contents.rhtml
index 7ff1a9e93e..303d7016cc 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/table_of_contents.rhtml
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/table_of_contents.rhtml
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 <main role="main">
 <h1 class="class"><%= h @title %></h1>
 
-<% simple_files = @files.select { |f| f.text? } %>
-<% unless simple_files.empty? then %>
+<%- simple_files = @files.select { |f| f.text? } -%>
+<%- unless simple_files.empty? then -%>
 <h2 id="pages">Pages</h2>
 <ul>
-<% simple_files.sort.each do |file| %>
+<%- simple_files.sort.each do |file| -%>
   <li class="file">
     <a href="<%= file.path %>"><%= h file.page_name %></a>
 <%
@@ -14,45 +14,45 @@
    table = file.parse(file.comment).table_of_contents
    unless table.empty? then %>
     <ul>
-<% table.each do |heading| %>
+<%- table.each do |heading| -%>
       <li><a href="<%= file.path %>#<%= heading.aref %>"><%= heading.plain_html %></a>
-<%   end %>
+<%-   end -%>
     </ul>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
   </li>
-  <% end %>
+  <%- end -%>
 </ul>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
 
 <h2 id="classes">Classes and Modules</h2>
 <ul>
-<% @modsort.each do |klass| %>
+<%- @modsort.each do |klass| -%>
   <li class="<%= klass.type %>">
     <a href="<%= klass.path %>"><%= klass.full_name %></a>
-<% table = []
+<%- table = []
    table.concat klass.parse(klass.comment_location).table_of_contents
    table.concat klass.section_contents
 
    unless table.empty? then %>
     <ul>
-<% table.each do |item| %>
+<%- table.each do |item| -%>
       <li><a href="<%= klass.path %>#<%= item.aref %>"><%= item.plain_html %></a>
-<%   end %>
+<%-   end -%>
     </ul>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
   </li>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
 </ul>
 
 <h2 id="methods">Methods</h2>
 <ul>
-<% @store.all_classes_and_modules.map do |mod|
+<%- @store.all_classes_and_modules.map do |mod|
      mod.method_list
    end.flatten.sort.each do |method| %>
   <li class="method">
     <a href="<%= method.path %>"><%= h method.pretty_name %></a>
     &mdash;
     <span class="container"><%= method.parent.full_name %></span>
-<% end %>
+<%- end -%>
 </ul>
 </main>
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/navigation.js b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/navigation.js
index e41268123e..dfad74b1ae 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/navigation.js
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/navigation.js
@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ Navigation = new function() {
   this.initNavigation = function() {
     var _this = this;
 
-    $(document).keydown(function(e) {
+    document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
       _this.onkeydown(e);
-    }).keyup(function(e) {
-      _this.onkeyup(e);
     });
 
     this.navigationActive = true;
@@ -21,20 +19,6 @@ Navigation = new function() {
 
   this.setNavigationActive = function(state) {
     this.navigationActive = state;
-    this.clearMoveTimeout();
-  }
-
-  this.onkeyup = function(e) {
-    if (!this.navigationActive) return;
-
-    switch(e.keyCode) {
-      case 37: //Event.KEY_LEFT:
-      case 38: //Event.KEY_UP:
-      case 39: //Event.KEY_RIGHT:
-      case 40: //Event.KEY_DOWN:
-        this.clearMoveTimeout();
-        break;
-    }
   }
 
   this.onkeydown = function(e) {
@@ -46,7 +30,6 @@ Navigation = new function() {
       case 38: //Event.KEY_UP:
         if (e.keyCode == 38 || e.ctrlKey) {
           if (this.moveUp()) e.preventDefault();
-          this.startMoveTimeout(false);
         }
         break;
       case 39: //Event.KEY_RIGHT:
@@ -55,34 +38,14 @@ Navigation = new function() {
       case 40: //Event.KEY_DOWN:
         if (e.keyCode == 40 || e.ctrlKey) {
           if (this.moveDown()) e.preventDefault();
-          this.startMoveTimeout(true);
         }
         break;
       case 13: //Event.KEY_RETURN:
-        if (this.$current)
-          e.preventDefault();
-          this.select(this.$current);
+        if (this.current) e.preventDefault();
+        this.select(this.current);
         break;
     }
-    if (e.ctrlKey && e.shiftKey) this.select(this.$current);
-  }
-
-  this.clearMoveTimeout = function() {
-    clearTimeout(this.moveTimeout);
-    this.moveTimeout = null;
-  }
-
-  this.startMoveTimeout = function(isDown) {
-    if (!$.browser.mozilla && !$.browser.opera) return;
-    if (this.moveTimeout) this.clearMoveTimeout();
-    var _this = this;
-
-    var go = function() {
-      if (!_this.moveTimeout) return;
-      _this[isDown ? 'moveDown' : 'moveUp']();
-      _this.moveTimout = setTimeout(go, 100);
-    }
-    this.moveTimeout = setTimeout(go, 200);
+    if (e.ctrlKey && e.shiftKey) this.select(this.current);
   }
 
   this.moveRight = function() {
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/searcher.js b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/searcher.js
index b3b1c58a0f..e200a168b0 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/searcher.js
+++ b/lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/searcher.js
@@ -51,20 +51,20 @@ Searcher.prototype = new function() {
 
   /*  ----- Utilities ------  */
   function splitQuery(query) {
-    return jQuery.grep(query.split(/(\s+|::?|\(\)?)/), function(string) {
+    return query.split(/(\s+|::?|\(\)?)/).filter(function(string) {
       return string.match(/\S/);
     });
   }
 
   function buildRegexps(queries) {
-    return jQuery.map(queries, function(query) {
+    return queries.map(function(query) {
       return new RegExp(query.replace(/(.)/g, '([$1])([^$1]*?)'), 'i');
     });
   }
 
   function buildHilighters(queries) {
-    return jQuery.map(queries, function(query) {
-      return jQuery.map(query.split(''), function(l, i) {
+    return queries.map(function(query) {
+      return query.split('').map(function(l, i) {
         return '\u0001$' + (i*2+1) + '\u0002$' + (i*2+2);
       }).join('');
     });
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ Searcher.prototype = new function() {
   }
 
   function triggerResults(results, isLast) {
-    jQuery.each(this.handlers, function(i, fn) {
+    this.handlers.forEach(function(fn) {
       fn.call(this, results, isLast)
-    })
+    });
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ghost_method.rb b/lib/rdoc/ghost_method.rb
index a1f75bfe4b..2488feb9d7 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ghost_method.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ghost_method.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # GhostMethod represents a method referenced only by a comment
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/i18n.rb b/lib/rdoc/i18n.rb
index 20848aad75..a32fd848a0 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/i18n.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/i18n.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
-# This module provides i18n realated features.
+# This module provides i18n related features.
 
 module RDoc::I18n
 
   autoload :Locale, 'rdoc/i18n/locale'
-  autoload :Text,   'rdoc/i18n/text'
+  require_relative 'i18n/text'
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/i18n/locale.rb b/lib/rdoc/i18n/locale.rb
index 735a271bf3..6a70d6c986 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/i18n/locale.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/i18n/locale.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A message container for a locale.
 #
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class RDoc::I18n::Locale
   end
 
   ##
-  # Translates the +message+ into locale. If there is no tranlsation
+  # Translates the +message+ into locale. If there is no translation
   # messages for +message+ in locale, +message+ itself is returned.
 
   def translate(message)
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/i18n/text.rb b/lib/rdoc/i18n/text.rb
index fcfe7611bc..7ea6664442 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/i18n/text.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/i18n/text.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # An i18n supported text.
 #
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ class RDoc::I18n::Text
     parse do |part|
       case part[:type]
       when :paragraph
-        translated_text << locale.translate(part[:paragraph])
+        translated_text += locale.translate(part[:paragraph])
       when :empty_line
-        translated_text << part[:line]
+        translated_text += part[:line]
       else
         raise "should not reach here: unexpected type: #{type}"
       end
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ class RDoc::I18n::Text
         if paragraph.empty?
           emit_empty_line_event(line, line_no, &block)
         else
-          paragraph << line
+          paragraph += line
           emit_paragraph_event(paragraph, paragraph_start_line, line_no,
                                &block)
           paragraph = ''
         end
       else
         paragraph_start_line = line_no if paragraph.empty?
-        paragraph << line
+        paragraph += line
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/include.rb b/lib/rdoc/include.rb
index efce43bffb..b3ad610649 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/include.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/include.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A Module included in a class with \#include
 #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/known_classes.rb b/lib/rdoc/known_classes.rb
index 8d9421255b..4d7f4aa995 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/known_classes.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/known_classes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module RDoc
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markdown.rb b/lib/rdoc/markdown.rb
index b10f5193da..3442f76b1b 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markdown.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markdown.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # coding: UTF-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # :markup: markdown
 
 ##
@@ -81,6 +82,18 @@
 # :   A little insect that is known
 # to enjoy picnics
 #
+# ### Strike
+#
+# Example:
+#
+# ```
+# This is ~~striked~~.
+# ```
+#
+# Produces:
+#
+# This is ~~striked~~.
+#
 # ### Github
 #
 # The #github extension enables a partial set of [Github Flavored Markdown]
@@ -160,7 +173,7 @@
 # The port to kpeg was performed by Eric Hodel and Evan Phoenix
 #
 # [dingus]: http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/dingus
-# [GFM]: http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/
+# [GFM]: https://github.github.com/gfm/
 # [pegmarkdown]: https://github.com/jgm/peg-markdown
 # [PHPE]: http://michelf.com/projects/php-markdown/extra/#def-list
 # [syntax]: http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax
@@ -331,9 +344,8 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     end
 
     def scan(reg)
-      if m = reg.match(@string[@pos..-1])
-        width = m.end(0)
-        @pos += width
+      if m = reg.match(@string, @pos)
+        @pos = m.end(0)
         return true
       end
 
@@ -540,6 +552,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     :github,
     :html,
     :notes,
+    :strike,
   ]
 
   # :section: Extensions
@@ -590,6 +603,11 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
   extension :notes
 
+  ##
+  # Enables the strike extension
+
+  extension :strike
+
   # :section:
 
   ##
@@ -678,7 +696,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
   # with the linking `text` (usually whitespace).
 
   def link_to content, label = content, text = nil
-    raise 'enable notes extension' if
+    raise ParseError, 'enable notes extension' if
       content.start_with? '^' and label.equal? content
 
     if ref = @references[label] then
@@ -814,6 +832,17 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     end
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Wraps `text` in strike markup for rdoc inline formatting
+
+  def strike text
+    if text =~ /\A[a-z\d.\/-]+\z/i then
+      "~#{text}~"
+    else
+      "<s>#{text}</s>"
+    end
+  end
+
 
   # :stopdoc:
   def setup_foreign_grammar
@@ -867,7 +896,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # Block = @BlankLine* (BlockQuote | Verbatim | CodeFence | Note | Reference | HorizontalRule | Heading | OrderedList | BulletList | DefinitionList | HtmlBlock | StyleBlock | Para | Plain)
+  # Block = @BlankLine* (BlockQuote | Verbatim | CodeFence | Table | Note | Reference | HorizontalRule | Heading | OrderedList | BulletList | DefinitionList | HtmlBlock | StyleBlock | Para | Plain)
   def _Block
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -893,6 +922,9 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         _tmp = apply(:_CodeFence)
         break if _tmp
         self.pos = _save2
+        _tmp = apply(:_Table)
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save2
         _tmp = apply(:_Note)
         break if _tmp
         self.pos = _save2
@@ -1005,7 +1037,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # AtxInline = !@Newline !(@Sp? /#*/ @Sp @Newline) Inline
+  # AtxInline = !@Newline !(@Sp /#*/ @Sp @Newline) Inline
   def _AtxInline
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -1022,17 +1054,12 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
       _save3 = self.pos
       while true # sequence
-        _save4 = self.pos
         _tmp = _Sp()
         unless _tmp
-          _tmp = true
-          self.pos = _save4
-        end
-        unless _tmp
           self.pos = _save3
           break
         end
-        _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:#*)/)
+        _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:#*)/)
         unless _tmp
           self.pos = _save3
           break
@@ -1072,7 +1099,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
       _text_start = self.pos
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\#{1,6})/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\#{1,6})/)
       if _tmp
         text = get_text(_text_start)
       end
@@ -1092,7 +1119,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # AtxHeading = AtxStart:s @Sp? AtxInline+:a (@Sp? /#*/ @Sp)? @Newline { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(s, a.join) }
+  # AtxHeading = AtxStart:s @Sp AtxInline+:a (@Sp /#*/ @Sp)? @Newline { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(s, a.join) }
   def _AtxHeading
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -1103,17 +1130,12 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save1 = self.pos
       _tmp = _Sp()
       unless _tmp
-        _tmp = true
-        self.pos = _save1
-      end
-      unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save2 = self.pos
+      _save1 = self.pos
       _ary = []
       _tmp = apply(:_AtxInline)
       if _tmp
@@ -1126,42 +1148,37 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         _tmp = true
         @result = _ary
       else
-        self.pos = _save2
+        self.pos = _save1
       end
       a = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save3 = self.pos
+      _save2 = self.pos
 
-      _save4 = self.pos
+      _save3 = self.pos
       while true # sequence
-        _save5 = self.pos
         _tmp = _Sp()
         unless _tmp
-          _tmp = true
-          self.pos = _save5
-        end
-        unless _tmp
-          self.pos = _save4
+          self.pos = _save3
           break
         end
-        _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:#*)/)
+        _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:#*)/)
         unless _tmp
-          self.pos = _save4
+          self.pos = _save3
           break
         end
         _tmp = _Sp()
         unless _tmp
-          self.pos = _save4
+          self.pos = _save3
         end
         break
       end # end sequence
 
       unless _tmp
         _tmp = true
-        self.pos = _save3
+        self.pos = _save2
       end
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
@@ -1202,12 +1219,12 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # SetextBottom1 = /={3,}/ @Newline
+  # SetextBottom1 = /={1,}/ @Newline
   def _SetextBottom1
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:={3,})/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:={1,})/)
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -1223,12 +1240,12 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # SetextBottom2 = /-{3,}/ @Newline
+  # SetextBottom2 = /-{1,}/ @Newline
   def _SetextBottom2
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:-{3,})/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:-{1,})/)
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -1244,7 +1261,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # SetextHeading1 = &(@RawLine SetextBottom1) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp? @Newline SetextBottom1 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(1, a.join) }
+  # SetextHeading1 = &(@RawLine SetextBottom1) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp @Newline SetextBottom1 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(1, a.join) }
   def _SetextHeading1
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -1339,13 +1356,8 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save8 = self.pos
       _tmp = _Sp()
       unless _tmp
-        _tmp = true
-        self.pos = _save8
-      end
-      unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
@@ -1371,7 +1383,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # SetextHeading2 = &(@RawLine SetextBottom2) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp? @Newline SetextBottom2 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(2, a.join) }
+  # SetextHeading2 = &(@RawLine SetextBottom2) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp @Newline SetextBottom2 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(2, a.join) }
   def _SetextHeading2
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -1466,13 +1478,8 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save8 = self.pos
       _tmp = _Sp()
       unless _tmp
-        _tmp = true
-        self.pos = _save8
-      end
-      unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
@@ -2122,7 +2129,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[+*-])/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[+*-])/)
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -8446,7 +8453,162 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # HtmlBlockInTags = (HtmlAnchor | HtmlBlockAddress | HtmlBlockBlockquote | HtmlBlockCenter | HtmlBlockDir | HtmlBlockDiv | HtmlBlockDl | HtmlBlockFieldset | HtmlBlockForm | HtmlBlockH1 | HtmlBlockH2 | HtmlBlockH3 | HtmlBlockH4 | HtmlBlockH5 | HtmlBlockH6 | HtmlBlockMenu | HtmlBlockNoframes | HtmlBlockNoscript | HtmlBlockOl | HtmlBlockP | HtmlBlockPre | HtmlBlockTable | HtmlBlockUl | HtmlBlockDd | HtmlBlockDt | HtmlBlockFrameset | HtmlBlockLi | HtmlBlockTbody | HtmlBlockTd | HtmlBlockTfoot | HtmlBlockTh | HtmlBlockThead | HtmlBlockTr | HtmlBlockScript)
+  # HtmlBlockOpenHead = "<" Spnl ("head" | "HEAD") Spnl HtmlAttribute* ">"
+  def _HtmlBlockOpenHead
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _tmp = match_string("<")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = apply(:_Spnl)
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      while true # choice
+        _tmp = match_string("head")
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
+        _tmp = match_string("HEAD")
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
+        break
+      end # end choice
+
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = apply(:_Spnl)
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      while true
+        _tmp = apply(:_HtmlAttribute)
+        break unless _tmp
+      end
+      _tmp = true
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = match_string(">")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_HtmlBlockOpenHead unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
+  # HtmlBlockCloseHead = "<" Spnl "/" ("head" | "HEAD") Spnl ">"
+  def _HtmlBlockCloseHead
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _tmp = match_string("<")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = apply(:_Spnl)
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = match_string("/")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      while true # choice
+        _tmp = match_string("head")
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
+        _tmp = match_string("HEAD")
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
+        break
+      end # end choice
+
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = apply(:_Spnl)
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = match_string(">")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_HtmlBlockCloseHead unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
+  # HtmlBlockHead = HtmlBlockOpenHead (!HtmlBlockCloseHead .)* HtmlBlockCloseHead
+  def _HtmlBlockHead
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _tmp = apply(:_HtmlBlockOpenHead)
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      while true
+
+        _save2 = self.pos
+        while true # sequence
+          _save3 = self.pos
+          _tmp = apply(:_HtmlBlockCloseHead)
+          _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+          self.pos = _save3
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save2
+            break
+          end
+          _tmp = get_byte
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save2
+          end
+          break
+        end # end sequence
+
+        break unless _tmp
+      end
+      _tmp = true
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = apply(:_HtmlBlockCloseHead)
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_HtmlBlockHead unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
+  # HtmlBlockInTags = (HtmlAnchor | HtmlBlockAddress | HtmlBlockBlockquote | HtmlBlockCenter | HtmlBlockDir | HtmlBlockDiv | HtmlBlockDl | HtmlBlockFieldset | HtmlBlockForm | HtmlBlockH1 | HtmlBlockH2 | HtmlBlockH3 | HtmlBlockH4 | HtmlBlockH5 | HtmlBlockH6 | HtmlBlockMenu | HtmlBlockNoframes | HtmlBlockNoscript | HtmlBlockOl | HtmlBlockP | HtmlBlockPre | HtmlBlockTable | HtmlBlockUl | HtmlBlockDd | HtmlBlockDt | HtmlBlockFrameset | HtmlBlockLi | HtmlBlockTbody | HtmlBlockTd | HtmlBlockTfoot | HtmlBlockTh | HtmlBlockThead | HtmlBlockTr | HtmlBlockScript | HtmlBlockHead)
   def _HtmlBlockInTags
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -8553,6 +8715,9 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
       _tmp = apply(:_HtmlBlockScript)
       break if _tmp
       self.pos = _save
+      _tmp = apply(:_HtmlBlockHead)
+      break if _tmp
+      self.pos = _save
       break
     end # end choice
 
@@ -9157,7 +9322,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # Inlines = (!@Endline Inline:i { i } | @Endline:c &Inline { c })+:chunks @Endline? { chunks }
+  # Inlines = (!@Endline Inline:i { i } | @Endline:c !(&{ github? } Ticks3 /[^`\n]*$/) &Inline { c })+:chunks @Endline? { chunks }
   def _Inlines
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -9204,12 +9369,41 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
             break
           end
           _save6 = self.pos
-          _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+
+          _save7 = self.pos
+          while true # sequence
+            _save8 = self.pos
+            _tmp = begin;  github? ; end
+            self.pos = _save8
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save7
+              break
+            end
+            _tmp = apply(:_Ticks3)
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save7
+              break
+            end
+            _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[^`\n]*$)/)
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save7
+            end
+            break
+          end # end sequence
+
+          _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
           self.pos = _save6
           unless _tmp
             self.pos = _save5
             break
           end
+          _save9 = self.pos
+          _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+          self.pos = _save9
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save5
+            break
+          end
           @result = begin;  c ; end
           _tmp = true
           unless _tmp
@@ -9227,61 +9421,90 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         _ary << @result
         while true
 
-          _save7 = self.pos
+          _save10 = self.pos
           while true # choice
 
-            _save8 = self.pos
+            _save11 = self.pos
             while true # sequence
-              _save9 = self.pos
+              _save12 = self.pos
               _tmp = _Endline()
               _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-              self.pos = _save9
+              self.pos = _save12
               unless _tmp
-                self.pos = _save8
+                self.pos = _save11
                 break
               end
               _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
               i = @result
               unless _tmp
-                self.pos = _save8
+                self.pos = _save11
                 break
               end
               @result = begin;  i ; end
               _tmp = true
               unless _tmp
-                self.pos = _save8
+                self.pos = _save11
               end
               break
             end # end sequence
 
             break if _tmp
-            self.pos = _save7
+            self.pos = _save10
 
-            _save10 = self.pos
+            _save13 = self.pos
             while true # sequence
               _tmp = _Endline()
               c = @result
               unless _tmp
-                self.pos = _save10
+                self.pos = _save13
                 break
               end
-              _save11 = self.pos
+              _save14 = self.pos
+
+              _save15 = self.pos
+              while true # sequence
+                _save16 = self.pos
+                _tmp = begin;  github? ; end
+                self.pos = _save16
+                unless _tmp
+                  self.pos = _save15
+                  break
+                end
+                _tmp = apply(:_Ticks3)
+                unless _tmp
+                  self.pos = _save15
+                  break
+                end
+                _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[^`\n]*$)/)
+                unless _tmp
+                  self.pos = _save15
+                end
+                break
+              end # end sequence
+
+              _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+              self.pos = _save14
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save13
+                break
+              end
+              _save17 = self.pos
               _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-              self.pos = _save11
+              self.pos = _save17
               unless _tmp
-                self.pos = _save10
+                self.pos = _save13
                 break
               end
               @result = begin;  c ; end
               _tmp = true
               unless _tmp
-                self.pos = _save10
+                self.pos = _save13
               end
               break
             end # end sequence
 
             break if _tmp
-            self.pos = _save7
+            self.pos = _save10
             break
           end # end choice
 
@@ -9298,11 +9521,11 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save12 = self.pos
+      _save18 = self.pos
       _tmp = _Endline()
       unless _tmp
         _tmp = true
-        self.pos = _save12
+        self.pos = _save18
       end
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
@@ -9320,7 +9543,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # Inline = (Str | @Endline | UlOrStarLine | @Space | Strong | Emph | Image | Link | NoteReference | InlineNote | Code | RawHtml | Entity | EscapedChar | Symbol)
+  # Inline = (Str | @Endline | UlOrStarLine | @Space | Strong | Emph | Strike | Image | Link | NoteReference | InlineNote | Code | RawHtml | Entity | EscapedChar | Symbol)
   def _Inline
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -9343,6 +9566,9 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
       _tmp = apply(:_Emph)
       break if _tmp
       self.pos = _save
+      _tmp = apply(:_Strike)
+      break if _tmp
+      self.pos = _save
       _tmp = apply(:_Image)
       break if _tmp
       self.pos = _save
@@ -9498,7 +9724,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
         _save3 = self.pos
         while true # sequence
-          _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:_+)/)
+          _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:_+)/)
           unless _tmp
             self.pos = _save3
             break
@@ -9528,7 +9754,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
             _save6 = self.pos
             while true # sequence
-              _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:_+)/)
+              _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:_+)/)
               unless _tmp
                 self.pos = _save6
                 break
@@ -9591,7 +9817,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         break
       end
       _text_start = self.pos
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[:\\`|*_{}\[\]()#+.!><-])/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[:\\`|*_{}\[\]()#+.!><-])/)
       if _tmp
         text = get_text(_text_start)
       end
@@ -9669,7 +9895,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # NormalEndline = @Sp @Newline !@BlankLine !">" !AtxStart !(Line /={3,}|-{3,}=/ @Newline) { "\n" }
+  # NormalEndline = @Sp @Newline !@BlankLine !">" !AtxStart !(Line /={1,}|-{1,}/ @Newline) { "\n" }
   def _NormalEndline
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -9717,7 +9943,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
           self.pos = _save5
           break
         end
-        _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:={3,}|-{3,}=)/)
+        _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:={1,}|-{1,})/)
         unless _tmp
           self.pos = _save5
           break
@@ -9869,7 +10095,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
       _save1 = self.pos
       while true # sequence
         _text_start = self.pos
-        _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\*{4,})/)
+        _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\*{4,})/)
         if _tmp
           text = get_text(_text_start)
         end
@@ -9899,7 +10125,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
             self.pos = _save3
             break
           end
-          _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\*+)/)
+          _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\*+)/)
           unless _tmp
             self.pos = _save3
             break
@@ -9946,7 +10172,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
       _save1 = self.pos
       while true # sequence
         _text_start = self.pos
-        _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:_{4,})/)
+        _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:_{4,})/)
         if _tmp
           text = get_text(_text_start)
         end
@@ -9976,7 +10202,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
             self.pos = _save3
             break
           end
-          _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:_+)/)
+          _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:_+)/)
           unless _tmp
             self.pos = _save3
             break
@@ -10032,96 +10258,38 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # OneStarOpen = !StarLine "*" !@Spacechar !@Newline
-  def _OneStarOpen
+  # Whitespace = (@Spacechar | @Newline)
+  def _Whitespace
 
     _save = self.pos
-    while true # sequence
-      _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = apply(:_StarLine)
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save1
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _tmp = match_string("*")
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _save2 = self.pos
+    while true # choice
       _tmp = _Spacechar()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save2
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _save3 = self.pos
+      break if _tmp
+      self.pos = _save
       _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save3
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-      end
+      break if _tmp
+      self.pos = _save
       break
-    end # end sequence
+    end # end choice
 
-    set_failed_rule :_OneStarOpen unless _tmp
+    set_failed_rule :_Whitespace unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # OneStarClose = !@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a "*" { a }
-  def _OneStarClose
+  # EmphStar = "*" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!"*" Inline:b { a << b } | StrongStar:b { a << b })+ "*" { emphasis a.join }
+  def _EmphStar
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
-      _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Spacechar()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save1
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _save2 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save2
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-      a = @result
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
       _tmp = match_string("*")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;  a ; end
-      _tmp = true
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-      end
-      break
-    end # end sequence
-
-    set_failed_rule :_OneStarClose unless _tmp
-    return _tmp
-  end
-
-  # EmphStar = OneStarOpen @StartList:a (!OneStarClose Inline:l { a << l })* OneStarClose:l { a << l } { emphasis a.join }
-  def _EmphStar
-
-    _save = self.pos
-    while true # sequence
-      _tmp = apply(:_OneStarOpen)
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      _tmp = _Whitespace()
+      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+      self.pos = _save1
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -10132,47 +10300,124 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      while true
+      _save2 = self.pos
 
-        _save2 = self.pos
+      _save3 = self.pos
+      while true # choice
+
+        _save4 = self.pos
         while true # sequence
-          _save3 = self.pos
-          _tmp = apply(:_OneStarClose)
+          _save5 = self.pos
+          _tmp = match_string("*")
           _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-          self.pos = _save3
+          self.pos = _save5
           unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
+            self.pos = _save4
             break
           end
           _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-          l = @result
+          b = @result
           unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
+            self.pos = _save4
             break
           end
-          @result = begin;  a << l ; end
+          @result = begin;  a << b ; end
           _tmp = true
           unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
+            self.pos = _save4
           end
           break
         end # end sequence
 
-        break unless _tmp
-      end
-      _tmp = true
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save3
+
+        _save6 = self.pos
+        while true # sequence
+          _tmp = apply(:_StrongStar)
+          b = @result
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save6
+            break
+          end
+          @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+          _tmp = true
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save6
+          end
+          break
+        end # end sequence
+
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save3
         break
+      end # end choice
+
+      if _tmp
+        while true
+
+          _save7 = self.pos
+          while true # choice
+
+            _save8 = self.pos
+            while true # sequence
+              _save9 = self.pos
+              _tmp = match_string("*")
+              _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+              self.pos = _save9
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save8
+                break
+              end
+              _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+              b = @result
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save8
+                break
+              end
+              @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+              _tmp = true
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save8
+              end
+              break
+            end # end sequence
+
+            break if _tmp
+            self.pos = _save7
+
+            _save10 = self.pos
+            while true # sequence
+              _tmp = apply(:_StrongStar)
+              b = @result
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save10
+                break
+              end
+              @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+              _tmp = true
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save10
+              end
+              break
+            end # end sequence
+
+            break if _tmp
+            self.pos = _save7
+            break
+          end # end choice
+
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+      else
+        self.pos = _save2
       end
-      _tmp = apply(:_OneStarClose)
-      l = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;  a << l ; end
-      _tmp = true
+      _tmp = match_string("*")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -10189,147 +10434,148 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # OneUlOpen = !UlLine "_" !@Spacechar !@Newline
-  def _OneUlOpen
+  # EmphUl = "_" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!"_" Inline:b { a << b } | StrongUl:b { a << b })+ "_" { emphasis a.join }
+  def _EmphUl
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
-      _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = apply(:_UlLine)
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save1
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
       _tmp = match_string("_")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save2 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Spacechar()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save2
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _save3 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save3
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-      end
-      break
-    end # end sequence
-
-    set_failed_rule :_OneUlOpen unless _tmp
-    return _tmp
-  end
-
-  # OneUlClose = !@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a "_" { a }
-  def _OneUlClose
-
-    _save = self.pos
-    while true # sequence
       _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Spacechar()
+      _tmp = _Whitespace()
       _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
       self.pos = _save1
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save2 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save2
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-      a = @result
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _tmp = match_string("_")
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      @result = begin;  a ; end
-      _tmp = true
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-      end
-      break
-    end # end sequence
-
-    set_failed_rule :_OneUlClose unless _tmp
-    return _tmp
-  end
-
-  # EmphUl = OneUlOpen @StartList:a (!OneUlClose Inline:l { a << l })* OneUlClose:l { a << l } { emphasis a.join }
-  def _EmphUl
-
-    _save = self.pos
-    while true # sequence
-      _tmp = apply(:_OneUlOpen)
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
       _tmp = _StartList()
       a = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      while true
+      _save2 = self.pos
 
-        _save2 = self.pos
+      _save3 = self.pos
+      while true # choice
+
+        _save4 = self.pos
         while true # sequence
-          _save3 = self.pos
-          _tmp = apply(:_OneUlClose)
+          _save5 = self.pos
+          _tmp = match_string("_")
           _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-          self.pos = _save3
+          self.pos = _save5
           unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
+            self.pos = _save4
             break
           end
           _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-          l = @result
+          b = @result
           unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
+            self.pos = _save4
             break
           end
-          @result = begin;  a << l ; end
+          @result = begin;  a << b ; end
           _tmp = true
           unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
+            self.pos = _save4
           end
           break
         end # end sequence
 
-        break unless _tmp
-      end
-      _tmp = true
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save3
+
+        _save6 = self.pos
+        while true # sequence
+          _tmp = apply(:_StrongUl)
+          b = @result
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save6
+            break
+          end
+          @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+          _tmp = true
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save6
+          end
+          break
+        end # end sequence
+
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save3
         break
+      end # end choice
+
+      if _tmp
+        while true
+
+          _save7 = self.pos
+          while true # choice
+
+            _save8 = self.pos
+            while true # sequence
+              _save9 = self.pos
+              _tmp = match_string("_")
+              _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+              self.pos = _save9
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save8
+                break
+              end
+              _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+              b = @result
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save8
+                break
+              end
+              @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+              _tmp = true
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save8
+              end
+              break
+            end # end sequence
+
+            break if _tmp
+            self.pos = _save7
+
+            _save10 = self.pos
+            while true # sequence
+              _tmp = apply(:_StrongUl)
+              b = @result
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save10
+                break
+              end
+              @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+              _tmp = true
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save10
+              end
+              break
+            end # end sequence
+
+            break if _tmp
+            self.pos = _save7
+            break
+          end # end choice
+
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+      else
+        self.pos = _save2
       end
-      _tmp = apply(:_OneUlClose)
-      l = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;  a << l ; end
-      _tmp = true
+      _tmp = match_string("_")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -10364,69 +10610,89 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # TwoStarOpen = !StarLine "**" !@Spacechar !@Newline
-  def _TwoStarOpen
+  # StrongStar = "**" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!"**" Inline:b { a << b })+ "**" { strong a.join }
+  def _StrongStar
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
-      _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = apply(:_StarLine)
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save1
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
       _tmp = match_string("**")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save2 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Spacechar()
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      _tmp = _Whitespace()
       _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save2
+      self.pos = _save1
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save3 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save3
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-      end
-      break
-    end # end sequence
-
-    set_failed_rule :_TwoStarOpen unless _tmp
-    return _tmp
-  end
-
-  # TwoStarClose = !@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a "**" { a }
-  def _TwoStarClose
-
-    _save = self.pos
-    while true # sequence
-      _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Spacechar()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save1
+      _tmp = _StartList()
+      a = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
       _save2 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save2
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
+
+      _save3 = self.pos
+      while true # sequence
+        _save4 = self.pos
+        _tmp = match_string("**")
+        _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+        self.pos = _save4
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save3
+          break
+        end
+        _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+        b = @result
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save3
+          break
+        end
+        @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+        _tmp = true
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save3
+        end
         break
+      end # end sequence
+
+      if _tmp
+        while true
+
+          _save5 = self.pos
+          while true # sequence
+            _save6 = self.pos
+            _tmp = match_string("**")
+            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+            self.pos = _save6
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+              break
+            end
+            _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+            b = @result
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+              break
+            end
+            @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+            _tmp = true
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+            end
+            break
+          end # end sequence
+
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+      else
+        self.pos = _save2
       end
-      _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-      a = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -10436,7 +10702,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;  a ; end
+      @result = begin;  strong a.join ; end
       _tmp = true
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
@@ -10444,16 +10710,24 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
       break
     end # end sequence
 
-    set_failed_rule :_TwoStarClose unless _tmp
+    set_failed_rule :_StrongStar unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # StrongStar = TwoStarOpen @StartList:a (!TwoStarClose Inline:l { a << l })* TwoStarClose:l { a << l } { strong a.join }
-  def _StrongStar
+  # StrongUl = "__" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!"__" Inline:b { a << b })+ "__" { strong a.join }
+  def _StrongUl
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
-      _tmp = apply(:_TwoStarOpen)
+      _tmp = match_string("__")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      _tmp = _Whitespace()
+      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+      self.pos = _save1
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -10464,47 +10738,70 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      while true
+      _save2 = self.pos
 
-        _save2 = self.pos
-        while true # sequence
-          _save3 = self.pos
-          _tmp = apply(:_TwoStarClose)
-          _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+      _save3 = self.pos
+      while true # sequence
+        _save4 = self.pos
+        _tmp = match_string("__")
+        _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+        self.pos = _save4
+        unless _tmp
           self.pos = _save3
-          unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
-            break
-          end
-          _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-          l = @result
-          unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
-            break
-          end
-          @result = begin;  a << l ; end
-          _tmp = true
-          unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
-          end
           break
-        end # end sequence
-
-        break unless _tmp
-      end
-      _tmp = true
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
+        end
+        _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+        b = @result
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save3
+          break
+        end
+        @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+        _tmp = true
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save3
+        end
         break
+      end # end sequence
+
+      if _tmp
+        while true
+
+          _save5 = self.pos
+          while true # sequence
+            _save6 = self.pos
+            _tmp = match_string("__")
+            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+            self.pos = _save6
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+              break
+            end
+            _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+            b = @result
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+              break
+            end
+            @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+            _tmp = true
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+            end
+            break
+          end # end sequence
+
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+      else
+        self.pos = _save2
       end
-      _tmp = apply(:_TwoStarClose)
-      l = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;  a << l ; end
-      _tmp = true
+      _tmp = match_string("__")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
@@ -10517,156 +10814,110 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
       break
     end # end sequence
 
-    set_failed_rule :_StrongStar unless _tmp
+    set_failed_rule :_StrongUl unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # TwoUlOpen = !UlLine "__" !@Spacechar !@Newline
-  def _TwoUlOpen
+  # Strike = &{ strike? } "~~" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!"~~" Inline:b { a << b })+ "~~" { strike a.join }
+  def _Strike
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
       _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = apply(:_UlLine)
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+      _tmp = begin;  strike? ; end
       self.pos = _save1
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _tmp = match_string("__")
+      _tmp = match_string("~~")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
       _save2 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Spacechar()
+      _tmp = _Whitespace()
       _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
       self.pos = _save2
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _save3 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save3
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-      end
-      break
-    end # end sequence
-
-    set_failed_rule :_TwoUlOpen unless _tmp
-    return _tmp
-  end
-
-  # TwoUlClose = !@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a "__" { a }
-  def _TwoUlClose
-
-    _save = self.pos
-    while true # sequence
-      _save1 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Spacechar()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save1
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _save2 = self.pos
-      _tmp = _Newline()
-      _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-      self.pos = _save2
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+      _tmp = _StartList()
       a = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _tmp = match_string("__")
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      @result = begin;  a ; end
-      _tmp = true
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-      end
-      break
-    end # end sequence
-
-    set_failed_rule :_TwoUlClose unless _tmp
-    return _tmp
-  end
-
-  # StrongUl = TwoUlOpen @StartList:a (!TwoUlClose Inline:i { a << i })* TwoUlClose:l { a << l } { strong a.join }
-  def _StrongUl
+      _save3 = self.pos
 
-    _save = self.pos
-    while true # sequence
-      _tmp = apply(:_TwoUlOpen)
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
-      _tmp = _StartList()
-      a = @result
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
+      _save4 = self.pos
+      while true # sequence
+        _save5 = self.pos
+        _tmp = match_string("~~")
+        _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+        self.pos = _save5
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save4
+          break
+        end
+        _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+        b = @result
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save4
+          break
+        end
+        @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+        _tmp = true
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save4
+        end
         break
-      end
-      while true
+      end # end sequence
 
-        _save2 = self.pos
-        while true # sequence
-          _save3 = self.pos
-          _tmp = apply(:_TwoUlClose)
-          _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-          self.pos = _save3
-          unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
-            break
-          end
-          _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
-          i = @result
-          unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
+      if _tmp
+        while true
+
+          _save6 = self.pos
+          while true # sequence
+            _save7 = self.pos
+            _tmp = match_string("~~")
+            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+            self.pos = _save7
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save6
+              break
+            end
+            _tmp = apply(:_Inline)
+            b = @result
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save6
+              break
+            end
+            @result = begin;  a << b ; end
+            _tmp = true
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save6
+            end
             break
-          end
-          @result = begin;  a << i ; end
-          _tmp = true
-          unless _tmp
-            self.pos = _save2
-          end
-          break
-        end # end sequence
+          end # end sequence
 
-        break unless _tmp
-      end
-      _tmp = true
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+      else
+        self.pos = _save3
       end
-      _tmp = apply(:_TwoUlClose)
-      l = @result
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;  a << l ; end
-      _tmp = true
+      _tmp = match_string("~~")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;  strong a.join ; end
+      @result = begin;  strike a.join ; end
       _tmp = true
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
@@ -10674,7 +10925,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
       break
     end # end sequence
 
-    set_failed_rule :_StrongUl unless _tmp
+    set_failed_rule :_Strike unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
@@ -10853,7 +11104,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # ExplicitLink = Label:l Spnl "(" @Sp Source:s Spnl Title @Sp ")" { "{#{l}}[#{s}]" }
+  # ExplicitLink = Label:l "(" @Sp Source:s Spnl Title @Sp ")" { "{#{l}}[#{s}]" }
   def _ExplicitLink
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -10864,11 +11115,6 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      _tmp = apply(:_Spnl)
-      unless _tmp
-        self.pos = _save
-        break
-      end
       _tmp = match_string("(")
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
@@ -10977,130 +11223,119 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # SourceContents = (((!"(" !")" !">" Nonspacechar)+ | "(" SourceContents ")")* | "")
+  # SourceContents = ((!"(" !")" !">" Nonspacechar)+ | "(" SourceContents ")")*
   def _SourceContents
+    while true
 
-    _save = self.pos
-    while true # choice
-      while true
-
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      while true # choice
         _save2 = self.pos
-        while true # choice
-          _save3 = self.pos
 
+        _save3 = self.pos
+        while true # sequence
           _save4 = self.pos
-          while true # sequence
-            _save5 = self.pos
-            _tmp = match_string("(")
-            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-            self.pos = _save5
-            unless _tmp
-              self.pos = _save4
-              break
-            end
-            _save6 = self.pos
-            _tmp = match_string(")")
-            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-            self.pos = _save6
-            unless _tmp
-              self.pos = _save4
-              break
-            end
-            _save7 = self.pos
-            _tmp = match_string(">")
-            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-            self.pos = _save7
-            unless _tmp
-              self.pos = _save4
-              break
-            end
-            _tmp = apply(:_Nonspacechar)
-            unless _tmp
-              self.pos = _save4
-            end
+          _tmp = match_string("(")
+          _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+          self.pos = _save4
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save3
             break
-          end # end sequence
+          end
+          _save5 = self.pos
+          _tmp = match_string(")")
+          _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+          self.pos = _save5
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save3
+            break
+          end
+          _save6 = self.pos
+          _tmp = match_string(">")
+          _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+          self.pos = _save6
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save3
+            break
+          end
+          _tmp = apply(:_Nonspacechar)
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save3
+          end
+          break
+        end # end sequence
 
-          if _tmp
-            while true
+        if _tmp
+          while true
 
+            _save7 = self.pos
+            while true # sequence
               _save8 = self.pos
-              while true # sequence
-                _save9 = self.pos
-                _tmp = match_string("(")
-                _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-                self.pos = _save9
-                unless _tmp
-                  self.pos = _save8
-                  break
-                end
-                _save10 = self.pos
-                _tmp = match_string(")")
-                _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-                self.pos = _save10
-                unless _tmp
-                  self.pos = _save8
-                  break
-                end
-                _save11 = self.pos
-                _tmp = match_string(">")
-                _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
-                self.pos = _save11
-                unless _tmp
-                  self.pos = _save8
-                  break
-                end
-                _tmp = apply(:_Nonspacechar)
-                unless _tmp
-                  self.pos = _save8
-                end
+              _tmp = match_string("(")
+              _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+              self.pos = _save8
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save7
                 break
-              end # end sequence
+              end
+              _save9 = self.pos
+              _tmp = match_string(")")
+              _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+              self.pos = _save9
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save7
+                break
+              end
+              _save10 = self.pos
+              _tmp = match_string(">")
+              _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+              self.pos = _save10
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save7
+                break
+              end
+              _tmp = apply(:_Nonspacechar)
+              unless _tmp
+                self.pos = _save7
+              end
+              break
+            end # end sequence
 
-              break unless _tmp
-            end
-            _tmp = true
-          else
-            self.pos = _save3
+            break unless _tmp
           end
-          break if _tmp
+          _tmp = true
+        else
           self.pos = _save2
+        end
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
 
-          _save12 = self.pos
-          while true # sequence
-            _tmp = match_string("(")
-            unless _tmp
-              self.pos = _save12
-              break
-            end
-            _tmp = apply(:_SourceContents)
-            unless _tmp
-              self.pos = _save12
-              break
-            end
-            _tmp = match_string(")")
-            unless _tmp
-              self.pos = _save12
-            end
+        _save11 = self.pos
+        while true # sequence
+          _tmp = match_string("(")
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save11
             break
-          end # end sequence
-
-          break if _tmp
-          self.pos = _save2
+          end
+          _tmp = apply(:_SourceContents)
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save11
+            break
+          end
+          _tmp = match_string(")")
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save11
+          end
           break
-        end # end choice
+        end # end sequence
 
-        break unless _tmp
-      end
-      _tmp = true
-      break if _tmp
-      self.pos = _save
-      _tmp = match_string("")
-      break if _tmp
-      self.pos = _save
-      break
-    end # end choice
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
+        break
+      end # end choice
 
+      break unless _tmp
+    end
+    _tmp = true
     set_failed_rule :_SourceContents unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
@@ -11328,7 +11563,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
       _save1 = self.pos
       while true # sequence
-        _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[A-Za-z]+)/)
+        _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[A-Za-z]+)/)
         unless _tmp
           self.pos = _save1
           break
@@ -11453,7 +11688,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
       _save2 = self.pos
       while true # sequence
-        _tmp = scan(/\A(?i-mx:[\w+.\/!%~$-]+)/)
+        _tmp = scan(/\G(?i-mx:[\w+.\/!%~$-]+)/)
         unless _tmp
           self.pos = _save2
           break
@@ -12317,7 +12552,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                 self.pos = _save10
                 break
               end
-              _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+              _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
               unless _tmp
                 self.pos = _save10
               end
@@ -12454,7 +12689,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                     self.pos = _save24
                     break
                   end
-                  _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+                  _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
                   unless _tmp
                     self.pos = _save24
                   end
@@ -12631,7 +12866,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                 self.pos = _save40
                 break
               end
-              _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+              _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
               unless _tmp
                 self.pos = _save40
               end
@@ -12768,7 +13003,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                     self.pos = _save54
                     break
                   end
-                  _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+                  _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
                   unless _tmp
                     self.pos = _save54
                   end
@@ -12945,7 +13180,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                 self.pos = _save70
                 break
               end
-              _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+              _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
               unless _tmp
                 self.pos = _save70
               end
@@ -13082,7 +13317,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                     self.pos = _save84
                     break
                   end
-                  _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+                  _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
                   unless _tmp
                     self.pos = _save84
                   end
@@ -13259,7 +13494,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                 self.pos = _save100
                 break
               end
-              _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+              _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
               unless _tmp
                 self.pos = _save100
               end
@@ -13396,7 +13631,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                     self.pos = _save114
                     break
                   end
-                  _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+                  _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
                   unless _tmp
                     self.pos = _save114
                   end
@@ -13573,7 +13808,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                 self.pos = _save130
                 break
               end
-              _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+              _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
               unless _tmp
                 self.pos = _save130
               end
@@ -13710,7 +13945,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                     self.pos = _save144
                     break
                   end
-                  _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+                  _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
                   unless _tmp
                     self.pos = _save144
                   end
@@ -14357,12 +14592,12 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # SpecialChar = (/[*_`&\[\]()<!#\\'"]/ | @ExtendedSpecialChar)
+  # SpecialChar = (/[~*_`&\[\]()<!#\\'"]/ | @ExtendedSpecialChar)
   def _SpecialChar
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # choice
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[*_`&\[\]()<!#\\'"])/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[~*_`&\[\]()<!#\\'"])/)
       break if _tmp
       self.pos = _save
       _tmp = _ExtendedSpecialChar()
@@ -14455,13 +14690,6 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # NonAlphanumeric = %literals.NonAlphanumeric
-  def _NonAlphanumeric
-    _tmp = @_grammar_literals.external_invoke(self, :_NonAlphanumeric)
-    set_failed_rule :_NonAlphanumeric unless _tmp
-    return _tmp
-  end
-
   # Spacechar = %literals.Spacechar
   def _Spacechar
     _tmp = @_grammar_literals.external_invoke(self, :_Spacechar)
@@ -14474,13 +14702,13 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
     _save = self.pos
     while true # sequence
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?i-mx:&#x)/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?i-mx:&#x)/)
       unless _tmp
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
       _text_start = self.pos
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[0-9a-fA-F]+)/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[0-9a-fA-F]+)/)
       if _tmp
         text = get_text(_text_start)
       end
@@ -14516,7 +14744,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         break
       end
       _text_start = self.pos
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[0-9]+)/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[0-9]+)/)
       if _tmp
         text = get_text(_text_start)
       end
@@ -14552,7 +14780,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         break
       end
       _text_start = self.pos
-      _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[A-Za-z0-9]+)/)
+      _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[A-Za-z0-9]+)/)
       if _tmp
         text = get_text(_text_start)
       end
@@ -14584,14 +14812,14 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
 
   # NonindentSpace = / {0,3}/
   def _NonindentSpace
-    _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix: {0,3})/)
+    _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix: {0,3})/)
     set_failed_rule :_NonindentSpace unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
   # Indent = /\t|    /
   def _Indent
-    _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\t|    )/)
+    _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\t|    )/)
     set_failed_rule :_Indent unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
@@ -15189,7 +15417,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # InlineNote = &{ notes? } "^[" @StartList:a (!"]" Inline:l { a << l })+ "]" {                ref = [:inline, @note_order.length]                @footnotes[ref] = paragraph a                 note_for ref              }
+  # InlineNote = &{ notes? } "^[" @StartList:a (!"]" Inline:l { a << l })+ "]" { ref = [:inline, @note_order.length]                @footnotes[ref] = paragraph a                 note_for ref              }
   def _InlineNote
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -15280,8 +15508,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         self.pos = _save
         break
       end
-      @result = begin;
-               ref = [:inline, @note_order.length]
+      @result = begin;  ref = [:inline, @note_order.length]
                @footnotes[ref] = paragraph a
 
                note_for ref
@@ -15424,7 +15651,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
-  # CodeFence = &{ github? } Ticks3 (@Sp StrChunk:format)? Spnl < ((!"`" Nonspacechar)+ | !Ticks3 /`+/ | Spacechar | @Newline)+ > Ticks3 @Sp @Newline* { verbatim = RDoc::Markup::Verbatim.new text               verbatim.format = format.intern if format               verbatim             }
+  # CodeFence = &{ github? } Ticks3 (@Sp StrChunk:format)? Spnl < ((!"`" Nonspacechar)+ | !Ticks3 /`+/ | Spacechar | @Newline)+ > Ticks3 @Sp @Newline* { verbatim = RDoc::Markup::Verbatim.new text               verbatim.format = format.intern if format.instance_of?(String)               verbatim             }
   def _CodeFence
 
     _save = self.pos
@@ -15534,7 +15761,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
             self.pos = _save11
             break
           end
-          _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+          _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
           unless _tmp
             self.pos = _save11
           end
@@ -15615,7 +15842,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
                 self.pos = _save19
                 break
               end
-              _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:`+)/)
+              _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:`+)/)
               unless _tmp
                 self.pos = _save19
               end
@@ -15666,7 +15893,7 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
         break
       end
       @result = begin;  verbatim = RDoc::Markup::Verbatim.new text
-              verbatim.format = format.intern if format
+              verbatim.format = format.intern if format.instance_of?(String)
               verbatim
             ; end
       _tmp = true
@@ -15680,6 +15907,338 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
     return _tmp
   end
 
+  # Table = &{ github? } TableRow:header TableLine:line TableRow+:body { table = RDoc::Markup::Table.new(header, line, body) }
+  def _Table
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      _tmp = begin;  github? ; end
+      self.pos = _save1
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = apply(:_TableRow)
+      header = @result
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = apply(:_TableLine)
+      line = @result
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _save2 = self.pos
+      _ary = []
+      _tmp = apply(:_TableRow)
+      if _tmp
+        _ary << @result
+        while true
+          _tmp = apply(:_TableRow)
+          _ary << @result if _tmp
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+        @result = _ary
+      else
+        self.pos = _save2
+      end
+      body = @result
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      @result = begin;  table = RDoc::Markup::Table.new(header, line, body) ; end
+      _tmp = true
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_Table unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
+  # TableRow = TableItem+:row "|" @Newline { row }
+  def _TableRow
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      _ary = []
+      _tmp = apply(:_TableItem)
+      if _tmp
+        _ary << @result
+        while true
+          _tmp = apply(:_TableItem)
+          _ary << @result if _tmp
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+        @result = _ary
+      else
+        self.pos = _save1
+      end
+      row = @result
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = match_string("|")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = _Newline()
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      @result = begin;  row ; end
+      _tmp = true
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_TableRow unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
+  # TableItem = "|" < (!"|" !@Newline .)+ > { text.strip }
+  def _TableItem
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _tmp = match_string("|")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _text_start = self.pos
+      _save1 = self.pos
+
+      _save2 = self.pos
+      while true # sequence
+        _save3 = self.pos
+        _tmp = match_string("|")
+        _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+        self.pos = _save3
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save2
+          break
+        end
+        _save4 = self.pos
+        _tmp = _Newline()
+        _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+        self.pos = _save4
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save2
+          break
+        end
+        _tmp = get_byte
+        unless _tmp
+          self.pos = _save2
+        end
+        break
+      end # end sequence
+
+      if _tmp
+        while true
+
+          _save5 = self.pos
+          while true # sequence
+            _save6 = self.pos
+            _tmp = match_string("|")
+            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+            self.pos = _save6
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+              break
+            end
+            _save7 = self.pos
+            _tmp = _Newline()
+            _tmp = _tmp ? nil : true
+            self.pos = _save7
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+              break
+            end
+            _tmp = get_byte
+            unless _tmp
+              self.pos = _save5
+            end
+            break
+          end # end sequence
+
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+      else
+        self.pos = _save1
+      end
+      if _tmp
+        text = get_text(_text_start)
+      end
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      @result = begin;  text.strip ; end
+      _tmp = true
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_TableItem unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
+  # TableLine = TableColumn+:line "|" @Newline { line }
+  def _TableLine
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      _ary = []
+      _tmp = apply(:_TableColumn)
+      if _tmp
+        _ary << @result
+        while true
+          _tmp = apply(:_TableColumn)
+          _ary << @result if _tmp
+          break unless _tmp
+        end
+        _tmp = true
+        @result = _ary
+      else
+        self.pos = _save1
+      end
+      line = @result
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = match_string("|")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _tmp = _Newline()
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      @result = begin;  line ; end
+      _tmp = true
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_TableLine unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
+  # TableColumn = "|" < ("-"+ ":"? | ":" "-"*) > { text.start_with?(":") ? :left :                 text.end_with?(":") ? :right : nil               }
+  def _TableColumn
+
+    _save = self.pos
+    while true # sequence
+      _tmp = match_string("|")
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      _text_start = self.pos
+
+      _save1 = self.pos
+      while true # choice
+
+        _save2 = self.pos
+        while true # sequence
+          _save3 = self.pos
+          _tmp = match_string("-")
+          if _tmp
+            while true
+              _tmp = match_string("-")
+              break unless _tmp
+            end
+            _tmp = true
+          else
+            self.pos = _save3
+          end
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save2
+            break
+          end
+          _save4 = self.pos
+          _tmp = match_string(":")
+          unless _tmp
+            _tmp = true
+            self.pos = _save4
+          end
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save2
+          end
+          break
+        end # end sequence
+
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
+
+        _save5 = self.pos
+        while true # sequence
+          _tmp = match_string(":")
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save5
+            break
+          end
+          while true
+            _tmp = match_string("-")
+            break unless _tmp
+          end
+          _tmp = true
+          unless _tmp
+            self.pos = _save5
+          end
+          break
+        end # end sequence
+
+        break if _tmp
+        self.pos = _save1
+        break
+      end # end choice
+
+      if _tmp
+        text = get_text(_text_start)
+      end
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+        break
+      end
+      @result = begin;  text.start_with?(":") ? :left :
+                text.end_with?(":") ? :right : nil
+              ; end
+      _tmp = true
+      unless _tmp
+        self.pos = _save
+      end
+      break
+    end # end sequence
+
+    set_failed_rule :_TableColumn unless _tmp
+    return _tmp
+  end
+
   # DefinitionList = &{ definition_lists? } DefinitionListItem+:list { RDoc::Markup::List.new :NOTE, *list.flatten }
   def _DefinitionList
 
@@ -15879,17 +16438,17 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
   Rules = {}
   Rules[:_root] = rule_info("root", "Doc")
   Rules[:_Doc] = rule_info("Doc", "BOM? Block*:a { RDoc::Markup::Document.new(*a.compact) }")
-  Rules[:_Block] = rule_info("Block", "@BlankLine* (BlockQuote | Verbatim | CodeFence | Note | Reference | HorizontalRule | Heading | OrderedList | BulletList | DefinitionList | HtmlBlock | StyleBlock | Para | Plain)")
+  Rules[:_Block] = rule_info("Block", "@BlankLine* (BlockQuote | Verbatim | CodeFence | Table | Note | Reference | HorizontalRule | Heading | OrderedList | BulletList | DefinitionList | HtmlBlock | StyleBlock | Para | Plain)")
   Rules[:_Para] = rule_info("Para", "@NonindentSpace Inlines:a @BlankLine+ { paragraph a }")
   Rules[:_Plain] = rule_info("Plain", "Inlines:a { paragraph a }")
-  Rules[:_AtxInline] = rule_info("AtxInline", "!@Newline !(@Sp? /\#*/ @Sp @Newline) Inline")
+  Rules[:_AtxInline] = rule_info("AtxInline", "!@Newline !(@Sp /\#*/ @Sp @Newline) Inline")
   Rules[:_AtxStart] = rule_info("AtxStart", "< /\\\#{1,6}/ > { text.length }")
-  Rules[:_AtxHeading] = rule_info("AtxHeading", "AtxStart:s @Sp? AtxInline+:a (@Sp? /\#*/ @Sp)? @Newline { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(s, a.join) }")
+  Rules[:_AtxHeading] = rule_info("AtxHeading", "AtxStart:s @Sp AtxInline+:a (@Sp /\#*/ @Sp)? @Newline { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(s, a.join) }")
   Rules[:_SetextHeading] = rule_info("SetextHeading", "(SetextHeading1 | SetextHeading2)")
-  Rules[:_SetextBottom1] = rule_info("SetextBottom1", "/={3,}/ @Newline")
-  Rules[:_SetextBottom2] = rule_info("SetextBottom2", "/-{3,}/ @Newline")
-  Rules[:_SetextHeading1] = rule_info("SetextHeading1", "&(@RawLine SetextBottom1) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp? @Newline SetextBottom1 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(1, a.join) }")
-  Rules[:_SetextHeading2] = rule_info("SetextHeading2", "&(@RawLine SetextBottom2) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp? @Newline SetextBottom2 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(2, a.join) }")
+  Rules[:_SetextBottom1] = rule_info("SetextBottom1", "/={1,}/ @Newline")
+  Rules[:_SetextBottom2] = rule_info("SetextBottom2", "/-{1,}/ @Newline")
+  Rules[:_SetextHeading1] = rule_info("SetextHeading1", "&(@RawLine SetextBottom1) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp @Newline SetextBottom1 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(1, a.join) }")
+  Rules[:_SetextHeading2] = rule_info("SetextHeading2", "&(@RawLine SetextBottom2) @StartList:a (!@Endline Inline:b { a << b })+ @Sp @Newline SetextBottom2 { RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(2, a.join) }")
   Rules[:_Heading] = rule_info("Heading", "(SetextHeading | AtxHeading)")
   Rules[:_BlockQuote] = rule_info("BlockQuote", "BlockQuoteRaw:a { RDoc::Markup::BlockQuote.new(*a) }")
   Rules[:_BlockQuoteRaw] = rule_info("BlockQuoteRaw", "@StartList:a (\">\" \" \"? Line:l { a << l } (!\">\" !@BlankLine Line:c { a << c })* (@BlankLine:n { a << n })*)+ { inner_parse a.join }")
@@ -16010,7 +16569,10 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
   Rules[:_HtmlBlockOpenScript] = rule_info("HtmlBlockOpenScript", "\"<\" Spnl (\"script\" | \"SCRIPT\") Spnl HtmlAttribute* \">\"")
   Rules[:_HtmlBlockCloseScript] = rule_info("HtmlBlockCloseScript", "\"<\" Spnl \"/\" (\"script\" | \"SCRIPT\") Spnl \">\"")
   Rules[:_HtmlBlockScript] = rule_info("HtmlBlockScript", "HtmlBlockOpenScript (!HtmlBlockCloseScript .)* HtmlBlockCloseScript")
-  Rules[:_HtmlBlockInTags] = rule_info("HtmlBlockInTags", "(HtmlAnchor | HtmlBlockAddress | HtmlBlockBlockquote | HtmlBlockCenter | HtmlBlockDir | HtmlBlockDiv | HtmlBlockDl | HtmlBlockFieldset | HtmlBlockForm | HtmlBlockH1 | HtmlBlockH2 | HtmlBlockH3 | HtmlBlockH4 | HtmlBlockH5 | HtmlBlockH6 | HtmlBlockMenu | HtmlBlockNoframes | HtmlBlockNoscript | HtmlBlockOl | HtmlBlockP | HtmlBlockPre | HtmlBlockTable | HtmlBlockUl | HtmlBlockDd | HtmlBlockDt | HtmlBlockFrameset | HtmlBlockLi | HtmlBlockTbody | HtmlBlockTd | HtmlBlockTfoot | HtmlBlockTh | HtmlBlockThead | HtmlBlockTr | HtmlBlockScript)")
+  Rules[:_HtmlBlockOpenHead] = rule_info("HtmlBlockOpenHead", "\"<\" Spnl (\"head\" | \"HEAD\") Spnl HtmlAttribute* \">\"")
+  Rules[:_HtmlBlockCloseHead] = rule_info("HtmlBlockCloseHead", "\"<\" Spnl \"/\" (\"head\" | \"HEAD\") Spnl \">\"")
+  Rules[:_HtmlBlockHead] = rule_info("HtmlBlockHead", "HtmlBlockOpenHead (!HtmlBlockCloseHead .)* HtmlBlockCloseHead")
+  Rules[:_HtmlBlockInTags] = rule_info("HtmlBlockInTags", "(HtmlAnchor | HtmlBlockAddress | HtmlBlockBlockquote | HtmlBlockCenter | HtmlBlockDir | HtmlBlockDiv | HtmlBlockDl | HtmlBlockFieldset | HtmlBlockForm | HtmlBlockH1 | HtmlBlockH2 | HtmlBlockH3 | HtmlBlockH4 | HtmlBlockH5 | HtmlBlockH6 | HtmlBlockMenu | HtmlBlockNoframes | HtmlBlockNoscript | HtmlBlockOl | HtmlBlockP | HtmlBlockPre | HtmlBlockTable | HtmlBlockUl | HtmlBlockDd | HtmlBlockDt | HtmlBlockFrameset | HtmlBlockLi | HtmlBlockTbody | HtmlBlockTd | HtmlBlockTfoot | HtmlBlockTh | HtmlBlockThead | HtmlBlockTr | HtmlBlockScript | HtmlBlockHead)")
   Rules[:_HtmlBlock] = rule_info("HtmlBlock", "< (HtmlBlockInTags | HtmlComment | HtmlBlockSelfClosing | HtmlUnclosed) > @BlankLine+ { if html? then                 RDoc::Markup::Raw.new text               end }")
   Rules[:_HtmlUnclosed] = rule_info("HtmlUnclosed", "\"<\" Spnl HtmlUnclosedType Spnl HtmlAttribute* Spnl \">\"")
   Rules[:_HtmlUnclosedType] = rule_info("HtmlUnclosedType", "(\"HR\" | \"hr\")")
@@ -16020,15 +16582,15 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
   Rules[:_StyleClose] = rule_info("StyleClose", "\"<\" Spnl \"/\" (\"style\" | \"STYLE\") Spnl \">\"")
   Rules[:_InStyleTags] = rule_info("InStyleTags", "StyleOpen (!StyleClose .)* StyleClose")
   Rules[:_StyleBlock] = rule_info("StyleBlock", "< InStyleTags > @BlankLine* { if css? then                     RDoc::Markup::Raw.new text                   end }")
-  Rules[:_Inlines] = rule_info("Inlines", "(!@Endline Inline:i { i } | @Endline:c &Inline { c })+:chunks @Endline? { chunks }")
-  Rules[:_Inline] = rule_info("Inline", "(Str | @Endline | UlOrStarLine | @Space | Strong | Emph | Image | Link | NoteReference | InlineNote | Code | RawHtml | Entity | EscapedChar | Symbol)")
+  Rules[:_Inlines] = rule_info("Inlines", "(!@Endline Inline:i { i } | @Endline:c !(&{ github? } Ticks3 /[^`\\n]*$/) &Inline { c })+:chunks @Endline? { chunks }")
+  Rules[:_Inline] = rule_info("Inline", "(Str | @Endline | UlOrStarLine | @Space | Strong | Emph | Strike | Image | Link | NoteReference | InlineNote | Code | RawHtml | Entity | EscapedChar | Symbol)")
   Rules[:_Space] = rule_info("Space", "@Spacechar+ { \" \" }")
   Rules[:_Str] = rule_info("Str", "@StartList:a < @NormalChar+ > { a = text } (StrChunk:c { a << c })* { a }")
   Rules[:_StrChunk] = rule_info("StrChunk", "< (@NormalChar | /_+/ &Alphanumeric)+ > { text }")
   Rules[:_EscapedChar] = rule_info("EscapedChar", "\"\\\\\" !@Newline < /[:\\\\`|*_{}\\[\\]()\#+.!><-]/ > { text }")
   Rules[:_Entity] = rule_info("Entity", "(HexEntity | DecEntity | CharEntity):a { a }")
   Rules[:_Endline] = rule_info("Endline", "(@LineBreak | @TerminalEndline | @NormalEndline)")
-  Rules[:_NormalEndline] = rule_info("NormalEndline", "@Sp @Newline !@BlankLine !\">\" !AtxStart !(Line /={3,}|-{3,}=/ @Newline) { \"\\n\" }")
+  Rules[:_NormalEndline] = rule_info("NormalEndline", "@Sp @Newline !@BlankLine !\">\" !AtxStart !(Line /={1,}|-{1,}/ @Newline) { \"\\n\" }")
   Rules[:_TerminalEndline] = rule_info("TerminalEndline", "@Sp @Newline @Eof")
   Rules[:_LineBreak] = rule_info("LineBreak", "\"  \" @NormalEndline { RDoc::Markup::HardBreak.new }")
   Rules[:_Symbol] = rule_info("Symbol", "< @SpecialChar > { text }")
@@ -16036,27 +16598,21 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
   Rules[:_StarLine] = rule_info("StarLine", "(< /\\*{4,}/ > { text } | < @Spacechar /\\*+/ &@Spacechar > { text })")
   Rules[:_UlLine] = rule_info("UlLine", "(< /_{4,}/ > { text } | < @Spacechar /_+/ &@Spacechar > { text })")
   Rules[:_Emph] = rule_info("Emph", "(EmphStar | EmphUl)")
-  Rules[:_OneStarOpen] = rule_info("OneStarOpen", "!StarLine \"*\" !@Spacechar !@Newline")
-  Rules[:_OneStarClose] = rule_info("OneStarClose", "!@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a \"*\" { a }")
-  Rules[:_EmphStar] = rule_info("EmphStar", "OneStarOpen @StartList:a (!OneStarClose Inline:l { a << l })* OneStarClose:l { a << l } { emphasis a.join }")
-  Rules[:_OneUlOpen] = rule_info("OneUlOpen", "!UlLine \"_\" !@Spacechar !@Newline")
-  Rules[:_OneUlClose] = rule_info("OneUlClose", "!@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a \"_\" { a }")
-  Rules[:_EmphUl] = rule_info("EmphUl", "OneUlOpen @StartList:a (!OneUlClose Inline:l { a << l })* OneUlClose:l { a << l } { emphasis a.join }")
+  Rules[:_Whitespace] = rule_info("Whitespace", "(@Spacechar | @Newline)")
+  Rules[:_EmphStar] = rule_info("EmphStar", "\"*\" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!\"*\" Inline:b { a << b } | StrongStar:b { a << b })+ \"*\" { emphasis a.join }")
+  Rules[:_EmphUl] = rule_info("EmphUl", "\"_\" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!\"_\" Inline:b { a << b } | StrongUl:b { a << b })+ \"_\" { emphasis a.join }")
   Rules[:_Strong] = rule_info("Strong", "(StrongStar | StrongUl)")
-  Rules[:_TwoStarOpen] = rule_info("TwoStarOpen", "!StarLine \"**\" !@Spacechar !@Newline")
-  Rules[:_TwoStarClose] = rule_info("TwoStarClose", "!@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a \"**\" { a }")
-  Rules[:_StrongStar] = rule_info("StrongStar", "TwoStarOpen @StartList:a (!TwoStarClose Inline:l { a << l })* TwoStarClose:l { a << l } { strong a.join }")
-  Rules[:_TwoUlOpen] = rule_info("TwoUlOpen", "!UlLine \"__\" !@Spacechar !@Newline")
-  Rules[:_TwoUlClose] = rule_info("TwoUlClose", "!@Spacechar !@Newline Inline:a \"__\" { a }")
-  Rules[:_StrongUl] = rule_info("StrongUl", "TwoUlOpen @StartList:a (!TwoUlClose Inline:i { a << i })* TwoUlClose:l { a << l } { strong a.join }")
+  Rules[:_StrongStar] = rule_info("StrongStar", "\"**\" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!\"**\" Inline:b { a << b })+ \"**\" { strong a.join }")
+  Rules[:_StrongUl] = rule_info("StrongUl", "\"__\" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!\"__\" Inline:b { a << b })+ \"__\" { strong a.join }")
+  Rules[:_Strike] = rule_info("Strike", "&{ strike? } \"~~\" !@Whitespace @StartList:a (!\"~~\" Inline:b { a << b })+ \"~~\" { strike a.join }")
   Rules[:_Image] = rule_info("Image", "\"!\" (ExplicitLink | ReferenceLink):a { \"rdoc-image:\#{a[/\\[(.*)\\]/, 1]}\" }")
   Rules[:_Link] = rule_info("Link", "(ExplicitLink | ReferenceLink | AutoLink)")
   Rules[:_ReferenceLink] = rule_info("ReferenceLink", "(ReferenceLinkDouble | ReferenceLinkSingle)")
   Rules[:_ReferenceLinkDouble] = rule_info("ReferenceLinkDouble", "Label:content < Spnl > !\"[]\" Label:label { link_to content, label, text }")
   Rules[:_ReferenceLinkSingle] = rule_info("ReferenceLinkSingle", "Label:content < (Spnl \"[]\")? > { link_to content, content, text }")
-  Rules[:_ExplicitLink] = rule_info("ExplicitLink", "Label:l Spnl \"(\" @Sp Source:s Spnl Title @Sp \")\" { \"{\#{l}}[\#{s}]\" }")
+  Rules[:_ExplicitLink] = rule_info("ExplicitLink", "Label:l \"(\" @Sp Source:s Spnl Title @Sp \")\" { \"{\#{l}}[\#{s}]\" }")
   Rules[:_Source] = rule_info("Source", "(\"<\" < SourceContents > \">\" | < SourceContents >) { text }")
-  Rules[:_SourceContents] = rule_info("SourceContents", "(((!\"(\" !\")\" !\">\" Nonspacechar)+ | \"(\" SourceContents \")\")* | \"\")")
+  Rules[:_SourceContents] = rule_info("SourceContents", "((!\"(\" !\")\" !\">\" Nonspacechar)+ | \"(\" SourceContents \")\")*")
   Rules[:_Title] = rule_info("Title", "(TitleSingle | TitleDouble | \"\"):a { a }")
   Rules[:_TitleSingle] = rule_info("TitleSingle", "\"'\" (!(\"'\" @Sp (\")\" | @Newline)) .)* \"'\"")
   Rules[:_TitleDouble] = rule_info("TitleDouble", "\"\\\"\" (!(\"\\\"\" @Sp (\")\" | @Newline)) .)* \"\\\"\"")
@@ -16088,14 +16644,13 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
   Rules[:_Nonspacechar] = rule_info("Nonspacechar", "!@Spacechar !@Newline .")
   Rules[:_Sp] = rule_info("Sp", "@Spacechar*")
   Rules[:_Spnl] = rule_info("Spnl", "@Sp (@Newline @Sp)?")
-  Rules[:_SpecialChar] = rule_info("SpecialChar", "(/[*_`&\\[\\]()<!\#\\\\'\"]/ | @ExtendedSpecialChar)")
+  Rules[:_SpecialChar] = rule_info("SpecialChar", "(/[~*_`&\\[\\]()<!\#\\\\'\"]/ | @ExtendedSpecialChar)")
   Rules[:_NormalChar] = rule_info("NormalChar", "!(@SpecialChar | @Spacechar | @Newline) .")
   Rules[:_Digit] = rule_info("Digit", "[0-9]")
   Rules[:_Alphanumeric] = rule_info("Alphanumeric", "%literals.Alphanumeric")
   Rules[:_AlphanumericAscii] = rule_info("AlphanumericAscii", "%literals.AlphanumericAscii")
   Rules[:_BOM] = rule_info("BOM", "%literals.BOM")
   Rules[:_Newline] = rule_info("Newline", "%literals.Newline")
-  Rules[:_NonAlphanumeric] = rule_info("NonAlphanumeric", "%literals.NonAlphanumeric")
   Rules[:_Spacechar] = rule_info("Spacechar", "%literals.Spacechar")
   Rules[:_HexEntity] = rule_info("HexEntity", "/&\#x/i < /[0-9a-fA-F]+/ > \";\" { [text.to_i(16)].pack 'U' }")
   Rules[:_DecEntity] = rule_info("DecEntity", "\"&\#\" < /[0-9]+/ > \";\" { [text.to_i].pack 'U' }")
@@ -16112,10 +16667,15 @@ class RDoc::Markdown
   Rules[:_NoteReference] = rule_info("NoteReference", "&{ notes? } RawNoteReference:ref { note_for ref }")
   Rules[:_RawNoteReference] = rule_info("RawNoteReference", "\"[^\" < (!@Newline !\"]\" .)+ > \"]\" { text }")
   Rules[:_Note] = rule_info("Note", "&{ notes? } @NonindentSpace RawNoteReference:ref \":\" @Sp @StartList:a RawNoteBlock:i { a.concat i } (&Indent RawNoteBlock:i { a.concat i })* { @footnotes[ref] = paragraph a                    nil                 }")
-  Rules[:_InlineNote] = rule_info("InlineNote", "&{ notes? } \"^[\" @StartList:a (!\"]\" Inline:l { a << l })+ \"]\" {                ref = [:inline, @note_order.length]                @footnotes[ref] = paragraph a                 note_for ref              }")
+  Rules[:_InlineNote] = rule_info("InlineNote", "&{ notes? } \"^[\" @StartList:a (!\"]\" Inline:l { a << l })+ \"]\" { ref = [:inline, @note_order.length]                @footnotes[ref] = paragraph a                 note_for ref              }")
   Rules[:_Notes] = rule_info("Notes", "(Note | SkipBlock)*")
   Rules[:_RawNoteBlock] = rule_info("RawNoteBlock", "@StartList:a (!@BlankLine OptionallyIndentedLine:l { a << l })+ < @BlankLine* > { a << text } { a }")
-  Rules[:_CodeFence] = rule_info("CodeFence", "&{ github? } Ticks3 (@Sp StrChunk:format)? Spnl < ((!\"`\" Nonspacechar)+ | !Ticks3 /`+/ | Spacechar | @Newline)+ > Ticks3 @Sp @Newline* { verbatim = RDoc::Markup::Verbatim.new text               verbatim.format = format.intern if format               verbatim             }")
+  Rules[:_CodeFence] = rule_info("CodeFence", "&{ github? } Ticks3 (@Sp StrChunk:format)? Spnl < ((!\"`\" Nonspacechar)+ | !Ticks3 /`+/ | Spacechar | @Newline)+ > Ticks3 @Sp @Newline* { verbatim = RDoc::Markup::Verbatim.new text               verbatim.format = format.intern if format.instance_of?(String)               verbatim             }")
+  Rules[:_Table] = rule_info("Table", "&{ github? } TableRow:header TableLine:line TableRow+:body { table = RDoc::Markup::Table.new(header, line, body) }")
+  Rules[:_TableRow] = rule_info("TableRow", "TableItem+:row \"|\" @Newline { row }")
+  Rules[:_TableItem] = rule_info("TableItem", "\"|\" < (!\"|\" !@Newline .)+ > { text.strip }")
+  Rules[:_TableLine] = rule_info("TableLine", "TableColumn+:line \"|\" @Newline { line }")
+  Rules[:_TableColumn] = rule_info("TableColumn", "\"|\" < (\"-\"+ \":\"? | \":\" \"-\"*) > { text.start_with?(\":\") ? :left :                 text.end_with?(\":\") ? :right : nil               }")
   Rules[:_DefinitionList] = rule_info("DefinitionList", "&{ definition_lists? } DefinitionListItem+:list { RDoc::Markup::List.new :NOTE, *list.flatten }")
   Rules[:_DefinitionListItem] = rule_info("DefinitionListItem", "DefinitionListLabel+:label DefinitionListDefinition+:defns { list_items = []                        list_items <<                          RDoc::Markup::ListItem.new(label, defns.shift)                         list_items.concat defns.map { |defn|                          RDoc::Markup::ListItem.new nil, defn                        } unless list_items.empty?                         list_items                      }")
   Rules[:_DefinitionListLabel] = rule_info("DefinitionListLabel", "StrChunk:label @Sp @Newline { label }")
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markdown/entities.rb b/lib/rdoc/markdown/entities.rb
index d32ae51053..d2cf610293 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markdown/entities.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markdown/entities.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # HTML entity name map for RDoc::Markdown
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.rb b/lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.rb
index b6bb89e0c6..943c2d268a 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # coding: UTF-8
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # :markup: markdown
 
 ##
@@ -174,23 +174,34 @@ class RDoc::Markdown::Literals
     end
 
     def scan(reg)
-      if m = reg.match(@string[@pos..-1])
-        width = m.end(0)
-        @pos += width
+      if m = reg.match(@string, @pos)
+        @pos = m.end(0)
         return true
       end
 
       return nil
     end
 
-    def get_byte
-      if @pos >= @string_size
-        return nil
+    if "".respond_to? :ord
+      def get_byte
+        if @pos >= @string_size
+          return nil
+        end
+
+        s = @string[@pos].ord
+        @pos += 1
+        s
       end
+    else
+      def get_byte
+        if @pos >= @string_size
+          return nil
+        end
 
-      s = @string[@pos].ord
-      @pos += 1
-      s
+        s = @string[@pos]
+        @pos += 1
+        s
+      end
     end
 
     def parse(rule=nil)
@@ -354,14 +365,14 @@ class RDoc::Markdown::Literals
 
   # Alphanumeric = /\p{Word}/
   def _Alphanumeric
-    _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\p{Word})/)
+    _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\p{Word})/)
     set_failed_rule :_Alphanumeric unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
   # AlphanumericAscii = /[A-Za-z0-9]/
   def _AlphanumericAscii
-    _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:[A-Za-z0-9])/)
+    _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:[A-Za-z0-9])/)
     set_failed_rule :_AlphanumericAscii unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
@@ -375,21 +386,21 @@ class RDoc::Markdown::Literals
 
   # Newline = /\n|\r\n?|\p{Zl}|\p{Zp}/
   def _Newline
-    _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\n|\r\n?|\p{Zl}|\p{Zp})/)
+    _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\n|\r\n?|\p{Zl}|\p{Zp})/)
     set_failed_rule :_Newline unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
   # NonAlphanumeric = /\p{^Word}/
   def _NonAlphanumeric
-    _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\p{^Word})/)
+    _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\p{^Word})/)
     set_failed_rule :_NonAlphanumeric unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
 
   # Spacechar = /\t|\p{Zs}/
   def _Spacechar
-    _tmp = scan(/\A(?-mix:\t|\p{Zs})/)
+    _tmp = scan(/\G(?-mix:\t|\p{Zs})/)
     set_failed_rule :_Spacechar unless _tmp
     return _tmp
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup.rb
index 3406522596..92aed757cf 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # RDoc::Markup parses plain text documents and attempts to decompose them into
 # their constituent parts.  Some of these parts are high-level: paragraphs,
@@ -65,17 +65,16 @@
 #   puts h.convert(input_string)
 #
 # You can extend the RDoc::Markup parser to recognize new markup
-# sequences, and to add special processing for text that matches a
-# regular expression.  Here we make WikiWords significant to the parser,
-# and also make the sequences {word} and \<no>text...</no> signify
+# sequences, and to add regexp handling. Here we make WikiWords significant to
+# the parser, and also make the sequences {word} and \<no>text...</no> signify
 # strike-through text.  We then subclass the HTML output class to deal
 # with these:
 #
 #   require 'rdoc'
 #
 #   class WikiHtml < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
-#     def handle_special_WIKIWORD(special)
-#       "<font color=red>" + special.text + "</font>"
+#     def handle_regexp_WIKIWORD(target)
+#       "<font color=red>" + target.text + "</font>"
 #     end
 #   end
 #
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@
 #   markup.add_word_pair("{", "}", :STRIKE)
 #   markup.add_html("no", :STRIKE)
 #
-#   markup.add_special(/\b([A-Z][a-z]+[A-Z]\w+)/, :WIKIWORD)
+#   markup.add_regexp_handling(/\b([A-Z][a-z]+[A-Z]\w+)/, :WIKIWORD)
 #
 #   wh = WikiHtml.new RDoc::Options.new, markup
 #   wh.add_tag(:STRIKE, "<strike>", "</strike>")
@@ -377,7 +376,7 @@
 #
 # Example links:
 #
-#   https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc
+#   https://github.com/ruby/rdoc
 #   mailto:user@example.com
 #   {RDoc Documentation}[http://rdoc.rubyforge.org]
 #   {RDoc Markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::Markup]
@@ -764,7 +763,7 @@ Ruby #{RUBY_VERSION}-p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL} #{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}
 
 Please file a bug report with the above information at:
 
-https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/issues
+https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/issues
 
     EOF
     raise
@@ -800,13 +799,12 @@ https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/issues
   # Add to other inline sequences.  For example, we could add WikiWords using
   # something like:
   #
-  #    parser.add_special(/\b([A-Z][a-z]+[A-Z]\w+)/, :WIKIWORD)
+  #    parser.add_regexp_handling(/\b([A-Z][a-z]+[A-Z]\w+)/, :WIKIWORD)
   #
-  # Each wiki word will be presented to the output formatter via the
-  # accept_special method.
+  # Each wiki word will be presented to the output formatter.
 
-  def add_special(pattern, name)
-    @attribute_manager.add_special(pattern, name)
+  def add_regexp_handling(pattern, name)
+    @attribute_manager.add_regexp_handling(pattern, name)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -832,7 +830,7 @@ https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/issues
   autoload :AttrSpan,              'rdoc/markup/attr_span'
   autoload :Attributes,            'rdoc/markup/attributes'
   autoload :AttributeManager,      'rdoc/markup/attribute_manager'
-  autoload :Special,               'rdoc/markup/special'
+  autoload :RegexpHandling,        'rdoc/markup/regexp_handling'
 
   # RDoc::Markup AST
   autoload :BlankLine,             'rdoc/markup/blank_line'
@@ -845,14 +843,13 @@ https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/issues
   autoload :List,                  'rdoc/markup/list'
   autoload :ListItem,              'rdoc/markup/list_item'
   autoload :Paragraph,             'rdoc/markup/paragraph'
+  autoload :Table,                 'rdoc/markup/table'
   autoload :Raw,                   'rdoc/markup/raw'
   autoload :Rule,                  'rdoc/markup/rule'
   autoload :Verbatim,              'rdoc/markup/verbatim'
 
   # Formatters
   autoload :Formatter,             'rdoc/markup/formatter'
-  autoload :FormatterTestCase,     'rdoc/markup/formatter_test_case'
-  autoload :TextFormatterTestCase, 'rdoc/markup/text_formatter_test_case'
 
   autoload :ToAnsi,                'rdoc/markup/to_ansi'
   autoload :ToBs,                  'rdoc/markup/to_bs'
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_changer.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_changer.rb
index 9a1a9c8c66..4c4bc6479e 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_changer.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_changer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 class RDoc::Markup
 
   AttrChanger = Struct.new :turn_on, :turn_off # :nodoc:
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_span.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_span.rb
index 4d9e5b0217..20ef11cd6d 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_span.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/attr_span.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # An array of attributes which parallels the characters in a string.
 
@@ -7,16 +7,22 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttrSpan
   ##
   # Creates a new AttrSpan for +length+ characters
 
-  def initialize(length)
+  def initialize(length, exclusive)
     @attrs = Array.new(length, 0)
+    @exclusive = exclusive
   end
 
   ##
   # Toggles +bits+ from +start+ to +length+
   def set_attrs(start, length, bits)
+    updated = false
     for i in start ... (start+length)
-      @attrs[i] |= bits
+      if (@exclusive & @attrs[i]) == 0 || (@exclusive & bits) != 0
+        @attrs[i] |= bits
+        updated = true
+      end
     end
+    updated
   end
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/attribute_manager.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/attribute_manager.rb
index 3296d17af2..50764510f3 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/attribute_manager.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/attribute_manager.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Manages changes of attributes in a block of text
 
@@ -53,10 +53,14 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
   attr_reader :protectable
 
   ##
-  # And this maps _special_ sequences to a name. A special sequence is
-  # something like a WikiWord
+  # And this maps _regexp handling_ sequences to a name. A regexp handling
+  # sequence is something like a WikiWord
 
-  attr_reader :special
+  attr_reader :regexp_handlings
+
+  ##
+  # A bits of exclusive maps
+  attr_reader :exclusive_bitmap
 
   ##
   # Creates a new attribute manager that understands bold, emphasized and
@@ -66,19 +70,20 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
     @html_tags = {}
     @matching_word_pairs = {}
     @protectable = %w[<]
-    @special = []
+    @regexp_handlings = []
     @word_pair_map = {}
+    @exclusive_bitmap = 0
     @attributes = RDoc::Markup::Attributes.new
 
-    add_word_pair "*", "*", :BOLD
-    add_word_pair "_", "_", :EM
-    add_word_pair "+", "+", :TT
+    add_word_pair "*", "*", :BOLD, true
+    add_word_pair "_", "_", :EM, true
+    add_word_pair "+", "+", :TT, true
 
-    add_html "em", :EM
-    add_html "i",  :EM
-    add_html "b",  :BOLD
-    add_html "tt",   :TT
-    add_html "code", :TT
+    add_html "em", :EM, true
+    add_html "i",  :EM, true
+    add_html "b",  :BOLD, true
+    add_html "tt",   :TT, true
+    add_html "code", :TT, true
   end
 
   ##
@@ -122,29 +127,67 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
     res
   end
 
+  def exclusive?(attr)
+    (attr & @exclusive_bitmap) != 0
+  end
+
+  NON_PRINTING_START = "\1" # :nodoc:
+  NON_PRINTING_END = "\2" # :nodoc:
+
   ##
   # Map attributes like <b>text</b>to the sequence
   # \001\002<char>\001\003<char>, where <char> is a per-attribute specific
   # character
 
-  def convert_attrs(str, attrs)
+  def convert_attrs(str, attrs, exclusive = false)
+    convert_attrs_matching_word_pairs(str, attrs, exclusive)
+    convert_attrs_word_pair_map(str, attrs, exclusive)
+  end
+
+  def convert_attrs_matching_word_pairs(str, attrs, exclusive)
     # first do matching ones
-    tags = @matching_word_pairs.keys.join("")
+    tags = @matching_word_pairs.select { |start, bitmap|
+      if exclusive && exclusive?(bitmap)
+        true
+      elsif !exclusive && !exclusive?(bitmap)
+        true
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    }.keys
+    return if tags.empty?
+    all_tags = @matching_word_pairs.keys
 
-    re = /(^|\W)([#{tags}])([#\\]?[\w:.\/-]+?\S?)\2(\W|$)/
+    re = /(^|\W|[#{all_tags.join("")}])([#{tags.join("")}])(\2*[#\\]?[\w:.\/\[\]-]+?\S?)\2(?!\2)([#{all_tags.join("")}]|\W|$)/
 
-    1 while str.gsub!(re) do
+    1 while str.gsub!(re) { |orig|
       attr = @matching_word_pairs[$2]
-      attrs.set_attrs($`.length + $1.length + $2.length, $3.length, attr)
-      $1 + NULL * $2.length + $3 + NULL * $2.length + $4
-    end
+      attr_updated = attrs.set_attrs($`.length + $1.length + $2.length, $3.length, attr)
+      if attr_updated
+        $1 + NULL * $2.length + $3 + NULL * $2.length + $4
+      else
+        $1 + NON_PRINTING_START + $2 + NON_PRINTING_END + $3 + NON_PRINTING_START + $2 + NON_PRINTING_END + $4
+      end
+    }
+    str.delete!(NON_PRINTING_START + NON_PRINTING_END)
+  end
 
+  def convert_attrs_word_pair_map(str, attrs, exclusive)
     # then non-matching
     unless @word_pair_map.empty? then
       @word_pair_map.each do |regexp, attr|
-        str.gsub!(regexp) {
-          attrs.set_attrs($`.length + $1.length, $2.length, attr)
-          NULL * $1.length + $2 + NULL * $3.length
+        if !exclusive
+          next if exclusive?(attr)
+        else
+          next if !exclusive?(attr)
+        end
+        1 while str.gsub!(regexp) { |orig|
+          updated = attrs.set_attrs($`.length + $1.length, $2.length, attr)
+          if updated
+            NULL * $1.length + $2 + NULL * $3.length
+          else
+            orig
+          end
         }
       end
     end
@@ -153,10 +196,18 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
   ##
   # Converts HTML tags to RDoc attributes
 
-  def convert_html(str, attrs)
-    tags = @html_tags.keys.join '|'
+  def convert_html(str, attrs, exclusive = false)
+    tags = @html_tags.select { |start, bitmap|
+      if exclusive && exclusive?(bitmap)
+        true
+      elsif !exclusive && !exclusive?(bitmap)
+        true
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    }.keys.join '|'
 
-    1 while str.gsub!(/<(#{tags})>(.*?)<\/\1>/i) {
+    1 while str.gsub!(/<(#{tags})>(.*?)<\/\1>/i) { |orig|
       attr = @html_tags[$1.downcase]
       html_length = $1.length + 2
       seq = NULL * html_length
@@ -166,22 +217,27 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
   end
 
   ##
-  # Converts special sequences to RDoc attributes
-
-  def convert_specials str, attrs
-    @special.each do |regexp, attribute|
+  # Converts regexp handling sequences to RDoc attributes
+
+  def convert_regexp_handlings str, attrs, exclusive = false
+    @regexp_handlings.each do |regexp, attribute|
+      if exclusive
+        next if !exclusive?(attribute)
+      else
+        next if exclusive?(attribute)
+      end
       str.scan(regexp) do
         capture = $~.size == 1 ? 0 : 1
 
         s, e = $~.offset capture
 
-        attrs.set_attrs s, e - s, attribute | @attributes.special
+        attrs.set_attrs s, e - s, attribute | @attributes.regexp_handling
       end
     end
   end
 
   ##
-  # Escapes special sequences of text to prevent conversion to RDoc
+  # Escapes regexp handling sequences of text to prevent conversion to RDoc
 
   def mask_protected_sequences
     # protect __send__, __FILE__, etc.
@@ -193,7 +249,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
   end
 
   ##
-  # Unescapes special sequences of text
+  # Unescapes regexp handling sequences of text
 
   def unmask_protected_sequences
     @str.gsub!(/(.)#{PROTECT_ATTR}/, "\\1\000")
@@ -205,7 +261,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
   #
   #   am.add_word_pair '*', '*', :BOLD
 
-  def add_word_pair(start, stop, name)
+  def add_word_pair(start, stop, name, exclusive = false)
     raise ArgumentError, "Word flags may not start with '<'" if
       start[0,1] == '<'
 
@@ -220,6 +276,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
 
     @protectable << start[0,1]
     @protectable.uniq!
+
+    @exclusive_bitmap |= bitmap if exclusive
   end
 
   ##
@@ -228,33 +286,40 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
   #
   #   am.add_html 'em', :EM
 
-  def add_html(tag, name)
-    @html_tags[tag.downcase] = @attributes.bitmap_for name
+  def add_html(tag, name, exclusive = false)
+    bitmap = @attributes.bitmap_for name
+    @html_tags[tag.downcase] = bitmap
+    @exclusive_bitmap |= bitmap if exclusive
   end
 
   ##
-  # Adds a special handler for +pattern+ with +name+.  A simple URL handler
+  # Adds a regexp handling for +pattern+ with +name+.  A simple URL handler
   # would be:
   #
-  #   @am.add_special(/((https?:)\S+\w)/, :HYPERLINK)
+  #   @am.add_regexp_handling(/((https?:)\S+\w)/, :HYPERLINK)
 
-  def add_special pattern, name
-    @special << [pattern, @attributes.bitmap_for(name)]
+  def add_regexp_handling pattern, name, exclusive = false
+    bitmap = @attributes.bitmap_for(name)
+    @regexp_handlings << [pattern, bitmap]
+    @exclusive_bitmap |= bitmap if exclusive
   end
 
   ##
-  # Processes +str+ converting attributes, HTML and specials
+  # Processes +str+ converting attributes, HTML and regexp handlings
 
   def flow str
-    @str = str
+    @str = str.dup
 
     mask_protected_sequences
 
-    @attrs = RDoc::Markup::AttrSpan.new @str.length
+    @attrs = RDoc::Markup::AttrSpan.new @str.length, @exclusive_bitmap
 
-    convert_attrs    @str, @attrs
-    convert_html     @str, @attrs
-    convert_specials @str, @attrs
+    convert_attrs            @str, @attrs, true
+    convert_html             @str, @attrs, true
+    convert_regexp_handlings @str, @attrs, true
+    convert_attrs            @str, @attrs
+    convert_html             @str, @attrs
+    convert_regexp_handlings @str, @attrs
 
     unmask_protected_sequences
 
@@ -312,12 +377,12 @@ class RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager
         res << change_attribute(current_attr, new_attr)
         current_attr = new_attr
 
-        if (current_attr & @attributes.special) != 0 then
+        if (current_attr & @attributes.regexp_handling) != 0 then
           i += 1 while
-            i < str_len and (@attrs[i] & @attributes.special) != 0
+            i < str_len and (@attrs[i] & @attributes.regexp_handling) != 0
 
-          res << RDoc::Markup::Special.new(current_attr,
-                                           copy_string(start_pos, i))
+          res << RDoc::Markup::RegexpHandling.new(current_attr,
+                                                  copy_string(start_pos, i))
           start_pos = i
           next
         end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/attributes.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/attributes.rb
index 8776c4ed29..ce014ce928 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/attributes.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/attributes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # We manage a set of attributes.  Each attribute has a symbol name and a bit
 # value.
@@ -6,21 +6,21 @@
 class RDoc::Markup::Attributes
 
   ##
-  # The special attribute type.  See RDoc::Markup#add_special
+  # The regexp handling attribute type. See RDoc::Markup#add_regexp_handling
 
-  attr_reader :special
+  attr_reader :regexp_handling
 
   ##
   # Creates a new attributes set.
 
   def initialize
-    @special = 1
+    @regexp_handling = 1
 
     @name_to_bitmap = [
-      [:_SPECIAL_, @special],
+      [:_REGEXP_HANDLING_, @regexp_handling],
     ]
 
-    @next_bitmap = @special << 1
+    @next_bitmap = @regexp_handling << 1
   end
 
   ##
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Attributes
     return enum_for __method__, bitmap unless block_given?
 
     @name_to_bitmap.each do |name, bit|
-      next if bit == @special
+      next if bit == @regexp_handling
 
       yield name.to_s if (bitmap & bit) != 0
     end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/blank_line.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/blank_line.rb
index 2b1ab91b47..3129ab5e7f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/blank_line.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/blank_line.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # An empty line.  This class is a singleton.
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/block_quote.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/block_quote.rb
index 3be022f9dd..7a4b3e36b0 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/block_quote.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/block_quote.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A quoted section which contains markup items.
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/document.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/document.rb
index 0692c3522f..f3a5de1fc3 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/document.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/document.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A Document containing lists, headings, paragraphs, etc.
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/formatter.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/formatter.rb
index 197ff003e3..2bac76e838 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/formatter.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/formatter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Base class for RDoc markup formatters
 #
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Formatter
 
     @markup = markup || RDoc::Markup.new
     @am     = @markup.attribute_manager
-    @am.add_special(/<br>/, :HARD_BREAK)
+    @am.add_regexp_handling(/<br>/, :HARD_BREAK)
 
     @attributes = @am.attributes
 
@@ -78,23 +78,24 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   end
 
   ##
-  # Adds a special for links of the form rdoc-...:
+  # Adds a regexp handling for links of the form rdoc-...:
 
-  def add_special_RDOCLINK
-    @markup.add_special(/rdoc-[a-z]+:[^\s\]]+/, :RDOCLINK)
+  def add_regexp_handling_RDOCLINK
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling(/rdoc-[a-z]+:[^\s\]]+/, :RDOCLINK)
   end
 
   ##
-  # Adds a special for links of the form {<text>}[<url>] and <word>[<url>]
+  # Adds a regexp handling for links of the form {<text>}[<url>] and
+  # <word>[<url>]
 
-  def add_special_TIDYLINK
-    @markup.add_special(/(?:
-                          \{.*?\} |    # multi-word label
-                          \b[^\s{}]+? # single-word label
-                         )
+  def add_regexp_handling_TIDYLINK
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling(/(?:
+                                  \{.*?\} |    # multi-word label
+                                  \b[^\s{}]+? # single-word label
+                                 )
 
-                         \[\S+?\]     # link target
-                        /x, :TIDYLINK)
+                                 \[\S+?\]     # link target
+                                /x, :TIDYLINK)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -133,8 +134,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Formatter
       when RDoc::Markup::AttrChanger then
         off_tags res, item
         on_tags res, item
-      when RDoc::Markup::Special then
-        res << convert_special(item)
+      when RDoc::Markup::RegexpHandling then
+        res << convert_regexp_handling(item)
       else
         raise "Unknown flow element: #{item.inspect}"
       end
@@ -144,29 +145,29 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   end
 
   ##
-  # Converts added specials.  See RDoc::Markup#add_special
+  # Converts added regexp handlings. See RDoc::Markup#add_regexp_handling
 
-  def convert_special special
-    return special.text if in_tt?
+  def convert_regexp_handling target
+    return target.text if in_tt?
 
     handled = false
 
-    @attributes.each_name_of special.type do |name|
-      method_name = "handle_special_#{name}"
+    @attributes.each_name_of target.type do |name|
+      method_name = "handle_regexp_#{name}"
 
       if respond_to? method_name then
-        special.text = send method_name, special
+        target.text = public_send method_name, target
         handled = true
       end
     end
 
     unless handled then
-      special_name = @attributes.as_string special.type
+      target_name = @attributes.as_string target.type
 
-      raise RDoc::Error, "Unhandled special #{special_name}: #{special}"
+      raise RDoc::Error, "Unhandled regexp handling #{target_name}: #{target}"
     end
 
-    special.text
+    target.text
   end
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/formatter_test_case.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/formatter_test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a5b4933de4..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/formatter_test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,764 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'minitest/unit'
-
-##
-# Test case for creating new RDoc::Markup formatters.  See
-# test/test_rdoc_markup_to_*.rb for examples.
-#
-# This test case adds a variety of tests to your subclass when
-# #add_visitor_tests is called.  Most tests set up a scenario then call a
-# method you will provide to perform the assertion on the output.
-#
-# Your subclass must instantiate a visitor and assign it to <tt>@to</tt>.
-#
-# For example, test_accept_blank_line sets up a RDoc::Markup::BlockLine then
-# calls accept_blank_line on your visitor.  You are responsible for asserting
-# that the output is correct.
-#
-# Example:
-#
-#  class TestRDocMarkupToNewFormat < RDoc::Markup::FormatterTestCase
-#
-#    add_visitor_tests
-#
-#    def setup
-#      super
-#
-#      @to = RDoc::Markup::ToNewFormat.new
-#    end
-#
-#    def accept_blank_line
-#      assert_equal :junk, @to.res.join
-#    end
-#
-#    # ...
-#
-#  end
-
-class RDoc::Markup::FormatterTestCase < RDoc::TestCase
-
-  ##
-  # Call #setup when inheriting from this test case.
-  #
-  # Provides the following instance variables:
-  #
-  # +@m+::           RDoc::Markup.new
-  # +@RM+::          RDoc::Markup # to reduce typing
-  # +@bullet_list+:: @RM::List.new :BULLET, # ...
-  # +@label_list+::  @RM::List.new :LABEL, # ...
-  # +@lalpha_list+:: @RM::List.new :LALPHA, # ...
-  # +@note_list+::   @RM::List.new :NOTE, # ...
-  # +@number_list+:: @RM::List.new :NUMBER, # ...
-  # +@ualpha_list+:: @RM::List.new :UALPHA, # ...
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @options = RDoc::Options.new
-
-    @m = @RM.new
-
-    @bullet_list = @RM::List.new(:BULLET,
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l1')),
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l2')))
-
-    @label_list = @RM::List.new(:LABEL,
-      @RM::ListItem.new('cat', @RM::Paragraph.new('cats are cool')),
-      @RM::ListItem.new('dog', @RM::Paragraph.new('dogs are cool too')))
-
-    @lalpha_list = @RM::List.new(:LALPHA,
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l1')),
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l2')))
-
-    @note_list = @RM::List.new(:NOTE,
-      @RM::ListItem.new('cat', @RM::Paragraph.new('cats are cool')),
-      @RM::ListItem.new('dog', @RM::Paragraph.new('dogs are cool too')))
-
-    @number_list = @RM::List.new(:NUMBER,
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l1')),
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l2')))
-
-    @ualpha_list = @RM::List.new(:UALPHA,
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l1')),
-      @RM::ListItem.new(nil, @RM::Paragraph.new('l2')))
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Call to add the visitor tests to your test case
-
-  def self.add_visitor_tests
-    class_eval do
-
-      ##
-      # Calls start_accepting which needs to verify startup state
-
-      def test_start_accepting
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        start_accepting
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls end_accepting on your test case which needs to call
-      # <tt>@to.end_accepting</tt> and verify document generation
-
-      def test_end_accepting
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.res << 'hi'
-
-        end_accepting
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_blank_line
-
-      def test_accept_blank_line
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_blank_line @RM::BlankLine.new
-
-        accept_blank_line
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_block_quote
-
-      def test_accept_block_quote
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_block_quote block para 'quote'
-
-        accept_block_quote
-      end
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.accept_document</tt>
-
-      def test_accept_document
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.accept_document @RM::Document.new @RM::Paragraph.new 'hello'
-
-        accept_document
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_heading with a level 5 RDoc::Markup::Heading
-
-      def test_accept_heading
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(5, 'Hello')
-
-        accept_heading
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_heading_1 with a level 1 RDoc::Markup::Heading
-
-      def test_accept_heading_1
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(1, 'Hello')
-
-        accept_heading_1
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_heading_2 with a level 2 RDoc::Markup::Heading
-
-      def test_accept_heading_2
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(2, 'Hello')
-
-        accept_heading_2
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_heading_3 with a level 3 RDoc::Markup::Heading
-
-      def test_accept_heading_3
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(3, 'Hello')
-
-        accept_heading_3
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_heading_4 with a level 4 RDoc::Markup::Heading
-
-      def test_accept_heading_4
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(4, 'Hello')
-
-        accept_heading_4
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_heading_b with a bold level 1 RDoc::Markup::Heading
-
-      def test_accept_heading_b
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(1, '*Hello*')
-
-        accept_heading_b
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_heading_suppressed_crossref with a level 1
-      # RDoc::Markup::Heading containing a suppressed crossref
-
-      def test_accept_heading_suppressed_crossref # HACK to_html_crossref test
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(1, '\\Hello')
-
-        accept_heading_suppressed_crossref
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new('hi')
-
-        accept_paragraph
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph_b with a RDoc::Markup::Paragraph containing
-      # bold words
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_b
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new('reg <b>bold words</b> reg')
-
-        accept_paragraph_b
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph_br with a RDoc::Markup::Paragraph containing
-      # a \<br>
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_br
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph para 'one<br>two'
-
-        accept_paragraph_br
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph with a Paragraph containing a hard break
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_break
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph para('hello', hard_break, 'world')
-
-        accept_paragraph_break
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph_i with a RDoc::Markup::Paragraph containing
-      # emphasized words
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_i
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new('reg <em>italic words</em> reg')
-
-        accept_paragraph_i
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph_plus with a RDoc::Markup::Paragraph containing
-      # teletype words
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_plus
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new('reg +teletype+ reg')
-
-        accept_paragraph_plus
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph_star with a RDoc::Markup::Paragraph containing
-      # bold words
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_star
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new('reg *bold* reg')
-
-        accept_paragraph_star
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_paragraph_underscore with a RDoc::Markup::Paragraph
-      # containing emphasized words
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_underscore
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new('reg _italic_ reg')
-
-        accept_paragraph_underscore
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_verbatim with a RDoc::Markup::Verbatim
-
-      def test_accept_verbatim
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_verbatim @RM::Verbatim.new("hi\n", "  world\n")
-
-        accept_verbatim
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_raw with a RDoc::Markup::Raw
-
-      def test_accept_raw
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_raw @RM::Raw.new("<table>",
-                                    "<tr><th>Name<th>Count",
-                                    "<tr><td>a<td>1",
-                                    "<tr><td>b<td>2",
-                                    "</table>")
-
-        accept_raw
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_rule with a RDoc::Markup::Rule
-
-      def test_accept_rule
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_rule @RM::Rule.new(4)
-
-        accept_rule
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_bullet
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_bullet
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @bullet_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @bullet_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_start_bullet
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_label
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_label
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @label_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @label_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_start_label
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_lalpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_lalpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @lalpha_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @lalpha_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_start_lalpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_note
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_note
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @note_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @note_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_start_note
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_note_2
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_note_2
-        list = list(:NOTE,
-                 item('<tt>teletype</tt>',
-                   para('teletype description')))
-
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        list.accept @to
-
-        @to.end_accepting
-
-        accept_list_item_start_note_2
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_note_multi_description
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_note_multi_description
-        list = list(:NOTE,
-                 item(%w[label],
-                   para('description one')),
-                 item(nil, para('description two')))
-
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        list.accept @to
-
-        @to.end_accepting
-
-        accept_list_item_start_note_multi_description
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_note_multi_label
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_note_multi_label
-        list = list(:NOTE,
-                 item(%w[one two],
-                   para('two headers')))
-
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        list.accept @to
-
-        @to.end_accepting
-
-        accept_list_item_start_note_multi_label
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_number
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_number
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @number_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @number_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_start_number
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_start_ualpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_start_ualpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @ualpha_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @ualpha_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_start_ualpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_end_bullet
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_end_bullet
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @bullet_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @bullet_list.items.first
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_end @bullet_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_end_bullet
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_end_label
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_end_label
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @label_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @label_list.items.first
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_end @label_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_end_label
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_end_lalpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_end_lalpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @lalpha_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @lalpha_list.items.first
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_end @lalpha_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_end_lalpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_end_note
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_end_note
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @note_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @note_list.items.first
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_end @note_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_end_note
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_end_number
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_end_number
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @number_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @number_list.items.first
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_end @number_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_end_number
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_item_end_ualpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_item_end_ualpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @ualpha_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_start @ualpha_list.items.first
-
-        @to.accept_list_item_end @ualpha_list.items.first
-
-        accept_list_item_end_ualpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_start_bullet
-
-      def test_accept_list_start_bullet
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @bullet_list
-
-        accept_list_start_bullet
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_start_label
-
-      def test_accept_list_start_label
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @label_list
-
-        accept_list_start_label
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_start_lalpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_start_lalpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @lalpha_list
-
-        accept_list_start_lalpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_start_note
-
-      def test_accept_list_start_note
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @note_list
-
-        accept_list_start_note
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_start_number
-
-      def test_accept_list_start_number
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @number_list
-
-        accept_list_start_number
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_start_ualpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_start_ualpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @ualpha_list
-
-        accept_list_start_ualpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_end_bullet
-
-      def test_accept_list_end_bullet
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @bullet_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_end @bullet_list
-
-        accept_list_end_bullet
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_end_label
-
-      def test_accept_list_end_label
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @label_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_end @label_list
-
-        accept_list_end_label
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_end_lalpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_end_lalpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @lalpha_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_end @lalpha_list
-
-        accept_list_end_lalpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_end_number
-
-      def test_accept_list_end_number
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @number_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_end @number_list
-
-        accept_list_end_number
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_end_note
-
-      def test_accept_list_end_note
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @note_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_end @note_list
-
-        accept_list_end_note
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls accept_list_end_ualpha
-
-      def test_accept_list_end_ualpha
-        @to.start_accepting
-
-        @to.accept_list_start @ualpha_list
-
-        @to.accept_list_end @ualpha_list
-
-        accept_list_end_ualpha
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls list_nested with a two-level list
-
-      def test_list_nested
-        doc = @RM::Document.new(
-                @RM::List.new(:BULLET,
-                  @RM::ListItem.new(nil,
-                    @RM::Paragraph.new('l1'),
-                    @RM::List.new(:BULLET,
-                      @RM::ListItem.new(nil,
-                        @RM::Paragraph.new('l1.1')))),
-                  @RM::ListItem.new(nil,
-                    @RM::Paragraph.new('l2'))))
-
-        doc.accept @to
-
-        list_nested
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Calls list_verbatim with a list containing a verbatim block
-
-      def test_list_verbatim # HACK overblown
-        doc =
-          doc(
-            list(:BULLET,
-              item(nil,
-                para('list stuff'),
-                blank_line,
-                verb("* list\n",
-                     "  with\n",
-                     "\n",
-                     "  second\n",
-                     "\n",
-                     "  1. indented\n",
-                     "  2. numbered\n",
-                     "\n",
-                     "  third\n",
-                     "\n",
-                     "* second\n"))))
-
-        doc.accept @to
-
-        list_verbatim
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/hard_break.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/hard_break.rb
index 5898bfb644..046068d5c2 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/hard_break.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/hard_break.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A hard-break in the middle of a paragraph.
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/heading.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/heading.rb
index 5229287d5b..93a3a52000 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/heading.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/heading.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A heading with a level (1-6) and text
 
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ RDoc::Markup::Heading =
     return @to_html if @to_html
 
     markup = RDoc::Markup.new
-    markup.add_special RDoc::CrossReference::CROSSREF_REGEXP, :CROSSREF
+    markup.add_regexp_handling RDoc::CrossReference::CROSSREF_REGEXP, :CROSSREF
 
     @to_html = RDoc::Markup::ToHtml.new nil
 
-    def @to_html.handle_special_CROSSREF special
-      special.text.sub(/^\\/, '')
+    def @to_html.handle_regexp_CROSSREF target
+      target.text.sub(/^\\/, '')
     end
 
     @to_html
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/include.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/include.rb
index 891be71b85..ad7c4a9640 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/include.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/include.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A file included at generation time.  Objects of this class are created by
 # RDoc::RD for an extension-less include.
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/indented_paragraph.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/indented_paragraph.rb
index 56a96bd3c9..d42b2e52b8 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/indented_paragraph.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/indented_paragraph.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # An Indented Paragraph of text
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/inline.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/inline.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 58072fef06..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/inline.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-warn "requiring rdoc/markup/inline is deprecated and will be removed in RDoc 4." if $-w
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/list.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/list.rb
index bcaea7d7c1..05c3609202 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/list.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/list.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A List is a homogeneous set of ListItems.
 #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/list_item.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/list_item.rb
index 115ec0412c..d22554ee73 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/list_item.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/list_item.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # An item within a List that contains paragraphs, headings, etc.
 #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/paragraph.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/paragraph.rb
index fefa12f9ef..a2e45ef009 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/paragraph.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/paragraph.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A Paragraph of text
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/parser.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/parser.rb
index 22cca20420..1b54a519d1 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/parser.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'strscan'
 
 ##
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ require 'strscan'
 # RDoc::Markup::ToHTML.
 #
 # The parser only handles the block-level constructs Paragraph, List,
-# ListItem, Heading, Verbatim, BlankLine and Rule.  Inline markup such as
-# <tt>\+blah\+</tt> is handled separately by RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager.
+# ListItem, Heading, Verbatim, BlankLine, Rule and BlockQuote.
+# Inline markup such as <tt>\+blah\+</tt> is handled separately by
+# RDoc::Markup::AttributeManager.
 #
 # To see what markup the Parser implements read RDoc.  To see how to use
 # RDoc markup to format text in your program read RDoc::Markup.
@@ -79,10 +80,6 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
     @binary_input   = nil
     @current_token  = nil
     @debug          = false
-    @input          = nil
-    @input_encoding = nil
-    @line           = 0
-    @line_pos       = 0
     @s              = nil
     @tokens         = []
   end
@@ -249,7 +246,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
 
     min_indent = nil
     generate_leading_spaces = true
-    line = ''
+    line = ''.dup
 
     until @tokens.empty? do
       type, data, column, = get
@@ -257,7 +254,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
       if type == :NEWLINE then
         line << data
         verbatim << line
-        line = ''
+        line = ''.dup
         generate_leading_spaces = true
         next
       end
@@ -319,13 +316,6 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # The character offset for the input string at the given +byte_offset+
-
-  def char_pos byte_offset
-    @input.byteslice(0, byte_offset).length
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Pulls the next token from the stream.
 
   def get
@@ -381,6 +371,17 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
       when :TEXT then
         unget
         parse_text parent, indent
+      when :BLOCKQUOTE then
+        type, _, column = get
+        if type == :NEWLINE
+          type, _, column = get
+        end
+        unget if type
+        bq = RDoc::Markup::BlockQuote.new
+        p :blockquote_start => [data, column] if @debug
+        parse bq, column
+        p :blockquote_end => indent if @debug
+        parent << bq
       when *LIST_TOKENS then
         unget
         parent << build_list(indent)
@@ -413,14 +414,52 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
   end
 
   ##
+  # A simple wrapper of StringScanner that is aware of the current column and lineno
+
+  class MyStringScanner
+    def initialize(input)
+      @line = @column = 0
+      @s = StringScanner.new input
+    end
+
+    def scan(re)
+      ret = @s.scan(re)
+      @column += ret.length if ret
+      ret
+    end
+
+    def unscan(s)
+      @s.pos -= s.bytesize
+      @column -= s.length
+    end
+
+    def pos
+      [@column, @line]
+    end
+
+    def newline!
+      @column = 0
+      @line += 1
+    end
+
+    def eos?
+      @s.eos?
+    end
+
+    def matched
+      @s.matched
+    end
+
+    def [](i)
+      @s[i]
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Creates the StringScanner
 
   def setup_scanner input
-    @line     = 0
-    @line_pos = 0
-    @input    = input.dup
-
-    @s = StringScanner.new input
+    @s = MyStringScanner.new input
   end
 
   ##
@@ -455,31 +494,30 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
       @tokens << case
                  # [CR]LF => :NEWLINE
                  when @s.scan(/\r?\n/) then
-                   token = [:NEWLINE, @s.matched, *token_pos(pos)]
-                   @line_pos = char_pos @s.pos
-                   @line += 1
+                   token = [:NEWLINE, @s.matched, *pos]
+                   @s.newline!
                    token
                  # === text => :HEADER then :TEXT
                  when @s.scan(/(=+)(\s*)/) then
                    level = @s[1].length
-                   header = [:HEADER, level, *token_pos(pos)]
+                   header = [:HEADER, level, *pos]
 
                    if @s[2] =~ /^\r?\n/ then
-                     @s.pos -= @s[2].length
+                     @s.unscan(@s[2])
                      header
                    else
                      pos = @s.pos
                      @s.scan(/.*/)
                      @tokens << header
-                     [:TEXT, @s.matched.sub(/\r$/, ''), *token_pos(pos)]
+                     [:TEXT, @s.matched.sub(/\r$/, ''), *pos]
                    end
                  # --- (at least 3) and nothing else on the line => :RULE
                  when @s.scan(/(-{3,}) *\r?$/) then
-                   [:RULE, @s[1].length - 2, *token_pos(pos)]
+                   [:RULE, @s[1].length - 2, *pos]
                  # * or - followed by white space and text => :BULLET
                  when @s.scan(/([*-]) +(\S)/) then
-                   @s.pos -= @s[2].bytesize # unget \S
-                   [:BULLET, @s[1], *token_pos(pos)]
+                   @s.unscan(@s[2])
+                   [:BULLET, @s[1], *pos]
                  # A. text, a. text, 12. text => :UALPHA, :LALPHA, :NUMBER
                  when @s.scan(/([a-z]|\d+)\. +(\S)/i) then
                    # FIXME if tab(s), the column will be wrong
@@ -488,7 +526,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
                    # before (and provide a check for that at least in debug
                    # mode)
                    list_label = @s[1]
-                   @s.pos -= @s[2].bytesize # unget \S
+                   @s.unscan(@s[2])
                    list_type =
                      case list_label
                      when /[a-z]/ then :LALPHA
@@ -497,20 +535,24 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
                      else
                        raise ParseError, "BUG token #{list_label}"
                      end
-                   [list_type, list_label, *token_pos(pos)]
+                   [list_type, list_label, *pos]
                  # [text] followed by spaces or end of line => :LABEL
                  when @s.scan(/\[(.*?)\]( +|\r?$)/) then
-                   [:LABEL, @s[1], *token_pos(pos)]
+                   [:LABEL, @s[1], *pos]
                  # text:: followed by spaces or end of line => :NOTE
                  when @s.scan(/(.*?)::( +|\r?$)/) then
-                   [:NOTE, @s[1], *token_pos(pos)]
+                   [:NOTE, @s[1], *pos]
+                 # >>> followed by end of line => :BLOCKQUOTE
+                 when @s.scan(/>>> *(\w+)?$/) then
+                   [:BLOCKQUOTE, @s[1], *pos]
                  # anything else: :TEXT
-                 else @s.scan(/(.*?)(  )?\r?$/)
-                   token = [:TEXT, @s[1], *token_pos(pos)]
+                 else
+                   @s.scan(/(.*?)(  )?\r?$/)
+                   token = [:TEXT, @s[1], *pos]
 
                    if @s[2] then
                      @tokens << token
-                     [:BREAK, @s[2], *token_pos(pos + @s[1].length)]
+                     [:BREAK, @s[2], pos[0] + @s[1].length, pos[1]]
                    else
                      token
                    end
@@ -521,16 +563,6 @@ class RDoc::Markup::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # Calculates the column (by character) and line of the current token based
-  # on +byte_offset+.
-
-  def token_pos byte_offset
-    offset = char_pos byte_offset
-
-    [offset - @line_pos, @line]
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Returns the current token to the token stream
 
   def unget
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/pre_process.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/pre_process.rb
index 6ce523be89..3080ae3578 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/pre_process.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/pre_process.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Handle common directives that can occur in a block of text:
 #
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::PreProcess
     # regexp helper (square brackets for optional)
     # $1      $2  $3        $4      $5
     # [prefix][\]:directive:[spaces][param]newline
-    text.gsub!(/^([ \t]*(?:#|\/?\*)?[ \t]*)(\\?):(\w+):([ \t]*)(.+)?(\r?\n|$)/) do
+    text = text.gsub(/^([ \t]*(?:#|\/?\*)?[ \t]*)(\\?):(\w+):([ \t]*)(.+)?(\r?\n|$)/) do
       # skip something like ':toto::'
       next $& if $4.empty? and $5 and $5[0, 1] == ':'
 
@@ -123,7 +123,11 @@ class RDoc::Markup::PreProcess
       handle_directive $1, $3, $5, code_object, text.encoding, &block
     end
 
-    comment = text unless comment
+    if comment then
+      comment.text = text
+    else
+      comment = text
+    end
 
     self.class.post_processors.each do |handler|
       handler.call comment, code_object
@@ -150,7 +154,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::PreProcess
 
     case directive
     when 'arg', 'args' then
-      return "#{prefix}:#{directive}: #{param}\n" unless code_object
+      return "#{prefix}:#{directive}: #{param}\n" unless code_object && code_object.kind_of?(RDoc::AnyMethod)
 
       code_object.params = param
 
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::PreProcess
 
       blankline
     when 'include' then
-      filename = param.split.first
+      filename = param.split(' ', 2).first
       include_file filename, prefix, encoding
     when 'main' then
       @options.main_page = param if @options.respond_to? :main_page
@@ -212,7 +216,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::PreProcess
     when 'yield', 'yields' then
       return blankline unless code_object
       # remove parameter &block
-      code_object.params.sub!(/,?\s*&\w+/, '') if code_object.params
+      code_object.params = code_object.params.sub(/,?\s*&\w+/, '') if code_object.params
 
       code_object.block_params = param
 
@@ -262,6 +266,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::PreProcess
     end
 
     content = RDoc::Encoding.read_file full_name, encoding, true
+    content = RDoc::Encoding.remove_magic_comment content
 
     # strip magic comment
     content = content.sub(/\A# .*coding[=:].*$/, '').lstrip
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/raw.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/raw.rb
index 8012d2cea6..85e2c8b825 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/raw.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/raw.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A section of text that is added to the output document as-is
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/regexp_handling.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/regexp_handling.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ed868c2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/regexp_handling.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+##
+# Hold details of a regexp handling sequence
+
+class RDoc::Markup::RegexpHandling
+
+  ##
+  # Regexp handling type
+
+  attr_reader   :type
+
+  ##
+  # Regexp handling text
+
+  attr_accessor :text
+
+  ##
+  # Creates a new regexp handling sequence of +type+ with +text+
+
+  def initialize(type, text)
+    @type, @text = type, text
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Regexp handlings are equal when the have the same text and type
+
+  def ==(o)
+    self.text == o.text && self.type == o.type
+  end
+
+  def inspect # :nodoc:
+    "#<RDoc::Markup::RegexpHandling:0x%x @type=%p, @text=%p>" % [
+      object_id, @type, text.dump]
+  end
+
+  def to_s # :nodoc:
+    "RegexpHandling: type=#{type} text=#{text.dump}"
+  end
+
+end
+
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/rule.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/rule.rb
index b96d4fb293..38c1dc7f56 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/rule.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/rule.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A horizontal rule with a weight
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/special.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/special.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d834b9e37..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/special.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-##
-# Hold details of a special sequence
-
-class RDoc::Markup::Special
-
-  ##
-  # Special type
-
-  attr_reader   :type
-
-  ##
-  # Special text
-
-  attr_accessor :text
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a new special sequence of +type+ with +text+
-
-  def initialize(type, text)
-    @type, @text = type, text
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Specials are equal when the have the same text and type
-
-  def ==(o)
-    self.text == o.text && self.type == o.type
-  end
-
-  def inspect # :nodoc:
-    "#<RDoc::Markup::Special:0x%x @type=%p, @text=%p>" % [
-      object_id, @type, text.dump]
-  end
-
-  def to_s # :nodoc:
-    "Special: type=#{type} text=#{text.dump}"
-  end
-
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/table.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/table.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7bcb10aff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/table.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+##
+# A section of table
+
+class RDoc::Markup::Table
+  attr_accessor :header, :align, :body
+
+  def initialize header, align, body
+    @header, @align, @body = header, align, body
+  end
+
+  def == other
+    self.class == other.class and
+      @header == other.header and
+      @align == other.align and
+      @body == other.body
+  end
+
+  def accept visitor
+    visitor.accept_table @header, @body, @align
+  end
+
+  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+    q.group 2, '[Table: ', ']' do
+      q.group 2, '[Head: ', ']' do
+        q.seplist @header.zip(@align) do |text, align|
+          q.pp text
+          if align
+            q.text ":"
+            q.breakable
+            q.text align.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      q.breakable
+      q.group 2, '[Body: ', ']' do
+        q.seplist @body do |body|
+          q.group 2, '[', ']' do
+            q.seplist body do |text|
+              q.pp text
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/text_formatter_test_case.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/text_formatter_test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c8882aa36..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/text_formatter_test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-##
-# Test case for creating new plain-text RDoc::Markup formatters.  See also
-# RDoc::Markup::FormatterTestCase
-#
-# See test_rdoc_markup_to_rdoc.rb for a complete example.
-#
-# Example:
-#
-#  class TestRDocMarkupToNewTextFormat < RDoc::Markup::TextFormatterTestCase
-#
-#    add_visitor_tests
-#    add_text_tests
-#
-#    def setup
-#      super
-#
-#      @to = RDoc::Markup::ToNewTextFormat.new
-#    end
-#
-#    def accept_blank_line
-#      assert_equal :junk, @to.res.join
-#    end
-#
-#    # ...
-#
-#  end
-
-class RDoc::Markup::TextFormatterTestCase < RDoc::Markup::FormatterTestCase
-
-  ##
-  # Adds test cases to the calling TestCase.
-
-  def self.add_text_tests
-    self.class_eval do
-
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.accept_heading</tt>
-
-      def test_accept_heading_indent
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.indent = 3
-        @to.accept_heading @RM::Heading.new(1, 'Hello')
-
-        accept_heading_indent
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.accept_rule</tt>
-
-      def test_accept_rule_indent
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.indent = 3
-        @to.accept_rule @RM::Rule.new(1)
-
-        accept_rule_indent
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.accept_verbatim</tt>
-
-      def test_accept_verbatim_indent
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.indent = 2
-        @to.accept_verbatim @RM::Verbatim.new("hi\n", " world\n")
-
-        accept_verbatim_indent
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.accept_verbatim</tt> with a big indent
-
-      def test_accept_verbatim_big_indent
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.indent = 2
-        @to.accept_verbatim @RM::Verbatim.new("hi\n", "world\n")
-
-        accept_verbatim_big_indent
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.accept_paragraph</tt> with an indent
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_indent
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.indent = 3
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new(('words ' * 30).strip)
-
-        accept_paragraph_indent
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.accept_paragraph</tt> with a long line
-
-      def test_accept_paragraph_wrap
-        @to.start_accepting
-        @to.accept_paragraph @RM::Paragraph.new(('words ' * 30).strip)
-
-        accept_paragraph_wrap
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Test case that calls <tt>@to.attributes</tt> with an escaped
-      # cross-reference.  If this test doesn't pass something may be very
-      # wrong.
-
-      def test_attributes
-        assert_equal 'Dog', @to.attributes("\\Dog")
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_ansi.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_ansi.rb
index 56cd1fe446..6cc3b70e93 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_ansi.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_ansi.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Outputs RDoc markup with vibrant ANSI color!
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_bs.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_bs.rb
index 9a1c7c6ccd..f9b86487db 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_bs.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_bs.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Outputs RDoc markup with hot backspace action!  You will probably need a
 # pager to use this output format.
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToBs < RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc
   end
 
   ##
-  # Turns on or off special handling for +convert_string+
+  # Turns on or off regexp handling for +convert_string+
 
   def annotate tag
     case tag
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToBs < RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc
   end
 
   ##
-  # Calls convert_string on the result of convert_special
+  # Calls convert_string on the result of convert_regexp_handling
 
-  def convert_special special
+  def convert_regexp_handling target
     convert_string super
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html.rb
index 3bf66c2c31..8ae4dd4720 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'cgi'
 
 ##
@@ -52,19 +52,32 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
     @th = nil
     @hard_break = "<br>\n"
 
-    # external links
-    @markup.add_special(/(?:link:|https?:|mailto:|ftp:|irc:|www\.)\S+\w/,
-                        :HYPERLINK)
-
-    add_special_RDOCLINK
-    add_special_TIDYLINK
+    init_regexp_handlings
 
     init_tags
   end
 
-  # :section: Special Handling
+  # :section: Regexp Handling
   #
-  # These methods handle special markup added by RDoc::Markup#add_special.
+  # These methods are used by regexp handling markup added by RDoc::Markup#add_regexp_handling.
+
+  ##
+  # Adds regexp handlings.
+
+  def init_regexp_handlings
+    # external links
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling(/(?:link:|https?:|mailto:|ftp:|irc:|www\.)\S+\w/,
+                                :HYPERLINK)
+    init_link_notation_regexp_handlings
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Adds regexp handlings about link notations.
+
+  def init_link_notation_regexp_handlings
+    add_regexp_handling_RDOCLINK
+    add_regexp_handling_TIDYLINK
+  end
 
   def handle_RDOCLINK url # :nodoc:
     case url
@@ -91,14 +104,14 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   end
 
   ##
-  # +special+ is a <code><br></code>
+  # +target+ is a <code><br></code>
 
-  def handle_special_HARD_BREAK special
+  def handle_regexp_HARD_BREAK target
     '<br>'
   end
 
   ##
-  # +special+ is a potential link.  The following schemes are handled:
+  # +target+ is a potential link.  The following schemes are handled:
   #
   # <tt>mailto:</tt>::
   #   Inserted as-is.
@@ -109,14 +122,14 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   # <tt>link:</tt>::
   #   Reference to a local file relative to the output directory.
 
-  def handle_special_HYPERLINK(special)
-    url = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_HYPERLINK(target)
+    url = target.text
 
     gen_url url, url
   end
 
   ##
-  # +special+ is an rdoc-schemed link that will be converted into a hyperlink.
+  # +target+ is an rdoc-schemed link that will be converted into a hyperlink.
   #
   # For the +rdoc-ref+ scheme the named reference will be returned without
   # creating a link.
@@ -124,16 +137,16 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   # For the +rdoc-label+ scheme the footnote and label prefixes are stripped
   # when creating a link.  All other contents will be linked verbatim.
 
-  def handle_special_RDOCLINK special
-    handle_RDOCLINK special.text
+  def handle_regexp_RDOCLINK target
+    handle_RDOCLINK target.text
   end
 
   ##
-  # This +special+ is a link where the label is different from the URL
+  # This +target+ is a link where the label is different from the URL
   # <tt>label[url]</tt> or <tt>{long label}[url]</tt>
 
-  def handle_special_TIDYLINK(special)
-    text = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_TIDYLINK(target)
+    text = target.text
 
     return text unless
       text =~ /^\{(.*)\}\[(.*?)\]$/ or text =~ /^(\S+)\[(.*?)\]$/
@@ -186,7 +199,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
     @res << "\n<p>"
     text = paragraph.text @hard_break
     text = text.gsub(/\r?\n/, ' ')
-    @res << wrap(to_html(text))
+    @res << to_html(text)
     @res << "</p>\n"
   end
 
@@ -200,11 +213,13 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
 
     content = if verbatim.ruby? or parseable? text then
                 begin
-                  tokens = RDoc::RubyLex.tokenize text, @options
+                  tokens = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex.parse text
                   klass  = ' class="ruby"'
 
-                  RDoc::TokenStream.to_html tokens
-                rescue RDoc::RubyLex::Error
+                  result = RDoc::TokenStream.to_html tokens
+                  result = result + "\n" unless "\n" == result[-1]
+                  result
+                rescue
                   CGI.escapeHTML text
                 end
               else
@@ -212,7 +227,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
               end
 
     if @options.pipe then
-      @res << "\n<pre><code>#{CGI.escapeHTML text}</code></pre>\n"
+      @res << "\n<pre><code>#{CGI.escapeHTML text}\n</code></pre>\n"
     else
       @res << "\n<pre#{klass}>#{content}</pre>\n"
     end
@@ -299,6 +314,29 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
     @res << raw.parts.join("\n")
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Adds +table+ to the output
+
+  def accept_table header, body, aligns
+    @res << "\n<table role=\"table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n"
+    header.zip(aligns) do |text, align|
+      @res << '<th'
+      @res << ' align="' << align << '"' if align
+      @res << '>' << CGI.escapeHTML(text) << "</th>\n"
+    end
+    @res << "</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n"
+    body.each do |row|
+      @res << "<tr>\n"
+      row.zip(aligns) do |text, align|
+        @res << '<td'
+        @res << ' align="' << align << '"' if align
+        @res << '>' << CGI.escapeHTML(text) << "</td>\n"
+      end
+      @res << "</tr>\n"
+    end
+    @res << "</tbody>\n</table>\n"
+  end
+
   # :section: Utilities
 
   ##
@@ -310,7 +348,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
 
   ##
   # Generate a link to +url+ with content +text+.  Handles the special cases
-  # for img: and link: described under handle_special_HYPERLINK
+  # for img: and link: described under handle_regexp_HYPERLINK
 
   def gen_url url, text
     scheme, url, id = parse_url url
@@ -319,6 +357,10 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
        url =~ /\.(gif|png|jpg|jpeg|bmp)$/ then
       "<img src=\"#{url}\" />"
     else
+      if scheme != 'link' and /\.(?:rb|rdoc|md)\z/i =~ url
+        url = url.sub(%r%\A([./]*)(.*)\z%) { "#$1#{$2.tr('.', '_')}.html" }
+      end
+
       text = text.sub %r%^#{scheme}:/*%i, ''
       text = text.sub %r%^[*\^](\d+)$%,   '\1'
 
@@ -383,9 +425,12 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtml < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   # Returns true if text is valid ruby syntax
 
   def parseable? text
+    verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
     eval("BEGIN {return true}\n#{text}")
   rescue SyntaxError
     false
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
   end
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_crossref.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_crossref.rb
index 3f03c65898..a9fd09df41 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_crossref.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_crossref.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Subclass of the RDoc::Markup::ToHtml class that supports looking up method
 # names, classes, etc to create links.  RDoc::CrossReference is used to
@@ -39,26 +39,37 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlCrossref < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
     @hyperlink_all = @options.hyperlink_all
     @show_hash     = @options.show_hash
 
-    crossref_re = @hyperlink_all ? ALL_CROSSREF_REGEXP : CROSSREF_REGEXP
-    @markup.add_special crossref_re, :CROSSREF
-
     @cross_reference = RDoc::CrossReference.new @context
   end
 
+  def init_link_notation_regexp_handlings
+    add_regexp_handling_RDOCLINK
+
+    # The crossref must be linked before tidylink because Klass.method[:sym]
+    # will be processed as a tidylink first and will be broken.
+    crossref_re = @options.hyperlink_all ? ALL_CROSSREF_REGEXP : CROSSREF_REGEXP
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling crossref_re, :CROSSREF
+
+    add_regexp_handling_TIDYLINK
+  end
+
   ##
   # Creates a link to the reference +name+ if the name exists.  If +text+ is
   # given it is used as the link text, otherwise +name+ is used.
 
-  def cross_reference name, text = nil
+  def cross_reference name, text = nil, code = true
     lookup = name
 
     name = name[1..-1] unless @show_hash if name[0, 1] == '#'
 
-    name = "#{CGI.unescape $'} at #{$1}" if name =~ /(.*[^#:])@/
-
-    text = name unless text
+    if !(name.end_with?('+@', '-@')) and name =~ /(.*[^#:])@/
+      text ||= "#{CGI.unescape $'} at <code>#{$1}</code>"
+      code = false
+    else
+      text ||= name
+    end
 
-    link lookup, text
+    link lookup, text, code
   end
 
   ##
@@ -68,8 +79,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlCrossref < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
   # example, ToHtml is found, even without the <tt>RDoc::Markup::</tt> prefix,
   # because we look for it in module Markup first.
 
-  def handle_special_CROSSREF(special)
-    name = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_CROSSREF(target)
+    name = target.text
 
     return name if name =~ /@[\w-]+\.[\w-]/ # labels that look like emails
 
@@ -87,22 +98,22 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlCrossref < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
   # Handles <tt>rdoc-ref:</tt> scheme links and allows RDoc::Markup::ToHtml to
   # handle other schemes.
 
-  def handle_special_HYPERLINK special
-    return cross_reference $' if special.text =~ /\Ardoc-ref:/
+  def handle_regexp_HYPERLINK target
+    return cross_reference $' if target.text =~ /\Ardoc-ref:/
 
     super
   end
 
   ##
-  # +special+ is an rdoc-schemed link that will be converted into a hyperlink.
+  # +target+ is an rdoc-schemed link that will be converted into a hyperlink.
   # For the rdoc-ref scheme the cross-reference will be looked up and the
   # given name will be used.
   #
   # All other contents are handled by
-  # {the superclass}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::Markup::ToHtml#handle_special_RDOCLINK]
+  # {the superclass}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::Markup::ToHtml#handle_regexp_RDOCLINK]
 
-  def handle_special_RDOCLINK special
-    url = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_RDOCLINK target
+    url = target.text
 
     case url
     when /\Ardoc-ref:/ then
@@ -119,38 +130,42 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlCrossref < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
   def gen_url url, text
     return super unless url =~ /\Ardoc-ref:/
 
-    cross_reference $', text
+    name = $'
+    cross_reference name, text, name == text
   end
 
   ##
   # Creates an HTML link to +name+ with the given +text+.
 
-  def link name, text
-    original_name = name
-
-    if name =~ /(.*[^#:])@/ then
+  def link name, text, code = true
+    if !(name.end_with?('+@', '-@')) and name =~ /(.*[^#:])@/
       name = $1
       label = $'
     end
 
     ref = @cross_reference.resolve name, text
 
-    text = ref.output_name @context if
-      RDoc::MethodAttr === ref and text == original_name
-
     case ref
     when String then
       ref
     else
       path = ref.as_href @from_path
 
+      if code and RDoc::CodeObject === ref and !(RDoc::TopLevel === ref)
+        text = "<code>#{CGI.escapeHTML text}</code>"
+      end
+
       if path =~ /#/ then
         path << "-label-#{label}"
       elsif ref.sections and
             ref.sections.any? { |section| label == section.title } then
         path << "##{label}"
       else
-        path << "#label-#{label}"
+        if ref.respond_to?(:aref)
+          path << "##{ref.aref}-label-#{label}"
+        else
+          path << "#label-#{label}"
+        end
       end if label
 
       "<a href=\"#{path}\">#{text}</a>"
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_snippet.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_snippet.rb
index 75c1df94d9..4eb36592b7 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_snippet.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_snippet.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Outputs RDoc markup as paragraphs with inline markup only.
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlSnippet < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
     @mask       = 0
     @paragraphs = 0
 
-    @markup.add_special RDoc::CrossReference::CROSSREF_REGEXP, :CROSSREF
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling RDoc::CrossReference::CROSSREF_REGEXP, :CROSSREF
   end
 
   ##
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlSnippet < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
 
     text = paragraph.text @hard_break
 
-    @res << "#{para}#{wrap to_html text}\n"
+    @res << "#{para}#{to_html text}\n"
 
     add_paragraph
   end
@@ -123,16 +123,16 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlSnippet < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
   end
 
   ##
-  # Removes escaping from the cross-references in +special+
+  # Removes escaping from the cross-references in +target+
 
-  def handle_special_CROSSREF special
-    special.text.sub(/\A\\/, '')
+  def handle_regexp_CROSSREF target
+    target.text.sub(/\A\\/, '')
   end
 
   ##
-  # +special+ is a <code><br></code>
+  # +target+ is a <code><br></code>
 
-  def handle_special_HARD_BREAK special
+  def handle_regexp_HARD_BREAK target
     @characters -= 4
     '<br>'
   end
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToHtmlSnippet < RDoc::Markup::ToHtml
       when String then
         text = convert_string item
         res << truncate(text)
-      when RDoc::Markup::Special then
-        text = convert_special item
+      when RDoc::Markup::RegexpHandling then
+        text = convert_regexp_handling item
         res << truncate(text)
       else
         raise "Unknown flow element: #{item.inspect}"
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_joined_paragraph.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_joined_paragraph.rb
index 293258c092..46e07c94ad 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_joined_paragraph.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_joined_paragraph.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Joins the parts of an RDoc::Markup::Paragraph into a single String.
 #
@@ -23,37 +23,11 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToJoinedParagraph < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   # Converts the parts of +paragraph+ to a single entry.
 
   def accept_paragraph paragraph
-    parts = []
-    string = false
-
-    paragraph.parts.each do |part|
-      if String === part then
-        if string then
-          string << part
-        else
-          parts << part
-          string = part
-        end
-      else
-        parts << part
-        string = false
-      end
-    end
-
-    parts = parts.map do |part|
-      if String === part then
-        part.rstrip
-      else
-        part
-      end
-    end
-
-    # TODO use Enumerable#chunk when Ruby 1.8 support is dropped
-    #parts = paragraph.parts.chunk do |part|
-    #  String === part
-    #end.map do |string, chunk|
-    #  string ? chunk.join.rstrip : chunk
-    #end.flatten
+    parts = paragraph.parts.chunk do |part|
+      String === part
+    end.map do |string, chunk|
+      string ? chunk.join.rstrip : chunk
+    end.flatten
 
     paragraph.parts.replace parts
   end
@@ -67,6 +41,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToJoinedParagraph < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   alias accept_raw             ignore
   alias accept_rule            ignore
   alias accept_verbatim        ignore
+  alias accept_table           ignore
 
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_label.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_label.rb
index bdf08b7aee..3d95ccc2e2 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_label.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_label.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'cgi'
 
 ##
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToLabel < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   def initialize markup = nil
     super nil, markup
 
-    @markup.add_special RDoc::CrossReference::CROSSREF_REGEXP, :CROSSREF
-    @markup.add_special(/(((\{.*?\})|\b\S+?)\[\S+?\])/, :TIDYLINK)
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling RDoc::CrossReference::CROSSREF_REGEXP, :CROSSREF
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling(/(((\{.*?\})|\b\S+?)\[\S+?\])/, :TIDYLINK)
 
     add_tag :BOLD, '', ''
     add_tag :TT,   '', ''
@@ -36,20 +36,20 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToLabel < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   end
 
   ##
-  # Converts the CROSSREF +special+ to plain text, removing the suppression
+  # Converts the CROSSREF +target+ to plain text, removing the suppression
   # marker, if any
 
-  def handle_special_CROSSREF special
-    text = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_CROSSREF target
+    text = target.text
 
     text.sub(/^\\/, '')
   end
 
   ##
-  # Converts the TIDYLINK +special+ to just the text part
+  # Converts the TIDYLINK +target+ to just the text part
 
-  def handle_special_TIDYLINK special
-    text = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_TIDYLINK target
+    text = target.text
 
     return text unless text =~ /\{(.*?)\}\[(.*?)\]/ or text =~ /(\S+)\[(.*?)\]/
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToLabel < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   alias accept_rule               ignore
   alias accept_verbatim           ignore
   alias end_accepting             ignore
-  alias handle_special_HARD_BREAK ignore
+  alias handle_regexp_HARD_BREAK  ignore
   alias start_accepting           ignore
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_markdown.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_markdown.rb
index 9074547b4c..3ee48becb0 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_markdown.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_markdown.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # :markup: markdown
 
 ##
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToMarkdown < RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc
     @headings[5] = ['##### ',  '']
     @headings[6] = ['###### ', '']
 
-    add_special_RDOCLINK
-    add_special_TIDYLINK
+    add_regexp_handling_RDOCLINK
+    add_regexp_handling_TIDYLINK
 
     @hard_break = "  \n"
   end
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToMarkdown < RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc
   ##
   # Adds a newline to the output
 
-  def handle_special_HARD_BREAK special
+  def handle_regexp_HARD_BREAK target
     "  \n"
   end
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToMarkdown < RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc
       @res << part
     end
 
-    @res << "\n" unless @res =~ /\n\z/
+    @res << "\n"
   end
 
   ##
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToMarkdown < RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc
   ##
   # Converts the RDoc markup tidylink into a Markdown.style link.
 
-  def handle_special_TIDYLINK special
-    text = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_TIDYLINK target
+    text = target.text
 
     return text unless text =~ /\{(.*?)\}\[(.*?)\]/ or text =~ /(\S+)\[(.*?)\]/
 
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToMarkdown < RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc
   ##
   # Converts the rdoc-...: links into a Markdown.style links.
 
-  def handle_special_RDOCLINK special
-    handle_rdoc_link special.text
+  def handle_regexp_RDOCLINK target
+    handle_rdoc_link target.text
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_rdoc.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_rdoc.rb
index a40c09859f..3cdf4fd08b 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_rdoc.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_rdoc.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Outputs RDoc markup as RDoc markup! (mostly)
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   def initialize markup = nil
     super nil, markup
 
-    @markup.add_special(/\\\S/, :SUPPRESSED_CROSSREF)
+    @markup.add_regexp_handling(/\\\S/, :SUPPRESSED_CROSSREF)
     @width = 78
     init_tags
 
@@ -234,7 +234,35 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
       @res << part
     end
 
-    @res << "\n" unless @res =~ /\n\z/
+    @res << "\n"
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Adds +table+ to the output
+
+  def accept_table header, body, aligns
+    widths = header.zip(body) do |h, b|
+      [h.size, b.size].max
+    end
+    aligns = aligns.map do |a|
+      case a
+      when nil
+        :center
+      when :left
+        :ljust
+      when :right
+        :rjust
+      end
+    end
+    @res << header.zip(widths, aligns) do |h, w, a|
+      h.__send__(a, w)
+    end.join("|").rstrip << "\n"
+    @res << widths.map {|w| "-" * w }.join("|") << "\n"
+    body.each do |row|
+      @res << row.zip(widths, aligns) do |t, w, a|
+        t.__send__(a, w)
+      end.join("|").rstrip << "\n"
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -253,10 +281,10 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   end
 
   ##
-  # Removes preceding \\ from the suppressed crossref +special+
+  # Removes preceding \\ from the suppressed crossref +target+
 
-  def handle_special_SUPPRESSED_CROSSREF special
-    text = special.text
+  def handle_regexp_SUPPRESSED_CROSSREF target
+    text = target.text
     text = text.sub('\\', '') unless in_tt?
     text
   end
@@ -264,7 +292,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToRdoc < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   ##
   # Adds a newline to the output
 
-  def handle_special_HARD_BREAK special
+  def handle_regexp_HARD_BREAK target
     "\n"
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_table_of_contents.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_table_of_contents.rb
index eae7c59d94..eb8e8faa16 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_table_of_contents.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_table_of_contents.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Extracts just the RDoc::Markup::Heading elements from a
 # RDoc::Markup::Document to help build a table of contents
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToTableOfContents < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
   alias accept_list_item_end   ignore
   alias accept_list_end_bullet ignore
   alias accept_list_start      ignore
+  alias accept_table           ignore
   # :startdoc:
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_test.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_test.rb
index 7b1fa8c630..61d3cffaf0 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_test.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # This Markup outputter is used for testing purposes.
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_tt_only.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_tt_only.rb
index ba20fcdd00..9235d33f04 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/to_tt_only.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/to_tt_only.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Extracts sections of text enclosed in plus, tt or code.  Used to discover
 # undocumented parameters.
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ class RDoc::Markup::ToTtOnly < RDoc::Markup::Formatter
       when RDoc::Markup::AttrChanger then
         off_tags res, item
         on_tags res, item
-      when RDoc::Markup::Special then
-        @res << convert_special(item) if in_tt? # TODO can this happen?
+      when RDoc::Markup::RegexpHandling then
+        @res << convert_regexp_handling(item) if in_tt? # TODO can this happen?
       else
         raise "Unknown flow element: #{item.inspect}"
       end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/markup/verbatim.rb b/lib/rdoc/markup/verbatim.rb
index a0b1d05928..7f1bc29a09 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/markup/verbatim.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/markup/verbatim.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A section of verbatim text
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/meta_method.rb b/lib/rdoc/meta_method.rb
index 408c089dd1..7927a9ce9c 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/meta_method.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/meta_method.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # MetaMethod represents a meta-programmed method
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/method_attr.rb b/lib/rdoc/method_attr.rb
index 50eab141be..3cef78c4a5 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/method_attr.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/method_attr.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Abstract class representing either a method or an attribute.
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class RDoc::MethodAttr < RDoc::CodeObject
       next if String === ancestor
       next if parent == ancestor
 
-      other = ancestor.find_method_named('#' << name) ||
+      other = ancestor.find_method_named('#' + name) ||
               ancestor.find_attribute_named(name)
 
       return other if other
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/mixin.rb b/lib/rdoc/mixin.rb
index 14f04c15e7..379d7cc526 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/mixin.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/mixin.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A Mixin adds features from a module into another context.  RDoc::Include and
 # RDoc::Extend are both mixins.
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/normal_class.rb b/lib/rdoc/normal_class.rb
index eb53e964dd..6729b18448 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/normal_class.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/normal_class.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A normal class, neither singleton nor anonymous
 
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ class RDoc::NormalClass < RDoc::ClassModule
   def to_s # :nodoc:
     display = "#{self.class.name} #{self.full_name}"
     if superclass
-      display << ' < ' << (superclass.is_a?(String) ? superclass : superclass.full_name)
+      display += ' < ' + (superclass.is_a?(String) ? superclass : superclass.full_name)
     end
-    display << ' -> ' << is_alias_for.to_s if is_alias_for
+    display += ' -> ' + is_alias_for.to_s if is_alias_for
     display
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/normal_module.rb b/lib/rdoc/normal_module.rb
index d046c8cbfe..8f364be41c 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/normal_module.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/normal_module.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A normal module, like NormalClass
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/options.rb b/lib/rdoc/options.rb
index 60cfb5e553..13b7ba5c6c 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/options.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/options.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'optparse'
 require 'pathname'
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class RDoc::Options
   ##
   # Files matching this pattern will be excluded
 
-  attr_accessor :exclude
+  attr_writer :exclude
 
   ##
   # The list of files to be processed
@@ -338,13 +338,17 @@ class RDoc::Options
 
   attr_reader :visibility
 
-  def initialize # :nodoc:
+  def initialize loaded_options = nil # :nodoc:
     init_ivars
+    override loaded_options if loaded_options
   end
 
   def init_ivars # :nodoc:
     @dry_run = false
-    @exclude = []
+    @exclude = %w[
+      ~\z \.orig\z \.rej\z \.bak\z
+      \.gemspec\z
+    ]
     @files = nil
     @force_output = false
     @force_update = true
@@ -414,6 +418,37 @@ class RDoc::Options
     init_with map
   end
 
+  def override map # :nodoc:
+    if map.has_key?('encoding')
+      encoding = map['encoding']
+      @encoding = encoding ? Encoding.find(encoding) : encoding
+    end
+
+    @charset        = map['charset']        if map.has_key?('charset')
+    @exclude        = map['exclude']        if map.has_key?('exclude')
+    @generator_name = map['generator_name'] if map.has_key?('generator_name')
+    @hyperlink_all  = map['hyperlink_all']  if map.has_key?('hyperlink_all')
+    @line_numbers   = map['line_numbers']   if map.has_key?('line_numbers')
+    @locale_name    = map['locale_name']    if map.has_key?('locale_name')
+    @locale_dir     = map['locale_dir']     if map.has_key?('locale_dir')
+    @main_page      = map['main_page']      if map.has_key?('main_page')
+    @markup         = map['markup']         if map.has_key?('markup')
+    @op_dir         = map['op_dir']         if map.has_key?('op_dir')
+    @show_hash      = map['show_hash']      if map.has_key?('show_hash')
+    @tab_width      = map['tab_width']      if map.has_key?('tab_width')
+    @template_dir   = map['template_dir']   if map.has_key?('template_dir')
+    @title          = map['title']          if map.has_key?('title')
+    @visibility     = map['visibility']     if map.has_key?('visibility')
+    @webcvs         = map['webcvs']         if map.has_key?('webcvs')
+
+    if map.has_key?('rdoc_include')
+      @rdoc_include = sanitize_path map['rdoc_include']
+    end
+    if map.has_key?('static_path')
+      @static_path  = sanitize_path map['static_path']
+    end
+  end
+
   def == other # :nodoc:
     self.class === other and
       @encoding       == other.encoding       and
@@ -494,6 +529,20 @@ class RDoc::Options
   end
 
   ##
+  # Create a regexp for #exclude
+
+  def exclude
+    if @exclude.nil? or Regexp === @exclude then
+      # done, #finish is being re-run
+      @exclude
+    elsif @exclude.empty? then
+      nil
+    else
+      Regexp.new(@exclude.join("|"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Completes any unfinished option setup business such as filtering for
   # existent files, creating a regexp for #exclude and setting a default
   # #template.
@@ -505,13 +554,7 @@ class RDoc::Options
     root = @root.to_s
     @rdoc_include << root unless @rdoc_include.include?(root)
 
-    if @exclude.nil? or Regexp === @exclude then
-      # done, #finish is being re-run
-    elsif @exclude.empty? then
-      @exclude = nil
-    else
-      @exclude = Regexp.new(@exclude.join("|"))
-    end
+    @exclude = self.exclude
 
     finish_page_dir
 
@@ -544,7 +587,13 @@ class RDoc::Options
 
     @files << @page_dir.to_s
 
-    page_dir = @page_dir.expand_path.relative_path_from @root
+    page_dir = nil
+    begin
+      page_dir = @page_dir.expand_path.relative_path_from @root
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      # On Windows, sometimes crosses different drive letters.
+      page_dir = @page_dir.expand_path
+    end
 
     @page_dir = page_dir
   end
@@ -624,16 +673,16 @@ Usage: #{opt.program_name} [options] [names...]
       end
 
       parsers.sort.each do |parser, regexp|
-        opt.banner << "  - #{parser}: #{regexp.join ', '}\n"
+        opt.banner += "  - #{parser}: #{regexp.join ', '}\n"
       end
-      opt.banner << "  - TomDoc:  Only in ruby files\n"
+      opt.banner += "  - TomDoc:  Only in ruby files\n"
 
-      opt.banner << "\n  The following options are deprecated:\n\n"
+      opt.banner += "\n  The following options are deprecated:\n\n"
 
       name_length = DEPRECATED.keys.sort_by { |k| k.length }.last.length
 
       DEPRECATED.sort_by { |k,| k }.each do |name, reason|
-        opt.banner << "    %*1$2$s  %3$s\n" % [-name_length, name, reason]
+        opt.banner += "    %*1$2$s  %3$s\n" % [-name_length, name, reason]
       end
 
       opt.accept Template do |template|
@@ -738,7 +787,7 @@ Usage: #{opt.program_name} [options] [names...]
 
       opt.on("--[no-]force-update", "-U",
              "Forces rdoc to scan all sources even if",
-             "newer than the flag file.") do |value|
+             "no files are newer than the flag file.") do |value|
         @force_update = value
       end
 
@@ -1087,7 +1136,7 @@ Usage: #{opt.program_name} [options] [names...]
 
     unless quiet then
       deprecated.each do |opt|
-        $stderr.puts 'option ' << opt << ' is deprecated: ' << DEPRECATED[opt]
+        $stderr.puts 'option ' + opt + ' is deprecated: ' + DEPRECATED[opt]
       end
     end
 
@@ -1143,8 +1192,17 @@ Usage: #{opt.program_name} [options] [names...]
 
     path.reject do |item|
       path = Pathname.new(item).expand_path
-      relative = path.relative_path_from(dot).to_s
-      relative.start_with? '..'
+      is_reject = nil
+      relative = nil
+      begin
+        relative = path.relative_path_from(dot).to_s
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        # On Windows, sometimes crosses different drive letters.
+        is_reject = true
+      else
+        is_reject = relative.start_with? '..'
+      end
+      is_reject
     end
   end
 
@@ -1217,7 +1275,7 @@ Usage: #{opt.program_name} [options] [names...]
   def write_options
     RDoc.load_yaml
 
-    open '.rdoc_options', 'w' do |io|
+    File.open '.rdoc_options', 'w' do |io|
       io.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8
 
       YAML.dump self, io
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser.rb
index 5abc374bf7..425bc48632 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 ##
 # A parser is simple a class that subclasses RDoc::Parser and implements #scan
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser
 
     return true if s[0, 2] == Marshal.dump('')[0, 2] or s.index("\x00")
 
-    mode = "r"
+    mode = 'r:utf-8' # default source encoding has been changed to utf-8
     s.sub!(/\A#!.*\n/, '')     # assume shebang line isn't longer than 1024.
     encoding = s[/^\s*\#\s*(?:-\*-\s*)?(?:en)?coding:\s*([^\s;]+?)(?:-\*-|[\s;])/, 1]
     mode = "rb:#{encoding}" if encoding
@@ -88,31 +88,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # Processes common directives for CodeObjects for the C and Ruby parsers.
-  #
-  # Applies +directive+'s +value+ to +code_object+, if appropriate
-
-  def self.process_directive code_object, directive, value
-    warn "RDoc::Parser::process_directive is deprecated and wil be removed in RDoc 4.  Use RDoc::Markup::PreProcess#handle_directive instead" if $-w
-
-    case directive
-    when 'nodoc' then
-      code_object.document_self = nil # notify nodoc
-      code_object.document_children = value.downcase != 'all'
-    when 'doc' then
-      code_object.document_self = true
-      code_object.force_documentation = true
-    when 'yield', 'yields' then
-      # remove parameter &block
-      code_object.params.sub!(/,?\s*&\w+/, '') if code_object.params
-
-      code_object.block_params = value
-    when 'arg', 'args' then
-      code_object.params = value
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Checks if +file+ is a zip file in disguise.  Signatures from
   # http://www.garykessler.net/library/file_sigs.html
 
@@ -164,7 +139,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser
   # Returns the file type from the modeline in +file_name+
 
   def self.check_modeline file_name
-    line = open file_name do |io|
+    line = File.open file_name do |io|
       io.gets
     end
 
@@ -180,7 +155,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser
     return nil if /coding:/i =~ type
 
     type.downcase
-  rescue ArgumentError # invalid byte sequence, etc.
+  rescue ArgumentError
+  rescue Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError # invalid byte sequence
+
   end
 
   ##
@@ -292,9 +269,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser
 end
 
 # simple must come first in order to show up last in the parsers list
-require 'rdoc/parser/simple'
-require 'rdoc/parser/c'
-require 'rdoc/parser/changelog'
-require 'rdoc/parser/markdown'
-require 'rdoc/parser/rd'
-require 'rdoc/parser/ruby'
+require_relative 'parser/simple'
+require_relative 'parser/c'
+require_relative 'parser/changelog'
+require_relative 'parser/markdown'
+require_relative 'parser/rd'
+require_relative 'parser/ruby'
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/c.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/c.rb
index 087d56f7b9..9d8db6cdee 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/c.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/c.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'tsort'
 
 ##
 # RDoc::Parser::C attempts to parse C extension files.  It looks for
-# the standard patterns that you find in extensions: <tt>rb_define_class,
-# rb_define_method</tt> and so on.  It tries to find the corresponding
+# the standard patterns that you find in extensions: +rb_define_class+,
+# +rb_define_method+ and so on.  It tries to find the corresponding
 # C source for the methods and extract comments, but if we fail
 # we don't worry too much.
 #
 # The comments associated with a Ruby method are extracted from the C
 # comment block associated with the routine that _implements_ that
 # method, that is to say the method whose name is given in the
-# <tt>rb_define_method</tt> call. For example, you might write:
+# +rb_define_method+ call. For example, you might write:
 #
 #   /*
 #    * Returns a new array that is a one-dimensional flattening of this
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ require 'tsort'
 #    *    a.flatten                 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
 #    */
 #    static VALUE
-#    rb_ary_flatten(ary)
-#        VALUE ary;
+#    rb_ary_flatten(VALUE ary)
 #    {
 #        ary = rb_obj_dup(ary);
 #        rb_ary_flatten_bang(ary);
@@ -35,16 +34,16 @@ require 'tsort'
 #    ...
 #
 #    void
-#    Init_Array()
+#    Init_Array(void)
 #    {
 #      ...
 #      rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "flatten", rb_ary_flatten, 0);
 #
-# Here RDoc will determine from the rb_define_method line that there's a
+# Here RDoc will determine from the +rb_define_method+ line that there's a
 # method called "flatten" in class Array, and will look for the implementation
-# in the method rb_ary_flatten. It will then use the comment from that
+# in the method +rb_ary_flatten+. It will then use the comment from that
 # method in the HTML output. This method must be in the same source file
-# as the rb_define_method.
+# as the +rb_define_method+.
 #
 # The comment blocks may include special directives:
 #
@@ -70,15 +69,15 @@ require 'tsort'
 # [Document-variable: +name+]
 #   Documentation for the named +rb_define_variable+
 #
-# [Document-method: +method_name+]
+# [Document-method\: +method_name+]
 #   Documentation for the named method.  Use this when the method name is
 #   unambiguous.
 #
-# [Document-method: <tt>ClassName::method_name<tt>]
+# [Document-method\: <tt>ClassName::method_name</tt>]
 #   Documentation for a singleton method in the given class.  Use this when
 #   the method name alone is ambiguous.
 #
-# [Document-method: <tt>ClassName#method_name<tt>]
+# [Document-method\: <tt>ClassName#method_name</tt>]
 #   Documentation for a instance method in the given class.  Use this when the
 #   method name alone is ambiguous.
 #
@@ -211,47 +210,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # Removes duplicate call-seq entries for methods using the same
-  # implementation.
-
-  def deduplicate_call_seq
-    @methods.each do |var_name, functions|
-      class_name = @known_classes[var_name]
-      class_obj  = find_class var_name, class_name
-
-      functions.each_value do |method_names|
-        next if method_names.length == 1
-
-        method_names.each do |method_name|
-          deduplicate_method_name class_obj, method_name
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # If two ruby methods share a C implementation (and comment) this
-  # deduplicates the examples in the call_seq for the method to reduce
-  # confusion in the output.
-
-  def deduplicate_method_name class_obj, method_name # :nodoc:
-    return unless
-      method = class_obj.method_list.find { |m| m.name == method_name }
-    return unless call_seq = method.call_seq
-
-    method_name = method_name[0, 1] if method_name =~ /\A\[/
-
-    entries = call_seq.split "\n"
-
-    matching = entries.select do |entry|
-      entry =~ /^\w*\.?#{Regexp.escape method_name}/ or
-        entry =~ /\s#{Regexp.escape method_name}\s/
-    end
-
-    method.call_seq = matching.join "\n"
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Scans #content for rb_define_alias
 
   def do_aliases
@@ -269,24 +227,30 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
       end
 
       class_obj = find_class var_name, class_name
-
-      al = RDoc::Alias.new '', old_name, new_name, ''
-      al.singleton = @singleton_classes.key? var_name
-
       comment = find_alias_comment var_name, new_name, old_name
-
       comment.normalize
-
-      al.comment = comment
-
-      al.record_location @top_level
-
-      class_obj.add_alias al
-      @stats.add_alias al
+      if comment.to_s.empty? and existing_method = class_obj.method_list.find { |m| m.name == old_name}
+        comment = existing_method.comment
+      end
+      add_alias(var_name, class_obj, old_name, new_name, comment)
     end
   end
 
   ##
+  # Add alias, either from a direct alias definition, or from two
+  # method that reference the same function.
+
+  def add_alias(var_name, class_obj, old_name, new_name, comment)
+    al = RDoc::Alias.new '', old_name, new_name, ''
+    al.singleton = @singleton_classes.key? var_name
+    al.comment = comment
+    al.record_location @top_level
+    class_obj.add_alias al
+    @stats.add_alias al
+    al
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Scans #content for rb_attr and rb_define_attr
 
   def do_attrs
@@ -324,12 +288,100 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
   # Scans #content for rb_define_class, boot_defclass, rb_define_class_under
   # and rb_singleton_class
 
-  def do_classes
-    do_boot_defclass
-    do_define_class
-    do_define_class_under
-    do_singleton_class
-    do_struct_define_without_accessor
+  def do_classes_and_modules
+    do_boot_defclass if @file_name == "class.c"
+
+    @content.scan(
+      %r(
+        (?<var_name>[\w\.]+)\s* =
+        \s*rb_(?:
+          define_(?:
+            class(?: # rb_define_class(class_name_1, parent_name_1)
+              \s*\(
+                \s*"(?<class_name_1>\w+)",
+                \s*(?<parent_name_1>\w+)\s*
+              \)
+            |
+              _under\s*\( # rb_define_class_under(class_under, class_name2, parent_name2...)
+                \s* (?<class_under>\w+),
+                \s* "(?<class_name_2>\w+)",
+                \s*
+                (?:
+                  (?<parent_name_2>[\w\*\s\(\)\.\->]+) |
+                  rb_path2class\("(?<path>[\w:]+)"\)
+                )
+              \s*\)
+            )
+          |
+            module(?: # rb_define_module(module_name_1)
+              \s*\(
+                \s*"(?<module_name_1>\w+)"\s*
+              \)
+            |
+              _under\s*\( # rb_define_module_under(module_under, module_name_2)
+                \s*(?<module_under>\w+),
+                \s*"(?<module_name_2>\w+)"
+              \s*\)
+            )
+          )
+      |
+        struct_define_without_accessor\s*\( # rb_struct_define_without_accessor(class_name_3, parent_name_3, ...)
+          \s*"(?<class_name_3>\w+)",
+          \s*(?<parent_name_3>\w+),
+          \s*\w+,        # Allocation function
+          (?:\s*"\w+",)* # Attributes
+          \s*NULL
+        \)
+      |
+        singleton_class\s*\( # rb_singleton_class(target_class_name)
+          \s*(?<target_class_name>\w+)
+        \)
+        )
+      )mx
+    ) do
+      class_name = $~[:class_name_1]
+      type = :class
+      if class_name
+        # rb_define_class(class_name_1, parent_name_1)
+        parent_name = $~[:parent_name_1]
+        #under = nil
+      else
+        class_name = $~[:class_name_2]
+        if class_name
+          # rb_define_class_under(class_under, class_name2, parent_name2...)
+          parent_name = $~[:parent_name_2] || $~[:path]
+          under = $~[:class_under]
+        else
+          class_name = $~[:class_name_3]
+          if class_name
+            # rb_struct_define_without_accessor(class_name_3, parent_name_3, ...)
+            parent_name = $~[:parent_name_3]
+            #under = nil
+          else
+            type = :module
+            class_name = $~[:module_name_1]
+            #parent_name = nil
+            if class_name
+              # rb_define_module(module_name_1)
+              #under = nil
+            else
+              class_name = $~[:module_name_2]
+              if class_name
+                # rb_define_module_under(module_under, module_name_1)
+                under = $~[:module_under]
+              else
+                # rb_singleton_class(target_class_name)
+                target_class_name = $~[:target_class_name]
+                handle_singleton $~[:var_name], target_class_name
+                next
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      handle_class_module($~[:var_name], type, class_name, parent_name, under)
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -378,65 +430,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
     end
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Scans #content for rb_define_class
-
-  def do_define_class
-    # The '.' lets us handle SWIG-generated files
-    @content.scan(/([\w\.]+)\s* = \s*rb_define_class\s*
-              \(
-                 \s*"(\w+)",
-                 \s*(\w+)\s*
-              \)/mx) do |var_name, class_name, parent|
-      handle_class_module(var_name, :class, class_name, parent, nil)
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Scans #content for rb_define_class_under
-
-  def do_define_class_under
-    @content.scan(/([\w\.]+)\s* =                  # var_name
-                   \s*rb_define_class_under\s*
-                   \(
-                     \s* (\w+),                    # under
-                     \s* "(\w+)",                  # class_name
-                     \s*
-                     (?:
-                       ([\w\*\s\(\)\.\->]+) |      # parent_name
-                       rb_path2class\("([\w:]+)"\) # path
-                     )
-                     \s*
-                   \)
-                  /mx) do |var_name, under, class_name, parent_name, path|
-      parent = path || parent_name
-
-      handle_class_module var_name, :class, class_name, parent, under
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Scans #content for rb_define_module
-
-  def do_define_module
-    @content.scan(/(\w+)\s* = \s*rb_define_module\s*\(\s*"(\w+)"\s*\)/mx) do
-      |var_name, class_name|
-      handle_class_module(var_name, :module, class_name, nil, nil)
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Scans #content for rb_define_module_under
-
-  def do_define_module_under
-    @content.scan(/(\w+)\s* = \s*rb_define_module_under\s*
-              \(
-                 \s*(\w+),
-                 \s*"(\w+)"
-              \s*\)/mx) do |var_name, in_module, class_name|
-      handle_class_module(var_name, :module, class_name, nil, in_module)
-    end
-  end
 
   ##
   # Scans #content for rb_include_module
@@ -446,7 +439,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
       next unless cls = @classes[c]
       m = @known_classes[m] || m
 
-      comment = RDoc::Comment.new '', @top_level
+      comment = RDoc::Comment.new '', @top_level, :c
       incl = cls.add_include RDoc::Include.new(m, comment)
       incl.record_location @top_level
     end
@@ -519,42 +512,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # Scans #content for rb_define_module and rb_define_module_under
-
-  def do_modules
-    do_define_module
-    do_define_module_under
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Scans #content for rb_singleton_class
-
-  def do_singleton_class
-    @content.scan(/([\w\.]+)\s* = \s*rb_singleton_class\s*
-                  \(
-                    \s*(\w+)
-                  \s*\)/mx) do |sclass_var, class_var|
-      handle_singleton sclass_var, class_var
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Scans #content for struct_define_without_accessor
-
-  def do_struct_define_without_accessor
-    @content.scan(/([\w\.]+)\s* = \s*rb_struct_define_without_accessor\s*
-              \(
-                 \s*"(\w+)",  # Class name
-                 \s*(\w+),    # Parent class
-                 \s*\w+,      # Allocation function
-                 (\s*"\w+",)* # Attributes
-                 \s*NULL
-              \)/mx) do |var_name, class_name, parent|
-      handle_class_module(var_name, :class, class_name, parent, nil)
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Finds the comment for an alias on +class_name+ from +new_name+ to
   # +old_name+
 
@@ -564,7 +521,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
                                    \s*"#{Regexp.escape new_name}"\s*,
                                    \s*"#{Regexp.escape old_name}"\s*\);%xm
 
-    RDoc::Comment.new($1 || '', @top_level)
+    RDoc::Comment.new($1 || '', @top_level, :c)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -603,7 +560,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
                 ''
               end
 
-    RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level
+    RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level, :c
   end
 
   ##
@@ -615,7 +572,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
       ((?>/\*.*?\*/\s*)?)
       ((?:(?:\w+)\s+)?
         (?:intern\s+)?VALUE\s+(\w+)
-        \s*(?:\([^)]*\))(?:[^;]|$))
+        \s*(?:\([^)]*\))(?:[^\);]|$))
     | ((?>/\*.*?\*/\s*))^\s*(\#\s*define\s+(\w+)\s+(\w+))
     | ^\s*\#\s*define\s+(\w+)\s+(\w+)
     }xm) do
@@ -643,7 +600,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
 
     case type
     when :func_def
-      comment = RDoc::Comment.new args[0], @top_level
+      comment = RDoc::Comment.new args[0], @top_level, :c
       body = args[1]
       offset, = args[2]
 
@@ -666,16 +623,14 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
 
       #meth_obj.params = params
       meth_obj.start_collecting_tokens
-      tk = RDoc::RubyToken::Token.new nil, 1, 1
-      tk.set_text body
+      tk = { :line_no => 1, :char_no => 1, :text => body }
       meth_obj.add_token tk
       meth_obj.comment = comment
-      meth_obj.offset  = offset
       meth_obj.line    = file_content[0, offset].count("\n") + 1
 
       body
     when :macro_def
-      comment = RDoc::Comment.new args[0], @top_level
+      comment = RDoc::Comment.new args[0], @top_level, :c
       body = args[1]
       offset, = args[2]
 
@@ -685,11 +640,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
       find_modifiers comment, meth_obj
 
       meth_obj.start_collecting_tokens
-      tk = RDoc::RubyToken::Token.new nil, 1, 1
-      tk.set_text body
+      tk = { :line_no => 1, :char_no => 1, :text => body }
       meth_obj.add_token tk
       meth_obj.comment = comment
-      meth_obj.offset  = offset
       meth_obj.line    = file_content[0, offset].count("\n") + 1
 
       body
@@ -784,7 +737,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
       comment = ''
     end
 
-    comment = RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level
+    comment = RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level, :c
     comment.normalize
 
     look_for_directives_in class_mod, comment
@@ -829,7 +782,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
       table[const_name] ||
       ''
 
-    RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level
+    RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level, :c
   end
 
   ##
@@ -860,7 +813,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
 
     return unless comment
 
-    RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level
+    RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level, :c
   end
 
   ##
@@ -869,8 +822,8 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
 
   def handle_attr(var_name, attr_name, read, write)
     rw = ''
-    rw << 'R' if '1' == read
-    rw << 'W' if '1' == write
+    rw += 'R' if '1' == read
+    rw += 'W' if '1' == write
 
     class_name = @known_classes[var_name]
 
@@ -956,7 +909,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
   # can override the C value of the comment to give a friendly definition.
   #
   #   /* 300: The perfect score in bowling */
-  #   rb_define_const(cFoo, "PERFECT", INT2FIX(300);
+  #   rb_define_const(cFoo, "PERFECT", INT2FIX(300));
   #
   # Will override <tt>INT2FIX(300)</tt> with the value +300+ in the output
   # RDoc.  Values may include quotes and escaped colons (\:).
@@ -986,15 +939,15 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
         if new_definition.empty? then # Default to literal C definition
           new_definition = definition
         else
-          new_definition.gsub!("\:", ":")
-          new_definition.gsub!("\\", '\\')
+          new_definition = new_definition.gsub("\:", ":")
+          new_definition = new_definition.gsub("\\", '\\')
         end
 
         new_definition.sub!(/\A(\s+)/, '')
 
         new_comment = "#{$1}#{new_comment.lstrip}"
 
-        new_comment = RDoc::Comment.new new_comment, @top_level
+        new_comment = RDoc::Comment.new new_comment, @top_level, :c
 
         con = RDoc::Constant.new const_name, new_definition, new_comment
       else
@@ -1032,6 +985,10 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
 
     class_obj = find_class var_name, class_name
 
+    if existing_method = class_obj.method_list.find { |m| m.c_function == function }
+      add_alias(var_name, class_obj, existing_method.name, meth_name, existing_method.comment)
+    end
+
     if class_obj then
       if meth_name == 'initialize' then
         meth_name = 'new'
@@ -1241,7 +1198,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
   # when scanning for classes and methods
 
   def remove_commented_out_lines
-    @content.gsub!(%r%//.*rb_define_%, '//')
+    @content = @content.gsub(%r%//.*rb_define_%, '//')
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1251,8 +1208,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
   def scan
     remove_commented_out_lines
 
-    do_modules
-    do_classes
+    do_classes_and_modules
     do_missing
 
     do_constants
@@ -1261,12 +1217,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser::C < RDoc::Parser
     do_aliases
     do_attrs
 
-    deduplicate_call_seq
-
     @store.add_c_variables self
 
     @top_level
   end
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/changelog.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/changelog.rb
index c6c2d2bb23..9245d49376 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/changelog.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/changelog.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'time'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 ##
 # A ChangeLog file parser.
@@ -29,13 +28,13 @@ class RDoc::Parser::ChangeLog < RDoc::Parser
 
     if last =~ /\)\s*\z/ and continuation =~ /\A\(/ then
       last.sub!(/\)\s*\z/, ',')
-      continuation.sub!(/\A\(/, '')
+      continuation = continuation.sub(/\A\(/, '')
     end
 
     if last =~ /\s\z/ then
       last << continuation
     else
-      last << ' ' << continuation
+      last << ' ' + continuation
     end
   end
 
@@ -106,15 +105,33 @@ class RDoc::Parser::ChangeLog < RDoc::Parser
     entries.group_by do |title, _|
       begin
         time = @time_cache[title]
-        (time || Time.parse(title)).strftime '%Y-%m-%d'
+        (time || parse_date(title)).strftime '%Y-%m-%d'
       rescue NoMethodError, ArgumentError
         time, = title.split '  ', 2
-        Time.parse(time).strftime '%Y-%m-%d'
+        parse_date(time).strftime '%Y-%m-%d'
       end
     end
   end
 
   ##
+  # Parse date in ISO-8601, RFC-2822, or default of Git
+
+  def parse_date(date)
+    case date
+    when /\A\s*(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)(?:[ T](\d+):(\d+):(\d+) *([-+]\d\d):?(\d\d))?\b/
+      Time.new($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, ("#{$7}:#{$8}" if $7))
+    when /\A\s*\w{3}, +(\d+) (\w{3}) (\d+) (\d+):(\d+):(\d+) *(?:([-+]\d\d):?(\d\d))\b/
+      Time.new($3, $2, $1, $4, $5, $6, ("#{$7}:#{$8}" if $7))
+    when /\A\s*\w{3} (\w{3}) +(\d+) (\d+) (\d+):(\d+):(\d+) *(?:([-+]\d\d):?(\d\d))\b/
+      Time.new($3, $1, $2, $4, $5, $6, ("#{$7}:#{$8}" if $7))
+    when /\A\s*\w{3} (\w{3}) +(\d+) (\d+):(\d+):(\d+) (\d+)\b/
+      Time.new($6, $1, $2, $3, $4, $5)
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "bad date: #{date}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Parses the entries in the ChangeLog.
   #
   # Returns an Array of each ChangeLog entry in order of parsing.
@@ -131,6 +148,13 @@ class RDoc::Parser::ChangeLog < RDoc::Parser
 
   def parse_entries
     @time_cache ||= {}
+
+    if /\A((?:.*\n){,3})commit\s/ =~ @content
+      class << self; prepend Git; end
+      parse_info($1)
+      return parse_entries
+    end
+
     entries = []
     entry_name = nil
     entry_body = []
@@ -145,29 +169,20 @@ class RDoc::Parser::ChangeLog < RDoc::Parser
         entry_name = $&
 
         begin
-          time = Time.parse entry_name
+          time = parse_date entry_name
           @time_cache[entry_name] = time
-          # HACK Ruby 1.8 does not raise ArgumentError for Time.parse "Other"
-          entry_name = nil unless entry_name =~ /#{time.year}/
-        rescue NoMethodError
-          # HACK Ruby 2.1.2 and earlier raises NoMethodError if time part is absent
-          entry_name.split '  ', 2
         rescue ArgumentError
-          if /out of range/ =~ $!.message
-            Time.parse(entry_name.split('  ', 2)[0]) rescue entry_name = nil
-          else
-            entry_name = nil
-          end
+          entry_name = nil
         end
 
         entry_body = []
       when /^(\t| {8})?\*\s*(.*)/ then # "\t* file.c (func): ..."
-        entry_body << $2
+        entry_body << $2.dup
       when /^(\t| {8})?\s*(\(.*)/ then # "\t(func): ..."
         entry = $2
 
         if entry_body.last =~ /:/ then
-          entry_body << entry
+          entry_body << entry.dup
         else
           continue_entry_body entry_body, entry
         end
@@ -190,6 +205,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::ChangeLog < RDoc::Parser
 
   def scan
     @time_cache = {}
+
     entries = parse_entries
     grouped_entries = group_entries entries
 
@@ -200,5 +216,120 @@ class RDoc::Parser::ChangeLog < RDoc::Parser
     @top_level
   end
 
+  module Git
+    def parse_info(info)
+      /^\s*base-url\s*=\s*(.*\S)/ =~ info
+      @base_url = $1
+    end
+
+    def parse_entries
+      entries = []
+
+      @content.scan(/^commit\s+(\h{20})\h*\n((?:.+\n)*)\n((?: {4}.*\n+)*)/) do
+        entry_name, header, entry_body = $1, $2, $3.gsub(/^ {4}/, '')
+        # header = header.scan(/^ *(\S+?): +(.*)/).to_h
+        # date = header["CommitDate"] || header["Date"]
+        date = header[/^ *(?:Author)?Date: +(.*)/, 1]
+        author = header[/^ *Author: +(.*)/, 1]
+        begin
+          time = parse_date(header[/^ *CommitDate: +(.*)/, 1] || date)
+          @time_cache[entry_name] = time
+          author.sub!(/\s*<(.*)>/, '')
+          email = $1
+          entries << [entry_name, [author, email, date, entry_body]]
+        rescue ArgumentError
+        end
+      end
+
+      entries
+    end
+
+    def create_entries entries
+      # git log entries have no strictly itemized style like the old
+      # style, just assume Markdown.
+      entries.map do |commit, entry|
+        LogEntry.new(@base_url, commit, *entry)
+      end
+    end
+
+    LogEntry = Struct.new(:base, :commit, :author, :email, :date, :contents) do
+      HEADING_LEVEL = 3
+
+      def initialize(base, commit, author, email, date, contents)
+        case contents
+        when String
+          contents = RDoc::Markdown.parse(contents).parts.each do |body|
+            case body
+            when RDoc::Markup::Heading
+              body.level += HEADING_LEVEL + 1
+            end
+          end
+          case first = contents[0]
+          when RDoc::Markup::Paragraph
+            contents[0] = RDoc::Markup::Heading.new(HEADING_LEVEL + 1, first.text)
+          end
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      def level
+        HEADING_LEVEL
+      end
+
+      def aref
+        "label-#{commit}"
+      end
+
+      def label context = nil
+        aref
+      end
+
+      def text
+        case base
+        when nil
+          "#{date}"
+        when /%s/
+          "{#{date}}[#{base % commit}]"
+        else
+          "{#{date}}[#{base}#{commit}]"
+        end + " {#{author}}[mailto:#{email}]"
+      end
+
+      def accept visitor
+        visitor.accept_heading self
+        begin
+          if visitor.respond_to?(:code_object=)
+            code_object = visitor.code_object
+            visitor.code_object = self
+          end
+          contents.each do |body|
+            body.accept visitor
+          end
+        ensure
+          if visitor.respond_to?(:code_object)
+            visitor.code_object = code_object
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+        q.group(2, '[log_entry: ', ']') do
+          q.text commit
+          q.text ','
+          q.breakable
+          q.group(2, '[date: ', ']') { q.text date }
+          q.text ','
+          q.breakable
+          q.group(2, '[author: ', ']') { q.text author }
+          q.text ','
+          q.breakable
+          q.group(2, '[email: ', ']') { q.text email }
+          q.text ','
+          q.breakable
+          q.pp contents
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/markdown.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/markdown.rb
index feffb26ced..9ff478f872 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/markdown.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/markdown.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Parse a Markdown format file.  The parsed RDoc::Markup::Document is attached
 # as a file comment.
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/rd.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/rd.rb
index e6693b9ac8..25f5711731 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/rd.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/rd.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Parse a RD format file.  The parsed RDoc::Markup::Document is attached as a
 # file comment.
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/ripper_state_lex.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/ripper_state_lex.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5492f08726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/ripper_state_lex.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'ripper'
+
+class RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex
+  # TODO: Remove this constants after Ruby 2.4 EOL
+  RIPPER_HAS_LEX_STATE = Ripper::Filter.method_defined?(:state)
+
+  Token = Struct.new(:line_no, :char_no, :kind, :text, :state)
+
+  EXPR_NONE = 0
+  EXPR_BEG = 1
+  EXPR_END = 2
+  EXPR_ENDARG = 4
+  EXPR_ENDFN = 8
+  EXPR_ARG = 16
+  EXPR_CMDARG = 32
+  EXPR_MID = 64
+  EXPR_FNAME = 128
+  EXPR_DOT = 256
+  EXPR_CLASS = 512
+  EXPR_LABEL = 1024
+  EXPR_LABELED = 2048
+  EXPR_FITEM = 4096
+  EXPR_VALUE = EXPR_BEG
+  EXPR_BEG_ANY  =  (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_MID | EXPR_CLASS)
+  EXPR_ARG_ANY  =  (EXPR_ARG | EXPR_CMDARG)
+  EXPR_END_ANY  =  (EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG | EXPR_ENDFN)
+
+  class InnerStateLex < Ripper::Filter
+    attr_accessor :lex_state
+
+    def initialize(code)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+      @in_fname = false
+      @continue = false
+      reset
+      super(code)
+    end
+
+    def reset
+      @command_start = false
+      @cmd_state = @command_start
+    end
+
+    def on_nl(tok, data)
+      case @lex_state
+      when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
+        @continue = true
+      else
+        @continue = false
+        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG unless (EXPR_LABEL & @lex_state) != 0
+      end
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_ignored_nl(tok, data)
+      case @lex_state
+      when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
+        @continue = true
+      else
+        @continue = false
+        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG unless (EXPR_LABEL & @lex_state) != 0
+      end
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_op(tok, data)
+      case tok
+      when '&', '|', '!', '!=', '!~'
+        case @lex_state
+        when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
+          @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
+        else
+          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+        end
+      when '<<'
+        # TODO next token?
+        case @lex_state
+        when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
+          @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
+        else
+          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+        end
+      when '?'
+        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+      when '&&', '||', '+=', '-=', '*=', '**=',
+           '&=', '|=', '^=', '<<=', '>>=', '||=', '&&='
+        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+      when '::'
+        case @lex_state
+        when EXPR_ARG, EXPR_CMDARG
+          @lex_state = EXPR_DOT
+        when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
+          @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
+        else
+          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+        end
+      else
+        case @lex_state
+        when EXPR_FNAME, EXPR_DOT
+          @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
+        else
+          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+        end
+      end
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_kw(tok, data)
+      case tok
+      when 'class'
+        @lex_state = EXPR_CLASS
+        @in_fname = true
+      when 'def'
+        @lex_state = EXPR_FNAME
+        @continue = true
+        @in_fname = true
+      when 'if', 'unless', 'while', 'until'
+        if ((EXPR_MID | EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG | EXPR_ENDFN | EXPR_ARG | EXPR_CMDARG) & @lex_state) != 0 # postfix if
+          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG | EXPR_LABEL
+        else
+          @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+        end
+      when 'begin', 'case', 'when'
+        @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+      when 'return', 'break'
+        @lex_state = EXPR_MID
+      else
+        if @lex_state == EXPR_FNAME
+          @lex_state = EXPR_END
+        else
+          @lex_state = EXPR_END
+        end
+      end
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_tstring_beg(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_tstring_end(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_CHAR(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_period(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_DOT
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_int(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_float(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_rational(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_imaginary(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_symbeg(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_FNAME
+      @continue = true
+      @in_fname = true
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    private def on_variables(event, tok, data)
+      if @in_fname
+        @lex_state = EXPR_ENDFN
+        @in_fname = false
+        @continue = false
+      elsif @continue
+        case @lex_state
+        when EXPR_DOT
+          @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
+        else
+          @lex_state = EXPR_ENDFN
+          @continue = false
+        end
+      else
+        @lex_state = EXPR_CMDARG
+      end
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, event, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_ident(tok, data)
+      on_variables(__method__, tok, data)
+    end
+
+    def on_ivar(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END
+      on_variables(__method__, tok, data)
+    end
+
+    def on_cvar(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END
+      on_variables(__method__, tok, data)
+    end
+
+    def on_gvar(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END
+      on_variables(__method__, tok, data)
+    end
+
+    def on_backref(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END
+      on_variables(__method__, tok, data)
+    end
+
+    def on_lparen(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_LABEL | EXPR_BEG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_rparen(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_ENDFN
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_lbrace(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_LABEL | EXPR_BEG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_rbrace(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_ENDARG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_lbracket(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_LABEL | EXPR_BEG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_rbracket(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_ENDARG
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_const(tok, data)
+      case @lex_state
+      when EXPR_FNAME
+        @lex_state = EXPR_ENDFN
+      when EXPR_CLASS, EXPR_CMDARG, EXPR_MID
+        @lex_state = EXPR_ARG
+      else
+        @lex_state = EXPR_CMDARG
+      end
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_sp(tok, data)
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_comma(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG | EXPR_LABEL if (EXPR_ARG_ANY & @lex_state) != 0
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_comment(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG unless (EXPR_LABEL & @lex_state) != 0
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_ignored_sp(tok, data)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG unless (EXPR_LABEL & @lex_state) != 0
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+
+    def on_heredoc_beg(tok, data)
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_END
+      data
+    end
+
+    def on_heredoc_end(tok, data)
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, __method__, tok, @lex_state)
+      @lex_state = EXPR_BEG
+      data
+    end
+
+    def on_default(event, tok, data)
+      reset
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, event, tok, @lex_state)
+    end
+  end unless RIPPER_HAS_LEX_STATE
+
+  class InnerStateLex < Ripper::Filter
+    def initialize(code)
+      super(code)
+    end
+
+    def on_default(event, tok, data)
+      data << Token.new(lineno, column, event, tok, state)
+    end
+  end if RIPPER_HAS_LEX_STATE
+
+  def get_squashed_tk
+    if @buf.empty?
+      tk = @tokens.shift
+    else
+      tk = @buf.shift
+    end
+    return nil if tk.nil?
+    case tk[:kind]
+    when :on_symbeg then
+      tk = get_symbol_tk(tk)
+    when :on_tstring_beg then
+      tk = get_string_tk(tk)
+    when :on_backtick then
+      if (tk[:state] & (EXPR_FNAME | EXPR_ENDFN)) != 0
+        @inner_lex.lex_state = EXPR_ARG unless RIPPER_HAS_LEX_STATE
+        tk[:kind] = :on_ident
+        tk[:state] = Ripper::Lexer.const_defined?(:State) ? Ripper::Lexer::State.new(EXPR_ARG) : EXPR_ARG
+      else
+        tk = get_string_tk(tk)
+      end
+    when :on_regexp_beg then
+      tk = get_regexp_tk(tk)
+    when :on_embdoc_beg then
+      tk = get_embdoc_tk(tk)
+    when :on_heredoc_beg then
+      @heredoc_queue << retrieve_heredoc_info(tk)
+      @inner_lex.lex_state = EXPR_END unless RIPPER_HAS_LEX_STATE
+    when :on_nl, :on_ignored_nl, :on_comment, :on_heredoc_end then
+      if !@heredoc_queue.empty?
+        get_heredoc_tk(*@heredoc_queue.shift)
+      elsif tk[:text].nil? # :on_ignored_nl sometimes gives nil
+        tk[:text] = ''
+      end
+    when :on_words_beg then
+      tk = get_words_tk(tk)
+    when :on_qwords_beg then
+      tk = get_words_tk(tk)
+    when :on_symbols_beg then
+      tk = get_words_tk(tk)
+    when :on_qsymbols_beg then
+      tk = get_words_tk(tk)
+    when :on_op then
+      if '&.' == tk[:text]
+        tk[:kind] = :on_period
+      else
+        tk = get_op_tk(tk)
+      end
+    end
+    tk
+  end
+
+  private def get_symbol_tk(tk)
+    is_symbol = true
+    symbol_tk = Token.new(tk.line_no, tk.char_no, :on_symbol)
+    if ":'" == tk[:text] or ':"' == tk[:text]
+      tk1 = get_string_tk(tk)
+      symbol_tk[:text] = tk1[:text]
+      symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+    else
+      case (tk1 = get_squashed_tk)[:kind]
+      when :on_ident
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      when :on_tstring_content
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = get_squashed_tk[:state] # skip :on_tstring_end
+      when :on_tstring_end
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      when :on_op
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      when :on_ivar
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      when :on_cvar
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      when :on_gvar
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      when :on_const
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      when :on_kw
+        symbol_tk[:text] = ":#{tk1[:text]}"
+        symbol_tk[:state] = tk1[:state]
+      else
+        is_symbol = false
+        tk = tk1
+      end
+    end
+    if is_symbol
+      tk = symbol_tk
+    end
+    tk
+  end
+
+  private def get_string_tk(tk)
+    string = tk[:text]
+    state = nil
+    kind = :on_tstring
+    loop do
+      inner_str_tk = get_squashed_tk
+      if inner_str_tk.nil?
+        break
+      elsif :on_tstring_end == inner_str_tk[:kind]
+        string = string + inner_str_tk[:text]
+        state = inner_str_tk[:state]
+        break
+      elsif :on_label_end == inner_str_tk[:kind]
+        string = string + inner_str_tk[:text]
+        state = inner_str_tk[:state]
+        kind = :on_symbol
+        break
+      else
+        string = string + inner_str_tk[:text]
+        if :on_embexpr_beg == inner_str_tk[:kind] then
+          kind = :on_dstring if :on_tstring == kind
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    Token.new(tk.line_no, tk.char_no, kind, string, state)
+  end
+
+  private def get_regexp_tk(tk)
+    string = tk[:text]
+    state = nil
+    loop do
+      inner_str_tk = get_squashed_tk
+      if inner_str_tk.nil?
+        break
+      elsif :on_regexp_end == inner_str_tk[:kind]
+        string = string + inner_str_tk[:text]
+        state = inner_str_tk[:state]
+        break
+      else
+        string = string + inner_str_tk[:text]
+      end
+    end
+    Token.new(tk.line_no, tk.char_no, :on_regexp, string, state)
+  end
+
+  private def get_embdoc_tk(tk)
+    string = tk[:text]
+    until :on_embdoc_end == (embdoc_tk = get_squashed_tk)[:kind] do
+      string = string + embdoc_tk[:text]
+    end
+    string = string + embdoc_tk[:text]
+    Token.new(tk.line_no, tk.char_no, :on_embdoc, string, embdoc_tk.state)
+  end
+
+  private def get_heredoc_tk(heredoc_name, indent)
+    string = ''
+    start_tk = nil
+    prev_tk = nil
+    until heredoc_end?(heredoc_name, indent, tk = @tokens.shift) do
+      start_tk = tk unless start_tk
+      if (prev_tk.nil? or "\n" == prev_tk[:text][-1]) and 0 != tk[:char_no]
+        string = string + (' ' * tk[:char_no])
+      end
+      string = string + tk[:text]
+      prev_tk = tk
+    end
+    start_tk = tk unless start_tk
+    prev_tk = tk unless prev_tk
+    @buf.unshift tk # closing heredoc
+    heredoc_tk = Token.new(start_tk.line_no, start_tk.char_no, :on_heredoc, string, prev_tk.state)
+    @buf.unshift heredoc_tk
+  end
+
+  private def retrieve_heredoc_info(tk)
+    name = tk[:text].gsub(/\A<<[-~]?(['"`]?)(.+)\1\z/, '\2')
+    indent = tk[:text] =~ /\A<<[-~]/
+    [name, indent]
+  end
+
+  private def heredoc_end?(name, indent, tk)
+    result = false
+    if :on_heredoc_end == tk[:kind] then
+      tk_name = tk[:text].chomp
+      tk_name.lstrip! if indent
+      if name == tk_name
+        result = true
+      end
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  private def get_words_tk(tk)
+    string = ''
+    start_token = tk[:text]
+    start_quote = tk[:text].rstrip[-1]
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
+    char_no = tk[:char_no]
+    state = tk[:state]
+    end_quote =
+      case start_quote
+      when ?( then ?)
+      when ?[ then ?]
+      when ?{ then ?}
+      when ?< then ?>
+      else start_quote
+      end
+    end_token = nil
+    loop do
+      tk = get_squashed_tk
+      if tk.nil?
+        end_token = end_quote
+        break
+      elsif :on_tstring_content == tk[:kind] then
+        string += tk[:text]
+      elsif :on_words_sep == tk[:kind] or :on_tstring_end == tk[:kind] then
+        if end_quote == tk[:text].strip then
+          end_token = tk[:text]
+          break
+        else
+          string += tk[:text]
+        end
+      else
+        string += tk[:text]
+      end
+    end
+    text = "#{start_token}#{string}#{end_token}"
+    Token.new(line_no, char_no, :on_dstring, text, state)
+  end
+
+  private def get_op_tk(tk)
+    redefinable_operators = %w[! != !~ % & * ** + +@ - -@ / < << <= <=> == === =~ > >= >> [] []= ^ ` | ~]
+    if redefinable_operators.include?(tk[:text]) and tk[:state] == EXPR_ARG then
+      @inner_lex.lex_state = EXPR_ARG unless RIPPER_HAS_LEX_STATE
+      tk[:state] = Ripper::Lexer.const_defined?(:State) ? Ripper::Lexer::State.new(EXPR_ARG) : EXPR_ARG
+      tk[:kind] = :on_ident
+    elsif tk[:text] =~ /^[-+]$/ then
+      tk_ahead = get_squashed_tk
+      case tk_ahead[:kind]
+      when :on_int, :on_float, :on_rational, :on_imaginary then
+        tk[:text] += tk_ahead[:text]
+        tk[:kind] = tk_ahead[:kind]
+        tk[:state] = tk_ahead[:state]
+      when :on_heredoc_beg, :on_tstring, :on_dstring # frozen/non-frozen string literal
+        tk[:text] += tk_ahead[:text]
+        tk[:kind] = tk_ahead[:kind]
+        tk[:state] = tk_ahead[:state]
+      else
+        @buf.unshift tk_ahead
+      end
+    end
+    tk
+  end
+
+  def initialize(code)
+    @buf = []
+    @heredoc_queue = []
+    @inner_lex = InnerStateLex.new(code)
+    @tokens = @inner_lex.parse([])
+  end
+
+  def self.parse(code)
+    lex = self.new(code)
+    tokens = []
+    begin
+      while tk = lex.get_squashed_tk
+        tokens.push tk
+      end
+    rescue StopIteration
+    end
+    tokens
+  end
+
+  def self.end?(token)
+    (token[:state] & EXPR_END)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby.rb
index c30dbf0f4e..8d021f3c6d 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # This file contains stuff stolen outright from:
 #
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@
 #       by Keiju ISHITSUKA (Nippon Rational Inc.)
 #
 
-$TOKEN_DEBUG ||= nil
-
 ##
 # Extracts code elements from a source file returning a TopLevel object
 # containing the constituent file elements.
@@ -24,6 +22,7 @@ $TOKEN_DEBUG ||= nil
 # * aliases
 # * private, public, protected
 # * private_class_function, public_class_function
+# * private_constant, public_constant
 # * module_function
 # * attr, attr_reader, attr_writer, attr_accessor
 # * extra accessors given on the command line
@@ -139,11 +138,13 @@ $TOKEN_DEBUG ||= nil
 # Note that by default, the :method: directive will be ignored if there is a
 # standard rdocable item following it.
 
+require 'ripper'
+require_relative 'ripper_state_lex'
+
 class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   parse_files_matching(/\.rbw?$/)
 
-  include RDoc::RubyToken
   include RDoc::TokenStream
   include RDoc::Parser::RubyTools
 
@@ -163,10 +164,22 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   def initialize(top_level, file_name, content, options, stats)
     super
 
+    if /\t/ =~ content then
+      tab_width = @options.tab_width
+      content = content.split(/\n/).map do |line|
+        1 while line.gsub!(/\t+/) {
+          ' ' * (tab_width*$&.length - $`.length % tab_width)
+        }  && $~
+        line
+      end.join("\n")
+    end
+
     @size = 0
     @token_listeners = nil
-    @scanner = RDoc::RubyLex.new content, @options
-    @scanner.exception_on_syntax_error = false
+    content = RDoc::Encoding.remove_magic_comment content
+    @scanner = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex.parse(content)
+    @content = content
+    @scanner_point = 0
     @prev_seek = nil
     @markup = @options.markup
     @track_visibility = :nodoc != @options.visibility
@@ -175,6 +188,10 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     reset
   end
 
+  def tk_nl?(tk)
+    :on_nl == tk[:kind] or :on_ignored_nl == tk[:kind]
+  end
+
   ##
   # Retrieves the read token stream and replaces +pattern+ with +replacement+
   # using gsub.  If the result is only a ";" returns an empty string.
@@ -194,7 +211,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # methods.
 
   def get_visibility_information tk, single # :nodoc:
-    vis_type  = tk.name
+    vis_type  = tk[:text]
     singleton = single == SINGLE
 
     vis =
@@ -223,31 +240,34 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def collect_first_comment
     skip_tkspace
-    comment = ''
-    comment.force_encoding @encoding if @encoding
+    comment = ''.dup
+    comment = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding comment, @encoding if @encoding
     first_line = true
-    first_comment_tk_class = nil
+    first_comment_tk_kind = nil
+    line_no = nil
 
     tk = get_tk
 
-    while TkCOMMENT === tk
-      if first_line and tk.text =~ /\A#!/ then
+    while tk && (:on_comment == tk[:kind] or :on_embdoc == tk[:kind])
+      comment_body = retrieve_comment_body(tk)
+      if first_line and comment_body =~ /\A#!/ then
         skip_tkspace
         tk = get_tk
-      elsif first_line and tk.text =~ /\A#\s*-\*-/ then
+      elsif first_line and comment_body =~ /\A#\s*-\*-/ then
         first_line = false
         skip_tkspace
         tk = get_tk
       else
-        break if first_comment_tk_class and not first_comment_tk_class === tk
-        first_comment_tk_class = tk.class
+        break if first_comment_tk_kind and not first_comment_tk_kind === tk[:kind]
+        first_comment_tk_kind = tk[:kind]
 
+        line_no = tk[:line_no] if first_line
         first_line = false
-        comment << tk.text << "\n"
+        comment << comment_body
         tk = get_tk
 
-        if TkNL === tk then
-          skip_tkspace false
+        if :on_nl === tk then
+          skip_tkspace_without_nl
           tk = get_tk
         end
       end
@@ -255,15 +275,14 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     unget_tk tk
 
-    new_comment comment
+    new_comment comment, line_no
   end
 
   ##
   # Consumes trailing whitespace from the token stream
 
   def consume_trailing_spaces # :nodoc:
-    get_tkread
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
   end
 
   ##
@@ -290,7 +309,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
             container.find_module_named rhs_name
           end
 
-    container.add_module_alias mod, constant.name, @top_level if mod
+    container.add_module_alias mod, rhs_name, constant, @top_level
   end
 
   ##
@@ -303,16 +322,14 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # Looks for a true or false token.  Returns false if TkFALSE or TkNIL are
-  # found.
+  # Looks for a true or false token.
 
   def get_bool
     skip_tkspace
     tk = get_tk
-    case tk
-    when TkTRUE
+    if :on_kw == tk[:kind] && 'true' == tk[:text]
       true
-    when TkFALSE, TkNIL
+    elsif :on_kw == tk[:kind] && ('false' == tk[:text] || 'nil' == tk[:text])
       false
     else
       unget_tk tk
@@ -328,27 +345,31 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   def get_class_or_module container, ignore_constants = false
     skip_tkspace
     name_t = get_tk
-    given_name = ''
+    given_name = ''.dup
 
     # class ::A -> A is in the top level
-    case name_t
-    when TkCOLON2, TkCOLON3 then # bug
+    if :on_op == name_t[:kind] and '::' == name_t[:text] then # bug
       name_t = get_tk
       container = @top_level
       given_name << '::'
     end
 
-    skip_tkspace false
-    given_name << name_t.name
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
+    given_name << name_t[:text]
 
-    while TkCOLON2 === peek_tk do
+    is_self = name_t[:kind] == :on_op && name_t[:text] == '<<'
+    new_modules = []
+    while !is_self && (tk = peek_tk) and :on_op == tk[:kind] and '::' == tk[:text] do
       prev_container = container
-      container = container.find_module_named name_t.name
+      container = container.find_module_named name_t[:text]
       container ||=
         if ignore_constants then
-          RDoc::Context.new
+          c = RDoc::NormalModule.new name_t[:text]
+          c.store = @store
+          new_modules << [prev_container, c]
+          c
         else
-          c = prev_container.add_module RDoc::NormalModule, name_t.name
+          c = prev_container.add_module RDoc::NormalModule, name_t[:text]
           c.ignore unless prev_container.document_children
           @top_level.add_to_classes_or_modules c
           c
@@ -357,35 +378,51 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
       record_location container
 
       get_tk
-      skip_tkspace false
+      skip_tkspace
+      if :on_lparen == peek_tk[:kind] # ProcObjectInConstant::()
+        parse_method_or_yield_parameters
+        break
+      end
       name_t = get_tk
-      given_name << '::' << name_t.name
+      unless :on_const == name_t[:kind] || :on_ident == name_t[:kind]
+        raise RDoc::Error, "Invalid class or module definition: #{given_name}"
+      end
+      if prev_container == container and !ignore_constants
+        given_name = name_t[:text]
+      else
+        given_name << '::' + name_t[:text]
+      end
     end
 
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
-    return [container, name_t, given_name]
+    return [container, name_t, given_name, new_modules]
   end
 
   ##
   # Return a superclass, which can be either a constant of an expression
 
   def get_class_specification
-    case peek_tk
-    when TkSELF then return 'self'
-    when TkGVAR then return ''
+    tk = peek_tk
+    if tk.nil?
+      return ''
+    elsif :on_kw == tk[:kind] && 'self' == tk[:text]
+      return 'self'
+    elsif :on_gvar == tk[:kind]
+      return ''
     end
 
     res = get_constant
 
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
     get_tkread # empty out read buffer
 
     tk = get_tk
+    return res unless tk
 
-    case tk
-    when TkNL, TkCOMMENT, TkSEMICOLON then
+    case tk[:kind]
+    when :on_nl, :on_comment, :on_embdoc, :on_semicolon then
       unget_tk(tk)
       return res
     end
@@ -400,11 +437,11 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def get_constant
     res = ""
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
     tk = get_tk
 
-    while TkCOLON2 === tk or TkCOLON3 === tk or TkCONSTANT === tk do
-      res += tk.name
+    while tk && ((:on_op == tk[:kind] && '::' == tk[:text]) || :on_const == tk[:kind]) do
+      res += tk[:text]
       tk = get_tk
     end
 
@@ -413,28 +450,83 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # Get a constant that may be surrounded by parens
+  # Get an included module that may be surrounded by parens
 
-  def get_constant_with_optional_parens
-    skip_tkspace false
+  def get_included_module_with_optional_parens
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
+    get_tkread
+    tk = get_tk
+    end_token = get_end_token tk
+    return '' unless end_token
 
     nest = 0
+    continue = false
+    only_constant = true
 
-    while TkLPAREN === (tk = peek_tk) or TkfLPAREN === tk do
-      get_tk
-      skip_tkspace
-      nest += 1
-    end
-
-    name = get_constant
-
-    while nest > 0
-      skip_tkspace
+    while tk != nil do
+      is_element_of_constant = false
+      case tk[:kind]
+      when :on_semicolon then
+        break if nest == 0
+      when :on_lbracket then
+        nest += 1
+      when :on_rbracket then
+        nest -= 1
+      when :on_lbrace then
+        nest += 1
+      when :on_rbrace then
+        nest -= 1
+        if nest <= 0
+          # we might have a.each { |i| yield i }
+          unget_tk(tk) if nest < 0
+          break
+        end
+      when :on_lparen then
+        nest += 1
+      when end_token[:kind] then
+        if end_token[:kind] == :on_rparen
+          nest -= 1
+          break if nest <= 0
+        else
+          break if nest <= 0
+        end
+      when :on_rparen then
+        nest -= 1
+      when :on_comment, :on_embdoc then
+        @read.pop
+        if :on_nl == end_token[:kind] and "\n" == tk[:text][-1] and
+          (!continue or (tk[:state] & RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::EXPR_LABEL) != 0) then
+          break if !continue and nest <= 0
+        end
+      when :on_comma then
+        continue = true
+      when :on_ident then
+        continue = false if continue
+      when :on_kw then
+        case tk[:text]
+        when 'def', 'do', 'case', 'for', 'begin', 'class', 'module'
+          nest += 1
+        when 'if', 'unless', 'while', 'until', 'rescue'
+          # postfix if/unless/while/until/rescue must be EXPR_LABEL
+          nest += 1 unless (tk[:state] & RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::EXPR_LABEL) != 0
+        when 'end'
+          nest -= 1
+          break if nest == 0
+        end
+      when :on_const then
+        is_element_of_constant = true
+      when :on_op then
+        is_element_of_constant = true if '::' == tk[:text]
+      end
+      only_constant = false unless is_element_of_constant
       tk = get_tk
-      nest -= 1 if TkRPAREN === tk
     end
 
-    name
+    if only_constant
+      get_tkread_clean(/\s+/, ' ')
+    else
+      ''
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -446,13 +538,19 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # won't catch all cases (such as "a = yield + 1"
 
   def get_end_token tk # :nodoc:
-    case tk
-    when TkLPAREN, TkfLPAREN
-      TkRPAREN
-    when TkRPAREN
+    case tk[:kind]
+    when :on_lparen
+      token = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new
+      token[:kind] = :on_rparen
+      token[:text] = ')'
+      token
+    when :on_rparen
       nil
     else
-      TkNL
+      token = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new
+      token[:kind] = :on_nl
+      token[:text] = "\n"
+      token
     end
   end
 
@@ -461,11 +559,11 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def get_method_container container, name_t # :nodoc:
     prev_container = container
-    container = container.find_module_named(name_t.name)
+    container = container.find_module_named(name_t[:text])
 
     unless container then
       constant = prev_container.constants.find do |const|
-        const.name == name_t.name
+        const.name == name_t[:text]
       end
 
       if constant then
@@ -476,21 +574,21 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     unless container then
       # TODO seems broken, should starting at Object in @store
-      obj = name_t.name.split("::").inject(Object) do |state, item|
+      obj = name_t[:text].split("::").inject(Object) do |state, item|
         state.const_get(item)
       end rescue nil
 
       type = obj.class == Class ? RDoc::NormalClass : RDoc::NormalModule
 
       unless [Class, Module].include?(obj.class) then
-        warn("Couldn't find #{name_t.name}. Assuming it's a module")
+        warn("Couldn't find #{name_t[:text]}. Assuming it's a module")
       end
 
       if type == RDoc::NormalClass then
         sclass = obj.superclass ? obj.superclass.name : nil
-        container = prev_container.add_class type, name_t.name, sclass
+        container = prev_container.add_class type, name_t[:text], sclass
       else
-        container = prev_container.add_module type, name_t.name
+        container = prev_container.add_module type, name_t[:text]
       end
 
       record_location container
@@ -504,32 +602,26 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def get_symbol_or_name
     tk = get_tk
-    case tk
-    when TkSYMBOL then
-      text = tk.text.sub(/^:/, '')
+    case tk[:kind]
+    when :on_symbol then
+      text = tk[:text].sub(/^:/, '')
 
-      if TkASSIGN === peek_tk then
+      next_tk = peek_tk
+      if next_tk && :on_op == next_tk[:kind] && '=' == next_tk[:text] then
         get_tk
         text << '='
       end
 
       text
-    when TkId, TkOp then
-      tk.name
-    when TkAMPER,
-         TkDSTRING,
-         TkSTAR,
-         TkSTRING then
-      tk.text
+    when :on_ident, :on_const, :on_gvar, :on_cvar, :on_ivar, :on_op, :on_kw then
+      tk[:text]
+    when :on_tstring, :on_dstring then
+      tk[:text][1..-2]
     else
       raise RDoc::Error, "Name or symbol expected (got #{tk})"
     end
   end
 
-  def stop_at_EXPR_END # :nodoc:
-    @scanner.lex_state == :EXPR_END || !@scanner.continue
-  end
-
   ##
   # Marks containers between +container+ and +ancestor+ as ignored
 
@@ -548,29 +640,31 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   #
   # This routine modifies its +comment+ parameter.
 
-  def look_for_directives_in context, comment
-    @preprocess.handle comment, context do |directive, param|
+  def look_for_directives_in container, comment
+    @preprocess.handle comment, container do |directive, param|
       case directive
       when 'method', 'singleton-method',
            'attr', 'attr_accessor', 'attr_reader', 'attr_writer' then
         false # handled elsewhere
       when 'section' then
-        context.set_current_section param, comment.dup
+        break unless container.kind_of?(RDoc::Context)
+        container.set_current_section param, comment.dup
         comment.text = ''
         break
       end
     end
 
-    remove_private_comments comment
+    comment.remove_private
   end
 
   ##
   # Adds useful info about the parser to +message+
 
   def make_message message
-    prefix = "#{@file_name}:"
+    prefix = "#{@file_name}:".dup
 
-    prefix << "#{@scanner.line_no}:#{@scanner.char_no}:" if @scanner
+    tk = peek_tk
+    prefix << "#{tk[:line_no]}:#{tk[:char_no]}:" if tk
 
     "#{prefix} #{message}"
   end
@@ -578,8 +672,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   ##
   # Creates a comment with the correct format
 
-  def new_comment comment
-    c = RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level
+  def new_comment comment, line_no = nil
+    c = RDoc::Comment.new comment, @top_level, :ruby
+    c.line = line_no
     c.format = @markup
     c
   end
@@ -589,24 +684,22 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # +comment+.
 
   def parse_attr(context, single, tk, comment)
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
     args = parse_symbol_arg 1
     if args.size > 0 then
       name = args[0]
       rw = "R"
-      skip_tkspace false
+      skip_tkspace_without_nl
       tk = get_tk
 
-      if TkCOMMA === tk then
+      if :on_comma == tk[:kind] then
         rw = "RW" if get_bool
       else
         unget_tk tk
       end
 
       att = create_attr context, single, name, rw, comment
-      att.offset = offset
       att.line   = line_no
 
       read_documentation_modifiers att, RDoc::ATTR_MODIFIERS
@@ -620,8 +713,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # comment for each to +comment+.
 
   def parse_attr_accessor(context, single, tk, comment)
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
     args = parse_symbol_arg
     rw = "?"
@@ -632,7 +724,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     # and add found items appropriately but here we do not.  I'm not sure why.
     return if @track_visibility and not tmp.document_self
 
-    case tk.name
+    case tk[:text]
     when "attr_reader"   then rw = "R"
     when "attr_writer"   then rw = "W"
     when "attr_accessor" then rw = "RW"
@@ -642,7 +734,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     for name in args
       att = create_attr context, single, name, rw, comment
-      att.offset = offset
       att.line   = line_no
     end
   end
@@ -651,22 +742,19 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # Parses an +alias+ in +context+ with +comment+
 
   def parse_alias(context, single, tk, comment)
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
     skip_tkspace
 
-    if TkLPAREN === peek_tk then
+    if :on_lparen === peek_tk[:kind] then
       get_tk
       skip_tkspace
     end
 
     new_name = get_symbol_or_name
 
-    @scanner.lex_state = :EXPR_FNAME
-
     skip_tkspace
-    if TkCOMMA === peek_tk then
+    if :on_comma === peek_tk[:kind] then
       get_tk
       skip_tkspace
     end
@@ -680,7 +768,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     al = RDoc::Alias.new(get_tkread, old_name, new_name, comment,
                          single == SINGLE)
     record_location al
-    al.offset = offset
     al.line   = line_no
 
     read_documentation_modifiers al, RDoc::ATTR_MODIFIERS
@@ -694,34 +781,38 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # Extracts call parameters from the token stream.
 
   def parse_call_parameters(tk)
-    end_token = case tk
-                when TkLPAREN, TkfLPAREN
-                  TkRPAREN
-                when TkRPAREN
+    end_token = case tk[:kind]
+                when :on_lparen
+                  :on_rparen
+                when :on_rparen
                   return ""
                 else
-                  TkNL
+                  :on_nl
                 end
     nest = 0
 
     loop do
-      case tk
-      when TkSEMICOLON
+      break if tk.nil?
+      case tk[:kind]
+      when :on_semicolon
         break
-      when TkLPAREN, TkfLPAREN
+      when :on_lparen
         nest += 1
       when end_token
-        if end_token == TkRPAREN
+        if end_token == :on_rparen
           nest -= 1
-          break if @scanner.lex_state == :EXPR_END and nest <= 0
+          break if RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex.end?(tk) and nest <= 0
         else
-          break unless @scanner.continue
+          break if RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex.end?(tk)
         end
-      when TkCOMMENT, TkASSIGN, TkOPASGN
+      when :on_comment, :on_embdoc
         unget_tk(tk)
         break
-      when nil then
-        break
+      when :on_op
+        if tk[:text] =~ /^(.{1,2})?=$/
+          unget_tk(tk)
+          break
+        end
       end
       tk = get_tk
     end
@@ -733,33 +824,33 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # Parses a class in +context+ with +comment+
 
   def parse_class container, single, tk, comment
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
     declaration_context = container
-    container, name_t, given_name = get_class_or_module container
-
-    cls =
-      case name_t
-      when TkCONSTANT
-        parse_class_regular container, declaration_context, single,
-          name_t, given_name, comment
-      when TkLSHFT
-        case name = get_class_specification
-        when 'self', container.name
-          parse_statements container, SINGLE
-          return # don't update offset or line
-        else
-          parse_class_singleton container, name, comment
-        end
+    container, name_t, given_name, = get_class_or_module container
+
+    if name_t[:kind] == :on_const
+      cls = parse_class_regular container, declaration_context, single,
+        name_t, given_name, comment
+    elsif name_t[:kind] == :on_op && name_t[:text] == '<<'
+      case name = get_class_specification
+      when 'self', container.name
+        read_documentation_modifiers cls, RDoc::CLASS_MODIFIERS
+        parse_statements container, SINGLE
+        return # don't update line
       else
-        warn "Expected class name or '<<'. Got #{name_t.class}: #{name_t.text.inspect}"
-        return
+        cls = parse_class_singleton container, name, comment
       end
+    else
+      warn "Expected class name or '<<'. Got #{name_t[:kind]}: #{name_t[:text].inspect}"
+      return
+    end
 
-    cls.offset = offset
     cls.line   = line_no
 
+    # after end modifiers
+    read_documentation_modifiers cls, RDoc::CLASS_MODIFIERS
+
     cls
   end
 
@@ -775,7 +866,8 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
       given_name = $'
     end
 
-    if TkLT === peek_tk then
+    tk = peek_tk
+    if tk[:kind] == :on_op && tk[:text] == '<' then
       get_tk
       skip_tkspace
       superclass = get_class_specification
@@ -845,102 +937,125 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # true, no found constants will be added to RDoc.
 
   def parse_constant container, tk, comment, ignore_constants = false
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
-    name = tk.name
-    skip_tkspace false
+    name = tk[:text]
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
     return unless name =~ /^\w+$/
 
-    eq_tk = get_tk
-
-    if TkCOLON2 === eq_tk then
-      unget_tk eq_tk
+    new_modules = []
+    if :on_op == peek_tk[:kind] && '::' == peek_tk[:text] then
       unget_tk tk
 
-      container, name_t, = get_class_or_module container, ignore_constants
+      container, name_t, _, new_modules = get_class_or_module container, true
 
-      name = name_t.name
+      name = name_t[:text]
+    end
 
-      eq_tk = get_tk
+    is_array_or_hash = false
+    if peek_tk && :on_lbracket == peek_tk[:kind]
+      get_tk
+      nest = 1
+      while bracket_tk = get_tk
+        case bracket_tk[:kind]
+        when :on_lbracket
+          nest += 1
+        when :on_rbracket
+          nest -= 1
+          break if nest == 0
+        end
+      end
+      skip_tkspace_without_nl
+      is_array_or_hash = true
     end
 
-    unless TkASSIGN === eq_tk then
-      unget_tk eq_tk
+    unless peek_tk && :on_op == peek_tk[:kind] && '=' == peek_tk[:text] then
       return false
     end
+    get_tk
 
-    if TkGT === peek_tk then
-      unget_tk eq_tk
-      return
+    unless ignore_constants
+      new_modules.each do |prev_c, new_module|
+        prev_c.add_module_by_normal_module new_module
+        new_module.ignore unless prev_c.document_children
+        @top_level.add_to_classes_or_modules new_module
+      end
     end
 
     value = ''
     con = RDoc::Constant.new name, value, comment
 
-    body = parse_constant_body container, con
+    body = parse_constant_body container, con, is_array_or_hash
 
     return unless body
 
-    value.replace body
+    con.value = body
     record_location con
-    con.offset = offset
     con.line   = line_no
     read_documentation_modifiers con, RDoc::CONSTANT_MODIFIERS
 
+    return if is_array_or_hash
+
     @stats.add_constant con
     container.add_constant con
 
     true
   end
 
-  def parse_constant_body container, constant # :nodoc:
+  def parse_constant_body container, constant, is_array_or_hash # :nodoc:
     nest     = 0
-    rhs_name = ''
+    rhs_name = ''.dup
 
     get_tkread
 
     tk = get_tk
 
+    body = nil
     loop do
-      case tk
-      when TkSEMICOLON then
+      break if tk.nil?
+      if :on_semicolon == tk[:kind] then
         break if nest <= 0
-      when TkLPAREN, TkfLPAREN, TkLBRACE, TkfLBRACE, TkLBRACK, TkfLBRACK,
-           TkDO, TkIF, TkUNLESS, TkCASE, TkDEF, TkBEGIN then
+      elsif [:on_tlambeg, :on_lparen, :on_lbrace, :on_lbracket].include?(tk[:kind]) then
         nest += 1
-      when TkRPAREN, TkRBRACE, TkRBRACK, TkEND then
+      elsif (:on_kw == tk[:kind] && 'def' == tk[:text]) then
+        nest += 1
+      elsif (:on_kw == tk[:kind] && %w{do if unless case begin}.include?(tk[:text])) then
+        if (tk[:state] & RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::EXPR_LABEL) == 0
+          nest += 1
+        end
+      elsif [:on_rparen, :on_rbrace, :on_rbracket].include?(tk[:kind]) ||
+            (:on_kw == tk[:kind] && 'end' == tk[:text]) then
         nest -= 1
-      when TkCOMMENT then
-        if nest <= 0 and stop_at_EXPR_END then
-          unget_tk tk
+      elsif (:on_comment == tk[:kind] or :on_embdoc == tk[:kind]) then
+        unget_tk tk
+        if nest <= 0 and RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex.end?(tk) then
+          body = get_tkread_clean(/^[ \t]+/, '')
+          read_documentation_modifiers constant, RDoc::CONSTANT_MODIFIERS
           break
         else
-          unget_tk tk
           read_documentation_modifiers constant, RDoc::CONSTANT_MODIFIERS
         end
-      when TkCONSTANT then
-        rhs_name << tk.name
+      elsif :on_const == tk[:kind] then
+        rhs_name << tk[:text]
 
-        if nest <= 0 and TkNL === peek_tk then
-          create_module_alias container, constant, rhs_name
+        next_tk = peek_tk
+        if nest <= 0 and (next_tk.nil? || :on_nl == next_tk[:kind]) then
+          create_module_alias container, constant, rhs_name unless is_array_or_hash
           break
         end
-      when TkNL then
-        if nest <= 0 and stop_at_EXPR_END then
+      elsif :on_nl == tk[:kind] then
+        if nest <= 0 and RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex.end?(tk) then
           unget_tk tk
           break
         end
-      when TkCOLON2, TkCOLON3 then
+      elsif :on_op == tk[:kind] && '::' == tk[:text]
         rhs_name << '::'
-      when nil then
-        break
       end
       tk = get_tk
     end
 
-    get_tkread_clean(/^[ \t]+/, '')
+    body ? body : get_tkread_clean(/^[ \t]+/, '')
   end
 
   ##
@@ -949,24 +1064,22 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def parse_comment container, tk, comment
     return parse_comment_tomdoc container, tk, comment if @markup == 'tomdoc'
-    column  = tk.char_no
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
-
-    text = comment.text
+    column  = tk[:char_no]
+    line_no = comment.line.nil? ? tk[:line_no] : comment.line
 
-    singleton = !!text.sub!(/(^# +:?)(singleton-)(method:)/, '\1\3')
+    comment.text = comment.text.sub(/(^# +:?)(singleton-)(method:)/, '\1\3')
+    singleton = !!$~
 
     co =
-      if text.sub!(/^# +:?method: *(\S*).*?\n/i, '') then
-        parse_comment_ghost container, text, $1, column, line_no, comment
-      elsif text.sub!(/# +:?(attr(_reader|_writer|_accessor)?): *(\S*).*?\n/i, '') then
+      if (comment.text = comment.text.sub(/^# +:?method: *(\S*).*?\n/i, '')) && !!$~ then
+        line_no += $`.count("\n")
+        parse_comment_ghost container, comment.text, $1, column, line_no, comment
+      elsif (comment.text = comment.text.sub(/# +:?(attr(_reader|_writer|_accessor)?): *(\S*).*?\n/i, '')) && !!$~ then
         parse_comment_attr container, $1, $3, comment
       end
 
     if co then
       co.singleton = singleton
-      co.offset    = offset
       co.line      = line_no
     end
 
@@ -997,12 +1110,11 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     record_location meth
 
     meth.start_collecting_tokens
-    indent = TkSPACE.new 0, 1, 1
-    indent.set_text " " * column
-
-    position_comment = TkCOMMENT.new 0, line_no, 1
-    position_comment.set_text "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
-    meth.add_tokens [position_comment, NEWLINE_TOKEN, indent]
+    indent = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(1, 1, :on_sp, ' ' * column)
+    position_comment = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(line_no, 1, :on_comment)
+    position_comment[:text] = "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
+    newline = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(0, 0, :on_nl, "\n")
+    meth.add_tokens [position_comment, newline, indent]
 
     meth.params =
       if text.sub!(/^#\s+:?args?:\s*(.*?)\s*$/i, '') then
@@ -1031,23 +1143,21 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def parse_comment_tomdoc container, tk, comment
     return unless signature = RDoc::TomDoc.signature(comment)
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    column  = tk[:char_no]
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
     name, = signature.split %r%[ \(]%, 2
 
     meth = RDoc::GhostMethod.new get_tkread, name
     record_location meth
-    meth.offset    = offset
     meth.line      = line_no
 
     meth.start_collecting_tokens
-    indent = TkSPACE.new 0, 1, 1
-    indent.set_text " " * offset
-
-    position_comment = TkCOMMENT.new 0, line_no, 1
-    position_comment.set_text "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
-    meth.add_tokens [position_comment, NEWLINE_TOKEN, indent]
+    indent = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(1, 1, :on_sp, ' ' * column)
+    position_comment = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(line_no, 1, :on_comment)
+    position_comment[:text] = "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
+    newline = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(0, 0, :on_nl, "\n")
+    meth.add_tokens [position_comment, newline, indent]
 
     meth.call_seq = signature
 
@@ -1070,14 +1180,14 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     loop do
       skip_tkspace_comment
 
-      name = get_constant_with_optional_parens
+      name = get_included_module_with_optional_parens
 
       unless name.empty? then
         obj = container.add klass, name, comment
         record_location obj
       end
 
-      return unless TkCOMMA === peek_tk
+      return if peek_tk.nil? || :on_comma != peek_tk[:kind]
 
       get_tk
     end
@@ -1089,11 +1199,14 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # Returns true if the comment was not consumed.
 
   def parse_identifier container, single, tk, comment # :nodoc:
-    case tk.name
+    case tk[:text]
     when 'private', 'protected', 'public', 'private_class_method',
          'public_class_method', 'module_function' then
       parse_visibility container, single, tk
       return true
+    when 'private_constant', 'public_constant'
+      parse_constant_visibility container, single, tk
+      return true
     when 'attr' then
       parse_attr container, single, tk, comment
     when /^attr_(reader|writer|accessor)$/ then
@@ -1158,7 +1271,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     tmp = RDoc::CodeObject.new
     read_documentation_modifiers tmp, RDoc::ATTR_MODIFIERS
 
-    if comment.text.sub!(/^# +:?(attr(_reader|_writer|_accessor)?): *(\S*).*?\n/i, '') then
+    regexp = /^# +:?(attr(_reader|_writer|_accessor)?): *(\S*).*?\n/i
+    if regexp =~ comment.text then
+      comment.text = comment.text.sub(regexp, '')
       rw = case $1
            when 'attr_reader' then 'R'
            when 'attr_writer' then 'W'
@@ -1182,17 +1297,17 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # Parses a meta-programmed method
 
   def parse_meta_method(container, single, tk, comment)
-    column  = tk.char_no
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    column  = tk[:char_no]
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
     start_collecting_tokens
     add_token tk
     add_token_listener self
 
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
-    singleton = !!comment.text.sub!(/(^# +:?)(singleton-)(method:)/, '\1\3')
+    comment.text = comment.text.sub(/(^# +:?)(singleton-)(method:)/, '\1\3')
+    singleton = !!$~
 
     name = parse_meta_method_name comment, tk
 
@@ -1200,19 +1315,17 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     meth = RDoc::MetaMethod.new get_tkread, name
     record_location meth
-    meth.offset = offset
     meth.line   = line_no
     meth.singleton = singleton
 
     remove_token_listener self
 
     meth.start_collecting_tokens
-    indent = TkSPACE.new 0, 1, 1
-    indent.set_text " " * column
-
-    position_comment = TkCOMMENT.new 0, line_no, 1
-    position_comment.value = "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
-    meth.add_tokens [position_comment, NEWLINE_TOKEN, indent]
+    indent = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(1, 1, :on_sp, ' ' * column)
+    position_comment = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(line_no, 1, :on_comment)
+    position_comment[:text] = "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
+    newline = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(0, 0, :on_nl, "\n")
+    meth.add_tokens [position_comment, newline, indent]
     meth.add_tokens @token_stream
 
     parse_meta_method_params container, single, meth, tk, comment
@@ -1236,17 +1349,16 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     name_t = get_tk
 
-    case name_t
-    when TkSYMBOL then
-      name_t.text[1..-1]
-    when TkSTRING then
-      name_t.value[1..-2]
-    when TkASSIGN then # ignore
+    if :on_symbol == name_t[:kind] then
+      name_t[:text][1..-1]
+    elsif :on_tstring == name_t[:kind] then
+      name_t[:text][1..-2]
+    elsif :on_op == name_t[:kind] && '=' == name_t[:text] then # ignore
       remove_token_listener self
 
       nil
     else
-      warn "unknown name token #{name_t.inspect} for meta-method '#{tk.name}'"
+      warn "unknown name token #{name_t.inspect} for meta-method '#{tk[:text]}'"
       'unknown'
     end
   end
@@ -1258,6 +1370,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     token_listener meth do
       meth.params = ''
 
+      look_for_directives_in meth, comment
       comment.normalize
       comment.extract_call_seq meth
 
@@ -1266,14 +1379,13 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
       last_tk = tk
 
       while tk = get_tk do
-        case tk
-        when TkSEMICOLON then
+        if :on_semicolon == tk[:kind] then
           break
-        when TkNL then
-          break unless last_tk and TkCOMMA === last_tk
-        when TkSPACE then
+        elsif :on_nl == tk[:kind] then
+          break unless last_tk and :on_comma == last_tk[:kind]
+        elsif :on_sp == tk[:kind] then
           # expression continues
-        when TkDO then
+        elsif :on_kw == tk[:kind] && 'do' == tk[:text] then
           parse_statements container, single, meth
           break
         else
@@ -1290,9 +1402,8 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     singleton = nil
     added_container = false
     name = nil
-    column  = tk.char_no
-    offset  = tk.seek
-    line_no = tk.line_no
+    column  = tk[:char_no]
+    line_no = tk[:line_no]
 
     start_collecting_tokens
     add_token tk
@@ -1306,19 +1417,18 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     return unless name
 
     meth = RDoc::AnyMethod.new get_tkread, name
+    look_for_directives_in meth, comment
     meth.singleton = single == SINGLE ? true : singleton
 
     record_location meth
-    meth.offset = offset
     meth.line   = line_no
 
     meth.start_collecting_tokens
-    indent = TkSPACE.new 0, 1, 1
-    indent.set_text " " * column
-
-    token = TkCOMMENT.new 0, line_no, 1
-    token.set_text "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
-    meth.add_tokens [token, NEWLINE_TOKEN, indent]
+    indent = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(1, 1, :on_sp, ' ' * column)
+    token = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(line_no, 1, :on_comment)
+    token[:text] = "# File #{@top_level.relative_name}, line #{line_no}"
+    newline = RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::Token.new(0, 0, :on_nl, "\n")
+    meth.add_tokens [token, newline, indent]
     meth.add_tokens @token_stream
 
     parse_method_params_and_body container, single, meth, added_container
@@ -1328,6 +1438,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     meth.comment = comment
 
+    # after end modifiers
+    read_documentation_modifiers meth, RDoc::METHOD_MODIFIERS
+
     @stats.add_method meth
   end
 
@@ -1336,7 +1449,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def parse_method_params_and_body container, single, meth, added_container
     token_listener meth do
-      @scanner.continue = false
       parse_method_parameters meth
 
       if meth.document_self or not @track_visibility then
@@ -1379,15 +1491,13 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # it is a singleton or regular method.
 
   def parse_method_name container # :nodoc:
-    @scanner.lex_state = :EXPR_FNAME
-
     skip_tkspace
     name_t = get_tk
-    back_tk = skip_tkspace
+    back_tk = skip_tkspace_without_nl
     singleton = false
 
-    case dot = get_tk
-    when TkDOT, TkCOLON2 then
+    dot = get_tk
+    if dot[:kind] == :on_period || (dot[:kind] == :on_op && dot[:text] == '::') then
       singleton = true
 
       name, container = parse_method_name_singleton container, name_t
@@ -1408,16 +1518,15 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # is parsed from the token stream for a regular method.
 
   def parse_method_name_regular container, name_t # :nodoc:
-    case name_t
-    when TkSTAR, TkAMPER then
-      name_t.text
+    if :on_op == name_t[:kind] && (%w{* & [] []= <<}.include?(name_t[:text])) then
+      name_t[:text]
     else
-      unless name_t.respond_to? :name then
+      unless [:on_kw, :on_const, :on_ident].include?(name_t[:kind]) then
         warn "expected method name token, . or ::, got #{name_t.inspect}"
         skip_method container
         return
       end
-      name_t.name
+      name_t[:text]
     end
   end
 
@@ -1427,47 +1536,42 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # for a singleton method.
 
   def parse_method_name_singleton container, name_t # :nodoc:
-    @scanner.lex_state = :EXPR_FNAME
     skip_tkspace
     name_t2 = get_tk
 
-    name =
-      case name_t
-      when TkSELF, TkMOD then
-        case name_t2
-          # NOTE: work around '[' being consumed early and not being re-tokenized
-          # as a TkAREF
-        when TkfLBRACK then
-          get_tk
-          '[]'
-        else
-          name_t2.name
-        end
-      when TkCONSTANT then
-        name = name_t2.name
+    if (:on_kw == name_t[:kind] && 'self' == name_t[:text]) || (:on_op == name_t[:kind] && '%' == name_t[:text]) then
+      # NOTE: work around '[' being consumed early
+      if :on_lbracket == name_t2[:kind]
+        get_tk
+        name = '[]'
+      else
+        name = name_t2[:text]
+      end
+    elsif :on_const == name_t[:kind] then
+      name = name_t2[:text]
 
-        container = get_method_container container, name_t
+      container = get_method_container container, name_t
 
-        return unless container
+      return unless container
 
-        name
-      when TkIDENTIFIER, TkIVAR, TkGVAR then
-        parse_method_dummy container
+      name
+    elsif :on_ident == name_t[:kind] || :on_ivar == name_t[:kind] || :on_gvar == name_t[:kind] then
+      parse_method_dummy container
 
-        nil
-      when TkTRUE, TkFALSE, TkNIL then
-        klass_name = "#{name_t.name.capitalize}Class"
-        container = @store.find_class_named klass_name
-        container ||= @top_level.add_class RDoc::NormalClass, klass_name
+      name = nil
+    elsif (:on_kw == name_t[:kind]) && ('true' == name_t[:text] || 'false' == name_t[:text] || 'nil' == name_t[:text]) then
+      klass_name = "#{name_t[:text].capitalize}Class"
+      container = @store.find_class_named klass_name
+      container ||= @top_level.add_class RDoc::NormalClass, klass_name
 
-        name_t2.name
-      else
-        warn "unexpected method name token #{name_t.inspect}"
-        # break
-        skip_method container
+      name = name_t2[:text]
+    else
+      warn "unexpected method name token #{name_t.inspect}"
+      # break
+      skip_method container
 
-        nil
-      end
+      name = nil
+    end
 
     return name, container
   end
@@ -1477,45 +1581,56 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def parse_method_or_yield_parameters(method = nil,
                                        modifiers = RDoc::METHOD_MODIFIERS)
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
     tk = get_tk
     end_token = get_end_token tk
     return '' unless end_token
 
     nest = 0
+    continue = false
 
-    loop do
-      case tk
-      when TkSEMICOLON then
+    while tk != nil do
+      case tk[:kind]
+      when :on_semicolon then
         break if nest == 0
-      when TkLBRACE, TkfLBRACE then
+      when :on_lbracket then
+        nest += 1
+      when :on_rbracket then
+        nest -= 1
+      when :on_lbrace then
         nest += 1
-      when TkRBRACE then
+      when :on_rbrace then
         nest -= 1
         if nest <= 0
           # we might have a.each { |i| yield i }
           unget_tk(tk) if nest < 0
           break
         end
-      when TkLPAREN, TkfLPAREN then
+      when :on_lparen then
         nest += 1
-      when end_token then
-        if end_token == TkRPAREN
+      when end_token[:kind] then
+        if end_token[:kind] == :on_rparen
           nest -= 1
           break if nest <= 0
         else
-          break unless @scanner.continue
+          break
         end
-      when TkRPAREN then
+      when :on_rparen then
         nest -= 1
-      when method && method.block_params.nil? && TkCOMMENT then
-        unget_tk tk
-        read_documentation_modifiers method, modifiers
-        @read.pop
-      when TkCOMMENT then
+      when :on_comment, :on_embdoc then
         @read.pop
-      when nil then
-        break
+        if :on_nl == end_token[:kind] and "\n" == tk[:text][-1] and
+          (!continue or (tk[:state] & RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::EXPR_LABEL) != 0) then
+          if method && method.block_params.nil? then
+            unget_tk tk
+            read_documentation_modifiers method, modifiers
+          end
+          break if !continue and nest <= 0
+        end
+      when :on_comma then
+        continue = true
+      when :on_ident then
+        continue = false if continue
       end
       tk = get_tk
     end
@@ -1539,7 +1654,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     return if  method.block_params
 
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
     read_documentation_modifiers method, RDoc::METHOD_MODIFIERS
   end
 
@@ -1549,7 +1664,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   def parse_module container, single, tk, comment
     container, name_t, = get_class_or_module container
 
-    name = name_t.name
+    name = name_t[:text]
 
     mod = container.add_module RDoc::NormalModule, name
     mod.ignore unless container.document_children
@@ -1559,6 +1674,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     mod.add_comment comment, @top_level
     parse_statements mod
 
+    # after end modifiers
+    read_documentation_modifiers mod, RDoc::CLASS_MODIFIERS
+
     @stats.add_module mod
   end
 
@@ -1569,12 +1687,12 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     skip_tkspace_comment
     tk = get_tk
 
-    if TkLPAREN === tk then
+    if :on_lparen == tk[:kind] then
       skip_tkspace_comment
       tk = get_tk
     end
 
-    name = tk.text if TkSTRING === tk
+    name = tk[:text][1..-2] if :on_tstring == tk[:kind]
 
     if name then
       @top_level.add_require RDoc::Require.new(name, comment)
@@ -1587,19 +1705,30 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # Parses a rescue
 
   def parse_rescue
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
     while tk = get_tk
-      case tk
-      when TkNL, TkSEMICOLON then
+      case tk[:kind]
+      when :on_nl, :on_semicolon, :on_comment then
         break
-      when TkCOMMA then
-        skip_tkspace false
+      when :on_comma then
+        skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
-        get_tk if TkNL === peek_tk
+        get_tk if :on_nl == peek_tk[:kind]
       end
 
-      skip_tkspace false
+      skip_tkspace_without_nl
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Retrieve comment body without =begin/=end
+
+  def retrieve_comment_body(tk)
+    if :on_embdoc == tk[:kind]
+      tk[:text].gsub(/\A=begin.*\n/, '').gsub(/=end\n?\z/, '')
+    else
+      tk[:text]
     end
   end
 
@@ -1609,7 +1738,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   def parse_statements(container, single = NORMAL, current_method = nil,
                        comment = new_comment(''))
     raise 'no' unless RDoc::Comment === comment
-    comment.force_encoding @encoding if @encoding
+    comment = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding comment, @encoding if @encoding
 
     nest = 1
     save_visibility = container.visibility
@@ -1620,35 +1749,55 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
       keep_comment = false
       try_parse_comment = false
 
-      non_comment_seen = true unless TkCOMMENT === tk
+      non_comment_seen = true unless (:on_comment == tk[:kind] or :on_embdoc == tk[:kind])
 
-      case tk
-      when TkNL then
-        skip_tkspace
-        tk = get_tk
+      case tk[:kind]
+      when :on_nl, :on_ignored_nl, :on_comment, :on_embdoc then
+        if :on_nl == tk[:kind] or :on_ignored_nl == tk[:kind]
+          skip_tkspace
+          tk = get_tk
+        else
+          past_tokens = @read.size > 1 ? @read[0..-2] : []
+          nl_position = 0
+          past_tokens.reverse.each_with_index do |read_tk, i|
+            if read_tk =~ /^\n$/ then
+              nl_position = (past_tokens.size - 1) - i
+              break
+            elsif read_tk =~ /^#.*\n$/ then
+              nl_position = ((past_tokens.size - 1) - i) + 1
+              break
+            end
+          end
+          comment_only_line = past_tokens[nl_position..-1].all?{ |c| c =~ /^\s+$/ }
+          unless comment_only_line then
+            tk = get_tk
+          end
+        end
 
-        if TkCOMMENT === tk then
+        if tk and (:on_comment == tk[:kind] or :on_embdoc == tk[:kind]) then
           if non_comment_seen then
             # Look for RDoc in a comment about to be thrown away
             non_comment_seen = parse_comment container, tk, comment unless
               comment.empty?
 
             comment = ''
-            comment.force_encoding @encoding if @encoding
+            comment = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding comment, @encoding if @encoding
           end
 
-          while TkCOMMENT === tk do
-            comment << tk.text << "\n"
-
-            tk = get_tk
+          line_no = nil
+          while tk and (:on_comment == tk[:kind] or :on_embdoc == tk[:kind]) do
+            comment_body = retrieve_comment_body(tk)
+            line_no = tk[:line_no] if comment.empty?
+            comment += comment_body
+            comment << "\n" unless comment_body =~ /\n\z/
 
-            if TkNL === tk then
-              skip_tkspace false # leading spaces
-              tk = get_tk
+            if comment_body.size > 1 && comment_body =~ /\n\z/ then
+              skip_tkspace_without_nl # leading spaces
             end
+            tk = get_tk
           end
 
-          comment = new_comment comment
+          comment = new_comment comment, line_no
 
           unless comment.empty? then
             look_for_directives_in container, comment
@@ -1666,60 +1815,78 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
         unget_tk tk
         keep_comment = true
+        container.current_line_visibility = nil
 
-      when TkCLASS then
-        parse_class container, single, tk, comment
+      when :on_kw then
+        case tk[:text]
+        when 'class' then
+          parse_class container, single, tk, comment
 
-      when TkMODULE then
-        parse_module container, single, tk, comment
+        when 'module' then
+          parse_module container, single, tk, comment
 
-      when TkDEF then
-        parse_method container, single, tk, comment
+        when 'def' then
+          parse_method container, single, tk, comment
 
-      when TkCONSTANT then
-        unless parse_constant container, tk, comment, current_method then
-          try_parse_comment = true
-        end
+        when 'alias' then
+          parse_alias container, single, tk, comment unless current_method
 
-      when TkALIAS then
-        parse_alias container, single, tk, comment unless current_method
+        when 'yield' then
+          if current_method.nil? then
+            warn "Warning: yield outside of method" if container.document_self
+          else
+            parse_yield container, single, tk, current_method
+          end
 
-      when TkYIELD then
-        if current_method.nil? then
-          warn "Warning: yield outside of method" if container.document_self
-        else
-          parse_yield container, single, tk, current_method
-        end
+        when 'until', 'while' then
+          if (tk[:state] & RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::EXPR_LABEL) == 0
+            nest += 1
+            skip_optional_do_after_expression
+          end
 
-      # Until and While can have a 'do', which shouldn't increase the nesting.
-      # We can't solve the general case, but we can handle most occurrences by
-      # ignoring a do at the end of a line.
+        # Until and While can have a 'do', which shouldn't increase the nesting.
+        # We can't solve the general case, but we can handle most occurrences by
+        # ignoring a do at the end of a line.
 
-      when TkUNTIL, TkWHILE then
-        nest += 1
-        skip_optional_do_after_expression
+        # 'for' is trickier
+        when 'for' then
+          nest += 1
+          skip_for_variable
+          skip_optional_do_after_expression
 
-      # 'for' is trickier
-      when TkFOR then
-        nest += 1
-        skip_for_variable
-        skip_optional_do_after_expression
+        when 'case', 'do', 'if', 'unless', 'begin' then
+          if (tk[:state] & RDoc::Parser::RipperStateLex::EXPR_LABEL) == 0
+            nest += 1
+          end
 
-      when TkCASE, TkDO, TkIF, TkUNLESS, TkBEGIN then
-        nest += 1
+        when 'super' then
+          current_method.calls_super = true if current_method
+
+        when 'rescue' then
+          parse_rescue
 
-      when TkSUPER then
-        current_method.calls_super = true if current_method
+        when 'end' then
+          nest -= 1
+          if nest == 0 then
+            container.ongoing_visibility = save_visibility
+
+            parse_comment container, tk, comment unless comment.empty?
+
+            return
+          end
+        end
 
-      when TkRESCUE then
-        parse_rescue
+      when :on_const then
+        unless parse_constant container, tk, comment, current_method then
+          try_parse_comment = true
+        end
 
-      when TkIDENTIFIER then
+      when :on_ident then
         if nest == 1 and current_method.nil? then
           keep_comment = parse_identifier container, single, tk, comment
         end
 
-        case tk.name
+        case tk[:text]
         when "require" then
           parse_require container, comment
         when "include" then
@@ -1728,16 +1895,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
           parse_extend_or_include RDoc::Extend, container, comment
         end
 
-      when TkEND then
-        nest -= 1
-        if nest == 0 then
-          read_documentation_modifiers container, RDoc::CLASS_MODIFIERS
-          container.ongoing_visibility = save_visibility
-
-          parse_comment container, tk, comment unless comment.empty?
-
-          return
-        end
       else
         try_parse_comment = nest == 1
       end
@@ -1751,7 +1908,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
       unless keep_comment then
         comment = new_comment ''
-        comment.force_encoding @encoding if @encoding
+        comment = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding comment, @encoding if @encoding
         container.params = nil
         container.block_params = nil
       end
@@ -1769,8 +1926,8 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   def parse_symbol_arg(no = nil)
     skip_tkspace_comment
 
-    case tk = get_tk
-    when TkLPAREN
+    tk = get_tk
+    if tk[:kind] == :on_lparen
       parse_symbol_arg_paren no
     else
       parse_symbol_arg_space no, tk
@@ -1792,10 +1949,10 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
       end
 
       skip_tkspace_comment
-      case tk2 = get_tk
-      when TkRPAREN
+      case (tk2 = get_tk)[:kind]
+      when :on_rparen
         break
-      when TkCOMMA
+      when :on_comma
       else
         warn("unexpected token: '#{tk2.inspect}'") if $DEBUG_RDOC
         break
@@ -1819,10 +1976,10 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     end
 
     loop do
-      skip_tkspace false
+      skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
       tk1 = get_tk
-      unless TkCOMMA === tk1 then
+      if tk1.nil? || :on_comma != tk1[:kind] then
         unget_tk tk1
         break
       end
@@ -1841,12 +1998,12 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # Returns symbol text from the next token
 
   def parse_symbol_in_arg
-    case tk = get_tk
-    when TkSYMBOL
-      tk.text.sub(/^:/, '')
-    when TkSTRING
-      eval @read[-1]
-    when TkDSTRING, TkIDENTIFIER then
+    tk = get_tk
+    if :on_symbol == tk[:kind] then
+      tk[:text].sub(/^:/, '')
+    elsif :on_tstring == tk[:kind] then
+      tk[:text][1..-2]
+    elsif :on_dstring == tk[:kind] or :on_ident == tk[:kind] then
       nil # ignore
     else
       warn("Expected symbol or string, got #{tk.inspect}") if $DEBUG_RDOC
@@ -1880,27 +2037,44 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
     skip_tkspace_comment false
 
-    case peek_tk
-      # Ryan Davis suggested the extension to ignore modifiers, because he
-      # often writes
-      #
-      #   protected unless $TESTING
-      #
-    when TkNL, TkUNLESS_MOD, TkIF_MOD, TkSEMICOLON then
+    ptk = peek_tk
+    # Ryan Davis suggested the extension to ignore modifiers, because he
+    # often writes
+    #
+    #   protected unless $TESTING
+    #
+    if [:on_nl, :on_semicolon].include?(ptk[:kind]) || (:on_kw == ptk[:kind] && (['if', 'unless'].include?(ptk[:text]))) then
       container.ongoing_visibility = vis
+    elsif :on_kw == ptk[:kind] && 'def' == ptk[:text]
+      container.current_line_visibility = vis
     else
       update_visibility container, vis_type, vis, singleton
     end
   end
 
   ##
+  # Parses a Module#private_constant or Module#public_constant call from +tk+.
+
+  def parse_constant_visibility(container, single, tk)
+    args = parse_symbol_arg
+    case tk[:text]
+    when 'private_constant'
+      vis = :private
+    when 'public_constant'
+      vis = :public
+    else
+      raise RDoc::Error, 'Unreachable'
+    end
+    container.set_constant_visibility_for args, vis
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Determines the block parameter for +context+
 
   def parse_yield(context, single, tk, method)
     return if method.block_params
 
     get_tkread
-    @scanner.continue = false
     method.block_params = parse_method_or_yield_parameters
   end
 
@@ -1924,11 +2098,10 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
     while tk = get_tk do
       tokens << tk
 
-      case tk
-      when TkNL, TkDEF then
+      if :on_nl == tk[:kind] or (:on_kw == tk[:kind] && 'def' == tk[:text]) then
         return
-      when TkCOMMENT then
-        return unless tk.text =~ /\s*:?([\w-]+):\s*(.*)/
+      elsif :on_comment == tk[:kind] or :on_embdoc == tk[:kind] then
+        return unless tk[:text] =~ /\s*:?([\w-]+):\s*(.*)/
 
         directive = $1.downcase
 
@@ -1938,7 +2111,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
       end
     end
   ensure
-    unless tokens.length == 1 and TkCOMMENT === tokens.first then
+    unless tokens.length == 1 and (:on_comment == tokens.first[:kind] or :on_embdoc == tokens.first[:kind]) then
       tokens.reverse_each do |token|
         unget_tk token
       end
@@ -1952,6 +2125,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # See also RDoc::Markup::PreProcess#handle_directive
 
   def read_documentation_modifiers context, allowed
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
     directive, value = read_directive allowed
 
     return unless directive
@@ -1979,15 +2153,6 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   end
 
   ##
-  # Removes private comments from +comment+
-  #--
-  # TODO remove
-
-  def remove_private_comments comment
-    comment.remove_private
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Scans this Ruby file for Ruby constructs
 
   def scan
@@ -1998,29 +2163,33 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
         parse_top_level_statements @top_level
 
       rescue StandardError => e
-        bytes = ''
-
-        20.times do @scanner.ungetc end
-        count = 0
-        60.times do |i|
-          count = i
-          byte = @scanner.getc
-          break unless byte
-          bytes << byte
+        if @content.include?('<%') and @content.include?('%>') then
+          # Maybe, this is ERB.
+          $stderr.puts "\033[2KRDoc detects ERB file. Skips it for compatibility:"
+          $stderr.puts @file_name
+          return
+        end
+
+        if @scanner_point >= @scanner.size
+          now_line_no = @scanner[@scanner.size - 1][:line_no]
+        else
+          now_line_no = peek_tk[:line_no]
         end
-        count -= 20
-        count.times do @scanner.ungetc end
+        first_tk_index = @scanner.find_index { |tk| tk[:line_no] == now_line_no }
+        last_tk_index = @scanner.find_index { |tk| tk[:line_no] == now_line_no + 1 }
+        last_tk_index = last_tk_index ? last_tk_index - 1 : @scanner.size - 1
+        code = @scanner[first_tk_index..last_tk_index].map{ |t| t[:text] }.join
 
         $stderr.puts <<-EOF
 
-#{self.class} failure around line #{@scanner.line_no} of
+#{self.class} failure around line #{now_line_no} of
 #{@file_name}
 
         EOF
 
-        unless bytes.empty? then
+        unless code.empty? then
+          $stderr.puts code
           $stderr.puts
-          $stderr.puts bytes.inspect
         end
 
         raise e
@@ -2034,53 +2203,52 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
   # while, until, and for have an optional do
 
   def skip_optional_do_after_expression
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
     tk = get_tk
-    end_token = get_end_token tk
 
     b_nest = 0
     nest = 0
-    @scanner.continue = false
 
     loop do
-      case tk
-      when TkSEMICOLON then
+      break unless tk
+      case tk[:kind]
+      when :on_semicolon, :on_nl, :on_ignored_nl then
         break if b_nest.zero?
-      when TkLPAREN, TkfLPAREN then
+      when :on_lparen then
         nest += 1
-      when TkBEGIN then
-        b_nest += 1
-      when TkEND then
-        b_nest -= 1
-      when TkDO
-        break if nest.zero?
-      when end_token then
-        if end_token == TkRPAREN
-          nest -= 1
-          break if @scanner.lex_state == :EXPR_END and nest.zero?
-        else
-          break unless @scanner.continue
+      when :on_rparen then
+        nest -= 1
+      when :on_kw then
+        case tk[:text]
+        when 'begin'
+          b_nest += 1
+        when 'end'
+          b_nest -= 1
+        when 'do'
+          break if nest.zero?
+        end
+      when :on_comment, :on_embdoc then
+        if b_nest.zero? and "\n" == tk[:text][-1] then
+          break
         end
-      when nil then
-        break
       end
       tk = get_tk
     end
 
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
 
-    get_tk if TkDO === peek_tk
+    get_tk if peek_tk && :on_kw == peek_tk[:kind] && 'do' == peek_tk[:text]
   end
 
   ##
   # skip the var [in] part of a 'for' statement
 
   def skip_for_variable
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
     get_tk
-    skip_tkspace false
+    skip_tkspace_without_nl
     tk = get_tk
-    unget_tk(tk) unless TkIN === tk
+    unget_tk(tk) unless :on_kw == tk[:kind] and 'in' == tk[:text]
   end
 
   ##
@@ -2097,8 +2265,9 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Ruby < RDoc::Parser
 
   def skip_tkspace_comment(skip_nl = true)
     loop do
-      skip_tkspace skip_nl
-      return unless TkCOMMENT === peek_tk
+      skip_nl ? skip_tkspace : skip_tkspace_without_nl
+      next_tk = peek_tk
+      return if next_tk.nil? || (:on_comment != next_tk[:kind] and :on_embdoc != next_tk[:kind])
       get_tk
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby_tools.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby_tools.rb
index bbca065b5e..681d7166ce 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby_tools.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/ruby_tools.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
-# Collection of methods for writing parsers against RDoc::RubyLex and
-# RDoc::RubyToken
+# Collection of methods for writing parsers
 
 module RDoc::Parser::RubyTools
 
-  include RDoc::RubyToken
-
   ##
   # Adds a token listener +obj+, but you should probably use token_listener
 
@@ -22,37 +19,24 @@ module RDoc::Parser::RubyTools
     tk = nil
 
     if @tokens.empty? then
-      tk = @scanner.token
-      @read.push @scanner.get_readed
-      puts "get_tk1 => #{tk.inspect}" if $TOKEN_DEBUG
+      if @scanner_point >= @scanner.size
+        return nil
+      else
+        tk = @scanner[@scanner_point]
+        @scanner_point += 1
+        @read.push tk[:text]
+      end
     else
       @read.push @unget_read.shift
       tk = @tokens.shift
-      puts "get_tk2 => #{tk.inspect}" if $TOKEN_DEBUG
     end
 
-    tk = nil if TkEND_OF_SCRIPT === tk
-
-    if TkSYMBEG === tk then
-      set_token_position tk.line_no, tk.char_no
-
-      case tk1 = get_tk
-      when TkId, TkOp, TkSTRING, TkDSTRING, TkSTAR, TkAMPER then
-        if tk1.respond_to?(:name) then
-          tk = Token(TkSYMBOL).set_text(":" + tk1.name)
-        else
-          tk = Token(TkSYMBOL).set_text(":" + tk1.text)
-        end
-
-        # remove the identifier we just read to replace it with a symbol
-        @token_listeners.each do |obj|
-          obj.pop_token
-        end if @token_listeners
-      else
-        tk = tk1
-      end
+    if tk == nil || :on___end__ == tk[:kind]
+      tk = nil
     end
 
+    return nil unless tk
+
     # inform any listeners of our shiny new token
     @token_listeners.each do |obj|
       obj.add_token(tk)
@@ -122,19 +106,34 @@ module RDoc::Parser::RubyTools
     @tokens     = []
     @unget_read = []
     @nest = 0
+    @scanner_point = 0
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Skips whitespace tokens including newlines
+
+  def skip_tkspace
+    tokens = []
+
+    while (tk = get_tk) and (:on_sp == tk[:kind] or :on_nl == tk[:kind] or :on_ignored_nl == tk[:kind]) do
+      tokens.push(tk)
+    end
+
+    unget_tk(tk)
+    tokens
   end
 
   ##
-  # Skips whitespace tokens including newlines if +skip_nl+ is true
+  # Skips whitespace tokens excluding newlines
 
-  def skip_tkspace(skip_nl = true) # HACK dup
+  def skip_tkspace_without_nl
     tokens = []
 
-    while TkSPACE === (tk = get_tk) or (skip_nl and TkNL === tk) do
-      tokens.push tk
+    while (tk = get_tk) and :on_sp == tk[:kind] do
+      tokens.push(tk)
     end
 
-    unget_tk tk
+    unget_tk(tk)
     tokens
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/simple.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/simple.rb
index f2ab27a92e..b1dabad0f8 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/simple.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/simple.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Parse a non-source file. We basically take the whole thing as one big
 # comment.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Simple < RDoc::Parser
 
     preprocess = RDoc::Markup::PreProcess.new @file_name, @options.rdoc_include
 
-    preprocess.handle @content, @top_level
+    @content = preprocess.handle @content, @top_level
   end
 
   ##
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class RDoc::Parser::Simple < RDoc::Parser
   def remove_private_comment comment
     # Workaround for gsub encoding for Ruby 1.9.2 and earlier
     empty = ''
-    empty.force_encoding comment.encoding
+    empty = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding empty, comment.encoding
 
     comment = comment.gsub(%r%^--\n.*?^\+\+\n?%m, empty)
     comment.sub(%r%^--\n.*%m, empty)
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/parser/text.rb b/lib/rdoc/parser/text.rb
index 1a13fd1186..01de0cc595 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/parser/text.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/parser/text.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Indicates this parser is text and doesn't contain code constructs.
 #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rd.rb b/lib/rdoc/rd.rb
index 39af3294f5..0d3d3cea85 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rd.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rd.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # RDoc::RD implements the RD format from the rdtool gem.
 #
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.rb b/lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.rb
index fc4af97c1a..462ba869a2 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # DO NOT MODIFY!!!!
-# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.14
-# from Racc grammer file "".
+# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.5.2
+# from Racc grammar file "".
 #
 
 require 'racc/parser.rb'
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ def next_token # :nodoc:
       if @in_verbatim
         [:STRINGLINE, line]
       else
-        @indent_stack.push("\s" << newIndent)
+        @indent_stack.push("\s" + newIndent)
         [:ITEMLISTLINE, rest]
       end
     end
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ def next_token # :nodoc:
       if @in_verbatim
         [:STRINGLINE, line]
       else
-        @indent_stack.push("\s" * mark.size << newIndent)
+        @indent_stack.push("\s" * mark.size + newIndent)
         [:ENUMLISTLINE, rest]
       end
     end
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ def next_token # :nodoc:
       [:STRINGLINE, line]
     end
   else
-    raise "[BUG] parsing error may occured."
+    raise "[BUG] parsing error may occurred."
   end
 end
 
@@ -419,52 +420,52 @@ end
 
 racc_action_table = [
     34,    35,    30,    33,    40,    34,    35,    30,    33,    40,
-    65,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    14,    54,    76,
-    15,    88,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    77,    33,
-    54,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    81,    38,
-    38,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    40,    36,
-    83,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    54,    47,    30,    35,
-    34,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    38,    67,
-    59,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,     9,    10,    11,
-    12,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    14,   nil,
+    65,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    36,    38,    34,
+    15,    88,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,     9,    10,    11,
+    12,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,     9,    10,    11,
+    12,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    35,    47,    30,    54,
+    33,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    54,    47,    14,    14,
+    59,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    67,    76,
+    77,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    54,    81,
+    38,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    38,    40,
+    83,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,   nil,   nil,
    nil,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,   nil,    47,   nil,   nil,
    nil,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,   nil,   nil,
    nil,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,     9,    10,    11,
-    12,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    61,    63,
+   nil,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,    15,    34,    35,    30,    33,    14,    73,    61,    63,
    nil,    15,    14,    62,    60,    61,    63,    79,    61,    63,
     62,    87,   nil,    62,    34,    35,    30,    33 ]
 
 racc_action_check = [
     41,    41,    41,    41,    41,    15,    15,    15,    15,    15,
-    41,    86,    86,    86,    86,    86,    86,    34,    33,    49,
-    86,    86,    85,    85,    85,    85,    85,    85,    51,    31,
-    54,    85,    79,    79,    79,    79,    79,    79,    56,    57,
-    58,    79,    78,    78,    78,    78,    78,    78,    62,     1,
-    66,    78,    24,    24,    24,    24,    30,    24,    28,    25,
-    22,    24,    75,    75,    75,    75,    75,    75,    13,    44,
-    36,    75,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
-     2,     2,    46,    46,    46,    46,    46,    46,    35,   nil,
-   nil,    46,    45,    45,    45,    45,    45,    45,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,    45,    27,    27,    27,    27,   nil,    27,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,    27,    74,    74,    74,    74,    74,    74,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,    74,    68,    68,    68,    68,    68,    68,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,    68,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,
-     0,     0,    47,    47,    47,    47,    47,    47,    39,    39,
-   nil,    47,    52,    39,    39,    82,    82,    52,    64,    64,
+    41,    86,    86,    86,    86,    86,    86,     1,    13,    22,
+    86,    86,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,
+     0,     0,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+     2,     2,    24,    24,    24,    24,    25,    24,    28,    30,
+    31,    24,    27,    27,    27,    27,    33,    27,    34,    35,
+    36,    27,    45,    45,    45,    45,    45,    45,    44,    49,
+    51,    45,    46,    46,    46,    46,    46,    46,    54,    56,
+    57,    46,    47,    47,    47,    47,    47,    47,    58,    62,
+    66,    47,    68,    68,    68,    68,    68,    68,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,    68,    74,    74,    74,    74,    74,    74,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,    74,    75,    75,    75,    75,    75,    75,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,    75,    78,    78,    78,    78,    78,    78,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,    78,    79,    79,    79,    79,    79,    79,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,    79,    85,    85,    85,    85,    85,    85,    39,    39,
+   nil,    85,    52,    39,    39,    82,    82,    52,    64,    64,
     82,    82,   nil,    64,    20,    20,    20,    20 ]
 
 racc_action_pointer = [
-   129,    49,    69,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,    61,   nil,     2,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
-   161,   nil,    57,   nil,    49,    55,   nil,    99,    53,   nil,
-    48,    23,   nil,    10,    10,    81,    70,   nil,   nil,   141,
-   nil,    -3,   nil,   nil,    56,    89,    79,   139,   nil,     6,
-   nil,    15,   145,   nil,    22,   nil,    25,    32,    33,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,    41,   nil,   151,   nil,    37,   nil,   119,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   109,    59,   nil,   nil,    39,    29,
-   nil,   nil,   148,   nil,   nil,    19,     8,   nil,   nil ]
+    19,    17,    29,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,    11,   nil,     2,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   161,   nil,    16,   nil,    39,    42,   nil,    49,    43,   nil,
+    41,    44,   nil,    48,    51,    52,    60,   nil,   nil,   141,
+   nil,    -3,   nil,   nil,    55,    59,    69,    79,   nil,    56,
+   nil,    57,   145,   nil,    70,   nil,    66,    73,    81,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,    82,   nil,   151,   nil,    77,   nil,    89,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    99,   109,   nil,   nil,   119,   129,
+   nil,   nil,   148,   nil,   nil,   139,     8,   nil,   nil ]
 
 racc_action_default = [
     -2,   -73,    -1,    -4,    -5,    -6,    -7,    -8,    -9,   -10,
@@ -478,26 +479,26 @@ racc_action_default = [
    -60,   -47,   -73,   -29,   -52,   -48,   -73,   -20,   -50 ]
 
 racc_goto_table = [
-     4,    39,     4,    68,    74,    75,     6,     5,     6,     5,
-    44,    42,    51,    49,     3,    56,    37,    57,    58,    80,
+     4,    39,     4,    68,    74,    75,     5,     6,     5,     6,
+    44,    42,    51,    49,     3,    56,    37,    57,    58,     1,
      2,    66,    84,    41,    43,    48,    50,    64,    84,    84,
-    46,    45,    42,    46,    45,    55,    85,    86,     1,    84,
+    45,    46,    42,    45,    46,    55,    85,    86,    80,    84,
     84,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    82,   nil,
    nil,   nil,    78 ]
 
 racc_goto_check = [
-     4,    10,     4,    31,    31,    31,     6,     5,     6,     5,
-    21,    12,    27,    21,     3,    27,     3,     9,     9,    33,
+     4,    10,     4,    31,    31,    31,     5,     6,     5,     6,
+    21,    12,    27,    21,     3,    27,     3,     9,     9,     1,
      2,    11,    32,    17,    19,    23,    26,    10,    32,    32,
-     6,     5,    12,     6,     5,    29,    31,    31,     1,    32,
+     5,     6,    12,     5,     6,    29,    31,    31,    33,    32,
     32,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    10,   nil,
    nil,   nil,     4 ]
 
 racc_goto_pointer = [
-   nil,    38,    20,    14,     0,     7,     6,   nil,   nil,   -17,
+   nil,    19,    20,    14,     0,     6,     7,   nil,   nil,   -17,
    -14,   -20,    -9,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     8,   nil,     2,
    nil,   -14,   nil,     0,   nil,   nil,    -2,   -18,   nil,     4,
-   nil,   -42,   -46,   -35 ]
+   nil,   -42,   -46,   -16 ]
 
 racc_goto_default = [
    nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    70,    71,    72,     7,     8,    13,
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rd/inline.rb b/lib/rdoc/rd/inline.rb
index 011ec67e33..e5cb545728 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rd/inline.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rd/inline.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Inline keeps track of markup and labels to create proper links.
 
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ class RDoc::RD::Inline
   def append more
     case more
     when String then
-      @reference << more
-      @rdoc      << more
+      @reference += more
+      @rdoc      += more
     when RDoc::RD::Inline then
-      @reference << more.reference
-      @rdoc      << more.rdoc
+      @reference += more.reference
+      @rdoc      += more.rdoc
     else
       raise "unknown thingy #{more}"
     end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.rb b/lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.rb
index cc63ea6f70..8f4c2c31ef 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # DO NOT MODIFY!!!!
-# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.14
-# from Racc grammer file "".
+# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.5.2
+# from Racc grammar file "".
 #
 
 require 'racc/parser.rb'
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ end
 def parse inline
   @inline = inline
   @src = StringScanner.new inline
-  @pre = ""
+  @pre = "".dup
   @yydebug = true
   do_parse.to_s
 end
@@ -243,23 +244,34 @@ end
 ##### State transition tables begin ###
 
 racc_action_table = [
-   104,   103,   102,   100,   101,    99,   115,   116,   117,    86,
+   104,   103,   102,   100,   101,    99,   115,   116,   117,    29,
    105,   106,   107,   108,   109,   110,   111,   112,   113,   114,
-   164,   118,   119,   104,   103,   102,   100,   101,    99,   115,
-   116,   117,   175,   105,   106,   107,   108,   109,   110,   111,
-   112,   113,   114,    85,   118,   119,    63,    64,    65,    61,
-    81,    62,    76,    78,    79,    84,    66,    67,    68,    69,
-    70,    71,    72,    73,    74,    75,    77,    80,   149,   104,
-   103,   102,   100,   101,    99,   115,   116,   117,    29,   105,
-   106,   107,   108,   109,   110,   111,   112,   113,   114,   173,
+    84,   118,   119,    63,    64,    65,    61,    81,    62,    76,
+    78,    79,    85,    66,    67,    68,    69,    70,    71,    72,
+    73,    74,    75,    77,    80,   149,    63,    64,    65,   153,
+    81,    62,    76,    78,    79,    86,    66,    67,    68,    69,
+    70,    71,    72,    73,    74,    75,    77,    80,   152,   104,
+   103,   102,   100,   101,    99,   115,   116,   117,    87,   105,
+   106,   107,   108,   109,   110,   111,   112,   113,   114,    88,
    118,   119,   104,   103,   102,   100,   101,    99,   115,   116,
-   117,   137,   105,   106,   107,   108,   109,   110,   111,   112,
-   113,   114,   177,   118,   119,    63,    64,    65,   153,    81,
-    62,    76,    78,    79,   148,    66,    67,    68,    69,    70,
-    71,    72,    73,    74,    75,    77,    80,   152,    22,    23,
-    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,   176,   177,    13,   124,
-    14,    96,    15,    89,    16,   154,    17,    88,   137,    20,
-    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,    87,   161,
+   117,    89,   105,   106,   107,   108,   109,   110,   111,   112,
+   113,   114,    96,   118,   119,   104,   103,   102,   100,   101,
+    99,   115,   116,   117,   124,   105,   106,   107,   108,   109,
+   110,   111,   112,   113,   114,   137,   118,   119,    22,    23,
+    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,   176,   177,    13,   148,
+    14,   154,    15,   137,    16,   161,    17,   164,   173,    20,
+    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,   175,   177,
+    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,
+   nil,    20,    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,
+   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,
+    17,   nil,   nil,    20,    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,    21,
+    18,    19,   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,
+    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,    22,    23,    24,    25,
+    26,    21,    18,    19,   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,
+    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,    22,    23,
+    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,
+    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,
+    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,   nil,   nil,
     13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,    42,
    nil,    20,    54,    38,    53,    55,    56,    57,   nil,    13,
    nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,
@@ -267,63 +279,63 @@ racc_action_table = [
    nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,
    nil,   nil,    20,    63,    64,    65,    61,    81,    62,    76,
     78,    79,   nil,    66,    67,    68,    69,    70,    71,    72,
-    73,    74,    75,    77,    80,   145,   nil,   nil,    54,   133,
-    53,    55,    56,    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,
-   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   145,   nil,    20,    54,   133,    53,
-    55,    56,    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,
-    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,    22,    23,    24,    25,
-    26,    21,    18,    19,   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,
-    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   145,   nil,    20,    54,   133,
+    73,    74,    75,    77,    80,   122,   nil,   nil,    54,   nil,
     53,    55,    56,    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,
    nil,    16,   nil,    17,   145,   nil,    20,    54,   133,    53,
     55,    56,    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,
-    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,    22,    23,    24,    25,
-    26,    21,    18,    19,   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,
-    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,    22,    23,
-    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,
-    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,
-    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,   nil,   nil,
-    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,
-   nil,    20,    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,    21,    18,    19,
-   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   122,
-    17,   nil,    54,    20,    53,    55,    56,    57,   nil,    13,
-   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,
-    20,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   nil,
-    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,   nil,
-   nil,    20,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,
+    16,   nil,    17,   145,   nil,    20,    54,   133,    53,    55,
+    56,    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,
+   nil,    17,   145,   nil,    20,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,
+    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,
+    17,   145,   nil,    20,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,
    nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,    17,
    nil,   nil,    20,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,
-    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   158,
-    17,   nil,    54,    20,    53,    55,    56,    57,    95,   nil,
-   nil,    54,    91,    53,    55,    56,    57,   145,   nil,   nil,
-    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   165,   135,   136,    54,
-   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   145,   nil,   nil,    54,   133,
-    53,    55,    56,    57,   172,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,
-    55,    56,    57,   174,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,
-    56,    57,   178,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,
-    57,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   135,
-   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   135,   136,    54,
-   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,    22,    23,    24,    25,    26,
-    21 ]
+    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,   nil,
+    17,   nil,   nil,    20,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,
+    56,    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,    16,
+   nil,    17,   nil,   nil,    20,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,
+    55,    56,    57,   nil,    13,   nil,    14,   nil,    15,   nil,
+    16,   nil,    17,    95,   nil,    20,    54,    91,    53,    55,
+    56,    57,   145,   nil,   nil,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,
+    57,   158,   nil,   nil,    54,   nil,    53,    55,    56,    57,
+   165,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   145,
+   nil,   nil,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   172,   135,
+   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   174,   135,   136,
+    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   178,   135,   136,    54,
+   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,
+    55,    56,    57,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,
+    57,   135,   136,    54,   133,    53,    55,    56,    57,    22,
+    23,    24,    25,    26,    21 ]
 
 racc_action_check = [
-    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    32,
+    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,     1,
     38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,    38,
-   125,    38,    38,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,
-    97,    97,   164,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,
-    97,    97,    97,    31,    97,    97,    59,    59,    59,    59,
-    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    29,    59,    59,    59,    59,
-    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    91,
-    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,     1,    91,
-    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,   162,
-    91,    91,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,
-   155,    43,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,
-   155,   155,   172,   155,   155,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,
-    61,    61,    61,    61,    58,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,
-    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    16,    16,
-    16,    16,    16,    16,    16,    16,   165,   165,    16,    41,
-    16,    37,    16,    35,    16,    90,    16,    34,    94,    16,
-    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,    33,   100,
+    29,    38,    38,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,
+    59,    59,    31,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,
+    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    59,    61,    61,    61,    61,
+    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    32,    61,    61,    61,    61,
+    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    61,    91,
+    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    33,    91,
+    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    91,    34,
+    91,    91,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,
+    97,    35,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,    97,
+    97,    97,    37,    97,    97,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,
+   155,   155,   155,   155,    41,   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,
+   155,   155,   155,   155,   155,    43,   155,   155,     0,     0,
+     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,   165,   165,     0,    58,
+     0,    90,     0,    94,     0,   100,     0,   125,   162,     0,
+     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,   164,   172,
+     2,   nil,     2,   nil,     2,   nil,     2,   nil,     2,   nil,
+   nil,     2,    13,    13,    13,    13,    13,    13,    13,    13,
+   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,    13,   nil,    13,   nil,    13,   nil,
+    13,   nil,   nil,    13,    14,    14,    14,    14,    14,    14,
+    14,    14,   nil,   nil,    14,   nil,    14,   nil,    14,   nil,
+    14,   nil,    14,   nil,   nil,    14,    15,    15,    15,    15,
+    15,    15,    15,    15,   nil,   nil,    15,   nil,    15,   nil,
+    15,   nil,    15,   nil,    15,   nil,   nil,    15,    16,    16,
+    16,    16,    16,    16,    16,    16,   nil,   nil,    16,   nil,
+    16,   nil,    16,   nil,    16,   nil,    16,   nil,   nil,    16,
+    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,    17,   nil,   nil,
     17,   nil,    17,   nil,    17,   nil,    17,   nil,    17,    18,
    nil,    17,    18,    18,    18,    18,    18,    18,   nil,    18,
    nil,    18,   nil,    18,   nil,    18,   nil,    18,   nil,   nil,
@@ -331,64 +343,53 @@ racc_action_check = [
    nil,    19,   nil,    19,   nil,    19,   nil,    19,   nil,    19,
    nil,   nil,    19,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,
     20,    20,   nil,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,
-    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,   146,   nil,   nil,   146,   146,
-   146,   146,   146,   146,   nil,   146,   nil,   146,   nil,   146,
-   nil,   146,   nil,   146,   138,   nil,   146,   138,   138,   138,
-   138,   138,   138,   nil,   138,   nil,   138,   nil,   138,   nil,
-   138,   nil,   138,   nil,   nil,   138,     0,     0,     0,     0,
-     0,     0,     0,     0,   nil,   nil,     0,   nil,     0,   nil,
-     0,   nil,     0,   nil,     0,    45,   nil,     0,    45,    45,
-    45,    45,    45,    45,   nil,    45,   nil,    45,   nil,    45,
-   nil,    45,   nil,    45,    44,   nil,    45,    44,    44,    44,
+    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    39,   nil,   nil,    39,   nil,
+    39,    39,    39,    39,   nil,    39,   nil,    39,   nil,    39,
+   nil,    39,   nil,    39,    44,   nil,    39,    44,    44,    44,
     44,    44,    44,   nil,    44,   nil,    44,   nil,    44,   nil,
-    44,   nil,    44,   nil,   nil,    44,     2,     2,     2,     2,
-     2,     2,     2,     2,   nil,   nil,     2,   nil,     2,   nil,
-     2,   nil,     2,   nil,     2,   nil,   nil,     2,    13,    13,
-    13,    13,    13,    13,    13,    13,   nil,   nil,    13,   nil,
-    13,   nil,    13,   nil,    13,   nil,    13,   nil,   nil,    13,
-    14,    14,    14,    14,    14,    14,    14,    14,   nil,   nil,
-    14,   nil,    14,   nil,    14,   nil,    14,   nil,    14,   nil,
-   nil,    14,    15,    15,    15,    15,    15,    15,    15,    15,
-   nil,   nil,    15,   nil,    15,   nil,    15,   nil,    15,    39,
-    15,   nil,    39,    15,    39,    39,    39,    39,   nil,    39,
-   nil,    39,   nil,    39,   nil,    39,   nil,    39,   nil,   nil,
-    39,    42,    42,    42,    42,    42,    42,    42,    42,   nil,
+    44,   nil,    44,    45,   nil,    44,    45,    45,    45,    45,
+    45,    45,   nil,    45,   nil,    45,   nil,    45,   nil,    45,
+   nil,    45,   138,   nil,    45,   138,   138,   138,   138,   138,
+   138,   nil,   138,   nil,   138,   nil,   138,   nil,   138,   nil,
+   138,   146,   nil,   138,   146,   146,   146,   146,   146,   146,
+   nil,   146,   nil,   146,   nil,   146,   nil,   146,   nil,   146,
+   nil,   nil,   146,    42,    42,    42,    42,    42,    42,    42,
     42,   nil,    42,   nil,    42,   nil,    42,   nil,    42,   nil,
-   nil,    42,   127,   127,   127,   127,   127,   127,   127,   127,
-   nil,   127,   nil,   127,   nil,   127,   nil,   127,   nil,   127,
-   nil,   nil,   127,   122,   122,   122,   122,   122,   122,   122,
-   122,   nil,   122,   nil,   122,   nil,   122,   nil,   122,    92,
-   122,   nil,    92,   122,    92,    92,    92,    92,    36,   nil,
-   nil,    36,    36,    36,    36,    36,    36,    52,   nil,   nil,
-    52,    52,    52,    52,    52,    52,   126,   126,   126,   126,
-   126,   126,   126,   126,   126,   142,   nil,   nil,   142,   142,
-   142,   142,   142,   142,   159,   159,   159,   159,   159,   159,
-   159,   159,   159,   163,   163,   163,   163,   163,   163,   163,
-   163,   163,   171,   171,   171,   171,   171,   171,   171,   171,
-   171,    95,    95,    95,    95,    95,    95,    95,    95,   158,
-   158,   158,   158,   158,   158,   158,   158,   168,   168,   168,
-   168,   168,   168,   168,   168,    27,    27,    27,    27,    27,
-    27 ]
+    42,   nil,   nil,    42,   122,   122,   122,   122,   122,   122,
+   122,   122,   nil,   122,   nil,   122,   nil,   122,   nil,   122,
+   nil,   122,   nil,   nil,   122,   127,   127,   127,   127,   127,
+   127,   127,   127,   nil,   127,   nil,   127,   nil,   127,   nil,
+   127,   nil,   127,    36,   nil,   127,    36,    36,    36,    36,
+    36,    36,    52,   nil,   nil,    52,    52,    52,    52,    52,
+    52,    92,   nil,   nil,    92,   nil,    92,    92,    92,    92,
+   126,   126,   126,   126,   126,   126,   126,   126,   126,   142,
+   nil,   nil,   142,   142,   142,   142,   142,   142,   159,   159,
+   159,   159,   159,   159,   159,   159,   159,   163,   163,   163,
+   163,   163,   163,   163,   163,   163,   171,   171,   171,   171,
+   171,   171,   171,   171,   171,    95,    95,    95,    95,    95,
+    95,    95,    95,   158,   158,   158,   158,   158,   158,   158,
+   158,   168,   168,   168,   168,   168,   168,   168,   168,    27,
+    27,    27,    27,    27,    27 ]
 
 racc_action_pointer = [
-   283,    78,   343,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   365,   387,   409,   135,   157,   176,   198,
-   220,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   602,   nil,    55,
-   nil,    29,    -7,   150,   137,   131,   515,   128,    -3,   426,
-   nil,   145,   447,    96,   321,   302,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   524,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   113,    43,
-   nil,   112,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   135,     9,   157,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,   179,   201,   223,   245,   267,   286,   308,
+   330,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   606,   nil,    20,
+   nil,    18,    39,    60,    69,    79,   510,    89,    -3,   352,
+   nil,   120,   449,   130,   371,   390,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   519,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   138,    20,
+   nil,    43,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
-   132,    66,   506,   nil,   153,   577,   nil,    20,   nil,   nil,
-   163,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   128,    66,   528,   nil,   148,   581,   nil,    89,   nil,   nil,
+   149,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   489,   nil,   nil,    17,   533,   468,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   261,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   542,   nil,   nil,   nil,   242,   nil,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    89,   nil,   nil,   585,   551,
-   nil,   nil,    86,   560,    28,   142,   nil,   nil,   593,   nil,
-   nil,   569,   107,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil ]
+   nil,   nil,   470,   nil,   nil,   154,   537,   491,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   409,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   546,   nil,   nil,   nil,   428,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   112,   nil,   nil,   589,   555,
+   nil,   nil,   155,   564,   164,   142,   nil,   nil,   597,   nil,
+   nil,   573,   164,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil ]
 
 racc_action_default = [
   -138,  -138,    -1,    -3,    -4,    -5,    -6,    -7,    -8,    -9,
@@ -411,15 +412,15 @@ racc_action_default = [
    -60,  -138,   -34,   -36,   -37,   -29,   -30,   -32,   -34 ]
 
 racc_goto_table = [
-   126,    44,   125,    52,   144,   144,   160,    93,    97,    43,
-   166,    82,   144,    40,    41,    39,   138,   146,   169,    90,
-    36,    52,    44,     1,    52,   129,   169,    94,    59,    83,
-   123,    30,   151,    92,   120,   121,    31,    32,    33,    34,
-    35,   170,    58,   166,   167,   147,   170,   166,    37,   nil,
+   126,    44,   125,    43,   144,   144,   160,    93,    97,    52,
+   166,    82,   144,    40,    41,    39,   138,   146,   169,    30,
+    36,    94,    44,     1,   123,   129,   169,    52,    90,    37,
+    52,   167,   147,    92,   120,   121,    31,    32,    33,    34,
+    35,   170,    58,   166,    59,    83,   170,   166,   151,   nil,
    150,   nil,   166,   159,     4,   166,     4,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil,   155,   nil,   156,   160,   nil,   nil,     4,     4,     4,
-     4,     4,   nil,     4,     5,   nil,     5,    52,   nil,   nil,
-   163,   nil,   162,   157,   nil,   168,   nil,     5,     5,     5,
+     4,     4,   nil,     4,     5,   nil,     5,   157,   nil,   nil,
+   163,   nil,   162,    52,   nil,   168,   nil,     5,     5,     5,
      5,     5,   nil,     5,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   144,   nil,
    nil,   nil,   144,   nil,   nil,   129,   144,   144,   nil,     6,
    129,     6,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   171,     7,   nil,     7,
@@ -429,15 +430,15 @@ racc_goto_table = [
     11,    11,    11,   nil,    11 ]
 
 racc_goto_check = [
-    22,    24,    21,    34,    36,    36,    37,    18,    16,    23,
-    35,    41,    36,    19,    20,    17,    25,    25,    28,    14,
-    13,    34,    24,     1,    34,    24,    28,    23,    38,    39,
-    23,     3,    42,    17,    19,    20,     1,     1,     1,     1,
-     1,    33,     1,    35,    29,    32,    33,    35,    15,   nil,
+    22,    24,    21,    23,    36,    36,    37,    18,    16,    34,
+    35,    41,    36,    19,    20,    17,    25,    25,    28,     3,
+    13,    23,    24,     1,    23,    24,    28,    34,    14,    15,
+    34,    29,    32,    17,    19,    20,     1,     1,     1,     1,
+     1,    33,     1,    35,    38,    39,    33,    35,    42,   nil,
     41,   nil,    35,    22,     4,    35,     4,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil,    16,   nil,    18,    37,   nil,   nil,     4,     4,     4,
-     4,     4,   nil,     4,     5,   nil,     5,    34,   nil,   nil,
-    22,   nil,    21,    23,   nil,    22,   nil,     5,     5,     5,
+     4,     4,   nil,     4,     5,   nil,     5,    23,   nil,   nil,
+    22,   nil,    21,    34,   nil,    22,   nil,     5,     5,     5,
      5,     5,   nil,     5,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    36,   nil,
    nil,   nil,    36,   nil,   nil,    24,    36,    36,   nil,     6,
     24,     6,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    22,     7,   nil,     7,
@@ -447,11 +448,11 @@ racc_goto_check = [
     11,    11,    11,   nil,    11 ]
 
 racc_goto_pointer = [
-   nil,    23,   nil,    29,    54,    74,   109,   117,   127,   nil,
-   nil,   135,   nil,     2,   -17,    30,   -30,    -3,   -29,    -5,
-    -4,   -40,   -42,    -9,   -17,   -28,   nil,   nil,  -120,   -83,
-   nil,   nil,    -7,  -101,   -15,  -116,   -40,   -91,     8,     2,
-   nil,    -9,   -29 ]
+   nil,    23,   nil,    17,    54,    74,   109,   117,   127,   nil,
+   nil,   135,   nil,     2,    -8,    11,   -30,    -3,   -29,    -5,
+    -4,   -40,   -42,   -15,   -17,   -28,   nil,   nil,  -120,   -96,
+   nil,   nil,   -20,  -101,    -9,  -116,   -40,   -91,    24,    18,
+   nil,    -9,   -13 ]
 
 racc_goto_default = [
    nil,   nil,     2,     3,    46,    47,    48,    49,    50,     9,
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rdoc.gemspec b/lib/rdoc/rdoc.gemspec
index e605560868..7725e40b22 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rdoc.gemspec
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rdoc.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
-$:.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
-require 'rdoc'
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/rdoc/version"
+rescue LoadError
+  # for Ruby repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name = "rdoc"
@@ -12,25 +15,218 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
     "Phil Hagelberg",
     "Tony Strauss",
     "Zachary Scott",
-    "Hiroshi SHIBATA"
+    "Hiroshi SHIBATA",
+    "ITOYANAGI Sakura"
   ]
-  s.email = ["drbrain@segment7.net", "", "", "", "mail@zzak.io", "hsbt@ruby-lang.org"]
+  s.email = ["drbrain@segment7.net", "", "", "", "mail@zzak.io", "hsbt@ruby-lang.org", "aycabta@gmail.com"]
 
   s.summary = "RDoc produces HTML and command-line documentation for Ruby projects"
   s.description = <<-DESCRIPTION
 RDoc produces HTML and command-line documentation for Ruby projects.
 RDoc includes the +rdoc+ and +ri+ tools for generating and displaying documentation from the command-line.
   DESCRIPTION
-  s.homepage = "https://rdoc.github.io/rdoc"
+  s.homepage = "https://ruby.github.io/rdoc"
   s.licenses = ["Ruby"]
 
   s.bindir = "exe"
   s.executables = ["rdoc", "ri"]
   s.require_paths = ["lib"]
-  # for ruby core repository. It was generated by `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  s.files = [".document", ".gitignore", ".travis.yml", "CONTRIBUTING.rdoc", "CVE-2013-0256.rdoc", "ExampleMarkdown.md", "ExampleRDoc.rdoc", "Gemfile", "History.rdoc", "LEGAL.rdoc", "LICENSE.rdoc", "README.rdoc", "RI.rdoc", "Rakefile", "TODO.rdoc", "bin/console", "bin/setup", "exe/rdoc", "exe/ri", "lib/gauntlet_rdoc.rb", "lib/rdoc.rb", "lib/rdoc/alias.rb", "lib/rdoc/anon_class.rb", "lib/rdoc/any_method.rb", "lib/rdoc/attr.rb", "lib/rdoc/class_module.rb", "lib/rdoc/code_object.rb", "lib/rdoc/code_objects.rb", "lib/rdoc/comment.rb", "lib/rdoc/constant.rb", "lib/rdoc/context.rb", "lib/rdoc/context/section.rb", "lib/rdoc/cross_reference.rb", "lib/rdoc/encoding.rb", "lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb", "lib/rdoc/erbio.rb", "lib/rdoc/extend.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/darkfish.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/json_index.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/markup.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/pot.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/pot/message_extractor.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po_entry.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/ri.rb", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/.document", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_footer.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_head.rhtml","lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_VCS_info.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_classes.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_extends.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_in_files.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_includes.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_installed.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_methods.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_navigation.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_pages.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_parent.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_search.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_sections.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_table_of_contents.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/class.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/fonts.css", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/rdoc.css", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-Light.ttf", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-LightItalic.ttf", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-Regular.ttf", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-RegularItalic.ttf", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/SourceCodePro-Bold.ttf", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/SourceCodePro-Regular.ttf", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/add.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/arrow_up.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/brick.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/brick_link.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bug.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bullet_black.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bullet_toggle_minus.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bullet_toggle_plus.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/date.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/delete.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/find.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/loadingAnimation.gif", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/macFFBgHack.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/package.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/page_green.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/page_white_text.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/page_white_width.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/plugin.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/ruby.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/tag_blue.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/tag_green.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/transparent.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/wrench.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/wrench_orange.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/zoom.png", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/index.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/darkfish.js", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/jquery.js", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/search.js", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/page.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_not_found.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_root.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/table_of_contents.rhtml", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/.document", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/navigation.js", "lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/searcher.js", "lib/rdoc/ghost_method.rb", "lib/rdoc/i18n.rb", "lib/rdoc/i18n/locale.rb", "lib/rdoc/i18n/text.rb", "lib/rdoc/include.rb", "lib/rdoc/known_classes.rb", "lib/rdoc/markdown.kpeg", "lib/rdoc/markdown/entities.rb", "lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.kpeg", "lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/attr_changer.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/attr_span.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/attribute_manager.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/attributes.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/blank_line.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/block_quote.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/document.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/formatter.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/formatter_test_case.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/hard_break.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/heading.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/include.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/indented_paragraph.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/inline.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/list.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/list_item.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/paragraph.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/parser.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/pre_process.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/raw.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/rule.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/special.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/text_formatter_test_case.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_ansi.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_bs.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_html.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_crossref.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_snippet.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_joined_paragraph.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_label.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_markdown.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_rdoc.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_table_of_contents.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_test.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/to_tt_only.rb", "lib/rdoc/markup/verbatim.rb", "lib/rdoc/meta_method.rb", "lib/rdoc/method_attr.rb", "lib/rdoc/mixin.rb", "lib/rdoc/normal_class.rb", "lib/rdoc/normal_module.rb", "lib/rdoc/options.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/c.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/changelog.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/markdown.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/rd.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/ruby.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/ruby_tools.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/simple.rb", "lib/rdoc/parser/text.rb", "lib/rdoc/rd.rb", "lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.ry", "lib/rdoc/rd/inline.rb", "lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.ry", "lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb", "lib/rdoc/require.rb", "lib/rdoc/ri.rb", "lib/rdoc/ri/driver.rb", "lib/rdoc/ri/formatter.rb", "lib/rdoc/ri/paths.rb", "lib/rdoc/ri/store.rb", "lib/rdoc/ri/task.rb", "lib/rdoc/ruby_lex.rb", "lib/rdoc/ruby_token.rb", "lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb", "lib/rdoc/servlet.rb", "lib/rdoc/single_class.rb", "lib/rdoc/stats.rb", "lib/rdoc/stats/normal.rb", "lib/rdoc/stats/quiet.rb", "lib/rdoc/stats/verbose.rb", "lib/rdoc/store.rb", "lib/rdoc/task.rb", "lib/rdoc/test_case.rb", "lib/rdoc/text.rb", "lib/rdoc/token_stream.rb", "lib/rdoc/tom_doc.rb", "lib/rdoc/top_level.rb", "rdoc.gemspec"]
+  # for ruby core repository. It was generated by
+  # `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").each {|f| puts "    #{f.dump}," unless f.start_with?(*%W[test/ spec/ features/ .]) }
+  s.files = [
+    "CONTRIBUTING.rdoc",
+    "CVE-2013-0256.rdoc",
+    "ExampleMarkdown.md",
+    "ExampleRDoc.rdoc",
+    "Gemfile",
+    "History.rdoc",
+    "LEGAL.rdoc",
+    "LICENSE.rdoc",
+    "README.rdoc",
+    "RI.rdoc",
+    "Rakefile",
+    "TODO.rdoc",
+    "bin/console",
+    "bin/setup",
+    "exe/rdoc",
+    "exe/ri",
+    "lib/rdoc.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/alias.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/anon_class.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/any_method.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/attr.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/class_module.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/code_object.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/code_objects.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/comment.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/constant.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/context.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/context/section.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/cross_reference.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/encoding.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/erb_partial.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/erbio.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/extend.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/darkfish.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/json_index.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/markup.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/pot.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/pot/message_extractor.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/pot/po_entry.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/ri.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/.document",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_footer.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_head.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_VCS_info.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_classes.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_extends.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_in_files.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_includes.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_installed.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_methods.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_navigation.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_pages.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_parent.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_search.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_sections.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/_sidebar_table_of_contents.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/class.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/fonts.css",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/css/rdoc.css",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-Light.ttf",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-LightItalic.ttf",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-Regular.ttf",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/Lato-RegularItalic.ttf",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/SourceCodePro-Bold.ttf",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/fonts/SourceCodePro-Regular.ttf",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/add.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/arrow_up.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/brick.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/brick_link.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bug.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bullet_black.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bullet_toggle_minus.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/bullet_toggle_plus.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/date.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/delete.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/find.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/loadingAnimation.gif",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/macFFBgHack.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/package.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/page_green.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/page_white_text.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/page_white_width.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/plugin.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/ruby.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/tag_blue.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/tag_green.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/transparent.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/wrench.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/wrench_orange.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/images/zoom.png",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/index.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/darkfish.js",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/js/search.js",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/page.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_not_found.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/servlet_root.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/darkfish/table_of_contents.rhtml",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/.document",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/navigation.js",
+    "lib/rdoc/generator/template/json_index/js/searcher.js",
+    "lib/rdoc/ghost_method.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/i18n.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/i18n/locale.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/i18n/text.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/include.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/known_classes.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markdown.kpeg",
+    "lib/rdoc/markdown/entities.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.kpeg",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/attr_changer.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/attr_span.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/attribute_manager.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/attributes.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/blank_line.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/block_quote.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/document.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/formatter.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/hard_break.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/heading.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/include.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/indented_paragraph.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/list.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/list_item.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/paragraph.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/parser.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/pre_process.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/raw.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/regexp_handling.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/rule.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/table.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_ansi.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_bs.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_html.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_crossref.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_html_snippet.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_joined_paragraph.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_label.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_markdown.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_rdoc.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_table_of_contents.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_test.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/to_tt_only.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/markup/verbatim.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/meta_method.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/method_attr.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/mixin.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/normal_class.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/normal_module.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/options.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/c.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/changelog.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/markdown.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/rd.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/ripper_state_lex.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/ruby.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/ruby_tools.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/simple.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/parser/text.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/rd.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.ry",
+    "lib/rdoc/rd/inline.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.ry",
+    "lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/require.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/ri.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/ri/driver.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/ri/formatter.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/ri/paths.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/ri/store.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/ri/task.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/servlet.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/single_class.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/stats.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/stats/normal.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/stats/quiet.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/stats/verbose.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/store.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/task.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/text.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/token_stream.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/tom_doc.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/top_level.rb",
+    "lib/rdoc/version.rb",
+    "man/ri.1",
+    "rdoc.gemspec",
+  ]
   # files from .gitignore
-  s.files << "lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.rb" << "lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.rb" << "lib/rdoc/markdown.rb"
+  s.files << "lib/rdoc/rd/block_parser.rb" << "lib/rdoc/rd/inline_parser.rb" << "lib/rdoc/markdown.rb" << "lib/rdoc/markdown/literals.rb"
 
   s.rdoc_options = ["--main", "README.rdoc"]
   s.extra_rdoc_files += %w[
@@ -46,12 +242,8 @@ RDoc includes the +rdoc+ and +ri+ tools for generating and displaying documentat
     TODO.rdoc
   ]
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 1.9.3")
-  s.rubygems_version = "2.5.2"
+  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.4.0")
   s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.2")
 
-  s.add_development_dependency("rake")
-  s.add_development_dependency("racc", "> 1.4.10")
-  s.add_development_dependency("kpeg")
-  s.add_development_dependency("minitest", "~> 4")
+  s.add_development_dependency("gettext")
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb b/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb
index adcb65b13b..bb58513d2c 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'rdoc'
 
 require 'find'
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ require 'time'
 #   rdoc.document argv
 #
 # Where +argv+ is an array of strings, each corresponding to an argument you'd
-# give rdoc on the command line.  See <tt>rdoc --help<tt> for details.
+# give rdoc on the command line.  See <tt>rdoc --help</tt> for details.
 
 class RDoc::RDoc
 
@@ -36,11 +36,6 @@ class RDoc::RDoc
   GENERATORS = {}
 
   ##
-  # File pattern to exclude
-
-  attr_accessor :exclude
-
-  ##
   # Generator instance used for creating output
 
   attr_accessor :generator
@@ -93,7 +88,6 @@ class RDoc::RDoc
 
   def initialize
     @current       = nil
-    @exclude       = nil
     @generator     = nil
     @last_modified = {}
     @old_siginfo   = nil
@@ -116,13 +110,19 @@ class RDoc::RDoc
   def gather_files files
     files = ["."] if files.empty?
 
-    file_list = normalized_file_list files, true, @exclude
+    file_list = normalized_file_list files, true, @options.exclude
 
-    file_list = file_list.uniq
+    file_list = remove_unparseable(file_list)
 
-    file_list = remove_unparseable file_list
-
-    file_list.sort
+    if file_list.count {|name, mtime|
+         file_list[name] = @last_modified[name] unless mtime
+         mtime
+       } > 0
+      @last_modified.replace file_list
+      file_list.keys.sort
+    else
+      []
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -166,8 +166,15 @@ class RDoc::RDoc
     rescue Psych::SyntaxError
     end
 
+    return RDoc::Options.new if options == false # Allow empty file.
+
     raise RDoc::Error, "#{options_file} is not a valid rdoc options file" unless
-      RDoc::Options === options
+      RDoc::Options === options or Hash === options
+
+    if Hash === options
+      # Override the default values with the contents of YAML file.
+      options = RDoc::Options.new options
+    end
 
     options
   end
@@ -188,7 +195,7 @@ class RDoc::RDoc
       error "#{dir} exists and is not a directory" unless File.directory? dir
 
       begin
-        open flag_file do |io|
+        File.open flag_file do |io|
           unless force then
             Time.parse io.gets
 
@@ -232,8 +239,11 @@ option)
 
   def update_output_dir(op_dir, time, last = {})
     return if @options.dry_run or not @options.update_output_dir
+    unless ENV['SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'].nil?
+      time = Time.at(ENV['SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'].to_i).gmtime
+    end
 
-    open output_flag_file(op_dir), "w" do |f|
+    File.open output_flag_file(op_dir), "w" do |f|
       f.puts time.rfc2822
       last.each do |n, t|
         f.puts "#{n}\t#{t.rfc2822}"
@@ -257,11 +267,11 @@ option)
     # read and strip comments
     patterns = File.read(filename).gsub(/#.*/, '')
 
-    result = []
+    result = {}
 
-    patterns.split.each do |patt|
+    patterns.split(' ').each do |patt|
       candidates = Dir.glob(File.join(in_dir, patt))
-      result.concat normalized_file_list(candidates)
+      result.update normalized_file_list(candidates, false, @options.exclude)
     end
 
     result
@@ -281,21 +291,21 @@ option)
 
   def normalized_file_list(relative_files, force_doc = false,
                            exclude_pattern = nil)
-    file_list = []
+    file_list = {}
 
     relative_files.each do |rel_file_name|
+      rel_file_name = rel_file_name.sub(/^\.\//, '')
       next if rel_file_name.end_with? 'created.rid'
       next if exclude_pattern && exclude_pattern =~ rel_file_name
       stat = File.stat rel_file_name rescue next
 
       case type = stat.ftype
       when "file" then
-        next if last_modified = @last_modified[rel_file_name] and
-                stat.mtime.to_i <= last_modified.to_i
+        mtime = (stat.mtime unless (last_modified = @last_modified[rel_file_name] and
+                                    stat.mtime.to_i <= last_modified.to_i))
 
         if force_doc or RDoc::Parser.can_parse(rel_file_name) then
-          file_list << rel_file_name.sub(/^\.\//, '')
-          @last_modified[rel_file_name] = stat.mtime
+          file_list[rel_file_name] = mtime
         end
       when "directory" then
         next if rel_file_name == "CVS" || rel_file_name == ".svn"
@@ -306,16 +316,16 @@ option)
         dot_doc = File.join rel_file_name, RDoc::DOT_DOC_FILENAME
 
         if File.file? dot_doc then
-          file_list << parse_dot_doc_file(rel_file_name, dot_doc)
+          file_list.update(parse_dot_doc_file(rel_file_name, dot_doc))
         else
-          file_list << list_files_in_directory(rel_file_name)
+          file_list.update(list_files_in_directory(rel_file_name))
         end
       else
         warn "rdoc can't parse the #{type} #{rel_file_name}"
       end
     end
 
-    file_list.flatten
+    file_list
   end
 
   ##
@@ -358,7 +368,7 @@ option)
         relative_path.relative_path_from @options.page_dir
     end
 
-    top_level = @store.add_file filename, relative_path.to_s
+    top_level = @store.add_file filename, relative_name: relative_path.to_s
 
     parser = RDoc::Parser.for top_level, filename, content, @options, @stats
 
@@ -430,10 +440,10 @@ The internal error was:
   # files for emacs and vim.
 
   def remove_unparseable files
-    files.reject do |file|
+    files.reject do |file, *|
       file =~ /\.(?:class|eps|erb|scpt\.txt|svg|ttf|yml)$/i or
         (file =~ /tags$/i and
-         open(file, 'rb') { |io|
+         File.open(file, 'rb') { |io|
            io.read(100) =~ /\A(\f\n[^,]+,\d+$|!_TAG_)/
          })
     end
@@ -469,8 +479,6 @@ The internal error was:
       exit
     end
 
-    @exclude = @options.exclude
-
     unless @options.coverage_report then
       @last_modified = setup_output_dir @options.op_dir, @options.force_update
     end
@@ -521,13 +529,18 @@ The internal error was:
   # by the RDoc options
 
   def generate
-    Dir.chdir @options.op_dir do
-      unless @options.quiet then
-        $stderr.puts "\nGenerating #{@generator.class.name.sub(/^.*::/, '')} format into #{Dir.pwd}..."
-      end
-
+    if @options.dry_run then
+      # do nothing
       @generator.generate
-      update_output_dir '.', @start_time, @last_modified
+    else
+      Dir.chdir @options.op_dir do
+        unless @options.quiet then
+          $stderr.puts "\nGenerating #{@generator.class.name.sub(/^.*::/, '')} format into #{Dir.pwd}..."
+        end
+
+        @generator.generate
+        update_output_dir '.', @start_time, @last_modified
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -561,6 +574,6 @@ rescue LoadError
 end
 
 # require built-in generators after discovery in case they've been replaced
-require 'rdoc/generator/darkfish'
-require 'rdoc/generator/ri'
-require 'rdoc/generator/pot'
+require_relative 'generator/darkfish'
+require_relative 'generator/ri'
+require_relative 'generator/pot'
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/require.rb b/lib/rdoc/require.rb
index f565ffad78..91f9c24e5d 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/require.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/require.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A file loaded by \#require
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri.rb
index 388cb12c70..c798c1fc49 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'rdoc'
 
 ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/driver.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/driver.rb
index 23d24e9a20..a4b70b8f56 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/driver.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/driver.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'abbrev'
 require 'optparse'
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ require 'rdoc'
 ##
 # For RubyGems backwards compatibility
 
-require 'rdoc/ri/formatter'
+require_relative 'formatter'
 
 ##
 # The RI driver implements the command-line ri tool.
@@ -47,13 +47,24 @@ class RDoc::RI::Driver
 
   class NotFoundError < Error
 
+    def initialize(klass, suggestions = nil) # :nodoc:
+      @klass = klass
+      @suggestions = suggestions
+    end
+
     ##
     # Name that wasn't found
 
-    alias name message
+    def name
+      @klass
+    end
 
     def message # :nodoc:
-      "Nothing known about #{super}"
+      str = "Nothing known about #{@klass}"
+      if @suggestions and !@suggestions.empty?
+        str += "\nDid you mean?  #{@suggestions.join("\n               ")}"
+      end
+      str
     end
   end
 
@@ -80,7 +91,6 @@ class RDoc::RI::Driver
     options[:interactive] = false
     options[:profile]     = false
     options[:show_all]    = false
-    options[:use_cache]   = true
     options[:use_stdout]  = !$stdout.tty?
     options[:width]       = 72
 
@@ -100,7 +110,7 @@ class RDoc::RI::Driver
   def self.dump data_path
     require 'pp'
 
-    open data_path, 'rb' do |io|
+    File.open data_path, 'rb' do |io|
       pp Marshal.load(io.read)
     end
   end
@@ -122,7 +132,7 @@ class RDoc::RI::Driver
       opt.summary_indent = ' ' * 4
 
       opt.banner = <<-EOT
-Usage: #{opt.program_name} [options] [names...]
+Usage: #{opt.program_name} [options] [name ...]
 
 Where name can be:
 
@@ -132,8 +142,8 @@ Where name can be:
 
   gem_name: | gem_name:README | gem_name:History
 
-All class names may be abbreviated to their minimum unambiguous form. If a name
-is ambiguous, all valid options will be listed.
+All class names may be abbreviated to their minimum unambiguous form.
+If a name is ambiguous, all valid options will be listed.
 
 A '.' matches either class or instance methods, while #method
 matches only instance and ::method matches only class methods.
@@ -151,23 +161,23 @@ For example:
     #{opt.program_name} zip
     #{opt.program_name} rdoc:README
 
-Note that shell quoting or escaping may be required for method names containing
-punctuation:
+Note that shell quoting or escaping may be required for method names
+containing punctuation:
 
     #{opt.program_name} 'Array.[]'
     #{opt.program_name} compact\\!
 
-To see the default directories ri will search, run:
+To see the default directories #{opt.program_name} will search, run:
 
     #{opt.program_name} --list-doc-dirs
 
-Specifying the --system, --site, --home, --gems or --doc-dir options will
-limit ri to searching only the specified directories.
+Specifying the --system, --site, --home, --gems, or --doc-dir options
+will limit ri to searching only the specified directories.
 
-ri options may be set in the 'RI' environment variable.
+ri options may be set in the RI environment variable.
 
-The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
-'PAGER' environment variable.
+The ri pager can be set with the RI_PAGER environment variable
+or the PAGER environment variable.
       EOT
 
       opt.separator nil
@@ -199,15 +209,15 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
       opt.separator nil
 
       opt.on("--[no-]pager",
-             "Send output directly to stdout,",
-             "rather than to a pager.") do |use_pager|
+             "Send output to a pager,",
+             "rather than directly to stdout.") do |use_pager|
         options[:use_stdout] = !use_pager
       end
 
       opt.separator nil
 
       opt.on("-T",
-             "Synonym for --no-pager") do
+             "Synonym for --no-pager.") do
         options[:use_stdout] = true
       end
 
@@ -220,7 +230,7 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
 
       opt.separator nil
 
-      opt.on("--server [PORT]", Integer,
+      opt.on("--server[=PORT]", Integer,
              "Run RDoc server on the given port.",
              "The default port is 8214.") do |port|
         options[:server] = port || 8214
@@ -235,14 +245,30 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
       formatters -= %w[html label test] # remove useless output formats
 
       opt.on("--format=NAME", "-f",
-             "Uses the selected formatter. The default",
+             "Use the selected formatter.  The default",
              "formatter is bs for paged output and ansi",
-             "otherwise. Valid formatters are:",
-             formatters.join(' '), formatters) do |value|
+             "otherwise.  Valid formatters are:",
+             "#{formatters.join(', ')}.", formatters) do |value|
         options[:formatter] = RDoc::Markup.const_get "To#{value.capitalize}"
       end
 
       opt.separator nil
+
+      opt.on("--help", "-h",
+             "Show help and exit.") do
+        puts opts
+        exit
+      end
+
+      opt.separator nil
+
+      opt.on("--version", "-v",
+             "Output version information and exit.") do
+        puts "#{opts.program_name} #{opts.version}"
+        exit
+      end
+
+      opt.separator nil
       opt.separator "Data source options:"
       opt.separator nil
 
@@ -273,7 +299,7 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
              "Do not include documentation from",
              "the Ruby standard library, site_lib,",
              "installed gems, or ~/.rdoc.",
-             "Use with --doc-dir") do
+             "Use with --doc-dir.") do
         options[:use_system] = false
         options[:use_site] = false
         options[:use_gems] = false
@@ -283,8 +309,8 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
       opt.separator nil
 
       opt.on("--[no-]system",
-             "Include documentation from Ruby's standard",
-             "library.  Defaults to true.") do |value|
+             "Include documentation from Ruby's",
+             "standard library.  Defaults to true.") do |value|
         options[:use_system] = value
       end
 
@@ -318,19 +344,19 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
       opt.separator nil
 
       opt.on("--[no-]profile",
-             "Run with the ruby profiler") do |value|
+             "Run with the ruby profiler.") do |value|
         options[:profile] = value
       end
 
       opt.separator nil
 
       opt.on("--dump=CACHE", File,
-             "Dumps data from an ri cache or data file") do |value|
+             "Dump data from an ri cache or data file.") do |value|
         options[:dump_path] = value
       end
     end
 
-    argv = ENV['RI'].to_s.split.concat argv
+    argv = ENV['RI'].to_s.split(' ').concat argv
 
     opts.parse! argv
 
@@ -399,6 +425,7 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
     @server      = options[:server]
     @use_stdout  = options[:use_stdout]
     @show_all    = options[:show_all]
+    @width       = options[:width]
 
     # pager process for jruby
     @jruby_pager_process = nil
@@ -769,7 +796,9 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
 
   def display document
     page do |io|
-      text = document.accept formatter(io)
+      f = formatter(io)
+      f.width = @width if @width and f.respond_to?(:width)
+      text = document.accept f
 
       io.write text
     end
@@ -902,13 +931,38 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
     display out
   end
 
+  def check_did_you_mean # :nodoc:
+    if defined? DidYouMean::SpellChecker
+      true
+    else
+      begin
+        require 'did_you_mean'
+        if defined? DidYouMean::SpellChecker
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      rescue LoadError
+        false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   ##
   # Expands abbreviated klass +klass+ into a fully-qualified class.  "Zl::Da"
   # will be expanded to Zlib::DataError.
 
   def expand_class klass
-    ary = classes.keys.grep(Regexp.new("\\A#{klass.gsub(/(?=::|\z)/, '[^:]*')}\\z"))
-    raise NotFoundError, klass if ary.length != 1 && ary.first != klass
+    class_names = classes.keys
+    ary = class_names.grep(Regexp.new("\\A#{klass.gsub(/(?=::|\z)/, '[^:]*')}\\z"))
+    if ary.length != 1 && ary.first != klass
+      if check_did_you_mean
+        suggestions = DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: class_names).correct(klass)
+        raise NotFoundError.new(klass, suggestions)
+      else
+        raise NotFoundError, klass
+      end
+    end
     ary.first
   end
 
@@ -1174,7 +1228,7 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
   # +cache+ indicate if it is a class or instance method.
 
   def load_method store, cache, klass, type, name
-    methods = store.send(cache)[klass]
+    methods = store.public_send(cache)[klass]
 
     return unless methods
 
@@ -1220,7 +1274,21 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
   def lookup_method name
     found = load_methods_matching name
 
-    raise NotFoundError, name if found.empty?
+    if found.empty?
+      if check_did_you_mean
+        methods = []
+        _, _, method_name = parse_name name
+        find_methods name do |store, klass, ancestor, types, method|
+          methods.push(*store.class_methods[klass]) if [:class, :both].include? types
+          methods.push(*store.instance_methods[klass]) if [:instance, :both].include? types
+        end
+        methods = methods.uniq
+        suggestions = DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: methods).correct(method_name)
+        raise NotFoundError.new(name, suggestions)
+      else
+        raise NotFoundError, name
+      end
+    end
 
     filter_methods found, name
   end
@@ -1375,7 +1443,13 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
 
     render_method_arguments out, method.arglists
     render_method_superclass out, method
-    render_method_comment out, method
+    if method.is_alias_for
+      al = method.is_alias_for
+      alias_for = store.load_method al.parent_name, "#{al.name_prefix}#{al.name}"
+      render_method_comment out, method, alias_for
+    else
+      render_method_comment out, method
+    end
   end
 
   def render_method_arguments out, arglists # :nodoc:
@@ -1387,10 +1461,22 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
     out << RDoc::Markup::Rule.new(1)
   end
 
-  def render_method_comment out, method # :nodoc:
-    out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
-    out << method.comment
-    out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
+  def render_method_comment out, method, alias_for = nil# :nodoc:
+    if alias_for
+      unless method.comment.nil? or method.comment.empty?
+        out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
+        out << method.comment
+      end
+      out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
+      out << RDoc::Markup::Paragraph.new("(This method is an alias for #{alias_for.full_name}.)")
+      out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
+      out << alias_for.comment
+      out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
+    else
+      out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
+      out << method.comment
+      out << RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
+    end
   end
 
   def render_method_superclass out, method # :nodoc:
@@ -1435,7 +1521,7 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
     pagers.compact.uniq.each do |pager|
       next unless pager
 
-      pager_cmd = pager.split.first
+      pager_cmd = pager.split(' ').first
 
       next unless in_path? pager_cmd
 
@@ -1465,7 +1551,11 @@ The ri pager can be set with the 'RI_PAGER' environment variable or the
   # Starts a WEBrick server for ri.
 
   def start_server
-    require 'webrick'
+    begin
+      require 'webrick'
+    rescue LoadError
+      abort "webrick is not found. You may need to `gem install webrick` to install webrick."
+    end
 
     server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :Port => @server
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/formatter.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/formatter.rb
index d0c85dbe6b..832a101e6c 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/formatter.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/formatter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # For RubyGems backwards compatibility
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/paths.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/paths.rb
index 94db2216a2..8e89b04e54 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/paths.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/paths.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rdoc/ri'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require_relative '../rdoc'
 
 ##
 # The directories where ri data lives.  Paths can be enumerated via ::each, or
@@ -12,23 +12,9 @@ module RDoc::RI::Paths
 
   version = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version']
 
-  BASE    = if RbConfig::CONFIG.key? 'ridir' then
-              File.join RbConfig::CONFIG['ridir'], version
-            else
-              File.join RbConfig::CONFIG['datadir'], 'ri', version
-            end
+  BASE    = File.join RbConfig::CONFIG['ridir'], version
 
-  homedir = begin
-              File.expand_path('~')
-            rescue ArgumentError
-            end
-
-  homedir ||= ENV['HOME'] ||
-              ENV['USERPROFILE'] || ENV['HOMEPATH'] # for 1.8 compatibility
-
-  HOMEDIR = if homedir then
-              File.join homedir, ".rdoc"
-            end
+  HOMEDIR = RDoc.home
   #:startdoc:
 
   ##
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/store.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/store.rb
index 66e234f521..9f4b03734a 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/store.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/store.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 module RDoc::RI
 
   Store = RDoc::Store # :nodoc:
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ri/task.rb b/lib/rdoc/ri/task.rb
index cc0a85d4b7..1122ea3775 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/ri/task.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/ri/task.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 begin
   gem 'rdoc'
 rescue Gem::LoadError
 end unless defined?(RDoc)
 
-require 'rdoc/task'
+require_relative '../task'
 
 ##
 # RDoc::RI::Task creates ri data in <code>./.rdoc</code> for your project.
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ruby_lex.rb b/lib/rdoc/ruby_lex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fc3c12c4a..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/ruby_lex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1367 +0,0 @@
-# coding: US-ASCII
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-
-#--
-#   irb/ruby-lex.rb - ruby lexcal analyzer
-#   	$Release Version: 0.9.5$
-#   	$Revision: 17979 $
-#   	$Date: 2008-07-09 10:17:05 -0700 (Wed, 09 Jul 2008) $
-#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-#++
-
-require "e2mmap"
-require "irb/slex"
-require "stringio"
-
-##
-# Ruby lexer adapted from irb.
-#
-# The internals are not documented because they are scary.
-
-class RDoc::RubyLex
-
-  ##
-  # Raised upon invalid input
-
-  class Error < RDoc::Error
-  end
-
-  # :stopdoc:
-
-  extend Exception2MessageMapper
-
-  def_exception(:AlreadyDefinedToken, "Already defined token(%s)")
-  def_exception(:TkReading2TokenNoKey, "key nothing(key='%s')")
-  def_exception(:TkSymbol2TokenNoKey, "key nothing(key='%s')")
-  def_exception(:TkReading2TokenDuplicateError,
-                "key duplicate(token_n='%s', key='%s')")
-  def_exception(:SyntaxError, "%s")
-
-  def_exception(:TerminateLineInput, "Terminate Line Input")
-
-  include RDoc::RubyToken
-  include IRB
-
-  attr_accessor :continue
-  attr_accessor :lex_state
-  attr_reader :reader
-
-  class << self
-    attr_accessor :debug_level
-  end
-
-  def self.debug?
-    @debug_level > 0
-  end
-
-  self.debug_level = 0
-
-  # :startdoc:
-
-  ##
-  # Returns an Array of +ruby+ tokens.  See ::new for a description of
-  # +options+.
-
-  def self.tokenize ruby, options
-    tokens = []
-
-    scanner = RDoc::RubyLex.new ruby, options
-    scanner.exception_on_syntax_error = true
-
-    while token = scanner.token do
-      tokens << token
-    end
-
-    tokens
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a new lexer for +content+.  +options+ is an RDoc::Options, only
-  # +tab_width is used.
-
-  def initialize(content, options)
-    lex_init
-
-    if /\t/ =~ content then
-      tab_width = options.tab_width
-      content = content.split(/\n/).map do |line|
-        1 while line.gsub!(/\t+/) {
-          ' ' * (tab_width*$&.length - $`.length % tab_width)
-        }  && $~
-        line
-      end.join("\n")
-    end
-
-    content << "\n" unless content[-1, 1] == "\n"
-
-    set_input StringIO.new content
-
-    @base_char_no = 0
-    @char_no = 0
-    @exp_line_no = @line_no = 1
-    @here_readed = []
-    @readed = []
-    @current_readed = @readed
-    @rests = []
-    @seek = 0
-
-    @indent = 0
-    @indent_stack = []
-    @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-    @space_seen = false
-
-    @continue = false
-    @line = ""
-
-    @skip_space = false
-    @readed_auto_clean_up = false
-    @exception_on_syntax_error = true
-
-    @prompt = nil
-    @prev_seek = nil
-    @ltype = nil
-  end
-
-  # :stopdoc:
-
-  def inspect # :nodoc:
-    "#<%s:0x%x pos %d lex_state %p space_seen %p>" % [
-      self.class, object_id,
-      @io.pos, @lex_state, @space_seen,
-    ]
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :skip_space
-  attr_accessor :readed_auto_clean_up
-  attr_accessor :exception_on_syntax_error
-
-  attr_reader :seek
-  attr_reader :char_no
-  attr_reader :line_no
-  attr_reader :indent
-
-  # io functions
-  def set_input(io, p = nil, &block)
-    @io = io
-    if p.respond_to?(:call)
-      @input = p
-    elsif block_given?
-      @input = block
-    else
-      @input = Proc.new{@io.gets}
-    end
-  end
-
-  def get_readed
-    if idx = @readed.rindex("\n")
-      @base_char_no = @readed.size - (idx + 1)
-    else
-      @base_char_no += @readed.size
-    end
-
-    readed = @readed.join("")
-    @readed.clear
-    readed
-  end
-
-  def getc
-    while @rests.empty?
-      #      return nil unless buf_input
-      @rests.push nil unless buf_input
-    end
-    c = @rests.shift
-    @current_readed.push c
-    @seek += 1
-    if c == "\n".freeze
-      @line_no += 1
-      @char_no = 0
-    else
-      @char_no += 1
-    end
-
-    c
-  end
-
-  def gets
-    l = ""
-    while c = getc
-      l.concat(c)
-      break if c == "\n"
-    end
-    return nil if l == "" and c.nil?
-    l
-  end
-
-  def eof?
-    @io.eof?
-  end
-
-  def getc_of_rests
-    if @rests.empty?
-      nil
-    else
-      getc
-    end
-  end
-
-  def ungetc(c = nil)
-    if @here_readed.empty?
-      c2 = @readed.pop
-    else
-      c2 = @here_readed.pop
-    end
-    c = c2 unless c
-    @rests.unshift c #c =
-    @seek -= 1
-    if c == "\n"
-      @line_no -= 1
-      if idx = @readed.rindex("\n")
-        @char_no = idx + 1
-      else
-        @char_no = @base_char_no + @readed.size
-      end
-    else
-      @char_no -= 1
-    end
-  end
-
-  def peek_equal?(str)
-    chrs = str.split(//)
-    until @rests.size >= chrs.size
-      return false unless buf_input
-    end
-    @rests[0, chrs.size] == chrs
-  end
-
-  def peek_match?(regexp)
-    while @rests.empty?
-      return false unless buf_input
-    end
-    regexp =~ @rests.join("")
-  end
-
-  def peek(i = 0)
-    while @rests.size <= i
-      return nil unless buf_input
-    end
-    @rests[i]
-  end
-
-  def buf_input
-    prompt
-    line = @input.call
-    return nil unless line
-    @rests.concat line.split(//)
-    true
-  end
-  private :buf_input
-
-  def set_prompt(p = nil, &block)
-    p = block if block_given?
-    if p.respond_to?(:call)
-      @prompt = p
-    else
-      @prompt = Proc.new{print p}
-    end
-  end
-
-  def prompt
-    if @prompt
-      @prompt.call(@ltype, @indent, @continue, @line_no)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def initialize_input
-    @ltype = nil
-    @quoted = nil
-    @indent = 0
-    @indent_stack = []
-    @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-    @space_seen = false
-    @current_readed = @readed
-
-    @continue = false
-    prompt
-
-    @line = ""
-    @exp_line_no = @line_no
-  end
-
-  def each_top_level_statement
-    initialize_input
-    catch(:TERM_INPUT) do
-      loop do
-        begin
-          @continue = false
-          prompt
-          unless l = lex
-            throw :TERM_INPUT if @line == ''
-          else
-            #p l
-            @line.concat l
-            if @ltype or @continue or @indent > 0
-              next
-            end
-          end
-          if @line != "\n"
-            yield @line, @exp_line_no
-          end
-          break unless l
-          @line = ''
-          @exp_line_no = @line_no
-
-          @indent = 0
-          @indent_stack = []
-          prompt
-        rescue TerminateLineInput
-          initialize_input
-          prompt
-          get_readed
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def lex
-    until (((tk = token).kind_of?(TkNL) || tk.kind_of?(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT)) &&
-           !@continue or
-      tk.nil?)
-      #p tk
-      #p @lex_state
-      #p self
-    end
-    line = get_readed
-    #      print self.inspect
-    if line == "" and tk.kind_of?(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT) || tk.nil?
-      nil
-    else
-      line
-    end
-  end
-
-  def token
-    #      require "tracer"
-    #      Tracer.on
-    @prev_seek = @seek
-    @prev_line_no = @line_no
-    @prev_char_no = @char_no
-    begin
-      begin
-        tk = @OP.match(self)
-        @space_seen = tk.kind_of?(TkSPACE)
-      rescue SyntaxError => e
-        raise Error, "syntax error: #{e.message}" if
-          @exception_on_syntax_error
-
-        tk = TkError.new(@seek, @line_no, @char_no)
-      end
-    end while @skip_space and tk.kind_of?(TkSPACE)
-
-    if @readed_auto_clean_up
-      get_readed
-    end
-    #      Tracer.off
-    tk
-  end
-
-  ENINDENT_CLAUSE = [
-    "case", "class", "def", "do", "for", "if",
-    "module", "unless", "until", "while", "begin" #, "when"
-  ]
-
-  DEINDENT_CLAUSE = ["end" #, "when"
-  ]
-
-  PERCENT_LTYPE = {
-    "q" => "\'",
-    "Q" => "\"",
-    "x" => "\`",
-    "r" => "/",
-    "w" => "]",
-    "W" => "]",
-    "s" => ":"
-  }
-
-  PERCENT_PAREN = {
-    "{" => "}",
-    "[" => "]",
-    "<" => ">",
-    "(" => ")"
-  }
-
-  PERCENT_PAREN_REV = PERCENT_PAREN.invert
-
-  Ltype2Token = {
-    "\'" => TkSTRING,
-    "\"" => TkSTRING,
-    "\`" => TkXSTRING,
-    "/" => TkREGEXP,
-    "]" => TkDSTRING,
-    ":" => TkSYMBOL
-  }
-  DLtype2Token = {
-    "\"" => TkDSTRING,
-    "\`" => TkDXSTRING,
-    "/" => TkDREGEXP,
-  }
-
-  def lex_init()
-    @OP = IRB::SLex.new
-    @OP.def_rules("\0", "\004", "\032") do |op, io|
-      Token(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT, '')
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules(" ", "\t", "\f", "\r", "\13") do |op, io|
-      @space_seen = true
-      str = op
-      while (ch = getc) =~ /[ \t\f\r\13]/ do
-        str << ch
-      end
-      ungetc
-      Token TkSPACE, str
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("#") do |op, io|
-      identify_comment
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("=begin",
-                 proc{|op, io| @prev_char_no == 0 && peek(0) =~ /\s/}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @ltype = "="
-      res = ''
-      nil until getc == "\n"
-
-      until ( peek_equal?("=end") && peek(4) =~ /\s/ ) do
-        (ch = getc)
-        res << ch
-      end
-
-      gets # consume =end
-
-      @ltype = nil
-      Token(TkRD_COMMENT, res)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("\n") do |op, io|
-      print "\\n\n" if RDoc::RubyLex.debug?
-      case @lex_state
-      when :EXPR_BEG, :EXPR_FNAME, :EXPR_DOT
-        @continue = true
-      else
-        @continue = false
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        until (@indent_stack.empty? ||
-               [TkLPAREN, TkLBRACK, TkLBRACE,
-                 TkfLPAREN, TkfLBRACK, TkfLBRACE].include?(@indent_stack.last))
-          @indent_stack.pop
-        end
-      end
-      @current_readed = @readed
-      @here_readed.clear
-      Token(TkNL)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("*", "**",
-                  "=", "==", "===",
-                  "=~", "<=>",
-                  "<", "<=",
-                  ">", ">=", ">>") do
-      |op, io|
-      case @lex_state
-      when :EXPR_FNAME, :EXPR_DOT
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_ARG
-      else
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      end
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("!", "!=", "!~") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("<<") do
-      |op, io|
-      tk = nil
-      if @lex_state != :EXPR_END && @lex_state != :EXPR_CLASS &&
-         (@lex_state != :EXPR_ARG || @space_seen)
-        c = peek(0)
-        if /\S/ =~ c && (/["'`]/ =~ c || /\w/ =~ c || c == "-")
-          tk = identify_here_document
-        end
-      end
-      unless tk
-        tk = Token(op)
-        case @lex_state
-        when :EXPR_FNAME, :EXPR_DOT
-          @lex_state = :EXPR_ARG
-        else
-          @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        end
-      end
-      tk
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("'", '"') do
-      |op, io|
-      identify_string(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("`") do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-        Token(op)
-      else
-        identify_string(op)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules('?') do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_END
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkQUESTION)
-      else
-        ch = getc
-        if @lex_state == :EXPR_ARG && ch =~ /\s/
-          ungetc
-          @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG;
-          Token(TkQUESTION)
-        else
-          @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-          Token(TkCHAR, "?#{ch}")
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("&", "&&", "|", "||") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("+=", "-=", "*=", "**=",
-                  "&=", "|=", "^=", "<<=", ">>=", "||=", "&&=") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      op =~ /^(.*)=$/
-      Token(TkOPASGN, $1)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("+@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_ARG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("-@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_ARG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("+", "-") do
-      |op, io|
-      catch(:RET) do
-        if @lex_state == :EXPR_ARG
-          if @space_seen and peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-            throw :RET, identify_number(op)
-          else
-            @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-          end
-        elsif @lex_state != :EXPR_END and peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-          throw :RET, identify_number(op)
-        else
-          @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        end
-        Token(op)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule(".") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      if peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-        ungetc
-        identify_number
-      else
-        # for "obj.if" etc.
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_DOT
-        Token(TkDOT)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("..", "...") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    lex_int2
-  end
-
-  def lex_int2
-    @OP.def_rules("]", "}", ")") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-      @indent -= 1
-      @indent_stack.pop
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule(":") do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_END || peek(0) =~ /\s/
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkCOLON)
-      else
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_FNAME;
-        Token(TkSYMBEG)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("::") do
-      |op, io|
-      #      p @lex_state.id2name, @space_seen
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_BEG or @lex_state == :EXPR_ARG && @space_seen
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkCOLON3)
-      else
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_DOT
-        Token(TkCOLON2)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("/") do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == :EXPR_MID
-        identify_string(op)
-      elsif peek(0) == '='
-        getc
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        Token(TkOPASGN, "/") #/)
-      elsif @lex_state == :EXPR_ARG and @space_seen and peek(0) !~ /\s/
-        identify_string(op)
-      else
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        Token("/") #/)
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules("^") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      Token("^")
-    end
-
-    #       @OP.def_rules("^=") do
-    # 	@lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-    # 	Token(OP_ASGN, :^)
-    #       end
-
-    @OP.def_rules(",") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rules(";") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      until (@indent_stack.empty? ||
-             [TkLPAREN, TkLBRACK, TkLBRACE,
-               TkfLPAREN, TkfLBRACK, TkfLBRACE].include?(@indent_stack.last))
-        @indent_stack.pop
-      end
-      Token(op)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("~") do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      Token("~")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("~@", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      Token("~")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("(") do
-      |op, io|
-      @indent += 1
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == :EXPR_MID
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        tk_c = TkfLPAREN
-      else
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        tk_c = TkLPAREN
-      end
-      @indent_stack.push tk_c
-      Token tk_c
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("[]", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_ARG
-      Token("[]")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("[]=", proc{|op, io| @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME}) do
-      |op, io|
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_ARG
-      Token("[]=")
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("[") do
-      |op, io|
-      @indent += 1
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME
-        tk_c = TkfLBRACK
-      else
-        if @lex_state == :EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == :EXPR_MID
-          tk_c = TkLBRACK
-        elsif @lex_state == :EXPR_ARG && @space_seen
-          tk_c = TkLBRACK
-        else
-          tk_c = TkfLBRACK
-        end
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      end
-      @indent_stack.push tk_c
-      Token(tk_c)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("{") do
-      |op, io|
-      @indent += 1
-      if @lex_state != :EXPR_END && @lex_state != :EXPR_ARG
-        tk_c = TkLBRACE
-      else
-        tk_c = TkfLBRACE
-      end
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-      @indent_stack.push tk_c
-      Token(tk_c)
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('\\') do
-      |op, io|
-      if getc == "\n"
-        @space_seen = true
-        @continue = true
-        Token(TkSPACE)
-      else
-        ungetc
-        Token("\\")
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('%') do
-      |op, io|
-      if @lex_state == :EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == :EXPR_MID
-        identify_quotation
-      elsif peek(0) == '='
-        getc
-        Token(TkOPASGN, :%)
-      elsif @lex_state == :EXPR_ARG and @space_seen and peek(0) !~ /\s/
-        identify_quotation
-      else
-        @lex_state = :EXPR_BEG
-        Token("%") #))
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('$') do
-      |op, io|
-      identify_gvar
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule('@') do
-      |op, io|
-      if peek(0) =~ /[\w@]/
-        ungetc
-        identify_identifier
-      else
-        Token("@")
-      end
-    end
-
-    #       @OP.def_rule("def", proc{|op, io| /\s/ =~ io.peek(0)}) do
-    # 	|op, io|
-    # 	@indent += 1
-    # 	@lex_state = :EXPR_FNAME
-    # #	@lex_state = :EXPR_END
-    # #	until @rests[0] == "\n" or @rests[0] == ";"
-    # #	  rests.shift
-    # #	end
-    #       end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("_") do
-      if peek_match?(/_END__/) and @lex_state == :EXPR_BEG then
-        6.times { getc }
-        Token(TkEND_OF_SCRIPT, '__END__')
-      else
-        ungetc
-        identify_identifier
-      end
-    end
-
-    @OP.def_rule("") do
-      |op, io|
-      printf "MATCH: start %s: %s\n", op, io.inspect if RDoc::RubyLex.debug?
-      if peek(0) =~ /[0-9]/
-        t = identify_number
-      else
-        t = identify_identifier
-      end
-      printf "MATCH: end %s: %s\n", op, io.inspect if RDoc::RubyLex.debug?
-      t
-    end
-
-    p @OP if RDoc::RubyLex.debug?
-  end
-
-  def identify_gvar
-    @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-
-    case ch = getc
-    when /[~_*$?!@\/\\;,=:<>".]/   #"
-      Token(TkGVAR, "$" + ch)
-    when "-"
-      Token(TkGVAR, "$-" + getc)
-    when "&", "`", "'", "+"
-      Token(TkBACK_REF, "$"+ch)
-    when /[1-9]/
-      ref = ch
-      while (ch = getc) =~ /[0-9]/ do ref << ch end
-      ungetc
-      Token(TkNTH_REF, "$#{ref}")
-    when /\w/
-      ungetc
-      ungetc
-      identify_identifier
-    else
-      ungetc
-      Token("$")
-    end
-  end
-
-  IDENT_RE = eval '/[\w\u{0080}-\u{FFFFF}]/u'
-
-  def identify_identifier
-    token = ""
-    if peek(0) =~ /[$@]/
-      token.concat(c = getc)
-      if c == "@" and peek(0) == "@"
-        token.concat getc
-      end
-    end
-
-    while (ch = getc) =~ IDENT_RE do
-      print " :#{ch}: " if RDoc::RubyLex.debug?
-      token.concat ch
-    end
-
-    ungetc
-
-    if (ch == "!" || ch == "?") && token[0,1] =~ /\w/ && peek(0) != "="
-      token.concat getc
-    end
-
-    # almost fix token
-
-    case token
-    when /^\$/
-      return Token(TkGVAR, token)
-    when /^\@\@/
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-      # p Token(TkCVAR, token)
-      return Token(TkCVAR, token)
-    when /^\@/
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-      return Token(TkIVAR, token)
-    end
-
-    if @lex_state != :EXPR_DOT
-      print token, "\n" if RDoc::RubyLex.debug?
-
-      token_c, *trans = TkReading2Token[token]
-      if token_c
-        # reserved word?
-
-        if (@lex_state != :EXPR_BEG &&
-            @lex_state != :EXPR_FNAME &&
-            trans[1])
-          # modifiers
-          token_c = TkSymbol2Token[trans[1]]
-          @lex_state = trans[0]
-        else
-          if @lex_state != :EXPR_FNAME
-            if ENINDENT_CLAUSE.include?(token)
-              valid = peek(0) != ':'
-
-              # check for ``class = val'' etc.
-              case token
-              when "class"
-                valid = false unless peek_match?(/^\s*(<<|\w|::)/)
-              when "def"
-                valid = false if peek_match?(/^\s*(([+-\/*&\|^]|<<|>>|\|\||\&\&)=|\&\&|\|\|)/)
-              when "do"
-                valid = false if peek_match?(/^\s*([+-\/*]?=|\*|<|>|\&)/)
-              when *ENINDENT_CLAUSE
-                valid = false if peek_match?(/^\s*([+-\/*]?=|\*|<|>|\&|\|)/)
-              else
-                # no nothing
-              end if valid
-
-              if valid
-                if token == "do"
-                  if ![TkFOR, TkWHILE, TkUNTIL].include?(@indent_stack.last)
-                    @indent += 1
-                    @indent_stack.push token_c
-                  end
-                else
-                  @indent += 1
-                  @indent_stack.push token_c
-                end
-              else
-                token_c = TkIDENTIFIER
-              end
-
-            elsif DEINDENT_CLAUSE.include?(token)
-              @indent -= 1
-              @indent_stack.pop
-            end
-            @lex_state = trans[0]
-          else
-            @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-          end
-        end
-        return Token(token_c, token)
-      end
-    end
-
-    if @lex_state == :EXPR_FNAME
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-      if peek(0) == '='
-        token.concat getc
-      end
-    elsif @lex_state == :EXPR_BEG || @lex_state == :EXPR_DOT ||
-          @lex_state == :EXPR_ARG
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_ARG
-    else
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-    end
-
-    if token[0, 1] =~ /[A-Z]/
-      return Token(TkCONSTANT, token)
-    elsif token[token.size - 1, 1] =~ /[!?]/
-      return Token(TkFID, token)
-    else
-      return Token(TkIDENTIFIER, token)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def identify_here_document
-    ch = getc
-    #    if lt = PERCENT_LTYPE[ch]
-    if ch == "-"
-      ch = getc
-      indent = true
-    end
-    if /['"`]/ =~ ch
-      user_quote = lt = ch
-      quoted = ""
-      while (c = getc) && c != lt
-        quoted.concat c
-      end
-    else
-      user_quote = nil
-      lt = '"'
-      quoted = ch.dup
-      while (c = getc) && c =~ /\w/
-        quoted.concat c
-      end
-      ungetc
-    end
-
-    ltback, @ltype = @ltype, lt
-    reserve = []
-    while ch = getc
-      reserve.push ch
-      if ch == "\\"
-        reserve.push ch = getc
-      elsif ch == "\n"
-        break
-      end
-    end
-
-    output_heredoc = reserve.join =~ /\A\r?\n\z/
-
-    if output_heredoc then
-      doc = '<<'
-      doc << '-' if indent
-      doc << "#{user_quote}#{quoted}#{user_quote}\n"
-    else
-      doc = '"'
-    end
-
-    @current_readed = @readed
-    while l = gets
-      l = l.sub(/(:?\r)?\n\z/, "\n")
-      if (indent ? l.strip : l.chomp) == quoted
-        break
-      end
-      doc << l
-    end
-
-    if output_heredoc then
-      raise Error, "Missing terminating #{quoted} for string" unless l
-
-      doc << l.chomp
-    else
-      doc << '"'
-    end
-
-    @current_readed = @here_readed
-    @here_readed.concat reserve
-    while ch = reserve.pop
-      ungetc ch
-    end
-
-    token_class = output_heredoc ? RDoc::RubyLex::TkHEREDOC : Ltype2Token[lt]
-    @ltype = ltback
-    @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-    Token(token_class, doc)
-  end
-
-  def identify_quotation
-    type = ch = getc
-    if lt = PERCENT_LTYPE[type]
-      ch = getc
-    elsif type =~ /\W/
-      type = nil
-      lt = "\""
-    else
-      return Token(TkMOD, '%')
-    end
-    #     if ch !~ /\W/
-    #       ungetc
-    #       next
-    #     end
-    #@ltype = lt
-    @quoted = ch unless @quoted = PERCENT_PAREN[ch]
-    identify_string(lt, @quoted, type)
-  end
-
-  def identify_number(op = "")
-    @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-
-    num = op
-
-    if peek(0) == "0" && peek(1) !~ /[.eE]/
-      num << getc
-
-      case peek(0)
-      when /[xX]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[0-9a-fA-F_]/
-      when /[bB]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[01_]/
-      when /[oO]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[0-7_]/
-      when /[dD]/
-        ch = getc
-        match = /[0-9_]/
-      when /[0-7]/
-        match = /[0-7_]/
-      when /[89]/
-        raise Error, "Illegal octal digit"
-      else
-        return Token(TkINTEGER, num)
-      end
-
-      num << ch if ch
-
-      len0 = true
-      non_digit = false
-      while ch = getc
-        num << ch
-        if match =~ ch
-          if ch == "_"
-            if non_digit
-              raise Error, "trailing `#{ch}' in number"
-            else
-              non_digit = ch
-            end
-          else
-            non_digit = false
-            len0 = false
-          end
-        else
-          ungetc
-          num[-1, 1] = ''
-          if len0
-            raise Error, "numeric literal without digits"
-          end
-          if non_digit
-            raise Error, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
-          end
-          break
-        end
-      end
-      return Token(TkINTEGER, num)
-    end
-
-    type = TkINTEGER
-    allow_point = true
-    allow_e = true
-    non_digit = false
-    while ch = getc
-      num << ch
-      case ch
-      when /[0-9]/
-        non_digit = false
-      when "_"
-        non_digit = ch
-      when allow_point && "."
-        if non_digit
-          raise Error, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
-        end
-        type = TkFLOAT
-        if peek(0) !~ /[0-9]/
-          type = TkINTEGER
-          ungetc
-          num[-1, 1] = ''
-          break
-        end
-        allow_point = false
-      when allow_e && "e", allow_e && "E"
-        if non_digit
-          raise Error, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
-        end
-        type = TkFLOAT
-        if peek(0) =~ /[+-]/
-          num << getc
-        end
-        allow_e = false
-        allow_point = false
-        non_digit = ch
-      else
-        if non_digit
-          raise Error, "trailing `#{non_digit}' in number"
-        end
-        ungetc
-        num[-1, 1] = ''
-        break
-      end
-    end
-
-    Token(type, num)
-  end
-
-  def identify_string(ltype, quoted = ltype, type = nil)
-    close = PERCENT_PAREN.values.include?(quoted)
-    @ltype = ltype
-    @quoted = quoted
-
-    str = if ltype == quoted and %w[" ' /].include? ltype then
-            ltype.dup
-          else
-            "%#{type or PERCENT_LTYPE.key ltype}#{PERCENT_PAREN_REV[quoted]||quoted}"
-          end
-
-    subtype = nil
-    begin
-      nest = 0
-
-      while ch = getc
-        str << ch
-
-        if @quoted == ch and nest <= 0
-          break
-        elsif @ltype != "'" && @ltype != "]" && @ltype != ":" and ch == "#"
-          ch = getc
-          subtype = true
-          if ch == "{" then
-            str << ch << skip_inner_expression
-            next
-          else
-            ungetc
-          end
-        elsif ch == '\\'
-          if %w[' /].include? @ltype then
-            case ch = getc
-            when "\\", "\n", "'"
-            when @ltype
-              str << ch
-            else
-              ungetc
-            end
-          else
-            str << read_escape
-          end
-        end
-
-        if close then
-          if PERCENT_PAREN[ch] == @quoted
-            nest += 1
-          elsif ch == @quoted
-            nest -= 1
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      if @ltype == "/"
-        while peek(0) =~ /i|m|x|o|e|s|u|n/
-          str << getc
-        end
-      end
-
-      if subtype
-        Token(DLtype2Token[ltype], str)
-      else
-        Token(Ltype2Token[ltype], str)
-      end
-    ensure
-      @ltype = nil
-      @quoted = nil
-      @lex_state = :EXPR_END
-    end
-  end
-
-  def skip_inner_expression
-    res = ""
-    nest = 0
-    while ch = getc
-      res << ch
-      if ch == '}'
-        break if nest.zero?
-        nest -= 1
-      elsif ch == '{'
-        nest += 1
-      end
-    end
-    res
-  end
-
-  def identify_comment
-    @ltype = "#"
-
-    comment = '#'
-
-    while ch = getc
-      # if ch == "\\" #"
-      #   read_escape
-      # end
-      if ch == "\n"
-        @ltype = nil
-        ungetc
-        break
-      end
-
-      comment << ch
-    end
-
-    return Token(TkCOMMENT, comment)
-  end
-
-  def read_escape
-    escape = ''
-    ch = getc
-
-    case ch
-    when "\n", "\r", "\f"
-      escape << ch
-    when "\\", "n", "t", "r", "f", "v", "a", "e", "b", "s" #"
-      escape << ch
-    when /[0-7]/
-      ungetc ch
-      3.times do
-        ch = getc
-        case ch
-        when /[0-7]/
-          escape << ch
-        when nil
-          break
-        else
-          ungetc
-          break
-        end
-      end
-
-    when "x"
-      escape << ch
-
-      2.times do
-        ch = getc
-        case ch
-        when /[0-9a-fA-F]/
-          escape << ch
-        when nil
-          break
-        else
-          ungetc
-          break
-        end
-      end
-
-    when "M"
-      escape << ch
-
-      ch = getc
-      if ch != '-'
-        ungetc
-      else
-        escape << ch
-
-        ch = getc
-        if ch == "\\" #"
-          ungetc
-          escape << read_escape
-        else
-          escape << ch
-        end
-      end
-
-    when "C", "c" #, "^"
-      escape << ch
-
-      if ch == "C"
-        ch = getc
-
-        if ch == "-"
-          escape << ch
-          ch = getc
-          escape << ch
-
-          escape << read_escape if ch == "\\"
-        else
-          ungetc
-        end
-      elsif (ch = getc) == "\\" #"
-        escape << ch << read_escape
-      end
-    else
-      escape << ch
-
-      # other characters
-    end
-
-    escape
-  end
-
-  # :startdoc:
-
-end
-
-#RDoc::RubyLex.debug_level = 1
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/ruby_token.rb b/lib/rdoc/ruby_token.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d923e24b18..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/ruby_token.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,461 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-#   irb/ruby-token.rb - ruby tokens
-#   	$Release Version: 0.9.5$
-#   	$Revision: 11708 $
-#   	$Date: 2007-02-12 15:01:19 -0800 (Mon, 12 Feb 2007) $
-#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#++
-# Definitions of all tokens involved in the lexical analysis.
-#
-# This class is not documented because it is so deep in the internals.
-
-module RDoc::RubyToken
-  # :stopdoc:
-
-  EXPR_BEG = :EXPR_BEG
-  EXPR_MID = :EXPR_MID
-  EXPR_END = :EXPR_END
-  EXPR_ARG = :EXPR_ARG
-  EXPR_FNAME = :EXPR_FNAME
-  EXPR_DOT = :EXPR_DOT
-  EXPR_CLASS = :EXPR_CLASS
-
-  # for ruby 1.4X
-  if !defined?(Symbol)
-    Symbol = Integer
-  end
-
-  def set_token_position(line, char)
-    @prev_line_no = line
-    @prev_char_no = char
-  end
-
-  class Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, text = nil)
-      @seek = seek
-      @line_no = line_no
-      @char_no = char_no
-      @text = text
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :seek
-    attr_reader :line_no
-    attr_reader :char_no
-
-    attr_accessor :text
-
-    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class and
-      other.line_no == @line_no and
-      other.char_no == @char_no and
-      other.text == @text
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Because we're used in contexts that expect to return a token, we set the
-    # text string and then return ourselves
-
-    def set_text(text)
-      @text = text
-      self
-    end
-
-    def inspect # :nodoc:
-      klass = self.class.name.split('::').last
-      "{%s %d, %d:%d %p}" % [klass, @seek, @line_no, @char_no, @text]
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class TkNode < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, node = nil)
-      super seek, line_no, char_no
-      @node = node
-    end
-
-    attr_reader:node
-
-    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class and
-      other.line_no == @line_no and
-      other.char_no == @char_no and
-      other.node == @node
-    end
-
-    def set_text text
-      @node = text
-      self
-    end
-
-    alias text node
-
-    def inspect # :nodoc:
-      klass = self.class.name.split('::').last
-      "{%s %d, %d:%d %p}" % [klass, @seek, @line_no, @char_no, @node]
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class TkId < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, name)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      @name = name
-    end
-    attr_reader:name
-
-    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class and
-      other.line_no == @line_no and
-      other.char_no == @char_no and
-      other.name == @name
-    end
-
-    def set_text text
-      @name = text
-      self
-    end
-
-    alias text name
-
-    def inspect # :nodoc:
-      klass = self.class.name.split('::').last
-      "{%s %d, %d:%d %p}" % [klass, @seek, @line_no, @char_no, @name]
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class TkKW < TkId
-  end
-
-  class TkVal < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, value = nil)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      @value = value
-    end
-    attr_accessor :value
-
-    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class and
-      other.line_no == @line_no and
-      other.char_no == @char_no and
-      other.value == @value
-    end
-
-    def set_text text
-      @value = text
-      self
-    end
-
-    alias text value
-
-    def inspect # :nodoc:
-      klass = self.class.name.split('::').last
-      "{%s %s, %d:%d %p}" % [klass, @seek, @line_no, @char_no, @value]
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class TkOp < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, name = nil)
-      super seek, line_no, char_no
-      @name = name
-    end
-
-    attr_accessor :name
-
-    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class and
-      other.line_no == @line_no and
-      other.char_no == @char_no and
-      other.name == @name
-    end
-
-    def set_text text
-      @name = text
-      self
-    end
-
-    alias text name
-
-    def inspect # :nodoc:
-      klass = self.class.name.split('::').last
-      "{%s %d, %d:%d %p}" % [klass, @seek, @line_no, @char_no, @name]
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class TkOPASGN < TkOp
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, op)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      op = TkReading2Token[op][0] unless op.kind_of?(Symbol)
-      @op = op
-      @text = nil
-    end
-
-    attr_reader:op
-
-    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class and
-      other.line_no == @line_no and
-      other.char_no == @char_no and
-      other.op == @op
-    end
-
-    def text
-      @text ||= "#{TkToken2Reading[op]}="
-    end
-
-    def inspect # :nodoc:
-      klass = self.class.name.split('::').last
-      "{%s %d, %d:%d %p}" % [klass, @seek, @line_no, @char_no, @op]
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class TkUnknownChar < Token
-    def initialize(seek, line_no, char_no, name)
-      super(seek, line_no, char_no)
-      @name = name
-    end
-    attr_reader:name
-
-    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class and
-      other.line_no == @line_no and
-      other.char_no == @char_no and
-      other.name == @name
-    end
-
-    def set_text text
-      @name = text
-      self
-    end
-
-    alias text name
-
-    def inspect # :nodoc:
-      klass = self.class.name.split('::').last
-      "{%s %d, %d:%d %p}" % [klass, @seek, @line_no, @char_no, @name]
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class TkError < Token
-  end
-
-  def Token(token, value = nil)
-    value ||= TkToken2Reading[token]
-
-    case token
-    when String
-      if (tk = TkReading2Token[token]).nil?
-        IRB.fail TkReading2TokenNoKey, token
-      end
-
-      tk = Token(tk[0], value)
-
-      if tk.kind_of?(TkOp) then
-        tk.name = token
-      end
-    when Symbol
-      if (tk = TkSymbol2Token[token]).nil?
-        IRB.fail TkSymbol2TokenNoKey, token
-      end
-
-      tk = Token(tk[0], value)
-    else
-      if token.instance_method(:initialize).arity == 3 then
-        tk = token.new(@prev_seek, @prev_line_no, @prev_char_no)
-        tk.set_text value
-      else
-        tk = token.new(@prev_seek, @prev_line_no, @prev_char_no, value)
-      end
-    end
-
-    tk
-  end
-
-  TokenDefinitions = [
-    [:TkCLASS,      TkKW,  "class",  :EXPR_CLASS],
-    [:TkMODULE,     TkKW,  "module", :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkDEF,        TkKW,  "def",    :EXPR_FNAME],
-    [:TkUNDEF,      TkKW,  "undef",  :EXPR_FNAME],
-    [:TkBEGIN,      TkKW,  "begin",  :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkRESCUE,     TkKW,  "rescue", :EXPR_MID],
-    [:TkENSURE,     TkKW,  "ensure", :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkEND,        TkKW,  "end",    :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkIF,         TkKW,  "if",     :EXPR_BEG, :TkIF_MOD],
-    [:TkUNLESS,     TkKW,  "unless", :EXPR_BEG, :TkUNLESS_MOD],
-    [:TkTHEN,       TkKW,  "then",   :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkELSIF,      TkKW,  "elsif",  :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkELSE,       TkKW,  "else",   :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkCASE,       TkKW,  "case",   :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkWHEN,       TkKW,  "when",   :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkWHILE,      TkKW,  "while",  :EXPR_BEG, :TkWHILE_MOD],
-    [:TkUNTIL,      TkKW,  "until",  :EXPR_BEG, :TkUNTIL_MOD],
-    [:TkFOR,        TkKW,  "for",    :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkBREAK,      TkKW,  "break",  :EXPR_MID],
-    [:TkNEXT,       TkKW,  "next",   :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkREDO,       TkKW,  "redo",   :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkRETRY,      TkKW,  "retry",  :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkIN,         TkKW,  "in",     :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkDO,         TkKW,  "do",     :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkRETURN,     TkKW,  "return", :EXPR_MID],
-    [:TkYIELD,      TkKW,  "yield",  :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkSUPER,      TkKW,  "super",  :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkSELF,       TkKW,  "self",   :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkNIL,        TkKW,  "nil",    :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkTRUE,       TkKW,  "true",   :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkFALSE,      TkKW,  "false",  :EXPR_END],
-    [:TkAND,        TkKW,  "and",    :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkOR,         TkKW,  "or",     :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkNOT,        TkKW,  "not",    :EXPR_BEG],
-    [:TkIF_MOD,     TkKW],
-    [:TkUNLESS_MOD, TkKW],
-    [:TkWHILE_MOD,  TkKW],
-    [:TkUNTIL_MOD,  TkKW],
-    [:TkALIAS,      TkKW,  "alias",    :EXPR_FNAME],
-    [:TkDEFINED,    TkKW,  "defined?", :EXPR_END],
-    [:TklBEGIN,     TkKW,  "BEGIN",    :EXPR_END],
-    [:TklEND,       TkKW,  "END",      :EXPR_END],
-    [:Tk__LINE__,   TkKW,  "__LINE__", :EXPR_END],
-    [:Tk__FILE__,   TkKW,  "__FILE__", :EXPR_END],
-
-    [:TkIDENTIFIER, TkId],
-    [:TkFID,        TkId],
-    [:TkGVAR,       TkId],
-    [:TkCVAR,       TkId],
-    [:TkIVAR,       TkId],
-    [:TkCONSTANT,   TkId],
-
-    [:TkINTEGER,    TkVal],
-    [:TkFLOAT,      TkVal],
-    [:TkSTRING,     TkVal],
-    [:TkHEREDOC,    TkVal],
-    [:TkXSTRING,    TkVal],
-    [:TkREGEXP,     TkVal],
-    [:TkSYMBOL,     TkVal],
-    [:TkCHAR,       TkVal],
-
-    [:TkDSTRING,    TkNode],
-    [:TkDXSTRING,   TkNode],
-    [:TkDREGEXP,    TkNode],
-    [:TkNTH_REF,    TkNode],
-    [:TkBACK_REF,   TkNode],
-
-    [:TkUPLUS,      TkOp,   "+@"],
-    [:TkUMINUS,     TkOp,   "-@"],
-    [:TkPOW,        TkOp,   "**"],
-    [:TkCMP,        TkOp,   "<=>"],
-    [:TkEQ,         TkOp,   "=="],
-    [:TkEQQ,        TkOp,   "==="],
-    [:TkNEQ,        TkOp,   "!="],
-    [:TkGEQ,        TkOp,   ">="],
-    [:TkLEQ,        TkOp,   "<="],
-    [:TkANDOP,      TkOp,   "&&"],
-    [:TkOROP,       TkOp,   "||"],
-    [:TkMATCH,      TkOp,   "=~"],
-    [:TkNMATCH,     TkOp,   "!~"],
-    [:TkDOT2,       TkOp,   ".."],
-    [:TkDOT3,       TkOp,   "..."],
-    [:TkAREF,       TkOp,   "[]"],
-    [:TkASET,       TkOp,   "[]="],
-    [:TkLSHFT,      TkOp,   "<<"],
-    [:TkRSHFT,      TkOp,   ">>"],
-    [:TkCOLON2,     TkOp,   '::'],
-    [:TkCOLON3,     TkOp,   '::'],
-    #[:OPASGN,       TkOp],               # +=, -=  etc. #
-    [:TkASSOC,      TkOp,   "=>"],
-    [:TkQUESTION,   TkOp,   "?"], #?
-    [:TkCOLON,      TkOp,   ":"],        #:
-
-    [:TkfLPAREN,    Token,  "("], # func( #
-    [:TkfLBRACK,    Token,  "["], # func[ #
-    [:TkfLBRACE,    Token,  "{"], # func{ #
-    [:TkSYMBEG,     Token,  ":"], # :SYMBOL
-
-    [:TkAMPER,      TkOp,   "&"],
-    [:TkGT,         TkOp,   ">"],
-    [:TkLT,         TkOp,   "<"],
-    [:TkPLUS,       TkOp,   "+"],
-    [:TkSTAR,       TkOp,   "*"],
-    [:TkMINUS,      TkOp,   "-"],
-    [:TkMULT,       TkOp,   "*"],
-    [:TkDIV,        TkOp,   "/"],
-    [:TkMOD,        TkOp,   "%"],
-    [:TkBITOR,      TkOp,   "|"],
-    [:TkBITXOR,     TkOp,   "^"],
-    [:TkBITAND,     TkOp,   "&"],
-    [:TkBITNOT,     TkOp,   "~"],
-    [:TkNOTOP,      TkOp,   "!"],
-
-    [:TkBACKQUOTE,  TkOp,   "`"],
-
-    [:TkASSIGN,     Token,  "="],
-    [:TkDOT,        Token,  "."],
-    [:TkLPAREN,     Token,  "("],  #(exp)
-    [:TkLBRACK,     Token,  "["],  #[arry]
-    [:TkLBRACE,     Token,  "{"],  #{hash}
-    [:TkRPAREN,     Token,  ")"],
-    [:TkRBRACK,     Token,  "]"],
-    [:TkRBRACE,     Token,  "}"],
-    [:TkCOMMA,      Token,  ","],
-    [:TkSEMICOLON,  Token,  ";"],
-
-    [:TkCOMMENT,    TkVal],
-    [:TkSPACE,      Token,  " "],
-    [:TkNL,         Token,  "\n"],
-    [:TkEND_OF_SCRIPT],
-
-    [:TkBACKSLASH,  TkUnknownChar,  "\\"],
-    [:TkAT,         TkUnknownChar,  "@"],
-    [:TkDOLLAR,     TkUnknownChar,  "$"],
-  ]
-
-  # {reading => token_class}
-  # {reading => [token_class, *opt]}
-  TkReading2Token = {}
-  TkToken2Reading = {}
-  TkSymbol2Token = {}
-
-  def self.def_token(token_n, super_token = Token, reading = nil, *opts)
-    token_n = token_n.id2name if token_n.kind_of?(Symbol)
-    if const_defined?(token_n)
-      IRB.fail AlreadyDefinedToken, token_n
-    end
-    token_c = eval("class #{token_n} < #{super_token}; end; #{token_n}")
-
-    if reading
-      TkToken2Reading[token_c] = reading
-
-      return if TkReading2Token[reading]
-
-      if opts.empty?
-        TkReading2Token[reading] = [token_c]
-      else
-        TkReading2Token[reading] = [token_c].concat(opts)
-      end
-    end
-    TkSymbol2Token[token_n.intern] = token_c
-  end
-
-  for defs in TokenDefinitions
-    def_token(*defs)
-  end
-
-  def_token :TkRD_COMMENT, TkCOMMENT
-
-  NEWLINE_TOKEN = TkNL.new 0, 0, 0, "\n"
-
-  class TkSYMBOL
-
-    def to_sym
-      @sym ||= text[1..-1].intern
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  # :startdoc:
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb b/lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb
index e9351b7280..f4aa9655ae 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/rubygems_hook.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'rdoc'
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class RDoc::RubygemsHook
   def self.load_rdoc
     return if @rdoc_version
 
-    require 'rdoc/rdoc'
+    require_relative 'rdoc'
 
     @rdoc_version = Gem::Version.new ::RDoc::VERSION
   end
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class RDoc::RubygemsHook
 
     case config_args = Gem.configuration[:rdoc]
     when String then
-      args = args.concat config_args.split
+      args = args.concat config_args.split(' ')
     when Array then
       args = args.concat config_args
     end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/servlet.rb b/lib/rdoc/servlet.rb
index 90f403bc64..0ab1eaf19d 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/servlet.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/servlet.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'rdoc'
+require 'erb'
 require 'time'
 require 'json'
-require 'webrick'
+
+begin
+  require 'webrick'
+rescue LoadError
+  abort "webrick is not found. You may need to `gem install webrick` to install webrick."
+end
 
 ##
 # This is a WEBrick servlet that allows you to browse ri documentation.
@@ -101,9 +107,9 @@ class RDoc::Servlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
     res.body = File.read asset_path
 
     res.content_type = case req.path
-                       when /css$/ then 'text/css'
-                       when /js$/  then 'application/javascript'
-                       else             'application/octet-stream'
+                       when /\.css\z/ then 'text/css'
+                       when /\.js\z/  then 'application/javascript'
+                       else                'application/octet-stream'
                        end
   end
 
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ class RDoc::Servlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
   # GET request entry point.  Fills in +res+ for the path, etc. in +req+.
 
   def do_GET req, res
-    req.path.sub!(/^#{Regexp.escape @mount_path}/o, '') if @mount_path
+    req.path.sub!(/\A#{Regexp.escape @mount_path}/, '') if @mount_path
 
     case req.path
     when '/' then
@@ -144,11 +150,14 @@ class RDoc::Servlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
   # +generator+ is used to create the page.
 
   def documentation_page store, generator, path, req, res
-    name = path.sub(/.html$/, '').gsub '/', '::'
+    text_name = path.chomp '.html'
+    name = text_name.gsub '/', '::'
 
     if klass = store.find_class_or_module(name) then
       res.body = generator.generate_class klass
-    elsif page = store.find_text_page(name.sub(/_([^_]*)$/, '.\1')) then
+    elsif page = store.find_text_page(name.sub(/_([^_]*)\z/, '.\1')) then
+      res.body = generator.generate_page page
+    elsif page = store.find_text_page(text_name.sub(/_([^_]*)\z/, '.\1')) then
       res.body = generator.generate_page page
     else
       not_found generator, req, res
@@ -217,7 +226,7 @@ exception:
 <pre>#{ERB::Util.html_escape exception.message}</pre>
 
 <p>Please report this to the
-<a href="https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/issues">RDoc issues tracker</a>.  Please
+<a href="https://github.com/ruby/rdoc/issues">RDoc issues tracker</a>.  Please
 include the RDoc version, the URI above and exception class, message and
 backtrace.  If you're viewing a gem's documentation, include the gem name and
 version.  If you're viewing Ruby's documentation, include the version of ruby.
@@ -415,7 +424,7 @@ version.  If you're viewing Ruby's documentation, include the version of ruby.
       RDoc::Store.new RDoc::RI::Paths.system_dir, :system
     when 'site' then
       RDoc::Store.new RDoc::RI::Paths.site_dir, :site
-    when /^extra-(\d+)$/ then
+    when /\Aextra-(\d+)\z/ then
       index = $1.to_i - 1
       ri_dir = installed_docs[index][4]
       RDoc::Store.new ri_dir, :extra
@@ -427,14 +436,14 @@ version.  If you're viewing Ruby's documentation, include the version of ruby.
       end
 
       raise WEBrick::HTTPStatus::NotFound,
-            "Could not find gem \"#{source_name}\". Are you sure you installed it?" unless ri_dir
+            "Could not find gem \"#{ERB::Util.html_escape(source_name)}\". Are you sure you installed it?" unless ri_dir
 
       store = RDoc::Store.new ri_dir, type
 
       return store if File.exist? store.cache_path
 
       raise WEBrick::HTTPStatus::NotFound,
-            "Could not find documentation for \"#{source_name}\". Please run `gem rdoc --ri gem_name`"
+            "Could not find documentation for \"#{ERB::Util.html_escape(source_name)}\". Please run `gem rdoc --ri gem_name`"
 
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/single_class.rb b/lib/rdoc/single_class.rb
index 7affa027e1..6a7b67deb3 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/single_class.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/single_class.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A singleton class
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/stats.rb b/lib/rdoc/stats.rb
index 354e904b19..bd6c0ef23a 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/stats.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/stats.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # RDoc statistics collector which prints a summary and report of a project's
 # documentation totals.
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/stats/normal.rb b/lib/rdoc/stats/normal.rb
index ba00b6cbdf..0a22f0582b 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/stats/normal.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/stats/normal.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'io/console/size'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+begin
+  require 'io/console/size'
+rescue LoadError
+  # for JRuby
+  require 'io/console'
+end
 
 ##
 # Stats printer that prints just the files being documented with a progress
@@ -21,27 +26,28 @@ class RDoc::Stats::Normal < RDoc::Stats::Quiet
                            files_so_far,
                            @num_files)
 
-    # Print a progress bar, but make sure it fits on a single line. Filename
-    # will be truncated if necessary.
-    terminal_width = IO.console_size[1].to_i.nonzero? || 80
-    max_filename_size = terminal_width - progress_bar.size
-
-    if filename.size > max_filename_size then
-      # Turn "some_long_filename.rb" to "...ong_filename.rb"
-      filename = filename[(filename.size - max_filename_size) .. -1]
-      filename[0..2] = "..."
-    end
-
-    line = "#{progress_bar}#{filename}"
     if $stdout.tty?
+      # Print a progress bar, but make sure it fits on a single line. Filename
+      # will be truncated if necessary.
+      size = IO.respond_to?(:console_size) ? IO.console_size : IO.console.winsize
+      terminal_width = size[1].to_i.nonzero? || 80
+      max_filename_size = (terminal_width - progress_bar.size) - 1
+
+      if filename.size > max_filename_size then
+        # Turn "some_long_filename.rb" to "...ong_filename.rb"
+        filename = filename[(filename.size - max_filename_size) .. -1]
+        filename[0..2] = "..."
+      end
+
       # Clean the line with whitespaces so that leftover output from the
       # previous line doesn't show up.
-      $stdout.print("\r" << (" " * @last_width) << ("\b" * @last_width) << "\r") if @last_width && @last_width > 0
-      @last_width = line.size
-      $stdout.print("#{line}\r")
+      $stdout.print("\r\e[K") if @last_width && @last_width > 0
+      @last_width = progress_bar.size + filename.size
+      term = "\r"
     else
-      $stdout.puts(line)
+      term = "\n"
     end
+    $stdout.print(progress_bar, filename, term)
     $stdout.flush
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/stats/quiet.rb b/lib/rdoc/stats/quiet.rb
index 561c272ef7..bc4161b2d4 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/stats/quiet.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/stats/quiet.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Stats printer that prints nothing
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/stats/verbose.rb b/lib/rdoc/stats/verbose.rb
index e04edade52..6ace8937a2 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/stats/verbose.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/stats/verbose.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # Stats printer that prints everything documented, including the documented
 # status
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/store.rb b/lib/rdoc/store.rb
index aaefff8f13..5ba671ca1b 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/store.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/store.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'fileutils'
 
 ##
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ class RDoc::Store
   attr_accessor :encoding
 
   ##
+  # The lazy constants alias will be discovered in passing
+
+  attr_reader :unmatched_constant_alias
+
+  ##
   # Creates a new Store of +type+ that will load or save to +path+
 
   def initialize path = nil, type = nil
@@ -143,6 +148,7 @@ class RDoc::Store
     @classes_hash = {}
     @modules_hash = {}
     @files_hash   = {}
+    @text_files_hash = {}
 
     @c_enclosure_classes = {}
     @c_enclosure_names   = {}
@@ -152,6 +158,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
 
     @unique_classes = nil
     @unique_modules = nil
+
+    @unmatched_constant_alias = {}
   end
 
   ##
@@ -177,16 +185,24 @@ class RDoc::Store
   # Adds the file with +name+ as an RDoc::TopLevel to the store.  Returns the
   # created RDoc::TopLevel.
 
-  def add_file absolute_name, relative_name = absolute_name
+  def add_file absolute_name, relative_name: absolute_name, parser: nil
     unless top_level = @files_hash[relative_name] then
       top_level = RDoc::TopLevel.new absolute_name, relative_name
+      top_level.parser = parser if parser
       top_level.store = self
       @files_hash[relative_name] = top_level
+      @text_files_hash[relative_name] = top_level if top_level.text?
     end
 
     top_level
   end
 
+  def update_parser_of_file(absolute_name, parser)
+    if top_level = @files_hash[absolute_name] then
+      @text_files_hash[absolute_name] = top_level if top_level.text?
+    end
+  end
+
   ##
   # Returns all classes discovered by RDoc
 
@@ -421,8 +437,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
   # +file_name+
 
   def find_text_page file_name
-    @files_hash.each_value.find do |file|
-      file.text? and file.full_name == file_name
+    @text_files_hash.each_value.find do |file|
+      file.full_name == file_name
     end
   end
 
@@ -466,7 +482,7 @@ class RDoc::Store
     when :gem    then
       parent = File.expand_path '..', @path
       "gem #{File.basename parent}"
-    when :home   then '~/.rdoc'
+    when :home   then RDoc.home
     when :site   then 'ruby site'
     when :system then 'ruby core'
     else @path
@@ -530,6 +546,7 @@ class RDoc::Store
     @cache[:pages].each do |page_name|
       page = load_page page_name
       @files_hash[page_name] = page
+      @text_files_hash[page_name] = page if page.text?
     end
   end
 
@@ -539,7 +556,7 @@ class RDoc::Store
   def load_cache
     #orig_enc = @encoding
 
-    open cache_path, 'rb' do |io|
+    File.open cache_path, 'rb' do |io|
       @cache = Marshal.load io.read
     end
 
@@ -585,6 +602,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
     case obj
     when RDoc::NormalClass then
       @classes_hash[klass_name] = obj
+    when RDoc::SingleClass then
+      @classes_hash[klass_name] = obj
     when RDoc::NormalModule then
       @modules_hash[klass_name] = obj
     end
@@ -596,7 +615,7 @@ class RDoc::Store
   def load_class_data klass_name
     file = class_file klass_name
 
-    open file, 'rb' do |io|
+    File.open file, 'rb' do |io|
       Marshal.load io.read
     end
   rescue Errno::ENOENT => e
@@ -611,7 +630,7 @@ class RDoc::Store
   def load_method klass_name, method_name
     file = method_file klass_name, method_name
 
-    open file, 'rb' do |io|
+    File.open file, 'rb' do |io|
       obj = Marshal.load io.read
       obj.store = self
       obj.parent =
@@ -631,7 +650,7 @@ class RDoc::Store
   def load_page page_name
     file = page_file page_name
 
-    open file, 'rb' do |io|
+    File.open file, 'rb' do |io|
       obj = Marshal.load io.read
       obj.store = self
       obj
@@ -703,8 +722,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
   # Returns the RDoc::TopLevel that is a text file and has the given +name+
 
   def page name
-    @files_hash.each_value.find do |file|
-      file.text? and file.page_name == name
+    @text_files_hash.each_value.find do |file|
+      file.page_name == name or file.base_name == name
     end
   end
 
@@ -776,10 +795,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
 
     return if @dry_run
 
-    marshal = Marshal.dump @cache
-
-    open cache_path, 'wb' do |io|
-      io.write marshal
+    File.open cache_path, 'wb' do |io|
+      Marshal.dump @cache, io
     end
   end
 
@@ -852,10 +869,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
 
     FileUtils.rm_f to_delete
 
-    marshal = Marshal.dump klass
-
-    open path, 'wb' do |io|
-      io.write marshal
+    File.open path, 'wb' do |io|
+      Marshal.dump klass, io
     end
   end
 
@@ -877,10 +892,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
 
     return if @dry_run
 
-    marshal = Marshal.dump method
-
-    open method_file(full_name, method.full_name), 'wb' do |io|
-      io.write marshal
+    File.open method_file(full_name, method.full_name), 'wb' do |io|
+      Marshal.dump method, io
     end
   end
 
@@ -899,10 +912,8 @@ class RDoc::Store
 
     return if @dry_run
 
-    marshal = Marshal.dump page
-
-    open path, 'wb' do |io|
-      io.write marshal
+    File.open path, 'wb' do |io|
+      Marshal.dump page, io
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/task.rb b/lib/rdoc/task.rb
index 1074de0197..0bedaa50b0 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/task.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/task.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Jim Weirich, 2009 Eric Hodel
 #
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class RDoc::Task < Rake::TaskLib
   attr_accessor :template
 
   ##
-  # Name of format generator (<tt>--format<tt>) used by rdoc. (defaults to
+  # Name of format generator (<tt>--format</tt>) used by rdoc. (defaults to
   # rdoc's default)
 
   attr_accessor :generator
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/test_case.rb b/lib/rdoc/test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aa7120cb59..0000000000
--- a/lib/rdoc/test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-begin
-  gem 'minitest', '~> 4.0' unless defined?(Test::Unit)
-rescue NoMethodError, Gem::LoadError
-  # for ruby tests
-end
-
-require 'minitest/autorun'
-require 'minitest/benchmark' if ENV['BENCHMARK']
-
-require 'fileutils'
-require 'pp'
-require 'tempfile'
-require 'tmpdir'
-require 'stringio'
-
-require 'rdoc'
-
-##
-# RDoc::TestCase is an abstract TestCase to provide common setup and teardown
-# across all RDoc tests.  The test case uses minitest, so all the assertions
-# of minitest may be used.
-#
-# The testcase provides the following:
-#
-# * A reset code-object tree
-# * A reset markup preprocessor (RDoc::Markup::PreProcess)
-# * The <code>@RM</code> alias of RDoc::Markup (for less typing)
-# * <code>@pwd</code> containing the current working directory
-# * FileUtils, pp, Tempfile, Dir.tmpdir and StringIO
-
-class RDoc::TestCase < MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
-
-  ##
-  # Abstract test-case setup
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @top_level = nil
-
-    @RM = RDoc::Markup
-
-    RDoc::Markup::PreProcess.reset
-
-    @pwd = Dir.pwd
-
-    @store = RDoc::Store.new
-
-    @rdoc = RDoc::RDoc.new
-    @rdoc.store = @store
-    @rdoc.options = RDoc::Options.new
-
-    g = Object.new
-    def g.class_dir() end
-    def g.file_dir() end
-    @rdoc.generator = g
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Asserts +path+ is a file
-
-  def assert_file path
-    assert File.file?(path), "#{path} is not a file"
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Asserts +path+ is a directory
-
-  def assert_directory path
-    assert File.directory?(path), "#{path} is not a directory"
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Refutes +path+ exists
-
-  def refute_file path
-    refute File.exist?(path), "#{path} exists"
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::BlankLine.new
-
-  def blank_line
-    @RM::BlankLine.new
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::BlockQuote.new with +contents+
-
-  def block *contents
-    @RM::BlockQuote.new(*contents)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates an RDoc::Comment with +text+ which was defined on +top_level+.
-  # By default the comment has the 'rdoc' format.
-
-  def comment text, top_level = @top_level
-    RDoc::Comment.new text, top_level
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::Document.new with +contents+
-
-  def doc *contents
-    @RM::Document.new(*contents)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::HardBreak.new
-
-  def hard_break
-    @RM::HardBreak.new
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::Heading.new with +level+ and +text+
-
-  def head level, text
-    @RM::Heading.new level, text
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::ListItem.new with +label+ and +parts+
-
-  def item label = nil, *parts
-    @RM::ListItem.new label, *parts
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::List.new with +type+ and +items+
-
-  def list type = nil, *items
-    @RM::List.new type, *items
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Enables pretty-print output
-
-  def mu_pp obj # :nodoc:
-    s = ''
-    s = PP.pp obj, s
-    s = s.force_encoding Encoding.default_external
-    s.chomp
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::Paragraph.new with +contents+
-
-  def para *a
-    @RM::Paragraph.new(*a)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::Rule.new with +weight+
-
-  def rule weight
-    @RM::Rule.new weight
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::Raw.new with +contents+
-
-  def raw *contents
-    @RM::Raw.new(*contents)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a temporary directory changes the current directory to it for the
-  # duration of the block.
-  #
-  # Depends upon Dir.mktmpdir
-
-  def temp_dir
-    Dir.mktmpdir do |temp_dir|
-      Dir.chdir temp_dir do
-        yield temp_dir
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Shortcut for RDoc::Markup::Verbatim.new with +parts+
-
-  def verb *parts
-    @RM::Verbatim.new(*parts)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # run capture_io with setting $VERBOSE = true
-
-  def verbose_capture_io
-    capture_io do
-      begin
-        orig_verbose = $VERBOSE
-        $VERBOSE = true
-        yield
-      ensure
-        $VERBOSE = orig_verbose
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/text.rb b/lib/rdoc/text.rb
index a38bb921ad..c3218fdb2f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/text.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/text.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 ##
 # For RDoc::Text#to_html
@@ -7,20 +6,12 @@
 require 'strscan'
 
 ##
-# For RDoc::Text#snippet
-
-begin
-  gem 'json'
-rescue NameError => e # --disable-gems
-  raise unless e.name == :gem
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
-
-##
 # Methods for manipulating comment text
 
 module RDoc::Text
 
+  attr_accessor :language
+
   ##
   # Maps markup formats to classes that can parse them.  If the format is
   # unknown, "rdoc" format is used.
@@ -71,7 +62,7 @@ module RDoc::Text
     text.each_line do |line|
       nil while line.gsub!(/(?:\G|\r)((?:.{8})*?)([^\t\r\n]{0,7})\t/) do
         r = "#{$1}#{$2}#{' ' * (8 - $2.size)}"
-        r.force_encoding text.encoding
+        r = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding r, text.encoding
         r
       end
 
@@ -93,7 +84,7 @@ module RDoc::Text
     end
 
     empty = ''
-    empty.force_encoding text.encoding
+    empty = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding empty, text.encoding
 
     text.gsub(/^ {0,#{indent}}/, empty)
   end
@@ -122,8 +113,12 @@ module RDoc::Text
   def normalize_comment text
     return text if text.empty?
 
-    text = strip_stars    text
-    text = strip_hashes   text
+    case language
+    when :ruby
+      text = strip_hashes text
+    when :c
+      text = strip_stars text
+    end
     text = expand_tabs    text
     text = flush_left     text
     text = strip_newlines text
@@ -160,7 +155,7 @@ module RDoc::Text
     return text if text =~ /^(?>\s*)[^\#]/
 
     empty = ''
-    empty.force_encoding text.encoding
+    empty = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding empty, text.encoding
 
     text.gsub(/^\s*(#+)/) { $1.tr '#', ' ' }.gsub(/^\s+$/, empty)
   end
@@ -180,17 +175,17 @@ module RDoc::Text
 
     encoding = text.encoding
 
-    text = text.gsub %r%Document-method:\s+[\w:.#=!?]+%, ''
+    text = text.gsub %r%Document-method:\s+[\w:.#=!?|^&<>~+\-/*\%@`\[\]]+%, ''
 
     space = ' '
-    space.force_encoding encoding if encoding
+    space = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding space, encoding if encoding
 
     text.sub!  %r%/\*+%       do space * $&.length end
     text.sub!  %r%\*+/%       do space * $&.length end
     text.gsub! %r%^[ \t]*\*%m do space * $&.length end
 
     empty = ''
-    empty.force_encoding encoding if encoding
+    empty = RDoc::Encoding.change_encoding empty, encoding if encoding
     text.gsub(/^\s+$/, empty)
   end
 
@@ -199,7 +194,7 @@ module RDoc::Text
   # trademark symbols in +text+ to properly encoded characters.
 
   def to_html text
-    html = ''.encode text.encoding
+    html = (''.encode text.encoding).dup
 
     encoded = RDoc::Text::TO_HTML_CHARACTERS[text.encoding]
 
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/token_stream.rb b/lib/rdoc/token_stream.rb
index b0035227fa..f428e2400c 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/token_stream.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/token_stream.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A TokenStream is a list of tokens, gathered during the parse of some entity
 # (say a method). Entities populate these streams by being registered with the
@@ -10,43 +10,61 @@ module RDoc::TokenStream
 
   ##
   # Converts +token_stream+ to HTML wrapping various tokens with
-  # <tt><span></tt> elements.  The following tokens types are wrapped in spans
-  # with the given class names:
-  #
-  # TkCONSTANT :: 'ruby-constant'
-  # TkKW       :: 'ruby-keyword'
-  # TkIVAR     :: 'ruby-ivar'
-  # TkOp       :: 'ruby-operator'
-  # TkId       :: 'ruby-identifier'
-  # TkNode     :: 'ruby-node'
-  # TkCOMMENT  :: 'ruby-comment'
-  # TkREGEXP   :: 'ruby-regexp'
-  # TkSTRING   :: 'ruby-string'
-  # TkVal      :: 'ruby-value'
-  #
-  # Other token types are not wrapped in spans.
+  # <tt><span></tt> elements. Some tokens types are wrapped in spans
+  # with the given class names. Other token types are not wrapped in spans.
 
   def self.to_html token_stream
+    starting_title = false
+
     token_stream.map do |t|
       next unless t
 
-      style = case t
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkCONSTANT then 'ruby-constant'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkKW       then 'ruby-keyword'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkIVAR     then 'ruby-ivar'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkOp       then 'ruby-operator'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkId       then 'ruby-identifier'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkNode     then 'ruby-node'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkCOMMENT  then 'ruby-comment'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkREGEXP   then 'ruby-regexp'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkSTRING   then 'ruby-string'
-              when RDoc::RubyToken::TkVal      then 'ruby-value'
+      style = case t[:kind]
+              when :on_const   then 'ruby-constant'
+              when :on_kw      then 'ruby-keyword'
+              when :on_ivar    then 'ruby-ivar'
+              when :on_cvar    then 'ruby-identifier'
+              when :on_gvar    then 'ruby-identifier'
+              when '=' != t[:text] && :on_op
+                               then 'ruby-operator'
+              when :on_tlambda then 'ruby-operator'
+              when :on_ident   then 'ruby-identifier'
+              when :on_label   then 'ruby-value'
+              when :on_backref, :on_dstring
+                               then 'ruby-node'
+              when :on_comment then 'ruby-comment'
+              when :on_embdoc  then 'ruby-comment'
+              when :on_regexp  then 'ruby-regexp'
+              when :on_tstring then 'ruby-string'
+              when :on_int, :on_float,
+                   :on_rational, :on_imaginary,
+                   :on_heredoc,
+                   :on_symbol, :on_CHAR then 'ruby-value'
+              when :on_heredoc_beg, :on_heredoc_end
+                               then 'ruby-identifier'
               end
 
-      text = CGI.escapeHTML t.text
+      comment_with_nl = false
+      if :on_comment == t[:kind] or :on_embdoc == t[:kind] or :on_heredoc_end == t[:kind]
+        comment_with_nl = true if "\n" == t[:text][-1]
+        text = t[:text].rstrip
+      else
+        text = t[:text]
+      end
+
+      if :on_ident == t[:kind] && starting_title
+        starting_title = false
+        style = 'ruby-identifier ruby-title'
+      end
+
+      if :on_kw == t[:kind] and 'def' == t[:text]
+        starting_title = true
+      end
+
+      text = CGI.escapeHTML text
 
       if style then
-        "<span class=\"#{style}\">#{text}</span>"
+        "<span class=\"#{style}\">#{text}</span>#{"\n" if comment_with_nl}"
       else
         text
       end
@@ -56,11 +74,16 @@ module RDoc::TokenStream
   ##
   # Adds +tokens+ to the collected tokens
 
-  def add_tokens(*tokens)
-    tokens.flatten.each { |token| @token_stream << token }
+  def add_tokens(tokens)
+    @token_stream.concat(tokens)
   end
 
-  alias add_token add_tokens
+  ##
+  # Adds one +token+ to the collected tokens
+
+  def add_token(token)
+    @token_stream.push(token)
+  end
 
   ##
   # Starts collecting tokens
@@ -89,7 +112,7 @@ module RDoc::TokenStream
   # Returns a string representation of the token stream
 
   def tokens_to_s
-    token_stream.compact.map { |token| token.text }.join ''
+    token_stream.compact.map { |token| token[:text] }.join ''
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/tom_doc.rb b/lib/rdoc/tom_doc.rb
index d760849938..e161fcf42f 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/tom_doc.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/tom_doc.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # :markup: tomdoc
 
 # A parser for TomDoc based on TomDoc 1.0.0-rc1 (02adef9b5a)
@@ -180,12 +180,19 @@ class RDoc::TomDoc < RDoc::Markup::Parser
 
       case type
       when :TEXT then
-        @section = 'Returns' if data =~ /\AReturns/
+        @section = 'Returns' if data =~ /\A(Returns|Raises)/
 
         paragraph << data
       when :NEWLINE then
         if :TEXT == peek_token[0] then
-          paragraph << ' '
+          # Lines beginning with 'Raises' in the Returns section should not be
+          # treated as multiline text
+          if 'Returns' == @section and
+            peek_token[1].start_with?('Raises') then
+            break
+          else
+            paragraph << ' '
+          end
         else
           break
         end
@@ -222,7 +229,7 @@ class RDoc::TomDoc < RDoc::Markup::Parser
   # Returns self.
 
   def tokenize text
-    text.sub!(/\A(Public|Internal|Deprecated):\s+/, '')
+    text = text.sub(/\A(Public|Internal|Deprecated):\s+/, '')
 
     setup_scanner text
 
@@ -235,19 +242,18 @@ class RDoc::TomDoc < RDoc::Markup::Parser
 
       @tokens << case
                  when @s.scan(/\r?\n/) then
-                   token = [:NEWLINE, @s.matched, *token_pos(pos)]
-                   @line_pos = char_pos @s.pos
-                   @line += 1
+                   token = [:NEWLINE, @s.matched, *pos]
+                   @s.newline!
                    token
                  when @s.scan(/(Examples|Signature)$/) then
-                   @tokens << [:HEADER, 3, *token_pos(pos)]
+                   @tokens << [:HEADER, 3, *pos]
 
-                   [:TEXT, @s[1], *token_pos(pos)]
+                   [:TEXT, @s[1], *pos]
                  when @s.scan(/([:\w][\w\[\]]*)[ ]+- /) then
-                   [:NOTE, @s[1], *token_pos(pos)]
+                   [:NOTE, @s[1], *pos]
                  else
                    @s.scan(/.*/)
-                   [:TEXT, @s.matched.sub(/\r$/, ''), *token_pos(pos)]
+                   [:TEXT, @s.matched.sub(/\r$/, ''), *pos]
                  end
     end
 
@@ -255,4 +261,3 @@ class RDoc::TomDoc < RDoc::Markup::Parser
   end
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/top_level.rb b/lib/rdoc/top_level.rb
index 38be646ad0..b8b6110bb2 100644
--- a/lib/rdoc/top_level.rb
+++ b/lib/rdoc/top_level.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 ##
 # A TopLevel context is a representation of the contents of a single file
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class RDoc::TopLevel < RDoc::Context
   ##
   # The parser class that processed this file
 
-  attr_accessor :parser
+  attr_reader :parser
 
   ##
   # Creates a new TopLevel for the file at +absolute_name+.  If documentation
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ class RDoc::TopLevel < RDoc::Context
     @classes_or_modules = []
   end
 
+  def parser=(val)
+    @parser = val
+    @store.update_parser_of_file(absolute_name, val) if @store
+    @parser
+  end
+
   ##
   # An RDoc::TopLevel is equal to another with the same relative_name
 
@@ -272,7 +278,7 @@ class RDoc::TopLevel < RDoc::Context
   # Is this TopLevel from a text file instead of a source code file?
 
   def text?
-    @parser and @parser.ancestors.include? RDoc::Parser::Text
+    @parser and @parser.include? RDoc::Parser::Text
   end
 
   def to_s # :nodoc:
diff --git a/lib/rdoc/version.rb b/lib/rdoc/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4203186f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rdoc/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+module RDoc
+
+  ##
+  # RDoc version you are using
+
+  VERSION = '6.3.3'
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/readline.gemspec b/lib/readline.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dddac020a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/readline.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = 'readline'
+  spec.version       = '0.0.2'
+  spec.authors       = ['aycabta']
+  spec.email         = ['aycabta@gmail.com']
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{It's a loader for "readline".}
+  spec.description   = <<~EOD
+    This is just a loader for "readline". If Ruby has "readline-ext" gem that
+    is a native extension, this gem will load it first. If Ruby doesn't have
+    the "readline-ext" gem this gem will load "reline" that is a compatible
+    library with "readline-ext" gem and is implemented by pure Ruby.
+  EOD
+  spec.homepage      = 'https://github.com/ruby/readline'
+  spec.license       = 'Ruby'
+
+  spec.files         = Dir['BSDL', 'COPYING', 'README.md', 'lib/readline.rb']
+  spec.require_paths = ['lib']
+
+  spec.post_install_message = <<~EOM
+    +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | This is just a loader for "readline". If Ruby has "readline-ext" gem that |
+    | is a native extension, this gem will load it first. If Ruby doesn't have  |
+    | the "readline-ext" gem this gem will load "reline" that is a compatible   |
+    | library with "readline-ext" gem and is implemented by pure Ruby.          |
+    |                                                                           |
+    | If you intend to use GNU Readline by `require 'readline'`, please install |
+    | "readline-ext" gem.                                                       |
+    +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+  EOM
+
+  spec.add_runtime_dependency 'reline'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'bundler'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'rake'
+end
diff --git a/lib/readline.rb b/lib/readline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cc923cb2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/readline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+begin
+  require 'readline.so'
+rescue LoadError
+  require 'reline' unless defined? Reline
+  Readline = Reline
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline.rb b/lib/reline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7bd4d9280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+require 'io/console'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'forwardable'
+require 'reline/version'
+require 'reline/config'
+require 'reline/key_actor'
+require 'reline/key_stroke'
+require 'reline/line_editor'
+require 'reline/history'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+module Reline
+  FILENAME_COMPLETION_PROC = nil
+  USERNAME_COMPLETION_PROC = nil
+
+  Key = Struct.new('Key', :char, :combined_char, :with_meta)
+  CursorPos = Struct.new(:x, :y)
+
+  class Core
+    ATTR_READER_NAMES = %i(
+      completion_append_character
+      basic_word_break_characters
+      completer_word_break_characters
+      basic_quote_characters
+      completer_quote_characters
+      filename_quote_characters
+      special_prefixes
+      completion_proc
+      output_modifier_proc
+      prompt_proc
+      auto_indent_proc
+      pre_input_hook
+      dig_perfect_match_proc
+    ).each(&method(:attr_reader))
+
+    attr_accessor :config
+    attr_accessor :key_stroke
+    attr_accessor :line_editor
+    attr_accessor :last_incremental_search
+    attr_reader :output
+
+    def initialize
+      self.output = STDOUT
+      yield self
+      @completion_quote_character = nil
+      @bracketed_paste_finished = false
+    end
+
+    def encoding
+      Reline::IOGate.encoding
+    end
+
+    def completion_append_character=(val)
+      if val.nil?
+        @completion_append_character = nil
+      elsif val.size == 1
+        @completion_append_character = val.encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+      elsif val.size > 1
+        @completion_append_character = val[0].encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+      else
+        @completion_append_character = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def basic_word_break_characters=(v)
+      @basic_word_break_characters = v.encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+    end
+
+    def completer_word_break_characters=(v)
+      @completer_word_break_characters = v.encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+    end
+
+    def basic_quote_characters=(v)
+      @basic_quote_characters = v.encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+    end
+
+    def completer_quote_characters=(v)
+      @completer_quote_characters = v.encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+    end
+
+    def filename_quote_characters=(v)
+      @filename_quote_characters = v.encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+    end
+
+    def special_prefixes=(v)
+      @special_prefixes = v.encode(Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+    end
+
+    def completion_case_fold=(v)
+      @config.completion_ignore_case = v
+    end
+
+    def completion_case_fold
+      @config.completion_ignore_case
+    end
+
+    def completion_quote_character
+      @completion_quote_character
+    end
+
+    def completion_proc=(p)
+      raise ArgumentError unless p.respond_to?(:call) or p.nil?
+      @completion_proc = p
+    end
+
+    def output_modifier_proc=(p)
+      raise ArgumentError unless p.respond_to?(:call) or p.nil?
+      @output_modifier_proc = p
+    end
+
+    def prompt_proc=(p)
+      raise ArgumentError unless p.respond_to?(:call) or p.nil?
+      @prompt_proc = p
+    end
+
+    def auto_indent_proc=(p)
+      raise ArgumentError unless p.respond_to?(:call) or p.nil?
+      @auto_indent_proc = p
+    end
+
+    def pre_input_hook=(p)
+      @pre_input_hook = p
+    end
+
+    def dig_perfect_match_proc=(p)
+      raise ArgumentError unless p.respond_to?(:call) or p.nil?
+      @dig_perfect_match_proc = p
+    end
+
+    def input=(val)
+      raise TypeError unless val.respond_to?(:getc) or val.nil?
+      if val.respond_to?(:getc)
+        if defined?(Reline::ANSI) and Reline::IOGate == Reline::ANSI
+          Reline::ANSI.input = val
+        elsif Reline::IOGate == Reline::GeneralIO
+          Reline::GeneralIO.input = val
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def output=(val)
+      raise TypeError unless val.respond_to?(:write) or val.nil?
+      @output = val
+      if defined?(Reline::ANSI) and Reline::IOGate == Reline::ANSI
+        Reline::ANSI.output = val
+      end
+    end
+
+    def vi_editing_mode
+      config.editing_mode = :vi_insert
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def emacs_editing_mode
+      config.editing_mode = :emacs
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def vi_editing_mode?
+      config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_insert, :vi_command)
+    end
+
+    def emacs_editing_mode?
+      config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs)
+    end
+
+    def get_screen_size
+      Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size
+    end
+
+    def readmultiline(prompt = '', add_hist = false, &confirm_multiline_termination)
+      unless confirm_multiline_termination
+        raise ArgumentError.new('#readmultiline needs block to confirm multiline termination')
+      end
+      inner_readline(prompt, add_hist, true, &confirm_multiline_termination)
+
+      whole_buffer = line_editor.whole_buffer.dup
+      whole_buffer.taint if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+      if add_hist and whole_buffer and whole_buffer.chomp("\n").size > 0
+        Reline::HISTORY << whole_buffer
+      end
+
+      line_editor.reset_line if line_editor.whole_buffer.nil?
+      whole_buffer
+    end
+
+    def readline(prompt = '', add_hist = false)
+      inner_readline(prompt, add_hist, false)
+
+      line = line_editor.line.dup
+      line.taint if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+      if add_hist and line and line.chomp("\n").size > 0
+        Reline::HISTORY << line.chomp("\n")
+      end
+
+      line_editor.reset_line if line_editor.line.nil?
+      line
+    end
+
+    private def inner_readline(prompt, add_hist, multiline, &confirm_multiline_termination)
+      if ENV['RELINE_STDERR_TTY']
+        if Reline::IOGate.win?
+          $stderr = File.open(ENV['RELINE_STDERR_TTY'], 'a')
+        else
+          $stderr.reopen(ENV['RELINE_STDERR_TTY'], 'w')
+        end
+        $stderr.sync = true
+        $stderr.puts "Reline is used by #{Process.pid}"
+      end
+      otio = Reline::IOGate.prep
+
+      may_req_ambiguous_char_width
+      line_editor.reset(prompt, encoding: Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+      if multiline
+        line_editor.multiline_on
+        if block_given?
+          line_editor.confirm_multiline_termination_proc = confirm_multiline_termination
+        end
+      else
+        line_editor.multiline_off
+      end
+      line_editor.output = output
+      line_editor.completion_proc = completion_proc
+      line_editor.completion_append_character = completion_append_character
+      line_editor.output_modifier_proc = output_modifier_proc
+      line_editor.prompt_proc = prompt_proc
+      line_editor.auto_indent_proc = auto_indent_proc
+      line_editor.dig_perfect_match_proc = dig_perfect_match_proc
+      line_editor.pre_input_hook = pre_input_hook
+
+      unless config.test_mode
+        config.read
+        config.reset_default_key_bindings
+        Reline::IOGate::RAW_KEYSTROKE_CONFIG.each_pair do |key, func|
+          config.add_default_key_binding(key, func)
+        end
+      end
+
+      line_editor.rerender
+
+      begin
+        prev_pasting_state = false
+        loop do
+          prev_pasting_state = Reline::IOGate.in_pasting?
+          read_io(config.keyseq_timeout) { |inputs|
+            line_editor.set_pasting_state(Reline::IOGate.in_pasting?)
+            inputs.each { |c|
+              line_editor.input_key(c)
+              line_editor.rerender
+            }
+            if @bracketed_paste_finished
+              line_editor.rerender_all
+              @bracketed_paste_finished = false
+            end
+          }
+          if prev_pasting_state == true and not Reline::IOGate.in_pasting? and not line_editor.finished?
+            line_editor.set_pasting_state(false)
+            prev_pasting_state = false
+            line_editor.rerender_all
+          end
+          break if line_editor.finished?
+        end
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      rescue Errno::EIO
+        # Maybe the I/O has been closed.
+      rescue StandardError => e
+        line_editor.finalize
+        Reline::IOGate.deprep(otio)
+        raise e
+      end
+
+      line_editor.finalize
+      Reline::IOGate.deprep(otio)
+    end
+
+    # Keystrokes of GNU Readline will timeout it with the specification of
+    # "keyseq-timeout" when waiting for the 2nd character after the 1st one.
+    # If the 2nd character comes after 1st ESC without timeout it has a
+    # meta-property of meta-key to discriminate modified key with meta-key
+    # from multibyte characters that come with 8th bit on.
+    #
+    # GNU Readline will wait for the 2nd character with "keyseq-timeout"
+    # milli-seconds but wait forever after 3rd characters.
+    private def read_io(keyseq_timeout, &block)
+      buffer = []
+      loop do
+        c = Reline::IOGate.getc
+        if c == -1
+          result = :unmatched
+          @bracketed_paste_finished = true
+        else
+          buffer << c
+          result = key_stroke.match_status(buffer)
+        end
+        case result
+        when :matched
+          expanded = key_stroke.expand(buffer).map{ |expanded_c|
+            Reline::Key.new(expanded_c, expanded_c, false)
+          }
+          block.(expanded)
+          break
+        when :matching
+          if buffer.size == 1
+            begin
+              succ_c = nil
+              Timeout.timeout(keyseq_timeout / 1000.0) {
+                succ_c = Reline::IOGate.getc
+              }
+            rescue Timeout::Error # cancel matching only when first byte
+              block.([Reline::Key.new(c, c, false)])
+              break
+            else
+              if key_stroke.match_status(buffer.dup.push(succ_c)) == :unmatched
+                if c == "\e".ord
+                  block.([Reline::Key.new(succ_c, succ_c | 0b10000000, true)])
+                else
+                  block.([Reline::Key.new(c, c, false), Reline::Key.new(succ_c, succ_c, false)])
+                end
+                break
+              else
+                Reline::IOGate.ungetc(succ_c)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        when :unmatched
+          if buffer.size == 1 and c == "\e".ord
+            read_escaped_key(keyseq_timeout, c, block)
+          else
+            expanded = buffer.map{ |expanded_c|
+              Reline::Key.new(expanded_c, expanded_c, false)
+            }
+            block.(expanded)
+          end
+          break
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def read_escaped_key(keyseq_timeout, c, block)
+      begin
+        escaped_c = nil
+        Timeout.timeout(keyseq_timeout / 1000.0) {
+          escaped_c = Reline::IOGate.getc
+        }
+      rescue Timeout::Error # independent ESC
+        block.([Reline::Key.new(c, c, false)])
+      else
+        if escaped_c.nil?
+          block.([Reline::Key.new(c, c, false)])
+        elsif escaped_c >= 128 # maybe, first byte of multi byte
+          block.([Reline::Key.new(c, c, false), Reline::Key.new(escaped_c, escaped_c, false)])
+        elsif escaped_c == "\e".ord # escape twice
+          block.([Reline::Key.new(c, c, false), Reline::Key.new(c, c, false)])
+        else
+          block.([Reline::Key.new(escaped_c, escaped_c | 0b10000000, true)])
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ambiguous_width
+      may_req_ambiguous_char_width unless defined? @ambiguous_width
+      @ambiguous_width
+    end
+
+    private def may_req_ambiguous_char_width
+      @ambiguous_width = 2 if Reline::IOGate == Reline::GeneralIO or STDOUT.is_a?(File)
+      return if @ambiguous_width
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      begin
+        output.write "\u{25bd}"
+      rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        # LANG=C
+        @ambiguous_width = 1
+      else
+        @ambiguous_width = Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.x
+      end
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+    end
+  end
+
+  extend Forwardable
+  extend SingleForwardable
+
+  #--------------------------------------------------------
+  # Documented API
+  #--------------------------------------------------------
+
+  (Core::ATTR_READER_NAMES).each { |name|
+    def_single_delegators :core, "#{name}", "#{name}="
+  }
+  def_single_delegators :core, :input=, :output=
+  def_single_delegators :core, :vi_editing_mode, :emacs_editing_mode
+  def_single_delegators :core, :readline
+  def_single_delegators :core, :completion_case_fold, :completion_case_fold=
+  def_single_delegators :core, :completion_quote_character
+  def_instance_delegators self, :readline
+  private :readline
+
+
+  #--------------------------------------------------------
+  # Undocumented API
+  #--------------------------------------------------------
+
+  # Testable in original
+  def_single_delegators :core, :get_screen_size
+  def_single_delegators :line_editor, :eof?
+  def_instance_delegators self, :eof?
+  def_single_delegators :line_editor, :delete_text
+  def_single_delegator :line_editor, :line, :line_buffer
+  def_single_delegator :line_editor, :byte_pointer, :point
+  def_single_delegator :line_editor, :byte_pointer=, :point=
+
+  def self.insert_text(*args, &block)
+    line_editor.insert_text(*args, &block)
+    self
+  end
+
+  # Untestable in original
+  def_single_delegator :line_editor, :rerender, :redisplay
+  def_single_delegators :core, :vi_editing_mode?, :emacs_editing_mode?
+  def_single_delegators :core, :ambiguous_width
+  def_single_delegators :core, :last_incremental_search
+  def_single_delegators :core, :last_incremental_search=
+
+  def_single_delegators :core, :readmultiline
+  def_instance_delegators self, :readmultiline
+  private :readmultiline
+
+  def self.encoding_system_needs
+    self.core.encoding
+  end
+
+  def self.core
+    @core ||= Core.new { |core|
+      core.config = Reline::Config.new
+      core.key_stroke = Reline::KeyStroke.new(core.config)
+      core.line_editor = Reline::LineEditor.new(core.config, Reline::IOGate.encoding)
+
+      core.basic_word_break_characters = " \t\n`><=;|&{("
+      core.completer_word_break_characters = " \t\n`><=;|&{("
+      core.basic_quote_characters = '"\''
+      core.completer_quote_characters = '"\''
+      core.filename_quote_characters = ""
+      core.special_prefixes = ""
+    }
+  end
+
+  def self.ungetc(c)
+    Reline::IOGate.ungetc(c)
+  end
+
+  def self.line_editor
+    core.line_editor
+  end
+end
+
+if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|msys|mingw|cygwin|bccwin|wince|emc/
+  require 'reline/windows'
+  if Reline::Windows.msys_tty?
+    require 'reline/ansi'
+    Reline::IOGate = Reline::ANSI
+  else
+    Reline::IOGate = Reline::Windows
+  end
+else
+  require 'reline/ansi'
+  Reline::IOGate = Reline::ANSI
+end
+Reline::HISTORY = Reline::History.new(Reline.core.config)
+require 'reline/general_io'
diff --git a/lib/reline/ansi.rb b/lib/reline/ansi.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2d7e7d910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/ansi.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+require 'io/console'
+require 'timeout'
+
+class Reline::ANSI
+  def self.encoding
+    Encoding.default_external
+  end
+
+  def self.win?
+    false
+  end
+
+  RAW_KEYSTROKE_CONFIG = {
+    # Console (80x25)
+    [27, 91, 49, 126] => :ed_move_to_beg, # Home
+    [27, 91, 52, 126] => :ed_move_to_end, # End
+    [27, 91, 51, 126] => :key_delete,     # Del
+    [27, 91, 65] => :ed_prev_history,     # ↑
+    [27, 91, 66] => :ed_next_history,     # ↓
+    [27, 91, 67] => :ed_next_char,        # →
+    [27, 91, 68] => :ed_prev_char,        # ←
+
+    # KDE
+    [27, 91, 72] => :ed_move_to_beg,      # Home
+    [27, 91, 70] => :ed_move_to_end,      # End
+    # Del is 0x08
+    [27, 71, 65] => :ed_prev_history,     # ↑
+    [27, 71, 66] => :ed_next_history,     # ↓
+    [27, 71, 67] => :ed_next_char,        # →
+    [27, 71, 68] => :ed_prev_char,        # ←
+
+    # urxvt / exoterm
+    [27, 91, 55, 126] => :ed_move_to_beg, # Home
+    [27, 91, 56, 126] => :ed_move_to_end, # End
+
+    # GNOME
+    [27, 79, 72] => :ed_move_to_beg,      # Home
+    [27, 79, 70] => :ed_move_to_end,      # End
+    # Del is 0x08
+    # Arrow keys are the same of KDE
+
+    # iTerm2
+    [27, 27, 91, 67] => :em_next_word,    # Option+→
+    [27, 27, 91, 68] => :ed_prev_word,    # Option+←
+    [195, 166] => :em_next_word,          # Option+f
+    [195, 162] => :ed_prev_word,          # Option+b
+
+    # others
+    [27, 32] => :em_set_mark,             # M-<space>
+    [24, 24] => :em_exchange_mark,        # C-x C-x TODO also add Windows
+    [27, 91, 49, 59, 53, 67] => :em_next_word, # Ctrl+→
+    [27, 91, 49, 59, 53, 68] => :ed_prev_word, # Ctrl+←
+
+    [27, 79, 65] => :ed_prev_history,     # ↑
+    [27, 79, 66] => :ed_next_history,     # ↓
+    [27, 79, 67] => :ed_next_char,        # →
+    [27, 79, 68] => :ed_prev_char,        # ←
+  }
+
+  @@input = STDIN
+  def self.input=(val)
+    @@input = val
+  end
+
+  @@output = STDOUT
+  def self.output=(val)
+    @@output = val
+  end
+
+  @@buf = []
+  def self.inner_getc
+    unless @@buf.empty?
+      return @@buf.shift
+    end
+    until c = @@input.raw(intr: true, &:getbyte)
+      sleep 0.1
+    end
+    (c == 0x16 && @@input.raw(min: 0, tim: 0, &:getbyte)) || c
+  rescue Errno::EIO
+    # Maybe the I/O has been closed.
+    nil
+  end
+
+  @@in_bracketed_paste_mode = false
+  START_BRACKETED_PASTE = String.new("\e[200~,", encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+  END_BRACKETED_PASTE = String.new("\e[200~.", encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+  def self.getc_with_bracketed_paste
+    buffer = String.new(encoding: Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    buffer << inner_getc
+    while START_BRACKETED_PASTE.start_with?(buffer) or END_BRACKETED_PASTE.start_with?(buffer) do
+      if START_BRACKETED_PASTE == buffer
+        @@in_bracketed_paste_mode = true
+        return inner_getc
+      elsif END_BRACKETED_PASTE == buffer
+        @@in_bracketed_paste_mode = false
+        ungetc(-1)
+        return inner_getc
+      end
+      begin
+        succ_c = nil
+        Timeout.timeout(Reline.core.config.keyseq_timeout * 100) {
+          succ_c = inner_getc
+        }
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+        break
+      else
+        buffer << succ_c
+      end
+    end
+    buffer.bytes.reverse_each do |ch|
+      ungetc ch
+    end
+    inner_getc
+  end
+
+  def self.getc
+    if Reline.core.config.enable_bracketed_paste
+      getc_with_bracketed_paste
+    else
+      inner_getc
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.in_pasting?
+    @@in_bracketed_paste_mode or (not Reline::IOGate.empty_buffer?)
+  end
+
+  def self.empty_buffer?
+    unless @@buf.empty?
+      return false
+    end
+    rs, = IO.select([@@input], [], [], 0.00001)
+    if rs and rs[0]
+      false
+    else
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.ungetc(c)
+    @@buf.unshift(c)
+  end
+
+  def self.retrieve_keybuffer
+    begin
+      result = select([@@input], [], [], 0.001)
+      return if result.nil?
+      str = @@input.read_nonblock(1024)
+      str.bytes.each do |c|
+        @@buf.push(c)
+      end
+    rescue EOFError
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.get_screen_size
+    s = @@input.winsize
+    return s if s[0] > 0 && s[1] > 0
+    s = [ENV["LINES"].to_i, ENV["COLUMNS"].to_i]
+    return s if s[0] > 0 && s[1] > 0
+    [24, 80]
+  rescue Errno::ENOTTY
+    [24, 80]
+  end
+
+  def self.set_screen_size(rows, columns)
+    @@input.winsize = [rows, columns]
+    self
+  rescue Errno::ENOTTY
+    self
+  end
+
+  def self.cursor_pos
+    begin
+      res = +''
+      m = nil
+      @@input.raw do |stdin|
+        @@output << "\e[6n"
+        @@output.flush
+        loop do
+          c = stdin.getc
+          next if c.nil?
+          res << c
+          m = res.match(/\e\[(?<row>\d+);(?<column>\d+)R/)
+          break if m
+        end
+        (m.pre_match + m.post_match).chars.reverse_each do |ch|
+          stdin.ungetc ch
+        end
+      end
+      column = m[:column].to_i - 1
+      row = m[:row].to_i - 1
+    rescue Errno::ENOTTY
+      begin
+        buf = @@output.pread(@@output.pos, 0)
+        row = buf.count("\n")
+        column = buf.rindex("\n") ? (buf.size - buf.rindex("\n")) - 1 : 0
+      rescue Errno::ESPIPE
+        # Just returns column 1 for ambiguous width because this I/O is not
+        # tty and can't seek.
+        row = 0
+        column = 1
+      end
+    end
+    Reline::CursorPos.new(column, row)
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_column(x)
+    @@output.write "\e[#{x + 1}G"
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_up(x)
+    if x > 0
+      @@output.write "\e[#{x}A" if x > 0
+    elsif x < 0
+      move_cursor_down(-x)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_down(x)
+    if x > 0
+      @@output.write "\e[#{x}B" if x > 0
+    elsif x < 0
+      move_cursor_up(-x)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.erase_after_cursor
+    @@output.write "\e[K"
+  end
+
+  def self.scroll_down(x)
+    return if x.zero?
+    @@output.write "\e[#{x}S"
+  end
+
+  def self.clear_screen
+    @@output.write "\e[2J"
+    @@output.write "\e[1;1H"
+  end
+
+  @@old_winch_handler = nil
+  def self.set_winch_handler(&handler)
+    @@old_winch_handler = Signal.trap('WINCH', &handler)
+  end
+
+  def self.prep
+    retrieve_keybuffer
+    int_handle = Signal.trap('INT', 'IGNORE')
+    Signal.trap('INT', int_handle)
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.deprep(otio)
+    int_handle = Signal.trap('INT', 'IGNORE')
+    Signal.trap('INT', int_handle)
+    Signal.trap('WINCH', @@old_winch_handler) if @@old_winch_handler
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/config.rb b/lib/reline/config.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63ab7b7402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/config.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+class Reline::Config
+  attr_reader :test_mode
+
+  KEYSEQ_PATTERN = /\\(?:C|Control)-[A-Za-z_]|\\(?:M|Meta)-[0-9A-Za-z_]|\\(?:C|Control)-(?:M|Meta)-[A-Za-z_]|\\(?:M|Meta)-(?:C|Control)-[A-Za-z_]|\\e|\\[\\\"\'abdfnrtv]|\\\d{1,3}|\\x\h{1,2}|./
+
+  class InvalidInputrc < RuntimeError
+    attr_accessor :file, :lineno
+  end
+
+  VARIABLE_NAMES = %w{
+    bind-tty-special-chars
+    blink-matching-paren
+    byte-oriented
+    completion-ignore-case
+    convert-meta
+    disable-completion
+    enable-keypad
+    expand-tilde
+    history-preserve-point
+    history-size
+    horizontal-scroll-mode
+    input-meta
+    keyseq-timeout
+    mark-directories
+    mark-modified-lines
+    mark-symlinked-directories
+    match-hidden-files
+    meta-flag
+    output-meta
+    page-completions
+    prefer-visible-bell
+    print-completions-horizontally
+    show-all-if-ambiguous
+    show-all-if-unmodified
+    visible-stats
+    show-mode-in-prompt
+    vi-cmd-mode-string
+    vi-ins-mode-string
+    emacs-mode-string
+    enable-bracketed-paste
+    isearch-terminators
+  }
+  VARIABLE_NAME_SYMBOLS = VARIABLE_NAMES.map { |v| :"#{v.tr(?-, ?_)}" }
+  VARIABLE_NAME_SYMBOLS.each do |v|
+    attr_accessor v
+  end
+
+  def initialize
+    @additional_key_bindings = {} # from inputrc
+    @default_key_bindings = {} # environment-dependent
+    @skip_section = nil
+    @if_stack = nil
+    @editing_mode_label = :emacs
+    @keymap_label = :emacs
+    @key_actors = {}
+    @key_actors[:emacs] = Reline::KeyActor::Emacs.new
+    @key_actors[:vi_insert] = Reline::KeyActor::ViInsert.new
+    @key_actors[:vi_command] = Reline::KeyActor::ViCommand.new
+    @vi_cmd_mode_string = '(cmd)'
+    @vi_ins_mode_string = '(ins)'
+    @emacs_mode_string = '@'
+    # https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html#IDX25
+    @history_size = -1 # unlimited
+    @keyseq_timeout = 500
+    @test_mode = false
+  end
+
+  def reset
+    if editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+      @editing_mode_label = :vi_insert
+    end
+    @additional_key_bindings = {}
+    @default_key_bindings = {}
+  end
+
+  def editing_mode
+    @key_actors[@editing_mode_label]
+  end
+
+  def editing_mode=(val)
+    @editing_mode_label = val
+  end
+
+  def editing_mode_is?(*val)
+    (val.respond_to?(:any?) ? val : [val]).any?(@editing_mode_label)
+  end
+
+  def keymap
+    @key_actors[@keymap_label]
+  end
+
+  def inputrc_path
+    case ENV['INPUTRC']
+    when nil, ''
+    else
+      return File.expand_path(ENV['INPUTRC'])
+    end
+
+    # In the XDG Specification, if ~/.config/readline/inputrc exists, then
+    # ~/.inputrc should not be read, but for compatibility with GNU Readline,
+    # if ~/.inputrc exists, then it is given priority.
+    home_rc_path = File.expand_path('~/.inputrc')
+    return home_rc_path if File.exist?(home_rc_path)
+
+    case path = ENV['XDG_CONFIG_HOME']
+    when nil, ''
+    else
+      path = File.join(path, 'readline/inputrc')
+      return path if File.exist?(path) and path == File.expand_path(path)
+    end
+
+    path = File.expand_path('~/.config/readline/inputrc')
+    return path if File.exist?(path)
+
+    return home_rc_path
+  end
+
+  def read(file = nil)
+    file ||= inputrc_path
+    begin
+      if file.respond_to?(:readlines)
+        lines = file.readlines
+      else
+        lines = File.readlines(file)
+      end
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    read_lines(lines, file)
+    self
+  rescue InvalidInputrc => e
+    warn e.message
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def key_bindings
+    # override @default_key_bindings with @additional_key_bindings
+    @default_key_bindings.merge(@additional_key_bindings)
+  end
+
+  def add_default_key_binding(keystroke, target)
+    @default_key_bindings[keystroke] = target
+  end
+
+  def reset_default_key_bindings
+    @default_key_bindings = {}
+  end
+
+  def read_lines(lines, file = nil)
+    conditions = [@skip_section, @if_stack]
+    @skip_section = nil
+    @if_stack = []
+
+    lines.each_with_index do |line, no|
+      next if line.match(/\A\s*#/)
+
+      no += 1
+
+      line = line.chomp.lstrip
+      if line.start_with?('$')
+        handle_directive(line[1..-1], file, no)
+        next
+      end
+
+      next if @skip_section
+
+      case line
+      when /^set +([^ ]+) +([^ ]+)/i
+        var, value = $1.downcase, $2
+        bind_variable(var, value)
+        next
+      when /\s*("#{KEYSEQ_PATTERN}+")\s*:\s*(.*)\s*$/o
+        key, func_name = $1, $2
+        keystroke, func = bind_key(key, func_name)
+        next unless keystroke
+        @additional_key_bindings[keystroke] = func
+      end
+    end
+    unless @if_stack.empty?
+      raise InvalidInputrc, "#{file}:#{@if_stack.last[1]}: unclosed if"
+    end
+  ensure
+    @skip_section, @if_stack = conditions
+  end
+
+  def handle_directive(directive, file, no)
+    directive, args = directive.split(' ')
+    case directive
+    when 'if'
+      condition = false
+      case args
+      when 'mode'
+      when 'term'
+      when 'version'
+      else # application name
+        condition = true if args == 'Ruby'
+        condition = true if args == 'Reline'
+      end
+      @if_stack << [file, no, @skip_section]
+      @skip_section = !condition
+    when 'else'
+      if @if_stack.empty?
+        raise InvalidInputrc, "#{file}:#{no}: unmatched else"
+      end
+      @skip_section = !@skip_section
+    when 'endif'
+      if @if_stack.empty?
+        raise InvalidInputrc, "#{file}:#{no}: unmatched endif"
+      end
+      @skip_section = @if_stack.pop
+    when 'include'
+      read(args)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def bind_variable(name, value)
+    case name
+    when 'history-size'
+      begin
+        @history_size = Integer(value)
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        @history_size = 500
+      end
+    when 'bell-style'
+      @bell_style =
+        case value
+        when 'none', 'off'
+          :none
+        when 'audible', 'on'
+          :audible
+        when 'visible'
+          :visible
+        else
+          :audible
+        end
+    when 'comment-begin'
+      @comment_begin = value.dup
+    when 'completion-query-items'
+      @completion_query_items = value.to_i
+    when 'isearch-terminators'
+      @isearch_terminators = retrieve_string(value)
+    when 'editing-mode'
+      case value
+      when 'emacs'
+        @editing_mode_label = :emacs
+        @keymap_label = :emacs
+      when 'vi'
+        @editing_mode_label = :vi_insert
+        @keymap_label = :vi_insert
+      end
+    when 'keymap'
+      case value
+      when 'emacs', 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx'
+        @keymap_label = :emacs
+      when 'vi', 'vi-move', 'vi-command'
+        @keymap_label = :vi_command
+      when 'vi-insert'
+        @keymap_label = :vi_insert
+      end
+    when 'keyseq-timeout'
+      @keyseq_timeout = value.to_i
+    when 'show-mode-in-prompt'
+      case value
+      when 'off'
+        @show_mode_in_prompt = false
+      when 'on'
+        @show_mode_in_prompt = true
+      else
+        @show_mode_in_prompt = false
+      end
+    when 'vi-cmd-mode-string'
+      @vi_cmd_mode_string = retrieve_string(value)
+    when 'vi-ins-mode-string'
+      @vi_ins_mode_string = retrieve_string(value)
+    when 'emacs-mode-string'
+      @emacs_mode_string = retrieve_string(value)
+    when *VARIABLE_NAMES then
+      variable_name = :"@#{name.tr(?-, ?_)}"
+      instance_variable_set(variable_name, value.nil? || value == '1' || value == 'on')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def retrieve_string(str)
+    if str =~ /\A"(.*)"\z/
+      parse_keyseq($1).map(&:chr).join
+    else
+      parse_keyseq(str).map(&:chr).join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def bind_key(key, func_name)
+    if key =~ /\A"(.*)"\z/
+      keyseq = parse_keyseq($1)
+    else
+      keyseq = nil
+    end
+    if func_name =~ /"(.*)"/
+      func = parse_keyseq($1)
+    else
+      func = func_name.tr(?-, ?_).to_sym # It must be macro.
+    end
+    [keyseq, func]
+  end
+
+  def key_notation_to_code(notation)
+    case notation
+    when /\\(?:C|Control)-([A-Za-z_])/
+      (1 + $1.downcase.ord - ?a.ord)
+    when /\\(?:M|Meta)-([0-9A-Za-z_])/
+      modified_key = $1
+      case $1
+      when /[0-9]/
+        ?\M-0.bytes.first + (modified_key.ord - ?0.ord)
+      when /[A-Z]/
+        ?\M-A.bytes.first + (modified_key.ord - ?A.ord)
+      when /[a-z]/
+        ?\M-a.bytes.first + (modified_key.ord - ?a.ord)
+      end
+    when /\\(?:C|Control)-(?:M|Meta)-[A-Za-z_]/, /\\(?:M|Meta)-(?:C|Control)-[A-Za-z_]/
+    # 129 M-^A
+    when /\\(\d{1,3})/ then $1.to_i(8) # octal
+    when /\\x(\h{1,2})/ then $1.to_i(16) # hexadecimal
+    when "\\e" then ?\e.ord
+    when "\\\\" then ?\\.ord
+    when "\\\"" then ?".ord
+    when "\\'" then ?'.ord
+    when "\\a" then ?\a.ord
+    when "\\b" then ?\b.ord
+    when "\\d" then ?\d.ord
+    when "\\f" then ?\f.ord
+    when "\\n" then ?\n.ord
+    when "\\r" then ?\r.ord
+    when "\\t" then ?\t.ord
+    when "\\v" then ?\v.ord
+    else notation.ord
+    end
+  end
+
+  def parse_keyseq(str)
+    ret = []
+    str.scan(KEYSEQ_PATTERN) do
+      ret << key_notation_to_code($&)
+    end
+    ret
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/general_io.rb b/lib/reline/general_io.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01a592e038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/general_io.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+require 'timeout'
+
+class Reline::GeneralIO
+  def self.reset
+    @@pasting = false
+  end
+
+  def self.encoding
+    RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin|mingw/ ? Encoding::UTF_8 : Encoding::default_external
+  end
+
+  def self.win?
+    false
+  end
+
+  RAW_KEYSTROKE_CONFIG = {}
+
+  @@buf = []
+
+  def self.input=(val)
+    @@input = val
+  end
+
+  def self.getc
+    unless @@buf.empty?
+      return @@buf.shift
+    end
+    c = nil
+    loop do
+      result = select([@@input], [], [], 0.1)
+      next if result.nil?
+      c = @@input.read(1)
+      break
+    end
+    c&.ord
+  end
+
+  def self.ungetc(c)
+    @@buf.unshift(c)
+  end
+
+  def self.get_screen_size
+    [1, 1]
+  end
+
+  def self.cursor_pos
+    Reline::CursorPos.new(1, 1)
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_column(val)
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_up(val)
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_down(val)
+  end
+
+  def self.erase_after_cursor
+  end
+
+  def self.scroll_down(val)
+  end
+
+  def self.clear_screen
+  end
+
+  def self.set_screen_size(rows, columns)
+  end
+
+  def self.set_winch_handler(&handler)
+  end
+
+  @@pasting = false
+
+  def self.in_pasting?
+    @@pasting
+  end
+
+  def self.start_pasting
+    @@pasting = true
+  end
+
+  def self.finish_pasting
+    @@pasting = false
+  end
+
+  def self.prep
+  end
+
+  def self.deprep(otio)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/history.rb b/lib/reline/history.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a1ed6b90b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/history.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+class Reline::History < Array
+  def initialize(config)
+    @config = config
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    'HISTORY'
+  end
+
+  def delete_at(index)
+    index = check_index(index)
+    super(index)
+  end
+
+  def [](index)
+    index = check_index(index) unless index.is_a?(Range)
+    super(index)
+  end
+
+  def []=(index, val)
+    index = check_index(index)
+    super(index, String.new(val, encoding: Reline.encoding_system_needs))
+  end
+
+  def concat(*val)
+    val.each do |v|
+      push(*v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def push(*val)
+    # If history_size is zero, all histories are dropped.
+    return self if @config.history_size.zero?
+    # If history_size is negative, history size is unlimited.
+    if @config.history_size.positive?
+      diff = size + val.size - @config.history_size
+      if diff > 0
+        if diff <= size
+          shift(diff)
+        else
+          diff -= size
+          clear
+          val.shift(diff)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    super(*(val.map{ |v|
+      String.new(v, encoding: Reline.encoding_system_needs)
+    }))
+  end
+
+  def <<(val)
+    # If history_size is zero, all histories are dropped.
+    return self if @config.history_size.zero?
+    # If history_size is negative, history size is unlimited.
+    if @config.history_size.positive?
+      shift if size + 1 > @config.history_size
+    end
+    super(String.new(val, encoding: Reline.encoding_system_needs))
+  end
+
+  private def check_index(index)
+    index += size if index < 0
+    if index < -2147483648 or 2147483647 < index
+      raise RangeError.new("integer #{index} too big to convert to `int'")
+    end
+    # If history_size is negative, history size is unlimited.
+    if @config.history_size.positive?
+      if index < -@config.history_size or @config.history_size < index
+        raise RangeError.new("index=<#{index}>")
+      end
+    end
+    raise IndexError.new("index=<#{index}>") if index < 0 or size <= index
+    index
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/key_actor.rb b/lib/reline/key_actor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebe09d2009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/key_actor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module Reline::KeyActor
+end
+
+require 'reline/key_actor/base'
+require 'reline/key_actor/emacs'
+require 'reline/key_actor/vi_command'
+require 'reline/key_actor/vi_insert'
diff --git a/lib/reline/key_actor/base.rb b/lib/reline/key_actor/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4abac55d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/key_actor/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class Reline::KeyActor::Base
+  MAPPING = Array.new(256)
+
+  def get_method(key)
+    self.class::MAPPING[key]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/key_actor/emacs.rb b/lib/reline/key_actor/emacs.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cad97a7d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/key_actor/emacs.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+class Reline::KeyActor::Emacs < Reline::KeyActor::Base
+  MAPPING = [
+    #   0 ^@
+    :em_set_mark,
+    #   1 ^A
+    :ed_move_to_beg,
+    #   2 ^B
+    :ed_prev_char,
+    #   3 ^C
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #   4 ^D
+    :em_delete,
+    #   5 ^E
+    :ed_move_to_end,
+    #   6 ^F
+    :ed_next_char,
+    #   7 ^G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #   8 ^H
+    :em_delete_prev_char,
+    #   9 ^I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  10 ^J
+    :ed_newline,
+    #  11 ^K
+    :ed_kill_line,
+    #  12 ^L
+    :ed_clear_screen,
+    #  13 ^M
+    :ed_newline,
+    #  14 ^N
+    :ed_next_history,
+    #  15 ^O
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  16 ^P
+    :ed_prev_history,
+    #  17 ^Q
+    :ed_quoted_insert,
+    #  18 ^R
+    :vi_search_prev,
+    #  19 ^S
+    :vi_search_next,
+    #  20 ^T
+    :ed_transpose_chars,
+    #  21 ^U
+    :em_kill_line,
+    #  22 ^V
+    :ed_quoted_insert,
+    #  23 ^W
+    :em_kill_region,
+    #  24 ^X
+    :ed_sequence_lead_in,
+    #  25 ^Y
+    :em_yank,
+    #  26 ^Z
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  27 ^[
+    :em_meta_next,
+    #  28 ^\
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  29 ^]
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  30 ^^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  31 ^_
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  32 SPACE
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  33 !
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  34 "
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  35 #
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  36 $
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  37 %
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  38 &
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  39 '
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  40 (
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  41 )
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  42 *
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  43 +
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  44 ,
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  45 -
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  46 .
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  47 /
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  48 0
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  49 1
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  50 2
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  51 3
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  52 4
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  53 5
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  54 6
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  55 7
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  56 8
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  57 9
+    :ed_digit,
+    #  58 :
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  59 ;
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  60 <
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  61 =
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  62 >
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  63 ?
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  64 @
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  65 A
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  66 B
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  67 C
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  68 D
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  69 E
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  70 F
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  71 G
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  72 H
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  73 I
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  74 J
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  75 K
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  76 L
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  77 M
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  78 N
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  79 O
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  80 P
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  81 Q
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  82 R
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  83 S
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  84 T
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  85 U
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  86 V
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  87 W
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  88 X
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  89 Y
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  90 Z
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  91 [
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  92 \
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  93 ]
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  94 ^
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  95 _
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  96 `
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  97 a
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  98 b
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  99 c
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 100 d
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 101 e
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 102 f
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 103 g
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 104 h
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 105 i
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 106 j
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 107 k
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 108 l
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 109 m
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 110 n
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 111 o
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 112 p
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 113 q
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 114 r
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 115 s
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 116 t
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 117 u
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 118 v
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 119 w
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 120 x
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 121 y
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 122 z
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 123 {
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 124 |
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 125 }
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 126 ~
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 127 ^?
+    :em_delete_prev_char,
+    # 128 M-^@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 129 M-^A
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 130 M-^B
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 131 M-^C
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 132 M-^D
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 133 M-^E
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 134 M-^F
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 135 M-^G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 136 M-^H
+    :ed_delete_prev_word,
+    # 137 M-^I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 138 M-^J
+    :key_newline,
+    # 139 M-^K
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 140 M-^L
+    :ed_clear_screen,
+    # 141 M-^M
+    :key_newline,
+    # 142 M-^N
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 143 M-^O
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 144 M-^P
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 145 M-^Q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 146 M-^R
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 147 M-^S
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 148 M-^T
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 149 M-^U
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 150 M-^V
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 151 M-^W
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 152 M-^X
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 153 M-^Y
+    :em_yank_pop,
+    # 154 M-^Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 155 M-^[
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 156 M-^\
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 157 M-^]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 158 M-^^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 159 M-^_
+    :em_copy_prev_word,
+    # 160 M-SPACE
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 161 M-!
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 162 M-"
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 163 M-#
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 164 M-$
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 165 M-%
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 166 M-&
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 167 M-'
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 168 M-(
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 169 M-)
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 170 M-*
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 171 M-+
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 172 M-,
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 173 M--
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 174 M-.
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 175 M-/
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 176 M-0
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 177 M-1
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 178 M-2
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 179 M-3
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 180 M-4
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 181 M-5
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 182 M-6
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 183 M-7
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 184 M-8
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 185 M-9
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    # 186 M-:
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 187 M-;
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 188 M-<
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 189 M-=
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 190 M->
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 191 M-?
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 192 M-@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 193 M-A
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 194 M-B
+    :ed_prev_word,
+    # 195 M-C
+    :em_capitol_case,
+    # 196 M-D
+    :em_delete_next_word,
+    # 197 M-E
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 198 M-F
+    :em_next_word,
+    # 199 M-G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 200 M-H
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 201 M-I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 202 M-J
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 203 M-K
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 204 M-L
+    :em_lower_case,
+    # 205 M-M
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 206 M-N
+    :vi_search_next,
+    # 207 M-O
+    :ed_sequence_lead_in,
+    # 208 M-P
+    :vi_search_prev,
+    # 209 M-Q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 210 M-R
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 211 M-S
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 212 M-T
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 213 M-U
+    :em_upper_case,
+    # 214 M-V
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 215 M-W
+    :em_copy_region,
+    # 216 M-X
+    :ed_command,
+    # 217 M-Y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 218 M-Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 219 M-[
+    :ed_sequence_lead_in,
+    # 220 M-\
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 221 M-]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 222 M-^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 223 M-_
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 224 M-`
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 225 M-a
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 226 M-b
+    :ed_prev_word,
+    # 227 M-c
+    :em_capitol_case,
+    # 228 M-d
+    :em_delete_next_word,
+    # 229 M-e
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 230 M-f
+    :em_next_word,
+    # 231 M-g
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 232 M-h
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 233 M-i
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 234 M-j
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 235 M-k
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 236 M-l
+    :em_lower_case,
+    # 237 M-m
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 238 M-n
+    :vi_search_next,
+    # 239 M-o
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 240 M-p
+    :vi_search_prev,
+    # 241 M-q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 242 M-r
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 243 M-s
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 244 M-t
+    :ed_transpose_words,
+    # 245 M-u
+    :em_upper_case,
+    # 246 M-v
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 247 M-w
+    :em_copy_region,
+    # 248 M-x
+    :ed_command,
+    # 249 M-y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 250 M-z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 251 M-{
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 252 M-|
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 253 M-}
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 254 M-~
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 255 M-^?
+    :ed_delete_prev_word
+    # EOF
+  ]
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/key_actor/vi_command.rb b/lib/reline/key_actor/vi_command.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98146d2f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/key_actor/vi_command.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+class Reline::KeyActor::ViCommand < Reline::KeyActor::Base
+  MAPPING = [
+    #   0 ^@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #   1 ^A
+    :ed_move_to_beg,
+    #   2 ^B
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #   3 ^C
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #   4 ^D
+    :vi_end_of_transmission,
+    #   5 ^E
+    :ed_move_to_end,
+    #   6 ^F
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #   7 ^G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #   8 ^H
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #   9 ^I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  10 ^J
+    :ed_newline,
+    #  11 ^K
+    :ed_kill_line,
+    #  12 ^L
+    :ed_clear_screen,
+    #  13 ^M
+    :ed_newline,
+    #  14 ^N
+    :ed_next_history,
+    #  15 ^O
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  16 ^P
+    :ed_prev_history,
+    #  17 ^Q
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  18 ^R
+    :vi_search_prev,
+    #  19 ^S
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  20 ^T
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  21 ^U
+    :vi_kill_line_prev,
+    #  22 ^V
+    :ed_quoted_insert,
+    #  23 ^W
+    :ed_delete_prev_word,
+    #  24 ^X
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  25 ^Y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  26 ^Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  27 ^[
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  28 ^\
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  29 ^]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  30 ^^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  31 ^_
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  32 SPACE
+    :ed_next_char,
+    #  33 !
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  34 "
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  35 #
+    :vi_comment_out,
+    #  36 $
+    :ed_move_to_end,
+    #  37 %
+    :vi_match,
+    #  38 &
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  39 '
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  40 (
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  41 )
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  42 *
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  43 +
+    :ed_next_history,
+    #  44 ,
+    :vi_repeat_prev_char,
+    #  45 -
+    :ed_prev_history,
+    #  46 .
+    :vi_redo,
+    #  47 /
+    :vi_search_prev,
+    #  48 0
+    :vi_zero,
+    #  49 1
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  50 2
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  51 3
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  52 4
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  53 5
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  54 6
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  55 7
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  56 8
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  57 9
+    :ed_argument_digit,
+    #  58 :
+    :ed_command,
+    #  59 ;
+    :vi_repeat_next_char,
+    #  60 <
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  61 =
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  62 >
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  63 ?
+    :vi_search_next,
+    #  64 @
+    :vi_alias,
+    #  65 A
+    :vi_add_at_eol,
+    #  66 B
+    :vi_prev_big_word,
+    #  67 C
+    :vi_change_to_eol,
+    #  68 D
+    :ed_kill_line,
+    #  69 E
+    :vi_end_big_word,
+    #  70 F
+    :vi_prev_char,
+    #  71 G
+    :vi_to_history_line,
+    #  72 H
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  73 I
+    :vi_insert_at_bol,
+    #  74 J
+    :vi_join_lines,
+    #  75 K
+    :vi_search_prev,
+    #  76 L
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  77 M
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  78 N
+    :vi_repeat_search_prev,
+    #  79 O
+    :ed_sequence_lead_in,
+    #  80 P
+    :vi_paste_prev,
+    #  81 Q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  82 R
+    :vi_replace_mode,
+    #  83 S
+    :vi_substitute_line,
+    #  84 T
+    :vi_to_prev_char,
+    #  85 U
+    :vi_undo_line,
+    #  86 V
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  87 W
+    :vi_next_big_word,
+    #  88 X
+    :ed_delete_prev_char,
+    #  89 Y
+    :vi_yank_end,
+    #  90 Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  91 [
+    :ed_sequence_lead_in,
+    #  92 \
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  93 ]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  94 ^
+    :vi_first_print,
+    #  95 _
+    :vi_history_word,
+    #  96 `
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #  97 a
+    :vi_add,
+    #  98 b
+    :vi_prev_word,
+    #  99 c
+    :vi_change_meta,
+    # 100 d
+    :vi_delete_meta,
+    # 101 e
+    :vi_end_word,
+    # 102 f
+    :vi_next_char,
+    # 103 g
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 104 h
+    :ed_prev_char,
+    # 105 i
+    :vi_insert,
+    # 106 j
+    :ed_next_history,
+    # 107 k
+    :ed_prev_history,
+    # 108 l
+    :ed_next_char,
+    # 109 m
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 110 n
+    :vi_repeat_search_next,
+    # 111 o
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 112 p
+    :vi_paste_next,
+    # 113 q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 114 r
+    :vi_replace_char,
+    # 115 s
+    :vi_substitute_char,
+    # 116 t
+    :vi_to_next_char,
+    # 117 u
+    :vi_undo,
+    # 118 v
+    :vi_histedit,
+    # 119 w
+    :vi_next_word,
+    # 120 x
+    :ed_delete_next_char,
+    # 121 y
+    :vi_yank,
+    # 122 z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 123 {
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 124 |
+    :vi_to_column,
+    # 125 }
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 126 ~
+    :vi_change_case,
+    # 127 ^?
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 128 M-^@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 129 M-^A
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 130 M-^B
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 131 M-^C
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 132 M-^D
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 133 M-^E
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 134 M-^F
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 135 M-^G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 136 M-^H
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 137 M-^I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 138 M-^J
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 139 M-^K
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 140 M-^L
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 141 M-^M
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 142 M-^N
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 143 M-^O
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 144 M-^P
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 145 M-^Q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 146 M-^R
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 147 M-^S
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 148 M-^T
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 149 M-^U
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 150 M-^V
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 151 M-^W
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 152 M-^X
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 153 M-^Y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 154 M-^Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 155 M-^[
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 156 M-^\
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 157 M-^]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 158 M-^^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 159 M-^_
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 160 M-SPACE
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 161 M-!
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 162 M-"
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 163 M-#
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 164 M-$
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 165 M-%
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 166 M-&
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 167 M-'
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 168 M-(
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 169 M-)
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 170 M-*
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 171 M-+
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 172 M-,
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 173 M--
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 174 M-.
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 175 M-/
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 176 M-0
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 177 M-1
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 178 M-2
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 179 M-3
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 180 M-4
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 181 M-5
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 182 M-6
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 183 M-7
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 184 M-8
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 185 M-9
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 186 M-:
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 187 M-;
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 188 M-<
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 189 M-=
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 190 M->
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 191 M-?
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 192 M-@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 193 M-A
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 194 M-B
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 195 M-C
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 196 M-D
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 197 M-E
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 198 M-F
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 199 M-G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 200 M-H
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 201 M-I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 202 M-J
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 203 M-K
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 204 M-L
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 205 M-M
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 206 M-N
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 207 M-O
+    :ed_sequence_lead_in,
+    # 208 M-P
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 209 M-Q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 210 M-R
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 211 M-S
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 212 M-T
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 213 M-U
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 214 M-V
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 215 M-W
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 216 M-X
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 217 M-Y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 218 M-Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 219 M-[
+    :ed_sequence_lead_in,
+    # 220 M-\
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 221 M-]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 222 M-^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 223 M-_
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 224 M-`
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 225 M-a
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 226 M-b
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 227 M-c
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 228 M-d
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 229 M-e
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 230 M-f
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 231 M-g
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 232 M-h
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 233 M-i
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 234 M-j
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 235 M-k
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 236 M-l
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 237 M-m
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 238 M-n
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 239 M-o
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 240 M-p
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 241 M-q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 242 M-r
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 243 M-s
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 244 M-t
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 245 M-u
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 246 M-v
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 247 M-w
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 248 M-x
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 249 M-y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 250 M-z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 251 M-{
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 252 M-|
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 253 M-}
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 254 M-~
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 255 M-^?
+    :ed_unassigned
+    # EOF
+  ]
+end
+
diff --git a/lib/reline/key_actor/vi_insert.rb b/lib/reline/key_actor/vi_insert.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8e89f81d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/key_actor/vi_insert.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+class Reline::KeyActor::ViInsert < Reline::KeyActor::Base
+  MAPPING = [
+    #   0 ^@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    #   1 ^A
+    :ed_insert,
+    #   2 ^B
+    :ed_insert,
+    #   3 ^C
+    :ed_insert,
+    #   4 ^D
+    :vi_list_or_eof,
+    #   5 ^E
+    :ed_insert,
+    #   6 ^F
+    :ed_insert,
+    #   7 ^G
+    :ed_insert,
+    #   8 ^H
+    :vi_delete_prev_char,
+    #   9 ^I
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  10 ^J
+    :ed_newline,
+    #  11 ^K
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  12 ^L
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  13 ^M
+    :ed_newline,
+    #  14 ^N
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  15 ^O
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  16 ^P
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  17 ^Q
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  18 ^R
+    :vi_search_prev,
+    #  19 ^S
+    :vi_search_next,
+    #  20 ^T
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  21 ^U
+    :vi_kill_line_prev,
+    #  22 ^V
+    :ed_quoted_insert,
+    #  23 ^W
+    :ed_delete_prev_word,
+    #  24 ^X
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  25 ^Y
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  26 ^Z
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  27 ^[
+    :vi_command_mode,
+    #  28 ^\
+    :ed_ignore,
+    #  29 ^]
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  30 ^^
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  31 ^_
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  32 SPACE
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  33 !
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  34 "
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  35 #
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  36 $
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  37 %
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  38 &
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  39 '
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  40 (
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  41 )
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  42 *
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  43 +
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  44 ,
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  45 -
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  46 .
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  47 /
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  48 0
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  49 1
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  50 2
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  51 3
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  52 4
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  53 5
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  54 6
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  55 7
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  56 8
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  57 9
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  58 :
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  59 ;
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  60 <
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  61 =
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  62 >
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  63 ?
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  64 @
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  65 A
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  66 B
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  67 C
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  68 D
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  69 E
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  70 F
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  71 G
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  72 H
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  73 I
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  74 J
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  75 K
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  76 L
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  77 M
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  78 N
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  79 O
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  80 P
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  81 Q
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  82 R
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  83 S
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  84 T
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  85 U
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  86 V
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  87 W
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  88 X
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  89 Y
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  90 Z
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  91 [
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  92 \
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  93 ]
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  94 ^
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  95 _
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  96 `
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  97 a
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  98 b
+    :ed_insert,
+    #  99 c
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 100 d
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 101 e
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 102 f
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 103 g
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 104 h
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 105 i
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 106 j
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 107 k
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 108 l
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 109 m
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 110 n
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 111 o
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 112 p
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 113 q
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 114 r
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 115 s
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 116 t
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 117 u
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 118 v
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 119 w
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 120 x
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 121 y
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 122 z
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 123 {
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 124 |
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 125 }
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 126 ~
+    :ed_insert,
+    # 127 ^?
+    :vi_delete_prev_char,
+    # 128 M-^@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 129 M-^A
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 130 M-^B
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 131 M-^C
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 132 M-^D
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 133 M-^E
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 134 M-^F
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 135 M-^G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 136 M-^H
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 137 M-^I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 138 M-^J
+    :key_newline,
+    # 139 M-^K
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 140 M-^L
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 141 M-^M
+    :key_newline,
+    # 142 M-^N
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 143 M-^O
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 144 M-^P
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 145 M-^Q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 146 M-^R
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 147 M-^S
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 148 M-^T
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 149 M-^U
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 150 M-^V
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 151 M-^W
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 152 M-^X
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 153 M-^Y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 154 M-^Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 155 M-^[
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 156 M-^\
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 157 M-^]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 158 M-^^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 159 M-^_
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 160 M-SPACE
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 161 M-!
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 162 M-"
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 163 M-#
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 164 M-$
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 165 M-%
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 166 M-&
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 167 M-'
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 168 M-(
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 169 M-)
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 170 M-*
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 171 M-+
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 172 M-,
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 173 M--
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 174 M-.
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 175 M-/
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 176 M-0
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 177 M-1
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 178 M-2
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 179 M-3
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 180 M-4
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 181 M-5
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 182 M-6
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 183 M-7
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 184 M-8
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 185 M-9
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 186 M-:
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 187 M-;
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 188 M-<
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 189 M-=
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 190 M->
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 191 M-?
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 192 M-@
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 193 M-A
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 194 M-B
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 195 M-C
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 196 M-D
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 197 M-E
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 198 M-F
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 199 M-G
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 200 M-H
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 201 M-I
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 202 M-J
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 203 M-K
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 204 M-L
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 205 M-M
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 206 M-N
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 207 M-O
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 208 M-P
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 209 M-Q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 210 M-R
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 211 M-S
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 212 M-T
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 213 M-U
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 214 M-V
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 215 M-W
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 216 M-X
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 217 M-Y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 218 M-Z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 219 M-[
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 220 M-\
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 221 M-]
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 222 M-^
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 223 M-_
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 224 M-`
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 225 M-a
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 226 M-b
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 227 M-c
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 228 M-d
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 229 M-e
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 230 M-f
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 231 M-g
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 232 M-h
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 233 M-i
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 234 M-j
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 235 M-k
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 236 M-l
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 237 M-m
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 238 M-n
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 239 M-o
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 240 M-p
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 241 M-q
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 242 M-r
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 243 M-s
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 244 M-t
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 245 M-u
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 246 M-v
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 247 M-w
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 248 M-x
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 249 M-y
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 250 M-z
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 251 M-{
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 252 M-|
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 253 M-}
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 254 M-~
+    :ed_unassigned,
+    # 255 M-^?
+    :ed_unassigned
+    # EOF
+  ]
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/key_stroke.rb b/lib/reline/key_stroke.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..017e3db00a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/key_stroke.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+class Reline::KeyStroke
+  using Module.new {
+    refine Array do
+      def start_with?(other)
+        other.size <= size && other == self.take(other.size)
+      end
+
+      def bytes
+        self
+      end
+    end
+  }
+
+  def initialize(config)
+    @config = config
+  end
+
+  def match_status(input)
+    key_mapping.keys.select { |lhs|
+      lhs.start_with? input
+    }.tap { |it|
+      return :matched  if it.size == 1 && (it.max_by(&:size)&.size&.== input.size)
+      return :matching if it.size == 1 && (it.max_by(&:size)&.size&.!= input.size)
+      return :matched  if it.max_by(&:size)&.size&.< input.size
+      return :matching if it.size > 1
+    }
+    key_mapping.keys.select { |lhs|
+      input.start_with? lhs
+    }.tap { |it|
+      return it.size > 0 ? :matched : :unmatched
+    }
+  end
+
+  def expand(input)
+    lhs = key_mapping.keys.select { |item| input.start_with? item }.sort_by(&:size).reverse.first
+    return input unless lhs
+    rhs = key_mapping[lhs]
+
+    case rhs
+    when String
+      rhs_bytes = rhs.bytes
+      expand(expand(rhs_bytes) + expand(input.drop(lhs.size)))
+    when Symbol
+      [rhs] + expand(input.drop(lhs.size))
+    when Array
+      rhs
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def key_mapping
+    @config.key_bindings
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/kill_ring.rb b/lib/reline/kill_ring.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb3684b42b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/kill_ring.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+class Reline::KillRing
+  include Enumerable
+
+  module State
+    FRESH = :fresh
+    CONTINUED = :continued
+    PROCESSED = :processed
+    YANK = :yank
+  end
+
+  RingPoint = Struct.new(:backward, :forward, :str) do
+    def initialize(str)
+      super(nil, nil, str)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      object_id == other.object_id
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RingBuffer
+    attr_reader :size
+    attr_reader :head
+
+    def initialize(max = 1024)
+      @max = max
+      @size = 0
+      @head = nil # reading head of ring-shaped tape
+    end
+
+    def <<(point)
+      if @size.zero?
+        @head = point
+        @head.backward = @head
+        @head.forward = @head
+        @size = 1
+      elsif @size >= @max
+        tail = @head.forward
+        new_tail = tail.forward
+        @head.forward = point
+        point.backward = @head
+        new_tail.backward = point
+        point.forward = new_tail
+        @head = point
+      else
+        tail = @head.forward
+        @head.forward = point
+        point.backward = @head
+        tail.backward = point
+        point.forward = tail
+        @head = point
+        @size += 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      @size.zero?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def initialize(max = 1024)
+    @ring = RingBuffer.new(max)
+    @ring_pointer = nil
+    @buffer = nil
+    @state = State::FRESH
+  end
+
+  def append(string, before_p = false)
+    case @state
+    when State::FRESH, State::YANK
+      @ring << RingPoint.new(string)
+      @state = State::CONTINUED
+    when State::CONTINUED, State::PROCESSED
+      if before_p
+        @ring.head.str.prepend(string)
+      else
+        @ring.head.str.concat(string)
+      end
+      @state = State::CONTINUED
+    end
+  end
+
+  def process
+    case @state
+    when State::FRESH
+      # nothing to do
+    when State::CONTINUED
+      @state = State::PROCESSED
+    when State::PROCESSED
+      @state = State::FRESH
+    when State::YANK
+      # nothing to do
+    end
+  end
+
+  def yank
+    unless @ring.empty?
+      @state = State::YANK
+      @ring_pointer = @ring.head
+      @ring_pointer.str
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def yank_pop
+    if @state == State::YANK
+      prev_yank = @ring_pointer.str
+      @ring_pointer = @ring_pointer.backward
+      [@ring_pointer.str, prev_yank]
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def each
+    start = head = @ring.head
+    loop do
+      break if head.nil?
+      yield head.str
+      head = head.backward
+      break if head == start
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/line_editor.rb b/lib/reline/line_editor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d71e62d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/line_editor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2781 @@
+require 'reline/kill_ring'
+require 'reline/unicode'
+
+require 'tempfile'
+
+class Reline::LineEditor
+  # TODO: undo
+  attr_reader :line
+  attr_reader :byte_pointer
+  attr_accessor :confirm_multiline_termination_proc
+  attr_accessor :completion_proc
+  attr_accessor :completion_append_character
+  attr_accessor :output_modifier_proc
+  attr_accessor :prompt_proc
+  attr_accessor :auto_indent_proc
+  attr_accessor :pre_input_hook
+  attr_accessor :dig_perfect_match_proc
+  attr_writer :output
+
+  VI_MOTIONS = %i{
+    ed_prev_char
+    ed_next_char
+    vi_zero
+    ed_move_to_beg
+    ed_move_to_end
+    vi_to_column
+    vi_next_char
+    vi_prev_char
+    vi_next_word
+    vi_prev_word
+    vi_to_next_char
+    vi_to_prev_char
+    vi_end_word
+    vi_next_big_word
+    vi_prev_big_word
+    vi_end_big_word
+    vi_repeat_next_char
+    vi_repeat_prev_char
+  }
+
+  module CompletionState
+    NORMAL = :normal
+    COMPLETION = :completion
+    MENU = :menu
+    JOURNEY = :journey
+    MENU_WITH_PERFECT_MATCH = :menu_with_perfect_match
+    PERFECT_MATCH = :perfect_match
+  end
+
+  CompletionJourneyData = Struct.new('CompletionJourneyData', :preposing, :postposing, :list, :pointer)
+  MenuInfo = Struct.new('MenuInfo', :target, :list)
+
+  PROMPT_LIST_CACHE_TIMEOUT = 0.5
+
+  def initialize(config, encoding)
+    @config = config
+    @completion_append_character = ''
+    reset_variables(encoding: encoding)
+  end
+
+  def set_pasting_state(in_pasting)
+    @in_pasting = in_pasting
+  end
+
+  def simplified_rendering?
+    if finished?
+      false
+    elsif @just_cursor_moving and not @rerender_all
+      true
+    else
+      not @rerender_all and not finished? and @in_pasting
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def check_mode_string
+    mode_string = nil
+    if @config.show_mode_in_prompt
+      if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+        mode_string = @config.vi_cmd_mode_string
+      elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_insert)
+        mode_string = @config.vi_ins_mode_string
+      elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs)
+        mode_string = @config.emacs_mode_string
+      else
+        mode_string = '?'
+      end
+    end
+    if mode_string != @prev_mode_string
+      @rerender_all = true
+    end
+    @prev_mode_string = mode_string
+    mode_string
+  end
+
+  private def check_multiline_prompt(buffer, prompt)
+    if @vi_arg
+      prompt = "(arg: #{@vi_arg}) "
+      @rerender_all = true
+    elsif @searching_prompt
+      prompt = @searching_prompt
+      @rerender_all = true
+    else
+      prompt = @prompt
+    end
+    if simplified_rendering?
+      mode_string = check_mode_string
+      prompt = mode_string + prompt if mode_string
+      return [prompt, calculate_width(prompt, true), [prompt] * buffer.size]
+    end
+    if @prompt_proc
+      use_cached_prompt_list = false
+      if @cached_prompt_list
+        if @just_cursor_moving
+          use_cached_prompt_list = true
+        elsif Time.now.to_f < (@prompt_cache_time + PROMPT_LIST_CACHE_TIMEOUT) and buffer.size == @cached_prompt_list.size
+          use_cached_prompt_list = true
+        end
+      end
+      use_cached_prompt_list = false if @rerender_all
+      if use_cached_prompt_list
+        prompt_list = @cached_prompt_list
+      else
+        prompt_list = @cached_prompt_list = @prompt_proc.(buffer)
+        @prompt_cache_time = Time.now.to_f
+      end
+      prompt_list.map!{ prompt } if @vi_arg or @searching_prompt
+      prompt_list = [prompt] if prompt_list.empty?
+      mode_string = check_mode_string
+      prompt_list = prompt_list.map{ |pr| mode_string + pr } if mode_string
+      prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
+      prompt = prompt_list[0] if prompt.nil?
+      prompt = prompt_list.last if prompt.nil?
+      if buffer.size > prompt_list.size
+        (buffer.size - prompt_list.size).times do
+          prompt_list << prompt_list.last
+        end
+      end
+      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
+      [prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list]
+    else
+      mode_string = check_mode_string
+      prompt = mode_string + prompt if mode_string
+      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
+      [prompt, prompt_width, nil]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def reset(prompt = '', encoding:)
+    @rest_height = (Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.first - 1) - Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
+    @screen_size = Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size
+    @screen_height = @screen_size.first
+    reset_variables(prompt, encoding: encoding)
+    @old_trap = Signal.trap('SIGINT') {
+      if @scroll_partial_screen
+        move_cursor_down(@screen_height - (@line_index - @scroll_partial_screen) - 1)
+      else
+        move_cursor_down(@highest_in_all - @line_index - 1)
+      end
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      scroll_down(1)
+      @old_trap.call if @old_trap.respond_to?(:call) # can also be string, ex: "DEFAULT"
+      raise Interrupt
+    }
+    Reline::IOGate.set_winch_handler do
+      @rest_height = (Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.first - 1) - Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
+      old_screen_size = @screen_size
+      @screen_size = Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size
+      @screen_height = @screen_size.first
+      if old_screen_size.last < @screen_size.last # columns increase
+        @rerender_all = true
+        rerender
+      else
+        back = 0
+        new_buffer = whole_lines
+        prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_buffer, prompt)
+        new_buffer.each_with_index do |line, index|
+          prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt_list[index], true) if @prompt_proc
+          width = prompt_width + calculate_width(line)
+          height = calculate_height_by_width(width)
+          back += height
+        end
+        @highest_in_all = back
+        @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
+        @first_line_started_from =
+          if @line_index.zero?
+            0
+          else
+            calculate_height_by_lines(@buffer_of_lines[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
+          end
+        if @prompt_proc
+          prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
+          prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
+        end
+        calculate_nearest_cursor
+        @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
+        @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
+        @rerender_all = true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def finalize
+    Signal.trap('SIGINT', @old_trap)
+  end
+
+  def eof?
+    @eof
+  end
+
+  def reset_variables(prompt = '', encoding:)
+    @prompt = prompt
+    @mark_pointer = nil
+    @encoding = encoding
+    @is_multiline = false
+    @finished = false
+    @cleared = false
+    @rerender_all = false
+    @history_pointer = nil
+    @kill_ring ||= Reline::KillRing.new
+    @vi_clipboard = ''
+    @vi_arg = nil
+    @waiting_proc = nil
+    @waiting_operator_proc = nil
+    @waiting_operator_vi_arg = nil
+    @completion_journey_data = nil
+    @completion_state = CompletionState::NORMAL
+    @perfect_matched = nil
+    @menu_info = nil
+    @first_prompt = true
+    @searching_prompt = nil
+    @first_char = true
+    @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer = false
+    @just_cursor_moving = nil
+    @cached_prompt_list = nil
+    @prompt_cache_time = nil
+    @eof = false
+    @continuous_insertion_buffer = String.new(encoding: @encoding)
+    @scroll_partial_screen = nil
+    @prev_mode_string = nil
+    @drop_terminate_spaces = false
+    @in_pasting = false
+    @auto_indent_proc = nil
+    reset_line
+  end
+
+  def reset_line
+    @cursor = 0
+    @cursor_max = 0
+    @byte_pointer = 0
+    @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)]
+    @line_index = 0
+    @previous_line_index = nil
+    @line = @buffer_of_lines[0]
+    @first_line_started_from = 0
+    @move_up = 0
+    @started_from = 0
+    @highest_in_this = 1
+    @highest_in_all = 1
+    @line_backup_in_history = nil
+    @multibyte_buffer = String.new(encoding: 'ASCII-8BIT')
+    @check_new_auto_indent = false
+  end
+
+  def multiline_on
+    @is_multiline = true
+  end
+
+  def multiline_off
+    @is_multiline = false
+  end
+
+  private def calculate_height_by_lines(lines, prompt)
+    result = 0
+    prompt_list = prompt.is_a?(Array) ? prompt : nil
+    lines.each_with_index { |line, i|
+      prompt = prompt_list[i] if prompt_list and prompt_list[i]
+      result += calculate_height_by_width(calculate_width(prompt, true) + calculate_width(line))
+    }
+    result
+  end
+
+  private def insert_new_line(cursor_line, next_line)
+    @line = cursor_line
+    @buffer_of_lines.insert(@line_index + 1, String.new(next_line, encoding: @encoding))
+    @previous_line_index = @line_index
+    @line_index += 1
+    @just_cursor_moving = false
+  end
+
+  private def calculate_height_by_width(width)
+    width.div(@screen_size.last) + 1
+  end
+
+  private def split_by_width(str, max_width)
+    Reline::Unicode.split_by_width(str, max_width, @encoding)
+  end
+
+  private def scroll_down(val)
+    if val <= @rest_height
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down(val)
+      @rest_height -= val
+    else
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down(@rest_height)
+      Reline::IOGate.scroll_down(val - @rest_height)
+      @rest_height = 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def move_cursor_up(val)
+    if val > 0
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up(val)
+      @rest_height += val
+    elsif val < 0
+      move_cursor_down(-val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def move_cursor_down(val)
+    if val > 0
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down(val)
+      @rest_height -= val
+      @rest_height = 0 if @rest_height < 0
+    elsif val < 0
+      move_cursor_up(-val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def calculate_nearest_cursor(line_to_calc = @line, cursor = @cursor, started_from = @started_from, byte_pointer = @byte_pointer, update = true)
+    new_cursor_max = calculate_width(line_to_calc)
+    new_cursor = 0
+    new_byte_pointer = 0
+    height = 1
+    max_width = @screen_size.last
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+      last_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(line_to_calc, line_to_calc.bytesize)
+      if last_byte_size > 0
+        last_mbchar = line_to_calc.byteslice(line_to_calc.bytesize - last_byte_size, last_byte_size)
+        last_width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(last_mbchar)
+        end_of_line_cursor = new_cursor_max - last_width
+      else
+      end_of_line_cursor = new_cursor_max
+      end
+    else
+    end_of_line_cursor = new_cursor_max
+    end
+    line_to_calc.grapheme_clusters.each do |gc|
+      mbchar = gc.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      mbchar_width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      now = new_cursor + mbchar_width
+      if now > end_of_line_cursor or now > cursor
+        break
+      end
+      new_cursor += mbchar_width
+      if new_cursor > max_width * height
+        height += 1
+      end
+      new_byte_pointer += gc.bytesize
+    end
+    new_started_from = height - 1
+    if update
+      @cursor = new_cursor
+      @cursor_max = new_cursor_max
+      @started_from = new_started_from
+      @byte_pointer = new_byte_pointer
+    else
+      [new_cursor, new_cursor_max, new_started_from, new_byte_pointer]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def rerender_all
+    @rerender_all = true
+    process_insert(force: true)
+    rerender
+  end
+
+  def rerender
+    return if @line.nil?
+    if @menu_info
+      scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
+      @rerender_all = true
+    end
+    if @menu_info
+      show_menu
+      @menu_info = nil
+    end
+    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(whole_lines, prompt)
+    if @cleared
+      clear_screen_buffer(prompt, prompt_list, prompt_width)
+      @cleared = false
+      return
+    end
+    if @is_multiline and finished? and @scroll_partial_screen
+      # Re-output all code higher than the screen when finished.
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up(@first_line_started_from + @started_from - @scroll_partial_screen)
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      @scroll_partial_screen = nil
+      prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(whole_lines, prompt)
+      if @previous_line_index
+        new_lines = whole_lines(index: @previous_line_index, line: @line)
+      else
+        new_lines = whole_lines
+      end
+      modify_lines(new_lines).each_with_index do |line, index|
+        @output.write "#{prompt_list ? prompt_list[index] : prompt}#{line}\n"
+        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      end
+      @output.flush
+      return
+    end
+    new_highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + calculate_width(@line.nil? ? '' : @line))
+    # FIXME: end of logical line sometimes breaks
+    rendered = false
+    if @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer
+      rerender_added_newline(prompt, prompt_width)
+      @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer = false
+    else
+      if @just_cursor_moving and not @rerender_all
+        rendered = just_move_cursor
+        @just_cursor_moving = false
+        return
+      elsif @previous_line_index or new_highest_in_this != @highest_in_this
+        rerender_changed_current_line
+        @previous_line_index = nil
+        rendered = true
+      elsif @rerender_all
+        rerender_all_lines
+        @rerender_all = false
+        rendered = true
+      else
+      end
+    end
+    if @is_multiline
+      if finished?
+        # Always rerender on finish because output_modifier_proc may return a different output.
+        if @previous_line_index
+          new_lines = whole_lines(index: @previous_line_index, line: @line)
+        else
+          new_lines = whole_lines
+        end
+        line = modify_lines(new_lines)[@line_index]
+        prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_lines, prompt)
+        render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, @first_line_started_from)
+        move_cursor_down(@highest_in_all - (@first_line_started_from + @highest_in_this - 1) - 1)
+        scroll_down(1)
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      elsif not rendered
+        unless @in_pasting
+          line = modify_lines(whole_lines)[@line_index]
+          prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(whole_lines, prompt)
+          render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, @first_line_started_from)
+        end
+      end
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
+      @rest_height = 0 if @scroll_partial_screen
+    else
+      line = modify_lines(whole_lines)[@line_index]
+      render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, 0)
+      if finished?
+        scroll_down(1)
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def calculate_scroll_partial_screen(highest_in_all, cursor_y)
+    if @screen_height < highest_in_all
+      old_scroll_partial_screen = @scroll_partial_screen
+      if cursor_y == 0
+        @scroll_partial_screen = 0
+      elsif cursor_y == (highest_in_all - 1)
+        @scroll_partial_screen = highest_in_all - @screen_height
+      else
+        if @scroll_partial_screen
+          if cursor_y <= @scroll_partial_screen
+            @scroll_partial_screen = cursor_y
+          elsif (@scroll_partial_screen + @screen_height - 1) < cursor_y
+            @scroll_partial_screen = cursor_y - (@screen_height - 1)
+          end
+        else
+          if cursor_y > (@screen_height - 1)
+            @scroll_partial_screen = cursor_y - (@screen_height - 1)
+          else
+            @scroll_partial_screen = 0
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      if @scroll_partial_screen != old_scroll_partial_screen
+        @rerender_all = true
+      end
+    else
+      if @scroll_partial_screen
+        @rerender_all = true
+      end
+      @scroll_partial_screen = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def rerender_added_newline(prompt, prompt_width)
+    scroll_down(1)
+    @buffer_of_lines[@previous_line_index] = @line
+    @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+    unless @in_pasting
+      render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, @line, @first_line_started_from + @started_from + 1, with_control: false)
+    end
+    @cursor = @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+    @highest_in_all += @highest_in_this
+    @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
+    @first_line_started_from += @started_from + 1
+    @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
+    @previous_line_index = nil
+  end
+
+  def just_move_cursor
+    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(@buffer_of_lines, prompt)
+    move_cursor_up(@started_from)
+    new_first_line_started_from =
+      if @line_index.zero?
+        0
+      else
+        calculate_height_by_lines(@buffer_of_lines[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
+      end
+    first_line_diff = new_first_line_started_from - @first_line_started_from
+    new_cursor, new_cursor_max, new_started_from, new_byte_pointer = calculate_nearest_cursor(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index], @cursor, @started_from, @byte_pointer, false)
+    new_started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + new_cursor) - 1
+    calculate_scroll_partial_screen(@highest_in_all, new_first_line_started_from + new_started_from)
+    @previous_line_index = nil
+    if @rerender_all
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+      rerender_all_lines
+      @rerender_all = false
+      true
+    else
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+      @first_line_started_from = new_first_line_started_from
+      @started_from = new_started_from
+      @cursor = new_cursor
+      @cursor_max = new_cursor_max
+      @byte_pointer = new_byte_pointer
+      move_cursor_down(first_line_diff + @started_from)
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def rerender_changed_current_line
+    if @previous_line_index
+      new_lines = whole_lines(index: @previous_line_index, line: @line)
+    else
+      new_lines = whole_lines
+    end
+    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_lines, prompt)
+    all_height = calculate_height_by_lines(new_lines, prompt_list || prompt)
+    diff = all_height - @highest_in_all
+    move_cursor_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from - @started_from - 1)
+    if diff > 0
+      scroll_down(diff)
+      move_cursor_up(all_height - 1)
+    elsif diff < 0
+      (-diff).times do
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+        move_cursor_up(1)
+      end
+      move_cursor_up(all_height - 1)
+    else
+      move_cursor_up(all_height - 1)
+    end
+    @highest_in_all = all_height
+    back = render_whole_lines(new_lines, prompt_list || prompt, prompt_width)
+    move_cursor_up(back)
+    if @previous_line_index
+      @buffer_of_lines[@previous_line_index] = @line
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+    end
+    @first_line_started_from =
+      if @line_index.zero?
+        0
+      else
+        calculate_height_by_lines(@buffer_of_lines[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
+      end
+    if @prompt_proc
+      prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
+      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
+    end
+    move_cursor_down(@first_line_started_from)
+    calculate_nearest_cursor
+    @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
+    move_cursor_down(@started_from)
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
+    @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
+  end
+
+  private def rerender_all_lines
+    move_cursor_up(@first_line_started_from + @started_from)
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+    back = 0
+    new_buffer = whole_lines
+    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_buffer, prompt)
+    new_buffer.each_with_index do |line, index|
+      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt_list[index], true) if @prompt_proc
+      width = prompt_width + calculate_width(line)
+      height = calculate_height_by_width(width)
+      back += height
+    end
+    old_highest_in_all = @highest_in_all
+    if @line_index.zero?
+      new_first_line_started_from = 0
+    else
+      new_first_line_started_from = calculate_height_by_lines(new_buffer[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
+    end
+    new_started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
+    calculate_scroll_partial_screen(back, new_first_line_started_from + new_started_from)
+    if @scroll_partial_screen
+      move_cursor_up(@first_line_started_from + @started_from)
+      scroll_down(@screen_height - 1)
+      move_cursor_up(@screen_height)
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+    elsif back > old_highest_in_all
+      scroll_down(back - 1)
+      move_cursor_up(back - 1)
+    elsif back < old_highest_in_all
+      scroll_down(back)
+      Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      (old_highest_in_all - back - 1).times do
+        scroll_down(1)
+        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      end
+      move_cursor_up(old_highest_in_all - 1)
+    end
+    render_whole_lines(new_buffer, prompt_list || prompt, prompt_width)
+    if @prompt_proc
+      prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
+      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
+    end
+    @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
+    @highest_in_all = back
+    @first_line_started_from = new_first_line_started_from
+    @started_from = new_started_from
+    if @scroll_partial_screen
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up(@screen_height - (@first_line_started_from + @started_from - @scroll_partial_screen) - 1)
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
+    else
+      move_cursor_down(@first_line_started_from + @started_from - back + 1)
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def render_whole_lines(lines, prompt, prompt_width)
+    rendered_height = 0
+    modify_lines(lines).each_with_index do |line, index|
+      if prompt.is_a?(Array)
+        line_prompt = prompt[index]
+        prompt_width = calculate_width(line_prompt, true)
+      else
+        line_prompt = prompt
+      end
+      height = render_partial(line_prompt, prompt_width, line, rendered_height, with_control: false)
+      if index < (lines.size - 1)
+        if @scroll_partial_screen
+          if (@scroll_partial_screen - height) < rendered_height and (@scroll_partial_screen + @screen_height - 1) >= (rendered_height + height)
+            move_cursor_down(1)
+          end
+        else
+          scroll_down(1)
+        end
+        rendered_height += height
+      else
+        rendered_height += height - 1
+      end
+    end
+    rendered_height
+  end
+
+  private def render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line_to_render, this_started_from, with_control: true)
+    visual_lines, height = split_by_width(line_to_render.nil? ? prompt : prompt + line_to_render, @screen_size.last)
+    cursor_up_from_last_line = 0
+    # TODO: This logic would be sometimes buggy if this logical line isn't the current @line_index.
+    if @scroll_partial_screen
+      last_visual_line = this_started_from + (height - 1)
+      last_screen_line = @scroll_partial_screen + (@screen_height - 1)
+      if (@scroll_partial_screen - this_started_from) >= height
+        # Render nothing because this line is before the screen.
+        visual_lines = []
+      elsif this_started_from > last_screen_line
+        # Render nothing because this line is after the screen.
+        visual_lines = []
+      else
+        deleted_lines_before_screen = []
+        if @scroll_partial_screen > this_started_from and last_visual_line >= @scroll_partial_screen
+          # A part of visual lines are before the screen.
+          deleted_lines_before_screen = visual_lines.shift((@scroll_partial_screen - this_started_from) * 2)
+          deleted_lines_before_screen.compact!
+        end
+        if this_started_from <= last_screen_line and last_screen_line < last_visual_line
+          # A part of visual lines are after the screen.
+          visual_lines.pop((last_visual_line - last_screen_line) * 2)
+        end
+        move_cursor_up(deleted_lines_before_screen.size - @started_from)
+        cursor_up_from_last_line = @started_from - deleted_lines_before_screen.size
+      end
+    end
+    if with_control
+      if height > @highest_in_this
+        diff = height - @highest_in_this
+        scroll_down(diff)
+        @highest_in_all += diff
+        @highest_in_this = height
+        move_cursor_up(diff)
+      elsif height < @highest_in_this
+        diff = @highest_in_this - height
+        @highest_in_all -= diff
+        @highest_in_this = height
+      end
+      move_cursor_up(@started_from)
+      @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
+      cursor_up_from_last_line = height - 1 - @started_from
+    end
+    if Reline::Unicode::CSI_REGEXP.match?(prompt + line_to_render)
+      @output.write "\e[0m" # clear character decorations
+    end
+    visual_lines.each_with_index do |line, index|
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      if line.nil?
+        if calculate_width(visual_lines[index - 1], true) == Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.last
+          # reaches the end of line
+          if Reline::IOGate.win? and Reline::IOGate.win_legacy_console?
+            # A newline is automatically inserted if a character is rendered at
+            # eol on command prompt.
+          else
+            # When the cursor is at the end of the line and erases characters
+            # after the cursor, some terminals delete the character at the
+            # cursor position.
+            move_cursor_down(1)
+            Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+          end
+        else
+          Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+          move_cursor_down(1)
+          Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+        end
+        next
+      end
+      @output.write line
+      if Reline::IOGate.win? and Reline::IOGate.win_legacy_console? and calculate_width(line, true) == Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.last
+        # A newline is automatically inserted if a character is rendered at eol on command prompt.
+        @rest_height -= 1 if @rest_height > 0
+      end
+      @output.flush
+      if @first_prompt
+        @first_prompt = false
+        @pre_input_hook&.call
+      end
+    end
+    unless visual_lines.empty?
+      Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+    end
+    if with_control
+      # Just after rendring, so the cursor is on the last line.
+      if finished?
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      else
+        # Moves up from bottom of lines to the cursor position.
+        move_cursor_up(cursor_up_from_last_line)
+        # This logic is buggy if a fullwidth char is wrapped because there is only one halfwidth at end of a line.
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
+      end
+    end
+    height
+  end
+
+  private def modify_lines(before)
+    return before if before.nil? || before.empty? || simplified_rendering?
+
+    if after = @output_modifier_proc&.call("#{before.join("\n")}\n", complete: finished?)
+      after.lines("\n").map { |l| l.chomp('') }
+    else
+      before
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def show_menu
+    scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
+    @rerender_all = true
+    @menu_info.list.sort!.each do |item|
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      @output.write item
+      @output.flush
+      scroll_down(1)
+    end
+    scroll_down(@highest_in_all - 1)
+    move_cursor_up(@highest_in_all - 1 - @first_line_started_from)
+  end
+
+  private def clear_screen_buffer(prompt, prompt_list, prompt_width)
+    Reline::IOGate.clear_screen
+    back = 0
+    modify_lines(whole_lines).each_with_index do |line, index|
+      if @prompt_proc
+        pr = prompt_list[index]
+        height = render_partial(pr, calculate_width(pr), line, back, with_control: false)
+      else
+        height = render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, back, with_control: false)
+      end
+      if index < (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
+        move_cursor_down(height)
+        back += height
+      end
+    end
+    move_cursor_up(back)
+    move_cursor_down(@first_line_started_from + @started_from)
+    @rest_height = (Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.first - 1) - Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
+  end
+
+  def editing_mode
+    @config.editing_mode
+  end
+
+  private def menu(target, list)
+    @menu_info = MenuInfo.new(target, list)
+  end
+
+  private def complete_internal_proc(list, is_menu)
+    preposing, target, postposing = retrieve_completion_block
+    list = list.select { |i|
+      if i and not Encoding.compatible?(target.encoding, i.encoding)
+        raise Encoding::CompatibilityError, "#{target.encoding.name} is not compatible with #{i.encoding.name}"
+      end
+      if @config.completion_ignore_case
+        i&.downcase&.start_with?(target.downcase)
+      else
+        i&.start_with?(target)
+      end
+    }.uniq
+    if is_menu
+      menu(target, list)
+      return nil
+    end
+    completed = list.inject { |memo, item|
+      begin
+        memo_mbchars = memo.unicode_normalize.grapheme_clusters
+        item_mbchars = item.unicode_normalize.grapheme_clusters
+      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
+        memo_mbchars = memo.grapheme_clusters
+        item_mbchars = item.grapheme_clusters
+      end
+      size = [memo_mbchars.size, item_mbchars.size].min
+      result = ''
+      size.times do |i|
+        if @config.completion_ignore_case
+          if memo_mbchars[i].casecmp?(item_mbchars[i])
+            result << memo_mbchars[i]
+          else
+            break
+          end
+        else
+          if memo_mbchars[i] == item_mbchars[i]
+            result << memo_mbchars[i]
+          else
+            break
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      result
+    }
+    [target, preposing, completed, postposing]
+  end
+
+  private def complete(list, just_show_list = false)
+    case @completion_state
+    when CompletionState::NORMAL, CompletionState::JOURNEY
+      @completion_state = CompletionState::COMPLETION
+    when CompletionState::PERFECT_MATCH
+      @dig_perfect_match_proc&.(@perfect_matched)
+    end
+    if just_show_list
+      is_menu = true
+    elsif @completion_state == CompletionState::MENU
+      is_menu = true
+    elsif @completion_state == CompletionState::MENU_WITH_PERFECT_MATCH
+      is_menu = true
+    else
+      is_menu = false
+    end
+    result = complete_internal_proc(list, is_menu)
+    if @completion_state == CompletionState::MENU_WITH_PERFECT_MATCH
+      @completion_state = CompletionState::PERFECT_MATCH
+    end
+    return if result.nil?
+    target, preposing, completed, postposing = result
+    return if completed.nil?
+    if target <= completed and (@completion_state == CompletionState::COMPLETION)
+      if list.include?(completed)
+        if list.one?
+          @completion_state = CompletionState::PERFECT_MATCH
+        else
+          @completion_state = CompletionState::MENU_WITH_PERFECT_MATCH
+        end
+        @perfect_matched = completed
+      else
+        @completion_state = CompletionState::MENU
+      end
+      if not just_show_list and target < completed
+        @line = preposing + completed + completion_append_character.to_s + postposing
+        line_to_pointer = preposing + completed + completion_append_character.to_s
+        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        @cursor = calculate_width(line_to_pointer)
+        @byte_pointer = line_to_pointer.bytesize
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def move_completed_list(list, direction)
+    case @completion_state
+    when CompletionState::NORMAL, CompletionState::COMPLETION,
+         CompletionState::MENU, CompletionState::MENU_WITH_PERFECT_MATCH
+      @completion_state = CompletionState::JOURNEY
+      result = retrieve_completion_block
+      return if result.nil?
+      preposing, target, postposing = result
+      @completion_journey_data = CompletionJourneyData.new(
+        preposing, postposing,
+        [target] + list.select{ |item| item.start_with?(target) }, 0)
+      @completion_state = CompletionState::JOURNEY
+    else
+      case direction
+      when :up
+        @completion_journey_data.pointer -= 1
+        if @completion_journey_data.pointer < 0
+          @completion_journey_data.pointer = @completion_journey_data.list.size - 1
+        end
+      when :down
+        @completion_journey_data.pointer += 1
+        if @completion_journey_data.pointer >= @completion_journey_data.list.size
+          @completion_journey_data.pointer = 0
+        end
+      end
+      completed = @completion_journey_data.list[@completion_journey_data.pointer]
+      @line = @completion_journey_data.preposing + completed + @completion_journey_data.postposing
+      line_to_pointer = @completion_journey_data.preposing + completed
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @cursor = calculate_width(line_to_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer = line_to_pointer.bytesize
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def run_for_operators(key, method_symbol, &block)
+    if @waiting_operator_proc
+      if VI_MOTIONS.include?(method_symbol)
+        old_cursor, old_byte_pointer = @cursor, @byte_pointer
+        @vi_arg = @waiting_operator_vi_arg if @waiting_operator_vi_arg > 1
+        block.(true)
+        unless @waiting_proc
+          cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff = @cursor - old_cursor, @byte_pointer - old_byte_pointer
+          @cursor, @byte_pointer = old_cursor, old_byte_pointer
+          @waiting_operator_proc.(cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff)
+        else
+          old_waiting_proc = @waiting_proc
+          old_waiting_operator_proc = @waiting_operator_proc
+          current_waiting_operator_proc = @waiting_operator_proc
+          @waiting_proc = proc { |k|
+            old_cursor, old_byte_pointer = @cursor, @byte_pointer
+            old_waiting_proc.(k)
+            cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff = @cursor - old_cursor, @byte_pointer - old_byte_pointer
+            @cursor, @byte_pointer = old_cursor, old_byte_pointer
+            current_waiting_operator_proc.(cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff)
+            @waiting_operator_proc = old_waiting_operator_proc
+          }
+        end
+      else
+        # Ignores operator when not motion is given.
+        block.(false)
+      end
+      @waiting_operator_proc = nil
+      @waiting_operator_vi_arg = nil
+      @vi_arg = nil
+    else
+      block.(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def argumentable?(method_obj)
+    method_obj and method_obj.parameters.any? { |param| param[0] == :key and param[1] == :arg }
+  end
+
+  private def inclusive?(method_obj)
+    # If a motion method with the keyword argument "inclusive" follows the
+    # operator, it must contain the character at the cursor position.
+    method_obj and method_obj.parameters.any? { |param| param[0] == :key and param[1] == :inclusive }
+  end
+
+  def wrap_method_call(method_symbol, method_obj, key, with_operator = false)
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs, :vi_insert) and @waiting_proc.nil? and @waiting_operator_proc.nil?
+      not_insertion = method_symbol != :ed_insert
+      process_insert(force: not_insertion)
+    end
+    if @vi_arg and argumentable?(method_obj)
+      if with_operator and inclusive?(method_obj)
+        method_obj.(key, arg: @vi_arg, inclusive: true)
+      else
+        method_obj.(key, arg: @vi_arg)
+      end
+    else
+      if with_operator and inclusive?(method_obj)
+        method_obj.(key, inclusive: true)
+      else
+        method_obj.(key)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def process_key(key, method_symbol)
+    if method_symbol and respond_to?(method_symbol, true)
+      method_obj = method(method_symbol)
+    else
+      method_obj = nil
+    end
+    if method_symbol and key.is_a?(Symbol)
+      if @vi_arg and argumentable?(method_obj)
+        run_for_operators(key, method_symbol) do |with_operator|
+          wrap_method_call(method_symbol, method_obj, key, with_operator)
+        end
+      else
+        wrap_method_call(method_symbol, method_obj, key) if method_obj
+      end
+      @kill_ring.process
+      @vi_arg = nil
+    elsif @vi_arg
+      if key.chr =~ /[0-9]/
+        ed_argument_digit(key)
+      else
+        if argumentable?(method_obj)
+          run_for_operators(key, method_symbol) do |with_operator|
+            wrap_method_call(method_symbol, method_obj, key, with_operator)
+          end
+        elsif @waiting_proc
+          @waiting_proc.(key)
+        elsif method_obj
+          wrap_method_call(method_symbol, method_obj, key)
+        else
+          ed_insert(key) unless @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+        end
+        @kill_ring.process
+        @vi_arg = nil
+      end
+    elsif @waiting_proc
+      @waiting_proc.(key)
+      @kill_ring.process
+    elsif method_obj
+      if method_symbol == :ed_argument_digit
+        wrap_method_call(method_symbol, method_obj, key)
+      else
+        run_for_operators(key, method_symbol) do |with_operator|
+          wrap_method_call(method_symbol, method_obj, key, with_operator)
+        end
+      end
+      @kill_ring.process
+    else
+      ed_insert(key) unless @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def normal_char(key)
+    method_symbol = method_obj = nil
+    if key.combined_char.is_a?(Symbol)
+      process_key(key.combined_char, key.combined_char)
+      return
+    end
+    @multibyte_buffer << key.combined_char
+    if @multibyte_buffer.size > 1
+      if @multibyte_buffer.dup.force_encoding(@encoding).valid_encoding?
+        process_key(@multibyte_buffer.dup.force_encoding(@encoding), nil)
+        @multibyte_buffer.clear
+      else
+        # invalid
+        return
+      end
+    else # single byte
+      return if key.char >= 128 # maybe, first byte of multi byte
+      method_symbol = @config.editing_mode.get_method(key.combined_char)
+      if key.with_meta and method_symbol == :ed_unassigned
+        # split ESC + key
+        method_symbol = @config.editing_mode.get_method("\e".ord)
+        process_key("\e".ord, method_symbol)
+        method_symbol = @config.editing_mode.get_method(key.char)
+        process_key(key.char, method_symbol)
+      else
+        process_key(key.combined_char, method_symbol)
+      end
+      @multibyte_buffer.clear
+    end
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command) and @cursor > 0 and @cursor == @cursor_max
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      @cursor -= width
+    end
+  end
+
+  def input_key(key)
+    @just_cursor_moving = nil
+    if key.char.nil?
+      if @first_char
+        @line = nil
+      end
+      finish
+      return
+    end
+    old_line = @line.dup
+    @first_char = false
+    completion_occurs = false
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs, :vi_insert) and key.char == "\C-i".ord
+      unless @config.disable_completion
+        result = call_completion_proc
+        if result.is_a?(Array)
+          completion_occurs = true
+          process_insert
+          complete(result)
+        end
+      end
+    elsif not @config.disable_completion and @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_insert) and ["\C-p".ord, "\C-n".ord].include?(key.char)
+      unless @config.disable_completion
+        result = call_completion_proc
+        if result.is_a?(Array)
+          completion_occurs = true
+          process_insert
+          move_completed_list(result, "\C-p".ord == key.char ? :up : :down)
+        end
+      end
+    elsif Symbol === key.char and respond_to?(key.char, true)
+      process_key(key.char, key.char)
+    else
+      normal_char(key)
+    end
+    unless completion_occurs
+      @completion_state = CompletionState::NORMAL
+    end
+    if not @in_pasting and @just_cursor_moving.nil?
+      if @previous_line_index and @buffer_of_lines[@previous_line_index] == @line
+        @just_cursor_moving = true
+      elsif @previous_line_index.nil? and @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] == @line and old_line == @line
+        @just_cursor_moving = true
+      else
+        @just_cursor_moving = false
+      end
+    else
+      @just_cursor_moving = false
+    end
+    if @is_multiline and @auto_indent_proc and not simplified_rendering?
+      process_auto_indent
+    end
+  end
+
+  def call_completion_proc
+    result = retrieve_completion_block(true)
+    preposing, target, postposing = result
+    if @completion_proc and target
+      argnum = @completion_proc.parameters.inject(0) { |result, item|
+        case item.first
+        when :req, :opt
+          result + 1
+        when :rest
+          break 3
+        end
+      }
+      case argnum
+      when 1
+        result = @completion_proc.(target)
+      when 2
+        result = @completion_proc.(target, preposing)
+      when 3..Float::INFINITY
+        result = @completion_proc.(target, preposing, postposing)
+      end
+    end
+    Reline.core.instance_variable_set(:@completion_quote_character, nil)
+    result
+  end
+
+  private def process_auto_indent
+    return if not @check_new_auto_indent and @previous_line_index # move cursor up or down
+    if @check_new_auto_indent and @previous_line_index and @previous_line_index > 0 and @line_index > @previous_line_index
+      # Fix indent of a line when a newline is inserted to the next
+      new_lines = whole_lines(index: @previous_line_index, line: @line)
+      new_indent = @auto_indent_proc.(new_lines[0..-3].push(''), @line_index - 1, 0, true)
+      md = @line.match(/\A */)
+      prev_indent = md[0].count(' ')
+      @line = ' ' * new_indent + @line.lstrip
+
+      new_indent = nil
+      result = @auto_indent_proc.(new_lines[0..-2], @line_index - 1, (new_lines[-2].size + 1), false)
+      if result
+        new_indent = result
+      end
+      if new_indent&.>= 0
+        @line = ' ' * new_indent + @line.lstrip
+      end
+    end
+    if @previous_line_index
+      new_lines = whole_lines(index: @previous_line_index, line: @line)
+    else
+      new_lines = whole_lines
+    end
+    new_indent = @auto_indent_proc.(new_lines, @line_index, @byte_pointer, @check_new_auto_indent)
+    new_indent = @cursor_max if new_indent&.> @cursor_max
+    if new_indent&.>= 0
+      md = new_lines[@line_index].match(/\A */)
+      prev_indent = md[0].count(' ')
+      if @check_new_auto_indent
+        @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = ' ' * new_indent + @buffer_of_lines[@line_index].lstrip
+        @cursor = new_indent
+        @byte_pointer = new_indent
+      else
+        @line = ' ' * new_indent + @line.lstrip
+        @cursor += new_indent - prev_indent
+        @byte_pointer += new_indent - prev_indent
+      end
+    end
+    @check_new_auto_indent = false
+  end
+
+  def retrieve_completion_block(set_completion_quote_character = false)
+    if Reline.completer_word_break_characters.empty?
+      word_break_regexp = nil
+    else
+      word_break_regexp = /\A[#{Regexp.escape(Reline.completer_word_break_characters)}]/
+    end
+    if Reline.completer_quote_characters.empty?
+      quote_characters_regexp = nil
+    else
+      quote_characters_regexp = /\A[#{Regexp.escape(Reline.completer_quote_characters)}]/
+    end
+    before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    rest = nil
+    break_pointer = nil
+    quote = nil
+    closing_quote = nil
+    escaped_quote = nil
+    i = 0
+    while i < @byte_pointer do
+      slice = @line.byteslice(i, @byte_pointer - i)
+      unless slice.valid_encoding?
+        i += 1
+        next
+      end
+      if quote and slice.start_with?(closing_quote)
+        quote = nil
+        i += 1
+        rest = nil
+      elsif quote and slice.start_with?(escaped_quote)
+        # skip
+        i += 2
+      elsif quote_characters_regexp and slice =~ quote_characters_regexp # find new "
+        rest = $'
+        quote = $&
+        closing_quote = /(?!\\)#{Regexp.escape(quote)}/
+        escaped_quote = /\\#{Regexp.escape(quote)}/
+        i += 1
+        break_pointer = i - 1
+      elsif word_break_regexp and not quote and slice =~ word_break_regexp
+        rest = $'
+        i += 1
+        before = @line.byteslice(i, @byte_pointer - i)
+        break_pointer = i
+      else
+        i += 1
+      end
+    end
+    postposing = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, @line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
+    if rest
+      preposing = @line.byteslice(0, break_pointer)
+      target = rest
+      if set_completion_quote_character and quote
+        Reline.core.instance_variable_set(:@completion_quote_character, quote)
+        if postposing !~ /(?!\\)#{Regexp.escape(quote)}/ # closing quote
+          insert_text(quote)
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      preposing = ''
+      if break_pointer
+        preposing = @line.byteslice(0, break_pointer)
+      else
+        preposing = ''
+      end
+      target = before
+    end
+    if @is_multiline
+      if @previous_line_index
+        lines = whole_lines(index: @previous_line_index, line: @line)
+      else
+        lines = whole_lines
+      end
+      if @line_index > 0
+        preposing = lines[0..(@line_index - 1)].join("\n") + "\n" + preposing
+      end
+      if (lines.size - 1) > @line_index
+        postposing = postposing + "\n" + lines[(@line_index + 1)..-1].join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+    [preposing.encode(@encoding), target.encode(@encoding), postposing.encode(@encoding)]
+  end
+
+  def confirm_multiline_termination
+    temp_buffer = @buffer_of_lines.dup
+    if @previous_line_index and @line_index == (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
+      temp_buffer[@previous_line_index] = @line
+    else
+      temp_buffer[@line_index] = @line
+    end
+    @confirm_multiline_termination_proc.(temp_buffer.join("\n") + "\n")
+  end
+
+  def insert_text(text)
+    width = calculate_width(text)
+    if @cursor == @cursor_max
+      @line += text
+    else
+      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, text)
+    end
+    @byte_pointer += text.bytesize
+    @cursor += width
+    @cursor_max += width
+  end
+
+  def delete_text(start = nil, length = nil)
+    if start.nil? and length.nil?
+      if @is_multiline
+        if @buffer_of_lines.size == 1
+          @line&.clear
+          @byte_pointer = 0
+          @cursor = 0
+          @cursor_max = 0
+        elsif @line_index == (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1) and @line_index > 0
+          @buffer_of_lines.pop
+          @line_index -= 1
+          @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+          @byte_pointer = 0
+          @cursor = 0
+          @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        elsif @line_index < (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
+          @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index)
+          @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+          @byte_pointer = 0
+          @cursor = 0
+          @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        end
+      else
+        @line&.clear
+        @byte_pointer = 0
+        @cursor = 0
+        @cursor_max = 0
+      end
+    elsif not start.nil? and not length.nil?
+      if @line
+        before = @line.byteslice(0, start)
+        after = @line.byteslice(start + length, @line.bytesize)
+        @line = before + after
+        @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize if @byte_pointer > @line.bytesize
+        str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+        @cursor = calculate_width(str)
+        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      end
+    elsif start.is_a?(Range)
+      range = start
+      first = range.first
+      last = range.last
+      last = @line.bytesize - 1 if last > @line.bytesize
+      last += @line.bytesize if last < 0
+      first += @line.bytesize if first < 0
+      range = range.exclude_end? ? first...last : first..last
+      @line = @line.bytes.reject.with_index{ |c, i| range.include?(i) }.map{ |c| c.chr(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT) }.join.force_encoding(@encoding)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize if @byte_pointer > @line.bytesize
+      str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+      @cursor = calculate_width(str)
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    else
+      @line = @line.byteslice(0, start)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize if @byte_pointer > @line.bytesize
+      str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+      @cursor = calculate_width(str)
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def byte_pointer=(val)
+    @byte_pointer = val
+    str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    @cursor = calculate_width(str)
+    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+  end
+
+  def whole_lines(index: @line_index, line: @line)
+    temp_lines = @buffer_of_lines.dup
+    temp_lines[index] = line
+    temp_lines
+  end
+
+  def whole_buffer
+    if @buffer_of_lines.size == 1 and @line.nil?
+      nil
+    else
+      if @previous_line_index
+        whole_lines(index: @previous_line_index, line: @line).join("\n")
+      else
+        whole_lines.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def finished?
+    @finished
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    @finished = true
+    @rerender_all = true
+    @config.reset
+  end
+
+  private def byteslice!(str, byte_pointer, size)
+    new_str = str.byteslice(0, byte_pointer)
+    new_str << str.byteslice(byte_pointer + size, str.bytesize)
+    [new_str, str.byteslice(byte_pointer, size)]
+  end
+
+  private def byteinsert(str, byte_pointer, other)
+    new_str = str.byteslice(0, byte_pointer)
+    new_str << other
+    new_str << str.byteslice(byte_pointer, str.bytesize)
+    new_str
+  end
+
+  private def calculate_width(str, allow_escape_code = false)
+    Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(str, allow_escape_code)
+  end
+
+  private def key_delete(key)
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_insert, :emacs)
+      ed_delete_next_char(key)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def key_newline(key)
+    if @is_multiline
+      if (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1) == @line_index and @line.bytesize == @byte_pointer
+        @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer = true
+      end
+      next_line = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, @line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
+      cursor_line = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+      insert_new_line(cursor_line, next_line)
+      @cursor = 0
+      @check_new_auto_indent = true unless @in_pasting
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def ed_unassigned(key) end # do nothing
+
+  private def process_insert(force: false)
+    return if @continuous_insertion_buffer.empty? or (@in_pasting and not force)
+    width = Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(@continuous_insertion_buffer)
+    bytesize = @continuous_insertion_buffer.bytesize
+    if @cursor == @cursor_max
+      @line += @continuous_insertion_buffer
+    else
+      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, @continuous_insertion_buffer)
+    end
+    @byte_pointer += bytesize
+    @cursor += width
+    @cursor_max += width
+    @continuous_insertion_buffer.clear
+  end
+
+  private def ed_insert(key)
+    str = nil
+    width = nil
+    bytesize = nil
+    if key.instance_of?(String)
+      begin
+        key.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        return
+      end
+      str = key
+      bytesize = key.bytesize
+    else
+      begin
+        key.chr.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        return
+      end
+      str = key.chr
+      bytesize = 1
+    end
+    if @in_pasting
+      @continuous_insertion_buffer << str
+      return
+    elsif not @continuous_insertion_buffer.empty?
+      process_insert
+    end
+    width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(str)
+    if @cursor == @cursor_max
+      @line += str
+    else
+      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, str)
+    end
+    last_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    @byte_pointer += bytesize
+    last_mbchar = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer - bytesize - last_byte_size), last_byte_size)
+    if last_byte_size != 0 and (last_mbchar + str).grapheme_clusters.size == 1
+      width = 0
+    end
+    @cursor += width
+    @cursor_max += width
+  end
+  alias_method :ed_digit, :ed_insert
+  alias_method :self_insert, :ed_insert
+
+  private def ed_quoted_insert(str, arg: 1)
+    @waiting_proc = proc { |key|
+      arg.times do
+        if key == "\C-j".ord or key == "\C-m".ord
+          key_newline(key)
+        else
+          ed_insert(key)
+        end
+      end
+      @waiting_proc = nil
+    }
+  end
+  alias_method :quoted_insert, :ed_quoted_insert
+
+  private def ed_next_char(key, arg: 1)
+    byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    if (@byte_pointer < @line.bytesize)
+      mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      @cursor += width if width
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+    elsif @is_multiline and @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs) and @byte_pointer == @line.bytesize and @line_index < @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+      next_line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index + 1]
+      @cursor = 0
+      @byte_pointer = 0
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(next_line)
+      @previous_line_index = @line_index
+      @line_index += 1
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    ed_next_char(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+  alias_method :forward_char, :ed_next_char
+
+  private def ed_prev_char(key, arg: 1)
+    if @cursor > 0
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      @cursor -= width
+    elsif @is_multiline and @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs) and @byte_pointer == 0 and @line_index > 0
+      prev_line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1]
+      @cursor = calculate_width(prev_line)
+      @byte_pointer = prev_line.bytesize
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(prev_line)
+      @previous_line_index = @line_index
+      @line_index -= 1
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    ed_prev_char(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+  alias_method :backward_char, :ed_prev_char
+
+  private def vi_first_print(key)
+    @byte_pointer, @cursor = Reline::Unicode.vi_first_print(@line)
+  end
+
+  private def ed_move_to_beg(key)
+    @byte_pointer = @cursor = 0
+  end
+  alias_method :beginning_of_line, :ed_move_to_beg
+
+  private def ed_move_to_end(key)
+    @byte_pointer = 0
+    @cursor = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while @byte_pointer < @line.bytesize
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      if byte_size > 0
+        mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        @cursor += Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      end
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :end_of_line, :ed_move_to_end
+
+  private def generate_searcher
+    Fiber.new do |first_key|
+      prev_search_key = first_key
+      search_word = String.new(encoding: @encoding)
+      multibyte_buf = String.new(encoding: 'ASCII-8BIT')
+      last_hit = nil
+      case first_key
+      when "\C-r".ord
+        prompt_name = 'reverse-i-search'
+      when "\C-s".ord
+        prompt_name = 'i-search'
+      end
+      loop do
+        key = Fiber.yield(search_word)
+        search_again = false
+        case key
+        when -1 # determined
+          Reline.last_incremental_search = search_word
+          break
+        when "\C-h".ord, "\C-?".ord
+          grapheme_clusters = search_word.grapheme_clusters
+          if grapheme_clusters.size > 0
+            grapheme_clusters.pop
+            search_word = grapheme_clusters.join
+          end
+        when "\C-r".ord, "\C-s".ord
+          search_again = true if prev_search_key == key
+          prev_search_key = key
+        else
+          multibyte_buf << key
+          if multibyte_buf.dup.force_encoding(@encoding).valid_encoding?
+            search_word << multibyte_buf.dup.force_encoding(@encoding)
+            multibyte_buf.clear
+          end
+        end
+        hit = nil
+        if not search_word.empty? and @line_backup_in_history&.include?(search_word)
+          @history_pointer = nil
+          hit = @line_backup_in_history
+        else
+          if search_again
+            if search_word.empty? and Reline.last_incremental_search
+              search_word = Reline.last_incremental_search
+            end
+            if @history_pointer
+              case prev_search_key
+              when "\C-r".ord
+                history_pointer_base = 0
+                history = Reline::HISTORY[0..(@history_pointer - 1)]
+              when "\C-s".ord
+                history_pointer_base = @history_pointer + 1
+                history = Reline::HISTORY[(@history_pointer + 1)..-1]
+              end
+            else
+              history_pointer_base = 0
+              history = Reline::HISTORY
+            end
+          elsif @history_pointer
+            case prev_search_key
+            when "\C-r".ord
+              history_pointer_base = 0
+              history = Reline::HISTORY[0..@history_pointer]
+            when "\C-s".ord
+              history_pointer_base = @history_pointer
+              history = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer..-1]
+            end
+          else
+            history_pointer_base = 0
+            history = Reline::HISTORY
+          end
+          case prev_search_key
+          when "\C-r".ord
+            hit_index = history.rindex { |item|
+              item.include?(search_word)
+            }
+          when "\C-s".ord
+            hit_index = history.index { |item|
+              item.include?(search_word)
+            }
+          end
+          if hit_index
+            @history_pointer = history_pointer_base + hit_index
+            hit = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+          end
+        end
+        case prev_search_key
+        when "\C-r".ord
+          prompt_name = 'reverse-i-search'
+        when "\C-s".ord
+          prompt_name = 'i-search'
+        end
+        if hit
+          if @is_multiline
+            @buffer_of_lines = hit.split("\n")
+            @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+            @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+            @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
+            @rerender_all = true
+            @searching_prompt = "(%s)`%s'" % [prompt_name, search_word]
+          else
+            @line = hit
+            @searching_prompt = "(%s)`%s': %s" % [prompt_name, search_word, hit]
+          end
+          last_hit = hit
+        else
+          if @is_multiline
+            @rerender_all = true
+            @searching_prompt = "(failed %s)`%s'" % [prompt_name, search_word]
+          else
+            @searching_prompt = "(failed %s)`%s': %s" % [prompt_name, search_word, last_hit]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def incremental_search_history(key)
+    unless @history_pointer
+      if @is_multiline
+        @line_backup_in_history = whole_buffer
+      else
+        @line_backup_in_history = @line
+      end
+    end
+    searcher = generate_searcher
+    searcher.resume(key)
+    @searching_prompt = "(reverse-i-search)`': "
+    termination_keys = ["\C-j".ord]
+    termination_keys.concat(@config.isearch_terminators&.chars&.map(&:ord)) if @config.isearch_terminators
+    @waiting_proc = ->(k) {
+      case k
+      when *termination_keys
+        if @history_pointer
+          buffer = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+        else
+          buffer = @line_backup_in_history
+        end
+        if @is_multiline
+          @buffer_of_lines = buffer.split("\n")
+          @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+          @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+          @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
+          @rerender_all = true
+        else
+          @line = buffer
+        end
+        @searching_prompt = nil
+        @waiting_proc = nil
+        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        @cursor = @byte_pointer = 0
+        @rerender_all = true
+        @cached_prompt_list = nil
+        searcher.resume(-1)
+      when "\C-g".ord
+        if @is_multiline
+          @buffer_of_lines = @line_backup_in_history.split("\n")
+          @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+          @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+          @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
+          @rerender_all = true
+        else
+          @line = @line_backup_in_history
+        end
+        @history_pointer = nil
+        @searching_prompt = nil
+        @waiting_proc = nil
+        @line_backup_in_history = nil
+        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        @cursor = @byte_pointer = 0
+        @rerender_all = true
+      else
+        chr = k.is_a?(String) ? k : k.chr(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+        if chr.match?(/[[:print:]]/) or k == "\C-h".ord or k == "\C-?".ord or k == "\C-r".ord or k == "\C-s".ord
+          searcher.resume(k)
+        else
+          if @history_pointer
+            line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+          else
+            line = @line_backup_in_history
+          end
+          if @is_multiline
+            @line_backup_in_history = whole_buffer
+            @buffer_of_lines = line.split("\n")
+            @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+            @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+            @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
+            @rerender_all = true
+          else
+            @line_backup_in_history = @line
+            @line = line
+          end
+          @searching_prompt = nil
+          @waiting_proc = nil
+          @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+          @cursor = @byte_pointer = 0
+          @rerender_all = true
+          @cached_prompt_list = nil
+          searcher.resume(-1)
+        end
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  private def vi_search_prev(key)
+    incremental_search_history(key)
+  end
+  alias_method :reverse_search_history, :vi_search_prev
+
+  private def vi_search_next(key)
+    incremental_search_history(key)
+  end
+  alias_method :forward_search_history, :vi_search_next
+
+  private def ed_search_prev_history(key, arg: 1)
+    history = nil
+    h_pointer = nil
+    line_no = nil
+    substr = @line.slice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    if @history_pointer.nil?
+      return if not @line.empty? and substr.empty?
+      history = Reline::HISTORY
+    elsif @history_pointer.zero?
+      history = nil
+      h_pointer = nil
+    else
+      history = Reline::HISTORY.slice(0, @history_pointer)
+    end
+    return if history.nil?
+    if @is_multiline
+      h_pointer = history.rindex { |h|
+        h.split("\n").each_with_index { |l, i|
+          if l.start_with?(substr)
+            line_no = i
+            break
+          end
+        }
+        not line_no.nil?
+      }
+    else
+      h_pointer = history.rindex { |l|
+        l.start_with?(substr)
+      }
+    end
+    return if h_pointer.nil?
+    @history_pointer = h_pointer
+    if @is_multiline
+      @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
+      @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+      @line_index = line_no
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+      @rerender_all = true
+    else
+      @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+    end
+    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    arg -= 1
+    ed_search_prev_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+  alias_method :history_search_backward, :ed_search_prev_history
+
+  private def ed_search_next_history(key, arg: 1)
+    substr = @line.slice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    if @history_pointer.nil?
+      return
+    elsif @history_pointer == (Reline::HISTORY.size - 1) and not substr.empty?
+      return
+    end
+    history = Reline::HISTORY.slice((@history_pointer + 1)..-1)
+    h_pointer = nil
+    line_no = nil
+    if @is_multiline
+      h_pointer = history.index { |h|
+        h.split("\n").each_with_index { |l, i|
+          if l.start_with?(substr)
+            line_no = i
+            break
+          end
+        }
+        not line_no.nil?
+      }
+    else
+      h_pointer = history.index { |l|
+        l.start_with?(substr)
+      }
+    end
+    h_pointer += @history_pointer + 1 if h_pointer and @history_pointer
+    return if h_pointer.nil? and not substr.empty?
+    @history_pointer = h_pointer
+    if @is_multiline
+      if @history_pointer.nil? and substr.empty?
+        @buffer_of_lines = []
+        @line_index = 0
+      else
+        @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
+        @line_index = line_no
+      end
+      @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+      @rerender_all = true
+    else
+      if @history_pointer.nil? and substr.empty?
+        @line = ''
+      else
+        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+      end
+    end
+    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    arg -= 1
+    ed_search_next_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+  alias_method :history_search_forward, :ed_search_next_history
+
+  private def ed_prev_history(key, arg: 1)
+    if @is_multiline and @line_index > 0
+      @previous_line_index = @line_index
+      @line_index -= 1
+      return
+    end
+    if Reline::HISTORY.empty?
+      return
+    end
+    if @history_pointer.nil?
+      @history_pointer = Reline::HISTORY.size - 1
+      if @is_multiline
+        @line_backup_in_history = whole_buffer
+        @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
+        @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+        @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+        @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
+        @rerender_all = true
+      else
+        @line_backup_in_history = @line
+        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+      end
+    elsif @history_pointer.zero?
+      return
+    else
+      if @is_multiline
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = whole_buffer
+        @history_pointer -= 1
+        @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
+        @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+        @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+        @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
+        @rerender_all = true
+      else
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+        @history_pointer -= 1
+        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+      end
+    end
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs, :vi_insert)
+      @cursor_max = @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+    elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+      @byte_pointer = @cursor = 0
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    ed_prev_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def ed_next_history(key, arg: 1)
+    if @is_multiline and @line_index < (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
+      @previous_line_index = @line_index
+      @line_index += 1
+      return
+    end
+    if @history_pointer.nil?
+      return
+    elsif @history_pointer == (Reline::HISTORY.size - 1)
+      if @is_multiline
+        @history_pointer = nil
+        @buffer_of_lines = @line_backup_in_history.split("\n")
+        @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+        @line_index = 0
+        @line = @buffer_of_lines.first
+        @rerender_all = true
+      else
+        @history_pointer = nil
+        @line = @line_backup_in_history
+      end
+    else
+      if @is_multiline
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = whole_buffer
+        @history_pointer += 1
+        @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
+        @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+        @line_index = 0
+        @line = @buffer_of_lines.first
+        @rerender_all = true
+      else
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+        @history_pointer += 1
+        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+      end
+    end
+    @line = '' unless @line
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs, :vi_insert)
+      @cursor_max = @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+    elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+      @byte_pointer = @cursor = 0
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    ed_next_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def ed_newline(key)
+    process_insert(force: true)
+    if @is_multiline
+      if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+        if @line_index < (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
+          ed_next_history(key) # means cursor down
+        else
+          # should check confirm_multiline_termination to finish?
+          finish
+        end
+      else
+        if @line_index == (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
+          if confirm_multiline_termination
+            finish
+          else
+            key_newline(key)
+          end
+        else
+          # should check confirm_multiline_termination to finish?
+          @previous_line_index = @line_index
+          @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+          finish
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      if @history_pointer
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+        @history_pointer = nil
+      end
+      finish
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def em_delete_prev_char(key)
+    if @is_multiline and @cursor == 0 and @line_index > 0
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
+      @cursor = calculate_width(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1])
+      @byte_pointer = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1].bytesize
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1] += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index)
+      @line_index -= 1
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @rerender_all = true
+    elsif @cursor > 0
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      @cursor -= width
+      @cursor_max -= width
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :backward_delete_char, :em_delete_prev_char
+
+  private def ed_kill_line(key)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      @line, deleted = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, @line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @cursor = @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @kill_ring.append(deleted)
+    elsif @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == @line.bytesize and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
+      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @line += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1)
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
+      @rerender_all = true
+      @rest_height += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def em_kill_line(key)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      @line, deleted = byteslice!(@line, 0, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer = 0
+      @kill_ring.append(deleted, true)
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @cursor = 0
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :kill_line, :em_kill_line
+
+  private def em_delete(key)
+    if (not @is_multiline and @line.empty?) or (@is_multiline and @line.empty? and @buffer_of_lines.size == 1)
+      @line = nil
+      if @buffer_of_lines.size > 1
+        scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
+      end
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      @eof = true
+      finish
+    elsif @byte_pointer < @line.bytesize
+      splitted_last = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, @line.bytesize)
+      mbchar = splitted_last.grapheme_clusters.first
+      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      @cursor_max -= width
+      @line, = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, mbchar.bytesize)
+    elsif @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == @line.bytesize and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
+      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @line += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1)
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
+      @rerender_all = true
+      @rest_height += 1
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :delete_char, :em_delete
+
+  private def em_delete_or_list(key)
+    if @line.empty? or @byte_pointer < @line.bytesize
+      em_delete(key)
+    else # show completed list
+      result = call_completion_proc
+      if result.is_a?(Array)
+        complete(result, true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :delete_char_or_list, :em_delete_or_list
+
+  private def em_yank(key)
+    yanked = @kill_ring.yank
+    if yanked
+      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, yanked)
+      yanked_width = calculate_width(yanked)
+      @cursor += yanked_width
+      @cursor_max += yanked_width
+      @byte_pointer += yanked.bytesize
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :yank, :em_yank
+
+  private def em_yank_pop(key)
+    yanked, prev_yank = @kill_ring.yank_pop
+    if yanked
+      prev_yank_width = calculate_width(prev_yank)
+      @cursor -= prev_yank_width
+      @cursor_max -= prev_yank_width
+      @byte_pointer -= prev_yank.bytesize
+      @line, = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, prev_yank.bytesize)
+      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, yanked)
+      yanked_width = calculate_width(yanked)
+      @cursor += yanked_width
+      @cursor_max += yanked_width
+      @byte_pointer += yanked.bytesize
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :yank_pop, :em_yank_pop
+
+  private def ed_clear_screen(key)
+    @cleared = true
+  end
+  alias_method :clear_screen, :ed_clear_screen
+
+  private def em_next_word(key)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      @cursor += width
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :forward_word, :em_next_word
+
+  private def ed_prev_word(key)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @cursor -= width
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :backward_word, :ed_prev_word
+
+  private def em_delete_next_word(key)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @line, word = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      @kill_ring.append(word)
+      @cursor_max -= width
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def ed_delete_prev_word(key)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @line, word = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
+      @kill_ring.append(word, true)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @cursor -= width
+      @cursor_max -= width
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def ed_transpose_chars(key)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      if @cursor_max > @cursor
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+        mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        @cursor += width
+        @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      end
+      back1_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      if (@byte_pointer - back1_byte_size) > 0
+        back2_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer - back1_byte_size)
+        back2_pointer = @byte_pointer - back1_byte_size - back2_byte_size
+        @line, back2_mbchar = byteslice!(@line, back2_pointer, back2_byte_size)
+        @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer - back2_byte_size, back2_mbchar)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :transpose_chars, :ed_transpose_chars
+
+  private def ed_transpose_words(key)
+    left_word_start, middle_start, right_word_start, after_start = Reline::Unicode.ed_transpose_words(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    before = @line.byteslice(0, left_word_start)
+    left_word = @line.byteslice(left_word_start, middle_start - left_word_start)
+    middle = @line.byteslice(middle_start, right_word_start - middle_start)
+    right_word = @line.byteslice(right_word_start, after_start - right_word_start)
+    after = @line.byteslice(after_start, @line.bytesize - after_start)
+    return if left_word.empty? or right_word.empty?
+    @line = before + right_word + middle + left_word + after
+    from_head_to_left_word = before + right_word + middle + left_word
+    @byte_pointer = from_head_to_left_word.bytesize
+    @cursor = calculate_width(from_head_to_left_word)
+  end
+  alias_method :transpose_words, :ed_transpose_words
+
+  private def em_capitol_case(key)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _, new_str = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word_with_capitalization(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+      after = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
+      @line = before + new_str + after
+      @byte_pointer += new_str.bytesize
+      @cursor += calculate_width(new_str)
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :capitalize_word, :em_capitol_case
+
+  private def em_lower_case(key)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      part = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size).grapheme_clusters.map { |mbchar|
+        mbchar =~ /[A-Z]/ ? mbchar.downcase : mbchar
+      }.join
+      rest = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
+      @line = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer) + part
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
+      @cursor_max = @cursor + calculate_width(rest)
+      @line += rest
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :downcase_word, :em_lower_case
+
+  private def em_upper_case(key)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      part = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size).grapheme_clusters.map { |mbchar|
+        mbchar =~ /[a-z]/ ? mbchar.upcase : mbchar
+      }.join
+      rest = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
+      @line = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer) + part
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
+      @cursor_max = @cursor + calculate_width(rest)
+      @line += rest
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :upcase_word, :em_upper_case
+
+  private def em_kill_region(key)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_big_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @line, deleted = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @cursor -= width
+      @cursor_max -= width
+      @kill_ring.append(deleted, true)
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :unix_word_rubout, :em_kill_region
+
+  private def copy_for_vi(text)
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_insert) or @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
+      @vi_clipboard = text
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def vi_insert(key)
+    @config.editing_mode = :vi_insert
+  end
+
+  private def vi_add(key)
+    @config.editing_mode = :vi_insert
+    ed_next_char(key)
+  end
+
+  private def vi_command_mode(key)
+    ed_prev_char(key)
+    @config.editing_mode = :vi_command
+  end
+  alias_method :vi_movement_mode, :vi_command_mode
+
+  private def vi_next_word(key, arg: 1)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer, @drop_terminate_spaces)
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      @cursor += width
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    vi_next_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_prev_word(key, arg: 1)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @cursor -= width
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    vi_prev_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_end_word(key, arg: 1, inclusive: false)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_forward_end_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      @cursor += width
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    if inclusive and arg.zero?
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      if byte_size > 0
+        c = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(c)
+        @byte_pointer += byte_size
+        @cursor += width
+      end
+    end
+    vi_end_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_next_big_word(key, arg: 1)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      @cursor += width
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    vi_next_big_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_prev_big_word(key, arg: 1)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @cursor -= width
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    vi_prev_big_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_end_big_word(key, arg: 1, inclusive: false)
+    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_forward_end_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      @cursor += width
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    if inclusive and arg.zero?
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      if byte_size > 0
+        c = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(c)
+        @byte_pointer += byte_size
+        @cursor += width
+      end
+    end
+    vi_end_big_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_delete_prev_char(key)
+    if @is_multiline and @cursor == 0 and @line_index > 0
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
+      @cursor = calculate_width(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1])
+      @byte_pointer = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1].bytesize
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1] += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index)
+      @line_index -= 1
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @rerender_all = true
+    elsif @cursor > 0
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      @cursor -= width
+      @cursor_max -= width
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def vi_insert_at_bol(key)
+    ed_move_to_beg(key)
+    @config.editing_mode = :vi_insert
+  end
+
+  private def vi_add_at_eol(key)
+    ed_move_to_end(key)
+    @config.editing_mode = :vi_insert
+  end
+
+  private def ed_delete_prev_char(key, arg: 1)
+    deleted = ''
+    arg.times do
+      if @cursor > 0
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+        @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+        @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        deleted.prepend(mbchar)
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        @cursor -= width
+        @cursor_max -= width
+      end
+    end
+    copy_for_vi(deleted)
+  end
+
+  private def vi_zero(key)
+    @byte_pointer = 0
+    @cursor = 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_change_meta(key, arg: 1)
+    @drop_terminate_spaces = true
+    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff|
+      if byte_pointer_diff > 0
+        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
+      elsif byte_pointer_diff < 0
+        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
+      end
+      copy_for_vi(cut)
+      @cursor += cursor_diff if cursor_diff < 0
+      @cursor_max -= cursor_diff.abs
+      @byte_pointer += byte_pointer_diff if byte_pointer_diff < 0
+      @config.editing_mode = :vi_insert
+      @drop_terminate_spaces = false
+    }
+    @waiting_operator_vi_arg = arg
+  end
+
+  private def vi_delete_meta(key, arg: 1)
+    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff|
+      if byte_pointer_diff > 0
+        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
+      elsif byte_pointer_diff < 0
+        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
+      end
+      copy_for_vi(cut)
+      @cursor += cursor_diff if cursor_diff < 0
+      @cursor_max -= cursor_diff.abs
+      @byte_pointer += byte_pointer_diff if byte_pointer_diff < 0
+    }
+    @waiting_operator_vi_arg = arg
+  end
+
+  private def vi_yank(key, arg: 1)
+    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff|
+      if byte_pointer_diff > 0
+        cut = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
+      elsif byte_pointer_diff < 0
+        cut = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
+      end
+      copy_for_vi(cut)
+    }
+    @waiting_operator_vi_arg = arg
+  end
+
+  private def vi_list_or_eof(key)
+    if (not @is_multiline and @line.empty?) or (@is_multiline and @line.empty? and @buffer_of_lines.size == 1)
+      @line = nil
+      if @buffer_of_lines.size > 1
+        scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
+      end
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+      @eof = true
+      finish
+    else
+      ed_newline(key)
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :vi_end_of_transmission, :vi_list_or_eof
+  alias_method :vi_eof_maybe, :vi_list_or_eof
+
+  private def ed_delete_next_char(key, arg: 1)
+    byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    unless @line.empty? || byte_size == 0
+      @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      copy_for_vi(mbchar)
+      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      @cursor_max -= width
+      if @cursor > 0 and @cursor >= @cursor_max
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+        mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+        @cursor -= width
+      end
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    ed_delete_next_char(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_to_history_line(key)
+    if Reline::HISTORY.empty?
+      return
+    end
+    if @history_pointer.nil?
+      @history_pointer = 0
+      @line_backup_in_history = @line
+      @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @cursor = 0
+      @byte_pointer = 0
+    elsif @history_pointer.zero?
+      return
+    else
+      Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+      @history_pointer = 0
+      @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @cursor = 0
+      @byte_pointer = 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def vi_histedit(key)
+    path = Tempfile.open { |fp|
+      if @is_multiline
+        fp.write whole_lines.join("\n")
+      else
+        fp.write @line
+      end
+      fp.path
+    }
+    system("#{ENV['EDITOR']} #{path}")
+    if @is_multiline
+      @buffer_of_lines = File.read(path).split("\n")
+      @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
+      @line_index = 0
+      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+      @rerender_all = true
+    else
+      @line = File.read(path)
+    end
+    finish
+  end
+
+  private def vi_paste_prev(key, arg: 1)
+    if @vi_clipboard.size > 0
+      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, @vi_clipboard)
+      @cursor_max += calculate_width(@vi_clipboard)
+      cursor_point = @vi_clipboard.grapheme_clusters[0..-2].join
+      @cursor += calculate_width(cursor_point)
+      @byte_pointer += cursor_point.bytesize
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    vi_paste_prev(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def vi_paste_next(key, arg: 1)
+    if @vi_clipboard.size > 0
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_size, @vi_clipboard)
+      @cursor_max += calculate_width(@vi_clipboard)
+      @cursor += calculate_width(@vi_clipboard)
+      @byte_pointer += @vi_clipboard.bytesize
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    vi_paste_next(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def ed_argument_digit(key)
+    if @vi_arg.nil?
+      unless key.chr.to_i.zero?
+        @vi_arg = key.chr.to_i
+      end
+    else
+      @vi_arg = @vi_arg * 10 + key.chr.to_i
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def vi_to_column(key, arg: 0)
+    @byte_pointer, @cursor = @line.grapheme_clusters.inject([0, 0]) { |total, gc|
+      # total has [byte_size, cursor]
+      mbchar_width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(gc)
+      if (total.last + mbchar_width) >= arg
+        break total
+      elsif (total.last + mbchar_width) >= @cursor_max
+        break total
+      else
+        total = [total.first + gc.bytesize, total.last + mbchar_width]
+        total
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  private def vi_replace_char(key, arg: 1)
+    @waiting_proc = ->(k) {
+      if arg == 1
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+        before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+        remaining_point = @byte_pointer + byte_size
+        after = @line.byteslice(remaining_point, @line.bytesize - remaining_point)
+        @line = before + k.chr + after
+        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        @waiting_proc = nil
+      elsif arg > 1
+        byte_size = 0
+        arg.times do
+          byte_size += Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        end
+        before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+        remaining_point = @byte_pointer + byte_size
+        after = @line.byteslice(remaining_point, @line.bytesize - remaining_point)
+        replaced = k.chr * arg
+        @line = before + replaced + after
+        @byte_pointer += replaced.bytesize
+        @cursor += calculate_width(replaced)
+        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        @waiting_proc = nil
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  private def vi_next_char(key, arg: 1, inclusive: false)
+    @waiting_proc = ->(key_for_proc) { search_next_char(key_for_proc, arg, inclusive: inclusive) }
+  end
+
+  private def vi_to_next_char(key, arg: 1, inclusive: false)
+    @waiting_proc = ->(key_for_proc) { search_next_char(key_for_proc, arg, need_prev_char: true, inclusive: inclusive) }
+  end
+
+  private def search_next_char(key, arg, need_prev_char: false, inclusive: false)
+    if key.instance_of?(String)
+      inputed_char = key
+    else
+      inputed_char = key.chr
+    end
+    prev_total = nil
+    total = nil
+    found = false
+    @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer..-1).grapheme_clusters.each do |mbchar|
+      # total has [byte_size, cursor]
+      unless total
+        # skip cursor point
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        total = [mbchar.bytesize, width]
+      else
+        if inputed_char == mbchar
+          arg -= 1
+          if arg.zero?
+            found = true
+            break
+          end
+        end
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        prev_total = total
+        total = [total.first + mbchar.bytesize, total.last + width]
+      end
+    end
+    if not need_prev_char and found and total
+      byte_size, width = total
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      @cursor += width
+    elsif need_prev_char and found and prev_total
+      byte_size, width = prev_total
+      @byte_pointer += byte_size
+      @cursor += width
+    end
+    if inclusive
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      if byte_size > 0
+        c = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(c)
+        @byte_pointer += byte_size
+        @cursor += width
+      end
+    end
+    @waiting_proc = nil
+  end
+
+  private def vi_prev_char(key, arg: 1)
+    @waiting_proc = ->(key_for_proc) { search_prev_char(key_for_proc, arg) }
+  end
+
+  private def vi_to_prev_char(key, arg: 1)
+    @waiting_proc = ->(key_for_proc) { search_prev_char(key_for_proc, arg, true) }
+  end
+
+  private def search_prev_char(key, arg, need_next_char = false)
+    if key.instance_of?(String)
+      inputed_char = key
+    else
+      inputed_char = key.chr
+    end
+    prev_total = nil
+    total = nil
+    found = false
+    @line.byteslice(0..@byte_pointer).grapheme_clusters.reverse_each do |mbchar|
+      # total has [byte_size, cursor]
+      unless total
+        # skip cursor point
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        total = [mbchar.bytesize, width]
+      else
+        if inputed_char == mbchar
+          arg -= 1
+          if arg.zero?
+            found = true
+            break
+          end
+        end
+        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        prev_total = total
+        total = [total.first + mbchar.bytesize, total.last + width]
+      end
+    end
+    if not need_next_char and found and total
+      byte_size, width = total
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @cursor -= width
+    elsif need_next_char and found and prev_total
+      byte_size, width = prev_total
+      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
+      @cursor -= width
+    end
+    @waiting_proc = nil
+  end
+
+  private def vi_join_lines(key, arg: 1)
+    if @is_multiline and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
+      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
+      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @line += ' ' + @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1).lstrip
+      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
+      @rerender_all = true
+      @rest_height += 1
+    end
+    arg -= 1
+    vi_join_lines(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+  end
+
+  private def em_set_mark(key)
+    @mark_pointer = [@byte_pointer, @line_index]
+  end
+  alias_method :set_mark, :em_set_mark
+
+  private def em_exchange_mark(key)
+    return unless @mark_pointer
+    new_pointer = [@byte_pointer, @line_index]
+    @previous_line_index = @line_index
+    @byte_pointer, @line_index = @mark_pointer
+    @cursor = calculate_width(@line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer))
+    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    @mark_pointer = new_pointer
+  end
+  alias_method :exchange_point_and_mark, :em_exchange_mark
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/reline.gemspec b/lib/reline/reline.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..763c0f8bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/reline.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+require 'reline/version'
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = 'reline'
+  spec.version       = Reline::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ['aycabta']
+  spec.email         = ['aycabta@gmail.com']
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Alternative GNU Readline or Editline implementation by pure Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Alternative GNU Readline or Editline implementation by pure Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = 'https://github.com/ruby/reline'
+  spec.license       = 'Ruby'
+
+  spec.files         = Dir['BSDL', 'COPYING', 'README.md', 'license_of_rb-readline', 'lib/**/*']
+  spec.require_paths = ['lib']
+
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new('>= 2.5')
+
+  spec.add_dependency 'io-console', '~> 0.5'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'bundler'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'rake'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'test-unit'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'yamatanooroti', '>= 0.0.6'
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/unicode.rb b/lib/reline/unicode.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7dbe8a12a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/unicode.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+class Reline::Unicode
+  EscapedPairs = {
+    0x00 => '^@',
+    0x01 => '^A', # C-a
+    0x02 => '^B',
+    0x03 => '^C',
+    0x04 => '^D',
+    0x05 => '^E',
+    0x06 => '^F',
+    0x07 => '^G',
+    0x08 => '^H', # Backspace
+    0x09 => '^I',
+    0x0A => '^J',
+    0x0B => '^K',
+    0x0C => '^L',
+    0x0D => '^M', # Enter
+    0x0E => '^N',
+    0x0F => '^O',
+    0x10 => '^P',
+    0x11 => '^Q',
+    0x12 => '^R',
+    0x13 => '^S',
+    0x14 => '^T',
+    0x15 => '^U',
+    0x16 => '^V',
+    0x17 => '^W',
+    0x18 => '^X',
+    0x19 => '^Y',
+    0x1A => '^Z', # C-z
+    0x1B => '^[', # C-[ C-3
+    0x1D => '^]', # C-]
+    0x1E => '^^', # C-~ C-6
+    0x1F => '^_', # C-_ C-7
+    0x7F => '^?', # C-? C-8
+  }
+  EscapedChars = EscapedPairs.keys.map(&:chr)
+
+  NON_PRINTING_START = "\1"
+  NON_PRINTING_END = "\2"
+  CSI_REGEXP = /\e\[[\d;]*[ABCDEFGHJKSTfminsuhl]/
+  OSC_REGEXP = /\e\]\d+(?:;[^;]+)*\a/
+  WIDTH_SCANNER = /\G(?:(#{NON_PRINTING_START})|(#{NON_PRINTING_END})|(#{CSI_REGEXP})|(#{OSC_REGEXP})|(\X))/o
+  NON_PRINTING_START_INDEX = 0
+  NON_PRINTING_END_INDEX = 1
+  CSI_REGEXP_INDEX = 2
+  OSC_REGEXP_INDEX = 3
+  GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_INDEX = 4
+
+  def self.get_mbchar_byte_size_by_first_char(c)
+    # Checks UTF-8 character byte size
+    case c.ord
+    # 0b0xxxxxxx
+    when ->(code) { (code ^ 0b10000000).allbits?(0b10000000) } then 1
+    # 0b110xxxxx
+    when ->(code) { (code ^ 0b00100000).allbits?(0b11100000) } then 2
+    # 0b1110xxxx
+    when ->(code) { (code ^ 0b00010000).allbits?(0b11110000) } then 3
+    # 0b11110xxx
+    when ->(code) { (code ^ 0b00001000).allbits?(0b11111000) } then 4
+    # 0b111110xx
+    when ->(code) { (code ^ 0b00000100).allbits?(0b11111100) } then 5
+    # 0b1111110x
+    when ->(code) { (code ^ 0b00000010).allbits?(0b11111110) } then 6
+    # successor of mbchar
+    else 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.escape_for_print(str)
+    str.chars.map! { |gr|
+      escaped = EscapedPairs[gr.ord]
+      if escaped && gr != -"\n" && gr != -"\t"
+        escaped
+      else
+        gr
+      end
+    }.join
+  end
+
+  require 'reline/unicode/east_asian_width'
+
+  MBCharWidthRE = /
+    (?<width_2_1>
+      [#{ EscapedChars.map {|c| "\\x%02x" % c.ord }.join }] (?# ^ + char, such as ^M, ^H, ^[, ...)
+    )
+  | (?<width_3>^\u{2E3B}) (?# THREE-EM DASH)
+  | (?<width_0>^\p{M})
+  | (?<width_2_2>
+      #{ EastAsianWidth::TYPE_F }
+    | #{ EastAsianWidth::TYPE_W }
+    )
+  | (?<width_1>
+      #{ EastAsianWidth::TYPE_H }
+    | #{ EastAsianWidth::TYPE_NA }
+    | #{ EastAsianWidth::TYPE_N }
+    )
+  | (?<ambiguous_width>
+      #{EastAsianWidth::TYPE_A}
+    )
+  /x
+
+  def self.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+    ord = mbchar.ord
+    if (0x00 <= ord and ord <= 0x1F)
+      return 2
+    elsif (0x20 <= ord and ord <= 0x7E)
+      return 1
+    end
+    m = mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8).match(MBCharWidthRE)
+    case
+    when m.nil? then 1 # TODO should be U+FFFD � REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
+    when m[:width_2_1], m[:width_2_2] then 2
+    when m[:width_3] then 3
+    when m[:width_0] then 0
+    when m[:width_1] then 1
+    when m[:ambiguous_width] then Reline.ambiguous_width
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.calculate_width(str, allow_escape_code = false)
+    if allow_escape_code
+      width = 0
+      rest = str.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      in_zero_width = false
+      rest.scan(WIDTH_SCANNER) do |gc|
+        case
+        when gc[NON_PRINTING_START_INDEX]
+          in_zero_width = true
+        when gc[NON_PRINTING_END_INDEX]
+          in_zero_width = false
+        when gc[CSI_REGEXP_INDEX], gc[OSC_REGEXP_INDEX]
+        when gc[GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_INDEX]
+          gc = gc[GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_INDEX]
+          unless in_zero_width
+            width += get_mbchar_width(gc)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      width
+    else
+      str.encode(Encoding::UTF_8).grapheme_clusters.inject(0) { |w, gc|
+        w + get_mbchar_width(gc)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.split_by_width(str, max_width, encoding = str.encoding)
+    lines = [String.new(encoding: encoding)]
+    height = 1
+    width = 0
+    rest = str.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+    in_zero_width = false
+    rest.scan(WIDTH_SCANNER) do |gc|
+      case
+      when gc[NON_PRINTING_START_INDEX]
+        in_zero_width = true
+      when gc[NON_PRINTING_END_INDEX]
+        in_zero_width = false
+      when gc[CSI_REGEXP_INDEX]
+        lines.last << gc[CSI_REGEXP_INDEX]
+      when gc[OSC_REGEXP_INDEX]
+        lines.last << gc[OSC_REGEXP_INDEX]
+      when gc[GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_INDEX]
+        gc = gc[GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_INDEX]
+        unless in_zero_width
+          mbchar_width = get_mbchar_width(gc)
+          if (width += mbchar_width) > max_width
+            width = mbchar_width
+            lines << nil
+            lines << String.new(encoding: encoding)
+            height += 1
+          end
+        end
+        lines.last << gc
+      end
+    end
+    # The cursor moves to next line in first
+    if width == max_width
+      lines << nil
+      lines << String.new(encoding: encoding)
+      height += 1
+    end
+    [lines, height]
+  end
+
+  def self.get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer)
+    grapheme = line.byteslice(byte_pointer..-1).grapheme_clusters.first
+    grapheme ? grapheme.bytesize : 0
+  end
+
+  def self.get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer)
+    if byte_pointer.zero?
+      0
+    else
+      grapheme = line.byteslice(0..(byte_pointer - 1)).grapheme_clusters.last
+      grapheme ? grapheme.bytesize : 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.em_forward_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+
+  def self.em_forward_word_with_capitalization(line, byte_pointer)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    new_str = String.new
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+      new_str += mbchar
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    first = true
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+      if first
+        new_str += mbchar.upcase
+        first = false
+      else
+        new_str += mbchar.downcase
+      end
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width, new_str]
+  end
+
+  def self.em_backward_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+
+  def self.em_big_backward_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\S/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\s/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+
+  def self.ed_transpose_words(line, byte_pointer)
+    right_word_start = nil
+    size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer)
+    mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer, size)
+    if size.zero?
+      # ' aaa bbb [cursor]'
+      byte_size = 0
+      while 0 < (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size - size, size)
+        break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+        byte_size -= size
+      end
+      while 0 < (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size - size, size)
+        break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+        byte_size -= size
+      end
+      right_word_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+      byte_size = 0
+      while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+        break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+        byte_size += size
+      end
+      after_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+    elsif mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+      # ' aaa bb[cursor]b'
+      byte_size = 0
+      while 0 < (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size - size, size)
+        break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+        byte_size -= size
+      end
+      right_word_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+      byte_size = 0
+      while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+        break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+        byte_size += size
+      end
+      after_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+    else
+      byte_size = 0
+      while (line.bytesize - 1) > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+        break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+        byte_size += size
+      end
+      if (byte_pointer + byte_size) == (line.bytesize - 1)
+        # ' aaa bbb [cursor] '
+        after_start = line.bytesize
+        while 0 < (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+          size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+          mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size - size, size)
+          break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+          byte_size -= size
+        end
+        while 0 < (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+          size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+          mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size - size, size)
+          break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+          byte_size -= size
+        end
+        right_word_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+      else
+        # ' aaa [cursor] bbb '
+        right_word_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+        while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+          size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+          mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+          break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+          byte_size += size
+        end
+        after_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+      end
+    end
+    byte_size = right_word_start - byte_pointer
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\p{Word}/
+      byte_size -= size
+    end
+    middle_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+    byte_size = middle_start - byte_pointer
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) =~ /\P{Word}/
+      byte_size -= size
+    end
+    left_word_start = byte_pointer + byte_size
+    [left_word_start, middle_start, right_word_start, after_start]
+  end
+
+  def self.vi_big_forward_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while (line.bytesize - 1) > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\s/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    while (line.bytesize - 1) > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\S/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+
+  def self.vi_big_forward_end_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    if (line.bytesize - 1) > byte_pointer
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer, size)
+      width = get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size = size
+    else
+      return [0, 0]
+    end
+    while (line.bytesize - 1) > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\S/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    prev_width = width
+    prev_byte_size = byte_size
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\s/
+      prev_width = width
+      prev_byte_size = byte_size
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [prev_byte_size, prev_width]
+  end
+
+  def self.vi_big_backward_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\S/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\s/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+
+  def self.vi_forward_word(line, byte_pointer, drop_terminate_spaces = false)
+    if line.bytesize > byte_pointer
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer, size)
+      if mbchar =~ /\w/
+        started_by = :word
+      elsif mbchar =~ /\s/
+        started_by = :space
+      else
+        started_by = :non_word_printable
+      end
+      width = get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size = size
+    else
+      return [0, 0]
+    end
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      case started_by
+      when :word
+        break if mbchar =~ /\W/
+      when :space
+        break if mbchar =~ /\S/
+      when :non_word_printable
+        break if mbchar =~ /\w|\s/
+      end
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    return [byte_size, width] if drop_terminate_spaces
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      break if mbchar =~ /\S/
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+
+  def self.vi_forward_end_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    if (line.bytesize - 1) > byte_pointer
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer, size)
+      if mbchar =~ /\w/
+        started_by = :word
+      elsif mbchar =~ /\s/
+        started_by = :space
+      else
+        started_by = :non_word_printable
+      end
+      width = get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size = size
+    else
+      return [0, 0]
+    end
+    if (line.bytesize - 1) > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      if mbchar =~ /\w/
+        second = :word
+      elsif mbchar =~ /\s/
+        second = :space
+      else
+        second = :non_word_printable
+      end
+      second_width = get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      second_byte_size = size
+    else
+      return [byte_size, width]
+    end
+    if second == :space
+      width += second_width
+      byte_size += second_byte_size
+      while (line.bytesize - 1) > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+        mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+        if mbchar =~ /\S/
+          if mbchar =~ /\w/
+            started_by = :word
+          else
+            started_by = :non_word_printable
+          end
+          break
+        end
+        width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+        byte_size += size
+      end
+    else
+      case [started_by, second]
+      when [:word, :non_word_printable], [:non_word_printable, :word]
+        started_by = second
+      else
+        width += second_width
+        byte_size += second_byte_size
+        started_by = second
+      end
+    end
+    prev_width = width
+    prev_byte_size = byte_size
+    while line.bytesize > (byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer + byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer + byte_size, size)
+      case started_by
+      when :word
+        break if mbchar =~ /\W/
+      when :non_word_printable
+        break if mbchar =~ /[\w\s]/
+      end
+      prev_width = width
+      prev_byte_size = byte_size
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [prev_byte_size, prev_width]
+  end
+
+  def self.vi_backward_word(line, byte_pointer)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      if mbchar =~ /\S/
+        if mbchar =~ /\w/
+          started_by = :word
+        else
+          started_by = :non_word_printable
+        end
+        break
+      end
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    while 0 < (byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      size = get_prev_mbchar_size(line, byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_pointer - byte_size - size, size)
+      case started_by
+      when :word
+        break if mbchar =~ /\W/
+      when :non_word_printable
+        break if mbchar =~ /[\w\s]/
+      end
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+
+  def self.vi_first_print(line)
+    width = 0
+    byte_size = 0
+    while (line.bytesize - 1) > byte_size
+      size = get_next_mbchar_size(line, byte_size)
+      mbchar = line.byteslice(byte_size, size)
+      if mbchar =~ /\S/
+        break
+      end
+      width += get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
+      byte_size += size
+    end
+    [byte_size, width]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/unicode/east_asian_width.rb b/lib/reline/unicode/east_asian_width.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89bc9d9435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/unicode/east_asian_width.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1164 @@
+class Reline::Unicode::EastAsianWidth
+  # This is based on EastAsianWidth.txt
+  # EastAsianWidth.txt
+
+  # Fullwidth
+  TYPE_F = /^[#{ %W(
+    \u{3000}
+    \u{FF01}-\u{FF60}
+    \u{FFE0}-\u{FFE6}
+  ).join }]/
+
+  # Halfwidth
+  TYPE_H = /^[#{ %W(
+    \u{20A9}
+    \u{FF61}-\u{FFBE}
+    \u{FFC2}-\u{FFC7}
+    \u{FFCA}-\u{FFCF}
+    \u{FFD2}-\u{FFD7}
+    \u{FFDA}-\u{FFDC}
+    \u{FFE8}-\u{FFEE}
+  ).join }]/
+
+  # Wide
+  TYPE_W = /^[#{ %W(
+    \u{1100}-\u{115F}
+    \u{231A}-\u{231B}
+    \u{2329}-\u{232A}
+    \u{23E9}-\u{23EC}
+    \u{23F0}
+    \u{23F3}
+    \u{25FD}-\u{25FE}
+    \u{2614}-\u{2615}
+    \u{2648}-\u{2653}
+    \u{267F}
+    \u{2693}
+    \u{26A1}
+    \u{26AA}-\u{26AB}
+    \u{26BD}-\u{26BE}
+    \u{26C4}-\u{26C5}
+    \u{26CE}
+    \u{26D4}
+    \u{26EA}
+    \u{26F2}-\u{26F3}
+    \u{26F5}
+    \u{26FA}
+    \u{26FD}
+    \u{2705}
+    \u{270A}-\u{270B}
+    \u{2728}
+    \u{274C}
+    \u{274E}
+    \u{2753}-\u{2755}
+    \u{2757}
+    \u{2795}-\u{2797}
+    \u{27B0}
+    \u{27BF}
+    \u{2B1B}-\u{2B1C}
+    \u{2B50}
+    \u{2B55}
+    \u{2E80}-\u{2E99}
+    \u{2E9B}-\u{2EF3}
+    \u{2F00}-\u{2FD5}
+    \u{2FF0}-\u{2FFB}
+    \u{3001}-\u{303E}
+    \u{3041}-\u{3096}
+    \u{3099}-\u{30FF}
+    \u{3105}-\u{312F}
+    \u{3131}-\u{318E}
+    \u{3190}-\u{31E3}
+    \u{31F0}-\u{321E}
+    \u{3220}-\u{3247}
+    \u{3250}-\u{4DBF}
+    \u{4E00}-\u{A48C}
+    \u{A490}-\u{A4C6}
+    \u{A960}-\u{A97C}
+    \u{AC00}-\u{D7A3}
+    \u{F900}-\u{FAFF}
+    \u{FE10}-\u{FE19}
+    \u{FE30}-\u{FE52}
+    \u{FE54}-\u{FE66}
+    \u{FE68}-\u{FE6B}
+    \u{16FE0}-\u{16FE4}
+    \u{16FF0}-\u{16FF1}
+    \u{17000}-\u{187F7}
+    \u{18800}-\u{18CD5}
+    \u{18D00}-\u{18D08}
+    \u{1B000}-\u{1B11E}
+    \u{1B150}-\u{1B152}
+    \u{1B164}-\u{1B167}
+    \u{1B170}-\u{1B2FB}
+    \u{1F004}
+    \u{1F0CF}
+    \u{1F18E}
+    \u{1F191}-\u{1F19A}
+    \u{1F200}-\u{1F202}
+    \u{1F210}-\u{1F23B}
+    \u{1F240}-\u{1F248}
+    \u{1F250}-\u{1F251}
+    \u{1F260}-\u{1F265}
+    \u{1F300}-\u{1F320}
+    \u{1F32D}-\u{1F335}
+    \u{1F337}-\u{1F37C}
+    \u{1F37E}-\u{1F393}
+    \u{1F3A0}-\u{1F3CA}
+    \u{1F3CF}-\u{1F3D3}
+    \u{1F3E0}-\u{1F3F0}
+    \u{1F3F4}
+    \u{1F3F8}-\u{1F43E}
+    \u{1F440}
+    \u{1F442}-\u{1F4FC}
+    \u{1F4FF}-\u{1F53D}
+    \u{1F54B}-\u{1F54E}
+    \u{1F550}-\u{1F567}
+    \u{1F57A}
+    \u{1F595}-\u{1F596}
+    \u{1F5A4}
+    \u{1F5FB}-\u{1F64F}
+    \u{1F680}-\u{1F6C5}
+    \u{1F6CC}
+    \u{1F6D0}-\u{1F6D2}
+    \u{1F6D5}-\u{1F6D7}
+    \u{1F6EB}-\u{1F6EC}
+    \u{1F6F4}-\u{1F6FC}
+    \u{1F7E0}-\u{1F7EB}
+    \u{1F90C}-\u{1F93A}
+    \u{1F93C}-\u{1F945}
+    \u{1F947}-\u{1F978}
+    \u{1F97A}-\u{1F9CB}
+    \u{1F9CD}-\u{1F9FF}
+    \u{1FA70}-\u{1FA74}
+    \u{1FA78}-\u{1FA7A}
+    \u{1FA80}-\u{1FA86}
+    \u{1FA90}-\u{1FAA8}
+    \u{1FAB0}-\u{1FAB6}
+    \u{1FAC0}-\u{1FAC2}
+    \u{1FAD0}-\u{1FAD6}
+    \u{20000}-\u{2FFFD}
+    \u{30000}-\u{3FFFD}
+  ).join }]/
+
+  # Narrow
+  TYPE_NA = /^[#{ %W(
+    \u{0020}-\u{007E}
+    \u{00A2}-\u{00A3}
+    \u{00A5}-\u{00A6}
+    \u{00AC}
+    \u{00AF}
+    \u{27E6}-\u{27ED}
+    \u{2985}-\u{2986}
+  ).join }]/
+
+  # Ambiguous
+  TYPE_A = /^[#{ %W(
+    \u{00A1}
+    \u{00A4}
+    \u{00A7}-\u{00A8}
+    \u{00AA}
+    \u{00AD}-\u{00AE}
+    \u{00B0}-\u{00B4}
+    \u{00B6}-\u{00BA}
+    \u{00BC}-\u{00BF}
+    \u{00C6}
+    \u{00D0}
+    \u{00D7}-\u{00D8}
+    \u{00DE}-\u{00E1}
+    \u{00E6}
+    \u{00E8}-\u{00EA}
+    \u{00EC}-\u{00ED}
+    \u{00F0}
+    \u{00F2}-\u{00F3}
+    \u{00F7}-\u{00FA}
+    \u{00FC}
+    \u{00FE}
+    \u{0101}
+    \u{0111}
+    \u{0113}
+    \u{011B}
+    \u{0126}-\u{0127}
+    \u{012B}
+    \u{0131}-\u{0133}
+    \u{0138}
+    \u{013F}-\u{0142}
+    \u{0144}
+    \u{0148}-\u{014B}
+    \u{014D}
+    \u{0152}-\u{0153}
+    \u{0166}-\u{0167}
+    \u{016B}
+    \u{01CE}
+    \u{01D0}
+    \u{01D2}
+    \u{01D4}
+    \u{01D6}
+    \u{01D8}
+    \u{01DA}
+    \u{01DC}
+    \u{0251}
+    \u{0261}
+    \u{02C4}
+    \u{02C7}
+    \u{02C9}-\u{02CB}
+    \u{02CD}
+    \u{02D0}
+    \u{02D8}-\u{02DB}
+    \u{02DD}
+    \u{02DF}
+    \u{0300}-\u{036F}
+    \u{0391}-\u{03A1}
+    \u{03A3}-\u{03A9}
+    \u{03B1}-\u{03C1}
+    \u{03C3}-\u{03C9}
+    \u{0401}
+    \u{0410}-\u{044F}
+    \u{0451}
+    \u{2010}
+    \u{2013}-\u{2016}
+    \u{2018}-\u{2019}
+    \u{201C}-\u{201D}
+    \u{2020}-\u{2022}
+    \u{2024}-\u{2027}
+    \u{2030}
+    \u{2032}-\u{2033}
+    \u{2035}
+    \u{203B}
+    \u{203E}
+    \u{2074}
+    \u{207F}
+    \u{2081}-\u{2084}
+    \u{20AC}
+    \u{2103}
+    \u{2105}
+    \u{2109}
+    \u{2113}
+    \u{2116}
+    \u{2121}-\u{2122}
+    \u{2126}
+    \u{212B}
+    \u{2153}-\u{2154}
+    \u{215B}-\u{215E}
+    \u{2160}-\u{216B}
+    \u{2170}-\u{2179}
+    \u{2189}
+    \u{2190}-\u{2199}
+    \u{21B8}-\u{21B9}
+    \u{21D2}
+    \u{21D4}
+    \u{21E7}
+    \u{2200}
+    \u{2202}-\u{2203}
+    \u{2207}-\u{2208}
+    \u{220B}
+    \u{220F}
+    \u{2211}
+    \u{2215}
+    \u{221A}
+    \u{221D}-\u{2220}
+    \u{2223}
+    \u{2225}
+    \u{2227}-\u{222C}
+    \u{222E}
+    \u{2234}-\u{2237}
+    \u{223C}-\u{223D}
+    \u{2248}
+    \u{224C}
+    \u{2252}
+    \u{2260}-\u{2261}
+    \u{2264}-\u{2267}
+    \u{226A}-\u{226B}
+    \u{226E}-\u{226F}
+    \u{2282}-\u{2283}
+    \u{2286}-\u{2287}
+    \u{2295}
+    \u{2299}
+    \u{22A5}
+    \u{22BF}
+    \u{2312}
+    \u{2460}-\u{24E9}
+    \u{24EB}-\u{254B}
+    \u{2550}-\u{2573}
+    \u{2580}-\u{258F}
+    \u{2592}-\u{2595}
+    \u{25A0}-\u{25A1}
+    \u{25A3}-\u{25A9}
+    \u{25B2}-\u{25B3}
+    \u{25B6}-\u{25B7}
+    \u{25BC}-\u{25BD}
+    \u{25C0}-\u{25C1}
+    \u{25C6}-\u{25C8}
+    \u{25CB}
+    \u{25CE}-\u{25D1}
+    \u{25E2}-\u{25E5}
+    \u{25EF}
+    \u{2605}-\u{2606}
+    \u{2609}
+    \u{260E}-\u{260F}
+    \u{261C}
+    \u{261E}
+    \u{2640}
+    \u{2642}
+    \u{2660}-\u{2661}
+    \u{2663}-\u{2665}
+    \u{2667}-\u{266A}
+    \u{266C}-\u{266D}
+    \u{266F}
+    \u{269E}-\u{269F}
+    \u{26BF}
+    \u{26C6}-\u{26CD}
+    \u{26CF}-\u{26D3}
+    \u{26D5}-\u{26E1}
+    \u{26E3}
+    \u{26E8}-\u{26E9}
+    \u{26EB}-\u{26F1}
+    \u{26F4}
+    \u{26F6}-\u{26F9}
+    \u{26FB}-\u{26FC}
+    \u{26FE}-\u{26FF}
+    \u{273D}
+    \u{2776}-\u{277F}
+    \u{2B56}-\u{2B59}
+    \u{3248}-\u{324F}
+    \u{E000}-\u{F8FF}
+    \u{FE00}-\u{FE0F}
+    \u{FFFD}
+    \u{1F100}-\u{1F10A}
+    \u{1F110}-\u{1F12D}
+    \u{1F130}-\u{1F169}
+    \u{1F170}-\u{1F18D}
+    \u{1F18F}-\u{1F190}
+    \u{1F19B}-\u{1F1AC}
+    \u{E0100}-\u{E01EF}
+    \u{F0000}-\u{FFFFD}
+    \u{100000}-\u{10FFFD}
+  ).join }]/
+
+  # Neutral
+  TYPE_N = /^[#{ %W(
+    \u{0000}-\u{001F}
+    \u{007F}-\u{00A0}
+    \u{00A9}
+    \u{00AB}
+    \u{00B5}
+    \u{00BB}
+    \u{00C0}-\u{00C5}
+    \u{00C7}-\u{00CF}
+    \u{00D1}-\u{00D6}
+    \u{00D9}-\u{00DD}
+    \u{00E2}-\u{00E5}
+    \u{00E7}
+    \u{00EB}
+    \u{00EE}-\u{00EF}
+    \u{00F1}
+    \u{00F4}-\u{00F6}
+    \u{00FB}
+    \u{00FD}
+    \u{00FF}-\u{0100}
+    \u{0102}-\u{0110}
+    \u{0112}
+    \u{0114}-\u{011A}
+    \u{011C}-\u{0125}
+    \u{0128}-\u{012A}
+    \u{012C}-\u{0130}
+    \u{0134}-\u{0137}
+    \u{0139}-\u{013E}
+    \u{0143}
+    \u{0145}-\u{0147}
+    \u{014C}
+    \u{014E}-\u{0151}
+    \u{0154}-\u{0165}
+    \u{0168}-\u{016A}
+    \u{016C}-\u{01CD}
+    \u{01CF}
+    \u{01D1}
+    \u{01D3}
+    \u{01D5}
+    \u{01D7}
+    \u{01D9}
+    \u{01DB}
+    \u{01DD}-\u{0250}
+    \u{0252}-\u{0260}
+    \u{0262}-\u{02C3}
+    \u{02C5}-\u{02C6}
+    \u{02C8}
+    \u{02CC}
+    \u{02CE}-\u{02CF}
+    \u{02D1}-\u{02D7}
+    \u{02DC}
+    \u{02DE}
+    \u{02E0}-\u{02FF}
+    \u{0370}-\u{0377}
+    \u{037A}-\u{037F}
+    \u{0384}-\u{038A}
+    \u{038C}
+    \u{038E}-\u{0390}
+    \u{03AA}-\u{03B0}
+    \u{03C2}
+    \u{03CA}-\u{0400}
+    \u{0402}-\u{040F}
+    \u{0450}
+    \u{0452}-\u{052F}
+    \u{0531}-\u{0556}
+    \u{0559}-\u{058A}
+    \u{058D}-\u{058F}
+    \u{0591}-\u{05C7}
+    \u{05D0}-\u{05EA}
+    \u{05EF}-\u{05F4}
+    \u{0600}-\u{061C}
+    \u{061E}-\u{070D}
+    \u{070F}-\u{074A}
+    \u{074D}-\u{07B1}
+    \u{07C0}-\u{07FA}
+    \u{07FD}-\u{082D}
+    \u{0830}-\u{083E}
+    \u{0840}-\u{085B}
+    \u{085E}
+    \u{0860}-\u{086A}
+    \u{08A0}-\u{08B4}
+    \u{08B6}-\u{08C7}
+    \u{08D3}-\u{0983}
+    \u{0985}-\u{098C}
+    \u{098F}-\u{0990}
+    \u{0993}-\u{09A8}
+    \u{09AA}-\u{09B0}
+    \u{09B2}
+    \u{09B6}-\u{09B9}
+    \u{09BC}-\u{09C4}
+    \u{09C7}-\u{09C8}
+    \u{09CB}-\u{09CE}
+    \u{09D7}
+    \u{09DC}-\u{09DD}
+    \u{09DF}-\u{09E3}
+    \u{09E6}-\u{09FE}
+    \u{0A01}-\u{0A03}
+    \u{0A05}-\u{0A0A}
+    \u{0A0F}-\u{0A10}
+    \u{0A13}-\u{0A28}
+    \u{0A2A}-\u{0A30}
+    \u{0A32}-\u{0A33}
+    \u{0A35}-\u{0A36}
+    \u{0A38}-\u{0A39}
+    \u{0A3C}
+    \u{0A3E}-\u{0A42}
+    \u{0A47}-\u{0A48}
+    \u{0A4B}-\u{0A4D}
+    \u{0A51}
+    \u{0A59}-\u{0A5C}
+    \u{0A5E}
+    \u{0A66}-\u{0A76}
+    \u{0A81}-\u{0A83}
+    \u{0A85}-\u{0A8D}
+    \u{0A8F}-\u{0A91}
+    \u{0A93}-\u{0AA8}
+    \u{0AAA}-\u{0AB0}
+    \u{0AB2}-\u{0AB3}
+    \u{0AB5}-\u{0AB9}
+    \u{0ABC}-\u{0AC5}
+    \u{0AC7}-\u{0AC9}
+    \u{0ACB}-\u{0ACD}
+    \u{0AD0}
+    \u{0AE0}-\u{0AE3}
+    \u{0AE6}-\u{0AF1}
+    \u{0AF9}-\u{0AFF}
+    \u{0B01}-\u{0B03}
+    \u{0B05}-\u{0B0C}
+    \u{0B0F}-\u{0B10}
+    \u{0B13}-\u{0B28}
+    \u{0B2A}-\u{0B30}
+    \u{0B32}-\u{0B33}
+    \u{0B35}-\u{0B39}
+    \u{0B3C}-\u{0B44}
+    \u{0B47}-\u{0B48}
+    \u{0B4B}-\u{0B4D}
+    \u{0B55}-\u{0B57}
+    \u{0B5C}-\u{0B5D}
+    \u{0B5F}-\u{0B63}
+    \u{0B66}-\u{0B77}
+    \u{0B82}-\u{0B83}
+    \u{0B85}-\u{0B8A}
+    \u{0B8E}-\u{0B90}
+    \u{0B92}-\u{0B95}
+    \u{0B99}-\u{0B9A}
+    \u{0B9C}
+    \u{0B9E}-\u{0B9F}
+    \u{0BA3}-\u{0BA4}
+    \u{0BA8}-\u{0BAA}
+    \u{0BAE}-\u{0BB9}
+    \u{0BBE}-\u{0BC2}
+    \u{0BC6}-\u{0BC8}
+    \u{0BCA}-\u{0BCD}
+    \u{0BD0}
+    \u{0BD7}
+    \u{0BE6}-\u{0BFA}
+    \u{0C00}-\u{0C0C}
+    \u{0C0E}-\u{0C10}
+    \u{0C12}-\u{0C28}
+    \u{0C2A}-\u{0C39}
+    \u{0C3D}-\u{0C44}
+    \u{0C46}-\u{0C48}
+    \u{0C4A}-\u{0C4D}
+    \u{0C55}-\u{0C56}
+    \u{0C58}-\u{0C5A}
+    \u{0C60}-\u{0C63}
+    \u{0C66}-\u{0C6F}
+    \u{0C77}-\u{0C8C}
+    \u{0C8E}-\u{0C90}
+    \u{0C92}-\u{0CA8}
+    \u{0CAA}-\u{0CB3}
+    \u{0CB5}-\u{0CB9}
+    \u{0CBC}-\u{0CC4}
+    \u{0CC6}-\u{0CC8}
+    \u{0CCA}-\u{0CCD}
+    \u{0CD5}-\u{0CD6}
+    \u{0CDE}
+    \u{0CE0}-\u{0CE3}
+    \u{0CE6}-\u{0CEF}
+    \u{0CF1}-\u{0CF2}
+    \u{0D00}-\u{0D0C}
+    \u{0D0E}-\u{0D10}
+    \u{0D12}-\u{0D44}
+    \u{0D46}-\u{0D48}
+    \u{0D4A}-\u{0D4F}
+    \u{0D54}-\u{0D63}
+    \u{0D66}-\u{0D7F}
+    \u{0D81}-\u{0D83}
+    \u{0D85}-\u{0D96}
+    \u{0D9A}-\u{0DB1}
+    \u{0DB3}-\u{0DBB}
+    \u{0DBD}
+    \u{0DC0}-\u{0DC6}
+    \u{0DCA}
+    \u{0DCF}-\u{0DD4}
+    \u{0DD6}
+    \u{0DD8}-\u{0DDF}
+    \u{0DE6}-\u{0DEF}
+    \u{0DF2}-\u{0DF4}
+    \u{0E01}-\u{0E3A}
+    \u{0E3F}-\u{0E5B}
+    \u{0E81}-\u{0E82}
+    \u{0E84}
+    \u{0E86}-\u{0E8A}
+    \u{0E8C}-\u{0EA3}
+    \u{0EA5}
+    \u{0EA7}-\u{0EBD}
+    \u{0EC0}-\u{0EC4}
+    \u{0EC6}
+    \u{0EC8}-\u{0ECD}
+    \u{0ED0}-\u{0ED9}
+    \u{0EDC}-\u{0EDF}
+    \u{0F00}-\u{0F47}
+    \u{0F49}-\u{0F6C}
+    \u{0F71}-\u{0F97}
+    \u{0F99}-\u{0FBC}
+    \u{0FBE}-\u{0FCC}
+    \u{0FCE}-\u{0FDA}
+    \u{1000}-\u{10C5}
+    \u{10C7}
+    \u{10CD}
+    \u{10D0}-\u{10FF}
+    \u{1160}-\u{1248}
+    \u{124A}-\u{124D}
+    \u{1250}-\u{1256}
+    \u{1258}
+    \u{125A}-\u{125D}
+    \u{1260}-\u{1288}
+    \u{128A}-\u{128D}
+    \u{1290}-\u{12B0}
+    \u{12B2}-\u{12B5}
+    \u{12B8}-\u{12BE}
+    \u{12C0}
+    \u{12C2}-\u{12C5}
+    \u{12C8}-\u{12D6}
+    \u{12D8}-\u{1310}
+    \u{1312}-\u{1315}
+    \u{1318}-\u{135A}
+    \u{135D}-\u{137C}
+    \u{1380}-\u{1399}
+    \u{13A0}-\u{13F5}
+    \u{13F8}-\u{13FD}
+    \u{1400}-\u{169C}
+    \u{16A0}-\u{16F8}
+    \u{1700}-\u{170C}
+    \u{170E}-\u{1714}
+    \u{1720}-\u{1736}
+    \u{1740}-\u{1753}
+    \u{1760}-\u{176C}
+    \u{176E}-\u{1770}
+    \u{1772}-\u{1773}
+    \u{1780}-\u{17DD}
+    \u{17E0}-\u{17E9}
+    \u{17F0}-\u{17F9}
+    \u{1800}-\u{180E}
+    \u{1810}-\u{1819}
+    \u{1820}-\u{1878}
+    \u{1880}-\u{18AA}
+    \u{18B0}-\u{18F5}
+    \u{1900}-\u{191E}
+    \u{1920}-\u{192B}
+    \u{1930}-\u{193B}
+    \u{1940}
+    \u{1944}-\u{196D}
+    \u{1970}-\u{1974}
+    \u{1980}-\u{19AB}
+    \u{19B0}-\u{19C9}
+    \u{19D0}-\u{19DA}
+    \u{19DE}-\u{1A1B}
+    \u{1A1E}-\u{1A5E}
+    \u{1A60}-\u{1A7C}
+    \u{1A7F}-\u{1A89}
+    \u{1A90}-\u{1A99}
+    \u{1AA0}-\u{1AAD}
+    \u{1AB0}-\u{1AC0}
+    \u{1B00}-\u{1B4B}
+    \u{1B50}-\u{1B7C}
+    \u{1B80}-\u{1BF3}
+    \u{1BFC}-\u{1C37}
+    \u{1C3B}-\u{1C49}
+    \u{1C4D}-\u{1C88}
+    \u{1C90}-\u{1CBA}
+    \u{1CBD}-\u{1CC7}
+    \u{1CD0}-\u{1CFA}
+    \u{1D00}-\u{1DF9}
+    \u{1DFB}-\u{1F15}
+    \u{1F18}-\u{1F1D}
+    \u{1F20}-\u{1F45}
+    \u{1F48}-\u{1F4D}
+    \u{1F50}-\u{1F57}
+    \u{1F59}
+    \u{1F5B}
+    \u{1F5D}
+    \u{1F5F}-\u{1F7D}
+    \u{1F80}-\u{1FB4}
+    \u{1FB6}-\u{1FC4}
+    \u{1FC6}-\u{1FD3}
+    \u{1FD6}-\u{1FDB}
+    \u{1FDD}-\u{1FEF}
+    \u{1FF2}-\u{1FF4}
+    \u{1FF6}-\u{1FFE}
+    \u{2000}-\u{200F}
+    \u{2011}-\u{2012}
+    \u{2017}
+    \u{201A}-\u{201B}
+    \u{201E}-\u{201F}
+    \u{2023}
+    \u{2028}-\u{202F}
+    \u{2031}
+    \u{2034}
+    \u{2036}-\u{203A}
+    \u{203C}-\u{203D}
+    \u{203F}-\u{2064}
+    \u{2066}-\u{2071}
+    \u{2075}-\u{207E}
+    \u{2080}
+    \u{2085}-\u{208E}
+    \u{2090}-\u{209C}
+    \u{20A0}-\u{20A8}
+    \u{20AA}-\u{20AB}
+    \u{20AD}-\u{20BF}
+    \u{20D0}-\u{20F0}
+    \u{2100}-\u{2102}
+    \u{2104}
+    \u{2106}-\u{2108}
+    \u{210A}-\u{2112}
+    \u{2114}-\u{2115}
+    \u{2117}-\u{2120}
+    \u{2123}-\u{2125}
+    \u{2127}-\u{212A}
+    \u{212C}-\u{2152}
+    \u{2155}-\u{215A}
+    \u{215F}
+    \u{216C}-\u{216F}
+    \u{217A}-\u{2188}
+    \u{218A}-\u{218B}
+    \u{219A}-\u{21B7}
+    \u{21BA}-\u{21D1}
+    \u{21D3}
+    \u{21D5}-\u{21E6}
+    \u{21E8}-\u{21FF}
+    \u{2201}
+    \u{2204}-\u{2206}
+    \u{2209}-\u{220A}
+    \u{220C}-\u{220E}
+    \u{2210}
+    \u{2212}-\u{2214}
+    \u{2216}-\u{2219}
+    \u{221B}-\u{221C}
+    \u{2221}-\u{2222}
+    \u{2224}
+    \u{2226}
+    \u{222D}
+    \u{222F}-\u{2233}
+    \u{2238}-\u{223B}
+    \u{223E}-\u{2247}
+    \u{2249}-\u{224B}
+    \u{224D}-\u{2251}
+    \u{2253}-\u{225F}
+    \u{2262}-\u{2263}
+    \u{2268}-\u{2269}
+    \u{226C}-\u{226D}
+    \u{2270}-\u{2281}
+    \u{2284}-\u{2285}
+    \u{2288}-\u{2294}
+    \u{2296}-\u{2298}
+    \u{229A}-\u{22A4}
+    \u{22A6}-\u{22BE}
+    \u{22C0}-\u{2311}
+    \u{2313}-\u{2319}
+    \u{231C}-\u{2328}
+    \u{232B}-\u{23E8}
+    \u{23ED}-\u{23EF}
+    \u{23F1}-\u{23F2}
+    \u{23F4}-\u{2426}
+    \u{2440}-\u{244A}
+    \u{24EA}
+    \u{254C}-\u{254F}
+    \u{2574}-\u{257F}
+    \u{2590}-\u{2591}
+    \u{2596}-\u{259F}
+    \u{25A2}
+    \u{25AA}-\u{25B1}
+    \u{25B4}-\u{25B5}
+    \u{25B8}-\u{25BB}
+    \u{25BE}-\u{25BF}
+    \u{25C2}-\u{25C5}
+    \u{25C9}-\u{25CA}
+    \u{25CC}-\u{25CD}
+    \u{25D2}-\u{25E1}
+    \u{25E6}-\u{25EE}
+    \u{25F0}-\u{25FC}
+    \u{25FF}-\u{2604}
+    \u{2607}-\u{2608}
+    \u{260A}-\u{260D}
+    \u{2610}-\u{2613}
+    \u{2616}-\u{261B}
+    \u{261D}
+    \u{261F}-\u{263F}
+    \u{2641}
+    \u{2643}-\u{2647}
+    \u{2654}-\u{265F}
+    \u{2662}
+    \u{2666}
+    \u{266B}
+    \u{266E}
+    \u{2670}-\u{267E}
+    \u{2680}-\u{2692}
+    \u{2694}-\u{269D}
+    \u{26A0}
+    \u{26A2}-\u{26A9}
+    \u{26AC}-\u{26BC}
+    \u{26C0}-\u{26C3}
+    \u{26E2}
+    \u{26E4}-\u{26E7}
+    \u{2700}-\u{2704}
+    \u{2706}-\u{2709}
+    \u{270C}-\u{2727}
+    \u{2729}-\u{273C}
+    \u{273E}-\u{274B}
+    \u{274D}
+    \u{274F}-\u{2752}
+    \u{2756}
+    \u{2758}-\u{2775}
+    \u{2780}-\u{2794}
+    \u{2798}-\u{27AF}
+    \u{27B1}-\u{27BE}
+    \u{27C0}-\u{27E5}
+    \u{27EE}-\u{2984}
+    \u{2987}-\u{2B1A}
+    \u{2B1D}-\u{2B4F}
+    \u{2B51}-\u{2B54}
+    \u{2B5A}-\u{2B73}
+    \u{2B76}-\u{2B95}
+    \u{2B97}-\u{2C2E}
+    \u{2C30}-\u{2C5E}
+    \u{2C60}-\u{2CF3}
+    \u{2CF9}-\u{2D25}
+    \u{2D27}
+    \u{2D2D}
+    \u{2D30}-\u{2D67}
+    \u{2D6F}-\u{2D70}
+    \u{2D7F}-\u{2D96}
+    \u{2DA0}-\u{2DA6}
+    \u{2DA8}-\u{2DAE}
+    \u{2DB0}-\u{2DB6}
+    \u{2DB8}-\u{2DBE}
+    \u{2DC0}-\u{2DC6}
+    \u{2DC8}-\u{2DCE}
+    \u{2DD0}-\u{2DD6}
+    \u{2DD8}-\u{2DDE}
+    \u{2DE0}-\u{2E52}
+    \u{303F}
+    \u{4DC0}-\u{4DFF}
+    \u{A4D0}-\u{A62B}
+    \u{A640}-\u{A6F7}
+    \u{A700}-\u{A7BF}
+    \u{A7C2}-\u{A7CA}
+    \u{A7F5}-\u{A82C}
+    \u{A830}-\u{A839}
+    \u{A840}-\u{A877}
+    \u{A880}-\u{A8C5}
+    \u{A8CE}-\u{A8D9}
+    \u{A8E0}-\u{A953}
+    \u{A95F}
+    \u{A980}-\u{A9CD}
+    \u{A9CF}-\u{A9D9}
+    \u{A9DE}-\u{A9FE}
+    \u{AA00}-\u{AA36}
+    \u{AA40}-\u{AA4D}
+    \u{AA50}-\u{AA59}
+    \u{AA5C}-\u{AAC2}
+    \u{AADB}-\u{AAF6}
+    \u{AB01}-\u{AB06}
+    \u{AB09}-\u{AB0E}
+    \u{AB11}-\u{AB16}
+    \u{AB20}-\u{AB26}
+    \u{AB28}-\u{AB2E}
+    \u{AB30}-\u{AB6B}
+    \u{AB70}-\u{ABED}
+    \u{ABF0}-\u{ABF9}
+    \u{D7B0}-\u{D7C6}
+    \u{D7CB}-\u{D7FB}
+    \u{FB00}-\u{FB06}
+    \u{FB13}-\u{FB17}
+    \u{FB1D}-\u{FB36}
+    \u{FB38}-\u{FB3C}
+    \u{FB3E}
+    \u{FB40}-\u{FB41}
+    \u{FB43}-\u{FB44}
+    \u{FB46}-\u{FBC1}
+    \u{FBD3}-\u{FD3F}
+    \u{FD50}-\u{FD8F}
+    \u{FD92}-\u{FDC7}
+    \u{FDF0}-\u{FDFD}
+    \u{FE20}-\u{FE2F}
+    \u{FE70}-\u{FE74}
+    \u{FE76}-\u{FEFC}
+    \u{FEFF}
+    \u{FFF9}-\u{FFFC}
+    \u{10000}-\u{1000B}
+    \u{1000D}-\u{10026}
+    \u{10028}-\u{1003A}
+    \u{1003C}-\u{1003D}
+    \u{1003F}-\u{1004D}
+    \u{10050}-\u{1005D}
+    \u{10080}-\u{100FA}
+    \u{10100}-\u{10102}
+    \u{10107}-\u{10133}
+    \u{10137}-\u{1018E}
+    \u{10190}-\u{1019C}
+    \u{101A0}
+    \u{101D0}-\u{101FD}
+    \u{10280}-\u{1029C}
+    \u{102A0}-\u{102D0}
+    \u{102E0}-\u{102FB}
+    \u{10300}-\u{10323}
+    \u{1032D}-\u{1034A}
+    \u{10350}-\u{1037A}
+    \u{10380}-\u{1039D}
+    \u{1039F}-\u{103C3}
+    \u{103C8}-\u{103D5}
+    \u{10400}-\u{1049D}
+    \u{104A0}-\u{104A9}
+    \u{104B0}-\u{104D3}
+    \u{104D8}-\u{104FB}
+    \u{10500}-\u{10527}
+    \u{10530}-\u{10563}
+    \u{1056F}
+    \u{10600}-\u{10736}
+    \u{10740}-\u{10755}
+    \u{10760}-\u{10767}
+    \u{10800}-\u{10805}
+    \u{10808}
+    \u{1080A}-\u{10835}
+    \u{10837}-\u{10838}
+    \u{1083C}
+    \u{1083F}-\u{10855}
+    \u{10857}-\u{1089E}
+    \u{108A7}-\u{108AF}
+    \u{108E0}-\u{108F2}
+    \u{108F4}-\u{108F5}
+    \u{108FB}-\u{1091B}
+    \u{1091F}-\u{10939}
+    \u{1093F}
+    \u{10980}-\u{109B7}
+    \u{109BC}-\u{109CF}
+    \u{109D2}-\u{10A03}
+    \u{10A05}-\u{10A06}
+    \u{10A0C}-\u{10A13}
+    \u{10A15}-\u{10A17}
+    \u{10A19}-\u{10A35}
+    \u{10A38}-\u{10A3A}
+    \u{10A3F}-\u{10A48}
+    \u{10A50}-\u{10A58}
+    \u{10A60}-\u{10A9F}
+    \u{10AC0}-\u{10AE6}
+    \u{10AEB}-\u{10AF6}
+    \u{10B00}-\u{10B35}
+    \u{10B39}-\u{10B55}
+    \u{10B58}-\u{10B72}
+    \u{10B78}-\u{10B91}
+    \u{10B99}-\u{10B9C}
+    \u{10BA9}-\u{10BAF}
+    \u{10C00}-\u{10C48}
+    \u{10C80}-\u{10CB2}
+    \u{10CC0}-\u{10CF2}
+    \u{10CFA}-\u{10D27}
+    \u{10D30}-\u{10D39}
+    \u{10E60}-\u{10E7E}
+    \u{10E80}-\u{10EA9}
+    \u{10EAB}-\u{10EAD}
+    \u{10EB0}-\u{10EB1}
+    \u{10F00}-\u{10F27}
+    \u{10F30}-\u{10F59}
+    \u{10FB0}-\u{10FCB}
+    \u{10FE0}-\u{10FF6}
+    \u{11000}-\u{1104D}
+    \u{11052}-\u{1106F}
+    \u{1107F}-\u{110C1}
+    \u{110CD}
+    \u{110D0}-\u{110E8}
+    \u{110F0}-\u{110F9}
+    \u{11100}-\u{11134}
+    \u{11136}-\u{11147}
+    \u{11150}-\u{11176}
+    \u{11180}-\u{111DF}
+    \u{111E1}-\u{111F4}
+    \u{11200}-\u{11211}
+    \u{11213}-\u{1123E}
+    \u{11280}-\u{11286}
+    \u{11288}
+    \u{1128A}-\u{1128D}
+    \u{1128F}-\u{1129D}
+    \u{1129F}-\u{112A9}
+    \u{112B0}-\u{112EA}
+    \u{112F0}-\u{112F9}
+    \u{11300}-\u{11303}
+    \u{11305}-\u{1130C}
+    \u{1130F}-\u{11310}
+    \u{11313}-\u{11328}
+    \u{1132A}-\u{11330}
+    \u{11332}-\u{11333}
+    \u{11335}-\u{11339}
+    \u{1133B}-\u{11344}
+    \u{11347}-\u{11348}
+    \u{1134B}-\u{1134D}
+    \u{11350}
+    \u{11357}
+    \u{1135D}-\u{11363}
+    \u{11366}-\u{1136C}
+    \u{11370}-\u{11374}
+    \u{11400}-\u{1145B}
+    \u{1145D}-\u{11461}
+    \u{11480}-\u{114C7}
+    \u{114D0}-\u{114D9}
+    \u{11580}-\u{115B5}
+    \u{115B8}-\u{115DD}
+    \u{11600}-\u{11644}
+    \u{11650}-\u{11659}
+    \u{11660}-\u{1166C}
+    \u{11680}-\u{116B8}
+    \u{116C0}-\u{116C9}
+    \u{11700}-\u{1171A}
+    \u{1171D}-\u{1172B}
+    \u{11730}-\u{1173F}
+    \u{11800}-\u{1183B}
+    \u{118A0}-\u{118F2}
+    \u{118FF}-\u{11906}
+    \u{11909}
+    \u{1190C}-\u{11913}
+    \u{11915}-\u{11916}
+    \u{11918}-\u{11935}
+    \u{11937}-\u{11938}
+    \u{1193B}-\u{11946}
+    \u{11950}-\u{11959}
+    \u{119A0}-\u{119A7}
+    \u{119AA}-\u{119D7}
+    \u{119DA}-\u{119E4}
+    \u{11A00}-\u{11A47}
+    \u{11A50}-\u{11AA2}
+    \u{11AC0}-\u{11AF8}
+    \u{11C00}-\u{11C08}
+    \u{11C0A}-\u{11C36}
+    \u{11C38}-\u{11C45}
+    \u{11C50}-\u{11C6C}
+    \u{11C70}-\u{11C8F}
+    \u{11C92}-\u{11CA7}
+    \u{11CA9}-\u{11CB6}
+    \u{11D00}-\u{11D06}
+    \u{11D08}-\u{11D09}
+    \u{11D0B}-\u{11D36}
+    \u{11D3A}
+    \u{11D3C}-\u{11D3D}
+    \u{11D3F}-\u{11D47}
+    \u{11D50}-\u{11D59}
+    \u{11D60}-\u{11D65}
+    \u{11D67}-\u{11D68}
+    \u{11D6A}-\u{11D8E}
+    \u{11D90}-\u{11D91}
+    \u{11D93}-\u{11D98}
+    \u{11DA0}-\u{11DA9}
+    \u{11EE0}-\u{11EF8}
+    \u{11FB0}
+    \u{11FC0}-\u{11FF1}
+    \u{11FFF}-\u{12399}
+    \u{12400}-\u{1246E}
+    \u{12470}-\u{12474}
+    \u{12480}-\u{12543}
+    \u{13000}-\u{1342E}
+    \u{13430}-\u{13438}
+    \u{14400}-\u{14646}
+    \u{16800}-\u{16A38}
+    \u{16A40}-\u{16A5E}
+    \u{16A60}-\u{16A69}
+    \u{16A6E}-\u{16A6F}
+    \u{16AD0}-\u{16AED}
+    \u{16AF0}-\u{16AF5}
+    \u{16B00}-\u{16B45}
+    \u{16B50}-\u{16B59}
+    \u{16B5B}-\u{16B61}
+    \u{16B63}-\u{16B77}
+    \u{16B7D}-\u{16B8F}
+    \u{16E40}-\u{16E9A}
+    \u{16F00}-\u{16F4A}
+    \u{16F4F}-\u{16F87}
+    \u{16F8F}-\u{16F9F}
+    \u{1BC00}-\u{1BC6A}
+    \u{1BC70}-\u{1BC7C}
+    \u{1BC80}-\u{1BC88}
+    \u{1BC90}-\u{1BC99}
+    \u{1BC9C}-\u{1BCA3}
+    \u{1D000}-\u{1D0F5}
+    \u{1D100}-\u{1D126}
+    \u{1D129}-\u{1D1E8}
+    \u{1D200}-\u{1D245}
+    \u{1D2E0}-\u{1D2F3}
+    \u{1D300}-\u{1D356}
+    \u{1D360}-\u{1D378}
+    \u{1D400}-\u{1D454}
+    \u{1D456}-\u{1D49C}
+    \u{1D49E}-\u{1D49F}
+    \u{1D4A2}
+    \u{1D4A5}-\u{1D4A6}
+    \u{1D4A9}-\u{1D4AC}
+    \u{1D4AE}-\u{1D4B9}
+    \u{1D4BB}
+    \u{1D4BD}-\u{1D4C3}
+    \u{1D4C5}-\u{1D505}
+    \u{1D507}-\u{1D50A}
+    \u{1D50D}-\u{1D514}
+    \u{1D516}-\u{1D51C}
+    \u{1D51E}-\u{1D539}
+    \u{1D53B}-\u{1D53E}
+    \u{1D540}-\u{1D544}
+    \u{1D546}
+    \u{1D54A}-\u{1D550}
+    \u{1D552}-\u{1D6A5}
+    \u{1D6A8}-\u{1D7CB}
+    \u{1D7CE}-\u{1DA8B}
+    \u{1DA9B}-\u{1DA9F}
+    \u{1DAA1}-\u{1DAAF}
+    \u{1E000}-\u{1E006}
+    \u{1E008}-\u{1E018}
+    \u{1E01B}-\u{1E021}
+    \u{1E023}-\u{1E024}
+    \u{1E026}-\u{1E02A}
+    \u{1E100}-\u{1E12C}
+    \u{1E130}-\u{1E13D}
+    \u{1E140}-\u{1E149}
+    \u{1E14E}-\u{1E14F}
+    \u{1E2C0}-\u{1E2F9}
+    \u{1E2FF}
+    \u{1E800}-\u{1E8C4}
+    \u{1E8C7}-\u{1E8D6}
+    \u{1E900}-\u{1E94B}
+    \u{1E950}-\u{1E959}
+    \u{1E95E}-\u{1E95F}
+    \u{1EC71}-\u{1ECB4}
+    \u{1ED01}-\u{1ED3D}
+    \u{1EE00}-\u{1EE03}
+    \u{1EE05}-\u{1EE1F}
+    \u{1EE21}-\u{1EE22}
+    \u{1EE24}
+    \u{1EE27}
+    \u{1EE29}-\u{1EE32}
+    \u{1EE34}-\u{1EE37}
+    \u{1EE39}
+    \u{1EE3B}
+    \u{1EE42}
+    \u{1EE47}
+    \u{1EE49}
+    \u{1EE4B}
+    \u{1EE4D}-\u{1EE4F}
+    \u{1EE51}-\u{1EE52}
+    \u{1EE54}
+    \u{1EE57}
+    \u{1EE59}
+    \u{1EE5B}
+    \u{1EE5D}
+    \u{1EE5F}
+    \u{1EE61}-\u{1EE62}
+    \u{1EE64}
+    \u{1EE67}-\u{1EE6A}
+    \u{1EE6C}-\u{1EE72}
+    \u{1EE74}-\u{1EE77}
+    \u{1EE79}-\u{1EE7C}
+    \u{1EE7E}
+    \u{1EE80}-\u{1EE89}
+    \u{1EE8B}-\u{1EE9B}
+    \u{1EEA1}-\u{1EEA3}
+    \u{1EEA5}-\u{1EEA9}
+    \u{1EEAB}-\u{1EEBB}
+    \u{1EEF0}-\u{1EEF1}
+    \u{1F000}-\u{1F003}
+    \u{1F005}-\u{1F02B}
+    \u{1F030}-\u{1F093}
+    \u{1F0A0}-\u{1F0AE}
+    \u{1F0B1}-\u{1F0BF}
+    \u{1F0C1}-\u{1F0CE}
+    \u{1F0D1}-\u{1F0F5}
+    \u{1F10B}-\u{1F10F}
+    \u{1F12E}-\u{1F12F}
+    \u{1F16A}-\u{1F16F}
+    \u{1F1AD}
+    \u{1F1E6}-\u{1F1FF}
+    \u{1F321}-\u{1F32C}
+    \u{1F336}
+    \u{1F37D}
+    \u{1F394}-\u{1F39F}
+    \u{1F3CB}-\u{1F3CE}
+    \u{1F3D4}-\u{1F3DF}
+    \u{1F3F1}-\u{1F3F3}
+    \u{1F3F5}-\u{1F3F7}
+    \u{1F43F}
+    \u{1F441}
+    \u{1F4FD}-\u{1F4FE}
+    \u{1F53E}-\u{1F54A}
+    \u{1F54F}
+    \u{1F568}-\u{1F579}
+    \u{1F57B}-\u{1F594}
+    \u{1F597}-\u{1F5A3}
+    \u{1F5A5}-\u{1F5FA}
+    \u{1F650}-\u{1F67F}
+    \u{1F6C6}-\u{1F6CB}
+    \u{1F6CD}-\u{1F6CF}
+    \u{1F6D3}-\u{1F6D4}
+    \u{1F6E0}-\u{1F6EA}
+    \u{1F6F0}-\u{1F6F3}
+    \u{1F700}-\u{1F773}
+    \u{1F780}-\u{1F7D8}
+    \u{1F800}-\u{1F80B}
+    \u{1F810}-\u{1F847}
+    \u{1F850}-\u{1F859}
+    \u{1F860}-\u{1F887}
+    \u{1F890}-\u{1F8AD}
+    \u{1F8B0}-\u{1F8B1}
+    \u{1F900}-\u{1F90B}
+    \u{1F93B}
+    \u{1F946}
+    \u{1FA00}-\u{1FA53}
+    \u{1FA60}-\u{1FA6D}
+    \u{1FB00}-\u{1FB92}
+    \u{1FB94}-\u{1FBCA}
+    \u{1FBF0}-\u{1FBF9}
+    \u{E0001}
+    \u{E0020}-\u{E007F}
+  ).join }]/
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/version.rb b/lib/reline/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44db465a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Reline
+  VERSION = '0.2.5'
+end
diff --git a/lib/reline/windows.rb b/lib/reline/windows.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6edc68e780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/reline/windows.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+require 'fiddle/import'
+
+class Reline::Windows
+  def self.encoding
+    Encoding::UTF_8
+  end
+
+  def self.win?
+    true
+  end
+
+  def self.win_legacy_console?
+    @@legacy_console
+  end
+
+  RAW_KEYSTROKE_CONFIG = {
+    [224, 72] => :ed_prev_history, # ↑
+    [224, 80] => :ed_next_history, # ↓
+    [224, 77] => :ed_next_char,    # →
+    [224, 75] => :ed_prev_char,    # ←
+    [224, 83] => :key_delete,      # Del
+    [224, 71] => :ed_move_to_beg,  # Home
+    [224, 79] => :ed_move_to_end,  # End
+    [  0, 41] => :ed_unassigned,   # input method on/off
+    [  0, 72] => :ed_prev_history, # ↑
+    [  0, 80] => :ed_next_history, # ↓
+    [  0, 77] => :ed_next_char,    # →
+    [  0, 75] => :ed_prev_char,    # ←
+    [  0, 83] => :key_delete,      # Del
+    [  0, 71] => :ed_move_to_beg,  # Home
+    [  0, 79] => :ed_move_to_end   # End
+  }
+
+  if defined? JRUBY_VERSION
+    require 'win32api'
+  else
+    class Win32API
+      DLL = {}
+      TYPEMAP = {"0" => Fiddle::TYPE_VOID, "S" => Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP, "I" => Fiddle::TYPE_LONG}
+      POINTER_TYPE = Fiddle::SIZEOF_VOIDP == Fiddle::SIZEOF_LONG_LONG ? 'q*' : 'l!*'
+
+      WIN32_TYPES = "VPpNnLlIi"
+      DL_TYPES = "0SSI"
+
+      def initialize(dllname, func, import, export = "0", calltype = :stdcall)
+        @proto = [import].join.tr(WIN32_TYPES, DL_TYPES).sub(/^(.)0*$/, '\1')
+        import = @proto.chars.map {|win_type| TYPEMAP[win_type.tr(WIN32_TYPES, DL_TYPES)]}
+        export = TYPEMAP[export.tr(WIN32_TYPES, DL_TYPES)]
+        calltype = Fiddle::Importer.const_get(:CALL_TYPE_TO_ABI)[calltype]
+
+        handle = DLL[dllname] ||=
+                 begin
+                   Fiddle.dlopen(dllname)
+                 rescue Fiddle::DLError
+                   raise unless File.extname(dllname).empty?
+                   Fiddle.dlopen(dllname + ".dll")
+                 end
+
+        @func = Fiddle::Function.new(handle[func], import, export, calltype)
+      rescue Fiddle::DLError => e
+        raise LoadError, e.message, e.backtrace
+      end
+
+      def call(*args)
+        import = @proto.split("")
+        args.each_with_index do |x, i|
+          args[i], = [x == 0 ? nil : x].pack("p").unpack(POINTER_TYPE) if import[i] == "S"
+          args[i], = [x].pack("I").unpack("i") if import[i] == "I"
+        end
+        ret, = @func.call(*args)
+        return ret || 0
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  VK_MENU = 0x12
+  VK_LMENU = 0xA4
+  VK_CONTROL = 0x11
+  VK_SHIFT = 0x10
+  STD_INPUT_HANDLE = -10
+  STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11
+  WINDOW_BUFFER_SIZE_EVENT = 0x04
+  FILE_TYPE_PIPE = 0x0003
+  FILE_NAME_INFO = 2
+  @@getwch = Win32API.new('msvcrt', '_getwch', [], 'I')
+  @@kbhit = Win32API.new('msvcrt', '_kbhit', [], 'I')
+  @@GetKeyState = Win32API.new('user32', 'GetKeyState', ['L'], 'L')
+  @@GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo', ['L', 'P'], 'L')
+  @@SetConsoleCursorPosition = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'SetConsoleCursorPosition', ['L', 'L'], 'L')
+  @@GetStdHandle = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetStdHandle', ['L'], 'L')
+  @@FillConsoleOutputCharacter = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'FillConsoleOutputCharacter', ['L', 'L', 'L', 'L', 'P'], 'L')
+  @@ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer', ['L', 'P', 'P', 'L', 'P'], 'L')
+  @@hConsoleHandle = @@GetStdHandle.call(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
+  @@hConsoleInputHandle = @@GetStdHandle.call(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
+  @@GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents', ['L', 'P'], 'L')
+  @@ReadConsoleInput = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'ReadConsoleInput', ['L', 'P', 'L', 'P'], 'L')
+  @@GetFileType = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetFileType', ['L'], 'L')
+  @@GetFileInformationByHandleEx = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetFileInformationByHandleEx', ['L', 'I', 'P', 'L'], 'I')
+  @@FillConsoleOutputAttribute = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'FillConsoleOutputAttribute', ['L', 'L', 'L', 'L', 'P'], 'L')
+
+  @@GetConsoleMode = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'GetConsoleMode', ['L', 'P'], 'L')
+  @@SetConsoleMode = Win32API.new('kernel32', 'SetConsoleMode', ['L', 'L'], 'L')
+  ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 4
+
+  private_class_method def self.getconsolemode
+    mode = "\000\000\000\000"
+    @@GetConsoleMode.call(@@hConsoleHandle, mode)
+    mode.unpack1('L')
+  end
+
+  private_class_method def self.setconsolemode(mode)
+    @@SetConsoleMode.call(@@hConsoleHandle, mode)
+  end
+
+  @@legacy_console = (getconsolemode() & ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING == 0)
+  #if @@legacy_console
+  #  setconsolemode(getconsolemode() | ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)
+  #  @@legacy_console = (getconsolemode() & ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING == 0)
+  #end
+
+  @@input_buf = []
+  @@output_buf = []
+
+  def self.msys_tty?(io=@@hConsoleInputHandle)
+    # check if fd is a pipe
+    if @@GetFileType.call(io) != FILE_TYPE_PIPE
+      return false
+    end
+
+    bufsize = 1024
+    p_buffer = "\0" * bufsize
+    res = @@GetFileInformationByHandleEx.call(io, FILE_NAME_INFO, p_buffer, bufsize - 2)
+    return false if res == 0
+
+    # get pipe name: p_buffer layout is:
+    #   struct _FILE_NAME_INFO {
+    #     DWORD FileNameLength;
+    #     WCHAR FileName[1];
+    #   } FILE_NAME_INFO
+    len = p_buffer[0, 4].unpack("L")[0]
+    name = p_buffer[4, len].encode(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_16LE, invalid: :replace)
+
+    # Check if this could be a MSYS2 pty pipe ('\msys-XXXX-ptyN-XX')
+    # or a cygwin pty pipe ('\cygwin-XXXX-ptyN-XX')
+    name =~ /(msys-|cygwin-).*-pty/ ? true : false
+  end
+
+  def self.getwch
+    unless @@input_buf.empty?
+      return @@input_buf.shift
+    end
+    while @@kbhit.call == 0
+      sleep(0.001)
+    end
+    until @@kbhit.call == 0
+      ret = @@getwch.call
+      if ret == 0 or ret == 0xE0
+        @@input_buf << ret
+        ret = @@getwch.call
+        @@input_buf << ret
+        return @@input_buf.shift
+      end
+      begin
+        bytes = ret.chr(Encoding::UTF_8).bytes
+        @@input_buf.push(*bytes)
+      rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        @@input_buf << ret
+        @@input_buf << @@getwch.call if ret == 224
+      end
+    end
+    @@input_buf.shift
+  end
+
+  def self.getc
+    num_of_events = 0.chr * 8
+    while @@GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents.(@@hConsoleInputHandle, num_of_events) != 0 and num_of_events.unpack('L').first > 0
+      input_record = 0.chr * 18
+      read_event = 0.chr * 4
+      if @@ReadConsoleInput.(@@hConsoleInputHandle, input_record, 1, read_event) != 0
+        event = input_record[0, 2].unpack('s*').first
+        if event == WINDOW_BUFFER_SIZE_EVENT
+          @@winch_handler.()
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    unless @@output_buf.empty?
+      return @@output_buf.shift
+    end
+    input = getwch
+    meta = (@@GetKeyState.call(VK_LMENU) & 0x80) != 0
+    control = (@@GetKeyState.call(VK_CONTROL) & 0x80) != 0
+    shift = (@@GetKeyState.call(VK_SHIFT) & 0x80) != 0
+    force_enter = !input.instance_of?(Array) && (control or shift) && input == 0x0D
+    if force_enter
+      # It's treated as Meta+Enter on Windows
+      @@output_buf.push("\e".ord)
+      @@output_buf.push(input)
+    else
+      case input
+      when 0x00
+        meta = false
+        @@output_buf.push(input)
+        input = getwch
+        @@output_buf.push(*input)
+      when 0xE0
+        @@output_buf.push(input)
+        input = getwch
+        @@output_buf.push(*input)
+      when 0x03
+        @@output_buf.push(input)
+      else
+        @@output_buf.push(input)
+      end
+    end
+    if meta
+      "\e".ord
+    else
+      @@output_buf.shift
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.ungetc(c)
+    @@output_buf.unshift(c)
+  end
+
+  def self.in_pasting?
+    not self.empty_buffer?
+  end
+
+  def self.empty_buffer?
+    if not @@input_buf.empty?
+      false
+    elsif @@kbhit.call == 0
+      true
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.get_screen_size
+    csbi = 0.chr * 22
+    @@GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.call(@@hConsoleHandle, csbi)
+    csbi[0, 4].unpack('SS').reverse
+  end
+
+  def self.cursor_pos
+    csbi = 0.chr * 22
+    @@GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.call(@@hConsoleHandle, csbi)
+    x = csbi[4, 2].unpack('s*').first
+    y = csbi[6, 2].unpack('s*').first
+    Reline::CursorPos.new(x, y)
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_column(val)
+    @@SetConsoleCursorPosition.call(@@hConsoleHandle, cursor_pos.y * 65536 + val)
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_up(val)
+    if val > 0
+      y = cursor_pos.y - val
+      y = 0 if y < 0
+      @@SetConsoleCursorPosition.call(@@hConsoleHandle, y * 65536 + cursor_pos.x)
+    elsif val < 0
+      move_cursor_down(-val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.move_cursor_down(val)
+    if val > 0
+      screen_height = get_screen_size.first
+      y = cursor_pos.y + val
+      y = screen_height - 1 if y > (screen_height - 1)
+      @@SetConsoleCursorPosition.call(@@hConsoleHandle, (cursor_pos.y + val) * 65536 + cursor_pos.x)
+    elsif val < 0
+      move_cursor_up(-val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.erase_after_cursor
+    csbi = 0.chr * 24
+    @@GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.call(@@hConsoleHandle, csbi)
+    cursor = csbi[4, 4].unpack('L').first
+    written = 0.chr * 4
+    @@FillConsoleOutputCharacter.call(@@hConsoleHandle, 0x20, get_screen_size.last - cursor_pos.x, cursor, written)
+    @@FillConsoleOutputAttribute.call(@@hConsoleHandle, 0, get_screen_size.last - cursor_pos.x, cursor, written)
+  end
+
+  def self.scroll_down(val)
+    return if val.zero?
+    screen_height = get_screen_size.first
+    val = screen_height - 1 if val > (screen_height - 1)
+    scroll_rectangle = [0, val, get_screen_size.last, get_screen_size.first].pack('s4')
+    destination_origin = 0 # y * 65536 + x
+    fill = [' '.ord, 0].pack('SS')
+    @@ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer.call(@@hConsoleHandle, scroll_rectangle, nil, destination_origin, fill)
+  end
+
+  def self.clear_screen
+    csbi = 0.chr * 22
+    return if @@GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.call(@@hConsoleHandle, csbi) == 0
+    buffer_width = csbi[0, 2].unpack('S').first
+    attributes = csbi[8, 2].unpack('S').first
+    _window_left, window_top, _window_right, window_bottom = *csbi[10,8].unpack('S*')
+    fill_length = buffer_width * (window_bottom - window_top + 1)
+    screen_topleft = window_top * 65536
+    written = 0.chr * 4
+    @@FillConsoleOutputCharacter.call(@@hConsoleHandle, 0x20, fill_length, screen_topleft, written)
+    @@FillConsoleOutputAttribute.call(@@hConsoleHandle, attributes, fill_length, screen_topleft, written)
+    @@SetConsoleCursorPosition.call(@@hConsoleHandle, screen_topleft)
+  end
+
+  def self.set_screen_size(rows, columns)
+    raise NotImplementedError
+  end
+
+  def self.set_winch_handler(&handler)
+    @@winch_handler = handler
+  end
+
+  def self.prep
+    # do nothing
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.deprep(otio)
+    # do nothing
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/resolv-replace.gemspec b/lib/resolv-replace.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0dadb19007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/resolv-replace.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "resolv-replace"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Replace Socket DNS with Resolv.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Replace Socket DNS with Resolv.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/resolv-replace"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "resolv"
+end
diff --git a/lib/resolv.gemspec b/lib/resolv.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6a0609b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/resolv.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "resolv"
+  spec.version       = "0.2.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Thread-aware DNS resolver library in Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Thread-aware DNS resolver library in Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/resolv"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = []
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/resolv.rb b/lib/resolv.rb
index a5a997a43d..b69c7045ca 100644
--- a/lib/resolv.rb
+++ b/lib/resolv.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 require 'socket'
 require 'timeout'
-require 'thread'
 require 'io/wait'
 
 begin
@@ -167,13 +166,14 @@ class Resolv
   # Resolv::Hosts is a hostname resolver that uses the system hosts file.
 
   class Hosts
-    begin
-      raise LoadError unless /mswin|mingw|cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-      require 'win32/resolv'
-      DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path
-    rescue LoadError
-      DefaultFileName = '/etc/hosts'
+    if /mswin|mingw|cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and
+      begin
+        require 'win32/resolv'
+        DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path || IO::NULL
+      rescue LoadError
+      end
     end
+    DefaultFileName ||= '/etc/hosts'
 
     ##
     # Creates a new Resolv::Hosts, using +filename+ for its data source.
@@ -189,20 +189,17 @@ class Resolv
         unless @initialized
           @name2addr = {}
           @addr2name = {}
-          open(@filename, 'rb') {|f|
+          File.open(@filename, 'rb') {|f|
             f.each {|line|
               line.sub!(/#.*/, '')
               addr, hostname, *aliases = line.split(/\s+/)
               next unless addr
-              addr.untaint
-              hostname.untaint
               @addr2name[addr] = [] unless @addr2name.include? addr
               @addr2name[addr] << hostname
               @addr2name[addr] += aliases
               @name2addr[hostname] = [] unless @name2addr.include? hostname
               @name2addr[hostname] << addr
               aliases.each {|n|
-                n.untaint
                 @name2addr[n] = [] unless @name2addr.include? n
                 @name2addr[n] << addr
               }
@@ -237,9 +234,7 @@ class Resolv
 
     def each_address(name, &proc)
       lazy_initialize
-      if @name2addr.include?(name)
-        @name2addr[name].each(&proc)
-      end
+      @name2addr[name]&.each(&proc)
     end
 
     ##
@@ -454,6 +449,8 @@ class Resolv
       case address
       when Name
         ptr = address
+      when IPv4, IPv6
+        ptr = address.to_name
       when IPv4::Regex
         ptr = IPv4.create(address).to_name
       when IPv6::Regex
@@ -514,10 +511,15 @@ class Resolv
 
     def fetch_resource(name, typeclass)
       lazy_initialize
-      requester = make_udp_requester
+      begin
+        requester = make_udp_requester
+      rescue Errno::EACCES
+        # fall back to TCP
+      end
       senders = {}
       begin
         @config.resolv(name) {|candidate, tout, nameserver, port|
+          requester ||= make_tcp_requester(nameserver, port)
           msg = Message.new
           msg.rd = 1
           msg.add_question(candidate, typeclass)
@@ -550,7 +552,7 @@ class Resolv
           end
         }
       ensure
-        requester.close
+        requester&.close
       end
     end
 
@@ -612,16 +614,6 @@ class Resolv
       end
     end
 
-
-    def self.rangerand(range) # :nodoc:
-      base = range.begin
-      len = range.end - range.begin
-      if !range.exclude_end?
-        len += 1
-      end
-      base + random(len)
-    end
-
     RequestID = {} # :nodoc:
     RequestIDMutex = Thread::Mutex.new # :nodoc:
 
@@ -630,7 +622,7 @@ class Resolv
       RequestIDMutex.synchronize {
         h = (RequestID[[host, port]] ||= {})
         begin
-          id = rangerand(0x0000..0xffff)
+          id = random(0x0000..0xffff)
         end while h[id]
         h[id] = true
       }
@@ -651,7 +643,7 @@ class Resolv
 
     def self.bind_random_port(udpsock, bind_host="0.0.0.0") # :nodoc:
       begin
-        port = rangerand(1024..65535)
+        port = random(1024..65535)
         udpsock.bind(bind_host, port)
       rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE, # POSIX
              Errno::EACCES, # SunOS: See PRIV_SYS_NFS in privileges(5)
@@ -704,13 +696,13 @@ class Resolv
           rescue DecodeError
             next # broken DNS message ignored
           end
-          if s = sender_for(from, msg)
+          if sender == sender_for(from, msg)
             break
           else
             # unexpected DNS message ignored
           end
         end
-        return msg, s.data
+        return msg, sender.data
       end
 
       def sender_for(addr, msg)
@@ -735,35 +727,48 @@ class Resolv
         def initialize(*nameserver_port)
           super()
           @nameserver_port = nameserver_port
-          @socks_hash = {}
-          @socks = []
-          nameserver_port.each {|host, port|
-            if host.index(':')
-              bind_host = "::"
-              af = Socket::AF_INET6
-            else
-              bind_host = "0.0.0.0"
-              af = Socket::AF_INET
-            end
-            next if @socks_hash[bind_host]
-            begin
-              sock = UDPSocket.new(af)
-            rescue Errno::EAFNOSUPPORT
-              next # The kernel doesn't support the address family.
-            end
-            sock.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
-            DNS.bind_random_port(sock, bind_host)
-            @socks << sock
-            @socks_hash[bind_host] = sock
+          @initialized = false
+          @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+        end
+
+        def lazy_initialize
+          @mutex.synchronize {
+            next if @initialized
+            @initialized = true
+            @socks_hash = {}
+            @socks = []
+            @nameserver_port.each {|host, port|
+              if host.index(':')
+                bind_host = "::"
+                af = Socket::AF_INET6
+              else
+                bind_host = "0.0.0.0"
+                af = Socket::AF_INET
+              end
+              next if @socks_hash[bind_host]
+              begin
+                sock = UDPSocket.new(af)
+              rescue Errno::EAFNOSUPPORT
+                next # The kernel doesn't support the address family.
+              end
+              @socks << sock
+              @socks_hash[bind_host] = sock
+              sock.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+              DNS.bind_random_port(sock, bind_host)
+            }
           }
+          self
         end
 
         def recv_reply(readable_socks)
+          lazy_initialize
           reply, from = readable_socks[0].recvfrom(UDPSize)
           return reply, [from[3],from[1]]
         end
 
         def sender(msg, data, host, port=Port)
+          host = Addrinfo.ip(host).ip_address
+          lazy_initialize
           sock = @socks_hash[host.index(':') ? "::" : "0.0.0.0"]
           return nil if !sock
           service = [host, port]
@@ -775,9 +780,14 @@ class Resolv
         end
 
         def close
-          super
-          @senders.each_key {|service, id|
-            DNS.free_request_id(service[0], service[1], id)
+          @mutex.synchronize {
+            if @initialized
+              super
+              @senders.each_key {|service, id|
+                DNS.free_request_id(service[0], service[1], id)
+              }
+              @initialized = false
+            end
           }
         end
 
@@ -801,20 +811,32 @@ class Resolv
           super()
           @host = host
           @port = port
-          is_ipv6 = host.index(':')
-          sock = UDPSocket.new(is_ipv6 ? Socket::AF_INET6 : Socket::AF_INET)
-          @socks = [sock]
-          sock.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
-          DNS.bind_random_port(sock, is_ipv6 ? "::" : "0.0.0.0")
-          sock.connect(host, port)
+          @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+          @initialized = false
+        end
+
+        def lazy_initialize
+          @mutex.synchronize {
+            next if @initialized
+            @initialized = true
+            is_ipv6 = @host.index(':')
+            sock = UDPSocket.new(is_ipv6 ? Socket::AF_INET6 : Socket::AF_INET)
+            @socks = [sock]
+            sock.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+            DNS.bind_random_port(sock, is_ipv6 ? "::" : "0.0.0.0")
+            sock.connect(@host, @port)
+          }
+          self
         end
 
         def recv_reply(readable_socks)
+          lazy_initialize
           reply = readable_socks[0].recv(UDPSize)
           return reply, nil
         end
 
         def sender(msg, data, host=@host, port=@port)
+          lazy_initialize
           unless host == @host && port == @port
             raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
           end
@@ -825,10 +847,15 @@ class Resolv
         end
 
         def close
-          super
-          @senders.each_key {|from, id|
-            DNS.free_request_id(@host, @port, id)
-          }
+          @mutex.synchronize do
+            if @initialized
+              super
+              @senders.each_key {|from, id|
+                DNS.free_request_id(@host, @port, id)
+              }
+              @initialized = false
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
@@ -842,6 +869,7 @@ class Resolv
 
       class MDNSOneShot < UnconnectedUDP # :nodoc:
         def sender(msg, data, host, port=Port)
+          lazy_initialize
           id = DNS.allocate_request_id(host, port)
           request = msg.encode
           request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
@@ -851,6 +879,7 @@ class Resolv
         end
 
         def sender_for(addr, msg)
+          lazy_initialize
           @senders[msg.id]
         end
       end
@@ -929,11 +958,10 @@ class Resolv
         nameserver = []
         search = nil
         ndots = 1
-        open(filename, 'rb') {|f|
+        File.open(filename, 'rb') {|f|
           f.each {|line|
             line.sub!(/[#;].*/, '')
             keyword, *args = line.split(/\s+/)
-            args.each(&:untaint)
             next unless keyword
             case keyword
             when 'nameserver'
@@ -1521,12 +1549,12 @@ class Resolv
         def initialize(data)
           @data = data
           @index = 0
-          @limit = data.length
+          @limit = data.bytesize
           yield self
         end
 
         def inspect
-          "\#<#{self.class}: #{@data[0, @index].inspect} #{@data[@index..-1].inspect}>"
+          "\#<#{self.class}: #{@data.byteslice(0, @index).inspect} #{@data.byteslice(@index..-1).inspect}>"
         end
 
         def get_length16
@@ -1545,7 +1573,7 @@ class Resolv
 
         def get_bytes(len = @limit - @index)
           raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + len
-          d = @data[@index, len]
+          d = @data.byteslice(@index, len)
           @index += len
           return d
         end
@@ -1573,9 +1601,9 @@ class Resolv
 
         def get_string
           raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit <= @index
-          len = @data[@index].ord
+          len = @data.getbyte(@index)
           raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + 1 + len
-          d = @data[@index + 1, len]
+          d = @data.byteslice(@index + 1, len)
           @index += 1 + len
           return d
         end
@@ -1598,7 +1626,7 @@ class Resolv
           d = []
           while true
             raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit <= @index
-            case @data[@index].ord
+            case @data.getbyte(@index)
             when 0
               @index += 1
               if save_index
@@ -1635,7 +1663,13 @@ class Resolv
           name = self.get_name
           type, klass, ttl = self.get_unpack('nnN')
           typeclass = Resource.get_class(type, klass)
-          res = self.get_length16 { typeclass.decode_rdata self }
+          res = self.get_length16 do
+            begin
+              typeclass.decode_rdata self
+            rescue => e
+              raise DecodeError, e.message, e.backtrace
+            end
+          end
           res.instance_variable_set :@ttl, ttl
           return name, ttl, res
         end
@@ -2426,13 +2460,38 @@ class Resolv
       \z/x
 
     ##
+    # IPv6 link local address format fe80:b:c:d:e:f:g:h%em1
+    Regex_8HexLinkLocal = /\A
+      [Ff][Ee]80
+      (?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){7}
+      %[0-9A-Za-z]+
+      \z/x
+
+    ##
+    # Compressed IPv6 link local address format fe80::b%em1
+
+    Regex_CompressedHexLinkLocal = /\A
+      [Ff][Ee]80:
+      (?:
+        ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?) ::
+        ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?)
+        |
+        :((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?)
+      )?
+      :[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}%[0-9A-Za-z.]+
+      \z/x
+
+    ##
     # A composite IPv6 address Regexp.
 
     Regex = /
       (?:#{Regex_8Hex}) |
       (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex}) |
       (?:#{Regex_6Hex4Dec}) |
-      (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex4Dec})/x
+      (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex4Dec}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_8HexLinkLocal}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_CompressedHexLinkLocal})
+      /x
 
     ##
     # Creates a new IPv6 address from +arg+ which may be:
@@ -2499,7 +2558,7 @@ class Resolv
     attr_reader :address
 
     def to_s # :nodoc:
-      address = sprintf("%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X", *@address.unpack("nnnnnnnn"))
+      address = sprintf("%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x", *@address.unpack("nnnnnnnn"))
       unless address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:0)+(:|$)/, '::')
         address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:|$)/, '::')
       end
@@ -2598,7 +2657,7 @@ class Resolv
     def each_address(name)
       name = Resolv::DNS::Name.create(name)
 
-      return unless name.to_a.last == 'local'
+      return unless name[-1].to_s == 'local'
 
       super(name)
     end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb b/lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dc1d2add0b..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/attlistdecl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#vim:ts=2 sw=2 noexpandtab:
-require 'rexml/child'
-require 'rexml/source'
-
-module REXML
-  # This class needs:
-  # * Documentation
-  # * Work!  Not all types of attlists are intelligently parsed, so we just
-  # spew back out what we get in.  This works, but it would be better if
-  # we formatted the output ourselves.
-  #
-  # AttlistDecls provide *just* enough support to allow namespace
-  # declarations.  If you need some sort of generalized support, or have an
-  # interesting idea about how to map the hideous, terrible design of DTD
-  # AttlistDecls onto an intuitive Ruby interface, let me know.  I'm desperate
-  # for anything to make DTDs more palateable.
-  class AttlistDecl < Child
-    include Enumerable
-
-    # What is this?  Got me.
-    attr_reader :element_name
-
-    # Create an AttlistDecl, pulling the information from a Source.  Notice
-    # that this isn't very convenient; to create an AttlistDecl, you basically
-    # have to format it yourself, and then have the initializer parse it.
-    # Sorry, but for the foreseeable future, DTD support in REXML is pretty
-    # weak on convenience.  Have I mentioned how much I hate DTDs?
-    def initialize(source)
-      super()
-      if (source.kind_of? Array)
-        @element_name, @pairs, @contents = *source
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Access the attlist attribute/value pairs.
-    #  value = attlist_decl[ attribute_name ]
-    def [](key)
-      @pairs[key]
-    end
-
-    # Whether an attlist declaration includes the given attribute definition
-    #  if attlist_decl.include? "xmlns:foobar"
-    def include?(key)
-      @pairs.keys.include? key
-    end
-
-    # Iterate over the key/value pairs:
-    #  attlist_decl.each { |attribute_name, attribute_value| ... }
-    def each(&block)
-      @pairs.each(&block)
-    end
-
-    # Write out exactly what we got in.
-    def write out, indent=-1
-      out << @contents
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :attlistdecl
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/attribute.rb b/lib/rexml/attribute.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ca5984e178..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/attribute.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/namespace"
-require 'rexml/text'
-
-module REXML
-  # Defines an Element Attribute; IE, a attribute=value pair, as in:
-  # <element attribute="value"/>.  Attributes can be in their own
-  # namespaces.  General users of REXML will not interact with the
-  # Attribute class much.
-  class Attribute
-    include Node
-    include Namespace
-
-    # The element to which this attribute belongs
-    attr_reader :element
-    # The normalized value of this attribute.  That is, the attribute with
-    # entities intact.
-    attr_writer :normalized
-    PATTERN = /\s*(#{NAME_STR})\s*=\s*(["'])(.*?)\2/um
-
-    NEEDS_A_SECOND_CHECK = /(<|&((#{Entity::NAME});|(#0*((?:\d+)|(?:x[a-fA-F0-9]+)));)?)/um
-
-    # Constructor.
-    # FIXME: The parser doesn't catch illegal characters in attributes
-    #
-    # first::
-    #   Either: an Attribute, which this new attribute will become a
-    #   clone of; or a String, which is the name of this attribute
-    # second::
-    #   If +first+ is an Attribute, then this may be an Element, or nil.
-    #   If nil, then the Element parent of this attribute is the parent
-    #   of the +first+ Attribute.  If the first argument is a String,
-    #   then this must also be a String, and is the content of the attribute.
-    #   If this is the content, it must be fully normalized (contain no
-    #   illegal characters).
-    # parent::
-    #   Ignored unless +first+ is a String; otherwise, may be the Element
-    #   parent of this attribute, or nil.
-    #
-    #
-    #  Attribute.new( attribute_to_clone )
-    #  Attribute.new( attribute_to_clone, parent_element )
-    #  Attribute.new( "attr", "attr_value" )
-    #  Attribute.new( "attr", "attr_value", parent_element )
-    def initialize( first, second=nil, parent=nil )
-      @normalized = @unnormalized = @element = nil
-      if first.kind_of? Attribute
-        self.name = first.expanded_name
-        @unnormalized = first.value
-        if second.kind_of? Element
-          @element = second
-        else
-          @element = first.element
-        end
-      elsif first.kind_of? String
-        @element = parent
-        self.name = first
-        @normalized = second.to_s
-      else
-        raise "illegal argument #{first.class.name} to Attribute constructor"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the namespace of the attribute.
-    #
-    #  e = Element.new( "elns:myelement" )
-    #  e.add_attribute( "nsa:a", "aval" )
-    #  e.add_attribute( "b", "bval" )
-    #  e.attributes.get_attribute( "a" ).prefix   # -> "nsa"
-    #  e.attributes.get_attribute( "b" ).prefix   # -> "elns"
-    #  a = Attribute.new( "x", "y" )
-    #  a.prefix                                   # -> ""
-    def prefix
-      pf = super
-      if pf == ""
-        pf = @element.prefix if @element
-      end
-      pf
-    end
-
-    # Returns the namespace URL, if defined, or nil otherwise
-    #
-    #  e = Element.new("el")
-    #  e.add_namespace("ns", "http://url")
-    #  e.add_attribute("ns:a", "b")
-    #  e.add_attribute("nsx:a", "c")
-    #  e.attribute("ns:a").namespace # => "http://url"
-    #  e.attribute("nsx:a").namespace # => nil
-    def namespace arg=nil
-      arg = prefix if arg.nil?
-      @element.namespace arg
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if other is an Attribute and has the same name and value,
-    # false otherwise.
-    def ==( other )
-      other.kind_of?(Attribute) and other.name==name and other.value==value
-    end
-
-    # Creates (and returns) a hash from both the name and value
-    def hash
-      name.hash + value.hash
-    end
-
-    # Returns this attribute out as XML source, expanding the name
-    #
-    #  a = Attribute.new( "x", "y" )
-    #  a.to_string     # -> "x='y'"
-    #  b = Attribute.new( "ns:x", "y" )
-    #  b.to_string     # -> "ns:x='y'"
-    def to_string
-      if @element and @element.context and @element.context[:attribute_quote] == :quote
-        %Q^#@expanded_name="#{to_s().gsub(/"/, '&quot;')}"^
-      else
-        "#@expanded_name='#{to_s().gsub(/'/, '&apos;')}'"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def doctype
-      if @element
-        doc = @element.document
-        doc.doctype if doc
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the attribute value, with entities replaced
-    def to_s
-      return @normalized if @normalized
-
-      @normalized = Text::normalize( @unnormalized, doctype )
-      @unnormalized = nil
-      @normalized
-    end
-
-    # Returns the UNNORMALIZED value of this attribute.  That is, entities
-    # have been expanded to their values
-    def value
-      return @unnormalized if @unnormalized
-      @unnormalized = Text::unnormalize( @normalized, doctype )
-      @normalized = nil
-      @unnormalized
-    end
-
-    # Returns a copy of this attribute
-    def clone
-      Attribute.new self
-    end
-
-    # Sets the element of which this object is an attribute.  Normally, this
-    # is not directly called.
-    #
-    # Returns this attribute
-    def element=( element )
-      @element = element
-
-      if @normalized
-        Text.check( @normalized, NEEDS_A_SECOND_CHECK, doctype )
-      end
-
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Removes this Attribute from the tree, and returns true if successful
-    #
-    # This method is usually not called directly.
-    def remove
-      @element.attributes.delete self.name unless @element.nil?
-    end
-
-    # Writes this attribute (EG, puts 'key="value"' to the output)
-    def write( output, indent=-1 )
-      output << to_string
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :attribute
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      rv = ""
-      write( rv )
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def xpath
-      path = @element.xpath
-      path += "/@#{self.expanded_name}"
-      return path
-    end
-  end
-end
-#vim:ts=2 sw=2 noexpandtab:
diff --git a/lib/rexml/cdata.rb b/lib/rexml/cdata.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fe9b49b5f7..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/cdata.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/text"
-
-module REXML
-  class CData < Text
-    START = '<![CDATA['
-    STOP = ']]>'
-    ILLEGAL = /(\]\]>)/
-
-    #   Constructor.  CData is data between <![CDATA[ ... ]]>
-    #
-    # _Examples_
-    #  CData.new( source )
-    #  CData.new( "Here is some CDATA" )
-    #  CData.new( "Some unprocessed data", respect_whitespace_TF, parent_element )
-    def initialize( first, whitespace=true, parent=nil )
-      super( first, whitespace, parent, false, true, ILLEGAL )
-    end
-
-    # Make a copy of this object
-    #
-    # _Examples_
-    #  c = CData.new( "Some text" )
-    #  d = c.clone
-    #  d.to_s        # -> "Some text"
-    def clone
-      CData.new self
-    end
-
-    # Returns the content of this CData object
-    #
-    # _Examples_
-    #  c = CData.new( "Some text" )
-    #  c.to_s        # -> "Some text"
-    def to_s
-      @string
-    end
-
-    def value
-      @string
-    end
-
-    # == DEPRECATED
-    # See the rexml/formatters package
-    #
-    # Generates XML output of this object
-    #
-    # output::
-    #   Where to write the string.  Defaults to $stdout
-    # indent::
-    #   The amount to indent this node by
-    # transitive::
-    #   Ignored
-    # ie_hack::
-    #   Ignored
-    #
-    # _Examples_
-    #  c = CData.new( " Some text " )
-    #  c.write( $stdout )     #->  <![CDATA[ Some text ]]>
-    def write( output=$stdout, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
-      Kernel.warn( "#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated" )
-      indent( output, indent )
-      output << START
-      output << @string
-      output << STOP
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/child.rb b/lib/rexml/child.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d23451e71e..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/child.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/node"
-
-module REXML
-  ##
-  # A Child object is something contained by a parent, and this class
-  # contains methods to support that.  Most user code will not use this
-  # class directly.
-  class Child
-    include Node
-    attr_reader :parent         # The Parent of this object
-
-    # Constructor.  Any inheritors of this class should call super to make
-    # sure this method is called.
-    # parent::
-    #   if supplied, the parent of this child will be set to the
-    #   supplied value, and self will be added to the parent
-    def initialize( parent = nil )
-      @parent = nil
-      # Declare @parent, but don't define it.  The next line sets the
-      # parent.
-      parent.add( self ) if parent
-    end
-
-    # Replaces this object with another object.  Basically, calls
-    # Parent.replace_child
-    #
-    # Returns:: self
-    def replace_with( child )
-      @parent.replace_child( self, child )
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Removes this child from the parent.
-    #
-    # Returns:: self
-    def remove
-      unless @parent.nil?
-        @parent.delete self
-      end
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Sets the parent of this child to the supplied argument.
-    #
-    # other::
-    #   Must be a Parent object.  If this object is the same object as the
-    #   existing parent of this child, no action is taken. Otherwise, this
-    #   child is removed from the current parent (if one exists), and is added
-    #   to the new parent.
-    # Returns:: The parent added
-    def parent=( other )
-      return @parent if @parent == other
-      @parent.delete self if defined? @parent and @parent
-      @parent = other
-    end
-
-    alias :next_sibling :next_sibling_node
-    alias :previous_sibling :previous_sibling_node
-
-    # Sets the next sibling of this child.  This can be used to insert a child
-    # after some other child.
-    #  a = Element.new("a")
-    #  b = a.add_element("b")
-    #  c = Element.new("c")
-    #  b.next_sibling = c
-    #  # => <a><b/><c/></a>
-    def next_sibling=( other )
-      parent.insert_after self, other
-    end
-
-    # Sets the previous sibling of this child.  This can be used to insert a
-    # child before some other child.
-    #  a = Element.new("a")
-    #  b = a.add_element("b")
-    #  c = Element.new("c")
-    #  b.previous_sibling = c
-    #  # => <a><b/><c/></a>
-    def previous_sibling=(other)
-      parent.insert_before self, other
-    end
-
-    # Returns:: the document this child belongs to, or nil if this child
-    # belongs to no document
-    def document
-      return parent.document unless parent.nil?
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # This doesn't yet handle encodings
-    def bytes
-      document.encoding
-
-      to_s
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/comment.rb b/lib/rexml/comment.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 746af77296..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/comment.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/child"
-
-module REXML
-  ##
-  # Represents an XML comment; that is, text between \<!-- ... -->
-  class Comment < Child
-    include Comparable
-    START = "<!--"
-    STOP = "-->"
-
-    # The content text
-
-    attr_accessor :string
-
-    ##
-    # Constructor.  The first argument can be one of three types:
-    # @param first If String, the contents of this comment are set to the
-    # argument.  If Comment, the argument is duplicated.  If
-    # Source, the argument is scanned for a comment.
-    # @param second If the first argument is a Source, this argument
-    # should be nil, not supplied, or a Parent to be set as the parent
-    # of this object
-    def initialize( first, second = nil )
-      super(second)
-      if first.kind_of? String
-        @string = first
-      elsif first.kind_of? Comment
-        @string = first.string
-      end
-    end
-
-    def clone
-      Comment.new self
-    end
-
-    # == DEPRECATED
-    # See REXML::Formatters
-    #
-    # output::
-    #    Where to write the string
-    # indent::
-    #    An integer.    If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
-    #    indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
-    #    indented an additional amount.
-    # transitive::
-    #    Ignored by this class. The contents of comments are never modified.
-    # ie_hack::
-    #    Needed for conformity to the child API, but not used by this class.
-    def write( output, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
-      Kernel.warn("Comment.write is deprecated.  See REXML::Formatters")
-      indent( output, indent )
-      output << START
-      output << @string
-      output << STOP
-    end
-
-    alias :to_s :string
-
-    ##
-    # Compares this Comment to another; the contents of the comment are used
-    # in the comparison.
-    def <=>(other)
-      other.to_s <=> @string
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Compares this Comment to another; the contents of the comment are used
-    # in the comparison.
-    def ==( other )
-      other.kind_of? Comment and
-      (other <=> self) == 0
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :comment
-    end
-  end
-end
-#vim:ts=2 sw=2 noexpandtab:
diff --git a/lib/rexml/doctype.rb b/lib/rexml/doctype.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1eb1f5b4e1..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/doctype.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,270 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/parent"
-require "rexml/parseexception"
-require "rexml/namespace"
-require 'rexml/entity'
-require 'rexml/attlistdecl'
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-
-module REXML
-  # Represents an XML DOCTYPE declaration; that is, the contents of <!DOCTYPE
-  # ... >.  DOCTYPES can be used to declare the DTD of a document, as well as
-  # being used to declare entities used in the document.
-  class DocType < Parent
-    include XMLTokens
-    START = "<!DOCTYPE"
-    STOP = ">"
-    SYSTEM = "SYSTEM"
-    PUBLIC = "PUBLIC"
-    DEFAULT_ENTITIES = {
-      'gt'=>EntityConst::GT,
-      'lt'=>EntityConst::LT,
-      'quot'=>EntityConst::QUOT,
-      "apos"=>EntityConst::APOS
-    }
-
-    # name is the name of the doctype
-    # external_id is the referenced DTD, if given
-    attr_reader :name, :external_id, :entities, :namespaces
-
-    # Constructor
-    #
-    #   dt = DocType.new( 'foo', '-//I/Hate/External/IDs' )
-    #   # <!DOCTYPE foo '-//I/Hate/External/IDs'>
-    #   dt = DocType.new( doctype_to_clone )
-    #   # Incomplete.  Shallow clone of doctype
-    #
-    # +Note+ that the constructor:
-    #
-    #  Doctype.new( Source.new( "<!DOCTYPE foo 'bar'>" ) )
-    #
-    # is _deprecated_.  Do not use it.  It will probably disappear.
-    def initialize( first, parent=nil )
-      @entities = DEFAULT_ENTITIES
-      @long_name = @uri = nil
-      if first.kind_of? String
-        super()
-        @name = first
-        @external_id = parent
-      elsif first.kind_of? DocType
-        super( parent )
-        @name = first.name
-        @external_id = first.external_id
-      elsif first.kind_of? Array
-        super( parent )
-        @name = first[0]
-        @external_id = first[1]
-        @long_name = first[2]
-        @uri = first[3]
-      elsif first.kind_of? Source
-        super( parent )
-        parser = Parsers::BaseParser.new( first )
-        event = parser.pull
-        if event[0] == :start_doctype
-          @name, @external_id, @long_name, @uri, = event[1..-1]
-        end
-      else
-        super()
-      end
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :doctype
-    end
-
-    def attributes_of element
-      rv = []
-      each do |child|
-        child.each do |key,val|
-          rv << Attribute.new(key,val)
-        end if child.kind_of? AttlistDecl and child.element_name == element
-      end
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def attribute_of element, attribute
-      att_decl = find do |child|
-        child.kind_of? AttlistDecl and
-        child.element_name == element and
-        child.include? attribute
-      end
-      return nil unless att_decl
-      att_decl[attribute]
-    end
-
-    def clone
-      DocType.new self
-    end
-
-    # output::
-    #   Where to write the string
-    # indent::
-    #   An integer.  If -1, no indentation will be used; otherwise, the
-    #   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
-    #   indented an additional amount.
-    # transitive::
-    #   Ignored
-    # ie_hack::
-    #   Ignored
-    def write( output, indent=0, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
-      f = REXML::Formatters::Default.new
-      indent( output, indent )
-      output << START
-      output << ' '
-      output << @name
-      output << " #@external_id" if @external_id
-      output << " #{@long_name.inspect}" if @long_name
-      output << " #{@uri.inspect}" if @uri
-      unless @children.empty?
-        output << ' ['
-        @children.each { |child|
-          output << "\n"
-          f.write( child, output )
-        }
-        output << "\n]"
-      end
-      output << STOP
-    end
-
-    def context
-      @parent.context
-    end
-
-    def entity( name )
-      @entities[name].unnormalized if @entities[name]
-    end
-
-    def add child
-      super(child)
-      @entities = DEFAULT_ENTITIES.clone if @entities == DEFAULT_ENTITIES
-      @entities[ child.name ] = child if child.kind_of? Entity
-    end
-
-    # This method retrieves the public identifier identifying the document's
-    # DTD.
-    #
-    # Method contributed by Henrik Martensson
-    def public
-      case @external_id
-      when "SYSTEM"
-        nil
-      when "PUBLIC"
-        strip_quotes(@long_name)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This method retrieves the system identifier identifying the document's DTD
-    #
-    # Method contributed by Henrik Martensson
-    def system
-      case @external_id
-      when "SYSTEM"
-        strip_quotes(@long_name)
-      when "PUBLIC"
-        @uri.kind_of?(String) ? strip_quotes(@uri) : nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This method returns a list of notations that have been declared in the
-    # _internal_ DTD subset. Notations in the external DTD subset are not
-    # listed.
-    #
-    # Method contributed by Henrik Martensson
-    def notations
-      children().select {|node| node.kind_of?(REXML::NotationDecl)}
-    end
-
-    # Retrieves a named notation. Only notations declared in the internal
-    # DTD subset can be retrieved.
-    #
-    # Method contributed by Henrik Martensson
-    def notation(name)
-      notations.find { |notation_decl|
-        notation_decl.name == name
-      }
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Method contributed by Henrik Martensson
-    def strip_quotes(quoted_string)
-      quoted_string =~ /^[\'\"].*[\'\"]$/ ?
-        quoted_string[1, quoted_string.length-2] :
-        quoted_string
-    end
-  end
-
-  # We don't really handle any of these since we're not a validating
-  # parser, so we can be pretty dumb about them.  All we need to be able
-  # to do is spew them back out on a write()
-
-  # This is an abstract class.  You never use this directly; it serves as a
-  # parent class for the specific declarations.
-  class Declaration < Child
-    def initialize src
-      super()
-      @string = src
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      @string+'>'
-    end
-
-    # == DEPRECATED
-    # See REXML::Formatters
-    #
-    def write( output, indent )
-      output << to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  public
-  class ElementDecl < Declaration
-    def initialize( src )
-      super
-    end
-  end
-
-  class ExternalEntity < Child
-    def initialize( src )
-      super()
-      @entity = src
-    end
-    def to_s
-      @entity
-    end
-    def write( output, indent )
-      output << @entity
-    end
-  end
-
-  class NotationDecl < Child
-    attr_accessor :public, :system
-    def initialize name, middle, pub, sys
-      super(nil)
-      @name = name
-      @middle = middle
-      @public = pub
-      @system = sys
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      notation = "<!NOTATION #{@name} #{@middle}"
-      notation << " #{@public.inspect}" if @public
-      notation << " #{@system.inspect}" if @system
-      notation << ">"
-      notation
-    end
-
-    def write( output, indent=-1 )
-      output << to_s
-    end
-
-    # This method retrieves the name of the notation.
-    #
-    # Method contributed by Henrik Martensson
-    def name
-      @name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/document.rb b/lib/rexml/document.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 806bc499cd..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/document.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/security"
-require "rexml/element"
-require "rexml/xmldecl"
-require "rexml/source"
-require "rexml/comment"
-require "rexml/doctype"
-require "rexml/instruction"
-require "rexml/rexml"
-require "rexml/parseexception"
-require "rexml/output"
-require "rexml/parsers/baseparser"
-require "rexml/parsers/streamparser"
-require "rexml/parsers/treeparser"
-
-module REXML
-  # Represents a full XML document, including PIs, a doctype, etc.  A
-  # Document has a single child that can be accessed by root().
-  # Note that if you want to have an XML declaration written for a document
-  # you create, you must add one; REXML documents do not write a default
-  # declaration for you.  See |DECLARATION| and |write|.
-  class Document < Element
-    # A convenient default XML declaration.  If you want an XML declaration,
-    # the easiest way to add one is mydoc << Document::DECLARATION
-    # +DEPRECATED+
-    # Use: mydoc << XMLDecl.default
-    DECLARATION = XMLDecl.default
-
-    # Constructor
-    # @param source if supplied, must be a Document, String, or IO.
-    # Documents have their context and Element attributes cloned.
-    # Strings are expected to be valid XML documents.  IOs are expected
-    # to be sources of valid XML documents.
-    # @param context if supplied, contains the context of the document;
-    # this should be a Hash.
-    def initialize( source = nil, context = {} )
-      @entity_expansion_count = 0
-      super()
-      @context = context
-      return if source.nil?
-      if source.kind_of? Document
-        @context = source.context
-        super source
-      else
-        build(  source )
-      end
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :document
-    end
-
-    # Should be obvious
-    def clone
-      Document.new self
-    end
-
-    # According to the XML spec, a root node has no expanded name
-    def expanded_name
-      ''
-      #d = doc_type
-      #d ? d.name : "UNDEFINED"
-    end
-
-    alias :name :expanded_name
-
-    # We override this, because XMLDecls and DocTypes must go at the start
-    # of the document
-    def add( child )
-      if child.kind_of? XMLDecl
-        if @children[0].kind_of? XMLDecl
-          @children[0] = child
-        else
-          @children.unshift child
-        end
-        child.parent = self
-      elsif child.kind_of? DocType
-        # Find first Element or DocType node and insert the decl right
-        # before it.  If there is no such node, just insert the child at the
-        # end.  If there is a child and it is an DocType, then replace it.
-        insert_before_index = @children.find_index { |x|
-          x.kind_of?(Element) || x.kind_of?(DocType)
-        }
-        if insert_before_index # Not null = not end of list
-          if @children[ insert_before_index ].kind_of? DocType
-            @children[ insert_before_index ] = child
-          else
-            @children[ insert_before_index-1, 0 ] = child
-          end
-        else  # Insert at end of list
-          @children << child
-        end
-        child.parent = self
-      else
-        rv = super
-        raise "attempted adding second root element to document" if @elements.size > 1
-        rv
-      end
-    end
-    alias :<< :add
-
-    def add_element(arg=nil, arg2=nil)
-      rv = super
-      raise "attempted adding second root element to document" if @elements.size > 1
-      rv
-    end
-
-    # @return the root Element of the document, or nil if this document
-    # has no children.
-    def root
-      elements[1]
-      #self
-      #@children.find { |item| item.kind_of? Element }
-    end
-
-    # @return the DocType child of the document, if one exists,
-    # and nil otherwise.
-    def doctype
-      @children.find { |item| item.kind_of? DocType }
-    end
-
-    # @return the XMLDecl of this document; if no XMLDecl has been
-    # set, the default declaration is returned.
-    def xml_decl
-      rv = @children[0]
-      return rv if rv.kind_of? XMLDecl
-      @children.unshift(XMLDecl.default)[0]
-    end
-
-    # @return the XMLDecl version of this document as a String.
-    # If no XMLDecl has been set, returns the default version.
-    def version
-      xml_decl().version
-    end
-
-    # @return the XMLDecl encoding of this document as an
-    # Encoding object.
-    # If no XMLDecl has been set, returns the default encoding.
-    def encoding
-      xml_decl().encoding
-    end
-
-    # @return the XMLDecl standalone value of this document as a String.
-    # If no XMLDecl has been set, returns the default setting.
-    def stand_alone?
-      xml_decl().stand_alone?
-    end
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #    doc.write(output=$stdout, indent=-1, transtive=false, ie_hack=false, encoding=nil)
-    #    doc.write(options={:output => $stdout, :indent => -1, :transtive => false, :ie_hack => false, :encoding => nil})
-    #
-    # Write the XML tree out, optionally with indent.  This writes out the
-    # entire XML document, including XML declarations, doctype declarations,
-    # and processing instructions (if any are given).
-    #
-    # A controversial point is whether Document should always write the XML
-    # declaration (<?xml version='1.0'?>) whether or not one is given by the
-    # user (or source document).  REXML does not write one if one was not
-    # specified, because it adds unnecessary bandwidth to applications such
-    # as XML-RPC.
-    #
-    # Accept Nth argument style and options Hash style as argument.
-    # The recommended style is options Hash style for one or more
-    # arguments case.
-    #
-    # _Examples_
-    #   Document.new("<a><b/></a>").write
-    #
-    #   output = ""
-    #   Document.new("<a><b/></a>").write(output)
-    #
-    #   output = ""
-    #   Document.new("<a><b/></a>").write(:output => output, :indent => 2)
-    #
-    # See also the classes in the rexml/formatters package for the proper way
-    # to change the default formatting of XML output.
-    #
-    # _Examples_
-    #
-    #   output = ""
-    #   tr = Transitive.new
-    #   tr.write(Document.new("<a><b/></a>"), output)
-    #
-    # output::
-    #   output an object which supports '<< string'; this is where the
-    #   document will be written.
-    # indent::
-    #   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
-    #   indentation will be twice this number of spaces, and children will be
-    #   indented an additional amount.  For a value of 3, every item will be
-    #   indented 3 more levels, or 6 more spaces (2 * 3). Defaults to -1
-    # transitive::
-    #   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
-    #   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
-    #   the absolute *value* of the document -- that is, it leaves the value
-    #   and number of Text nodes in the document unchanged.
-    # ie_hack::
-    #   This hack inserts a space before the /> on empty tags to address
-    #   a limitation of Internet Explorer.  Defaults to false
-    # encoding::
-    #   Encoding name as String. Change output encoding to specified encoding
-    #   instead of encoding in XML declaration.
-    #   Defaults to nil. It means encoding in XML declaration is used.
-    def write(*arguments)
-      if arguments.size == 1 and arguments[0].class == Hash
-        options = arguments[0]
-
-        output     = options[:output]
-        indent     = options[:indent]
-        transitive = options[:transitive]
-        ie_hack    = options[:ie_hack]
-        encoding   = options[:encoding]
-      else
-        output, indent, transitive, ie_hack, encoding, = *arguments
-      end
-
-      output   ||= $stdout
-      indent   ||= -1
-      transitive = false if transitive.nil?
-      ie_hack    = false if ie_hack.nil?
-      encoding ||= xml_decl.encoding
-
-      if encoding != 'UTF-8' && !output.kind_of?(Output)
-        output = Output.new( output, encoding )
-      end
-      formatter = if indent > -1
-          if transitive
-            require "rexml/formatters/transitive"
-            REXML::Formatters::Transitive.new( indent, ie_hack )
-          else
-            REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent, ie_hack )
-          end
-        else
-          REXML::Formatters::Default.new( ie_hack )
-        end
-      formatter.write( self, output )
-    end
-
-
-    def Document::parse_stream( source, listener )
-      Parsers::StreamParser.new( source, listener ).parse
-    end
-
-    # Set the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10000.
-    #
-    # Deprecated. Use REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit= instead.
-    def Document::entity_expansion_limit=( val )
-      Security.entity_expansion_limit = val
-    end
-
-    # Get the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10000.
-    #
-    # Deprecated. Use REXML::Security.entity_expansion_limit= instead.
-    def Document::entity_expansion_limit
-      return Security.entity_expansion_limit
-    end
-
-    # Set the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10240.
-    #
-    # Deprecated. Use REXML::Security.entity_expansion_text_limit= instead.
-    def Document::entity_expansion_text_limit=( val )
-      Security.entity_expansion_text_limit = val
-    end
-
-    # Get the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10240.
-    #
-    # Deprecated. Use REXML::Security.entity_expansion_text_limit instead.
-    def Document::entity_expansion_text_limit
-      return Security.entity_expansion_text_limit
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :entity_expansion_count
-
-    def record_entity_expansion
-      @entity_expansion_count += 1
-      if @entity_expansion_count > Security.entity_expansion_limit
-        raise "number of entity expansions exceeded, processing aborted."
-      end
-    end
-
-    def document
-      self
-    end
-
-    private
-    def build( source )
-      Parsers::TreeParser.new( source, self ).parse
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/dtd/attlistdecl.rb b/lib/rexml/dtd/attlistdecl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 32847daadb..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/dtd/attlistdecl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/child"
-module REXML
-  module DTD
-    class AttlistDecl < Child
-      START = "<!ATTLIST"
-      START_RE = /^\s*#{START}/um
-      PATTERN_RE = /\s*(#{START}.*?>)/um
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/dtd/dtd.rb b/lib/rexml/dtd/dtd.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 927d5d847b..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/dtd/dtd.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/dtd/elementdecl"
-require "rexml/dtd/entitydecl"
-require "rexml/comment"
-require "rexml/dtd/notationdecl"
-require "rexml/dtd/attlistdecl"
-require "rexml/parent"
-
-module REXML
-  module DTD
-    class Parser
-      def Parser.parse( input )
-        case input
-        when String
-          parse_helper input
-        when File
-          parse_helper input.read
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Takes a String and parses it out
-      def Parser.parse_helper( input )
-        contents = Parent.new
-        while input.size > 0
-          case input
-          when ElementDecl.PATTERN_RE
-            match = $&
-            contents << ElementDecl.new( match )
-          when AttlistDecl.PATTERN_RE
-            matchdata = $~
-            contents << AttlistDecl.new( matchdata )
-          when EntityDecl.PATTERN_RE
-            matchdata = $~
-            contents << EntityDecl.new( matchdata )
-          when Comment.PATTERN_RE
-            matchdata = $~
-            contents << Comment.new( matchdata )
-          when NotationDecl.PATTERN_RE
-            matchdata = $~
-            contents << NotationDecl.new( matchdata )
-          end
-        end
-        contents
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/dtd/elementdecl.rb b/lib/rexml/dtd/elementdecl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 119fd41a8f..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/dtd/elementdecl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/child"
-module REXML
-  module DTD
-    class ElementDecl < Child
-      START = "<!ELEMENT"
-      START_RE = /^\s*#{START}/um
-      # PATTERN_RE = /^\s*(#{START}.*?)>/um
-      PATTERN_RE = /^\s*#{START}\s+((?:[:\w][-\.\w]*:)?[-!\*\.\w]*)(.*?)>/
-      #\s*((((["']).*?\5)|[^\/'">]*)*?)(\/)?>/um, true)
-
-      def initialize match
-        @name = match[1]
-        @rest = match[2]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/dtd/entitydecl.rb b/lib/rexml/dtd/entitydecl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 45707e2f42..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/dtd/entitydecl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/child"
-module REXML
-  module DTD
-    class EntityDecl < Child
-      START = "<!ENTITY"
-      START_RE = /^\s*#{START}/um
-      PUBLIC = /^\s*#{START}\s+(?:%\s+)?(\w+)\s+PUBLIC\s+((["']).*?\3)\s+((["']).*?\5)\s*>/um
-      SYSTEM = /^\s*#{START}\s+(?:%\s+)?(\w+)\s+SYSTEM\s+((["']).*?\3)(?:\s+NDATA\s+\w+)?\s*>/um
-      PLAIN = /^\s*#{START}\s+(\w+)\s+((["']).*?\3)\s*>/um
-      PERCENT = /^\s*#{START}\s+%\s+(\w+)\s+((["']).*?\3)\s*>/um
-      # <!ENTITY name SYSTEM "...">
-      # <!ENTITY name "...">
-      def initialize src
-        super()
-        md = nil
-        if src.match( PUBLIC )
-          md = src.match( PUBLIC, true )
-          @middle = "PUBLIC"
-          @content = "#{md[2]} #{md[4]}"
-        elsif src.match( SYSTEM )
-          md = src.match( SYSTEM, true )
-          @middle = "SYSTEM"
-          @content = md[2]
-        elsif src.match( PLAIN )
-          md = src.match( PLAIN, true )
-          @middle = ""
-          @content = md[2]
-        elsif src.match( PERCENT )
-          md = src.match( PERCENT, true )
-          @middle = ""
-          @content = md[2]
-        end
-        raise ParseException.new("failed Entity match", src) if md.nil?
-        @name = md[1]
-      end
-
-      def to_s
-        rv = "<!ENTITY #@name "
-        rv << "#@middle " if @middle.size > 0
-        rv << @content
-        rv
-      end
-
-      def write( output, indent )
-        indent( output, indent )
-        output << to_s
-      end
-
-      def EntityDecl.parse_source source, listener
-        md = source.match( PATTERN_RE, true )
-        thing = md[0].squeeze(" \t\n\r")
-        listener.send inspect.downcase, thing
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/dtd/notationdecl.rb b/lib/rexml/dtd/notationdecl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cfdf0b9b74..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/dtd/notationdecl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/child"
-module REXML
-  module DTD
-    class NotationDecl < Child
-      START = "<!NOTATION"
-      START_RE = /^\s*#{START}/um
-      PUBLIC = /^\s*#{START}\s+(\w[\w-]*)\s+(PUBLIC)\s+((["']).*?\4)\s*>/um
-      SYSTEM = /^\s*#{START}\s+(\w[\w-]*)\s+(SYSTEM)\s+((["']).*?\4)\s*>/um
-      def initialize src
-        super()
-        if src.match( PUBLIC )
-          md = src.match( PUBLIC, true )
-        elsif src.match( SYSTEM )
-          md = src.match( SYSTEM, true )
-        else
-          raise ParseException.new( "error parsing notation: no matching pattern", src )
-        end
-        @name = md[1]
-        @middle = md[2]
-        @rest = md[3]
-      end
-
-      def to_s
-        "<!NOTATION #@name #@middle #@rest>"
-      end
-
-      def write( output, indent )
-        indent( output, indent )
-        output << to_s
-      end
-
-      def NotationDecl.parse_source source, listener
-        md = source.match( PATTERN_RE, true )
-        thing = md[0].squeeze(" \t\n\r")
-        listener.send inspect.downcase, thing
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/element.rb b/lib/rexml/element.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a9811bcba3..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/element.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1265 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/parent"
-require "rexml/namespace"
-require "rexml/attribute"
-require "rexml/cdata"
-require "rexml/xpath"
-require "rexml/parseexception"
-
-module REXML
-  # An implementation note about namespaces:
-  # As we parse, when we find namespaces we put them in a hash and assign
-  # them a unique ID.  We then convert the namespace prefix for the node
-  # to the unique ID.  This makes namespace lookup much faster for the
-  # cost of extra memory use.  We save the namespace prefix for the
-  # context node and convert it back when we write it.
-  @@namespaces = {}
-
-  # Represents a tagged XML element.  Elements are characterized by
-  # having children, attributes, and names, and can themselves be
-  # children.
-  class Element < Parent
-    include Namespace
-
-    UNDEFINED = "UNDEFINED";            # The default name
-
-    # Mechanisms for accessing attributes and child elements of this
-    # element.
-    attr_reader :attributes, :elements
-    # The context holds information about the processing environment, such as
-    # whitespace handling.
-    attr_accessor :context
-
-    # Constructor
-    # arg::
-    #   if not supplied, will be set to the default value.
-    #   If a String, the name of this object will be set to the argument.
-    #   If an Element, the object will be shallowly cloned; name,
-    #   attributes, and namespaces will be copied.  Children will +not+ be
-    #   copied.
-    # parent::
-    #   if supplied, must be a Parent, and will be used as
-    #   the parent of this object.
-    # context::
-    #   If supplied, must be a hash containing context items.  Context items
-    #   include:
-    # * <tt>:respect_whitespace</tt> the value of this is :+all+ or an array of
-    #   strings being the names of the elements to respect
-    #   whitespace for.  Defaults to :+all+.
-    # * <tt>:compress_whitespace</tt> the value can be :+all+ or an array of
-    #   strings being the names of the elements to ignore whitespace on.
-    #   Overrides :+respect_whitespace+.
-    # * <tt>:ignore_whitespace_nodes</tt> the value can be :+all+ or an array
-    #   of strings being the names of the elements in which to ignore
-    #   whitespace-only nodes.  If this is set, Text nodes which contain only
-    #   whitespace will not be added to the document tree.
-    # * <tt>:raw</tt> can be :+all+, or an array of strings being the names of
-    #   the elements to process in raw mode.  In raw mode, special
-    #   characters in text is not converted to or from entities.
-    def initialize( arg = UNDEFINED, parent=nil, context=nil )
-      super(parent)
-
-      @elements = Elements.new(self)
-      @attributes = Attributes.new(self)
-      @context = context
-
-      if arg.kind_of? String
-        self.name = arg
-      elsif arg.kind_of? Element
-        self.name = arg.expanded_name
-        arg.attributes.each_attribute{ |attribute|
-          @attributes << Attribute.new( attribute )
-        }
-        @context = arg.context
-      end
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      rv = "<#@expanded_name"
-
-      @attributes.each_attribute do |attr|
-        rv << " "
-        attr.write( rv, 0 )
-      end
-
-      if children.size > 0
-        rv << "> ... </>"
-      else
-        rv << "/>"
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Creates a shallow copy of self.
-    #   d = Document.new "<a><b/><b/><c><d/></c></a>"
-    #   new_a = d.root.clone
-    #   puts new_a  # => "<a/>"
-    def clone
-      self.class.new self
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to the root node of the document that this element
-    # belongs to. If this element doesn't belong to a document, but does
-    # belong to another Element, the parent's root will be returned, until the
-    # earliest ancestor is found.
-    #
-    # Note that this is not the same as the document element.
-    # In the following example, <a> is the document element, and the root
-    # node is the parent node of the document element.  You may ask yourself
-    # why the root node is useful: consider the doctype and XML declaration,
-    # and any processing instructions before the document element... they
-    # are children of the root node, or siblings of the document element.
-    # The only time this isn't true is when an Element is created that is
-    # not part of any Document.  In this case, the ancestor that has no
-    # parent acts as the root node.
-    #  d = Document.new '<a><b><c/></b></a>'
-    #  a = d[1] ; c = a[1][1]
-    #  d.root_node == d   # TRUE
-    #  a.root_node        # namely, d
-    #  c.root_node        # again, d
-    def root_node
-      parent.nil? ? self : parent.root_node
-    end
-
-    def root
-      return elements[1] if self.kind_of? Document
-      return self if parent.kind_of? Document or parent.nil?
-      return parent.root
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to the document to which this element belongs, or nil if this
-    # element doesn't belong to a document.
-    def document
-      rt = root
-      rt.parent if rt
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to +true+ if whitespace is respected for this element.  This
-    # is the case if:
-    # 1. Neither :+respect_whitespace+ nor :+compress_whitespace+ has any value
-    # 2. The context has :+respect_whitespace+ set to :+all+ or
-    #    an array containing the name of this element, and
-    #    :+compress_whitespace+ isn't set to :+all+ or an array containing the
-    #    name of this element.
-    # The evaluation is tested against +expanded_name+, and so is namespace
-    # sensitive.
-    def whitespace
-      @whitespace = nil
-      if @context
-        if @context[:respect_whitespace]
-          @whitespace = (@context[:respect_whitespace] == :all or
-                         @context[:respect_whitespace].include? expanded_name)
-        end
-        @whitespace = false if (@context[:compress_whitespace] and
-                                (@context[:compress_whitespace] == :all or
-                                 @context[:compress_whitespace].include? expanded_name)
-                               )
-      end
-      @whitespace = true unless @whitespace == false
-      @whitespace
-    end
-
-    def ignore_whitespace_nodes
-      @ignore_whitespace_nodes = false
-      if @context
-        if @context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes]
-          @ignore_whitespace_nodes =
-            (@context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes] == :all or
-             @context[:ignore_whitespace_nodes].include? expanded_name)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to +true+ if raw mode is set for this element.  This
-    # is the case if the context has :+raw+ set to :+all+ or
-    # an array containing the name of this element.
-    #
-    # The evaluation is tested against +expanded_name+, and so is namespace
-    # sensitive.
-    def raw
-      @raw = (@context and @context[:raw] and
-              (@context[:raw] == :all or
-               @context[:raw].include? expanded_name))
-               @raw
-    end
-
-    #once :whitespace, :raw, :ignore_whitespace_nodes
-
-    #################################################
-    # Namespaces                                    #
-    #################################################
-
-    # Evaluates to an +Array+ containing the prefixes (names) of all defined
-    # namespaces at this context node.
-    #  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns:x='1' xmlns:y='2'><b/><c xmlns:z='3'/></a>")
-    #  doc.elements['//b'].prefixes # -> ['x', 'y']
-    def prefixes
-      prefixes = []
-      prefixes = parent.prefixes if parent
-      prefixes |= attributes.prefixes
-      return prefixes
-    end
-
-    def namespaces
-      namespaces = {}
-      namespaces = parent.namespaces if parent
-      namespaces = namespaces.merge( attributes.namespaces )
-      return namespaces
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to the URI for a prefix, or the empty string if no such
-    # namespace is declared for this element. Evaluates recursively for
-    # ancestors.  Returns the default namespace, if there is one.
-    # prefix::
-    #   the prefix to search for.  If not supplied, returns the default
-    #   namespace if one exists
-    # Returns::
-    #   the namespace URI as a String, or nil if no such namespace
-    #   exists.  If the namespace is undefined, returns an empty string
-    #  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns='1' xmlns:y='2'><b/><c xmlns:z='3'/></a>")
-    #  b = doc.elements['//b']
-    #  b.namespace           # -> '1'
-    #  b.namespace("y")      # -> '2'
-    def namespace(prefix=nil)
-      if prefix.nil?
-        prefix = prefix()
-      end
-      if prefix == ''
-        prefix = "xmlns"
-      else
-        prefix = "xmlns:#{prefix}" unless prefix[0,5] == 'xmlns'
-      end
-      ns = attributes[ prefix ]
-      ns = parent.namespace(prefix) if ns.nil? and parent
-      ns = '' if ns.nil? and prefix == 'xmlns'
-      return ns
-    end
-
-    # Adds a namespace to this element.
-    # prefix::
-    #   the prefix string, or the namespace URI if +uri+ is not
-    #   supplied
-    # uri::
-    #   the namespace URI.  May be nil, in which +prefix+ is used as
-    #   the URI
-    # Evaluates to: this Element
-    #  a = Element.new("a")
-    #  a.add_namespace("xmlns:foo", "bar" )
-    #  a.add_namespace("foo", "bar")  # shorthand for previous line
-    #  a.add_namespace("twiddle")
-    #  puts a   #-> <a xmlns:foo='bar' xmlns='twiddle'/>
-    def add_namespace( prefix, uri=nil )
-      unless uri
-        @attributes["xmlns"] = prefix
-      else
-        prefix = "xmlns:#{prefix}" unless prefix =~ /^xmlns:/
-        @attributes[ prefix ] = uri
-      end
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Removes a namespace from this node.  This only works if the namespace is
-    # actually declared in this node.  If no argument is passed, deletes the
-    # default namespace.
-    #
-    # Evaluates to: this element
-    #  doc = Document.new "<a xmlns:foo='bar' xmlns='twiddle'/>"
-    #  doc.root.delete_namespace
-    #  puts doc     # -> <a xmlns:foo='bar'/>
-    #  doc.root.delete_namespace 'foo'
-    #  puts doc     # -> <a/>
-    def delete_namespace namespace="xmlns"
-      namespace = "xmlns:#{namespace}" unless namespace == 'xmlns'
-      attribute = attributes.get_attribute(namespace)
-      attribute.remove unless attribute.nil?
-      self
-    end
-
-    #################################################
-    # Elements                                      #
-    #################################################
-
-    # Adds a child to this element, optionally setting attributes in
-    # the element.
-    # element::
-    #   optional.  If Element, the element is added.
-    #   Otherwise, a new Element is constructed with the argument (see
-    #   Element.initialize).
-    # attrs::
-    #   If supplied, must be a Hash containing String name,value
-    #   pairs, which will be used to set the attributes of the new Element.
-    # Returns:: the Element that was added
-    #  el = doc.add_element 'my-tag'
-    #  el = doc.add_element 'my-tag', {'attr1'=>'val1', 'attr2'=>'val2'}
-    #  el = Element.new 'my-tag'
-    #  doc.add_element el
-    def add_element element, attrs=nil
-      raise "First argument must be either an element name, or an Element object" if element.nil?
-      el = @elements.add(element)
-      attrs.each do |key, value|
-        el.attributes[key]=value
-      end       if attrs.kind_of? Hash
-      el
-    end
-
-    # Deletes a child element.
-    # element::
-    #   Must be an +Element+, +String+, or +Integer+.  If Element,
-    #   the element is removed.  If String, the element is found (via XPath)
-    #   and removed.  <em>This means that any parent can remove any
-    #   descendant.<em>  If Integer, the Element indexed by that number will be
-    #   removed.
-    # Returns:: the element that was removed.
-    #  doc.delete_element "/a/b/c[@id='4']"
-    #  doc.delete_element doc.elements["//k"]
-    #  doc.delete_element 1
-    def delete_element element
-      @elements.delete element
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to +true+ if this element has at least one child Element
-    #  doc = Document.new "<a><b/><c>Text</c></a>"
-    #  doc.root.has_elements               # -> true
-    #  doc.elements["/a/b"].has_elements   # -> false
-    #  doc.elements["/a/c"].has_elements   # -> false
-    def has_elements?
-      !@elements.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Iterates through the child elements, yielding for each Element that
-    # has a particular attribute set.
-    # key::
-    #   the name of the attribute to search for
-    # value::
-    #   the value of the attribute
-    # max::
-    #   (optional) causes this method to return after yielding
-    #   for this number of matching children
-    # name::
-    #   (optional) if supplied, this is an XPath that filters
-    #   the children to check.
-    #
-    #  doc = Document.new "<a><b @id='1'/><c @id='2'/><d @id='1'/><e/></a>"
-    #  # Yields b, c, d
-    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id' ) {|e| p e}
-    #  # Yields b, d
-    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1' ) {|e| p e}
-    #  # Yields b
-    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1', 1 ) {|e| p e}
-    #  # Yields d
-    #  doc.root.each_element_with_attribute( 'id', '1', 0, 'd' ) {|e| p e}
-    def each_element_with_attribute( key, value=nil, max=0, name=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
-      each_with_something( proc {|child|
-        if value.nil?
-          child.attributes[key] != nil
-        else
-          child.attributes[key]==value
-        end
-      }, max, name, &block )
-    end
-
-    # Iterates through the children, yielding for each Element that
-    # has a particular text set.
-    # text::
-    #   the text to search for.  If nil, or not supplied, will iterate
-    #   over all +Element+ children that contain at least one +Text+ node.
-    # max::
-    #   (optional) causes this method to return after yielding
-    #   for this number of matching children
-    # name::
-    #   (optional) if supplied, this is an XPath that filters
-    #   the children to check.
-    #
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b>b</b><c>b</c><d>d</d><e/></a>'
-    #  # Yields b, c, d
-    #  doc.each_element_with_text {|e|p e}
-    #  # Yields b, c
-    #  doc.each_element_with_text('b'){|e|p e}
-    #  # Yields b
-    #  doc.each_element_with_text('b', 1){|e|p e}
-    #  # Yields d
-    #  doc.each_element_with_text(nil, 0, 'd'){|e|p e}
-    def each_element_with_text( text=nil, max=0, name=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
-      each_with_something( proc {|child|
-        if text.nil?
-          child.has_text?
-        else
-          child.text == text
-        end
-      }, max, name, &block )
-    end
-
-    # Synonym for Element.elements.each
-    def each_element( xpath=nil, &block ) # :yields: Element
-      @elements.each( xpath, &block )
-    end
-
-    # Synonym for Element.to_a
-    # This is a little slower than calling elements.each directly.
-    # xpath:: any XPath by which to search for elements in the tree
-    # Returns:: an array of Elements that match the supplied path
-    def get_elements( xpath )
-      @elements.to_a( xpath )
-    end
-
-    # Returns the next sibling that is an element, or nil if there is
-    # no Element sibling after this one
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/>text<c/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.elements['b'].next_element          #-> <c/>
-    #  doc.root.elements['c'].next_element          #-> nil
-    def next_element
-      element = next_sibling
-      element = element.next_sibling until element.nil? or element.kind_of? Element
-      return element
-    end
-
-    # Returns the previous sibling that is an element, or nil if there is
-    # no Element sibling prior to this one
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/>text<c/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.elements['c'].previous_element          #-> <b/>
-    #  doc.root.elements['b'].previous_element          #-> nil
-    def previous_element
-      element = previous_sibling
-      element = element.previous_sibling until element.nil? or element.kind_of? Element
-      return element
-    end
-
-
-    #################################################
-    # Text                                          #
-    #################################################
-
-    # Evaluates to +true+ if this element has at least one Text child
-    def has_text?
-      not text().nil?
-    end
-
-    # A convenience method which returns the String value of the _first_
-    # child text element, if one exists, and +nil+ otherwise.
-    #
-    # <em>Note that an element may have multiple Text elements, perhaps
-    # separated by other children</em>.  Be aware that this method only returns
-    # the first Text node.
-    #
-    # This method returns the +value+ of the first text child node, which
-    # ignores the +raw+ setting, so always returns normalized text. See
-    # the Text::value documentation.
-    #
-    #  doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
-    #  # The element 'p' has two text elements, "some text " and " more text".
-    #  doc.root.text              #-> "some text "
-    def text( path = nil )
-      rv = get_text(path)
-      return rv.value unless rv.nil?
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Returns the first child Text node, if any, or +nil+ otherwise.
-    # This method returns the actual +Text+ node, rather than the String content.
-    #  doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
-    #  # The element 'p' has two text elements, "some text " and " more text".
-    #  doc.root.get_text.value            #-> "some text "
-    def get_text path = nil
-      rv = nil
-      if path
-        element = @elements[ path ]
-        rv = element.get_text unless element.nil?
-      else
-        rv = @children.find { |node| node.kind_of? Text }
-      end
-      return rv
-    end
-
-    # Sets the first Text child of this object.  See text() for a
-    # discussion about Text children.
-    #
-    # If a Text child already exists, the child is replaced by this
-    # content.  This means that Text content can be deleted by calling
-    # this method with a nil argument.  In this case, the next Text
-    # child becomes the first Text child.  In no case is the order of
-    # any siblings disturbed.
-    # text::
-    #   If a String, a new Text child is created and added to
-    #   this Element as the first Text child.  If Text, the text is set
-    #   as the first Child element.  If nil, then any existing first Text
-    #   child is removed.
-    # Returns:: this Element.
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.text = 'Sean'      #-> '<a><b/>Sean</a>'
-    #  doc.root.text = 'Elliott'   #-> '<a><b/>Elliott</a>'
-    #  doc.root.add_element 'c'    #-> '<a><b/>Elliott<c/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.text = 'Russell'   #-> '<a><b/>Russell<c/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.text = nil         #-> '<a><b/><c/></a>'
-    def text=( text )
-      if text.kind_of? String
-        text = Text.new( text, whitespace(), nil, raw() )
-      elsif !text.nil? and !text.kind_of? Text
-        text = Text.new( text.to_s, whitespace(), nil, raw() )
-      end
-      old_text = get_text
-      if text.nil?
-        old_text.remove unless old_text.nil?
-      else
-        if old_text.nil?
-          self << text
-        else
-          old_text.replace_with( text )
-        end
-      end
-      return self
-    end
-
-    # A helper method to add a Text child.  Actual Text instances can
-    # be added with regular Parent methods, such as add() and <<()
-    # text::
-    #   if a String, a new Text instance is created and added
-    #   to the parent.  If Text, the object is added directly.
-    # Returns:: this Element
-    #  e = Element.new('a')          #-> <e/>
-    #  e.add_text 'foo'              #-> <e>foo</e>
-    #  e.add_text Text.new(' bar')    #-> <e>foo bar</e>
-    # Note that at the end of this example, the branch has <b>3</b> nodes; the 'e'
-    # element and <b>2</b> Text node children.
-    def add_text( text )
-      if text.kind_of? String
-        if @children[-1].kind_of? Text
-          @children[-1] << text
-          return
-        end
-        text = Text.new( text, whitespace(), nil, raw() )
-      end
-      self << text unless text.nil?
-      return self
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :element
-    end
-
-    def xpath
-      path_elements = []
-      cur = self
-      path_elements << __to_xpath_helper( self )
-      while cur.parent
-        cur = cur.parent
-        path_elements << __to_xpath_helper( cur )
-      end
-      return path_elements.reverse.join( "/" )
-    end
-
-    #################################################
-    # Attributes                                    #
-    #################################################
-
-    # Fetches an attribute value or a child.
-    #
-    # If String or Symbol is specified, it's treated as attribute
-    # name. Attribute value as String or +nil+ is returned. This case
-    # is shortcut of +attributes[name]+.
-    #
-    # If Integer is specified, it's treated as the index of
-    # child. It returns Nth child.
-    #
-    #   doc = REXML::Document.new("<a attr='1'><b/><c/></a>")
-    #   doc.root["attr"]             # => "1"
-    #   doc.root.attributes["attr"]  # => "1"
-    #   doc.root[1]                  # => <c/>
-    def [](name_or_index)
-      case name_or_index
-      when String
-        attributes[name_or_index]
-      when Symbol
-        attributes[name_or_index.to_s]
-      else
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    def attribute( name, namespace=nil )
-      prefix = nil
-      if namespaces.respond_to? :key
-        prefix = namespaces.key(namespace) if namespace
-      else
-        prefix = namespaces.index(namespace) if namespace
-      end
-      prefix = nil if prefix == 'xmlns'
-
-      ret_val =
-        attributes.get_attribute( "#{prefix ? prefix + ':' : ''}#{name}" )
-
-      return ret_val unless ret_val.nil?
-      return nil if prefix.nil?
-
-      # now check that prefix'es namespace is not the same as the
-      # default namespace
-      return nil unless ( namespaces[ prefix ] == namespaces[ 'xmlns' ] )
-
-      attributes.get_attribute( name )
-
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to +true+ if this element has any attributes set, false
-    # otherwise.
-    def has_attributes?
-      return !@attributes.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Adds an attribute to this element, overwriting any existing attribute
-    # by the same name.
-    # key::
-    #   can be either an Attribute or a String.  If an Attribute,
-    #   the attribute is added to the list of Element attributes.  If String,
-    #   the argument is used as the name of the new attribute, and the value
-    #   parameter must be supplied.
-    # value::
-    #   Required if +key+ is a String, and ignored if the first argument is
-    #   an Attribute.  This is a String, and is used as the value
-    #   of the new Attribute.  This should be the unnormalized value of the
-    #   attribute (without entities).
-    # Returns:: the Attribute added
-    #  e = Element.new 'e'
-    #  e.add_attribute( 'a', 'b' )               #-> <e a='b'/>
-    #  e.add_attribute( 'x:a', 'c' )             #-> <e a='b' x:a='c'/>
-    #  e.add_attribute Attribute.new('b', 'd')   #-> <e a='b' x:a='c' b='d'/>
-    def add_attribute( key, value=nil )
-      if key.kind_of? Attribute
-        @attributes << key
-      else
-        @attributes[key] = value
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Add multiple attributes to this element.
-    # hash:: is either a hash, or array of arrays
-    #  el.add_attributes( {"name1"=>"value1", "name2"=>"value2"} )
-    #  el.add_attributes( [ ["name1","value1"], ["name2"=>"value2"] ] )
-    def add_attributes hash
-      if hash.kind_of? Hash
-        hash.each_pair {|key, value| @attributes[key] = value }
-      elsif hash.kind_of? Array
-        hash.each { |value| @attributes[ value[0] ] = value[1] }
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Removes an attribute
-    # key::
-    #   either an Attribute or a String.  In either case, the
-    #   attribute is found by matching the attribute name to the argument,
-    #   and then removed.  If no attribute is found, no action is taken.
-    # Returns::
-    #   the attribute removed, or nil if this Element did not contain
-    #   a matching attribute
-    #  e = Element.new('E')
-    #  e.add_attribute( 'name', 'Sean' )             #-> <E name='Sean'/>
-    #  r = e.add_attribute( 'sur:name', 'Russell' )  #-> <E name='Sean' sur:name='Russell'/>
-    #  e.delete_attribute( 'name' )                  #-> <E sur:name='Russell'/>
-    #  e.delete_attribute( r )                       #-> <E/>
-    def delete_attribute(key)
-      attr = @attributes.get_attribute(key)
-      attr.remove unless attr.nil?
-    end
-
-    #################################################
-    # Other Utilities                               #
-    #################################################
-
-    # Get an array of all CData children.
-    # IMMUTABLE
-    def cdatas
-      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? CData }.freeze
-    end
-
-    # Get an array of all Comment children.
-    # IMMUTABLE
-    def comments
-      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Comment }.freeze
-    end
-
-    # Get an array of all Instruction children.
-    # IMMUTABLE
-    def instructions
-      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Instruction }.freeze
-    end
-
-    # Get an array of all Text children.
-    # IMMUTABLE
-    def texts
-      find_all { |child| child.kind_of? Text }.freeze
-    end
-
-    # == DEPRECATED
-    # See REXML::Formatters
-    #
-    # Writes out this element, and recursively, all children.
-    # output::
-    #     output an object which supports '<< string'; this is where the
-    #   document will be written.
-    # indent::
-    #   An integer.  If -1, no indenting will be used; otherwise, the
-    #   indentation will be this number of spaces, and children will be
-    #   indented an additional amount.  Defaults to -1
-    # transitive::
-    #   If transitive is true and indent is >= 0, then the output will be
-    #   pretty-printed in such a way that the added whitespace does not affect
-    #   the parse tree of the document
-    # ie_hack::
-    #   This hack inserts a space before the /> on empty tags to address
-    #   a limitation of Internet Explorer.  Defaults to false
-    #
-    #  out = ''
-    #  doc.write( out )     #-> doc is written to the string 'out'
-    #  doc.write( $stdout ) #-> doc written to the console
-    def write(output=$stdout, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false)
-      Kernel.warn("#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated.  See REXML::Formatters")
-      formatter = if indent > -1
-          if transitive
-            require "rexml/formatters/transitive"
-            REXML::Formatters::Transitive.new( indent, ie_hack )
-          else
-            REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent, ie_hack )
-          end
-        else
-          REXML::Formatters::Default.new( ie_hack )
-        end
-      formatter.write( self, output )
-    end
-
-
-    private
-    def __to_xpath_helper node
-      rv = node.expanded_name.clone
-      if node.parent
-        results = node.parent.find_all {|n|
-          n.kind_of?(REXML::Element) and n.expanded_name == node.expanded_name
-        }
-        if results.length > 1
-          idx = results.index( node )
-          rv << "[#{idx+1}]"
-        end
-      end
-      rv
-    end
-
-    # A private helper method
-    def each_with_something( test, max=0, name=nil )
-      num = 0
-      @elements.each( name ){ |child|
-        yield child if test.call(child) and num += 1
-        return if max>0 and num == max
-      }
-    end
-  end
-
-  ########################################################################
-  # ELEMENTS                                                             #
-  ########################################################################
-
-  # A class which provides filtering of children for Elements, and
-  # XPath search support.  You are expected to only encounter this class as
-  # the <tt>element.elements</tt> object.  Therefore, you are
-  # _not_ expected to instantiate this yourself.
-  class Elements
-    include Enumerable
-    # Constructor
-    # parent:: the parent Element
-    def initialize parent
-      @element = parent
-    end
-
-    # Fetches a child element.  Filters only Element children, regardless of
-    # the XPath match.
-    # index::
-    #   the search parameter.  This is either an Integer, which
-    #   will be used to find the index'th child Element, or an XPath,
-    #   which will be used to search for the Element.  <em>Because
-    #   of the nature of XPath searches, any element in the connected XML
-    #   document can be fetched through any other element.</em>  <b>The
-    #   Integer index is 1-based, not 0-based.</b>  This means that the first
-    #   child element is at index 1, not 0, and the +n+th element is at index
-    #   +n+, not <tt>n-1</tt>.  This is because XPath indexes element children
-    #   starting from 1, not 0, and the indexes should be the same.
-    # name::
-    #   optional, and only used in the first argument is an
-    #   Integer.  In that case, the index'th child Element that has the
-    #   supplied name will be returned.  Note again that the indexes start at 1.
-    # Returns:: the first matching Element, or nil if no child matched
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c id="1"/><c id="2"/><d/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.elements[1]       #-> <b/>
-    #  doc.root.elements['c']     #-> <c id="1"/>
-    #  doc.root.elements[2,'c']   #-> <c id="2"/>
-    def []( index, name=nil)
-      if index.kind_of? Integer
-        raise "index (#{index}) must be >= 1" if index < 1
-        name = literalize(name) if name
-        num = 0
-        @element.find { |child|
-          child.kind_of? Element and
-          (name.nil? ? true : child.has_name?( name )) and
-          (num += 1) == index
-        }
-      else
-        return XPath::first( @element, index )
-        #{ |element|
-        #       return element if element.kind_of? Element
-        #}
-        #return nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Sets an element, replacing any previous matching element.  If no
-    # existing element is found ,the element is added.
-    # index:: Used to find a matching element to replace.  See []().
-    # element::
-    #   The element to replace the existing element with
-    #   the previous element
-    # Returns:: nil if no previous element was found.
-    #
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a/>'
-    #  doc.root.elements[10] = Element.new('b')    #-> <a><b/></a>
-    #  doc.root.elements[1]                        #-> <b/>
-    #  doc.root.elements[1] = Element.new('c')     #-> <a><c/></a>
-    #  doc.root.elements['c'] = Element.new('d')   #-> <a><d/></a>
-    def []=( index, element )
-      previous = self[index]
-      if previous.nil?
-        @element.add element
-      else
-        previous.replace_with element
-      end
-      return previous
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+ if there are no +Element+ children, +false+ otherwise
-    def empty?
-      @element.find{ |child| child.kind_of? Element}.nil?
-    end
-
-    # Returns the index of the supplied child (starting at 1), or -1 if
-    # the element is not a child
-    # element:: an +Element+ child
-    def index element
-      rv = 0
-      found = @element.find do |child|
-        child.kind_of? Element and
-        (rv += 1) and
-        child == element
-      end
-      return rv if found == element
-      return -1
-    end
-
-    # Deletes a child Element
-    # element::
-    #   Either an Element, which is removed directly; an
-    #   xpath, where the first matching child is removed; or an Integer,
-    #   where the n'th Element is removed.
-    # Returns:: the removed child
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c/><c id="1"/></a>'
-    #  b = doc.root.elements[1]
-    #  doc.root.elements.delete b           #-> <a><c/><c id="1"/></a>
-    #  doc.elements.delete("a/c[@id='1']")  #-> <a><c/></a>
-    #  doc.root.elements.delete 1           #-> <a/>
-    def delete element
-      if element.kind_of? Element
-        @element.delete element
-      else
-        el = self[element]
-        el.remove if el
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Removes multiple elements.  Filters for Element children, regardless of
-    # XPath matching.
-    # xpath:: all elements matching this String path are removed.
-    # Returns:: an Array of Elements that have been removed
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><c/><c/><c/><c/></a>'
-    #  deleted = doc.elements.delete_all 'a/c' #-> [<c/>, <c/>, <c/>, <c/>]
-    def delete_all( xpath )
-      rv = []
-      XPath::each( @element, xpath) {|element|
-        rv << element if element.kind_of? Element
-      }
-      rv.each do |element|
-        @element.delete element
-        element.remove
-      end
-      return rv
-    end
-
-    # Adds an element
-    # element::
-    #   if supplied, is either an Element, String, or
-    #   Source (see Element.initialize).  If not supplied or nil, a
-    #   new, default Element will be constructed
-    # Returns:: the added Element
-    #  a = Element.new('a')
-    #  a.elements.add(Element.new('b'))  #-> <a><b/></a>
-    #  a.elements.add('c')               #-> <a><b/><c/></a>
-    def add element=nil
-      if element.nil?
-        Element.new("", self, @element.context)
-      elsif not element.kind_of?(Element)
-        Element.new(element, self, @element.context)
-      else
-        @element << element
-        element.context = @element.context
-        element
-      end
-    end
-
-    alias :<< :add
-
-    # Iterates through all of the child Elements, optionally filtering
-    # them by a given XPath
-    # xpath::
-    #   optional.  If supplied, this is a String XPath, and is used to
-    #   filter the children, so that only matching children are yielded.  Note
-    #   that XPaths are automatically filtered for Elements, so that
-    #   non-Element children will not be yielded
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a><b/><c/><d/>sean<b/><c/><d/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.elements.each {|e|p e}       #-> Yields b, c, d, b, c, d elements
-    #  doc.root.elements.each('b') {|e|p e}  #-> Yields b, b elements
-    #  doc.root.elements.each('child::node()')  {|e|p e}
-    #  #-> Yields <b/>, <c/>, <d/>, <b/>, <c/>, <d/>
-    #  XPath.each(doc.root, 'child::node()', &block)
-    #  #-> Yields <b/>, <c/>, <d/>, sean, <b/>, <c/>, <d/>
-    def each( xpath=nil )
-      XPath::each( @element, xpath ) {|e| yield e if e.kind_of? Element }
-    end
-
-    def collect( xpath=nil )
-      collection = []
-      XPath::each( @element, xpath ) {|e|
-        collection << yield(e)  if e.kind_of?(Element)
-      }
-      collection
-    end
-
-    def inject( xpath=nil, initial=nil )
-      first = true
-      XPath::each( @element, xpath ) {|e|
-        if (e.kind_of? Element)
-          if (first and initial == nil)
-            initial = e
-            first = false
-          else
-            initial = yield( initial, e ) if e.kind_of? Element
-          end
-        end
-      }
-      initial
-    end
-
-    # Returns the number of +Element+ children of the parent object.
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a>sean<b/>elliott<b/>russell<b/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.size            #-> 6, 3 element and 3 text nodes
-    #  doc.root.elements.size   #-> 3
-    def size
-      count = 0
-      @element.each {|child| count+=1 if child.kind_of? Element }
-      count
-    end
-
-    # Returns an Array of Element children.  An XPath may be supplied to
-    # filter the children.  Only Element children are returned, even if the
-    # supplied XPath matches non-Element children.
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a>sean<b/>elliott<c/></a>'
-    #  doc.root.elements.to_a                  #-> [ <b/>, <c/> ]
-    #  doc.root.elements.to_a("child::node()") #-> [ <b/>, <c/> ]
-    #  XPath.match(doc.root, "child::node()")  #-> [ sean, <b/>, elliott, <c/> ]
-    def to_a( xpath=nil )
-      rv = XPath.match( @element, xpath )
-      return rv.find_all{|e| e.kind_of? Element} if xpath
-      rv
-    end
-
-    private
-    # Private helper class.  Removes quotes from quoted strings
-    def literalize name
-      name = name[1..-2] if name[0] == ?' or name[0] == ?"               #'
-      name
-    end
-  end
-
-  ########################################################################
-  # ATTRIBUTES                                                           #
-  ########################################################################
-
-  # A class that defines the set of Attributes of an Element and provides
-  # operations for accessing elements in that set.
-  class Attributes < Hash
-    # Constructor
-    # element:: the Element of which this is an Attribute
-    def initialize element
-      @element = element
-    end
-
-    # Fetches an attribute value.  If you want to get the Attribute itself,
-    # use get_attribute()
-    # name:: an XPath attribute name.  Namespaces are relevant here.
-    # Returns::
-    #   the String value of the matching attribute, or +nil+ if no
-    #   matching attribute was found.  This is the unnormalized value
-    #   (with entities expanded).
-    #
-    #  doc = Document.new "<a foo:att='1' bar:att='2' att='&lt;'/>"
-    #  doc.root.attributes['att']         #-> '<'
-    #  doc.root.attributes['bar:att']     #-> '2'
-    def [](name)
-      attr = get_attribute(name)
-      return attr.value unless attr.nil?
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    def to_a
-      enum_for(:each_attribute).to_a
-    end
-
-    # Returns the number of attributes the owning Element contains.
-    #  doc = Document "<a x='1' y='2' foo:x='3'/>"
-    #  doc.root.attributes.length        #-> 3
-    def length
-      c = 0
-      each_attribute { c+=1 }
-      c
-    end
-    alias :size :length
-
-    # Iterates over the attributes of an Element.  Yields actual Attribute
-    # nodes, not String values.
-    #
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a x="1" y="2"/>'
-    #  doc.root.attributes.each_attribute {|attr|
-    #    p attr.expanded_name+" => "+attr.value
-    #  }
-    def each_attribute # :yields: attribute
-      each_value do |val|
-        if val.kind_of? Attribute
-          yield val
-        else
-          val.each_value { |atr| yield atr }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Iterates over each attribute of an Element, yielding the expanded name
-    # and value as a pair of Strings.
-    #
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a x="1" y="2"/>'
-    #  doc.root.attributes.each {|name, value| p name+" => "+value }
-    def each
-      each_attribute do |attr|
-        yield [attr.expanded_name, attr.value]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Fetches an attribute
-    # name::
-    #   the name by which to search for the attribute.  Can be a
-    #   <tt>prefix:name</tt> namespace name.
-    # Returns:: The first matching attribute, or nil if there was none.  This
-    # value is an Attribute node, not the String value of the attribute.
-    #  doc = Document.new '<a x:foo="1" foo="2" bar="3"/>'
-    #  doc.root.attributes.get_attribute("foo").value    #-> "2"
-    #  doc.root.attributes.get_attribute("x:foo").value  #-> "1"
-    def get_attribute( name )
-      attr = fetch( name, nil )
-      if attr.nil?
-        return nil if name.nil?
-        # Look for prefix
-        name =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
-        prefix, n = $1, $2
-        if prefix
-          attr = fetch( n, nil )
-          # check prefix
-          if attr == nil
-          elsif attr.kind_of? Attribute
-            return attr if prefix == attr.prefix
-          else
-            attr = attr[ prefix ]
-            return attr
-          end
-        end
-        element_document = @element.document
-        if element_document and element_document.doctype
-          expn = @element.expanded_name
-          expn = element_document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
-          attr_val = element_document.doctype.attribute_of(expn, name)
-          return Attribute.new( name, attr_val ) if attr_val
-        end
-        return nil
-      end
-      if attr.kind_of? Hash
-        attr = attr[ @element.prefix ]
-      end
-      return attr
-    end
-
-    # Sets an attribute, overwriting any existing attribute value by the
-    # same name.  Namespace is significant.
-    # name:: the name of the attribute
-    # value::
-    #   (optional) If supplied, the value of the attribute.  If
-    #   nil, any existing matching attribute is deleted.
-    # Returns::
-    #   Owning element
-    #  doc = Document.new "<a x:foo='1' foo='3'/>"
-    #  doc.root.attributes['y:foo'] = '2'
-    #  doc.root.attributes['foo'] = '4'
-    #  doc.root.attributes['x:foo'] = nil
-    def []=( name, value )
-      if value.nil?             # Delete the named attribute
-        attr = get_attribute(name)
-        delete attr
-        return
-      end
-
-      unless value.kind_of? Attribute
-        if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
-          value = Text::normalize( value, @element.document.doctype )
-        else
-          value = Text::normalize( value, nil )
-        end
-        value = Attribute.new(name, value)
-      end
-      value.element = @element
-      old_attr = fetch(value.name, nil)
-      if old_attr.nil?
-        store(value.name, value)
-      elsif old_attr.kind_of? Hash
-        old_attr[value.prefix] = value
-      elsif old_attr.prefix != value.prefix
-        # Check for conflicting namespaces
-        raise ParseException.new(
-          "Namespace conflict in adding attribute \"#{value.name}\": "+
-          "Prefix \"#{old_attr.prefix}\" = "+
-          "\"#{@element.namespace(old_attr.prefix)}\" and prefix "+
-          "\"#{value.prefix}\" = \"#{@element.namespace(value.prefix)}\"") if
-          value.prefix != "xmlns" and old_attr.prefix != "xmlns" and
-          @element.namespace( old_attr.prefix ) ==
-            @element.namespace( value.prefix )
-          store value.name, { old_attr.prefix   => old_attr,
-            value.prefix                => value }
-      else
-        store value.name, value
-      end
-      return @element
-    end
-
-    # Returns an array of Strings containing all of the prefixes declared
-    # by this set of # attributes.  The array does not include the default
-    # namespace declaration, if one exists.
-    #  doc = Document.new("<a xmlns='foo' xmlns:x='bar' xmlns:y='twee' "+
-    #        "z='glorp' p:k='gru'/>")
-    #  prefixes = doc.root.attributes.prefixes    #-> ['x', 'y']
-    def prefixes
-      ns = []
-      each_attribute do |attribute|
-        ns << attribute.name if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns'
-      end
-      if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
-        expn = @element.expanded_name
-        expn = @element.document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
-        @element.document.doctype.attributes_of(expn).each {
-          |attribute|
-          ns << attribute.name if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns'
-        }
-      end
-      ns
-    end
-
-    def namespaces
-      namespaces = {}
-      each_attribute do |attribute|
-        namespaces[attribute.name] = attribute.value if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns' or attribute.name == 'xmlns'
-      end
-      if @element.document and @element.document.doctype
-        expn = @element.expanded_name
-        expn = @element.document.doctype.name if expn.size == 0
-        @element.document.doctype.attributes_of(expn).each {
-          |attribute|
-          namespaces[attribute.name] = attribute.value if attribute.prefix == 'xmlns' or attribute.name == 'xmlns'
-        }
-      end
-      namespaces
-    end
-
-    # Removes an attribute
-    # attribute::
-    #   either a String, which is the name of the attribute to remove --
-    #   namespaces are significant here -- or the attribute to remove.
-    # Returns:: the owning element
-    #  doc = Document.new "<a y:foo='0' x:foo='1' foo='3' z:foo='4'/>"
-    #  doc.root.attributes.delete 'foo'   #-> <a y:foo='0' x:foo='1' z:foo='4'/>"
-    #  doc.root.attributes.delete 'x:foo' #-> <a y:foo='0' z:foo='4'/>"
-    #  attr = doc.root.attributes.get_attribute('y:foo')
-    #  doc.root.attributes.delete attr    #-> <a z:foo='4'/>"
-    def delete( attribute )
-      name = nil
-      prefix = nil
-      if attribute.kind_of? Attribute
-        name = attribute.name
-        prefix = attribute.prefix
-      else
-        attribute =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
-        prefix, name = $1, $2
-        prefix = '' unless prefix
-      end
-      old = fetch(name, nil)
-      if old.kind_of? Hash # the supplied attribute is one of many
-        old.delete(prefix)
-        if old.size == 1
-          repl = nil
-          old.each_value{|v| repl = v}
-          store name, repl
-        end
-      elsif old.nil?
-        return @element
-      else # the supplied attribute is a top-level one
-        super(name)
-      end
-      @element
-    end
-
-    # Adds an attribute, overriding any existing attribute by the
-    # same name.  Namespaces are significant.
-    # attribute:: An Attribute
-    def add( attribute )
-      self[attribute.name] = attribute
-    end
-
-    alias :<< :add
-
-    # Deletes all attributes matching a name.  Namespaces are significant.
-    # name::
-    #   A String; all attributes that match this path will be removed
-    # Returns:: an Array of the Attributes that were removed
-    def delete_all( name )
-      rv = []
-      each_attribute { |attribute|
-        rv << attribute if attribute.expanded_name == name
-      }
-      rv.each{ |attr| attr.remove }
-      return rv
-    end
-
-    # The +get_attribute_ns+ method retrieves a method by its namespace
-    # and name. Thus it is possible to reliably identify an attribute
-    # even if an XML processor has changed the prefix.
-    #
-    # Method contributed by Henrik Martensson
-    def get_attribute_ns(namespace, name)
-      result = nil
-      each_attribute() { |attribute|
-        if name == attribute.name &&
-          namespace == attribute.namespace() &&
-          ( !namespace.empty? || !attribute.fully_expanded_name.index(':') )
-          # foo will match xmlns:foo, but only if foo isn't also an attribute
-          result = attribute if !result or !namespace.empty? or
-                                !attribute.fully_expanded_name.index(':')
-        end
-      }
-      result
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/encoding.rb b/lib/rexml/encoding.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index da2d70d6c9..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/encoding.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-# coding: US-ASCII
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  module Encoding
-    # ID ---> Encoding name
-    attr_reader :encoding
-    def encoding=(encoding)
-      encoding = encoding.name if encoding.is_a?(Encoding)
-      if encoding.is_a?(String)
-        original_encoding = encoding
-        encoding = find_encoding(encoding)
-        unless encoding
-          raise ArgumentError, "Bad encoding name #{original_encoding}"
-        end
-      end
-      return false if defined?(@encoding) and encoding == @encoding
-      if encoding
-        @encoding = encoding.upcase
-      else
-        @encoding = 'UTF-8'
-      end
-      true
-    end
-
-    def encode(string)
-      string.encode(@encoding)
-    end
-
-    def decode(string)
-      string.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8, @encoding)
-    end
-
-    private
-    def find_encoding(name)
-      case name
-      when /\Ashift-jis\z/i
-        return "SHIFT_JIS"
-      when /\ACP-(\d+)\z/
-        name = "CP#{$1}"
-      when /\AUTF-8\z/i
-        return name
-      end
-      begin
-        ::Encoding::Converter.search_convpath(name, 'UTF-8')
-      rescue ::Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError
-        return nil
-      end
-      name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/entity.rb b/lib/rexml/entity.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d9a72cc8fa..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/entity.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/child'
-require 'rexml/source'
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-
-module REXML
-  # God, I hate DTDs.  I really do.  Why this idiot standard still
-  # plagues us is beyond me.
-  class Entity < Child
-    include XMLTokens
-    PUBIDCHAR = "\x20\x0D\x0Aa-zA-Z0-9\\-()+,./:=?;!*@$_%#"
-    SYSTEMLITERAL = %Q{((?:"[^"]*")|(?:'[^']*'))}
-    PUBIDLITERAL = %Q{("[#{PUBIDCHAR}']*"|'[#{PUBIDCHAR}]*')}
-    EXTERNALID = "(?:(?:(SYSTEM)\\s+#{SYSTEMLITERAL})|(?:(PUBLIC)\\s+#{PUBIDLITERAL}\\s+#{SYSTEMLITERAL}))"
-    NDATADECL = "\\s+NDATA\\s+#{NAME}"
-    PEREFERENCE = "%#{NAME};"
-    ENTITYVALUE = %Q{((?:"(?:[^%&"]|#{PEREFERENCE}|#{REFERENCE})*")|(?:'([^%&']|#{PEREFERENCE}|#{REFERENCE})*'))}
-    PEDEF = "(?:#{ENTITYVALUE}|#{EXTERNALID})"
-    ENTITYDEF = "(?:#{ENTITYVALUE}|(?:#{EXTERNALID}(#{NDATADECL})?))"
-    PEDECL = "<!ENTITY\\s+(%)\\s+#{NAME}\\s+#{PEDEF}\\s*>"
-    GEDECL = "<!ENTITY\\s+#{NAME}\\s+#{ENTITYDEF}\\s*>"
-    ENTITYDECL = /\s*(?:#{GEDECL})|(?:#{PEDECL})/um
-
-    attr_reader :name, :external, :ref, :ndata, :pubid
-
-    # Create a new entity.  Simple entities can be constructed by passing a
-    # name, value to the constructor; this creates a generic, plain entity
-    # reference. For anything more complicated, you have to pass a Source to
-    # the constructor with the entity definition, or use the accessor methods.
-    # +WARNING+: There is no validation of entity state except when the entity
-    # is read from a stream.  If you start poking around with the accessors,
-    # you can easily create a non-conformant Entity.  The best thing to do is
-    # dump the stupid DTDs and use XMLSchema instead.
-    #
-    #  e = Entity.new( 'amp', '&' )
-    def initialize stream, value=nil, parent=nil, reference=false
-      super(parent)
-      @ndata = @pubid = @value = @external = nil
-      if stream.kind_of? Array
-        @name = stream[1]
-        if stream[-1] == '%'
-          @reference = true
-          stream.pop
-        else
-          @reference = false
-        end
-        if stream[2] =~ /SYSTEM|PUBLIC/
-          @external = stream[2]
-          if @external == 'SYSTEM'
-            @ref = stream[3]
-            @ndata = stream[4] if stream.size == 5
-          else
-            @pubid = stream[3]
-            @ref = stream[4]
-          end
-        else
-          @value = stream[2]
-        end
-      else
-        @reference = reference
-        @external = nil
-        @name = stream
-        @value = value
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates whether the given string matches an entity definition,
-    # returning true if so, and false otherwise.
-    def Entity::matches? string
-      (ENTITYDECL =~ string) == 0
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to the unnormalized value of this entity; that is, replacing
-    # all entities -- both %ent; and &ent; entities.  This differs from
-    # +value()+ in that +value+ only replaces %ent; entities.
-    def unnormalized
-      document.record_entity_expansion unless document.nil?
-      v = value()
-      return nil if v.nil?
-      @unnormalized = Text::unnormalize(v, parent)
-      @unnormalized
-    end
-
-    #once :unnormalized
-
-    # Returns the value of this entity unprocessed -- raw.  This is the
-    # normalized value; that is, with all %ent; and &ent; entities intact
-    def normalized
-      @value
-    end
-
-    # Write out a fully formed, correct entity definition (assuming the Entity
-    # object itself is valid.)
-    #
-    # out::
-    #   An object implementing <TT>&lt;&lt;<TT> to which the entity will be
-    #   output
-    # indent::
-    #   *DEPRECATED* and ignored
-    def write out, indent=-1
-      out << '<!ENTITY '
-      out << '% ' if @reference
-      out << @name
-      out << ' '
-      if @external
-        out << @external << ' '
-        if @pubid
-          q = @pubid.include?('"')?"'":'"'
-          out << q << @pubid << q << ' '
-        end
-        q = @ref.include?('"')?"'":'"'
-        out << q << @ref << q
-        out << ' NDATA ' << @ndata if @ndata
-      else
-        q = @value.include?('"')?"'":'"'
-        out << q << @value << q
-      end
-      out << '>'
-    end
-
-    # Returns this entity as a string.  See write().
-    def to_s
-      rv = ''
-      write rv
-      rv
-    end
-
-    PEREFERENCE_RE = /#{PEREFERENCE}/um
-    # Returns the value of this entity.  At the moment, only internal entities
-    # are processed.  If the value contains internal references (IE,
-    # %blah;), those are replaced with their values.  IE, if the doctype
-    # contains:
-    #  <!ENTITY % foo "bar">
-    #  <!ENTITY yada "nanoo %foo; nanoo>
-    # then:
-    #  doctype.entity('yada').value   #-> "nanoo bar nanoo"
-    def value
-      if @value
-        matches = @value.scan(PEREFERENCE_RE)
-        rv = @value.clone
-        if @parent
-          sum = 0
-          matches.each do |entity_reference|
-            entity_value = @parent.entity( entity_reference[0] )
-            if sum + entity_value.bytesize > Security.entity_expansion_text_limit
-              raise "entity expansion has grown too large"
-            else
-              sum += entity_value.bytesize
-            end
-            rv.gsub!( /%#{entity_reference.join};/um, entity_value )
-          end
-        end
-        return rv
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  # This is a set of entity constants -- the ones defined in the XML
-  # specification.  These are +gt+, +lt+, +amp+, +quot+ and +apos+.
-  # CAUTION: these entities does not have parent and document
-  module EntityConst
-    # +>+
-    GT = Entity.new( 'gt', '>' )
-    # +<+
-    LT = Entity.new( 'lt', '<' )
-    # +&+
-    AMP = Entity.new( 'amp', '&' )
-    # +"+
-    QUOT = Entity.new( 'quot', '"' )
-    # +'+
-    APOS = Entity.new( 'apos', "'" )
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/formatters/default.rb b/lib/rexml/formatters/default.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b84759d2ff..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/formatters/default.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  module Formatters
-    class Default
-      # Prints out the XML document with no formatting -- except if id_hack is
-      # set.
-      #
-      # ie_hack::
-      #   If set to true, then inserts whitespace before the close of an empty
-      #   tag, so that IE's bad XML parser doesn't choke.
-      def initialize( ie_hack=false )
-        @ie_hack = ie_hack
-      end
-
-      # Writes the node to some output.
-      #
-      # node::
-      #   The node to write
-      # output::
-      #   A class implementing <TT>&lt;&lt;</TT>.  Pass in an Output object to
-      #   change the output encoding.
-      def write( node, output )
-        case node
-
-        when Document
-          if node.xml_decl.encoding != 'UTF-8' && !output.kind_of?(Output)
-            output = Output.new( output, node.xml_decl.encoding )
-          end
-          write_document( node, output )
-
-        when Element
-          write_element( node, output )
-
-        when Declaration, ElementDecl, NotationDecl, ExternalEntity, Entity,
-             Attribute, AttlistDecl
-          node.write( output,-1 )
-
-        when Instruction
-          write_instruction( node, output )
-
-        when DocType, XMLDecl
-          node.write( output )
-
-        when Comment
-          write_comment( node, output )
-
-        when CData
-          write_cdata( node, output )
-
-        when Text
-          write_text( node, output )
-
-        else
-          raise Exception.new("XML FORMATTING ERROR")
-
-        end
-      end
-
-      protected
-      def write_document( node, output )
-        node.children.each { |child| write( child, output ) }
-      end
-
-      def write_element( node, output )
-        output << "<#{node.expanded_name}"
-
-        node.attributes.to_a.map { |a|
-          Hash === a ? a.values : a
-        }.flatten.sort_by {|attr| attr.name}.each do |attr|
-          output << " "
-          attr.write( output )
-        end unless node.attributes.empty?
-
-        if node.children.empty?
-          output << " " if @ie_hack
-          output << "/"
-        else
-          output << ">"
-          node.children.each { |child|
-            write( child, output )
-          }
-          output << "</#{node.expanded_name}"
-        end
-        output << ">"
-      end
-
-      def write_text( node, output )
-        output << node.to_s()
-      end
-
-      def write_comment( node, output )
-        output << Comment::START
-        output << node.to_s
-        output << Comment::STOP
-      end
-
-      def write_cdata( node, output )
-        output << CData::START
-        output << node.to_s
-        output << CData::STOP
-      end
-
-      def write_instruction( node, output )
-        output << Instruction::START.sub(/\\/u, '')
-        output << node.target
-        output << ' '
-        output << node.content
-        output << Instruction::STOP.sub(/\\/u, '')
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/formatters/pretty.rb b/lib/rexml/formatters/pretty.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a80274bdad..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/formatters/pretty.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/formatters/default'
-
-module REXML
-  module Formatters
-    # Pretty-prints an XML document.  This destroys whitespace in text nodes
-    # and will insert carriage returns and indentations.
-    #
-    # TODO: Add an option to print attributes on new lines
-    class Pretty < Default
-
-      # If compact is set to true, then the formatter will attempt to use as
-      # little space as possible
-      attr_accessor :compact
-      # The width of a page.  Used for formatting text
-      attr_accessor :width
-
-      # Create a new pretty printer.
-      #
-      # output::
-      #   An object implementing '<<(String)', to which the output will be written.
-      # indentation::
-      #   An integer greater than 0.  The indentation of each level will be
-      #   this number of spaces.  If this is < 1, the behavior of this object
-      #   is undefined.  Defaults to 2.
-      # ie_hack::
-      #   If true, the printer will insert whitespace before closing empty
-      #   tags, thereby allowing Internet Explorer's XML parser to
-      #   function. Defaults to false.
-      def initialize( indentation=2, ie_hack=false )
-        @indentation = indentation
-        @level = 0
-        @ie_hack = ie_hack
-        @width = 80
-        @compact = false
-      end
-
-      protected
-      def write_element(node, output)
-        output << ' '*@level
-        output << "<#{node.expanded_name}"
-
-        node.attributes.each_attribute do |attr|
-          output << " "
-          attr.write( output )
-        end unless node.attributes.empty?
-
-        if node.children.empty?
-          if @ie_hack
-            output << " "
-          end
-          output << "/"
-        else
-          output << ">"
-          # If compact and all children are text, and if the formatted output
-          # is less than the specified width, then try to print everything on
-          # one line
-          skip = false
-          if compact
-            if node.children.inject(true) {|s,c| s & c.kind_of?(Text)}
-              string = ""
-              old_level = @level
-              @level = 0
-              node.children.each { |child| write( child, string ) }
-              @level = old_level
-              if string.length < @width
-                output << string
-                skip = true
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          unless skip
-            output << "\n"
-            @level += @indentation
-            node.children.each { |child|
-              next if child.kind_of?(Text) and child.to_s.strip.length == 0
-              write( child, output )
-              output << "\n"
-            }
-            @level -= @indentation
-            output << ' '*@level
-          end
-          output << "</#{node.expanded_name}"
-        end
-        output << ">"
-      end
-
-      def write_text( node, output )
-        s = node.to_s()
-        s.gsub!(/\s/,' ')
-        s.squeeze!(" ")
-        s = wrap(s, @width - @level)
-        s = indent_text(s, @level, " ", true)
-        output << (' '*@level + s)
-      end
-
-      def write_comment( node, output)
-        output << ' ' * @level
-        super
-      end
-
-      def write_cdata( node, output)
-        output << ' ' * @level
-        super
-      end
-
-      def write_document( node, output )
-        # Ok, this is a bit odd.  All XML documents have an XML declaration,
-        # but it may not write itself if the user didn't specifically add it,
-        # either through the API or in the input document.  If it doesn't write
-        # itself, then we don't need a carriage return... which makes this
-        # logic more complex.
-        node.children.each { |child|
-          next if child == node.children[-1] and child.instance_of?(Text)
-          unless child == node.children[0] or child.instance_of?(Text) or
-            (child == node.children[1] and !node.children[0].writethis)
-            output << "\n"
-          end
-          write( child, output )
-        }
-      end
-
-      private
-      def indent_text(string, level=1, style="\t", indentfirstline=true)
-        return string if level < 0
-        string.gsub(/\n/, "\n#{style*level}")
-      end
-
-      def wrap(string, width)
-        parts = []
-        while string.length > width and place = string.rindex(' ', width)
-          parts << string[0...place]
-          string = string[place+1..-1]
-        end
-        parts << string
-        parts.join("\n")
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/rexml/formatters/transitive.rb b/lib/rexml/formatters/transitive.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 81e67f3274..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/formatters/transitive.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/formatters/pretty'
-
-module REXML
-  module Formatters
-    # The Transitive formatter writes an XML document that parses to an
-    # identical document as the source document.  This means that no extra
-    # whitespace nodes are inserted, and whitespace within text nodes is
-    # preserved.  Within these constraints, the document is pretty-printed,
-    # with whitespace inserted into the metadata to introduce formatting.
-    #
-    # Note that this is only useful if the original XML is not already
-    # formatted.  Since this formatter does not alter whitespace nodes, the
-    # results of formatting already formatted XML will be odd.
-    class Transitive < Default
-      def initialize( indentation=2, ie_hack=false )
-        @indentation = indentation
-        @level = 0
-        @ie_hack = ie_hack
-      end
-
-      protected
-      def write_element( node, output )
-        output << "<#{node.expanded_name}"
-
-        node.attributes.each_attribute do |attr|
-          output << " "
-          attr.write( output )
-        end unless node.attributes.empty?
-
-        output << "\n"
-        output << ' '*@level
-        if node.children.empty?
-          output << " " if @ie_hack
-          output << "/"
-        else
-          output << ">"
-          # If compact and all children are text, and if the formatted output
-          # is less than the specified width, then try to print everything on
-          # one line
-          @level += @indentation
-          node.children.each { |child|
-            write( child, output )
-          }
-          @level -= @indentation
-          output << "</#{node.expanded_name}"
-          output << "\n"
-          output << ' '*@level
-        end
-        output << ">"
-      end
-
-      def write_text( node, output )
-        output << node.to_s()
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/functions.rb b/lib/rexml/functions.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b56103d4f2..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/functions.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,398 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  # If you add a method, keep in mind two things:
-  # (1) the first argument will always be a list of nodes from which to
-  # filter.  In the case of context methods (such as position), the function
-  # should return an array with a value for each child in the array.
-  # (2) all method calls from XML will have "-" replaced with "_".
-  # Therefore, in XML, "local-name()" is identical (and actually becomes)
-  # "local_name()"
-  module Functions
-    @@context = nil
-    @@namespace_context = {}
-    @@variables = {}
-
-    def Functions::namespace_context=(x) ; @@namespace_context=x ; end
-    def Functions::variables=(x) ; @@variables=x ; end
-    def Functions::namespace_context ; @@namespace_context ; end
-    def Functions::variables ; @@variables ; end
-
-    def Functions::context=(value); @@context = value; end
-
-    def Functions::text( )
-      if @@context[:node].node_type == :element
-        return @@context[:node].find_all{|n| n.node_type == :text}.collect{|n| n.value}
-      elsif @@context[:node].node_type == :text
-        return @@context[:node].value
-      else
-        return false
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the last node of the given list of nodes.
-    def Functions::last( )
-      @@context[:size]
-    end
-
-    def Functions::position( )
-      @@context[:index]
-    end
-
-    # Returns the size of the given list of nodes.
-    def Functions::count( node_set )
-      node_set.size
-    end
-
-    # Since REXML is non-validating, this method is not implemented as it
-    # requires a DTD
-    def Functions::id( object )
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::local_name( node_set=nil )
-      get_namespace( node_set ) do |node|
-        return node.local_name
-      end
-    end
-
-    def Functions::namespace_uri( node_set=nil )
-      get_namespace( node_set ) {|node| node.namespace}
-    end
-
-    def Functions::name( node_set=nil )
-      get_namespace( node_set ) do |node|
-        node.expanded_name
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Helper method.
-    def Functions::get_namespace( node_set = nil )
-      if node_set == nil
-        yield @@context[:node] if defined? @@context[:node].namespace
-      else
-        if node_set.respond_to? :each
-          node_set.each { |node| yield node if defined? node.namespace }
-        elsif node_set.respond_to? :namespace
-          yield node_set
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # A node-set is converted to a string by returning the string-value of the
-    # node in the node-set that is first in document order. If the node-set is
-    # empty, an empty string is returned.
-    #
-    # A number is converted to a string as follows
-    #
-    # NaN is converted to the string NaN
-    #
-    # positive zero is converted to the string 0
-    #
-    # negative zero is converted to the string 0
-    #
-    # positive infinity is converted to the string Infinity
-    #
-    # negative infinity is converted to the string -Infinity
-    #
-    # if the number is an integer, the number is represented in decimal form
-    # as a Number with no decimal point and no leading zeros, preceded by a
-    # minus sign (-) if the number is negative
-    #
-    # otherwise, the number is represented in decimal form as a Number
-    # including a decimal point with at least one digit before the decimal
-    # point and at least one digit after the decimal point, preceded by a
-    # minus sign (-) if the number is negative; there must be no leading zeros
-    # before the decimal point apart possibly from the one required digit
-    # immediately before the decimal point; beyond the one required digit
-    # after the decimal point there must be as many, but only as many, more
-    # digits as are needed to uniquely distinguish the number from all other
-    # IEEE 754 numeric values.
-    #
-    # The boolean false value is converted to the string false. The boolean
-    # true value is converted to the string true.
-    #
-    # An object of a type other than the four basic types is converted to a
-    # string in a way that is dependent on that type.
-    def Functions::string( object=nil )
-      #object = @context unless object
-      if object.instance_of? Array
-        string( object[0] )
-      elsif defined? object.node_type
-        if object.node_type == :attribute
-          object.value
-        elsif object.node_type == :element || object.node_type == :document
-          string_value(object)
-        else
-          object.to_s
-        end
-      elsif object.nil?
-        return ""
-      else
-        object.to_s
-      end
-    end
-
-    # A node-set is converted to a string by
-    # returning the concatenation of the string-value
-    # of each of the children of the node in the
-    # node-set that is first in document order.
-    # If the node-set is empty, an empty string is returned.
-    def Functions::string_value( o )
-      rv = ""
-      o.children.each { |e|
-        if e.node_type == :text
-          rv << e.to_s
-        elsif e.node_type == :element
-          rv << string_value( e )
-        end
-      }
-      rv
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::concat( *objects )
-      objects.join
-    end
-
-    # Fixed by Mike Stok
-    def Functions::starts_with( string, test )
-      string(string).index(string(test)) == 0
-    end
-
-    # Fixed by Mike Stok
-    def Functions::contains( string, test )
-      string(string).include?(string(test))
-    end
-
-    # Kouhei fixed this
-    def Functions::substring_before( string, test )
-      ruby_string = string(string)
-      ruby_index = ruby_string.index(string(test))
-      if ruby_index.nil?
-        ""
-      else
-        ruby_string[ 0...ruby_index ]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Kouhei fixed this too
-    def Functions::substring_after( string, test )
-      ruby_string = string(string)
-      return $1 if ruby_string =~ /#{test}(.*)/
-      ""
-    end
-
-    # Take equal portions of Mike Stok and Sean Russell; mix
-    # vigorously, and pour into a tall, chilled glass.  Serves 10,000.
-    def Functions::substring( string, start, length=nil )
-      ruby_string = string(string)
-      ruby_length = if length.nil?
-                      ruby_string.length.to_f
-                    else
-                      number(length)
-                    end
-      ruby_start = number(start)
-
-      # Handle the special cases
-      return '' if (
-        ruby_length.nan? or
-        ruby_start.nan? or
-        ruby_start.infinite?
-      )
-
-      infinite_length = ruby_length.infinite? == 1
-      ruby_length = ruby_string.length if infinite_length
-
-      # Now, get the bounds.  The XPath bounds are 1..length; the ruby bounds
-      # are 0..length.  Therefore, we have to offset the bounds by one.
-      ruby_start = round(ruby_start) - 1
-      ruby_length = round(ruby_length)
-
-      if ruby_start < 0
-       ruby_length += ruby_start unless infinite_length
-       ruby_start = 0
-      end
-      return '' if ruby_length <= 0
-      ruby_string[ruby_start,ruby_length]
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::string_length( string )
-      string(string).length
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::normalize_space( string=nil )
-      string = string(@@context[:node]) if string.nil?
-      if string.kind_of? Array
-        string.collect{|x| string.to_s.strip.gsub(/\s+/um, ' ') if string}
-      else
-        string.to_s.strip.gsub(/\s+/um, ' ')
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This is entirely Mike Stok's beast
-    def Functions::translate( string, tr1, tr2 )
-      from = string(tr1)
-      to = string(tr2)
-
-      # the map is our translation table.
-      #
-      # if a character occurs more than once in the
-      # from string then we ignore the second &
-      # subsequent mappings
-      #
-      # if a character maps to nil then we delete it
-      # in the output.  This happens if the from
-      # string is longer than the to string
-      #
-      # there's nothing about - or ^ being special in
-      # http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath#function-translate
-      # so we don't build ranges or negated classes
-
-      map = Hash.new
-      0.upto(from.length - 1) { |pos|
-        from_char = from[pos]
-        unless map.has_key? from_char
-          map[from_char] =
-          if pos < to.length
-            to[pos]
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-      }
-
-      if ''.respond_to? :chars
-        string(string).chars.collect { |c|
-          if map.has_key? c then map[c] else c end
-        }.compact.join
-      else
-        string(string).unpack('U*').collect { |c|
-          if map.has_key? c then map[c] else c end
-        }.compact.pack('U*')
-      end
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::boolean( object=nil )
-      if object.kind_of? String
-        if object =~ /\d+/u
-          return object.to_f != 0
-        else
-          return object.size > 0
-        end
-      elsif object.kind_of? Array
-        object = object.find{|x| x and true}
-      end
-      return object ? true : false
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::not( object )
-      not boolean( object )
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::true( )
-      true
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::false(  )
-      false
-    end
-
-    # UNTESTED
-    def Functions::lang( language )
-      lang = false
-      node = @@context[:node]
-      attr = nil
-      until node.nil?
-        if node.node_type == :element
-          attr = node.attributes["xml:lang"]
-          unless attr.nil?
-            lang = compare_language(string(language), attr)
-            break
-          else
-          end
-        end
-        node = node.parent
-      end
-      lang
-    end
-
-    def Functions::compare_language lang1, lang2
-      lang2.downcase.index(lang1.downcase) == 0
-    end
-
-    # a string that consists of optional whitespace followed by an optional
-    # minus sign followed by a Number followed by whitespace is converted to
-    # the IEEE 754 number that is nearest (according to the IEEE 754
-    # round-to-nearest rule) to the mathematical value represented by the
-    # string; any other string is converted to NaN
-    #
-    # boolean true is converted to 1; boolean false is converted to 0
-    #
-    # a node-set is first converted to a string as if by a call to the string
-    # function and then converted in the same way as a string argument
-    #
-    # an object of a type other than the four basic types is converted to a
-    # number in a way that is dependent on that type
-    def Functions::number( object=nil )
-      object = @@context[:node] unless object
-      case object
-      when true
-        Float(1)
-      when false
-        Float(0)
-      when Array
-        number(string( object ))
-      when Numeric
-        object.to_f
-      else
-        str = string( object )
-        # If XPath ever gets scientific notation...
-        #if str =~ /^\s*-?(\d*\.?\d+|\d+\.)([Ee]\d*)?\s*$/
-        if str =~ /^\s*-?(\d*\.?\d+|\d+\.)\s*$/
-          str.to_f
-        else
-          (0.0 / 0.0)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def Functions::sum( nodes )
-      nodes = [nodes] unless nodes.kind_of? Array
-      nodes.inject(0) { |r,n| r + number(string(n)) }
-    end
-
-    def Functions::floor( number )
-      number(number).floor
-    end
-
-    def Functions::ceiling( number )
-      number(number).ceil
-    end
-
-    def Functions::round( number )
-      number = number(number)
-      begin
-        neg = number.negative?
-        number = number.abs.round(half: :up)
-        neg ? -number : number
-      rescue FloatDomainError
-        number
-      end
-    end
-
-    def Functions::processing_instruction( node )
-      node.node_type == :processing_instruction
-    end
-
-    def Functions::method_missing( id )
-      puts "METHOD MISSING #{id.id2name}"
-      XPath.match( @@context[:node], id.id2name )
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/instruction.rb b/lib/rexml/instruction.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 576939ca2b..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/instruction.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/child"
-require "rexml/source"
-
-module REXML
-  # Represents an XML Instruction; IE, <? ... ?>
-  # TODO: Add parent arg (3rd arg) to constructor
-  class Instruction < Child
-    START = '<\?'
-    STOP = '\?>'
-
-    # target is the "name" of the Instruction; IE, the "tag" in <?tag ...?>
-    # content is everything else.
-    attr_accessor :target, :content
-
-    # Constructs a new Instruction
-    # @param target can be one of a number of things.  If String, then
-    # the target of this instruction is set to this.  If an Instruction,
-    # then the Instruction is shallowly cloned (target and content are
-    # copied).  If a Source, then the source is scanned and parsed for
-    # an Instruction declaration.
-    # @param content Must be either a String, or a Parent.  Can only
-    # be a Parent if the target argument is a Source.  Otherwise, this
-    # String is set as the content of this instruction.
-    def initialize(target, content=nil)
-      if target.kind_of? String
-        super()
-        @target = target
-        @content = content
-      elsif target.kind_of? Instruction
-        super(content)
-        @target = target.target
-        @content = target.content
-      end
-      @content.strip! if @content
-    end
-
-    def clone
-      Instruction.new self
-    end
-
-    # == DEPRECATED
-    # See the rexml/formatters package
-    #
-    def write writer, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false
-      Kernel.warn( "#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated" )
-      indent(writer, indent)
-      writer << START.sub(/\\/u, '')
-      writer << @target
-      writer << ' '
-      writer << @content
-      writer << STOP.sub(/\\/u, '')
-    end
-
-    # @return true if other is an Instruction, and the content and target
-    # of the other matches the target and content of this object.
-    def ==( other )
-      other.kind_of? Instruction and
-      other.target == @target and
-      other.content == @content
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :processing_instruction
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      "<?p-i #{target} ...?>"
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/light/node.rb b/lib/rexml/light/node.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d58119a3a4..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/light/node.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-
-# [ :element, parent, name, attributes, children* ]
-  # a = Node.new
-  # a << "B"            # => <a>B</a>
-  # a.b                 # => <a>B<b/></a>
-  # a.b[1]                      # => <a>B<b/><b/><a>
-  # a.b[1]["x"] = "y"   # => <a>B<b/><b x="y"/></a>
-  # a.b[0].c            # => <a>B<b><c/></b><b x="y"/></a>
-  # a.b.c << "D"                # => <a>B<b><c>D</c></b><b x="y"/></a>
-module REXML
-  module Light
-    # Represents a tagged XML element.  Elements are characterized by
-    # having children, attributes, and names, and can themselves be
-    # children.
-    class Node
-      NAMESPLIT = /^(?:(#{XMLTokens::NCNAME_STR}):)?(#{XMLTokens::NCNAME_STR})/u
-      PARENTS = [ :element, :document, :doctype ]
-      # Create a new element.
-      def initialize node=nil
-        @node = node
-        if node.kind_of? String
-          node = [ :text, node ]
-        elsif node.nil?
-          node = [ :document, nil, nil ]
-        elsif node[0] == :start_element
-          node[0] = :element
-        elsif node[0] == :start_doctype
-          node[0] = :doctype
-        elsif node[0] == :start_document
-          node[0] = :document
-        end
-      end
-
-      def size
-        if PARENTS.include? @node[0]
-          @node[-1].size
-        else
-          0
-        end
-      end
-
-      def each
-        size.times { |x| yield( at(x+4) ) }
-      end
-
-      def name
-        at(2)
-      end
-
-      def name=( name_str, ns=nil )
-        pfx = ''
-        pfx = "#{prefix(ns)}:" if ns
-        _old_put(2, "#{pfx}#{name_str}")
-      end
-
-      def parent=( node )
-        _old_put(1,node)
-      end
-
-      def local_name
-        namesplit
-        @name
-      end
-
-      def local_name=( name_str )
-        _old_put( 1, "#@prefix:#{name_str}" )
-      end
-
-      def prefix( namespace=nil )
-        prefix_of( self, namespace )
-      end
-
-      def namespace( prefix=prefix() )
-        namespace_of( self, prefix )
-      end
-
-      def namespace=( namespace )
-        @prefix = prefix( namespace )
-        pfx = ''
-        pfx = "#@prefix:" if @prefix.size > 0
-        _old_put(1, "#{pfx}#@name")
-      end
-
-      def []( reference, ns=nil )
-        if reference.kind_of? String
-          pfx = ''
-          pfx = "#{prefix(ns)}:" if ns
-          at(3)["#{pfx}#{reference}"]
-        elsif reference.kind_of? Range
-          _old_get( Range.new(4+reference.begin, reference.end, reference.exclude_end?) )
-        else
-          _old_get( 4+reference )
-        end
-      end
-
-      def =~( path )
-        XPath.match( self, path )
-      end
-
-      # Doesn't handle namespaces yet
-      def []=( reference, ns, value=nil )
-        if reference.kind_of? String
-          value = ns unless value
-          at( 3 )[reference] = value
-        elsif reference.kind_of? Range
-          _old_put( Range.new(3+reference.begin, reference.end, reference.exclude_end?), ns )
-        else
-          if value
-            _old_put( 4+reference, ns, value )
-          else
-            _old_put( 4+reference, ns )
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Append a child to this element, optionally under a provided namespace.
-      # The namespace argument is ignored if the element argument is an Element
-      # object.  Otherwise, the element argument is a string, the namespace (if
-      # provided) is the namespace the element is created in.
-      def << element
-        if node_type() == :text
-          at(-1) << element
-        else
-          newnode = Node.new( element )
-          newnode.parent = self
-          self.push( newnode )
-        end
-        at(-1)
-      end
-
-      def node_type
-        _old_get(0)
-      end
-
-      def text=( foo )
-        replace = at(4).kind_of?(String)? 1 : 0
-        self._old_put(4,replace, normalizefoo)
-      end
-
-      def root
-        context = self
-        context = context.at(1) while context.at(1)
-      end
-
-      def has_name?( name, namespace = '' )
-        at(3) == name and namespace() == namespace
-      end
-
-      def children
-        self
-      end
-
-      def parent
-        at(1)
-      end
-
-      def to_s
-
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def namesplit
-        return if @name.defined?
-        at(2) =~ NAMESPLIT
-        @prefix = '' || $1
-        @name = $2
-      end
-
-      def namespace_of( node, prefix=nil )
-        if not prefix
-          name = at(2)
-          name =~ NAMESPLIT
-          prefix = $1
-        end
-        to_find = 'xmlns'
-        to_find = "xmlns:#{prefix}" if not prefix.nil?
-        ns = at(3)[ to_find ]
-        ns ? ns : namespace_of( @node[0], prefix )
-      end
-
-      def prefix_of( node, namespace=nil )
-        if not namespace
-          name = node.name
-          name =~ NAMESPLIT
-          $1
-        else
-          ns = at(3).find { |k,v| v == namespace }
-          ns ? ns : prefix_of( node.parent, namespace )
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/namespace.rb b/lib/rexml/namespace.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 90ba7cc635..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/namespace.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-
-module REXML
-  # Adds named attributes to an object.
-  module Namespace
-    # The name of the object, valid if set
-    attr_reader :name, :expanded_name
-    # The expanded name of the object, valid if name is set
-    attr_accessor :prefix
-    include XMLTokens
-    NAMESPLIT = /^(?:(#{NCNAME_STR}):)?(#{NCNAME_STR})/u
-
-    # Sets the name and the expanded name
-    def name=( name )
-      @expanded_name = name
-      name =~ NAMESPLIT
-      if $1
-        @prefix = $1
-      else
-        @prefix = ""
-        @namespace = ""
-      end
-      @name = $2
-    end
-
-    # Compares names optionally WITH namespaces
-    def has_name?( other, ns=nil )
-      if ns
-        return (namespace() == ns and name() == other)
-      elsif other.include? ":"
-        return fully_expanded_name == other
-      else
-        return name == other
-      end
-    end
-
-    alias :local_name :name
-
-    # Fully expand the name, even if the prefix wasn't specified in the
-    # source file.
-    def fully_expanded_name
-      ns = prefix
-      return "#{ns}:#@name" if ns.size > 0
-      return @name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/node.rb b/lib/rexml/node.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c7a3936799..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/node.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/parseexception"
-require "rexml/formatters/pretty"
-require "rexml/formatters/default"
-
-module REXML
-  # Represents a node in the tree.  Nodes are never encountered except as
-  # superclasses of other objects.  Nodes have siblings.
-  module Node
-    # @return the next sibling (nil if unset)
-    def next_sibling_node
-      return nil if @parent.nil?
-      @parent[ @parent.index(self) + 1 ]
-    end
-
-    # @return the previous sibling (nil if unset)
-    def previous_sibling_node
-      return nil if @parent.nil?
-      ind = @parent.index(self)
-      return nil if ind == 0
-      @parent[ ind - 1 ]
-    end
-
-    # indent::
-    #   *DEPRECATED* This parameter is now ignored.  See the formatters in the
-    #   REXML::Formatters package for changing the output style.
-    def to_s indent=nil
-      unless indent.nil?
-        Kernel.warn( "#{self.class.name}.to_s(indent) parameter is deprecated" )
-        f = REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent )
-        f.write( self, rv = "" )
-      else
-        f = REXML::Formatters::Default.new
-        f.write( self, rv = "" )
-      end
-      return rv
-    end
-
-    def indent to, ind
-                        if @parent and @parent.context and not @parent.context[:indentstyle].nil? then
-                                indentstyle = @parent.context[:indentstyle]
-                        else
-                                indentstyle = '  '
-                        end
-                        to << indentstyle*ind unless ind<1
-    end
-
-    def parent?
-      false;
-    end
-
-
-    # Visit all subnodes of +self+ recursively
-    def each_recursive(&block) # :yields: node
-      self.elements.each {|node|
-        block.call(node)
-        node.each_recursive(&block)
-      }
-    end
-
-    # Find (and return) first subnode (recursively) for which the block
-    # evaluates to true. Returns +nil+ if none was found.
-    def find_first_recursive(&block) # :yields: node
-      each_recursive {|node|
-        return node if block.call(node)
-      }
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    # Returns the position that +self+ holds in its parent's array, indexed
-    # from 1.
-    def index_in_parent
-      parent.index(self)+1
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/output.rb b/lib/rexml/output.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 96dfea570e..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/output.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/encoding'
-
-module REXML
-  class Output
-    include Encoding
-
-    attr_reader :encoding
-
-    def initialize real_IO, encd="iso-8859-1"
-      @output = real_IO
-      self.encoding = encd
-
-      @to_utf = encoding != 'UTF-8'
-
-      if encoding == "UTF-16"
-        @output << "\ufeff".encode("UTF-16BE")
-        self.encoding = "UTF-16BE"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def <<( content )
-      @output << (@to_utf ? self.encode(content) : content)
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      "Output[#{encoding}]"
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parent.rb b/lib/rexml/parent.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3bd0a96255..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parent.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/child"
-
-module REXML
-  # A parent has children, and has methods for accessing them.  The Parent
-  # class is never encountered except as the superclass for some other
-  # object.
-  class Parent < Child
-    include Enumerable
-
-    # Constructor
-    # @param parent if supplied, will be set as the parent of this object
-    def initialize parent=nil
-      super(parent)
-      @children = []
-    end
-
-    def add( object )
-      object.parent = self
-      @children << object
-      object
-    end
-
-    alias :push :add
-    alias :<< :push
-
-    def unshift( object )
-      object.parent = self
-      @children.unshift object
-    end
-
-    def delete( object )
-      found = false
-      @children.delete_if {|c| c.equal?(object) and found = true }
-      object.parent = nil if found
-      found ? object : nil
-    end
-
-    def each(&block)
-      @children.each(&block)
-    end
-
-    def delete_if( &block )
-      @children.delete_if(&block)
-    end
-
-    def delete_at( index )
-      @children.delete_at index
-    end
-
-    def each_index( &block )
-      @children.each_index(&block)
-    end
-
-    # Fetches a child at a given index
-    # @param index the Integer index of the child to fetch
-    def []( index )
-      @children[index]
-    end
-
-    alias :each_child :each
-
-
-
-    # Set an index entry.  See Array.[]=
-    # @param index the index of the element to set
-    # @param opt either the object to set, or an Integer length
-    # @param child if opt is an Integer, this is the child to set
-    # @return the parent (self)
-    def []=( *args )
-      args[-1].parent = self
-      @children[*args[0..-2]] = args[-1]
-    end
-
-    # Inserts an child before another child
-    # @param child1 this is either an xpath or an Element.  If an Element,
-    # child2 will be inserted before child1 in the child list of the parent.
-    # If an xpath, child2 will be inserted before the first child to match
-    # the xpath.
-    # @param child2 the child to insert
-    # @return the parent (self)
-    def insert_before( child1, child2 )
-      if child1.kind_of? String
-        child1 = XPath.first( self, child1 )
-        child1.parent.insert_before child1, child2
-      else
-        ind = index(child1)
-        child2.parent.delete(child2) if child2.parent
-        @children[ind,0] = child2
-        child2.parent = self
-      end
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Inserts an child after another child
-    # @param child1 this is either an xpath or an Element.  If an Element,
-    # child2 will be inserted after child1 in the child list of the parent.
-    # If an xpath, child2 will be inserted after the first child to match
-    # the xpath.
-    # @param child2 the child to insert
-    # @return the parent (self)
-    def insert_after( child1, child2 )
-      if child1.kind_of? String
-        child1 = XPath.first( self, child1 )
-        child1.parent.insert_after child1, child2
-      else
-        ind = index(child1)+1
-        child2.parent.delete(child2) if child2.parent
-        @children[ind,0] = child2
-        child2.parent = self
-      end
-      self
-    end
-
-    def to_a
-      @children.dup
-    end
-
-    # Fetches the index of a given child
-    # @param child the child to get the index of
-    # @return the index of the child, or nil if the object is not a child
-    # of this parent.
-    def index( child )
-      count = -1
-      @children.find { |i| count += 1 ; i.hash == child.hash }
-      count
-    end
-
-    # @return the number of children of this parent
-    def size
-      @children.size
-    end
-
-    alias :length :size
-
-    # Replaces one child with another, making sure the nodelist is correct
-    # @param to_replace the child to replace (must be a Child)
-    # @param replacement the child to insert into the nodelist (must be a
-    # Child)
-    def replace_child( to_replace, replacement )
-      @children.map! {|c| c.equal?( to_replace ) ? replacement : c }
-      to_replace.parent = nil
-      replacement.parent = self
-    end
-
-    # Deeply clones this object.  This creates a complete duplicate of this
-    # Parent, including all descendants.
-    def deep_clone
-      cl = clone()
-      each do |child|
-        if child.kind_of? Parent
-          cl << child.deep_clone
-        else
-          cl << child.clone
-        end
-      end
-      cl
-    end
-
-    alias :children :to_a
-
-    def parent?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parseexception.rb b/lib/rexml/parseexception.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b16cd1a41..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parseexception.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  class ParseException < RuntimeError
-    attr_accessor :source, :parser, :continued_exception
-
-    def initialize( message, source=nil, parser=nil, exception=nil )
-      super(message)
-      @source = source
-      @parser = parser
-      @continued_exception = exception
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      # Quote the original exception, if there was one
-      if @continued_exception
-        err = @continued_exception.inspect
-        err << "\n"
-        err << @continued_exception.backtrace.join("\n")
-        err << "\n...\n"
-      else
-        err = ""
-      end
-
-      # Get the stack trace and error message
-      err << super
-
-      # Add contextual information
-      if @source
-        err << "\nLine: #{line}\n"
-        err << "Position: #{position}\n"
-        err << "Last 80 unconsumed characters:\n"
-        err << @source.buffer[0..80].force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT").gsub(/\n/, ' ')
-      end
-
-      err
-    end
-
-    def position
-      @source.current_line[0] if @source and defined? @source.current_line and
-      @source.current_line
-    end
-
-    def line
-      @source.current_line[2] if @source and defined? @source.current_line and
-      @source.current_line
-    end
-
-    def context
-      @source.current_line
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 80eeb0fa79..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/baseparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,533 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/parseexception'
-require 'rexml/undefinednamespaceexception'
-require 'rexml/source'
-require 'set'
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    # = Using the Pull Parser
-    # <em>This API is experimental, and subject to change.</em>
-    #  parser = PullParser.new( "<a>text<b att='val'/>txet</a>" )
-    #  while parser.has_next?
-    #    res = parser.next
-    #    puts res[1]['att'] if res.start_tag? and res[0] == 'b'
-    #  end
-    # See the PullEvent class for information on the content of the results.
-    # The data is identical to the arguments passed for the various events to
-    # the StreamListener API.
-    #
-    # Notice that:
-    #  parser = PullParser.new( "<a>BAD DOCUMENT" )
-    #  while parser.has_next?
-    #    res = parser.next
-    #    raise res[1] if res.error?
-    #  end
-    #
-    # Nat Price gave me some good ideas for the API.
-    class BaseParser
-      LETTER = '[:alpha:]'
-      DIGIT = '[:digit:]'
-
-      COMBININGCHAR = '' # TODO
-      EXTENDER = ''      # TODO
-
-      NCNAME_STR= "[#{LETTER}_:][-[:alnum:]._:#{COMBININGCHAR}#{EXTENDER}]*"
-      NAME_STR= "(?:(#{NCNAME_STR}):)?(#{NCNAME_STR})"
-      UNAME_STR= "(?:#{NCNAME_STR}:)?#{NCNAME_STR}"
-
-      NAMECHAR = '[\-\w\.:]'
-      NAME = "([\\w:]#{NAMECHAR}*)"
-      NMTOKEN = "(?:#{NAMECHAR})+"
-      NMTOKENS = "#{NMTOKEN}(\\s+#{NMTOKEN})*"
-      REFERENCE = "&(?:#{NAME};|#\\d+;|#x[0-9a-fA-F]+;)"
-      REFERENCE_RE = /#{REFERENCE}/
-
-      DOCTYPE_START = /\A\s*<!DOCTYPE\s/um
-      DOCTYPE_END = /\A\s*\]\s*>/um
-      DOCTYPE_PATTERN = /\s*<!DOCTYPE\s+(.*?)(\[|>)/um
-      ATTRIBUTE_PATTERN = /\s*(#{NAME_STR})\s*=\s*(["'])(.*?)\4/um
-      COMMENT_START = /\A<!--/u
-      COMMENT_PATTERN = /<!--(.*?)-->/um
-      CDATA_START = /\A<!\[CDATA\[/u
-      CDATA_END = /\A\s*\]\s*>/um
-      CDATA_PATTERN = /<!\[CDATA\[(.*?)\]\]>/um
-      XMLDECL_START = /\A<\?xml\s/u;
-      XMLDECL_PATTERN = /<\?xml\s+(.*?)\?>/um
-      INSTRUCTION_START = /\A<\?/u
-      INSTRUCTION_PATTERN = /<\?(.*?)(\s+.*?)?\?>/um
-      TAG_MATCH = /^<((?>#{NAME_STR}))\s*((?>\s+#{UNAME_STR}\s*=\s*(["']).*?\5)*)\s*(\/)?>/um
-      CLOSE_MATCH = /^\s*<\/(#{NAME_STR})\s*>/um
-
-      VERSION = /\bversion\s*=\s*["'](.*?)['"]/um
-      ENCODING = /\bencoding\s*=\s*["'](.*?)['"]/um
-      STANDALONE = /\bstandalone\s*=\s*["'](.*?)['"]/um
-
-      ENTITY_START = /\A\s*<!ENTITY/
-      IDENTITY = /^([!\*\w\-]+)(\s+#{NCNAME_STR})?(\s+["'](.*?)['"])?(\s+['"](.*?)["'])?/u
-      ELEMENTDECL_START = /\A\s*<!ELEMENT/um
-      ELEMENTDECL_PATTERN = /\A\s*(<!ELEMENT.*?)>/um
-      SYSTEMENTITY = /\A\s*(%.*?;)\s*$/um
-      ENUMERATION = "\\(\\s*#{NMTOKEN}(?:\\s*\\|\\s*#{NMTOKEN})*\\s*\\)"
-      NOTATIONTYPE = "NOTATION\\s+\\(\\s*#{NAME}(?:\\s*\\|\\s*#{NAME})*\\s*\\)"
-      ENUMERATEDTYPE = "(?:(?:#{NOTATIONTYPE})|(?:#{ENUMERATION}))"
-      ATTTYPE = "(CDATA|ID|IDREF|IDREFS|ENTITY|ENTITIES|NMTOKEN|NMTOKENS|#{ENUMERATEDTYPE})"
-      ATTVALUE = "(?:\"((?:[^<&\"]|#{REFERENCE})*)\")|(?:'((?:[^<&']|#{REFERENCE})*)')"
-      DEFAULTDECL = "(#REQUIRED|#IMPLIED|(?:(#FIXED\\s+)?#{ATTVALUE}))"
-      ATTDEF = "\\s+#{NAME}\\s+#{ATTTYPE}\\s+#{DEFAULTDECL}"
-      ATTDEF_RE = /#{ATTDEF}/
-      ATTLISTDECL_START = /\A\s*<!ATTLIST/um
-      ATTLISTDECL_PATTERN = /\A\s*<!ATTLIST\s+#{NAME}(?:#{ATTDEF})*\s*>/um
-      NOTATIONDECL_START = /\A\s*<!NOTATION/um
-      PUBLIC = /\A\s*<!NOTATION\s+(\w[\-\w]*)\s+(PUBLIC)\s+(["'])(.*?)\3(?:\s+(["'])(.*?)\5)?\s*>/um
-      SYSTEM = /\A\s*<!NOTATION\s+(\w[\-\w]*)\s+(SYSTEM)\s+(["'])(.*?)\3\s*>/um
-
-      TEXT_PATTERN = /\A([^<]*)/um
-
-      # Entity constants
-      PUBIDCHAR = "\x20\x0D\x0Aa-zA-Z0-9\\-()+,./:=?;!*@$_%#"
-      SYSTEMLITERAL = %Q{((?:"[^"]*")|(?:'[^']*'))}
-      PUBIDLITERAL = %Q{("[#{PUBIDCHAR}']*"|'[#{PUBIDCHAR}]*')}
-      EXTERNALID = "(?:(?:(SYSTEM)\\s+#{SYSTEMLITERAL})|(?:(PUBLIC)\\s+#{PUBIDLITERAL}\\s+#{SYSTEMLITERAL}))"
-      NDATADECL = "\\s+NDATA\\s+#{NAME}"
-      PEREFERENCE = "%#{NAME};"
-      ENTITYVALUE = %Q{((?:"(?:[^%&"]|#{PEREFERENCE}|#{REFERENCE})*")|(?:'([^%&']|#{PEREFERENCE}|#{REFERENCE})*'))}
-      PEDEF = "(?:#{ENTITYVALUE}|#{EXTERNALID})"
-      ENTITYDEF = "(?:#{ENTITYVALUE}|(?:#{EXTERNALID}(#{NDATADECL})?))"
-      PEDECL = "<!ENTITY\\s+(%)\\s+#{NAME}\\s+#{PEDEF}\\s*>"
-      GEDECL = "<!ENTITY\\s+#{NAME}\\s+#{ENTITYDEF}\\s*>"
-      ENTITYDECL = /\s*(?:#{GEDECL})|(?:#{PEDECL})/um
-
-      EREFERENCE = /&(?!#{NAME};)/
-
-      DEFAULT_ENTITIES = {
-        'gt' => [/&gt;/, '&gt;', '>', />/],
-        'lt' => [/&lt;/, '&lt;', '<', /</],
-        'quot' => [/&quot;/, '&quot;', '"', /"/],
-        "apos" => [/&apos;/, "&apos;", "'", /'/]
-      }
-
-
-      ######################################################################
-      # These are patterns to identify common markup errors, to make the
-      # error messages more informative.
-      ######################################################################
-      MISSING_ATTRIBUTE_QUOTES = /^<#{NAME_STR}\s+#{NAME_STR}\s*=\s*[^"']/um
-
-      def initialize( source )
-        self.stream = source
-        @listeners = []
-      end
-
-      def add_listener( listener )
-        @listeners << listener
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :source
-
-      def stream=( source )
-        @source = SourceFactory.create_from( source )
-        @closed = nil
-        @document_status = nil
-        @tags = []
-        @stack = []
-        @entities = []
-        @nsstack = []
-      end
-
-      def position
-        if @source.respond_to? :position
-          @source.position
-        else
-          # FIXME
-          0
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if there are no more events
-      def empty?
-        return (@source.empty? and @stack.empty?)
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if there are more events.  Synonymous with !empty?
-      def has_next?
-        return !(@source.empty? and @stack.empty?)
-      end
-
-      # Push an event back on the head of the stream.  This method
-      # has (theoretically) infinite depth.
-      def unshift token
-        @stack.unshift(token)
-      end
-
-      # Peek at the +depth+ event in the stack.  The first element on the stack
-      # is at depth 0.  If +depth+ is -1, will parse to the end of the input
-      # stream and return the last event, which is always :end_document.
-      # Be aware that this causes the stream to be parsed up to the +depth+
-      # event, so you can effectively pre-parse the entire document (pull the
-      # entire thing into memory) using this method.
-      def peek depth=0
-        raise %Q[Illegal argument "#{depth}"] if depth < -1
-        temp = []
-        if depth == -1
-          temp.push(pull()) until empty?
-        else
-          while @stack.size+temp.size < depth+1
-            temp.push(pull())
-          end
-        end
-        @stack += temp if temp.size > 0
-        @stack[depth]
-      end
-
-      # Returns the next event.  This is a +PullEvent+ object.
-      def pull
-        pull_event.tap do |event|
-          @listeners.each do |listener|
-            listener.receive event
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def pull_event
-        if @closed
-          x, @closed = @closed, nil
-          return [ :end_element, x ]
-        end
-        return [ :end_document ] if empty?
-        return @stack.shift if @stack.size > 0
-        #STDERR.puts @source.encoding
-        @source.read if @source.buffer.size<2
-        #STDERR.puts "BUFFER = #{@source.buffer.inspect}"
-        if @document_status == nil
-          #@source.consume( /^\s*/um )
-          word = @source.match( /^((?:\s+)|(?:<[^>]*>))/um )
-          word = word[1] unless word.nil?
-          #STDERR.puts "WORD = #{word.inspect}"
-          case word
-          when COMMENT_START
-            return [ :comment, @source.match( COMMENT_PATTERN, true )[1] ]
-          when XMLDECL_START
-            #STDERR.puts "XMLDECL"
-            results = @source.match( XMLDECL_PATTERN, true )[1]
-            version = VERSION.match( results )
-            version = version[1] unless version.nil?
-            encoding = ENCODING.match(results)
-            encoding = encoding[1] unless encoding.nil?
-            if need_source_encoding_update?(encoding)
-              @source.encoding = encoding
-            end
-            if encoding.nil? and /\AUTF-16(?:BE|LE)\z/i =~ @source.encoding
-              encoding = "UTF-16"
-            end
-            standalone = STANDALONE.match(results)
-            standalone = standalone[1] unless standalone.nil?
-            return [ :xmldecl, version, encoding, standalone ]
-          when INSTRUCTION_START
-            return [ :processing_instruction, *@source.match(INSTRUCTION_PATTERN, true)[1,2] ]
-          when DOCTYPE_START
-            md = @source.match( DOCTYPE_PATTERN, true )
-            @nsstack.unshift(curr_ns=Set.new)
-            identity = md[1]
-            close = md[2]
-            identity =~ IDENTITY
-            name = $1
-            raise REXML::ParseException.new("DOCTYPE is missing a name") if name.nil?
-            pub_sys = $2.nil? ? nil : $2.strip
-            long_name = $4.nil? ? nil : $4.strip
-            uri = $6.nil? ? nil : $6.strip
-            args = [ :start_doctype, name, pub_sys, long_name, uri ]
-            if close == ">"
-              @document_status = :after_doctype
-              @source.read if @source.buffer.size<2
-              md = @source.match(/^\s*/um, true)
-              @stack << [ :end_doctype ]
-            else
-              @document_status = :in_doctype
-            end
-            return args
-          when /^\s+/
-          else
-            @document_status = :after_doctype
-            @source.read if @source.buffer.size<2
-            md = @source.match(/\s*/um, true)
-            if @source.encoding == "UTF-8"
-              @source.buffer.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_8)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        if @document_status == :in_doctype
-          md = @source.match(/\s*(.*?>)/um)
-          case md[1]
-          when SYSTEMENTITY
-            match = @source.match( SYSTEMENTITY, true )[1]
-            return [ :externalentity, match ]
-
-          when ELEMENTDECL_START
-            return [ :elementdecl, @source.match( ELEMENTDECL_PATTERN, true )[1] ]
-
-          when ENTITY_START
-            match = @source.match( ENTITYDECL, true ).to_a.compact
-            match[0] = :entitydecl
-            ref = false
-            if match[1] == '%'
-              ref = true
-              match.delete_at 1
-            end
-            # Now we have to sort out what kind of entity reference this is
-            if match[2] == 'SYSTEM'
-              # External reference
-              match[3] = match[3][1..-2] # PUBID
-              match.delete_at(4) if match.size > 4 # Chop out NDATA decl
-              # match is [ :entity, name, SYSTEM, pubid(, ndata)? ]
-            elsif match[2] == 'PUBLIC'
-              # External reference
-              match[3] = match[3][1..-2] # PUBID
-              match[4] = match[4][1..-2] # HREF
-              match.delete_at(5) if match.size > 5 # Chop out NDATA decl
-              # match is [ :entity, name, PUBLIC, pubid, href(, ndata)? ]
-            else
-              match[2] = match[2][1..-2]
-              match.pop if match.size == 4
-              # match is [ :entity, name, value ]
-            end
-            match << '%' if ref
-            return match
-          when ATTLISTDECL_START
-            md = @source.match( ATTLISTDECL_PATTERN, true )
-            raise REXML::ParseException.new( "Bad ATTLIST declaration!", @source ) if md.nil?
-            element = md[1]
-            contents = md[0]
-
-            pairs = {}
-            values = md[0].scan( ATTDEF_RE )
-            values.each do |attdef|
-              unless attdef[3] == "#IMPLIED"
-                attdef.compact!
-                val = attdef[3]
-                val = attdef[4] if val == "#FIXED "
-                pairs[attdef[0]] = val
-                if attdef[0] =~ /^xmlns:(.*)/
-                  @nsstack[0] << $1
-                end
-              end
-            end
-            return [ :attlistdecl, element, pairs, contents ]
-          when NOTATIONDECL_START
-            md = nil
-            if @source.match( PUBLIC )
-              md = @source.match( PUBLIC, true )
-              vals = [md[1],md[2],md[4],md[6]]
-            elsif @source.match( SYSTEM )
-              md = @source.match( SYSTEM, true )
-              vals = [md[1],md[2],nil,md[4]]
-            else
-              raise REXML::ParseException.new( "error parsing notation: no matching pattern", @source )
-            end
-            return [ :notationdecl, *vals ]
-          when DOCTYPE_END
-            @document_status = :after_doctype
-            @source.match( DOCTYPE_END, true )
-            return [ :end_doctype ]
-          end
-        end
-        begin
-          if @source.buffer[0] == ?<
-            if @source.buffer[1] == ?/
-              @nsstack.shift
-              last_tag = @tags.pop
-              #md = @source.match_to_consume( '>', CLOSE_MATCH)
-              md = @source.match( CLOSE_MATCH, true )
-              raise REXML::ParseException.new( "Missing end tag for "+
-                "'#{last_tag}' (got \"#{md[1]}\")",
-                @source) unless last_tag == md[1]
-              return [ :end_element, last_tag ]
-            elsif @source.buffer[1] == ?!
-              md = @source.match(/\A(\s*[^>]*>)/um)
-              #STDERR.puts "SOURCE BUFFER = #{source.buffer}, #{source.buffer.size}"
-              raise REXML::ParseException.new("Malformed node", @source) unless md
-              if md[0][2] == ?-
-                md = @source.match( COMMENT_PATTERN, true )
-
-                case md[1]
-                when /--/, /-\z/
-                  raise REXML::ParseException.new("Malformed comment", @source)
-                end
-
-                return [ :comment, md[1] ] if md
-              else
-                md = @source.match( CDATA_PATTERN, true )
-                return [ :cdata, md[1] ] if md
-              end
-              raise REXML::ParseException.new( "Declarations can only occur "+
-                "in the doctype declaration.", @source)
-            elsif @source.buffer[1] == ??
-              md = @source.match( INSTRUCTION_PATTERN, true )
-              return [ :processing_instruction, md[1], md[2] ] if md
-              raise REXML::ParseException.new( "Bad instruction declaration",
-                @source)
-            else
-              # Get the next tag
-              md = @source.match(TAG_MATCH, true)
-              unless md
-                # Check for missing attribute quotes
-                raise REXML::ParseException.new("missing attribute quote", @source) if @source.match(MISSING_ATTRIBUTE_QUOTES )
-                raise REXML::ParseException.new("malformed XML: missing tag start", @source)
-              end
-              attributes = {}
-              prefixes = Set.new
-              prefixes << md[2] if md[2]
-              @nsstack.unshift(curr_ns=Set.new)
-              if md[4].size > 0
-                attrs = md[4].scan( ATTRIBUTE_PATTERN )
-                raise REXML::ParseException.new( "error parsing attributes: [#{attrs.join ', '}], excess = \"#$'\"", @source) if $' and $'.strip.size > 0
-                attrs.each do |attr_name, prefix, local_part, quote, value|
-                  if prefix == "xmlns"
-                    if local_part == "xml"
-                      if value != "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
-                        msg = "The 'xml' prefix must not be bound to any other namespace "+
-                        "(http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#ns-decl)"
-                        raise REXML::ParseException.new( msg, @source, self )
-                      end
-                    elsif local_part == "xmlns"
-                      msg = "The 'xmlns' prefix must not be declared "+
-                      "(http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#ns-decl)"
-                      raise REXML::ParseException.new( msg, @source, self)
-                    end
-                    curr_ns << local_part
-                  elsif prefix
-                    prefixes << prefix unless prefix == "xml"
-                  end
-
-                  if attributes.has_key?(attr_name)
-                    msg = "Duplicate attribute #{attr_name.inspect}"
-                    raise REXML::ParseException.new(msg, @source, self)
-                  end
-
-                  attributes[attr_name] = value
-                end
-              end
-
-              # Verify that all of the prefixes have been defined
-              for prefix in prefixes
-                unless @nsstack.find{|k| k.member?(prefix)}
-                  raise UndefinedNamespaceException.new(prefix,@source,self)
-                end
-              end
-
-              if md[6]
-                @closed = md[1]
-                @nsstack.shift
-              else
-                @tags.push( md[1] )
-              end
-              return [ :start_element, md[1], attributes ]
-            end
-          else
-            md = @source.match( TEXT_PATTERN, true )
-            if md[0].length == 0
-              @source.match( /(\s+)/, true )
-            end
-            #STDERR.puts "GOT #{md[1].inspect}" unless md[0].length == 0
-            #return [ :text, "" ] if md[0].length == 0
-            # unnormalized = Text::unnormalize( md[1], self )
-            # return PullEvent.new( :text, md[1], unnormalized )
-            return [ :text, md[1] ]
-          end
-        rescue REXML::UndefinedNamespaceException
-          raise
-        rescue REXML::ParseException
-          raise
-        rescue Exception, NameError => error
-          raise REXML::ParseException.new( "Exception parsing",
-            @source, self, (error ? error : $!) )
-        end
-        return [ :dummy ]
-      end
-      private :pull_event
-
-      def entity( reference, entities )
-        value = nil
-        value = entities[ reference ] if entities
-        if not value
-          value = DEFAULT_ENTITIES[ reference ]
-          value = value[2] if value
-        end
-        unnormalize( value, entities ) if value
-      end
-
-      # Escapes all possible entities
-      def normalize( input, entities=nil, entity_filter=nil )
-        copy = input.clone
-        # Doing it like this rather than in a loop improves the speed
-        copy.gsub!( EREFERENCE, '&amp;' )
-        entities.each do |key, value|
-          copy.gsub!( value, "&#{key};" ) unless entity_filter and
-                                      entity_filter.include?(entity)
-        end if entities
-        copy.gsub!( EREFERENCE, '&amp;' )
-        DEFAULT_ENTITIES.each do |key, value|
-          copy.gsub!( value[3], value[1] )
-        end
-        copy
-      end
-
-      # Unescapes all possible entities
-      def unnormalize( string, entities=nil, filter=nil )
-        rv = string.clone
-        rv.gsub!( /\r\n?/, "\n" )
-        matches = rv.scan( REFERENCE_RE )
-        return rv if matches.size == 0
-        rv.gsub!( /&#0*((?:\d+)|(?:x[a-fA-F0-9]+));/ ) {
-          m=$1
-          m = "0#{m}" if m[0] == ?x
-          [Integer(m)].pack('U*')
-        }
-        matches.collect!{|x|x[0]}.compact!
-        if matches.size > 0
-          matches.each do |entity_reference|
-            unless filter and filter.include?(entity_reference)
-              entity_value = entity( entity_reference, entities )
-              if entity_value
-                re = /&#{entity_reference};/
-                rv.gsub!( re, entity_value )
-              else
-                er = DEFAULT_ENTITIES[entity_reference]
-                rv.gsub!( er[0], er[2] ) if er
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          rv.gsub!( /&amp;/, '&' )
-        end
-        rv
-      end
-
-      private
-      def need_source_encoding_update?(xml_declaration_encoding)
-        return false if xml_declaration_encoding.nil?
-        return false if /\AUTF-16\z/i =~ xml_declaration_encoding
-        true
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-=begin
-  case event[0]
-  when :start_element
-  when :text
-  when :end_element
-  when :processing_instruction
-  when :cdata
-  when :comment
-  when :xmldecl
-  when :start_doctype
-  when :end_doctype
-  when :externalentity
-  when :elementdecl
-  when :entity
-  when :attlistdecl
-  when :notationdecl
-  when :end_doctype
-  end
-=end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/lightparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/lightparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f0601ae51b..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/lightparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/parsers/streamparser'
-require 'rexml/parsers/baseparser'
-require 'rexml/light/node'
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    class LightParser
-      def initialize stream
-        @stream = stream
-        @parser = REXML::Parsers::BaseParser.new( stream )
-      end
-
-      def add_listener( listener )
-        @parser.add_listener( listener )
-      end
-
-      def rewind
-        @stream.rewind
-        @parser.stream = @stream
-      end
-
-      def parse
-        root = context = [ :document ]
-        while true
-          event = @parser.pull
-          case event[0]
-          when :end_document
-            break
-          when :start_element, :start_doctype
-            new_node = event
-            context << new_node
-            new_node[1,0] = [context]
-            context = new_node
-          when :end_element, :end_doctype
-            context = context[1]
-          else
-            new_node = event
-            context << new_node
-            new_node[1,0] = [context]
-          end
-        end
-        root
-      end
-    end
-
-    # An element is an array.  The array contains:
-    #  0                        The parent element
-    #  1                        The tag name
-    #  2                        A hash of attributes
-    #  3..-1    The child elements
-    # An element is an array of size > 3
-    # Text is a String
-    # PIs are [ :processing_instruction, target, data ]
-    # Comments are [ :comment, data ]
-    # DocTypes are DocType structs
-    # The root is an array with XMLDecls, Text, DocType, Array, Text
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/pullparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/pullparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c49217553..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/pullparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'forwardable'
-
-require 'rexml/parseexception'
-require 'rexml/parsers/baseparser'
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    # = Using the Pull Parser
-    # <em>This API is experimental, and subject to change.</em>
-    #  parser = PullParser.new( "<a>text<b att='val'/>txet</a>" )
-    #  while parser.has_next?
-    #    res = parser.next
-    #    puts res[1]['att'] if res.start_tag? and res[0] == 'b'
-    #  end
-    # See the PullEvent class for information on the content of the results.
-    # The data is identical to the arguments passed for the various events to
-    # the StreamListener API.
-    #
-    # Notice that:
-    #  parser = PullParser.new( "<a>BAD DOCUMENT" )
-    #  while parser.has_next?
-    #    res = parser.next
-    #    raise res[1] if res.error?
-    #  end
-    #
-    # Nat Price gave me some good ideas for the API.
-    class PullParser
-      include XMLTokens
-      extend Forwardable
-
-      def_delegators( :@parser, :has_next? )
-      def_delegators( :@parser, :entity )
-      def_delegators( :@parser, :empty? )
-      def_delegators( :@parser, :source )
-
-      def initialize stream
-        @entities = {}
-        @listeners = nil
-        @parser = BaseParser.new( stream )
-        @my_stack = []
-      end
-
-      def add_listener( listener )
-        @listeners = [] unless @listeners
-        @listeners << listener
-      end
-
-      def each
-        while has_next?
-          yield self.pull
-        end
-      end
-
-      def peek depth=0
-        if @my_stack.length <= depth
-          (depth - @my_stack.length + 1).times {
-            e = PullEvent.new(@parser.pull)
-            @my_stack.push(e)
-          }
-        end
-        @my_stack[depth]
-      end
-
-      def pull
-        return @my_stack.shift if @my_stack.length > 0
-
-        event = @parser.pull
-        case event[0]
-        when :entitydecl
-          @entities[ event[1] ] =
-            event[2] unless event[2] =~ /PUBLIC|SYSTEM/
-        when :text
-          unnormalized = @parser.unnormalize( event[1], @entities )
-          event << unnormalized
-        end
-        PullEvent.new( event )
-      end
-
-      def unshift token
-        @my_stack.unshift token
-      end
-    end
-
-    # A parsing event.  The contents of the event are accessed as an +Array?,
-    # and the type is given either by the ...? methods, or by accessing the
-    # +type+ accessor.  The contents of this object vary from event to event,
-    # but are identical to the arguments passed to +StreamListener+s for each
-    # event.
-    class PullEvent
-      # The type of this event.  Will be one of :tag_start, :tag_end, :text,
-      # :processing_instruction, :comment, :doctype, :attlistdecl, :entitydecl,
-      # :notationdecl, :entity, :cdata, :xmldecl, or :error.
-      def initialize(arg)
-        @contents = arg
-      end
-
-      def []( start, endd=nil)
-        if start.kind_of? Range
-          @contents.slice( start.begin+1 .. start.end )
-        elsif start.kind_of? Numeric
-          if endd.nil?
-            @contents.slice( start+1 )
-          else
-            @contents.slice( start+1, endd )
-          end
-        else
-          raise "Illegal argument #{start.inspect} (#{start.class})"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def event_type
-        @contents[0]
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String tag_name, Hash attributes ]
-      def start_element?
-        @contents[0] == :start_element
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String tag_name ]
-      def end_element?
-        @contents[0] == :end_element
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String raw_text, String unnormalized_text ]
-      def text?
-        @contents[0] == :text
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def instruction?
-        @contents[0] == :processing_instruction
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def comment?
-        @contents[0] == :comment
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String name, String pub_sys, String long_name, String uri ]
-      def doctype?
-        @contents[0] == :start_doctype
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def attlistdecl?
-        @contents[0] == :attlistdecl
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def elementdecl?
-        @contents[0] == :elementdecl
-      end
-
-      # Due to the wonders of DTDs, an entity declaration can be just about
-      # anything.  There's no way to normalize it; you'll have to interpret the
-      # content yourself.  However, the following is true:
-      #
-      # * If the entity declaration is an internal entity:
-      #   [ String name, String value ]
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def entitydecl?
-        @contents[0] == :entitydecl
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def notationdecl?
-        @contents[0] == :notationdecl
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def entity?
-        @contents[0] == :entity
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String text ]
-      def cdata?
-        @contents[0] == :cdata
-      end
-
-      # Content: [ String version, String encoding, String standalone ]
-      def xmldecl?
-        @contents[0] == :xmldecl
-      end
-
-      def error?
-        @contents[0] == :error
-      end
-
-      def inspect
-        @contents[0].to_s + ": " + @contents[1..-1].inspect
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/sax2parser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/sax2parser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1386f69c83..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/sax2parser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,273 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/parsers/baseparser'
-require 'rexml/parseexception'
-require 'rexml/namespace'
-require 'rexml/text'
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    # SAX2Parser
-    class SAX2Parser
-      def initialize source
-        @parser = BaseParser.new(source)
-        @listeners = []
-        @procs = []
-        @namespace_stack = []
-        @has_listeners = false
-        @tag_stack = []
-        @entities = {}
-      end
-
-      def source
-        @parser.source
-      end
-
-      def add_listener( listener )
-        @parser.add_listener( listener )
-      end
-
-      # Listen arguments:
-      #
-      # Symbol, Array, Block
-      #         Listen to Symbol events on Array elements
-      # Symbol, Block
-      #   Listen to Symbol events
-      # Array, Listener
-      #         Listen to all events on Array elements
-      # Array, Block
-      #         Listen to :start_element events on Array elements
-      # Listener
-      #         Listen to All events
-      #
-      # Symbol can be one of: :start_element, :end_element,
-      # :start_prefix_mapping, :end_prefix_mapping, :characters,
-      # :processing_instruction, :doctype, :attlistdecl, :elementdecl,
-      # :entitydecl, :notationdecl, :cdata, :xmldecl, :comment
-      #
-      # There is an additional symbol that can be listened for: :progress.
-      # This will be called for every event generated, passing in the current
-      # stream position.
-      #
-      # Array contains regular expressions or strings which will be matched
-      # against fully qualified element names.
-      #
-      # Listener must implement the methods in SAX2Listener
-      #
-      # Block will be passed the same arguments as a SAX2Listener method would
-      # be, where the method name is the same as the matched Symbol.
-      # See the SAX2Listener for more information.
-      def listen( *args, &blok )
-        if args[0].kind_of? Symbol
-          if args.size == 2
-            args[1].each { |match| @procs << [args[0], match, blok] }
-          else
-            add( [args[0], nil, blok] )
-          end
-        elsif args[0].kind_of? Array
-          if args.size == 2
-            args[0].each { |match| add( [nil, match, args[1]] ) }
-          else
-            args[0].each { |match| add( [ :start_element, match, blok ] ) }
-          end
-        else
-          add([nil, nil, args[0]])
-        end
-      end
-
-      def deafen( listener=nil, &blok )
-        if listener
-          @listeners.delete_if {|item| item[-1] == listener }
-          @has_listeners = false if @listeners.size == 0
-        else
-          @procs.delete_if {|item| item[-1] == blok }
-        end
-      end
-
-      def parse
-        @procs.each { |sym,match,block| block.call if sym == :start_document }
-        @listeners.each { |sym,match,block|
-          block.start_document if sym == :start_document or sym.nil?
-        }
-        context = []
-        while true
-          event = @parser.pull
-          case event[0]
-          when :end_document
-            handle( :end_document )
-            break
-          when :start_doctype
-            handle( :doctype, *event[1..-1])
-          when :end_doctype
-            context = context[1]
-          when :start_element
-            @tag_stack.push(event[1])
-            # find the observers for namespaces
-            procs = get_procs( :start_prefix_mapping, event[1] )
-            listeners = get_listeners( :start_prefix_mapping, event[1] )
-            if procs or listeners
-              # break out the namespace declarations
-              # The attributes live in event[2]
-              event[2].each {|n, v| event[2][n] = @parser.normalize(v)}
-              nsdecl = event[2].find_all { |n, value| n =~ /^xmlns(:|$)/ }
-              nsdecl.collect! { |n, value| [ n[6..-1], value ] }
-              @namespace_stack.push({})
-              nsdecl.each do |n,v|
-                @namespace_stack[-1][n] = v
-                # notify observers of namespaces
-                procs.each { |ob| ob.call( n, v ) } if procs
-                listeners.each { |ob| ob.start_prefix_mapping(n, v) } if listeners
-              end
-            end
-            event[1] =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
-            prefix = $1
-            local = $2
-            uri = get_namespace(prefix)
-            # find the observers for start_element
-            procs = get_procs( :start_element, event[1] )
-            listeners = get_listeners( :start_element, event[1] )
-            # notify observers
-            procs.each { |ob| ob.call( uri, local, event[1], event[2] ) } if procs
-            listeners.each { |ob|
-              ob.start_element( uri, local, event[1], event[2] )
-            } if listeners
-          when :end_element
-            @tag_stack.pop
-            event[1] =~ Namespace::NAMESPLIT
-            prefix = $1
-            local = $2
-            uri = get_namespace(prefix)
-            # find the observers for start_element
-            procs = get_procs( :end_element, event[1] )
-            listeners = get_listeners( :end_element, event[1] )
-            # notify observers
-            procs.each { |ob| ob.call( uri, local, event[1] ) } if procs
-            listeners.each { |ob|
-              ob.end_element( uri, local, event[1] )
-            } if listeners
-
-            namespace_mapping = @namespace_stack.pop
-            # find the observers for namespaces
-            procs = get_procs( :end_prefix_mapping, event[1] )
-            listeners = get_listeners( :end_prefix_mapping, event[1] )
-            if procs or listeners
-              namespace_mapping.each do |ns_prefix, ns_uri|
-                # notify observers of namespaces
-                procs.each { |ob| ob.call( ns_prefix ) } if procs
-                listeners.each { |ob| ob.end_prefix_mapping(ns_prefix) } if listeners
-              end
-            end
-          when :text
-            #normalized = @parser.normalize( event[1] )
-            #handle( :characters, normalized )
-            copy = event[1].clone
-
-            esub = proc { |match|
-              if @entities.has_key?($1)
-                @entities[$1].gsub(Text::REFERENCE, &esub)
-              else
-                match
-              end
-            }
-
-            copy.gsub!( Text::REFERENCE, &esub )
-            copy.gsub!( Text::NUMERICENTITY ) {|m|
-              m=$1
-              m = "0#{m}" if m[0] == ?x
-              [Integer(m)].pack('U*')
-            }
-            handle( :characters, copy )
-          when :entitydecl
-            handle_entitydecl( event )
-          when :processing_instruction, :comment, :attlistdecl,
-            :elementdecl, :cdata, :notationdecl, :xmldecl
-            handle( *event )
-          end
-          handle( :progress, @parser.position )
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def handle( symbol, *arguments )
-        tag = @tag_stack[-1]
-        procs = get_procs( symbol, tag )
-        listeners = get_listeners( symbol, tag )
-        # notify observers
-        procs.each { |ob| ob.call( *arguments ) } if procs
-        listeners.each { |l|
-          l.send( symbol.to_s, *arguments )
-        } if listeners
-      end
-
-      def handle_entitydecl( event )
-        @entities[ event[1] ] = event[2] if event.size == 3
-        parameter_reference_p = false
-        case event[2]
-        when "SYSTEM"
-          if event.size == 5
-            if event.last == "%"
-              parameter_reference_p = true
-            else
-              event[4, 0] = "NDATA"
-            end
-          end
-        when "PUBLIC"
-          if event.size == 6
-            if event.last == "%"
-              parameter_reference_p = true
-            else
-              event[5, 0] = "NDATA"
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          parameter_reference_p = (event.size == 4)
-        end
-        event[1, 0] = event.pop if parameter_reference_p
-        handle( event[0], event[1..-1] )
-      end
-
-      # The following methods are duplicates, but it is faster than using
-      # a helper
-      def get_procs( symbol, name )
-        return nil if @procs.size == 0
-        @procs.find_all do |sym, match, block|
-          (
-            (sym.nil? or symbol == sym) and
-            ((name.nil? and match.nil?) or match.nil? or (
-              (name == match) or
-              (match.kind_of? Regexp and name =~ match)
-              )
-            )
-          )
-        end.collect{|x| x[-1]}
-      end
-      def get_listeners( symbol, name )
-        return nil if @listeners.size == 0
-        @listeners.find_all do |sym, match, block|
-          (
-            (sym.nil? or symbol == sym) and
-            ((name.nil? and match.nil?) or match.nil? or (
-              (name == match) or
-              (match.kind_of? Regexp and name =~ match)
-              )
-            )
-          )
-        end.collect{|x| x[-1]}
-      end
-
-      def add( pair )
-        if pair[-1].respond_to? :call
-          @procs << pair unless @procs.include? pair
-        else
-          @listeners << pair unless @listeners.include? pair
-          @has_listeners = true
-        end
-      end
-
-      def get_namespace( prefix )
-        uris = (@namespace_stack.find_all { |ns| not ns[prefix].nil? }) ||
-          (@namespace_stack.find { |ns| not ns[nil].nil? })
-        uris[-1][prefix] unless uris.nil? or 0 == uris.size
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/streamparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/streamparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b271e6743e..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/streamparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/parsers/baseparser"
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    class StreamParser
-      def initialize source, listener
-        @listener = listener
-        @parser = BaseParser.new( source )
-      end
-
-      def add_listener( listener )
-        @parser.add_listener( listener )
-      end
-
-      def parse
-        # entity string
-        while true
-          event = @parser.pull
-          case event[0]
-          when :end_document
-            return
-          when :start_element
-            attrs = event[2].each do |n, v|
-              event[2][n] = @parser.unnormalize( v )
-            end
-            @listener.tag_start( event[1], attrs )
-          when :end_element
-            @listener.tag_end( event[1] )
-          when :text
-            normalized = @parser.unnormalize( event[1] )
-            @listener.text( normalized )
-          when :processing_instruction
-            @listener.instruction( *event[1,2] )
-          when :start_doctype
-            @listener.doctype( *event[1..-1] )
-          when :end_doctype
-            # FIXME: remove this condition for milestone:3.2
-            @listener.doctype_end if @listener.respond_to? :doctype_end
-          when :comment, :attlistdecl, :cdata, :xmldecl, :elementdecl
-            @listener.send( event[0].to_s, *event[1..-1] )
-          when :entitydecl, :notationdecl
-            @listener.send( event[0].to_s, event[1..-1] )
-          when :externalentity
-            entity_reference = event[1]
-            content = entity_reference.gsub(/\A%|;\z/, "")
-            @listener.entity(content)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/treeparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/treeparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fc0993c72a..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/treeparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/validation/validationexception'
-require 'rexml/undefinednamespaceexception'
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    class TreeParser
-      def initialize( source, build_context = Document.new )
-        @build_context = build_context
-        @parser = Parsers::BaseParser.new( source )
-      end
-
-      def add_listener( listener )
-        @parser.add_listener( listener )
-      end
-
-      def parse
-        tag_stack = []
-        in_doctype = false
-        entities = nil
-        begin
-          while true
-            event = @parser.pull
-            #STDERR.puts "TREEPARSER GOT #{event.inspect}"
-            case event[0]
-            when :end_document
-              unless tag_stack.empty?
-                raise ParseException.new("No close tag for #{@build_context.xpath}",
-                                         @parser.source, @parser)
-              end
-              return
-            when :start_element
-              tag_stack.push(event[1])
-              el = @build_context = @build_context.add_element( event[1] )
-              event[2].each do |key, value|
-                el.attributes[key]=Attribute.new(key,value,self)
-              end
-            when :end_element
-              tag_stack.pop
-              @build_context = @build_context.parent
-            when :text
-              if not in_doctype
-                if @build_context[-1].instance_of? Text
-                  @build_context[-1] << event[1]
-                else
-                  @build_context.add(
-                    Text.new(event[1], @build_context.whitespace, nil, true)
-                  ) unless (
-                    @build_context.ignore_whitespace_nodes and
-                    event[1].strip.size==0
-                  )
-                end
-              end
-            when :comment
-              c = Comment.new( event[1] )
-              @build_context.add( c )
-            when :cdata
-              c = CData.new( event[1] )
-              @build_context.add( c )
-            when :processing_instruction
-              @build_context.add( Instruction.new( event[1], event[2] ) )
-            when :end_doctype
-              in_doctype = false
-              entities.each { |k,v| entities[k] = @build_context.entities[k].value }
-              @build_context = @build_context.parent
-            when :start_doctype
-              doctype = DocType.new( event[1..-1], @build_context )
-              @build_context = doctype
-              entities = {}
-              in_doctype = true
-            when :attlistdecl
-              n = AttlistDecl.new( event[1..-1] )
-              @build_context.add( n )
-            when :externalentity
-              n = ExternalEntity.new( event[1] )
-              @build_context.add( n )
-            when :elementdecl
-              n = ElementDecl.new( event[1] )
-              @build_context.add(n)
-            when :entitydecl
-              entities[ event[1] ] = event[2] unless event[2] =~ /PUBLIC|SYSTEM/
-              @build_context.add(Entity.new(event))
-            when :notationdecl
-              n = NotationDecl.new( *event[1..-1] )
-              @build_context.add( n )
-            when :xmldecl
-              x = XMLDecl.new( event[1], event[2], event[3] )
-              @build_context.add( x )
-            end
-          end
-        rescue REXML::Validation::ValidationException
-          raise
-        rescue REXML::ParseException
-          raise
-        rescue
-          raise ParseException.new( $!.message, @parser.source, @parser, $! )
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/ultralightparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/ultralightparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6571d119bd..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/ultralightparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/parsers/streamparser'
-require 'rexml/parsers/baseparser'
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    class UltraLightParser
-      def initialize stream
-        @stream = stream
-        @parser = REXML::Parsers::BaseParser.new( stream )
-      end
-
-      def add_listener( listener )
-        @parser.add_listener( listener )
-      end
-
-      def rewind
-        @stream.rewind
-        @parser.stream = @stream
-      end
-
-      def parse
-        root = context = []
-        while true
-          event = @parser.pull
-          case event[0]
-          when :end_document
-            break
-          when :end_doctype
-            context = context[1]
-          when :start_element, :start_doctype
-            context << event
-            event[1,0] = [context]
-            context = event
-          when :end_element
-            context = context[1]
-          else
-            context << event
-          end
-        end
-        root
-      end
-    end
-
-    # An element is an array.  The array contains:
-    #  0                        The parent element
-    #  1                        The tag name
-    #  2                        A hash of attributes
-    #  3..-1    The child elements
-    # An element is an array of size > 3
-    # Text is a String
-    # PIs are [ :processing_instruction, target, data ]
-    # Comments are [ :comment, data ]
-    # DocTypes are DocType structs
-    # The root is an array with XMLDecls, Text, DocType, Array, Text
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/parsers/xpathparser.rb b/lib/rexml/parsers/xpathparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 32b70bb798..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/parsers/xpathparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,657 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/namespace'
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-
-module REXML
-  module Parsers
-    # You don't want to use this class.  Really.  Use XPath, which is a wrapper
-    # for this class.  Believe me.  You don't want to poke around in here.
-    # There is strange, dark magic at work in this code.  Beware.  Go back!  Go
-    # back while you still can!
-    class XPathParser
-      include XMLTokens
-      LITERAL    = /^'([^']*)'|^"([^"]*)"/u
-
-      def namespaces=( namespaces )
-        Functions::namespace_context = namespaces
-        @namespaces = namespaces
-      end
-
-      def parse path
-        path = path.dup
-        path.gsub!(/([\(\[])\s+/, '\1') # Strip ignorable spaces
-        path.gsub!( /\s+([\]\)])/, '\1')
-        parsed = []
-        OrExpr(path, parsed)
-        parsed
-      end
-
-      def predicate path
-        parsed = []
-        Predicate( "[#{path}]", parsed )
-        parsed
-      end
-
-      def abbreviate( path )
-        path = path.kind_of?(String) ? parse( path ) : path
-        string = ""
-        document = false
-        while path.size > 0
-          op = path.shift
-          case op
-          when :node
-          when :attribute
-            string << "/" if string.size > 0
-            string << "@"
-          when :child
-            string << "/" if string.size > 0
-          when :descendant_or_self
-            string << "/"
-          when :self
-            string << "."
-          when :parent
-            string << ".."
-          when :any
-            string << "*"
-          when :text
-            string << "text()"
-          when :following, :following_sibling,
-                :ancestor, :ancestor_or_self, :descendant,
-                :namespace, :preceding, :preceding_sibling
-            string << "/" unless string.size == 0
-            string << op.to_s.tr("_", "-")
-            string << "::"
-          when :qname
-            prefix = path.shift
-            name = path.shift
-            string << prefix+":" if prefix.size > 0
-            string << name
-          when :predicate
-            string << '['
-            string << predicate_to_string( path.shift ) {|x| abbreviate( x ) }
-            string << ']'
-          when :document
-            document = true
-          when :function
-            string << path.shift
-            string << "( "
-            string << predicate_to_string( path.shift[0] ) {|x| abbreviate( x )}
-            string << " )"
-          when :literal
-            string << %Q{ "#{path.shift}" }
-          else
-            string << "/" unless string.size == 0
-            string << "UNKNOWN("
-            string << op.inspect
-            string << ")"
-          end
-        end
-        string = "/"+string if document
-        return string
-      end
-
-      def expand( path )
-        path = path.kind_of?(String) ? parse( path ) : path
-        string = ""
-        document = false
-        while path.size > 0
-          op = path.shift
-          case op
-          when :node
-            string << "node()"
-          when :attribute, :child, :following, :following_sibling,
-                :ancestor, :ancestor_or_self, :descendant, :descendant_or_self,
-                :namespace, :preceding, :preceding_sibling, :self, :parent
-            string << "/" unless string.size == 0
-            string << op.to_s.tr("_", "-")
-            string << "::"
-          when :any
-            string << "*"
-          when :qname
-            prefix = path.shift
-            name = path.shift
-            string << prefix+":" if prefix.size > 0
-            string << name
-          when :predicate
-            string << '['
-            string << predicate_to_string( path.shift ) { |x| expand(x) }
-            string << ']'
-          when :document
-            document = true
-          else
-            string << "/" unless string.size == 0
-            string << "UNKNOWN("
-            string << op.inspect
-            string << ")"
-          end
-        end
-        string = "/"+string if document
-        return string
-      end
-
-      def predicate_to_string( path, &block )
-        string = ""
-        case path[0]
-        when :and, :or, :mult, :plus, :minus, :neq, :eq, :lt, :gt, :lteq, :gteq, :div, :mod, :union
-          op = path.shift
-          case op
-          when :eq
-            op = "="
-          when :lt
-            op = "<"
-          when :gt
-            op = ">"
-          when :lteq
-            op = "<="
-          when :gteq
-            op = ">="
-          when :neq
-            op = "!="
-          when :union
-            op = "|"
-          end
-          left = predicate_to_string( path.shift, &block )
-          right = predicate_to_string( path.shift, &block )
-          string << " "
-          string << left
-          string << " "
-          string << op.to_s
-          string << " "
-          string << right
-          string << " "
-        when :function
-          path.shift
-          name = path.shift
-          string << name
-          string << "( "
-          string << predicate_to_string( path.shift, &block )
-          string << " )"
-        when :literal
-          path.shift
-          string << " "
-          string << path.shift.inspect
-          string << " "
-        else
-          string << " "
-          string << yield( path )
-          string << " "
-        end
-        return string.squeeze(" ")
-      end
-
-      private
-      #LocationPath
-      #  | RelativeLocationPath
-      #  | '/' RelativeLocationPath?
-      #  | '//' RelativeLocationPath
-      def LocationPath path, parsed
-        path = path.strip
-        if path[0] == ?/
-          parsed << :document
-          if path[1] == ?/
-            parsed << :descendant_or_self
-            parsed << :node
-            path = path[2..-1]
-          else
-            path = path[1..-1]
-          end
-        end
-        return RelativeLocationPath( path, parsed ) if path.size > 0
-      end
-
-      #RelativeLocationPath
-      #  |                                                    Step
-      #    | (AXIS_NAME '::' | '@' | '')                     AxisSpecifier
-      #      NodeTest
-      #        Predicate
-      #    | '.' | '..'                                      AbbreviatedStep
-      #  |  RelativeLocationPath '/' Step
-      #  | RelativeLocationPath '//' Step
-      AXIS = /^(ancestor|ancestor-or-self|attribute|child|descendant|descendant-or-self|following|following-sibling|namespace|parent|preceding|preceding-sibling|self)::/
-      def RelativeLocationPath path, parsed
-        while path.size > 0
-          # (axis or @ or <child::>) nodetest predicate  >
-          # OR                                          >  / Step
-          # (. or ..)                                    >
-          if path[0] == ?.
-            if path[1] == ?.
-              parsed << :parent
-              parsed << :node
-              path = path[2..-1]
-            else
-              parsed << :self
-              parsed << :node
-              path = path[1..-1]
-            end
-          else
-            if path[0] == ?@
-              parsed << :attribute
-              path = path[1..-1]
-              # Goto Nodetest
-            elsif path =~ AXIS
-              parsed << $1.tr('-','_').intern
-              path = $'
-              # Goto Nodetest
-            else
-              parsed << :child
-            end
-
-            n = []
-            path = NodeTest( path, n)
-
-            if path[0] == ?[
-              path = Predicate( path, n )
-            end
-
-            parsed.concat(n)
-          end
-
-          if path.size > 0
-            if path[0] == ?/
-              if path[1] == ?/
-                parsed << :descendant_or_self
-                parsed << :node
-                path = path[2..-1]
-              else
-                path = path[1..-1]
-              end
-            else
-              return path
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        return path
-      end
-
-      # Returns a 1-1 map of the nodeset
-      # The contents of the resulting array are either:
-      #   true/false, if a positive match
-      #   String, if a name match
-      #NodeTest
-      #  | ('*' | NCNAME ':' '*' | QNAME)                NameTest
-      #  | NODE_TYPE '(' ')'                              NodeType
-      #  | PI '(' LITERAL ')'                            PI
-      #    | '[' expr ']'                                Predicate
-      NCNAMETEST= /^(#{NCNAME_STR}):\*/u
-      QNAME     = Namespace::NAMESPLIT
-      NODE_TYPE  = /^(comment|text|node)\(\s*\)/m
-      PI        = /^processing-instruction\(/
-      def NodeTest path, parsed
-        case path
-        when /^\*/
-          path = $'
-          parsed << :any
-        when NODE_TYPE
-          type = $1
-          path = $'
-          parsed << type.tr('-', '_').intern
-        when PI
-          path = $'
-          literal = nil
-          if path !~ /^\s*\)/
-            path =~ LITERAL
-            literal = $1
-            path = $'
-            raise ParseException.new("Missing ')' after processing instruction") if path[0] != ?)
-            path = path[1..-1]
-          end
-          parsed << :processing_instruction
-          parsed << (literal || '')
-        when NCNAMETEST
-          prefix = $1
-          path = $'
-          parsed << :namespace
-          parsed << prefix
-        when QNAME
-          prefix = $1
-          name = $2
-          path = $'
-          prefix = "" unless prefix
-          parsed << :qname
-          parsed << prefix
-          parsed << name
-        end
-        return path
-      end
-
-      # Filters the supplied nodeset on the predicate(s)
-      def Predicate path, parsed
-        return nil unless path[0] == ?[
-        predicates = []
-        while path[0] == ?[
-          path, expr = get_group(path)
-          predicates << expr[1..-2] if expr
-        end
-        predicates.each{ |pred|
-          preds = []
-          parsed << :predicate
-          parsed << preds
-          OrExpr(pred, preds)
-        }
-        path
-      end
-
-      # The following return arrays of true/false, a 1-1 mapping of the
-      # supplied nodeset, except for axe(), which returns a filtered
-      # nodeset
-
-      #| OrExpr S 'or' S AndExpr
-      #| AndExpr
-      def OrExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        rest = AndExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          while rest =~ /^\s*( or )/
-            n = [ :or, n, [] ]
-            rest = AndExpr( $', n[-1] )
-          end
-        end
-        if parsed.size == 0 and n.size != 0
-          parsed.replace(n)
-        elsif n.size > 0
-          parsed << n
-        end
-        rest
-      end
-
-      #| AndExpr S 'and' S EqualityExpr
-      #| EqualityExpr
-      def AndExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        rest = EqualityExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          while rest =~ /^\s*( and )/
-            n = [ :and, n, [] ]
-            rest = EqualityExpr( $', n[-1] )
-          end
-        end
-        if parsed.size == 0 and n.size != 0
-          parsed.replace(n)
-        elsif n.size > 0
-          parsed << n
-        end
-        rest
-      end
-
-      #| EqualityExpr ('=' | '!=')  RelationalExpr
-      #| RelationalExpr
-      def EqualityExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        rest = RelationalExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          while rest =~ /^\s*(!?=)\s*/
-            if $1[0] == ?!
-              n = [ :neq, n, [] ]
-            else
-              n = [ :eq, n, [] ]
-            end
-            rest = RelationalExpr( $', n[-1] )
-          end
-        end
-        if parsed.size == 0 and n.size != 0
-          parsed.replace(n)
-        elsif n.size > 0
-          parsed << n
-        end
-        rest
-      end
-
-      #| RelationalExpr ('<' | '>' | '<=' | '>=') AdditiveExpr
-      #| AdditiveExpr
-      def RelationalExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        rest = AdditiveExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          while rest =~ /^\s*([<>]=?)\s*/
-            if $1[0] == ?<
-              sym = "lt"
-            else
-              sym = "gt"
-            end
-            sym << "eq" if $1[-1] == ?=
-            n = [ sym.intern, n, [] ]
-            rest = AdditiveExpr( $', n[-1] )
-          end
-        end
-        if parsed.size == 0 and n.size != 0
-          parsed.replace(n)
-        elsif n.size > 0
-          parsed << n
-        end
-        rest
-      end
-
-      #| AdditiveExpr ('+' | S '-') MultiplicativeExpr
-      #| MultiplicativeExpr
-      def AdditiveExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        rest = MultiplicativeExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          while rest =~ /^\s*(\+| -)\s*/
-            if $1[0] == ?+
-              n = [ :plus, n, [] ]
-            else
-              n = [ :minus, n, [] ]
-            end
-            rest = MultiplicativeExpr( $', n[-1] )
-          end
-        end
-        if parsed.size == 0 and n.size != 0
-          parsed.replace(n)
-        elsif n.size > 0
-          parsed << n
-        end
-        rest
-      end
-
-      #| MultiplicativeExpr ('*' | S ('div' | 'mod') S) UnaryExpr
-      #| UnaryExpr
-      def MultiplicativeExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        rest = UnaryExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          while rest =~ /^\s*(\*| div | mod )\s*/
-            if $1[0] == ?*
-              n = [ :mult, n, [] ]
-            elsif $1.include?( "div" )
-              n = [ :div, n, [] ]
-            else
-              n = [ :mod, n, [] ]
-            end
-            rest = UnaryExpr( $', n[-1] )
-          end
-        end
-        if parsed.size == 0 and n.size != 0
-          parsed.replace(n)
-        elsif n.size > 0
-          parsed << n
-        end
-        rest
-      end
-
-      #| '-' UnaryExpr
-      #| UnionExpr
-      def UnaryExpr path, parsed
-        path =~ /^(\-*)/
-        path = $'
-        if $1 and (($1.size % 2) != 0)
-          mult = -1
-        else
-          mult = 1
-        end
-        parsed << :neg if mult < 0
-
-        n = []
-        path = UnionExpr( path, n )
-        parsed.concat( n )
-        path
-      end
-
-      #| UnionExpr '|' PathExpr
-      #| PathExpr
-      def UnionExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        rest = PathExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          while rest =~ /^\s*(\|)\s*/
-            n = [ :union, n, [] ]
-            rest = PathExpr( $', n[-1] )
-          end
-        end
-        if parsed.size == 0 and n.size != 0
-          parsed.replace( n )
-        elsif n.size > 0
-          parsed << n
-        end
-        rest
-      end
-
-      #| LocationPath
-      #| FilterExpr ('/' | '//') RelativeLocationPath
-      def PathExpr path, parsed
-        path =~ /^\s*/
-        path = $'
-        n = []
-        rest = FilterExpr( path, n )
-        if rest != path
-          if rest and rest[0] == ?/
-            return RelativeLocationPath(rest, n)
-          end
-        end
-        rest = LocationPath(rest, n) if rest =~ /\A[\/\.\@\[\w*]/
-        parsed.concat(n)
-        return rest
-      end
-
-      #| FilterExpr Predicate
-      #| PrimaryExpr
-      def FilterExpr path, parsed
-        n = []
-        path = PrimaryExpr( path, n )
-        path = Predicate(path, n) if path and path[0] == ?[
-        parsed.concat(n)
-        path
-      end
-
-      #| VARIABLE_REFERENCE
-      #| '(' expr ')'
-      #| LITERAL
-      #| NUMBER
-      #| FunctionCall
-      VARIABLE_REFERENCE  = /^\$(#{NAME_STR})/u
-      NUMBER              = /^(\d*\.?\d+)/
-      NT        = /^comment|text|processing-instruction|node$/
-      def PrimaryExpr path, parsed
-        case path
-        when VARIABLE_REFERENCE
-          varname = $1
-          path = $'
-          parsed << :variable
-          parsed << varname
-          #arry << @variables[ varname ]
-        when /^(\w[-\w]*)(?:\()/
-          fname = $1
-          tmp = $'
-          return path if fname =~ NT
-          path = tmp
-          parsed << :function
-          parsed << fname
-          path = FunctionCall(path, parsed)
-        when NUMBER
-          varname = $1.nil? ? $2 : $1
-          path = $'
-          parsed << :literal
-          parsed << (varname.include?('.') ? varname.to_f : varname.to_i)
-        when LITERAL
-          varname = $1.nil? ? $2 : $1
-          path = $'
-          parsed << :literal
-          parsed << varname
-        when /^\(/                                               #/
-          path, contents = get_group(path)
-          contents = contents[1..-2]
-          n = []
-          OrExpr( contents, n )
-          parsed.concat(n)
-        end
-        path
-      end
-
-      #| FUNCTION_NAME '(' ( expr ( ',' expr )* )? ')'
-      def FunctionCall rest, parsed
-        path, arguments = parse_args(rest)
-        argset = []
-        for argument in arguments
-          args = []
-          OrExpr( argument, args )
-          argset << args
-        end
-        parsed << argset
-        path
-      end
-
-      # get_group( '[foo]bar' ) -> ['bar', '[foo]']
-      def get_group string
-        ind = 0
-        depth = 0
-        st = string[0,1]
-        en = (st == "(" ? ")" : "]")
-        begin
-          case string[ind,1]
-          when st
-            depth += 1
-          when en
-            depth -= 1
-          end
-          ind += 1
-        end while depth > 0 and ind < string.length
-        return nil unless depth==0
-        [string[ind..-1], string[0..ind-1]]
-      end
-
-      def parse_args( string )
-        arguments = []
-        ind = 0
-        inquot = false
-        inapos = false
-        depth = 1
-        begin
-          case string[ind]
-          when ?"
-            inquot = !inquot unless inapos
-          when ?'
-            inapos = !inapos unless inquot
-          else
-            unless inquot or inapos
-              case string[ind]
-              when ?(
-                depth += 1
-                if depth == 1
-                  string = string[1..-1]
-                  ind -= 1
-                end
-              when ?)
-                depth -= 1
-                if depth == 0
-                  s = string[0,ind].strip
-                  arguments << s unless s == ""
-                  string = string[ind+1..-1]
-                end
-              when ?,
-                if depth == 1
-                  s = string[0,ind].strip
-                  arguments << s unless s == ""
-                  string = string[ind+1..-1]
-                  ind = -1
-                end
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          ind += 1
-        end while depth > 0 and ind < string.length
-        return nil unless depth==0
-        [string,arguments]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/quickpath.rb b/lib/rexml/quickpath.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d6c77ca38..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/quickpath.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/functions'
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-
-module REXML
-  class QuickPath
-    include Functions
-    include XMLTokens
-
-    # A base Hash object to be used when initializing a
-    # default empty namespaces set.
-    EMPTY_HASH = {}
-
-    def QuickPath::first element, path, namespaces=EMPTY_HASH
-      match(element, path, namespaces)[0]
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::each element, path, namespaces=EMPTY_HASH, &block
-      path = "*" unless path
-      match(element, path, namespaces).each( &block )
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::match element, path, namespaces=EMPTY_HASH
-      raise "nil is not a valid xpath" unless path
-      results = nil
-      Functions::namespace_context = namespaces
-      case path
-      when /^\/([^\/]|$)/u
-        # match on root
-        path = path[1..-1]
-        return [element.root.parent] if path == ''
-        results = filter([element.root], path)
-      when /^[-\w]*::/u
-        results = filter([element], path)
-      when /^\*/u
-        results = filter(element.to_a, path)
-      when /^[\[!\w:]/u
-        # match on child
-        children = element.to_a
-        results = filter(children, path)
-      else
-        results = filter([element], path)
-      end
-      return results
-    end
-
-    # Given an array of nodes it filters the array based on the path. The
-    # result is that when this method returns, the array will contain elements
-    # which match the path
-    def QuickPath::filter elements, path
-      return elements if path.nil? or path == '' or elements.size == 0
-      case path
-      when /^\/\//u                                                                                     # Descendant
-        return axe( elements, "descendant-or-self", $' )
-      when /^\/?\b(\w[-\w]*)\b::/u                                                      # Axe
-        return axe( elements, $1, $' )
-      when /^\/(?=\b([:!\w][-\.\w]*:)?[-!\*\.\w]*\b([^:(]|$)|\*)/u      # Child
-        rest = $'
-        results = []
-        elements.each do |element|
-          results |= filter( element.to_a, rest )
-        end
-        return results
-      when /^\/?(\w[-\w]*)\(/u                                                  # / Function
-        return function( elements, $1, $' )
-      when Namespace::NAMESPLIT         # Element name
-        name = $2
-        ns = $1
-        rest = $'
-        elements.delete_if do |element|
-          !(element.kind_of? Element and
-            (element.expanded_name == name or
-             (element.name == name and
-              element.namespace == Functions.namespace_context[ns])))
-        end
-        return filter( elements, rest )
-      when /^\/\[/u
-        matches = []
-        elements.each do |element|
-          matches |= predicate( element.to_a, path[1..-1] ) if element.kind_of? Element
-        end
-        return matches
-      when /^\[/u                                                                                               # Predicate
-        return predicate( elements, path )
-      when /^\/?\.\.\./u                                                                                # Ancestor
-        return axe( elements, "ancestor", $' )
-      when /^\/?\.\./u                                                                                  # Parent
-        return filter( elements.collect{|e|e.parent}, $' )
-      when /^\/?\./u                                                                                            # Self
-        return filter( elements, $' )
-      when /^\*/u                                                                                                       # Any
-        results = []
-        elements.each do |element|
-          results |= filter( [element], $' ) if element.kind_of? Element
-          #if element.kind_of? Element
-          #     children = element.to_a
-          #     children.delete_if { |child| !child.kind_of?(Element) }
-          #     results |= filter( children, $' )
-          #end
-        end
-        return results
-      end
-      return []
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::axe( elements, axe_name, rest )
-      matches = []
-      matches = filter( elements.dup, rest ) if axe_name =~ /-or-self$/u
-      case axe_name
-      when /^descendant/u
-        elements.each do |element|
-          matches |= filter( element.to_a, "descendant-or-self::#{rest}" ) if element.kind_of? Element
-        end
-      when /^ancestor/u
-        elements.each do |element|
-          while element.parent
-            matches << element.parent
-            element = element.parent
-          end
-        end
-        matches = filter( matches, rest )
-      when "self"
-        matches = filter( elements, rest )
-      when "child"
-        elements.each do |element|
-          matches |= filter( element.to_a, rest ) if element.kind_of? Element
-        end
-      when "attribute"
-        elements.each do |element|
-          matches << element.attributes[ rest ] if element.kind_of? Element
-        end
-      when "parent"
-        matches = filter(elements.collect{|element| element.parent}.uniq, rest)
-      when "following-sibling"
-        matches = filter(elements.collect{|element| element.next_sibling}.uniq,
-          rest)
-      when "previous-sibling"
-        matches = filter(elements.collect{|element|
-          element.previous_sibling}.uniq, rest )
-      end
-      return matches.uniq
-    end
-
-    OPERAND_ = '((?=(?:(?!and|or).)*[^\s<>=])[^\s<>=]+)'
-    # A predicate filters a node-set with respect to an axis to produce a
-    # new node-set. For each node in the node-set to be filtered, the
-    # PredicateExpr is evaluated with that node as the context node, with
-    # the number of nodes in the node-set as the context size, and with the
-    # proximity position of the node in the node-set with respect to the
-    # axis as the context position; if PredicateExpr evaluates to true for
-    # that node, the node is included in the new node-set; otherwise, it is
-    # not included.
-    #
-    # A PredicateExpr is evaluated by evaluating the Expr and converting
-    # the result to a boolean. If the result is a number, the result will
-    # be converted to true if the number is equal to the context position
-    # and will be converted to false otherwise; if the result is not a
-    # number, then the result will be converted as if by a call to the
-    # boolean function. Thus a location path para[3] is equivalent to
-    # para[position()=3].
-    def QuickPath::predicate( elements, path )
-      ind = 1
-      bcount = 1
-      while bcount > 0
-        bcount += 1 if path[ind] == ?[
-        bcount -= 1 if path[ind] == ?]
-        ind += 1
-      end
-      ind -= 1
-      predicate = path[1..ind-1]
-      rest = path[ind+1..-1]
-
-      # have to change 'a [=<>] b [=<>] c' into 'a [=<>] b and b [=<>] c'
-      #
-      predicate.gsub!(
-        /#{OPERAND_}\s*([<>=])\s*#{OPERAND_}\s*([<>=])\s*#{OPERAND_}/u,
-        '\1 \2 \3 and \3 \4 \5' )
-      # Let's do some Ruby trickery to avoid some work:
-      predicate.gsub!( /&/u, "&&" )
-      predicate.gsub!( /=/u, "==" )
-      predicate.gsub!( /@(\w[-\w.]*)/u, 'attribute("\1")' )
-      predicate.gsub!( /\bmod\b/u, "%" )
-      predicate.gsub!( /\b(\w[-\w.]*\()/u ) {
-        fname = $1
-        fname.gsub( /-/u, "_" )
-      }
-
-      Functions.pair = [ 0, elements.size ]
-      results = []
-      elements.each do |element|
-        Functions.pair[0] += 1
-        Functions.node = element
-        res = eval( predicate )
-        case res
-        when true
-          results << element
-        when Integer
-          results << element if Functions.pair[0] == res
-        when String
-          results << element
-        end
-      end
-      return filter( results, rest )
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::attribute( name )
-      return Functions.node.attributes[name] if Functions.node.kind_of? Element
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::name()
-      return Functions.node.name if Functions.node.kind_of? Element
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::method_missing( id, *args )
-      begin
-        Functions.send( id.id2name, *args )
-      rescue Exception
-        raise "METHOD: #{id.id2name}(#{args.join ', '})\n#{$!.message}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::function( elements, fname, rest )
-      args = parse_args( elements, rest )
-      Functions.pair = [0, elements.size]
-      results = []
-      elements.each do |element|
-        Functions.pair[0] += 1
-        Functions.node = element
-        res = Functions.send( fname, *args )
-        case res
-        when true
-          results << element
-        when Integer
-          results << element if Functions.pair[0] == res
-        end
-      end
-      return results
-    end
-
-    def QuickPath::parse_args( element, string )
-      # /.*?(?:\)|,)/
-      arguments = []
-      buffer = ""
-      while string and string != ""
-        c = string[0]
-        string.sub!(/^./u, "")
-        case c
-        when ?,
-          # if depth = 1, then we start a new argument
-          arguments << evaluate( buffer )
-          #arguments << evaluate( string[0..count] )
-        when ?(
-          # start a new method call
-          function( element, buffer, string )
-          buffer = ""
-        when ?)
-          # close the method call and return arguments
-          return arguments
-        else
-          buffer << c
-        end
-      end
-      ""
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/rexml.rb b/lib/rexml/rexml.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fbc0d339d8..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/rexml.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-# REXML is an XML toolkit for Ruby[http://www.ruby-lang.org], in Ruby.
-#
-# REXML is a _pure_ Ruby, XML 1.0 conforming,
-# non-validating[http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204/#sec-conformance]
-# toolkit with an intuitive API.  REXML passes 100% of the non-validating Oasis
-# tests[http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/xml-conformance/xml-test-suite.shtml],
-# and provides tree, stream, SAX2, pull, and lightweight APIs.  REXML also
-# includes a full XPath[http://www.w3c.org/tr/xpath] 1.0 implementation. Since
-# Ruby 1.8, REXML is included in the standard Ruby distribution.
-#
-# Main page:: http://www.germane-software.com/software/rexml
-# Author:: Sean Russell <serATgermaneHYPHENsoftwareDOTcom>
-# Date:: 2008/019
-# Version:: 3.1.7.3
-#
-# This API documentation can be downloaded from the REXML home page, or can
-# be accessed online[http://www.germane-software.com/software/rexml_doc]
-#
-# A tutorial is available in the REXML distribution in docs/tutorial.html,
-# or can be accessed
-# online[http://www.germane-software.com/software/rexml/docs/tutorial.html]
-module REXML
-  COPYRIGHT = "Copyright © 2001-2008 Sean Russell <ser@germane-software.com>"
-  DATE = "2008/019"
-  VERSION = "3.1.7.3"
-  REVISION = %w$Revision$[1] || ''
-
-  Copyright = COPYRIGHT
-  Version = VERSION
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/sax2listener.rb b/lib/rexml/sax2listener.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5afdc80890..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/sax2listener.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  # A template for stream parser listeners.
-  # Note that the declarations (attlistdecl, elementdecl, etc) are trivially
-  # processed; REXML doesn't yet handle doctype entity declarations, so you
-  # have to parse them out yourself.
-  # === Missing methods from SAX2
-  #  ignorable_whitespace
-  # === Methods extending SAX2
-  # +WARNING+
-  # These methods are certainly going to change, until DTDs are fully
-  # supported.  Be aware of this.
-  #  start_document
-  #  end_document
-  #  doctype
-  #  elementdecl
-  #  attlistdecl
-  #  entitydecl
-  #  notationdecl
-  #  cdata
-  #  xmldecl
-  #  comment
-  module SAX2Listener
-    def start_document
-    end
-    def end_document
-    end
-    def start_prefix_mapping prefix, uri
-    end
-    def end_prefix_mapping prefix
-    end
-    def start_element uri, localname, qname, attributes
-    end
-    def end_element uri, localname, qname
-    end
-    def characters text
-    end
-    def processing_instruction target, data
-    end
-    # Handles a doctype declaration. Any attributes of the doctype which are
-    # not supplied will be nil.  # EG, <!DOCTYPE me PUBLIC "foo" "bar">
-    # @p name the name of the doctype; EG, "me"
-    # @p pub_sys "PUBLIC", "SYSTEM", or nil.  EG, "PUBLIC"
-    # @p long_name the supplied long name, or nil.  EG, "foo"
-    # @p uri the uri of the doctype, or nil.  EG, "bar"
-    def doctype name, pub_sys, long_name, uri
-    end
-    # If a doctype includes an ATTLIST declaration, it will cause this
-    # method to be called.  The content is the declaration itself, unparsed.
-    # EG, <!ATTLIST el attr CDATA #REQUIRED> will come to this method as "el
-    # attr CDATA #REQUIRED".  This is the same for all of the .*decl
-    # methods.
-    def attlistdecl(element, pairs, contents)
-    end
-    # <!ELEMENT ...>
-    def elementdecl content
-    end
-    # <!ENTITY ...>
-    # The argument passed to this method is an array of the entity
-    # declaration.  It can be in a number of formats, but in general it
-    # returns (example, result):
-    #  <!ENTITY % YN '"Yes"'>
-    #  ["%", "YN", "\"Yes\""]
-    #  <!ENTITY % YN 'Yes'>
-    #  ["%", "YN", "Yes"]
-    #  <!ENTITY WhatHeSaid "He said %YN;">
-    #  ["WhatHeSaid", "He said %YN;"]
-    #  <!ENTITY open-hatch SYSTEM "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml">
-    #  ["open-hatch", "SYSTEM", "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"]
-    #  <!ENTITY open-hatch PUBLIC "-//Textuality//TEXT Standard open-hatch boilerplate//EN" "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml">
-    # ["open-hatch", "PUBLIC", "-//Textuality//TEXT Standard open-hatch boilerplate//EN", "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"]
-    #  <!ENTITY hatch-pic SYSTEM "../grafix/OpenHatch.gif" NDATA gif>
-    #  ["hatch-pic", "SYSTEM", "../grafix/OpenHatch.gif", "NDATA", "gif"]
-    def entitydecl declaration
-    end
-    # <!NOTATION ...>
-    def notationdecl name, public_or_system, public_id, system_id
-    end
-    # Called when <![CDATA[ ... ]]> is encountered in a document.
-    # @p content "..."
-    def cdata content
-    end
-    # Called when an XML PI is encountered in the document.
-    # EG: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf"?>
-    # @p version the version attribute value.  EG, "1.0"
-    # @p encoding the encoding attribute value, or nil.  EG, "utf"
-    # @p standalone the standalone attribute value, or nil.  EG, nil
-    # @p spaced the declaration is followed by a line break
-    def xmldecl version, encoding, standalone
-    end
-    # Called when a comment is encountered.
-    # @p comment The content of the comment
-    def comment comment
-    end
-    def progress position
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/security.rb b/lib/rexml/security.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 99b7460772..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/security.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  module Security
-    @@entity_expansion_limit = 10_000
-
-    # Set the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10000.
-    def self.entity_expansion_limit=( val )
-      @@entity_expansion_limit = val
-    end
-
-    # Get the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10000.
-    def self.entity_expansion_limit
-      return @@entity_expansion_limit
-    end
-
-    @@entity_expansion_text_limit = 10_240
-
-    # Set the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10240.
-    def self.entity_expansion_text_limit=( val )
-      @@entity_expansion_text_limit = val
-    end
-
-    # Get the entity expansion limit. By default the limit is set to 10240.
-    def self.entity_expansion_text_limit
-      return @@entity_expansion_text_limit
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/source.rb b/lib/rexml/source.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index af65cf4751..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/source.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-# coding: US-ASCII
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/encoding'
-
-module REXML
-  # Generates Source-s.  USE THIS CLASS.
-  class SourceFactory
-    # Generates a Source object
-    # @param arg Either a String, or an IO
-    # @return a Source, or nil if a bad argument was given
-    def SourceFactory::create_from(arg)
-      if arg.respond_to? :read and
-          arg.respond_to? :readline and
-          arg.respond_to? :nil? and
-          arg.respond_to? :eof?
-        IOSource.new(arg)
-      elsif arg.respond_to? :to_str
-        require 'stringio'
-        IOSource.new(StringIO.new(arg))
-      elsif arg.kind_of? Source
-        arg
-      else
-        raise "#{arg.class} is not a valid input stream.  It must walk \n"+
-          "like either a String, an IO, or a Source."
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A Source can be searched for patterns, and wraps buffers and other
-  # objects and provides consumption of text
-  class Source
-    include Encoding
-    # The current buffer (what we're going to read next)
-    attr_reader :buffer
-    # The line number of the last consumed text
-    attr_reader :line
-    attr_reader :encoding
-
-    # Constructor
-    # @param arg must be a String, and should be a valid XML document
-    # @param encoding if non-null, sets the encoding of the source to this
-    # value, overriding all encoding detection
-    def initialize(arg, encoding=nil)
-      @orig = @buffer = arg
-      if encoding
-        self.encoding = encoding
-      else
-        detect_encoding
-      end
-      @line = 0
-    end
-
-
-    # Inherited from Encoding
-    # Overridden to support optimized en/decoding
-    def encoding=(enc)
-      return unless super
-      encoding_updated
-    end
-
-    # Scans the source for a given pattern.  Note, that this is not your
-    # usual scan() method.  For one thing, the pattern argument has some
-    # requirements; for another, the source can be consumed.  You can easily
-    # confuse this method.  Originally, the patterns were easier
-    # to construct and this method more robust, because this method
-    # generated search regexps on the fly; however, this was
-    # computationally expensive and slowed down the entire REXML package
-    # considerably, since this is by far the most commonly called method.
-    # @param pattern must be a Regexp, and must be in the form of
-    # /^\s*(#{your pattern, with no groups})(.*)/.  The first group
-    # will be returned; the second group is used if the consume flag is
-    # set.
-    # @param consume if true, the pattern returned will be consumed, leaving
-    # everything after it in the Source.
-    # @return the pattern, if found, or nil if the Source is empty or the
-    # pattern is not found.
-    def scan(pattern, cons=false)
-      return nil if @buffer.nil?
-      rv = @buffer.scan(pattern)
-      @buffer = $' if cons and rv.size>0
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def read
-    end
-
-    def consume( pattern )
-      @buffer = $' if pattern.match( @buffer )
-    end
-
-    def match_to( char, pattern )
-      return pattern.match(@buffer)
-    end
-
-    def match_to_consume( char, pattern )
-      md = pattern.match(@buffer)
-      @buffer = $'
-      return md
-    end
-
-    def match(pattern, cons=false)
-      md = pattern.match(@buffer)
-      @buffer = $' if cons and md
-      return md
-    end
-
-    # @return true if the Source is exhausted
-    def empty?
-      @buffer == ""
-    end
-
-    def position
-      @orig.index( @buffer )
-    end
-
-    # @return the current line in the source
-    def current_line
-      lines = @orig.split
-      res = lines.grep @buffer[0..30]
-      res = res[-1] if res.kind_of? Array
-      lines.index( res ) if res
-    end
-
-    private
-    def detect_encoding
-      buffer_encoding = @buffer.encoding
-      detected_encoding = "UTF-8"
-      begin
-        @buffer.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        if @buffer[0, 2] == "\xfe\xff"
-          @buffer[0, 2] = ""
-          detected_encoding = "UTF-16BE"
-        elsif @buffer[0, 2] == "\xff\xfe"
-          @buffer[0, 2] = ""
-          detected_encoding = "UTF-16LE"
-        elsif @buffer[0, 3] == "\xef\xbb\xbf"
-          @buffer[0, 3] = ""
-          detected_encoding = "UTF-8"
-        end
-      ensure
-        @buffer.force_encoding(buffer_encoding)
-      end
-      self.encoding = detected_encoding
-    end
-
-    def encoding_updated
-      if @encoding != 'UTF-8'
-        @buffer = decode(@buffer)
-        @to_utf = true
-      else
-        @to_utf = false
-        @buffer.force_encoding ::Encoding::UTF_8
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A Source that wraps an IO.  See the Source class for method
-  # documentation
-  class IOSource < Source
-    #attr_reader :block_size
-
-    # block_size has been deprecated
-    def initialize(arg, block_size=500, encoding=nil)
-      @er_source = @source = arg
-      @to_utf = false
-      @pending_buffer = nil
-
-      if encoding
-        super("", encoding)
-      else
-        super(@source.read(3) || "")
-      end
-
-      if !@to_utf and
-          @buffer.respond_to?(:force_encoding) and
-          @source.respond_to?(:external_encoding) and
-          @source.external_encoding != ::Encoding::UTF_8
-        @force_utf8 = true
-      else
-        @force_utf8 = false
-      end
-    end
-
-    def scan(pattern, cons=false)
-      rv = super
-      # You'll notice that this next section is very similar to the same
-      # section in match(), but just a liiittle different.  This is
-      # because it is a touch faster to do it this way with scan()
-      # than the way match() does it; enough faster to warrant duplicating
-      # some code
-      if rv.size == 0
-        until @buffer =~ pattern or @source.nil?
-          begin
-            @buffer << readline
-          rescue Iconv::IllegalSequence
-            raise
-          rescue
-            @source = nil
-          end
-        end
-        rv = super
-      end
-      rv.taint
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def read
-      begin
-        @buffer << readline
-      rescue Exception, NameError
-        @source = nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def consume( pattern )
-      match( pattern, true )
-    end
-
-    def match( pattern, cons=false )
-      rv = pattern.match(@buffer)
-      @buffer = $' if cons and rv
-      while !rv and @source
-        begin
-          @buffer << readline
-          rv = pattern.match(@buffer)
-          @buffer = $' if cons and rv
-        rescue
-          @source = nil
-        end
-      end
-      rv.taint
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def empty?
-      super and ( @source.nil? || @source.eof? )
-    end
-
-    def position
-      @er_source.pos rescue 0
-    end
-
-    # @return the current line in the source
-    def current_line
-      begin
-        pos = @er_source.pos        # The byte position in the source
-        lineno = @er_source.lineno  # The XML < position in the source
-        @er_source.rewind
-        line = 0                    # The \r\n position in the source
-        begin
-          while @er_source.pos < pos
-            @er_source.readline
-            line += 1
-          end
-        rescue
-        end
-      rescue IOError
-        pos = -1
-        line = -1
-      end
-      [pos, lineno, line]
-    end
-
-    private
-    def readline
-      str = @source.readline(@line_break)
-      if @pending_buffer
-        if str.nil?
-          str = @pending_buffer
-        else
-          str = @pending_buffer + str
-        end
-        @pending_buffer = nil
-      end
-      return nil if str.nil?
-
-      if @to_utf
-        decode(str)
-      else
-        str.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_8) if @force_utf8
-        str
-      end
-    end
-
-    def encoding_updated
-      case @encoding
-      when "UTF-16BE", "UTF-16LE"
-        @source.binmode
-        @source.set_encoding(@encoding, @encoding)
-      end
-      @line_break = encode(">")
-      @pending_buffer, @buffer = @buffer, ""
-      @pending_buffer.force_encoding(@encoding)
-      super
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/streamlistener.rb b/lib/rexml/streamlistener.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 30c8945179..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/streamlistener.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  # A template for stream parser listeners.
-  # Note that the declarations (attlistdecl, elementdecl, etc) are trivially
-  # processed; REXML doesn't yet handle doctype entity declarations, so you
-  # have to parse them out yourself.
-  module StreamListener
-    # Called when a tag is encountered.
-    # @p name the tag name
-    # @p attrs an array of arrays of attribute/value pairs, suitable for
-    # use with assoc or rassoc.  IE, <tag attr1="value1" attr2="value2">
-    # will result in
-    # tag_start( "tag", # [["attr1","value1"],["attr2","value2"]])
-    def tag_start name, attrs
-    end
-    # Called when the end tag is reached.  In the case of <tag/>, tag_end
-    # will be called immediately after tag_start
-    # @p the name of the tag
-    def tag_end name
-    end
-    # Called when text is encountered in the document
-    # @p text the text content.
-    def text text
-    end
-    # Called when an instruction is encountered.  EG: <?xsl sheet='foo'?>
-    # @p name the instruction name; in the example, "xsl"
-    # @p instruction the rest of the instruction.  In the example,
-    # "sheet='foo'"
-    def instruction name, instruction
-    end
-    # Called when a comment is encountered.
-    # @p comment The content of the comment
-    def comment comment
-    end
-    # Handles a doctype declaration. Any attributes of the doctype which are
-    # not supplied will be nil.  # EG, <!DOCTYPE me PUBLIC "foo" "bar">
-    # @p name the name of the doctype; EG, "me"
-    # @p pub_sys "PUBLIC", "SYSTEM", or nil.  EG, "PUBLIC"
-    # @p long_name the supplied long name, or nil.  EG, "foo"
-    # @p uri the uri of the doctype, or nil.  EG, "bar"
-    def doctype name, pub_sys, long_name, uri
-    end
-    # Called when the doctype is done
-    def doctype_end
-    end
-    # If a doctype includes an ATTLIST declaration, it will cause this
-    # method to be called.  The content is the declaration itself, unparsed.
-    # EG, <!ATTLIST el attr CDATA #REQUIRED> will come to this method as "el
-    # attr CDATA #REQUIRED".  This is the same for all of the .*decl
-    # methods.
-    def attlistdecl element_name, attributes, raw_content
-    end
-    # <!ELEMENT ...>
-    def elementdecl content
-    end
-    # <!ENTITY ...>
-    # The argument passed to this method is an array of the entity
-    # declaration.  It can be in a number of formats, but in general it
-    # returns (example, result):
-    #  <!ENTITY % YN '"Yes"'>
-    #  ["YN", "\"Yes\"", "%"]
-    #  <!ENTITY % YN 'Yes'>
-    #  ["YN", "Yes", "%"]
-    #  <!ENTITY WhatHeSaid "He said %YN;">
-    #  ["WhatHeSaid", "He said %YN;"]
-    #  <!ENTITY open-hatch SYSTEM "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml">
-    #  ["open-hatch", "SYSTEM", "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"]
-    #  <!ENTITY open-hatch PUBLIC "-//Textuality//TEXT Standard open-hatch boilerplate//EN" "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml">
-    #  ["open-hatch", "PUBLIC", "-//Textuality//TEXT Standard open-hatch boilerplate//EN", "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"]
-    #  <!ENTITY hatch-pic SYSTEM "../grafix/OpenHatch.gif" NDATA gif>
-    #  ["hatch-pic", "SYSTEM", "../grafix/OpenHatch.gif", "gif"]
-    def entitydecl content
-    end
-    # <!NOTATION ...>
-    def notationdecl content
-    end
-    # Called when %foo; is encountered in a doctype declaration.
-    # @p content "foo"
-    def entity content
-    end
-    # Called when <![CDATA[ ... ]]> is encountered in a document.
-    # @p content "..."
-    def cdata content
-    end
-    # Called when an XML PI is encountered in the document.
-    # EG: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf"?>
-    # @p version the version attribute value.  EG, "1.0"
-    # @p encoding the encoding attribute value, or nil.  EG, "utf"
-    # @p standalone the standalone attribute value, or nil.  EG, nil
-    def xmldecl version, encoding, standalone
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/syncenumerator.rb b/lib/rexml/syncenumerator.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a9d2ad7f9c..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/syncenumerator.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  class SyncEnumerator
-    include Enumerable
-
-    # Creates a new SyncEnumerator which enumerates rows of given
-    # Enumerable objects.
-    def initialize(*enums)
-      @gens = enums
-      @length = @gens.collect {|x| x.size }.max
-    end
-
-    # Returns the number of enumerated Enumerable objects, i.e. the size
-    # of each row.
-    def size
-      @gens.size
-    end
-
-    # Returns the number of enumerated Enumerable objects, i.e. the size
-    # of each row.
-    def length
-      @gens.length
-    end
-
-    # Enumerates rows of the Enumerable objects.
-    def each
-      @length.times {|i|
-        yield @gens.collect {|x| x[i]}
-      }
-      self
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/text.rb b/lib/rexml/text.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ea8ba9df3..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/text.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,426 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/security'
-require 'rexml/entity'
-require 'rexml/doctype'
-require 'rexml/child'
-require 'rexml/doctype'
-require 'rexml/parseexception'
-
-module REXML
-  # Represents text nodes in an XML document
-  class Text < Child
-    include Comparable
-    # The order in which the substitutions occur
-    SPECIALS = [ /&(?!#?[\w-]+;)/u, /</u, />/u, /"/u, /'/u, /\r/u ]
-    SUBSTITUTES = ['&amp;', '&lt;', '&gt;', '&quot;', '&apos;', '&#13;']
-    # Characters which are substituted in written strings
-    SLAICEPS = [ '<', '>', '"', "'", '&' ]
-    SETUTITSBUS = [ /&lt;/u, /&gt;/u, /&quot;/u, /&apos;/u, /&amp;/u ]
-
-    # If +raw+ is true, then REXML leaves the value alone
-    attr_accessor :raw
-
-    NEEDS_A_SECOND_CHECK = /(<|&((#{Entity::NAME});|(#0*((?:\d+)|(?:x[a-fA-F0-9]+)));)?)/um
-    NUMERICENTITY = /&#0*((?:\d+)|(?:x[a-fA-F0-9]+));/
-    VALID_CHAR = [
-      0x9, 0xA, 0xD,
-      (0x20..0xD7FF),
-      (0xE000..0xFFFD),
-      (0x10000..0x10FFFF)
-    ]
-
-    if String.method_defined? :encode
-      VALID_XML_CHARS = Regexp.new('^['+
-        VALID_CHAR.map { |item|
-          case item
-          when Integer
-            [item].pack('U').force_encoding('utf-8')
-          when Range
-            [item.first, '-'.ord, item.last].pack('UUU').force_encoding('utf-8')
-          end
-        }.join +
-      ']*$')
-    else
-      VALID_XML_CHARS = /^(
-           [\x09\x0A\x0D\x20-\x7E]            # ASCII
-         | [\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF]             # non-overlong 2-byte
-         |  \xE0[\xA0-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]        # excluding overlongs
-         | [\xE1-\xEC\xEE][\x80-\xBF]{2}      # straight 3-byte
-         |  \xEF[\x80-\xBE]{2}                #
-         |  \xEF\xBF[\x80-\xBD]               # excluding U+fffe and U+ffff
-         |  \xED[\x80-\x9F][\x80-\xBF]        # excluding surrogates
-         |  \xF0[\x90-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]{2}     # planes 1-3
-         | [\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF]{3}          # planes 4-15
-         |  \xF4[\x80-\x8F][\x80-\xBF]{2}     # plane 16
-       )*$/nx;
-    end
-
-    # Constructor
-    # +arg+ if a String, the content is set to the String.  If a Text,
-    # the object is shallowly cloned.
-    #
-    # +respect_whitespace+ (boolean, false) if true, whitespace is
-    # respected
-    #
-    # +parent+ (nil) if this is a Parent object, the parent
-    # will be set to this.
-    #
-    # +raw+ (nil) This argument can be given three values.
-    # If true, then the value of used to construct this object is expected to
-    # contain no unescaped XML markup, and REXML will not change the text. If
-    # this value is false, the string may contain any characters, and REXML will
-    # escape any and all defined entities whose values are contained in the
-    # text.  If this value is nil (the default), then the raw value of the
-    # parent will be used as the raw value for this node.  If there is no raw
-    # value for the parent, and no value is supplied, the default is false.
-    # Use this field if you have entities defined for some text, and you don't
-    # want REXML to escape that text in output.
-    #   Text.new( "<&", false, nil, false ) #-> "&lt;&amp;"
-    #   Text.new( "&lt;&amp;", false, nil, false ) #-> "&amp;lt;&amp;amp;"
-    #   Text.new( "<&", false, nil, true )  #-> Parse exception
-    #   Text.new( "&lt;&amp;", false, nil, true )  #-> "&lt;&amp;"
-    #   # Assume that the entity "s" is defined to be "sean"
-    #   # and that the entity    "r" is defined to be "russell"
-    #   Text.new( "sean russell" )          #-> "&s; &r;"
-    #   Text.new( "sean russell", false, nil, true ) #-> "sean russell"
-    #
-    # +entity_filter+ (nil) This can be an array of entities to match in the
-    # supplied text.  This argument is only useful if +raw+ is set to false.
-    #   Text.new( "sean russell", false, nil, false, ["s"] ) #-> "&s; russell"
-    #   Text.new( "sean russell", false, nil, true, ["s"] ) #-> "sean russell"
-    # In the last example, the +entity_filter+ argument is ignored.
-    #
-    # +illegal+ INTERNAL USE ONLY
-    def initialize(arg, respect_whitespace=false, parent=nil, raw=nil,
-      entity_filter=nil, illegal=NEEDS_A_SECOND_CHECK )
-
-      @raw = false
-      @parent = nil
-
-      if parent
-        super( parent )
-        @raw = parent.raw
-      end
-
-      @raw = raw unless raw.nil?
-      @entity_filter = entity_filter
-      clear_cache
-
-      if arg.kind_of? String
-        @string = arg.dup
-        @string.squeeze!(" \n\t") unless respect_whitespace
-      elsif arg.kind_of? Text
-        @string = arg.to_s
-        @raw = arg.raw
-      elsif
-        raise "Illegal argument of type #{arg.type} for Text constructor (#{arg})"
-      end
-
-      @string.gsub!( /\r\n?/, "\n" )
-
-      Text.check(@string, illegal, doctype) if @raw
-    end
-
-    def parent= parent
-      super(parent)
-      Text.check(@string, NEEDS_A_SECOND_CHECK, doctype) if @raw and @parent
-    end
-
-    # check for illegal characters
-    def Text.check string, pattern, doctype
-
-      # illegal anywhere
-      if string !~ VALID_XML_CHARS
-        if String.method_defined? :encode
-          string.chars.each do |c|
-            case c.ord
-            when *VALID_CHAR
-            else
-              raise "Illegal character #{c.inspect} in raw string \"#{string}\""
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          string.scan(/[\x00-\x7F]|[\x80-\xBF][\xC0-\xF0]*|[\xC0-\xF0]/n) do |c|
-            case c.unpack('U')
-            when *VALID_CHAR
-            else
-              raise "Illegal character #{c.inspect} in raw string \"#{string}\""
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # context sensitive
-      string.scan(pattern) do
-        if $1[-1] != ?;
-          raise "Illegal character '#{$1}' in raw string \"#{string}\""
-        elsif $1[0] == ?&
-          if $5 and $5[0] == ?#
-            case ($5[1] == ?x ? $5[2..-1].to_i(16) : $5[1..-1].to_i)
-            when *VALID_CHAR
-            else
-              raise "Illegal character '#{$1}' in raw string \"#{string}\""
-            end
-          # FIXME: below can't work but this needs API change.
-          # elsif @parent and $3 and !SUBSTITUTES.include?($1)
-          #   if !doctype or !doctype.entities.has_key?($3)
-          #     raise "Undeclared entity '#{$1}' in raw string \"#{string}\""
-          #   end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :text
-    end
-
-    def empty?
-      @string.size==0
-    end
-
-
-    def clone
-      return Text.new(self)
-    end
-
-
-    # Appends text to this text node.  The text is appended in the +raw+ mode
-    # of this text node.
-    #
-    # +returns+ the text itself to enable method chain like
-    # 'text << "XXX" << "YYY"'.
-    def <<( to_append )
-      @string << to_append.gsub( /\r\n?/, "\n" )
-      clear_cache
-      self
-    end
-
-
-    # +other+ a String or a Text
-    # +returns+ the result of (to_s <=> arg.to_s)
-    def <=>( other )
-      to_s() <=> other.to_s
-    end
-
-    def doctype
-      if @parent
-        doc = @parent.document
-        doc.doctype if doc
-      end
-    end
-
-    REFERENCE = /#{Entity::REFERENCE}/
-    # Returns the string value of this text node.  This string is always
-    # escaped, meaning that it is a valid XML text node string, and all
-    # entities that can be escaped, have been inserted.  This method respects
-    # the entity filter set in the constructor.
-    #
-    #   # Assume that the entity "s" is defined to be "sean", and that the
-    #   # entity "r" is defined to be "russell"
-    #   t = Text.new( "< & sean russell", false, nil, false, ['s'] )
-    #   t.to_s   #-> "&lt; &amp; &s; russell"
-    #   t = Text.new( "< & &s; russell", false, nil, false )
-    #   t.to_s   #-> "&lt; &amp; &s; russell"
-    #   u = Text.new( "sean russell", false, nil, true )
-    #   u.to_s   #-> "sean russell"
-    def to_s
-      return @string if @raw
-      return @normalized if @normalized
-
-      @normalized = Text::normalize( @string, doctype, @entity_filter )
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      @string.inspect
-    end
-
-    # Returns the string value of this text.  This is the text without
-    # entities, as it might be used programmatically, or printed to the
-    # console.  This ignores the 'raw' attribute setting, and any
-    # entity_filter.
-    #
-    #   # Assume that the entity "s" is defined to be "sean", and that the
-    #   # entity "r" is defined to be "russell"
-    #   t = Text.new( "< & sean russell", false, nil, false, ['s'] )
-    #   t.value   #-> "< & sean russell"
-    #   t = Text.new( "< & &s; russell", false, nil, false )
-    #   t.value   #-> "< & sean russell"
-    #   u = Text.new( "sean russell", false, nil, true )
-    #   u.value   #-> "sean russell"
-    def value
-      return @unnormalized if @unnormalized
-      @unnormalized = Text::unnormalize( @string, doctype )
-    end
-
-    # Sets the contents of this text node.  This expects the text to be
-    # unnormalized.  It returns self.
-    #
-    #   e = Element.new( "a" )
-    #   e.add_text( "foo" )   # <a>foo</a>
-    #   e[0].value = "bar"    # <a>bar</a>
-    #   e[0].value = "<a>"    # <a>&lt;a&gt;</a>
-    def value=( val )
-      @string = val.gsub( /\r\n?/, "\n" )
-      clear_cache
-      @raw = false
-    end
-
-     def wrap(string, width, addnewline=false)
-       # Recursively wrap string at width.
-       return string if string.length <= width
-       place = string.rindex(' ', width) # Position in string with last ' ' before cutoff
-       if addnewline then
-         return "\n" + string[0,place] + "\n" + wrap(string[place+1..-1], width)
-       else
-         return string[0,place] + "\n" + wrap(string[place+1..-1], width)
-       end
-     end
-
-    def indent_text(string, level=1, style="\t", indentfirstline=true)
-      return string if level < 0
-      new_string = ''
-      string.each_line { |line|
-        indent_string = style * level
-        new_line = (indent_string + line).sub(/[\s]+$/,'')
-        new_string << new_line
-      }
-      new_string.strip! unless indentfirstline
-      return new_string
-    end
-
-    # == DEPRECATED
-    # See REXML::Formatters
-    #
-    def write( writer, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
-      Kernel.warn("#{self.class.name}.write is deprecated.  See REXML::Formatters")
-      formatter = if indent > -1
-          REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent )
-        else
-          REXML::Formatters::Default.new
-        end
-      formatter.write( self, writer )
-    end
-
-    # FIXME
-    # This probably won't work properly
-    def xpath
-      path = @parent.xpath
-      path += "/text()"
-      return path
-    end
-
-    # Writes out text, substituting special characters beforehand.
-    # +out+ A String, IO, or any other object supporting <<( String )
-    # +input+ the text to substitute and the write out
-    #
-    #   z=utf8.unpack("U*")
-    #   ascOut=""
-    #   z.each{|r|
-    #     if r <  0x100
-    #       ascOut.concat(r.chr)
-    #     else
-    #       ascOut.concat(sprintf("&#x%x;", r))
-    #     end
-    #   }
-    #   puts ascOut
-    def write_with_substitution out, input
-      copy = input.clone
-      # Doing it like this rather than in a loop improves the speed
-      copy.gsub!( SPECIALS[0], SUBSTITUTES[0] )
-      copy.gsub!( SPECIALS[1], SUBSTITUTES[1] )
-      copy.gsub!( SPECIALS[2], SUBSTITUTES[2] )
-      copy.gsub!( SPECIALS[3], SUBSTITUTES[3] )
-      copy.gsub!( SPECIALS[4], SUBSTITUTES[4] )
-      copy.gsub!( SPECIALS[5], SUBSTITUTES[5] )
-      out << copy
-    end
-
-    private
-    def clear_cache
-      @normalized = nil
-      @unnormalized = nil
-    end
-
-    # Reads text, substituting entities
-    def Text::read_with_substitution( input, illegal=nil )
-      copy = input.clone
-
-      if copy =~ illegal
-        raise ParseException.new( "malformed text: Illegal character #$& in \"#{copy}\"" )
-      end if illegal
-
-      copy.gsub!( /\r\n?/, "\n" )
-      if copy.include? ?&
-        copy.gsub!( SETUTITSBUS[0], SLAICEPS[0] )
-        copy.gsub!( SETUTITSBUS[1], SLAICEPS[1] )
-        copy.gsub!( SETUTITSBUS[2], SLAICEPS[2] )
-        copy.gsub!( SETUTITSBUS[3], SLAICEPS[3] )
-        copy.gsub!( SETUTITSBUS[4], SLAICEPS[4] )
-        copy.gsub!( /&#0*((?:\d+)|(?:x[a-f0-9]+));/ ) {
-          m=$1
-          #m='0' if m==''
-          m = "0#{m}" if m[0] == ?x
-          [Integer(m)].pack('U*')
-        }
-      end
-      copy
-    end
-
-    EREFERENCE = /&(?!#{Entity::NAME};)/
-    # Escapes all possible entities
-    def Text::normalize( input, doctype=nil, entity_filter=nil )
-      copy = input.to_s
-      # Doing it like this rather than in a loop improves the speed
-      #copy = copy.gsub( EREFERENCE, '&amp;' )
-      copy = copy.gsub( "&", "&amp;" )
-      if doctype
-        # Replace all ampersands that aren't part of an entity
-        doctype.entities.each_value do |entity|
-          copy = copy.gsub( entity.value,
-            "&#{entity.name};" ) if entity.value and
-              not( entity_filter and entity_filter.include?(entity.name) )
-        end
-      else
-        # Replace all ampersands that aren't part of an entity
-        DocType::DEFAULT_ENTITIES.each_value do |entity|
-          copy = copy.gsub(entity.value, "&#{entity.name};" )
-        end
-      end
-      copy
-    end
-
-    # Unescapes all possible entities
-    def Text::unnormalize( string, doctype=nil, filter=nil, illegal=nil )
-      sum = 0
-      string.gsub( /\r\n?/, "\n" ).gsub( REFERENCE ) {
-        s = Text.expand($&, doctype, filter)
-        if sum + s.bytesize > Security.entity_expansion_text_limit
-          raise "entity expansion has grown too large"
-        else
-          sum += s.bytesize
-        end
-        s
-      }
-    end
-
-    def Text.expand(ref, doctype, filter)
-      if ref[1] == ?#
-        if ref[2] == ?x
-          [ref[3...-1].to_i(16)].pack('U*')
-        else
-          [ref[2...-1].to_i].pack('U*')
-        end
-      elsif ref == '&amp;'
-        '&'
-      elsif filter and filter.include?( ref[1...-1] )
-        ref
-      elsif doctype
-        doctype.entity( ref[1...-1] ) or ref
-      else
-        entity_value = DocType::DEFAULT_ENTITIES[ ref[1...-1] ]
-        entity_value ? entity_value.value : ref
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/undefinednamespaceexception.rb b/lib/rexml/undefinednamespaceexception.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e522ed57ea..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/undefinednamespaceexception.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/parseexception'
-module REXML
-  class UndefinedNamespaceException < ParseException
-    def initialize( prefix, source, parser )
-      super( "Undefined prefix #{prefix} found" )
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/validation/relaxng.rb b/lib/rexml/validation/relaxng.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fb52438290..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/validation/relaxng.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,539 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/validation/validation"
-require "rexml/parsers/baseparser"
-
-module REXML
-  module Validation
-    # Implemented:
-    # * empty
-    # * element
-    # * attribute
-    # * text
-    # * optional
-    # * choice
-    # * oneOrMore
-    # * zeroOrMore
-    # * group
-    # * value
-    # * interleave
-    # * mixed
-    # * ref
-    # * grammar
-    # * start
-    # * define
-    #
-    # Not implemented:
-    # * data
-    # * param
-    # * include
-    # * externalRef
-    # * notAllowed
-    # * anyName
-    # * nsName
-    # * except
-    # * name
-    class RelaxNG
-      include Validator
-
-      INFINITY = 1.0 / 0.0
-      EMPTY = Event.new( nil )
-      TEXT = [:start_element, "text"]
-      attr_accessor :current
-      attr_accessor :count
-      attr_reader :references
-
-      # FIXME: Namespaces
-      def initialize source
-        parser = REXML::Parsers::BaseParser.new( source )
-
-        @count = 0
-        @references = {}
-        @root = @current = Sequence.new(self)
-        @root.previous = true
-        states = [ @current ]
-        begin
-          event = parser.pull
-          case event[0]
-          when :start_element
-            case event[1]
-            when "empty"
-            when "element", "attribute", "text", "value"
-              states[-1] << event
-            when "optional"
-              states << Optional.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-            when "choice"
-              states << Choice.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-            when "oneOrMore"
-              states << OneOrMore.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-            when "zeroOrMore"
-              states << ZeroOrMore.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-            when "group"
-              states << Sequence.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-            when "interleave"
-              states << Interleave.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-            when "mixed"
-              states << Interleave.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-              states[-1] << TEXT
-            when "define"
-              states << [ event[2]["name"] ]
-            when "ref"
-              states[-1] << Ref.new( event[2]["name"] )
-            when "anyName"
-              states << AnyName.new( self )
-              states[-2] << states[-1]
-            when "nsName"
-            when "except"
-            when "name"
-            when "data"
-            when "param"
-            when "include"
-            when "grammar"
-            when "start"
-            when "externalRef"
-            when "notAllowed"
-            end
-          when :end_element
-            case event[1]
-            when "element", "attribute"
-              states[-1] << event
-            when "zeroOrMore", "oneOrMore", "choice", "optional",
-              "interleave", "group", "mixed"
-              states.pop
-            when "define"
-              ref = states.pop
-              @references[ ref.shift ] = ref
-            #when "empty"
-            end
-          when :end_document
-            states[-1] << event
-          when :text
-            states[-1] << event
-          end
-        end while event[0] != :end_document
-      end
-
-      def receive event
-        validate( event )
-      end
-    end
-
-    class State
-      def initialize( context )
-        @previous = []
-        @events = []
-        @current = 0
-        @count = context.count += 1
-        @references = context.references
-        @value = false
-      end
-
-      def reset
-        return if @current == 0
-        @current = 0
-        @events.each {|s| s.reset if s.kind_of? State }
-      end
-
-      def previous=( previous )
-        @previous << previous
-      end
-
-      def next( event )
-        #print "In next with #{event.inspect}.  "
-        #p @previous
-        return @previous.pop.next( event ) if @events[@current].nil?
-        expand_ref_in( @events, @current ) if @events[@current].class == Ref
-        if ( @events[@current].kind_of? State )
-          @current += 1
-          @events[@current-1].previous = self
-          return @events[@current-1].next( event )
-        end
-        if ( @events[@current].matches?(event) )
-          @current += 1
-          if @events[@current].nil?
-            return @previous.pop
-          elsif @events[@current].kind_of? State
-            @current += 1
-            @events[@current-1].previous = self
-            return @events[@current-1]
-          else
-            return self
-          end
-        else
-          return nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def to_s
-        # Abbreviated:
-        self.class.name =~ /(?:::)(\w)\w+$/
-        # Full:
-        #self.class.name =~ /(?:::)(\w+)$/
-        "#$1.#@count"
-      end
-
-      def inspect
-        "< #{to_s} #{@events.collect{|e|
-          pre = e == @events[@current] ? '#' : ''
-          pre + e.inspect unless self == e
-        }.join(', ')} >"
-      end
-
-      def expected
-        return [@events[@current]]
-      end
-
-      def <<( event )
-        add_event_to_arry( @events, event )
-      end
-
-
-      protected
-      def expand_ref_in( arry, ind )
-        new_events = []
-        @references[ arry[ind].to_s ].each{ |evt|
-          add_event_to_arry(new_events,evt)
-        }
-        arry[ind,1] = new_events
-      end
-
-      def add_event_to_arry( arry, evt )
-        evt = generate_event( evt )
-        if evt.kind_of? String
-          arry[-1].event_arg = evt if arry[-1].kind_of? Event and @value
-          @value = false
-        else
-          arry << evt
-        end
-      end
-
-      def generate_event( event )
-        return event if event.kind_of? State or event.class == Ref
-        evt = nil
-        arg = nil
-        case event[0]
-        when :start_element
-          case event[1]
-          when "element"
-            evt = :start_element
-            arg = event[2]["name"]
-          when "attribute"
-            evt = :start_attribute
-            arg = event[2]["name"]
-          when "text"
-            evt = :text
-          when "value"
-            evt = :text
-            @value = true
-          end
-        when :text
-          return event[1]
-        when :end_document
-          return Event.new( event[0] )
-        else # then :end_element
-          case event[1]
-          when "element"
-            evt = :end_element
-          when "attribute"
-            evt = :end_attribute
-          end
-        end
-        return Event.new( evt, arg )
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    class Sequence < State
-      def matches?(event)
-        @events[@current].matches?( event )
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    class Optional < State
-      def next( event )
-        if @current == 0
-          rv = super
-          return rv if rv
-          @prior = @previous.pop
-          return @prior.next( event )
-        end
-        super
-      end
-
-      def matches?(event)
-        @events[@current].matches?(event) ||
-        (@current == 0 and @previous[-1].matches?(event))
-      end
-
-      def expected
-        return [ @prior.expected, @events[0] ].flatten if @current == 0
-        return [@events[@current]]
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    class ZeroOrMore < Optional
-      def next( event )
-        expand_ref_in( @events, @current ) if @events[@current].class == Ref
-        if ( @events[@current].matches?(event) )
-          @current += 1
-          if @events[@current].nil?
-            @current = 0
-            return self
-          elsif @events[@current].kind_of? State
-            @current += 1
-            @events[@current-1].previous = self
-            return @events[@current-1]
-          else
-            return self
-          end
-        else
-          @prior = @previous.pop
-          return @prior.next( event ) if @current == 0
-          return nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def expected
-        return [ @prior.expected, @events[0] ].flatten if @current == 0
-        return [@events[@current]]
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    class OneOrMore < State
-      def initialize context
-        super
-        @ord = 0
-      end
-
-      def reset
-        super
-        @ord = 0
-      end
-
-      def next( event )
-        expand_ref_in( @events, @current ) if @events[@current].class == Ref
-        if ( @events[@current].matches?(event) )
-          @current += 1
-          @ord += 1
-          if @events[@current].nil?
-            @current = 0
-            return self
-          elsif @events[@current].kind_of? State
-            @current += 1
-            @events[@current-1].previous = self
-            return @events[@current-1]
-          else
-            return self
-          end
-        else
-          return @previous.pop.next( event ) if @current == 0 and @ord > 0
-          return nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def matches?( event )
-        @events[@current].matches?(event) ||
-        (@current == 0 and @ord > 0 and @previous[-1].matches?(event))
-      end
-
-      def expected
-        if @current == 0 and @ord > 0
-          return [@previous[-1].expected, @events[0]].flatten
-        else
-          return [@events[@current]]
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    class Choice < State
-      def initialize context
-        super
-        @choices = []
-      end
-
-      def reset
-        super
-        @events = []
-        @choices.each { |c| c.each { |s| s.reset if s.kind_of? State } }
-      end
-
-      def <<( event )
-        add_event_to_arry( @choices, event )
-      end
-
-      def next( event )
-        # Make the choice if we haven't
-        if @events.size == 0
-          c = 0 ; max = @choices.size
-          while c < max
-            if @choices[c][0].class == Ref
-              expand_ref_in( @choices[c], 0 )
-              @choices += @choices[c]
-              @choices.delete( @choices[c] )
-              max -= 1
-            else
-              c += 1
-            end
-          end
-          @events = @choices.find { |evt| evt[0].matches? event }
-          # Remove the references
-          # Find the events
-        end
-        unless @events
-          @events = []
-          return nil
-        end
-        super
-      end
-
-      def matches?( event )
-        return @events[@current].matches?( event ) if @events.size > 0
-        !@choices.find{|evt| evt[0].matches?(event)}.nil?
-      end
-
-      def expected
-        return [@events[@current]] if @events.size > 0
-        return @choices.collect do |x|
-          if x[0].kind_of? State
-            x[0].expected
-          else
-            x[0]
-          end
-        end.flatten
-      end
-
-      def inspect
-        "< #{to_s} #{@choices.collect{|e| e.collect{|f|f.to_s}.join(', ')}.join(' or ')} >"
-      end
-
-      protected
-      def add_event_to_arry( arry, evt )
-        if evt.kind_of? State or evt.class == Ref
-          arry << [evt]
-        elsif evt[0] == :text
-         if arry[-1] and
-            arry[-1][-1].kind_of?( Event ) and
-            arry[-1][-1].event_type == :text and @value
-
-            arry[-1][-1].event_arg = evt[1]
-            @value = false
-         end
-        else
-          arry << [] if evt[0] == :start_element
-          arry[-1] << generate_event( evt )
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    class Interleave < Choice
-      def initialize context
-        super
-        @choice = 0
-      end
-
-      def reset
-        @choice = 0
-      end
-
-      def next_current( event )
-        # Expand references
-        c = 0 ; max = @choices.size
-        while c < max
-          if @choices[c][0].class == Ref
-            expand_ref_in( @choices[c], 0 )
-            @choices += @choices[c]
-            @choices.delete( @choices[c] )
-            max -= 1
-          else
-            c += 1
-          end
-        end
-        @events = @choices[@choice..-1].find { |evt| evt[0].matches? event }
-        @current = 0
-        if @events
-          # reorder the choices
-          old = @choices[@choice]
-          idx = @choices.index( @events )
-          @choices[@choice] = @events
-          @choices[idx] = old
-          @choice += 1
-        end
-
-        @events = [] unless @events
-      end
-
-
-      def next( event )
-        # Find the next series
-        next_current(event) unless @events[@current]
-        return nil unless @events[@current]
-
-        expand_ref_in( @events, @current ) if @events[@current].class == Ref
-        if ( @events[@current].kind_of? State )
-          @current += 1
-          @events[@current-1].previous = self
-          return @events[@current-1].next( event )
-        end
-        return @previous.pop.next( event ) if @events[@current].nil?
-        if ( @events[@current].matches?(event) )
-          @current += 1
-          if @events[@current].nil?
-            return self unless @choices[@choice].nil?
-            return @previous.pop
-          elsif @events[@current].kind_of? State
-            @current += 1
-            @events[@current-1].previous = self
-            return @events[@current-1]
-          else
-            return self
-          end
-        else
-          return nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def matches?( event )
-        return @events[@current].matches?( event ) if @events[@current]
-        !@choices[@choice..-1].find{|evt| evt[0].matches?(event)}.nil?
-      end
-
-      def expected
-        return [@events[@current]] if @events[@current]
-        return @choices[@choice..-1].collect do |x|
-          if x[0].kind_of? State
-            x[0].expected
-          else
-            x[0]
-          end
-        end.flatten
-      end
-
-      def inspect
-        "< #{to_s} #{@choices.collect{|e| e.collect{|f|f.to_s}.join(', ')}.join(' and ')} >"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Ref
-      def initialize value
-        @value = value
-      end
-      def to_s
-        @value
-      end
-      def inspect
-        "{#{to_s}}"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/validation/validation.rb b/lib/rexml/validation/validation.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f0c76f976c..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/validation/validation.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/validation/validationexception'
-
-module REXML
-  module Validation
-    module Validator
-      NILEVENT = [ nil ]
-      def reset
-        @current = @root
-        @root.reset
-        @root.previous = true
-        @attr_stack = []
-        self
-      end
-      def dump
-        puts @root.inspect
-      end
-      def validate( event )
-        @attr_stack = [] unless defined? @attr_stack
-        match = @current.next(event)
-        raise ValidationException.new( "Validation error.  Expected: "+
-          @current.expected.join( " or " )+" from #{@current.inspect} "+
-          " but got #{Event.new( event[0], event[1] ).inspect}" ) unless match
-        @current = match
-
-        # Check for attributes
-        case event[0]
-        when :start_element
-          @attr_stack << event[2]
-          begin
-            sattr = [:start_attribute, nil]
-            eattr = [:end_attribute]
-            text = [:text, nil]
-            k, = event[2].find { |key,value|
-              sattr[1] = key
-              m = @current.next( sattr )
-              if m
-                # If the state has text children...
-                if m.matches?( eattr )
-                  @current = m
-                else
-                  text[1] = value
-                  m = m.next( text )
-                  text[1] = nil
-                  return false unless m
-                  @current = m if m
-                end
-                m = @current.next( eattr )
-                if m
-                  @current = m
-                  true
-                else
-                  false
-                end
-              else
-                false
-              end
-            }
-            event[2].delete(k) if k
-          end while k
-        when :end_element
-          attrs = @attr_stack.pop
-          raise ValidationException.new( "Validation error.  Illegal "+
-            " attributes: #{attrs.inspect}") if attrs.length > 0
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Event
-      def initialize(event_type, event_arg=nil )
-        @event_type = event_type
-        @event_arg = event_arg
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :event_type
-      attr_accessor :event_arg
-
-      def done?
-        @done
-      end
-
-      def single?
-        return (@event_type != :start_element and @event_type != :start_attribute)
-      end
-
-      def matches?( event )
-        return false unless event[0] == @event_type
-        case event[0]
-        when nil
-          return true
-        when :start_element
-          return true if event[1] == @event_arg
-        when :end_element
-          return true
-        when :start_attribute
-          return true if event[1] == @event_arg
-        when :end_attribute
-          return true
-        when :end_document
-          return true
-        when :text
-          return (@event_arg.nil? or @event_arg == event[1])
-=begin
-        when :processing_instruction
-          false
-        when :xmldecl
-          false
-        when :start_doctype
-          false
-        when :end_doctype
-          false
-        when :externalentity
-          false
-        when :elementdecl
-          false
-        when :entity
-          false
-        when :attlistdecl
-          false
-        when :notationdecl
-          false
-        when :end_doctype
-          false
-=end
-        else
-          false
-        end
-      end
-
-      def ==( other )
-        return false unless other.kind_of? Event
-        @event_type == other.event_type and @event_arg == other.event_arg
-      end
-
-      def to_s
-        inspect
-      end
-
-      def inspect
-        "#{@event_type.inspect}( #@event_arg )"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/validation/validationexception.rb b/lib/rexml/validation/validationexception.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 78cd63fd04..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/validation/validationexception.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  module Validation
-    class ValidationException < RuntimeError
-      def initialize msg
-        super
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/xmldecl.rb b/lib/rexml/xmldecl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a37e9f3ddc..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/xmldecl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/encoding'
-require 'rexml/source'
-
-module REXML
-  # NEEDS DOCUMENTATION
-  class XMLDecl < Child
-    include Encoding
-
-    DEFAULT_VERSION = "1.0";
-    DEFAULT_ENCODING = "UTF-8";
-    DEFAULT_STANDALONE = "no";
-    START = '<\?xml';
-    STOP = '\?>';
-
-    attr_accessor :version, :standalone
-    attr_reader :writeencoding, :writethis
-
-    def initialize(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
-      @writethis = true
-      @writeencoding = !encoding.nil?
-      if version.kind_of? XMLDecl
-        super()
-        @version = version.version
-        self.encoding = version.encoding
-        @writeencoding = version.writeencoding
-        @standalone = version.standalone
-      else
-        super()
-        @version = version
-        self.encoding = encoding
-        @standalone = standalone
-      end
-      @version = DEFAULT_VERSION if @version.nil?
-    end
-
-    def clone
-      XMLDecl.new(self)
-    end
-
-    # indent::
-    #   Ignored.  There must be no whitespace before an XML declaration
-    # transitive::
-    #   Ignored
-    # ie_hack::
-    #   Ignored
-    def write(writer, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false)
-      return nil unless @writethis or writer.kind_of? Output
-      writer << START.sub(/\\/u, '')
-      writer << " #{content encoding}"
-      writer << STOP.sub(/\\/u, '')
-    end
-
-    def ==( other )
-      other.kind_of?(XMLDecl) and
-      other.version == @version and
-      other.encoding == self.encoding and
-      other.standalone == @standalone
-    end
-
-    def xmldecl version, encoding, standalone
-      @version = version
-      self.encoding = encoding
-      @standalone = standalone
-    end
-
-    def node_type
-      :xmldecl
-    end
-
-    alias :stand_alone? :standalone
-    alias :old_enc= :encoding=
-
-    def encoding=( enc )
-      if enc.nil?
-        self.old_enc = "UTF-8"
-        @writeencoding = false
-      else
-        self.old_enc = enc
-        @writeencoding = true
-      end
-      self.dowrite
-    end
-
-    # Only use this if you do not want the XML declaration to be written;
-    # this object is ignored by the XML writer.  Otherwise, instantiate your
-    # own XMLDecl and add it to the document.
-    #
-    # Note that XML 1.1 documents *must* include an XML declaration
-    def XMLDecl.default
-      rv = XMLDecl.new( "1.0" )
-      rv.nowrite
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def nowrite
-      @writethis = false
-    end
-
-    def dowrite
-      @writethis = true
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      START.sub(/\\/u, '') + " ... " + STOP.sub(/\\/u, '')
-    end
-
-    private
-    def content(enc)
-      rv = "version='#@version'"
-      rv << " encoding='#{enc}'" if @writeencoding || enc !~ /\Autf-8\z/i
-      rv << " standalone='#@standalone'" if @standalone
-      rv
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/xmltokens.rb b/lib/rexml/xmltokens.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 392b47b1d3..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/xmltokens.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module REXML
-  # Defines a number of tokens used for parsing XML.  Not for general
-  # consumption.
-  module XMLTokens
-    # From http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-common-syn
-    #
-    #   [4] NameStartChar ::=
-    #         ":" |
-    #         [A-Z] |
-    #         "_" |
-    #         [a-z] |
-    #         [#xC0-#xD6] |
-    #         [#xD8-#xF6] |
-    #         [#xF8-#x2FF] |
-    #         [#x370-#x37D] |
-    #         [#x37F-#x1FFF] |
-    #         [#x200C-#x200D] |
-    #         [#x2070-#x218F] |
-    #         [#x2C00-#x2FEF] |
-    #         [#x3001-#xD7FF] |
-    #         [#xF900-#xFDCF] |
-    #         [#xFDF0-#xFFFD] |
-    #         [#x10000-#xEFFFF]
-    name_start_chars = [
-      ":",
-      "A-Z",
-      "_",
-      "a-z",
-      "\\u00C0-\\u00D6",
-      "\\u00D8-\\u00F6",
-      "\\u00F8-\\u02FF",
-      "\\u0370-\\u037D",
-      "\\u037F-\\u1FFF",
-      "\\u200C-\\u200D",
-      "\\u2070-\\u218F",
-      "\\u2C00-\\u2FEF",
-      "\\u3001-\\uD7FF",
-      "\\uF900-\\uFDCF",
-      "\\uFDF0-\\uFFFD",
-      "\\u{10000}-\\u{EFFFF}",
-    ]
-    # From http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-common-syn
-    #
-    #   [4a] NameChar ::=
-    #      NameStartChar |
-    #      "-" |
-    #      "." |
-    #      [0-9] |
-    #      #xB7 |
-    #      [#x0300-#x036F] |
-    #      [#x203F-#x2040]
-    name_chars = name_start_chars + [
-      "\\-",
-      "\\.",
-      "0-9",
-      "\\u00B7",
-      "\\u0300-\\u036F",
-      "\\u203F-\\u2040",
-    ]
-    NAME_START_CHAR = "[#{name_start_chars.join('')}]"
-    NAME_CHAR = "[#{name_chars.join('')}]"
-    NAMECHAR = NAME_CHAR # deprecated. Use NAME_CHAR instead.
-
-    # From http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names11/#NT-NCName
-    #
-    #   [6] NCNameStartChar ::= NameStartChar - ':'
-    ncname_start_chars = name_start_chars - [":"]
-    # From http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names11/#NT-NCName
-    #
-    #   [5] NCNameChar ::= NameChar - ':'
-    ncname_chars = name_chars - [":"]
-    NCNAME_STR = "[#{ncname_start_chars.join('')}][#{ncname_chars.join('')}]*"
-    NAME_STR = "(?:#{NCNAME_STR}:)?#{NCNAME_STR}"
-
-    NAME = "(#{NAME_START_CHAR}#{NAME_CHAR}*)"
-    NMTOKEN = "(?:#{NAME_CHAR})+"
-    NMTOKENS = "#{NMTOKEN}(\\s+#{NMTOKEN})*"
-    REFERENCE = "(?:&#{NAME};|&#\\d+;|&#x[0-9a-fA-F]+;)"
-
-    #REFERENCE = "(?:#{ENTITYREF}|#{CHARREF})"
-    #ENTITYREF = "&#{NAME};"
-    #CHARREF = "&#\\d+;|&#x[0-9a-fA-F]+;"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/xpath.rb b/lib/rexml/xpath.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f1cb99baea..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/xpath.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/functions'
-require 'rexml/xpath_parser'
-
-module REXML
-  # Wrapper class.  Use this class to access the XPath functions.
-  class XPath
-    include Functions
-    # A base Hash object, supposing to be used when initializing a
-    # default empty namespaces set, but is currently unused.
-    # TODO: either set the namespaces=EMPTY_HASH, or deprecate this.
-    EMPTY_HASH = {}
-
-    # Finds and returns the first node that matches the supplied xpath.
-    # element::
-    #   The context element
-    # path::
-    #   The xpath to search for.  If not supplied or nil, returns the first
-    #   node matching '*'.
-    # namespaces::
-    #   If supplied, a Hash which defines a namespace mapping.
-    # variables::
-    #   If supplied, a Hash which maps $variables in the query
-    #   to values. This can be used to avoid XPath injection attacks
-    #   or to automatically handle escaping string values.
-    #
-    #  XPath.first( node )
-    #  XPath.first( doc, "//b"} )
-    #  XPath.first( node, "a/x:b", { "x"=>"http://doofus" } )
-    #  XPath.first( node, '/book/publisher/text()=$publisher', {}, {"publisher"=>"O'Reilly"})
-    def XPath::first element, path=nil, namespaces=nil, variables={}
-      raise "The namespaces argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless namespaces.nil? or namespaces.kind_of?(Hash)
-      raise "The variables argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless variables.kind_of?(Hash)
-      parser = XPathParser.new
-      parser.namespaces = namespaces
-      parser.variables = variables
-      path = "*" unless path
-      element = [element] unless element.kind_of? Array
-      parser.parse(path, element).flatten[0]
-    end
-
-    # Iterates over nodes that match the given path, calling the supplied
-    # block with the match.
-    # element::
-    #   The context element
-    # path::
-    #   The xpath to search for.  If not supplied or nil, defaults to '*'
-    # namespaces::
-    #   If supplied, a Hash which defines a namespace mapping
-    # variables::
-    #   If supplied, a Hash which maps $variables in the query
-    #   to values. This can be used to avoid XPath injection attacks
-    #   or to automatically handle escaping string values.
-    #
-    #  XPath.each( node ) { |el| ... }
-    #  XPath.each( node, '/*[@attr='v']' ) { |el| ... }
-    #  XPath.each( node, 'ancestor::x' ) { |el| ... }
-    #  XPath.each( node, '/book/publisher/text()=$publisher', {}, {"publisher"=>"O'Reilly"}) \
-    #    {|el| ... }
-    def XPath::each element, path=nil, namespaces=nil, variables={}, &block
-      raise "The namespaces argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless namespaces.nil? or namespaces.kind_of?(Hash)
-      raise "The variables argument, if supplied, must be a hash object." unless variables.kind_of?(Hash)
-      parser = XPathParser.new
-      parser.namespaces = namespaces
-      parser.variables = variables
-      path = "*" unless path
-      element = [element] unless element.kind_of? Array
-      parser.parse(path, element).each( &block )
-    end
-
-    # Returns an array of nodes matching a given XPath.
-    def XPath::match element, path=nil, namespaces=nil, variables={}
-      parser = XPathParser.new
-      parser.namespaces = namespaces
-      parser.variables = variables
-      path = "*" unless path
-      element = [element] unless element.kind_of? Array
-      parser.parse(path,element)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rexml/xpath_parser.rb b/lib/rexml/xpath_parser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 181b2b6e85..0000000000
--- a/lib/rexml/xpath_parser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,704 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rexml/namespace'
-require 'rexml/xmltokens'
-require 'rexml/attribute'
-require 'rexml/syncenumerator'
-require 'rexml/parsers/xpathparser'
-
-class Object
-  # provides a unified +clone+ operation, for REXML::XPathParser
-  # to use across multiple Object types
-  def dclone
-    clone
-  end
-end
-class Symbol
-  # provides a unified +clone+ operation, for REXML::XPathParser
-  # to use across multiple Object types
-  def dclone ; self ; end
-end
-class Integer
-  # provides a unified +clone+ operation, for REXML::XPathParser
-  # to use across multiple Object types
-  def dclone ; self ; end
-end
-class Float
-  # provides a unified +clone+ operation, for REXML::XPathParser
-  # to use across multiple Object types
-  def dclone ; self ; end
-end
-class Array
-  # provides a unified +clone+ operation, for REXML::XPathParser
-  # to use across multiple Object+ types
-  def dclone
-    klone = self.clone
-    klone.clear
-    self.each{|v| klone << v.dclone}
-    klone
-  end
-end
-
-module REXML
-  # You don't want to use this class.  Really.  Use XPath, which is a wrapper
-  # for this class.  Believe me.  You don't want to poke around in here.
-  # There is strange, dark magic at work in this code.  Beware.  Go back!  Go
-  # back while you still can!
-  class XPathParser
-    include XMLTokens
-    LITERAL    = /^'([^']*)'|^"([^"]*)"/u
-
-    def initialize( )
-      @parser = REXML::Parsers::XPathParser.new
-      @namespaces = nil
-      @variables = {}
-    end
-
-    def namespaces=( namespaces={} )
-      Functions::namespace_context = namespaces
-      @namespaces = namespaces
-    end
-
-    def variables=( vars={} )
-      Functions::variables = vars
-      @variables = vars
-    end
-
-    def parse path, nodeset
-      path_stack = @parser.parse( path )
-      match( path_stack, nodeset )
-    end
-
-    def get_first path, nodeset
-      path_stack = @parser.parse( path )
-      first( path_stack, nodeset )
-    end
-
-    def predicate path, nodeset
-      path_stack = @parser.parse( path )
-      expr( path_stack, nodeset )
-    end
-
-    def []=( variable_name, value )
-      @variables[ variable_name ] = value
-    end
-
-
-    # Performs a depth-first (document order) XPath search, and returns the
-    # first match.  This is the fastest, lightest way to return a single result.
-    #
-    # FIXME: This method is incomplete!
-    def first( path_stack, node )
-      return nil if path.size == 0
-
-      case path[0]
-      when :document
-        # do nothing
-        return first( path[1..-1], node )
-      when :child
-        for c in node.children
-          r = first( path[1..-1], c )
-          return r if r
-        end
-      when :qname
-        name = path[2]
-        if node.name == name
-          return node if path.size == 3
-          return first( path[3..-1], node )
-        else
-          return nil
-        end
-      when :descendant_or_self
-        r = first( path[1..-1], node )
-        return r if r
-        for c in node.children
-          r = first( path, c )
-          return r if r
-        end
-      when :node
-        return first( path[1..-1], node )
-      when :any
-        return first( path[1..-1], node )
-      end
-      return nil
-    end
-
-
-    def match( path_stack, nodeset )
-      r = expr( path_stack, nodeset )
-      r
-    end
-
-    private
-
-
-    # Returns a String namespace for a node, given a prefix
-    # The rules are:
-    #
-    #  1. Use the supplied namespace mapping first.
-    #  2. If no mapping was supplied, use the context node to look up the namespace
-    def get_namespace( node, prefix )
-      if @namespaces
-        return @namespaces[prefix] || ''
-      else
-        return node.namespace( prefix ) if node.node_type == :element
-        return ''
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Expr takes a stack of path elements and a set of nodes (either a Parent
-    # or an Array and returns an Array of matching nodes
-    ALL = [ :attribute, :element, :text, :processing_instruction, :comment ]
-    ELEMENTS = [ :element ]
-    def expr( path_stack, nodeset, context=nil )
-      node_types = ELEMENTS
-      return nodeset if path_stack.length == 0 || nodeset.length == 0
-      while path_stack.length > 0
-        if nodeset.length == 0
-          path_stack.clear
-          return []
-        end
-        case (op = path_stack.shift)
-        when :document
-          nodeset = [ nodeset[0].root_node ]
-
-        when :qname
-          prefix = path_stack.shift
-          name = path_stack.shift
-          nodeset.delete_if do |node|
-            # FIXME: This DOUBLES the time XPath searches take
-            ns = get_namespace( node, prefix )
-            if node.node_type == :element
-              if node.name == name
-              end
-            end
-            !(node.node_type == :element and
-              node.name == name and
-              node.namespace == ns )
-          end
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :any
-          nodeset.delete_if { |node| !node_types.include?(node.node_type) }
-
-        when :self
-          # This space left intentionally blank
-
-        when :processing_instruction
-          target = path_stack.shift
-          nodeset.delete_if do |node|
-            (node.node_type != :processing_instruction) or
-            ( target!='' and ( node.target != target ) )
-          end
-
-        when :text
-          nodeset.delete_if { |node| node.node_type != :text }
-
-        when :comment
-          nodeset.delete_if { |node| node.node_type != :comment }
-
-        when :node
-          # This space left intentionally blank
-          node_types = ALL
-
-        when :child
-          new_nodeset = []
-          nt = nil
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            nt = node.node_type
-            new_nodeset += node.children if nt == :element or nt == :document
-          end
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :literal
-          return path_stack.shift
-
-        when :attribute
-          new_nodeset = []
-          case path_stack.shift
-          when :qname
-            prefix = path_stack.shift
-            name = path_stack.shift
-            for element in nodeset
-              if element.node_type == :element
-                attrib = element.attribute( name, get_namespace(element, prefix) )
-                new_nodeset << attrib if attrib
-              end
-            end
-          when :any
-            for element in nodeset
-              if element.node_type == :element
-                new_nodeset += element.attributes.to_a
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-
-        when :parent
-          nodeset = nodeset.collect{|n| n.parent}.compact
-          #nodeset = expr(path_stack.dclone, nodeset.collect{|n| n.parent}.compact)
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :ancestor
-          new_nodeset = []
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            while node.parent
-              node = node.parent
-              new_nodeset << node unless new_nodeset.include? node
-            end
-          end
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :ancestor_or_self
-          new_nodeset = []
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            if node.node_type == :element
-              new_nodeset << node
-              while ( node.parent )
-                node = node.parent
-                new_nodeset << node unless new_nodeset.include? node
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :predicate
-          new_nodeset = []
-          subcontext = { :size => nodeset.size }
-          pred = path_stack.shift
-          nodeset.each_with_index { |node, index|
-            subcontext[ :node ] = node
-            subcontext[ :index ] = index+1
-            pc = pred.dclone
-            result = expr( pc, [node], subcontext )
-            result = result[0] if result.kind_of? Array and result.length == 1
-            if result.kind_of? Numeric
-              new_nodeset << node if result == (index+1)
-            elsif result.instance_of? Array
-              if result.size > 0 and result.inject(false) {|k,s| s or k}
-                new_nodeset << node if result.size > 0
-              end
-            else
-              new_nodeset << node if result
-            end
-          }
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-=begin
-          predicate = path_stack.shift
-          ns = nodeset.clone
-          result = expr( predicate, ns )
-          if result.kind_of? Array
-            nodeset = result.zip(ns).collect{|m,n| n if m}.compact
-          else
-            nodeset = result ? nodeset : []
-          end
-=end
-
-        when :descendant_or_self
-          rv = descendant_or_self( path_stack, nodeset )
-          path_stack.clear
-          nodeset = rv
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :descendant
-          results = []
-          nt = nil
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            nt = node.node_type
-            results += expr( path_stack.dclone.unshift( :descendant_or_self ),
-              node.children ) if nt == :element or nt == :document
-          end
-          nodeset = results
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :following_sibling
-          results = []
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            next if node.parent.nil?
-            all_siblings = node.parent.children
-            current_index = all_siblings.index( node )
-            following_siblings = all_siblings[ current_index+1 .. -1 ]
-            results += expr( path_stack.dclone, following_siblings )
-          end
-          nodeset = results
-
-        when :preceding_sibling
-          results = []
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            next if node.parent.nil?
-            all_siblings = node.parent.children
-            current_index = all_siblings.index( node )
-            preceding_siblings = all_siblings[ 0, current_index ].reverse
-            results += preceding_siblings
-          end
-          nodeset = results
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :preceding
-          new_nodeset = []
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            new_nodeset += preceding( node )
-          end
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :following
-          new_nodeset = []
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            new_nodeset += following( node )
-          end
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-          node_types = ELEMENTS
-
-        when :namespace
-          new_nodeset = []
-          prefix = path_stack.shift
-          nodeset.each do |node|
-            if (node.node_type == :element or node.node_type == :attribute)
-              if @namespaces
-                namespaces = @namespaces
-              elsif (node.node_type == :element)
-                namespaces = node.namespaces
-              else
-                namespaces = node.element.namesapces
-              end
-              if (node.namespace == namespaces[prefix])
-                new_nodeset << node
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          nodeset = new_nodeset
-
-        when :variable
-          var_name = path_stack.shift
-          return @variables[ var_name ]
-
-        # :and, :or, :eq, :neq, :lt, :lteq, :gt, :gteq
-        # TODO: Special case for :or and :and -- not evaluate the right
-        # operand if the left alone determines result (i.e. is true for
-        # :or and false for :and).
-        when :eq, :neq, :lt, :lteq, :gt, :gteq, :or
-          left = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset.dup, context )
-          right = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset.dup, context )
-          res = equality_relational_compare( left, op, right )
-          return res
-
-        when :and
-          left = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset.dup, context )
-          return [] unless left
-          if left.respond_to?(:inject) and !left.inject(false) {|a,b| a | b}
-            return []
-          end
-          right = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset.dup, context )
-          res = equality_relational_compare( left, op, right )
-          return res
-
-        when :div
-          left = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context)).to_f
-          right = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context)).to_f
-          return (left / right)
-
-        when :mod
-          left = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          right = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          return (left % right)
-
-        when :mult
-          left = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          right = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          return (left * right)
-
-        when :plus
-          left = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          right = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          return (left + right)
-
-        when :minus
-          left = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          right = Functions::number(expr(path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )).to_f
-          return (left - right)
-
-        when :union
-          left = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )
-          right = expr( path_stack.shift, nodeset, context )
-          return (left | right)
-
-        when :neg
-          res = expr( path_stack, nodeset, context )
-          return -(res.to_f)
-
-        when :not
-        when :function
-          func_name = path_stack.shift.tr('-','_')
-          arguments = path_stack.shift
-          subcontext = context ? nil : { :size => nodeset.size }
-
-          res = []
-          cont = context
-          nodeset.each_with_index { |n, i|
-            if subcontext
-              subcontext[:node]  = n
-              subcontext[:index] = i
-              cont = subcontext
-            end
-            arg_clone = arguments.dclone
-            args = arg_clone.collect { |arg|
-              expr( arg, [n], cont )
-            }
-            Functions.context = cont
-            res << Functions.send( func_name, *args )
-          }
-          return res
-
-        end
-      end # while
-      return nodeset
-    end
-
-
-    ##########################################################
-    # FIXME
-    # The next two methods are BAD MOJO!
-    # This is my achilles heel.  If anybody thinks of a better
-    # way of doing this, be my guest.  This really sucks, but
-    # it is a wonder it works at all.
-    # ########################################################
-
-    def descendant_or_self( path_stack, nodeset )
-      rs = []
-      d_o_s( path_stack, nodeset, rs )
-      document_order(rs.flatten.compact)
-      #rs.flatten.compact
-    end
-
-    def d_o_s( p, ns, r )
-      nt = nil
-      ns.each_index do |i|
-        n = ns[i]
-        x = expr( p.dclone, [ n ] )
-        nt = n.node_type
-        d_o_s( p, n.children, x ) if nt == :element or nt == :document and n.children.size > 0
-        r.concat(x) if x.size > 0
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Reorders an array of nodes so that they are in document order
-    # It tries to do this efficiently.
-    #
-    # FIXME: I need to get rid of this, but the issue is that most of the XPath
-    # interpreter functions as a filter, which means that we lose context going
-    # in and out of function calls.  If I knew what the index of the nodes was,
-    # I wouldn't have to do this.  Maybe add a document IDX for each node?
-    # Problems with mutable documents.  Or, rewrite everything.
-    def document_order( array_of_nodes )
-      new_arry = []
-      array_of_nodes.each { |node|
-        node_idx = []
-        np = node.node_type == :attribute ? node.element : node
-        while np.parent and np.parent.node_type == :element
-          node_idx << np.parent.index( np )
-          np = np.parent
-        end
-        new_arry << [ node_idx.reverse, node ]
-      }
-      new_arry.sort{ |s1, s2| s1[0] <=> s2[0] }.collect{ |s| s[1] }
-    end
-
-
-    def recurse( nodeset, &block )
-      for node in nodeset
-        yield node
-        recurse( node, &block ) if node.node_type == :element
-      end
-    end
-
-
-
-    # Builds a nodeset of all of the preceding nodes of the supplied node,
-    # in reverse document order
-    # preceding:: includes every element in the document that precedes this node,
-    # except for ancestors
-    def preceding( node )
-      ancestors = []
-      p = node.parent
-      while p
-        ancestors << p
-        p = p.parent
-      end
-
-      acc = []
-      p = preceding_node_of( node )
-      while p
-        if ancestors.include? p
-          ancestors.delete(p)
-        else
-          acc << p
-        end
-        p = preceding_node_of( p )
-      end
-      acc
-    end
-
-    def preceding_node_of( node )
-      psn = node.previous_sibling_node
-      if psn.nil?
-        if node.parent.nil? or node.parent.class == Document
-          return nil
-        end
-        return node.parent
-        #psn = preceding_node_of( node.parent )
-      end
-      while psn and psn.kind_of? Element and psn.children.size > 0
-        psn = psn.children[-1]
-      end
-      psn
-    end
-
-    def following( node )
-      acc = []
-      p = next_sibling_node( node )
-      while p
-        acc << p
-        p = following_node_of( p )
-      end
-      acc
-    end
-
-    def following_node_of( node )
-      if node.kind_of? Element and node.children.size > 0
-        return node.children[0]
-      end
-      return next_sibling_node(node)
-    end
-
-    def next_sibling_node(node)
-      psn = node.next_sibling_node
-      while psn.nil?
-        if node.parent.nil? or node.parent.class == Document
-          return nil
-        end
-        node = node.parent
-        psn = node.next_sibling_node
-      end
-      return psn
-    end
-
-    def norm b
-      case b
-      when true, false
-        return b
-      when 'true', 'false'
-        return Functions::boolean( b )
-      when /^\d+(\.\d+)?$/
-        return Functions::number( b )
-      else
-        return Functions::string( b )
-      end
-    end
-
-    def equality_relational_compare( set1, op, set2 )
-      if set1.kind_of? Array and set2.kind_of? Array
-        if set1.size == 1 and set2.size == 1
-          set1 = set1[0]
-          set2 = set2[0]
-        elsif set1.size == 0 or set2.size == 0
-          nd = set1.size==0 ? set2 : set1
-          rv = nd.collect { |il| compare( il, op, nil ) }
-          return rv
-        else
-          res = []
-          SyncEnumerator.new( set1, set2 ).each { |i1, i2|
-            i1 = norm( i1 )
-            i2 = norm( i2 )
-            res << compare( i1, op, i2 )
-          }
-          return res
-        end
-      end
-      # If one is nodeset and other is number, compare number to each item
-      # in nodeset s.t. number op number(string(item))
-      # If one is nodeset and other is string, compare string to each item
-      # in nodeset s.t. string op string(item)
-      # If one is nodeset and other is boolean, compare boolean to each item
-      # in nodeset s.t. boolean op boolean(item)
-      if set1.kind_of? Array or set2.kind_of? Array
-        if set1.kind_of? Array
-          a = set1
-          b = set2
-        else
-          a = set2
-          b = set1
-        end
-
-        case b
-        when true, false
-          return a.collect {|v| compare( Functions::boolean(v), op, b ) }
-        when Numeric
-          return a.collect {|v| compare( Functions::number(v), op, b )}
-        when /^\d+(\.\d+)?$/
-          b = Functions::number( b )
-          return a.collect {|v| compare( Functions::number(v), op, b )}
-        else
-          b = Functions::string( b )
-          return a.collect { |v| compare( Functions::string(v), op, b ) }
-        end
-      else
-        # If neither is nodeset,
-        #   If op is = or !=
-        #     If either boolean, convert to boolean
-        #     If either number, convert to number
-        #     Else, convert to string
-        #   Else
-        #     Convert both to numbers and compare
-        s1 = set1.to_s
-        s2 = set2.to_s
-        if s1 == 'true' or s1 == 'false' or s2 == 'true' or s2 == 'false'
-          set1 = Functions::boolean( set1 )
-          set2 = Functions::boolean( set2 )
-        else
-          if op == :eq or op == :neq
-            if s1 =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?$/ or s2 =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?$/
-              set1 = Functions::number( s1 )
-              set2 = Functions::number( s2 )
-            else
-              set1 = Functions::string( set1 )
-              set2 = Functions::string( set2 )
-            end
-          else
-            set1 = Functions::number( set1 )
-            set2 = Functions::number( set2 )
-          end
-        end
-        return compare( set1, op, set2 )
-      end
-      return false
-    end
-
-    def compare a, op, b
-      case op
-      when :eq
-        a == b
-      when :neq
-        a != b
-      when :lt
-        a < b
-      when :lteq
-        a <= b
-      when :gt
-        a > b
-      when :gteq
-        a >= b
-      when :and
-        a and b
-      when :or
-        a or b
-      else
-        false
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rinda/rinda.gemspec b/lib/rinda/rinda.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c13e3c2df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rinda/rinda.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "rinda"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Masatoshi SEKI"]
+  spec.email         = ["seki@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{The Linda distributed computing paradigm in Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{The Linda distributed computing paradigm in Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/rinda"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "drb"
+  spec.add_dependency "ipaddr"
+  spec.add_dependency "forwardable"
+end
diff --git a/lib/rinda/rinda.rb b/lib/rinda/rinda.rb
index 36c3503aa8..e762286d3b 100644
--- a/lib/rinda/rinda.rb
+++ b/lib/rinda/rinda.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'drb/drb'
-require 'thread'
 
 ##
 # A module to implement the Linda distributed computing paradigm in Ruby.
diff --git a/lib/rinda/ring.rb b/lib/rinda/ring.rb
index 9b3f13eb93..948cfaf208 100644
--- a/lib/rinda/ring.rb
+++ b/lib/rinda/ring.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 # Note: Rinda::Ring API is unstable.
 #
 require 'drb/drb'
-require 'rinda/rinda'
-require 'thread'
+require_relative 'rinda'
 require 'ipaddr'
 
 module Rinda
@@ -135,7 +134,6 @@ module Rinda
 
       socket = Socket.new(addrinfo.pfamily, addrinfo.socktype,
                           addrinfo.protocol)
-      @sockets << socket
 
       if addrinfo.ipv4_multicast? or addrinfo.ipv6_multicast? then
         if Socket.const_defined?(:SO_REUSEPORT) then
@@ -166,6 +164,11 @@ module Rinda
       end
 
       socket
+    rescue
+      socket = socket.close if socket
+      raise
+    ensure
+      @sockets << socket if socket
     end
 
     ##
diff --git a/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb b/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
index 3ce8d2984f..6a41a7ba75 100644
--- a/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
+++ b/lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'monitor'
-require 'thread'
 require 'drb/drb'
-require 'rinda/rinda'
+require_relative 'rinda'
 require 'forwardable'
 
 module Rinda
diff --git a/lib/rss.rb b/lib/rss.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c7d72b9f7..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-##
-# = RSS reading and writing
-#
-# Really Simple Syndication (RSS) is a family of formats that describe 'feeds,'
-# specially constructed XML documents that allow an interested person to
-# subscribe and receive updates from a particular web service. This portion of
-# the standard library provides tooling to read and create these feeds.
-#
-# The standard library supports RSS 0.91, 1.0, 2.0, and Atom, a related format.
-# Here are some links to the standards documents for these formats:
-#
-# * RSS
-#   * 0.9.1[http://www.rssboard.org/rss-0-9-1-netscape]
-#   * 1.0[http://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/]
-#   * 2.0[http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification]
-# * Atom[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4287]
-#
-# == Consuming RSS
-#
-# If you'd like to read someone's RSS feed with your Ruby code, you've come to
-# the right place. It's really easy to do this, but we'll need the help of
-# open-uri:
-#
-#   require 'rss'
-#   require 'open-uri'
-#
-#   url = 'http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/feeds/news.rss'
-#   open(url) do |rss|
-#     feed = RSS::Parser.parse(rss)
-#     puts "Title: #{feed.channel.title}"
-#     feed.items.each do |item|
-#       puts "Item: #{item.title}"
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-# As you can see, the workhorse is RSS::Parser#parse, which takes the source of
-# the feed and a parameter that performs validation on the feed. We get back an
-# object that has all of the data from our feed, accessible through methods.
-# This example shows getting the title out of the channel element, and looping
-# through the list of items.
-#
-# == Producing RSS
-#
-# Producing our own RSS feeds is easy as well. Let's make a very basic feed:
-#
-#   require "rss"
-#
-#   rss = RSS::Maker.make("atom") do |maker|
-#     maker.channel.author = "matz"
-#     maker.channel.updated = Time.now.to_s
-#     maker.channel.about = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/feeds/news.rss"
-#     maker.channel.title = "Example Feed"
-#
-#     maker.items.new_item do |item|
-#       item.link = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2010/12/25/ruby-1-9-2-p136-is-released/"
-#       item.title = "Ruby 1.9.2-p136 is released"
-#       item.updated = Time.now.to_s
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-#   puts rss
-#
-# As you can see, this is a very Builder-like DSL. This code will spit out an
-# Atom feed with one item. If we needed a second item, we'd make another block
-# with maker.items.new_item and build a second one.
-#
-# == Copyright
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Kouhei Sutou <kou@cozmixng.org>
-#
-# You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
-#
-# There is an additional tutorial by the author of RSS at:
-# http://www.cozmixng.org/~rwiki/?cmd=view;name=RSS+Parser%3A%3ATutorial.en
-
-module RSS
-end
-
-require 'rss/1.0'
-require 'rss/2.0'
-require 'rss/atom'
-require 'rss/content'
-require 'rss/dublincore'
-require 'rss/image'
-require 'rss/itunes'
-require 'rss/slash'
-require 'rss/syndication'
-require 'rss/taxonomy'
-require 'rss/trackback'
-
-require "rss/maker"
diff --git a/lib/rss/0.9.rb b/lib/rss/0.9.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d852a6a85e..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/0.9.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,462 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/parser"
-
-module RSS
-
-  ##
-  # = RSS 0.9 support
-  #
-  # RSS has three different versions. This module contains support for version
-  # 0.9.1[http://www.rssboard.org/rss-0-9-1-netscape].
-  #
-  # == Producing RSS 0.9
-  #
-  # Producing our own RSS feeds is easy as well. Let's make a very basic feed:
-  #
-  #  require "rss"
-  #
-  #  rss = RSS::Maker.make("0.91") do |maker|
-  #    maker.channel.language = "en"
-  #    maker.channel.author = "matz"
-  #    maker.channel.updated = Time.now.to_s
-  #    maker.channel.link = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/feeds/news.rss"
-  #    maker.channel.title = "Example Feed"
-  #    maker.channel.description = "A longer description of my feed."
-  #    maker.image.url = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/images/logo.gif"
-  #    maker.image.title = "An image"
-  #    maker.items.new_item do |item|
-  #      item.link = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2010/12/25/ruby-1-9-2-p136-is-released/"
-  #      item.title = "Ruby 1.9.2-p136 is released"
-  #      item.updated = Time.now.to_s
-  #    end
-  #  end
-  #
-  #  puts rss
-  #
-  # As you can see, this is a very Builder-like DSL. This code will spit out an
-  # RSS 0.9 feed with one item. If we needed a second item, we'd make another
-  # block with maker.items.new_item and build a second one.
-  module RSS09
-    NSPOOL = {}
-    ELEMENTS = []
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      klass.install_must_call_validator('', "")
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Rss < Element
-
-    include RSS09
-    include RootElementMixin
-
-    %w(channel).each do |name|
-      install_have_child_element(name, "", nil)
-    end
-
-    attr_writer :feed_version
-    alias_method(:rss_version, :feed_version)
-    alias_method(:rss_version=, :feed_version=)
-
-    def initialize(feed_version, version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
-      super
-      @feed_type = "rss"
-    end
-
-    def items
-      if @channel
-        @channel.items
-      else
-        []
-      end
-    end
-
-    def image
-      if @channel
-        @channel.image
-      else
-        nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def textinput
-      if @channel
-        @channel.textInput
-      else
-        nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def setup_maker_elements(maker)
-      super
-      items.each do |item|
-        item.setup_maker(maker.items)
-      end
-      image.setup_maker(maker) if image
-      textinput.setup_maker(maker) if textinput
-    end
-
-    private
-    def _attrs
-      [
-        ["version", true, "feed_version"],
-      ]
-    end
-
-    class Channel < Element
-
-      include RSS09
-
-      [
-        ["title", nil, :text],
-        ["link", nil, :text],
-        ["description", nil, :text],
-        ["language", nil, :text],
-        ["copyright", "?", :text],
-        ["managingEditor", "?", :text],
-        ["webMaster", "?", :text],
-        ["rating", "?", :text],
-        ["pubDate", "?", :date, :rfc822],
-        ["lastBuildDate", "?", :date, :rfc822],
-        ["docs", "?", :text],
-        ["cloud", "?", :have_attribute],
-        ["skipDays", "?", :have_child],
-        ["skipHours", "?", :have_child],
-        ["image", nil, :have_child],
-        ["item", "*", :have_children],
-        ["textInput", "?", :have_child],
-      ].each do |name, occurs, type, *args|
-        __send__("install_#{type}_element", name, "", occurs, name, *args)
-      end
-      alias date pubDate
-      alias date= pubDate=
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(maker)
-        maker.channel
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_elements(channel)
-        super
-        [
-          [skipDays, "day"],
-          [skipHours, "hour"],
-        ].each do |skip, key|
-          if skip
-            skip.__send__("#{key}s").each do |val|
-              target_skips = channel.__send__("skip#{key.capitalize}s")
-              new_target = target_skips.__send__("new_#{key}")
-              new_target.content = val.content
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def not_need_to_call_setup_maker_variables
-        %w(image textInput)
-      end
-
-      class SkipDays < Element
-        include RSS09
-
-        [
-          ["day", "*"]
-        ].each do |name, occurs|
-          install_have_children_element(name, "", occurs)
-        end
-
-        class Day < Element
-          include RSS09
-
-          content_setup
-
-          def initialize(*args)
-            if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-              super
-            else
-              super()
-              self.content = args[0]
-            end
-          end
-
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      class SkipHours < Element
-        include RSS09
-
-        [
-          ["hour", "*"]
-        ].each do |name, occurs|
-          install_have_children_element(name, "", occurs)
-        end
-
-        class Hour < Element
-          include RSS09
-
-          content_setup(:integer)
-
-          def initialize(*args)
-            if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-              super
-            else
-              super()
-              self.content = args[0]
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      class Image < Element
-
-        include RSS09
-
-        %w(url title link).each do |name|
-          install_text_element(name, "", nil)
-        end
-        [
-          ["width", :integer],
-          ["height", :integer],
-          ["description"],
-        ].each do |name, type|
-          install_text_element(name, "", "?", name, type)
-        end
-
-        def initialize(*args)
-          if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-            super
-          else
-            super()
-            self.url = args[0]
-            self.title = args[1]
-            self.link = args[2]
-            self.width = args[3]
-            self.height = args[4]
-            self.description = args[5]
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def maker_target(maker)
-          maker.image
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Cloud < Element
-
-        include RSS09
-
-        [
-          ["domain", "", true],
-          ["port", "", true, :integer],
-          ["path", "", true],
-          ["registerProcedure", "", true],
-          ["protocol", "", true],
-        ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
-          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
-        end
-
-        def initialize(*args)
-          if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-            super
-          else
-            super()
-            self.domain = args[0]
-            self.port = args[1]
-            self.path = args[2]
-            self.registerProcedure = args[3]
-            self.protocol = args[4]
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Item < Element
-
-        include RSS09
-
-        [
-          ["title", '?', :text],
-          ["link", '?', :text],
-          ["description", '?', :text],
-          ["category", '*', :have_children, "categories"],
-          ["source", '?', :have_child],
-          ["enclosure", '?', :have_child],
-        ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
-          __send__("install_#{type}_element", tag, "", occurs, tag, *args)
-        end
-
-        private
-        def maker_target(items)
-          if items.respond_to?("items")
-            # For backward compatibility
-            items = items.items
-          end
-          items.new_item
-        end
-
-        def setup_maker_element(item)
-          super
-          @enclosure.setup_maker(item) if @enclosure
-          @source.setup_maker(item) if @source
-        end
-
-        class Source < Element
-
-          include RSS09
-
-          [
-            ["url", "", true]
-          ].each do |name, uri, required|
-            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required)
-          end
-
-          content_setup
-
-          def initialize(*args)
-            if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-              super
-            else
-              super()
-              self.url = args[0]
-              self.content = args[1]
-            end
-          end
-
-          private
-          def maker_target(item)
-            item.source
-          end
-
-          def setup_maker_attributes(source)
-            source.url = url
-            source.content = content
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Enclosure < Element
-
-          include RSS09
-
-          [
-            ["url", "", true],
-            ["length", "", true, :integer],
-            ["type", "", true],
-          ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
-            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
-          end
-
-          def initialize(*args)
-            if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-              super
-            else
-              super()
-              self.url = args[0]
-              self.length = args[1]
-              self.type = args[2]
-            end
-          end
-
-          private
-          def maker_target(item)
-            item.enclosure
-          end
-
-          def setup_maker_attributes(enclosure)
-            enclosure.url = url
-            enclosure.length = length
-            enclosure.type = type
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Category < Element
-
-          include RSS09
-
-          [
-            ["domain", "", false]
-          ].each do |name, uri, required|
-            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required)
-          end
-
-          content_setup
-
-          def initialize(*args)
-            if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-              super
-            else
-              super()
-              self.domain = args[0]
-              self.content = args[1]
-            end
-          end
-
-          private
-          def maker_target(item)
-            item.new_category
-          end
-
-          def setup_maker_attributes(category)
-            category.domain = domain
-            category.content = content
-          end
-
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      class TextInput < Element
-
-        include RSS09
-
-        %w(title description name link).each do |name|
-          install_text_element(name, "", nil)
-        end
-
-        def initialize(*args)
-          if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-            super
-          else
-            super()
-            self.title = args[0]
-            self.description = args[1]
-            self.name = args[2]
-            self.link = args[3]
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def maker_target(maker)
-          maker.textinput
-        end
-      end
-
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  RSS09::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element("", name, name)
-  end
-
-  module ListenerMixin
-    private
-    def initial_start_rss(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
-      check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, "", false)
-
-      @rss = Rss.new(attrs['version'], @version, @encoding, @standalone)
-      @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
-      @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
-      @last_element = @rss
-      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
-        @rss.validate_for_stream(tags, @ignore_unknown_element) if @do_validate
-      end
-      @proc_stack.push(pr)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/1.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fb63937c5e..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/1.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,485 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/parser"
-
-module RSS
-
-  ##
-  # = RSS 1.0 support
-  #
-  # RSS has three different versions. This module contains support for version
-  # 1.0[http://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/]
-  #
-  # == Producing RSS 1.0
-  #
-  # Producing our own RSS feeds is easy as well. Let's make a very basic feed:
-  #
-  #  require "rss"
-  #
-  #  rss = RSS::Maker.make("1.0") do |maker|
-  #    maker.channel.language = "en"
-  #    maker.channel.author = "matz"
-  #    maker.channel.about = "About my feed."
-  #    maker.channel.updated = Time.now.to_s
-  #    maker.channel.link = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/feeds/news.rss"
-  #    maker.channel.title = "Example Feed"
-  #    maker.channel.description = "A longer description of my feed."
-  #    maker.items.new_item do |item|
-  #      item.link = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2010/12/25/ruby-1-9-2-p136-is-released/"
-  #      item.title = "Ruby 1.9.2-p136 is released"
-  #      item.updated = Time.now.to_s
-  #    end
-  #  end
-  #
-  #  puts rss
-  #
-  # As you can see, this is a very Builder-like DSL. This code will spit out an
-  # RSS 1.0 feed with one item. If we needed a second item, we'd make another
-  # block with maker.items.new_item and build a second one.
-  module RSS10
-    NSPOOL = {}
-    ELEMENTS = []
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      klass.install_must_call_validator('', ::RSS::URI)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class RDF < Element
-
-    include RSS10
-    include RootElementMixin
-
-    class << self
-
-      def required_uri
-        URI
-      end
-
-    end
-
-    @tag_name = 'RDF'
-
-    PREFIX = 'rdf'
-    URI = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
-
-    install_ns('', ::RSS::URI)
-    install_ns(PREFIX, URI)
-
-    [
-      ["channel", nil],
-      ["image", "?"],
-      ["item", "+", :children],
-      ["textinput", "?"],
-    ].each do |tag, occurs, type|
-      type ||= :child
-      __send__("install_have_#{type}_element", tag, ::RSS::URI, occurs)
-    end
-
-    alias_method(:rss_version, :feed_version)
-    def initialize(version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
-      super('1.0', version, encoding, standalone)
-      @feed_type = "rss"
-    end
-
-    def full_name
-      tag_name_with_prefix(PREFIX)
-    end
-
-    class Li < Element
-
-      include RSS10
-
-      class << self
-        def required_uri
-          URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["resource", [URI, ""], true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required)
-      end
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.resource = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(PREFIX)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Seq < Element
-
-      include RSS10
-
-      Li = ::RSS::RDF::Li
-
-      class << self
-        def required_uri
-          URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      @tag_name = 'Seq'
-
-      install_have_children_element("li", URI, "*")
-      install_must_call_validator('rdf', ::RSS::RDF::URI)
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          @li = args[0] if args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker(target)
-        lis.each do |li|
-          target << li.resource
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Bag < Element
-
-      include RSS10
-
-      Li = ::RSS::RDF::Li
-
-      class << self
-        def required_uri
-          URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      @tag_name = 'Bag'
-
-      install_have_children_element("li", URI, "*")
-      install_must_call_validator('rdf', URI)
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          @li = args[0] if args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker(target)
-        lis.each do |li|
-          target << li.resource
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Channel < Element
-
-      include RSS10
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_uri
-          ::RSS::URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["about", URI, true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{PREFIX}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      [
-        ['title', nil, :text],
-        ['link', nil, :text],
-        ['description', nil, :text],
-        ['image', '?', :have_child],
-        ['items', nil, :have_child],
-        ['textinput', '?', :have_child],
-      ].each do |tag, occurs, type|
-        __send__("install_#{type}_element", tag, ::RSS::URI, occurs)
-      end
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.about = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(maker)
-        maker.channel
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_attributes(channel)
-        channel.about = about
-      end
-
-      class Image < Element
-
-        include RSS10
-
-        class << self
-
-          def required_uri
-            ::RSS::URI
-          end
-
-        end
-
-        [
-          ["resource", URI, true]
-        ].each do |name, uri, required|
-          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                                "#{PREFIX}:#{name}")
-        end
-
-        def initialize(*args)
-          if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-            super
-          else
-            super()
-            self.resource = args[0]
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Textinput < Element
-
-        include RSS10
-
-        class << self
-
-          def required_uri
-            ::RSS::URI
-          end
-
-        end
-
-        [
-          ["resource", URI, true]
-        ].each do |name, uri, required|
-          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                                "#{PREFIX}:#{name}")
-        end
-
-        def initialize(*args)
-          if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-            super
-          else
-            super()
-            self.resource = args[0]
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Items < Element
-
-        include RSS10
-
-        Seq = ::RSS::RDF::Seq
-
-        class << self
-
-          def required_uri
-            ::RSS::URI
-          end
-
-        end
-
-        install_have_child_element("Seq", URI, nil)
-        install_must_call_validator('rdf', URI)
-
-        def initialize(*args)
-          if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-            super
-          else
-            super()
-            self.Seq = args[0]
-          end
-          self.Seq ||= Seq.new
-        end
-
-        def resources
-          if @Seq
-            @Seq.lis.collect do |li|
-              li.resource
-            end
-          else
-            []
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Image < Element
-
-      include RSS10
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_uri
-          ::RSS::URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["about", URI, true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{PREFIX}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      %w(title url link).each do |name|
-        install_text_element(name, ::RSS::URI, nil)
-      end
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.about = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(maker)
-        maker.image
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Item < Element
-
-      include RSS10
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_uri
-          ::RSS::URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-
-      [
-        ["about", URI, true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{PREFIX}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["title", nil],
-        ["link", nil],
-        ["description", "?"],
-      ].each do |tag, occurs|
-        install_text_element(tag, ::RSS::URI, occurs)
-      end
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.about = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(items)
-        if items.respond_to?("items")
-          # For backward compatibility
-          items = items.items
-        end
-        items.new_item
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Textinput < Element
-
-      include RSS10
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_uri
-          ::RSS::URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["about", URI, true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{PREFIX}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      %w(title description name link).each do |name|
-        install_text_element(name, ::RSS::URI, nil)
-      end
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.about = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(maker)
-        maker.textinput
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  RSS10::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(URI, name, name)
-  end
-
-  module ListenerMixin
-    private
-    def initial_start_RDF(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
-      check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, RDF::URI, false)
-
-      @rss = RDF.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
-      @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
-      @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
-      @last_element = @rss
-      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
-        @rss.validate_for_stream(tags, @ignore_unknown_element) if @do_validate
-      end
-      @proc_stack.push(pr)
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/2.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 13f9ade918..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/2.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/0.9"
-
-module RSS
-
-  ##
-  # = RSS 2.0 support
-  #
-  # RSS has three different versions. This module contains support for version
-  # 2.0[http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification]
-  #
-  # == Producing RSS 2.0
-  #
-  # Producing our own RSS feeds is easy as well. Let's make a very basic feed:
-  #
-  #  require "rss"
-  #
-  #  rss = RSS::Maker.make("2.0") do |maker|
-  #    maker.channel.language = "en"
-  #    maker.channel.author = "matz"
-  #    maker.channel.updated = Time.now.to_s
-  #    maker.channel.link = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/feeds/news.rss"
-  #    maker.channel.title = "Example Feed"
-  #    maker.channel.description = "A longer description of my feed."
-  #    maker.items.new_item do |item|
-  #      item.link = "http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2010/12/25/ruby-1-9-2-p136-is-released/"
-  #      item.title = "Ruby 1.9.2-p136 is released"
-  #      item.updated = Time.now.to_s
-  #    end
-  #  end
-  #
-  #  puts rss
-  #
-  # As you can see, this is a very Builder-like DSL. This code will spit out an
-  # RSS 2.0 feed with one item. If we needed a second item, we'd make another
-  # block with maker.items.new_item and build a second one.
-  class Rss
-
-    class Channel
-
-      [
-        ["generator"],
-        ["ttl", :integer],
-      ].each do |name, type|
-        install_text_element(name, "", "?", name, type)
-      end
-
-      [
-        %w(category categories),
-      ].each do |name, plural_name|
-        install_have_children_element(name, "", "*", name, plural_name)
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["image", "?"],
-        ["language", "?"],
-      ].each do |name, occurs|
-        install_model(name, "", occurs)
-      end
-
-      Category = Item::Category
-
-      class Item
-
-        [
-          ["comments", "?"],
-          ["author", "?"],
-        ].each do |name, occurs|
-          install_text_element(name, "", occurs)
-        end
-
-        [
-          ["pubDate", '?'],
-        ].each do |name, occurs|
-          install_date_element(name, "", occurs, name, 'rfc822')
-        end
-        alias date pubDate
-        alias date= pubDate=
-
-        [
-          ["guid", '?'],
-        ].each do |name, occurs|
-          install_have_child_element(name, "", occurs)
-        end
-
-        private
-        alias _setup_maker_element setup_maker_element
-        def setup_maker_element(item)
-          _setup_maker_element(item)
-          @guid.setup_maker(item) if @guid
-        end
-
-        class Guid < Element
-
-          include RSS09
-
-          [
-            ["isPermaLink", "", false, :boolean]
-          ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
-            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
-          end
-
-          content_setup
-
-          def initialize(*args)
-            if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-              super
-            else
-              super()
-              self.isPermaLink = args[0]
-              self.content = args[1]
-            end
-          end
-
-          alias_method :_PermaLink?, :PermaLink?
-          private :_PermaLink?
-          def PermaLink?
-            perma = _PermaLink?
-            perma or perma.nil?
-          end
-
-          private
-          def maker_target(item)
-            item.guid
-          end
-
-          def setup_maker_attributes(guid)
-            guid.isPermaLink = isPermaLink
-            guid.content = content
-          end
-        end
-
-      end
-
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  RSS09::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element("", name, name)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/atom.rb b/lib/rss/atom.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 38e927478c..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/atom.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1025 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/parser'
-
-module RSS
-  ##
-  # Atom is an XML-based document format that is used to describe 'feeds' of related information.
-  # A typical use is in a news feed where the information is periodically updated and which users
-  # can subscribe to.  The Atom format is described in http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4287
-  #
-  # The Atom module provides support in reading and creating feeds.
-  #
-  # See the RSS module for examples consuming and creating feeds.
-  module Atom
-
-    ##
-    # The Atom URI W3C Namespace
-
-    URI = "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
-
-    ##
-    # The XHTML URI W3C Namespace
-
-    XHTML_URI = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
-
-    module CommonModel
-      NSPOOL = {}
-      ELEMENTS = []
-
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-        klass.install_must_call_validator("atom", URI)
-        [
-         ["lang", :xml],
-         ["base", :xml],
-        ].each do |name, uri, required|
-          klass.install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, [nil, :inherit])
-        end
-        klass.class_eval do
-          class << self
-            # Returns the Atom URI W3C Namespace
-            def required_uri
-              URI
-            end
-
-            # Returns true
-            def need_parent?
-              true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module ContentModel
-      module ClassMethods
-        def content_type
-          @content_type ||= nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      class << self
-        def append_features(klass)
-          super
-          klass.extend(ClassMethods)
-          klass.content_setup(klass.content_type, klass.tag_name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target
-      end
-
-      private
-      def setup_maker_element_writer
-        "#{self.class.name.split(/::/).last.downcase}="
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_element(target)
-        target.__send__(setup_maker_element_writer, content)
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    module URIContentModel
-      class  << self
-        def append_features(klass)
-          super
-          klass.class_eval do
-            @content_type = [nil, :uri]
-            include(ContentModel)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # The TextConstruct module is used to define a Text construct Atom element,
-    # which is used to store small quantities of human-readable text.
-    #
-    # The TextConstruct has a type attribute, e.g. text, html, xhtml
-    #
-    # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#text.constructs
-    module TextConstruct
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-        klass.class_eval do
-          [
-           ["type", ""],
-          ].each do |name, uri, required|
-            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, :text_type)
-          end
-
-          content_setup
-          add_need_initialize_variable("xhtml")
-
-          class << self
-            def xml_getter
-              "xhtml"
-            end
-
-            def xml_setter
-              "xhtml="
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      attr_writer :xhtml
-
-      # Returns or builds the XHTML content.
-      def xhtml
-        return @xhtml if @xhtml.nil?
-        if @xhtml.is_a?(XML::Element) and
-            [@xhtml.name, @xhtml.uri] == ["div", XHTML_URI]
-          return @xhtml
-        end
-
-        children = @xhtml
-        children = [children] unless children.is_a?(Array)
-        XML::Element.new("div", nil, XHTML_URI,
-                         {"xmlns" => XHTML_URI}, children)
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if type is "xhtml".
-      def have_xml_content?
-        @type == "xhtml"
-      end
-
-      # Raises a MissingTagError or NotExpectedTagError
-      # if the element is not properly formatted.
-      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
-        if have_xml_content?
-          if @xhtml.nil?
-            raise MissingTagError.new("div", tag_name)
-          end
-          unless [@xhtml.name, @xhtml.uri] == ["div", XHTML_URI]
-            raise NotExpectedTagError.new(@xhtml.name, @xhtml.uri, tag_name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target.__send__(self.class.name.split(/::/).last.downcase) {|x| x}
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_attributes(target)
-        target.type = type
-        target.content = content
-        target.xml_content = @xhtml
-      end
-    end
-
-    # The PersonConstruct module is used to define a person Atom element that can be
-    # used to describe a person, corporation or similar entity.
-    #
-    # The PersonConstruct has a Name, Uri and Email child elements.
-    #
-    # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#atomPersonConstruct
-    module PersonConstruct
-
-      # Adds attributes for name, uri, and email to the +klass+
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-        klass.class_eval do
-          [
-           ["name", nil],
-           ["uri", "?"],
-           ["email", "?"],
-          ].each do |tag, occurs|
-            install_have_attribute_element(tag, URI, occurs, nil, :content)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target.__send__("new_#{self.class.name.split(/::/).last.downcase}")
-      end
-
-      # The name of the person or entity.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.name
-      class Name < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include ContentModel
-      end
-
-      # The URI of the person or entity.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.uri
-      class Uri < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include URIContentModel
-      end
-
-      # The email of the person or entity.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.email
-      class Email < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include ContentModel
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Element used to describe an Atom date and time in the ISO 8601 format
-    #
-    # Examples:
-    # * 2013-03-04T15:30:02Z
-    # * 2013-03-04T10:30:02-05:00
-    module DateConstruct
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-        klass.class_eval do
-          @content_type = :w3cdtf
-          include(ContentModel)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Raises NotAvailableValueError if element content is nil
-      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
-        raise NotAvailableValueError.new(tag_name, "") if content.nil?
-      end
-    end
-
-    module DuplicateLinkChecker
-      # Checks if there are duplicate links with the same type and hreflang attributes
-      # that have an alternate (or empty) rel attribute
-      #
-      # Raises a TooMuchTagError if there are duplicates found
-      def validate_duplicate_links(links)
-        link_infos = {}
-        links.each do |link|
-          rel = link.rel || "alternate"
-          next unless rel == "alternate"
-          key = [link.hreflang, link.type]
-          if link_infos.has_key?(key)
-            raise TooMuchTagError.new("link", tag_name)
-          end
-          link_infos[key] = true
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Defines the top-level element of an Atom Feed Document.
-    # It consists of a number of children Entry elements,
-    # and has the following attributes:
-    #
-    # * author
-    # * categories
-    # * category
-    # * content
-    # * contributor
-    # * entries (aliased as items)
-    # * entry
-    # * generator
-    # * icon
-    # * id
-    # * link
-    # * logo
-    # * rights
-    # * subtitle
-    # * title
-    # * updated
-    #
-    # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.feed
-    class Feed < RSS::Element
-      include RootElementMixin
-      include CommonModel
-      include DuplicateLinkChecker
-
-      install_ns('', URI)
-
-      [
-       ["author", "*", :children],
-       ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
-       ["contributor", "*", :children],
-       ["generator", "?"],
-       ["icon", "?", nil, :content],
-       ["id", nil, nil, :content],
-       ["link", "*", :children],
-       ["logo", "?"],
-       ["rights", "?"],
-       ["subtitle", "?", nil, :content],
-       ["title", nil, nil, :content],
-       ["updated", nil, nil, :content],
-       ["entry", "*", :children, "entries"],
-      ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
-        type ||= :child
-        __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
-                 tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a new Atom feed
-      def initialize(version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
-        super("1.0", version, encoding, standalone)
-        @feed_type = "atom"
-        @feed_subtype = "feed"
-      end
-
-      alias_method :items, :entries
-
-      # Returns true if there are any authors for the feed or any of the Entry
-      # child elements have an author
-      def have_author?
-        authors.any? {|author| !author.to_s.empty?} or
-          entries.any? {|entry| entry.have_author?(false)}
-      end
-
-      private
-      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
-        unless have_author?
-          raise MissingTagError.new("author", tag_name)
-        end
-        validate_duplicate_links(links)
-      end
-
-      def have_required_elements?
-        super and have_author?
-      end
-
-      def maker_target(maker)
-        maker.channel
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_element(channel)
-        prev_dc_dates = channel.dc_dates.to_a.dup
-        super
-        channel.about = id.content if id
-        channel.dc_dates.replace(prev_dc_dates)
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_elements(channel)
-        super
-        items = channel.maker.items
-        entries.each do |entry|
-          entry.setup_maker(items)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # PersonConstruct that contains information regarding the author
-      # of a Feed or Entry.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.author
-      class Author < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include PersonConstruct
-      end
-
-      # Contains information about a category associated with a Feed or Entry.
-      # It has the following attributes:
-      #
-      # * term
-      # * scheme
-      # * label
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.category
-      class Category < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-
-        [
-         ["term", "", true],
-         ["scheme", "", false, [nil, :uri]],
-         ["label", ""],
-        ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
-          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
-        end
-
-        private
-        def maker_target(target)
-          target.new_category
-        end
-      end
-
-      # PersonConstruct that contains information regarding the
-      # contributors of a Feed or Entry.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.contributor
-      class Contributor < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include PersonConstruct
-      end
-
-      # Contains information on the agent used to generate the feed.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.generator
-      class Generator < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include ContentModel
-
-        [
-         ["uri", "", false, [nil, :uri]],
-         ["version", ""],
-        ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
-          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
-        end
-
-        private
-        def setup_maker_attributes(target)
-          target.generator do |generator|
-            generator.uri = uri if uri
-            generator.version = version if version
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Defines an image that provides a visual identification for a eed.
-      # The image should have an aspect ratio of 1:1.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.icon
-      class Icon < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include URIContentModel
-      end
-
-      # Defines the Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) for a Feed or Entry.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.id
-      class Id < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include URIContentModel
-      end
-
-      # Defines a reference to a Web resource. It has the following
-      # attributes:
-      #
-      # * href
-      # * rel
-      # * type
-      # * hreflang
-      # * title
-      # * length
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.link
-      class Link < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-
-        [
-         ["href", "", true, [nil, :uri]],
-         ["rel", ""],
-         ["type", ""],
-         ["hreflang", ""],
-         ["title", ""],
-         ["length", ""],
-        ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
-          install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
-        end
-
-        private
-        def maker_target(target)
-          target.new_link
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Defines an image that provides a visual identification for the Feed.
-      # The image should have an aspect ratio of 2:1 (horizontal:vertical).
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.logo
-      class Logo < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include URIContentModel
-
-        def maker_target(target)
-          target.maker.image
-        end
-
-        private
-        def setup_maker_element_writer
-          "url="
-        end
-      end
-
-      # TextConstruct that contains copyright information regarding
-      # the content in an Entry or Feed. It should not be used to
-      # convey machine readable licensing information.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.rights
-      class Rights < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include TextConstruct
-      end
-
-      # TextConstruct that conveys a description or subtitle for a Feed.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.subtitle
-      class Subtitle < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include TextConstruct
-      end
-
-      # TextConstruct that conveys a description or title for a Feed or Entry.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.title
-      class Title < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include TextConstruct
-      end
-
-      # DateConstruct indicating the most recent time when a Feed or
-      # Entry was modified in a way the publisher considers
-      # significant.
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.updated
-      class Updated < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include DateConstruct
-      end
-
-      # Defines a child Atom Entry element of an Atom Feed element.
-      # It has the following attributes:
-      #
-      # * author
-      # * category
-      # * categories
-      # * content
-      # * contributor
-      # * id
-      # * link
-      # * published
-      # * rights
-      # * source
-      # * summary
-      # * title
-      # * updated
-      #
-      # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.entry
-      class Entry < RSS::Element
-        include CommonModel
-        include DuplicateLinkChecker
-
-        [
-         ["author", "*", :children],
-         ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
-         ["content", "?", :child],
-         ["contributor", "*", :children],
-         ["id", nil, nil, :content],
-         ["link", "*", :children],
-         ["published", "?", :child, :content],
-         ["rights", "?", :child],
-         ["source", "?"],
-         ["summary", "?", :child],
-         ["title", nil],
-         ["updated", nil, :child, :content],
-        ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
-          type ||= :attribute
-          __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
-                   tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
-        end
-
-        # Returns whether any of the following are true:
-        #
-        # * There are any authors in the feed
-        # * If the parent element has an author and the +check_parent+
-        #   parameter was given.
-        # * There is a source element that has an author
-        def have_author?(check_parent=true)
-          authors.any? {|author| !author.to_s.empty?} or
-            (check_parent and @parent and @parent.have_author?) or
-            (source and source.have_author?)
-        end
-
-        private
-        def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
-          unless have_author?
-            raise MissingTagError.new("author", tag_name)
-          end
-          validate_duplicate_links(links)
-        end
-
-        def have_required_elements?
-          super and have_author?
-        end
-
-        def maker_target(items)
-          if items.respond_to?("items")
-            # For backward compatibility
-            items = items.items
-          end
-          items.new_item
-        end
-
-        # Feed::Author
-        Author = Feed::Author
-        # Feed::Category
-        Category = Feed::Category
-
-        # Contains or links to the content of the Entry.
-        # It has the following attributes:
-        #
-        # * type
-        # * src
-        #
-        # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.content
-        class Content < RSS::Element
-          include CommonModel
-
-          class << self
-            def xml_setter
-              "xml="
-            end
-
-            def xml_getter
-              "xml"
-            end
-          end
-
-          [
-           ["type", ""],
-           ["src", "", false, [nil, :uri]],
-          ].each do |name, uri, required, type|
-            install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, type)
-          end
-
-          content_setup
-          add_need_initialize_variable("xml")
-
-          # Returns the element content in XML.
-          attr_writer :xml
-
-          # Returns true if the element has inline XML content.
-          def have_xml_content?
-            inline_xhtml? or inline_other_xml?
-          end
-
-          # Returns or builds the element content in XML.
-          def xml
-            return @xml unless inline_xhtml?
-            return @xml if @xml.nil?
-            if @xml.is_a?(XML::Element) and
-                [@xml.name, @xml.uri] == ["div", XHTML_URI]
-              return @xml
-            end
-
-            children = @xml
-            children = [children] unless children.is_a?(Array)
-            XML::Element.new("div", nil, XHTML_URI,
-                             {"xmlns" => XHTML_URI}, children)
-          end
-
-          # Returns the element content in XHTML.
-          def xhtml
-            if inline_xhtml?
-              xml
-            else
-              nil
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Raises a MissingAttributeError, NotAvailableValueError,
-          # MissingTagError or NotExpectedTagError if the element is
-          # not properly formatted.
-          def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
-            if out_of_line?
-              raise MissingAttributeError.new(tag_name, "type") if @type.nil?
-              unless (content.nil? or content.empty?)
-                raise NotAvailableValueError.new(tag_name, content)
-              end
-            elsif inline_xhtml?
-              if @xml.nil?
-                raise MissingTagError.new("div", tag_name)
-              end
-              unless @xml.name == "div" and @xml.uri == XHTML_URI
-                raise NotExpectedTagError.new(@xml.name, @xml.uri, tag_name)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains inline content
-          # that has a text or HTML media type, or no media type at all.
-          def inline_text?
-            !out_of_line? and [nil, "text", "html"].include?(@type)
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains inline content that
-          # has a HTML media type.
-          def inline_html?
-            return false if out_of_line?
-            @type == "html" or mime_split == ["text", "html"]
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains inline content that
-          # has a XHTML media type.
-          def inline_xhtml?
-            !out_of_line? and @type == "xhtml"
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains inline content that
-          # has a MIME media type.
-          def inline_other?
-            return false if out_of_line?
-            media_type, subtype = mime_split
-            return false if media_type.nil? or subtype.nil?
-            true
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains inline content that
-          # has a text media type.
-          def inline_other_text?
-            return false unless inline_other?
-            return false if inline_other_xml?
-
-            media_type, = mime_split
-            return true if "text" == media_type.downcase
-            false
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains inline content that
-          # has a XML media type.
-          def inline_other_xml?
-            return false unless inline_other?
-
-            media_type, subtype = mime_split
-            normalized_mime_type = "#{media_type}/#{subtype}".downcase
-            if /(?:\+xml|^xml)$/ =~ subtype or
-                %w(text/xml-external-parsed-entity
-                   application/xml-external-parsed-entity
-                   application/xml-dtd).find {|x| x == normalized_mime_type}
-              return true
-            end
-            false
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains inline content
-          # encoded in base64.
-          def inline_other_base64?
-            inline_other? and !inline_other_text? and !inline_other_xml?
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the element contains linked content.
-          def out_of_line?
-            not @src.nil?
-          end
-
-          # Splits the type attribute into an array, e.g. ["text", "xml"]
-          def mime_split
-            media_type = subtype = nil
-            if /\A\s*([a-z]+)\/([a-z\+]+)\s*(?:;.*)?\z/i =~ @type.to_s
-              media_type = $1.downcase
-              subtype = $2.downcase
-            end
-            [media_type, subtype]
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the content needs to be encoded in base64.
-          def need_base64_encode?
-            inline_other_base64?
-          end
-
-          private
-          def empty_content?
-            out_of_line? or super
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Feed::Contributor
-        Contributor = Feed::Contributor
-        # Feed::Id
-        Id = Feed::Id
-        # Feed::Link
-        Link = Feed::Link
-
-        # DateConstruct that usually indicates the time of the initial
-        # creation of an Entry.
-        #
-        # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.published
-        class Published < RSS::Element
-          include CommonModel
-          include DateConstruct
-        end
-
-        # Feed::Rights
-        Rights = Feed::Rights
-
-        # Defines a Atom Source element. It has the following attributes:
-        #
-        # * author
-        # * category
-        # * categories
-        # * content
-        # * contributor
-        # * generator
-        # * icon
-        # * id
-        # * link
-        # * logo
-        # * rights
-        # * subtitle
-        # * title
-        # * updated
-        #
-        # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.source
-        class Source < RSS::Element
-          include CommonModel
-
-          [
-           ["author", "*", :children],
-           ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
-           ["contributor", "*", :children],
-           ["generator", "?"],
-           ["icon", "?"],
-           ["id", "?", nil, :content],
-           ["link", "*", :children],
-           ["logo", "?"],
-           ["rights", "?"],
-           ["subtitle", "?"],
-           ["title", "?"],
-           ["updated", "?", nil, :content],
-          ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
-            type ||= :attribute
-            __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
-                     tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
-          end
-
-          # Returns true if the Source element has an author.
-          def have_author?
-            !author.to_s.empty?
-          end
-
-          # Feed::Author
-          Author = Feed::Author
-          # Feed::Category
-          Category = Feed::Category
-          # Feed::Contributor
-          Contributor = Feed::Contributor
-          # Feed::Generator
-          Generator = Feed::Generator
-          # Feed::Icon
-          Icon = Feed::Icon
-          # Feed::Id
-          Id = Feed::Id
-          # Feed::Link
-          Link = Feed::Link
-          # Feed::Logo
-          Logo = Feed::Logo
-          # Feed::Rights
-          Rights = Feed::Rights
-          # Feed::Subtitle
-          Subtitle = Feed::Subtitle
-          # Feed::Title
-          Title = Feed::Title
-          # Feed::Updated
-          Updated = Feed::Updated
-        end
-
-        # TextConstruct that describes a summary of the Entry.
-        #
-        # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.summary
-        class Summary < RSS::Element
-          include CommonModel
-          include TextConstruct
-        end
-
-        # Feed::Title
-        Title = Feed::Title
-        # Feed::Updated
-        Updated = Feed::Updated
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Defines a top-level Atom Entry element,
-    # used as the document element of a stand-alone Atom Entry Document.
-    # It has the following attributes:
-    #
-    # * author
-    # * category
-    # * categories
-    # * content
-    # * contributor
-    # * id
-    # * link
-    # * published
-    # * rights
-    # * source
-    # * summary
-    # * title
-    # * updated
-    #
-    # Reference: https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rfc4287.html#element.entry]
-    class Entry < RSS::Element
-      include RootElementMixin
-      include CommonModel
-      include DuplicateLinkChecker
-
-      [
-       ["author", "*", :children],
-       ["category", "*", :children, "categories"],
-       ["content", "?"],
-       ["contributor", "*", :children],
-       ["id", nil, nil, :content],
-       ["link", "*", :children],
-       ["published", "?", :child, :content],
-       ["rights", "?"],
-       ["source", "?"],
-       ["summary", "?"],
-       ["title", nil],
-       ["updated", nil, nil, :content],
-      ].each do |tag, occurs, type, *args|
-        type ||= :attribute
-        __send__("install_have_#{type}_element",
-                 tag, URI, occurs, tag, *args)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a new Atom Entry element.
-      def initialize(version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
-        super("1.0", version, encoding, standalone)
-        @feed_type = "atom"
-        @feed_subtype = "entry"
-      end
-
-      # Returns the Entry in an array.
-      def items
-        [self]
-      end
-
-      # Sets up the +maker+ for constructing Entry elements.
-      def setup_maker(maker)
-        maker = maker.maker if maker.respond_to?("maker")
-        super(maker)
-      end
-
-      # Returns where there are any authors present or there is a
-      # source with an author.
-      def have_author?
-        authors.any? {|author| !author.to_s.empty?} or
-          (source and source.have_author?)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def atom_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
-        unless have_author?
-          raise MissingTagError.new("author", tag_name)
-        end
-        validate_duplicate_links(links)
-      end
-
-      def have_required_elements?
-        super and have_author?
-      end
-
-      def maker_target(maker)
-        maker.items.new_item
-      end
-
-      # Feed::Entry::Author
-      Author = Feed::Entry::Author
-      # Feed::Entry::Category
-      Category = Feed::Entry::Category
-      # Feed::Entry::Content
-      Content = Feed::Entry::Content
-      # Feed::Entry::Contributor
-      Contributor = Feed::Entry::Contributor
-      # Feed::Entry::Id
-      Id = Feed::Entry::Id
-      # Feed::Entry::Link
-      Link = Feed::Entry::Link
-      # Feed::Entry::Published
-      Published = Feed::Entry::Published
-      # Feed::Entry::Rights
-      Rights = Feed::Entry::Rights
-      # Feed::Entry::Source
-      Source = Feed::Entry::Source
-      # Feed::Entry::Summary
-      Summary = Feed::Entry::Summary
-      # Feed::Entry::Title
-      Title = Feed::Entry::Title
-      # Feed::Entry::Updated
-      Updated = Feed::Entry::Updated
-    end
-  end
-
-  Atom::CommonModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(Atom::URI, name, "#{name}=")
-  end
-
-  module ListenerMixin
-    private
-    def initial_start_feed(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
-      check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, Atom::URI, false)
-
-      @rss = Atom::Feed.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
-      @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
-      @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
-      @rss.lang = attrs["xml:lang"]
-      @rss.base = attrs["xml:base"]
-      @last_element = @rss
-      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
-        @rss.validate_for_stream(tags) if @do_validate
-      end
-      @proc_stack.push(pr)
-    end
-
-    def initial_start_entry(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns)
-      check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, Atom::URI, false)
-
-      @rss = Atom::Entry.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
-      @rss.do_validate = @do_validate
-      @rss.xml_stylesheets = @xml_stylesheets
-      @rss.lang = attrs["xml:lang"]
-      @rss.base = attrs["xml:base"]
-      @last_element = @rss
-      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
-        @rss.validate_for_stream(tags) if @do_validate
-      end
-      @proc_stack.push(pr)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/content.rb b/lib/rss/content.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d35311075a..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/content.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/rss"
-
-module RSS
-  # The prefix for the Content XML namespace.
-  CONTENT_PREFIX = 'content'
-  # The URI of the Content specification.
-  CONTENT_URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
-
-  module ContentModel
-    extend BaseModel
-
-    ELEMENTS = ["#{CONTENT_PREFIX}_encoded"]
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      klass.install_must_call_validator(CONTENT_PREFIX, CONTENT_URI)
-      ELEMENTS.each do |full_name|
-        name = full_name[(CONTENT_PREFIX.size + 1)..-1]
-        klass.install_text_element(name, CONTENT_URI, "?", full_name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  prefix_size = CONTENT_PREFIX.size + 1
-  ContentModel::ELEMENTS.each do |full_name|
-    name = full_name[prefix_size..-1]
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(CONTENT_URI, name, full_name)
-  end
-end
-
-require 'rss/content/1.0'
-require 'rss/content/2.0'
diff --git a/lib/rss/content/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/content/1.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1367dfe092..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/content/1.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/1.0'
-
-module RSS
-  RDF.install_ns(CONTENT_PREFIX, CONTENT_URI)
-
-  class RDF
-    class Item; include ContentModel; end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/content/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/content/2.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b468248ac..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/content/2.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/2.0"
-
-module RSS
-  Rss.install_ns(CONTENT_PREFIX, CONTENT_URI)
-
-  class Rss
-    class Channel
-      class Item; include ContentModel; end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/converter.rb b/lib/rss/converter.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b92e35a051..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/converter.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/utils"
-
-module RSS
-
-  class Converter
-
-    include Utils
-
-    def initialize(to_enc, from_enc=nil)
-      if "".respond_to?(:encode)
-        @to_encoding = to_enc
-        return
-      end
-      normalized_to_enc = to_enc.downcase.gsub(/-/, '_')
-      from_enc ||= 'utf-8'
-      normalized_from_enc = from_enc.downcase.gsub(/-/, '_')
-      if normalized_to_enc == normalized_from_enc
-        def_same_enc()
-      else
-        def_diff_enc = "def_to_#{normalized_to_enc}_from_#{normalized_from_enc}"
-        if respond_to?(def_diff_enc)
-          __send__(def_diff_enc)
-        else
-          def_else_enc(to_enc, from_enc)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def convert(value)
-      if value.is_a?(String) and value.respond_to?(:encode)
-        value.encode(@to_encoding)
-      else
-        value
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_convert(depth=0)
-      instance_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(depth))
-      def convert(value)
-        if value.kind_of?(String)
-          #{yield('value')}
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-      EOC
-    end
-
-    def def_iconv_convert(to_enc, from_enc, depth=0)
-      begin
-        require "iconv"
-        @iconv = Iconv.new(to_enc, from_enc)
-        def_convert(depth+1) do |value|
-          <<-EOC
-          begin
-            @iconv.iconv(#{value})
-          rescue Iconv::Failure
-            raise ConversionError.new(#{value}, "#{to_enc}", "#{from_enc}")
-          end
-          EOC
-        end
-      rescue LoadError, ArgumentError, SystemCallError
-        raise UnknownConversionMethodError.new(to_enc, from_enc)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_else_enc(to_enc, from_enc)
-      def_iconv_convert(to_enc, from_enc, 0)
-    end
-
-    def def_same_enc()
-      def_convert do |value|
-        value
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_uconv_convert_if_can(meth, to_enc, from_enc, nkf_arg)
-      begin
-        require "uconv"
-        def_convert(1) do |value|
-          <<-EOC
-          begin
-            Uconv.#{meth}(#{value})
-          rescue Uconv::Error
-            raise ConversionError.new(#{value}, "#{to_enc}", "#{from_enc}")
-          end
-          EOC
-        end
-      rescue LoadError
-        require 'nkf'
-        if NKF.const_defined?(:UTF8)
-          def_convert(1) do |value|
-            "NKF.nkf(#{nkf_arg.dump}, #{value})"
-          end
-        else
-          def_iconv_convert(to_enc, from_enc, 1)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_to_euc_jp_from_utf_8
-      def_uconv_convert_if_can('u8toeuc', 'EUC-JP', 'UTF-8', '-We')
-    end
-
-    def def_to_utf_8_from_euc_jp
-      def_uconv_convert_if_can('euctou8', 'UTF-8', 'EUC-JP', '-Ew')
-    end
-
-    def def_to_shift_jis_from_utf_8
-      def_uconv_convert_if_can('u8tosjis', 'Shift_JIS', 'UTF-8', '-Ws')
-    end
-
-    def def_to_utf_8_from_shift_jis
-      def_uconv_convert_if_can('sjistou8', 'UTF-8', 'Shift_JIS', '-Sw')
-    end
-
-    def def_to_euc_jp_from_shift_jis
-      require "nkf"
-      def_convert do |value|
-        "NKF.nkf('-Se', #{value})"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_to_shift_jis_from_euc_jp
-      require "nkf"
-      def_convert do |value|
-        "NKF.nkf('-Es', #{value})"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_to_euc_jp_from_iso_2022_jp
-      require "nkf"
-      def_convert do |value|
-        "NKF.nkf('-Je', #{value})"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_to_iso_2022_jp_from_euc_jp
-      require "nkf"
-      def_convert do |value|
-        "NKF.nkf('-Ej', #{value})"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_to_utf_8_from_iso_8859_1
-      def_convert do |value|
-        "#{value}.unpack('C*').pack('U*')"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_to_iso_8859_1_from_utf_8
-      def_convert do |value|
-        <<-EOC
-        array_utf8 = #{value}.unpack('U*')
-        array_enc = []
-        array_utf8.each do |num|
-          if num <= 0xFF
-            array_enc << num
-          else
-            array_enc.concat "&\#\#{num};".unpack('C*')
-          end
-        end
-        array_enc.pack('C*')
-        EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d1a551947..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/dublincore.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/rss"
-
-module RSS
-  # The prefix for the Dublin Core XML namespace.
-  DC_PREFIX = 'dc'
-  # The URI of the Dublin Core specification.
-  DC_URI = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
-
-  module BaseDublinCoreModel
-    def append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      return if klass.instance_of?(Module)
-      DublinCoreModel::ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS.each do |name, plural_name|
-        plural = plural_name || "#{name}s"
-        full_name = "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-        full_plural_name = "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{plural}"
-        klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
-        klass.install_must_call_validator(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
-        klass.install_have_children_element(name, DC_URI, "*",
-                                            full_name, full_plural_name)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(0))
-          remove_method :#{full_name}
-          remove_method :#{full_name}=
-          remove_method :set_#{full_name}
-
-          def #{full_name}
-            @#{full_name}.first and @#{full_name}.first.value
-          end
-
-          def #{full_name}=(new_value)
-            @#{full_name}[0] = Utils.new_with_value_if_need(#{klass_name}, new_value)
-          end
-          alias set_#{full_name} #{full_name}=
-        EOC
-      end
-      klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(0))
-        if method_defined?(:date)
-          alias date_without_#{DC_PREFIX}_date= date=
-
-          def date=(value)
-            self.date_without_#{DC_PREFIX}_date = value
-            self.#{DC_PREFIX}_date = value
-          end
-        else
-          alias date #{DC_PREFIX}_date
-          alias date= #{DC_PREFIX}_date=
-        end
-
-        # For backward compatibility
-        alias #{DC_PREFIX}_rightses #{DC_PREFIX}_rights_list
-      EOC
-    end
-  end
-
-  module DublinCoreModel
-
-    extend BaseModel
-    extend BaseDublinCoreModel
-
-    TEXT_ELEMENTS = {
-      "title" => nil,
-      "description" => nil,
-      "creator" => nil,
-      "subject" => nil,
-      "publisher" => nil,
-      "contributor" => nil,
-      "type" => nil,
-      "format" => nil,
-      "identifier" => nil,
-      "source" => nil,
-      "language" => nil,
-      "relation" => nil,
-      "coverage" => nil,
-      "rights" => "rights_list"
-    }
-
-    DATE_ELEMENTS = {
-      "date" => "w3cdtf",
-    }
-
-    ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS = DublinCoreModel::TEXT_ELEMENTS.to_a
-    DublinCoreModel::DATE_ELEMENTS.each do |name, |
-      ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS << [name, nil]
-    end
-
-    ELEMENTS = TEXT_ELEMENTS.keys + DATE_ELEMENTS.keys
-
-    ELEMENTS.each do |name, plural_name|
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(0))
-        class DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(name)} < Element
-          include RSS10
-
-          content_setup
-
-          class << self
-            def required_prefix
-              DC_PREFIX
-            end
-
-            def required_uri
-              DC_URI
-            end
-          end
-
-          @tag_name = #{name.dump}
-
-          alias_method(:value, :content)
-          alias_method(:value=, :content=)
-
-          def initialize(*args)
-            if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-              super
-            else
-              super()
-              self.content = args[0]
-            end
-          end
-
-          def full_name
-            tag_name_with_prefix(DC_PREFIX)
-          end
-
-          def maker_target(target)
-            target.new_#{name}
-          end
-
-          def setup_maker_attributes(#{name})
-            #{name}.content = content
-          end
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-
-    DATE_ELEMENTS.each do |name, type|
-      tag_name = "#{DC_PREFIX}:#{name}"
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(0))
-        class DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(name)} < Element
-          remove_method(:content=)
-          remove_method(:value=)
-
-          date_writer("content", #{type.dump}, #{tag_name.dump})
-
-          alias_method(:value=, :content=)
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-  end
-
-  # For backward compatibility
-  DublincoreModel = DublinCoreModel
-
-  DublinCoreModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    class_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-    BaseListener.install_class_name(DC_URI, name, "DublinCore#{class_name}")
-  end
-
-  DublinCoreModel::ELEMENTS.collect! {|name| "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{name}"}
-end
-
-require 'rss/dublincore/1.0'
-require 'rss/dublincore/2.0'
-require 'rss/dublincore/atom'
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore/1.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d96fab9b9..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/dublincore/1.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/1.0"
-
-module RSS
-  RDF.install_ns(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
-
-  class RDF
-    class Channel; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    class Image; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    class Item; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    class Textinput; include DublinCoreModel; end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore/2.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e3011fef6a..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/dublincore/2.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/2.0"
-
-module RSS
-  Rss.install_ns(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
-
-  class Rss
-    class Channel
-      include DublinCoreModel
-      class Item; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/dublincore/atom.rb b/lib/rss/dublincore/atom.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b8b11e440..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/dublincore/atom.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/atom"
-
-module RSS
-  module Atom
-    Feed.install_ns(DC_PREFIX, DC_URI)
-
-    class Feed
-      include DublinCoreModel
-      class Entry; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    end
-
-    class Entry
-      include DublinCoreModel
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/image.rb b/lib/rss/image.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b86ec0e5b..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/image.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/1.0'
-require 'rss/dublincore'
-
-module RSS
-
-  # The prefix for the Image XML namespace.
-  IMAGE_PREFIX = 'image'
-  # The URI for the Image specification.
-  IMAGE_URI = 'http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/image/'
-
-  RDF.install_ns(IMAGE_PREFIX, IMAGE_URI)
-
-  # This constant holds strings which contain the names of
-  # image elements, with the appropriate prefix.
-  IMAGE_ELEMENTS = []
-
-  %w(item favicon).each do |name|
-    class_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-    BaseListener.install_class_name(IMAGE_URI, name, "Image#{class_name}")
-    IMAGE_ELEMENTS << "#{IMAGE_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-  end
-
-  module ImageModelUtils
-    def validate_one_tag_name(ignore_unknown_element, name, tags)
-      if !ignore_unknown_element
-        invalid = tags.find {|tag| tag != name}
-        raise UnknownTagError.new(invalid, IMAGE_URI) if invalid
-      end
-      raise TooMuchTagError.new(name, tag_name) if tags.size > 1
-    end
-  end
-
-  module ImageItemModel
-    include ImageModelUtils
-    extend BaseModel
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      klass.install_have_child_element("item", IMAGE_URI, "?",
-                                       "#{IMAGE_PREFIX}_item")
-      klass.install_must_call_validator(IMAGE_PREFIX, IMAGE_URI)
-    end
-
-    class ImageItem < Element
-      include RSS10
-      include DublinCoreModel
-
-      @tag_name = "item"
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          IMAGE_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          IMAGE_URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      install_must_call_validator(IMAGE_PREFIX, IMAGE_URI)
-
-      [
-        ["about", ::RSS::RDF::URI, true],
-        ["resource", ::RSS::RDF::URI, false],
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{::RSS::RDF::PREFIX}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      %w(width height).each do |tag|
-        full_name = "#{IMAGE_PREFIX}_#{tag}"
-        disp_name = "#{IMAGE_PREFIX}:#{tag}"
-        install_text_element(tag, IMAGE_URI, "?",
-                             full_name, :integer, disp_name)
-        BaseListener.install_get_text_element(IMAGE_URI, tag, full_name)
-      end
-
-      alias width= image_width=
-      alias width image_width
-      alias height= image_height=
-      alias height image_height
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.about = args[0]
-          self.resource = args[1]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(IMAGE_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target.image_item
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_attributes(item)
-        item.about = self.about
-        item.resource = self.resource
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module ImageFaviconModel
-    include ImageModelUtils
-    extend BaseModel
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      unless klass.class == Module
-        klass.install_have_child_element("favicon", IMAGE_URI, "?",
-                                         "#{IMAGE_PREFIX}_favicon")
-        klass.install_must_call_validator(IMAGE_PREFIX, IMAGE_URI)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ImageFavicon < Element
-      include RSS10
-      include DublinCoreModel
-
-      @tag_name = "favicon"
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          IMAGE_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          IMAGE_URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["about", ::RSS::RDF::URI, true, ::RSS::RDF::PREFIX],
-        ["size", IMAGE_URI, true, IMAGE_PREFIX],
-      ].each do |name, uri, required, prefix|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{prefix}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      AVAILABLE_SIZES = %w(small medium large)
-      alias_method :set_size, :size=
-      private :set_size
-      def size=(new_value)
-        if @do_validate and !new_value.nil?
-          new_value = new_value.strip
-          unless AVAILABLE_SIZES.include?(new_value)
-            attr_name = "#{IMAGE_PREFIX}:size"
-            raise NotAvailableValueError.new(full_name, new_value, attr_name)
-          end
-        end
-        set_size(new_value)
-      end
-
-      alias image_size= size=
-      alias image_size size
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.about = args[0]
-          self.size = args[1]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(IMAGE_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target.image_favicon
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_attributes(favicon)
-        favicon.about = self.about
-        favicon.size = self.size
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class RDF
-    class Channel; include ImageFaviconModel; end
-    class Item; include ImageItemModel; end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/itunes.rb b/lib/rss/itunes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 827970c209..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/itunes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,413 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/2.0'
-
-module RSS
-  # The prefix for the iTunes XML namespace.
-  ITUNES_PREFIX = 'itunes'
-  # The URI of the iTunes specification.
-  ITUNES_URI = 'http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd'
-
-  Rss.install_ns(ITUNES_PREFIX, ITUNES_URI)
-
-  module ITunesModelUtils
-    include Utils
-
-    def def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
-        normalized_name = name.gsub(/-/, "_")
-      full_name = "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{normalized_name}"
-      klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(normalized_name)}"
-
-      case type
-      when :element, :attribute
-        klass::ELEMENTS << full_name
-        def_element_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name, *args)
-      when :elements
-        klass::ELEMENTS << full_name
-        def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name, *args)
-      else
-        klass.install_must_call_validator(ITUNES_PREFIX, ITUNES_URI)
-        klass.install_text_element(normalized_name, ITUNES_URI, "?",
-                                   full_name, type, name)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def def_element_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name,
-                                   recommended_attribute_name=nil)
-      klass.install_have_child_element(name, ITUNES_PREFIX, "?", full_name)
-    end
-
-    def def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, klass_name,
-                                    plural_name, recommended_attribute_name=nil)
-      full_plural_name = "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{plural_name}"
-      klass.install_have_children_element(name, ITUNES_PREFIX, "*",
-                                          full_name, full_plural_name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  module ITunesBaseModel
-    extend ITunesModelUtils
-
-    ELEMENTS = []
-
-    ELEMENT_INFOS = [["author"],
-                     ["block", :yes_other],
-                     ["explicit", :yes_clean_other],
-                     ["keywords", :csv],
-                     ["subtitle"],
-                     ["summary"]]
-  end
-
-  module ITunesChannelModel
-    extend BaseModel
-    extend ITunesModelUtils
-    include ITunesBaseModel
-
-    ELEMENTS = []
-
-    class << self
-      def append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        return if klass.instance_of?(Module)
-        ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *additional_infos|
-          def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *additional_infos)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    ELEMENT_INFOS = [
-                     ["category", :elements, "categories", "text"],
-                     ["image", :attribute, "href"],
-                     ["owner", :element],
-                     ["new-feed-url"],
-                    ] + ITunesBaseModel::ELEMENT_INFOS
-
-    class ITunesCategory < Element
-      include RSS09
-
-      @tag_name = "category"
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          ITUNES_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          ITUNES_URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["text", "", true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required)
-      end
-
-      ITunesCategory = self
-      install_have_children_element("category", ITUNES_URI, "*",
-                                    "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_category",
-                                    "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_categories")
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.text = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(categories)
-        if text or !itunes_categories.empty?
-          categories.new_category
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_attributes(category)
-        category.text = text if text
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_elements(category)
-        super(category)
-        itunes_categories.each do |sub_category|
-          sub_category.setup_maker(category)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ITunesImage < Element
-      include RSS09
-
-      @tag_name = "image"
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          ITUNES_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          ITUNES_URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      [
-        ["href", "", true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required)
-      end
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.href = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(target)
-        if href
-          target.itunes_image {|image| image}
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_attributes(image)
-        image.href = href
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ITunesOwner < Element
-      include RSS09
-
-      @tag_name = "owner"
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          ITUNES_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          ITUNES_URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      install_must_call_validator(ITUNES_PREFIX, ITUNES_URI)
-      [
-        ["name"],
-        ["email"],
-      ].each do |name,|
-        ITunesBaseModel::ELEMENT_INFOS << name
-        install_text_element(name, ITUNES_URI, nil, "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{name}")
-      end
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.itunes_name = args[0]
-          self.itunes_email = args[1]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target.itunes_owner
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_element(owner)
-        super(owner)
-        owner.itunes_name = itunes_name
-        owner.itunes_email = itunes_email
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module ITunesItemModel
-    extend BaseModel
-    extend ITunesModelUtils
-    include ITunesBaseModel
-
-    class << self
-      def append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        return if klass.instance_of?(Module)
-        ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type|
-          def_class_accessor(klass, name, type)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    ELEMENT_INFOS = ITunesBaseModel::ELEMENT_INFOS +
-      [["duration", :element, "content"]]
-
-    class ITunesDuration < Element
-      include RSS09
-
-      @tag_name = "duration"
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          ITUNES_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          ITUNES_URI
-        end
-
-        def parse(duration, do_validate=true)
-          if do_validate and /\A(?:
-                                  \d?\d:[0-5]\d:[0-5]\d|
-                                  [0-5]?\d:[0-5]\d
-                                )\z/x !~ duration
-            raise ArgumentError,
-                    "must be one of HH:MM:SS, H:MM:SS, MM::SS, M:SS: " +
-                    duration.inspect
-          end
-
-          components = duration.split(':')
-          components[3..-1] = nil if components.size > 3
-
-          components.unshift("00") until components.size == 3
-
-          components.collect do |component|
-            component.to_i
-          end
-        end
-
-        def construct(hour, minute, second)
-          components = [minute, second]
-          if components.include?(nil)
-            nil
-          else
-            components.unshift(hour) if hour and hour > 0
-            components.collect do |component|
-              "%02d" % component
-            end.join(":")
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      content_setup
-      alias_method(:value, :content)
-      remove_method(:content=)
-
-      attr_reader :hour, :minute, :second
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          args = args[0] if args.size == 1 and args[0].is_a?(Array)
-          if args.size == 1
-            self.content = args[0]
-          elsif args.size > 3
-            raise ArgumentError,
-                    "must be (do_validate, params), (content), " +
-                    "(minute, second), ([minute, second]), "  +
-                    "(hour, minute, second) or ([hour, minute, second]): " +
-                    args.inspect
-          else
-            @second, @minute, @hour = args.reverse
-            update_content
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def content=(value)
-        if value.nil?
-          @content = nil
-        elsif value.is_a?(self.class)
-          self.content = value.content
-        else
-          begin
-            @hour, @minute, @second = self.class.parse(value, @do_validate)
-          rescue ArgumentError
-            raise NotAvailableValueError.new(tag_name, value)
-          end
-          @content = value
-        end
-      end
-      alias_method(:value=, :content=)
-
-      def hour=(hour)
-        @hour = @do_validate ? Integer(hour) : hour.to_i
-        update_content
-        hour
-      end
-
-      def minute=(minute)
-        @minute = @do_validate ? Integer(minute) : minute.to_i
-        update_content
-        minute
-      end
-
-      def second=(second)
-        @second = @do_validate ? Integer(second) : second.to_i
-        update_content
-        second
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(ITUNES_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def update_content
-        @content = self.class.construct(hour, minute, second)
-      end
-
-      def maker_target(target)
-        if @content
-          target.itunes_duration {|duration| duration}
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_element(duration)
-        super(duration)
-        duration.content = @content
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Rss
-    class Channel
-      include ITunesChannelModel
-      class Item; include ITunesItemModel; end
-    end
-  end
-
-  element_infos =
-    ITunesChannelModel::ELEMENT_INFOS + ITunesItemModel::ELEMENT_INFOS
-  element_infos.each do |name, type|
-    case type
-    when :element, :elements, :attribute
-      class_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-      BaseListener.install_class_name(ITUNES_URI, name, "ITunes#{class_name}")
-    else
-      accessor_base = "#{ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{name.gsub(/-/, '_')}"
-      BaseListener.install_get_text_element(ITUNES_URI, name, accessor_base)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker.rb b/lib/rss/maker.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 33d285f6af..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/rss"
-
-module RSS
-  ##
-  #
-  # Provides a set of builders for various RSS objects
-  #
-  # * Feeds
-  #   * RSS 0.91
-  #   * RSS 1.0
-  #   * RSS 2.0
-  #   * Atom 1.0
-  #
-  # * Elements
-  #   * Atom::Entry
-
-  module Maker
-
-    # Collection of supported makers
-    MAKERS = {}
-
-    class << self
-      # Builder for an RSS object
-      # Creates an object of the type passed in +args+
-      #
-      # Executes the +block+ to populate elements of the created RSS object
-      def make(version, &block)
-        self[version].make(&block)
-      end
-
-      # Returns the maker for the +version+
-      def [](version)
-        maker_info = maker(version)
-        raise UnsupportedMakerVersionError.new(version) if maker_info.nil?
-        maker_info[:maker]
-      end
-
-      # Adds a maker to the set of supported makers
-      def add_maker(version, normalized_version, maker)
-        MAKERS[version] = {:maker => maker, :version => normalized_version}
-      end
-
-      # Returns collection of supported maker versions
-      def versions
-        MAKERS.keys.uniq.sort
-      end
-
-      # Returns collection of supported makers
-      def makers
-        MAKERS.values.collect { |info| info[:maker] }.uniq
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the version is supported
-      def supported?(version)
-        versions.include?(version)
-      end
-
-      private
-      # Can I remove this method?
-      def maker(version)
-        MAKERS[version]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-require "rss/maker/1.0"
-require "rss/maker/2.0"
-require "rss/maker/feed"
-require "rss/maker/entry"
-require "rss/maker/content"
-require "rss/maker/dublincore"
-require "rss/maker/slash"
-require "rss/maker/syndication"
-require "rss/maker/taxonomy"
-require "rss/maker/trackback"
-require "rss/maker/image"
-require "rss/maker/itunes"
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb b/lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 622a4c30b4..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/0.9.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,509 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/0.9"
-
-require "rss/maker/base"
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-
-    class RSS09 < RSSBase
-
-      def initialize(feed_version)
-        super
-        @feed_type = "rss"
-      end
-
-      private
-      def make_feed
-        Rss.new(@feed_version, @version, @encoding, @standalone)
-      end
-
-      def setup_elements(rss)
-        setup_channel(rss)
-      end
-
-      class Channel < ChannelBase
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          channel = Rss::Channel.new
-          setup_values(channel)
-          _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
-          if _not_set_required_variables.empty?
-            rss.channel = channel
-            set_parent(channel, rss)
-            setup_items(rss)
-            setup_image(rss)
-            setup_textinput(rss)
-            setup_other_elements(rss, channel)
-            rss
-          else
-            raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel", _not_set_required_variables)
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def setup_items(rss)
-          @maker.items.to_feed(rss)
-        end
-
-        def setup_image(rss)
-          @maker.image.to_feed(rss)
-        end
-
-        def setup_textinput(rss)
-          @maker.textinput.to_feed(rss)
-        end
-
-        def variables
-          super + ["pubDate"]
-        end
-
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(link language)
-        end
-
-        def not_set_required_variables
-          vars = super
-          vars << "description" unless description {|d| d.have_required_values?}
-          vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-          vars
-        end
-
-        class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            unless @days.empty?
-              skipDays = Rss::Channel::SkipDays.new
-              channel.skipDays = skipDays
-              set_parent(skipDays, channel)
-              @days.each do |day|
-                day.to_feed(rss, skipDays.days)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Day < DayBase
-            def to_feed(rss, days)
-              day = Rss::Channel::SkipDays::Day.new
-              set = setup_values(day)
-              if set
-                days << day
-                set_parent(day, days)
-                setup_other_elements(rss, day)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            unless @hours.empty?
-              skipHours = Rss::Channel::SkipHours.new
-              channel.skipHours = skipHours
-              set_parent(skipHours, channel)
-              @hours.each do |hour|
-                hour.to_feed(rss, skipHours.hours)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Hour < HourBase
-            def to_feed(rss, hours)
-              hour = Rss::Channel::SkipHours::Hour.new
-              set = setup_values(hour)
-              if set
-                hours << hour
-                set_parent(hour, hours)
-                setup_other_elements(rss, hour)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Cloud < CloudBase
-          def to_feed(*args)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Categories < CategoriesBase
-          def to_feed(*args)
-          end
-
-          class Category < CategoryBase
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Links < LinksBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            return if @links.empty?
-            @links.first.to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-
-          class Link < LinkBase
-            def to_feed(rss, channel)
-              if have_required_values?
-                channel.link = href
-              else
-                raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel.link",
-                                      not_set_required_variables)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(href)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Authors < AuthorsBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-
-          class Author < AuthorBase
-            def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Contributors < ContributorsBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-
-          class Contributor < ContributorBase
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Generator < GeneratorBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Copyright < CopyrightBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            channel.copyright = content if have_required_values?
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(content)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Description < DescriptionBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            channel.description = content if have_required_values?
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(content)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Title < TitleBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            channel.title = content if have_required_values?
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(content)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Image < ImageBase
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          image = Rss::Channel::Image.new
-          set = setup_values(image)
-          if set
-            image.link = link
-            rss.channel.image = image
-            set_parent(image, rss.channel)
-            setup_other_elements(rss, image)
-          elsif required_element?
-            raise NotSetError.new("maker.image", not_set_required_variables)
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(url title link)
-        end
-
-        def required_element?
-          true
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Items < ItemsBase
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          if rss.channel
-            normalize.each do |item|
-              item.to_feed(rss)
-            end
-            setup_other_elements(rss, rss.items)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Item < ItemBase
-          def to_feed(rss)
-            item = Rss::Channel::Item.new
-            setup_values(item)
-            _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
-            if _not_set_required_variables.empty?
-              rss.items << item
-              set_parent(item, rss.channel)
-              setup_other_elements(rss, item)
-            elsif variable_is_set?
-              raise NotSetError.new("maker.items", _not_set_required_variables)
-            end
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            []
-          end
-
-          def not_set_required_variables
-            vars = super
-            if @maker.feed_version == "0.91"
-              vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-              vars << "link" unless link {|l| l.have_required_values?}
-            end
-            vars
-          end
-
-          class Guid < GuidBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Enclosure < EnclosureBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Source < SourceBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Authors < AuthorsBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Author < AuthorBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Categories < CategoriesBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Category < CategoryBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Contributors < ContributorsBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Contributor < ContributorBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Generator < GeneratorBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Icon < IconBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Links < LinksBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Link < LinkBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Logo < LogoBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Rights < RightsBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Subtitle < SubtitleBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Title < TitleBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Categories < CategoriesBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Category < CategoryBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Authors < AuthorsBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Author < AuthorBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Links < LinksBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              return if @links.empty?
-              @links.first.to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-
-            class Link < LinkBase
-              def to_feed(rss, item)
-                if have_required_values?
-                  item.link = href
-                else
-                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.link",
-                                        not_set_required_variables)
-                end
-              end
-
-              private
-              def required_variable_names
-                %w(href)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Contributors < ContributorsBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-
-            class Contributor < ContributorBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Rights < RightsBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Description < DescriptionBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              item.description = content if have_required_values?
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Content < ContentBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Title < TitleBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              item.title = content if have_required_values?
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Textinput < TextinputBase
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          textInput = Rss::Channel::TextInput.new
-          set = setup_values(textInput)
-          if set
-            rss.channel.textInput = textInput
-            set_parent(textInput, rss.channel)
-            setup_other_elements(rss, textInput)
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(title description name link)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class RSS091 < RSS09
-      def initialize(feed_version="0.91")
-        super
-      end
-
-      class Channel < RSS09::Channel
-      end
-
-      class Items < RSS09::Items
-        class Item < RSS09::Items::Item
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Image < RSS09::Image
-      end
-
-      class Textinput < RSS09::Textinput
-      end
-    end
-
-    class RSS092 < RSS09
-      def initialize(feed_version="0.92")
-        super
-      end
-
-      class Channel < RSS09::Channel
-      end
-
-      class Items < RSS09::Items
-        class Item < RSS09::Items::Item
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Image < RSS09::Image
-      end
-
-      class Textinput < RSS09::Textinput
-      end
-    end
-
-    add_maker("0.9", "0.92", RSS092)
-    add_maker("0.91", "0.91", RSS091)
-    add_maker("0.92", "0.92", RSS092)
-    add_maker("rss0.9", "0.92", RSS092)
-    add_maker("rss0.91", "0.91", RSS091)
-    add_maker("rss0.92", "0.92", RSS092)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/1.0.rb b/lib/rss/maker/1.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3aee77e913..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/1.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,436 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/1.0"
-
-require "rss/maker/base"
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-
-    class RSS10 < RSSBase
-
-      def initialize(feed_version="1.0")
-        super
-        @feed_type = "rss"
-      end
-
-      private
-      def make_feed
-        RDF.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
-      end
-
-      def setup_elements(rss)
-        setup_channel(rss)
-        setup_image(rss)
-        setup_items(rss)
-        setup_textinput(rss)
-      end
-
-      class Channel < ChannelBase
-        include SetupDefaultLanguage
-
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          set_default_values do
-            _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
-            if _not_set_required_variables.empty?
-              channel = RDF::Channel.new(@about)
-              setup_values(channel)
-              channel.dc_dates.clear
-              rss.channel = channel
-              set_parent(channel, rss)
-              setup_items(rss)
-              setup_image(rss)
-              setup_textinput(rss)
-              setup_other_elements(rss, channel)
-            else
-              raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel", _not_set_required_variables)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def setup_items(rss)
-          items = RDF::Channel::Items.new
-          seq = items.Seq
-          set_parent(items, seq)
-          target_items = @maker.items.normalize
-          raise NotSetError.new("maker", ["items"]) if target_items.empty?
-          target_items.each do |item|
-            li = RDF::Channel::Items::Seq::Li.new(item.link)
-            seq.lis << li
-            set_parent(li, seq)
-          end
-          rss.channel.items = items
-          set_parent(rss.channel, items)
-        end
-
-        def setup_image(rss)
-          if @maker.image.have_required_values?
-            image = RDF::Channel::Image.new(@maker.image.url)
-            rss.channel.image = image
-            set_parent(image, rss.channel)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def setup_textinput(rss)
-          if @maker.textinput.have_required_values?
-            textinput = RDF::Channel::Textinput.new(@maker.textinput.link)
-            rss.channel.textinput = textinput
-            set_parent(textinput, rss.channel)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(about link)
-        end
-
-        def not_set_required_variables
-          vars = super
-          vars << "description" unless description {|d| d.have_required_values?}
-          vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-          vars
-        end
-
-        class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
-          def to_feed(*args)
-          end
-
-          class Day < DayBase
-          end
-        end
-
-        class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
-          def to_feed(*args)
-          end
-
-          class Hour < HourBase
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Cloud < CloudBase
-          def to_feed(*args)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Categories < CategoriesBase
-          def to_feed(*args)
-          end
-
-          class Category < CategoryBase
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Links < LinksBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            return if @links.empty?
-            @links.first.to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-
-          class Link < LinkBase
-            def to_feed(rss, channel)
-              if have_required_values?
-                channel.link = href
-              else
-                raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel.link",
-                                      not_set_required_variables)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(href)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Authors < AuthorsBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-
-          class Author < AuthorBase
-            def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Contributors < ContributorsBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-
-          class Contributor < ContributorBase
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Generator < GeneratorBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Copyright < CopyrightBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Description < DescriptionBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            channel.description = content if have_required_values?
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(content)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Title < TitleBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            channel.title = content if have_required_values?
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(content)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Image < ImageBase
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          if @url
-            image = RDF::Image.new(@url)
-            set = setup_values(image)
-            if set
-              rss.image = image
-              set_parent(image, rss)
-              setup_other_elements(rss, image)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def have_required_values?
-          super and @maker.channel.have_required_values?
-        end
-
-        private
-        def variables
-          super + ["link"]
-        end
-
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(url title link)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Items < ItemsBase
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          if rss.channel
-            normalize.each do |item|
-              item.to_feed(rss)
-            end
-            setup_other_elements(rss, rss.items)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Item < ItemBase
-          def to_feed(rss)
-            set_default_values do
-              item = RDF::Item.new(link)
-              set = setup_values(item)
-              if set
-                item.dc_dates.clear
-                rss.items << item
-                set_parent(item, rss)
-                setup_other_elements(rss, item)
-              elsif !have_required_values?
-                raise NotSetError.new("maker.item", not_set_required_variables)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(link)
-          end
-
-          def variables
-            super + %w(link)
-          end
-
-          def not_set_required_variables
-            set_default_values do
-              vars = super
-              vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-              vars
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Guid < GuidBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Enclosure < EnclosureBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Source < SourceBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Authors < AuthorsBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Author < AuthorBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Categories < CategoriesBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Category < CategoryBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Contributors < ContributorsBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Contributor < ContributorBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Generator < GeneratorBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Icon < IconBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Links < LinksBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-
-              class Link < LinkBase
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Logo < LogoBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Rights < RightsBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Subtitle < SubtitleBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Title < TitleBase
-              def to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Categories < CategoriesBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Category < CategoryBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Authors < AuthorsBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Author < AuthorBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Links < LinksBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Link < LinkBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Contributors < ContributorsBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-
-            class Contributor < ContributorBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Rights < RightsBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Description < DescriptionBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              item.description = content if have_required_values?
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Content < ContentBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Title < TitleBase
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              item.title = content if have_required_values?
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Textinput < TextinputBase
-        def to_feed(rss)
-          if @link
-            textinput = RDF::Textinput.new(@link)
-            set = setup_values(textinput)
-            if set
-              rss.textinput = textinput
-              set_parent(textinput, rss)
-              setup_other_elements(rss, textinput)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def have_required_values?
-          super and @maker.channel.have_required_values?
-        end
-
-        private
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(title description name link)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    add_maker("1.0", "1.0", RSS10)
-    add_maker("rss1.0", "1.0", RSS10)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/2.0.rb b/lib/rss/maker/2.0.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f77a014d1..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/2.0.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/2.0"
-
-require "rss/maker/0.9"
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-
-    class RSS20 < RSS09
-
-      def initialize(feed_version="2.0")
-        super
-      end
-
-      class Channel < RSS09::Channel
-
-        private
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(link)
-        end
-
-        class SkipDays < RSS09::Channel::SkipDays
-          class Day < RSS09::Channel::SkipDays::Day
-          end
-        end
-
-        class SkipHours < RSS09::Channel::SkipHours
-          class Hour < RSS09::Channel::SkipHours::Hour
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Cloud < RSS09::Channel::Cloud
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            cloud = Rss::Channel::Cloud.new
-            set = setup_values(cloud)
-            if set
-              channel.cloud = cloud
-              set_parent(cloud, channel)
-              setup_other_elements(rss, cloud)
-            end
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(domain port path registerProcedure protocol)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Categories < RSS09::Channel::Categories
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            @categories.each do |category|
-              category.to_feed(rss, channel)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Category < RSS09::Channel::Categories::Category
-            def to_feed(rss, channel)
-              category = Rss::Channel::Category.new
-              set = setup_values(category)
-              if set
-                channel.categories << category
-                set_parent(category, channel)
-                setup_other_elements(rss, category)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Generator < GeneratorBase
-          def to_feed(rss, channel)
-            channel.generator = content
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(content)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Image < RSS09::Image
-        private
-        def required_element?
-          false
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Items < RSS09::Items
-        class Item < RSS09::Items::Item
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            []
-          end
-
-          def not_set_required_variables
-            vars = super
-            if !title {|t| t.have_required_values?} and
-                !description {|d| d.have_required_values?}
-              vars << "title or description"
-            end
-            vars
-          end
-
-          def variables
-            super + ["pubDate"]
-          end
-
-          class Guid < RSS09::Items::Item::Guid
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              guid = Rss::Channel::Item::Guid.new
-              set = setup_values(guid)
-              if set
-                item.guid = guid
-                set_parent(guid, item)
-                setup_other_elements(rss, guid)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(content)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Enclosure < RSS09::Items::Item::Enclosure
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              enclosure = Rss::Channel::Item::Enclosure.new
-              set = setup_values(enclosure)
-              if set
-                item.enclosure = enclosure
-                set_parent(enclosure, item)
-                setup_other_elements(rss, enclosure)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(url length type)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Source < RSS09::Items::Item::Source
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              source = Rss::Channel::Item::Source.new
-              set = setup_values(source)
-              if set
-                item.source = source
-                set_parent(source, item)
-                setup_other_elements(rss, source)
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(url content)
-            end
-
-            class Links < RSS09::Items::Item::Source::Links
-              def to_feed(rss, source)
-                return if @links.empty?
-                @links.first.to_feed(rss, source)
-              end
-
-              class Link < RSS09::Items::Item::Source::Links::Link
-                def to_feed(rss, source)
-                  source.url = href
-                end
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Categories < RSS09::Items::Item::Categories
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              @categories.each do |category|
-                category.to_feed(rss, item)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Category < RSS09::Items::Item::Categories::Category
-              def to_feed(rss, item)
-                category = Rss::Channel::Item::Category.new
-                set = setup_values(category)
-                if set
-                  item.categories << category
-                  set_parent(category, item)
-                  setup_other_elements(rss)
-                end
-              end
-
-              private
-              def required_variable_names
-                %w(content)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Authors < RSS09::Items::Item::Authors
-            def to_feed(rss, item)
-              return if @authors.empty?
-              @authors.first.to_feed(rss, item)
-            end
-
-            class Author < RSS09::Items::Item::Authors::Author
-              def to_feed(rss, item)
-                item.author = name
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Textinput < RSS09::Textinput
-      end
-    end
-
-    add_maker("2.0", "2.0", RSS20)
-    add_maker("rss2.0", "2.0", RSS20)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/atom.rb b/lib/rss/maker/atom.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e0cd7623c8..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/atom.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/atom"
-
-require "rss/maker/base"
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module AtomPersons
-      module_function
-      def def_atom_persons(klass, name, maker_name, plural=nil)
-        plural ||= "#{name}s"
-        klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-        plural_klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(plural)
-
-        klass.class_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          class #{plural_klass_name} < #{plural_klass_name}Base
-            class #{klass_name} < #{klass_name}Base
-              def to_feed(feed, current)
-                #{name} = feed.class::#{klass_name}.new
-                set = setup_values(#{name})
-                unless set
-                  raise NotSetError.new(#{maker_name.dump},
-                                        not_set_required_variables)
-                end
-                current.#{plural} << #{name}
-                set_parent(#{name}, current)
-                setup_other_elements(#{name})
-              end
-
-              private
-              def required_variable_names
-                %w(name)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    module AtomTextConstruct
-      class << self
-        def def_atom_text_construct(klass, name, maker_name, klass_name=nil,
-                                    atom_klass_name=nil)
-          klass_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
-          atom_klass_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
-
-          klass.class_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            class #{klass_name} < #{klass_name}Base
-              include #{self.name}
-              def to_feed(feed, current)
-                #{name} = current.class::#{atom_klass_name}.new
-                if setup_values(#{name})
-                  current.#{name} = #{name}
-                  set_parent(#{name}, current)
-                  setup_other_elements(feed)
-                elsif variable_is_set?
-                  raise NotSetError.new(#{maker_name.dump},
-                                        not_set_required_variables)
-                end
-              end
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def required_variable_names
-        if type == "xhtml"
-          %w(xml_content)
-        else
-          %w(content)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def variables
-        if type == "xhtml"
-          super + %w(xhtml)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module AtomCategory
-      def to_feed(feed, current)
-        category = feed.class::Category.new
-        set = setup_values(category)
-        if set
-          current.categories << category
-          set_parent(category, current)
-          setup_other_elements(feed)
-        else
-          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
-                                not_set_required_variables)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def required_variable_names
-        %w(term)
-      end
-
-      def variables
-        super + ["term", "scheme"]
-      end
-    end
-
-    module AtomLink
-      def to_feed(feed, current)
-        link = feed.class::Link.new
-        set = setup_values(link)
-        if set
-          current.links << link
-          set_parent(link, current)
-          setup_other_elements(feed)
-        else
-          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
-                                not_set_required_variables)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def required_variable_names
-        %w(href)
-      end
-    end
-
-    module AtomGenerator
-      def to_feed(feed, current)
-        generator = current.class::Generator.new
-        if setup_values(generator)
-          current.generator = generator
-          set_parent(generator, current)
-          setup_other_elements(feed)
-        elsif variable_is_set?
-          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
-                                not_set_required_variables)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def required_variable_names
-        %w(content)
-      end
-    end
-
-    module AtomLogo
-      def to_feed(feed, current)
-        logo = current.class::Logo.new
-        class << logo
-          alias_method(:uri=, :content=)
-        end
-        set = setup_values(logo)
-        class << logo
-          remove_method(:uri=)
-        end
-        if set
-          current.logo = logo
-          set_parent(logo, current)
-          setup_other_elements(feed)
-        elsif variable_is_set?
-          raise NotSetError.new(self.class.not_set_name,
-                                not_set_required_variables)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def required_variable_names
-        %w(uri)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/base.rb b/lib/rss/maker/base.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bc4ca84141..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/base.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,945 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'forwardable'
-
-require 'rss/rss'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    class Base
-      extend Utils::InheritedReader
-
-      OTHER_ELEMENTS = []
-      NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES = []
-
-      class << self
-        def other_elements
-          inherited_array_reader("OTHER_ELEMENTS")
-        end
-        def need_initialize_variables
-          inherited_array_reader("NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES")
-        end
-
-        def inherited_base
-          ::RSS::Maker::Base
-        end
-
-        def inherited(subclass)
-          subclass.const_set(:OTHER_ELEMENTS, [])
-          subclass.const_set(:NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES, [])
-        end
-
-        def add_other_element(variable_name)
-          self::OTHER_ELEMENTS << variable_name
-        end
-
-        def add_need_initialize_variable(variable_name, init_value=nil,
-                                         &init_block)
-          init_value ||= init_block
-          self::NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES << [variable_name, init_value]
-        end
-
-        def def_array_element(name, plural=nil, klass_name=nil)
-          include Enumerable
-          extend Forwardable
-
-          plural ||= "#{name}s"
-          klass_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
-          def_delegators("@#{plural}", :<<, :[], :[]=, :first, :last)
-          def_delegators("@#{plural}", :push, :pop, :shift, :unshift)
-          def_delegators("@#{plural}", :each, :size, :empty?, :clear)
-
-          add_need_initialize_variable(plural) {[]}
-
-          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            def new_#{name}
-              #{name} = self.class::#{klass_name}.new(@maker)
-              @#{plural} << #{name}
-              if block_given?
-                yield #{name}
-              else
-                #{name}
-              end
-            end
-            alias new_child new_#{name}
-
-            def to_feed(*args)
-              @#{plural}.each do |#{name}|
-                #{name}.to_feed(*args)
-              end
-            end
-
-            def replace(elements)
-              @#{plural}.replace(elements.to_a)
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-
-        def def_classed_element_without_accessor(name, class_name=nil)
-          class_name ||= Utils.to_class_name(name)
-          add_other_element(name)
-          add_need_initialize_variable(name) do |object|
-            object.send("make_#{name}")
-          end
-          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            private
-            def setup_#{name}(feed, current)
-              @#{name}.to_feed(feed, current)
-            end
-
-            def make_#{name}
-              self.class::#{class_name}.new(@maker)
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-
-        def def_classed_element(name, class_name=nil, attribute_name=nil)
-          def_classed_element_without_accessor(name, class_name)
-          if attribute_name
-            module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-              def #{name}
-                if block_given?
-                  yield(@#{name})
-                else
-                  @#{name}.#{attribute_name}
-                end
-              end
-
-              def #{name}=(new_value)
-                @#{name}.#{attribute_name} = new_value
-              end
-            EOC
-          else
-            attr_reader name
-          end
-        end
-
-        def def_classed_elements(name, attribute, plural_class_name=nil,
-                                 plural_name=nil, new_name=nil)
-          plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
-          new_name ||= name
-          def_classed_element(plural_name, plural_class_name)
-          local_variable_name = "_#{name}"
-          new_value_variable_name = "new_value"
-          additional_setup_code = nil
-          if block_given?
-            additional_setup_code = yield(local_variable_name,
-                                          new_value_variable_name)
-          end
-          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            def #{name}
-              #{local_variable_name} = #{plural_name}.first
-              #{local_variable_name} ? #{local_variable_name}.#{attribute} : nil
-            end
-
-            def #{name}=(#{new_value_variable_name})
-              #{local_variable_name} =
-                #{plural_name}.first || #{plural_name}.new_#{new_name}
-              #{additional_setup_code}
-              #{local_variable_name}.#{attribute} = #{new_value_variable_name}
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-
-        def def_other_element(name)
-          attr_accessor name
-          def_other_element_without_accessor(name)
-        end
-
-        def def_other_element_without_accessor(name)
-          add_need_initialize_variable(name)
-          add_other_element(name)
-          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            def setup_#{name}(feed, current)
-              if !@#{name}.nil? and current.respond_to?(:#{name}=)
-                current.#{name} = @#{name}
-              end
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-
-        def def_csv_element(name, type=nil)
-          def_other_element_without_accessor(name)
-          attr_reader(name)
-          converter = ""
-          if type == :integer
-            converter = "{|v| Integer(v)}"
-          end
-          module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            def #{name}=(value)
-              @#{name} = Utils::CSV.parse(value)#{converter}
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :maker
-      def initialize(maker)
-        @maker = maker
-        @default_values_are_set = false
-        initialize_variables
-      end
-
-      def have_required_values?
-        not_set_required_variables.empty?
-      end
-
-      def variable_is_set?
-        variables.any? {|var| not __send__(var).nil?}
-      end
-
-      private
-      def initialize_variables
-        self.class.need_initialize_variables.each do |variable_name, init_value|
-          if init_value.nil?
-            value = nil
-          else
-            if init_value.respond_to?(:call)
-              value = init_value.call(self)
-            elsif init_value.is_a?(String)
-              # just for backward compatibility
-              value = instance_eval(init_value, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-            else
-              value = init_value
-            end
-          end
-          instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def setup_other_elements(feed, current=nil)
-        current ||= current_element(feed)
-        self.class.other_elements.each do |element|
-          __send__("setup_#{element}", feed, current)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def current_element(feed)
-        feed
-      end
-
-      def set_default_values(&block)
-        return yield if @default_values_are_set
-
-        begin
-          @default_values_are_set = true
-          _set_default_values(&block)
-        ensure
-          @default_values_are_set = false
-        end
-      end
-
-      def _set_default_values(&block)
-        yield
-      end
-
-      def setup_values(target)
-        set = false
-        if have_required_values?
-          variables.each do |var|
-            setter = "#{var}="
-            if target.respond_to?(setter)
-              value = __send__(var)
-              unless value.nil?
-                target.__send__(setter, value)
-                set = true
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        set
-      end
-
-      def set_parent(target, parent)
-        target.parent = parent if target.class.need_parent?
-      end
-
-      def variables
-        self.class.need_initialize_variables.find_all do |name, init|
-          # init == "nil" is just for backward compatibility
-          init.nil? or init == "nil"
-        end.collect do |name, init|
-          name
-        end
-      end
-
-      def not_set_required_variables
-        required_variable_names.find_all do |var|
-          __send__(var).nil?
-        end
-      end
-
-      def required_variables_are_set?
-        required_variable_names.each do |var|
-          return false if __send__(var).nil?
-        end
-        true
-      end
-    end
-
-    module AtomPersonConstructBase
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        klass.class_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          %w(name uri email).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    module AtomTextConstructBase
-      module EnsureXMLContent
-        class << self
-          def included(base)
-            super
-            base.class_eval do
-              %w(type content xml_content).each do |element|
-                attr_reader element
-                attr_writer element if element != "xml_content"
-                add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-              end
-
-              alias_method(:xhtml, :xml_content)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def ensure_xml_content(content)
-          xhtml_uri = ::RSS::Atom::XHTML_URI
-          unless content.is_a?(RSS::XML::Element) and
-              ["div", xhtml_uri] == [content.name, content.uri]
-            children = content
-            children = [children] unless content.is_a?(Array)
-            children = set_xhtml_uri_as_default_uri(children)
-            content = RSS::XML::Element.new("div", nil, xhtml_uri,
-                                            {"xmlns" => xhtml_uri},
-                                            children)
-          end
-          content
-        end
-
-        def xml_content=(content)
-          @xml_content = ensure_xml_content(content)
-        end
-
-        def xhtml=(content)
-          self.xml_content = content
-        end
-
-        private
-        def set_xhtml_uri_as_default_uri(children)
-          children.collect do |child|
-            if child.is_a?(RSS::XML::Element) and
-                child.prefix.nil? and child.uri.nil?
-              RSS::XML::Element.new(child.name, nil, ::RSS::Atom::XHTML_URI,
-                                    child.attributes.dup,
-                                    set_xhtml_uri_as_default_uri(child.children))
-            else
-              child
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        klass.class_eval do
-          include EnsureXMLContent
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module SetupDefaultDate
-      private
-      def _set_default_values
-        keep = {
-          :date => date,
-          :dc_dates => dc_dates.to_a.dup,
-        }
-        _date = _parse_date_if_needed(date)
-        if _date and !dc_dates.any? {|dc_date| dc_date.value == _date}
-          dc_date = self.class::DublinCoreDates::DublinCoreDate.new(self)
-          dc_date.value = _date.dup
-          dc_dates.unshift(dc_date)
-        end
-        self.date ||= self.dc_date
-        super
-      ensure
-        self.date = keep[:date]
-        dc_dates.replace(keep[:dc_dates])
-      end
-
-      def _parse_date_if_needed(date_value)
-        date_value = Time.parse(date_value) if date_value.is_a?(String)
-        date_value
-      end
-    end
-
-    module SetupDefaultLanguage
-      private
-      def _set_default_values
-        keep = {
-          :dc_languages => dc_languages.to_a.dup,
-        }
-        _language = language
-        if _language and
-            !dc_languages.any? {|dc_language| dc_language.value == _language}
-          dc_language = self.class::DublinCoreLanguages::DublinCoreLanguage.new(self)
-          dc_language.value = _language.dup
-          dc_languages.unshift(dc_language)
-        end
-        super
-      ensure
-        dc_languages.replace(keep[:dc_languages])
-      end
-    end
-
-    class RSSBase < Base
-      class << self
-        def make(*args, &block)
-          new(*args).make(&block)
-        end
-      end
-
-      %w(xml_stylesheets channel image items textinput).each do |element|
-        attr_reader element
-        add_need_initialize_variable(element) do |object|
-          object.send("make_#{element}")
-        end
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          private
-          def setup_#{element}(feed)
-            @#{element}.to_feed(feed)
-          end
-
-          def make_#{element}
-            self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(element)}.new(self)
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :feed_version
-      alias_method(:rss_version, :feed_version)
-      attr_accessor :version, :encoding, :standalone
-
-      def initialize(feed_version)
-        super(self)
-        @feed_type = nil
-        @feed_subtype = nil
-        @feed_version = feed_version
-        @version = "1.0"
-        @encoding = "UTF-8"
-        @standalone = nil
-      end
-
-      def make
-        yield(self)
-        to_feed
-      end
-
-      def to_feed
-        feed = make_feed
-        setup_xml_stylesheets(feed)
-        setup_elements(feed)
-        setup_other_elements(feed)
-        feed.validate
-        feed
-      end
-
-      private
-      remove_method :make_xml_stylesheets
-      def make_xml_stylesheets
-        XMLStyleSheets.new(self)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class XMLStyleSheets < Base
-      def_array_element("xml_stylesheet", nil, "XMLStyleSheet")
-
-      class XMLStyleSheet < Base
-
-        ::RSS::XMLStyleSheet::ATTRIBUTES.each do |attribute|
-          attr_accessor attribute
-          add_need_initialize_variable(attribute)
-        end
-
-        def to_feed(feed)
-          xss = ::RSS::XMLStyleSheet.new
-          guess_type_if_need(xss)
-          set = setup_values(xss)
-          if set
-            feed.xml_stylesheets << xss
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def guess_type_if_need(xss)
-          if @type.nil?
-            xss.href = @href
-            @type = xss.type
-          end
-        end
-
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(href type)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ChannelBase < Base
-      include SetupDefaultDate
-
-      %w(cloud categories skipDays skipHours).each do |name|
-        def_classed_element(name)
-      end
-
-      %w(generator copyright description title).each do |name|
-        def_classed_element(name, nil, "content")
-      end
-
-      [
-       ["link", "href", Proc.new {|target,| "#{target}.href = 'self'"}],
-       ["author", "name"],
-       ["contributor", "name"],
-      ].each do |name, attribute, additional_setup_maker|
-        def_classed_elements(name, attribute, &additional_setup_maker)
-      end
-
-      %w(id about language
-         managingEditor webMaster rating docs ttl).each do |element|
-        attr_accessor element
-        add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-      end
-
-      %w(date lastBuildDate).each do |date_element|
-        attr_reader date_element
-        add_need_initialize_variable(date_element)
-      end
-
-      def date=(_date)
-        @date = _parse_date_if_needed(_date)
-      end
-
-      def lastBuildDate=(_date)
-        @lastBuildDate = _parse_date_if_needed(_date)
-      end
-
-      def pubDate
-        date
-      end
-
-      def pubDate=(date)
-        self.date = date
-      end
-
-      def updated
-        date
-      end
-
-      def updated=(date)
-        self.date = date
-      end
-
-      alias_method(:rights, :copyright)
-      alias_method(:rights=, :copyright=)
-
-      alias_method(:subtitle, :description)
-      alias_method(:subtitle=, :description=)
-
-      def icon
-        image_favicon.about
-      end
-
-      def icon=(url)
-        image_favicon.about = url
-      end
-
-      def logo
-        maker.image.url
-      end
-
-      def logo=(url)
-        maker.image.url = url
-      end
-
-      class SkipDaysBase < Base
-        def_array_element("day")
-
-        class DayBase < Base
-          %w(content).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class SkipHoursBase < Base
-        def_array_element("hour")
-
-        class HourBase < Base
-          %w(content).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class CloudBase < Base
-        %w(domain port path registerProcedure protocol).each do |element|
-          attr_accessor element
-          add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class CategoriesBase < Base
-        def_array_element("category", "categories")
-
-        class CategoryBase < Base
-          %w(domain content label).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-
-          alias_method(:term, :domain)
-          alias_method(:term=, :domain=)
-          alias_method(:scheme, :content)
-          alias_method(:scheme=, :content=)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class LinksBase < Base
-        def_array_element("link")
-
-        class LinkBase < Base
-          %w(href rel type hreflang title length).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class AuthorsBase < Base
-        def_array_element("author")
-
-        class AuthorBase < Base
-          include AtomPersonConstructBase
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ContributorsBase < Base
-        def_array_element("contributor")
-
-        class ContributorBase < Base
-          include AtomPersonConstructBase
-        end
-      end
-
-      class GeneratorBase < Base
-        %w(uri version content).each do |element|
-          attr_accessor element
-          add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class CopyrightBase < Base
-        include AtomTextConstructBase
-      end
-
-      class DescriptionBase < Base
-        include AtomTextConstructBase
-      end
-
-      class TitleBase < Base
-        include AtomTextConstructBase
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ImageBase < Base
-      %w(title url width height description).each do |element|
-        attr_accessor element
-        add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-      end
-
-      def link
-        @maker.channel.link
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ItemsBase < Base
-      def_array_element("item")
-
-      attr_accessor :do_sort, :max_size
-
-      def initialize(maker)
-        super
-        @do_sort = false
-        @max_size = -1
-      end
-
-      def normalize
-        if @max_size >= 0
-          sort_if_need[0...@max_size]
-        else
-          sort_if_need[0..@max_size]
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def sort_if_need
-        if @do_sort.respond_to?(:call)
-          @items.sort do |x, y|
-            @do_sort.call(x, y)
-          end
-        elsif @do_sort
-          @items.sort do |x, y|
-            y <=> x
-          end
-        else
-          @items
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ItemBase < Base
-        include SetupDefaultDate
-
-        %w(guid enclosure source categories content).each do |name|
-          def_classed_element(name)
-        end
-
-        %w(rights description title).each do |name|
-          def_classed_element(name, nil, "content")
-        end
-
-        [
-         ["author", "name"],
-         ["link", "href", Proc.new {|target,| "#{target}.href = 'alternate'"}],
-         ["contributor", "name"],
-        ].each do |name, attribute|
-          def_classed_elements(name, attribute)
-        end
-
-        %w(comments id published).each do |element|
-          attr_accessor element
-          add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-        end
-
-        %w(date).each do |date_element|
-          attr_reader date_element
-          add_need_initialize_variable(date_element)
-        end
-
-        def date=(_date)
-          @date = _parse_date_if_needed(_date)
-        end
-
-        def pubDate
-          date
-        end
-
-        def pubDate=(date)
-          self.date = date
-        end
-
-        def updated
-          date
-        end
-
-        def updated=(date)
-          self.date = date
-        end
-
-        alias_method(:summary, :description)
-        alias_method(:summary=, :description=)
-
-        def <=>(other)
-          _date = date || dc_date
-          _other_date = other.date || other.dc_date
-          if _date and _other_date
-            _date <=> _other_date
-          elsif _date
-            1
-          elsif _other_date
-            -1
-          else
-            0
-          end
-        end
-
-        class GuidBase < Base
-          %w(isPermaLink content).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-
-          def permanent_link?
-            isPermaLink
-          end
-
-          def permanent_link=(bool)
-            self.isPermaLink = bool
-          end
-        end
-
-        class EnclosureBase < Base
-          %w(url length type).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class SourceBase < Base
-          include SetupDefaultDate
-
-          %w(authors categories contributors generator icon
-             logo rights subtitle title).each do |name|
-            def_classed_element(name)
-          end
-
-          [
-           ["link", "href"],
-          ].each do |name, attribute|
-            def_classed_elements(name, attribute)
-          end
-
-          %w(id content).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-
-          alias_method(:url, :link)
-          alias_method(:url=, :link=)
-
-          %w(date).each do |date_element|
-            attr_reader date_element
-            add_need_initialize_variable(date_element)
-          end
-
-          def date=(_date)
-            @date = _parse_date_if_needed(_date)
-          end
-
-          def updated
-            date
-          end
-
-          def updated=(date)
-            self.date = date
-          end
-
-          private
-          AuthorsBase = ChannelBase::AuthorsBase
-          CategoriesBase = ChannelBase::CategoriesBase
-          ContributorsBase = ChannelBase::ContributorsBase
-          GeneratorBase = ChannelBase::GeneratorBase
-
-          class IconBase < Base
-            %w(url).each do |element|
-              attr_accessor element
-              add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-            end
-          end
-
-          LinksBase = ChannelBase::LinksBase
-
-          class LogoBase < Base
-            %w(uri).each do |element|
-              attr_accessor element
-              add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class RightsBase < Base
-            include AtomTextConstructBase
-          end
-
-          class SubtitleBase < Base
-            include AtomTextConstructBase
-          end
-
-          class TitleBase < Base
-            include AtomTextConstructBase
-          end
-        end
-
-        CategoriesBase = ChannelBase::CategoriesBase
-        AuthorsBase = ChannelBase::AuthorsBase
-        LinksBase = ChannelBase::LinksBase
-        ContributorsBase = ChannelBase::ContributorsBase
-
-        class RightsBase < Base
-          include AtomTextConstructBase
-        end
-
-        class DescriptionBase < Base
-          include AtomTextConstructBase
-        end
-
-        class ContentBase < Base
-          include AtomTextConstructBase::EnsureXMLContent
-
-          %w(src).each do |element|
-            attr_accessor(element)
-            add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-          end
-
-          def xml_content=(content)
-            content = ensure_xml_content(content) if inline_xhtml?
-            @xml_content = content
-          end
-
-          alias_method(:xml, :xml_content)
-          alias_method(:xml=, :xml_content=)
-
-          def inline_text?
-            [nil, "text", "html"].include?(@type)
-          end
-
-          def inline_html?
-            @type == "html"
-          end
-
-          def inline_xhtml?
-            @type == "xhtml"
-          end
-
-          def inline_other?
-            !out_of_line? and ![nil, "text", "html", "xhtml"].include?(@type)
-          end
-
-          def inline_other_text?
-            return false if @type.nil? or out_of_line?
-            /\Atext\//i.match(@type) ? true : false
-          end
-
-          def inline_other_xml?
-            return false if @type.nil? or out_of_line?
-            /[\+\/]xml\z/i.match(@type) ? true : false
-          end
-
-          def inline_other_base64?
-            return false if @type.nil? or out_of_line?
-            @type.include?("/") and !inline_other_text? and !inline_other_xml?
-          end
-
-          def out_of_line?
-            not @src.nil? and @content.nil?
-          end
-        end
-
-        class TitleBase < Base
-          include AtomTextConstructBase
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TextinputBase < Base
-      %w(title description name link).each do |element|
-        attr_accessor element
-        add_need_initialize_variable(element)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/content.rb b/lib/rss/maker/content.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3559a45ad0..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/content.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/content'
-require 'rss/maker/1.0'
-require 'rss/maker/2.0'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module ContentModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        ::RSS::ContentModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-          klass.def_other_element(name)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase; include ContentModel; end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb b/lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 988209c045..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/dublincore.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/dublincore'
-require 'rss/maker/1.0'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module DublinCoreModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        ::RSS::DublinCoreModel::ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS.each do |name, plural_name|
-          plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
-          full_name = "#{RSS::DC_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-          full_plural_name = "#{RSS::DC_PREFIX}_#{plural_name}"
-          plural_klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
-          klass.def_classed_elements(full_name, "value", plural_klass_name,
-                                     full_plural_name, name)
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            def new_#{full_name}(value=nil)
-              _#{full_name} = #{full_plural_name}.new_#{name}
-              _#{full_name}.value = value
-              if block_given?
-                yield _#{full_name}
-              else
-                _#{full_name}
-              end
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          # For backward compatibility
-          alias #{DC_PREFIX}_rightses #{DC_PREFIX}_rights_list
-        EOC
-      end
-
-      ::RSS::DublinCoreModel::ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS.each do |name, plural_name|
-        plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
-        full_name ||= "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-        full_plural_name ||= "#{DC_PREFIX}_#{plural_name}"
-        klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-        full_klass_name = "DublinCore#{klass_name}"
-        plural_klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        class #{plural_klass_name}Base < Base
-          def_array_element(#{name.dump}, #{full_plural_name.dump},
-                            #{full_klass_name.dump})
-
-          class #{full_klass_name}Base < Base
-            attr_accessor :value
-            add_need_initialize_variable("value")
-            alias_method(:content, :value)
-            alias_method(:content=, :value=)
-
-            def have_required_values?
-              @value
-            end
-
-            def to_feed(feed, current)
-              if value and current.respond_to?(:#{full_name})
-                new_item = current.class::#{full_klass_name}.new(value)
-                current.#{full_plural_name} << new_item
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          #{klass_name}Base = #{full_klass_name}Base
-        end
-        EOC
-      end
-
-      def self.install_dublin_core(klass)
-        ::RSS::DublinCoreModel::ELEMENT_NAME_INFOS.each do |name, plural_name|
-          plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
-          klass_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-          full_klass_name = "DublinCore#{klass_name}"
-          plural_klass_name = "DublinCore#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          class #{plural_klass_name} < #{plural_klass_name}Base
-            class #{full_klass_name} < #{full_klass_name}Base
-            end
-            #{klass_name} = #{full_klass_name}
-          end
-EOC
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ChannelBase
-      include DublinCoreModel
-    end
-
-    class ImageBase; include DublinCoreModel; end
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase
-        include DublinCoreModel
-      end
-    end
-    class TextinputBase; include DublinCoreModel; end
-
-    makers.each do |maker|
-      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        class Channel
-          DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-        end
-
-        class Image
-          DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-        end
-
-        class Items
-          class Item
-            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Textinput
-          DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/entry.rb b/lib/rss/maker/entry.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f806cbcaae..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/entry.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/maker/atom"
-require "rss/maker/feed"
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module Atom
-      class Entry < RSSBase
-        def initialize(feed_version="1.0")
-          super
-          @feed_type = "atom"
-          @feed_subtype = "entry"
-        end
-
-        private
-        def make_feed
-          ::RSS::Atom::Entry.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
-        end
-
-        def setup_elements(entry)
-          setup_items(entry)
-        end
-
-        class Channel < ChannelBase
-          class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
-            class Day < DayBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
-            class Hour < HourBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Cloud < CloudBase
-          end
-
-          Categories = Feed::Channel::Categories
-          Links = Feed::Channel::Links
-          Authors = Feed::Channel::Authors
-          Contributors = Feed::Channel::Contributors
-
-          class Generator < GeneratorBase
-            include AtomGenerator
-
-            def self.not_set_name
-              "maker.channel.generator"
-            end
-          end
-
-          Copyright = Feed::Channel::Copyright
-
-          class Description < DescriptionBase
-          end
-
-          Title = Feed::Channel::Title
-        end
-
-        class Image < ImageBase
-        end
-
-        class Items < ItemsBase
-          def to_feed(entry)
-            (normalize.first || Item.new(@maker)).to_feed(entry)
-          end
-
-          class Item < ItemBase
-            def to_feed(entry)
-              set_default_values do
-                setup_values(entry)
-                entry.dc_dates.clear
-                setup_other_elements(entry)
-                unless have_required_values?
-                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.item", not_set_required_variables)
-                end
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(id updated)
-            end
-
-            def variables
-              super + ["updated"]
-            end
-
-            def variable_is_set?
-              super or !authors.empty?
-            end
-
-            def not_set_required_variables
-              set_default_values do
-                vars = super
-                if authors.all? {|author| !author.have_required_values?}
-                  vars << "author"
-                end
-                vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-                vars
-              end
-            end
-
-            def _set_default_values
-              keep = {
-                :authors => authors.to_a.dup,
-                :contributors => contributors.to_a.dup,
-                :categories => categories.to_a.dup,
-                :id => id,
-                :links => links.to_a.dup,
-                :rights => @rights,
-                :title => @title,
-                :updated => updated,
-              }
-              authors.replace(@maker.channel.authors) if keep[:authors].empty?
-              if keep[:contributors].empty?
-                contributors.replace(@maker.channel.contributors)
-              end
-              if keep[:categories].empty?
-                categories.replace(@maker.channel.categories)
-              end
-              self.id ||= link || @maker.channel.id
-              links.replace(@maker.channel.links) if keep[:links].empty?
-              unless keep[:rights].variable_is_set?
-                @maker.channel.rights {|r| @rights = r}
-              end
-              unless keep[:title].variable_is_set?
-                @maker.channel.title {|t| @title = t}
-              end
-              self.updated ||= @maker.channel.updated
-              super
-            ensure
-              authors.replace(keep[:authors])
-              contributors.replace(keep[:contributors])
-              categories.replace(keep[:categories])
-              links.replace(keep[:links])
-              self.id = keep[:id]
-              @rights = keep[:rights]
-              @title = keep[:title]
-              self.updated = keep[:updated]
-            end
-
-            Guid = Feed::Items::Item::Guid
-            Enclosure = Feed::Items::Item::Enclosure
-            Source = Feed::Items::Item::Source
-            Categories = Feed::Items::Item::Categories
-            Authors = Feed::Items::Item::Authors
-            Contributors = Feed::Items::Item::Contributors
-            Links = Feed::Items::Item::Links
-            Rights = Feed::Items::Item::Rights
-            Description = Feed::Items::Item::Description
-            Title = Feed::Items::Item::Title
-            Content = Feed::Items::Item::Content
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Textinput < TextinputBase
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    add_maker("atom:entry", "1.0", Atom::Entry)
-    add_maker("atom1.0:entry", "1.0", Atom::Entry)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/feed.rb b/lib/rss/maker/feed.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fdef7ad643..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/feed.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,427 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/maker/atom"
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module Atom
-      class Feed < RSSBase
-        def initialize(feed_version="1.0")
-          super
-          @feed_type = "atom"
-          @feed_subtype = "feed"
-        end
-
-        private
-        def make_feed
-          ::RSS::Atom::Feed.new(@version, @encoding, @standalone)
-        end
-
-        def setup_elements(feed)
-          setup_channel(feed)
-          setup_image(feed)
-          setup_items(feed)
-        end
-
-        class Channel < ChannelBase
-          include SetupDefaultLanguage
-
-          def to_feed(feed)
-            set_default_values do
-              setup_values(feed)
-              feed.dc_dates.clear
-              setup_other_elements(feed)
-              if image_favicon.about
-                icon = feed.class::Icon.new
-                icon.content = image_favicon.about
-                feed.icon = icon
-              end
-              unless have_required_values?
-                raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel",
-                                      not_set_required_variables)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          def have_required_values?
-            super and
-              (!authors.empty? or
-               @maker.items.any? {|item| !item.authors.empty?})
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(id updated)
-          end
-
-          def variables
-            super + %w(id updated)
-          end
-
-          def variable_is_set?
-            super or !authors.empty?
-          end
-
-          def not_set_required_variables
-            vars = super
-            if authors.empty? and
-                @maker.items.all? {|item| item.author.to_s.empty?}
-              vars << "author"
-            end
-            vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-            vars
-          end
-
-          def _set_default_values(&block)
-            keep = {
-              :id => id,
-            }
-            self.id ||= about
-            super(&block)
-          ensure
-            self.id = keep[:id]
-          end
-
-          class SkipDays < SkipDaysBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Day < DayBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class SkipHours < SkipHoursBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-
-            class Hour < HourBase
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Cloud < CloudBase
-            def to_feed(*args)
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Categories < CategoriesBase
-            class Category < CategoryBase
-              include AtomCategory
-
-              def self.not_set_name
-                "maker.channel.category"
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          class Links < LinksBase
-            class Link < LinkBase
-              include AtomLink
-
-              def self.not_set_name
-                "maker.channel.link"
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "author", "maker.channel.author")
-          AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "contributor",
-                                       "maker.channel.contributor")
-
-          class Generator < GeneratorBase
-            include AtomGenerator
-
-            def self.not_set_name
-              "maker.channel.generator"
-            end
-          end
-
-          AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "rights",
-                                                    "maker.channel.copyright",
-                                                    "Copyright")
-          AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "subtitle",
-                                                    "maker.channel.description",
-                                                    "Description")
-          AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "title",
-                                                    "maker.channel.title")
-        end
-
-        class Image < ImageBase
-          def to_feed(feed)
-            logo = feed.class::Logo.new
-            class << logo
-              alias_method(:url=, :content=)
-            end
-            set = setup_values(logo)
-            class << logo
-              remove_method(:url=)
-            end
-            if set
-              feed.logo = logo
-              set_parent(logo, feed)
-              setup_other_elements(feed, logo)
-            elsif variable_is_set?
-              raise NotSetError.new("maker.image", not_set_required_variables)
-            end
-          end
-
-          private
-          def required_variable_names
-            %w(url)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Items < ItemsBase
-          def to_feed(feed)
-            normalize.each do |item|
-              item.to_feed(feed)
-            end
-            setup_other_elements(feed, feed.entries)
-          end
-
-          class Item < ItemBase
-            def to_feed(feed)
-              set_default_values do
-                entry = feed.class::Entry.new
-                set = setup_values(entry)
-                entry.dc_dates.clear
-                setup_other_elements(feed, entry)
-                if set
-                  feed.entries << entry
-                  set_parent(entry, feed)
-                elsif variable_is_set?
-                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.item", not_set_required_variables)
-                end
-              end
-            end
-
-            def have_required_values?
-              set_default_values do
-                super and title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-              end
-            end
-
-            private
-            def required_variable_names
-              %w(id updated)
-            end
-
-            def variables
-              super + ["updated"]
-            end
-
-            def not_set_required_variables
-              vars = super
-              vars << "title" unless title {|t| t.have_required_values?}
-              vars
-            end
-
-            def _set_default_values(&block)
-              keep = {
-                :id => id,
-              }
-              self.id ||= link
-              super(&block)
-            ensure
-              self.id = keep[:id]
-            end
-
-            class Guid < GuidBase
-              def to_feed(feed, current)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Enclosure < EnclosureBase
-              def to_feed(feed, current)
-              end
-            end
-
-            class Source < SourceBase
-              def to_feed(feed, current)
-                source = current.class::Source.new
-                setup_values(source)
-                current.source = source
-                set_parent(source, current)
-                setup_other_elements(feed, source)
-                current.source = nil if source.to_s == "<source/>"
-              end
-
-              private
-              def required_variable_names
-                []
-              end
-
-              def variables
-                super + ["updated"]
-              end
-
-              AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "author",
-                                           "maker.item.source.author")
-              AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "contributor",
-                                           "maker.item.source.contributor")
-
-              class Categories < CategoriesBase
-                class Category < CategoryBase
-                  include AtomCategory
-
-                  def self.not_set_name
-                    "maker.item.source.category"
-                  end
-                end
-              end
-
-              class Generator < GeneratorBase
-                include AtomGenerator
-
-                def self.not_set_name
-                  "maker.item.source.generator"
-                end
-              end
-
-              class Icon < IconBase
-                def to_feed(feed, current)
-                  icon = current.class::Icon.new
-                  class << icon
-                    alias_method(:url=, :content=)
-                  end
-                  set = setup_values(icon)
-                  class << icon
-                    remove_method(:url=)
-                  end
-                  if set
-                    current.icon = icon
-                    set_parent(icon, current)
-                    setup_other_elements(feed, icon)
-                  elsif variable_is_set?
-                    raise NotSetError.new("maker.item.source.icon",
-                                          not_set_required_variables)
-                  end
-                end
-
-                private
-                def required_variable_names
-                  %w(url)
-                end
-              end
-
-              class Links < LinksBase
-                class Link < LinkBase
-                  include AtomLink
-
-                  def self.not_set_name
-                    "maker.item.source.link"
-                  end
-                end
-              end
-
-              class Logo < LogoBase
-                include AtomLogo
-
-                def self.not_set_name
-                  "maker.item.source.logo"
-                end
-              end
-
-              maker_name_base = "maker.item.source."
-              maker_name = "#{maker_name_base}rights"
-              AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "rights",
-                                                        maker_name)
-              maker_name = "#{maker_name_base}subtitle"
-              AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "subtitle",
-                                                        maker_name)
-              maker_name = "#{maker_name_base}title"
-              AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "title",
-                                                        maker_name)
-            end
-
-            class Categories < CategoriesBase
-              class Category < CategoryBase
-                include AtomCategory
-
-                def self.not_set_name
-                  "maker.item.category"
-                end
-              end
-            end
-
-            AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "author", "maker.item.author")
-            AtomPersons.def_atom_persons(self, "contributor",
-                                         "maker.item.contributor")
-
-            class Links < LinksBase
-              class Link < LinkBase
-                include AtomLink
-
-                def self.not_set_name
-                  "maker.item.link"
-                end
-              end
-            end
-
-            AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "rights",
-                                                      "maker.item.rights")
-            AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "summary",
-                                                      "maker.item.description",
-                                                      "Description")
-            AtomTextConstruct.def_atom_text_construct(self, "title",
-                                                      "maker.item.title")
-
-            class Content < ContentBase
-              def to_feed(feed, current)
-                content = current.class::Content.new
-                if setup_values(content)
-                  content.src = nil if content.src and content.content
-                  current.content = content
-                  set_parent(content, current)
-                  setup_other_elements(feed, content)
-                elsif variable_is_set?
-                  raise NotSetError.new("maker.item.content",
-                                        not_set_required_variables)
-                end
-              end
-
-              alias_method(:xml, :xml_content)
-
-              private
-              def required_variable_names
-                if out_of_line?
-                  %w(type)
-                elsif xml_type?
-                  %w(xml_content)
-                else
-                  %w(content)
-                end
-              end
-
-              def variables
-                if out_of_line?
-                  super
-                elsif xml_type?
-                  super + %w(xml)
-                else
-                  super
-                end
-              end
-
-              def xml_type?
-                _type = type
-                return false if _type.nil?
-                _type == "xhtml" or
-                  /(?:\+xml|\/xml)$/i =~ _type or
-                  %w(text/xml-external-parsed-entity
-                     application/xml-external-parsed-entity
-                     application/xml-dtd).include?(_type.downcase)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Textinput < TextinputBase
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    add_maker("atom", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
-    add_maker("atom:feed", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
-    add_maker("atom1.0", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
-    add_maker("atom1.0:feed", "1.0", Atom::Feed)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/image.rb b/lib/rss/maker/image.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1957ba8689..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/image.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/image'
-require 'rss/maker/1.0'
-require 'rss/maker/dublincore'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module ImageItemModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        name = "#{RSS::IMAGE_PREFIX}_item"
-        klass.def_classed_element(name)
-      end
-
-      def self.install_image_item(klass)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          class ImageItem < ImageItemBase
-            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-          end
-EOC
-      end
-
-      class ImageItemBase < Base
-        include Maker::DublinCoreModel
-
-        attr_accessor :about, :resource, :image_width, :image_height
-        add_need_initialize_variable("about")
-        add_need_initialize_variable("resource")
-        add_need_initialize_variable("image_width")
-        add_need_initialize_variable("image_height")
-        alias width= image_width=
-        alias width image_width
-        alias height= image_height=
-        alias height image_height
-
-        def have_required_values?
-          @about
-        end
-
-        def to_feed(feed, current)
-          if current.respond_to?(:image_item=) and have_required_values?
-            item = current.class::ImageItem.new
-            setup_values(item)
-            setup_other_elements(item)
-            current.image_item = item
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module ImageFaviconModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        name = "#{RSS::IMAGE_PREFIX}_favicon"
-        klass.def_classed_element(name)
-      end
-
-      def self.install_image_favicon(klass)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          class ImageFavicon < ImageFaviconBase
-            DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-
-      class ImageFaviconBase < Base
-        include Maker::DublinCoreModel
-
-        attr_accessor :about, :image_size
-        add_need_initialize_variable("about")
-        add_need_initialize_variable("image_size")
-        alias size image_size
-        alias size= image_size=
-
-        def have_required_values?
-          @about and @image_size
-        end
-
-        def to_feed(feed, current)
-          if current.respond_to?(:image_favicon=) and have_required_values?
-            favicon = current.class::ImageFavicon.new
-            setup_values(favicon)
-            setup_other_elements(favicon)
-            current.image_favicon = favicon
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ChannelBase; include Maker::ImageFaviconModel; end
-
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase; include Maker::ImageItemModel; end
-    end
-
-    makers.each do |maker|
-      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        class Channel
-          ImageFaviconModel.install_image_favicon(self)
-        end
-
-        class Items
-          class Item
-            ImageItemModel.install_image_item(self)
-          end
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/itunes.rb b/lib/rss/maker/itunes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cc1051ae0c..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/itunes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/itunes'
-require 'rss/maker/2.0'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module ITunesBaseModel
-      def def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
-        name = name.gsub(/-/, "_").gsub(/^itunes_/, '')
-        full_name = "#{RSS::ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-        case type
-        when nil
-          klass.def_other_element(full_name)
-        when :yes_other
-          def_yes_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
-        when :yes_clean_other
-          def_yes_clean_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
-        when :csv
-          def_csv_accessor(klass, full_name)
-        when :element, :attribute
-          recommended_attribute_name, = *args
-          klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
-          klass.def_classed_element(full_name, klass_name,
-                                    recommended_attribute_name)
-        when :elements
-          plural_name, recommended_attribute_name = args
-          plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
-          full_plural_name = "#{RSS::ITUNES_PREFIX}_#{plural_name}"
-          klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
-          plural_klass_name = "ITunes#{Utils.to_class_name(plural_name)}"
-          def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, full_plural_name,
-                                      klass_name, plural_klass_name,
-                                      recommended_attribute_name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def def_yes_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
-        klass.def_other_element(full_name)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{full_name}?
-            Utils::YesOther.parse(@#{full_name})
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-
-      def def_yes_clean_other_accessor(klass, full_name)
-        klass.def_other_element(full_name)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{full_name}?
-            Utils::YesCleanOther.parse(#{full_name})
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-
-      def def_csv_accessor(klass, full_name)
-        klass.def_csv_element(full_name)
-      end
-
-      def def_elements_class_accessor(klass, name, full_name, full_plural_name,
-                                      klass_name, plural_klass_name,
-                                      recommended_attribute_name=nil)
-        if recommended_attribute_name
-          klass.def_classed_elements(full_name, recommended_attribute_name,
-                                     plural_klass_name, full_plural_name)
-        else
-          klass.def_classed_element(full_plural_name, plural_klass_name)
-        end
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def new_#{full_name}(text=nil)
-            #{full_name} = @#{full_plural_name}.new_#{name}
-            #{full_name}.text = text
-            if block_given?
-              yield #{full_name}
-            else
-              #{full_name}
-            end
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    module ITunesChannelModel
-      extend ITunesBaseModel
-
-      class << self
-        def append_features(klass)
-          super
-
-          ::RSS::ITunesChannelModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *args|
-            def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ITunesCategoriesBase < Base
-        def_array_element("category", "itunes_categories",
-                          "ITunesCategory")
-        class ITunesCategoryBase < Base
-          attr_accessor :text
-          add_need_initialize_variable("text")
-          def_array_element("category", "itunes_categories",
-                            "ITunesCategory")
-
-          def have_required_values?
-            text
-          end
-
-          alias_method :to_feed_for_categories, :to_feed
-          def to_feed(feed, current)
-            if text and current.respond_to?(:itunes_category)
-              new_item = current.class::ITunesCategory.new(text)
-              to_feed_for_categories(feed, new_item)
-              current.itunes_categories << new_item
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ITunesImageBase < Base
-        add_need_initialize_variable("href")
-        attr_accessor("href")
-
-        def to_feed(feed, current)
-          if @href and current.respond_to?(:itunes_image)
-            current.itunes_image ||= current.class::ITunesImage.new
-            current.itunes_image.href = @href
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ITunesOwnerBase < Base
-        %w(itunes_name itunes_email).each do |name|
-          add_need_initialize_variable(name)
-          attr_accessor(name)
-        end
-
-        def to_feed(feed, current)
-          if current.respond_to?(:itunes_owner=)
-            _not_set_required_variables = not_set_required_variables
-            if (required_variable_names - _not_set_required_variables).empty?
-              return
-            end
-
-            unless have_required_values?
-              raise NotSetError.new("maker.channel.itunes_owner",
-                                    _not_set_required_variables)
-            end
-            current.itunes_owner ||= current.class::ITunesOwner.new
-            current.itunes_owner.itunes_name = @itunes_name
-            current.itunes_owner.itunes_email = @itunes_email
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def required_variable_names
-          %w(itunes_name itunes_email)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module ITunesItemModel
-      extend ITunesBaseModel
-
-      class << self
-        def append_features(klass)
-          super
-
-          ::RSS::ITunesItemModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *args|
-            def_class_accessor(klass, name, type, *args)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ITunesDurationBase < Base
-        attr_reader :content
-        add_need_initialize_variable("content")
-
-        %w(hour minute second).each do |name|
-          attr_reader(name)
-          add_need_initialize_variable(name, 0)
-        end
-
-        def content=(content)
-          if content.nil?
-            @hour, @minute, @second, @content = nil
-          else
-            @hour, @minute, @second =
-              ::RSS::ITunesItemModel::ITunesDuration.parse(content)
-            @content = content
-          end
-        end
-
-        def hour=(hour)
-          @hour = Integer(hour)
-          update_content
-        end
-
-        def minute=(minute)
-          @minute = Integer(minute)
-          update_content
-        end
-
-        def second=(second)
-          @second = Integer(second)
-          update_content
-        end
-
-        def to_feed(feed, current)
-          if @content and current.respond_to?(:itunes_duration=)
-            current.itunes_duration ||= current.class::ITunesDuration.new
-            current.itunes_duration.content = @content
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-        def update_content
-          components = [@hour, @minute, @second]
-          @content =
-            ::RSS::ITunesItemModel::ITunesDuration.construct(*components)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ChannelBase
-      include Maker::ITunesChannelModel
-      class ITunesCategories < ITunesCategoriesBase
-        class ITunesCategory < ITunesCategoryBase
-          ITunesCategory = self
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ITunesImage < ITunesImageBase; end
-      class ITunesOwner < ITunesOwnerBase; end
-    end
-
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase
-        include Maker::ITunesItemModel
-        class ITunesDuration < ITunesDurationBase; end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/slash.rb b/lib/rss/maker/slash.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3bd82d3057..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/slash.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/slash'
-require 'rss/maker/1.0'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module SlashModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        ::RSS::SlashModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type|
-          full_name = "#{RSS::SLASH_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-          case type
-          when :csv_integer
-            klass.def_csv_element(full_name, :integer)
-          else
-            klass.def_other_element(full_name)
-          end
-        end
-
-        klass.module_eval do
-          alias_method(:slash_hit_parades, :slash_hit_parade)
-          alias_method(:slash_hit_parades=, :slash_hit_parade=)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase
-        include SlashModel
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/syndication.rb b/lib/rss/maker/syndication.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 840b70229a..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/syndication.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/syndication'
-require 'rss/maker/1.0'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module SyndicationModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        ::RSS::SyndicationModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-          klass.def_other_element(name)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ChannelBase; include SyndicationModel; end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb b/lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 76a2d1600d..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/taxonomy.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/taxonomy'
-require 'rss/maker/1.0'
-require 'rss/maker/dublincore'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module TaxonomyTopicsModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        klass.def_classed_element("#{RSS::TAXO_PREFIX}_topics",
-                                  "TaxonomyTopics")
-      end
-
-      def self.install_taxo_topics(klass)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          class TaxonomyTopics < TaxonomyTopicsBase
-            def to_feed(feed, current)
-              if current.respond_to?(:taxo_topics)
-                topics = current.class::TaxonomyTopics.new
-                bag = topics.Bag
-                @resources.each do |resource|
-                  bag.lis << RDF::Bag::Li.new(resource)
-                end
-                current.taxo_topics = topics
-              end
-            end
-          end
-EOC
-      end
-
-      class TaxonomyTopicsBase < Base
-        attr_reader :resources
-        def_array_element("resource")
-        remove_method :new_resource
-      end
-    end
-
-    module TaxonomyTopicModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        class_name = "TaxonomyTopics"
-        klass.def_classed_elements("#{TAXO_PREFIX}_topic", "value", class_name)
-      end
-
-      def self.install_taxo_topic(klass)
-        klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          class TaxonomyTopics < TaxonomyTopicsBase
-            class TaxonomyTopic < TaxonomyTopicBase
-              DublinCoreModel.install_dublin_core(self)
-              TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
-
-              def to_feed(feed, current)
-                if current.respond_to?(:taxo_topics)
-                  topic = current.class::TaxonomyTopic.new(value)
-                  topic.taxo_link = value
-                  taxo_topics.to_feed(feed, topic) if taxo_topics
-                  current.taxo_topics << topic
-                  setup_other_elements(feed, topic)
-                end
-              end
-            end
-          end
-EOC
-      end
-
-      class TaxonomyTopicsBase < Base
-        def_array_element("topic", nil, "TaxonomyTopic")
-        alias_method(:new_taxo_topic, :new_topic) # For backward compatibility
-
-        class TaxonomyTopicBase < Base
-          include DublinCoreModel
-          include TaxonomyTopicsModel
-
-          attr_accessor :value
-          add_need_initialize_variable("value")
-          alias_method(:taxo_link, :value)
-          alias_method(:taxo_link=, :value=)
-
-          def have_required_values?
-            @value
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class RSSBase
-      include TaxonomyTopicModel
-    end
-
-    class ChannelBase
-      include TaxonomyTopicsModel
-    end
-
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase
-        include TaxonomyTopicsModel
-      end
-    end
-
-    makers.each do |maker|
-      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        TaxonomyTopicModel.install_taxo_topic(self)
-
-        class Channel
-          TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
-        end
-
-        class Items
-          class Item
-            TaxonomyTopicsModel.install_taxo_topics(self)
-          end
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb b/lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f97691c608..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/maker/trackback.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/trackback'
-require 'rss/maker/1.0'
-require 'rss/maker/2.0'
-
-module RSS
-  module Maker
-    module TrackBackModel
-      def self.append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        klass.def_other_element("#{RSS::TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_ping")
-        klass.def_classed_elements("#{RSS::TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_about", "value",
-                                   "TrackBackAbouts")
-      end
-
-      class TrackBackAboutsBase < Base
-        def_array_element("about", nil, "TrackBackAbout")
-
-        class TrackBackAboutBase < Base
-          attr_accessor :value
-          add_need_initialize_variable("value")
-
-          alias_method(:resource, :value)
-          alias_method(:resource=, :value=)
-          alias_method(:content, :value)
-          alias_method(:content=, :value=)
-
-          def have_required_values?
-            @value
-          end
-
-          def to_feed(feed, current)
-            if current.respond_to?(:trackback_abouts) and have_required_values?
-              about = current.class::TrackBackAbout.new
-              setup_values(about)
-              setup_other_elements(about)
-              current.trackback_abouts << about
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ItemsBase
-      class ItemBase; include TrackBackModel; end
-    end
-
-    makers.each do |maker|
-      maker.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        class Items
-          class Item
-            class TrackBackAbouts < TrackBackAboutsBase
-              class TrackBackAbout < TrackBackAboutBase
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/parser.rb b/lib/rss/parser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a9842e6d40..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/parser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,571 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "forwardable"
-require "open-uri"
-
-require "rss/rss"
-require "rss/xml"
-
-module RSS
-
-  class NotWellFormedError < Error
-    attr_reader :line, :element
-
-    # Create a new NotWellFormedError for an error at +line+
-    # in +element+.  If a block is given the return value of
-    # the block ends up in the error message.
-    def initialize(line=nil, element=nil)
-      message = "This is not well formed XML"
-      if element or line
-        message << "\nerror occurred"
-        message << " in #{element}" if element
-        message << " at about #{line} line" if line
-      end
-      message << "\n#{yield}" if block_given?
-      super(message)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class XMLParserNotFound < Error
-    def initialize
-      super("available XML parser was not found in " <<
-            "#{AVAILABLE_PARSER_LIBRARIES.inspect}.")
-    end
-  end
-
-  class NotValidXMLParser < Error
-    def initialize(parser)
-      super("#{parser} is not an available XML parser. " <<
-            "Available XML parser" <<
-            (AVAILABLE_PARSERS.size > 1 ? "s are " : " is ") <<
-            "#{AVAILABLE_PARSERS.inspect}.")
-    end
-  end
-
-  class NSError < InvalidRSSError
-    attr_reader :tag, :prefix, :uri
-    def initialize(tag, prefix, require_uri)
-      @tag, @prefix, @uri = tag, prefix, require_uri
-      super("prefix <#{prefix}> doesn't associate uri " <<
-            "<#{require_uri}> in tag <#{tag}>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Parser
-
-    extend Forwardable
-
-    class << self
-
-      @@default_parser = nil
-
-      def default_parser
-        @@default_parser || AVAILABLE_PARSERS.first
-      end
-
-      # Set @@default_parser to new_value if it is one of the
-      # available parsers. Else raise NotValidXMLParser error.
-      def default_parser=(new_value)
-        if AVAILABLE_PARSERS.include?(new_value)
-          @@default_parser = new_value
-        else
-          raise NotValidXMLParser.new(new_value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def parse(rss, do_validate=true, ignore_unknown_element=true,
-                parser_class=default_parser)
-        parser = new(rss, parser_class)
-        parser.do_validate = do_validate
-        parser.ignore_unknown_element = ignore_unknown_element
-        parser.parse
-      end
-    end
-
-    def_delegators(:@parser, :parse, :rss,
-                   :ignore_unknown_element,
-                   :ignore_unknown_element=, :do_validate,
-                   :do_validate=)
-
-    def initialize(rss, parser_class=self.class.default_parser)
-      @parser = parser_class.new(normalize_rss(rss))
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Try to get the XML associated with +rss+.
-    # Return +rss+ if it already looks like XML, or treat it as a URI,
-    # or a file to get the XML,
-    def normalize_rss(rss)
-      return rss if maybe_xml?(rss)
-
-      uri = to_uri(rss)
-
-      if uri.respond_to?(:read)
-        uri.read
-      elsif !rss.tainted? and File.readable?(rss)
-        File.open(rss) {|f| f.read}
-      else
-        rss
-      end
-    end
-
-    # maybe_xml? tests if source is a string that looks like XML.
-    def maybe_xml?(source)
-      source.is_a?(String) and /</ =~ source
-    end
-
-    # Attempt to convert rss to a URI, but just return it if
-    # there's a ::URI::Error
-    def to_uri(rss)
-      return rss if rss.is_a?(::URI::Generic)
-
-      begin
-        ::URI.parse(rss)
-      rescue ::URI::Error
-        rss
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class BaseParser
-
-    class << self
-      def raise_for_undefined_entity?
-        listener.raise_for_undefined_entity?
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(rss)
-      @listener = self.class.listener.new
-      @rss = rss
-    end
-
-    def rss
-      @listener.rss
-    end
-
-    def ignore_unknown_element
-      @listener.ignore_unknown_element
-    end
-
-    def ignore_unknown_element=(new_value)
-      @listener.ignore_unknown_element = new_value
-    end
-
-    def do_validate
-      @listener.do_validate
-    end
-
-    def do_validate=(new_value)
-      @listener.do_validate = new_value
-    end
-
-    def parse
-      if @listener.rss.nil?
-        _parse
-      end
-      @listener.rss
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class BaseListener
-
-    extend Utils
-
-    class << self
-
-      @@accessor_bases = {}
-      @@registered_uris = {}
-      @@class_names = {}
-
-      # return the setter for the uri, tag_name pair, or nil.
-      def setter(uri, tag_name)
-        _getter = getter(uri, tag_name)
-        if _getter
-          "#{_getter}="
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def getter(uri, tag_name)
-        (@@accessor_bases[uri] || {})[tag_name]
-      end
-
-      # return the tag_names for setters associated with uri
-      def available_tags(uri)
-        (@@accessor_bases[uri] || {}).keys
-      end
-
-      # register uri against this name.
-      def register_uri(uri, name)
-        @@registered_uris[name] ||= {}
-        @@registered_uris[name][uri] = nil
-      end
-
-      # test if this uri is registered against this name
-      def uri_registered?(uri, name)
-        @@registered_uris[name].has_key?(uri)
-      end
-
-      # record class_name for the supplied uri and tag_name
-      def install_class_name(uri, tag_name, class_name)
-        @@class_names[uri] ||= {}
-        @@class_names[uri][tag_name] = class_name
-      end
-
-      # retrieve class_name for the supplied uri and tag_name
-      # If it doesn't exist, capitalize the tag_name
-      def class_name(uri, tag_name)
-        name = (@@class_names[uri] || {})[tag_name]
-        return name if name
-
-        tag_name = tag_name.gsub(/[_\-]([a-z]?)/) {$1.upcase}
-        tag_name[0, 1].upcase + tag_name[1..-1]
-      end
-
-      def install_get_text_element(uri, name, accessor_base)
-        install_accessor_base(uri, name, accessor_base)
-        def_get_text_element(uri, name, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(1))
-      end
-
-      def raise_for_undefined_entity?
-        true
-      end
-
-      private
-      # set the accessor for the uri, tag_name pair
-      def install_accessor_base(uri, tag_name, accessor_base)
-        @@accessor_bases[uri] ||= {}
-        @@accessor_bases[uri][tag_name] = accessor_base.chomp("=")
-      end
-
-      def def_get_text_element(uri, element_name, file, line)
-        register_uri(uri, element_name)
-        method_name = "start_#{element_name}"
-        unless private_method_defined?(method_name)
-          define_method(method_name) do |name, prefix, attrs, ns|
-            uri = _ns(ns, prefix)
-            if self.class.uri_registered?(uri, element_name)
-              start_get_text_element(name, prefix, ns, uri)
-            else
-              start_else_element(name, prefix, attrs, ns)
-            end
-          end
-          private(method_name)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module ListenerMixin
-    attr_reader :rss
-
-    attr_accessor :ignore_unknown_element
-    attr_accessor :do_validate
-
-    def initialize
-      @rss = nil
-      @ignore_unknown_element = true
-      @do_validate = true
-      @ns_stack = [{"xml" => :xml}]
-      @tag_stack = [[]]
-      @text_stack = ['']
-      @proc_stack = []
-      @last_element = nil
-      @version = @encoding = @standalone = nil
-      @xml_stylesheets = []
-      @xml_child_mode = false
-      @xml_element = nil
-      @last_xml_element = nil
-    end
-
-    # set instance vars for version, encoding, standalone
-    def xmldecl(version, encoding, standalone)
-      @version, @encoding, @standalone = version, encoding, standalone
-    end
-
-    def instruction(name, content)
-      if name == "xml-stylesheet"
-        params = parse_pi_content(content)
-        if params.has_key?("href")
-          @xml_stylesheets << XMLStyleSheet.new(params)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def tag_start(name, attributes)
-      @text_stack.push('')
-
-      ns = @ns_stack.last.dup
-      attrs = {}
-      attributes.each do |n, v|
-        if /\Axmlns(?:\z|:)/ =~ n
-          ns[$POSTMATCH] = v
-        else
-          attrs[n] = v
-        end
-      end
-      @ns_stack.push(ns)
-
-      prefix, local = split_name(name)
-      @tag_stack.last.push([_ns(ns, prefix), local])
-      @tag_stack.push([])
-      if @xml_child_mode
-        previous = @last_xml_element
-        element_attrs = attributes.dup
-        unless previous
-          ns.each do |ns_prefix, value|
-            next if ns_prefix == "xml"
-            key = ns_prefix.empty? ? "xmlns" : "xmlns:#{ns_prefix}"
-            element_attrs[key] ||= value
-          end
-        end
-        next_element = XML::Element.new(local,
-                                        prefix.empty? ? nil : prefix,
-                                        _ns(ns, prefix),
-                                        element_attrs)
-        previous << next_element if previous
-        @last_xml_element = next_element
-        pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
-          if previous
-            @last_xml_element = previous
-          else
-            @xml_element = @last_xml_element
-            @last_xml_element = nil
-          end
-        end
-        @proc_stack.push(pr)
-      else
-        if @rss.nil? and respond_to?("initial_start_#{local}", true)
-          __send__("initial_start_#{local}", local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
-        elsif respond_to?("start_#{local}", true)
-          __send__("start_#{local}", local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
-        else
-          start_else_element(local, prefix, attrs, ns.dup)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def tag_end(name)
-      if DEBUG
-        p "end tag #{name}"
-        p @tag_stack
-      end
-      text = @text_stack.pop
-      tags = @tag_stack.pop
-      pr = @proc_stack.pop
-      pr.call(text, tags) unless pr.nil?
-      @ns_stack.pop
-    end
-
-    def text(data)
-      if @xml_child_mode
-        @last_xml_element << data if @last_xml_element
-      else
-        @text_stack.last << data
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def _ns(ns, prefix)
-      ns.fetch(prefix, "")
-    end
-
-    CONTENT_PATTERN = /\s*([^=]+)=(["'])([^\2]+?)\2/
-    # Extract the first name="value" pair from content.
-    # Works with single quotes according to the constant
-    # CONTENT_PATTERN. Return a Hash.
-    def parse_pi_content(content)
-      params = {}
-      content.scan(CONTENT_PATTERN) do |name, quote, value|
-        params[name] = value
-      end
-      params
-    end
-
-    def start_else_element(local, prefix, attrs, ns)
-      class_name = self.class.class_name(_ns(ns, prefix), local)
-      current_class = @last_element.class
-      if known_class?(current_class, class_name)
-        next_class = current_class.const_get(class_name)
-        start_have_something_element(local, prefix, attrs, ns, next_class)
-      else
-        if !@do_validate or @ignore_unknown_element
-          @proc_stack.push(setup_next_element_in_unknown_element)
-        else
-          parent = "ROOT ELEMENT???"
-          if current_class.tag_name
-            parent = current_class.tag_name
-          end
-          raise NotExpectedTagError.new(local, _ns(ns, prefix), parent)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    if Module.method(:const_defined?).arity == -1
-      def known_class?(target_class, class_name)
-        class_name and
-          (target_class.const_defined?(class_name, false) or
-           target_class.constants.include?(class_name.to_sym))
-      end
-    else
-      def known_class?(target_class, class_name)
-        class_name and
-          (target_class.const_defined?(class_name) or
-           target_class.constants.include?(class_name))
-      end
-    end
-
-    NAMESPLIT = /^(?:([\w:][-\w.]*):)?([\w:][-\w.]*)/
-    def split_name(name)
-      name =~ NAMESPLIT
-      [$1 || '', $2]
-    end
-
-    def check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, require_uri, ignore_unknown_element=nil)
-      if _ns(ns, prefix) == require_uri
-        true
-      else
-        if ignore_unknown_element.nil?
-          ignore_unknown_element = @ignore_unknown_element
-        end
-
-        if ignore_unknown_element
-          false
-        elsif @do_validate
-          raise NSError.new(tag_name, prefix, require_uri)
-        else
-          # Force bind required URI with prefix
-          @ns_stack.last[prefix] = require_uri
-          true
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def start_get_text_element(tag_name, prefix, ns, required_uri)
-      pr = Proc.new do |text, tags|
-        setter = self.class.setter(required_uri, tag_name)
-        if setter and @last_element.respond_to?(setter)
-          if @do_validate
-            getter = self.class.getter(required_uri, tag_name)
-            if @last_element.__send__(getter)
-              raise TooMuchTagError.new(tag_name, @last_element.tag_name)
-            end
-          end
-          @last_element.__send__(setter, text.to_s)
-        else
-          if @do_validate and !@ignore_unknown_element
-            raise NotExpectedTagError.new(tag_name, _ns(ns, prefix),
-                                          @last_element.tag_name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      @proc_stack.push(pr)
-    end
-
-    def start_have_something_element(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns, klass)
-      if check_ns(tag_name, prefix, ns, klass.required_uri)
-        attributes = collect_attributes(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns, klass)
-        @proc_stack.push(setup_next_element(tag_name, klass, attributes))
-      else
-        @proc_stack.push(setup_next_element_in_unknown_element)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def collect_attributes(tag_name, prefix, attrs, ns, klass)
-      attributes = {}
-      klass.get_attributes.each do |a_name, a_uri, required, element_name|
-        if a_uri.is_a?(String) or !a_uri.respond_to?(:include?)
-          a_uri = [a_uri]
-        end
-        unless a_uri == [""]
-          for prefix, uri in ns
-            if a_uri.include?(uri)
-              val = attrs["#{prefix}:#{a_name}"]
-              break if val
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        if val.nil? and a_uri.include?("")
-          val = attrs[a_name]
-        end
-
-        if @do_validate and required and val.nil?
-          unless a_uri.include?("")
-            for prefix, uri in ns
-              if a_uri.include?(uri)
-                a_name = "#{prefix}:#{a_name}"
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          raise MissingAttributeError.new(tag_name, a_name)
-        end
-
-        attributes[a_name] = val
-      end
-      attributes
-    end
-
-    def setup_next_element(tag_name, klass, attributes)
-      previous = @last_element
-      next_element = klass.new(@do_validate, attributes)
-      previous.set_next_element(tag_name, next_element)
-      @last_element = next_element
-      @last_element.parent = previous if klass.need_parent?
-      @xml_child_mode = @last_element.have_xml_content?
-
-      Proc.new do |text, tags|
-        p(@last_element.class) if DEBUG
-        if @xml_child_mode
-          @last_element.content = @xml_element.to_s
-          xml_setter = @last_element.class.xml_setter
-          @last_element.__send__(xml_setter, @xml_element)
-          @xml_element = nil
-          @xml_child_mode = false
-        else
-          if klass.have_content?
-            if @last_element.need_base64_encode?
-              text = text.lstrip.unpack("m").first
-            end
-            @last_element.content = text
-          end
-        end
-        if @do_validate
-          @last_element.validate_for_stream(tags, @ignore_unknown_element)
-        end
-        @last_element = previous
-      end
-    end
-
-    def setup_next_element_in_unknown_element
-      current_element, @last_element = @last_element, nil
-      Proc.new {@last_element = current_element}
-    end
-  end
-
-  unless const_defined? :AVAILABLE_PARSER_LIBRARIES
-    # The list of all available libraries for parsing.
-    AVAILABLE_PARSER_LIBRARIES = [
-      ["rss/xmlparser", :XMLParserParser],
-      ["rss/xmlscanner", :XMLScanParser],
-      ["rss/rexmlparser", :REXMLParser],
-    ]
-  end
-
-  # The list of all available parsers, in constant form.
-  AVAILABLE_PARSERS = []
-
-  AVAILABLE_PARSER_LIBRARIES.each do |lib, parser|
-    begin
-      require lib
-      AVAILABLE_PARSERS.push(const_get(parser))
-    rescue LoadError
-    end
-  end
-
-  if AVAILABLE_PARSERS.empty?
-    raise XMLParserNotFound
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/rexmlparser.rb b/lib/rss/rexmlparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ef0595e447..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/rexmlparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rexml/document"
-require "rexml/streamlistener"
-
-module RSS
-
-  class REXMLParser < BaseParser
-
-    class << self
-      def listener
-        REXMLListener
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def _parse
-      begin
-        REXML::Document.parse_stream(@rss, @listener)
-      rescue RuntimeError => e
-        raise NotWellFormedError.new{e.message}
-      rescue REXML::ParseException => e
-        context = e.context
-        line = context[0] if context
-        raise NotWellFormedError.new(line){e.message}
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class REXMLListener < BaseListener
-
-    include REXML::StreamListener
-    include ListenerMixin
-
-    class << self
-      def raise_for_undefined_entity?
-        false
-      end
-    end
-
-    def xmldecl(version, encoding, standalone)
-      super(version, encoding, standalone == "yes")
-      # Encoding is converted to UTF-8 when REXML parse XML.
-      @encoding = 'UTF-8'
-    end
-
-    alias_method(:cdata, :text)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/rss.rb b/lib/rss/rss.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d161366f92..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/rss.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1347 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "time"
-
-class Time
-  class << self
-    unless respond_to?(:w3cdtf)
-      # This method converts a W3CDTF string date/time format to Time object.
-      #
-      # The W3CDTF format is defined here: http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
-      #
-      #   Time.w3cdtf('2003-02-15T13:50:05-05:00')
-      #   # => 2003-02-15 10:50:05 -0800
-      #   Time.w3cdtf('2003-02-15T13:50:05-05:00').class
-      #   # => Time
-      def w3cdtf(date)
-        if /\A\s*
-            (-?\d+)-(\d\d)-(\d\d)
-            (?:T
-            (\d\d):(\d\d)(?::(\d\d))?
-            (\.\d+)?
-            (Z|[+-]\d\d:\d\d)?)?
-            \s*\z/ix =~ date and (($5 and $8) or (!$5 and !$8))
-          datetime = [$1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i]
-          usec = 0
-          usec = $7.to_f * 1000000 if $7
-          zone = $8
-          if zone
-            off = zone_offset(zone, datetime[0])
-            datetime = apply_offset(*(datetime + [off]))
-            datetime << usec
-            time = Time.utc(*datetime)
-            force_zone!(time, zone, off)
-            time
-          else
-            datetime << usec
-            Time.local(*datetime)
-          end
-        else
-          raise ArgumentError.new("invalid date: #{date.inspect}")
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  unless method_defined?(:w3cdtf)
-    # This method converts a Time object to a String. The String contains the
-    # time in W3CDTF date/time format.
-    #
-    # The W3CDTF format is defined here: http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
-    #
-    #  Time.now.w3cdtf
-    #  # => "2013-08-26T14:12:10.817124-07:00"
-    def w3cdtf
-      if usec.zero?
-        fraction_digits = 0
-      else
-        fraction_digits = strftime('%6N').index(/0*\z/)
-      end
-      xmlschema(fraction_digits)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
-require "English"
-require "rss/utils"
-require "rss/converter"
-require "rss/xml-stylesheet"
-
-module RSS
-
-  # The current version of RSS
-  VERSION = "0.2.7"
-
-  # The URI of the RSS 1.0 specification
-  URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"
-
-  DEBUG = false # :nodoc:
-
-  # The basic error all other RSS errors stem from. Rescue this error if you
-  # want to handle any given RSS error and you don't care about the details.
-  class Error < StandardError; end
-
-  # RSS, being an XML-based format, has namespace support. If two namespaces are
-  # declared with the same name, an OverlappedPrefixError will be raised.
-  class OverlappedPrefixError < Error
-    attr_reader :prefix
-    def initialize(prefix)
-      @prefix = prefix
-    end
-  end
-
-  # The InvalidRSSError error is the base class for a variety of errors
-  # related to a poorly-formed RSS feed. Rescue this error if you only
-  # care that a file could be invalid, but don't care how it is invalid.
-  class InvalidRSSError < Error; end
-
-  # Since RSS is based on XML, it must have opening and closing tags that
-  # match. If they don't, a MissingTagError will be raised.
-  class MissingTagError < InvalidRSSError
-    attr_reader :tag, :parent
-    def initialize(tag, parent)
-      @tag, @parent = tag, parent
-      super("tag <#{tag}> is missing in tag <#{parent}>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Some tags must only exist a specific number of times in a given RSS feed.
-  # If a feed has too many occurrences of one of these tags, a TooMuchTagError
-  # will be raised.
-  class TooMuchTagError < InvalidRSSError
-    attr_reader :tag, :parent
-    def initialize(tag, parent)
-      @tag, @parent = tag, parent
-      super("tag <#{tag}> is too much in tag <#{parent}>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Certain attributes are required on specific tags in an RSS feed. If a feed
-  # is missing one of these attributes, a MissingAttributeError is raised.
-  class MissingAttributeError < InvalidRSSError
-    attr_reader :tag, :attribute
-    def initialize(tag, attribute)
-      @tag, @attribute = tag, attribute
-      super("attribute <#{attribute}> is missing in tag <#{tag}>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  # RSS does not allow for free-form tag names, so if an RSS feed contains a
-  # tag that we don't know about, an UnknownTagError is raised.
-  class UnknownTagError < InvalidRSSError
-    attr_reader :tag, :uri
-    def initialize(tag, uri)
-      @tag, @uri = tag, uri
-      super("tag <#{tag}> is unknown in namespace specified by uri <#{uri}>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Raised when an unexpected tag is encountered.
-  class NotExpectedTagError < InvalidRSSError
-    attr_reader :tag, :uri, :parent
-    def initialize(tag, uri, parent)
-      @tag, @uri, @parent = tag, uri, parent
-      super("tag <{#{uri}}#{tag}> is not expected in tag <#{parent}>")
-    end
-  end
-  # For backward compatibility :X
-  NotExceptedTagError = NotExpectedTagError # :nodoc:
-
-  # Attributes are in key-value form, and if there's no value provided for an
-  # attribute, a NotAvailableValueError will be raised.
-  class NotAvailableValueError < InvalidRSSError
-    attr_reader :tag, :value, :attribute
-    def initialize(tag, value, attribute=nil)
-      @tag, @value, @attribute = tag, value, attribute
-      message = "value <#{value}> of "
-      message << "attribute <#{attribute}> of " if attribute
-      message << "tag <#{tag}> is not available."
-      super(message)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Raised when an unknown conversion error occurs.
-  class UnknownConversionMethodError < Error
-    attr_reader :to, :from
-    def initialize(to, from)
-      @to = to
-      @from = from
-      super("can't convert to #{to} from #{from}.")
-    end
-  end
-  # for backward compatibility
-  UnknownConvertMethod = UnknownConversionMethodError # :nodoc:
-
-  # Raised when a conversion failure occurs.
-  class ConversionError < Error
-    attr_reader :string, :to, :from
-    def initialize(string, to, from)
-      @string = string
-      @to = to
-      @from = from
-      super("can't convert #{@string} to #{to} from #{from}.")
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Raised when a required variable is not set.
-  class NotSetError < Error
-    attr_reader :name, :variables
-    def initialize(name, variables)
-      @name = name
-      @variables = variables
-      super("required variables of #{@name} are not set: #{@variables.join(', ')}")
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Raised when a RSS::Maker attempts to use an unknown maker.
-  class UnsupportedMakerVersionError < Error
-    attr_reader :version
-    def initialize(version)
-      @version = version
-      super("Maker doesn't support version: #{@version}")
-    end
-  end
-
-  module BaseModel
-    include Utils
-
-    def install_have_child_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil, type=nil)
-      name ||= tag_name
-      add_need_initialize_variable(name)
-      install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, name)
-
-      writer_type, reader_type = type
-      def_corresponded_attr_writer name, writer_type
-      def_corresponded_attr_reader name, reader_type
-      install_element(name) do |n, elem_name|
-        <<-EOC
-        if @#{n}
-          "\#{@#{n}.to_s(need_convert, indent)}"
-        else
-          ''
-        end
-EOC
-      end
-    end
-    alias_method(:install_have_attribute_element, :install_have_child_element)
-
-    def install_have_children_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil, plural_name=nil)
-      name ||= tag_name
-      plural_name ||= "#{name}s"
-      add_have_children_element(name, plural_name)
-      add_plural_form(name, plural_name)
-      install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, plural_name, true)
-
-      def_children_accessor(name, plural_name)
-      install_element(name, "s") do |n, elem_name|
-        <<-EOC
-        rv = []
-        @#{n}.each do |x|
-          value = "\#{x.to_s(need_convert, indent)}"
-          rv << value if /\\A\\s*\\z/ !~ value
-        end
-        rv.join("\n")
-EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def install_text_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil, type=nil,
-                             disp_name=nil)
-      name ||= tag_name
-      disp_name ||= name
-      self::ELEMENTS << name unless self::ELEMENTS.include?(name)
-      add_need_initialize_variable(name)
-      install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, name)
-
-      def_corresponded_attr_writer(name, type, disp_name)
-      def_corresponded_attr_reader(name, type || :convert)
-      install_element(name) do |n, elem_name|
-        <<-EOC
-        if respond_to?(:#{n}_content)
-          content = #{n}_content
-        else
-          content = @#{n}
-        end
-        if content
-          rv = "\#{indent}<#{elem_name}>"
-          value = html_escape(content)
-          if need_convert
-            rv << convert(value)
-          else
-            rv << value
-          end
-            rv << "</#{elem_name}>"
-          rv
-        else
-          ''
-        end
-EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def install_date_element(tag_name, uri, occurs, name=nil, type=nil, disp_name=nil)
-      name ||= tag_name
-      type ||= :w3cdtf
-      disp_name ||= name
-      self::ELEMENTS << name
-      add_need_initialize_variable(name)
-      install_model(tag_name, uri, occurs, name)
-
-      # accessor
-      convert_attr_reader name
-      date_writer(name, type, disp_name)
-
-      install_element(name) do |n, elem_name|
-        <<-EOC
-        if @#{n}
-          rv = "\#{indent}<#{elem_name}>"
-          value = html_escape(@#{n}.#{type})
-          if need_convert
-            rv << convert(value)
-          else
-            rv << value
-          end
-            rv << "</#{elem_name}>"
-          rv
-        else
-          ''
-        end
-EOC
-      end
-
-    end
-
-    private
-    def install_element(name, postfix="")
-      elem_name = name.sub('_', ':')
-      method_name = "#{name}_element#{postfix}"
-      add_to_element_method(method_name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{method_name}(need_convert=true, indent='')
-        #{yield(name, elem_name)}
-      end
-      private :#{method_name}
-EOC
-    end
-
-    def inherit_convert_attr_reader(*attrs)
-      attrs.each do |attr|
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-        def #{attr}_without_inherit
-          convert(@#{attr})
-        end
-
-        def #{attr}
-          if @#{attr}
-            #{attr}_without_inherit
-          elsif @parent
-            @parent.#{attr}
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def uri_convert_attr_reader(*attrs)
-      attrs.each do |attr|
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-        def #{attr}_without_base
-          convert(@#{attr})
-        end
-
-        def #{attr}
-          value = #{attr}_without_base
-          return nil if value.nil?
-          if /\\A[a-z][a-z0-9+.\\-]*:/i =~ value
-            value
-          else
-            "\#{base}\#{value}"
-          end
-        end
-EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def convert_attr_reader(*attrs)
-      attrs.each do |attr|
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-        def #{attr}
-          convert(@#{attr})
-        end
-EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def yes_clean_other_attr_reader(*attrs)
-      attrs.each do |attr|
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          attr_reader(:#{attr})
-          def #{attr}?
-            YesCleanOther.parse(@#{attr})
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def yes_other_attr_reader(*attrs)
-      attrs.each do |attr|
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          attr_reader(:#{attr})
-          def #{attr}?
-            Utils::YesOther.parse(@#{attr})
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def csv_attr_reader(*attrs)
-      separator = nil
-      if attrs.last.is_a?(Hash)
-        options = attrs.pop
-        separator = options[:separator]
-      end
-      separator ||= ", "
-      attrs.each do |attr|
-        module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          attr_reader(:#{attr})
-          def #{attr}_content
-            if @#{attr}.nil?
-              @#{attr}
-            else
-              @#{attr}.join(#{separator.dump})
-            end
-          end
-        EOC
-      end
-    end
-
-    def date_writer(name, type, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{name}=(new_value)
-        if new_value.nil?
-          @#{name} = new_value
-        elsif new_value.kind_of?(Time)
-          @#{name} = new_value.dup
-        else
-          if @do_validate
-            begin
-              @#{name} = Time.__send__('#{type}', new_value)
-            rescue ArgumentError
-              raise NotAvailableValueError.new('#{disp_name}', new_value)
-            end
-          else
-            @#{name} = nil
-            if /\\A\\s*\\z/ !~ new_value.to_s
-              begin
-                unless Date._parse(new_value, false).empty?
-                  @#{name} = Time.parse(new_value)
-                end
-              rescue ArgumentError
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Is it need?
-        if @#{name}
-          class << @#{name}
-            undef_method(:to_s)
-            alias_method(:to_s, :#{type})
-          end
-        end
-
-      end
-EOC
-    end
-
-    def integer_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{name}=(new_value)
-        if new_value.nil?
-          @#{name} = new_value
-        else
-          if @do_validate
-            begin
-              @#{name} = Integer(new_value)
-            rescue ArgumentError
-              raise NotAvailableValueError.new('#{disp_name}', new_value)
-            end
-          else
-            @#{name} = new_value.to_i
-          end
-        end
-      end
-EOC
-    end
-
-    def positive_integer_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{name}=(new_value)
-        if new_value.nil?
-          @#{name} = new_value
-        else
-          if @do_validate
-            begin
-              tmp = Integer(new_value)
-              raise ArgumentError if tmp <= 0
-              @#{name} = tmp
-            rescue ArgumentError
-              raise NotAvailableValueError.new('#{disp_name}', new_value)
-            end
-          else
-            @#{name} = new_value.to_i
-          end
-        end
-      end
-EOC
-    end
-
-    def boolean_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{name}=(new_value)
-        if new_value.nil?
-          @#{name} = new_value
-        else
-          if @do_validate and
-              ![true, false, "true", "false"].include?(new_value)
-            raise NotAvailableValueError.new('#{disp_name}', new_value)
-          end
-          if [true, false].include?(new_value)
-            @#{name} = new_value
-          else
-            @#{name} = new_value == "true"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-EOC
-    end
-
-    def text_type_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{name}=(new_value)
-        if @do_validate and
-            !["text", "html", "xhtml", nil].include?(new_value)
-          raise NotAvailableValueError.new('#{disp_name}', new_value)
-        end
-        @#{name} = new_value
-      end
-EOC
-    end
-
-    def content_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      klass_name = "self.class::#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{name}=(new_value)
-        if new_value.is_a?(#{klass_name})
-          @#{name} = new_value
-        else
-          @#{name} = #{klass_name}.new
-          @#{name}.content = new_value
-        end
-      end
-EOC
-    end
-
-    def yes_clean_other_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        def #{name}=(value)
-          value = (value ? "yes" : "no") if [true, false].include?(value)
-          @#{name} = value
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-
-    def yes_other_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        def #{name}=(new_value)
-          if [true, false].include?(new_value)
-            new_value = new_value ? "yes" : "no"
-          end
-          @#{name} = new_value
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-
-    def csv_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        def #{name}=(new_value)
-          @#{name} = Utils::CSV.parse(new_value)
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-
-    def csv_integer_writer(name, disp_name=name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        def #{name}=(new_value)
-          @#{name} = Utils::CSV.parse(new_value) {|v| Integer(v)}
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-
-    def def_children_accessor(accessor_name, plural_name)
-      module_eval(<<-EOC, *get_file_and_line_from_caller(2))
-      def #{plural_name}
-        @#{accessor_name}
-      end
-
-      def #{accessor_name}(*args)
-        if args.empty?
-          @#{accessor_name}.first
-        else
-          @#{accessor_name}[*args]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def #{accessor_name}=(*args)
-        receiver = self.class.name
-        warn("Warning:\#{caller.first.sub(/:in `.*'\z/, '')}: " \
-             "Don't use `\#{receiver}\##{accessor_name} = XXX'/" \
-             "`\#{receiver}\#set_#{accessor_name}(XXX)'. " \
-             "Those APIs are not sense of Ruby. " \
-             "Use `\#{receiver}\##{plural_name} << XXX' instead of them.")
-        if args.size == 1
-          @#{accessor_name}.push(args[0])
-        else
-          @#{accessor_name}.__send__("[]=", *args)
-        end
-      end
-      alias_method(:set_#{accessor_name}, :#{accessor_name}=)
-EOC
-    end
-  end
-
-  module SetupMaker
-    def setup_maker(maker)
-      target = maker_target(maker)
-      unless target.nil?
-        setup_maker_attributes(target)
-        setup_maker_element(target)
-        setup_maker_elements(target)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def maker_target(maker)
-      nil
-    end
-
-    def setup_maker_attributes(target)
-    end
-
-    def setup_maker_element(target)
-      self.class.need_initialize_variables.each do |var|
-        value = __send__(var)
-        next if value.nil?
-        if value.respond_to?("setup_maker") and
-            !not_need_to_call_setup_maker_variables.include?(var)
-          value.setup_maker(target)
-        else
-          setter = "#{var}="
-          if target.respond_to?(setter)
-            target.__send__(setter, value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def not_need_to_call_setup_maker_variables
-      []
-    end
-
-    def setup_maker_elements(parent)
-      self.class.have_children_elements.each do |name, plural_name|
-        if parent.respond_to?(plural_name)
-          target = parent.__send__(plural_name)
-          __send__(plural_name).each do |elem|
-            elem.setup_maker(target)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Element
-    extend BaseModel
-    include Utils
-    extend Utils::InheritedReader
-    include SetupMaker
-
-    INDENT = "  "
-
-    MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS = {}
-    MODELS = []
-    GET_ATTRIBUTES = []
-    HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS = []
-    TO_ELEMENT_METHODS = []
-    NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES = []
-    PLURAL_FORMS = {}
-
-    class << self
-      def must_call_validators
-        inherited_hash_reader("MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS")
-      end
-      def models
-        inherited_array_reader("MODELS")
-      end
-      def get_attributes
-        inherited_array_reader("GET_ATTRIBUTES")
-      end
-      def have_children_elements
-        inherited_array_reader("HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS")
-      end
-      def to_element_methods
-        inherited_array_reader("TO_ELEMENT_METHODS")
-      end
-      def need_initialize_variables
-        inherited_array_reader("NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES")
-      end
-      def plural_forms
-        inherited_hash_reader("PLURAL_FORMS")
-      end
-
-      def inherited_base
-        ::RSS::Element
-      end
-
-      def inherited(klass)
-        klass.const_set(:MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS, {})
-        klass.const_set(:MODELS, [])
-        klass.const_set(:GET_ATTRIBUTES, [])
-        klass.const_set(:HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS, [])
-        klass.const_set(:TO_ELEMENT_METHODS, [])
-        klass.const_set(:NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES, [])
-        klass.const_set(:PLURAL_FORMS, {})
-
-        tag_name = klass.name.split(/::/).last
-        tag_name[0, 1] = tag_name[0, 1].downcase
-        klass.instance_variable_set(:@tag_name, tag_name)
-        klass.instance_variable_set(:@have_content, false)
-      end
-
-      def install_must_call_validator(prefix, uri)
-        self::MUST_CALL_VALIDATORS[uri] = prefix
-      end
-
-      def install_model(tag, uri, occurs=nil, getter=nil, plural=false)
-        getter ||= tag
-        if m = self::MODELS.find {|t, u, o, g, p| t == tag and u == uri}
-          m[2] = occurs
-        else
-          self::MODELS << [tag, uri, occurs, getter, plural]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def install_get_attribute(name, uri, required=true,
-                                type=nil, disp_name=nil,
-                                element_name=nil)
-        disp_name ||= name
-        element_name ||= name
-        writer_type, reader_type = type
-        def_corresponded_attr_writer name, writer_type, disp_name
-        def_corresponded_attr_reader name, reader_type
-        if type == :boolean and /^is/ =~ name
-          alias_method "#{$POSTMATCH}?", name
-        end
-        self::GET_ATTRIBUTES << [name, uri, required, element_name]
-        add_need_initialize_variable(disp_name)
-      end
-
-      def def_corresponded_attr_writer(name, type=nil, disp_name=nil)
-        disp_name ||= name
-        case type
-        when :integer
-          integer_writer name, disp_name
-        when :positive_integer
-          positive_integer_writer name, disp_name
-        when :boolean
-          boolean_writer name, disp_name
-        when :w3cdtf, :rfc822, :rfc2822
-          date_writer name, type, disp_name
-        when :text_type
-          text_type_writer name, disp_name
-        when :content
-          content_writer name, disp_name
-        when :yes_clean_other
-          yes_clean_other_writer name, disp_name
-        when :yes_other
-          yes_other_writer name, disp_name
-        when :csv
-          csv_writer name
-        when :csv_integer
-          csv_integer_writer name
-        else
-          attr_writer name
-        end
-      end
-
-      def def_corresponded_attr_reader(name, type=nil)
-        case type
-        when :inherit
-          inherit_convert_attr_reader name
-        when :uri
-          uri_convert_attr_reader name
-        when :yes_clean_other
-          yes_clean_other_attr_reader name
-        when :yes_other
-          yes_other_attr_reader name
-        when :csv
-          csv_attr_reader name
-        when :csv_integer
-          csv_attr_reader name, :separator => ","
-        else
-          convert_attr_reader name
-        end
-      end
-
-      def content_setup(type=nil, disp_name=nil)
-        writer_type, reader_type = type
-        def_corresponded_attr_writer :content, writer_type, disp_name
-        def_corresponded_attr_reader :content, reader_type
-        @have_content = true
-      end
-
-      def have_content?
-        @have_content
-      end
-
-      def add_have_children_element(variable_name, plural_name)
-        self::HAVE_CHILDREN_ELEMENTS << [variable_name, plural_name]
-      end
-
-      def add_to_element_method(method_name)
-        self::TO_ELEMENT_METHODS << method_name
-      end
-
-      def add_need_initialize_variable(variable_name)
-        self::NEED_INITIALIZE_VARIABLES << variable_name
-      end
-
-      def add_plural_form(singular, plural)
-        self::PLURAL_FORMS[singular] = plural
-      end
-
-      def required_prefix
-        nil
-      end
-
-      def required_uri
-        ""
-      end
-
-      def need_parent?
-        false
-      end
-
-      def install_ns(prefix, uri)
-        if self::NSPOOL.has_key?(prefix)
-          raise OverlappedPrefixError.new(prefix)
-        end
-        self::NSPOOL[prefix] = uri
-      end
-
-      def tag_name
-        @tag_name
-      end
-    end
-
-    attr_accessor :parent, :do_validate
-
-    def initialize(do_validate=true, attrs=nil)
-      @parent = nil
-      @converter = nil
-      if attrs.nil? and (do_validate.is_a?(Hash) or do_validate.is_a?(Array))
-        do_validate, attrs = true, do_validate
-      end
-      @do_validate = do_validate
-      initialize_variables(attrs || {})
-    end
-
-    def tag_name
-      self.class.tag_name
-    end
-
-    def full_name
-      tag_name
-    end
-
-    def converter=(converter)
-      @converter = converter
-      targets = children.dup
-      self.class.have_children_elements.each do |variable_name, plural_name|
-        targets.concat(__send__(plural_name))
-      end
-      targets.each do |target|
-        target.converter = converter unless target.nil?
-      end
-    end
-
-    def convert(value)
-      if @converter
-        @converter.convert(value)
-      else
-        value
-      end
-    end
-
-    def valid?(ignore_unknown_element=true)
-      validate(ignore_unknown_element)
-      true
-    rescue RSS::Error
-      false
-    end
-
-    def validate(ignore_unknown_element=true)
-      do_validate = @do_validate
-      @do_validate = true
-      validate_attribute
-      __validate(ignore_unknown_element)
-    ensure
-      @do_validate = do_validate
-    end
-
-    def validate_for_stream(tags, ignore_unknown_element=true)
-      validate_attribute
-      __validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, false)
-    end
-
-    def to_s(need_convert=true, indent='')
-      if self.class.have_content?
-        return "" if !empty_content? and !content_is_set?
-        rv = tag(indent) do |next_indent|
-          if empty_content?
-            ""
-          else
-            xmled_content
-          end
-        end
-      else
-        rv = tag(indent) do |next_indent|
-          self.class.to_element_methods.collect do |method_name|
-            __send__(method_name, false, next_indent)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      rv = convert(rv) if need_convert
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def have_xml_content?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def need_base64_encode?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def set_next_element(tag_name, next_element)
-      klass = next_element.class
-      prefix = ""
-      prefix << "#{klass.required_prefix}_" if klass.required_prefix
-      key = "#{prefix}#{tag_name.gsub(/-/, '_')}"
-      if self.class.plural_forms.has_key?(key)
-        ary = __send__("#{self.class.plural_forms[key]}")
-        ary << next_element
-      else
-        __send__("#{key}=", next_element)
-      end
-    end
-
-    protected
-    def have_required_elements?
-      self.class::MODELS.all? do |tag, uri, occurs, getter|
-        if occurs.nil? or occurs == "+"
-          child = __send__(getter)
-          if child.is_a?(Array)
-            children = child
-            children.any? {|c| c.have_required_elements?}
-          else
-            !child.to_s.empty?
-          end
-        else
-          true
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def initialize_variables(attrs)
-      normalized_attrs = {}
-      attrs.each do |key, value|
-        normalized_attrs[key.to_s] = value
-      end
-      self.class.need_initialize_variables.each do |variable_name|
-        value = normalized_attrs[variable_name.to_s]
-        if value
-          __send__("#{variable_name}=", value)
-        else
-          instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", nil)
-        end
-      end
-      initialize_have_children_elements
-      @content = normalized_attrs["content"] if self.class.have_content?
-    end
-
-    def initialize_have_children_elements
-      self.class.have_children_elements.each do |variable_name, plural_name|
-        instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", [])
-      end
-    end
-
-    def tag(indent, additional_attrs={}, &block)
-      next_indent = indent + INDENT
-
-      attrs = collect_attrs
-      return "" if attrs.nil?
-
-      return "" unless have_required_elements?
-
-      attrs.update(additional_attrs)
-      start_tag = make_start_tag(indent, next_indent, attrs.dup)
-
-      if block
-        content = block.call(next_indent)
-      else
-        content = []
-      end
-
-      if content.is_a?(String)
-        content = [content]
-        start_tag << ">"
-        end_tag = "</#{full_name}>"
-      else
-        content = content.reject{|x| x.empty?}
-        if content.empty?
-          return "" if attrs.empty?
-          end_tag = "/>"
-        else
-          start_tag << ">\n"
-          end_tag = "\n#{indent}</#{full_name}>"
-        end
-      end
-
-      start_tag + content.join("\n") + end_tag
-    end
-
-    def make_start_tag(indent, next_indent, attrs)
-      start_tag = ["#{indent}<#{full_name}"]
-      unless attrs.empty?
-        start_tag << attrs.collect do |key, value|
-          %Q[#{h key}="#{h value}"]
-        end.join("\n#{next_indent}")
-      end
-      start_tag.join(" ")
-    end
-
-    def collect_attrs
-      attrs = {}
-      _attrs.each do |name, required, alias_name|
-        value = __send__(alias_name || name)
-        return nil if required and value.nil?
-        next if value.nil?
-        return nil if attrs.has_key?(name)
-        attrs[name] = value
-      end
-      attrs
-    end
-
-    def tag_name_with_prefix(prefix)
-      "#{prefix}:#{tag_name}"
-    end
-
-    # For backward compatibility
-    def calc_indent
-      ''
-    end
-
-    def children
-      rv = []
-      self.class.models.each do |name, uri, occurs, getter|
-        value = __send__(getter)
-        next if value.nil?
-        value = [value] unless value.is_a?(Array)
-        value.each do |v|
-          rv << v if v.is_a?(Element)
-        end
-      end
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def _tags
-      rv = []
-      self.class.models.each do |name, uri, occurs, getter, plural|
-        value = __send__(getter)
-        next if value.nil?
-        if plural and value.is_a?(Array)
-          rv.concat([[uri, name]] * value.size)
-        else
-          rv << [uri, name]
-        end
-      end
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def _attrs
-      self.class.get_attributes.collect do |name, uri, required, element_name|
-        [element_name, required, name]
-      end
-    end
-
-    def __validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags=_tags, recursive=true)
-      if recursive
-        children.compact.each do |child|
-          child.validate
-        end
-      end
-      must_call_validators = self.class.must_call_validators
-      tags = tag_filter(tags.dup)
-      p tags if DEBUG
-      must_call_validators.each do |uri, prefix|
-        _validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags[uri], uri)
-        meth = "#{prefix}_validate"
-        if !prefix.empty? and respond_to?(meth, true)
-          __send__(meth, ignore_unknown_element, tags[uri], uri)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def validate_attribute
-      _attrs.each do |a_name, required, alias_name|
-        value = instance_variable_get("@#{alias_name || a_name}")
-        if required and value.nil?
-          raise MissingAttributeError.new(tag_name, a_name)
-        end
-        __send__("#{alias_name || a_name}=", value)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def _validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri, models=self.class.models)
-      count = 1
-      do_redo = false
-      not_shift = false
-      tag = nil
-      models = models.find_all {|model| model[1] == uri}
-      element_names = models.collect {|model| model[0]}
-      if tags
-        tags_size = tags.size
-        tags = tags.sort_by {|x| element_names.index(x) || tags_size}
-      end
-
-      models.each_with_index do |model, i|
-        name, _, occurs, = model
-
-        if DEBUG
-          p "before"
-          p tags
-          p model
-        end
-
-        if not_shift
-          not_shift = false
-        elsif tags
-          tag = tags.shift
-        end
-
-        if DEBUG
-          p "mid"
-          p count
-        end
-
-        case occurs
-        when '?'
-          if count > 2
-            raise TooMuchTagError.new(name, tag_name)
-          else
-            if name == tag
-              do_redo = true
-            else
-              not_shift = true
-            end
-          end
-        when '*'
-          if name == tag
-            do_redo = true
-          else
-            not_shift = true
-          end
-        when '+'
-          if name == tag
-            do_redo = true
-          else
-            if count > 1
-              not_shift = true
-            else
-              raise MissingTagError.new(name, tag_name)
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          if name == tag
-            if models[i+1] and models[i+1][0] != name and
-                tags and tags.first == name
-              raise TooMuchTagError.new(name, tag_name)
-            end
-          else
-            raise MissingTagError.new(name, tag_name)
-          end
-        end
-
-        if DEBUG
-          p "after"
-          p not_shift
-          p do_redo
-          p tag
-        end
-
-        if do_redo
-          do_redo = false
-          count += 1
-          redo
-        else
-          count = 1
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      if !ignore_unknown_element and !tags.nil? and !tags.empty?
-        raise NotExpectedTagError.new(tags.first, uri, tag_name)
-      end
-
-    end
-
-    def tag_filter(tags)
-      rv = {}
-      tags.each do |tag|
-        rv[tag[0]] = [] unless rv.has_key?(tag[0])
-        rv[tag[0]].push(tag[1])
-      end
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def empty_content?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def content_is_set?
-      if have_xml_content?
-        __send__(self.class.xml_getter)
-      else
-        content
-      end
-    end
-
-    def xmled_content
-      if have_xml_content?
-        __send__(self.class.xml_getter).to_s
-      else
-        _content = content
-        _content = [_content].pack("m0") if need_base64_encode?
-        h(_content)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module RootElementMixin
-
-    include XMLStyleSheetMixin
-
-    attr_reader :output_encoding
-    attr_reader :feed_type, :feed_subtype, :feed_version
-    attr_accessor :version, :encoding, :standalone
-    def initialize(feed_version, version=nil, encoding=nil, standalone=nil)
-      super()
-      @feed_type = nil
-      @feed_subtype = nil
-      @feed_version = feed_version
-      @version = version || '1.0'
-      @encoding = encoding
-      @standalone = standalone
-      @output_encoding = nil
-    end
-
-    def feed_info
-      [@feed_type, @feed_version, @feed_subtype]
-    end
-
-    def output_encoding=(enc)
-      @output_encoding = enc
-      self.converter = Converter.new(@output_encoding, @encoding)
-    end
-
-    def setup_maker(maker)
-      maker.version = version
-      maker.encoding = encoding
-      maker.standalone = standalone
-
-      xml_stylesheets.each do |xss|
-        xss.setup_maker(maker)
-      end
-
-      super
-    end
-
-    def to_feed(type, &block)
-      Maker.make(type) do |maker|
-        setup_maker(maker)
-        block.call(maker) if block
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_rss(type, &block)
-      to_feed("rss#{type}", &block)
-    end
-
-    def to_atom(type, &block)
-      to_feed("atom:#{type}", &block)
-    end
-
-    def to_xml(type=nil, &block)
-      if type.nil? or same_feed_type?(type)
-        to_s
-      else
-        to_feed(type, &block).to_s
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def same_feed_type?(type)
-      if /^(atom|rss)?(\d+\.\d+)?(?::(.+))?$/i =~ type
-        feed_type = ($1 || @feed_type).downcase
-        feed_version = $2 || @feed_version
-        feed_subtype = $3 || @feed_subtype
-        [feed_type, feed_version, feed_subtype] == feed_info
-      else
-        false
-      end
-    end
-
-    def tag(indent, attrs={}, &block)
-      rv = super(indent, ns_declarations.merge(attrs), &block)
-      return rv if rv.empty?
-      "#{xmldecl}#{xml_stylesheet_pi}#{rv}"
-    end
-
-    def xmldecl
-      rv = %Q[<?xml version="#{@version}"]
-      if @output_encoding or @encoding
-        rv << %Q[ encoding="#{@output_encoding or @encoding}"]
-      end
-      rv << %Q[ standalone="yes"] if @standalone
-      rv << "?>\n"
-      rv
-    end
-
-    def ns_declarations
-      decls = {}
-      self.class::NSPOOL.collect do |prefix, uri|
-        prefix = ":#{prefix}" unless prefix.empty?
-        decls["xmlns#{prefix}"] = uri
-      end
-      decls
-    end
-
-    def maker_target(target)
-      target
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/slash.rb b/lib/rss/slash.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0055fc9f88..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/slash.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'rss/1.0'
-
-module RSS
-  # The prefix for the Slash XML namespace.
-  SLASH_PREFIX = 'slash'
-  # The URI of the Slash specification.
-  SLASH_URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
-
-  RDF.install_ns(SLASH_PREFIX, SLASH_URI)
-
-  module SlashModel
-    extend BaseModel
-
-    ELEMENT_INFOS = \
-    [
-     ["section"],
-     ["department"],
-     ["comments", :positive_integer],
-     ["hit_parade", :csv_integer],
-    ]
-
-    class << self
-      def append_features(klass)
-        super
-
-        return if klass.instance_of?(Module)
-        klass.install_must_call_validator(SLASH_PREFIX, SLASH_URI)
-        ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type, *additional_infos|
-          full_name = "#{SLASH_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-          klass.install_text_element(full_name, SLASH_URI, "?",
-                                     full_name, type, name)
-        end
-
-        klass.module_eval do
-          alias_method(:slash_hit_parades, :slash_hit_parade)
-          undef_method(:slash_hit_parade)
-          alias_method(:slash_hit_parade, :slash_hit_parade_content)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class RDF
-    class Item; include SlashModel; end
-  end
-
-  SlashModel::ELEMENT_INFOS.each do |name, type|
-    accessor_base = "#{SLASH_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(SLASH_URI, name, accessor_base)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/syndication.rb b/lib/rss/syndication.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f9620f9f3..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/syndication.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/1.0"
-
-module RSS
-  # The prefix for the Syndication XML namespace.
-  SY_PREFIX = 'sy'
-  # The URI of the Syndication specification.
-  SY_URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
-
-  RDF.install_ns(SY_PREFIX, SY_URI)
-
-  module SyndicationModel
-
-    extend BaseModel
-
-    ELEMENTS = []
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      klass.install_must_call_validator(SY_PREFIX, SY_URI)
-      klass.module_eval do
-        [
-          ["updatePeriod"],
-          ["updateFrequency", :positive_integer]
-        ].each do |name, type|
-          install_text_element(name, SY_URI, "?",
-                               "#{SY_PREFIX}_#{name}", type,
-                               "#{SY_PREFIX}:#{name}")
-        end
-
-        %w(updateBase).each do |name|
-          install_date_element(name, SY_URI, "?",
-                               "#{SY_PREFIX}_#{name}", 'w3cdtf',
-                               "#{SY_PREFIX}:#{name}")
-        end
-      end
-
-      klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        alias_method(:_sy_updatePeriod=, :sy_updatePeriod=)
-        def sy_updatePeriod=(new_value)
-          new_value = new_value.strip
-          validate_sy_updatePeriod(new_value) if @do_validate
-          self._sy_updatePeriod = new_value
-        end
-      EOC
-    end
-
-    private
-    SY_UPDATEPERIOD_AVAILABLE_VALUES = %w(hourly daily weekly monthly yearly)
-    def validate_sy_updatePeriod(value) # :nodoc:
-      unless SY_UPDATEPERIOD_AVAILABLE_VALUES.include?(value)
-        raise NotAvailableValueError.new("updatePeriod", value)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class RDF
-    class Channel; include SyndicationModel; end
-  end
-
-  prefix_size = SY_PREFIX.size + 1
-  SyndicationModel::ELEMENTS.uniq!
-  SyndicationModel::ELEMENTS.each do |full_name|
-    name = full_name[prefix_size..-1]
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(SY_URI, name, full_name)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/taxonomy.rb b/lib/rss/taxonomy.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b7ea219e8c..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/taxonomy.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/1.0"
-require "rss/dublincore"
-
-module RSS
-  # The prefix for the Taxonomy XML namespace.
-  TAXO_PREFIX = "taxo"
-  # The URI for the specification of the Taxonomy XML namespace.
-  TAXO_URI = "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/"
-
-  RDF.install_ns(TAXO_PREFIX, TAXO_URI)
-
-  # The listing of all the taxonomy elements, with the appropriate namespace.
-  TAXO_ELEMENTS = []
-
-  %w(link).each do |name|
-    full_name = "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-    BaseListener.install_get_text_element(TAXO_URI, name, full_name)
-    TAXO_ELEMENTS << "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-  end
-
-  %w(topic topics).each do |name|
-    class_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-    BaseListener.install_class_name(TAXO_URI, name, "Taxonomy#{class_name}")
-    TAXO_ELEMENTS << "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-  end
-
-  module TaxonomyTopicsModel
-    extend BaseModel
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      klass.install_must_call_validator(TAXO_PREFIX, TAXO_URI)
-      %w(topics).each do |name|
-        klass.install_have_child_element(name, TAXO_URI, "?",
-                                         "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_#{name}")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TaxonomyTopics < Element
-      include RSS10
-
-      Bag = ::RSS::RDF::Bag
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          TAXO_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          TAXO_URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      @tag_name = "topics"
-
-      install_have_child_element("Bag", RDF::URI, nil)
-      install_must_call_validator('rdf', RDF::URI)
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.Bag = args[0]
-        end
-        self.Bag ||= Bag.new
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(TAXO_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target.taxo_topics
-      end
-
-      def resources
-        if @Bag
-          @Bag.lis.collect do |li|
-            li.resource
-          end
-        else
-          []
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module TaxonomyTopicModel
-    extend BaseModel
-
-    def self.append_features(klass)
-      super
-      var_name = "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_topic"
-      klass.install_have_children_element("topic", TAXO_URI, "*", var_name)
-    end
-
-    class TaxonomyTopic < Element
-      include RSS10
-
-      include DublinCoreModel
-      include TaxonomyTopicsModel
-
-      class << self
-        def required_prefix
-          TAXO_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          TAXO_URI
-        end
-      end
-
-      @tag_name = "topic"
-
-      install_get_attribute("about", ::RSS::RDF::URI, true, nil, nil,
-                            "#{RDF::PREFIX}:about")
-      install_text_element("link", TAXO_URI, "?", "#{TAXO_PREFIX}_link")
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.about = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(TAXO_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      def maker_target(target)
-        target.new_taxo_topic
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class RDF
-    include TaxonomyTopicModel
-    class Channel
-      include TaxonomyTopicsModel
-    end
-    class Item; include TaxonomyTopicsModel; end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/trackback.rb b/lib/rss/trackback.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a3c3849b5..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/trackback.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-# This file contains the implementation of trackbacks. It is entirely internal
-# and not useful to outside developers.
-require 'rss/1.0'
-require 'rss/2.0'
-
-module RSS # :nodoc: all
-
-  TRACKBACK_PREFIX = 'trackback'
-  TRACKBACK_URI = 'http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/'
-
-  RDF.install_ns(TRACKBACK_PREFIX, TRACKBACK_URI)
-  Rss.install_ns(TRACKBACK_PREFIX, TRACKBACK_URI)
-
-  module TrackBackUtils
-    private
-    def trackback_validate(ignore_unknown_element, tags, uri)
-      return if tags.nil?
-      if tags.find {|tag| tag == "about"} and
-          !tags.find {|tag| tag == "ping"}
-        raise MissingTagError.new("#{TRACKBACK_PREFIX}:ping", tag_name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module BaseTrackBackModel
-
-    ELEMENTS = %w(ping about)
-
-    def append_features(klass)
-      super
-
-      unless klass.class == Module
-        klass.module_eval {include TrackBackUtils}
-
-        klass.install_must_call_validator(TRACKBACK_PREFIX, TRACKBACK_URI)
-        %w(ping).each do |name|
-          var_name = "#{TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-          klass_name = "TrackBack#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
-          klass.install_have_child_element(name, TRACKBACK_URI, "?", var_name)
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-            remove_method :#{var_name}
-            def #{var_name}
-              @#{var_name} and @#{var_name}.value
-            end
-
-            remove_method :#{var_name}=
-            def #{var_name}=(value)
-              @#{var_name} = Utils.new_with_value_if_need(#{klass_name}, value)
-            end
-          EOC
-        end
-
-        [%w(about s)].each do |name, postfix|
-          var_name = "#{TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_#{name}"
-          klass_name = "TrackBack#{Utils.to_class_name(name)}"
-          klass.install_have_children_element(name, TRACKBACK_URI, "*",
-                                              var_name)
-          klass.module_eval(<<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-            remove_method :#{var_name}
-            def #{var_name}(*args)
-              if args.empty?
-                @#{var_name}.first and @#{var_name}.first.value
-              else
-                ret = @#{var_name}.__send__("[]", *args)
-                if ret.is_a?(Array)
-                  ret.collect {|x| x.value}
-                else
-                  ret.value
-                end
-              end
-            end
-
-            remove_method :#{var_name}=
-            remove_method :set_#{var_name}
-            def #{var_name}=(*args)
-              if args.size == 1
-                item = Utils.new_with_value_if_need(#{klass_name}, args[0])
-                @#{var_name}.push(item)
-              else
-                new_val = args.last
-                if new_val.is_a?(Array)
-                  new_val = new_value.collect do |val|
-                    Utils.new_with_value_if_need(#{klass_name}, val)
-                  end
-                else
-                  new_val = Utils.new_with_value_if_need(#{klass_name}, new_val)
-                end
-                @#{var_name}.__send__("[]=", *(args[0..-2] + [new_val]))
-              end
-            end
-            alias set_#{var_name} #{var_name}=
-          EOC
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module TrackBackModel10
-    extend BaseModel
-    extend BaseTrackBackModel
-
-    class TrackBackPing < Element
-      include RSS10
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_prefix
-          TRACKBACK_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          TRACKBACK_URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      @tag_name = "ping"
-
-      [
-        ["resource", ::RSS::RDF::URI, true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{::RSS::RDF::PREFIX}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      alias_method(:value, :resource)
-      alias_method(:value=, :resource=)
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.resource = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(TRACKBACK_PREFIX)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TrackBackAbout < Element
-      include RSS10
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_prefix
-          TRACKBACK_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          TRACKBACK_URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      @tag_name = "about"
-
-      [
-        ["resource", ::RSS::RDF::URI, true]
-      ].each do |name, uri, required|
-        install_get_attribute(name, uri, required, nil, nil,
-                              "#{::RSS::RDF::PREFIX}:#{name}")
-      end
-
-      alias_method(:value, :resource)
-      alias_method(:value=, :resource=)
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.resource = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(TRACKBACK_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-      private
-      def maker_target(abouts)
-        abouts.new_about
-      end
-
-      def setup_maker_attributes(about)
-        about.resource = self.resource
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-
-  module TrackBackModel20
-    extend BaseModel
-    extend BaseTrackBackModel
-
-    class TrackBackPing < Element
-      include RSS09
-
-      @tag_name = "ping"
-
-      content_setup
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_prefix
-          TRACKBACK_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          TRACKBACK_URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      alias_method(:value, :content)
-      alias_method(:value=, :content=)
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.content = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(TRACKBACK_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-    end
-
-    class TrackBackAbout < Element
-      include RSS09
-
-      @tag_name = "about"
-
-      content_setup
-
-      class << self
-
-        def required_prefix
-          TRACKBACK_PREFIX
-        end
-
-        def required_uri
-          TRACKBACK_URI
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      alias_method(:value, :content)
-      alias_method(:value=, :content=)
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        if Utils.element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-          super
-        else
-          super()
-          self.content = args[0]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        tag_name_with_prefix(TRACKBACK_PREFIX)
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-
-  class RDF
-    class Item; include TrackBackModel10; end
-  end
-
-  class Rss
-    class Channel
-      class Item; include TrackBackModel20; end
-    end
-  end
-
-  BaseTrackBackModel::ELEMENTS.each do |name|
-    class_name = Utils.to_class_name(name)
-    BaseListener.install_class_name(TRACKBACK_URI, name,
-                                    "TrackBack#{class_name}")
-  end
-
-  BaseTrackBackModel::ELEMENTS.collect! {|name| "#{TRACKBACK_PREFIX}_#{name}"}
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/utils.rb b/lib/rss/utils.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ce7dbf1b02..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/utils.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-module RSS
-
-  ##
-  # RSS::Utils is a module that holds various utility functions that are used
-  # across many parts of the rest of the RSS library. Like most modules named
-  # some variant of 'util', its methods are probably not particularly useful
-  # to those who aren't developing the library itself.
-  module Utils
-    module_function
-
-    # Given a +name+ in a name_with_underscores or a name-with-dashes format,
-    # returns the CamelCase version of +name+.
-    #
-    # If the +name+ is already CamelCased, nothing happens.
-    #
-    # Examples:
-    #
-    #   require 'rss/utils'
-    #
-    #   RSS::Utils.to_class_name("sample_name")
-    #   # => "SampleName"
-    #   RSS::Utils.to_class_name("with-dashes")
-    #   # => "WithDashes"
-    #   RSS::Utils.to_class_name("CamelCase")
-    #   # => "CamelCase"
-    def to_class_name(name)
-      name.split(/[_\-]/).collect do |part|
-        "#{part[0, 1].upcase}#{part[1..-1]}"
-      end.join("")
-    end
-
-    # Returns an array of two elements: the filename where the calling method
-    # is located, and the line number where it is defined.
-    #
-    # Takes an optional argument +i+, which specifies how many callers up the
-    # stack to look.
-    #
-    # Examples:
-    #
-    #   require 'rss/utils'
-    #
-    #   def foo
-    #     p RSS::Utils.get_file_and_line_from_caller
-    #     p RSS::Utils.get_file_and_line_from_caller(1)
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   def bar
-    #     foo
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   def baz
-    #     bar
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   baz
-    #   # => ["test.rb", 5]
-    #   # => ["test.rb", 9]
-    #
-    # If +i+ is not given, or is the default value of 0, it attempts to figure
-    # out the correct value. This is useful when in combination with
-    # instance_eval. For example:
-    #
-    #   require 'rss/utils'
-    #
-    #   def foo
-    #     p RSS::Utils.get_file_and_line_from_caller(1)
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   def bar
-    #     foo
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   instance_eval <<-RUBY, *RSS::Utils.get_file_and_line_from_caller
-    #   def baz
-    #     bar
-    #   end
-    #   RUBY
-    #
-    #   baz
-    #
-    #   # => ["test.rb", 8]
-    def get_file_and_line_from_caller(i=0)
-      file, line, = caller[i].split(':')
-      line = line.to_i
-      line += 1 if i.zero?
-      [file, line]
-    end
-
-    # Takes a string +s+ with some HTML in it, and escapes '&', '"', '<' and '>', by
-    # replacing them with the appropriate entities.
-    #
-    # This method is also aliased to h, for convenience.
-    #
-    # Examples:
-    #
-    #   require 'rss/utils'
-    #
-    #   RSS::Utils.html_escape("Dungeons & Dragons")
-    #   # => "Dungeons &amp; Dragons"
-    #   RSS::Utils.h(">_>")
-    #   # => "&gt;_&gt;"
-    def html_escape(s)
-      s.to_s.gsub(/&/, "&amp;").gsub(/\"/, "&quot;").gsub(/>/, "&gt;").gsub(/</, "&lt;")
-    end
-    alias h html_escape
-
-    # If +value+ is an instance of class +klass+, return it, else
-    # create a new instance of +klass+ with value +value+.
-    def new_with_value_if_need(klass, value)
-      if value.is_a?(klass)
-        value
-      else
-        klass.new(value)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This method is used inside of several different objects to determine
-    # if special behavior is needed in the constructor.
-    #
-    # Special behavior is needed if the array passed in as +args+ has
-    # +true+ or +false+ as its value, and if the second element of +args+
-    # is a hash.
-    def element_initialize_arguments?(args)
-      [true, false].include?(args[0]) and args[1].is_a?(Hash)
-    end
-
-    module YesCleanOther
-      module_function
-      def parse(value)
-        if [true, false, nil].include?(value)
-          value
-        else
-          case value.to_s
-          when /\Ayes\z/i
-            true
-          when /\Aclean\z/i
-            false
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module YesOther
-      module_function
-      def parse(value)
-        if [true, false].include?(value)
-          value
-        else
-          /\Ayes\z/i.match(value.to_s) ? true : false
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module CSV
-      module_function
-      def parse(value, &block)
-        if value.is_a?(String)
-          value = value.strip.split(/\s*,\s*/)
-          value = value.collect(&block) if block_given?
-          value
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module InheritedReader
-      def inherited_reader(constant_name)
-        base_class = inherited_base
-        result = base_class.const_get(constant_name)
-        found_base_class = false
-        ancestors.reverse_each do |klass|
-          if found_base_class
-            if klass.const_defined?(constant_name)
-              result = yield(result, klass.const_get(constant_name))
-            end
-          else
-            found_base_class = klass == base_class
-          end
-        end
-        result
-      end
-
-      def inherited_array_reader(constant_name)
-        inherited_reader(constant_name) do |result, current|
-          current + result
-        end
-      end
-
-      def inherited_hash_reader(constant_name)
-        inherited_reader(constant_name) do |result, current|
-          result.merge(current)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/xml-stylesheet.rb b/lib/rss/xml-stylesheet.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index be9cfaaf64..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/xml-stylesheet.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/utils"
-
-module RSS
-
-  module XMLStyleSheetMixin
-    attr_accessor :xml_stylesheets
-    def initialize(*args)
-      super
-      @xml_stylesheets = []
-    end
-
-    private
-    def xml_stylesheet_pi
-      xsss = @xml_stylesheets.collect do |xss|
-        pi = xss.to_s
-        pi = nil if /\A\s*\z/ =~ pi
-        pi
-      end.compact
-      xsss.push("") unless xsss.empty?
-      xsss.join("\n")
-    end
-  end
-
-  class XMLStyleSheet
-
-    include Utils
-
-    ATTRIBUTES = %w(href type title media charset alternate)
-
-    GUESS_TABLE = {
-      "xsl" => "text/xsl",
-      "css" => "text/css",
-    }
-
-    attr_accessor(*ATTRIBUTES)
-    attr_accessor(:do_validate)
-    def initialize(*attrs)
-      if attrs.size == 1 and
-          (attrs.first.is_a?(Hash) or attrs.first.is_a?(Array))
-        attrs = attrs.first
-      end
-      @do_validate = true
-      ATTRIBUTES.each do |attr|
-        __send__("#{attr}=", nil)
-      end
-      vars = ATTRIBUTES.dup
-      vars.unshift(:do_validate)
-      attrs.each do |name, value|
-        if vars.include?(name.to_s)
-          __send__("#{name}=", value)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      rv = ""
-      if @href
-        rv << %Q[<?xml-stylesheet]
-        ATTRIBUTES.each do |name|
-          if __send__(name)
-            rv << %Q[ #{name}="#{h __send__(name)}"]
-          end
-        end
-        rv << %Q[?>]
-      end
-      rv
-    end
-
-    remove_method(:href=)
-    def href=(value)
-      @href = value
-      if @href and @type.nil?
-        @type = guess_type(@href)
-      end
-      @href
-    end
-
-    remove_method(:alternate=)
-    def alternate=(value)
-      if value.nil? or /\A(?:yes|no)\z/ =~ value
-        @alternate = value
-      else
-        if @do_validate
-          args = ["?xml-stylesheet?", %Q[alternate="#{value}"]]
-          raise NotAvailableValueError.new(*args)
-        end
-      end
-      @alternate
-    end
-
-    def setup_maker(maker)
-      xss = maker.xml_stylesheets.new_xml_stylesheet
-      ATTRIBUTES.each do |attr|
-        xss.__send__("#{attr}=", __send__(attr))
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def guess_type(filename)
-      /\.([^.]+)$/ =~ filename
-      GUESS_TABLE[$1]
-    end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/xml.rb b/lib/rss/xml.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cda8668044..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/xml.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require "rss/utils"
-
-module RSS
-  module XML
-    class Element
-      include Enumerable
-
-      attr_reader :name, :prefix, :uri, :attributes, :children
-      def initialize(name, prefix=nil, uri=nil, attributes={}, children=[])
-        @name = name
-        @prefix = prefix
-        @uri = uri
-        @attributes = attributes
-        if children.is_a?(String) or !children.respond_to?(:each)
-          @children = [children]
-        else
-          @children = children
-        end
-      end
-
-      def [](name)
-        @attributes[name]
-      end
-
-      def []=(name, value)
-        @attributes[name] = value
-      end
-
-      def <<(child)
-        @children << child
-      end
-
-      def each(&block)
-        @children.each(&block)
-      end
-
-      def ==(other)
-        other.kind_of?(self.class) and
-          @name == other.name and
-          @uri == other.uri and
-          @attributes == other.attributes and
-          @children == other.children
-      end
-
-      def to_s
-        rv = "<#{full_name}"
-        attributes.each do |key, value|
-          rv << " #{Utils.html_escape(key)}=\"#{Utils.html_escape(value)}\""
-        end
-        if children.empty?
-          rv << "/>"
-        else
-          rv << ">"
-          children.each do |child|
-            rv << child.to_s
-          end
-          rv << "</#{full_name}>"
-        end
-        rv
-      end
-
-      def full_name
-        if @prefix
-          "#{@prefix}:#{@name}"
-        else
-          @name
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/xmlparser.rb b/lib/rss/xmlparser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cb2dd2afdd..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/xmlparser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-begin
-  require "xml/parser"
-rescue LoadError
-  require "xmlparser"
-end
-
-begin
-  require "xml/encoding-ja"
-rescue LoadError
-  require "xmlencoding-ja"
-  if defined?(Kconv)
-    module XMLEncoding_ja
-      class SJISHandler
-        include Kconv
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module XML
-  class Parser
-    unless defined?(Error)
-      # This error is legacy, so we just set it to the new one
-      Error = ::XMLParserError # :nodoc:
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module RSS
-
-  class REXMLLikeXMLParser < ::XML::Parser
-
-    include ::XML::Encoding_ja
-
-    def listener=(listener)
-      @listener = listener
-    end
-
-    def startElement(name, attrs)
-      @listener.tag_start(name, attrs)
-    end
-
-    def endElement(name)
-      @listener.tag_end(name)
-    end
-
-    def character(data)
-      @listener.text(data)
-    end
-
-    def xmlDecl(version, encoding, standalone)
-      @listener.xmldecl(version, encoding, standalone == 1)
-    end
-
-    def processingInstruction(target, content)
-      @listener.instruction(target, content)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class XMLParserParser < BaseParser
-
-    class << self
-      def listener
-        XMLParserListener
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def _parse
-      begin
-        parser = REXMLLikeXMLParser.new
-        parser.listener = @listener
-        parser.parse(@rss)
-      rescue ::XML::Parser::Error => e
-        raise NotWellFormedError.new(parser.line){e.message}
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class XMLParserListener < BaseListener
-
-    include ListenerMixin
-
-    def xmldecl(version, encoding, standalone)
-      super
-      # Encoding is converted to UTF-8 when XMLParser parses XML.
-      @encoding = 'UTF-8'
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rss/xmlscanner.rb b/lib/rss/xmlscanner.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e3b13d2f5..0000000000
--- a/lib/rss/xmlscanner.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'xmlscan/scanner'
-require 'stringio'
-
-module RSS
-
-  class XMLScanParser < BaseParser
-
-    class << self
-      def listener
-        XMLScanListener
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-    def _parse
-      begin
-        if @rss.is_a?(String)
-          input = StringIO.new(@rss)
-        else
-          input = @rss
-        end
-        scanner = XMLScan::XMLScanner.new(@listener)
-        scanner.parse(input)
-      rescue XMLScan::Error => e
-        lineno = e.lineno || scanner.lineno || input.lineno
-        raise NotWellFormedError.new(lineno){e.message}
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class XMLScanListener < BaseListener
-
-    include XMLScan::Visitor
-    include ListenerMixin
-
-    ENTITIES = {
-      'lt' => '<',
-      'gt' => '>',
-      'amp' => '&',
-      'quot' => '"',
-      'apos' => '\''
-    }
-
-    def on_xmldecl_version(str)
-      @version = str
-    end
-
-    def on_xmldecl_encoding(str)
-      @encoding = str
-    end
-
-    def on_xmldecl_standalone(str)
-      @standalone = str
-    end
-
-    def on_xmldecl_end
-      xmldecl(@version, @encoding, @standalone == "yes")
-    end
-
-    alias_method(:on_pi, :instruction)
-    alias_method(:on_chardata, :text)
-    alias_method(:on_cdata, :text)
-
-    def on_etag(name)
-      tag_end(name)
-    end
-
-    def on_entityref(ref)
-      text(entity(ref))
-    end
-
-    def on_charref(code)
-      text([code].pack('U'))
-    end
-
-    alias_method(:on_charref_hex, :on_charref)
-
-    def on_stag(name)
-      @attrs = {}
-    end
-
-    def on_attribute(name)
-      @attrs[name] = @current_attr = ''
-    end
-
-    def on_attr_value(str)
-      @current_attr << str
-    end
-
-    def on_attr_entityref(ref)
-      @current_attr << entity(ref)
-    end
-
-    def on_attr_charref(code)
-      @current_attr << [code].pack('U')
-    end
-
-    alias_method(:on_attr_charref_hex, :on_attr_charref)
-
-    def on_stag_end(name)
-      tag_start(name, @attrs)
-    end
-
-    def on_stag_end_empty(name)
-      tag_start(name, @attrs)
-      tag_end(name)
-    end
-
-    private
-    def entity(ref)
-      ent = ENTITIES[ref]
-      if ent
-        ent
-      else
-        wellformed_error("undefined entity: #{ref}")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems.rb b/lib/rubygems.rb
index 5cd1a4c47a..6a7e56fa3c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-# -*- ruby -*-
 #--
 # Copyright 2006 by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim Weirich and others.
 # All rights reserved.
@@ -7,18 +6,17 @@
 #++
 
 require 'rbconfig'
-require 'thread'
 
 module Gem
-  VERSION = "2.6.11"
+  VERSION = "3.2.33".freeze
 end
 
 # Must be first since it unloads the prelude from 1.9.2
-require 'rubygems/compatibility'
+require_relative 'rubygems/compatibility'
 
-require 'rubygems/defaults'
-require 'rubygems/deprecate'
-require 'rubygems/errors'
+require_relative 'rubygems/defaults'
+require_relative 'rubygems/deprecate'
+require_relative 'rubygems/errors'
 
 ##
 # RubyGems is the Ruby standard for publishing and managing third party
@@ -27,35 +25,34 @@ require 'rubygems/errors'
 # For user documentation, see:
 #
 # * <tt>gem help</tt> and <tt>gem help [command]</tt>
-# * {RubyGems User Guide}[http://guides.rubygems.org/]
-# * {Frequently Asked Questions}[http://guides.rubygems.org/faqs]
+# * {RubyGems User Guide}[https://guides.rubygems.org/]
+# * {Frequently Asked Questions}[https://guides.rubygems.org/faqs]
 #
 # For gem developer documentation see:
 #
-# * {Creating Gems}[http://guides.rubygems.org/make-your-own-gem]
+# * {Creating Gems}[https://guides.rubygems.org/make-your-own-gem]
 # * Gem::Specification
 # * Gem::Version for version dependency notes
 #
 # Further RubyGems documentation can be found at:
 #
-# * {RubyGems Guides}[http://guides.rubygems.org]
-# * {RubyGems API}[http://rubygems.rubyforge.org/rdoc] (also available from
+# * {RubyGems Guides}[https://guides.rubygems.org]
+# * {RubyGems API}[https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rubygems/rubygems] (also available from
 #   <tt>gem server</tt>)
 #
 # == RubyGems Plugins
 #
-# As of RubyGems 1.3.2, RubyGems will load plugins installed in gems or
+# RubyGems will load plugins in the latest version of each installed gem or
 # $LOAD_PATH.  Plugins must be named 'rubygems_plugin' (.rb, .so, etc) and
-# placed at the root of your gem's #require_path.  Plugins are discovered via
-# Gem::find_files then loaded.  Take care when implementing a plugin as your
-# plugin file may be loaded multiple times if multiple versions of your gem
-# are installed.
+# placed at the root of your gem's #require_path.  Plugins are installed at a
+# special location and loaded on boot.
 #
-# For an example plugin, see the graph gem which adds a `gem graph` command.
+# For an example plugin, see the {Graph gem}[https://github.com/seattlerb/graph]
+# which adds a `gem graph` command.
 #
 # == RubyGems Defaults, Packaging
 #
-# RubyGems defaults are stored in rubygems/defaults.rb.  If you're packaging
+# RubyGems defaults are stored in lib/rubygems/defaults.rb.  If you're packaging
 # RubyGems or implementing Ruby you can change RubyGems' defaults.
 #
 # For RubyGems packagers, provide lib/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
@@ -65,7 +62,7 @@ require 'rubygems/errors'
 # override any defaults from lib/rubygems/defaults.rb.
 #
 # If you need RubyGems to perform extra work on install or uninstall, your
-# defaults override file can set pre and post install and uninstall hooks.
+# defaults override file can set pre/post install and uninstall hooks.
 # See Gem::pre_install, Gem::pre_uninstall, Gem::post_install,
 # Gem::post_uninstall.
 #
@@ -106,16 +103,26 @@ require 'rubygems/errors'
 #
 # (If your name is missing, PLEASE let us know!)
 #
+# == License
+#
 # See {LICENSE.txt}[rdoc-ref:lib/rubygems/LICENSE.txt] for permissions.
 #
 # Thanks!
 #
 # -The RubyGems Team
 
-
 module Gem
   RUBYGEMS_DIR = File.dirname File.expand_path(__FILE__)
 
+  # Taint support is deprecated in Ruby 2.7.
+  # This allows switching ".untaint" to ".tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)",
+  # to avoid deprecation warnings in Ruby 2.7.
+  UNTAINT = RUBY_VERSION < '2.7' ? :untaint.to_sym : proc{}
+
+  # When https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17259 is available, there is no need to override Kernel#warn
+  KERNEL_WARN_IGNORES_INTERNAL_ENTRIES = RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby" ||
+      (RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" && RUBY_VERSION >= '3.0')
+
   ##
   # An Array of Regexps that match windows Ruby platforms.
 
@@ -126,13 +133,14 @@ module Gem
     /mingw/i,
     /mswin/i,
     /wince/i,
-  ]
+  ].freeze
 
   GEM_DEP_FILES = %w[
     gem.deps.rb
+    gems.rb
     Gemfile
     Isolate
-  ]
+  ].freeze
 
   ##
   # Subdirectories in a gem repository
@@ -143,8 +151,9 @@ module Gem
     doc
     extensions
     gems
+    plugins
     specifications
-  ]
+  ].freeze
 
   ##
   # Subdirectories in a gem repository for default gems
@@ -152,34 +161,24 @@ module Gem
   REPOSITORY_DEFAULT_GEM_SUBDIRECTORIES = %w[
     gems
     specifications/default
-  ]
+  ].freeze
 
   ##
-  # Exception classes used in a Gem.read_binary +rescue+ statement. Not all of
-  # these are defined in Ruby 1.8.7, hence the need for this convoluted setup.
+  # Exception classes used in a Gem.read_binary +rescue+ statement
 
-  READ_BINARY_ERRORS = begin
-    read_binary_errors = [Errno::EACCES]
-    read_binary_errors << Errno::ENOTSUP if Errno.const_defined?(:ENOTSUP)
-    read_binary_errors
-  end.freeze
+  READ_BINARY_ERRORS = [Errno::EACCES, Errno::EROFS, Errno::ENOSYS, Errno::ENOTSUP].freeze
 
   ##
-  # Exception classes used in Gem.write_binary +rescue+ statement. Not all of
-  # these are defined in Ruby 1.8.7.
+  # Exception classes used in Gem.write_binary +rescue+ statement
 
-  WRITE_BINARY_ERRORS = begin
-    write_binary_errors = []
-    write_binary_errors << Errno::ENOTSUP if Errno.const_defined?(:ENOTSUP)
-    write_binary_errors
-  end.freeze
+  WRITE_BINARY_ERRORS = [Errno::ENOSYS, Errno::ENOTSUP].freeze
 
   @@win_platform = nil
 
   @configuration = nil
   @gemdeps = nil
   @loaded_specs = {}
-  LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX = Mutex.new
+  LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new
   @path_to_default_spec_map = {}
   @platforms = []
   @ruby = nil
@@ -194,12 +193,14 @@ module Gem
   @pre_reset_hooks      ||= []
   @post_reset_hooks     ||= []
 
+  @default_source_date_epoch = nil
+
   ##
   # Try to activate a gem containing +path+. Returns true if
   # activation succeeded or wasn't needed because it was already
   # activated. Returns false if it can't find the path in a gem.
 
-  def self.try_activate path
+  def self.try_activate(path)
     # finds the _latest_ version... regardless of loaded specs and their deps
     # if another gem had a requirement that would mean we shouldn't
     # activate the latest version, then either it would already be activated
@@ -234,6 +235,7 @@ module Gem
 
   def self.finish_resolve(request_set=Gem::RequestSet.new)
     request_set.import Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.values
+    request_set.import Gem.loaded_specs.values.map {|s| Gem::Dependency.new(s.name, s.version) }
 
     request_set.resolve_current.each do |s|
       s.full_spec.activate
@@ -242,23 +244,20 @@ module Gem
 
   ##
   # Find the full path to the executable for gem +name+.  If the +exec_name+
-  # is not given, the gem's default_executable is chosen, otherwise the
+  # is not given, an exception will be raised, otherwise the
   # specified executable's path is returned.  +requirements+ allows
   # you to specify specific gem versions.
 
   def self.bin_path(name, exec_name = nil, *requirements)
-    # TODO: fails test_self_bin_path_bin_file_gone_in_latest
-    # Gem::Specification.find_by_name(name, *requirements).bin_file exec_name
-
-    raise ArgumentError, "you must supply exec_name" unless exec_name
-
     requirements = Gem::Requirement.default if
       requirements.empty?
 
     find_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements).bin_file exec_name
   end
 
-  def self.find_spec_for_exe name, exec_name, requirements
+  def self.find_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements)
+    raise ArgumentError, "you must supply exec_name" unless exec_name
+
     dep = Gem::Dependency.new name, requirements
 
     loaded = Gem.loaded_specs[name]
@@ -267,15 +266,15 @@ module Gem
 
     specs = dep.matching_specs(true)
 
-    raise Gem::GemNotFoundException,
-          "can't find gem #{dep}" if specs.empty?
-
-    specs = specs.find_all { |spec|
+    specs = specs.find_all do |spec|
       spec.executables.include? exec_name
-    } if exec_name
+    end if exec_name
 
     unless spec = specs.first
-      msg = "can't find gem #{name} (#{requirements}) with executable #{exec_name}"
+      msg = "can't find gem #{dep} with executable #{exec_name}"
+      if dep.filters_bundler? && bundler_message = Gem::BundlerVersionFinder.missing_version_message
+        msg = bundler_message
+      end
       raise Gem::GemNotFoundException, msg
     end
 
@@ -285,7 +284,7 @@ module Gem
 
   ##
   # Find the full path to the executable for gem +name+.  If the +exec_name+
-  # is not given, the gem's default_executable is chosen, otherwise the
+  # is not given, an exception will be raised, otherwise the
   # specified executable's path is returned.  +requirements+ allows
   # you to specify specific gem versions.
   #
@@ -294,9 +293,12 @@ module Gem
   #
   # This method should *only* be used in bin stub files.
 
-  def self.activate_bin_path name, exec_name, requirement # :nodoc:
-    spec = find_spec_for_exe name, exec_name, [requirement]
-    Gem::LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX.synchronize { spec.activate }
+  def self.activate_bin_path(name, exec_name = nil, *requirements) # :nodoc:
+    spec = find_spec_for_exe name, exec_name, requirements
+    Gem::LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX.synchronize do
+      spec.activate
+      finish_resolve
+    end
     spec.bin_file exec_name
   end
 
@@ -317,6 +319,13 @@ module Gem
   end
 
   ##
+  # The path were rubygems plugins are to be installed.
+
+  def self.plugindir(install_dir=Gem.dir)
+    File.join install_dir, 'plugins'
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Reset the +dir+ and +path+ values.  The next time +dir+ or +path+
   # is requested, the values will be calculated from scratch.  This is
   # mainly used by the unit tests to provide test isolation.
@@ -329,13 +338,6 @@ module Gem
   end
 
   ##
-  # The path to standard location of the user's .gemrc file.
-
-  def self.config_file
-    @config_file ||= File.join Gem.user_home, '.gemrc'
-  end
-
-  ##
   # The standard configuration object for gems.
 
   def self.configuration
@@ -355,7 +357,6 @@ module Gem
   # package is not available as a gem, return nil.
 
   def self.datadir(gem_name)
-# TODO: deprecate
     spec = @loaded_specs[gem_name]
     return nil if spec.nil?
     spec.datadir
@@ -393,11 +394,11 @@ module Gem
           target[k] = v
         when Array
           unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
-            warn <<-eowarn
+            warn <<-EOWARN
 Array values in the parameter to `Gem.paths=` are deprecated.
 Please use a String or nil.
 An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
-            eowarn
+            EOWARN
           end
           target[k] = v.join File::PATH_SEPARATOR
         end
@@ -411,8 +412,6 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
 
   ##
   # The path where gems are to be installed.
-  #--
-  # FIXME deprecate these once everything else has been done -ebh
 
   def self.dir
     paths.home
@@ -435,7 +434,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   #
   # World-writable directories will never be created.
 
-  def self.ensure_gem_subdirectories dir = Gem.dir, mode = nil
+  def self.ensure_gem_subdirectories(dir = Gem.dir, mode = nil)
     ensure_subdirectories(dir, mode, REPOSITORY_SUBDIRECTORIES)
   end
 
@@ -448,11 +447,11 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   #
   # World-writable directories will never be created.
 
-  def self.ensure_default_gem_subdirectories dir = Gem.dir, mode = nil
+  def self.ensure_default_gem_subdirectories(dir = Gem.dir, mode = nil)
     ensure_subdirectories(dir, mode, REPOSITORY_DEFAULT_GEM_SUBDIRECTORIES)
   end
 
-  def self.ensure_subdirectories dir, mode, subdirs # :nodoc:
+  def self.ensure_subdirectories(dir, mode, subdirs) # :nodoc:
     old_umask = File.umask
     File.umask old_umask | 002
 
@@ -465,7 +464,10 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     subdirs.each do |name|
       subdir = File.join dir, name
       next if File.exist? subdir
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p subdir, options rescue nil
+      begin
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p subdir, **options
+      rescue SystemCallError
+      end
     end
   ensure
     File.umask old_umask
@@ -476,7 +478,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # distinction as extensions cannot be shared between the two.
 
   def self.extension_api_version # :nodoc:
-    if 'no' == RbConfig::CONFIG['ENABLE_SHARED'] then
+    if 'no' == RbConfig::CONFIG['ENABLE_SHARED']
       "#{ruby_api_version}-static"
     else
       ruby_api_version
@@ -502,7 +504,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
 
     gem_specifications = @gemdeps ? Gem.loaded_specs.values : Gem::Specification.stubs
 
-    files.concat gem_specifications.map { |spec|
+    files.concat gem_specifications.map {|spec|
       spec.matches_for_glob("#{glob}#{Gem.suffix_pattern}")
     }.flatten
 
@@ -513,10 +515,11 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     return files
   end
 
-  def self.find_files_from_load_path glob # :nodoc:
-    $LOAD_PATH.map { |load_path|
-      Dir["#{File.expand_path glob, load_path}#{Gem.suffix_pattern}"]
-    }.flatten.select { |file| File.file? file.untaint }
+  def self.find_files_from_load_path(glob) # :nodoc:
+    glob_with_suffixes = "#{glob}#{Gem.suffix_pattern}"
+    $LOAD_PATH.map do |load_path|
+      Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir(glob_with_suffixes, load_path)
+    end.flatten.select {|file| File.file? file.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT) }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -536,7 +539,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
 
     files = find_files_from_load_path glob if check_load_path
 
-    files.concat Gem::Specification.latest_specs(true).map { |spec|
+    files.concat Gem::Specification.latest_specs(true).map {|spec|
       spec.matches_for_glob("#{glob}#{Gem.suffix_pattern}")
     }.flatten
 
@@ -548,81 +551,15 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   end
 
   ##
-  # Finds the user's home directory.
-  #--
-  # Some comments from the ruby-talk list regarding finding the home
-  # directory:
-  #
-  #   I have HOME, USERPROFILE and HOMEDRIVE + HOMEPATH. Ruby seems
-  #   to be depending on HOME in those code samples. I propose that
-  #   it should fallback to USERPROFILE and HOMEDRIVE + HOMEPATH (at
-  #   least on Win32).
-  #++
-  #--
-  #
-  # FIXME move to pathsupport
-  #
-  #++
-
-  def self.find_home
-    windows = File::ALT_SEPARATOR
-    if not windows or RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9' then
-      File.expand_path "~"
-    else
-      ['HOME', 'USERPROFILE'].each do |key|
-        return File.expand_path ENV[key] if ENV[key]
-      end
-
-      if ENV['HOMEDRIVE'] && ENV['HOMEPATH'] then
-        File.expand_path "#{ENV['HOMEDRIVE']}#{ENV['HOMEPATH']}"
-      end
-    end
-  rescue
-    if windows then
-      File.expand_path File.join(ENV['HOMEDRIVE'] || ENV['SystemDrive'], '/')
-    else
-      File.expand_path "/"
-    end
-  end
-
-  private_class_method :find_home
-
-  # FIXME deprecate these in 3.0
-
-  ##
-  # Zlib::GzipReader wrapper that unzips +data+.
-
-  def self.gunzip(data)
-    require 'rubygems/util'
-    Gem::Util.gunzip data
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Zlib::GzipWriter wrapper that zips +data+.
-
-  def self.gzip(data)
-    require 'rubygems/util'
-    Gem::Util.gzip data
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # A Zlib::Inflate#inflate wrapper
-
-  def self.inflate(data)
-    require 'rubygems/util'
-    Gem::Util.inflate data
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Top level install helper method. Allows you to install gems interactively:
   #
   #   % irb
   #   >> Gem.install "minitest"
-  #   Fetching: minitest-3.0.1.gem (100%)
+  #   Fetching: minitest-5.14.0.gem (100%)
   #   => [#<Gem::Specification:0x1013b4528 @name="minitest", ...>]
 
-  def self.install name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, *options
-    require "rubygems/dependency_installer"
+  def self.install(name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, *options)
+    require_relative "rubygems/dependency_installer"
     inst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new(*options)
     inst.install name, version
     inst.installed_gems
@@ -633,14 +570,12 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # <tt>https://rubygems.org</tt>.
 
   def self.host
-    # TODO: move to utils
     @host ||= Gem::DEFAULT_HOST
   end
 
   ## Set the default RubyGems API host.
 
-  def self.host= host
-    # TODO: move to utils
+  def self.host=(host)
     @host = host
   end
 
@@ -655,68 +590,67 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
 
     index = $LOAD_PATH.index RbConfig::CONFIG['sitelibdir']
 
-    index
+    index || 0
   end
 
-  @yaml_loaded = false
-
   ##
-  # Loads YAML, preferring Psych
+  # The number of paths in the `$LOAD_PATH` from activated gems. Used to
+  # prioritize `-I` and `ENV['RUBYLIB`]` entries during `require`.
 
-  def self.load_yaml
-    return if @yaml_loaded
-    return unless defined?(gem)
+  def self.activated_gem_paths
+    @activated_gem_paths ||= 0
+  end
 
-    test_syck = ENV['TEST_SYCK']
+  ##
+  # Add a list of paths to the $LOAD_PATH at the proper place.
 
-    # Only Ruby 1.8 and 1.9 have syck
-    test_syck = false unless /^1\./ =~ RUBY_VERSION
+  def self.add_to_load_path(*paths)
+    @activated_gem_paths = activated_gem_paths + paths.size
 
-    unless test_syck
-      begin
-        gem 'psych', '>= 1.2.1'
-      rescue Gem::LoadError
-        # It's OK if the user does not have the psych gem installed.  We will
-        # attempt to require the stdlib version
-      end
+    # gem directories must come after -I and ENV['RUBYLIB']
+    $LOAD_PATH.insert(Gem.load_path_insert_index, *paths)
+  end
 
-      begin
-        # Try requiring the gem version *or* stdlib version of psych.
-        require 'psych'
-      rescue ::LoadError
-        # If we can't load psych, thats fine, go on.
-      else
-        # If 'yaml' has already been required, then we have to
-        # be sure to switch it over to the newly loaded psych.
-        if defined?(YAML::ENGINE) && YAML::ENGINE.yamler != "psych"
-          YAML::ENGINE.yamler = "psych"
-        end
+  @yaml_loaded = false
 
-        require 'rubygems/psych_additions'
-        require 'rubygems/psych_tree'
-      end
-    end
+  ##
+  # Loads YAML, preferring Psych
 
-    require 'yaml'
+  def self.load_yaml
+    return if @yaml_loaded
 
-    # If we're supposed to be using syck, then we may have to force
-    # activate it via the YAML::ENGINE API.
-    if test_syck and defined?(YAML::ENGINE)
-      YAML::ENGINE.yamler = "syck" unless YAML::ENGINE.syck?
+    begin
+      # Try requiring the gem version *or* stdlib version of psych.
+      require 'psych'
+    rescue ::LoadError
+      # If we can't load psych, that's fine, go on.
+    else
+      require_relative 'rubygems/psych_additions'
+      require_relative 'rubygems/psych_tree'
     end
 
-    # Now that we're sure some kind of yaml library is loaded, pull
-    # in our hack to deal with Syck's DefaultKey ugliness.
-    require 'rubygems/syck_hack'
+    require 'yaml'
+    require_relative 'rubygems/safe_yaml'
 
     @yaml_loaded = true
   end
 
   ##
   # The file name and line number of the caller of the caller of this method.
+  #
+  # +depth+ is how many layers up the call stack it should go.
+  #
+  # e.g.,
+  #
+  # def a; Gem.location_of_caller; end
+  # a #=> ["x.rb", 2]  # (it'll vary depending on file name and line number)
+  #
+  # def b; c; end
+  # def c; Gem.location_of_caller(2); end
+  # b #=> ["x.rb", 6]  # (it'll vary depending on file name and line number)
 
-  def self.location_of_caller
-    caller[1] =~ /(.*?):(\d+).*?$/i
+  def self.location_of_caller(depth = 1)
+    caller[depth] =~ /(.*?):(\d+).*?$/i
     file = $1
     lineno = $2.to_i
 
@@ -829,7 +763,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
 
     if prefix != File.expand_path(RbConfig::CONFIG['sitelibdir']) and
        prefix != File.expand_path(RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir']) and
-       'lib' == File.basename(RUBYGEMS_DIR) then
+       'lib' == File.basename(RUBYGEMS_DIR)
       prefix
     end
   end
@@ -845,19 +779,19 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # Safely read a file in binary mode on all platforms.
 
   def self.read_binary(path)
-    open path, 'rb+' do |f|
+    File.open path, 'rb+' do |f|
       f.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
       f.read
     end
   rescue *READ_BINARY_ERRORS
-    open path, 'rb' do |f|
+    File.open path, 'rb' do |f|
       f.read
     end
   rescue Errno::ENOLCK # NFS
     if Thread.main != Thread.current
       raise
     else
-      open path, 'rb' do |f|
+      File.open path, 'rb' do |f|
         f.read
       end
     end
@@ -866,18 +800,18 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   ##
   # Safely write a file in binary mode on all platforms.
   def self.write_binary(path, data)
-    open(path, 'wb') do |io|
-      begin
-        io.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
-      rescue *WRITE_BINARY_ERRORS
-      end
+    File.open(path, File::RDWR | File::CREAT | File::BINARY | File::LOCK_EX) do |io|
+      io.write data
+    end
+  rescue *WRITE_BINARY_ERRORS
+    File.open(path, 'wb') do |io|
       io.write data
     end
   rescue Errno::ENOLCK # NFS
     if Thread.main != Thread.current
       raise
     else
-      open(path, 'wb') do |io|
+      File.open(path, 'wb') do |io|
         io.write data
       end
     end
@@ -887,9 +821,8 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # The path to the running Ruby interpreter.
 
   def self.ruby
-    if @ruby.nil? then
-      @ruby = File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'],
-                        "#{RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']}#{RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT']}")
+    if @ruby.nil?
+      @ruby = RbConfig.ruby
 
       @ruby = "\"#{@ruby}\"" if @ruby =~ /\s/
     end
@@ -916,7 +849,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   ##
   # Returns the latest release-version specification for the gem +name+.
 
-  def self.latest_spec_for name
+  def self.latest_spec_for(name)
     dependency   = Gem::Dependency.new name
     fetcher      = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
     spec_tuples, = fetcher.spec_for_dependency dependency
@@ -937,7 +870,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   ##
   # Returns the version of the latest release-version of gem +name+
 
-  def self.latest_version_for name
+  def self.latest_version_for(name)
     spec = latest_spec_for name
     spec and spec.version
   end
@@ -949,10 +882,15 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     return @ruby_version if defined? @ruby_version
     version = RUBY_VERSION.dup
 
-    if defined?(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL) && RUBY_PATCHLEVEL != -1 then
+    if defined?(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL) && RUBY_PATCHLEVEL != -1
       version << ".#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}"
-    elsif defined?(RUBY_REVISION) then
-      version << ".dev.#{RUBY_REVISION}"
+    elsif defined?(RUBY_DESCRIPTION)
+      if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
+        desc = RUBY_DESCRIPTION[/\Aruby #{Regexp.quote(RUBY_VERSION)}([^ ]+) /, 1]
+      else
+        desc = RUBY_DESCRIPTION[/\A#{RUBY_ENGINE} #{Regexp.quote(RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION)} \(#{RUBY_VERSION}([^ ]+)\) /, 1]
+      end
+      version << ".#{desc}" if desc
     end
 
     @ruby_version = Gem::Version.new version
@@ -982,7 +920,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # DOC: This comment is not documentation about the method itself, it's
   # more of a code comment about the implementation.
 
-  def self.sources= new_sources
+  def self.sources=(new_sources)
     if !new_sources
       @sources = nil
     else
@@ -998,16 +936,37 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   end
 
   ##
+  # Regexp for require-able path suffixes.
+
+  def self.suffix_regexp
+    @suffix_regexp ||= /#{Regexp.union(suffixes)}\z/
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Glob pattern for require-able plugin suffixes.
+
+  def self.plugin_suffix_pattern
+    @plugin_suffix_pattern ||= "_plugin#{suffix_pattern}"
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Regexp for require-able plugin suffixes.
+
+  def self.plugin_suffix_regexp
+    @plugin_suffix_regexp ||= /_plugin#{suffix_regexp}\z/
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Suffixes for require-able paths.
 
   def self.suffixes
     @suffixes ||= ['',
                    '.rb',
-                   *%w(DLEXT DLEXT2).map { |key|
+                   *%w[DLEXT DLEXT2].map do |key|
                      val = RbConfig::CONFIG[key]
                      next unless val and not val.empty?
                      ".#{val}"
-                   }
+                   end,
                   ].compact.uniq
   end
 
@@ -1031,7 +990,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # Lazily loads DefaultUserInteraction and returns the default UI.
 
   def self.ui
-    require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+    require_relative 'rubygems/user_interaction'
 
     Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui
   end
@@ -1044,33 +1003,33 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     paths.flatten!
     paths.compact!
     hash = { "GEM_HOME" => home, "GEM_PATH" => paths.empty? ? home : paths.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) }
-    hash.delete_if { |_, v| v.nil? }
+    hash.delete_if {|_, v| v.nil? }
     self.paths = hash
   end
 
   ##
-  # The home directory for the user.
-
-  def self.user_home
-    @user_home ||= find_home.untaint
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Is this a windows platform?
 
   def self.win_platform?
-    if @@win_platform.nil? then
+    if @@win_platform.nil?
       ruby_platform = RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os']
-      @@win_platform = !!WIN_PATTERNS.find { |r| ruby_platform =~ r }
+      @@win_platform = !!WIN_PATTERNS.find {|r| ruby_platform =~ r }
     end
 
     @@win_platform
   end
 
   ##
+  # Is this a java platform?
+
+  def self.java_platform?
+    RUBY_PLATFORM == "java"
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Load +plugins+ as Ruby files
 
-  def self.load_plugin_files plugins # :nodoc:
+  def self.load_plugin_files(plugins) # :nodoc:
     plugins.each do |plugin|
 
       # Skip older versions of the GemCutter plugin: Its commands are in
@@ -1088,15 +1047,11 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   end
 
   ##
-  # Find the 'rubygems_plugin' files in the latest installed gems and load
-  # them
+  # Find rubygems plugin files in the standard location and load them
 
   def self.load_plugins
-    # Remove this env var by at least 3.0
-    if ENV['RUBYGEMS_LOAD_ALL_PLUGINS']
-      load_plugin_files find_files('rubygems_plugin', false)
-    else
-      load_plugin_files find_latest_files('rubygems_plugin', false)
+    Gem.path.each do |gem_path|
+      load_plugin_files Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("*#{Gem.plugin_suffix_pattern}", plugindir(gem_path))
     end
   end
 
@@ -1104,18 +1059,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # Find all 'rubygems_plugin' files in $LOAD_PATH and load them
 
   def self.load_env_plugins
-    path = "rubygems_plugin"
-
-    files = []
-    $LOAD_PATH.each do |load_path|
-      globbed = Dir["#{File.expand_path path, load_path}#{Gem.suffix_pattern}"]
-
-      globbed.each do |load_path_file|
-        files << load_path_file if File.file?(load_path_file.untaint)
-      end
-    end
-
-    load_plugin_files files
+    load_plugin_files find_files_from_load_path("rubygems_plugin")
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1138,7 +1082,7 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
   # execution of arbitrary code when used from directories outside your
   # control.
 
-  def self.use_gemdeps path = nil
+  def self.use_gemdeps(path = nil)
     raise_exception = path
 
     path ||= ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS']
@@ -1146,11 +1090,9 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
 
     path = path.dup
 
-    if path == "-" then
-      require 'rubygems/util'
-
+    if path == "-"
       Gem::Util.traverse_parents Dir.pwd do |directory|
-        dep_file = GEM_DEP_FILES.find { |f| File.file?(f) }
+        dep_file = GEM_DEP_FILES.find {|f| File.file?(f) }
 
         next unless dep_file
 
@@ -1159,39 +1101,83 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
       end
     end
 
-    path.untaint
+    path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
 
-    unless File.file? path then
+    unless File.file? path
       return unless raise_exception
 
       raise ArgumentError, "Unable to find gem dependencies file at #{path}"
     end
 
-    rs = Gem::RequestSet.new
-    @gemdeps = rs.load_gemdeps path
-
-    rs.resolve_current.map do |s|
-      sp = s.full_spec
-      sp.activate
-      sp
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path(path)
+    require_relative 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+    require "bundler"
+    begin
+      Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.use_ui(ui) do
+        begin
+          Bundler.ui.silence do
+            @gemdeps = Bundler.setup
+          end
+        ensure
+          Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui.close
+        end
+      end
+    rescue Bundler::BundlerError => e
+      warn e.message
+      warn "You may need to `bundle install` to install missing gems"
+      warn ""
     end
-  rescue Gem::LoadError, Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError => e
-    warn e.message
-    warn "You may need to `gem install -g` to install missing gems"
-    warn ""
   end
 
-  class << self
-    ##
-    # TODO remove with RubyGems 3.0
+  ##
+  # If the SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH environment variable is set, returns it's value.
+  # Otherwise, returns the time that `Gem.source_date_epoch_string` was
+  # first called in the same format as SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH.
+  #
+  # NOTE(@duckinator): The implementation is a tad weird because we want to:
+  #   1. Make builds reproducible by default, by having this function always
+  #      return the same result during a given run.
+  #   2. Allow changing ENV['SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'] at runtime, since multiple
+  #      tests that set this variable will be run in a single process.
+  #
+  # If you simplify this function and a lot of tests fail, that is likely
+  # due to #2 above.
+  #
+  # Details on SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:
+  # https://reproducible-builds.org/specs/source-date-epoch/
+
+  def self.source_date_epoch_string
+    # The value used if $SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is not set.
+    @default_source_date_epoch ||= Time.now.to_i.to_s
+
+    specified_epoch = ENV["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"]
+
+    # If it's empty or just whitespace, treat it like it wasn't set at all.
+    specified_epoch = nil if !specified_epoch.nil? && specified_epoch.strip.empty?
+
+    epoch = specified_epoch || @default_source_date_epoch
+
+    epoch.strip
+  end
 
-    alias detect_gemdeps use_gemdeps # :nodoc:
+  ##
+  # Returns the value of Gem.source_date_epoch_string, as a Time object.
+  #
+  # This is used throughout RubyGems for enabling reproducible builds.
+
+  def self.source_date_epoch
+    Time.at(self.source_date_epoch_string.to_i).utc.freeze
   end
 
   # FIX: Almost everywhere else we use the `def self.` way of defining class
   # methods, and then we switch over to `class << self` here. Pick one or the
   # other.
   class << self
+    ##
+    # RubyGems distributors (like operating system package managers) can
+    # disable RubyGems update by setting this to error message printed to
+    # end-users on gem update --system instead of actual update.
+    attr_accessor :disable_system_update_message
 
     ##
     # Hash of loaded Gem::Specification keyed by name
@@ -1217,10 +1203,11 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     #
 
     def register_default_spec(spec)
-      new_format = Gem.default_gems_use_full_paths? || spec.require_paths.any? {|path| spec.files.any? {|f| f.start_with? path } }
+      extended_require_paths = spec.require_paths.map {|f| f + "/" }
+      new_format = extended_require_paths.any? {|path| spec.files.any? {|f| f.start_with? path } }
 
       if new_format
-        prefix_group = spec.require_paths.map {|f| f + "/"}.join("|")
+        prefix_group = extended_require_paths.join("|")
         prefix_pattern = /^(#{prefix_group})/
       end
 
@@ -1230,7 +1217,10 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
           next unless $~
         end
 
+        spec.activate if already_loaded?(file)
+
         @path_to_default_spec_map[file] = spec
+        @path_to_default_spec_map[file.sub(suffix_regexp, "")] = spec
       end
     end
 
@@ -1238,21 +1228,8 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     # Find a Gem::Specification of default gem from +path+
 
     def find_unresolved_default_spec(path)
-      Gem.suffixes.each do |suffix|
-        spec = @path_to_default_spec_map["#{path}#{suffix}"]
-        return spec if spec
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Remove needless Gem::Specification of default gem from
-    # unresolved default gem list
-
-    def remove_unresolved_default_spec(spec)
-      spec.files.each do |file|
-        @path_to_default_spec_map.delete(file)
-      end
+      default_spec = @path_to_default_spec_map[path]
+      return default_spec if default_spec && loaded_specs[default_spec.name] != default_spec
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1306,62 +1283,76 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     # work
 
     attr_reader :pre_uninstall_hooks
+
+    private
+
+    def already_loaded?(file)
+      $LOADED_FEATURES.any? do |feature_path|
+        feature_path.end_with?(file) && default_gem_load_paths.any? {|load_path_entry| feature_path == "#{load_path_entry}/#{file}" }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def default_gem_load_paths
+      @default_gem_load_paths ||= $LOAD_PATH[load_path_insert_index..-1]
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Location of Marshal quick gemspecs on remote repositories
 
-  MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR = "quick/Marshal.#{Gem.marshal_version}/"
-
-  autoload :ConfigFile,         'rubygems/config_file'
-  autoload :Dependency,         'rubygems/dependency'
-  autoload :DependencyList,     'rubygems/dependency_list'
-  autoload :DependencyResolver, 'rubygems/resolver'
-  autoload :Installer,          'rubygems/installer'
-  autoload :Licenses,           'rubygems/util/licenses'
-  autoload :PathSupport,        'rubygems/path_support'
-  autoload :Platform,           'rubygems/platform'
-  autoload :RequestSet,         'rubygems/request_set'
-  autoload :Requirement,        'rubygems/requirement'
-  autoload :Resolver,           'rubygems/resolver'
-  autoload :Source,             'rubygems/source'
-  autoload :SourceList,         'rubygems/source_list'
-  autoload :SpecFetcher,        'rubygems/spec_fetcher'
-  autoload :Specification,      'rubygems/specification'
-  autoload :Version,            'rubygems/version'
-
-  require "rubygems/specification"
+  MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR = "quick/Marshal.#{Gem.marshal_version}/".freeze
+
+  autoload :BundlerVersionFinder, File.expand_path('rubygems/bundler_version_finder', __dir__)
+  autoload :ConfigFile,         File.expand_path('rubygems/config_file', __dir__)
+  autoload :Dependency,         File.expand_path('rubygems/dependency', __dir__)
+  autoload :DependencyList,     File.expand_path('rubygems/dependency_list', __dir__)
+  autoload :Installer,          File.expand_path('rubygems/installer', __dir__)
+  autoload :Licenses,           File.expand_path('rubygems/util/licenses', __dir__)
+  autoload :NameTuple,          File.expand_path('rubygems/name_tuple', __dir__)
+  autoload :PathSupport,        File.expand_path('rubygems/path_support', __dir__)
+  autoload :Platform,           File.expand_path('rubygems/platform', __dir__)
+  autoload :RequestSet,         File.expand_path('rubygems/request_set', __dir__)
+  autoload :Requirement,        File.expand_path('rubygems/requirement', __dir__)
+  autoload :Resolver,           File.expand_path('rubygems/resolver', __dir__)
+  autoload :Source,             File.expand_path('rubygems/source', __dir__)
+  autoload :SourceList,         File.expand_path('rubygems/source_list', __dir__)
+  autoload :SpecFetcher,        File.expand_path('rubygems/spec_fetcher', __dir__)
+  autoload :Specification,      File.expand_path('rubygems/specification', __dir__)
+  autoload :Util,               File.expand_path('rubygems/util', __dir__)
+  autoload :Version,            File.expand_path('rubygems/version', __dir__)
 end
 
-require 'rubygems/exceptions'
+require_relative 'rubygems/exceptions'
 
 # REFACTOR: This should be pulled out into some kind of hacks file.
-gem_preluded = Gem::GEM_PRELUDE_SUCKAGE and defined? Gem
-unless gem_preluded then # TODO: remove guard after 1.9.2 dropped
-  begin
-    ##
-    # Defaults the operating system (or packager) wants to provide for RubyGems.
-
-    require 'rubygems/defaults/operating_system'
-  rescue LoadError
-  end
-
-  if defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) then
-    begin
-      ##
-      # Defaults the Ruby implementation wants to provide for RubyGems
+begin
+  ##
+  # Defaults the Ruby implementation wants to provide for RubyGems
 
-      require "rubygems/defaults/#{RUBY_ENGINE}"
-    rescue LoadError
-    end
-  end
+  require "rubygems/defaults/#{RUBY_ENGINE}"
+rescue LoadError
 end
 
 ##
 # Loads the default specs.
 Gem::Specification.load_defaults
 
-require 'rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem'
-require 'rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require'
+require_relative 'rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem'
+require_relative 'rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require'
+require_relative 'rubygems/core_ext/kernel_warn'
 
-Gem.use_gemdeps
+begin
+  ##
+  # Defaults the operating system (or packager) wants to provide for RubyGems.
+
+  require 'rubygems/defaults/operating_system'
+rescue LoadError
+  # Ignored
+rescue StandardError => e
+  msg = "#{e.message}\n" \
+    "Loading the rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb file caused an error. " \
+    "This file is owned by your OS, not by rubygems upstream. " \
+    "Please find out which OS package this file belongs to and follow the guidelines from your OS to report " \
+    "the problem and ask for help."
+  raise e.class, msg
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/LICENSE.txt b/lib/rubygems/LICENSE.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a0a51dec1..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/LICENSE.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-RubyGems is copyrighted free software by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim
-Weirich and others.  You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-either the terms of the MIT license (see the file MIT.txt), or the
-conditions below:
-
-1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
-   software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
-   original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
-
-2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
-   you do at least ONE of the following:
-
-   a. place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
-      make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
-      modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
-      the author to include your modifications in the software.
-
-   b. use the modified software only within your corporation or
-      organization.
-
-   c. give non-standard executables non-standard names, with
-      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
-
-   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
-
-3. You may distribute the software in object code or executable
-   form, provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
-
-   a. distribute the executables and library files of the software,
-      together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
-      on where to get the original distribution.
-
-   b. accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
-      the software.
-
-   c. give non-standard executables non-standard names, with
-      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
-
-   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
-
-4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
-   software (possibly commercial).
-
-5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
-   output from the software do not automatically fall under the
-   copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
-   and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
-   software.
-
-6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
-   IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
-   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
-   PURPOSE.
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/available_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/available_set.rb
index 49b5d5fd06..499483d9e9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/available_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/available_set.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 class Gem::AvailableSet
-
   include Enumerable
 
   Tuple = Struct.new(:spec, :source)
@@ -70,11 +69,11 @@ class Gem::AvailableSet
   end
 
   def all_specs
-    @set.map { |t| t.spec }
+    @set.map {|t| t.spec }
   end
 
   def match_platform!
-    @set.reject! { |t| !Gem::Platform.match(t.spec.platform) }
+    @set.reject! {|t| !Gem::Platform.match_spec?(t.spec) }
     @sorted = nil
     self
   end
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ class Gem::AvailableSet
   end
 
   def source_for(spec)
-    f = @set.find { |t| t.spec == spec }
+    f = @set.find {|t| t.spec == spec }
     f.source
   end
 
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ class Gem::AvailableSet
   # Other options are :shallow for only direct development dependencies of the
   # gems in this set or :all for all development dependencies.
 
-  def to_request_set development = :none
+  def to_request_set(development = :none)
     request_set = Gem::RequestSet.new
     request_set.development = :all == development
 
@@ -160,6 +159,6 @@ class Gem::AvailableSet
   end
 
   def inject_into_list(dep_list)
-    @set.each { |t| dep_list.add t.spec }
+    @set.each {|t| dep_list.add t.spec }
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb
index 5aed17437e..665b87fc0e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/basic_specification.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # used by both Specification and StubSpecification.
 
 class Gem::BasicSpecification
-
   ##
   # Allows installation of extensions for git: gems.
 
@@ -35,7 +34,12 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   def self.default_specifications_dir
-    File.join(Gem.default_dir, "specifications", "default")
+    Gem.default_specifications_dir
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    extend Gem::Deprecate
+    rubygems_deprecate :default_specifications_dir, "Gem.default_specifications_dir"
   end
 
   ##
@@ -65,14 +69,17 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Return true if this spec can require +file+.
 
-  def contains_requirable_file? file
-    if @ignored then
+  def contains_requirable_file?(file)
+    if @ignored
       return false
-    elsif missing_extensions? then
+    elsif missing_extensions?
       @ignored = true
 
-      warn "Ignoring #{full_name} because its extensions are not built.  " +
-        "Try: gem pristine #{name} --version #{version}"
+      if Gem::Platform::RUBY == platform || Gem::Platform.local === platform
+        warn "Ignoring #{full_name} because its extensions are not built. " +
+          "Try: gem pristine #{name} --version #{version}"
+      end
+
       return false
     end
 
@@ -81,14 +88,14 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def default_gem?
     loaded_from &&
-      File.dirname(loaded_from) == self.class.default_specifications_dir
+      File.dirname(loaded_from) == Gem.default_specifications_dir
   end
 
   ##
   # Returns full path to the directory where gem's extensions are installed.
 
   def extension_dir
-    @extension_dir ||= File.expand_path(File.join(extensions_dir, full_name)).untaint
+    @extension_dir ||= File.expand_path(File.join(extensions_dir, full_name)).tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -103,7 +110,7 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   def find_full_gem_path # :nodoc:
     # TODO: also, shouldn't it default to full_name if it hasn't been written?
     path = File.expand_path File.join(gems_dir, full_name)
-    path.untaint
+    path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
     path
   end
 
@@ -124,10 +131,10 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   # default Ruby platform.
 
   def full_name
-    if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY or platform.nil? then
-      "#{name}-#{version}".dup.untaint
+    if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY or platform.nil?
+      "#{name}-#{version}".dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
     else
-      "#{name}-#{version}-#{platform}".dup.untaint
+      "#{name}-#{version}-#{platform}".dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
     end
   end
 
@@ -139,7 +146,7 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
     @full_require_paths ||=
     begin
       full_paths = raw_require_paths.map do |path|
-        File.join full_gem_path, path.untaint
+        File.join full_gem_path, path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
       end
 
       full_paths << extension_dir if have_extensions?
@@ -152,16 +159,16 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   # The path to the data directory for this gem.
 
   def datadir
-# TODO: drop the extra ", gem_name" which is uselessly redundant
-    File.expand_path(File.join(gems_dir, full_name, "data", name)).untaint
+    # TODO: drop the extra ", gem_name" which is uselessly redundant
+    File.expand_path(File.join(gems_dir, full_name, "data", name)).tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
   end
 
   ##
   # Full path of the target library file.
   # If the file is not in this gem, return nil.
 
-  def to_fullpath path
-    if activated? then
+  def to_fullpath(path)
+    if activated?
       @paths_map ||= {}
       @paths_map[path] ||=
       begin
@@ -196,8 +203,8 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def internal_init # :nodoc:
     @extension_dir = nil
-    @full_gem_path         = nil
-    @gem_dir               = nil
+    @full_gem_path = nil
+    @gem_dir = nil
     @ignored = nil
   end
 
@@ -249,7 +256,7 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   def source_paths
     paths = raw_require_paths.dup
 
-    if have_extensions? then
+    if have_extensions?
       ext_dirs = extensions.map do |extension|
         extension.split(File::SEPARATOR, 2).first
       end.uniq
@@ -263,11 +270,17 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Return all files in this gem that match for +glob+.
 
-  def matches_for_glob glob # TODO: rename?
-    # TODO: do we need these?? Kill it
+  def matches_for_glob(glob) # TODO: rename?
     glob = File.join(self.lib_dirs_glob, glob)
 
-    Dir[glob].map { |f| f.untaint } # FIX our tests are broken, run w/ SAFE=1
+    Dir[glob].map {|f| f.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT) } # FIX our tests are broken, run w/ SAFE=1
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns the list of plugins in this spec.
+
+  def plugins
+    matches_for_glob("rubygems#{Gem.plugin_suffix_pattern}")
   end
 
   ##
@@ -275,13 +288,17 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
   # for this spec.
 
   def lib_dirs_glob
-    dirs = if self.require_paths.size > 1 then
-             "{#{self.require_paths.join(',')}}"
+    dirs = if self.raw_require_paths
+             if self.raw_require_paths.size > 1
+               "{#{self.raw_require_paths.join(',')}}"
+             else
+               self.raw_require_paths.first
+             end
            else
-             self.require_paths.first
+             "lib" # default value for require_paths for bundler/inline
            end
 
-    "#{self.full_gem_path}/#{dirs}".dup.untaint
+    "#{self.full_gem_path}/#{dirs}".dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -312,15 +329,15 @@ class Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def have_extensions?; !extensions.empty?; end
 
-  def have_file? file, suffixes
+  def have_file?(file, suffixes)
     return true if raw_require_paths.any? do |path|
-      base = File.join(gems_dir, full_name, path.untaint, file).untaint
-      suffixes.any? { |suf| File.file? base + suf }
+      base = File.join(gems_dir, full_name, path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT), file).tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
+      suffixes.any? {|suf| File.file? base + suf }
     end
 
     if have_extensions?
       base = File.join extension_dir, file
-      suffixes.any? { |suf| File.file? base + suf }
+      suffixes.any? {|suf| File.file? base + suf }
     else
       false
     end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/bundler_version_finder.rb b/lib/rubygems/bundler_version_finder.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ce0a2378e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/bundler_version_finder.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Gem::BundlerVersionFinder
+  def self.bundler_version
+    version, _ = bundler_version_with_reason
+
+    return unless version
+
+    Gem::Version.new(version)
+  end
+
+  def self.bundler_version_with_reason
+    if v = ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"]
+      return [v, "`$BUNDLER_VERSION`"]
+    end
+    if v = bundle_update_bundler_version
+      return if v == true
+      return [v, "`bundle update --bundler`"]
+    end
+    v, lockfile = lockfile_version
+    if v
+      return [v, "your #{lockfile}"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.missing_version_message
+    return unless vr = bundler_version_with_reason
+    <<-EOS
+Could not find 'bundler' (#{vr.first}) required by #{vr.last}.
+To update to the latest version installed on your system, run `bundle update --bundler`.
+To install the missing version, run `gem install bundler:#{vr.first}`
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  def self.compatible?(spec)
+    return true unless spec.name == "bundler".freeze
+    return true unless bundler_version = self.bundler_version
+
+    spec.version.segments.first == bundler_version.segments.first
+  end
+
+  def self.filter!(specs)
+    return unless bundler_version = self.bundler_version
+
+    specs.reject! {|spec| spec.version.segments.first != bundler_version.segments.first }
+
+    exact_match_index = specs.find_index {|spec| spec.version == bundler_version }
+    return unless exact_match_index
+
+    specs.unshift(specs.delete_at(exact_match_index))
+  end
+
+  def self.bundle_update_bundler_version
+    return unless File.basename($0) == "bundle".freeze
+    return unless "update".start_with?(ARGV.first || " ")
+    bundler_version = nil
+    update_index = nil
+    ARGV.each_with_index do |a, i|
+      if update_index && update_index.succ == i && a =~ Gem::Version::ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN
+        bundler_version = a
+      end
+      next unless a =~ /\A--bundler(?:[= ](#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN}))?\z/
+      bundler_version = $1 || true
+      update_index = i
+    end
+    bundler_version
+  end
+  private_class_method :bundle_update_bundler_version
+
+  def self.lockfile_version
+    return unless lockfile = lockfile_contents
+    lockfile, contents = lockfile
+    lockfile ||= "lockfile"
+    regexp = /\n\nBUNDLED WITH\n\s{2,}(#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN})\n/
+    return unless contents =~ regexp
+    [$1, lockfile]
+  end
+  private_class_method :lockfile_version
+
+  def self.lockfile_contents
+    gemfile = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+    gemfile = nil if gemfile && gemfile.empty?
+
+    unless gemfile
+      begin
+        Gem::Util.traverse_parents(Dir.pwd) do |directory|
+          next unless gemfile = Gem::GEM_DEP_FILES.find {|f| File.file?(f.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)) }
+
+          gemfile = File.join directory, gemfile
+          break
+        end
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        return
+      end
+    end
+
+    return unless gemfile
+
+    lockfile = case gemfile
+               when "gems.rb" then "gems.locked"
+               else "#{gemfile}.lock"
+               end.dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
+
+    return unless File.file?(lockfile)
+
+    [lockfile, File.read(lockfile)]
+  end
+  private_class_method :lockfile_contents
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/command.rb b/lib/rubygems/command.rb
index 14b70b75ec..abdaa8e7c6 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/command.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'optparse'
-require 'rubygems/requirement'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative 'optparse'
+require_relative 'requirement'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # Base class for all Gem commands.  When creating a new gem command, define
@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@ require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
 # A very good example to look at is Gem::Commands::ContentsCommand
 
 class Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
+  Gem::OptionParser.accept Symbol do |value|
+    value.to_sym
+  end
+
   ##
   # The name of the command.
 
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ class Gem::Command
     when Array
       @extra_args = value
     when String
-      @extra_args = value.split
+      @extra_args = value.split(' ')
     end
   end
 
@@ -121,7 +124,8 @@ class Gem::Command
     @program_name = "gem #{command}"
     @defaults = defaults
     @options = defaults.dup
-    @option_groups = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+    @option_groups = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = [] }
+    @deprecated_options = { command => {} }
     @parser = nil
     @when_invoked = nil
   end
@@ -150,20 +154,26 @@ class Gem::Command
   ##
   # Display to the user that a gem couldn't be found and reasons why
   #--
-  # TODO: replace +domain+ with a parameter to suppress suggestions
 
-  def show_lookup_failure(gem_name, version, errors, domain)
+  def show_lookup_failure(gem_name, version, errors, suppress_suggestions = false, required_by = nil)
+    gem = "'#{gem_name}' (#{version})"
+    msg = String.new "Could not find a valid gem #{gem}"
+
     if errors and !errors.empty?
-      msg = "Could not find a valid gem '#{gem_name}' (#{version}), here is why:\n".dup
-      errors.each { |x| msg << "          #{x.wordy}\n" }
-      alert_error msg
+      msg << ", here is why:\n"
+      errors.each {|x| msg << "          #{x.wordy}\n" }
     else
-      alert_error "Could not find a valid gem '#{gem_name}' (#{version}) in any repository"
+      if required_by and gem != required_by
+        msg << " (required by #{required_by}) in any repository"
+      else
+        msg << " in any repository"
+      end
     end
 
-    unless domain == :local then # HACK
-      suggestions = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.suggest_gems_from_name gem_name
+    alert_error msg
 
+    unless suppress_suggestions
+      suggestions = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.suggest_gems_from_name(gem_name, :latest, 10)
       unless suggestions.empty?
         alert_error "Possible alternatives: #{suggestions.join(", ")}"
       end
@@ -176,12 +186,12 @@ class Gem::Command
   def get_all_gem_names
     args = options[:args]
 
-    if args.nil? or args.empty? then
+    if args.nil? or args.empty?
       raise Gem::CommandLineError,
             "Please specify at least one gem name (e.g. gem build GEMNAME)"
     end
 
-    args.select { |arg| arg !~ /^-/ }
+    args.select {|arg| arg !~ /^-/ }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -206,12 +216,12 @@ class Gem::Command
   def get_one_gem_name
     args = options[:args]
 
-    if args.nil? or args.empty? then
+    if args.nil? or args.empty?
       raise Gem::CommandLineError,
             "Please specify a gem name on the command line (e.g. gem build GEMNAME)"
     end
 
-    if args.size > 1 then
+    if args.size > 1
       raise Gem::CommandLineError,
             "Too many gem names (#{args.join(', ')}); please specify only one"
     end
@@ -300,15 +310,23 @@ class Gem::Command
 
     options[:build_args] = build_args
 
-    self.ui = Gem::SilentUI.new if options[:silent]
+    if options[:silent]
+      old_ui = self.ui
+      self.ui = ui = Gem::SilentUI.new
+    end
 
-    if options[:help] then
+    if options[:help]
       show_help
-    elsif @when_invoked then
+    elsif @when_invoked
       @when_invoked.call options
     else
       execute
     end
+  ensure
+    if ui
+      self.ui = old_ui
+      ui.close
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -326,7 +344,7 @@ class Gem::Command
   ##
   # Add a command-line option and handler to the command.
   #
-  # See OptionParser#make_switch for an explanation of +opts+.
+  # See Gem::OptionParser#make_switch for an explanation of +opts+.
   #
   # +handler+ will be called with two values, the value of the argument and
   # the options hash.
@@ -337,6 +355,8 @@ class Gem::Command
   def add_option(*opts, &handler) # :yields: value, options
     group_name = Symbol === opts.first ? opts.shift : :options
 
+    raise "Do not pass an empty string in opts" if opts.include?("")
+
     @option_groups[group_name] << [opts, handler]
   end
 
@@ -345,7 +365,50 @@ class Gem::Command
 
   def remove_option(name)
     @option_groups.each do |_, option_list|
-      option_list.reject! { |args, _| args.any? { |x| x =~ /^#{name}/ } }
+      option_list.reject! {|args, _| args.any? {|x| x.is_a?(String) && x =~ /^#{name}/ } }
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Mark a command-line option as deprecated, and optionally specify a
+  # deprecation horizon.
+  #
+  # Note that with the current implementation, every version of the option needs
+  # to be explicitly deprecated, so to deprecate an option defined as
+  #
+  #   add_option('-t', '--[no-]test', 'Set test mode') do |value, options|
+  #     # ... stuff ...
+  #   end
+  #
+  # you would need to explicitly add a call to `deprecate_option` for every
+  # version of the option you want to deprecate, like
+  #
+  #   deprecate_option('-t')
+  #   deprecate_option('--test')
+  #   deprecate_option('--no-test')
+
+  def deprecate_option(name, version: nil, extra_msg: nil)
+    @deprecated_options[command].merge!({ name => { "rg_version_to_expire" => version, "extra_msg" => extra_msg } })
+  end
+
+  def check_deprecated_options(options)
+    options.each do |option|
+      if option_is_deprecated?(option)
+        deprecation = @deprecated_options[command][option]
+        version_to_expire = deprecation["rg_version_to_expire"]
+
+        deprecate_option_msg = if version_to_expire
+                                 "The \"#{option}\" option has been deprecated and will be removed in Rubygems #{version_to_expire}."
+                               else
+                                 "The \"#{option}\" option has been deprecated and will be removed in future versions of Rubygems."
+                               end
+
+        extra_msg = deprecation["extra_msg"]
+
+        deprecate_option_msg += " #{extra_msg}" if extra_msg
+
+        alert_warning(deprecate_option_msg)
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -355,7 +418,7 @@ class Gem::Command
 
   def merge_options(new_options)
     @options = @defaults.clone
-    new_options.each do |k,v| @options[k] = v end
+    new_options.each {|k,v| @options[k] = v }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -376,6 +439,7 @@ class Gem::Command
 
   def handle_options(args)
     args = add_extra_args(args)
+    check_deprecated_options(args)
     @options = Marshal.load Marshal.dump @defaults # deep copy
     parser.parse!(args)
     @options[:args] = args
@@ -393,7 +457,7 @@ class Gem::Command
     until extra.empty? do
       ex = []
       ex << extra.shift
-      ex << extra.shift if extra.first.to_s =~ /^[^-]/
+      ex << extra.shift if extra.first.to_s =~ /^[^-]/ # rubocop:disable Performance/StartWith
       result << ex if handles?(ex)
     end
 
@@ -402,8 +466,16 @@ class Gem::Command
     result
   end
 
+  def deprecated?
+    false
+  end
+
   private
 
+  def option_is_deprecated?(option)
+    @deprecated_options[command].has_key?(option)
+  end
+
   def add_parser_description # :nodoc:
     return unless description
 
@@ -425,7 +497,7 @@ class Gem::Command
 
     configure_options "", regular_options
 
-    @option_groups.sort_by { |n,_| n.to_s }.each do |group_name, option_list|
+    @option_groups.sort_by {|n,_| n.to_s }.each do |group_name, option_list|
       @parser.separator nil
       configure_options group_name, option_list
     end
@@ -435,7 +507,7 @@ class Gem::Command
   # Adds a section with +title+ and +content+ to the parser help view.  Used
   # for adding command arguments and default arguments.
 
-  def add_parser_run_info title, content
+  def add_parser_run_info(title, content)
     return if content.empty?
 
     @parser.separator nil
@@ -468,7 +540,7 @@ class Gem::Command
   # command.
 
   def create_option_parser
-    @parser = OptionParser.new
+    @parser = Gem::OptionParser.new
 
     add_parser_options
 
@@ -488,7 +560,6 @@ class Gem::Command
     @parser.separator "  #{header}Options:"
 
     option_list.each do |args, handler|
-      args.select { |arg| arg =~ /^-/ }
       @parser.on(*args) do |value|
         handler.call(value, @options)
       end
@@ -515,7 +586,7 @@ class Gem::Command
   add_common_option('-V', '--[no-]verbose',
                     'Set the verbose level of output') do |value, options|
     # Set us to "really verbose" so the progress meter works
-    if Gem.configuration.verbose and value then
+    if Gem.configuration.verbose and value
       Gem.configuration.verbose = 1
     else
       Gem.configuration.verbose = value
@@ -527,7 +598,7 @@ class Gem::Command
   end
 
   add_common_option("--silent",
-                    "Silence rubygems output") do |value, options|
+                    "Silence RubyGems output") do |value, options|
     options[:silent] = true
   end
 
@@ -551,12 +622,10 @@ class Gem::Command
                     'Avoid loading any .gemrc file') do
   end
 
-
   # :stopdoc:
 
-  HELP = <<-HELP
-RubyGems is a sophisticated package manager for Ruby.  This is a
-basic help message containing pointers to more information.
+  HELP = <<-HELP.freeze
+RubyGems is a package manager for Ruby.
 
   Usage:
     gem -h/--help
@@ -567,6 +636,7 @@ basic help message containing pointers to more information.
     gem install rake
     gem list --local
     gem build package.gemspec
+    gem push package-0.0.1.gem
     gem help install
 
   Further help:
@@ -580,11 +650,10 @@ basic help message containing pointers to more information.
                                  http://localhost:8808/
                                  with info about installed gems
   Further information:
-    http://guides.rubygems.org
+    https://guides.rubygems.org
   HELP
 
   # :startdoc:
-
 end
 
 ##
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb b/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb
index 451b719c46..cb07757700 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/command_manager.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative 'command'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
+require_relative 'text'
 
 ##
 # The command manager registers and installs all the individual sub-commands
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
 # See Gem::Command for instructions on writing gem commands.
 
 class Gem::CommandManager
-
+  include Gem::Text
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   BUILTIN_COMMANDS = [ # :nodoc:
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
     :fetch,
     :generate_index,
     :help,
+    :info,
     :install,
     :list,
     :lock,
@@ -58,6 +60,8 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
     :rdoc,
     :search,
     :server,
+    :signin,
+    :signout,
     :sources,
     :specification,
     :stale,
@@ -66,7 +70,13 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
     :update,
     :which,
     :yank,
-  ]
+  ].freeze
+
+  ALIAS_COMMANDS = {
+    'i'      => 'install',
+    'login'  => 'signin',
+    'logout' => 'signout',
+  }.freeze
 
   ##
   # Return the authoritative instance of the command manager.
@@ -129,7 +139,7 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
   # Return a sorted list of all command names as strings.
 
   def command_names
-    @commands.keys.collect {|key| key.to_s}.sort
+    @commands.keys.collect {|key| key.to_s }.sort
   end
 
   ##
@@ -138,17 +148,17 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
   def run(args, build_args=nil)
     process_args(args, build_args)
   rescue StandardError, Timeout::Error => ex
-    alert_error "While executing gem ... (#{ex.class})\n    #{ex}"
+    alert_error clean_text("While executing gem ... (#{ex.class})\n    #{ex}")
     ui.backtrace ex
 
     terminate_interaction(1)
   rescue Interrupt
-    alert_error "Interrupted"
+    alert_error clean_text("Interrupted")
     terminate_interaction(1)
   end
 
   def process_args(args, build_args=nil)
-    if args.empty? then
+    if args.empty?
       say Gem::Command::HELP
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
@@ -161,34 +171,42 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
       say Gem::VERSION
       terminate_interaction 0
     when /^-/ then
-      alert_error "Invalid option: #{args.first}.  See 'gem --help'."
+      alert_error clean_text("Invalid option: #{args.first}. See 'gem --help'.")
       terminate_interaction 1
     else
       cmd_name = args.shift.downcase
       cmd = find_command cmd_name
+      cmd.deprecation_warning if cmd.deprecated?
       cmd.invoke_with_build_args args, build_args
     end
   end
 
   def find_command(cmd_name)
+    cmd_name = find_alias_command cmd_name
+
     possibilities = find_command_possibilities cmd_name
 
-    if possibilities.size > 1 then
+    if possibilities.size > 1
       raise Gem::CommandLineError,
             "Ambiguous command #{cmd_name} matches [#{possibilities.join(', ')}]"
-    elsif possibilities.empty? then
+    elsif possibilities.empty?
       raise Gem::CommandLineError, "Unknown command #{cmd_name}"
     end
 
     self[possibilities.first]
   end
 
+  def find_alias_command(cmd_name)
+    alias_name = ALIAS_COMMANDS[cmd_name]
+    alias_name ? alias_name : cmd_name
+  end
+
   def find_command_possibilities(cmd_name)
     len = cmd_name.length
 
-    found = command_names.select { |name| cmd_name == name[0, len] }
+    found = command_names.select {|name| cmd_name == name[0, len] }
 
-    exact = found.find { |name| name == cmd_name }
+    exact = found.find {|name| name == cmd_name }
 
     exact ? [exact] : found
   end
@@ -210,10 +228,8 @@ class Gem::CommandManager
     rescue Exception => e
       e = load_error if load_error
 
-      alert_error "Loading command: #{command_name} (#{e.class})\n\t#{e}"
+      alert_error clean_text("Loading command: #{command_name} (#{e.class})\n\t#{e}")
       ui.backtrace e
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb
index 38c45e46f0..6d1a057dfa 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/build_command.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,31 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/package'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../package'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 class Gem::Commands::BuildCommand < Gem::Command
+  include Gem::VersionOption
 
   def initialize
     super 'build', 'Build a gem from a gemspec'
 
+    add_platform_option
+
     add_option '--force', 'skip validation of the spec' do |value, options|
       options[:force] = true
     end
+
+    add_option '--strict', 'consider warnings as errors when validating the spec' do |value, options|
+      options[:strict] = true
+    end
+
+    add_option '-o', '--output FILE', 'output gem with the given filename' do |value, options|
+      options[:output] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option '-C PATH', 'Run as if gem build was started in <PATH> instead of the current working directory.' do |value, options|
+      options[:build_path] = value
+    end
   end
 
   def arguments # :nodoc:
@@ -32,6 +48,11 @@ with gem spec:
   $ cd my_gem-1.0
   [edit gem contents]
   $ gem build my_gem-1.0.gemspec
+
+Gems can be saved to a specified filename with the output option:
+
+  $ gem build my_gem-1.0.gemspec --output=release.gem
+
     EOF
   end
 
@@ -40,26 +61,72 @@ with gem spec:
   end
 
   def execute
-    gemspec = get_one_gem_name
+    if build_path = options[:build_path]
+      Dir.chdir(build_path) { build_gem }
+      return
+    end
+
+    build_gem
+  end
+
+  private
 
-    unless File.exist? gemspec
-      gemspec += '.gemspec' if File.exist? gemspec + '.gemspec'
+  def find_gemspec(glob = "*.gemspec")
+    gemspecs = Dir.glob(glob).sort
+
+    if gemspecs.size > 1
+      alert_error "Multiple gemspecs found: #{gemspecs}, please specify one"
+      terminate_interaction(1)
     end
 
-    if File.exist? gemspec then
-      spec = Gem::Specification.load gemspec
+    gemspecs.first
+  end
+
+  def build_gem
+    gemspec = resolve_gem_name
+
+    if gemspec
+      build_package(gemspec)
+    else
+      alert_error error_message
+      terminate_interaction(1)
+    end
+  end
 
-      if spec then
-        Gem::Package.build spec, options[:force]
-      else
-        alert_error "Error loading gemspec. Aborting."
-        terminate_interaction 1
-      end
+  def build_package(gemspec)
+    spec = Gem::Specification.load(gemspec)
+    if spec
+      Gem::Package.build(
+        spec,
+        options[:force],
+        options[:strict],
+        options[:output]
+      )
     else
-      alert_error "Gemspec file not found: #{gemspec}"
+      alert_error "Error loading gemspec. Aborting."
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
   end
 
-end
+  def resolve_gem_name
+    return find_gemspec unless gem_name
+
+    if File.exist?(gem_name)
+      gem_name
+    else
+      find_gemspec("#{gem_name}.gemspec") || find_gemspec(gem_name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def error_message
+    if gem_name
+      "Couldn't find a gemspec file matching '#{gem_name}' in #{Dir.pwd}"
+    else
+      "Couldn't find a gemspec file in #{Dir.pwd}"
+    end
+  end
 
+  def gem_name
+    get_one_optional_argument
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb
index 7adf5b01b1..b59564d575 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/cert_command.rb
@@ -1,49 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/security'
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-rescue LoadError => e
-  raise unless (e.respond_to?(:path) && e.path == 'openssl') ||
-               e.message =~ / -- openssl$/
-end
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../security'
 
 class Gem::Commands::CertCommand < Gem::Command
-
   def initialize
     super 'cert', 'Manage RubyGems certificates and signing settings',
           :add => [], :remove => [], :list => [], :build => [], :sign => []
 
-    OptionParser.accept OpenSSL::X509::Certificate do |certificate|
-      begin
-        OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new File.read certificate
-      rescue Errno::ENOENT
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{certificate}: does not exist"
-      rescue OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument,
-          "#{certificate}: invalid X509 certificate"
-      end
-    end
-
-    OptionParser.accept OpenSSL::PKey::RSA do |key_file|
-      begin
-        passphrase = ENV['GEM_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE']
-        key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new File.read(key_file), passphrase
-      rescue Errno::ENOENT
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{key_file}: does not exist"
-      rescue OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{key_file}: invalid RSA key"
-      end
-
-      raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument,
-            "#{key_file}: private key not found" unless key.private?
-
-      key
-    end
-
-    add_option('-a', '--add CERT', OpenSSL::X509::Certificate,
-               'Add a trusted certificate.') do |cert, options|
-      options[:add] << cert
+    add_option('-a', '--add CERT',
+               'Add a trusted certificate.') do |cert_file, options|
+      options[:add] << open_cert(cert_file)
     end
 
     add_option('-l', '--list [FILTER]',
@@ -66,33 +32,81 @@ class Gem::Commands::CertCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:build] << email_address
     end
 
-    add_option('-C', '--certificate CERT', OpenSSL::X509::Certificate,
-               'Signing certificate for --sign') do |cert, options|
-      options[:issuer_cert] = cert
+    add_option('-C', '--certificate CERT',
+               'Signing certificate for --sign') do |cert_file, options|
+      options[:issuer_cert] = open_cert(cert_file)
+      options[:issuer_cert_file] = cert_file
+    end
+
+    add_option('-K', '--private-key KEY',
+               'Key for --sign or --build') do |key_file, options|
+      options[:key] = open_private_key(key_file)
     end
 
-    add_option('-K', '--private-key KEY', OpenSSL::PKey::RSA,
-               'Key for --sign or --build') do |key, options|
-      options[:key] = key
+    add_option('-A', '--key-algorithm ALGORITHM',
+               'Select which key algorithm to use for --build') do |algorithm, options|
+      options[:key_algorithm] = algorithm
     end
 
     add_option('-s', '--sign CERT',
                'Signs CERT with the key from -K',
                'and the certificate from -C') do |cert_file, options|
-      raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{cert_file}: does not exist" unless
+      raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{cert_file}: does not exist" unless
         File.file? cert_file
 
       options[:sign] << cert_file
     end
+
+    add_option('-d', '--days NUMBER_OF_DAYS',
+               'Days before the certificate expires') do |days, options|
+      options[:expiration_length_days] = days.to_i
+    end
+
+    add_option('-R', '--re-sign',
+               'Re-signs the certificate from -C with the key from -K') do |resign, options|
+      options[:resign] = resign
+    end
   end
 
-  def add_certificate certificate # :nodoc:
+  def add_certificate(certificate) # :nodoc:
     Gem::Security.trust_dir.trust_cert certificate
 
     say "Added '#{certificate.subject}'"
   end
 
+  def check_openssl
+    return if Gem::HAVE_OPENSSL
+
+    alert_error "OpenSSL library is required for the cert command"
+    terminate_interaction 1
+  end
+
+  def open_cert(certificate_file)
+    check_openssl
+    OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new File.read certificate_file
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{certificate_file}: does not exist"
+  rescue OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument,
+      "#{certificate_file}: invalid X509 certificate"
+  end
+
+  def open_private_key(key_file)
+    check_openssl
+    passphrase = ENV['GEM_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE']
+    key = OpenSSL::PKey.read File.read(key_file), passphrase
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument,
+      "#{key_file}: private key not found" unless key.private?
+    key
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{key_file}: does not exist"
+  rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError, ArgumentError
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{key_file}: invalid RSA, DSA, or EC key"
+  end
+
   def execute
+    check_openssl
+
     options[:add].each do |certificate|
       add_certificate certificate
     end
@@ -105,16 +119,28 @@ class Gem::Commands::CertCommand < Gem::Command
       list_certificates_matching filter
     end
 
-    options[:build].each do |name|
-      build name
+    options[:build].each do |email|
+      build email
+    end
+
+    if options[:resign]
+      re_sign_cert(
+        options[:issuer_cert],
+        options[:issuer_cert_file],
+        options[:key]
+      )
     end
 
     sign_certificates unless options[:sign].empty?
   end
 
-  def build name
+  def build(email)
+    if !valid_email?(email)
+      raise Gem::CommandLineError, "Invalid email address #{email}"
+    end
+
     key, key_path = build_key
-    cert_path = build_cert name, key
+    cert_path = build_cert email, key
 
     say "Certificate: #{cert_path}"
 
@@ -124,8 +150,16 @@ class Gem::Commands::CertCommand < Gem::Command
     end
   end
 
-  def build_cert name, key # :nodoc:
-    cert = Gem::Security.create_cert_email name, key
+  def build_cert(email, key) # :nodoc:
+    expiration_length_days = options[:expiration_length_days] ||
+      Gem.configuration.cert_expiration_length_days
+
+    cert = Gem::Security.create_cert_email(
+      email,
+      key,
+      (Gem::Security::ONE_DAY * expiration_length_days)
+    )
+
     Gem::Security.write cert, "gem-public_cert.pem"
   end
 
@@ -141,20 +175,21 @@ class Gem::Commands::CertCommand < Gem::Command
     raise Gem::CommandLineError,
           "Passphrase and passphrase confirmation don't match" unless passphrase == passphrase_confirmation
 
-    key      = Gem::Security.create_key
+    algorithm = options[:key_algorithm] || Gem::Security::DEFAULT_KEY_ALGORITHM
+    key = Gem::Security.create_key(algorithm)
     key_path = Gem::Security.write key, "gem-private_key.pem", 0600, passphrase
 
     return key, key_path
   end
 
-  def certificates_matching filter
+  def certificates_matching(filter)
     return enum_for __method__, filter unless block_given?
 
     Gem::Security.trusted_certificates.select do |certificate, _|
       subject = certificate.subject.to_s
       subject.downcase.index filter
     end.sort_by do |certificate, _|
-      certificate.subject.to_a.map { |name, data,| [name, data] }
+      certificate.subject.to_a.map {|name, data,| [name, data] }
     end.each do |certificate, path|
       yield certificate, path
     end
@@ -199,7 +234,7 @@ For further reading on signing gems see `ri Gem::Security`.
     EOF
   end
 
-  def list_certificates_matching filter # :nodoc:
+  def list_certificates_matching(filter) # :nodoc:
     certificates_matching filter do |certificate, _|
       # this could probably be formatted more gracefully
       say certificate.subject.to_s
@@ -226,13 +261,14 @@ For further reading on signing gems see `ri Gem::Security`.
     key_file = File.join Gem.default_key_path
     key = File.read key_file
     passphrase = ENV['GEM_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE']
-    options[:key] = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new key, passphrase
+    options[:key] = OpenSSL::PKey.read key, passphrase
+
   rescue Errno::ENOENT
     alert_error \
       "--private-key not specified and ~/.gem/gem-private_key.pem does not exist"
 
     terminate_interaction 1
-  rescue OpenSSL::PKey::RSAError
+  rescue OpenSSL::PKey::PKeyError
     alert_error \
       "--private-key not specified and ~/.gem/gem-private_key.pem is not valid"
 
@@ -244,14 +280,14 @@ For further reading on signing gems see `ri Gem::Security`.
     load_default_key  unless options[:key]
   end
 
-  def remove_certificates_matching filter # :nodoc:
+  def remove_certificates_matching(filter) # :nodoc:
     certificates_matching filter do |certificate, path|
       FileUtils.rm path
       say "Removed '#{certificate.subject}'"
     end
   end
 
-  def sign cert_file
+  def sign(cert_file)
     cert = File.read cert_file
     cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new cert
 
@@ -273,5 +309,17 @@ For further reading on signing gems see `ri Gem::Security`.
     end
   end
 
-end if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL)
+  def re_sign_cert(cert, cert_path, private_key)
+    Gem::Security::Signer.re_sign_cert(cert, cert_path, private_key) do |expired_cert_path, new_expired_cert_path|
+      alert("Your certificate #{expired_cert_path} has been re-signed")
+      alert("Your expired certificate will be located at: #{new_expired_cert_path}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
 
+  def valid_email?(email)
+    # It's simple, but is all we need
+    email =~ /\A.+@.+\z/
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/check_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/check_command.rb
index 818cb05f55..3b6b97ae3b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/check_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/check_command.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/validator'
-require 'rubygems/doctor'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../version_option'
+require_relative '../validator'
+require_relative '../doctor'
 
 class Gem::Commands::CheckCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
   def initialize
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::CheckCommand < Gem::Command
     gems = get_all_gem_names rescue []
 
     Gem::Validator.new.alien(gems).sort.each do |key, val|
-      unless val.empty? then
+      unless val.empty?
         say "#{key} has #{val.size} problems"
         val.each do |error_entry|
           say "  #{error_entry.path}:"
@@ -90,5 +89,4 @@ specifications and will clean up gems that have been partially uninstalled.
   def usage # :nodoc:
     "#{program_name} [OPTIONS] [GEMNAME ...]"
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/cleanup_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/cleanup_command.rb
index 83ee6b5c7c..c965085880 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/cleanup_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/cleanup_command.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,37 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/dependency_list'
-require 'rubygems/uninstaller'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../dependency_list'
+require_relative '../uninstaller'
 
 class Gem::Commands::CleanupCommand < Gem::Command
-
   def initialize
     super 'cleanup',
           'Clean up old versions of installed gems',
-          :force => false, :install_dir => Gem.dir
+          :force => false, :install_dir => Gem.dir,
+          :check_dev => true
+
+    add_option('-n', '-d', '--dry-run',
+               'Do not uninstall gems') do |value, options|
+      options[:dryrun] = true
+    end
 
-    add_option('-n', '-d', '--dryrun',
+    add_option(:Deprecated, '--dryrun',
                'Do not uninstall gems') do |value, options|
       options[:dryrun] = true
     end
+    deprecate_option('--dryrun', extra_msg: 'Use --dry-run instead')
+
+    add_option('-D', '--[no-]check-development',
+               'Check development dependencies while uninstalling',
+               '(default: true)') do |value, options|
+      options[:check_dev] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option('--[no-]user-install',
+               'Cleanup in user\'s home directory instead',
+               'of GEM_HOME.') do |value, options|
+      options[:user_install] = value
+    end
 
     @candidate_gems  = nil
     @default_gems    = []
@@ -29,7 +47,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::CleanupCommand < Gem::Command
   end
 
   def defaults_str # :nodoc:
-    "--no-dryrun"
+    "--no-dry-run"
   end
 
   def description # :nodoc:
@@ -49,14 +67,14 @@ If no gems are named all gems in GEM_HOME are cleaned.
   def execute
     say "Cleaning up installed gems..."
 
-    if options[:args].empty? then
+    if options[:args].empty?
       done     = false
       last_set = nil
 
       until done do
         clean_gems
 
-        this_set = @gems_to_cleanup.map { |spec| spec.full_name }.sort
+        this_set = @gems_to_cleanup.map {|spec| spec.full_name }.sort
 
         done = this_set.empty? || last_set == this_set
 
@@ -66,10 +84,10 @@ If no gems are named all gems in GEM_HOME are cleaned.
       clean_gems
     end
 
-    say "Clean Up Complete"
+    say "Clean up complete"
 
     verbose do
-      skipped = @default_gems.map { |spec| spec.full_name }
+      skipped = @default_gems.map {|spec| spec.full_name }
 
       "Skipped default gems: #{skipped.join ', '}"
     end
@@ -86,7 +104,7 @@ If no gems are named all gems in GEM_HOME are cleaned.
     @full = Gem::DependencyList.from_specs
 
     deplist = Gem::DependencyList.new
-    @gems_to_cleanup.each do |spec| deplist.add spec end
+    @gems_to_cleanup.each {|spec| deplist.add spec }
 
     deps = deplist.strongly_connected_components.flatten
 
@@ -98,7 +116,7 @@ If no gems are named all gems in GEM_HOME are cleaned.
   end
 
   def get_candidate_gems
-    @candidate_gems = unless options[:args].empty? then
+    @candidate_gems = unless options[:args].empty?
                         options[:args].map do |gem_name|
                           Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name gem_name
                         end.flatten
@@ -108,18 +126,19 @@ If no gems are named all gems in GEM_HOME are cleaned.
   end
 
   def get_gems_to_cleanup
-
-    gems_to_cleanup = @candidate_gems.select { |spec|
+    gems_to_cleanup = @candidate_gems.select do |spec|
       @primary_gems[spec.name].version != spec.version
-    }
+    end
 
-    default_gems, gems_to_cleanup = gems_to_cleanup.partition { |spec|
+    default_gems, gems_to_cleanup = gems_to_cleanup.partition do |spec|
       spec.default_gem?
-    }
+    end
 
-    gems_to_cleanup = gems_to_cleanup.select { |spec|
-      spec.base_dir == @original_home
-    }
+    uninstall_from = options[:user_install] ? Gem.user_dir : @original_home
+
+    gems_to_cleanup = gems_to_cleanup.select do |spec|
+      spec.base_dir == uninstall_from
+    end
 
     @default_gems += default_gems
     @default_gems.uniq!
@@ -131,16 +150,16 @@ If no gems are named all gems in GEM_HOME are cleaned.
 
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
       if @primary_gems[spec.name].nil? or
-         @primary_gems[spec.name].version < spec.version then
+         @primary_gems[spec.name].version < spec.version
         @primary_gems[spec.name] = spec
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def uninstall_dep spec
-    return unless @full.ok_to_remove?(spec.full_name)
+  def uninstall_dep(spec)
+    return unless @full.ok_to_remove?(spec.full_name, options[:check_dev])
 
-    if options[:dryrun] then
+    if options[:dryrun]
       say "Dry Run Mode: Would uninstall #{spec.full_name}"
       return
     end
@@ -167,5 +186,4 @@ If no gems are named all gems in GEM_HOME are cleaned.
     # Restore path Gem::Uninstaller may have changed
     Gem.use_paths @original_home, *@original_path
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/contents_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/contents_command.rb
index e0f2eedb5d..716022c458 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/contents_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/contents_command.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'English'
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 class Gem::Commands::ContentsCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
   def initialize
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::ContentsCommand < Gem::Command
 
     add_version_option
 
-    add_option(      '--all',
+    add_option('--all',
                "Contents for all gems") do |all, options|
       options[:all] = all
     end
@@ -29,12 +27,12 @@ class Gem::Commands::ContentsCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:lib_only] = lib_only
     end
 
-    add_option(      '--[no-]prefix',
+    add_option('--[no-]prefix',
                "Don't include installed path prefix") do |prefix, options|
       options[:prefix] = prefix
     end
 
-    add_option(      '--[no-]show-install-dir',
+    add_option('--[no-]show-install-dir',
                'Show only the gem install dir') do |show, options|
       options[:show_install_dir] = show
     end
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
 
     names.each do |name|
       found =
-        if options[:show_install_dir] then
+        if options[:show_install_dir]
           gem_install_dir name
         else
           gem_contents name
@@ -83,15 +81,15 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
     end
   end
 
-  def files_in spec
-    if spec.default_gem? then
+  def files_in(spec)
+    if spec.default_gem?
       files_in_default_gem spec
     else
       files_in_gem spec
     end
   end
 
-  def files_in_gem spec
+  def files_in_gem(spec)
     gem_path  = spec.full_gem_path
     extra     = "/{#{spec.require_paths.join ','}}" if options[:lib_only]
     glob      = "#{gem_path}#{extra}/**/*"
@@ -102,11 +100,12 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
     end
   end
 
-  def files_in_default_gem spec
+  def files_in_default_gem(spec)
     spec.files.map do |file|
       case file
       when /\A#{spec.bindir}\//
-        [RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'], $POSTMATCH]
+        # $' is POSTMATCH
+        [RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'], $']
       when /\.so\z/
         [RbConfig::CONFIG['archdir'], file]
       else
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
     end
   end
 
-  def gem_contents name
+  def gem_contents(name)
     spec = spec_for name
 
     return false unless spec
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
     true
   end
 
-  def gem_install_dir name
+  def gem_install_dir(name)
     spec = spec_for name
 
     return false unless spec
@@ -138,27 +137,27 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
   end
 
   def gem_names # :nodoc:
-    if options[:all] then
+    if options[:all]
       Gem::Specification.map(&:name)
     else
       get_all_gem_names
     end
   end
 
-  def path_description spec_dirs # :nodoc:
-    if spec_dirs.empty? then
+  def path_description(spec_dirs) # :nodoc:
+    if spec_dirs.empty?
       "default gem paths"
     else
       "specified path"
     end
   end
 
-  def show_files files
+  def show_files(files)
     files.sort.each do |prefix, basename|
       absolute_path = File.join(prefix, basename)
       next if File.directory? absolute_path
 
-      if options[:prefix] then
+      if options[:prefix]
         say absolute_path
       else
         say basename
@@ -166,16 +165,16 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
     end
   end
 
-  def spec_for name
-    spec = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(name, @version).last
+  def spec_for(name)
+    spec = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(name, @version).first
 
     return spec if spec
 
     say "Unable to find gem '#{name}' in #{@path_kind}"
 
-    if Gem.configuration.verbose then
+    if Gem.configuration.verbose
       say "\nDirectories searched:"
-      @spec_dirs.sort.each { |dir| say dir }
+      @spec_dirs.sort.each {|dir| say dir }
     end
 
     return nil
@@ -186,6 +185,4 @@ prefix or only the files that are requireable.
       [i, File.join(i, "specifications")]
     end.flatten
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/dependency_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/dependency_command.rb
index 97fd812ffa..7d217076a5 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/dependency_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/dependency_command.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 class Gem::Commands::DependencyCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
@@ -54,19 +53,19 @@ use with other commands.
     "#{program_name} REGEXP"
   end
 
-  def fetch_remote_specs dependency # :nodoc:
+  def fetch_remote_specs(dependency) # :nodoc:
     fetcher = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
 
     ss, = fetcher.spec_for_dependency dependency
 
-    ss.map { |spec, _| spec }
+    ss.map {|spec, _| spec }
   end
 
-  def fetch_specs name_pattern, dependency # :nodoc:
+  def fetch_specs(name_pattern, dependency) # :nodoc:
     specs = []
 
     if local?
-      specs.concat Gem::Specification.stubs.find_all { |spec|
+      specs.concat Gem::Specification.stubs.find_all {|spec|
         name_pattern =~ spec.name and
           dependency.requirement.satisfied_by? spec.version
       }.map(&:to_spec)
@@ -79,32 +78,32 @@ use with other commands.
     specs.uniq.sort
   end
 
-  def gem_dependency pattern, version, prerelease # :nodoc:
-    dependency = Gem::Deprecate.skip_during {
+  def gem_dependency(pattern, version, prerelease) # :nodoc:
+    dependency = Gem::Deprecate.skip_during do
       Gem::Dependency.new pattern, version
-    }
+    end
 
     dependency.prerelease = prerelease
 
     dependency
   end
 
-  def display_pipe specs # :nodoc:
+  def display_pipe(specs) # :nodoc:
     specs.each do |spec|
-      unless spec.dependencies.empty? then
-        spec.dependencies.sort_by { |dep| dep.name }.each do |dep|
+      unless spec.dependencies.empty?
+        spec.dependencies.sort_by {|dep| dep.name }.each do |dep|
           say "#{dep.name} --version '#{dep.requirement}'"
         end
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def display_readable specs, reverse # :nodoc:
+  def display_readable(specs, reverse) # :nodoc:
     response = String.new
 
     specs.each do |spec|
       response << print_dependencies(spec)
-      unless reverse[spec.full_name].empty? then
+      unless reverse[spec.full_name].empty?
         response << "  Used by\n"
         reverse[spec.full_name].each do |sp, dep|
           response << "    #{sp} (#{dep})\n"
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ use with other commands.
 
     reverse = reverse_dependencies specs
 
-    if options[:pipe_format] then
+    if options[:pipe_format]
       display_pipe specs
     else
       display_readable specs, reverse
@@ -136,13 +135,13 @@ use with other commands.
   end
 
   def ensure_local_only_reverse_dependencies # :nodoc:
-    if options[:reverse_dependencies] and remote? and not local? then
+    if options[:reverse_dependencies] and remote? and not local?
       alert_error 'Only reverse dependencies for local gems are supported.'
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
   end
 
-  def ensure_specs specs # :nodoc:
+  def ensure_specs(specs) # :nodoc:
     return unless specs.empty?
 
     patterns = options[:args].join ','
@@ -155,24 +154,24 @@ use with other commands.
   def print_dependencies(spec, level = 0) # :nodoc:
     response = String.new
     response << '  ' * level + "Gem #{spec.full_name}\n"
-    unless spec.dependencies.empty? then
-      spec.dependencies.sort_by { |dep| dep.name }.each do |dep|
+    unless spec.dependencies.empty?
+      spec.dependencies.sort_by {|dep| dep.name }.each do |dep|
         response << '  ' * level + "  #{dep}\n"
       end
     end
     response
   end
 
-  def remote_specs dependency # :nodoc:
+  def remote_specs(dependency) # :nodoc:
     fetcher = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
 
     ss, _ = fetcher.spec_for_dependency dependency
 
-    ss.map { |s,o| s }
+    ss.map {|s,o| s }
   end
 
-  def reverse_dependencies specs # :nodoc:
-    reverse = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+  def reverse_dependencies(specs) # :nodoc:
+    reverse = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
 
     return reverse unless options[:reverse_dependencies]
 
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ use with other commands.
   ##
   # Returns an Array of [specification, dep] that are satisfied by +spec+.
 
-  def find_reverse_dependencies spec # :nodoc:
+  def find_reverse_dependencies(spec) # :nodoc:
     result = []
 
     Gem::Specification.each do |sp|
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ use with other commands.
         dep = Gem::Dependency.new(*dep) unless Gem::Dependency === dep
 
         if spec.name == dep.name and
-           dep.requirement.satisfied_by?(spec.version) then
+           dep.requirement.satisfied_by?(spec.version)
           result << [sp.full_name, dep]
         end
       end
@@ -205,10 +204,10 @@ use with other commands.
 
   private
 
-  def name_pattern args
+  def name_pattern(args)
     args << '' if args.empty?
 
-    if args.length == 1 and args.first =~ /\A\/(.*)\/(i)?\z/m then
+    if args.length == 1 and args.first =~ /\A(.*)(i)?\z/m
       flags = $2 ? Regexp::IGNORECASE : nil
       Regexp.new $1, flags
     else
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/environment_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/environment_command.rb
index e825c761ad..b6eeb620bd 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/environment_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/environment_command.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
+require_relative '../command'
 
 class Gem::Commands::EnvironmentCommand < Gem::Command
-
   def initialize
     super 'environment', 'Display information about the RubyGems environment'
   end
 
   def arguments # :nodoc:
     args = <<-EOF
-          packageversion  display the package version
           gemdir          display the path where gems are installed
           gempath         display path used to search for gems
           version         display the gem format version
@@ -76,8 +74,6 @@ lib/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
     arg = options[:args][0]
     out <<
       case arg
-      when /^packageversion/ then
-        Gem::RubyGemsPackageVersion
       when /^version/ then
         Gem::VERSION
       when /^gemdir/, /^gemhome/, /^home/, /^GEM_HOME/ then
@@ -97,7 +93,7 @@ lib/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
     true
   end
 
-  def add_path out, path
+  def add_path(out, path)
     path.each do |component|
       out << "     - #{component}\n"
     end
@@ -120,6 +116,8 @@ lib/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
 
     out << "  - RUBY EXECUTABLE: #{Gem.ruby}\n"
 
+    out << "  - GIT EXECUTABLE: #{git_path}\n"
+
     out << "  - EXECUTABLE DIRECTORY: #{Gem.bindir}\n"
 
     out << "  - SPEC CACHE DIRECTORY: #{Gem.spec_cache_dir}\n"
@@ -128,7 +126,7 @@ lib/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
 
     out << "  - RUBYGEMS PLATFORMS:\n"
     Gem.platforms.each do |platform|
-      out << "    - #{platform}\n"
+      out << "     - #{platform}\n"
     end
 
     out << "  - GEM PATHS:\n"
@@ -157,4 +155,20 @@ lib/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
     out
   end
 
+  private
+
+  ##
+  # Git binary path
+
+  def git_path
+    exts = ENV["PATHEXT"] ? ENV["PATHEXT"].split(";") : [""]
+    ENV["PATH"].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).each do |path|
+      exts.each do |ext|
+        exe = File.join(path, "git#{ext}")
+        return exe if File.executable?(exe) && !File.directory?(exe)
+      end
+    end
+
+    return nil
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/fetch_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/fetch_command.rb
index 19559a7774..373851643d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/fetch_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/fetch_command.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 class Gem::Commands::FetchCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
@@ -56,14 +55,14 @@ then repackaging it.
       specs_and_sources, errors =
         Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.spec_for_dependency dep
 
-      if platform then
-        filtered = specs_and_sources.select { |s,| s.platform == platform }
+      if platform
+        filtered = specs_and_sources.select {|s,| s.platform == platform }
         specs_and_sources = filtered unless filtered.empty?
       end
 
-      spec, source = specs_and_sources.max_by { |s,| s.version }
+      spec, source = specs_and_sources.max_by {|s,| s }
 
-      if spec.nil? then
+      if spec.nil?
         show_lookup_failure gem_name, version, errors, options[:domain]
         next
       end
@@ -73,6 +72,4 @@ then repackaging it.
       say "Downloaded #{spec.full_name}"
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/generate_index_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/generate_index_command.rb
index 01f1f88405..87200dab91 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/generate_index_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/generate_index_command.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/indexer'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../indexer'
 
 ##
 # Generates a index files for use as a gem server.
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ require 'rubygems/indexer'
 # See `gem help generate_index`
 
 class Gem::Commands::GenerateIndexCommand < Gem::Command
-
   def initialize
     super 'generate_index',
           'Generates the index files for a gem server directory',
@@ -25,6 +24,9 @@ class Gem::Commands::GenerateIndexCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:build_modern] = value
     end
 
+    deprecate_option('--modern', version: '4.0', extra_msg: 'Modern indexes (specs, latest_specs, and prerelease_specs) are always generated, so this option is not needed.')
+    deprecate_option('--no-modern', version: '4.0', extra_msg: 'The `--no-modern` option is currently ignored. Modern indexes (specs, latest_specs, and prerelease_specs) are always generated.')
+
     add_option '--update',
                'Update modern indexes with gems added',
                'since the last update' do |value, options|
@@ -67,19 +69,17 @@ Marshal::MINOR_VERSION constants.  It is used to ensure compatibility.
     options[:build_modern] = true
 
     if not File.exist?(options[:directory]) or
-       not File.directory?(options[:directory]) then
-      alert_error "unknown directory name #{directory}."
+       not File.directory?(options[:directory])
+      alert_error "unknown directory name #{options[:directory]}."
       terminate_interaction 1
     else
       indexer = Gem::Indexer.new options.delete(:directory), options
 
-      if options[:update] then
+      if options[:update]
         indexer.update_index
       else
         indexer.generate_index
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/help_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/help_command.rb
index de3f175fad..7f3383c9f3 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/help_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/help_command.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
+require_relative '../command'
 
 class Gem::Commands::HelpCommand < Gem::Command
-
   # :stopdoc:
-  EXAMPLES = <<-EOF
+  EXAMPLES = <<-EOF.freeze
 Some examples of 'gem' usage.
 
 * Install 'rake', either from local directory or remote server:
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ Some examples of 'gem' usage.
 
 * Create a gem:
 
-    See http://guides.rubygems.org/make-your-own-gem/
+    See https://guides.rubygems.org/make-your-own-gem/
 
 * See information about RubyGems:
 
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ Some examples of 'gem' usage.
     gem update --system
   EOF
 
-  GEM_DEPENDENCIES = <<-EOF
+  GEM_DEPENDENCIES = <<-EOF.freeze
 A gem dependencies file allows installation of a consistent set of gems across
 multiple environments.  The RubyGems implementation is designed to be
 compatible with Bundler's Gemfile format.  You can see additional
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ default.  This may be overridden with the :development_group option:
 
   EOF
 
-  PLATFORMS = <<-'EOF'
+  PLATFORMS = <<-'EOF'.freeze
 RubyGems platforms are composed of three parts, a CPU, an OS, and a
 version.  These values are taken from values in rbconfig.rb.  You can view
 your current platform by running `gem environment`.
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@ platform.
     ["examples",         EXAMPLES],
     ["gem_dependencies", GEM_DEPENDENCIES],
     ["platforms",        PLATFORMS],
-  ]
+  ].freeze
   # :startdoc:
 
   def initialize
@@ -297,8 +296,8 @@ platform.
       begins? command, arg
     end
 
-    if help then
-      if Symbol === help then
+    if help
+      if Symbol === help
         send help
       else
         say help
@@ -306,10 +305,10 @@ platform.
       return
     end
 
-    if options[:help] then
+    if options[:help]
       show_help
 
-    elsif arg then
+    elsif arg
       show_command_help arg
 
     else
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ platform.
 
     margin_width = 4
 
-    desc_width = @command_manager.command_names.map { |n| n.size }.max + 4
+    desc_width = @command_manager.command_names.map {|n| n.size }.max + 4
 
     summary_width = 80 - margin_width - desc_width
     wrap_indent = ' ' * (margin_width + desc_width)
@@ -333,8 +332,10 @@ platform.
     @command_manager.command_names.each do |cmd_name|
       command = @command_manager[cmd_name]
 
+      next if command.deprecated?
+
       summary =
-        if command then
+        if command
           command.summary
         else
           "[No command found for #{cmd_name}]"
@@ -356,20 +357,18 @@ platform.
     say out.join("\n")
   end
 
-  def show_command_help command_name # :nodoc:
+  def show_command_help(command_name) # :nodoc:
     command_name = command_name.downcase
 
     possibilities = @command_manager.find_command_possibilities command_name
 
-    if possibilities.size == 1 then
+    if possibilities.size == 1
       command = @command_manager[possibilities.first]
       command.invoke("--help")
-    elsif possibilities.size > 1 then
+    elsif possibilities.size > 1
       alert_warning "Ambiguous command #{command_name} (#{possibilities.join(', ')})"
     else
-      alert_warning "Unknown command #{command_name}.  Try: gem help commands"
+      alert_warning "Unknown command #{command_name}. Try: gem help commands"
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/info_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/info_command.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f2dd4ae0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/info_command.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../query_utils'
+
+class Gem::Commands::InfoCommand < Gem::Command
+  include Gem::QueryUtils
+
+  def initialize
+    super "info", "Show information for the given gem",
+         :name => //, :domain => :local, :details => false, :versions => true,
+         :installed => nil, :version => Gem::Requirement.default
+
+    add_query_options
+
+    remove_option('-d')
+
+    defaults[:details] = true
+    defaults[:exact] = true
+  end
+
+  def description # :nodoc:
+    "Info prints information about the gem such as name,"\
+    " description, website, license and installed paths"
+  end
+
+  def usage # :nodoc:
+    "#{program_name} GEMNAME"
+  end
+
+  def arguments # :nodoc:
+    "GEMNAME        name of the gem to print information about"
+  end
+
+  def defaults_str
+    "--local"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
index 3a7d50517f..7af5060129 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/install_update_options'
-require 'rubygems/dependency_installer'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/validator'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../install_update_options'
+require_relative '../dependency_installer'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../validator'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 ##
 # Gem installer command line tool
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ require 'rubygems/version_option'
 # See `gem help install`
 
 class Gem::Commands::InstallCommand < Gem::Command
-
   attr_reader :installed_specs # :nodoc:
 
   include Gem::VersionOption
@@ -117,15 +116,22 @@ to write the specification by hand.  For example:
   some_extension_gem (1.0)
   $
 
+Command Alias
+==========================
+
+You can use `i` command instead of `install`.
+
+  $ gem i GEMNAME
+
     EOF
   end
 
   def usage # :nodoc:
-    "#{program_name} GEMNAME [GEMNAME ...] [options] -- --build-flags"
+    "#{program_name} [options] GEMNAME [GEMNAME ...] -- --build-flags"
   end
 
   def check_install_dir # :nodoc:
-    if options[:install_dir] and options[:user_install] then
+    if options[:install_dir] and options[:user_install]
       alert_error "Use --install-dir or --user-install but not both"
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
@@ -133,22 +139,22 @@ to write the specification by hand.  For example:
 
   def check_version # :nodoc:
     if options[:version] != Gem::Requirement.default and
-         get_all_gem_names.size > 1 then
-      alert_error "Can't use --version w/ multiple gems. Use name:ver instead."
+         get_all_gem_names.size > 1
+      alert_error "Can't use --version with multiple gems. You can specify multiple gems with" \
+                  " version requirements using `gem install 'my_gem:1.0.0' 'my_other_gem:~>2.0.0'`"
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
   end
 
   def execute
-
-    if options.include? :gemdeps then
+    if options.include? :gemdeps
       install_from_gemdeps
       return # not reached
     end
 
     @installed_specs = []
 
-    ENV.delete 'GEM_PATH' if options[:install_dir].nil? and RUBY_VERSION > '1.9'
+    ENV.delete 'GEM_PATH' if options[:install_dir].nil?
 
     check_install_dir
     check_version
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ to write the specification by hand.  For example:
   end
 
   def install_from_gemdeps # :nodoc:
-    require 'rubygems/request_set'
+    require_relative '../request_set'
     rs = Gem::RequestSet.new
 
     specs = rs.install_from_gemdeps options do |req, inst|
@@ -181,68 +187,27 @@ to write the specification by hand.  For example:
     terminate_interaction
   end
 
-  def install_gem name, version # :nodoc:
+  def install_gem(name, version) # :nodoc:
     return if options[:conservative] and
       not Gem::Dependency.new(name, version).matching_specs.empty?
 
     req = Gem::Requirement.create(version)
 
-    if options[:ignore_dependencies] then
-      install_gem_without_dependencies name, req
-    else
-      inst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new options
-      request_set = inst.resolve_dependencies name, req
-
-      if options[:explain]
-        puts "Gems to install:"
-
-        request_set.sorted_requests.each do |s|
-          puts "  #{s.full_name}"
-        end
-
-        return
-      else
-        @installed_specs.concat request_set.install options
-      end
+    dinst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new options
 
-      show_install_errors inst.errors
-    end
-  end
+    request_set = dinst.resolve_dependencies name, req
 
-  def install_gem_without_dependencies name, req # :nodoc:
-    gem = nil
+    if options[:explain]
+      say "Gems to install:"
 
-    if local? then
-      if name =~ /\.gem$/ and File.file? name then
-        source = Gem::Source::SpecificFile.new name
-        spec = source.spec
-      else
-        source = Gem::Source::Local.new
-        spec = source.find_gem name, req
+      request_set.sorted_requests.each do |activation_request|
+        say "  #{activation_request.full_name}"
       end
-      gem = source.download spec if spec
-    end
-
-    if remote? and not gem then
-      dependency = Gem::Dependency.new name, req
-      dependency.prerelease = options[:prerelease]
-
-      fetcher = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher
-      gem = fetcher.download_to_cache dependency
+    else
+      @installed_specs.concat request_set.install options
     end
 
-    inst = Gem::Installer.at gem, options
-    inst.install
-
-    require 'rubygems/dependency_installer'
-    dinst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new options
-    dinst.installed_gems.replace [inst.spec]
-
-    Gem.done_installing_hooks.each do |hook|
-      hook.call dinst, [inst.spec]
-    end unless Gem.done_installing_hooks.empty?
-
-    @installed_specs.push(inst.spec)
+    show_install_errors dinst.errors
   end
 
   def install_gems # :nodoc:
@@ -250,16 +215,22 @@ to write the specification by hand.  For example:
 
     get_all_gem_names_and_versions.each do |gem_name, gem_version|
       gem_version ||= options[:version]
+      domain = options[:domain]
+      domain = :local unless options[:suggest_alternate]
+      suppress_suggestions = (domain == :local)
 
       begin
         install_gem gem_name, gem_version
       rescue Gem::InstallError => e
         alert_error "Error installing #{gem_name}:\n\t#{e.message}"
         exit_code |= 1
-      rescue Gem::GemNotFoundException, Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError => e
-        domain = options[:domain]
-        domain = :local unless options[:suggest_alternate]
-        show_lookup_failure e.name, e.version, e.errors, domain
+      rescue Gem::GemNotFoundException => e
+        show_lookup_failure e.name, e.version, e.errors, suppress_suggestions
+
+        exit_code |= 2
+      rescue Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError => e
+        show_lookup_failure e.name, e.version, e.errors, suppress_suggestions,
+                            "'#{gem_name}' (#{gem_version})"
 
         exit_code |= 2
       end
@@ -273,20 +244,21 @@ to write the specification by hand.  For example:
 
   def load_hooks # :nodoc:
     if options[:install_as_default]
-      require 'rubygems/install_default_message'
+      require_relative '../install_default_message'
     else
-      require 'rubygems/install_message'
+      require_relative '../install_message'
     end
-    require 'rubygems/rdoc'
+    require_relative '../rdoc'
   end
 
-  def show_install_errors errors # :nodoc:
+  def show_install_errors(errors) # :nodoc:
     return unless errors
 
     errors.each do |x|
       return unless Gem::SourceFetchProblem === x
 
-      msg = "Unable to pull data from '#{x.source.uri}': #{x.error.message}"
+      require_relative "../uri"
+      msg = "Unable to pull data from '#{Gem::Uri.new(x.source.uri).redacted}': #{x.error.message}"
 
       alert_warning msg
     end
@@ -298,6 +270,4 @@ to write the specification by hand.  For example:
     gems = @installed_specs.length == 1 ? 'gem' : 'gems'
     say "#{@installed_specs.length} #{gems} installed"
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/list_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/list_command.rb
index 1acb49e5fb..dea11111c9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/list_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/list_command.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/commands/query_command'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../query_utils'
 
 ##
-# An alternate to Gem::Commands::QueryCommand that searches for gems starting
-# with the supplied argument.
+# Searches for gems starting with the supplied argument.
 
-class Gem::Commands::ListCommand < Gem::Commands::QueryCommand
+class Gem::Commands::ListCommand < Gem::Command
+  include Gem::QueryUtils
 
   def initialize
-    super 'list', 'Display local gems whose name matches REGEXP'
+    super 'list', 'Display local gems whose name matches REGEXP',
+         :name => //, :domain => :local, :details => false, :versions => true,
+         :installed => nil, :version => Gem::Requirement.default
 
-    remove_option('--name-matches')
+    add_query_options
   end
 
   def arguments # :nodoc:
@@ -36,6 +38,4 @@ To search for remote gems use the search command.
   def usage # :nodoc:
     "#{program_name} [REGEXP ...]"
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/lock_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/lock_command.rb
index 3eebfadc05..cb6229a2cb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/lock_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/lock_command.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
+require_relative '../command'
 
 class Gem::Commands::LockCommand < Gem::Command
-
   def initialize
     super 'lock', 'Generate a lockdown list of gems',
           :strict => false
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ lock it down to the exact version.
   end
 
   def complain(message)
-    if options[:strict] then
+    if options[:strict]
       raise Gem::Exception, message
     else
       say "# #{message}"
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ lock it down to the exact version.
 
       spec = Gem::Specification.load spec_path(full_name)
 
-      if spec.nil? then
+      if spec.nil?
         complain "Could not find gem #{full_name}, try using the full name"
         next
       end
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ lock it down to the exact version.
         next if locked[dep.name]
         candidates = dep.matching_specs
 
-        if candidates.empty? then
+        if candidates.empty?
           complain "Unable to satisfy '#{dep}' from currently installed gems"
         else
           pending << candidates.last.full_name
@@ -100,12 +99,10 @@ lock it down to the exact version.
   end
 
   def spec_path(gem_full_name)
-    gemspecs = Gem.path.map { |path|
+    gemspecs = Gem.path.map do |path|
       File.join path, "specifications", "#{gem_full_name}.gemspec"
-    }
+    end
 
-    gemspecs.find { |path| File.exist? path }
+    gemspecs.find {|path| File.exist? path }
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/mirror_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/mirror_command.rb
index 801c9c8927..7daa47e2f0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/mirror_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/mirror_command.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
+require_relative '../command'
 
 unless defined? Gem::Commands::MirrorCommand
   class Gem::Commands::MirrorCommand < Gem::Command
@@ -21,6 +21,5 @@ The mirror command has been moved to the rubygems-mirror gem.
     def execute
       alert_error "Install the rubygems-mirror gem for the mirror command"
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/open_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/open_command.rb
index a89b7421e3..1e616fd68f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/open_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/open_command.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'English'
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/util'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 class Gem::Commands::OpenCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
   def initialize
     super 'open', 'Open gem sources in editor'
 
-    add_option('-e', '--editor EDITOR', String,
-               "Opens gem sources in EDITOR") do |editor, options|
-      options[:editor] = editor || get_env_editor
+    add_option('-e', '--editor COMMAND', String,
+               "Prepends COMMAND to gem path. Could be used to specify editor.") do |command, options|
+      options[:editor] = command || get_env_editor
     end
     add_option('-v', '--version VERSION', String,
                "Opens specific gem version") do |version|
-      options[:version]  = version
+      options[:version] = version
     end
   end
 
@@ -32,14 +29,14 @@ class Gem::Commands::OpenCommand < Gem::Command
   def description # :nodoc:
     <<-EOF
         The open command opens gem in editor and changes current path
-        to gem's source directory. Editor can be specified with -e option,
-        otherwise rubygems will look for editor in $EDITOR, $VISUAL and
-        $GEM_EDITOR variables.
+        to gem's source directory.
+        Editor command can be specified with -e option, otherwise rubygems
+        will look for editor in $EDITOR, $VISUAL and $GEM_EDITOR variables.
     EOF
   end
 
   def usage # :nodoc:
-    "#{program_name} GEMNAME [-e EDITOR]"
+    "#{program_name} [-e COMMAND] GEMNAME"
   end
 
   def get_env_editor
@@ -58,21 +55,27 @@ class Gem::Commands::OpenCommand < Gem::Command
     terminate_interaction 1 unless found
   end
 
-  def open_gem name
+  def open_gem(name)
     spec = spec_for name
+
     return false unless spec
 
+    if spec.default_gem?
+      say "'#{name}' is a default gem and can't be opened."
+      return false
+    end
+
     open_editor(spec.full_gem_path)
   end
 
-  def open_editor path
+  def open_editor(path)
     Dir.chdir(path) do
       system(*@editor.split(/\s+/) + [path])
     end
   end
 
-  def spec_for name
-    spec = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(name, @version).last
+  def spec_for(name)
+    spec = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(name, @version).first
 
     return spec if spec
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/outdated_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/outdated_command.rb
index 70f6c02801..162d338320 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/outdated_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/outdated_command.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/spec_fetcher'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../spec_fetcher'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 class Gem::Commands::OutdatedCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/owner_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/owner_command.rb
index 4b99434e87..0a5665228f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/owner_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/owner_command.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/gemcutter_utilities'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../gemcutter_utilities'
+require_relative '../text'
 
 class Gem::Commands::OwnerCommand < Gem::Command
+  include Gem::Text
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
   include Gem::GemcutterUtilities
 
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ permission to.
     super 'owner', 'Manage gem owners of a gem on the push server'
     add_proxy_option
     add_key_option
+    add_otp_option
     defaults.merge! :add => [], :remove => []
 
     add_option '-a', '--add EMAIL', 'Add an owner' do |value, options|
@@ -40,7 +43,9 @@ permission to.
       options[:remove] << value
     end
 
-    add_option '-h', '--host HOST', 'Use another gemcutter-compatible host' do |value, options|
+    add_option '-h', '--host HOST',
+               'Use another gemcutter-compatible host',
+               '  (e.g. https://rubygems.org)' do |value, options|
       options[:host] = value
     end
   end
@@ -48,7 +53,7 @@ permission to.
   def execute
     @host = options[:host]
 
-    sign_in
+    sign_in(scope: get_owner_scope)
     name = get_one_gem_name
 
     add_owners    name, options[:add]
@@ -56,13 +61,15 @@ permission to.
     show_owners   name
   end
 
-  def show_owners name
+  def show_owners(name)
+    Gem.load_yaml
+
     response = rubygems_api_request :get, "api/v1/gems/#{name}/owners.yaml" do |request|
       request.add_field "Authorization", api_key
     end
 
     with_response response do |resp|
-      owners = YAML.load resp.body
+      owners = Gem::SafeYAML.load clean_text(resp.body)
 
       say "Owners for gem: #{name}"
       owners.each do |owner|
@@ -71,22 +78,18 @@ permission to.
     end
   end
 
-  def add_owners name, owners
+  def add_owners(name, owners)
     manage_owners :post, name, owners
   end
 
-  def remove_owners name, owners
+  def remove_owners(name, owners)
     manage_owners :delete, name, owners
   end
 
-  def manage_owners method, name, owners
+  def manage_owners(method, name, owners)
     owners.each do |owner|
       begin
-        response = rubygems_api_request method, "api/v1/gems/#{name}/owners" do |request|
-          request.set_form_data 'email' => owner
-          request.add_field "Authorization", api_key
-        end
-
+        response = send_owner_request(method, name, owner)
         action = method == :delete ? "Removing" : "Adding"
 
         with_response response, "#{action} #{owner}"
@@ -96,4 +99,20 @@ permission to.
     end
   end
 
+  private
+
+  def send_owner_request(method, name, owner)
+    rubygems_api_request method, "api/v1/gems/#{name}/owners", scope: get_owner_scope(method: method) do |request|
+      request.set_form_data 'email' => owner
+      request.add_field "Authorization", api_key
+    end
+  end
+
+  def get_owner_scope(method: nil)
+    if method == :post || options.any? && options[:add].any?
+      :add_owner
+    elsif method == :delete || options.any? && options[:remove].any?
+      :remove_owner
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb
index 6cab572b86..13979b0a59 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/pristine_command.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/package'
-require 'rubygems/installer'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../package'
+require_relative '../installer'
+require_relative '../version_option'
 
 class Gem::Commands::PristineCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
   def initialize
@@ -24,7 +23,8 @@ class Gem::Commands::PristineCommand < Gem::Command
 
     add_option('--skip=gem_name',
                'used on --all, skip if name == gem_name') do |value, options|
-      options[:skip] = value
+      options[:skip] ||= []
+      options[:skip] << value
     end
 
     add_option('--[no-]extensions',
@@ -39,12 +39,28 @@ class Gem::Commands::PristineCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:only_executables] = value
     end
 
+    add_option('--only-plugins',
+               'Only restore plugins') do |value, options|
+      options[:only_plugins] = value
+    end
+
     add_option('-E', '--[no-]env-shebang',
                'Rewrite executables with a shebang',
                'of /usr/bin/env') do |value, options|
       options[:env_shebang] = value
     end
 
+    add_option('-i', '--install-dir DIR',
+               'Gem repository to get binstubs and plugins installed') do |value, options|
+      options[:install_dir] = File.expand_path(value)
+    end
+
+    add_option('-n', '--bindir DIR',
+               'Directory where executables are',
+               'located') do |value, options|
+      options[:bin_dir] = File.expand_path(value)
+    end
+
     add_version_option('restore to', 'pristine condition')
   end
 
@@ -81,13 +97,13 @@ extensions will be restored.
   end
 
   def execute
-    specs = if options[:all] then
+    specs = if options[:all]
               Gem::Specification.map
 
             # `--extensions` must be explicitly given to pristine only gems
             # with extensions.
             elsif options[:extensions_set] and
-                  options[:extensions] and options[:args].empty? then
+                  options[:extensions] and options[:args].empty?
               Gem::Specification.select do |spec|
                 spec.extensions and not spec.extensions.empty?
               end
@@ -97,16 +113,13 @@ extensions will be restored.
               end.flatten
             end
 
-    if specs.to_a.empty? then
+    specs = specs.select{|spec| RUBY_ENGINE == spec.platform || Gem::Platform.local === spec.platform || spec.platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY }
+
+    if specs.to_a.empty?
       raise Gem::Exception,
             "Failed to find gems #{options[:args]} #{options[:version]}"
     end
 
-    install_dir = Gem.dir # TODO use installer option
-
-    raise Gem::FilePermissionError.new(install_dir) unless
-      File.writable?(install_dir)
-
     say "Restoring gems to pristine condition..."
 
     specs.each do |spec|
@@ -115,25 +128,22 @@ extensions will be restored.
         next
       end
 
-      if spec.name == options[:skip]
-        say "Skipped #{spec.full_name}, it was given through options"
-        next
-      end
-
-      if spec.bundled_gem_in_old_ruby?
-        say "Skipped #{spec.full_name}, it is bundled with old Ruby"
-        next
+      if options.has_key? :skip
+        if options[:skip].include? spec.name
+          say "Skipped #{spec.full_name}, it was given through options"
+          next
+        end
       end
 
-      unless spec.extensions.empty? or options[:extensions] then
+      unless spec.extensions.empty? or options[:extensions] or options[:only_executables] or options[:only_plugins]
         say "Skipped #{spec.full_name}, it needs to compile an extension"
         next
       end
 
       gem = spec.cache_file
 
-      unless File.exist? gem then
-        require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
+      unless File.exist? gem or options[:only_executables] or options[:only_plugins]
+        require_relative '../remote_fetcher'
 
         say "Cached gem for #{spec.full_name} not found, attempting to fetch..."
 
@@ -150,23 +160,33 @@ extensions will be restored.
       end
 
       env_shebang =
-        if options.include? :env_shebang then
+        if options.include? :env_shebang
           options[:env_shebang]
         else
           install_defaults = Gem::ConfigFile::PLATFORM_DEFAULTS['install']
           install_defaults.to_s['--env-shebang']
         end
 
-      installer = Gem::Installer.at(gem,
-                                     :wrappers => true,
-                                     :force => true,
-                                     :install_dir => spec.base_dir,
-                                     :env_shebang => env_shebang,
-                                     :build_args => spec.build_args)
+      bin_dir = options[:bin_dir] if options[:bin_dir]
+      install_dir = options[:install_dir] if options[:install_dir]
+
+      installer_options = {
+        :wrappers => true,
+        :force => true,
+        :install_dir => install_dir || spec.base_dir,
+        :env_shebang => env_shebang,
+        :build_args => spec.build_args,
+        :bin_dir => bin_dir,
+      }
 
-      if options[:only_executables] then
+      if options[:only_executables]
+        installer = Gem::Installer.for_spec(spec, installer_options)
         installer.generate_bin
+      elsif options[:only_plugins]
+        installer = Gem::Installer.for_spec(spec, installer_options)
+        installer.generate_plugins
       else
+        installer = Gem::Installer.at(gem, installer_options)
         installer.install
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/push_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/push_command.rb
index 6adeff6b30..1864b4b095 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/push_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/push_command.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/gemcutter_utilities'
-require 'rubygems/package'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../gemcutter_utilities'
+require_relative '../package'
 
 class Gem::Commands::PushCommand < Gem::Command
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ class Gem::Commands::PushCommand < Gem::Command
 The push command uploads a gem to the push server (the default is
 https://rubygems.org) and adds it to the index.
 
-The gem can be removed from the index (but only the index) using the yank
+The gem can be removed from the index and deleted from the server using the yank
 command.  For further discussion see the help for the yank command.
+
+The push command will use ~/.gem/credentials to authenticate to a server, but you can use the RubyGems environment variable GEM_HOST_API_KEY to set the api key to authenticate.
     EOF
   end
 
@@ -29,58 +31,45 @@ command.  For further discussion see the help for the yank command.
   def initialize
     super 'push', 'Push a gem up to the gem server', :host => self.host
 
+    @user_defined_host = false
+
     add_proxy_option
     add_key_option
+    add_otp_option
 
     add_option('--host HOST',
-               'Push to another gemcutter-compatible host') do |value, options|
+               'Push to another gemcutter-compatible host',
+               '  (e.g. https://rubygems.org)') do |value, options|
       options[:host] = value
+      @user_defined_host = true
     end
 
     @host = nil
   end
 
   def execute
-    @host = options[:host]
-
-    sign_in @host
-
-    send_gem get_one_gem_name
+    gem_name = get_one_gem_name
+    default_gem_server, push_host = get_hosts_for(gem_name)
+
+    @host = if @user_defined_host
+              options[:host]
+            elsif default_gem_server
+              default_gem_server
+            elsif push_host
+              push_host
+            else
+              options[:host]
+            end
+
+    sign_in @host, scope: get_push_scope
+
+    send_gem(gem_name)
   end
 
-  def send_gem name
+  def send_gem(name)
     args = [:post, "api/v1/gems"]
 
-    latest_rubygems_version = Gem.latest_rubygems_version
-
-    if latest_rubygems_version < Gem.rubygems_version and
-         Gem.rubygems_version.prerelease? and
-         Gem::Version.new('2.0.0.rc.2') != Gem.rubygems_version then
-      alert_error <<-ERROR
-You are using a beta release of RubyGems (#{Gem::VERSION}) which is not
-allowed to push gems.  Please downgrade or upgrade to a release version.
-
-The latest released RubyGems version is #{latest_rubygems_version}
-
-You can upgrade or downgrade to the latest release version with:
-
-  gem update --system=#{latest_rubygems_version}
-
-      ERROR
-      terminate_interaction 1
-    end
-
-    gem_data = Gem::Package.new(name)
-
-    unless @host then
-      @host = gem_data.spec.metadata['default_gem_server']
-    end
-
-    push_host = nil
-
-    if gem_data.spec.metadata.has_key?('allowed_push_host')
-      push_host = gem_data.spec.metadata['allowed_push_host']
-    end
+    _, push_host = get_hosts_for(name)
 
     @host ||= push_host
 
@@ -89,15 +78,32 @@ You can upgrade or downgrade to the latest release version with:
 
     say "Pushing gem to #{@host || Gem.host}..."
 
-    response = rubygems_api_request(*args) do |request|
+    response = send_push_request(name, args)
+
+    with_response response
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def send_push_request(name, args)
+    rubygems_api_request(*args, scope: get_push_scope) do |request|
       request.body = Gem.read_binary name
       request.add_field "Content-Length", request.body.size
       request.add_field "Content-Type",   "application/octet-stream"
       request.add_field "Authorization",  api_key
     end
+  end
 
-    with_response response
+  def get_hosts_for(name)
+    gem_metadata = Gem::Package.new(name).spec.metadata
+
+    [
+      gem_metadata["default_gem_server"],
+      gem_metadata["allowed_push_host"],
+    ]
   end
 
+  def get_push_scope
+    :push_rubygem
+  end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/query_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/query_command.rb
index f25d120b88..5896bec44e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/query_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/query_command.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/spec_fetcher'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/text'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../query_utils'
+require_relative '../deprecate'
 
 class Gem::Commands::QueryCommand < Gem::Command
+  extend Gem::Deprecate
+  rubygems_deprecate_command
 
-  include Gem::Text
-  include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
-  include Gem::VersionOption
+  include Gem::QueryUtils
+
+  alias warning_without_suggested_alternatives deprecation_warning
+  def deprecation_warning
+    warning_without_suggested_alternatives
+
+    message = "It is recommended that you use `gem search` or `gem list` instead.\n"
+    alert_warning message unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
+  end
 
   def initialize(name = 'query',
                  summary = 'Query gem information in local or remote repositories')
@@ -17,55 +23,13 @@ class Gem::Commands::QueryCommand < Gem::Command
          :name => //, :domain => :local, :details => false, :versions => true,
          :installed => nil, :version => Gem::Requirement.default
 
-    add_option('-i', '--[no-]installed',
-               'Check for installed gem') do |value, options|
-      options[:installed] = value
-    end
-
-    add_option('-I', 'Equivalent to --no-installed') do |value, options|
-      options[:installed] = false
-    end
-
-    add_version_option command, "for use with --installed"
-
     add_option('-n', '--name-matches REGEXP',
                'Name of gem(s) to query on matches the',
                'provided REGEXP') do |value, options|
       options[:name] = /#{value}/i
     end
 
-    add_option('-d', '--[no-]details',
-               'Display detailed information of gem(s)') do |value, options|
-      options[:details] = value
-    end
-
-    add_option(      '--[no-]versions',
-               'Display only gem names') do |value, options|
-      options[:versions] = value
-      options[:details] = false unless value
-    end
-
-    add_option('-a', '--all',
-               'Display all gem versions') do |value, options|
-      options[:all] = value
-    end
-
-    add_option('-e', '--exact',
-               'Name of gem(s) to query on matches the',
-               'provided STRING') do |value, options|
-      options[:exact] = value
-    end
-
-    add_option(      '--[no-]prerelease',
-               'Display prerelease versions') do |value, options|
-      options[:prerelease] = value
-    end
-
-    add_local_remote_options
-  end
-
-  def defaults_str # :nodoc:
-    "--local --name-matches // --no-details --versions --no-installed"
+    add_query_options
   end
 
   def description # :nodoc:
@@ -76,284 +40,4 @@ You should really use the list and search commands instead.  This command
 is too hard to use.
     EOF
   end
-
-  def execute
-    exit_code = 0
-    if options[:args].to_a.empty? and options[:name].source.empty?
-      name = options[:name]
-      no_name = true
-    elsif !options[:name].source.empty?
-      name = Array(options[:name])
-    else
-      args = options[:args].to_a
-      name = options[:exact] ? args : args.map{|arg| /#{arg}/i }
-    end
-
-    prerelease = options[:prerelease]
-
-    unless options[:installed].nil? then
-      if no_name then
-        alert_error "You must specify a gem name"
-        exit_code |= 4
-      elsif name.count > 1
-        alert_error "You must specify only ONE gem!"
-        exit_code |= 4
-      else
-        installed = installed? name.first, options[:version]
-        installed = !installed unless options[:installed]
-
-        if installed then
-          say "true"
-        else
-          say "false"
-          exit_code |= 1
-        end
-      end
-
-      terminate_interaction exit_code
-    end
-
-    names = Array(name)
-    names.each { |n| show_gems n, prerelease }
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def display_header type
-    if (ui.outs.tty? and Gem.configuration.verbose) or both? then
-      say
-      say "*** #{type} GEMS ***"
-      say
-    end
-  end
-
-  #Guts of original execute
-  def show_gems name, prerelease
-    req = Gem::Requirement.default
-    # TODO: deprecate for real
-    dep = Gem::Deprecate.skip_during { Gem::Dependency.new name, req }
-    dep.prerelease = prerelease
-
-    if local? then
-      if prerelease and not both? then
-        alert_warning "prereleases are always shown locally"
-      end
-
-      display_header 'LOCAL'
-
-      specs = Gem::Specification.find_all { |s|
-        s.name =~ name and req =~ s.version
-      }
-
-      spec_tuples = specs.map do |spec|
-        [spec.name_tuple, spec]
-      end
-
-      output_query_results spec_tuples
-    end
-
-    if remote? then
-      display_header 'REMOTE'
-
-      fetcher = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
-
-      type = if options[:all]
-               if options[:prerelease]
-                 :complete
-               else
-                 :released
-               end
-             elsif options[:prerelease]
-               :prerelease
-             else
-               :latest
-             end
-
-      if name.respond_to?(:source) && name.source.empty?
-        spec_tuples = fetcher.detect(type) { true }
-      else
-        spec_tuples = fetcher.detect(type) do |name_tuple|
-          name === name_tuple.name
-        end
-      end
-
-      output_query_results spec_tuples
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Check if gem +name+ version +version+ is installed.
-
-  def installed?(name, req = Gem::Requirement.default)
-    Gem::Specification.any? { |s| s.name =~ name and req =~ s.version }
-  end
-
-  def output_query_results(spec_tuples)
-    output = []
-    versions = Hash.new { |h,name| h[name] = [] }
-
-    spec_tuples.each do |spec_tuple, source|
-      versions[spec_tuple.name] << [spec_tuple, source]
-    end
-
-    versions = versions.sort_by do |(n,_),_|
-      n.downcase
-    end
-
-    output_versions output, versions
-
-    say output.join(options[:details] ? "\n\n" : "\n")
-  end
-
-  def output_versions output, versions
-    versions.each do |gem_name, matching_tuples|
-      matching_tuples = matching_tuples.sort_by { |n,_| n.version }.reverse
-
-      platforms = Hash.new { |h,version| h[version] = [] }
-
-      matching_tuples.each do |n, _|
-        platforms[n.version] << n.platform if n.platform
-      end
-
-      seen = {}
-
-      matching_tuples.delete_if do |n,_|
-        if seen[n.version] then
-          true
-        else
-          seen[n.version] = true
-          false
-        end
-      end
-
-      output << make_entry(matching_tuples, platforms)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def entry_details entry, detail_tuple, specs, platforms
-    return unless options[:details]
-
-    name_tuple, spec = detail_tuple
-
-    spec = spec.fetch_spec name_tuple if spec.respond_to? :fetch_spec
-
-    entry << "\n"
-
-    spec_platforms   entry, platforms
-    spec_authors     entry, spec
-    spec_homepage    entry, spec
-    spec_license     entry, spec
-    spec_loaded_from entry, spec, specs
-    spec_summary     entry, spec
-  end
-
-  def entry_versions entry, name_tuples, platforms, specs
-    return unless options[:versions]
-
-    list =
-      if platforms.empty? or options[:details] then
-        name_tuples.map { |n| n.version }.uniq
-      else
-        platforms.sort.reverse.map do |version, pls|
-          if pls == [Gem::Platform::RUBY] then
-            if options[:domain] == :remote || specs.all? { |spec| spec.is_a? Gem::Source }
-              version
-            else
-              spec = specs.select { |s| s.version == version }
-              if spec.first.default_gem?
-                "default: #{version}"
-              else
-                version
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            ruby = pls.delete Gem::Platform::RUBY
-            platform_list = [ruby, *pls.sort].compact
-            "#{version} #{platform_list.join ' '}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-    entry << " (#{list.join ', '})"
-  end
-
-  def make_entry entry_tuples, platforms
-    detail_tuple = entry_tuples.first
-
-    name_tuples, specs = entry_tuples.flatten.partition do |item|
-      Gem::NameTuple === item
-    end
-
-    entry = [name_tuples.first.name]
-
-    entry_versions entry, name_tuples, platforms, specs
-    entry_details  entry, detail_tuple, specs, platforms
-
-    entry.join
-  end
-
-  def spec_authors entry, spec
-    authors = "Author#{spec.authors.length > 1 ? 's' : ''}: ".dup
-    authors << spec.authors.join(', ')
-    entry << format_text(authors, 68, 4)
-  end
-
-  def spec_homepage entry, spec
-    return if spec.homepage.nil? or spec.homepage.empty?
-
-    entry << "\n" << format_text("Homepage: #{spec.homepage}", 68, 4)
-  end
-
-  def spec_license entry, spec
-    return if spec.license.nil? or spec.license.empty?
-
-    licenses = "License#{spec.licenses.length > 1 ? 's' : ''}: ".dup
-    licenses << spec.licenses.join(', ')
-    entry << "\n" << format_text(licenses, 68, 4)
-  end
-
-  def spec_loaded_from entry, spec, specs
-    return unless spec.loaded_from
-
-    if specs.length == 1 then
-      default = spec.default_gem? ? ' (default)' : nil
-      entry << "\n" << "    Installed at#{default}: #{spec.base_dir}"
-    else
-      label = 'Installed at'
-      specs.each do |s|
-        version = s.version.to_s
-        version << ', default' if s.default_gem?
-        entry << "\n" << "    #{label} (#{version}): #{s.base_dir}"
-        label = ' ' * label.length
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def spec_platforms entry, platforms
-    non_ruby = platforms.any? do |_, pls|
-      pls.any? { |pl| pl != Gem::Platform::RUBY }
-    end
-
-    return unless non_ruby
-
-    if platforms.length == 1 then
-      title = platforms.values.length == 1 ? 'Platform' : 'Platforms'
-      entry << "    #{title}: #{platforms.values.sort.join ', '}\n"
-    else
-      entry << "    Platforms:\n"
-      platforms.sort_by do |version,|
-        version
-      end.each do |version, pls|
-        label = "        #{version}: "
-        data = format_text pls.sort.join(', '), 68, label.length
-        data[0, label.length] = label
-        entry << data << "\n"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def spec_summary entry, spec
-    entry << "\n\n" << format_text(spec.summary, 68, 4)
-  end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/rdoc_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/rdoc_command.rb
index 6992040dca..305c80ccfe 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/rdoc_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/rdoc_command.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/rdoc'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../version_option'
+require_relative '../rdoc'
 require 'fileutils'
 
 class Gem::Commands::RdocCommand < Gem::Command
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Use --overwrite to force rebuilding of documentation.
   end
 
   def execute
-    specs = if options[:all] then
+    specs = if options[:all]
               Gem::Specification.to_a
             else
               get_all_gem_names.map do |name|
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Use --overwrite to force rebuilding of documentation.
               end.flatten.uniq
             end
 
-    if specs.empty? then
+    if specs.empty?
       alert_error 'No matching gems found'
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Use --overwrite to force rebuilding of documentation.
 
       doc.force = options[:overwrite]
 
-      if options[:overwrite] then
+      if options[:overwrite]
         FileUtils.rm_rf File.join(spec.doc_dir, 'ri')
         FileUtils.rm_rf File.join(spec.doc_dir, 'rdoc')
       end
@@ -92,6 +92,4 @@ Use --overwrite to force rebuilding of documentation.
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/search_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/search_command.rb
index 933436d84d..488d777939 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/search_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/search_command.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/commands/query_command'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../query_utils'
 
-class Gem::Commands::SearchCommand < Gem::Commands::QueryCommand
+class Gem::Commands::SearchCommand < Gem::Command
+  include Gem::QueryUtils
 
   def initialize
-    super 'search', 'Display remote gems whose name matches REGEXP'
+    super 'search', 'Display remote gems whose name matches REGEXP',
+         :name => //, :domain => :remote, :details => false, :versions => true,
+         :installed => nil, :version => Gem::Requirement.default
 
-    remove_option '--name-matches'
-
-    defaults[:domain] = :remote
+    add_query_options
   end
 
   def arguments # :nodoc:
@@ -36,6 +37,4 @@ To list local gems use the list command.
   def usage # :nodoc:
     "#{program_name} [REGEXP]"
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/server_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/server_command.rb
index 245156d50d..79c682e8f4 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/server_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/server_command.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/server'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../server'
+require_relative '../deprecate'
 
 class Gem::Commands::ServerCommand < Gem::Command
+  extend Gem::Deprecate
+  rubygems_deprecate_command
 
   def initialize
     super 'server', 'Documentation and gem repository HTTP server',
           :port => 8808, :gemdir => [], :daemon => false
 
-    OptionParser.accept :Port do |port|
-      if port =~ /\A\d+\z/ then
+    Gem::OptionParser.accept :Port do |port|
+      if port =~ /\A\d+\z/
         port = Integer port
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{port}: not a port number" if
+        raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{port}: not a port number" if
           port > 65535
 
         port
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::ServerCommand < Gem::Command
         begin
           Socket.getservbyname port
         rescue SocketError
-          raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{port}: no such named service"
+          raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{port}: no such named service"
         end
       end
     end
@@ -82,6 +85,4 @@ You can set up a shortcut to gem server documentation using the URL:
     options[:gemdir] = Gem.path if options[:gemdir].empty?
     Gem::Server.run options
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb
index 2c29786224..894f94b484 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/setup_command.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
+require_relative '../command'
 
 ##
 # Installs RubyGems itself.  This command is ordinarily only available from a
 # RubyGems checkout or tarball.
 
 class Gem::Commands::SetupCommand < Gem::Command
-  HISTORY_HEADER = /^===\s*[\d.]+\s*\/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$/
-  VERSION_MATCHER = /^===\s*([\d.]+)\s*\/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$/
+  HISTORY_HEADER = /^#\s*[\d.a-zA-Z]+\s*\/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$/.freeze
+  VERSION_MATCHER = /^#\s*([\d.a-zA-Z]+)\s*\/\s*\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s*$/.freeze
+
+  ENV_PATHS = %w[/usr/bin/env /bin/env].freeze
 
   def initialize
     require 'tmpdir'
 
     super 'setup', 'Install RubyGems',
-          :format_executable => true, :document => %w[ri],
+          :format_executable => false, :document => %w[ri],
+          :force => true,
           :site_or_vendor => 'sitelibdir',
-          :destdir => '', :prefix => '', :previous_version => ''
+          :destdir => '', :prefix => '', :previous_version => '',
+          :regenerate_binstubs => true,
+          :regenerate_plugins => true
 
     add_option '--previous-version=VERSION',
-               'Previous version of rubygems',
+               'Previous version of RubyGems',
                'Used for changelog processing' do |version, options|
       options[:previous_version] = version
     end
@@ -42,7 +47,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::SetupCommand < Gem::Command
 
     add_option '--[no-]format-executable',
                'Makes `gem` match ruby',
-               'If ruby is ruby18, gem will be gem18' do |value, options|
+               'If Ruby is ruby18, gem will be gem18' do |value, options|
       options[:format_executable] = value
     end
 
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::SetupCommand < Gem::Command
 
     add_option '--[no-]rdoc',
                'Generate RDoc documentation for RubyGems' do |value, options|
-      if value then
+      if value
         options[:document] << 'rdoc'
       else
         options[:document].delete 'rdoc'
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::SetupCommand < Gem::Command
 
     add_option '--[no-]ri',
                'Generate RI documentation for RubyGems' do |value, options|
-      if value then
+      if value
         options[:document] << 'ri'
       else
         options[:document].delete 'ri'
@@ -79,20 +84,41 @@ class Gem::Commands::SetupCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:document].uniq!
     end
 
+    add_option '--[no-]regenerate-binstubs',
+               'Regenerate gem binstubs' do |value, options|
+      options[:regenerate_binstubs] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option '--[no-]regenerate-plugins',
+               'Regenerate gem plugins' do |value, options|
+      options[:regenerate_plugins] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option '-f', '--[no-]force',
+               'Forcefully overwrite binstubs' do |value, options|
+      options[:force] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option('-E', '--[no-]env-shebang',
+               'Rewrite executables with a shebang',
+               'of /usr/bin/env') do |value, options|
+      options[:env_shebang] = value
+    end
+
     @verbose = nil
   end
 
   def check_ruby_version
-    required_version = Gem::Requirement.new '>= 1.8.7'
+    required_version = Gem::Requirement.new '>= 2.3.0'
 
-    unless required_version.satisfied_by? Gem.ruby_version then
+    unless required_version.satisfied_by? Gem.ruby_version
       alert_error "Expected Ruby version #{required_version}, is #{Gem.ruby_version}"
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
   end
 
   def defaults_str # :nodoc:
-    "--format-executable --document ri"
+    "--format-executable --document ri --regenerate-binstubs"
   end
 
   def description # :nodoc:
@@ -113,26 +139,28 @@ By default, this RubyGems will install gem as:
     EOF
   end
 
+  module MakeDirs
+    def mkdir_p(path, **opts)
+      super
+      (@mkdirs ||= []) << path
+    end
+  end
+
   def execute
     @verbose = Gem.configuration.really_verbose
 
-    install_destdir = options[:destdir]
-
-    unless install_destdir.empty? then
-      ENV['GEM_HOME'] ||= File.join(install_destdir,
-                                    Gem.default_dir.gsub(/^[a-zA-Z]:/, ''))
-    end
-
     check_ruby_version
 
     require 'fileutils'
-    if Gem.configuration.really_verbose then
+    if Gem.configuration.really_verbose
       extend FileUtils::Verbose
     else
       extend FileUtils
     end
+    extend MakeDirs
 
-    lib_dir, bin_dir = make_destination_dirs install_destdir
+    lib_dir, bin_dir = make_destination_dirs
+    man_dir = generate_default_man_dir
 
     install_lib lib_dir
 
@@ -142,14 +170,27 @@ By default, this RubyGems will install gem as:
 
     remove_old_lib_files lib_dir
 
+    # Can be removed one we drop support for bundler 2.2.3 (the last version installing man files to man_dir)
+    remove_old_man_files man_dir if man_dir && File.exist?(man_dir)
+
+    install_default_bundler_gem bin_dir
+
+    if mode = options[:dir_mode]
+      @mkdirs.uniq!
+      File.chmod(mode, @mkdirs)
+    end
+
     say "RubyGems #{Gem::VERSION} installed"
 
+    regenerate_binstubs(bin_dir) if options[:regenerate_binstubs]
+    regenerate_plugins(bin_dir) if options[:regenerate_plugins]
+
     uninstall_old_gemcutter
 
     documentation_success = install_rdoc
 
     say
-    if @verbose then
+    if @verbose
       say "-" * 78
       say
     end
@@ -167,17 +208,17 @@ By default, this RubyGems will install gem as:
     say
 
     say "RubyGems installed the following executables:"
-    say @bin_file_names.map { |name| "\t#{name}\n" }
+    say bin_file_names.map {|name| "\t#{name}\n" }
     say
 
-    unless @bin_file_names.grep(/#{File::SEPARATOR}gem$/) then
+    unless bin_file_names.grep(/#{File::SEPARATOR}gem$/)
       say "If `gem` was installed by a previous RubyGems installation, you may need"
       say "to remove it by hand."
       say
     end
 
     if documentation_success
-      if options[:document].include? 'rdoc' then
+      if options[:document].include? 'rdoc'
         say "Rdoc documentation was installed. You may now invoke:"
         say "  gem server"
         say "and then peruse beautifully formatted documentation for your gems"
@@ -188,9 +229,9 @@ By default, this RubyGems will install gem as:
         say
       end
 
-      if options[:document].include? 'ri' then
+      if options[:document].include? 'ri'
         say "Ruby Interactive (ri) documentation was installed. ri is kind of like man "
-        say "pages for ruby libraries. You may access it like this:"
+        say "pages for Ruby libraries. You may access it like this:"
         say "  ri Classname"
         say "  ri Classname.class_method"
         say "  ri Classname#instance_method"
@@ -203,35 +244,28 @@ By default, this RubyGems will install gem as:
   end
 
   def install_executables(bin_dir)
-    say "Installing gem executable" if @verbose
-
-    @bin_file_names = []
+    prog_mode = options[:prog_mode] || 0755
 
-    Dir.chdir 'bin' do
-      bin_files = Dir['*']
+    executables = { 'gem' => 'bin' }
+    executables.each do |tool, path|
+      say "Installing #{tool} executable" if @verbose
 
-      bin_files.delete 'update_rubygems'
+      Dir.chdir path do
+        bin_file = "gem"
 
-      bin_files.each do |bin_file|
-        bin_file_formatted = if options[:format_executable] then
-                               Gem.default_exec_format % bin_file
-                             else
-                               bin_file
-                             end
-
-        dest_file = File.join bin_dir, bin_file_formatted
+        dest_file = target_bin_path(bin_dir, bin_file)
         bin_tmp_file = File.join Dir.tmpdir, "#{bin_file}.#{$$}"
 
         begin
           bin = File.readlines bin_file
-          bin[0] = "#!#{Gem.ruby}\n"
+          bin[0] = shebang
 
           File.open bin_tmp_file, 'w' do |fp|
             fp.puts bin.join
           end
 
-          install bin_tmp_file, dest_file, :mode => 0755
-          @bin_file_names << dest_file
+          install bin_tmp_file, dest_file, :mode => prog_mode
+          bin_file_names << dest_file
         ensure
           rm bin_tmp_file
         end
@@ -243,16 +277,16 @@ By default, this RubyGems will install gem as:
 
           File.open bin_cmd_file, 'w' do |file|
             file.puts <<-TEXT
-@ECHO OFF
-IF NOT "%~f0" == "~f0" GOTO :WinNT
-@"#{File.basename(Gem.ruby).chomp('"')}" "#{dest_file}" %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
-GOTO :EOF
-:WinNT
-@"#{File.basename(Gem.ruby).chomp('"')}" "%~dpn0" %*
-TEXT
+  @ECHO OFF
+  IF NOT "%~f0" == "~f0" GOTO :WinNT
+  @"#{File.basename(Gem.ruby).chomp('"')}" "#{dest_file}" %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
+  GOTO :EOF
+  :WinNT
+  @"#{File.basename(Gem.ruby).chomp('"')}" "%~dpn0" %*
+  TEXT
           end
 
-          install bin_cmd_file, "#{dest_file}.bat", :mode => 0755
+          install bin_cmd_file, "#{dest_file}.bat", :mode => prog_mode
         ensure
           rm bin_cmd_file
         end
@@ -260,27 +294,26 @@ TEXT
     end
   end
 
-  def install_file file, dest_dir
-    dest_file = File.join dest_dir, file
-    dest_dir = File.dirname dest_file
-    mkdir_p dest_dir unless File.directory? dest_dir
-
-    install file, dest_file, :mode => 0644
+  def shebang
+    if options[:env_shebang]
+      ruby_name = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']
+      @env_path ||= ENV_PATHS.find {|env_path| File.executable? env_path }
+      "#!#{@env_path} #{ruby_name}\n"
+    else
+      "#!#{Gem.ruby}\n"
+    end
   end
 
   def install_lib(lib_dir)
-    say "Installing RubyGems" if @verbose
+    libs = { 'RubyGems' => 'lib' }
+    libs['Bundler'] = 'bundler/lib'
+    libs.each do |tool, path|
+      say "Installing #{tool}" if @verbose
 
-    lib_files = rb_files_in 'lib'
-    pem_files = pem_files_in 'lib'
+      lib_files = files_in path
 
-    Dir.chdir 'lib' do
-      lib_files.each do |lib_file|
-        install_file lib_file, lib_dir
-      end
-
-      pem_files.each do |pem_file|
-        install_file pem_file, lib_dir
+      Dir.chdir path do
+        install_file_list(lib_files, lib_dir)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -298,13 +331,13 @@ TEXT
 
     if File.writable? gem_doc_dir and
        (not File.exist? rubygems_doc_dir or
-        File.writable? rubygems_doc_dir) then
+        File.writable? rubygems_doc_dir)
       say "Removing old RubyGems RDoc and ri" if @verbose
       Dir[File.join(Gem.dir, 'doc', 'rubygems-[0-9]*')].each do |dir|
         rm_rf dir
       end
 
-      require 'rubygems/rdoc'
+      require_relative '../rdoc'
 
       fake_spec = Gem::Specification.new 'rubygems', Gem::VERSION
       def fake_spec.full_gem_path
@@ -318,7 +351,7 @@ TEXT
       rdoc.generate
 
       return true
-    elsif @verbose then
+    elsif @verbose
       say "Skipping RDoc generation, #{gem_doc_dir} not writable"
       say "Set the GEM_HOME environment variable if you want RDoc generated"
     end
@@ -326,24 +359,109 @@ TEXT
     return false
   end
 
-  def make_destination_dirs(install_destdir)
+  def install_default_bundler_gem(bin_dir)
+    specs_dir = File.join(default_dir, "specifications", "default")
+    mkdir_p specs_dir, :mode => 0755
+
+    bundler_spec = Dir.chdir("bundler") { Gem::Specification.load("bundler.gemspec") }
+
+    # Remove bundler-*.gemspec in default specification directory.
+    Dir.entries(specs_dir).
+      select {|gs| gs.start_with?("bundler-") }.
+      each {|gs| File.delete(File.join(specs_dir, gs)) }
+
+    default_spec_path = File.join(specs_dir, "#{bundler_spec.full_name}.gemspec")
+    Gem.write_binary(default_spec_path, bundler_spec.to_ruby)
+
+    bundler_spec = Gem::Specification.load(default_spec_path)
+
+    # The base_dir value for a specification is inferred by walking up from the
+    # folder where the spec was `loaded_from`. In the case of default gems, we
+    # walk up two levels, because they live at `specifications/default/`, whereas
+    # in the case of regular gems we walk up just one level because they live at
+    # `specifications/`. However, in this case, the gem we are installing is
+    # misdetected as a regular gem, when it's a default gem in reality. This is
+    # because when there's a `:destdir`, the `loaded_from` path has changed and
+    # doesn't match `Gem.default_specifications_dir` which is the criteria to
+    # tag a gem as a default gem. So, in that case, write the correct
+    # `@base_dir` directly.
+    bundler_spec.instance_variable_set(:@base_dir, File.dirname(File.dirname(specs_dir)))
+
+    # Remove gemspec that was same version of vendored bundler.
+    normal_gemspec = File.join(default_dir, "specifications", "bundler-#{bundler_spec.version}.gemspec")
+    if File.file? normal_gemspec
+      File.delete normal_gemspec
+    end
+
+    # Remove gem files that were same version of vendored bundler.
+    if File.directory? bundler_spec.gems_dir
+      Dir.entries(bundler_spec.gems_dir).
+        select {|default_gem| File.basename(default_gem) == "bundler-#{bundler_spec.version}" }.
+        each {|default_gem| rm_r File.join(bundler_spec.gems_dir, default_gem) }
+    end
+
+    bundler_bin_dir = bundler_spec.bin_dir
+    mkdir_p bundler_bin_dir, :mode => 0755
+    bundler_spec.executables.each do |e|
+      cp File.join("bundler", bundler_spec.bindir, e), File.join(bundler_bin_dir, e)
+    end
+
+    require_relative '../installer'
+
+    Dir.chdir("bundler") do
+      built_gem = Gem::Package.build(bundler_spec)
+      begin
+        Gem::Installer.at(
+          built_gem,
+          env_shebang: options[:env_shebang],
+          format_executable: options[:format_executable],
+          force: options[:force],
+          install_as_default: true,
+          bin_dir: bin_dir,
+          install_dir: default_dir,
+          wrappers: true
+        ).install
+      ensure
+        FileUtils.rm_f built_gem
+      end
+    end
+
+    bundler_spec.executables.each {|executable| bin_file_names << target_bin_path(bin_dir, executable) }
+
+    say "Bundler #{bundler_spec.version} installed"
+  end
+
+  def make_destination_dirs
     lib_dir, bin_dir = Gem.default_rubygems_dirs
 
     unless lib_dir
-      lib_dir, bin_dir = generate_default_dirs(install_destdir)
+      lib_dir, bin_dir = generate_default_dirs
     end
 
-    mkdir_p lib_dir
-    mkdir_p bin_dir
+    mkdir_p lib_dir, :mode => 0755
+    mkdir_p bin_dir, :mode => 0755
 
     return lib_dir, bin_dir
   end
 
-  def generate_default_dirs(install_destdir)
+  def generate_default_man_dir
+    prefix = options[:prefix]
+
+    if prefix.empty?
+      man_dir = RbConfig::CONFIG['mandir']
+      return unless man_dir
+    else
+      man_dir = File.join prefix, 'man'
+    end
+
+    prepend_destdir_if_present(man_dir)
+  end
+
+  def generate_default_dirs
     prefix = options[:prefix]
     site_or_vendor = options[:site_or_vendor]
 
-    if prefix.empty? then
+    if prefix.empty?
       lib_dir = RbConfig::CONFIG[site_or_vendor]
       bin_dir = RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir']
     else
@@ -354,32 +472,22 @@ TEXT
         # just in case Apple and RubyGems don't get this patched up proper.
         (prefix == RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir'] or
          # this one is important
-         prefix == File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir'], 'ruby')) then
-         lib_dir = RbConfig::CONFIG[site_or_vendor]
-         bin_dir = RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir']
+         prefix == File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir'], 'ruby'))
+        lib_dir = RbConfig::CONFIG[site_or_vendor]
+        bin_dir = RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir']
       else
         lib_dir = File.join prefix, 'lib'
         bin_dir = File.join prefix, 'bin'
       end
     end
 
-    unless install_destdir.empty? then
-      lib_dir = File.join install_destdir, lib_dir.gsub(/^[a-zA-Z]:/, '')
-      bin_dir = File.join install_destdir, bin_dir.gsub(/^[a-zA-Z]:/, '')
-    end
-
-    [lib_dir, bin_dir]
-  end
-
-  def pem_files_in dir
-    Dir.chdir dir do
-      Dir[File.join('**', '*pem')]
-    end
+    [prepend_destdir_if_present(lib_dir), prepend_destdir_if_present(bin_dir)]
   end
 
-  def rb_files_in dir
+  def files_in(dir)
     Dir.chdir dir do
-      Dir[File.join('**', '*rb')]
+      Dir.glob(File.join('**', '*'), File::FNM_DOTMATCH).
+        select{|f| !File.directory?(f) }
     end
   end
 
@@ -397,7 +505,7 @@ TEXT
       old_bin_path = File.join bin_dir, old_bin_file
       next unless File.exist? old_bin_path
 
-      deprecation_message = "`#{old_bin_file}` has been deprecated.  Use `#{new_name}` instead."
+      deprecation_message = "`#{old_bin_file}` has been deprecated. Use `#{new_name}` instead."
 
       File.open old_bin_path, 'w' do |fp|
         fp.write <<-EOF
@@ -410,44 +518,58 @@ abort "#{deprecation_message}"
       next unless Gem.win_platform?
 
       File.open "#{old_bin_path}.bat", 'w' do |fp|
-        fp.puts %{@ECHO.#{deprecation_message}}
+        fp.puts %(@ECHO.#{deprecation_message})
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def remove_old_lib_files lib_dir
-    rubygems_dir = File.join lib_dir, 'rubygems'
-    lib_files = rb_files_in 'lib/rubygems'
+  def remove_old_lib_files(lib_dir)
+    lib_dirs = { File.join(lib_dir, 'rubygems') => 'lib/rubygems' }
+    lib_dirs[File.join(lib_dir, 'bundler')] = 'bundler/lib/bundler'
+    lib_dirs.each do |old_lib_dir, new_lib_dir|
+      lib_files = files_in(new_lib_dir)
+
+      old_lib_files = files_in(old_lib_dir)
 
-    old_lib_files = rb_files_in rubygems_dir
+      to_remove = old_lib_files - lib_files
 
-    to_remove = old_lib_files - lib_files
+      gauntlet_rubygems = File.join(lib_dir, 'gauntlet_rubygems.rb')
+      to_remove << gauntlet_rubygems if File.exist? gauntlet_rubygems
 
-    to_remove.delete_if do |file|
-      file.start_with? 'defaults'
+      to_remove.delete_if do |file|
+        file.start_with? 'defaults'
+      end
+
+      remove_file_list(to_remove, old_lib_dir)
     end
+  end
 
-    Dir.chdir rubygems_dir do
-      to_remove.each do |file|
-        FileUtils.rm_f file
+  def remove_old_man_files(old_man_dir)
+    old_man1_dir = "#{old_man_dir}/man1"
 
-        warn "unable to remove old file #{file} please remove it by hand" if
-          File.exist? file
-      end
+    if File.exist?(old_man1_dir)
+      man1_to_remove = Dir.chdir(old_man1_dir) { Dir["bundle*.1{,.txt,.ronn}"] }
+
+      remove_file_list(man1_to_remove, old_man1_dir)
+    end
+
+    old_man5_dir = "#{old_man_dir}/man5"
+
+    if File.exist?(old_man5_dir)
+      man5_to_remove = Dir.chdir(old_man5_dir) { Dir["gemfile.5{,.txt,.ronn}"] }
+
+      remove_file_list(man5_to_remove, old_man5_dir)
     end
   end
 
   def show_release_notes
-    release_notes = File.join Dir.pwd, 'History.txt'
+    release_notes = File.join Dir.pwd, 'CHANGELOG.md'
 
     release_notes =
-      if File.exist? release_notes then
+      if File.exist? release_notes
         history = File.read release_notes
 
-        history.force_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 if
-          Object.const_defined? :Encoding
-
-        history = history.sub(/^# coding:.*?(?=^=)/m, '')
+        history.force_encoding Encoding::UTF_8
 
         text = history.split(HISTORY_HEADER)
         text.shift # correct an off-by-one generated by split
@@ -459,7 +581,7 @@ abort "#{deprecation_message}"
         history_string = ""
 
         until versions.length == 0 or
-              versions.shift < options[:previous_version] do
+              versions.shift <= options[:previous_version] do
           history_string += version_lines.shift + text.shift
         end
 
@@ -472,7 +594,7 @@ abort "#{deprecation_message}"
   end
 
   def uninstall_old_gemcutter
-    require 'rubygems/uninstaller'
+    require_relative '../uninstaller'
 
     ui = Gem::Uninstaller.new('gemcutter', :all => true, :ignore => true,
                               :version => '< 0.4')
@@ -480,5 +602,90 @@ abort "#{deprecation_message}"
   rescue Gem::InstallError
   end
 
-end
+  def regenerate_binstubs(bindir)
+    require_relative "pristine_command"
+    say "Regenerating binstubs"
+
+    args = %w[--all --only-executables --silent]
+    args << "--bindir=#{bindir}"
+    if options[:env_shebang]
+      args << "--env-shebang"
+    end
+
+    command = Gem::Commands::PristineCommand.new
+    command.invoke(*args)
+  end
+
+  def regenerate_plugins(bindir)
+    require_relative "pristine_command"
+    say "Regenerating plugins"
+
+    args = %w[--all --only-plugins --silent]
+    args << "--bindir=#{bindir}"
+    args << "--install-dir=#{default_dir}"
+
+    command = Gem::Commands::PristineCommand.new
+    command.invoke(*args)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def default_dir
+    prefix = options[:prefix]
+
+    if prefix.empty?
+      dir = Gem.default_dir
+    else
+      dir = prefix
+    end
 
+    prepend_destdir_if_present(dir)
+  end
+
+  def prepend_destdir_if_present(path)
+    destdir = options[:destdir]
+    return path if destdir.empty?
+
+    File.join(options[:destdir], path.gsub(/^[a-zA-Z]:/, ''))
+  end
+
+  def install_file_list(files, dest_dir)
+    files.each do |file|
+      install_file file, dest_dir
+    end
+  end
+
+  def install_file(file, dest_dir)
+    dest_file = File.join dest_dir, file
+    dest_dir = File.dirname dest_file
+    unless File.directory? dest_dir
+      mkdir_p dest_dir, :mode => 0755
+    end
+
+    install file, dest_file, :mode => options[:data_mode] || 0644
+  end
+
+  def remove_file_list(files, dir)
+    Dir.chdir dir do
+      files.each do |file|
+        FileUtils.rm_f file
+
+        warn "unable to remove old file #{file} please remove it by hand" if
+          File.exist? file
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def target_bin_path(bin_dir, bin_file)
+    bin_file_formatted = if options[:format_executable]
+                           Gem.default_exec_format % bin_file
+                         else
+                           bin_file
+                         end
+    File.join bin_dir, bin_file_formatted
+  end
+
+  def bin_file_names
+    @bin_file_names ||= []
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/signin_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/signin_command.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23bb2f937f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/signin_command.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../gemcutter_utilities'
+
+class Gem::Commands::SigninCommand < Gem::Command
+  include Gem::GemcutterUtilities
+
+  def initialize
+    super 'signin', 'Sign in to any gemcutter-compatible host. '\
+          'It defaults to https://rubygems.org'
+
+    add_option('--host HOST', 'Push to another gemcutter-compatible host') do |value, options|
+      options[:host] = value
+    end
+
+    add_otp_option
+  end
+
+  def description # :nodoc:
+    'The signin command executes host sign in for a push server (the default is'\
+    ' https://rubygems.org). The host can be provided with the host flag or can'\
+    ' be inferred from the provided gem. Host resolution matches the resolution'\
+    ' strategy for the push command.'
+  end
+
+  def usage # :nodoc:
+    program_name
+  end
+
+  def execute
+    sign_in options[:host]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/signout_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/signout_command.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9485e0c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/signout_command.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require_relative '../command'
+
+class Gem::Commands::SignoutCommand < Gem::Command
+  def initialize
+    super 'signout', 'Sign out from all the current sessions.'
+  end
+
+  def description # :nodoc:
+    'The `signout` command is used to sign out from all current sessions,'\
+    ' allowing you to sign in using a different set of credentials.'
+  end
+
+  def usage # :nodoc:
+    program_name
+  end
+
+  def execute
+    credentials_path = Gem.configuration.credentials_path
+
+    if !File.exist?(credentials_path)
+      alert_error 'You are not currently signed in.'
+    elsif !File.writable?(credentials_path)
+      alert_error "File '#{Gem.configuration.credentials_path}' is read-only."\
+                  ' Please make sure it is writable.'
+    else
+      Gem.configuration.unset_api_key!
+      say 'You have successfully signed out from all sessions.'
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb
index 9832afd214..9e74f3c47d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/sources_command.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
-require 'rubygems/spec_fetcher'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../remote_fetcher'
+require_relative '../spec_fetcher'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
 
 class Gem::Commands::SourcesCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
 
   def initialize
@@ -35,16 +34,22 @@ class Gem::Commands::SourcesCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:update] = value
     end
 
+    add_option '-f', '--[no-]force', "Do not show any confirmation prompts and behave as if 'yes' was always answered" do |value, options|
+      options[:force] = value
+    end
+
     add_proxy_option
   end
 
-  def add_source source_uri # :nodoc:
+  def add_source(source_uri) # :nodoc:
     check_rubygems_https source_uri
 
     source = Gem::Source.new source_uri
 
+    check_typo_squatting(source)
+
     begin
-      if Gem.sources.include? source_uri then
+      if Gem.sources.include? source
         say "source #{source_uri} already present in the cache"
       else
         source.load_specs :released
@@ -62,18 +67,30 @@ class Gem::Commands::SourcesCommand < Gem::Command
     end
   end
 
-  def check_rubygems_https source_uri # :nodoc:
+  def check_typo_squatting(source)
+    if source.typo_squatting?("rubygems.org")
+      question = <<-QUESTION.chomp
+#{source.uri.to_s} is too similar to https://rubygems.org
+
+Do you want to add this source?
+      QUESTION
+
+      terminate_interaction 1 unless options[:force] || ask_yes_no(question)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def check_rubygems_https(source_uri) # :nodoc:
     uri = URI source_uri
 
     if uri.scheme and uri.scheme.downcase == 'http' and
-       uri.host.downcase == 'rubygems.org' then
+       uri.host.downcase == 'rubygems.org'
       question = <<-QUESTION.chomp
 https://rubygems.org is recommended for security over #{uri}
 
 Do you want to add this insecure source?
       QUESTION
 
-      terminate_interaction 1 unless ask_yes_no question
+      terminate_interaction 1 unless options[:force] || ask_yes_no(question)
     end
   end
 
@@ -81,10 +98,10 @@ Do you want to add this insecure source?
     path = Gem.spec_cache_dir
     FileUtils.rm_rf path
 
-    unless File.exist? path then
+    unless File.exist? path
       say "*** Removed specs cache ***"
     else
-      unless File.writable? path then
+      unless File.writable? path
         say "*** Unable to remove source cache (write protected) ***"
       else
         say "*** Unable to remove source cache ***"
@@ -122,7 +139,7 @@ RubyGems has been configured to serve gems via the following URLs through
 its history:
 
 * http://gems.rubyforge.org (RubyGems 1.3.6 and earlier)
-* http://rubygems.org       (RubyGems 1.3.7 through 1.8.25)
+* https://rubygems.org/       (RubyGems 1.3.7 through 1.8.25)
 * https://rubygems.org      (RubyGems 2.0.1 and newer)
 
 Since all of these sources point to the same set of gems you only need one
@@ -139,8 +156,8 @@ before it is added.
 
 To remove a source use the --remove argument:
 
-    $ gem sources --remove http://rubygems.org
-    http://rubygems.org removed from sources
+    $ gem sources --remove https://rubygems.org/
+    https://rubygems.org/ removed from sources
 
     EOF
   end
@@ -175,8 +192,8 @@ To remove a source use the --remove argument:
     list if list?
   end
 
-  def remove_source source_uri # :nodoc:
-    unless Gem.sources.include? source_uri then
+  def remove_source(source_uri) # :nodoc:
+    unless Gem.sources.include? source_uri
       say "source #{source_uri} not present in cache"
     else
       Gem.sources.delete source_uri
@@ -195,17 +212,15 @@ To remove a source use the --remove argument:
     say "source cache successfully updated"
   end
 
-  def remove_cache_file desc, path # :nodoc:
+  def remove_cache_file(desc, path) # :nodoc:
     FileUtils.rm_rf path
 
-    if not File.exist?(path) then
+    if not File.exist?(path)
       say "*** Removed #{desc} source cache ***"
-    elsif not File.writable?(path) then
+    elsif not File.writable?(path)
       say "*** Unable to remove #{desc} source cache (write protected) ***"
     else
       say "*** Unable to remove #{desc} source cache ***"
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/specification_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/specification_command.rb
index ad8840adc2..473b6e7b19 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/specification_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/specification_command.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/package'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../version_option'
+require_relative '../package'
 
 class Gem::Commands::SpecificationCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ Specific fields in the specification can be extracted in YAML format:
     specs = []
     gem = options[:args].shift
 
-    unless gem then
+    unless gem
       raise Gem::CommandLineError,
             "Please specify a gem name or file on the command line"
     end
@@ -105,30 +104,36 @@ Specific fields in the specification can be extracted in YAML format:
     raise Gem::CommandLineError, "--ruby and FIELD are mutually exclusive" if
       field and options[:format] == :ruby
 
-    if local? then
-      if File.exist? gem then
+    if local?
+      if File.exist? gem
         specs << Gem::Package.new(gem).spec rescue nil
       end
 
-      if specs.empty? then
+      if specs.empty?
         specs.push(*dep.matching_specs)
       end
     end
 
-    if remote? then
+    if remote?
       dep.prerelease = options[:prerelease]
       found, _ = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.spec_for_dependency dep
 
-      specs.push(*found.map { |spec,| spec })
+      specs.push(*found.map {|spec,| spec })
     end
 
-    if specs.empty? then
+    if specs.empty?
       alert_error "No gem matching '#{dep}' found"
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
 
-    unless options[:all] then
-      specs = [specs.max_by { |s| s.version }]
+    platform = get_platform_from_requirements(options)
+
+    if platform
+      specs = specs.select{|s| s.platform.to_s == platform }
+    end
+
+    unless options[:all]
+      specs = [specs.max_by {|s| s.version }]
     end
 
     specs.each do |s|
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/stale_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/stale_command.rb
index 0524ee1e2b..62a97966f1 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/stale_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/stale_command.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
+require_relative '../command'
 
 class Gem::Commands::StaleCommand < Gem::Command
   def initialize
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ longer using.
       end
     end
 
-    gem_to_atime.sort_by { |_, atime| atime }.each do |name, atime|
+    gem_to_atime.sort_by {|_, atime| atime }.each do |name, atime|
       say "#{name} at #{atime.strftime '%c'}"
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/uninstall_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/uninstall_command.rb
index fe97790194..467c8bf7ed 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/uninstall_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/uninstall_command.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/uninstaller'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../version_option'
+require_relative '../uninstaller'
 require 'fileutils'
 
 ##
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ require 'fileutils'
 # See `gem help uninstall`
 
 class Gem::Commands::UninstallCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::VersionOption
 
   def initialize
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::UninstallCommand < Gem::Command
 
     add_option('-a', '--[no-]all',
       'Uninstall all matching versions'
-      ) do |value, options|
+    ) do |value, options|
       options[:all] = value
     end
 
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::UninstallCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:ignore] = value
     end
 
-    add_option('-D', '--[no-]-check-development',
+    add_option('-D', '--[no-]check-development',
                'Check development dependencies while uninstalling',
                '(default: false)') do |value, options|
       options[:check_dev] = value
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::UninstallCommand < Gem::Command
     end
 
     add_option('-n', '--bindir DIR',
-               'Directory to remove binaries from') do |value, options|
+               'Directory to remove executables from') do |value, options|
       options[:bin_dir] = File.expand_path(value)
     end
 
@@ -81,8 +80,8 @@ class Gem::Commands::UninstallCommand < Gem::Command
     add_option('--vendor',
                'Uninstall gem from the vendor directory.',
                'Only for use by gem repackagers.') do |value, options|
-      unless Gem.vendor_dir then
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidOption.new 'your platform is not supported'
+      unless Gem.vendor_dir
+        raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidOption.new 'your platform is not supported'
       end
 
       alert_warning 'Use your OS package manager to uninstall vendor gems'
@@ -114,10 +113,21 @@ that is a dependency of an existing gem.  You can use the
     "#{program_name} GEMNAME [GEMNAME ...]"
   end
 
+  def check_version # :nodoc:
+    if options[:version] != Gem::Requirement.default and
+         get_all_gem_names.size > 1
+      alert_error "Can't use --version with multiple gems. You can specify multiple gems with" \
+                  " version requirements using `gem uninstall 'my_gem:1.0.0' 'my_other_gem:~>2.0.0'`"
+      terminate_interaction 1
+    end
+  end
+
   def execute
-    if options[:all] and not options[:args].empty? then
+    check_version
+
+    if options[:all] and not options[:args].empty?
       uninstall_specific
-    elsif options[:all] then
+    elsif options[:all]
       uninstall_all
     else
       uninstall_specific
@@ -125,41 +135,63 @@ that is a dependency of an existing gem.  You can use the
   end
 
   def uninstall_all
-    specs = Gem::Specification.reject { |spec| spec.default_gem? }
+    specs = Gem::Specification.reject {|spec| spec.default_gem? }
 
     specs.each do |spec|
       options[:version] = spec.version
-
-      begin
-        Gem::Uninstaller.new(spec.name, options).uninstall
-      rescue Gem::InstallError
-      end
+      uninstall_gem spec.name
     end
 
-    alert "Uninstalled all gems in #{options[:install_dir]}"
+    alert "Uninstalled all gems in #{options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir}"
   end
 
   def uninstall_specific
     deplist = Gem::DependencyList.new
+    original_gem_version = {}
+
+    get_all_gem_names_and_versions.each do |name, version|
+      original_gem_version[name] = version || options[:version]
 
-    get_all_gem_names.uniq.each do |name|
-      Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(name).each do |spec|
+      gem_specs = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(name, original_gem_version[name])
+
+      say("Gem '#{name}' is not installed") if gem_specs.empty?
+      gem_specs.each do |spec|
         deplist.add spec
       end
     end
 
     deps = deplist.strongly_connected_components.flatten.reverse
 
-    deps.map(&:name).uniq.each do |gem_name|
-      begin
-        Gem::Uninstaller.new(gem_name, options).uninstall
-      rescue Gem::GemNotInHomeException => e
-        spec = e.spec
-        alert("In order to remove #{spec.name}, please execute:\n" +
-              "\tgem uninstall #{spec.name} --install-dir=#{spec.installation_path}")
+    gems_to_uninstall = {}
+
+    deps.each do |dep|
+      unless gems_to_uninstall[dep.name]
+        gems_to_uninstall[dep.name] = true
+
+        unless original_gem_version[dep.name] == Gem::Requirement.default
+          options[:version] = dep.version
+        end
+
+        uninstall_gem(dep.name)
       end
     end
   end
 
-end
+  def uninstall_gem(gem_name)
+    uninstall(gem_name)
+  rescue Gem::GemNotInHomeException => e
+    spec = e.spec
+    alert("In order to remove #{spec.name}, please execute:\n" +
+          "\tgem uninstall #{spec.name} --install-dir=#{spec.installation_path}")
+  rescue Gem::UninstallError => e
+    spec = e.spec
+    alert_error("Error: unable to successfully uninstall '#{spec.name}' which is " +
+          "located at '#{spec.full_gem_path}'. This is most likely because" +
+          "the current user does not have the appropriate permissions")
+    terminate_interaction 1
+  end
 
+  def uninstall(gem_name)
+    Gem::Uninstaller.new(gem_name, options).uninstall
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/unpack_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/unpack_command.rb
index ffa429de6f..3f1708375f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/unpack_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/unpack_command.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/installer'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../version_option'
+require_relative '../security_option'
+require_relative '../remote_fetcher'
+require_relative '../package'
 
-class Gem::Commands::UnpackCommand < Gem::Command
+# forward-declare
 
+module Gem::Security # :nodoc:
+  class Policy # :nodoc:
+  end
+end
+
+class Gem::Commands::UnpackCommand < Gem::Command
   include Gem::VersionOption
+  include Gem::SecurityOption
 
   def initialize
     require 'fileutils'
@@ -24,6 +32,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::UnpackCommand < Gem::Command
       options[:spec] = true
     end
 
+    add_security_option
     add_version_option
   end
 
@@ -63,33 +72,45 @@ command help for an example.
   # at the same time.)
 
   def execute
+    security_policy = options[:security_policy]
+
     get_all_gem_names.each do |name|
       dependency = Gem::Dependency.new name, options[:version]
       path = get_path dependency
 
-      unless path then
+      unless path
         alert_error "Gem '#{name}' not installed nor fetchable."
         next
       end
 
-      if @options[:spec] then
-        spec, metadata = get_metadata path
+      if @options[:spec]
+        spec, metadata = Gem::Package.raw_spec(path, security_policy)
 
-        if metadata.nil? then
+        if metadata.nil?
           alert_error "--spec is unsupported on '#{name}' (old format gem)"
           next
         end
 
         spec_file = File.basename spec.spec_file
 
-        open spec_file, 'w' do |io|
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p @options[:target] if @options[:target]
+
+        destination = begin
+          if @options[:target]
+            File.join @options[:target], spec_file
+          else
+            spec_file
+          end
+        end
+
+        File.open destination, 'w' do |io|
           io.write metadata
         end
       else
         basename = File.basename path, '.gem'
         target_dir = File.expand_path basename, options[:target]
 
-        package = Gem::Package.new path
+        package = Gem::Package.new path, security_policy
         package.extract_files target_dir
 
         say "Unpacked gem: '#{target_dir}'"
@@ -130,12 +151,12 @@ command help for an example.
   # TODO: It just uses Gem.dir for now.  What's an easy way to get the list of
   # source directories?
 
-  def get_path dependency
+  def get_path(dependency)
     return dependency.name if dependency.name =~ /\.gem$/i
 
     specs = dependency.matching_specs
 
-    selected = specs.max_by { |s| s.version }
+    selected = specs.max_by {|s| s.version }
 
     return Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher.download_to_cache(dependency) unless
       selected
@@ -151,33 +172,4 @@ command help for an example.
 
     path
   end
-
-  ##
-  # Extracts the Gem::Specification and raw metadata from the .gem file at
-  # +path+.
-  #--
-  # TODO move to Gem::Package as #raw_spec or something
-
-  def get_metadata path
-    format = Gem::Package.new path
-    spec = format.spec
-
-    metadata = nil
-
-    open path, Gem.binary_mode do |io|
-      tar = Gem::Package::TarReader.new io
-      tar.each_entry do |entry|
-        case entry.full_name
-        when 'metadata' then
-          metadata = entry.read
-        when 'metadata.gz' then
-          metadata = Gem.gunzip entry.read
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    return spec, metadata
-  end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/update_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/update_command.rb
index f3d70a92a6..bb356fd610 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/update_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/update_command.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/command_manager'
-require 'rubygems/dependency_installer'
-require 'rubygems/install_update_options'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/spec_fetcher'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/install_message' # must come before rdoc for messaging
-require 'rubygems/rdoc'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../command_manager'
+require_relative '../dependency_installer'
+require_relative '../install_update_options'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../spec_fetcher'
+require_relative '../version_option'
+require_relative '../install_message' # must come before rdoc for messaging
+require_relative '../rdoc'
 
 class Gem::Commands::UpdateCommand < Gem::Command
-
   include Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
   include Gem::VersionOption
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class Gem::Commands::UpdateCommand < Gem::Command
 
     add_install_update_options
 
-    OptionParser.accept Gem::Version do |value|
+    Gem::OptionParser.accept Gem::Version do |value|
       Gem::Version.new value
 
       value
@@ -68,41 +67,56 @@ command to remove old versions.
     "#{program_name} GEMNAME [GEMNAME ...]"
   end
 
-  def check_latest_rubygems version # :nodoc:
-    if Gem.rubygems_version == version then
-      say "Latest version currently installed. Aborting."
+  def check_latest_rubygems(version) # :nodoc:
+    if Gem.rubygems_version == version
+      say "Latest version already installed. Done."
       terminate_interaction
     end
+  end
 
-    options[:user_install] = false
+  def check_oldest_rubygems(version) # :nodoc:
+    if oldest_supported_version > version
+      alert_error "rubygems #{version} is not supported on #{RUBY_VERSION}. The oldest version supported by this ruby is #{oldest_supported_version}"
+      terminate_interaction 1
+    end
   end
 
   def check_update_arguments # :nodoc:
-    unless options[:args].empty? then
+    unless options[:args].empty?
       alert_error "Gem names are not allowed with the --system option"
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
   end
 
   def execute
-
-    if options[:system] then
+    if options[:system]
       update_rubygems
       return
     end
 
-    say "Updating installed gems"
+    gems_to_update = which_to_update(
+      highest_installed_gems,
+      options[:args].uniq
+    )
 
-    hig = highest_installed_gems
+    if options[:explain]
+      say "Gems to update:"
 
-    gems_to_update = which_to_update hig, options[:args].uniq
+      gems_to_update.each do |name_tuple|
+        say "  #{name_tuple.full_name}"
+      end
+
+      return
+    end
+
+    say "Updating installed gems"
 
     updated = update_gems gems_to_update
 
-    updated_names = updated.map { |spec| spec.name }
+    updated_names = updated.map {|spec| spec.name }
     not_updated_names = options[:args].uniq - updated_names
 
-    if updated.empty? then
+    if updated.empty?
       say "Nothing to update"
     else
       say "Gems updated: #{updated_names.join(' ')}"
@@ -110,7 +124,7 @@ command to remove old versions.
     end
   end
 
-  def fetch_remote_gems spec # :nodoc:
+  def fetch_remote_gems(spec) # :nodoc:
     dependency = Gem::Dependency.new spec.name, "> #{spec.version}"
     dependency.prerelease = options[:prerelease]
 
@@ -118,7 +132,7 @@ command to remove old versions.
 
     spec_tuples, errors = fetcher.search_for_dependency dependency
 
-    error = errors.find { |e| e.respond_to? :exception }
+    error = errors.find {|e| e.respond_to? :exception }
 
     raise error if error
 
@@ -128,8 +142,11 @@ command to remove old versions.
   def highest_installed_gems # :nodoc:
     hig = {} # highest installed gems
 
+    # Get only gem specifications installed as --user-install
+    Gem::Specification.dirs = Gem.user_dir if options[:user_install]
+
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
-      if hig[spec.name].nil? or hig[spec.name].version < spec.version then
+      if hig[spec.name].nil? or hig[spec.name].version < spec.version
         hig[spec.name] = spec
       end
     end
@@ -137,34 +154,53 @@ command to remove old versions.
     hig
   end
 
-  def highest_remote_version spec # :nodoc:
+  def highest_remote_name_tuple(spec) # :nodoc:
     spec_tuples = fetch_remote_gems spec
 
     matching_gems = spec_tuples.select do |g,_|
       g.name == spec.name and g.match_platform?
     end
 
-    highest_remote_gem = matching_gems.max_by { |g,_| g.version }
+    highest_remote_gem = matching_gems.max
 
     highest_remote_gem ||= [Gem::NameTuple.null]
 
-    highest_remote_gem.first.version
+    highest_remote_gem.first
   end
 
-  def install_rubygems version # :nodoc:
+  def install_rubygems(version) # :nodoc:
     args = update_rubygems_arguments
 
     update_dir = File.join Gem.dir, 'gems', "rubygems-update-#{version}"
 
     Dir.chdir update_dir do
-      say "Installing RubyGems #{version}"
-
-      # Make sure old rubygems isn't loaded
-      old = ENV["RUBYOPT"]
-      ENV.delete("RUBYOPT") if old
-      installed = system Gem.ruby, 'setup.rb', *args
-      say "RubyGems system software updated" if installed
-      ENV["RUBYOPT"] = old if old
+      say "Installing RubyGems #{version}" unless options[:silent]
+
+      installed = preparing_gem_layout_for(version) do
+        system Gem.ruby, '--disable-gems', 'setup.rb', *args
+      end
+
+      say "RubyGems system software updated" if installed unless options[:silent]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def preparing_gem_layout_for(version)
+    if Gem::Version.new(version) >= Gem::Version.new("3.2.a")
+      yield
+    else
+      require "tmpdir"
+      tmpdir = Dir.mktmpdir
+      FileUtils.mv Gem.plugindir, tmpdir
+
+      status = yield
+
+      if status
+        FileUtils.rm_rf tmpdir
+      else
+        FileUtils.mv File.join(tmpdir, "plugins"), Gem.plugindir
+      end
+
+      status
     end
   end
 
@@ -172,7 +208,7 @@ command to remove old versions.
     version = options[:system]
     update_latest = version == true
 
-    if update_latest then
+    if update_latest
       version     = Gem::Version.new     Gem::VERSION
       requirement = Gem::Requirement.new ">= #{Gem::VERSION}"
     else
@@ -185,13 +221,13 @@ command to remove old versions.
     rubygems_update.version = version
 
     hig = {
-      'rubygems-update' => rubygems_update
+      'rubygems-update' => rubygems_update,
     }
 
     gems_to_update = which_to_update hig, options[:args], :system
-    _, up_ver   = gems_to_update.first
+    up_ver = gems_to_update.first.version
 
-    target = if update_latest then
+    target = if update_latest
                up_ver
              else
                version
@@ -200,15 +236,15 @@ command to remove old versions.
     return target, requirement
   end
 
-  def update_gem name, version = Gem::Requirement.default
-    return if @updated.any? { |spec| spec.name == name }
+  def update_gem(name, version = Gem::Requirement.default)
+    return if @updated.any? {|spec| spec.name == name }
 
     update_options = options.dup
     update_options[:prerelease] = version.prerelease?
 
     @installer = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new update_options
 
-    say "Updating #{name}"
+    say "Updating #{name}" unless options[:system] && options[:silent]
     begin
       @installer.install name, Gem::Requirement.new(version)
     rescue Gem::InstallError, Gem::DependencyError => e
@@ -220,9 +256,9 @@ command to remove old versions.
     end
   end
 
-  def update_gems gems_to_update
-    gems_to_update.uniq.sort.each do |(name, version)|
-      update_gem name, version
+  def update_gems(gems_to_update)
+    gems_to_update.uniq.sort.each do |name_tuple|
+      update_gem name_tuple.name, name_tuple.version
     end
 
     @updated
@@ -232,12 +268,19 @@ command to remove old versions.
   # Update RubyGems software to the latest version.
 
   def update_rubygems
+    if Gem.disable_system_update_message
+      alert_error Gem.disable_system_update_message
+      terminate_interaction 1
+    end
+
     check_update_arguments
 
     version, requirement = rubygems_target_version
 
     check_latest_rubygems version
 
+    check_oldest_rubygems version
+
     update_gem 'rubygems-update', version
 
     installed_gems = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name 'rubygems-update', requirement
@@ -248,10 +291,9 @@ command to remove old versions.
 
   def update_rubygems_arguments # :nodoc:
     args = []
+    args << '--silent' if options[:silent]
     args << '--prefix' << Gem.prefix if Gem.prefix
-    # TODO use --document for >= 1.9 , --no-rdoc --no-ri < 1.9
-    args << '--no-rdoc' unless options[:document].include? 'rdoc'
-    args << '--no-ri'   unless options[:document].include? 'ri'
+    args << '--no-document' unless options[:document].include?('rdoc') || options[:document].include?('ri')
     args << '--no-format-executable' if options[:no_format_executable]
     args << '--previous-version' << Gem::VERSION if
       options[:system] == true or
@@ -259,21 +301,47 @@ command to remove old versions.
     args
   end
 
-  def which_to_update highest_installed_gems, gem_names, system = false
+  def which_to_update(highest_installed_gems, gem_names, system = false)
     result = []
 
     highest_installed_gems.each do |l_name, l_spec|
       next if not gem_names.empty? and
-              gem_names.none? { |name| name == l_spec.name }
+              gem_names.none? {|name| name == l_spec.name }
 
-      highest_remote_ver = highest_remote_version l_spec
+      highest_remote_tup = highest_remote_name_tuple l_spec
+      highest_remote_ver = highest_remote_tup.version
+      highest_installed_ver = l_spec.version
 
-      if system or (l_spec.version < highest_remote_ver) then
-        result << [l_spec.name, [l_spec.version, highest_remote_ver].max]
+      if system or (highest_installed_ver < highest_remote_ver)
+        result << Gem::NameTuple.new(l_spec.name, [highest_installed_ver, highest_remote_ver].max, highest_remote_tup.platform)
       end
     end
 
     result
   end
 
+  private
+
+  #
+  # Oldest version we support downgrading to. This is the version that
+  # originally ships with the first patch version of each ruby, because we never
+  # test each ruby against older rubygems, so we can't really guarantee it
+  # works. Version list can be checked here: https://stdgems.org/rubygems
+  #
+  def oldest_supported_version
+    @oldest_supported_version ||=
+      if Gem.ruby_version > Gem::Version.new("3.0.a")
+        Gem::Version.new("3.2.3")
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version > Gem::Version.new("2.7.a")
+        Gem::Version.new("3.1.2")
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version > Gem::Version.new("2.6.a")
+        Gem::Version.new("3.0.1")
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version > Gem::Version.new("2.5.a")
+        Gem::Version.new("2.7.3")
+      elsif Gem.ruby_version > Gem::Version.new("2.4.a")
+        Gem::Version.new("2.6.8")
+      else
+        Gem::Version.new("2.5.2")
+      end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/which_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/which_command.rb
index c028d5d49f..44e87a2b98 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/which_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/which_command.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
+require_relative '../command'
 
 class Gem::Commands::WhichCommand < Gem::Command
   def initialize
@@ -44,21 +44,19 @@ requiring to see why it does not behave as you expect.
 
       spec = Gem::Specification.find_by_path arg
 
-      if spec then
-        if options[:search_gems_first] then
+      if spec
+        if options[:search_gems_first]
           dirs = spec.full_require_paths + $LOAD_PATH
         else
           dirs = $LOAD_PATH + spec.full_require_paths
         end
       end
 
-      # TODO: this is totally redundant and stupid
       paths = find_paths arg, dirs
 
-      if paths.empty? then
-        alert_error "Can't find ruby library file or shared library #{arg}"
-
-        found &&= false
+      if paths.empty?
+        alert_error "Can't find Ruby library file or shared library #{arg}"
+        found = false
       else
         say paths
       end
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ requiring to see why it does not behave as you expect.
     dirs.each do |dir|
       Gem.suffixes.each do |ext|
         full_path = File.join dir, "#{package_name}#{ext}"
-        if File.exist? full_path and not File.directory? full_path then
+        if File.exist? full_path and not File.directory? full_path
           result << full_path
           return result unless options[:show_all]
         end
@@ -86,6 +84,4 @@ requiring to see why it does not behave as you expect.
   def usage # :nodoc:
     "#{program_name} FILE [FILE ...]"
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/yank_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/yank_command.rb
index 0d6575b272..cad78aec5f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/yank_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/yank_command.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/local_remote_options'
-require 'rubygems/version_option'
-require 'rubygems/gemcutter_utilities'
+require_relative '../command'
+require_relative '../local_remote_options'
+require_relative '../version_option'
+require_relative '../gemcutter_utilities'
 
 class Gem::Commands::YankCommand < Gem::Command
   include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
@@ -11,19 +11,11 @@ class Gem::Commands::YankCommand < Gem::Command
 
   def description # :nodoc:
     <<-EOF
-The yank command removes a gem you pushed to a server from the server's
-index.
-
-Note that if you push a gem to rubygems.org the yank command does not
-prevent other people from downloading the gem via the download link.
+The yank command permanently removes a gem you pushed to a server.
 
 Once you have pushed a gem several downloads will happen automatically
-via the webhooks.  If you accidentally pushed passwords or other sensitive
+via the webhooks. If you accidentally pushed passwords or other sensitive
 data you will need to change them immediately and yank your gem.
-
-If you are yanking a gem due to intellectual property reasons contact
-http://help.rubygems.org for permanent removal.  Be sure to mention this
-as the reason for the removal request.
     EOF
   end
 
@@ -32,7 +24,7 @@ as the reason for the removal request.
   end
 
   def usage # :nodoc:
-    "#{program_name} GEM -v VERSION [-p PLATFORM] [--key KEY_NAME] [--host HOST]"
+    "#{program_name} -v VERSION [-p PLATFORM] [--key KEY_NAME] [--host HOST] GEM"
   end
 
   def initialize
@@ -40,9 +32,11 @@ as the reason for the removal request.
 
     add_version_option("remove")
     add_platform_option("remove")
+    add_otp_option
 
     add_option('--host HOST',
-               'Yank from another gemcutter-compatible host') do |value, options|
+               'Yank from another gemcutter-compatible host',
+               '  (e.g. https://rubygems.org)') do |value, options|
       options[:host] = value
     end
 
@@ -53,12 +47,12 @@ as the reason for the removal request.
   def execute
     @host = options[:host]
 
-    sign_in @host
+    sign_in @host, scope: get_yank_scope
 
     version   = get_version_from_requirements(options[:version])
     platform  = get_platform_from_requirements(options)
 
-    if version then
+    if version
       yank_gem(version, platform)
     else
       say "A version argument is required: #{usage}"
@@ -68,14 +62,17 @@ as the reason for the removal request.
 
   def yank_gem(version, platform)
     say "Yanking gem from #{self.host}..."
-    yank_api_request(:delete, version, platform, "api/v1/gems/yank")
+    args = [:delete, version, platform, "api/v1/gems/yank"]
+    response = yank_api_request(*args)
+
+    say response.body
   end
 
   private
 
   def yank_api_request(method, version, platform, api)
     name = get_one_gem_name
-    response = rubygems_api_request(method, api, host) do |request|
+    response = rubygems_api_request(method, api, host, scope: get_yank_scope) do |request|
       request.add_field("Authorization", api_key)
 
       data = {
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ as the reason for the removal request.
 
       request.set_form_data data
     end
-    say response.body
+    response
   end
 
   def get_version_from_requirements(requirements)
@@ -95,9 +92,7 @@ as the reason for the removal request.
     nil
   end
 
-  def get_platform_from_requirements(requirements)
-    Gem.platforms[1].to_s if requirements.key? :added_platform
+  def get_yank_scope
+    :yank_rubygem
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/compatibility.rb b/lib/rubygems/compatibility.rb
index 2056b5b53a..f1d452ea04 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/compatibility.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/compatibility.rb
@@ -9,31 +9,11 @@
 # Ruby 1.9.x has introduced some things that are awkward, and we need to
 # support them, so we define some constants to use later.
 #++
-module Gem
-  # Only MRI 1.9.2 has the custom prelude.
-  GEM_PRELUDE_SUCKAGE = RUBY_VERSION =~ /^1\.9\.2/ and RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
-end
-
-# Gem::QuickLoader exists in the gem prelude code in ruby 1.9.2 itself.
-# We gotta get rid of it if it's there, before we do anything else.
-if Gem::GEM_PRELUDE_SUCKAGE and defined?(Gem::QuickLoader) then
-  Gem::QuickLoader.remove
-
-  $LOADED_FEATURES.delete Gem::QuickLoader.path_to_full_rubygems_library
-
-  if path = $LOADED_FEATURES.find {|n| n.end_with? '/rubygems.rb'} then
-    raise LoadError, "another rubygems is already loaded from #{path}"
-  end
-
-  class << Gem
-    remove_method :try_activate if Gem.respond_to?(:try_activate, true)
-  end
-end
 
+# TODO remove at RubyGems 4
 module Gem
   RubyGemsVersion = VERSION
-
-  # TODO remove at RubyGems 3
+  deprecate_constant(:RubyGemsVersion)
 
   RbConfigPriorities = %w[
     MAJOR
@@ -42,19 +22,19 @@ module Gem
     EXEEXT RUBY_SO_NAME arch bindir datadir libdir ruby_install_name
     ruby_version rubylibprefix sitedir sitelibdir vendordir vendorlibdir
     rubylibdir
-  ]
+  ].freeze
 
   unless defined?(ConfigMap)
     ##
     # Configuration settings from ::RbConfig
-    ConfigMap = Hash.new do |cm, key| # TODO remove at RubyGems 3
+    ConfigMap = Hash.new do |cm, key|
       cm[key] = RbConfig::CONFIG[key.to_s]
     end
+    deprecate_constant(:ConfigMap)
   else
     RbConfigPriorities.each do |key|
       ConfigMap[key.to_sym] = RbConfig::CONFIG[key]
     end
   end
 
-  RubyGemsPackageVersion = VERSION
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb b/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb
index c95d7dd1f1..60c1d50ba9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/config_file.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 require 'rbconfig'
 
 ##
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ require 'rbconfig'
 # +:backtrace+:: See #backtrace
 # +:sources+:: Sets Gem::sources
 # +:verbose+:: See #verbose
+# +:concurrent_downloads+:: See #concurrent_downloads
 #
 # gemrc files may exist in various locations and are read and merged in
 # the following order:
@@ -36,19 +37,21 @@ require 'rbconfig'
 # - per environment (gemrc files listed in the GEMRC environment variable)
 
 class Gem::ConfigFile
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   DEFAULT_BACKTRACE = false
   DEFAULT_BULK_THRESHOLD = 1000
   DEFAULT_VERBOSITY = true
   DEFAULT_UPDATE_SOURCES = true
+  DEFAULT_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS = 8
+  DEFAULT_CERT_EXPIRATION_LENGTH_DAYS = 365
+  DEFAULT_IPV4_FALLBACK_ENABLED = false
 
   ##
   # For Ruby packagers to set configuration defaults.  Set in
   # rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
 
-  OPERATING_SYSTEM_DEFAULTS = {}
+  OPERATING_SYSTEM_DEFAULTS = Gem.operating_system_defaults
 
   ##
   # For Ruby implementers to set configuration defaults.  Set in
@@ -63,26 +66,7 @@ class Gem::ConfigFile
       require "etc"
       Etc.sysconfdir
     rescue LoadError, NoMethodError
-      begin
-        # TODO: remove after we drop 1.8.7 and 1.9.1
-        require 'Win32API'
-
-        CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA = 0x0023
-        path = 0.chr * 260
-        if RUBY_VERSION > '1.9' then
-          SHGetFolderPath = Win32API.new 'shell32', 'SHGetFolderPath', 'PLPLP',
-          'L', :stdcall
-          SHGetFolderPath.call nil, CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA, nil, 1, path
-        else
-          SHGetFolderPath = Win32API.new 'shell32', 'SHGetFolderPath', 'LLLLP',
-          'L'
-          SHGetFolderPath.call 0, CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA, 0, 1, path
-        end
-
-        path.strip
-      rescue LoadError
-        RbConfig::CONFIG["sysconfdir"] || "/etc"
-      end
+      RbConfig::CONFIG["sysconfdir"] || "/etc"
     end
 
   # :startdoc:
@@ -124,6 +108,11 @@ class Gem::ConfigFile
   attr_accessor :verbose
 
   ##
+  # Number of gem downloads that should be performed concurrently.
+
+  attr_accessor :concurrent_downloads
+
+  ##
   # True if we want to update the SourceInfoCache every time, false otherwise
 
   attr_accessor :update_sources
@@ -148,6 +137,17 @@ class Gem::ConfigFile
   attr_accessor :sources
 
   ##
+  # Expiration length to sign a certificate
+
+  attr_accessor :cert_expiration_length_days
+
+  ##
+  # == Experimental ==
+  # Fallback to IPv4 when IPv6 is not reachable or slow (default: false)
+
+  attr_accessor :ipv4_fallback_enabled
+
+  ##
   # Path name of directory or file of openssl client certificate, used for remote https connection with client authentication
 
   attr_reader :ssl_client_cert
@@ -174,53 +174,44 @@ class Gem::ConfigFile
   # TODO: parse options upstream, pass in options directly
 
   def initialize(args)
-    @config_file_name = nil
-    need_config_file_name = false
-
-    arg_list = []
-
-    args.each do |arg|
-      if need_config_file_name then
-        @config_file_name = arg
-        need_config_file_name = false
-      elsif arg =~ /^--config-file=(.*)/ then
-        @config_file_name = $1
-      elsif arg =~ /^--config-file$/ then
-        need_config_file_name = true
-      else
-        arg_list << arg
-      end
-    end
+    set_config_file_name(args)
 
     @backtrace = DEFAULT_BACKTRACE
     @bulk_threshold = DEFAULT_BULK_THRESHOLD
     @verbose = DEFAULT_VERBOSITY
     @update_sources = DEFAULT_UPDATE_SOURCES
+    @concurrent_downloads = DEFAULT_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS
+    @cert_expiration_length_days = DEFAULT_CERT_EXPIRATION_LENGTH_DAYS
+    @ipv4_fallback_enabled = ENV['IPV4_FALLBACK_ENABLED'] == 'true' || DEFAULT_IPV4_FALLBACK_ENABLED
 
     operating_system_config = Marshal.load Marshal.dump(OPERATING_SYSTEM_DEFAULTS)
     platform_config = Marshal.load Marshal.dump(PLATFORM_DEFAULTS)
     system_config = load_file SYSTEM_WIDE_CONFIG_FILE
-    user_config = load_file config_file_name.dup.untaint
-    environment_config = (ENV['GEMRC'] || '').split(/[:;]/).inject({}) do |result, file|
-      result.merge load_file file
-    end
+    user_config = load_file config_file_name.dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
+
+    environment_config = (ENV['GEMRC'] || '')
+      .split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).inject({}) do |result, file|
+        result.merge load_file file
+      end
 
     @hash = operating_system_config.merge platform_config
-    unless arg_list.index '--norc'
+    unless args.index '--norc'
       @hash = @hash.merge system_config
       @hash = @hash.merge user_config
       @hash = @hash.merge environment_config
     end
 
     # HACK these override command-line args, which is bad
-    @backtrace                  = @hash[:backtrace]                  if @hash.key? :backtrace
-    @bulk_threshold             = @hash[:bulk_threshold]             if @hash.key? :bulk_threshold
-    @home                       = @hash[:gemhome]                    if @hash.key? :gemhome
-    @path                       = @hash[:gempath]                    if @hash.key? :gempath
-    @update_sources             = @hash[:update_sources]             if @hash.key? :update_sources
-    @verbose                    = @hash[:verbose]                    if @hash.key? :verbose
-    @disable_default_gem_server = @hash[:disable_default_gem_server] if @hash.key? :disable_default_gem_server
-    @sources                    = @hash[:sources]                    if @hash.key? :sources
+    @backtrace                   = @hash[:backtrace]                   if @hash.key? :backtrace
+    @bulk_threshold              = @hash[:bulk_threshold]              if @hash.key? :bulk_threshold
+    @home                        = @hash[:gemhome]                     if @hash.key? :gemhome
+    @path                        = @hash[:gempath]                     if @hash.key? :gempath
+    @update_sources              = @hash[:update_sources]              if @hash.key? :update_sources
+    @verbose                     = @hash[:verbose]                     if @hash.key? :verbose
+    @disable_default_gem_server  = @hash[:disable_default_gem_server]  if @hash.key? :disable_default_gem_server
+    @sources                     = @hash[:sources]                     if @hash.key? :sources
+    @cert_expiration_length_days = @hash[:cert_expiration_length_days] if @hash.key? :cert_expiration_length_days
+    @ipv4_fallback_enabled       = @hash[:ipv4_fallback_enabled]       if @hash.key? :ipv4_fallback_enabled
 
     @ssl_verify_mode  = @hash[:ssl_verify_mode]  if @hash.key? :ssl_verify_mode
     @ssl_ca_cert      = @hash[:ssl_ca_cert]      if @hash.key? :ssl_ca_cert
@@ -229,7 +220,7 @@ class Gem::ConfigFile
     @api_keys         = nil
     @rubygems_api_key = nil
 
-    handle_arguments arg_list
+    handle_arguments args
   end
 
   ##
@@ -278,19 +269,24 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
   # Location of RubyGems.org credentials
 
   def credentials_path
-    File.join Gem.user_home, '.gem', 'credentials'
+    credentials = File.join Gem.user_home, '.gem', 'credentials'
+    if File.exist? credentials
+      credentials
+    else
+      File.join Gem.data_home, "gem", "credentials"
+    end
   end
 
   def load_api_keys
     check_credentials_permissions
 
-    @api_keys = if File.exist? credentials_path then
+    @api_keys = if File.exist? credentials_path
                   load_file(credentials_path)
                 else
                   @hash
                 end
 
-    if @api_keys.key? :rubygems_api_key then
+    if @api_keys.key? :rubygems_api_key
       @rubygems_api_key    = @api_keys[:rubygems_api_key]
       @api_keys[:rubygems] = @api_keys.delete :rubygems_api_key unless
         @api_keys.key? :rubygems
@@ -309,7 +305,7 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
   ##
   # Sets the RubyGems.org API key to +api_key+
 
-  def rubygems_api_key= api_key
+  def rubygems_api_key=(api_key)
     set_api_key :rubygems_api_key, api_key
 
     @rubygems_api_key = api_key
@@ -318,13 +314,14 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
   ##
   # Set a specific host's API key to +api_key+
 
-  def set_api_key host, api_key
+  def set_api_key(host, api_key)
     check_credentials_permissions
 
     config = load_file(credentials_path).merge(host => api_key)
 
     dirname = File.dirname credentials_path
-    Dir.mkdir(dirname) unless File.exist? dirname
+    require 'fileutils'
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(dirname)
 
     Gem.load_yaml
 
@@ -336,16 +333,25 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
     load_api_keys # reload
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Remove the +~/.gem/credentials+ file to clear all the current sessions.
+
+  def unset_api_key!
+    return false unless File.exist?(credentials_path)
+
+    File.delete(credentials_path)
+  end
+
   def load_file(filename)
     Gem.load_yaml
 
     yaml_errors = [ArgumentError]
     yaml_errors << Psych::SyntaxError if defined?(Psych::SyntaxError)
 
-    return {} unless filename and File.exist? filename
+    return {} unless filename && !filename.empty? && File.exist?(filename)
 
     begin
-      content = YAML.load(File.read(filename))
+      content = Gem::SafeYAML.load(File.read(filename))
       unless content.kind_of? Hash
         warn "Failed to load #{filename} because it doesn't contain valid YAML hash"
         return {}
@@ -419,31 +425,14 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
   # to_yaml only overwrites things you can't override on the command line.
   def to_yaml # :nodoc:
     yaml_hash = {}
-    yaml_hash[:backtrace] = if @hash.key?(:backtrace)
-                              @hash[:backtrace]
-                            else
-                              DEFAULT_BACKTRACE
-                            end
-
-    yaml_hash[:bulk_threshold] = if @hash.key?(:bulk_threshold)
-                                   @hash[:bulk_threshold]
-                                 else
-                                   DEFAULT_BULK_THRESHOLD
-                                 end
-
+    yaml_hash[:backtrace] = @hash.fetch(:backtrace, DEFAULT_BACKTRACE)
+    yaml_hash[:bulk_threshold] = @hash.fetch(:bulk_threshold, DEFAULT_BULK_THRESHOLD)
     yaml_hash[:sources] = Gem.sources.to_a
+    yaml_hash[:update_sources] = @hash.fetch(:update_sources, DEFAULT_UPDATE_SOURCES)
+    yaml_hash[:verbose] = @hash.fetch(:verbose, DEFAULT_VERBOSITY)
 
-    yaml_hash[:update_sources] = if @hash.key?(:update_sources)
-                                   @hash[:update_sources]
-                                 else
-                                   DEFAULT_UPDATE_SOURCES
-                                 end
-
-    yaml_hash[:verbose] = if @hash.key?(:verbose)
-                            @hash[:verbose]
-                          else
-                            DEFAULT_VERBOSITY
-                          end
+    yaml_hash[:concurrent_downloads] =
+      @hash.fetch(:concurrent_downloads, DEFAULT_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS)
 
     yaml_hash[:ssl_verify_mode] =
       @hash[:ssl_verify_mode] if @hash.key? :ssl_verify_mode
@@ -454,7 +443,7 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
     yaml_hash[:ssl_client_cert] =
       @hash[:ssl_client_cert] if @hash.key? :ssl_client_cert
 
-    keys = yaml_hash.keys.map { |key| key.to_s }
+    keys = yaml_hash.keys.map {|key| key.to_s }
     keys << 'debug'
     re = Regexp.union(*keys)
 
@@ -469,7 +458,10 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
 
   # Writes out this config file, replacing its source.
   def write
-    open config_file_name, 'w' do |io|
+    require 'fileutils'
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(config_file_name)
+
+    File.open config_file_name, 'w' do |io|
       io.write to_yaml
     end
   end
@@ -495,4 +487,22 @@ if you believe they were disclosed to a third party.
 
   attr_reader :hash
   protected :hash
+
+  private
+
+  def set_config_file_name(args)
+    @config_file_name = ENV["GEMRC"]
+    need_config_file_name = false
+
+    args.each do |arg|
+      if need_config_file_name
+        @config_file_name = arg
+        need_config_file_name = false
+      elsif arg =~ /^--config-file=(.*)/
+        @config_file_name = $1
+      elsif arg =~ /^--config-file$/
+        need_config_file_name = true
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem.rb b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem.rb
index b0dd69bfcc..e722225739 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_gem.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@
 
 module Kernel
 
-  # REFACTOR: This should be pulled out into some kind of hacks file.
-  remove_method :gem if 'method' == defined? gem # from gem_prelude.rb on 1.9
-
   ##
   # Use Kernel#gem to activate a specific version of +gem_name+.
   #
@@ -64,9 +61,13 @@ module Kernel
 
     spec = dep.to_spec
 
-    Gem::LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX.synchronize {
-      spec.activate
-    } if spec
+    if spec
+      if Gem::LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX.owned?
+        spec.activate
+      else
+        Gem::LOADED_SPECS_MUTEX.synchronize { spec.activate }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   private :gem
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb
index 71a301c323..4b867c55e9 100755..100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb
@@ -11,17 +11,14 @@ module Kernel
 
   RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR = Monitor.new # :nodoc:
 
-  if defined?(gem_original_require) then
-    # Ruby ships with a custom_require, override its require
-    remove_method :require
-  else
-    ##
-    # The Kernel#require from before RubyGems was loaded.
-
+  # Make sure we have a reference to Ruby's original Kernel#require
+  unless defined?(gem_original_require)
     alias gem_original_require require
     private :gem_original_require
   end
 
+  file = Gem::KERNEL_WARN_IGNORES_INTERNAL_ENTRIES ? "<internal:#{__FILE__}>" : __FILE__
+  module_eval <<'RUBY', file, __LINE__ + 1
   ##
   # When RubyGems is required, Kernel#require is replaced with our own which
   # is capable of loading gems on demand.
@@ -36,21 +33,54 @@ module Kernel
   # The normal <tt>require</tt> functionality of returning false if
   # that file has already been loaded is preserved.
 
-  def require path
+  def require(path)
+    if RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.respond_to?(:mon_owned?)
+      monitor_owned = RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.mon_owned?
+    end
     RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.enter
 
     path = path.to_path if path.respond_to? :to_path
 
-    spec = Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec(path)
-    if spec
-      Gem.remove_unresolved_default_spec(spec)
-      Kernel.send(:gem, spec.name)
+    if spec = Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec(path)
+      # Ensure -I beats a default gem
+      resolved_path = begin
+        rp = nil
+        load_path_check_index = Gem.load_path_insert_index - Gem.activated_gem_paths
+        Gem.suffixes.each do |s|
+          $LOAD_PATH[0...load_path_check_index].each do |lp|
+            safe_lp = lp.dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
+            begin
+              if File.symlink? safe_lp # for backward compatibility
+                next
+              end
+            rescue SecurityError
+              RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.exit
+              raise
+            end
+
+            full_path = File.expand_path(File.join(safe_lp, "#{path}#{s}"))
+            if File.file?(full_path)
+              rp = full_path
+              break
+            end
+          end
+          break if rp
+        end
+        rp
+      end
+
+      begin
+        Kernel.send(:gem, spec.name, Gem::Requirement.default_prerelease)
+      rescue Exception
+        RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.exit
+        raise
+      end unless resolved_path
     end
 
     # If there are no unresolved deps, then we can use just try
     # normal require handle loading a gem from the rescue below.
 
-    if Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.empty? then
+    if Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.empty?
       RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.exit
       return gem_original_require(path)
     end
@@ -61,12 +91,10 @@ module Kernel
     #--
     # TODO request access to the C implementation of this to speed up RubyGems
 
-    spec = Gem::Specification.find_active_stub_by_path path
-
-    begin
+    if Gem::Specification.find_active_stub_by_path(path)
       RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.exit
       return gem_original_require(path)
-    end if spec
+    end
 
     # Attempt to find +path+ in any unresolved gems...
 
@@ -82,7 +110,7 @@ module Kernel
     # requested, then find_in_unresolved_tree will find d.rb in d because
     # it's a dependency of c.
     #
-    if found_specs.empty? then
+    if found_specs.empty?
       found_specs = Gem::Specification.find_in_unresolved_tree path
 
       found_specs.each do |found_spec|
@@ -97,16 +125,16 @@ module Kernel
       # versions of the same gem
       names = found_specs.map(&:name).uniq
 
-      if names.size > 1 then
+      if names.size > 1
         RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.exit
         raise Gem::LoadError, "#{path} found in multiple gems: #{names.join ', '}"
       end
 
       # Ok, now find a gem that has no conflicts, starting
       # at the highest version.
-      valid = found_specs.reject { |s| s.has_conflicts? }.first
+      valid = found_specs.find {|s| !s.has_conflicts? }
 
-      unless valid then
+      unless valid
         le = Gem::LoadError.new "unable to find a version of '#{names.first}' to activate"
         le.name = names.first
         RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.exit
@@ -122,8 +150,7 @@ module Kernel
     RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.enter
 
     begin
-      if load_error.message.start_with?("Could not find") or
-          (load_error.message.end_with?(path) and Gem.try_activate(path)) then
+      if load_error.path == path and Gem.try_activate(path)
         require_again = true
       end
     ensure
@@ -133,9 +160,16 @@ module Kernel
     return gem_original_require(path) if require_again
 
     raise load_error
+  ensure
+    if RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.respond_to?(:mon_owned?)
+      if monitor_owned != (ow = RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.mon_owned?)
+        STDERR.puts [$$, Thread.current, $!, $!.backtrace].inspect if $!
+        raise "CRITICAL: RUBYGEMS_ACTIVATION_MONITOR.owned?: before #{monitor_owned} -> after #{ow}"
+      end
+    end
   end
+RUBY
 
   private :require
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_warn.rb b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_warn.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3373cfdd3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_warn.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# `uplevel` keyword argument of Kernel#warn is available since ruby 2.5.
+if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.5" && !Gem::KERNEL_WARN_IGNORES_INTERNAL_ENTRIES
+
+  module Kernel
+    rubygems_path = "#{__dir__}/" # Frames to be skipped start with this path.
+
+    original_warn = instance_method(:warn)
+
+    remove_method :warn
+
+    class << self
+      remove_method :warn
+    end
+
+    module_function define_method(:warn) {|*messages, **kw|
+      unless uplevel = kw[:uplevel]
+        if Gem.java_platform?
+          return original_warn.bind(self).call(*messages)
+        else
+          return original_warn.bind(self).call(*messages, **kw)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Ensure `uplevel` fits a `long`
+      uplevel, = [uplevel].pack("l!").unpack("l!")
+
+      if uplevel >= 0
+        start = 0
+        while uplevel >= 0
+          loc, = caller_locations(start, 1)
+          unless loc
+            # No more backtrace
+            start += uplevel
+            break
+          end
+
+          start += 1
+
+          if path = loc.path
+            unless path.start_with?(rubygems_path) or path.start_with?('<internal:')
+              # Non-rubygems frames
+              uplevel -= 1
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        kw[:uplevel] = start
+      end
+
+      original_warn.bind(self).call(*messages, **kw)
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/core_ext/tcpsocket_init.rb b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/tcpsocket_init.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a79b63bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/core_ext/tcpsocket_init.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require 'socket'
+
+module CoreExtensions
+  module TCPSocketExt
+    def self.prepended(base)
+      base.prepend Initializer
+    end
+
+    module Initializer
+      CONNECTION_TIMEOUT = 5
+      IPV4_DELAY_SECONDS = 0.1
+
+      def initialize(host, serv, *rest)
+        mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+        addrs = []
+        threads = []
+        cond_var = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
+
+        Addrinfo.foreach(host, serv, nil, :STREAM) do |addr|
+          Thread.report_on_exception = false if defined? Thread.report_on_exception = ()
+
+          threads << Thread.new(addr) do
+            # give head start to ipv6 addresses
+            sleep IPV4_DELAY_SECONDS if addr.ipv4?
+
+            # raises Errno::ECONNREFUSED when ip:port is unreachable
+            Socket.tcp(addr.ip_address, serv, connect_timeout: CONNECTION_TIMEOUT).close
+            mutex.synchronize do
+              addrs << addr.ip_address
+              cond_var.signal
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        mutex.synchronize do
+          timeout_time = CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + Time.now.to_f
+          while addrs.empty? && (remaining_time = timeout_time - Time.now.to_f) > 0
+            cond_var.wait(mutex, remaining_time)
+          end
+
+          host = addrs.shift unless addrs.empty?
+        end
+
+        threads.each {|t| t.kill.join if t.alive? }
+
+        super(host, serv, *rest)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+TCPSocket.prepend CoreExtensions::TCPSocketExt
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb b/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb
index 43d57fc808..923b60f31f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 module Gem
-  DEFAULT_HOST = "https://rubygems.org"
+  DEFAULT_HOST = "https://rubygems.org".freeze
 
-  @post_install_hooks   ||= []
-  @done_installing_hooks  ||= []
+  @post_install_hooks ||= []
+  @done_installing_hooks ||= []
   @post_uninstall_hooks ||= []
   @pre_uninstall_hooks  ||= []
   @pre_install_hooks    ||= []
@@ -20,7 +20,13 @@ module Gem
   # specified in the environment
 
   def self.default_spec_cache_dir
-    File.join Gem.user_home, '.gem', 'specs'
+    default_spec_cache_dir = File.join Gem.user_home, '.gem', 'specs'
+
+    unless File.exist?(default_spec_cache_dir)
+      default_spec_cache_dir = File.join Gem.data_home, 'gem', 'specs'
+    end
+
+    default_spec_cache_dir
   end
 
   ##
@@ -28,24 +34,17 @@ module Gem
   # specified in the environment
 
   def self.default_dir
-    path = if defined? RUBY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION then
+    path = if defined? RUBY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION
              [
                File.dirname(RbConfig::CONFIG['sitedir']),
                'Gems',
-               RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version']
-             ]
-           elsif RbConfig::CONFIG['rubylibprefix'] then
-             [
-              RbConfig::CONFIG['rubylibprefix'],
-              'gems',
-              RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version']
+               RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'],
              ]
            else
              [
-               RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir'],
-               ruby_engine,
+               RbConfig::CONFIG['rubylibprefix'],
                'gems',
-               RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version']
+               RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'],
              ]
            end
 
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ module Gem
   # By default, the binary extensions are located side by side with their
   # Ruby counterparts, therefore nil is returned
 
-  def self.default_ext_dir_for base_dir
+  def self.default_ext_dir_for(base_dir)
     nil
   end
 
@@ -71,15 +70,98 @@ module Gem
   end
 
   ##
+  # Path to specification files of default gems.
+
+  def self.default_specifications_dir
+    @default_specifications_dir ||= File.join(Gem.default_dir, "specifications", "default")
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Finds the user's home directory.
+  #--
+  # Some comments from the ruby-talk list regarding finding the home
+  # directory:
+  #
+  #   I have HOME, USERPROFILE and HOMEDRIVE + HOMEPATH. Ruby seems
+  #   to be depending on HOME in those code samples. I propose that
+  #   it should fallback to USERPROFILE and HOMEDRIVE + HOMEPATH (at
+  #   least on Win32).
+  #++
+  #--
+  #
+  #++
+
+  def self.find_home
+    Dir.home.dup
+  rescue
+    if Gem.win_platform?
+      File.expand_path File.join(ENV['HOMEDRIVE'] || ENV['SystemDrive'], '/')
+    else
+      File.expand_path "/"
+    end
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :find_home
+
+  ##
+  # The home directory for the user.
+
+  def self.user_home
+    @user_home ||= find_home.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Path for gems in the user's home directory
 
   def self.user_dir
-    parts = [Gem.user_home, '.gem', ruby_engine]
+    gem_dir = File.join(Gem.user_home, ".gem")
+    gem_dir = File.join(Gem.data_home, "gem") unless File.exist?(gem_dir)
+    parts = [gem_dir, ruby_engine]
     parts << RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'] unless RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'].empty?
     File.join parts
   end
 
   ##
+  # The path to standard location of the user's configuration directory.
+
+  def self.config_home
+    @config_home ||= (ENV["XDG_CONFIG_HOME"] || File.join(Gem.user_home, '.config'))
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Finds the user's config file
+
+  def self.find_config_file
+    gemrc = File.join Gem.user_home, '.gemrc'
+    if File.exist? gemrc
+      gemrc
+    else
+      File.join Gem.config_home, "gem", "gemrc"
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The path to standard location of the user's .gemrc file.
+
+  def self.config_file
+    @config_file ||= find_config_file.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The path to standard location of the user's cache directory.
+
+  def self.cache_home
+    @cache_home ||= (ENV["XDG_CACHE_HOME"] || File.join(Gem.user_home, '.cache'))
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The path to standard location of the user's data directory.
+
+  def self.data_home
+    @data_home ||= (ENV["XDG_DATA_HOME"] || File.join(Gem.user_home, '.local', 'share'))
+  end
+
+  ##
   # How String Gem paths should be split.  Overridable for esoteric platforms.
 
   def self.path_separator
@@ -103,7 +185,7 @@ module Gem
   def self.default_exec_format
     exec_format = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'].sub('ruby', '%s') rescue '%s'
 
-    unless exec_format =~ /%s/ then
+    unless exec_format =~ /%s/
       raise Gem::Exception,
         "[BUG] invalid exec_format #{exec_format.inspect}, no %s"
     end
@@ -115,43 +197,41 @@ module Gem
   # The default directory for binaries
 
   def self.default_bindir
-    if defined? RUBY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION then # mac framework support
-      '/usr/bin'
+    if defined? RUBY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION # mac framework support
+      '/usr/local/bin'
     else # generic install
       RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir']
     end
   end
 
-  ##
-  # A wrapper around RUBY_ENGINE const that may not be defined
-
   def self.ruby_engine
-    if defined? RUBY_ENGINE then
-      RUBY_ENGINE
-    else
-      'ruby'
-    end
+    RUBY_ENGINE
   end
 
   ##
   # The default signing key path
 
   def self.default_key_path
-    File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", "gem-private_key.pem"
+    default_key_path = File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", "gem-private_key.pem"
+
+    unless File.exist?(default_key_path)
+      default_key_path = File.join Gem.data_home, "gem", "gem-private_key.pem"
+    end
+
+    default_key_path
   end
 
   ##
   # The default signing certificate chain path
 
   def self.default_cert_path
-    File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", "gem-public_cert.pem"
-  end
+    default_cert_path = File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", "gem-public_cert.pem"
 
-  ##
-  # Whether to expect full paths in default gems - true for non-MRI
-  # ruby implementations
-  def self.default_gems_use_full_paths?
-    ruby_engine != 'ruby'
+    unless File.exist?(default_cert_path)
+      default_cert_path = File.join Gem.data_home, "gem", "gem-public_cert.pem"
+    end
+
+    default_cert_path
   end
 
   ##
@@ -165,7 +245,7 @@ module Gem
   # Directory where vendor gems are installed.
 
   def self.vendor_dir # :nodoc:
-    if vendor_dir = ENV['GEM_VENDOR'] then
+    if vendor_dir = ENV['GEM_VENDOR']
       return vendor_dir.dup
     end
 
@@ -176,7 +256,26 @@ module Gem
   end
 
   ##
-  # Default options for gem commands.
+  # Default options for gem commands for Ruby packagers.
+  #
+  # The options here should be structured as an array of string "gem"
+  # command names as keys and a string of the default options as values.
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #
+  # def self.operating_system_defaults
+  #   {
+  #       'install' => '--no-rdoc --no-ri --env-shebang',
+  #       'update' => '--no-rdoc --no-ri --env-shebang'
+  #   }
+  # end
+
+  def self.operating_system_defaults
+    {}
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Default options for gem commands for Ruby implementers.
   #
   # The options here should be structured as an array of string "gem"
   # command names as keys and a string of the default options as values.
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb b/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb
index bbdab7ccfa..3721204ab2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/dependency.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
 ##
 # The Dependency class holds a Gem name and a Gem::Requirement.
 
-require "rubygems/requirement"
-
 class Gem::Dependency
-
   ##
   # Valid dependency types.
   #--
@@ -18,7 +15,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   TYPES = [
     :development,
     :runtime,
-  ]
+  ].freeze
 
   ##
   # Dependency name or regular expression.
@@ -35,7 +32,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   # argument can optionally be the dependency type, which defaults to
   # <tt>:runtime</tt>.
 
-  def initialize name, *requirements
+  def initialize(name, *requirements)
     case name
     when String then # ok
     when Regexp then
@@ -75,7 +72,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   end
 
   def inspect # :nodoc:
-    if prerelease? then
+    if prerelease?
       "<%s type=%p name=%p requirements=%p prerelease=ok>" %
         [self.class, self.type, self.name, requirement.to_s]
     else
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
     @requirement.none?
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 1, 'Gem::Dependency.new(', ')' do
       q.pp name
       q.text ','
@@ -139,7 +136,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
 
     if defined?(@version_requirement) && @version_requirement
       version = @version_requirement.instance_variable_get :@version
-      @version_requirement  = nil
+      @version_requirement = nil
       @version_requirements = Gem::Requirement.new version
     end
 
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   end
 
   def to_s # :nodoc:
-    if type != :runtime then
+    if type != :runtime
       "#{name} (#{requirement}, #{type})"
     else
       "#{name} (#{requirement})"
@@ -169,7 +166,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
     @type == :runtime || !@type
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     Gem::Dependency === other &&
       self.name        == other.name &&
       self.type        == other.type &&
@@ -179,7 +176,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   ##
   # Dependencies are ordered by name.
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     self.name <=> other.name
   end
 
@@ -189,7 +186,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   # other has only an equal version requirement that satisfies this
   # dependency.
 
-  def =~ other
+  def =~(other)
     unless Gem::Dependency === other
       return unless other.respond_to?(:name) && other.respond_to?(:version)
       other = Gem::Dependency.new other.name, other.version
@@ -221,7 +218,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   # NOTE:  Unlike #matches_spec? this method does not return true when the
   # version is a prerelease version unless this is a prerelease dependency.
 
-  def match? obj, version=nil, allow_prerelease=false
+  def match?(obj, version=nil, allow_prerelease=false)
     if !version
       name = obj.name
       version = obj.version
@@ -248,7 +245,7 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   # returns true when +spec+ is a prerelease version even if this dependency
   # is not a prerelease dependency.
 
-  def matches_spec? spec
+  def matches_spec?(spec)
     return false unless name === spec.name
     return true  if requirement.none?
 
@@ -258,14 +255,14 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   ##
   # Merges the requirements of +other+ into this dependency
 
-  def merge other
-    unless name == other.name then
+  def merge(other)
+    unless name == other.name
       raise ArgumentError,
             "#{self} and #{other} have different names"
     end
 
     default = Gem::Requirement.default
-    self_req  = self.requirement
+    self_req = self.requirement
     other_req = other.requirement
 
     return self.class.new name, self_req  if other_req == default
@@ -274,16 +271,18 @@ class Gem::Dependency
     self.class.new name, self_req.as_list.concat(other_req.as_list)
   end
 
-  def matching_specs platform_only = false
+  def matching_specs(platform_only = false)
     env_req = Gem.env_requirement(name)
-    matches = Gem::Specification.stubs_for(name).find_all { |spec|
+    matches = Gem::Specification.stubs_for(name).find_all do |spec|
       requirement.satisfied_by?(spec.version) && env_req.satisfied_by?(spec.version)
-    }.map(&:to_spec)
+    end.map(&:to_spec)
+
+    Gem::BundlerVersionFinder.filter!(matches) if filters_bundler?
 
     if platform_only
-      matches.reject! { |spec|
-        spec.nil? || !Gem::Platform.match(spec.platform)
-      }
+      matches.reject! do |spec|
+        spec.nil? || !Gem::Platform.match_spec?(spec)
+      end
     end
 
     matches
@@ -296,12 +295,16 @@ class Gem::Dependency
     @requirement.specific?
   end
 
+  def filters_bundler?
+    name == "bundler".freeze && !specific?
+  end
+
   def to_specs
     matches = matching_specs true
 
     # TODO: check Gem.activated_spec[self.name] in case matches falls outside
 
-    if matches.empty? then
+    if matches.empty?
       specs = Gem::Specification.stubs_for name
 
       if specs.empty?
@@ -319,15 +322,29 @@ class Gem::Dependency
   def to_spec
     matches = self.to_specs.compact
 
-    active = matches.find { |spec| spec.activated? }
+    active = matches.find {|spec| spec.activated? }
     return active if active
 
     return matches.first if prerelease?
 
     # Move prereleases to the end of the list for >= 0 requirements
-    pre, matches = matches.partition { |spec| spec.version.prerelease? }
+    pre, matches = matches.partition {|spec| spec.version.prerelease? }
     matches += pre if requirement == Gem::Requirement.default
 
     matches.first
   end
+
+  def identity
+    if prerelease?
+      if specific?
+        :complete
+      else
+        :abs_latest
+      end
+    elsif latest_version?
+      :latest
+    else
+      :released
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb b/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb
index 28848f7373..913bba32eb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/dependency_installer.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/dependency_list'
-require 'rubygems/package'
-require 'rubygems/installer'
-require 'rubygems/spec_fetcher'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-require 'rubygems/source'
-require 'rubygems/available_set'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'dependency_list'
+require_relative 'package'
+require_relative 'installer'
+require_relative 'spec_fetcher'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
+require_relative 'available_set'
+require_relative 'deprecate'
 
 ##
 # Installs a gem along with all its dependencies from local and remote gems.
 
 class Gem::DependencyInstaller
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
+  extend Gem::Deprecate
 
   DEFAULT_OPTIONS = { # :nodoc:
     :env_shebang         => false,
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
     :wrappers            => true,
     :build_args          => nil,
     :build_docs_in_background => false,
-    :install_as_default  => false
+    :install_as_default => false,
   }.freeze
 
   ##
@@ -41,12 +41,6 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
   attr_reader :errors
 
   ##
-  #--
-  # TODO remove, no longer used
-
-  attr_reader :gems_to_install # :nodoc:
-
-  ##
   # List of gems installed by #install in alphabetic order
 
   attr_reader :installed_gems
@@ -70,7 +64,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
   # :wrappers:: See Gem::Installer::new
   # :build_args:: See Gem::Installer::new
 
-  def initialize options = {}
+  def initialize(options = {})
     @only_install_dir = !!options[:install_dir]
     @install_dir = options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir
     @build_root = options[:build_root]
@@ -92,11 +86,14 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
     @wrappers            = options[:wrappers]
     @build_args          = options[:build_args]
     @build_docs_in_background = options[:build_docs_in_background]
-    @install_as_default  = options[:install_as_default]
+    @install_as_default = options[:install_as_default]
+    @dir_mode = options[:dir_mode]
+    @data_mode = options[:data_mode]
+    @prog_mode = options[:prog_mode]
 
     # Indicates that we should not try to update any deps unless
     # we absolutely must.
-    @minimal_deps        = options[:minimal_deps]
+    @minimal_deps = options[:minimal_deps]
 
     @available      = nil
     @installed_gems = []
@@ -108,75 +105,6 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
   end
 
   ##
-  #--
-  # TODO remove, no longer used
-
-  def add_found_dependencies to_do, dependency_list # :nodoc:
-    seen = {}
-    dependencies = Hash.new { |h, name| h[name] = Gem::Dependency.new name }
-
-    until to_do.empty? do
-      spec = to_do.shift
-
-      # HACK why is spec nil?
-      next if spec.nil? or seen[spec.name]
-      seen[spec.name] = true
-
-      deps = spec.runtime_dependencies
-
-      if @development
-        if @dev_shallow
-          if @toplevel_specs.include? spec.full_name
-            deps |= spec.development_dependencies
-          end
-        else
-          deps |= spec.development_dependencies
-        end
-      end
-
-      deps.each do |dep|
-        dependencies[dep.name] = dependencies[dep.name].merge dep
-
-        if @minimal_deps
-          next if Gem::Specification.any? do |installed_spec|
-                    dep.name == installed_spec.name and
-                      dep.requirement.satisfied_by? installed_spec.version
-                  end
-        end
-
-        results = find_gems_with_sources(dep)
-
-        results.sorted.each do |t|
-          to_do.push t.spec
-        end
-
-        results.remove_installed! dep
-
-        @available << results
-        results.inject_into_list dependency_list
-      end
-    end
-
-    dependency_list.remove_specs_unsatisfied_by dependencies
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates an AvailableSet to install from based on +dep_or_name+ and
-  # +version+
-
-  def available_set_for dep_or_name, version # :nodoc:
-    if String === dep_or_name then
-      find_spec_by_name_and_version dep_or_name, version, @prerelease
-    else
-      dep = dep_or_name.dup
-      dep.prerelease = @prerelease
-      @available = find_gems_with_sources dep
-    end
-
-    @available.pick_best!
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Indicated, based on the requested domain, if local
   # gems should be considered.
 
@@ -198,7 +126,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
   # sources.  Gems are sorted with newer gems preferred over older gems, and
   # local gems preferred over remote gems.
 
-  def find_gems_with_sources dep, best_only=false # :nodoc:
+  def find_gems_with_sources(dep, best_only=false) # :nodoc:
     set = Gem::AvailableSet.new
 
     if consider_local?
@@ -213,9 +141,8 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
 
     if consider_remote?
       begin
-        # TODO this is pulled from #spec_for_dependency to allow
+        # This is pulled from #spec_for_dependency to allow
         # us to filter tuples before fetching specs.
-        #
         tuples, errors = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.search_for_dependency dep
 
         if best_only && !tuples.empty?
@@ -266,92 +193,9 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
 
     set
   end
+  rubygems_deprecate :find_gems_with_sources
 
-  ##
-  # Finds a spec and the source_uri it came from for gem +gem_name+ and
-  # +version+.  Returns an Array of specs and sources required for
-  # installation of the gem.
-
-  def find_spec_by_name_and_version gem_name,
-                                    version = Gem::Requirement.default,
-                                    prerelease = false
-    set = Gem::AvailableSet.new
-
-    if consider_local?
-      if gem_name =~ /\.gem$/ and File.file? gem_name then
-        src = Gem::Source::SpecificFile.new(gem_name)
-        set.add src.spec, src
-      elsif gem_name =~ /\.gem$/ then
-        Dir[gem_name].each do |name|
-          begin
-            src = Gem::Source::SpecificFile.new name
-            set.add src.spec, src
-          rescue Gem::Package::FormatError
-          end
-        end
-      else
-        local = Gem::Source::Local.new
-
-        if s = local.find_gem(gem_name, version)
-          set.add s, local
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    if set.empty?
-      dep = Gem::Dependency.new gem_name, version
-      dep.prerelease = true if prerelease
-
-      set = find_gems_with_sources(dep, true)
-      set.match_platform!
-    end
-
-    if set.empty?
-      raise Gem::SpecificGemNotFoundException.new(gem_name, version, @errors)
-    end
-
-    @available = set
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Gathers all dependencies necessary for the installation from local and
-  # remote sources unless the ignore_dependencies was given.
-  #--
-  # TODO remove at RubyGems 3
-
-  def gather_dependencies # :nodoc:
-    specs = @available.all_specs
-
-    # these gems were listed by the user, always install them
-    keep_names = specs.map { |spec| spec.full_name }
-
-    if @dev_shallow
-      @toplevel_specs = keep_names
-    end
-
-    dependency_list = Gem::DependencyList.new @development
-    dependency_list.add(*specs)
-    to_do = specs.dup
-    add_found_dependencies to_do, dependency_list unless @ignore_dependencies
-
-    # REFACTOR maybe abstract away using Gem::Specification.include? so
-    # that this isn't dependent only on the currently installed gems
-    dependency_list.specs.reject! { |spec|
-      not keep_names.include?(spec.full_name) and
-      Gem::Specification.include?(spec)
-    }
-
-    unless dependency_list.ok? or @ignore_dependencies or @force then
-      reason = dependency_list.why_not_ok?.map { |k,v|
-        "#{k} requires #{v.join(", ")}"
-      }.join("; ")
-      raise Gem::DependencyError, "Unable to resolve dependencies: #{reason}"
-    end
-
-    @gems_to_install = dependency_list.dependency_order.reverse
-  end
-
-  def in_background what # :nodoc:
+  def in_background(what) # :nodoc:
     fork_happened = false
     if @build_docs_in_background and Process.respond_to?(:fork)
       begin
@@ -380,7 +224,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
   # c-1.a, b-1 and a-1.a will be installed.  b-1.a will need to be installed
   # separately.
 
-  def install dep_or_name, version = Gem::Requirement.default
+  def install(dep_or_name, version = Gem::Requirement.default)
     request_set = resolve_dependencies dep_or_name, version
 
     @installed_gems = []
@@ -398,7 +242,10 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
       :user_install        => @user_install,
       :wrappers            => @wrappers,
       :build_root          => @build_root,
-      :install_as_default  => @install_as_default
+      :install_as_default  => @install_as_default,
+      :dir_mode            => @dir_mode,
+      :data_mode           => @data_mode,
+      :prog_mode           => @prog_mode,
     }
     options[:install_dir] = @install_dir if @only_install_dir
 
@@ -421,32 +268,32 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
   end
 
   def install_development_deps # :nodoc:
-    if @development and @dev_shallow then
+    if @development and @dev_shallow
       :shallow
-    elsif @development then
+    elsif @development
       :all
     else
       :none
     end
   end
 
-  def resolve_dependencies dep_or_name, version # :nodoc:
+  def resolve_dependencies(dep_or_name, version) # :nodoc:
     request_set = Gem::RequestSet.new
     request_set.development         = @development
     request_set.development_shallow = @dev_shallow
     request_set.soft_missing = @force
     request_set.prerelease = @prerelease
-    request_set.remote = false unless consider_remote?
 
     installer_set = Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet.new @domain
-    installer_set.ignore_installed = @only_install_dir
+    installer_set.ignore_installed = (@minimal_deps == false) || @only_install_dir
+    installer_set.force = @force
 
     if consider_local?
-      if dep_or_name =~ /\.gem$/ and File.file? dep_or_name then
+      if dep_or_name =~ /\.gem$/ and File.file? dep_or_name
         src = Gem::Source::SpecificFile.new dep_or_name
         installer_set.add_local dep_or_name, src.spec, src
         version = src.spec.version if version == Gem::Requirement.default
-      elsif dep_or_name =~ /\.gem$/ then
+      elsif dep_or_name =~ /\.gem$/
         Dir[dep_or_name].each do |name|
           begin
             src = Gem::Source::SpecificFile.new name
@@ -454,14 +301,15 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
           rescue Gem::Package::FormatError
           end
         end
-      # else This is a dependency. InstallerSet handles this case
+        # else This is a dependency. InstallerSet handles this case
       end
     end
 
     dependency =
-      if spec = installer_set.local?(dep_or_name) then
+      if spec = installer_set.local?(dep_or_name)
+        installer_set.remote = nil if spec.dependencies.none?
         Gem::Dependency.new spec.name, version
-      elsif String === dep_or_name then
+      elsif String === dep_or_name
         Gem::Dependency.new dep_or_name, version
       else
         dep_or_name
@@ -474,8 +322,9 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
     installer_set.add_always_install dependency
 
     request_set.always_install = installer_set.always_install
+    request_set.remote = installer_set.consider_remote?
 
-    if @ignore_dependencies then
+    if @ignore_dependencies
       installer_set.ignore_dependencies = true
       request_set.ignore_dependencies   = true
       request_set.soft_missing          = true
@@ -487,5 +336,4 @@ class Gem::DependencyInstaller
 
     request_set
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb b/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb
index 35fe7c4c1a..10e08fc703 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/dependency_list.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'tsort'
-require 'rubygems/deprecate'
+require_relative 'tsort'
+require_relative 'deprecate'
 
 ##
 # Gem::DependencyList is used for installing and uninstalling gems in the
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   attr_reader :specs
 
   include Enumerable
-  include TSort
+  include Gem::TSort
 
   ##
   # Allows enabling/disabling use of development dependencies
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   # Creates a new DependencyList.  If +development+ is true, development
   # dependencies will be included.
 
-  def initialize development = false
+  def initialize(development = false)
     @specs = []
 
     @development = development
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
     seen = {}
 
     sorted.each do |spec|
-      if index = seen[spec.name] then
-        if result[index].version < spec.version then
+      if index = seen[spec.name]
+        if result[index].version < spec.version
           result[index] = spec
         end
       else
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   end
 
   def find_name(full_name)
-    @specs.find { |spec| spec.full_name == full_name }
+    @specs.find {|spec| spec.full_name == full_name }
   end
 
   def inspect # :nodoc:
-    "#<%s:0x%x %p>" % [self.class, object_id, map { |s| s.full_name }]
+    "%s %p>" % [super[0..-2], map {|s| s.full_name }]
   end
 
   ##
@@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
     why_not_ok?(:quick).empty?
   end
 
-  def why_not_ok? quick = false
-    unsatisfied = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+  def why_not_ok?(quick = false)
+    unsatisfied = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = [] }
     each do |spec|
       spec.runtime_dependencies.each do |dep|
-        inst = Gem::Specification.any? { |installed_spec|
+        inst = Gem::Specification.any? do |installed_spec|
           dep.name == installed_spec.name and
             dep.requirement.satisfied_by? installed_spec.version
-        }
+        end
 
-        unless inst or @specs.find { |s| s.satisfies_requirement? dep } then
+        unless inst or @specs.find {|s| s.satisfies_requirement? dep }
           unsatisfied[spec.name] << dep
           return unsatisfied if quick
         end
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   end
 
   ##
-  # Is is ok to remove a gemspec from the dependency list?
+  # It is ok to remove a gemspec from the dependency list?
   #
   # If removing the gemspec creates breaks a currently ok dependency, then it
   # is NOT ok to remove the gemspec.
@@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
     # If the state is inconsistent, at least don't crash
     return true unless gem_to_remove
 
-    siblings = @specs.find_all { |s|
+    siblings = @specs.find_all do |s|
       s.name == gem_to_remove.name &&
         s.full_name != gem_to_remove.full_name
-    }
+    end
 
     deps = []
 
@@ -160,11 +160,11 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
       end
     end
 
-    deps.all? { |dep|
-      siblings.any? { |s|
+    deps.all? do |dep|
+      siblings.any? do |s|
         s.satisfies_requirement? dep
-      }
-    }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -172,18 +172,18 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   # satisfy items in +dependencies+ (a hash of gem names to arrays of
   # dependencies).
 
-  def remove_specs_unsatisfied_by dependencies
-    specs.reject! { |spec|
+  def remove_specs_unsatisfied_by(dependencies)
+    specs.reject! do |spec|
       dep = dependencies[spec.name]
       dep and not dep.requirement.satisfied_by? spec.version
-    }
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Removes the gemspec matching +full_name+ from the dependency list
 
   def remove_by_name(full_name)
-    @specs.delete_if { |spec| spec.full_name == full_name }
+    @specs.delete_if {|spec| spec.full_name == full_name }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   # gemspecs that have a dependency satisfied by the named gemspec.
 
   def spec_predecessors
-    result = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+    result = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = [] }
 
     specs = @specs.sort.reverse
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
         next if spec == other
 
         other.dependencies.each do |dep|
-          if spec.satisfies_requirement? dep then
+          if spec.satisfies_requirement? dep
             result[spec] << other
           end
         end
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
 
     dependencies.each do |dep|
       specs.each do |spec|
-        if spec.satisfies_requirement? dep then
+        if spec.satisfies_requirement? dep
           yield spec
           break
         end
@@ -237,8 +237,6 @@ class Gem::DependencyList
   # +ignored+.
 
   def active_count(specs, ignored)
-    specs.count { |spec| ignored[spec.full_name].nil? }
+    specs.count {|spec| ignored[spec.full_name].nil? }
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb b/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb
index 375194c1e8..8c822cda95 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/deprecate.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module Gem::Deprecate
     @skip ||= false
   end
 
-  def self.skip= v # :nodoc:
+  def self.skip=(v) # :nodoc:
     @skip = v
   end
 
@@ -41,31 +41,77 @@ module Gem::Deprecate
     Gem::Deprecate.skip = original
   end
 
+  def self.next_rubygems_major_version # :nodoc:
+    Gem::Version.new(Gem.rubygems_version.segments.first).bump
+  end
+
   ##
   # Simple deprecation method that deprecates +name+ by wrapping it up
   # in a dummy method. It warns on each call to the dummy method
   # telling the user of +repl+ (unless +repl+ is :none) and the
   # year/month that it is planned to go away.
 
-  def deprecate name, repl, year, month
-    class_eval {
+  def deprecate(name, repl, year, month)
+    class_eval do
       old = "_deprecated_#{name}"
       alias_method old, name
       define_method name do |*args, &block|
         klass = self.kind_of? Module
         target = klass ? "#{self}." : "#{self.class}#"
         msg = [ "NOTE: #{target}#{name} is deprecated",
-          repl == :none ? " with no replacement" : "; use #{repl} instead",
-          ". It will be removed on or after %4d-%02d-01." % [year, month],
-          "\n#{target}#{name} called from #{Gem.location_of_caller.join(":")}",
+                repl == :none ? " with no replacement" : "; use #{repl} instead",
+                ". It will be removed on or after %4d-%02d." % [year, month],
+                "\n#{target}#{name} called from #{Gem.location_of_caller.join(":")}",
         ]
         warn "#{msg.join}." unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
         send old, *args, &block
       end
-    }
+      ruby2_keywords name if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+    end
   end
 
-  module_function :deprecate, :skip_during
+  ##
+  # Simple deprecation method that deprecates +name+ by wrapping it up
+  # in a dummy method. It warns on each call to the dummy method
+  # telling the user of +repl+ (unless +repl+ is :none) and the
+  # Rubygems version that it is planned to go away.
 
-end
+  def rubygems_deprecate(name, replacement=:none)
+    class_eval do
+      old = "_deprecated_#{name}"
+      alias_method old, name
+      define_method name do |*args, &block|
+        klass = self.kind_of? Module
+        target = klass ? "#{self}." : "#{self.class}#"
+        msg = [ "NOTE: #{target}#{name} is deprecated",
+                replacement == :none ? " with no replacement" : "; use #{replacement} instead",
+                ". It will be removed in Rubygems #{Gem::Deprecate.next_rubygems_major_version}",
+                "\n#{target}#{name} called from #{Gem.location_of_caller.join(":")}",
+        ]
+        warn "#{msg.join}." unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
+        send old, *args, &block
+      end
+      ruby2_keywords name if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+    end
+  end
 
+  # Deprecation method to deprecate Rubygems commands
+  def rubygems_deprecate_command
+    class_eval do
+      define_method "deprecated?" do
+        true
+      end
+
+      define_method "deprecation_warning" do
+        msg = [ "#{self.command} command is deprecated",
+                ". It will be removed in Rubygems #{Gem::Deprecate.next_rubygems_major_version}.\n",
+        ]
+
+        alert_warning "#{msg.join}" unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module_function :rubygems_deprecate, :rubygems_deprecate_command, :skip_during
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb b/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb
index ec4a16c3f8..41bcda9804 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/doctor.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # Cleans up after a partially-failed uninstall or for an invalid
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
 # removing the bogus specification.
 
 class Gem::Doctor
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   ##
@@ -26,11 +25,12 @@ class Gem::Doctor
     ['doc',            ''],
     ['extensions',     ''],
     ['gems',           ''],
-  ]
+    ['plugins',        ''],
+  ].freeze
 
   missing =
     Gem::REPOSITORY_SUBDIRECTORIES.sort -
-      REPOSITORY_EXTENSION_MAP.map { |(k,_)| k }.sort
+      REPOSITORY_EXTENSION_MAP.map {|(k,_)| k }.sort
 
   raise "Update REPOSITORY_EXTENSION_MAP, missing: #{missing.join ', '}" unless
     missing.empty?
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Gem::Doctor
   #
   # If +dry_run+ is true no files or directories will be removed.
 
-  def initialize gem_repository, dry_run = false
+  def initialize(gem_repository, dry_run = false)
     @gem_repository = gem_repository
     @dry_run        = dry_run
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class Gem::Doctor
   # Specs installed in this gem repository
 
   def installed_specs # :nodoc:
-    @installed_specs ||= Gem::Specification.map { |s| s.full_name }
+    @installed_specs ||= Gem::Specification.map {|s| s.full_name }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Gem::Doctor
 
     Gem.use_paths @gem_repository.to_s
 
-    unless gem_repository? then
+    unless gem_repository?
       say 'This directory does not appear to be a RubyGems repository, ' +
           'skipping'
       say
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class Gem::Doctor
   ##
   # Removes files in +sub_directory+ with +extension+
 
-  def doctor_child sub_directory, extension # :nodoc:
+  def doctor_child(sub_directory, extension) # :nodoc:
     directory = File.join(@gem_repository, sub_directory)
 
     Dir.entries(directory).sort.each do |ent|
@@ -112,10 +112,11 @@ class Gem::Doctor
       next if installed_specs.include? basename
       next if /^rubygems-\d/ =~ basename
       next if 'specifications' == sub_directory and 'default' == basename
+      next if 'plugins' == sub_directory and Gem.plugin_suffix_regexp =~ basename
 
       type = File.directory?(child) ? 'directory' : 'file'
 
-      action = if @dry_run then
+      action = if @dry_run
                  'Extra'
                else
                  FileUtils.rm_r(child)
@@ -127,6 +128,4 @@ class Gem::Doctor
   rescue Errno::ENOENT
     # ignore
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/errors.rb b/lib/rubygems/errors.rb
index 5cd5b14c58..86f0d1da14 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/errors.rb
@@ -25,14 +25,15 @@ module Gem
   # system.  Instead of rescuing from this class, make sure to rescue from the
   # superclass Gem::LoadError to catch all types of load errors.
   class MissingSpecError < Gem::LoadError
-    def initialize name, requirement
+    def initialize(name, requirement, extra_message=nil)
       @name        = name
       @requirement = requirement
+      @extra_message = extra_message
     end
 
     def message # :nodoc:
       build_message +
-        "Checked in 'GEM_PATH=#{Gem.path.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)}', execute `gem env` for more information"
+        "Checked in 'GEM_PATH=#{Gem.path.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)}' #{@extra_message}, execute `gem env` for more information"
     end
 
     private
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ module Gem
   class MissingSpecVersionError < MissingSpecError
     attr_reader :specs
 
-    def initialize name, requirement, specs
+    def initialize(name, requirement, specs)
       super(name, requirement)
       @specs = specs
     end
@@ -58,6 +59,9 @@ module Gem
     private
 
     def build_message
+      if name == "bundler" && message = Gem::BundlerVersionFinder.missing_version_message
+        return message
+      end
       names = specs.map(&:full_name)
       "Could not find '#{name}' (#{requirement}) - did find: [#{names.join ','}]\n"
     end
@@ -66,7 +70,6 @@ module Gem
   # Raised when there are conflicting gem specs loaded
 
   class ConflictError < LoadError
-
     ##
     # A Hash mapping conflicting specifications to the dependencies that
     # caused the conflict
@@ -78,14 +81,14 @@ module Gem
 
     attr_reader :target
 
-    def initialize target, conflicts
+    def initialize(target, conflicts)
       @target    = target
       @conflicts = conflicts
       @name      = target.name
 
-      reason = conflicts.map { |act, dependencies|
+      reason = conflicts.map do |act, dependencies|
         "#{act.full_name} conflicts with #{dependencies.join(", ")}"
-      }.join ", "
+      end.join ", "
 
       # TODO: improve message by saying who activated `con`
 
@@ -102,7 +105,6 @@ module Gem
   # in figuring out why a gem couldn't be installed.
   #
   class PlatformMismatch < ErrorReason
-
     ##
     # the name of the gem
     attr_reader :name
@@ -147,7 +149,6 @@ module Gem
   # data from a source
 
   class SourceFetchProblem < ErrorReason
-
     ##
     # Creates a new SourceFetchProblem for the given +source+ and +error+.
 
@@ -170,8 +171,7 @@ module Gem
     # An English description of the error.
 
     def wordy
-      @source.uri.password = 'REDACTED' unless @source.uri.password.nil?
-      "Unable to download data from #{@source.uri} - #{@error.message}"
+      "Unable to download data from #{Gem::Uri.new(@source.uri).redacted} - #{@error.message}"
     end
 
     ##
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
index 9089eae4d5..5f20dfaed0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-# TODO: the documentation in here is terrible.
-#
-# Each exception needs a brief description and the scenarios where it is
-# likely to be raised
+
+require_relative 'deprecate'
 
 ##
 # Base exception class for RubyGems.  All exception raised by RubyGems are a
 # subclass of this one.
-class Gem::Exception < RuntimeError
-
-  ##
-  #--
-  # TODO: remove in RubyGems 3, nobody sets this
-
-  attr_accessor :source_exception # :nodoc:
-
-end
+class Gem::Exception < RuntimeError; end
 
 class Gem::CommandLineError < Gem::Exception; end
 
@@ -29,10 +19,9 @@ class Gem::DependencyRemovalException < Gem::Exception; end
 # and #conflicting_dependencies
 
 class Gem::DependencyResolutionError < Gem::DependencyError
-
   attr_reader :conflict
 
-  def initialize conflict
+  def initialize(conflict)
     @conflict = conflict
     a, b = conflicting_dependencies
 
@@ -42,7 +31,6 @@ class Gem::DependencyResolutionError < Gem::DependencyError
   def conflicting_dependencies
     @conflict.conflicting_dependencies
   end
-
 end
 
 ##
@@ -52,6 +40,13 @@ class Gem::GemNotInHomeException < Gem::Exception
   attr_accessor :spec
 end
 
+###
+# Raised when removing a gem with the uninstall command fails
+
+class Gem::UninstallError < Gem::Exception
+  attr_accessor :spec
+end
+
 class Gem::DocumentError < Gem::Exception; end
 
 ##
@@ -63,15 +58,13 @@ class Gem::EndOfYAMLException < Gem::Exception; end
 # operating on the given directory.
 
 class Gem::FilePermissionError < Gem::Exception
-
   attr_reader :directory
 
-  def initialize directory
+  def initialize(directory)
     @directory = directory
 
     super "You don't have write permissions for the #{directory} directory."
   end
-
 end
 
 ##
@@ -86,7 +79,6 @@ class Gem::GemNotFoundException < Gem::Exception; end
 # Raised by the DependencyInstaller when a specific gem cannot be found
 
 class Gem::SpecificGemNotFoundException < Gem::GemNotFoundException
-
   ##
   # Creates a new SpecificGemNotFoundException for a gem with the given +name+
   # and +version+.  Any +errors+ encountered when attempting to find the gem
@@ -114,7 +106,6 @@ class Gem::SpecificGemNotFoundException < Gem::GemNotFoundException
   # Errors encountered attempting to find the gem.
 
   attr_reader :errors
-
 end
 
 ##
@@ -122,11 +113,10 @@ end
 # inability to find a valid possible spec for a request.
 
 class Gem::ImpossibleDependenciesError < Gem::Exception
-
   attr_reader :conflicts
   attr_reader :request
 
-  def initialize request, conflicts
+  def initialize(request, conflicts)
     @request   = request
     @conflicts = conflicts
 
@@ -150,10 +140,15 @@ class Gem::ImpossibleDependenciesError < Gem::Exception
   def dependency
     @request.dependency
   end
-
 end
 
 class Gem::InstallError < Gem::Exception; end
+class Gem::RuntimeRequirementNotMetError < Gem::InstallError
+  attr_accessor :suggestion
+  def message
+    [suggestion, super].compact.join("\n\t")
+  end
+end
 
 ##
 # Potentially raised when a specification is validated.
@@ -194,7 +189,6 @@ class Gem::VerificationError < Gem::Exception; end
 # exit_code
 
 class Gem::SystemExitException < SystemExit
-
   ##
   # The exit code for the process
 
@@ -208,7 +202,6 @@ class Gem::SystemExitException < SystemExit
 
     super "Exiting RubyGems with exit_code #{exit_code}"
   end
-
 end
 
 ##
@@ -216,7 +209,6 @@ end
 # there is no spec.
 
 class Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError < Gem::DependencyError
-
   ##
   # The unsatisfiable dependency.  This is a
   # Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest, not a Gem::Dependency
@@ -232,9 +224,9 @@ class Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError < Gem::DependencyError
   # Creates a new UnsatisfiableDependencyError for the unsatisfiable
   # Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest +dep+
 
-  def initialize dep, platform_mismatch=nil
+  def initialize(dep, platform_mismatch=nil)
     if platform_mismatch and !platform_mismatch.empty?
-      plats = platform_mismatch.map { |x| x.platform.to_s }.sort.uniq
+      plats = platform_mismatch.map {|x| x.platform.to_s }.sort.uniq
       super "Unable to resolve dependency: No match for '#{dep}' on this platform. Found: #{plats.join(', ')}"
     else
       if dep.explicit?
@@ -261,10 +253,10 @@ class Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError < Gem::DependencyError
   def version
     @dependency.requirement
   end
-
 end
 
 ##
 # Backwards compatible typo'd exception class for early RubyGems 2.0.x
 
 Gem::UnsatisfiableDepedencyError = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError # :nodoc:
+Gem.deprecate_constant :UnsatisfiableDepedencyError
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext.rb
index 18d2bc233a..bdd5bd9d82 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@
 
 module Gem::Ext; end
 
-require 'rubygems/ext/build_error'
-require 'rubygems/ext/builder'
-require 'rubygems/ext/configure_builder'
-require 'rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder'
-require 'rubygems/ext/rake_builder'
-require 'rubygems/ext/cmake_builder'
-
+require_relative 'ext/build_error'
+require_relative 'ext/builder'
+require_relative 'ext/configure_builder'
+require_relative 'ext/ext_conf_builder'
+require_relative 'ext/rake_builder'
+require_relative 'ext/cmake_builder'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/build_error.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/build_error.rb
index 0b3c17a9a0..8ef57ed91a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/build_error.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/build_error.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 ##
 # Raised when there is an error while building extensions.
 
+require_relative '../exceptions'
+
 class Gem::Ext::BuildError < Gem::InstallError
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb
index 699903ab0e..c1a1bc9c00 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/builder.rb
@@ -5,21 +5,11 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-require 'thread'
+require_relative '../user_interaction'
 
 class Gem::Ext::Builder
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
-  ##
-  # The builder shells-out to run various commands after changing the
-  # directory.  This means multiple installations cannot be allowed to build
-  # extensions in parallel as they may change each other's directories leading
-  # to broken extensions or failed installations.
-
-  CHDIR_MUTEX = Mutex.new # :nodoc:
-
   attr_accessor :build_args # :nodoc:
 
   def self.class_name
@@ -27,66 +17,77 @@ class Gem::Ext::Builder
     $1.downcase
   end
 
-  def self.make(dest_path, results)
-    unless File.exist? 'Makefile' then
+  def self.make(dest_path, results, make_dir = Dir.pwd)
+    unless File.exist? File.join(make_dir, 'Makefile')
       raise Gem::InstallError, 'Makefile not found'
     end
 
     # try to find make program from Ruby configure arguments first
     RbConfig::CONFIG['configure_args'] =~ /with-make-prog\=(\w+)/
-    make_program = ENV['MAKE'] || ENV['make'] || $1
-    unless make_program then
-      make_program = (/mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM) ? 'nmake' : 'make'
+    make_program_name = ENV['MAKE'] || ENV['make'] || $1
+    unless make_program_name
+      make_program_name = (/mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM) ? 'nmake' : 'make'
     end
+    make_program = Shellwords.split(make_program_name)
 
-    destdir = '"DESTDIR=%s"' % ENV['DESTDIR'] if RUBY_VERSION > '2.0'
+    # The installation of the bundled gems is failed when DESTDIR is empty in mswin platform.
+    destdir = (/\bnmake/i !~ make_program_name || ENV['DESTDIR'] && ENV['DESTDIR'] != "") ? 'DESTDIR=%s' % ENV['DESTDIR'] : ''
 
     ['clean', '', 'install'].each do |target|
       # Pass DESTDIR via command line to override what's in MAKEFLAGS
       cmd = [
-        make_program,
+        *make_program,
         destdir,
-        target
-      ].join(' ').rstrip
+        target,
+      ].reject(&:empty?)
       begin
-        run(cmd, results, "make #{target}".rstrip)
+        run(cmd, results, "make #{target}".rstrip, make_dir)
       rescue Gem::InstallError
         raise unless target == 'clean' # ignore clean failure
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def self.redirector
-    '2>&1'
-  end
-
-  def self.run(command, results, command_name = nil)
+  def self.run(command, results, command_name = nil, dir = Dir.pwd)
     verbose = Gem.configuration.really_verbose
 
     begin
-      # TODO use Process.spawn when ruby 1.8 support is dropped.
       rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], nil
       if verbose
-        puts("current directory: #{Dir.pwd}")
-        puts(command)
-        system(command)
+        puts("current directory: #{dir}")
+        p(command)
+      end
+      results << "current directory: #{dir}"
+      require "shellwords"
+      results << command.shelljoin
+
+      require "open3"
+      # Set $SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH for the subprocess.
+      env = {'SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH' => Gem.source_date_epoch_string}
+      output, status = Open3.capture2e(env, *command, :chdir => dir)
+      if verbose
+        puts output
       else
-        results << "current directory: #{Dir.pwd}"
-        results << command
-        results << `#{command} #{redirector}`
+        results << output
       end
+    rescue => error
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{command_name || class_name} failed#{error.message}"
     ensure
       ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
     end
 
-    unless $?.success? then
+    unless status.success?
       results << "Building has failed. See above output for more information on the failure." if verbose
+    end
+
+    yield(status, results) if block_given?
 
+    unless status.success?
       exit_reason =
-        if $?.exited? then
-          ", exit code #{$?.exitstatus}"
-        elsif $?.signaled? then
-          ", uncaught signal #{$?.termsig}"
+        if status.exited?
+          ", exit code #{status.exitstatus}"
+        elsif status.signaled?
+          ", uncaught signal #{status.termsig}"
         end
 
       raise Gem::InstallError, "#{command_name || class_name} failed#{exit_reason}"
@@ -98,18 +99,18 @@ class Gem::Ext::Builder
   # have build arguments, saved, set +build_args+ which is an ARGV-style
   # array.
 
-  def initialize spec, build_args = spec.build_args
+  def initialize(spec, build_args = spec.build_args)
     @spec       = spec
     @build_args = build_args
     @gem_dir    = spec.full_gem_path
 
-    @ran_rake   = nil
+    @ran_rake = false
   end
 
   ##
   # Chooses the extension builder class for +extension+
 
-  def builder_for extension # :nodoc:
+  def builder_for(extension) # :nodoc:
     case extension
     when /extconf/ then
       Gem::Ext::ExtConfBuilder
@@ -121,17 +122,14 @@ class Gem::Ext::Builder
     when /CMakeLists.txt/ then
       Gem::Ext::CmakeBuilder
     else
-      extension_dir = File.join @gem_dir, File.dirname(extension)
-
-      message = "No builder for extension '#{extension}'"
-      build_error extension_dir, message
+      build_error("No builder for extension '#{extension}'")
     end
   end
 
   ##
-  # Logs the build +output+ in +build_dir+, then raises Gem::Ext::BuildError.
+  # Logs the build +output+, then raises Gem::Ext::BuildError.
 
-  def build_error build_dir, output, backtrace = nil # :nodoc:
+  def build_error(output, backtrace = nil) # :nodoc:
     gem_make_out = write_gem_make_out output
 
     message = <<-EOF
@@ -146,32 +144,27 @@ EOF
     raise Gem::Ext::BuildError, message, backtrace
   end
 
-  def build_extension extension, dest_path # :nodoc:
+  def build_extension(extension, dest_path) # :nodoc:
     results = []
 
-    extension ||= '' # I wish I knew why this line existed
+    builder = builder_for(extension)
+
     extension_dir =
-      File.expand_path File.join @gem_dir, File.dirname(extension)
+      File.expand_path File.join(@gem_dir, File.dirname(extension))
     lib_dir = File.join @spec.full_gem_path, @spec.raw_require_paths.first
 
-    builder = builder_for extension
-
     begin
       FileUtils.mkdir_p dest_path
 
-      CHDIR_MUTEX.synchronize do
-        Dir.chdir extension_dir do
-          results = builder.build(extension, @gem_dir, dest_path,
-                                  results, @build_args, lib_dir)
+      results = builder.build(extension, dest_path,
+                              results, @build_args, lib_dir, extension_dir)
 
-          verbose { results.join("\n") }
-        end
-      end
+      verbose { results.join("\n") }
 
       write_gem_make_out results.join "\n"
     rescue => e
       results << e.message
-      build_error extension_dir, results.join("\n"), $@
+      build_error(results.join("\n"), $@)
     end
   end
 
@@ -183,7 +176,7 @@ EOF
     return if @spec.extensions.empty?
 
     if @build_args.empty?
-      say "Building native extensions.  This could take a while..."
+      say "Building native extensions. This could take a while..."
     else
       say "Building native extensions with: '#{@build_args.join ' '}'"
       say "This could take a while..."
@@ -191,10 +184,9 @@ EOF
 
     dest_path = @spec.extension_dir
 
+    require "fileutils"
     FileUtils.rm_f @spec.gem_build_complete_path
 
-    @ran_rake = false # only run rake once
-
     @spec.extensions.each do |extension|
       break if @ran_rake
 
@@ -207,15 +199,15 @@ EOF
   ##
   # Writes +output+ to gem_make.out in the extension install directory.
 
-  def write_gem_make_out output # :nodoc:
+  def write_gem_make_out(output) # :nodoc:
     destination = File.join @spec.extension_dir, 'gem_make.out'
 
     FileUtils.mkdir_p @spec.extension_dir
 
-    open destination, 'wb' do |io| io.puts output end
+    File.open destination, 'wb' do |io|
+      io.puts output
+    end
 
     destination
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb
index efa3bd1d88..e47cabef84 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/cmake_builder.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/command'
 
 class Gem::Ext::CmakeBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
-  def self.build(extension, directory, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil)
-    unless File.exist?('Makefile') then
-      cmd = "cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=#{dest_path}"
-      cmd << " #{Gem::Command.build_args.join ' '}" unless Gem::Command.build_args.empty?
+  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, cmake_dir=Dir.pwd)
+    unless File.exist?(File.join(cmake_dir, 'Makefile'))
+      require_relative '../command'
+      cmd = ["cmake", ".", "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=#{dest_path}", *Gem::Command.build_args]
 
-      run cmd, results
+      run cmd, results, class_name, cmake_dir
     end
 
-    make dest_path, results
+    make dest_path, results, cmake_dir
 
     results
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb
index 8b42bf7ee9..eb2f9fce61 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/configure_builder.rb
@@ -6,19 +6,15 @@
 #++
 
 class Gem::Ext::ConfigureBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
+  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, configure_dir=Dir.pwd)
+    unless File.exist?(File.join(configure_dir, 'Makefile'))
+      cmd = ["sh", "./configure", "--prefix=#{dest_path}", *args]
 
-  def self.build(extension, directory, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil)
-    unless File.exist?('Makefile') then
-      cmd = "sh ./configure --prefix=#{dest_path}"
-      cmd << " #{args.join ' '}" unless args.empty?
-
-      run cmd, results
+      run cmd, results, class_name, configure_dir
     end
 
-    make dest_path, results
+    make dest_path, results, configure_dir
 
     results
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb
index b6dde01950..3ca3463615 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/ext_conf_builder.rb
@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'fileutils'
-require 'tempfile'
-
 class Gem::Ext::ExtConfBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
-  FileEntry = FileUtils::Entry_ # :nodoc:
+  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, extension_dir=Dir.pwd)
+    require 'fileutils'
+    require 'tempfile'
 
-  def self.build(extension, directory, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil)
-    tmp_dest = Dir.mktmpdir(".gem.", ".")
+    tmp_dest = Dir.mktmpdir(".gem.", extension_dir)
 
     # Some versions of `mktmpdir` return absolute paths, which will break make
     # if the paths contain spaces. However, on Ruby 1.9.x on Windows, relative
@@ -23,64 +21,68 @@ class Gem::Ext::ExtConfBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
     # spaces do not work.
     #
     # Details: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/977#issuecomment-171544940
-    #
-    # TODO: Make this unconditional when rubygems no longer supports Ruby 1.9.x.
-    tmp_dest = get_relative_path(tmp_dest) unless Gem.win_platform? && RUBY_VERSION <= '2.0'
+    tmp_dest_relative = get_relative_path(tmp_dest.clone, extension_dir)
 
-    t = nil
-    Tempfile.open %w"siteconf .rb", "." do |siteconf|
-      t = siteconf
+    Tempfile.open %w[siteconf .rb], extension_dir do |siteconf|
       siteconf.puts "require 'rbconfig'"
-      siteconf.puts "dest_path = #{tmp_dest.dump}"
+      siteconf.puts "dest_path = #{tmp_dest_relative.dump}"
       %w[sitearchdir sitelibdir].each do |dir|
         siteconf.puts "RbConfig::MAKEFILE_CONFIG['#{dir}'] = dest_path"
         siteconf.puts "RbConfig::CONFIG['#{dir}'] = dest_path"
       end
 
-      siteconf.flush
+      siteconf.close
 
       destdir = ENV["DESTDIR"]
 
       begin
-        cmd = [Gem.ruby, "-r", get_relative_path(siteconf.path), File.basename(extension), *args].join ' '
+        # workaround for https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby/issues/2115
+        siteconf_path = RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby" ? siteconf.path.dup : siteconf.path
+        require "shellwords"
+        cmd = Gem.ruby.shellsplit << "-I" << File.expand_path("../../..", __FILE__) <<
+              "-r" << get_relative_path(siteconf_path, extension_dir) << File.basename(extension)
+        cmd.push(*args)
 
         begin
-          run cmd, results
-        ensure
-          if File.exist? 'mkmf.log'
-            unless $?.success? then
-              results << "To see why this extension failed to compile, please check" \
-                " the mkmf.log which can be found here:\n"
-              results << "  " + File.join(dest_path, 'mkmf.log') + "\n"
+          run(cmd, results, class_name, extension_dir) do |s, r|
+            mkmf_log = File.join(extension_dir, 'mkmf.log')
+            if File.exist? mkmf_log
+              unless s.success?
+                r << "To see why this extension failed to compile, please check" \
+                  " the mkmf.log which can be found here:\n"
+                r << "  " + File.join(dest_path, 'mkmf.log') + "\n"
+              end
+              FileUtils.mv mkmf_log, dest_path
             end
-            FileUtils.mv 'mkmf.log', dest_path
           end
           siteconf.unlink
         end
 
         ENV["DESTDIR"] = nil
 
-        make dest_path, results
+        make dest_path, results, extension_dir
+
+        if tmp_dest_relative
+          full_tmp_dest = File.join(extension_dir, tmp_dest_relative)
 
-        if tmp_dest
           # TODO remove in RubyGems 3
-          if Gem.install_extension_in_lib and lib_dir then
+          if Gem.install_extension_in_lib and lib_dir
             FileUtils.mkdir_p lib_dir
-            entries = Dir.entries(tmp_dest) - %w[. ..]
-            entries = entries.map { |entry| File.join tmp_dest, entry }
+            entries = Dir.entries(full_tmp_dest) - %w[. ..]
+            entries = entries.map {|entry| File.join full_tmp_dest, entry }
             FileUtils.cp_r entries, lib_dir, :remove_destination => true
           end
 
-          FileEntry.new(tmp_dest).traverse do |ent|
+          FileUtils::Entry_.new(full_tmp_dest).traverse do |ent|
             destent = ent.class.new(dest_path, ent.rel)
             destent.exist? or FileUtils.mv(ent.path, destent.path)
           end
         end
       ensure
         ENV["DESTDIR"] = destdir
+        siteconf.close!
       end
     end
-    t.unlink if t and t.path
 
     results
   ensure
@@ -88,9 +90,9 @@ class Gem::Ext::ExtConfBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
   end
 
   private
-  def self.get_relative_path(path)
-    path[0..Dir.pwd.length-1] = '.' if path.start_with?(Dir.pwd)
+
+  def self.get_relative_path(path, base)
+    path[0..base.length - 1] = '.' if path.start_with?(base)
     path
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb b/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb
index ec904e6c11..fed98e741c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ext/rake_builder.rb
@@ -6,32 +6,27 @@
 #++
 
 class Gem::Ext::RakeBuilder < Gem::Ext::Builder
-
-  def self.build(extension, directory, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil)
-    if File.basename(extension) =~ /mkrf_conf/i then
-      cmd = "#{Gem.ruby} #{File.basename extension}".dup
-      cmd << " #{args.join " "}" unless args.empty?
-      run cmd, results
+  def self.build(extension, dest_path, results, args=[], lib_dir=nil, extension_dir=Dir.pwd)
+    if File.basename(extension) =~ /mkrf_conf/i
+      run([Gem.ruby, File.basename(extension), *args], results, class_name, extension_dir)
     end
 
-    # Deal with possible spaces in the path, e.g. C:/Program Files
-    dest_path = '"' + dest_path.to_s + '"' if dest_path.to_s.include?(' ')
-
     rake = ENV['rake']
 
-    rake ||= begin
-               "#{Gem.ruby} -rubygems #{Gem.bin_path('rake', 'rake')}"
-             rescue Gem::Exception
-             end
-
-    rake ||= Gem.default_exec_format % 'rake'
-
-    cmd = "#{rake} RUBYARCHDIR=#{dest_path} RUBYLIBDIR=#{dest_path}" # ENV is frozen
+    if rake
+      require "shellwords"
+      rake = rake.shellsplit
+    else
+      begin
+        rake = [Gem.ruby, "-I#{File.expand_path("../..", __dir__)}", "-rrubygems", Gem.bin_path('rake', 'rake')]
+      rescue Gem::Exception
+        rake = [Gem.default_exec_format % 'rake']
+      end
+    end
 
-    run cmd, results
+    rake_args = ["RUBYARCHDIR=#{dest_path}", "RUBYLIBDIR=#{dest_path}", *args]
+    run(rake + rake_args, results, class_name, extension_dir)
 
     results
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb b/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb
index fec9e403da..55b5a7d067 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/gem_runner.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/command_manager'
-require 'rubygems/config_file'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'command_manager'
+require_relative 'deprecate'
 
 ##
 # Load additional plugins from $LOAD_PATH
@@ -24,17 +24,15 @@ Gem.load_env_plugins rescue nil
 # classes they call directly.
 
 class Gem::GemRunner
-
-  def initialize(options={})
-    # TODO: nuke these options
-    @command_manager_class = options[:command_manager] || Gem::CommandManager
-    @config_file_class = options[:config_file] || Gem::ConfigFile
+  def initialize
+    @command_manager_class = Gem::CommandManager
+    @config_file_class = Gem::ConfigFile
   end
 
   ##
   # Run the gem command with the following arguments.
 
-  def run args
+  def run(args)
     build_args = extract_build_args args
 
     do_configuration args
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ class Gem::GemRunner
   # Separates the build arguments (those following <code>--</code>) from the
   # other arguments in the list.
 
-  def extract_build_args args # :nodoc:
+  def extract_build_args(args) # :nodoc:
     return [] unless offset = args.index('--')
 
     build_args = args.slice!(offset...args.length)
@@ -76,7 +74,6 @@ class Gem::GemRunner
     Gem.use_paths Gem.configuration[:gemhome], Gem.configuration[:gempath]
     Gem::Command.extra_args = Gem.configuration[:gem]
   end
-
 end
 
 Gem.load_plugins
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb b/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb
index 7c6d6bb364..0968e1a6f9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/gemcutter_utilities.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
+require_relative 'remote_fetcher'
+require_relative 'text'
 
 ##
 # Utility methods for using the RubyGems API.
 
 module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
 
-  # TODO: move to Gem::Command
-  OptionParser.accept Symbol do |value|
-    value.to_sym
-  end
+  ERROR_CODE = 1
+  API_SCOPES = %i[index_rubygems push_rubygem yank_rubygem add_owner remove_owner access_webhooks show_dashboard].freeze
+
+  include Gem::Text
 
   attr_writer :host
+  attr_writer :scope
 
   ##
   # Add the --key option
@@ -19,16 +21,29 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
   def add_key_option
     add_option('-k', '--key KEYNAME', Symbol,
                'Use the given API key',
-               'from ~/.gem/credentials') do |value,options|
+               "from #{Gem.configuration.credentials_path}") do |value,options|
       options[:key] = value
     end
   end
 
   ##
+  # Add the --otp option
+
+  def add_otp_option
+    add_option('--otp CODE',
+               'Digit code for multifactor authentication',
+               'You can also use the environment variable GEM_HOST_OTP_CODE') do |value, options|
+      options[:otp] = value
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
   # The API key from the command options or from the user's configuration.
 
   def api_key
-    if options[:key] then
+    if ENV["GEM_HOST_API_KEY"]
+      ENV["GEM_HOST_API_KEY"]
+    elsif options[:key]
       verify_api_key options[:key]
     elsif Gem.configuration.api_keys.key?(host)
       Gem.configuration.api_keys[host]
@@ -38,6 +53,13 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
   end
 
   ##
+  # The OTP code from the command options or from the user's configuration.
+
+  def otp
+    options[:otp] || ENV["GEM_HOST_OTP_CODE"]
+  end
+
+  ##
   # The host to connect to either from the RUBYGEMS_HOST environment variable
   # or from the user's configuration
 
@@ -51,7 +73,7 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
         env_rubygems_host = nil if
           env_rubygems_host and env_rubygems_host.empty?
 
-        env_rubygems_host|| configured_host
+        env_rubygems_host || configured_host
       end
   end
 
@@ -60,13 +82,13 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
   #
   # If +allowed_push_host+ metadata is present, then it will only allow that host.
 
-  def rubygems_api_request(method, path, host = nil, allowed_push_host = nil, &block)
+  def rubygems_api_request(method, path, host = nil, allowed_push_host = nil, scope: nil, &block)
     require 'net/http'
 
     self.host = host if host
     unless self.host
       alert_error "You must specify a gem server"
-      terminate_interaction 1 # TODO: question this
+      terminate_interaction(ERROR_CODE)
     end
 
     if allowed_push_host
@@ -75,46 +97,82 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
 
       unless (host_uri.scheme == allowed_host_uri.scheme) && (host_uri.host == allowed_host_uri.host)
         alert_error "#{self.host.inspect} is not allowed by the gemspec, which only allows #{allowed_push_host.inspect}"
-        terminate_interaction 1
+        terminate_interaction(ERROR_CODE)
       end
     end
 
     uri = URI.parse "#{self.host}/#{path}"
+    response = request_with_otp(method, uri, &block)
 
-    request_method = Net::HTTP.const_get method.to_s.capitalize
+    if mfa_unauthorized?(response)
+      ask_otp
+      response = request_with_otp(method, uri, &block)
+    end
 
-    Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher.request(uri, request_method, &block)
+    if api_key_forbidden?(response)
+      update_scope(scope)
+      request_with_otp(method, uri, &block)
+    else
+      response
+    end
+  end
+
+  def mfa_unauthorized?(response)
+    response.kind_of?(Net::HTTPUnauthorized) && response.body.start_with?('You have enabled multifactor authentication')
+  end
+
+  def update_scope(scope)
+    sign_in_host        = self.host
+    pretty_host         = pretty_host(sign_in_host)
+    update_scope_params = { scope => true }
+
+    say "The existing key doesn't have access of #{scope} on #{pretty_host}. Please sign in to update access."
+
+    email    = ask "   Email: "
+    password = ask_for_password "Password: "
+
+    response = rubygems_api_request(:put, "api/v1/api_key",
+                                    sign_in_host, scope: scope) do |request|
+      request.basic_auth email, password
+      request["OTP"] = otp if otp
+      request.body = URI.encode_www_form({:api_key => api_key }.merge(update_scope_params))
+    end
+
+    with_response response do |resp|
+      say "Added #{scope} scope to the existing API key"
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Signs in with the RubyGems API at +sign_in_host+ and sets the rubygems API
   # key.
 
-  def sign_in sign_in_host = nil
+  def sign_in(sign_in_host = nil, scope: nil)
     sign_in_host ||= self.host
     return if api_key
 
-    pretty_host = if Gem::DEFAULT_HOST == sign_in_host then
-                    'RubyGems.org'
-                  else
-                    sign_in_host
-                  end
+    pretty_host = pretty_host(sign_in_host)
 
     say "Enter your #{pretty_host} credentials."
     say "Don't have an account yet? " +
         "Create one at #{sign_in_host}/sign_up"
 
-    email    =              ask "   Email: "
+    email = ask "   Email: "
     password = ask_for_password "Password: "
     say "\n"
 
-    response = rubygems_api_request(:get, "api/v1/api_key",
-                                    sign_in_host) do |request|
+    key_name     = get_key_name(scope)
+    scope_params = get_scope_params(scope)
+
+    response = rubygems_api_request(:post, "api/v1/api_key",
+                                    sign_in_host, scope: scope) do |request|
       request.basic_auth email, password
+      request["OTP"] = otp if otp
+      request.body = URI.encode_www_form({ name: key_name }.merge(scope_params))
     end
 
     with_response response do |resp|
-      say "Signed in."
+      say "Signed in with API key: #{key_name}."
       set_api_key host, resp.body
     end
   end
@@ -124,11 +182,11 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
   # an error.
 
   def verify_api_key(key)
-    if Gem.configuration.api_keys.key? key then
+    if Gem.configuration.api_keys.key? key
       Gem.configuration.api_keys[key]
     else
       alert_error "No such API key. Please add it to your configuration (done automatically on initial `gem push`)."
-      terminate_interaction 1 # TODO: question this
+      terminate_interaction(ERROR_CODE)
     end
   end
 
@@ -139,24 +197,28 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
   # If the response was not successful, shows an error to the user including
   # the +error_prefix+ and the response body.
 
-  def with_response response, error_prefix = nil
+  def with_response(response, error_prefix = nil)
     case response
     when Net::HTTPSuccess then
-      if block_given? then
+      if block_given?
         yield response
       else
-        say response.body
+        say clean_text(response.body)
       end
     else
       message = response.body
       message = "#{error_prefix}: #{message}" if error_prefix
 
-      say message
-      terminate_interaction 1 # TODO: question this
+      say clean_text(message)
+      terminate_interaction(ERROR_CODE)
     end
   end
 
-  def set_api_key host, key
+  ##
+  # Returns true when the user has enabled multifactor authentication from
+  # +response+ text and no otp provided by options.
+
+  def set_api_key(host, key)
     if host == Gem::DEFAULT_HOST
       Gem.configuration.rubygems_api_key = key
     else
@@ -164,5 +226,62 @@ module Gem::GemcutterUtilities
     end
   end
 
-end
+  private
+
+  def request_with_otp(method, uri, &block)
+    request_method = Net::HTTP.const_get method.to_s.capitalize
+
+    Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher.request(uri, request_method) do |req|
+      req["OTP"] = otp if otp
+      block.call(req)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def ask_otp
+    say 'You have enabled multi-factor authentication. Please enter OTP code.'
+    options[:otp] = ask 'Code: '
+  end
+
+  def pretty_host(host)
+    if Gem::DEFAULT_HOST == host
+      'RubyGems.org'
+    else
+      host
+    end
+  end
 
+  def get_scope_params(scope)
+    scope_params = {}
+
+    if scope
+      scope_params = { scope => true }
+    else
+      say "Please select scopes you want to enable for the API key (y/n)"
+      API_SCOPES.each do |scope|
+        selected = ask "#{scope} [y/N]: "
+        scope_params[scope] = true if selected =~ /^[yY](es)?$/
+      end
+      say "\n"
+    end
+
+    scope_params
+  end
+
+  def get_key_name(scope)
+    hostname = Socket.gethostname || "unknown-host"
+    user = ENV["USER"] || ENV["USERNAME"] || "unknown-user"
+    ts = Time.now.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
+    default_key_name = "#{hostname}-#{user}-#{ts}"
+
+    key_name = ask "API Key name [#{default_key_name}]: " unless scope
+    if key_name.nil? || key_name.empty?
+      default_key_name
+    else
+      key_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def api_key_forbidden?(response)
+    response.kind_of?(Net::HTTPForbidden) && response.body.start_with?("The API key doesn't have access")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb b/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb
index 871cc09d8d..6e8dade640 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/package'
-require 'time'
-
-begin
-  gem 'builder'
-  require 'builder/xchar'
-rescue LoadError
-end
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'package'
+require 'tmpdir'
 
 ##
 # Top level class for building the gem repository index.
 
 class Gem::Indexer
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   ##
@@ -54,17 +47,12 @@ class Gem::Indexer
     require 'tmpdir'
     require 'zlib'
 
-    unless defined?(Builder::XChar) then
-      raise "Gem::Indexer requires that the XML Builder library be installed:" +
-            "\n\tgem install builder"
-    end
-
     options = { :build_modern => true }.merge options
 
     @build_modern = options[:build_modern]
 
     @dest_directory = directory
-    @directory = File.join(Dir.tmpdir, "gem_generate_index_#{$$}")
+    @directory = Dir.mktmpdir 'gem_generate_index'
 
     marshal_name = "Marshal.#{Gem.marshal_version}"
 
@@ -108,7 +96,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
   ##
   # Builds Marshal quick index gemspecs.
 
-  def build_marshal_gemspecs specs
+  def build_marshal_gemspecs(specs)
     count = specs.count
     progress = ui.progress_reporter count,
                                     "Generating Marshal quick index gemspecs for #{count} gems",
@@ -123,7 +111,10 @@ class Gem::Indexer
         marshal_name = File.join @quick_marshal_dir, spec_file_name
 
         marshal_zipped = Gem.deflate Marshal.dump(spec)
-        open marshal_name, 'wb' do |io| io.write marshal_zipped end
+
+        File.open marshal_name, 'wb' do |io|
+          io.write marshal_zipped
+        end
 
         files << marshal_name
 
@@ -145,7 +136,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
     say "Generating #{name} index"
 
     Gem.time "Generated #{name} index" do
-      open(file, 'wb') do |io|
+      File.open(file, 'wb') do |io|
         specs = index.map do |*spec|
           # We have to splat here because latest_specs is an array, while the
           # others are hashes.
@@ -153,7 +144,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
           platform = spec.original_platform
 
           # win32-api-1.0.4-x86-mswin32-60
-          unless String === platform then
+          unless String === platform
             alert_warning "Skipping invalid platform in gem: #{spec.full_name}"
             next
           end
@@ -171,10 +162,10 @@ class Gem::Indexer
   ##
   # Builds indices for RubyGems 1.2 and newer. Handles full, latest, prerelease
 
-  def build_modern_indices specs
-    prerelease, released = specs.partition { |s|
+  def build_modern_indices(specs)
+    prerelease, released = specs.partition do |s|
       s.version.prerelease?
-    }
+    end
     latest_specs =
       Gem::Specification._latest_specs specs
 
@@ -191,9 +182,9 @@ class Gem::Indexer
                "#{@prerelease_specs_index}.gz"]
   end
 
-  def map_gems_to_specs gems
-    gems.map { |gemfile|
-      if File.size(gemfile) == 0 then
+  def map_gems_to_specs(gems)
+    gems.map do |gemfile|
+      if File.size(gemfile) == 0
         alert_warning "Skipping zero-length gem: #{gemfile}"
         next
       end
@@ -215,7 +206,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
                "\t#{e.backtrace.join "\n\t"}"].join("\n")
         alert_error msg
       end
-    }.compact
+    end.compact
   end
 
   ##
@@ -227,7 +218,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
     say "Compressing indices"
 
     Gem.time 'Compressed indices' do
-      if @build_modern then
+      if @build_modern
         gzip @specs_index
         gzip @latest_specs_index
         gzip @prerelease_specs_index
@@ -261,7 +252,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
 
     zipped = Gem.deflate data
 
-    open "#{filename}.#{extension}", 'wb' do |io|
+    File.open "#{filename}.#{extension}", 'wb' do |io|
       io.write zipped
     end
   end
@@ -270,7 +261,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
   # List of gem file names to index.
 
   def gem_file_list
-    Dir[File.join(@dest_directory, "gems", '*.gem')]
+    Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("*.gem", File.join(@dest_directory, "gems"))
   end
 
   ##
@@ -305,7 +296,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
     files = @files
     files.delete @quick_marshal_dir if files.include? @quick_dir
 
-    if files.include? @quick_marshal_dir and not files.include? @quick_dir then
+    if files.include? @quick_marshal_dir and not files.include? @quick_dir
       files.delete @quick_marshal_dir
 
       dst_name = File.join(@dest_directory, @quick_marshal_dir_base)
@@ -346,7 +337,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
     data = Gem.read_binary path
     compressed_data = Gem.read_binary "#{path}.#{extension}"
 
-    unless data == Gem.inflate(compressed_data) then
+    unless data == Gem::Util.inflate(compressed_data)
       raise "Compressed file #{compressed_path} does not match uncompressed file #{path}"
     end
   end
@@ -366,13 +357,13 @@ class Gem::Indexer
       gem_mtime >= specs_mtime
     end
 
-    if updated_gems.empty? then
+    if updated_gems.empty?
       say 'No new gems'
       terminate_interaction 0
     end
 
     specs = map_gems_to_specs updated_gems
-    prerelease, released = specs.partition { |s| s.version.prerelease? }
+    prerelease, released = specs.partition {|s| s.version.prerelease? }
 
     files = build_marshal_gemspecs specs
 
@@ -427,7 +418,7 @@ class Gem::Indexer
 
     specs_index = compact_specs specs_index.uniq.sort
 
-    open dest, 'wb' do |io|
+    File.open dest, 'wb' do |io|
       Marshal.dump specs_index, io
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/install_default_message.rb b/lib/rubygems/install_default_message.rb
index dc73fd962b..052ef528e1 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/install_default_message.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/install_default_message.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # A post-install hook that displays "Successfully installed
@@ -10,4 +10,3 @@ Gem.post_install do |installer|
   ui = Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui
   ui.say "Successfully installed #{installer.spec.full_name} as a default gem"
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/install_message.rb b/lib/rubygems/install_message.rb
index 6880db583e..861ead3770 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/install_message.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/install_message.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # A default post-install hook that displays "Successfully installed
@@ -10,4 +10,3 @@ Gem.post_install do |installer|
   ui = Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui
   ui.say "Successfully installed #{installer.spec.full_name}"
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb b/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb
index 5559c94370..d890c526bc 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/install_update_options.rb
@@ -5,38 +5,19 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems'
-
-# forward-declare
-
-module Gem::Security # :nodoc:
-  class Policy # :nodoc:
-  end
-end
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'security_option'
 
 ##
 # Mixin methods for install and update options for Gem::Commands
 
 module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
+  include Gem::SecurityOption
 
   ##
   # Add the install/update options to the option parser.
 
   def add_install_update_options
-    # TODO: use @parser.accept
-    OptionParser.accept Gem::Security::Policy do |value|
-      require 'rubygems/security'
-
-      raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, 'OpenSSL not installed' unless
-        defined?(Gem::Security::HighSecurity)
-
-      value = Gem::Security::Policies[value]
-      valid = Gem::Security::Policies.keys.sort
-      message = "#{value} (#{valid.join ', '} are valid)"
-      raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, message if value.nil?
-      value
-    end
-
     add_option(:"Install/Update", '-i', '--install-dir DIR',
                'Gem repository directory to get installed',
                'gems') do |value, options|
@@ -44,12 +25,12 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
     end
 
     add_option(:"Install/Update", '-n', '--bindir DIR',
-               'Directory where binary files are',
-               'located') do |value, options|
+               'Directory where executables will be',
+               'placed when the gem is installed') do |value, options|
       options[:bin_dir] = File.expand_path(value)
     end
 
-    add_option(:"Install/Update",       '--[no-]document [TYPES]', Array,
+    add_option(:"Install/Update", '--document [TYPES]', Array,
                'Generate documentation for installed gems',
                'List the documentation types you wish to',
                'generate.  For example: rdoc,ri') do |value, options|
@@ -69,8 +50,8 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
     add_option(:"Install/Update", '--vendor',
                'Install gem into the vendor directory.',
                'Only for use by gem repackagers.') do |value, options|
-      unless Gem.vendor_dir then
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidOption.new 'your platform is not supported'
+      unless Gem.vendor_dir
+        raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidOption.new 'your platform is not supported'
       end
 
       options[:vendor] = true
@@ -82,30 +63,6 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
       options[:document] = []
     end
 
-    add_option(:Deprecated, '--[no-]rdoc',
-               'Generate RDoc for installed gems',
-               'Use --document instead') do |value, options|
-      if value then
-        options[:document] << 'rdoc'
-      else
-        options[:document].delete 'rdoc'
-      end
-
-      options[:document].uniq!
-    end
-
-    add_option(:Deprecated, '--[no-]ri',
-               'Generate ri data for installed gems.',
-               'Use --document instead') do |value, options|
-      if value then
-        options[:document] << 'ri'
-      else
-        options[:document].delete 'ri'
-      end
-
-      options[:document].uniq!
-    end
-
     add_option(:"Install/Update", '-E', '--[no-]env-shebang',
                "Rewrite the shebang line on installed",
                "scripts to use /usr/bin/env") do |value, options|
@@ -124,20 +81,16 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
       options[:wrappers] = value
     end
 
-    add_option(:"Install/Update", '-P', '--trust-policy POLICY',
-               Gem::Security::Policy,
-               'Specify gem trust policy') do |value, options|
-      options[:security_policy] = value
-    end
+    add_security_option
 
     add_option(:"Install/Update", '--ignore-dependencies',
                'Do not install any required dependent gems') do |value, options|
       options[:ignore_dependencies] = value
     end
 
-    add_option(:"Install/Update",       '--[no-]format-executable',
-               'Make installed executable names match ruby.',
-               'If ruby is ruby18, foo_exec will be',
+    add_option(:"Install/Update", '--[no-]format-executable',
+               'Make installed executable names match Ruby.',
+               'If Ruby is ruby18, foo_exec will be',
                'foo_exec18') do |value, options|
       options[:format_executable] = value
     end
@@ -169,10 +122,10 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
       options[:minimal_deps] = true
     end
 
-    add_option(:"Install/Update", "--minimal-deps",
+    add_option(:"Install/Update", "--[no-]minimal-deps",
                 "Don't upgrade any dependencies that already",
                 "meet version requirements") do |value, options|
-      options[:minimal_deps] = true
+      options[:minimal_deps] = value
     end
 
     add_option(:"Install/Update", "--[no-]post-install-message",
@@ -187,10 +140,10 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
         File.exist? file
       end unless v
 
-      unless v then
+      unless v
         message = v ? v : "(tried #{Gem::GEM_DEP_FILES.join ', '})"
 
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument,
+        raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument,
                 "cannot find gem dependencies file #{message}"
       end
 
@@ -201,7 +154,7 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
                'Omit the named groups (comma separated)',
                'when installing from a gem dependencies',
                'file') do |v,o|
-      options[:without_groups].concat v.map { |without| without.intern }
+      options[:without_groups].concat v.map {|without| without.intern }
     end
 
     add_option(:"Install/Update", '--default',
@@ -225,7 +178,6 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
                'Suggest alternates when gems are not found') do |v,o|
       options[:suggest_alternate] = v
     end
-
   end
 
   ##
@@ -236,4 +188,3 @@ module Gem::InstallUpdateOptions
   end
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/installer.rb b/lib/rubygems/installer.rb
index f4d3e728de..8e3965ef92 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/installer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/installer.rb
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/exceptions'
-require 'rubygems/package'
-require 'rubygems/ext'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-require 'fileutils'
+require_relative 'installer_uninstaller_utils'
+require_relative 'exceptions'
+require_relative 'deprecate'
+require_relative 'package'
+require_relative 'ext'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # The installer installs the files contained in the .gem into the Gem.home.
@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@ require 'fileutils'
 # file.  See Gem.pre_install and Gem.post_install for details.
 
 class Gem::Installer
+  extend Gem::Deprecate
 
   ##
   # Paths where env(1) might live.  Some systems are broken and have it in
   # /bin
 
-  ENV_PATHS = %w[/usr/bin/env /bin/env]
+  ENV_PATHS = %w[/usr/bin/env /bin/env].freeze
 
   ##
   # Deprecated in favor of Gem::Ext::BuildError
@@ -40,10 +41,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
-  ##
-  # Filename of the gem being installed.
-
-  attr_reader :gem
+  include Gem::InstallerUninstallerUtils
 
   ##
   # The directory a gem's executables will be installed into
@@ -62,22 +60,35 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
   attr_reader :options
 
-  @path_warning = false
+  ##
+  # The gem package instance.
+
+  attr_reader :package
 
-  @install_lock = Mutex.new
+  @path_warning = false
 
   class << self
+    #
+    # Changes in rubygems to lazily loading `rubygems/command` (in order to
+    # lazily load `optparse` as a side effect) affect bundler's custom installer
+    # which uses `Gem::Command` without requiring it (up until bundler 2.2.29).
+    # This hook is to compensate for that missing require.
+    #
+    # TODO: Remove when rubygems no longer supports running on bundler older
+    # than 2.2.29.
 
-    ##
-    # True if we've warned about PATH not including Gem.bindir
+    def inherited(klass)
+      if klass.name == "Bundler::RubyGemsGemInstaller"
+        require "rubygems/command"
+      end
 
-    attr_accessor :path_warning
+      super(klass)
+    end
 
     ##
-    # Certain aspects of the install process are not thread-safe. This lock is
-    # used to allow multiple threads to install Gems at the same time.
+    # True if we've warned about PATH not including Gem.bindir
 
-    attr_reader :install_lock
+    attr_accessor :path_warning
 
     ##
     # Overrides the executable format.
@@ -92,13 +103,12 @@ class Gem::Installer
     def exec_format
       @exec_format ||= Gem.default_exec_format
     end
-
   end
 
   ##
   # Construct an installer object for the gem file located at +path+
 
-  def self.at path, options = {}
+  def self.at(path, options = {})
     security_policy = options[:security_policy]
     package = Gem::Package.new path, security_policy
     new package, options
@@ -107,22 +117,28 @@ class Gem::Installer
   class FakePackage
     attr_accessor :spec
 
+    attr_accessor :dir_mode
+    attr_accessor :prog_mode
+    attr_accessor :data_mode
+
     def initialize(spec)
       @spec = spec
     end
 
-    def extract_files destination_dir, pattern = '*'
+    def extract_files(destination_dir, pattern = '*')
       FileUtils.mkdir_p destination_dir
 
       spec.files.each do |file|
         file = File.join destination_dir, file
         next if File.exist? file
         FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(file)
-        File.open file, 'w' do |fp| fp.puts "# #{file}" end
+        File.open file, 'w' do |fp|
+          fp.puts "# #{file}"
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    def copy_to path
+    def copy_to(path)
     end
   end
 
@@ -130,14 +146,15 @@ class Gem::Installer
   # Construct an installer object for an ephemeral gem (one where we don't
   # actually have a .gem file, just a spec)
 
-  def self.for_spec spec, options = {}
+  def self.for_spec(spec, options = {})
     # FIXME: we should have a real Package class for this
     new FakePackage.new(spec), options
   end
 
   ##
-  # Constructs an Installer instance that will install the gem located at
-  # +gem+.  +options+ is a Hash with the following keys:
+  # Constructs an Installer instance that will install the gem at +package+ which
+  # can either be a path or an instance of Gem::Package.  +options+ is a Hash
+  # with the following keys:
   #
   # :bin_dir:: Where to put a bin wrapper if needed.
   # :development:: Whether or not development dependencies should be installed.
@@ -157,26 +174,24 @@ class Gem::Installer
   # :wrappers:: Install wrappers if true, symlinks if false.
   # :build_args:: An Array of arguments to pass to the extension builder
   #               process. If not set, then Gem::Command.build_args is used
+  # :post_install_message:: Print gem post install message if true
 
   def initialize(package, options={})
     require 'fileutils'
 
     @options = options
-    if package.is_a? String
-      security_policy = options[:security_policy]
-      @package = Gem::Package.new package, security_policy
-      if $VERBOSE
-        warn "constructing an Installer object with a string is deprecated. Please use Gem::Installer.at (called from: #{caller.first})"
-      end
-    else
-      @package = package
-    end
+    @package = package
 
     process_options
 
-    if options[:user_install] and not options[:unpack] then
+    @package.dir_mode = options[:dir_mode]
+    @package.prog_mode = options[:prog_mode]
+    @package.data_mode = options[:data_mode]
+
+    if options[:user_install]
       @gem_home = Gem.user_dir
       @bin_dir = Gem.bindir gem_home unless options[:bin_dir]
+      @plugins_dir = Gem.plugindir(gem_home)
       check_that_user_bin_dir_is_in_path
     end
   end
@@ -194,7 +209,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
   #
   # Otherwise +filename+ is overwritten.
 
-  def check_executable_overwrite filename # :nodoc:
+  def check_executable_overwrite(filename) # :nodoc:
     return if @force
 
     generated_bin = File.join @bin_dir, formatted_program_filename(filename)
@@ -204,7 +219,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
     ruby_executable = false
     existing = nil
 
-    open generated_bin, 'rb' do |io|
+    File.open generated_bin, 'rb' do |io|
       next unless io.gets =~ /^#!/ # shebang
       io.gets # blankline
 
@@ -214,7 +229,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
       ruby_executable = true
       existing = io.read.slice(%r{
-          ^(
+          ^\s*(
             gem \s |
             load \s Gem\.bin_path\( |
             load \s Gem\.activate_bin_path\(
@@ -230,7 +245,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
     question = "#{spec.name}'s executable \"#{filename}\" conflicts with ".dup
 
-    if ruby_executable then
+    if ruby_executable
       question << (existing || 'an unknown executable')
 
       return if ask_yes_no "#{question}\nOverwrite the executable?", false
@@ -278,12 +293,10 @@ class Gem::Installer
   def install
     pre_install_checks
 
-    FileUtils.rm_f File.join gem_home, 'specifications', spec.spec_name
-
     run_pre_install_hooks
 
     # Set loaded_from to ensure extension_dir is correct
-    if @options[:install_as_default] then
+    if @options[:install_as_default]
       spec.loaded_from = default_spec_file
     else
       spec.loaded_from = spec_file
@@ -293,9 +306,10 @@ class Gem::Installer
     FileUtils.rm_rf gem_dir
     FileUtils.rm_rf spec.extension_dir
 
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p gem_dir
+    dir_mode = options[:dir_mode]
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p gem_dir, :mode => dir_mode && 0755
 
-    if @options[:install_as_default] then
+    if @options[:install_as_default]
       extract_bin
       write_default_spec
     else
@@ -304,15 +318,21 @@ class Gem::Installer
       build_extensions
       write_build_info_file
       run_post_build_hooks
+    end
+
+    generate_bin
+    generate_plugins
 
-      generate_bin
+    unless @options[:install_as_default]
       write_spec
       write_cache_file
     end
 
+    File.chmod(dir_mode, gem_dir) if dir_mode
+
     say spec.post_install_message if options[:post_install_message] && !spec.post_install_message.nil?
 
-    Gem::Installer.install_lock.synchronize { Gem::Specification.reset }
+    Gem::Specification.reset
 
     run_post_install_hooks
 
@@ -326,8 +346,8 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
   def run_pre_install_hooks # :nodoc:
     Gem.pre_install_hooks.each do |hook|
-      if hook.call(self) == false then
-        location = " at #{$1}" if hook.inspect =~ /@(.*:\d+)/
+      if hook.call(self) == false
+        location = " at #{$1}" if hook.inspect =~ /[ @](.*:\d+)/
 
         message = "pre-install hook#{location} failed for #{spec.full_name}"
         raise Gem::InstallError, message
@@ -337,10 +357,10 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
   def run_post_build_hooks # :nodoc:
     Gem.post_build_hooks.each do |hook|
-      if hook.call(self) == false then
+      if hook.call(self) == false
         FileUtils.rm_rf gem_dir
 
-        location = " at #{$1}" if hook.inspect =~ /@(.*:\d+)/
+        location = " at #{$1}" if hook.inspect =~ /[ @](.*:\d+)/
 
         message = "post-build hook#{location} failed for #{spec.full_name}"
         raise Gem::InstallError, message
@@ -363,8 +383,8 @@ class Gem::Installer
     @specs ||= begin
       specs = []
 
-      Dir[File.join(gem_home, "specifications", "*.gemspec")].each do |path|
-        spec = Gem::Specification.load path.untaint
+      Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("*.gemspec", File.join(gem_home, "specifications")).each do |path|
+        spec = Gem::Specification.load path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
         specs << spec if spec
       end
 
@@ -380,7 +400,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
   # dependency :: Gem::Dependency
 
   def ensure_dependency(spec, dependency)
-    unless installation_satisfies_dependency? dependency then
+    unless installation_satisfies_dependency? dependency
       raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec.name} requires #{dependency}"
     end
     true
@@ -391,7 +411,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
   def installation_satisfies_dependency?(dependency)
     return true if @options[:development] and dependency.type == :development
-    return true if installed_specs.detect { |s| dependency.matches_spec? s }
+    return true if installed_specs.detect {|s| dependency.matches_spec? s }
     return false if @only_install_dir
     not dependency.matching_specs.empty?
   end
@@ -403,6 +423,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
     @gem_dir = directory
     extract_files
   end
+  rubygems_deprecate :unpack
 
   ##
   # The location of the spec file that is installed.
@@ -417,7 +438,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
   #
 
   def default_spec_file
-    File.join Gem::Specification.default_specifications_dir, "#{spec.full_name}.gemspec"
+    File.join gem_home, "specifications", "default", "#{spec.full_name}.gemspec"
   end
 
   ##
@@ -425,13 +446,9 @@ class Gem::Installer
   # specifications directory.
 
   def write_spec
-    open spec_file, 'w' do |file|
-      spec.installed_by_version = Gem.rubygems_version
-
-      file.puts spec.to_ruby_for_cache
+    spec.installed_by_version = Gem.rubygems_version
 
-      file.fsync rescue nil # for filesystems without fsync(2)
-    end
+    Gem.write_binary(spec_file, spec.to_ruby_for_cache)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -439,17 +456,15 @@ class Gem::Installer
   # specifications/default directory.
 
   def write_default_spec
-    File.open(default_spec_file, "w") do |file|
-      file.puts spec.to_ruby
-    end
+    Gem.write_binary(default_spec_file, spec.to_ruby)
   end
 
   ##
   # Creates windows .bat files for easy running of commands
 
   def generate_windows_script(filename, bindir)
-    if Gem.win_platform? then
-      script_name = filename + ".bat"
+    if Gem.win_platform?
+      script_name = formatted_program_filename(filename) + ".bat"
       script_path = File.join bindir, File.basename(script_name)
       File.open script_path, 'w' do |file|
         file.puts windows_stub_script(bindir, filename)
@@ -462,30 +477,49 @@ class Gem::Installer
   def generate_bin # :nodoc:
     return if spec.executables.nil? or spec.executables.empty?
 
-    Dir.mkdir @bin_dir unless File.exist? @bin_dir
-    raise Gem::FilePermissionError.new(@bin_dir) unless File.writable? @bin_dir
+    ensure_writable_dir @bin_dir
 
     spec.executables.each do |filename|
-      filename.untaint
+      filename.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
       bin_path = File.join gem_dir, spec.bindir, filename
 
-      unless File.exist? bin_path then
-        # TODO change this to a more useful warning
-        warn "#{bin_path} maybe `gem pristine #{spec.name}` will fix it?"
+      unless File.exist? bin_path
+        if File.symlink? bin_path
+          alert_warning "`#{bin_path}` is dangling symlink pointing to `#{File.readlink bin_path}`"
+        else
+          alert_warning "`#{bin_path}` does not exist, maybe `gem pristine #{spec.name}` will fix it?"
+        end
         next
       end
 
       mode = File.stat(bin_path).mode
-      FileUtils.chmod mode | 0111, bin_path unless (mode | 0111) == mode
+      dir_mode = options[:prog_mode] || (mode | 0111)
+
+      unless dir_mode == mode
+        require 'fileutils'
+        FileUtils.chmod dir_mode, bin_path
+      end
 
       check_executable_overwrite filename
 
-      if @wrappers then
+      if @wrappers
         generate_bin_script filename, @bin_dir
       else
         generate_bin_symlink filename, @bin_dir
       end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generate_plugins # :nodoc:
+    latest = Gem::Specification.latest_spec_for(spec.name)
+    return if latest && latest.version > spec.version
 
+    ensure_writable_dir @plugins_dir
+
+    if spec.plugins.empty?
+      remove_plugins_for(spec, @plugins_dir)
+    else
+      regenerate_plugins_for(spec, @plugins_dir)
     end
   end
 
@@ -499,10 +533,12 @@ class Gem::Installer
   def generate_bin_script(filename, bindir)
     bin_script_path = File.join bindir, formatted_program_filename(filename)
 
+    require 'fileutils'
     FileUtils.rm_f bin_script_path # prior install may have been --no-wrappers
 
     File.open bin_script_path, 'wb', 0755 do |file|
       file.print app_script_text(filename)
+      file.chmod(options[:prog_mode] || 0755)
     end
 
     verbose bin_script_path
@@ -518,8 +554,8 @@ class Gem::Installer
     src = File.join gem_dir, spec.bindir, filename
     dst = File.join bindir, formatted_program_filename(filename)
 
-    if File.exist? dst then
-      if File.symlink? dst then
+    if File.exist? dst
+      if File.symlink? dst
         link = File.readlink(dst).split File::SEPARATOR
         cur_version = Gem::Version.create(link[-3].sub(/^.*-/, ''))
         return if spec.version < cur_version
@@ -551,9 +587,9 @@ class Gem::Installer
   def shebang(bin_file_name)
     ruby_name = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'] if @env_shebang
     path = File.join gem_dir, spec.bindir, bin_file_name
-    first_line = File.open(path, "rb") {|file| file.gets}
+    first_line = File.open(path, "rb") {|file| file.gets } || ""
 
-    if /\A#!/ =~ first_line then
+    if first_line.start_with?("#!")
       # Preserve extra words on shebang line, like "-w".  Thanks RPA.
       shebang = first_line.sub(/\A\#!.*?ruby\S*((\s+\S+)+)/, "#!#{Gem.ruby}")
       opts = $1
@@ -578,9 +614,9 @@ class Gem::Installer
       end
 
       "#!#{which}"
-    elsif not ruby_name then
+    elsif not ruby_name
       "#!#{Gem.ruby}#{opts}"
-    elsif opts then
+    elsif opts
       "#!/bin/sh\n'exec' #{ruby_name.dump} '-x' \"$0\" \"$@\"\n#{shebang}"
     else
       # Create a plain shebang line.
@@ -595,7 +631,7 @@ class Gem::Installer
 
   def ensure_loadable_spec
     ruby = spec.to_ruby_for_cache
-    ruby.untaint
+    ruby.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
 
     begin
       eval ruby
@@ -605,24 +641,6 @@ class Gem::Installer
     end
   end
 
-  def ensure_required_ruby_version_met # :nodoc:
-    if rrv = spec.required_ruby_version then
-      unless rrv.satisfied_by? Gem.ruby_version then
-        raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec.name} requires Ruby version #{rrv}."
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def ensure_required_rubygems_version_met # :nodoc:
-    if rrgv = spec.required_rubygems_version then
-      unless rrgv.satisfied_by? Gem.rubygems_version then
-        raise Gem::InstallError,
-          "#{spec.name} requires RubyGems version #{rrgv}. " +
-          "Try 'gem update --system' to update RubyGems itself."
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   def ensure_dependencies_met # :nodoc:
     deps = spec.runtime_dependencies
     deps |= spec.development_dependencies if @development
@@ -638,13 +656,14 @@ class Gem::Installer
       :env_shebang  => false,
       :force        => false,
       :only_install_dir => false,
-      :post_install_message => true
+      :post_install_message => true,
     }.merge options
 
     @env_shebang         = options[:env_shebang]
     @force               = options[:force]
     @install_dir         = options[:install_dir]
     @gem_home            = options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir
+    @plugins_dir         = Gem.plugindir(@gem_home)
     @ignore_dependencies = options[:ignore_dependencies]
     @format_executable   = options[:format_executable]
     @wrappers            = options[:wrappers]
@@ -657,50 +676,81 @@ class Gem::Installer
     @development         = options[:development]
     @build_root          = options[:build_root]
 
-    @build_args          = options[:build_args] || Gem::Command.build_args
+    @build_args = options[:build_args]
 
     unless @build_root.nil?
-      require 'pathname'
-      @build_root = Pathname.new(@build_root).expand_path
-      @bin_dir = File.join(@build_root, options[:bin_dir] || Gem.bindir(@gem_home))
-      @gem_home = File.join(@build_root, @gem_home)
-      alert_warning "You build with buildroot.\n  Build root: #{@build_root}\n  Bin dir: #{@bin_dir}\n  Gem home: #{@gem_home}"
+      @bin_dir = File.join(@build_root, @bin_dir.gsub(/^[a-zA-Z]:/, ''))
+      @gem_home = File.join(@build_root, @gem_home.gsub(/^[a-zA-Z]:/, ''))
+      @plugins_dir = File.join(@build_root, @plugins_dir.gsub(/^[a-zA-Z]:/, ''))
+      alert_warning "You build with buildroot.\n  Build root: #{@build_root}\n  Bin dir: #{@bin_dir}\n  Gem home: #{@gem_home}\n  Plugins dir: #{@plugins_dir}"
     end
   end
 
   def check_that_user_bin_dir_is_in_path # :nodoc:
+    return if self.class.path_warning
+
     user_bin_dir = @bin_dir || Gem.bindir(gem_home)
-    user_bin_dir = user_bin_dir.gsub(File::SEPARATOR, File::ALT_SEPARATOR) if
-      File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    user_bin_dir = user_bin_dir.tr(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
 
     path = ENV['PATH']
-    if Gem.win_platform? then
+    path = path.tr(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+
+    if Gem.win_platform?
       path = path.downcase
       user_bin_dir = user_bin_dir.downcase
     end
 
     path = path.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
 
-    unless path.include? user_bin_dir then
+    unless path.include? user_bin_dir
       unless !Gem.win_platform? && (path.include? user_bin_dir.sub(ENV['HOME'], '~'))
-        unless self.class.path_warning then
-          alert_warning "You don't have #{user_bin_dir} in your PATH,\n\t  gem executables will not run."
-          self.class.path_warning = true
-        end
+        alert_warning "You don't have #{user_bin_dir} in your PATH,\n\t  gem executables will not run."
+        self.class.path_warning = true
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def verify_gem_home(unpack = false) # :nodoc:
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p gem_home
-    raise Gem::FilePermissionError, gem_home unless
-      unpack or File.writable?(gem_home)
+  def verify_gem_home # :nodoc:
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p gem_home, :mode => options[:dir_mode] && 0755
+    raise Gem::FilePermissionError, gem_home unless File.writable?(gem_home)
+  end
+
+  def verify_spec
+    unless spec.name =~ Gem::Specification::VALID_NAME_PATTERN
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec} has an invalid name"
+    end
+
+    if spec.raw_require_paths.any?{|path| path =~ /\R/ }
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec} has an invalid require_paths"
+    end
+
+    if spec.extensions.any?{|ext| ext =~ /\R/ }
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec} has an invalid extensions"
+    end
+
+    if spec.platform.to_s =~ /\R/
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec.platform} is an invalid platform"
+    end
+
+    unless spec.specification_version.to_s =~ /\A\d+\z/
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec} has an invalid specification_version"
+    end
+
+    if spec.dependencies.any? {|dep| dep.type != :runtime && dep.type != :development }
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec} has an invalid dependencies"
+    end
+
+    if spec.dependencies.any? {|dep| dep.name =~ /(?:\R|[<>])/ }
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "#{spec} has an invalid dependencies"
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Return the text for an application file.
 
   def app_script_text(bin_file_name)
+    # note that the `load` lines cannot be indented, as old RG versions match
+    # against the beginning of the line
     return <<-TEXT
 #{shebang bin_file_name}
 #
@@ -711,19 +761,33 @@ class Gem::Installer
 #
 
 require 'rubygems'
-
-version = "#{Gem::Requirement.default}.a"
-
-if ARGV.first
-  str = ARGV.first
-  str = str.dup.force_encoding("BINARY") if str.respond_to? :force_encoding
-  if str =~ /\\A_(.*)_\\z/ and Gem::Version.correct?($1) then
-    version = $1
+#{gemdeps_load(spec.name)}
+version = "#{Gem::Requirement.default_prerelease}"
+
+str = ARGV.first
+if str
+  str = str.b[/\\A_(.*)_\\z/, 1]
+  if str and Gem::Version.correct?(str)
+    version = str
     ARGV.shift
   end
 end
 
+if Gem.respond_to?(:activate_bin_path)
 load Gem.activate_bin_path('#{spec.name}', '#{bin_file_name}', version)
+else
+gem #{spec.name.dump}, version
+load Gem.bin_path(#{spec.name.dump}, #{bin_file_name.dump}, version)
+end
+TEXT
+  end
+
+  def gemdeps_load(name)
+    return '' if name == "bundler"
+
+    <<-TEXT
+
+Gem.use_gemdeps
 TEXT
   end
 
@@ -731,39 +795,49 @@ TEXT
   # return the stub script text used to launch the true Ruby script
 
   def windows_stub_script(bindir, bin_file_name)
-    ruby = Gem.ruby.gsub(/^\"|\"$/, "").tr(File::SEPARATOR, "\\")
-    return <<-TEXT
+    rb_config = RbConfig::CONFIG
+    rb_topdir = RbConfig::TOPDIR || File.dirname(rb_config["bindir"])
+
+    # get ruby executable file name from RbConfig
+    ruby_exe = "#{rb_config['RUBY_INSTALL_NAME']}#{rb_config['EXEEXT']}"
+    ruby_exe = "ruby.exe" if ruby_exe.empty?
+
+    if File.exist?(File.join bindir, ruby_exe)
+      # stub & ruby.exe within same folder.  Portable
+      <<-TEXT
 @ECHO OFF
-IF NOT "%~f0" == "~f0" GOTO :WinNT
-@"#{ruby}" "#{File.join(bindir, bin_file_name)}" %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
-GOTO :EOF
-:WinNT
-@"#{ruby}" "%~dpn0" %*
-TEXT
+@"%~dp0#{ruby_exe}" "%~dpn0" %*
+      TEXT
+    elsif bindir.downcase.start_with? rb_topdir.downcase
+      # stub within ruby folder, but not standard bin.  Portable
+      require 'pathname'
+      from = Pathname.new bindir
+      to   = Pathname.new "#{rb_topdir}/bin"
+      rel  = to.relative_path_from from
+      <<-TEXT
+@ECHO OFF
+@"%~dp0#{rel}/#{ruby_exe}" "%~dpn0" %*
+      TEXT
+    else
+      # outside ruby folder, maybe -user-install or bundler.  Portable, but ruby
+      # is dependent on PATH
+      <<-TEXT
+@ECHO OFF
+@#{ruby_exe} "%~dpn0" %*
+      TEXT
+    end
   end
-
   ##
   # Builds extensions.  Valid types of extensions are extconf.rb files,
   # configure scripts and rakefiles or mkrf_conf files.
 
   def build_extensions
-    builder = Gem::Ext::Builder.new spec, @build_args
+    builder = Gem::Ext::Builder.new spec, build_args
 
     builder.build_extensions
   end
 
   ##
-  # Logs the build +output+ in +build_dir+, then raises Gem::Ext::BuildError.
-  #
-  # TODO:  Delete this for RubyGems 3.  It remains for API compatibility
-
-  def extension_build_error(build_dir, output, backtrace = nil) # :nodoc:
-    builder = Gem::Ext::Builder.new spec, @build_args
-
-    builder.build_error build_dir, output, backtrace
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Reads the file index and extracts each file into the gem directory.
   #
   # Ensures that files can't be installed outside the gem directory.
@@ -778,14 +852,14 @@ TEXT
   # without the full gem installed.
 
   def extract_bin
-    @package.extract_files gem_dir, "bin/*"
+    @package.extract_files gem_dir, "#{spec.bindir}/*"
   end
 
   ##
   # Prefix and suffix the program filename the same as ruby.
 
   def formatted_program_filename(filename)
-    if @format_executable then
+    if @format_executable
       self.class.exec_format % File.basename(filename)
     else
       filename
@@ -803,16 +877,27 @@ TEXT
   end
 
   ##
+  # Filename of the gem being installed.
+
+  def gem
+    @package.gem.path
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Performs various checks before installing the gem such as the install
   # repository is writable and its directories exist, required Ruby and
   # rubygems versions are met and that dependencies are installed.
   #
   # Version and dependency checks are skipped if this install is forced.
   #
-  # The dependent check will be skipped this install is ignoring dependencies.
+  # The dependent check will be skipped if the install is ignoring dependencies.
 
   def pre_install_checks
-    verify_gem_home options[:unpack]
+    verify_gem_home
+
+    # The name and require_paths must be verified first, since it could contain
+    # ruby code that would be eval'ed in #ensure_loadable_spec
+    verify_spec
 
     ensure_loadable_spec
 
@@ -824,8 +909,6 @@ TEXT
 
     return true if @force
 
-    ensure_required_ruby_version_met
-    ensure_required_rubygems_version_met
     ensure_dependencies_met unless @ignore_dependencies
 
     true
@@ -836,19 +919,22 @@ TEXT
   # extensions.
 
   def write_build_info_file
-    return if @build_args.empty?
+    return if build_args.empty?
 
     build_info_dir = File.join gem_home, 'build_info'
 
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p build_info_dir
+    dir_mode = options[:dir_mode]
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p build_info_dir, :mode => dir_mode && 0755
 
     build_info_file = File.join build_info_dir, "#{spec.full_name}.info"
 
-    open build_info_file, 'w' do |io|
-      @build_args.each do |arg|
+    File.open build_info_file, 'w' do |io|
+      build_args.each do |arg|
         io.puts arg
       end
     end
+
+    File.chmod(dir_mode, build_info_dir) if dir_mode
   end
 
   ##
@@ -859,4 +945,22 @@ TEXT
     @package.copy_to cache_file
   end
 
+  def ensure_writable_dir(dir) # :nodoc:
+    begin
+      Dir.mkdir dir, *[options[:dir_mode] && 0755].compact
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      raise unless File.directory? dir
+    end
+
+    raise Gem::FilePermissionError.new(dir) unless File.writable? dir
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def build_args
+    @build_args ||= begin
+                      require_relative "command"
+                      Gem::Command.build_args
+                    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/installer_test_case.rb b/lib/rubygems/installer_test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eccd5711c2..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/installer_test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/test_case'
-require 'rubygems/installer'
-
-class Gem::Installer
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :bin_dir
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :build_args
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :gem_dir
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :force
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :format
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :gem_home
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :env_shebang
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :ignore_dependencies
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :format_executable
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :security_policy
-
-  ##
-  # Available through requiring rubygems/installer_test_case
-
-  attr_writer :wrappers
-end
-
-##
-# A test case for Gem::Installer.
-
-class Gem::InstallerTestCase < Gem::TestCase
-
-  ##
-  # Creates the following instance variables:
-  #
-  # @spec::
-  #   a spec named 'a', intended for regular installs
-  # @user_spec::
-  #   a spec named 'b', intended for user installs
-
-  # @gem::
-  #   the path to a built gem from @spec
-  # @user_spec::
-  #   the path to a built gem from @user_spec
-  #
-  # @installer::
-  #   a Gem::Installer for the @spec that installs into @gemhome
-  # @user_installer::
-  #   a Gem::Installer for the @user_spec that installs into Gem.user_dir
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @spec = quick_gem 'a' do |spec|
-      util_make_exec spec
-    end
-
-    @user_spec = quick_gem 'b' do |spec|
-      util_make_exec spec
-    end
-
-    util_build_gem @spec
-    util_build_gem @user_spec
-
-    @gem = @spec.cache_file
-    @user_gem = @user_spec.cache_file
-
-    @installer      = util_installer @spec, @gemhome
-    @user_installer = util_installer @user_spec, Gem.user_dir, :user
-
-    Gem::Installer.path_warning = false
-  end
-
-  def util_gem_bindir spec = @spec # :nodoc:
-    # TODO: deprecate
-    spec.bin_dir
-  end
-
-  def util_gem_dir spec = @spec # :nodoc:
-    # TODO: deprecate
-    spec.gem_dir
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # The path where installed executables live
-
-  def util_inst_bindir
-    File.join @gemhome, "bin"
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Adds an executable named "executable" to +spec+ with the given +shebang+.
-  #
-  # The executable is also written to the bin dir in @tmpdir and the installed
-  # gem directory for +spec+.
-
-  def util_make_exec(spec = @spec, shebang = "#!/usr/bin/ruby")
-    spec.executables = %w[executable]
-    spec.files << 'bin/executable'
-
-    exec_path = spec.bin_file "executable"
-    write_file exec_path do |io|
-      io.puts shebang
-    end
-
-    bin_path = File.join @tempdir, "bin", "executable"
-    write_file bin_path do |io|
-      io.puts shebang
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Builds the @spec gem and returns an installer for it.  The built gem
-  # includes:
-  #
-  #   bin/executable
-  #   lib/code.rb
-  #   ext/a/mkrf_conf.rb
-
-  def util_setup_gem(ui = @ui) # HACK fix use_ui to make this automatic
-    @spec.files << File.join('lib', 'code.rb')
-    @spec.extensions << File.join('ext', 'a', 'mkrf_conf.rb')
-
-    Dir.chdir @tempdir do
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p 'bin'
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p 'lib'
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p File.join('ext', 'a')
-      File.open File.join('bin', 'executable'), 'w' do |f|
-        f.puts "raise 'ran executable'"
-      end
-      File.open File.join('lib', 'code.rb'), 'w' do |f| f.puts '1' end
-      File.open File.join('ext', 'a', 'mkrf_conf.rb'), 'w' do |f|
-        f << <<-EOF
-          File.open 'Rakefile', 'w' do |rf| rf.puts "task :default" end
-        EOF
-      end
-
-      yield @spec if block_given?
-
-      use_ui ui do
-        FileUtils.rm_f @gem
-
-        @gem = Gem::Package.build @spec
-      end
-    end
-
-    @installer = Gem::Installer.at @gem
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates an installer for +spec+ that will install into +gem_home+.  If
-  # +user+ is true a user-install will be performed.
-
-  def util_installer(spec, gem_home, user=false)
-    Gem::Installer.at(spec.cache_file,
-                       :install_dir => gem_home,
-                       :user_install => user)
-  end
-
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/installer_uninstaller_utils.rb b/lib/rubygems/installer_uninstaller_utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c8b7c635e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/installer_uninstaller_utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+##
+# Helper methods for both Gem::Installer and Gem::Uninstaller
+
+module Gem::InstallerUninstallerUtils
+
+  def regenerate_plugins_for(spec, plugins_dir)
+    plugins = spec.plugins
+    return if plugins.empty?
+
+    require 'pathname'
+
+    spec.plugins.each do |plugin|
+      plugin_script_path = File.join plugins_dir, "#{spec.name}_plugin#{File.extname(plugin)}"
+
+      File.open plugin_script_path, 'wb' do |file|
+        file.puts "require_relative '#{Pathname.new(plugin).relative_path_from(Pathname.new(plugins_dir))}'"
+      end
+
+      verbose plugin_script_path
+    end
+  end
+
+  def remove_plugins_for(spec, plugins_dir)
+    FileUtils.rm_f Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("#{spec.name}#{Gem.plugin_suffix_pattern}", plugins_dir)
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/local_remote_options.rb b/lib/rubygems/local_remote_options.rb
index 597b87ea03..0b8b0ee1a6 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/local_remote_options.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/local_remote_options.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #++
 
 require 'uri'
-require 'rubygems'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
 
 ##
 # Mixin methods for local and remote Gem::Command options.
@@ -14,18 +14,20 @@ require 'rubygems'
 module Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
 
   ##
-  # Allows OptionParser to handle HTTP URIs.
+  # Allows Gem::OptionParser to handle HTTP URIs.
 
   def accept_uri_http
-    OptionParser.accept URI::HTTP do |value|
+    Gem::OptionParser.accept URI::HTTP do |value|
       begin
         uri = URI.parse value
       rescue URI::InvalidURIError
-        raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, value
+        raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, value
       end
 
-      unless ['http', 'https', 'file', 's3'].include?(uri.scheme)
-         raise OptionParser::InvalidArgument, value
+      valid_uri_schemes = ["http", "https", "file", "s3"]
+      unless valid_uri_schemes.include?(uri.scheme)
+        msg = "Invalid uri scheme for #{value}\nPreface URLs with one of #{valid_uri_schemes.map{|s| "#{s}://" }}"
+        raise ArgumentError, msg
       end
 
       value
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ module Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
 
       source << '/' if source !~ /\/\z/
 
-      if options.delete :sources_cleared then
+      if options.delete :sources_cleared
         Gem.sources = [source]
       else
         Gem.sources << source unless Gem.sources.include?(source)
@@ -146,4 +148,3 @@ module Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
   end
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/mock_gem_ui.rb b/lib/rubygems/mock_gem_ui.rb
index 0223f8c35d..914ecb9a71 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/mock_gem_ui.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/mock_gem_ui.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'stringio'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # This Gem::StreamUI subclass records input and output to StringIO for
@@ -11,17 +10,15 @@ class Gem::MockGemUi < Gem::StreamUI
   # Raised when you haven't provided enough input to your MockGemUi
 
   class InputEOFError < RuntimeError
-
-    def initialize question
+    def initialize(question)
       super "Out of input for MockGemUi on #{question.inspect}"
     end
-
   end
 
   class TermError < RuntimeError
     attr_reader :exit_code
 
-    def initialize exit_code
+    def initialize(exit_code)
       super
       @exit_code = exit_code
     end
@@ -43,6 +40,7 @@ class Gem::MockGemUi < Gem::StreamUI
   end
 
   def initialize(input = "")
+    require 'stringio'
     ins = StringIO.new input
     outs = StringIO.new
     errs = StringIO.new
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ class Gem::MockGemUi < Gem::StreamUI
     @terminated = false
   end
 
-  def ask question
+  def ask(question)
     raise InputEOFError, question if @ins.eof?
 
     super
@@ -84,6 +82,4 @@ class Gem::MockGemUi < Gem::StreamUI
     raise TermError, status if status != 0
     raise SystemExitException
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb b/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb
index 316329a0bd..3d0afa3094 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/name_tuple.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 # Represents a gem of name +name+ at +version+ of +platform+. These
 # wrap the data returned from the indexes.
 
-require 'rubygems/platform'
-
 class Gem::NameTuple
   def initialize(name, version, platform="ruby")
     @name = name
@@ -24,16 +22,16 @@ class Gem::NameTuple
   # Turn an array of [name, version, platform] into an array of
   # NameTuple objects.
 
-  def self.from_list list
-    list.map { |t| new(*t) }
+  def self.from_list(list)
+    list.map {|t| new(*t) }
   end
 
   ##
   # Turn an array of NameTuple objects back into an array of
   # [name, version, platform] tuples.
 
-  def self.to_basic list
-    list.map { |t| t.to_a }
+  def self.to_basic(list)
+    list.map {|t| t.to_a }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -54,14 +52,14 @@ class Gem::NameTuple
       "#{@name}-#{@version}"
     else
       "#{@name}-#{@version}-#{@platform}"
-    end.dup.untaint
+    end.dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
   end
 
   ##
   # Indicate if this NameTuple matches the current platform.
 
   def match_platform?
-    Gem::Platform.match @platform
+    Gem::Platform.match_gem? @platform, @name
   end
 
   ##
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ class Gem::NameTuple
 
   alias to_s inspect # :nodoc:
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     [@name, @version, @platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY ? -1 : 1] <=>
       [other.name, other.version,
        other.platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY ? -1 : 1]
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ class Gem::NameTuple
   # Compare with +other+. Supports another NameTuple or an Array
   # in the [name, version, platform] format.
 
-  def == other
+  def ==(other)
     case other
     when self.class
       @name == other.name and
@@ -120,5 +118,4 @@ class Gem::NameTuple
   def hash
     to_a.hash
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/openssl.rb b/lib/rubygems/openssl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c44f619c4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/openssl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+autoload :OpenSSL, "openssl"
+
+module Gem
+  HAVE_OPENSSL = defined? OpenSSL::SSL # :nodoc:
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65be9f6b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'optparse/lib/optparse'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/.document b/lib/rubygems/optparse/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c43bbd6b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/.document
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Vendored files do not need to be documented
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/COPYING b/lib/rubygems/optparse/COPYING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48e5a96de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/COPYING
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Ruby is copyrighted free software by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
+You can redistribute it and/or modify it under either the terms of the
+2-clause BSDL (see the file BSDL), or the conditions below:
+
+1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
+   software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
+   original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
+
+2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
+   you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+   a. place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
+      make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
+      modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
+      the author to include your modifications in the software.
+
+   b. use the modified software only within your corporation or
+      organization.
+
+   c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+3. You may distribute the software in object code or binary form,
+   provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+   a. distribute the binaries and library files of the software,
+      together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
+      on where to get the original distribution.
+
+   b. accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
+      the software.
+
+   c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+      instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+   d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
+   software (possibly commercial).  But some files in the distribution
+   are not written by the author, so that they are not under these terms.
+
+   For the list of those files and their copying conditions, see the
+   file LEGAL.
+
+5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
+   output from the software do not automatically fall under the
+   copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
+   and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
+   software.
+
+6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
+   IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
+   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+   PURPOSE.
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optionparser.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optionparser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b9b40d82a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optionparser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require_relative 'optparse'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4b1c61f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2230 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# optparse.rb - command-line option analysis with the Gem::OptionParser class.
+#
+# Author:: Nobu Nakada
+# Documentation:: Nobu Nakada and Gavin Sinclair.
+#
+# See Gem::OptionParser for documentation.
+#
+
+
+#--
+# == Developer Documentation (not for RDoc output)
+#
+# === Class tree
+#
+# - Gem::OptionParser:: front end
+# - Gem::OptionParser::Switch:: each switches
+# - Gem::OptionParser::List:: options list
+# - Gem::OptionParser::ParseError:: errors on parsing
+#   - Gem::OptionParser::AmbiguousOption
+#   - Gem::OptionParser::NeedlessArgument
+#   - Gem::OptionParser::MissingArgument
+#   - Gem::OptionParser::InvalidOption
+#   - Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument
+#     - Gem::OptionParser::AmbiguousArgument
+#
+# === Object relationship diagram
+#
+#   +--------------+
+#   | Gem::OptionParser |<>-----+
+#   +--------------+       |                      +--------+
+#                          |                    ,-| Switch |
+#        on_head -------->+---------------+    /  +--------+
+#        accept/reject -->| List          |<|>-
+#                         |               |<|>-  +----------+
+#        on ------------->+---------------+    `-| argument |
+#                           :           :        |  class   |
+#                         +---------------+      |==========|
+#        on_tail -------->|               |      |pattern   |
+#                         +---------------+      |----------|
+#   Gem::OptionParser.accept ->| DefaultList   |      |converter |
+#                reject   |(shared between|      +----------+
+#                         | all instances)|
+#                         +---------------+
+#
+#++
+#
+# == Gem::OptionParser
+#
+# === New to \Gem::OptionParser?
+#
+# See the {Tutorial}[./doc/optparse/tutorial_rdoc.html].
+#
+# === Introduction
+#
+# Gem::OptionParser is a class for command-line option analysis.  It is much more
+# advanced, yet also easier to use, than GetoptLong, and is a more Ruby-oriented
+# solution.
+#
+# === Features
+#
+# 1. The argument specification and the code to handle it are written in the
+#    same place.
+# 2. It can output an option summary; you don't need to maintain this string
+#    separately.
+# 3. Optional and mandatory arguments are specified very gracefully.
+# 4. Arguments can be automatically converted to a specified class.
+# 5. Arguments can be restricted to a certain set.
+#
+# All of these features are demonstrated in the examples below.  See
+# #make_switch for full documentation.
+#
+# === Minimal example
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+#
+#   options = {}
+#   Gem::OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#     parser.banner = "Usage: example.rb [options]"
+#
+#     parser.on("-v", "--[no-]verbose", "Run verbosely") do |v|
+#       options[:verbose] = v
+#     end
+#   end.parse!
+#
+#   p options
+#   p ARGV
+#
+# === Generating Help
+#
+# Gem::OptionParser can be used to automatically generate help for the commands you
+# write:
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+#
+#   Options = Struct.new(:name)
+#
+#   class Parser
+#     def self.parse(options)
+#       args = Options.new("world")
+#
+#       opt_parser = Gem::OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#         parser.banner = "Usage: example.rb [options]"
+#
+#         parser.on("-nNAME", "--name=NAME", "Name to say hello to") do |n|
+#           args.name = n
+#         end
+#
+#         parser.on("-h", "--help", "Prints this help") do
+#           puts parser
+#           exit
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       opt_parser.parse!(options)
+#       return args
+#     end
+#   end
+#   options = Parser.parse %w[--help]
+#
+#   #=>
+#      # Usage: example.rb [options]
+#      #     -n, --name=NAME                  Name to say hello to
+#      #     -h, --help                       Prints this help
+#
+# === Required Arguments
+#
+# For options that require an argument, option specification strings may include an
+# option name in all caps. If an option is used without the required argument,
+# an exception will be raised.
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+#
+#   options = {}
+#   Gem::OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#     parser.on("-r", "--require LIBRARY",
+#               "Require the LIBRARY before executing your script") do |lib|
+#       puts "You required #{lib}!"
+#     end
+#   end.parse!
+#
+# Used:
+#
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -r
+#   optparse-test.rb:9:in `<main>': missing argument: -r (Gem::OptionParser::MissingArgument)
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -r my-library
+#   You required my-library!
+#
+# === Type Coercion
+#
+# Gem::OptionParser supports the ability to coerce command line arguments
+# into objects for us.
+#
+# Gem::OptionParser comes with a few ready-to-use kinds of  type
+# coercion. They are:
+#
+# - Date  -- Anything accepted by +Date.parse+
+# - DateTime -- Anything accepted by +DateTime.parse+
+# - Time -- Anything accepted by +Time.httpdate+ or +Time.parse+
+# - URI  -- Anything accepted by +URI.parse+
+# - Shellwords -- Anything accepted by +Shellwords.shellwords+
+# - String -- Any non-empty string
+# - Integer -- Any integer. Will convert octal. (e.g. 124, -3, 040)
+# - Float -- Any float. (e.g. 10, 3.14, -100E+13)
+# - Numeric -- Any integer, float, or rational (1, 3.4, 1/3)
+# - DecimalInteger -- Like +Integer+, but no octal format.
+# - OctalInteger -- Like +Integer+, but no decimal format.
+# - DecimalNumeric -- Decimal integer or float.
+# - TrueClass --  Accepts '+, yes, true, -, no, false' and
+#   defaults as +true+
+# - FalseClass -- Same as +TrueClass+, but defaults to +false+
+# - Array -- Strings separated by ',' (e.g. 1,2,3)
+# - Regexp -- Regular expressions. Also includes options.
+#
+# We can also add our own coercions, which we will cover below.
+#
+# ==== Using Built-in Conversions
+#
+# As an example, the built-in +Time+ conversion is used. The other built-in
+# conversions behave in the same way.
+# Gem::OptionParser will attempt to parse the argument
+# as a +Time+. If it succeeds, that time will be passed to the
+# handler block. Otherwise, an exception will be raised.
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/time'
+#   Gem::OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#     parser.on("-t", "--time [TIME]", Time, "Begin execution at given time") do |time|
+#       p time
+#     end
+#   end.parse!
+#
+# Used:
+#
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t nonsense
+#   ... invalid argument: -t nonsense (Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument)
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t 10-11-12
+#   2010-11-12 00:00:00 -0500
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb  -t 9:30
+#   2014-08-13 09:30:00 -0400
+#
+# ==== Creating Custom Conversions
+#
+# The +accept+ method on Gem::OptionParser may be used to create converters.
+# It specifies which conversion block to call whenever a class is specified.
+# The example below uses it to fetch a +User+ object before the +on+ handler receives it.
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+#
+#   User = Struct.new(:id, :name)
+#
+#   def find_user id
+#     not_found = ->{ raise "No User Found for id #{id}" }
+#     [ User.new(1, "Sam"),
+#       User.new(2, "Gandalf") ].find(not_found) do |u|
+#       u.id == id
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+#   op = Gem::OptionParser.new
+#   op.accept(User) do |user_id|
+#     find_user user_id.to_i
+#   end
+#
+#   op.on("--user ID", User) do |user|
+#     puts user
+#   end
+#
+#   op.parse!
+#
+# Used:
+#
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 1
+#   #<struct User id=1, name="Sam">
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 2
+#   #<struct User id=2, name="Gandalf">
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb --user 3
+#   optparse-test.rb:15:in `block in find_user': No User Found for id 3 (RuntimeError)
+#
+# === Store options to a Hash
+#
+# The +into+ option of +order+, +parse+ and so on methods stores command line options into a Hash.
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+#
+#   options = {}
+#   Gem::OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#     parser.on('-a')
+#     parser.on('-b NUM', Integer)
+#     parser.on('-v', '--verbose')
+#   end.parse!(into: options)
+#
+#   p options
+#
+# Used:
+#
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -a
+#   {:a=>true}
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -a -v
+#   {:a=>true, :verbose=>true}
+#   $ ruby optparse-test.rb -a -b 100
+#   {:a=>true, :b=>100}
+#
+# === Complete example
+#
+# The following example is a complete Ruby program.  You can run it and see the
+# effect of specifying various options.  This is probably the best way to learn
+# the features of +optparse+.
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+#   require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/time'
+#   require 'ostruct'
+#   require 'pp'
+#
+#   class OptparseExample
+#     Version = '1.0.0'
+#
+#     CODES = %w[iso-2022-jp shift_jis euc-jp utf8 binary]
+#     CODE_ALIASES = { "jis" => "iso-2022-jp", "sjis" => "shift_jis" }
+#
+#     class ScriptOptions
+#       attr_accessor :library, :inplace, :encoding, :transfer_type,
+#                     :verbose, :extension, :delay, :time, :record_separator,
+#                     :list
+#
+#       def initialize
+#         self.library = []
+#         self.inplace = false
+#         self.encoding = "utf8"
+#         self.transfer_type = :auto
+#         self.verbose = false
+#       end
+#
+#       def define_options(parser)
+#         parser.banner = "Usage: example.rb [options]"
+#         parser.separator ""
+#         parser.separator "Specific options:"
+#
+#         # add additional options
+#         perform_inplace_option(parser)
+#         delay_execution_option(parser)
+#         execute_at_time_option(parser)
+#         specify_record_separator_option(parser)
+#         list_example_option(parser)
+#         specify_encoding_option(parser)
+#         optional_option_argument_with_keyword_completion_option(parser)
+#         boolean_verbose_option(parser)
+#
+#         parser.separator ""
+#         parser.separator "Common options:"
+#         # No argument, shows at tail.  This will print an options summary.
+#         # Try it and see!
+#         parser.on_tail("-h", "--help", "Show this message") do
+#           puts parser
+#           exit
+#         end
+#         # Another typical switch to print the version.
+#         parser.on_tail("--version", "Show version") do
+#           puts Version
+#           exit
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def perform_inplace_option(parser)
+#         # Specifies an optional option argument
+#         parser.on("-i", "--inplace [EXTENSION]",
+#                   "Edit ARGV files in place",
+#                   "(make backup if EXTENSION supplied)") do |ext|
+#           self.inplace = true
+#           self.extension = ext || ''
+#           self.extension.sub!(/\A\.?(?=.)/, ".")  # Ensure extension begins with dot.
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def delay_execution_option(parser)
+#         # Cast 'delay' argument to a Float.
+#         parser.on("--delay N", Float, "Delay N seconds before executing") do |n|
+#           self.delay = n
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def execute_at_time_option(parser)
+#         # Cast 'time' argument to a Time object.
+#         parser.on("-t", "--time [TIME]", Time, "Begin execution at given time") do |time|
+#           self.time = time
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def specify_record_separator_option(parser)
+#         # Cast to octal integer.
+#         parser.on("-F", "--irs [OCTAL]", Gem::OptionParser::OctalInteger,
+#                   "Specify record separator (default \\0)") do |rs|
+#           self.record_separator = rs
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def list_example_option(parser)
+#         # List of arguments.
+#         parser.on("--list x,y,z", Array, "Example 'list' of arguments") do |list|
+#           self.list = list
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def specify_encoding_option(parser)
+#         # Keyword completion.  We are specifying a specific set of arguments (CODES
+#         # and CODE_ALIASES - notice the latter is a Hash), and the user may provide
+#         # the shortest unambiguous text.
+#         code_list = (CODE_ALIASES.keys + CODES).join(', ')
+#         parser.on("--code CODE", CODES, CODE_ALIASES, "Select encoding",
+#                   "(#{code_list})") do |encoding|
+#           self.encoding = encoding
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def optional_option_argument_with_keyword_completion_option(parser)
+#         # Optional '--type' option argument with keyword completion.
+#         parser.on("--type [TYPE]", [:text, :binary, :auto],
+#                   "Select transfer type (text, binary, auto)") do |t|
+#           self.transfer_type = t
+#         end
+#       end
+#
+#       def boolean_verbose_option(parser)
+#         # Boolean switch.
+#         parser.on("-v", "--[no-]verbose", "Run verbosely") do |v|
+#           self.verbose = v
+#         end
+#       end
+#     end
+#
+#     #
+#     # Return a structure describing the options.
+#     #
+#     def parse(args)
+#       # The options specified on the command line will be collected in
+#       # *options*.
+#
+#       @options = ScriptOptions.new
+#       @args = Gem::OptionParser.new do |parser|
+#         @options.define_options(parser)
+#         parser.parse!(args)
+#       end
+#       @options
+#     end
+#
+#     attr_reader :parser, :options
+#   end  # class OptparseExample
+#
+#   example = OptparseExample.new
+#   options = example.parse(ARGV)
+#   pp options # example.options
+#   pp ARGV
+#
+# === Shell Completion
+#
+# For modern shells (e.g. bash, zsh, etc.), you can use shell
+# completion for command line options.
+#
+# === Further documentation
+#
+# The above examples, along with the accompanying
+# {Tutorial}[./doc/optparse/tutorial_rdoc.html],
+# should be enough to learn how to use this class.
+# If you have any questions, file a ticket at http://bugs.ruby-lang.org.
+#
+class Gem::OptionParser
+  Gem::OptionParser::Version = "0.2.0"
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  NoArgument = [NO_ARGUMENT = :NONE, nil].freeze
+  RequiredArgument = [REQUIRED_ARGUMENT = :REQUIRED, true].freeze
+  OptionalArgument = [OPTIONAL_ARGUMENT = :OPTIONAL, false].freeze
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  #
+  # Keyword completion module.  This allows partial arguments to be specified
+  # and resolved against a list of acceptable values.
+  #
+  module Completion
+    def self.regexp(key, icase)
+      Regexp.new('\A' + Regexp.quote(key).gsub(/\w+\b/, '\&\w*'), icase)
+    end
+
+    def self.candidate(key, icase = false, pat = nil, &block)
+      pat ||= Completion.regexp(key, icase)
+      candidates = []
+      block.call do |k, *v|
+        (if Regexp === k
+           kn = ""
+           k === key
+         else
+           kn = defined?(k.id2name) ? k.id2name : k
+           pat === kn
+         end) or next
+        v << k if v.empty?
+        candidates << [k, v, kn]
+      end
+      candidates
+    end
+
+    def candidate(key, icase = false, pat = nil)
+      Completion.candidate(key, icase, pat, &method(:each))
+    end
+
+    public
+    def complete(key, icase = false, pat = nil)
+      candidates = candidate(key, icase, pat, &method(:each)).sort_by {|k, v, kn| kn.size}
+      if candidates.size == 1
+        canon, sw, * = candidates[0]
+      elsif candidates.size > 1
+        canon, sw, cn = candidates.shift
+        candidates.each do |k, v, kn|
+          next if sw == v
+          if String === cn and String === kn
+            if cn.rindex(kn, 0)
+              canon, sw, cn = k, v, kn
+              next
+            elsif kn.rindex(cn, 0)
+              next
+            end
+          end
+          throw :ambiguous, key
+        end
+      end
+      if canon
+        block_given? or return key, *sw
+        yield(key, *sw)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def convert(opt = nil, val = nil, *)
+      val
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  #
+  # Map from option/keyword string to object with completion.
+  #
+  class OptionMap < Hash
+    include Completion
+  end
+
+
+  #
+  # Individual switch class.  Not important to the user.
+  #
+  # Defined within Switch are several Switch-derived classes: NoArgument,
+  # RequiredArgument, etc.
+  #
+  class Switch
+    attr_reader :pattern, :conv, :short, :long, :arg, :desc, :block
+
+    #
+    # Guesses argument style from +arg+.  Returns corresponding
+    # Gem::OptionParser::Switch class (OptionalArgument, etc.).
+    #
+    def self.guess(arg)
+      case arg
+      when ""
+        t = self
+      when /\A=?\[/
+        t = Switch::OptionalArgument
+      when /\A\s+\[/
+        t = Switch::PlacedArgument
+      else
+        t = Switch::RequiredArgument
+      end
+      self >= t or incompatible_argument_styles(arg, t)
+      t
+    end
+
+    def self.incompatible_argument_styles(arg, t)
+      raise(ArgumentError, "#{arg}: incompatible argument styles\n  #{self}, #{t}",
+            ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller(2)))
+    end
+
+    def self.pattern
+      NilClass
+    end
+
+    def initialize(pattern = nil, conv = nil,
+                   short = nil, long = nil, arg = nil,
+                   desc = ([] if short or long), block = nil, &_block)
+      raise if Array === pattern
+      block ||= _block
+      @pattern, @conv, @short, @long, @arg, @desc, @block =
+        pattern, conv, short, long, arg, desc, block
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Parses +arg+ and returns rest of +arg+ and matched portion to the
+    # argument pattern. Yields when the pattern doesn't match substring.
+    #
+    def parse_arg(arg) # :nodoc:
+      pattern or return nil, [arg]
+      unless m = pattern.match(arg)
+        yield(InvalidArgument, arg)
+        return arg, []
+      end
+      if String === m
+        m = [s = m]
+      else
+        m = m.to_a
+        s = m[0]
+        return nil, m unless String === s
+      end
+      raise InvalidArgument, arg unless arg.rindex(s, 0)
+      return nil, m if s.length == arg.length
+      yield(InvalidArgument, arg) # didn't match whole arg
+      return arg[s.length..-1], m
+    end
+    private :parse_arg
+
+    #
+    # Parses argument, converts and returns +arg+, +block+ and result of
+    # conversion. Yields at semi-error condition instead of raising an
+    # exception.
+    #
+    def conv_arg(arg, val = []) # :nodoc:
+      if conv
+        val = conv.call(*val)
+      else
+        val = proc {|v| v}.call(*val)
+      end
+      return arg, block, val
+    end
+    private :conv_arg
+
+    #
+    # Produces the summary text. Each line of the summary is yielded to the
+    # block (without newline).
+    #
+    # +sdone+::  Already summarized short style options keyed hash.
+    # +ldone+::  Already summarized long style options keyed hash.
+    # +width+::  Width of left side (option part). In other words, the right
+    #            side (description part) starts after +width+ columns.
+    # +max+::    Maximum width of left side -> the options are filled within
+    #            +max+ columns.
+    # +indent+:: Prefix string indents all summarized lines.
+    #
+    def summarize(sdone = {}, ldone = {}, width = 1, max = width - 1, indent = "")
+      sopts, lopts = [], [], nil
+      @short.each {|s| sdone.fetch(s) {sopts << s}; sdone[s] = true} if @short
+      @long.each {|s| ldone.fetch(s) {lopts << s}; ldone[s] = true} if @long
+      return if sopts.empty? and lopts.empty? # completely hidden
+
+      left = [sopts.join(', ')]
+      right = desc.dup
+
+      while s = lopts.shift
+        l = left[-1].length + s.length
+        l += arg.length if left.size == 1 && arg
+        l < max or sopts.empty? or left << +''
+        left[-1] << (left[-1].empty? ? ' ' * 4 : ', ') << s
+      end
+
+      if arg
+        left[0] << (left[1] ? arg.sub(/\A(\[?)=/, '\1') + ',' : arg)
+      end
+      mlen = left.collect {|ss| ss.length}.max.to_i
+      while mlen > width and l = left.shift
+        mlen = left.collect {|ss| ss.length}.max.to_i if l.length == mlen
+        if l.length < width and (r = right[0]) and !r.empty?
+          l = l.to_s.ljust(width) + ' ' + r
+          right.shift
+        end
+        yield(indent + l)
+      end
+
+      while begin l = left.shift; r = right.shift; l or r end
+        l = l.to_s.ljust(width) + ' ' + r if r and !r.empty?
+        yield(indent + l)
+      end
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    def add_banner(to)  # :nodoc:
+      unless @short or @long
+        s = desc.join
+        to << " [" + s + "]..." unless s.empty?
+      end
+      to
+    end
+
+    def match_nonswitch?(str)  # :nodoc:
+      @pattern =~ str unless @short or @long
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Main name of the switch.
+    #
+    def switch_name
+      (long.first || short.first).sub(/\A-+(?:\[no-\])?/, '')
+    end
+
+    def compsys(sdone, ldone)   # :nodoc:
+      sopts, lopts = [], []
+      @short.each {|s| sdone.fetch(s) {sopts << s}; sdone[s] = true} if @short
+      @long.each {|s| ldone.fetch(s) {lopts << s}; ldone[s] = true} if @long
+      return if sopts.empty? and lopts.empty? # completely hidden
+
+      (sopts+lopts).each do |opt|
+        # "(-x -c -r)-l[left justify]"
+        if /^--\[no-\](.+)$/ =~ opt
+          o = $1
+          yield("--#{o}", desc.join(""))
+          yield("--no-#{o}", desc.join(""))
+        else
+          yield("#{opt}", desc.join(""))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switch that takes no arguments.
+    #
+    class NoArgument < self
+
+      #
+      # Raises an exception if any arguments given.
+      #
+      def parse(arg, argv)
+        yield(NeedlessArgument, arg) if arg
+        conv_arg(arg)
+      end
+
+      def self.incompatible_argument_styles(*)
+      end
+
+      def self.pattern
+        Object
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switch that takes an argument.
+    #
+    class RequiredArgument < self
+
+      #
+      # Raises an exception if argument is not present.
+      #
+      def parse(arg, argv)
+        unless arg
+          raise MissingArgument if argv.empty?
+          arg = argv.shift
+        end
+        conv_arg(*parse_arg(arg, &method(:raise)))
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switch that can omit argument.
+    #
+    class OptionalArgument < self
+
+      #
+      # Parses argument if given, or uses default value.
+      #
+      def parse(arg, argv, &error)
+        if arg
+          conv_arg(*parse_arg(arg, &error))
+        else
+          conv_arg(arg)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switch that takes an argument, which does not begin with '-'.
+    #
+    class PlacedArgument < self
+
+      #
+      # Returns nil if argument is not present or begins with '-'.
+      #
+      def parse(arg, argv, &error)
+        if !(val = arg) and (argv.empty? or /\A-/ =~ (val = argv[0]))
+          return nil, block, nil
+        end
+        opt = (val = parse_arg(val, &error))[1]
+        val = conv_arg(*val)
+        if opt and !arg
+          argv.shift
+        else
+          val[0] = nil
+        end
+        val
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Simple option list providing mapping from short and/or long option
+  # string to Gem::OptionParser::Switch and mapping from acceptable argument to
+  # matching pattern and converter pair. Also provides summary feature.
+  #
+  class List
+    # Map from acceptable argument types to pattern and converter pairs.
+    attr_reader :atype
+
+    # Map from short style option switches to actual switch objects.
+    attr_reader :short
+
+    # Map from long style option switches to actual switch objects.
+    attr_reader :long
+
+    # List of all switches and summary string.
+    attr_reader :list
+
+    #
+    # Just initializes all instance variables.
+    #
+    def initialize
+      @atype = {}
+      @short = OptionMap.new
+      @long = OptionMap.new
+      @list = []
+    end
+
+    #
+    # See Gem::OptionParser.accept.
+    #
+    def accept(t, pat = /.*/m, &block)
+      if pat
+        pat.respond_to?(:match) or
+          raise TypeError, "has no `match'", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller(2))
+      else
+        pat = t if t.respond_to?(:match)
+      end
+      unless block
+        block = pat.method(:convert).to_proc if pat.respond_to?(:convert)
+      end
+      @atype[t] = [pat, block]
+    end
+
+    #
+    # See Gem::OptionParser.reject.
+    #
+    def reject(t)
+      @atype.delete(t)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Adds +sw+ according to +sopts+, +lopts+ and +nlopts+.
+    #
+    # +sw+::     Gem::OptionParser::Switch instance to be added.
+    # +sopts+::  Short style option list.
+    # +lopts+::  Long style option list.
+    # +nlopts+:: Negated long style options list.
+    #
+    def update(sw, sopts, lopts, nsw = nil, nlopts = nil) # :nodoc:
+      sopts.each {|o| @short[o] = sw} if sopts
+      lopts.each {|o| @long[o] = sw} if lopts
+      nlopts.each {|o| @long[o] = nsw} if nsw and nlopts
+      used = @short.invert.update(@long.invert)
+      @list.delete_if {|o| Switch === o and !used[o]}
+    end
+    private :update
+
+    #
+    # Inserts +switch+ at the head of the list, and associates short, long
+    # and negated long options. Arguments are:
+    #
+    # +switch+::      Gem::OptionParser::Switch instance to be inserted.
+    # +short_opts+::  List of short style options.
+    # +long_opts+::   List of long style options.
+    # +nolong_opts+:: List of long style options with "no-" prefix.
+    #
+    #   prepend(switch, short_opts, long_opts, nolong_opts)
+    #
+    def prepend(*args)
+      update(*args)
+      @list.unshift(args[0])
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Appends +switch+ at the tail of the list, and associates short, long
+    # and negated long options. Arguments are:
+    #
+    # +switch+::      Gem::OptionParser::Switch instance to be inserted.
+    # +short_opts+::  List of short style options.
+    # +long_opts+::   List of long style options.
+    # +nolong_opts+:: List of long style options with "no-" prefix.
+    #
+    #   append(switch, short_opts, long_opts, nolong_opts)
+    #
+    def append(*args)
+      update(*args)
+      @list.push(args[0])
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Searches +key+ in +id+ list. The result is returned or yielded if a
+    # block is given. If it isn't found, nil is returned.
+    #
+    def search(id, key)
+      if list = __send__(id)
+        val = list.fetch(key) {return nil}
+        block_given? ? yield(val) : val
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Searches list +id+ for +opt+ and the optional patterns for completion
+    # +pat+. If +icase+ is true, the search is case insensitive. The result
+    # is returned or yielded if a block is given. If it isn't found, nil is
+    # returned.
+    #
+    def complete(id, opt, icase = false, *pat, &block)
+      __send__(id).complete(opt, icase, *pat, &block)
+    end
+
+    def get_candidates(id)
+      yield __send__(id).keys
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Iterates over each option, passing the option to the +block+.
+    #
+    def each_option(&block)
+      list.each(&block)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Creates the summary table, passing each line to the +block+ (without
+    # newline). The arguments +args+ are passed along to the summarize
+    # method which is called on every option.
+    #
+    def summarize(*args, &block)
+      sum = []
+      list.reverse_each do |opt|
+        if opt.respond_to?(:summarize) # perhaps Gem::OptionParser::Switch
+          s = []
+          opt.summarize(*args) {|l| s << l}
+          sum.concat(s.reverse)
+        elsif !opt or opt.empty?
+          sum << ""
+        elsif opt.respond_to?(:each_line)
+          sum.concat([*opt.each_line].reverse)
+        else
+          sum.concat([*opt.each].reverse)
+        end
+      end
+      sum.reverse_each(&block)
+    end
+
+    def add_banner(to)  # :nodoc:
+      list.each do |opt|
+        if opt.respond_to?(:add_banner)
+          opt.add_banner(to)
+        end
+      end
+      to
+    end
+
+    def compsys(*args, &block)  # :nodoc:
+      list.each do |opt|
+        if opt.respond_to?(:compsys)
+          opt.compsys(*args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Hash with completion search feature. See Gem::OptionParser::Completion.
+  #
+  class CompletingHash < Hash
+    include Completion
+
+    #
+    # Completion for hash key.
+    #
+    def match(key)
+      *values = fetch(key) {
+        raise AmbiguousArgument, catch(:ambiguous) {return complete(key)}
+      }
+      return key, *values
+    end
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+
+  #
+  # Enumeration of acceptable argument styles. Possible values are:
+  #
+  # NO_ARGUMENT::       The switch takes no arguments. (:NONE)
+  # REQUIRED_ARGUMENT:: The switch requires an argument. (:REQUIRED)
+  # OPTIONAL_ARGUMENT:: The switch requires an optional argument. (:OPTIONAL)
+  #
+  # Use like --switch=argument (long style) or -Xargument (short style). For
+  # short style, only portion matched to argument pattern is treated as
+  # argument.
+  #
+  ArgumentStyle = {}
+  NoArgument.each {|el| ArgumentStyle[el] = Switch::NoArgument}
+  RequiredArgument.each {|el| ArgumentStyle[el] = Switch::RequiredArgument}
+  OptionalArgument.each {|el| ArgumentStyle[el] = Switch::OptionalArgument}
+  ArgumentStyle.freeze
+
+  #
+  # Switches common used such as '--', and also provides default
+  # argument classes
+  #
+  DefaultList = List.new
+  DefaultList.short['-'] = Switch::NoArgument.new {}
+  DefaultList.long[''] = Switch::NoArgument.new {throw :terminate}
+
+
+  COMPSYS_HEADER = <<'XXX'      # :nodoc:
+
+typeset -A opt_args
+local context state line
+
+_arguments -s -S \
+XXX
+
+  def compsys(to, name = File.basename($0)) # :nodoc:
+    to << "#compdef #{name}\n"
+    to << COMPSYS_HEADER
+    visit(:compsys, {}, {}) {|o, d|
+      to << %Q[  "#{o}[#{d.gsub(/[\"\[\]]/, '\\\\\&')}]" \\\n]
+    }
+    to << "  '*:file:_files' && return 0\n"
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Default options for ARGV, which never appear in option summary.
+  #
+  Officious = {}
+
+  #
+  # --help
+  # Shows option summary.
+  #
+  Officious['help'] = proc do |parser|
+    Switch::NoArgument.new do |arg|
+      puts parser.help
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # --*-completion-bash=WORD
+  # Shows candidates for command line completion.
+  #
+  Officious['*-completion-bash'] = proc do |parser|
+    Switch::RequiredArgument.new do |arg|
+      puts parser.candidate(arg)
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # --*-completion-zsh[=NAME:FILE]
+  # Creates zsh completion file.
+  #
+  Officious['*-completion-zsh'] = proc do |parser|
+    Switch::OptionalArgument.new do |arg|
+      parser.compsys(STDOUT, arg)
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # --version
+  # Shows version string if Version is defined.
+  #
+  Officious['version'] = proc do |parser|
+    Switch::OptionalArgument.new do |pkg|
+      if pkg
+        begin
+          require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/version'
+        rescue LoadError
+        else
+          show_version(*pkg.split(/,/)) or
+            abort("#{parser.program_name}: no version found in package #{pkg}")
+          exit
+        end
+      end
+      v = parser.ver or abort("#{parser.program_name}: version unknown")
+      puts v
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  #
+  # Class methods
+  #
+
+  #
+  # Initializes a new instance and evaluates the optional block in context
+  # of the instance. Arguments +args+ are passed to #new, see there for
+  # description of parameters.
+  #
+  # This method is *deprecated*, its behavior corresponds to the older #new
+  # method.
+  #
+  def self.with(*args, &block)
+    opts = new(*args)
+    opts.instance_eval(&block)
+    opts
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns an incremented value of +default+ according to +arg+.
+  #
+  def self.inc(arg, default = nil)
+    case arg
+    when Integer
+      arg.nonzero?
+    when nil
+      default.to_i + 1
+    end
+  end
+  def inc(*args)
+    self.class.inc(*args)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Initializes the instance and yields itself if called with a block.
+  #
+  # +banner+:: Banner message.
+  # +width+::  Summary width.
+  # +indent+:: Summary indent.
+  #
+  def initialize(banner = nil, width = 32, indent = ' ' * 4)
+    @stack = [DefaultList, List.new, List.new]
+    @program_name = nil
+    @banner = banner
+    @summary_width = width
+    @summary_indent = indent
+    @default_argv = ARGV
+    @require_exact = false
+    add_officious
+    yield self if block_given?
+  end
+
+  def add_officious  # :nodoc:
+    list = base()
+    Officious.each do |opt, block|
+      list.long[opt] ||= block.call(self)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Terminates option parsing. Optional parameter +arg+ is a string pushed
+  # back to be the first non-option argument.
+  #
+  def terminate(arg = nil)
+    self.class.terminate(arg)
+  end
+  def self.terminate(arg = nil)
+    throw :terminate, arg
+  end
+
+  @stack = [DefaultList]
+  def self.top() DefaultList end
+
+  #
+  # Directs to accept specified class +t+. The argument string is passed to
+  # the block in which it should be converted to the desired class.
+  #
+  # +t+::   Argument class specifier, any object including Class.
+  # +pat+:: Pattern for argument, defaults to +t+ if it responds to match.
+  #
+  #   accept(t, pat, &block)
+  #
+  def accept(*args, &blk) top.accept(*args, &blk) end
+  #
+  # See #accept.
+  #
+  def self.accept(*args, &blk) top.accept(*args, &blk) end
+
+  #
+  # Directs to reject specified class argument.
+  #
+  # +t+:: Argument class specifier, any object including Class.
+  #
+  #   reject(t)
+  #
+  def reject(*args, &blk) top.reject(*args, &blk) end
+  #
+  # See #reject.
+  #
+  def self.reject(*args, &blk) top.reject(*args, &blk) end
+
+  #
+  # Instance methods
+  #
+
+  # Heading banner preceding summary.
+  attr_writer :banner
+
+  # Program name to be emitted in error message and default banner,
+  # defaults to $0.
+  attr_writer :program_name
+
+  # Width for option list portion of summary. Must be Numeric.
+  attr_accessor :summary_width
+
+  # Indentation for summary. Must be String (or have + String method).
+  attr_accessor :summary_indent
+
+  # Strings to be parsed in default.
+  attr_accessor :default_argv
+
+  # Whether to require that options match exactly (disallows providing
+  # abbreviated long option as short option).
+  attr_accessor :require_exact
+
+  #
+  # Heading banner preceding summary.
+  #
+  def banner
+    unless @banner
+      @banner = +"Usage: #{program_name} [options]"
+      visit(:add_banner, @banner)
+    end
+    @banner
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Program name to be emitted in error message and default banner, defaults
+  # to $0.
+  #
+  def program_name
+    @program_name || File.basename($0, '.*')
+  end
+
+  # for experimental cascading :-)
+  alias set_banner banner=
+  alias set_program_name program_name=
+  alias set_summary_width summary_width=
+  alias set_summary_indent summary_indent=
+
+  # Version
+  attr_writer :version
+  # Release code
+  attr_writer :release
+
+  #
+  # Version
+  #
+  def version
+    (defined?(@version) && @version) || (defined?(::Version) && ::Version)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Release code
+  #
+  def release
+    (defined?(@release) && @release) || (defined?(::Release) && ::Release) || (defined?(::RELEASE) && ::RELEASE)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns version string from program_name, version and release.
+  #
+  def ver
+    if v = version
+      str = +"#{program_name} #{[v].join('.')}"
+      str << " (#{v})" if v = release
+      str
+    end
+  end
+
+  def warn(mesg = $!)
+    super("#{program_name}: #{mesg}")
+  end
+
+  def abort(mesg = $!)
+    super("#{program_name}: #{mesg}")
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Subject of #on / #on_head, #accept / #reject
+  #
+  def top
+    @stack[-1]
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Subject of #on_tail.
+  #
+  def base
+    @stack[1]
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Pushes a new List.
+  #
+  def new
+    @stack.push(List.new)
+    if block_given?
+      yield self
+    else
+      self
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Removes the last List.
+  #
+  def remove
+    @stack.pop
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Puts option summary into +to+ and returns +to+. Yields each line if
+  # a block is given.
+  #
+  # +to+:: Output destination, which must have method <<. Defaults to [].
+  # +width+:: Width of left side, defaults to @summary_width.
+  # +max+:: Maximum length allowed for left side, defaults to +width+ - 1.
+  # +indent+:: Indentation, defaults to @summary_indent.
+  #
+  def summarize(to = [], width = @summary_width, max = width - 1, indent = @summary_indent, &blk)
+    nl = "\n"
+    blk ||= proc {|l| to << (l.index(nl, -1) ? l : l + nl)}
+    visit(:summarize, {}, {}, width, max, indent, &blk)
+    to
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns option summary string.
+  #
+  def help; summarize("#{banner}".sub(/\n?\z/, "\n")) end
+  alias to_s help
+
+  #
+  # Returns option summary list.
+  #
+  def to_a; summarize("#{banner}".split(/^/)) end
+
+  #
+  # Checks if an argument is given twice, in which case an ArgumentError is
+  # raised. Called from Gem::OptionParser#switch only.
+  #
+  # +obj+:: New argument.
+  # +prv+:: Previously specified argument.
+  # +msg+:: Exception message.
+  #
+  def notwice(obj, prv, msg) # :nodoc:
+    unless !prv or prv == obj
+      raise(ArgumentError, "argument #{msg} given twice: #{obj}",
+            ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller(2)))
+    end
+    obj
+  end
+  private :notwice
+
+  SPLAT_PROC = proc {|*a| a.length <= 1 ? a.first : a} # :nodoc:
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   make_switch(params, block = nil)
+  #
+  # :include: ../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  def make_switch(opts, block = nil)
+    short, long, nolong, style, pattern, conv, not_pattern, not_conv, not_style = [], [], []
+    ldesc, sdesc, desc, arg = [], [], []
+    default_style = Switch::NoArgument
+    default_pattern = nil
+    klass = nil
+    q, a = nil
+    has_arg = false
+
+    opts.each do |o|
+      # argument class
+      next if search(:atype, o) do |pat, c|
+        klass = notwice(o, klass, 'type')
+        if not_style and not_style != Switch::NoArgument
+          not_pattern, not_conv = pat, c
+        else
+          default_pattern, conv = pat, c
+        end
+      end
+
+      # directly specified pattern(any object possible to match)
+      if (!(String === o || Symbol === o)) and o.respond_to?(:match)
+        pattern = notwice(o, pattern, 'pattern')
+        if pattern.respond_to?(:convert)
+          conv = pattern.method(:convert).to_proc
+        else
+          conv = SPLAT_PROC
+        end
+        next
+      end
+
+      # anything others
+      case o
+      when Proc, Method
+        block = notwice(o, block, 'block')
+      when Array, Hash
+        case pattern
+        when CompletingHash
+        when nil
+          pattern = CompletingHash.new
+          conv = pattern.method(:convert).to_proc if pattern.respond_to?(:convert)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "argument pattern given twice"
+        end
+        o.each {|pat, *v| pattern[pat] = v.fetch(0) {pat}}
+      when Module
+        raise ArgumentError, "unsupported argument type: #{o}", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller(4))
+      when *ArgumentStyle.keys
+        style = notwice(ArgumentStyle[o], style, 'style')
+      when /^--no-([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
+        q, a = $1, $2
+        o = notwice(a ? Object : TrueClass, klass, 'type')
+        not_pattern, not_conv = search(:atype, o) unless not_style
+        not_style = (not_style || default_style).guess(arg = a) if a
+        default_style = Switch::NoArgument
+        default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, FalseClass) unless default_pattern
+        ldesc << "--no-#{q}"
+        (q = q.downcase).tr!('_', '-')
+        long << "no-#{q}"
+        nolong << q
+      when /^--\[no-\]([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
+        q, a = $1, $2
+        o = notwice(a ? Object : TrueClass, klass, 'type')
+        if a
+          default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
+          default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
+        end
+        ldesc << "--[no-]#{q}"
+        (o = q.downcase).tr!('_', '-')
+        long << o
+        not_pattern, not_conv = search(:atype, FalseClass) unless not_style
+        not_style = Switch::NoArgument
+        nolong << "no-#{o}"
+      when /^--([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
+        q, a = $1, $2
+        if a
+          o = notwice(NilClass, klass, 'type')
+          default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
+          default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
+        end
+        ldesc << "--#{q}"
+        (o = q.downcase).tr!('_', '-')
+        long << o
+      when /^-(\[\^?\]?(?:[^\\\]]|\\.)*\])(.+)?/
+        q, a = $1, $2
+        o = notwice(Object, klass, 'type')
+        if a
+          default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
+          default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
+        else
+          has_arg = true
+        end
+        sdesc << "-#{q}"
+        short << Regexp.new(q)
+      when /^-(.)(.+)?/
+        q, a = $1, $2
+        if a
+          o = notwice(NilClass, klass, 'type')
+          default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
+          default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
+        end
+        sdesc << "-#{q}"
+        short << q
+      when /^=/
+        style = notwice(default_style.guess(arg = o), style, 'style')
+        default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, Object) unless default_pattern
+      else
+        desc.push(o)
+      end
+    end
+
+    default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, default_style.pattern) unless default_pattern
+    if !(short.empty? and long.empty?)
+      if has_arg and default_style == Switch::NoArgument
+        default_style = Switch::RequiredArgument
+      end
+      s = (style || default_style).new(pattern || default_pattern,
+                                       conv, sdesc, ldesc, arg, desc, block)
+    elsif !block
+      if style or pattern
+        raise ArgumentError, "no switch given", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller)
+      end
+      s = desc
+    else
+      short << pattern
+      s = (style || default_style).new(pattern,
+                                       conv, nil, nil, arg, desc, block)
+    end
+    return s, short, long,
+      (not_style.new(not_pattern, not_conv, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block) if not_style),
+      nolong
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define(*params, &block)
+  #
+  # :include: ../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  def define(*opts, &block)
+    top.append(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
+    sw[0]
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   on(*params, &block)
+  #
+  # :include: ../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  def on(*opts, &block)
+    define(*opts, &block)
+    self
+  end
+  alias def_option define
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define_head(*params, &block)
+  #
+  # :include: ../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  def define_head(*opts, &block)
+    top.prepend(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
+    sw[0]
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   on_head(*params, &block)
+  #
+  # :include: ../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  # The new option is added at the head of the summary.
+  #
+  def on_head(*opts, &block)
+    define_head(*opts, &block)
+    self
+  end
+  alias def_head_option define_head
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define_tail(*params, &block)
+  #
+  # :include: ../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  def define_tail(*opts, &block)
+    base.append(*(sw = make_switch(opts, block)))
+    sw[0]
+  end
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   on_tail(*params, &block)
+  #
+  # :include: ../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  # The new option is added at the tail of the summary.
+  #
+  def on_tail(*opts, &block)
+    define_tail(*opts, &block)
+    self
+  end
+  alias def_tail_option define_tail
+
+  #
+  # Add separator in summary.
+  #
+  def separator(string)
+    top.append(string, nil, nil)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in order. When a block is given,
+  # each non-option argument is yielded. When optional +into+ keyword
+  # argument is provided, the parsed option values are stored there via
+  # <code>[]=</code> method (so it can be Hash, or OpenStruct, or other
+  # similar object).
+  #
+  # Returns the rest of +argv+ left unparsed.
+  #
+  def order(*argv, into: nil, &nonopt)
+    argv = argv[0].dup if argv.size == 1 and Array === argv[0]
+    order!(argv, into: into, &nonopt)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Same as #order, but removes switches destructively.
+  # Non-option arguments remain in +argv+.
+  #
+  def order!(argv = default_argv, into: nil, &nonopt)
+    setter = ->(name, val) {into[name.to_sym] = val} if into
+    parse_in_order(argv, setter, &nonopt)
+  end
+
+  def parse_in_order(argv = default_argv, setter = nil, &nonopt)  # :nodoc:
+    opt, arg, val, rest = nil
+    nonopt ||= proc {|a| throw :terminate, a}
+    argv.unshift(arg) if arg = catch(:terminate) {
+      while arg = argv.shift
+        case arg
+        # long option
+        when /\A--([^=]*)(?:=(.*))?/m
+          opt, rest = $1, $2
+          opt.tr!('_', '-')
+          begin
+            sw, = complete(:long, opt, true)
+            if require_exact && !sw.long.include?(arg)
+              raise InvalidOption, arg
+            end
+          rescue ParseError
+            raise $!.set_option(arg, true)
+          end
+          begin
+            opt, cb, val = sw.parse(rest, argv) {|*exc| raise(*exc)}
+            val = cb.call(val) if cb
+            setter.call(sw.switch_name, val) if setter
+          rescue ParseError
+            raise $!.set_option(arg, rest)
+          end
+
+        # short option
+        when /\A-(.)((=).*|.+)?/m
+          eq, rest, opt = $3, $2, $1
+          has_arg, val = eq, rest
+          begin
+            sw, = search(:short, opt)
+            unless sw
+              begin
+                sw, = complete(:short, opt)
+                # short option matched.
+                val = arg.delete_prefix('-')
+                has_arg = true
+              rescue InvalidOption
+                raise if require_exact
+                # if no short options match, try completion with long
+                # options.
+                sw, = complete(:long, opt)
+                eq ||= !rest
+              end
+            end
+          rescue ParseError
+            raise $!.set_option(arg, true)
+          end
+          begin
+            opt, cb, val = sw.parse(val, argv) {|*exc| raise(*exc) if eq}
+          rescue ParseError
+            raise $!.set_option(arg, arg.length > 2)
+          else
+            raise InvalidOption, arg if has_arg and !eq and arg == "-#{opt}"
+          end
+          begin
+            argv.unshift(opt) if opt and (!rest or (opt = opt.sub(/\A-*/, '-')) != '-')
+            val = cb.call(val) if cb
+            setter.call(sw.switch_name, val) if setter
+          rescue ParseError
+            raise $!.set_option(arg, arg.length > 2)
+          end
+
+        # non-option argument
+        else
+          catch(:prune) do
+            visit(:each_option) do |sw0|
+              sw = sw0
+              sw.block.call(arg) if Switch === sw and sw.match_nonswitch?(arg)
+            end
+            nonopt.call(arg)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      nil
+    }
+
+    visit(:search, :short, nil) {|sw| sw.block.call(*argv) if !sw.pattern}
+
+    argv
+  end
+  private :parse_in_order
+
+  #
+  # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in permutation mode and returns
+  # list of non-option arguments. When optional +into+ keyword
+  # argument is provided, the parsed option values are stored there via
+  # <code>[]=</code> method (so it can be Hash, or OpenStruct, or other
+  # similar object).
+  #
+  def permute(*argv, into: nil)
+    argv = argv[0].dup if argv.size == 1 and Array === argv[0]
+    permute!(argv, into: into)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Same as #permute, but removes switches destructively.
+  # Non-option arguments remain in +argv+.
+  #
+  def permute!(argv = default_argv, into: nil)
+    nonopts = []
+    order!(argv, into: into, &nonopts.method(:<<))
+    argv[0, 0] = nonopts
+    argv
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Parses command line arguments +argv+ in order when environment variable
+  # POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, and in permutation mode otherwise.
+  # When optional +into+ keyword argument is provided, the parsed option
+  # values are stored there via <code>[]=</code> method (so it can be Hash,
+  # or OpenStruct, or other similar object).
+  #
+  def parse(*argv, into: nil)
+    argv = argv[0].dup if argv.size == 1 and Array === argv[0]
+    parse!(argv, into: into)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Same as #parse, but removes switches destructively.
+  # Non-option arguments remain in +argv+.
+  #
+  def parse!(argv = default_argv, into: nil)
+    if ENV.include?('POSIXLY_CORRECT')
+      order!(argv, into: into)
+    else
+      permute!(argv, into: into)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Wrapper method for getopts.rb.
+  #
+  #   params = ARGV.getopts("ab:", "foo", "bar:", "zot:Z;zot option")
+  #   # params["a"] = true   # -a
+  #   # params["b"] = "1"    # -b1
+  #   # params["foo"] = "1"  # --foo
+  #   # params["bar"] = "x"  # --bar x
+  #   # params["zot"] = "z"  # --zot Z
+  #
+  def getopts(*args)
+    argv = Array === args.first ? args.shift : default_argv
+    single_options, *long_options = *args
+
+    result = {}
+
+    single_options.scan(/(.)(:)?/) do |opt, val|
+      if val
+        result[opt] = nil
+        define("-#{opt} VAL")
+      else
+        result[opt] = false
+        define("-#{opt}")
+      end
+    end if single_options
+
+    long_options.each do |arg|
+      arg, desc = arg.split(';', 2)
+      opt, val = arg.split(':', 2)
+      if val
+        result[opt] = val.empty? ? nil : val
+        define("--#{opt}=#{result[opt] || "VAL"}", *[desc].compact)
+      else
+        result[opt] = false
+        define("--#{opt}", *[desc].compact)
+      end
+    end
+
+    parse_in_order(argv, result.method(:[]=))
+    result
+  end
+
+  #
+  # See #getopts.
+  #
+  def self.getopts(*args)
+    new.getopts(*args)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Traverses @stack, sending each element method +id+ with +args+ and
+  # +block+.
+  #
+  def visit(id, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
+    @stack.reverse_each do |el|
+      el.__send__(id, *args, &block)
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+  private :visit
+
+  #
+  # Searches +key+ in @stack for +id+ hash and returns or yields the result.
+  #
+  def search(id, key) # :nodoc:
+    block_given = block_given?
+    visit(:search, id, key) do |k|
+      return block_given ? yield(k) : k
+    end
+  end
+  private :search
+
+  #
+  # Completes shortened long style option switch and returns pair of
+  # canonical switch and switch descriptor Gem::OptionParser::Switch.
+  #
+  # +typ+::   Searching table.
+  # +opt+::   Searching key.
+  # +icase+:: Search case insensitive if true.
+  # +pat+::   Optional pattern for completion.
+  #
+  def complete(typ, opt, icase = false, *pat) # :nodoc:
+    if pat.empty?
+      search(typ, opt) {|sw| return [sw, opt]} # exact match or...
+    end
+    ambiguous = catch(:ambiguous) {
+      visit(:complete, typ, opt, icase, *pat) {|o, *sw| return sw}
+    }
+    exc = ambiguous ? AmbiguousOption : InvalidOption
+    raise exc.new(opt, additional: self.method(:additional_message).curry[typ])
+  end
+  private :complete
+
+  #
+  # Returns additional info.
+  #
+  def additional_message(typ, opt)
+    return unless typ and opt and defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker)
+    all_candidates = []
+    visit(:get_candidates, typ) do |candidates|
+      all_candidates.concat(candidates)
+    end
+    all_candidates.select! {|cand| cand.is_a?(String) }
+    checker = DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: all_candidates)
+    suggestions = all_candidates & checker.correct(opt)
+    if DidYouMean.respond_to?(:formatter)
+      DidYouMean.formatter.message_for(suggestions)
+    else
+       "\nDid you mean?  #{suggestions.join("\n               ")}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def candidate(word)
+    list = []
+    case word
+    when '-'
+      long = short = true
+    when /\A--/
+      word, arg = word.split(/=/, 2)
+      argpat = Completion.regexp(arg, false) if arg and !arg.empty?
+      long = true
+    when /\A-/
+      short = true
+    end
+    pat = Completion.regexp(word, long)
+    visit(:each_option) do |opt|
+      next unless Switch === opt
+      opts = (long ? opt.long : []) + (short ? opt.short : [])
+      opts = Completion.candidate(word, true, pat, &opts.method(:each)).map(&:first) if pat
+      if /\A=/ =~ opt.arg
+        opts.map! {|sw| sw + "="}
+        if arg and CompletingHash === opt.pattern
+          if opts = opt.pattern.candidate(arg, false, argpat)
+            opts.map!(&:last)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      list.concat(opts)
+    end
+    list
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Loads options from file names as +filename+. Does nothing when the file
+  # is not present. Returns whether successfully loaded.
+  #
+  # +filename+ defaults to basename of the program without suffix in a
+  # directory ~/.options, then the basename with '.options' suffix
+  # under XDG and Haiku standard places.
+  #
+  def load(filename = nil)
+    unless filename
+      basename = File.basename($0, '.*')
+      return true if load(File.expand_path(basename, '~/.options')) rescue nil
+      basename << ".options"
+      return [
+        # XDG
+        ENV['XDG_CONFIG_HOME'],
+        '~/.config',
+        *ENV['XDG_CONFIG_DIRS']&.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR),
+
+        # Haiku
+        '~/config/settings',
+      ].any? {|dir|
+        next if !dir or dir.empty?
+        load(File.expand_path(basename, dir)) rescue nil
+      }
+    end
+    begin
+      parse(*IO.readlines(filename).each {|s| s.chomp!})
+      true
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::ENOTDIR
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Parses environment variable +env+ or its uppercase with splitting like a
+  # shell.
+  #
+  # +env+ defaults to the basename of the program.
+  #
+  def environment(env = File.basename($0, '.*'))
+    env = ENV[env] || ENV[env.upcase] or return
+    require 'shellwords'
+    parse(*Shellwords.shellwords(env))
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Acceptable argument classes
+  #
+
+  #
+  # Any string and no conversion. This is fall-back.
+  #
+  accept(Object) {|s,|s or s.nil?}
+
+  accept(NilClass) {|s,|s}
+
+  #
+  # Any non-empty string, and no conversion.
+  #
+  accept(String, /.+/m) {|s,*|s}
+
+  #
+  # Ruby/C-like integer, octal for 0-7 sequence, binary for 0b, hexadecimal
+  # for 0x, and decimal for others; with optional sign prefix. Converts to
+  # Integer.
+  #
+  decimal = '\d+(?:_\d+)*'
+  binary = 'b[01]+(?:_[01]+)*'
+  hex = 'x[\da-f]+(?:_[\da-f]+)*'
+  octal = "0(?:[0-7]+(?:_[0-7]+)*|#{binary}|#{hex})?"
+  integer = "#{octal}|#{decimal}"
+
+  accept(Integer, %r"\A[-+]?(?:#{integer})\z"io) {|s,|
+    begin
+      Integer(s)
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
+    end if s
+  }
+
+  #
+  # Float number format, and converts to Float.
+  #
+  float = "(?:#{decimal}(?=(.)?)(?:\\.(?:#{decimal})?)?|\\.#{decimal})(?:E[-+]?#{decimal})?"
+  floatpat = %r"\A[-+]?#{float}\z"io
+  accept(Float, floatpat) {|s,| s.to_f if s}
+
+  #
+  # Generic numeric format, converts to Integer for integer format, Float
+  # for float format, and Rational for rational format.
+  #
+  real = "[-+]?(?:#{octal}|#{float})"
+  accept(Numeric, /\A(#{real})(?:\/(#{real}))?\z/io) {|s, d, f, n,|
+    if n
+      Rational(d, n)
+    elsif f
+      Float(s)
+    else
+      Integer(s)
+    end
+  }
+
+  #
+  # Decimal integer format, to be converted to Integer.
+  #
+  DecimalInteger = /\A[-+]?#{decimal}\z/io
+  accept(DecimalInteger, DecimalInteger) {|s,|
+    begin
+      Integer(s, 10)
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
+    end if s
+  }
+
+  #
+  # Ruby/C like octal/hexadecimal/binary integer format, to be converted to
+  # Integer.
+  #
+  OctalInteger = /\A[-+]?(?:[0-7]+(?:_[0-7]+)*|0(?:#{binary}|#{hex}))\z/io
+  accept(OctalInteger, OctalInteger) {|s,|
+    begin
+      Integer(s, 8)
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
+    end if s
+  }
+
+  #
+  # Decimal integer/float number format, to be converted to Integer for
+  # integer format, Float for float format.
+  #
+  DecimalNumeric = floatpat     # decimal integer is allowed as float also.
+  accept(DecimalNumeric, floatpat) {|s, f|
+    begin
+      if f
+        Float(s)
+      else
+        Integer(s)
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
+    end if s
+  }
+
+  #
+  # Boolean switch, which means whether it is present or not, whether it is
+  # absent or not with prefix no-, or it takes an argument
+  # yes/no/true/false/+/-.
+  #
+  yesno = CompletingHash.new
+  %w[- no false].each {|el| yesno[el] = false}
+  %w[+ yes true].each {|el| yesno[el] = true}
+  yesno['nil'] = false          # should be nil?
+  accept(TrueClass, yesno) {|arg, val| val == nil or val}
+  #
+  # Similar to TrueClass, but defaults to false.
+  #
+  accept(FalseClass, yesno) {|arg, val| val != nil and val}
+
+  #
+  # List of strings separated by ",".
+  #
+  accept(Array) do |s, |
+    if s
+      s = s.split(',').collect {|ss| ss unless ss.empty?}
+    end
+    s
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Regular expression with options.
+  #
+  accept(Regexp, %r"\A/((?:\\.|[^\\])*)/([[:alpha:]]+)?\z|.*") do |all, s, o|
+    f = 0
+    if o
+      f |= Regexp::IGNORECASE if /i/ =~ o
+      f |= Regexp::MULTILINE if /m/ =~ o
+      f |= Regexp::EXTENDED if /x/ =~ o
+      k = o.delete("imx")
+      k = nil if k.empty?
+    end
+    Regexp.new(s || all, f, k)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Exceptions
+  #
+
+  #
+  # Base class of exceptions from Gem::OptionParser.
+  #
+  class ParseError < RuntimeError
+    # Reason which caused the error.
+    Reason = 'parse error'
+
+    def initialize(*args, additional: nil)
+      @additional = additional
+      @arg0, = args
+      @args = args
+      @reason = nil
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :args
+    attr_writer :reason
+    attr_accessor :additional
+
+    #
+    # Pushes back erred argument(s) to +argv+.
+    #
+    def recover(argv)
+      argv[0, 0] = @args
+      argv
+    end
+
+    def self.filter_backtrace(array)
+      unless $DEBUG
+        array.delete_if(&%r"\A#{Regexp.quote(__FILE__)}:"o.method(:=~))
+      end
+      array
+    end
+
+    def set_backtrace(array)
+      super(self.class.filter_backtrace(array))
+    end
+
+    def set_option(opt, eq)
+      if eq
+        @args[0] = opt
+      else
+        @args.unshift(opt)
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns error reason. Override this for I18N.
+    #
+    def reason
+      @reason || self.class::Reason
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class}: #{args.join(' ')}>"
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Default stringizing method to emit standard error message.
+    #
+    def message
+      "#{reason}: #{args.join(' ')}#{additional[@arg0] if additional}"
+    end
+
+    alias to_s message
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Raises when ambiguously completable string is encountered.
+  #
+  class AmbiguousOption < ParseError
+    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous option')
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Raises when there is an argument for a switch which takes no argument.
+  #
+  class NeedlessArgument < ParseError
+    const_set(:Reason, 'needless argument')
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Raises when a switch with mandatory argument has no argument.
+  #
+  class MissingArgument < ParseError
+    const_set(:Reason, 'missing argument')
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Raises when switch is undefined.
+  #
+  class InvalidOption < ParseError
+    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid option')
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Raises when the given argument does not match required format.
+  #
+  class InvalidArgument < ParseError
+    const_set(:Reason, 'invalid argument')
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Raises when the given argument word can't be completed uniquely.
+  #
+  class AmbiguousArgument < InvalidArgument
+    const_set(:Reason, 'ambiguous argument')
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Miscellaneous
+  #
+
+  #
+  # Extends command line arguments array (ARGV) to parse itself.
+  #
+  module Arguable
+
+    #
+    # Sets Gem::OptionParser object, when +opt+ is +false+ or +nil+, methods
+    # Gem::OptionParser::Arguable#options and Gem::OptionParser::Arguable#options= are
+    # undefined. Thus, there is no ways to access the Gem::OptionParser object
+    # via the receiver object.
+    #
+    def options=(opt)
+      unless @optparse = opt
+        class << self
+          undef_method(:options)
+          undef_method(:options=)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Actual Gem::OptionParser object, automatically created if nonexistent.
+    #
+    # If called with a block, yields the Gem::OptionParser object and returns the
+    # result of the block. If an Gem::OptionParser::ParseError exception occurs
+    # in the block, it is rescued, a error message printed to STDERR and
+    # +nil+ returned.
+    #
+    def options
+      @optparse ||= Gem::OptionParser.new
+      @optparse.default_argv = self
+      block_given? or return @optparse
+      begin
+        yield @optparse
+      rescue ParseError
+        @optparse.warn $!
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Parses +self+ destructively in order and returns +self+ containing the
+    # rest arguments left unparsed.
+    #
+    def order!(&blk) options.order!(self, &blk) end
+
+    #
+    # Parses +self+ destructively in permutation mode and returns +self+
+    # containing the rest arguments left unparsed.
+    #
+    def permute!() options.permute!(self) end
+
+    #
+    # Parses +self+ destructively and returns +self+ containing the
+    # rest arguments left unparsed.
+    #
+    def parse!() options.parse!(self) end
+
+    #
+    # Substitution of getopts is possible as follows. Also see
+    # Gem::OptionParser#getopts.
+    #
+    #   def getopts(*args)
+    #     ($OPT = ARGV.getopts(*args)).each do |opt, val|
+    #       eval "$OPT_#{opt.gsub(/[^A-Za-z0-9_]/, '_')} = val"
+    #     end
+    #   rescue Gem::OptionParser::ParseError
+    #   end
+    #
+    def getopts(*args)
+      options.getopts(self, *args)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Initializes instance variable.
+    #
+    def self.extend_object(obj)
+      super
+      obj.instance_eval {@optparse = nil}
+    end
+    def initialize(*args)
+      super
+      @optparse = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Acceptable argument classes. Now contains DecimalInteger, OctalInteger
+  # and DecimalNumeric. See Acceptable argument classes (in source code).
+  #
+  module Acceptables
+    const_set(:DecimalInteger, Gem::OptionParser::DecimalInteger)
+    const_set(:OctalInteger, Gem::OptionParser::OctalInteger)
+    const_set(:DecimalNumeric, Gem::OptionParser::DecimalNumeric)
+  end
+end
+
+# ARGV is arguable by Gem::OptionParser
+ARGV.extend(Gem::OptionParser::Arguable)
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/ac.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/ac.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff2f4c2dc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/ac.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+
+class Gem::OptionParser::AC < Gem::OptionParser
+  private
+
+  def _check_ac_args(name, block)
+    unless /\A\w[-\w]*\z/ =~ name
+      raise ArgumentError, name
+    end
+    unless block
+      raise ArgumentError, "no block given", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller)
+    end
+  end
+
+  ARG_CONV = proc {|val| val.nil? ? true : val}
+
+  def _ac_arg_enable(prefix, name, help_string, block)
+    _check_ac_args(name, block)
+
+    sdesc = []
+    ldesc = ["--#{prefix}-#{name}"]
+    desc = [help_string]
+    q = name.downcase
+    ac_block = proc {|val| block.call(ARG_CONV.call(val))}
+    enable = Switch::PlacedArgument.new(nil, ARG_CONV, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, ac_block)
+    disable = Switch::NoArgument.new(nil, proc {false}, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, ac_block)
+    top.append(enable, [], ["enable-" + q], disable, ['disable-' + q])
+    enable
+  end
+
+  public
+
+  def ac_arg_enable(name, help_string, &block)
+    _ac_arg_enable("enable", name, help_string, block)
+  end
+
+  def ac_arg_disable(name, help_string, &block)
+    _ac_arg_enable("disable", name, help_string, block)
+  end
+
+  def ac_arg_with(name, help_string, &block)
+    _check_ac_args(name, block)
+
+    sdesc = []
+    ldesc = ["--with-#{name}"]
+    desc = [help_string]
+    q = name.downcase
+    with = Switch::PlacedArgument.new(*search(:atype, String), sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block)
+    without = Switch::NoArgument.new(nil, proc {}, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block)
+    top.append(with, [], ["with-" + q], without, ['without-' + q])
+    with
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/date.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/date.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11131e92c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/date.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+require 'date'
+
+Gem::OptionParser.accept(DateTime) do |s,|
+  begin
+    DateTime.parse(s) if s
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
+  end
+end
+Gem::OptionParser.accept(Date) do |s,|
+  begin
+    Date.parse(s) if s
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/kwargs.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/kwargs.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9290344c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/kwargs.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+
+class Gem::OptionParser
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   define_by_keywords(options, method, **params)
+  #
+  # :include: ../../doc/optparse/creates_option.rdoc
+  #
+  def define_by_keywords(options, meth, **opts)
+    meth.parameters.each do |type, name|
+      case type
+      when :key, :keyreq
+        op, cl = *(type == :key ? %w"[ ]" : ["", ""])
+        define("--#{name}=#{op}#{name.upcase}#{cl}", *opts[name]) do |o|
+          options[name] = o
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    options
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/shellwords.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/shellwords.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60dd91990c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/shellwords.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# -*- ruby -*-
+
+require 'shellwords'
+require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+
+Gem::OptionParser.accept(Shellwords) {|s,| Shellwords.shellwords(s)}
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/time.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb19f6e998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+require 'time'
+
+Gem::OptionParser.accept(Time) do |s,|
+  begin
+    (Time.httpdate(s) rescue Time.parse(s)) if s
+  rescue
+    raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/uri.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/uri.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..088f309992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/uri.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# -*- ruby -*-
+
+require 'rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse'
+require 'uri'
+
+Gem::OptionParser.accept(URI) {|s,| URI.parse(s) if s}
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/version.rb b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d79e9db44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/optparse/lib/optparse/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# Gem::OptionParser internal utility
+
+class << Gem::OptionParser
+  def show_version(*pkgs)
+    progname = ARGV.options.program_name
+    result = false
+    show = proc do |klass, cname, version|
+      str = "#{progname}"
+      unless klass == ::Object and cname == :VERSION
+        version = version.join(".") if Array === version
+        str << ": #{klass}" unless klass == Object
+        str << " version #{version}"
+      end
+      [:Release, :RELEASE].find do |rel|
+        if klass.const_defined?(rel)
+          str << " (#{klass.const_get(rel)})"
+        end
+      end
+      puts str
+      result = true
+    end
+    if pkgs.size == 1 and pkgs[0] == "all"
+      self.search_const(::Object, /\AV(?:ERSION|ersion)\z/) do |klass, cname, version|
+        unless cname[1] == ?e and klass.const_defined?(:Version)
+          show.call(klass, cname.intern, version)
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      pkgs.each do |pkg|
+        begin
+          pkg = pkg.split(/::|\//).inject(::Object) {|m, c| m.const_get(c)}
+          v = case
+              when pkg.const_defined?(:Version)
+                pkg.const_get(n = :Version)
+              when pkg.const_defined?(:VERSION)
+                pkg.const_get(n = :VERSION)
+              else
+                n = nil
+                "unknown"
+              end
+          show.call(pkg, n, v)
+        rescue NameError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  def each_const(path, base = ::Object)
+    path.split(/::|\//).inject(base) do |klass, name|
+      raise NameError, path unless Module === klass
+      klass.constants.grep(/#{name}/i) do |c|
+        klass.const_defined?(c) or next
+        klass.const_get(c)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def search_const(klass, name)
+    klasses = [klass]
+    while klass = klasses.shift
+      klass.constants.each do |cname|
+        klass.const_defined?(cname) or next
+        const = klass.const_get(cname)
+        yield klass, cname, const if name === cname
+        klasses << const if Module === const and const != ::Object
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package.rb b/lib/rubygems/package.rb
index c36e71d800..94705914af 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # Copyright (C) 2004 Mauricio Julio Fernández Pradier
@@ -8,7 +7,8 @@
 # Example using a Gem::Package
 #
 # Builds a .gem file given a Gem::Specification. A .gem file is a tarball
-# which contains a data.tar.gz and metadata.gz, and possibly signatures.
+# which contains a data.tar.gz, metadata.gz, checksums.yaml.gz and possibly
+# signatures.
 #
 #   require 'rubygems'
 #   require 'rubygems/package'
@@ -41,13 +41,11 @@
 # #files are the files in the .gem tar file, not the Ruby files in the gem
 # #extract_files and #contents automatically call #verify
 
-require 'rubygems/security'
-require 'rubygems/specification'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-require 'zlib'
+require_relative "../rubygems"
+require_relative 'security'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 class Gem::Package
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   class Error < Gem::Exception; end
@@ -55,7 +53,7 @@ class Gem::Package
   class FormatError < Error
     attr_reader :path
 
-    def initialize message, source = nil
+    def initialize(message, source = nil)
       if source
         @path = source.path
 
@@ -64,16 +62,22 @@ class Gem::Package
 
       super message
     end
-
   end
 
   class PathError < Error
-    def initialize destination, destination_dir
+    def initialize(destination, destination_dir)
       super "installing into parent path %s of %s is not allowed" %
               [destination, destination_dir]
     end
   end
 
+  class SymlinkError < Error
+    def initialize(name, destination, destination_dir)
+      super "installing symlink '%s' pointing to parent path %s of %s is not allowed" %
+              [name, destination, destination_dir]
+    end
+  end
+
   class NonSeekableIO < Error; end
 
   class TooLongFileName < Error; end
@@ -83,7 +87,6 @@ class Gem::Package
 
   class TarInvalidError < Error; end
 
-
   attr_accessor :build_time # :nodoc:
 
   ##
@@ -98,6 +101,11 @@ class Gem::Package
   attr_reader :files
 
   ##
+  # Reference to the gem being packaged.
+
+  attr_reader :gem
+
+  ##
   # The security policy used for verifying the contents of this package.
 
   attr_accessor :security_policy
@@ -107,12 +115,24 @@ class Gem::Package
 
   attr_writer :spec
 
-  def self.build spec, skip_validation=false
-    gem_file = spec.file_name
+  ##
+  # Permission for directories
+  attr_accessor :dir_mode
+
+  ##
+  # Permission for program files
+  attr_accessor :prog_mode
+
+  ##
+  # Permission for other files
+  attr_accessor :data_mode
+
+  def self.build(spec, skip_validation = false, strict_validation = false, file_name = nil)
+    gem_file = file_name || spec.file_name
 
     package = new gem_file
     package.spec = spec
-    package.build skip_validation
+    package.build skip_validation, strict_validation
 
     gem_file
   end
@@ -124,7 +144,7 @@ class Gem::Package
   # If +gem+ is an existing file in the old format a Gem::Package::Old will be
   # returned.
 
-  def self.new gem, security_policy = nil
+  def self.new(gem, security_policy = nil)
     gem = if gem.is_a?(Gem::Package::Source)
             gem
           elsif gem.respond_to? :read
@@ -143,15 +163,43 @@ class Gem::Package
   end
 
   ##
+  # Extracts the Gem::Specification and raw metadata from the .gem file at
+  # +path+.
+  #--
+
+  def self.raw_spec(path, security_policy = nil)
+    format = new(path, security_policy)
+    spec = format.spec
+
+    metadata = nil
+
+    File.open path, Gem.binary_mode do |io|
+      tar = Gem::Package::TarReader.new io
+      tar.each_entry do |entry|
+        case entry.full_name
+        when 'metadata' then
+          metadata = entry.read
+        when 'metadata.gz' then
+          metadata = Gem::Util.gunzip entry.read
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    return spec, metadata
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Creates a new package that will read or write to the file +gem+.
 
-  def initialize gem, security_policy # :notnew:
+  def initialize(gem, security_policy) # :notnew:
+    require 'zlib'
+
     @gem = gem
 
-    @build_time      = Time.now
+    @build_time      = Gem.source_date_epoch
     @checksums       = {}
     @contents        = nil
-    @digests         = Hash.new { |h, algorithm| h[algorithm] = {} }
+    @digests         = Hash.new {|h, algorithm| h[algorithm] = {} }
     @files           = nil
     @security_policy = security_policy
     @signatures      = {}
@@ -162,17 +210,17 @@ class Gem::Package
   ##
   # Copies this package to +path+ (if possible)
 
-  def copy_to path
+  def copy_to(path)
     FileUtils.cp @gem.path, path unless File.exist? path
   end
 
   ##
   # Adds a checksum for each entry in the gem to checksums.yaml.gz.
 
-  def add_checksums tar
+  def add_checksums(tar)
     Gem.load_yaml
 
-    checksums_by_algorithm = Hash.new { |h, algorithm| h[algorithm] = {} }
+    checksums_by_algorithm = Hash.new {|h, algorithm| h[algorithm] = {} }
 
     @checksums.each do |name, digests|
       digests.each do |algorithm, digest|
@@ -191,7 +239,7 @@ class Gem::Package
   # Adds the files listed in the packages's Gem::Specification to data.tar.gz
   # and adds this file to the +tar+.
 
-  def add_contents tar # :nodoc:
+  def add_contents(tar) # :nodoc:
     digests = tar.add_file_signed 'data.tar.gz', 0444, @signer do |io|
       gzip_to io do |gz_io|
         Gem::Package::TarWriter.new gz_io do |data_tar|
@@ -206,20 +254,18 @@ class Gem::Package
   ##
   # Adds files included the package's Gem::Specification to the +tar+ file
 
-  def add_files tar # :nodoc:
+  def add_files(tar) # :nodoc:
     @spec.files.each do |file|
       stat = File.lstat file
 
       if stat.symlink?
-        relative_dir = File.dirname(file).sub("#{Dir.pwd}/", '')
-        target_path = File.join(relative_dir, File.readlink(file))
-        tar.add_symlink file, target_path, stat.mode
+        tar.add_symlink file, File.readlink(file), stat.mode
       end
 
       next unless stat.file?
 
       tar.add_file_simple file, stat.mode, stat.size do |dst_io|
-        open file, 'rb' do |src_io|
+        File.open file, 'rb' do |src_io|
           dst_io.write src_io.read 16384 until src_io.eof?
         end
       end
@@ -229,7 +275,7 @@ class Gem::Package
   ##
   # Adds the package's Gem::Specification to the +tar+ file
 
-  def add_metadata tar # :nodoc:
+  def add_metadata(tar) # :nodoc:
     digests = tar.add_file_signed 'metadata.gz', 0444, @signer do |io|
       gzip_to io do |gz_io|
         gz_io.write @spec.to_yaml
@@ -242,14 +288,19 @@ class Gem::Package
   ##
   # Builds this package based on the specification set by #spec=
 
-  def build skip_validation = false
+  def build(skip_validation = false, strict_validation = false)
+    raise ArgumentError, "skip_validation = true and strict_validation = true are incompatible" if skip_validation && strict_validation
+
     Gem.load_yaml
-    require 'rubygems/security'
 
     @spec.mark_version
-    @spec.validate unless skip_validation
+    @spec.validate true, strict_validation unless skip_validation
 
-    setup_signer
+    setup_signer(
+      signer_options: {
+        expiration_length_days: Gem.configuration.cert_expiration_length_days,
+      }
+    )
 
     @gem.with_write_io do |gem_io|
       Gem::Package::TarWriter.new gem_io do |gem|
@@ -263,7 +314,7 @@ class Gem::Package
   Successfully built RubyGem
   Name: #{@spec.name}
   Version: #{@spec.version}
-  File: #{File.basename @spec.cache_file}
+  File: #{File.basename @gem.path}
 EOM
   ensure
     @signer = nil
@@ -300,20 +351,15 @@ EOM
   # Creates a digest of the TarEntry +entry+ from the digest algorithm set by
   # the security policy.
 
-  def digest entry # :nodoc:
-    algorithms = if @checksums then
+  def digest(entry) # :nodoc:
+    algorithms = if @checksums
                    @checksums.keys
                  else
                    [Gem::Security::DIGEST_NAME].compact
                  end
 
     algorithms.each do |algorithm|
-      digester =
-        if defined?(OpenSSL::Digest) then
-          OpenSSL::Digest.new algorithm
-        else
-          Digest.const_get(algorithm).new
-        end
+      digester = Gem::Security.create_digest(algorithm)
 
       digester << entry.read(16384) until entry.eof?
 
@@ -331,10 +377,10 @@ EOM
   # If +pattern+ is specified, only entries matching that glob will be
   # extracted.
 
-  def extract_files destination_dir, pattern = "*"
+  def extract_files(destination_dir, pattern = "*")
     verify unless @spec
 
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p destination_dir
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p destination_dir, :mode => dir_mode && 0755
 
     @gem.with_read_io do |io|
       reader = Gem::Package::TarReader.new io
@@ -360,29 +406,41 @@ EOM
   # If +pattern+ is specified, only entries matching that glob will be
   # extracted.
 
-  def extract_tar_gz io, destination_dir, pattern = "*" # :nodoc:
+  def extract_tar_gz(io, destination_dir, pattern = "*") # :nodoc:
+    directories = []
     open_tar_gz io do |tar|
       tar.each do |entry|
         next unless File.fnmatch pattern, entry.full_name, File::FNM_DOTMATCH
 
         destination = install_location entry.full_name, destination_dir
 
+        if entry.symlink?
+          link_target = entry.header.linkname
+          real_destination = link_target.start_with?("/") ? link_target : File.expand_path(link_target, File.dirname(destination))
+
+          raise Gem::Package::SymlinkError.new(entry.full_name, real_destination, destination_dir) unless
+            normalize_path(real_destination).start_with? normalize_path(destination_dir + '/')
+        end
+
         FileUtils.rm_rf destination
 
         mkdir_options = {}
-        mkdir_options[:mode] = entry.header.mode if entry.directory?
+        mkdir_options[:mode] = dir_mode ? 0755 : (entry.header.mode if entry.directory?)
         mkdir =
-          if entry.directory? then
+          if entry.directory?
             destination
           else
             File.dirname destination
           end
 
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p mkdir, mkdir_options
+        unless directories.include?(mkdir)
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p mkdir, **mkdir_options
+          directories << mkdir
+        end
 
-        open destination, 'wb' do |out|
+        File.open destination, 'wb' do |out|
           out.write entry.read
-          FileUtils.chmod entry.header.mode, destination
+          FileUtils.chmod file_mode(entry.header.mode), destination
         end if entry.file?
 
         File.symlink(entry.header.linkname, destination) if entry.symlink?
@@ -390,6 +448,14 @@ EOM
         verbose destination
       end
     end
+
+    if dir_mode
+      File.chmod(dir_mode, *directories)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def file_mode(mode) # :nodoc:
+    ((mode & 0111).zero? ? data_mode : prog_mode) || mode
   end
 
   ##
@@ -398,7 +464,7 @@ EOM
   # Also sets the gzip modification time to the package build time to ease
   # testing.
 
-  def gzip_to io # :yields: gz_io
+  def gzip_to(io) # :yields: gz_io
     gz_io = Zlib::GzipWriter.new io, Zlib::BEST_COMPRESSION
     gz_io.mtime = @build_time
 
@@ -412,38 +478,37 @@ EOM
   #
   # If +filename+ is not inside +destination_dir+ an exception is raised.
 
-  def install_location filename, destination_dir # :nodoc:
+  def install_location(filename, destination_dir) # :nodoc:
     raise Gem::Package::PathError.new(filename, destination_dir) if
       filename.start_with? '/'
 
-    destination_dir = File.realpath destination_dir if
-      File.respond_to? :realpath
-    destination_dir = File.expand_path destination_dir
-
-    destination = File.join destination_dir, filename
-    destination = File.expand_path destination
+    destination_dir = File.realpath(destination_dir)
+    destination = File.expand_path(filename, destination_dir)
 
     raise Gem::Package::PathError.new(destination, destination_dir) unless
-      destination.start_with? destination_dir
+      normalize_path(destination).start_with? normalize_path(destination_dir + '/')
 
-    destination.untaint
+    destination.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
     destination
   end
 
+  def normalize_path(pathname)
+    if Gem.win_platform?
+      pathname.downcase
+    else
+      pathname
+    end
+  end
+
   ##
   # Loads a Gem::Specification from the TarEntry +entry+
 
-  def load_spec entry # :nodoc:
+  def load_spec(entry) # :nodoc:
     case entry.full_name
     when 'metadata' then
       @spec = Gem::Specification.from_yaml entry.read
     when 'metadata.gz' then
-      args = [entry]
-      args << { :external_encoding => Encoding::UTF_8 } if
-        Object.const_defined?(:Encoding) &&
-          Zlib::GzipReader.method(:wrap).arity != 1
-
-      Zlib::GzipReader.wrap(*args) do |gzio|
+      Zlib::GzipReader.wrap(entry, external_encoding: Encoding::UTF_8) do |gzio|
         @spec = Gem::Specification.from_yaml gzio.read
       end
     end
@@ -452,7 +517,7 @@ EOM
   ##
   # Opens +io+ as a gzipped tar archive
 
-  def open_tar_gz io # :nodoc:
+  def open_tar_gz(io) # :nodoc:
     Zlib::GzipReader.wrap io do |gzio|
       tar = Gem::Package::TarReader.new gzio
 
@@ -463,12 +528,12 @@ EOM
   ##
   # Reads and loads checksums.yaml.gz from the tar file +gem+
 
-  def read_checksums gem
+  def read_checksums(gem)
     Gem.load_yaml
 
     @checksums = gem.seek 'checksums.yaml.gz' do |entry|
       Zlib::GzipReader.wrap entry do |gz_io|
-        YAML.load gz_io.read
+        Gem::SafeYAML.safe_load gz_io.read
       end
     end
   end
@@ -477,15 +542,22 @@ EOM
   # Prepares the gem for signing and checksum generation.  If a signing
   # certificate and key are not present only checksum generation is set up.
 
-  def setup_signer
+  def setup_signer(signer_options: {})
     passphrase = ENV['GEM_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE']
-    if @spec.signing_key then
-      @signer = Gem::Security::Signer.new @spec.signing_key, @spec.cert_chain, passphrase
+    if @spec.signing_key
+      @signer =
+        Gem::Security::Signer.new(
+          @spec.signing_key,
+          @spec.cert_chain,
+          passphrase,
+          signer_options
+        )
+
       @spec.signing_key = nil
-      @spec.cert_chain = @signer.cert_chain.map { |cert| cert.to_s }
+      @spec.cert_chain = @signer.cert_chain.map {|cert| cert.to_s }
     else
       @signer = Gem::Security::Signer.new nil, nil, passphrase
-      @spec.cert_chain = @signer.cert_chain.map { |cert| cert.to_pem } if
+      @spec.cert_chain = @signer.cert_chain.map {|cert| cert.to_pem } if
         @signer.cert_chain
     end
   end
@@ -545,14 +617,14 @@ EOM
   # Verifies the +checksums+ against the +digests+.  This check is not
   # cryptographically secure.  Missing checksums are ignored.
 
-  def verify_checksums digests, checksums # :nodoc:
+  def verify_checksums(digests, checksums) # :nodoc:
     return unless checksums
 
     checksums.sort.each do |algorithm, gem_digests|
       gem_digests.sort.each do |file_name, gem_hexdigest|
         computed_digest = digests[algorithm][file_name]
 
-        unless computed_digest.hexdigest == gem_hexdigest then
+        unless computed_digest.hexdigest == gem_hexdigest
           raise Gem::Package::FormatError.new \
             "#{algorithm} checksum mismatch for #{file_name}", @gem
         end
@@ -563,7 +635,7 @@ EOM
   ##
   # Verifies +entry+ in a .gem file.
 
-  def verify_entry entry
+  def verify_entry(entry)
     file_name = entry.full_name
     @files << file_name
 
@@ -576,54 +648,56 @@ EOM
     end
 
     case file_name
-    when /^metadata(.gz)?$/ then
+    when "metadata", "metadata.gz" then
       load_spec entry
     when 'data.tar.gz' then
       verify_gz entry
     end
-  rescue => e
-    message = "package is corrupt, exception while verifying: " +
-              "#{e.message} (#{e.class})"
-    raise Gem::Package::FormatError.new message, @gem
+  rescue
+    warn "Exception while verifying #{@gem.path}"
+    raise
   end
 
   ##
   # Verifies the files of the +gem+
 
-  def verify_files gem
+  def verify_files(gem)
     gem.each do |entry|
       verify_entry entry
     end
 
-    unless @spec then
+    unless @spec
       raise Gem::Package::FormatError.new 'package metadata is missing', @gem
     end
 
-    unless @files.include? 'data.tar.gz' then
+    unless @files.include? 'data.tar.gz'
       raise Gem::Package::FormatError.new \
               'package content (data.tar.gz) is missing', @gem
     end
+
+    if duplicates = @files.group_by {|f| f }.select {|k,v| v.size > 1 }.map(&:first) and duplicates.any?
+      raise Gem::Security::Exception, "duplicate files in the package: (#{duplicates.map(&:inspect).join(', ')})"
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Verifies that +entry+ is a valid gzipped file.
 
-  def verify_gz entry # :nodoc:
+  def verify_gz(entry) # :nodoc:
     Zlib::GzipReader.wrap entry do |gzio|
       gzio.read 16384 until gzio.eof? # gzip checksum verification
     end
   rescue Zlib::GzipFile::Error => e
     raise Gem::Package::FormatError.new(e.message, entry.full_name)
   end
-
 end
 
-require 'rubygems/package/digest_io'
-require 'rubygems/package/source'
-require 'rubygems/package/file_source'
-require 'rubygems/package/io_source'
-require 'rubygems/package/old'
-require 'rubygems/package/tar_header'
-require 'rubygems/package/tar_reader'
-require 'rubygems/package/tar_reader/entry'
-require 'rubygems/package/tar_writer'
+require_relative 'package/digest_io'
+require_relative 'package/source'
+require_relative 'package/file_source'
+require_relative 'package/io_source'
+require_relative 'package/old'
+require_relative 'package/tar_header'
+require_relative 'package/tar_reader'
+require_relative 'package/tar_reader/entry'
+require_relative 'package/tar_writer'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/digest_io.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/digest_io.rb
index 4930c9aa7d..4736f76d93 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/digest_io.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/digest_io.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # IO wrapper that creates digests of contents written to the IO it wraps.
 
 class Gem::Package::DigestIO
-
   ##
   # Collected digests for wrapped writes.
   #
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class Gem::Package::DigestIO
   #   digests['SHA1'].hexdigest   #=> "aaf4c61d[...]"
   #   digests['SHA512'].hexdigest #=> "9b71d224[...]"
 
-  def self.wrap io, digests
+  def self.wrap(io, digests)
     digest_io = new io, digests
 
     yield digest_io
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class Gem::Package::DigestIO
   # Creates a new DigestIO instance.  Using ::wrap is recommended, see the
   # ::wrap documentation for documentation of +io+ and +digests+.
 
-  def initialize io, digests
+  def initialize(io, digests)
     @io = io
     @digests = digests
   end
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ class Gem::Package::DigestIO
   ##
   # Writes +data+ to the underlying IO and updates the digests
 
-  def write data
+  def write(data)
     result = @io.write data
 
     @digests.each do |_, digest|
@@ -60,6 +59,4 @@ class Gem::Package::DigestIO
 
     result
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/file_source.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/file_source.rb
index 1a4dc4c824..114a950c77 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/file_source.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/file_source.rb
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@
 # object to `Gem::Package.new`.
 
 class Gem::Package::FileSource < Gem::Package::Source # :nodoc: all
-
   attr_reader :path
 
-  def initialize path
+  def initialize(path)
     @path = path
   end
 
@@ -22,13 +21,11 @@ class Gem::Package::FileSource < Gem::Package::Source # :nodoc: all
     File.exist? path
   end
 
-  def with_write_io &block
-    open path, 'wb', &block
+  def with_write_io(&block)
+    File.open path, 'wb', &block
   end
 
-  def with_read_io &block
-    open path, 'rb', &block
+  def with_read_io(&block)
+    File.open path, 'rb', &block
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/io_source.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/io_source.rb
index ee79a21083..03d7714524 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/io_source.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/io_source.rb
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@
 # object to `Gem::Package.new`.
 
 class Gem::Package::IOSource < Gem::Package::Source # :nodoc: all
-
   attr_reader :io
 
-  def initialize io
+  def initialize(io)
     @io = io
   end
 
@@ -33,14 +32,16 @@ class Gem::Package::IOSource < Gem::Package::Source # :nodoc: all
 
   def with_read_io
     yield io
+  ensure
+    io.rewind
   end
 
   def with_write_io
     yield io
+  ensure
+    io.rewind
   end
 
   def path
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/old.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/old.rb
index 5e722baa35..25317ef23f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/old.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/old.rb
@@ -12,14 +12,13 @@
 # Please pretend this doesn't exist.
 
 class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
-
   undef_method :spec=
 
   ##
   # Creates a new old-format package reader for +gem+.  Old-format packages
   # cannot be written.
 
-  def initialize gem, security_policy
+  def initialize(gem, security_policy)
     require 'fileutils'
     require 'zlib'
     Gem.load_yaml
@@ -42,14 +41,14 @@ class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
       read_until_dashes io # spec
       header = file_list io
 
-      @contents = header.map { |file| file['path'] }
+      @contents = header.map {|file| file['path'] }
     end
   end
 
   ##
   # Extracts the files in this package into +destination_dir+
 
-  def extract_files destination_dir
+  def extract_files(destination_dir)
     verify
 
     errstr = "Error reading files from gem"
@@ -78,9 +77,9 @@ class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
 
         FileUtils.rm_rf destination
 
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname destination
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(destination), :mode => dir_mode && 0755
 
-        open destination, 'wb', entry['mode'] do |out|
+        File.open destination, 'wb', file_mode(entry['mode']) do |out|
           out.write file_data
         end
 
@@ -94,20 +93,20 @@ class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
   ##
   # Reads the file list section from the old-format gem +io+
 
-  def file_list io # :nodoc:
+  def file_list(io) # :nodoc:
     header = String.new
 
     read_until_dashes io do |line|
       header << line
     end
 
-    YAML.load header
+    Gem::SafeYAML.safe_load header
   end
 
   ##
   # Reads lines until a "---" separator is found
 
-  def read_until_dashes io # :nodoc:
+  def read_until_dashes(io) # :nodoc:
     while (line = io.gets) && line.chomp.strip != "---" do
       yield line if block_given?
     end
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
   ##
   # Skips the Ruby self-install header in +io+.
 
-  def skip_ruby io # :nodoc:
+  def skip_ruby(io) # :nodoc:
     loop do
       line = io.gets
 
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
       break unless line
     end
 
-    raise Gem::Exception, "Failed to find end of ruby script while reading gem"
+    raise Gem::Exception, "Failed to find end of Ruby script while reading gem"
   end
 
   ##
@@ -144,17 +143,9 @@ class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
       end
     end
 
-    yaml_error = if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9' then
-                   YAML::ParseError
-                 elsif YAML.const_defined?(:ENGINE) && YAML::ENGINE.yamler == 'syck' then
-                   YAML::ParseError
-                 else
-                   YAML::SyntaxError
-                 end
-
     begin
       @spec = Gem::Specification.from_yaml yaml
-    rescue yaml_error
+    rescue YAML::SyntaxError
       raise Gem::Exception, "Failed to parse gem specification out of gem file"
     end
   rescue ArgumentError
@@ -174,5 +165,4 @@ class Gem::Package::Old < Gem::Package
 
     true
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/source.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/source.rb
index fe19776c38..69701e55e9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/source.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/source.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 class Gem::Package::Source # :nodoc:
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb
index c54bd14d57..ce9b49e3eb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_header.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # Copyright (C) 2004 Mauricio Julio Fernández Pradier
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@
 # A header for a tar file
 
 class Gem::Package::TarHeader
-
   ##
   # Fields in the tar header
 
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
     :uid,
     :uname,
     :version,
-  ]
+  ].freeze
 
   ##
   # Pack format for a tar header
@@ -94,40 +92,57 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
 
   attr_reader(*FIELDS)
 
+  EMPTY_HEADER = ("\0" * 512).freeze # :nodoc:
+
   ##
   # Creates a tar header from IO +stream+
 
   def self.from(stream)
     header = stream.read 512
-    empty = (header == "\0" * 512)
+    empty = (EMPTY_HEADER == header)
 
     fields = header.unpack UNPACK_FORMAT
 
     new :name     => fields.shift,
-        :mode     => fields.shift.oct,
-        :uid      => fields.shift.oct,
-        :gid      => fields.shift.oct,
-        :size     => fields.shift.oct,
-        :mtime    => fields.shift.oct,
-        :checksum => fields.shift.oct,
+        :mode     => strict_oct(fields.shift),
+        :uid      => oct_or_256based(fields.shift),
+        :gid      => oct_or_256based(fields.shift),
+        :size     => strict_oct(fields.shift),
+        :mtime    => strict_oct(fields.shift),
+        :checksum => strict_oct(fields.shift),
         :typeflag => fields.shift,
         :linkname => fields.shift,
         :magic    => fields.shift,
-        :version  => fields.shift.oct,
+        :version  => strict_oct(fields.shift),
         :uname    => fields.shift,
         :gname    => fields.shift,
-        :devmajor => fields.shift.oct,
-        :devminor => fields.shift.oct,
+        :devmajor => strict_oct(fields.shift),
+        :devminor => strict_oct(fields.shift),
         :prefix   => fields.shift,
 
         :empty => empty
   end
 
+  def self.strict_oct(str)
+    return str.strip.oct if str.strip =~ /\A[0-7]*\z/
+
+    raise ArgumentError, "#{str.inspect} is not an octal string"
+  end
+
+  def self.oct_or_256based(str)
+    # \x80 flags a positive 256-based number
+    # \ff flags a negative 256-based number
+    # In case we have a match, parse it as a signed binary value
+    # in big-endian order, except that the high-order bit is ignored.
+    return str.unpack('N2').last if str =~ /\A[\x80\xff]/n
+    strict_oct(str)
+  end
+
   ##
   # Creates a new TarHeader using +vals+
 
   def initialize(vals)
-    unless vals[:name] && vals[:size] && vals[:prefix] && vals[:mode] then
+    unless vals[:name] && vals[:size] && vals[:prefix] && vals[:mode]
       raise ArgumentError, ":name, :size, :prefix and :mode required"
     end
 
@@ -193,7 +208,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
   private
 
   def calculate_checksum(header)
-    header.unpack("C*").inject { |a, b| a + b }
+    header.unpack("C*").inject {|a, b| a + b }
   end
 
   def header(checksum = @checksum)
@@ -214,7 +229,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
       gname,
       oct(devmajor, 7),
       oct(devminor, 7),
-      prefix
+      prefix,
     ]
 
     header = header.pack PACK_FORMAT
@@ -225,5 +240,4 @@ class Gem::Package::TarHeader
   def oct(num, len)
     "%0#{len}o" % num
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb
index 1098336e36..41121f3bfb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # Copyright (C) 2004 Mauricio Julio Fernández Pradier
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@
 # TarReader reads tar files and allows iteration over their items
 
 class Gem::Package::TarReader
-
   include Enumerable
 
   ##
@@ -55,6 +53,8 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader
   def each
     return enum_for __method__ unless block_given?
 
+    use_seek = @io.respond_to?(:seek)
+
     until @io.eof? do
       header = Gem::Package::TarHeader.from @io
       return if header.empty?
@@ -67,18 +67,22 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader
       skip = (512 - (size % 512)) % 512
       pending = size - entry.bytes_read
 
-      begin
-        # avoid reading...
-        @io.seek pending, IO::SEEK_CUR
-        pending = 0
-      rescue Errno::EINVAL, NameError
-        while pending > 0 do
-          bytes_read = @io.read([pending, 4096].min).size
-          raise UnexpectedEOF if @io.eof?
-          pending -= bytes_read
+      if use_seek
+        begin
+          # avoid reading if the @io supports seeking
+          @io.seek pending, IO::SEEK_CUR
+          pending = 0
+        rescue Errno::EINVAL
         end
       end
 
+      # if seeking isn't supported or failed
+      while pending > 0 do
+        bytes_read = @io.read([pending, 4096].min).size
+        raise UnexpectedEOF if @io.eof?
+        pending -= bytes_read
+      end
+
       @io.read skip # discard trailing zeros
 
       # make sure nobody can use #read, #getc or #rewind anymore
@@ -92,11 +96,9 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader
   # NOTE: Do not call #rewind during #each
 
   def rewind
-    if @init_pos == 0 then
-      raise Gem::Package::NonSeekableIO unless @io.respond_to? :rewind
+    if @init_pos == 0
       @io.rewind
     else
-      raise Gem::Package::NonSeekableIO unless @io.respond_to? :pos=
       @io.pos = @init_pos
     end
   end
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader
   # yields it.  Rewinds the tar file to the beginning when the block
   # terminates.
 
-  def seek name # :yields: entry
+  def seek(name) # :yields: entry
     found = find do |entry|
       entry.full_name == name
     end
@@ -117,7 +119,6 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader
   ensure
     rewind
   end
-
 end
 
-require 'rubygems/package/tar_reader/entry'
+require_relative 'tar_reader/entry'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader/entry.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader/entry.rb
index 5f958edc2f..5865599d3a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader/entry.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_reader/entry.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 #++
 # Copyright (C) 2004 Mauricio Julio Fernández Pradier
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@
 # Class for reading entries out of a tar file
 
 class Gem::Package::TarReader::Entry
-
   ##
   # Header for this tar entry
 
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader::Entry
   # Full name of the tar entry
 
   def full_name
-    if @header.prefix != "" then
+    if @header.prefix != ""
       File.join @header.prefix, @header.name
     else
       @header.name
@@ -119,6 +117,12 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader::Entry
     bytes_read
   end
 
+  def size
+    @header.size
+  end
+
+  alias length size
+
   ##
   # Reads +len+ bytes from the tar file entry, or the rest of the entry if
   # nil
@@ -137,7 +141,19 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader::Entry
     ret
   end
 
-  alias readpartial read # :nodoc:
+  def readpartial(maxlen = nil, outbuf = "".b)
+    check_closed
+
+    raise EOFError if @read >= @header.size
+
+    maxlen ||= @header.size - @read
+    max_read = [maxlen, @header.size - @read].min
+
+    @io.readpartial(max_read, outbuf)
+    @read += outbuf.size
+
+    outbuf
+  end
 
   ##
   # Rewinds to the beginning of the tar file entry
@@ -145,10 +161,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarReader::Entry
   def rewind
     check_closed
 
-    raise Gem::Package::NonSeekableIO unless @io.respond_to? :pos=
-
     @io.pos = @orig_pos
     @read = 0
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_test_case.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 46ac949587..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/test_case'
-require 'rubygems/package'
-
-##
-# A test case for Gem::Package::Tar* classes
-
-class Gem::Package::TarTestCase < Gem::TestCase
-
-  def ASCIIZ(str, length)
-    str + "\0" * (length - str.length)
-  end
-
-  def SP(s)
-    s + " "
-  end
-
-  def SP_Z(s)
-    s + " \0"
-  end
-
-  def Z(s)
-    s + "\0"
-  end
-
-  def assert_headers_equal(expected, actual)
-    expected = expected.to_s unless String === expected
-    actual = actual.to_s unless String === actual
-
-    fields = %w[
-      name 100
-      mode 8
-      uid 8
-      gid 8
-      size 12
-      mtime 12
-      checksum 8
-      typeflag 1
-      linkname 100
-      magic 6
-      version 2
-      uname 32
-      gname 32
-      devmajor 8
-      devminor 8
-      prefix 155
-    ]
-
-    offset = 0
-
-    until fields.empty? do
-      name = fields.shift
-      length = fields.shift.to_i
-
-      if name == "checksum" then
-        chksum_off = offset
-        offset += length
-        next
-      end
-
-      assert_equal expected[offset, length], actual[offset, length],
-                   "Field #{name} of the tar header differs."
-
-      offset += length
-    end
-
-    assert_equal expected[chksum_off, 8], actual[chksum_off, 8]
-  end
-
-  def calc_checksum(header)
-    sum = header.unpack("C*").inject{|s,a| s + a}
-    SP(Z(to_oct(sum, 6)))
-  end
-
-  def header(type, fname, dname, length, mode, mtime, checksum = nil, linkname = "")
-    checksum ||= " " * 8
-
-    arr = [                  # struct tarfile_entry_posix
-      ASCIIZ(fname, 100),    # char name[100];     ASCII + (Z unless filled)
-      Z(to_oct(mode, 7)),    # char mode[8];       0 padded, octal null
-      Z(to_oct(0, 7)),       # char uid[8];        ditto
-      Z(to_oct(0, 7)),       # char gid[8];        ditto
-      Z(to_oct(length, 11)), # char size[12];      0 padded, octal, null
-      Z(to_oct(mtime, 11)),  # char mtime[12];     0 padded, octal, null
-      checksum,              # char checksum[8];   0 padded, octal, null, space
-      type,                  # char typeflag[1];   file: "0"  dir: "5"
-      ASCIIZ(linkname, 100), # char linkname[100]; ASCII + (Z unless filled)
-      "ustar\0",             # char magic[6];      "ustar\0"
-      "00",                  # char version[2];    "00"
-      ASCIIZ("wheel", 32),   # char uname[32];     ASCIIZ
-      ASCIIZ("wheel", 32),   # char gname[32];     ASCIIZ
-      Z(to_oct(0, 7)),       # char devmajor[8];   0 padded, octal, null
-      Z(to_oct(0, 7)),       # char devminor[8];   0 padded, octal, null
-      ASCIIZ(dname, 155)     # char prefix[155];   ASCII + (Z unless filled)
-    ]
-
-    format = "C100C8C8C8C12C12C8CC100C6C2C32C32C8C8C155"
-    h = if RUBY_VERSION >= "1.9" then
-          arr.join
-        else
-          arr = arr.join("").split(//).map{|x| x[0]}
-          arr.pack format
-        end
-    ret = h + "\0" * (512 - h.size)
-    assert_equal(512, ret.size)
-    ret
-  end
-
-  def tar_dir_header(name, prefix, mode, mtime)
-    h = header("5", name, prefix, 0, mode, mtime)
-    checksum = calc_checksum(h)
-    header("5", name, prefix, 0, mode, mtime, checksum)
-  end
-
-  def tar_file_header(fname, dname, mode, length, mtime)
-    h = header("0", fname, dname, length, mode, mtime)
-    checksum = calc_checksum(h)
-    header("0", fname, dname, length, mode, mtime, checksum)
-  end
-
-  def tar_symlink_header(fname, prefix, mode, mtime, linkname)
-    h = header("2", fname, prefix, 0, mode, mtime, nil, linkname)
-    checksum = calc_checksum(h)
-    header("2", fname, prefix, 0, mode, mtime, checksum, linkname)
-  end
-
-  def to_oct(n, pad_size)
-    "%0#{pad_size}o" % n
-  end
-
-  def util_entry(tar)
-    io = TempIO.new tar
-
-    header = Gem::Package::TarHeader.from io
-
-    Gem::Package::TarReader::Entry.new header, io
-  end
-
-  def util_dir_entry
-    util_entry tar_dir_header("foo", "bar", 0, Time.now)
-  end
-
-  def util_symlink_entry
-    util_entry tar_symlink_header("foo", "bar", 0, Time.now, "link")
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb
index f68b8d4c5e..877cc167c9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package/tar_writer.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,19 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # Copyright (C) 2004 Mauricio Julio Fernández Pradier
 # See LICENSE.txt for additional licensing information.
 #++
 
-require 'digest'
-
 ##
 # Allows writing of tar files
 
 class Gem::Package::TarWriter
-
   class FileOverflow < StandardError; end
 
   ##
   # IO wrapper that allows writing a limited amount of data
 
   class BoundedStream
-
     ##
     # Maximum number of bytes that can be written
 
@@ -50,14 +45,12 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
       @written += data.bytesize
       data.bytesize
     end
-
   end
 
   ##
   # IO wrapper that provides only #write
 
   class RestrictedStream
-
     ##
     # Creates a new RestrictedStream wrapping +io+
 
@@ -71,7 +64,6 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
     def write(data)
       @io.write data
     end
-
   end
 
   ##
@@ -106,12 +98,10 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
   def add_file(name, mode) # :yields: io
     check_closed
 
-    raise Gem::Package::NonSeekableIO unless @io.respond_to? :pos=
-
     name, prefix = split_name name
 
     init_pos = @io.pos
-    @io.write "\0" * 512 # placeholder for the header
+    @io.write Gem::Package::TarHeader::EMPTY_HEADER # placeholder for the header
 
     yield RestrictedStream.new(@io) if block_given?
 
@@ -125,7 +115,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
 
     header = Gem::Package::TarHeader.new :name => name, :mode => mode,
                                          :size => size, :prefix => prefix,
-                                         :mtime => Time.now
+                                         :mtime => Gem.source_date_epoch
 
     @io.write header
     @io.pos = final_pos
@@ -141,15 +131,14 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
   #
   # The created digest object is returned.
 
-  def add_file_digest name, mode, digest_algorithms # :yields: io
+  def add_file_digest(name, mode, digest_algorithms) # :yields: io
     digests = digest_algorithms.map do |digest_algorithm|
       digest = digest_algorithm.new
       digest_name =
-        if digest.respond_to? :name then
+        if digest.respond_to? :name
           digest.name
         else
-          /::([^:]+)$/ =~ digest_algorithm.name
-          $1
+          digest_algorithm.class.name[/::([^:]+)\z/, 1]
         end
 
       [digest_name, digest]
@@ -174,10 +163,10 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
   #
   # Returns the digest.
 
-  def add_file_signed name, mode, signer
+  def add_file_signed(name, mode, signer)
     digest_algorithms = [
       signer.digest_algorithm,
-      Digest::SHA512,
+      Gem::Security.create_digest('SHA512'),
     ].compact.uniq
 
     digests = add_file_digest name, mode, digest_algorithms do |io|
@@ -186,17 +175,18 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
 
     signature_digest = digests.values.compact.find do |digest|
       digest_name =
-        if digest.respond_to? :name then
+        if digest.respond_to? :name
           digest.name
         else
-          /::([^:]+)$/ =~ digest.class.name
-          $1
+          digest.class.name[/::([^:]+)\z/, 1]
         end
 
       digest_name == signer.digest_name
     end
 
-    if signer.key then
+    raise "no #{signer.digest_name} in #{digests.values.compact}" unless signature_digest
+
+    if signer.key
       signature = signer.sign signature_digest.digest
 
       add_file_simple "#{name}.sig", 0444, signature.length do |io|
@@ -218,7 +208,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
 
     header = Gem::Package::TarHeader.new(:name => name, :mode => mode,
                                          :size => size, :prefix => prefix,
-                                         :mtime => Time.now).to_s
+                                         :mtime => Gem.source_date_epoch).to_s
 
     @io.write header
     os = BoundedStream.new @io, size
@@ -246,7 +236,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
                                          :size => 0, :typeflag => "2",
                                          :linkname => target,
                                          :prefix => prefix,
-                                         :mtime => Time.now).to_s
+                                         :mtime => Gem.source_date_epoch).to_s
 
     @io.write header
 
@@ -299,7 +289,7 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
     header = Gem::Package::TarHeader.new :name => name, :mode => mode,
                                          :typeflag => "5", :size => 0,
                                          :prefix => prefix,
-                                         :mtime => Time.now
+                                         :mtime => Gem.source_date_epoch
 
     @io.write header
 
@@ -310,12 +300,12 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
   # Splits +name+ into a name and prefix that can fit in the TarHeader
 
   def split_name(name) # :nodoc:
-    if name.bytesize > 256 then
+    if name.bytesize > 256
       raise Gem::Package::TooLongFileName.new("File \"#{name}\" has a too long path (should be 256 or less)")
     end
 
     prefix = ''
-    if name.bytesize > 100 then
+    if name.bytesize > 100
       parts = name.split('/', -1) # parts are never empty here
       name = parts.pop            # initially empty for names with a trailing slash ("foo/.../bar/")
       prefix = parts.join('/')    # if empty, then it's impossible to split (parts is empty too)
@@ -324,16 +314,15 @@ class Gem::Package::TarWriter
         prefix = parts.join('/')
       end
 
-      if name.bytesize > 100 or prefix.empty? then
+      if name.bytesize > 100 or prefix.empty?
         raise Gem::Package::TooLongFileName.new("File \"#{prefix}/#{name}\" has a too long name (should be 100 or less)")
       end
 
-      if prefix.bytesize > 155 then
+      if prefix.bytesize > 155
         raise Gem::Package::TooLongFileName.new("File \"#{prefix}/#{name}\" has a too long base path (should be 155 or less)")
       end
     end
 
     return name, prefix
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/package_task.rb b/lib/rubygems/package_task.rb
index d554e3697b..bb48616b0e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/package_task.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/package_task.rb
@@ -20,13 +20,8 @@
 # OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
 # WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/package'
-begin
-  gem 'rake'
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
-
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'package'
 require 'rake/packagetask'
 
 ##
@@ -62,7 +57,6 @@ require 'rake/packagetask'
 #   end
 
 class Gem::PackageTask < Rake::PackageTask
-
   ##
   # Ruby Gem::Specification containing the metadata for this package.  The
   # name, version and package_files are automatically determined from the
@@ -88,6 +82,7 @@ class Gem::PackageTask < Rake::PackageTask
     super gem.full_name, :noversion
     @gem_spec = gem
     @package_files += gem_spec.files if gem_spec.files
+    @fileutils_output = $stdout
   end
 
   ##
@@ -124,6 +119,4 @@ class Gem::PackageTask < Rake::PackageTask
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/path_support.rb b/lib/rubygems/path_support.rb
index 618bc793c4..8103caf324 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/path_support.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/path_support.rb
@@ -23,17 +23,19 @@ class Gem::PathSupport
   # hashtable, or defaults to ENV, the system environment.
   #
   def initialize(env)
-    @home     = env["GEM_HOME"] || Gem.default_dir
+    @home = env["GEM_HOME"] || Gem.default_dir
 
-    if File::ALT_SEPARATOR then
-      @home   = @home.gsub(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR)
+    if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+      @home = @home.gsub(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR)
     end
 
+    @home = expand(@home)
+
     @path = split_gem_path env["GEM_PATH"], @home
 
     @spec_cache_dir = env["GEM_SPEC_CACHE"] || Gem.default_spec_cache_dir
 
-    @spec_cache_dir = @spec_cache_dir.dup.untaint
+    @spec_cache_dir = @spec_cache_dir.dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
   end
 
   private
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ class Gem::PathSupport
   ##
   # Split the Gem search path (as reported by Gem.path).
 
-  def split_gem_path gpaths, home
+  def split_gem_path(gpaths, home)
     # FIX: it should be [home, *path], not [*path, home]
 
     gem_path = []
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ class Gem::PathSupport
         gem_path += default_path
       end
 
-      if File::ALT_SEPARATOR then
+      if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
         gem_path.map! do |this_path|
           this_path.gsub File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR
         end
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ class Gem::PathSupport
       gem_path = default_path
     end
 
-    gem_path.uniq
+    gem_path.map {|path| expand(path) }.uniq
   end
 
   # Return the default Gem path
@@ -77,4 +79,12 @@ class Gem::PathSupport
     end
     gem_path
   end
+
+  def expand(path)
+    if File.directory?(path)
+      File.realpath(path)
+    else
+      path
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/platform.rb b/lib/rubygems/platform.rb
index d22d91ae54..efb046c7aa 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/platform.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/platform.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require "rubygems/deprecate"
+require_relative "deprecate"
 
 ##
 # Available list of platforms for targeting Gem installations.
@@ -7,14 +7,9 @@ require "rubygems/deprecate"
 # See `gem help platform` for information on platform matching.
 
 class Gem::Platform
-
   @local = nil
 
-  attr_accessor :cpu
-
-  attr_accessor :os
-
-  attr_accessor :version
+  attr_accessor :cpu, :os, :version
 
   def self.local
     arch = RbConfig::CONFIG['arch']
@@ -23,18 +18,33 @@ class Gem::Platform
   end
 
   def self.match(platform)
-    Gem.platforms.any? do |local_platform|
+    match_platforms?(platform, Gem.platforms)
+  end
+
+  def self.match_platforms?(platform, platforms)
+    platforms.any? do |local_platform|
       platform.nil? or
         local_platform == platform or
         (local_platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY and local_platform =~ platform)
     end
   end
+  private_class_method :match_platforms?
+
+  def self.match_spec?(spec)
+    match_gem?(spec.platform, spec.name)
+  end
+
+  def self.match_gem?(platform, gem_name)
+    # Note: this method might be redefined by Ruby implementations to
+    # customize behavior per RUBY_ENGINE, gem_name or other criteria.
+    match_platforms?(platform, Gem.platforms)
+  end
 
   def self.installable?(spec)
     if spec.respond_to? :installable_platform?
       spec.installable_platform?
     else
-      match spec.platform
+      match_spec? spec
     end
   end
 
@@ -56,7 +66,7 @@ class Gem::Platform
     when String then
       arch = arch.split '-'
 
-      if arch.length > 2 and arch.last !~ /\d/ then # reassemble x86-linux-gnu
+      if arch.length > 2 and arch.last !~ /\d/ # reassemble x86-linux-gnu
         extra = arch.pop
         arch.last << "-#{extra}"
       end
@@ -68,7 +78,7 @@ class Gem::Platform
              else cpu
              end
 
-      if arch.length == 2 and arch.last =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?$/ then # for command-line
+      if arch.length == 2 and arch.last =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?$/ # for command-line
         @os, @version = arch
         return
       end
@@ -88,8 +98,9 @@ class Gem::Platform
                       when /^dalvik(\d+)?$/ then        [ 'dalvik',    $1  ]
                       when /^dotnet$/ then              [ 'dotnet',    nil ]
                       when /^dotnet([\d.]*)/ then       [ 'dotnet',    $1  ]
-                      when /linux/ then                 [ 'linux',     $1  ]
+                      when /linux-?((?!gnu)\w+)?/ then  [ 'linux',     $1  ]
                       when /mingw32/ then               [ 'mingw32',   nil ]
+                      when /mingw-?(\w+)?/ then         [ 'mingw',     $1  ]
                       when /(mswin\d+)(\_(\d+))?/ then
                         os, version = $1, $3
                         @cpu = 'x86' if @cpu.nil? and os =~ /32$/
@@ -111,10 +122,6 @@ class Gem::Platform
     end
   end
 
-  def inspect
-    "#<%s:0x%x @cpu=%p, @os=%p, @version=%p>" % [self.class, object_id, *to_a]
-  end
-
   def to_a
     [@cpu, @os, @version]
   end
@@ -150,7 +157,7 @@ class Gem::Platform
 
     # cpu
     ([nil,'universal'].include?(@cpu) or [nil, 'universal'].include?(other.cpu) or @cpu == other.cpu or
-    (@cpu == 'arm' and other.cpu =~ /\Aarm/)) and
+    (@cpu == 'arm' and other.cpu.start_with?("arm"))) and
 
     # os
     @os == other.os and
@@ -195,12 +202,11 @@ class Gem::Platform
   # A pure-Ruby gem that may use Gem::Specification#extensions to build
   # binary files.
 
-  RUBY = 'ruby'
+  RUBY = 'ruby'.freeze
 
   ##
   # A platform-specific gem that is built for the packaging Ruby's platform.
   # This will be replaced with Gem::Platform::local.
 
-  CURRENT = 'current'
+  CURRENT = 'current'.freeze
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb b/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb
index 41a7314b53..6f399a289e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/psych_tree.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module Gem
       end
 
       # This is ported over from the yaml_tree in 1.9.3
-      def format_time time
+      def format_time(time)
         if time.utc?
           time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9N Z")
         else
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/query_utils.rb b/lib/rubygems/query_utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0acd5bf9c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/query_utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'local_remote_options'
+require_relative 'spec_fetcher'
+require_relative 'version_option'
+require_relative 'text'
+
+module Gem::QueryUtils
+
+  include Gem::Text
+  include Gem::LocalRemoteOptions
+  include Gem::VersionOption
+
+  def add_query_options
+    add_option('-i', '--[no-]installed',
+               'Check for installed gem') do |value, options|
+      options[:installed] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option('-I', 'Equivalent to --no-installed') do |value, options|
+      options[:installed] = false
+    end
+
+    add_version_option command, "for use with --installed"
+
+    add_option('-d', '--[no-]details',
+               'Display detailed information of gem(s)') do |value, options|
+      options[:details] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option('--[no-]versions',
+               'Display only gem names') do |value, options|
+      options[:versions] = value
+      options[:details] = false unless value
+    end
+
+    add_option('-a', '--all',
+               'Display all gem versions') do |value, options|
+      options[:all] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option('-e', '--exact',
+               'Name of gem(s) to query on matches the',
+               'provided STRING') do |value, options|
+      options[:exact] = value
+    end
+
+    add_option('--[no-]prerelease',
+               'Display prerelease versions') do |value, options|
+      options[:prerelease] = value
+    end
+
+    add_local_remote_options
+  end
+
+  def defaults_str # :nodoc:
+    "--local --name-matches // --no-details --versions --no-installed"
+  end
+
+  def execute
+    gem_names = Array(options[:name])
+
+    if !args.empty?
+      gem_names = options[:exact] ? args.map{|arg| /\A#{Regexp.escape(arg)}\Z/ } : args.map{|arg| /#{arg}/i }
+    end
+
+    terminate_interaction(check_installed_gems(gem_names)) if check_installed_gems?
+
+    gem_names.each {|n| show_gems(n) }
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def check_installed_gems(gem_names)
+    exit_code = 0
+
+    if args.empty? && !gem_name?
+      alert_error "You must specify a gem name"
+      exit_code = 4
+    elsif gem_names.count > 1
+      alert_error "You must specify only ONE gem!"
+      exit_code = 4
+    else
+      installed = installed?(gem_names.first, options[:version])
+      installed = !installed unless options[:installed]
+
+      say(installed)
+      exit_code = 1 if !installed
+    end
+
+    exit_code
+  end
+
+  def check_installed_gems?
+    !options[:installed].nil?
+  end
+
+  def gem_name?
+    !options[:name].source.empty?
+  end
+
+  def prerelease
+    options[:prerelease]
+  end
+
+  def show_prereleases?
+    prerelease.nil? || prerelease
+  end
+
+  def args
+    options[:args].to_a
+  end
+
+  def display_header(type)
+    if (ui.outs.tty? and Gem.configuration.verbose) or both?
+      say
+      say "*** #{type} GEMS ***"
+      say
+    end
+  end
+
+  #Guts of original execute
+  def show_gems(name)
+    show_local_gems(name)  if local?
+    show_remote_gems(name) if remote?
+  end
+
+  def show_local_gems(name, req = Gem::Requirement.default)
+    display_header("LOCAL")
+
+    specs = Gem::Specification.find_all do |s|
+      s.name =~ name and req =~ s.version
+    end
+
+    dep = Gem::Deprecate.skip_during { Gem::Dependency.new name, req }
+    specs.select! do |s|
+      dep.match?(s.name, s.version, show_prereleases?)
+    end
+
+    spec_tuples = specs.map do |spec|
+      [spec.name_tuple, spec]
+    end
+
+    output_query_results(spec_tuples)
+  end
+
+  def show_remote_gems(name)
+    display_header("REMOTE")
+
+    fetcher = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
+
+    spec_tuples = if name.respond_to?(:source) && name.source.empty?
+                    fetcher.detect(specs_type) { true }
+                  else
+                    fetcher.detect(specs_type) do |name_tuple|
+                      name === name_tuple.name
+                    end
+                  end
+
+    output_query_results(spec_tuples)
+  end
+
+  def specs_type
+    if options[:all]
+      if options[:prerelease]
+        :complete
+      else
+        :released
+      end
+    elsif options[:prerelease]
+      :prerelease
+    else
+      :latest
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Check if gem +name+ version +version+ is installed.
+
+  def installed?(name, req = Gem::Requirement.default)
+    Gem::Specification.any? {|s| s.name =~ name and req =~ s.version }
+  end
+
+  def output_query_results(spec_tuples)
+    output = []
+    versions = Hash.new {|h,name| h[name] = [] }
+
+    spec_tuples.each do |spec_tuple, source|
+      versions[spec_tuple.name] << [spec_tuple, source]
+    end
+
+    versions = versions.sort_by do |(n,_),_|
+      n.downcase
+    end
+
+    output_versions output, versions
+
+    say output.join(options[:details] ? "\n\n" : "\n")
+  end
+
+  def output_versions(output, versions)
+    versions.each do |gem_name, matching_tuples|
+      matching_tuples = matching_tuples.sort_by {|n,_| n.version }.reverse
+
+      platforms = Hash.new {|h,version| h[version] = [] }
+
+      matching_tuples.each do |n, _|
+        platforms[n.version] << n.platform if n.platform
+      end
+
+      seen = {}
+
+      matching_tuples.delete_if do |n,_|
+        if seen[n.version]
+          true
+        else
+          seen[n.version] = true
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      output << clean_text(make_entry(matching_tuples, platforms))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def entry_details(entry, detail_tuple, specs, platforms)
+    return unless options[:details]
+
+    name_tuple, spec = detail_tuple
+
+    spec = spec.fetch_spec(name_tuple)if spec.respond_to?(:fetch_spec)
+
+    entry << "\n"
+
+    spec_platforms   entry, platforms
+    spec_authors     entry, spec
+    spec_homepage    entry, spec
+    spec_license     entry, spec
+    spec_loaded_from entry, spec, specs
+    spec_summary     entry, spec
+  end
+
+  def entry_versions(entry, name_tuples, platforms, specs)
+    return unless options[:versions]
+
+    list =
+      if platforms.empty? or options[:details]
+        name_tuples.map {|n| n.version }.uniq
+      else
+        platforms.sort.reverse.map do |version, pls|
+          out = version.to_s
+
+          if options[:domain] == :local
+            default = specs.any? do |s|
+              !s.is_a?(Gem::Source) && s.version == version && s.default_gem?
+            end
+            out = "default: #{out}" if default
+          end
+
+          if pls != [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
+            platform_list = [pls.delete(Gem::Platform::RUBY), *pls.sort].compact
+            out = platform_list.unshift(out).join(' ')
+          end
+
+          out
+        end
+      end
+
+    entry << " (#{list.join ', '})"
+  end
+
+  def make_entry(entry_tuples, platforms)
+    detail_tuple = entry_tuples.first
+
+    name_tuples, specs = entry_tuples.flatten.partition do |item|
+      Gem::NameTuple === item
+    end
+
+    entry = [name_tuples.first.name]
+
+    entry_versions(entry, name_tuples, platforms, specs)
+    entry_details(entry, detail_tuple, specs, platforms)
+
+    entry.join
+  end
+
+  def spec_authors(entry, spec)
+    authors = "Author#{spec.authors.length > 1 ? 's' : ''}: ".dup
+    authors << spec.authors.join(', ')
+    entry << format_text(authors, 68, 4)
+  end
+
+  def spec_homepage(entry, spec)
+    return if spec.homepage.nil? or spec.homepage.empty?
+
+    entry << "\n" << format_text("Homepage: #{spec.homepage}", 68, 4)
+  end
+
+  def spec_license(entry, spec)
+    return if spec.license.nil? or spec.license.empty?
+
+    licenses = "License#{spec.licenses.length > 1 ? 's' : ''}: ".dup
+    licenses << spec.licenses.join(', ')
+    entry << "\n" << format_text(licenses, 68, 4)
+  end
+
+  def spec_loaded_from(entry, spec, specs)
+    return unless spec.loaded_from
+
+    if specs.length == 1
+      default = spec.default_gem? ? ' (default)' : nil
+      entry << "\n" << "    Installed at#{default}: #{spec.base_dir}"
+    else
+      label = 'Installed at'
+      specs.each do |s|
+        version = s.version.to_s
+        version << ', default' if s.default_gem?
+        entry << "\n" << "    #{label} (#{version}): #{s.base_dir}"
+        label = ' ' * label.length
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def spec_platforms(entry, platforms)
+    non_ruby = platforms.any? do |_, pls|
+      pls.any? {|pl| pl != Gem::Platform::RUBY }
+    end
+
+    return unless non_ruby
+
+    if platforms.length == 1
+      title = platforms.values.length == 1 ? 'Platform' : 'Platforms'
+      entry << "    #{title}: #{platforms.values.sort.join(', ')}\n"
+    else
+      entry << "    Platforms:\n"
+
+      sorted_platforms = platforms.sort_by {|version,| version }
+
+      sorted_platforms.each do |version, pls|
+        label = "        #{version}: "
+        data = format_text pls.sort.join(', '), 68, label.length
+        data[0, label.length] = label
+        entry << data << "\n"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def spec_summary(entry, spec)
+    summary = truncate_text(spec.summary, "the summary for #{spec.full_name}")
+    entry << "\n\n" << format_text(summary, 68, 4)
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/rdoc.rb b/lib/rubygems/rdoc.rb
index 7043bd2a31..ac5e8f0822 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/rdoc.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/rdoc.rb
@@ -1,335 +1,12 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-require 'fileutils'
-
-begin
-  gem 'rdoc'
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-  # swallow
-else
-  # This will force any deps that 'rdoc' might have
-  # (such as json) that are ambiguous to be activated, which
-  # is important because we end up using Specification.reset
-  # and we don't want the warning it pops out.
-  Gem.finish_resolve
-end
-
-loaded_hook = false
+require_relative '../rubygems'
 
 begin
   require 'rdoc/rubygems_hook'
-  loaded_hook = true
   module Gem
     RDoc = ::RDoc::RubygemsHook
   end
+
+  Gem.done_installing(&Gem::RDoc.method(:generation_hook))
 rescue LoadError
 end
-
-##
-# Gem::RDoc provides methods to generate RDoc and ri data for installed gems.
-# It works for RDoc 1.0.1 (in Ruby 1.8) up to RDoc 3.6.
-#
-# This implementation is considered obsolete.  The RDoc project is the
-# appropriate location to find this functionality.  This file provides the
-# hooks to load RDoc generation code from the "rdoc" gem and a fallback in
-# case the installed version of RDoc does not have them.
-
-class Gem::RDoc # :nodoc: all
-
-  include Gem::UserInteraction
-  extend  Gem::UserInteraction
-
-  @rdoc_version = nil
-  @specs = []
-
-  ##
-  # Force installation of documentation?
-
-  attr_accessor :force
-
-  ##
-  # Generate rdoc?
-
-  attr_accessor :generate_rdoc
-
-  ##
-  # Generate ri data?
-
-  attr_accessor :generate_ri
-
-  class << self
-
-    ##
-    # Loaded version of RDoc.  Set by ::load_rdoc
-
-    attr_reader :rdoc_version
-
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Post installs hook that generates documentation for each specification in
-  # +specs+
-
-  def self.generation_hook installer, specs
-    start = Time.now
-    types = installer.document
-
-    generate_rdoc = types.include? 'rdoc'
-    generate_ri   = types.include? 'ri'
-
-    specs.each do |spec|
-      new(spec, generate_rdoc, generate_ri).generate
-    end
-
-    return unless generate_rdoc or generate_ri
-
-    duration = (Time.now - start).to_i
-    names    = specs.map(&:name).join ', '
-
-    say "Done installing documentation for #{names} after #{duration} seconds"
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Loads the RDoc generator
-
-  def self.load_rdoc
-    return if @rdoc_version
-
-    require 'rdoc/rdoc'
-
-    @rdoc_version = if ::RDoc.const_defined? :VERSION then
-                      Gem::Version.new ::RDoc::VERSION
-                    else
-                      Gem::Version.new '1.0.1'
-                    end
-
-  rescue LoadError => e
-    raise Gem::DocumentError, "RDoc is not installed: #{e}"
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a new documentation generator for +spec+.  RDoc and ri data
-  # generation can be enabled or disabled through +generate_rdoc+ and
-  # +generate_ri+ respectively.
-  #
-  # Only +generate_ri+ is enabled by default.
-
-  def initialize spec, generate_rdoc = true, generate_ri = true
-    @doc_dir   = spec.doc_dir
-    @file_info = nil
-    @force     = false
-    @rdoc      = nil
-    @spec      = spec
-
-    @generate_rdoc = generate_rdoc
-    @generate_ri   = generate_ri
-
-    @rdoc_dir = spec.doc_dir 'rdoc'
-    @ri_dir   = spec.doc_dir 'ri'
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Removes legacy rdoc arguments from +args+
-  #--
-  # TODO move to RDoc::Options
-
-  def delete_legacy_args args
-    args.delete '--inline-source'
-    args.delete '--promiscuous'
-    args.delete '-p'
-    args.delete '--one-file'
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Generates documentation using the named +generator+ ("darkfish" or "ri")
-  # and following the given +options+.
-  #
-  # Documentation will be generated into +destination+
-
-  def document generator, options, destination
-    generator_name = generator
-
-    options = options.dup
-    options.exclude ||= [] # TODO maybe move to RDoc::Options#finish
-    options.setup_generator generator
-    options.op_dir = destination
-    options.finish
-
-    generator = options.generator.new @rdoc.store, options
-
-    @rdoc.options = options
-    @rdoc.generator = generator
-
-    say "Installing #{generator_name} documentation for #{@spec.full_name}"
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p options.op_dir
-
-    Dir.chdir options.op_dir do
-      begin
-        @rdoc.class.current = @rdoc
-        @rdoc.generator.generate @file_info
-      ensure
-        @rdoc.class.current = nil
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Generates RDoc and ri data
-
-  def generate
-    return unless @generate_ri or @generate_rdoc
-
-    setup
-
-    options = nil
-
-    if Gem::Requirement.new('< 3').satisfied_by? self.class.rdoc_version then
-      generate_legacy
-      return
-    end
-
-    ::RDoc::TopLevel.reset # TODO ::RDoc::RDoc.reset
-    ::RDoc::Parser::C.reset
-
-    args = @spec.rdoc_options
-    args.concat @spec.source_paths
-    args.concat @spec.extra_rdoc_files
-
-    case config_args = Gem.configuration[:rdoc]
-    when String then
-      args = args.concat config_args.split
-    when Array then
-      args = args.concat config_args
-    end
-
-    delete_legacy_args args
-
-    Dir.chdir @spec.full_gem_path do
-      options = ::RDoc::Options.new
-      options.default_title = "#{@spec.full_name} Documentation"
-      options.parse args
-    end
-
-    options.quiet = !Gem.configuration.really_verbose
-
-    @rdoc = new_rdoc
-    @rdoc.options = options
-
-    say "Parsing documentation for #{@spec.full_name}"
-
-    Dir.chdir @spec.full_gem_path do
-      @file_info = @rdoc.parse_files options.files
-    end
-
-    document 'ri',       options, @ri_dir if
-      @generate_ri   and (@force or not File.exist? @ri_dir)
-
-    document 'darkfish', options, @rdoc_dir if
-      @generate_rdoc and (@force or not File.exist? @rdoc_dir)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Generates RDoc and ri data for legacy RDoc versions.  This method will not
-  # exist in future versions.
-
-  def generate_legacy
-    if @generate_rdoc then
-      FileUtils.rm_rf @rdoc_dir
-      say "Installing RDoc documentation for #{@spec.full_name}"
-      legacy_rdoc '--op', @rdoc_dir
-    end
-
-    if @generate_ri then
-      FileUtils.rm_rf @ri_dir
-      say "Installing ri documentation for #{@spec.full_name}"
-      legacy_rdoc '--ri', '--op', @ri_dir
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Generates RDoc using a legacy version of RDoc from the ARGV-like +args+.
-  # This method will not exist in future versions.
-
-  def legacy_rdoc *args
-    args << @spec.rdoc_options
-    args << '--quiet'
-    args << @spec.require_paths.clone
-    args << @spec.extra_rdoc_files
-    args << '--title' << "#{@spec.full_name} Documentation"
-    args = args.flatten.map do |arg| arg.to_s end
-
-    delete_legacy_args args if
-      Gem::Requirement.new('>= 2.4.0') =~ self.class.rdoc_version
-
-    r = new_rdoc
-    verbose { "rdoc #{args.join ' '}" }
-
-    Dir.chdir @spec.full_gem_path do
-      begin
-        r.document args
-      rescue Errno::EACCES => e
-        dirname = File.dirname e.message.split("-")[1].strip
-        raise Gem::FilePermissionError, dirname
-      rescue Interrupt => e
-        raise e
-      rescue Exception => ex
-        alert_error "While generating documentation for #{@spec.full_name}"
-        ui.errs.puts "... MESSAGE:   #{ex}"
-        ui.errs.puts "... RDOC args: #{args.join(' ')}"
-        ui.backtrace ex
-        ui.errs.puts "(continuing with the rest of the installation)"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # #new_rdoc creates a new RDoc instance.  This method is provided only to
-  # make testing easier.
-
-  def new_rdoc # :nodoc:
-    ::RDoc::RDoc.new
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Is rdoc documentation installed?
-
-  def rdoc_installed?
-    File.exist? @rdoc_dir
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Removes generated RDoc and ri data
-
-  def remove
-    base_dir = @spec.base_dir
-
-    raise Gem::FilePermissionError, base_dir unless File.writable? base_dir
-
-    FileUtils.rm_rf @rdoc_dir
-    FileUtils.rm_rf @ri_dir
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Is ri data installed?
-
-  def ri_installed?
-    File.exist? @ri_dir
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Prepares the spec for documentation generation
-
-  def setup
-    self.class.load_rdoc
-
-    raise Gem::FilePermissionError, @doc_dir if
-      File.exist?(@doc_dir) and not File.writable?(@doc_dir)
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p @doc_dir unless File.exist? @doc_dir
-  end
-
-end unless loaded_hook
-
-Gem.done_installing(&Gem::RDoc.method(:generation_hook))
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb b/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
index e6a13d4b8c..de6f88f39a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/remote_fetcher.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/request'
-require 'rubygems/uri_formatter'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-require 'rubygems/request/connection_pools'
-require 'resolv'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'request'
+require_relative 'request/connection_pools'
+require_relative 's3_uri_signer'
+require_relative 'uri_formatter'
+require_relative 'uri'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # RemoteFetcher handles the details of fetching gems and gem information from
 # a remote source.
 
 class Gem::RemoteFetcher
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   ##
@@ -19,27 +19,23 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   # that could happen while downloading from the internet.
 
   class FetchError < Gem::Exception
-
     ##
     # The URI which was being accessed when the exception happened.
 
-    attr_accessor :uri
+    attr_accessor :uri, :original_uri
 
     def initialize(message, uri)
-      super message
-      begin
-        uri = URI(uri)
-        uri.password = 'REDACTED' if uri.password
-        @uri = uri.to_s
-      rescue URI::InvalidURIError, ArgumentError
-        @uri = uri
-      end
+      uri = Gem::Uri.new(uri)
+
+      super uri.redact_credentials_from(message)
+
+      @original_uri = uri.to_s
+      @uri = uri.redacted.to_s
     end
 
     def to_s # :nodoc:
       "#{super} (#{uri})"
     end
-
   end
 
   ##
@@ -48,6 +44,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
 
   class UnknownHostError < FetchError
   end
+  deprecate_constant(:UnknownHostError)
 
   @fetcher = nil
 
@@ -71,68 +68,40 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   #        HTTP_PROXY_PASS)
   # * <tt>:no_proxy</tt>: ignore environment variables and _don't_ use a proxy
   #
-  # +dns+: An object to use for DNS resolution of the API endpoint.
-  #        By default, use Resolv::DNS.
-  #
   # +headers+: A set of additional HTTP headers to be sent to the server when
   #            fetching the gem.
 
-  def initialize(proxy=nil, dns=Resolv::DNS.new, headers={})
+  def initialize(proxy=nil, dns=nil, headers={})
+    require_relative 'core_ext/tcpsocket_init' if Gem.configuration.ipv4_fallback_enabled
     require 'net/http'
     require 'stringio'
-    require 'time'
     require 'uri'
 
     Socket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
 
     @proxy = proxy
     @pools = {}
-    @pool_lock = Mutex.new
+    @pool_lock = Thread::Mutex.new
     @cert_files = Gem::Request.get_cert_files
 
-    @dns = dns
     @headers = headers
   end
 
   ##
-  # Given a source at +uri+, calculate what hostname to actually
-  # connect to query the data for it.
-
-  def api_endpoint(uri)
-    host = uri.host
-
-    begin
-      res = @dns.getresource "_rubygems._tcp.#{host}",
-                             Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SRV
-    rescue Resolv::ResolvError => e
-      verbose "Getting SRV record failed: #{e}"
-      uri
-    else
-      target = res.target.to_s.strip
-
-      if /\.#{Regexp.quote(host)}\z/ =~ target
-        return URI.parse "#{uri.scheme}://#{target}#{uri.path}"
-      end
-
-      uri
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Given a name and requirement, downloads this gem into cache and returns the
   # filename. Returns nil if the gem cannot be located.
   #--
   # Should probably be integrated with #download below, but that will be a
   # larger, more encompassing effort. -erikh
 
-  def download_to_cache dependency
+  def download_to_cache(dependency)
     found, _ = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.spec_for_dependency dependency
 
     return if found.empty?
 
-    spec, source = found.max_by { |(s,_)| s.version }
+    spec, source = found.max_by {|(s,_)| s.version }
 
-    download spec, source.uri.to_s
+    download spec, source.uri
   end
 
   ##
@@ -141,11 +110,12 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   # always replaced.
 
   def download(spec, source_uri, install_dir = Gem.dir)
+    install_cache_dir = File.join install_dir, "cache"
     cache_dir =
-      if Dir.pwd == install_dir then # see fetch_command
+      if Dir.pwd == install_dir # see fetch_command
         install_dir
-      elsif File.writable? install_dir then
-        File.join install_dir, "cache"
+      elsif File.writable?(install_cache_dir) || (File.writable?(install_dir) && (not File.exist?(install_cache_dir)))
+        install_cache_dir
       else
         File.join Gem.user_dir, "cache"
       end
@@ -153,22 +123,10 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
     gem_file_name = File.basename spec.cache_file
     local_gem_path = File.join cache_dir, gem_file_name
 
+    require "fileutils"
     FileUtils.mkdir_p cache_dir rescue nil unless File.exist? cache_dir
 
-    # Always escape URI's to deal with potential spaces and such
-    # It should also be considered that source_uri may already be
-    # a valid URI with escaped characters. e.g. "{DESede}" is encoded
-    # as "%7BDESede%7D". If this is escaped again the percentage
-    # symbols will be escaped.
-    unless source_uri.is_a?(URI::Generic)
-      begin
-        source_uri = URI.parse(source_uri)
-      rescue
-        source_uri = URI.parse(URI.const_defined?(:DEFAULT_PARSER) ?
-                               URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.escape(source_uri.to_s) :
-                               URI.escape(source_uri.to_s))
-      end
-    end
+    source_uri = Gem::Uri.new(source_uri)
 
     scheme = source_uri.scheme
 
@@ -179,14 +137,14 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
     # REFACTOR: be sure to clean up fake fetcher when you do this... cleaner
     case scheme
     when 'http', 'https', 's3' then
-      unless File.exist? local_gem_path then
+      unless File.exist? local_gem_path
         begin
           verbose "Downloading gem #{gem_file_name}"
 
           remote_gem_path = source_uri + "gems/#{gem_file_name}"
 
           self.cache_update_path remote_gem_path, local_gem_path
-        rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
+        rescue FetchError
           raise if spec.original_platform == spec.platform
 
           alternate_name = "#{spec.original_name}.gem"
@@ -203,7 +161,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
         path = source_uri.path
         path = File.dirname(path) if File.extname(path) == '.gem'
 
-        remote_gem_path = correct_for_windows_path(File.join(path, 'gems', gem_file_name))
+        remote_gem_path = Gem::Util.correct_for_windows_path(File.join(path, 'gems', gem_file_name))
 
         FileUtils.cp(remote_gem_path, local_gem_path)
       rescue Errno::EACCES
@@ -213,7 +171,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
       verbose "Using local gem #{local_gem_path}"
     when nil then # TODO test for local overriding cache
       source_path = if Gem.win_platform? && source_uri.scheme &&
-                       !source_uri.path.include?(':') then
+                       !source_uri.path.include?(':')
                       "#{source_uri.scheme}:#{source_uri.path}"
                     else
                       source_uri.path
@@ -239,22 +197,22 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   ##
   # File Fetcher. Dispatched by +fetch_path+. Use it instead.
 
-  def fetch_file uri, *_
-    Gem.read_binary correct_for_windows_path uri.path
+  def fetch_file(uri, *_)
+    Gem.read_binary Gem::Util.correct_for_windows_path uri.path
   end
 
   ##
   # HTTP Fetcher. Dispatched by +fetch_path+. Use it instead.
 
-  def fetch_http uri, last_modified = nil, head = false, depth = 0
+  def fetch_http(uri, last_modified = nil, head = false, depth = 0)
     fetch_type = head ? Net::HTTP::Head : Net::HTTP::Get
     response   = request uri, fetch_type, last_modified do |req|
-      headers.each { |k,v| req.add_field(k,v) }
+      headers.each {|k,v| req.add_field(k,v) }
     end
 
     case response
     when Net::HTTPOK, Net::HTTPNotModified then
-      response.uri = uri if response.respond_to? :uri
+      response.uri = uri
       head ? response : response.body
     when Net::HTTPMovedPermanently, Net::HTTPFound, Net::HTTPSeeOther,
          Net::HTTPTemporaryRedirect then
@@ -263,7 +221,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
       unless location = response['Location']
         raise FetchError.new("redirecting but no redirect location was given", uri)
       end
-      location = URI.parse response['Location']
+      location = Gem::Uri.new location
 
       if https?(uri) && !https?(location)
         raise FetchError.new("redirecting to non-https resource: #{location}", uri)
@@ -281,9 +239,7 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   # Downloads +uri+ and returns it as a String.
 
   def fetch_path(uri, mtime = nil, head = false)
-    uri = URI.parse uri unless URI::Generic === uri
-
-    raise ArgumentError, "bad uri: #{uri}" unless uri
+    uri = Gem::Uri.new uri
 
     unless uri.scheme
       raise ArgumentError, "uri scheme is invalid: #{uri.scheme.inspect}"
@@ -291,37 +247,39 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
 
     data = send "fetch_#{uri.scheme}", uri, mtime, head
 
-    if data and !head and uri.to_s =~ /\.gz$/
+    if data and !head and uri.to_s.end_with?(".gz")
       begin
-        data = Gem.gunzip data
+        data = Gem::Util.gunzip data
       rescue Zlib::GzipFile::Error
-        raise FetchError.new("server did not return a valid file", uri.to_s)
+        raise FetchError.new("server did not return a valid file", uri)
       end
     end
 
     data
-  rescue FetchError
-    raise
-  rescue Timeout::Error
-    raise UnknownHostError.new('timed out', uri.to_s)
-  rescue IOError, SocketError, SystemCallError => e
-    if e.message =~ /getaddrinfo/
-      raise UnknownHostError.new('no such name', uri.to_s)
-    else
-      raise FetchError.new("#{e.class}: #{e}", uri.to_s)
-    end
+  rescue Timeout::Error, IOError, SocketError, SystemCallError,
+         *(OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError if Gem::HAVE_OPENSSL) => e
+    raise FetchError.new("#{e.class}: #{e}", uri)
   end
 
   def fetch_s3(uri, mtime = nil, head = false)
-    public_uri = sign_s3_url(uri)
+    begin
+      public_uri = s3_uri_signer(uri).sign
+    rescue Gem::S3URISigner::ConfigurationError, Gem::S3URISigner::InstanceProfileError => e
+      raise FetchError.new(e.message, "s3://#{uri.host}")
+    end
     fetch_https public_uri, mtime, head
   end
 
+  # we have our own signing code here to avoid a dependency on the aws-sdk gem
+  def s3_uri_signer(uri)
+    Gem::S3URISigner.new(uri)
+  end
+
   ##
   # Downloads +uri+ to +path+ if necessary. If no path is given, it just
   # passes the data.
 
-  def cache_update_path uri, path = nil, update = true
+  def cache_update_path(uri, path = nil, update = true)
     mtime = path && File.stat(path).mtime rescue nil
 
     data = fetch_path(uri, mtime)
@@ -338,23 +296,6 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   end
 
   ##
-  # Returns the size of +uri+ in bytes.
-
-  def fetch_size(uri) # TODO: phase this out
-    response = fetch_path(uri, nil, true)
-
-    response['content-length'].to_i
-  end
-
-  def correct_for_windows_path(path)
-    if path[0].chr == '/' && path[1].chr =~ /[a-z]/i && path[2].chr == ':'
-      path[1..-1]
-    else
-      path
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Performs a Net::HTTP request of type +request_class+ on +uri+ returning
   # a Net::HTTP response object.  request maintains a table of persistent
   # connections to reduce connect overhead.
@@ -375,43 +316,16 @@ class Gem::RemoteFetcher
   end
 
   def close_all
-    @pools.each_value {|pool| pool.close_all}
-  end
-
-  protected
-
-  # we have our own signing code here to avoid a dependency on the aws-sdk gem
-  # fortunately, a simple GET request isn't too complex to sign properly
-  def sign_s3_url(uri, expiration = nil)
-    require 'base64'
-    require 'openssl'
-
-    unless uri.user && uri.password
-      raise FetchError.new("credentials needed in s3 source, like s3://key:secret@bucket-name/", uri.to_s)
-    end
-
-    expiration ||= s3_expiration
-    canonical_path = "/#{uri.host}#{uri.path}"
-    payload = "GET\n\n\n#{expiration}\n#{canonical_path}"
-    digest = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('sha1', uri.password, payload)
-    # URI.escape is deprecated, and there isn't yet a replacement that does quite what we want
-    signature = Base64.encode64(digest).gsub("\n", '').gsub(/[\+\/=]/) { |c| BASE64_URI_TRANSLATE[c] }
-    URI.parse("https://#{uri.host}.s3.amazonaws.com#{uri.path}?AWSAccessKeyId=#{uri.user}&Expires=#{expiration}&Signature=#{signature}")
+    @pools.each_value {|pool| pool.close_all }
   end
 
-  def s3_expiration
-    (Time.now + 3600).to_i # one hour from now
-  end
-
-  BASE64_URI_TRANSLATE = { '+' => '%2B', '/' => '%2F', '=' => '%3D' }.freeze
-
   private
 
-  def proxy_for proxy, uri
+  def proxy_for(proxy, uri)
     Gem::Request.proxy_uri(proxy || Gem::Request.get_proxy_from_env(uri.scheme))
   end
 
-  def pools_for proxy
+  def pools_for(proxy)
     @pool_lock.synchronize do
       @pools[proxy] ||= Gem::Request::ConnectionPools.new proxy, @cert_files
     end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request.rb b/lib/rubygems/request.rb
index a0d766d9ae..d6100c914b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'net/http'
-require 'thread'
-require 'time'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 class Gem::Request
-
   extend Gem::UserInteraction
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   ###
   # Legacy.  This is used in tests.
-  def self.create_with_proxy uri, request_class, last_modified, proxy # :nodoc:
+  def self.create_with_proxy(uri, request_class, last_modified, proxy) # :nodoc:
     cert_files = get_cert_files
     proxy ||= get_proxy_from_env(uri.scheme)
-    pool       = ConnectionPools.new proxy_uri(proxy), cert_files
+    pool = ConnectionPools.new proxy_uri(proxy), cert_files
 
     new(uri, request_class, last_modified, pool.pool_for(uri))
   end
 
-  def self.proxy_uri proxy # :nodoc:
+  def self.proxy_uri(proxy) # :nodoc:
+    require "uri"
     case proxy
     when :no_proxy then nil
     when URI::HTTP then proxy
@@ -46,13 +44,14 @@ class Gem::Request
   end
 
   def self.configure_connection_for_https(connection, cert_files)
-    require 'net/https'
+    raise Gem::Exception.new('OpenSSL is not available. Install OpenSSL and rebuild Ruby (preferred) or use non-HTTPS sources') unless Gem::HAVE_OPENSSL
+
     connection.use_ssl = true
     connection.verify_mode =
       Gem.configuration.ssl_verify_mode || OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
     store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
 
-    if Gem.configuration.ssl_client_cert then
+    if Gem.configuration.ssl_client_cert
       pem = File.read Gem.configuration.ssl_client_cert
       connection.cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new pem
       connection.key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new pem
@@ -78,15 +77,9 @@ class Gem::Request
     end
 
     connection
-  rescue LoadError => e
-    raise unless (e.respond_to?(:path) && e.path == 'openssl') ||
-                 e.message =~ / -- openssl$/
-
-    raise Gem::Exception.new(
-            'Unable to require openssl, install OpenSSL and rebuild ruby (preferred) or use non-HTTPS sources')
   end
 
-  def self.verify_certificate store_context
+  def self.verify_certificate(store_context)
     depth  = store_context.error_depth
     error  = store_context.error_string
     number = store_context.error
@@ -99,12 +92,14 @@ class Gem::Request
     ui.alert_error extra_message if extra_message
   end
 
-  def self.verify_certificate_message error_number, cert
+  def self.verify_certificate_message(error_number, cert)
     return unless cert
     case error_number
     when OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED then
+      require 'time'
       "Certificate #{cert.subject} expired at #{cert.not_after.iso8601}"
     when OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID then
+      require 'time'
       "Certificate #{cert.subject} not valid until #{cert.not_before.iso8601}"
     when OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED then
       "Certificate #{cert.subject} is rejected"
@@ -118,9 +113,11 @@ class Gem::Request
       "Certificate #{cert.subject} has an invalid purpose"
     when OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN then
       "Root certificate is not trusted (#{cert.subject})"
-    when OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY,
-      OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE then
+    when OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY then
       "You must add #{cert.issuer} to your local trusted store"
+    when
+      OpenSSL::X509::V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE then
+      "Cannot verify certificate issued by #{cert.issuer}"
     end
   end
 
@@ -130,7 +127,7 @@ class Gem::Request
 
   def connection_for(uri)
     @connection_pool.checkout
-  rescue defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : Errno::EHOSTDOWN,
+  rescue Gem::HAVE_OPENSSL ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : Errno::EHOSTDOWN,
          Errno::EHOSTDOWN => e
     raise Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError.new(e.message, uri)
   end
@@ -138,7 +135,7 @@ class Gem::Request
   def fetch
     request = @request_class.new @uri.request_uri
 
-    unless @uri.nil? || @uri.user.nil? || @uri.user.empty? then
+    unless @uri.nil? || @uri.user.nil? || @uri.user.empty?
       request.basic_auth Gem::UriFormatter.new(@uri.user).unescape,
                          Gem::UriFormatter.new(@uri.password).unescape
     end
@@ -147,7 +144,8 @@ class Gem::Request
     request.add_field 'Connection', 'keep-alive'
     request.add_field 'Keep-Alive', '30'
 
-    if @last_modified then
+    if @last_modified
+      require 'time'
       request.add_field 'If-Modified-Since', @last_modified.httpdate
     end
 
@@ -160,19 +158,22 @@ class Gem::Request
   # Returns a proxy URI for the given +scheme+ if one is set in the
   # environment variables.
 
-  def self.get_proxy_from_env scheme = 'http'
+  def self.get_proxy_from_env(scheme = 'http')
     _scheme = scheme.downcase
     _SCHEME = scheme.upcase
     env_proxy = ENV["#{_scheme}_proxy"] || ENV["#{_SCHEME}_PROXY"]
 
     no_env_proxy = env_proxy.nil? || env_proxy.empty?
 
-    return get_proxy_from_env 'http' if no_env_proxy and _scheme != 'http'
-    return :no_proxy                 if no_env_proxy
+    if no_env_proxy
+      return (_scheme == 'https' || _scheme == 'http') ?
+        :no_proxy : get_proxy_from_env('http')
+    end
 
+    require "uri"
     uri = URI(Gem::UriFormatter.new(env_proxy).normalize)
 
-    if uri and uri.user.nil? and uri.password.nil? then
+    if uri and uri.user.nil? and uri.password.nil?
       user     = ENV["#{_scheme}_proxy_user"] || ENV["#{_SCHEME}_PROXY_USER"]
       password = ENV["#{_scheme}_proxy_pass"] || ENV["#{_SCHEME}_PROXY_PASS"]
 
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ class Gem::Request
     uri
   end
 
-  def perform_request request # :nodoc:
+  def perform_request(request) # :nodoc:
     connection = connection_for @uri
 
     retried = false
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ class Gem::Request
     begin
       @requests[connection.object_id] += 1
 
-      verbose "#{request.method} #{@uri}"
+      verbose "#{request.method} #{Gem::Uri.new(@uri).redacted}"
 
       file_name = File.basename(@uri.path)
       # perform download progress reporter only for gems
@@ -275,20 +276,19 @@ class Gem::Request
     ruby_version += 'dev' if RUBY_PATCHLEVEL == -1
 
     ua << " Ruby/#{ruby_version} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}"
-    if RUBY_PATCHLEVEL >= 0 then
+    if RUBY_PATCHLEVEL >= 0
       ua << " patchlevel #{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}"
-    elsif defined?(RUBY_REVISION) then
+    elsif defined?(RUBY_REVISION)
       ua << " revision #{RUBY_REVISION}"
     end
     ua << ")"
 
-    ua << " #{RUBY_ENGINE}" if defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) and RUBY_ENGINE != 'ruby'
+    ua << " #{RUBY_ENGINE}" if RUBY_ENGINE != 'ruby'
 
     ua
   end
-
 end
 
-require 'rubygems/request/http_pool'
-require 'rubygems/request/https_pool'
-require 'rubygems/request/connection_pools'
+require_relative 'request/http_pool'
+require_relative 'request/https_pool'
+require_relative 'request/connection_pools'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb b/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb
index 31fc609800..a4c2929b38 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request/connection_pools.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,25 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'thread'
 
 class Gem::Request::ConnectionPools # :nodoc:
-
   @client = Net::HTTP
 
   class << self
     attr_accessor :client
   end
 
-  def initialize proxy_uri, cert_files
+  def initialize(proxy_uri, cert_files)
     @proxy_uri  = proxy_uri
     @cert_files = cert_files
     @pools      = {}
-    @pool_mutex = Mutex.new
+    @pool_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
   end
 
-  def pool_for uri
+  def pool_for(uri)
     http_args = net_http_args(uri, @proxy_uri)
     key       = http_args + [https?(uri)]
     @pool_mutex.synchronize do
       @pools[key] ||=
-        if https? uri then
+        if https? uri
           Gem::Request::HTTPSPool.new(http_args, @cert_files, @proxy_uri)
         else
           Gem::Request::HTTPPool.new(http_args, @cert_files, @proxy_uri)
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ class Gem::Request::ConnectionPools # :nodoc:
   end
 
   def close_all
-    @pools.each_value {|pool| pool.close_all}
+    @pools.each_value {|pool| pool.close_all }
   end
 
   private
@@ -41,35 +39,46 @@ class Gem::Request::ConnectionPools # :nodoc:
   def get_no_proxy_from_env
     env_no_proxy = ENV['no_proxy'] || ENV['NO_PROXY']
 
-    return [] if env_no_proxy.nil?  or env_no_proxy.empty?
+    return [] if env_no_proxy.nil? or env_no_proxy.empty?
 
     env_no_proxy.split(/\s*,\s*/)
   end
 
-  def https? uri
+  def https?(uri)
     uri.scheme.downcase == 'https'
   end
 
-  def no_proxy? host, env_no_proxy
+  def no_proxy?(host, env_no_proxy)
     host = host.downcase
 
     env_no_proxy.any? do |pattern|
-      pattern = pattern.downcase
+      env_no_proxy_pattern = pattern.downcase.dup
+
+      # Remove dot in front of pattern for wildcard matching
+      env_no_proxy_pattern[0] = "" if env_no_proxy_pattern[0] == "."
+
+      host_tokens = host.split(".")
+      pattern_tokens = env_no_proxy_pattern.split(".")
+
+      intersection = (host_tokens - pattern_tokens) | (pattern_tokens - host_tokens)
 
-      host[-pattern.length, pattern.length] == pattern or
-        (pattern.start_with? '.' and pattern[1..-1] == host)
+      # When we do the split into tokens we miss a dot character, so add it back if we need it
+      missing_dot = intersection.length > 0 ? 1 : 0
+      start = intersection.join(".").size + missing_dot
+
+      no_proxy_host = host[start..-1]
+
+      env_no_proxy_pattern == no_proxy_host
     end
   end
 
-  def net_http_args uri, proxy_uri
-    # URI::Generic#hostname was added in ruby 1.9.3, use it if exists, otherwise
-    # don't support IPv6 literals and use host.
-    hostname = uri.respond_to?(:hostname) ? uri.hostname : uri.host
+  def net_http_args(uri, proxy_uri)
+    hostname = uri.hostname
     net_http_args = [hostname, uri.port]
 
     no_proxy = get_no_proxy_from_env
 
-    if proxy_uri and not no_proxy?(hostname, no_proxy) then
+    if proxy_uri and not no_proxy?(hostname, no_proxy)
       proxy_hostname = proxy_uri.respond_to?(:hostname) ? proxy_uri.hostname : proxy_uri.host
       net_http_args + [
         proxy_hostname,
@@ -77,12 +86,10 @@ class Gem::Request::ConnectionPools # :nodoc:
         Gem::UriFormatter.new(proxy_uri.user).unescape,
         Gem::UriFormatter.new(proxy_uri.password).unescape,
       ]
-    elsif no_proxy? hostname, no_proxy then
+    elsif no_proxy? hostname, no_proxy
       net_http_args + [nil, nil]
     else
       net_http_args
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb b/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb
index bfcd15399d..f028516db8 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request/http_pool.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 class Gem::Request::HTTPPool # :nodoc:
   attr_reader :cert_files, :proxy_uri
 
-  def initialize http_args, cert_files, proxy_uri
+  def initialize(http_args, cert_files, proxy_uri)
     @http_args  = http_args
     @cert_files = cert_files
     @proxy_uri  = proxy_uri
-    @queue      = SizedQueue.new 1
+    @queue      = Thread::SizedQueue.new 1
     @queue << nil
   end
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Gem::Request::HTTPPool # :nodoc:
     @queue.pop || make_connection
   end
 
-  def checkin connection
+  def checkin(connection)
     @queue.push connection
   end
 
@@ -39,10 +39,8 @@ class Gem::Request::HTTPPool # :nodoc:
     setup_connection Gem::Request::ConnectionPools.client.new(*@http_args)
   end
 
-  def setup_connection connection
+  def setup_connection(connection)
     connection.start
     connection
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request/https_pool.rb b/lib/rubygems/request/https_pool.rb
index e82c2440e1..50f42d9e0d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request/https_pool.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request/https_pool.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 class Gem::Request::HTTPSPool < Gem::Request::HTTPPool # :nodoc:
   private
 
-  def setup_connection connection
+  def setup_connection(connection)
     Gem::Request.configure_connection_for_https(connection, @cert_files)
     super
   end
 end
-
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
index 5541e64b88..01b01599a8 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'tsort'
+require_relative 'tsort'
 
 ##
 # A RequestSet groups a request to activate a set of dependencies.
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ require 'tsort'
 #   #=> ["nokogiri-1.6.0", "mini_portile-0.5.1", "pg-0.17.0"]
 
 class Gem::RequestSet
-
-  include TSort
+  include Gem::TSort
 
   ##
   # Array of gems to install even if already installed
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
   #
   #   set = Gem::RequestSet.new nokogiri, pg
 
-  def initialize *deps
+  def initialize(*deps)
     @dependencies = deps
 
     @always_install      = []
@@ -119,8 +118,8 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
   ##
   # Declare that a gem of name +name+ with +reqs+ requirements is needed.
 
-  def gem name, *reqs
-    if dep = @dependency_names[name] then
+  def gem(name, *reqs)
+    if dep = @dependency_names[name]
       dep.requirement.concat reqs
     else
       dep = Gem::Dependency.new name, *reqs
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
   ##
   # Add +deps+ Gem::Dependency objects to the set.
 
-  def import deps
+  def import(deps)
     @dependencies.concat deps
   end
 
@@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
   # The +installer+ will be +nil+ if a gem matching the request was already
   # installed.
 
-  def install options, &block # :yields: request, installer
+  def install(options, &block) # :yields: request, installer
     if dir = options[:install_dir]
       requests = install_into dir, false, options, &block
       return requests
@@ -152,42 +151,62 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
     @prerelease = options[:prerelease]
 
     requests = []
+    download_queue = Thread::Queue.new
+
+    # Create a thread-safe list of gems to download
+    sorted_requests.each do |req|
+      download_queue << req
+    end
+
+    # Create N threads in a pool, have them download all the gems
+    threads = Gem.configuration.concurrent_downloads.times.map do
+      # When a thread pops this item, it knows to stop running. The symbol
+      # is queued here so that there will be one symbol per thread.
+      download_queue << :stop
+
+      Thread.new do
+        # The pop method will block waiting for items, so the only way
+        # to stop a thread from running is to provide a final item that
+        # means the thread should stop.
+        while req = download_queue.pop
+          break if req == :stop
+          req.spec.download options unless req.installed?
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Wait for all the downloads to finish before continuing
+    threads.each(&:value)
 
+    # Install requested gems after they have been downloaded
     sorted_requests.each do |req|
-      if req.installed? then
+      if req.installed?
         req.spec.spec.build_extensions
 
-        if @always_install.none? { |spec| spec == req.spec.spec } then
+        if @always_install.none? {|spec| spec == req.spec.spec }
           yield req, nil if block_given?
           next
         end
       end
 
-      spec = req.spec.install options do |installer|
-        yield req, installer if block_given?
-      end
+      spec =
+        begin
+          req.spec.install options do |installer|
+            yield req, installer if block_given?
+          end
+        rescue Gem::RuntimeRequirementNotMetError => e
+          suggestion = "There are no versions of #{req.request} compatible with your Ruby & RubyGems"
+          suggestion += ". Maybe try installing an older version of the gem you're looking for?" unless @always_install.include?(req.spec.spec)
+          e.suggestion = suggestion
+          raise
+        end
 
       requests << spec
     end
 
     return requests if options[:gemdeps]
 
-    specs = requests.map do |request|
-      case request
-      when Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest then
-        request.spec.spec
-      else
-        request
-      end
-    end
-
-    require 'rubygems/dependency_installer'
-    inst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new options
-    inst.installed_gems.replace specs
-
-    Gem.done_installing_hooks.each do |hook|
-      hook.call inst, specs
-    end unless Gem.done_installing_hooks.empty?
+    install_hooks requests, options
 
     requests
   end
@@ -199,7 +218,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
   # If +:without_groups+ is given in the +options+, those groups in the gem
   # dependencies file are not used.  See Gem::Installer for other +options+.
 
-  def install_from_gemdeps options, &block
+  def install_from_gemdeps(options, &block)
     gemdeps = options[:gemdeps]
 
     @install_dir = options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir
@@ -224,7 +243,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
     else
       installed = install options, &block
 
-      if options.fetch :lock, true then
+      if options.fetch :lock, true
         lockfile =
           Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile.build self, gemdeps, gem_deps_api.dependencies
         lockfile.write
@@ -234,11 +253,11 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
     end
   end
 
-  def install_into dir, force = true, options = {}
+  def install_into(dir, force = true, options = {})
     gem_home, ENV['GEM_HOME'] = ENV['GEM_HOME'], dir
 
     existing = force ? [] : specs_in(dir)
-    existing.delete_if { |s| @always_install.include? s }
+    existing.delete_if {|s| @always_install.include? s }
 
     dir = File.expand_path dir
 
@@ -252,7 +271,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
     sorted_requests.each do |request|
       spec = request.spec
 
-      if existing.find { |s| s.full_name == spec.full_name } then
+      if existing.find {|s| s.full_name == spec.full_name }
         yield request, nil if block_given?
         next
       end
@@ -264,22 +283,46 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
       installed << request
     end
 
+    install_hooks installed, options
+
     installed
   ensure
     ENV['GEM_HOME'] = gem_home
   end
 
   ##
+  # Call hooks on installed gems
+
+  def install_hooks(requests, options)
+    specs = requests.map do |request|
+      case request
+      when Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest then
+        request.spec.spec
+      else
+        request
+      end
+    end
+
+    require_relative "dependency_installer"
+    inst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new options
+    inst.installed_gems.replace specs
+
+    Gem.done_installing_hooks.each do |hook|
+      hook.call inst, specs
+    end unless Gem.done_installing_hooks.empty?
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Load a dependency management file.
 
-  def load_gemdeps path, without_groups = [], installing = false
+  def load_gemdeps(path, without_groups = [], installing = false)
     @git_set    = Gem::Resolver::GitSet.new
     @vendor_set = Gem::Resolver::VendorSet.new
     @source_set = Gem::Resolver::SourceSet.new
 
     @git_set.root_dir = @install_dir
 
-    lock_file = "#{File.expand_path(path)}.lock".dup.untaint
+    lock_file = "#{File.expand_path(path)}.lock".dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
     begin
       tokenizer = Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer.from_file lock_file
       parser = tokenizer.make_parser self, []
@@ -293,29 +336,29 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
     gf.load
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[RequestSet:', ']' do
       q.breakable
 
-      if @remote then
+      if @remote
         q.text 'remote'
         q.breakable
       end
 
-      if @prerelease then
+      if @prerelease
         q.text 'prerelease'
         q.breakable
       end
 
-      if @development_shallow then
+      if @development_shallow
         q.text 'shallow development'
         q.breakable
-      elsif @development then
+      elsif @development
         q.text 'development'
         q.breakable
       end
 
-      if @soft_missing then
+      if @soft_missing
         q.text 'soft missing'
       end
 
@@ -331,7 +374,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
       q.text 'sets:'
 
       q.breakable
-      q.pp @sets.map { |set| set.class }
+      q.pp @sets.map {|set| set.class }
     end
   end
 
@@ -339,7 +382,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
   # Resolve the requested dependencies and return an Array of Specification
   # objects to be activated.
 
-  def resolve set = Gem::Resolver::BestSet.new
+  def resolve(set = Gem::Resolver::BestSet.new)
     @sets << set
     @sets << @git_set
     @sets << @vendor_set
@@ -385,28 +428,28 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
   end
 
   def specs
-    @specs ||= @requests.map { |r| r.full_spec }
+    @specs ||= @requests.map {|r| r.full_spec }
   end
 
-  def specs_in dir
-    Dir["#{dir}/specifications/*.gemspec"].map do |g|
+  def specs_in(dir)
+    Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("*.gemspec", File.join(dir, "specifications")).map do |g|
       Gem::Specification.load g
     end
   end
 
-  def tsort_each_node &block # :nodoc:
+  def tsort_each_node(&block) # :nodoc:
     @requests.each(&block)
   end
 
-  def tsort_each_child node # :nodoc:
+  def tsort_each_child(node) # :nodoc:
     node.spec.dependencies.each do |dep|
       next if dep.type == :development and not @development
 
-      match = @requests.find { |r|
+      match = @requests.find do |r|
         dep.match? r.spec.name, r.spec.version, @prerelease
-      }
+      end
 
-      unless match then
+      unless match
         next if dep.type == :development and @development_shallow
         next if @soft_missing
         raise Gem::DependencyError,
@@ -416,9 +459,8 @@ class Gem::RequestSet
       yield match
     end
   end
-
 end
 
-require 'rubygems/request_set/gem_dependency_api'
-require 'rubygems/request_set/lockfile'
-require 'rubygems/request_set/lockfile/tokenizer'
+require_relative 'request_set/gem_dependency_api'
+require_relative 'request_set/lockfile'
+require_relative 'request_set/lockfile/tokenizer'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set/gem_dependency_api.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set/gem_dependency_api.rb
index 4b2699d7d2..7188b07346 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set/gem_dependency_api.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set/gem_dependency_api.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 # See `gem help install` and `gem help gem_dependencies` for further details.
 
 class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
-
   ENGINE_MAP = { # :nodoc:
     :jruby        => %w[jruby],
     :jruby_18     => %w[jruby],
@@ -43,12 +42,13 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
     :mri_20       => %w[ruby],
     :mri_21       => %w[ruby],
     :rbx          => %w[rbx],
-    :ruby         => %w[ruby rbx maglev],
-    :ruby_18      => %w[ruby rbx maglev],
-    :ruby_19      => %w[ruby rbx maglev],
-    :ruby_20      => %w[ruby rbx maglev],
-    :ruby_21      => %w[ruby rbx maglev],
-  }
+    :truffleruby  => %w[truffleruby],
+    :ruby         => %w[ruby rbx maglev truffleruby],
+    :ruby_18      => %w[ruby rbx maglev truffleruby],
+    :ruby_19      => %w[ruby rbx maglev truffleruby],
+    :ruby_20      => %w[ruby rbx maglev truffleruby],
+    :ruby_21      => %w[ruby rbx maglev truffleruby],
+  }.freeze
 
   mswin     = Gem::Platform.new 'x86-mswin32'
   mswin64   = Gem::Platform.new 'x64-mswin64'
@@ -85,10 +85,11 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
     :ruby_19      => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
     :ruby_20      => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
     :ruby_21      => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
+    :truffleruby  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
     :x64_mingw    => x64_mingw,
     :x64_mingw_20 => x64_mingw,
-    :x64_mingw_21 => x64_mingw
-  }
+    :x64_mingw_21 => x64_mingw,
+  }.freeze
 
   gt_eq_0        = Gem::Requirement.new '>= 0'
   tilde_gt_1_8_0 = Gem::Requirement.new '~> 1.8.0'
@@ -126,10 +127,11 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
     :ruby_19      => tilde_gt_1_9_0,
     :ruby_20      => tilde_gt_2_0_0,
     :ruby_21      => tilde_gt_2_1_0,
+    :truffleruby  => gt_eq_0,
     :x64_mingw    => gt_eq_0,
     :x64_mingw_20 => tilde_gt_2_0_0,
     :x64_mingw_21 => tilde_gt_2_1_0,
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
   WINDOWS = { # :nodoc:
     :mingw        => :only,
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
     :x64_mingw    => :only,
     :x64_mingw_20 => :only,
     :x64_mingw_21 => :only,
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
   ##
   # The gems required by #gem statements in the gem.deps.rb file
@@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
   # Creates a new GemDependencyAPI that will add dependencies to the
   # Gem::RequestSet +set+ based on the dependency API description in +path+.
 
-  def initialize set, path
+  def initialize(set, path)
     @set = set
     @path = path
 
@@ -203,7 +205,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
     @git_set            = @set.git_set
     @git_sources        = {}
     @installing         = false
-    @requires           = Hash.new { |h, name| h[name] = [] }
+    @requires           = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = [] }
     @vendor_set         = @set.vendor_set
     @source_set         = @set.source_set
     @gem_sources        = {}
@@ -228,11 +230,11 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
   # Adds +dependencies+ to the request set if any of the +groups+ are allowed.
   # This is used for gemspec dependencies.
 
-  def add_dependencies groups, dependencies # :nodoc:
+  def add_dependencies(groups, dependencies) # :nodoc:
     return unless (groups & @without_groups).empty?
 
     dependencies.each do |dep|
-      @set.gem dep.name, *dep.requirement
+      @set.gem dep.name, *dep.requirement.as_list
     end
   end
 
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
   ##
   # Finds a gemspec with the given +name+ that lives at +path+.
 
-  def find_gemspec name, path # :nodoc:
+  def find_gemspec(name, path) # :nodoc:
     glob = File.join path, "#{name}.gemspec"
 
     spec_files = Dir[glob]
@@ -269,7 +271,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
   # In installing mode certain restrictions are ignored such as ruby version
   # mismatch checks.
 
-  def installing= installing # :nodoc:
+  def installing=(installing) # :nodoc:
     @installing = installing
   end
 
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
   # Loads the gem dependency file and returns self.
 
   def load
-    instance_eval File.read(@path).untaint, @path, 1
+    instance_eval File.read(@path).tap(&Gem::UNTAINT), @path, 1
 
     self
   end
@@ -353,7 +355,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
   # tag: ::
   #   Use the given tag for git:, gist: and github: dependencies.
 
-  def gem name, *requirements
+  def gem(name, *requirements)
     options = requirements.pop if requirements.last.kind_of?(Hash)
     options ||= {}
 
@@ -369,15 +371,15 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
     duplicate = @dependencies.include? name
 
     @dependencies[name] =
-      if requirements.empty? and not source_set then
+      if requirements.empty? and not source_set
         Gem::Requirement.default
-      elsif source_set then
+      elsif source_set
         Gem::Requirement.source_set
       else
         Gem::Requirement.create requirements
       end
 
-    return unless gem_platforms options
+    return unless gem_platforms name, options
 
     groups = gem_group name, options
 
@@ -387,7 +389,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::GemDependencyAPI
 
     gem_requires name, options
 
-    if duplicate then
+    if duplicate
       warn <<-WARNING
 Gem dependencies file #{@path} requires #{name} more than once.
       WARNING
@@ -401,8 +403,8 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} requires #{name} more than once.
   #
   # Returns +true+ if the gist or git option was handled.
 
-  def gem_git name, options # :nodoc:
-    if gist = options.delete(:gist) then
+  def gem_git(name, options) # :nodoc:
+    if gist = options.delete(:gist)
       options[:git] = "https://gist.github.com/#{gist}.git"
     end
 
@@ -424,7 +426,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} requires #{name} more than once.
   #
   # Returns reference for the git gem.
 
-  def gem_git_reference options # :nodoc:
+  def gem_git_reference(options) # :nodoc:
     ref    = options.delete :ref
     branch = options.delete :branch
     tag    = options.delete :tag
@@ -440,7 +442,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} requires #{name} more than once.
 Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref and branch but only ref is used.
       WARNING
     end
-    if (ref||branch) && tag
+    if (ref || branch) && tag
       warn <<-WARNING
 Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and tag but only ref/branch is used.
       WARNING
@@ -457,7 +459,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   #
   # Returns +true+ if the custom source option was handled.
 
-  def gem_git_source name, options # :nodoc:
+  def gem_git_source(name, options) # :nodoc:
     return unless git_source = (@git_sources.keys & options.keys).last
 
     source_callback = @git_sources[git_source]
@@ -478,9 +480,9 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # Handles the :group and :groups +options+ for the gem with the given
   # +name+.
 
-  def gem_group name, options # :nodoc:
+  def gem_group(name, options) # :nodoc:
     g = options.delete :group
-    all_groups  = g ? Array(g) : []
+    all_groups = g ? Array(g) : []
 
     groups = options.delete :groups
     all_groups |= groups if groups
@@ -497,7 +499,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   #
   # Returns +true+ if the path option was handled.
 
-  def gem_path name, options # :nodoc:
+  def gem_path(name, options) # :nodoc:
     return unless directory = options.delete(:path)
 
     pin_gem_source name, :path, directory
@@ -514,7 +516,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   #
   # Returns +true+ if the source option was handled.
 
-  def gem_source name, options # :nodoc:
+  def gem_source(name, options) # :nodoc:
     return unless source = options.delete(:source)
 
     pin_gem_source name, :source, source
@@ -530,7 +532,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # Handles the platforms: option from +options+.  Returns true if the
   # platform matches the current platform.
 
-  def gem_platforms options # :nodoc:
+  def gem_platforms(name, options) # :nodoc:
     platform_names = Array(options.delete :platform)
     platform_names.concat Array(options.delete :platforms)
     platform_names.concat @current_platforms if @current_platforms
@@ -541,9 +543,9 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
       raise ArgumentError, "unknown platform #{platform_name.inspect}" unless
         platform = PLATFORM_MAP[platform_name]
 
-      next false unless Gem::Platform.match platform
+      next false unless Gem::Platform.match_gem? platform, name
 
-      if engines = ENGINE_MAP[platform_name] then
+      if engines = ENGINE_MAP[platform_name]
         next false unless engines.include? Gem.ruby_engine
       end
 
@@ -564,9 +566,9 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # Records the require: option from +options+ and adds those files, or the
   # default file to the require list for +name+.
 
-  def gem_requires name, options # :nodoc:
-    if options.include? :require then
-      if requires = options.delete(:require) then
+  def gem_requires(name, options) # :nodoc:
+    if options.include? :require
+      if requires = options.delete(:require)
         @requires[name].concat Array requires
       end
     else
@@ -587,7 +589,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   #     gem 'activerecord'
   #   end
 
-  def git repository
+  def git(repository)
     @current_repository = repository
 
     yield
@@ -601,7 +603,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # for use in gems built from git repositories.  You must provide a block
   # that accepts a git repository name for expansion.
 
-  def git_source name, &callback
+  def git_source(name, &callback)
     @git_sources[name] = callback
   end
 
@@ -634,7 +636,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   #   The group to add development dependencies to.  By default this is
   #   :development.  Only one group may be specified.
 
-  def gemspec options = {}
+  def gemspec(options = {})
     name              = options.delete(:name) || '{,*}'
     path              = options.delete(:path) || '.'
     development_group = options.delete(:development_group) || :development
@@ -679,7 +681,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # development`.  See `gem help install` and `gem help gem_dependencies` for
   # further details.
 
-  def group *groups
+  def group(*groups)
     @current_groups = groups
 
     yield
@@ -692,7 +694,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # Pins the gem +name+ to the given +source+.  Adding a gem with the same
   # name from a different +source+ will raise an exception.
 
-  def pin_gem_source name, type = :default, source = nil
+  def pin_gem_source(name, type = :default, source = nil)
     source_description =
       case type
       when :default then '(default)'
@@ -754,7 +756,7 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # NOTE:  There is inconsistency in what environment a platform matches.  You
   # may need to read the source to know the exact details.
 
-  def platform *platforms
+  def platform(*platforms)
     @current_platforms = platforms
 
     yield
@@ -779,38 +781,36 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # You may also provide +engine:+ and +engine_version:+ options to restrict
   # this gem dependencies file to a particular ruby engine and its engine
   # version.  This matching is performed by using the RUBY_ENGINE and
-  # engine_specific VERSION constants.  (For JRuby, JRUBY_VERSION).
+  # RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION constants.
 
-  def ruby version, options = {}
+  def ruby(version, options = {})
     engine         = options[:engine]
     engine_version = options[:engine_version]
 
     raise ArgumentError,
-          'you must specify engine_version along with the ruby engine' if
+          'You must specify engine_version along with the Ruby engine' if
             engine and not engine_version
 
     return true if @installing
 
-    unless RUBY_VERSION == version then
+    unless RUBY_VERSION == version
       message = "Your Ruby version is #{RUBY_VERSION}, " +
                 "but your #{gem_deps_file} requires #{version}"
 
       raise Gem::RubyVersionMismatch, message
     end
 
-    if engine and engine != Gem.ruby_engine then
-      message = "Your ruby engine is #{Gem.ruby_engine}, " +
+    if engine and engine != Gem.ruby_engine
+      message = "Your Ruby engine is #{Gem.ruby_engine}, " +
                 "but your #{gem_deps_file} requires #{engine}"
 
       raise Gem::RubyVersionMismatch, message
     end
 
-    if engine_version then
-      my_engine_version = Object.const_get "#{Gem.ruby_engine.upcase}_VERSION"
-
-      if engine_version != my_engine_version then
+    if engine_version
+      if engine_version != RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION
         message =
-          "Your ruby engine version is #{Gem.ruby_engine} #{my_engine_version}, " +
+          "Your Ruby engine version is #{Gem.ruby_engine} #{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION}, " +
           "but your #{gem_deps_file} requires #{engine} #{engine_version}"
 
         raise Gem::RubyVersionMismatch, message
@@ -834,16 +834,11 @@ Gem dependencies file #{@path} includes git reference for both ref/branch and ta
   # * The +prepend:+ option is not supported.  If you wish to order sources
   #   then list them in your preferred order.
 
-  def source url
+  def source(url)
     Gem.sources.clear if @default_sources
 
     @default_sources = false
 
     Gem.sources << url
   end
-
-  # TODO: remove this typo name at RubyGems 3.0
-
-  Gem::RequestSet::GemDepedencyAPI = self # :nodoc:
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb
index 7f6eadb939..bec29ef1b9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
   # Raised when a lockfile cannot be parsed
 
   class ParseError < Gem::Exception
-
     ##
     # The column where the error was encountered
 
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
     # Raises a ParseError with the given +message+ which was encountered at a
     # +line+ and +column+ while parsing.
 
-    def initialize message, column, line, path
+    def initialize(message, column, line, path)
       @line   = line
       @column = column
       @path   = path
@@ -41,13 +40,13 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
   # Creates a new Lockfile for the given +request_set+ and +gem_deps_file+
   # location.
 
-  def self.build request_set, gem_deps_file, dependencies = nil
+  def self.build(request_set, gem_deps_file, dependencies = nil)
     request_set.resolve
     dependencies ||= requests_to_deps request_set.sorted_requests
     new request_set, gem_deps_file, dependencies
   end
 
-  def self.requests_to_deps requests # :nodoc:
+  def self.requests_to_deps(requests) # :nodoc:
     deps = {}
 
     requests.each do |request|
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
       requirement = request.request.dependency.requirement
 
       deps[name] = if [Gem::Resolver::VendorSpecification,
-                       Gem::Resolver::GitSpecification].include? spec.class then
+                       Gem::Resolver::GitSpecification].include? spec.class
                      Gem::Requirement.source_set
                    else
                      requirement
@@ -71,40 +70,42 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
 
   attr_reader :platforms
 
-  def initialize request_set, gem_deps_file, dependencies
+  def initialize(request_set, gem_deps_file, dependencies)
     @set           = request_set
     @dependencies  = dependencies
     @gem_deps_file = File.expand_path(gem_deps_file)
     @gem_deps_dir  = File.dirname(@gem_deps_file)
 
-    @gem_deps_file.untaint unless gem_deps_file.tainted?
+    if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+      @gem_deps_file.untaint unless gem_deps_file.tainted?
+    end
 
-    @platforms      = []
+    @platforms = []
   end
 
-  def add_DEPENDENCIES out # :nodoc:
+  def add_DEPENDENCIES(out) # :nodoc:
     out << "DEPENDENCIES"
 
-    out.concat @dependencies.sort_by { |name,| name }.map { |name, requirement|
+    out.concat @dependencies.sort_by {|name,| name }.map {|name, requirement|
       "  #{name}#{requirement.for_lockfile}"
     }
 
     out << nil
   end
 
-  def add_GEM out, spec_groups # :nodoc:
+  def add_GEM(out, spec_groups) # :nodoc:
     return if spec_groups.empty?
 
     source_groups = spec_groups.values.flatten.group_by do |request|
       request.spec.source.uri
     end
 
-    source_groups.sort_by { |group,| group.to_s }.map do |group, requests|
+    source_groups.sort_by {|group,| group.to_s }.map do |group, requests|
       out << "GEM"
       out << "  remote: #{group}"
       out << "  specs:"
 
-      requests.sort_by { |request| request.name }.each do |request|
+      requests.sort_by {|request| request.name }.each do |request|
         next if request.spec.name == 'bundler'
         platform = "-#{request.spec.platform}" unless
           Gem::Platform::RUBY == request.spec.platform
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
     end
   end
 
-  def add_GIT out, git_requests
+  def add_GIT(out, git_requests)
     return if git_requests.empty?
 
     by_repository_revision = git_requests.group_by do |request|
@@ -136,10 +137,10 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
       out << "  revision: #{revision}"
       out << "  specs:"
 
-      requests.sort_by { |request| request.name }.each do |request|
+      requests.sort_by {|request| request.name }.each do |request|
         out << "    #{request.name} (#{request.version})"
 
-        dependencies = request.spec.dependencies.sort_by { |dep| dep.name }
+        dependencies = request.spec.dependencies.sort_by {|dep| dep.name }
         dependencies.each do |dep|
           out << "      #{dep.name}#{dep.requirement.for_lockfile}"
         end
@@ -148,12 +149,12 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
     end
   end
 
-  def relative_path_from dest, base # :nodoc:
+  def relative_path_from(dest, base) # :nodoc:
     dest = File.expand_path(dest)
     base = File.expand_path(base)
 
-    if dest.index(base) == 0 then
-      offset = dest[base.size+1..-1]
+    if dest.index(base) == 0
+      offset = dest[base.size + 1..-1]
 
       return '.' unless offset
 
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
     end
   end
 
-  def add_PATH out, path_requests # :nodoc:
+  def add_PATH(out, path_requests) # :nodoc:
     return if path_requests.empty?
 
     out << "PATH"
@@ -178,12 +179,12 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
     out << nil
   end
 
-  def add_PLATFORMS out # :nodoc:
+  def add_PLATFORMS(out) # :nodoc:
     out << "PLATFORMS"
 
-    platforms = requests.map { |request| request.spec.platform }.uniq
+    platforms = requests.map {|request| request.spec.platform }.uniq
 
-    platforms = platforms.sort_by { |platform| platform.to_s }
+    platforms = platforms.sort_by {|platform| platform.to_s }
 
     platforms.each do |platform|
       out << "  #{platform}"
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
   end
 
   def spec_groups
-    requests.group_by { |request| request.spec.class }
+    requests.group_by {|request| request.spec.class }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
   def write
     content = to_s
 
-    open "#{@gem_deps_file}.lock", 'w' do |io|
+    File.open "#{@gem_deps_file}.lock", 'w' do |io|
       io.write content
     end
   end
@@ -235,4 +236,4 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile
   end
 end
 
-require 'rubygems/request_set/lockfile/tokenizer'
+require_relative 'lockfile/tokenizer'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/parser.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/parser.rb
index ebea940188..8c12b435af 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/parser.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
   ###
   # Parses lockfiles
 
-  def initialize tokenizer, set, platforms, filename = nil
+  def initialize(tokenizer, set, platforms, filename = nil)
     @tokens    = tokenizer
     @filename  = filename
     @set       = set
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
   ##
   # Gets the next token for a Lockfile
 
-  def get expected_types = nil, expected_value = nil # :nodoc:
+  def get(expected_types = nil, expected_value = nil) # :nodoc:
     token = @tokens.shift
 
-    if expected_types and not Array(expected_types).include? token.type then
+    if expected_types and not Array(expected_types).include? token.type
       unget token
 
       message = "unexpected token [#{token.type.inspect}, #{token.value.inspect}], " +
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
       raise Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::ParseError.new message, token.column, token.line, @filename
     end
 
-    if expected_value and expected_value != token.value then
+    if expected_value and expected_value != token.value
       unget token
 
       message = "unexpected token [#{token.type.inspect}, #{token.value.inspect}], " +
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
 
         get :r_paren
 
-        if peek[0] == :bang then
+        if peek[0] == :bang
           requirements.clear
           requirements << pinned_requirement(token.value)
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
         type = token.type
         data = token.value
 
-        if type == :text and column == 4 then
+        if type == :text and column == 4
           version, platform = data.split '-', 2
 
           platform =
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
 
     type = peek.type
     value = peek.value
-    if type == :entry and %w[branch ref tag].include? value then
+    if type == :entry and %w[branch ref tag].include? value
       get
       get :text
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
         type = token.type
         data = token.value
 
-        if type == :text and column == 4 then
+        if type == :text and column == 4
           last_spec = set.add_git_spec name, data, repository, revision, true
         else
           dependency = parse_dependency name, data
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
         type = token.type
         data = token.value
 
-        if type == :text and column == 4 then
+        if type == :text and column == 4
           last_spec = set.add_vendor_gem name, directory
         else
           dependency = parse_dependency name, data
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
   # Parses the requirements following the dependency +name+ and the +op+ for
   # the first token of the requirements and returns a Gem::Dependency object.
 
-  def parse_dependency name, op # :nodoc:
+  def parse_dependency(name, op) # :nodoc:
     return Gem::Dependency.new name, op unless peek[0] == :text
 
     version = get(:text).value
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
 
   private
 
-  def skip type # :nodoc:
+  def skip(type) # :nodoc:
     @tokens.skip type
   end
 
@@ -325,30 +325,19 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser
     @tokens.peek
   end
 
-  if [].respond_to? :flat_map
-    def pinned_requirement name # :nodoc:
-      requirement = Gem::Dependency.new name
-      specification = @set.sets.flat_map { |set|
-        set.find_all(requirement)
-      }.compact.first
+  def pinned_requirement(name) # :nodoc:
+    requirement = Gem::Dependency.new name
+    specification = @set.sets.flat_map do |set|
+      set.find_all(requirement)
+    end.compact.first
 
-      specification && specification.version
-    end
-  else # FIXME: remove when 1.8 is dropped
-    def pinned_requirement name # :nodoc:
-      requirement = Gem::Dependency.new name
-      specification = @set.sets.map { |set|
-        set.find_all(requirement)
-      }.flatten(1).compact.first
-
-      specification && specification.version
-    end
+    specification && specification.version
   end
 
   ##
   # Ungets the last token retrieved by #get
 
-  def unget token # :nodoc:
+  def unget(token) # :nodoc:
     @tokens.unshift token
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/tokenizer.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/tokenizer.rb
index a758743dda..cb8030c143 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/tokenizer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set/lockfile/tokenizer.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/request_set/lockfile/parser'
+require_relative 'parser'
 
 class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer
   Token = Struct.new :type, :value, :column, :line
   EOF   = Token.new :EOF
 
-  def self.from_file file
+  def self.from_file(file)
     new File.read(file), file
   end
 
-  def initialize input, filename = nil, line = 0, pos = 0
+  def initialize(input, filename = nil, line = 0, pos = 0)
     @line     = line
     @line_pos = pos
     @tokens   = []
@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer
     tokenize input
   end
 
-  def make_parser set, platforms
+  def make_parser(set, platforms)
     Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Parser.new self, set, platforms, @filename
   end
 
   def to_a
-    @tokens.map { |token| [token.type, token.value, token.column, token.line] }
+    @tokens.map {|token| [token.type, token.value, token.column, token.line] }
   end
 
-  def skip type
+  def skip(type)
     @tokens.shift while not @tokens.empty? and peek.type == type
   end
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer
   # Calculates the column (by byte) and the line of the current token based on
   # +byte_offset+.
 
-  def token_pos byte_offset # :nodoc:
+  def token_pos(byte_offset) # :nodoc:
     [byte_offset - @line_pos, @line]
   end
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer
     @tokens.empty?
   end
 
-  def unshift token
+  def unshift(token)
     @tokens.unshift token
   end
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer
 
   private
 
-  def tokenize input
+  def tokenize(input)
     require 'strscan'
     s = StringScanner.new input
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer
 
       pos = s.pos if leading_whitespace = s.scan(/ +/)
 
-      if s.scan(/[<|=>]{7}/) then
+      if s.scan(/[<|=>]{7}/)
         message = "your #{@filename} contains merge conflict markers"
         column, line = token_pos pos
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer
           @line += 1
           token
         when s.scan(/[A-Z]+/) then
-          if leading_whitespace then
+          if leading_whitespace
             text = s.matched
             text += s.scan(/[^\s)]*/).to_s # in case of no match
             Token.new(:text, text, *token_pos(pos))
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/requirement.rb b/lib/rubygems/requirement.rb
index 32dc769055..d2e28fab5b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/requirement.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/requirement.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require "rubygems/version"
-require "rubygems/deprecate"
-
-# If we're being loaded after yaml was already required, then
-# load our yaml + workarounds now.
-Gem.load_yaml if defined? ::YAML
+require_relative "deprecate"
 
 ##
 # A Requirement is a set of one or more version restrictions. It supports a
@@ -15,29 +10,34 @@ Gem.load_yaml if defined? ::YAML
 
 class Gem::Requirement
   OPS = { #:nodoc:
-    "="  =>  lambda { |v, r| v == r },
-    "!=" =>  lambda { |v, r| v != r },
-    ">"  =>  lambda { |v, r| v >  r },
-    "<"  =>  lambda { |v, r| v <  r },
-    ">=" =>  lambda { |v, r| v >= r },
-    "<=" =>  lambda { |v, r| v <= r },
-    "~>" =>  lambda { |v, r| v >= r && v.release < r.bump }
-  }
+    "="  =>  lambda {|v, r| v == r },
+    "!=" =>  lambda {|v, r| v != r },
+    ">"  =>  lambda {|v, r| v >  r },
+    "<"  =>  lambda {|v, r| v <  r },
+    ">=" =>  lambda {|v, r| v >= r },
+    "<=" =>  lambda {|v, r| v <= r },
+    "~>" =>  lambda {|v, r| v >= r && v.release < r.bump },
+  }.freeze
 
   SOURCE_SET_REQUIREMENT = Struct.new(:for_lockfile).new "!" # :nodoc:
 
-  quoted  = OPS.keys.map { |k| Regexp.quote k }.join "|"
-  PATTERN_RAW = "\\s*(#{quoted})?\\s*(#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN})\\s*" # :nodoc:
+  quoted = OPS.keys.map {|k| Regexp.quote k }.join "|"
+  PATTERN_RAW = "\\s*(#{quoted})?\\s*(#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN})\\s*".freeze # :nodoc:
 
   ##
   # A regular expression that matches a requirement
 
-  PATTERN = /\A#{PATTERN_RAW}\z/
+  PATTERN = /\A#{PATTERN_RAW}\z/.freeze
+
+  ##
+  # The default requirement matches any non-prerelease version
+
+  DefaultRequirement = [">=", Gem::Version.new(0)].freeze
 
   ##
   # The default requirement matches any version
 
-  DefaultRequirement = [">=", Gem::Version.new(0)]
+  DefaultPrereleaseRequirement = [">=", Gem::Version.new("0.a")].freeze
 
   ##
   # Raised when a bad requirement is encountered
@@ -51,7 +51,11 @@ class Gem::Requirement
   # If the input is "weird", the default version requirement is
   # returned.
 
-  def self.create input
+  def self.create(*inputs)
+    return new inputs if inputs.length > 1
+
+    input = inputs.shift
+
     case input
     when Gem::Requirement then
       input
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ class Gem::Requirement
     when '!' then
       source_set
     else
-      if input.respond_to? :to_str then
+      if input.respond_to? :to_str
         new [input.to_str]
       else
         default
@@ -68,13 +72,14 @@ class Gem::Requirement
     end
   end
 
-  ##
-  # A default "version requirement" can surely _only_ be '>= 0'.
-
   def self.default
     new '>= 0'
   end
 
+  def self.default_prerelease
+    new '>= 0.a'
+  end
+
   ###
   # A source set requirement, used for Gemfiles and lockfiles
 
@@ -94,7 +99,7 @@ class Gem::Requirement
   #     parse("1.0")                   # => ["=", Gem::Version.new("1.0")]
   #     parse(Gem::Version.new("1.0")) # => ["=,  Gem::Version.new("1.0")]
 
-  def self.parse obj
+  def self.parse(obj)
     return ["=", obj] if Gem::Version === obj
 
     unless PATTERN =~ obj.to_s
@@ -103,8 +108,10 @@ class Gem::Requirement
 
     if $1 == ">=" && $2 == "0"
       DefaultRequirement
+    elsif $1 == ">=" && $2 == "0.a"
+      DefaultPrereleaseRequirement
     else
-      [$1 || "=", Gem::Version.new($2)]
+      [-($1 || "="), Gem::Version.new($2)]
     end
   end
 
@@ -120,7 +127,7 @@ class Gem::Requirement
   # requirements are ignored. An empty set of +requirements+ is the
   # same as <tt>">= 0"</tt>.
 
-  def initialize *requirements
+  def initialize(*requirements)
     requirements = requirements.flatten
     requirements.compact!
     requirements.uniq!
@@ -128,18 +135,18 @@ class Gem::Requirement
     if requirements.empty?
       @requirements = [DefaultRequirement]
     else
-      @requirements = requirements.map! { |r| self.class.parse r }
+      @requirements = requirements.map! {|r| self.class.parse r }
     end
   end
 
   ##
   # Concatenates the +new+ requirements onto this requirement.
 
-  def concat new
+  def concat(new)
     new = new.flatten
     new.compact!
     new.uniq!
-    new = new.map { |r| self.class.parse r }
+    new = new.map {|r| self.class.parse r }
 
     @requirements.concat new
   end
@@ -150,11 +157,11 @@ class Gem::Requirement
   def for_lockfile # :nodoc:
     return if [DefaultRequirement] == @requirements
 
-    list = requirements.sort_by { |_, version|
+    list = requirements.sort_by do |_, version|
       version
-    }.map { |op, version|
+    end.map do |op, version|
       "#{op} #{version}"
-    }.uniq
+    end.uniq
 
     " (#{list.join ', '})"
   end
@@ -179,35 +186,30 @@ class Gem::Requirement
   end
 
   def as_list # :nodoc:
-    requirements.map { |op, version| "#{op} #{version}" }.sort
+    requirements.map {|op, version| "#{op} #{version}" }
   end
 
   def hash # :nodoc:
-    requirements.sort.hash
+    requirements.map {|r| r.first == "~>" ? [r[0], r[1].to_s] : r }.sort.hash
   end
 
   def marshal_dump # :nodoc:
-    fix_syck_default_key_in_requirements
-
     [@requirements]
   end
 
-  def marshal_load array # :nodoc:
+  def marshal_load(array) # :nodoc:
     @requirements = array[0]
 
-    fix_syck_default_key_in_requirements
+    raise TypeError, "wrong @requirements" unless Array === @requirements
   end
 
   def yaml_initialize(tag, vals) # :nodoc:
     vals.each do |ivar, val|
       instance_variable_set "@#{ivar}", val
     end
-
-    Gem.load_yaml
-    fix_syck_default_key_in_requirements
   end
 
-  def init_with coder # :nodoc:
+  def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
     yaml_initialize coder.tag, coder.map
   end
 
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ class Gem::Requirement
     ["@requirements"]
   end
 
-  def encode_with coder # :nodoc:
+  def encode_with(coder) # :nodoc:
     coder.add 'requirements', @requirements
   end
 
@@ -224,10 +226,10 @@ class Gem::Requirement
   # are prereleases
 
   def prerelease?
-    requirements.any? { |r| r.last.prerelease? }
+    requirements.any? {|r| r.last.prerelease? }
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 1, 'Gem::Requirement.new(', ')' do
       q.pp as_list
     end
@@ -236,11 +238,10 @@ class Gem::Requirement
   ##
   # True if +version+ satisfies this Requirement.
 
-  def satisfied_by? version
+  def satisfied_by?(version)
     raise ArgumentError, "Need a Gem::Version: #{version.inspect}" unless
       Gem::Version === version
-    # #28965: syck has a bug with unquoted '=' YAML.loading as YAML::DefaultKey
-    requirements.all? { |op, rv| (OPS[op] || OPS["="]).call version, rv }
+    requirements.all? {|op, rv| OPS[op].call version, rv }
   end
 
   alias :=== :satisfied_by?
@@ -259,21 +260,28 @@ class Gem::Requirement
     as_list.join ", "
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
-    Gem::Requirement === other and to_s == other.to_s
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+    return unless Gem::Requirement === other
+
+    # An == check is always necessary
+    return false unless _sorted_requirements == other._sorted_requirements
+
+    # An == check is sufficient unless any requirements use ~>
+    return true unless _tilde_requirements.any?
+
+    # If any requirements use ~> we use the stricter `#eql?` that also checks
+    # that version precision is the same
+    _tilde_requirements.eql?(other._tilde_requirements)
   end
 
-  private
+  protected
 
-  def fix_syck_default_key_in_requirements # :nodoc:
-    Gem.load_yaml
+  def _sorted_requirements
+    @_sorted_requirements ||= requirements.sort_by(&:to_s)
+  end
 
-    # Fixup the Syck DefaultKey bug
-    @requirements.each do |r|
-      if r[0].kind_of? Gem::SyckDefaultKey
-        r[0] = "="
-      end
-    end
+  def _tilde_requirements
+    @_tilde_requirements ||= _sorted_requirements.select {|r| r.first == "~>" }
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index a7b11179c8..51a11fed47 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/dependency'
-require 'rubygems/exceptions'
-require 'rubygems/util'
-require 'rubygems/util/list'
+require_relative 'dependency'
+require_relative 'exceptions'
+require_relative 'util/list'
 
 ##
 # Given a set of Gem::Dependency objects as +needed+ and a way to query the
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ require 'rubygems/util/list'
 # all the requirements.
 
 class Gem::Resolver
-  require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo'
+  require_relative 'resolver/molinillo'
 
   ##
   # If the DEBUG_RESOLVER environment variable is set then debugging mode is
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   # uniform manner.  If one of the +sets+ is itself a ComposedSet its sets are
   # flattened into the result ComposedSet.
 
-  def self.compose_sets *sets
+  def self.compose_sets(*sets)
     sets.compact!
 
     sets = sets.map do |set|
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   # Creates a Resolver that queries only against the already installed gems
   # for the +needed+ dependencies.
 
-  def self.for_current_gems needed
+  def self.for_current_gems(needed)
     new needed, Gem::Resolver::CurrentSet.new
   end
 
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   # satisfy the Dependencies. This defaults to IndexSet, which will query
   # rubygems.org.
 
-  def initialize needed, set = nil
+  def initialize(needed, set = nil)
     @set = set || Gem::Resolver::IndexSet.new
     @needed = needed
 
@@ -112,19 +111,22 @@ class Gem::Resolver
     @stats               = Gem::Resolver::Stats.new
   end
 
-  def explain stage, *data # :nodoc:
+  def explain(stage, *data) # :nodoc:
     return unless DEBUG_RESOLVER
 
-    d = data.map { |x| x.pretty_inspect }.join(", ")
+    d = data.map {|x| x.pretty_inspect }.join(", ")
     $stderr.printf "%10s %s\n", stage.to_s.upcase, d
   end
 
-  def explain_list stage # :nodoc:
+  def explain_list(stage) # :nodoc:
     return unless DEBUG_RESOLVER
 
     data = yield
     $stderr.printf "%10s (%d entries)\n", stage.to_s.upcase, data.size
-    PP.pp data, $stderr unless data.empty?
+    unless data.empty?
+      require 'pp'
+      PP.pp data, $stderr
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   #
   # Returns the Specification and the ActivationRequest
 
-  def activation_request dep, possible # :nodoc:
+  def activation_request(dep, possible) # :nodoc:
     spec = possible.pop
 
     explain :activate, [spec.full_name, possible.size]
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
     return spec, activation_request
   end
 
-  def requests s, act, reqs=[] # :nodoc:
+  def requests(s, act, reqs=[]) # :nodoc:
     return reqs if @ignore_dependencies
 
     s.fetch_development_dependencies if @development
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   include Molinillo::UI
 
   def output
-    @output ||= debug? ? $stdout : File.open(Gem::Util::NULL_DEVICE, 'w')
+    @output ||= debug? ? $stdout : File.open(IO::NULL, 'w')
   end
 
   def debug?
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
 
   def resolve
     locking_dg = Molinillo::DependencyGraph.new
-    Molinillo::Resolver.new(self, self).resolve(@needed.map { |d| DependencyRequest.new d, nil }, locking_dg).tsort.map(&:payload).compact
+    Molinillo::Resolver.new(self, self).resolve(@needed.map {|d| DependencyRequest.new d, nil }, locking_dg).tsort.map(&:payload).compact
   rescue Molinillo::VersionConflict => e
     conflict = e.conflicts.values.first
     raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, Conflict.new(conflict.requirement_trees.first.first, conflict.existing, conflict.requirement)
@@ -197,12 +199,12 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   # Extracts the specifications that may be able to fulfill +dependency+ and
   # returns those that match the local platform and all those that match.
 
-  def find_possible dependency # :nodoc:
+  def find_possible(dependency) # :nodoc:
     all = @set.find_all dependency
 
     if (skip_dep_gems = skip_gems[dependency.name]) && !skip_dep_gems.empty?
       matching = all.select do |api_spec|
-        skip_dep_gems.any? { |s| api_spec.version == s.version }
+        skip_dep_gems.any? {|s| api_spec.version == s.version }
       end
 
       all = matching unless matching.empty?
@@ -216,7 +218,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   ##
   # Returns the gems in +specs+ that match the local platform.
 
-  def select_local_platforms specs # :nodoc:
+  def select_local_platforms(specs) # :nodoc:
     specs.select do |spec|
       Gem::Platform.installable? spec
     end
@@ -230,8 +232,26 @@ class Gem::Resolver
       exc.errors = @set.errors
       raise exc
     end
-    possibles.sort_by { |s| [s.source, s.version, Gem::Platform.local =~ s.platform ? 1 : 0] }.
-      map { |s| ActivationRequest.new s, dependency, [] }
+
+    groups = Hash.new {|hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
+
+    # create groups & sources in the same loop
+    sources = possibles.map do |spec|
+      source = spec.source
+      groups[source] << spec
+      source
+    end.uniq.reverse
+
+    activation_requests = []
+
+    sources.each do |source|
+      groups[source].
+        sort_by {|spec| [spec.version, Gem::Platform.local =~ spec.platform ? 1 : 0] }.
+        map {|spec| ActivationRequest.new spec, dependency }.
+        each {|activation_request| activation_requests << activation_request }
+    end
+
+    activation_requests
   end
 
   def dependencies_for(specification)
@@ -241,7 +261,12 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   end
 
   def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-    requirement.matches_spec? spec
+    matches_spec = requirement.matches_spec? spec
+    return matches_spec if @soft_missing
+
+    matches_spec &&
+      spec.spec.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
+      spec.spec.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version)
   end
 
   def name_for(dependency)
@@ -254,13 +279,14 @@ class Gem::Resolver
   end
 
   def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-    dependencies.sort_by do |dependency|
+    dependencies.sort_by.with_index do |dependency, i|
       name = name_for(dependency)
       [
         activated.vertex_named(name).payload ? 0 : 1,
         amount_constrained(dependency),
         conflicts[name] ? 0 : 1,
         activated.vertex_named(name).payload ? 0 : search_for(dependency).count,
+        i, # for stable sort
       ]
     end
   end
@@ -290,38 +316,32 @@ class Gem::Resolver
     end
   end
   private :amount_constrained
-
 end
 
-##
-# TODO remove in RubyGems 3
-
-Gem::DependencyResolver = Gem::Resolver # :nodoc:
-
-require 'rubygems/resolver/activation_request'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/conflict'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/dependency_request'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/requirement_list'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/stats'
-
-require 'rubygems/resolver/set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/api_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/composed_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/best_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/current_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/git_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/index_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/installer_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/lock_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/vendor_set'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/source_set'
-
-require 'rubygems/resolver/specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/spec_specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/api_specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/git_specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/index_specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/installed_specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/local_specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/lock_specification'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/vendor_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/activation_request'
+require_relative 'resolver/conflict'
+require_relative 'resolver/dependency_request'
+require_relative 'resolver/requirement_list'
+require_relative 'resolver/stats'
+
+require_relative 'resolver/set'
+require_relative 'resolver/api_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/composed_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/best_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/current_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/git_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/index_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/installer_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/lock_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/vendor_set'
+require_relative 'resolver/source_set'
+
+require_relative 'resolver/specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/spec_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/api_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/git_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/index_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/installed_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/local_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/lock_specification'
+require_relative 'resolver/vendor_specification'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/activation_request.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/activation_request.rb
index 135d75d6bc..ae35681db9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/activation_request.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/activation_request.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # dependency that was used to introduce this activation.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
-
   ##
   # The parent request for this activation request.
 
@@ -18,27 +17,31 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
   ##
   # Creates a new ActivationRequest that will activate +spec+.  The parent
   # +request+ is used to provide diagnostics in case of conflicts.
-  #
-  # +others_possible+ indicates that other specifications may also match this
-  # activation request.
 
-  def initialize spec, request, others_possible = true
+  def initialize(spec, request)
     @spec = spec
     @request = request
-    @others_possible = others_possible
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     case other
     when Gem::Specification
       @spec == other
     when Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
-      @spec == other.spec && @request == other.request
+      @spec == other.spec
     else
       false
     end
   end
 
+  def eql?(other)
+    self == other
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @spec.hash
+  end
+
   ##
   # Is this activation request for a development dependency?
 
@@ -49,17 +52,17 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
   ##
   # Downloads a gem at +path+ and returns the file path.
 
-  def download path
+  def download(path)
     Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories path
 
     if @spec.respond_to? :sources
       exception = nil
-      path = @spec.sources.find{ |source|
+      path = @spec.sources.find do |source|
         begin
           source.download full_spec, path
         rescue exception
         end
-      }
+      end
       return path      if path
       raise  exception if exception
 
@@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
   # The full name of the specification to be activated.
 
   def full_name
-    @spec.full_name
+    name_tuple.full_name
   end
 
   alias_method :to_s, :full_name
@@ -90,21 +93,8 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
   end
 
   def inspect # :nodoc:
-    others =
-      case @others_possible
-      when true then # TODO remove at RubyGems 3
-        ' (others possible)'
-      when false then # TODO remove at RubyGems 3
-        nil
-      else
-        unless @others_possible.empty? then
-          others = @others_possible.map { |s| s.full_name }
-          " (others possible: #{others.join ', '})"
-        end
-      end
-
-    '#<%s for %p from %s%s>' % [
-      self.class, @spec, @request, others
+    '#<%s for %p from %s>' % [
+      self.class, @spec, @request
     ]
   end
 
@@ -132,19 +122,6 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
   end
 
   ##
-  # Indicate if this activation is one of a set of possible
-  # requests for the same Dependency request.
-
-  def others_possible?
-    case @others_possible
-    when true, false then
-      @others_possible
-    else
-      not @others_possible.empty?
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Return the ActivationRequest that contained the dependency
   # that we were activated for.
 
@@ -152,7 +129,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
     @request.requester
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[Activation request', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.pp @spec
@@ -160,19 +137,6 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
       q.breakable
       q.text ' for '
       q.pp @request
-
-      case @others_possible
-      when false then
-      when true then
-        q.breakable
-        q.text 'others possible'
-      else
-        unless @others_possible.empty? then
-          q.breakable
-          q.text 'others '
-          q.pp @others_possible.map { |s| s.full_name }
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -183,4 +147,16 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest
     @spec.version
   end
 
+  ##
+  # The platform of this activation request's specification
+
+  def platform
+    @spec.platform
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def name_tuple
+    @name_tuple ||= Gem::NameTuple.new(name, version, platform)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_set.rb
index ee3046af63..21c9b8920c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_set.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 # Returns instances of APISpecification.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::APISet < Gem::Resolver::Set
+  autoload :GemParser, File.expand_path("api_set/gem_parser", __dir__)
 
   ##
   # The URI for the dependency API this APISet uses.
@@ -23,17 +24,17 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   ##
   # Creates a new APISet that will retrieve gems from +uri+ using the RubyGems
   # API URL +dep_uri+ which is described at
-  # http://guides.rubygems.org/rubygems-org-api
+  # https://guides.rubygems.org/rubygems-org-api
 
-  def initialize dep_uri = 'https://rubygems.org/api/v1/dependencies'
+  def initialize(dep_uri = 'https://index.rubygems.org/info/')
     super()
 
-    dep_uri = URI dep_uri unless URI === dep_uri # for ruby 1.8
+    dep_uri = URI dep_uri unless URI === dep_uri
 
     @dep_uri = dep_uri
-    @uri     = dep_uri + '../..'
+    @uri     = dep_uri + '..'
 
-    @data   = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+    @data   = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = [] }
     @source = Gem::Source.new @uri
 
     @to_fetch = []
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Return an array of APISpecification objects matching
   # DependencyRequest +req+.
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     res = []
 
     return res unless @remote
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     end
 
     versions(req.name).each do |ver|
-      if req.dependency.match? req.name, ver[:number]
+      if req.dependency.match? req.name, ver[:number], @prerelease
         res << Gem::Resolver::APISpecification.new(self, ver)
       end
     end
@@ -65,9 +66,9 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # A hint run by the resolver to allow the Set to fetch
   # data for DependencyRequests +reqs+.
 
-  def prefetch reqs
+  def prefetch(reqs)
     return unless @remote
-    names = reqs.map { |r| r.dependency.name }
+    names = reqs.map {|r| r.dependency.name }
     needed = names - @data.keys - @to_fetch
 
     @to_fetch += needed
@@ -76,24 +77,12 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   def prefetch_now # :nodoc:
     needed, @to_fetch = @to_fetch, []
 
-    uri = @dep_uri + "?gems=#{needed.sort.join ','}"
-    str = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher.fetch_path uri
-
-    loaded = []
-
-    Marshal.load(str).each do |ver|
-      name = ver[:name]
-
-      @data[name] << ver
-      loaded << name
-    end
-
-    (needed - loaded).each do |missing|
-      @data[missing] = []
+    needed.sort.each do |name|
+      versions(name)
     end
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[APISet', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text "URI: #{@dep_uri}"
@@ -107,20 +96,37 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   ##
   # Return data for all versions of the gem +name+.
 
-  def versions name # :nodoc:
+  def versions(name) # :nodoc:
     if @data.key?(name)
       return @data[name]
     end
 
-    uri = @dep_uri + "?gems=#{name}"
+    uri = @dep_uri + name
     str = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher.fetch_path uri
 
-    Marshal.load(str).each do |ver|
-      @data[ver[:name]] << ver
+    lines(str).each do |ver|
+      number, platform, dependencies, requirements = parse_gem(ver)
+
+      platform ||= "ruby"
+      dependencies = dependencies.map {|dep_name, reqs| [dep_name, reqs.join(", ")] }
+      requirements = requirements.map {|req_name, reqs| [req_name.to_sym, reqs] }.to_h
+
+      @data[name] << { name: name, number: number, platform: platform, dependencies: dependencies, requirements: requirements }
     end
 
     @data[name]
   end
 
-end
+  private
+
+  def lines(str)
+    lines = str.split("\n")
+    header = lines.index("---")
+    header ? lines[header + 1..-1] : lines
+  end
 
+  def parse_gem(string)
+    @gem_parser ||= GemParser.new
+    @gem_parser.parse(string)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_set/gem_parser.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_set/gem_parser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..685c39558d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_set/gem_parser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Gem::Resolver::APISet::GemParser
+  def parse(line)
+    version_and_platform, rest = line.split(" ", 2)
+    version, platform = version_and_platform.split("-", 2)
+    dependencies, requirements = rest.split("|", 2).map {|s| s.split(",") } if rest
+    dependencies = dependencies ? dependencies.map {|d| parse_dependency(d) } : []
+    requirements = requirements ? requirements.map {|d| parse_dependency(d) } : []
+    [version, platform, dependencies, requirements]
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def parse_dependency(string)
+    dependency = string.split(":")
+    dependency[-1] = dependency[-1].split("&") if dependency.size > 1
+    dependency
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_specification.rb
index 1e22dd0b6f..b5aa0b71d4 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/api_specification.rb
@@ -6,12 +6,22 @@
 # is the name, version, and dependencies.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::APISpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
+  ##
+  # We assume that all instances of this class are immutable;
+  # so avoid duplicated generation for performance.
+  @@cache = {}
+  def self.new(set, api_data)
+    cache_key = [set, api_data]
+    cache = @@cache[cache_key]
+    return cache if cache
+    @@cache[cache_key] = super
+  end
 
   ##
   # Creates an APISpecification for the given +set+ from the rubygems.org
   # +api_data+.
   #
-  # See http://guides.rubygems.org/rubygems-org-api/#misc_methods for the
+  # See https://guides.rubygems.org/rubygems-org-api/#misc_methods for the
   # format of the +api_data+.
 
   def initialize(set, api_data)
@@ -19,20 +29,26 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
 
     @set = set
     @name = api_data[:name]
-    @version = Gem::Version.new api_data[:number]
-    @platform = Gem::Platform.new api_data[:platform]
+    @version = Gem::Version.new(api_data[:number]).freeze
+    @platform = Gem::Platform.new(api_data[:platform]).freeze
+    @original_platform = api_data[:platform].freeze
     @dependencies = api_data[:dependencies].map do |name, ver|
-      Gem::Dependency.new name, ver.split(/\s*,\s*/)
-    end
+      Gem::Dependency.new(name, ver.split(/\s*,\s*/)).freeze
+    end.freeze
+    @required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(api_data.dig(:requirements, :ruby)).freeze
+    @required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(api_data.dig(:requirements, :rubygems)).freeze
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other and
       @set          == other.set and
       @name         == other.name and
       @version      == other.version and
-      @platform     == other.platform and
-      @dependencies == other.dependencies
+      @platform     == other.platform
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @set.hash ^ @name.hash ^ @version.hash ^ @platform.hash
   end
 
   def fetch_development_dependencies # :nodoc:
@@ -42,10 +58,10 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   end
 
   def installable_platform? # :nodoc:
-    Gem::Platform.match @platform
+    Gem::Platform.match_gem? @platform, @name
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[APISpecification', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text "name: #{name}"
@@ -73,7 +89,11 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
     @spec ||=
       begin
         tuple = Gem::NameTuple.new @name, @version, @platform
+        source.fetch_spec tuple
+      rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
+        raise if @original_platform == @platform
 
+        tuple = Gem::NameTuple.new @name, @version, @original_platform
         source.fetch_spec tuple
       end
   end
@@ -81,6 +101,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::APISpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   def source # :nodoc:
     @set.source
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/best_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/best_set.rb
index 4479535abe..300ea8015c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/best_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/best_set.rb
@@ -5,12 +5,11 @@
 # It combines IndexSet and APISet
 
 class Gem::Resolver::BestSet < Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet
-
   ##
   # Creates a BestSet for the given +sources+ or Gem::sources if none are
   # specified.  +sources+ must be a Gem::SourceList.
 
-  def initialize sources = Gem.sources
+  def initialize(sources = Gem.sources)
     super()
 
     @sources = sources
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::BestSet < Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet
     end
   end
 
-  def find_all req # :nodoc:
+  def find_all(req) # :nodoc:
     pick_sets if @remote and @sets.empty?
 
     super
@@ -35,13 +34,13 @@ class Gem::Resolver::BestSet < Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet
     retry
   end
 
-  def prefetch reqs # :nodoc:
+  def prefetch(reqs) # :nodoc:
     pick_sets if @remote and @sets.empty?
 
     super
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[BestSet', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text 'sets:'
@@ -58,14 +57,14 @@ class Gem::Resolver::BestSet < Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet
   #
   # The calling method must retry the exception to repeat the lookup.
 
-  def replace_failed_api_set error # :nodoc:
-    uri = error.uri
+  def replace_failed_api_set(error) # :nodoc:
+    uri = error.original_uri
     uri = URI uri unless URI === uri
-    uri.query = nil
+    uri = uri + "."
 
-    raise error unless api_set = @sets.find { |set|
+    raise error unless api_set = @sets.find do |set|
       Gem::Resolver::APISet === set and set.dep_uri == uri
-    }
+    end
 
     index_set = Gem::Resolver::IndexSet.new api_set.source
 
@@ -74,6 +73,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::BestSet < Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet
       index_set
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/composed_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/composed_set.rb
index 0b65942dca..226da1e1e0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/composed_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/composed_set.rb
@@ -9,14 +9,13 @@
 # This method will eliminate nesting of composed sets.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
   attr_reader :sets # :nodoc:
 
   ##
   # Creates a new ComposedSet containing +sets+.  Use
   # Gem::Resolver::compose_sets instead.
 
-  def initialize *sets
+  def initialize(*sets)
     super()
 
     @sets = sets
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # When +allow_prerelease+ is set to +true+ prereleases gems are allowed to
   # match dependencies.
 
-  def prerelease= allow_prerelease
+  def prerelease=(allow_prerelease)
     super
 
     sets.each do |set|
@@ -37,20 +36,20 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   ##
   # Sets the remote network access for all composed sets.
 
-  def remote= remote
+  def remote=(remote)
     super
 
-    @sets.each { |set| set.remote = remote }
+    @sets.each {|set| set.remote = remote }
   end
 
   def errors
-    @errors + @sets.map { |set| set.errors }.flatten
+    @errors + @sets.map {|set| set.errors }.flatten
   end
 
   ##
   # Finds all specs matching +req+ in all sets.
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     @sets.map do |s|
       s.find_all req
     end.flatten
@@ -59,9 +58,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::ComposedSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   ##
   # Prefetches +reqs+ in all sets.
 
-  def prefetch reqs
-    @sets.each { |s| s.prefetch(reqs) }
+  def prefetch(reqs)
+    @sets.each {|s| s.prefetch(reqs) }
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
index 7997f92950..4c4588d7e8 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # with a spec that would be activated.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
-
   ##
   # The specification that was activated prior to the conflict
 
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
     @failed_dep = failed_dep
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other and
       @dependency == other.dependency and
       @activated  == other.activated  and
@@ -55,9 +54,9 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
     activated   = @activated.spec.full_name
     dependency  = @failed_dep.dependency
     requirement = dependency.requirement
-    alternates  = dependency.matching_specs.map { |spec| spec.full_name }
+    alternates  = dependency.matching_specs.map {|spec| spec.full_name }
 
-    unless alternates.empty? then
+    unless alternates.empty?
       matching = <<-MATCHING.chomp
 
   Gems matching %s:
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
       activated, requirement,
       request_path(@activated).reverse.join(", depends on\n    "),
       request_path(@failed_dep).reverse.join(", depends on\n    "),
-      matching,
+      matching
     ]
   end
 
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
     @dependency.name == spec.name
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[Dependency conflict: ', ']' do
       q.breakable
 
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
       q.pp @dependency
 
       q.breakable
-      if @dependency == @failed_dep then
+      if @dependency == @failed_dep
         q.text ' failed'
       else
         q.text ' failed dependency '
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
   ##
   # Path of activations from the +current+ list.
 
-  def request_path current
+  def request_path(current)
     path = []
 
     while current do
@@ -151,10 +150,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
   def requester
     @failed_dep.requester
   end
-
 end
-
-##
-# TODO: Remove in RubyGems 3
-
-Gem::Resolver::DependencyConflict = Gem::Resolver::Conflict # :nodoc:
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/current_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/current_set.rb
index 265c639f15..c3aa3a2c37 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/current_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/current_set.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@
 # for installed gems.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::CurrentSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     req.dependency.matching_specs
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/dependency_request.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/dependency_request.rb
index c2918911cd..356aadb3b2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/dependency_request.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/dependency_request.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # contained the Dependency.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest
-
   ##
   # The wrapped Gem::Dependency
 
@@ -19,17 +18,17 @@ class Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest
   # Creates a new DependencyRequest for +dependency+ from +requester+.
   # +requester may be nil if the request came from a user.
 
-  def initialize dependency, requester
+  def initialize(dependency, requester)
     @dependency = dependency
     @requester  = requester
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     case other
     when Gem::Dependency
       @dependency == other
     when Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest
-      @dependency == other.dependency && @requester == other.requester
+      @dependency == other.dependency
     else
       false
     end
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest
   # NOTE:  #match? only matches prerelease versions when #dependency is a
   # prerelease dependency.
 
-  def match? spec, allow_prerelease = false
+  def match?(spec, allow_prerelease = false)
     @dependency.match? spec, nil, allow_prerelease
   end
 
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest
     @requester ? @requester.request : "(unknown)"
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[Dependency request ', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text @dependency.to_s
@@ -116,5 +115,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest
   def to_s # :nodoc:
     @dependency.to_s
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_set.rb
index 723a202d7a..eac51f15ad 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_set.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #   set.add_git_gem 'rake', 'git://example/rake.git', tag: 'rake-10.1.0'
 
 class Gem::Resolver::GitSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
   ##
   # The root directory for git gems in this set.  This is usually Gem.dir, the
   # installation directory for regular gems.
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     @specs           = {}
   end
 
-  def add_git_gem name, repository, reference, submodules # :nodoc:
+  def add_git_gem(name, repository, reference, submodules) # :nodoc:
     @repositories[name] = [repository, reference]
     @need_submodules[repository] = submodules
   end
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # This fills in the prefetch information as enough information about the gem
   # is present in the arguments.
 
-  def add_git_spec name, version, repository, reference, submodules # :nodoc:
+  def add_git_spec(name, version, repository, reference, submodules) # :nodoc:
     add_git_gem name, repository, reference, submodules
 
     source = Gem::Source::Git.new name, repository, reference
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   ##
   # Finds all git gems matching +req+
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     prefetch nil
 
     specs.values.select do |spec|
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   ##
   # Prefetches specifications from the git repositories in this set.
 
-  def prefetch reqs
+  def prefetch(reqs)
     return unless @specs.empty?
 
     @repositories.each do |name, (repository, reference)|
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     end
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[GitSet', ']' do
       next if @repositories.empty?
       q.breakable
@@ -118,6 +117,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_specification.rb
index 2448797d3f..ee47080ab4 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/git_specification.rb
@@ -5,15 +5,14 @@
 # option.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::GitSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
-
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other and
       @set  == other.set and
       @spec == other.spec and
       @source == other.source
   end
 
-  def add_dependency dependency # :nodoc:
+  def add_dependency(dependency) # :nodoc:
     spec.dependencies << dependency
   end
 
@@ -21,8 +20,8 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
   # Installing a git gem only involves building the extensions and generating
   # the executables.
 
-  def install options = {}
-    require 'rubygems/installer'
+  def install(options = {})
+    require_relative '../installer'
 
     installer = Gem::Installer.for_spec spec, options
 
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
     installer.run_post_install_hooks
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[GitSpecification', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text "name: #{name}"
@@ -54,6 +53,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::GitSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
       q.pp @source
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_set.rb
index 2450f14b4f..9390e34255 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_set.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@
 # source index.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::IndexSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
-  def initialize source = nil # :nodoc:
+  def initialize(source = nil) # :nodoc:
     super()
 
     @f =
-      if source then
+      if source
         sources = Gem::SourceList.from [source]
 
         Gem::SpecFetcher.new sources
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
         Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
       end
 
-    @all = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+    @all = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = [] }
 
     list, errors = @f.available_specs :complete
 
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Return an array of IndexSpecification objects matching
   # DependencyRequest +req+.
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     res = []
 
     return res unless @remote
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     name = req.dependency.name
 
     @all[name].each do |uri, n|
-      if req.match? n, @prerelease then
+      if req.match? n, @prerelease
         res << Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification.new(
           self, n.name, n.version, uri, n.platform)
       end
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     res
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[IndexSet', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text 'sources:'
@@ -76,6 +75,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_specification.rb
index 4340f46943..9ea76f40ba 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/index_specification.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 # and +version+ are needed.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
-
   ##
   # An IndexSpecification is created from the index format described in `gem
   # help generate_index`.
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   # The +name+, +version+ and +platform+ are the name, version and platform of
   # the gem.
 
-  def initialize set, name, version, source, platform
+  def initialize(set, name, version, source, platform)
     super()
 
     @set = set
@@ -34,16 +33,48 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
     spec.dependencies
   end
 
+  ##
+  # The required_ruby_version constraint for this specification
+  #
+  # A fallback is included because when generated, some marshalled specs have it
+  # set to +nil+.
+
+  def required_ruby_version
+    spec.required_ruby_version || Gem::Requirement.default
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The required_rubygems_version constraint for this specification
+  #
+  # A fallback is included because the original version of the specification
+  # API didn't include that field, so some marshalled specs in the index have it
+  # set to +nil+.
+
+  def required_rubygems_version
+    spec.required_rubygems_version || Gem::Requirement.default
+  end
+
+  def ==(other)
+    self.class === other &&
+      @name == other.name &&
+      @version == other.version &&
+      @platform == other.platform
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @name.hash ^ @version.hash ^ @platform.hash
+  end
+
   def inspect # :nodoc:
     '#<%s %s source %s>' % [self.class, full_name, @source]
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[Index specification', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text full_name
 
-      unless Gem::Platform::RUBY == @platform then
+      unless Gem::Platform::RUBY == @platform
         q.breakable
         q.text @platform.to_s
       end
@@ -65,6 +96,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
         @source.fetch_spec tuple
       end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/installed_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/installed_specification.rb
index d9c6a5e5cf..167ba1439e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/installed_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/installed_specification.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 # locally.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
-
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other and
       @set  == other.set and
       @spec == other.spec
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
   # This is a null install as this specification is already installed.
   # +options+ are ignored.
 
-  def install options = {}
+  def install(options = {})
     yield nil
   end
 
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
     super
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[InstalledSpecification', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text "name: #{name}"
@@ -54,6 +53,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
   def source
     @source ||= Gem::Source::Installed.new
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb
index 07fffeb150..f4fee351a5 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # files
 
 class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
   ##
   # List of Gem::Specification objects that must always be installed.
 
@@ -27,13 +26,18 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   attr_reader :remote_set # :nodoc:
 
   ##
+  # Ignore ruby & rubygems specification constraints.
+  #
+
+  attr_accessor :force # :nodoc:
+
+  ##
   # Creates a new InstallerSet that will look for gems in +domain+.
 
-  def initialize domain
+  def initialize(domain)
     super()
 
     @domain = domain
-    @remote = consider_remote?
 
     @f = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
 
@@ -41,7 +45,9 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     @ignore_dependencies = false
     @ignore_installed    = false
     @local               = {}
+    @local_source        = Gem::Source::Local.new
     @remote_set          = Gem::Resolver::BestSet.new
+    @force               = false
     @specs               = {}
   end
 
@@ -49,14 +55,14 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Looks up the latest specification for +dependency+ and adds it to the
   # always_install list.
 
-  def add_always_install dependency
+  def add_always_install(dependency)
     request = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dependency, nil
 
     found = find_all request
 
-    found.delete_if { |s|
+    found.delete_if do |s|
       s.version.prerelease? and not s.local?
-    } unless dependency.prerelease?
+    end unless dependency.prerelease?
 
     found = found.select do |s|
       Gem::Source::SpecificFile === s.source or
@@ -64,15 +70,30 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
         Gem::Platform.local === s.platform
     end
 
-    if found.empty? then
-      exc = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError.new request
-      exc.errors = errors
-
-      raise exc
+    found = found.sort_by do |s|
+      [s.version, s.platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY ? -1 : 1]
     end
 
-    newest = found.max_by do |s|
-      [s.version, s.platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY ? -1 : 1]
+    newest = found.last
+
+    unless @force
+      found_matching_metadata = found.reverse.find do |spec|
+        metadata_satisfied?(spec)
+      end
+
+      if found_matching_metadata.nil?
+        if newest
+          ensure_required_ruby_version_met(newest.spec)
+          ensure_required_rubygems_version_met(newest.spec)
+        else
+          exc = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError.new request
+          exc.errors = errors
+
+          raise exc
+        end
+      else
+        newest = found_matching_metadata
+      end
     end
 
     @always_install << newest.spec
@@ -82,7 +103,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Adds a local gem requested using +dep_name+ with the given +spec+ that can
   # be loaded and installed using the +source+.
 
-  def add_local dep_name, spec, source
+  def add_local(dep_name, spec, source)
     @local[dep_name] = [spec, source]
   end
 
@@ -111,23 +132,23 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Returns an array of IndexSpecification objects matching DependencyRequest
   # +req+.
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     res = []
 
-    dep  = req.dependency
+    dep = req.dependency
 
     return res if @ignore_dependencies and
-              @always_install.none? { |spec| dep.match? spec }
+              @always_install.none? {|spec| dep.match? spec }
 
     name = dep.name
 
     dep.matching_specs.each do |gemspec|
-      next if @always_install.any? { |spec| spec.name == gemspec.name }
+      next if @always_install.any? {|spec| spec.name == gemspec.name }
 
       res << Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification.new(self, gemspec)
     end unless @ignore_installed
 
-    if consider_local? then
+    if consider_local?
       matching_local = @local.values.select do |spec, _|
         req.match? spec
       end.map do |spec, source|
@@ -136,13 +157,11 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
 
       res.concat matching_local
 
-      local_source = Gem::Source::Local.new
-
       begin
-        if local_spec = local_source.find_gem(name, dep.requirement) then
+        if local_spec = @local_source.find_gem(name, dep.requirement)
           res << Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification.new(
             self, local_spec.name, local_spec.version,
-            local_source, local_spec.platform)
+            @local_source, local_spec.platform)
         end
       rescue Gem::Package::FormatError
         # ignore
@@ -162,17 +181,17 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     @remote_set.prefetch(reqs) if consider_remote?
   end
 
-  def prerelease= allow_prerelease
+  def prerelease=(allow_prerelease)
     super
 
     @remote_set.prerelease = allow_prerelease
   end
 
   def inspect # :nodoc:
-    always_install = @always_install.map { |s| s.full_name }
+    always_install = @always_install.map {|s| s.full_name }
 
     '#<%s domain: %s specs: %p always install: %p>' % [
-      self.class, @domain, @specs.keys, always_install,
+      self.class, @domain, @specs.keys, always_install
     ]
   end
 
@@ -180,7 +199,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Called from IndexSpecification to get a true Specification
   # object.
 
-  def load_spec name, ver, platform, source # :nodoc:
+  def load_spec(name, ver, platform, source) # :nodoc:
     key = "#{name}-#{ver}-#{platform}"
 
     @specs.fetch key do
@@ -193,13 +212,13 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   ##
   # Has a local gem for +dep_name+ been added to this set?
 
-  def local? dep_name # :nodoc:
-    spec, = @local[dep_name]
+  def local?(dep_name) # :nodoc:
+    spec, _ = @local[dep_name]
 
     spec
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[InstallerSet', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text "domain: #{@domain}"
@@ -214,7 +233,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     end
   end
 
-  def remote= remote # :nodoc:
+  def remote=(remote) # :nodoc:
     case @domain
     when :local then
       @domain = :both if remote
@@ -225,5 +244,31 @@ class Gem::Resolver::InstallerSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     end
   end
 
-end
+  private
+
+  def metadata_satisfied?(spec)
+    spec.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
+      spec.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version)
+  end
+
+  def ensure_required_ruby_version_met(spec) # :nodoc:
+    if rrv = spec.required_ruby_version
+      ruby_version = Gem.ruby_version
+      unless rrv.satisfied_by? ruby_version
+        raise Gem::RuntimeRequirementNotMetError,
+          "#{spec.full_name} requires Ruby version #{rrv}. The current ruby version is #{ruby_version}."
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
+  def ensure_required_rubygems_version_met(spec) # :nodoc:
+    if rrgv = spec.required_rubygems_version
+      unless rrgv.satisfied_by? Gem.rubygems_version
+        rg_version = Gem::VERSION
+        raise Gem::RuntimeRequirementNotMetError,
+          "#{spec.full_name} requires RubyGems version #{rrgv}. The current RubyGems version is #{rg_version}. " +
+          "Try 'gem update --system' to update RubyGems itself."
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/local_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/local_specification.rb
index 1d9d22f0ac..9c69c4ab74 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/local_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/local_specification.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # A LocalSpecification comes from a .gem file on the local filesystem.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::LocalSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
-
   ##
   # Returns +true+ if this gem is installable for the current platform.
 
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LocalSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
     true
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[LocalSpecification', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text "name: #{name}"
@@ -37,6 +36,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LocalSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
       q.text "source: #{@source.path}"
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_set.rb
index 7fddc93e1c..eabf217aba 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_set.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,19 @@
 # A set of gems from a gem dependencies lockfile.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::LockSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
   attr_reader :specs # :nodoc:
 
   ##
   # Creates a new LockSet from the given +sources+
 
-  def initialize sources
+  def initialize(sources)
     super()
 
     @sources = sources.map do |source|
       Gem::Source::Lock.new source
     end
 
-    @specs   = []
+    @specs = []
   end
 
   ##
@@ -26,10 +25,10 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # The specification's set will be the current set, and the source will be
   # the current set's source.
 
-  def add name, version, platform # :nodoc:
+  def add(name, version, platform) # :nodoc:
     version = Gem::Version.new version
     specs = [
-      Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification.new(self, name, version, @sources, platform)
+      Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification.new(self, name, version, @sources, platform),
     ]
 
     @specs.concat specs
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Returns an Array of IndexSpecification objects matching the
   # DependencyRequest +req+.
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     @specs.select do |spec|
       req.match? spec
     end
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Loads a Gem::Specification with the given +name+, +version+ and
   # +platform+.  +source+ is ignored.
 
-  def load_spec name, version, platform, source # :nodoc:
+  def load_spec(name, version, platform, source) # :nodoc:
     dep = Gem::Dependency.new name, version
 
     found = @specs.find do |spec|
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     found.source.fetch_spec tuple
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[LockSet', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text 'source:'
@@ -75,9 +74,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
       q.text 'specs:'
 
       q.breakable
-      q.pp @specs.map { |spec| spec.full_name }
+      q.pp @specs.map {|spec| spec.full_name }
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_specification.rb
index f485675673..cdb8e4e425 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/lock_specification.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@
 # lockfile.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
-
   attr_reader :sources
 
-  def initialize set, name, version, sources, platform
+  def initialize(set, name, version, sources, platform)
     super()
 
     @name     = name
@@ -27,10 +26,10 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   # This is a null install as a locked specification is considered installed.
   # +options+ are ignored.
 
-  def install options = {}
+  def install(options = {})
     destination = options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir
 
-    if File.exist? File.join(destination, 'specifications', spec.spec_name) then
+    if File.exist? File.join(destination, 'specifications', spec.spec_name)
       yield nil
       return
     end
@@ -41,11 +40,11 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   ##
   # Adds +dependency+ from the lockfile to this specification
 
-  def add_dependency dependency # :nodoc:
+  def add_dependency(dependency) # :nodoc:
     @dependencies << dependency
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[LockSpecification', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text "name: #{@name}"
@@ -53,12 +52,12 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
       q.breakable
       q.text "version: #{@version}"
 
-      unless @platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY then
+      unless @platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
         q.breakable
         q.text "platform: #{@platform}"
       end
 
-      unless @dependencies.empty? then
+      unless @dependencies.empty?
         q.breakable
         q.text 'dependencies:'
         q.breakable
@@ -71,9 +70,9 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   # A specification constructed from the lockfile is returned
 
   def spec
-    @spec ||= Gem::Specification.find { |spec|
+    @spec ||= Gem::Specification.find do |spec|
       spec.name == @name and spec.version == @version
-    }
+    end
 
     @spec ||= Gem::Specification.new do |s|
       s.name     = @name
@@ -83,6 +82,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::LockSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
       s.dependencies.concat @dependencies
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo.rb
index 2357f41bee..12ca740e5a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo'
+require_relative 'molinillo/lib/molinillo'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/LICENSE b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01feffa088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+This project is licensed under the MIT license.
+
+Copyright (c) 2014 Samuel E. Giddins segiddins@segiddins.me
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
index 0ae4b6a912..f67badbde7 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider'
+
+require_relative 'molinillo/gem_metadata'
+require_relative 'molinillo/errors'
+require_relative 'molinillo/resolver'
+require_relative 'molinillo/modules/ui'
+require_relative 'molinillo/modules/specification_provider'
 
 # Gem::Resolver::Molinillo is a generic dependency resolution algorithm.
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
index 1bbc72c1f6..d540d3baff 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # @!visibility private
   module Delegates
@@ -45,6 +46,12 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         current_state = state || Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
         current_state.conflicts
       end
+
+      # (see Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::ResolutionState#unused_unwind_options)
+      def unused_unwind_options
+        current_state = state || Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
+        current_state.unused_unwind_options
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
index 71903c7e86..b765226fb0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   module Delegates
     # Delegates all {Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider} methods to a
@@ -25,6 +26,13 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         end
       end
 
+      # (see Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#dependencies_equal?)
+      def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
+        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
+          specification_provider.dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
+        end
+      end
+
       # (see Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for)
       def name_for(dependency)
         with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
index b413e3ab6a..95f8416b96 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'set'
-require 'tsort'
 
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex'
+require_relative '../../../../tsort'
+
+require_relative 'dependency_graph/log'
+require_relative 'dependency_graph/vertex'
 
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # A directed acyclic graph that is tuned to hold named dependencies
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       vertices.values.each { |v| yield v }
     end
 
-    include TSort
+    include Gem::TSort
 
     # @!visibility private
     alias tsort_each_node each
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       dot.join("\n")
     end
 
+    # @param [DependencyGraph] other
     # @return [Boolean] whether the two dependency graphs are equal, determined
     #   by a recursive traversal of each {#root_vertices} and its
     #   {Vertex#successors}
@@ -147,8 +148,8 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       vertex = add_vertex(name, payload, root)
       vertex.explicit_requirements << requirement if root
       parent_names.each do |parent_name|
-        parent_node = vertex_named(parent_name)
-        add_edge(parent_node, vertex, requirement)
+        parent_vertex = vertex_named(parent_name)
+        add_edge(parent_vertex, vertex, requirement)
       end
       vertex
     end
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
     # @return [Edge] the added edge
     def add_edge(origin, destination, requirement)
       if destination.path_to?(origin)
-        raise CircularDependencyError.new([origin, destination])
+        raise CircularDependencyError.new(path(destination, origin))
       end
       add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
     end
@@ -218,5 +219,37 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
     def add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
       log.add_edge_no_circular(self, origin.name, destination.name, requirement)
     end
+
+    # Returns the path between two vertices
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if there is no path between the vertices
+    # @param [Vertex] from
+    # @param [Vertex] to
+    # @return [Array<Vertex>] the shortest path from `from` to `to`
+    def path(from, to)
+      distances = Hash.new(vertices.size + 1)
+      distances[from.name] = 0
+      predecessors = {}
+      each do |vertex|
+        vertex.successors.each do |successor|
+          if distances[successor.name] > distances[vertex.name] + 1
+            distances[successor.name] = distances[vertex.name] + 1
+            predecessors[successor] = vertex
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      path = [to]
+      while before = predecessors[to]
+        path << before
+        to = before
+        break if to == from
+      end
+
+      unless path.last.equal?(from)
+        raise ArgumentError, "There is no path from #{from.name} to #{to.name}"
+      end
+
+      path.reverse
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
index eeedabb069..cc140031b3 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # An action that modifies a {DependencyGraph} that is reversible.
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
index e994e59d05..5570483253 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action'
+
+require_relative 'action'
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # @!visibility private
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
index 6cde933080..f1411d5efa 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action'
+
+require_relative 'action'
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # @!visibility private
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
index d44aaf1f06..3b48d77a50 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action'
+
+require_relative 'action'
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # @!visibility private
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
index fa03e2d365..92f60d5be8 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action'
+
+require_relative 'action'
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # @!visibility private
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
index 5cdd84b5c1..7aeb8847ec 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload'
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag'
+
+require_relative 'add_edge_no_circular'
+require_relative 'add_vertex'
+require_relative 'delete_edge'
+require_relative 'detach_vertex_named'
+require_relative 'set_payload'
+require_relative 'tag'
 
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
index 02cfba64a7..726292a2c3 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action'
+
+require_relative 'action'
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # @!visibility private
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
index 0cb08075ca..bfe6fd31f8 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action'
+
+require_relative 'action'
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # @!visibility private
@@ -13,11 +14,11 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       end
 
       # (see Action#up)
-      def up(_graph)
+      def up(graph)
       end
 
       # (see Action#down)
-      def down(_graph)
+      def down(graph)
       end
 
       # @!group Tag
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
index cebd9cafdd..77114951b2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class DependencyGraph
     # A vertex in a {DependencyGraph} that encapsulates a {#name} and a
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       # @return [Array<Object>] all of the requirements that required
       #   this vertex
       def requirements
-        incoming_edges.map(&:requirement) + explicit_requirements
+        (incoming_edges.map(&:requirement) + explicit_requirements).uniq
       end
 
       # @return [Array<Edge>] the edges of {#graph} that have `self` as their
@@ -49,14 +50,25 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         incoming_edges.map(&:origin)
       end
 
-      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
       #   {#descendent?}
       def recursive_predecessors
-        vertices = predecessors
-        vertices += vertices.map(&:recursive_predecessors).flatten(1)
-        vertices.uniq!
+        _recursive_predecessors
+      end
+
+      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the predecessors to
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
+      #   {#descendent?}
+      def _recursive_predecessors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
+        incoming_edges.each do |edge|
+          vertex = edge.origin
+          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
+          vertex._recursive_predecessors(vertices)
+        end
+
         vertices
       end
+      protected :_recursive_predecessors
 
       # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} that have an edge with
       #   `self` as their {Edge#origin}
@@ -64,14 +76,25 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         outgoing_edges.map(&:destination)
       end
 
-      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
       #   {#ancestor?}
       def recursive_successors
-        vertices = successors
-        vertices += vertices.map(&:recursive_successors).flatten(1)
-        vertices.uniq!
+        _recursive_successors
+      end
+
+      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the successors to
+      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
+      #   {#ancestor?}
+      def _recursive_successors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
+        outgoing_edges.each do |edge|
+          vertex = edge.destination
+          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
+          vertex._recursive_successors(vertices)
+        end
+
         vertices
       end
+      protected :_recursive_successors
 
       # @return [String] a string suitable for debugging
       def inspect
@@ -105,21 +128,37 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
 
       # Is there a path from `self` to `other` following edges in the
       # dependency graph?
-      # @return true iff there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
+      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
       def path_to?(other)
-        equal?(other) || successors.any? { |v| v.path_to?(other) }
+        _path_to?(other)
       end
 
       alias descendent? path_to?
 
+      # @param [Vertex] other the vertex to check if there's a path to
+      # @param [Set<Vertex>] visited the vertices of {#graph} that have been visited
+      # @return [Boolean] whether there is a path to `other` from `self`
+      def _path_to?(other, visited = new_vertex_set)
+        return false unless visited.add?(self)
+        return true if equal?(other)
+        successors.any? { |v| v._path_to?(other, visited) }
+      end
+      protected :_path_to?
+
       # Is there a path from `other` to `self` following edges in the
       # dependency graph?
-      # @return true iff there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
+      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
       def ancestor?(other)
         other.path_to?(self)
       end
 
       alias is_reachable_from? ancestor?
+
+      def new_vertex_set
+        require 'set'
+        Set.new
+      end
+      private :new_vertex_set
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
index 129246bf4a..ada03a901c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # An error that occurred during the resolution process
   class ResolverError < StandardError; end
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
     # @param [Array<Object>] required_by @see {#required_by}
     def initialize(dependency, required_by = [])
       @dependency = dependency
-      @required_by = required_by
+      @required_by = required_by.uniq
       super()
     end
 
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
 
   # An error caused by attempting to fulfil a dependency that was circular
   #
-  # @note This exception will be thrown iff a {Vertex} is added to a
+  # @note This exception will be thrown if and only if a {Vertex} is added to a
   #   {DependencyGraph} that has a {DependencyGraph::Vertex#path_to?} an
   #   existing {DependencyGraph::Vertex}
   class CircularDependencyError < ResolverError
@@ -41,11 +42,11 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
     attr_reader :dependencies
 
     # Initializes a new error with the given circular vertices.
-    # @param [Array<DependencyGraph::Vertex>] nodes the nodes in the dependency
+    # @param [Array<DependencyGraph::Vertex>] vertices the vertices in the dependency
     #   that caused the error
-    def initialize(nodes)
-      super "There is a circular dependency between #{nodes.map(&:name).join(' and ')}"
-      @dependencies = nodes.map(&:payload).to_set
+    def initialize(vertices)
+      super "There is a circular dependency between #{vertices.map(&:name).join(' and ')}"
+      @dependencies = vertices.map { |vertex| vertex.payload.possibilities.last }.to_set
     end
   end
 
@@ -55,11 +56,16 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
     #   resolution to fail
     attr_reader :conflicts
 
+    # @return [SpecificationProvider] the specification provider used during
+    #   resolution
+    attr_reader :specification_provider
+
     # Initializes a new error with the given version conflicts.
     # @param [{String => Resolution::Conflict}] conflicts see {#conflicts}
-    def initialize(conflicts)
+    # @param [SpecificationProvider] specification_provider see {#specification_provider}
+    def initialize(conflicts, specification_provider)
       pairs = []
-      conflicts.values.flatten.map(&:requirements).flatten.each do |conflicting|
+      conflicts.values.flat_map(&:requirements).each do |conflicting|
         conflicting.each do |source, conflict_requirements|
           conflict_requirements.each do |c|
             pairs << [c, source]
@@ -69,7 +75,69 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
 
       super "Unable to satisfy the following requirements:\n\n" \
         "#{pairs.map { |r, d| "- `#{r}` required by `#{d}`" }.join("\n")}"
+
       @conflicts = conflicts
+      @specification_provider = specification_provider
+    end
+
+    require_relative 'delegates/specification_provider'
+    include Delegates::SpecificationProvider
+
+    # @return [String] An error message that includes requirement trees,
+    #   which is much more detailed & customizable than the default message
+    # @param [Hash] opts the options to create a message with.
+    # @option opts [String] :solver_name The user-facing name of the solver
+    # @option opts [String] :possibility_type The generic name of a possibility
+    # @option opts [Proc] :reduce_trees A proc that reduced the list of requirement trees
+    # @option opts [Proc] :printable_requirement A proc that pretty-prints requirements
+    # @option opts [Proc] :additional_message_for_conflict A proc that appends additional
+    #   messages for each conflict
+    # @option opts [Proc] :version_for_spec A proc that returns the version number for a
+    #   possibility
+    def message_with_trees(opts = {})
+      solver_name = opts.delete(:solver_name) { self.class.name.split('::').first }
+      possibility_type = opts.delete(:possibility_type) { 'possibility named' }
+      reduce_trees = opts.delete(:reduce_trees) { proc { |trees| trees.uniq.sort_by(&:to_s) } }
+      printable_requirement = opts.delete(:printable_requirement) { proc { |req| req.to_s } }
+      additional_message_for_conflict = opts.delete(:additional_message_for_conflict) { proc {} }
+      version_for_spec = opts.delete(:version_for_spec) { proc(&:to_s) }
+      incompatible_version_message_for_conflict = opts.delete(:incompatible_version_message_for_conflict) do
+        proc do |name, _conflict|
+          %(#{solver_name} could not find compatible versions for #{possibility_type} "#{name}":)
+        end
+      end
+
+      conflicts.sort.reduce(''.dup) do |o, (name, conflict)|
+        o << "\n" << incompatible_version_message_for_conflict.call(name, conflict) << "\n"
+        if conflict.locked_requirement
+          o << %(  In snapshot (#{name_for_locking_dependency_source}):\n)
+          o << %(    #{printable_requirement.call(conflict.locked_requirement)}\n)
+          o << %(\n)
+        end
+        o << %(  In #{name_for_explicit_dependency_source}:\n)
+        trees = reduce_trees.call(conflict.requirement_trees)
+
+        o << trees.map do |tree|
+          t = ''.dup
+          depth = 2
+          tree.each do |req|
+            t << '  ' * depth << printable_requirement.call(req)
+            unless tree.last == req
+              if spec = conflict.activated_by_name[name_for(req)]
+                t << %( was resolved to #{version_for_spec.call(spec)}, which)
+              end
+              t << %( depends on)
+            end
+            t << %(\n)
+            depth += 1
+          end
+          t
+        end.join("\n")
+
+        additional_message_for_conflict.call(o, name, conflict)
+
+        o
+      end.strip
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
index c5b5bd729f..6b5ada7ade 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # The version of Gem::Resolver::Molinillo.
-  VERSION = '0.5.7'.freeze
+  VERSION = '0.7.0'.freeze
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
index 916345b12a..1067bf7439 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
-  # Provides information about specifcations and dependencies to the resolver,
+  # Provides information about specifications and dependencies to the resolver,
   # allowing the {Resolver} class to remain generic while still providing power
   # and flexibility.
   #
@@ -44,6 +45,17 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       true
     end
 
+    # Determines whether two arrays of dependencies are equal, and thus can be
+    # grouped.
+    #
+    # @param [Array<Object>] dependencies
+    # @param [Array<Object>] other_dependencies
+    # @return [Boolean] whether `dependencies` and `other_dependencies` should
+    #   be considered equal.
+    def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
+      dependencies == other_dependencies
+    end
+
     # Returns the name for the given `dependency`.
     # @note This method should be 'pure', i.e. the return value should depend
     #   only on the `dependency` parameter.
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
index dbc4e000e4..a810fd519c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # Conveys information about the resolution process to a user.
   module UI
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       if debug?
         debug_info = yield
         debug_info = debug_info.inspect unless debug_info.is_a?(String)
-        output.puts debug_info.split("\n").map { |s| ' ' * depth + s }
+        debug_info = debug_info.split("\n").map { |s| ":#{depth.to_s.rjust 4}: #{s}" }
+        output.puts debug_info
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
index 73a4242157..8b40e59e42 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   class Resolver
     # A specific resolution from a given {Resolver}
@@ -8,22 +9,125 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       # @attr [{String,Nil=>[Object]}] requirements the requirements that caused the conflict
       # @attr [Object, nil] existing the existing spec that was in conflict with
       #   the {#possibility}
-      # @attr [Object] possibility the spec that was unable to be activated due
-      #   to a conflict
+      # @attr [Object] possibility_set the set of specs that was unable to be
+      #   activated due to a conflict.
       # @attr [Object] locked_requirement the relevant locking requirement.
       # @attr [Array<Array<Object>>] requirement_trees the different requirement
       #   trees that led to every requirement for the conflicting name.
       # @attr [{String=>Object}] activated_by_name the already-activated specs.
+      # @attr [Object] underlying_error an error that has occurred during resolution, and
+      #    will be raised at the end of it if no resolution is found.
       Conflict = Struct.new(
         :requirement,
         :requirements,
         :existing,
-        :possibility,
+        :possibility_set,
         :locked_requirement,
         :requirement_trees,
-        :activated_by_name
+        :activated_by_name,
+        :underlying_error
       )
 
+      class Conflict
+        # @return [Object] a spec that was unable to be activated due to a conflict
+        def possibility
+          possibility_set && possibility_set.latest_version
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A collection of possibility states that share the same dependencies
+      # @attr [Array] dependencies the dependencies for this set of possibilities
+      # @attr [Array] possibilities the possibilities
+      PossibilitySet = Struct.new(:dependencies, :possibilities)
+
+      class PossibilitySet
+        # String representation of the possibility set, for debugging
+        def to_s
+          "[#{possibilities.join(', ')}]"
+        end
+
+        # @return [Object] most up-to-date dependency in the possibility set
+        def latest_version
+          possibilities.last
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Details of the state to unwind to when a conflict occurs, and the cause of the unwind
+      # @attr [Integer] state_index the index of the state to unwind to
+      # @attr [Object] state_requirement the requirement of the state we're unwinding to
+      # @attr [Array] requirement_tree for the requirement we're relaxing
+      # @attr [Array] conflicting_requirements the requirements that combined to cause the conflict
+      # @attr [Array] requirement_trees for the conflict
+      # @attr [Array] requirements_unwound_to_instead array of unwind requirements that were chosen over this unwind
+      UnwindDetails = Struct.new(
+        :state_index,
+        :state_requirement,
+        :requirement_tree,
+        :conflicting_requirements,
+        :requirement_trees,
+        :requirements_unwound_to_instead
+      )
+
+      class UnwindDetails
+        include Comparable
+
+        # We compare UnwindDetails when choosing which state to unwind to. If
+        # two options have the same state_index we prefer the one most
+        # removed from a requirement that caused the conflict. Both options
+        # would unwind to the same state, but a `grandparent` option will
+        # filter out fewer of its possibilities after doing so - where a state
+        # is both a `parent` and a `grandparent` to requirements that have
+        # caused a conflict this is the correct behaviour.
+        # @param [UnwindDetail] other UnwindDetail to be compared
+        # @return [Integer] integer specifying ordering
+        def <=>(other)
+          if state_index > other.state_index
+            1
+          elsif state_index == other.state_index
+            reversed_requirement_tree_index <=> other.reversed_requirement_tree_index
+          else
+            -1
+          end
+        end
+
+        # @return [Integer] index of state requirement in reversed requirement tree
+        #    (the conflicting requirement itself will be at position 0)
+        def reversed_requirement_tree_index
+          @reversed_requirement_tree_index ||=
+            if state_requirement
+              requirement_tree.reverse.index(state_requirement)
+            else
+              999_999
+            end
+        end
+
+        # @return [Boolean] where the requirement of the state we're unwinding
+        #    to directly caused the conflict. Note: in this case, it is
+        #    impossible for the state we're unwinding to to be a parent of
+        #    any of the other conflicting requirements (or we would have
+        #    circularity)
+        def unwinding_to_primary_requirement?
+          requirement_tree.last == state_requirement
+        end
+
+        # @return [Array] array of sub-dependencies to avoid when choosing a
+        #    new possibility for the state we've unwound to. Only relevant for
+        #    non-primary unwinds
+        def sub_dependencies_to_avoid
+          @requirements_to_avoid ||=
+            requirement_trees.map do |tree|
+              index = tree.index(state_requirement)
+              tree[index + 1] if index
+            end.compact
+        end
+
+        # @return [Array] array of all the requirements that led to the need for
+        #    this unwind
+        def all_requirements
+          @all_requirements ||= requirement_trees.flatten(1)
+        end
+      end
+
       # @return [SpecificationProvider] the provider that knows about
       #   dependencies, requirements, specifications, versions, etc.
       attr_reader :specification_provider
@@ -64,7 +168,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         start_resolution
 
         while state
-          break unless state.requirements.any? || state.requirement
+          break if !state.requirement && state.requirements.empty?
           indicate_progress
           if state.respond_to?(:pop_possibility_state) # DependencyState
             debug(depth) { "Creating possibility state for #{requirement} (#{possibilities.count} remaining)" }
@@ -78,7 +182,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
           process_topmost_state
         end
 
-        activated.freeze
+        resolve_activated_specs
       ensure
         end_resolution
       end
@@ -103,12 +207,25 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       def start_resolution
         @started_at = Time.now
 
-        handle_missing_or_push_dependency_state(initial_state)
+        push_initial_state
 
         debug { "Starting resolution (#{@started_at})\nUser-requested dependencies: #{original_requested}" }
         resolver_ui.before_resolution
       end
 
+      def resolve_activated_specs
+        activated.vertices.each do |_, vertex|
+          next unless vertex.payload
+
+          latest_version = vertex.payload.possibilities.reverse_each.find do |possibility|
+            vertex.requirements.all? { |req| requirement_satisfied_by?(req, activated, possibility) }
+          end
+
+          activated.set_payload(vertex.name, latest_version)
+        end
+        activated.freeze
+      end
+
       # Ends the resolution process
       # @return [void]
       def end_resolution
@@ -121,11 +238,11 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         debug { 'Activated: ' + Hash[activated.vertices.select { |_n, v| v.payload }].keys.join(', ') } if state
       end
 
-      require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state'
-      require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider'
+      require_relative 'state'
+      require_relative 'modules/specification_provider'
 
-      require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state'
-      require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider'
+      require_relative 'delegates/resolution_state'
+      require_relative 'delegates/specification_provider'
 
       include Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::Delegates::ResolutionState
       include Gem::Resolver::Molinillo::Delegates::SpecificationProvider
@@ -136,9 +253,12 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         if possibility
           attempt_to_activate
         else
-          create_conflict if state.is_a? PossibilityState
-          unwind_for_conflict until possibility && state.is_a?(DependencyState)
+          create_conflict
+          unwind_for_conflict
         end
+      rescue CircularDependencyError => underlying_error
+        create_conflict(underlying_error)
+        unwind_for_conflict
       end
 
       # @return [Object] the current possibility that the resolution is trying
@@ -153,63 +273,296 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         states.last
       end
 
-      # Creates the initial state for the resolution, based upon the
+      # Creates and pushes the initial state for the resolution, based upon the
       # {#requested} dependencies
-      # @return [DependencyState] the initial state for the resolution
-      def initial_state
+      # @return [void]
+      def push_initial_state
         graph = DependencyGraph.new.tap do |dg|
-          original_requested.each { |r| dg.add_vertex(name_for(r), nil, true).tap { |v| v.explicit_requirements << r } }
+          original_requested.each do |requested|
+            vertex = dg.add_vertex(name_for(requested), nil, true)
+            vertex.explicit_requirements << requested
+          end
           dg.tag(:initial_state)
         end
 
-        requirements = sort_dependencies(original_requested, graph, {})
-        initial_requirement = requirements.shift
-        DependencyState.new(
-          initial_requirement && name_for(initial_requirement),
-          requirements,
-          graph,
-          initial_requirement,
-          initial_requirement && search_for(initial_requirement),
-          0,
-          {}
-        )
+        push_state_for_requirements(original_requested, true, graph)
       end
 
       # Unwinds the states stack because a conflict has been encountered
       # @return [void]
       def unwind_for_conflict
-        debug(depth) { "Unwinding for conflict: #{requirement} to #{state_index_for_unwind / 2}" }
+        details_for_unwind = build_details_for_unwind
+        unwind_options = unused_unwind_options
+        debug(depth) { "Unwinding for conflict: #{requirement} to #{details_for_unwind.state_index / 2}" }
         conflicts.tap do |c|
-          sliced_states = states.slice!((state_index_for_unwind + 1)..-1)
-          raise VersionConflict.new(c) unless state
+          sliced_states = states.slice!((details_for_unwind.state_index + 1)..-1)
+          raise_error_unless_state(c)
           activated.rewind_to(sliced_states.first || :initial_state) if sliced_states
           state.conflicts = c
+          state.unused_unwind_options = unwind_options
+          filter_possibilities_after_unwind(details_for_unwind)
           index = states.size - 1
           @parents_of.each { |_, a| a.reject! { |i| i >= index } }
+          state.unused_unwind_options.reject! { |uw| uw.state_index >= index }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Raises a VersionConflict error, or any underlying error, if there is no
+      # current state
+      # @return [void]
+      def raise_error_unless_state(conflicts)
+        return if state
+
+        error = conflicts.values.map(&:underlying_error).compact.first
+        raise error || VersionConflict.new(conflicts, specification_provider)
+      end
+
+      # @return [UnwindDetails] Details of the nearest index to which we could unwind
+      def build_details_for_unwind
+        # Get the possible unwinds for the current conflict
+        current_conflict = conflicts[name]
+        binding_requirements = binding_requirements_for_conflict(current_conflict)
+        unwind_details = unwind_options_for_requirements(binding_requirements)
+
+        last_detail_for_current_unwind = unwind_details.sort.last
+        current_detail = last_detail_for_current_unwind
+
+        # Look for past conflicts that could be unwound to affect the
+        # requirement tree for the current conflict
+        all_reqs = last_detail_for_current_unwind.all_requirements
+        all_reqs_size = all_reqs.size
+        relevant_unused_unwinds = unused_unwind_options.select do |alternative|
+          diff_reqs = all_reqs - alternative.requirements_unwound_to_instead
+          next if diff_reqs.size == all_reqs_size
+          # Find the highest index unwind whilst looping through
+          current_detail = alternative if alternative > current_detail
+          alternative
+        end
+
+        # Add the current unwind options to the `unused_unwind_options` array.
+        # The "used" option will be filtered out during `unwind_for_conflict`.
+        state.unused_unwind_options += unwind_details.reject { |detail| detail.state_index == -1 }
+
+        # Update the requirements_unwound_to_instead on any relevant unused unwinds
+        relevant_unused_unwinds.each do |d|
+          (d.requirements_unwound_to_instead << current_detail.state_requirement).uniq!
+        end
+        unwind_details.each do |d|
+          (d.requirements_unwound_to_instead << current_detail.state_requirement).uniq!
+        end
+
+        current_detail
+      end
+
+      # @param [Array<Object>] binding_requirements array of requirements that combine to create a conflict
+      # @return [Array<UnwindDetails>] array of UnwindDetails that have a chance
+      #    of resolving the passed requirements
+      def unwind_options_for_requirements(binding_requirements)
+        unwind_details = []
+
+        trees = []
+        binding_requirements.reverse_each do |r|
+          partial_tree = [r]
+          trees << partial_tree
+          unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(-1, nil, partial_tree, binding_requirements, trees, [])
+
+          # If this requirement has alternative possibilities, check if any would
+          # satisfy the other requirements that created this conflict
+          requirement_state = find_state_for(r)
+          if conflict_fixing_possibilities?(requirement_state, binding_requirements)
+            unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
+              states.index(requirement_state),
+              r,
+              partial_tree,
+              binding_requirements,
+              trees,
+              []
+            )
+          end
+
+          # Next, look at the parent of this requirement, and check if the requirement
+          # could have been avoided if an alternative PossibilitySet had been chosen
+          parent_r = parent_of(r)
+          next if parent_r.nil?
+          partial_tree.unshift(parent_r)
+          requirement_state = find_state_for(parent_r)
+          if requirement_state.possibilities.any? { |set| !set.dependencies.include?(r) }
+            unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
+              states.index(requirement_state),
+              parent_r,
+              partial_tree,
+              binding_requirements,
+              trees,
+              []
+            )
+          end
+
+          # Finally, look at the grandparent and up of this requirement, looking
+          # for any possibilities that wouldn't create their parent requirement
+          grandparent_r = parent_of(parent_r)
+          until grandparent_r.nil?
+            partial_tree.unshift(grandparent_r)
+            requirement_state = find_state_for(grandparent_r)
+            if requirement_state.possibilities.any? { |set| !set.dependencies.include?(parent_r) }
+              unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
+                states.index(requirement_state),
+                grandparent_r,
+                partial_tree,
+                binding_requirements,
+                trees,
+                []
+              )
+            end
+            parent_r = grandparent_r
+            grandparent_r = parent_of(parent_r)
+          end
+        end
+
+        unwind_details
+      end
+
+      # @param [DependencyState] state
+      # @param [Array] binding_requirements array of requirements
+      # @return [Boolean] whether or not the given state has any possibilities
+      #    that could satisfy the given requirements
+      def conflict_fixing_possibilities?(state, binding_requirements)
+        return false unless state
+
+        state.possibilities.any? do |possibility_set|
+          possibility_set.possibilities.any? do |poss|
+            possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, binding_requirements)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would not fix the
+      # conflict we've just rewound from
+      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just
+      #   unwound from
+      # @return [void]
+      def filter_possibilities_after_unwind(unwind_details)
+        return unless state && !state.possibilities.empty?
+
+        if unwind_details.unwinding_to_primary_requirement?
+          filter_possibilities_for_primary_unwind(unwind_details)
+        else
+          filter_possibilities_for_parent_unwind(unwind_details)
         end
       end
 
-      # @return [Integer] The index to which the resolution should unwind in the
-      #   case of conflict.
-      def state_index_for_unwind
-        current_requirement = requirement
-        existing_requirement = requirement_for_existing_name(name)
-        index = -1
-        [current_requirement, existing_requirement].each do |r|
-          until r.nil?
-            current_state = find_state_for(r)
-            if state_any?(current_state)
-              current_index = states.index(current_state)
-              index = current_index if current_index > index
-              break
+      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would not satisfy
+      # the requirements in the conflict we've just rewound from
+      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just unwound from
+      # @return [void]
+      def filter_possibilities_for_primary_unwind(unwind_details)
+        unwinds_to_state = unused_unwind_options.select { |uw| uw.state_index == unwind_details.state_index }
+        unwinds_to_state << unwind_details
+        unwind_requirement_sets = unwinds_to_state.map(&:conflicting_requirements)
+
+        state.possibilities.reject! do |possibility_set|
+          possibility_set.possibilities.none? do |poss|
+            unwind_requirement_sets.any? do |requirements|
+              possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, requirements)
             end
-            r = parent_of(r)
           end
         end
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] possibility a single possibility
+      # @param [Array] requirements an array of requirements
+      # @return [Boolean] whether the possibility satisfies all of the
+      #    given requirements
+      def possibility_satisfies_requirements?(possibility, requirements)
+        name = name_for(possibility)
+
+        activated.tag(:swap)
+        activated.set_payload(name, possibility) if activated.vertex_named(name)
+        satisfied = requirements.all? { |r| requirement_satisfied_by?(r, activated, possibility) }
+        activated.rewind_to(:swap)
+
+        satisfied
+      end
+
+      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would (eventually)
+      # create a requirement in the conflict we've just rewound from
+      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just unwound from
+      # @return [void]
+      def filter_possibilities_for_parent_unwind(unwind_details)
+        unwinds_to_state = unused_unwind_options.select { |uw| uw.state_index == unwind_details.state_index }
+        unwinds_to_state << unwind_details
+
+        primary_unwinds = unwinds_to_state.select(&:unwinding_to_primary_requirement?).uniq
+        parent_unwinds = unwinds_to_state.uniq - primary_unwinds
+
+        allowed_possibility_sets = primary_unwinds.flat_map do |unwind|
+          states[unwind.state_index].possibilities.select do |possibility_set|
+            possibility_set.possibilities.any? do |poss|
+              possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, unwind.conflicting_requirements)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        requirements_to_avoid = parent_unwinds.flat_map(&:sub_dependencies_to_avoid)
+
+        state.possibilities.reject! do |possibility_set|
+          !allowed_possibility_sets.include?(possibility_set) &&
+            (requirements_to_avoid - possibility_set.dependencies).empty?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @param [Conflict] conflict
+      # @return [Array] minimal array of requirements that would cause the passed
+      #    conflict to occur.
+      def binding_requirements_for_conflict(conflict)
+        return [conflict.requirement] if conflict.possibility.nil?
+
+        possible_binding_requirements = conflict.requirements.values.flatten(1).uniq
+
+        # When there's a `CircularDependency` error the conflicting requirement
+        # (the one causing the circular) won't be `conflict.requirement`
+        # (which won't be for the right state, because we won't have created it,
+        # because it's circular).
+        # We need to make sure we have that requirement in the conflict's list,
+        # otherwise we won't be able to unwind properly, so we just return all
+        # the requirements for the conflict.
+        return possible_binding_requirements if conflict.underlying_error
+
+        possibilities = search_for(conflict.requirement)
+
+        # If all the requirements together don't filter out all possibilities,
+        # then the only two requirements we need to consider are the initial one
+        # (where the dependency's version was first chosen) and the last
+        if binding_requirement_in_set?(nil, possible_binding_requirements, possibilities)
+          return [conflict.requirement, requirement_for_existing_name(name_for(conflict.requirement))].compact
+        end
+
+        # Loop through the possible binding requirements, removing each one
+        # that doesn't bind. Use a `reverse_each` as we want the earliest set of
+        # binding requirements, and don't use `reject!` as we wish to refine the
+        # array *on each iteration*.
+        binding_requirements = possible_binding_requirements.dup
+        possible_binding_requirements.reverse_each do |req|
+          next if req == conflict.requirement
+          unless binding_requirement_in_set?(req, binding_requirements, possibilities)
+            binding_requirements -= [req]
+          end
+        end
+
+        binding_requirements
+      end
 
-        index
+      # @param [Object] requirement we wish to check
+      # @param [Array] possible_binding_requirements array of requirements
+      # @param [Array] possibilities array of possibilities the requirements will be used to filter
+      # @return [Boolean] whether or not the given requirement is required to filter
+      #    out all elements of the array of possibilities.
+      def binding_requirement_in_set?(requirement, possible_binding_requirements, possibilities)
+        possibilities.any? do |poss|
+          possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, possible_binding_requirements - [requirement])
+        end
       end
 
+      # @param [Object] requirement
       # @return [Object] the requirement that led to `requirement` being added
       #   to the list of requirements.
       def parent_of(requirement)
@@ -219,29 +572,27 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         parent_state.requirement
       end
 
+      # @param [String] name
       # @return [Object] the requirement that led to a version of a possibility
       #   with the given name being activated.
       def requirement_for_existing_name(name)
-        return nil unless activated.vertex_named(name).payload
+        return nil unless vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
+        return nil unless vertex.payload
         states.find { |s| s.name == name }.requirement
       end
 
+      # @param [Object] requirement
       # @return [ResolutionState] the state whose `requirement` is the given
       #   `requirement`.
       def find_state_for(requirement)
         return nil unless requirement
-        states.reverse_each.find { |i| requirement == i.requirement && i.is_a?(DependencyState) }
-      end
-
-      # @return [Boolean] whether or not the given state has any possibilities
-      #   left.
-      def state_any?(state)
-        state && state.possibilities.any?
+        states.find { |i| requirement == i.requirement }
       end
 
+      # @param [Object] underlying_error
       # @return [Conflict] a {Conflict} that reflects the failure to activate
       #   the {#possibility} in conjunction with the current {#state}
-      def create_conflict
+      def create_conflict(underlying_error = nil)
         vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
         locked_requirement = locked_requirement_named(name)
 
@@ -250,18 +601,21 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
           requirements[name_for_explicit_dependency_source] = vertex.explicit_requirements
         end
         requirements[name_for_locking_dependency_source] = [locked_requirement] if locked_requirement
-        vertex.incoming_edges.each { |edge| (requirements[edge.origin.payload] ||= []).unshift(edge.requirement) }
+        vertex.incoming_edges.each do |edge|
+          (requirements[edge.origin.payload.latest_version] ||= []).unshift(edge.requirement)
+        end
 
         activated_by_name = {}
-        activated.each { |v| activated_by_name[v.name] = v.payload if v.payload }
+        activated.each { |v| activated_by_name[v.name] = v.payload.latest_version if v.payload }
         conflicts[name] = Conflict.new(
           requirement,
           requirements,
-          vertex.payload,
+          vertex.payload && vertex.payload.latest_version,
           possibility,
           locked_requirement,
           requirement_trees,
-          activated_by_name
+          activated_by_name,
+          underlying_error
         )
       end
 
@@ -272,6 +626,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         vertex.requirements.map { |r| requirement_tree_for(r) }
       end
 
+      # @param [Object] requirement
       # @return [Array<Object>] the list of requirements that led to
       #   `requirement` being required.
       def requirement_tree_for(requirement)
@@ -311,116 +666,47 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       # @return [void]
       def attempt_to_activate
         debug(depth) { 'Attempting to activate ' + possibility.to_s }
-        existing_node = activated.vertex_named(name)
-        if existing_node.payload
-          debug(depth) { "Found existing spec (#{existing_node.payload})" }
-          attempt_to_activate_existing_spec(existing_node)
+        existing_vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
+        if existing_vertex.payload
+          debug(depth) { "Found existing spec (#{existing_vertex.payload})" }
+          attempt_to_filter_existing_spec(existing_vertex)
         else
-          attempt_to_activate_new_spec
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Attempts to activate the current {#possibility} (given that it has
-      # already been activated)
-      # @return [void]
-      def attempt_to_activate_existing_spec(existing_node)
-        existing_spec = existing_node.payload
-        if requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, existing_spec)
-          new_requirements = requirements.dup
-          push_state_for_requirements(new_requirements, false)
-        else
-          return if attempt_to_swap_possibility
-          create_conflict
-          debug(depth) { "Unsatisfied by existing spec (#{existing_node.payload})" }
-          unwind_for_conflict
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Attempts to swp the current {#possibility} with the already-activated
-      # spec with the given name
-      # @return [Boolean] Whether the possibility was swapped into {#activated}
-      def attempt_to_swap_possibility
-        activated.tag(:swap)
-        vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
-        activated.set_payload(name, possibility)
-        if !vertex.requirements.
-           all? { |r| requirement_satisfied_by?(r, activated, possibility) } ||
-            !new_spec_satisfied?
-          activated.rewind_to(:swap)
-          return
-        end
-        fixup_swapped_children(vertex)
-        activate_spec
-      end
-
-      # Ensures there are no orphaned successors to the given {vertex}.
-      # @param [DependencyGraph::Vertex] vertex the vertex to fix up.
-      # @return [void]
-      def fixup_swapped_children(vertex) # rubocop:disable Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity
-        payload = vertex.payload
-        deps = dependencies_for(payload).group_by(&method(:name_for))
-        vertex.outgoing_edges.each do |outgoing_edge|
-          requirement = outgoing_edge.requirement
-          parent_index = @parents_of[requirement].last
-          succ = outgoing_edge.destination
-          matching_deps = Array(deps[succ.name])
-          dep_matched = matching_deps.include?(requirement)
-
-          # only push the current index when it was originally required by the
-          # same named spec
-          if parent_index && states[parent_index].name == name
-            @parents_of[requirement].push(states.size - 1)
+          latest = possibility.latest_version
+          possibility.possibilities.select! do |possibility|
+            requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, possibility)
           end
-
-          if matching_deps.empty? && !succ.root? && succ.predecessors.to_a == [vertex]
-            debug(depth) { "Removing orphaned spec #{succ.name} after swapping #{name}" }
-            succ.requirements.each { |r| @parents_of.delete(r) }
-
-            removed_names = activated.detach_vertex_named(succ.name).map(&:name)
-            requirements.delete_if do |r|
-              # the only removed vertices are those with no other requirements,
-              # so it's safe to delete only based upon name here
-              removed_names.include?(name_for(r))
-            end
-          elsif !dep_matched
-            debug(depth) { "Removing orphaned dependency #{requirement} after swapping #{name}" }
-            # also reset if we're removing the edge, but only if its parent has
-            # already been fixed up
-            @parents_of[requirement].push(states.size - 1) if @parents_of[requirement].empty?
-
-            activated.delete_edge(outgoing_edge)
-            requirements.delete(requirement)
+          if possibility.latest_version.nil?
+            # ensure there's a possibility for better error messages
+            possibility.possibilities << latest if latest
+            create_conflict
+            unwind_for_conflict
+          else
+            activate_new_spec
           end
         end
       end
 
-      # Attempts to activate the current {#possibility} (given that it hasn't
-      # already been activated)
+      # Attempts to update the existing vertex's `PossibilitySet` with a filtered version
       # @return [void]
-      def attempt_to_activate_new_spec
-        if new_spec_satisfied?
-          activate_spec
+      def attempt_to_filter_existing_spec(vertex)
+        filtered_set = filtered_possibility_set(vertex)
+        if !filtered_set.possibilities.empty?
+          activated.set_payload(name, filtered_set)
+          new_requirements = requirements.dup
+          push_state_for_requirements(new_requirements, false)
         else
           create_conflict
+          debug(depth) { "Unsatisfied by existing spec (#{vertex.payload})" }
           unwind_for_conflict
         end
       end
 
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the current spec is satisfied as a new
-      # possibility.
-      def new_spec_satisfied?
-        unless requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, possibility)
-          debug(depth) { 'Unsatisfied by requested spec' }
-          return false
-        end
-
-        locked_requirement = locked_requirement_named(name)
-
-        locked_spec_satisfied = !locked_requirement ||
-          requirement_satisfied_by?(locked_requirement, activated, possibility)
-        debug(depth) { 'Unsatisfied by locked spec' } unless locked_spec_satisfied
-
-        locked_spec_satisfied
+      # Generates a filtered version of the existing vertex's `PossibilitySet` using the
+      # current state's `requirement`
+      # @param [Object] vertex existing vertex
+      # @return [PossibilitySet] filtered possibility set
+      def filtered_possibility_set(vertex)
+        PossibilitySet.new(vertex.payload.dependencies, vertex.payload.possibilities & possibility.possibilities)
       end
 
       # @param [String] requirement_name the spec name to search for
@@ -434,7 +720,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       # Add the current {#possibility} to the dependency graph of the current
       # {#state}
       # @return [void]
-      def activate_spec
+      def activate_new_spec
         conflicts.delete(name)
         debug(depth) { "Activated #{name} at #{possibility}" }
         activated.set_payload(name, possibility)
@@ -442,14 +728,14 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       end
 
       # Requires the dependencies that the recently activated spec has
-      # @param [Object] activated_spec the specification that has just been
+      # @param [Object] possibility_set the PossibilitySet that has just been
       #   activated
       # @return [void]
-      def require_nested_dependencies_for(activated_spec)
-        nested_dependencies = dependencies_for(activated_spec)
+      def require_nested_dependencies_for(possibility_set)
+        nested_dependencies = dependencies_for(possibility_set.latest_version)
         debug(depth) { "Requiring nested dependencies (#{nested_dependencies.join(', ')})" }
         nested_dependencies.each do |d|
-          activated.add_child_vertex(name_for(d), nil, [name_for(activated_spec)], d)
+          activated.add_child_vertex(name_for(d), nil, [name_for(possibility_set.latest_version)], d)
           parent_index = states.size - 1
           parents = @parents_of[d]
           parents << parent_index if parents.empty?
@@ -461,23 +747,82 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
       # Pushes a new {DependencyState} that encapsulates both existing and new
       # requirements
       # @param [Array] new_requirements
+      # @param [Boolean] requires_sort
+      # @param [Object] new_activated
       # @return [void]
       def push_state_for_requirements(new_requirements, requires_sort = true, new_activated = activated)
         new_requirements = sort_dependencies(new_requirements.uniq, new_activated, conflicts) if requires_sort
-        new_requirement = new_requirements.shift
+        new_requirement = nil
+        loop do
+          new_requirement = new_requirements.shift
+          break if new_requirement.nil? || states.none? { |s| s.requirement == new_requirement }
+        end
         new_name = new_requirement ? name_for(new_requirement) : ''.freeze
-        possibilities = new_requirement ? search_for(new_requirement) : []
+        possibilities = possibilities_for_requirement(new_requirement)
         handle_missing_or_push_dependency_state DependencyState.new(
           new_name, new_requirements, new_activated,
-          new_requirement, possibilities, depth, conflicts.dup
+          new_requirement, possibilities, depth, conflicts.dup, unused_unwind_options.dup
         )
       end
 
+      # Checks a proposed requirement with any existing locked requirement
+      # before generating an array of possibilities for it.
+      # @param [Object] requirement the proposed requirement
+      # @param [Object] activated
+      # @return [Array] possibilities
+      def possibilities_for_requirement(requirement, activated = self.activated)
+        return [] unless requirement
+        if locked_requirement_named(name_for(requirement))
+          return locked_requirement_possibility_set(requirement, activated)
+        end
+
+        group_possibilities(search_for(requirement))
+      end
+
+      # @param [Object] requirement the proposed requirement
+      # @param [Object] activated
+      # @return [Array] possibility set containing only the locked requirement, if any
+      def locked_requirement_possibility_set(requirement, activated = self.activated)
+        all_possibilities = search_for(requirement)
+        locked_requirement = locked_requirement_named(name_for(requirement))
+
+        # Longwinded way to build a possibilities array with either the locked
+        # requirement or nothing in it. Required, since the API for
+        # locked_requirement isn't guaranteed.
+        locked_possibilities = all_possibilities.select do |possibility|
+          requirement_satisfied_by?(locked_requirement, activated, possibility)
+        end
+
+        group_possibilities(locked_possibilities)
+      end
+
+      # Build an array of PossibilitySets, with each element representing a group of
+      # dependency versions that all have the same sub-dependency version constraints
+      # and are contiguous.
+      # @param [Array] possibilities an array of possibilities
+      # @return [Array<PossibilitySet>] an array of possibility sets
+      def group_possibilities(possibilities)
+        possibility_sets = []
+        current_possibility_set = nil
+
+        possibilities.reverse_each do |possibility|
+          dependencies = dependencies_for(possibility)
+          if current_possibility_set && dependencies_equal?(current_possibility_set.dependencies, dependencies)
+            current_possibility_set.possibilities.unshift(possibility)
+          else
+            possibility_sets.unshift(PossibilitySet.new(dependencies, [possibility]))
+            current_possibility_set = possibility_sets.first
+          end
+        end
+
+        possibility_sets
+      end
+
       # Pushes a new {DependencyState}.
       # If the {#specification_provider} says to
       # {SpecificationProvider#allow_missing?} that particular requirement, and
       # there are no possibilities for that requirement, then `state` is not
-      # pushed, and the node in {#activated} is removed, and we continue
+      # pushed, and the vertex in {#activated} is removed, and we continue
       # resolving the remaining requirements.
       # @param [DependencyState] state
       # @return [void]
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
index 5c59a45c3d..d43121f8ca 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph'
+
+require_relative 'dependency_graph'
 
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # This class encapsulates a dependency resolver.
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   #
   #
   class Resolver
-    require 'rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution'
+    require_relative 'resolution'
 
     # @return [SpecificationProvider] the specification provider used
     #   in the resolution process
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
index c20de98854..6e7c715fce 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # A state that a {Resolution} can be in
   # @attr [String] name the name of the current requirement
@@ -7,7 +8,8 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
   # @attr [Object] requirement the current requirement
   # @attr [Object] possibilities the possibilities to satisfy the current requirement
   # @attr [Integer] depth the depth of the resolution
-  # @attr [Set<Object>] conflicts unresolved conflicts
+  # @attr [Hash] conflicts unresolved conflicts, indexed by dependency name
+  # @attr [Array<UnwindDetails>] unused_unwind_options unwinds for previous conflicts that weren't explored
   ResolutionState = Struct.new(
     :name,
     :requirements,
@@ -15,14 +17,15 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
     :requirement,
     :possibilities,
     :depth,
-    :conflicts
+    :conflicts,
+    :unused_unwind_options
   )
 
   class ResolutionState
     # Returns an empty resolution state
     # @return [ResolutionState] an empty state
     def self.empty
-      new(nil, [], DependencyGraph.new, nil, nil, 0, Set.new)
+      new(nil, [], DependencyGraph.new, nil, nil, 0, {}, [])
     end
   end
 
@@ -40,7 +43,8 @@ module Gem::Resolver::Molinillo
         requirement,
         [possibilities.pop],
         depth + 1,
-        conflicts.dup
+        conflicts.dup,
+        unused_unwind_options.dup
       ).tap do |state|
         state.activated.tag(state)
       end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/requirement_list.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/requirement_list.rb
index 2768c80170..5b51493c9a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/requirement_list.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/requirement_list.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 # first.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::RequirementList
-
   include Enumerable
 
   ##
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::RequirementList
     @list = []
   end
 
-  def initialize_copy other # :nodoc:
+  def initialize_copy(other) # :nodoc:
     @exact = @exact.dup
     @list = @list.dup
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/set.rb
index 11704d5c4c..5d8dd51eaa 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/set.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # dependencies) used in resolution.  This set is abstract.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::Set
-
   ##
   # Set to true to disable network access for this set
 
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Set
   attr_accessor :prerelease
 
   def initialize # :nodoc:
-    require 'uri'
     @prerelease = false
     @remote     = true
     @errors     = []
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Set
   # The find_all method must be implemented.  It returns all Resolver
   # Specification objects matching the given DependencyRequest +req+.
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     raise NotImplementedError
   end
 
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Set
   # When overridden, the #prefetch method should look up specifications
   # matching +reqs+.
 
-  def prefetch reqs
+  def prefetch(reqs)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -53,5 +51,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Set
   def remote? # :nodoc:
     @remote
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/source_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/source_set.rb
index 66f5963e54..bf8c23184e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/source_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/source_set.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # Kind off like BestSet but filters the sources for gems
 
 class Gem::Resolver::SourceSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
   ##
   # Creates a SourceSet for the given +sources+ or Gem::sources if none are
   # specified.  +sources+ must be a Gem::SourceList.
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::SourceSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     @sets  = {}
   end
 
-  def find_all req # :nodoc:
+  def find_all(req) # :nodoc:
     if set = get_set(req.dependency.name)
       set.find_all req
     else
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::SourceSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   end
 
   # potentially no-op
-  def prefetch reqs # :nodoc:
+  def prefetch(reqs) # :nodoc:
     reqs.each do |req|
       if set = get_set(req.dependency.name)
         set.prefetch reqs
@@ -33,16 +32,14 @@ class Gem::Resolver::SourceSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
     end
   end
 
-  def add_source_gem name, source
+  def add_source_gem(name, source)
     @links[name] = source
   end
 
-private
+  private
 
   def get_set(name)
     link = @links[name]
     @sets[link] ||= Gem::Source.new(link).dependency_resolver_set if link
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/spec_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/spec_specification.rb
index 35ee8cc247..7b665fe876 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/spec_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/spec_specification.rb
@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@
 # Resolver specifications that are backed by a Gem::Specification.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
-
   ##
   # A SpecSpecification is created for a +set+ for a Gem::Specification in
   # +spec+.  The +source+ is either where the +spec+ came from, or should be
   # loaded from.
 
-  def initialize set, spec, source = nil
+  def initialize(set, spec, source = nil)
     @set    = set
     @source = source
     @spec   = spec
@@ -24,6 +23,20 @@ class Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   end
 
   ##
+  # The required_ruby_version constraint for this specification
+
+  def required_ruby_version
+    spec.required_ruby_version
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The required_rubygems_version constraint for this specification
+
+  def required_rubygems_version
+    spec.required_rubygems_version
+  end
+
+  ##
   # The name and version of the specification.
   #
   # Unlike Gem::Specification#full_name, the platform is not included.
@@ -52,6 +65,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification < Gem::Resolver::Specification
   def version
     spec.version
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/specification.rb
index 44989d39ae..dfcb7eb057 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/specification.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 # dependency resolution in the resolver is included.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::Specification
-
   ##
   # The dependencies of the gem for this specification
 
@@ -45,6 +44,16 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Specification
   attr_reader :version
 
   ##
+  # The required_ruby_version constraint for this specification.
+
+  attr_reader :required_ruby_version
+
+  ##
+  # The required_ruby_version constraint for this specification.
+
+  attr_reader :required_rubygems_version
+
+  ##
   # Sets default instance variables for the specification.
 
   def initialize
@@ -54,6 +63,8 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Specification
     @set          = nil
     @source       = nil
     @version      = nil
+    @required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.default
+    @required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.default
   end
 
   ##
@@ -81,14 +92,10 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Specification
   # After installation #spec is updated to point to the just-installed
   # specification.
 
-  def install options = {}
-    require 'rubygems/installer'
+  def install(options = {})
+    require_relative '../installer'
 
-    destination = options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir
-
-    Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories destination
-
-    gem = source.download spec, destination
+    gem = download options
 
     installer = Gem::Installer.at gem, options
 
@@ -97,15 +104,22 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Specification
     @spec = installer.install
   end
 
+  def download(options)
+    dir = options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir
+
+    Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories dir
+
+    source.download spec, dir
+  end
+
   ##
   # Returns true if this specification is installable on this platform.
 
   def installable_platform?
-    Gem::Platform.match spec.platform
+    Gem::Platform.match_spec? spec
   end
 
   def local? # :nodoc:
     false
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb
index 3b95efebf7..64b458f504 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::Stats
     @iterations += 1
   end
 
-  PATTERN = "%20s: %d\n"
+  PATTERN = "%20s: %d\n".freeze
 
   def display
     $stdout.puts "=== Resolver Statistics ==="
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_set.rb
index f30ce534af..48c640d8c9 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_set.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # rake.gemspec (watching the given name).
 
 class Gem::Resolver::VendorSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
   ##
   # The specifications for this set.
 
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::VendorSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Adds a specification to the set with the given +name+ which has been
   # unpacked into the given +directory+.
 
-  def add_vendor_gem name, directory # :nodoc:
+  def add_vendor_gem(name, directory) # :nodoc:
     gemspec = File.join directory, "#{name}.gemspec"
 
     spec = Gem::Specification.load gemspec
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::VendorSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Returns an Array of VendorSpecification objects matching the
   # DependencyRequest +req+.
 
-  def find_all req
+  def find_all(req)
     @specs.values.select do |spec|
       req.match? spec
     end.map do |spec|
@@ -65,11 +64,11 @@ class Gem::Resolver::VendorSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
   # Loads a spec with the given +name+. +version+, +platform+ and +source+ are
   # ignored.
 
-  def load_spec name, version, platform, source # :nodoc:
+  def load_spec(name, version, platform, source) # :nodoc:
     @specs.fetch name
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[VendorSet', ']' do
       next if @directories.empty?
       q.breakable
@@ -83,6 +82,4 @@ class Gem::Resolver::VendorSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_specification.rb
index c624f3e834..8dfe5940f2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/vendor_specification.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 # option.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::VendorSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
-
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other and
       @set  == other.set and
       @spec == other.spec and
@@ -17,9 +16,7 @@ class Gem::Resolver::VendorSpecification < Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification
   # This is a null install as this gem was unpacked into a directory.
   # +options+ are ignored.
 
-  def install options = {}
+  def install(options = {})
     yield nil
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/s3_uri_signer.rb b/lib/rubygems/s3_uri_signer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d1deee997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/s3_uri_signer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+require_relative 'openssl'
+
+##
+# S3URISigner implements AWS SigV4 for S3 Source to avoid a dependency on the aws-sdk-* gems
+# More on AWS SigV4: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/sig-v4-authenticating-requests.html
+class Gem::S3URISigner
+  class ConfigurationError < Gem::Exception
+    def initialize(message)
+      super message
+    end
+
+    def to_s # :nodoc:
+      "#{super}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class InstanceProfileError < Gem::Exception
+    def initialize(message)
+      super message
+    end
+
+    def to_s # :nodoc:
+      "#{super}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :uri
+
+  def initialize(uri)
+    @uri = uri
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Signs S3 URI using query-params according to the reference: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/sigv4-query-string-auth.html
+  def sign(expiration = 86400)
+    s3_config = fetch_s3_config
+
+    current_time = Time.now.utc
+    date_time = current_time.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%m%SZ")
+    date = date_time[0,8]
+
+    credential_info = "#{date}/#{s3_config.region}/s3/aws4_request"
+    canonical_host = "#{uri.host}.s3.#{s3_config.region}.amazonaws.com"
+
+    query_params = generate_canonical_query_params(s3_config, date_time, credential_info, expiration)
+    canonical_request = generate_canonical_request(canonical_host, query_params)
+    string_to_sign = generate_string_to_sign(date_time, credential_info, canonical_request)
+    signature = generate_signature(s3_config, date, string_to_sign)
+
+    URI.parse("https://#{canonical_host}#{uri.path}?#{query_params}&X-Amz-Signature=#{signature}")
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  S3Config = Struct.new :access_key_id, :secret_access_key, :security_token, :region
+
+  def generate_canonical_query_params(s3_config, date_time, credential_info, expiration)
+    canonical_params = {}
+    canonical_params["X-Amz-Algorithm"] = "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256"
+    canonical_params["X-Amz-Credential"] = "#{s3_config.access_key_id}/#{credential_info}"
+    canonical_params["X-Amz-Date"] = date_time
+    canonical_params["X-Amz-Expires"] = expiration.to_s
+    canonical_params["X-Amz-SignedHeaders"] = "host"
+    canonical_params["X-Amz-Security-Token"] = s3_config.security_token if s3_config.security_token
+
+    # Sorting is required to generate proper signature
+    canonical_params.sort.to_h.map do |key, value|
+      "#{base64_uri_escape(key)}=#{base64_uri_escape(value)}"
+    end.join("&")
+  end
+
+  def generate_canonical_request(canonical_host, query_params)
+    [
+      "GET",
+      uri.path,
+      query_params,
+      "host:#{canonical_host}",
+      "", # empty params
+      "host",
+      "UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD",
+    ].join("\n")
+  end
+
+  def generate_string_to_sign(date_time, credential_info, canonical_request)
+    [
+      "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256",
+      date_time,
+      credential_info,
+      OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(canonical_request),
+    ].join("\n")
+  end
+
+  def generate_signature(s3_config, date, string_to_sign)
+    date_key = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest("sha256", "AWS4" + s3_config.secret_access_key, date)
+    date_region_key = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest("sha256", date_key, s3_config.region)
+    date_region_service_key = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest("sha256", date_region_key, "s3")
+    signing_key = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest("sha256", date_region_service_key, "aws4_request")
+    OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest("sha256", signing_key, string_to_sign)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Extracts S3 configuration for S3 bucket
+  def fetch_s3_config
+    return S3Config.new(uri.user, uri.password, nil, "us-east-1") if uri.user && uri.password
+
+    s3_source = Gem.configuration[:s3_source] || Gem.configuration["s3_source"]
+    host = uri.host
+    raise ConfigurationError.new("no s3_source key exists in .gemrc") unless s3_source
+
+    auth = s3_source[host] || s3_source[host.to_sym]
+    raise ConfigurationError.new("no key for host #{host} in s3_source in .gemrc") unless auth
+
+    provider = auth[:provider] || auth["provider"]
+    case provider
+    when "env"
+      id = ENV["AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID"]
+      secret = ENV["AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"]
+      security_token = ENV["AWS_SESSION_TOKEN"]
+    when "instance_profile"
+      credentials = ec2_metadata_credentials_json
+      id = credentials["AccessKeyId"]
+      secret = credentials["SecretAccessKey"]
+      security_token = credentials["Token"]
+    else
+      id = auth[:id] || auth["id"]
+      secret = auth[:secret] || auth["secret"]
+      security_token = auth[:security_token] || auth["security_token"]
+    end
+
+    raise ConfigurationError.new("s3_source for #{host} missing id or secret") unless id && secret
+
+    region = auth[:region] || auth["region"] || "us-east-1"
+    S3Config.new(id, secret, security_token, region)
+  end
+
+  def base64_uri_escape(str)
+    str.gsub(/[\+\/=\n]/, BASE64_URI_TRANSLATE)
+  end
+
+  def ec2_metadata_credentials_json
+    require 'net/http'
+    require_relative 'request'
+    require_relative 'request/connection_pools'
+    require 'json'
+
+    iam_info = ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_INFO)
+    # Expected format: arn:aws:iam::<id>:instance-profile/<role_name>
+    role_name = iam_info['InstanceProfileArn'].split('/').last
+    ec2_metadata_request(EC2_IAM_SECURITY_CREDENTIALS + role_name)
+  end
+
+  def ec2_metadata_request(url)
+    uri = URI(url)
+    @request_pool ||= create_request_pool(uri)
+    request = Gem::Request.new(uri, Net::HTTP::Get, nil, @request_pool)
+    response = request.fetch
+
+    case response
+    when Net::HTTPOK then
+      JSON.parse(response.body)
+    else
+      raise InstanceProfileError.new("Unable to fetch AWS metadata from #{uri}: #{response.message} #{response.code}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_request_pool(uri)
+    proxy_uri = Gem::Request.proxy_uri(Gem::Request.get_proxy_from_env(uri.scheme))
+    certs = Gem::Request.get_cert_files
+    Gem::Request::ConnectionPools.new(proxy_uri, certs).pool_for(uri)
+  end
+
+  BASE64_URI_TRANSLATE = { "+" => "%2B", "/" => "%2F", "=" => "%3D", "\n" => "" }.freeze
+  EC2_IAM_INFO = "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/info".freeze
+  EC2_IAM_SECURITY_CREDENTIALS = "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/".freeze
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/safe_yaml.rb b/lib/rubygems/safe_yaml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e905052e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/safe_yaml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+module Gem
+
+  ###
+  # This module is used for safely loading YAML specs from a gem.  The
+  # `safe_load` method defined on this module is specifically designed for
+  # loading Gem specifications.  For loading other YAML safely, please see
+  # Psych.safe_load
+
+  module SafeYAML
+    PERMITTED_CLASSES = %w[
+      Symbol
+      Time
+      Date
+      Gem::Dependency
+      Gem::Platform
+      Gem::Requirement
+      Gem::Specification
+      Gem::Version
+      Gem::Version::Requirement
+    ].freeze
+
+    PERMITTED_SYMBOLS = %w[
+      development
+      runtime
+    ].freeze
+
+    if ::YAML.respond_to? :safe_load
+      def self.safe_load(input)
+        if Gem::Version.new(Psych::VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new('3.1.0.pre1')
+          ::YAML.safe_load(input, permitted_classes: PERMITTED_CLASSES, permitted_symbols: PERMITTED_SYMBOLS, aliases: true)
+        else
+          ::YAML.safe_load(input, PERMITTED_CLASSES, PERMITTED_SYMBOLS, true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.load(input)
+        if Gem::Version.new(Psych::VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new('3.1.0.pre1')
+          ::YAML.safe_load(input, permitted_classes: [::Symbol])
+        else
+          ::YAML.safe_load(input, [::Symbol])
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
+        warn "YAML safe loading is not available. Please upgrade psych to a version that supports safe loading (>= 2.0)."
+      end
+
+      def self.safe_load(input, *args)
+        ::YAML.load input
+      end
+
+      def self.load(input)
+        ::YAML.load input
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security.rb b/lib/rubygems/security.rb
index 119d6d56f7..8240a1a059 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/security.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security.rb
@@ -5,15 +5,8 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems/exceptions'
-require 'fileutils'
-
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-rescue LoadError => e
-  raise unless (e.respond_to?(:path) && e.path == 'openssl') ||
-               e.message =~ / -- openssl$/
-end
+require_relative 'exceptions'
+require_relative 'openssl'
 
 ##
 # = Signing gems
@@ -62,11 +55,11 @@ end
 #
 #   $ tar tf your-gem-1.0.gem
 #   metadata.gz
-#   metadata.gz.sum
 #   metadata.gz.sig # metadata signature
 #   data.tar.gz
-#   data.tar.gz.sum
 #   data.tar.gz.sig # data signature
+#   checksums.yaml.gz
+#   checksums.yaml.gz.sig # checksums signature
 #
 # === Manually signing gems
 #
@@ -159,8 +152,11 @@ end
 #                                      certificate for EMAIL_ADDR
 #     -C, --certificate CERT           Signing certificate for --sign
 #     -K, --private-key KEY            Key for --sign or --build
+#     -A, --key-algorithm ALGORITHM    Select key algorithm for --build from RSA, DSA, or EC. Defaults to RSA.
 #     -s, --sign CERT                  Signs CERT with the key from -K
 #                                      and the certificate from -C
+#     -d, --days NUMBER_OF_DAYS        Days before the certificate expires
+#     -R, --re-sign                    Re-signs the certificate from -C with the key from -K
 #
 # We've already covered the <code>--build</code> option, and the
 # <code>--add</code>, <code>--list</code>, and <code>--remove</code> commands
@@ -265,7 +261,7 @@ end
 # 2. Grab the public key from the gemspec
 #
 #      gem spec some_signed_gem-1.0.gem cert_chain | \
-#        ruby -ryaml -e 'puts YAML.load_documents($stdin)' > public_key.crt
+#        ruby -ryaml -e 'puts YAML.load($stdin)' > public_key.crt
 #
 # 3. Generate a SHA1 hash of the data.tar.gz
 #
@@ -322,7 +318,6 @@ end
 # * Honor extension restrictions
 # * Might be better to store the certificate chain as a PKCS#7 or PKCS#12
 #   file, instead of an array embedded in the metadata.
-# * Flexible signature and key algorithms, not hard-coded to RSA and SHA1.
 #
 # == Original author
 #
@@ -337,33 +332,24 @@ module Gem::Security
   class Exception < Gem::Exception; end
 
   ##
-  # Digest algorithm used to sign gems
+  # Used internally to select the signing digest from all computed digests
 
-  DIGEST_ALGORITHM =
-    if defined?(OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1) then
-      OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
-    end
+  DIGEST_NAME = 'SHA256' # :nodoc:
 
   ##
-  # Used internally to select the signing digest from all computed digests
+  # Length of keys created by RSA and DSA keys
 
-  DIGEST_NAME = # :nodoc:
-    if DIGEST_ALGORITHM then
-      DIGEST_ALGORITHM.new.name
-    end
+  RSA_DSA_KEY_LENGTH = 3072
 
   ##
-  # Algorithm for creating the key pair used to sign gems
+  # Default algorithm to use when building a key pair
 
-  KEY_ALGORITHM =
-    if defined?(OpenSSL::PKey::RSA) then
-      OpenSSL::PKey::RSA
-    end
+  DEFAULT_KEY_ALGORITHM = 'RSA'
 
   ##
-  # Length of keys created by KEY_ALGORITHM
+  # Named curve used for Elliptic Curve
 
-  KEY_LENGTH = 2048
+  EC_NAME = 'secp384r1'
 
   ##
   # Cipher used to encrypt the key pair used to sign gems.
@@ -372,9 +358,14 @@ module Gem::Security
   KEY_CIPHER = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('AES-256-CBC') if defined?(OpenSSL::Cipher)
 
   ##
+  # One day in seconds
+
+  ONE_DAY = 86400
+
+  ##
   # One year in seconds
 
-  ONE_YEAR = 86400 * 365
+  ONE_YEAR = ONE_DAY * 365
 
   ##
   # The default set of extensions are:
@@ -389,9 +380,9 @@ module Gem::Security
     'keyUsage'             =>
       'keyEncipherment,dataEncipherment,digitalSignature',
     'subjectKeyIdentifier' => 'hash',
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
-  def self.alt_name_or_x509_entry certificate, x509_entry
+  def self.alt_name_or_x509_entry(certificate, x509_entry)
     alt_name = certificate.extensions.find do |extension|
       extension.oid == "#{x509_entry}AltName"
     end
@@ -407,11 +398,11 @@ module Gem::Security
   #
   # The +extensions+ restrict the key to the indicated uses.
 
-  def self.create_cert subject, key, age = ONE_YEAR, extensions = EXTENSIONS,
-                       serial = 1
+  def self.create_cert(subject, key, age = ONE_YEAR, extensions = EXTENSIONS,
+                       serial = 1)
     cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
 
-    cert.public_key = key.public_key
+    cert.public_key = get_public_key(key)
     cert.version    = 2
     cert.serial     = serial
 
@@ -430,11 +421,29 @@ module Gem::Security
   end
 
   ##
+  # Gets the right public key from a PKey instance
+
+  def self.get_public_key(key)
+    return key.public_key unless key.is_a?(OpenSSL::PKey::EC)
+
+    ec_key = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new(key.group.curve_name)
+    ec_key.public_key = key.public_key
+    ec_key
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # In Ruby 2.3 EC doesn't implement the private_key? but not the private? method
+
+  if defined?(OpenSSL::PKey::EC) && Gem::Version.new(String.new(RUBY_VERSION)) < Gem::Version.new("2.4.0")
+    OpenSSL::PKey::EC.send(:alias_method, :private?, :private_key?)
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Creates a self-signed certificate with an issuer and subject from +email+,
   # a subject alternative name of +email+ and the given +extensions+ for the
   # +key+.
 
-  def self.create_cert_email email, key, age = ONE_YEAR, extensions = EXTENSIONS
+  def self.create_cert_email(email, key, age = ONE_YEAR, extensions = EXTENSIONS)
     subject = email_to_name email
 
     extensions = extensions.merge "subjectAltName" => "email:#{email}"
@@ -446,32 +455,62 @@ module Gem::Security
   # Creates a self-signed certificate with an issuer and subject of +subject+
   # and the given +extensions+ for the +key+.
 
-  def self.create_cert_self_signed subject, key, age = ONE_YEAR,
-                                   extensions = EXTENSIONS, serial = 1
+  def self.create_cert_self_signed(subject, key, age = ONE_YEAR,
+                                   extensions = EXTENSIONS, serial = 1)
     certificate = create_cert subject, key, age, extensions
 
     sign certificate, key, certificate, age, extensions, serial
   end
 
   ##
-  # Creates a new key pair of the specified +length+ and +algorithm+.  The
-  # default is a 2048 bit RSA key.
+  # Creates a new digest instance using the specified +algorithm+. The default
+  # is SHA256.
+
+  if defined?(OpenSSL::Digest)
+    def self.create_digest(algorithm = DIGEST_NAME)
+      OpenSSL::Digest.new(algorithm)
+    end
+  else
+    require 'digest'
+
+    def self.create_digest(algorithm = DIGEST_NAME)
+      Digest.const_get(algorithm).new
+    end
+  end
 
-  def self.create_key length = KEY_LENGTH, algorithm = KEY_ALGORITHM
-    algorithm.new length
+  ##
+  # Creates a new key pair of the specified +algorithm+. RSA, DSA, and EC
+  # are supported.
+
+  def self.create_key(algorithm)
+    if defined?(OpenSSL::PKey)
+      case algorithm.downcase
+      when 'dsa'
+        OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new(RSA_DSA_KEY_LENGTH)
+      when 'rsa'
+        OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(RSA_DSA_KEY_LENGTH)
+      when 'ec'
+        domain_key = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new(EC_NAME)
+        domain_key.generate_key
+        domain_key
+      else
+        raise Gem::Security::Exception,
+        "#{algorithm} algorithm not found. RSA, DSA, and EC algorithms are supported."
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Turns +email_address+ into an OpenSSL::X509::Name
 
-  def self.email_to_name email_address
+  def self.email_to_name(email_address)
     email_address = email_address.gsub(/[^\w@.-]+/i, '_')
 
     cn, dcs = email_address.split '@'
 
     dcs = dcs.split '.'
 
-    name = "CN=#{cn}/#{dcs.map { |dc| "DC=#{dc}" }.join '/'}"
+    name = "CN=#{cn}/#{dcs.map {|dc| "DC=#{dc}" }.join '/'}"
 
     OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse name
   end
@@ -482,15 +521,15 @@ module Gem::Security
   #--
   # TODO increment serial
 
-  def self.re_sign expired_certificate, private_key, age = ONE_YEAR,
-                   extensions = EXTENSIONS
+  def self.re_sign(expired_certificate, private_key, age = ONE_YEAR,
+                   extensions = EXTENSIONS)
     raise Gem::Security::Exception,
           "incorrect signing key for re-signing " +
           "#{expired_certificate.subject}" unless
-      expired_certificate.public_key.to_pem == private_key.public_key.to_pem
+      expired_certificate.public_key.to_pem == get_public_key(private_key).to_pem
 
     unless expired_certificate.subject.to_s ==
-           expired_certificate.issuer.to_s then
+           expired_certificate.issuer.to_s
       subject = alt_name_or_x509_entry expired_certificate, :subject
       issuer  = alt_name_or_x509_entry expired_certificate, :issuer
 
@@ -514,13 +553,13 @@ module Gem::Security
 
   ##
   # Sign the public key from +certificate+ with the +signing_key+ and
-  # +signing_cert+, using the Gem::Security::DIGEST_ALGORITHM.  Uses the
+  # +signing_cert+, using the Gem::Security::DIGEST_NAME.  Uses the
   # default certificate validity range and extensions.
   #
   # Returns the newly signed certificate.
 
-  def self.sign certificate, signing_key, signing_cert,
-                age = ONE_YEAR, extensions = EXTENSIONS, serial = 1
+  def self.sign(certificate, signing_key, signing_cert,
+                age = ONE_YEAR, extensions = EXTENSIONS, serial = 1)
     signee_subject = certificate.subject
     signee_key     = certificate.public_key
 
@@ -541,7 +580,7 @@ module Gem::Security
     signed = create_cert signee_subject, signee_key, age, extensions, serial
     signed.issuer = signing_cert.subject
 
-    signed.sign signing_key, Gem::Security::DIGEST_ALGORITHM.new
+    signed.sign signing_key, Gem::Security::DIGEST_NAME
   end
 
   ##
@@ -559,7 +598,7 @@ module Gem::Security
   ##
   # Enumerates the trusted certificates via Gem::Security::TrustDir.
 
-  def self.trusted_certificates &block
+  def self.trusted_certificates(&block)
     trust_dir.each_certificate(&block)
   end
 
@@ -568,10 +607,10 @@ module Gem::Security
   # +permissions+. If passed +cipher+ and +passphrase+ those arguments will be
   # passed to +to_pem+.
 
-  def self.write pemmable, path, permissions = 0600, passphrase = nil, cipher = KEY_CIPHER
+  def self.write(pemmable, path, permissions = 0600, passphrase = nil, cipher = KEY_CIPHER)
     path = File.expand_path path
 
-    open path, 'wb', permissions do |io|
+    File.open path, 'wb', permissions do |io|
       if passphrase and cipher
         io.write pemmable.to_pem cipher, passphrase
       else
@@ -586,11 +625,10 @@ module Gem::Security
 
 end
 
-if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) then
-  require 'rubygems/security/policy'
-  require 'rubygems/security/policies'
-  require 'rubygems/security/trust_dir'
+if Gem::HAVE_OPENSSL
+  require_relative 'security/policy'
+  require_relative 'security/policies'
+  require_relative 'security/trust_dir'
 end
 
-require 'rubygems/security/signer'
-
+require_relative 'security/signer'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security/policies.rb b/lib/rubygems/security/policies.rb
index f16c46306a..8f6ad99316 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/security/policies.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security/policies.rb
@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ module Gem::Security
     'MediumSecurity'   => MediumSecurity,
     'HighSecurity'     => HighSecurity,
     # SigningPolicy is not intended for use by `gem -P` so do not list it
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb b/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb
index f43e6c8c96..3c3cb647ee 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security/policy.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative '../user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # A Gem::Security::Policy object encapsulates the settings for verifying
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
 # Gem::Security::Policies.
 
 class Gem::Security::Policy
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   attr_reader :name
@@ -24,9 +23,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   # Create a new Gem::Security::Policy object with the given mode and
   # options.
 
-  def initialize name, policy = {}, opt = {}
-    require 'openssl'
-
+  def initialize(name, policy = {}, opt = {})
     @name = name
 
     @opt = opt
@@ -55,7 +52,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   # Verifies each certificate in +chain+ has signed the following certificate
   # and is valid for the given +time+.
 
-  def check_chain chain, time
+  def check_chain(chain, time)
     raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'missing signing chain' unless chain
     raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'empty signing chain' if chain.empty?
 
@@ -74,9 +71,9 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   # Verifies that +data+ matches the +signature+ created by +public_key+ and
   # the +digest+ algorithm.
 
-  def check_data public_key, digest, signature, data
+  def check_data(public_key, digest, signature, data)
     raise Gem::Security::Exception, "invalid signature" unless
-      public_key.verify digest.new, signature, data.digest
+      public_key.verify digest, signature, data.digest
 
     true
   end
@@ -85,22 +82,22 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   # Ensures that +signer+ is valid for +time+ and was signed by the +issuer+.
   # If the +issuer+ is +nil+ no verification is performed.
 
-  def check_cert signer, issuer, time
+  def check_cert(signer, issuer, time)
     raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'missing signing certificate' unless
       signer
 
     message = "certificate #{signer.subject}"
 
-    if not_before = signer.not_before and not_before > time then
+    if not_before = signer.not_before and not_before > time
       raise Gem::Security::Exception,
             "#{message} not valid before #{not_before}"
     end
 
-    if not_after = signer.not_after and not_after < time then
+    if not_after = signer.not_after and not_after < time
       raise Gem::Security::Exception, "#{message} not valid after #{not_after}"
     end
 
-    if issuer and not signer.verify issuer.public_key then
+    if issuer and not signer.verify issuer.public_key
       raise Gem::Security::Exception,
             "#{message} was not issued by #{issuer.subject}"
     end
@@ -111,16 +108,18 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   ##
   # Ensures the public key of +key+ matches the public key in +signer+
 
-  def check_key signer, key
-    unless signer and key then
+  def check_key(signer, key)
+    unless signer and key
       return true unless @only_signed
 
       raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'missing key or signature'
     end
 
+    public_key = Gem::Security.get_public_key(key)
+
     raise Gem::Security::Exception,
       "certificate #{signer.subject} does not match the signing key" unless
-        signer.public_key.to_pem == key.public_key.to_pem
+        signer.public_key.to_pem == public_key.to_pem
 
     true
   end
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   # Ensures the root certificate in +chain+ is self-signed and valid for
   # +time+.
 
-  def check_root chain, time
+  def check_root(chain, time)
     raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'missing signing chain' unless chain
 
     root = chain.first
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
     raise Gem::Security::Exception,
           "root certificate #{root.subject} is not self-signed " +
           "(issuer #{root.issuer})" if
-      root.issuer.to_s != root.subject.to_s # HACK to_s is for ruby 1.8
+      root.issuer != root.subject
 
     check_cert root, root, time
   end
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   # Ensures the root of +chain+ has a trusted certificate in +trust_dir+ and
   # the digests of the two certificates match according to +digester+
 
-  def check_trust chain, digester, trust_dir
+  def check_trust(chain, digester, trust_dir)
     raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'missing signing chain' unless chain
 
     root = chain.first
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
 
     path = Gem::Security.trust_dir.cert_path root
 
-    unless File.exist? path then
+    unless File.exist? path
       message = "root cert #{root.subject} is not trusted".dup
 
       message << " (root of signing cert #{chain.last.subject})" if
@@ -167,9 +166,9 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
     end
 
     save_cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new File.read path
-    save_dgst = digester.digest save_cert.public_key.to_s
+    save_dgst = digester.digest save_cert.public_key.to_pem
 
-    pkey_str = root.public_key.to_s
+    pkey_str = root.public_key.to_pem
     cert_dgst = digester.digest pkey_str
 
     raise Gem::Security::Exception,
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   ##
   # Extracts the email or subject from +certificate+
 
-  def subject certificate # :nodoc:
+  def subject(certificate) # :nodoc:
     certificate.extensions.each do |extension|
       next unless extension.oid == 'subjectAltName'
 
@@ -196,9 +195,9 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   def inspect # :nodoc:
     ("[Policy: %s - data: %p signer: %p chain: %p root: %p " +
      "signed-only: %p trusted-only: %p]") % [
-      @name, @verify_chain, @verify_data, @verify_root, @verify_signer,
-      @only_signed, @only_trusted,
-    ]
+       @name, @verify_chain, @verify_data, @verify_root, @verify_signer,
+       @only_signed, @only_trusted
+     ]
   end
 
   ##
@@ -208,13 +207,13 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   #
   # If +key+ is given it is used to validate the signing certificate.
 
-  def verify chain, key = nil, digests = {}, signatures = {},
-             full_name = '(unknown)'
-    if signatures.empty? then
-      if @only_signed then
+  def verify(chain, key = nil, digests = {}, signatures = {},
+             full_name = '(unknown)')
+    if signatures.empty?
+      if @only_signed
         raise Gem::Security::Exception,
           "unsigned gems are not allowed by the #{name} policy"
-      elsif digests.empty? then
+      elsif digests.empty?
         # lack of signatures is irrelevant if there is nothing to check
         # against
       else
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
     end
 
     opt       = @opt
-    digester  = Gem::Security::DIGEST_ALGORITHM
+    digester  = Gem::Security.create_digest
     trust_dir = opt[:trust_dir]
     time      = Time.now
 
@@ -232,7 +231,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
       file_digests.values.first.name == Gem::Security::DIGEST_NAME
     end
 
-    if @verify_data then
+    if @verify_data
       raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'no digests provided (probable bug)' if
         signer_digests.nil? or signer_digests.empty?
     else
@@ -249,9 +248,9 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
 
     check_root chain, time if @verify_root
 
-    if @only_trusted then
+    if @only_trusted
       check_trust chain, digester, trust_dir
-    elsif signatures.empty? and digests.empty? then
+    elsif signatures.empty? and digests.empty?
       # trust is irrelevant if there's no signatures to verify
     else
       alert_warning "#{subject signer} is not trusted for #{full_name}"
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   # Extracts the certificate chain from the +spec+ and calls #verify to ensure
   # the signatures and certificate chain is valid according to the policy..
 
-  def verify_signatures spec, digests, signatures
+  def verify_signatures(spec, digests, signatures)
     chain = spec.cert_chain.map do |cert_pem|
       OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new cert_pem
     end
@@ -291,5 +290,4 @@ class Gem::Security::Policy
   end
 
   alias to_s name # :nodoc:
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb b/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb
index 0c6ef60a9a..968cf88973 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security/signer.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 ##
 # Basic OpenSSL-based package signing class.
 
+require_relative "../user_interaction"
+
 class Gem::Security::Signer
+  include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   ##
   # The chain of certificates for signing including the signing certificate
@@ -26,31 +29,65 @@ class Gem::Security::Signer
   attr_reader :digest_name # :nodoc:
 
   ##
+  # Gem::Security::Signer options
+
+  attr_reader :options
+
+  DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+    expiration_length_days: 365,
+  }.freeze
+
+  ##
+  # Attempts to re-sign an expired cert with a given private key
+  def self.re_sign_cert(expired_cert, expired_cert_path, private_key)
+    return unless expired_cert.not_after < Time.now
+
+    expiry = expired_cert.not_after.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
+    expired_cert_file = "#{File.basename(expired_cert_path)}.expired.#{expiry}"
+    new_expired_cert_path = File.join(Gem.user_home, ".gem", expired_cert_file)
+
+    Gem::Security.write(expired_cert, new_expired_cert_path)
+
+    re_signed_cert = Gem::Security.re_sign(
+      expired_cert,
+      private_key,
+      (Gem::Security::ONE_DAY * Gem.configuration.cert_expiration_length_days)
+    )
+
+    Gem::Security.write(re_signed_cert, expired_cert_path)
+
+    yield(expired_cert_path, new_expired_cert_path) if block_given?
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Creates a new signer with an RSA +key+ or path to a key, and a certificate
   # +chain+ containing X509 certificates, encoding certificates or paths to
   # certificates.
 
-  def initialize key, cert_chain, passphrase = nil
+  def initialize(key, cert_chain, passphrase = nil, options = {})
     @cert_chain = cert_chain
     @key        = key
+    @passphrase = passphrase
+    @options = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
 
-    unless @key then
-      default_key  = File.join Gem.default_key_path
+    unless @key
+      default_key = File.join Gem.default_key_path
       @key = default_key if File.exist? default_key
     end
 
-    unless @cert_chain then
+    unless @cert_chain
       default_cert = File.join Gem.default_cert_path
       @cert_chain = [default_cert] if File.exist? default_cert
     end
 
-    @digest_algorithm = Gem::Security::DIGEST_ALGORITHM
     @digest_name      = Gem::Security::DIGEST_NAME
+    @digest_algorithm = Gem::Security.create_digest(@digest_name)
 
-    @key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new File.read(@key), passphrase if
-      @key and not OpenSSL::PKey::RSA === @key
+    if @key && !@key.is_a?(OpenSSL::PKey::PKey)
+      @key = OpenSSL::PKey.read(File.read(@key), @passphrase)
+    end
 
-    if @cert_chain then
+    if @cert_chain
       @cert_chain = @cert_chain.compact.map do |cert|
         next cert if OpenSSL::X509::Certificate === cert
 
@@ -67,11 +104,11 @@ class Gem::Security::Signer
   # Extracts the full name of +cert+.  If the certificate has a subjectAltName
   # this value is preferred, otherwise the subject is used.
 
-  def extract_name cert # :nodoc:
-    subject_alt_name = cert.extensions.find { |e| 'subjectAltName' == e.oid }
+  def extract_name(cert) # :nodoc:
+    subject_alt_name = cert.extensions.find {|e| 'subjectAltName' == e.oid }
 
-    if subject_alt_name then
-      /\Aemail:/ =~ subject_alt_name.value
+    if subject_alt_name
+      /\Aemail:/ =~ subject_alt_name.value # rubocop:disable Performance/StartWith
 
       $' || subject_alt_name.value
     else
@@ -99,13 +136,17 @@ class Gem::Security::Signer
   ##
   # Sign data with given digest algorithm
 
-  def sign data
+  def sign(data)
     return unless @key
 
     raise Gem::Security::Exception, 'no certs provided' if @cert_chain.empty?
 
-    if @cert_chain.length == 1 and @cert_chain.last.not_after < Time.now then
-      re_sign_key
+    if @cert_chain.length == 1 and @cert_chain.last.not_after < Time.now
+      alert("Your certificate has expired, trying to re-sign it...")
+
+      re_sign_key(
+        expiration_length: (Gem::Security::ONE_DAY * options[:expiration_length_days])
+      )
     end
 
     full_name = extract_name @cert_chain.last
@@ -121,6 +162,7 @@ class Gem::Security::Signer
   # The key will be re-signed if:
   # * The expired certificate is self-signed
   # * The expired certificate is saved at ~/.gem/gem-public_cert.pem
+  #   and the private key is saved at ~/.gem/gem-private_key.pem
   # * There is no file matching the expiry date at
   #   ~/.gem/gem-public_cert.pem.expired.%Y%m%d%H%M%S
   #
@@ -128,30 +170,34 @@ class Gem::Security::Signer
   # be saved as ~/.gem/gem-public_cert.pem.expired.%Y%m%d%H%M%S where the
   # expiry time (not after) is used for the timestamp.
 
-  def re_sign_key # :nodoc:
+  def re_sign_key(expiration_length: Gem::Security::ONE_YEAR) # :nodoc:
     old_cert = @cert_chain.last
 
-    disk_cert_path = File.join Gem.default_cert_path
-    disk_cert = File.read disk_cert_path rescue nil
-    disk_key  =
-      File.read File.join(Gem.default_key_path) rescue nil
+    disk_cert_path = File.join(Gem.default_cert_path)
+    disk_cert = File.read(disk_cert_path) rescue nil
 
-    if disk_key == @key.to_pem and disk_cert == old_cert.to_pem then
-      expiry = old_cert.not_after.strftime '%Y%m%d%H%M%S'
+    disk_key_path = File.join(Gem.default_key_path)
+    disk_key = OpenSSL::PKey.read(File.read(disk_key_path), @passphrase) rescue nil
+
+    return unless disk_key
+
+    if disk_key.to_pem == @key.to_pem && disk_cert == old_cert.to_pem
+      expiry = old_cert.not_after.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
       old_cert_file = "gem-public_cert.pem.expired.#{expiry}"
-      old_cert_path = File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", old_cert_file
+      old_cert_path = File.join(Gem.user_home, ".gem", old_cert_file)
+
+      unless File.exist?(old_cert_path)
+        Gem::Security.write(old_cert, old_cert_path)
 
-      unless File.exist? old_cert_path then
-        Gem::Security.write old_cert, old_cert_path
+        cert = Gem::Security.re_sign(old_cert, @key, expiration_length)
 
-        cert = Gem::Security.re_sign old_cert, @key
+        Gem::Security.write(cert, disk_cert_path)
 
-        Gem::Security.write cert, disk_cert_path
+        alert("Your cert: #{disk_cert_path} has been auto re-signed with the key: #{disk_key_path}")
+        alert("Your expired cert will be located at: #{old_cert_path}")
 
         @cert_chain = [cert]
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security/trust_dir.rb b/lib/rubygems/security/trust_dir.rb
index bf44975cc6..456947274c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/security/trust_dir.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security/trust_dir.rb
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@
 # verification.
 
 class Gem::Security::TrustDir
-
   ##
   # Default permissions for the trust directory and its contents
 
   DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS = {
     :trust_dir    => 0700,
     :trusted_cert => 0600,
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
   ##
   # The directory where trusted certificates will be stored.
@@ -22,17 +21,17 @@ class Gem::Security::TrustDir
   # Creates a new TrustDir using +dir+ where the directory and file
   # permissions will be checked according to +permissions+
 
-  def initialize dir, permissions = DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS
+  def initialize(dir, permissions = DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS)
     @dir = dir
     @permissions = permissions
 
-    @digester = Gem::Security::DIGEST_ALGORITHM
+    @digester = Gem::Security.create_digest
   end
 
   ##
   # Returns the path to the trusted +certificate+
 
-  def cert_path certificate
+  def cert_path(certificate)
     name_path certificate.subject
   end
 
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ class Gem::Security::TrustDir
   # Returns the issuer certificate of the given +certificate+ if it exists in
   # the trust directory.
 
-  def issuer_of certificate
+  def issuer_of(certificate)
     path = name_path certificate.issuer
 
     return unless File.exist? path
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ class Gem::Security::TrustDir
   ##
   # Returns the path to the trusted certificate with the given ASN.1 +name+
 
-  def name_path name
+  def name_path(name)
     digest = @digester.hexdigest name.to_s
 
     File.join @dir, "cert-#{digest}.pem"
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ class Gem::Security::TrustDir
   ##
   # Loads the given +certificate_file+
 
-  def load_certificate certificate_file
+  def load_certificate(certificate_file)
     pem = File.read certificate_file
 
     OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new pem
@@ -88,13 +87,14 @@ class Gem::Security::TrustDir
   ##
   # Add a certificate to trusted certificate list.
 
-  def trust_cert certificate
+  def trust_cert(certificate)
     verify
 
     destination = cert_path certificate
 
-    open destination, 'wb', @permissions[:trusted_cert] do |io|
+    File.open destination, 'wb', 0600 do |io|
       io.write certificate.to_pem
+      io.chmod(@permissions[:trusted_cert])
     end
   end
 
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ class Gem::Security::TrustDir
   # permissions.
 
   def verify
-    if File.exist? @dir then
+    require 'fileutils'
+    if File.exist? @dir
       raise Gem::Security::Exception,
         "trust directory #{@dir} is not a directory" unless
           File.directory? @dir
@@ -114,6 +115,4 @@ class Gem::Security::TrustDir
       FileUtils.mkdir_p @dir, :mode => @permissions[:trust_dir]
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/security_option.rb b/lib/rubygems/security_option.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4c570ded5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/security_option.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#--
+# Copyright 2006 by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim Weirich and others.
+# All rights reserved.
+# See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
+#++
+
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+
+# forward-declare
+
+module Gem::Security # :nodoc:
+  class Policy # :nodoc:
+  end
+end
+
+##
+# Mixin methods for security option for Gem::Commands
+
+module Gem::SecurityOption
+  def add_security_option
+    Gem::OptionParser.accept Gem::Security::Policy do |value|
+      require_relative 'security'
+
+      raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, 'OpenSSL not installed' unless
+        defined?(Gem::Security::HighSecurity)
+
+      policy = Gem::Security::Policies[value]
+      unless policy
+        valid = Gem::Security::Policies.keys.sort
+        raise Gem::OptionParser::InvalidArgument, "#{value} (#{valid.join ', '} are valid)"
+      end
+      policy
+    end
+
+    add_option(:"Install/Update", '-P', '--trust-policy POLICY',
+               Gem::Security::Policy,
+               'Specify gem trust policy') do |value, options|
+      options[:security_policy] = value
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/server.rb b/lib/rubygems/server.rb
index 81df0e608e..45be05bcda 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/server.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/server.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'webrick'
 require 'zlib'
 require 'erb'
 require 'uri'
 
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/rdoc'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'rdoc'
 
 ##
 # Gem::Server and allows users to serve gems for consumption by
@@ -29,13 +28,12 @@ require 'rubygems/rdoc'
 # TODO Refactor into a real WEBrick servlet to remove code duplication.
 
 class Gem::Server
-
   attr_reader :spec_dirs
 
   include ERB::Util
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
-  SEARCH = <<-ERB
+  SEARCH = <<-ERB.freeze
       <form class="headerSearch" name="headerSearchForm" method="get" action="/rdoc">
         <div id="search" style="float:right">
           <label for="q">Filter/Search</label>
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ class Gem::Server
       </form>
   ERB
 
-  DOC_TEMPLATE = <<-'ERB'
+  DOC_TEMPLATE = <<-'ERB'.freeze
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
   <!DOCTYPE html
        PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
@@ -129,7 +127,7 @@ class Gem::Server
   ERB
 
   # CSS is copy & paste from rdoc-style.css, RDoc V1.0.1 - 20041108
-  RDOC_CSS = <<-CSS
+  RDOC_CSS = <<-CSS.freeze
 body {
     font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
     font-size:   90%;
@@ -339,7 +337,7 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
 .ruby-value   { color: #7fffd4; background: transparent; }
   CSS
 
-  RDOC_NO_DOCUMENTATION = <<-'ERB'
+  RDOC_NO_DOCUMENTATION = <<-'ERB'.freeze
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
           "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
@@ -373,7 +371,7 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
 </html>
   ERB
 
-  RDOC_SEARCH_TEMPLATE = <<-'ERB'
+  RDOC_SEARCH_TEMPLATE = <<-'ERB'.freeze
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
           "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
@@ -430,6 +428,12 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
   end
 
   def initialize(gem_dirs, port, daemon, launch = nil, addresses = nil)
+    begin
+      require 'webrick'
+    rescue LoadError
+      abort "webrick is not found. You may need to `gem install webrick` to install webrick."
+    end
+
     Gem::RDoc.load_rdoc
     Socket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
 
@@ -442,15 +446,15 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
     logger  = WEBrick::Log.new nil, WEBrick::BasicLog::FATAL
     @server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :DoNotListen => true, :Logger => logger
 
-    @spec_dirs = @gem_dirs.map { |gem_dir| File.join gem_dir, 'specifications' }
-    @spec_dirs.reject! { |spec_dir| !File.directory? spec_dir }
+    @spec_dirs = @gem_dirs.map {|gem_dir| File.join gem_dir, 'specifications' }
+    @spec_dirs.reject! {|spec_dir| !File.directory? spec_dir }
 
     reset_gems
 
     @have_rdoc_4_plus = nil
   end
 
-  def add_date res
+  def add_date(res)
     res['date'] = @spec_dirs.map do |spec_dir|
       File.stat(spec_dir).mtime
     end.max
@@ -458,12 +462,12 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
 
   def uri_encode(str)
     str.gsub(URI::UNSAFE) do |match|
-      match.each_byte.map { |c| sprintf('%%%02X', c.ord) }.join
+      match.each_byte.map {|c| sprintf('%%%02X', c.ord) }.join
     end
   end
 
-  def doc_root gem_name
-    if have_rdoc_4_plus? then
+  def doc_root(gem_name)
+    if have_rdoc_4_plus?
       "/doc_root/#{u gem_name}/"
     else
       "/doc_root/#{u gem_name}/rdoc/index.html"
@@ -491,14 +495,14 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
 
     specs = Marshal.dump specs
 
-    if req.path =~ /\.gz$/ then
-      specs = Gem.gzip specs
+    if req.path =~ /\.gz$/
+      specs = Gem::Util.gzip specs
       res['content-type'] = 'application/x-gzip'
     else
       res['content-type'] = 'application/octet-stream'
     end
 
-    if req.request_method == 'HEAD' then
+    if req.request_method == 'HEAD'
       res['content-length'] = specs.length
     else
       res.body << specs
@@ -509,7 +513,7 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
   # Creates server sockets based on the addresses option.  If no addresses
   # were given a server socket for all interfaces is created.
 
-  def listen addresses = @addresses
+  def listen(addresses = @addresses)
     addresses = [nil] unless addresses
 
     listeners = 0
@@ -529,14 +533,14 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
       end
     end
 
-    if @server.listeners.empty? then
+    if @server.listeners.empty?
       say "Unable to start a server."
       say "Check for running servers or your --bind and --port arguments"
       terminate_interaction 1
     end
   end
 
-  def prerelease_specs req, res
+  def prerelease_specs(req, res)
     reset_gems
 
     res['content-type'] = 'application/x-gzip'
@@ -552,14 +556,14 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
 
     specs = Marshal.dump specs
 
-    if req.path =~ /\.gz$/ then
-      specs = Gem.gzip specs
+    if req.path =~ /\.gz$/
+      specs = Gem::Util.gzip specs
       res['content-type'] = 'application/x-gzip'
     else
       res['content-type'] = 'application/octet-stream'
     end
 
-    if req.request_method == 'HEAD' then
+    if req.request_method == 'HEAD'
       res['content-length'] = specs.length
     else
       res.body << specs
@@ -573,27 +577,19 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
     add_date res
 
     case req.request_uri.path
-    when %r|^/quick/(Marshal.#{Regexp.escape Gem.marshal_version}/)?(.*?)-([0-9.]+[^-]*?)(-.*?)?\.gemspec\.rz$| then
-      marshal_format, name, version, platform = $1, $2, $3, $4
-      specs = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name name, version
-
-      selector = [name, version, platform].map(&:inspect).join ' '
+    when %r{^/quick/(Marshal.#{Regexp.escape Gem.marshal_version}/)?(.*?)\.gemspec\.rz$} then
+      marshal_format, full_name = $1, $2
+      specs = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_full_name(full_name)
 
-      platform = if platform then
-                   Gem::Platform.new platform.sub(/^-/, '')
-                 else
-                   Gem::Platform::RUBY
-                 end
+      selector = full_name.inspect
 
-      specs = specs.select { |s| s.platform == platform }
-
-      if specs.empty? then
+      if specs.empty?
         res.status = 404
         res.body = "No gems found matching #{selector}"
-      elsif specs.length > 1 then
+      elsif specs.length > 1
         res.status = 500
         res.body = "Multiple gems found matching #{selector}"
-      elsif marshal_format then
+      elsif marshal_format
         res['content-type'] = 'application/x-deflate'
         res.body << Gem.deflate(Marshal.dump(specs.first))
       end
@@ -615,22 +611,34 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
 
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
       total_file_count += spec.files.size
-      deps = spec.dependencies.map { |dep|
+      deps = spec.dependencies.map do |dep|
         {
           "name"    => dep.name,
           "type"    => dep.type,
           "version" => dep.requirement.to_s,
         }
-      }
+      end
 
-      deps = deps.sort_by { |dep| [dep["name"].downcase, dep["version"]] }
+      deps = deps.sort_by {|dep| [dep["name"].downcase, dep["version"]] }
       deps.last["is_last"] = true unless deps.empty?
 
       # executables
-      executables = spec.executables.sort.collect { |exec| {"executable" => exec} }
+      executables = spec.executables.sort.collect {|exec| {"executable" => exec} }
       executables = nil if executables.empty?
       executables.last["is_last"] = true if executables
 
+      # Pre-process spec homepage for safety reasons
+      begin
+        homepage_uri = URI.parse(spec.homepage)
+        if [URI::HTTP, URI::HTTPS].member? homepage_uri.class
+          homepage_uri = spec.homepage
+        else
+          homepage_uri = "."
+        end
+      rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+        homepage_uri = "."
+      end
+
       specs << {
         "authors"             => spec.authors.sort.join(", "),
         "date"                => spec.date.to_s,
@@ -640,7 +648,7 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
         "only_one_executable" => (executables && executables.size == 1),
         "full_name"           => spec.full_name,
         "has_deps"            => !deps.empty?,
-        "homepage"            => spec.homepage,
+        "homepage"            => homepage_uri,
         "name"                => spec.name,
         "rdoc_installed"      => Gem::RDoc.new(spec).rdoc_installed?,
         "ri_installed"        => Gem::RDoc.new(spec).ri_installed?,
@@ -657,14 +665,14 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
       "only_one_executable" => true,
       "full_name" => "rubygems-#{Gem::VERSION}",
       "has_deps" => false,
-      "homepage" => "http://docs.rubygems.org/",
+      "homepage" => "https://guides.rubygems.org/",
       "name" => 'rubygems',
       "ri_installed" => true,
       "summary" => "RubyGems itself",
       "version" => Gem::VERSION,
     }
 
-    specs = specs.sort_by { |spec| [spec["name"].downcase, spec["version"]] }
+    specs = specs.sort_by {|spec| [spec["name"].downcase, spec["version"]] }
     specs.last["is_last"] = true
 
     # tag all specs with first_name_entry
@@ -750,9 +758,9 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
   # documentation - just put it underneath the main doc folder.
 
   def show_rdoc_for_pattern(pattern, res)
-    found_gems = Dir.glob("{#{@gem_dirs.join ','}}/doc/#{pattern}").select {|path|
+    found_gems = Dir.glob("{#{@gem_dirs.join ','}}/doc/#{pattern}").select do |path|
       File.exist? File.join(path, 'rdoc/index.html')
-    }
+    end
     case found_gems.length
     when 0
       return false
@@ -768,7 +776,7 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
         doc_items << {
           :name    => base_name,
           :url     => doc_root(new_path),
-          :summary => ''
+          :summary => '',
         }
       end
 
@@ -814,7 +822,7 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
       '/gems' => '/cache/',
     }
 
-    if have_rdoc_4_plus? then
+    if have_rdoc_4_plus?
       @server.mount '/doc_root', RDoc::Servlet, '/doc_root'
     else
       file_handlers['/doc_root'] = '/doc/'
@@ -847,14 +855,14 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
 
     specs = Marshal.dump specs
 
-    if req.path =~ /\.gz$/ then
-      specs = Gem.gzip specs
+    if req.path =~ /\.gz$/
+      specs = Gem::Util.gzip specs
       res['content-type'] = 'application/x-gzip'
     else
       res['content-type'] = 'application/octet-stream'
     end
 
-    if req.request_method == 'HEAD' then
+    if req.request_method == 'HEAD'
       res['content-length'] = specs.length
     else
       res.body << specs
@@ -865,7 +873,7 @@ div.method-source-code pre { color: #ffdead; overflow: hidden; }
     listeners = @server.listeners.map{|l| l.addr[2] }
 
     # TODO: 0.0.0.0 == any, not localhost.
-    host = listeners.any?{|l| l == '0.0.0.0'} ? 'localhost' : listeners.first
+    host = listeners.any?{|l| l == '0.0.0.0' } ? 'localhost' : listeners.first
 
     say "Launching browser to http://#{host}:#{@port}"
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source.rb b/lib/rubygems/source.rb
index 85f5268fa3..b5bd6b80e6 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'uri'
-require 'fileutils'
 
+require_relative "text"
 ##
 # A Source knows how to list and fetch gems from a RubyGems marshal index.
 #
@@ -9,14 +8,14 @@ require 'fileutils'
 # bundler dependency API and so-forth.
 
 class Gem::Source
-
   include Comparable
+  include Gem::Text
 
   FILES = { # :nodoc:
     :released   => 'specs',
     :latest     => 'latest_specs',
     :prerelease => 'prerelease_specs',
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
   ##
   # The URI this source will fetch gems from.
@@ -36,15 +35,6 @@ class Gem::Source
     end
 
     @uri = uri
-    @api_uri = nil
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Use an SRV record on the host to look up the true endpoint for the index.
-
-  def api_uri # :nodoc:
-    require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
-    @api_uri ||= Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher.api_endpoint uri
   end
 
   ##
@@ -67,13 +57,17 @@ class Gem::Source
 
       return -1 if !other.uri
 
-      @uri.to_s <=> other.uri.to_s
+      # Returning 1 here ensures that when sorting a list of sources, the
+      # original ordering of sources supplied by the user is preserved.
+      return 1 unless @uri.to_s == other.uri.to_s
+
+      0
     else
       nil
     end
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other and @uri == other.uri
   end
 
@@ -83,9 +77,17 @@ class Gem::Source
   # Returns a Set that can fetch specifications from this source.
 
   def dependency_resolver_set # :nodoc:
-    return Gem::Resolver::IndexSet.new self if 'file' == api_uri.scheme
+    return Gem::Resolver::IndexSet.new self if 'file' == uri.scheme
 
-    bundler_api_uri = api_uri + './api/v1/dependencies'
+    fetch_uri = if uri.host == "rubygems.org"
+                  index_uri = uri.dup
+                  index_uri.host = "index.rubygems.org"
+                  index_uri
+                else
+                  uri
+                end
+
+    bundler_api_uri = enforce_trailing_slash(fetch_uri)
 
     begin
       fetcher = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher
@@ -93,11 +95,7 @@ class Gem::Source
     rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
       Gem::Resolver::IndexSet.new self
     else
-      if response.respond_to? :uri then
-        Gem::Resolver::APISet.new response.uri
-      else
-        Gem::Resolver::APISet.new bundler_api_uri
-      end
+      Gem::Resolver::APISet.new response.uri + "./info/"
     end
   end
 
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ class Gem::Source
   def cache_dir(uri)
     # Correct for windows paths
     escaped_path = uri.path.sub(/^\/([a-z]):\//i, '/\\1-/')
-    escaped_path.untaint
+    escaped_path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
 
     File.join Gem.spec_cache_dir, "#{uri.host}%#{uri.port}", File.dirname(escaped_path)
   end
@@ -131,32 +129,33 @@ class Gem::Source
   ##
   # Fetches a specification for the given +name_tuple+.
 
-  def fetch_spec name_tuple
+  def fetch_spec(name_tuple)
     fetcher = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher
 
     spec_file_name = name_tuple.spec_name
 
-    uri = api_uri + "#{Gem::MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR}#{spec_file_name}"
+    source_uri = enforce_trailing_slash(uri) + "#{Gem::MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR}#{spec_file_name}"
 
-    cache_dir = cache_dir uri
+    cache_dir = cache_dir source_uri
 
     local_spec = File.join cache_dir, spec_file_name
 
-    if File.exist? local_spec then
+    if File.exist? local_spec
       spec = Gem.read_binary local_spec
       spec = Marshal.load(spec) rescue nil
       return spec if spec
     end
 
-    uri.path << '.rz'
+    source_uri.path << '.rz'
 
-    spec = fetcher.fetch_path uri
-    spec = Gem.inflate spec
+    spec = fetcher.fetch_path source_uri
+    spec = Gem::Util.inflate spec
 
-    if update_cache? then
+    if update_cache?
+      require "fileutils"
       FileUtils.mkdir_p cache_dir
 
-      open local_spec, 'wb' do |io|
+      File.open local_spec, 'wb' do |io|
         io.write spec
       end
     end
@@ -180,12 +179,15 @@ class Gem::Source
     file       = FILES[type]
     fetcher    = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher
     file_name  = "#{file}.#{Gem.marshal_version}"
-    spec_path  = api_uri + "#{file_name}.gz"
+    spec_path  = enforce_trailing_slash(uri) + "#{file_name}.gz"
     cache_dir  = cache_dir spec_path
     local_file = File.join(cache_dir, file_name)
     retried    = false
 
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p cache_dir if update_cache?
+    if update_cache?
+      require "fileutils"
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p cache_dir
+    end
 
     spec_dump = fetcher.cache_update_path spec_path, local_file, update_cache?
 
@@ -208,15 +210,15 @@ class Gem::Source
 
   def download(spec, dir=Dir.pwd)
     fetcher = Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher
-    fetcher.download spec, api_uri.to_s, dir
+    fetcher.download spec, uri.to_s, dir
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[Remote:', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text @uri.to_s
 
-      if api = api_uri
+      if api = uri
         q.breakable
         q.text 'API URI: '
         q.text api.to_s
@@ -224,12 +226,21 @@ class Gem::Source
     end
   end
 
-end
+  def typo_squatting?(host, distance_threshold=4)
+    return if @uri.host.nil?
+    levenshtein_distance(@uri.host, host).between? 1, distance_threshold
+  end
+
+  private
 
-require 'rubygems/source/git'
-require 'rubygems/source/installed'
-require 'rubygems/source/specific_file'
-require 'rubygems/source/local'
-require 'rubygems/source/lock'
-require 'rubygems/source/vendor'
+  def enforce_trailing_slash(uri)
+    uri.merge(uri.path.gsub(/\/+$/, '') + '/')
+  end
+end
 
+require_relative 'source/git'
+require_relative 'source/installed'
+require_relative 'source/specific_file'
+require_relative 'source/local'
+require_relative 'source/lock'
+require_relative 'source/vendor'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source/git.rb b/lib/rubygems/source/git.rb
index 0900da0cbc..cda5aa8073 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source/git.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source/git.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'digest'
-require 'rubygems/util'
 
 ##
 # A git gem for use in a gem dependencies file.
@@ -13,7 +11,6 @@ require 'rubygems/util'
 #   source.specs
 
 class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
-
   ##
   # The name of the gem created by this git gem.
 
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
   # repository may contain multiple gems.  If +submodules+ is true, submodules
   # will be checked out when the gem is installed.
 
-  def initialize name, repository, reference, submodules = false
+  def initialize(name, repository, reference, submodules = false)
     super repository
 
     @name            = name
@@ -64,7 +61,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
     @git      = ENV['git'] || 'git'
   end
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     case other
     when Gem::Source::Git then
       0
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
     end
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     super and
       @name            == other.name and
       @repository      == other.repository and
@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
 
     return false unless File.exist? repo_cache_dir
 
-    unless File.exist? install_dir then
+    unless File.exist? install_dir
       system @git, 'clone', '--quiet', '--no-checkout',
              repo_cache_dir, install_dir
     end
@@ -104,9 +101,11 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
 
       success = system @git, 'reset', '--quiet', '--hard', rev_parse
 
-      success &&=
-        Gem::Util.silent_system @git, 'submodule', 'update',
-               '--quiet', '--init', '--recursive' if @need_submodules
+      if @need_submodules
+        _, status = Open3.capture2e(@git, 'submodule', 'update', '--quiet', '--init', '--recursive')
+
+        success &&= status.success?
+      end
 
       success
     end
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
   def cache # :nodoc:
     return unless @remote
 
-    if File.exist? repo_cache_dir then
+    if File.exist? repo_cache_dir
       Dir.chdir repo_cache_dir do
         system @git, 'fetch', '--quiet', '--force', '--tags',
                @repository, 'refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*'
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
   ##
   # Nothing to download for git gems
 
-  def download full_spec, path # :nodoc:
+  def download(full_spec, path) # :nodoc:
   end
 
   ##
@@ -158,7 +157,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
     File.join base_dir, 'gems', "#{@name}-#{dir_shortref}"
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[Git: ', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text @repository
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
 
         Dir.chdir directory do
           spec = Gem::Specification.load file
-          if spec then
+          if spec
             spec.base_dir = base_dir
 
             spec.extension_dir =
@@ -226,16 +225,16 @@ class Gem::Source::Git < Gem::Source
   # A hash for the git gem based on the git repository URI.
 
   def uri_hash # :nodoc:
+    require_relative '../openssl'
+
     normalized =
-      if @repository =~ %r%^\w+://(\w+@)?% then
-        uri = URI(@repository).normalize.to_s.sub %r%/$%,''
+      if @repository =~ %r{^\w+://(\w+@)?}
+        uri = URI(@repository).normalize.to_s.sub %r{/$},''
         uri.sub(/\A(\w+)/) { $1.downcase }
       else
         @repository
       end
 
-    Digest::SHA1.hexdigest normalized
+    OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.hexdigest normalized
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source/installed.rb b/lib/rubygems/source/installed.rb
index 300491e467..7e1dd7af5a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source/installed.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source/installed.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # Represents an installed gem.  This is used for dependency resolution.
 
 class Gem::Source::Installed < Gem::Source
-
   def initialize # :nodoc:
     @uri = nil
   end
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Installed < Gem::Source
   ##
   # Installed sources sort before all other sources
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     case other
     when Gem::Source::Git,
          Gem::Source::Lock,
@@ -29,13 +28,11 @@ class Gem::Source::Installed < Gem::Source
   ##
   # We don't need to download an installed gem
 
-  def download spec, path
+  def download(spec, path)
     nil
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.text '[Installed]'
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb b/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb
index 3227fb61b0..078b06203f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@
 # dependencies.
 
 class Gem::Source::Local < Gem::Source
-
   def initialize # :nodoc:
     @specs   = nil
     @api_uri = nil
     @uri     = nil
+    @load_specs_names = {}
   end
 
   ##
   # Local sorts before Gem::Source and after Gem::Source::Installed
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     case other
     when Gem::Source::Installed,
          Gem::Source::Lock then
@@ -33,50 +33,52 @@ class Gem::Source::Local < Gem::Source
     "#<%s specs: %p>" % [self.class, keys]
   end
 
-  def load_specs type # :nodoc:
-    names = []
-
-    @specs = {}
+  def load_specs(type) # :nodoc:
+    @load_specs_names[type] ||= begin
+      names = []
 
-    Dir["*.gem"].each do |file|
-      begin
-        pkg = Gem::Package.new(file)
-      rescue SystemCallError, Gem::Package::FormatError
-        # ignore
-      else
-        tup = pkg.spec.name_tuple
-        @specs[tup] = [File.expand_path(file), pkg]
+      @specs = {}
 
-        case type
-        when :released
-          unless pkg.spec.version.prerelease?
-            names << pkg.spec.name_tuple
-          end
-        when :prerelease
-          if pkg.spec.version.prerelease?
-            names << pkg.spec.name_tuple
-          end
-        when :latest
+      Dir["*.gem"].each do |file|
+        begin
+          pkg = Gem::Package.new(file)
+        rescue SystemCallError, Gem::Package::FormatError
+          # ignore
+        else
           tup = pkg.spec.name_tuple
-
-          cur = names.find { |x| x.name == tup.name }
-          if !cur
-            names << tup
-          elsif cur.version < tup.version
-            names.delete cur
-            names << tup
+          @specs[tup] = [File.expand_path(file), pkg]
+
+          case type
+          when :released
+            unless pkg.spec.version.prerelease?
+              names << pkg.spec.name_tuple
+            end
+          when :prerelease
+            if pkg.spec.version.prerelease?
+              names << pkg.spec.name_tuple
+            end
+          when :latest
+            tup = pkg.spec.name_tuple
+
+            cur = names.find {|x| x.name == tup.name }
+            if !cur
+              names << tup
+            elsif cur.version < tup.version
+              names.delete cur
+              names << tup
+            end
+          else
+            names << pkg.spec.name_tuple
           end
-        else
-          names << pkg.spec.name_tuple
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    names
+      names
+    end
   end
 
-  def find_gem gem_name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, # :nodoc:
-               prerelease = false
+  def find_gem(gem_name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, # :nodoc:
+               prerelease = false)
     load_specs :complete
 
     found = []
@@ -88,17 +90,17 @@ class Gem::Source::Local < Gem::Source
         if version.satisfied_by?(s.version)
           if prerelease
             found << s
-          elsif !s.version.prerelease?
+          elsif !s.version.prerelease? || version.prerelease?
             found << s
           end
         end
       end
     end
 
-    found.max_by { |s| s.version }
+    found.max_by {|s| s.version }
   end
 
-  def fetch_spec name # :nodoc:
+  def fetch_spec(name) # :nodoc:
     load_specs :complete
 
     if data = @specs[name]
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Local < Gem::Source
     end
   end
 
-  def download spec, cache_dir = nil # :nodoc:
+  def download(spec, cache_dir = nil) # :nodoc:
     load_specs :complete
 
     @specs.each do |name, data|
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ class Gem::Source::Local < Gem::Source
     raise Gem::Exception, "Unable to find file for '#{spec.full_name}'"
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[Local gems:', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.seplist @specs.keys do |v|
@@ -126,5 +128,4 @@ class Gem::Source::Local < Gem::Source
       end
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source/lock.rb b/lib/rubygems/source/lock.rb
index 86b16e964c..49f097467b 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source/lock.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source/lock.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 # dependency lock files.
 
 class Gem::Source::Lock < Gem::Source
-
   ##
   # The wrapped Gem::Source
 
@@ -15,11 +14,11 @@ class Gem::Source::Lock < Gem::Source
   # Creates a new Lock source that wraps +source+ and moves it earlier in the
   # sort list.
 
-  def initialize source
+  def initialize(source)
     @wrapped = source
   end
 
-  def <=> other # :nodoc:
+  def <=>(other) # :nodoc:
     case other
     when Gem::Source::Lock then
       @wrapped <=> other.wrapped
@@ -30,20 +29,22 @@ class Gem::Source::Lock < Gem::Source
     end
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     0 == (self <=> other)
   end
 
+  def hash # :nodoc:
+    @wrapped.hash ^ 3
+  end
+
   ##
   # Delegates to the wrapped source's fetch_spec method.
 
-  def fetch_spec name_tuple
+  def fetch_spec(name_tuple)
     @wrapped.fetch_spec name_tuple
   end
 
   def uri # :nodoc:
     @wrapped.uri
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source/specific_file.rb b/lib/rubygems/source/specific_file.rb
index 459c803e1a..24db1440dd 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source/specific_file.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source/specific_file.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # local gems.
 
 class Gem::Source::SpecificFile < Gem::Source
-
   ##
   # The path to the gem for this specific file.
 
@@ -27,22 +26,22 @@ class Gem::Source::SpecificFile < Gem::Source
 
   attr_reader :spec
 
-  def load_specs *a # :nodoc:
+  def load_specs(*a) # :nodoc:
     [@name]
   end
 
-  def fetch_spec name # :nodoc:
+  def fetch_spec(name) # :nodoc:
     return @spec if name == @name
     raise Gem::Exception, "Unable to find '#{name}'"
     @spec
   end
 
-  def download spec, dir = nil # :nodoc:
+  def download(spec, dir = nil) # :nodoc:
     return @path if spec == @spec
     raise Gem::Exception, "Unable to download '#{spec.full_name}'"
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.group 2, '[SpecificFile:', ']' do
       q.breakable
       q.text @path
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ class Gem::Source::SpecificFile < Gem::Source
   #
   # Otherwise Gem::Source#<=> is used.
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     case other
     when Gem::Source::SpecificFile then
       return nil if @spec.name != other.spec.name
@@ -69,5 +68,4 @@ class Gem::Source::SpecificFile < Gem::Source
       super
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source/vendor.rb b/lib/rubygems/source/vendor.rb
index e1b3698607..543acf1388 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source/vendor.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source/vendor.rb
@@ -3,15 +3,14 @@
 # This represents a vendored source that is similar to an installed gem.
 
 class Gem::Source::Vendor < Gem::Source::Installed
-
   ##
   # Creates a new Vendor source for a gem that was unpacked at +path+.
 
-  def initialize path
+  def initialize(path)
     @uri = path
   end
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     case other
     when Gem::Source::Lock then
       -1
@@ -23,6 +22,4 @@ class Gem::Source::Vendor < Gem::Source::Installed
       nil
     end
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb b/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb
index 66ce4d57ed..13b25b63dc 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source_list.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/source'
 
 ##
 # The SourceList represents the sources rubygems has been configured to use.
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ require 'rubygems/source'
 # The most common way to get a SourceList is Gem.sources.
 
 class Gem::SourceList
-
   include Enumerable
 
   ##
@@ -50,6 +48,8 @@ class Gem::SourceList
   # String.
 
   def <<(obj)
+    require "uri"
+
     src = case obj
           when URI
             Gem::Source.new(obj)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class Gem::SourceList
   # Yields each source URI in the list.
 
   def each
-    @sources.each { |s| yield s.uri.to_s }
+    @sources.each {|s| yield s.uri.to_s }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class Gem::SourceList
     @sources.empty?
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     to_a == other
   end
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class Gem::SourceList
   # Returns an Array of source URI Strings.
 
   def to_a
-    @sources.map { |x| x.uri.to_s }
+    @sources.map {|x| x.uri.to_s }
   end
 
   alias_method :to_ary, :to_a
@@ -133,18 +133,18 @@ class Gem::SourceList
     if other.kind_of? Gem::Source
       @sources.include? other
     else
-      @sources.find { |x| x.uri.to_s == other.to_s }
+      @sources.find {|x| x.uri.to_s == other.to_s }
     end
   end
 
   ##
   # Deletes +source+ from the source list which may be a Gem::Source or a URI.
 
-  def delete source
+  def delete(source)
     if source.kind_of? Gem::Source
       @sources.delete source
     else
-      @sources.delete_if { |x| x.uri.to_s == source.to_s }
+      @sources.delete_if {|x| x.uri.to_s == source.to_s }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source_local.rb b/lib/rubygems/source_local.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 07cb9e6e8f..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/source_local.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/source'
-require 'rubygems/source_local'
-
-# TODO warn upon require, this file is deprecated.
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source_specific_file.rb b/lib/rubygems/source_specific_file.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d42e6e7440..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/source_specific_file.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/source/specific_file'
-
-# TODO warn upon require, this file is deprecated.
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb b/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb
index 755d4be1eb..68ff605a83 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/spec_fetcher.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-require 'rubygems/errors'
-require 'rubygems/text'
-require 'rubygems/name_tuple'
+require_relative 'remote_fetcher'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
+require_relative 'errors'
+require_relative 'text'
+require_relative 'name_tuple'
 
 ##
 # SpecFetcher handles metadata updates from remote gem repositories.
 
 class Gem::SpecFetcher
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
   include Gem::Text
 
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
   # If you need to retrieve specifications from a different +source+, you can
   # send it as an argument.
 
-  def initialize sources = nil
+  def initialize(sources = nil)
     @sources = sources || Gem.sources
 
     @update_cache =
@@ -88,29 +87,18 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
 
     rejected_specs = {}
 
-    if dependency.prerelease?
-      if dependency.specific?
-        type = :complete
-      else
-        type = :abs_latest
-      end
-    elsif dependency.latest_version?
-      type = :latest
-    else
-      type = :released
-    end
+    list, errors = available_specs(dependency.identity)
 
-    list, errors = available_specs(type)
     list.each do |source, specs|
       if dependency.name.is_a?(String) && specs.respond_to?(:bsearch)
-        start_index = (0 ... specs.length).bsearch{ |i| specs[i].name >= dependency.name }
-        end_index   = (0 ... specs.length).bsearch{ |i| specs[i].name > dependency.name }
+        start_index = (0 ... specs.length).bsearch{|i| specs[i].name >= dependency.name }
+        end_index   = (0 ... specs.length).bsearch{|i| specs[i].name > dependency.name }
         specs = specs[start_index ... end_index] if start_index && end_index
       end
 
       found[source] = specs.select do |tup|
         if dependency.match?(tup)
-          if matching_platform and !Gem::Platform.match(tup.platform)
+          if matching_platform and !Gem::Platform.match_gem?(tup.platform, tup.name)
             pm = (
               rejected_specs[dependency] ||= \
                 Gem::PlatformMismatch.new(tup.name, tup.version))
@@ -133,12 +121,11 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
       end
     end
 
-    tuples = tuples.sort_by { |x| x[0] }
+    tuples = tuples.sort_by {|x| x[0] }
 
     return [tuples, errors]
   end
 
-
   ##
   # Return all gem name tuples who's names match +obj+
 
@@ -157,7 +144,6 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
     tuples
   end
 
-
   ##
   # Find and fetch specs that match +dependency+.
   #
@@ -184,26 +170,33 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
   # Suggests gems based on the supplied +gem_name+. Returns an array of
   # alternative gem names.
 
-  def suggest_gems_from_name gem_name
+  def suggest_gems_from_name(gem_name, type = :latest, num_results = 5)
     gem_name        = gem_name.downcase.tr('_-', '')
     max             = gem_name.size / 2
-    names           = available_specs(:latest).first.values.flatten(1)
+    names           = available_specs(type).first.values.flatten(1)
 
-    matches = names.map { |n|
+    matches = names.map do |n|
       next unless n.match_platform?
+      [n.name, 0] if n.name.downcase.tr('_-', '').include?(gem_name)
+    end.compact
+
+    if matches.length < num_results
+      matches += names.map do |n|
+        next unless n.match_platform?
+        distance = levenshtein_distance gem_name, n.name.downcase.tr('_-', '')
+        next if distance >= max
+        return [n.name] if distance == 0
+        [n.name, distance]
+      end.compact
+    end
 
-      distance = levenshtein_distance gem_name, n.name.downcase.tr('_-', '')
-
-      next if distance >= max
-
-      return [n.name] if distance == 0
-
-      [n.name, distance]
-    }.compact
-
-    matches = matches.uniq.sort_by { |name, dist| dist }
+    matches = if matches.empty? && type != :prerelease
+                suggest_gems_from_name gem_name, :prerelease
+              else
+                matches.uniq.sort_by {|name, dist| dist }
+              end
 
-    matches.first(5).map { |name, dist| name }
+    matches.map {|name, dist| name }.uniq.first(num_results)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -260,11 +253,9 @@ class Gem::SpecFetcher
 
   def tuples_for(source, type, gracefully_ignore=false) # :nodoc:
     @caches[type][source.uri] ||=
-      source.load_specs(type).sort_by { |tup| tup.name }
+      source.load_specs(type).sort_by {|tup| tup.name }
   rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
     raise unless gracefully_ignore
     []
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
index a2f289d162..b493a47ef0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #--
 # Copyright 2006 by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim Weirich and others.
 # All rights reserved.
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-
-require 'rubygems/version'
-require 'rubygems/requirement'
-require 'rubygems/platform'
-require 'rubygems/deprecate'
-require 'rubygems/basic_specification'
-require 'rubygems/stub_specification'
-require 'rubygems/util/list'
-require 'stringio'
+require_relative 'deprecate'
+require_relative 'basic_specification'
+require_relative 'stub_specification'
+require_relative 'specification_policy'
+require_relative 'util/list'
 
 ##
-# The Specification class contains the information for a Gem.  Typically
+# The Specification class contains the information for a gem.  Typically
 # defined in a .gemspec file or a Rakefile, and looks like this:
 #
 #   Gem::Specification.new do |s|
@@ -30,6 +26,7 @@ require 'stringio'
 #     s.email       = 'rubycoder@example.com'
 #     s.files       = ["lib/example.rb"]
 #     s.homepage    = 'https://rubygems.org/gems/example'
+#     s.metadata    = { "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/example/example" }
 #   end
 #
 # Starting in RubyGems 2.0, a Specification can hold arbitrary
@@ -37,6 +34,7 @@ require 'stringio'
 # items you may add to a specification.
 
 class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
+  extend Gem::Deprecate
 
   # REFACTOR: Consider breaking out this version stuff into a separate
   # module. There's enough special stuff around it that it may justify
@@ -79,19 +77,19 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     -1 => ['(RubyGems versions up to and including 0.7 did not have versioned specifications)'],
     1  => [
       'Deprecated "test_suite_file" in favor of the new, but equivalent, "test_files"',
-      '"test_file=x" is a shortcut for "test_files=[x]"'
+      '"test_file=x" is a shortcut for "test_files=[x]"',
     ],
-    2  => [
+    2 => [
       'Added "required_rubygems_version"',
       'Now forward-compatible with future versions',
     ],
     3 => [
-       'Added Fixnum validation to the specification_version'
+      'Added Fixnum validation to the specification_version',
     ],
     4 => [
-      'Added sandboxed freeform metadata to the specification version.'
-    ]
-  }
+      'Added sandboxed freeform metadata to the specification version.',
+    ],
+  }.freeze
 
   MARSHAL_FIELDS = { # :nodoc:
     -1 => 16,
@@ -99,14 +97,15 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
      2 => 16,
      3 => 17,
      4 => 18,
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
   today = Time.now.utc
   TODAY = Time.utc(today.year, today.month, today.day) # :nodoc:
 
-  LOAD_CACHE = {} # :nodoc:
+  @load_cache = {} # :nodoc:
+  @load_cache_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
 
-  private_constant :LOAD_CACHE if defined? private_constant
+  VALID_NAME_PATTERN = /\A[a-zA-Z0-9\.\-\_]+\z/.freeze # :nodoc:
 
   # :startdoc:
 
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     :autorequire               => nil,
     :bindir                    => 'bin',
     :cert_chain                => [],
-    :date                      => TODAY,
+    :date                      => nil,
     :dependencies              => [],
     :description               => nil,
     :email                     => nil,
@@ -148,38 +147,60 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     :required_ruby_version     => Gem::Requirement.default,
     :required_rubygems_version => Gem::Requirement.default,
     :requirements              => [],
-    :rubyforge_project         => nil,
     :rubygems_version          => Gem::VERSION,
     :signing_key               => nil,
     :specification_version     => CURRENT_SPECIFICATION_VERSION,
     :summary                   => nil,
     :test_files                => [],
     :version                   => nil,
-  }
+  }.freeze
 
-  Dupable = { } # :nodoc:
+  # rubocop:disable Style/MutableConstant
+  INITIALIZE_CODE_FOR_DEFAULTS = { } # :nodoc:
+  # rubocop:enable Style/MutableConstant
 
   @@default_value.each do |k,v|
-    case v
-    when Time, Numeric, Symbol, true, false, nil
-      Dupable[k] = false
-    else
-      Dupable[k] = true
+    INITIALIZE_CODE_FOR_DEFAULTS[k] = case v
+                                      when [], {}, true, false, nil, Numeric, Symbol
+                                        v.inspect
+                                      when String
+                                        v.dump
+                                      when Numeric
+                                        "default_value(:#{k})"
+                                      else
+                                        "default_value(:#{k}).dup"
+                                      end
+  end
+
+  @@attributes = @@default_value.keys.sort_by {|s| s.to_s }
+  @@array_attributes = @@default_value.reject {|k,v| v != [] }.keys
+  @@nil_attributes, @@non_nil_attributes = @@default_value.keys.partition do |k|
+    @@default_value[k].nil?
+  end
+
+  def self.clear_specs # :nodoc:
+    @@all_specs_mutex.synchronize do
+      @@all = nil
+      @@stubs = nil
+      @@stubs_by_name = {}
+      @@spec_with_requirable_file = {}
+      @@active_stub_with_requirable_file = {}
     end
   end
+  private_class_method :clear_specs
 
-  @@attributes = @@default_value.keys.sort_by { |s| s.to_s }
-  @@array_attributes = @@default_value.reject { |k,v| v != [] }.keys
-  @@nil_attributes, @@non_nil_attributes = @@default_value.keys.partition { |k|
-    @@default_value[k].nil?
-  }
+  @@all_specs_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
 
-  @@stubs_by_name = {}
+  clear_specs
 
   # Sentinel object to represent "not found" stubs
   NOT_FOUND = Struct.new(:to_spec, :this).new # :nodoc:
-  @@spec_with_requirable_file          = {}
-  @@active_stub_with_requirable_file   = {}
+
+  # Tracking removed method calls to warn users during build time.
+  REMOVED_METHODS = [:rubyforge_project=].freeze # :nodoc:
+  def removed_method_calls
+    @removed_method_calls ||= []
+  end
 
   ######################################################################
   # :section: Required gemspec attributes
@@ -207,65 +228,230 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   attr_reader :version
 
   ##
-  # Paths in the gem to add to <code>$LOAD_PATH</code> when this gem is
-  # activated.
-  #--
-  # See also #require_paths
-  #++
-  # If you have an extension you do not need to add <code>"ext"</code> to the
-  # require path, the extension build process will copy the extension files
-  # into "lib" for you.
+  # A short summary of this gem's description.  Displayed in `gem list -d`.
   #
-  # The default value is <code>"lib"</code>
+  # The #description should be more detailed than the summary.
   #
   # Usage:
   #
-  #   # If all library files are in the root directory...
-  #   spec.require_paths = ['.']
+  #   spec.summary = "This is a small summary of my gem"
 
-  def require_paths=(val)
-    @require_paths = Array(val)
+  attr_reader :summary
+
+  ##
+  # Files included in this gem.  You cannot append to this accessor, you must
+  # assign to it.
+  #
+  # Only add files you can require to this list, not directories, etc.
+  #
+  # Directories are automatically stripped from this list when building a gem,
+  # other non-files cause an error.
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #
+  #   require 'rake'
+  #   spec.files = FileList['lib/**/*.rb',
+  #                         'bin/*',
+  #                         '[A-Z]*'].to_a
+  #
+  #   # or without Rake...
+  #   spec.files = Dir['lib/**/*.rb'] + Dir['bin/*']
+  #   spec.files += Dir['[A-Z]*']
+  #   spec.files.reject! { |fn| fn.include? "CVS" }
+
+  def files
+    # DO NOT CHANGE TO ||= ! This is not a normal accessor. (yes, it sucks)
+    # DOC: Why isn't it normal? Why does it suck? How can we fix this?
+    @files = [@files,
+              @test_files,
+              add_bindir(@executables),
+              @extra_rdoc_files,
+              @extensions,
+             ].flatten.compact.uniq.sort
   end
 
   ##
-  # The version of RubyGems used to create this gem.
+  # A list of authors for this gem.
   #
-  # Do not set this, it is set automatically when the gem is packaged.
+  # Alternatively, a single author can be specified by assigning a string to
+  # `spec.author`
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #
+  #   spec.authors = ['John Jones', 'Mary Smith']
 
-  attr_accessor :rubygems_version
+  def authors=(value)
+    @authors = Array(value).flatten.grep(String)
+  end
+
+  ######################################################################
+  # :section: Recommended gemspec attributes
 
   ##
-  # A short summary of this gem's description.  Displayed in `gem list -d`.
+  # The version of Ruby required by this gem
   #
-  # The #description should be more detailed than the summary.
+  # Usage:
+  #
+  #   spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.7.0'
+
+  attr_reader :required_ruby_version
+
+  ##
+  # A long description of this gem
+  #
+  # The description should be more detailed than the summary but not
+  # excessively long.  A few paragraphs is a recommended length with no
+  # examples or formatting.
   #
   # Usage:
   #
-  #   spec.summary = "This is a small summary of my gem"
+  #   spec.description = <<-EOF
+  #     Rake is a Make-like program implemented in Ruby. Tasks and
+  #     dependencies are specified in standard Ruby syntax.
+  #   EOF
 
-  attr_reader :summary
+  attr_reader :description
+
+  ##
+  # A contact email address (or addresses) for this gem
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #
+  #   spec.email = 'john.jones@example.com'
+  #   spec.email = ['jack@example.com', 'jill@example.com']
+
+  attr_accessor :email
+
+  ##
+  # The URL of this gem's home page
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #
+  #   spec.homepage = 'https://github.com/ruby/rake'
+
+  attr_accessor :homepage
+
+  ##
+  # The license for this gem.
+  #
+  # The license must be no more than 64 characters.
+  #
+  # This should just be the name of your license. The full text of the license
+  # should be inside of the gem (at the top level) when you build it.
+  #
+  # The simplest way is to specify the standard SPDX ID
+  # https://spdx.org/licenses/ for the license.
+  # Ideally, you should pick one that is OSI (Open Source Initiative)
+  # http://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical approved.
+  #
+  # The most commonly used OSI-approved licenses are MIT and Apache-2.0.
+  # GitHub also provides a license picker at http://choosealicense.com/.
+  #
+  # You can also use a custom license file along with your gemspec and specify
+  # a LicenseRef-<idstring>, where idstring is the name of the file containing
+  # the license text.
+  #
+  # You should specify a license for your gem so that people know how they are
+  # permitted to use it and any restrictions you're placing on it.  Not
+  # specifying a license means all rights are reserved; others have no right
+  # to use the code for any purpose.
+  #
+  # You can set multiple licenses with #licenses=
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #   spec.license = 'MIT'
+
+  def license=(o)
+    self.licenses = [o]
+  end
 
   ##
-  # Singular writer for #authors
+  # The license(s) for the library.
+  #
+  # Each license must be a short name, no more than 64 characters.
+  #
+  # This should just be the name of your license. The full
+  # text of the license should be inside of the gem when you build it.
+  #
+  # See #license= for more discussion
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #   spec.licenses = ['MIT', 'GPL-2.0']
+
+  def licenses=(licenses)
+    @licenses = Array licenses
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # The metadata holds extra data for this gem that may be useful to other
+  # consumers and is settable by gem authors.
+  #
+  # Metadata items have the following restrictions:
+  #
+  # * The metadata must be a Hash object
+  # * All keys and values must be Strings
+  # * Keys can be a maximum of 128 bytes and values can be a maximum of 1024
+  #   bytes
+  # * All strings must be UTF-8, no binary data is allowed
+  #
+  # You can use metadata to specify links to your gem's homepage, codebase,
+  # documentation, wiki, mailing list, issue tracker and changelog.
+  #
+  #   s.metadata = {
+  #     "bug_tracker_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/issues",
+  #     "changelog_uri"     => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/CHANGELOG.md",
+  #     "documentation_uri" => "https://www.example.info/gems/bestgemever/0.0.1",
+  #     "homepage_uri"      => "https://bestgemever.example.io",
+  #     "mailing_list_uri"  => "https://groups.example.com/bestgemever",
+  #     "source_code_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever",
+  #     "wiki_uri"          => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/wiki"
+  #     "funding_uri"       => "https://example.com/donate"
+  #   }
+  #
+  # These links will be used on your gem's page on rubygems.org and must pass
+  # validation against following regex.
+  #
+  #   %r{\Ahttps?:\/\/([^\s:@]+:[^\s:@]*@)?[A-Za-z\d\-]+(\.[A-Za-z\d\-]+)+\.?(:\d{1,5})?([\/?]\S*)?\z}
+
+  attr_accessor :metadata
+
+  ######################################################################
+  # :section: Optional gemspec attributes
+
+  ##
+  # Singular (alternative) writer for #authors
   #
   # Usage:
   #
   #   spec.author = 'John Jones'
 
-  def author= o
+  def author=(o)
     self.authors = [o]
   end
 
   ##
-  # Sets the list of authors, ensuring it is an array.
+  # The path in the gem for executable scripts.  Usually 'bin'
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #
+  #   spec.bindir = 'bin'
+
+  attr_accessor :bindir
+
+  ##
+  # The certificate chain used to sign this gem.  See Gem::Security for
+  # details.
+
+  attr_accessor :cert_chain
+
+  ##
+  # A message that gets displayed after the gem is installed.
   #
   # Usage:
   #
-  #   spec.authors = ['John Jones', 'Mary Smith']
+  #   spec.post_install_message = "Thanks for installing!"
 
-  def authors= value
-    @authors = Array(value).flatten.grep(String)
-  end
+  attr_accessor :post_install_message
 
   ##
   # The platform this gem runs on.
@@ -290,9 +476,9 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #
   #   spec.platform = Gem::Platform.local
 
-  def platform= platform
+  def platform=(platform)
     if @original_platform.nil? or
-       @original_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY then
+       @original_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
       @original_platform = platform
     end
 
@@ -325,113 +511,37 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
-  # Files included in this gem.  You cannot append to this accessor, you must
-  # assign to it.
-  #
-  # Only add files you can require to this list, not directories, etc.
+  # Paths in the gem to add to <code>$LOAD_PATH</code> when this gem is
+  # activated.
+  #--
+  # See also #require_paths
+  #++
+  # If you have an extension you do not need to add <code>"ext"</code> to the
+  # require path, the extension build process will copy the extension files
+  # into "lib" for you.
   #
-  # Directories are automatically stripped from this list when building a gem,
-  # other non-files cause an error.
+  # The default value is <code>"lib"</code>
   #
   # Usage:
   #
-  #   require 'rake'
-  #   spec.files = FileList['lib/**/*.rb',
-  #                         'bin/*',
-  #                         '[A-Z]*',
-  #                         'test/**/*'].to_a
-  #
-  #   # or without Rake...
-  #   spec.files = Dir['lib/**/*.rb'] + Dir['bin/*']
-  #   spec.files += Dir['[A-Z]*'] + Dir['test/**/*']
-  #   spec.files.reject! { |fn| fn.include? "CVS" }
+  #   # If all library files are in the root directory...
+  #   spec.require_paths = ['.']
 
-  def files
-    # DO NOT CHANGE TO ||= ! This is not a normal accessor. (yes, it sucks)
-    # DOC: Why isn't it normal? Why does it suck? How can we fix this?
-    @files = [@files,
-              @test_files,
-              add_bindir(@executables),
-              @extra_rdoc_files,
-              @extensions,
-             ].flatten.compact.uniq.sort
+  def require_paths=(val)
+    @require_paths = Array(val)
   end
 
-  ######################################################################
-  # :section: Optional gemspec attributes
-
-  ##
-  # The path in the gem for executable scripts.  Usually 'bin'
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   spec.bindir = 'bin'
-
-  attr_accessor :bindir
-
-  ##
-  # The certificate chain used to sign this gem.  See Gem::Security for
-  # details.
-
-  attr_accessor :cert_chain
-
-  ##
-  # A long description of this gem
-  #
-  # The description should be more detailed than the summary but not
-  # excessively long.  A few paragraphs is a recommended length with no
-  # examples or formatting.
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   spec.description = <<-EOF
-  #     Rake is a Make-like program implemented in Ruby. Tasks and
-  #     dependencies are specified in standard Ruby syntax.
-  #   EOF
-
-  attr_reader :description
-
-  ##
-  # :category: Recommended gemspec attributes
-  #
-  # A contact email address (or addresses) for this gem
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   spec.email = 'john.jones@example.com'
-  #   spec.email = ['jack@example.com', 'jill@example.com']
-
-  attr_accessor :email
-
   ##
-  # :category: Recommended gemspec attributes
-  #
-  # The URL of this gem's home page
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   spec.homepage = 'https://github.com/ruby/rake'
+  # The RubyGems version required by this gem
 
-  attr_accessor :homepage
+  attr_reader :required_rubygems_version
 
   ##
-  # A message that gets displayed after the gem is installed.
-  #
-  # Usage:
+  # The version of RubyGems used to create this gem.
   #
-  #   spec.post_install_message = "Thanks for installing!"
-
-  attr_accessor :post_install_message
-
-  ##
-  # The version of Ruby required by this gem
-
-  attr_reader :required_ruby_version
-
-  ##
-  # The RubyGems version required by this gem
+  # Do not set this, it is set automatically when the gem is packaged.
 
-  attr_reader :required_rubygems_version
+  attr_accessor :rubygems_version
 
   ##
   # The key used to sign this gem.  See Gem::Security for details.
@@ -439,27 +549,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   attr_accessor :signing_key
 
   ##
-  # :attr_accessor: metadata
-  #
-  # The metadata holds extra data for this gem that may be useful to other
-  # consumers and is settable by gem authors without requiring an update to
-  # the rubygems software.
-  #
-  # Metadata items have the following restrictions:
-  #
-  # * The metadata must be a Hash object
-  # * All keys and values must be Strings
-  # * Keys can be a maximum of 128 bytes and values can be a maximum of 1024
-  #   bytes
-  # * All strings must be UTF-8, no binary data is allowed
-  #
-  # To add metadata for the location of a issue tracker:
-  #
-  #   s.metadata = { "issue_tracker" => "https://example/issues" }
-
-  attr_accessor :metadata
-
-  ##
   # Adds a development dependency named +gem+ with +requirements+ to this
   # gem.
   #
@@ -471,7 +560,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # activated when a gem is required.
 
   def add_development_dependency(gem, *requirements)
-    add_dependency_with_type(gem, :development, *requirements)
+    add_dependency_with_type(gem, :development, requirements)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -482,7 +571,11 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #   spec.add_runtime_dependency 'example', '~> 1.1', '>= 1.1.4'
 
   def add_runtime_dependency(gem, *requirements)
-    add_dependency_with_type(gem, :runtime, *requirements)
+    if requirements.uniq.size != requirements.size
+      warn "WARNING: duplicated #{gem} dependency #{requirements}"
+    end
+
+    add_dependency_with_type(gem, :runtime, requirements)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -550,61 +643,11 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Sets the version of RubyGems that installed this gem.  See also
   # #installed_by_version.
 
-  def installed_by_version= version # :nodoc:
+  def installed_by_version=(version) # :nodoc:
     @installed_by_version = Gem::Version.new version
   end
 
   ##
-  # :category: Recommended gemspec attributes
-  #
-  # The license for this gem.
-  #
-  # The license must be no more than 64 characters.
-  #
-  # This should just be the name of your license. The full text of the license
-  # should be inside of the gem (at the top level) when you build it.
-  #
-  # The simplest way, is to specify the standard SPDX ID
-  # https://spdx.org/licenses/ for the license.
-  # Ideally you should pick one that is OSI (Open Source Initiative)
-  # http://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical approved.
-  #
-  # The most commonly used OSI approved licenses are MIT and Apache-2.0.
-  # GitHub also provides a license picker at http://choosealicense.com/.
-  #
-  # You should specify a license for your gem so that people know how they are
-  # permitted to use it, and any restrictions you're placing on it.  Not
-  # specifying a license means all rights are reserved; others have no rights
-  # to use the code for any purpose.
-  #
-  # You can set multiple licenses with #licenses=
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #   spec.license = 'MIT'
-
-  def license=o
-    self.licenses = [o]
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # :category: Recommended gemspec attributes
-  # The license(s) for the library.
-  #
-  # Each license must be a short name, no more than 64 characters.
-  #
-  # This should just be the name of your license. The full
-  # text of the license should be inside of the gem when you build it.
-  #
-  # See #license= for more discussion
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #   spec.licenses = ['MIT', 'GPL-2.0']
-
-  def licenses= licenses
-    @licenses = Array licenses
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Specifies the rdoc options to be used when generating API documentation.
   #
   # Usage:
@@ -625,29 +668,30 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #   ruby 2.0.0p247 (2013-06-27 revision 41674) [x86_64-darwin12.4.0]
   #   #<Gem::Version "2.0.0.247">
   #
-  # Because patch-level is taken into account, be very careful specifying using
-  # `<=`: `<= 2.2.2` will not match any patch-level of 2.2.2 after the `p0`
-  # release. It is much safer to specify `< 2.2.3` instead
+  # Prereleases can also be specified.
   #
   # Usage:
   #
   #  # This gem will work with 1.8.6 or greater...
   #  spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.8.6'
   #
-  #  # Only with ruby 2.0.x
-  #  spec.required_ruby_version = '~> 2.0'
+  #  # Only with final releases of major version 2 where minor version is at least 3
+  #  spec.required_ruby_version = '~> 2.3'
   #
-  #  # Only with ruby between 2.2.0 and 2.2.2
-  #  spec.required_ruby_version = ['>= 2.2.0', '< 2.2.3']
+  #  # Only prereleases or final releases after 2.6.0.preview2
+  #  spec.required_ruby_version = '> 2.6.0.preview2'
+  #
+  #  # This gem will work with 2.3.0 or greater, including major version 3, but lesser than 4.0.0
+  #  spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.3', '< 4'
 
-  def required_ruby_version= req
+  def required_ruby_version=(req)
     @required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.create req
   end
 
   ##
   # The RubyGems version required by this gem
 
-  def required_rubygems_version= req
+  def required_rubygems_version=(req)
     @required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.create req
   end
 
@@ -672,7 +716,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #   spec.test_files = Dir.glob('test/tc_*.rb')
   #   spec.test_files = ['tests/test-suite.rb']
 
-  def test_files= files # :nodoc:
+  def test_files=(files) # :nodoc:
     @test_files = Array files
   end
 
@@ -699,6 +743,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Deprecated: You must now specify the executable name to  Gem.bin_path.
 
   attr_writer :default_executable
+  rubygems_deprecate :default_executable=
 
   ##
   # Allows deinstallation of gems with legacy platforms.
@@ -706,14 +751,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   attr_writer :original_platform # :nodoc:
 
   ##
-  # The rubyforge project this gem lives under.  i.e. RubyGems'
-  # rubyforge_project is "rubygems".
-  #
-  # This option is deprecated.
-
-  attr_accessor :rubyforge_project
-
-  ##
   # The Gem::Specification version of this gemspec.
   #
   # Do not set this, it is set automatically when the gem is packaged.
@@ -721,100 +758,45 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   attr_accessor :specification_version
 
   def self._all # :nodoc:
-    unless defined?(@@all) && @@all then
-      @@all = stubs.map(&:to_spec)
-
-      # After a reset, make sure already loaded specs
-      # are still marked as activated.
-      specs = {}
-      Gem.loaded_specs.each_value{|s| specs[s] = true}
-      @@all.each{|s| s.activated = true if specs[s]}
-    end
-    @@all
+    @@all_specs_mutex.synchronize { @@all ||= Gem.loaded_specs.values | stubs.map(&:to_spec) }
   end
 
-  def self._clear_load_cache # :nodoc:
-    LOAD_CACHE.clear
+  def self.clear_load_cache # :nodoc:
+    @load_cache_mutex.synchronize do
+      @load_cache.clear
+    end
   end
+  private_class_method :clear_load_cache
 
   def self.each_gemspec(dirs) # :nodoc:
     dirs.each do |dir|
-      Dir[File.join(dir, "*.gemspec")].each do |path|
-        yield path.untaint
+      Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("*.gemspec", dir).each do |path|
+        yield path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def self.gemspec_stubs_in dir, pattern
-    Dir[File.join(dir, pattern)].map { |path| yield path }.select(&:valid?)
+  def self.gemspec_stubs_in(dir, pattern)
+    Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir(pattern, dir).map {|path| yield path }.select(&:valid?)
   end
   private_class_method :gemspec_stubs_in
 
-  def self.default_stubs pattern
-    base_dir = Gem.default_dir
-    gems_dir = File.join base_dir, "gems"
-    gemspec_stubs_in(default_specifications_dir, pattern) do |path|
-      Gem::StubSpecification.default_gemspec_stub(path, base_dir, gems_dir)
-    end
-  end
-  private_class_method :default_stubs
-
-  def self.installed_stubs dirs, pattern
+  def self.installed_stubs(dirs, pattern)
     map_stubs(dirs, pattern) do |path, base_dir, gems_dir|
       Gem::StubSpecification.gemspec_stub(path, base_dir, gems_dir)
     end
   end
   private_class_method :installed_stubs
 
-  if [].respond_to? :flat_map
-    def self.map_stubs(dirs, pattern) # :nodoc:
-      dirs.flat_map { |dir|
-        base_dir = File.dirname dir
-        gems_dir = File.join base_dir, "gems"
-        gemspec_stubs_in(dir, pattern) { |path| yield path, base_dir, gems_dir }
-      }
-    end
-  else # FIXME: remove when 1.8 is dropped
-    def self.map_stubs(dirs, pattern) # :nodoc:
-      dirs.map { |dir|
-        base_dir = File.dirname dir
-        gems_dir = File.join base_dir, "gems"
-        gemspec_stubs_in(dir, pattern) { |path| yield path, base_dir, gems_dir }
-      }.flatten 1
+  def self.map_stubs(dirs, pattern) # :nodoc:
+    dirs.flat_map do |dir|
+      base_dir = File.dirname dir
+      gems_dir = File.join base_dir, "gems"
+      gemspec_stubs_in(dir, pattern) {|path| yield path, base_dir, gems_dir }
     end
   end
   private_class_method :map_stubs
 
-  uniq_takes_a_block = false
-  [1,2].uniq { uniq_takes_a_block = true }
-
-  if uniq_takes_a_block
-    def self.uniq_by(list, &block) # :nodoc:
-      list.uniq(&block)
-    end
-  else # FIXME: remove when 1.8 is dropped
-    def self.uniq_by(list) # :nodoc:
-      values = {}
-      list.each { |item|
-        value = yield item
-        values[value] ||= item
-      }
-      values.values
-    end
-  end
-  private_class_method :uniq_by
-
-  if [].respond_to? :sort_by!
-    def self.sort_by! list, &block
-      list.sort_by!(&block)
-    end
-  else # FIXME: remove when 1.8 is dropped
-    def self.sort_by! list, &block
-      list.replace list.sort_by(&block)
-    end
-  end
-  private_class_method :sort_by!
-
   def self.each_spec(dirs) # :nodoc:
     each_gemspec(dirs) do |path|
       spec = self.load path
@@ -828,47 +810,66 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   def self.stubs
     @@stubs ||= begin
       pattern = "*.gemspec"
-      stubs = default_stubs(pattern).concat installed_stubs(dirs, pattern)
-      stubs = uniq_by(stubs) { |stub| stub.full_name }
+      stubs = stubs_for_pattern(pattern, false)
 
-      _resort!(stubs)
-      @@stubs_by_name = stubs.group_by(&:name)
+      @@stubs_by_name = stubs.select {|s| Gem::Platform.match_spec? s }.group_by(&:name)
       stubs
     end
   end
 
-  EMPTY = [].freeze # :nodoc:
+  ##
+  # Returns a Gem::StubSpecification for default gems
+
+  def self.default_stubs(pattern = "*.gemspec")
+    base_dir = Gem.default_dir
+    gems_dir = File.join base_dir, "gems"
+    gemspec_stubs_in(Gem.default_specifications_dir, pattern) do |path|
+      Gem::StubSpecification.default_gemspec_stub(path, base_dir, gems_dir)
+    end
+  end
 
   ##
   # Returns a Gem::StubSpecification for installed gem named +name+
+  # only returns stubs that match Gem.platforms
 
-  def self.stubs_for name
+  def self.stubs_for(name)
     if @@stubs
       @@stubs_by_name[name] || []
     else
-      pattern = "#{name}-*.gemspec"
-      stubs = default_stubs(pattern) + installed_stubs(dirs, pattern)
-      stubs = uniq_by(stubs) { |stub| stub.full_name }.group_by(&:name)
-      stubs.each_value { |v| _resort!(v) }
-
-      @@stubs_by_name.merge! stubs
-      @@stubs_by_name[name] ||= EMPTY
+      @@stubs_by_name[name] ||= stubs_for_pattern("#{name}-*.gemspec").select do |s|
+        s.name == name
+      end
     end
   end
 
+  ##
+  # Finds stub specifications matching a pattern from the standard locations,
+  # optionally filtering out specs not matching the current platform
+  #
+  def self.stubs_for_pattern(pattern, match_platform = true) # :nodoc:
+    installed_stubs = installed_stubs(Gem::Specification.dirs, pattern)
+    installed_stubs.select! {|s| Gem::Platform.match_spec? s } if match_platform
+    stubs = installed_stubs + default_stubs(pattern)
+    stubs = stubs.uniq {|stub| stub.full_name }
+    _resort!(stubs)
+    stubs
+  end
+
   def self._resort!(specs) # :nodoc:
-    specs.sort! { |a, b|
+    specs.sort! do |a, b|
       names = a.name <=> b.name
       next names if names.nonzero?
-      b.version <=> a.version
-    }
+      versions = b.version <=> a.version
+      next versions if versions.nonzero?
+      b.platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY ? -1 : 1
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Loads the default specifications. It should be called only once.
 
   def self.load_defaults
-    each_spec([default_specifications_dir]) do |spec|
+    each_spec([Gem.default_specifications_dir]) do |spec|
       # #load returns nil if the spec is bad, so we just ignore
       # it at this stage
       Gem.register_default_spec(spec)
@@ -876,51 +877,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
-  # Adds +spec+ to the known specifications, keeping the collection
-  # properly sorted.
-
-  def self.add_spec spec
-    warn "Gem::Specification.add_spec is deprecated and will be removed in Rubygems 3.0" unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
-    # TODO: find all extraneous adds
-    # puts
-    # p :add_spec => [spec.full_name, caller.reject { |s| s =~ /minitest/ }]
-
-    # TODO: flush the rest of the crap from the tests
-    # raise "no dupes #{spec.full_name} in #{all_names.inspect}" if
-    #   _all.include? spec
-
-    raise "nil spec!" unless spec # TODO: remove once we're happy with tests
-
-    return if _all.include? spec
-
-    _all << spec
-    stubs << spec
-    (@@stubs_by_name[spec.name] ||= []) << spec
-    sort_by!(@@stubs_by_name[spec.name]) { |s| s.version }
-    _resort!(_all)
-    _resort!(stubs)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Adds multiple specs to the known specifications.
-
-  def self.add_specs *specs
-    warn "Gem::Specification.add_specs is deprecated and will be removed in Rubygems 3.0" unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
-
-    raise "nil spec!" if specs.any?(&:nil?) # TODO: remove once we're happy
-
-    # TODO: this is much more efficient, but we need the extra checks for now
-    # _all.concat specs
-    # _resort!
-
-    Gem::Deprecate.skip_during do
-      specs.each do |spec| # TODO: slow
-        add_spec spec
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Returns all specifications. This method is discouraged from use.
   # You probably want to use one of the Enumerable methods instead.
 
@@ -942,7 +898,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #
   # -- wilsonb
 
-  def self.all= specs
+  def self.all=(specs)
     @@stubs_by_name = specs.group_by(&:name)
     @@all = @@stubs = specs
   end
@@ -976,19 +932,19 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Return the directories that Specification uses to find specs.
 
   def self.dirs
-    @@dirs ||= Gem.path.collect { |dir|
-      File.join dir.dup.untaint, "specifications"
-    }
+    @@dirs ||= Gem.path.collect do |dir|
+      File.join dir.dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT), "specifications"
+    end
   end
 
   ##
   # Set the directories that Specification uses to find specs. Setting
   # this resets the list of known specs.
 
-  def self.dirs= dirs
+  def self.dirs=(dirs)
     self.reset
 
-    @@dirs = Array(dirs).map { |dir| File.join dir, "specifications" }
+    @@dirs = Array(dirs).map {|dir| File.join dir, "specifications" }
   end
 
   extend Enumerable
@@ -1008,7 +964,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Returns every spec that matches +name+ and optional +requirements+.
 
-  def self.find_all_by_name name, *requirements
+  def self.find_all_by_name(name, *requirements)
     requirements = Gem::Requirement.default if requirements.empty?
 
     # TODO: maybe try: find_all { |s| spec === dep }
@@ -1017,10 +973,17 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
+  # Returns every spec that has the given +full_name+
+
+  def self.find_all_by_full_name(full_name)
+    stubs.select {|s| s.full_name == full_name }.map(&:to_spec)
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Find the best specification matching a +name+ and +requirements+. Raises
   # if the dependency doesn't resolve to a valid specification.
 
-  def self.find_by_name name, *requirements
+  def self.find_by_name(name, *requirements)
     requirements = Gem::Requirement.default if requirements.empty?
 
     # TODO: maybe try: find { |s| spec === dep }
@@ -1031,11 +994,12 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Return the best specification that contains the file matching +path+.
 
-  def self.find_by_path path
+  def self.find_by_path(path)
     path = path.dup.freeze
-    spec = @@spec_with_requirable_file[path] ||= (stubs.find { |s|
+    spec = @@spec_with_requirable_file[path] ||= (stubs.find do |s|
+      next unless Gem::BundlerVersionFinder.compatible?(s)
       s.contains_requirable_file? path
-    } || NOT_FOUND)
+    end || NOT_FOUND)
     spec.to_spec
   end
 
@@ -1043,38 +1007,35 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Return the best specification that contains the file matching +path+
   # amongst the specs that are not activated.
 
-  def self.find_inactive_by_path path
-    stub = stubs.find { |s|
-      s.contains_requirable_file? path unless s.activated?
-    }
+  def self.find_inactive_by_path(path)
+    stub = stubs.find do |s|
+      next if s.activated?
+      next unless Gem::BundlerVersionFinder.compatible?(s)
+      s.contains_requirable_file? path
+    end
     stub && stub.to_spec
   end
 
-  def self.find_active_stub_by_path path
-    stub = @@active_stub_with_requirable_file[path] ||= (stubs.find { |s|
+  def self.find_active_stub_by_path(path)
+    stub = @@active_stub_with_requirable_file[path] ||= (stubs.find do |s|
       s.activated? and s.contains_requirable_file? path
-    } || NOT_FOUND)
+    end || NOT_FOUND)
     stub.this
   end
 
   ##
   # Return currently unresolved specs that contain the file matching +path+.
 
-  def self.find_in_unresolved path
-    # TODO: do we need these?? Kill it
-    specs = unresolved_deps.values.map { |dep| dep.to_specs }.flatten
-
-    specs.find_all { |spec| spec.contains_requirable_file? path }
+  def self.find_in_unresolved(path)
+    unresolved_specs.find_all {|spec| spec.contains_requirable_file? path }
   end
 
   ##
   # Search through all unresolved deps and sub-dependencies and return
   # specs that contain the file matching +path+.
 
-  def self.find_in_unresolved_tree path
-    specs = unresolved_deps.values.map { |dep| dep.to_specs }.flatten
-
-    specs.each do |spec|
+  def self.find_in_unresolved_tree(path)
+    unresolved_specs.each do |spec|
       spec.traverse do |from_spec, dep, to_spec, trail|
         if to_spec.has_conflicts? || to_spec.conficts_when_loaded_with?(trail)
           :next
@@ -1087,6 +1048,11 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     []
   end
 
+  def self.unresolved_specs
+    unresolved_deps.values.map {|dep| dep.to_specs }.flatten
+  end
+  private_class_method :unresolved_specs
+
   ##
   # Special loader for YAML files.  When a Specification object is loaded
   # from a YAML file, it bypasses the normal Ruby object initialization
@@ -1099,13 +1065,13 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     Gem.load_yaml
 
     input = normalize_yaml_input input
-    spec = YAML.load input
+    spec = Gem::SafeYAML.safe_load input
 
-    if spec && spec.class == FalseClass then
+    if spec && spec.class == FalseClass
       raise Gem::EndOfYAMLException
     end
 
-    unless Gem::Specification === spec then
+    unless Gem::Specification === spec
       raise Gem::Exception, "YAML data doesn't evaluate to gem specification"
     end
 
@@ -1119,56 +1085,58 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Return the latest specs, optionally including prerelease specs if
   # +prerelease+ is true.
 
-  def self.latest_specs prerelease = false
+  def self.latest_specs(prerelease = false)
     _latest_specs Gem::Specification._all, prerelease
   end
 
-  def self._latest_specs specs, prerelease = false # :nodoc:
-    result = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
-    native = {}
+  ##
+  # Return the latest installed spec for gem +name+.
+
+  def self.latest_spec_for(name)
+    latest_specs(true).find {|installed_spec| installed_spec.name == name }
+  end
+
+  def self._latest_specs(specs, prerelease = false) # :nodoc:
+    result = {}
 
     specs.reverse_each do |spec|
-      unless spec
-        raise Gem::Exception, "unexpectedly spec is nil: #{specs}"
-      end
       next if spec.version.prerelease? unless prerelease
 
-      native[spec.name] = spec.version if spec.platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
-      result[spec.name][spec.platform] = spec
+      result[spec.name] = spec
     end
 
-    result.map(&:last).map(&:values).flatten.reject { |spec|
-      minimum = native[spec.name]
-      minimum && spec.version < minimum
-    }.sort_by{ |tup| tup.name }
+    result.map(&:last).flatten.sort_by{|tup| tup.name }
   end
 
   ##
   # Loads Ruby format gemspec from +file+.
 
-  def self.load file
+  def self.load(file)
     return unless file
 
-    _spec = LOAD_CACHE[file]
+    _spec = @load_cache_mutex.synchronize { @load_cache[file] }
     return _spec if _spec
 
-    file = file.dup.untaint
+    file = file.dup.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
     return unless File.file?(file)
 
-    code = if defined? Encoding
-             File.read file, :mode => 'r:UTF-8:-'
-           else
-             File.read file
-           end
+    code = File.read file, :mode => 'r:UTF-8:-'
 
-    code.untaint
+    code.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
 
     begin
       _spec = eval code, binding, file
 
       if Gem::Specification === _spec
         _spec.loaded_from = File.expand_path file.to_s
-        LOAD_CACHE[file] = _spec
+        @load_cache_mutex.synchronize do
+          prev = @load_cache[file]
+          if prev
+            _spec = prev
+          else
+            @load_cache[file] = _spec
+          end
+        end
         return _spec
       end
 
@@ -1194,7 +1162,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def self.normalize_yaml_input(input)
     result = input.respond_to?(:read) ? input.read : input
-    result = "--- " + result unless result =~ /\A--- /
+    result = "--- " + result unless result.start_with?("--- ")
     result = result.dup
     result.gsub!(/ !!null \n/, " \n")
     # date: 2011-04-26 00:00:00.000000000Z
@@ -1211,7 +1179,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # version as well.
 
   def self.outdated
-    outdated_and_latest_version.map { |local, _| local.name }
+    outdated_and_latest_version.map {|local, _| local.name }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1232,7 +1200,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
         Gem::Dependency.new local_spec.name, ">= #{local_spec.version}"
 
       remotes, = fetcher.search_for_dependency dependency
-      remotes  = remotes.map { |n, _| n.version }
+      remotes  = remotes.map {|n, _| n.version }
 
       latest_remote = remotes.sort.last
 
@@ -1244,17 +1212,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
-  # Removes +spec+ from the known specs.
-
-  def self.remove_spec spec
-    warn "Gem::Specification.remove_spec is deprecated and will be removed in Rubygems 3.0" unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
-    _all.delete spec
-    stubs.delete_if { |s| s.full_name == spec.full_name }
-    (@@stubs_by_name[spec.name] || []).delete_if { |s| s.full_name == spec.full_name }
-    reset
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Is +name+ a required attribute?
 
   def self.required_attribute?(name)
@@ -1274,36 +1231,40 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def self.reset
     @@dirs = nil
-    Gem.pre_reset_hooks.each { |hook| hook.call }
-    @@all = nil
-    @@stubs = nil
-    @@stubs_by_name = {}
-    @@spec_with_requirable_file          = {}
-    @@active_stub_with_requirable_file   = {}
-    _clear_load_cache
+    Gem.pre_reset_hooks.each {|hook| hook.call }
+    clear_specs
+    clear_load_cache
     unresolved = unresolved_deps
-    unless unresolved.empty? then
+    unless unresolved.empty?
       w = "W" + "ARN"
-      warn "#{w}: Unresolved specs during Gem::Specification.reset:"
+      warn "#{w}: Unresolved or ambiguous specs during Gem::Specification.reset:"
       unresolved.values.each do |dep|
         warn "      #{dep}"
+
+        versions = find_all_by_name(dep.name)
+        unless versions.empty?
+          warn "      Available/installed versions of this gem:"
+          versions.each {|s| warn "      - #{s.version}" }
+        end
       end
-      warn "#{w}: Clearing out unresolved specs."
+      warn "#{w}: Clearing out unresolved specs. Try 'gem cleanup <gem>'"
       warn "Please report a bug if this causes problems."
       unresolved.clear
     end
-    Gem.post_reset_hooks.each { |hook| hook.call }
+    Gem.post_reset_hooks.each {|hook| hook.call }
   end
 
   # DOC: This method needs documented or nodoc'd
   def self.unresolved_deps
-    @unresolved_deps ||= Hash.new { |h, n| h[n] = Gem::Dependency.new n }
+    @unresolved_deps ||= Hash.new {|h, n| h[n] = Gem::Dependency.new n }
   end
 
   ##
   # Load custom marshal format, re-initializing defaults as needed
 
   def self._load(str)
+    Gem.load_yaml
+
     array = Marshal.load str
 
     spec = Gem::Specification.new
@@ -1311,7 +1272,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
     current_version = CURRENT_SPECIFICATION_VERSION
 
-    field_count = if spec.specification_version > current_version then
+    field_count = if spec.specification_version > current_version
                     spec.instance_variable_set :@specification_version,
                                                current_version
                     MARSHAL_FIELDS[current_version]
@@ -1319,14 +1280,14 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
                     MARSHAL_FIELDS[spec.specification_version]
                   end
 
-    if array.size < field_count then
+    if array.size < field_count
       raise TypeError, "invalid Gem::Specification format #{array.inspect}"
     end
 
     # Cleanup any YAML::PrivateType. They only show up for an old bug
     # where nil => null, so just convert them to nil based on the type.
 
-    array.map! { |e| e.kind_of?(YAML::PrivateType) ? nil : e }
+    array.map! {|e| e.kind_of?(YAML::PrivateType) ? nil : e }
 
     spec.instance_variable_set :@rubygems_version,          array[0]
     # spec version
@@ -1338,7 +1299,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     spec.instance_variable_set :@required_rubygems_version, array[7]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@original_platform,         array[8]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@dependencies,              array[9]
-    spec.instance_variable_set :@rubyforge_project,         array[10]
+    # offset due to rubyforge_project removal
     spec.instance_variable_set :@email,                     array[11]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@authors,                   array[12]
     spec.instance_variable_set :@description,               array[13]
@@ -1358,7 +1319,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     sort_obj <=> other.sort_obj
   end
 
-  def == other # :nodoc:
+  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other &&
       name == other.name &&
       version == other.version &&
@@ -1383,7 +1344,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
       @required_rubygems_version,
       @original_platform,
       @dependencies,
-      @rubyforge_project,
+      '', # rubyforge_project
       @email,
       @authors,
       @description,
@@ -1391,7 +1352,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
       true, # has_rdoc
       @new_platform,
       @licenses,
-      @metadata
+      @metadata,
     ]
   end
 
@@ -1403,7 +1364,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def activate
     other = Gem.loaded_specs[self.name]
-    if other then
+    if other
       check_version_conflict other
       return false
     end
@@ -1439,9 +1400,13 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
         raise e
       end
 
-      specs = spec_dep.to_specs
+      begin
+        specs = spec_dep.to_specs
+      rescue Gem::MissingSpecError => e
+        raise Gem::MissingSpecError.new(e.name, e.requirement, "at: #{self.spec_file}")
+      end
 
-      if specs.size == 1 then
+      if specs.size == 1
         specs.first.activate
       else
         name = spec_dep.name
@@ -1475,7 +1440,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     self.summary              = sanitize_string(summary)
     self.description          = sanitize_string(description)
     self.post_install_message = sanitize_string(post_install_message)
-    self.authors              = authors.collect { |a| sanitize_string(a) }
+    self.authors              = authors.collect {|a| sanitize_string(a) }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1487,13 +1452,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     # HACK the #to_s is in here because RSpec has an Array of Arrays of
     # Strings for authors.  Need a way to disallow bad values on gemspec
     # generation.  (Probably won't happen.)
-    string = string.to_s
-
-    begin
-      Builder::XChar.encode string
-    rescue NameError, NoMethodError
-      string.to_xs
-    end
+    string.to_s
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1503,8 +1462,8 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   def add_bindir(executables)
     return nil if executables.nil?
 
-    if @bindir then
-      Array(executables).map { |e| File.join(@bindir, e) }
+    if @bindir
+      Array(executables).map {|e| File.join(@bindir, e) }
     else
       executables
     end
@@ -1517,8 +1476,8 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # +requirements+.  Valid types are currently <tt>:runtime</tt> and
   # <tt>:development</tt>.
 
-  def add_dependency_with_type(dependency, type, *requirements)
-    requirements = if requirements.empty? then
+  def add_dependency_with_type(dependency, type, requirements)
+    requirements = if requirements.empty?
                      Gem::Requirement.default
                    else
                      requirements.flatten
@@ -1544,16 +1503,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
     paths = full_require_paths
 
-    # gem directories must come after -I and ENV['RUBYLIB']
-    insert_index = Gem.load_path_insert_index
-
-    if insert_index then
-      # gem directories must come after -I and ENV['RUBYLIB']
-      $LOAD_PATH.insert(insert_index, *paths)
-    else
-      # we are probably testing in core, -I and RUBYLIB don't apply
-      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*paths)
-    end
+    Gem.add_to_load_path(*paths)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1579,13 +1529,13 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # a full path.
 
   def bin_dir
-    @bin_dir ||= File.join gem_dir, bindir # TODO: this is unfortunate
+    @bin_dir ||= File.join gem_dir, bindir
   end
 
   ##
   # Returns the full path to an executable named +name+ in this gem.
 
-  def bin_file name
+  def bin_file(name)
     File.join bin_dir, name
   end
 
@@ -1595,7 +1545,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   def build_args
     if File.exist? build_info_file
       build_info = File.readlines build_info_file
-      build_info = build_info.map { |x| x.strip }
+      build_info = build_info.map {|x| x.strip }
       build_info.delete ""
       build_info
     else
@@ -1608,9 +1558,8 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # the gem.build_complete file is missing.
 
   def build_extensions # :nodoc:
-    return if default_gem?
     return if extensions.empty?
-    return if installed_by_version < Gem::Version.new('2.2.0.preview.2')
+    return if default_gem?
     return if File.exist? gem_build_complete_path
     return if !File.writable?(base_dir)
     return if !File.exist?(File.join(base_dir, 'extensions'))
@@ -1621,9 +1570,9 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
       unresolved_deps = Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.dup
       Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.clear
 
-      require 'rubygems/config_file'
-      require 'rubygems/ext'
-      require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+      require_relative 'config_file'
+      require_relative 'ext'
+      require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
       ui = Gem::SilentUI.new
       Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.use_ui ui do
@@ -1652,16 +1601,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
-  # Used to detect if the gem is bundled in older version of Ruby, but not
-  # detectable as default gem (see BasicSpecification#default_gem?).
-
-  def bundled_gem_in_old_ruby?
-    !default_gem? &&
-      RUBY_VERSION < "2.0.0" &&
-      summary == "This #{name} is bundled with Ruby"
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Returns the full path to the cache directory containing this
   # spec's cached gem.
 
@@ -1681,12 +1620,12 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def conflicts
     conflicts = {}
-    self.runtime_dependencies.each { |dep|
+    self.runtime_dependencies.each do |dep|
       spec = Gem.loaded_specs[dep.name]
       if spec and not spec.satisfies_requirement? dep
         (conflicts[spec] ||= []) << dep
       end
-    }
+    end
     env_req = Gem.env_requirement(name)
     (conflicts[self] ||= []) << env_req unless env_req.satisfied_by? version
     conflicts
@@ -1696,9 +1635,9 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # return true if there will be conflict when spec if loaded together with the list of specs.
 
   def conficts_when_loaded_with?(list_of_specs) # :nodoc:
-    result = list_of_specs.any? { |spec|
-      spec.dependencies.any? { |dep| dep.runtime? && (dep.name == name) && !satisfies_requirement?(dep) }
-    }
+    result = list_of_specs.any? do |spec|
+      spec.dependencies.any? {|dep| dep.runtime? && (dep.name == name) && !satisfies_requirement?(dep) }
+    end
     result
   end
 
@@ -1707,23 +1646,26 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def has_conflicts?
     return true unless Gem.env_requirement(name).satisfied_by?(version)
-    self.dependencies.any? { |dep|
-      if dep.runtime? then
+    self.dependencies.any? do |dep|
+      if dep.runtime?
         spec = Gem.loaded_specs[dep.name]
         spec and not spec.satisfies_requirement? dep
       else
         false
       end
-    }
+    end
   end
 
-  ##
-  # The date this gem was created.  Lazily defaults to the current UTC date.
+  # The date this gem was created.
   #
-  # There is no need to set this in your gem specification.
+  # If SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is set as an environment variable, use that to support
+  # reproducible builds; otherwise, default to the current UTC date.
+  #
+  # Details on SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:
+  # https://reproducible-builds.org/specs/source-date-epoch/
 
   def date
-    @date ||= TODAY
+    @date ||= Time.utc(*Gem.source_date_epoch.utc.to_a[3..5].reverse)
   end
 
   DateLike = Object.new # :nodoc:
@@ -1735,26 +1677,20 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     /\A
      (\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})
      (\s+ \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d+ \s* (Z | [-+]\d\d:\d\d) )?
-     \Z/x
+     \Z/x.freeze
 
   ##
   # The date this gem was created
   #
   # DO NOT set this, it is set automatically when the gem is packaged.
 
-  def date= date
+  def date=(date)
     # We want to end up with a Time object with one-day resolution.
     # This is the cleanest, most-readable, faster-than-using-Date
     # way to do it.
     @date = case date
             when String then
-              if DateTimeFormat =~ date then
-                Time.utc($1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i)
-
-              # Workaround for where the date format output from psych isn't
-              # parsed as a Time object by syck and thus comes through as a
-              # string.
-              elsif /\A(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2}) \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d+?Z\z/ =~ date then
+              if DateTimeFormat =~ date
                 Time.utc($1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i)
               else
                 raise(Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
@@ -1783,11 +1719,12 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     end
     result
   end
+  rubygems_deprecate :default_executable
 
   ##
   # The default value for specification attribute +name+
 
-  def default_value name
+  def default_value(name)
     @@default_value[name]
   end
 
@@ -1807,11 +1744,12 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #
   #   [depending_gem, dependency, [list_of_gems_that_satisfy_dependency]]
 
-  def dependent_gems
+  def dependent_gems(check_dev=true)
     out = []
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
-      spec.dependencies.each do |dep|
-        if self.satisfies_requirement?(dep) then
+      deps = check_dev ? spec.dependencies : spec.runtime_dependencies
+      deps.each do |dep|
+        if self.satisfies_requirement?(dep)
           sats = []
           find_all_satisfiers(dep) do |sat|
             sats << sat
@@ -1827,13 +1765,13 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Returns all specs that matches this spec's runtime dependencies.
 
   def dependent_specs
-    runtime_dependencies.map { |dep| dep.to_specs }.flatten
+    runtime_dependencies.map {|dep| dep.to_specs }.flatten
   end
 
   ##
   # A detailed description of this gem.  See also #summary
 
-  def description= str
+  def description=(str)
     @description = str.to_s
   end
 
@@ -1841,7 +1779,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # List of dependencies that are used for development
 
   def development_dependencies
-    dependencies.select { |d| d.type == :development }
+    dependencies.select {|d| d.type == :development }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1852,17 +1790,17 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #
   #   spec.doc_dir 'ri' # => "/path/to/gem_repo/doc/a-1/ri"
 
-  def doc_dir type = nil
+  def doc_dir(type = nil)
     @doc_dir ||= File.join base_dir, 'doc', full_name
 
-    if type then
+    if type
       File.join @doc_dir, type
     else
       @doc_dir
     end
   end
 
-  def encode_with coder # :nodoc:
+  def encode_with(coder) # :nodoc:
     mark_version
 
     coder.add 'name', @name
@@ -1883,7 +1821,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     end
   end
 
-  def eql? other # :nodoc:
+  def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
     self.class === other && same_attributes?(other)
   end
 
@@ -1897,34 +1835,28 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Singular accessor for #executables
 
-  def executable=o
+  def executable=(o)
     self.executables = [o]
   end
 
   ##
-  # Sets executables to +value+, ensuring it is an array. Don't
-  # use this, push onto the array instead.
+  # Sets executables to +value+, ensuring it is an array.
 
-  def executables= value
-    # TODO: warn about setting instead of pushing
+  def executables=(value)
     @executables = Array(value)
   end
 
   ##
-  # Sets extensions to +extensions+, ensuring it is an array. Don't
-  # use this, push onto the array instead.
+  # Sets extensions to +extensions+, ensuring it is an array.
 
-  def extensions= extensions
-    # TODO: warn about setting instead of pushing
+  def extensions=(extensions)
     @extensions = Array extensions
   end
 
   ##
-  # Sets extra_rdoc_files to +files+, ensuring it is an array. Don't
-  # use this, push onto the array instead.
+  # Sets extra_rdoc_files to +files+, ensuring it is an array.
 
-  def extra_rdoc_files= files
-    # TODO: warn about setting instead of pushing
+  def extra_rdoc_files=(files)
     @extra_rdoc_files = Array files
   end
 
@@ -1940,14 +1872,14 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Sets files to +files+, ensuring it is an array.
 
-  def files= files
+  def files=(files)
     @files = Array files
   end
 
   ##
   # Finds all gems that satisfy +dep+
 
-  def find_all_satisfiers dep
+  def find_all_satisfiers(dep)
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
       yield spec if spec.satisfies_requirement? dep
     end
@@ -1979,8 +1911,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   def gems_dir
-    # TODO: this logic seems terribly broken, but tests fail if just base_dir
-    @gems_dir ||= File.join(loaded_from && base_dir || Gem.dir, "gems")
+    @gems_dir ||= File.join(base_dir, "gems")
   end
 
   ##
@@ -1991,17 +1922,20 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   def has_rdoc # :nodoc:
     true
   end
+  rubygems_deprecate :has_rdoc
 
   ##
   # Deprecated and ignored.
   #
   # Formerly used to indicate this gem was RDoc-capable.
 
-  def has_rdoc= ignored # :nodoc:
+  def has_rdoc=(ignored) # :nodoc:
     @has_rdoc = true
   end
+  rubygems_deprecate :has_rdoc=
 
   alias :has_rdoc? :has_rdoc # :nodoc:
+  rubygems_deprecate :has_rdoc?
 
   ##
   # True if this gem has files in test_files
@@ -2018,17 +1952,31 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     name.hash ^ version.hash
   end
 
-  def init_with coder # :nodoc:
+  def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
     @installed_by_version ||= nil
     yaml_initialize coder.tag, coder.map
   end
 
+  eval <<-RUBY, binding, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+    # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+    def set_nil_attributes_to_nil
+      #{@@nil_attributes.map {|key| "@#{key} = nil" }.join "; "}
+    end
+    private :set_nil_attributes_to_nil
+
+    def set_not_nil_attributes_to_default_values
+      #{@@non_nil_attributes.map {|key| "@#{key} = #{INITIALIZE_CODE_FOR_DEFAULTS[key]}" }.join ";"}
+    end
+    private :set_not_nil_attributes_to_default_values
+  RUBY
+
   ##
   # Specification constructor. Assigns the default values to the attributes
   # and yields itself for further initialization.  Optionally takes +name+ and
   # +version+.
 
-  def initialize name = nil, version = nil
+  def initialize(name = nil, version = nil)
     super()
     @gems_dir              = nil
     @base_dir              = nil
@@ -2038,35 +1986,32 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     @original_platform = nil
     @installed_by_version = nil
 
-    @@nil_attributes.each do |key|
-      instance_variable_set "@#{key}", nil
-    end
-
-    @@non_nil_attributes.each do |key|
-      default = default_value(key)
-      value = Dupable[key] ? default.dup : default
-      instance_variable_set "@#{key}", value
-    end
+    set_nil_attributes_to_nil
+    set_not_nil_attributes_to_default_values
 
     @new_platform = Gem::Platform::RUBY
 
     self.name = name if name
     self.version = version if version
 
+    if platform = Gem.platforms.last and platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY and platform != Gem::Platform.local
+      self.platform = platform
+    end
+
     yield self if block_given?
   end
 
   ##
   # Duplicates array_attributes from +other_spec+ so state isn't shared.
 
-  def initialize_copy other_spec
+  def initialize_copy(other_spec)
     self.class.array_attributes.each do |name|
       name = :"@#{name}"
       next unless other_spec.instance_variable_defined? name
 
       begin
         val = other_spec.instance_variable_get(name)
-        if val then
+        if val
           instance_variable_set name, val.dup
         elsif Gem.configuration.really_verbose
           warn "WARNING: #{full_name} has an invalid nil value for #{name}"
@@ -2083,7 +2028,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def base_dir
     return Gem.dir unless loaded_from
-    @base_dir ||= if default_gem? then
+    @base_dir ||= if default_gem?
                     File.dirname File.dirname File.dirname loaded_from
                   else
                     File.dirname File.dirname loaded_from
@@ -2105,7 +2050,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     if $DEBUG
       super
     else
-      "#<#{self.class}:0x#{__id__.to_s(16)} #{full_name}>"
+      "#{super[0..-2]} #{full_name}>"
     end
   end
 
@@ -2155,11 +2100,17 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   ##
+  # Track removed method calls to warn about during build time.
   # Warn about unknown attributes while loading a spec.
 
   def method_missing(sym, *a, &b) # :nodoc:
+    if REMOVED_METHODS.include?(sym)
+      removed_method_calls << sym
+      return
+    end
+
     if @specification_version > CURRENT_SPECIFICATION_VERSION and
-      sym.to_s =~ /=$/ then
+      sym.to_s.end_with?("=")
       warn "ignoring #{sym} loading #{full_name}" if $DEBUG
     else
       super
@@ -2171,9 +2122,8 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # probably want to build_extensions
 
   def missing_extensions?
-    return false if default_gem?
     return false if extensions.empty?
-    return false if installed_by_version < Gem::Version.new('2.2.0.preview.2')
+    return false if default_gem?
     return false if File.exist? gem_build_complete_path
 
     true
@@ -2186,7 +2136,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   #   file list.
 
   def normalize
-    if defined?(@extra_rdoc_files) and @extra_rdoc_files then
+    if defined?(@extra_rdoc_files) and @extra_rdoc_files
       @extra_rdoc_files.uniq!
       @files ||= []
       @files.concat(@extra_rdoc_files)
@@ -2211,7 +2161,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # platform.  For use with legacy gems.
 
   def original_name # :nodoc:
-    if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY or platform.nil? then
+    if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY or platform.nil?
       "#{@name}-#{@version}"
     else
       "#{@name}-#{@version}-#{@original_platform}"
@@ -2243,12 +2193,13 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
       attributes.each do |attr_name|
         current_value = self.send attr_name
+        current_value = current_value.sort if %i[files test_files].include? attr_name
         if current_value != default_value(attr_name) or
-           self.class.required_attribute? attr_name then
+           self.class.required_attribute? attr_name
 
           q.text "s.#{attr_name} = "
 
-          if attr_name == :date then
+          if attr_name == :date
             current_value = current_value.utc
 
             q.text "Time.utc(#{current_value.year}, #{current_value.month}, #{current_value.day})"
@@ -2266,7 +2217,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Raise an exception if the version of this spec conflicts with the one
   # that is already loaded (+other+)
 
-  def check_version_conflict other # :nodoc:
+  def check_version_conflict(other) # :nodoc:
     return if self.version == other.version
 
     # This gem is already loaded.  If the currently loaded gem is not in the
@@ -2276,7 +2227,6 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
     e = Gem::LoadError.new msg
     e.name = self.name
-    # TODO: e.requirement = dep.requirement
 
     raise e
   end
@@ -2287,17 +2237,15 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Check the spec for possible conflicts and freak out if there are any.
 
   def raise_if_conflicts # :nodoc:
-    if has_conflicts? then
+    if has_conflicts?
       raise Gem::ConflictError.new self, conflicts
     end
   end
 
   ##
-  # Sets rdoc_options to +value+, ensuring it is an array. Don't
-  # use this, push onto the array instead.
+  # Sets rdoc_options to +value+, ensuring it is an array.
 
-  def rdoc_options= options
-    # TODO: warn about setting instead of pushing
+  def rdoc_options=(options)
     @rdoc_options = Array options
   end
 
@@ -2311,20 +2259,18 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Singular accessor for #require_paths
 
-  def require_path= path
+  def require_path=(path)
     self.require_paths = Array(path)
   end
 
   ##
-  # Set requirements to +req+, ensuring it is an array. Don't
-  # use this, push onto the array instead.
+  # Set requirements to +req+, ensuring it is an array.
 
-  def requirements= req
-    # TODO: warn about setting instead of pushing
+  def requirements=(req)
     @requirements = Array req
   end
 
-  def respond_to_missing? m, include_private = false # :nodoc:
+  def respond_to_missing?(m, include_private = false) # :nodoc:
     false
   end
 
@@ -2341,18 +2287,18 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def ruby_code(obj)
     case obj
-    when String            then obj.dump + ".freeze"
-    when Array             then '[' + obj.map { |x| ruby_code x }.join(", ") + ']'
-    when Hash              then
-      seg = obj.keys.sort.map { |k| "#{k.to_s.dump} => #{obj[k].to_s.dump}" }
+    when String             then obj.dump + ".freeze"
+    when Array              then '[' + obj.map {|x| ruby_code x }.join(", ") + ']'
+    when Hash               then
+      seg = obj.keys.sort.map {|k| "#{k.to_s.dump} => #{obj[k].to_s.dump}" }
       "{ #{seg.join(', ')} }"
-    when Gem::Version      then obj.to_s.dump
-    when DateLike          then obj.strftime('%Y-%m-%d').dump
-    when Time              then obj.strftime('%Y-%m-%d').dump
-    when Numeric           then obj.inspect
-    when true, false, nil  then obj.inspect
-    when Gem::Platform     then "Gem::Platform.new(#{obj.to_a.inspect})"
-    when Gem::Requirement  then
+    when Gem::Version       then obj.to_s.dump
+    when DateLike           then obj.strftime('%Y-%m-%d').dump
+    when Time               then obj.strftime('%Y-%m-%d').dump
+    when Numeric            then obj.inspect
+    when true, false, nil   then obj.inspect
+    when Gem::Platform      then "Gem::Platform.new(#{obj.to_a.inspect})"
+    when Gem::Requirement   then
       list = obj.as_list
       "Gem::Requirement.new(#{ruby_code(list.size == 1 ? obj.to_s : list)})"
     else raise Gem::Exception, "ruby_code case not handled: #{obj.class}"
@@ -2371,8 +2317,8 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # True if this gem has the same attributes as +other+.
 
-  def same_attributes? spec
-    @@attributes.all? { |name, default| self.send(name) == spec.send(name) }
+  def same_attributes?(spec)
+    @@attributes.all? {|name, default| self.send(name) == spec.send(name) }
   end
 
   private :same_attributes?
@@ -2380,7 +2326,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Checks if this specification meets the requirement of +dependency+.
 
-  def satisfies_requirement? dependency
+  def satisfies_requirement?(dependency)
     return @name == dependency.name &&
       dependency.requirement.satisfied_by?(@version)
   end
@@ -2427,7 +2373,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # A short summary of this gem's description.
 
-  def summary= str
+  def summary=(str)
     @summary = str.to_s.strip.
       gsub(/(\w-)\n[ \t]*(\w)/, '\1\2').gsub(/\n[ \t]*/, " ") # so. weird.
   end
@@ -2442,7 +2388,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   ##
   # Singular mutator for #test_files
 
-  def test_file= file # :nodoc:
+  def test_file=(file) # :nodoc:
     self.test_files = [file]
   end
 
@@ -2454,11 +2400,11 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     # Handle the possibility that we have @test_suite_file but not
     # @test_files.  This will happen when an old gem is loaded via
     # YAML.
-    if defined? @test_suite_file then
+    if defined? @test_suite_file
       @test_files = [@test_suite_file].flatten
       @test_suite_file = nil
     end
-    if defined?(@test_files) and @test_files then
+    if defined?(@test_files) and @test_files
       @test_files
     else
       @test_files = []
@@ -2482,7 +2428,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
     result << "  s.name = #{ruby_code name}"
     result << "  s.version = #{ruby_code version}"
-    unless platform.nil? or platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY then
+    unless platform.nil? or platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
       result << "  s.platform = #{ruby_code original_platform}"
     end
     result << ""
@@ -2503,46 +2449,42 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
       :version,
       :has_rdoc,
       :default_executable,
-      :metadata
+      :metadata,
+      :signing_key,
     ]
 
     @@attributes.each do |attr_name|
       next if handled.include? attr_name
       current_value = self.send(attr_name)
-      if current_value != default_value(attr_name) or
-         self.class.required_attribute? attr_name then
+      if current_value != default_value(attr_name) || self.class.required_attribute?(attr_name)
         result << "  s.#{attr_name} = #{ruby_code current_value}"
       end
     end
 
-    if @installed_by_version then
+    if String === signing_key
+      result << "  s.signing_key = #{signing_key.dump}.freeze"
+    end
+
+    if @installed_by_version
       result << nil
       result << "  s.installed_by_version = \"#{Gem::VERSION}\" if s.respond_to? :installed_by_version"
     end
 
-    unless dependencies.empty? then
+    unless dependencies.empty?
       result << nil
       result << "  if s.respond_to? :specification_version then"
       result << "    s.specification_version = #{specification_version}"
+      result << "  end"
       result << nil
 
-      result << "    if Gem::Version.new(Gem::VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new('1.2.0') then"
+      result << "  if s.respond_to? :add_runtime_dependency then"
 
       dependencies.each do |dep|
         req = dep.requirements_list.inspect
         dep.instance_variable_set :@type, :runtime if dep.type.nil? # HACK
-        result << "      s.add_#{dep.type}_dependency(%q<#{dep.name}>.freeze, #{req})"
-      end
-
-      result << "    else"
-
-      dependencies.each do |dep|
-        version_reqs_param = dep.requirements_list.inspect
-        result << "      s.add_dependency(%q<#{dep.name}>.freeze, #{version_reqs_param})"
+        result << "    s.add_#{dep.type}_dependency(%q<#{dep.name}>.freeze, #{req})"
       end
 
-      result << '    end'
-
       result << "  else"
       dependencies.each do |dep|
         version_reqs_param = dep.requirements_list.inspect
@@ -2579,44 +2521,38 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   end
 
   def to_yaml(opts = {}) # :nodoc:
-    if (YAML.const_defined?(:ENGINE) && !YAML::ENGINE.syck?) ||
-        (defined?(Psych) && YAML == Psych) then
-      # Because the user can switch the YAML engine behind our
-      # back, we have to check again here to make sure that our
-      # psych code was properly loaded, and load it if not.
-      unless Gem.const_defined?(:NoAliasYAMLTree)
-        require 'rubygems/psych_tree'
-      end
+    Gem.load_yaml
 
-      builder = Gem::NoAliasYAMLTree.create
-      builder << self
-      ast = builder.tree
+    # Because the user can switch the YAML engine behind our
+    # back, we have to check again here to make sure that our
+    # psych code was properly loaded, and load it if not.
+    unless Gem.const_defined?(:NoAliasYAMLTree)
+      require_relative 'psych_tree'
+    end
 
-      io = StringIO.new
-      io.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 if Object.const_defined? :Encoding
+    builder = Gem::NoAliasYAMLTree.create
+    builder << self
+    ast = builder.tree
 
-      Psych::Visitors::Emitter.new(io).accept(ast)
+    require 'stringio'
+    io = StringIO.new
+    io.set_encoding Encoding::UTF_8
 
-      io.string.gsub(/ !!null \n/, " \n")
-    else
-      YAML.quick_emit object_id, opts do |out|
-        out.map taguri, to_yaml_style do |map|
-          encode_with map
-        end
-      end
-    end
+    Psych::Visitors::Emitter.new(io).accept(ast)
+
+    io.string.gsub(/ !!null \n/, " \n")
   end
 
   ##
   # Recursively walk dependencies of this spec, executing the +block+ for each
   # hop.
 
-  def traverse trail = [], visited = {}, &block
+  def traverse(trail = [], visited = {}, &block)
     trail.push(self)
     begin
       dependencies.each do |dep|
         next unless dep.runtime?
-        dep.to_specs.each do |dep_spec|
+        dep.matching_specs(true).each do |dep_spec|
           next if visited.has_key?(dep_spec)
           visited[dep_spec] = true
           trail.push(dep_spec)
@@ -2628,7 +2564,7 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
           unless result == :next
             spec_name = dep_spec.name
             dep_spec.traverse(trail, visited, &block) unless
-              trail.any? { |s| s.name == spec_name }
+              trail.any? {|s| s.name == spec_name }
           end
         end
       end
@@ -2644,314 +2580,49 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # Raises InvalidSpecificationException if the spec does not pass the
   # checks..
 
-  def validate packaging = true
-    @warnings = 0
-    require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
-    extend Gem::UserInteraction
+  def validate(packaging = true, strict = false)
     normalize
 
-    nil_attributes = self.class.non_nil_attributes.find_all do |attrname|
-      instance_variable_get("@#{attrname}").nil?
-    end
-
-    unless nil_attributes.empty? then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-        "#{nil_attributes.join ', '} must not be nil"
-    end
-
-    if packaging and rubygems_version != Gem::VERSION then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            "expected RubyGems version #{Gem::VERSION}, was #{rubygems_version}"
-    end
-
-    @@required_attributes.each do |symbol|
-      unless self.send symbol then
-        raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-              "missing value for attribute #{symbol}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    unless String === name then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            "invalid value for attribute name: \"#{name.inspect}\""
-    end
-
-    if raw_require_paths.empty? then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            'specification must have at least one require_path'
-    end
-
-    @files.delete_if            { |x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
-    @test_files.delete_if       { |x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
-    @executables.delete_if      { |x| File.directory?(File.join(@bindir, x)) }
-    @extra_rdoc_files.delete_if { |x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
-    @extensions.delete_if       { |x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
-
-    non_files = files.reject { |x| File.file?(x) || File.symlink?(x) }
-
-    unless not packaging or non_files.empty? then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            "[\"#{non_files.join "\", \""}\"] are not files"
-    end
-
-    if files.include? file_name then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            "#{full_name} contains itself (#{file_name}), check your files list"
-    end
-
-    unless specification_version.is_a?(Integer)
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            'specification_version must be an Integer (did you mean version?)'
-    end
-
-    case platform
-    when Gem::Platform, Gem::Platform::RUBY then # ok
-    else
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            "invalid platform #{platform.inspect}, see Gem::Platform"
-    end
-
-    self.class.array_attributes.each do |field|
-      val = self.send field
-      klass = case field
-              when :dependencies
-                Gem::Dependency
-              else
-                String
-              end
-
-      unless Array === val and val.all? { |x| x.kind_of?(klass) } then
-        raise(Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-              "#{field} must be an Array of #{klass}")
-      end
-    end
-
-    [:authors].each do |field|
-      val = self.send field
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, "#{field} may not be empty" if
-        val.empty?
-    end
-
-    unless Hash === metadata
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-              'metadata must be a hash'
-    end
-
-    metadata.keys.each do |k|
-      if !k.kind_of?(String)
-        raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-                'metadata keys must be a String'
-      end
-
-      if k.size > 128
-        raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-                "metadata key too large (#{k.size} > 128)"
-      end
-    end
-
-    metadata.values.each do |k|
-      if !k.kind_of?(String)
-        raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-                'metadata values must be a String'
-      end
-
-      if k.size > 1024
-        raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-                "metadata value too large (#{k.size} > 1024)"
-      end
-    end
-
-    licenses.each { |license|
-      if license.length > 64
-        raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-          "each license must be 64 characters or less"
-      end
-
-      if !Gem::Licenses.match?(license)
-        suggestions = Gem::Licenses.suggestions(license)
-        message = <<-warning
-license value '#{license}' is invalid.  Use a license identifier from
-http://spdx.org/licenses or '#{Gem::Licenses::NONSTANDARD}' for a nonstandard license.
-        warning
-        message += "Did you mean #{suggestions.map { |s| "'#{s}'"}.join(', ')}?\n" unless suggestions.nil?
-        warning(message)
-      end
-    }
-
-    warning <<-warning if licenses.empty?
-licenses is empty, but is recommended.  Use a license identifier from
-http://spdx.org/licenses or '#{Gem::Licenses::NONSTANDARD}' for a nonstandard license.
-    warning
-
-    validate_permissions
-
-    # reject lazy developers:
-
-    lazy = '"FIxxxXME" or "TOxxxDO"'.gsub(/xxx/, '')
-
-    unless authors.grep(/FI XME|TO DO/x).empty? then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, "#{lazy} is not an author"
-    end
-
-    unless Array(email).grep(/FI XME|TO DO/x).empty? then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, "#{lazy} is not an email"
-    end
-
-    if description =~ /FI XME|TO DO/x then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, "#{lazy} is not a description"
-    end
-
-    if summary =~ /FI XME|TO DO/x then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, "#{lazy} is not a summary"
-    end
-
-    if homepage and not homepage.empty? and
-       homepage !~ /\A[a-z][a-z\d+.-]*:/i then
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
-            "\"#{homepage}\" is not a URI"
-    end
-
-    # Warnings
-
-    %w[author email homepage summary].each do |attribute|
-      value = self.send attribute
-      warning "no #{attribute} specified" if value.nil? or value.empty?
-    end
-
-    if description == summary then
-      warning 'description and summary are identical'
-    end
-
-    # TODO: raise at some given date
-    warning "deprecated autorequire specified" if autorequire
-
-    executables.each do |executable|
-      executable_path = File.join(bindir, executable)
-      shebang = File.read(executable_path, 2) == '#!'
-
-      warning "#{executable_path} is missing #! line" unless shebang
-    end
-
-    files.each do |file|
-      next unless File.symlink?(file)
-      warning "#{file} is a symlink, which is not supported on all platforms"
-    end
-
-    validate_dependencies
-
-    true
-  ensure
-    if $! or @warnings > 0 then
-      alert_warning "See http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/ for help"
-    end
+    validation_policy = Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self)
+    validation_policy.packaging = packaging
+    validation_policy.validate(strict)
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Checks that dependencies use requirements as we recommend.  Warnings are
-  # issued when dependencies are open-ended or overly strict for semantic
-  # versioning.
-
-  def validate_dependencies # :nodoc:
-    # NOTE: see REFACTOR note in Gem::Dependency about types - this might be brittle
-    seen = Gem::Dependency::TYPES.inject({}) { |types, type| types.merge({ type => {}}) }
-
-    error_messages = []
-    warning_messages = []
-    dependencies.each do |dep|
-      if prev = seen[dep.type][dep.name] then
-        error_messages << <<-MESSAGE
-duplicate dependency on #{dep}, (#{prev.requirement}) use:
-    add_#{dep.type}_dependency '#{dep.name}', '#{dep.requirement}', '#{prev.requirement}'
-        MESSAGE
-      end
-
-      seen[dep.type][dep.name] = dep
-
-      prerelease_dep = dep.requirements_list.any? do |req|
-        Gem::Requirement.new(req).prerelease?
-      end
-
-      warning_messages << "prerelease dependency on #{dep} is not recommended" if
-        prerelease_dep && !version.prerelease?
-
-      overly_strict = dep.requirement.requirements.length == 1 &&
-        dep.requirement.requirements.any? do |op, version|
-          op == '~>' and
-            not version.prerelease? and
-            version.segments.length > 2 and
-            version.segments.first != 0
-        end
-
-      if overly_strict then
-        _, dep_version = dep.requirement.requirements.first
-
-        base = dep_version.segments.first 2
-
-        warning_messages << <<-WARNING
-pessimistic dependency on #{dep} may be overly strict
-  if #{dep.name} is semantically versioned, use:
-    add_#{dep.type}_dependency '#{dep.name}', '~> #{base.join '.'}', '>= #{dep_version}'
-        WARNING
-      end
-
-      open_ended = dep.requirement.requirements.all? do |op, version|
-        not version.prerelease? and (op == '>' or op == '>=')
-      end
-
-      if open_ended then
-        op, dep_version = dep.requirement.requirements.first
-
-        base = dep_version.segments.first 2
-
-        bugfix = if op == '>' then
-                   ", '> #{dep_version}'"
-                 elsif op == '>=' and base != dep_version.segments then
-                   ", '>= #{dep_version}'"
-                 end
+  def keep_only_files_and_directories
+    @executables.delete_if      {|x| File.directory?(File.join(@bindir, x)) }
+    @extensions.delete_if       {|x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
+    @extra_rdoc_files.delete_if {|x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
+    @files.delete_if            {|x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
+    @test_files.delete_if       {|x| File.directory?(x) && !File.symlink?(x) }
+  end
 
-        warning_messages << <<-WARNING
-open-ended dependency on #{dep} is not recommended
-  if #{dep.name} is semantically versioned, use:
-    add_#{dep.type}_dependency '#{dep.name}', '~> #{base.join '.'}'#{bugfix}
-        WARNING
-      end
-    end
-    if error_messages.any?
-      raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, error_messages.join
-    end
-    if warning_messages.any?
-      warning_messages.each { |warning_message| warning warning_message }
-    end
+  def validate_metadata
+    Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self).validate_metadata
   end
+  rubygems_deprecate :validate_metadata
 
-  ##
-  # Checks to see if the files to be packaged are world-readable.
+  def validate_dependencies
+    Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self).validate_dependencies
+  end
+  rubygems_deprecate :validate_dependencies
 
   def validate_permissions
-    return if Gem.win_platform?
-
-    files.each do |file|
-      next unless File.file?(file)
-      next if File.stat(file).mode & 0444 == 0444
-      warning "#{file} is not world-readable"
-    end
-
-    executables.each do |name|
-      exec = File.join @bindir, name
-      next unless File.file?(exec)
-      next if File.stat(exec).executable?
-      warning "#{exec} is not executable"
-    end
+    Gem::SpecificationPolicy.new(self).validate_permissions
   end
+  rubygems_deprecate :validate_permissions
 
   ##
   # Set the version to +version+, potentially also setting
   # required_rubygems_version if +version+ indicates it is a
   # prerelease.
 
-  def version= version
+  def version=(version)
     @version = Gem::Version.create(version)
-    self.required_rubygems_version = '> 1.3.1' if @version.prerelease?
+    # skip to set required_ruby_version when pre-released rubygems.
+    # It caused to raise CircularDependencyError
+    if @version.prerelease? && (@name.nil? || @name.strip != "rubygems")
+      self.required_rubygems_version = '> 1.3.1'
+    end
     invalidate_memoized_attributes
 
     return @version
@@ -2966,9 +2637,9 @@ open-ended dependency on #{dep} is not recommended
       case ivar
       when "date"
         # Force Date to go through the extra coerce logic in date=
-        self.date = val.untaint
+        self.date = val.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
       else
-        instance_variable_set "@#{ivar}", val.untaint
+        instance_variable_set "@#{ivar}", val.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
       end
     end
 
@@ -2998,27 +2669,7 @@ open-ended dependency on #{dep} is not recommended
     @installed_by_version ||= nil
   end
 
-  def warning statement # :nodoc:
-    @warnings += 1
-
-    alert_warning statement
-  end
-
   def raw_require_paths # :nodoc:
     @require_paths
   end
-
-  extend Gem::Deprecate
-
-  # TODO:
-  # deprecate :has_rdoc,            :none,       2011, 10
-  # deprecate :has_rdoc?,           :none,       2011, 10
-  # deprecate :has_rdoc=,           :none,       2011, 10
-  # deprecate :default_executable,  :none,       2011, 10
-  # deprecate :default_executable=, :none,       2011, 10
-  # deprecate :file_name,           :cache_file, 2011, 10
-  # deprecate :full_gem_path,     :cache_file, 2011, 10
 end
-
-# DOC: What is this and why is it here, randomly, at the end of this file?
-Gem.clear_paths
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/specification_policy.rb b/lib/rubygems/specification_policy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73bd31970c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/specification_policy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
+
+class Gem::SpecificationPolicy
+  include Gem::UserInteraction
+
+  VALID_NAME_PATTERN = /\A[a-zA-Z0-9\.\-\_]+\z/.freeze # :nodoc:
+
+  SPECIAL_CHARACTERS = /\A[#{Regexp.escape('.-_')}]+/.freeze # :nodoc:
+
+  VALID_URI_PATTERN = %r{\Ahttps?:\/\/([^\s:@]+:[^\s:@]*@)?[A-Za-z\d\-]+(\.[A-Za-z\d\-]+)+\.?(:\d{1,5})?([\/?]\S*)?\z}.freeze # :nodoc:
+
+  METADATA_LINK_KEYS = %w[
+    bug_tracker_uri
+    changelog_uri
+    documentation_uri
+    homepage_uri
+    mailing_list_uri
+    source_code_uri
+    wiki_uri
+    funding_uri
+  ].freeze # :nodoc:
+
+  def initialize(specification)
+    @warnings = 0
+
+    @specification = specification
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # If set to true, run packaging-specific checks, as well.
+
+  attr_accessor :packaging
+
+  ##
+  # Does a sanity check on the specification.
+  #
+  # Raises InvalidSpecificationException if the spec does not pass the
+  # checks.
+  #
+  # It also performs some validations that do not raise but print warning
+  # messages instead.
+
+  def validate(strict = false)
+    validate_required!
+
+    validate_optional(strict) if packaging || strict
+
+    true
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Does a sanity check on the specification.
+  #
+  # Raises InvalidSpecificationException if the spec does not pass the
+  # checks.
+  #
+  # Only runs checks that are considered necessary for the specification to be
+  # functional.
+
+  def validate_required!
+    validate_nil_attributes
+
+    validate_rubygems_version
+
+    validate_required_attributes
+
+    validate_name
+
+    validate_require_paths
+
+    @specification.keep_only_files_and_directories
+
+    validate_non_files
+
+    validate_self_inclusion_in_files_list
+
+    validate_specification_version
+
+    validate_platform
+
+    validate_array_attributes
+
+    validate_authors_field
+
+    validate_metadata
+
+    validate_licenses_length
+
+    validate_lazy_metadata
+
+    validate_duplicate_dependencies
+  end
+
+  def validate_optional(strict)
+    validate_licenses
+
+    validate_permissions
+
+    validate_values
+
+    validate_dependencies
+
+    validate_extensions
+
+    validate_removed_attributes
+
+    if @warnings > 0
+      if strict
+        error "specification has warnings"
+      else
+        alert_warning help_text
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Implementation for Specification#validate_metadata
+
+  def validate_metadata
+    metadata = @specification.metadata
+
+    unless Hash === metadata
+      error 'metadata must be a hash'
+    end
+
+    metadata.each do |key, value|
+      entry = "metadata['#{key}']"
+      if !key.kind_of?(String)
+        error "metadata keys must be a String"
+      end
+
+      if key.size > 128
+        error "metadata key is too large (#{key.size} > 128)"
+      end
+
+      if !value.kind_of?(String)
+        error "#{entry} value must be a String"
+      end
+
+      if value.size > 1024
+        error "#{entry} value is too large (#{value.size} > 1024)"
+      end
+
+      if METADATA_LINK_KEYS.include? key
+        if value !~ VALID_URI_PATTERN
+          error "#{entry} has invalid link: #{value.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Checks that no duplicate dependencies are specified.
+
+  def validate_duplicate_dependencies # :nodoc:
+    # NOTE: see REFACTOR note in Gem::Dependency about types - this might be brittle
+    seen = Gem::Dependency::TYPES.inject({}) {|types, type| types.merge({ type => {}}) }
+
+    error_messages = []
+    @specification.dependencies.each do |dep|
+      if prev = seen[dep.type][dep.name]
+        error_messages << <<-MESSAGE
+duplicate dependency on #{dep}, (#{prev.requirement}) use:
+    add_#{dep.type}_dependency '#{dep.name}', '#{dep.requirement}', '#{prev.requirement}'
+        MESSAGE
+      end
+
+      seen[dep.type][dep.name] = dep
+    end
+    if error_messages.any?
+      error error_messages.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Checks that dependencies use requirements as we recommend.  Warnings are
+  # issued when dependencies are open-ended or overly strict for semantic
+  # versioning.
+
+  def validate_dependencies # :nodoc:
+    warning_messages = []
+    @specification.dependencies.each do |dep|
+      prerelease_dep = dep.requirements_list.any? do |req|
+        Gem::Requirement.new(req).prerelease?
+      end
+
+      warning_messages << "prerelease dependency on #{dep} is not recommended" if
+          prerelease_dep && !@specification.version.prerelease?
+
+      open_ended = dep.requirement.requirements.all? do |op, version|
+        not version.prerelease? and (op == '>' or op == '>=')
+      end
+
+      if open_ended
+        op, dep_version = dep.requirement.requirements.first
+
+        segments = dep_version.segments
+
+        base = segments.first 2
+
+        recommendation = if (op == '>' || op == '>=') && segments == [0]
+                           "  use a bounded requirement, such as '~> x.y'"
+                         else
+                           bugfix = if op == '>'
+                                      ", '> #{dep_version}'"
+                                    elsif op == '>=' and base != segments
+                                      ", '>= #{dep_version}'"
+                                    end
+
+                           "  if #{dep.name} is semantically versioned, use:\n" \
+                           "    add_#{dep.type}_dependency '#{dep.name}', '~> #{base.join '.'}'#{bugfix}"
+                         end
+
+        warning_messages << ["open-ended dependency on #{dep} is not recommended", recommendation].join("\n") + "\n"
+      end
+    end
+    if warning_messages.any?
+      warning_messages.each {|warning_message| warning warning_message }
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Issues a warning for each file to be packaged which is world-readable.
+  #
+  # Implementation for Specification#validate_permissions
+
+  def validate_permissions
+    return if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    @specification.files.each do |file|
+      next unless File.file?(file)
+      next if File.stat(file).mode & 0444 == 0444
+      warning "#{file} is not world-readable"
+    end
+
+    @specification.executables.each do |name|
+      exec = File.join @specification.bindir, name
+      next unless File.file?(exec)
+      next if File.stat(exec).executable?
+      warning "#{exec} is not executable"
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def validate_nil_attributes
+    nil_attributes = Gem::Specification.non_nil_attributes.select do |attrname|
+      @specification.instance_variable_get("@#{attrname}").nil?
+    end
+    return if nil_attributes.empty?
+    error "#{nil_attributes.join ', '} must not be nil"
+  end
+
+  def validate_rubygems_version
+    return unless packaging
+
+    rubygems_version = @specification.rubygems_version
+
+    return if rubygems_version == Gem::VERSION
+
+    error "expected RubyGems version #{Gem::VERSION}, was #{rubygems_version}"
+  end
+
+  def validate_required_attributes
+    Gem::Specification.required_attributes.each do |symbol|
+      unless @specification.send symbol
+        error "missing value for attribute #{symbol}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_name
+    name = @specification.name
+
+    if !name.is_a?(String)
+      error "invalid value for attribute name: \"#{name.inspect}\" must be a string"
+    elsif name !~ /[a-zA-Z]/
+      error "invalid value for attribute name: #{name.dump} must include at least one letter"
+    elsif name !~ VALID_NAME_PATTERN
+      error "invalid value for attribute name: #{name.dump} can only include letters, numbers, dashes, and underscores"
+    elsif name =~ SPECIAL_CHARACTERS
+      error "invalid value for attribute name: #{name.dump} can not begin with a period, dash, or underscore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_require_paths
+    return unless @specification.raw_require_paths.empty?
+
+    error 'specification must have at least one require_path'
+  end
+
+  def validate_non_files
+    return unless packaging
+
+    non_files = @specification.files.reject {|x| File.file?(x) || File.symlink?(x) }
+
+    unless non_files.empty?
+      error "[\"#{non_files.join "\", \""}\"] are not files"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_self_inclusion_in_files_list
+    file_name = @specification.file_name
+
+    return unless @specification.files.include?(file_name)
+
+    error "#{@specification.full_name} contains itself (#{file_name}), check your files list"
+  end
+
+  def validate_specification_version
+    return if @specification.specification_version.is_a?(Integer)
+
+    error 'specification_version must be an Integer (did you mean version?)'
+  end
+
+  def validate_platform
+    platform = @specification.platform
+
+    case platform
+    when Gem::Platform, Gem::Platform::RUBY # ok
+    else
+      error "invalid platform #{platform.inspect}, see Gem::Platform"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_array_attributes
+    Gem::Specification.array_attributes.each do |field|
+      validate_array_attribute(field)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_array_attribute(field)
+    val = @specification.send(field)
+    klass = case field
+            when :dependencies then
+              Gem::Dependency
+            else
+              String
+            end
+
+    unless Array === val and val.all? {|x| x.kind_of?(klass) }
+      error "#{field} must be an Array of #{klass}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_authors_field
+    return unless @specification.authors.empty?
+
+    error "authors may not be empty"
+  end
+
+  def validate_licenses_length
+    licenses = @specification.licenses
+
+    licenses.each do |license|
+      if license.length > 64
+        error "each license must be 64 characters or less"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_licenses
+    licenses = @specification.licenses
+
+    licenses.each do |license|
+      if !Gem::Licenses.match?(license)
+        suggestions = Gem::Licenses.suggestions(license)
+        message = <<-WARNING
+license value '#{license}' is invalid.  Use a license identifier from
+http://spdx.org/licenses or '#{Gem::Licenses::NONSTANDARD}' for a nonstandard license.
+        WARNING
+        message += "Did you mean #{suggestions.map {|s| "'#{s}'" }.join(', ')}?\n" unless suggestions.nil?
+        warning(message)
+      end
+    end
+
+    warning <<-WARNING if licenses.empty?
+licenses is empty, but is recommended.  Use a license identifier from
+http://spdx.org/licenses or '#{Gem::Licenses::NONSTANDARD}' for a nonstandard license.
+    WARNING
+  end
+
+  LAZY = '"FIxxxXME" or "TOxxxDO"'.gsub(/xxx/, '')
+  LAZY_PATTERN = /\AFI XME|\ATO DO/x.freeze
+  HOMEPAGE_URI_PATTERN = /\A[a-z][a-z\d+.-]*:/i.freeze
+
+  def validate_lazy_metadata
+    unless @specification.authors.grep(LAZY_PATTERN).empty?
+      error "#{LAZY} is not an author"
+    end
+
+    unless Array(@specification.email).grep(LAZY_PATTERN).empty?
+      error "#{LAZY} is not an email"
+    end
+
+    if @specification.description =~ LAZY_PATTERN
+      error "#{LAZY} is not a description"
+    end
+
+    if @specification.summary =~ LAZY_PATTERN
+      error "#{LAZY} is not a summary"
+    end
+
+    homepage = @specification.homepage
+
+    # Make sure a homepage is valid HTTP/HTTPS URI
+    if homepage and not homepage.empty?
+      require 'uri'
+      begin
+        homepage_uri = URI.parse(homepage)
+        unless [URI::HTTP, URI::HTTPS].member? homepage_uri.class
+          error "\"#{homepage}\" is not a valid HTTP URI"
+        end
+      rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+        error "\"#{homepage}\" is not a valid HTTP URI"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_values
+    %w[author homepage summary files].each do |attribute|
+      validate_attribute_present(attribute)
+    end
+
+    if @specification.description == @specification.summary
+      warning "description and summary are identical"
+    end
+
+    # TODO: raise at some given date
+    warning "deprecated autorequire specified" if @specification.autorequire
+
+    @specification.executables.each do |executable|
+      validate_shebang_line_in(executable)
+    end
+
+    @specification.files.select {|f| File.symlink?(f) }.each do |file|
+      warning "#{file} is a symlink, which is not supported on all platforms"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_attribute_present(attribute)
+    value = @specification.send attribute
+    warning("no #{attribute} specified") if value.nil? || value.empty?
+  end
+
+  def validate_shebang_line_in(executable)
+    executable_path = File.join(@specification.bindir, executable)
+    return if File.read(executable_path, 2) == '#!'
+
+    warning "#{executable_path} is missing #! line"
+  end
+
+  def validate_removed_attributes # :nodoc:
+    @specification.removed_method_calls.each do |attr|
+      warning("#{attr} is deprecated and ignored. Please remove this from your gemspec to ensure that your gem continues to build in the future.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_extensions # :nodoc:
+    require_relative 'ext'
+    builder = Gem::Ext::Builder.new(@specification)
+
+    rake_extension = @specification.extensions.any? {|s| builder.builder_for(s) == Gem::Ext::RakeBuilder }
+    rake_dependency = @specification.dependencies.any? {|d| d.name == 'rake' }
+
+    warning <<-WARNING if rake_extension && !rake_dependency
+You have specified rake based extension, but rake is not added as dependency. It is recommended to add rake as a dependency in gemspec since there's no guarantee rake will be already installed.
+    WARNING
+  end
+
+  def warning(statement) # :nodoc:
+    @warnings += 1
+
+    alert_warning statement
+  end
+
+  def error(statement) # :nodoc:
+    raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, statement
+  ensure
+    alert_warning help_text
+  end
+
+  def help_text # :nodoc:
+    "See https://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/ for help"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.global.ssl.fastly.net/DigiCertHighAssuranceEVRootCA.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.global.ssl.fastly.net/DigiCertHighAssuranceEVRootCA.pem
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e6810ab70..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.global.ssl.fastly.net/DigiCertHighAssuranceEVRootCA.pem
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDxTCCAq2gAwIBAgIQAqxcJmoLQJuPC3nyrkYldzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBs
-MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEVMBMGA1UEChMMRGlnaUNlcnQgSW5jMRkwFwYDVQQLExB3
-d3cuZGlnaWNlcnQuY29tMSswKQYDVQQDEyJEaWdpQ2VydCBIaWdoIEFzc3VyYW5j
-ZSBFViBSb290IENBMB4XDTA2MTExMDAwMDAwMFoXDTMxMTExMDAwMDAwMFowbDEL
-MAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxFTATBgNVBAoTDERpZ2lDZXJ0IEluYzEZMBcGA1UECxMQd3d3
-LmRpZ2ljZXJ0LmNvbTErMCkGA1UEAxMiRGlnaUNlcnQgSGlnaCBBc3N1cmFuY2Ug
-RVYgUm9vdCBDQTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAMbM5XPm
-+9S75S0tMqbf5YE/yc0lSbZxKsPVlDRnogocsF9ppkCxxLeyj9CYpKlBWTrT3JTW
-PNt0OKRKzE0lgvdKpVMSOO7zSW1xkX5jtqumX8OkhPhPYlG++MXs2ziS4wblCJEM
-xChBVfvLWokVfnHoNb9Ncgk9vjo4UFt3MRuNs8ckRZqnrG0AFFoEt7oT61EKmEFB
-Ik5lYYeBQVCmeVyJ3hlKV9Uu5l0cUyx+mM0aBhakaHPQNAQTXKFx01p8VdteZOE3
-hzBWBOURtCmAEvF5OYiiAhF8J2a3iLd48soKqDirCmTCv2ZdlYTBoSUeh10aUAsg
-EsxBu24LUTi4S8sCAwEAAaNjMGEwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgGGMA8GA1UdEwEB/wQF
-MAMBAf8wHQYDVR0OBBYEFLE+w2kD+L9HAdSYJhoIAu9jZCvDMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaA
-FLE+w2kD+L9HAdSYJhoIAu9jZCvDMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4IBAQAcGgaX3Nec
-nzyIZgYIVyHbIUf4KmeqvxgydkAQV8GK83rZEWWONfqe/EW1ntlMMUu4kehDLI6z
-eM7b41N5cdblIZQB2lWHmiRk9opmzN6cN82oNLFpmyPInngiK3BD41VHMWEZ71jF
-hS9OMPagMRYjyOfiZRYzy78aG6A9+MpeizGLYAiJLQwGXFK3xPkKmNEVX58Svnw2
-Yzi9RKR/5CYrCsSXaQ3pjOLAEFe4yHYSkVXySGnYvCoCWw9E1CAx2/S6cCZdkGCe
-vEsXCS+0yx5DaMkHJ8HSXPfqIbloEpw8nL+e/IBcm2PN7EeqJSdnoDfzAIJ9VNep
-+OkuE6N36B9K
------END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/AddTrustExternalCARoot.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/AddTrustExternalCARoot.pem
deleted file mode 100644
index 20585f1c01..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/AddTrustExternalCARoot.pem
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIENjCCAx6gAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBvMQswCQYDVQQGEwJTRTEU
-MBIGA1UEChMLQWRkVHJ1c3QgQUIxJjAkBgNVBAsTHUFkZFRydXN0IEV4dGVybmFs
-IFRUUCBOZXR3b3JrMSIwIAYDVQQDExlBZGRUcnVzdCBFeHRlcm5hbCBDQSBSb290
-MB4XDTAwMDUzMDEwNDgzOFoXDTIwMDUzMDEwNDgzOFowbzELMAkGA1UEBhMCU0Ux
-FDASBgNVBAoTC0FkZFRydXN0IEFCMSYwJAYDVQQLEx1BZGRUcnVzdCBFeHRlcm5h
-bCBUVFAgTmV0d29yazEiMCAGA1UEAxMZQWRkVHJ1c3QgRXh0ZXJuYWwgQ0EgUm9v
-dDCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBALf3GjPm8gAELTngTlvt
-H7xsD821+iO2zt6bETOXpClMfZOfvUq8k+0DGuOPz+VtUFrWlymUWoCwSXrbLpX9
-uMq/NzgtHj6RQa1wVsfwTz/oMp50ysiQVOnGXw94nZpAPA6sYapeFI+eh6FqUNzX
-mk6vBbOmcZSccbNQYArHE504B4YCqOmoaSYYkKtMsE8jqzpPhNjfzp/haW+710LX
-a0Tkx63ubUFfclpxCDezeWWkWaCUN/cALw3CknLa0Dhy2xSoRcRdKn23tNbE7qzN
-E0S3ySvdQwAl+mG5aWpYIxG3pzOPVnVZ9c0p10a3CitlttNCbxWyuHv77+ldU9U0
-WicCAwEAAaOB3DCB2TAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUrb2YejS0Jvf6xCZU7wO94CTLVBowCwYD
-VR0PBAQDAgEGMA8GA1UdEwEB/wQFMAMBAf8wgZkGA1UdIwSBkTCBjoAUrb2YejS0
-Jvf6xCZU7wO94CTLVBqhc6RxMG8xCzAJBgNVBAYTAlNFMRQwEgYDVQQKEwtBZGRU
-cnVzdCBBQjEmMCQGA1UECxMdQWRkVHJ1c3QgRXh0ZXJuYWwgVFRQIE5ldHdvcmsx
-IjAgBgNVBAMTGUFkZFRydXN0IEV4dGVybmFsIENBIFJvb3SCAQEwDQYJKoZIhvcN
-AQEFBQADggEBALCb4IUlwtYj4g+WBpKdQZic2YR5gdkeWxQHIzZlj7DYd7usQWxH
-YINRsPkyPef89iYTx4AWpb9a/IfPeHmJIZriTAcKhjW88t5RxNKWt9x+Tu5w/Rw5
-6wwCURQtjr0W4MHfRnXnJK3s9EK0hZNwEGe6nQY1ShjTK3rMUUKhemPR5ruhxSvC
-Nr4TDea9Y355e6cJDUCrat2PisP29owaQgVR1EX1n6diIWgVIEM8med8vSTYqZEX
-c4g/VhsxOBi0cQ+azcgOno4uG+GMmIPLHzHxREzGBHNJdmAPx/i9F4BrLunMTA5a
-mnkPIAou1Z5jJh5VkpTYghdae9C8x49OhgQ=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/index.rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA.pem
index f4ce4ca43d..f4ce4ca43d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/index.rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA.pem
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA.pem
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA_R3.pem b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA_R3.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8afb219058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/ssl_certs/rubygems.org/GlobalSignRootCA_R3.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/stub_specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/stub_specification.rb
index b741843124..4246f9de86 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/stub_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/stub_specification.rb
@@ -6,14 +6,10 @@
 
 class Gem::StubSpecification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # :nodoc:
-  PREFIX = "# stub: "
+  PREFIX = "# stub: ".freeze
 
-  OPEN_MODE = # :nodoc:
-    if Object.const_defined? :Encoding then
-      'r:UTF-8:-'
-    else
-      'r'
-    end
+  # :nodoc:
+  OPEN_MODE = 'r:UTF-8:-'.freeze
 
   class StubLine # :nodoc: all
     attr_reader :name, :version, :platform, :require_paths, :extensions,
@@ -26,17 +22,17 @@ class Gem::StubSpecification < Gem::BasicSpecification
       'lib'  => 'lib'.freeze,
       'test' => 'test'.freeze,
       'ext'  => 'ext'.freeze,
-    }
+    }.freeze
 
     # These are common require path lists.  This hash is used to optimize
     # and consolidate require_path objects.  Most specs just specify "lib"
     # in their require paths, so lets take advantage of that by pre-allocating
     # a require path list for that case.
     REQUIRE_PATH_LIST = { # :nodoc:
-      'lib' => ['lib'].freeze
-    }
+      'lib' => ['lib'].freeze,
+    }.freeze
 
-    def initialize data, extensions
+    def initialize(data, extensions)
       parts          = data[PREFIX.length..-1].split(" ".freeze, 4)
       @name          = parts[0].freeze
       @version       = if Gem::Version.correct?(parts[1])
@@ -54,25 +50,25 @@ class Gem::StubSpecification < Gem::BasicSpecification
                        end
 
       path_list = parts.last
-      @require_paths = REQUIRE_PATH_LIST[path_list] || path_list.split("\0".freeze).map! { |x|
+      @require_paths = REQUIRE_PATH_LIST[path_list] || path_list.split("\0".freeze).map! do |x|
         REQUIRE_PATHS[x] || x
-      }
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  def self.default_gemspec_stub filename, base_dir, gems_dir
+  def self.default_gemspec_stub(filename, base_dir, gems_dir)
     new filename, base_dir, gems_dir, true
   end
 
-  def self.gemspec_stub filename, base_dir, gems_dir
+  def self.gemspec_stub(filename, base_dir, gems_dir)
     new filename, base_dir, gems_dir, false
   end
 
   attr_reader :base_dir, :gems_dir
 
-  def initialize filename, base_dir, gems_dir, default_gem
+  def initialize(filename, base_dir, gems_dir, default_gem)
     super()
-    filename.untaint
+    filename.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
 
     self.loaded_from = filename
     @data            = nil
@@ -113,11 +109,12 @@ class Gem::StubSpecification < Gem::BasicSpecification
     unless @data
       begin
         saved_lineno = $.
-        open loaded_from, OPEN_MODE do |file|
+
+        File.open loaded_from, OPEN_MODE do |file|
           begin
             file.readline # discard encoding line
             stubline = file.readline.chomp
-            if stubline.start_with?(PREFIX) then
+            if stubline.start_with?(PREFIX)
               extensions = if /\A#{PREFIX}/ =~ file.readline.chomp
                              $'.split "\0"
                            else
@@ -187,10 +184,9 @@ class Gem::StubSpecification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   # The full Gem::Specification for this gem, loaded from evalling its gemspec
 
   def to_spec
-    @spec ||= if @data then
-                Gem.loaded_specs.values.find { |spec|
-                  spec.name == name and spec.version == version
-                }
+    @spec ||= if @data
+                loaded = Gem.loaded_specs[name]
+                loaded if loaded && loaded.version == version
               end
 
     @spec ||= Gem::Specification.load(loaded_from)
@@ -213,5 +209,4 @@ class Gem::StubSpecification < Gem::BasicSpecification
   def stubbed?
     data.is_a? StubLine
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/syck_hack.rb b/lib/rubygems/syck_hack.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 051483eac8..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/syck_hack.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-# :stopdoc:
-
-# Hack to handle syck's DefaultKey bug
-#
-# This file is always loaded AFTER either syck or psych are already
-# loaded. It then looks at what constants are available and creates
-# a consistent view on all rubys.
-#
-# All this is so that there is always a YAML::Syck::DefaultKey
-# class no matter if the full yaml library has loaded or not.
-#
-
-module YAML # :nodoc:
-  # In newer 1.9.2, there is a Syck toplevel constant instead of it
-  # being underneath YAML. If so, reference it back under YAML as
-  # well.
-  if defined? ::Syck
-    # for tests that change YAML::ENGINE
-    # 1.8 does not support the second argument to const_defined?
-    remove_const :Syck rescue nil
-
-    Syck = ::Syck
-
-  # JRuby's "Syck" is called "Yecht"
-  elsif defined? YAML::Yecht
-    Syck = YAML::Yecht
-
-  # Otherwise, if there is no YAML::Syck, then we've got just psych
-  # loaded, so lets define a stub for DefaultKey.
-  elsif !defined? YAML::Syck
-    module Syck
-      class DefaultKey # :nodoc:
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Now that we've got something that is always here, define #to_s
-  # so when code tries to use this, it at least just shows up like it
-  # should.
-  module Syck
-    class DefaultKey
-      remove_method :to_s rescue nil
-
-      def to_s
-        '='
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  SyntaxError = Error unless defined? SyntaxError
-end
-
-# Sometime in the 1.9 dev cycle, the Syck constant was moved from under YAML
-# to be a toplevel constant. So gemspecs created under these versions of Syck
-# will have references to Syck::DefaultKey.
-#
-# So we need to be sure that we reference Syck at the toplevel too so that
-# we can always load these kind of gemspecs.
-#
-if !defined?(Syck)
-  Syck = YAML::Syck
-end
-
-# Now that we've got Syck setup in all the right places, store
-# a reference to the DefaultKey class inside Gem. We do this so that
-# if later on YAML, etc are redefined, we've still got a consistent
-# place to find the DefaultKey class for comparison.
-
-module Gem
-  # for tests that change YAML::ENGINE
-  remove_const :SyckDefaultKey if const_defined? :SyckDefaultKey
-
-  SyckDefaultKey = YAML::Syck::DefaultKey
-end
-
-# :startdoc:
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/test_case.rb b/lib/rubygems/test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 86b68e1efb..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1516 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-# TODO: $SAFE = 1
-
-begin
-  gem 'minitest', '~> 4.0'
-rescue NoMethodError, Gem::LoadError
-  # for ruby tests
-end
-
-if defined? Gem::QuickLoader
-  Gem::QuickLoader.load_full_rubygems_library
-else
-  require 'rubygems'
-end
-
-begin
-  gem 'minitest'
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
-
-# We have to load these up front because otherwise we'll try to load
-# them while we're testing rubygems, and thus we can't actually load them.
-unless Gem::Dependency.new('rdoc', '>= 3.10').matching_specs.empty?
-  gem 'rdoc'
-  gem 'json'
-end
-
-require 'minitest/autorun'
-
-require 'rubygems/deprecate'
-
-require 'fileutils'
-require 'pathname'
-require 'pp'
-require 'rubygems/package'
-require 'shellwords'
-require 'tmpdir'
-require 'uri'
-require 'zlib'
-require 'benchmark' # stdlib
-require 'rubygems/mock_gem_ui'
-
-module Gem
-
-  ##
-  # Allows setting the gem path searcher.  This method is available when
-  # requiring 'rubygems/test_case'
-
-  def self.searcher=(searcher)
-    @searcher = searcher
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Allows toggling Windows behavior.  This method is available when requiring
-  # 'rubygems/test_case'
-
-  def self.win_platform=(val)
-    @@win_platform = val
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Allows setting path to Ruby.  This method is available when requiring
-  # 'rubygems/test_case'
-
-  def self.ruby= ruby
-    @ruby = ruby
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # When rubygems/test_case is required the default user interaction is a
-  # MockGemUi.
-
-  module DefaultUserInteraction
-    @ui = Gem::MockGemUi.new
-  end
-end
-
-##
-# RubyGemTestCase provides a variety of methods for testing rubygems and
-# gem-related behavior in a sandbox.  Through RubyGemTestCase you can install
-# and uninstall gems, fetch remote gems through a stub fetcher and be assured
-# your normal set of gems is not affected.
-#
-# Tests are always run at a safe level of 1.
-
-class Gem::TestCase < MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
-
-  attr_accessor :fetcher # :nodoc:
-
-  attr_accessor :gem_repo # :nodoc:
-
-  attr_accessor :uri # :nodoc:
-
-  def assert_activate expected, *specs
-    specs.each do |spec|
-      case spec
-      when String then
-        Gem::Specification.find_by_name(spec).activate
-      when Gem::Specification then
-        spec.activate
-      else
-        flunk spec.inspect
-      end
-    end
-
-    loaded = Gem.loaded_specs.values.map(&:full_name)
-
-    assert_equal expected.sort, loaded.sort if expected
-  end
-
-  # TODO: move to minitest
-  def assert_path_exists path, msg = nil
-    msg = message(msg) { "Expected path '#{path}' to exist" }
-    assert File.exist?(path), msg
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Sets the ENABLE_SHARED entry in RbConfig::CONFIG to +value+ and restores
-  # the original value when the block ends
-
-  def enable_shared value
-    enable_shared = RbConfig::CONFIG['ENABLE_SHARED']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['ENABLE_SHARED'] = value
-
-    yield
-  ensure
-    if enable_shared then
-      RbConfig::CONFIG['enable_shared'] = enable_shared
-    else
-      RbConfig::CONFIG.delete 'enable_shared'
-    end
-  end
-
-  # TODO: move to minitest
-  def refute_path_exists path, msg = nil
-    msg = message(msg) { "Expected path '#{path}' to not exist" }
-    refute File.exist?(path), msg
-  end
-
-  def scan_make_command_lines(output)
-    output.scan(/^#{Regexp.escape make_command}(?:[[:blank:]].*)?$/)
-  end
-
-  def parse_make_command_line(line)
-    command, *args = line.shellsplit
-
-    targets = []
-    macros = {}
-
-    args.each do |arg|
-      case arg
-      when /\A(\w+)=/
-        macros[$1] = $'
-      else
-        targets << arg
-      end
-    end
-
-    targets << '' if targets.empty?
-
-    {
-      :command => command,
-      :targets => targets,
-      :macros => macros,
-    }
-  end
-
-  def assert_contains_make_command(target, output, msg = nil)
-    if output.match(/\n/)
-      msg = message(msg) {
-        'Expected output containing make command "%s": %s' % [
-          ('%s %s' % [make_command, target]).rstrip,
-          output.inspect
-        ]
-      }
-    else
-      msg = message(msg) {
-        'Expected make command "%s": %s' % [
-          ('%s %s' % [make_command, target]).rstrip,
-          output.inspect
-        ]
-      }
-    end
-
-    assert scan_make_command_lines(output).any? { |line|
-      make = parse_make_command_line(line)
-
-      if make[:targets].include?(target)
-        yield make, line if block_given?
-        true
-      else
-        false
-      end
-    }, msg
-  end
-
-  include Gem::DefaultUserInteraction
-
-  undef_method :default_test if instance_methods.include? 'default_test' or
-                                instance_methods.include? :default_test
-
-  @@project_dir = Dir.pwd.untaint unless defined?(@@project_dir)
-
-  @@initial_reset = false
-
-  ##
-  # #setup prepares a sandboxed location to install gems.  All installs are
-  # directed to a temporary directory.  All install plugins are removed.
-  #
-  # If the +RUBY+ environment variable is set the given path is used for
-  # Gem::ruby.  The local platform is set to <tt>i386-mswin32</tt> for Windows
-  # or <tt>i686-darwin8.10.1</tt> otherwise.
-  #
-  # If the +KEEP_FILES+ environment variable is set the files will not be
-  # removed from <tt>/tmp/test_rubygems_#{$$}.#{Time.now.to_i}</tt>.
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @orig_gem_home   = ENV['GEM_HOME']
-    @orig_gem_path   = ENV['GEM_PATH']
-    @orig_gem_vendor = ENV['GEM_VENDOR']
-    @orig_gem_spec_cache = ENV['GEM_SPEC_CACHE']
-    @orig_rubygems_gemdeps = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS']
-    @orig_rubygems_host = ENV['RUBYGEMS_HOST']
-    ENV.keys.find_all { |k| k.start_with?('GEM_REQUIREMENT_') }.each do |k|
-      ENV.delete k
-    end
-    @orig_gem_env_requirements = ENV.to_hash
-
-    ENV['GEM_VENDOR'] = nil
-
-    @current_dir = Dir.pwd
-    @fetcher     = nil
-    @ui          = Gem::MockGemUi.new
-
-    tmpdir = File.expand_path Dir.tmpdir
-    tmpdir.untaint
-
-    if ENV['KEEP_FILES'] then
-      @tempdir = File.join(tmpdir, "test_rubygems_#{$$}.#{Time.now.to_i}")
-    else
-      @tempdir = File.join(tmpdir, "test_rubygems_#{$$}")
-    end
-    @tempdir.untaint
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p @tempdir
-
-    # This makes the tempdir consistent on OS X.
-    # File.expand_path Dir.tmpdir                      #=> "/var/..."
-    # Dir.chdir Dir.tmpdir do File.expand_path '.' end #=> "/private/var/..."
-    # TODO use File#realpath above instead of #expand_path once 1.8 support is
-    # dropped.
-    Dir.chdir @tempdir do
-      @tempdir = File.expand_path '.'
-      @tempdir.untaint
-    end
-
-    # This makes the tempdir consistent on Windows.
-    # Dir.tmpdir may return short path name, but Dir[Dir.tmpdir] returns long
-    # path name. https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10819
-    # File.expand_path or File.realpath doesn't convert path name to long path
-    # name. Only Dir[] (= Dir.glob) works.
-    # Short and long path name is specific to Windows filesystem.
-    if win_platform?
-      @tempdir = Dir[@tempdir][0]
-      @tempdir.untaint
-    end
-
-    @gemhome  = File.join @tempdir, 'gemhome'
-    @userhome = File.join @tempdir, 'userhome'
-    ENV["GEM_SPEC_CACHE"] = File.join @tempdir, 'spec_cache'
-
-    @orig_ruby = if ENV['RUBY'] then
-                   ruby = Gem.ruby
-                   Gem.ruby = ENV['RUBY']
-                   ruby
-                 end
-
-    @git = ENV['GIT'] || 'git'
-
-    Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories @gemhome
-
-    @orig_LOAD_PATH = $LOAD_PATH.dup
-    $LOAD_PATH.map! { |s|
-      (expand_path = File.expand_path(s)) == s ? s : expand_path.untaint
-    }
-
-    Dir.chdir @tempdir
-
-    @orig_ENV_HOME = ENV['HOME']
-    ENV['HOME'] = @userhome
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@user_home, nil
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@gemdeps, nil
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@env_requirements_by_name, nil
-    Gem.send :remove_instance_variable, :@ruby_version if
-      Gem.instance_variables.include? :@ruby_version
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p @gemhome
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p @userhome
-
-    @orig_gem_private_key_passphrase = ENV['GEM_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE']
-    ENV['GEM_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE'] = PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE
-
-    @default_dir = File.join @tempdir, 'default'
-    @default_spec_dir = File.join @default_dir, "specifications", "default"
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@default_dir, @default_dir
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p @default_spec_dir
-
-    # We use Gem::Specification.reset the first time only so that if there
-    # are unresolved deps that leak into the whole test suite, they're at least
-    # reported once.
-    if @@initial_reset
-      Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.clear # done to avoid cross-test warnings
-    else
-      @@initial_reset = true
-      Gem::Specification.reset
-    end
-    Gem.use_paths(@gemhome)
-
-    Gem::Security.reset
-
-    Gem.loaded_specs.clear
-    Gem.clear_default_specs
-    Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.clear
-
-    Gem.configuration.verbose = true
-    Gem.configuration.update_sources = true
-
-    Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher = Gem::FakeFetcher.new
-
-    @gem_repo = "http://gems.example.com/"
-    @uri = URI.parse @gem_repo
-    Gem.sources.replace [@gem_repo]
-
-    Gem.searcher = nil
-    Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher = nil
-    @orig_BASERUBY = RbConfig::CONFIG['BASERUBY']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['BASERUBY'] = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']
-
-    @orig_arch = RbConfig::CONFIG['arch']
-
-    if win_platform?
-      util_set_arch 'i386-mswin32'
-    else
-      util_set_arch 'i686-darwin8.10.1'
-    end
-
-    @marshal_version = "#{Marshal::MAJOR_VERSION}.#{Marshal::MINOR_VERSION}"
-    @orig_LOADED_FEATURES = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # #teardown restores the process to its original state and removes the
-  # tempdir unless the +KEEP_FILES+ environment variable was set.
-
-  def teardown
-    $LOAD_PATH.replace @orig_LOAD_PATH if @orig_LOAD_PATH
-    if @orig_LOADED_FEATURES
-      if @orig_LOAD_PATH
-        paths = @orig_LOAD_PATH.map {|path| File.join(File.expand_path(path), "/")}
-        ($LOADED_FEATURES - @orig_LOADED_FEATURES).each do |feat|
-          unless paths.any? {|path| feat.start_with?(path)}
-            $LOADED_FEATURES.delete(feat)
-          end
-        end
-      else
-        $LOADED_FEATURES.replace @orig_LOADED_FEATURES
-      end
-    end
-
-    if @orig_BASERUBY
-      RbConfig::CONFIG['BASERUBY'] = @orig_BASERUBY
-    else
-      RbConfig::CONFIG.delete('BASERUBY')
-    end
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['arch'] = @orig_arch
-
-    if defined? Gem::RemoteFetcher then
-      Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher = nil
-    end
-
-    Dir.chdir @current_dir
-
-    FileUtils.rm_rf @tempdir unless ENV['KEEP_FILES']
-
-    ENV.clear
-    @orig_gem_env_requirements.each do |k,v|
-      ENV[k] = v
-    end
-
-    ENV['GEM_HOME']   = @orig_gem_home
-    ENV['GEM_PATH']   = @orig_gem_path
-    ENV['GEM_VENDOR'] = @orig_gem_vendor
-    ENV['GEM_SPEC_CACHE'] = @orig_gem_spec_cache
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = @orig_rubygems_gemdeps
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_HOST'] = @orig_rubygems_host
-
-    Gem.ruby = @orig_ruby if @orig_ruby
-
-    if @orig_ENV_HOME then
-      ENV['HOME'] = @orig_ENV_HOME
-    else
-      ENV.delete 'HOME'
-    end
-
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@default_dir, nil
-
-    ENV['GEM_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE'] = @orig_gem_private_key_passphrase
-
-    Gem::Specification._clear_load_cache
-    Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.clear
-  end
-
-  def common_installer_setup
-    common_installer_teardown
-
-    Gem.post_build do |installer|
-      @post_build_hook_arg = installer
-      true
-    end
-
-    Gem.post_install do |installer|
-      @post_install_hook_arg = installer
-    end
-
-    Gem.post_uninstall do |uninstaller|
-      @post_uninstall_hook_arg = uninstaller
-    end
-
-    Gem.pre_install do |installer|
-      @pre_install_hook_arg = installer
-      true
-    end
-
-    Gem.pre_uninstall do |uninstaller|
-      @pre_uninstall_hook_arg = uninstaller
-    end
-  end
-
-  def common_installer_teardown
-    Gem.post_build_hooks.clear
-    Gem.post_install_hooks.clear
-    Gem.done_installing_hooks.clear
-    Gem.post_reset_hooks.clear
-    Gem.post_uninstall_hooks.clear
-    Gem.pre_install_hooks.clear
-    Gem.pre_reset_hooks.clear
-    Gem.pre_uninstall_hooks.clear
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # A git_gem is used with a gem dependencies file.  The gem created here
-  # has no files, just a gem specification for the given +name+ and +version+.
-  #
-  # Yields the +specification+ to the block, if given
-
-  def git_gem name = 'a', version = 1
-    have_git?
-
-    directory = File.join 'git', name
-    directory = File.expand_path directory
-
-    git_spec = Gem::Specification.new name, version do |specification|
-      yield specification if block_given?
-    end
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p directory
-
-    gemspec = "#{name}.gemspec"
-
-    open File.join(directory, gemspec), 'w' do |io|
-      io.write git_spec.to_ruby
-    end
-
-    head = nil
-
-    Dir.chdir directory do
-      unless File.exist? '.git' then
-        system @git, 'init', '--quiet'
-        system @git, 'config', 'user.name',  'RubyGems Tests'
-        system @git, 'config', 'user.email', 'rubygems@example'
-      end
-
-      system @git, 'add', gemspec
-      system @git, 'commit', '-a', '-m', 'a non-empty commit message', '--quiet'
-      head = Gem::Util.popen('git', 'rev-parse', 'master').strip
-    end
-
-    return name, git_spec.version, directory, head
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Skips this test unless you have a git executable
-
-  def have_git?
-    return if in_path? @git
-
-    skip 'cannot find git executable, use GIT environment variable to set'
-  end
-
-  def in_path? executable # :nodoc:
-    return true if %r%\A([A-Z]:|/)% =~ executable and File.exist? executable
-
-    ENV['PATH'].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).any? do |directory|
-      File.exist? File.join directory, executable
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Builds and installs the Gem::Specification +spec+
-
-  def install_gem spec, options = {}
-    require 'rubygems/installer'
-
-    gem = File.join @tempdir, "gems", "#{spec.full_name}.gem"
-
-    unless File.exist? gem then
-      use_ui Gem::MockGemUi.new do
-        Dir.chdir @tempdir do
-          Gem::Package.build spec
-        end
-      end
-
-      gem = File.join(@tempdir, File.basename(spec.cache_file)).untaint
-    end
-
-    Gem::Installer.at(gem, options.merge({:wrappers => true})).install
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Builds and installs the Gem::Specification +spec+ into the user dir
-
-  def install_gem_user spec
-    install_gem spec, :user_install => true
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Uninstalls the Gem::Specification +spec+
-  def uninstall_gem spec
-    require 'rubygems/uninstaller'
-
-    Class.new(Gem::Uninstaller) {
-      def ask_if_ok spec
-        true
-      end
-    }.new(spec.name, :executables => true, :user_install => true).uninstall
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # creates a temporary directory with hax
-  # TODO: deprecate and remove
-
-  def create_tmpdir
-    tmpdir = nil
-    Dir.chdir Dir.tmpdir do tmpdir = Dir.pwd end # HACK OSX /private/tmp
-    tmpdir = File.join tmpdir, "test_rubygems_#{$$}"
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p tmpdir
-    return tmpdir
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Enables pretty-print for all tests
-
-  def mu_pp(obj)
-    s = String.new
-    s = PP.pp obj, s
-    s = s.force_encoding(Encoding.default_external) if defined? Encoding
-    s.chomp
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Reads a Marshal file at +path+
-
-  def read_cache(path)
-    open path.dup.untaint, 'rb' do |io|
-      Marshal.load io.read
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Reads a binary file at +path+
-
-  def read_binary(path)
-    Gem.read_binary path
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Writes a binary file to +path+ which is relative to +@gemhome+
-
-  def write_file(path)
-    path = File.join @gemhome, path unless Pathname.new(path).absolute?
-    dir = File.dirname path
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p dir unless File.directory? dir
-
-    open path, 'wb' do |io|
-      yield io if block_given?
-    end
-
-    path
-  end
-
-  def all_spec_names
-    Gem::Specification.map(&:full_name)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a Gem::Specification with a minimum of extra work.  +name+ and
-  # +version+ are the gem's name and version,  platform, author, email,
-  # homepage, summary and description are defaulted.  The specification is
-  # yielded for customization.
-  #
-  # The gem is added to the installed gems in +@gemhome+ and the runtime.
-  #
-  # Use this with #write_file to build an installed gem.
-
-  def quick_gem(name, version='2')
-    require 'rubygems/specification'
-
-    spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
-      s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
-      s.name        = name
-      s.version     = version
-      s.author      = 'A User'
-      s.email       = 'example@example.com'
-      s.homepage    = 'http://example.com'
-      s.summary     = "this is a summary"
-      s.description = "This is a test description"
-
-      yield(s) if block_given?
-    end
-
-    Gem::Specification.map # HACK: force specs to (re-)load before we write
-
-    written_path = write_file spec.spec_file do |io|
-      io.write spec.to_ruby_for_cache
-    end
-
-    spec.loaded_from = spec.loaded_from = written_path
-
-    Gem::Specification.reset
-
-    return spec
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # TODO:  remove in RubyGems 3.0
-
-  def quick_spec name, version = '2' # :nodoc:
-    util_spec name, version
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Builds a gem from +spec+ and places it in <tt>File.join @gemhome,
-  # 'cache'</tt>.  Automatically creates files based on +spec.files+
-
-  def util_build_gem(spec)
-    dir = spec.gem_dir
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p dir
-
-    Dir.chdir dir do
-      spec.files.each do |file|
-        next if File.exist? file
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(file)
-        File.open file, 'w' do |fp| fp.puts "# #{file}" end
-      end
-
-      use_ui Gem::MockGemUi.new do
-        Gem::Package.build spec
-      end
-
-      cache = spec.cache_file
-      FileUtils.mv File.basename(cache), cache
-    end
-  end
-
-  def util_remove_gem(spec)
-    FileUtils.rm_rf spec.cache_file
-    FileUtils.rm_rf spec.spec_file
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Removes all installed gems from +@gemhome+.
-
-  def util_clear_gems
-    FileUtils.rm_rf File.join(@gemhome, "gems") # TODO: use Gem::Dirs
-    FileUtils.mkdir File.join(@gemhome, "gems")
-    FileUtils.rm_rf File.join(@gemhome, "specifications")
-    FileUtils.mkdir File.join(@gemhome, "specifications")
-    Gem::Specification.reset
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Install the provided specs
-
-  def install_specs(*specs)
-    specs.each do |spec|
-      Gem::Installer.for_spec(spec).install
-    end
-
-    Gem.searcher = nil
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Installs the provided default specs including writing the spec file
-
-  def install_default_gems(*specs)
-    install_default_specs(*specs)
-
-    specs.each do |spec|
-      open spec.loaded_from, 'w' do |io|
-        io.write spec.to_ruby_for_cache
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Install the provided default specs
-
-  def install_default_specs(*specs)
-    specs.each do |spec|
-      installer = Gem::Installer.for_spec(spec, :install_as_default => true)
-      installer.install
-      Gem.register_default_spec(spec)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def loaded_spec_names
-    Gem.loaded_specs.values.map(&:full_name).sort
-  end
-
-  def unresolved_names
-    Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.values.map(&:to_s).sort
-  end
-
-  def save_loaded_features
-    old_loaded_features = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
-    yield
-  ensure
-    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace old_loaded_features
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # new_spec is deprecated as it is never used.
-  #
-  # TODO:  remove in RubyGems 3.0
-
-  def new_spec name, version, deps = nil, *files # :nodoc:
-    require 'rubygems/specification'
-
-    spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
-      s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
-      s.name        = name
-      s.version     = version
-      s.author      = 'A User'
-      s.email       = 'example@example.com'
-      s.homepage    = 'http://example.com'
-      s.summary     = "this is a summary"
-      s.description = "This is a test description"
-
-      Array(deps).each do |n, req|
-        s.add_dependency n, (req || '>= 0')
-      end
-
-      s.files.push(*files) unless files.empty?
-
-      yield s if block_given?
-    end
-
-    spec.loaded_from = spec.spec_file
-
-    unless files.empty? then
-      write_file spec.spec_file do |io|
-        io.write spec.to_ruby_for_cache
-      end
-
-      util_build_gem spec
-
-      cache_file = File.join @tempdir, 'gems', "#{spec.full_name}.gem"
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname cache_file
-      FileUtils.mv spec.cache_file, cache_file
-      FileUtils.rm spec.spec_file
-    end
-
-    spec
-  end
-
-  def new_default_spec(name, version, deps = nil, *files)
-    spec = util_spec name, version, deps
-
-    spec.loaded_from = File.join(@default_spec_dir, spec.spec_name)
-    spec.files = files
-
-    lib_dir = File.join(@tempdir, "default_gems", "lib")
-    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib_dir)
-    files.each do |file|
-      rb_path = File.join(lib_dir, file)
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(rb_path))
-      File.open(rb_path, "w") do |rb|
-        rb << "# #{file}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    spec
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a spec with +name+, +version+.  +deps+ can specify the dependency
-  # or a +block+ can be given for full customization of the specification.
-
-  def util_spec name, version = 2, deps = nil # :yields: specification
-    raise "deps or block, not both" if deps and block_given?
-
-    spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
-      s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
-      s.name        = name
-      s.version     = version
-      s.author      = 'A User'
-      s.email       = 'example@example.com'
-      s.homepage    = 'http://example.com'
-      s.summary     = "this is a summary"
-      s.description = "This is a test description"
-
-      yield s if block_given?
-    end
-
-    if deps then
-      # Since Hash#each is unordered in 1.8, sort the keys and iterate that
-      # way so the tests are deterministic on all implementations.
-      deps.keys.sort.each do |n|
-        spec.add_dependency n, (deps[n] || '>= 0')
-      end
-    end
-
-    Gem::Specification.reset
-
-    return spec
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a gem with +name+, +version+ and +deps+.  The specification will
-  # be yielded before gem creation for customization.  The gem will be placed
-  # in <tt>File.join @tempdir, 'gems'</tt>.  The specification and .gem file
-  # location are returned.
-
-  def util_gem(name, version, deps = nil, &block)
-    # TODO: deprecate
-    raise "deps or block, not both" if deps and block
-
-    if deps then
-      block = proc do |s|
-        # Since Hash#each is unordered in 1.8, sort
-        # the keys and iterate that way so the tests are
-        # deterministic on all implementations.
-        deps.keys.sort.each do |n|
-          s.add_dependency n, (deps[n] || '>= 0')
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    spec = quick_gem(name, version, &block)
-
-    util_build_gem spec
-
-    cache_file = File.join @tempdir, 'gems', "#{spec.original_name}.gem"
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname cache_file
-    FileUtils.mv spec.cache_file, cache_file
-    FileUtils.rm spec.spec_file
-
-    spec.loaded_from = nil
-
-    [spec, cache_file]
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Gzips +data+.
-
-  def util_gzip(data)
-    out = StringIO.new
-
-    Zlib::GzipWriter.wrap out do |io|
-      io.write data
-    end
-
-    out.string
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates several default gems which all have a lib/code.rb file.  The gems
-  # are not installed but are available in the cache dir.
-  #
-  # +@a1+:: gem a version 1, this is the best-described gem.
-  # +@a2+:: gem a version 2
-  # +@a3a:: gem a version 3.a
-  # +@a_evil9+:: gem a_evil version 9, use this to ensure similarly-named gems
-  #              don't collide with a.
-  # +@b2+:: gem b version 2
-  # +@c1_2+:: gem c version 1.2
-  # +@pl1+:: gem pl version 1, this gem has a legacy platform of i386-linux.
-  #
-  # Additional +prerelease+ gems may also be created:
-  #
-  # +@a2_pre+:: gem a version 2.a
-  # TODO: nuke this and fix tests. this should speed up a lot
-
-  def util_make_gems(prerelease = false)
-    @a1 = quick_gem 'a', '1' do |s|
-      s.files = %w[lib/code.rb]
-      s.require_paths = %w[lib]
-      s.date = Gem::Specification::TODAY - 86400
-      s.homepage = 'http://a.example.com'
-      s.email = %w[example@example.com example2@example.com]
-      s.authors = %w[Example Example2]
-      s.description = <<-DESC
-This line is really, really long.  So long, in fact, that it is more than eighty characters long!  The purpose of this line is for testing wrapping behavior because sometimes people don't wrap their text to eighty characters.  Without the wrapping, the text might not look good in the RSS feed.
-
-Also, a list:
-  * An entry that\'s actually kind of sort
-  * an entry that\'s really long, which will probably get wrapped funny.  That's ok, somebody wasn't thinking straight when they made it more than eighty characters.
-      DESC
-    end
-
-    init = proc do |s|
-      s.files = %w[lib/code.rb]
-      s.require_paths = %w[lib]
-    end
-
-    @a2      = quick_gem('a', '2',      &init)
-    @a3a     = quick_gem('a', '3.a',    &init)
-    @a_evil9 = quick_gem('a_evil', '9', &init)
-    @b2      = quick_gem('b', '2',      &init)
-    @c1_2    = quick_gem('c', '1.2',    &init)
-    @x       = quick_gem('x', '1',      &init)
-    @dep_x   = quick_gem('dep_x', '1') do |s|
-      s.files = %w[lib/code.rb]
-      s.require_paths = %w[lib]
-      s.add_dependency 'x', '>= 1'
-    end
-
-    @pl1     = quick_gem 'pl', '1' do |s| # l for legacy
-      s.files = %w[lib/code.rb]
-      s.require_paths = %w[lib]
-      s.platform = Gem::Platform.new 'i386-linux'
-      s.instance_variable_set :@original_platform, 'i386-linux'
-    end
-
-    if prerelease
-      @a2_pre = quick_gem('a', '2.a', &init)
-      write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@a2_pre.original_name} lib code.rb])
-      util_build_gem @a2_pre
-    end
-
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@a1.original_name}      lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@a2.original_name}      lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@a3a.original_name}     lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@a_evil9.original_name} lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@b2.original_name}      lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@c1_2.original_name}    lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@pl1.original_name}     lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@x.original_name}       lib code.rb])
-    write_file File.join(*%W[gems #{@dep_x.original_name}   lib code.rb])
-
-    [@a1, @a2, @a3a, @a_evil9, @b2, @c1_2, @pl1, @x, @dep_x].each do |spec|
-      util_build_gem spec
-    end
-
-    FileUtils.rm_r File.join(@gemhome, "gems", @pl1.original_name)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Set the platform to +arch+
-
-  def util_set_arch(arch)
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['arch'] = arch
-    platform = Gem::Platform.new arch
-
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@platforms, nil
-    Gem::Platform.instance_variable_set :@local, nil
-
-    platform
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Sets up a fake fetcher using the gems from #util_make_gems.  Optionally
-  # additional +prerelease+ gems may be included.
-  #
-  # Gems created by this method may be fetched using Gem::RemoteFetcher.
-
-  def util_setup_fake_fetcher(prerelease = false)
-    require 'zlib'
-    require 'socket'
-    require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
-
-    @fetcher = Gem::FakeFetcher.new
-
-    util_make_gems(prerelease)
-    Gem::Specification.reset
-
-    @all_gems = [@a1, @a2, @a3a, @a_evil9, @b2, @c1_2].sort
-    @all_gem_names = @all_gems.map { |gem| gem.full_name }
-
-    gem_names = [@a1.full_name, @a2.full_name, @a3a.full_name, @b2.full_name]
-    @gem_names = gem_names.sort.join("\n")
-
-    Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher = @fetcher
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Add +spec+ to +@fetcher+ serving the data in the file +path+.
-  # +repo+ indicates which repo to make +spec+ appear to be in.
-
-  def add_to_fetcher(spec, path=nil, repo=@gem_repo)
-    path ||= spec.cache_file
-    @fetcher.data["#{@gem_repo}gems/#{spec.file_name}"] = read_binary(path)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Sets up Gem::SpecFetcher to return information from the gems in +specs+.
-  # Best used with +@all_gems+ from #util_setup_fake_fetcher.
-
-  def util_setup_spec_fetcher(*specs)
-    all_specs = Gem::Specification.to_a + specs
-    Gem::Specification._resort! all_specs
-
-    spec_fetcher = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
-
-    prerelease, all = all_specs.partition { |spec| spec.version.prerelease?  }
-    latest = Gem::Specification._latest_specs all_specs
-
-    spec_fetcher.specs[@uri] = []
-    all.each do |spec|
-      spec_fetcher.specs[@uri] << spec.name_tuple
-    end
-
-    spec_fetcher.latest_specs[@uri] = []
-    latest.each do |spec|
-      spec_fetcher.latest_specs[@uri] << spec.name_tuple
-    end
-
-    spec_fetcher.prerelease_specs[@uri] = []
-    prerelease.each do |spec|
-      spec_fetcher.prerelease_specs[@uri] << spec.name_tuple
-    end
-
-    # HACK for test_download_to_cache
-    unless Gem::RemoteFetcher === @fetcher then
-      v = Gem.marshal_version
-
-      specs = all.map { |spec| spec.name_tuple }
-      s_zip = util_gzip Marshal.dump Gem::NameTuple.to_basic specs
-
-      latest_specs = latest.map do |spec|
-        spec.name_tuple
-      end
-
-      l_zip = util_gzip Marshal.dump Gem::NameTuple.to_basic latest_specs
-
-      prerelease_specs = prerelease.map { |spec| spec.name_tuple }
-      p_zip = util_gzip Marshal.dump Gem::NameTuple.to_basic prerelease_specs
-
-      @fetcher.data["#{@gem_repo}specs.#{v}.gz"]            = s_zip
-      @fetcher.data["#{@gem_repo}latest_specs.#{v}.gz"]     = l_zip
-      @fetcher.data["#{@gem_repo}prerelease_specs.#{v}.gz"] = p_zip
-
-      v = Gem.marshal_version
-
-      all_specs.each do |spec|
-        path = "#{@gem_repo}quick/Marshal.#{v}/#{spec.original_name}.gemspec.rz"
-        data = Marshal.dump spec
-        data_deflate = Zlib::Deflate.deflate data
-        @fetcher.data[path] = data_deflate
-      end
-    end
-
-    nil # force errors
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Deflates +data+
-
-  def util_zip(data)
-    Zlib::Deflate.deflate data
-  end
-
-  def util_set_RUBY_VERSION(version, patchlevel = nil, revision = nil)
-    if Gem.instance_variables.include? :@ruby_version or
-       Gem.instance_variables.include? '@ruby_version' then
-      Gem.send :remove_instance_variable, :@ruby_version
-    end
-
-    @RUBY_VERSION    = RUBY_VERSION
-    @RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = RUBY_PATCHLEVEL if defined?(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL)
-    @RUBY_REVISION   = RUBY_REVISION   if defined?(RUBY_REVISION)
-
-    Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_VERSION
-    Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_PATCHLEVEL if defined?(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL)
-    Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_REVISION   if defined?(RUBY_REVISION)
-
-    Object.const_set :RUBY_VERSION,    version
-    Object.const_set :RUBY_PATCHLEVEL, patchlevel if patchlevel
-    Object.const_set :RUBY_REVISION,   revision   if revision
-  end
-
-  def util_restore_RUBY_VERSION
-    Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_VERSION
-    Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_PATCHLEVEL if defined?(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL)
-    Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_REVISION   if defined?(RUBY_REVISION)
-
-    Object.const_set :RUBY_VERSION,    @RUBY_VERSION
-    Object.const_set :RUBY_PATCHLEVEL, @RUBY_PATCHLEVEL if
-      defined?(@RUBY_PATCHLEVEL)
-    Object.const_set :RUBY_REVISION,   @RUBY_REVISION   if
-      defined?(@RUBY_REVISION)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Is this test being run on a Windows platform?
-
-  def self.win_platform?
-    Gem.win_platform?
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Is this test being run on a Windows platform?
-
-  def win_platform?
-    Gem.win_platform?
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns whether or not we're on a version of Ruby built with VC++ (or
-  # Borland) versus Cygwin, Mingw, etc.
-
-  def self.vc_windows?
-    RUBY_PLATFORM.match('mswin')
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns whether or not we're on a version of Ruby built with VC++ (or
-  # Borland) versus Cygwin, Mingw, etc.
-
-  def vc_windows?
-    RUBY_PLATFORM.match('mswin')
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the make command for the current platform. For versions of Ruby
-  # built on MS Windows with VC++ or Borland it will return 'nmake'. On all
-  # other platforms, including Cygwin, it will return 'make'.
-
-  def self.make_command
-    ENV["make"] || ENV["MAKE"] || (vc_windows? ? 'nmake' : 'make')
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the make command for the current platform. For versions of Ruby
-  # built on MS Windows with VC++ or Borland it will return 'nmake'. On all
-  # other platforms, including Cygwin, it will return 'make'.
-
-  def make_command
-    ENV["make"] || ENV["MAKE"] || (vc_windows? ? 'nmake' : 'make')
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns whether or not the nmake command could be found.
-
-  def nmake_found?
-    system('nmake /? 1>NUL 2>&1')
-  end
-
-  # In case we're building docs in a background process, this method waits for
-  # that process to exit (or if it's already been reaped, or never happened,
-  # swallows the Errno::ECHILD error).
-  def wait_for_child_process_to_exit
-    Process.wait if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
-  rescue Errno::ECHILD
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Allows tests to use a random (but controlled) port number instead of
-  # a hardcoded one. This helps CI tools when running parallels builds on
-  # the same builder slave.
-
-  def self.process_based_port
-    @@process_based_port ||= 8000 + $$ % 1000
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # See ::process_based_port
-
-  def process_based_port
-    self.class.process_based_port
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Allows the proper version of +rake+ to be used for the test.
-
-  def build_rake_in(good=true)
-    gem_ruby = Gem.ruby
-    Gem.ruby = @@ruby
-    env_rake = ENV["rake"]
-    rake = (good ? @@good_rake : @@bad_rake)
-    ENV["rake"] = rake
-    yield rake
-  ensure
-    Gem.ruby = gem_ruby
-    if env_rake
-      ENV["rake"] = env_rake
-    else
-      ENV.delete("rake")
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Finds the path to the Ruby executable
-
-  def self.rubybin
-    ruby = ENV["RUBY"]
-    return ruby if ruby
-    ruby = "ruby"
-    rubyexe = "#{ruby}.exe"
-
-    3.times do
-      if File.exist? ruby and File.executable? ruby and !File.directory? ruby
-        return File.expand_path(ruby)
-      end
-      if File.exist? rubyexe and File.executable? rubyexe
-        return File.expand_path(rubyexe)
-      end
-      ruby = File.join("..", ruby)
-    end
-
-    begin
-      require "rbconfig"
-      File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG["bindir"],
-                RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"] +
-                RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"])
-    rescue LoadError
-      "ruby"
-    end
-  end
-
-  @@ruby = rubybin
-  @@good_rake = "#{rubybin} \"#{File.expand_path('../../../test/rubygems/good_rake.rb', __FILE__)}\""
-  @@bad_rake = "#{rubybin} \"#{File.expand_path('../../../test/rubygems/bad_rake.rb', __FILE__)}\""
-
-  ##
-  # Construct a new Gem::Dependency.
-
-  def dep name, *requirements
-    Gem::Dependency.new name, *requirements
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Constructs a Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest from a
-  # Gem::Dependency +dep+, a +from_name+ and +from_version+ requesting the
-  # dependency and a +parent+ DependencyRequest
-
-  def dependency_request dep, from_name, from_version, parent = nil
-    remote = Gem::Source.new @uri
-
-    unless parent then
-      parent_dep = dep from_name, from_version
-      parent = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new parent_dep, nil
-    end
-
-    spec = Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification.new \
-      nil, from_name, from_version, remote, Gem::Platform::RUBY
-    activation = Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new spec, parent
-
-    Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep, activation
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Constructs a new Gem::Requirement.
-
-  def req *requirements
-    return requirements.first if Gem::Requirement === requirements.first
-    Gem::Requirement.create requirements
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Constructs a new Gem::Specification.
-
-  def spec name, version, &block
-    Gem::Specification.new name, v(version), &block
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a SpecFetcher pre-filled with the gems or specs defined in the
-  # block.
-  #
-  # Yields a +fetcher+ object that responds to +spec+ and +gem+.  +spec+ adds
-  # a specification to the SpecFetcher while +gem+ adds both a specification
-  # and the gem data to the RemoteFetcher so the built gem can be downloaded.
-  #
-  # If only the a-3 gem is supposed to be downloaded you can save setup
-  # time by creating only specs for the other versions:
-  #
-  #   spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
-  #     fetcher.spec 'a', 1
-  #     fetcher.spec 'a', 2, 'b' => 3 # dependency on b = 3
-  #     fetcher.gem 'a', 3 do |spec|
-  #       # spec is a Gem::Specification
-  #       # ...
-  #     end
-  #   end
-
-  def spec_fetcher repository = @gem_repo
-    Gem::TestCase::SpecFetcherSetup.declare self, repository do |spec_fetcher_setup|
-      yield spec_fetcher_setup if block_given?
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Construct a new Gem::Version.
-
-  def v string
-    Gem::Version.create string
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # A vendor_gem is used with a gem dependencies file.  The gem created here
-  # has no files, just a gem specification for the given +name+ and +version+.
-  #
-  # Yields the +specification+ to the block, if given
-
-  def vendor_gem name = 'a', version = 1
-    directory = File.join 'vendor', name
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p directory
-
-    save_gemspec name, version, directory
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # create_gemspec creates gem specification in given +directory+ or '.'
-  # for the given +name+ and +version+.
-  #
-  # Yields the +specification+ to the block, if given
-
-  def save_gemspec name = 'a', version = 1, directory = '.'
-    vendor_spec = Gem::Specification.new name, version do |specification|
-      yield specification if block_given?
-    end
-
-    open File.join(directory, "#{name}.gemspec"), 'w' do |io|
-      io.write vendor_spec.to_ruby
-    end
-
-    return name, vendor_spec.version, directory
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # The StaticSet is a static set of gem specifications used for testing only.
-  # It is available by requiring Gem::TestCase.
-
-  class StaticSet < Gem::Resolver::Set
-
-    ##
-    # A StaticSet ignores remote because it has a fixed set of gems.
-
-    attr_accessor :remote
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new StaticSet for the given +specs+
-
-    def initialize(specs)
-      super()
-
-      @specs = specs
-
-      @remote = true
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Adds +spec+ to this set.
-
-    def add spec
-      @specs << spec
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Finds +dep+ in this set.
-
-    def find_spec(dep)
-      @specs.reverse_each do |s|
-        return s if dep.matches_spec? s
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Finds all gems matching +dep+ in this set.
-
-    def find_all(dep)
-      @specs.find_all { |s| dep.match? s, @prerelease }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Loads a Gem::Specification from this set which has the given +name+,
-    # version +ver+, +platform+.  The +source+ is ignored.
-
-    def load_spec name, ver, platform, source
-      dep = Gem::Dependency.new name, ver
-      spec = find_spec dep
-
-      Gem::Specification.new spec.name, spec.version do |s|
-        s.platform = spec.platform
-      end
-    end
-
-    def prefetch reqs # :nodoc:
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Loads certificate named +cert_name+ from <tt>test/rubygems/</tt>.
-
-  def self.load_cert cert_name
-    cert_file = cert_path cert_name
-
-    cert = File.read cert_file
-
-    OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new cert
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the path to the certificate named +cert_name+ from
-  # <tt>test/rubygems/</tt>.
-
-  def self.cert_path cert_name
-    if 32 == (Time.at(2**32) rescue 32) then
-      cert_file =
-        File.expand_path "../../../test/rubygems/#{cert_name}_cert_32.pem",
-                         __FILE__
-
-      return cert_file if File.exist? cert_file
-    end
-
-    File.expand_path "../../../test/rubygems/#{cert_name}_cert.pem", __FILE__
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Loads an RSA private key named +key_name+ with +passphrase+ in <tt>test/rubygems/</tt>
-
-  def self.load_key key_name, passphrase = nil
-    key_file = key_path key_name
-
-    key = File.read key_file
-
-    OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new key, passphrase
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns the path to the key named +key_name+ from <tt>test/rubygems</tt>
-
-  def self.key_path key_name
-    File.expand_path "../../../test/rubygems/#{key_name}_key.pem", __FILE__
-  end
-
-  # :stopdoc:
-  # only available in RubyGems tests
-
-  PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE      = 'Foo bar'
-
-  begin
-    PRIVATE_KEY                 = load_key 'private'
-    PRIVATE_KEY_PATH            = key_path 'private'
-
-    # ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY is PRIVATE_KEY encrypted with PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE
-    ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY       = load_key 'encrypted_private', PRIVATE_KEY_PASSPHRASE
-    ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH  = key_path 'encrypted_private'
-
-    PUBLIC_KEY                  = PRIVATE_KEY.public_key
-
-    PUBLIC_CERT                 = load_cert 'public'
-    PUBLIC_CERT_PATH            = cert_path 'public'
-  rescue Errno::ENOENT
-    PRIVATE_KEY = nil
-    PUBLIC_KEY  = nil
-    PUBLIC_CERT = nil
-  end if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL)
-
-end
-
-# require dependencies that are not discoverable once GEM_HOME and GEM_PATH
-# are wiped
-begin
-  gem 'rake'
-rescue Gem::LoadError
-end
-
-begin
-  require 'rake/packagetask'
-rescue LoadError
-end
-
-begin
-  gem 'rdoc'
-  require 'rdoc'
-rescue LoadError, Gem::LoadError
-end
-
-begin
-  gem 'builder'
-  require 'builder/xchar'
-rescue LoadError, Gem::LoadError
-end
-
-require 'rubygems/test_utilities'
-tmpdirs = []
-tmpdirs << (ENV['GEM_HOME'] = Dir.mktmpdir("home"))
-tmpdirs << (ENV['GEM_PATH'] = Dir.mktmpdir("path"))
-pid = $$
-END {tmpdirs.each {|dir| Dir.rmdir(dir)} if $$ == pid}
-Gem.clear_paths
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/test_utilities.rb b/lib/rubygems/test_utilities.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 686916ea02..0000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/test_utilities.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,384 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'tempfile'
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
-
-##
-# A fake Gem::RemoteFetcher for use in tests or to avoid real live HTTP
-# requests when testing code that uses RubyGems.
-#
-# Example:
-#
-#   @fetcher = Gem::FakeFetcher.new
-#   @fetcher.data['http://gems.example.com/yaml'] = source_index.to_yaml
-#   Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher = @fetcher
-#
-#   # invoke RubyGems code
-#
-#   paths = @fetcher.paths
-#   assert_equal 'http://gems.example.com/yaml', paths.shift
-#   assert paths.empty?, paths.join(', ')
-#
-# See RubyGems' tests for more examples of FakeFetcher.
-
-class Gem::FakeFetcher
-
-  attr_reader :data
-  attr_reader :last_request
-  attr_reader :api_endpoints
-  attr_accessor :paths
-
-  def initialize
-    @data = {}
-    @paths = []
-    @api_endpoints = {}
-  end
-
-  def api_endpoint(uri)
-    @api_endpoints[uri] || uri
-  end
-
-  def find_data(path)
-    return File.read path.path if URI === path and 'file' == path.scheme
-
-    if URI === path and "URI::#{path.scheme.upcase}" != path.class.name then
-      raise ArgumentError,
-        "mismatch for scheme #{path.scheme} and class #{path.class}"
-    end
-
-    path = path.to_s
-    @paths << path
-    raise ArgumentError, 'need full URI' unless path =~ %r'^https?://'
-
-    unless @data.key? path then
-      raise Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError.new("no data for #{path}", path)
-    end
-
-    @data[path]
-  end
-
-  def fetch_path path, mtime = nil, head = false
-    data = find_data(path)
-
-    if data.respond_to?(:call) then
-      data.call
-    else
-      if path.to_s =~ /gz$/ and not data.nil? and not data.empty? then
-        data = Gem.gunzip data
-      end
-
-      data
-    end
-  end
-
-  def cache_update_path uri, path = nil, update = true
-    if data = fetch_path(uri)
-      open(path, 'wb') { |io| io.write data } if path and update
-      data
-    else
-      Gem.read_binary(path) if path
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Thanks, FakeWeb!
-  def open_uri_or_path(path)
-    data = find_data(path)
-    body, code, msg = data
-
-    response = Net::HTTPResponse.send(:response_class, code.to_s).new("1.0", code.to_s, msg)
-    response.instance_variable_set(:@body, body)
-    response.instance_variable_set(:@read, true)
-    response
-  end
-
-  def request(uri, request_class, last_modified = nil)
-    data = find_data(uri)
-    body, code, msg = data
-
-    @last_request = request_class.new uri.request_uri
-    yield @last_request if block_given?
-
-    response = Net::HTTPResponse.send(:response_class, code.to_s).new("1.0", code.to_s, msg)
-    response.instance_variable_set(:@body, body)
-    response.instance_variable_set(:@read, true)
-    response
-  end
-
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
-    q.group 2, '[FakeFetcher', ']' do
-      q.breakable
-      q.text 'URIs:'
-
-      q.breakable
-      q.pp @data.keys
-
-      unless @api_endpoints.empty? then
-        q.breakable
-        q.text 'API endpoints:'
-
-        q.breakable
-        q.pp @api_endpoints.keys
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def fetch_size(path)
-    path = path.to_s
-    @paths << path
-
-    raise ArgumentError, 'need full URI' unless path =~ %r'^http://'
-
-    unless @data.key? path then
-      raise Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError.new("no data for #{path}", path)
-    end
-
-    data = @data[path]
-
-    data.respond_to?(:call) ? data.call : data.length
-  end
-
-  def download spec, source_uri, install_dir = Gem.dir
-    name = File.basename spec.cache_file
-    path = if Dir.pwd == install_dir then # see fetch_command
-             install_dir
-           else
-             File.join install_dir, "cache"
-           end
-
-    path = File.join path, name
-
-    if source_uri =~ /^http/ then
-      File.open(path, "wb") do |f|
-        f.write fetch_path(File.join(source_uri, "gems", name))
-      end
-    else
-      FileUtils.cp source_uri, path
-    end
-
-    path
-  end
-
-  def download_to_cache dependency
-    found, _ = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher.spec_for_dependency dependency
-
-    return if found.empty?
-
-    spec, source = found.first
-
-    download spec, source.uri.to_s
-  end
-
-end
-
-# :stopdoc:
-class Gem::RemoteFetcher
-
-  def self.fetcher=(fetcher)
-    @fetcher = fetcher
-  end
-
-end
-# :startdoc:
-
-##
-# The SpecFetcherSetup allows easy setup of a remote source in RubyGems tests:
-#
-#   spec_fetcher do |f|
-#     f.gem  'a', 1
-#     f.spec 'a', 2
-#     f.gem  'b', 1' 'a' => '~> 1.0'
-#   end
-#
-# The above declaration creates two gems, a-1 and b-1, with a dependency from
-# b to a.  The declaration creates an additional spec a-2, but no gem for it
-# (so it cannot be installed).
-#
-# After the gems are created they are removed from Gem.dir.
-
-class Gem::TestCase::SpecFetcherSetup
-
-  ##
-  # Executes a SpecFetcher setup block.  Yields an instance then creates the
-  # gems and specifications defined in the instance.
-
-  def self.declare test, repository
-    setup = new test, repository
-
-    yield setup
-
-    setup.execute
-  end
-
-  def initialize test, repository # :nodoc:
-    @test       = test
-    @repository = repository
-
-    @gems       = {}
-    @downloaded = []
-    @installed  = []
-    @operations = []
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns a Hash of created Specification full names and the corresponding
-  # Specification.
-
-  def created_specs
-    created = {}
-
-    @gems.keys.each do |spec|
-      created[spec.full_name] = spec
-    end
-
-    created
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates any defined gems or specifications
-
-  def execute # :nodoc:
-    execute_operations
-
-    setup_fetcher
-
-    created_specs
-  end
-
-  def execute_operations # :nodoc:
-    @operations.each do |operation, *arguments|
-      case operation
-      when :gem then
-        spec, gem = @test.util_gem(*arguments, &arguments.pop)
-
-        write_spec spec
-
-        @gems[spec] = gem
-        @installed << spec
-      when :download then
-        spec, gem = @test.util_gem(*arguments, &arguments.pop)
-
-        @gems[spec] = gem
-        @downloaded << spec
-      when :spec then
-        spec = @test.util_spec(*arguments, &arguments.pop)
-
-        write_spec spec
-
-        @gems[spec] = nil
-        @installed << spec
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a gem with +name+, +version+ and +deps+.  The created gem can be
-  # downloaded and installed.
-  #
-  # The specification will be yielded before gem creation for customization,
-  # but only the block or the dependencies may be set, not both.
-
-  def gem name, version, dependencies = nil, &block
-    @operations << [:gem, name, version, dependencies, block]
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a gem with +name+, +version+ and +deps+.  The created gem is
-  # downloaded in to the cache directory but is not installed
-  #
-  # The specification will be yielded before gem creation for customization,
-  # but only the block or the dependencies may be set, not both.
-
-  def download name, version, dependencies = nil, &block
-    @operations << [:download, name, version, dependencies, block]
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a legacy platform spec with the name 'pl' and version 1
-
-  def legacy_platform
-    spec 'pl', 1 do |s|
-      s.platform = Gem::Platform.new 'i386-linux'
-      s.instance_variable_set :@original_platform, 'i386-linux'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def setup_fetcher # :nodoc:
-    require 'zlib'
-    require 'socket'
-    require 'rubygems/remote_fetcher'
-
-    unless @test.fetcher then
-      @test.fetcher = Gem::FakeFetcher.new
-      Gem::RemoteFetcher.fetcher = @test.fetcher
-    end
-
-    Gem::Specification.reset
-
-    begin
-      gem_repo, @test.gem_repo = @test.gem_repo, @repository
-      @test.uri = URI @repository
-
-      @test.util_setup_spec_fetcher(*@downloaded)
-    ensure
-      @test.gem_repo = gem_repo
-      @test.uri = URI gem_repo
-    end
-
-    @gems.each do |spec, gem|
-      next unless gem
-
-      @test.fetcher.data["#{@repository}gems/#{spec.file_name}"] =
-        Gem.read_binary(gem)
-
-      FileUtils.cp gem, spec.cache_file
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a spec with +name+, +version+ and +deps+.  The created gem can be
-  # downloaded and installed.
-  #
-  # The specification will be yielded before creation for customization,
-  # but only the block or the dependencies may be set, not both.
-
-  def spec name, version, dependencies = nil, &block
-    @operations << [:spec, name, version, dependencies, block]
-  end
-
-  def write_spec spec # :nodoc:
-    open spec.spec_file, 'w' do |io|
-      io.write spec.to_ruby_for_cache
-    end
-  end
-
-end
-
-##
-# A StringIO duck-typed class that uses Tempfile instead of String as the
-# backing store.
-#
-# This is available when rubygems/test_utilities is required.
-#--
-# This class was added to flush out problems in Rubinius' IO implementation.
-
-class TempIO < Tempfile
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a new TempIO that will be initialized to contain +string+.
-
-  def initialize(string = '')
-    super "TempIO"
-    binmode
-    write string
-    rewind
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # The content of the TempIO as a String.
-
-  def string
-    flush
-    Gem.read_binary path
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/text.rb b/lib/rubygems/text.rb
index 732f1b99f2..667811192d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/text.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/text.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems'
 
 ##
 # A collection of text-wrangling methods
@@ -7,15 +6,28 @@ require 'rubygems'
 module Gem::Text
 
   ##
+  # Remove any non-printable characters and make the text suitable for
+  # printing.
+  def clean_text(text)
+    text.gsub(/[\000-\b\v-\f\016-\037\177]/, ".".freeze)
+  end
+
+  def truncate_text(text, description, max_length = 100_000)
+    raise ArgumentError, "max_length must be positive" unless max_length > 0
+    return text if text.size <= max_length
+    "Truncating #{description} to #{max_length.to_s.reverse.gsub(/...(?=.)/,'\&,').reverse} characters:\n" + text[0, max_length]
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Wraps +text+ to +wrap+ characters and optionally indents by +indent+
   # characters
 
   def format_text(text, wrap, indent=0)
     result = []
-    work = text.dup
+    work = clean_text(text)
 
     while work.length > wrap do
-      if work =~ /^(.{0,#{wrap}})[ \n]/ then
+      if work =~ /^(.{0,#{wrap}})[ \n]/
         result << $1.rstrip
         work.slice!(0, $&.length)
       else
@@ -27,10 +39,10 @@ module Gem::Text
     result.join("\n").gsub(/^/, " " * indent)
   end
 
-  def min3 a, b, c # :nodoc:
-    if a < b && a < c then
+  def min3(a, b, c) # :nodoc:
+    if a < b && a < c
       a
-    elsif b < c then
+    elsif b < c
       b
     else
       c
@@ -39,7 +51,7 @@ module Gem::Text
 
   # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
   # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
-  def levenshtein_distance str1, str2
+  def levenshtein_distance(str1, str2)
     s = str1
     t = str2
     n = s.length
@@ -52,15 +64,15 @@ module Gem::Text
     x = nil
 
     str1.each_char.each_with_index do |char1,i|
-      e = i+1
+      e = i + 1
 
       str2.each_char.each_with_index do |char2,j|
         cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1
         x = min3(
-             d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+             d[j + 1] + 1, # insertion
              e + 1,      # deletion
              d[j] + cost # substitution
-            )
+           )
         d[j] = e
         e = x
       end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/tsort.rb b/lib/rubygems/tsort.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebe7c3364b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/tsort.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'tsort/lib/tsort'
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/tsort/.document b/lib/rubygems/tsort/.document
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c43bbd6b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/tsort/.document
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Vendored files do not need to be documented
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/tsort/LICENSE.txt b/lib/rubygems/tsort/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a009caefea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/tsort/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Yukihiro Matsumoto. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/tsort/lib/tsort.rb b/lib/rubygems/tsort/lib/tsort.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f68c5947d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/tsort/lib/tsort.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#--
+# tsort.rb - provides a module for topological sorting and strongly connected components.
+#++
+#
+
+#
+# Gem::TSort implements topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm for
+# strongly connected components.
+#
+# Gem::TSort is designed to be able to be used with any object which can be
+# interpreted as a directed graph.
+#
+# Gem::TSort requires two methods to interpret an object as a graph,
+# tsort_each_node and tsort_each_child.
+#
+# * tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
+# * tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of a given node.
+#
+# The equality of nodes are defined by eql? and hash since
+# Gem::TSort uses Hash internally.
+#
+# == A Simple Example
+#
+# The following example demonstrates how to mix the Gem::TSort module into an
+# existing class (in this case, Hash). Here, we're treating each key in
+# the hash as a node in the graph, and so we simply alias the required
+# #tsort_each_node method to Hash's #each_key method. For each key in the
+# hash, the associated value is an array of the node's child nodes. This
+# choice in turn leads to our implementation of the required #tsort_each_child
+# method, which fetches the array of child nodes and then iterates over that
+# array using the user-supplied block.
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/tsort/lib/tsort'
+#
+#   class Hash
+#     include Gem::TSort
+#     alias tsort_each_node each_key
+#     def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
+#       fetch(node).each(&block)
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+#   {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[3], 3=>[], 4=>[]}.tsort
+#   #=> [3, 2, 1, 4]
+#
+#   {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}.strongly_connected_components
+#   #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
+#
+# == A More Realistic Example
+#
+# A very simple `make' like tool can be implemented as follows:
+#
+#   require 'rubygems/tsort/lib/tsort'
+#
+#   class Make
+#     def initialize
+#       @dep = {}
+#       @dep.default = []
+#     end
+#
+#     def rule(outputs, inputs=[], &block)
+#       triple = [outputs, inputs, block]
+#       outputs.each {|f| @dep[f] = [triple]}
+#       @dep[triple] = inputs
+#     end
+#
+#     def build(target)
+#       each_strongly_connected_component_from(target) {|ns|
+#         if ns.length != 1
+#           fs = ns.delete_if {|n| Array === n}
+#           raise Gem::TSort::Cyclic.new("cyclic dependencies: #{fs.join ', '}")
+#         end
+#         n = ns.first
+#         if Array === n
+#           outputs, inputs, block = n
+#           inputs_time = inputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.max
+#           begin
+#             outputs_time = outputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.min
+#           rescue Errno::ENOENT
+#             outputs_time = nil
+#           end
+#           if outputs_time == nil ||
+#              inputs_time != nil && outputs_time <= inputs_time
+#             sleep 1 if inputs_time != nil && inputs_time.to_i == Time.now.to_i
+#             block.call
+#           end
+#         end
+#       }
+#     end
+#
+#     def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
+#       @dep[node].each(&block)
+#     end
+#     include Gem::TSort
+#   end
+#
+#   def command(arg)
+#     print arg, "\n"
+#     system arg
+#   end
+#
+#   m = Make.new
+#   m.rule(%w[t1]) { command 'date > t1' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t2]) { command 'date > t2' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t3]) { command 'date > t3' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t4], %w[t1 t3]) { command 'cat t1 t3 > t4' }
+#   m.rule(%w[t5], %w[t4 t2]) { command 'cat t4 t2 > t5' }
+#   m.build('t5')
+#
+# == Bugs
+#
+# * 'tsort.rb' is wrong name because this library uses
+#   Tarjan's algorithm for strongly connected components.
+#   Although 'strongly_connected_components.rb' is correct but too long.
+#
+# == References
+#
+# R. E. Tarjan, "Depth First Search and Linear Graph Algorithms",
+# <em>SIAM Journal on Computing</em>, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 146-160, June 1972.
+#
+
+module Gem
+  module TSort
+    class Cyclic < StandardError
+    end
+
+    # Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e.
+    # the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.
+    #
+    # If there is a cycle, Gem::TSort::Cyclic is raised.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include Gem::TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.tsort #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.tsort # raises Gem::TSort::Cyclic
+    #
+    def tsort
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      Gem::TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e.
+    # the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    # If there is a cycle, Gem::TSort::Cyclic is raised.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p Gem::TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p Gem::TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) # raises Gem::TSort::Cyclic
+    #
+    def TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child)
+      Gem::TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child).to_a
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the #tsort method.
+    # <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort_each</tt> is similar to <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort.each</tt>, but
+    # modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
+    #
+    # #tsort_each returns +nil+.
+    # If there is a cycle, Gem::TSort::Cyclic is raised.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include Gem::TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.tsort_each {|n| p n }
+    #   #=> 4
+    #   #   2
+    #   #   3
+    #   #   1
+    #
+    def tsort_each(&block) # :yields: node
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      Gem::TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child, &block)
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the Gem::TSort.tsort method.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   Gem::TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) {|n| p n }
+    #   #=> 4
+    #   #   2
+    #   #   3
+    #   #   1
+    #
+    def TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) # :yields: node
+      return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?
+
+      Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|component|
+        if component.size == 1
+          yield component.first
+        else
+          raise Cyclic.new("topological sort failed: #{component.inspect}")
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents.
+    # Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include Gem::TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
+    #
+    def strongly_connected_components
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      Gem::TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+    end
+
+    # Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes.
+    # The array is sorted from children to parents.
+    # Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p Gem::TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+    #   #=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   p Gem::TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+    #   #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
+    #
+    def TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
+      Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child).to_a
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the #strongly_connected_components method.
+    # <tt><em>obj</em>.each_strongly_connected_component</tt> is similar to
+    # <tt><em>obj</em>.strongly_connected_components.each</tt>, but
+    # modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
+    #
+    # #each_strongly_connected_component returns +nil+.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include Gem::TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2]
+    #   #   [3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    def each_strongly_connected_component(&block) # :yields: nodes
+      each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
+      each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
+      Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child, &block)
+    end
+
+    # The iterator version of the Gem::TSort.strongly_connected_components method.
+    #
+    # The graph is represented by _each_node_ and _each_child_.
+    # _each_node_ should have +call+ method which yields for each node in the graph.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2]
+    #   #   [3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    #   g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
+    #   Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    def TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) # :yields: nodes
+      return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?
+
+      id_map = {}
+      stack = []
+      each_node.call {|node|
+        unless id_map.include? node
+          Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
+            yield c
+          }
+        end
+      }
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Iterates over strongly connected component in the subgraph reachable from
+    # _node_.
+    #
+    # Return value is unspecified.
+    #
+    # #each_strongly_connected_component_from doesn't call #tsort_each_node.
+    #
+    #   class G
+    #     include Gem::TSort
+    #     def initialize(g)
+    #       @g = g
+    #     end
+    #     def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
+    #     def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2]
+    #
+    #   graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
+    #   graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #
+    def each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, id_map={}, stack=[], &block) # :yields: nodes
+      Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, method(:tsort_each_child), id_map, stack, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Iterates over strongly connected components in a graph.
+    # The graph is represented by _node_ and _each_child_.
+    #
+    # _node_ is the first node.
+    # _each_child_ should have +call+ method which takes a node argument
+    # and yields for each child node.
+    #
+    # Return value is unspecified.
+    #
+    # #Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from is a class method and
+    # it doesn't need a class to represent a graph which includes Gem::TSort.
+    #
+    #   graph = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
+    #   each_child = lambda {|n, &b| graph[n].each(&b) }
+    #   Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(1, each_child) {|scc|
+    #     p scc
+    #   }
+    #   #=> [4]
+    #   #   [2, 3]
+    #   #   [1]
+    #
+    def TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map={}, stack=[]) # :yields: nodes
+      return to_enum(__method__, node, each_child, id_map, stack) unless block_given?
+
+      minimum_id = node_id = id_map[node] = id_map.size
+      stack_length = stack.length
+      stack << node
+
+      each_child.call(node) {|child|
+        if id_map.include? child
+          child_id = id_map[child]
+          minimum_id = child_id if child_id && child_id < minimum_id
+        else
+          sub_minimum_id =
+            Gem::TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(child, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
+              yield c
+            }
+          minimum_id = sub_minimum_id if sub_minimum_id < minimum_id
+        end
+      }
+
+      if node_id == minimum_id
+        component = stack.slice!(stack_length .. -1)
+        component.each {|n| id_map[n] = nil}
+        yield component
+      end
+
+      minimum_id
+    end
+
+    # Should be implemented by a extended class.
+    #
+    # #tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
+    #
+    def tsort_each_node # :yields: node
+      raise NotImplementedError.new
+    end
+
+    # Should be implemented by a extended class.
+    #
+    # #tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of _node_.
+    #
+    def tsort_each_child(node) # :yields: child
+      raise NotImplementedError.new
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb b/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb
index 89f47a45fe..1c3bf260c2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/uninstaller.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@
 #++
 
 require 'fileutils'
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/dependency_list'
-require 'rubygems/rdoc'
-require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
+require_relative 'installer_uninstaller_utils'
+require_relative 'dependency_list'
+require_relative 'rdoc'
+require_relative 'user_interaction'
 
 ##
 # An Uninstaller.
@@ -20,9 +21,10 @@ require 'rubygems/user_interaction'
 # file.  See Gem.pre_uninstall and Gem.post_uninstall for details.
 
 class Gem::Uninstaller
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
+  include Gem::InstallerUninstallerUtils
+
   ##
   # The directory a gem's executables will be installed into
 
@@ -46,7 +48,8 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
     # TODO document the valid options
     @gem                = gem
     @version            = options[:version] || Gem::Requirement.default
-    @gem_home           = File.expand_path(options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir)
+    @gem_home           = File.realpath(options[:install_dir] || Gem.dir)
+    @plugins_dir        = Gem.plugindir(@gem_home)
     @force_executables  = options[:executables]
     @force_all          = options[:all]
     @force_ignore       = options[:ignore]
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
     # Indicate if development dependencies should be checked when
     # uninstalling. (default: false)
     #
-    @check_dev         = options[:check_dev]
+    @check_dev = options[:check_dev]
 
     if options[:force]
       @force_all = true
@@ -67,6 +70,9 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
     # only add user directory if install_dir is not set
     @user_install = false
     @user_install = options[:user_install] unless options[:install_dir]
+
+    # Optimization: populated during #uninstall
+    @default_specs_matching_uninstall_params = []
   end
 
   ##
@@ -80,7 +86,7 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
 
     dirs =
       Gem::Specification.dirs +
-      [Gem::Specification.default_specifications_dir]
+      [Gem.default_specifications_dir]
 
     Gem::Specification.each_spec dirs do |spec|
       next unless dependency.matches_spec? spec
@@ -88,9 +94,15 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
       list << spec
     end
 
+    if list.empty?
+      raise Gem::InstallError, "gem #{@gem.inspect} is not installed"
+    end
+
     default_specs, list = list.partition do |spec|
       spec.default_gem?
     end
+    warn_cannot_uninstall_default_gems(default_specs - list)
+    @default_specs_matching_uninstall_params = default_specs
 
     list, other_repo_specs = list.partition do |spec|
       @gem_home == spec.base_dir or
@@ -99,42 +111,33 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
 
     list.sort!
 
-    if list.empty? then
-      if other_repo_specs.empty?
-        if default_specs.empty?
-          raise Gem::InstallError, "gem #{@gem.inspect} is not installed"
-        else
-          message =
-            "gem #{@gem.inspect} cannot be uninstalled " +
-            "because it is a default gem"
-          raise Gem::InstallError, message
-        end
-      end
+    if list.empty?
+      return unless other_repo_specs.any?
 
-      other_repos = other_repo_specs.map { |spec| spec.base_dir }.uniq
+      other_repos = other_repo_specs.map {|spec| spec.base_dir }.uniq
 
       message = ["#{@gem} is not installed in GEM_HOME, try:"]
-      message.concat other_repos.map { |repo|
+      message.concat other_repos.map {|repo|
         "\tgem uninstall -i #{repo} #{@gem}"
       }
 
       raise Gem::InstallError, message.join("\n")
-    elsif @force_all then
+    elsif @force_all
       remove_all list
 
-    elsif list.size > 1 then
-      gem_names = list.map { |gem| gem.full_name }
+    elsif list.size > 1
+      gem_names = list.map {|gem| gem.full_name }
       gem_names << "All versions"
 
       say
       _, index = choose_from_list "Select gem to uninstall:", gem_names
 
-      if index == list.size then
+      if index == list.size
         remove_all list
-      elsif index >= 0 && index < list.size then
+      elsif index >= 0 && index < list.size
         uninstall_gem list[index]
       else
-        say "Error: must enter a number [1-#{list.size+1}]"
+        say "Error: must enter a number [1-#{list.size + 1}]"
       end
     else
       uninstall_gem list.first
@@ -159,8 +162,11 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
     end
 
     remove_executables @spec
+    remove_plugins @spec
     remove @spec
 
+    regenerate_plugins
+
     Gem.post_uninstall_hooks.each do |hook|
       hook.call self
     end
@@ -169,20 +175,19 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
   end
 
   ##
-  # Removes installed executables and batch files (windows only) for
-  # +gemspec+.
+  # Removes installed executables and batch files (windows only) for +spec+.
 
   def remove_executables(spec)
-    return if spec.nil? or spec.executables.empty?
+    return if spec.executables.empty?
 
     executables = spec.executables.clone
 
     # Leave any executables created by other installed versions
     # of this gem installed.
 
-    list = Gem::Specification.find_all { |s|
+    list = Gem::Specification.find_all do |s|
       s.name == spec.name && s.version != spec.version
-    }
+    end
 
     list.each do |s|
       s.executables.each do |exe_name|
@@ -192,9 +197,9 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
 
     return if executables.empty?
 
-    executables = executables.map { |exec| formatted_program_filename exec }
+    executables = executables.map {|exec| formatted_program_filename exec }
 
-    remove = if @force_executables.nil? then
+    remove = if @force_executables.nil?
                ask_yes_no("Remove executables:\n" +
                           "\t#{executables.join ', '}\n\n" +
                           "in addition to the gem?",
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
                @force_executables
              end
 
-    if remove then
+    if remove
       bin_dir = @bin_dir || Gem.bindir(spec.base_dir)
 
       raise Gem::FilePermissionError, bin_dir unless File.writable? bin_dir
@@ -213,8 +218,8 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
 
         exe_file = File.join bin_dir, exe_name
 
-        FileUtils.rm_f exe_file
-        FileUtils.rm_f "#{exe_file}.bat"
+        safe_delete { FileUtils.rm exe_file }
+        safe_delete { FileUtils.rm "#{exe_file}.bat" }
       end
     else
       say "Executables and scripts will remain installed."
@@ -227,19 +232,15 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
   # NOTE: removes uninstalled gems from +list+.
 
   def remove_all(list)
-    list.each { |spec| uninstall_gem spec }
+    list.each {|spec| uninstall_gem spec }
   end
 
   ##
   # spec:: the spec of the gem to be uninstalled
-  # list:: the list of all such gems
-  #
-  # Warning: this method modifies the +list+ parameter.  Once it has
-  # uninstalled a gem, it is removed from that list.
 
   def remove(spec)
     unless path_ok?(@gem_home, spec) or
-           (@user_install and path_ok?(Gem.user_dir, spec)) then
+           (@user_install and path_ok?(Gem.user_dir, spec))
       e = Gem::GemNotInHomeException.new \
             "Gem '#{spec.full_name}' is not installed in directory #{@gem_home}"
       e.spec = spec
@@ -250,32 +251,51 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
     raise Gem::FilePermissionError, spec.base_dir unless
       File.writable?(spec.base_dir)
 
-    FileUtils.rm_rf spec.full_gem_path
-    FileUtils.rm_rf spec.extension_dir
+    safe_delete { FileUtils.rm_r spec.full_gem_path }
+    safe_delete { FileUtils.rm_r spec.extension_dir }
 
     old_platform_name = spec.original_name
-    gemspec           = spec.spec_file
-
-    unless File.exist? gemspec then
-      gemspec = File.join(File.dirname(gemspec), "#{old_platform_name}.gemspec")
-    end
-
-    FileUtils.rm_rf gemspec
 
     gem = spec.cache_file
     gem = File.join(spec.cache_dir, "#{old_platform_name}.gem") unless
       File.exist? gem
 
-    FileUtils.rm_rf gem
+    safe_delete { FileUtils.rm_r gem }
 
     Gem::RDoc.new(spec).remove
 
-    say "Successfully uninstalled #{spec.full_name}"
+    gemspec = spec.spec_file
+
+    unless File.exist? gemspec
+      gemspec = File.join(File.dirname(gemspec), "#{old_platform_name}.gemspec")
+    end
+
+    safe_delete { FileUtils.rm_r gemspec }
+    announce_deletion_of(spec)
 
     Gem::Specification.reset
   end
 
   ##
+  # Remove any plugin wrappers for +spec+.
+
+  def remove_plugins(spec) # :nodoc:
+    return if spec.plugins.empty?
+
+    remove_plugins_for(spec, @plugins_dir)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Regenerates plugin wrappers after removal.
+
+  def regenerate_plugins
+    latest = Gem::Specification.latest_spec_for(@spec.name)
+    return if latest.nil?
+
+    regenerate_plugins_for(latest, @plugins_dir)
+  end
+
+  ##
   # Is +spec+ in +gem_dir+?
 
   def path_ok?(gem_dir, spec)
@@ -289,7 +309,7 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
   # Returns true if it is OK to remove +spec+ or this is a forced
   # uninstallation.
 
-  def dependencies_ok? spec # :nodoc:
+  def dependencies_ok?(spec) # :nodoc:
     return true if @force_ignore
 
     deplist = Gem::DependencyList.from_specs
@@ -308,18 +328,18 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
   ##
   # Asks if it is OK to remove +spec+.  Returns true if it is OK.
 
-  def ask_if_ok spec # :nodoc:
+  def ask_if_ok(spec) # :nodoc:
     msg = ['']
     msg << 'You have requested to uninstall the gem:'
     msg << "\t#{spec.full_name}"
     msg << ''
 
     siblings = Gem::Specification.select do |s|
-                 s.name == spec.name && s.full_name != spec.full_name
-               end
+      s.name == spec.name && s.full_name != spec.full_name
+    end
 
-    spec.dependent_gems.each do |dep_spec, dep, satlist|
-      unless siblings.any? { |s| s.satisfies_requirement? dep }
+    spec.dependent_gems(@check_dev).each do |dep_spec, dep, satlist|
+      unless siblings.any? {|s| s.satisfies_requirement? dep }
         msg << "#{dep_spec.name}-#{dep_spec.version} depends on #{dep}"
       end
     end
@@ -332,15 +352,56 @@ class Gem::Uninstaller
   ##
   # Returns the formatted version of the executable +filename+
 
-  def formatted_program_filename filename # :nodoc:
+  def formatted_program_filename(filename) # :nodoc:
     # TODO perhaps the installer should leave a small manifest
     # of what it did for us to find rather than trying to recreate
     # it again.
-    if @format_executable then
-      require 'rubygems/installer'
+    if @format_executable
+      require_relative 'installer'
       Gem::Installer.exec_format % File.basename(filename)
     else
       filename
     end
   end
+
+  def safe_delete(&block)
+    block.call
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    nil
+  rescue Errno::EPERM
+    e = Gem::UninstallError.new
+    e.spec = @spec
+
+    raise e
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def announce_deletion_of(spec)
+    name = spec.full_name
+    say "Successfully uninstalled #{name}"
+    if default_spec_matches?(spec)
+      say(
+        "There was both a regular copy and a default copy of #{name}. The " \
+          "regular copy was successfully uninstalled, but the default copy " \
+          "was left around because default gems can't be removed."
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @return true if the specs of any default gems are `==` to the given `spec`.
+  def default_spec_matches?(spec)
+    !default_specs_that_match(spec).empty?
+  end
+
+  # @return [Array] specs of default gems that are `==` to the given `spec`.
+  def default_specs_that_match(spec)
+    @default_specs_matching_uninstall_params.select {|default_spec| spec == default_spec }
+  end
+
+  def warn_cannot_uninstall_default_gems(specs)
+    specs.each do |spec|
+      say "Gem #{spec.full_name} cannot be uninstalled because it is a default gem"
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/uri.rb b/lib/rubygems/uri.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba30fac2f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/uri.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+##
+# The Uri handles rubygems source URIs.
+#
+
+class Gem::Uri
+  def initialize(source_uri)
+    @parsed_uri = parse(source_uri)
+  end
+
+  def redacted
+    return self unless valid_uri?
+
+    if token? || oauth_basic?
+      with_redacted_user
+    elsif password?
+      with_redacted_password
+    else
+      self
+    end
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    @parsed_uri.to_s
+  end
+
+  def redact_credentials_from(text)
+    return text unless valid_uri? && password?
+
+    text.sub(password, 'REDACTED')
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(method_name, *args, &blk)
+    if @parsed_uri.respond_to?(method_name)
+      @parsed_uri.send(method_name, *args, &blk)
+    else
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def respond_to_missing?(method_name, include_private = false)
+    @parsed_uri.respond_to?(method_name, include_private) || super
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  # Add a protected reader for the cloned instance to access the original object's parsed uri
+  attr_reader :parsed_uri
+
+  private
+
+  ##
+  # Parses the #uri, raising if it's invalid
+
+  def parse!(uri)
+    require "uri"
+
+    raise URI::InvalidURIError unless uri
+
+    # Always escape URI's to deal with potential spaces and such
+    # It should also be considered that source_uri may already be
+    # a valid URI with escaped characters. e.g. "{DESede}" is encoded
+    # as "%7BDESede%7D". If this is escaped again the percentage
+    # symbols will be escaped.
+    begin
+      URI.parse(uri)
+    rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+      URI.parse(URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.escape(uri))
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Parses the #uri, returning the original uri if it's invalid
+
+  def parse(uri)
+    return uri unless uri.is_a?(String)
+
+    parse!(uri)
+  rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+    uri
+  end
+
+  def with_redacted_user
+    clone.tap {|uri| uri.user = 'REDACTED' }
+  end
+
+  def with_redacted_password
+    clone.tap {|uri| uri.password = 'REDACTED' }
+  end
+
+  def valid_uri?
+    !@parsed_uri.is_a?(String)
+  end
+
+  def password?
+    !!password
+  end
+
+  def oauth_basic?
+    password == 'x-oauth-basic'
+  end
+
+  def token?
+    !user.nil? && password.nil?
+  end
+
+  def initialize_copy(original)
+    @parsed_uri = original.parsed_uri.clone
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/uri_formatter.rb b/lib/rubygems/uri_formatter.rb
index bb128e4ef9..3bda896875 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/uri_formatter.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/uri_formatter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'cgi'
-require 'uri'
 
 ##
 # The UriFormatter handles URIs from user-input and escaping.
@@ -10,7 +8,6 @@ require 'uri'
 #   p uf.normalize #=> 'http://example.com'
 
 class Gem::UriFormatter
-
   ##
   # The URI to be formatted.
 
@@ -19,7 +16,9 @@ class Gem::UriFormatter
   ##
   # Creates a new URI formatter for +uri+.
 
-  def initialize uri
+  def initialize(uri)
+    require 'cgi'
+
     @uri = uri
   end
 
@@ -45,6 +44,4 @@ class Gem::UriFormatter
     return unless @uri
     CGI.unescape @uri
   end
-
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb b/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb
index 390d0f2aea..0ab44fbf6c 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/user_interaction.rb
@@ -5,12 +5,8 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems/util'
-
-begin
-  require 'io/console'
-rescue LoadError
-end
+require_relative 'deprecate'
+require_relative 'text'
 
 ##
 # Module that defines the default UserInteraction.  Any class including this
@@ -18,6 +14,8 @@ end
 
 module Gem::DefaultUserInteraction
 
+  include Gem::Text
+
   ##
   # The default UI is a class variable of the singleton class for this
   # module.
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ module Gem::UserInteraction
   ##
   # Displays an alert +statement+.  Asks a +question+ if given.
 
-  def alert statement, question = nil
+  def alert(statement, question = nil)
     ui.alert statement, question
   end
 
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ module Gem::UserInteraction
   # Displays an error +statement+ to the error output location.  Asks a
   # +question+ if given.
 
-  def alert_error statement, question = nil
+  def alert_error(statement, question = nil)
     ui.alert_error statement, question
   end
 
@@ -115,49 +113,49 @@ module Gem::UserInteraction
   # Displays a warning +statement+ to the warning output location.  Asks a
   # +question+ if given.
 
-  def alert_warning statement, question = nil
+  def alert_warning(statement, question = nil)
     ui.alert_warning statement, question
   end
 
   ##
   # Asks a +question+ and returns the answer.
 
-  def ask question
+  def ask(question)
     ui.ask question
   end
 
   ##
   # Asks for a password with a +prompt+
 
-  def ask_for_password prompt
+  def ask_for_password(prompt)
     ui.ask_for_password prompt
   end
 
   ##
   # Asks a yes or no +question+.  Returns true for yes, false for no.
 
-  def ask_yes_no question, default = nil
+  def ask_yes_no(question, default = nil)
     ui.ask_yes_no question, default
   end
 
   ##
   # Asks the user to answer +question+ with an answer from the given +list+.
 
-  def choose_from_list question, list
+  def choose_from_list(question, list)
     ui.choose_from_list question, list
   end
 
   ##
   # Displays the given +statement+ on the standard output (or equivalent).
 
-  def say statement = ''
+  def say(statement = '')
     ui.say statement
   end
 
   ##
   # Terminates the RubyGems process with the given +exit_code+
 
-  def terminate_interaction exit_code = 0
+  def terminate_interaction(exit_code = 0)
     ui.terminate_interaction exit_code
   end
 
@@ -165,8 +163,8 @@ module Gem::UserInteraction
   # Calls +say+ with +msg+ or the results of the block if really_verbose
   # is true.
 
-  def verbose msg = nil
-    say(msg || yield) if Gem.configuration.really_verbose
+  def verbose(msg = nil)
+    say(clean_text(msg || yield)) if Gem.configuration.really_verbose
   end
 end
 
@@ -174,6 +172,7 @@ end
 # Gem::StreamUI implements a simple stream based user interface.
 
 class Gem::StreamUI
+  extend Gem::Deprecate
 
   ##
   # The input stream
@@ -207,18 +206,14 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # Returns true if TTY methods should be used on this StreamUI.
 
   def tty?
-    if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.3' and RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mingw|mswin/ then
-      @usetty
-    else
-      @usetty && @ins.tty?
-    end
+    @usetty && @ins.tty?
   end
 
   ##
   # Prints a formatted backtrace to the errors stream if backtraces are
   # enabled.
 
-  def backtrace exception
+  def backtrace(exception)
     return unless Gem.configuration.backtrace
 
     @errs.puts "\t#{exception.backtrace.join "\n\t"}"
@@ -233,7 +228,7 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
     @outs.puts question
 
     list.each_with_index do |item, index|
-      @outs.puts " #{index+1}. #{item}"
+      @outs.puts " #{index + 1}. #{item}"
     end
 
     @outs.print "> "
@@ -253,8 +248,8 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # default.
 
   def ask_yes_no(question, default=nil)
-    unless tty? then
-      if default.nil? then
+    unless tty?
+      if default.nil?
         raise Gem::OperationNotSupportedError,
               "Not connected to a tty and no default specified"
       else
@@ -314,36 +309,21 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
     password
   end
 
-  if IO.method_defined?(:noecho) then
-    def _gets_noecho
-      @ins.noecho {@ins.gets}
-    end
-  elsif Gem.win_platform?
-    def _gets_noecho
-      require "Win32API"
-      password = ''
-
-      while char = Win32API.new("crtdll", "_getch", [ ], "L").Call do
-        break if char == 10 || char == 13 # received carriage return or newline
-        if char == 127 || char == 8 # backspace and delete
-          password.slice!(-1, 1)
-        else
-          password << char.chr
-        end
-      end
-      password
-    end
-  else
-    def _gets_noecho
-      system "stty -echo"
+  def require_io_console
+    @require_io_console ||= begin
       begin
-        @ins.gets
-      ensure
-        system "stty echo"
+        require 'io/console'
+      rescue LoadError
       end
+      true
     end
   end
 
+  def _gets_noecho
+    require_io_console
+    @ins.noecho { @ins.gets }
+  end
+
   ##
   # Display a statement.
 
@@ -377,13 +357,6 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   end
 
   ##
-  # Display a debug message on the same location as error messages.
-
-  def debug(statement)
-    @errs.puts statement
-  end
-
-  ##
   # Terminate the application with exit code +status+, running any exit
   # handlers that might have been defined.
 
@@ -413,7 +386,6 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # An absolutely silent progress reporter.
 
   class SilentProgressReporter
-
     ##
     # The count of items is never updated for the silent progress reporter.
 
@@ -444,7 +416,6 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # A basic dotted progress reporter.
 
   class SimpleProgressReporter
-
     include Gem::DefaultUserInteraction
 
     ##
@@ -482,14 +453,12 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
     def done
       @out.puts "\n#{@terminal_message}"
     end
-
   end
 
   ##
   # A progress reporter that prints out messages about the current progress.
 
   class VerboseProgressReporter
-
     include Gem::DefaultUserInteraction
 
     ##
@@ -532,11 +501,10 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # Return a download reporter object chosen from the current verbosity
 
   def download_reporter(*args)
-    case Gem.configuration.verbose
-    when nil, false
+    if [nil, false].include?(Gem.configuration.verbose) || !@outs.tty?
       SilentDownloadReporter.new(@outs, *args)
     else
-      VerboseDownloadReporter.new(@outs, *args)
+      ThreadedDownloadReporter.new(@outs, *args)
     end
   end
 
@@ -544,7 +512,6 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   # An absolutely silent download reporter.
 
   class SilentDownloadReporter
-
     ##
     # The silent download reporter ignores all arguments
 
@@ -573,9 +540,10 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
   end
 
   ##
-  # A progress reporter that prints out messages about the current progress.
+  # A progress reporter that behaves nicely with threaded downloading.
 
-  class VerboseDownloadReporter
+  class ThreadedDownloadReporter
+    MUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new
 
     ##
     # The current file name being displayed
@@ -583,71 +551,45 @@ class Gem::StreamUI
     attr_reader :file_name
 
     ##
-    # The total bytes in the file
-
-    attr_reader :total_bytes
-
-    ##
-    # The current progress (0 to 100)
-
-    attr_reader :progress
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new verbose download reporter that will display on
+    # Creates a new threaded download reporter that will display on
     # +out_stream+.  The other arguments are ignored.
 
     def initialize(out_stream, *args)
+      @file_name = nil
       @out = out_stream
-      @progress = 0
     end
 
     ##
-    # Tells the download reporter that the +file_name+ is being fetched and
-    # contains +total_bytes+.
+    # Tells the download reporter that the +file_name+ is being fetched.
+    # The other arguments are ignored.
 
-    def fetch(file_name, total_bytes)
-      @file_name = file_name
-      @total_bytes = total_bytes.to_i
-      @units = @total_bytes.zero? ? 'B' : '%'
-
-      update_display(false)
+    def fetch(file_name, *args)
+      if @file_name.nil?
+        @file_name = file_name
+        locked_puts "Fetching #{@file_name}"
+      end
     end
 
     ##
-    # Updates the verbose download reporter for the given number of +bytes+.
+    # Updates the threaded download reporter for the given number of +bytes+.
 
     def update(bytes)
-      new_progress = if @units == 'B' then
-                       bytes
-                     else
-                       ((bytes.to_f * 100) / total_bytes.to_f).ceil
-                     end
-
-      return if new_progress == @progress
-
-      @progress = new_progress
-      update_display
+      # Do nothing.
     end
 
     ##
     # Indicates the download is complete.
 
     def done
-      @progress = 100 if @units == '%'
-      update_display(true, true)
+      # Do nothing.
     end
 
     private
 
-    def update_display(show_progress = true, new_line = false) # :nodoc:
-      return unless @out.tty?
-
-      if show_progress then
-        @out.print "\rFetching: %s (%3d%s)" % [@file_name, @progress, @units]
-      else
-        @out.print "Fetching: %s" % @file_name
+    def locked_puts(message)
+      MUTEX.synchronize do
+        @out.puts message
       end
-      @out.puts if new_line
     end
   end
 end
@@ -657,7 +599,6 @@ end
 # STDOUT, and STDERR.
 
 class Gem::ConsoleUI < Gem::StreamUI
-
   ##
   # The Console UI has no arguments as it defaults to reading input from
   # stdin, output to stdout and warnings or errors to stderr.
@@ -671,15 +612,14 @@ end
 # SilentUI is a UI choice that is absolutely silent.
 
 class Gem::SilentUI < Gem::StreamUI
-
   ##
   # The SilentUI has no arguments as it does not use any stream.
 
   def initialize
     reader, writer = nil, nil
 
-    reader = File.open(Gem::Util::NULL_DEVICE, 'r')
-    writer = File.open(Gem::Util::NULL_DEVICE, 'w')
+    reader = File.open(IO::NULL, 'r')
+    writer = File.open(IO::NULL, 'w')
 
     super reader, writer, writer, false
   end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/util.rb b/lib/rubygems/util.rb
index ead2babc1f..4363c5adce 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/util.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/util.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+require_relative 'deprecate'
+
 ##
 # This module contains various utility methods as module methods.
 
 module Gem::Util
 
-  @silent_mutex = nil
-
   ##
   # Zlib::GzipReader wrapper that unzips +data+.
 
@@ -14,8 +14,14 @@ module Gem::Util
     require 'stringio'
     data = StringIO.new(data, 'r')
 
-    unzipped = Zlib::GzipReader.new(data).read
-    unzipped.force_encoding Encoding::BINARY if Object.const_defined? :Encoding
+    gzip_reader = begin
+                    Zlib::GzipReader.new(data)
+                  rescue Zlib::GzipFile::Error => e
+                    raise e.class, e.inspect, e.backtrace
+                  end
+
+    unzipped = gzip_reader.read
+    unzipped.force_encoding Encoding::BINARY
     unzipped
   end
 
@@ -26,9 +32,11 @@ module Gem::Util
     require 'zlib'
     require 'stringio'
     zipped = StringIO.new(String.new, 'w')
-    zipped.set_encoding Encoding::BINARY if Object.const_defined? :Encoding
+    zipped.set_encoding Encoding::BINARY
 
-    Zlib::GzipWriter.wrap zipped do |io| io.write data end
+    Zlib::GzipWriter.wrap zipped do |io|
+      io.write data
+    end
 
     zipped.string
   end
@@ -42,93 +50,69 @@ module Gem::Util
   end
 
   ##
-  # This calls IO.popen where it accepts an array for a +command+ (Ruby 1.9+)
-  # and implements an IO.popen-like behavior where it does not accept an array
-  # for a command.
+  # This calls IO.popen and reads the result
 
-  def self.popen *command
+  def self.popen(*command)
     IO.popen command, &:read
-  rescue TypeError # ruby 1.8 only supports string command
-    r, w = IO.pipe
-
-    pid = fork do
-      STDIN.close
-      STDOUT.reopen w
-
-      exec(*command)
-    end
-
-    w.close
-
-    begin
-      return r.read
-    ensure
-      Process.wait pid
-    end
   end
 
-  NULL_DEVICE = defined?(IO::NULL) ? IO::NULL : Gem.win_platform? ? 'NUL' : '/dev/null'
-
   ##
   # Invokes system, but silences all output.
 
-  def self.silent_system *command
-    opt = {:out => NULL_DEVICE, :err => [:child, :out]}
+  def self.silent_system(*command)
+    opt = {:out => IO::NULL, :err => [:child, :out]}
     if Hash === command.last
       opt.update(command.last)
       cmds = command[0...-1]
     else
       cmds = command.dup
     end
-    return system(*(cmds << opt))
-  rescue TypeError
-    require 'thread'
-
-    @silent_mutex ||= Mutex.new
-
-    null_device = NULL_DEVICE
-
-    @silent_mutex.synchronize do
-      begin
-        stdout = STDOUT.dup
-        stderr = STDERR.dup
+    system(*(cmds << opt))
+  end
 
-        STDOUT.reopen null_device, 'w'
-        STDERR.reopen null_device, 'w'
+  class << self
+    extend Gem::Deprecate
 
-        return system(*command)
-      ensure
-        STDOUT.reopen stdout
-        STDERR.reopen stderr
-        stdout.close
-        stderr.close
-      end
-    end
+    rubygems_deprecate :silent_system
   end
 
   ##
   # Enumerates the parents of +directory+.
 
-  def self.traverse_parents directory
+  def self.traverse_parents(directory, &block)
     return enum_for __method__, directory unless block_given?
 
     here = File.expand_path directory
-    start = here
+    loop do
+      Dir.chdir here, &block rescue Errno::EACCES
 
-    Dir.chdir start
+      new_here = File.expand_path('..', here)
+      return if new_here == here # toplevel
+      here = new_here
+    end
+  end
 
-    begin
-      loop do
-        yield here
+  ##
+  # Globs for files matching +pattern+ inside of +directory+,
+  # returning absolute paths to the matching files.
 
-        Dir.chdir '..'
+  def self.glob_files_in_dir(glob, base_path)
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.5"
+      Dir.glob(glob, base: base_path).map! {|f| File.expand_path(f, base_path) }
+    else
+      Dir.glob(File.expand_path(glob, base_path))
+    end
+  end
 
-        return if Dir.pwd == here # toplevel
+  ##
+  # Corrects +path+ (usually returned by `URI.parse().path` on Windows), that
+  # comes with a leading slash.
 
-        here = Dir.pwd
-      end
-    ensure
-      Dir.chdir start
+  def self.correct_for_windows_path(path)
+    if path[0].chr == '/' && path[1].chr =~ /[a-z]/i && path[2].chr == ':'
+      path[1..-1]
+    else
+      path
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb b/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb
index f4a99af39e..3f4178c6e0 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/util/licenses.rb
@@ -1,329 +1,530 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-require 'rubygems/text'
+require_relative '../text'
 
 class Gem::Licenses
   extend Gem::Text
 
   NONSTANDARD = 'Nonstandard'.freeze
+  LICENSE_REF = 'LicenseRef-.+'.freeze
 
   # Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) standard open-source software
   # license identifiers
-  IDENTIFIERS = %w(
-      0BSD
-      AAL
-      ADSL
-      AFL-1.1
-      AFL-1.2
-      AFL-2.0
-      AFL-2.1
-      AFL-3.0
-      AGPL-1.0
-      AGPL-3.0
-      AMDPLPA
-      AML
-      AMPAS
-      ANTLR-PD
-      APAFML
-      APL-1.0
-      APSL-1.0
-      APSL-1.1
-      APSL-1.2
-      APSL-2.0
-      Abstyles
-      Adobe-2006
-      Adobe-Glyph
-      Afmparse
-      Aladdin
-      Apache-1.0
-      Apache-1.1
-      Apache-2.0
-      Artistic-1.0
-      Artistic-1.0-Perl
-      Artistic-1.0-cl8
-      Artistic-2.0
-      BSD-2-Clause
-      BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD
-      BSD-2-Clause-NetBSD
-      BSD-3-Clause
-      BSD-3-Clause-Attribution
-      BSD-3-Clause-Clear
-      BSD-3-Clause-LBNL
-      BSD-4-Clause
-      BSD-4-Clause-UC
-      BSD-Protection
-      BSL-1.0
-      Bahyph
-      Barr
-      Beerware
-      BitTorrent-1.0
-      BitTorrent-1.1
-      Borceux
-      CATOSL-1.1
-      CC-BY-1.0
-      CC-BY-2.0
-      CC-BY-2.5
-      CC-BY-3.0
-      CC-BY-4.0
-      CC-BY-NC-1.0
-      CC-BY-NC-2.0
-      CC-BY-NC-2.5
-      CC-BY-NC-3.0
-      CC-BY-NC-4.0
-      CC-BY-NC-ND-1.0
-      CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0
-      CC-BY-NC-ND-2.5
-      CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0
-      CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0
-      CC-BY-NC-SA-1.0
-      CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0
-      CC-BY-NC-SA-2.5
-      CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0
-      CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
-      CC-BY-ND-1.0
-      CC-BY-ND-2.0
-      CC-BY-ND-2.5
-      CC-BY-ND-3.0
-      CC-BY-ND-4.0
-      CC-BY-SA-1.0
-      CC-BY-SA-2.0
-      CC-BY-SA-2.5
-      CC-BY-SA-3.0
-      CC-BY-SA-4.0
-      CC0-1.0
-      CDDL-1.0
-      CDDL-1.1
-      CECILL-1.0
-      CECILL-1.1
-      CECILL-2.0
-      CECILL-2.1
-      CECILL-B
-      CECILL-C
-      CNRI-Jython
-      CNRI-Python
-      CNRI-Python-GPL-Compatible
-      CPAL-1.0
-      CPL-1.0
-      CPOL-1.02
-      CUA-OPL-1.0
-      Caldera
-      ClArtistic
-      Condor-1.1
-      Crossword
-      CrystalStacker
-      Cube
-      D-FSL-1.0
-      DOC
-      DSDP
-      Dotseqn
-      ECL-1.0
-      ECL-2.0
-      EFL-1.0
-      EFL-2.0
-      EPL-1.0
-      EUDatagrid
-      EUPL-1.0
-      EUPL-1.1
-      Entessa
-      ErlPL-1.1
-      Eurosym
-      FSFUL
-      FSFULLR
-      FTL
-      Fair
-      Frameworx-1.0
-      FreeImage
-      GFDL-1.1
-      GFDL-1.2
-      GFDL-1.3
-      GL2PS
-      GPL-1.0
-      GPL-2.0
-      GPL-3.0
-      Giftware
-      Glide
-      Glulxe
-      HPND
-      HaskellReport
-      IBM-pibs
-      ICU
-      IJG
-      IPA
-      IPL-1.0
-      ISC
-      ImageMagick
-      Imlib2
-      Intel
-      Intel-ACPI
-      Interbase-1.0
-      JSON
-      JasPer-2.0
-      LGPL-2.0
-      LGPL-2.1
-      LGPL-3.0
-      LGPLLR
-      LPL-1.0
-      LPL-1.02
-      LPPL-1.0
-      LPPL-1.1
-      LPPL-1.2
-      LPPL-1.3a
-      LPPL-1.3c
-      Latex2e
-      Leptonica
-      Libpng
-      MIT
-      MIT-CMU
-      MIT-advertising
-      MIT-enna
-      MIT-feh
-      MITNFA
-      MPL-1.0
-      MPL-1.1
-      MPL-2.0
-      MPL-2.0-no-copyleft-exception
-      MS-PL
-      MS-RL
-      MTLL
-      MakeIndex
-      MirOS
-      Motosoto
-      Multics
-      Mup
-      NASA-1.3
-      NBPL-1.0
-      NCSA
-      NGPL
-      NLPL
-      NOSL
-      NPL-1.0
-      NPL-1.1
-      NPOSL-3.0
-      NRL
-      NTP
-      Naumen
-      NetCDF
-      Newsletr
-      Nokia
-      Noweb
-      Nunit
-      OCLC-2.0
-      ODbL-1.0
-      OFL-1.0
-      OFL-1.1
-      OGTSL
-      OLDAP-1.1
-      OLDAP-1.2
-      OLDAP-1.3
-      OLDAP-1.4
-      OLDAP-2.0
-      OLDAP-2.0.1
-      OLDAP-2.1
-      OLDAP-2.2
-      OLDAP-2.2.1
-      OLDAP-2.2.2
-      OLDAP-2.3
-      OLDAP-2.4
-      OLDAP-2.5
-      OLDAP-2.6
-      OLDAP-2.7
-      OLDAP-2.8
-      OML
-      OPL-1.0
-      OSL-1.0
-      OSL-1.1
-      OSL-2.0
-      OSL-2.1
-      OSL-3.0
-      OpenSSL
-      PDDL-1.0
-      PHP-3.0
-      PHP-3.01
-      Plexus
-      PostgreSQL
-      Python-2.0
-      QPL-1.0
-      Qhull
-      RHeCos-1.1
-      RPL-1.1
-      RPL-1.5
-      RPSL-1.0
-      RSA-MD
-      RSCPL
-      Rdisc
-      Ruby
-      SAX-PD
-      SCEA
-      SGI-B-1.0
-      SGI-B-1.1
-      SGI-B-2.0
-      SISSL
-      SISSL-1.2
-      SMLNJ
-      SNIA
-      SPL-1.0
-      SWL
-      Saxpath
-      Sendmail
-      SimPL-2.0
-      Sleepycat
-      Spencer-86
-      Spencer-94
-      Spencer-99
-      SugarCRM-1.1.3
-      TCL
-      TMate
-      TORQUE-1.1
-      TOSL
-      UPL-1.0
-      Unicode-TOU
-      Unlicense
-      VOSTROM
-      VSL-1.0
-      Vim
-      W3C
-      W3C-19980720
-      WTFPL
-      Watcom-1.0
-      Wsuipa
-      X11
-      XFree86-1.1
-      XSkat
-      Xerox
-      Xnet
-      YPL-1.0
-      YPL-1.1
-      ZPL-1.1
-      ZPL-2.0
-      ZPL-2.1
-      Zed
-      Zend-2.0
-      Zimbra-1.3
-      Zimbra-1.4
-      Zlib
-      bzip2-1.0.5
-      bzip2-1.0.6
-      diffmark
-      dvipdfm
-      eGenix
-      gSOAP-1.3b
-      gnuplot
-      iMatix
-      libtiff
-      mpich2
-      psfrag
-      psutils
-      xinetd
-      xpp
-      zlib-acknowledgement
-  ).freeze
+  LICENSE_IDENTIFIERS = %w[
+    0BSD
+    AAL
+    ADSL
+    AFL-1.1
+    AFL-1.2
+    AFL-2.0
+    AFL-2.1
+    AFL-3.0
+    AGPL-1.0
+    AGPL-1.0-only
+    AGPL-1.0-or-later
+    AGPL-3.0
+    AGPL-3.0-only
+    AGPL-3.0-or-later
+    AMDPLPA
+    AML
+    AMPAS
+    ANTLR-PD
+    ANTLR-PD-fallback
+    APAFML
+    APL-1.0
+    APSL-1.0
+    APSL-1.1
+    APSL-1.2
+    APSL-2.0
+    Abstyles
+    Adobe-2006
+    Adobe-Glyph
+    Afmparse
+    Aladdin
+    Apache-1.0
+    Apache-1.1
+    Apache-2.0
+    Artistic-1.0
+    Artistic-1.0-Perl
+    Artistic-1.0-cl8
+    Artistic-2.0
+    BSD-1-Clause
+    BSD-2-Clause
+    BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD
+    BSD-2-Clause-NetBSD
+    BSD-2-Clause-Patent
+    BSD-2-Clause-Views
+    BSD-3-Clause
+    BSD-3-Clause-Attribution
+    BSD-3-Clause-Clear
+    BSD-3-Clause-LBNL
+    BSD-3-Clause-Modification
+    BSD-3-Clause-No-Military-License
+    BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License
+    BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License-2014
+    BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-Warranty
+    BSD-3-Clause-Open-MPI
+    BSD-4-Clause
+    BSD-4-Clause-Shortened
+    BSD-4-Clause-UC
+    BSD-Protection
+    BSD-Source-Code
+    BSL-1.0
+    BUSL-1.1
+    Bahyph
+    Barr
+    Beerware
+    BitTorrent-1.0
+    BitTorrent-1.1
+    BlueOak-1.0.0
+    Borceux
+    C-UDA-1.0
+    CAL-1.0
+    CAL-1.0-Combined-Work-Exception
+    CATOSL-1.1
+    CC-BY-1.0
+    CC-BY-2.0
+    CC-BY-2.5
+    CC-BY-3.0
+    CC-BY-3.0-AT
+    CC-BY-3.0-US
+    CC-BY-4.0
+    CC-BY-NC-1.0
+    CC-BY-NC-2.0
+    CC-BY-NC-2.5
+    CC-BY-NC-3.0
+    CC-BY-NC-4.0
+    CC-BY-NC-ND-1.0
+    CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0
+    CC-BY-NC-ND-2.5
+    CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0
+    CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0-IGO
+    CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0
+    CC-BY-NC-SA-1.0
+    CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0
+    CC-BY-NC-SA-2.5
+    CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0
+    CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
+    CC-BY-ND-1.0
+    CC-BY-ND-2.0
+    CC-BY-ND-2.5
+    CC-BY-ND-3.0
+    CC-BY-ND-4.0
+    CC-BY-SA-1.0
+    CC-BY-SA-2.0
+    CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
+    CC-BY-SA-2.1-JP
+    CC-BY-SA-2.5
+    CC-BY-SA-3.0
+    CC-BY-SA-3.0-AT
+    CC-BY-SA-4.0
+    CC-PDDC
+    CC0-1.0
+    CDDL-1.0
+    CDDL-1.1
+    CDL-1.0
+    CDLA-Permissive-1.0
+    CDLA-Sharing-1.0
+    CECILL-1.0
+    CECILL-1.1
+    CECILL-2.0
+    CECILL-2.1
+    CECILL-B
+    CECILL-C
+    CERN-OHL-1.1
+    CERN-OHL-1.2
+    CERN-OHL-P-2.0
+    CERN-OHL-S-2.0
+    CERN-OHL-W-2.0
+    CNRI-Jython
+    CNRI-Python
+    CNRI-Python-GPL-Compatible
+    CPAL-1.0
+    CPL-1.0
+    CPOL-1.02
+    CUA-OPL-1.0
+    Caldera
+    ClArtistic
+    Condor-1.1
+    Crossword
+    CrystalStacker
+    Cube
+    D-FSL-1.0
+    DOC
+    DRL-1.0
+    DSDP
+    Dotseqn
+    ECL-1.0
+    ECL-2.0
+    EFL-1.0
+    EFL-2.0
+    EPICS
+    EPL-1.0
+    EPL-2.0
+    EUDatagrid
+    EUPL-1.0
+    EUPL-1.1
+    EUPL-1.2
+    Entessa
+    ErlPL-1.1
+    Eurosym
+    FSFAP
+    FSFUL
+    FSFULLR
+    FTL
+    Fair
+    Frameworx-1.0
+    FreeBSD-DOC
+    FreeImage
+    GD
+    GFDL-1.1
+    GFDL-1.1-invariants-only
+    GFDL-1.1-invariants-or-later
+    GFDL-1.1-no-invariants-only
+    GFDL-1.1-no-invariants-or-later
+    GFDL-1.1-only
+    GFDL-1.1-or-later
+    GFDL-1.2
+    GFDL-1.2-invariants-only
+    GFDL-1.2-invariants-or-later
+    GFDL-1.2-no-invariants-only
+    GFDL-1.2-no-invariants-or-later
+    GFDL-1.2-only
+    GFDL-1.2-or-later
+    GFDL-1.3
+    GFDL-1.3-invariants-only
+    GFDL-1.3-invariants-or-later
+    GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only
+    GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-or-later
+    GFDL-1.3-only
+    GFDL-1.3-or-later
+    GL2PS
+    GLWTPL
+    GPL-1.0
+    GPL-1.0+
+    GPL-1.0-only
+    GPL-1.0-or-later
+    GPL-2.0
+    GPL-2.0+
+    GPL-2.0-only
+    GPL-2.0-or-later
+    GPL-2.0-with-GCC-exception
+    GPL-2.0-with-autoconf-exception
+    GPL-2.0-with-bison-exception
+    GPL-2.0-with-classpath-exception
+    GPL-2.0-with-font-exception
+    GPL-3.0
+    GPL-3.0+
+    GPL-3.0-only
+    GPL-3.0-or-later
+    GPL-3.0-with-GCC-exception
+    GPL-3.0-with-autoconf-exception
+    Giftware
+    Glide
+    Glulxe
+    HPND
+    HPND-sell-variant
+    HTMLTIDY
+    HaskellReport
+    Hippocratic-2.1
+    IBM-pibs
+    ICU
+    IJG
+    IPA
+    IPL-1.0
+    ISC
+    ImageMagick
+    Imlib2
+    Info-ZIP
+    Intel
+    Intel-ACPI
+    Interbase-1.0
+    JPNIC
+    JSON
+    JasPer-2.0
+    LAL-1.2
+    LAL-1.3
+    LGPL-2.0
+    LGPL-2.0+
+    LGPL-2.0-only
+    LGPL-2.0-or-later
+    LGPL-2.1
+    LGPL-2.1+
+    LGPL-2.1-only
+    LGPL-2.1-or-later
+    LGPL-3.0
+    LGPL-3.0+
+    LGPL-3.0-only
+    LGPL-3.0-or-later
+    LGPLLR
+    LPL-1.0
+    LPL-1.02
+    LPPL-1.0
+    LPPL-1.1
+    LPPL-1.2
+    LPPL-1.3a
+    LPPL-1.3c
+    Latex2e
+    Leptonica
+    LiLiQ-P-1.1
+    LiLiQ-R-1.1
+    LiLiQ-Rplus-1.1
+    Libpng
+    Linux-OpenIB
+    MIT
+    MIT-0
+    MIT-CMU
+    MIT-Modern-Variant
+    MIT-advertising
+    MIT-enna
+    MIT-feh
+    MIT-open-group
+    MITNFA
+    MPL-1.0
+    MPL-1.1
+    MPL-2.0
+    MPL-2.0-no-copyleft-exception
+    MS-PL
+    MS-RL
+    MTLL
+    MakeIndex
+    MirOS
+    Motosoto
+    MulanPSL-1.0
+    MulanPSL-2.0
+    Multics
+    Mup
+    NAIST-2003
+    NASA-1.3
+    NBPL-1.0
+    NCGL-UK-2.0
+    NCSA
+    NGPL
+    NIST-PD
+    NIST-PD-fallback
+    NLOD-1.0
+    NLPL
+    NOSL
+    NPL-1.0
+    NPL-1.1
+    NPOSL-3.0
+    NRL
+    NTP
+    NTP-0
+    Naumen
+    Net-SNMP
+    NetCDF
+    Newsletr
+    Nokia
+    Noweb
+    Nunit
+    O-UDA-1.0
+    OCCT-PL
+    OCLC-2.0
+    ODC-By-1.0
+    ODbL-1.0
+    OFL-1.0
+    OFL-1.0-RFN
+    OFL-1.0-no-RFN
+    OFL-1.1
+    OFL-1.1-RFN
+    OFL-1.1-no-RFN
+    OGC-1.0
+    OGDL-Taiwan-1.0
+    OGL-Canada-2.0
+    OGL-UK-1.0
+    OGL-UK-2.0
+    OGL-UK-3.0
+    OGTSL
+    OLDAP-1.1
+    OLDAP-1.2
+    OLDAP-1.3
+    OLDAP-1.4
+    OLDAP-2.0
+    OLDAP-2.0.1
+    OLDAP-2.1
+    OLDAP-2.2
+    OLDAP-2.2.1
+    OLDAP-2.2.2
+    OLDAP-2.3
+    OLDAP-2.4
+    OLDAP-2.5
+    OLDAP-2.6
+    OLDAP-2.7
+    OLDAP-2.8
+    OML
+    OPL-1.0
+    OSET-PL-2.1
+    OSL-1.0
+    OSL-1.1
+    OSL-2.0
+    OSL-2.1
+    OSL-3.0
+    OpenSSL
+    PDDL-1.0
+    PHP-3.0
+    PHP-3.01
+    PSF-2.0
+    Parity-6.0.0
+    Parity-7.0.0
+    Plexus
+    PolyForm-Noncommercial-1.0.0
+    PolyForm-Small-Business-1.0.0
+    PostgreSQL
+    Python-2.0
+    QPL-1.0
+    Qhull
+    RHeCos-1.1
+    RPL-1.1
+    RPL-1.5
+    RPSL-1.0
+    RSA-MD
+    RSCPL
+    Rdisc
+    Ruby
+    SAX-PD
+    SCEA
+    SGI-B-1.0
+    SGI-B-1.1
+    SGI-B-2.0
+    SHL-0.5
+    SHL-0.51
+    SISSL
+    SISSL-1.2
+    SMLNJ
+    SMPPL
+    SNIA
+    SPL-1.0
+    SSH-OpenSSH
+    SSH-short
+    SSPL-1.0
+    SWL
+    Saxpath
+    Sendmail
+    Sendmail-8.23
+    SimPL-2.0
+    Sleepycat
+    Spencer-86
+    Spencer-94
+    Spencer-99
+    StandardML-NJ
+    SugarCRM-1.1.3
+    TAPR-OHL-1.0
+    TCL
+    TCP-wrappers
+    TMate
+    TORQUE-1.1
+    TOSL
+    TU-Berlin-1.0
+    TU-Berlin-2.0
+    UCL-1.0
+    UPL-1.0
+    Unicode-DFS-2015
+    Unicode-DFS-2016
+    Unicode-TOU
+    Unlicense
+    VOSTROM
+    VSL-1.0
+    Vim
+    W3C
+    W3C-19980720
+    W3C-20150513
+    WTFPL
+    Watcom-1.0
+    Wsuipa
+    X11
+    XFree86-1.1
+    XSkat
+    Xerox
+    Xnet
+    YPL-1.0
+    YPL-1.1
+    ZPL-1.1
+    ZPL-2.0
+    ZPL-2.1
+    Zed
+    Zend-2.0
+    Zimbra-1.3
+    Zimbra-1.4
+    Zlib
+    blessing
+    bzip2-1.0.5
+    bzip2-1.0.6
+    copyleft-next-0.3.0
+    copyleft-next-0.3.1
+    curl
+    diffmark
+    dvipdfm
+    eCos-2.0
+    eGenix
+    etalab-2.0
+    gSOAP-1.3b
+    gnuplot
+    iMatix
+    libpng-2.0
+    libselinux-1.0
+    libtiff
+    mpich2
+    psfrag
+    psutils
+    wxWindows
+    xinetd
+    xpp
+    zlib-acknowledgement
+  ].freeze
+
+  # exception identifiers
+  EXCEPTION_IDENTIFIERS = %w[
+    389-exception
+    Autoconf-exception-2.0
+    Autoconf-exception-3.0
+    Bison-exception-2.2
+    Bootloader-exception
+    CLISP-exception-2.0
+    Classpath-exception-2.0
+    DigiRule-FOSS-exception
+    FLTK-exception
+    Fawkes-Runtime-exception
+    Font-exception-2.0
+    GCC-exception-2.0
+    GCC-exception-3.1
+    GPL-3.0-linking-exception
+    GPL-3.0-linking-source-exception
+    GPL-CC-1.0
+    LGPL-3.0-linking-exception
+    LLVM-exception
+    LZMA-exception
+    Libtool-exception
+    Linux-syscall-note
+    Nokia-Qt-exception-1.1
+    OCCT-exception-1.0
+    OCaml-LGPL-linking-exception
+    OpenJDK-assembly-exception-1.0
+    PS-or-PDF-font-exception-20170817
+    Qt-GPL-exception-1.0
+    Qt-LGPL-exception-1.1
+    Qwt-exception-1.0
+    SHL-2.0
+    SHL-2.1
+    Swift-exception
+    Universal-FOSS-exception-1.0
+    WxWindows-exception-3.1
+    eCos-exception-2.0
+    freertos-exception-2.0
+    gnu-javamail-exception
+    i2p-gpl-java-exception
+    mif-exception
+    openvpn-openssl-exception
+    u-boot-exception-2.0
+  ].freeze
 
   REGEXP = %r{
     \A
-    (
-      #{Regexp.union(IDENTIFIERS)}
+    (?:
+      #{Regexp.union(LICENSE_IDENTIFIERS)}
       \+?
-      (\s WITH \s .+)?
+      (?:\s WITH \s #{Regexp.union(EXCEPTION_IDENTIFIERS)})?
       | #{NONSTANDARD}
+      | #{LICENSE_REF}
     )
     \Z
   }ox.freeze
@@ -333,7 +534,7 @@ class Gem::Licenses
   end
 
   def self.suggestions(license)
-    by_distance = IDENTIFIERS.group_by do |identifier|
+    by_distance = LICENSE_IDENTIFIERS.group_by do |identifier|
       levenshtein_distance(identifier, license)
     end
     lowest = by_distance.keys.min
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/util/list.rb b/lib/rubygems/util/list.rb
index 9c25f6b6dc..33c40af4bb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/util/list.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/util/list.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module Gem
       List.new value, self
     end
 
-    def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+    def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
       q.pp to_a
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/validator.rb b/lib/rubygems/validator.rb
index 83448229bb..728595e778 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/validator.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/validator.rb
@@ -5,50 +5,26 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems/package'
-require 'rubygems/installer'
+require_relative 'package'
+require_relative 'installer'
 
 ##
 # Validator performs various gem file and gem database validation
 
 class Gem::Validator
-
   include Gem::UserInteraction
 
   def initialize # :nodoc:
     require 'find'
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Given a gem file's contents, validates against its own MD5 checksum
-  # gem_data:: [String] Contents of the gem file
-
-  def verify_gem(gem_data)
-    # TODO remove me? The code here only validate an MD5SUM that was
-    # in some old formatted gems, but hasn't been for a long time.
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Given the path to a gem file, validates against its own MD5 checksum
-  #
-  # gem_path:: [String] Path to gem file
-
-  def verify_gem_file(gem_path)
-    open gem_path, Gem.binary_mode do |file|
-      gem_data = file.read
-      verify_gem gem_data
-    end
-  rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EINVAL
-    raise Gem::VerificationError, "missing gem file #{gem_path}"
-  end
-
   private
 
   def find_files_for_gem(gem_directory)
     installed_files = []
 
     Find.find gem_directory do |file_name|
-      fn = file_name[gem_directory.size..file_name.size-1].sub(/^\//, "")
+      fn = file_name[gem_directory.size..file_name.size - 1].sub(/^\//, "")
       installed_files << fn unless
         fn =~ /CVS/ || fn.empty? || File.directory?(file_name)
     end
@@ -62,7 +38,7 @@ class Gem::Validator
   # Describes a problem with a file in a gem.
 
   ErrorData = Struct.new :path, :problem do
-    def <=> other # :nodoc:
+    def <=>(other) # :nodoc:
       return nil unless self.class === other
 
       [path, problem] <=> [other.path, other.problem]
@@ -83,7 +59,7 @@ class Gem::Validator
   # TODO needs further cleanup
 
   def alien(gems=[])
-    errors = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
+    errors = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = {} }
 
     Gem::Specification.each do |spec|
       next unless gems.include? spec.name unless gems.empty?
@@ -94,35 +70,37 @@ class Gem::Validator
       spec_path     = spec.spec_file
       gem_directory = spec.full_gem_path
 
-      unless File.directory? gem_directory then
+      unless File.directory? gem_directory
         errors[gem_name][spec.full_name] =
           "Gem registered but doesn't exist at #{gem_directory}"
         next
       end
 
-      unless File.exist? spec_path then
+      unless File.exist? spec_path
         errors[gem_name][spec_path] = "Spec file missing for installed gem"
       end
 
       begin
-        verify_gem_file(gem_path)
+        unless File.readable?(gem_path)
+          raise Gem::VerificationError, "missing gem file #{gem_path}"
+        end
 
         good, gone, unreadable = nil, nil, nil, nil
 
-        open gem_path, Gem.binary_mode do |file|
+        File.open gem_path, Gem.binary_mode do |file|
           package = Gem::Package.new gem_path
 
-          good, gone = package.contents.partition { |file_name|
+          good, gone = package.contents.partition do |file_name|
             File.exist? File.join(gem_directory, file_name)
-          }
+          end
 
           gone.sort.each do |path|
             errors[gem_name][path] = "Missing file"
           end
 
-          good, unreadable = good.partition { |file_name|
+          good, unreadable = good.partition do |file_name|
             File.readable? File.join(gem_directory, file_name)
-          }
+          end
 
           unreadable.sort.each do |path|
             errors[gem_name][path] = "Unreadable file"
@@ -134,8 +112,8 @@ class Gem::Validator
 
               source = File.join gem_directory, entry['path']
 
-              open source, Gem.binary_mode do |f|
-                unless f.read == data then
+              File.open source, Gem.binary_mode do |f|
+                unless f.read == data
                   errors[gem_name][entry['path']] = "Modified from original"
                 end
               end
@@ -163,4 +141,3 @@ class Gem::Validator
     errors
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/version.rb b/lib/rubygems/version.rb
index 17dd7b0795..20bbff4fdd 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/version.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/version.rb
@@ -150,12 +150,12 @@
 # a zero to give a sensible result.
 
 class Gem::Version
-  autoload :Requirement, 'rubygems/requirement'
+  autoload :Requirement, File.expand_path('requirement', __dir__)
 
   include Comparable
 
-  VERSION_PATTERN = '[0-9]+(?>\.[0-9a-zA-Z]+)*(-[0-9A-Za-z-]+(\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*)?' # :nodoc:
-  ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN = /\A\s*(#{VERSION_PATTERN})?\s*\z/ # :nodoc:
+  VERSION_PATTERN = '[0-9]+(?>\.[0-9a-zA-Z]+)*(-[0-9A-Za-z-]+(\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*)?'.freeze # :nodoc:
+  ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN = /\A\s*(#{VERSION_PATTERN})?\s*\z/.freeze # :nodoc:
 
   ##
   # A string representation of this Version.
@@ -169,8 +169,12 @@ class Gem::Version
   ##
   # True if the +version+ string matches RubyGems' requirements.
 
-  def self.correct? version
-    version.to_s =~ ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN
+  def self.correct?(version)
+    unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
+      warn "nil versions are discouraged and will be deprecated in Rubygems 4" if version.nil?
+    end
+
+    !!(version.to_s =~ ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -181,10 +185,10 @@ class Gem::Version
   #   ver2 = Version.create(ver1)       # -> (ver1)
   #   ver3 = Version.create(nil)        # -> nil
 
-  def self.create input
-    if self === input then # check yourself before you wreck yourself
+  def self.create(input)
+    if self === input # check yourself before you wreck yourself
       input
-    elsif input.nil? then
+    elsif input.nil?
       nil
     else
       new input
@@ -192,8 +196,10 @@ class Gem::Version
   end
 
   @@all = {}
+  @@bump = {}
+  @@release = {}
 
-  def self.new version # :nodoc:
+  def self.new(version) # :nodoc:
     return super unless Gem::Version == self
 
     @@all[version] ||= super
@@ -203,13 +209,13 @@ class Gem::Version
   # Constructs a Version from the +version+ string.  A version string is a
   # series of digits or ASCII letters separated by dots.
 
-  def initialize version
+  def initialize(version)
     unless self.class.correct?(version)
       raise ArgumentError, "Malformed version number string #{version}"
     end
 
     # If version is an empty string convert it to 0
-    version = 0 if version =~ /\A\s*\Z/
+    version = 0 if version.is_a?(String) && version =~ /\A\s*\Z/
 
     @version = version.to_s.strip.gsub("-",".pre.")
     @segments = nil
@@ -222,29 +228,29 @@ class Gem::Version
   # Pre-release (alpha) parts, e.g, 5.3.1.b.2 => 5.4, are ignored.
 
   def bump
-    @bump ||= begin
-                segments = self.segments
-                segments.pop while segments.any? { |s| String === s }
-                segments.pop if segments.size > 1
-
-                segments[-1] = segments[-1].succ
-                self.class.new segments.join(".")
-              end
+    @@bump[self] ||= begin
+                       segments = self.segments
+                       segments.pop while segments.any? {|s| String === s }
+                       segments.pop if segments.size > 1
+
+                       segments[-1] = segments[-1].succ
+                       self.class.new segments.join(".")
+                     end
   end
 
   ##
   # A Version is only eql? to another version if it's specified to the
   # same precision. Version "1.0" is not the same as version "1".
 
-  def eql? other
+  def eql?(other)
     self.class === other and @version == other._version
   end
 
   def hash # :nodoc:
-    @version.hash
+    canonical_segments.hash
   end
 
-  def init_with coder # :nodoc:
+  def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
     yaml_initialize coder.tag, coder.map
   end
 
@@ -264,7 +270,7 @@ class Gem::Version
   # Load custom marshal format. It's a string for backwards (RubyGems
   # 1.3.5 and earlier) compatibility.
 
-  def marshal_load array
+  def marshal_load(array)
     initialize array[0]
   end
 
@@ -278,7 +284,7 @@ class Gem::Version
     ["@version"]
   end
 
-  def encode_with coder # :nodoc:
+  def encode_with(coder) # :nodoc:
     coder.add 'version', @version
   end
 
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@ class Gem::Version
     @prerelease
   end
 
-  def pretty_print q # :nodoc:
+  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
     q.text "Gem::Version.new(#{version.inspect})"
   end
 
@@ -301,13 +307,13 @@ class Gem::Version
   # Non-prerelease versions return themselves.
 
   def release
-    @release ||= if prerelease?
-                   segments = self.segments
-                   segments.pop while segments.any? { |s| String === s }
-                   self.class.new segments.join('.')
-                 else
-                   self
-                 end
+    @@release[self] ||= if prerelease?
+                          segments = self.segments
+                          segments.pop while segments.any? {|s| String === s }
+                          self.class.new segments.join('.')
+                        else
+                          self
+                        end
   end
 
   def segments # :nodoc:
@@ -320,11 +326,13 @@ class Gem::Version
   def approximate_recommendation
     segments = self.segments
 
-    segments.pop    while segments.any? { |s| String === s }
+    segments.pop    while segments.any? {|s| String === s }
     segments.pop    while segments.size > 2
     segments.push 0 while segments.size < 2
 
-    "~> #{segments.join(".")}"
+    recommendation = "~> #{segments.join(".")}"
+    recommendation += ".a" if prerelease?
+    recommendation
   end
 
   ##
@@ -333,12 +341,12 @@ class Gem::Version
   # one. Attempts to compare to something that's not a
   # <tt>Gem::Version</tt> return +nil+.
 
-  def <=> other
+  def <=>(other)
     return unless Gem::Version === other
-    return 0 if @version == other._version
+    return 0 if @version == other._version || canonical_segments == other.canonical_segments
 
-    lhsegments = _segments
-    rhsegments = other._segments
+    lhsegments = canonical_segments
+    rhsegments = other.canonical_segments
 
     lhsize = lhsegments.size
     rhsize = rhsegments.size
@@ -360,6 +368,19 @@ class Gem::Version
     return 0
   end
 
+  def canonical_segments
+    @canonical_segments ||=
+      _split_segments.map! do |segments|
+        segments.reverse_each.drop_while {|s| s == 0 }.reverse
+      end.reduce(&:concat)
+  end
+
+  def freeze
+    prerelease?
+    canonical_segments
+    super
+  end
+
   protected
 
   def _version
@@ -375,4 +396,11 @@ class Gem::Version
       /^\d+$/ =~ s ? s.to_i : s
     end.freeze
   end
+
+  def _split_segments
+    string_start = _segments.index {|s| s.is_a?(String) }
+    string_segments = segments
+    numeric_segments = string_segments.slice!(0, string_start || string_segments.size)
+    return numeric_segments, string_segments
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/version_option.rb b/lib/rubygems/version_option.rb
index 3209d95f0f..1db382fa7f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/version_option.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/version_option.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 # See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
 #++
 
-require 'rubygems'
+require_relative '../rubygems'
 
 ##
 # Mixin methods for --version and --platform Gem::Command options.
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ module Gem::VersionOption
   # Add the --platform option to the option parser.
 
   def add_platform_option(task = command, *wrap)
-    OptionParser.accept Gem::Platform do |value|
-      if value == Gem::Platform::RUBY then
+    Gem::OptionParser.accept Gem::Platform do |value|
+      if value == Gem::Platform::RUBY
         value
       else
         Gem::Platform.new value
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module Gem::VersionOption
     add_option('--platform PLATFORM', Gem::Platform,
                "Specify the platform of gem to #{task}", *wrap) do
                  |value, options|
-      unless options[:added_platform] then
+      unless options[:added_platform]
         Gem.platforms = [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
         options[:added_platform] = true
       end
@@ -51,14 +51,19 @@ module Gem::VersionOption
   # Add the --version option to the option parser.
 
   def add_version_option(task = command, *wrap)
-    OptionParser.accept Gem::Requirement do |value|
+    Gem::OptionParser.accept Gem::Requirement do |value|
       Gem::Requirement.new(*value.split(/\s*,\s*/))
     end
 
     add_option('-v', '--version VERSION', Gem::Requirement,
                "Specify version of gem to #{task}", *wrap) do
                  |value, options|
-      options[:version] = value
+      # Allow handling for multiple --version operators
+      if options[:version] && !options[:version].none?
+        options[:version].concat([value])
+      else
+        options[:version] = value
+      end
 
       explicit_prerelease_set = !options[:explicit_prerelease].nil?
       options[:explicit_prerelease] = false unless explicit_prerelease_set
@@ -68,5 +73,10 @@ module Gem::VersionOption
     end
   end
 
-end
+  ##
+  # Extract platform given on the command line
 
+  def get_platform_from_requirements(requirements)
+    Gem.platforms[1].to_s if requirements.key? :added_platform
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/scanf.rb b/lib/scanf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a98c359573..0000000000
--- a/lib/scanf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,776 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-# scanf for Ruby
-#
-#--
-# $Release Version: 1.1.2 $
-# $Revision$
-# $Id$
-# $Author$
-#++
-#
-# == Description
-#
-# scanf is an implementation of the C function scanf(3), modified as necessary
-# for Ruby compatibility.
-#
-# the methods provided are String#scanf, IO#scanf, and
-# Kernel#scanf. Kernel#scanf is a wrapper around STDIN.scanf.  IO#scanf
-# can be used on any IO stream, including file handles and sockets.
-# scanf can be called either with or without a block.
-#
-# Scanf scans an input string or stream according to a <b>format</b>, as
-# described below in Conversions, and returns an array of matches between
-# the format and the input.  The format is defined in a string, and is
-# similar (though not identical) to the formats used in Kernel#printf and
-# Kernel#sprintf.
-#
-# The format may contain <b>conversion specifiers</b>, which tell scanf
-# what form (type) each particular matched substring should be converted
-# to (e.g., decimal integer, floating point number, literal string,
-# etc.)  The matches and conversions take place from left to right, and
-# the conversions themselves are returned as an array.
-#
-# The format string may also contain characters other than those in the
-# conversion specifiers.  White space (blanks, tabs, or newlines) in the
-# format string matches any amount of white space, including none, in
-# the input.  Everything else matches only itself.
-#
-# Scanning stops, and scanf returns, when any input character fails to
-# match the specifications in the format string, or when input is
-# exhausted, or when everything in the format string has been
-# matched. All matches found up to the stopping point are returned in
-# the return array (or yielded to the block, if a block was given).
-#
-#
-# == Basic usage
-#
-#   require 'scanf'
-#
-#   # String#scanf and IO#scanf take a single argument, the format string
-#   array = a_string.scanf("%d%s")
-#   array = an_io.scanf("%d%s")
-#
-#   # Kernel#scanf reads from STDIN
-#   array = scanf("%d%s")
-#
-# == Block usage
-#
-# When called with a block, scanf keeps scanning the input, cycling back
-# to the beginning of the format string, and yields a new array of
-# conversions to the block every time the format string is matched
-# (including partial matches, but not including complete failures).  The
-# actual return value of scanf when called with a block is an array
-# containing the results of all the executions of the block.
-#
-#   str = "123 abc 456 def 789 ghi"
-#   str.scanf("%d%s") { |num,str| [ num * 2, str.upcase ] }
-#   # => [[246, "ABC"], [912, "DEF"], [1578, "GHI"]]
-#
-# == Conversions
-#
-# The single argument to scanf is a format string, which generally
-# includes one or more conversion specifiers.  Conversion specifiers
-# begin with the percent character ('%') and include information about
-# what scanf should next scan for (string, decimal number, single
-# character, etc.).
-#
-# There may be an optional maximum field width, expressed as a decimal
-# integer, between the % and the conversion.  If no width is given, a
-# default of `infinity' is used (with the exception of the %c specifier;
-# see below).  Otherwise, given a field width of <em>n</em> for a given
-# conversion, at most <em>n</em> characters are scanned in processing
-# that conversion.  Before conversion begins, most conversions skip
-# white space in the input string; this white space is not counted
-# against the field width.
-#
-# The following conversions are available.
-#
-# [%]
-#   Matches a literal `%'. That is, `%%' in the format string matches a
-#   single input `%' character. No conversion is done, and the resulting
-#   '%' is not included in the return array.
-#
-# [d]
-#   Matches an optionally signed decimal integer.
-#
-# [u]
-#   Same as d.
-#
-# [i]
-#   Matches an optionally signed integer. The integer is read in base
-#   16 if it begins with `0x' or `0X', in base 8 if it begins with `0',
-#   and in base 10 other- wise. Only characters that correspond to the
-#   base are recognized.
-#
-# [o]
-#   Matches an optionally signed octal integer.
-#
-# [x, X]
-#   Matches an optionally signed hexadecimal integer,
-#
-# [a, e, f, g, A, E, F, G]
-#   Matches an optionally signed floating-point number.
-#
-# [s]
-#   Matches a sequence of non-white-space character. The input string stops at
-#   white space or at the maximum field width, whichever occurs first.
-#
-# [c]
-#   Matches a single character, or a sequence of <em>n</em> characters if a
-#   field width of <em>n</em> is specified. The usual skip of leading white
-#   space is suppressed. To skip white space first, use an explicit space in
-#   the format.
-#
-# [[]
-#   Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the specified set
-#   of accepted characters.  The usual skip of leading white space is
-#   suppressed.  This bracketed sub-expression is interpreted exactly like a
-#   character class in a Ruby regular expression.  (In fact, it is placed as-is
-#   in a regular expression.)  The matching against the input string ends with
-#   the appearance of a character not in (or, with a circumflex, in) the set,
-#   or when the field width runs out, whichever comes first.
-#
-# === Assignment suppression
-#
-# To require that a particular match occur, but without including the result
-# in the return array, place the <b>assignment suppression flag</b>, which is
-# the star character ('*'), immediately after the leading '%' of a format
-# specifier (just before the field width, if any).
-#
-# == scanf for Ruby compared with scanf in C
-#
-# scanf for Ruby is based on the C function scanf(3), but with modifications,
-# dictated mainly by the underlying differences between the languages.
-#
-# === Unimplemented flags and specifiers
-#
-# * The only flag implemented in scanf for Ruby is '<tt>*</tt>' (ignore
-#   upcoming conversion).  Many of the flags available in C versions of
-#   scanf(3) have to do with the type of upcoming pointer arguments, and are
-#   meaningless in Ruby.
-#
-# * The <tt>n</tt> specifier (store number of characters consumed so far in
-#   next pointer) is not implemented.
-#
-# * The <tt>p</tt> specifier (match a pointer value) is not implemented.
-#
-# === Altered specifiers
-#
-# [o, u, x, X]
-#   In scanf for Ruby, all of these specifiers scan for an optionally signed
-#   integer, rather than for an unsigned integer like their C counterparts.
-#
-# === Return values
-#
-# scanf for Ruby returns an array of successful conversions, whereas
-# scanf(3) returns the number of conversions successfully
-# completed. (See below for more details on scanf for Ruby's return
-# values.)
-#
-# == Return values
-#
-# Without a block, scanf returns an array containing all the conversions
-# it has found.  If none are found, scanf will return an empty array. An
-# unsuccessful match is never ignored, but rather always signals the end
-# of the scanning operation.  If the first unsuccessful match takes place
-# after one or more successful matches have already taken place, the
-# returned array will contain the results of those successful matches.
-#
-# With a block scanf returns a 'map'-like array of transformations from
-# the block -- that is, an array reflecting what the block did with each
-# yielded result from the iterative scanf operation.  (See "Block
-# usage", above.)
-#
-# == Current limitations and bugs
-#
-# When using IO#scanf under Windows, make sure you open your files in
-# binary mode:
-#
-#     File.open("filename", "rb")
-#
-# so that scanf can keep track of characters correctly.
-#
-# Support for character classes is reasonably complete (since it
-# essentially piggy-backs on Ruby's regular expression handling of
-# character classes), but users are advised that character class testing
-# has not been exhaustive, and that they should exercise some caution
-# in using any of the more complex and/or arcane character class
-# idioms.
-#
-# == License and copyright
-#
-# Copyright:: (c) 2002-2003 David Alan Black
-# License:: Distributed on the same licensing terms as Ruby itself
-#
-# == Warranty disclaimer
-#
-# This software is provided "as is" and without any express or implied
-# warranties, including, without limitation, the implied warranties of
-# merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
-#
-# == Credits and acknowledgements
-#
-# scanf was developed as the major activity of the Austin Ruby Codefest
-# (Austin, Texas, August 2002).
-#
-# Principal author:: David Alan Black (mailto:dblack@superlink.net)
-# Co-author:: Hal Fulton (mailto:hal9000@hypermetrics.com)
-# Project contributors:: Nolan Darilek, Jason Johnston
-#
-# Thanks to Hal Fulton for hosting the Codefest.
-#
-# Thanks to Matz for suggestions about the class design.
-#
-# Thanks to Gavin Sinclair for some feedback on the documentation.
-#
-# The text for parts of this document, especially the Description and
-# Conversions sections, above, were adapted from the Linux Programmer's
-# Manual manpage for scanf(3), dated 1995-11-01.
-#
-# == Bugs and bug reports
-#
-# scanf for Ruby is based on something of an amalgam of C scanf
-# implementations and documentation, rather than on a single canonical
-# description.  Suggestions for features and behaviors which appear in
-# other scanfs, and would be meaningful in Ruby, are welcome, as are
-# reports of suspicious behaviors and/or bugs.  (Please see "Credits and
-# acknowledgements", above, for email addresses.)
-
-module Scanf
-  # :stopdoc:
-
-  # ==Technical notes
-  #
-  # ===Rationale behind scanf for Ruby
-  #
-  # The impetus for a scanf implementation in Ruby comes chiefly from the fact
-  # that existing pattern matching operations, such as Regexp#match and
-  # String#scan, return all results as strings, which have to be converted to
-  # integers or floats explicitly in cases where what's ultimately wanted are
-  # integer or float values.
-  #
-  # ===Design of scanf for Ruby
-  #
-  # scanf for Ruby is essentially a <format string>-to-<regular
-  # expression> converter.
-  #
-  # When scanf is called, a FormatString object is generated from the
-  # format string ("%d%s...") argument. The FormatString object breaks the
-  # format string down into atoms ("%d", "%5f", "blah", etc.), and from
-  # each atom it creates a FormatSpecifier object, which it
-  # saves.
-  #
-  # Each FormatSpecifier has a regular expression fragment and a "handler"
-  # associated with it. For example, the regular expression fragment
-  # associated with the format "%d" is "([-+]?\d+)", and the handler
-  # associated with it is a wrapper around String#to_i. scanf itself calls
-  # FormatString#match, passing in the input string. FormatString#match
-  # iterates through its FormatSpecifiers; for each one, it matches the
-  # corresponding regular expression fragment against the string. If
-  # there's a match, it sends the matched string to the handler associated
-  # with the FormatSpecifier.
-  #
-  # Thus, to follow up the "%d" example: if "123" occurs in the input
-  # string when a FormatSpecifier consisting of "%d" is reached, the "123"
-  # will be matched against "([-+]?\d+)", and the matched string will be
-  # rendered into an integer by a call to to_i.
-  #
-  # The rendered match is then saved to an accumulator array, and the
-  # input string is reduced to the post-match substring. Thus the string
-  # is "eaten" from the left as the FormatSpecifiers are applied in
-  # sequence.  (This is done to a duplicate string; the original string is
-  # not altered.)
-  #
-  # As soon as a regular expression fragment fails to match the string, or
-  # when the FormatString object runs out of FormatSpecifiers, scanning
-  # stops and results accumulated so far are returned in an array.
-
-  class FormatSpecifier
-
-    attr_reader :re_string, :matched_string, :conversion, :matched
-
-    private
-
-    def skip;  /^\s*%\*/.match(@spec_string); end
-
-    def extract_float(s)
-      return nil unless s &&! skip
-      if /\A(?<sign>[-+]?)0[xX](?<frac>\.\h+|\h+(?:\.\h*)?)[pP](?<exp>[-+]\d+)/ =~ s
-        f1, f2 = frac.split('.')
-        f = f1.hex
-        if f2
-          len = f2.length
-          if len > 0
-            f += f2.hex / (16.0 ** len)
-          end
-        end
-        (sign == ?- ? -1 : 1) * Math.ldexp(f, exp.to_i)
-      elsif /\A([-+]?\d+)\.([eE][-+]\d+)/ =~ s
-        ($1 << $2).to_f
-      else
-        s.to_f
-      end
-    end
-    def extract_decimal(s); s.to_i if s &&! skip; end
-    def extract_hex(s); s.hex if s &&! skip; end
-    def extract_octal(s); s.oct if s &&! skip; end
-    def extract_integer(s); Integer(s) if s &&! skip; end
-    def extract_plain(s); s unless skip; end
-
-    def nil_proc(s); nil; end
-
-    public
-
-    def to_s
-      @spec_string
-    end
-
-    def count_space?
-      /(?:\A|\S)%\*?\d*c|%\d*\[/.match(@spec_string)
-    end
-
-    def initialize(str)
-      @spec_string = str
-      h = '[A-Fa-f0-9]'
-
-      @re_string, @handler =
-        case @spec_string
-
-          # %[[:...:]]
-        when /%\*?(\[\[:[a-z]+:\]\])/
-          [ "(#{$1}+)", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %5[[:...:]]
-        when /%\*?(\d+)(\[\[:[a-z]+:\]\])/
-          [ "(#{$2}{1,#{$1}})", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %[...]
-        when /%\*?\[([^\]]*)\]/
-          yes = $1
-          if /^\^/.match(yes) then no = yes[1..-1] else no = '^' + yes end
-          [ "([#{yes}]+)(?=[#{no}]|\\z)", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %5[...]
-        when /%\*?(\d+)\[([^\]]*)\]/
-          yes = $2
-          w = $1
-          [ "([#{yes}]{1,#{w}})", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %i
-        when /%\*?i/
-          [ "([-+]?(?:(?:0[0-7]+)|(?:0[Xx]#{h}+)|(?:[1-9]\\d*)))", :extract_integer ]
-
-          # %5i
-        when /%\*?(\d+)i/
-          n = $1.to_i
-          s = "("
-          if n > 1 then s += "[1-9]\\d{1,#{n-1}}|" end
-          if n > 1 then s += "0[0-7]{1,#{n-1}}|" end
-          if n > 2 then s += "[-+]0[0-7]{1,#{n-2}}|" end
-          if n > 2 then s += "[-+][1-9]\\d{1,#{n-2}}|" end
-          if n > 2 then s += "0[Xx]#{h}{1,#{n-2}}|" end
-          if n > 3 then s += "[-+]0[Xx]#{h}{1,#{n-3}}|" end
-          s += "\\d"
-          s += ")"
-          [ s, :extract_integer ]
-
-          # %d, %u
-        when /%\*?[du]/
-          [ '([-+]?\d+)', :extract_decimal ]
-
-          # %5d, %5u
-        when /%\*?(\d+)[du]/
-          n = $1.to_i
-          s = "("
-          if n > 1 then s += "[-+]\\d{1,#{n-1}}|" end
-          s += "\\d{1,#{$1}})"
-          [ s, :extract_decimal ]
-
-          # %x
-        when /%\*?[Xx]/
-          [ "([-+]?(?:0[Xx])?#{h}+)", :extract_hex ]
-
-          # %5x
-        when /%\*?(\d+)[Xx]/
-          n = $1.to_i
-          s = "("
-          if n > 3 then s += "[-+]0[Xx]#{h}{1,#{n-3}}|" end
-          if n > 2 then s += "0[Xx]#{h}{1,#{n-2}}|" end
-          if n > 1 then s += "[-+]#{h}{1,#{n-1}}|" end
-          s += "#{h}{1,#{n}}"
-          s += ")"
-          [ s, :extract_hex ]
-
-          # %o
-        when /%\*?o/
-          [ '([-+]?[0-7]+)', :extract_octal ]
-
-          # %5o
-        when /%\*?(\d+)o/
-          [ "([-+][0-7]{1,#{$1.to_i-1}}|[0-7]{1,#{$1}})", :extract_octal ]
-
-          # %f
-        when /%\*?[aefgAEFG]/
-          [ '([-+]?(?:0[xX](?:\.\h+|\h+(?:\.\h*)?)[pP][-+]\d+|\d+(?![\d.])|\d*\.\d*(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?))', :extract_float ]
-
-          # %5f
-        when /%\*?(\d+)[aefgAEFG]/
-          [ '(?=[-+]?(?:0[xX](?:\.\h+|\h+(?:\.\h*)?)[pP][-+]\d+|\d+(?![\d.])|\d*\.\d*(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?))' +
-            "(\\S{1,#{$1}})", :extract_float ]
-
-          # %5s
-        when /%\*?(\d+)s/
-          [ "(\\S{1,#{$1}})", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %s
-        when /%\*?s/
-          [ '(\S+)', :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %c
-        when /\s%\*?c/
-          [ "\\s*(.)", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %c
-        when /%\*?c/
-          [ "(.)", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %5c (whitespace issues are handled by the count_*_space? methods)
-        when /%\*?(\d+)c/
-          [ "(.{1,#{$1}})", :extract_plain ]
-
-          # %%
-        when /%%/
-          [ '(\s*%)', :nil_proc ]
-
-          # literal characters
-        else
-          [ "(#{Regexp.escape(@spec_string)})", :nil_proc ]
-        end
-
-      @re_string = '\A' + @re_string
-    end
-
-    def to_re
-      Regexp.new(@re_string,Regexp::MULTILINE)
-    end
-
-    def match(str)
-      @matched = false
-      s = str.dup
-      s.sub!(/\A\s+/,'') unless count_space?
-      res = to_re.match(s)
-      if res
-        @conversion = send(@handler, res[1])
-        @matched_string = @conversion.to_s
-        @matched = true
-      end
-      res
-    end
-
-    def letter
-      @spec_string[/%\*?\d*([a-z\[])/, 1]
-    end
-
-    def width
-      @spec_string[/%\*?(\d+)/, 1]&.to_i
-    end
-
-    def mid_match?
-      return false unless @matched
-      cc_no_width    = letter == '[' &&! width
-      c_or_cc_width  = (letter == 'c' || letter == '[') && width
-      width_left     = c_or_cc_width && (matched_string.size < width)
-
-      return width_left || cc_no_width
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class FormatString
-
-    attr_reader :string_left, :last_spec_tried,
-                :last_match_tried, :matched_count, :space
-
-    SPECIFIERS = 'diuXxofFeEgGscaA'
-    REGEX = /
-        # possible space, followed by...
-          (?:\s*
-          # percent sign, followed by...
-            %
-            # another percent sign, or...
-              (?:%|
-                 # optional assignment suppression flag
-                 \*?
-                 # optional maximum field width
-                 \d*
-                   # named character class, ...
-                   (?:\[\[:\w+:\]\]|
-                   # traditional character class, or...
-                      \[[^\]]*\]|
-                   # specifier letter.
-                      [#{SPECIFIERS}])))|
-            # or miscellaneous characters
-              [^%\s]+/ix
-
-    def initialize(str)
-      @specs = []
-      @i = 1
-      s = str.to_s
-      return unless /\S/.match(s)
-      @space = true if /\s\z/.match(s)
-      @specs.replace s.scan(REGEX).map {|spec| FormatSpecifier.new(spec) }
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      @specs.join('')
-    end
-
-    def prune(n=matched_count)
-      n.times { @specs.shift }
-    end
-
-    def spec_count
-      @specs.size
-    end
-
-    def last_spec
-      @i == spec_count - 1
-    end
-
-    def match(str)
-      accum = []
-      @string_left = str
-      @matched_count = 0
-
-      @specs.each_with_index do |spec,i|
-        @i=i
-        @last_spec_tried = spec
-        @last_match_tried = spec.match(@string_left)
-        break unless @last_match_tried
-        @matched_count += 1
-
-        accum << spec.conversion
-
-        @string_left = @last_match_tried.post_match
-        break if @string_left.empty?
-      end
-      return accum.compact
-    end
-  end
-  # :startdoc:
-end
-
-class IO
-
-  #:stopdoc:
-  # The trick here is doing a match where you grab one *line*
-  # of input at a time.  The linebreak may or may not occur
-  # at the boundary where the string matches a format specifier.
-  # And if it does, some rule about whitespace may or may not
-  # be in effect...
-  #
-  # That's why this is much more elaborate than the string
-  # version.
-  #
-  # For each line:
-  #
-  # Match succeeds (non-emptily)
-  # and the last attempted spec/string sub-match succeeded:
-  #
-  #   could the last spec keep matching?
-  #     yes: save interim results and continue (next line)
-  #
-  # The last attempted spec/string did not match:
-  #
-  # are we on the next-to-last spec in the string?
-  #   yes:
-  #     is fmt_string.string_left all spaces?
-  #       yes: does current spec care about input space?
-  #         yes: fatal failure
-  #         no: save interim results and continue
-  #   no: continue  [this state could be analyzed further]
-  #
-  #:startdoc:
-
-  # Scans the current string until the match is exhausted,
-  # yielding each match as it is encountered in the string.
-  # A block is not necessary though, as the results will simply
-  # be aggregated into the final array.
-  #
-  #   "123 456".block_scanf("%d")
-  #   # => [123, 456]
-  #
-  # If a block is given, the value from that is returned from
-  # the yield is added to an output array.
-  #
-  #   "123 456".block_scanf("%d") do |digit,| # the ',' unpacks the Array
-  #     digit + 100
-  #   end
-  #   # => [223, 556]
-  #
-  # See Scanf for details on creating a format string.
-  #
-  # You will need to require 'scanf' to use IO#scanf.
-  def scanf(str,&b) #:yield: current_match
-    return block_scanf(str,&b) if b
-    return [] unless str.size > 0
-
-    start_position = pos rescue 0
-    matched_so_far = 0
-    source_buffer = ""
-    result_buffer = []
-    final_result = []
-
-    fstr = Scanf::FormatString.new(str)
-
-    loop do
-      if eof || (tty? &&! fstr.match(source_buffer))
-        final_result.concat(result_buffer)
-        break
-      end
-
-      source_buffer << gets
-
-      current_match = fstr.match(source_buffer)
-
-      spec = fstr.last_spec_tried
-
-      if spec.matched
-        if spec.mid_match?
-          result_buffer.replace(current_match)
-          next
-        end
-
-      elsif (fstr.matched_count == fstr.spec_count - 1)
-        if /\A\s*\z/.match(fstr.string_left)
-          break if spec.count_space?
-          result_buffer.replace(current_match)
-          next
-        end
-      end
-
-      final_result.concat(current_match)
-
-      matched_so_far += source_buffer.size
-      source_buffer.replace(fstr.string_left)
-      matched_so_far -= source_buffer.size
-      break if fstr.last_spec
-      fstr.prune
-    end
-
-    begin
-      seek(start_position + matched_so_far, IO::SEEK_SET)
-    rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-    end
-
-    soak_up_spaces if fstr.last_spec && fstr.space
-
-    return final_result
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def soak_up_spaces
-    c = getc
-    ungetc(c) if c
-    until eof ||! c || /\S/.match(c.chr)
-      c = getc
-    end
-    ungetc(c) if (c && /\S/.match(c.chr))
-  end
-
-  def block_scanf(str)
-    final = []
-# Sub-ideal, since another FS gets created in scanf.
-# But used here to determine the number of specifiers.
-    fstr = Scanf::FormatString.new(str)
-    last_spec = fstr.last_spec
-    begin
-      current = scanf(str)
-      break if current.empty?
-      final.push(yield(current))
-    end until eof || fstr.last_spec_tried == last_spec
-    return final
-  end
-end
-
-class String
-
-  # :section: scanf
-  #
-  # You will need to require 'scanf' to use these methods
-
-  # Scans the current string. If a block is given, it
-  # functions exactly like block_scanf.
-  #
-  #   arr = "123 456".scanf("%d%d")
-  #   # => [123, 456]
-  #
-  #   require 'pp'
-  #
-  #   "this 123 read that 456 other".scanf("%s%d%s") {|m| pp m}
-  #
-  #   # ["this", 123, "read"]
-  #   # ["that", 456, "other"]
-  #   # => [["this", 123, "read"], ["that", 456, "other"]]
-  #
-  # See Scanf for details on creating a format string.
-  #
-  # You will need to require 'scanf' to use String#scanf
-  def scanf(fstr,&b) #:yield: current_match
-    if b
-      block_scanf(fstr,&b)
-    else
-      fs =
-        if fstr.is_a? Scanf::FormatString
-          fstr
-        else
-          Scanf::FormatString.new(fstr)
-        end
-      fs.match(self)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Scans the current string until the match is exhausted
-  # yielding each match as it is encountered in the string.
-  # A block is not necessary as the results will simply
-  # be aggregated into the final array.
-  #
-  #   "123 456".block_scanf("%d")
-  #   # => [123, 456]
-  #
-  # If a block is given, the value from that is returned from
-  # the yield is added to an output array.
-  #
-  #   "123 456".block_scanf("%d) do |digit,| # the ',' unpacks the Array
-  #     digit + 100
-  #   end
-  #   # => [223, 556]
-  #
-  # See Scanf for details on creating a format string.
-  #
-  # You will need to require 'scanf' to use String#block_scanf
-  def block_scanf(fstr) #:yield: current_match
-    fs = Scanf::FormatString.new(fstr)
-    str = self.dup
-    final = []
-    begin
-      current = str.scanf(fs)
-      final.push(yield(current)) unless current.empty?
-      str = fs.string_left
-    end until current.empty? || str.empty?
-    return final
-  end
-end
-
-module Kernel
-  private
-  # Scans STDIN for data matching +format+.  See IO#scanf for details.
-  #
-  # See Scanf for details on creating a format string.
-  #
-  # You will need to require 'scanf' to use Kernel#scanf.
-  def scanf(format, &b) #:doc:
-    STDIN.scanf(format ,&b)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/securerandom.gemspec b/lib/securerandom.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..358dc58056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/securerandom.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "securerandom"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Interface for secure random number generator.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Interface for secure random number generator.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/securerandom"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/securerandom.rb b/lib/securerandom.rb
index 9201c9337a..241fde98ce 100644
--- a/lib/securerandom.rb
+++ b/lib/securerandom.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-rescue LoadError
-end
 
 # == Secure random number generator interface.
 #
@@ -20,42 +16,70 @@ end
 # * /dev/urandom
 # * Win32
 #
+# SecureRandom is extended by the Random::Formatter module which
+# defines the following methods:
+#
+# * alphanumeric
+# * base64
+# * choose
+# * gen_random
+# * hex
+# * rand
+# * random_bytes
+# * random_number
+# * urlsafe_base64
+# * uuid
+#
+# These methods are usable as class methods of SecureRandom such as
+# `SecureRandom.hex`.
+#
 # === Examples
 #
 # Generate random hexadecimal strings:
 #
 #   require 'securerandom'
 #
-#   p SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362"
-#   p SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559"
-#   p SecureRandom.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23"
+#   SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362"
+#   SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559"
+#   SecureRandom.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23"
 #
 # Generate random base64 strings:
 #
-#   p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA=="
-#   p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg=="
-#   p SecureRandom.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8"
+#   SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA=="
+#   SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg=="
+#   SecureRandom.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8"
 #
 # Generate random binary strings:
 #
-#   p SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301"
-#   p SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337"
+#   SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301"
+#   SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337"
+#
+# Generate alphanumeric strings:
+#
+#   SecureRandom.alphanumeric(10) #=> "S8baxMJnPl"
+#   SecureRandom.alphanumeric(10) #=> "aOxAg8BAJe"
 #
 # Generate UUIDs:
 #
-#   p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
-#   p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
+#   SecureRandom.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
+#   SecureRandom.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
 #
 
 module SecureRandom
-  if defined?(OpenSSL::Random) && /mswin|mingw/ !~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-    def self.gen_random(n)
+  class << self
+    def bytes(n)
+      return gen_random(n)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def gen_random_openssl(n)
       @pid = 0 unless defined?(@pid)
       pid = $$
       unless @pid == pid
         now = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
         OpenSSL::Random.random_add([now, @pid, pid].join(""), 0.0)
-        seed = Random.raw_seed(16)
+        seed = Random.urandom(16)
         if (seed)
           OpenSSL::Random.random_add(seed, 16)
         end
@@ -63,9 +87,9 @@ module SecureRandom
       end
       return OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(n)
     end
-  else
-    def self.gen_random(n)
-      ret = Random.raw_seed(n)
+
+    def gen_random_urandom(n)
+      ret = Random.urandom(n)
       unless ret
         raise NotImplementedError, "No random device"
       end
@@ -74,10 +98,21 @@ module SecureRandom
       end
       ret
     end
-  end
 
-  class << self
-    alias bytes gen_random
+    ret = Random.urandom(1)
+    if ret.nil?
+      begin
+        require 'openssl'
+      rescue NoMethodError
+        raise NotImplementedError, "No random device"
+      else
+        alias gen_random gen_random_openssl
+      end
+    else
+      alias gen_random gen_random_urandom
+    end
+
+    public :gen_random
   end
 end
 
@@ -92,8 +127,10 @@ module Random::Formatter
   #
   # The result may contain any byte: "\x00" - "\xff".
   #
-  #   p SecureRandom.random_bytes #=> "\xD8\\\xE0\xF4\r\xB2\xFC*WM\xFF\x83\x18\xF45\xB6"
-  #   p SecureRandom.random_bytes #=> "m\xDC\xFC/\a\x00Uf\xB2\xB2P\xBD\xFF6S\x97"
+  #   require 'securerandom'
+  #
+  #   SecureRandom.random_bytes #=> "\xD8\\\xE0\xF4\r\xB2\xFC*WM\xFF\x83\x18\xF45\xB6"
+  #   SecureRandom.random_bytes #=> "m\xDC\xFC/\a\x00Uf\xB2\xB2P\xBD\xFF6S\x97"
   #
   # If a secure random number generator is not available,
   # +NotImplementedError+ is raised.
@@ -112,8 +149,10 @@ module Random::Formatter
   #
   # The result may contain 0-9 and a-f.
   #
-  #   p SecureRandom.hex #=> "eb693ec8252cd630102fd0d0fb7c3485"
-  #   p SecureRandom.hex #=> "91dc3bfb4de5b11d029d376634589b61"
+  #   require 'securerandom'
+  #
+  #   SecureRandom.hex #=> "eb693ec8252cd630102fd0d0fb7c3485"
+  #   SecureRandom.hex #=> "91dc3bfb4de5b11d029d376634589b61"
   #
   # If a secure random number generator is not available,
   # +NotImplementedError+ is raised.
@@ -131,8 +170,10 @@ module Random::Formatter
   #
   # The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "+", "/" and "=".
   #
-  #   p SecureRandom.base64 #=> "/2BuBuLf3+WfSKyQbRcc/A=="
-  #   p SecureRandom.base64 #=> "6BbW0pxO0YENxn38HMUbcQ=="
+  #   require 'securerandom'
+  #
+  #   SecureRandom.base64 #=> "/2BuBuLf3+WfSKyQbRcc/A=="
+  #   SecureRandom.base64 #=> "6BbW0pxO0YENxn38HMUbcQ=="
   #
   # If a secure random number generator is not available,
   # +NotImplementedError+ is raised.
@@ -158,11 +199,13 @@ module Random::Formatter
   # The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "-" and "_".
   # "=" is also used if _padding_ is true.
   #
-  #   p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64 #=> "b4GOKm4pOYU_-BOXcrUGDg"
-  #   p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64 #=> "UZLdOkzop70Ddx-IJR0ABg"
+  #   require 'securerandom'
+  #
+  #   SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64 #=> "b4GOKm4pOYU_-BOXcrUGDg"
+  #   SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64 #=> "UZLdOkzop70Ddx-IJR0ABg"
   #
-  #   p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "i0XQ-7gglIsHGV2_BNPrdQ=="
-  #   p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "-M8rLhr7JEpJlqFGUMmOxg=="
+  #   SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "i0XQ-7gglIsHGV2_BNPrdQ=="
+  #   SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "-M8rLhr7JEpJlqFGUMmOxg=="
   #
   # If a secure random number generator is not available,
   # +NotImplementedError+ is raised.
@@ -175,58 +218,13 @@ module Random::Formatter
     s
   end
 
-=begin
-  # SecureRandom.random_number generates a random number.
-  #
-  # If a positive integer is given as _n_,
-  # +SecureRandom.random_number+ returns an integer, such that:
-  # +0 <= SecureRandom.random_number(n) < n+.
-  #
-  #   p SecureRandom.random_number(100) #=> 15
-  #   p SecureRandom.random_number(100) #=> 88
-  #
-  # If 0 is given or an argument is not given,
-  # +SecureRandom.random_number+ returns a float, such that:
-  # +0.0 <= SecureRandom.random_number() < 1.0+.
-  #
-  #   p SecureRandom.random_number #=> 0.596506046187744
-  #   p SecureRandom.random_number #=> 0.350621695741409
-  #
-  def random_number(n=0)
-    if 0 < n
-      if defined? OpenSSL::BN
-        OpenSSL::BN.rand_range(n).to_i
-      else
-        hex = n.to_s(16)
-        hex = '0' + hex if (hex.length & 1) == 1
-        bin = [hex].pack("H*")
-        mask = bin[0].ord
-        mask |= mask >> 1
-        mask |= mask >> 2
-        mask |= mask >> 4
-        begin
-          rnd = random_bytes(bin.length)
-          rnd[0] = (rnd[0].ord & mask).chr
-        end until rnd < bin
-        rnd.unpack("H*")[0].hex
-      end
-    else
-      # assumption: Float::MANT_DIG <= 64
-      if defined? OpenSSL::BN
-        i64 = OpenSSL::BN.rand(64, -1).to_i
-      else
-        i64 = random_bytes(8).unpack("Q")[0]
-      end
-      Math.ldexp(i64 >> (64-Float::MANT_DIG), -Float::MANT_DIG)
-    end
-  end
-=end
-
   # SecureRandom.uuid generates a random v4 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
   #
-  #   p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
-  #   p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
-  #   p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "62936e70-1815-439b-bf89-8492855a7e6b"
+  #   require 'securerandom'
+  #
+  #   SecureRandom.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
+  #   SecureRandom.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
+  #   SecureRandom.uuid #=> "62936e70-1815-439b-bf89-8492855a7e6b"
   #
   # The version 4 UUID is purely random (except the version).
   # It doesn't contain meaningful information such as MAC addresses, timestamps, etc.
@@ -242,10 +240,78 @@ module Random::Formatter
     "%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % ary
   end
 
-  private
-  def gen_random(n)
+  private def gen_random(n)
     self.bytes(n)
   end
+
+  # SecureRandom.choose generates a string that randomly draws from a
+  # source array of characters.
+  #
+  # The argument _source_ specifies the array of characters from which
+  # to generate the string.
+  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in characters, of the string to be
+  # generated.
+  #
+  # The result may contain whatever characters are in the source array.
+  #
+  #   require 'securerandom'
+  #
+  #   SecureRandom.choose([*'l'..'r'], 16) #=> "lmrqpoonmmlqlron"
+  #   SecureRandom.choose([*'0'..'9'], 5)  #=> "27309"
+  #
+  # If a secure random number generator is not available,
+  # +NotImplementedError+ is raised.
+  private def choose(source, n)
+    size = source.size
+    m = 1
+    limit = size
+    while limit * size <= 0x100000000
+      limit *= size
+      m += 1
+    end
+    result = ''.dup
+    while m <= n
+      rs = random_number(limit)
+      is = rs.digits(size)
+      (m-is.length).times { is << 0 }
+      result << source.values_at(*is).join('')
+      n -= m
+    end
+    if 0 < n
+      rs = random_number(limit)
+      is = rs.digits(size)
+      if is.length < n
+        (n-is.length).times { is << 0 }
+      else
+        is.pop while n < is.length
+      end
+      result.concat source.values_at(*is).join('')
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  ALPHANUMERIC = [*'A'..'Z', *'a'..'z', *'0'..'9']
+  # SecureRandom.alphanumeric generates a random alphanumeric string.
+  #
+  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in characters, of the alphanumeric
+  # string to be generated.
+  #
+  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed.
+  # It may be larger in the future.
+  #
+  # The result may contain A-Z, a-z and 0-9.
+  #
+  #   require 'securerandom'
+  #
+  #   SecureRandom.alphanumeric     #=> "2BuBuLf3WfSKyQbR"
+  #   SecureRandom.alphanumeric(10) #=> "i6K93NdqiH"
+  #
+  # If a secure random number generator is not available,
+  # +NotImplementedError+ is raised.
+  def alphanumeric(n=nil)
+    n = 16 if n.nil?
+    choose(ALPHANUMERIC, n)
+  end
 end
 
 SecureRandom.extend(Random::Formatter)
diff --git a/lib/set.rb b/lib/set.rb
index 43c388ca90..09c5595727 100644
--- a/lib/set.rb
+++ b/lib/set.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,31 @@
-#--
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+# :markup: markdown
 #
 # set.rb - defines the Set class
-#++
-# Copyright (c) 2002-2016 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2020 Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
 #
 # Documentation by Akinori MUSHA and Gavin Sinclair.
 #
 # All rights reserved.  You can redistribute and/or modify it under the same
 # terms as Ruby.
-#
-#   $Id$
-#
-# == Overview
-#
+
+
+##
 # This library provides the Set class, which deals with a collection
 # of unordered values with no duplicates.  It is a hybrid of Array's
-# intuitive inter-operation facilities and Hash's fast lookup.  If you
-# need to keep values sorted in some order, use the SortedSet class.
+# intuitive inter-operation facilities and Hash's fast lookup.
 #
-# The method +to_set+ is added to Enumerable for convenience.
-#
-# See the Set and SortedSet documentation for examples of usage.
-
-
+# The method `to_set` is added to Enumerable for convenience.
 #
 # Set implements a collection of unordered values with no duplicates.
 # This is a hybrid of Array's intuitive inter-operation facilities and
 # Hash's fast lookup.
 #
-# Set is easy to use with Enumerable objects (implementing +each+).
+# Set is easy to use with Enumerable objects (implementing `each`).
 # Most of the initializer methods and binary operators accept generic
 # Enumerable objects besides sets and arrays.  An Enumerable object
-# can be converted to Set using the +to_set+ method.
+# can be converted to Set using the `to_set` method.
 #
 # Set uses Hash as storage, so you must note the following points:
 #
@@ -45,32 +38,38 @@
 # * When a string is to be stored, a frozen copy of the string is
 #   stored instead unless the original string is already frozen.
 #
-# == Comparison
+# ## Comparison
 #
-# The comparison operators <, >, <= and >= are implemented as
-# shorthand for the {proper_,}{subset?,superset?} methods.  However,
-# the <=> operator is intentionally left out because not every pair of
-# sets is comparable. ({x,y} vs. {x,z} for example)
+# The comparison operators `<`, `>`, `<=`, and `>=` are implemented as
+# shorthand for the {proper_,}{subset?,superset?} methods.  The `<=>`
+# operator reflects this order, or return `nil` for sets that both
+# have distinct elements (`{x, y}` vs. `{x, z}` for example).
 #
-# == Example
+# ## Example
 #
-#   require 'set'
-#   s1 = Set.new [1, 2]                   # -> #<Set: {1, 2}>
-#   s2 = [1, 2].to_set                    # -> #<Set: {1, 2}>
-#   s1 == s2                              # -> true
-#   s1.add("foo")                         # -> #<Set: {1, 2, "foo"}>
-#   s1.merge([2, 6])                      # -> #<Set: {1, 2, "foo", 6}>
-#   s1.subset? s2                         # -> false
-#   s2.subset? s1                         # -> true
+# ```ruby
+# require 'set'
+# s1 = Set[1, 2]                        #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
+# s2 = [1, 2].to_set                    #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
+# s1 == s2                              #=> true
+# s1.add("foo")                         #=> #<Set: {1, 2, "foo"}>
+# s1.merge([2, 6])                      #=> #<Set: {1, 2, "foo", 6}>
+# s1.subset?(s2)                        #=> false
+# s2.subset?(s1)                        #=> true
+# ```
 #
-# == Contact
+# ## Contact
 #
-#   - Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org> (current maintainer)
+# - Akinori MUSHA <<knu@iDaemons.org>> (current maintainer)
 #
 class Set
   include Enumerable
 
   # Creates a new set containing the given objects.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2]                   # => #<Set: {1, 2}>
+  #     Set[1, 2, 1]                # => #<Set: {1, 2}>
+  #     Set[1, 'c', :s]             # => #<Set: {1, "c", :s}>
   def self.[](*ary)
     new(ary)
   end
@@ -80,6 +79,12 @@ class Set
   #
   # If a block is given, the elements of enum are preprocessed by the
   # given block.
+  #
+  #     Set.new([1, 2])                       #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
+  #     Set.new([1, 2, 1])                    #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
+  #     Set.new([1, 'c', :s])                 #=> #<Set: {1, "c", :s}>
+  #     Set.new(1..5)                         #=> #<Set: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}>
+  #     Set.new([1, 2, 3]) { |x| x * x }      #=> #<Set: {1, 4, 9}>
   def initialize(enum = nil, &block) # :yields: o
     @hash ||= Hash.new(false)
 
@@ -126,10 +131,18 @@ class Set
     @hash = orig.instance_variable_get(:@hash).dup
   end
 
-  # Clone internal hash.
-  def initialize_clone(orig)
-    super
-    @hash = orig.instance_variable_get(:@hash).clone
+  if Kernel.instance_method(:initialize_clone).arity != 1
+    # Clone internal hash.
+    def initialize_clone(orig, **options)
+      super
+      @hash = orig.instance_variable_get(:@hash).clone(**options)
+    end
+  else
+    # Clone internal hash.
+    def initialize_clone(orig)
+      super
+      @hash = orig.instance_variable_get(:@hash).clone
+    end
   end
 
   def freeze    # :nodoc:
@@ -137,16 +150,6 @@ class Set
     super
   end
 
-  def taint     # :nodoc:
-    @hash.taint
-    super
-  end
-
-  def untaint   # :nodoc:
-    @hash.untaint
-    super
-  end
-
   # Returns the number of elements.
   def size
     @hash.size
@@ -159,6 +162,10 @@ class Set
   end
 
   # Removes all elements and returns self.
+  #
+  #     set = Set[1, 'c', :s]             #=> #<Set: {1, "c", :s}>
+  #     set.clear                         #=> #<Set: {}>
+  #     set                               #=> #<Set: {}>
   def clear
     @hash.clear
     self
@@ -166,6 +173,10 @@ class Set
 
   # Replaces the contents of the set with the contents of the given
   # enumerable object and returns self.
+  #
+  #     set = Set[1, 'c', :s]             #=> #<Set: {1, "c", :s}>
+  #     set.replace([1, 2])               #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
+  #     set                               #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
   def replace(enum)
     if enum.instance_of?(self.class)
       @hash.replace(enum.instance_variable_get(:@hash))
@@ -178,14 +189,17 @@ class Set
   end
 
   # Converts the set to an array.  The order of elements is uncertain.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2].to_a                    #=> [1, 2]
+  #     Set[1, 'c', :s].to_a              #=> [1, "c", :s]
   def to_a
     @hash.keys
   end
 
   # Returns self if no arguments are given.  Otherwise, converts the
-  # set to another with klass.new(self, *args, &block).
+  # set to another with `klass.new(self, *args, &block)`.
   #
-  # In subclasses, returns klass.new(self, *args, &block) unless
+  # In subclasses, returns `klass.new(self, *args, &block)` unless
   # overridden.
   def to_set(klass = Set, *args, &block)
     return self if instance_of?(Set) && klass == Set && block.nil? && args.empty?
@@ -237,7 +251,7 @@ class Set
   # Returns true if the set is a superset of the given set.
   def superset?(set)
     case
-    when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+    when set.instance_of?(self.class) && @hash.respond_to?(:>=)
       @hash >= set.instance_variable_get(:@hash)
     when set.is_a?(Set)
       size >= set.size && set.all? { |o| include?(o) }
@@ -250,7 +264,7 @@ class Set
   # Returns true if the set is a proper superset of the given set.
   def proper_superset?(set)
     case
-    when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+    when set.instance_of?(self.class) && @hash.respond_to?(:>)
       @hash > set.instance_variable_get(:@hash)
     when set.is_a?(Set)
       size > set.size && set.all? { |o| include?(o) }
@@ -263,7 +277,7 @@ class Set
   # Returns true if the set is a subset of the given set.
   def subset?(set)
     case
-    when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+    when set.instance_of?(self.class) && @hash.respond_to?(:<=)
       @hash <= set.instance_variable_get(:@hash)
     when set.is_a?(Set)
       size <= set.size && all? { |o| set.include?(o) }
@@ -276,7 +290,7 @@ class Set
   # Returns true if the set is a proper subset of the given set.
   def proper_subset?(set)
     case
-    when set.instance_of?(self.class)
+    when set.instance_of?(self.class) && @hash.respond_to?(:<)
       @hash < set.instance_variable_get(:@hash)
     when set.is_a?(Set)
       size < set.size && all? { |o| set.include?(o) }
@@ -286,14 +300,24 @@ class Set
   end
   alias < proper_subset?
 
+  # Returns 0 if the set are equal,
+  # -1 / +1 if the set is a proper subset / superset of the given set,
+  # or nil if they both have unique elements.
+  def <=>(set)
+    return unless set.is_a?(Set)
+
+    case size <=> set.size
+    when -1 then -1 if proper_subset?(set)
+    when +1 then +1 if proper_superset?(set)
+    else 0 if self.==(set)
+    end
+  end
+
   # Returns true if the set and the given set have at least one
   # element in common.
   #
-  # e.g.:
-  #
-  #   require 'set'
-  #   Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? Set[4, 5] # => false
-  #   Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? Set[3, 4] # => true
+  #     Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? Set[4, 5]   #=> false
+  #     Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? Set[3, 4]   #=> true
   def intersect?(set)
     set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
     if size < set.size
@@ -304,14 +328,10 @@ class Set
   end
 
   # Returns true if the set and the given set have no element in
-  # common.  This method is the opposite of +intersect?+.
+  # common.  This method is the opposite of `intersect?`.
   #
-  # e.g.:
-  #
-  #   require 'set'
-  #   Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? Set[3, 4] # => false
-  #   Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? Set[4, 5] # => true
-
+  #     Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? Set[3, 4]   #=> false
+  #     Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? Set[4, 5]   #=> true
   def disjoint?(set)
     !intersect?(set)
   end
@@ -325,8 +345,12 @@ class Set
     self
   end
 
-  # Adds the given object to the set and returns self.  Use +merge+ to
+  # Adds the given object to the set and returns self.  Use `merge` to
   # add many elements at once.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2].add(3)                    #=> #<Set: {1, 2, 3}>
+  #     Set[1, 2].add([3, 4])               #=> #<Set: {1, 2, [3, 4]}>
+  #     Set[1, 2].add(2)                    #=> #<Set: {1, 2}>
   def add(o)
     @hash[o] = true
     self
@@ -335,12 +359,16 @@ class Set
 
   # Adds the given object to the set and returns self.  If the
   # object is already in the set, returns nil.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2].add?(3)                    #=> #<Set: {1, 2, 3}>
+  #     Set[1, 2].add?([3, 4])               #=> #<Set: {1, 2, [3, 4]}>
+  #     Set[1, 2].add?(2)                    #=> nil
   def add?(o)
     add(o) unless include?(o)
   end
 
-  # Deletes the given object from the set and returns self.  Use +subtract+ to
-  # delete many items at once.
+  # Deletes the given object from the set and returns self.  Use
+  # `subtract` to delete many items at once.
   def delete(o)
     @hash.delete(o)
     self
@@ -374,11 +402,13 @@ class Set
     self
   end
 
-  # Replaces the elements with ones returned by collect().
+  # Replaces the elements with ones returned by `collect()`.
   # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
   def collect!
     block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
-    replace(self.class.new(self) { |o| yield(o) })
+    set = self.class.new
+    each { |o| set << yield(o) }
+    replace(set)
   end
   alias map! collect!
 
@@ -400,6 +430,9 @@ class Set
     self if size != n
   end
 
+  # Equivalent to Set#select!
+  alias filter! select!
+
   # Merges the elements of the given enumerable object to the set and
   # returns self.
   def merge(enum)
@@ -421,31 +454,51 @@ class Set
 
   # Returns a new set built by merging the set and the elements of the
   # given enumerable object.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2, 3] | Set[2, 4, 5]         #=> #<Set: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}>
+  #     Set[1, 5, 'z'] | (1..6)             #=> #<Set: {1, 5, "z", 2, 3, 4, 6}>
   def |(enum)
     dup.merge(enum)
   end
-  alias + |             ##
-  alias union |         ##
+  alias + |
+  alias union |
 
   # Returns a new set built by duplicating the set, removing every
   # element that appears in the given enumerable object.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 3, 5] - Set[1, 5]                #=> #<Set: {3}>
+  #     Set['a', 'b', 'z'] - ['a', 'c']         #=> #<Set: {"b", "z"}>
   def -(enum)
     dup.subtract(enum)
   end
-  alias difference -    ##
+  alias difference -
 
   # Returns a new set containing elements common to the set and the
   # given enumerable object.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 3, 5] & Set[3, 2, 1]             #=> #<Set: {3, 1}>
+  #     Set['a', 'b', 'z'] & ['a', 'b', 'c']    #=> #<Set: {"a", "b"}>
   def &(enum)
     n = self.class.new
-    do_with_enum(enum) { |o| n.add(o) if include?(o) }
+    if enum.is_a?(Set)
+      if enum.size > size
+        each { |o| n.add(o) if enum.include?(o) }
+      else
+        enum.each { |o| n.add(o) if include?(o) }
+      end
+    else
+      do_with_enum(enum) { |o| n.add(o) if include?(o) }
+    end
     n
   end
-  alias intersection &  ##
+  alias intersection &
 
   # Returns a new set containing elements exclusive between the set
-  # and the given enumerable object.  (set ^ enum) is equivalent to
-  # ((set | enum) - (set & enum)).
+  # and the given enumerable object.  `(set ^ enum)` is equivalent to
+  # `((set | enum) - (set & enum))`.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2] ^ Set[2, 3]                   #=> #<Set: {3, 1}>
+  #     Set[1, 'b', 'c'] ^ ['b', 'd']           #=> #<Set: {"d", 1, "c"}>
   def ^(enum)
     n = Set.new(enum)
     each { |o| n.add(o) unless n.delete?(o) }
@@ -454,6 +507,11 @@ class Set
 
   # Returns true if two sets are equal.  The equality of each couple
   # of elements is defined according to Object#eql?.
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2] == Set[2, 1]                       #=> true
+  #     Set[1, 3, 5] == Set[1, 5]                    #=> false
+  #     Set['a', 'b', 'c'] == Set['a', 'c', 'b']     #=> true
+  #     Set['a', 'b', 'c'] == ['a', 'c', 'b']        #=> false
   def ==(other)
     if self.equal?(other)
       true
@@ -475,19 +533,52 @@ class Set
     @hash.eql?(o.instance_variable_get(:@hash))
   end
 
+  # Resets the internal state after modification to existing elements
+  # and returns self.
+  #
+  # Elements will be reindexed and deduplicated.
+  def reset
+    if @hash.respond_to?(:rehash)
+      @hash.rehash # This should perform frozenness check.
+    else
+      raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen #{self.class.name}" if frozen?
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if the given object is a member of the set,
+  # and false otherwise.
+  #
+  # Used in case statements:
+  #
+  #     require 'set'
+  #
+  #     case :apple
+  #     when Set[:potato, :carrot]
+  #       "vegetable"
+  #     when Set[:apple, :banana]
+  #       "fruit"
+  #     end
+  #     # => "fruit"
+  #
+  # Or by itself:
+  #
+  #     Set[1, 2, 3] === 2   #=> true
+  #     Set[1, 2, 3] === 4   #=> false
+  #
+  alias === include?
+
   # Classifies the set by the return value of the given block and
   # returns a hash of {value => set of elements} pairs.  The block is
   # called once for each element of the set, passing the element as
   # parameter.
   #
-  # e.g.:
-  #
-  #   require 'set'
-  #   files = Set.new(Dir.glob("*.rb"))
-  #   hash = files.classify { |f| File.mtime(f).year }
-  #   p hash    # => {2000=>#<Set: {"a.rb", "b.rb"}>,
-  #             #     2001=>#<Set: {"c.rb", "d.rb", "e.rb"}>,
-  #             #     2002=>#<Set: {"f.rb"}>}
+  #     require 'set'
+  #     files = Set.new(Dir.glob("*.rb"))
+  #     hash = files.classify { |f| File.mtime(f).year }
+  #     hash       #=> {2000=>#<Set: {"a.rb", "b.rb"}>,
+  #                #    2001=>#<Set: {"c.rb", "d.rb", "e.rb"}>,
+  #                #    2002=>#<Set: {"f.rb"}>}
   #
   # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
   def classify # :yields: o
@@ -509,15 +600,13 @@ class Set
   # if block.call(o1, o2) is true.  Otherwise, elements o1 and o2 are
   # in common if block.call(o1) == block.call(o2).
   #
-  # e.g.:
-  #
-  #   require 'set'
-  #   numbers = Set[1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11]
-  #   set = numbers.divide { |i,j| (i - j).abs == 1 }
-  #   p set     # => #<Set: {#<Set: {1}>,
-  #             #            #<Set: {11, 9, 10}>,
-  #             #            #<Set: {3, 4}>,
-  #             #            #<Set: {6}>}>
+  #     require 'set'
+  #     numbers = Set[1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11]
+  #     set = numbers.divide { |i,j| (i - j).abs == 1 }
+  #     set        #=> #<Set: {#<Set: {1}>,
+  #                #           #<Set: {11, 9, 10}>,
+  #                #           #<Set: {3, 4}>,
+  #                #           #<Set: {6}>}>
   #
   # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
   def divide(&func)
@@ -550,10 +639,16 @@ class Set
     end
   end
 
+  # Returns a string created by converting each element of the set to a string
+  # See also: Array#join
+  def join(separator=nil)
+    to_a.join(separator)
+  end
+
   InspectKey = :__inspect_key__         # :nodoc:
 
   # Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of the
-  # set. ("#<Set: {element1, element2, ...}>")
+  # set ("#<Set: {element1, element2, ...}>").
   def inspect
     ids = (Thread.current[InspectKey] ||= [])
 
@@ -569,6 +664,8 @@ class Set
     end
   end
 
+  alias to_s inspect
+
   def pretty_print(pp)  # :nodoc:
     pp.text sprintf('#<%s: {', self.class.name)
     pp.nest(1) {
@@ -584,241 +681,12 @@ class Set
   end
 end
 
-#
-# SortedSet implements a Set that guarantees that its elements are
-# yielded in sorted order (according to the return values of their
-# #<=> methods) when iterating over them.
-#
-# All elements that are added to a SortedSet must respond to the <=>
-# method for comparison.
-#
-# Also, all elements must be <em>mutually comparable</em>: <tt>el1 <=>
-# el2</tt> must not return <tt>nil</tt> for any elements <tt>el1</tt>
-# and <tt>el2</tt>, else an ArgumentError will be raised when
-# iterating over the SortedSet.
-#
-# == Example
-#
-#   require "set"
-#
-#   set = SortedSet.new([2, 1, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3])
-#   ary = []
-#
-#   set.each do |obj|
-#     ary << obj
-#   end
-#
-#   p ary # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-#
-#   set2 = SortedSet.new([1, 2, "3"])
-#   set2.each { |obj| } # => raises ArgumentError: comparison of Fixnum with String failed
-#
-class SortedSet < Set
-  @@setup = false
-
-  class << self
-    def [](*ary)        # :nodoc:
-      new(ary)
-    end
-
-    def setup   # :nodoc:
-      @@setup and return
-
-      module_eval {
-        # a hack to shut up warning
-        alias old_init initialize
-      }
-      begin
-        require 'rbtree'
-
-        module_eval <<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
-          def initialize(*args)
-            @hash = RBTree.new
-            super
-          end
-
-          def add(o)
-            o.respond_to?(:<=>) or raise ArgumentError, "value must respond to <=>"
-            super
-          end
-          alias << add
-        END
-      rescue LoadError
-        module_eval <<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
-          def initialize(*args)
-            @keys = nil
-            super
-          end
-
-          def clear
-            @keys = nil
-            super
-          end
-
-          def replace(enum)
-            @keys = nil
-            super
-          end
-
-          def add(o)
-            o.respond_to?(:<=>) or raise ArgumentError, "value must respond to <=>"
-            @keys = nil
-            super
-          end
-          alias << add
-
-          def delete(o)
-            @keys = nil
-            @hash.delete(o)
-            self
-          end
-
-          def delete_if
-            block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
-            n = @hash.size
-            super
-            @keys = nil if @hash.size != n
-            self
-          end
-
-          def keep_if
-            block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
-            n = @hash.size
-            super
-            @keys = nil if @hash.size != n
-            self
-          end
-
-          def merge(enum)
-            @keys = nil
-            super
-          end
-
-          def each(&block)
-            block or return enum_for(__method__) { size }
-            to_a.each(&block)
-            self
-          end
-
-          def to_a
-            (@keys = @hash.keys).sort! unless @keys
-            @keys
-          end
-        END
-      end
-      module_eval {
-        # a hack to shut up warning
-        remove_method :old_init
-      }
-
-      @@setup = true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def initialize(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
-    SortedSet.setup
-    initialize(*args, &block)
-  end
-end
-
 module Enumerable
   # Makes a set from the enumerable object with given arguments.
-  # Needs to +require "set"+ to use this method.
+  # Needs to `require "set"` to use this method.
   def to_set(klass = Set, *args, &block)
     klass.new(self, *args, &block)
   end
 end
 
-# =begin
-# == RestricedSet class
-# RestricedSet implements a set with restrictions defined by a given
-# block.
-#
-# === Super class
-#     Set
-#
-# === Class Methods
-# --- RestricedSet::new(enum = nil) { |o| ... }
-# --- RestricedSet::new(enum = nil) { |rset, o| ... }
-#     Creates a new restricted set containing the elements of the given
-#     enumerable object.  Restrictions are defined by the given block.
-#
-#     If the block's arity is 2, it is called with the RestrictedSet
-#     itself and an object to see if the object is allowed to be put in
-#     the set.
-#
-#     Otherwise, the block is called with an object to see if the object
-#     is allowed to be put in the set.
-#
-# === Instance Methods
-# --- restriction_proc
-#     Returns the restriction procedure of the set.
-#
-# =end
-#
-# class RestricedSet < Set
-#   def initialize(*args, &block)
-#     @proc = block or raise ArgumentError, "missing a block"
-#
-#     if @proc.arity == 2
-#       instance_eval %{
-#       def add(o)
-#         @hash[o] = true if @proc.call(self, o)
-#         self
-#       end
-#       alias << add
-#
-#       def add?(o)
-#         if include?(o) || !@proc.call(self, o)
-#           nil
-#         else
-#           @hash[o] = true
-#           self
-#         end
-#       end
-#
-#       def replace(enum)
-#         enum.respond_to?(:each) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
-#         clear
-#         enum.each_entry { |o| add(o) }
-#
-#         self
-#       end
-#
-#       def merge(enum)
-#         enum.respond_to?(:each) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
-#         enum.each_entry { |o| add(o) }
-#
-#         self
-#       end
-#       }
-#     else
-#       instance_eval %{
-#       def add(o)
-#         if @proc.call(o)
-#           @hash[o] = true
-#         end
-#         self
-#       end
-#       alias << add
-#
-#       def add?(o)
-#         if include?(o) || !@proc.call(o)
-#           nil
-#         else
-#           @hash[o] = true
-#           self
-#         end
-#       end
-#       }
-#     end
-#
-#     super(*args)
-#   end
-#
-#   def restriction_proc
-#     @proc
-#   end
-# end
-
-# Tests have been moved to test/test_set.rb.
+autoload :SortedSet, "#{__dir__}/set/sorted_set"
diff --git a/lib/set/set.gemspec b/lib/set/set.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53b614ba22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/set/set.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "set"
+  spec.version       = "1.0.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA"]
+  spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Provides a class to deal with collections of unordered, unique values}
+  spec.description   = %q{Provides a class to deal with collections of unordered, unique values}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/set"
+  spec.license       = "BSD-2-Clause"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = "https://github.com/ruby/set/blob/v#{spec.version}/CHANGELOG.md"
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/set/sorted_set.rb b/lib/set/sorted_set.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4e01ba4a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/set/sorted_set.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+begin
+  require 'sorted_set'
+rescue ::LoadError
+  raise "The `SortedSet` class has been extracted from the `set` library." \
+        "You must use the `sorted_set` gem or other alternatives."
+end
diff --git a/lib/shell.rb b/lib/shell.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fb63717391..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,461 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   shell.rb -
-#       $Release Version: 0.7 $
-#       $Revision: 1.9 $
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-require "e2mmap"
-
-require "forwardable"
-
-require "shell/error"
-require "shell/command-processor"
-require "shell/process-controller"
-
-# Shell implements an idiomatic Ruby interface for common UNIX shell commands.
-#
-# It provides users the ability to execute commands with filters and pipes,
-# like +sh+/+csh+ by using native facilities of Ruby.
-#
-# == Examples
-#
-# === Temp file creation
-#
-# In this example we will create three +tmpFile+'s in three different folders
-# under the +/tmp+ directory.
-#
-#   sh = Shell.cd("/tmp") # Change to the /tmp directory
-#   sh.mkdir "shell-test-1" unless sh.exists?("shell-test-1")
-#   # make the 'shell-test-1' directory if it doesn't already exist
-#   sh.cd("shell-test-1") # Change to the /tmp/shell-test-1 directory
-#   for dir in ["dir1", "dir3", "dir5"]
-#     if !sh.exists?(dir)
-#       sh.mkdir dir # make dir if it doesn't already exist
-#       sh.cd(dir) do
-#         # change to the `dir` directory
-# 	  f = sh.open("tmpFile", "w") # open a new file in write mode
-# 	  f.print "TEST\n"            # write to the file
-# 	  f.close                     # close the file handler
-#       end
-#       print sh.pwd                  # output the process working directory
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-# === Temp file creation with self
-#
-# This example is identical to the first, except we're using
-# CommandProcessor#transact.
-#
-# CommandProcessor#transact executes the given block against self, in this case
-# +sh+; our Shell object. Within the block we can substitute +sh.cd+ to +cd+,
-# because the scope within the block uses +sh+ already.
-#
-#   sh = Shell.cd("/tmp")
-#   sh.transact do
-#     mkdir "shell-test-1" unless exists?("shell-test-1")
-#     cd("shell-test-1")
-#     for dir in ["dir1", "dir3", "dir5"]
-#       if !exists?(dir)
-# 	  mkdir dir
-# 	  cd(dir) do
-# 	    f = open("tmpFile", "w")
-# 	    f.print "TEST\n"
-# 	    f.close
-# 	  end
-# 	  print pwd
-#       end
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-# === Pipe /etc/printcap into a file
-#
-# In this example we will read the operating system file +/etc/printcap+,
-# generated by +cupsd+, and then output it to a new file relative to the +pwd+
-# of +sh+.
-#
-#   sh = Shell.new
-#   sh.cat("/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee1") > "tee2"
-#   (sh.cat < "/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee11") > "tee12"
-#   sh.cat("/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee1") >> "tee2"
-#   (sh.cat < "/etc/printcap") | sh.tee("tee11") >> "tee12"
-#
-class Shell
-
-  include Error
-  extend Exception2MessageMapper
-
-  # debug: true -> normal debug
-  # debug: 1    -> eval definition debug
-  # debug: 2    -> detail inspect debug
-  @debug = false
-  @verbose = true
-
-  @debug_display_process_id = false
-  @debug_display_thread_id = true
-  @debug_output_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-  @default_system_path = nil
-  @default_record_separator = nil
-
-  class << Shell
-    extend Forwardable
-
-    attr_accessor :cascade, :verbose
-    attr_reader :debug
-
-    alias debug? debug
-    alias verbose? verbose
-    @verbose = true
-
-    def debug=(val)
-      @debug = val
-      @verbose = val if val
-    end
-
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   Shell.cd(path)
-    #
-    # Creates a new Shell instance with the current working directory
-    # set to +path+.
-    def cd(path)
-      new(path)
-    end
-
-    # Returns the directories in the current shell's PATH environment variable
-    # as an array of directory names. This sets the system_path for all
-    # instances of Shell.
-    #
-    # Example: If in your current shell, you did:
-    #
-    #   $ echo $PATH
-    #   /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/bin
-    #
-    # Running this method in the above shell would then return:
-    #
-    #   ["/usr/bin", "/bin", "/usr/local/bin"]
-    #
-    def default_system_path
-      if @default_system_path
-        @default_system_path
-      else
-        ENV["PATH"].split(":")
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Sets the system_path that new instances of Shell should have as their
-    # initial system_path.
-    #
-    # +path+ should be an array of directory name strings.
-    def default_system_path=(path)
-      @default_system_path = path
-    end
-
-    def default_record_separator
-      if @default_record_separator
-        @default_record_separator
-      else
-        $/
-      end
-    end
-
-    def default_record_separator=(rs)
-      @default_record_separator = rs
-    end
-
-    # os resource mutex
-    mutex_methods = ["unlock", "lock", "locked?", "synchronize", "try_lock"]
-    for m in mutex_methods
-      def_delegator("@debug_output_mutex", m, "debug_output_"+m.to_s)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #   Shell.new(pwd, umask) -> obj
-  #
-  # Creates a Shell object which current directory is set to the process
-  # current directory, unless otherwise specified by the +pwd+ argument.
-  def initialize(pwd = Dir.pwd, umask = nil)
-    @cwd = File.expand_path(pwd)
-    @dir_stack = []
-    @umask = umask
-
-    @system_path = Shell.default_system_path
-    @record_separator = Shell.default_record_separator
-
-    @command_processor = CommandProcessor.new(self)
-    @process_controller = ProcessController.new(self)
-
-    @verbose = Shell.verbose
-    @debug = Shell.debug
-  end
-
-  # Returns the command search path in an array
-  attr_reader :system_path
-
-  # Sets the system path (the Shell instance's PATH environment variable).
-  #
-  # +path+ should be an array of directory name strings.
-  def system_path=(path)
-    @system_path = path
-    rehash
-  end
-
-
-  # Returns the umask
-  attr_accessor :umask
-  attr_accessor :record_separator
-  attr_accessor :verbose
-  attr_reader :debug
-
-  def debug=(val)
-    @debug = val
-    @verbose = val if val
-  end
-
-  alias verbose? verbose
-  alias debug? debug
-
-  attr_reader :command_processor
-  attr_reader :process_controller
-
-  def expand_path(path)
-    File.expand_path(path, @cwd)
-  end
-
-  # Most Shell commands are defined via CommandProcessor
-
-  #
-  # Dir related methods
-  #
-  # Shell#cwd/dir/getwd/pwd
-  # Shell#chdir/cd
-  # Shell#pushdir/pushd
-  # Shell#popdir/popd
-  # Shell#mkdir
-  # Shell#rmdir
-
-  # Returns the current working directory.
-  attr_reader :cwd
-  alias dir cwd
-  alias getwd cwd
-  alias pwd cwd
-
-  attr_reader :dir_stack
-  alias dirs dir_stack
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #   Shell.chdir(path)
-  #
-  # Creates a Shell object which current directory is set to +path+.
-  #
-  # If a block is given, it restores the current directory when the block ends.
-  #
-  # If called as iterator, it restores the current directory when the
-  # block ends.
-  def chdir(path = nil, verbose = @verbose)
-    check_point
-
-    if iterator?
-      notify("chdir(with block) #{path}") if verbose
-      cwd_old = @cwd
-      begin
-        chdir(path, nil)
-        yield
-      ensure
-        chdir(cwd_old, nil)
-      end
-    else
-      notify("chdir #{path}") if verbose
-      path = "~" unless path
-      @cwd = expand_path(path)
-      notify "current dir: #{@cwd}"
-      rehash
-      Void.new(self)
-    end
-  end
-  alias cd chdir
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #   pushdir(path)
-  #   pushdir(path) { &block }
-  #
-  # Pushes the current directory to the directory stack, changing the current
-  # directory to +path+.
-  #
-  # If +path+ is omitted, it exchanges its current directory and the top of its
-  # directory stack.
-  #
-  # If a block is given, it restores the current directory when the block ends.
-  def pushdir(path = nil, verbose = @verbose)
-    check_point
-
-    if iterator?
-      notify("pushdir(with block) #{path}") if verbose
-      pushdir(path, nil)
-      begin
-        yield
-      ensure
-        popdir
-      end
-    elsif path
-      notify("pushdir #{path}") if verbose
-      @dir_stack.push @cwd
-      chdir(path, nil)
-      notify "dir stack: [#{@dir_stack.join ', '}]"
-      self
-    else
-      notify("pushdir") if verbose
-      if pop = @dir_stack.pop
-        @dir_stack.push @cwd
-        chdir pop
-        notify "dir stack: [#{@dir_stack.join ', '}]"
-        self
-      else
-        Shell.Fail DirStackEmpty
-      end
-    end
-    Void.new(self)
-  end
-  alias pushd pushdir
-
-  # Pops a directory from the directory stack, and sets the current directory
-  # to it.
-  def popdir
-    check_point
-
-    notify("popdir")
-    if pop = @dir_stack.pop
-      chdir pop
-      notify "dir stack: [#{@dir_stack.join ', '}]"
-      self
-    else
-      Shell.Fail DirStackEmpty
-    end
-    Void.new(self)
-  end
-  alias popd popdir
-
-  # Returns a list of scheduled jobs.
-  def jobs
-    @process_controller.jobs
-  end
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #   kill(signal, job)
-  #
-  # Sends the given +signal+ to the given +job+
-  def kill(sig, command)
-    @process_controller.kill_job(sig, command)
-  end
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #   def_system_command(command, path = command)
-  #
-  # Convenience method for Shell::CommandProcessor.def_system_command.
-  # Defines an instance method which will execute the given shell command.
-  # If the executable is not in Shell.default_system_path, you must
-  # supply the path to it.
-  #
-  #    Shell.def_system_command('hostname')
-  #    Shell.new.hostname # => localhost
-  #
-  #    # How to use an executable that's not in the default path
-  #
-  #    Shell.def_system_command('run_my_program', "~/hello")
-  #    Shell.new.run_my_program # prints "Hello from a C program!"
-  #
-  def Shell.def_system_command(command, path = command)
-    CommandProcessor.def_system_command(command, path)
-  end
-
-  # Convenience method for Shell::CommandProcessor.undef_system_command
-  def Shell.undef_system_command(command)
-    CommandProcessor.undef_system_command(command)
-  end
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #   alias_command(alias, command, *opts, &block)
-  #
-  # Convenience method for Shell::CommandProcessor.alias_command.
-  # Defines an instance method which will execute a command under
-  # an alternative name.
-  #
-  #    Shell.def_system_command('date')
-  #    Shell.alias_command('date_in_utc', 'date', '-u')
-  #    Shell.new.date_in_utc # => Sat Jan 25 16:59:57 UTC 2014
-  #
-  def Shell.alias_command(ali, command, *opts, &block)
-    CommandProcessor.alias_command(ali, command, *opts, &block)
-  end
-
-  # Convenience method for Shell::CommandProcessor.unalias_command
-  def Shell.unalias_command(ali)
-    CommandProcessor.unalias_command(ali)
-  end
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #   install_system_commands(pre = "sys_")
-  #
-  # Convenience method for Shell::CommandProcessor.install_system_commands.
-  # Defines instance methods representing all the executable files found in
-  # Shell.default_system_path, with the given prefix prepended to their
-  # names.
-  #
-  #    Shell.install_system_commands
-  #    Shell.new.sys_echo("hello") # => hello
-  #
-  def Shell.install_system_commands(pre = "sys_")
-    CommandProcessor.install_system_commands(pre)
-  end
-
-  #
-  def inspect
-    if debug.kind_of?(Integer) && debug > 2
-      super
-    else
-      to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  def self.notify(*opts)
-    Shell::debug_output_synchronize do
-      if opts[-1].kind_of?(String)
-        yorn = verbose?
-      else
-        yorn = opts.pop
-      end
-      return unless yorn
-
-      if @debug_display_thread_id
-        if @debug_display_process_id
-          prefix = "shell(##{Process.pid}:#{Thread.current.to_s.sub("Thread", "Th")}): "
-        else
-          prefix = "shell(#{Thread.current.to_s.sub("Thread", "Th")}): "
-        end
-      else
-        prefix = "shell: "
-      end
-      _head = true
-      STDERR.print opts.collect{|mes|
-        mes = mes.dup
-        yield mes if iterator?
-        if _head
-          _head = false
-          prefix + mes
-        else
-          " "* prefix.size + mes
-        end
-      }.join("\n")+"\n"
-    end
-  end
-
-  CommandProcessor.initialize
-  CommandProcessor.run_config
-end
diff --git a/lib/shell/builtin-command.rb b/lib/shell/builtin-command.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e419a68c33..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell/builtin-command.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   shell/builtin-command.rb -
-#       $Release Version: 0.7 $
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-require "shell/filter"
-
-class Shell
-  class BuiltInCommand < Filter
-    def wait?
-      false
-    end
-    def active?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Void < BuiltInCommand
-    def initialize(sh, *opts)
-      super sh
-    end
-
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      # do nothing
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Echo < BuiltInCommand
-    def initialize(sh, *strings)
-      super sh
-      @strings = strings
-    end
-
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      rs =  @shell.record_separator unless rs
-      for str  in @strings
-        yield str + rs
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Cat < BuiltInCommand
-    def initialize(sh, *filenames)
-      super sh
-      @cat_files = filenames
-    end
-
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      if @cat_files.empty?
-        super
-      else
-        for src in @cat_files
-          @shell.foreach(src, rs){|l| yield l}
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Glob < BuiltInCommand
-    def initialize(sh, pattern)
-      super sh
-
-      @pattern = pattern
-    end
-
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      if @pattern[0] == ?/
-        @files = Dir[@pattern]
-      else
-        prefix = @shell.pwd+"/"
-        @files = Dir[prefix+@pattern].collect{|p| p.sub(prefix, "")}
-      end
-      rs =  @shell.record_separator unless rs
-      for f in @files
-        yield f+rs
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AppendIO < BuiltInCommand
-    def initialize(sh, io, filter)
-      super sh
-      @input = filter
-      @io = io
-    end
-
-    def input=(filter)
-      @input.input=filter
-      for l in @input
-        @io << l
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class AppendFile < AppendIO
-    def initialize(sh, to_filename, filter)
-      @file_name = to_filename
-      io = sh.open(to_filename, "a")
-      super(sh, io, filter)
-    end
-
-    def input=(filter)
-      begin
-        super
-      ensure
-        @io.close
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Tee < BuiltInCommand
-    def initialize(sh, filename)
-      super sh
-      @to_filename = filename
-    end
-
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      to = @shell.open(@to_filename, "w")
-      begin
-        super{|l| to << l; yield l}
-      ensure
-        to.close
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Concat < BuiltInCommand
-    def initialize(sh, *jobs)
-      super(sh)
-      @jobs = jobs
-    end
-
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      while job = @jobs.shift
-        job.each{|l| yield l}
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/shell/command-processor.rb b/lib/shell/command-processor.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2239ca98f6..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell/command-processor.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,668 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   shell/command-controller.rb -
-#       $Release Version: 0.7 $
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-require "e2mmap"
-require "thread"
-
-require "shell/error"
-require "shell/filter"
-require "shell/system-command"
-require "shell/builtin-command"
-
-class Shell
-  # In order to execute a command on your OS, you need to define it as a
-  # Shell method.
-  #
-  # Alternatively, you can execute any command via
-  # Shell::CommandProcessor#system even if it is not defined.
-  class CommandProcessor
-
-    #
-    # initialize of Shell and related classes.
-    #
-    m = [:initialize, :expand_path]
-    if Object.methods.first.kind_of?(String)
-      NoDelegateMethods = m.collect{|x| x.id2name}
-    else
-      NoDelegateMethods = m
-    end
-
-    def self.initialize
-
-      install_builtin_commands
-
-      # define CommandProcessor#methods to Shell#methods and Filter#methods
-      for m in CommandProcessor.instance_methods(false) - NoDelegateMethods
-        add_delegate_command_to_shell(m)
-      end
-
-      def self.method_added(id)
-        add_delegate_command_to_shell(id)
-      end
-    end
-
-    #
-    # include run file.
-    #
-    def self.run_config
-      begin
-        load File.expand_path("~/.rb_shell") if ENV.key?("HOME")
-      rescue LoadError, Errno::ENOENT
-      rescue
-        print "load error: #{rc}\n"
-        print $!.class, ": ", $!, "\n"
-        for err in $@[0, $@.size - 2]
-          print "\t", err, "\n"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(shell)
-      @shell = shell
-      @system_commands = {}
-    end
-
-    #
-    # CommandProcessor#expand_path(path)
-    #     path:   String
-    #     return: String
-    #   returns the absolute path for <path>
-    #
-    def expand_path(path)
-      @shell.expand_path(path)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   foreach(path, record_separator) -> Enumerator
-    #   foreach(path, record_separator) { block }
-    #
-    # See IO.foreach when +path+ is a file.
-    #
-    # See Dir.foreach when +path+ is a directory.
-    #
-    def foreach(path = nil, *rs)
-      path = "." unless path
-      path = expand_path(path)
-
-      if File.directory?(path)
-        Dir.foreach(path){|fn| yield fn}
-      else
-        IO.foreach(path, *rs){|l| yield l}
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   open(path, mode, permissions) -> Enumerator
-    #   open(path, mode, permissions) { block }
-    #
-    # See IO.open when +path+ is a file.
-    #
-    # See Dir.open when +path+ is a directory.
-    #
-    def open(path, mode = nil, perm = 0666, &b)
-      path = expand_path(path)
-      if File.directory?(path)
-        Dir.open(path, &b)
-      else
-        if @shell.umask
-          f = File.open(path, mode, perm)
-          File.chmod(perm & ~@shell.umask, path)
-          if block_given?
-            f.each(&b)
-          end
-          f
-        else
-          File.open(path, mode, perm, &b)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   unlink(path)
-    #
-    # See IO.unlink when +path+ is a file.
-    #
-    # See Dir.unlink when +path+ is a directory.
-    #
-    def unlink(path)
-      @shell.check_point
-
-      path = expand_path(path)
-      if File.directory?(path)
-        Dir.unlink(path)
-      else
-        IO.unlink(path)
-      end
-      Void.new(@shell)
-    end
-
-    # See Shell::CommandProcessor#test
-    alias top_level_test test
-    # call-seq:
-    #   test(command, file1, file2) ->  true or false
-    #   [command, file1, file2] ->  true or false
-    #
-    # Tests if the given +command+ exists in +file1+, or optionally +file2+.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #     sh[?e, "foo"]
-    #     sh[:e, "foo"]
-    #     sh["e", "foo"]
-    #     sh[:exists?, "foo"]
-    #     sh["exists?", "foo"]
-    #
-    def test(command, file1, file2=nil)
-      file1 = expand_path(file1)
-      file2 = expand_path(file2) if file2
-      command = command.id2name if command.kind_of?(Symbol)
-
-      case command
-      when Integer
-        if file2
-          top_level_test(command, file1, file2)
-        else
-          top_level_test(command, file1)
-        end
-      when String
-        if command.size == 1
-          if file2
-            top_level_test(command, file1, file2)
-          else
-            top_level_test(command, file1)
-          end
-        else
-          if file2
-            FileTest.send(command, file1, file2)
-          else
-            FileTest.send(command, file1)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    # See Shell::CommandProcessor#test
-    alias [] test
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   mkdir(path)
-    #
-    # Same as Dir.mkdir, except multiple directories are allowed.
-    def mkdir(*path)
-      @shell.check_point
-      notify("mkdir #{path.join(' ')}")
-
-      perm = nil
-      if path.last.kind_of?(Integer)
-        perm = path.pop
-      end
-      for dir in path
-        d = expand_path(dir)
-        if perm
-          Dir.mkdir(d, perm)
-        else
-          Dir.mkdir(d)
-        end
-        File.chmod(d, 0666 & ~@shell.umask) if @shell.umask
-      end
-      Void.new(@shell)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   rmdir(path)
-    #
-    # Same as Dir.rmdir, except multiple directories are allowed.
-    def rmdir(*path)
-      @shell.check_point
-      notify("rmdir #{path.join(' ')}")
-
-      for dir in path
-        Dir.rmdir(expand_path(dir))
-      end
-      Void.new(@shell)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   system(command, *options) -> SystemCommand
-    #
-    # Executes the given +command+ with the +options+ parameter.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #     print sh.system("ls", "-l")
-    #     sh.system("ls", "-l") | sh.head > STDOUT
-    #
-    def system(command, *opts)
-      if opts.empty?
-        if command =~ /\*|\?|\{|\}|\[|\]|<|>|\(|\)|~|&|\||\\|\$|;|'|`|"|\n/
-          return SystemCommand.new(@shell, find_system_command("sh"), "-c", command)
-        else
-          command, *opts = command.split(/\s+/)
-        end
-      end
-      SystemCommand.new(@shell, find_system_command(command), *opts)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   rehash
-    #
-    # Clears the command hash table.
-    def rehash
-      @system_commands = {}
-    end
-
-    def check_point # :nodoc:
-      @shell.process_controller.wait_all_jobs_execution
-    end
-    alias finish_all_jobs check_point # :nodoc:
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   transact { block }
-    #
-    # Executes a block as self
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #   sh.transact { system("ls", "-l") | head > STDOUT }
-    def transact(&block)
-      begin
-        @shell.instance_eval(&block)
-      ensure
-        check_point
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   out(device) { block }
-    #
-    # Calls <code>device.print</code> on the result passing the _block_ to
-    # #transact
-    def out(dev = STDOUT, &block)
-      dev.print transact(&block)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   echo(*strings) ->  Echo
-    #
-    # Returns a Echo object, for the given +strings+
-    def echo(*strings)
-      Echo.new(@shell, *strings)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   cat(*filename) ->  Cat
-    #
-    # Returns a Cat object, for the given +filenames+
-    def cat(*filenames)
-      Cat.new(@shell, *filenames)
-    end
-
-    #   def sort(*filenames)
-    #     Sort.new(self, *filenames)
-    #   end
-    # call-seq:
-    #   glob(pattern) ->  Glob
-    #
-    # Returns a Glob filter object, with the given +pattern+ object
-    def glob(pattern)
-      Glob.new(@shell, pattern)
-    end
-
-    def append(to, filter)
-      case to
-      when String
-        AppendFile.new(@shell, to, filter)
-      when IO
-        AppendIO.new(@shell, to, filter)
-      else
-        Shell.Fail Error::CantApplyMethod, "append", to.class
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   tee(file) ->  Tee
-    #
-    # Returns a Tee filter object, with the given +file+ command
-    def tee(file)
-      Tee.new(@shell, file)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   concat(*jobs) ->  Concat
-    #
-    # Returns a Concat object, for the given +jobs+
-    def concat(*jobs)
-      Concat.new(@shell, *jobs)
-    end
-
-    # %pwd, %cwd -> @pwd
-    def notify(*opts)
-      Shell.notify(*opts) {|mes|
-        yield mes if iterator?
-
-        mes.gsub!("%pwd", "#{@cwd}")
-        mes.gsub!("%cwd", "#{@cwd}")
-      }
-    end
-
-    #
-    # private functions
-    #
-    def find_system_command(command)
-      return command if /^\// =~ command
-      case path = @system_commands[command]
-      when String
-        if exists?(path)
-          return path
-        else
-          Shell.Fail Error::CommandNotFound, command
-        end
-      when false
-        Shell.Fail Error::CommandNotFound, command
-      end
-
-      for p in @shell.system_path
-        path = join(p, command)
-        begin
-          st = File.stat(path)
-        rescue SystemCallError
-          next
-        else
-          next unless st.executable? and !st.directory?
-          @system_commands[command] = path
-          return path
-        end
-      end
-      @system_commands[command] = false
-      Shell.Fail Error::CommandNotFound, command
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   def_system_command(command, path)  ->  Shell::SystemCommand
-    #
-    # Defines a command, registering +path+ as a Shell method for the given
-    # +command+.
-    #
-    #     Shell::CommandProcessor.def_system_command "ls"
-    #       #=> Defines ls.
-    #
-    #     Shell::CommandProcessor.def_system_command "sys_sort", "sort"
-    #       #=> Defines sys_sort as sort
-    #
-    def self.def_system_command(command, path = command)
-      begin
-        eval((d = %Q[def #{command}(*opts)
-                  SystemCommand.new(@shell, '#{path}', *opts)
-               end]), nil, __FILE__, __LINE__ - 1)
-      rescue SyntaxError
-        Shell.notify "warn: Can't define #{command} path: #{path}."
-      end
-      Shell.notify "Define #{command} path: #{path}.", Shell.debug?
-      Shell.notify("Definition of #{command}: ", d,
-             Shell.debug.kind_of?(Integer) && Shell.debug > 1)
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   undef_system_command(command) ->  self
-    #
-    # Undefines a command
-    def self.undef_system_command(command)
-      command = command.id2name if command.kind_of?(Symbol)
-      remove_method(command)
-      Shell.module_eval{remove_method(command)}
-      Filter.module_eval{remove_method(command)}
-      self
-    end
-
-    @alias_map = {}
-    # Returns a list of aliased commands
-    def self.alias_map
-      @alias_map
-    end
-    # call-seq:
-    #   alias_command(alias, command, *options) ->  self
-    #
-    # Creates a command alias at the given +alias+ for the given +command+,
-    # passing any +options+ along with it.
-    #
-    #     Shell::CommandProcessor.alias_command "lsC", "ls", "-CBF", "--show-control-chars"
-    #     Shell::CommandProcessor.alias_command("lsC", "ls"){|*opts| ["-CBF", "--show-control-chars", *opts]}
-    #
-    def self.alias_command(ali, command, *opts)
-      ali = ali.id2name if ali.kind_of?(Symbol)
-      command = command.id2name if command.kind_of?(Symbol)
-      begin
-        if iterator?
-          @alias_map[ali.intern] = proc
-
-          eval((d = %Q[def #{ali}(*opts)
-                          @shell.__send__(:#{command},
-                                          *(CommandProcessor.alias_map[:#{ali}].call *opts))
-                        end]), nil, __FILE__, __LINE__ - 1)
-
-        else
-           args = opts.collect{|opt| '"' + opt + '"'}.join(",")
-           eval((d = %Q[def #{ali}(*opts)
-                          @shell.__send__(:#{command}, #{args}, *opts)
-                        end]), nil, __FILE__, __LINE__ - 1)
-        end
-      rescue SyntaxError
-        Shell.notify "warn: Can't alias #{ali} command: #{command}."
-        Shell.notify("Definition of #{ali}: ", d)
-        raise
-      end
-      Shell.notify "Define #{ali} command: #{command}.", Shell.debug?
-      Shell.notify("Definition of #{ali}: ", d,
-             Shell.debug.kind_of?(Integer) && Shell.debug > 1)
-      self
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   unalias_command(alias)  ->  self
-    #
-    # Unaliases the given +alias+ command.
-    def self.unalias_command(ali)
-      ali = ali.id2name if ali.kind_of?(Symbol)
-      @alias_map.delete ali.intern
-      undef_system_command(ali)
-    end
-
-    # :nodoc:
-    #
-    # Delegates File and FileTest methods into Shell, including the following
-    # commands:
-    #
-    # * Shell#blockdev?(file)
-    # * Shell#chardev?(file)
-    # * Shell#directory?(file)
-    # * Shell#executable?(file)
-    # * Shell#executable_real?(file)
-    # * Shell#exist?(file)/Shell#exists?(file)
-    # * Shell#file?(file)
-    # * Shell#grpowned?(file)
-    # * Shell#owned?(file)
-    # * Shell#pipe?(file)
-    # * Shell#readable?(file)
-    # * Shell#readable_real?(file)
-    # * Shell#setgid?(file)
-    # * Shell#setuid?(file)
-    # * Shell#size(file)/Shell#size?(file)
-    # * Shell#socket?(file)
-    # * Shell#sticky?(file)
-    # * Shell#symlink?(file)
-    # * Shell#writable?(file)
-    # * Shell#writable_real?(file)
-    # * Shell#zero?(file)
-    # * Shell#syscopy(filename_from, filename_to)
-    # * Shell#copy(filename_from, filename_to)
-    # * Shell#move(filename_from, filename_to)
-    # * Shell#compare(filename_from, filename_to)
-    # * Shell#safe_unlink(*filenames)
-    # * Shell#makedirs(*filenames)
-    # * Shell#install(filename_from, filename_to, mode)
-    #
-    # And also, there are some aliases for convenience:
-    #
-    # * Shell#cmp	<- Shell#compare
-    # * Shell#mv	<- Shell#move
-    # * Shell#cp	<- Shell#copy
-    # * Shell#rm_f	<- Shell#safe_unlink
-    # * Shell#mkpath	<- Shell#makedirs
-    #
-    def self.def_builtin_commands(delegation_class, command_specs)
-      for meth, args in command_specs
-        arg_str = args.collect{|arg| arg.downcase}.join(", ")
-        call_arg_str = args.collect{
-          |arg|
-          case arg
-          when /^(FILENAME.*)$/
-            format("expand_path(%s)", $1.downcase)
-          when /^(\*FILENAME.*)$/
-            # \*FILENAME* -> filenames.collect{|fn| expand_path(fn)}.join(", ")
-            $1.downcase + '.collect{|fn| expand_path(fn)}'
-          else
-            arg
-          end
-        }.join(", ")
-        d = %Q[def #{meth}(#{arg_str})
-                    #{delegation_class}.#{meth}(#{call_arg_str})
-                 end]
-        Shell.notify "Define #{meth}(#{arg_str})", Shell.debug?
-        Shell.notify("Definition of #{meth}: ", d,
-                     Shell.debug.kind_of?(Integer) && Shell.debug > 1)
-        eval d
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #     install_system_commands(prefix = "sys_")
-    #
-    # Defines all commands in the Shell.default_system_path as Shell method,
-    # all with given +prefix+ appended to their names.
-    #
-    # Any invalid character names are converted to +_+, and errors are passed
-    # to Shell.notify.
-    #
-    # Methods already defined are skipped.
-    def self.install_system_commands(pre = "sys_")
-      defined_meth = {}
-      for m in Shell.methods
-        defined_meth[m] = true
-      end
-      sh = Shell.new
-      for path in Shell.default_system_path
-        next unless sh.directory? path
-        sh.cd path
-        sh.foreach do
-          |cn|
-          if !defined_meth[pre + cn] && sh.file?(cn) && sh.executable?(cn)
-            command = (pre + cn).gsub(/\W/, "_").sub(/^([0-9])/, '_\1')
-            begin
-              def_system_command(command, sh.expand_path(cn))
-            rescue
-              Shell.notify "warn: Can't define #{command} path: #{cn}"
-            end
-            defined_meth[command] = command
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.add_delegate_command_to_shell(id) # :nodoc:
-      id = id.intern if id.kind_of?(String)
-      name = id.id2name
-      if Shell.method_defined?(id)
-        Shell.notify "warn: override definition of Shell##{name}."
-        Shell.notify "warn: alias Shell##{name} to Shell##{name}_org.\n"
-        Shell.module_eval "alias #{name}_org #{name}"
-      end
-      Shell.notify "method added: Shell##{name}.", Shell.debug?
-      Shell.module_eval(%Q[def #{name}(*args, &block)
-                            begin
-                              @command_processor.__send__(:#{name}, *args, &block)
-                            rescue Exception
-                              $@.delete_if{|s| /:in `__getobj__'$/ =~ s} #`
-                              $@.delete_if{|s| /^\\(eval\\):/ =~ s}
-                            raise
-                            end
-                          end], __FILE__, __LINE__)
-
-      if Shell::Filter.method_defined?(id)
-        Shell.notify "warn: override definition of Shell::Filter##{name}."
-        Shell.notify "warn: alias Shell##{name} to Shell::Filter##{name}_org."
-        Filter.module_eval "alias #{name}_org #{name}"
-      end
-      Shell.notify "method added: Shell::Filter##{name}.", Shell.debug?
-      Filter.module_eval(%Q[def #{name}(*args, &block)
-                            begin
-                              self | @shell.__send__(:#{name}, *args, &block)
-                            rescue Exception
-                              $@.delete_if{|s| /:in `__getobj__'$/ =~ s} #`
-                              $@.delete_if{|s| /^\\(eval\\):/ =~ s}
-                            raise
-                            end
-                          end], __FILE__, __LINE__)
-    end
-
-    # Delegates File methods into Shell, including the following commands:
-    #
-    # * Shell#atime(file)
-    # * Shell#basename(file, *opt)
-    # * Shell#chmod(mode, *files)
-    # * Shell#chown(owner, group, *file)
-    # * Shell#ctime(file)
-    # * Shell#delete(*file)
-    # * Shell#dirname(file)
-    # * Shell#ftype(file)
-    # * Shell#join(*file)
-    # * Shell#link(file_from, file_to)
-    # * Shell#lstat(file)
-    # * Shell#mtime(file)
-    # * Shell#readlink(file)
-    # * Shell#rename(file_from, file_to)
-    # * Shell#split(file)
-    # * Shell#stat(file)
-    # * Shell#symlink(file_from, file_to)
-    # * Shell#truncate(file, length)
-    # * Shell#utime(atime, mtime, *file)
-    #
-    def self.install_builtin_commands
-      # method related File.
-      # (exclude open/foreach/unlink)
-      normal_delegation_file_methods = [
-        ["atime", ["FILENAME"]],
-        ["basename", ["fn", "*opts"]],
-        ["chmod", ["mode", "*FILENAMES"]],
-        ["chown", ["owner", "group", "*FILENAME"]],
-        ["ctime", ["FILENAMES"]],
-        ["delete", ["*FILENAMES"]],
-        ["dirname", ["FILENAME"]],
-        ["ftype", ["FILENAME"]],
-        ["join", ["*items"]],
-        ["link", ["FILENAME_O", "FILENAME_N"]],
-        ["lstat", ["FILENAME"]],
-        ["mtime", ["FILENAME"]],
-        ["readlink", ["FILENAME"]],
-        ["rename", ["FILENAME_FROM", "FILENAME_TO"]],
-        ["split", ["pathname"]],
-        ["stat", ["FILENAME"]],
-        ["symlink", ["FILENAME_O", "FILENAME_N"]],
-        ["truncate", ["FILENAME", "length"]],
-        ["utime", ["atime", "mtime", "*FILENAMES"]]]
-
-      def_builtin_commands(File, normal_delegation_file_methods)
-      alias_method :rm, :delete
-
-      # method related FileTest
-      def_builtin_commands(FileTest,
-                   FileTest.singleton_methods(false).collect{|m| [m, ["FILENAME"]]})
-
-    end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/shell/error.rb b/lib/shell/error.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 677c424baf..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell/error.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   shell/error.rb -
-#       $Release Version: 0.7 $
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-require "e2mmap"
-
-class Shell
-  module Error
-    extend Exception2MessageMapper
-    def_e2message TypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)"
-
-    def_exception :DirStackEmpty, "Directory stack empty."
-    def_exception :CantDefine, "Can't define method(%s, %s)."
-    def_exception :CantApplyMethod, "This method(%s) does not apply to this type(%s)."
-    def_exception :CommandNotFound, "Command not found(%s)."
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/shell/filter.rb b/lib/shell/filter.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c3ad40a48..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell/filter.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   shell/filter.rb -
-#       $Release Version: 0.7 $
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-class Shell #:nodoc:
-  # Any result of command execution is a Filter.
-  #
-  # This class includes Enumerable, therefore a Filter object can use all
-  # Enumerable
-  # facilities.
-  #
-  class Filter
-    include Enumerable
-
-    def initialize(sh)
-      @shell = sh         # parent shell
-      @input = nil        # input filter
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :input
-
-    def input=(filter)
-      @input = filter
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   each(record_separator=nil) { block }
-    #
-    # Iterates a block for each line.
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      rs = @shell.record_separator unless rs
-      if @input
-        @input.each(rs){|l| yield l}
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   < source
-    #
-    # Inputs from +source+, which is either a string of a file name or an IO
-    # object.
-    def <(src)
-      case src
-      when String
-        cat = Cat.new(@shell, src)
-        cat | self
-      when IO
-        self.input = src
-        self
-      else
-        Shell.Fail Error::CantApplyMethod, "<", to.class
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   > source
-    #
-    # Outputs from +source+, which is either a string of a file name or an IO
-    # object.
-    def >(to)
-      case to
-      when String
-        dst = @shell.open(to, "w")
-        begin
-          each(){|l| dst << l}
-        ensure
-          dst.close
-        end
-      when IO
-        each(){|l| to << l}
-      else
-        Shell.Fail Error::CantApplyMethod, ">", to.class
-      end
-      self
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   >> source
-    #
-    # Appends the output to +source+, which is either a string of a file name
-    # or an IO object.
-    def >>(to)
-      begin
-        Shell.cd(@shell.pwd).append(to, self)
-      rescue CantApplyMethod
-        Shell.Fail Error::CantApplyMethod, ">>", to.class
-      end
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   | filter
-    #
-    # Processes a pipeline.
-    def |(filter)
-      filter.input = self
-      if active?
-        @shell.process_controller.start_job filter
-      end
-      filter
-    end
-
-    # call-seq:
-    #   filter1 + filter2
-    #
-    # Outputs +filter1+, and then +filter2+ using Join.new
-    def +(filter)
-      Join.new(@shell, self, filter)
-    end
-
-    def to_a
-      ary = []
-      each(){|l| ary.push l}
-      ary
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      str = ""
-      each(){|l| str.concat l}
-      str
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      if @shell.debug.kind_of?(Integer) && @shell.debug > 2
-        super
-      else
-        to_s
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/shell/process-controller.rb b/lib/shell/process-controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e5bb505c9..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell/process-controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,311 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   shell/process-controller.rb -
-#       $Release Version: 0.7 $
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-require "forwardable"
-
-require "thread"
-require "sync"
-
-class Shell
-  class ProcessController
-
-    @ProcessControllers = {}
-    @ProcessControllersMonitor = Thread::Mutex.new
-    @ProcessControllersCV = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
-
-    @BlockOutputMonitor = Thread::Mutex.new
-    @BlockOutputCV = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
-
-    class << self
-      extend Forwardable
-
-      def_delegator("@ProcessControllersMonitor",
-                    "synchronize", "process_controllers_exclusive")
-
-      def active_process_controllers
-        process_controllers_exclusive do
-          @ProcessControllers.dup
-        end
-      end
-
-      def activate(pc)
-        process_controllers_exclusive do
-          @ProcessControllers[pc] ||= 0
-          @ProcessControllers[pc] += 1
-        end
-      end
-
-      def inactivate(pc)
-        process_controllers_exclusive do
-          if @ProcessControllers[pc]
-            if (@ProcessControllers[pc] -= 1) == 0
-              @ProcessControllers.delete(pc)
-              @ProcessControllersCV.signal
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def each_active_object
-        process_controllers_exclusive do
-          for ref in @ProcessControllers.keys
-            yield ref
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def block_output_synchronize(&b)
-        @BlockOutputMonitor.synchronize(&b)
-      end
-
-      def wait_to_finish_all_process_controllers
-        process_controllers_exclusive do
-          while !@ProcessControllers.empty?
-            Shell::notify("Process finishing, but active shell exists",
-                          "You can use Shell#transact or Shell#check_point for more safe execution.")
-            if Shell.debug?
-              for pc in @ProcessControllers.keys
-                Shell::notify(" Not finished jobs in "+pc.shell.to_s)
-                for com in pc.jobs
-                  com.notify("  Jobs: %id")
-                end
-              end
-            end
-            @ProcessControllersCV.wait(@ProcessControllersMonitor)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # for shell-command complete finish at this process exit.
-    USING_AT_EXIT_WHEN_PROCESS_EXIT = true
-    at_exit do
-      wait_to_finish_all_process_controllers unless $@
-    end
-
-    def initialize(shell)
-      @shell = shell
-      @waiting_jobs = []
-      @active_jobs = []
-      @jobs_sync = Sync.new
-
-      @job_monitor = Thread::Mutex.new
-      @job_condition = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :shell
-
-    def jobs
-      jobs = []
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do
-        jobs.concat @waiting_jobs
-        jobs.concat @active_jobs
-      end
-      jobs
-    end
-
-    def active_jobs
-      @active_jobs
-    end
-
-    def waiting_jobs
-      @waiting_jobs
-    end
-
-    def jobs_exist?
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do
-        @active_jobs.empty? or @waiting_jobs.empty?
-      end
-    end
-
-    def active_jobs_exist?
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do
-        @active_jobs.empty?
-      end
-    end
-
-    def waiting_jobs_exist?
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do
-        @waiting_jobs.empty?
-      end
-    end
-
-    # schedule a command
-    def add_schedule(command)
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do
-        ProcessController.activate(self)
-        if @active_jobs.empty?
-          start_job command
-        else
-          @waiting_jobs.push(command)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # start a job
-    def start_job(command = nil)
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do
-        if command
-          return if command.active?
-          @waiting_jobs.delete command
-        else
-          command = @waiting_jobs.shift
-
-          return unless command
-        end
-        @active_jobs.push command
-        command.start
-
-        # start all jobs that input from the job
-        for job in @waiting_jobs.dup
-          start_job(job) if job.input == command
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def waiting_job?(job)
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do
-        @waiting_jobs.include?(job)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def active_job?(job)
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do
-        @active_jobs.include?(job)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # terminate a job
-    def terminate_job(command)
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do
-        @active_jobs.delete command
-        ProcessController.inactivate(self)
-        if @active_jobs.empty?
-          command.notify("start_job in terminate_job(%id)", Shell::debug?)
-          start_job
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # kill a job
-    def kill_job(sig, command)
-      @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do
-        if @waiting_jobs.delete command
-          ProcessController.inactivate(self)
-          return
-        elsif @active_jobs.include?(command)
-          begin
-            r = command.kill(sig)
-            ProcessController.inactivate(self)
-          rescue
-            print "Shell: Warn: $!\n" if @shell.verbose?
-            return nil
-          end
-          @active_jobs.delete command
-          r
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # wait for all jobs to terminate
-    def wait_all_jobs_execution
-      @job_monitor.synchronize do
-        begin
-          while !jobs.empty?
-            @job_condition.wait(@job_monitor)
-            for job in jobs
-              job.notify("waiting job(%id)", Shell::debug?)
-            end
-          end
-        ensure
-          redo unless jobs.empty?
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # simple fork
-    def sfork(command)
-      pipe_me_in, pipe_peer_out = IO.pipe
-      pipe_peer_in, pipe_me_out = IO.pipe
-
-
-      pid = nil
-      pid_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-      pid_cv = Thread::ConditionVariable.new
-
-      Thread.start do
-        ProcessController.block_output_synchronize do
-          STDOUT.flush
-          ProcessController.each_active_object do |pc|
-            for jobs in pc.active_jobs
-              jobs.flush
-            end
-          end
-
-          pid = fork {
-            Thread.list.each do |th|
-              th.kill unless Thread.current == th
-            end
-
-            STDIN.reopen(pipe_peer_in)
-            STDOUT.reopen(pipe_peer_out)
-
-            ObjectSpace.each_object(IO) do |io|
-              if ![STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR].include?(io)
-                io.close
-              end
-            end
-
-            yield
-          }
-        end
-        pid_cv.signal
-
-        pipe_peer_in.close
-        pipe_peer_out.close
-        command.notify "job(%name:##{pid}) start", @shell.debug?
-
-        begin
-          _pid = nil
-          command.notify("job(%id) start to waiting finish.", @shell.debug?)
-          _pid = Process.waitpid(pid, nil)
-        rescue Errno::ECHILD
-          command.notify "warn: job(%id) was done already waitpid."
-          _pid = true
-        ensure
-          command.notify("Job(%id): Wait to finish when Process finished.", @shell.debug?)
-          # when the process ends, wait until the command terminates
-          if USING_AT_EXIT_WHEN_PROCESS_EXIT or _pid
-          else
-            command.notify("notice: Process finishing...",
-                           "wait for Job[%id] to finish.",
-                           "You can use Shell#transact or Shell#check_point for more safe execution.")
-            redo
-          end
-
-          @job_monitor.synchronize do
-            terminate_job(command)
-            @job_condition.signal
-            command.notify "job(%id) finish.", @shell.debug?
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      pid_mutex.synchronize do
-        while !pid
-          pid_cv.wait(pid_mutex)
-        end
-      end
-
-      return pid, pipe_me_in, pipe_me_out
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/shell/system-command.rb b/lib/shell/system-command.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 81456e7db3..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell/system-command.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   shell/system-command.rb -
-#       $Release Version: 0.7 $
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-require "shell/filter"
-
-class Shell
-  class SystemCommand < Filter
-    def initialize(sh, command, *opts)
-      if t = opts.find{|opt| !opt.kind_of?(String) && opt.class}
-        Shell.Fail Error::TypeError, t.class, "String"
-      end
-      super(sh)
-      @command = command
-      @opts = opts
-
-      @input_queue = Thread::Queue.new
-      @pid = nil
-
-      sh.process_controller.add_schedule(self)
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :command
-    alias name command
-
-    def wait?
-      @shell.process_controller.waiting_job?(self)
-    end
-
-    def active?
-      @shell.process_controller.active_job?(self)
-    end
-
-    def input=(inp)
-      super
-      if active?
-        start_export
-      end
-    end
-
-    def start
-      notify([@command, *@opts].join(" "))
-
-      @pid, @pipe_in, @pipe_out = @shell.process_controller.sfork(self) {
-        Dir.chdir @shell.pwd
-        $0 = @command
-        exec(@command, *@opts)
-      }
-      if @input
-        start_export
-      end
-      start_import
-    end
-
-    def flush
-      @pipe_out.flush if @pipe_out and !@pipe_out.closed?
-    end
-
-    def terminate
-      begin
-        @pipe_in.close
-      rescue IOError
-      end
-      begin
-        @pipe_out.close
-      rescue IOError
-      end
-    end
-
-    def kill(sig)
-      if @pid
-        Process.kill(sig, @pid)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def start_import
-      notify "Job(%id) start imp-pipe.", @shell.debug?
-      _eop = true
-      Thread.start {
-        begin
-          while l = @pipe_in.gets
-            @input_queue.push l
-          end
-          _eop = false
-        rescue Errno::EPIPE
-          _eop = false
-        ensure
-          if !ProcessController::USING_AT_EXIT_WHEN_PROCESS_EXIT and _eop
-            notify("warn: Process finishing...",
-                   "wait for Job[%id] to finish pipe importing.",
-                   "You can use Shell#transact or Shell#check_point for more safe execution.")
-            redo
-          end
-          notify "job(%id}) close imp-pipe.", @shell.debug?
-          @input_queue.push :EOF
-          @pipe_in.close
-        end
-      }
-    end
-
-    def start_export
-      notify "job(%id) start exp-pipe.", @shell.debug?
-      _eop = true
-      Thread.start{
-        begin
-          @input.each do |l|
-            ProcessController::block_output_synchronize do
-              @pipe_out.print l
-            end
-          end
-          _eop = false
-        rescue Errno::EPIPE, Errno::EIO
-          _eop = false
-        ensure
-          if !ProcessController::USING_AT_EXIT_WHEN_PROCESS_EXIT and _eop
-            notify("shell: warn: Process finishing...",
-                   "wait for Job(%id) to finish pipe exporting.",
-                   "You can use Shell#transact or Shell#check_point for more safe execution.")
-            redo
-          end
-          notify "job(%id) close exp-pipe.", @shell.debug?
-          @pipe_out.close
-        end
-      }
-    end
-
-    alias super_each each
-    def each(rs = nil)
-      while (l = @input_queue.pop) != :EOF
-        yield l
-      end
-    end
-
-    # ex)
-    #    if you wish to output:
-    #       "shell: job(#{@command}:#{@pid}) close pipe-out."
-    #    then
-    #       mes: "job(%id) close pipe-out."
-    #    yorn: Boolean(@shell.debug? or @shell.verbose?)
-    def notify(*opts)
-      @shell.notify(*opts) do |mes|
-        yield mes if iterator?
-
-        mes.gsub!("%id", "#{@command}:##{@pid}")
-        mes.gsub!("%name", "#{@command}")
-        mes.gsub!("%pid", "#{@pid}")
-        mes
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/shell/version.rb b/lib/shell/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bb4e7dfb8e..0000000000
--- a/lib/shell/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   version.rb - shell version definition file
-#       $Release Version: 0.7$
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
-#
-# --
-#
-#
-#
-
-class Shell # :nodoc:
-  @RELEASE_VERSION = "0.7"
-  @LAST_UPDATE_DATE = "07/03/20"
-end
diff --git a/lib/shellwords.gemspec b/lib/shellwords.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ae87b230e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/shellwords.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "shellwords"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA"]
+  spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Manipulates strings with word parsing rules of UNIX Bourne shell.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Manipulates strings with word parsing rules of UNIX Bourne shell.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/shellwords"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/shellwords.rb b/lib/shellwords.rb
index eb5fa2d226..4368a53ea8 100644
--- a/lib/shellwords.rb
+++ b/lib/shellwords.rb
@@ -24,28 +24,37 @@
 #   argv = "see how they run".shellsplit
 #   argv #=> ["see", "how", "they", "run"]
 #
-# Be careful you don't leave a quote unmatched.
+# They treat quotes as special characters, so an unmatched quote will
+# cause an ArgumentError.
 #
 #   argv = "they all ran after the farmer's wife".shellsplit
-#        #=> ArgumentError: Unmatched double quote: ...
+#        #=> ArgumentError: Unmatched quote: ...
 #
-# In this case, you might want to use Shellwords.escape, or its alias
-# String#shellescape.
+# Shellwords also provides methods that do the opposite.
+# Shellwords.escape, or its alias, String#shellescape, escapes
+# shell metacharacters in a string for use in a command line.
 #
-# This method will escape the String for you to safely use with a Bourne shell.
+#   filename = "special's.txt"
 #
-#   argv = Shellwords.escape("special's.txt")
-#   argv #=> "special\\'s.txt"
-#   system("cat " + argv)
+#   system("cat -- #{filename.shellescape}")
+#   # runs "cat -- special\\'s.txt"
+#
+# Note the '--'.  Without it, cat(1) will treat the following argument
+# as a command line option if it starts with '-'.  It is guaranteed
+# that Shellwords.escape converts a string to a form that a Bourne
+# shell will parse back to the original string, but it is the
+# programmer's responsibility to make sure that passing an arbitrary
+# argument to a command does no harm.
 #
 # Shellwords also comes with a core extension for Array, Array#shelljoin.
 #
-#   argv = %w{ls -lta lib}
-#   system(argv.shelljoin)
+#   dir = "Funny GIFs"
+#   argv = %W[ls -lta -- #{dir}]
+#   system(argv.shelljoin + " | less")
+#   # runs "ls -lta -- Funny\\ GIFs | less"
 #
-# You can use this method to create an escaped string out of an array of tokens
-# separated by a space. In this example we used the literal shortcut for
-# Array.new.
+# You can use this method to build a complete command line out of an
+# array of arguments.
 #
 # === Authors
 # * Wakou Aoyama
@@ -81,7 +90,7 @@ module Shellwords
     field = String.new
     line.scan(/\G\s*(?>([^\s\\\'\"]+)|'([^\']*)'|"((?:[^\"\\]|\\.)*)"|(\\.?)|(\S))(\s|\z)?/m) do
       |word, sq, dq, esc, garbage, sep|
-      raise ArgumentError, "Unmatched double quote: #{line.inspect}" if garbage
+      raise ArgumentError, "Unmatched quote: #{line.inspect}" if garbage
       # 2.2.3 Double-Quotes:
       #
       #   The <backslash> shall retain its special meaning as an
@@ -123,7 +132,7 @@ module Shellwords
   #
   #   # Search files in lib for method definitions
   #   pattern = "^[ \t]*def "
-  #   open("| grep -Ern #{pattern.shellescape} lib") { |grep|
+  #   open("| grep -Ern -e #{pattern.shellescape} lib") { |grep|
   #     grep.each_line { |line|
   #       file, lineno, matched_line = line.split(':', 3)
   #       # ...
@@ -147,7 +156,7 @@ module Shellwords
     # Treat multibyte characters as is.  It is the caller's responsibility
     # to encode the string in the right encoding for the shell
     # environment.
-    str.gsub!(/([^A-Za-z0-9_\-.,:\/@\n])/, "\\\\\\1")
+    str.gsub!(/[^A-Za-z0-9_\-.,:+\/@\n]/, "\\\\\\&")
 
     # A LF cannot be escaped with a backslash because a backslash + LF
     # combo is regarded as a line continuation and simply ignored.
diff --git a/lib/singleton.rb b/lib/singleton.rb
index deb0f52cd6..07420d2ea2 100644
--- a/lib/singleton.rb
+++ b/lib/singleton.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-require 'thread'
 
 # The Singleton module implements the Singleton pattern.
 #
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ require 'thread'
 #
 # This ensures that only one instance of Klass can be created.
 #
-#      a,b  = Klass.instance, Klass.instance
+#      a,b = Klass.instance, Klass.instance
 #
 #      a == b
 #      # => true
@@ -59,10 +58,9 @@ require 'thread'
 # == Singleton and Marshal
 #
 # By default Singleton's #_dump(depth) returns the empty string. Marshalling by
-# default will strip state information, e.g. instance variables and taint
-# state, from the instance. Classes using Singleton can provide custom
-# _load(str) and _dump(depth) methods to retain some of the previous state of
-# the instance.
+# default will strip state information, e.g. instance variables from the instance.
+# Classes using Singleton can provide custom _load(str) and _dump(depth) methods
+# to retain some of the previous state of the instance.
 #
 #    require 'singleton'
 #
@@ -83,7 +81,6 @@ require 'thread'
 #    a = Example.instance
 #    a.keep = "keep this"
 #    a.strip = "get rid of this"
-#    a.taint
 #
 #    stored_state = Marshal.dump(a)
 #
@@ -95,6 +92,8 @@ require 'thread'
 #    p a.strip #  => nil
 #
 module Singleton
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
   # Raises a TypeError to prevent cloning.
   def clone
     raise TypeError, "can't clone instance of singleton #{self.class}"
@@ -121,6 +120,15 @@ module Singleton
       instance
     end
 
+    def instance # :nodoc:
+      return @singleton__instance__ if @singleton__instance__
+      @singleton__mutex__.synchronize {
+        return @singleton__instance__ if @singleton__instance__
+        @singleton__instance__ = new()
+      }
+      @singleton__instance__
+    end
+
     private
 
     def inherited(sub_klass)
@@ -135,14 +143,6 @@ module Singleton
         @singleton__instance__ = nil
         @singleton__mutex__ = Thread::Mutex.new
       }
-      def klass.instance # :nodoc:
-        return @singleton__instance__ if @singleton__instance__
-        @singleton__mutex__.synchronize {
-          return @singleton__instance__ if @singleton__instance__
-          @singleton__instance__ = new()
-        }
-        @singleton__instance__
-      end
       klass
     end
 
@@ -170,4 +170,8 @@ module Singleton
   ##
   # :singleton-method: _load
   #  By default calls instance(). Override to retain singleton state.
+
+  ##
+  # :singleton-method: instance
+  #  Returns the singleton instance.
 end
diff --git a/lib/singleton/singleton.gemspec b/lib/singleton/singleton.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88d3111b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/singleton/singleton.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{The Singleton module implements the Singleton pattern.}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/singleton"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/sync.rb b/lib/sync.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 40a48ac985..0000000000
--- a/lib/sync.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,329 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   sync.rb - 2 phase lock with counter
-#       $Release Version: 1.0$
-#       $Revision$
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ishitsuka.com)
-#
-# --
-#  Sync_m, Synchronizer_m
-#  Usage:
-#   obj.extend(Sync_m)
-#   or
-#   class Foo
-#       include Sync_m
-#       :
-#   end
-#
-#   Sync_m#sync_mode
-#   Sync_m#sync_locked?, locked?
-#   Sync_m#sync_shared?, shared?
-#   Sync_m#sync_exclusive?, sync_exclusive?
-#   Sync_m#sync_try_lock, try_lock
-#   Sync_m#sync_lock, lock
-#   Sync_m#sync_unlock, unlock
-#
-#  Sync, Synchronizer:
-#  Usage:
-#   sync = Sync.new
-#
-#   Sync#mode
-#   Sync#locked?
-#   Sync#shared?
-#   Sync#exclusive?
-#   Sync#try_lock(mode) -- mode = :EX, :SH, :UN
-#   Sync#lock(mode)     -- mode = :EX, :SH, :UN
-#   Sync#unlock
-#   Sync#synchronize(mode) {...}
-#
-#
-
-unless defined? Thread
-  raise "Thread not available for this ruby interpreter"
-end
-
-##
-# A module that provides a two-phase lock with a counter.
-
-module Sync_m
-  # lock mode
-  UN = :UN
-  SH = :SH
-  EX = :EX
-
-  # exceptions
-  class Err < StandardError
-    def Err.Fail(*opt)
-      fail self, sprintf(self::Message, *opt)
-    end
-
-    class UnknownLocker < Err
-      Message = "Thread(%s) not locked."
-      def UnknownLocker.Fail(th)
-        super(th.inspect)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class LockModeFailer < Err
-      Message = "Unknown lock mode(%s)"
-      def LockModeFailer.Fail(mode)
-        if mode.id2name
-          mode = mode.id2name
-        end
-        super(mode)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def Sync_m.define_aliases(cl)
-    cl.module_eval %q{
-      alias locked? sync_locked?
-      alias shared? sync_shared?
-      alias exclusive? sync_exclusive?
-      alias lock sync_lock
-      alias unlock sync_unlock
-      alias try_lock sync_try_lock
-      alias synchronize sync_synchronize
-    }
-  end
-
-  def Sync_m.append_features(cl)
-    super
-    # do nothing for Modules
-    # make aliases for Classes.
-    define_aliases(cl) unless cl.instance_of?(Module)
-    self
-  end
-
-  def Sync_m.extend_object(obj)
-    super
-    obj.sync_extend
-  end
-
-  def sync_extend
-    unless (defined? locked? and
-            defined? shared? and
-            defined? exclusive? and
-            defined? lock and
-            defined? unlock and
-            defined? try_lock and
-            defined? synchronize)
-      Sync_m.define_aliases(singleton_class)
-    end
-    sync_initialize
-  end
-
-  # accessing
-  def sync_locked?
-    sync_mode != UN
-  end
-
-  def sync_shared?
-    sync_mode == SH
-  end
-
-  def sync_exclusive?
-    sync_mode == EX
-  end
-
-  # locking methods.
-  def sync_try_lock(mode = EX)
-    return unlock if mode == UN
-    @sync_mutex.synchronize do
-      sync_try_lock_sub(mode)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def sync_lock(m = EX)
-    return unlock if m == UN
-    Thread.handle_interrupt(StandardError => :on_blocking) do
-      while true
-        @sync_mutex.synchronize do
-          begin
-            if sync_try_lock_sub(m)
-              return self
-            else
-              if sync_sh_locker[Thread.current]
-                sync_upgrade_waiting.push [Thread.current, sync_sh_locker[Thread.current]]
-                sync_sh_locker.delete(Thread.current)
-              else
-                unless sync_waiting.include?(Thread.current) || sync_upgrade_waiting.reverse_each.any?{|w| w.first == Thread.current }
-                  sync_waiting.push Thread.current
-                end
-              end
-              @sync_mutex.sleep
-            end
-          ensure
-            sync_waiting.delete(Thread.current)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    self
-  end
-
-  def sync_unlock(m = EX)
-    wakeup_threads = []
-    @sync_mutex.synchronize do
-      if sync_mode == UN
-        Err::UnknownLocker.Fail(Thread.current)
-      end
-
-      m = sync_mode if m == EX and sync_mode == SH
-
-      runnable = false
-      case m
-      when UN
-        Err::UnknownLocker.Fail(Thread.current)
-
-      when EX
-        if sync_ex_locker == Thread.current
-          if (self.sync_ex_count = sync_ex_count - 1) == 0
-            self.sync_ex_locker = nil
-            if sync_sh_locker.include?(Thread.current)
-              self.sync_mode = SH
-            else
-              self.sync_mode = UN
-            end
-            runnable = true
-          end
-        else
-          Err::UnknownLocker.Fail(Thread.current)
-        end
-
-      when SH
-        if (count = sync_sh_locker[Thread.current]).nil?
-          Err::UnknownLocker.Fail(Thread.current)
-        else
-          if (sync_sh_locker[Thread.current] = count - 1) == 0
-            sync_sh_locker.delete(Thread.current)
-            if sync_sh_locker.empty? and sync_ex_count == 0
-              self.sync_mode = UN
-              runnable = true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      if runnable
-        if sync_upgrade_waiting.size > 0
-          th, count = sync_upgrade_waiting.shift
-          sync_sh_locker[th] = count
-          th.wakeup
-          wakeup_threads.push th
-        else
-          wait = sync_waiting
-          self.sync_waiting = []
-          for th in wait
-            th.wakeup
-            wakeup_threads.push th
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    for th in wakeup_threads
-      th.run
-    end
-    self
-  end
-
-  def sync_synchronize(mode = EX)
-    Thread.handle_interrupt(StandardError => :on_blocking) do
-      sync_lock(mode)
-      begin
-        yield
-      ensure
-        sync_unlock
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :sync_mode
-
-  attr_accessor :sync_waiting
-  attr_accessor :sync_upgrade_waiting
-  attr_accessor :sync_sh_locker
-  attr_accessor :sync_ex_locker
-  attr_accessor :sync_ex_count
-
-  def sync_inspect
-    sync_iv = instance_variables.select{|iv| /^@sync_/ =~ iv.id2name}.collect{|iv| iv.id2name + '=' + instance_eval(iv.id2name).inspect}.join(",")
-    print "<#{self.class}.extend Sync_m: #{inspect}, <Sync_m: #{sync_iv}>"
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def sync_initialize
-    @sync_mode = UN
-    @sync_waiting = []
-    @sync_upgrade_waiting = []
-    @sync_sh_locker = Hash.new
-    @sync_ex_locker = nil
-    @sync_ex_count = 0
-
-    @sync_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-  end
-
-  def initialize(*args)
-    super
-    sync_initialize
-  end
-
-  def sync_try_lock_sub(m)
-    case m
-    when SH
-      case sync_mode
-      when UN
-        self.sync_mode = m
-        sync_sh_locker[Thread.current] = 1
-        ret = true
-      when SH
-        count = 0 unless count = sync_sh_locker[Thread.current]
-        sync_sh_locker[Thread.current] = count + 1
-        ret = true
-      when EX
-        # in EX mode, lock will upgrade to EX lock
-        if sync_ex_locker == Thread.current
-          self.sync_ex_count = sync_ex_count + 1
-          ret = true
-        else
-          ret = false
-        end
-      end
-    when EX
-      if sync_mode == UN or
-          sync_mode == SH && sync_sh_locker.size == 1 && sync_sh_locker.include?(Thread.current)
-        self.sync_mode = m
-        self.sync_ex_locker = Thread.current
-        self.sync_ex_count = 1
-        ret = true
-      elsif sync_mode == EX && sync_ex_locker == Thread.current
-        self.sync_ex_count = sync_ex_count + 1
-        ret = true
-      else
-        ret = false
-      end
-    else
-      Err::LockModeFailer.Fail m
-    end
-    return ret
-  end
-end
-
-##
-# An alias for Sync_m from sync.rb
-
-Synchronizer_m = Sync_m
-
-##
-# A class that provides two-phase lock with a counter.  See Sync_m for
-# details.
-
-class Sync
-  include Sync_m
-end
-
-##
-# An alias for Sync from sync.rb.  See Sync_m for details.
-
-Synchronizer = Sync
diff --git a/lib/tempfile.gemspec b/lib/tempfile.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4917b997e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tempfile.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "tempfile"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{A utility class for managing temporary files.}
+  spec.description   = %q{A utility class for managing temporary files.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/tempfile"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.5.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/tempfile.rb b/lib/tempfile.rb
index 38d6e5ce24..1577e45bec 100644
--- a/lib/tempfile.rb
+++ b/lib/tempfile.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # tempfile - manipulates temporary files
 #
@@ -47,12 +47,20 @@ require 'tmpdir'
 #
 #   file = Tempfile.new('foo')
 #   begin
-#      ...do something with file...
+#      # ...do something with file...
 #   ensure
 #      file.close
 #      file.unlink   # deletes the temp file
 #   end
 #
+# Tempfile.create { ... } exists for this purpose and is more convenient to use.
+# Note that Tempfile.create returns a File instance instead of a Tempfile, which
+# also avoids the overhead and complications of delegation.
+#
+#   Tempfile.open('foo') do |file|
+#      # ...do something with file...
+#   end
+#
 # === Unlink after creation
 #
 # On POSIX systems, it's possible to unlink a file right after creating it,
@@ -79,12 +87,13 @@ require 'tmpdir'
 # same Tempfile object from multiple threads then you should protect it with a
 # mutex.
 class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
-  # call-seq:
-  #    new(basename = "", [tmpdir = Dir.tmpdir], [options])
-  #
   # Creates a temporary file with permissions 0600 (= only readable and
   # writable by the owner) and opens it with mode "w+".
   #
+  # It is recommended to use Tempfile.create { ... } instead when possible,
+  # because that method avoids the cost of delegation and does not rely on a
+  # finalizer to close and unlink the file, which is unreliable.
+  #
   # The +basename+ parameter is used to determine the name of the
   # temporary file. You can either pass a String or an Array with
   # 2 String elements. In the former form, the temporary file's base
@@ -101,10 +110,6 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   #
   # The temporary file will be placed in the directory as specified
   # by the +tmpdir+ parameter. By default, this is +Dir.tmpdir+.
-  # When $SAFE > 0 and the given +tmpdir+ is tainted, it uses
-  # '/tmp' as the temporary directory. Please note that ENV values
-  # are tainted by default, and +Dir.tmpdir+'s return value might
-  # come from environment variables (e.g. <tt>$TMPDIR</tt>).
   #
   #   file = Tempfile.new('hello', '/home/aisaka')
   #   file.path  # => something like: "/home/aisaka/hello2843-8392-92849382--0"
@@ -114,23 +119,26 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   # +File.open+. This is mostly useful for specifying encoding
   # options, e.g.:
   #
-  #   Tempfile.new('hello', '/home/aisaka', :encoding => 'ascii-8bit')
+  #   Tempfile.new('hello', '/home/aisaka', encoding: 'ascii-8bit')
   #
   #   # You can also omit the 'tmpdir' parameter:
-  #   Tempfile.new('hello', :encoding => 'ascii-8bit')
+  #   Tempfile.new('hello', encoding: 'ascii-8bit')
+  #
+  # Note: +mode+ keyword argument, as accepted by Tempfile, can only be
+  # numeric, combination of the modes defined in File::Constants.
   #
   # === Exceptions
   #
   # If Tempfile.new cannot find a unique filename within a limited
   # number of tries, then it will raise an exception.
   def initialize(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options)
-    warn "Tempfile.new doesn't call the given block." if block_given?
+    warn "Tempfile.new doesn't call the given block.", uplevel: 1 if block_given?
 
     @unlinked = false
     @mode = mode|File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL
-    ::Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, tmpdir, options) do |tmpname, n, opts|
+    ::Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, tmpdir, **options) do |tmpname, n, opts|
       opts[:perm] = 0600
-      @tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, @mode, opts)
+      @tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, @mode, **opts)
       @opts = opts.freeze
     end
     ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Remover.new(@tmpfile))
@@ -142,7 +150,7 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   def open
     _close
     mode = @mode & ~(File::CREAT|File::EXCL)
-    @tmpfile = File.open(@tmpfile.path, mode, @opts)
+    @tmpfile = File.open(@tmpfile.path, mode, **@opts)
     __setobj__(@tmpfile)
   end
 
@@ -174,7 +182,7 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   #
   #   file = Tempfile.new('foo')
   #   begin
-  #      ...do something with file...
+  #      # ...do something with file...
   #   ensure
   #      file.close
   #      file.unlink   # deletes the temp file
@@ -195,7 +203,7 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   #   file = Tempfile.new('foo')
   #   file.unlink   # On Windows this silently fails.
   #   begin
-  #      ... do something with file ...
+  #      # ... do something with file ...
   #   ensure
   #      file.close!   # Closes the file handle. If the file wasn't unlinked
   #                    # because #unlink failed, then this method will attempt
@@ -234,14 +242,14 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
 
   # :stopdoc:
   def inspect
-    if closed?
+    if @tmpfile.closed?
       "#<#{self.class}:#{path} (closed)>"
     else
       "#<#{self.class}:#{path}>"
     end
   end
 
-  class Remover
+  class Remover # :nodoc:
     def initialize(tmpfile)
       @pid = Process.pid
       @tmpfile = tmpfile
@@ -250,7 +258,7 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
     def call(*args)
       return if @pid != Process.pid
 
-      warn "removing #{@tmpfile.path}..." if $DEBUG
+      $stderr.puts "removing #{@tmpfile.path}..." if $DEBUG
 
       @tmpfile.close
       begin
@@ -258,7 +266,7 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
       rescue Errno::ENOENT
       end
 
-      warn "done" if $DEBUG
+      $stderr.puts "done" if $DEBUG
     end
   end
 
@@ -267,28 +275,42 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
 
     # Creates a new Tempfile.
     #
+    # This method is not recommended and exists mostly for backward compatibility.
+    # Please use Tempfile.create instead, which avoids the cost of delegation,
+    # does not rely on a finalizer, and also unlinks the file when given a block.
+    #
+    # Tempfile.open is still appropriate if you need the Tempfile to be unlinked
+    # by a finalizer and you cannot explicitly know where in the program the
+    # Tempfile can be unlinked safely.
+    #
     # If no block is given, this is a synonym for Tempfile.new.
     #
     # If a block is given, then a Tempfile object will be constructed,
-    # and the block is run with said object as argument. The Tempfile
+    # and the block is run with the Tempfile object as argument. The Tempfile
     # object will be automatically closed after the block terminates.
+    # However, the file will *not* be unlinked and needs to be manually unlinked
+    # with Tempfile#close! or Tempfile#unlink. The finalizer will try to unlink
+    # but should not be relied upon as it can keep the file on the disk much
+    # longer than intended. For instance, on CRuby, finalizers can be delayed
+    # due to conservative stack scanning and references left in unused memory.
+    #
     # The call returns the value of the block.
     #
-    # In any case, all arguments (+*args+) will be passed to Tempfile.new.
+    # In any case, all arguments (<code>*args</code>) will be passed to Tempfile.new.
     #
     #   Tempfile.open('foo', '/home/temp') do |f|
-    #      ... do something with f ...
+    #      # ... do something with f ...
     #   end
     #
     #   # Equivalent:
     #   f = Tempfile.open('foo', '/home/temp')
     #   begin
-    #      ... do something with f ...
+    #      # ... do something with f ...
     #   ensure
     #      f.close
     #   end
-    def open(*args)
-      tempfile = new(*args)
+    def open(*args, **kw)
+      tempfile = new(*args, **kw)
 
       if block_given?
         begin
@@ -303,39 +325,50 @@ class Tempfile < DelegateClass(File)
   end
 end
 
-# Creates a temporary file as usual File object (not Tempfile).
-# It doesn't use finalizer and delegation.
+# Creates a temporary file as a usual File object (not a Tempfile).
+# It does not use finalizer and delegation, which makes it more efficient and reliable.
 #
 # If no block is given, this is similar to Tempfile.new except
-# creating File instead of Tempfile.
-# The created file is not removed automatically.
-# You should use File.unlink to remove it.
+# creating File instead of Tempfile. In that case, the created file is
+# not removed automatically. You should use File.unlink to remove it.
 #
 # If a block is given, then a File object will be constructed,
 # and the block is invoked with the object as the argument.
 # The File object will be automatically closed and
-# the temporary file is removed after the block terminates.
+# the temporary file is removed after the block terminates,
+# releasing all resources that the block created.
 # The call returns the value of the block.
 #
-# In any case, all arguments (+*args+) will be treated as Tempfile.new.
+# In any case, all arguments (+basename+, +tmpdir+, +mode+, and
+# <code>**options</code>) will be treated the same as for Tempfile.new.
 #
 #   Tempfile.create('foo', '/home/temp') do |f|
-#      ... do something with f ...
+#      # ... do something with f ...
 #   end
 #
 def Tempfile.create(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options)
   tmpfile = nil
-  Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, tmpdir, options) do |tmpname, n, opts|
+  Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, tmpdir, **options) do |tmpname, n, opts|
     mode |= File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL
     opts[:perm] = 0600
-    tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, mode, opts)
+    tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, mode, **opts)
   end
   if block_given?
     begin
       yield tmpfile
     ensure
-      tmpfile.close
-      File.unlink tmpfile
+      unless tmpfile.closed?
+        if File.identical?(tmpfile, tmpfile.path)
+          unlinked = File.unlink tmpfile.path rescue nil
+        end
+        tmpfile.close
+      end
+      unless unlinked
+        begin
+          File.unlink tmpfile.path
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        end
+      end
     end
   else
     tmpfile
diff --git a/lib/thwait.rb b/lib/thwait.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 239915baef..0000000000
--- a/lib/thwait.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-#   thwait.rb - thread synchronization class
-#       $Release Version: 0.9 $
-#       $Revision: 1.3 $
-#       by Keiju ISHITSUKA(Nihon Rational Software Co.,Ltd.)
-
-require "thread.rb"
-require "e2mmap.rb"
-
-#
-# This class watches for termination of multiple threads.  Basic functionality
-# (wait until specified threads have terminated) can be accessed through the
-# class method ThreadsWait::all_waits.  Finer control can be gained using
-# instance methods.
-#
-# Example:
-#
-#   ThreadsWait.all_waits(thr1, thr2, ...) do |t|
-#     STDERR.puts "Thread #{t} has terminated."
-#   end
-#
-#
-#   th = ThreadsWait.new(thread1,...)
-#   th.next_wait # next one to be done
-#
-#
-class ThreadsWait
-  extend Exception2MessageMapper
-  def_exception("ErrNoWaitingThread", "No threads for waiting.")
-  def_exception("ErrNoFinishedThread", "No finished threads.")
-
-  #
-  # Waits until all specified threads have terminated.  If a block is provided,
-  # it is executed for each thread as they terminate.
-  #
-  def ThreadsWait.all_waits(*threads) # :yield: thread
-    tw = ThreadsWait.new(*threads)
-    if block_given?
-      tw.all_waits do |th|
-        yield th
-      end
-    else
-      tw.all_waits
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Creates a ThreadsWait object, specifying the threads to wait on.
-  # Non-blocking.
-  #
-  def initialize(*threads)
-    @threads = []
-    @wait_queue = Thread::Queue.new
-    join_nowait(*threads) unless threads.empty?
-  end
-
-  # Returns the array of threads that have not terminated yet.
-  attr_reader :threads
-
-  #
-  # Returns +true+ if there are no threads in the pool still running.
-  #
-  def empty?
-    @threads.empty?
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Returns +true+ if any thread has terminated and is ready to be collected.
-  #
-  def finished?
-    !@wait_queue.empty?
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Waits for specified threads to terminate, and returns when one of
-  # the threads terminated.
-  #
-  def join(*threads)
-    join_nowait(*threads)
-    next_wait
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Specifies the threads that this object will wait for, but does not actually
-  # wait.
-  #
-  def join_nowait(*threads)
-    threads.flatten!
-    @threads.concat threads
-    for th in threads
-      Thread.start(th) do |t|
-        begin
-          t.join
-        ensure
-          @wait_queue.push t
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Waits until any of the specified threads has terminated, and returns the one
-  # that does.
-  #
-  # If there is no thread to wait, raises +ErrNoWaitingThread+.  If +nonblock+
-  # is true, and there is no terminated thread, raises +ErrNoFinishedThread+.
-  #
-  def next_wait(nonblock = nil)
-    ThreadsWait.fail ErrNoWaitingThread if @threads.empty?
-    begin
-      @threads.delete(th = @wait_queue.pop(nonblock))
-      th
-    rescue ThreadError
-      ThreadsWait.fail ErrNoFinishedThread
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Waits until all of the specified threads are terminated.  If a block is
-  # supplied for the method, it is executed for each thread termination.
-  #
-  # Raises exceptions in the same manner as +next_wait+.
-  #
-  def all_waits
-    until @threads.empty?
-      th = next_wait
-      yield th if block_given?
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-##
-# An alias for ThreadsWait from thwait.rb
-
-ThWait = ThreadsWait
-
-# Documentation comments:
-#  - Source of documentation is evenly split between Nutshell, existing
-#    comments, and my own rephrasing.
-#  - I'm not particularly confident that the comments are all exactly correct.
diff --git a/lib/time.gemspec b/lib/time.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..040b9f34cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/time.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "time"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Extends the Time class with methods for parsing and conversion.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Extends the Time class with methods for parsing and conversion.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/time"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "date"
+end
diff --git a/lib/time.rb b/lib/time.rb
index 5179e9fee4..625c2c87bb 100644
--- a/lib/time.rb
+++ b/lib/time.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 require 'date'
 
+# :stopdoc:
+
 # = time.rb
 #
 # When 'time' is required, Time is extended with additional methods for parsing
@@ -18,73 +20,8 @@ require 'date'
 #   8601}[http://www.iso.org/iso/date_and_time_format])
 # * various formats handled by Date._parse
 # * custom formats handled by Date._strptime
-#
-# == Examples
-#
-# All examples assume you have loaded Time with:
-#
-#   require 'time'
-#
-# All of these examples were done using the EST timezone which is GMT-5.
-#
-# === Converting to a String
-#
-#   t = Time.now
-#   t.iso8601  # => "2011-10-05T22:26:12-04:00"
-#   t.rfc2822  # => "Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:26:12 -0400"
-#   t.httpdate # => "Thu, 06 Oct 2011 02:26:12 GMT"
-#
-# === Time.parse
-#
-# #parse takes a string representation of a Time and attempts to parse it
-# using a heuristic.
-#
-#   Time.parse("2010-10-31") #=> 2010-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
-#
-# Any missing pieces of the date are inferred based on the current date.
-#
-#   # assuming the current date is "2011-10-31"
-#   Time.parse("12:00") #=> 2011-10-31 12:00:00 -0500
-#
-# We can change the date used to infer our missing elements by passing a second
-# object that responds to #mon, #day and #year, such as Date, Time or DateTime.
-# We can also use our own object.
-#
-#   class MyDate
-#     attr_reader :mon, :day, :year
-#
-#     def initialize(mon, day, year)
-#       @mon, @day, @year = mon, day, year
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-#   d  = Date.parse("2010-10-28")
-#   t  = Time.parse("2010-10-29")
-#   dt = DateTime.parse("2010-10-30")
-#   md = MyDate.new(10,31,2010)
-#
-#   Time.parse("12:00", d)  #=> 2010-10-28 12:00:00 -0500
-#   Time.parse("12:00", t)  #=> 2010-10-29 12:00:00 -0500
-#   Time.parse("12:00", dt) #=> 2010-10-30 12:00:00 -0500
-#   Time.parse("12:00", md) #=> 2010-10-31 12:00:00 -0500
-#
-# #parse also accepts an optional block. You can use this block to specify how
-# to handle the year component of the date. This is specifically designed for
-# handling two digit years. For example, if you wanted to treat all two digit
-# years prior to 70 as the year 2000+ you could write this:
-#
-#   Time.parse("01-10-31") {|year| year + (year < 70 ? 2000 : 1900)}
-#   #=> 2001-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
-#   Time.parse("70-10-31") {|year| year + (year < 70 ? 2000 : 1900)}
-#   #=> 1970-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
-#
-# === Time.strptime
-#
-# #strptime works similar to +parse+ except that instead of using a heuristic
-# to detect the format of the input string, you provide a second argument that
-# describes the format of the string. For example:
-#
-#   Time.strptime("2000-10-31", "%Y-%m-%d") #=> 2000-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
+
+# :startdoc:
 
 class Time
   class << Time
@@ -131,12 +68,19 @@ class Time
     #
     # If +zone_offset+ is unable to determine the offset, nil will be
     # returned.
+    #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     Time.zone_offset("EST") #=> -18000
+    #
+    # You must require 'time' to use this method.
+    #
     def zone_offset(zone, year=self.now.year)
       off = nil
       zone = zone.upcase
-      if /\A([+-])(\d\d):?(\d\d)\z/ =~ zone
-        off = ($1 == '-' ? -1 : 1) * ($2.to_i * 60 + $3.to_i) * 60
-      elsif /\A[+-]\d\d\z/ =~ zone
+      if /\A([+-])(\d\d)(:?)(\d\d)(?:\3(\d\d))?\z/ =~ zone
+        off = ($1 == '-' ? -1 : 1) * (($2.to_i * 60 + $4.to_i) * 60 + $5.to_i)
+      elsif zone.match?(/\A[+-]\d\d\z/)
         off = zone.to_i * 3600
       elsif ZoneOffset.include?(zone)
         off = ZoneOffset[zone] * 3600
@@ -168,11 +112,7 @@ class Time
       #   They are not appropriate for specific time zone such as
       #   Europe/London because time zone neutral,
       #   So -00:00 and -0000 are treated as UTC.
-      if /\A(?:-00:00|-0000|-00|UTC|Z|UT)\z/i =~ zone
-        true
-      else
-        false
-      end
+      zone.match?(/\A(?:-00:00|-0000|-00|UTC|Z|UT)\z/i)
     end
     private :zone_utc?
 
@@ -249,8 +189,8 @@ class Time
     end
     private :apply_offset
 
-    def make_time(date, year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now)
-      if !year && !mon && !day && !hour && !min && !sec && !sec_fraction
+    def make_time(date, year, yday, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now)
+      if !year && !yday && !mon && !day && !hour && !min && !sec && !sec_fraction
         raise ArgumentError, "no time information in #{date.inspect}"
       end
 
@@ -260,7 +200,27 @@ class Time
         off = zone_offset(zone, off_year) if zone
       end
 
-      if now
+      if yday
+        unless (1..366) === yday
+          raise ArgumentError, "yday #{yday} out of range"
+        end
+        mon, day = (yday-1).divmod(31)
+        mon += 1
+        day += 1
+        t = make_time(date, year, nil, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now)
+        diff = yday - t.yday
+        return t if diff.zero?
+        day += diff
+        if day > 28 and day > (mday = month_days(off_year, mon))
+          if (mon += 1) > 12
+            raise ArgumentError, "yday #{yday} out of range"
+          end
+          day -= mday
+        end
+        return make_time(date, year, nil, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now)
+      end
+
+      if now and now.respond_to?(:getlocal)
         if off
           now = now.getlocal(off) if now.utc_offset != off
         else
@@ -309,17 +269,67 @@ class Time
     private :make_time
 
     #
-    # Parses +date+ using Date._parse and converts it to a Time object.
+    # Takes a string representation of a Time and attempts to parse it
+    # using a heuristic.
     #
-    # If a block is given, the year described in +date+ is converted by the
-    # block.  For example:
+    # This method **does not** function as a validator.  If the input
+    # string does not match valid formats strictly, you may get a
+    # cryptic result.  Should consider to use `Time.strptime` instead
+    # of this method as possible.
+    #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     Time.parse("2010-10-31") #=> 2010-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
+    #
+    # Any missing pieces of the date are inferred based on the current date.
+    #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     # assuming the current date is "2011-10-31"
+    #     Time.parse("12:00") #=> 2011-10-31 12:00:00 -0500
+    #
+    # We can change the date used to infer our missing elements by passing a second
+    # object that responds to #mon, #day and #year, such as Date, Time or DateTime.
+    # We can also use our own object.
+    #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     class MyDate
+    #       attr_reader :mon, :day, :year
+    #
+    #       def initialize(mon, day, year)
+    #         @mon, @day, @year = mon, day, year
+    #       end
+    #     end
     #
-    #     Time.parse(...) {|y| 0 <= y && y < 100 ? (y >= 69 ? y + 1900 : y + 2000) : y}
+    #     d  = Date.parse("2010-10-28")
+    #     t  = Time.parse("2010-10-29")
+    #     dt = DateTime.parse("2010-10-30")
+    #     md = MyDate.new(10,31,2010)
+    #
+    #     Time.parse("12:00", d)  #=> 2010-10-28 12:00:00 -0500
+    #     Time.parse("12:00", t)  #=> 2010-10-29 12:00:00 -0500
+    #     Time.parse("12:00", dt) #=> 2010-10-30 12:00:00 -0500
+    #     Time.parse("12:00", md) #=> 2010-10-31 12:00:00 -0500
+    #
+    # If a block is given, the year described in +date+ is converted
+    # by the block.  This is specifically designed for handling two
+    # digit years. For example, if you wanted to treat all two digit
+    # years prior to 70 as the year 2000+ you could write this:
+    #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     Time.parse("01-10-31") {|year| year + (year < 70 ? 2000 : 1900)}
+    #     #=> 2001-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
+    #     Time.parse("70-10-31") {|year| year + (year < 70 ? 2000 : 1900)}
+    #     #=> 1970-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
     #
     # If the upper components of the given time are broken or missing, they are
     # supplied with those of +now+.  For the lower components, the minimum
     # values (1 or 0) are assumed if broken or missing.  For example:
     #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
     #     # Suppose it is "Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 2001" now and
     #     # your time zone is EST which is GMT-5.
     #     now = Time.parse("Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 2001")
@@ -367,11 +377,13 @@ class Time
       d = Date._parse(date, comp)
       year = d[:year]
       year = yield(year) if year && !comp
-      make_time(date, year, d[:mon], d[:mday], d[:hour], d[:min], d[:sec], d[:sec_fraction], d[:zone], now)
+      make_time(date, year, d[:yday], d[:mon], d[:mday], d[:hour], d[:min], d[:sec], d[:sec_fraction], d[:zone], now)
     end
 
     #
-    # Parses +date+ using Date._strptime and converts it to a Time object.
+    # Works similar to +parse+ except that instead of using a
+    # heuristic to detect the format of the input string, you provide
+    # a second argument that describes the format of the string.
     #
     # If a block is given, the year described in +date+ is converted by the
     # block.  For example:
@@ -390,6 +402,9 @@ class Time
     # %D :: Date (%m/%d/%y)
     # %e :: Day of the month, blank-padded ( 1..31)
     # %F :: Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d (the ISO 8601 date format)
+    # %g :: The last two digits of the commercial year
+    # %G :: The week-based year according to ISO-8601 (week 1 starts on Monday
+    #       and includes January 4)
     # %h :: Equivalent to %b
     # %H :: Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (00..23)
     # %I :: Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (01..12)
@@ -400,10 +415,7 @@ class Time
     # %m :: Month of the year (01..12)
     # %M :: Minute of the hour (00..59)
     # %n :: Newline (\n)
-    # %N :: Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)
-    #       %3N :: millisecond (3 digits)
-    #       %6N :: microsecond (6 digits)
-    #       %9N :: nanosecond (9 digits)
+    # %N :: Fractional seconds digits
     # %p :: Meridian indicator ("AM" or "PM")
     # %P :: Meridian indicator ("am" or "pm")
     # %r :: time, 12-hour (same as %I:%M:%S %p)
@@ -427,10 +439,17 @@ class Time
     # %z :: Time zone as  hour offset from UTC (e.g. +0900)
     # %Z :: Time zone name
     # %% :: Literal "%" character
-
+    # %+ :: date(1) (%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y)
+    #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     Time.strptime("2000-10-31", "%Y-%m-%d") #=> 2000-10-31 00:00:00 -0500
+    #
+    # You must require 'time' to use this method.
+    #
     def strptime(date, format, now=self.now)
       d = Date._strptime(date, format)
-      raise ArgumentError, "invalid strptime format - `#{format}'" unless d
+      raise ArgumentError, "invalid date or strptime format - `#{date}' `#{format}'" unless d
       if seconds = d[:seconds]
         if sec_fraction = d[:sec_fraction]
           usec = sec_fraction * 1000000
@@ -445,7 +464,15 @@ class Time
       else
         year = d[:year]
         year = yield(year) if year && block_given?
-        t = make_time(date, year, d[:mon], d[:mday], d[:hour], d[:min], d[:sec], d[:sec_fraction], d[:zone], now)
+        yday = d[:yday]
+        if (d[:cwyear] && !year) || ((d[:cwday] || d[:cweek]) && !(d[:mon] && d[:mday]))
+          # make_time doesn't deal with cwyear/cwday/cweek
+          return Date.strptime(date, format).to_time
+        end
+        if (d[:wnum0] || d[:wnum1]) && !yday && !(d[:mon] && d[:mday])
+          yday = Date.strptime(date, format).yday
+        end
+        t = make_time(date, year, yday, d[:mon], d[:mday], d[:hour], d[:min], d[:sec], d[:sec_fraction], d[:zone], now)
       end
       t
     end
@@ -465,6 +492,11 @@ class Time
     #
     # See #rfc2822 for more information on this format.
     #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     Time.rfc2822("Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:26:12 -0400")
+    #     #=> 2010-10-05 22:26:12 -0400
+    #
     # You must require 'time' to use this method.
     #
     def rfc2822(date)
@@ -518,17 +550,22 @@ class Time
     #
     # See #httpdate for more information on this format.
     #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     Time.httpdate("Thu, 06 Oct 2011 02:26:12 GMT")
+    #     #=> 2011-10-06 02:26:12 UTC
+    #
     # You must require 'time' to use this method.
     #
     def httpdate(date)
-      if /\A\s*
+      if date.match?(/\A\s*
           (?:Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun),\x20
           (\d{2})\x20
           (Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec)\x20
           (\d{4})\x20
           (\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})\x20
           GMT
-          \s*\z/ix =~ date
+          \s*\z/ix)
         self.rfc2822(date).utc
       elsif /\A\s*
              (?:Monday|Tuesday|Wednesday|Thursday|Friday|Saturday|Sunday),\x20
@@ -558,25 +595,30 @@ class Time
     end
 
     #
-    # Parses +date+ as a dateTime defined by the XML Schema and converts it to
+    # Parses +time+ as a dateTime defined by the XML Schema and converts it to
     # a Time object.  The format is a restricted version of the format defined
     # by ISO 8601.
     #
-    # ArgumentError is raised if +date+ is not compliant with the format or if
-    # the Time class cannot represent specified date.
+    # ArgumentError is raised if +time+ is not compliant with the format or if
+    # the Time class cannot represent the specified time.
     #
     # See #xmlschema for more information on this format.
     #
+    #     require 'time'
+    #
+    #     Time.xmlschema("2011-10-05T22:26:12-04:00")
+    #     #=> 2011-10-05 22:26:12-04:00
+    #
     # You must require 'time' to use this method.
     #
-    def xmlschema(date)
+    def xmlschema(time)
       if /\A\s*
           (-?\d+)-(\d\d)-(\d\d)
           T
           (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)
           (\.\d+)?
-          (Z|[+-]\d\d:\d\d)?
-          \s*\z/ix =~ date
+          (Z|[+-]\d\d(?::?\d\d)?)?
+          \s*\z/ix =~ time
         year = $1.to_i
         mon = $2.to_i
         day = $3.to_i
@@ -599,7 +641,7 @@ class Time
           self.local(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
         end
       else
-        raise ArgumentError.new("invalid date: #{date.inspect}")
+        raise ArgumentError.new("invalid xmlschema format: #{time.inspect}")
       end
     end
     alias iso8601 xmlschema
@@ -614,6 +656,11 @@ class Time
   #
   # If +self+ is a UTC time, -0000 is used as zone.
   #
+  #     require 'time'
+  #
+  #     t = Time.now
+  #     t.rfc2822  # => "Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:26:12 -0400"
+  #
   # You must require 'time' to use this method.
   #
   def rfc2822
@@ -649,6 +696,11 @@ class Time
   #
   # Note that the result is always UTC (GMT).
   #
+  #     require 'time'
+  #
+  #     t = Time.now
+  #     t.httpdate # => "Thu, 06 Oct 2011 02:26:12 GMT"
+  #
   # You must require 'time' to use this method.
   #
   def httpdate
@@ -673,6 +725,11 @@ class Time
   # +fractional_digits+ specifies a number of digits to use for fractional
   # seconds.  Its default value is 0.
   #
+  #     require 'time'
+  #
+  #     t = Time.now
+  #     t.iso8601  # => "2011-10-05T22:26:12-04:00"
+  #
   # You must require 'time' to use this method.
   #
   def xmlschema(fraction_digits=0)
diff --git a/lib/timeout.rb b/lib/timeout.rb
index 9a0fc91156..0dc84b08b1 100644
--- a/lib/timeout.rb
+++ b/lib/timeout.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #
 # Previous versions didn't use a module for namespacing, however
 # #timeout is provided for backwards compatibility.  You
-# should prefer Timeout#timeout instead.
+# should prefer Timeout.timeout instead.
 #
 # == Copyright
 #
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
 # Copyright:: (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
 
 module Timeout
-  # Raised by Timeout#timeout when the block times out.
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
+  # Raised by Timeout.timeout when the block times out.
   class Error < RuntimeError
     attr_reader :thread
 
@@ -67,7 +69,9 @@ module Timeout
   # +sec+ seconds, otherwise throws an exception, based on the value of +klass+.
   #
   # The exception thrown to terminate the given block cannot be rescued inside
-  # the block unless +klass+ is given explicitly.
+  # the block unless +klass+ is given explicitly. However, the block can use
+  # ensure to prevent the handling of the exception.  For that reason, this
+  # method cannot be relied on to enforce timeouts for untrusted blocks.
   #
   # Note that this is both a method of module Timeout, so you can <tt>include
   # Timeout</tt> into your classes so they have a #timeout method, as well as
@@ -118,7 +122,7 @@ module Timeout
 end
 
 def timeout(*args, &block)
-  warn "#{caller_locations(1, 1)[0]}: Object##{__method__} is deprecated, use Timeout.timeout instead."
+  warn "Object##{__method__} is deprecated, use Timeout.timeout instead.", uplevel: 1
   Timeout.timeout(*args, &block)
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/timeout/timeout.gemspec b/lib/timeout/timeout.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3dc37f8768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/timeout/timeout.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Auto-terminate potentially long-running operations in Ruby.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Auto-terminate potentially long-running operations in Ruby.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/timeout"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/tmpdir.gemspec b/lib/tmpdir.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b76403002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tmpdir.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "tmpdir"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.2"
+  spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Extends the Dir class to manage the OS temporary file path.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Extends the Dir class to manage the OS temporary file path.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/tmpdir"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "fileutils"
+end
diff --git a/lib/tmpdir.rb b/lib/tmpdir.rb
index d12afa1ae6..bf7db5282a 100644
--- a/lib/tmpdir.rb
+++ b/lib/tmpdir.rb
@@ -19,22 +19,25 @@ class Dir
   # Returns the operating system's temporary file path.
 
   def self.tmpdir
-    if $SAFE > 0
-      @@systmpdir.dup
-    else
-      tmp = nil
-      [ENV['TMPDIR'], ENV['TMP'], ENV['TEMP'], @@systmpdir, '/tmp', '.'].each do |dir|
-        next if !dir
-        dir = File.expand_path(dir)
-        if stat = File.stat(dir) and stat.directory? and stat.writable? and
-            (!stat.world_writable? or stat.sticky?)
-          tmp = dir
-          break
-        end rescue nil
+    tmp = nil
+    ['TMPDIR', 'TMP', 'TEMP', ['system temporary path', @@systmpdir], ['/tmp']*2, ['.']*2].each do |name, dir = ENV[name]|
+      next if !dir
+      dir = File.expand_path(dir)
+      stat = File.stat(dir) rescue next
+      case
+      when !stat.directory?
+        warn "#{name} is not a directory: #{dir}"
+      when !stat.writable?
+        warn "#{name} is not writable: #{dir}"
+      when stat.world_writable? && !stat.sticky?
+        warn "#{name} is world-writable: #{dir}"
+      else
+        tmp = dir
+        break
       end
-      raise ArgumentError, "could not find a temporary directory" unless tmp
-      tmp
     end
+    raise ArgumentError, "could not find a temporary directory" unless tmp
+    tmp
   end
 
   # Dir.mktmpdir creates a temporary directory.
@@ -82,15 +85,21 @@ class Dir
   #    FileUtils.remove_entry dir
   #  end
   #
-  def self.mktmpdir(prefix_suffix=nil, *rest)
-    path = Tmpname.create(prefix_suffix || "d", *rest) {|n| mkdir(n, 0700)}
+  def self.mktmpdir(prefix_suffix=nil, *rest, **options)
+    base = nil
+    path = Tmpname.create(prefix_suffix || "d", *rest, **options) {|path, _, _, d|
+      base = d
+      mkdir(path, 0700)
+    }
     if block_given?
       begin
-        yield path
+        yield path.dup
       ensure
-        stat = File.stat(File.dirname(path))
-        if stat.world_writable? and !stat.sticky?
-          raise ArgumentError, "parent directory is world writable but not sticky"
+        unless base
+          stat = File.stat(File.dirname(path))
+          if stat.world_writable? and !stat.sticky?
+            raise ArgumentError, "parent directory is world writable but not sticky"
+          end
         end
         FileUtils.remove_entry path
       end
@@ -106,28 +115,33 @@ class Dir
       Dir.tmpdir
     end
 
-    def make_tmpname((prefix, suffix), n)
-      prefix = (String.try_convert(prefix) or
-                raise ArgumentError, "unexpected prefix: #{prefix.inspect}")
-      suffix &&= (String.try_convert(suffix) or
-                  raise ArgumentError, "unexpected suffix: #{suffix.inspect}")
-      t = Time.now.strftime("%Y%m%d")
-      path = "#{prefix}#{t}-#{$$}-#{rand(0x100000000).to_s(36)}".dup
-      path << "-#{n}" if n
-      path << suffix if suffix
-      path
+    UNUSABLE_CHARS = "^,-.0-9A-Z_a-z~"
+
+    class << (RANDOM = Random.new)
+      MAX = 36**6 # < 0x100000000
+      def next
+        rand(MAX).to_s(36)
+      end
     end
+    private_constant :RANDOM
 
     def create(basename, tmpdir=nil, max_try: nil, **opts)
-      if $SAFE > 0 and tmpdir.tainted?
-        tmpdir = '/tmp'
-      else
-        tmpdir ||= tmpdir()
-      end
+      origdir = tmpdir
+      tmpdir ||= tmpdir()
       n = nil
+      prefix, suffix = basename
+      prefix = (String.try_convert(prefix) or
+                raise ArgumentError, "unexpected prefix: #{prefix.inspect}")
+      prefix = prefix.delete(UNUSABLE_CHARS)
+      suffix &&= (String.try_convert(suffix) or
+                  raise ArgumentError, "unexpected suffix: #{suffix.inspect}")
+      suffix &&= suffix.delete(UNUSABLE_CHARS)
       begin
-        path = File.join(tmpdir, make_tmpname(basename, n))
-        yield(path, n, opts)
+        t = Time.now.strftime("%Y%m%d")
+        path = "#{prefix}#{t}-#{$$}-#{RANDOM.next}"\
+               "#{n ? %[-#{n}] : ''}#{suffix||''}"
+        path = File.join(tmpdir, path)
+        yield(path, n, opts, origdir)
       rescue Errno::EEXIST
         n ||= 0
         n += 1
diff --git a/lib/tracer.rb b/lib/tracer.rb
index 24a5313f4c..9014d80da5 100644
--- a/lib/tracer.rb
+++ b/lib/tracer.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #--
 # $Release Version: 0.3$
 # $Revision: 1.12 $
-require "thread"
 
 ##
 # Outputs a source level execution trace of a Ruby program.
@@ -61,6 +60,8 @@ require "thread"
 # by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ishitsuka.com)
 #
 class Tracer
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
+
   class << self
     # display additional debug information (defaults to false)
     attr_accessor :verbose
@@ -142,11 +143,13 @@ class Tracer
     stdout.print "Trace off\n" if Tracer.verbose?
   end
 
-  def add_filter(p = proc) # :nodoc:
+  def add_filter(p = nil, &b) # :nodoc:
+    p ||= b
     @filters.push p
   end
 
-  def set_get_line_procs(file, p = proc) # :nodoc:
+  def set_get_line_procs(file, p = nil, &b) # :nodoc:
+    p ||= b
     @get_line_procs[file] = p
   end
 
@@ -239,7 +242,7 @@ class Tracer
   end
 
   ##
-  # Register an event handler <code>p</code> which is called everytime a line
+  # Register an event handler <code>p</code> which is called every time a line
   # in +file_name+ is executed.
   #
   # Example:
@@ -248,7 +251,8 @@ class Tracer
   #     puts "line number executed is #{line}"
   #   })
 
-  def Tracer.set_get_line_procs(file_name, p = proc)
+  def Tracer.set_get_line_procs(file_name, p = nil, &b)
+    p ||= b
     Single.set_get_line_procs(file_name, p)
   end
 
@@ -261,7 +265,8 @@ class Tracer
   #     "Kernel" == klass.to_s
   #   end
 
-  def Tracer.add_filter(p = proc)
+  def Tracer.add_filter(p = nil, &b)
+    p ||= b
     Single.add_filter(p)
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/tracer/tracer.gemspec b/lib/tracer/tracer.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de9401da2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tracer/tracer.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors       = ["Keiju ISHITSUKA"]
+  spec.email         = ["keiju@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Outputs a source level execution trace of a Ruby program.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Outputs a source level execution trace of a Ruby program.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/tracer"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.files         = ["Gemfile", "LICENSE.txt", "README.md", "Rakefile", "lib/tracer.rb", "tracer.gemspec"]
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/tsort.gemspec b/lib/tsort.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4656d0b845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tsort.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "tsort"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
+  spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm}
+  spec.description   = %q{Topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/tsort"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/ubygems.rb b/lib/ubygems.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 51ee23e880..0000000000
--- a/lib/ubygems.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-# This file allows for the running of rubygems with a nice
-# command line look-and-feel: ruby -rubygems foo.rb
-#--
-# Copyright 2006 by Chad Fowler, Rich Kilmer, Jim Weirich and others.
-# All rights reserved.
-# See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
-#++
-
-
-require 'rubygems'
diff --git a/lib/un.gemspec b/lib/un.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b89ffa2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/un.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "un"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.authors       = ["WATANABE Hirofumi"]
+  spec.email         = ["eban@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = "Utilities to replace common UNIX commands"
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/un"
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.3.0")
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  spec.files = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path(__dir__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{\A(?:test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{\Aexe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/un.rb b/lib/un.rb
index b644fd9be4..3f59e3ff8b 100644
--- a/lib/un.rb
+++ b/lib/un.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #   ruby -run -e touch -- [OPTION] FILE
 #   ruby -run -e wait_writable -- [OPTION] FILE
 #   ruby -run -e mkmf -- [OPTION] EXTNAME [OPTION]
-#   ruby -run -e httpd -- [OPTION] DocumentRoot
+#   ruby -run -e httpd -- [OPTION] [DocumentRoot]
 #   ruby -run -e help [COMMAND]
 
 require "fileutils"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def setup(options = "", *long_options)
     end
     long_options.each do |s|
       opt_name, arg_name = s.split(/(?=[\s=])/, 2)
-      opt_name.sub!(/\A--/, '')
+      opt_name.delete_prefix!('--')
       s = "--#{opt_name.gsub(/([A-Z]+|[a-z])([A-Z])/, '\1-\2').downcase}#{arg_name}"
       puts "#{opt_name}=>#{s}" if $DEBUG
       opt_name = opt_name.intern
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def cp
     options[:preserve] = true if options.delete :p
     dest = argv.pop
     argv = argv[0] if argv.size == 1
-    FileUtils.send cmd, argv, dest, options
+    FileUtils.__send__ cmd, argv, dest, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def ln
     options[:force] = true if options.delete :f
     dest = argv.pop
     argv = argv[0] if argv.size == 1
-    FileUtils.send cmd, argv, dest, options
+    FileUtils.__send__ cmd, argv, dest, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def mv
   setup do |argv, options|
     dest = argv.pop
     argv = argv[0] if argv.size == 1
-    FileUtils.mv argv, dest, options
+    FileUtils.mv argv, dest, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def rm
     cmd = "rm"
     cmd += "_r" if options.delete :r
     options[:force] = true if options.delete :f
-    FileUtils.send cmd, argv, options
+    FileUtils.__send__ cmd, argv, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def mkdir
   setup("p") do |argv, options|
     cmd = "mkdir"
     cmd += "_p" if options.delete :p
-    FileUtils.send cmd, argv, options
+    FileUtils.__send__ cmd, argv, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ end
 def rmdir
   setup("p") do |argv, options|
     options[:parents] = true if options.delete :p
-    FileUtils.rmdir argv, options
+    FileUtils.rmdir argv, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ def install
     (group = options.delete :g) and options[:group] = group
     dest = argv.pop
     argv = argv[0] if argv.size == 1
-    FileUtils.install argv, dest, options
+    FileUtils.install argv, dest, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ def chmod
   setup do |argv, options|
     mode = argv.shift
     mode = /\A\d/ =~ mode ? mode.oct : mode
-    FileUtils.chmod mode, argv, options
+    FileUtils.chmod mode, argv, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ end
 
 def touch
   setup do |argv, options|
-    FileUtils.touch argv, options
+    FileUtils.touch argv, **options
   end
 end
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ end
 ##
 # Run WEBrick HTTP server.
 #
-#   ruby -run -e httpd -- [OPTION] DocumentRoot
+#   ruby -run -e httpd -- [OPTION] [DocumentRoot]
 #
 #   --bind-address=ADDR         address to bind
 #   --port=NUM                  listening port number
@@ -313,18 +313,37 @@ end
 #   --do-not-reverse-lookup     disable reverse lookup
 #   --request-timeout=SECOND    request timeout in seconds
 #   --http-version=VERSION      HTTP version
+#   --server-name=NAME          name of the server host
+#   --server-software=NAME      name and version of the server
+#   --ssl-certificate=CERT      The SSL certificate file for the server
+#   --ssl-private-key=KEY       The SSL private key file for the server certificate
 #   -v                          verbose
 #
 
 def httpd
   setup("", "BindAddress=ADDR", "Port=PORT", "MaxClients=NUM", "TempDir=DIR",
-        "DoNotReverseLookup", "RequestTimeout=SECOND", "HTTPVersion=VERSION") do
+        "DoNotReverseLookup", "RequestTimeout=SECOND", "HTTPVersion=VERSION",
+        "ServerName=NAME", "ServerSoftware=NAME",
+        "SSLCertificate=CERT", "SSLPrivateKey=KEY") do
     |argv, options|
-    require 'webrick'
+    begin
+      require 'webrick'
+    rescue LoadError
+      abort "webrick is not found. You may need to `gem install webrick` to install webrick."
+    end
     opt = options[:RequestTimeout] and options[:RequestTimeout] = opt.to_i
     [:Port, :MaxClients].each do |name|
       opt = options[name] and (options[name] = Integer(opt)) rescue nil
     end
+    if cert = options[:SSLCertificate]
+      key = options[:SSLPrivateKey] or
+        raise "--ssl-private-key option must also be given"
+      require 'webrick/https'
+      options[:SSLEnable] = true
+      options[:SSLCertificate] = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.read(cert))
+      options[:SSLPrivateKey] = OpenSSL::PKey.read(File.read(key))
+      options[:Port] ||= 8443   # HTTPS Alternate
+    end
     options[:Port] ||= 8080     # HTTP Alternate
     options[:DocumentRoot] = argv.shift || '.'
     s = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(options)
diff --git a/lib/unicode_normalize.rb b/lib/unicode_normalize.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 72478fade3..0000000000
--- a/lib/unicode_normalize.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-
-# Copyright Ayumu Nojima (野島 歩) and Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
-
-#--
-# additions to class String for Unicode normalization
-#++
-class String
-  # === Unicode Normalization
-  #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #    str.unicode_normalize(form=:nfc)
-  #
-  # Returns a normalized form of +str+, using Unicode normalizations
-  # NFC, NFD, NFKC, or NFKD. The normalization form used is determined
-  # by +form+, which is any of the four values :nfc, :nfd, :nfkc, or :nfkd.
-  # The default is :nfc.
-  #
-  # If the string is not in a Unicode Encoding, then an Exception is raised.
-  # In this context, 'Unicode Encoding' means any of  UTF-8, UTF-16BE/LE,
-  # and UTF-32BE/LE, as well as GB18030, UCS_2BE, and UCS_4BE. Anything
-  # else than UTF-8 is implemented by converting to UTF-8,
-  # which makes it slower than UTF-8.
-  #
-  # _Examples_
-  #
-  #   "a\u0300".unicode_normalize        #=> 'à' (same as "\u00E0")
-  #   "a\u0300".unicode_normalize(:nfc)  #=> 'à' (same as "\u00E0")
-  #   "\u00E0".unicode_normalize(:nfd)   #=> 'à' (same as "a\u0300")
-  #   "\xE0".force_encoding('ISO-8859-1').unicode_normalize(:nfd)
-  #                                      #=> Encoding::CompatibilityError raised
-  #
-  def unicode_normalize(form = :nfc)
-    require 'unicode_normalize/normalize.rb' unless defined? UnicodeNormalize
-    ## The following line can be uncommented to avoid repeated checking for
-    ## UnicodeNormalize. However, tests didn't show any noticeable speedup
-    ## when doing this. This comment also applies to the commented out lines
-    ## in String#unicode_normalize! and String#unicode_normalized?.
-    # String.send(:define_method, :unicode_normalize, ->(form = :nfc) { UnicodeNormalize.normalize(self, form) } )
-    UnicodeNormalize.normalize(self, form)
-  end
-
-  # :call-seq:
-  #    str.unicode_normalize!(form=:nfc)
-  #
-  # Destructive version of String#unicode_normalize, doing Unicode
-  # normalization in place.
-  #
-  def unicode_normalize!(form = :nfc)
-    require 'unicode_normalize/normalize.rb' unless defined? UnicodeNormalize
-    # String.send(:define_method, :unicode_normalize!, ->(form = :nfc) { replace(unicode_normalize(form)) } )
-    replace(unicode_normalize(form))
-  end
-
-  # :call-seq:
-  #    str.unicode_normalized?(form=:nfc)
-  #
-  # Checks whether +str+ is in Unicode normalization form +form+,
-  # which is any of the four values :nfc, :nfd, :nfkc, or :nfkd.
-  # The default is :nfc.
-  #
-  # If the string is not in a Unicode Encoding, then an Exception is raised.
-  # For details, see String#unicode_normalize.
-  #
-  # _Examples_
-  #
-  #   "a\u0300".unicode_normalized?        #=> false
-  #   "a\u0300".unicode_normalized?(:nfd)  #=> true
-  #   "\u00E0".unicode_normalized?         #=> true
-  #   "\u00E0".unicode_normalized?(:nfd)   #=> false
-  #   "\xE0".force_encoding('ISO-8859-1').unicode_normalized?
-  #                                        #=> Encoding::CompatibilityError raised
-  #
-  def unicode_normalized?(form = :nfc)
-    require 'unicode_normalize/normalize.rb' unless defined? UnicodeNormalize
-    # String.send(:define_method, :unicode_normalized?, ->(form = :nfc) { UnicodeNormalize.normalized?(self, form) } )
-    UnicodeNormalize.normalized?(self, form)
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb b/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb
index 8f0e8a20d1..b27cdadaaa 100644
--- a/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb
+++ b/lib/unicode_normalize/normalize.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,25 @@
 
 # Copyright Ayumu Nojima (野島 歩) and Martin J. Dürst (duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp)
 
-require 'unicode_normalize/tables.rb'
+# This file, the companion file tables.rb (autogenerated), and the module,
+# constants, and method defined herein are part of the implementation of the
+# built-in String class, not part of the standard library. They should
+# therefore never be gemified. They implement the methods
+# String#unicode_normalize, String#unicode_normalize!, and String#unicode_normalized?.
+#
+# They are placed here because they are written in Ruby. They are loaded on
+# demand when any of the three methods mentioned above is executed for the
+# first time. This reduces the memory footprint and startup time for scripts
+# and applications that do not use those methods.
+#
+# The name and even the existence of the module UnicodeNormalize and all of its
+# content are purely an implementation detail, and should not be exposed in
+# any test or spec or otherwise.
 
+require_relative 'tables'
 
-module UnicodeNormalize
+
+module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
   ## Constant for max hash capacity to avoid DoS attack
   MAX_HASH_LENGTH = 18000 # enough for all test cases, otherwise tests get slow
 
@@ -55,7 +70,7 @@ module UnicodeNormalize
     if length>1 and 0 <= (lead =string[0].ord-LBASE) and lead  < LCOUNT and
                     0 <= (vowel=string[1].ord-VBASE) and vowel < VCOUNT
       lead_vowel = SBASE + (lead * VCOUNT + vowel) * TCOUNT
-      if length>2 and 0 <= (trail=string[2].ord-TBASE) and trail < TCOUNT
+      if length>2 and 0 < (trail=string[2].ord-TBASE) and trail < TCOUNT
         (lead_vowel + trail).chr(Encoding::UTF_8) + string[3..-1]
       else
         lead_vowel.chr(Encoding::UTF_8) + string[2..-1]
@@ -157,5 +172,4 @@ module UnicodeNormalize
       raise Encoding::CompatibilityError, "Unicode Normalization not appropriate for #{encoding}"
     end
   end
-
 end # module
diff --git a/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb b/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
index 13a48f739c..a36daa84e6 100644
--- a/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
+++ b/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb
@@ -3,1165 +3,9037 @@
 
 # automatically generated by template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl
 
-module UnicodeNormalize
+module UnicodeNormalize  # :nodoc:
   accents = "" \
-    "[\u0300-\u034E\u0350-\u036F\u0483-\u0487\u0591-\u05BD\u05BF\u05C1\u05C2\u05C4\u05C5\u05C7" \
-    "\u0610-\u061A\u064B-\u065F\u0670\u06D6-\u06DC\u06DF-\u06E4\u06E7\u06E8\u06EA-\u06ED\u0711" \
-    "\u0730-\u074A\u07EB-\u07F3\u0816-\u0819\u081B-\u0823\u0825-\u0827\u0829-\u082D\u0859-\u085B\u08D4-\u08E1" \
-    "\u08E3-\u08FF\u093C\u094D\u0951-\u0954\u09BC\u09BE\u09CD\u09D7" \
-    "\u0A3C\u0A4D\u0ABC\u0ACD\u0B3C\u0B3E\u0B4D\u0B56\u0B57" \
-    "\u0BBE\u0BCD\u0BD7\u0C4D\u0C55\u0C56\u0CBC\u0CC2\u0CCD" \
-    "\u0CD5\u0CD6\u0D3E\u0D4D\u0D57\u0DCA\u0DCF\u0DDF\u0E38-\u0E3A" \
-    "\u0E48-\u0E4B\u0EB8\u0EB9\u0EC8-\u0ECB\u0F18\u0F19\u0F35\u0F37\u0F39\u0F71\u0F72" \
-    "\u0F74\u0F7A-\u0F7D\u0F80\u0F82-\u0F84\u0F86\u0F87\u0FC6\u102E\u1037" \
-    "\u1039\u103A\u108D\u135D-\u135F\u1714\u1734\u17D2\u17DD\u18A9" \
-    "\u1939-\u193B\u1A17\u1A18\u1A60\u1A75-\u1A7C\u1A7F\u1AB0-\u1ABD\u1B34\u1B35\u1B44" \
-    "\u1B6B-\u1B73\u1BAA\u1BAB\u1BE6\u1BF2\u1BF3\u1C37\u1CD0-\u1CD2\u1CD4-\u1CE0\u1CE2-\u1CE8" \
-    "\u1CED\u1CF4\u1CF8\u1CF9\u1DC0-\u1DF5\u1DFB-\u1DFF\u20D0-\u20DC\u20E1\u20E5-\u20F0" \
-    "\u2CEF-\u2CF1\u2D7F\u2DE0-\u2DFF\u302A-\u302F\u3099\u309A\uA66F\uA674-\uA67D\uA69E\uA69F" \
-    "\uA6F0\uA6F1\uA806\uA8C4\uA8E0-\uA8F1\uA92B-\uA92D\uA953\uA9B3\uA9C0" \
-    "\uAAB0\uAAB2-\uAAB4\uAAB7\uAAB8\uAABE\uAABF\uAAC1\uAAF6\uABED\uFB1E" \
-    "\uFE20-\uFE2F\u{101FD}\u{102E0}\u{10376}-\u{1037A}\u{10A0D}\u{10A0F}\u{10A38}-\u{10A3A}\u{10A3F}" \
-    "\u{10AE5}\u{10AE6}\u{11046}\u{1107F}\u{110B9}\u{110BA}\u{11100}-\u{11102}\u{11127}\u{11133}\u{11134}\u{11173}" \
-    "\u{111C0}\u{111CA}\u{11235}\u{11236}\u{112E9}\u{112EA}\u{1133C}\u{1133E}\u{1134D}\u{11357}" \
-    "\u{11366}-\u{1136C}\u{11370}-\u{11374}\u{11442}\u{11446}\u{114B0}\u{114BA}\u{114BD}\u{114C2}\u{114C3}" \
-    "\u{115AF}\u{115BF}\u{115C0}\u{1163F}\u{116B6}\u{116B7}\u{1172B}\u{11C3F}\u{16AF0}-\u{16AF4}\u{16B30}-\u{16B36}" \
-    "\u{1BC9E}\u{1D165}-\u{1D169}\u{1D16D}-\u{1D172}\u{1D17B}-\u{1D182}\u{1D185}-\u{1D18B}\u{1D1AA}-\u{1D1AD}\u{1D242}-\u{1D244}\u{1E000}-\u{1E006}" \
-    "\u{1E008}-\u{1E018}\u{1E01B}-\u{1E021}\u{1E023}\u{1E024}\u{1E026}-\u{1E02A}\u{1E8D0}-\u{1E8D6}\u{1E944}-\u{1E94A}" \
+    "[\u0300-\u034E" \
+    "\u0350-\u036F" \
+    "\u0483-\u0487" \
+    "\u0591-\u05BD" \
+    "\u05BF" \
+    "\u05C1\u05C2" \
+    "\u05C4\u05C5" \
+    "\u05C7" \
+    "\u0610-\u061A" \
+    "\u064B-\u065F" \
+    "\u0670" \
+    "\u06D6-\u06DC" \
+    "\u06DF-\u06E4" \
+    "\u06E7\u06E8" \
+    "\u06EA-\u06ED" \
+    "\u0711" \
+    "\u0730-\u074A" \
+    "\u07EB-\u07F3" \
+    "\u07FD" \
+    "\u0816-\u0819" \
+    "\u081B-\u0823" \
+    "\u0825-\u0827" \
+    "\u0829-\u082D" \
+    "\u0859-\u085B" \
+    "\u08D3-\u08E1" \
+    "\u08E3-\u08FF" \
+    "\u093C" \
+    "\u094D" \
+    "\u0951-\u0954" \
+    "\u09BC" \
+    "\u09BE" \
+    "\u09CD" \
+    "\u09D7" \
+    "\u09FE" \
+    "\u0A3C" \
+    "\u0A4D" \
+    "\u0ABC" \
+    "\u0ACD" \
+    "\u0B3C" \
+    "\u0B3E" \
+    "\u0B4D" \
+    "\u0B56\u0B57" \
+    "\u0BBE" \
+    "\u0BCD" \
+    "\u0BD7" \
+    "\u0C4D" \
+    "\u0C55\u0C56" \
+    "\u0CBC" \
+    "\u0CC2" \
+    "\u0CCD" \
+    "\u0CD5\u0CD6" \
+    "\u0D3B\u0D3C" \
+    "\u0D3E" \
+    "\u0D4D" \
+    "\u0D57" \
+    "\u0DCA" \
+    "\u0DCF" \
+    "\u0DDF" \
+    "\u0E38-\u0E3A" \
+    "\u0E48-\u0E4B" \
+    "\u0EB8-\u0EBA" \
+    "\u0EC8-\u0ECB" \
+    "\u0F18\u0F19" \
+    "\u0F35" \
+    "\u0F37" \
+    "\u0F39" \
+    "\u0F71\u0F72" \
+    "\u0F74" \
+    "\u0F7A-\u0F7D" \
+    "\u0F80" \
+    "\u0F82-\u0F84" \
+    "\u0F86\u0F87" \
+    "\u0FC6" \
+    "\u102E" \
+    "\u1037" \
+    "\u1039\u103A" \
+    "\u108D" \
+    "\u135D-\u135F" \
+    "\u1714" \
+    "\u1734" \
+    "\u17D2" \
+    "\u17DD" \
+    "\u18A9" \
+    "\u1939-\u193B" \
+    "\u1A17\u1A18" \
+    "\u1A60" \
+    "\u1A75-\u1A7C" \
+    "\u1A7F" \
+    "\u1AB0-\u1ABD" \
+    "\u1B34\u1B35" \
+    "\u1B44" \
+    "\u1B6B-\u1B73" \
+    "\u1BAA\u1BAB" \
+    "\u1BE6" \
+    "\u1BF2\u1BF3" \
+    "\u1C37" \
+    "\u1CD0-\u1CD2" \
+    "\u1CD4-\u1CE0" \
+    "\u1CE2-\u1CE8" \
+    "\u1CED" \
+    "\u1CF4" \
+    "\u1CF8\u1CF9" \
+    "\u1DC0-\u1DF9" \
+    "\u1DFB-\u1DFF" \
+    "\u20D0-\u20DC" \
+    "\u20E1" \
+    "\u20E5-\u20F0" \
+    "\u2CEF-\u2CF1" \
+    "\u2D7F" \
+    "\u2DE0-\u2DFF" \
+    "\u302A-\u302F" \
+    "\u3099\u309A" \
+    "\uA66F" \
+    "\uA674-\uA67D" \
+    "\uA69E\uA69F" \
+    "\uA6F0\uA6F1" \
+    "\uA806" \
+    "\uA8C4" \
+    "\uA8E0-\uA8F1" \
+    "\uA92B-\uA92D" \
+    "\uA953" \
+    "\uA9B3" \
+    "\uA9C0" \
+    "\uAAB0" \
+    "\uAAB2-\uAAB4" \
+    "\uAAB7\uAAB8" \
+    "\uAABE\uAABF" \
+    "\uAAC1" \
+    "\uAAF6" \
+    "\uABED" \
+    "\uFB1E" \
+    "\uFE20-\uFE2F" \
+    "\u{101FD}" \
+    "\u{102E0}" \
+    "\u{10376}-\u{1037A}" \
+    "\u{10A0D}" \
+    "\u{10A0F}" \
+    "\u{10A38}-\u{10A3A}" \
+    "\u{10A3F}" \
+    "\u{10AE5}\u{10AE6}" \
+    "\u{10D24}-\u{10D27}" \
+    "\u{10F46}-\u{10F50}" \
+    "\u{11046}" \
+    "\u{1107F}" \
+    "\u{110B9}\u{110BA}" \
+    "\u{11100}-\u{11102}" \
+    "\u{11127}" \
+    "\u{11133}\u{11134}" \
+    "\u{11173}" \
+    "\u{111C0}" \
+    "\u{111CA}" \
+    "\u{11235}\u{11236}" \
+    "\u{112E9}\u{112EA}" \
+    "\u{1133B}\u{1133C}" \
+    "\u{1133E}" \
+    "\u{1134D}" \
+    "\u{11357}" \
+    "\u{11366}-\u{1136C}" \
+    "\u{11370}-\u{11374}" \
+    "\u{11442}" \
+    "\u{11446}" \
+    "\u{1145E}" \
+    "\u{114B0}" \
+    "\u{114BA}" \
+    "\u{114BD}" \
+    "\u{114C2}\u{114C3}" \
+    "\u{115AF}" \
+    "\u{115BF}\u{115C0}" \
+    "\u{1163F}" \
+    "\u{116B6}\u{116B7}" \
+    "\u{1172B}" \
+    "\u{11839}\u{1183A}" \
+    "\u{119E0}" \
+    "\u{11A34}" \
+    "\u{11A47}" \
+    "\u{11A99}" \
+    "\u{11C3F}" \
+    "\u{11D42}" \
+    "\u{11D44}\u{11D45}" \
+    "\u{11D97}" \
+    "\u{16AF0}-\u{16AF4}" \
+    "\u{16B30}-\u{16B36}" \
+    "\u{1BC9E}" \
+    "\u{1D165}-\u{1D169}" \
+    "\u{1D16D}-\u{1D172}" \
+    "\u{1D17B}-\u{1D182}" \
+    "\u{1D185}-\u{1D18B}" \
+    "\u{1D1AA}-\u{1D1AD}" \
+    "\u{1D242}-\u{1D244}" \
+    "\u{1E000}-\u{1E006}" \
+    "\u{1E008}-\u{1E018}" \
+    "\u{1E01B}-\u{1E021}" \
+    "\u{1E023}\u{1E024}" \
+    "\u{1E026}-\u{1E02A}" \
+    "\u{1E130}-\u{1E136}" \
+    "\u{1E2EC}-\u{1E2EF}" \
+    "\u{1E8D0}-\u{1E8D6}" \
+    "\u{1E944}-\u{1E94A}" \
     "]"
   ACCENTS = accents
   REGEXP_D_STRING = "#{''  # composition starters and composition exclusions
     }" \
-    "[\u00C0-\u00C5\u00C7-\u00CF\u00D1-\u00D6\u00D9-\u00DD\u00E0-\u00E5\u00E7-\u00EF\u00F1-\u00F6\u00F9-\u00FD" \
-    "\u00FF-\u010F\u0112-\u0125\u0128-\u0130\u0134-\u0137\u0139-\u013E\u0143-\u0148\u014C-\u0151\u0154-\u0165" \
-    "\u0168-\u017E\u01A0\u01A1\u01AF\u01B0\u01CD-\u01DC\u01DE-\u01E3\u01E6-\u01F0\u01F4\u01F5\u01F8-\u021B" \
-    "\u021E\u021F\u0226-\u0233\u0340\u0341\u0343\u0344\u0374\u037E\u0385-\u038A\u038C" \
-    "\u038E-\u0390\u03AA-\u03B0\u03CA-\u03CE\u03D3\u03D4\u0400\u0401\u0403\u0407\u040C-\u040E" \
-    "\u0419\u0439\u0450\u0451\u0453\u0457\u045C-\u045E\u0476\u0477\u04C1\u04C2" \
-    "\u04D0-\u04D3\u04D6\u04D7\u04DA-\u04DF\u04E2-\u04E7\u04EA-\u04F5\u04F8\u04F9\u0622-\u0626\u06C0" \
-    "\u06C2\u06D3\u0929\u0931\u0934\u0958-\u095F\u09CB\u09CC\u09DC\u09DD" \
-    "\u09DF\u0A33\u0A36\u0A59-\u0A5B\u0A5E\u0B48\u0B4B\u0B4C\u0B5C\u0B5D" \
-    "\u0B94\u0BCA-\u0BCC\u0C48\u0CC0\u0CC7\u0CC8\u0CCA\u0CCB\u0D4A-\u0D4C\u0DDA" \
-    "\u0DDC-\u0DDE\u0F43\u0F4D\u0F52\u0F57\u0F5C\u0F69\u0F73" \
-    "\u0F75\u0F76\u0F78\u0F81\u0F93\u0F9D\u0FA2\u0FA7\u0FAC" \
-    "\u0FB9\u1026\u1B06\u1B08\u1B0A\u1B0C\u1B0E\u1B12" \
-    "\u1B3B\u1B3D\u1B40\u1B41\u1B43\u1E00-\u1E99\u1E9B\u1EA0-\u1EF9\u1F00-\u1F15" \
-    "\u1F18-\u1F1D\u1F20-\u1F45\u1F48-\u1F4D\u1F50-\u1F57\u1F59\u1F5B\u1F5D\u1F5F-\u1F7D" \
-    "\u1F80-\u1FB4\u1FB6-\u1FBC\u1FBE\u1FC1-\u1FC4\u1FC6-\u1FD3\u1FD6-\u1FDB\u1FDD-\u1FEF\u1FF2-\u1FF4" \
-    "\u1FF6-\u1FFD\u2000\u2001\u2126\u212A\u212B\u219A\u219B\u21AE\u21CD-\u21CF\u2204" \
-    "\u2209\u220C\u2224\u2226\u2241\u2244\u2247\u2249" \
-    "\u2260\u2262\u226D-\u2271\u2274\u2275\u2278\u2279\u2280\u2281\u2284\u2285\u2288\u2289" \
-    "\u22AC-\u22AF\u22E0-\u22E3\u22EA-\u22ED\u2329\u232A\u2ADC\u304C\u304E\u3050" \
-    "\u3052\u3054\u3056\u3058\u305A\u305C\u305E\u3060" \
-    "\u3062\u3065\u3067\u3069\u3070\u3071\u3073\u3074\u3076\u3077\u3079\u307A" \
-    "\u307C\u307D\u3094\u309E\u30AC\u30AE\u30B0\u30B2\u30B4" \
-    "\u30B6\u30B8\u30BA\u30BC\u30BE\u30C0\u30C2\u30C5" \
-    "\u30C7\u30C9\u30D0\u30D1\u30D3\u30D4\u30D6\u30D7\u30D9\u30DA\u30DC\u30DD\u30F4" \
-    "\u30F7-\u30FA\u30FE\uF900-\uFA0D\uFA10\uFA12\uFA15-\uFA1E\uFA20\uFA22" \
-    "\uFA25\uFA26\uFA2A-\uFA6D\uFA70-\uFAD9\uFB1D\uFB1F\uFB2A-\uFB36\uFB38-\uFB3C\uFB3E" \
-    "\uFB40\uFB41\uFB43\uFB44\uFB46-\uFB4E\u{1109A}\u{1109C}\u{110AB}\u{1112E}\u{1112F}\u{1134B}\u{1134C}" \
-    "\u{114BB}\u{114BC}\u{114BE}\u{115BA}\u{115BB}\u{1D15E}-\u{1D164}\u{1D1BB}-\u{1D1C0}\u{2F800}-\u{2FA1D}" \
+    "[\u00C0-\u00C5" \
+    "\u00C7-\u00CF" \
+    "\u00D1-\u00D6" \
+    "\u00D9-\u00DD" \
+    "\u00E0-\u00E5" \
+    "\u00E7-\u00EF" \
+    "\u00F1-\u00F6" \
+    "\u00F9-\u00FD" \
+    "\u00FF-\u010F" \
+    "\u0112-\u0125" \
+    "\u0128-\u0130" \
+    "\u0134-\u0137" \
+    "\u0139-\u013E" \
+    "\u0143-\u0148" \
+    "\u014C-\u0151" \
+    "\u0154-\u0165" \
+    "\u0168-\u017E" \
+    "\u01A0\u01A1" \
+    "\u01AF\u01B0" \
+    "\u01CD-\u01DC" \
+    "\u01DE-\u01E3" \
+    "\u01E6-\u01F0" \
+    "\u01F4\u01F5" \
+    "\u01F8-\u021B" \
+    "\u021E\u021F" \
+    "\u0226-\u0233" \
+    "\u0340\u0341" \
+    "\u0343\u0344" \
+    "\u0374" \
+    "\u037E" \
+    "\u0385-\u038A" \
+    "\u038C" \
+    "\u038E-\u0390" \
+    "\u03AA-\u03B0" \
+    "\u03CA-\u03CE" \
+    "\u03D3\u03D4" \
+    "\u0400\u0401" \
+    "\u0403" \
+    "\u0407" \
+    "\u040C-\u040E" \
+    "\u0419" \
+    "\u0439" \
+    "\u0450\u0451" \
+    "\u0453" \
+    "\u0457" \
+    "\u045C-\u045E" \
+    "\u0476\u0477" \
+    "\u04C1\u04C2" \
+    "\u04D0-\u04D3" \
+    "\u04D6\u04D7" \
+    "\u04DA-\u04DF" \
+    "\u04E2-\u04E7" \
+    "\u04EA-\u04F5" \
+    "\u04F8\u04F9" \
+    "\u0622-\u0626" \
+    "\u06C0" \
+    "\u06C2" \
+    "\u06D3" \
+    "\u0929" \
+    "\u0931" \
+    "\u0934" \
+    "\u0958-\u095F" \
+    "\u09CB\u09CC" \
+    "\u09DC\u09DD" \
+    "\u09DF" \
+    "\u0A33" \
+    "\u0A36" \
+    "\u0A59-\u0A5B" \
+    "\u0A5E" \
+    "\u0B48" \
+    "\u0B4B\u0B4C" \
+    "\u0B5C\u0B5D" \
+    "\u0B94" \
+    "\u0BCA-\u0BCC" \
+    "\u0C48" \
+    "\u0CC0" \
+    "\u0CC7\u0CC8" \
+    "\u0CCA\u0CCB" \
+    "\u0D4A-\u0D4C" \
+    "\u0DDA" \
+    "\u0DDC-\u0DDE" \
+    "\u0F43" \
+    "\u0F4D" \
+    "\u0F52" \
+    "\u0F57" \
+    "\u0F5C" \
+    "\u0F69" \
+    "\u0F73" \
+    "\u0F75\u0F76" \
+    "\u0F78" \
+    "\u0F81" \
+    "\u0F93" \
+    "\u0F9D" \
+    "\u0FA2" \
+    "\u0FA7" \
+    "\u0FAC" \
+    "\u0FB9" \
+    "\u1026" \
+    "\u1B06" \
+    "\u1B08" \
+    "\u1B0A" \
+    "\u1B0C" \
+    "\u1B0E" \
+    "\u1B12" \
+    "\u1B3B" \
+    "\u1B3D" \
+    "\u1B40\u1B41" \
+    "\u1B43" \
+    "\u1E00-\u1E99" \
+    "\u1E9B" \
+    "\u1EA0-\u1EF9" \
+    "\u1F00-\u1F15" \
+    "\u1F18-\u1F1D" \
+    "\u1F20-\u1F45" \
+    "\u1F48-\u1F4D" \
+    "\u1F50-\u1F57" \
+    "\u1F59" \
+    "\u1F5B" \
+    "\u1F5D" \
+    "\u1F5F-\u1F7D" \
+    "\u1F80-\u1FB4" \
+    "\u1FB6-\u1FBC" \
+    "\u1FBE" \
+    "\u1FC1-\u1FC4" \
+    "\u1FC6-\u1FD3" \
+    "\u1FD6-\u1FDB" \
+    "\u1FDD-\u1FEF" \
+    "\u1FF2-\u1FF4" \
+    "\u1FF6-\u1FFD" \
+    "\u2000\u2001" \
+    "\u2126" \
+    "\u212A\u212B" \
+    "\u219A\u219B" \
+    "\u21AE" \
+    "\u21CD-\u21CF" \
+    "\u2204" \
+    "\u2209" \
+    "\u220C" \
+    "\u2224" \
+    "\u2226" \
+    "\u2241" \
+    "\u2244" \
+    "\u2247" \
+    "\u2249" \
+    "\u2260" \
+    "\u2262" \
+    "\u226D-\u2271" \
+    "\u2274\u2275" \
+    "\u2278\u2279" \
+    "\u2280\u2281" \
+    "\u2284\u2285" \
+    "\u2288\u2289" \
+    "\u22AC-\u22AF" \
+    "\u22E0-\u22E3" \
+    "\u22EA-\u22ED" \
+    "\u2329\u232A" \
+    "\u2ADC" \
+    "\u304C" \
+    "\u304E" \
+    "\u3050" \
+    "\u3052" \
+    "\u3054" \
+    "\u3056" \
+    "\u3058" \
+    "\u305A" \
+    "\u305C" \
+    "\u305E" \
+    "\u3060" \
+    "\u3062" \
+    "\u3065" \
+    "\u3067" \
+    "\u3069" \
+    "\u3070\u3071" \
+    "\u3073\u3074" \
+    "\u3076\u3077" \
+    "\u3079\u307A" \
+    "\u307C\u307D" \
+    "\u3094" \
+    "\u309E" \
+    "\u30AC" \
+    "\u30AE" \
+    "\u30B0" \
+    "\u30B2" \
+    "\u30B4" \
+    "\u30B6" \
+    "\u30B8" \
+    "\u30BA" \
+    "\u30BC" \
+    "\u30BE" \
+    "\u30C0" \
+    "\u30C2" \
+    "\u30C5" \
+    "\u30C7" \
+    "\u30C9" \
+    "\u30D0\u30D1" \
+    "\u30D3\u30D4" \
+    "\u30D6\u30D7" \
+    "\u30D9\u30DA" \
+    "\u30DC\u30DD" \
+    "\u30F4" \
+    "\u30F7-\u30FA" \
+    "\u30FE" \
+    "\uF900-\uFA0D" \
+    "\uFA10" \
+    "\uFA12" \
+    "\uFA15-\uFA1E" \
+    "\uFA20" \
+    "\uFA22" \
+    "\uFA25\uFA26" \
+    "\uFA2A-\uFA6D" \
+    "\uFA70-\uFAD9" \
+    "\uFB1D" \
+    "\uFB1F" \
+    "\uFB2A-\uFB36" \
+    "\uFB38-\uFB3C" \
+    "\uFB3E" \
+    "\uFB40\uFB41" \
+    "\uFB43\uFB44" \
+    "\uFB46-\uFB4E" \
+    "\u{1109A}" \
+    "\u{1109C}" \
+    "\u{110AB}" \
+    "\u{1112E}\u{1112F}" \
+    "\u{1134B}\u{1134C}" \
+    "\u{114BB}\u{114BC}" \
+    "\u{114BE}" \
+    "\u{115BA}\u{115BB}" \
+    "\u{1D15E}-\u{1D164}" \
+    "\u{1D1BB}-\u{1D1C0}" \
+    "\u{2F800}-\u{2FA1D}" \
     "]#{accents}*" \
     "|#{''  # characters that can be the result of a composition, except composition starters
     }" \
-    "[<->A-PR-Za-pr-z\u00A8\u00C6\u00D8" \
-    "\u00E6\u00F8\u017F\u01B7\u0292\u0391\u0395\u0397" \
-    "\u0399\u039F\u03A1\u03A5\u03A9\u03B1\u03B5\u03B7" \
-    "\u03B9\u03BF\u03C1\u03C5\u03C9\u03D2\u0406\u0410" \
-    "\u0413\u0415-\u0418\u041A\u041E\u0423\u0427\u042B\u042D" \
-    "\u0430\u0433\u0435-\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0443\u0447\u044B" \
-    "\u044D\u0456\u0474\u0475\u04D8\u04D9\u04E8\u04E9\u0627\u0648\u064A" \
-    "\u06C1\u06D2\u06D5\u0928\u0930\u0933\u09C7\u0B47" \
-    "\u0B92\u0BC6\u0BC7\u0C46\u0CBF\u0CC6\u0D46\u0D47\u0DD9\u1025" \
-    "\u1B05\u1B07\u1B09\u1B0B\u1B0D\u1B11\u1B3A\u1B3C" \
-    "\u1B3E\u1B3F\u1B42\u1FBF\u1FFE\u2190\u2192\u2194\u21D0" \
-    "\u21D2\u21D4\u2203\u2208\u220B\u2223\u2225\u223C" \
-    "\u2243\u2245\u2248\u224D\u2261\u2264\u2265\u2272\u2273\u2276\u2277" \
-    "\u227A-\u227D\u2282\u2283\u2286\u2287\u2291\u2292\u22A2\u22A8\u22A9\u22AB\u22B2-\u22B5" \
-    "\u3046\u304B\u304D\u304F\u3051\u3053\u3055\u3057" \
-    "\u3059\u305B\u305D\u305F\u3061\u3064\u3066\u3068" \
-    "\u306F\u3072\u3075\u3078\u307B\u309D\u30A6\u30AB" \
-    "\u30AD\u30AF\u30B1\u30B3\u30B5\u30B7\u30B9\u30BB" \
-    "\u30BD\u30BF\u30C1\u30C4\u30C6\u30C8\u30CF\u30D2" \
-    "\u30D5\u30D8\u30DB\u30EF-\u30F2\u30FD\u{11099}\u{1109B}\u{110A5}" \
-    "\u{11131}\u{11132}\u{11347}\u{114B9}\u{115B8}\u{115B9}" \
+    "[<->" \
+    "A-P" \
+    "R-Z" \
+    "a-p" \
+    "r-z" \
+    "\u00A8" \
+    "\u00C6" \
+    "\u00D8" \
+    "\u00E6" \
+    "\u00F8" \
+    "\u017F" \
+    "\u01B7" \
+    "\u0292" \
+    "\u0391" \
+    "\u0395" \
+    "\u0397" \
+    "\u0399" \
+    "\u039F" \
+    "\u03A1" \
+    "\u03A5" \
+    "\u03A9" \
+    "\u03B1" \
+    "\u03B5" \
+    "\u03B7" \
+    "\u03B9" \
+    "\u03BF" \
+    "\u03C1" \
+    "\u03C5" \
+    "\u03C9" \
+    "\u03D2" \
+    "\u0406" \
+    "\u0410" \
+    "\u0413" \
+    "\u0415-\u0418" \
+    "\u041A" \
+    "\u041E" \
+    "\u0423" \
+    "\u0427" \
+    "\u042B" \
+    "\u042D" \
+    "\u0430" \
+    "\u0433" \
+    "\u0435-\u0438" \
+    "\u043A" \
+    "\u043E" \
+    "\u0443" \
+    "\u0447" \
+    "\u044B" \
+    "\u044D" \
+    "\u0456" \
+    "\u0474\u0475" \
+    "\u04D8\u04D9" \
+    "\u04E8\u04E9" \
+    "\u0627" \
+    "\u0648" \
+    "\u064A" \
+    "\u06C1" \
+    "\u06D2" \
+    "\u06D5" \
+    "\u0928" \
+    "\u0930" \
+    "\u0933" \
+    "\u09C7" \
+    "\u0B47" \
+    "\u0B92" \
+    "\u0BC6\u0BC7" \
+    "\u0C46" \
+    "\u0CBF" \
+    "\u0CC6" \
+    "\u0D46\u0D47" \
+    "\u0DD9" \
+    "\u1025" \
+    "\u1B05" \
+    "\u1B07" \
+    "\u1B09" \
+    "\u1B0B" \
+    "\u1B0D" \
+    "\u1B11" \
+    "\u1B3A" \
+    "\u1B3C" \
+    "\u1B3E\u1B3F" \
+    "\u1B42" \
+    "\u1FBF" \
+    "\u1FFE" \
+    "\u2190" \
+    "\u2192" \
+    "\u2194" \
+    "\u21D0" \
+    "\u21D2" \
+    "\u21D4" \
+    "\u2203" \
+    "\u2208" \
+    "\u220B" \
+    "\u2223" \
+    "\u2225" \
+    "\u223C" \
+    "\u2243" \
+    "\u2245" \
+    "\u2248" \
+    "\u224D" \
+    "\u2261" \
+    "\u2264\u2265" \
+    "\u2272\u2273" \
+    "\u2276\u2277" \
+    "\u227A-\u227D" \
+    "\u2282\u2283" \
+    "\u2286\u2287" \
+    "\u2291\u2292" \
+    "\u22A2" \
+    "\u22A8\u22A9" \
+    "\u22AB" \
+    "\u22B2-\u22B5" \
+    "\u3046" \
+    "\u304B" \
+    "\u304D" \
+    "\u304F" \
+    "\u3051" \
+    "\u3053" \
+    "\u3055" \
+    "\u3057" \
+    "\u3059" \
+    "\u305B" \
+    "\u305D" \
+    "\u305F" \
+    "\u3061" \
+    "\u3064" \
+    "\u3066" \
+    "\u3068" \
+    "\u306F" \
+    "\u3072" \
+    "\u3075" \
+    "\u3078" \
+    "\u307B" \
+    "\u309D" \
+    "\u30A6" \
+    "\u30AB" \
+    "\u30AD" \
+    "\u30AF" \
+    "\u30B1" \
+    "\u30B3" \
+    "\u30B5" \
+    "\u30B7" \
+    "\u30B9" \
+    "\u30BB" \
+    "\u30BD" \
+    "\u30BF" \
+    "\u30C1" \
+    "\u30C4" \
+    "\u30C6" \
+    "\u30C8" \
+    "\u30CF" \
+    "\u30D2" \
+    "\u30D5" \
+    "\u30D8" \
+    "\u30DB" \
+    "\u30EF-\u30F2" \
+    "\u30FD" \
+    "\u{11099}" \
+    "\u{1109B}" \
+    "\u{110A5}" \
+    "\u{11131}\u{11132}" \
+    "\u{11347}" \
+    "\u{114B9}" \
+    "\u{115B8}\u{115B9}" \
     "]?#{accents}+" \
     "|#{''  # precomposed Hangul syllables
     }" \
     "[\u{AC00}-\u{D7A4}]"
   REGEXP_C_STRING = "#{''  # composition exclusions
     }" \
-    "[\u0340\u0341\u0343\u0344\u0374\u037E\u0387\u0958-\u095F\u09DC\u09DD\u09DF" \
-    "\u0A33\u0A36\u0A59-\u0A5B\u0A5E\u0B5C\u0B5D\u0F43\u0F4D\u0F52" \
-    "\u0F57\u0F5C\u0F69\u0F73\u0F75\u0F76\u0F78\u0F81\u0F93" \
-    "\u0F9D\u0FA2\u0FA7\u0FAC\u0FB9\u1F71\u1F73\u1F75" \
-    "\u1F77\u1F79\u1F7B\u1F7D\u1FBB\u1FBE\u1FC9\u1FCB" \
-    "\u1FD3\u1FDB\u1FE3\u1FEB\u1FEE\u1FEF\u1FF9\u1FFB\u1FFD" \
-    "\u2000\u2001\u2126\u212A\u212B\u2329\u232A\u2ADC\uF900-\uFA0D\uFA10\uFA12" \
-    "\uFA15-\uFA1E\uFA20\uFA22\uFA25\uFA26\uFA2A-\uFA6D\uFA70-\uFAD9\uFB1D\uFB1F" \
-    "\uFB2A-\uFB36\uFB38-\uFB3C\uFB3E\uFB40\uFB41\uFB43\uFB44\uFB46-\uFB4E\u{1D15E}-\u{1D164}\u{1D1BB}-\u{1D1C0}" \
+    "[\u0340\u0341" \
+    "\u0343\u0344" \
+    "\u0374" \
+    "\u037E" \
+    "\u0387" \
+    "\u0958-\u095F" \
+    "\u09DC\u09DD" \
+    "\u09DF" \
+    "\u0A33" \
+    "\u0A36" \
+    "\u0A59-\u0A5B" \
+    "\u0A5E" \
+    "\u0B5C\u0B5D" \
+    "\u0F43" \
+    "\u0F4D" \
+    "\u0F52" \
+    "\u0F57" \
+    "\u0F5C" \
+    "\u0F69" \
+    "\u0F73" \
+    "\u0F75\u0F76" \
+    "\u0F78" \
+    "\u0F81" \
+    "\u0F93" \
+    "\u0F9D" \
+    "\u0FA2" \
+    "\u0FA7" \
+    "\u0FAC" \
+    "\u0FB9" \
+    "\u1F71" \
+    "\u1F73" \
+    "\u1F75" \
+    "\u1F77" \
+    "\u1F79" \
+    "\u1F7B" \
+    "\u1F7D" \
+    "\u1FBB" \
+    "\u1FBE" \
+    "\u1FC9" \
+    "\u1FCB" \
+    "\u1FD3" \
+    "\u1FDB" \
+    "\u1FE3" \
+    "\u1FEB" \
+    "\u1FEE\u1FEF" \
+    "\u1FF9" \
+    "\u1FFB" \
+    "\u1FFD" \
+    "\u2000\u2001" \
+    "\u2126" \
+    "\u212A\u212B" \
+    "\u2329\u232A" \
+    "\u2ADC" \
+    "\uF900-\uFA0D" \
+    "\uFA10" \
+    "\uFA12" \
+    "\uFA15-\uFA1E" \
+    "\uFA20" \
+    "\uFA22" \
+    "\uFA25\uFA26" \
+    "\uFA2A-\uFA6D" \
+    "\uFA70-\uFAD9" \
+    "\uFB1D" \
+    "\uFB1F" \
+    "\uFB2A-\uFB36" \
+    "\uFB38-\uFB3C" \
+    "\uFB3E" \
+    "\uFB40\uFB41" \
+    "\uFB43\uFB44" \
+    "\uFB46-\uFB4E" \
+    "\u{1D15E}-\u{1D164}" \
+    "\u{1D1BB}-\u{1D1C0}" \
     "\u{2F800}-\u{2FA1D}" \
     "]#{accents}*" \
     "|#{''  # composition starters and characters that can be the result of a composition
     }" \
-    "[<->A-PR-Za-pr-z\u00A8\u00C0-\u00CF\u00D1-\u00D6" \
-    "\u00D8-\u00DD\u00E0-\u00EF\u00F1-\u00F6\u00F8-\u00FD\u00FF-\u010F\u0112-\u0125\u0128-\u0130\u0134-\u0137" \
-    "\u0139-\u013E\u0143-\u0148\u014C-\u0151\u0154-\u0165\u0168-\u017F\u01A0\u01A1\u01AF\u01B0\u01B7" \
-    "\u01CD-\u01DC\u01DE-\u01E3\u01E6-\u01F0\u01F4\u01F5\u01F8-\u021B\u021E\u021F\u0226-\u0233\u0292" \
-    "\u0385\u0386\u0388-\u038A\u038C\u038E-\u0391\u0395\u0397\u0399\u039F" \
-    "\u03A1\u03A5\u03A9-\u03B1\u03B5\u03B7\u03B9\u03BF\u03C1" \
-    "\u03C5\u03C9-\u03CE\u03D2-\u03D4\u0400\u0401\u0403\u0406\u0407\u040C-\u040E\u0410" \
-    "\u0413\u0415-\u041A\u041E\u0423\u0427\u042B\u042D\u0430" \
-    "\u0433\u0435-\u043A\u043E\u0443\u0447\u044B\u044D\u0450\u0451" \
-    "\u0453\u0456\u0457\u045C-\u045E\u0474-\u0477\u04C1\u04C2\u04D0-\u04D3\u04D6-\u04DF\u04E2-\u04F5" \
-    "\u04F8\u04F9\u0622-\u0627\u0648\u064A\u06C0-\u06C2\u06D2\u06D3\u06D5\u0928\u0929" \
-    "\u0930\u0931\u0933\u0934\u09C7\u09CB\u09CC\u0B47\u0B48\u0B4B\u0B4C\u0B92\u0B94" \
-    "\u0BC6\u0BC7\u0BCA-\u0BCC\u0C46\u0C48\u0CBF\u0CC0\u0CC6-\u0CC8\u0CCA\u0CCB\u0D46\u0D47" \
-    "\u0D4A-\u0D4C\u0DD9\u0DDA\u0DDC-\u0DDE\u1025\u1026\u1B05-\u1B0E\u1B11\u1B12\u1B3A-\u1B43\u1E00-\u1E99" \
-    "\u1E9B\u1EA0-\u1EF9\u1F00-\u1F15\u1F18-\u1F1D\u1F20-\u1F45\u1F48-\u1F4D\u1F50-\u1F57\u1F59" \
-    "\u1F5B\u1F5D\u1F5F-\u1F70\u1F72\u1F74\u1F76\u1F78\u1F7A" \
-    "\u1F7C\u1F80-\u1FB4\u1FB6-\u1FBA\u1FBC\u1FBF\u1FC1-\u1FC4\u1FC6-\u1FC8\u1FCA" \
-    "\u1FCC-\u1FD2\u1FD6-\u1FDA\u1FDD-\u1FE2\u1FE4-\u1FEA\u1FEC\u1FED\u1FF2-\u1FF4\u1FF6-\u1FF8\u1FFA" \
-    "\u1FFC\u1FFE\u2190\u2192\u2194\u219A\u219B\u21AE\u21CD-\u21D0" \
-    "\u21D2\u21D4\u2203\u2204\u2208\u2209\u220B\u220C\u2223-\u2226\u223C\u2241" \
-    "\u2243-\u2245\u2247-\u2249\u224D\u2260-\u2262\u2264\u2265\u226D-\u227D\u2280-\u2289\u2291\u2292" \
-    "\u22A2\u22A8\u22A9\u22AB-\u22AF\u22B2-\u22B5\u22E0-\u22E3\u22EA-\u22ED\u3046\u304B-\u3062" \
-    "\u3064-\u3069\u306F-\u307D\u3094\u309D\u309E\u30A6\u30AB-\u30C2\u30C4-\u30C9\u30CF-\u30DD" \
-    "\u30EF-\u30F2\u30F4\u30F7-\u30FA\u30FD\u30FE\u{11099}-\u{1109C}\u{110A5}\u{110AB}\u{1112E}\u{1112F}" \
-    "\u{11131}\u{11132}\u{11347}\u{1134B}\u{1134C}\u{114B9}\u{114BB}\u{114BC}\u{114BE}\u{115B8}-\u{115BB}" \
+    "[<->" \
+    "A-P" \
+    "R-Z" \
+    "a-p" \
+    "r-z" \
+    "\u00A8" \
+    "\u00C0-\u00CF" \
+    "\u00D1-\u00D6" \
+    "\u00D8-\u00DD" \
+    "\u00E0-\u00EF" \
+    "\u00F1-\u00F6" \
+    "\u00F8-\u00FD" \
+    "\u00FF-\u010F" \
+    "\u0112-\u0125" \
+    "\u0128-\u0130" \
+    "\u0134-\u0137" \
+    "\u0139-\u013E" \
+    "\u0143-\u0148" \
+    "\u014C-\u0151" \
+    "\u0154-\u0165" \
+    "\u0168-\u017F" \
+    "\u01A0\u01A1" \
+    "\u01AF\u01B0" \
+    "\u01B7" \
+    "\u01CD-\u01DC" \
+    "\u01DE-\u01E3" \
+    "\u01E6-\u01F0" \
+    "\u01F4\u01F5" \
+    "\u01F8-\u021B" \
+    "\u021E\u021F" \
+    "\u0226-\u0233" \
+    "\u0292" \
+    "\u0385\u0386" \
+    "\u0388-\u038A" \
+    "\u038C" \
+    "\u038E-\u0391" \
+    "\u0395" \
+    "\u0397" \
+    "\u0399" \
+    "\u039F" \
+    "\u03A1" \
+    "\u03A5" \
+    "\u03A9-\u03B1" \
+    "\u03B5" \
+    "\u03B7" \
+    "\u03B9" \
+    "\u03BF" \
+    "\u03C1" \
+    "\u03C5" \
+    "\u03C9-\u03CE" \
+    "\u03D2-\u03D4" \
+    "\u0400\u0401" \
+    "\u0403" \
+    "\u0406\u0407" \
+    "\u040C-\u040E" \
+    "\u0410" \
+    "\u0413" \
+    "\u0415-\u041A" \
+    "\u041E" \
+    "\u0423" \
+    "\u0427" \
+    "\u042B" \
+    "\u042D" \
+    "\u0430" \
+    "\u0433" \
+    "\u0435-\u043A" \
+    "\u043E" \
+    "\u0443" \
+    "\u0447" \
+    "\u044B" \
+    "\u044D" \
+    "\u0450\u0451" \
+    "\u0453" \
+    "\u0456\u0457" \
+    "\u045C-\u045E" \
+    "\u0474-\u0477" \
+    "\u04C1\u04C2" \
+    "\u04D0-\u04D3" \
+    "\u04D6-\u04DF" \
+    "\u04E2-\u04F5" \
+    "\u04F8\u04F9" \
+    "\u0622-\u0627" \
+    "\u0648" \
+    "\u064A" \
+    "\u06C0-\u06C2" \
+    "\u06D2\u06D3" \
+    "\u06D5" \
+    "\u0928\u0929" \
+    "\u0930\u0931" \
+    "\u0933\u0934" \
+    "\u09C7" \
+    "\u09CB\u09CC" \
+    "\u0B47\u0B48" \
+    "\u0B4B\u0B4C" \
+    "\u0B92" \
+    "\u0B94" \
+    "\u0BC6\u0BC7" \
+    "\u0BCA-\u0BCC" \
+    "\u0C46" \
+    "\u0C48" \
+    "\u0CBF\u0CC0" \
+    "\u0CC6-\u0CC8" \
+    "\u0CCA\u0CCB" \
+    "\u0D46\u0D47" \
+    "\u0D4A-\u0D4C" \
+    "\u0DD9\u0DDA" \
+    "\u0DDC-\u0DDE" \
+    "\u1025\u1026" \
+    "\u1B05-\u1B0E" \
+    "\u1B11\u1B12" \
+    "\u1B3A-\u1B43" \
+    "\u1E00-\u1E99" \
+    "\u1E9B" \
+    "\u1EA0-\u1EF9" \
+    "\u1F00-\u1F15" \
+    "\u1F18-\u1F1D" \
+    "\u1F20-\u1F45" \
+    "\u1F48-\u1F4D" \
+    "\u1F50-\u1F57" \
+    "\u1F59" \
+    "\u1F5B" \
+    "\u1F5D" \
+    "\u1F5F-\u1F70" \
+    "\u1F72" \
+    "\u1F74" \
+    "\u1F76" \
+    "\u1F78" \
+    "\u1F7A" \
+    "\u1F7C" \
+    "\u1F80-\u1FB4" \
+    "\u1FB6-\u1FBA" \
+    "\u1FBC" \
+    "\u1FBF" \
+    "\u1FC1-\u1FC4" \
+    "\u1FC6-\u1FC8" \
+    "\u1FCA" \
+    "\u1FCC-\u1FD2" \
+    "\u1FD6-\u1FDA" \
+    "\u1FDD-\u1FE2" \
+    "\u1FE4-\u1FEA" \
+    "\u1FEC\u1FED" \
+    "\u1FF2-\u1FF4" \
+    "\u1FF6-\u1FF8" \
+    "\u1FFA" \
+    "\u1FFC" \
+    "\u1FFE" \
+    "\u2190" \
+    "\u2192" \
+    "\u2194" \
+    "\u219A\u219B" \
+    "\u21AE" \
+    "\u21CD-\u21D0" \
+    "\u21D2" \
+    "\u21D4" \
+    "\u2203\u2204" \
+    "\u2208\u2209" \
+    "\u220B\u220C" \
+    "\u2223-\u2226" \
+    "\u223C" \
+    "\u2241" \
+    "\u2243-\u2245" \
+    "\u2247-\u2249" \
+    "\u224D" \
+    "\u2260-\u2262" \
+    "\u2264\u2265" \
+    "\u226D-\u227D" \
+    "\u2280-\u2289" \
+    "\u2291\u2292" \
+    "\u22A2" \
+    "\u22A8\u22A9" \
+    "\u22AB-\u22AF" \
+    "\u22B2-\u22B5" \
+    "\u22E0-\u22E3" \
+    "\u22EA-\u22ED" \
+    "\u3046" \
+    "\u304B-\u3062" \
+    "\u3064-\u3069" \
+    "\u306F-\u307D" \
+    "\u3094" \
+    "\u309D\u309E" \
+    "\u30A6" \
+    "\u30AB-\u30C2" \
+    "\u30C4-\u30C9" \
+    "\u30CF-\u30DD" \
+    "\u30EF-\u30F2" \
+    "\u30F4" \
+    "\u30F7-\u30FA" \
+    "\u30FD\u30FE" \
+    "\u{11099}-\u{1109C}" \
+    "\u{110A5}" \
+    "\u{110AB}" \
+    "\u{1112E}\u{1112F}" \
+    "\u{11131}\u{11132}" \
+    "\u{11347}" \
+    "\u{1134B}\u{1134C}" \
+    "\u{114B9}" \
+    "\u{114BB}\u{114BC}" \
+    "\u{114BE}" \
+    "\u{115B8}-\u{115BB}" \
     "]?#{accents}+" \
     "|#{''  # Hangul syllables with separate trailer
     }" \
-    "[\uAC00\uAC1C\uAC38\uAC54\uAC70\uAC8C\uACA8\uACC4" \
-    "\uACE0\uACFC\uAD18\uAD34\uAD50\uAD6C\uAD88\uADA4" \
-    "\uADC0\uADDC\uADF8\uAE14\uAE30\uAE4C\uAE68\uAE84" \
-    "\uAEA0\uAEBC\uAED8\uAEF4\uAF10\uAF2C\uAF48\uAF64" \
-    "\uAF80\uAF9C\uAFB8\uAFD4\uAFF0\uB00C\uB028\uB044" \
-    "\uB060\uB07C\uB098\uB0B4\uB0D0\uB0EC\uB108\uB124" \
-    "\uB140\uB15C\uB178\uB194\uB1B0\uB1CC\uB1E8\uB204" \
-    "\uB220\uB23C\uB258\uB274\uB290\uB2AC\uB2C8\uB2E4" \
-    "\uB300\uB31C\uB338\uB354\uB370\uB38C\uB3A8\uB3C4" \
-    "\uB3E0\uB3FC\uB418\uB434\uB450\uB46C\uB488\uB4A4" \
-    "\uB4C0\uB4DC\uB4F8\uB514\uB530\uB54C\uB568\uB584" \
-    "\uB5A0\uB5BC\uB5D8\uB5F4\uB610\uB62C\uB648\uB664" \
-    "\uB680\uB69C\uB6B8\uB6D4\uB6F0\uB70C\uB728\uB744" \
-    "\uB760\uB77C\uB798\uB7B4\uB7D0\uB7EC\uB808\uB824" \
-    "\uB840\uB85C\uB878\uB894\uB8B0\uB8CC\uB8E8\uB904" \
-    "\uB920\uB93C\uB958\uB974\uB990\uB9AC\uB9C8\uB9E4" \
-    "\uBA00\uBA1C\uBA38\uBA54\uBA70\uBA8C\uBAA8\uBAC4" \
-    "\uBAE0\uBAFC\uBB18\uBB34\uBB50\uBB6C\uBB88\uBBA4" \
-    "\uBBC0\uBBDC\uBBF8\uBC14\uBC30\uBC4C\uBC68\uBC84" \
-    "\uBCA0\uBCBC\uBCD8\uBCF4\uBD10\uBD2C\uBD48\uBD64" \
-    "\uBD80\uBD9C\uBDB8\uBDD4\uBDF0\uBE0C\uBE28\uBE44" \
-    "\uBE60\uBE7C\uBE98\uBEB4\uBED0\uBEEC\uBF08\uBF24" \
-    "\uBF40\uBF5C\uBF78\uBF94\uBFB0\uBFCC\uBFE8\uC004" \
-    "\uC020\uC03C\uC058\uC074\uC090\uC0AC\uC0C8\uC0E4" \
-    "\uC100\uC11C\uC138\uC154\uC170\uC18C\uC1A8\uC1C4" \
-    "\uC1E0\uC1FC\uC218\uC234\uC250\uC26C\uC288\uC2A4" \
-    "\uC2C0\uC2DC\uC2F8\uC314\uC330\uC34C\uC368\uC384" \
-    "\uC3A0\uC3BC\uC3D8\uC3F4\uC410\uC42C\uC448\uC464" \
-    "\uC480\uC49C\uC4B8\uC4D4\uC4F0\uC50C\uC528\uC544" \
-    "\uC560\uC57C\uC598\uC5B4\uC5D0\uC5EC\uC608\uC624" \
-    "\uC640\uC65C\uC678\uC694\uC6B0\uC6CC\uC6E8\uC704" \
-    "\uC720\uC73C\uC758\uC774\uC790\uC7AC\uC7C8\uC7E4" \
-    "\uC800\uC81C\uC838\uC854\uC870\uC88C\uC8A8\uC8C4" \
-    "\uC8E0\uC8FC\uC918\uC934\uC950\uC96C\uC988\uC9A4" \
-    "\uC9C0\uC9DC\uC9F8\uCA14\uCA30\uCA4C\uCA68\uCA84" \
-    "\uCAA0\uCABC\uCAD8\uCAF4\uCB10\uCB2C\uCB48\uCB64" \
-    "\uCB80\uCB9C\uCBB8\uCBD4\uCBF0\uCC0C\uCC28\uCC44" \
-    "\uCC60\uCC7C\uCC98\uCCB4\uCCD0\uCCEC\uCD08\uCD24" \
-    "\uCD40\uCD5C\uCD78\uCD94\uCDB0\uCDCC\uCDE8\uCE04" \
-    "\uCE20\uCE3C\uCE58\uCE74\uCE90\uCEAC\uCEC8\uCEE4" \
-    "\uCF00\uCF1C\uCF38\uCF54\uCF70\uCF8C\uCFA8\uCFC4" \
-    "\uCFE0\uCFFC\uD018\uD034\uD050\uD06C\uD088\uD0A4" \
-    "\uD0C0\uD0DC\uD0F8\uD114\uD130\uD14C\uD168\uD184" \
-    "\uD1A0\uD1BC\uD1D8\uD1F4\uD210\uD22C\uD248\uD264" \
-    "\uD280\uD29C\uD2B8\uD2D4\uD2F0\uD30C\uD328\uD344" \
-    "\uD360\uD37C\uD398\uD3B4\uD3D0\uD3EC\uD408\uD424" \
-    "\uD440\uD45C\uD478\uD494\uD4B0\uD4CC\uD4E8\uD504" \
-    "\uD520\uD53C\uD558\uD574\uD590\uD5AC\uD5C8\uD5E4" \
-    "\uD600\uD61C\uD638\uD654\uD670\uD68C\uD6A8\uD6C4" \
-    "\uD6E0\uD6FC\uD718\uD734\uD750\uD76C\uD788" \
+    "[\uAC00" \
+    "\uAC1C" \
+    "\uAC38" \
+    "\uAC54" \
+    "\uAC70" \
+    "\uAC8C" \
+    "\uACA8" \
+    "\uACC4" \
+    "\uACE0" \
+    "\uACFC" \
+    "\uAD18" \
+    "\uAD34" \
+    "\uAD50" \
+    "\uAD6C" \
+    "\uAD88" \
+    "\uADA4" \
+    "\uADC0" \
+    "\uADDC" \
+    "\uADF8" \
+    "\uAE14" \
+    "\uAE30" \
+    "\uAE4C" \
+    "\uAE68" \
+    "\uAE84" \
+    "\uAEA0" \
+    "\uAEBC" \
+    "\uAED8" \
+    "\uAEF4" \
+    "\uAF10" \
+    "\uAF2C" \
+    "\uAF48" \
+    "\uAF64" \
+    "\uAF80" \
+    "\uAF9C" \
+    "\uAFB8" \
+    "\uAFD4" \
+    "\uAFF0" \
+    "\uB00C" \
+    "\uB028" \
+    "\uB044" \
+    "\uB060" \
+    "\uB07C" \
+    "\uB098" \
+    "\uB0B4" \
+    "\uB0D0" \
+    "\uB0EC" \
+    "\uB108" \
+    "\uB124" \
+    "\uB140" \
+    "\uB15C" \
+    "\uB178" \
+    "\uB194" \
+    "\uB1B0" \
+    "\uB1CC" \
+    "\uB1E8" \
+    "\uB204" \
+    "\uB220" \
+    "\uB23C" \
+    "\uB258" \
+    "\uB274" \
+    "\uB290" \
+    "\uB2AC" \
+    "\uB2C8" \
+    "\uB2E4" \
+    "\uB300" \
+    "\uB31C" \
+    "\uB338" \
+    "\uB354" \
+    "\uB370" \
+    "\uB38C" \
+    "\uB3A8" \
+    "\uB3C4" \
+    "\uB3E0" \
+    "\uB3FC" \
+    "\uB418" \
+    "\uB434" \
+    "\uB450" \
+    "\uB46C" \
+    "\uB488" \
+    "\uB4A4" \
+    "\uB4C0" \
+    "\uB4DC" \
+    "\uB4F8" \
+    "\uB514" \
+    "\uB530" \
+    "\uB54C" \
+    "\uB568" \
+    "\uB584" \
+    "\uB5A0" \
+    "\uB5BC" \
+    "\uB5D8" \
+    "\uB5F4" \
+    "\uB610" \
+    "\uB62C" \
+    "\uB648" \
+    "\uB664" \
+    "\uB680" \
+    "\uB69C" \
+    "\uB6B8" \
+    "\uB6D4" \
+    "\uB6F0" \
+    "\uB70C" \
+    "\uB728" \
+    "\uB744" \
+    "\uB760" \
+    "\uB77C" \
+    "\uB798" \
+    "\uB7B4" \
+    "\uB7D0" \
+    "\uB7EC" \
+    "\uB808" \
+    "\uB824" \
+    "\uB840" \
+    "\uB85C" \
+    "\uB878" \
+    "\uB894" \
+    "\uB8B0" \
+    "\uB8CC" \
+    "\uB8E8" \
+    "\uB904" \
+    "\uB920" \
+    "\uB93C" \
+    "\uB958" \
+    "\uB974" \
+    "\uB990" \
+    "\uB9AC" \
+    "\uB9C8" \
+    "\uB9E4" \
+    "\uBA00" \
+    "\uBA1C" \
+    "\uBA38" \
+    "\uBA54" \
+    "\uBA70" \
+    "\uBA8C" \
+    "\uBAA8" \
+    "\uBAC4" \
+    "\uBAE0" \
+    "\uBAFC" \
+    "\uBB18" \
+    "\uBB34" \
+    "\uBB50" \
+    "\uBB6C" \
+    "\uBB88" \
+    "\uBBA4" \
+    "\uBBC0" \
+    "\uBBDC" \
+    "\uBBF8" \
+    "\uBC14" \
+    "\uBC30" \
+    "\uBC4C" \
+    "\uBC68" \
+    "\uBC84" \
+    "\uBCA0" \
+    "\uBCBC" \
+    "\uBCD8" \
+    "\uBCF4" \
+    "\uBD10" \
+    "\uBD2C" \
+    "\uBD48" \
+    "\uBD64" \
+    "\uBD80" \
+    "\uBD9C" \
+    "\uBDB8" \
+    "\uBDD4" \
+    "\uBDF0" \
+    "\uBE0C" \
+    "\uBE28" \
+    "\uBE44" \
+    "\uBE60" \
+    "\uBE7C" \
+    "\uBE98" \
+    "\uBEB4" \
+    "\uBED0" \
+    "\uBEEC" \
+    "\uBF08" \
+    "\uBF24" \
+    "\uBF40" \
+    "\uBF5C" \
+    "\uBF78" \
+    "\uBF94" \
+    "\uBFB0" \
+    "\uBFCC" \
+    "\uBFE8" \
+    "\uC004" \
+    "\uC020" \
+    "\uC03C" \
+    "\uC058" \
+    "\uC074" \
+    "\uC090" \
+    "\uC0AC" \
+    "\uC0C8" \
+    "\uC0E4" \
+    "\uC100" \
+    "\uC11C" \
+    "\uC138" \
+    "\uC154" \
+    "\uC170" \
+    "\uC18C" \
+    "\uC1A8" \
+    "\uC1C4" \
+    "\uC1E0" \
+    "\uC1FC" \
+    "\uC218" \
+    "\uC234" \
+    "\uC250" \
+    "\uC26C" \
+    "\uC288" \
+    "\uC2A4" \
+    "\uC2C0" \
+    "\uC2DC" \
+    "\uC2F8" \
+    "\uC314" \
+    "\uC330" \
+    "\uC34C" \
+    "\uC368" \
+    "\uC384" \
+    "\uC3A0" \
+    "\uC3BC" \
+    "\uC3D8" \
+    "\uC3F4" \
+    "\uC410" \
+    "\uC42C" \
+    "\uC448" \
+    "\uC464" \
+    "\uC480" \
+    "\uC49C" \
+    "\uC4B8" \
+    "\uC4D4" \
+    "\uC4F0" \
+    "\uC50C" \
+    "\uC528" \
+    "\uC544" \
+    "\uC560" \
+    "\uC57C" \
+    "\uC598" \
+    "\uC5B4" \
+    "\uC5D0" \
+    "\uC5EC" \
+    "\uC608" \
+    "\uC624" \
+    "\uC640" \
+    "\uC65C" \
+    "\uC678" \
+    "\uC694" \
+    "\uC6B0" \
+    "\uC6CC" \
+    "\uC6E8" \
+    "\uC704" \
+    "\uC720" \
+    "\uC73C" \
+    "\uC758" \
+    "\uC774" \
+    "\uC790" \
+    "\uC7AC" \
+    "\uC7C8" \
+    "\uC7E4" \
+    "\uC800" \
+    "\uC81C" \
+    "\uC838" \
+    "\uC854" \
+    "\uC870" \
+    "\uC88C" \
+    "\uC8A8" \
+    "\uC8C4" \
+    "\uC8E0" \
+    "\uC8FC" \
+    "\uC918" \
+    "\uC934" \
+    "\uC950" \
+    "\uC96C" \
+    "\uC988" \
+    "\uC9A4" \
+    "\uC9C0" \
+    "\uC9DC" \
+    "\uC9F8" \
+    "\uCA14" \
+    "\uCA30" \
+    "\uCA4C" \
+    "\uCA68" \
+    "\uCA84" \
+    "\uCAA0" \
+    "\uCABC" \
+    "\uCAD8" \
+    "\uCAF4" \
+    "\uCB10" \
+    "\uCB2C" \
+    "\uCB48" \
+    "\uCB64" \
+    "\uCB80" \
+    "\uCB9C" \
+    "\uCBB8" \
+    "\uCBD4" \
+    "\uCBF0" \
+    "\uCC0C" \
+    "\uCC28" \
+    "\uCC44" \
+    "\uCC60" \
+    "\uCC7C" \
+    "\uCC98" \
+    "\uCCB4" \
+    "\uCCD0" \
+    "\uCCEC" \
+    "\uCD08" \
+    "\uCD24" \
+    "\uCD40" \
+    "\uCD5C" \
+    "\uCD78" \
+    "\uCD94" \
+    "\uCDB0" \
+    "\uCDCC" \
+    "\uCDE8" \
+    "\uCE04" \
+    "\uCE20" \
+    "\uCE3C" \
+    "\uCE58" \
+    "\uCE74" \
+    "\uCE90" \
+    "\uCEAC" \
+    "\uCEC8" \
+    "\uCEE4" \
+    "\uCF00" \
+    "\uCF1C" \
+    "\uCF38" \
+    "\uCF54" \
+    "\uCF70" \
+    "\uCF8C" \
+    "\uCFA8" \
+    "\uCFC4" \
+    "\uCFE0" \
+    "\uCFFC" \
+    "\uD018" \
+    "\uD034" \
+    "\uD050" \
+    "\uD06C" \
+    "\uD088" \
+    "\uD0A4" \
+    "\uD0C0" \
+    "\uD0DC" \
+    "\uD0F8" \
+    "\uD114" \
+    "\uD130" \
+    "\uD14C" \
+    "\uD168" \
+    "\uD184" \
+    "\uD1A0" \
+    "\uD1BC" \
+    "\uD1D8" \
+    "\uD1F4" \
+    "\uD210" \
+    "\uD22C" \
+    "\uD248" \
+    "\uD264" \
+    "\uD280" \
+    "\uD29C" \
+    "\uD2B8" \
+    "\uD2D4" \
+    "\uD2F0" \
+    "\uD30C" \
+    "\uD328" \
+    "\uD344" \
+    "\uD360" \
+    "\uD37C" \
+    "\uD398" \
+    "\uD3B4" \
+    "\uD3D0" \
+    "\uD3EC" \
+    "\uD408" \
+    "\uD424" \
+    "\uD440" \
+    "\uD45C" \
+    "\uD478" \
+    "\uD494" \
+    "\uD4B0" \
+    "\uD4CC" \
+    "\uD4E8" \
+    "\uD504" \
+    "\uD520" \
+    "\uD53C" \
+    "\uD558" \
+    "\uD574" \
+    "\uD590" \
+    "\uD5AC" \
+    "\uD5C8" \
+    "\uD5E4" \
+    "\uD600" \
+    "\uD61C" \
+    "\uD638" \
+    "\uD654" \
+    "\uD670" \
+    "\uD68C" \
+    "\uD6A8" \
+    "\uD6C4" \
+    "\uD6E0" \
+    "\uD6FC" \
+    "\uD718" \
+    "\uD734" \
+    "\uD750" \
+    "\uD76C" \
+    "\uD788" \
     "][\u11A8-\u11C2]" \
     "|#{''  # decomposed Hangul syllables
     }" \
     "[\u1100-\u1112][\u1161-\u1175][\u11A8-\u11C2]?"
   REGEXP_K_STRING = "" \
-    "[\u00A0\u00A8\u00AA\u00AF\u00B2-\u00B5\u00B8-\u00BA\u00BC-\u00BE\u0132\u0133" \
-    "\u013F\u0140\u0149\u017F\u01C4-\u01CC\u01F1-\u01F3\u02B0-\u02B8\u02D8-\u02DD\u02E0-\u02E4" \
-    "\u037A\u0384\u0385\u03D0-\u03D6\u03F0-\u03F2\u03F4\u03F5\u03F9\u0587\u0675-\u0678" \
-    "\u0E33\u0EB3\u0EDC\u0EDD\u0F0C\u0F77\u0F79\u10FC\u1D2C-\u1D2E" \
-    "\u1D30-\u1D3A\u1D3C-\u1D4D\u1D4F-\u1D6A\u1D78\u1D9B-\u1DBF\u1E9A\u1E9B\u1FBD\u1FBF-\u1FC1" \
-    "\u1FCD-\u1FCF\u1FDD-\u1FDF\u1FED\u1FEE\u1FFD\u1FFE\u2000-\u200A\u2011\u2017\u2024-\u2026" \
-    "\u202F\u2033\u2034\u2036\u2037\u203C\u203E\u2047-\u2049\u2057\u205F" \
-    "\u2070\u2071\u2074-\u208E\u2090-\u209C\u20A8\u2100-\u2103\u2105-\u2107\u2109-\u2113\u2115\u2116" \
-    "\u2119-\u211D\u2120-\u2122\u2124\u2128\u212C\u212D\u212F-\u2131\u2133-\u2139\u213B-\u2140" \
-    "\u2145-\u2149\u2150-\u217F\u2189\u222C\u222D\u222F\u2230\u2460-\u24EA\u2A0C\u2A74-\u2A76" \
-    "\u2C7C\u2C7D\u2D6F\u2E9F\u2EF3\u2F00-\u2FD5\u3000\u3036\u3038-\u303A" \
-    "\u309B\u309C\u309F\u30FF\u3131-\u318E\u3192-\u319F\u3200-\u321E\u3220-\u3247\u3250-\u327E" \
-    "\u3280-\u32FE\u3300-\u33FF\uA69C\uA69D\uA770\uA7F8\uA7F9\uAB5C-\uAB5F\uFB00-\uFB06\uFB13-\uFB17" \
-    "\uFB20-\uFB29\uFB4F-\uFBB1\uFBD3-\uFD3D\uFD50-\uFD8F\uFD92-\uFDC7\uFDF0-\uFDFC\uFE10-\uFE19\uFE30-\uFE44" \
-    "\uFE47-\uFE52\uFE54-\uFE66\uFE68-\uFE6B\uFE70-\uFE72\uFE74\uFE76-\uFEFC\uFF01-\uFFBE\uFFC2-\uFFC7" \
-    "\uFFCA-\uFFCF\uFFD2-\uFFD7\uFFDA-\uFFDC\uFFE0-\uFFE6\uFFE8-\uFFEE\u{1D400}-\u{1D454}\u{1D456}-\u{1D49C}\u{1D49E}\u{1D49F}" \
-    "\u{1D4A2}\u{1D4A5}\u{1D4A6}\u{1D4A9}-\u{1D4AC}\u{1D4AE}-\u{1D4B9}\u{1D4BB}\u{1D4BD}-\u{1D4C3}\u{1D4C5}-\u{1D505}\u{1D507}-\u{1D50A}" \
-    "\u{1D50D}-\u{1D514}\u{1D516}-\u{1D51C}\u{1D51E}-\u{1D539}\u{1D53B}-\u{1D53E}\u{1D540}-\u{1D544}\u{1D546}\u{1D54A}-\u{1D550}\u{1D552}-\u{1D6A5}" \
-    "\u{1D6A8}-\u{1D7CB}\u{1D7CE}-\u{1D7FF}\u{1EE00}-\u{1EE03}\u{1EE05}-\u{1EE1F}\u{1EE21}\u{1EE22}\u{1EE24}\u{1EE27}\u{1EE29}-\u{1EE32}" \
-    "\u{1EE34}-\u{1EE37}\u{1EE39}\u{1EE3B}\u{1EE42}\u{1EE47}\u{1EE49}\u{1EE4B}\u{1EE4D}-\u{1EE4F}" \
-    "\u{1EE51}\u{1EE52}\u{1EE54}\u{1EE57}\u{1EE59}\u{1EE5B}\u{1EE5D}\u{1EE5F}\u{1EE61}\u{1EE62}" \
-    "\u{1EE64}\u{1EE67}-\u{1EE6A}\u{1EE6C}-\u{1EE72}\u{1EE74}-\u{1EE77}\u{1EE79}-\u{1EE7C}\u{1EE7E}\u{1EE80}-\u{1EE89}\u{1EE8B}-\u{1EE9B}" \
-    "\u{1EEA1}-\u{1EEA3}\u{1EEA5}-\u{1EEA9}\u{1EEAB}-\u{1EEBB}\u{1F100}-\u{1F10A}\u{1F110}-\u{1F12E}\u{1F130}-\u{1F14F}\u{1F16A}\u{1F16B}\u{1F190}" \
-    "\u{1F200}-\u{1F202}\u{1F210}-\u{1F23B}\u{1F240}-\u{1F248}\u{1F250}\u{1F251}" \
+    "[\u00A0" \
+    "\u00A8" \
+    "\u00AA" \
+    "\u00AF" \
+    "\u00B2-\u00B5" \
+    "\u00B8-\u00BA" \
+    "\u00BC-\u00BE" \
+    "\u0132\u0133" \
+    "\u013F\u0140" \
+    "\u0149" \
+    "\u017F" \
+    "\u01C4-\u01CC" \
+    "\u01F1-\u01F3" \
+    "\u02B0-\u02B8" \
+    "\u02D8-\u02DD" \
+    "\u02E0-\u02E4" \
+    "\u037A" \
+    "\u0384\u0385" \
+    "\u03D0-\u03D6" \
+    "\u03F0-\u03F2" \
+    "\u03F4\u03F5" \
+    "\u03F9" \
+    "\u0587" \
+    "\u0675-\u0678" \
+    "\u0E33" \
+    "\u0EB3" \
+    "\u0EDC\u0EDD" \
+    "\u0F0C" \
+    "\u0F77" \
+    "\u0F79" \
+    "\u10FC" \
+    "\u1D2C-\u1D2E" \
+    "\u1D30-\u1D3A" \
+    "\u1D3C-\u1D4D" \
+    "\u1D4F-\u1D6A" \
+    "\u1D78" \
+    "\u1D9B-\u1DBF" \
+    "\u1E9A\u1E9B" \
+    "\u1FBD" \
+    "\u1FBF-\u1FC1" \
+    "\u1FCD-\u1FCF" \
+    "\u1FDD-\u1FDF" \
+    "\u1FED\u1FEE" \
+    "\u1FFD\u1FFE" \
+    "\u2000-\u200A" \
+    "\u2011" \
+    "\u2017" \
+    "\u2024-\u2026" \
+    "\u202F" \
+    "\u2033\u2034" \
+    "\u2036\u2037" \
+    "\u203C" \
+    "\u203E" \
+    "\u2047-\u2049" \
+    "\u2057" \
+    "\u205F" \
+    "\u2070\u2071" \
+    "\u2074-\u208E" \
+    "\u2090-\u209C" \
+    "\u20A8" \
+    "\u2100-\u2103" \
+    "\u2105-\u2107" \
+    "\u2109-\u2113" \
+    "\u2115\u2116" \
+    "\u2119-\u211D" \
+    "\u2120-\u2122" \
+    "\u2124" \
+    "\u2128" \
+    "\u212C\u212D" \
+    "\u212F-\u2131" \
+    "\u2133-\u2139" \
+    "\u213B-\u2140" \
+    "\u2145-\u2149" \
+    "\u2150-\u217F" \
+    "\u2189" \
+    "\u222C\u222D" \
+    "\u222F\u2230" \
+    "\u2460-\u24EA" \
+    "\u2A0C" \
+    "\u2A74-\u2A76" \
+    "\u2C7C\u2C7D" \
+    "\u2D6F" \
+    "\u2E9F" \
+    "\u2EF3" \
+    "\u2F00-\u2FD5" \
+    "\u3000" \
+    "\u3036" \
+    "\u3038-\u303A" \
+    "\u309B\u309C" \
+    "\u309F" \
+    "\u30FF" \
+    "\u3131-\u318E" \
+    "\u3192-\u319F" \
+    "\u3200-\u321E" \
+    "\u3220-\u3247" \
+    "\u3250-\u327E" \
+    "\u3280-\u33FF" \
+    "\uA69C\uA69D" \
+    "\uA770" \
+    "\uA7F8\uA7F9" \
+    "\uAB5C-\uAB5F" \
+    "\uFB00-\uFB06" \
+    "\uFB13-\uFB17" \
+    "\uFB20-\uFB29" \
+    "\uFB4F-\uFBB1" \
+    "\uFBD3-\uFD3D" \
+    "\uFD50-\uFD8F" \
+    "\uFD92-\uFDC7" \
+    "\uFDF0-\uFDFC" \
+    "\uFE10-\uFE19" \
+    "\uFE30-\uFE44" \
+    "\uFE47-\uFE52" \
+    "\uFE54-\uFE66" \
+    "\uFE68-\uFE6B" \
+    "\uFE70-\uFE72" \
+    "\uFE74" \
+    "\uFE76-\uFEFC" \
+    "\uFF01-\uFFBE" \
+    "\uFFC2-\uFFC7" \
+    "\uFFCA-\uFFCF" \
+    "\uFFD2-\uFFD7" \
+    "\uFFDA-\uFFDC" \
+    "\uFFE0-\uFFE6" \
+    "\uFFE8-\uFFEE" \
+    "\u{1D400}-\u{1D454}" \
+    "\u{1D456}-\u{1D49C}" \
+    "\u{1D49E}\u{1D49F}" \
+    "\u{1D4A2}" \
+    "\u{1D4A5}\u{1D4A6}" \
+    "\u{1D4A9}-\u{1D4AC}" \
+    "\u{1D4AE}-\u{1D4B9}" \
+    "\u{1D4BB}" \
+    "\u{1D4BD}-\u{1D4C3}" \
+    "\u{1D4C5}-\u{1D505}" \
+    "\u{1D507}-\u{1D50A}" \
+    "\u{1D50D}-\u{1D514}" \
+    "\u{1D516}-\u{1D51C}" \
+    "\u{1D51E}-\u{1D539}" \
+    "\u{1D53B}-\u{1D53E}" \
+    "\u{1D540}-\u{1D544}" \
+    "\u{1D546}" \
+    "\u{1D54A}-\u{1D550}" \
+    "\u{1D552}-\u{1D6A5}" \
+    "\u{1D6A8}-\u{1D7CB}" \
+    "\u{1D7CE}-\u{1D7FF}" \
+    "\u{1EE00}-\u{1EE03}" \
+    "\u{1EE05}-\u{1EE1F}" \
+    "\u{1EE21}\u{1EE22}" \
+    "\u{1EE24}" \
+    "\u{1EE27}" \
+    "\u{1EE29}-\u{1EE32}" \
+    "\u{1EE34}-\u{1EE37}" \
+    "\u{1EE39}" \
+    "\u{1EE3B}" \
+    "\u{1EE42}" \
+    "\u{1EE47}" \
+    "\u{1EE49}" \
+    "\u{1EE4B}" \
+    "\u{1EE4D}-\u{1EE4F}" \
+    "\u{1EE51}\u{1EE52}" \
+    "\u{1EE54}" \
+    "\u{1EE57}" \
+    "\u{1EE59}" \
+    "\u{1EE5B}" \
+    "\u{1EE5D}" \
+    "\u{1EE5F}" \
+    "\u{1EE61}\u{1EE62}" \
+    "\u{1EE64}" \
+    "\u{1EE67}-\u{1EE6A}" \
+    "\u{1EE6C}-\u{1EE72}" \
+    "\u{1EE74}-\u{1EE77}" \
+    "\u{1EE79}-\u{1EE7C}" \
+    "\u{1EE7E}" \
+    "\u{1EE80}-\u{1EE89}" \
+    "\u{1EE8B}-\u{1EE9B}" \
+    "\u{1EEA1}-\u{1EEA3}" \
+    "\u{1EEA5}-\u{1EEA9}" \
+    "\u{1EEAB}-\u{1EEBB}" \
+    "\u{1F100}-\u{1F10A}" \
+    "\u{1F110}-\u{1F12E}" \
+    "\u{1F130}-\u{1F14F}" \
+    "\u{1F16A}-\u{1F16C}" \
+    "\u{1F190}" \
+    "\u{1F200}-\u{1F202}" \
+    "\u{1F210}-\u{1F23B}" \
+    "\u{1F240}-\u{1F248}" \
+    "\u{1F250}\u{1F251}" \
     "]"
 
   class_table = {
-    "\u0300"=>230, "\u0301"=>230, "\u0302"=>230, "\u0303"=>230, "\u0304"=>230, "\u0305"=>230, "\u0306"=>230, "\u0307"=>230,
-    "\u0308"=>230, "\u0309"=>230, "\u030A"=>230, "\u030B"=>230, "\u030C"=>230, "\u030D"=>230, "\u030E"=>230, "\u030F"=>230,
-    "\u0310"=>230, "\u0311"=>230, "\u0312"=>230, "\u0313"=>230, "\u0314"=>230, "\u0315"=>232, "\u0316"=>220, "\u0317"=>220,
-    "\u0318"=>220, "\u0319"=>220, "\u031A"=>232, "\u031B"=>216, "\u031C"=>220, "\u031D"=>220, "\u031E"=>220, "\u031F"=>220,
-    "\u0320"=>220, "\u0321"=>202, "\u0322"=>202, "\u0323"=>220, "\u0324"=>220, "\u0325"=>220, "\u0326"=>220, "\u0327"=>202,
-    "\u0328"=>202, "\u0329"=>220, "\u032A"=>220, "\u032B"=>220, "\u032C"=>220, "\u032D"=>220, "\u032E"=>220, "\u032F"=>220,
-    "\u0330"=>220, "\u0331"=>220, "\u0332"=>220, "\u0333"=>220, "\u0334"=>1, "\u0335"=>1, "\u0336"=>1, "\u0337"=>1,
-    "\u0338"=>1, "\u0339"=>220, "\u033A"=>220, "\u033B"=>220, "\u033C"=>220, "\u033D"=>230, "\u033E"=>230, "\u033F"=>230,
-    "\u0340"=>230, "\u0341"=>230, "\u0342"=>230, "\u0343"=>230, "\u0344"=>230, "\u0345"=>240, "\u0346"=>230, "\u0347"=>220,
-    "\u0348"=>220, "\u0349"=>220, "\u034A"=>230, "\u034B"=>230, "\u034C"=>230, "\u034D"=>220, "\u034E"=>220, "\u0350"=>230,
-    "\u0351"=>230, "\u0352"=>230, "\u0353"=>220, "\u0354"=>220, "\u0355"=>220, "\u0356"=>220, "\u0357"=>230, "\u0358"=>232,
-    "\u0359"=>220, "\u035A"=>220, "\u035B"=>230, "\u035C"=>233, "\u035D"=>234, "\u035E"=>234, "\u035F"=>233, "\u0360"=>234,
-    "\u0361"=>234, "\u0362"=>233, "\u0363"=>230, "\u0364"=>230, "\u0365"=>230, "\u0366"=>230, "\u0367"=>230, "\u0368"=>230,
-    "\u0369"=>230, "\u036A"=>230, "\u036B"=>230, "\u036C"=>230, "\u036D"=>230, "\u036E"=>230, "\u036F"=>230, "\u0483"=>230,
-    "\u0484"=>230, "\u0485"=>230, "\u0486"=>230, "\u0487"=>230, "\u0591"=>220, "\u0592"=>230, "\u0593"=>230, "\u0594"=>230,
-    "\u0595"=>230, "\u0596"=>220, "\u0597"=>230, "\u0598"=>230, "\u0599"=>230, "\u059A"=>222, "\u059B"=>220, "\u059C"=>230,
-    "\u059D"=>230, "\u059E"=>230, "\u059F"=>230, "\u05A0"=>230, "\u05A1"=>230, "\u05A2"=>220, "\u05A3"=>220, "\u05A4"=>220,
-    "\u05A5"=>220, "\u05A6"=>220, "\u05A7"=>220, "\u05A8"=>230, "\u05A9"=>230, "\u05AA"=>220, "\u05AB"=>230, "\u05AC"=>230,
-    "\u05AD"=>222, "\u05AE"=>228, "\u05AF"=>230, "\u05B0"=>10, "\u05B1"=>11, "\u05B2"=>12, "\u05B3"=>13, "\u05B4"=>14,
-    "\u05B5"=>15, "\u05B6"=>16, "\u05B7"=>17, "\u05B8"=>18, "\u05B9"=>19, "\u05BA"=>19, "\u05BB"=>20, "\u05BC"=>21,
-    "\u05BD"=>22, "\u05BF"=>23, "\u05C1"=>24, "\u05C2"=>25, "\u05C4"=>230, "\u05C5"=>220, "\u05C7"=>18, "\u0610"=>230,
-    "\u0611"=>230, "\u0612"=>230, "\u0613"=>230, "\u0614"=>230, "\u0615"=>230, "\u0616"=>230, "\u0617"=>230, "\u0618"=>30,
-    "\u0619"=>31, "\u061A"=>32, "\u064B"=>27, "\u064C"=>28, "\u064D"=>29, "\u064E"=>30, "\u064F"=>31, "\u0650"=>32,
-    "\u0651"=>33, "\u0652"=>34, "\u0653"=>230, "\u0654"=>230, "\u0655"=>220, "\u0656"=>220, "\u0657"=>230, "\u0658"=>230,
-    "\u0659"=>230, "\u065A"=>230, "\u065B"=>230, "\u065C"=>220, "\u065D"=>230, "\u065E"=>230, "\u065F"=>220, "\u0670"=>35,
-    "\u06D6"=>230, "\u06D7"=>230, "\u06D8"=>230, "\u06D9"=>230, "\u06DA"=>230, "\u06DB"=>230, "\u06DC"=>230, "\u06DF"=>230,
-    "\u06E0"=>230, "\u06E1"=>230, "\u06E2"=>230, "\u06E3"=>220, "\u06E4"=>230, "\u06E7"=>230, "\u06E8"=>230, "\u06EA"=>220,
-    "\u06EB"=>230, "\u06EC"=>230, "\u06ED"=>220, "\u0711"=>36, "\u0730"=>230, "\u0731"=>220, "\u0732"=>230, "\u0733"=>230,
-    "\u0734"=>220, "\u0735"=>230, "\u0736"=>230, "\u0737"=>220, "\u0738"=>220, "\u0739"=>220, "\u073A"=>230, "\u073B"=>220,
-    "\u073C"=>220, "\u073D"=>230, "\u073E"=>220, "\u073F"=>230, "\u0740"=>230, "\u0741"=>230, "\u0742"=>220, "\u0743"=>230,
-    "\u0744"=>220, "\u0745"=>230, "\u0746"=>220, "\u0747"=>230, "\u0748"=>220, "\u0749"=>230, "\u074A"=>230, "\u07EB"=>230,
-    "\u07EC"=>230, "\u07ED"=>230, "\u07EE"=>230, "\u07EF"=>230, "\u07F0"=>230, "\u07F1"=>230, "\u07F2"=>220, "\u07F3"=>230,
-    "\u0816"=>230, "\u0817"=>230, "\u0818"=>230, "\u0819"=>230, "\u081B"=>230, "\u081C"=>230, "\u081D"=>230, "\u081E"=>230,
-    "\u081F"=>230, "\u0820"=>230, "\u0821"=>230, "\u0822"=>230, "\u0823"=>230, "\u0825"=>230, "\u0826"=>230, "\u0827"=>230,
-    "\u0829"=>230, "\u082A"=>230, "\u082B"=>230, "\u082C"=>230, "\u082D"=>230, "\u0859"=>220, "\u085A"=>220, "\u085B"=>220,
-    "\u08D4"=>230, "\u08D5"=>230, "\u08D6"=>230, "\u08D7"=>230, "\u08D8"=>230, "\u08D9"=>230, "\u08DA"=>230, "\u08DB"=>230,
-    "\u08DC"=>230, "\u08DD"=>230, "\u08DE"=>230, "\u08DF"=>230, "\u08E0"=>230, "\u08E1"=>230, "\u08E3"=>220, "\u08E4"=>230,
-    "\u08E5"=>230, "\u08E6"=>220, "\u08E7"=>230, "\u08E8"=>230, "\u08E9"=>220, "\u08EA"=>230, "\u08EB"=>230, "\u08EC"=>230,
-    "\u08ED"=>220, "\u08EE"=>220, "\u08EF"=>220, "\u08F0"=>27, "\u08F1"=>28, "\u08F2"=>29, "\u08F3"=>230, "\u08F4"=>230,
-    "\u08F5"=>230, "\u08F6"=>220, "\u08F7"=>230, "\u08F8"=>230, "\u08F9"=>220, "\u08FA"=>220, "\u08FB"=>230, "\u08FC"=>230,
-    "\u08FD"=>230, "\u08FE"=>230, "\u08FF"=>230, "\u093C"=>7, "\u094D"=>9, "\u0951"=>230, "\u0952"=>220, "\u0953"=>230,
-    "\u0954"=>230, "\u09BC"=>7, "\u09CD"=>9, "\u0A3C"=>7, "\u0A4D"=>9, "\u0ABC"=>7, "\u0ACD"=>9, "\u0B3C"=>7,
-    "\u0B4D"=>9, "\u0BCD"=>9, "\u0C4D"=>9, "\u0C55"=>84, "\u0C56"=>91, "\u0CBC"=>7, "\u0CCD"=>9, "\u0D4D"=>9,
-    "\u0DCA"=>9, "\u0E38"=>103, "\u0E39"=>103, "\u0E3A"=>9, "\u0E48"=>107, "\u0E49"=>107, "\u0E4A"=>107, "\u0E4B"=>107,
-    "\u0EB8"=>118, "\u0EB9"=>118, "\u0EC8"=>122, "\u0EC9"=>122, "\u0ECA"=>122, "\u0ECB"=>122, "\u0F18"=>220, "\u0F19"=>220,
-    "\u0F35"=>220, "\u0F37"=>220, "\u0F39"=>216, "\u0F71"=>129, "\u0F72"=>130, "\u0F74"=>132, "\u0F7A"=>130, "\u0F7B"=>130,
-    "\u0F7C"=>130, "\u0F7D"=>130, "\u0F80"=>130, "\u0F82"=>230, "\u0F83"=>230, "\u0F84"=>9, "\u0F86"=>230, "\u0F87"=>230,
-    "\u0FC6"=>220, "\u1037"=>7, "\u1039"=>9, "\u103A"=>9, "\u108D"=>220, "\u135D"=>230, "\u135E"=>230, "\u135F"=>230,
-    "\u1714"=>9, "\u1734"=>9, "\u17D2"=>9, "\u17DD"=>230, "\u18A9"=>228, "\u1939"=>222, "\u193A"=>230, "\u193B"=>220,
-    "\u1A17"=>230, "\u1A18"=>220, "\u1A60"=>9, "\u1A75"=>230, "\u1A76"=>230, "\u1A77"=>230, "\u1A78"=>230, "\u1A79"=>230,
-    "\u1A7A"=>230, "\u1A7B"=>230, "\u1A7C"=>230, "\u1A7F"=>220, "\u1AB0"=>230, "\u1AB1"=>230, "\u1AB2"=>230, "\u1AB3"=>230,
-    "\u1AB4"=>230, "\u1AB5"=>220, "\u1AB6"=>220, "\u1AB7"=>220, "\u1AB8"=>220, "\u1AB9"=>220, "\u1ABA"=>220, "\u1ABB"=>230,
-    "\u1ABC"=>230, "\u1ABD"=>220, "\u1B34"=>7, "\u1B44"=>9, "\u1B6B"=>230, "\u1B6C"=>220, "\u1B6D"=>230, "\u1B6E"=>230,
-    "\u1B6F"=>230, "\u1B70"=>230, "\u1B71"=>230, "\u1B72"=>230, "\u1B73"=>230, "\u1BAA"=>9, "\u1BAB"=>9, "\u1BE6"=>7,
-    "\u1BF2"=>9, "\u1BF3"=>9, "\u1C37"=>7, "\u1CD0"=>230, "\u1CD1"=>230, "\u1CD2"=>230, "\u1CD4"=>1, "\u1CD5"=>220,
-    "\u1CD6"=>220, "\u1CD7"=>220, "\u1CD8"=>220, "\u1CD9"=>220, "\u1CDA"=>230, "\u1CDB"=>230, "\u1CDC"=>220, "\u1CDD"=>220,
-    "\u1CDE"=>220, "\u1CDF"=>220, "\u1CE0"=>230, "\u1CE2"=>1, "\u1CE3"=>1, "\u1CE4"=>1, "\u1CE5"=>1, "\u1CE6"=>1,
-    "\u1CE7"=>1, "\u1CE8"=>1, "\u1CED"=>220, "\u1CF4"=>230, "\u1CF8"=>230, "\u1CF9"=>230, "\u1DC0"=>230, "\u1DC1"=>230,
-    "\u1DC2"=>220, "\u1DC3"=>230, "\u1DC4"=>230, "\u1DC5"=>230, "\u1DC6"=>230, "\u1DC7"=>230, "\u1DC8"=>230, "\u1DC9"=>230,
-    "\u1DCA"=>220, "\u1DCB"=>230, "\u1DCC"=>230, "\u1DCD"=>234, "\u1DCE"=>214, "\u1DCF"=>220, "\u1DD0"=>202, "\u1DD1"=>230,
-    "\u1DD2"=>230, "\u1DD3"=>230, "\u1DD4"=>230, "\u1DD5"=>230, "\u1DD6"=>230, "\u1DD7"=>230, "\u1DD8"=>230, "\u1DD9"=>230,
-    "\u1DDA"=>230, "\u1DDB"=>230, "\u1DDC"=>230, "\u1DDD"=>230, "\u1DDE"=>230, "\u1DDF"=>230, "\u1DE0"=>230, "\u1DE1"=>230,
-    "\u1DE2"=>230, "\u1DE3"=>230, "\u1DE4"=>230, "\u1DE5"=>230, "\u1DE6"=>230, "\u1DE7"=>230, "\u1DE8"=>230, "\u1DE9"=>230,
-    "\u1DEA"=>230, "\u1DEB"=>230, "\u1DEC"=>230, "\u1DED"=>230, "\u1DEE"=>230, "\u1DEF"=>230, "\u1DF0"=>230, "\u1DF1"=>230,
-    "\u1DF2"=>230, "\u1DF3"=>230, "\u1DF4"=>230, "\u1DF5"=>230, "\u1DFB"=>230, "\u1DFC"=>233, "\u1DFD"=>220, "\u1DFE"=>230,
-    "\u1DFF"=>220, "\u20D0"=>230, "\u20D1"=>230, "\u20D2"=>1, "\u20D3"=>1, "\u20D4"=>230, "\u20D5"=>230, "\u20D6"=>230,
-    "\u20D7"=>230, "\u20D8"=>1, "\u20D9"=>1, "\u20DA"=>1, "\u20DB"=>230, "\u20DC"=>230, "\u20E1"=>230, "\u20E5"=>1,
-    "\u20E6"=>1, "\u20E7"=>230, "\u20E8"=>220, "\u20E9"=>230, "\u20EA"=>1, "\u20EB"=>1, "\u20EC"=>220, "\u20ED"=>220,
-    "\u20EE"=>220, "\u20EF"=>220, "\u20F0"=>230, "\u2CEF"=>230, "\u2CF0"=>230, "\u2CF1"=>230, "\u2D7F"=>9, "\u2DE0"=>230,
-    "\u2DE1"=>230, "\u2DE2"=>230, "\u2DE3"=>230, "\u2DE4"=>230, "\u2DE5"=>230, "\u2DE6"=>230, "\u2DE7"=>230, "\u2DE8"=>230,
-    "\u2DE9"=>230, "\u2DEA"=>230, "\u2DEB"=>230, "\u2DEC"=>230, "\u2DED"=>230, "\u2DEE"=>230, "\u2DEF"=>230, "\u2DF0"=>230,
-    "\u2DF1"=>230, "\u2DF2"=>230, "\u2DF3"=>230, "\u2DF4"=>230, "\u2DF5"=>230, "\u2DF6"=>230, "\u2DF7"=>230, "\u2DF8"=>230,
-    "\u2DF9"=>230, "\u2DFA"=>230, "\u2DFB"=>230, "\u2DFC"=>230, "\u2DFD"=>230, "\u2DFE"=>230, "\u2DFF"=>230, "\u302A"=>218,
-    "\u302B"=>228, "\u302C"=>232, "\u302D"=>222, "\u302E"=>224, "\u302F"=>224, "\u3099"=>8, "\u309A"=>8, "\uA66F"=>230,
-    "\uA674"=>230, "\uA675"=>230, "\uA676"=>230, "\uA677"=>230, "\uA678"=>230, "\uA679"=>230, "\uA67A"=>230, "\uA67B"=>230,
-    "\uA67C"=>230, "\uA67D"=>230, "\uA69E"=>230, "\uA69F"=>230, "\uA6F0"=>230, "\uA6F1"=>230, "\uA806"=>9, "\uA8C4"=>9,
-    "\uA8E0"=>230, "\uA8E1"=>230, "\uA8E2"=>230, "\uA8E3"=>230, "\uA8E4"=>230, "\uA8E5"=>230, "\uA8E6"=>230, "\uA8E7"=>230,
-    "\uA8E8"=>230, "\uA8E9"=>230, "\uA8EA"=>230, "\uA8EB"=>230, "\uA8EC"=>230, "\uA8ED"=>230, "\uA8EE"=>230, "\uA8EF"=>230,
-    "\uA8F0"=>230, "\uA8F1"=>230, "\uA92B"=>220, "\uA92C"=>220, "\uA92D"=>220, "\uA953"=>9, "\uA9B3"=>7, "\uA9C0"=>9,
-    "\uAAB0"=>230, "\uAAB2"=>230, "\uAAB3"=>230, "\uAAB4"=>220, "\uAAB7"=>230, "\uAAB8"=>230, "\uAABE"=>230, "\uAABF"=>230,
-    "\uAAC1"=>230, "\uAAF6"=>9, "\uABED"=>9, "\uFB1E"=>26, "\uFE20"=>230, "\uFE21"=>230, "\uFE22"=>230, "\uFE23"=>230,
-    "\uFE24"=>230, "\uFE25"=>230, "\uFE26"=>230, "\uFE27"=>220, "\uFE28"=>220, "\uFE29"=>220, "\uFE2A"=>220, "\uFE2B"=>220,
-    "\uFE2C"=>220, "\uFE2D"=>220, "\uFE2E"=>230, "\uFE2F"=>230, "\u{101FD}"=>220, "\u{102E0}"=>220, "\u{10376}"=>230, "\u{10377}"=>230,
-    "\u{10378}"=>230, "\u{10379}"=>230, "\u{1037A}"=>230, "\u{10A0D}"=>220, "\u{10A0F}"=>230, "\u{10A38}"=>230, "\u{10A39}"=>1, "\u{10A3A}"=>220,
-    "\u{10A3F}"=>9, "\u{10AE5}"=>230, "\u{10AE6}"=>220, "\u{11046}"=>9, "\u{1107F}"=>9, "\u{110B9}"=>9, "\u{110BA}"=>7, "\u{11100}"=>230,
-    "\u{11101}"=>230, "\u{11102}"=>230, "\u{11133}"=>9, "\u{11134}"=>9, "\u{11173}"=>7, "\u{111C0}"=>9, "\u{111CA}"=>7, "\u{11235}"=>9,
-    "\u{11236}"=>7, "\u{112E9}"=>7, "\u{112EA}"=>9, "\u{1133C}"=>7, "\u{1134D}"=>9, "\u{11366}"=>230, "\u{11367}"=>230, "\u{11368}"=>230,
-    "\u{11369}"=>230, "\u{1136A}"=>230, "\u{1136B}"=>230, "\u{1136C}"=>230, "\u{11370}"=>230, "\u{11371}"=>230, "\u{11372}"=>230, "\u{11373}"=>230,
-    "\u{11374}"=>230, "\u{11442}"=>9, "\u{11446}"=>7, "\u{114C2}"=>9, "\u{114C3}"=>7, "\u{115BF}"=>9, "\u{115C0}"=>7, "\u{1163F}"=>9,
-    "\u{116B6}"=>9, "\u{116B7}"=>7, "\u{1172B}"=>9, "\u{11C3F}"=>9, "\u{16AF0}"=>1, "\u{16AF1}"=>1, "\u{16AF2}"=>1, "\u{16AF3}"=>1,
-    "\u{16AF4}"=>1, "\u{16B30}"=>230, "\u{16B31}"=>230, "\u{16B32}"=>230, "\u{16B33}"=>230, "\u{16B34}"=>230, "\u{16B35}"=>230, "\u{16B36}"=>230,
-    "\u{1BC9E}"=>1, "\u{1D165}"=>216, "\u{1D166}"=>216, "\u{1D167}"=>1, "\u{1D168}"=>1, "\u{1D169}"=>1, "\u{1D16D}"=>226, "\u{1D16E}"=>216,
-    "\u{1D16F}"=>216, "\u{1D170}"=>216, "\u{1D171}"=>216, "\u{1D172}"=>216, "\u{1D17B}"=>220, "\u{1D17C}"=>220, "\u{1D17D}"=>220, "\u{1D17E}"=>220,
-    "\u{1D17F}"=>220, "\u{1D180}"=>220, "\u{1D181}"=>220, "\u{1D182}"=>220, "\u{1D185}"=>230, "\u{1D186}"=>230, "\u{1D187}"=>230, "\u{1D188}"=>230,
-    "\u{1D189}"=>230, "\u{1D18A}"=>220, "\u{1D18B}"=>220, "\u{1D1AA}"=>230, "\u{1D1AB}"=>230, "\u{1D1AC}"=>230, "\u{1D1AD}"=>230, "\u{1D242}"=>230,
-    "\u{1D243}"=>230, "\u{1D244}"=>230, "\u{1E000}"=>230, "\u{1E001}"=>230, "\u{1E002}"=>230, "\u{1E003}"=>230, "\u{1E004}"=>230, "\u{1E005}"=>230,
-    "\u{1E006}"=>230, "\u{1E008}"=>230, "\u{1E009}"=>230, "\u{1E00A}"=>230, "\u{1E00B}"=>230, "\u{1E00C}"=>230, "\u{1E00D}"=>230, "\u{1E00E}"=>230,
-    "\u{1E00F}"=>230, "\u{1E010}"=>230, "\u{1E011}"=>230, "\u{1E012}"=>230, "\u{1E013}"=>230, "\u{1E014}"=>230, "\u{1E015}"=>230, "\u{1E016}"=>230,
-    "\u{1E017}"=>230, "\u{1E018}"=>230, "\u{1E01B}"=>230, "\u{1E01C}"=>230, "\u{1E01D}"=>230, "\u{1E01E}"=>230, "\u{1E01F}"=>230, "\u{1E020}"=>230,
-    "\u{1E021}"=>230, "\u{1E023}"=>230, "\u{1E024}"=>230, "\u{1E026}"=>230, "\u{1E027}"=>230, "\u{1E028}"=>230, "\u{1E029}"=>230, "\u{1E02A}"=>230,
-    "\u{1E8D0}"=>220, "\u{1E8D1}"=>220, "\u{1E8D2}"=>220, "\u{1E8D3}"=>220, "\u{1E8D4}"=>220, "\u{1E8D5}"=>220, "\u{1E8D6}"=>220, "\u{1E944}"=>230,
-    "\u{1E945}"=>230, "\u{1E946}"=>230, "\u{1E947}"=>230, "\u{1E948}"=>230, "\u{1E949}"=>230, "\u{1E94A}"=>7,
+    "\u0300"=>230,
+    "\u0301"=>230,
+    "\u0302"=>230,
+    "\u0303"=>230,
+    "\u0304"=>230,
+    "\u0305"=>230,
+    "\u0306"=>230,
+    "\u0307"=>230,
+    "\u0308"=>230,
+    "\u0309"=>230,
+    "\u030A"=>230,
+    "\u030B"=>230,
+    "\u030C"=>230,
+    "\u030D"=>230,
+    "\u030E"=>230,
+    "\u030F"=>230,
+    "\u0310"=>230,
+    "\u0311"=>230,
+    "\u0312"=>230,
+    "\u0313"=>230,
+    "\u0314"=>230,
+    "\u0315"=>232,
+    "\u0316"=>220,
+    "\u0317"=>220,
+    "\u0318"=>220,
+    "\u0319"=>220,
+    "\u031A"=>232,
+    "\u031B"=>216,
+    "\u031C"=>220,
+    "\u031D"=>220,
+    "\u031E"=>220,
+    "\u031F"=>220,
+    "\u0320"=>220,
+    "\u0321"=>202,
+    "\u0322"=>202,
+    "\u0323"=>220,
+    "\u0324"=>220,
+    "\u0325"=>220,
+    "\u0326"=>220,
+    "\u0327"=>202,
+    "\u0328"=>202,
+    "\u0329"=>220,
+    "\u032A"=>220,
+    "\u032B"=>220,
+    "\u032C"=>220,
+    "\u032D"=>220,
+    "\u032E"=>220,
+    "\u032F"=>220,
+    "\u0330"=>220,
+    "\u0331"=>220,
+    "\u0332"=>220,
+    "\u0333"=>220,
+    "\u0334"=>1,
+    "\u0335"=>1,
+    "\u0336"=>1,
+    "\u0337"=>1,
+    "\u0338"=>1,
+    "\u0339"=>220,
+    "\u033A"=>220,
+    "\u033B"=>220,
+    "\u033C"=>220,
+    "\u033D"=>230,
+    "\u033E"=>230,
+    "\u033F"=>230,
+    "\u0340"=>230,
+    "\u0341"=>230,
+    "\u0342"=>230,
+    "\u0343"=>230,
+    "\u0344"=>230,
+    "\u0345"=>240,
+    "\u0346"=>230,
+    "\u0347"=>220,
+    "\u0348"=>220,
+    "\u0349"=>220,
+    "\u034A"=>230,
+    "\u034B"=>230,
+    "\u034C"=>230,
+    "\u034D"=>220,
+    "\u034E"=>220,
+    "\u0350"=>230,
+    "\u0351"=>230,
+    "\u0352"=>230,
+    "\u0353"=>220,
+    "\u0354"=>220,
+    "\u0355"=>220,
+    "\u0356"=>220,
+    "\u0357"=>230,
+    "\u0358"=>232,
+    "\u0359"=>220,
+    "\u035A"=>220,
+    "\u035B"=>230,
+    "\u035C"=>233,
+    "\u035D"=>234,
+    "\u035E"=>234,
+    "\u035F"=>233,
+    "\u0360"=>234,
+    "\u0361"=>234,
+    "\u0362"=>233,
+    "\u0363"=>230,
+    "\u0364"=>230,
+    "\u0365"=>230,
+    "\u0366"=>230,
+    "\u0367"=>230,
+    "\u0368"=>230,
+    "\u0369"=>230,
+    "\u036A"=>230,
+    "\u036B"=>230,
+    "\u036C"=>230,
+    "\u036D"=>230,
+    "\u036E"=>230,
+    "\u036F"=>230,
+    "\u0483"=>230,
+    "\u0484"=>230,
+    "\u0485"=>230,
+    "\u0486"=>230,
+    "\u0487"=>230,
+    "\u0591"=>220,
+    "\u0592"=>230,
+    "\u0593"=>230,
+    "\u0594"=>230,
+    "\u0595"=>230,
+    "\u0596"=>220,
+    "\u0597"=>230,
+    "\u0598"=>230,
+    "\u0599"=>230,
+    "\u059A"=>222,
+    "\u059B"=>220,
+    "\u059C"=>230,
+    "\u059D"=>230,
+    "\u059E"=>230,
+    "\u059F"=>230,
+    "\u05A0"=>230,
+    "\u05A1"=>230,
+    "\u05A2"=>220,
+    "\u05A3"=>220,
+    "\u05A4"=>220,
+    "\u05A5"=>220,
+    "\u05A6"=>220,
+    "\u05A7"=>220,
+    "\u05A8"=>230,
+    "\u05A9"=>230,
+    "\u05AA"=>220,
+    "\u05AB"=>230,
+    "\u05AC"=>230,
+    "\u05AD"=>222,
+    "\u05AE"=>228,
+    "\u05AF"=>230,
+    "\u05B0"=>10,
+    "\u05B1"=>11,
+    "\u05B2"=>12,
+    "\u05B3"=>13,
+    "\u05B4"=>14,
+    "\u05B5"=>15,
+    "\u05B6"=>16,
+    "\u05B7"=>17,
+    "\u05B8"=>18,
+    "\u05B9"=>19,
+    "\u05BA"=>19,
+    "\u05BB"=>20,
+    "\u05BC"=>21,
+    "\u05BD"=>22,
+    "\u05BF"=>23,
+    "\u05C1"=>24,
+    "\u05C2"=>25,
+    "\u05C4"=>230,
+    "\u05C5"=>220,
+    "\u05C7"=>18,
+    "\u0610"=>230,
+    "\u0611"=>230,
+    "\u0612"=>230,
+    "\u0613"=>230,
+    "\u0614"=>230,
+    "\u0615"=>230,
+    "\u0616"=>230,
+    "\u0617"=>230,
+    "\u0618"=>30,
+    "\u0619"=>31,
+    "\u061A"=>32,
+    "\u064B"=>27,
+    "\u064C"=>28,
+    "\u064D"=>29,
+    "\u064E"=>30,
+    "\u064F"=>31,
+    "\u0650"=>32,
+    "\u0651"=>33,
+    "\u0652"=>34,
+    "\u0653"=>230,
+    "\u0654"=>230,
+    "\u0655"=>220,
+    "\u0656"=>220,
+    "\u0657"=>230,
+    "\u0658"=>230,
+    "\u0659"=>230,
+    "\u065A"=>230,
+    "\u065B"=>230,
+    "\u065C"=>220,
+    "\u065D"=>230,
+    "\u065E"=>230,
+    "\u065F"=>220,
+    "\u0670"=>35,
+    "\u06D6"=>230,
+    "\u06D7"=>230,
+    "\u06D8"=>230,
+    "\u06D9"=>230,
+    "\u06DA"=>230,
+    "\u06DB"=>230,
+    "\u06DC"=>230,
+    "\u06DF"=>230,
+    "\u06E0"=>230,
+    "\u06E1"=>230,
+    "\u06E2"=>230,
+    "\u06E3"=>220,
+    "\u06E4"=>230,
+    "\u06E7"=>230,
+    "\u06E8"=>230,
+    "\u06EA"=>220,
+    "\u06EB"=>230,
+    "\u06EC"=>230,
+    "\u06ED"=>220,
+    "\u0711"=>36,
+    "\u0730"=>230,
+    "\u0731"=>220,
+    "\u0732"=>230,
+    "\u0733"=>230,
+    "\u0734"=>220,
+    "\u0735"=>230,
+    "\u0736"=>230,
+    "\u0737"=>220,
+    "\u0738"=>220,
+    "\u0739"=>220,
+    "\u073A"=>230,
+    "\u073B"=>220,
+    "\u073C"=>220,
+    "\u073D"=>230,
+    "\u073E"=>220,
+    "\u073F"=>230,
+    "\u0740"=>230,
+    "\u0741"=>230,
+    "\u0742"=>220,
+    "\u0743"=>230,
+    "\u0744"=>220,
+    "\u0745"=>230,
+    "\u0746"=>220,
+    "\u0747"=>230,
+    "\u0748"=>220,
+    "\u0749"=>230,
+    "\u074A"=>230,
+    "\u07EB"=>230,
+    "\u07EC"=>230,
+    "\u07ED"=>230,
+    "\u07EE"=>230,
+    "\u07EF"=>230,
+    "\u07F0"=>230,
+    "\u07F1"=>230,
+    "\u07F2"=>220,
+    "\u07F3"=>230,
+    "\u07FD"=>220,
+    "\u0816"=>230,
+    "\u0817"=>230,
+    "\u0818"=>230,
+    "\u0819"=>230,
+    "\u081B"=>230,
+    "\u081C"=>230,
+    "\u081D"=>230,
+    "\u081E"=>230,
+    "\u081F"=>230,
+    "\u0820"=>230,
+    "\u0821"=>230,
+    "\u0822"=>230,
+    "\u0823"=>230,
+    "\u0825"=>230,
+    "\u0826"=>230,
+    "\u0827"=>230,
+    "\u0829"=>230,
+    "\u082A"=>230,
+    "\u082B"=>230,
+    "\u082C"=>230,
+    "\u082D"=>230,
+    "\u0859"=>220,
+    "\u085A"=>220,
+    "\u085B"=>220,
+    "\u08D3"=>220,
+    "\u08D4"=>230,
+    "\u08D5"=>230,
+    "\u08D6"=>230,
+    "\u08D7"=>230,
+    "\u08D8"=>230,
+    "\u08D9"=>230,
+    "\u08DA"=>230,
+    "\u08DB"=>230,
+    "\u08DC"=>230,
+    "\u08DD"=>230,
+    "\u08DE"=>230,
+    "\u08DF"=>230,
+    "\u08E0"=>230,
+    "\u08E1"=>230,
+    "\u08E3"=>220,
+    "\u08E4"=>230,
+    "\u08E5"=>230,
+    "\u08E6"=>220,
+    "\u08E7"=>230,
+    "\u08E8"=>230,
+    "\u08E9"=>220,
+    "\u08EA"=>230,
+    "\u08EB"=>230,
+    "\u08EC"=>230,
+    "\u08ED"=>220,
+    "\u08EE"=>220,
+    "\u08EF"=>220,
+    "\u08F0"=>27,
+    "\u08F1"=>28,
+    "\u08F2"=>29,
+    "\u08F3"=>230,
+    "\u08F4"=>230,
+    "\u08F5"=>230,
+    "\u08F6"=>220,
+    "\u08F7"=>230,
+    "\u08F8"=>230,
+    "\u08F9"=>220,
+    "\u08FA"=>220,
+    "\u08FB"=>230,
+    "\u08FC"=>230,
+    "\u08FD"=>230,
+    "\u08FE"=>230,
+    "\u08FF"=>230,
+    "\u093C"=>7,
+    "\u094D"=>9,
+    "\u0951"=>230,
+    "\u0952"=>220,
+    "\u0953"=>230,
+    "\u0954"=>230,
+    "\u09BC"=>7,
+    "\u09CD"=>9,
+    "\u09FE"=>230,
+    "\u0A3C"=>7,
+    "\u0A4D"=>9,
+    "\u0ABC"=>7,
+    "\u0ACD"=>9,
+    "\u0B3C"=>7,
+    "\u0B4D"=>9,
+    "\u0BCD"=>9,
+    "\u0C4D"=>9,
+    "\u0C55"=>84,
+    "\u0C56"=>91,
+    "\u0CBC"=>7,
+    "\u0CCD"=>9,
+    "\u0D3B"=>9,
+    "\u0D3C"=>9,
+    "\u0D4D"=>9,
+    "\u0DCA"=>9,
+    "\u0E38"=>103,
+    "\u0E39"=>103,
+    "\u0E3A"=>9,
+    "\u0E48"=>107,
+    "\u0E49"=>107,
+    "\u0E4A"=>107,
+    "\u0E4B"=>107,
+    "\u0EB8"=>118,
+    "\u0EB9"=>118,
+    "\u0EBA"=>9,
+    "\u0EC8"=>122,
+    "\u0EC9"=>122,
+    "\u0ECA"=>122,
+    "\u0ECB"=>122,
+    "\u0F18"=>220,
+    "\u0F19"=>220,
+    "\u0F35"=>220,
+    "\u0F37"=>220,
+    "\u0F39"=>216,
+    "\u0F71"=>129,
+    "\u0F72"=>130,
+    "\u0F74"=>132,
+    "\u0F7A"=>130,
+    "\u0F7B"=>130,
+    "\u0F7C"=>130,
+    "\u0F7D"=>130,
+    "\u0F80"=>130,
+    "\u0F82"=>230,
+    "\u0F83"=>230,
+    "\u0F84"=>9,
+    "\u0F86"=>230,
+    "\u0F87"=>230,
+    "\u0FC6"=>220,
+    "\u1037"=>7,
+    "\u1039"=>9,
+    "\u103A"=>9,
+    "\u108D"=>220,
+    "\u135D"=>230,
+    "\u135E"=>230,
+    "\u135F"=>230,
+    "\u1714"=>9,
+    "\u1734"=>9,
+    "\u17D2"=>9,
+    "\u17DD"=>230,
+    "\u18A9"=>228,
+    "\u1939"=>222,
+    "\u193A"=>230,
+    "\u193B"=>220,
+    "\u1A17"=>230,
+    "\u1A18"=>220,
+    "\u1A60"=>9,
+    "\u1A75"=>230,
+    "\u1A76"=>230,
+    "\u1A77"=>230,
+    "\u1A78"=>230,
+    "\u1A79"=>230,
+    "\u1A7A"=>230,
+    "\u1A7B"=>230,
+    "\u1A7C"=>230,
+    "\u1A7F"=>220,
+    "\u1AB0"=>230,
+    "\u1AB1"=>230,
+    "\u1AB2"=>230,
+    "\u1AB3"=>230,
+    "\u1AB4"=>230,
+    "\u1AB5"=>220,
+    "\u1AB6"=>220,
+    "\u1AB7"=>220,
+    "\u1AB8"=>220,
+    "\u1AB9"=>220,
+    "\u1ABA"=>220,
+    "\u1ABB"=>230,
+    "\u1ABC"=>230,
+    "\u1ABD"=>220,
+    "\u1B34"=>7,
+    "\u1B44"=>9,
+    "\u1B6B"=>230,
+    "\u1B6C"=>220,
+    "\u1B6D"=>230,
+    "\u1B6E"=>230,
+    "\u1B6F"=>230,
+    "\u1B70"=>230,
+    "\u1B71"=>230,
+    "\u1B72"=>230,
+    "\u1B73"=>230,
+    "\u1BAA"=>9,
+    "\u1BAB"=>9,
+    "\u1BE6"=>7,
+    "\u1BF2"=>9,
+    "\u1BF3"=>9,
+    "\u1C37"=>7,
+    "\u1CD0"=>230,
+    "\u1CD1"=>230,
+    "\u1CD2"=>230,
+    "\u1CD4"=>1,
+    "\u1CD5"=>220,
+    "\u1CD6"=>220,
+    "\u1CD7"=>220,
+    "\u1CD8"=>220,
+    "\u1CD9"=>220,
+    "\u1CDA"=>230,
+    "\u1CDB"=>230,
+    "\u1CDC"=>220,
+    "\u1CDD"=>220,
+    "\u1CDE"=>220,
+    "\u1CDF"=>220,
+    "\u1CE0"=>230,
+    "\u1CE2"=>1,
+    "\u1CE3"=>1,
+    "\u1CE4"=>1,
+    "\u1CE5"=>1,
+    "\u1CE6"=>1,
+    "\u1CE7"=>1,
+    "\u1CE8"=>1,
+    "\u1CED"=>220,
+    "\u1CF4"=>230,
+    "\u1CF8"=>230,
+    "\u1CF9"=>230,
+    "\u1DC0"=>230,
+    "\u1DC1"=>230,
+    "\u1DC2"=>220,
+    "\u1DC3"=>230,
+    "\u1DC4"=>230,
+    "\u1DC5"=>230,
+    "\u1DC6"=>230,
+    "\u1DC7"=>230,
+    "\u1DC8"=>230,
+    "\u1DC9"=>230,
+    "\u1DCA"=>220,
+    "\u1DCB"=>230,
+    "\u1DCC"=>230,
+    "\u1DCD"=>234,
+    "\u1DCE"=>214,
+    "\u1DCF"=>220,
+    "\u1DD0"=>202,
+    "\u1DD1"=>230,
+    "\u1DD2"=>230,
+    "\u1DD3"=>230,
+    "\u1DD4"=>230,
+    "\u1DD5"=>230,
+    "\u1DD6"=>230,
+    "\u1DD7"=>230,
+    "\u1DD8"=>230,
+    "\u1DD9"=>230,
+    "\u1DDA"=>230,
+    "\u1DDB"=>230,
+    "\u1DDC"=>230,
+    "\u1DDD"=>230,
+    "\u1DDE"=>230,
+    "\u1DDF"=>230,
+    "\u1DE0"=>230,
+    "\u1DE1"=>230,
+    "\u1DE2"=>230,
+    "\u1DE3"=>230,
+    "\u1DE4"=>230,
+    "\u1DE5"=>230,
+    "\u1DE6"=>230,
+    "\u1DE7"=>230,
+    "\u1DE8"=>230,
+    "\u1DE9"=>230,
+    "\u1DEA"=>230,
+    "\u1DEB"=>230,
+    "\u1DEC"=>230,
+    "\u1DED"=>230,
+    "\u1DEE"=>230,
+    "\u1DEF"=>230,
+    "\u1DF0"=>230,
+    "\u1DF1"=>230,
+    "\u1DF2"=>230,
+    "\u1DF3"=>230,
+    "\u1DF4"=>230,
+    "\u1DF5"=>230,
+    "\u1DF6"=>232,
+    "\u1DF7"=>228,
+    "\u1DF8"=>228,
+    "\u1DF9"=>220,
+    "\u1DFB"=>230,
+    "\u1DFC"=>233,
+    "\u1DFD"=>220,
+    "\u1DFE"=>230,
+    "\u1DFF"=>220,
+    "\u20D0"=>230,
+    "\u20D1"=>230,
+    "\u20D2"=>1,
+    "\u20D3"=>1,
+    "\u20D4"=>230,
+    "\u20D5"=>230,
+    "\u20D6"=>230,
+    "\u20D7"=>230,
+    "\u20D8"=>1,
+    "\u20D9"=>1,
+    "\u20DA"=>1,
+    "\u20DB"=>230,
+    "\u20DC"=>230,
+    "\u20E1"=>230,
+    "\u20E5"=>1,
+    "\u20E6"=>1,
+    "\u20E7"=>230,
+    "\u20E8"=>220,
+    "\u20E9"=>230,
+    "\u20EA"=>1,
+    "\u20EB"=>1,
+    "\u20EC"=>220,
+    "\u20ED"=>220,
+    "\u20EE"=>220,
+    "\u20EF"=>220,
+    "\u20F0"=>230,
+    "\u2CEF"=>230,
+    "\u2CF0"=>230,
+    "\u2CF1"=>230,
+    "\u2D7F"=>9,
+    "\u2DE0"=>230,
+    "\u2DE1"=>230,
+    "\u2DE2"=>230,
+    "\u2DE3"=>230,
+    "\u2DE4"=>230,
+    "\u2DE5"=>230,
+    "\u2DE6"=>230,
+    "\u2DE7"=>230,
+    "\u2DE8"=>230,
+    "\u2DE9"=>230,
+    "\u2DEA"=>230,
+    "\u2DEB"=>230,
+    "\u2DEC"=>230,
+    "\u2DED"=>230,
+    "\u2DEE"=>230,
+    "\u2DEF"=>230,
+    "\u2DF0"=>230,
+    "\u2DF1"=>230,
+    "\u2DF2"=>230,
+    "\u2DF3"=>230,
+    "\u2DF4"=>230,
+    "\u2DF5"=>230,
+    "\u2DF6"=>230,
+    "\u2DF7"=>230,
+    "\u2DF8"=>230,
+    "\u2DF9"=>230,
+    "\u2DFA"=>230,
+    "\u2DFB"=>230,
+    "\u2DFC"=>230,
+    "\u2DFD"=>230,
+    "\u2DFE"=>230,
+    "\u2DFF"=>230,
+    "\u302A"=>218,
+    "\u302B"=>228,
+    "\u302C"=>232,
+    "\u302D"=>222,
+    "\u302E"=>224,
+    "\u302F"=>224,
+    "\u3099"=>8,
+    "\u309A"=>8,
+    "\uA66F"=>230,
+    "\uA674"=>230,
+    "\uA675"=>230,
+    "\uA676"=>230,
+    "\uA677"=>230,
+    "\uA678"=>230,
+    "\uA679"=>230,
+    "\uA67A"=>230,
+    "\uA67B"=>230,
+    "\uA67C"=>230,
+    "\uA67D"=>230,
+    "\uA69E"=>230,
+    "\uA69F"=>230,
+    "\uA6F0"=>230,
+    "\uA6F1"=>230,
+    "\uA806"=>9,
+    "\uA8C4"=>9,
+    "\uA8E0"=>230,
+    "\uA8E1"=>230,
+    "\uA8E2"=>230,
+    "\uA8E3"=>230,
+    "\uA8E4"=>230,
+    "\uA8E5"=>230,
+    "\uA8E6"=>230,
+    "\uA8E7"=>230,
+    "\uA8E8"=>230,
+    "\uA8E9"=>230,
+    "\uA8EA"=>230,
+    "\uA8EB"=>230,
+    "\uA8EC"=>230,
+    "\uA8ED"=>230,
+    "\uA8EE"=>230,
+    "\uA8EF"=>230,
+    "\uA8F0"=>230,
+    "\uA8F1"=>230,
+    "\uA92B"=>220,
+    "\uA92C"=>220,
+    "\uA92D"=>220,
+    "\uA953"=>9,
+    "\uA9B3"=>7,
+    "\uA9C0"=>9,
+    "\uAAB0"=>230,
+    "\uAAB2"=>230,
+    "\uAAB3"=>230,
+    "\uAAB4"=>220,
+    "\uAAB7"=>230,
+    "\uAAB8"=>230,
+    "\uAABE"=>230,
+    "\uAABF"=>230,
+    "\uAAC1"=>230,
+    "\uAAF6"=>9,
+    "\uABED"=>9,
+    "\uFB1E"=>26,
+    "\uFE20"=>230,
+    "\uFE21"=>230,
+    "\uFE22"=>230,
+    "\uFE23"=>230,
+    "\uFE24"=>230,
+    "\uFE25"=>230,
+    "\uFE26"=>230,
+    "\uFE27"=>220,
+    "\uFE28"=>220,
+    "\uFE29"=>220,
+    "\uFE2A"=>220,
+    "\uFE2B"=>220,
+    "\uFE2C"=>220,
+    "\uFE2D"=>220,
+    "\uFE2E"=>230,
+    "\uFE2F"=>230,
+    "\u{101FD}"=>220,
+    "\u{102E0}"=>220,
+    "\u{10376}"=>230,
+    "\u{10377}"=>230,
+    "\u{10378}"=>230,
+    "\u{10379}"=>230,
+    "\u{1037A}"=>230,
+    "\u{10A0D}"=>220,
+    "\u{10A0F}"=>230,
+    "\u{10A38}"=>230,
+    "\u{10A39}"=>1,
+    "\u{10A3A}"=>220,
+    "\u{10A3F}"=>9,
+    "\u{10AE5}"=>230,
+    "\u{10AE6}"=>220,
+    "\u{10D24}"=>230,
+    "\u{10D25}"=>230,
+    "\u{10D26}"=>230,
+    "\u{10D27}"=>230,
+    "\u{10F46}"=>220,
+    "\u{10F47}"=>220,
+    "\u{10F48}"=>230,
+    "\u{10F49}"=>230,
+    "\u{10F4A}"=>230,
+    "\u{10F4B}"=>220,
+    "\u{10F4C}"=>230,
+    "\u{10F4D}"=>220,
+    "\u{10F4E}"=>220,
+    "\u{10F4F}"=>220,
+    "\u{10F50}"=>220,
+    "\u{11046}"=>9,
+    "\u{1107F}"=>9,
+    "\u{110B9}"=>9,
+    "\u{110BA}"=>7,
+    "\u{11100}"=>230,
+    "\u{11101}"=>230,
+    "\u{11102}"=>230,
+    "\u{11133}"=>9,
+    "\u{11134}"=>9,
+    "\u{11173}"=>7,
+    "\u{111C0}"=>9,
+    "\u{111CA}"=>7,
+    "\u{11235}"=>9,
+    "\u{11236}"=>7,
+    "\u{112E9}"=>7,
+    "\u{112EA}"=>9,
+    "\u{1133B}"=>7,
+    "\u{1133C}"=>7,
+    "\u{1134D}"=>9,
+    "\u{11366}"=>230,
+    "\u{11367}"=>230,
+    "\u{11368}"=>230,
+    "\u{11369}"=>230,
+    "\u{1136A}"=>230,
+    "\u{1136B}"=>230,
+    "\u{1136C}"=>230,
+    "\u{11370}"=>230,
+    "\u{11371}"=>230,
+    "\u{11372}"=>230,
+    "\u{11373}"=>230,
+    "\u{11374}"=>230,
+    "\u{11442}"=>9,
+    "\u{11446}"=>7,
+    "\u{1145E}"=>230,
+    "\u{114C2}"=>9,
+    "\u{114C3}"=>7,
+    "\u{115BF}"=>9,
+    "\u{115C0}"=>7,
+    "\u{1163F}"=>9,
+    "\u{116B6}"=>9,
+    "\u{116B7}"=>7,
+    "\u{1172B}"=>9,
+    "\u{11839}"=>9,
+    "\u{1183A}"=>7,
+    "\u{119E0}"=>9,
+    "\u{11A34}"=>9,
+    "\u{11A47}"=>9,
+    "\u{11A99}"=>9,
+    "\u{11C3F}"=>9,
+    "\u{11D42}"=>7,
+    "\u{11D44}"=>9,
+    "\u{11D45}"=>9,
+    "\u{11D97}"=>9,
+    "\u{16AF0}"=>1,
+    "\u{16AF1}"=>1,
+    "\u{16AF2}"=>1,
+    "\u{16AF3}"=>1,
+    "\u{16AF4}"=>1,
+    "\u{16B30}"=>230,
+    "\u{16B31}"=>230,
+    "\u{16B32}"=>230,
+    "\u{16B33}"=>230,
+    "\u{16B34}"=>230,
+    "\u{16B35}"=>230,
+    "\u{16B36}"=>230,
+    "\u{1BC9E}"=>1,
+    "\u{1D165}"=>216,
+    "\u{1D166}"=>216,
+    "\u{1D167}"=>1,
+    "\u{1D168}"=>1,
+    "\u{1D169}"=>1,
+    "\u{1D16D}"=>226,
+    "\u{1D16E}"=>216,
+    "\u{1D16F}"=>216,
+    "\u{1D170}"=>216,
+    "\u{1D171}"=>216,
+    "\u{1D172}"=>216,
+    "\u{1D17B}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D17C}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D17D}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D17E}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D17F}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D180}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D181}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D182}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D185}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D186}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D187}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D188}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D189}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D18A}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D18B}"=>220,
+    "\u{1D1AA}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D1AB}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D1AC}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D1AD}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D242}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D243}"=>230,
+    "\u{1D244}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E000}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E001}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E002}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E003}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E004}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E005}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E006}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E008}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E009}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E00A}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E00B}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E00C}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E00D}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E00E}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E00F}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E010}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E011}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E012}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E013}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E014}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E015}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E016}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E017}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E018}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E01B}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E01C}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E01D}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E01E}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E01F}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E020}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E021}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E023}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E024}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E026}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E027}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E028}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E029}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E02A}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E130}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E131}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E132}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E133}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E134}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E135}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E136}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E2EC}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E2ED}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E2EE}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E2EF}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E8D0}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E8D1}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E8D2}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E8D3}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E8D4}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E8D5}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E8D6}"=>220,
+    "\u{1E944}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E945}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E946}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E947}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E948}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E949}"=>230,
+    "\u{1E94A}"=>7,
   }
   class_table.default = 0
   CLASS_TABLE = class_table.freeze
 
   DECOMPOSITION_TABLE = {
-    "\u00C0"=>"A\u0300", "\u00C1"=>"A\u0301", "\u00C2"=>"A\u0302", "\u00C3"=>"A\u0303", "\u00C4"=>"A\u0308", "\u00C5"=>"A\u030A", "\u00C7"=>"C\u0327", "\u00C8"=>"E\u0300",
-    "\u00C9"=>"E\u0301", "\u00CA"=>"E\u0302", "\u00CB"=>"E\u0308", "\u00CC"=>"I\u0300", "\u00CD"=>"I\u0301", "\u00CE"=>"I\u0302", "\u00CF"=>"I\u0308", "\u00D1"=>"N\u0303",
-    "\u00D2"=>"O\u0300", "\u00D3"=>"O\u0301", "\u00D4"=>"O\u0302", "\u00D5"=>"O\u0303", "\u00D6"=>"O\u0308", "\u00D9"=>"U\u0300", "\u00DA"=>"U\u0301", "\u00DB"=>"U\u0302",
-    "\u00DC"=>"U\u0308", "\u00DD"=>"Y\u0301", "\u00E0"=>"a\u0300", "\u00E1"=>"a\u0301", "\u00E2"=>"a\u0302", "\u00E3"=>"a\u0303", "\u00E4"=>"a\u0308", "\u00E5"=>"a\u030A",
-    "\u00E7"=>"c\u0327", "\u00E8"=>"e\u0300", "\u00E9"=>"e\u0301", "\u00EA"=>"e\u0302", "\u00EB"=>"e\u0308", "\u00EC"=>"i\u0300", "\u00ED"=>"i\u0301", "\u00EE"=>"i\u0302",
-    "\u00EF"=>"i\u0308", "\u00F1"=>"n\u0303", "\u00F2"=>"o\u0300", "\u00F3"=>"o\u0301", "\u00F4"=>"o\u0302", "\u00F5"=>"o\u0303", "\u00F6"=>"o\u0308", "\u00F9"=>"u\u0300",
-    "\u00FA"=>"u\u0301", "\u00FB"=>"u\u0302", "\u00FC"=>"u\u0308", "\u00FD"=>"y\u0301", "\u00FF"=>"y\u0308", "\u0100"=>"A\u0304", "\u0101"=>"a\u0304", "\u0102"=>"A\u0306",
-    "\u0103"=>"a\u0306", "\u0104"=>"A\u0328", "\u0105"=>"a\u0328", "\u0106"=>"C\u0301", "\u0107"=>"c\u0301", "\u0108"=>"C\u0302", "\u0109"=>"c\u0302", "\u010A"=>"C\u0307",
-    "\u010B"=>"c\u0307", "\u010C"=>"C\u030C", "\u010D"=>"c\u030C", "\u010E"=>"D\u030C", "\u010F"=>"d\u030C", "\u0112"=>"E\u0304", "\u0113"=>"e\u0304", "\u0114"=>"E\u0306",
-    "\u0115"=>"e\u0306", "\u0116"=>"E\u0307", "\u0117"=>"e\u0307", "\u0118"=>"E\u0328", "\u0119"=>"e\u0328", "\u011A"=>"E\u030C", "\u011B"=>"e\u030C", "\u011C"=>"G\u0302",
-    "\u011D"=>"g\u0302", "\u011E"=>"G\u0306", "\u011F"=>"g\u0306", "\u0120"=>"G\u0307", "\u0121"=>"g\u0307", "\u0122"=>"G\u0327", "\u0123"=>"g\u0327", "\u0124"=>"H\u0302",
-    "\u0125"=>"h\u0302", "\u0128"=>"I\u0303", "\u0129"=>"i\u0303", "\u012A"=>"I\u0304", "\u012B"=>"i\u0304", "\u012C"=>"I\u0306", "\u012D"=>"i\u0306", "\u012E"=>"I\u0328",
-    "\u012F"=>"i\u0328", "\u0130"=>"I\u0307", "\u0134"=>"J\u0302", "\u0135"=>"j\u0302", "\u0136"=>"K\u0327", "\u0137"=>"k\u0327", "\u0139"=>"L\u0301", "\u013A"=>"l\u0301",
-    "\u013B"=>"L\u0327", "\u013C"=>"l\u0327", "\u013D"=>"L\u030C", "\u013E"=>"l\u030C", "\u0143"=>"N\u0301", "\u0144"=>"n\u0301", "\u0145"=>"N\u0327", "\u0146"=>"n\u0327",
-    "\u0147"=>"N\u030C", "\u0148"=>"n\u030C", "\u014C"=>"O\u0304", "\u014D"=>"o\u0304", "\u014E"=>"O\u0306", "\u014F"=>"o\u0306", "\u0150"=>"O\u030B", "\u0151"=>"o\u030B",
-    "\u0154"=>"R\u0301", "\u0155"=>"r\u0301", "\u0156"=>"R\u0327", "\u0157"=>"r\u0327", "\u0158"=>"R\u030C", "\u0159"=>"r\u030C", "\u015A"=>"S\u0301", "\u015B"=>"s\u0301",
-    "\u015C"=>"S\u0302", "\u015D"=>"s\u0302", "\u015E"=>"S\u0327", "\u015F"=>"s\u0327", "\u0160"=>"S\u030C", "\u0161"=>"s\u030C", "\u0162"=>"T\u0327", "\u0163"=>"t\u0327",
-    "\u0164"=>"T\u030C", "\u0165"=>"t\u030C", "\u0168"=>"U\u0303", "\u0169"=>"u\u0303", "\u016A"=>"U\u0304", "\u016B"=>"u\u0304", "\u016C"=>"U\u0306", "\u016D"=>"u\u0306",
-    "\u016E"=>"U\u030A", "\u016F"=>"u\u030A", "\u0170"=>"U\u030B", "\u0171"=>"u\u030B", "\u0172"=>"U\u0328", "\u0173"=>"u\u0328", "\u0174"=>"W\u0302", "\u0175"=>"w\u0302",
-    "\u0176"=>"Y\u0302", "\u0177"=>"y\u0302", "\u0178"=>"Y\u0308", "\u0179"=>"Z\u0301", "\u017A"=>"z\u0301", "\u017B"=>"Z\u0307", "\u017C"=>"z\u0307", "\u017D"=>"Z\u030C",
-    "\u017E"=>"z\u030C", "\u01A0"=>"O\u031B", "\u01A1"=>"o\u031B", "\u01AF"=>"U\u031B", "\u01B0"=>"u\u031B", "\u01CD"=>"A\u030C", "\u01CE"=>"a\u030C", "\u01CF"=>"I\u030C",
-    "\u01D0"=>"i\u030C", "\u01D1"=>"O\u030C", "\u01D2"=>"o\u030C", "\u01D3"=>"U\u030C", "\u01D4"=>"u\u030C", "\u01D5"=>"U\u0308\u0304", "\u01D6"=>"u\u0308\u0304", "\u01D7"=>"U\u0308\u0301",
-    "\u01D8"=>"u\u0308\u0301", "\u01D9"=>"U\u0308\u030C", "\u01DA"=>"u\u0308\u030C", "\u01DB"=>"U\u0308\u0300", "\u01DC"=>"u\u0308\u0300", "\u01DE"=>"A\u0308\u0304", "\u01DF"=>"a\u0308\u0304", "\u01E0"=>"A\u0307\u0304",
-    "\u01E1"=>"a\u0307\u0304", "\u01E2"=>"\u00C6\u0304", "\u01E3"=>"\u00E6\u0304", "\u01E6"=>"G\u030C", "\u01E7"=>"g\u030C", "\u01E8"=>"K\u030C", "\u01E9"=>"k\u030C", "\u01EA"=>"O\u0328",
-    "\u01EB"=>"o\u0328", "\u01EC"=>"O\u0328\u0304", "\u01ED"=>"o\u0328\u0304", "\u01EE"=>"\u01B7\u030C", "\u01EF"=>"\u0292\u030C", "\u01F0"=>"j\u030C", "\u01F4"=>"G\u0301", "\u01F5"=>"g\u0301",
-    "\u01F8"=>"N\u0300", "\u01F9"=>"n\u0300", "\u01FA"=>"A\u030A\u0301", "\u01FB"=>"a\u030A\u0301", "\u01FC"=>"\u00C6\u0301", "\u01FD"=>"\u00E6\u0301", "\u01FE"=>"\u00D8\u0301", "\u01FF"=>"\u00F8\u0301",
-    "\u0200"=>"A\u030F", "\u0201"=>"a\u030F", "\u0202"=>"A\u0311", "\u0203"=>"a\u0311", "\u0204"=>"E\u030F", "\u0205"=>"e\u030F", "\u0206"=>"E\u0311", "\u0207"=>"e\u0311",
-    "\u0208"=>"I\u030F", "\u0209"=>"i\u030F", "\u020A"=>"I\u0311", "\u020B"=>"i\u0311", "\u020C"=>"O\u030F", "\u020D"=>"o\u030F", "\u020E"=>"O\u0311", "\u020F"=>"o\u0311",
-    "\u0210"=>"R\u030F", "\u0211"=>"r\u030F", "\u0212"=>"R\u0311", "\u0213"=>"r\u0311", "\u0214"=>"U\u030F", "\u0215"=>"u\u030F", "\u0216"=>"U\u0311", "\u0217"=>"u\u0311",
-    "\u0218"=>"S\u0326", "\u0219"=>"s\u0326", "\u021A"=>"T\u0326", "\u021B"=>"t\u0326", "\u021E"=>"H\u030C", "\u021F"=>"h\u030C", "\u0226"=>"A\u0307", "\u0227"=>"a\u0307",
-    "\u0228"=>"E\u0327", "\u0229"=>"e\u0327", "\u022A"=>"O\u0308\u0304", "\u022B"=>"o\u0308\u0304", "\u022C"=>"O\u0303\u0304", "\u022D"=>"o\u0303\u0304", "\u022E"=>"O\u0307", "\u022F"=>"o\u0307",
-    "\u0230"=>"O\u0307\u0304", "\u0231"=>"o\u0307\u0304", "\u0232"=>"Y\u0304", "\u0233"=>"y\u0304", "\u0340"=>"\u0300", "\u0341"=>"\u0301", "\u0343"=>"\u0313", "\u0344"=>"\u0308\u0301",
-    "\u0374"=>"\u02B9", "\u037E"=>";", "\u0385"=>"\u00A8\u0301", "\u0386"=>"\u0391\u0301", "\u0387"=>"\u00B7", "\u0388"=>"\u0395\u0301", "\u0389"=>"\u0397\u0301", "\u038A"=>"\u0399\u0301",
-    "\u038C"=>"\u039F\u0301", "\u038E"=>"\u03A5\u0301", "\u038F"=>"\u03A9\u0301", "\u0390"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0301", "\u03AA"=>"\u0399\u0308", "\u03AB"=>"\u03A5\u0308", "\u03AC"=>"\u03B1\u0301", "\u03AD"=>"\u03B5\u0301",
-    "\u03AE"=>"\u03B7\u0301", "\u03AF"=>"\u03B9\u0301", "\u03B0"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0301", "\u03CA"=>"\u03B9\u0308", "\u03CB"=>"\u03C5\u0308", "\u03CC"=>"\u03BF\u0301", "\u03CD"=>"\u03C5\u0301", "\u03CE"=>"\u03C9\u0301",
-    "\u03D3"=>"\u03D2\u0301", "\u03D4"=>"\u03D2\u0308", "\u0400"=>"\u0415\u0300", "\u0401"=>"\u0415\u0308", "\u0403"=>"\u0413\u0301", "\u0407"=>"\u0406\u0308", "\u040C"=>"\u041A\u0301", "\u040D"=>"\u0418\u0300",
-    "\u040E"=>"\u0423\u0306", "\u0419"=>"\u0418\u0306", "\u0439"=>"\u0438\u0306", "\u0450"=>"\u0435\u0300", "\u0451"=>"\u0435\u0308", "\u0453"=>"\u0433\u0301", "\u0457"=>"\u0456\u0308", "\u045C"=>"\u043A\u0301",
-    "\u045D"=>"\u0438\u0300", "\u045E"=>"\u0443\u0306", "\u0476"=>"\u0474\u030F", "\u0477"=>"\u0475\u030F", "\u04C1"=>"\u0416\u0306", "\u04C2"=>"\u0436\u0306", "\u04D0"=>"\u0410\u0306", "\u04D1"=>"\u0430\u0306",
-    "\u04D2"=>"\u0410\u0308", "\u04D3"=>"\u0430\u0308", "\u04D6"=>"\u0415\u0306", "\u04D7"=>"\u0435\u0306", "\u04DA"=>"\u04D8\u0308", "\u04DB"=>"\u04D9\u0308", "\u04DC"=>"\u0416\u0308", "\u04DD"=>"\u0436\u0308",
-    "\u04DE"=>"\u0417\u0308", "\u04DF"=>"\u0437\u0308", "\u04E2"=>"\u0418\u0304", "\u04E3"=>"\u0438\u0304", "\u04E4"=>"\u0418\u0308", "\u04E5"=>"\u0438\u0308", "\u04E6"=>"\u041E\u0308", "\u04E7"=>"\u043E\u0308",
-    "\u04EA"=>"\u04E8\u0308", "\u04EB"=>"\u04E9\u0308", "\u04EC"=>"\u042D\u0308", "\u04ED"=>"\u044D\u0308", "\u04EE"=>"\u0423\u0304", "\u04EF"=>"\u0443\u0304", "\u04F0"=>"\u0423\u0308", "\u04F1"=>"\u0443\u0308",
-    "\u04F2"=>"\u0423\u030B", "\u04F3"=>"\u0443\u030B", "\u04F4"=>"\u0427\u0308", "\u04F5"=>"\u0447\u0308", "\u04F8"=>"\u042B\u0308", "\u04F9"=>"\u044B\u0308", "\u0622"=>"\u0627\u0653", "\u0623"=>"\u0627\u0654",
-    "\u0624"=>"\u0648\u0654", "\u0625"=>"\u0627\u0655", "\u0626"=>"\u064A\u0654", "\u06C0"=>"\u06D5\u0654", "\u06C2"=>"\u06C1\u0654", "\u06D3"=>"\u06D2\u0654", "\u0929"=>"\u0928\u093C", "\u0931"=>"\u0930\u093C",
-    "\u0934"=>"\u0933\u093C", "\u0958"=>"\u0915\u093C", "\u0959"=>"\u0916\u093C", "\u095A"=>"\u0917\u093C", "\u095B"=>"\u091C\u093C", "\u095C"=>"\u0921\u093C", "\u095D"=>"\u0922\u093C", "\u095E"=>"\u092B\u093C",
-    "\u095F"=>"\u092F\u093C", "\u09CB"=>"\u09C7\u09BE", "\u09CC"=>"\u09C7\u09D7", "\u09DC"=>"\u09A1\u09BC", "\u09DD"=>"\u09A2\u09BC", "\u09DF"=>"\u09AF\u09BC", "\u0A33"=>"\u0A32\u0A3C", "\u0A36"=>"\u0A38\u0A3C",
-    "\u0A59"=>"\u0A16\u0A3C", "\u0A5A"=>"\u0A17\u0A3C", "\u0A5B"=>"\u0A1C\u0A3C", "\u0A5E"=>"\u0A2B\u0A3C", "\u0B48"=>"\u0B47\u0B56", "\u0B4B"=>"\u0B47\u0B3E", "\u0B4C"=>"\u0B47\u0B57", "\u0B5C"=>"\u0B21\u0B3C",
-    "\u0B5D"=>"\u0B22\u0B3C", "\u0B94"=>"\u0B92\u0BD7", "\u0BCA"=>"\u0BC6\u0BBE", "\u0BCB"=>"\u0BC7\u0BBE", "\u0BCC"=>"\u0BC6\u0BD7", "\u0C48"=>"\u0C46\u0C56", "\u0CC0"=>"\u0CBF\u0CD5", "\u0CC7"=>"\u0CC6\u0CD5",
-    "\u0CC8"=>"\u0CC6\u0CD6", "\u0CCA"=>"\u0CC6\u0CC2", "\u0CCB"=>"\u0CC6\u0CC2\u0CD5", "\u0D4A"=>"\u0D46\u0D3E", "\u0D4B"=>"\u0D47\u0D3E", "\u0D4C"=>"\u0D46\u0D57", "\u0DDA"=>"\u0DD9\u0DCA", "\u0DDC"=>"\u0DD9\u0DCF",
-    "\u0DDD"=>"\u0DD9\u0DCF\u0DCA", "\u0DDE"=>"\u0DD9\u0DDF", "\u0F43"=>"\u0F42\u0FB7", "\u0F4D"=>"\u0F4C\u0FB7", "\u0F52"=>"\u0F51\u0FB7", "\u0F57"=>"\u0F56\u0FB7", "\u0F5C"=>"\u0F5B\u0FB7", "\u0F69"=>"\u0F40\u0FB5",
-    "\u0F73"=>"\u0F71\u0F72", "\u0F75"=>"\u0F71\u0F74", "\u0F76"=>"\u0FB2\u0F80", "\u0F78"=>"\u0FB3\u0F80", "\u0F81"=>"\u0F71\u0F80", "\u0F93"=>"\u0F92\u0FB7", "\u0F9D"=>"\u0F9C\u0FB7", "\u0FA2"=>"\u0FA1\u0FB7",
-    "\u0FA7"=>"\u0FA6\u0FB7", "\u0FAC"=>"\u0FAB\u0FB7", "\u0FB9"=>"\u0F90\u0FB5", "\u1026"=>"\u1025\u102E", "\u1B06"=>"\u1B05\u1B35", "\u1B08"=>"\u1B07\u1B35", "\u1B0A"=>"\u1B09\u1B35", "\u1B0C"=>"\u1B0B\u1B35",
-    "\u1B0E"=>"\u1B0D\u1B35", "\u1B12"=>"\u1B11\u1B35", "\u1B3B"=>"\u1B3A\u1B35", "\u1B3D"=>"\u1B3C\u1B35", "\u1B40"=>"\u1B3E\u1B35", "\u1B41"=>"\u1B3F\u1B35", "\u1B43"=>"\u1B42\u1B35", "\u1E00"=>"A\u0325",
-    "\u1E01"=>"a\u0325", "\u1E02"=>"B\u0307", "\u1E03"=>"b\u0307", "\u1E04"=>"B\u0323", "\u1E05"=>"b\u0323", "\u1E06"=>"B\u0331", "\u1E07"=>"b\u0331", "\u1E08"=>"C\u0327\u0301",
-    "\u1E09"=>"c\u0327\u0301", "\u1E0A"=>"D\u0307", "\u1E0B"=>"d\u0307", "\u1E0C"=>"D\u0323", "\u1E0D"=>"d\u0323", "\u1E0E"=>"D\u0331", "\u1E0F"=>"d\u0331", "\u1E10"=>"D\u0327",
-    "\u1E11"=>"d\u0327", "\u1E12"=>"D\u032D", "\u1E13"=>"d\u032D", "\u1E14"=>"E\u0304\u0300", "\u1E15"=>"e\u0304\u0300", "\u1E16"=>"E\u0304\u0301", "\u1E17"=>"e\u0304\u0301", "\u1E18"=>"E\u032D",
-    "\u1E19"=>"e\u032D", "\u1E1A"=>"E\u0330", "\u1E1B"=>"e\u0330", "\u1E1C"=>"E\u0327\u0306", "\u1E1D"=>"e\u0327\u0306", "\u1E1E"=>"F\u0307", "\u1E1F"=>"f\u0307", "\u1E20"=>"G\u0304",
-    "\u1E21"=>"g\u0304", "\u1E22"=>"H\u0307", "\u1E23"=>"h\u0307", "\u1E24"=>"H\u0323", "\u1E25"=>"h\u0323", "\u1E26"=>"H\u0308", "\u1E27"=>"h\u0308", "\u1E28"=>"H\u0327",
-    "\u1E29"=>"h\u0327", "\u1E2A"=>"H\u032E", "\u1E2B"=>"h\u032E", "\u1E2C"=>"I\u0330", "\u1E2D"=>"i\u0330", "\u1E2E"=>"I\u0308\u0301", "\u1E2F"=>"i\u0308\u0301", "\u1E30"=>"K\u0301",
-    "\u1E31"=>"k\u0301", "\u1E32"=>"K\u0323", "\u1E33"=>"k\u0323", "\u1E34"=>"K\u0331", "\u1E35"=>"k\u0331", "\u1E36"=>"L\u0323", "\u1E37"=>"l\u0323", "\u1E38"=>"L\u0323\u0304",
-    "\u1E39"=>"l\u0323\u0304", "\u1E3A"=>"L\u0331", "\u1E3B"=>"l\u0331", "\u1E3C"=>"L\u032D", "\u1E3D"=>"l\u032D", "\u1E3E"=>"M\u0301", "\u1E3F"=>"m\u0301", "\u1E40"=>"M\u0307",
-    "\u1E41"=>"m\u0307", "\u1E42"=>"M\u0323", "\u1E43"=>"m\u0323", "\u1E44"=>"N\u0307", "\u1E45"=>"n\u0307", "\u1E46"=>"N\u0323", "\u1E47"=>"n\u0323", "\u1E48"=>"N\u0331",
-    "\u1E49"=>"n\u0331", "\u1E4A"=>"N\u032D", "\u1E4B"=>"n\u032D", "\u1E4C"=>"O\u0303\u0301", "\u1E4D"=>"o\u0303\u0301", "\u1E4E"=>"O\u0303\u0308", "\u1E4F"=>"o\u0303\u0308", "\u1E50"=>"O\u0304\u0300",
-    "\u1E51"=>"o\u0304\u0300", "\u1E52"=>"O\u0304\u0301", "\u1E53"=>"o\u0304\u0301", "\u1E54"=>"P\u0301", "\u1E55"=>"p\u0301", "\u1E56"=>"P\u0307", "\u1E57"=>"p\u0307", "\u1E58"=>"R\u0307",
-    "\u1E59"=>"r\u0307", "\u1E5A"=>"R\u0323", "\u1E5B"=>"r\u0323", "\u1E5C"=>"R\u0323\u0304", "\u1E5D"=>"r\u0323\u0304", "\u1E5E"=>"R\u0331", "\u1E5F"=>"r\u0331", "\u1E60"=>"S\u0307",
-    "\u1E61"=>"s\u0307", "\u1E62"=>"S\u0323", "\u1E63"=>"s\u0323", "\u1E64"=>"S\u0301\u0307", "\u1E65"=>"s\u0301\u0307", "\u1E66"=>"S\u030C\u0307", "\u1E67"=>"s\u030C\u0307", "\u1E68"=>"S\u0323\u0307",
-    "\u1E69"=>"s\u0323\u0307", "\u1E6A"=>"T\u0307", "\u1E6B"=>"t\u0307", "\u1E6C"=>"T\u0323", "\u1E6D"=>"t\u0323", "\u1E6E"=>"T\u0331", "\u1E6F"=>"t\u0331", "\u1E70"=>"T\u032D",
-    "\u1E71"=>"t\u032D", "\u1E72"=>"U\u0324", "\u1E73"=>"u\u0324", "\u1E74"=>"U\u0330", "\u1E75"=>"u\u0330", "\u1E76"=>"U\u032D", "\u1E77"=>"u\u032D", "\u1E78"=>"U\u0303\u0301",
-    "\u1E79"=>"u\u0303\u0301", "\u1E7A"=>"U\u0304\u0308", "\u1E7B"=>"u\u0304\u0308", "\u1E7C"=>"V\u0303", "\u1E7D"=>"v\u0303", "\u1E7E"=>"V\u0323", "\u1E7F"=>"v\u0323", "\u1E80"=>"W\u0300",
-    "\u1E81"=>"w\u0300", "\u1E82"=>"W\u0301", "\u1E83"=>"w\u0301", "\u1E84"=>"W\u0308", "\u1E85"=>"w\u0308", "\u1E86"=>"W\u0307", "\u1E87"=>"w\u0307", "\u1E88"=>"W\u0323",
-    "\u1E89"=>"w\u0323", "\u1E8A"=>"X\u0307", "\u1E8B"=>"x\u0307", "\u1E8C"=>"X\u0308", "\u1E8D"=>"x\u0308", "\u1E8E"=>"Y\u0307", "\u1E8F"=>"y\u0307", "\u1E90"=>"Z\u0302",
-    "\u1E91"=>"z\u0302", "\u1E92"=>"Z\u0323", "\u1E93"=>"z\u0323", "\u1E94"=>"Z\u0331", "\u1E95"=>"z\u0331", "\u1E96"=>"h\u0331", "\u1E97"=>"t\u0308", "\u1E98"=>"w\u030A",
-    "\u1E99"=>"y\u030A", "\u1E9B"=>"\u017F\u0307", "\u1EA0"=>"A\u0323", "\u1EA1"=>"a\u0323", "\u1EA2"=>"A\u0309", "\u1EA3"=>"a\u0309", "\u1EA4"=>"A\u0302\u0301", "\u1EA5"=>"a\u0302\u0301",
-    "\u1EA6"=>"A\u0302\u0300", "\u1EA7"=>"a\u0302\u0300", "\u1EA8"=>"A\u0302\u0309", "\u1EA9"=>"a\u0302\u0309", "\u1EAA"=>"A\u0302\u0303", "\u1EAB"=>"a\u0302\u0303", "\u1EAC"=>"A\u0323\u0302", "\u1EAD"=>"a\u0323\u0302",
-    "\u1EAE"=>"A\u0306\u0301", "\u1EAF"=>"a\u0306\u0301", "\u1EB0"=>"A\u0306\u0300", "\u1EB1"=>"a\u0306\u0300", "\u1EB2"=>"A\u0306\u0309", "\u1EB3"=>"a\u0306\u0309", "\u1EB4"=>"A\u0306\u0303", "\u1EB5"=>"a\u0306\u0303",
-    "\u1EB6"=>"A\u0323\u0306", "\u1EB7"=>"a\u0323\u0306", "\u1EB8"=>"E\u0323", "\u1EB9"=>"e\u0323", "\u1EBA"=>"E\u0309", "\u1EBB"=>"e\u0309", "\u1EBC"=>"E\u0303", "\u1EBD"=>"e\u0303",
-    "\u1EBE"=>"E\u0302\u0301", "\u1EBF"=>"e\u0302\u0301", "\u1EC0"=>"E\u0302\u0300", "\u1EC1"=>"e\u0302\u0300", "\u1EC2"=>"E\u0302\u0309", "\u1EC3"=>"e\u0302\u0309", "\u1EC4"=>"E\u0302\u0303", "\u1EC5"=>"e\u0302\u0303",
-    "\u1EC6"=>"E\u0323\u0302", "\u1EC7"=>"e\u0323\u0302", "\u1EC8"=>"I\u0309", "\u1EC9"=>"i\u0309", "\u1ECA"=>"I\u0323", "\u1ECB"=>"i\u0323", "\u1ECC"=>"O\u0323", "\u1ECD"=>"o\u0323",
-    "\u1ECE"=>"O\u0309", "\u1ECF"=>"o\u0309", "\u1ED0"=>"O\u0302\u0301", "\u1ED1"=>"o\u0302\u0301", "\u1ED2"=>"O\u0302\u0300", "\u1ED3"=>"o\u0302\u0300", "\u1ED4"=>"O\u0302\u0309", "\u1ED5"=>"o\u0302\u0309",
-    "\u1ED6"=>"O\u0302\u0303", "\u1ED7"=>"o\u0302\u0303", "\u1ED8"=>"O\u0323\u0302", "\u1ED9"=>"o\u0323\u0302", "\u1EDA"=>"O\u031B\u0301", "\u1EDB"=>"o\u031B\u0301", "\u1EDC"=>"O\u031B\u0300", "\u1EDD"=>"o\u031B\u0300",
-    "\u1EDE"=>"O\u031B\u0309", "\u1EDF"=>"o\u031B\u0309", "\u1EE0"=>"O\u031B\u0303", "\u1EE1"=>"o\u031B\u0303", "\u1EE2"=>"O\u031B\u0323", "\u1EE3"=>"o\u031B\u0323", "\u1EE4"=>"U\u0323", "\u1EE5"=>"u\u0323",
-    "\u1EE6"=>"U\u0309", "\u1EE7"=>"u\u0309", "\u1EE8"=>"U\u031B\u0301", "\u1EE9"=>"u\u031B\u0301", "\u1EEA"=>"U\u031B\u0300", "\u1EEB"=>"u\u031B\u0300", "\u1EEC"=>"U\u031B\u0309", "\u1EED"=>"u\u031B\u0309",
-    "\u1EEE"=>"U\u031B\u0303", "\u1EEF"=>"u\u031B\u0303", "\u1EF0"=>"U\u031B\u0323", "\u1EF1"=>"u\u031B\u0323", "\u1EF2"=>"Y\u0300", "\u1EF3"=>"y\u0300", "\u1EF4"=>"Y\u0323", "\u1EF5"=>"y\u0323",
-    "\u1EF6"=>"Y\u0309", "\u1EF7"=>"y\u0309", "\u1EF8"=>"Y\u0303", "\u1EF9"=>"y\u0303", "\u1F00"=>"\u03B1\u0313", "\u1F01"=>"\u03B1\u0314", "\u1F02"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0300", "\u1F03"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0300",
-    "\u1F04"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0301", "\u1F05"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0301", "\u1F06"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0342", "\u1F07"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0342", "\u1F08"=>"\u0391\u0313", "\u1F09"=>"\u0391\u0314", "\u1F0A"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0300", "\u1F0B"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0300",
-    "\u1F0C"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0301", "\u1F0D"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0301", "\u1F0E"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0342", "\u1F0F"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0342", "\u1F10"=>"\u03B5\u0313", "\u1F11"=>"\u03B5\u0314", "\u1F12"=>"\u03B5\u0313\u0300", "\u1F13"=>"\u03B5\u0314\u0300",
-    "\u1F14"=>"\u03B5\u0313\u0301", "\u1F15"=>"\u03B5\u0314\u0301", "\u1F18"=>"\u0395\u0313", "\u1F19"=>"\u0395\u0314", "\u1F1A"=>"\u0395\u0313\u0300", "\u1F1B"=>"\u0395\u0314\u0300", "\u1F1C"=>"\u0395\u0313\u0301", "\u1F1D"=>"\u0395\u0314\u0301",
-    "\u1F20"=>"\u03B7\u0313", "\u1F21"=>"\u03B7\u0314", "\u1F22"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0300", "\u1F23"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0300", "\u1F24"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0301", "\u1F25"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0301", "\u1F26"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0342", "\u1F27"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0342",
-    "\u1F28"=>"\u0397\u0313", "\u1F29"=>"\u0397\u0314", "\u1F2A"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0300", "\u1F2B"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0300", "\u1F2C"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0301", "\u1F2D"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0301", "\u1F2E"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0342", "\u1F2F"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0342",
-    "\u1F30"=>"\u03B9\u0313", "\u1F31"=>"\u03B9\u0314", "\u1F32"=>"\u03B9\u0313\u0300", "\u1F33"=>"\u03B9\u0314\u0300", "\u1F34"=>"\u03B9\u0313\u0301", "\u1F35"=>"\u03B9\u0314\u0301", "\u1F36"=>"\u03B9\u0313\u0342", "\u1F37"=>"\u03B9\u0314\u0342",
-    "\u1F38"=>"\u0399\u0313", "\u1F39"=>"\u0399\u0314", "\u1F3A"=>"\u0399\u0313\u0300", "\u1F3B"=>"\u0399\u0314\u0300", "\u1F3C"=>"\u0399\u0313\u0301", "\u1F3D"=>"\u0399\u0314\u0301", "\u1F3E"=>"\u0399\u0313\u0342", "\u1F3F"=>"\u0399\u0314\u0342",
-    "\u1F40"=>"\u03BF\u0313", "\u1F41"=>"\u03BF\u0314", "\u1F42"=>"\u03BF\u0313\u0300", "\u1F43"=>"\u03BF\u0314\u0300", "\u1F44"=>"\u03BF\u0313\u0301", "\u1F45"=>"\u03BF\u0314\u0301", "\u1F48"=>"\u039F\u0313", "\u1F49"=>"\u039F\u0314",
-    "\u1F4A"=>"\u039F\u0313\u0300", "\u1F4B"=>"\u039F\u0314\u0300", "\u1F4C"=>"\u039F\u0313\u0301", "\u1F4D"=>"\u039F\u0314\u0301", "\u1F50"=>"\u03C5\u0313", "\u1F51"=>"\u03C5\u0314", "\u1F52"=>"\u03C5\u0313\u0300", "\u1F53"=>"\u03C5\u0314\u0300",
-    "\u1F54"=>"\u03C5\u0313\u0301", "\u1F55"=>"\u03C5\u0314\u0301", "\u1F56"=>"\u03C5\u0313\u0342", "\u1F57"=>"\u03C5\u0314\u0342", "\u1F59"=>"\u03A5\u0314", "\u1F5B"=>"\u03A5\u0314\u0300", "\u1F5D"=>"\u03A5\u0314\u0301", "\u1F5F"=>"\u03A5\u0314\u0342",
-    "\u1F60"=>"\u03C9\u0313", "\u1F61"=>"\u03C9\u0314", "\u1F62"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0300", "\u1F63"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0300", "\u1F64"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0301", "\u1F65"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0301", "\u1F66"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0342", "\u1F67"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0342",
-    "\u1F68"=>"\u03A9\u0313", "\u1F69"=>"\u03A9\u0314", "\u1F6A"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0300", "\u1F6B"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0300", "\u1F6C"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0301", "\u1F6D"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0301", "\u1F6E"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0342", "\u1F6F"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0342",
-    "\u1F70"=>"\u03B1\u0300", "\u1F71"=>"\u03B1\u0301", "\u1F72"=>"\u03B5\u0300", "\u1F73"=>"\u03B5\u0301", "\u1F74"=>"\u03B7\u0300", "\u1F75"=>"\u03B7\u0301", "\u1F76"=>"\u03B9\u0300", "\u1F77"=>"\u03B9\u0301",
-    "\u1F78"=>"\u03BF\u0300", "\u1F79"=>"\u03BF\u0301", "\u1F7A"=>"\u03C5\u0300", "\u1F7B"=>"\u03C5\u0301", "\u1F7C"=>"\u03C9\u0300", "\u1F7D"=>"\u03C9\u0301", "\u1F80"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0345", "\u1F81"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0345",
-    "\u1F82"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0300\u0345", "\u1F83"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0300\u0345", "\u1F84"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0301\u0345", "\u1F85"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0301\u0345", "\u1F86"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0342\u0345", "\u1F87"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0342\u0345", "\u1F88"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0345", "\u1F89"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0345",
-    "\u1F8A"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0300\u0345", "\u1F8B"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0300\u0345", "\u1F8C"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0301\u0345", "\u1F8D"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0301\u0345", "\u1F8E"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0342\u0345", "\u1F8F"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0342\u0345", "\u1F90"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0345", "\u1F91"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0345",
-    "\u1F92"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0300\u0345", "\u1F93"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0300\u0345", "\u1F94"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0301\u0345", "\u1F95"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0301\u0345", "\u1F96"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0342\u0345", "\u1F97"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0342\u0345", "\u1F98"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0345", "\u1F99"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0345",
-    "\u1F9A"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0300\u0345", "\u1F9B"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0300\u0345", "\u1F9C"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0301\u0345", "\u1F9D"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0301\u0345", "\u1F9E"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0342\u0345", "\u1F9F"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0342\u0345", "\u1FA0"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0345", "\u1FA1"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0345",
-    "\u1FA2"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0300\u0345", "\u1FA3"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0300\u0345", "\u1FA4"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0301\u0345", "\u1FA5"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0301\u0345", "\u1FA6"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0342\u0345", "\u1FA7"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0342\u0345", "\u1FA8"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0345", "\u1FA9"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0345",
-    "\u1FAA"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0300\u0345", "\u1FAB"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0300\u0345", "\u1FAC"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0301\u0345", "\u1FAD"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0301\u0345", "\u1FAE"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0342\u0345", "\u1FAF"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0342\u0345", "\u1FB0"=>"\u03B1\u0306", "\u1FB1"=>"\u03B1\u0304",
-    "\u1FB2"=>"\u03B1\u0300\u0345", "\u1FB3"=>"\u03B1\u0345", "\u1FB4"=>"\u03B1\u0301\u0345", "\u1FB6"=>"\u03B1\u0342", "\u1FB7"=>"\u03B1\u0342\u0345", "\u1FB8"=>"\u0391\u0306", "\u1FB9"=>"\u0391\u0304", "\u1FBA"=>"\u0391\u0300",
-    "\u1FBB"=>"\u0391\u0301", "\u1FBC"=>"\u0391\u0345", "\u1FBE"=>"\u03B9", "\u1FC1"=>"\u00A8\u0342", "\u1FC2"=>"\u03B7\u0300\u0345", "\u1FC3"=>"\u03B7\u0345", "\u1FC4"=>"\u03B7\u0301\u0345", "\u1FC6"=>"\u03B7\u0342",
-    "\u1FC7"=>"\u03B7\u0342\u0345", "\u1FC8"=>"\u0395\u0300", "\u1FC9"=>"\u0395\u0301", "\u1FCA"=>"\u0397\u0300", "\u1FCB"=>"\u0397\u0301", "\u1FCC"=>"\u0397\u0345", "\u1FCD"=>"\u1FBF\u0300", "\u1FCE"=>"\u1FBF\u0301",
-    "\u1FCF"=>"\u1FBF\u0342", "\u1FD0"=>"\u03B9\u0306", "\u1FD1"=>"\u03B9\u0304", "\u1FD2"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0300", "\u1FD3"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0301", "\u1FD6"=>"\u03B9\u0342", "\u1FD7"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0342", "\u1FD8"=>"\u0399\u0306",
-    "\u1FD9"=>"\u0399\u0304", "\u1FDA"=>"\u0399\u0300", "\u1FDB"=>"\u0399\u0301", "\u1FDD"=>"\u1FFE\u0300", "\u1FDE"=>"\u1FFE\u0301", "\u1FDF"=>"\u1FFE\u0342", "\u1FE0"=>"\u03C5\u0306", "\u1FE1"=>"\u03C5\u0304",
-    "\u1FE2"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0300", "\u1FE3"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0301", "\u1FE4"=>"\u03C1\u0313", "\u1FE5"=>"\u03C1\u0314", "\u1FE6"=>"\u03C5\u0342", "\u1FE7"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0342", "\u1FE8"=>"\u03A5\u0306", "\u1FE9"=>"\u03A5\u0304",
-    "\u1FEA"=>"\u03A5\u0300", "\u1FEB"=>"\u03A5\u0301", "\u1FEC"=>"\u03A1\u0314", "\u1FED"=>"\u00A8\u0300", "\u1FEE"=>"\u00A8\u0301", "\u1FEF"=>"`", "\u1FF2"=>"\u03C9\u0300\u0345", "\u1FF3"=>"\u03C9\u0345",
-    "\u1FF4"=>"\u03C9\u0301\u0345", "\u1FF6"=>"\u03C9\u0342", "\u1FF7"=>"\u03C9\u0342\u0345", "\u1FF8"=>"\u039F\u0300", "\u1FF9"=>"\u039F\u0301", "\u1FFA"=>"\u03A9\u0300", "\u1FFB"=>"\u03A9\u0301", "\u1FFC"=>"\u03A9\u0345",
-    "\u1FFD"=>"\u00B4", "\u2000"=>"\u2002", "\u2001"=>"\u2003", "\u2126"=>"\u03A9", "\u212A"=>"K", "\u212B"=>"A\u030A", "\u219A"=>"\u2190\u0338", "\u219B"=>"\u2192\u0338",
-    "\u21AE"=>"\u2194\u0338", "\u21CD"=>"\u21D0\u0338", "\u21CE"=>"\u21D4\u0338", "\u21CF"=>"\u21D2\u0338", "\u2204"=>"\u2203\u0338", "\u2209"=>"\u2208\u0338", "\u220C"=>"\u220B\u0338", "\u2224"=>"\u2223\u0338",
-    "\u2226"=>"\u2225\u0338", "\u2241"=>"\u223C\u0338", "\u2244"=>"\u2243\u0338", "\u2247"=>"\u2245\u0338", "\u2249"=>"\u2248\u0338", "\u2260"=>"=\u0338", "\u2262"=>"\u2261\u0338", "\u226D"=>"\u224D\u0338",
-    "\u226E"=>"<\u0338", "\u226F"=>">\u0338", "\u2270"=>"\u2264\u0338", "\u2271"=>"\u2265\u0338", "\u2274"=>"\u2272\u0338", "\u2275"=>"\u2273\u0338", "\u2278"=>"\u2276\u0338", "\u2279"=>"\u2277\u0338",
-    "\u2280"=>"\u227A\u0338", "\u2281"=>"\u227B\u0338", "\u2284"=>"\u2282\u0338", "\u2285"=>"\u2283\u0338", "\u2288"=>"\u2286\u0338", "\u2289"=>"\u2287\u0338", "\u22AC"=>"\u22A2\u0338", "\u22AD"=>"\u22A8\u0338",
-    "\u22AE"=>"\u22A9\u0338", "\u22AF"=>"\u22AB\u0338", "\u22E0"=>"\u227C\u0338", "\u22E1"=>"\u227D\u0338", "\u22E2"=>"\u2291\u0338", "\u22E3"=>"\u2292\u0338", "\u22EA"=>"\u22B2\u0338", "\u22EB"=>"\u22B3\u0338",
-    "\u22EC"=>"\u22B4\u0338", "\u22ED"=>"\u22B5\u0338", "\u2329"=>"\u3008", "\u232A"=>"\u3009", "\u2ADC"=>"\u2ADD\u0338", "\u304C"=>"\u304B\u3099", "\u304E"=>"\u304D\u3099", "\u3050"=>"\u304F\u3099",
-    "\u3052"=>"\u3051\u3099", "\u3054"=>"\u3053\u3099", "\u3056"=>"\u3055\u3099", "\u3058"=>"\u3057\u3099", "\u305A"=>"\u3059\u3099", "\u305C"=>"\u305B\u3099", "\u305E"=>"\u305D\u3099", "\u3060"=>"\u305F\u3099",
-    "\u3062"=>"\u3061\u3099", "\u3065"=>"\u3064\u3099", "\u3067"=>"\u3066\u3099", "\u3069"=>"\u3068\u3099", "\u3070"=>"\u306F\u3099", "\u3071"=>"\u306F\u309A", "\u3073"=>"\u3072\u3099", "\u3074"=>"\u3072\u309A",
-    "\u3076"=>"\u3075\u3099", "\u3077"=>"\u3075\u309A", "\u3079"=>"\u3078\u3099", "\u307A"=>"\u3078\u309A", "\u307C"=>"\u307B\u3099", "\u307D"=>"\u307B\u309A", "\u3094"=>"\u3046\u3099", "\u309E"=>"\u309D\u3099",
-    "\u30AC"=>"\u30AB\u3099", "\u30AE"=>"\u30AD\u3099", "\u30B0"=>"\u30AF\u3099", "\u30B2"=>"\u30B1\u3099", "\u30B4"=>"\u30B3\u3099", "\u30B6"=>"\u30B5\u3099", "\u30B8"=>"\u30B7\u3099", "\u30BA"=>"\u30B9\u3099",
-    "\u30BC"=>"\u30BB\u3099", "\u30BE"=>"\u30BD\u3099", "\u30C0"=>"\u30BF\u3099", "\u30C2"=>"\u30C1\u3099", "\u30C5"=>"\u30C4\u3099", "\u30C7"=>"\u30C6\u3099", "\u30C9"=>"\u30C8\u3099", "\u30D0"=>"\u30CF\u3099",
-    "\u30D1"=>"\u30CF\u309A", "\u30D3"=>"\u30D2\u3099", "\u30D4"=>"\u30D2\u309A", "\u30D6"=>"\u30D5\u3099", "\u30D7"=>"\u30D5\u309A", "\u30D9"=>"\u30D8\u3099", "\u30DA"=>"\u30D8\u309A", "\u30DC"=>"\u30DB\u3099",
-    "\u30DD"=>"\u30DB\u309A", "\u30F4"=>"\u30A6\u3099", "\u30F7"=>"\u30EF\u3099", "\u30F8"=>"\u30F0\u3099", "\u30F9"=>"\u30F1\u3099", "\u30FA"=>"\u30F2\u3099", "\u30FE"=>"\u30FD\u3099", "\uF900"=>"\u8C48",
-    "\uF901"=>"\u66F4", "\uF902"=>"\u8ECA", "\uF903"=>"\u8CC8", "\uF904"=>"\u6ED1", "\uF905"=>"\u4E32", "\uF906"=>"\u53E5", "\uF907"=>"\u9F9C", "\uF908"=>"\u9F9C",
-    "\uF909"=>"\u5951", "\uF90A"=>"\u91D1", "\uF90B"=>"\u5587", "\uF90C"=>"\u5948", "\uF90D"=>"\u61F6", "\uF90E"=>"\u7669", "\uF90F"=>"\u7F85", "\uF910"=>"\u863F",
-    "\uF911"=>"\u87BA", "\uF912"=>"\u88F8", "\uF913"=>"\u908F", "\uF914"=>"\u6A02", "\uF915"=>"\u6D1B", "\uF916"=>"\u70D9", "\uF917"=>"\u73DE", "\uF918"=>"\u843D",
-    "\uF919"=>"\u916A", "\uF91A"=>"\u99F1", "\uF91B"=>"\u4E82", "\uF91C"=>"\u5375", "\uF91D"=>"\u6B04", "\uF91E"=>"\u721B", "\uF91F"=>"\u862D", "\uF920"=>"\u9E1E",
-    "\uF921"=>"\u5D50", "\uF922"=>"\u6FEB", "\uF923"=>"\u85CD", "\uF924"=>"\u8964", "\uF925"=>"\u62C9", "\uF926"=>"\u81D8", "\uF927"=>"\u881F", "\uF928"=>"\u5ECA",
-    "\uF929"=>"\u6717", "\uF92A"=>"\u6D6A", "\uF92B"=>"\u72FC", "\uF92C"=>"\u90CE", "\uF92D"=>"\u4F86", "\uF92E"=>"\u51B7", "\uF92F"=>"\u52DE", "\uF930"=>"\u64C4",
-    "\uF931"=>"\u6AD3", "\uF932"=>"\u7210", "\uF933"=>"\u76E7", "\uF934"=>"\u8001", "\uF935"=>"\u8606", "\uF936"=>"\u865C", "\uF937"=>"\u8DEF", "\uF938"=>"\u9732",
-    "\uF939"=>"\u9B6F", "\uF93A"=>"\u9DFA", "\uF93B"=>"\u788C", "\uF93C"=>"\u797F", "\uF93D"=>"\u7DA0", "\uF93E"=>"\u83C9", "\uF93F"=>"\u9304", "\uF940"=>"\u9E7F",
-    "\uF941"=>"\u8AD6", "\uF942"=>"\u58DF", "\uF943"=>"\u5F04", "\uF944"=>"\u7C60", "\uF945"=>"\u807E", "\uF946"=>"\u7262", "\uF947"=>"\u78CA", "\uF948"=>"\u8CC2",
-    "\uF949"=>"\u96F7", "\uF94A"=>"\u58D8", "\uF94B"=>"\u5C62", "\uF94C"=>"\u6A13", "\uF94D"=>"\u6DDA", "\uF94E"=>"\u6F0F", "\uF94F"=>"\u7D2F", "\uF950"=>"\u7E37",
-    "\uF951"=>"\u964B", "\uF952"=>"\u52D2", "\uF953"=>"\u808B", "\uF954"=>"\u51DC", "\uF955"=>"\u51CC", "\uF956"=>"\u7A1C", "\uF957"=>"\u7DBE", "\uF958"=>"\u83F1",
-    "\uF959"=>"\u9675", "\uF95A"=>"\u8B80", "\uF95B"=>"\u62CF", "\uF95C"=>"\u6A02", "\uF95D"=>"\u8AFE", "\uF95E"=>"\u4E39", "\uF95F"=>"\u5BE7", "\uF960"=>"\u6012",
-    "\uF961"=>"\u7387", "\uF962"=>"\u7570", "\uF963"=>"\u5317", "\uF964"=>"\u78FB", "\uF965"=>"\u4FBF", "\uF966"=>"\u5FA9", "\uF967"=>"\u4E0D", "\uF968"=>"\u6CCC",
-    "\uF969"=>"\u6578", "\uF96A"=>"\u7D22", "\uF96B"=>"\u53C3", "\uF96C"=>"\u585E", "\uF96D"=>"\u7701", "\uF96E"=>"\u8449", "\uF96F"=>"\u8AAA", "\uF970"=>"\u6BBA",
-    "\uF971"=>"\u8FB0", "\uF972"=>"\u6C88", "\uF973"=>"\u62FE", "\uF974"=>"\u82E5", "\uF975"=>"\u63A0", "\uF976"=>"\u7565", "\uF977"=>"\u4EAE", "\uF978"=>"\u5169",
-    "\uF979"=>"\u51C9", "\uF97A"=>"\u6881", "\uF97B"=>"\u7CE7", "\uF97C"=>"\u826F", "\uF97D"=>"\u8AD2", "\uF97E"=>"\u91CF", "\uF97F"=>"\u52F5", "\uF980"=>"\u5442",
-    "\uF981"=>"\u5973", "\uF982"=>"\u5EEC", "\uF983"=>"\u65C5", "\uF984"=>"\u6FFE", "\uF985"=>"\u792A", "\uF986"=>"\u95AD", "\uF987"=>"\u9A6A", "\uF988"=>"\u9E97",
-    "\uF989"=>"\u9ECE", "\uF98A"=>"\u529B", "\uF98B"=>"\u66C6", "\uF98C"=>"\u6B77", "\uF98D"=>"\u8F62", "\uF98E"=>"\u5E74", "\uF98F"=>"\u6190", "\uF990"=>"\u6200",
-    "\uF991"=>"\u649A", "\uF992"=>"\u6F23", "\uF993"=>"\u7149", "\uF994"=>"\u7489", "\uF995"=>"\u79CA", "\uF996"=>"\u7DF4", "\uF997"=>"\u806F", "\uF998"=>"\u8F26",
-    "\uF999"=>"\u84EE", "\uF99A"=>"\u9023", "\uF99B"=>"\u934A", "\uF99C"=>"\u5217", "\uF99D"=>"\u52A3", "\uF99E"=>"\u54BD", "\uF99F"=>"\u70C8", "\uF9A0"=>"\u88C2",
-    "\uF9A1"=>"\u8AAA", "\uF9A2"=>"\u5EC9", "\uF9A3"=>"\u5FF5", "\uF9A4"=>"\u637B", "\uF9A5"=>"\u6BAE", "\uF9A6"=>"\u7C3E", "\uF9A7"=>"\u7375", "\uF9A8"=>"\u4EE4",
-    "\uF9A9"=>"\u56F9", "\uF9AA"=>"\u5BE7", "\uF9AB"=>"\u5DBA", "\uF9AC"=>"\u601C", "\uF9AD"=>"\u73B2", "\uF9AE"=>"\u7469", "\uF9AF"=>"\u7F9A", "\uF9B0"=>"\u8046",
-    "\uF9B1"=>"\u9234", "\uF9B2"=>"\u96F6", "\uF9B3"=>"\u9748", "\uF9B4"=>"\u9818", "\uF9B5"=>"\u4F8B", "\uF9B6"=>"\u79AE", "\uF9B7"=>"\u91B4", "\uF9B8"=>"\u96B8",
-    "\uF9B9"=>"\u60E1", "\uF9BA"=>"\u4E86", "\uF9BB"=>"\u50DA", "\uF9BC"=>"\u5BEE", "\uF9BD"=>"\u5C3F", "\uF9BE"=>"\u6599", "\uF9BF"=>"\u6A02", "\uF9C0"=>"\u71CE",
-    "\uF9C1"=>"\u7642", "\uF9C2"=>"\u84FC", "\uF9C3"=>"\u907C", "\uF9C4"=>"\u9F8D", "\uF9C5"=>"\u6688", "\uF9C6"=>"\u962E", "\uF9C7"=>"\u5289", "\uF9C8"=>"\u677B",
-    "\uF9C9"=>"\u67F3", "\uF9CA"=>"\u6D41", "\uF9CB"=>"\u6E9C", "\uF9CC"=>"\u7409", "\uF9CD"=>"\u7559", "\uF9CE"=>"\u786B", "\uF9CF"=>"\u7D10", "\uF9D0"=>"\u985E",
-    "\uF9D1"=>"\u516D", "\uF9D2"=>"\u622E", "\uF9D3"=>"\u9678", "\uF9D4"=>"\u502B", "\uF9D5"=>"\u5D19", "\uF9D6"=>"\u6DEA", "\uF9D7"=>"\u8F2A", "\uF9D8"=>"\u5F8B",
-    "\uF9D9"=>"\u6144", "\uF9DA"=>"\u6817", "\uF9DB"=>"\u7387", "\uF9DC"=>"\u9686", "\uF9DD"=>"\u5229", "\uF9DE"=>"\u540F", "\uF9DF"=>"\u5C65", "\uF9E0"=>"\u6613",
-    "\uF9E1"=>"\u674E", "\uF9E2"=>"\u68A8", "\uF9E3"=>"\u6CE5", "\uF9E4"=>"\u7406", "\uF9E5"=>"\u75E2", "\uF9E6"=>"\u7F79", "\uF9E7"=>"\u88CF", "\uF9E8"=>"\u88E1",
-    "\uF9E9"=>"\u91CC", "\uF9EA"=>"\u96E2", "\uF9EB"=>"\u533F", "\uF9EC"=>"\u6EBA", "\uF9ED"=>"\u541D", "\uF9EE"=>"\u71D0", "\uF9EF"=>"\u7498", "\uF9F0"=>"\u85FA",
-    "\uF9F1"=>"\u96A3", "\uF9F2"=>"\u9C57", "\uF9F3"=>"\u9E9F", "\uF9F4"=>"\u6797", "\uF9F5"=>"\u6DCB", "\uF9F6"=>"\u81E8", "\uF9F7"=>"\u7ACB", "\uF9F8"=>"\u7B20",
-    "\uF9F9"=>"\u7C92", "\uF9FA"=>"\u72C0", "\uF9FB"=>"\u7099", "\uF9FC"=>"\u8B58", "\uF9FD"=>"\u4EC0", "\uF9FE"=>"\u8336", "\uF9FF"=>"\u523A", "\uFA00"=>"\u5207",
-    "\uFA01"=>"\u5EA6", "\uFA02"=>"\u62D3", "\uFA03"=>"\u7CD6", "\uFA04"=>"\u5B85", "\uFA05"=>"\u6D1E", "\uFA06"=>"\u66B4", "\uFA07"=>"\u8F3B", "\uFA08"=>"\u884C",
-    "\uFA09"=>"\u964D", "\uFA0A"=>"\u898B", "\uFA0B"=>"\u5ED3", "\uFA0C"=>"\u5140", "\uFA0D"=>"\u55C0", "\uFA10"=>"\u585A", "\uFA12"=>"\u6674", "\uFA15"=>"\u51DE",
-    "\uFA16"=>"\u732A", "\uFA17"=>"\u76CA", "\uFA18"=>"\u793C", "\uFA19"=>"\u795E", "\uFA1A"=>"\u7965", "\uFA1B"=>"\u798F", "\uFA1C"=>"\u9756", "\uFA1D"=>"\u7CBE",
-    "\uFA1E"=>"\u7FBD", "\uFA20"=>"\u8612", "\uFA22"=>"\u8AF8", "\uFA25"=>"\u9038", "\uFA26"=>"\u90FD", "\uFA2A"=>"\u98EF", "\uFA2B"=>"\u98FC", "\uFA2C"=>"\u9928",
-    "\uFA2D"=>"\u9DB4", "\uFA2E"=>"\u90DE", "\uFA2F"=>"\u96B7", "\uFA30"=>"\u4FAE", "\uFA31"=>"\u50E7", "\uFA32"=>"\u514D", "\uFA33"=>"\u52C9", "\uFA34"=>"\u52E4",
-    "\uFA35"=>"\u5351", "\uFA36"=>"\u559D", "\uFA37"=>"\u5606", "\uFA38"=>"\u5668", "\uFA39"=>"\u5840", "\uFA3A"=>"\u58A8", "\uFA3B"=>"\u5C64", "\uFA3C"=>"\u5C6E",
-    "\uFA3D"=>"\u6094", "\uFA3E"=>"\u6168", "\uFA3F"=>"\u618E", "\uFA40"=>"\u61F2", "\uFA41"=>"\u654F", "\uFA42"=>"\u65E2", "\uFA43"=>"\u6691", "\uFA44"=>"\u6885",
-    "\uFA45"=>"\u6D77", "\uFA46"=>"\u6E1A", "\uFA47"=>"\u6F22", "\uFA48"=>"\u716E", "\uFA49"=>"\u722B", "\uFA4A"=>"\u7422", "\uFA4B"=>"\u7891", "\uFA4C"=>"\u793E",
-    "\uFA4D"=>"\u7949", "\uFA4E"=>"\u7948", "\uFA4F"=>"\u7950", "\uFA50"=>"\u7956", "\uFA51"=>"\u795D", "\uFA52"=>"\u798D", "\uFA53"=>"\u798E", "\uFA54"=>"\u7A40",
-    "\uFA55"=>"\u7A81", "\uFA56"=>"\u7BC0", "\uFA57"=>"\u7DF4", "\uFA58"=>"\u7E09", "\uFA59"=>"\u7E41", "\uFA5A"=>"\u7F72", "\uFA5B"=>"\u8005", "\uFA5C"=>"\u81ED",
-    "\uFA5D"=>"\u8279", "\uFA5E"=>"\u8279", "\uFA5F"=>"\u8457", "\uFA60"=>"\u8910", "\uFA61"=>"\u8996", "\uFA62"=>"\u8B01", "\uFA63"=>"\u8B39", "\uFA64"=>"\u8CD3",
-    "\uFA65"=>"\u8D08", "\uFA66"=>"\u8FB6", "\uFA67"=>"\u9038", "\uFA68"=>"\u96E3", "\uFA69"=>"\u97FF", "\uFA6A"=>"\u983B", "\uFA6B"=>"\u6075", "\uFA6C"=>"\u{242EE}",
-    "\uFA6D"=>"\u8218", "\uFA70"=>"\u4E26", "\uFA71"=>"\u51B5", "\uFA72"=>"\u5168", "\uFA73"=>"\u4F80", "\uFA74"=>"\u5145", "\uFA75"=>"\u5180", "\uFA76"=>"\u52C7",
-    "\uFA77"=>"\u52FA", "\uFA78"=>"\u559D", "\uFA79"=>"\u5555", "\uFA7A"=>"\u5599", "\uFA7B"=>"\u55E2", "\uFA7C"=>"\u585A", "\uFA7D"=>"\u58B3", "\uFA7E"=>"\u5944",
-    "\uFA7F"=>"\u5954", "\uFA80"=>"\u5A62", "\uFA81"=>"\u5B28", "\uFA82"=>"\u5ED2", "\uFA83"=>"\u5ED9", "\uFA84"=>"\u5F69", "\uFA85"=>"\u5FAD", "\uFA86"=>"\u60D8",
-    "\uFA87"=>"\u614E", "\uFA88"=>"\u6108", "\uFA89"=>"\u618E", "\uFA8A"=>"\u6160", "\uFA8B"=>"\u61F2", "\uFA8C"=>"\u6234", "\uFA8D"=>"\u63C4", "\uFA8E"=>"\u641C",
-    "\uFA8F"=>"\u6452", "\uFA90"=>"\u6556", "\uFA91"=>"\u6674", "\uFA92"=>"\u6717", "\uFA93"=>"\u671B", "\uFA94"=>"\u6756", "\uFA95"=>"\u6B79", "\uFA96"=>"\u6BBA",
-    "\uFA97"=>"\u6D41", "\uFA98"=>"\u6EDB", "\uFA99"=>"\u6ECB", "\uFA9A"=>"\u6F22", "\uFA9B"=>"\u701E", "\uFA9C"=>"\u716E", "\uFA9D"=>"\u77A7", "\uFA9E"=>"\u7235",
-    "\uFA9F"=>"\u72AF", "\uFAA0"=>"\u732A", "\uFAA1"=>"\u7471", "\uFAA2"=>"\u7506", "\uFAA3"=>"\u753B", "\uFAA4"=>"\u761D", "\uFAA5"=>"\u761F", "\uFAA6"=>"\u76CA",
-    "\uFAA7"=>"\u76DB", "\uFAA8"=>"\u76F4", "\uFAA9"=>"\u774A", "\uFAAA"=>"\u7740", "\uFAAB"=>"\u78CC", "\uFAAC"=>"\u7AB1", "\uFAAD"=>"\u7BC0", "\uFAAE"=>"\u7C7B",
-    "\uFAAF"=>"\u7D5B", "\uFAB0"=>"\u7DF4", "\uFAB1"=>"\u7F3E", "\uFAB2"=>"\u8005", "\uFAB3"=>"\u8352", "\uFAB4"=>"\u83EF", "\uFAB5"=>"\u8779", "\uFAB6"=>"\u8941",
-    "\uFAB7"=>"\u8986", "\uFAB8"=>"\u8996", "\uFAB9"=>"\u8ABF", "\uFABA"=>"\u8AF8", "\uFABB"=>"\u8ACB", "\uFABC"=>"\u8B01", "\uFABD"=>"\u8AFE", "\uFABE"=>"\u8AED",
-    "\uFABF"=>"\u8B39", "\uFAC0"=>"\u8B8A", "\uFAC1"=>"\u8D08", "\uFAC2"=>"\u8F38", "\uFAC3"=>"\u9072", "\uFAC4"=>"\u9199", "\uFAC5"=>"\u9276", "\uFAC6"=>"\u967C",
-    "\uFAC7"=>"\u96E3", "\uFAC8"=>"\u9756", "\uFAC9"=>"\u97DB", "\uFACA"=>"\u97FF", "\uFACB"=>"\u980B", "\uFACC"=>"\u983B", "\uFACD"=>"\u9B12", "\uFACE"=>"\u9F9C",
-    "\uFACF"=>"\u{2284A}", "\uFAD0"=>"\u{22844}", "\uFAD1"=>"\u{233D5}", "\uFAD2"=>"\u3B9D", "\uFAD3"=>"\u4018", "\uFAD4"=>"\u4039", "\uFAD5"=>"\u{25249}", "\uFAD6"=>"\u{25CD0}",
-    "\uFAD7"=>"\u{27ED3}", "\uFAD8"=>"\u9F43", "\uFAD9"=>"\u9F8E", "\uFB1D"=>"\u05D9\u05B4", "\uFB1F"=>"\u05F2\u05B7", "\uFB2A"=>"\u05E9\u05C1", "\uFB2B"=>"\u05E9\u05C2", "\uFB2C"=>"\u05E9\u05BC\u05C1",
-    "\uFB2D"=>"\u05E9\u05BC\u05C2", "\uFB2E"=>"\u05D0\u05B7", "\uFB2F"=>"\u05D0\u05B8", "\uFB30"=>"\u05D0\u05BC", "\uFB31"=>"\u05D1\u05BC", "\uFB32"=>"\u05D2\u05BC", "\uFB33"=>"\u05D3\u05BC", "\uFB34"=>"\u05D4\u05BC",
-    "\uFB35"=>"\u05D5\u05BC", "\uFB36"=>"\u05D6\u05BC", "\uFB38"=>"\u05D8\u05BC", "\uFB39"=>"\u05D9\u05BC", "\uFB3A"=>"\u05DA\u05BC", "\uFB3B"=>"\u05DB\u05BC", "\uFB3C"=>"\u05DC\u05BC", "\uFB3E"=>"\u05DE\u05BC",
-    "\uFB40"=>"\u05E0\u05BC", "\uFB41"=>"\u05E1\u05BC", "\uFB43"=>"\u05E3\u05BC", "\uFB44"=>"\u05E4\u05BC", "\uFB46"=>"\u05E6\u05BC", "\uFB47"=>"\u05E7\u05BC", "\uFB48"=>"\u05E8\u05BC", "\uFB49"=>"\u05E9\u05BC",
-    "\uFB4A"=>"\u05EA\u05BC", "\uFB4B"=>"\u05D5\u05B9", "\uFB4C"=>"\u05D1\u05BF", "\uFB4D"=>"\u05DB\u05BF", "\uFB4E"=>"\u05E4\u05BF", "\u{1109A}"=>"\u{11099}\u{110BA}", "\u{1109C}"=>"\u{1109B}\u{110BA}", "\u{110AB}"=>"\u{110A5}\u{110BA}",
-    "\u{1112E}"=>"\u{11131}\u{11127}", "\u{1112F}"=>"\u{11132}\u{11127}", "\u{1134B}"=>"\u{11347}\u{1133E}", "\u{1134C}"=>"\u{11347}\u{11357}", "\u{114BB}"=>"\u{114B9}\u{114BA}", "\u{114BC}"=>"\u{114B9}\u{114B0}", "\u{114BE}"=>"\u{114B9}\u{114BD}", "\u{115BA}"=>"\u{115B8}\u{115AF}",
-    "\u{115BB}"=>"\u{115B9}\u{115AF}", "\u{1D15E}"=>"\u{1D157}\u{1D165}", "\u{1D15F}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}", "\u{1D160}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D16E}", "\u{1D161}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D16F}", "\u{1D162}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D170}", "\u{1D163}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D171}", "\u{1D164}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D172}",
-    "\u{1D1BB}"=>"\u{1D1B9}\u{1D165}", "\u{1D1BC}"=>"\u{1D1BA}\u{1D165}", "\u{1D1BD}"=>"\u{1D1B9}\u{1D165}\u{1D16E}", "\u{1D1BE}"=>"\u{1D1BA}\u{1D165}\u{1D16E}", "\u{1D1BF}"=>"\u{1D1B9}\u{1D165}\u{1D16F}", "\u{1D1C0}"=>"\u{1D1BA}\u{1D165}\u{1D16F}", "\u{2F800}"=>"\u4E3D", "\u{2F801}"=>"\u4E38",
-    "\u{2F802}"=>"\u4E41", "\u{2F803}"=>"\u{20122}", "\u{2F804}"=>"\u4F60", "\u{2F805}"=>"\u4FAE", "\u{2F806}"=>"\u4FBB", "\u{2F807}"=>"\u5002", "\u{2F808}"=>"\u507A", "\u{2F809}"=>"\u5099",
-    "\u{2F80A}"=>"\u50E7", "\u{2F80B}"=>"\u50CF", "\u{2F80C}"=>"\u349E", "\u{2F80D}"=>"\u{2063A}", "\u{2F80E}"=>"\u514D", "\u{2F80F}"=>"\u5154", "\u{2F810}"=>"\u5164", "\u{2F811}"=>"\u5177",
-    "\u{2F812}"=>"\u{2051C}", "\u{2F813}"=>"\u34B9", "\u{2F814}"=>"\u5167", "\u{2F815}"=>"\u518D", "\u{2F816}"=>"\u{2054B}", "\u{2F817}"=>"\u5197", "\u{2F818}"=>"\u51A4", "\u{2F819}"=>"\u4ECC",
-    "\u{2F81A}"=>"\u51AC", "\u{2F81B}"=>"\u51B5", "\u{2F81C}"=>"\u{291DF}", "\u{2F81D}"=>"\u51F5", "\u{2F81E}"=>"\u5203", "\u{2F81F}"=>"\u34DF", "\u{2F820}"=>"\u523B", "\u{2F821}"=>"\u5246",
-    "\u{2F822}"=>"\u5272", "\u{2F823}"=>"\u5277", "\u{2F824}"=>"\u3515", "\u{2F825}"=>"\u52C7", "\u{2F826}"=>"\u52C9", "\u{2F827}"=>"\u52E4", "\u{2F828}"=>"\u52FA", "\u{2F829}"=>"\u5305",
-    "\u{2F82A}"=>"\u5306", "\u{2F82B}"=>"\u5317", "\u{2F82C}"=>"\u5349", "\u{2F82D}"=>"\u5351", "\u{2F82E}"=>"\u535A", "\u{2F82F}"=>"\u5373", "\u{2F830}"=>"\u537D", "\u{2F831}"=>"\u537F",
-    "\u{2F832}"=>"\u537F", "\u{2F833}"=>"\u537F", "\u{2F834}"=>"\u{20A2C}", "\u{2F835}"=>"\u7070", "\u{2F836}"=>"\u53CA", "\u{2F837}"=>"\u53DF", "\u{2F838}"=>"\u{20B63}", "\u{2F839}"=>"\u53EB",
-    "\u{2F83A}"=>"\u53F1", "\u{2F83B}"=>"\u5406", "\u{2F83C}"=>"\u549E", "\u{2F83D}"=>"\u5438", "\u{2F83E}"=>"\u5448", "\u{2F83F}"=>"\u5468", "\u{2F840}"=>"\u54A2", "\u{2F841}"=>"\u54F6",
-    "\u{2F842}"=>"\u5510", "\u{2F843}"=>"\u5553", "\u{2F844}"=>"\u5563", "\u{2F845}"=>"\u5584", "\u{2F846}"=>"\u5584", "\u{2F847}"=>"\u5599", "\u{2F848}"=>"\u55AB", "\u{2F849}"=>"\u55B3",
-    "\u{2F84A}"=>"\u55C2", "\u{2F84B}"=>"\u5716", "\u{2F84C}"=>"\u5606", "\u{2F84D}"=>"\u5717", "\u{2F84E}"=>"\u5651", "\u{2F84F}"=>"\u5674", "\u{2F850}"=>"\u5207", "\u{2F851}"=>"\u58EE",
-    "\u{2F852}"=>"\u57CE", "\u{2F853}"=>"\u57F4", "\u{2F854}"=>"\u580D", "\u{2F855}"=>"\u578B", "\u{2F856}"=>"\u5832", "\u{2F857}"=>"\u5831", "\u{2F858}"=>"\u58AC", "\u{2F859}"=>"\u{214E4}",
-    "\u{2F85A}"=>"\u58F2", "\u{2F85B}"=>"\u58F7", "\u{2F85C}"=>"\u5906", "\u{2F85D}"=>"\u591A", "\u{2F85E}"=>"\u5922", "\u{2F85F}"=>"\u5962", "\u{2F860}"=>"\u{216A8}", "\u{2F861}"=>"\u{216EA}",
-    "\u{2F862}"=>"\u59EC", "\u{2F863}"=>"\u5A1B", "\u{2F864}"=>"\u5A27", "\u{2F865}"=>"\u59D8", "\u{2F866}"=>"\u5A66", "\u{2F867}"=>"\u36EE", "\u{2F868}"=>"\u36FC", "\u{2F869}"=>"\u5B08",
-    "\u{2F86A}"=>"\u5B3E", "\u{2F86B}"=>"\u5B3E", "\u{2F86C}"=>"\u{219C8}", "\u{2F86D}"=>"\u5BC3", "\u{2F86E}"=>"\u5BD8", "\u{2F86F}"=>"\u5BE7", "\u{2F870}"=>"\u5BF3", "\u{2F871}"=>"\u{21B18}",
-    "\u{2F872}"=>"\u5BFF", "\u{2F873}"=>"\u5C06", "\u{2F874}"=>"\u5F53", "\u{2F875}"=>"\u5C22", "\u{2F876}"=>"\u3781", "\u{2F877}"=>"\u5C60", "\u{2F878}"=>"\u5C6E", "\u{2F879}"=>"\u5CC0",
-    "\u{2F87A}"=>"\u5C8D", "\u{2F87B}"=>"\u{21DE4}", "\u{2F87C}"=>"\u5D43", "\u{2F87D}"=>"\u{21DE6}", "\u{2F87E}"=>"\u5D6E", "\u{2F87F}"=>"\u5D6B", "\u{2F880}"=>"\u5D7C", "\u{2F881}"=>"\u5DE1",
-    "\u{2F882}"=>"\u5DE2", "\u{2F883}"=>"\u382F", "\u{2F884}"=>"\u5DFD", "\u{2F885}"=>"\u5E28", "\u{2F886}"=>"\u5E3D", "\u{2F887}"=>"\u5E69", "\u{2F888}"=>"\u3862", "\u{2F889}"=>"\u{22183}",
-    "\u{2F88A}"=>"\u387C", "\u{2F88B}"=>"\u5EB0", "\u{2F88C}"=>"\u5EB3", "\u{2F88D}"=>"\u5EB6", "\u{2F88E}"=>"\u5ECA", "\u{2F88F}"=>"\u{2A392}", "\u{2F890}"=>"\u5EFE", "\u{2F891}"=>"\u{22331}",
-    "\u{2F892}"=>"\u{22331}", "\u{2F893}"=>"\u8201", "\u{2F894}"=>"\u5F22", "\u{2F895}"=>"\u5F22", "\u{2F896}"=>"\u38C7", "\u{2F897}"=>"\u{232B8}", "\u{2F898}"=>"\u{261DA}", "\u{2F899}"=>"\u5F62",
-    "\u{2F89A}"=>"\u5F6B", "\u{2F89B}"=>"\u38E3", "\u{2F89C}"=>"\u5F9A", "\u{2F89D}"=>"\u5FCD", "\u{2F89E}"=>"\u5FD7", "\u{2F89F}"=>"\u5FF9", "\u{2F8A0}"=>"\u6081", "\u{2F8A1}"=>"\u393A",
-    "\u{2F8A2}"=>"\u391C", "\u{2F8A3}"=>"\u6094", "\u{2F8A4}"=>"\u{226D4}", "\u{2F8A5}"=>"\u60C7", "\u{2F8A6}"=>"\u6148", "\u{2F8A7}"=>"\u614C", "\u{2F8A8}"=>"\u614E", "\u{2F8A9}"=>"\u614C",
-    "\u{2F8AA}"=>"\u617A", "\u{2F8AB}"=>"\u618E", "\u{2F8AC}"=>"\u61B2", "\u{2F8AD}"=>"\u61A4", "\u{2F8AE}"=>"\u61AF", "\u{2F8AF}"=>"\u61DE", "\u{2F8B0}"=>"\u61F2", "\u{2F8B1}"=>"\u61F6",
-    "\u{2F8B2}"=>"\u6210", "\u{2F8B3}"=>"\u621B", "\u{2F8B4}"=>"\u625D", "\u{2F8B5}"=>"\u62B1", "\u{2F8B6}"=>"\u62D4", "\u{2F8B7}"=>"\u6350", "\u{2F8B8}"=>"\u{22B0C}", "\u{2F8B9}"=>"\u633D",
-    "\u{2F8BA}"=>"\u62FC", "\u{2F8BB}"=>"\u6368", "\u{2F8BC}"=>"\u6383", "\u{2F8BD}"=>"\u63E4", "\u{2F8BE}"=>"\u{22BF1}", "\u{2F8BF}"=>"\u6422", "\u{2F8C0}"=>"\u63C5", "\u{2F8C1}"=>"\u63A9",
-    "\u{2F8C2}"=>"\u3A2E", "\u{2F8C3}"=>"\u6469", "\u{2F8C4}"=>"\u647E", "\u{2F8C5}"=>"\u649D", "\u{2F8C6}"=>"\u6477", "\u{2F8C7}"=>"\u3A6C", "\u{2F8C8}"=>"\u654F", "\u{2F8C9}"=>"\u656C",
-    "\u{2F8CA}"=>"\u{2300A}", "\u{2F8CB}"=>"\u65E3", "\u{2F8CC}"=>"\u66F8", "\u{2F8CD}"=>"\u6649", "\u{2F8CE}"=>"\u3B19", "\u{2F8CF}"=>"\u6691", "\u{2F8D0}"=>"\u3B08", "\u{2F8D1}"=>"\u3AE4",
-    "\u{2F8D2}"=>"\u5192", "\u{2F8D3}"=>"\u5195", "\u{2F8D4}"=>"\u6700", "\u{2F8D5}"=>"\u669C", "\u{2F8D6}"=>"\u80AD", "\u{2F8D7}"=>"\u43D9", "\u{2F8D8}"=>"\u6717", "\u{2F8D9}"=>"\u671B",
-    "\u{2F8DA}"=>"\u6721", "\u{2F8DB}"=>"\u675E", "\u{2F8DC}"=>"\u6753", "\u{2F8DD}"=>"\u{233C3}", "\u{2F8DE}"=>"\u3B49", "\u{2F8DF}"=>"\u67FA", "\u{2F8E0}"=>"\u6785", "\u{2F8E1}"=>"\u6852",
-    "\u{2F8E2}"=>"\u6885", "\u{2F8E3}"=>"\u{2346D}", "\u{2F8E4}"=>"\u688E", "\u{2F8E5}"=>"\u681F", "\u{2F8E6}"=>"\u6914", "\u{2F8E7}"=>"\u3B9D", "\u{2F8E8}"=>"\u6942", "\u{2F8E9}"=>"\u69A3",
-    "\u{2F8EA}"=>"\u69EA", "\u{2F8EB}"=>"\u6AA8", "\u{2F8EC}"=>"\u{236A3}", "\u{2F8ED}"=>"\u6ADB", "\u{2F8EE}"=>"\u3C18", "\u{2F8EF}"=>"\u6B21", "\u{2F8F0}"=>"\u{238A7}", "\u{2F8F1}"=>"\u6B54",
-    "\u{2F8F2}"=>"\u3C4E", "\u{2F8F3}"=>"\u6B72", "\u{2F8F4}"=>"\u6B9F", "\u{2F8F5}"=>"\u6BBA", "\u{2F8F6}"=>"\u6BBB", "\u{2F8F7}"=>"\u{23A8D}", "\u{2F8F8}"=>"\u{21D0B}", "\u{2F8F9}"=>"\u{23AFA}",
-    "\u{2F8FA}"=>"\u6C4E", "\u{2F8FB}"=>"\u{23CBC}", "\u{2F8FC}"=>"\u6CBF", "\u{2F8FD}"=>"\u6CCD", "\u{2F8FE}"=>"\u6C67", "\u{2F8FF}"=>"\u6D16", "\u{2F900}"=>"\u6D3E", "\u{2F901}"=>"\u6D77",
-    "\u{2F902}"=>"\u6D41", "\u{2F903}"=>"\u6D69", "\u{2F904}"=>"\u6D78", "\u{2F905}"=>"\u6D85", "\u{2F906}"=>"\u{23D1E}", "\u{2F907}"=>"\u6D34", "\u{2F908}"=>"\u6E2F", "\u{2F909}"=>"\u6E6E",
-    "\u{2F90A}"=>"\u3D33", "\u{2F90B}"=>"\u6ECB", "\u{2F90C}"=>"\u6EC7", "\u{2F90D}"=>"\u{23ED1}", "\u{2F90E}"=>"\u6DF9", "\u{2F90F}"=>"\u6F6E", "\u{2F910}"=>"\u{23F5E}", "\u{2F911}"=>"\u{23F8E}",
-    "\u{2F912}"=>"\u6FC6", "\u{2F913}"=>"\u7039", "\u{2F914}"=>"\u701E", "\u{2F915}"=>"\u701B", "\u{2F916}"=>"\u3D96", "\u{2F917}"=>"\u704A", "\u{2F918}"=>"\u707D", "\u{2F919}"=>"\u7077",
-    "\u{2F91A}"=>"\u70AD", "\u{2F91B}"=>"\u{20525}", "\u{2F91C}"=>"\u7145", "\u{2F91D}"=>"\u{24263}", "\u{2F91E}"=>"\u719C", "\u{2F91F}"=>"\u{243AB}", "\u{2F920}"=>"\u7228", "\u{2F921}"=>"\u7235",
-    "\u{2F922}"=>"\u7250", "\u{2F923}"=>"\u{24608}", "\u{2F924}"=>"\u7280", "\u{2F925}"=>"\u7295", "\u{2F926}"=>"\u{24735}", "\u{2F927}"=>"\u{24814}", "\u{2F928}"=>"\u737A", "\u{2F929}"=>"\u738B",
-    "\u{2F92A}"=>"\u3EAC", "\u{2F92B}"=>"\u73A5", "\u{2F92C}"=>"\u3EB8", "\u{2F92D}"=>"\u3EB8", "\u{2F92E}"=>"\u7447", "\u{2F92F}"=>"\u745C", "\u{2F930}"=>"\u7471", "\u{2F931}"=>"\u7485",
-    "\u{2F932}"=>"\u74CA", "\u{2F933}"=>"\u3F1B", "\u{2F934}"=>"\u7524", "\u{2F935}"=>"\u{24C36}", "\u{2F936}"=>"\u753E", "\u{2F937}"=>"\u{24C92}", "\u{2F938}"=>"\u7570", "\u{2F939}"=>"\u{2219F}",
-    "\u{2F93A}"=>"\u7610", "\u{2F93B}"=>"\u{24FA1}", "\u{2F93C}"=>"\u{24FB8}", "\u{2F93D}"=>"\u{25044}", "\u{2F93E}"=>"\u3FFC", "\u{2F93F}"=>"\u4008", "\u{2F940}"=>"\u76F4", "\u{2F941}"=>"\u{250F3}",
-    "\u{2F942}"=>"\u{250F2}", "\u{2F943}"=>"\u{25119}", "\u{2F944}"=>"\u{25133}", "\u{2F945}"=>"\u771E", "\u{2F946}"=>"\u771F", "\u{2F947}"=>"\u771F", "\u{2F948}"=>"\u774A", "\u{2F949}"=>"\u4039",
-    "\u{2F94A}"=>"\u778B", "\u{2F94B}"=>"\u4046", "\u{2F94C}"=>"\u4096", "\u{2F94D}"=>"\u{2541D}", "\u{2F94E}"=>"\u784E", "\u{2F94F}"=>"\u788C", "\u{2F950}"=>"\u78CC", "\u{2F951}"=>"\u40E3",
-    "\u{2F952}"=>"\u{25626}", "\u{2F953}"=>"\u7956", "\u{2F954}"=>"\u{2569A}", "\u{2F955}"=>"\u{256C5}", "\u{2F956}"=>"\u798F", "\u{2F957}"=>"\u79EB", "\u{2F958}"=>"\u412F", "\u{2F959}"=>"\u7A40",
-    "\u{2F95A}"=>"\u7A4A", "\u{2F95B}"=>"\u7A4F", "\u{2F95C}"=>"\u{2597C}", "\u{2F95D}"=>"\u{25AA7}", "\u{2F95E}"=>"\u{25AA7}", "\u{2F95F}"=>"\u7AEE", "\u{2F960}"=>"\u4202", "\u{2F961}"=>"\u{25BAB}",
-    "\u{2F962}"=>"\u7BC6", "\u{2F963}"=>"\u7BC9", "\u{2F964}"=>"\u4227", "\u{2F965}"=>"\u{25C80}", "\u{2F966}"=>"\u7CD2", "\u{2F967}"=>"\u42A0", "\u{2F968}"=>"\u7CE8", "\u{2F969}"=>"\u7CE3",
-    "\u{2F96A}"=>"\u7D00", "\u{2F96B}"=>"\u{25F86}", "\u{2F96C}"=>"\u7D63", "\u{2F96D}"=>"\u4301", "\u{2F96E}"=>"\u7DC7", "\u{2F96F}"=>"\u7E02", "\u{2F970}"=>"\u7E45", "\u{2F971}"=>"\u4334",
-    "\u{2F972}"=>"\u{26228}", "\u{2F973}"=>"\u{26247}", "\u{2F974}"=>"\u4359", "\u{2F975}"=>"\u{262D9}", "\u{2F976}"=>"\u7F7A", "\u{2F977}"=>"\u{2633E}", "\u{2F978}"=>"\u7F95", "\u{2F979}"=>"\u7FFA",
-    "\u{2F97A}"=>"\u8005", "\u{2F97B}"=>"\u{264DA}", "\u{2F97C}"=>"\u{26523}", "\u{2F97D}"=>"\u8060", "\u{2F97E}"=>"\u{265A8}", "\u{2F97F}"=>"\u8070", "\u{2F980}"=>"\u{2335F}", "\u{2F981}"=>"\u43D5",
-    "\u{2F982}"=>"\u80B2", "\u{2F983}"=>"\u8103", "\u{2F984}"=>"\u440B", "\u{2F985}"=>"\u813E", "\u{2F986}"=>"\u5AB5", "\u{2F987}"=>"\u{267A7}", "\u{2F988}"=>"\u{267B5}", "\u{2F989}"=>"\u{23393}",
-    "\u{2F98A}"=>"\u{2339C}", "\u{2F98B}"=>"\u8201", "\u{2F98C}"=>"\u8204", "\u{2F98D}"=>"\u8F9E", "\u{2F98E}"=>"\u446B", "\u{2F98F}"=>"\u8291", "\u{2F990}"=>"\u828B", "\u{2F991}"=>"\u829D",
-    "\u{2F992}"=>"\u52B3", "\u{2F993}"=>"\u82B1", "\u{2F994}"=>"\u82B3", "\u{2F995}"=>"\u82BD", "\u{2F996}"=>"\u82E6", "\u{2F997}"=>"\u{26B3C}", "\u{2F998}"=>"\u82E5", "\u{2F999}"=>"\u831D",
-    "\u{2F99A}"=>"\u8363", "\u{2F99B}"=>"\u83AD", "\u{2F99C}"=>"\u8323", "\u{2F99D}"=>"\u83BD", "\u{2F99E}"=>"\u83E7", "\u{2F99F}"=>"\u8457", "\u{2F9A0}"=>"\u8353", "\u{2F9A1}"=>"\u83CA",
-    "\u{2F9A2}"=>"\u83CC", "\u{2F9A3}"=>"\u83DC", "\u{2F9A4}"=>"\u{26C36}", "\u{2F9A5}"=>"\u{26D6B}", "\u{2F9A6}"=>"\u{26CD5}", "\u{2F9A7}"=>"\u452B", "\u{2F9A8}"=>"\u84F1", "\u{2F9A9}"=>"\u84F3",
-    "\u{2F9AA}"=>"\u8516", "\u{2F9AB}"=>"\u{273CA}", "\u{2F9AC}"=>"\u8564", "\u{2F9AD}"=>"\u{26F2C}", "\u{2F9AE}"=>"\u455D", "\u{2F9AF}"=>"\u4561", "\u{2F9B0}"=>"\u{26FB1}", "\u{2F9B1}"=>"\u{270D2}",
-    "\u{2F9B2}"=>"\u456B", "\u{2F9B3}"=>"\u8650", "\u{2F9B4}"=>"\u865C", "\u{2F9B5}"=>"\u8667", "\u{2F9B6}"=>"\u8669", "\u{2F9B7}"=>"\u86A9", "\u{2F9B8}"=>"\u8688", "\u{2F9B9}"=>"\u870E",
-    "\u{2F9BA}"=>"\u86E2", "\u{2F9BB}"=>"\u8779", "\u{2F9BC}"=>"\u8728", "\u{2F9BD}"=>"\u876B", "\u{2F9BE}"=>"\u8786", "\u{2F9BF}"=>"\u45D7", "\u{2F9C0}"=>"\u87E1", "\u{2F9C1}"=>"\u8801",
-    "\u{2F9C2}"=>"\u45F9", "\u{2F9C3}"=>"\u8860", "\u{2F9C4}"=>"\u8863", "\u{2F9C5}"=>"\u{27667}", "\u{2F9C6}"=>"\u88D7", "\u{2F9C7}"=>"\u88DE", "\u{2F9C8}"=>"\u4635", "\u{2F9C9}"=>"\u88FA",
-    "\u{2F9CA}"=>"\u34BB", "\u{2F9CB}"=>"\u{278AE}", "\u{2F9CC}"=>"\u{27966}", "\u{2F9CD}"=>"\u46BE", "\u{2F9CE}"=>"\u46C7", "\u{2F9CF}"=>"\u8AA0", "\u{2F9D0}"=>"\u8AED", "\u{2F9D1}"=>"\u8B8A",
-    "\u{2F9D2}"=>"\u8C55", "\u{2F9D3}"=>"\u{27CA8}", "\u{2F9D4}"=>"\u8CAB", "\u{2F9D5}"=>"\u8CC1", "\u{2F9D6}"=>"\u8D1B", "\u{2F9D7}"=>"\u8D77", "\u{2F9D8}"=>"\u{27F2F}", "\u{2F9D9}"=>"\u{20804}",
-    "\u{2F9DA}"=>"\u8DCB", "\u{2F9DB}"=>"\u8DBC", "\u{2F9DC}"=>"\u8DF0", "\u{2F9DD}"=>"\u{208DE}", "\u{2F9DE}"=>"\u8ED4", "\u{2F9DF}"=>"\u8F38", "\u{2F9E0}"=>"\u{285D2}", "\u{2F9E1}"=>"\u{285ED}",
-    "\u{2F9E2}"=>"\u9094", "\u{2F9E3}"=>"\u90F1", "\u{2F9E4}"=>"\u9111", "\u{2F9E5}"=>"\u{2872E}", "\u{2F9E6}"=>"\u911B", "\u{2F9E7}"=>"\u9238", "\u{2F9E8}"=>"\u92D7", "\u{2F9E9}"=>"\u92D8",
-    "\u{2F9EA}"=>"\u927C", "\u{2F9EB}"=>"\u93F9", "\u{2F9EC}"=>"\u9415", "\u{2F9ED}"=>"\u{28BFA}", "\u{2F9EE}"=>"\u958B", "\u{2F9EF}"=>"\u4995", "\u{2F9F0}"=>"\u95B7", "\u{2F9F1}"=>"\u{28D77}",
-    "\u{2F9F2}"=>"\u49E6", "\u{2F9F3}"=>"\u96C3", "\u{2F9F4}"=>"\u5DB2", "\u{2F9F5}"=>"\u9723", "\u{2F9F6}"=>"\u{29145}", "\u{2F9F7}"=>"\u{2921A}", "\u{2F9F8}"=>"\u4A6E", "\u{2F9F9}"=>"\u4A76",
-    "\u{2F9FA}"=>"\u97E0", "\u{2F9FB}"=>"\u{2940A}", "\u{2F9FC}"=>"\u4AB2", "\u{2F9FD}"=>"\u{29496}", "\u{2F9FE}"=>"\u980B", "\u{2F9FF}"=>"\u980B", "\u{2FA00}"=>"\u9829", "\u{2FA01}"=>"\u{295B6}",
-    "\u{2FA02}"=>"\u98E2", "\u{2FA03}"=>"\u4B33", "\u{2FA04}"=>"\u9929", "\u{2FA05}"=>"\u99A7", "\u{2FA06}"=>"\u99C2", "\u{2FA07}"=>"\u99FE", "\u{2FA08}"=>"\u4BCE", "\u{2FA09}"=>"\u{29B30}",
-    "\u{2FA0A}"=>"\u9B12", "\u{2FA0B}"=>"\u9C40", "\u{2FA0C}"=>"\u9CFD", "\u{2FA0D}"=>"\u4CCE", "\u{2FA0E}"=>"\u4CED", "\u{2FA0F}"=>"\u9D67", "\u{2FA10}"=>"\u{2A0CE}", "\u{2FA11}"=>"\u4CF8",
-    "\u{2FA12}"=>"\u{2A105}", "\u{2FA13}"=>"\u{2A20E}", "\u{2FA14}"=>"\u{2A291}", "\u{2FA15}"=>"\u9EBB", "\u{2FA16}"=>"\u4D56", "\u{2FA17}"=>"\u9EF9", "\u{2FA18}"=>"\u9EFE", "\u{2FA19}"=>"\u9F05",
-    "\u{2FA1A}"=>"\u9F0F", "\u{2FA1B}"=>"\u9F16", "\u{2FA1C}"=>"\u9F3B", "\u{2FA1D}"=>"\u{2A600}",
+    "\u00C0"=>"A\u0300",
+    "\u00C1"=>"A\u0301",
+    "\u00C2"=>"A\u0302",
+    "\u00C3"=>"A\u0303",
+    "\u00C4"=>"A\u0308",
+    "\u00C5"=>"A\u030A",
+    "\u00C7"=>"C\u0327",
+    "\u00C8"=>"E\u0300",
+    "\u00C9"=>"E\u0301",
+    "\u00CA"=>"E\u0302",
+    "\u00CB"=>"E\u0308",
+    "\u00CC"=>"I\u0300",
+    "\u00CD"=>"I\u0301",
+    "\u00CE"=>"I\u0302",
+    "\u00CF"=>"I\u0308",
+    "\u00D1"=>"N\u0303",
+    "\u00D2"=>"O\u0300",
+    "\u00D3"=>"O\u0301",
+    "\u00D4"=>"O\u0302",
+    "\u00D5"=>"O\u0303",
+    "\u00D6"=>"O\u0308",
+    "\u00D9"=>"U\u0300",
+    "\u00DA"=>"U\u0301",
+    "\u00DB"=>"U\u0302",
+    "\u00DC"=>"U\u0308",
+    "\u00DD"=>"Y\u0301",
+    "\u00E0"=>"a\u0300",
+    "\u00E1"=>"a\u0301",
+    "\u00E2"=>"a\u0302",
+    "\u00E3"=>"a\u0303",
+    "\u00E4"=>"a\u0308",
+    "\u00E5"=>"a\u030A",
+    "\u00E7"=>"c\u0327",
+    "\u00E8"=>"e\u0300",
+    "\u00E9"=>"e\u0301",
+    "\u00EA"=>"e\u0302",
+    "\u00EB"=>"e\u0308",
+    "\u00EC"=>"i\u0300",
+    "\u00ED"=>"i\u0301",
+    "\u00EE"=>"i\u0302",
+    "\u00EF"=>"i\u0308",
+    "\u00F1"=>"n\u0303",
+    "\u00F2"=>"o\u0300",
+    "\u00F3"=>"o\u0301",
+    "\u00F4"=>"o\u0302",
+    "\u00F5"=>"o\u0303",
+    "\u00F6"=>"o\u0308",
+    "\u00F9"=>"u\u0300",
+    "\u00FA"=>"u\u0301",
+    "\u00FB"=>"u\u0302",
+    "\u00FC"=>"u\u0308",
+    "\u00FD"=>"y\u0301",
+    "\u00FF"=>"y\u0308",
+    "\u0100"=>"A\u0304",
+    "\u0101"=>"a\u0304",
+    "\u0102"=>"A\u0306",
+    "\u0103"=>"a\u0306",
+    "\u0104"=>"A\u0328",
+    "\u0105"=>"a\u0328",
+    "\u0106"=>"C\u0301",
+    "\u0107"=>"c\u0301",
+    "\u0108"=>"C\u0302",
+    "\u0109"=>"c\u0302",
+    "\u010A"=>"C\u0307",
+    "\u010B"=>"c\u0307",
+    "\u010C"=>"C\u030C",
+    "\u010D"=>"c\u030C",
+    "\u010E"=>"D\u030C",
+    "\u010F"=>"d\u030C",
+    "\u0112"=>"E\u0304",
+    "\u0113"=>"e\u0304",
+    "\u0114"=>"E\u0306",
+    "\u0115"=>"e\u0306",
+    "\u0116"=>"E\u0307",
+    "\u0117"=>"e\u0307",
+    "\u0118"=>"E\u0328",
+    "\u0119"=>"e\u0328",
+    "\u011A"=>"E\u030C",
+    "\u011B"=>"e\u030C",
+    "\u011C"=>"G\u0302",
+    "\u011D"=>"g\u0302",
+    "\u011E"=>"G\u0306",
+    "\u011F"=>"g\u0306",
+    "\u0120"=>"G\u0307",
+    "\u0121"=>"g\u0307",
+    "\u0122"=>"G\u0327",
+    "\u0123"=>"g\u0327",
+    "\u0124"=>"H\u0302",
+    "\u0125"=>"h\u0302",
+    "\u0128"=>"I\u0303",
+    "\u0129"=>"i\u0303",
+    "\u012A"=>"I\u0304",
+    "\u012B"=>"i\u0304",
+    "\u012C"=>"I\u0306",
+    "\u012D"=>"i\u0306",
+    "\u012E"=>"I\u0328",
+    "\u012F"=>"i\u0328",
+    "\u0130"=>"I\u0307",
+    "\u0134"=>"J\u0302",
+    "\u0135"=>"j\u0302",
+    "\u0136"=>"K\u0327",
+    "\u0137"=>"k\u0327",
+    "\u0139"=>"L\u0301",
+    "\u013A"=>"l\u0301",
+    "\u013B"=>"L\u0327",
+    "\u013C"=>"l\u0327",
+    "\u013D"=>"L\u030C",
+    "\u013E"=>"l\u030C",
+    "\u0143"=>"N\u0301",
+    "\u0144"=>"n\u0301",
+    "\u0145"=>"N\u0327",
+    "\u0146"=>"n\u0327",
+    "\u0147"=>"N\u030C",
+    "\u0148"=>"n\u030C",
+    "\u014C"=>"O\u0304",
+    "\u014D"=>"o\u0304",
+    "\u014E"=>"O\u0306",
+    "\u014F"=>"o\u0306",
+    "\u0150"=>"O\u030B",
+    "\u0151"=>"o\u030B",
+    "\u0154"=>"R\u0301",
+    "\u0155"=>"r\u0301",
+    "\u0156"=>"R\u0327",
+    "\u0157"=>"r\u0327",
+    "\u0158"=>"R\u030C",
+    "\u0159"=>"r\u030C",
+    "\u015A"=>"S\u0301",
+    "\u015B"=>"s\u0301",
+    "\u015C"=>"S\u0302",
+    "\u015D"=>"s\u0302",
+    "\u015E"=>"S\u0327",
+    "\u015F"=>"s\u0327",
+    "\u0160"=>"S\u030C",
+    "\u0161"=>"s\u030C",
+    "\u0162"=>"T\u0327",
+    "\u0163"=>"t\u0327",
+    "\u0164"=>"T\u030C",
+    "\u0165"=>"t\u030C",
+    "\u0168"=>"U\u0303",
+    "\u0169"=>"u\u0303",
+    "\u016A"=>"U\u0304",
+    "\u016B"=>"u\u0304",
+    "\u016C"=>"U\u0306",
+    "\u016D"=>"u\u0306",
+    "\u016E"=>"U\u030A",
+    "\u016F"=>"u\u030A",
+    "\u0170"=>"U\u030B",
+    "\u0171"=>"u\u030B",
+    "\u0172"=>"U\u0328",
+    "\u0173"=>"u\u0328",
+    "\u0174"=>"W\u0302",
+    "\u0175"=>"w\u0302",
+    "\u0176"=>"Y\u0302",
+    "\u0177"=>"y\u0302",
+    "\u0178"=>"Y\u0308",
+    "\u0179"=>"Z\u0301",
+    "\u017A"=>"z\u0301",
+    "\u017B"=>"Z\u0307",
+    "\u017C"=>"z\u0307",
+    "\u017D"=>"Z\u030C",
+    "\u017E"=>"z\u030C",
+    "\u01A0"=>"O\u031B",
+    "\u01A1"=>"o\u031B",
+    "\u01AF"=>"U\u031B",
+    "\u01B0"=>"u\u031B",
+    "\u01CD"=>"A\u030C",
+    "\u01CE"=>"a\u030C",
+    "\u01CF"=>"I\u030C",
+    "\u01D0"=>"i\u030C",
+    "\u01D1"=>"O\u030C",
+    "\u01D2"=>"o\u030C",
+    "\u01D3"=>"U\u030C",
+    "\u01D4"=>"u\u030C",
+    "\u01D5"=>"U\u0308\u0304",
+    "\u01D6"=>"u\u0308\u0304",
+    "\u01D7"=>"U\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u01D8"=>"u\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u01D9"=>"U\u0308\u030C",
+    "\u01DA"=>"u\u0308\u030C",
+    "\u01DB"=>"U\u0308\u0300",
+    "\u01DC"=>"u\u0308\u0300",
+    "\u01DE"=>"A\u0308\u0304",
+    "\u01DF"=>"a\u0308\u0304",
+    "\u01E0"=>"A\u0307\u0304",
+    "\u01E1"=>"a\u0307\u0304",
+    "\u01E2"=>"\u00C6\u0304",
+    "\u01E3"=>"\u00E6\u0304",
+    "\u01E6"=>"G\u030C",
+    "\u01E7"=>"g\u030C",
+    "\u01E8"=>"K\u030C",
+    "\u01E9"=>"k\u030C",
+    "\u01EA"=>"O\u0328",
+    "\u01EB"=>"o\u0328",
+    "\u01EC"=>"O\u0328\u0304",
+    "\u01ED"=>"o\u0328\u0304",
+    "\u01EE"=>"\u01B7\u030C",
+    "\u01EF"=>"\u0292\u030C",
+    "\u01F0"=>"j\u030C",
+    "\u01F4"=>"G\u0301",
+    "\u01F5"=>"g\u0301",
+    "\u01F8"=>"N\u0300",
+    "\u01F9"=>"n\u0300",
+    "\u01FA"=>"A\u030A\u0301",
+    "\u01FB"=>"a\u030A\u0301",
+    "\u01FC"=>"\u00C6\u0301",
+    "\u01FD"=>"\u00E6\u0301",
+    "\u01FE"=>"\u00D8\u0301",
+    "\u01FF"=>"\u00F8\u0301",
+    "\u0200"=>"A\u030F",
+    "\u0201"=>"a\u030F",
+    "\u0202"=>"A\u0311",
+    "\u0203"=>"a\u0311",
+    "\u0204"=>"E\u030F",
+    "\u0205"=>"e\u030F",
+    "\u0206"=>"E\u0311",
+    "\u0207"=>"e\u0311",
+    "\u0208"=>"I\u030F",
+    "\u0209"=>"i\u030F",
+    "\u020A"=>"I\u0311",
+    "\u020B"=>"i\u0311",
+    "\u020C"=>"O\u030F",
+    "\u020D"=>"o\u030F",
+    "\u020E"=>"O\u0311",
+    "\u020F"=>"o\u0311",
+    "\u0210"=>"R\u030F",
+    "\u0211"=>"r\u030F",
+    "\u0212"=>"R\u0311",
+    "\u0213"=>"r\u0311",
+    "\u0214"=>"U\u030F",
+    "\u0215"=>"u\u030F",
+    "\u0216"=>"U\u0311",
+    "\u0217"=>"u\u0311",
+    "\u0218"=>"S\u0326",
+    "\u0219"=>"s\u0326",
+    "\u021A"=>"T\u0326",
+    "\u021B"=>"t\u0326",
+    "\u021E"=>"H\u030C",
+    "\u021F"=>"h\u030C",
+    "\u0226"=>"A\u0307",
+    "\u0227"=>"a\u0307",
+    "\u0228"=>"E\u0327",
+    "\u0229"=>"e\u0327",
+    "\u022A"=>"O\u0308\u0304",
+    "\u022B"=>"o\u0308\u0304",
+    "\u022C"=>"O\u0303\u0304",
+    "\u022D"=>"o\u0303\u0304",
+    "\u022E"=>"O\u0307",
+    "\u022F"=>"o\u0307",
+    "\u0230"=>"O\u0307\u0304",
+    "\u0231"=>"o\u0307\u0304",
+    "\u0232"=>"Y\u0304",
+    "\u0233"=>"y\u0304",
+    "\u0340"=>"\u0300",
+    "\u0341"=>"\u0301",
+    "\u0343"=>"\u0313",
+    "\u0344"=>"\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u0374"=>"\u02B9",
+    "\u037E"=>";",
+    "\u0385"=>"\u00A8\u0301",
+    "\u0386"=>"\u0391\u0301",
+    "\u0387"=>"\u00B7",
+    "\u0388"=>"\u0395\u0301",
+    "\u0389"=>"\u0397\u0301",
+    "\u038A"=>"\u0399\u0301",
+    "\u038C"=>"\u039F\u0301",
+    "\u038E"=>"\u03A5\u0301",
+    "\u038F"=>"\u03A9\u0301",
+    "\u0390"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u03AA"=>"\u0399\u0308",
+    "\u03AB"=>"\u03A5\u0308",
+    "\u03AC"=>"\u03B1\u0301",
+    "\u03AD"=>"\u03B5\u0301",
+    "\u03AE"=>"\u03B7\u0301",
+    "\u03AF"=>"\u03B9\u0301",
+    "\u03B0"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u03CA"=>"\u03B9\u0308",
+    "\u03CB"=>"\u03C5\u0308",
+    "\u03CC"=>"\u03BF\u0301",
+    "\u03CD"=>"\u03C5\u0301",
+    "\u03CE"=>"\u03C9\u0301",
+    "\u03D3"=>"\u03D2\u0301",
+    "\u03D4"=>"\u03D2\u0308",
+    "\u0400"=>"\u0415\u0300",
+    "\u0401"=>"\u0415\u0308",
+    "\u0403"=>"\u0413\u0301",
+    "\u0407"=>"\u0406\u0308",
+    "\u040C"=>"\u041A\u0301",
+    "\u040D"=>"\u0418\u0300",
+    "\u040E"=>"\u0423\u0306",
+    "\u0419"=>"\u0418\u0306",
+    "\u0439"=>"\u0438\u0306",
+    "\u0450"=>"\u0435\u0300",
+    "\u0451"=>"\u0435\u0308",
+    "\u0453"=>"\u0433\u0301",
+    "\u0457"=>"\u0456\u0308",
+    "\u045C"=>"\u043A\u0301",
+    "\u045D"=>"\u0438\u0300",
+    "\u045E"=>"\u0443\u0306",
+    "\u0476"=>"\u0474\u030F",
+    "\u0477"=>"\u0475\u030F",
+    "\u04C1"=>"\u0416\u0306",
+    "\u04C2"=>"\u0436\u0306",
+    "\u04D0"=>"\u0410\u0306",
+    "\u04D1"=>"\u0430\u0306",
+    "\u04D2"=>"\u0410\u0308",
+    "\u04D3"=>"\u0430\u0308",
+    "\u04D6"=>"\u0415\u0306",
+    "\u04D7"=>"\u0435\u0306",
+    "\u04DA"=>"\u04D8\u0308",
+    "\u04DB"=>"\u04D9\u0308",
+    "\u04DC"=>"\u0416\u0308",
+    "\u04DD"=>"\u0436\u0308",
+    "\u04DE"=>"\u0417\u0308",
+    "\u04DF"=>"\u0437\u0308",
+    "\u04E2"=>"\u0418\u0304",
+    "\u04E3"=>"\u0438\u0304",
+    "\u04E4"=>"\u0418\u0308",
+    "\u04E5"=>"\u0438\u0308",
+    "\u04E6"=>"\u041E\u0308",
+    "\u04E7"=>"\u043E\u0308",
+    "\u04EA"=>"\u04E8\u0308",
+    "\u04EB"=>"\u04E9\u0308",
+    "\u04EC"=>"\u042D\u0308",
+    "\u04ED"=>"\u044D\u0308",
+    "\u04EE"=>"\u0423\u0304",
+    "\u04EF"=>"\u0443\u0304",
+    "\u04F0"=>"\u0423\u0308",
+    "\u04F1"=>"\u0443\u0308",
+    "\u04F2"=>"\u0423\u030B",
+    "\u04F3"=>"\u0443\u030B",
+    "\u04F4"=>"\u0427\u0308",
+    "\u04F5"=>"\u0447\u0308",
+    "\u04F8"=>"\u042B\u0308",
+    "\u04F9"=>"\u044B\u0308",
+    "\u0622"=>"\u0627\u0653",
+    "\u0623"=>"\u0627\u0654",
+    "\u0624"=>"\u0648\u0654",
+    "\u0625"=>"\u0627\u0655",
+    "\u0626"=>"\u064A\u0654",
+    "\u06C0"=>"\u06D5\u0654",
+    "\u06C2"=>"\u06C1\u0654",
+    "\u06D3"=>"\u06D2\u0654",
+    "\u0929"=>"\u0928\u093C",
+    "\u0931"=>"\u0930\u093C",
+    "\u0934"=>"\u0933\u093C",
+    "\u0958"=>"\u0915\u093C",
+    "\u0959"=>"\u0916\u093C",
+    "\u095A"=>"\u0917\u093C",
+    "\u095B"=>"\u091C\u093C",
+    "\u095C"=>"\u0921\u093C",
+    "\u095D"=>"\u0922\u093C",
+    "\u095E"=>"\u092B\u093C",
+    "\u095F"=>"\u092F\u093C",
+    "\u09CB"=>"\u09C7\u09BE",
+    "\u09CC"=>"\u09C7\u09D7",
+    "\u09DC"=>"\u09A1\u09BC",
+    "\u09DD"=>"\u09A2\u09BC",
+    "\u09DF"=>"\u09AF\u09BC",
+    "\u0A33"=>"\u0A32\u0A3C",
+    "\u0A36"=>"\u0A38\u0A3C",
+    "\u0A59"=>"\u0A16\u0A3C",
+    "\u0A5A"=>"\u0A17\u0A3C",
+    "\u0A5B"=>"\u0A1C\u0A3C",
+    "\u0A5E"=>"\u0A2B\u0A3C",
+    "\u0B48"=>"\u0B47\u0B56",
+    "\u0B4B"=>"\u0B47\u0B3E",
+    "\u0B4C"=>"\u0B47\u0B57",
+    "\u0B5C"=>"\u0B21\u0B3C",
+    "\u0B5D"=>"\u0B22\u0B3C",
+    "\u0B94"=>"\u0B92\u0BD7",
+    "\u0BCA"=>"\u0BC6\u0BBE",
+    "\u0BCB"=>"\u0BC7\u0BBE",
+    "\u0BCC"=>"\u0BC6\u0BD7",
+    "\u0C48"=>"\u0C46\u0C56",
+    "\u0CC0"=>"\u0CBF\u0CD5",
+    "\u0CC7"=>"\u0CC6\u0CD5",
+    "\u0CC8"=>"\u0CC6\u0CD6",
+    "\u0CCA"=>"\u0CC6\u0CC2",
+    "\u0CCB"=>"\u0CC6\u0CC2\u0CD5",
+    "\u0D4A"=>"\u0D46\u0D3E",
+    "\u0D4B"=>"\u0D47\u0D3E",
+    "\u0D4C"=>"\u0D46\u0D57",
+    "\u0DDA"=>"\u0DD9\u0DCA",
+    "\u0DDC"=>"\u0DD9\u0DCF",
+    "\u0DDD"=>"\u0DD9\u0DCF\u0DCA",
+    "\u0DDE"=>"\u0DD9\u0DDF",
+    "\u0F43"=>"\u0F42\u0FB7",
+    "\u0F4D"=>"\u0F4C\u0FB7",
+    "\u0F52"=>"\u0F51\u0FB7",
+    "\u0F57"=>"\u0F56\u0FB7",
+    "\u0F5C"=>"\u0F5B\u0FB7",
+    "\u0F69"=>"\u0F40\u0FB5",
+    "\u0F73"=>"\u0F71\u0F72",
+    "\u0F75"=>"\u0F71\u0F74",
+    "\u0F76"=>"\u0FB2\u0F80",
+    "\u0F78"=>"\u0FB3\u0F80",
+    "\u0F81"=>"\u0F71\u0F80",
+    "\u0F93"=>"\u0F92\u0FB7",
+    "\u0F9D"=>"\u0F9C\u0FB7",
+    "\u0FA2"=>"\u0FA1\u0FB7",
+    "\u0FA7"=>"\u0FA6\u0FB7",
+    "\u0FAC"=>"\u0FAB\u0FB7",
+    "\u0FB9"=>"\u0F90\u0FB5",
+    "\u1026"=>"\u1025\u102E",
+    "\u1B06"=>"\u1B05\u1B35",
+    "\u1B08"=>"\u1B07\u1B35",
+    "\u1B0A"=>"\u1B09\u1B35",
+    "\u1B0C"=>"\u1B0B\u1B35",
+    "\u1B0E"=>"\u1B0D\u1B35",
+    "\u1B12"=>"\u1B11\u1B35",
+    "\u1B3B"=>"\u1B3A\u1B35",
+    "\u1B3D"=>"\u1B3C\u1B35",
+    "\u1B40"=>"\u1B3E\u1B35",
+    "\u1B41"=>"\u1B3F\u1B35",
+    "\u1B43"=>"\u1B42\u1B35",
+    "\u1E00"=>"A\u0325",
+    "\u1E01"=>"a\u0325",
+    "\u1E02"=>"B\u0307",
+    "\u1E03"=>"b\u0307",
+    "\u1E04"=>"B\u0323",
+    "\u1E05"=>"b\u0323",
+    "\u1E06"=>"B\u0331",
+    "\u1E07"=>"b\u0331",
+    "\u1E08"=>"C\u0327\u0301",
+    "\u1E09"=>"c\u0327\u0301",
+    "\u1E0A"=>"D\u0307",
+    "\u1E0B"=>"d\u0307",
+    "\u1E0C"=>"D\u0323",
+    "\u1E0D"=>"d\u0323",
+    "\u1E0E"=>"D\u0331",
+    "\u1E0F"=>"d\u0331",
+    "\u1E10"=>"D\u0327",
+    "\u1E11"=>"d\u0327",
+    "\u1E12"=>"D\u032D",
+    "\u1E13"=>"d\u032D",
+    "\u1E14"=>"E\u0304\u0300",
+    "\u1E15"=>"e\u0304\u0300",
+    "\u1E16"=>"E\u0304\u0301",
+    "\u1E17"=>"e\u0304\u0301",
+    "\u1E18"=>"E\u032D",
+    "\u1E19"=>"e\u032D",
+    "\u1E1A"=>"E\u0330",
+    "\u1E1B"=>"e\u0330",
+    "\u1E1C"=>"E\u0327\u0306",
+    "\u1E1D"=>"e\u0327\u0306",
+    "\u1E1E"=>"F\u0307",
+    "\u1E1F"=>"f\u0307",
+    "\u1E20"=>"G\u0304",
+    "\u1E21"=>"g\u0304",
+    "\u1E22"=>"H\u0307",
+    "\u1E23"=>"h\u0307",
+    "\u1E24"=>"H\u0323",
+    "\u1E25"=>"h\u0323",
+    "\u1E26"=>"H\u0308",
+    "\u1E27"=>"h\u0308",
+    "\u1E28"=>"H\u0327",
+    "\u1E29"=>"h\u0327",
+    "\u1E2A"=>"H\u032E",
+    "\u1E2B"=>"h\u032E",
+    "\u1E2C"=>"I\u0330",
+    "\u1E2D"=>"i\u0330",
+    "\u1E2E"=>"I\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u1E2F"=>"i\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u1E30"=>"K\u0301",
+    "\u1E31"=>"k\u0301",
+    "\u1E32"=>"K\u0323",
+    "\u1E33"=>"k\u0323",
+    "\u1E34"=>"K\u0331",
+    "\u1E35"=>"k\u0331",
+    "\u1E36"=>"L\u0323",
+    "\u1E37"=>"l\u0323",
+    "\u1E38"=>"L\u0323\u0304",
+    "\u1E39"=>"l\u0323\u0304",
+    "\u1E3A"=>"L\u0331",
+    "\u1E3B"=>"l\u0331",
+    "\u1E3C"=>"L\u032D",
+    "\u1E3D"=>"l\u032D",
+    "\u1E3E"=>"M\u0301",
+    "\u1E3F"=>"m\u0301",
+    "\u1E40"=>"M\u0307",
+    "\u1E41"=>"m\u0307",
+    "\u1E42"=>"M\u0323",
+    "\u1E43"=>"m\u0323",
+    "\u1E44"=>"N\u0307",
+    "\u1E45"=>"n\u0307",
+    "\u1E46"=>"N\u0323",
+    "\u1E47"=>"n\u0323",
+    "\u1E48"=>"N\u0331",
+    "\u1E49"=>"n\u0331",
+    "\u1E4A"=>"N\u032D",
+    "\u1E4B"=>"n\u032D",
+    "\u1E4C"=>"O\u0303\u0301",
+    "\u1E4D"=>"o\u0303\u0301",
+    "\u1E4E"=>"O\u0303\u0308",
+    "\u1E4F"=>"o\u0303\u0308",
+    "\u1E50"=>"O\u0304\u0300",
+    "\u1E51"=>"o\u0304\u0300",
+    "\u1E52"=>"O\u0304\u0301",
+    "\u1E53"=>"o\u0304\u0301",
+    "\u1E54"=>"P\u0301",
+    "\u1E55"=>"p\u0301",
+    "\u1E56"=>"P\u0307",
+    "\u1E57"=>"p\u0307",
+    "\u1E58"=>"R\u0307",
+    "\u1E59"=>"r\u0307",
+    "\u1E5A"=>"R\u0323",
+    "\u1E5B"=>"r\u0323",
+    "\u1E5C"=>"R\u0323\u0304",
+    "\u1E5D"=>"r\u0323\u0304",
+    "\u1E5E"=>"R\u0331",
+    "\u1E5F"=>"r\u0331",
+    "\u1E60"=>"S\u0307",
+    "\u1E61"=>"s\u0307",
+    "\u1E62"=>"S\u0323",
+    "\u1E63"=>"s\u0323",
+    "\u1E64"=>"S\u0301\u0307",
+    "\u1E65"=>"s\u0301\u0307",
+    "\u1E66"=>"S\u030C\u0307",
+    "\u1E67"=>"s\u030C\u0307",
+    "\u1E68"=>"S\u0323\u0307",
+    "\u1E69"=>"s\u0323\u0307",
+    "\u1E6A"=>"T\u0307",
+    "\u1E6B"=>"t\u0307",
+    "\u1E6C"=>"T\u0323",
+    "\u1E6D"=>"t\u0323",
+    "\u1E6E"=>"T\u0331",
+    "\u1E6F"=>"t\u0331",
+    "\u1E70"=>"T\u032D",
+    "\u1E71"=>"t\u032D",
+    "\u1E72"=>"U\u0324",
+    "\u1E73"=>"u\u0324",
+    "\u1E74"=>"U\u0330",
+    "\u1E75"=>"u\u0330",
+    "\u1E76"=>"U\u032D",
+    "\u1E77"=>"u\u032D",
+    "\u1E78"=>"U\u0303\u0301",
+    "\u1E79"=>"u\u0303\u0301",
+    "\u1E7A"=>"U\u0304\u0308",
+    "\u1E7B"=>"u\u0304\u0308",
+    "\u1E7C"=>"V\u0303",
+    "\u1E7D"=>"v\u0303",
+    "\u1E7E"=>"V\u0323",
+    "\u1E7F"=>"v\u0323",
+    "\u1E80"=>"W\u0300",
+    "\u1E81"=>"w\u0300",
+    "\u1E82"=>"W\u0301",
+    "\u1E83"=>"w\u0301",
+    "\u1E84"=>"W\u0308",
+    "\u1E85"=>"w\u0308",
+    "\u1E86"=>"W\u0307",
+    "\u1E87"=>"w\u0307",
+    "\u1E88"=>"W\u0323",
+    "\u1E89"=>"w\u0323",
+    "\u1E8A"=>"X\u0307",
+    "\u1E8B"=>"x\u0307",
+    "\u1E8C"=>"X\u0308",
+    "\u1E8D"=>"x\u0308",
+    "\u1E8E"=>"Y\u0307",
+    "\u1E8F"=>"y\u0307",
+    "\u1E90"=>"Z\u0302",
+    "\u1E91"=>"z\u0302",
+    "\u1E92"=>"Z\u0323",
+    "\u1E93"=>"z\u0323",
+    "\u1E94"=>"Z\u0331",
+    "\u1E95"=>"z\u0331",
+    "\u1E96"=>"h\u0331",
+    "\u1E97"=>"t\u0308",
+    "\u1E98"=>"w\u030A",
+    "\u1E99"=>"y\u030A",
+    "\u1E9B"=>"\u017F\u0307",
+    "\u1EA0"=>"A\u0323",
+    "\u1EA1"=>"a\u0323",
+    "\u1EA2"=>"A\u0309",
+    "\u1EA3"=>"a\u0309",
+    "\u1EA4"=>"A\u0302\u0301",
+    "\u1EA5"=>"a\u0302\u0301",
+    "\u1EA6"=>"A\u0302\u0300",
+    "\u1EA7"=>"a\u0302\u0300",
+    "\u1EA8"=>"A\u0302\u0309",
+    "\u1EA9"=>"a\u0302\u0309",
+    "\u1EAA"=>"A\u0302\u0303",
+    "\u1EAB"=>"a\u0302\u0303",
+    "\u1EAC"=>"A\u0323\u0302",
+    "\u1EAD"=>"a\u0323\u0302",
+    "\u1EAE"=>"A\u0306\u0301",
+    "\u1EAF"=>"a\u0306\u0301",
+    "\u1EB0"=>"A\u0306\u0300",
+    "\u1EB1"=>"a\u0306\u0300",
+    "\u1EB2"=>"A\u0306\u0309",
+    "\u1EB3"=>"a\u0306\u0309",
+    "\u1EB4"=>"A\u0306\u0303",
+    "\u1EB5"=>"a\u0306\u0303",
+    "\u1EB6"=>"A\u0323\u0306",
+    "\u1EB7"=>"a\u0323\u0306",
+    "\u1EB8"=>"E\u0323",
+    "\u1EB9"=>"e\u0323",
+    "\u1EBA"=>"E\u0309",
+    "\u1EBB"=>"e\u0309",
+    "\u1EBC"=>"E\u0303",
+    "\u1EBD"=>"e\u0303",
+    "\u1EBE"=>"E\u0302\u0301",
+    "\u1EBF"=>"e\u0302\u0301",
+    "\u1EC0"=>"E\u0302\u0300",
+    "\u1EC1"=>"e\u0302\u0300",
+    "\u1EC2"=>"E\u0302\u0309",
+    "\u1EC3"=>"e\u0302\u0309",
+    "\u1EC4"=>"E\u0302\u0303",
+    "\u1EC5"=>"e\u0302\u0303",
+    "\u1EC6"=>"E\u0323\u0302",
+    "\u1EC7"=>"e\u0323\u0302",
+    "\u1EC8"=>"I\u0309",
+    "\u1EC9"=>"i\u0309",
+    "\u1ECA"=>"I\u0323",
+    "\u1ECB"=>"i\u0323",
+    "\u1ECC"=>"O\u0323",
+    "\u1ECD"=>"o\u0323",
+    "\u1ECE"=>"O\u0309",
+    "\u1ECF"=>"o\u0309",
+    "\u1ED0"=>"O\u0302\u0301",
+    "\u1ED1"=>"o\u0302\u0301",
+    "\u1ED2"=>"O\u0302\u0300",
+    "\u1ED3"=>"o\u0302\u0300",
+    "\u1ED4"=>"O\u0302\u0309",
+    "\u1ED5"=>"o\u0302\u0309",
+    "\u1ED6"=>"O\u0302\u0303",
+    "\u1ED7"=>"o\u0302\u0303",
+    "\u1ED8"=>"O\u0323\u0302",
+    "\u1ED9"=>"o\u0323\u0302",
+    "\u1EDA"=>"O\u031B\u0301",
+    "\u1EDB"=>"o\u031B\u0301",
+    "\u1EDC"=>"O\u031B\u0300",
+    "\u1EDD"=>"o\u031B\u0300",
+    "\u1EDE"=>"O\u031B\u0309",
+    "\u1EDF"=>"o\u031B\u0309",
+    "\u1EE0"=>"O\u031B\u0303",
+    "\u1EE1"=>"o\u031B\u0303",
+    "\u1EE2"=>"O\u031B\u0323",
+    "\u1EE3"=>"o\u031B\u0323",
+    "\u1EE4"=>"U\u0323",
+    "\u1EE5"=>"u\u0323",
+    "\u1EE6"=>"U\u0309",
+    "\u1EE7"=>"u\u0309",
+    "\u1EE8"=>"U\u031B\u0301",
+    "\u1EE9"=>"u\u031B\u0301",
+    "\u1EEA"=>"U\u031B\u0300",
+    "\u1EEB"=>"u\u031B\u0300",
+    "\u1EEC"=>"U\u031B\u0309",
+    "\u1EED"=>"u\u031B\u0309",
+    "\u1EEE"=>"U\u031B\u0303",
+    "\u1EEF"=>"u\u031B\u0303",
+    "\u1EF0"=>"U\u031B\u0323",
+    "\u1EF1"=>"u\u031B\u0323",
+    "\u1EF2"=>"Y\u0300",
+    "\u1EF3"=>"y\u0300",
+    "\u1EF4"=>"Y\u0323",
+    "\u1EF5"=>"y\u0323",
+    "\u1EF6"=>"Y\u0309",
+    "\u1EF7"=>"y\u0309",
+    "\u1EF8"=>"Y\u0303",
+    "\u1EF9"=>"y\u0303",
+    "\u1F00"=>"\u03B1\u0313",
+    "\u1F01"=>"\u03B1\u0314",
+    "\u1F02"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F03"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F04"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F05"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F06"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F07"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F08"=>"\u0391\u0313",
+    "\u1F09"=>"\u0391\u0314",
+    "\u1F0A"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F0B"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F0C"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F0D"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F0E"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F0F"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F10"=>"\u03B5\u0313",
+    "\u1F11"=>"\u03B5\u0314",
+    "\u1F12"=>"\u03B5\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F13"=>"\u03B5\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F14"=>"\u03B5\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F15"=>"\u03B5\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F18"=>"\u0395\u0313",
+    "\u1F19"=>"\u0395\u0314",
+    "\u1F1A"=>"\u0395\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F1B"=>"\u0395\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F1C"=>"\u0395\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F1D"=>"\u0395\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F20"=>"\u03B7\u0313",
+    "\u1F21"=>"\u03B7\u0314",
+    "\u1F22"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F23"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F24"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F25"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F26"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F27"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F28"=>"\u0397\u0313",
+    "\u1F29"=>"\u0397\u0314",
+    "\u1F2A"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F2B"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F2C"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F2D"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F2E"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F2F"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F30"=>"\u03B9\u0313",
+    "\u1F31"=>"\u03B9\u0314",
+    "\u1F32"=>"\u03B9\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F33"=>"\u03B9\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F34"=>"\u03B9\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F35"=>"\u03B9\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F36"=>"\u03B9\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F37"=>"\u03B9\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F38"=>"\u0399\u0313",
+    "\u1F39"=>"\u0399\u0314",
+    "\u1F3A"=>"\u0399\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F3B"=>"\u0399\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F3C"=>"\u0399\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F3D"=>"\u0399\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F3E"=>"\u0399\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F3F"=>"\u0399\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F40"=>"\u03BF\u0313",
+    "\u1F41"=>"\u03BF\u0314",
+    "\u1F42"=>"\u03BF\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F43"=>"\u03BF\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F44"=>"\u03BF\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F45"=>"\u03BF\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F48"=>"\u039F\u0313",
+    "\u1F49"=>"\u039F\u0314",
+    "\u1F4A"=>"\u039F\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F4B"=>"\u039F\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F4C"=>"\u039F\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F4D"=>"\u039F\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F50"=>"\u03C5\u0313",
+    "\u1F51"=>"\u03C5\u0314",
+    "\u1F52"=>"\u03C5\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F53"=>"\u03C5\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F54"=>"\u03C5\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F55"=>"\u03C5\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F56"=>"\u03C5\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F57"=>"\u03C5\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F59"=>"\u03A5\u0314",
+    "\u1F5B"=>"\u03A5\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F5D"=>"\u03A5\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F5F"=>"\u03A5\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F60"=>"\u03C9\u0313",
+    "\u1F61"=>"\u03C9\u0314",
+    "\u1F62"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F63"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F64"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F65"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F66"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F67"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F68"=>"\u03A9\u0313",
+    "\u1F69"=>"\u03A9\u0314",
+    "\u1F6A"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1F6B"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1F6C"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1F6D"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1F6E"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1F6F"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1F70"=>"\u03B1\u0300",
+    "\u1F71"=>"\u03B1\u0301",
+    "\u1F72"=>"\u03B5\u0300",
+    "\u1F73"=>"\u03B5\u0301",
+    "\u1F74"=>"\u03B7\u0300",
+    "\u1F75"=>"\u03B7\u0301",
+    "\u1F76"=>"\u03B9\u0300",
+    "\u1F77"=>"\u03B9\u0301",
+    "\u1F78"=>"\u03BF\u0300",
+    "\u1F79"=>"\u03BF\u0301",
+    "\u1F7A"=>"\u03C5\u0300",
+    "\u1F7B"=>"\u03C5\u0301",
+    "\u1F7C"=>"\u03C9\u0300",
+    "\u1F7D"=>"\u03C9\u0301",
+    "\u1F80"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0345",
+    "\u1F81"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0345",
+    "\u1F82"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F83"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F84"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F85"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F86"=>"\u03B1\u0313\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1F87"=>"\u03B1\u0314\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1F88"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0345",
+    "\u1F89"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0345",
+    "\u1F8A"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F8B"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F8C"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F8D"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F8E"=>"\u0391\u0313\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1F8F"=>"\u0391\u0314\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1F90"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0345",
+    "\u1F91"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0345",
+    "\u1F92"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F93"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F94"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F95"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F96"=>"\u03B7\u0313\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1F97"=>"\u03B7\u0314\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1F98"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0345",
+    "\u1F99"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0345",
+    "\u1F9A"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F9B"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1F9C"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F9D"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1F9E"=>"\u0397\u0313\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1F9F"=>"\u0397\u0314\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FA0"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0345",
+    "\u1FA1"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0345",
+    "\u1FA2"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1FA3"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1FA4"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1FA5"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1FA6"=>"\u03C9\u0313\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FA7"=>"\u03C9\u0314\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FA8"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0345",
+    "\u1FA9"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0345",
+    "\u1FAA"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1FAB"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1FAC"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1FAD"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1FAE"=>"\u03A9\u0313\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FAF"=>"\u03A9\u0314\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FB0"=>"\u03B1\u0306",
+    "\u1FB1"=>"\u03B1\u0304",
+    "\u1FB2"=>"\u03B1\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1FB3"=>"\u03B1\u0345",
+    "\u1FB4"=>"\u03B1\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1FB6"=>"\u03B1\u0342",
+    "\u1FB7"=>"\u03B1\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FB8"=>"\u0391\u0306",
+    "\u1FB9"=>"\u0391\u0304",
+    "\u1FBA"=>"\u0391\u0300",
+    "\u1FBB"=>"\u0391\u0301",
+    "\u1FBC"=>"\u0391\u0345",
+    "\u1FBE"=>"\u03B9",
+    "\u1FC1"=>"\u00A8\u0342",
+    "\u1FC2"=>"\u03B7\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1FC3"=>"\u03B7\u0345",
+    "\u1FC4"=>"\u03B7\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1FC6"=>"\u03B7\u0342",
+    "\u1FC7"=>"\u03B7\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FC8"=>"\u0395\u0300",
+    "\u1FC9"=>"\u0395\u0301",
+    "\u1FCA"=>"\u0397\u0300",
+    "\u1FCB"=>"\u0397\u0301",
+    "\u1FCC"=>"\u0397\u0345",
+    "\u1FCD"=>"\u1FBF\u0300",
+    "\u1FCE"=>"\u1FBF\u0301",
+    "\u1FCF"=>"\u1FBF\u0342",
+    "\u1FD0"=>"\u03B9\u0306",
+    "\u1FD1"=>"\u03B9\u0304",
+    "\u1FD2"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0300",
+    "\u1FD3"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u1FD6"=>"\u03B9\u0342",
+    "\u1FD7"=>"\u03B9\u0308\u0342",
+    "\u1FD8"=>"\u0399\u0306",
+    "\u1FD9"=>"\u0399\u0304",
+    "\u1FDA"=>"\u0399\u0300",
+    "\u1FDB"=>"\u0399\u0301",
+    "\u1FDD"=>"\u1FFE\u0300",
+    "\u1FDE"=>"\u1FFE\u0301",
+    "\u1FDF"=>"\u1FFE\u0342",
+    "\u1FE0"=>"\u03C5\u0306",
+    "\u1FE1"=>"\u03C5\u0304",
+    "\u1FE2"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0300",
+    "\u1FE3"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0301",
+    "\u1FE4"=>"\u03C1\u0313",
+    "\u1FE5"=>"\u03C1\u0314",
+    "\u1FE6"=>"\u03C5\u0342",
+    "\u1FE7"=>"\u03C5\u0308\u0342",
+    "\u1FE8"=>"\u03A5\u0306",
+    "\u1FE9"=>"\u03A5\u0304",
+    "\u1FEA"=>"\u03A5\u0300",
+    "\u1FEB"=>"\u03A5\u0301",
+    "\u1FEC"=>"\u03A1\u0314",
+    "\u1FED"=>"\u00A8\u0300",
+    "\u1FEE"=>"\u00A8\u0301",
+    "\u1FEF"=>"`",
+    "\u1FF2"=>"\u03C9\u0300\u0345",
+    "\u1FF3"=>"\u03C9\u0345",
+    "\u1FF4"=>"\u03C9\u0301\u0345",
+    "\u1FF6"=>"\u03C9\u0342",
+    "\u1FF7"=>"\u03C9\u0342\u0345",
+    "\u1FF8"=>"\u039F\u0300",
+    "\u1FF9"=>"\u039F\u0301",
+    "\u1FFA"=>"\u03A9\u0300",
+    "\u1FFB"=>"\u03A9\u0301",
+    "\u1FFC"=>"\u03A9\u0345",
+    "\u1FFD"=>"\u00B4",
+    "\u2000"=>"\u2002",
+    "\u2001"=>"\u2003",
+    "\u2126"=>"\u03A9",
+    "\u212A"=>"K",
+    "\u212B"=>"A\u030A",
+    "\u219A"=>"\u2190\u0338",
+    "\u219B"=>"\u2192\u0338",
+    "\u21AE"=>"\u2194\u0338",
+    "\u21CD"=>"\u21D0\u0338",
+    "\u21CE"=>"\u21D4\u0338",
+    "\u21CF"=>"\u21D2\u0338",
+    "\u2204"=>"\u2203\u0338",
+    "\u2209"=>"\u2208\u0338",
+    "\u220C"=>"\u220B\u0338",
+    "\u2224"=>"\u2223\u0338",
+    "\u2226"=>"\u2225\u0338",
+    "\u2241"=>"\u223C\u0338",
+    "\u2244"=>"\u2243\u0338",
+    "\u2247"=>"\u2245\u0338",
+    "\u2249"=>"\u2248\u0338",
+    "\u2260"=>"=\u0338",
+    "\u2262"=>"\u2261\u0338",
+    "\u226D"=>"\u224D\u0338",
+    "\u226E"=>"<\u0338",
+    "\u226F"=>">\u0338",
+    "\u2270"=>"\u2264\u0338",
+    "\u2271"=>"\u2265\u0338",
+    "\u2274"=>"\u2272\u0338",
+    "\u2275"=>"\u2273\u0338",
+    "\u2278"=>"\u2276\u0338",
+    "\u2279"=>"\u2277\u0338",
+    "\u2280"=>"\u227A\u0338",
+    "\u2281"=>"\u227B\u0338",
+    "\u2284"=>"\u2282\u0338",
+    "\u2285"=>"\u2283\u0338",
+    "\u2288"=>"\u2286\u0338",
+    "\u2289"=>"\u2287\u0338",
+    "\u22AC"=>"\u22A2\u0338",
+    "\u22AD"=>"\u22A8\u0338",
+    "\u22AE"=>"\u22A9\u0338",
+    "\u22AF"=>"\u22AB\u0338",
+    "\u22E0"=>"\u227C\u0338",
+    "\u22E1"=>"\u227D\u0338",
+    "\u22E2"=>"\u2291\u0338",
+    "\u22E3"=>"\u2292\u0338",
+    "\u22EA"=>"\u22B2\u0338",
+    "\u22EB"=>"\u22B3\u0338",
+    "\u22EC"=>"\u22B4\u0338",
+    "\u22ED"=>"\u22B5\u0338",
+    "\u2329"=>"\u3008",
+    "\u232A"=>"\u3009",
+    "\u2ADC"=>"\u2ADD\u0338",
+    "\u304C"=>"\u304B\u3099",
+    "\u304E"=>"\u304D\u3099",
+    "\u3050"=>"\u304F\u3099",
+    "\u3052"=>"\u3051\u3099",
+    "\u3054"=>"\u3053\u3099",
+    "\u3056"=>"\u3055\u3099",
+    "\u3058"=>"\u3057\u3099",
+    "\u305A"=>"\u3059\u3099",
+    "\u305C"=>"\u305B\u3099",
+    "\u305E"=>"\u305D\u3099",
+    "\u3060"=>"\u305F\u3099",
+    "\u3062"=>"\u3061\u3099",
+    "\u3065"=>"\u3064\u3099",
+    "\u3067"=>"\u3066\u3099",
+    "\u3069"=>"\u3068\u3099",
+    "\u3070"=>"\u306F\u3099",
+    "\u3071"=>"\u306F\u309A",
+    "\u3073"=>"\u3072\u3099",
+    "\u3074"=>"\u3072\u309A",
+    "\u3076"=>"\u3075\u3099",
+    "\u3077"=>"\u3075\u309A",
+    "\u3079"=>"\u3078\u3099",
+    "\u307A"=>"\u3078\u309A",
+    "\u307C"=>"\u307B\u3099",
+    "\u307D"=>"\u307B\u309A",
+    "\u3094"=>"\u3046\u3099",
+    "\u309E"=>"\u309D\u3099",
+    "\u30AC"=>"\u30AB\u3099",
+    "\u30AE"=>"\u30AD\u3099",
+    "\u30B0"=>"\u30AF\u3099",
+    "\u30B2"=>"\u30B1\u3099",
+    "\u30B4"=>"\u30B3\u3099",
+    "\u30B6"=>"\u30B5\u3099",
+    "\u30B8"=>"\u30B7\u3099",
+    "\u30BA"=>"\u30B9\u3099",
+    "\u30BC"=>"\u30BB\u3099",
+    "\u30BE"=>"\u30BD\u3099",
+    "\u30C0"=>"\u30BF\u3099",
+    "\u30C2"=>"\u30C1\u3099",
+    "\u30C5"=>"\u30C4\u3099",
+    "\u30C7"=>"\u30C6\u3099",
+    "\u30C9"=>"\u30C8\u3099",
+    "\u30D0"=>"\u30CF\u3099",
+    "\u30D1"=>"\u30CF\u309A",
+    "\u30D3"=>"\u30D2\u3099",
+    "\u30D4"=>"\u30D2\u309A",
+    "\u30D6"=>"\u30D5\u3099",
+    "\u30D7"=>"\u30D5\u309A",
+    "\u30D9"=>"\u30D8\u3099",
+    "\u30DA"=>"\u30D8\u309A",
+    "\u30DC"=>"\u30DB\u3099",
+    "\u30DD"=>"\u30DB\u309A",
+    "\u30F4"=>"\u30A6\u3099",
+    "\u30F7"=>"\u30EF\u3099",
+    "\u30F8"=>"\u30F0\u3099",
+    "\u30F9"=>"\u30F1\u3099",
+    "\u30FA"=>"\u30F2\u3099",
+    "\u30FE"=>"\u30FD\u3099",
+    "\uF900"=>"\u8C48",
+    "\uF901"=>"\u66F4",
+    "\uF902"=>"\u8ECA",
+    "\uF903"=>"\u8CC8",
+    "\uF904"=>"\u6ED1",
+    "\uF905"=>"\u4E32",
+    "\uF906"=>"\u53E5",
+    "\uF907"=>"\u9F9C",
+    "\uF908"=>"\u9F9C",
+    "\uF909"=>"\u5951",
+    "\uF90A"=>"\u91D1",
+    "\uF90B"=>"\u5587",
+    "\uF90C"=>"\u5948",
+    "\uF90D"=>"\u61F6",
+    "\uF90E"=>"\u7669",
+    "\uF90F"=>"\u7F85",
+    "\uF910"=>"\u863F",
+    "\uF911"=>"\u87BA",
+    "\uF912"=>"\u88F8",
+    "\uF913"=>"\u908F",
+    "\uF914"=>"\u6A02",
+    "\uF915"=>"\u6D1B",
+    "\uF916"=>"\u70D9",
+    "\uF917"=>"\u73DE",
+    "\uF918"=>"\u843D",
+    "\uF919"=>"\u916A",
+    "\uF91A"=>"\u99F1",
+    "\uF91B"=>"\u4E82",
+    "\uF91C"=>"\u5375",
+    "\uF91D"=>"\u6B04",
+    "\uF91E"=>"\u721B",
+    "\uF91F"=>"\u862D",
+    "\uF920"=>"\u9E1E",
+    "\uF921"=>"\u5D50",
+    "\uF922"=>"\u6FEB",
+    "\uF923"=>"\u85CD",
+    "\uF924"=>"\u8964",
+    "\uF925"=>"\u62C9",
+    "\uF926"=>"\u81D8",
+    "\uF927"=>"\u881F",
+    "\uF928"=>"\u5ECA",
+    "\uF929"=>"\u6717",
+    "\uF92A"=>"\u6D6A",
+    "\uF92B"=>"\u72FC",
+    "\uF92C"=>"\u90CE",
+    "\uF92D"=>"\u4F86",
+    "\uF92E"=>"\u51B7",
+    "\uF92F"=>"\u52DE",
+    "\uF930"=>"\u64C4",
+    "\uF931"=>"\u6AD3",
+    "\uF932"=>"\u7210",
+    "\uF933"=>"\u76E7",
+    "\uF934"=>"\u8001",
+    "\uF935"=>"\u8606",
+    "\uF936"=>"\u865C",
+    "\uF937"=>"\u8DEF",
+    "\uF938"=>"\u9732",
+    "\uF939"=>"\u9B6F",
+    "\uF93A"=>"\u9DFA",
+    "\uF93B"=>"\u788C",
+    "\uF93C"=>"\u797F",
+    "\uF93D"=>"\u7DA0",
+    "\uF93E"=>"\u83C9",
+    "\uF93F"=>"\u9304",
+    "\uF940"=>"\u9E7F",
+    "\uF941"=>"\u8AD6",
+    "\uF942"=>"\u58DF",
+    "\uF943"=>"\u5F04",
+    "\uF944"=>"\u7C60",
+    "\uF945"=>"\u807E",
+    "\uF946"=>"\u7262",
+    "\uF947"=>"\u78CA",
+    "\uF948"=>"\u8CC2",
+    "\uF949"=>"\u96F7",
+    "\uF94A"=>"\u58D8",
+    "\uF94B"=>"\u5C62",
+    "\uF94C"=>"\u6A13",
+    "\uF94D"=>"\u6DDA",
+    "\uF94E"=>"\u6F0F",
+    "\uF94F"=>"\u7D2F",
+    "\uF950"=>"\u7E37",
+    "\uF951"=>"\u964B",
+    "\uF952"=>"\u52D2",
+    "\uF953"=>"\u808B",
+    "\uF954"=>"\u51DC",
+    "\uF955"=>"\u51CC",
+    "\uF956"=>"\u7A1C",
+    "\uF957"=>"\u7DBE",
+    "\uF958"=>"\u83F1",
+    "\uF959"=>"\u9675",
+    "\uF95A"=>"\u8B80",
+    "\uF95B"=>"\u62CF",
+    "\uF95C"=>"\u6A02",
+    "\uF95D"=>"\u8AFE",
+    "\uF95E"=>"\u4E39",
+    "\uF95F"=>"\u5BE7",
+    "\uF960"=>"\u6012",
+    "\uF961"=>"\u7387",
+    "\uF962"=>"\u7570",
+    "\uF963"=>"\u5317",
+    "\uF964"=>"\u78FB",
+    "\uF965"=>"\u4FBF",
+    "\uF966"=>"\u5FA9",
+    "\uF967"=>"\u4E0D",
+    "\uF968"=>"\u6CCC",
+    "\uF969"=>"\u6578",
+    "\uF96A"=>"\u7D22",
+    "\uF96B"=>"\u53C3",
+    "\uF96C"=>"\u585E",
+    "\uF96D"=>"\u7701",
+    "\uF96E"=>"\u8449",
+    "\uF96F"=>"\u8AAA",
+    "\uF970"=>"\u6BBA",
+    "\uF971"=>"\u8FB0",
+    "\uF972"=>"\u6C88",
+    "\uF973"=>"\u62FE",
+    "\uF974"=>"\u82E5",
+    "\uF975"=>"\u63A0",
+    "\uF976"=>"\u7565",
+    "\uF977"=>"\u4EAE",
+    "\uF978"=>"\u5169",
+    "\uF979"=>"\u51C9",
+    "\uF97A"=>"\u6881",
+    "\uF97B"=>"\u7CE7",
+    "\uF97C"=>"\u826F",
+    "\uF97D"=>"\u8AD2",
+    "\uF97E"=>"\u91CF",
+    "\uF97F"=>"\u52F5",
+    "\uF980"=>"\u5442",
+    "\uF981"=>"\u5973",
+    "\uF982"=>"\u5EEC",
+    "\uF983"=>"\u65C5",
+    "\uF984"=>"\u6FFE",
+    "\uF985"=>"\u792A",
+    "\uF986"=>"\u95AD",
+    "\uF987"=>"\u9A6A",
+    "\uF988"=>"\u9E97",
+    "\uF989"=>"\u9ECE",
+    "\uF98A"=>"\u529B",
+    "\uF98B"=>"\u66C6",
+    "\uF98C"=>"\u6B77",
+    "\uF98D"=>"\u8F62",
+    "\uF98E"=>"\u5E74",
+    "\uF98F"=>"\u6190",
+    "\uF990"=>"\u6200",
+    "\uF991"=>"\u649A",
+    "\uF992"=>"\u6F23",
+    "\uF993"=>"\u7149",
+    "\uF994"=>"\u7489",
+    "\uF995"=>"\u79CA",
+    "\uF996"=>"\u7DF4",
+    "\uF997"=>"\u806F",
+    "\uF998"=>"\u8F26",
+    "\uF999"=>"\u84EE",
+    "\uF99A"=>"\u9023",
+    "\uF99B"=>"\u934A",
+    "\uF99C"=>"\u5217",
+    "\uF99D"=>"\u52A3",
+    "\uF99E"=>"\u54BD",
+    "\uF99F"=>"\u70C8",
+    "\uF9A0"=>"\u88C2",
+    "\uF9A1"=>"\u8AAA",
+    "\uF9A2"=>"\u5EC9",
+    "\uF9A3"=>"\u5FF5",
+    "\uF9A4"=>"\u637B",
+    "\uF9A5"=>"\u6BAE",
+    "\uF9A6"=>"\u7C3E",
+    "\uF9A7"=>"\u7375",
+    "\uF9A8"=>"\u4EE4",
+    "\uF9A9"=>"\u56F9",
+    "\uF9AA"=>"\u5BE7",
+    "\uF9AB"=>"\u5DBA",
+    "\uF9AC"=>"\u601C",
+    "\uF9AD"=>"\u73B2",
+    "\uF9AE"=>"\u7469",
+    "\uF9AF"=>"\u7F9A",
+    "\uF9B0"=>"\u8046",
+    "\uF9B1"=>"\u9234",
+    "\uF9B2"=>"\u96F6",
+    "\uF9B3"=>"\u9748",
+    "\uF9B4"=>"\u9818",
+    "\uF9B5"=>"\u4F8B",
+    "\uF9B6"=>"\u79AE",
+    "\uF9B7"=>"\u91B4",
+    "\uF9B8"=>"\u96B8",
+    "\uF9B9"=>"\u60E1",
+    "\uF9BA"=>"\u4E86",
+    "\uF9BB"=>"\u50DA",
+    "\uF9BC"=>"\u5BEE",
+    "\uF9BD"=>"\u5C3F",
+    "\uF9BE"=>"\u6599",
+    "\uF9BF"=>"\u6A02",
+    "\uF9C0"=>"\u71CE",
+    "\uF9C1"=>"\u7642",
+    "\uF9C2"=>"\u84FC",
+    "\uF9C3"=>"\u907C",
+    "\uF9C4"=>"\u9F8D",
+    "\uF9C5"=>"\u6688",
+    "\uF9C6"=>"\u962E",
+    "\uF9C7"=>"\u5289",
+    "\uF9C8"=>"\u677B",
+    "\uF9C9"=>"\u67F3",
+    "\uF9CA"=>"\u6D41",
+    "\uF9CB"=>"\u6E9C",
+    "\uF9CC"=>"\u7409",
+    "\uF9CD"=>"\u7559",
+    "\uF9CE"=>"\u786B",
+    "\uF9CF"=>"\u7D10",
+    "\uF9D0"=>"\u985E",
+    "\uF9D1"=>"\u516D",
+    "\uF9D2"=>"\u622E",
+    "\uF9D3"=>"\u9678",
+    "\uF9D4"=>"\u502B",
+    "\uF9D5"=>"\u5D19",
+    "\uF9D6"=>"\u6DEA",
+    "\uF9D7"=>"\u8F2A",
+    "\uF9D8"=>"\u5F8B",
+    "\uF9D9"=>"\u6144",
+    "\uF9DA"=>"\u6817",
+    "\uF9DB"=>"\u7387",
+    "\uF9DC"=>"\u9686",
+    "\uF9DD"=>"\u5229",
+    "\uF9DE"=>"\u540F",
+    "\uF9DF"=>"\u5C65",
+    "\uF9E0"=>"\u6613",
+    "\uF9E1"=>"\u674E",
+    "\uF9E2"=>"\u68A8",
+    "\uF9E3"=>"\u6CE5",
+    "\uF9E4"=>"\u7406",
+    "\uF9E5"=>"\u75E2",
+    "\uF9E6"=>"\u7F79",
+    "\uF9E7"=>"\u88CF",
+    "\uF9E8"=>"\u88E1",
+    "\uF9E9"=>"\u91CC",
+    "\uF9EA"=>"\u96E2",
+    "\uF9EB"=>"\u533F",
+    "\uF9EC"=>"\u6EBA",
+    "\uF9ED"=>"\u541D",
+    "\uF9EE"=>"\u71D0",
+    "\uF9EF"=>"\u7498",
+    "\uF9F0"=>"\u85FA",
+    "\uF9F1"=>"\u96A3",
+    "\uF9F2"=>"\u9C57",
+    "\uF9F3"=>"\u9E9F",
+    "\uF9F4"=>"\u6797",
+    "\uF9F5"=>"\u6DCB",
+    "\uF9F6"=>"\u81E8",
+    "\uF9F7"=>"\u7ACB",
+    "\uF9F8"=>"\u7B20",
+    "\uF9F9"=>"\u7C92",
+    "\uF9FA"=>"\u72C0",
+    "\uF9FB"=>"\u7099",
+    "\uF9FC"=>"\u8B58",
+    "\uF9FD"=>"\u4EC0",
+    "\uF9FE"=>"\u8336",
+    "\uF9FF"=>"\u523A",
+    "\uFA00"=>"\u5207",
+    "\uFA01"=>"\u5EA6",
+    "\uFA02"=>"\u62D3",
+    "\uFA03"=>"\u7CD6",
+    "\uFA04"=>"\u5B85",
+    "\uFA05"=>"\u6D1E",
+    "\uFA06"=>"\u66B4",
+    "\uFA07"=>"\u8F3B",
+    "\uFA08"=>"\u884C",
+    "\uFA09"=>"\u964D",
+    "\uFA0A"=>"\u898B",
+    "\uFA0B"=>"\u5ED3",
+    "\uFA0C"=>"\u5140",
+    "\uFA0D"=>"\u55C0",
+    "\uFA10"=>"\u585A",
+    "\uFA12"=>"\u6674",
+    "\uFA15"=>"\u51DE",
+    "\uFA16"=>"\u732A",
+    "\uFA17"=>"\u76CA",
+    "\uFA18"=>"\u793C",
+    "\uFA19"=>"\u795E",
+    "\uFA1A"=>"\u7965",
+    "\uFA1B"=>"\u798F",
+    "\uFA1C"=>"\u9756",
+    "\uFA1D"=>"\u7CBE",
+    "\uFA1E"=>"\u7FBD",
+    "\uFA20"=>"\u8612",
+    "\uFA22"=>"\u8AF8",
+    "\uFA25"=>"\u9038",
+    "\uFA26"=>"\u90FD",
+    "\uFA2A"=>"\u98EF",
+    "\uFA2B"=>"\u98FC",
+    "\uFA2C"=>"\u9928",
+    "\uFA2D"=>"\u9DB4",
+    "\uFA2E"=>"\u90DE",
+    "\uFA2F"=>"\u96B7",
+    "\uFA30"=>"\u4FAE",
+    "\uFA31"=>"\u50E7",
+    "\uFA32"=>"\u514D",
+    "\uFA33"=>"\u52C9",
+    "\uFA34"=>"\u52E4",
+    "\uFA35"=>"\u5351",
+    "\uFA36"=>"\u559D",
+    "\uFA37"=>"\u5606",
+    "\uFA38"=>"\u5668",
+    "\uFA39"=>"\u5840",
+    "\uFA3A"=>"\u58A8",
+    "\uFA3B"=>"\u5C64",
+    "\uFA3C"=>"\u5C6E",
+    "\uFA3D"=>"\u6094",
+    "\uFA3E"=>"\u6168",
+    "\uFA3F"=>"\u618E",
+    "\uFA40"=>"\u61F2",
+    "\uFA41"=>"\u654F",
+    "\uFA42"=>"\u65E2",
+    "\uFA43"=>"\u6691",
+    "\uFA44"=>"\u6885",
+    "\uFA45"=>"\u6D77",
+    "\uFA46"=>"\u6E1A",
+    "\uFA47"=>"\u6F22",
+    "\uFA48"=>"\u716E",
+    "\uFA49"=>"\u722B",
+    "\uFA4A"=>"\u7422",
+    "\uFA4B"=>"\u7891",
+    "\uFA4C"=>"\u793E",
+    "\uFA4D"=>"\u7949",
+    "\uFA4E"=>"\u7948",
+    "\uFA4F"=>"\u7950",
+    "\uFA50"=>"\u7956",
+    "\uFA51"=>"\u795D",
+    "\uFA52"=>"\u798D",
+    "\uFA53"=>"\u798E",
+    "\uFA54"=>"\u7A40",
+    "\uFA55"=>"\u7A81",
+    "\uFA56"=>"\u7BC0",
+    "\uFA57"=>"\u7DF4",
+    "\uFA58"=>"\u7E09",
+    "\uFA59"=>"\u7E41",
+    "\uFA5A"=>"\u7F72",
+    "\uFA5B"=>"\u8005",
+    "\uFA5C"=>"\u81ED",
+    "\uFA5D"=>"\u8279",
+    "\uFA5E"=>"\u8279",
+    "\uFA5F"=>"\u8457",
+    "\uFA60"=>"\u8910",
+    "\uFA61"=>"\u8996",
+    "\uFA62"=>"\u8B01",
+    "\uFA63"=>"\u8B39",
+    "\uFA64"=>"\u8CD3",
+    "\uFA65"=>"\u8D08",
+    "\uFA66"=>"\u8FB6",
+    "\uFA67"=>"\u9038",
+    "\uFA68"=>"\u96E3",
+    "\uFA69"=>"\u97FF",
+    "\uFA6A"=>"\u983B",
+    "\uFA6B"=>"\u6075",
+    "\uFA6C"=>"\u{242EE}",
+    "\uFA6D"=>"\u8218",
+    "\uFA70"=>"\u4E26",
+    "\uFA71"=>"\u51B5",
+    "\uFA72"=>"\u5168",
+    "\uFA73"=>"\u4F80",
+    "\uFA74"=>"\u5145",
+    "\uFA75"=>"\u5180",
+    "\uFA76"=>"\u52C7",
+    "\uFA77"=>"\u52FA",
+    "\uFA78"=>"\u559D",
+    "\uFA79"=>"\u5555",
+    "\uFA7A"=>"\u5599",
+    "\uFA7B"=>"\u55E2",
+    "\uFA7C"=>"\u585A",
+    "\uFA7D"=>"\u58B3",
+    "\uFA7E"=>"\u5944",
+    "\uFA7F"=>"\u5954",
+    "\uFA80"=>"\u5A62",
+    "\uFA81"=>"\u5B28",
+    "\uFA82"=>"\u5ED2",
+    "\uFA83"=>"\u5ED9",
+    "\uFA84"=>"\u5F69",
+    "\uFA85"=>"\u5FAD",
+    "\uFA86"=>"\u60D8",
+    "\uFA87"=>"\u614E",
+    "\uFA88"=>"\u6108",
+    "\uFA89"=>"\u618E",
+    "\uFA8A"=>"\u6160",
+    "\uFA8B"=>"\u61F2",
+    "\uFA8C"=>"\u6234",
+    "\uFA8D"=>"\u63C4",
+    "\uFA8E"=>"\u641C",
+    "\uFA8F"=>"\u6452",
+    "\uFA90"=>"\u6556",
+    "\uFA91"=>"\u6674",
+    "\uFA92"=>"\u6717",
+    "\uFA93"=>"\u671B",
+    "\uFA94"=>"\u6756",
+    "\uFA95"=>"\u6B79",
+    "\uFA96"=>"\u6BBA",
+    "\uFA97"=>"\u6D41",
+    "\uFA98"=>"\u6EDB",
+    "\uFA99"=>"\u6ECB",
+    "\uFA9A"=>"\u6F22",
+    "\uFA9B"=>"\u701E",
+    "\uFA9C"=>"\u716E",
+    "\uFA9D"=>"\u77A7",
+    "\uFA9E"=>"\u7235",
+    "\uFA9F"=>"\u72AF",
+    "\uFAA0"=>"\u732A",
+    "\uFAA1"=>"\u7471",
+    "\uFAA2"=>"\u7506",
+    "\uFAA3"=>"\u753B",
+    "\uFAA4"=>"\u761D",
+    "\uFAA5"=>"\u761F",
+    "\uFAA6"=>"\u76CA",
+    "\uFAA7"=>"\u76DB",
+    "\uFAA8"=>"\u76F4",
+    "\uFAA9"=>"\u774A",
+    "\uFAAA"=>"\u7740",
+    "\uFAAB"=>"\u78CC",
+    "\uFAAC"=>"\u7AB1",
+    "\uFAAD"=>"\u7BC0",
+    "\uFAAE"=>"\u7C7B",
+    "\uFAAF"=>"\u7D5B",
+    "\uFAB0"=>"\u7DF4",
+    "\uFAB1"=>"\u7F3E",
+    "\uFAB2"=>"\u8005",
+    "\uFAB3"=>"\u8352",
+    "\uFAB4"=>"\u83EF",
+    "\uFAB5"=>"\u8779",
+    "\uFAB6"=>"\u8941",
+    "\uFAB7"=>"\u8986",
+    "\uFAB8"=>"\u8996",
+    "\uFAB9"=>"\u8ABF",
+    "\uFABA"=>"\u8AF8",
+    "\uFABB"=>"\u8ACB",
+    "\uFABC"=>"\u8B01",
+    "\uFABD"=>"\u8AFE",
+    "\uFABE"=>"\u8AED",
+    "\uFABF"=>"\u8B39",
+    "\uFAC0"=>"\u8B8A",
+    "\uFAC1"=>"\u8D08",
+    "\uFAC2"=>"\u8F38",
+    "\uFAC3"=>"\u9072",
+    "\uFAC4"=>"\u9199",
+    "\uFAC5"=>"\u9276",
+    "\uFAC6"=>"\u967C",
+    "\uFAC7"=>"\u96E3",
+    "\uFAC8"=>"\u9756",
+    "\uFAC9"=>"\u97DB",
+    "\uFACA"=>"\u97FF",
+    "\uFACB"=>"\u980B",
+    "\uFACC"=>"\u983B",
+    "\uFACD"=>"\u9B12",
+    "\uFACE"=>"\u9F9C",
+    "\uFACF"=>"\u{2284A}",
+    "\uFAD0"=>"\u{22844}",
+    "\uFAD1"=>"\u{233D5}",
+    "\uFAD2"=>"\u3B9D",
+    "\uFAD3"=>"\u4018",
+    "\uFAD4"=>"\u4039",
+    "\uFAD5"=>"\u{25249}",
+    "\uFAD6"=>"\u{25CD0}",
+    "\uFAD7"=>"\u{27ED3}",
+    "\uFAD8"=>"\u9F43",
+    "\uFAD9"=>"\u9F8E",
+    "\uFB1D"=>"\u05D9\u05B4",
+    "\uFB1F"=>"\u05F2\u05B7",
+    "\uFB2A"=>"\u05E9\u05C1",
+    "\uFB2B"=>"\u05E9\u05C2",
+    "\uFB2C"=>"\u05E9\u05BC\u05C1",
+    "\uFB2D"=>"\u05E9\u05BC\u05C2",
+    "\uFB2E"=>"\u05D0\u05B7",
+    "\uFB2F"=>"\u05D0\u05B8",
+    "\uFB30"=>"\u05D0\u05BC",
+    "\uFB31"=>"\u05D1\u05BC",
+    "\uFB32"=>"\u05D2\u05BC",
+    "\uFB33"=>"\u05D3\u05BC",
+    "\uFB34"=>"\u05D4\u05BC",
+    "\uFB35"=>"\u05D5\u05BC",
+    "\uFB36"=>"\u05D6\u05BC",
+    "\uFB38"=>"\u05D8\u05BC",
+    "\uFB39"=>"\u05D9\u05BC",
+    "\uFB3A"=>"\u05DA\u05BC",
+    "\uFB3B"=>"\u05DB\u05BC",
+    "\uFB3C"=>"\u05DC\u05BC",
+    "\uFB3E"=>"\u05DE\u05BC",
+    "\uFB40"=>"\u05E0\u05BC",
+    "\uFB41"=>"\u05E1\u05BC",
+    "\uFB43"=>"\u05E3\u05BC",
+    "\uFB44"=>"\u05E4\u05BC",
+    "\uFB46"=>"\u05E6\u05BC",
+    "\uFB47"=>"\u05E7\u05BC",
+    "\uFB48"=>"\u05E8\u05BC",
+    "\uFB49"=>"\u05E9\u05BC",
+    "\uFB4A"=>"\u05EA\u05BC",
+    "\uFB4B"=>"\u05D5\u05B9",
+    "\uFB4C"=>"\u05D1\u05BF",
+    "\uFB4D"=>"\u05DB\u05BF",
+    "\uFB4E"=>"\u05E4\u05BF",
+    "\u{1109A}"=>"\u{11099}\u{110BA}",
+    "\u{1109C}"=>"\u{1109B}\u{110BA}",
+    "\u{110AB}"=>"\u{110A5}\u{110BA}",
+    "\u{1112E}"=>"\u{11131}\u{11127}",
+    "\u{1112F}"=>"\u{11132}\u{11127}",
+    "\u{1134B}"=>"\u{11347}\u{1133E}",
+    "\u{1134C}"=>"\u{11347}\u{11357}",
+    "\u{114BB}"=>"\u{114B9}\u{114BA}",
+    "\u{114BC}"=>"\u{114B9}\u{114B0}",
+    "\u{114BE}"=>"\u{114B9}\u{114BD}",
+    "\u{115BA}"=>"\u{115B8}\u{115AF}",
+    "\u{115BB}"=>"\u{115B9}\u{115AF}",
+    "\u{1D15E}"=>"\u{1D157}\u{1D165}",
+    "\u{1D15F}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}",
+    "\u{1D160}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D16E}",
+    "\u{1D161}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D16F}",
+    "\u{1D162}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D170}",
+    "\u{1D163}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D171}",
+    "\u{1D164}"=>"\u{1D158}\u{1D165}\u{1D172}",
+    "\u{1D1BB}"=>"\u{1D1B9}\u{1D165}",
+    "\u{1D1BC}"=>"\u{1D1BA}\u{1D165}",
+    "\u{1D1BD}"=>"\u{1D1B9}\u{1D165}\u{1D16E}",
+    "\u{1D1BE}"=>"\u{1D1BA}\u{1D165}\u{1D16E}",
+    "\u{1D1BF}"=>"\u{1D1B9}\u{1D165}\u{1D16F}",
+    "\u{1D1C0}"=>"\u{1D1BA}\u{1D165}\u{1D16F}",
+    "\u{2F800}"=>"\u4E3D",
+    "\u{2F801}"=>"\u4E38",
+    "\u{2F802}"=>"\u4E41",
+    "\u{2F803}"=>"\u{20122}",
+    "\u{2F804}"=>"\u4F60",
+    "\u{2F805}"=>"\u4FAE",
+    "\u{2F806}"=>"\u4FBB",
+    "\u{2F807}"=>"\u5002",
+    "\u{2F808}"=>"\u507A",
+    "\u{2F809}"=>"\u5099",
+    "\u{2F80A}"=>"\u50E7",
+    "\u{2F80B}"=>"\u50CF",
+    "\u{2F80C}"=>"\u349E",
+    "\u{2F80D}"=>"\u{2063A}",
+    "\u{2F80E}"=>"\u514D",
+    "\u{2F80F}"=>"\u5154",
+    "\u{2F810}"=>"\u5164",
+    "\u{2F811}"=>"\u5177",
+    "\u{2F812}"=>"\u{2051C}",
+    "\u{2F813}"=>"\u34B9",
+    "\u{2F814}"=>"\u5167",
+    "\u{2F815}"=>"\u518D",
+    "\u{2F816}"=>"\u{2054B}",
+    "\u{2F817}"=>"\u5197",
+    "\u{2F818}"=>"\u51A4",
+    "\u{2F819}"=>"\u4ECC",
+    "\u{2F81A}"=>"\u51AC",
+    "\u{2F81B}"=>"\u51B5",
+    "\u{2F81C}"=>"\u{291DF}",
+    "\u{2F81D}"=>"\u51F5",
+    "\u{2F81E}"=>"\u5203",
+    "\u{2F81F}"=>"\u34DF",
+    "\u{2F820}"=>"\u523B",
+    "\u{2F821}"=>"\u5246",
+    "\u{2F822}"=>"\u5272",
+    "\u{2F823}"=>"\u5277",
+    "\u{2F824}"=>"\u3515",
+    "\u{2F825}"=>"\u52C7",
+    "\u{2F826}"=>"\u52C9",
+    "\u{2F827}"=>"\u52E4",
+    "\u{2F828}"=>"\u52FA",
+    "\u{2F829}"=>"\u5305",
+    "\u{2F82A}"=>"\u5306",
+    "\u{2F82B}"=>"\u5317",
+    "\u{2F82C}"=>"\u5349",
+    "\u{2F82D}"=>"\u5351",
+    "\u{2F82E}"=>"\u535A",
+    "\u{2F82F}"=>"\u5373",
+    "\u{2F830}"=>"\u537D",
+    "\u{2F831}"=>"\u537F",
+    "\u{2F832}"=>"\u537F",
+    "\u{2F833}"=>"\u537F",
+    "\u{2F834}"=>"\u{20A2C}",
+    "\u{2F835}"=>"\u7070",
+    "\u{2F836}"=>"\u53CA",
+    "\u{2F837}"=>"\u53DF",
+    "\u{2F838}"=>"\u{20B63}",
+    "\u{2F839}"=>"\u53EB",
+    "\u{2F83A}"=>"\u53F1",
+    "\u{2F83B}"=>"\u5406",
+    "\u{2F83C}"=>"\u549E",
+    "\u{2F83D}"=>"\u5438",
+    "\u{2F83E}"=>"\u5448",
+    "\u{2F83F}"=>"\u5468",
+    "\u{2F840}"=>"\u54A2",
+    "\u{2F841}"=>"\u54F6",
+    "\u{2F842}"=>"\u5510",
+    "\u{2F843}"=>"\u5553",
+    "\u{2F844}"=>"\u5563",
+    "\u{2F845}"=>"\u5584",
+    "\u{2F846}"=>"\u5584",
+    "\u{2F847}"=>"\u5599",
+    "\u{2F848}"=>"\u55AB",
+    "\u{2F849}"=>"\u55B3",
+    "\u{2F84A}"=>"\u55C2",
+    "\u{2F84B}"=>"\u5716",
+    "\u{2F84C}"=>"\u5606",
+    "\u{2F84D}"=>"\u5717",
+    "\u{2F84E}"=>"\u5651",
+    "\u{2F84F}"=>"\u5674",
+    "\u{2F850}"=>"\u5207",
+    "\u{2F851}"=>"\u58EE",
+    "\u{2F852}"=>"\u57CE",
+    "\u{2F853}"=>"\u57F4",
+    "\u{2F854}"=>"\u580D",
+    "\u{2F855}"=>"\u578B",
+    "\u{2F856}"=>"\u5832",
+    "\u{2F857}"=>"\u5831",
+    "\u{2F858}"=>"\u58AC",
+    "\u{2F859}"=>"\u{214E4}",
+    "\u{2F85A}"=>"\u58F2",
+    "\u{2F85B}"=>"\u58F7",
+    "\u{2F85C}"=>"\u5906",
+    "\u{2F85D}"=>"\u591A",
+    "\u{2F85E}"=>"\u5922",
+    "\u{2F85F}"=>"\u5962",
+    "\u{2F860}"=>"\u{216A8}",
+    "\u{2F861}"=>"\u{216EA}",
+    "\u{2F862}"=>"\u59EC",
+    "\u{2F863}"=>"\u5A1B",
+    "\u{2F864}"=>"\u5A27",
+    "\u{2F865}"=>"\u59D8",
+    "\u{2F866}"=>"\u5A66",
+    "\u{2F867}"=>"\u36EE",
+    "\u{2F868}"=>"\u36FC",
+    "\u{2F869}"=>"\u5B08",
+    "\u{2F86A}"=>"\u5B3E",
+    "\u{2F86B}"=>"\u5B3E",
+    "\u{2F86C}"=>"\u{219C8}",
+    "\u{2F86D}"=>"\u5BC3",
+    "\u{2F86E}"=>"\u5BD8",
+    "\u{2F86F}"=>"\u5BE7",
+    "\u{2F870}"=>"\u5BF3",
+    "\u{2F871}"=>"\u{21B18}",
+    "\u{2F872}"=>"\u5BFF",
+    "\u{2F873}"=>"\u5C06",
+    "\u{2F874}"=>"\u5F53",
+    "\u{2F875}"=>"\u5C22",
+    "\u{2F876}"=>"\u3781",
+    "\u{2F877}"=>"\u5C60",
+    "\u{2F878}"=>"\u5C6E",
+    "\u{2F879}"=>"\u5CC0",
+    "\u{2F87A}"=>"\u5C8D",
+    "\u{2F87B}"=>"\u{21DE4}",
+    "\u{2F87C}"=>"\u5D43",
+    "\u{2F87D}"=>"\u{21DE6}",
+    "\u{2F87E}"=>"\u5D6E",
+    "\u{2F87F}"=>"\u5D6B",
+    "\u{2F880}"=>"\u5D7C",
+    "\u{2F881}"=>"\u5DE1",
+    "\u{2F882}"=>"\u5DE2",
+    "\u{2F883}"=>"\u382F",
+    "\u{2F884}"=>"\u5DFD",
+    "\u{2F885}"=>"\u5E28",
+    "\u{2F886}"=>"\u5E3D",
+    "\u{2F887}"=>"\u5E69",
+    "\u{2F888}"=>"\u3862",
+    "\u{2F889}"=>"\u{22183}",
+    "\u{2F88A}"=>"\u387C",
+    "\u{2F88B}"=>"\u5EB0",
+    "\u{2F88C}"=>"\u5EB3",
+    "\u{2F88D}"=>"\u5EB6",
+    "\u{2F88E}"=>"\u5ECA",
+    "\u{2F88F}"=>"\u{2A392}",
+    "\u{2F890}"=>"\u5EFE",
+    "\u{2F891}"=>"\u{22331}",
+    "\u{2F892}"=>"\u{22331}",
+    "\u{2F893}"=>"\u8201",
+    "\u{2F894}"=>"\u5F22",
+    "\u{2F895}"=>"\u5F22",
+    "\u{2F896}"=>"\u38C7",
+    "\u{2F897}"=>"\u{232B8}",
+    "\u{2F898}"=>"\u{261DA}",
+    "\u{2F899}"=>"\u5F62",
+    "\u{2F89A}"=>"\u5F6B",
+    "\u{2F89B}"=>"\u38E3",
+    "\u{2F89C}"=>"\u5F9A",
+    "\u{2F89D}"=>"\u5FCD",
+    "\u{2F89E}"=>"\u5FD7",
+    "\u{2F89F}"=>"\u5FF9",
+    "\u{2F8A0}"=>"\u6081",
+    "\u{2F8A1}"=>"\u393A",
+    "\u{2F8A2}"=>"\u391C",
+    "\u{2F8A3}"=>"\u6094",
+    "\u{2F8A4}"=>"\u{226D4}",
+    "\u{2F8A5}"=>"\u60C7",
+    "\u{2F8A6}"=>"\u6148",
+    "\u{2F8A7}"=>"\u614C",
+    "\u{2F8A8}"=>"\u614E",
+    "\u{2F8A9}"=>"\u614C",
+    "\u{2F8AA}"=>"\u617A",
+    "\u{2F8AB}"=>"\u618E",
+    "\u{2F8AC}"=>"\u61B2",
+    "\u{2F8AD}"=>"\u61A4",
+    "\u{2F8AE}"=>"\u61AF",
+    "\u{2F8AF}"=>"\u61DE",
+    "\u{2F8B0}"=>"\u61F2",
+    "\u{2F8B1}"=>"\u61F6",
+    "\u{2F8B2}"=>"\u6210",
+    "\u{2F8B3}"=>"\u621B",
+    "\u{2F8B4}"=>"\u625D",
+    "\u{2F8B5}"=>"\u62B1",
+    "\u{2F8B6}"=>"\u62D4",
+    "\u{2F8B7}"=>"\u6350",
+    "\u{2F8B8}"=>"\u{22B0C}",
+    "\u{2F8B9}"=>"\u633D",
+    "\u{2F8BA}"=>"\u62FC",
+    "\u{2F8BB}"=>"\u6368",
+    "\u{2F8BC}"=>"\u6383",
+    "\u{2F8BD}"=>"\u63E4",
+    "\u{2F8BE}"=>"\u{22BF1}",
+    "\u{2F8BF}"=>"\u6422",
+    "\u{2F8C0}"=>"\u63C5",
+    "\u{2F8C1}"=>"\u63A9",
+    "\u{2F8C2}"=>"\u3A2E",
+    "\u{2F8C3}"=>"\u6469",
+    "\u{2F8C4}"=>"\u647E",
+    "\u{2F8C5}"=>"\u649D",
+    "\u{2F8C6}"=>"\u6477",
+    "\u{2F8C7}"=>"\u3A6C",
+    "\u{2F8C8}"=>"\u654F",
+    "\u{2F8C9}"=>"\u656C",
+    "\u{2F8CA}"=>"\u{2300A}",
+    "\u{2F8CB}"=>"\u65E3",
+    "\u{2F8CC}"=>"\u66F8",
+    "\u{2F8CD}"=>"\u6649",
+    "\u{2F8CE}"=>"\u3B19",
+    "\u{2F8CF}"=>"\u6691",
+    "\u{2F8D0}"=>"\u3B08",
+    "\u{2F8D1}"=>"\u3AE4",
+    "\u{2F8D2}"=>"\u5192",
+    "\u{2F8D3}"=>"\u5195",
+    "\u{2F8D4}"=>"\u6700",
+    "\u{2F8D5}"=>"\u669C",
+    "\u{2F8D6}"=>"\u80AD",
+    "\u{2F8D7}"=>"\u43D9",
+    "\u{2F8D8}"=>"\u6717",
+    "\u{2F8D9}"=>"\u671B",
+    "\u{2F8DA}"=>"\u6721",
+    "\u{2F8DB}"=>"\u675E",
+    "\u{2F8DC}"=>"\u6753",
+    "\u{2F8DD}"=>"\u{233C3}",
+    "\u{2F8DE}"=>"\u3B49",
+    "\u{2F8DF}"=>"\u67FA",
+    "\u{2F8E0}"=>"\u6785",
+    "\u{2F8E1}"=>"\u6852",
+    "\u{2F8E2}"=>"\u6885",
+    "\u{2F8E3}"=>"\u{2346D}",
+    "\u{2F8E4}"=>"\u688E",
+    "\u{2F8E5}"=>"\u681F",
+    "\u{2F8E6}"=>"\u6914",
+    "\u{2F8E7}"=>"\u3B9D",
+    "\u{2F8E8}"=>"\u6942",
+    "\u{2F8E9}"=>"\u69A3",
+    "\u{2F8EA}"=>"\u69EA",
+    "\u{2F8EB}"=>"\u6AA8",
+    "\u{2F8EC}"=>"\u{236A3}",
+    "\u{2F8ED}"=>"\u6ADB",
+    "\u{2F8EE}"=>"\u3C18",
+    "\u{2F8EF}"=>"\u6B21",
+    "\u{2F8F0}"=>"\u{238A7}",
+    "\u{2F8F1}"=>"\u6B54",
+    "\u{2F8F2}"=>"\u3C4E",
+    "\u{2F8F3}"=>"\u6B72",
+    "\u{2F8F4}"=>"\u6B9F",
+    "\u{2F8F5}"=>"\u6BBA",
+    "\u{2F8F6}"=>"\u6BBB",
+    "\u{2F8F7}"=>"\u{23A8D}",
+    "\u{2F8F8}"=>"\u{21D0B}",
+    "\u{2F8F9}"=>"\u{23AFA}",
+    "\u{2F8FA}"=>"\u6C4E",
+    "\u{2F8FB}"=>"\u{23CBC}",
+    "\u{2F8FC}"=>"\u6CBF",
+    "\u{2F8FD}"=>"\u6CCD",
+    "\u{2F8FE}"=>"\u6C67",
+    "\u{2F8FF}"=>"\u6D16",
+    "\u{2F900}"=>"\u6D3E",
+    "\u{2F901}"=>"\u6D77",
+    "\u{2F902}"=>"\u6D41",
+    "\u{2F903}"=>"\u6D69",
+    "\u{2F904}"=>"\u6D78",
+    "\u{2F905}"=>"\u6D85",
+    "\u{2F906}"=>"\u{23D1E}",
+    "\u{2F907}"=>"\u6D34",
+    "\u{2F908}"=>"\u6E2F",
+    "\u{2F909}"=>"\u6E6E",
+    "\u{2F90A}"=>"\u3D33",
+    "\u{2F90B}"=>"\u6ECB",
+    "\u{2F90C}"=>"\u6EC7",
+    "\u{2F90D}"=>"\u{23ED1}",
+    "\u{2F90E}"=>"\u6DF9",
+    "\u{2F90F}"=>"\u6F6E",
+    "\u{2F910}"=>"\u{23F5E}",
+    "\u{2F911}"=>"\u{23F8E}",
+    "\u{2F912}"=>"\u6FC6",
+    "\u{2F913}"=>"\u7039",
+    "\u{2F914}"=>"\u701E",
+    "\u{2F915}"=>"\u701B",
+    "\u{2F916}"=>"\u3D96",
+    "\u{2F917}"=>"\u704A",
+    "\u{2F918}"=>"\u707D",
+    "\u{2F919}"=>"\u7077",
+    "\u{2F91A}"=>"\u70AD",
+    "\u{2F91B}"=>"\u{20525}",
+    "\u{2F91C}"=>"\u7145",
+    "\u{2F91D}"=>"\u{24263}",
+    "\u{2F91E}"=>"\u719C",
+    "\u{2F91F}"=>"\u{243AB}",
+    "\u{2F920}"=>"\u7228",
+    "\u{2F921}"=>"\u7235",
+    "\u{2F922}"=>"\u7250",
+    "\u{2F923}"=>"\u{24608}",
+    "\u{2F924}"=>"\u7280",
+    "\u{2F925}"=>"\u7295",
+    "\u{2F926}"=>"\u{24735}",
+    "\u{2F927}"=>"\u{24814}",
+    "\u{2F928}"=>"\u737A",
+    "\u{2F929}"=>"\u738B",
+    "\u{2F92A}"=>"\u3EAC",
+    "\u{2F92B}"=>"\u73A5",
+    "\u{2F92C}"=>"\u3EB8",
+    "\u{2F92D}"=>"\u3EB8",
+    "\u{2F92E}"=>"\u7447",
+    "\u{2F92F}"=>"\u745C",
+    "\u{2F930}"=>"\u7471",
+    "\u{2F931}"=>"\u7485",
+    "\u{2F932}"=>"\u74CA",
+    "\u{2F933}"=>"\u3F1B",
+    "\u{2F934}"=>"\u7524",
+    "\u{2F935}"=>"\u{24C36}",
+    "\u{2F936}"=>"\u753E",
+    "\u{2F937}"=>"\u{24C92}",
+    "\u{2F938}"=>"\u7570",
+    "\u{2F939}"=>"\u{2219F}",
+    "\u{2F93A}"=>"\u7610",
+    "\u{2F93B}"=>"\u{24FA1}",
+    "\u{2F93C}"=>"\u{24FB8}",
+    "\u{2F93D}"=>"\u{25044}",
+    "\u{2F93E}"=>"\u3FFC",
+    "\u{2F93F}"=>"\u4008",
+    "\u{2F940}"=>"\u76F4",
+    "\u{2F941}"=>"\u{250F3}",
+    "\u{2F942}"=>"\u{250F2}",
+    "\u{2F943}"=>"\u{25119}",
+    "\u{2F944}"=>"\u{25133}",
+    "\u{2F945}"=>"\u771E",
+    "\u{2F946}"=>"\u771F",
+    "\u{2F947}"=>"\u771F",
+    "\u{2F948}"=>"\u774A",
+    "\u{2F949}"=>"\u4039",
+    "\u{2F94A}"=>"\u778B",
+    "\u{2F94B}"=>"\u4046",
+    "\u{2F94C}"=>"\u4096",
+    "\u{2F94D}"=>"\u{2541D}",
+    "\u{2F94E}"=>"\u784E",
+    "\u{2F94F}"=>"\u788C",
+    "\u{2F950}"=>"\u78CC",
+    "\u{2F951}"=>"\u40E3",
+    "\u{2F952}"=>"\u{25626}",
+    "\u{2F953}"=>"\u7956",
+    "\u{2F954}"=>"\u{2569A}",
+    "\u{2F955}"=>"\u{256C5}",
+    "\u{2F956}"=>"\u798F",
+    "\u{2F957}"=>"\u79EB",
+    "\u{2F958}"=>"\u412F",
+    "\u{2F959}"=>"\u7A40",
+    "\u{2F95A}"=>"\u7A4A",
+    "\u{2F95B}"=>"\u7A4F",
+    "\u{2F95C}"=>"\u{2597C}",
+    "\u{2F95D}"=>"\u{25AA7}",
+    "\u{2F95E}"=>"\u{25AA7}",
+    "\u{2F95F}"=>"\u7AEE",
+    "\u{2F960}"=>"\u4202",
+    "\u{2F961}"=>"\u{25BAB}",
+    "\u{2F962}"=>"\u7BC6",
+    "\u{2F963}"=>"\u7BC9",
+    "\u{2F964}"=>"\u4227",
+    "\u{2F965}"=>"\u{25C80}",
+    "\u{2F966}"=>"\u7CD2",
+    "\u{2F967}"=>"\u42A0",
+    "\u{2F968}"=>"\u7CE8",
+    "\u{2F969}"=>"\u7CE3",
+    "\u{2F96A}"=>"\u7D00",
+    "\u{2F96B}"=>"\u{25F86}",
+    "\u{2F96C}"=>"\u7D63",
+    "\u{2F96D}"=>"\u4301",
+    "\u{2F96E}"=>"\u7DC7",
+    "\u{2F96F}"=>"\u7E02",
+    "\u{2F970}"=>"\u7E45",
+    "\u{2F971}"=>"\u4334",
+    "\u{2F972}"=>"\u{26228}",
+    "\u{2F973}"=>"\u{26247}",
+    "\u{2F974}"=>"\u4359",
+    "\u{2F975}"=>"\u{262D9}",
+    "\u{2F976}"=>"\u7F7A",
+    "\u{2F977}"=>"\u{2633E}",
+    "\u{2F978}"=>"\u7F95",
+    "\u{2F979}"=>"\u7FFA",
+    "\u{2F97A}"=>"\u8005",
+    "\u{2F97B}"=>"\u{264DA}",
+    "\u{2F97C}"=>"\u{26523}",
+    "\u{2F97D}"=>"\u8060",
+    "\u{2F97E}"=>"\u{265A8}",
+    "\u{2F97F}"=>"\u8070",
+    "\u{2F980}"=>"\u{2335F}",
+    "\u{2F981}"=>"\u43D5",
+    "\u{2F982}"=>"\u80B2",
+    "\u{2F983}"=>"\u8103",
+    "\u{2F984}"=>"\u440B",
+    "\u{2F985}"=>"\u813E",
+    "\u{2F986}"=>"\u5AB5",
+    "\u{2F987}"=>"\u{267A7}",
+    "\u{2F988}"=>"\u{267B5}",
+    "\u{2F989}"=>"\u{23393}",
+    "\u{2F98A}"=>"\u{2339C}",
+    "\u{2F98B}"=>"\u8201",
+    "\u{2F98C}"=>"\u8204",
+    "\u{2F98D}"=>"\u8F9E",
+    "\u{2F98E}"=>"\u446B",
+    "\u{2F98F}"=>"\u8291",
+    "\u{2F990}"=>"\u828B",
+    "\u{2F991}"=>"\u829D",
+    "\u{2F992}"=>"\u52B3",
+    "\u{2F993}"=>"\u82B1",
+    "\u{2F994}"=>"\u82B3",
+    "\u{2F995}"=>"\u82BD",
+    "\u{2F996}"=>"\u82E6",
+    "\u{2F997}"=>"\u{26B3C}",
+    "\u{2F998}"=>"\u82E5",
+    "\u{2F999}"=>"\u831D",
+    "\u{2F99A}"=>"\u8363",
+    "\u{2F99B}"=>"\u83AD",
+    "\u{2F99C}"=>"\u8323",
+    "\u{2F99D}"=>"\u83BD",
+    "\u{2F99E}"=>"\u83E7",
+    "\u{2F99F}"=>"\u8457",
+    "\u{2F9A0}"=>"\u8353",
+    "\u{2F9A1}"=>"\u83CA",
+    "\u{2F9A2}"=>"\u83CC",
+    "\u{2F9A3}"=>"\u83DC",
+    "\u{2F9A4}"=>"\u{26C36}",
+    "\u{2F9A5}"=>"\u{26D6B}",
+    "\u{2F9A6}"=>"\u{26CD5}",
+    "\u{2F9A7}"=>"\u452B",
+    "\u{2F9A8}"=>"\u84F1",
+    "\u{2F9A9}"=>"\u84F3",
+    "\u{2F9AA}"=>"\u8516",
+    "\u{2F9AB}"=>"\u{273CA}",
+    "\u{2F9AC}"=>"\u8564",
+    "\u{2F9AD}"=>"\u{26F2C}",
+    "\u{2F9AE}"=>"\u455D",
+    "\u{2F9AF}"=>"\u4561",
+    "\u{2F9B0}"=>"\u{26FB1}",
+    "\u{2F9B1}"=>"\u{270D2}",
+    "\u{2F9B2}"=>"\u456B",
+    "\u{2F9B3}"=>"\u8650",
+    "\u{2F9B4}"=>"\u865C",
+    "\u{2F9B5}"=>"\u8667",
+    "\u{2F9B6}"=>"\u8669",
+    "\u{2F9B7}"=>"\u86A9",
+    "\u{2F9B8}"=>"\u8688",
+    "\u{2F9B9}"=>"\u870E",
+    "\u{2F9BA}"=>"\u86E2",
+    "\u{2F9BB}"=>"\u8779",
+    "\u{2F9BC}"=>"\u8728",
+    "\u{2F9BD}"=>"\u876B",
+    "\u{2F9BE}"=>"\u8786",
+    "\u{2F9BF}"=>"\u45D7",
+    "\u{2F9C0}"=>"\u87E1",
+    "\u{2F9C1}"=>"\u8801",
+    "\u{2F9C2}"=>"\u45F9",
+    "\u{2F9C3}"=>"\u8860",
+    "\u{2F9C4}"=>"\u8863",
+    "\u{2F9C5}"=>"\u{27667}",
+    "\u{2F9C6}"=>"\u88D7",
+    "\u{2F9C7}"=>"\u88DE",
+    "\u{2F9C8}"=>"\u4635",
+    "\u{2F9C9}"=>"\u88FA",
+    "\u{2F9CA}"=>"\u34BB",
+    "\u{2F9CB}"=>"\u{278AE}",
+    "\u{2F9CC}"=>"\u{27966}",
+    "\u{2F9CD}"=>"\u46BE",
+    "\u{2F9CE}"=>"\u46C7",
+    "\u{2F9CF}"=>"\u8AA0",
+    "\u{2F9D0}"=>"\u8AED",
+    "\u{2F9D1}"=>"\u8B8A",
+    "\u{2F9D2}"=>"\u8C55",
+    "\u{2F9D3}"=>"\u{27CA8}",
+    "\u{2F9D4}"=>"\u8CAB",
+    "\u{2F9D5}"=>"\u8CC1",
+    "\u{2F9D6}"=>"\u8D1B",
+    "\u{2F9D7}"=>"\u8D77",
+    "\u{2F9D8}"=>"\u{27F2F}",
+    "\u{2F9D9}"=>"\u{20804}",
+    "\u{2F9DA}"=>"\u8DCB",
+    "\u{2F9DB}"=>"\u8DBC",
+    "\u{2F9DC}"=>"\u8DF0",
+    "\u{2F9DD}"=>"\u{208DE}",
+    "\u{2F9DE}"=>"\u8ED4",
+    "\u{2F9DF}"=>"\u8F38",
+    "\u{2F9E0}"=>"\u{285D2}",
+    "\u{2F9E1}"=>"\u{285ED}",
+    "\u{2F9E2}"=>"\u9094",
+    "\u{2F9E3}"=>"\u90F1",
+    "\u{2F9E4}"=>"\u9111",
+    "\u{2F9E5}"=>"\u{2872E}",
+    "\u{2F9E6}"=>"\u911B",
+    "\u{2F9E7}"=>"\u9238",
+    "\u{2F9E8}"=>"\u92D7",
+    "\u{2F9E9}"=>"\u92D8",
+    "\u{2F9EA}"=>"\u927C",
+    "\u{2F9EB}"=>"\u93F9",
+    "\u{2F9EC}"=>"\u9415",
+    "\u{2F9ED}"=>"\u{28BFA}",
+    "\u{2F9EE}"=>"\u958B",
+    "\u{2F9EF}"=>"\u4995",
+    "\u{2F9F0}"=>"\u95B7",
+    "\u{2F9F1}"=>"\u{28D77}",
+    "\u{2F9F2}"=>"\u49E6",
+    "\u{2F9F3}"=>"\u96C3",
+    "\u{2F9F4}"=>"\u5DB2",
+    "\u{2F9F5}"=>"\u9723",
+    "\u{2F9F6}"=>"\u{29145}",
+    "\u{2F9F7}"=>"\u{2921A}",
+    "\u{2F9F8}"=>"\u4A6E",
+    "\u{2F9F9}"=>"\u4A76",
+    "\u{2F9FA}"=>"\u97E0",
+    "\u{2F9FB}"=>"\u{2940A}",
+    "\u{2F9FC}"=>"\u4AB2",
+    "\u{2F9FD}"=>"\u{29496}",
+    "\u{2F9FE}"=>"\u980B",
+    "\u{2F9FF}"=>"\u980B",
+    "\u{2FA00}"=>"\u9829",
+    "\u{2FA01}"=>"\u{295B6}",
+    "\u{2FA02}"=>"\u98E2",
+    "\u{2FA03}"=>"\u4B33",
+    "\u{2FA04}"=>"\u9929",
+    "\u{2FA05}"=>"\u99A7",
+    "\u{2FA06}"=>"\u99C2",
+    "\u{2FA07}"=>"\u99FE",
+    "\u{2FA08}"=>"\u4BCE",
+    "\u{2FA09}"=>"\u{29B30}",
+    "\u{2FA0A}"=>"\u9B12",
+    "\u{2FA0B}"=>"\u9C40",
+    "\u{2FA0C}"=>"\u9CFD",
+    "\u{2FA0D}"=>"\u4CCE",
+    "\u{2FA0E}"=>"\u4CED",
+    "\u{2FA0F}"=>"\u9D67",
+    "\u{2FA10}"=>"\u{2A0CE}",
+    "\u{2FA11}"=>"\u4CF8",
+    "\u{2FA12}"=>"\u{2A105}",
+    "\u{2FA13}"=>"\u{2A20E}",
+    "\u{2FA14}"=>"\u{2A291}",
+    "\u{2FA15}"=>"\u9EBB",
+    "\u{2FA16}"=>"\u4D56",
+    "\u{2FA17}"=>"\u9EF9",
+    "\u{2FA18}"=>"\u9EFE",
+    "\u{2FA19}"=>"\u9F05",
+    "\u{2FA1A}"=>"\u9F0F",
+    "\u{2FA1B}"=>"\u9F16",
+    "\u{2FA1C}"=>"\u9F3B",
+    "\u{2FA1D}"=>"\u{2A600}",
   }.freeze
 
   KOMPATIBLE_TABLE = {
-    "\u00A0"=>" ", "\u00A8"=>" \u0308", "\u00AA"=>"a", "\u00AF"=>" \u0304", "\u00B2"=>"2", "\u00B3"=>"3", "\u00B4"=>" \u0301", "\u00B5"=>"\u03BC",
-    "\u00B8"=>" \u0327", "\u00B9"=>"1", "\u00BA"=>"o", "\u00BC"=>"1\u20444", "\u00BD"=>"1\u20442", "\u00BE"=>"3\u20444", "\u0132"=>"IJ", "\u0133"=>"ij",
-    "\u013F"=>"L\u00B7", "\u0140"=>"l\u00B7", "\u0149"=>"\u02BCn", "\u017F"=>"s", "\u01C4"=>"D\u017D", "\u01C5"=>"D\u017E", "\u01C6"=>"d\u017E", "\u01C7"=>"LJ",
-    "\u01C8"=>"Lj", "\u01C9"=>"lj", "\u01CA"=>"NJ", "\u01CB"=>"Nj", "\u01CC"=>"nj", "\u01F1"=>"DZ", "\u01F2"=>"Dz", "\u01F3"=>"dz",
-    "\u02B0"=>"h", "\u02B1"=>"\u0266", "\u02B2"=>"j", "\u02B3"=>"r", "\u02B4"=>"\u0279", "\u02B5"=>"\u027B", "\u02B6"=>"\u0281", "\u02B7"=>"w",
-    "\u02B8"=>"y", "\u02D8"=>" \u0306", "\u02D9"=>" \u0307", "\u02DA"=>" \u030A", "\u02DB"=>" \u0328", "\u02DC"=>" \u0303", "\u02DD"=>" \u030B", "\u02E0"=>"\u0263",
-    "\u02E1"=>"l", "\u02E2"=>"s", "\u02E3"=>"x", "\u02E4"=>"\u0295", "\u037A"=>" \u0345", "\u0384"=>" \u0301", "\u03D0"=>"\u03B2", "\u03D1"=>"\u03B8",
-    "\u03D2"=>"\u03A5", "\u03D5"=>"\u03C6", "\u03D6"=>"\u03C0", "\u03F0"=>"\u03BA", "\u03F1"=>"\u03C1", "\u03F2"=>"\u03C2", "\u03F4"=>"\u0398", "\u03F5"=>"\u03B5",
-    "\u03F9"=>"\u03A3", "\u0587"=>"\u0565\u0582", "\u0675"=>"\u0627\u0674", "\u0676"=>"\u0648\u0674", "\u0677"=>"\u06C7\u0674", "\u0678"=>"\u064A\u0674", "\u0E33"=>"\u0E4D\u0E32", "\u0EB3"=>"\u0ECD\u0EB2",
-    "\u0EDC"=>"\u0EAB\u0E99", "\u0EDD"=>"\u0EAB\u0EA1", "\u0F0C"=>"\u0F0B", "\u0F77"=>"\u0FB2\u0F81", "\u0F79"=>"\u0FB3\u0F81", "\u10FC"=>"\u10DC", "\u1D2C"=>"A", "\u1D2D"=>"\u00C6",
-    "\u1D2E"=>"B", "\u1D30"=>"D", "\u1D31"=>"E", "\u1D32"=>"\u018E", "\u1D33"=>"G", "\u1D34"=>"H", "\u1D35"=>"I", "\u1D36"=>"J",
-    "\u1D37"=>"K", "\u1D38"=>"L", "\u1D39"=>"M", "\u1D3A"=>"N", "\u1D3C"=>"O", "\u1D3D"=>"\u0222", "\u1D3E"=>"P", "\u1D3F"=>"R",
-    "\u1D40"=>"T", "\u1D41"=>"U", "\u1D42"=>"W", "\u1D43"=>"a", "\u1D44"=>"\u0250", "\u1D45"=>"\u0251", "\u1D46"=>"\u1D02", "\u1D47"=>"b",
-    "\u1D48"=>"d", "\u1D49"=>"e", "\u1D4A"=>"\u0259", "\u1D4B"=>"\u025B", "\u1D4C"=>"\u025C", "\u1D4D"=>"g", "\u1D4F"=>"k", "\u1D50"=>"m",
-    "\u1D51"=>"\u014B", "\u1D52"=>"o", "\u1D53"=>"\u0254", "\u1D54"=>"\u1D16", "\u1D55"=>"\u1D17", "\u1D56"=>"p", "\u1D57"=>"t", "\u1D58"=>"u",
-    "\u1D59"=>"\u1D1D", "\u1D5A"=>"\u026F", "\u1D5B"=>"v", "\u1D5C"=>"\u1D25", "\u1D5D"=>"\u03B2", "\u1D5E"=>"\u03B3", "\u1D5F"=>"\u03B4", "\u1D60"=>"\u03C6",
-    "\u1D61"=>"\u03C7", "\u1D62"=>"i", "\u1D63"=>"r", "\u1D64"=>"u", "\u1D65"=>"v", "\u1D66"=>"\u03B2", "\u1D67"=>"\u03B3", "\u1D68"=>"\u03C1",
-    "\u1D69"=>"\u03C6", "\u1D6A"=>"\u03C7", "\u1D78"=>"\u043D", "\u1D9B"=>"\u0252", "\u1D9C"=>"c", "\u1D9D"=>"\u0255", "\u1D9E"=>"\u00F0", "\u1D9F"=>"\u025C",
-    "\u1DA0"=>"f", "\u1DA1"=>"\u025F", "\u1DA2"=>"\u0261", "\u1DA3"=>"\u0265", "\u1DA4"=>"\u0268", "\u1DA5"=>"\u0269", "\u1DA6"=>"\u026A", "\u1DA7"=>"\u1D7B",
-    "\u1DA8"=>"\u029D", "\u1DA9"=>"\u026D", "\u1DAA"=>"\u1D85", "\u1DAB"=>"\u029F", "\u1DAC"=>"\u0271", "\u1DAD"=>"\u0270", "\u1DAE"=>"\u0272", "\u1DAF"=>"\u0273",
-    "\u1DB0"=>"\u0274", "\u1DB1"=>"\u0275", "\u1DB2"=>"\u0278", "\u1DB3"=>"\u0282", "\u1DB4"=>"\u0283", "\u1DB5"=>"\u01AB", "\u1DB6"=>"\u0289", "\u1DB7"=>"\u028A",
-    "\u1DB8"=>"\u1D1C", "\u1DB9"=>"\u028B", "\u1DBA"=>"\u028C", "\u1DBB"=>"z", "\u1DBC"=>"\u0290", "\u1DBD"=>"\u0291", "\u1DBE"=>"\u0292", "\u1DBF"=>"\u03B8",
-    "\u1E9A"=>"a\u02BE", "\u1FBD"=>" \u0313", "\u1FBF"=>" \u0313", "\u1FC0"=>" \u0342", "\u1FFE"=>" \u0314", "\u2002"=>" ", "\u2003"=>" ", "\u2004"=>" ",
-    "\u2005"=>" ", "\u2006"=>" ", "\u2007"=>" ", "\u2008"=>" ", "\u2009"=>" ", "\u200A"=>" ", "\u2011"=>"\u2010", "\u2017"=>" \u0333",
-    "\u2024"=>".", "\u2025"=>"..", "\u2026"=>"...", "\u202F"=>" ", "\u2033"=>"\u2032\u2032", "\u2034"=>"\u2032\u2032\u2032", "\u2036"=>"\u2035\u2035", "\u2037"=>"\u2035\u2035\u2035",
-    "\u203C"=>"!!", "\u203E"=>" \u0305", "\u2047"=>"??", "\u2048"=>"?!", "\u2049"=>"!?", "\u2057"=>"\u2032\u2032\u2032\u2032", "\u205F"=>" ", "\u2070"=>"0",
-    "\u2071"=>"i", "\u2074"=>"4", "\u2075"=>"5", "\u2076"=>"6", "\u2077"=>"7", "\u2078"=>"8", "\u2079"=>"9", "\u207A"=>"+",
-    "\u207B"=>"\u2212", "\u207C"=>"=", "\u207D"=>"(", "\u207E"=>")", "\u207F"=>"n", "\u2080"=>"0", "\u2081"=>"1", "\u2082"=>"2",
-    "\u2083"=>"3", "\u2084"=>"4", "\u2085"=>"5", "\u2086"=>"6", "\u2087"=>"7", "\u2088"=>"8", "\u2089"=>"9", "\u208A"=>"+",
-    "\u208B"=>"\u2212", "\u208C"=>"=", "\u208D"=>"(", "\u208E"=>")", "\u2090"=>"a", "\u2091"=>"e", "\u2092"=>"o", "\u2093"=>"x",
-    "\u2094"=>"\u0259", "\u2095"=>"h", "\u2096"=>"k", "\u2097"=>"l", "\u2098"=>"m", "\u2099"=>"n", "\u209A"=>"p", "\u209B"=>"s",
-    "\u209C"=>"t", "\u20A8"=>"Rs", "\u2100"=>"a/c", "\u2101"=>"a/s", "\u2102"=>"C", "\u2103"=>"\u00B0C", "\u2105"=>"c/o", "\u2106"=>"c/u",
-    "\u2107"=>"\u0190", "\u2109"=>"\u00B0F", "\u210A"=>"g", "\u210B"=>"H", "\u210C"=>"H", "\u210D"=>"H", "\u210E"=>"h", "\u210F"=>"\u0127",
-    "\u2110"=>"I", "\u2111"=>"I", "\u2112"=>"L", "\u2113"=>"l", "\u2115"=>"N", "\u2116"=>"No", "\u2119"=>"P", "\u211A"=>"Q",
-    "\u211B"=>"R", "\u211C"=>"R", "\u211D"=>"R", "\u2120"=>"SM", "\u2121"=>"TEL", "\u2122"=>"TM", "\u2124"=>"Z", "\u2128"=>"Z",
-    "\u212C"=>"B", "\u212D"=>"C", "\u212F"=>"e", "\u2130"=>"E", "\u2131"=>"F", "\u2133"=>"M", "\u2134"=>"o", "\u2135"=>"\u05D0",
-    "\u2136"=>"\u05D1", "\u2137"=>"\u05D2", "\u2138"=>"\u05D3", "\u2139"=>"i", "\u213B"=>"FAX", "\u213C"=>"\u03C0", "\u213D"=>"\u03B3", "\u213E"=>"\u0393",
-    "\u213F"=>"\u03A0", "\u2140"=>"\u2211", "\u2145"=>"D", "\u2146"=>"d", "\u2147"=>"e", "\u2148"=>"i", "\u2149"=>"j", "\u2150"=>"1\u20447",
-    "\u2151"=>"1\u20449", "\u2152"=>"1\u204410", "\u2153"=>"1\u20443", "\u2154"=>"2\u20443", "\u2155"=>"1\u20445", "\u2156"=>"2\u20445", "\u2157"=>"3\u20445", "\u2158"=>"4\u20445",
-    "\u2159"=>"1\u20446", "\u215A"=>"5\u20446", "\u215B"=>"1\u20448", "\u215C"=>"3\u20448", "\u215D"=>"5\u20448", "\u215E"=>"7\u20448", "\u215F"=>"1\u2044", "\u2160"=>"I",
-    "\u2161"=>"II", "\u2162"=>"III", "\u2163"=>"IV", "\u2164"=>"V", "\u2165"=>"VI", "\u2166"=>"VII", "\u2167"=>"VIII", "\u2168"=>"IX",
-    "\u2169"=>"X", "\u216A"=>"XI", "\u216B"=>"XII", "\u216C"=>"L", "\u216D"=>"C", "\u216E"=>"D", "\u216F"=>"M", "\u2170"=>"i",
-    "\u2171"=>"ii", "\u2172"=>"iii", "\u2173"=>"iv", "\u2174"=>"v", "\u2175"=>"vi", "\u2176"=>"vii", "\u2177"=>"viii", "\u2178"=>"ix",
-    "\u2179"=>"x", "\u217A"=>"xi", "\u217B"=>"xii", "\u217C"=>"l", "\u217D"=>"c", "\u217E"=>"d", "\u217F"=>"m", "\u2189"=>"0\u20443",
-    "\u222C"=>"\u222B\u222B", "\u222D"=>"\u222B\u222B\u222B", "\u222F"=>"\u222E\u222E", "\u2230"=>"\u222E\u222E\u222E", "\u2460"=>"1", "\u2461"=>"2", "\u2462"=>"3", "\u2463"=>"4",
-    "\u2464"=>"5", "\u2465"=>"6", "\u2466"=>"7", "\u2467"=>"8", "\u2468"=>"9", "\u2469"=>"10", "\u246A"=>"11", "\u246B"=>"12",
-    "\u246C"=>"13", "\u246D"=>"14", "\u246E"=>"15", "\u246F"=>"16", "\u2470"=>"17", "\u2471"=>"18", "\u2472"=>"19", "\u2473"=>"20",
-    "\u2474"=>"(1)", "\u2475"=>"(2)", "\u2476"=>"(3)", "\u2477"=>"(4)", "\u2478"=>"(5)", "\u2479"=>"(6)", "\u247A"=>"(7)", "\u247B"=>"(8)",
-    "\u247C"=>"(9)", "\u247D"=>"(10)", "\u247E"=>"(11)", "\u247F"=>"(12)", "\u2480"=>"(13)", "\u2481"=>"(14)", "\u2482"=>"(15)", "\u2483"=>"(16)",
-    "\u2484"=>"(17)", "\u2485"=>"(18)", "\u2486"=>"(19)", "\u2487"=>"(20)", "\u2488"=>"1.", "\u2489"=>"2.", "\u248A"=>"3.", "\u248B"=>"4.",
-    "\u248C"=>"5.", "\u248D"=>"6.", "\u248E"=>"7.", "\u248F"=>"8.", "\u2490"=>"9.", "\u2491"=>"10.", "\u2492"=>"11.", "\u2493"=>"12.",
-    "\u2494"=>"13.", "\u2495"=>"14.", "\u2496"=>"15.", "\u2497"=>"16.", "\u2498"=>"17.", "\u2499"=>"18.", "\u249A"=>"19.", "\u249B"=>"20.",
-    "\u249C"=>"(a)", "\u249D"=>"(b)", "\u249E"=>"(c)", "\u249F"=>"(d)", "\u24A0"=>"(e)", "\u24A1"=>"(f)", "\u24A2"=>"(g)", "\u24A3"=>"(h)",
-    "\u24A4"=>"(i)", "\u24A5"=>"(j)", "\u24A6"=>"(k)", "\u24A7"=>"(l)", "\u24A8"=>"(m)", "\u24A9"=>"(n)", "\u24AA"=>"(o)", "\u24AB"=>"(p)",
-    "\u24AC"=>"(q)", "\u24AD"=>"(r)", "\u24AE"=>"(s)", "\u24AF"=>"(t)", "\u24B0"=>"(u)", "\u24B1"=>"(v)", "\u24B2"=>"(w)", "\u24B3"=>"(x)",
-    "\u24B4"=>"(y)", "\u24B5"=>"(z)", "\u24B6"=>"A", "\u24B7"=>"B", "\u24B8"=>"C", "\u24B9"=>"D", "\u24BA"=>"E", "\u24BB"=>"F",
-    "\u24BC"=>"G", "\u24BD"=>"H", "\u24BE"=>"I", "\u24BF"=>"J", "\u24C0"=>"K", "\u24C1"=>"L", "\u24C2"=>"M", "\u24C3"=>"N",
-    "\u24C4"=>"O", "\u24C5"=>"P", "\u24C6"=>"Q", "\u24C7"=>"R", "\u24C8"=>"S", "\u24C9"=>"T", "\u24CA"=>"U", "\u24CB"=>"V",
-    "\u24CC"=>"W", "\u24CD"=>"X", "\u24CE"=>"Y", "\u24CF"=>"Z", "\u24D0"=>"a", "\u24D1"=>"b", "\u24D2"=>"c", "\u24D3"=>"d",
-    "\u24D4"=>"e", "\u24D5"=>"f", "\u24D6"=>"g", "\u24D7"=>"h", "\u24D8"=>"i", "\u24D9"=>"j", "\u24DA"=>"k", "\u24DB"=>"l",
-    "\u24DC"=>"m", "\u24DD"=>"n", "\u24DE"=>"o", "\u24DF"=>"p", "\u24E0"=>"q", "\u24E1"=>"r", "\u24E2"=>"s", "\u24E3"=>"t",
-    "\u24E4"=>"u", "\u24E5"=>"v", "\u24E6"=>"w", "\u24E7"=>"x", "\u24E8"=>"y", "\u24E9"=>"z", "\u24EA"=>"0", "\u2A0C"=>"\u222B\u222B\u222B\u222B",
-    "\u2A74"=>"::=", "\u2A75"=>"==", "\u2A76"=>"===", "\u2C7C"=>"j", "\u2C7D"=>"V", "\u2D6F"=>"\u2D61", "\u2E9F"=>"\u6BCD", "\u2EF3"=>"\u9F9F",
-    "\u2F00"=>"\u4E00", "\u2F01"=>"\u4E28", "\u2F02"=>"\u4E36", "\u2F03"=>"\u4E3F", "\u2F04"=>"\u4E59", "\u2F05"=>"\u4E85", "\u2F06"=>"\u4E8C", "\u2F07"=>"\u4EA0",
-    "\u2F08"=>"\u4EBA", "\u2F09"=>"\u513F", "\u2F0A"=>"\u5165", "\u2F0B"=>"\u516B", "\u2F0C"=>"\u5182", "\u2F0D"=>"\u5196", "\u2F0E"=>"\u51AB", "\u2F0F"=>"\u51E0",
-    "\u2F10"=>"\u51F5", "\u2F11"=>"\u5200", "\u2F12"=>"\u529B", "\u2F13"=>"\u52F9", "\u2F14"=>"\u5315", "\u2F15"=>"\u531A", "\u2F16"=>"\u5338", "\u2F17"=>"\u5341",
-    "\u2F18"=>"\u535C", "\u2F19"=>"\u5369", "\u2F1A"=>"\u5382", "\u2F1B"=>"\u53B6", "\u2F1C"=>"\u53C8", "\u2F1D"=>"\u53E3", "\u2F1E"=>"\u56D7", "\u2F1F"=>"\u571F",
-    "\u2F20"=>"\u58EB", "\u2F21"=>"\u5902", "\u2F22"=>"\u590A", "\u2F23"=>"\u5915", "\u2F24"=>"\u5927", "\u2F25"=>"\u5973", "\u2F26"=>"\u5B50", "\u2F27"=>"\u5B80",
-    "\u2F28"=>"\u5BF8", "\u2F29"=>"\u5C0F", "\u2F2A"=>"\u5C22", "\u2F2B"=>"\u5C38", "\u2F2C"=>"\u5C6E", "\u2F2D"=>"\u5C71", "\u2F2E"=>"\u5DDB", "\u2F2F"=>"\u5DE5",
-    "\u2F30"=>"\u5DF1", "\u2F31"=>"\u5DFE", "\u2F32"=>"\u5E72", "\u2F33"=>"\u5E7A", "\u2F34"=>"\u5E7F", "\u2F35"=>"\u5EF4", "\u2F36"=>"\u5EFE", "\u2F37"=>"\u5F0B",
-    "\u2F38"=>"\u5F13", "\u2F39"=>"\u5F50", "\u2F3A"=>"\u5F61", "\u2F3B"=>"\u5F73", "\u2F3C"=>"\u5FC3", "\u2F3D"=>"\u6208", "\u2F3E"=>"\u6236", "\u2F3F"=>"\u624B",
-    "\u2F40"=>"\u652F", "\u2F41"=>"\u6534", "\u2F42"=>"\u6587", "\u2F43"=>"\u6597", "\u2F44"=>"\u65A4", "\u2F45"=>"\u65B9", "\u2F46"=>"\u65E0", "\u2F47"=>"\u65E5",
-    "\u2F48"=>"\u66F0", "\u2F49"=>"\u6708", "\u2F4A"=>"\u6728", "\u2F4B"=>"\u6B20", "\u2F4C"=>"\u6B62", "\u2F4D"=>"\u6B79", "\u2F4E"=>"\u6BB3", "\u2F4F"=>"\u6BCB",
-    "\u2F50"=>"\u6BD4", "\u2F51"=>"\u6BDB", "\u2F52"=>"\u6C0F", "\u2F53"=>"\u6C14", "\u2F54"=>"\u6C34", "\u2F55"=>"\u706B", "\u2F56"=>"\u722A", "\u2F57"=>"\u7236",
-    "\u2F58"=>"\u723B", "\u2F59"=>"\u723F", "\u2F5A"=>"\u7247", "\u2F5B"=>"\u7259", "\u2F5C"=>"\u725B", "\u2F5D"=>"\u72AC", "\u2F5E"=>"\u7384", "\u2F5F"=>"\u7389",
-    "\u2F60"=>"\u74DC", "\u2F61"=>"\u74E6", "\u2F62"=>"\u7518", "\u2F63"=>"\u751F", "\u2F64"=>"\u7528", "\u2F65"=>"\u7530", "\u2F66"=>"\u758B", "\u2F67"=>"\u7592",
-    "\u2F68"=>"\u7676", "\u2F69"=>"\u767D", "\u2F6A"=>"\u76AE", "\u2F6B"=>"\u76BF", "\u2F6C"=>"\u76EE", "\u2F6D"=>"\u77DB", "\u2F6E"=>"\u77E2", "\u2F6F"=>"\u77F3",
-    "\u2F70"=>"\u793A", "\u2F71"=>"\u79B8", "\u2F72"=>"\u79BE", "\u2F73"=>"\u7A74", "\u2F74"=>"\u7ACB", "\u2F75"=>"\u7AF9", "\u2F76"=>"\u7C73", "\u2F77"=>"\u7CF8",
-    "\u2F78"=>"\u7F36", "\u2F79"=>"\u7F51", "\u2F7A"=>"\u7F8A", "\u2F7B"=>"\u7FBD", "\u2F7C"=>"\u8001", "\u2F7D"=>"\u800C", "\u2F7E"=>"\u8012", "\u2F7F"=>"\u8033",
-    "\u2F80"=>"\u807F", "\u2F81"=>"\u8089", "\u2F82"=>"\u81E3", "\u2F83"=>"\u81EA", "\u2F84"=>"\u81F3", "\u2F85"=>"\u81FC", "\u2F86"=>"\u820C", "\u2F87"=>"\u821B",
-    "\u2F88"=>"\u821F", "\u2F89"=>"\u826E", "\u2F8A"=>"\u8272", "\u2F8B"=>"\u8278", "\u2F8C"=>"\u864D", "\u2F8D"=>"\u866B", "\u2F8E"=>"\u8840", "\u2F8F"=>"\u884C",
-    "\u2F90"=>"\u8863", "\u2F91"=>"\u897E", "\u2F92"=>"\u898B", "\u2F93"=>"\u89D2", "\u2F94"=>"\u8A00", "\u2F95"=>"\u8C37", "\u2F96"=>"\u8C46", "\u2F97"=>"\u8C55",
-    "\u2F98"=>"\u8C78", "\u2F99"=>"\u8C9D", "\u2F9A"=>"\u8D64", "\u2F9B"=>"\u8D70", "\u2F9C"=>"\u8DB3", "\u2F9D"=>"\u8EAB", "\u2F9E"=>"\u8ECA", "\u2F9F"=>"\u8F9B",
-    "\u2FA0"=>"\u8FB0", "\u2FA1"=>"\u8FB5", "\u2FA2"=>"\u9091", "\u2FA3"=>"\u9149", "\u2FA4"=>"\u91C6", "\u2FA5"=>"\u91CC", "\u2FA6"=>"\u91D1", "\u2FA7"=>"\u9577",
-    "\u2FA8"=>"\u9580", "\u2FA9"=>"\u961C", "\u2FAA"=>"\u96B6", "\u2FAB"=>"\u96B9", "\u2FAC"=>"\u96E8", "\u2FAD"=>"\u9751", "\u2FAE"=>"\u975E", "\u2FAF"=>"\u9762",
-    "\u2FB0"=>"\u9769", "\u2FB1"=>"\u97CB", "\u2FB2"=>"\u97ED", "\u2FB3"=>"\u97F3", "\u2FB4"=>"\u9801", "\u2FB5"=>"\u98A8", "\u2FB6"=>"\u98DB", "\u2FB7"=>"\u98DF",
-    "\u2FB8"=>"\u9996", "\u2FB9"=>"\u9999", "\u2FBA"=>"\u99AC", "\u2FBB"=>"\u9AA8", "\u2FBC"=>"\u9AD8", "\u2FBD"=>"\u9ADF", "\u2FBE"=>"\u9B25", "\u2FBF"=>"\u9B2F",
-    "\u2FC0"=>"\u9B32", "\u2FC1"=>"\u9B3C", "\u2FC2"=>"\u9B5A", "\u2FC3"=>"\u9CE5", "\u2FC4"=>"\u9E75", "\u2FC5"=>"\u9E7F", "\u2FC6"=>"\u9EA5", "\u2FC7"=>"\u9EBB",
-    "\u2FC8"=>"\u9EC3", "\u2FC9"=>"\u9ECD", "\u2FCA"=>"\u9ED1", "\u2FCB"=>"\u9EF9", "\u2FCC"=>"\u9EFD", "\u2FCD"=>"\u9F0E", "\u2FCE"=>"\u9F13", "\u2FCF"=>"\u9F20",
-    "\u2FD0"=>"\u9F3B", "\u2FD1"=>"\u9F4A", "\u2FD2"=>"\u9F52", "\u2FD3"=>"\u9F8D", "\u2FD4"=>"\u9F9C", "\u2FD5"=>"\u9FA0", "\u3000"=>" ", "\u3036"=>"\u3012",
-    "\u3038"=>"\u5341", "\u3039"=>"\u5344", "\u303A"=>"\u5345", "\u309B"=>" \u3099", "\u309C"=>" \u309A", "\u309F"=>"\u3088\u308A", "\u30FF"=>"\u30B3\u30C8", "\u3131"=>"\u1100",
-    "\u3132"=>"\u1101", "\u3133"=>"\u11AA", "\u3134"=>"\u1102", "\u3135"=>"\u11AC", "\u3136"=>"\u11AD", "\u3137"=>"\u1103", "\u3138"=>"\u1104", "\u3139"=>"\u1105",
-    "\u313A"=>"\u11B0", "\u313B"=>"\u11B1", "\u313C"=>"\u11B2", "\u313D"=>"\u11B3", "\u313E"=>"\u11B4", "\u313F"=>"\u11B5", "\u3140"=>"\u111A", "\u3141"=>"\u1106",
-    "\u3142"=>"\u1107", "\u3143"=>"\u1108", "\u3144"=>"\u1121", "\u3145"=>"\u1109", "\u3146"=>"\u110A", "\u3147"=>"\u110B", "\u3148"=>"\u110C", "\u3149"=>"\u110D",
-    "\u314A"=>"\u110E", "\u314B"=>"\u110F", "\u314C"=>"\u1110", "\u314D"=>"\u1111", "\u314E"=>"\u1112", "\u314F"=>"\u1161", "\u3150"=>"\u1162", "\u3151"=>"\u1163",
-    "\u3152"=>"\u1164", "\u3153"=>"\u1165", "\u3154"=>"\u1166", "\u3155"=>"\u1167", "\u3156"=>"\u1168", "\u3157"=>"\u1169", "\u3158"=>"\u116A", "\u3159"=>"\u116B",
-    "\u315A"=>"\u116C", "\u315B"=>"\u116D", "\u315C"=>"\u116E", "\u315D"=>"\u116F", "\u315E"=>"\u1170", "\u315F"=>"\u1171", "\u3160"=>"\u1172", "\u3161"=>"\u1173",
-    "\u3162"=>"\u1174", "\u3163"=>"\u1175", "\u3164"=>"\u1160", "\u3165"=>"\u1114", "\u3166"=>"\u1115", "\u3167"=>"\u11C7", "\u3168"=>"\u11C8", "\u3169"=>"\u11CC",
-    "\u316A"=>"\u11CE", "\u316B"=>"\u11D3", "\u316C"=>"\u11D7", "\u316D"=>"\u11D9", "\u316E"=>"\u111C", "\u316F"=>"\u11DD", "\u3170"=>"\u11DF", "\u3171"=>"\u111D",
-    "\u3172"=>"\u111E", "\u3173"=>"\u1120", "\u3174"=>"\u1122", "\u3175"=>"\u1123", "\u3176"=>"\u1127", "\u3177"=>"\u1129", "\u3178"=>"\u112B", "\u3179"=>"\u112C",
-    "\u317A"=>"\u112D", "\u317B"=>"\u112E", "\u317C"=>"\u112F", "\u317D"=>"\u1132", "\u317E"=>"\u1136", "\u317F"=>"\u1140", "\u3180"=>"\u1147", "\u3181"=>"\u114C",
-    "\u3182"=>"\u11F1", "\u3183"=>"\u11F2", "\u3184"=>"\u1157", "\u3185"=>"\u1158", "\u3186"=>"\u1159", "\u3187"=>"\u1184", "\u3188"=>"\u1185", "\u3189"=>"\u1188",
-    "\u318A"=>"\u1191", "\u318B"=>"\u1192", "\u318C"=>"\u1194", "\u318D"=>"\u119E", "\u318E"=>"\u11A1", "\u3192"=>"\u4E00", "\u3193"=>"\u4E8C", "\u3194"=>"\u4E09",
-    "\u3195"=>"\u56DB", "\u3196"=>"\u4E0A", "\u3197"=>"\u4E2D", "\u3198"=>"\u4E0B", "\u3199"=>"\u7532", "\u319A"=>"\u4E59", "\u319B"=>"\u4E19", "\u319C"=>"\u4E01",
-    "\u319D"=>"\u5929", "\u319E"=>"\u5730", "\u319F"=>"\u4EBA", "\u3200"=>"(\u1100)", "\u3201"=>"(\u1102)", "\u3202"=>"(\u1103)", "\u3203"=>"(\u1105)", "\u3204"=>"(\u1106)",
-    "\u3205"=>"(\u1107)", "\u3206"=>"(\u1109)", "\u3207"=>"(\u110B)", "\u3208"=>"(\u110C)", "\u3209"=>"(\u110E)", "\u320A"=>"(\u110F)", "\u320B"=>"(\u1110)", "\u320C"=>"(\u1111)",
-    "\u320D"=>"(\u1112)", "\u320E"=>"(\u1100\u1161)", "\u320F"=>"(\u1102\u1161)", "\u3210"=>"(\u1103\u1161)", "\u3211"=>"(\u1105\u1161)", "\u3212"=>"(\u1106\u1161)", "\u3213"=>"(\u1107\u1161)", "\u3214"=>"(\u1109\u1161)",
-    "\u3215"=>"(\u110B\u1161)", "\u3216"=>"(\u110C\u1161)", "\u3217"=>"(\u110E\u1161)", "\u3218"=>"(\u110F\u1161)", "\u3219"=>"(\u1110\u1161)", "\u321A"=>"(\u1111\u1161)", "\u321B"=>"(\u1112\u1161)", "\u321C"=>"(\u110C\u116E)",
-    "\u321D"=>"(\u110B\u1169\u110C\u1165\u11AB)", "\u321E"=>"(\u110B\u1169\u1112\u116E)", "\u3220"=>"(\u4E00)", "\u3221"=>"(\u4E8C)", "\u3222"=>"(\u4E09)", "\u3223"=>"(\u56DB)", "\u3224"=>"(\u4E94)", "\u3225"=>"(\u516D)",
-    "\u3226"=>"(\u4E03)", "\u3227"=>"(\u516B)", "\u3228"=>"(\u4E5D)", "\u3229"=>"(\u5341)", "\u322A"=>"(\u6708)", "\u322B"=>"(\u706B)", "\u322C"=>"(\u6C34)", "\u322D"=>"(\u6728)",
-    "\u322E"=>"(\u91D1)", "\u322F"=>"(\u571F)", "\u3230"=>"(\u65E5)", "\u3231"=>"(\u682A)", "\u3232"=>"(\u6709)", "\u3233"=>"(\u793E)", "\u3234"=>"(\u540D)", "\u3235"=>"(\u7279)",
-    "\u3236"=>"(\u8CA1)", "\u3237"=>"(\u795D)", "\u3238"=>"(\u52B4)", "\u3239"=>"(\u4EE3)", "\u323A"=>"(\u547C)", "\u323B"=>"(\u5B66)", "\u323C"=>"(\u76E3)", "\u323D"=>"(\u4F01)",
-    "\u323E"=>"(\u8CC7)", "\u323F"=>"(\u5354)", "\u3240"=>"(\u796D)", "\u3241"=>"(\u4F11)", "\u3242"=>"(\u81EA)", "\u3243"=>"(\u81F3)", "\u3244"=>"\u554F", "\u3245"=>"\u5E7C",
-    "\u3246"=>"\u6587", "\u3247"=>"\u7B8F", "\u3250"=>"PTE", "\u3251"=>"21", "\u3252"=>"22", "\u3253"=>"23", "\u3254"=>"24", "\u3255"=>"25",
-    "\u3256"=>"26", "\u3257"=>"27", "\u3258"=>"28", "\u3259"=>"29", "\u325A"=>"30", "\u325B"=>"31", "\u325C"=>"32", "\u325D"=>"33",
-    "\u325E"=>"34", "\u325F"=>"35", "\u3260"=>"\u1100", "\u3261"=>"\u1102", "\u3262"=>"\u1103", "\u3263"=>"\u1105", "\u3264"=>"\u1106", "\u3265"=>"\u1107",
-    "\u3266"=>"\u1109", "\u3267"=>"\u110B", "\u3268"=>"\u110C", "\u3269"=>"\u110E", "\u326A"=>"\u110F", "\u326B"=>"\u1110", "\u326C"=>"\u1111", "\u326D"=>"\u1112",
-    "\u326E"=>"\u1100\u1161", "\u326F"=>"\u1102\u1161", "\u3270"=>"\u1103\u1161", "\u3271"=>"\u1105\u1161", "\u3272"=>"\u1106\u1161", "\u3273"=>"\u1107\u1161", "\u3274"=>"\u1109\u1161", "\u3275"=>"\u110B\u1161",
-    "\u3276"=>"\u110C\u1161", "\u3277"=>"\u110E\u1161", "\u3278"=>"\u110F\u1161", "\u3279"=>"\u1110\u1161", "\u327A"=>"\u1111\u1161", "\u327B"=>"\u1112\u1161", "\u327C"=>"\u110E\u1161\u11B7\u1100\u1169", "\u327D"=>"\u110C\u116E\u110B\u1174",
-    "\u327E"=>"\u110B\u116E", "\u3280"=>"\u4E00", "\u3281"=>"\u4E8C", "\u3282"=>"\u4E09", "\u3283"=>"\u56DB", "\u3284"=>"\u4E94", "\u3285"=>"\u516D", "\u3286"=>"\u4E03",
-    "\u3287"=>"\u516B", "\u3288"=>"\u4E5D", "\u3289"=>"\u5341", "\u328A"=>"\u6708", "\u328B"=>"\u706B", "\u328C"=>"\u6C34", "\u328D"=>"\u6728", "\u328E"=>"\u91D1",
-    "\u328F"=>"\u571F", "\u3290"=>"\u65E5", "\u3291"=>"\u682A", "\u3292"=>"\u6709", "\u3293"=>"\u793E", "\u3294"=>"\u540D", "\u3295"=>"\u7279", "\u3296"=>"\u8CA1",
-    "\u3297"=>"\u795D", "\u3298"=>"\u52B4", "\u3299"=>"\u79D8", "\u329A"=>"\u7537", "\u329B"=>"\u5973", "\u329C"=>"\u9069", "\u329D"=>"\u512A", "\u329E"=>"\u5370",
-    "\u329F"=>"\u6CE8", "\u32A0"=>"\u9805", "\u32A1"=>"\u4F11", "\u32A2"=>"\u5199", "\u32A3"=>"\u6B63", "\u32A4"=>"\u4E0A", "\u32A5"=>"\u4E2D", "\u32A6"=>"\u4E0B",
-    "\u32A7"=>"\u5DE6", "\u32A8"=>"\u53F3", "\u32A9"=>"\u533B", "\u32AA"=>"\u5B97", "\u32AB"=>"\u5B66", "\u32AC"=>"\u76E3", "\u32AD"=>"\u4F01", "\u32AE"=>"\u8CC7",
-    "\u32AF"=>"\u5354", "\u32B0"=>"\u591C", "\u32B1"=>"36", "\u32B2"=>"37", "\u32B3"=>"38", "\u32B4"=>"39", "\u32B5"=>"40", "\u32B6"=>"41",
-    "\u32B7"=>"42", "\u32B8"=>"43", "\u32B9"=>"44", "\u32BA"=>"45", "\u32BB"=>"46", "\u32BC"=>"47", "\u32BD"=>"48", "\u32BE"=>"49",
-    "\u32BF"=>"50", "\u32C0"=>"1\u6708", "\u32C1"=>"2\u6708", "\u32C2"=>"3\u6708", "\u32C3"=>"4\u6708", "\u32C4"=>"5\u6708", "\u32C5"=>"6\u6708", "\u32C6"=>"7\u6708",
-    "\u32C7"=>"8\u6708", "\u32C8"=>"9\u6708", "\u32C9"=>"10\u6708", "\u32CA"=>"11\u6708", "\u32CB"=>"12\u6708", "\u32CC"=>"Hg", "\u32CD"=>"erg", "\u32CE"=>"eV",
-    "\u32CF"=>"LTD", "\u32D0"=>"\u30A2", "\u32D1"=>"\u30A4", "\u32D2"=>"\u30A6", "\u32D3"=>"\u30A8", "\u32D4"=>"\u30AA", "\u32D5"=>"\u30AB", "\u32D6"=>"\u30AD",
-    "\u32D7"=>"\u30AF", "\u32D8"=>"\u30B1", "\u32D9"=>"\u30B3", "\u32DA"=>"\u30B5", "\u32DB"=>"\u30B7", "\u32DC"=>"\u30B9", "\u32DD"=>"\u30BB", "\u32DE"=>"\u30BD",
-    "\u32DF"=>"\u30BF", "\u32E0"=>"\u30C1", "\u32E1"=>"\u30C4", "\u32E2"=>"\u30C6", "\u32E3"=>"\u30C8", "\u32E4"=>"\u30CA", "\u32E5"=>"\u30CB", "\u32E6"=>"\u30CC",
-    "\u32E7"=>"\u30CD", "\u32E8"=>"\u30CE", "\u32E9"=>"\u30CF", "\u32EA"=>"\u30D2", "\u32EB"=>"\u30D5", "\u32EC"=>"\u30D8", "\u32ED"=>"\u30DB", "\u32EE"=>"\u30DE",
-    "\u32EF"=>"\u30DF", "\u32F0"=>"\u30E0", "\u32F1"=>"\u30E1", "\u32F2"=>"\u30E2", "\u32F3"=>"\u30E4", "\u32F4"=>"\u30E6", "\u32F5"=>"\u30E8", "\u32F6"=>"\u30E9",
-    "\u32F7"=>"\u30EA", "\u32F8"=>"\u30EB", "\u32F9"=>"\u30EC", "\u32FA"=>"\u30ED", "\u32FB"=>"\u30EF", "\u32FC"=>"\u30F0", "\u32FD"=>"\u30F1", "\u32FE"=>"\u30F2",
-    "\u3300"=>"\u30A2\u30D1\u30FC\u30C8", "\u3301"=>"\u30A2\u30EB\u30D5\u30A1", "\u3302"=>"\u30A2\u30F3\u30DA\u30A2", "\u3303"=>"\u30A2\u30FC\u30EB", "\u3304"=>"\u30A4\u30CB\u30F3\u30B0", "\u3305"=>"\u30A4\u30F3\u30C1", "\u3306"=>"\u30A6\u30A9\u30F3", "\u3307"=>"\u30A8\u30B9\u30AF\u30FC\u30C9",
-    "\u3308"=>"\u30A8\u30FC\u30AB\u30FC", "\u3309"=>"\u30AA\u30F3\u30B9", "\u330A"=>"\u30AA\u30FC\u30E0", "\u330B"=>"\u30AB\u30A4\u30EA", "\u330C"=>"\u30AB\u30E9\u30C3\u30C8", "\u330D"=>"\u30AB\u30ED\u30EA\u30FC", "\u330E"=>"\u30AC\u30ED\u30F3", "\u330F"=>"\u30AC\u30F3\u30DE",
-    "\u3310"=>"\u30AE\u30AC", "\u3311"=>"\u30AE\u30CB\u30FC", "\u3312"=>"\u30AD\u30E5\u30EA\u30FC", "\u3313"=>"\u30AE\u30EB\u30C0\u30FC", "\u3314"=>"\u30AD\u30ED", "\u3315"=>"\u30AD\u30ED\u30B0\u30E9\u30E0", "\u3316"=>"\u30AD\u30ED\u30E1\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB", "\u3317"=>"\u30AD\u30ED\u30EF\u30C3\u30C8",
-    "\u3318"=>"\u30B0\u30E9\u30E0", "\u3319"=>"\u30B0\u30E9\u30E0\u30C8\u30F3", "\u331A"=>"\u30AF\u30EB\u30BC\u30A4\u30ED", "\u331B"=>"\u30AF\u30ED\u30FC\u30CD", "\u331C"=>"\u30B1\u30FC\u30B9", "\u331D"=>"\u30B3\u30EB\u30CA", "\u331E"=>"\u30B3\u30FC\u30DD", "\u331F"=>"\u30B5\u30A4\u30AF\u30EB",
-    "\u3320"=>"\u30B5\u30F3\u30C1\u30FC\u30E0", "\u3321"=>"\u30B7\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0", "\u3322"=>"\u30BB\u30F3\u30C1", "\u3323"=>"\u30BB\u30F3\u30C8", "\u3324"=>"\u30C0\u30FC\u30B9", "\u3325"=>"\u30C7\u30B7", "\u3326"=>"\u30C9\u30EB", "\u3327"=>"\u30C8\u30F3",
-    "\u3328"=>"\u30CA\u30CE", "\u3329"=>"\u30CE\u30C3\u30C8", "\u332A"=>"\u30CF\u30A4\u30C4", "\u332B"=>"\u30D1\u30FC\u30BB\u30F3\u30C8", "\u332C"=>"\u30D1\u30FC\u30C4", "\u332D"=>"\u30D0\u30FC\u30EC\u30EB", "\u332E"=>"\u30D4\u30A2\u30B9\u30C8\u30EB", "\u332F"=>"\u30D4\u30AF\u30EB",
-    "\u3330"=>"\u30D4\u30B3", "\u3331"=>"\u30D3\u30EB", "\u3332"=>"\u30D5\u30A1\u30E9\u30C3\u30C9", "\u3333"=>"\u30D5\u30A3\u30FC\u30C8", "\u3334"=>"\u30D6\u30C3\u30B7\u30A7\u30EB", "\u3335"=>"\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3", "\u3336"=>"\u30D8\u30AF\u30BF\u30FC\u30EB", "\u3337"=>"\u30DA\u30BD",
-    "\u3338"=>"\u30DA\u30CB\u30D2", "\u3339"=>"\u30D8\u30EB\u30C4", "\u333A"=>"\u30DA\u30F3\u30B9", "\u333B"=>"\u30DA\u30FC\u30B8", "\u333C"=>"\u30D9\u30FC\u30BF", "\u333D"=>"\u30DD\u30A4\u30F3\u30C8", "\u333E"=>"\u30DC\u30EB\u30C8", "\u333F"=>"\u30DB\u30F3",
-    "\u3340"=>"\u30DD\u30F3\u30C9", "\u3341"=>"\u30DB\u30FC\u30EB", "\u3342"=>"\u30DB\u30FC\u30F3", "\u3343"=>"\u30DE\u30A4\u30AF\u30ED", "\u3344"=>"\u30DE\u30A4\u30EB", "\u3345"=>"\u30DE\u30C3\u30CF", "\u3346"=>"\u30DE\u30EB\u30AF", "\u3347"=>"\u30DE\u30F3\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3",
-    "\u3348"=>"\u30DF\u30AF\u30ED\u30F3", "\u3349"=>"\u30DF\u30EA", "\u334A"=>"\u30DF\u30EA\u30D0\u30FC\u30EB", "\u334B"=>"\u30E1\u30AC", "\u334C"=>"\u30E1\u30AC\u30C8\u30F3", "\u334D"=>"\u30E1\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB", "\u334E"=>"\u30E4\u30FC\u30C9", "\u334F"=>"\u30E4\u30FC\u30EB",
-    "\u3350"=>"\u30E6\u30A2\u30F3", "\u3351"=>"\u30EA\u30C3\u30C8\u30EB", "\u3352"=>"\u30EA\u30E9", "\u3353"=>"\u30EB\u30D4\u30FC", "\u3354"=>"\u30EB\u30FC\u30D6\u30EB", "\u3355"=>"\u30EC\u30E0", "\u3356"=>"\u30EC\u30F3\u30C8\u30B2\u30F3", "\u3357"=>"\u30EF\u30C3\u30C8",
-    "\u3358"=>"0\u70B9", "\u3359"=>"1\u70B9", "\u335A"=>"2\u70B9", "\u335B"=>"3\u70B9", "\u335C"=>"4\u70B9", "\u335D"=>"5\u70B9", "\u335E"=>"6\u70B9", "\u335F"=>"7\u70B9",
-    "\u3360"=>"8\u70B9", "\u3361"=>"9\u70B9", "\u3362"=>"10\u70B9", "\u3363"=>"11\u70B9", "\u3364"=>"12\u70B9", "\u3365"=>"13\u70B9", "\u3366"=>"14\u70B9", "\u3367"=>"15\u70B9",
-    "\u3368"=>"16\u70B9", "\u3369"=>"17\u70B9", "\u336A"=>"18\u70B9", "\u336B"=>"19\u70B9", "\u336C"=>"20\u70B9", "\u336D"=>"21\u70B9", "\u336E"=>"22\u70B9", "\u336F"=>"23\u70B9",
-    "\u3370"=>"24\u70B9", "\u3371"=>"hPa", "\u3372"=>"da", "\u3373"=>"AU", "\u3374"=>"bar", "\u3375"=>"oV", "\u3376"=>"pc", "\u3377"=>"dm",
-    "\u3378"=>"dm2", "\u3379"=>"dm3", "\u337A"=>"IU", "\u337B"=>"\u5E73\u6210", "\u337C"=>"\u662D\u548C", "\u337D"=>"\u5927\u6B63", "\u337E"=>"\u660E\u6CBB", "\u337F"=>"\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E",
-    "\u3380"=>"pA", "\u3381"=>"nA", "\u3382"=>"\u03BCA", "\u3383"=>"mA", "\u3384"=>"kA", "\u3385"=>"KB", "\u3386"=>"MB", "\u3387"=>"GB",
-    "\u3388"=>"cal", "\u3389"=>"kcal", "\u338A"=>"pF", "\u338B"=>"nF", "\u338C"=>"\u03BCF", "\u338D"=>"\u03BCg", "\u338E"=>"mg", "\u338F"=>"kg",
-    "\u3390"=>"Hz", "\u3391"=>"kHz", "\u3392"=>"MHz", "\u3393"=>"GHz", "\u3394"=>"THz", "\u3395"=>"\u03BCl", "\u3396"=>"ml", "\u3397"=>"dl",
-    "\u3398"=>"kl", "\u3399"=>"fm", "\u339A"=>"nm", "\u339B"=>"\u03BCm", "\u339C"=>"mm", "\u339D"=>"cm", "\u339E"=>"km", "\u339F"=>"mm2",
-    "\u33A0"=>"cm2", "\u33A1"=>"m2", "\u33A2"=>"km2", "\u33A3"=>"mm3", "\u33A4"=>"cm3", "\u33A5"=>"m3", "\u33A6"=>"km3", "\u33A7"=>"m\u2215s",
-    "\u33A8"=>"m\u2215s2", "\u33A9"=>"Pa", "\u33AA"=>"kPa", "\u33AB"=>"MPa", "\u33AC"=>"GPa", "\u33AD"=>"rad", "\u33AE"=>"rad\u2215s", "\u33AF"=>"rad\u2215s2",
-    "\u33B0"=>"ps", "\u33B1"=>"ns", "\u33B2"=>"\u03BCs", "\u33B3"=>"ms", "\u33B4"=>"pV", "\u33B5"=>"nV", "\u33B6"=>"\u03BCV", "\u33B7"=>"mV",
-    "\u33B8"=>"kV", "\u33B9"=>"MV", "\u33BA"=>"pW", "\u33BB"=>"nW", "\u33BC"=>"\u03BCW", "\u33BD"=>"mW", "\u33BE"=>"kW", "\u33BF"=>"MW",
-    "\u33C0"=>"k\u03A9", "\u33C1"=>"M\u03A9", "\u33C2"=>"a.m.", "\u33C3"=>"Bq", "\u33C4"=>"cc", "\u33C5"=>"cd", "\u33C6"=>"C\u2215kg", "\u33C7"=>"Co.",
-    "\u33C8"=>"dB", "\u33C9"=>"Gy", "\u33CA"=>"ha", "\u33CB"=>"HP", "\u33CC"=>"in", "\u33CD"=>"KK", "\u33CE"=>"KM", "\u33CF"=>"kt",
-    "\u33D0"=>"lm", "\u33D1"=>"ln", "\u33D2"=>"log", "\u33D3"=>"lx", "\u33D4"=>"mb", "\u33D5"=>"mil", "\u33D6"=>"mol", "\u33D7"=>"PH",
-    "\u33D8"=>"p.m.", "\u33D9"=>"PPM", "\u33DA"=>"PR", "\u33DB"=>"sr", "\u33DC"=>"Sv", "\u33DD"=>"Wb", "\u33DE"=>"V\u2215m", "\u33DF"=>"A\u2215m",
-    "\u33E0"=>"1\u65E5", "\u33E1"=>"2\u65E5", "\u33E2"=>"3\u65E5", "\u33E3"=>"4\u65E5", "\u33E4"=>"5\u65E5", "\u33E5"=>"6\u65E5", "\u33E6"=>"7\u65E5", "\u33E7"=>"8\u65E5",
-    "\u33E8"=>"9\u65E5", "\u33E9"=>"10\u65E5", "\u33EA"=>"11\u65E5", "\u33EB"=>"12\u65E5", "\u33EC"=>"13\u65E5", "\u33ED"=>"14\u65E5", "\u33EE"=>"15\u65E5", "\u33EF"=>"16\u65E5",
-    "\u33F0"=>"17\u65E5", "\u33F1"=>"18\u65E5", "\u33F2"=>"19\u65E5", "\u33F3"=>"20\u65E5", "\u33F4"=>"21\u65E5", "\u33F5"=>"22\u65E5", "\u33F6"=>"23\u65E5", "\u33F7"=>"24\u65E5",
-    "\u33F8"=>"25\u65E5", "\u33F9"=>"26\u65E5", "\u33FA"=>"27\u65E5", "\u33FB"=>"28\u65E5", "\u33FC"=>"29\u65E5", "\u33FD"=>"30\u65E5", "\u33FE"=>"31\u65E5", "\u33FF"=>"gal",
-    "\uA69C"=>"\u044A", "\uA69D"=>"\u044C", "\uA770"=>"\uA76F", "\uA7F8"=>"\u0126", "\uA7F9"=>"\u0153", "\uAB5C"=>"\uA727", "\uAB5D"=>"\uAB37", "\uAB5E"=>"\u026B",
-    "\uAB5F"=>"\uAB52", "\uFB00"=>"ff", "\uFB01"=>"fi", "\uFB02"=>"fl", "\uFB03"=>"ffi", "\uFB04"=>"ffl", "\uFB05"=>"st", "\uFB06"=>"st",
-    "\uFB13"=>"\u0574\u0576", "\uFB14"=>"\u0574\u0565", "\uFB15"=>"\u0574\u056B", "\uFB16"=>"\u057E\u0576", "\uFB17"=>"\u0574\u056D", "\uFB20"=>"\u05E2", "\uFB21"=>"\u05D0", "\uFB22"=>"\u05D3",
-    "\uFB23"=>"\u05D4", "\uFB24"=>"\u05DB", "\uFB25"=>"\u05DC", "\uFB26"=>"\u05DD", "\uFB27"=>"\u05E8", "\uFB28"=>"\u05EA", "\uFB29"=>"+", "\uFB4F"=>"\u05D0\u05DC",
-    "\uFB50"=>"\u0671", "\uFB51"=>"\u0671", "\uFB52"=>"\u067B", "\uFB53"=>"\u067B", "\uFB54"=>"\u067B", "\uFB55"=>"\u067B", "\uFB56"=>"\u067E", "\uFB57"=>"\u067E",
-    "\uFB58"=>"\u067E", "\uFB59"=>"\u067E", "\uFB5A"=>"\u0680", "\uFB5B"=>"\u0680", "\uFB5C"=>"\u0680", "\uFB5D"=>"\u0680", "\uFB5E"=>"\u067A", "\uFB5F"=>"\u067A",
-    "\uFB60"=>"\u067A", "\uFB61"=>"\u067A", "\uFB62"=>"\u067F", "\uFB63"=>"\u067F", "\uFB64"=>"\u067F", "\uFB65"=>"\u067F", "\uFB66"=>"\u0679", "\uFB67"=>"\u0679",
-    "\uFB68"=>"\u0679", "\uFB69"=>"\u0679", "\uFB6A"=>"\u06A4", "\uFB6B"=>"\u06A4", "\uFB6C"=>"\u06A4", "\uFB6D"=>"\u06A4", "\uFB6E"=>"\u06A6", "\uFB6F"=>"\u06A6",
-    "\uFB70"=>"\u06A6", "\uFB71"=>"\u06A6", "\uFB72"=>"\u0684", "\uFB73"=>"\u0684", "\uFB74"=>"\u0684", "\uFB75"=>"\u0684", "\uFB76"=>"\u0683", "\uFB77"=>"\u0683",
-    "\uFB78"=>"\u0683", "\uFB79"=>"\u0683", "\uFB7A"=>"\u0686", "\uFB7B"=>"\u0686", "\uFB7C"=>"\u0686", "\uFB7D"=>"\u0686", "\uFB7E"=>"\u0687", "\uFB7F"=>"\u0687",
-    "\uFB80"=>"\u0687", "\uFB81"=>"\u0687", "\uFB82"=>"\u068D", "\uFB83"=>"\u068D", "\uFB84"=>"\u068C", "\uFB85"=>"\u068C", "\uFB86"=>"\u068E", "\uFB87"=>"\u068E",
-    "\uFB88"=>"\u0688", "\uFB89"=>"\u0688", "\uFB8A"=>"\u0698", "\uFB8B"=>"\u0698", "\uFB8C"=>"\u0691", "\uFB8D"=>"\u0691", "\uFB8E"=>"\u06A9", "\uFB8F"=>"\u06A9",
-    "\uFB90"=>"\u06A9", "\uFB91"=>"\u06A9", "\uFB92"=>"\u06AF", "\uFB93"=>"\u06AF", "\uFB94"=>"\u06AF", "\uFB95"=>"\u06AF", "\uFB96"=>"\u06B3", "\uFB97"=>"\u06B3",
-    "\uFB98"=>"\u06B3", "\uFB99"=>"\u06B3", "\uFB9A"=>"\u06B1", "\uFB9B"=>"\u06B1", "\uFB9C"=>"\u06B1", "\uFB9D"=>"\u06B1", "\uFB9E"=>"\u06BA", "\uFB9F"=>"\u06BA",
-    "\uFBA0"=>"\u06BB", "\uFBA1"=>"\u06BB", "\uFBA2"=>"\u06BB", "\uFBA3"=>"\u06BB", "\uFBA4"=>"\u06C0", "\uFBA5"=>"\u06C0", "\uFBA6"=>"\u06C1", "\uFBA7"=>"\u06C1",
-    "\uFBA8"=>"\u06C1", "\uFBA9"=>"\u06C1", "\uFBAA"=>"\u06BE", "\uFBAB"=>"\u06BE", "\uFBAC"=>"\u06BE", "\uFBAD"=>"\u06BE", "\uFBAE"=>"\u06D2", "\uFBAF"=>"\u06D2",
-    "\uFBB0"=>"\u06D3", "\uFBB1"=>"\u06D3", "\uFBD3"=>"\u06AD", "\uFBD4"=>"\u06AD", "\uFBD5"=>"\u06AD", "\uFBD6"=>"\u06AD", "\uFBD7"=>"\u06C7", "\uFBD8"=>"\u06C7",
-    "\uFBD9"=>"\u06C6", "\uFBDA"=>"\u06C6", "\uFBDB"=>"\u06C8", "\uFBDC"=>"\u06C8", "\uFBDD"=>"\u06C7\u0674", "\uFBDE"=>"\u06CB", "\uFBDF"=>"\u06CB", "\uFBE0"=>"\u06C5",
-    "\uFBE1"=>"\u06C5", "\uFBE2"=>"\u06C9", "\uFBE3"=>"\u06C9", "\uFBE4"=>"\u06D0", "\uFBE5"=>"\u06D0", "\uFBE6"=>"\u06D0", "\uFBE7"=>"\u06D0", "\uFBE8"=>"\u0649",
-    "\uFBE9"=>"\u0649", "\uFBEA"=>"\u0626\u0627", "\uFBEB"=>"\u0626\u0627", "\uFBEC"=>"\u0626\u06D5", "\uFBED"=>"\u0626\u06D5", "\uFBEE"=>"\u0626\u0648", "\uFBEF"=>"\u0626\u0648", "\uFBF0"=>"\u0626\u06C7",
-    "\uFBF1"=>"\u0626\u06C7", "\uFBF2"=>"\u0626\u06C6", "\uFBF3"=>"\u0626\u06C6", "\uFBF4"=>"\u0626\u06C8", "\uFBF5"=>"\u0626\u06C8", "\uFBF6"=>"\u0626\u06D0", "\uFBF7"=>"\u0626\u06D0", "\uFBF8"=>"\u0626\u06D0",
-    "\uFBF9"=>"\u0626\u0649", "\uFBFA"=>"\u0626\u0649", "\uFBFB"=>"\u0626\u0649", "\uFBFC"=>"\u06CC", "\uFBFD"=>"\u06CC", "\uFBFE"=>"\u06CC", "\uFBFF"=>"\u06CC", "\uFC00"=>"\u0626\u062C",
-    "\uFC01"=>"\u0626\u062D", "\uFC02"=>"\u0626\u0645", "\uFC03"=>"\u0626\u0649", "\uFC04"=>"\u0626\u064A", "\uFC05"=>"\u0628\u062C", "\uFC06"=>"\u0628\u062D", "\uFC07"=>"\u0628\u062E", "\uFC08"=>"\u0628\u0645",
-    "\uFC09"=>"\u0628\u0649", "\uFC0A"=>"\u0628\u064A", "\uFC0B"=>"\u062A\u062C", "\uFC0C"=>"\u062A\u062D", "\uFC0D"=>"\u062A\u062E", "\uFC0E"=>"\u062A\u0645", "\uFC0F"=>"\u062A\u0649", "\uFC10"=>"\u062A\u064A",
-    "\uFC11"=>"\u062B\u062C", "\uFC12"=>"\u062B\u0645", "\uFC13"=>"\u062B\u0649", "\uFC14"=>"\u062B\u064A", "\uFC15"=>"\u062C\u062D", "\uFC16"=>"\u062C\u0645", "\uFC17"=>"\u062D\u062C", "\uFC18"=>"\u062D\u0645",
-    "\uFC19"=>"\u062E\u062C", "\uFC1A"=>"\u062E\u062D", "\uFC1B"=>"\u062E\u0645", "\uFC1C"=>"\u0633\u062C", "\uFC1D"=>"\u0633\u062D", "\uFC1E"=>"\u0633\u062E", "\uFC1F"=>"\u0633\u0645", "\uFC20"=>"\u0635\u062D",
-    "\uFC21"=>"\u0635\u0645", "\uFC22"=>"\u0636\u062C", "\uFC23"=>"\u0636\u062D", "\uFC24"=>"\u0636\u062E", "\uFC25"=>"\u0636\u0645", "\uFC26"=>"\u0637\u062D", "\uFC27"=>"\u0637\u0645", "\uFC28"=>"\u0638\u0645",
-    "\uFC29"=>"\u0639\u062C", "\uFC2A"=>"\u0639\u0645", "\uFC2B"=>"\u063A\u062C", "\uFC2C"=>"\u063A\u0645", "\uFC2D"=>"\u0641\u062C", "\uFC2E"=>"\u0641\u062D", "\uFC2F"=>"\u0641\u062E", "\uFC30"=>"\u0641\u0645",
-    "\uFC31"=>"\u0641\u0649", "\uFC32"=>"\u0641\u064A", "\uFC33"=>"\u0642\u062D", "\uFC34"=>"\u0642\u0645", "\uFC35"=>"\u0642\u0649", "\uFC36"=>"\u0642\u064A", "\uFC37"=>"\u0643\u0627", "\uFC38"=>"\u0643\u062C",
-    "\uFC39"=>"\u0643\u062D", "\uFC3A"=>"\u0643\u062E", "\uFC3B"=>"\u0643\u0644", "\uFC3C"=>"\u0643\u0645", "\uFC3D"=>"\u0643\u0649", "\uFC3E"=>"\u0643\u064A", "\uFC3F"=>"\u0644\u062C", "\uFC40"=>"\u0644\u062D",
-    "\uFC41"=>"\u0644\u062E", "\uFC42"=>"\u0644\u0645", "\uFC43"=>"\u0644\u0649", "\uFC44"=>"\u0644\u064A", "\uFC45"=>"\u0645\u062C", "\uFC46"=>"\u0645\u062D", "\uFC47"=>"\u0645\u062E", "\uFC48"=>"\u0645\u0645",
-    "\uFC49"=>"\u0645\u0649", "\uFC4A"=>"\u0645\u064A", "\uFC4B"=>"\u0646\u062C", "\uFC4C"=>"\u0646\u062D", "\uFC4D"=>"\u0646\u062E", "\uFC4E"=>"\u0646\u0645", "\uFC4F"=>"\u0646\u0649", "\uFC50"=>"\u0646\u064A",
-    "\uFC51"=>"\u0647\u062C", "\uFC52"=>"\u0647\u0645", "\uFC53"=>"\u0647\u0649", "\uFC54"=>"\u0647\u064A", "\uFC55"=>"\u064A\u062C", "\uFC56"=>"\u064A\u062D", "\uFC57"=>"\u064A\u062E", "\uFC58"=>"\u064A\u0645",
-    "\uFC59"=>"\u064A\u0649", "\uFC5A"=>"\u064A\u064A", "\uFC5B"=>"\u0630\u0670", "\uFC5C"=>"\u0631\u0670", "\uFC5D"=>"\u0649\u0670", "\uFC5E"=>" \u064C\u0651", "\uFC5F"=>" \u064D\u0651", "\uFC60"=>" \u064E\u0651",
-    "\uFC61"=>" \u064F\u0651", "\uFC62"=>" \u0650\u0651", "\uFC63"=>" \u0651\u0670", "\uFC64"=>"\u0626\u0631", "\uFC65"=>"\u0626\u0632", "\uFC66"=>"\u0626\u0645", "\uFC67"=>"\u0626\u0646", "\uFC68"=>"\u0626\u0649",
-    "\uFC69"=>"\u0626\u064A", "\uFC6A"=>"\u0628\u0631", "\uFC6B"=>"\u0628\u0632", "\uFC6C"=>"\u0628\u0645", "\uFC6D"=>"\u0628\u0646", "\uFC6E"=>"\u0628\u0649", "\uFC6F"=>"\u0628\u064A", "\uFC70"=>"\u062A\u0631",
-    "\uFC71"=>"\u062A\u0632", "\uFC72"=>"\u062A\u0645", "\uFC73"=>"\u062A\u0646", "\uFC74"=>"\u062A\u0649", "\uFC75"=>"\u062A\u064A", "\uFC76"=>"\u062B\u0631", "\uFC77"=>"\u062B\u0632", "\uFC78"=>"\u062B\u0645",
-    "\uFC79"=>"\u062B\u0646", "\uFC7A"=>"\u062B\u0649", "\uFC7B"=>"\u062B\u064A", "\uFC7C"=>"\u0641\u0649", "\uFC7D"=>"\u0641\u064A", "\uFC7E"=>"\u0642\u0649", "\uFC7F"=>"\u0642\u064A", "\uFC80"=>"\u0643\u0627",
-    "\uFC81"=>"\u0643\u0644", "\uFC82"=>"\u0643\u0645", "\uFC83"=>"\u0643\u0649", "\uFC84"=>"\u0643\u064A", "\uFC85"=>"\u0644\u0645", "\uFC86"=>"\u0644\u0649", "\uFC87"=>"\u0644\u064A", "\uFC88"=>"\u0645\u0627",
-    "\uFC89"=>"\u0645\u0645", "\uFC8A"=>"\u0646\u0631", "\uFC8B"=>"\u0646\u0632", "\uFC8C"=>"\u0646\u0645", "\uFC8D"=>"\u0646\u0646", "\uFC8E"=>"\u0646\u0649", "\uFC8F"=>"\u0646\u064A", "\uFC90"=>"\u0649\u0670",
-    "\uFC91"=>"\u064A\u0631", "\uFC92"=>"\u064A\u0632", "\uFC93"=>"\u064A\u0645", "\uFC94"=>"\u064A\u0646", "\uFC95"=>"\u064A\u0649", "\uFC96"=>"\u064A\u064A", "\uFC97"=>"\u0626\u062C", "\uFC98"=>"\u0626\u062D",
-    "\uFC99"=>"\u0626\u062E", "\uFC9A"=>"\u0626\u0645", "\uFC9B"=>"\u0626\u0647", "\uFC9C"=>"\u0628\u062C", "\uFC9D"=>"\u0628\u062D", "\uFC9E"=>"\u0628\u062E", "\uFC9F"=>"\u0628\u0645", "\uFCA0"=>"\u0628\u0647",
-    "\uFCA1"=>"\u062A\u062C", "\uFCA2"=>"\u062A\u062D", "\uFCA3"=>"\u062A\u062E", "\uFCA4"=>"\u062A\u0645", "\uFCA5"=>"\u062A\u0647", "\uFCA6"=>"\u062B\u0645", "\uFCA7"=>"\u062C\u062D", "\uFCA8"=>"\u062C\u0645",
-    "\uFCA9"=>"\u062D\u062C", "\uFCAA"=>"\u062D\u0645", "\uFCAB"=>"\u062E\u062C", "\uFCAC"=>"\u062E\u0645", "\uFCAD"=>"\u0633\u062C", "\uFCAE"=>"\u0633\u062D", "\uFCAF"=>"\u0633\u062E", "\uFCB0"=>"\u0633\u0645",
-    "\uFCB1"=>"\u0635\u062D", "\uFCB2"=>"\u0635\u062E", "\uFCB3"=>"\u0635\u0645", "\uFCB4"=>"\u0636\u062C", "\uFCB5"=>"\u0636\u062D", "\uFCB6"=>"\u0636\u062E", "\uFCB7"=>"\u0636\u0645", "\uFCB8"=>"\u0637\u062D",
-    "\uFCB9"=>"\u0638\u0645", "\uFCBA"=>"\u0639\u062C", "\uFCBB"=>"\u0639\u0645", "\uFCBC"=>"\u063A\u062C", "\uFCBD"=>"\u063A\u0645", "\uFCBE"=>"\u0641\u062C", "\uFCBF"=>"\u0641\u062D", "\uFCC0"=>"\u0641\u062E",
-    "\uFCC1"=>"\u0641\u0645", "\uFCC2"=>"\u0642\u062D", "\uFCC3"=>"\u0642\u0645", "\uFCC4"=>"\u0643\u062C", "\uFCC5"=>"\u0643\u062D", "\uFCC6"=>"\u0643\u062E", "\uFCC7"=>"\u0643\u0644", "\uFCC8"=>"\u0643\u0645",
-    "\uFCC9"=>"\u0644\u062C", "\uFCCA"=>"\u0644\u062D", "\uFCCB"=>"\u0644\u062E", "\uFCCC"=>"\u0644\u0645", "\uFCCD"=>"\u0644\u0647", "\uFCCE"=>"\u0645\u062C", "\uFCCF"=>"\u0645\u062D", "\uFCD0"=>"\u0645\u062E",
-    "\uFCD1"=>"\u0645\u0645", "\uFCD2"=>"\u0646\u062C", "\uFCD3"=>"\u0646\u062D", "\uFCD4"=>"\u0646\u062E", "\uFCD5"=>"\u0646\u0645", "\uFCD6"=>"\u0646\u0647", "\uFCD7"=>"\u0647\u062C", "\uFCD8"=>"\u0647\u0645",
-    "\uFCD9"=>"\u0647\u0670", "\uFCDA"=>"\u064A\u062C", "\uFCDB"=>"\u064A\u062D", "\uFCDC"=>"\u064A\u062E", "\uFCDD"=>"\u064A\u0645", "\uFCDE"=>"\u064A\u0647", "\uFCDF"=>"\u0626\u0645", "\uFCE0"=>"\u0626\u0647",
-    "\uFCE1"=>"\u0628\u0645", "\uFCE2"=>"\u0628\u0647", "\uFCE3"=>"\u062A\u0645", "\uFCE4"=>"\u062A\u0647", "\uFCE5"=>"\u062B\u0645", "\uFCE6"=>"\u062B\u0647", "\uFCE7"=>"\u0633\u0645", "\uFCE8"=>"\u0633\u0647",
-    "\uFCE9"=>"\u0634\u0645", "\uFCEA"=>"\u0634\u0647", "\uFCEB"=>"\u0643\u0644", "\uFCEC"=>"\u0643\u0645", "\uFCED"=>"\u0644\u0645", "\uFCEE"=>"\u0646\u0645", "\uFCEF"=>"\u0646\u0647", "\uFCF0"=>"\u064A\u0645",
-    "\uFCF1"=>"\u064A\u0647", "\uFCF2"=>"\u0640\u064E\u0651", "\uFCF3"=>"\u0640\u064F\u0651", "\uFCF4"=>"\u0640\u0650\u0651", "\uFCF5"=>"\u0637\u0649", "\uFCF6"=>"\u0637\u064A", "\uFCF7"=>"\u0639\u0649", "\uFCF8"=>"\u0639\u064A",
-    "\uFCF9"=>"\u063A\u0649", "\uFCFA"=>"\u063A\u064A", "\uFCFB"=>"\u0633\u0649", "\uFCFC"=>"\u0633\u064A", "\uFCFD"=>"\u0634\u0649", "\uFCFE"=>"\u0634\u064A", "\uFCFF"=>"\u062D\u0649", "\uFD00"=>"\u062D\u064A",
-    "\uFD01"=>"\u062C\u0649", "\uFD02"=>"\u062C\u064A", "\uFD03"=>"\u062E\u0649", "\uFD04"=>"\u062E\u064A", "\uFD05"=>"\u0635\u0649", "\uFD06"=>"\u0635\u064A", "\uFD07"=>"\u0636\u0649", "\uFD08"=>"\u0636\u064A",
-    "\uFD09"=>"\u0634\u062C", "\uFD0A"=>"\u0634\u062D", "\uFD0B"=>"\u0634\u062E", "\uFD0C"=>"\u0634\u0645", "\uFD0D"=>"\u0634\u0631", "\uFD0E"=>"\u0633\u0631", "\uFD0F"=>"\u0635\u0631", "\uFD10"=>"\u0636\u0631",
-    "\uFD11"=>"\u0637\u0649", "\uFD12"=>"\u0637\u064A", "\uFD13"=>"\u0639\u0649", "\uFD14"=>"\u0639\u064A", "\uFD15"=>"\u063A\u0649", "\uFD16"=>"\u063A\u064A", "\uFD17"=>"\u0633\u0649", "\uFD18"=>"\u0633\u064A",
-    "\uFD19"=>"\u0634\u0649", "\uFD1A"=>"\u0634\u064A", "\uFD1B"=>"\u062D\u0649", "\uFD1C"=>"\u062D\u064A", "\uFD1D"=>"\u062C\u0649", "\uFD1E"=>"\u062C\u064A", "\uFD1F"=>"\u062E\u0649", "\uFD20"=>"\u062E\u064A",
-    "\uFD21"=>"\u0635\u0649", "\uFD22"=>"\u0635\u064A", "\uFD23"=>"\u0636\u0649", "\uFD24"=>"\u0636\u064A", "\uFD25"=>"\u0634\u062C", "\uFD26"=>"\u0634\u062D", "\uFD27"=>"\u0634\u062E", "\uFD28"=>"\u0634\u0645",
-    "\uFD29"=>"\u0634\u0631", "\uFD2A"=>"\u0633\u0631", "\uFD2B"=>"\u0635\u0631", "\uFD2C"=>"\u0636\u0631", "\uFD2D"=>"\u0634\u062C", "\uFD2E"=>"\u0634\u062D", "\uFD2F"=>"\u0634\u062E", "\uFD30"=>"\u0634\u0645",
-    "\uFD31"=>"\u0633\u0647", "\uFD32"=>"\u0634\u0647", "\uFD33"=>"\u0637\u0645", "\uFD34"=>"\u0633\u062C", "\uFD35"=>"\u0633\u062D", "\uFD36"=>"\u0633\u062E", "\uFD37"=>"\u0634\u062C", "\uFD38"=>"\u0634\u062D",
-    "\uFD39"=>"\u0634\u062E", "\uFD3A"=>"\u0637\u0645", "\uFD3B"=>"\u0638\u0645", "\uFD3C"=>"\u0627\u064B", "\uFD3D"=>"\u0627\u064B", "\uFD50"=>"\u062A\u062C\u0645", "\uFD51"=>"\u062A\u062D\u062C", "\uFD52"=>"\u062A\u062D\u062C",
-    "\uFD53"=>"\u062A\u062D\u0645", "\uFD54"=>"\u062A\u062E\u0645", "\uFD55"=>"\u062A\u0645\u062C", "\uFD56"=>"\u062A\u0645\u062D", "\uFD57"=>"\u062A\u0645\u062E", "\uFD58"=>"\u062C\u0645\u062D", "\uFD59"=>"\u062C\u0645\u062D", "\uFD5A"=>"\u062D\u0645\u064A",
-    "\uFD5B"=>"\u062D\u0645\u0649", "\uFD5C"=>"\u0633\u062D\u062C", "\uFD5D"=>"\u0633\u062C\u062D", "\uFD5E"=>"\u0633\u062C\u0649", "\uFD5F"=>"\u0633\u0645\u062D", "\uFD60"=>"\u0633\u0645\u062D", "\uFD61"=>"\u0633\u0645\u062C", "\uFD62"=>"\u0633\u0645\u0645",
-    "\uFD63"=>"\u0633\u0645\u0645", "\uFD64"=>"\u0635\u062D\u062D", "\uFD65"=>"\u0635\u062D\u062D", "\uFD66"=>"\u0635\u0645\u0645", "\uFD67"=>"\u0634\u062D\u0645", "\uFD68"=>"\u0634\u062D\u0645", "\uFD69"=>"\u0634\u062C\u064A", "\uFD6A"=>"\u0634\u0645\u062E",
-    "\uFD6B"=>"\u0634\u0645\u062E", "\uFD6C"=>"\u0634\u0645\u0645", "\uFD6D"=>"\u0634\u0645\u0645", "\uFD6E"=>"\u0636\u062D\u0649", "\uFD6F"=>"\u0636\u062E\u0645", "\uFD70"=>"\u0636\u062E\u0645", "\uFD71"=>"\u0637\u0645\u062D", "\uFD72"=>"\u0637\u0645\u062D",
-    "\uFD73"=>"\u0637\u0645\u0645", "\uFD74"=>"\u0637\u0645\u064A", "\uFD75"=>"\u0639\u062C\u0645", "\uFD76"=>"\u0639\u0645\u0645", "\uFD77"=>"\u0639\u0645\u0645", "\uFD78"=>"\u0639\u0645\u0649", "\uFD79"=>"\u063A\u0645\u0645", "\uFD7A"=>"\u063A\u0645\u064A",
-    "\uFD7B"=>"\u063A\u0645\u0649", "\uFD7C"=>"\u0641\u062E\u0645", "\uFD7D"=>"\u0641\u062E\u0645", "\uFD7E"=>"\u0642\u0645\u062D", "\uFD7F"=>"\u0642\u0645\u0645", "\uFD80"=>"\u0644\u062D\u0645", "\uFD81"=>"\u0644\u062D\u064A", "\uFD82"=>"\u0644\u062D\u0649",
-    "\uFD83"=>"\u0644\u062C\u062C", "\uFD84"=>"\u0644\u062C\u062C", "\uFD85"=>"\u0644\u062E\u0645", "\uFD86"=>"\u0644\u062E\u0645", "\uFD87"=>"\u0644\u0645\u062D", "\uFD88"=>"\u0644\u0645\u062D", "\uFD89"=>"\u0645\u062D\u062C", "\uFD8A"=>"\u0645\u062D\u0645",
-    "\uFD8B"=>"\u0645\u062D\u064A", "\uFD8C"=>"\u0645\u062C\u062D", "\uFD8D"=>"\u0645\u062C\u0645", "\uFD8E"=>"\u0645\u062E\u062C", "\uFD8F"=>"\u0645\u062E\u0645", "\uFD92"=>"\u0645\u062C\u062E", "\uFD93"=>"\u0647\u0645\u062C", "\uFD94"=>"\u0647\u0645\u0645",
-    "\uFD95"=>"\u0646\u062D\u0645", "\uFD96"=>"\u0646\u062D\u0649", "\uFD97"=>"\u0646\u062C\u0645", "\uFD98"=>"\u0646\u062C\u0645", "\uFD99"=>"\u0646\u062C\u0649", "\uFD9A"=>"\u0646\u0645\u064A", "\uFD9B"=>"\u0646\u0645\u0649", "\uFD9C"=>"\u064A\u0645\u0645",
-    "\uFD9D"=>"\u064A\u0645\u0645", "\uFD9E"=>"\u0628\u062E\u064A", "\uFD9F"=>"\u062A\u062C\u064A", "\uFDA0"=>"\u062A\u062C\u0649", "\uFDA1"=>"\u062A\u062E\u064A", "\uFDA2"=>"\u062A\u062E\u0649", "\uFDA3"=>"\u062A\u0645\u064A", "\uFDA4"=>"\u062A\u0645\u0649",
-    "\uFDA5"=>"\u062C\u0645\u064A", "\uFDA6"=>"\u062C\u062D\u0649", "\uFDA7"=>"\u062C\u0645\u0649", "\uFDA8"=>"\u0633\u062E\u0649", "\uFDA9"=>"\u0635\u062D\u064A", "\uFDAA"=>"\u0634\u062D\u064A", "\uFDAB"=>"\u0636\u062D\u064A", "\uFDAC"=>"\u0644\u062C\u064A",
-    "\uFDAD"=>"\u0644\u0645\u064A", "\uFDAE"=>"\u064A\u062D\u064A", "\uFDAF"=>"\u064A\u062C\u064A", "\uFDB0"=>"\u064A\u0645\u064A", "\uFDB1"=>"\u0645\u0645\u064A", "\uFDB2"=>"\u0642\u0645\u064A", "\uFDB3"=>"\u0646\u062D\u064A", "\uFDB4"=>"\u0642\u0645\u062D",
-    "\uFDB5"=>"\u0644\u062D\u0645", "\uFDB6"=>"\u0639\u0645\u064A", "\uFDB7"=>"\u0643\u0645\u064A", "\uFDB8"=>"\u0646\u062C\u062D", "\uFDB9"=>"\u0645\u062E\u064A", "\uFDBA"=>"\u0644\u062C\u0645", "\uFDBB"=>"\u0643\u0645\u0645", "\uFDBC"=>"\u0644\u062C\u0645",
-    "\uFDBD"=>"\u0646\u062C\u062D", "\uFDBE"=>"\u062C\u062D\u064A", "\uFDBF"=>"\u062D\u062C\u064A", "\uFDC0"=>"\u0645\u062C\u064A", "\uFDC1"=>"\u0641\u0645\u064A", "\uFDC2"=>"\u0628\u062D\u064A", "\uFDC3"=>"\u0643\u0645\u0645", "\uFDC4"=>"\u0639\u062C\u0645",
-    "\uFDC5"=>"\u0635\u0645\u0645", "\uFDC6"=>"\u0633\u062E\u064A", "\uFDC7"=>"\u0646\u062C\u064A", "\uFDF0"=>"\u0635\u0644\u06D2", "\uFDF1"=>"\u0642\u0644\u06D2", "\uFDF2"=>"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647", "\uFDF3"=>"\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631", "\uFDF4"=>"\u0645\u062D\u0645\u062F",
-    "\uFDF5"=>"\u0635\u0644\u0639\u0645", "\uFDF6"=>"\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644", "\uFDF7"=>"\u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647", "\uFDF8"=>"\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645", "\uFDF9"=>"\u0635\u0644\u0649", "\uFDFA"=>"\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645", "\uFDFB"=>"\u062C\u0644 \u062C\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647", "\uFDFC"=>"\u0631\u06CC\u0627\u0644",
-    "\uFE10"=>",", "\uFE11"=>"\u3001", "\uFE12"=>"\u3002", "\uFE13"=>":", "\uFE14"=>";", "\uFE15"=>"!", "\uFE16"=>"?", "\uFE17"=>"\u3016",
-    "\uFE18"=>"\u3017", "\uFE19"=>"...", "\uFE30"=>"..", "\uFE31"=>"\u2014", "\uFE32"=>"\u2013", "\uFE33"=>"_", "\uFE34"=>"_", "\uFE35"=>"(",
-    "\uFE36"=>")", "\uFE37"=>"{", "\uFE38"=>"}", "\uFE39"=>"\u3014", "\uFE3A"=>"\u3015", "\uFE3B"=>"\u3010", "\uFE3C"=>"\u3011", "\uFE3D"=>"\u300A",
-    "\uFE3E"=>"\u300B", "\uFE3F"=>"\u3008", "\uFE40"=>"\u3009", "\uFE41"=>"\u300C", "\uFE42"=>"\u300D", "\uFE43"=>"\u300E", "\uFE44"=>"\u300F", "\uFE47"=>"[",
-    "\uFE48"=>"]", "\uFE49"=>" \u0305", "\uFE4A"=>" \u0305", "\uFE4B"=>" \u0305", "\uFE4C"=>" \u0305", "\uFE4D"=>"_", "\uFE4E"=>"_", "\uFE4F"=>"_",
-    "\uFE50"=>",", "\uFE51"=>"\u3001", "\uFE52"=>".", "\uFE54"=>";", "\uFE55"=>":", "\uFE56"=>"?", "\uFE57"=>"!", "\uFE58"=>"\u2014",
-    "\uFE59"=>"(", "\uFE5A"=>")", "\uFE5B"=>"{", "\uFE5C"=>"}", "\uFE5D"=>"\u3014", "\uFE5E"=>"\u3015", "\uFE5F"=>"#", "\uFE60"=>"&",
-    "\uFE61"=>"*", "\uFE62"=>"+", "\uFE63"=>"-", "\uFE64"=>"<", "\uFE65"=>">", "\uFE66"=>"=", "\uFE68"=>"\\", "\uFE69"=>"$",
-    "\uFE6A"=>"%", "\uFE6B"=>"@", "\uFE70"=>" \u064B", "\uFE71"=>"\u0640\u064B", "\uFE72"=>" \u064C", "\uFE74"=>" \u064D", "\uFE76"=>" \u064E", "\uFE77"=>"\u0640\u064E",
-    "\uFE78"=>" \u064F", "\uFE79"=>"\u0640\u064F", "\uFE7A"=>" \u0650", "\uFE7B"=>"\u0640\u0650", "\uFE7C"=>" \u0651", "\uFE7D"=>"\u0640\u0651", "\uFE7E"=>" \u0652", "\uFE7F"=>"\u0640\u0652",
-    "\uFE80"=>"\u0621", "\uFE81"=>"\u0622", "\uFE82"=>"\u0622", "\uFE83"=>"\u0623", "\uFE84"=>"\u0623", "\uFE85"=>"\u0624", "\uFE86"=>"\u0624", "\uFE87"=>"\u0625",
-    "\uFE88"=>"\u0625", "\uFE89"=>"\u0626", "\uFE8A"=>"\u0626", "\uFE8B"=>"\u0626", "\uFE8C"=>"\u0626", "\uFE8D"=>"\u0627", "\uFE8E"=>"\u0627", "\uFE8F"=>"\u0628",
-    "\uFE90"=>"\u0628", "\uFE91"=>"\u0628", "\uFE92"=>"\u0628", "\uFE93"=>"\u0629", "\uFE94"=>"\u0629", "\uFE95"=>"\u062A", "\uFE96"=>"\u062A", "\uFE97"=>"\u062A",
-    "\uFE98"=>"\u062A", "\uFE99"=>"\u062B", "\uFE9A"=>"\u062B", "\uFE9B"=>"\u062B", "\uFE9C"=>"\u062B", "\uFE9D"=>"\u062C", "\uFE9E"=>"\u062C", "\uFE9F"=>"\u062C",
-    "\uFEA0"=>"\u062C", "\uFEA1"=>"\u062D", "\uFEA2"=>"\u062D", "\uFEA3"=>"\u062D", "\uFEA4"=>"\u062D", "\uFEA5"=>"\u062E", "\uFEA6"=>"\u062E", "\uFEA7"=>"\u062E",
-    "\uFEA8"=>"\u062E", "\uFEA9"=>"\u062F", "\uFEAA"=>"\u062F", "\uFEAB"=>"\u0630", "\uFEAC"=>"\u0630", "\uFEAD"=>"\u0631", "\uFEAE"=>"\u0631", "\uFEAF"=>"\u0632",
-    "\uFEB0"=>"\u0632", "\uFEB1"=>"\u0633", "\uFEB2"=>"\u0633", "\uFEB3"=>"\u0633", "\uFEB4"=>"\u0633", "\uFEB5"=>"\u0634", "\uFEB6"=>"\u0634", "\uFEB7"=>"\u0634",
-    "\uFEB8"=>"\u0634", "\uFEB9"=>"\u0635", "\uFEBA"=>"\u0635", "\uFEBB"=>"\u0635", "\uFEBC"=>"\u0635", "\uFEBD"=>"\u0636", "\uFEBE"=>"\u0636", "\uFEBF"=>"\u0636",
-    "\uFEC0"=>"\u0636", "\uFEC1"=>"\u0637", "\uFEC2"=>"\u0637", "\uFEC3"=>"\u0637", "\uFEC4"=>"\u0637", "\uFEC5"=>"\u0638", "\uFEC6"=>"\u0638", "\uFEC7"=>"\u0638",
-    "\uFEC8"=>"\u0638", "\uFEC9"=>"\u0639", "\uFECA"=>"\u0639", "\uFECB"=>"\u0639", "\uFECC"=>"\u0639", "\uFECD"=>"\u063A", "\uFECE"=>"\u063A", "\uFECF"=>"\u063A",
-    "\uFED0"=>"\u063A", "\uFED1"=>"\u0641", "\uFED2"=>"\u0641", "\uFED3"=>"\u0641", "\uFED4"=>"\u0641", "\uFED5"=>"\u0642", "\uFED6"=>"\u0642", "\uFED7"=>"\u0642",
-    "\uFED8"=>"\u0642", "\uFED9"=>"\u0643", "\uFEDA"=>"\u0643", "\uFEDB"=>"\u0643", "\uFEDC"=>"\u0643", "\uFEDD"=>"\u0644", "\uFEDE"=>"\u0644", "\uFEDF"=>"\u0644",
-    "\uFEE0"=>"\u0644", "\uFEE1"=>"\u0645", "\uFEE2"=>"\u0645", "\uFEE3"=>"\u0645", "\uFEE4"=>"\u0645", "\uFEE5"=>"\u0646", "\uFEE6"=>"\u0646", "\uFEE7"=>"\u0646",
-    "\uFEE8"=>"\u0646", "\uFEE9"=>"\u0647", "\uFEEA"=>"\u0647", "\uFEEB"=>"\u0647", "\uFEEC"=>"\u0647", "\uFEED"=>"\u0648", "\uFEEE"=>"\u0648", "\uFEEF"=>"\u0649",
-    "\uFEF0"=>"\u0649", "\uFEF1"=>"\u064A", "\uFEF2"=>"\u064A", "\uFEF3"=>"\u064A", "\uFEF4"=>"\u064A", "\uFEF5"=>"\u0644\u0622", "\uFEF6"=>"\u0644\u0622", "\uFEF7"=>"\u0644\u0623",
-    "\uFEF8"=>"\u0644\u0623", "\uFEF9"=>"\u0644\u0625", "\uFEFA"=>"\u0644\u0625", "\uFEFB"=>"\u0644\u0627", "\uFEFC"=>"\u0644\u0627", "\uFF01"=>"!", "\uFF02"=>"\"", "\uFF03"=>"#",
-    "\uFF04"=>"$", "\uFF05"=>"%", "\uFF06"=>"&", "\uFF07"=>"'", "\uFF08"=>"(", "\uFF09"=>")", "\uFF0A"=>"*", "\uFF0B"=>"+",
-    "\uFF0C"=>",", "\uFF0D"=>"-", "\uFF0E"=>".", "\uFF0F"=>"/", "\uFF10"=>"0", "\uFF11"=>"1", "\uFF12"=>"2", "\uFF13"=>"3",
-    "\uFF14"=>"4", "\uFF15"=>"5", "\uFF16"=>"6", "\uFF17"=>"7", "\uFF18"=>"8", "\uFF19"=>"9", "\uFF1A"=>":", "\uFF1B"=>";",
-    "\uFF1C"=>"<", "\uFF1D"=>"=", "\uFF1E"=>">", "\uFF1F"=>"?", "\uFF20"=>"@", "\uFF21"=>"A", "\uFF22"=>"B", "\uFF23"=>"C",
-    "\uFF24"=>"D", "\uFF25"=>"E", "\uFF26"=>"F", "\uFF27"=>"G", "\uFF28"=>"H", "\uFF29"=>"I", "\uFF2A"=>"J", "\uFF2B"=>"K",
-    "\uFF2C"=>"L", "\uFF2D"=>"M", "\uFF2E"=>"N", "\uFF2F"=>"O", "\uFF30"=>"P", "\uFF31"=>"Q", "\uFF32"=>"R", "\uFF33"=>"S",
-    "\uFF34"=>"T", "\uFF35"=>"U", "\uFF36"=>"V", "\uFF37"=>"W", "\uFF38"=>"X", "\uFF39"=>"Y", "\uFF3A"=>"Z", "\uFF3B"=>"[",
-    "\uFF3C"=>"\\", "\uFF3D"=>"]", "\uFF3E"=>"^", "\uFF3F"=>"_", "\uFF40"=>"`", "\uFF41"=>"a", "\uFF42"=>"b", "\uFF43"=>"c",
-    "\uFF44"=>"d", "\uFF45"=>"e", "\uFF46"=>"f", "\uFF47"=>"g", "\uFF48"=>"h", "\uFF49"=>"i", "\uFF4A"=>"j", "\uFF4B"=>"k",
-    "\uFF4C"=>"l", "\uFF4D"=>"m", "\uFF4E"=>"n", "\uFF4F"=>"o", "\uFF50"=>"p", "\uFF51"=>"q", "\uFF52"=>"r", "\uFF53"=>"s",
-    "\uFF54"=>"t", "\uFF55"=>"u", "\uFF56"=>"v", "\uFF57"=>"w", "\uFF58"=>"x", "\uFF59"=>"y", "\uFF5A"=>"z", "\uFF5B"=>"{",
-    "\uFF5C"=>"|", "\uFF5D"=>"}", "\uFF5E"=>"~", "\uFF5F"=>"\u2985", "\uFF60"=>"\u2986", "\uFF61"=>"\u3002", "\uFF62"=>"\u300C", "\uFF63"=>"\u300D",
-    "\uFF64"=>"\u3001", "\uFF65"=>"\u30FB", "\uFF66"=>"\u30F2", "\uFF67"=>"\u30A1", "\uFF68"=>"\u30A3", "\uFF69"=>"\u30A5", "\uFF6A"=>"\u30A7", "\uFF6B"=>"\u30A9",
-    "\uFF6C"=>"\u30E3", "\uFF6D"=>"\u30E5", "\uFF6E"=>"\u30E7", "\uFF6F"=>"\u30C3", "\uFF70"=>"\u30FC", "\uFF71"=>"\u30A2", "\uFF72"=>"\u30A4", "\uFF73"=>"\u30A6",
-    "\uFF74"=>"\u30A8", "\uFF75"=>"\u30AA", "\uFF76"=>"\u30AB", "\uFF77"=>"\u30AD", "\uFF78"=>"\u30AF", "\uFF79"=>"\u30B1", "\uFF7A"=>"\u30B3", "\uFF7B"=>"\u30B5",
-    "\uFF7C"=>"\u30B7", "\uFF7D"=>"\u30B9", "\uFF7E"=>"\u30BB", "\uFF7F"=>"\u30BD", "\uFF80"=>"\u30BF", "\uFF81"=>"\u30C1", "\uFF82"=>"\u30C4", "\uFF83"=>"\u30C6",
-    "\uFF84"=>"\u30C8", "\uFF85"=>"\u30CA", "\uFF86"=>"\u30CB", "\uFF87"=>"\u30CC", "\uFF88"=>"\u30CD", "\uFF89"=>"\u30CE", "\uFF8A"=>"\u30CF", "\uFF8B"=>"\u30D2",
-    "\uFF8C"=>"\u30D5", "\uFF8D"=>"\u30D8", "\uFF8E"=>"\u30DB", "\uFF8F"=>"\u30DE", "\uFF90"=>"\u30DF", "\uFF91"=>"\u30E0", "\uFF92"=>"\u30E1", "\uFF93"=>"\u30E2",
-    "\uFF94"=>"\u30E4", "\uFF95"=>"\u30E6", "\uFF96"=>"\u30E8", "\uFF97"=>"\u30E9", "\uFF98"=>"\u30EA", "\uFF99"=>"\u30EB", "\uFF9A"=>"\u30EC", "\uFF9B"=>"\u30ED",
-    "\uFF9C"=>"\u30EF", "\uFF9D"=>"\u30F3", "\uFF9E"=>"\u3099", "\uFF9F"=>"\u309A", "\uFFA0"=>"\u1160", "\uFFA1"=>"\u1100", "\uFFA2"=>"\u1101", "\uFFA3"=>"\u11AA",
-    "\uFFA4"=>"\u1102", "\uFFA5"=>"\u11AC", "\uFFA6"=>"\u11AD", "\uFFA7"=>"\u1103", "\uFFA8"=>"\u1104", "\uFFA9"=>"\u1105", "\uFFAA"=>"\u11B0", "\uFFAB"=>"\u11B1",
-    "\uFFAC"=>"\u11B2", "\uFFAD"=>"\u11B3", "\uFFAE"=>"\u11B4", "\uFFAF"=>"\u11B5", "\uFFB0"=>"\u111A", "\uFFB1"=>"\u1106", "\uFFB2"=>"\u1107", "\uFFB3"=>"\u1108",
-    "\uFFB4"=>"\u1121", "\uFFB5"=>"\u1109", "\uFFB6"=>"\u110A", "\uFFB7"=>"\u110B", "\uFFB8"=>"\u110C", "\uFFB9"=>"\u110D", "\uFFBA"=>"\u110E", "\uFFBB"=>"\u110F",
-    "\uFFBC"=>"\u1110", "\uFFBD"=>"\u1111", "\uFFBE"=>"\u1112", "\uFFC2"=>"\u1161", "\uFFC3"=>"\u1162", "\uFFC4"=>"\u1163", "\uFFC5"=>"\u1164", "\uFFC6"=>"\u1165",
-    "\uFFC7"=>"\u1166", "\uFFCA"=>"\u1167", "\uFFCB"=>"\u1168", "\uFFCC"=>"\u1169", "\uFFCD"=>"\u116A", "\uFFCE"=>"\u116B", "\uFFCF"=>"\u116C", "\uFFD2"=>"\u116D",
-    "\uFFD3"=>"\u116E", "\uFFD4"=>"\u116F", "\uFFD5"=>"\u1170", "\uFFD6"=>"\u1171", "\uFFD7"=>"\u1172", "\uFFDA"=>"\u1173", "\uFFDB"=>"\u1174", "\uFFDC"=>"\u1175",
-    "\uFFE0"=>"\u00A2", "\uFFE1"=>"\u00A3", "\uFFE2"=>"\u00AC", "\uFFE3"=>" \u0304", "\uFFE4"=>"\u00A6", "\uFFE5"=>"\u00A5", "\uFFE6"=>"\u20A9", "\uFFE8"=>"\u2502",
-    "\uFFE9"=>"\u2190", "\uFFEA"=>"\u2191", "\uFFEB"=>"\u2192", "\uFFEC"=>"\u2193", "\uFFED"=>"\u25A0", "\uFFEE"=>"\u25CB", "\u{1D400}"=>"A", "\u{1D401}"=>"B",
-    "\u{1D402}"=>"C", "\u{1D403}"=>"D", "\u{1D404}"=>"E", "\u{1D405}"=>"F", "\u{1D406}"=>"G", "\u{1D407}"=>"H", "\u{1D408}"=>"I", "\u{1D409}"=>"J",
-    "\u{1D40A}"=>"K", "\u{1D40B}"=>"L", "\u{1D40C}"=>"M", "\u{1D40D}"=>"N", "\u{1D40E}"=>"O", "\u{1D40F}"=>"P", "\u{1D410}"=>"Q", "\u{1D411}"=>"R",
-    "\u{1D412}"=>"S", "\u{1D413}"=>"T", "\u{1D414}"=>"U", "\u{1D415}"=>"V", "\u{1D416}"=>"W", "\u{1D417}"=>"X", "\u{1D418}"=>"Y", "\u{1D419}"=>"Z",
-    "\u{1D41A}"=>"a", "\u{1D41B}"=>"b", "\u{1D41C}"=>"c", "\u{1D41D}"=>"d", "\u{1D41E}"=>"e", "\u{1D41F}"=>"f", "\u{1D420}"=>"g", "\u{1D421}"=>"h",
-    "\u{1D422}"=>"i", "\u{1D423}"=>"j", "\u{1D424}"=>"k", "\u{1D425}"=>"l", "\u{1D426}"=>"m", "\u{1D427}"=>"n", "\u{1D428}"=>"o", "\u{1D429}"=>"p",
-    "\u{1D42A}"=>"q", "\u{1D42B}"=>"r", "\u{1D42C}"=>"s", "\u{1D42D}"=>"t", "\u{1D42E}"=>"u", "\u{1D42F}"=>"v", "\u{1D430}"=>"w", "\u{1D431}"=>"x",
-    "\u{1D432}"=>"y", "\u{1D433}"=>"z", "\u{1D434}"=>"A", "\u{1D435}"=>"B", "\u{1D436}"=>"C", "\u{1D437}"=>"D", "\u{1D438}"=>"E", "\u{1D439}"=>"F",
-    "\u{1D43A}"=>"G", "\u{1D43B}"=>"H", "\u{1D43C}"=>"I", "\u{1D43D}"=>"J", "\u{1D43E}"=>"K", "\u{1D43F}"=>"L", "\u{1D440}"=>"M", "\u{1D441}"=>"N",
-    "\u{1D442}"=>"O", "\u{1D443}"=>"P", "\u{1D444}"=>"Q", "\u{1D445}"=>"R", "\u{1D446}"=>"S", "\u{1D447}"=>"T", "\u{1D448}"=>"U", "\u{1D449}"=>"V",
-    "\u{1D44A}"=>"W", "\u{1D44B}"=>"X", "\u{1D44C}"=>"Y", "\u{1D44D}"=>"Z", "\u{1D44E}"=>"a", "\u{1D44F}"=>"b", "\u{1D450}"=>"c", "\u{1D451}"=>"d",
-    "\u{1D452}"=>"e", "\u{1D453}"=>"f", "\u{1D454}"=>"g", "\u{1D456}"=>"i", "\u{1D457}"=>"j", "\u{1D458}"=>"k", "\u{1D459}"=>"l", "\u{1D45A}"=>"m",
-    "\u{1D45B}"=>"n", "\u{1D45C}"=>"o", "\u{1D45D}"=>"p", "\u{1D45E}"=>"q", "\u{1D45F}"=>"r", "\u{1D460}"=>"s", "\u{1D461}"=>"t", "\u{1D462}"=>"u",
-    "\u{1D463}"=>"v", "\u{1D464}"=>"w", "\u{1D465}"=>"x", "\u{1D466}"=>"y", "\u{1D467}"=>"z", "\u{1D468}"=>"A", "\u{1D469}"=>"B", "\u{1D46A}"=>"C",
-    "\u{1D46B}"=>"D", "\u{1D46C}"=>"E", "\u{1D46D}"=>"F", "\u{1D46E}"=>"G", "\u{1D46F}"=>"H", "\u{1D470}"=>"I", "\u{1D471}"=>"J", "\u{1D472}"=>"K",
-    "\u{1D473}"=>"L", "\u{1D474}"=>"M", "\u{1D475}"=>"N", "\u{1D476}"=>"O", "\u{1D477}"=>"P", "\u{1D478}"=>"Q", "\u{1D479}"=>"R", "\u{1D47A}"=>"S",
-    "\u{1D47B}"=>"T", "\u{1D47C}"=>"U", "\u{1D47D}"=>"V", "\u{1D47E}"=>"W", "\u{1D47F}"=>"X", "\u{1D480}"=>"Y", "\u{1D481}"=>"Z", "\u{1D482}"=>"a",
-    "\u{1D483}"=>"b", "\u{1D484}"=>"c", "\u{1D485}"=>"d", "\u{1D486}"=>"e", "\u{1D487}"=>"f", "\u{1D488}"=>"g", "\u{1D489}"=>"h", "\u{1D48A}"=>"i",
-    "\u{1D48B}"=>"j", "\u{1D48C}"=>"k", "\u{1D48D}"=>"l", "\u{1D48E}"=>"m", "\u{1D48F}"=>"n", "\u{1D490}"=>"o", "\u{1D491}"=>"p", "\u{1D492}"=>"q",
-    "\u{1D493}"=>"r", "\u{1D494}"=>"s", "\u{1D495}"=>"t", "\u{1D496}"=>"u", "\u{1D497}"=>"v", "\u{1D498}"=>"w", "\u{1D499}"=>"x", "\u{1D49A}"=>"y",
-    "\u{1D49B}"=>"z", "\u{1D49C}"=>"A", "\u{1D49E}"=>"C", "\u{1D49F}"=>"D", "\u{1D4A2}"=>"G", "\u{1D4A5}"=>"J", "\u{1D4A6}"=>"K", "\u{1D4A9}"=>"N",
-    "\u{1D4AA}"=>"O", "\u{1D4AB}"=>"P", "\u{1D4AC}"=>"Q", "\u{1D4AE}"=>"S", "\u{1D4AF}"=>"T", "\u{1D4B0}"=>"U", "\u{1D4B1}"=>"V", "\u{1D4B2}"=>"W",
-    "\u{1D4B3}"=>"X", "\u{1D4B4}"=>"Y", "\u{1D4B5}"=>"Z", "\u{1D4B6}"=>"a", "\u{1D4B7}"=>"b", "\u{1D4B8}"=>"c", "\u{1D4B9}"=>"d", "\u{1D4BB}"=>"f",
-    "\u{1D4BD}"=>"h", "\u{1D4BE}"=>"i", "\u{1D4BF}"=>"j", "\u{1D4C0}"=>"k", "\u{1D4C1}"=>"l", "\u{1D4C2}"=>"m", "\u{1D4C3}"=>"n", "\u{1D4C5}"=>"p",
-    "\u{1D4C6}"=>"q", "\u{1D4C7}"=>"r", "\u{1D4C8}"=>"s", "\u{1D4C9}"=>"t", "\u{1D4CA}"=>"u", "\u{1D4CB}"=>"v", "\u{1D4CC}"=>"w", "\u{1D4CD}"=>"x",
-    "\u{1D4CE}"=>"y", "\u{1D4CF}"=>"z", "\u{1D4D0}"=>"A", "\u{1D4D1}"=>"B", "\u{1D4D2}"=>"C", "\u{1D4D3}"=>"D", "\u{1D4D4}"=>"E", "\u{1D4D5}"=>"F",
-    "\u{1D4D6}"=>"G", "\u{1D4D7}"=>"H", "\u{1D4D8}"=>"I", "\u{1D4D9}"=>"J", "\u{1D4DA}"=>"K", "\u{1D4DB}"=>"L", "\u{1D4DC}"=>"M", "\u{1D4DD}"=>"N",
-    "\u{1D4DE}"=>"O", "\u{1D4DF}"=>"P", "\u{1D4E0}"=>"Q", "\u{1D4E1}"=>"R", "\u{1D4E2}"=>"S", "\u{1D4E3}"=>"T", "\u{1D4E4}"=>"U", "\u{1D4E5}"=>"V",
-    "\u{1D4E6}"=>"W", "\u{1D4E7}"=>"X", "\u{1D4E8}"=>"Y", "\u{1D4E9}"=>"Z", "\u{1D4EA}"=>"a", "\u{1D4EB}"=>"b", "\u{1D4EC}"=>"c", "\u{1D4ED}"=>"d",
-    "\u{1D4EE}"=>"e", "\u{1D4EF}"=>"f", "\u{1D4F0}"=>"g", "\u{1D4F1}"=>"h", "\u{1D4F2}"=>"i", "\u{1D4F3}"=>"j", "\u{1D4F4}"=>"k", "\u{1D4F5}"=>"l",
-    "\u{1D4F6}"=>"m", "\u{1D4F7}"=>"n", "\u{1D4F8}"=>"o", "\u{1D4F9}"=>"p", "\u{1D4FA}"=>"q", "\u{1D4FB}"=>"r", "\u{1D4FC}"=>"s", "\u{1D4FD}"=>"t",
-    "\u{1D4FE}"=>"u", "\u{1D4FF}"=>"v", "\u{1D500}"=>"w", "\u{1D501}"=>"x", "\u{1D502}"=>"y", "\u{1D503}"=>"z", "\u{1D504}"=>"A", "\u{1D505}"=>"B",
-    "\u{1D507}"=>"D", "\u{1D508}"=>"E", "\u{1D509}"=>"F", "\u{1D50A}"=>"G", "\u{1D50D}"=>"J", "\u{1D50E}"=>"K", "\u{1D50F}"=>"L", "\u{1D510}"=>"M",
-    "\u{1D511}"=>"N", "\u{1D512}"=>"O", "\u{1D513}"=>"P", "\u{1D514}"=>"Q", "\u{1D516}"=>"S", "\u{1D517}"=>"T", "\u{1D518}"=>"U", "\u{1D519}"=>"V",
-    "\u{1D51A}"=>"W", "\u{1D51B}"=>"X", "\u{1D51C}"=>"Y", "\u{1D51E}"=>"a", "\u{1D51F}"=>"b", "\u{1D520}"=>"c", "\u{1D521}"=>"d", "\u{1D522}"=>"e",
-    "\u{1D523}"=>"f", "\u{1D524}"=>"g", "\u{1D525}"=>"h", "\u{1D526}"=>"i", "\u{1D527}"=>"j", "\u{1D528}"=>"k", "\u{1D529}"=>"l", "\u{1D52A}"=>"m",
-    "\u{1D52B}"=>"n", "\u{1D52C}"=>"o", "\u{1D52D}"=>"p", "\u{1D52E}"=>"q", "\u{1D52F}"=>"r", "\u{1D530}"=>"s", "\u{1D531}"=>"t", "\u{1D532}"=>"u",
-    "\u{1D533}"=>"v", "\u{1D534}"=>"w", "\u{1D535}"=>"x", "\u{1D536}"=>"y", "\u{1D537}"=>"z", "\u{1D538}"=>"A", "\u{1D539}"=>"B", "\u{1D53B}"=>"D",
-    "\u{1D53C}"=>"E", "\u{1D53D}"=>"F", "\u{1D53E}"=>"G", "\u{1D540}"=>"I", "\u{1D541}"=>"J", "\u{1D542}"=>"K", "\u{1D543}"=>"L", "\u{1D544}"=>"M",
-    "\u{1D546}"=>"O", "\u{1D54A}"=>"S", "\u{1D54B}"=>"T", "\u{1D54C}"=>"U", "\u{1D54D}"=>"V", "\u{1D54E}"=>"W", "\u{1D54F}"=>"X", "\u{1D550}"=>"Y",
-    "\u{1D552}"=>"a", "\u{1D553}"=>"b", "\u{1D554}"=>"c", "\u{1D555}"=>"d", "\u{1D556}"=>"e", "\u{1D557}"=>"f", "\u{1D558}"=>"g", "\u{1D559}"=>"h",
-    "\u{1D55A}"=>"i", "\u{1D55B}"=>"j", "\u{1D55C}"=>"k", "\u{1D55D}"=>"l", "\u{1D55E}"=>"m", "\u{1D55F}"=>"n", "\u{1D560}"=>"o", "\u{1D561}"=>"p",
-    "\u{1D562}"=>"q", "\u{1D563}"=>"r", "\u{1D564}"=>"s", "\u{1D565}"=>"t", "\u{1D566}"=>"u", "\u{1D567}"=>"v", "\u{1D568}"=>"w", "\u{1D569}"=>"x",
-    "\u{1D56A}"=>"y", "\u{1D56B}"=>"z", "\u{1D56C}"=>"A", "\u{1D56D}"=>"B", "\u{1D56E}"=>"C", "\u{1D56F}"=>"D", "\u{1D570}"=>"E", "\u{1D571}"=>"F",
-    "\u{1D572}"=>"G", "\u{1D573}"=>"H", "\u{1D574}"=>"I", "\u{1D575}"=>"J", "\u{1D576}"=>"K", "\u{1D577}"=>"L", "\u{1D578}"=>"M", "\u{1D579}"=>"N",
-    "\u{1D57A}"=>"O", "\u{1D57B}"=>"P", "\u{1D57C}"=>"Q", "\u{1D57D}"=>"R", "\u{1D57E}"=>"S", "\u{1D57F}"=>"T", "\u{1D580}"=>"U", "\u{1D581}"=>"V",
-    "\u{1D582}"=>"W", "\u{1D583}"=>"X", "\u{1D584}"=>"Y", "\u{1D585}"=>"Z", "\u{1D586}"=>"a", "\u{1D587}"=>"b", "\u{1D588}"=>"c", "\u{1D589}"=>"d",
-    "\u{1D58A}"=>"e", "\u{1D58B}"=>"f", "\u{1D58C}"=>"g", "\u{1D58D}"=>"h", "\u{1D58E}"=>"i", "\u{1D58F}"=>"j", "\u{1D590}"=>"k", "\u{1D591}"=>"l",
-    "\u{1D592}"=>"m", "\u{1D593}"=>"n", "\u{1D594}"=>"o", "\u{1D595}"=>"p", "\u{1D596}"=>"q", "\u{1D597}"=>"r", "\u{1D598}"=>"s", "\u{1D599}"=>"t",
-    "\u{1D59A}"=>"u", "\u{1D59B}"=>"v", "\u{1D59C}"=>"w", "\u{1D59D}"=>"x", "\u{1D59E}"=>"y", "\u{1D59F}"=>"z", "\u{1D5A0}"=>"A", "\u{1D5A1}"=>"B",
-    "\u{1D5A2}"=>"C", "\u{1D5A3}"=>"D", "\u{1D5A4}"=>"E", "\u{1D5A5}"=>"F", "\u{1D5A6}"=>"G", "\u{1D5A7}"=>"H", "\u{1D5A8}"=>"I", "\u{1D5A9}"=>"J",
-    "\u{1D5AA}"=>"K", "\u{1D5AB}"=>"L", "\u{1D5AC}"=>"M", "\u{1D5AD}"=>"N", "\u{1D5AE}"=>"O", "\u{1D5AF}"=>"P", "\u{1D5B0}"=>"Q", "\u{1D5B1}"=>"R",
-    "\u{1D5B2}"=>"S", "\u{1D5B3}"=>"T", "\u{1D5B4}"=>"U", "\u{1D5B5}"=>"V", "\u{1D5B6}"=>"W", "\u{1D5B7}"=>"X", "\u{1D5B8}"=>"Y", "\u{1D5B9}"=>"Z",
-    "\u{1D5BA}"=>"a", "\u{1D5BB}"=>"b", "\u{1D5BC}"=>"c", "\u{1D5BD}"=>"d", "\u{1D5BE}"=>"e", "\u{1D5BF}"=>"f", "\u{1D5C0}"=>"g", "\u{1D5C1}"=>"h",
-    "\u{1D5C2}"=>"i", "\u{1D5C3}"=>"j", "\u{1D5C4}"=>"k", "\u{1D5C5}"=>"l", "\u{1D5C6}"=>"m", "\u{1D5C7}"=>"n", "\u{1D5C8}"=>"o", "\u{1D5C9}"=>"p",
-    "\u{1D5CA}"=>"q", "\u{1D5CB}"=>"r", "\u{1D5CC}"=>"s", "\u{1D5CD}"=>"t", "\u{1D5CE}"=>"u", "\u{1D5CF}"=>"v", "\u{1D5D0}"=>"w", "\u{1D5D1}"=>"x",
-    "\u{1D5D2}"=>"y", "\u{1D5D3}"=>"z", "\u{1D5D4}"=>"A", "\u{1D5D5}"=>"B", "\u{1D5D6}"=>"C", "\u{1D5D7}"=>"D", "\u{1D5D8}"=>"E", "\u{1D5D9}"=>"F",
-    "\u{1D5DA}"=>"G", "\u{1D5DB}"=>"H", "\u{1D5DC}"=>"I", "\u{1D5DD}"=>"J", "\u{1D5DE}"=>"K", "\u{1D5DF}"=>"L", "\u{1D5E0}"=>"M", "\u{1D5E1}"=>"N",
-    "\u{1D5E2}"=>"O", "\u{1D5E3}"=>"P", "\u{1D5E4}"=>"Q", "\u{1D5E5}"=>"R", "\u{1D5E6}"=>"S", "\u{1D5E7}"=>"T", "\u{1D5E8}"=>"U", "\u{1D5E9}"=>"V",
-    "\u{1D5EA}"=>"W", "\u{1D5EB}"=>"X", "\u{1D5EC}"=>"Y", "\u{1D5ED}"=>"Z", "\u{1D5EE}"=>"a", "\u{1D5EF}"=>"b", "\u{1D5F0}"=>"c", "\u{1D5F1}"=>"d",
-    "\u{1D5F2}"=>"e", "\u{1D5F3}"=>"f", "\u{1D5F4}"=>"g", "\u{1D5F5}"=>"h", "\u{1D5F6}"=>"i", "\u{1D5F7}"=>"j", "\u{1D5F8}"=>"k", "\u{1D5F9}"=>"l",
-    "\u{1D5FA}"=>"m", "\u{1D5FB}"=>"n", "\u{1D5FC}"=>"o", "\u{1D5FD}"=>"p", "\u{1D5FE}"=>"q", "\u{1D5FF}"=>"r", "\u{1D600}"=>"s", "\u{1D601}"=>"t",
-    "\u{1D602}"=>"u", "\u{1D603}"=>"v", "\u{1D604}"=>"w", "\u{1D605}"=>"x", "\u{1D606}"=>"y", "\u{1D607}"=>"z", "\u{1D608}"=>"A", "\u{1D609}"=>"B",
-    "\u{1D60A}"=>"C", "\u{1D60B}"=>"D", "\u{1D60C}"=>"E", "\u{1D60D}"=>"F", "\u{1D60E}"=>"G", "\u{1D60F}"=>"H", "\u{1D610}"=>"I", "\u{1D611}"=>"J",
-    "\u{1D612}"=>"K", "\u{1D613}"=>"L", "\u{1D614}"=>"M", "\u{1D615}"=>"N", "\u{1D616}"=>"O", "\u{1D617}"=>"P", "\u{1D618}"=>"Q", "\u{1D619}"=>"R",
-    "\u{1D61A}"=>"S", "\u{1D61B}"=>"T", "\u{1D61C}"=>"U", "\u{1D61D}"=>"V", "\u{1D61E}"=>"W", "\u{1D61F}"=>"X", "\u{1D620}"=>"Y", "\u{1D621}"=>"Z",
-    "\u{1D622}"=>"a", "\u{1D623}"=>"b", "\u{1D624}"=>"c", "\u{1D625}"=>"d", "\u{1D626}"=>"e", "\u{1D627}"=>"f", "\u{1D628}"=>"g", "\u{1D629}"=>"h",
-    "\u{1D62A}"=>"i", "\u{1D62B}"=>"j", "\u{1D62C}"=>"k", "\u{1D62D}"=>"l", "\u{1D62E}"=>"m", "\u{1D62F}"=>"n", "\u{1D630}"=>"o", "\u{1D631}"=>"p",
-    "\u{1D632}"=>"q", "\u{1D633}"=>"r", "\u{1D634}"=>"s", "\u{1D635}"=>"t", "\u{1D636}"=>"u", "\u{1D637}"=>"v", "\u{1D638}"=>"w", "\u{1D639}"=>"x",
-    "\u{1D63A}"=>"y", "\u{1D63B}"=>"z", "\u{1D63C}"=>"A", "\u{1D63D}"=>"B", "\u{1D63E}"=>"C", "\u{1D63F}"=>"D", "\u{1D640}"=>"E", "\u{1D641}"=>"F",
-    "\u{1D642}"=>"G", "\u{1D643}"=>"H", "\u{1D644}"=>"I", "\u{1D645}"=>"J", "\u{1D646}"=>"K", "\u{1D647}"=>"L", "\u{1D648}"=>"M", "\u{1D649}"=>"N",
-    "\u{1D64A}"=>"O", "\u{1D64B}"=>"P", "\u{1D64C}"=>"Q", "\u{1D64D}"=>"R", "\u{1D64E}"=>"S", "\u{1D64F}"=>"T", "\u{1D650}"=>"U", "\u{1D651}"=>"V",
-    "\u{1D652}"=>"W", "\u{1D653}"=>"X", "\u{1D654}"=>"Y", "\u{1D655}"=>"Z", "\u{1D656}"=>"a", "\u{1D657}"=>"b", "\u{1D658}"=>"c", "\u{1D659}"=>"d",
-    "\u{1D65A}"=>"e", "\u{1D65B}"=>"f", "\u{1D65C}"=>"g", "\u{1D65D}"=>"h", "\u{1D65E}"=>"i", "\u{1D65F}"=>"j", "\u{1D660}"=>"k", "\u{1D661}"=>"l",
-    "\u{1D662}"=>"m", "\u{1D663}"=>"n", "\u{1D664}"=>"o", "\u{1D665}"=>"p", "\u{1D666}"=>"q", "\u{1D667}"=>"r", "\u{1D668}"=>"s", "\u{1D669}"=>"t",
-    "\u{1D66A}"=>"u", "\u{1D66B}"=>"v", "\u{1D66C}"=>"w", "\u{1D66D}"=>"x", "\u{1D66E}"=>"y", "\u{1D66F}"=>"z", "\u{1D670}"=>"A", "\u{1D671}"=>"B",
-    "\u{1D672}"=>"C", "\u{1D673}"=>"D", "\u{1D674}"=>"E", "\u{1D675}"=>"F", "\u{1D676}"=>"G", "\u{1D677}"=>"H", "\u{1D678}"=>"I", "\u{1D679}"=>"J",
-    "\u{1D67A}"=>"K", "\u{1D67B}"=>"L", "\u{1D67C}"=>"M", "\u{1D67D}"=>"N", "\u{1D67E}"=>"O", "\u{1D67F}"=>"P", "\u{1D680}"=>"Q", "\u{1D681}"=>"R",
-    "\u{1D682}"=>"S", "\u{1D683}"=>"T", "\u{1D684}"=>"U", "\u{1D685}"=>"V", "\u{1D686}"=>"W", "\u{1D687}"=>"X", "\u{1D688}"=>"Y", "\u{1D689}"=>"Z",
-    "\u{1D68A}"=>"a", "\u{1D68B}"=>"b", "\u{1D68C}"=>"c", "\u{1D68D}"=>"d", "\u{1D68E}"=>"e", "\u{1D68F}"=>"f", "\u{1D690}"=>"g", "\u{1D691}"=>"h",
-    "\u{1D692}"=>"i", "\u{1D693}"=>"j", "\u{1D694}"=>"k", "\u{1D695}"=>"l", "\u{1D696}"=>"m", "\u{1D697}"=>"n", "\u{1D698}"=>"o", "\u{1D699}"=>"p",
-    "\u{1D69A}"=>"q", "\u{1D69B}"=>"r", "\u{1D69C}"=>"s", "\u{1D69D}"=>"t", "\u{1D69E}"=>"u", "\u{1D69F}"=>"v", "\u{1D6A0}"=>"w", "\u{1D6A1}"=>"x",
-    "\u{1D6A2}"=>"y", "\u{1D6A3}"=>"z", "\u{1D6A4}"=>"\u0131", "\u{1D6A5}"=>"\u0237", "\u{1D6A8}"=>"\u0391", "\u{1D6A9}"=>"\u0392", "\u{1D6AA}"=>"\u0393", "\u{1D6AB}"=>"\u0394",
-    "\u{1D6AC}"=>"\u0395", "\u{1D6AD}"=>"\u0396", "\u{1D6AE}"=>"\u0397", "\u{1D6AF}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D6B0}"=>"\u0399", "\u{1D6B1}"=>"\u039A", "\u{1D6B2}"=>"\u039B", "\u{1D6B3}"=>"\u039C",
-    "\u{1D6B4}"=>"\u039D", "\u{1D6B5}"=>"\u039E", "\u{1D6B6}"=>"\u039F", "\u{1D6B7}"=>"\u03A0", "\u{1D6B8}"=>"\u03A1", "\u{1D6B9}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D6BA}"=>"\u03A3", "\u{1D6BB}"=>"\u03A4",
-    "\u{1D6BC}"=>"\u03A5", "\u{1D6BD}"=>"\u03A6", "\u{1D6BE}"=>"\u03A7", "\u{1D6BF}"=>"\u03A8", "\u{1D6C0}"=>"\u03A9", "\u{1D6C1}"=>"\u2207", "\u{1D6C2}"=>"\u03B1", "\u{1D6C3}"=>"\u03B2",
-    "\u{1D6C4}"=>"\u03B3", "\u{1D6C5}"=>"\u03B4", "\u{1D6C6}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D6C7}"=>"\u03B6", "\u{1D6C8}"=>"\u03B7", "\u{1D6C9}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D6CA}"=>"\u03B9", "\u{1D6CB}"=>"\u03BA",
-    "\u{1D6CC}"=>"\u03BB", "\u{1D6CD}"=>"\u03BC", "\u{1D6CE}"=>"\u03BD", "\u{1D6CF}"=>"\u03BE", "\u{1D6D0}"=>"\u03BF", "\u{1D6D1}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D6D2}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D6D3}"=>"\u03C2",
-    "\u{1D6D4}"=>"\u03C3", "\u{1D6D5}"=>"\u03C4", "\u{1D6D6}"=>"\u03C5", "\u{1D6D7}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D6D8}"=>"\u03C7", "\u{1D6D9}"=>"\u03C8", "\u{1D6DA}"=>"\u03C9", "\u{1D6DB}"=>"\u2202",
-    "\u{1D6DC}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D6DD}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D6DE}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D6DF}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D6E0}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D6E1}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D6E2}"=>"\u0391", "\u{1D6E3}"=>"\u0392",
-    "\u{1D6E4}"=>"\u0393", "\u{1D6E5}"=>"\u0394", "\u{1D6E6}"=>"\u0395", "\u{1D6E7}"=>"\u0396", "\u{1D6E8}"=>"\u0397", "\u{1D6E9}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D6EA}"=>"\u0399", "\u{1D6EB}"=>"\u039A",
-    "\u{1D6EC}"=>"\u039B", "\u{1D6ED}"=>"\u039C", "\u{1D6EE}"=>"\u039D", "\u{1D6EF}"=>"\u039E", "\u{1D6F0}"=>"\u039F", "\u{1D6F1}"=>"\u03A0", "\u{1D6F2}"=>"\u03A1", "\u{1D6F3}"=>"\u0398",
-    "\u{1D6F4}"=>"\u03A3", "\u{1D6F5}"=>"\u03A4", "\u{1D6F6}"=>"\u03A5", "\u{1D6F7}"=>"\u03A6", "\u{1D6F8}"=>"\u03A7", "\u{1D6F9}"=>"\u03A8", "\u{1D6FA}"=>"\u03A9", "\u{1D6FB}"=>"\u2207",
-    "\u{1D6FC}"=>"\u03B1", "\u{1D6FD}"=>"\u03B2", "\u{1D6FE}"=>"\u03B3", "\u{1D6FF}"=>"\u03B4", "\u{1D700}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D701}"=>"\u03B6", "\u{1D702}"=>"\u03B7", "\u{1D703}"=>"\u03B8",
-    "\u{1D704}"=>"\u03B9", "\u{1D705}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D706}"=>"\u03BB", "\u{1D707}"=>"\u03BC", "\u{1D708}"=>"\u03BD", "\u{1D709}"=>"\u03BE", "\u{1D70A}"=>"\u03BF", "\u{1D70B}"=>"\u03C0",
-    "\u{1D70C}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D70D}"=>"\u03C2", "\u{1D70E}"=>"\u03C3", "\u{1D70F}"=>"\u03C4", "\u{1D710}"=>"\u03C5", "\u{1D711}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D712}"=>"\u03C7", "\u{1D713}"=>"\u03C8",
-    "\u{1D714}"=>"\u03C9", "\u{1D715}"=>"\u2202", "\u{1D716}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D717}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D718}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D719}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D71A}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D71B}"=>"\u03C0",
-    "\u{1D71C}"=>"\u0391", "\u{1D71D}"=>"\u0392", "\u{1D71E}"=>"\u0393", "\u{1D71F}"=>"\u0394", "\u{1D720}"=>"\u0395", "\u{1D721}"=>"\u0396", "\u{1D722}"=>"\u0397", "\u{1D723}"=>"\u0398",
-    "\u{1D724}"=>"\u0399", "\u{1D725}"=>"\u039A", "\u{1D726}"=>"\u039B", "\u{1D727}"=>"\u039C", "\u{1D728}"=>"\u039D", "\u{1D729}"=>"\u039E", "\u{1D72A}"=>"\u039F", "\u{1D72B}"=>"\u03A0",
-    "\u{1D72C}"=>"\u03A1", "\u{1D72D}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D72E}"=>"\u03A3", "\u{1D72F}"=>"\u03A4", "\u{1D730}"=>"\u03A5", "\u{1D731}"=>"\u03A6", "\u{1D732}"=>"\u03A7", "\u{1D733}"=>"\u03A8",
-    "\u{1D734}"=>"\u03A9", "\u{1D735}"=>"\u2207", "\u{1D736}"=>"\u03B1", "\u{1D737}"=>"\u03B2", "\u{1D738}"=>"\u03B3", "\u{1D739}"=>"\u03B4", "\u{1D73A}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D73B}"=>"\u03B6",
-    "\u{1D73C}"=>"\u03B7", "\u{1D73D}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D73E}"=>"\u03B9", "\u{1D73F}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D740}"=>"\u03BB", "\u{1D741}"=>"\u03BC", "\u{1D742}"=>"\u03BD", "\u{1D743}"=>"\u03BE",
-    "\u{1D744}"=>"\u03BF", "\u{1D745}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D746}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D747}"=>"\u03C2", "\u{1D748}"=>"\u03C3", "\u{1D749}"=>"\u03C4", "\u{1D74A}"=>"\u03C5", "\u{1D74B}"=>"\u03C6",
-    "\u{1D74C}"=>"\u03C7", "\u{1D74D}"=>"\u03C8", "\u{1D74E}"=>"\u03C9", "\u{1D74F}"=>"\u2202", "\u{1D750}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D751}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D752}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D753}"=>"\u03C6",
-    "\u{1D754}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D755}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D756}"=>"\u0391", "\u{1D757}"=>"\u0392", "\u{1D758}"=>"\u0393", "\u{1D759}"=>"\u0394", "\u{1D75A}"=>"\u0395", "\u{1D75B}"=>"\u0396",
-    "\u{1D75C}"=>"\u0397", "\u{1D75D}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D75E}"=>"\u0399", "\u{1D75F}"=>"\u039A", "\u{1D760}"=>"\u039B", "\u{1D761}"=>"\u039C", "\u{1D762}"=>"\u039D", "\u{1D763}"=>"\u039E",
-    "\u{1D764}"=>"\u039F", "\u{1D765}"=>"\u03A0", "\u{1D766}"=>"\u03A1", "\u{1D767}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D768}"=>"\u03A3", "\u{1D769}"=>"\u03A4", "\u{1D76A}"=>"\u03A5", "\u{1D76B}"=>"\u03A6",
-    "\u{1D76C}"=>"\u03A7", "\u{1D76D}"=>"\u03A8", "\u{1D76E}"=>"\u03A9", "\u{1D76F}"=>"\u2207", "\u{1D770}"=>"\u03B1", "\u{1D771}"=>"\u03B2", "\u{1D772}"=>"\u03B3", "\u{1D773}"=>"\u03B4",
-    "\u{1D774}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D775}"=>"\u03B6", "\u{1D776}"=>"\u03B7", "\u{1D777}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D778}"=>"\u03B9", "\u{1D779}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D77A}"=>"\u03BB", "\u{1D77B}"=>"\u03BC",
-    "\u{1D77C}"=>"\u03BD", "\u{1D77D}"=>"\u03BE", "\u{1D77E}"=>"\u03BF", "\u{1D77F}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D780}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D781}"=>"\u03C2", "\u{1D782}"=>"\u03C3", "\u{1D783}"=>"\u03C4",
-    "\u{1D784}"=>"\u03C5", "\u{1D785}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D786}"=>"\u03C7", "\u{1D787}"=>"\u03C8", "\u{1D788}"=>"\u03C9", "\u{1D789}"=>"\u2202", "\u{1D78A}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D78B}"=>"\u03B8",
-    "\u{1D78C}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D78D}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D78E}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D78F}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D790}"=>"\u0391", "\u{1D791}"=>"\u0392", "\u{1D792}"=>"\u0393", "\u{1D793}"=>"\u0394",
-    "\u{1D794}"=>"\u0395", "\u{1D795}"=>"\u0396", "\u{1D796}"=>"\u0397", "\u{1D797}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D798}"=>"\u0399", "\u{1D799}"=>"\u039A", "\u{1D79A}"=>"\u039B", "\u{1D79B}"=>"\u039C",
-    "\u{1D79C}"=>"\u039D", "\u{1D79D}"=>"\u039E", "\u{1D79E}"=>"\u039F", "\u{1D79F}"=>"\u03A0", "\u{1D7A0}"=>"\u03A1", "\u{1D7A1}"=>"\u0398", "\u{1D7A2}"=>"\u03A3", "\u{1D7A3}"=>"\u03A4",
-    "\u{1D7A4}"=>"\u03A5", "\u{1D7A5}"=>"\u03A6", "\u{1D7A6}"=>"\u03A7", "\u{1D7A7}"=>"\u03A8", "\u{1D7A8}"=>"\u03A9", "\u{1D7A9}"=>"\u2207", "\u{1D7AA}"=>"\u03B1", "\u{1D7AB}"=>"\u03B2",
-    "\u{1D7AC}"=>"\u03B3", "\u{1D7AD}"=>"\u03B4", "\u{1D7AE}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D7AF}"=>"\u03B6", "\u{1D7B0}"=>"\u03B7", "\u{1D7B1}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D7B2}"=>"\u03B9", "\u{1D7B3}"=>"\u03BA",
-    "\u{1D7B4}"=>"\u03BB", "\u{1D7B5}"=>"\u03BC", "\u{1D7B6}"=>"\u03BD", "\u{1D7B7}"=>"\u03BE", "\u{1D7B8}"=>"\u03BF", "\u{1D7B9}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D7BA}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D7BB}"=>"\u03C2",
-    "\u{1D7BC}"=>"\u03C3", "\u{1D7BD}"=>"\u03C4", "\u{1D7BE}"=>"\u03C5", "\u{1D7BF}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D7C0}"=>"\u03C7", "\u{1D7C1}"=>"\u03C8", "\u{1D7C2}"=>"\u03C9", "\u{1D7C3}"=>"\u2202",
-    "\u{1D7C4}"=>"\u03B5", "\u{1D7C5}"=>"\u03B8", "\u{1D7C6}"=>"\u03BA", "\u{1D7C7}"=>"\u03C6", "\u{1D7C8}"=>"\u03C1", "\u{1D7C9}"=>"\u03C0", "\u{1D7CA}"=>"\u03DC", "\u{1D7CB}"=>"\u03DD",
-    "\u{1D7CE}"=>"0", "\u{1D7CF}"=>"1", "\u{1D7D0}"=>"2", "\u{1D7D1}"=>"3", "\u{1D7D2}"=>"4", "\u{1D7D3}"=>"5", "\u{1D7D4}"=>"6", "\u{1D7D5}"=>"7",
-    "\u{1D7D6}"=>"8", "\u{1D7D7}"=>"9", "\u{1D7D8}"=>"0", "\u{1D7D9}"=>"1", "\u{1D7DA}"=>"2", "\u{1D7DB}"=>"3", "\u{1D7DC}"=>"4", "\u{1D7DD}"=>"5",
-    "\u{1D7DE}"=>"6", "\u{1D7DF}"=>"7", "\u{1D7E0}"=>"8", "\u{1D7E1}"=>"9", "\u{1D7E2}"=>"0", "\u{1D7E3}"=>"1", "\u{1D7E4}"=>"2", "\u{1D7E5}"=>"3",
-    "\u{1D7E6}"=>"4", "\u{1D7E7}"=>"5", "\u{1D7E8}"=>"6", "\u{1D7E9}"=>"7", "\u{1D7EA}"=>"8", "\u{1D7EB}"=>"9", "\u{1D7EC}"=>"0", "\u{1D7ED}"=>"1",
-    "\u{1D7EE}"=>"2", "\u{1D7EF}"=>"3", "\u{1D7F0}"=>"4", "\u{1D7F1}"=>"5", "\u{1D7F2}"=>"6", "\u{1D7F3}"=>"7", "\u{1D7F4}"=>"8", "\u{1D7F5}"=>"9",
-    "\u{1D7F6}"=>"0", "\u{1D7F7}"=>"1", "\u{1D7F8}"=>"2", "\u{1D7F9}"=>"3", "\u{1D7FA}"=>"4", "\u{1D7FB}"=>"5", "\u{1D7FC}"=>"6", "\u{1D7FD}"=>"7",
-    "\u{1D7FE}"=>"8", "\u{1D7FF}"=>"9", "\u{1EE00}"=>"\u0627", "\u{1EE01}"=>"\u0628", "\u{1EE02}"=>"\u062C", "\u{1EE03}"=>"\u062F", "\u{1EE05}"=>"\u0648", "\u{1EE06}"=>"\u0632",
-    "\u{1EE07}"=>"\u062D", "\u{1EE08}"=>"\u0637", "\u{1EE09}"=>"\u064A", "\u{1EE0A}"=>"\u0643", "\u{1EE0B}"=>"\u0644", "\u{1EE0C}"=>"\u0645", "\u{1EE0D}"=>"\u0646", "\u{1EE0E}"=>"\u0633",
-    "\u{1EE0F}"=>"\u0639", "\u{1EE10}"=>"\u0641", "\u{1EE11}"=>"\u0635", "\u{1EE12}"=>"\u0642", "\u{1EE13}"=>"\u0631", "\u{1EE14}"=>"\u0634", "\u{1EE15}"=>"\u062A", "\u{1EE16}"=>"\u062B",
-    "\u{1EE17}"=>"\u062E", "\u{1EE18}"=>"\u0630", "\u{1EE19}"=>"\u0636", "\u{1EE1A}"=>"\u0638", "\u{1EE1B}"=>"\u063A", "\u{1EE1C}"=>"\u066E", "\u{1EE1D}"=>"\u06BA", "\u{1EE1E}"=>"\u06A1",
-    "\u{1EE1F}"=>"\u066F", "\u{1EE21}"=>"\u0628", "\u{1EE22}"=>"\u062C", "\u{1EE24}"=>"\u0647", "\u{1EE27}"=>"\u062D", "\u{1EE29}"=>"\u064A", "\u{1EE2A}"=>"\u0643", "\u{1EE2B}"=>"\u0644",
-    "\u{1EE2C}"=>"\u0645", "\u{1EE2D}"=>"\u0646", "\u{1EE2E}"=>"\u0633", "\u{1EE2F}"=>"\u0639", "\u{1EE30}"=>"\u0641", "\u{1EE31}"=>"\u0635", "\u{1EE32}"=>"\u0642", "\u{1EE34}"=>"\u0634",
-    "\u{1EE35}"=>"\u062A", "\u{1EE36}"=>"\u062B", "\u{1EE37}"=>"\u062E", "\u{1EE39}"=>"\u0636", "\u{1EE3B}"=>"\u063A", "\u{1EE42}"=>"\u062C", "\u{1EE47}"=>"\u062D", "\u{1EE49}"=>"\u064A",
-    "\u{1EE4B}"=>"\u0644", "\u{1EE4D}"=>"\u0646", "\u{1EE4E}"=>"\u0633", "\u{1EE4F}"=>"\u0639", "\u{1EE51}"=>"\u0635", "\u{1EE52}"=>"\u0642", "\u{1EE54}"=>"\u0634", "\u{1EE57}"=>"\u062E",
-    "\u{1EE59}"=>"\u0636", "\u{1EE5B}"=>"\u063A", "\u{1EE5D}"=>"\u06BA", "\u{1EE5F}"=>"\u066F", "\u{1EE61}"=>"\u0628", "\u{1EE62}"=>"\u062C", "\u{1EE64}"=>"\u0647", "\u{1EE67}"=>"\u062D",
-    "\u{1EE68}"=>"\u0637", "\u{1EE69}"=>"\u064A", "\u{1EE6A}"=>"\u0643", "\u{1EE6C}"=>"\u0645", "\u{1EE6D}"=>"\u0646", "\u{1EE6E}"=>"\u0633", "\u{1EE6F}"=>"\u0639", "\u{1EE70}"=>"\u0641",
-    "\u{1EE71}"=>"\u0635", "\u{1EE72}"=>"\u0642", "\u{1EE74}"=>"\u0634", "\u{1EE75}"=>"\u062A", "\u{1EE76}"=>"\u062B", "\u{1EE77}"=>"\u062E", "\u{1EE79}"=>"\u0636", "\u{1EE7A}"=>"\u0638",
-    "\u{1EE7B}"=>"\u063A", "\u{1EE7C}"=>"\u066E", "\u{1EE7E}"=>"\u06A1", "\u{1EE80}"=>"\u0627", "\u{1EE81}"=>"\u0628", "\u{1EE82}"=>"\u062C", "\u{1EE83}"=>"\u062F", "\u{1EE84}"=>"\u0647",
-    "\u{1EE85}"=>"\u0648", "\u{1EE86}"=>"\u0632", "\u{1EE87}"=>"\u062D", "\u{1EE88}"=>"\u0637", "\u{1EE89}"=>"\u064A", "\u{1EE8B}"=>"\u0644", "\u{1EE8C}"=>"\u0645", "\u{1EE8D}"=>"\u0646",
-    "\u{1EE8E}"=>"\u0633", "\u{1EE8F}"=>"\u0639", "\u{1EE90}"=>"\u0641", "\u{1EE91}"=>"\u0635", "\u{1EE92}"=>"\u0642", "\u{1EE93}"=>"\u0631", "\u{1EE94}"=>"\u0634", "\u{1EE95}"=>"\u062A",
-    "\u{1EE96}"=>"\u062B", "\u{1EE97}"=>"\u062E", "\u{1EE98}"=>"\u0630", "\u{1EE99}"=>"\u0636", "\u{1EE9A}"=>"\u0638", "\u{1EE9B}"=>"\u063A", "\u{1EEA1}"=>"\u0628", "\u{1EEA2}"=>"\u062C",
-    "\u{1EEA3}"=>"\u062F", "\u{1EEA5}"=>"\u0648", "\u{1EEA6}"=>"\u0632", "\u{1EEA7}"=>"\u062D", "\u{1EEA8}"=>"\u0637", "\u{1EEA9}"=>"\u064A", "\u{1EEAB}"=>"\u0644", "\u{1EEAC}"=>"\u0645",
-    "\u{1EEAD}"=>"\u0646", "\u{1EEAE}"=>"\u0633", "\u{1EEAF}"=>"\u0639", "\u{1EEB0}"=>"\u0641", "\u{1EEB1}"=>"\u0635", "\u{1EEB2}"=>"\u0642", "\u{1EEB3}"=>"\u0631", "\u{1EEB4}"=>"\u0634",
-    "\u{1EEB5}"=>"\u062A", "\u{1EEB6}"=>"\u062B", "\u{1EEB7}"=>"\u062E", "\u{1EEB8}"=>"\u0630", "\u{1EEB9}"=>"\u0636", "\u{1EEBA}"=>"\u0638", "\u{1EEBB}"=>"\u063A", "\u{1F100}"=>"0.",
-    "\u{1F101}"=>"0,", "\u{1F102}"=>"1,", "\u{1F103}"=>"2,", "\u{1F104}"=>"3,", "\u{1F105}"=>"4,", "\u{1F106}"=>"5,", "\u{1F107}"=>"6,", "\u{1F108}"=>"7,",
-    "\u{1F109}"=>"8,", "\u{1F10A}"=>"9,", "\u{1F110}"=>"(A)", "\u{1F111}"=>"(B)", "\u{1F112}"=>"(C)", "\u{1F113}"=>"(D)", "\u{1F114}"=>"(E)", "\u{1F115}"=>"(F)",
-    "\u{1F116}"=>"(G)", "\u{1F117}"=>"(H)", "\u{1F118}"=>"(I)", "\u{1F119}"=>"(J)", "\u{1F11A}"=>"(K)", "\u{1F11B}"=>"(L)", "\u{1F11C}"=>"(M)", "\u{1F11D}"=>"(N)",
-    "\u{1F11E}"=>"(O)", "\u{1F11F}"=>"(P)", "\u{1F120}"=>"(Q)", "\u{1F121}"=>"(R)", "\u{1F122}"=>"(S)", "\u{1F123}"=>"(T)", "\u{1F124}"=>"(U)", "\u{1F125}"=>"(V)",
-    "\u{1F126}"=>"(W)", "\u{1F127}"=>"(X)", "\u{1F128}"=>"(Y)", "\u{1F129}"=>"(Z)", "\u{1F12A}"=>"\u3014S\u3015", "\u{1F12B}"=>"C", "\u{1F12C}"=>"R", "\u{1F12D}"=>"CD",
-    "\u{1F12E}"=>"WZ", "\u{1F130}"=>"A", "\u{1F131}"=>"B", "\u{1F132}"=>"C", "\u{1F133}"=>"D", "\u{1F134}"=>"E", "\u{1F135}"=>"F", "\u{1F136}"=>"G",
-    "\u{1F137}"=>"H", "\u{1F138}"=>"I", "\u{1F139}"=>"J", "\u{1F13A}"=>"K", "\u{1F13B}"=>"L", "\u{1F13C}"=>"M", "\u{1F13D}"=>"N", "\u{1F13E}"=>"O",
-    "\u{1F13F}"=>"P", "\u{1F140}"=>"Q", "\u{1F141}"=>"R", "\u{1F142}"=>"S", "\u{1F143}"=>"T", "\u{1F144}"=>"U", "\u{1F145}"=>"V", "\u{1F146}"=>"W",
-    "\u{1F147}"=>"X", "\u{1F148}"=>"Y", "\u{1F149}"=>"Z", "\u{1F14A}"=>"HV", "\u{1F14B}"=>"MV", "\u{1F14C}"=>"SD", "\u{1F14D}"=>"SS", "\u{1F14E}"=>"PPV",
-    "\u{1F14F}"=>"WC", "\u{1F16A}"=>"MC", "\u{1F16B}"=>"MD", "\u{1F190}"=>"DJ", "\u{1F200}"=>"\u307B\u304B", "\u{1F201}"=>"\u30B3\u30B3", "\u{1F202}"=>"\u30B5", "\u{1F210}"=>"\u624B",
-    "\u{1F211}"=>"\u5B57", "\u{1F212}"=>"\u53CC", "\u{1F213}"=>"\u30C7", "\u{1F214}"=>"\u4E8C", "\u{1F215}"=>"\u591A", "\u{1F216}"=>"\u89E3", "\u{1F217}"=>"\u5929", "\u{1F218}"=>"\u4EA4",
-    "\u{1F219}"=>"\u6620", "\u{1F21A}"=>"\u7121", "\u{1F21B}"=>"\u6599", "\u{1F21C}"=>"\u524D", "\u{1F21D}"=>"\u5F8C", "\u{1F21E}"=>"\u518D", "\u{1F21F}"=>"\u65B0", "\u{1F220}"=>"\u521D",
-    "\u{1F221}"=>"\u7D42", "\u{1F222}"=>"\u751F", "\u{1F223}"=>"\u8CA9", "\u{1F224}"=>"\u58F0", "\u{1F225}"=>"\u5439", "\u{1F226}"=>"\u6F14", "\u{1F227}"=>"\u6295", "\u{1F228}"=>"\u6355",
-    "\u{1F229}"=>"\u4E00", "\u{1F22A}"=>"\u4E09", "\u{1F22B}"=>"\u904A", "\u{1F22C}"=>"\u5DE6", "\u{1F22D}"=>"\u4E2D", "\u{1F22E}"=>"\u53F3", "\u{1F22F}"=>"\u6307", "\u{1F230}"=>"\u8D70",
-    "\u{1F231}"=>"\u6253", "\u{1F232}"=>"\u7981", "\u{1F233}"=>"\u7A7A", "\u{1F234}"=>"\u5408", "\u{1F235}"=>"\u6E80", "\u{1F236}"=>"\u6709", "\u{1F237}"=>"\u6708", "\u{1F238}"=>"\u7533",
-    "\u{1F239}"=>"\u5272", "\u{1F23A}"=>"\u55B6", "\u{1F23B}"=>"\u914D", "\u{1F240}"=>"\u3014\u672C\u3015", "\u{1F241}"=>"\u3014\u4E09\u3015", "\u{1F242}"=>"\u3014\u4E8C\u3015", "\u{1F243}"=>"\u3014\u5B89\u3015", "\u{1F244}"=>"\u3014\u70B9\u3015",
-    "\u{1F245}"=>"\u3014\u6253\u3015", "\u{1F246}"=>"\u3014\u76D7\u3015", "\u{1F247}"=>"\u3014\u52DD\u3015", "\u{1F248}"=>"\u3014\u6557\u3015", "\u{1F250}"=>"\u5F97", "\u{1F251}"=>"\u53EF", "\u0385"=>" \u0308\u0301", "\u03D3"=>"\u03A5\u0301",
-    "\u03D4"=>"\u03A5\u0308", "\u1E9B"=>"s\u0307", "\u1FC1"=>" \u0308\u0342", "\u1FCD"=>" \u0313\u0300", "\u1FCE"=>" \u0313\u0301", "\u1FCF"=>" \u0313\u0342", "\u1FDD"=>" \u0314\u0300", "\u1FDE"=>" \u0314\u0301",
-    "\u1FDF"=>" \u0314\u0342", "\u1FED"=>" \u0308\u0300", "\u1FEE"=>" \u0308\u0301", "\u1FFD"=>" \u0301", "\u2000"=>" ", "\u2001"=>" ",
+    "\u00A0"=>" ",
+    "\u00A8"=>" \u0308",
+    "\u00AA"=>"a",
+    "\u00AF"=>" \u0304",
+    "\u00B2"=>"2",
+    "\u00B3"=>"3",
+    "\u00B4"=>" \u0301",
+    "\u00B5"=>"\u03BC",
+    "\u00B8"=>" \u0327",
+    "\u00B9"=>"1",
+    "\u00BA"=>"o",
+    "\u00BC"=>"1\u20444",
+    "\u00BD"=>"1\u20442",
+    "\u00BE"=>"3\u20444",
+    "\u0132"=>"IJ",
+    "\u0133"=>"ij",
+    "\u013F"=>"L\u00B7",
+    "\u0140"=>"l\u00B7",
+    "\u0149"=>"\u02BCn",
+    "\u017F"=>"s",
+    "\u01C4"=>"D\u017D",
+    "\u01C5"=>"D\u017E",
+    "\u01C6"=>"d\u017E",
+    "\u01C7"=>"LJ",
+    "\u01C8"=>"Lj",
+    "\u01C9"=>"lj",
+    "\u01CA"=>"NJ",
+    "\u01CB"=>"Nj",
+    "\u01CC"=>"nj",
+    "\u01F1"=>"DZ",
+    "\u01F2"=>"Dz",
+    "\u01F3"=>"dz",
+    "\u02B0"=>"h",
+    "\u02B1"=>"\u0266",
+    "\u02B2"=>"j",
+    "\u02B3"=>"r",
+    "\u02B4"=>"\u0279",
+    "\u02B5"=>"\u027B",
+    "\u02B6"=>"\u0281",
+    "\u02B7"=>"w",
+    "\u02B8"=>"y",
+    "\u02D8"=>" \u0306",
+    "\u02D9"=>" \u0307",
+    "\u02DA"=>" \u030A",
+    "\u02DB"=>" \u0328",
+    "\u02DC"=>" \u0303",
+    "\u02DD"=>" \u030B",
+    "\u02E0"=>"\u0263",
+    "\u02E1"=>"l",
+    "\u02E2"=>"s",
+    "\u02E3"=>"x",
+    "\u02E4"=>"\u0295",
+    "\u037A"=>" \u0345",
+    "\u0384"=>" \u0301",
+    "\u03D0"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u03D1"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u03D2"=>"\u03A5",
+    "\u03D5"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u03D6"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u03F0"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u03F1"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u03F2"=>"\u03C2",
+    "\u03F4"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u03F5"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u03F9"=>"\u03A3",
+    "\u0587"=>"\u0565\u0582",
+    "\u0675"=>"\u0627\u0674",
+    "\u0676"=>"\u0648\u0674",
+    "\u0677"=>"\u06C7\u0674",
+    "\u0678"=>"\u064A\u0674",
+    "\u0E33"=>"\u0E4D\u0E32",
+    "\u0EB3"=>"\u0ECD\u0EB2",
+    "\u0EDC"=>"\u0EAB\u0E99",
+    "\u0EDD"=>"\u0EAB\u0EA1",
+    "\u0F0C"=>"\u0F0B",
+    "\u0F77"=>"\u0FB2\u0F81",
+    "\u0F79"=>"\u0FB3\u0F81",
+    "\u10FC"=>"\u10DC",
+    "\u1D2C"=>"A",
+    "\u1D2D"=>"\u00C6",
+    "\u1D2E"=>"B",
+    "\u1D30"=>"D",
+    "\u1D31"=>"E",
+    "\u1D32"=>"\u018E",
+    "\u1D33"=>"G",
+    "\u1D34"=>"H",
+    "\u1D35"=>"I",
+    "\u1D36"=>"J",
+    "\u1D37"=>"K",
+    "\u1D38"=>"L",
+    "\u1D39"=>"M",
+    "\u1D3A"=>"N",
+    "\u1D3C"=>"O",
+    "\u1D3D"=>"\u0222",
+    "\u1D3E"=>"P",
+    "\u1D3F"=>"R",
+    "\u1D40"=>"T",
+    "\u1D41"=>"U",
+    "\u1D42"=>"W",
+    "\u1D43"=>"a",
+    "\u1D44"=>"\u0250",
+    "\u1D45"=>"\u0251",
+    "\u1D46"=>"\u1D02",
+    "\u1D47"=>"b",
+    "\u1D48"=>"d",
+    "\u1D49"=>"e",
+    "\u1D4A"=>"\u0259",
+    "\u1D4B"=>"\u025B",
+    "\u1D4C"=>"\u025C",
+    "\u1D4D"=>"g",
+    "\u1D4F"=>"k",
+    "\u1D50"=>"m",
+    "\u1D51"=>"\u014B",
+    "\u1D52"=>"o",
+    "\u1D53"=>"\u0254",
+    "\u1D54"=>"\u1D16",
+    "\u1D55"=>"\u1D17",
+    "\u1D56"=>"p",
+    "\u1D57"=>"t",
+    "\u1D58"=>"u",
+    "\u1D59"=>"\u1D1D",
+    "\u1D5A"=>"\u026F",
+    "\u1D5B"=>"v",
+    "\u1D5C"=>"\u1D25",
+    "\u1D5D"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u1D5E"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u1D5F"=>"\u03B4",
+    "\u1D60"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u1D61"=>"\u03C7",
+    "\u1D62"=>"i",
+    "\u1D63"=>"r",
+    "\u1D64"=>"u",
+    "\u1D65"=>"v",
+    "\u1D66"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u1D67"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u1D68"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u1D69"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u1D6A"=>"\u03C7",
+    "\u1D78"=>"\u043D",
+    "\u1D9B"=>"\u0252",
+    "\u1D9C"=>"c",
+    "\u1D9D"=>"\u0255",
+    "\u1D9E"=>"\u00F0",
+    "\u1D9F"=>"\u025C",
+    "\u1DA0"=>"f",
+    "\u1DA1"=>"\u025F",
+    "\u1DA2"=>"\u0261",
+    "\u1DA3"=>"\u0265",
+    "\u1DA4"=>"\u0268",
+    "\u1DA5"=>"\u0269",
+    "\u1DA6"=>"\u026A",
+    "\u1DA7"=>"\u1D7B",
+    "\u1DA8"=>"\u029D",
+    "\u1DA9"=>"\u026D",
+    "\u1DAA"=>"\u1D85",
+    "\u1DAB"=>"\u029F",
+    "\u1DAC"=>"\u0271",
+    "\u1DAD"=>"\u0270",
+    "\u1DAE"=>"\u0272",
+    "\u1DAF"=>"\u0273",
+    "\u1DB0"=>"\u0274",
+    "\u1DB1"=>"\u0275",
+    "\u1DB2"=>"\u0278",
+    "\u1DB3"=>"\u0282",
+    "\u1DB4"=>"\u0283",
+    "\u1DB5"=>"\u01AB",
+    "\u1DB6"=>"\u0289",
+    "\u1DB7"=>"\u028A",
+    "\u1DB8"=>"\u1D1C",
+    "\u1DB9"=>"\u028B",
+    "\u1DBA"=>"\u028C",
+    "\u1DBB"=>"z",
+    "\u1DBC"=>"\u0290",
+    "\u1DBD"=>"\u0291",
+    "\u1DBE"=>"\u0292",
+    "\u1DBF"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u1E9A"=>"a\u02BE",
+    "\u1FBD"=>" \u0313",
+    "\u1FBF"=>" \u0313",
+    "\u1FC0"=>" \u0342",
+    "\u1FFE"=>" \u0314",
+    "\u2002"=>" ",
+    "\u2003"=>" ",
+    "\u2004"=>" ",
+    "\u2005"=>" ",
+    "\u2006"=>" ",
+    "\u2007"=>" ",
+    "\u2008"=>" ",
+    "\u2009"=>" ",
+    "\u200A"=>" ",
+    "\u2011"=>"\u2010",
+    "\u2017"=>" \u0333",
+    "\u2024"=>".",
+    "\u2025"=>"..",
+    "\u2026"=>"...",
+    "\u202F"=>" ",
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+    "\u2034"=>"\u2032\u2032\u2032",
+    "\u2036"=>"\u2035\u2035",
+    "\u2037"=>"\u2035\u2035\u2035",
+    "\u203C"=>"!!",
+    "\u203E"=>" \u0305",
+    "\u2047"=>"??",
+    "\u2048"=>"?!",
+    "\u2049"=>"!?",
+    "\u2057"=>"\u2032\u2032\u2032\u2032",
+    "\u205F"=>" ",
+    "\u2070"=>"0",
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+    "\u2074"=>"4",
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+    "\u2076"=>"6",
+    "\u2077"=>"7",
+    "\u2078"=>"8",
+    "\u2079"=>"9",
+    "\u207A"=>"+",
+    "\u207B"=>"\u2212",
+    "\u207C"=>"=",
+    "\u207D"=>"(",
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+    "\u2086"=>"6",
+    "\u2087"=>"7",
+    "\u2088"=>"8",
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+    "\u208A"=>"+",
+    "\u208B"=>"\u2212",
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+    "\u2093"=>"x",
+    "\u2094"=>"\u0259",
+    "\u2095"=>"h",
+    "\u2096"=>"k",
+    "\u2097"=>"l",
+    "\u2098"=>"m",
+    "\u2099"=>"n",
+    "\u209A"=>"p",
+    "\u209B"=>"s",
+    "\u209C"=>"t",
+    "\u20A8"=>"Rs",
+    "\u2100"=>"a/c",
+    "\u2101"=>"a/s",
+    "\u2102"=>"C",
+    "\u2103"=>"\u00B0C",
+    "\u2105"=>"c/o",
+    "\u2106"=>"c/u",
+    "\u2107"=>"\u0190",
+    "\u2109"=>"\u00B0F",
+    "\u210A"=>"g",
+    "\u210B"=>"H",
+    "\u210C"=>"H",
+    "\u210D"=>"H",
+    "\u210E"=>"h",
+    "\u210F"=>"\u0127",
+    "\u2110"=>"I",
+    "\u2111"=>"I",
+    "\u2112"=>"L",
+    "\u2113"=>"l",
+    "\u2115"=>"N",
+    "\u2116"=>"No",
+    "\u2119"=>"P",
+    "\u211A"=>"Q",
+    "\u211B"=>"R",
+    "\u211C"=>"R",
+    "\u211D"=>"R",
+    "\u2120"=>"SM",
+    "\u2121"=>"TEL",
+    "\u2122"=>"TM",
+    "\u2124"=>"Z",
+    "\u2128"=>"Z",
+    "\u212C"=>"B",
+    "\u212D"=>"C",
+    "\u212F"=>"e",
+    "\u2130"=>"E",
+    "\u2131"=>"F",
+    "\u2133"=>"M",
+    "\u2134"=>"o",
+    "\u2135"=>"\u05D0",
+    "\u2136"=>"\u05D1",
+    "\u2137"=>"\u05D2",
+    "\u2138"=>"\u05D3",
+    "\u2139"=>"i",
+    "\u213B"=>"FAX",
+    "\u213C"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u213D"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u213E"=>"\u0393",
+    "\u213F"=>"\u03A0",
+    "\u2140"=>"\u2211",
+    "\u2145"=>"D",
+    "\u2146"=>"d",
+    "\u2147"=>"e",
+    "\u2148"=>"i",
+    "\u2149"=>"j",
+    "\u2150"=>"1\u20447",
+    "\u2151"=>"1\u20449",
+    "\u2152"=>"1\u204410",
+    "\u2153"=>"1\u20443",
+    "\u2154"=>"2\u20443",
+    "\u2155"=>"1\u20445",
+    "\u2156"=>"2\u20445",
+    "\u2157"=>"3\u20445",
+    "\u2158"=>"4\u20445",
+    "\u2159"=>"1\u20446",
+    "\u215A"=>"5\u20446",
+    "\u215B"=>"1\u20448",
+    "\u215C"=>"3\u20448",
+    "\u215D"=>"5\u20448",
+    "\u215E"=>"7\u20448",
+    "\u215F"=>"1\u2044",
+    "\u2160"=>"I",
+    "\u2161"=>"II",
+    "\u2162"=>"III",
+    "\u2163"=>"IV",
+    "\u2164"=>"V",
+    "\u2165"=>"VI",
+    "\u2166"=>"VII",
+    "\u2167"=>"VIII",
+    "\u2168"=>"IX",
+    "\u2169"=>"X",
+    "\u216A"=>"XI",
+    "\u216B"=>"XII",
+    "\u216C"=>"L",
+    "\u216D"=>"C",
+    "\u216E"=>"D",
+    "\u216F"=>"M",
+    "\u2170"=>"i",
+    "\u2171"=>"ii",
+    "\u2172"=>"iii",
+    "\u2173"=>"iv",
+    "\u2174"=>"v",
+    "\u2175"=>"vi",
+    "\u2176"=>"vii",
+    "\u2177"=>"viii",
+    "\u2178"=>"ix",
+    "\u2179"=>"x",
+    "\u217A"=>"xi",
+    "\u217B"=>"xii",
+    "\u217C"=>"l",
+    "\u217D"=>"c",
+    "\u217E"=>"d",
+    "\u217F"=>"m",
+    "\u2189"=>"0\u20443",
+    "\u222C"=>"\u222B\u222B",
+    "\u222D"=>"\u222B\u222B\u222B",
+    "\u222F"=>"\u222E\u222E",
+    "\u2230"=>"\u222E\u222E\u222E",
+    "\u2460"=>"1",
+    "\u2461"=>"2",
+    "\u2462"=>"3",
+    "\u2463"=>"4",
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+    "\u246C"=>"13",
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+    "\u2470"=>"17",
+    "\u2471"=>"18",
+    "\u2472"=>"19",
+    "\u2473"=>"20",
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+    "\u2475"=>"(2)",
+    "\u2476"=>"(3)",
+    "\u2477"=>"(4)",
+    "\u2478"=>"(5)",
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+    "\u247A"=>"(7)",
+    "\u247B"=>"(8)",
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+    "\u2486"=>"(19)",
+    "\u2487"=>"(20)",
+    "\u2488"=>"1.",
+    "\u2489"=>"2.",
+    "\u248A"=>"3.",
+    "\u248B"=>"4.",
+    "\u248C"=>"5.",
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+    "\u249D"=>"(b)",
+    "\u249E"=>"(c)",
+    "\u249F"=>"(d)",
+    "\u24A0"=>"(e)",
+    "\u24A1"=>"(f)",
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+    "\u24A5"=>"(j)",
+    "\u24A6"=>"(k)",
+    "\u24A7"=>"(l)",
+    "\u24A8"=>"(m)",
+    "\u24A9"=>"(n)",
+    "\u24AA"=>"(o)",
+    "\u24AB"=>"(p)",
+    "\u24AC"=>"(q)",
+    "\u24AD"=>"(r)",
+    "\u24AE"=>"(s)",
+    "\u24AF"=>"(t)",
+    "\u24B0"=>"(u)",
+    "\u24B1"=>"(v)",
+    "\u24B2"=>"(w)",
+    "\u24B3"=>"(x)",
+    "\u24B4"=>"(y)",
+    "\u24B5"=>"(z)",
+    "\u24B6"=>"A",
+    "\u24B7"=>"B",
+    "\u24B8"=>"C",
+    "\u24B9"=>"D",
+    "\u24BA"=>"E",
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+    "\u24BC"=>"G",
+    "\u24BD"=>"H",
+    "\u24BE"=>"I",
+    "\u24BF"=>"J",
+    "\u24C0"=>"K",
+    "\u24C1"=>"L",
+    "\u24C2"=>"M",
+    "\u24C3"=>"N",
+    "\u24C4"=>"O",
+    "\u24C5"=>"P",
+    "\u24C6"=>"Q",
+    "\u24C7"=>"R",
+    "\u24C8"=>"S",
+    "\u24C9"=>"T",
+    "\u24CA"=>"U",
+    "\u24CB"=>"V",
+    "\u24CC"=>"W",
+    "\u24CD"=>"X",
+    "\u24CE"=>"Y",
+    "\u24CF"=>"Z",
+    "\u24D0"=>"a",
+    "\u24D1"=>"b",
+    "\u24D2"=>"c",
+    "\u24D3"=>"d",
+    "\u24D4"=>"e",
+    "\u24D5"=>"f",
+    "\u24D6"=>"g",
+    "\u24D7"=>"h",
+    "\u24D8"=>"i",
+    "\u24D9"=>"j",
+    "\u24DA"=>"k",
+    "\u24DB"=>"l",
+    "\u24DC"=>"m",
+    "\u24DD"=>"n",
+    "\u24DE"=>"o",
+    "\u24DF"=>"p",
+    "\u24E0"=>"q",
+    "\u24E1"=>"r",
+    "\u24E2"=>"s",
+    "\u24E3"=>"t",
+    "\u24E4"=>"u",
+    "\u24E5"=>"v",
+    "\u24E6"=>"w",
+    "\u24E7"=>"x",
+    "\u24E8"=>"y",
+    "\u24E9"=>"z",
+    "\u24EA"=>"0",
+    "\u2A0C"=>"\u222B\u222B\u222B\u222B",
+    "\u2A74"=>"::=",
+    "\u2A75"=>"==",
+    "\u2A76"=>"===",
+    "\u2C7C"=>"j",
+    "\u2C7D"=>"V",
+    "\u2D6F"=>"\u2D61",
+    "\u2E9F"=>"\u6BCD",
+    "\u2EF3"=>"\u9F9F",
+    "\u2F00"=>"\u4E00",
+    "\u2F01"=>"\u4E28",
+    "\u2F02"=>"\u4E36",
+    "\u2F03"=>"\u4E3F",
+    "\u2F04"=>"\u4E59",
+    "\u2F05"=>"\u4E85",
+    "\u2F06"=>"\u4E8C",
+    "\u2F07"=>"\u4EA0",
+    "\u2F08"=>"\u4EBA",
+    "\u2F09"=>"\u513F",
+    "\u2F0A"=>"\u5165",
+    "\u2F0B"=>"\u516B",
+    "\u2F0C"=>"\u5182",
+    "\u2F0D"=>"\u5196",
+    "\u2F0E"=>"\u51AB",
+    "\u2F0F"=>"\u51E0",
+    "\u2F10"=>"\u51F5",
+    "\u2F11"=>"\u5200",
+    "\u2F12"=>"\u529B",
+    "\u2F13"=>"\u52F9",
+    "\u2F14"=>"\u5315",
+    "\u2F15"=>"\u531A",
+    "\u2F16"=>"\u5338",
+    "\u2F17"=>"\u5341",
+    "\u2F18"=>"\u535C",
+    "\u2F19"=>"\u5369",
+    "\u2F1A"=>"\u5382",
+    "\u2F1B"=>"\u53B6",
+    "\u2F1C"=>"\u53C8",
+    "\u2F1D"=>"\u53E3",
+    "\u2F1E"=>"\u56D7",
+    "\u2F1F"=>"\u571F",
+    "\u2F20"=>"\u58EB",
+    "\u2F21"=>"\u5902",
+    "\u2F22"=>"\u590A",
+    "\u2F23"=>"\u5915",
+    "\u2F24"=>"\u5927",
+    "\u2F25"=>"\u5973",
+    "\u2F26"=>"\u5B50",
+    "\u2F27"=>"\u5B80",
+    "\u2F28"=>"\u5BF8",
+    "\u2F29"=>"\u5C0F",
+    "\u2F2A"=>"\u5C22",
+    "\u2F2B"=>"\u5C38",
+    "\u2F2C"=>"\u5C6E",
+    "\u2F2D"=>"\u5C71",
+    "\u2F2E"=>"\u5DDB",
+    "\u2F2F"=>"\u5DE5",
+    "\u2F30"=>"\u5DF1",
+    "\u2F31"=>"\u5DFE",
+    "\u2F32"=>"\u5E72",
+    "\u2F33"=>"\u5E7A",
+    "\u2F34"=>"\u5E7F",
+    "\u2F35"=>"\u5EF4",
+    "\u2F36"=>"\u5EFE",
+    "\u2F37"=>"\u5F0B",
+    "\u2F38"=>"\u5F13",
+    "\u2F39"=>"\u5F50",
+    "\u2F3A"=>"\u5F61",
+    "\u2F3B"=>"\u5F73",
+    "\u2F3C"=>"\u5FC3",
+    "\u2F3D"=>"\u6208",
+    "\u2F3E"=>"\u6236",
+    "\u2F3F"=>"\u624B",
+    "\u2F40"=>"\u652F",
+    "\u2F41"=>"\u6534",
+    "\u2F42"=>"\u6587",
+    "\u2F43"=>"\u6597",
+    "\u2F44"=>"\u65A4",
+    "\u2F45"=>"\u65B9",
+    "\u2F46"=>"\u65E0",
+    "\u2F47"=>"\u65E5",
+    "\u2F48"=>"\u66F0",
+    "\u2F49"=>"\u6708",
+    "\u2F4A"=>"\u6728",
+    "\u2F4B"=>"\u6B20",
+    "\u2F4C"=>"\u6B62",
+    "\u2F4D"=>"\u6B79",
+    "\u2F4E"=>"\u6BB3",
+    "\u2F4F"=>"\u6BCB",
+    "\u2F50"=>"\u6BD4",
+    "\u2F51"=>"\u6BDB",
+    "\u2F52"=>"\u6C0F",
+    "\u2F53"=>"\u6C14",
+    "\u2F54"=>"\u6C34",
+    "\u2F55"=>"\u706B",
+    "\u2F56"=>"\u722A",
+    "\u2F57"=>"\u7236",
+    "\u2F58"=>"\u723B",
+    "\u2F59"=>"\u723F",
+    "\u2F5A"=>"\u7247",
+    "\u2F5B"=>"\u7259",
+    "\u2F5C"=>"\u725B",
+    "\u2F5D"=>"\u72AC",
+    "\u2F5E"=>"\u7384",
+    "\u2F5F"=>"\u7389",
+    "\u2F60"=>"\u74DC",
+    "\u2F61"=>"\u74E6",
+    "\u2F62"=>"\u7518",
+    "\u2F63"=>"\u751F",
+    "\u2F64"=>"\u7528",
+    "\u2F65"=>"\u7530",
+    "\u2F66"=>"\u758B",
+    "\u2F67"=>"\u7592",
+    "\u2F68"=>"\u7676",
+    "\u2F69"=>"\u767D",
+    "\u2F6A"=>"\u76AE",
+    "\u2F6B"=>"\u76BF",
+    "\u2F6C"=>"\u76EE",
+    "\u2F6D"=>"\u77DB",
+    "\u2F6E"=>"\u77E2",
+    "\u2F6F"=>"\u77F3",
+    "\u2F70"=>"\u793A",
+    "\u2F71"=>"\u79B8",
+    "\u2F72"=>"\u79BE",
+    "\u2F73"=>"\u7A74",
+    "\u2F74"=>"\u7ACB",
+    "\u2F75"=>"\u7AF9",
+    "\u2F76"=>"\u7C73",
+    "\u2F77"=>"\u7CF8",
+    "\u2F78"=>"\u7F36",
+    "\u2F79"=>"\u7F51",
+    "\u2F7A"=>"\u7F8A",
+    "\u2F7B"=>"\u7FBD",
+    "\u2F7C"=>"\u8001",
+    "\u2F7D"=>"\u800C",
+    "\u2F7E"=>"\u8012",
+    "\u2F7F"=>"\u8033",
+    "\u2F80"=>"\u807F",
+    "\u2F81"=>"\u8089",
+    "\u2F82"=>"\u81E3",
+    "\u2F83"=>"\u81EA",
+    "\u2F84"=>"\u81F3",
+    "\u2F85"=>"\u81FC",
+    "\u2F86"=>"\u820C",
+    "\u2F87"=>"\u821B",
+    "\u2F88"=>"\u821F",
+    "\u2F89"=>"\u826E",
+    "\u2F8A"=>"\u8272",
+    "\u2F8B"=>"\u8278",
+    "\u2F8C"=>"\u864D",
+    "\u2F8D"=>"\u866B",
+    "\u2F8E"=>"\u8840",
+    "\u2F8F"=>"\u884C",
+    "\u2F90"=>"\u8863",
+    "\u2F91"=>"\u897E",
+    "\u2F92"=>"\u898B",
+    "\u2F93"=>"\u89D2",
+    "\u2F94"=>"\u8A00",
+    "\u2F95"=>"\u8C37",
+    "\u2F96"=>"\u8C46",
+    "\u2F97"=>"\u8C55",
+    "\u2F98"=>"\u8C78",
+    "\u2F99"=>"\u8C9D",
+    "\u2F9A"=>"\u8D64",
+    "\u2F9B"=>"\u8D70",
+    "\u2F9C"=>"\u8DB3",
+    "\u2F9D"=>"\u8EAB",
+    "\u2F9E"=>"\u8ECA",
+    "\u2F9F"=>"\u8F9B",
+    "\u2FA0"=>"\u8FB0",
+    "\u2FA1"=>"\u8FB5",
+    "\u2FA2"=>"\u9091",
+    "\u2FA3"=>"\u9149",
+    "\u2FA4"=>"\u91C6",
+    "\u2FA5"=>"\u91CC",
+    "\u2FA6"=>"\u91D1",
+    "\u2FA7"=>"\u9577",
+    "\u2FA8"=>"\u9580",
+    "\u2FA9"=>"\u961C",
+    "\u2FAA"=>"\u96B6",
+    "\u2FAB"=>"\u96B9",
+    "\u2FAC"=>"\u96E8",
+    "\u2FAD"=>"\u9751",
+    "\u2FAE"=>"\u975E",
+    "\u2FAF"=>"\u9762",
+    "\u2FB0"=>"\u9769",
+    "\u2FB1"=>"\u97CB",
+    "\u2FB2"=>"\u97ED",
+    "\u2FB3"=>"\u97F3",
+    "\u2FB4"=>"\u9801",
+    "\u2FB5"=>"\u98A8",
+    "\u2FB6"=>"\u98DB",
+    "\u2FB7"=>"\u98DF",
+    "\u2FB8"=>"\u9996",
+    "\u2FB9"=>"\u9999",
+    "\u2FBA"=>"\u99AC",
+    "\u2FBB"=>"\u9AA8",
+    "\u2FBC"=>"\u9AD8",
+    "\u2FBD"=>"\u9ADF",
+    "\u2FBE"=>"\u9B25",
+    "\u2FBF"=>"\u9B2F",
+    "\u2FC0"=>"\u9B32",
+    "\u2FC1"=>"\u9B3C",
+    "\u2FC2"=>"\u9B5A",
+    "\u2FC3"=>"\u9CE5",
+    "\u2FC4"=>"\u9E75",
+    "\u2FC5"=>"\u9E7F",
+    "\u2FC6"=>"\u9EA5",
+    "\u2FC7"=>"\u9EBB",
+    "\u2FC8"=>"\u9EC3",
+    "\u2FC9"=>"\u9ECD",
+    "\u2FCA"=>"\u9ED1",
+    "\u2FCB"=>"\u9EF9",
+    "\u2FCC"=>"\u9EFD",
+    "\u2FCD"=>"\u9F0E",
+    "\u2FCE"=>"\u9F13",
+    "\u2FCF"=>"\u9F20",
+    "\u2FD0"=>"\u9F3B",
+    "\u2FD1"=>"\u9F4A",
+    "\u2FD2"=>"\u9F52",
+    "\u2FD3"=>"\u9F8D",
+    "\u2FD4"=>"\u9F9C",
+    "\u2FD5"=>"\u9FA0",
+    "\u3000"=>" ",
+    "\u3036"=>"\u3012",
+    "\u3038"=>"\u5341",
+    "\u3039"=>"\u5344",
+    "\u303A"=>"\u5345",
+    "\u309B"=>" \u3099",
+    "\u309C"=>" \u309A",
+    "\u309F"=>"\u3088\u308A",
+    "\u30FF"=>"\u30B3\u30C8",
+    "\u3131"=>"\u1100",
+    "\u3132"=>"\u1101",
+    "\u3133"=>"\u11AA",
+    "\u3134"=>"\u1102",
+    "\u3135"=>"\u11AC",
+    "\u3136"=>"\u11AD",
+    "\u3137"=>"\u1103",
+    "\u3138"=>"\u1104",
+    "\u3139"=>"\u1105",
+    "\u313A"=>"\u11B0",
+    "\u313B"=>"\u11B1",
+    "\u313C"=>"\u11B2",
+    "\u313D"=>"\u11B3",
+    "\u313E"=>"\u11B4",
+    "\u313F"=>"\u11B5",
+    "\u3140"=>"\u111A",
+    "\u3141"=>"\u1106",
+    "\u3142"=>"\u1107",
+    "\u3143"=>"\u1108",
+    "\u3144"=>"\u1121",
+    "\u3145"=>"\u1109",
+    "\u3146"=>"\u110A",
+    "\u3147"=>"\u110B",
+    "\u3148"=>"\u110C",
+    "\u3149"=>"\u110D",
+    "\u314A"=>"\u110E",
+    "\u314B"=>"\u110F",
+    "\u314C"=>"\u1110",
+    "\u314D"=>"\u1111",
+    "\u314E"=>"\u1112",
+    "\u314F"=>"\u1161",
+    "\u3150"=>"\u1162",
+    "\u3151"=>"\u1163",
+    "\u3152"=>"\u1164",
+    "\u3153"=>"\u1165",
+    "\u3154"=>"\u1166",
+    "\u3155"=>"\u1167",
+    "\u3156"=>"\u1168",
+    "\u3157"=>"\u1169",
+    "\u3158"=>"\u116A",
+    "\u3159"=>"\u116B",
+    "\u315A"=>"\u116C",
+    "\u315B"=>"\u116D",
+    "\u315C"=>"\u116E",
+    "\u315D"=>"\u116F",
+    "\u315E"=>"\u1170",
+    "\u315F"=>"\u1171",
+    "\u3160"=>"\u1172",
+    "\u3161"=>"\u1173",
+    "\u3162"=>"\u1174",
+    "\u3163"=>"\u1175",
+    "\u3164"=>"\u1160",
+    "\u3165"=>"\u1114",
+    "\u3166"=>"\u1115",
+    "\u3167"=>"\u11C7",
+    "\u3168"=>"\u11C8",
+    "\u3169"=>"\u11CC",
+    "\u316A"=>"\u11CE",
+    "\u316B"=>"\u11D3",
+    "\u316C"=>"\u11D7",
+    "\u316D"=>"\u11D9",
+    "\u316E"=>"\u111C",
+    "\u316F"=>"\u11DD",
+    "\u3170"=>"\u11DF",
+    "\u3171"=>"\u111D",
+    "\u3172"=>"\u111E",
+    "\u3173"=>"\u1120",
+    "\u3174"=>"\u1122",
+    "\u3175"=>"\u1123",
+    "\u3176"=>"\u1127",
+    "\u3177"=>"\u1129",
+    "\u3178"=>"\u112B",
+    "\u3179"=>"\u112C",
+    "\u317A"=>"\u112D",
+    "\u317B"=>"\u112E",
+    "\u317C"=>"\u112F",
+    "\u317D"=>"\u1132",
+    "\u317E"=>"\u1136",
+    "\u317F"=>"\u1140",
+    "\u3180"=>"\u1147",
+    "\u3181"=>"\u114C",
+    "\u3182"=>"\u11F1",
+    "\u3183"=>"\u11F2",
+    "\u3184"=>"\u1157",
+    "\u3185"=>"\u1158",
+    "\u3186"=>"\u1159",
+    "\u3187"=>"\u1184",
+    "\u3188"=>"\u1185",
+    "\u3189"=>"\u1188",
+    "\u318A"=>"\u1191",
+    "\u318B"=>"\u1192",
+    "\u318C"=>"\u1194",
+    "\u318D"=>"\u119E",
+    "\u318E"=>"\u11A1",
+    "\u3192"=>"\u4E00",
+    "\u3193"=>"\u4E8C",
+    "\u3194"=>"\u4E09",
+    "\u3195"=>"\u56DB",
+    "\u3196"=>"\u4E0A",
+    "\u3197"=>"\u4E2D",
+    "\u3198"=>"\u4E0B",
+    "\u3199"=>"\u7532",
+    "\u319A"=>"\u4E59",
+    "\u319B"=>"\u4E19",
+    "\u319C"=>"\u4E01",
+    "\u319D"=>"\u5929",
+    "\u319E"=>"\u5730",
+    "\u319F"=>"\u4EBA",
+    "\u3200"=>"(\u1100)",
+    "\u3201"=>"(\u1102)",
+    "\u3202"=>"(\u1103)",
+    "\u3203"=>"(\u1105)",
+    "\u3204"=>"(\u1106)",
+    "\u3205"=>"(\u1107)",
+    "\u3206"=>"(\u1109)",
+    "\u3207"=>"(\u110B)",
+    "\u3208"=>"(\u110C)",
+    "\u3209"=>"(\u110E)",
+    "\u320A"=>"(\u110F)",
+    "\u320B"=>"(\u1110)",
+    "\u320C"=>"(\u1111)",
+    "\u320D"=>"(\u1112)",
+    "\u320E"=>"(\u1100\u1161)",
+    "\u320F"=>"(\u1102\u1161)",
+    "\u3210"=>"(\u1103\u1161)",
+    "\u3211"=>"(\u1105\u1161)",
+    "\u3212"=>"(\u1106\u1161)",
+    "\u3213"=>"(\u1107\u1161)",
+    "\u3214"=>"(\u1109\u1161)",
+    "\u3215"=>"(\u110B\u1161)",
+    "\u3216"=>"(\u110C\u1161)",
+    "\u3217"=>"(\u110E\u1161)",
+    "\u3218"=>"(\u110F\u1161)",
+    "\u3219"=>"(\u1110\u1161)",
+    "\u321A"=>"(\u1111\u1161)",
+    "\u321B"=>"(\u1112\u1161)",
+    "\u321C"=>"(\u110C\u116E)",
+    "\u321D"=>"(\u110B\u1169\u110C\u1165\u11AB)",
+    "\u321E"=>"(\u110B\u1169\u1112\u116E)",
+    "\u3220"=>"(\u4E00)",
+    "\u3221"=>"(\u4E8C)",
+    "\u3222"=>"(\u4E09)",
+    "\u3223"=>"(\u56DB)",
+    "\u3224"=>"(\u4E94)",
+    "\u3225"=>"(\u516D)",
+    "\u3226"=>"(\u4E03)",
+    "\u3227"=>"(\u516B)",
+    "\u3228"=>"(\u4E5D)",
+    "\u3229"=>"(\u5341)",
+    "\u322A"=>"(\u6708)",
+    "\u322B"=>"(\u706B)",
+    "\u322C"=>"(\u6C34)",
+    "\u322D"=>"(\u6728)",
+    "\u322E"=>"(\u91D1)",
+    "\u322F"=>"(\u571F)",
+    "\u3230"=>"(\u65E5)",
+    "\u3231"=>"(\u682A)",
+    "\u3232"=>"(\u6709)",
+    "\u3233"=>"(\u793E)",
+    "\u3234"=>"(\u540D)",
+    "\u3235"=>"(\u7279)",
+    "\u3236"=>"(\u8CA1)",
+    "\u3237"=>"(\u795D)",
+    "\u3238"=>"(\u52B4)",
+    "\u3239"=>"(\u4EE3)",
+    "\u323A"=>"(\u547C)",
+    "\u323B"=>"(\u5B66)",
+    "\u323C"=>"(\u76E3)",
+    "\u323D"=>"(\u4F01)",
+    "\u323E"=>"(\u8CC7)",
+    "\u323F"=>"(\u5354)",
+    "\u3240"=>"(\u796D)",
+    "\u3241"=>"(\u4F11)",
+    "\u3242"=>"(\u81EA)",
+    "\u3243"=>"(\u81F3)",
+    "\u3244"=>"\u554F",
+    "\u3245"=>"\u5E7C",
+    "\u3246"=>"\u6587",
+    "\u3247"=>"\u7B8F",
+    "\u3250"=>"PTE",
+    "\u3251"=>"21",
+    "\u3252"=>"22",
+    "\u3253"=>"23",
+    "\u3254"=>"24",
+    "\u3255"=>"25",
+    "\u3256"=>"26",
+    "\u3257"=>"27",
+    "\u3258"=>"28",
+    "\u3259"=>"29",
+    "\u325A"=>"30",
+    "\u325B"=>"31",
+    "\u325C"=>"32",
+    "\u325D"=>"33",
+    "\u325E"=>"34",
+    "\u325F"=>"35",
+    "\u3260"=>"\u1100",
+    "\u3261"=>"\u1102",
+    "\u3262"=>"\u1103",
+    "\u3263"=>"\u1105",
+    "\u3264"=>"\u1106",
+    "\u3265"=>"\u1107",
+    "\u3266"=>"\u1109",
+    "\u3267"=>"\u110B",
+    "\u3268"=>"\u110C",
+    "\u3269"=>"\u110E",
+    "\u326A"=>"\u110F",
+    "\u326B"=>"\u1110",
+    "\u326C"=>"\u1111",
+    "\u326D"=>"\u1112",
+    "\u326E"=>"\u1100\u1161",
+    "\u326F"=>"\u1102\u1161",
+    "\u3270"=>"\u1103\u1161",
+    "\u3271"=>"\u1105\u1161",
+    "\u3272"=>"\u1106\u1161",
+    "\u3273"=>"\u1107\u1161",
+    "\u3274"=>"\u1109\u1161",
+    "\u3275"=>"\u110B\u1161",
+    "\u3276"=>"\u110C\u1161",
+    "\u3277"=>"\u110E\u1161",
+    "\u3278"=>"\u110F\u1161",
+    "\u3279"=>"\u1110\u1161",
+    "\u327A"=>"\u1111\u1161",
+    "\u327B"=>"\u1112\u1161",
+    "\u327C"=>"\u110E\u1161\u11B7\u1100\u1169",
+    "\u327D"=>"\u110C\u116E\u110B\u1174",
+    "\u327E"=>"\u110B\u116E",
+    "\u3280"=>"\u4E00",
+    "\u3281"=>"\u4E8C",
+    "\u3282"=>"\u4E09",
+    "\u3283"=>"\u56DB",
+    "\u3284"=>"\u4E94",
+    "\u3285"=>"\u516D",
+    "\u3286"=>"\u4E03",
+    "\u3287"=>"\u516B",
+    "\u3288"=>"\u4E5D",
+    "\u3289"=>"\u5341",
+    "\u328A"=>"\u6708",
+    "\u328B"=>"\u706B",
+    "\u328C"=>"\u6C34",
+    "\u328D"=>"\u6728",
+    "\u328E"=>"\u91D1",
+    "\u328F"=>"\u571F",
+    "\u3290"=>"\u65E5",
+    "\u3291"=>"\u682A",
+    "\u3292"=>"\u6709",
+    "\u3293"=>"\u793E",
+    "\u3294"=>"\u540D",
+    "\u3295"=>"\u7279",
+    "\u3296"=>"\u8CA1",
+    "\u3297"=>"\u795D",
+    "\u3298"=>"\u52B4",
+    "\u3299"=>"\u79D8",
+    "\u329A"=>"\u7537",
+    "\u329B"=>"\u5973",
+    "\u329C"=>"\u9069",
+    "\u329D"=>"\u512A",
+    "\u329E"=>"\u5370",
+    "\u329F"=>"\u6CE8",
+    "\u32A0"=>"\u9805",
+    "\u32A1"=>"\u4F11",
+    "\u32A2"=>"\u5199",
+    "\u32A3"=>"\u6B63",
+    "\u32A4"=>"\u4E0A",
+    "\u32A5"=>"\u4E2D",
+    "\u32A6"=>"\u4E0B",
+    "\u32A7"=>"\u5DE6",
+    "\u32A8"=>"\u53F3",
+    "\u32A9"=>"\u533B",
+    "\u32AA"=>"\u5B97",
+    "\u32AB"=>"\u5B66",
+    "\u32AC"=>"\u76E3",
+    "\u32AD"=>"\u4F01",
+    "\u32AE"=>"\u8CC7",
+    "\u32AF"=>"\u5354",
+    "\u32B0"=>"\u591C",
+    "\u32B1"=>"36",
+    "\u32B2"=>"37",
+    "\u32B3"=>"38",
+    "\u32B4"=>"39",
+    "\u32B5"=>"40",
+    "\u32B6"=>"41",
+    "\u32B7"=>"42",
+    "\u32B8"=>"43",
+    "\u32B9"=>"44",
+    "\u32BA"=>"45",
+    "\u32BB"=>"46",
+    "\u32BC"=>"47",
+    "\u32BD"=>"48",
+    "\u32BE"=>"49",
+    "\u32BF"=>"50",
+    "\u32C0"=>"1\u6708",
+    "\u32C1"=>"2\u6708",
+    "\u32C2"=>"3\u6708",
+    "\u32C3"=>"4\u6708",
+    "\u32C4"=>"5\u6708",
+    "\u32C5"=>"6\u6708",
+    "\u32C6"=>"7\u6708",
+    "\u32C7"=>"8\u6708",
+    "\u32C8"=>"9\u6708",
+    "\u32C9"=>"10\u6708",
+    "\u32CA"=>"11\u6708",
+    "\u32CB"=>"12\u6708",
+    "\u32CC"=>"Hg",
+    "\u32CD"=>"erg",
+    "\u32CE"=>"eV",
+    "\u32CF"=>"LTD",
+    "\u32D0"=>"\u30A2",
+    "\u32D1"=>"\u30A4",
+    "\u32D2"=>"\u30A6",
+    "\u32D3"=>"\u30A8",
+    "\u32D4"=>"\u30AA",
+    "\u32D5"=>"\u30AB",
+    "\u32D6"=>"\u30AD",
+    "\u32D7"=>"\u30AF",
+    "\u32D8"=>"\u30B1",
+    "\u32D9"=>"\u30B3",
+    "\u32DA"=>"\u30B5",
+    "\u32DB"=>"\u30B7",
+    "\u32DC"=>"\u30B9",
+    "\u32DD"=>"\u30BB",
+    "\u32DE"=>"\u30BD",
+    "\u32DF"=>"\u30BF",
+    "\u32E0"=>"\u30C1",
+    "\u32E1"=>"\u30C4",
+    "\u32E2"=>"\u30C6",
+    "\u32E3"=>"\u30C8",
+    "\u32E4"=>"\u30CA",
+    "\u32E5"=>"\u30CB",
+    "\u32E6"=>"\u30CC",
+    "\u32E7"=>"\u30CD",
+    "\u32E8"=>"\u30CE",
+    "\u32E9"=>"\u30CF",
+    "\u32EA"=>"\u30D2",
+    "\u32EB"=>"\u30D5",
+    "\u32EC"=>"\u30D8",
+    "\u32ED"=>"\u30DB",
+    "\u32EE"=>"\u30DE",
+    "\u32EF"=>"\u30DF",
+    "\u32F0"=>"\u30E0",
+    "\u32F1"=>"\u30E1",
+    "\u32F2"=>"\u30E2",
+    "\u32F3"=>"\u30E4",
+    "\u32F4"=>"\u30E6",
+    "\u32F5"=>"\u30E8",
+    "\u32F6"=>"\u30E9",
+    "\u32F7"=>"\u30EA",
+    "\u32F8"=>"\u30EB",
+    "\u32F9"=>"\u30EC",
+    "\u32FA"=>"\u30ED",
+    "\u32FB"=>"\u30EF",
+    "\u32FC"=>"\u30F0",
+    "\u32FD"=>"\u30F1",
+    "\u32FE"=>"\u30F2",
+    "\u32FF"=>"\u4EE4\u548C",
+    "\u3300"=>"\u30A2\u30D1\u30FC\u30C8",
+    "\u3301"=>"\u30A2\u30EB\u30D5\u30A1",
+    "\u3302"=>"\u30A2\u30F3\u30DA\u30A2",
+    "\u3303"=>"\u30A2\u30FC\u30EB",
+    "\u3304"=>"\u30A4\u30CB\u30F3\u30B0",
+    "\u3305"=>"\u30A4\u30F3\u30C1",
+    "\u3306"=>"\u30A6\u30A9\u30F3",
+    "\u3307"=>"\u30A8\u30B9\u30AF\u30FC\u30C9",
+    "\u3308"=>"\u30A8\u30FC\u30AB\u30FC",
+    "\u3309"=>"\u30AA\u30F3\u30B9",
+    "\u330A"=>"\u30AA\u30FC\u30E0",
+    "\u330B"=>"\u30AB\u30A4\u30EA",
+    "\u330C"=>"\u30AB\u30E9\u30C3\u30C8",
+    "\u330D"=>"\u30AB\u30ED\u30EA\u30FC",
+    "\u330E"=>"\u30AC\u30ED\u30F3",
+    "\u330F"=>"\u30AC\u30F3\u30DE",
+    "\u3310"=>"\u30AE\u30AC",
+    "\u3311"=>"\u30AE\u30CB\u30FC",
+    "\u3312"=>"\u30AD\u30E5\u30EA\u30FC",
+    "\u3313"=>"\u30AE\u30EB\u30C0\u30FC",
+    "\u3314"=>"\u30AD\u30ED",
+    "\u3315"=>"\u30AD\u30ED\u30B0\u30E9\u30E0",
+    "\u3316"=>"\u30AD\u30ED\u30E1\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB",
+    "\u3317"=>"\u30AD\u30ED\u30EF\u30C3\u30C8",
+    "\u3318"=>"\u30B0\u30E9\u30E0",
+    "\u3319"=>"\u30B0\u30E9\u30E0\u30C8\u30F3",
+    "\u331A"=>"\u30AF\u30EB\u30BC\u30A4\u30ED",
+    "\u331B"=>"\u30AF\u30ED\u30FC\u30CD",
+    "\u331C"=>"\u30B1\u30FC\u30B9",
+    "\u331D"=>"\u30B3\u30EB\u30CA",
+    "\u331E"=>"\u30B3\u30FC\u30DD",
+    "\u331F"=>"\u30B5\u30A4\u30AF\u30EB",
+    "\u3320"=>"\u30B5\u30F3\u30C1\u30FC\u30E0",
+    "\u3321"=>"\u30B7\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0",
+    "\u3322"=>"\u30BB\u30F3\u30C1",
+    "\u3323"=>"\u30BB\u30F3\u30C8",
+    "\u3324"=>"\u30C0\u30FC\u30B9",
+    "\u3325"=>"\u30C7\u30B7",
+    "\u3326"=>"\u30C9\u30EB",
+    "\u3327"=>"\u30C8\u30F3",
+    "\u3328"=>"\u30CA\u30CE",
+    "\u3329"=>"\u30CE\u30C3\u30C8",
+    "\u332A"=>"\u30CF\u30A4\u30C4",
+    "\u332B"=>"\u30D1\u30FC\u30BB\u30F3\u30C8",
+    "\u332C"=>"\u30D1\u30FC\u30C4",
+    "\u332D"=>"\u30D0\u30FC\u30EC\u30EB",
+    "\u332E"=>"\u30D4\u30A2\u30B9\u30C8\u30EB",
+    "\u332F"=>"\u30D4\u30AF\u30EB",
+    "\u3330"=>"\u30D4\u30B3",
+    "\u3331"=>"\u30D3\u30EB",
+    "\u3332"=>"\u30D5\u30A1\u30E9\u30C3\u30C9",
+    "\u3333"=>"\u30D5\u30A3\u30FC\u30C8",
+    "\u3334"=>"\u30D6\u30C3\u30B7\u30A7\u30EB",
+    "\u3335"=>"\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3",
+    "\u3336"=>"\u30D8\u30AF\u30BF\u30FC\u30EB",
+    "\u3337"=>"\u30DA\u30BD",
+    "\u3338"=>"\u30DA\u30CB\u30D2",
+    "\u3339"=>"\u30D8\u30EB\u30C4",
+    "\u333A"=>"\u30DA\u30F3\u30B9",
+    "\u333B"=>"\u30DA\u30FC\u30B8",
+    "\u333C"=>"\u30D9\u30FC\u30BF",
+    "\u333D"=>"\u30DD\u30A4\u30F3\u30C8",
+    "\u333E"=>"\u30DC\u30EB\u30C8",
+    "\u333F"=>"\u30DB\u30F3",
+    "\u3340"=>"\u30DD\u30F3\u30C9",
+    "\u3341"=>"\u30DB\u30FC\u30EB",
+    "\u3342"=>"\u30DB\u30FC\u30F3",
+    "\u3343"=>"\u30DE\u30A4\u30AF\u30ED",
+    "\u3344"=>"\u30DE\u30A4\u30EB",
+    "\u3345"=>"\u30DE\u30C3\u30CF",
+    "\u3346"=>"\u30DE\u30EB\u30AF",
+    "\u3347"=>"\u30DE\u30F3\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3",
+    "\u3348"=>"\u30DF\u30AF\u30ED\u30F3",
+    "\u3349"=>"\u30DF\u30EA",
+    "\u334A"=>"\u30DF\u30EA\u30D0\u30FC\u30EB",
+    "\u334B"=>"\u30E1\u30AC",
+    "\u334C"=>"\u30E1\u30AC\u30C8\u30F3",
+    "\u334D"=>"\u30E1\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB",
+    "\u334E"=>"\u30E4\u30FC\u30C9",
+    "\u334F"=>"\u30E4\u30FC\u30EB",
+    "\u3350"=>"\u30E6\u30A2\u30F3",
+    "\u3351"=>"\u30EA\u30C3\u30C8\u30EB",
+    "\u3352"=>"\u30EA\u30E9",
+    "\u3353"=>"\u30EB\u30D4\u30FC",
+    "\u3354"=>"\u30EB\u30FC\u30D6\u30EB",
+    "\u3355"=>"\u30EC\u30E0",
+    "\u3356"=>"\u30EC\u30F3\u30C8\u30B2\u30F3",
+    "\u3357"=>"\u30EF\u30C3\u30C8",
+    "\u3358"=>"0\u70B9",
+    "\u3359"=>"1\u70B9",
+    "\u335A"=>"2\u70B9",
+    "\u335B"=>"3\u70B9",
+    "\u335C"=>"4\u70B9",
+    "\u335D"=>"5\u70B9",
+    "\u335E"=>"6\u70B9",
+    "\u335F"=>"7\u70B9",
+    "\u3360"=>"8\u70B9",
+    "\u3361"=>"9\u70B9",
+    "\u3362"=>"10\u70B9",
+    "\u3363"=>"11\u70B9",
+    "\u3364"=>"12\u70B9",
+    "\u3365"=>"13\u70B9",
+    "\u3366"=>"14\u70B9",
+    "\u3367"=>"15\u70B9",
+    "\u3368"=>"16\u70B9",
+    "\u3369"=>"17\u70B9",
+    "\u336A"=>"18\u70B9",
+    "\u336B"=>"19\u70B9",
+    "\u336C"=>"20\u70B9",
+    "\u336D"=>"21\u70B9",
+    "\u336E"=>"22\u70B9",
+    "\u336F"=>"23\u70B9",
+    "\u3370"=>"24\u70B9",
+    "\u3371"=>"hPa",
+    "\u3372"=>"da",
+    "\u3373"=>"AU",
+    "\u3374"=>"bar",
+    "\u3375"=>"oV",
+    "\u3376"=>"pc",
+    "\u3377"=>"dm",
+    "\u3378"=>"dm2",
+    "\u3379"=>"dm3",
+    "\u337A"=>"IU",
+    "\u337B"=>"\u5E73\u6210",
+    "\u337C"=>"\u662D\u548C",
+    "\u337D"=>"\u5927\u6B63",
+    "\u337E"=>"\u660E\u6CBB",
+    "\u337F"=>"\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E",
+    "\u3380"=>"pA",
+    "\u3381"=>"nA",
+    "\u3382"=>"\u03BCA",
+    "\u3383"=>"mA",
+    "\u3384"=>"kA",
+    "\u3385"=>"KB",
+    "\u3386"=>"MB",
+    "\u3387"=>"GB",
+    "\u3388"=>"cal",
+    "\u3389"=>"kcal",
+    "\u338A"=>"pF",
+    "\u338B"=>"nF",
+    "\u338C"=>"\u03BCF",
+    "\u338D"=>"\u03BCg",
+    "\u338E"=>"mg",
+    "\u338F"=>"kg",
+    "\u3390"=>"Hz",
+    "\u3391"=>"kHz",
+    "\u3392"=>"MHz",
+    "\u3393"=>"GHz",
+    "\u3394"=>"THz",
+    "\u3395"=>"\u03BCl",
+    "\u3396"=>"ml",
+    "\u3397"=>"dl",
+    "\u3398"=>"kl",
+    "\u3399"=>"fm",
+    "\u339A"=>"nm",
+    "\u339B"=>"\u03BCm",
+    "\u339C"=>"mm",
+    "\u339D"=>"cm",
+    "\u339E"=>"km",
+    "\u339F"=>"mm2",
+    "\u33A0"=>"cm2",
+    "\u33A1"=>"m2",
+    "\u33A2"=>"km2",
+    "\u33A3"=>"mm3",
+    "\u33A4"=>"cm3",
+    "\u33A5"=>"m3",
+    "\u33A6"=>"km3",
+    "\u33A7"=>"m\u2215s",
+    "\u33A8"=>"m\u2215s2",
+    "\u33A9"=>"Pa",
+    "\u33AA"=>"kPa",
+    "\u33AB"=>"MPa",
+    "\u33AC"=>"GPa",
+    "\u33AD"=>"rad",
+    "\u33AE"=>"rad\u2215s",
+    "\u33AF"=>"rad\u2215s2",
+    "\u33B0"=>"ps",
+    "\u33B1"=>"ns",
+    "\u33B2"=>"\u03BCs",
+    "\u33B3"=>"ms",
+    "\u33B4"=>"pV",
+    "\u33B5"=>"nV",
+    "\u33B6"=>"\u03BCV",
+    "\u33B7"=>"mV",
+    "\u33B8"=>"kV",
+    "\u33B9"=>"MV",
+    "\u33BA"=>"pW",
+    "\u33BB"=>"nW",
+    "\u33BC"=>"\u03BCW",
+    "\u33BD"=>"mW",
+    "\u33BE"=>"kW",
+    "\u33BF"=>"MW",
+    "\u33C0"=>"k\u03A9",
+    "\u33C1"=>"M\u03A9",
+    "\u33C2"=>"a.m.",
+    "\u33C3"=>"Bq",
+    "\u33C4"=>"cc",
+    "\u33C5"=>"cd",
+    "\u33C6"=>"C\u2215kg",
+    "\u33C7"=>"Co.",
+    "\u33C8"=>"dB",
+    "\u33C9"=>"Gy",
+    "\u33CA"=>"ha",
+    "\u33CB"=>"HP",
+    "\u33CC"=>"in",
+    "\u33CD"=>"KK",
+    "\u33CE"=>"KM",
+    "\u33CF"=>"kt",
+    "\u33D0"=>"lm",
+    "\u33D1"=>"ln",
+    "\u33D2"=>"log",
+    "\u33D3"=>"lx",
+    "\u33D4"=>"mb",
+    "\u33D5"=>"mil",
+    "\u33D6"=>"mol",
+    "\u33D7"=>"PH",
+    "\u33D8"=>"p.m.",
+    "\u33D9"=>"PPM",
+    "\u33DA"=>"PR",
+    "\u33DB"=>"sr",
+    "\u33DC"=>"Sv",
+    "\u33DD"=>"Wb",
+    "\u33DE"=>"V\u2215m",
+    "\u33DF"=>"A\u2215m",
+    "\u33E0"=>"1\u65E5",
+    "\u33E1"=>"2\u65E5",
+    "\u33E2"=>"3\u65E5",
+    "\u33E3"=>"4\u65E5",
+    "\u33E4"=>"5\u65E5",
+    "\u33E5"=>"6\u65E5",
+    "\u33E6"=>"7\u65E5",
+    "\u33E7"=>"8\u65E5",
+    "\u33E8"=>"9\u65E5",
+    "\u33E9"=>"10\u65E5",
+    "\u33EA"=>"11\u65E5",
+    "\u33EB"=>"12\u65E5",
+    "\u33EC"=>"13\u65E5",
+    "\u33ED"=>"14\u65E5",
+    "\u33EE"=>"15\u65E5",
+    "\u33EF"=>"16\u65E5",
+    "\u33F0"=>"17\u65E5",
+    "\u33F1"=>"18\u65E5",
+    "\u33F2"=>"19\u65E5",
+    "\u33F3"=>"20\u65E5",
+    "\u33F4"=>"21\u65E5",
+    "\u33F5"=>"22\u65E5",
+    "\u33F6"=>"23\u65E5",
+    "\u33F7"=>"24\u65E5",
+    "\u33F8"=>"25\u65E5",
+    "\u33F9"=>"26\u65E5",
+    "\u33FA"=>"27\u65E5",
+    "\u33FB"=>"28\u65E5",
+    "\u33FC"=>"29\u65E5",
+    "\u33FD"=>"30\u65E5",
+    "\u33FE"=>"31\u65E5",
+    "\u33FF"=>"gal",
+    "\uA69C"=>"\u044A",
+    "\uA69D"=>"\u044C",
+    "\uA770"=>"\uA76F",
+    "\uA7F8"=>"\u0126",
+    "\uA7F9"=>"\u0153",
+    "\uAB5C"=>"\uA727",
+    "\uAB5D"=>"\uAB37",
+    "\uAB5E"=>"\u026B",
+    "\uAB5F"=>"\uAB52",
+    "\uFB00"=>"ff",
+    "\uFB01"=>"fi",
+    "\uFB02"=>"fl",
+    "\uFB03"=>"ffi",
+    "\uFB04"=>"ffl",
+    "\uFB05"=>"st",
+    "\uFB06"=>"st",
+    "\uFB13"=>"\u0574\u0576",
+    "\uFB14"=>"\u0574\u0565",
+    "\uFB15"=>"\u0574\u056B",
+    "\uFB16"=>"\u057E\u0576",
+    "\uFB17"=>"\u0574\u056D",
+    "\uFB20"=>"\u05E2",
+    "\uFB21"=>"\u05D0",
+    "\uFB22"=>"\u05D3",
+    "\uFB23"=>"\u05D4",
+    "\uFB24"=>"\u05DB",
+    "\uFB25"=>"\u05DC",
+    "\uFB26"=>"\u05DD",
+    "\uFB27"=>"\u05E8",
+    "\uFB28"=>"\u05EA",
+    "\uFB29"=>"+",
+    "\uFB4F"=>"\u05D0\u05DC",
+    "\uFB50"=>"\u0671",
+    "\uFB51"=>"\u0671",
+    "\uFB52"=>"\u067B",
+    "\uFB53"=>"\u067B",
+    "\uFB54"=>"\u067B",
+    "\uFB55"=>"\u067B",
+    "\uFB56"=>"\u067E",
+    "\uFB57"=>"\u067E",
+    "\uFB58"=>"\u067E",
+    "\uFB59"=>"\u067E",
+    "\uFB5A"=>"\u0680",
+    "\uFB5B"=>"\u0680",
+    "\uFB5C"=>"\u0680",
+    "\uFB5D"=>"\u0680",
+    "\uFB5E"=>"\u067A",
+    "\uFB5F"=>"\u067A",
+    "\uFB60"=>"\u067A",
+    "\uFB61"=>"\u067A",
+    "\uFB62"=>"\u067F",
+    "\uFB63"=>"\u067F",
+    "\uFB64"=>"\u067F",
+    "\uFB65"=>"\u067F",
+    "\uFB66"=>"\u0679",
+    "\uFB67"=>"\u0679",
+    "\uFB68"=>"\u0679",
+    "\uFB69"=>"\u0679",
+    "\uFB6A"=>"\u06A4",
+    "\uFB6B"=>"\u06A4",
+    "\uFB6C"=>"\u06A4",
+    "\uFB6D"=>"\u06A4",
+    "\uFB6E"=>"\u06A6",
+    "\uFB6F"=>"\u06A6",
+    "\uFB70"=>"\u06A6",
+    "\uFB71"=>"\u06A6",
+    "\uFB72"=>"\u0684",
+    "\uFB73"=>"\u0684",
+    "\uFB74"=>"\u0684",
+    "\uFB75"=>"\u0684",
+    "\uFB76"=>"\u0683",
+    "\uFB77"=>"\u0683",
+    "\uFB78"=>"\u0683",
+    "\uFB79"=>"\u0683",
+    "\uFB7A"=>"\u0686",
+    "\uFB7B"=>"\u0686",
+    "\uFB7C"=>"\u0686",
+    "\uFB7D"=>"\u0686",
+    "\uFB7E"=>"\u0687",
+    "\uFB7F"=>"\u0687",
+    "\uFB80"=>"\u0687",
+    "\uFB81"=>"\u0687",
+    "\uFB82"=>"\u068D",
+    "\uFB83"=>"\u068D",
+    "\uFB84"=>"\u068C",
+    "\uFB85"=>"\u068C",
+    "\uFB86"=>"\u068E",
+    "\uFB87"=>"\u068E",
+    "\uFB88"=>"\u0688",
+    "\uFB89"=>"\u0688",
+    "\uFB8A"=>"\u0698",
+    "\uFB8B"=>"\u0698",
+    "\uFB8C"=>"\u0691",
+    "\uFB8D"=>"\u0691",
+    "\uFB8E"=>"\u06A9",
+    "\uFB8F"=>"\u06A9",
+    "\uFB90"=>"\u06A9",
+    "\uFB91"=>"\u06A9",
+    "\uFB92"=>"\u06AF",
+    "\uFB93"=>"\u06AF",
+    "\uFB94"=>"\u06AF",
+    "\uFB95"=>"\u06AF",
+    "\uFB96"=>"\u06B3",
+    "\uFB97"=>"\u06B3",
+    "\uFB98"=>"\u06B3",
+    "\uFB99"=>"\u06B3",
+    "\uFB9A"=>"\u06B1",
+    "\uFB9B"=>"\u06B1",
+    "\uFB9C"=>"\u06B1",
+    "\uFB9D"=>"\u06B1",
+    "\uFB9E"=>"\u06BA",
+    "\uFB9F"=>"\u06BA",
+    "\uFBA0"=>"\u06BB",
+    "\uFBA1"=>"\u06BB",
+    "\uFBA2"=>"\u06BB",
+    "\uFBA3"=>"\u06BB",
+    "\uFBA4"=>"\u06C0",
+    "\uFBA5"=>"\u06C0",
+    "\uFBA6"=>"\u06C1",
+    "\uFBA7"=>"\u06C1",
+    "\uFBA8"=>"\u06C1",
+    "\uFBA9"=>"\u06C1",
+    "\uFBAA"=>"\u06BE",
+    "\uFBAB"=>"\u06BE",
+    "\uFBAC"=>"\u06BE",
+    "\uFBAD"=>"\u06BE",
+    "\uFBAE"=>"\u06D2",
+    "\uFBAF"=>"\u06D2",
+    "\uFBB0"=>"\u06D3",
+    "\uFBB1"=>"\u06D3",
+    "\uFBD3"=>"\u06AD",
+    "\uFBD4"=>"\u06AD",
+    "\uFBD5"=>"\u06AD",
+    "\uFBD6"=>"\u06AD",
+    "\uFBD7"=>"\u06C7",
+    "\uFBD8"=>"\u06C7",
+    "\uFBD9"=>"\u06C6",
+    "\uFBDA"=>"\u06C6",
+    "\uFBDB"=>"\u06C8",
+    "\uFBDC"=>"\u06C8",
+    "\uFBDD"=>"\u06C7\u0674",
+    "\uFBDE"=>"\u06CB",
+    "\uFBDF"=>"\u06CB",
+    "\uFBE0"=>"\u06C5",
+    "\uFBE1"=>"\u06C5",
+    "\uFBE2"=>"\u06C9",
+    "\uFBE3"=>"\u06C9",
+    "\uFBE4"=>"\u06D0",
+    "\uFBE5"=>"\u06D0",
+    "\uFBE6"=>"\u06D0",
+    "\uFBE7"=>"\u06D0",
+    "\uFBE8"=>"\u0649",
+    "\uFBE9"=>"\u0649",
+    "\uFBEA"=>"\u0626\u0627",
+    "\uFBEB"=>"\u0626\u0627",
+    "\uFBEC"=>"\u0626\u06D5",
+    "\uFBED"=>"\u0626\u06D5",
+    "\uFBEE"=>"\u0626\u0648",
+    "\uFBEF"=>"\u0626\u0648",
+    "\uFBF0"=>"\u0626\u06C7",
+    "\uFBF1"=>"\u0626\u06C7",
+    "\uFBF2"=>"\u0626\u06C6",
+    "\uFBF3"=>"\u0626\u06C6",
+    "\uFBF4"=>"\u0626\u06C8",
+    "\uFBF5"=>"\u0626\u06C8",
+    "\uFBF6"=>"\u0626\u06D0",
+    "\uFBF7"=>"\u0626\u06D0",
+    "\uFBF8"=>"\u0626\u06D0",
+    "\uFBF9"=>"\u0626\u0649",
+    "\uFBFA"=>"\u0626\u0649",
+    "\uFBFB"=>"\u0626\u0649",
+    "\uFBFC"=>"\u06CC",
+    "\uFBFD"=>"\u06CC",
+    "\uFBFE"=>"\u06CC",
+    "\uFBFF"=>"\u06CC",
+    "\uFC00"=>"\u0626\u062C",
+    "\uFC01"=>"\u0626\u062D",
+    "\uFC02"=>"\u0626\u0645",
+    "\uFC03"=>"\u0626\u0649",
+    "\uFC04"=>"\u0626\u064A",
+    "\uFC05"=>"\u0628\u062C",
+    "\uFC06"=>"\u0628\u062D",
+    "\uFC07"=>"\u0628\u062E",
+    "\uFC08"=>"\u0628\u0645",
+    "\uFC09"=>"\u0628\u0649",
+    "\uFC0A"=>"\u0628\u064A",
+    "\uFC0B"=>"\u062A\u062C",
+    "\uFC0C"=>"\u062A\u062D",
+    "\uFC0D"=>"\u062A\u062E",
+    "\uFC0E"=>"\u062A\u0645",
+    "\uFC0F"=>"\u062A\u0649",
+    "\uFC10"=>"\u062A\u064A",
+    "\uFC11"=>"\u062B\u062C",
+    "\uFC12"=>"\u062B\u0645",
+    "\uFC13"=>"\u062B\u0649",
+    "\uFC14"=>"\u062B\u064A",
+    "\uFC15"=>"\u062C\u062D",
+    "\uFC16"=>"\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFC17"=>"\u062D\u062C",
+    "\uFC18"=>"\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFC19"=>"\u062E\u062C",
+    "\uFC1A"=>"\u062E\u062D",
+    "\uFC1B"=>"\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFC1C"=>"\u0633\u062C",
+    "\uFC1D"=>"\u0633\u062D",
+    "\uFC1E"=>"\u0633\u062E",
+    "\uFC1F"=>"\u0633\u0645",
+    "\uFC20"=>"\u0635\u062D",
+    "\uFC21"=>"\u0635\u0645",
+    "\uFC22"=>"\u0636\u062C",
+    "\uFC23"=>"\u0636\u062D",
+    "\uFC24"=>"\u0636\u062E",
+    "\uFC25"=>"\u0636\u0645",
+    "\uFC26"=>"\u0637\u062D",
+    "\uFC27"=>"\u0637\u0645",
+    "\uFC28"=>"\u0638\u0645",
+    "\uFC29"=>"\u0639\u062C",
+    "\uFC2A"=>"\u0639\u0645",
+    "\uFC2B"=>"\u063A\u062C",
+    "\uFC2C"=>"\u063A\u0645",
+    "\uFC2D"=>"\u0641\u062C",
+    "\uFC2E"=>"\u0641\u062D",
+    "\uFC2F"=>"\u0641\u062E",
+    "\uFC30"=>"\u0641\u0645",
+    "\uFC31"=>"\u0641\u0649",
+    "\uFC32"=>"\u0641\u064A",
+    "\uFC33"=>"\u0642\u062D",
+    "\uFC34"=>"\u0642\u0645",
+    "\uFC35"=>"\u0642\u0649",
+    "\uFC36"=>"\u0642\u064A",
+    "\uFC37"=>"\u0643\u0627",
+    "\uFC38"=>"\u0643\u062C",
+    "\uFC39"=>"\u0643\u062D",
+    "\uFC3A"=>"\u0643\u062E",
+    "\uFC3B"=>"\u0643\u0644",
+    "\uFC3C"=>"\u0643\u0645",
+    "\uFC3D"=>"\u0643\u0649",
+    "\uFC3E"=>"\u0643\u064A",
+    "\uFC3F"=>"\u0644\u062C",
+    "\uFC40"=>"\u0644\u062D",
+    "\uFC41"=>"\u0644\u062E",
+    "\uFC42"=>"\u0644\u0645",
+    "\uFC43"=>"\u0644\u0649",
+    "\uFC44"=>"\u0644\u064A",
+    "\uFC45"=>"\u0645\u062C",
+    "\uFC46"=>"\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFC47"=>"\u0645\u062E",
+    "\uFC48"=>"\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFC49"=>"\u0645\u0649",
+    "\uFC4A"=>"\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFC4B"=>"\u0646\u062C",
+    "\uFC4C"=>"\u0646\u062D",
+    "\uFC4D"=>"\u0646\u062E",
+    "\uFC4E"=>"\u0646\u0645",
+    "\uFC4F"=>"\u0646\u0649",
+    "\uFC50"=>"\u0646\u064A",
+    "\uFC51"=>"\u0647\u062C",
+    "\uFC52"=>"\u0647\u0645",
+    "\uFC53"=>"\u0647\u0649",
+    "\uFC54"=>"\u0647\u064A",
+    "\uFC55"=>"\u064A\u062C",
+    "\uFC56"=>"\u064A\u062D",
+    "\uFC57"=>"\u064A\u062E",
+    "\uFC58"=>"\u064A\u0645",
+    "\uFC59"=>"\u064A\u0649",
+    "\uFC5A"=>"\u064A\u064A",
+    "\uFC5B"=>"\u0630\u0670",
+    "\uFC5C"=>"\u0631\u0670",
+    "\uFC5D"=>"\u0649\u0670",
+    "\uFC5E"=>" \u064C\u0651",
+    "\uFC5F"=>" \u064D\u0651",
+    "\uFC60"=>" \u064E\u0651",
+    "\uFC61"=>" \u064F\u0651",
+    "\uFC62"=>" \u0650\u0651",
+    "\uFC63"=>" \u0651\u0670",
+    "\uFC64"=>"\u0626\u0631",
+    "\uFC65"=>"\u0626\u0632",
+    "\uFC66"=>"\u0626\u0645",
+    "\uFC67"=>"\u0626\u0646",
+    "\uFC68"=>"\u0626\u0649",
+    "\uFC69"=>"\u0626\u064A",
+    "\uFC6A"=>"\u0628\u0631",
+    "\uFC6B"=>"\u0628\u0632",
+    "\uFC6C"=>"\u0628\u0645",
+    "\uFC6D"=>"\u0628\u0646",
+    "\uFC6E"=>"\u0628\u0649",
+    "\uFC6F"=>"\u0628\u064A",
+    "\uFC70"=>"\u062A\u0631",
+    "\uFC71"=>"\u062A\u0632",
+    "\uFC72"=>"\u062A\u0645",
+    "\uFC73"=>"\u062A\u0646",
+    "\uFC74"=>"\u062A\u0649",
+    "\uFC75"=>"\u062A\u064A",
+    "\uFC76"=>"\u062B\u0631",
+    "\uFC77"=>"\u062B\u0632",
+    "\uFC78"=>"\u062B\u0645",
+    "\uFC79"=>"\u062B\u0646",
+    "\uFC7A"=>"\u062B\u0649",
+    "\uFC7B"=>"\u062B\u064A",
+    "\uFC7C"=>"\u0641\u0649",
+    "\uFC7D"=>"\u0641\u064A",
+    "\uFC7E"=>"\u0642\u0649",
+    "\uFC7F"=>"\u0642\u064A",
+    "\uFC80"=>"\u0643\u0627",
+    "\uFC81"=>"\u0643\u0644",
+    "\uFC82"=>"\u0643\u0645",
+    "\uFC83"=>"\u0643\u0649",
+    "\uFC84"=>"\u0643\u064A",
+    "\uFC85"=>"\u0644\u0645",
+    "\uFC86"=>"\u0644\u0649",
+    "\uFC87"=>"\u0644\u064A",
+    "\uFC88"=>"\u0645\u0627",
+    "\uFC89"=>"\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFC8A"=>"\u0646\u0631",
+    "\uFC8B"=>"\u0646\u0632",
+    "\uFC8C"=>"\u0646\u0645",
+    "\uFC8D"=>"\u0646\u0646",
+    "\uFC8E"=>"\u0646\u0649",
+    "\uFC8F"=>"\u0646\u064A",
+    "\uFC90"=>"\u0649\u0670",
+    "\uFC91"=>"\u064A\u0631",
+    "\uFC92"=>"\u064A\u0632",
+    "\uFC93"=>"\u064A\u0645",
+    "\uFC94"=>"\u064A\u0646",
+    "\uFC95"=>"\u064A\u0649",
+    "\uFC96"=>"\u064A\u064A",
+    "\uFC97"=>"\u0626\u062C",
+    "\uFC98"=>"\u0626\u062D",
+    "\uFC99"=>"\u0626\u062E",
+    "\uFC9A"=>"\u0626\u0645",
+    "\uFC9B"=>"\u0626\u0647",
+    "\uFC9C"=>"\u0628\u062C",
+    "\uFC9D"=>"\u0628\u062D",
+    "\uFC9E"=>"\u0628\u062E",
+    "\uFC9F"=>"\u0628\u0645",
+    "\uFCA0"=>"\u0628\u0647",
+    "\uFCA1"=>"\u062A\u062C",
+    "\uFCA2"=>"\u062A\u062D",
+    "\uFCA3"=>"\u062A\u062E",
+    "\uFCA4"=>"\u062A\u0645",
+    "\uFCA5"=>"\u062A\u0647",
+    "\uFCA6"=>"\u062B\u0645",
+    "\uFCA7"=>"\u062C\u062D",
+    "\uFCA8"=>"\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFCA9"=>"\u062D\u062C",
+    "\uFCAA"=>"\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFCAB"=>"\u062E\u062C",
+    "\uFCAC"=>"\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFCAD"=>"\u0633\u062C",
+    "\uFCAE"=>"\u0633\u062D",
+    "\uFCAF"=>"\u0633\u062E",
+    "\uFCB0"=>"\u0633\u0645",
+    "\uFCB1"=>"\u0635\u062D",
+    "\uFCB2"=>"\u0635\u062E",
+    "\uFCB3"=>"\u0635\u0645",
+    "\uFCB4"=>"\u0636\u062C",
+    "\uFCB5"=>"\u0636\u062D",
+    "\uFCB6"=>"\u0636\u062E",
+    "\uFCB7"=>"\u0636\u0645",
+    "\uFCB8"=>"\u0637\u062D",
+    "\uFCB9"=>"\u0638\u0645",
+    "\uFCBA"=>"\u0639\u062C",
+    "\uFCBB"=>"\u0639\u0645",
+    "\uFCBC"=>"\u063A\u062C",
+    "\uFCBD"=>"\u063A\u0645",
+    "\uFCBE"=>"\u0641\u062C",
+    "\uFCBF"=>"\u0641\u062D",
+    "\uFCC0"=>"\u0641\u062E",
+    "\uFCC1"=>"\u0641\u0645",
+    "\uFCC2"=>"\u0642\u062D",
+    "\uFCC3"=>"\u0642\u0645",
+    "\uFCC4"=>"\u0643\u062C",
+    "\uFCC5"=>"\u0643\u062D",
+    "\uFCC6"=>"\u0643\u062E",
+    "\uFCC7"=>"\u0643\u0644",
+    "\uFCC8"=>"\u0643\u0645",
+    "\uFCC9"=>"\u0644\u062C",
+    "\uFCCA"=>"\u0644\u062D",
+    "\uFCCB"=>"\u0644\u062E",
+    "\uFCCC"=>"\u0644\u0645",
+    "\uFCCD"=>"\u0644\u0647",
+    "\uFCCE"=>"\u0645\u062C",
+    "\uFCCF"=>"\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFCD0"=>"\u0645\u062E",
+    "\uFCD1"=>"\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFCD2"=>"\u0646\u062C",
+    "\uFCD3"=>"\u0646\u062D",
+    "\uFCD4"=>"\u0646\u062E",
+    "\uFCD5"=>"\u0646\u0645",
+    "\uFCD6"=>"\u0646\u0647",
+    "\uFCD7"=>"\u0647\u062C",
+    "\uFCD8"=>"\u0647\u0645",
+    "\uFCD9"=>"\u0647\u0670",
+    "\uFCDA"=>"\u064A\u062C",
+    "\uFCDB"=>"\u064A\u062D",
+    "\uFCDC"=>"\u064A\u062E",
+    "\uFCDD"=>"\u064A\u0645",
+    "\uFCDE"=>"\u064A\u0647",
+    "\uFCDF"=>"\u0626\u0645",
+    "\uFCE0"=>"\u0626\u0647",
+    "\uFCE1"=>"\u0628\u0645",
+    "\uFCE2"=>"\u0628\u0647",
+    "\uFCE3"=>"\u062A\u0645",
+    "\uFCE4"=>"\u062A\u0647",
+    "\uFCE5"=>"\u062B\u0645",
+    "\uFCE6"=>"\u062B\u0647",
+    "\uFCE7"=>"\u0633\u0645",
+    "\uFCE8"=>"\u0633\u0647",
+    "\uFCE9"=>"\u0634\u0645",
+    "\uFCEA"=>"\u0634\u0647",
+    "\uFCEB"=>"\u0643\u0644",
+    "\uFCEC"=>"\u0643\u0645",
+    "\uFCED"=>"\u0644\u0645",
+    "\uFCEE"=>"\u0646\u0645",
+    "\uFCEF"=>"\u0646\u0647",
+    "\uFCF0"=>"\u064A\u0645",
+    "\uFCF1"=>"\u064A\u0647",
+    "\uFCF2"=>"\u0640\u064E\u0651",
+    "\uFCF3"=>"\u0640\u064F\u0651",
+    "\uFCF4"=>"\u0640\u0650\u0651",
+    "\uFCF5"=>"\u0637\u0649",
+    "\uFCF6"=>"\u0637\u064A",
+    "\uFCF7"=>"\u0639\u0649",
+    "\uFCF8"=>"\u0639\u064A",
+    "\uFCF9"=>"\u063A\u0649",
+    "\uFCFA"=>"\u063A\u064A",
+    "\uFCFB"=>"\u0633\u0649",
+    "\uFCFC"=>"\u0633\u064A",
+    "\uFCFD"=>"\u0634\u0649",
+    "\uFCFE"=>"\u0634\u064A",
+    "\uFCFF"=>"\u062D\u0649",
+    "\uFD00"=>"\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFD01"=>"\u062C\u0649",
+    "\uFD02"=>"\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFD03"=>"\u062E\u0649",
+    "\uFD04"=>"\u062E\u064A",
+    "\uFD05"=>"\u0635\u0649",
+    "\uFD06"=>"\u0635\u064A",
+    "\uFD07"=>"\u0636\u0649",
+    "\uFD08"=>"\u0636\u064A",
+    "\uFD09"=>"\u0634\u062C",
+    "\uFD0A"=>"\u0634\u062D",
+    "\uFD0B"=>"\u0634\u062E",
+    "\uFD0C"=>"\u0634\u0645",
+    "\uFD0D"=>"\u0634\u0631",
+    "\uFD0E"=>"\u0633\u0631",
+    "\uFD0F"=>"\u0635\u0631",
+    "\uFD10"=>"\u0636\u0631",
+    "\uFD11"=>"\u0637\u0649",
+    "\uFD12"=>"\u0637\u064A",
+    "\uFD13"=>"\u0639\u0649",
+    "\uFD14"=>"\u0639\u064A",
+    "\uFD15"=>"\u063A\u0649",
+    "\uFD16"=>"\u063A\u064A",
+    "\uFD17"=>"\u0633\u0649",
+    "\uFD18"=>"\u0633\u064A",
+    "\uFD19"=>"\u0634\u0649",
+    "\uFD1A"=>"\u0634\u064A",
+    "\uFD1B"=>"\u062D\u0649",
+    "\uFD1C"=>"\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFD1D"=>"\u062C\u0649",
+    "\uFD1E"=>"\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFD1F"=>"\u062E\u0649",
+    "\uFD20"=>"\u062E\u064A",
+    "\uFD21"=>"\u0635\u0649",
+    "\uFD22"=>"\u0635\u064A",
+    "\uFD23"=>"\u0636\u0649",
+    "\uFD24"=>"\u0636\u064A",
+    "\uFD25"=>"\u0634\u062C",
+    "\uFD26"=>"\u0634\u062D",
+    "\uFD27"=>"\u0634\u062E",
+    "\uFD28"=>"\u0634\u0645",
+    "\uFD29"=>"\u0634\u0631",
+    "\uFD2A"=>"\u0633\u0631",
+    "\uFD2B"=>"\u0635\u0631",
+    "\uFD2C"=>"\u0636\u0631",
+    "\uFD2D"=>"\u0634\u062C",
+    "\uFD2E"=>"\u0634\u062D",
+    "\uFD2F"=>"\u0634\u062E",
+    "\uFD30"=>"\u0634\u0645",
+    "\uFD31"=>"\u0633\u0647",
+    "\uFD32"=>"\u0634\u0647",
+    "\uFD33"=>"\u0637\u0645",
+    "\uFD34"=>"\u0633\u062C",
+    "\uFD35"=>"\u0633\u062D",
+    "\uFD36"=>"\u0633\u062E",
+    "\uFD37"=>"\u0634\u062C",
+    "\uFD38"=>"\u0634\u062D",
+    "\uFD39"=>"\u0634\u062E",
+    "\uFD3A"=>"\u0637\u0645",
+    "\uFD3B"=>"\u0638\u0645",
+    "\uFD3C"=>"\u0627\u064B",
+    "\uFD3D"=>"\u0627\u064B",
+    "\uFD50"=>"\u062A\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFD51"=>"\u062A\u062D\u062C",
+    "\uFD52"=>"\u062A\u062D\u062C",
+    "\uFD53"=>"\u062A\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFD54"=>"\u062A\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD55"=>"\u062A\u0645\u062C",
+    "\uFD56"=>"\u062A\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD57"=>"\u062A\u0645\u062E",
+    "\uFD58"=>"\u062C\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD59"=>"\u062C\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD5A"=>"\u062D\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFD5B"=>"\u062D\u0645\u0649",
+    "\uFD5C"=>"\u0633\u062D\u062C",
+    "\uFD5D"=>"\u0633\u062C\u062D",
+    "\uFD5E"=>"\u0633\u062C\u0649",
+    "\uFD5F"=>"\u0633\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD60"=>"\u0633\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD61"=>"\u0633\u0645\u062C",
+    "\uFD62"=>"\u0633\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD63"=>"\u0633\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD64"=>"\u0635\u062D\u062D",
+    "\uFD65"=>"\u0635\u062D\u062D",
+    "\uFD66"=>"\u0635\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD67"=>"\u0634\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFD68"=>"\u0634\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFD69"=>"\u0634\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFD6A"=>"\u0634\u0645\u062E",
+    "\uFD6B"=>"\u0634\u0645\u062E",
+    "\uFD6C"=>"\u0634\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD6D"=>"\u0634\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD6E"=>"\u0636\u062D\u0649",
+    "\uFD6F"=>"\u0636\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD70"=>"\u0636\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD71"=>"\u0637\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD72"=>"\u0637\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD73"=>"\u0637\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD74"=>"\u0637\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFD75"=>"\u0639\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFD76"=>"\u0639\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD77"=>"\u0639\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD78"=>"\u0639\u0645\u0649",
+    "\uFD79"=>"\u063A\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD7A"=>"\u063A\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFD7B"=>"\u063A\u0645\u0649",
+    "\uFD7C"=>"\u0641\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD7D"=>"\u0641\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD7E"=>"\u0642\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD7F"=>"\u0642\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD80"=>"\u0644\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFD81"=>"\u0644\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFD82"=>"\u0644\u062D\u0649",
+    "\uFD83"=>"\u0644\u062C\u062C",
+    "\uFD84"=>"\u0644\u062C\u062C",
+    "\uFD85"=>"\u0644\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD86"=>"\u0644\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD87"=>"\u0644\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD88"=>"\u0644\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFD89"=>"\u0645\u062D\u062C",
+    "\uFD8A"=>"\u0645\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFD8B"=>"\u0645\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFD8C"=>"\u0645\u062C\u062D",
+    "\uFD8D"=>"\u0645\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFD8E"=>"\u0645\u062E\u062C",
+    "\uFD8F"=>"\u0645\u062E\u0645",
+    "\uFD92"=>"\u0645\u062C\u062E",
+    "\uFD93"=>"\u0647\u0645\u062C",
+    "\uFD94"=>"\u0647\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD95"=>"\u0646\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFD96"=>"\u0646\u062D\u0649",
+    "\uFD97"=>"\u0646\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFD98"=>"\u0646\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFD99"=>"\u0646\u062C\u0649",
+    "\uFD9A"=>"\u0646\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFD9B"=>"\u0646\u0645\u0649",
+    "\uFD9C"=>"\u064A\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD9D"=>"\u064A\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFD9E"=>"\u0628\u062E\u064A",
+    "\uFD9F"=>"\u062A\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFDA0"=>"\u062A\u062C\u0649",
+    "\uFDA1"=>"\u062A\u062E\u064A",
+    "\uFDA2"=>"\u062A\u062E\u0649",
+    "\uFDA3"=>"\u062A\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDA4"=>"\u062A\u0645\u0649",
+    "\uFDA5"=>"\u062C\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDA6"=>"\u062C\u062D\u0649",
+    "\uFDA7"=>"\u062C\u0645\u0649",
+    "\uFDA8"=>"\u0633\u062E\u0649",
+    "\uFDA9"=>"\u0635\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFDAA"=>"\u0634\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFDAB"=>"\u0636\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFDAC"=>"\u0644\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFDAD"=>"\u0644\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDAE"=>"\u064A\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFDAF"=>"\u064A\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFDB0"=>"\u064A\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDB1"=>"\u0645\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDB2"=>"\u0642\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDB3"=>"\u0646\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFDB4"=>"\u0642\u0645\u062D",
+    "\uFDB5"=>"\u0644\u062D\u0645",
+    "\uFDB6"=>"\u0639\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDB7"=>"\u0643\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDB8"=>"\u0646\u062C\u062D",
+    "\uFDB9"=>"\u0645\u062E\u064A",
+    "\uFDBA"=>"\u0644\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFDBB"=>"\u0643\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFDBC"=>"\u0644\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFDBD"=>"\u0646\u062C\u062D",
+    "\uFDBE"=>"\u062C\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFDBF"=>"\u062D\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFDC0"=>"\u0645\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFDC1"=>"\u0641\u0645\u064A",
+    "\uFDC2"=>"\u0628\u062D\u064A",
+    "\uFDC3"=>"\u0643\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFDC4"=>"\u0639\u062C\u0645",
+    "\uFDC5"=>"\u0635\u0645\u0645",
+    "\uFDC6"=>"\u0633\u062E\u064A",
+    "\uFDC7"=>"\u0646\u062C\u064A",
+    "\uFDF0"=>"\u0635\u0644\u06D2",
+    "\uFDF1"=>"\u0642\u0644\u06D2",
+    "\uFDF2"=>"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647",
+    "\uFDF3"=>"\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631",
+    "\uFDF4"=>"\u0645\u062D\u0645\u062F",
+    "\uFDF5"=>"\u0635\u0644\u0639\u0645",
+    "\uFDF6"=>"\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644",
+    "\uFDF7"=>"\u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647",
+    "\uFDF8"=>"\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645",
+    "\uFDF9"=>"\u0635\u0644\u0649",
+    "\uFDFA"=>"\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645",
+    "\uFDFB"=>"\u062C\u0644 \u062C\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647",
+    "\uFDFC"=>"\u0631\u06CC\u0627\u0644",
+    "\uFE10"=>",",
+    "\uFE11"=>"\u3001",
+    "\uFE12"=>"\u3002",
+    "\uFE13"=>":",
+    "\uFE14"=>";",
+    "\uFE15"=>"!",
+    "\uFE16"=>"?",
+    "\uFE17"=>"\u3016",
+    "\uFE18"=>"\u3017",
+    "\uFE19"=>"...",
+    "\uFE30"=>"..",
+    "\uFE31"=>"\u2014",
+    "\uFE32"=>"\u2013",
+    "\uFE33"=>"_",
+    "\uFE34"=>"_",
+    "\uFE35"=>"(",
+    "\uFE36"=>")",
+    "\uFE37"=>"{",
+    "\uFE38"=>"}",
+    "\uFE39"=>"\u3014",
+    "\uFE3A"=>"\u3015",
+    "\uFE3B"=>"\u3010",
+    "\uFE3C"=>"\u3011",
+    "\uFE3D"=>"\u300A",
+    "\uFE3E"=>"\u300B",
+    "\uFE3F"=>"\u3008",
+    "\uFE40"=>"\u3009",
+    "\uFE41"=>"\u300C",
+    "\uFE42"=>"\u300D",
+    "\uFE43"=>"\u300E",
+    "\uFE44"=>"\u300F",
+    "\uFE47"=>"[",
+    "\uFE48"=>"]",
+    "\uFE49"=>" \u0305",
+    "\uFE4A"=>" \u0305",
+    "\uFE4B"=>" \u0305",
+    "\uFE4C"=>" \u0305",
+    "\uFE4D"=>"_",
+    "\uFE4E"=>"_",
+    "\uFE4F"=>"_",
+    "\uFE50"=>",",
+    "\uFE51"=>"\u3001",
+    "\uFE52"=>".",
+    "\uFE54"=>";",
+    "\uFE55"=>":",
+    "\uFE56"=>"?",
+    "\uFE57"=>"!",
+    "\uFE58"=>"\u2014",
+    "\uFE59"=>"(",
+    "\uFE5A"=>")",
+    "\uFE5B"=>"{",
+    "\uFE5C"=>"}",
+    "\uFE5D"=>"\u3014",
+    "\uFE5E"=>"\u3015",
+    "\uFE5F"=>"#",
+    "\uFE60"=>"&",
+    "\uFE61"=>"*",
+    "\uFE62"=>"+",
+    "\uFE63"=>"-",
+    "\uFE64"=>"<",
+    "\uFE65"=>">",
+    "\uFE66"=>"=",
+    "\uFE68"=>"\\",
+    "\uFE69"=>"$",
+    "\uFE6A"=>"%",
+    "\uFE6B"=>"@",
+    "\uFE70"=>" \u064B",
+    "\uFE71"=>"\u0640\u064B",
+    "\uFE72"=>" \u064C",
+    "\uFE74"=>" \u064D",
+    "\uFE76"=>" \u064E",
+    "\uFE77"=>"\u0640\u064E",
+    "\uFE78"=>" \u064F",
+    "\uFE79"=>"\u0640\u064F",
+    "\uFE7A"=>" \u0650",
+    "\uFE7B"=>"\u0640\u0650",
+    "\uFE7C"=>" \u0651",
+    "\uFE7D"=>"\u0640\u0651",
+    "\uFE7E"=>" \u0652",
+    "\uFE7F"=>"\u0640\u0652",
+    "\uFE80"=>"\u0621",
+    "\uFE81"=>"\u0622",
+    "\uFE82"=>"\u0622",
+    "\uFE83"=>"\u0623",
+    "\uFE84"=>"\u0623",
+    "\uFE85"=>"\u0624",
+    "\uFE86"=>"\u0624",
+    "\uFE87"=>"\u0625",
+    "\uFE88"=>"\u0625",
+    "\uFE89"=>"\u0626",
+    "\uFE8A"=>"\u0626",
+    "\uFE8B"=>"\u0626",
+    "\uFE8C"=>"\u0626",
+    "\uFE8D"=>"\u0627",
+    "\uFE8E"=>"\u0627",
+    "\uFE8F"=>"\u0628",
+    "\uFE90"=>"\u0628",
+    "\uFE91"=>"\u0628",
+    "\uFE92"=>"\u0628",
+    "\uFE93"=>"\u0629",
+    "\uFE94"=>"\u0629",
+    "\uFE95"=>"\u062A",
+    "\uFE96"=>"\u062A",
+    "\uFE97"=>"\u062A",
+    "\uFE98"=>"\u062A",
+    "\uFE99"=>"\u062B",
+    "\uFE9A"=>"\u062B",
+    "\uFE9B"=>"\u062B",
+    "\uFE9C"=>"\u062B",
+    "\uFE9D"=>"\u062C",
+    "\uFE9E"=>"\u062C",
+    "\uFE9F"=>"\u062C",
+    "\uFEA0"=>"\u062C",
+    "\uFEA1"=>"\u062D",
+    "\uFEA2"=>"\u062D",
+    "\uFEA3"=>"\u062D",
+    "\uFEA4"=>"\u062D",
+    "\uFEA5"=>"\u062E",
+    "\uFEA6"=>"\u062E",
+    "\uFEA7"=>"\u062E",
+    "\uFEA8"=>"\u062E",
+    "\uFEA9"=>"\u062F",
+    "\uFEAA"=>"\u062F",
+    "\uFEAB"=>"\u0630",
+    "\uFEAC"=>"\u0630",
+    "\uFEAD"=>"\u0631",
+    "\uFEAE"=>"\u0631",
+    "\uFEAF"=>"\u0632",
+    "\uFEB0"=>"\u0632",
+    "\uFEB1"=>"\u0633",
+    "\uFEB2"=>"\u0633",
+    "\uFEB3"=>"\u0633",
+    "\uFEB4"=>"\u0633",
+    "\uFEB5"=>"\u0634",
+    "\uFEB6"=>"\u0634",
+    "\uFEB7"=>"\u0634",
+    "\uFEB8"=>"\u0634",
+    "\uFEB9"=>"\u0635",
+    "\uFEBA"=>"\u0635",
+    "\uFEBB"=>"\u0635",
+    "\uFEBC"=>"\u0635",
+    "\uFEBD"=>"\u0636",
+    "\uFEBE"=>"\u0636",
+    "\uFEBF"=>"\u0636",
+    "\uFEC0"=>"\u0636",
+    "\uFEC1"=>"\u0637",
+    "\uFEC2"=>"\u0637",
+    "\uFEC3"=>"\u0637",
+    "\uFEC4"=>"\u0637",
+    "\uFEC5"=>"\u0638",
+    "\uFEC6"=>"\u0638",
+    "\uFEC7"=>"\u0638",
+    "\uFEC8"=>"\u0638",
+    "\uFEC9"=>"\u0639",
+    "\uFECA"=>"\u0639",
+    "\uFECB"=>"\u0639",
+    "\uFECC"=>"\u0639",
+    "\uFECD"=>"\u063A",
+    "\uFECE"=>"\u063A",
+    "\uFECF"=>"\u063A",
+    "\uFED0"=>"\u063A",
+    "\uFED1"=>"\u0641",
+    "\uFED2"=>"\u0641",
+    "\uFED3"=>"\u0641",
+    "\uFED4"=>"\u0641",
+    "\uFED5"=>"\u0642",
+    "\uFED6"=>"\u0642",
+    "\uFED7"=>"\u0642",
+    "\uFED8"=>"\u0642",
+    "\uFED9"=>"\u0643",
+    "\uFEDA"=>"\u0643",
+    "\uFEDB"=>"\u0643",
+    "\uFEDC"=>"\u0643",
+    "\uFEDD"=>"\u0644",
+    "\uFEDE"=>"\u0644",
+    "\uFEDF"=>"\u0644",
+    "\uFEE0"=>"\u0644",
+    "\uFEE1"=>"\u0645",
+    "\uFEE2"=>"\u0645",
+    "\uFEE3"=>"\u0645",
+    "\uFEE4"=>"\u0645",
+    "\uFEE5"=>"\u0646",
+    "\uFEE6"=>"\u0646",
+    "\uFEE7"=>"\u0646",
+    "\uFEE8"=>"\u0646",
+    "\uFEE9"=>"\u0647",
+    "\uFEEA"=>"\u0647",
+    "\uFEEB"=>"\u0647",
+    "\uFEEC"=>"\u0647",
+    "\uFEED"=>"\u0648",
+    "\uFEEE"=>"\u0648",
+    "\uFEEF"=>"\u0649",
+    "\uFEF0"=>"\u0649",
+    "\uFEF1"=>"\u064A",
+    "\uFEF2"=>"\u064A",
+    "\uFEF3"=>"\u064A",
+    "\uFEF4"=>"\u064A",
+    "\uFEF5"=>"\u0644\u0622",
+    "\uFEF6"=>"\u0644\u0622",
+    "\uFEF7"=>"\u0644\u0623",
+    "\uFEF8"=>"\u0644\u0623",
+    "\uFEF9"=>"\u0644\u0625",
+    "\uFEFA"=>"\u0644\u0625",
+    "\uFEFB"=>"\u0644\u0627",
+    "\uFEFC"=>"\u0644\u0627",
+    "\uFF01"=>"!",
+    "\uFF02"=>"\"",
+    "\uFF03"=>"#",
+    "\uFF04"=>"$",
+    "\uFF05"=>"%",
+    "\uFF06"=>"&",
+    "\uFF07"=>"'",
+    "\uFF08"=>"(",
+    "\uFF09"=>")",
+    "\uFF0A"=>"*",
+    "\uFF0B"=>"+",
+    "\uFF0C"=>",",
+    "\uFF0D"=>"-",
+    "\uFF0E"=>".",
+    "\uFF0F"=>"/",
+    "\uFF10"=>"0",
+    "\uFF11"=>"1",
+    "\uFF12"=>"2",
+    "\uFF13"=>"3",
+    "\uFF14"=>"4",
+    "\uFF15"=>"5",
+    "\uFF16"=>"6",
+    "\uFF17"=>"7",
+    "\uFF18"=>"8",
+    "\uFF19"=>"9",
+    "\uFF1A"=>":",
+    "\uFF1B"=>";",
+    "\uFF1C"=>"<",
+    "\uFF1D"=>"=",
+    "\uFF1E"=>">",
+    "\uFF1F"=>"?",
+    "\uFF20"=>"@",
+    "\uFF21"=>"A",
+    "\uFF22"=>"B",
+    "\uFF23"=>"C",
+    "\uFF24"=>"D",
+    "\uFF25"=>"E",
+    "\uFF26"=>"F",
+    "\uFF27"=>"G",
+    "\uFF28"=>"H",
+    "\uFF29"=>"I",
+    "\uFF2A"=>"J",
+    "\uFF2B"=>"K",
+    "\uFF2C"=>"L",
+    "\uFF2D"=>"M",
+    "\uFF2E"=>"N",
+    "\uFF2F"=>"O",
+    "\uFF30"=>"P",
+    "\uFF31"=>"Q",
+    "\uFF32"=>"R",
+    "\uFF33"=>"S",
+    "\uFF34"=>"T",
+    "\uFF35"=>"U",
+    "\uFF36"=>"V",
+    "\uFF37"=>"W",
+    "\uFF38"=>"X",
+    "\uFF39"=>"Y",
+    "\uFF3A"=>"Z",
+    "\uFF3B"=>"[",
+    "\uFF3C"=>"\\",
+    "\uFF3D"=>"]",
+    "\uFF3E"=>"^",
+    "\uFF3F"=>"_",
+    "\uFF40"=>"`",
+    "\uFF41"=>"a",
+    "\uFF42"=>"b",
+    "\uFF43"=>"c",
+    "\uFF44"=>"d",
+    "\uFF45"=>"e",
+    "\uFF46"=>"f",
+    "\uFF47"=>"g",
+    "\uFF48"=>"h",
+    "\uFF49"=>"i",
+    "\uFF4A"=>"j",
+    "\uFF4B"=>"k",
+    "\uFF4C"=>"l",
+    "\uFF4D"=>"m",
+    "\uFF4E"=>"n",
+    "\uFF4F"=>"o",
+    "\uFF50"=>"p",
+    "\uFF51"=>"q",
+    "\uFF52"=>"r",
+    "\uFF53"=>"s",
+    "\uFF54"=>"t",
+    "\uFF55"=>"u",
+    "\uFF56"=>"v",
+    "\uFF57"=>"w",
+    "\uFF58"=>"x",
+    "\uFF59"=>"y",
+    "\uFF5A"=>"z",
+    "\uFF5B"=>"{",
+    "\uFF5C"=>"|",
+    "\uFF5D"=>"}",
+    "\uFF5E"=>"~",
+    "\uFF5F"=>"\u2985",
+    "\uFF60"=>"\u2986",
+    "\uFF61"=>"\u3002",
+    "\uFF62"=>"\u300C",
+    "\uFF63"=>"\u300D",
+    "\uFF64"=>"\u3001",
+    "\uFF65"=>"\u30FB",
+    "\uFF66"=>"\u30F2",
+    "\uFF67"=>"\u30A1",
+    "\uFF68"=>"\u30A3",
+    "\uFF69"=>"\u30A5",
+    "\uFF6A"=>"\u30A7",
+    "\uFF6B"=>"\u30A9",
+    "\uFF6C"=>"\u30E3",
+    "\uFF6D"=>"\u30E5",
+    "\uFF6E"=>"\u30E7",
+    "\uFF6F"=>"\u30C3",
+    "\uFF70"=>"\u30FC",
+    "\uFF71"=>"\u30A2",
+    "\uFF72"=>"\u30A4",
+    "\uFF73"=>"\u30A6",
+    "\uFF74"=>"\u30A8",
+    "\uFF75"=>"\u30AA",
+    "\uFF76"=>"\u30AB",
+    "\uFF77"=>"\u30AD",
+    "\uFF78"=>"\u30AF",
+    "\uFF79"=>"\u30B1",
+    "\uFF7A"=>"\u30B3",
+    "\uFF7B"=>"\u30B5",
+    "\uFF7C"=>"\u30B7",
+    "\uFF7D"=>"\u30B9",
+    "\uFF7E"=>"\u30BB",
+    "\uFF7F"=>"\u30BD",
+    "\uFF80"=>"\u30BF",
+    "\uFF81"=>"\u30C1",
+    "\uFF82"=>"\u30C4",
+    "\uFF83"=>"\u30C6",
+    "\uFF84"=>"\u30C8",
+    "\uFF85"=>"\u30CA",
+    "\uFF86"=>"\u30CB",
+    "\uFF87"=>"\u30CC",
+    "\uFF88"=>"\u30CD",
+    "\uFF89"=>"\u30CE",
+    "\uFF8A"=>"\u30CF",
+    "\uFF8B"=>"\u30D2",
+    "\uFF8C"=>"\u30D5",
+    "\uFF8D"=>"\u30D8",
+    "\uFF8E"=>"\u30DB",
+    "\uFF8F"=>"\u30DE",
+    "\uFF90"=>"\u30DF",
+    "\uFF91"=>"\u30E0",
+    "\uFF92"=>"\u30E1",
+    "\uFF93"=>"\u30E2",
+    "\uFF94"=>"\u30E4",
+    "\uFF95"=>"\u30E6",
+    "\uFF96"=>"\u30E8",
+    "\uFF97"=>"\u30E9",
+    "\uFF98"=>"\u30EA",
+    "\uFF99"=>"\u30EB",
+    "\uFF9A"=>"\u30EC",
+    "\uFF9B"=>"\u30ED",
+    "\uFF9C"=>"\u30EF",
+    "\uFF9D"=>"\u30F3",
+    "\uFF9E"=>"\u3099",
+    "\uFF9F"=>"\u309A",
+    "\uFFA0"=>"\u1160",
+    "\uFFA1"=>"\u1100",
+    "\uFFA2"=>"\u1101",
+    "\uFFA3"=>"\u11AA",
+    "\uFFA4"=>"\u1102",
+    "\uFFA5"=>"\u11AC",
+    "\uFFA6"=>"\u11AD",
+    "\uFFA7"=>"\u1103",
+    "\uFFA8"=>"\u1104",
+    "\uFFA9"=>"\u1105",
+    "\uFFAA"=>"\u11B0",
+    "\uFFAB"=>"\u11B1",
+    "\uFFAC"=>"\u11B2",
+    "\uFFAD"=>"\u11B3",
+    "\uFFAE"=>"\u11B4",
+    "\uFFAF"=>"\u11B5",
+    "\uFFB0"=>"\u111A",
+    "\uFFB1"=>"\u1106",
+    "\uFFB2"=>"\u1107",
+    "\uFFB3"=>"\u1108",
+    "\uFFB4"=>"\u1121",
+    "\uFFB5"=>"\u1109",
+    "\uFFB6"=>"\u110A",
+    "\uFFB7"=>"\u110B",
+    "\uFFB8"=>"\u110C",
+    "\uFFB9"=>"\u110D",
+    "\uFFBA"=>"\u110E",
+    "\uFFBB"=>"\u110F",
+    "\uFFBC"=>"\u1110",
+    "\uFFBD"=>"\u1111",
+    "\uFFBE"=>"\u1112",
+    "\uFFC2"=>"\u1161",
+    "\uFFC3"=>"\u1162",
+    "\uFFC4"=>"\u1163",
+    "\uFFC5"=>"\u1164",
+    "\uFFC6"=>"\u1165",
+    "\uFFC7"=>"\u1166",
+    "\uFFCA"=>"\u1167",
+    "\uFFCB"=>"\u1168",
+    "\uFFCC"=>"\u1169",
+    "\uFFCD"=>"\u116A",
+    "\uFFCE"=>"\u116B",
+    "\uFFCF"=>"\u116C",
+    "\uFFD2"=>"\u116D",
+    "\uFFD3"=>"\u116E",
+    "\uFFD4"=>"\u116F",
+    "\uFFD5"=>"\u1170",
+    "\uFFD6"=>"\u1171",
+    "\uFFD7"=>"\u1172",
+    "\uFFDA"=>"\u1173",
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+    "\uFFDC"=>"\u1175",
+    "\uFFE0"=>"\u00A2",
+    "\uFFE1"=>"\u00A3",
+    "\uFFE2"=>"\u00AC",
+    "\uFFE3"=>" \u0304",
+    "\uFFE4"=>"\u00A6",
+    "\uFFE5"=>"\u00A5",
+    "\uFFE6"=>"\u20A9",
+    "\uFFE8"=>"\u2502",
+    "\uFFE9"=>"\u2190",
+    "\uFFEA"=>"\u2191",
+    "\uFFEB"=>"\u2192",
+    "\uFFEC"=>"\u2193",
+    "\uFFED"=>"\u25A0",
+    "\uFFEE"=>"\u25CB",
+    "\u{1D400}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D401}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D402}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D403}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D404}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D405}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D406}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D407}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D408}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D409}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D40A}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D40B}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D40C}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D40D}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D40E}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D40F}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D410}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D411}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D412}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D413}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D414}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D415}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D416}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D417}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D418}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D419}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D41A}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D41B}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D41C}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D41D}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D41E}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D41F}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D420}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D421}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D422}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D423}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D424}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D425}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D426}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D427}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D428}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D429}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D42A}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D42B}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D42C}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D42D}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D42E}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D42F}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D430}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D431}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D432}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D433}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D434}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D435}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D436}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D437}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D438}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D439}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D43A}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D43B}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D43C}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D43D}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D43E}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D43F}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D440}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D441}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D442}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D443}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D444}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D445}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D446}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D447}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D448}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D449}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D44A}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D44B}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D44C}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D44D}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D44E}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D44F}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D450}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D451}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D452}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D453}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D454}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D456}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D457}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D458}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D459}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D45A}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D45B}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D45C}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D45D}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D45E}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D45F}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D460}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D461}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D462}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D463}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D464}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D465}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D466}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D467}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D468}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D469}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D46A}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D46B}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D46C}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D46D}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D46E}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D46F}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D470}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D471}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D472}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D473}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D474}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D475}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D476}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D477}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D478}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D479}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D47A}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D47B}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D47C}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D47D}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D47E}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D47F}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D480}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D481}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D482}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D483}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D484}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D485}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D486}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D487}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D488}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D489}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D48A}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D48B}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D48C}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D48D}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D48E}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D48F}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D490}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D491}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D492}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D493}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D494}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D495}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D496}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D497}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D498}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D499}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D49A}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D49B}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D49C}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D49E}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D49F}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D4A2}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D4A5}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D4A6}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D4A9}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D4AA}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D4AB}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D4AC}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D4AE}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D4AF}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D4B0}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D4B1}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D4B2}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D4B3}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D4B4}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D4B5}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D4B6}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D4B7}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D4B8}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D4B9}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D4BB}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D4BD}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D4BE}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D4BF}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D4C0}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D4C1}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D4C2}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D4C3}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D4C5}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D4C6}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D4C7}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D4C8}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D4C9}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D4CA}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D4CB}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D4CC}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D4CD}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D4CE}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D4CF}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D4D0}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D4D1}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D4D2}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D4D3}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D4D4}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D4D5}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D4D6}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D4D7}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D4D8}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D4D9}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D4DA}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D4DB}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D4DC}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D4DD}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D4DE}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D4DF}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D4E0}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D4E1}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D4E2}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D4E3}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D4E4}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D4E5}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D4E6}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D4E7}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D4E8}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D4E9}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D4EA}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D4EB}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D4EC}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D4ED}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D4EE}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D4EF}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D4F0}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D4F1}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D4F2}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D4F3}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D4F4}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D4F5}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D4F6}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D4F7}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D4F8}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D4F9}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D4FA}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D4FB}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D4FC}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D4FD}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D4FE}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D4FF}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D500}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D501}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D502}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D503}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D504}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D505}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D507}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D508}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D509}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D50A}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D50D}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D50E}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D50F}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D510}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D511}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D512}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D513}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D514}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D516}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D517}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D518}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D519}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D51A}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D51B}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D51C}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D51E}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D51F}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D520}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D521}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D522}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D523}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D524}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D525}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D526}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D527}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D528}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D529}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D52A}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D52B}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D52C}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D52D}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D52E}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D52F}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D530}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D531}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D532}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D533}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D534}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D535}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D536}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D537}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D538}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D539}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D53B}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D53C}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D53D}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D53E}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D540}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D541}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D542}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D543}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D544}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D546}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D54A}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D54B}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D54C}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D54D}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D54E}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D54F}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D550}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D552}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D553}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D554}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D555}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D556}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D557}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D558}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D559}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D55A}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D55B}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D55C}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D55D}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D55E}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D55F}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D560}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D561}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D562}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D563}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D564}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D565}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D566}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D567}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D568}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D569}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D56A}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D56B}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D56C}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D56D}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D56E}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D56F}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D570}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D571}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D572}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D573}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D574}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D575}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D576}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D577}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D578}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D579}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D57A}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D57B}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D57C}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D57D}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D57E}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D57F}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D580}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D581}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D582}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D583}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D584}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D585}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D586}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D587}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D588}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D589}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D58A}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D58B}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D58C}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D58D}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D58E}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D58F}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D590}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D591}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D592}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D593}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D594}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D595}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D596}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D597}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D598}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D599}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D59A}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D59B}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D59C}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D59D}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D59E}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D59F}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D5A0}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D5A1}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D5A2}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D5A3}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D5A4}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D5A5}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D5A6}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D5A7}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D5A8}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D5A9}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D5AA}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D5AB}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D5AC}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D5AD}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D5AE}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D5AF}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D5B0}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D5B1}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D5B2}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D5B3}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D5B4}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D5B5}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D5B6}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D5B7}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D5B8}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D5B9}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D5BA}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D5BB}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D5BC}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D5BD}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D5BE}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D5BF}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D5C0}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D5C1}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D5C2}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D5C3}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D5C4}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D5C5}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D5C6}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D5C7}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D5C8}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D5C9}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D5CA}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D5CB}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D5CC}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D5CD}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D5CE}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D5CF}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D5D0}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D5D1}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D5D2}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D5D3}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D5D4}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D5D5}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D5D6}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D5D7}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D5D8}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D5D9}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D5DA}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D5DB}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D5DC}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D5DD}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D5DE}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D5DF}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D5E0}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D5E1}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D5E2}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D5E3}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D5E4}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D5E5}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D5E6}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D5E7}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D5E8}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D5E9}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D5EA}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D5EB}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D5EC}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D5ED}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D5EE}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D5EF}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D5F0}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D5F1}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D5F2}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D5F3}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D5F4}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D5F5}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D5F6}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D5F7}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D5F8}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D5F9}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D5FA}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D5FB}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D5FC}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D5FD}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D5FE}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D5FF}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D600}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D601}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D602}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D603}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D604}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D605}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D606}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D607}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D608}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D609}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D60A}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D60B}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D60C}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D60D}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D60E}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D60F}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D610}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D611}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D612}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D613}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D614}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D615}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D616}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D617}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D618}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D619}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D61A}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D61B}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D61C}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D61D}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D61E}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D61F}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D620}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D621}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D622}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D623}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D624}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D625}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D626}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D627}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D628}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D629}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D62A}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D62B}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D62C}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D62D}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D62E}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D62F}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D630}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D631}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D632}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D633}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D634}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D635}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D636}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D637}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D638}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D639}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D63A}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D63B}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D63C}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D63D}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D63E}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D63F}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D640}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D641}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D642}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D643}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D644}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D645}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D646}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D647}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D648}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D649}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D64A}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D64B}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D64C}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D64D}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D64E}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D64F}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D650}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D651}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D652}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D653}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D654}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D655}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D656}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D657}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D658}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D659}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D65A}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D65B}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D65C}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D65D}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D65E}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D65F}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D660}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D661}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D662}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D663}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D664}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D665}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D666}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D667}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D668}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D669}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D66A}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D66B}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D66C}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D66D}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D66E}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D66F}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D670}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1D671}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1D672}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1D673}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1D674}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1D675}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1D676}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1D677}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1D678}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1D679}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1D67A}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1D67B}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1D67C}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1D67D}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1D67E}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1D67F}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1D680}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1D681}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1D682}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1D683}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1D684}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1D685}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1D686}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1D687}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1D688}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1D689}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1D68A}"=>"a",
+    "\u{1D68B}"=>"b",
+    "\u{1D68C}"=>"c",
+    "\u{1D68D}"=>"d",
+    "\u{1D68E}"=>"e",
+    "\u{1D68F}"=>"f",
+    "\u{1D690}"=>"g",
+    "\u{1D691}"=>"h",
+    "\u{1D692}"=>"i",
+    "\u{1D693}"=>"j",
+    "\u{1D694}"=>"k",
+    "\u{1D695}"=>"l",
+    "\u{1D696}"=>"m",
+    "\u{1D697}"=>"n",
+    "\u{1D698}"=>"o",
+    "\u{1D699}"=>"p",
+    "\u{1D69A}"=>"q",
+    "\u{1D69B}"=>"r",
+    "\u{1D69C}"=>"s",
+    "\u{1D69D}"=>"t",
+    "\u{1D69E}"=>"u",
+    "\u{1D69F}"=>"v",
+    "\u{1D6A0}"=>"w",
+    "\u{1D6A1}"=>"x",
+    "\u{1D6A2}"=>"y",
+    "\u{1D6A3}"=>"z",
+    "\u{1D6A4}"=>"\u0131",
+    "\u{1D6A5}"=>"\u0237",
+    "\u{1D6A8}"=>"\u0391",
+    "\u{1D6A9}"=>"\u0392",
+    "\u{1D6AA}"=>"\u0393",
+    "\u{1D6AB}"=>"\u0394",
+    "\u{1D6AC}"=>"\u0395",
+    "\u{1D6AD}"=>"\u0396",
+    "\u{1D6AE}"=>"\u0397",
+    "\u{1D6AF}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D6B0}"=>"\u0399",
+    "\u{1D6B1}"=>"\u039A",
+    "\u{1D6B2}"=>"\u039B",
+    "\u{1D6B3}"=>"\u039C",
+    "\u{1D6B4}"=>"\u039D",
+    "\u{1D6B5}"=>"\u039E",
+    "\u{1D6B6}"=>"\u039F",
+    "\u{1D6B7}"=>"\u03A0",
+    "\u{1D6B8}"=>"\u03A1",
+    "\u{1D6B9}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D6BA}"=>"\u03A3",
+    "\u{1D6BB}"=>"\u03A4",
+    "\u{1D6BC}"=>"\u03A5",
+    "\u{1D6BD}"=>"\u03A6",
+    "\u{1D6BE}"=>"\u03A7",
+    "\u{1D6BF}"=>"\u03A8",
+    "\u{1D6C0}"=>"\u03A9",
+    "\u{1D6C1}"=>"\u2207",
+    "\u{1D6C2}"=>"\u03B1",
+    "\u{1D6C3}"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u{1D6C4}"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u{1D6C5}"=>"\u03B4",
+    "\u{1D6C6}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D6C7}"=>"\u03B6",
+    "\u{1D6C8}"=>"\u03B7",
+    "\u{1D6C9}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D6CA}"=>"\u03B9",
+    "\u{1D6CB}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D6CC}"=>"\u03BB",
+    "\u{1D6CD}"=>"\u03BC",
+    "\u{1D6CE}"=>"\u03BD",
+    "\u{1D6CF}"=>"\u03BE",
+    "\u{1D6D0}"=>"\u03BF",
+    "\u{1D6D1}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D6D2}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D6D3}"=>"\u03C2",
+    "\u{1D6D4}"=>"\u03C3",
+    "\u{1D6D5}"=>"\u03C4",
+    "\u{1D6D6}"=>"\u03C5",
+    "\u{1D6D7}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D6D8}"=>"\u03C7",
+    "\u{1D6D9}"=>"\u03C8",
+    "\u{1D6DA}"=>"\u03C9",
+    "\u{1D6DB}"=>"\u2202",
+    "\u{1D6DC}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D6DD}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D6DE}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D6DF}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D6E0}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D6E1}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D6E2}"=>"\u0391",
+    "\u{1D6E3}"=>"\u0392",
+    "\u{1D6E4}"=>"\u0393",
+    "\u{1D6E5}"=>"\u0394",
+    "\u{1D6E6}"=>"\u0395",
+    "\u{1D6E7}"=>"\u0396",
+    "\u{1D6E8}"=>"\u0397",
+    "\u{1D6E9}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D6EA}"=>"\u0399",
+    "\u{1D6EB}"=>"\u039A",
+    "\u{1D6EC}"=>"\u039B",
+    "\u{1D6ED}"=>"\u039C",
+    "\u{1D6EE}"=>"\u039D",
+    "\u{1D6EF}"=>"\u039E",
+    "\u{1D6F0}"=>"\u039F",
+    "\u{1D6F1}"=>"\u03A0",
+    "\u{1D6F2}"=>"\u03A1",
+    "\u{1D6F3}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D6F4}"=>"\u03A3",
+    "\u{1D6F5}"=>"\u03A4",
+    "\u{1D6F6}"=>"\u03A5",
+    "\u{1D6F7}"=>"\u03A6",
+    "\u{1D6F8}"=>"\u03A7",
+    "\u{1D6F9}"=>"\u03A8",
+    "\u{1D6FA}"=>"\u03A9",
+    "\u{1D6FB}"=>"\u2207",
+    "\u{1D6FC}"=>"\u03B1",
+    "\u{1D6FD}"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u{1D6FE}"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u{1D6FF}"=>"\u03B4",
+    "\u{1D700}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D701}"=>"\u03B6",
+    "\u{1D702}"=>"\u03B7",
+    "\u{1D703}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D704}"=>"\u03B9",
+    "\u{1D705}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D706}"=>"\u03BB",
+    "\u{1D707}"=>"\u03BC",
+    "\u{1D708}"=>"\u03BD",
+    "\u{1D709}"=>"\u03BE",
+    "\u{1D70A}"=>"\u03BF",
+    "\u{1D70B}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D70C}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D70D}"=>"\u03C2",
+    "\u{1D70E}"=>"\u03C3",
+    "\u{1D70F}"=>"\u03C4",
+    "\u{1D710}"=>"\u03C5",
+    "\u{1D711}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D712}"=>"\u03C7",
+    "\u{1D713}"=>"\u03C8",
+    "\u{1D714}"=>"\u03C9",
+    "\u{1D715}"=>"\u2202",
+    "\u{1D716}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D717}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D718}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D719}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D71A}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D71B}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D71C}"=>"\u0391",
+    "\u{1D71D}"=>"\u0392",
+    "\u{1D71E}"=>"\u0393",
+    "\u{1D71F}"=>"\u0394",
+    "\u{1D720}"=>"\u0395",
+    "\u{1D721}"=>"\u0396",
+    "\u{1D722}"=>"\u0397",
+    "\u{1D723}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D724}"=>"\u0399",
+    "\u{1D725}"=>"\u039A",
+    "\u{1D726}"=>"\u039B",
+    "\u{1D727}"=>"\u039C",
+    "\u{1D728}"=>"\u039D",
+    "\u{1D729}"=>"\u039E",
+    "\u{1D72A}"=>"\u039F",
+    "\u{1D72B}"=>"\u03A0",
+    "\u{1D72C}"=>"\u03A1",
+    "\u{1D72D}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D72E}"=>"\u03A3",
+    "\u{1D72F}"=>"\u03A4",
+    "\u{1D730}"=>"\u03A5",
+    "\u{1D731}"=>"\u03A6",
+    "\u{1D732}"=>"\u03A7",
+    "\u{1D733}"=>"\u03A8",
+    "\u{1D734}"=>"\u03A9",
+    "\u{1D735}"=>"\u2207",
+    "\u{1D736}"=>"\u03B1",
+    "\u{1D737}"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u{1D738}"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u{1D739}"=>"\u03B4",
+    "\u{1D73A}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D73B}"=>"\u03B6",
+    "\u{1D73C}"=>"\u03B7",
+    "\u{1D73D}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D73E}"=>"\u03B9",
+    "\u{1D73F}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D740}"=>"\u03BB",
+    "\u{1D741}"=>"\u03BC",
+    "\u{1D742}"=>"\u03BD",
+    "\u{1D743}"=>"\u03BE",
+    "\u{1D744}"=>"\u03BF",
+    "\u{1D745}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D746}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D747}"=>"\u03C2",
+    "\u{1D748}"=>"\u03C3",
+    "\u{1D749}"=>"\u03C4",
+    "\u{1D74A}"=>"\u03C5",
+    "\u{1D74B}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D74C}"=>"\u03C7",
+    "\u{1D74D}"=>"\u03C8",
+    "\u{1D74E}"=>"\u03C9",
+    "\u{1D74F}"=>"\u2202",
+    "\u{1D750}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D751}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D752}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D753}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D754}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D755}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D756}"=>"\u0391",
+    "\u{1D757}"=>"\u0392",
+    "\u{1D758}"=>"\u0393",
+    "\u{1D759}"=>"\u0394",
+    "\u{1D75A}"=>"\u0395",
+    "\u{1D75B}"=>"\u0396",
+    "\u{1D75C}"=>"\u0397",
+    "\u{1D75D}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D75E}"=>"\u0399",
+    "\u{1D75F}"=>"\u039A",
+    "\u{1D760}"=>"\u039B",
+    "\u{1D761}"=>"\u039C",
+    "\u{1D762}"=>"\u039D",
+    "\u{1D763}"=>"\u039E",
+    "\u{1D764}"=>"\u039F",
+    "\u{1D765}"=>"\u03A0",
+    "\u{1D766}"=>"\u03A1",
+    "\u{1D767}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D768}"=>"\u03A3",
+    "\u{1D769}"=>"\u03A4",
+    "\u{1D76A}"=>"\u03A5",
+    "\u{1D76B}"=>"\u03A6",
+    "\u{1D76C}"=>"\u03A7",
+    "\u{1D76D}"=>"\u03A8",
+    "\u{1D76E}"=>"\u03A9",
+    "\u{1D76F}"=>"\u2207",
+    "\u{1D770}"=>"\u03B1",
+    "\u{1D771}"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u{1D772}"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u{1D773}"=>"\u03B4",
+    "\u{1D774}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D775}"=>"\u03B6",
+    "\u{1D776}"=>"\u03B7",
+    "\u{1D777}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D778}"=>"\u03B9",
+    "\u{1D779}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D77A}"=>"\u03BB",
+    "\u{1D77B}"=>"\u03BC",
+    "\u{1D77C}"=>"\u03BD",
+    "\u{1D77D}"=>"\u03BE",
+    "\u{1D77E}"=>"\u03BF",
+    "\u{1D77F}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D780}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D781}"=>"\u03C2",
+    "\u{1D782}"=>"\u03C3",
+    "\u{1D783}"=>"\u03C4",
+    "\u{1D784}"=>"\u03C5",
+    "\u{1D785}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D786}"=>"\u03C7",
+    "\u{1D787}"=>"\u03C8",
+    "\u{1D788}"=>"\u03C9",
+    "\u{1D789}"=>"\u2202",
+    "\u{1D78A}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D78B}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D78C}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D78D}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D78E}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D78F}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D790}"=>"\u0391",
+    "\u{1D791}"=>"\u0392",
+    "\u{1D792}"=>"\u0393",
+    "\u{1D793}"=>"\u0394",
+    "\u{1D794}"=>"\u0395",
+    "\u{1D795}"=>"\u0396",
+    "\u{1D796}"=>"\u0397",
+    "\u{1D797}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D798}"=>"\u0399",
+    "\u{1D799}"=>"\u039A",
+    "\u{1D79A}"=>"\u039B",
+    "\u{1D79B}"=>"\u039C",
+    "\u{1D79C}"=>"\u039D",
+    "\u{1D79D}"=>"\u039E",
+    "\u{1D79E}"=>"\u039F",
+    "\u{1D79F}"=>"\u03A0",
+    "\u{1D7A0}"=>"\u03A1",
+    "\u{1D7A1}"=>"\u0398",
+    "\u{1D7A2}"=>"\u03A3",
+    "\u{1D7A3}"=>"\u03A4",
+    "\u{1D7A4}"=>"\u03A5",
+    "\u{1D7A5}"=>"\u03A6",
+    "\u{1D7A6}"=>"\u03A7",
+    "\u{1D7A7}"=>"\u03A8",
+    "\u{1D7A8}"=>"\u03A9",
+    "\u{1D7A9}"=>"\u2207",
+    "\u{1D7AA}"=>"\u03B1",
+    "\u{1D7AB}"=>"\u03B2",
+    "\u{1D7AC}"=>"\u03B3",
+    "\u{1D7AD}"=>"\u03B4",
+    "\u{1D7AE}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D7AF}"=>"\u03B6",
+    "\u{1D7B0}"=>"\u03B7",
+    "\u{1D7B1}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D7B2}"=>"\u03B9",
+    "\u{1D7B3}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D7B4}"=>"\u03BB",
+    "\u{1D7B5}"=>"\u03BC",
+    "\u{1D7B6}"=>"\u03BD",
+    "\u{1D7B7}"=>"\u03BE",
+    "\u{1D7B8}"=>"\u03BF",
+    "\u{1D7B9}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D7BA}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D7BB}"=>"\u03C2",
+    "\u{1D7BC}"=>"\u03C3",
+    "\u{1D7BD}"=>"\u03C4",
+    "\u{1D7BE}"=>"\u03C5",
+    "\u{1D7BF}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D7C0}"=>"\u03C7",
+    "\u{1D7C1}"=>"\u03C8",
+    "\u{1D7C2}"=>"\u03C9",
+    "\u{1D7C3}"=>"\u2202",
+    "\u{1D7C4}"=>"\u03B5",
+    "\u{1D7C5}"=>"\u03B8",
+    "\u{1D7C6}"=>"\u03BA",
+    "\u{1D7C7}"=>"\u03C6",
+    "\u{1D7C8}"=>"\u03C1",
+    "\u{1D7C9}"=>"\u03C0",
+    "\u{1D7CA}"=>"\u03DC",
+    "\u{1D7CB}"=>"\u03DD",
+    "\u{1D7CE}"=>"0",
+    "\u{1D7CF}"=>"1",
+    "\u{1D7D0}"=>"2",
+    "\u{1D7D1}"=>"3",
+    "\u{1D7D2}"=>"4",
+    "\u{1D7D3}"=>"5",
+    "\u{1D7D4}"=>"6",
+    "\u{1D7D5}"=>"7",
+    "\u{1D7D6}"=>"8",
+    "\u{1D7D7}"=>"9",
+    "\u{1D7D8}"=>"0",
+    "\u{1D7D9}"=>"1",
+    "\u{1D7DA}"=>"2",
+    "\u{1D7DB}"=>"3",
+    "\u{1D7DC}"=>"4",
+    "\u{1D7DD}"=>"5",
+    "\u{1D7DE}"=>"6",
+    "\u{1D7DF}"=>"7",
+    "\u{1D7E0}"=>"8",
+    "\u{1D7E1}"=>"9",
+    "\u{1D7E2}"=>"0",
+    "\u{1D7E3}"=>"1",
+    "\u{1D7E4}"=>"2",
+    "\u{1D7E5}"=>"3",
+    "\u{1D7E6}"=>"4",
+    "\u{1D7E7}"=>"5",
+    "\u{1D7E8}"=>"6",
+    "\u{1D7E9}"=>"7",
+    "\u{1D7EA}"=>"8",
+    "\u{1D7EB}"=>"9",
+    "\u{1D7EC}"=>"0",
+    "\u{1D7ED}"=>"1",
+    "\u{1D7EE}"=>"2",
+    "\u{1D7EF}"=>"3",
+    "\u{1D7F0}"=>"4",
+    "\u{1D7F1}"=>"5",
+    "\u{1D7F2}"=>"6",
+    "\u{1D7F3}"=>"7",
+    "\u{1D7F4}"=>"8",
+    "\u{1D7F5}"=>"9",
+    "\u{1D7F6}"=>"0",
+    "\u{1D7F7}"=>"1",
+    "\u{1D7F8}"=>"2",
+    "\u{1D7F9}"=>"3",
+    "\u{1D7FA}"=>"4",
+    "\u{1D7FB}"=>"5",
+    "\u{1D7FC}"=>"6",
+    "\u{1D7FD}"=>"7",
+    "\u{1D7FE}"=>"8",
+    "\u{1D7FF}"=>"9",
+    "\u{1EE00}"=>"\u0627",
+    "\u{1EE01}"=>"\u0628",
+    "\u{1EE02}"=>"\u062C",
+    "\u{1EE03}"=>"\u062F",
+    "\u{1EE05}"=>"\u0648",
+    "\u{1EE06}"=>"\u0632",
+    "\u{1EE07}"=>"\u062D",
+    "\u{1EE08}"=>"\u0637",
+    "\u{1EE09}"=>"\u064A",
+    "\u{1EE0A}"=>"\u0643",
+    "\u{1EE0B}"=>"\u0644",
+    "\u{1EE0C}"=>"\u0645",
+    "\u{1EE0D}"=>"\u0646",
+    "\u{1EE0E}"=>"\u0633",
+    "\u{1EE0F}"=>"\u0639",
+    "\u{1EE10}"=>"\u0641",
+    "\u{1EE11}"=>"\u0635",
+    "\u{1EE12}"=>"\u0642",
+    "\u{1EE13}"=>"\u0631",
+    "\u{1EE14}"=>"\u0634",
+    "\u{1EE15}"=>"\u062A",
+    "\u{1EE16}"=>"\u062B",
+    "\u{1EE17}"=>"\u062E",
+    "\u{1EE18}"=>"\u0630",
+    "\u{1EE19}"=>"\u0636",
+    "\u{1EE1A}"=>"\u0638",
+    "\u{1EE1B}"=>"\u063A",
+    "\u{1EE1C}"=>"\u066E",
+    "\u{1EE1D}"=>"\u06BA",
+    "\u{1EE1E}"=>"\u06A1",
+    "\u{1EE1F}"=>"\u066F",
+    "\u{1EE21}"=>"\u0628",
+    "\u{1EE22}"=>"\u062C",
+    "\u{1EE24}"=>"\u0647",
+    "\u{1EE27}"=>"\u062D",
+    "\u{1EE29}"=>"\u064A",
+    "\u{1EE2A}"=>"\u0643",
+    "\u{1EE2B}"=>"\u0644",
+    "\u{1EE2C}"=>"\u0645",
+    "\u{1EE2D}"=>"\u0646",
+    "\u{1EE2E}"=>"\u0633",
+    "\u{1EE2F}"=>"\u0639",
+    "\u{1EE30}"=>"\u0641",
+    "\u{1EE31}"=>"\u0635",
+    "\u{1EE32}"=>"\u0642",
+    "\u{1EE34}"=>"\u0634",
+    "\u{1EE35}"=>"\u062A",
+    "\u{1EE36}"=>"\u062B",
+    "\u{1EE37}"=>"\u062E",
+    "\u{1EE39}"=>"\u0636",
+    "\u{1EE3B}"=>"\u063A",
+    "\u{1EE42}"=>"\u062C",
+    "\u{1EE47}"=>"\u062D",
+    "\u{1EE49}"=>"\u064A",
+    "\u{1EE4B}"=>"\u0644",
+    "\u{1EE4D}"=>"\u0646",
+    "\u{1EE4E}"=>"\u0633",
+    "\u{1EE4F}"=>"\u0639",
+    "\u{1EE51}"=>"\u0635",
+    "\u{1EE52}"=>"\u0642",
+    "\u{1EE54}"=>"\u0634",
+    "\u{1EE57}"=>"\u062E",
+    "\u{1EE59}"=>"\u0636",
+    "\u{1EE5B}"=>"\u063A",
+    "\u{1EE5D}"=>"\u06BA",
+    "\u{1EE5F}"=>"\u066F",
+    "\u{1EE61}"=>"\u0628",
+    "\u{1EE62}"=>"\u062C",
+    "\u{1EE64}"=>"\u0647",
+    "\u{1EE67}"=>"\u062D",
+    "\u{1EE68}"=>"\u0637",
+    "\u{1EE69}"=>"\u064A",
+    "\u{1EE6A}"=>"\u0643",
+    "\u{1EE6C}"=>"\u0645",
+    "\u{1EE6D}"=>"\u0646",
+    "\u{1EE6E}"=>"\u0633",
+    "\u{1EE6F}"=>"\u0639",
+    "\u{1EE70}"=>"\u0641",
+    "\u{1EE71}"=>"\u0635",
+    "\u{1EE72}"=>"\u0642",
+    "\u{1EE74}"=>"\u0634",
+    "\u{1EE75}"=>"\u062A",
+    "\u{1EE76}"=>"\u062B",
+    "\u{1EE77}"=>"\u062E",
+    "\u{1EE79}"=>"\u0636",
+    "\u{1EE7A}"=>"\u0638",
+    "\u{1EE7B}"=>"\u063A",
+    "\u{1EE7C}"=>"\u066E",
+    "\u{1EE7E}"=>"\u06A1",
+    "\u{1EE80}"=>"\u0627",
+    "\u{1EE81}"=>"\u0628",
+    "\u{1EE82}"=>"\u062C",
+    "\u{1EE83}"=>"\u062F",
+    "\u{1EE84}"=>"\u0647",
+    "\u{1EE85}"=>"\u0648",
+    "\u{1EE86}"=>"\u0632",
+    "\u{1EE87}"=>"\u062D",
+    "\u{1EE88}"=>"\u0637",
+    "\u{1EE89}"=>"\u064A",
+    "\u{1EE8B}"=>"\u0644",
+    "\u{1EE8C}"=>"\u0645",
+    "\u{1EE8D}"=>"\u0646",
+    "\u{1EE8E}"=>"\u0633",
+    "\u{1EE8F}"=>"\u0639",
+    "\u{1EE90}"=>"\u0641",
+    "\u{1EE91}"=>"\u0635",
+    "\u{1EE92}"=>"\u0642",
+    "\u{1EE93}"=>"\u0631",
+    "\u{1EE94}"=>"\u0634",
+    "\u{1EE95}"=>"\u062A",
+    "\u{1EE96}"=>"\u062B",
+    "\u{1EE97}"=>"\u062E",
+    "\u{1EE98}"=>"\u0630",
+    "\u{1EE99}"=>"\u0636",
+    "\u{1EE9A}"=>"\u0638",
+    "\u{1EE9B}"=>"\u063A",
+    "\u{1EEA1}"=>"\u0628",
+    "\u{1EEA2}"=>"\u062C",
+    "\u{1EEA3}"=>"\u062F",
+    "\u{1EEA5}"=>"\u0648",
+    "\u{1EEA6}"=>"\u0632",
+    "\u{1EEA7}"=>"\u062D",
+    "\u{1EEA8}"=>"\u0637",
+    "\u{1EEA9}"=>"\u064A",
+    "\u{1EEAB}"=>"\u0644",
+    "\u{1EEAC}"=>"\u0645",
+    "\u{1EEAD}"=>"\u0646",
+    "\u{1EEAE}"=>"\u0633",
+    "\u{1EEAF}"=>"\u0639",
+    "\u{1EEB0}"=>"\u0641",
+    "\u{1EEB1}"=>"\u0635",
+    "\u{1EEB2}"=>"\u0642",
+    "\u{1EEB3}"=>"\u0631",
+    "\u{1EEB4}"=>"\u0634",
+    "\u{1EEB5}"=>"\u062A",
+    "\u{1EEB6}"=>"\u062B",
+    "\u{1EEB7}"=>"\u062E",
+    "\u{1EEB8}"=>"\u0630",
+    "\u{1EEB9}"=>"\u0636",
+    "\u{1EEBA}"=>"\u0638",
+    "\u{1EEBB}"=>"\u063A",
+    "\u{1F100}"=>"0.",
+    "\u{1F101}"=>"0,",
+    "\u{1F102}"=>"1,",
+    "\u{1F103}"=>"2,",
+    "\u{1F104}"=>"3,",
+    "\u{1F105}"=>"4,",
+    "\u{1F106}"=>"5,",
+    "\u{1F107}"=>"6,",
+    "\u{1F108}"=>"7,",
+    "\u{1F109}"=>"8,",
+    "\u{1F10A}"=>"9,",
+    "\u{1F110}"=>"(A)",
+    "\u{1F111}"=>"(B)",
+    "\u{1F112}"=>"(C)",
+    "\u{1F113}"=>"(D)",
+    "\u{1F114}"=>"(E)",
+    "\u{1F115}"=>"(F)",
+    "\u{1F116}"=>"(G)",
+    "\u{1F117}"=>"(H)",
+    "\u{1F118}"=>"(I)",
+    "\u{1F119}"=>"(J)",
+    "\u{1F11A}"=>"(K)",
+    "\u{1F11B}"=>"(L)",
+    "\u{1F11C}"=>"(M)",
+    "\u{1F11D}"=>"(N)",
+    "\u{1F11E}"=>"(O)",
+    "\u{1F11F}"=>"(P)",
+    "\u{1F120}"=>"(Q)",
+    "\u{1F121}"=>"(R)",
+    "\u{1F122}"=>"(S)",
+    "\u{1F123}"=>"(T)",
+    "\u{1F124}"=>"(U)",
+    "\u{1F125}"=>"(V)",
+    "\u{1F126}"=>"(W)",
+    "\u{1F127}"=>"(X)",
+    "\u{1F128}"=>"(Y)",
+    "\u{1F129}"=>"(Z)",
+    "\u{1F12A}"=>"\u3014S\u3015",
+    "\u{1F12B}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1F12C}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1F12D}"=>"CD",
+    "\u{1F12E}"=>"WZ",
+    "\u{1F130}"=>"A",
+    "\u{1F131}"=>"B",
+    "\u{1F132}"=>"C",
+    "\u{1F133}"=>"D",
+    "\u{1F134}"=>"E",
+    "\u{1F135}"=>"F",
+    "\u{1F136}"=>"G",
+    "\u{1F137}"=>"H",
+    "\u{1F138}"=>"I",
+    "\u{1F139}"=>"J",
+    "\u{1F13A}"=>"K",
+    "\u{1F13B}"=>"L",
+    "\u{1F13C}"=>"M",
+    "\u{1F13D}"=>"N",
+    "\u{1F13E}"=>"O",
+    "\u{1F13F}"=>"P",
+    "\u{1F140}"=>"Q",
+    "\u{1F141}"=>"R",
+    "\u{1F142}"=>"S",
+    "\u{1F143}"=>"T",
+    "\u{1F144}"=>"U",
+    "\u{1F145}"=>"V",
+    "\u{1F146}"=>"W",
+    "\u{1F147}"=>"X",
+    "\u{1F148}"=>"Y",
+    "\u{1F149}"=>"Z",
+    "\u{1F14A}"=>"HV",
+    "\u{1F14B}"=>"MV",
+    "\u{1F14C}"=>"SD",
+    "\u{1F14D}"=>"SS",
+    "\u{1F14E}"=>"PPV",
+    "\u{1F14F}"=>"WC",
+    "\u{1F16A}"=>"MC",
+    "\u{1F16B}"=>"MD",
+    "\u{1F16C}"=>"MR",
+    "\u{1F190}"=>"DJ",
+    "\u{1F200}"=>"\u307B\u304B",
+    "\u{1F201}"=>"\u30B3\u30B3",
+    "\u{1F202}"=>"\u30B5",
+    "\u{1F210}"=>"\u624B",
+    "\u{1F211}"=>"\u5B57",
+    "\u{1F212}"=>"\u53CC",
+    "\u{1F213}"=>"\u30C7",
+    "\u{1F214}"=>"\u4E8C",
+    "\u{1F215}"=>"\u591A",
+    "\u{1F216}"=>"\u89E3",
+    "\u{1F217}"=>"\u5929",
+    "\u{1F218}"=>"\u4EA4",
+    "\u{1F219}"=>"\u6620",
+    "\u{1F21A}"=>"\u7121",
+    "\u{1F21B}"=>"\u6599",
+    "\u{1F21C}"=>"\u524D",
+    "\u{1F21D}"=>"\u5F8C",
+    "\u{1F21E}"=>"\u518D",
+    "\u{1F21F}"=>"\u65B0",
+    "\u{1F220}"=>"\u521D",
+    "\u{1F221}"=>"\u7D42",
+    "\u{1F222}"=>"\u751F",
+    "\u{1F223}"=>"\u8CA9",
+    "\u{1F224}"=>"\u58F0",
+    "\u{1F225}"=>"\u5439",
+    "\u{1F226}"=>"\u6F14",
+    "\u{1F227}"=>"\u6295",
+    "\u{1F228}"=>"\u6355",
+    "\u{1F229}"=>"\u4E00",
+    "\u{1F22A}"=>"\u4E09",
+    "\u{1F22B}"=>"\u904A",
+    "\u{1F22C}"=>"\u5DE6",
+    "\u{1F22D}"=>"\u4E2D",
+    "\u{1F22E}"=>"\u53F3",
+    "\u{1F22F}"=>"\u6307",
+    "\u{1F230}"=>"\u8D70",
+    "\u{1F231}"=>"\u6253",
+    "\u{1F232}"=>"\u7981",
+    "\u{1F233}"=>"\u7A7A",
+    "\u{1F234}"=>"\u5408",
+    "\u{1F235}"=>"\u6E80",
+    "\u{1F236}"=>"\u6709",
+    "\u{1F237}"=>"\u6708",
+    "\u{1F238}"=>"\u7533",
+    "\u{1F239}"=>"\u5272",
+    "\u{1F23A}"=>"\u55B6",
+    "\u{1F23B}"=>"\u914D",
+    "\u{1F240}"=>"\u3014\u672C\u3015",
+    "\u{1F241}"=>"\u3014\u4E09\u3015",
+    "\u{1F242}"=>"\u3014\u4E8C\u3015",
+    "\u{1F243}"=>"\u3014\u5B89\u3015",
+    "\u{1F244}"=>"\u3014\u70B9\u3015",
+    "\u{1F245}"=>"\u3014\u6253\u3015",
+    "\u{1F246}"=>"\u3014\u76D7\u3015",
+    "\u{1F247}"=>"\u3014\u52DD\u3015",
+    "\u{1F248}"=>"\u3014\u6557\u3015",
+    "\u{1F250}"=>"\u5F97",
+    "\u{1F251}"=>"\u53EF",
+    "\u0385"=>" \u0308\u0301",
+    "\u03D3"=>"\u03A5\u0301",
+    "\u03D4"=>"\u03A5\u0308",
+    "\u1E9B"=>"s\u0307",
+    "\u1FC1"=>" \u0308\u0342",
+    "\u1FCD"=>" \u0313\u0300",
+    "\u1FCE"=>" \u0313\u0301",
+    "\u1FCF"=>" \u0313\u0342",
+    "\u1FDD"=>" \u0314\u0300",
+    "\u1FDE"=>" \u0314\u0301",
+    "\u1FDF"=>" \u0314\u0342",
+    "\u1FED"=>" \u0308\u0300",
+    "\u1FEE"=>" \u0308\u0301",
+    "\u1FFD"=>" \u0301",
+    "\u2000"=>" ",
+    "\u2001"=>" ",
   }.freeze
 
   COMPOSITION_TABLE = {
-    "A\u0300"=>"\u00C0", "A\u0301"=>"\u00C1", "A\u0302"=>"\u00C2", "A\u0303"=>"\u00C3", "A\u0308"=>"\u00C4", "A\u030A"=>"\u00C5", "C\u0327"=>"\u00C7", "E\u0300"=>"\u00C8",
-    "E\u0301"=>"\u00C9", "E\u0302"=>"\u00CA", "E\u0308"=>"\u00CB", "I\u0300"=>"\u00CC", "I\u0301"=>"\u00CD", "I\u0302"=>"\u00CE", "I\u0308"=>"\u00CF", "N\u0303"=>"\u00D1",
-    "O\u0300"=>"\u00D2", "O\u0301"=>"\u00D3", "O\u0302"=>"\u00D4", "O\u0303"=>"\u00D5", "O\u0308"=>"\u00D6", "U\u0300"=>"\u00D9", "U\u0301"=>"\u00DA", "U\u0302"=>"\u00DB",
-    "U\u0308"=>"\u00DC", "Y\u0301"=>"\u00DD", "a\u0300"=>"\u00E0", "a\u0301"=>"\u00E1", "a\u0302"=>"\u00E2", "a\u0303"=>"\u00E3", "a\u0308"=>"\u00E4", "a\u030A"=>"\u00E5",
-    "c\u0327"=>"\u00E7", "e\u0300"=>"\u00E8", "e\u0301"=>"\u00E9", "e\u0302"=>"\u00EA", "e\u0308"=>"\u00EB", "i\u0300"=>"\u00EC", "i\u0301"=>"\u00ED", "i\u0302"=>"\u00EE",
-    "i\u0308"=>"\u00EF", "n\u0303"=>"\u00F1", "o\u0300"=>"\u00F2", "o\u0301"=>"\u00F3", "o\u0302"=>"\u00F4", "o\u0303"=>"\u00F5", "o\u0308"=>"\u00F6", "u\u0300"=>"\u00F9",
-    "u\u0301"=>"\u00FA", "u\u0302"=>"\u00FB", "u\u0308"=>"\u00FC", "y\u0301"=>"\u00FD", "y\u0308"=>"\u00FF", "A\u0304"=>"\u0100", "a\u0304"=>"\u0101", "A\u0306"=>"\u0102",
-    "a\u0306"=>"\u0103", "A\u0328"=>"\u0104", "a\u0328"=>"\u0105", "C\u0301"=>"\u0106", "c\u0301"=>"\u0107", "C\u0302"=>"\u0108", "c\u0302"=>"\u0109", "C\u0307"=>"\u010A",
-    "c\u0307"=>"\u010B", "C\u030C"=>"\u010C", "c\u030C"=>"\u010D", "D\u030C"=>"\u010E", "d\u030C"=>"\u010F", "E\u0304"=>"\u0112", "e\u0304"=>"\u0113", "E\u0306"=>"\u0114",
-    "e\u0306"=>"\u0115", "E\u0307"=>"\u0116", "e\u0307"=>"\u0117", "E\u0328"=>"\u0118", "e\u0328"=>"\u0119", "E\u030C"=>"\u011A", "e\u030C"=>"\u011B", "G\u0302"=>"\u011C",
-    "g\u0302"=>"\u011D", "G\u0306"=>"\u011E", "g\u0306"=>"\u011F", "G\u0307"=>"\u0120", "g\u0307"=>"\u0121", "G\u0327"=>"\u0122", "g\u0327"=>"\u0123", "H\u0302"=>"\u0124",
-    "h\u0302"=>"\u0125", "I\u0303"=>"\u0128", "i\u0303"=>"\u0129", "I\u0304"=>"\u012A", "i\u0304"=>"\u012B", "I\u0306"=>"\u012C", "i\u0306"=>"\u012D", "I\u0328"=>"\u012E",
-    "i\u0328"=>"\u012F", "I\u0307"=>"\u0130", "J\u0302"=>"\u0134", "j\u0302"=>"\u0135", "K\u0327"=>"\u0136", "k\u0327"=>"\u0137", "L\u0301"=>"\u0139", "l\u0301"=>"\u013A",
-    "L\u0327"=>"\u013B", "l\u0327"=>"\u013C", "L\u030C"=>"\u013D", "l\u030C"=>"\u013E", "N\u0301"=>"\u0143", "n\u0301"=>"\u0144", "N\u0327"=>"\u0145", "n\u0327"=>"\u0146",
-    "N\u030C"=>"\u0147", "n\u030C"=>"\u0148", "O\u0304"=>"\u014C", "o\u0304"=>"\u014D", "O\u0306"=>"\u014E", "o\u0306"=>"\u014F", "O\u030B"=>"\u0150", "o\u030B"=>"\u0151",
-    "R\u0301"=>"\u0154", "r\u0301"=>"\u0155", "R\u0327"=>"\u0156", "r\u0327"=>"\u0157", "R\u030C"=>"\u0158", "r\u030C"=>"\u0159", "S\u0301"=>"\u015A", "s\u0301"=>"\u015B",
-    "S\u0302"=>"\u015C", "s\u0302"=>"\u015D", "S\u0327"=>"\u015E", "s\u0327"=>"\u015F", "S\u030C"=>"\u0160", "s\u030C"=>"\u0161", "T\u0327"=>"\u0162", "t\u0327"=>"\u0163",
-    "T\u030C"=>"\u0164", "t\u030C"=>"\u0165", "U\u0303"=>"\u0168", "u\u0303"=>"\u0169", "U\u0304"=>"\u016A", "u\u0304"=>"\u016B", "U\u0306"=>"\u016C", "u\u0306"=>"\u016D",
-    "U\u030A"=>"\u016E", "u\u030A"=>"\u016F", "U\u030B"=>"\u0170", "u\u030B"=>"\u0171", "U\u0328"=>"\u0172", "u\u0328"=>"\u0173", "W\u0302"=>"\u0174", "w\u0302"=>"\u0175",
-    "Y\u0302"=>"\u0176", "y\u0302"=>"\u0177", "Y\u0308"=>"\u0178", "Z\u0301"=>"\u0179", "z\u0301"=>"\u017A", "Z\u0307"=>"\u017B", "z\u0307"=>"\u017C", "Z\u030C"=>"\u017D",
-    "z\u030C"=>"\u017E", "O\u031B"=>"\u01A0", "o\u031B"=>"\u01A1", "U\u031B"=>"\u01AF", "u\u031B"=>"\u01B0", "A\u030C"=>"\u01CD", "a\u030C"=>"\u01CE", "I\u030C"=>"\u01CF",
-    "i\u030C"=>"\u01D0", "O\u030C"=>"\u01D1", "o\u030C"=>"\u01D2", "U\u030C"=>"\u01D3", "u\u030C"=>"\u01D4", "\u00DC\u0304"=>"\u01D5", "\u00FC\u0304"=>"\u01D6", "\u00DC\u0301"=>"\u01D7",
-    "\u00FC\u0301"=>"\u01D8", "\u00DC\u030C"=>"\u01D9", "\u00FC\u030C"=>"\u01DA", "\u00DC\u0300"=>"\u01DB", "\u00FC\u0300"=>"\u01DC", "\u00C4\u0304"=>"\u01DE", "\u00E4\u0304"=>"\u01DF", "\u0226\u0304"=>"\u01E0",
-    "\u0227\u0304"=>"\u01E1", "\u00C6\u0304"=>"\u01E2", "\u00E6\u0304"=>"\u01E3", "G\u030C"=>"\u01E6", "g\u030C"=>"\u01E7", "K\u030C"=>"\u01E8", "k\u030C"=>"\u01E9", "O\u0328"=>"\u01EA",
-    "o\u0328"=>"\u01EB", "\u01EA\u0304"=>"\u01EC", "\u01EB\u0304"=>"\u01ED", "\u01B7\u030C"=>"\u01EE", "\u0292\u030C"=>"\u01EF", "j\u030C"=>"\u01F0", "G\u0301"=>"\u01F4", "g\u0301"=>"\u01F5",
-    "N\u0300"=>"\u01F8", "n\u0300"=>"\u01F9", "\u00C5\u0301"=>"\u01FA", "\u00E5\u0301"=>"\u01FB", "\u00C6\u0301"=>"\u01FC", "\u00E6\u0301"=>"\u01FD", "\u00D8\u0301"=>"\u01FE", "\u00F8\u0301"=>"\u01FF",
-    "A\u030F"=>"\u0200", "a\u030F"=>"\u0201", "A\u0311"=>"\u0202", "a\u0311"=>"\u0203", "E\u030F"=>"\u0204", "e\u030F"=>"\u0205", "E\u0311"=>"\u0206", "e\u0311"=>"\u0207",
-    "I\u030F"=>"\u0208", "i\u030F"=>"\u0209", "I\u0311"=>"\u020A", "i\u0311"=>"\u020B", "O\u030F"=>"\u020C", "o\u030F"=>"\u020D", "O\u0311"=>"\u020E", "o\u0311"=>"\u020F",
-    "R\u030F"=>"\u0210", "r\u030F"=>"\u0211", "R\u0311"=>"\u0212", "r\u0311"=>"\u0213", "U\u030F"=>"\u0214", "u\u030F"=>"\u0215", "U\u0311"=>"\u0216", "u\u0311"=>"\u0217",
-    "S\u0326"=>"\u0218", "s\u0326"=>"\u0219", "T\u0326"=>"\u021A", "t\u0326"=>"\u021B", "H\u030C"=>"\u021E", "h\u030C"=>"\u021F", "A\u0307"=>"\u0226", "a\u0307"=>"\u0227",
-    "E\u0327"=>"\u0228", "e\u0327"=>"\u0229", "\u00D6\u0304"=>"\u022A", "\u00F6\u0304"=>"\u022B", "\u00D5\u0304"=>"\u022C", "\u00F5\u0304"=>"\u022D", "O\u0307"=>"\u022E", "o\u0307"=>"\u022F",
-    "\u022E\u0304"=>"\u0230", "\u022F\u0304"=>"\u0231", "Y\u0304"=>"\u0232", "y\u0304"=>"\u0233", "\u00A8\u0301"=>"\u0385", "\u0391\u0301"=>"\u0386", "\u0395\u0301"=>"\u0388", "\u0397\u0301"=>"\u0389",
-    "\u0399\u0301"=>"\u038A", "\u039F\u0301"=>"\u038C", "\u03A5\u0301"=>"\u038E", "\u03A9\u0301"=>"\u038F", "\u03CA\u0301"=>"\u0390", "\u0399\u0308"=>"\u03AA", "\u03A5\u0308"=>"\u03AB", "\u03B1\u0301"=>"\u03AC",
-    "\u03B5\u0301"=>"\u03AD", "\u03B7\u0301"=>"\u03AE", "\u03B9\u0301"=>"\u03AF", "\u03CB\u0301"=>"\u03B0", "\u03B9\u0308"=>"\u03CA", "\u03C5\u0308"=>"\u03CB", "\u03BF\u0301"=>"\u03CC", "\u03C5\u0301"=>"\u03CD",
-    "\u03C9\u0301"=>"\u03CE", "\u03D2\u0301"=>"\u03D3", "\u03D2\u0308"=>"\u03D4", "\u0415\u0300"=>"\u0400", "\u0415\u0308"=>"\u0401", "\u0413\u0301"=>"\u0403", "\u0406\u0308"=>"\u0407", "\u041A\u0301"=>"\u040C",
-    "\u0418\u0300"=>"\u040D", "\u0423\u0306"=>"\u040E", "\u0418\u0306"=>"\u0419", "\u0438\u0306"=>"\u0439", "\u0435\u0300"=>"\u0450", "\u0435\u0308"=>"\u0451", "\u0433\u0301"=>"\u0453", "\u0456\u0308"=>"\u0457",
-    "\u043A\u0301"=>"\u045C", "\u0438\u0300"=>"\u045D", "\u0443\u0306"=>"\u045E", "\u0474\u030F"=>"\u0476", "\u0475\u030F"=>"\u0477", "\u0416\u0306"=>"\u04C1", "\u0436\u0306"=>"\u04C2", "\u0410\u0306"=>"\u04D0",
-    "\u0430\u0306"=>"\u04D1", "\u0410\u0308"=>"\u04D2", "\u0430\u0308"=>"\u04D3", "\u0415\u0306"=>"\u04D6", "\u0435\u0306"=>"\u04D7", "\u04D8\u0308"=>"\u04DA", "\u04D9\u0308"=>"\u04DB", "\u0416\u0308"=>"\u04DC",
-    "\u0436\u0308"=>"\u04DD", "\u0417\u0308"=>"\u04DE", "\u0437\u0308"=>"\u04DF", "\u0418\u0304"=>"\u04E2", "\u0438\u0304"=>"\u04E3", "\u0418\u0308"=>"\u04E4", "\u0438\u0308"=>"\u04E5", "\u041E\u0308"=>"\u04E6",
-    "\u043E\u0308"=>"\u04E7", "\u04E8\u0308"=>"\u04EA", "\u04E9\u0308"=>"\u04EB", "\u042D\u0308"=>"\u04EC", "\u044D\u0308"=>"\u04ED", "\u0423\u0304"=>"\u04EE", "\u0443\u0304"=>"\u04EF", "\u0423\u0308"=>"\u04F0",
-    "\u0443\u0308"=>"\u04F1", "\u0423\u030B"=>"\u04F2", "\u0443\u030B"=>"\u04F3", "\u0427\u0308"=>"\u04F4", "\u0447\u0308"=>"\u04F5", "\u042B\u0308"=>"\u04F8", "\u044B\u0308"=>"\u04F9", "\u0627\u0653"=>"\u0622",
-    "\u0627\u0654"=>"\u0623", "\u0648\u0654"=>"\u0624", "\u0627\u0655"=>"\u0625", "\u064A\u0654"=>"\u0626", "\u06D5\u0654"=>"\u06C0", "\u06C1\u0654"=>"\u06C2", "\u06D2\u0654"=>"\u06D3", "\u0928\u093C"=>"\u0929",
-    "\u0930\u093C"=>"\u0931", "\u0933\u093C"=>"\u0934", "\u09C7\u09BE"=>"\u09CB", "\u09C7\u09D7"=>"\u09CC", "\u0B47\u0B56"=>"\u0B48", "\u0B47\u0B3E"=>"\u0B4B", "\u0B47\u0B57"=>"\u0B4C", "\u0B92\u0BD7"=>"\u0B94",
-    "\u0BC6\u0BBE"=>"\u0BCA", "\u0BC7\u0BBE"=>"\u0BCB", "\u0BC6\u0BD7"=>"\u0BCC", "\u0C46\u0C56"=>"\u0C48", "\u0CBF\u0CD5"=>"\u0CC0", "\u0CC6\u0CD5"=>"\u0CC7", "\u0CC6\u0CD6"=>"\u0CC8", "\u0CC6\u0CC2"=>"\u0CCA",
-    "\u0CCA\u0CD5"=>"\u0CCB", "\u0D46\u0D3E"=>"\u0D4A", "\u0D47\u0D3E"=>"\u0D4B", "\u0D46\u0D57"=>"\u0D4C", "\u0DD9\u0DCA"=>"\u0DDA", "\u0DD9\u0DCF"=>"\u0DDC", "\u0DDC\u0DCA"=>"\u0DDD", "\u0DD9\u0DDF"=>"\u0DDE",
-    "\u1025\u102E"=>"\u1026", "\u1B05\u1B35"=>"\u1B06", "\u1B07\u1B35"=>"\u1B08", "\u1B09\u1B35"=>"\u1B0A", "\u1B0B\u1B35"=>"\u1B0C", "\u1B0D\u1B35"=>"\u1B0E", "\u1B11\u1B35"=>"\u1B12", "\u1B3A\u1B35"=>"\u1B3B",
-    "\u1B3C\u1B35"=>"\u1B3D", "\u1B3E\u1B35"=>"\u1B40", "\u1B3F\u1B35"=>"\u1B41", "\u1B42\u1B35"=>"\u1B43", "A\u0325"=>"\u1E00", "a\u0325"=>"\u1E01", "B\u0307"=>"\u1E02", "b\u0307"=>"\u1E03",
-    "B\u0323"=>"\u1E04", "b\u0323"=>"\u1E05", "B\u0331"=>"\u1E06", "b\u0331"=>"\u1E07", "\u00C7\u0301"=>"\u1E08", "\u00E7\u0301"=>"\u1E09", "D\u0307"=>"\u1E0A", "d\u0307"=>"\u1E0B",
-    "D\u0323"=>"\u1E0C", "d\u0323"=>"\u1E0D", "D\u0331"=>"\u1E0E", "d\u0331"=>"\u1E0F", "D\u0327"=>"\u1E10", "d\u0327"=>"\u1E11", "D\u032D"=>"\u1E12", "d\u032D"=>"\u1E13",
-    "\u0112\u0300"=>"\u1E14", "\u0113\u0300"=>"\u1E15", "\u0112\u0301"=>"\u1E16", "\u0113\u0301"=>"\u1E17", "E\u032D"=>"\u1E18", "e\u032D"=>"\u1E19", "E\u0330"=>"\u1E1A", "e\u0330"=>"\u1E1B",
-    "\u0228\u0306"=>"\u1E1C", "\u0229\u0306"=>"\u1E1D", "F\u0307"=>"\u1E1E", "f\u0307"=>"\u1E1F", "G\u0304"=>"\u1E20", "g\u0304"=>"\u1E21", "H\u0307"=>"\u1E22", "h\u0307"=>"\u1E23",
-    "H\u0323"=>"\u1E24", "h\u0323"=>"\u1E25", "H\u0308"=>"\u1E26", "h\u0308"=>"\u1E27", "H\u0327"=>"\u1E28", "h\u0327"=>"\u1E29", "H\u032E"=>"\u1E2A", "h\u032E"=>"\u1E2B",
-    "I\u0330"=>"\u1E2C", "i\u0330"=>"\u1E2D", "\u00CF\u0301"=>"\u1E2E", "\u00EF\u0301"=>"\u1E2F", "K\u0301"=>"\u1E30", "k\u0301"=>"\u1E31", "K\u0323"=>"\u1E32", "k\u0323"=>"\u1E33",
-    "K\u0331"=>"\u1E34", "k\u0331"=>"\u1E35", "L\u0323"=>"\u1E36", "l\u0323"=>"\u1E37", "\u1E36\u0304"=>"\u1E38", "\u1E37\u0304"=>"\u1E39", "L\u0331"=>"\u1E3A", "l\u0331"=>"\u1E3B",
-    "L\u032D"=>"\u1E3C", "l\u032D"=>"\u1E3D", "M\u0301"=>"\u1E3E", "m\u0301"=>"\u1E3F", "M\u0307"=>"\u1E40", "m\u0307"=>"\u1E41", "M\u0323"=>"\u1E42", "m\u0323"=>"\u1E43",
-    "N\u0307"=>"\u1E44", "n\u0307"=>"\u1E45", "N\u0323"=>"\u1E46", "n\u0323"=>"\u1E47", "N\u0331"=>"\u1E48", "n\u0331"=>"\u1E49", "N\u032D"=>"\u1E4A", "n\u032D"=>"\u1E4B",
-    "\u00D5\u0301"=>"\u1E4C", "\u00F5\u0301"=>"\u1E4D", "\u00D5\u0308"=>"\u1E4E", "\u00F5\u0308"=>"\u1E4F", "\u014C\u0300"=>"\u1E50", "\u014D\u0300"=>"\u1E51", "\u014C\u0301"=>"\u1E52", "\u014D\u0301"=>"\u1E53",
-    "P\u0301"=>"\u1E54", "p\u0301"=>"\u1E55", "P\u0307"=>"\u1E56", "p\u0307"=>"\u1E57", "R\u0307"=>"\u1E58", "r\u0307"=>"\u1E59", "R\u0323"=>"\u1E5A", "r\u0323"=>"\u1E5B",
-    "\u1E5A\u0304"=>"\u1E5C", "\u1E5B\u0304"=>"\u1E5D", "R\u0331"=>"\u1E5E", "r\u0331"=>"\u1E5F", "S\u0307"=>"\u1E60", "s\u0307"=>"\u1E61", "S\u0323"=>"\u1E62", "s\u0323"=>"\u1E63",
-    "\u015A\u0307"=>"\u1E64", "\u015B\u0307"=>"\u1E65", "\u0160\u0307"=>"\u1E66", "\u0161\u0307"=>"\u1E67", "\u1E62\u0307"=>"\u1E68", "\u1E63\u0307"=>"\u1E69", "T\u0307"=>"\u1E6A", "t\u0307"=>"\u1E6B",
-    "T\u0323"=>"\u1E6C", "t\u0323"=>"\u1E6D", "T\u0331"=>"\u1E6E", "t\u0331"=>"\u1E6F", "T\u032D"=>"\u1E70", "t\u032D"=>"\u1E71", "U\u0324"=>"\u1E72", "u\u0324"=>"\u1E73",
-    "U\u0330"=>"\u1E74", "u\u0330"=>"\u1E75", "U\u032D"=>"\u1E76", "u\u032D"=>"\u1E77", "\u0168\u0301"=>"\u1E78", "\u0169\u0301"=>"\u1E79", "\u016A\u0308"=>"\u1E7A", "\u016B\u0308"=>"\u1E7B",
-    "V\u0303"=>"\u1E7C", "v\u0303"=>"\u1E7D", "V\u0323"=>"\u1E7E", "v\u0323"=>"\u1E7F", "W\u0300"=>"\u1E80", "w\u0300"=>"\u1E81", "W\u0301"=>"\u1E82", "w\u0301"=>"\u1E83",
-    "W\u0308"=>"\u1E84", "w\u0308"=>"\u1E85", "W\u0307"=>"\u1E86", "w\u0307"=>"\u1E87", "W\u0323"=>"\u1E88", "w\u0323"=>"\u1E89", "X\u0307"=>"\u1E8A", "x\u0307"=>"\u1E8B",
-    "X\u0308"=>"\u1E8C", "x\u0308"=>"\u1E8D", "Y\u0307"=>"\u1E8E", "y\u0307"=>"\u1E8F", "Z\u0302"=>"\u1E90", "z\u0302"=>"\u1E91", "Z\u0323"=>"\u1E92", "z\u0323"=>"\u1E93",
-    "Z\u0331"=>"\u1E94", "z\u0331"=>"\u1E95", "h\u0331"=>"\u1E96", "t\u0308"=>"\u1E97", "w\u030A"=>"\u1E98", "y\u030A"=>"\u1E99", "\u017F\u0307"=>"\u1E9B", "A\u0323"=>"\u1EA0",
-    "a\u0323"=>"\u1EA1", "A\u0309"=>"\u1EA2", "a\u0309"=>"\u1EA3", "\u00C2\u0301"=>"\u1EA4", "\u00E2\u0301"=>"\u1EA5", "\u00C2\u0300"=>"\u1EA6", "\u00E2\u0300"=>"\u1EA7", "\u00C2\u0309"=>"\u1EA8",
-    "\u00E2\u0309"=>"\u1EA9", "\u00C2\u0303"=>"\u1EAA", "\u00E2\u0303"=>"\u1EAB", "\u1EA0\u0302"=>"\u1EAC", "\u1EA1\u0302"=>"\u1EAD", "\u0102\u0301"=>"\u1EAE", "\u0103\u0301"=>"\u1EAF", "\u0102\u0300"=>"\u1EB0",
-    "\u0103\u0300"=>"\u1EB1", "\u0102\u0309"=>"\u1EB2", "\u0103\u0309"=>"\u1EB3", "\u0102\u0303"=>"\u1EB4", "\u0103\u0303"=>"\u1EB5", "\u1EA0\u0306"=>"\u1EB6", "\u1EA1\u0306"=>"\u1EB7", "E\u0323"=>"\u1EB8",
-    "e\u0323"=>"\u1EB9", "E\u0309"=>"\u1EBA", "e\u0309"=>"\u1EBB", "E\u0303"=>"\u1EBC", "e\u0303"=>"\u1EBD", "\u00CA\u0301"=>"\u1EBE", "\u00EA\u0301"=>"\u1EBF", "\u00CA\u0300"=>"\u1EC0",
-    "\u00EA\u0300"=>"\u1EC1", "\u00CA\u0309"=>"\u1EC2", "\u00EA\u0309"=>"\u1EC3", "\u00CA\u0303"=>"\u1EC4", "\u00EA\u0303"=>"\u1EC5", "\u1EB8\u0302"=>"\u1EC6", "\u1EB9\u0302"=>"\u1EC7", "I\u0309"=>"\u1EC8",
-    "i\u0309"=>"\u1EC9", "I\u0323"=>"\u1ECA", "i\u0323"=>"\u1ECB", "O\u0323"=>"\u1ECC", "o\u0323"=>"\u1ECD", "O\u0309"=>"\u1ECE", "o\u0309"=>"\u1ECF", "\u00D4\u0301"=>"\u1ED0",
-    "\u00F4\u0301"=>"\u1ED1", "\u00D4\u0300"=>"\u1ED2", "\u00F4\u0300"=>"\u1ED3", "\u00D4\u0309"=>"\u1ED4", "\u00F4\u0309"=>"\u1ED5", "\u00D4\u0303"=>"\u1ED6", "\u00F4\u0303"=>"\u1ED7", "\u1ECC\u0302"=>"\u1ED8",
-    "\u1ECD\u0302"=>"\u1ED9", "\u01A0\u0301"=>"\u1EDA", "\u01A1\u0301"=>"\u1EDB", "\u01A0\u0300"=>"\u1EDC", "\u01A1\u0300"=>"\u1EDD", "\u01A0\u0309"=>"\u1EDE", "\u01A1\u0309"=>"\u1EDF", "\u01A0\u0303"=>"\u1EE0",
-    "\u01A1\u0303"=>"\u1EE1", "\u01A0\u0323"=>"\u1EE2", "\u01A1\u0323"=>"\u1EE3", "U\u0323"=>"\u1EE4", "u\u0323"=>"\u1EE5", "U\u0309"=>"\u1EE6", "u\u0309"=>"\u1EE7", "\u01AF\u0301"=>"\u1EE8",
-    "\u01B0\u0301"=>"\u1EE9", "\u01AF\u0300"=>"\u1EEA", "\u01B0\u0300"=>"\u1EEB", "\u01AF\u0309"=>"\u1EEC", "\u01B0\u0309"=>"\u1EED", "\u01AF\u0303"=>"\u1EEE", "\u01B0\u0303"=>"\u1EEF", "\u01AF\u0323"=>"\u1EF0",
-    "\u01B0\u0323"=>"\u1EF1", "Y\u0300"=>"\u1EF2", "y\u0300"=>"\u1EF3", "Y\u0323"=>"\u1EF4", "y\u0323"=>"\u1EF5", "Y\u0309"=>"\u1EF6", "y\u0309"=>"\u1EF7", "Y\u0303"=>"\u1EF8",
-    "y\u0303"=>"\u1EF9", "\u03B1\u0313"=>"\u1F00", "\u03B1\u0314"=>"\u1F01", "\u1F00\u0300"=>"\u1F02", "\u1F01\u0300"=>"\u1F03", "\u1F00\u0301"=>"\u1F04", "\u1F01\u0301"=>"\u1F05", "\u1F00\u0342"=>"\u1F06",
-    "\u1F01\u0342"=>"\u1F07", "\u0391\u0313"=>"\u1F08", "\u0391\u0314"=>"\u1F09", "\u1F08\u0300"=>"\u1F0A", "\u1F09\u0300"=>"\u1F0B", "\u1F08\u0301"=>"\u1F0C", "\u1F09\u0301"=>"\u1F0D", "\u1F08\u0342"=>"\u1F0E",
-    "\u1F09\u0342"=>"\u1F0F", "\u03B5\u0313"=>"\u1F10", "\u03B5\u0314"=>"\u1F11", "\u1F10\u0300"=>"\u1F12", "\u1F11\u0300"=>"\u1F13", "\u1F10\u0301"=>"\u1F14", "\u1F11\u0301"=>"\u1F15", "\u0395\u0313"=>"\u1F18",
-    "\u0395\u0314"=>"\u1F19", "\u1F18\u0300"=>"\u1F1A", "\u1F19\u0300"=>"\u1F1B", "\u1F18\u0301"=>"\u1F1C", "\u1F19\u0301"=>"\u1F1D", "\u03B7\u0313"=>"\u1F20", "\u03B7\u0314"=>"\u1F21", "\u1F20\u0300"=>"\u1F22",
-    "\u1F21\u0300"=>"\u1F23", "\u1F20\u0301"=>"\u1F24", "\u1F21\u0301"=>"\u1F25", "\u1F20\u0342"=>"\u1F26", "\u1F21\u0342"=>"\u1F27", "\u0397\u0313"=>"\u1F28", "\u0397\u0314"=>"\u1F29", "\u1F28\u0300"=>"\u1F2A",
-    "\u1F29\u0300"=>"\u1F2B", "\u1F28\u0301"=>"\u1F2C", "\u1F29\u0301"=>"\u1F2D", "\u1F28\u0342"=>"\u1F2E", "\u1F29\u0342"=>"\u1F2F", "\u03B9\u0313"=>"\u1F30", "\u03B9\u0314"=>"\u1F31", "\u1F30\u0300"=>"\u1F32",
-    "\u1F31\u0300"=>"\u1F33", "\u1F30\u0301"=>"\u1F34", "\u1F31\u0301"=>"\u1F35", "\u1F30\u0342"=>"\u1F36", "\u1F31\u0342"=>"\u1F37", "\u0399\u0313"=>"\u1F38", "\u0399\u0314"=>"\u1F39", "\u1F38\u0300"=>"\u1F3A",
-    "\u1F39\u0300"=>"\u1F3B", "\u1F38\u0301"=>"\u1F3C", "\u1F39\u0301"=>"\u1F3D", "\u1F38\u0342"=>"\u1F3E", "\u1F39\u0342"=>"\u1F3F", "\u03BF\u0313"=>"\u1F40", "\u03BF\u0314"=>"\u1F41", "\u1F40\u0300"=>"\u1F42",
-    "\u1F41\u0300"=>"\u1F43", "\u1F40\u0301"=>"\u1F44", "\u1F41\u0301"=>"\u1F45", "\u039F\u0313"=>"\u1F48", "\u039F\u0314"=>"\u1F49", "\u1F48\u0300"=>"\u1F4A", "\u1F49\u0300"=>"\u1F4B", "\u1F48\u0301"=>"\u1F4C",
-    "\u1F49\u0301"=>"\u1F4D", "\u03C5\u0313"=>"\u1F50", "\u03C5\u0314"=>"\u1F51", "\u1F50\u0300"=>"\u1F52", "\u1F51\u0300"=>"\u1F53", "\u1F50\u0301"=>"\u1F54", "\u1F51\u0301"=>"\u1F55", "\u1F50\u0342"=>"\u1F56",
-    "\u1F51\u0342"=>"\u1F57", "\u03A5\u0314"=>"\u1F59", "\u1F59\u0300"=>"\u1F5B", "\u1F59\u0301"=>"\u1F5D", "\u1F59\u0342"=>"\u1F5F", "\u03C9\u0313"=>"\u1F60", "\u03C9\u0314"=>"\u1F61", "\u1F60\u0300"=>"\u1F62",
-    "\u1F61\u0300"=>"\u1F63", "\u1F60\u0301"=>"\u1F64", "\u1F61\u0301"=>"\u1F65", "\u1F60\u0342"=>"\u1F66", "\u1F61\u0342"=>"\u1F67", "\u03A9\u0313"=>"\u1F68", "\u03A9\u0314"=>"\u1F69", "\u1F68\u0300"=>"\u1F6A",
-    "\u1F69\u0300"=>"\u1F6B", "\u1F68\u0301"=>"\u1F6C", "\u1F69\u0301"=>"\u1F6D", "\u1F68\u0342"=>"\u1F6E", "\u1F69\u0342"=>"\u1F6F", "\u03B1\u0300"=>"\u1F70", "\u03B5\u0300"=>"\u1F72", "\u03B7\u0300"=>"\u1F74",
-    "\u03B9\u0300"=>"\u1F76", "\u03BF\u0300"=>"\u1F78", "\u03C5\u0300"=>"\u1F7A", "\u03C9\u0300"=>"\u1F7C", "\u1F00\u0345"=>"\u1F80", "\u1F01\u0345"=>"\u1F81", "\u1F02\u0345"=>"\u1F82", "\u1F03\u0345"=>"\u1F83",
-    "\u1F04\u0345"=>"\u1F84", "\u1F05\u0345"=>"\u1F85", "\u1F06\u0345"=>"\u1F86", "\u1F07\u0345"=>"\u1F87", "\u1F08\u0345"=>"\u1F88", "\u1F09\u0345"=>"\u1F89", "\u1F0A\u0345"=>"\u1F8A", "\u1F0B\u0345"=>"\u1F8B",
-    "\u1F0C\u0345"=>"\u1F8C", "\u1F0D\u0345"=>"\u1F8D", "\u1F0E\u0345"=>"\u1F8E", "\u1F0F\u0345"=>"\u1F8F", "\u1F20\u0345"=>"\u1F90", "\u1F21\u0345"=>"\u1F91", "\u1F22\u0345"=>"\u1F92", "\u1F23\u0345"=>"\u1F93",
-    "\u1F24\u0345"=>"\u1F94", "\u1F25\u0345"=>"\u1F95", "\u1F26\u0345"=>"\u1F96", "\u1F27\u0345"=>"\u1F97", "\u1F28\u0345"=>"\u1F98", "\u1F29\u0345"=>"\u1F99", "\u1F2A\u0345"=>"\u1F9A", "\u1F2B\u0345"=>"\u1F9B",
-    "\u1F2C\u0345"=>"\u1F9C", "\u1F2D\u0345"=>"\u1F9D", "\u1F2E\u0345"=>"\u1F9E", "\u1F2F\u0345"=>"\u1F9F", "\u1F60\u0345"=>"\u1FA0", "\u1F61\u0345"=>"\u1FA1", "\u1F62\u0345"=>"\u1FA2", "\u1F63\u0345"=>"\u1FA3",
-    "\u1F64\u0345"=>"\u1FA4", "\u1F65\u0345"=>"\u1FA5", "\u1F66\u0345"=>"\u1FA6", "\u1F67\u0345"=>"\u1FA7", "\u1F68\u0345"=>"\u1FA8", "\u1F69\u0345"=>"\u1FA9", "\u1F6A\u0345"=>"\u1FAA", "\u1F6B\u0345"=>"\u1FAB",
-    "\u1F6C\u0345"=>"\u1FAC", "\u1F6D\u0345"=>"\u1FAD", "\u1F6E\u0345"=>"\u1FAE", "\u1F6F\u0345"=>"\u1FAF", "\u03B1\u0306"=>"\u1FB0", "\u03B1\u0304"=>"\u1FB1", "\u1F70\u0345"=>"\u1FB2", "\u03B1\u0345"=>"\u1FB3",
-    "\u03AC\u0345"=>"\u1FB4", "\u03B1\u0342"=>"\u1FB6", "\u1FB6\u0345"=>"\u1FB7", "\u0391\u0306"=>"\u1FB8", "\u0391\u0304"=>"\u1FB9", "\u0391\u0300"=>"\u1FBA", "\u0391\u0345"=>"\u1FBC", "\u00A8\u0342"=>"\u1FC1",
-    "\u1F74\u0345"=>"\u1FC2", "\u03B7\u0345"=>"\u1FC3", "\u03AE\u0345"=>"\u1FC4", "\u03B7\u0342"=>"\u1FC6", "\u1FC6\u0345"=>"\u1FC7", "\u0395\u0300"=>"\u1FC8", "\u0397\u0300"=>"\u1FCA", "\u0397\u0345"=>"\u1FCC",
-    "\u1FBF\u0300"=>"\u1FCD", "\u1FBF\u0301"=>"\u1FCE", "\u1FBF\u0342"=>"\u1FCF", "\u03B9\u0306"=>"\u1FD0", "\u03B9\u0304"=>"\u1FD1", "\u03CA\u0300"=>"\u1FD2", "\u03B9\u0342"=>"\u1FD6", "\u03CA\u0342"=>"\u1FD7",
-    "\u0399\u0306"=>"\u1FD8", "\u0399\u0304"=>"\u1FD9", "\u0399\u0300"=>"\u1FDA", "\u1FFE\u0300"=>"\u1FDD", "\u1FFE\u0301"=>"\u1FDE", "\u1FFE\u0342"=>"\u1FDF", "\u03C5\u0306"=>"\u1FE0", "\u03C5\u0304"=>"\u1FE1",
-    "\u03CB\u0300"=>"\u1FE2", "\u03C1\u0313"=>"\u1FE4", "\u03C1\u0314"=>"\u1FE5", "\u03C5\u0342"=>"\u1FE6", "\u03CB\u0342"=>"\u1FE7", "\u03A5\u0306"=>"\u1FE8", "\u03A5\u0304"=>"\u1FE9", "\u03A5\u0300"=>"\u1FEA",
-    "\u03A1\u0314"=>"\u1FEC", "\u00A8\u0300"=>"\u1FED", "\u1F7C\u0345"=>"\u1FF2", "\u03C9\u0345"=>"\u1FF3", "\u03CE\u0345"=>"\u1FF4", "\u03C9\u0342"=>"\u1FF6", "\u1FF6\u0345"=>"\u1FF7", "\u039F\u0300"=>"\u1FF8",
-    "\u03A9\u0300"=>"\u1FFA", "\u03A9\u0345"=>"\u1FFC", "\u2190\u0338"=>"\u219A", "\u2192\u0338"=>"\u219B", "\u2194\u0338"=>"\u21AE", "\u21D0\u0338"=>"\u21CD", "\u21D4\u0338"=>"\u21CE", "\u21D2\u0338"=>"\u21CF",
-    "\u2203\u0338"=>"\u2204", "\u2208\u0338"=>"\u2209", "\u220B\u0338"=>"\u220C", "\u2223\u0338"=>"\u2224", "\u2225\u0338"=>"\u2226", "\u223C\u0338"=>"\u2241", "\u2243\u0338"=>"\u2244", "\u2245\u0338"=>"\u2247",
-    "\u2248\u0338"=>"\u2249", "=\u0338"=>"\u2260", "\u2261\u0338"=>"\u2262", "\u224D\u0338"=>"\u226D", "<\u0338"=>"\u226E", ">\u0338"=>"\u226F", "\u2264\u0338"=>"\u2270", "\u2265\u0338"=>"\u2271",
-    "\u2272\u0338"=>"\u2274", "\u2273\u0338"=>"\u2275", "\u2276\u0338"=>"\u2278", "\u2277\u0338"=>"\u2279", "\u227A\u0338"=>"\u2280", "\u227B\u0338"=>"\u2281", "\u2282\u0338"=>"\u2284", "\u2283\u0338"=>"\u2285",
-    "\u2286\u0338"=>"\u2288", "\u2287\u0338"=>"\u2289", "\u22A2\u0338"=>"\u22AC", "\u22A8\u0338"=>"\u22AD", "\u22A9\u0338"=>"\u22AE", "\u22AB\u0338"=>"\u22AF", "\u227C\u0338"=>"\u22E0", "\u227D\u0338"=>"\u22E1",
-    "\u2291\u0338"=>"\u22E2", "\u2292\u0338"=>"\u22E3", "\u22B2\u0338"=>"\u22EA", "\u22B3\u0338"=>"\u22EB", "\u22B4\u0338"=>"\u22EC", "\u22B5\u0338"=>"\u22ED", "\u304B\u3099"=>"\u304C", "\u304D\u3099"=>"\u304E",
-    "\u304F\u3099"=>"\u3050", "\u3051\u3099"=>"\u3052", "\u3053\u3099"=>"\u3054", "\u3055\u3099"=>"\u3056", "\u3057\u3099"=>"\u3058", "\u3059\u3099"=>"\u305A", "\u305B\u3099"=>"\u305C", "\u305D\u3099"=>"\u305E",
-    "\u305F\u3099"=>"\u3060", "\u3061\u3099"=>"\u3062", "\u3064\u3099"=>"\u3065", "\u3066\u3099"=>"\u3067", "\u3068\u3099"=>"\u3069", "\u306F\u3099"=>"\u3070", "\u306F\u309A"=>"\u3071", "\u3072\u3099"=>"\u3073",
-    "\u3072\u309A"=>"\u3074", "\u3075\u3099"=>"\u3076", "\u3075\u309A"=>"\u3077", "\u3078\u3099"=>"\u3079", "\u3078\u309A"=>"\u307A", "\u307B\u3099"=>"\u307C", "\u307B\u309A"=>"\u307D", "\u3046\u3099"=>"\u3094",
-    "\u309D\u3099"=>"\u309E", "\u30AB\u3099"=>"\u30AC", "\u30AD\u3099"=>"\u30AE", "\u30AF\u3099"=>"\u30B0", "\u30B1\u3099"=>"\u30B2", "\u30B3\u3099"=>"\u30B4", "\u30B5\u3099"=>"\u30B6", "\u30B7\u3099"=>"\u30B8",
-    "\u30B9\u3099"=>"\u30BA", "\u30BB\u3099"=>"\u30BC", "\u30BD\u3099"=>"\u30BE", "\u30BF\u3099"=>"\u30C0", "\u30C1\u3099"=>"\u30C2", "\u30C4\u3099"=>"\u30C5", "\u30C6\u3099"=>"\u30C7", "\u30C8\u3099"=>"\u30C9",
-    "\u30CF\u3099"=>"\u30D0", "\u30CF\u309A"=>"\u30D1", "\u30D2\u3099"=>"\u30D3", "\u30D2\u309A"=>"\u30D4", "\u30D5\u3099"=>"\u30D6", "\u30D5\u309A"=>"\u30D7", "\u30D8\u3099"=>"\u30D9", "\u30D8\u309A"=>"\u30DA",
-    "\u30DB\u3099"=>"\u30DC", "\u30DB\u309A"=>"\u30DD", "\u30A6\u3099"=>"\u30F4", "\u30EF\u3099"=>"\u30F7", "\u30F0\u3099"=>"\u30F8", "\u30F1\u3099"=>"\u30F9", "\u30F2\u3099"=>"\u30FA", "\u30FD\u3099"=>"\u30FE",
-    "\u{11099}\u{110BA}"=>"\u{1109A}", "\u{1109B}\u{110BA}"=>"\u{1109C}", "\u{110A5}\u{110BA}"=>"\u{110AB}", "\u{11131}\u{11127}"=>"\u{1112E}", "\u{11132}\u{11127}"=>"\u{1112F}", "\u{11347}\u{1133E}"=>"\u{1134B}", "\u{11347}\u{11357}"=>"\u{1134C}", "\u{114B9}\u{114BA}"=>"\u{114BB}",
-    "\u{114B9}\u{114B0}"=>"\u{114BC}", "\u{114B9}\u{114BD}"=>"\u{114BE}", "\u{115B8}\u{115AF}"=>"\u{115BA}", "\u{115B9}\u{115AF}"=>"\u{115BB}",
+    "A\u0300"=>"\u00C0",
+    "A\u0301"=>"\u00C1",
+    "A\u0302"=>"\u00C2",
+    "A\u0303"=>"\u00C3",
+    "A\u0308"=>"\u00C4",
+    "A\u030A"=>"\u00C5",
+    "C\u0327"=>"\u00C7",
+    "E\u0300"=>"\u00C8",
+    "E\u0301"=>"\u00C9",
+    "E\u0302"=>"\u00CA",
+    "E\u0308"=>"\u00CB",
+    "I\u0300"=>"\u00CC",
+    "I\u0301"=>"\u00CD",
+    "I\u0302"=>"\u00CE",
+    "I\u0308"=>"\u00CF",
+    "N\u0303"=>"\u00D1",
+    "O\u0300"=>"\u00D2",
+    "O\u0301"=>"\u00D3",
+    "O\u0302"=>"\u00D4",
+    "O\u0303"=>"\u00D5",
+    "O\u0308"=>"\u00D6",
+    "U\u0300"=>"\u00D9",
+    "U\u0301"=>"\u00DA",
+    "U\u0302"=>"\u00DB",
+    "U\u0308"=>"\u00DC",
+    "Y\u0301"=>"\u00DD",
+    "a\u0300"=>"\u00E0",
+    "a\u0301"=>"\u00E1",
+    "a\u0302"=>"\u00E2",
+    "a\u0303"=>"\u00E3",
+    "a\u0308"=>"\u00E4",
+    "a\u030A"=>"\u00E5",
+    "c\u0327"=>"\u00E7",
+    "e\u0300"=>"\u00E8",
+    "e\u0301"=>"\u00E9",
+    "e\u0302"=>"\u00EA",
+    "e\u0308"=>"\u00EB",
+    "i\u0300"=>"\u00EC",
+    "i\u0301"=>"\u00ED",
+    "i\u0302"=>"\u00EE",
+    "i\u0308"=>"\u00EF",
+    "n\u0303"=>"\u00F1",
+    "o\u0300"=>"\u00F2",
+    "o\u0301"=>"\u00F3",
+    "o\u0302"=>"\u00F4",
+    "o\u0303"=>"\u00F5",
+    "o\u0308"=>"\u00F6",
+    "u\u0300"=>"\u00F9",
+    "u\u0301"=>"\u00FA",
+    "u\u0302"=>"\u00FB",
+    "u\u0308"=>"\u00FC",
+    "y\u0301"=>"\u00FD",
+    "y\u0308"=>"\u00FF",
+    "A\u0304"=>"\u0100",
+    "a\u0304"=>"\u0101",
+    "A\u0306"=>"\u0102",
+    "a\u0306"=>"\u0103",
+    "A\u0328"=>"\u0104",
+    "a\u0328"=>"\u0105",
+    "C\u0301"=>"\u0106",
+    "c\u0301"=>"\u0107",
+    "C\u0302"=>"\u0108",
+    "c\u0302"=>"\u0109",
+    "C\u0307"=>"\u010A",
+    "c\u0307"=>"\u010B",
+    "C\u030C"=>"\u010C",
+    "c\u030C"=>"\u010D",
+    "D\u030C"=>"\u010E",
+    "d\u030C"=>"\u010F",
+    "E\u0304"=>"\u0112",
+    "e\u0304"=>"\u0113",
+    "E\u0306"=>"\u0114",
+    "e\u0306"=>"\u0115",
+    "E\u0307"=>"\u0116",
+    "e\u0307"=>"\u0117",
+    "E\u0328"=>"\u0118",
+    "e\u0328"=>"\u0119",
+    "E\u030C"=>"\u011A",
+    "e\u030C"=>"\u011B",
+    "G\u0302"=>"\u011C",
+    "g\u0302"=>"\u011D",
+    "G\u0306"=>"\u011E",
+    "g\u0306"=>"\u011F",
+    "G\u0307"=>"\u0120",
+    "g\u0307"=>"\u0121",
+    "G\u0327"=>"\u0122",
+    "g\u0327"=>"\u0123",
+    "H\u0302"=>"\u0124",
+    "h\u0302"=>"\u0125",
+    "I\u0303"=>"\u0128",
+    "i\u0303"=>"\u0129",
+    "I\u0304"=>"\u012A",
+    "i\u0304"=>"\u012B",
+    "I\u0306"=>"\u012C",
+    "i\u0306"=>"\u012D",
+    "I\u0328"=>"\u012E",
+    "i\u0328"=>"\u012F",
+    "I\u0307"=>"\u0130",
+    "J\u0302"=>"\u0134",
+    "j\u0302"=>"\u0135",
+    "K\u0327"=>"\u0136",
+    "k\u0327"=>"\u0137",
+    "L\u0301"=>"\u0139",
+    "l\u0301"=>"\u013A",
+    "L\u0327"=>"\u013B",
+    "l\u0327"=>"\u013C",
+    "L\u030C"=>"\u013D",
+    "l\u030C"=>"\u013E",
+    "N\u0301"=>"\u0143",
+    "n\u0301"=>"\u0144",
+    "N\u0327"=>"\u0145",
+    "n\u0327"=>"\u0146",
+    "N\u030C"=>"\u0147",
+    "n\u030C"=>"\u0148",
+    "O\u0304"=>"\u014C",
+    "o\u0304"=>"\u014D",
+    "O\u0306"=>"\u014E",
+    "o\u0306"=>"\u014F",
+    "O\u030B"=>"\u0150",
+    "o\u030B"=>"\u0151",
+    "R\u0301"=>"\u0154",
+    "r\u0301"=>"\u0155",
+    "R\u0327"=>"\u0156",
+    "r\u0327"=>"\u0157",
+    "R\u030C"=>"\u0158",
+    "r\u030C"=>"\u0159",
+    "S\u0301"=>"\u015A",
+    "s\u0301"=>"\u015B",
+    "S\u0302"=>"\u015C",
+    "s\u0302"=>"\u015D",
+    "S\u0327"=>"\u015E",
+    "s\u0327"=>"\u015F",
+    "S\u030C"=>"\u0160",
+    "s\u030C"=>"\u0161",
+    "T\u0327"=>"\u0162",
+    "t\u0327"=>"\u0163",
+    "T\u030C"=>"\u0164",
+    "t\u030C"=>"\u0165",
+    "U\u0303"=>"\u0168",
+    "u\u0303"=>"\u0169",
+    "U\u0304"=>"\u016A",
+    "u\u0304"=>"\u016B",
+    "U\u0306"=>"\u016C",
+    "u\u0306"=>"\u016D",
+    "U\u030A"=>"\u016E",
+    "u\u030A"=>"\u016F",
+    "U\u030B"=>"\u0170",
+    "u\u030B"=>"\u0171",
+    "U\u0328"=>"\u0172",
+    "u\u0328"=>"\u0173",
+    "W\u0302"=>"\u0174",
+    "w\u0302"=>"\u0175",
+    "Y\u0302"=>"\u0176",
+    "y\u0302"=>"\u0177",
+    "Y\u0308"=>"\u0178",
+    "Z\u0301"=>"\u0179",
+    "z\u0301"=>"\u017A",
+    "Z\u0307"=>"\u017B",
+    "z\u0307"=>"\u017C",
+    "Z\u030C"=>"\u017D",
+    "z\u030C"=>"\u017E",
+    "O\u031B"=>"\u01A0",
+    "o\u031B"=>"\u01A1",
+    "U\u031B"=>"\u01AF",
+    "u\u031B"=>"\u01B0",
+    "A\u030C"=>"\u01CD",
+    "a\u030C"=>"\u01CE",
+    "I\u030C"=>"\u01CF",
+    "i\u030C"=>"\u01D0",
+    "O\u030C"=>"\u01D1",
+    "o\u030C"=>"\u01D2",
+    "U\u030C"=>"\u01D3",
+    "u\u030C"=>"\u01D4",
+    "\u00DC\u0304"=>"\u01D5",
+    "\u00FC\u0304"=>"\u01D6",
+    "\u00DC\u0301"=>"\u01D7",
+    "\u00FC\u0301"=>"\u01D8",
+    "\u00DC\u030C"=>"\u01D9",
+    "\u00FC\u030C"=>"\u01DA",
+    "\u00DC\u0300"=>"\u01DB",
+    "\u00FC\u0300"=>"\u01DC",
+    "\u00C4\u0304"=>"\u01DE",
+    "\u00E4\u0304"=>"\u01DF",
+    "\u0226\u0304"=>"\u01E0",
+    "\u0227\u0304"=>"\u01E1",
+    "\u00C6\u0304"=>"\u01E2",
+    "\u00E6\u0304"=>"\u01E3",
+    "G\u030C"=>"\u01E6",
+    "g\u030C"=>"\u01E7",
+    "K\u030C"=>"\u01E8",
+    "k\u030C"=>"\u01E9",
+    "O\u0328"=>"\u01EA",
+    "o\u0328"=>"\u01EB",
+    "\u01EA\u0304"=>"\u01EC",
+    "\u01EB\u0304"=>"\u01ED",
+    "\u01B7\u030C"=>"\u01EE",
+    "\u0292\u030C"=>"\u01EF",
+    "j\u030C"=>"\u01F0",
+    "G\u0301"=>"\u01F4",
+    "g\u0301"=>"\u01F5",
+    "N\u0300"=>"\u01F8",
+    "n\u0300"=>"\u01F9",
+    "\u00C5\u0301"=>"\u01FA",
+    "\u00E5\u0301"=>"\u01FB",
+    "\u00C6\u0301"=>"\u01FC",
+    "\u00E6\u0301"=>"\u01FD",
+    "\u00D8\u0301"=>"\u01FE",
+    "\u00F8\u0301"=>"\u01FF",
+    "A\u030F"=>"\u0200",
+    "a\u030F"=>"\u0201",
+    "A\u0311"=>"\u0202",
+    "a\u0311"=>"\u0203",
+    "E\u030F"=>"\u0204",
+    "e\u030F"=>"\u0205",
+    "E\u0311"=>"\u0206",
+    "e\u0311"=>"\u0207",
+    "I\u030F"=>"\u0208",
+    "i\u030F"=>"\u0209",
+    "I\u0311"=>"\u020A",
+    "i\u0311"=>"\u020B",
+    "O\u030F"=>"\u020C",
+    "o\u030F"=>"\u020D",
+    "O\u0311"=>"\u020E",
+    "o\u0311"=>"\u020F",
+    "R\u030F"=>"\u0210",
+    "r\u030F"=>"\u0211",
+    "R\u0311"=>"\u0212",
+    "r\u0311"=>"\u0213",
+    "U\u030F"=>"\u0214",
+    "u\u030F"=>"\u0215",
+    "U\u0311"=>"\u0216",
+    "u\u0311"=>"\u0217",
+    "S\u0326"=>"\u0218",
+    "s\u0326"=>"\u0219",
+    "T\u0326"=>"\u021A",
+    "t\u0326"=>"\u021B",
+    "H\u030C"=>"\u021E",
+    "h\u030C"=>"\u021F",
+    "A\u0307"=>"\u0226",
+    "a\u0307"=>"\u0227",
+    "E\u0327"=>"\u0228",
+    "e\u0327"=>"\u0229",
+    "\u00D6\u0304"=>"\u022A",
+    "\u00F6\u0304"=>"\u022B",
+    "\u00D5\u0304"=>"\u022C",
+    "\u00F5\u0304"=>"\u022D",
+    "O\u0307"=>"\u022E",
+    "o\u0307"=>"\u022F",
+    "\u022E\u0304"=>"\u0230",
+    "\u022F\u0304"=>"\u0231",
+    "Y\u0304"=>"\u0232",
+    "y\u0304"=>"\u0233",
+    "\u00A8\u0301"=>"\u0385",
+    "\u0391\u0301"=>"\u0386",
+    "\u0395\u0301"=>"\u0388",
+    "\u0397\u0301"=>"\u0389",
+    "\u0399\u0301"=>"\u038A",
+    "\u039F\u0301"=>"\u038C",
+    "\u03A5\u0301"=>"\u038E",
+    "\u03A9\u0301"=>"\u038F",
+    "\u03CA\u0301"=>"\u0390",
+    "\u0399\u0308"=>"\u03AA",
+    "\u03A5\u0308"=>"\u03AB",
+    "\u03B1\u0301"=>"\u03AC",
+    "\u03B5\u0301"=>"\u03AD",
+    "\u03B7\u0301"=>"\u03AE",
+    "\u03B9\u0301"=>"\u03AF",
+    "\u03CB\u0301"=>"\u03B0",
+    "\u03B9\u0308"=>"\u03CA",
+    "\u03C5\u0308"=>"\u03CB",
+    "\u03BF\u0301"=>"\u03CC",
+    "\u03C5\u0301"=>"\u03CD",
+    "\u03C9\u0301"=>"\u03CE",
+    "\u03D2\u0301"=>"\u03D3",
+    "\u03D2\u0308"=>"\u03D4",
+    "\u0415\u0300"=>"\u0400",
+    "\u0415\u0308"=>"\u0401",
+    "\u0413\u0301"=>"\u0403",
+    "\u0406\u0308"=>"\u0407",
+    "\u041A\u0301"=>"\u040C",
+    "\u0418\u0300"=>"\u040D",
+    "\u0423\u0306"=>"\u040E",
+    "\u0418\u0306"=>"\u0419",
+    "\u0438\u0306"=>"\u0439",
+    "\u0435\u0300"=>"\u0450",
+    "\u0435\u0308"=>"\u0451",
+    "\u0433\u0301"=>"\u0453",
+    "\u0456\u0308"=>"\u0457",
+    "\u043A\u0301"=>"\u045C",
+    "\u0438\u0300"=>"\u045D",
+    "\u0443\u0306"=>"\u045E",
+    "\u0474\u030F"=>"\u0476",
+    "\u0475\u030F"=>"\u0477",
+    "\u0416\u0306"=>"\u04C1",
+    "\u0436\u0306"=>"\u04C2",
+    "\u0410\u0306"=>"\u04D0",
+    "\u0430\u0306"=>"\u04D1",
+    "\u0410\u0308"=>"\u04D2",
+    "\u0430\u0308"=>"\u04D3",
+    "\u0415\u0306"=>"\u04D6",
+    "\u0435\u0306"=>"\u04D7",
+    "\u04D8\u0308"=>"\u04DA",
+    "\u04D9\u0308"=>"\u04DB",
+    "\u0416\u0308"=>"\u04DC",
+    "\u0436\u0308"=>"\u04DD",
+    "\u0417\u0308"=>"\u04DE",
+    "\u0437\u0308"=>"\u04DF",
+    "\u0418\u0304"=>"\u04E2",
+    "\u0438\u0304"=>"\u04E3",
+    "\u0418\u0308"=>"\u04E4",
+    "\u0438\u0308"=>"\u04E5",
+    "\u041E\u0308"=>"\u04E6",
+    "\u043E\u0308"=>"\u04E7",
+    "\u04E8\u0308"=>"\u04EA",
+    "\u04E9\u0308"=>"\u04EB",
+    "\u042D\u0308"=>"\u04EC",
+    "\u044D\u0308"=>"\u04ED",
+    "\u0423\u0304"=>"\u04EE",
+    "\u0443\u0304"=>"\u04EF",
+    "\u0423\u0308"=>"\u04F0",
+    "\u0443\u0308"=>"\u04F1",
+    "\u0423\u030B"=>"\u04F2",
+    "\u0443\u030B"=>"\u04F3",
+    "\u0427\u0308"=>"\u04F4",
+    "\u0447\u0308"=>"\u04F5",
+    "\u042B\u0308"=>"\u04F8",
+    "\u044B\u0308"=>"\u04F9",
+    "\u0627\u0653"=>"\u0622",
+    "\u0627\u0654"=>"\u0623",
+    "\u0648\u0654"=>"\u0624",
+    "\u0627\u0655"=>"\u0625",
+    "\u064A\u0654"=>"\u0626",
+    "\u06D5\u0654"=>"\u06C0",
+    "\u06C1\u0654"=>"\u06C2",
+    "\u06D2\u0654"=>"\u06D3",
+    "\u0928\u093C"=>"\u0929",
+    "\u0930\u093C"=>"\u0931",
+    "\u0933\u093C"=>"\u0934",
+    "\u09C7\u09BE"=>"\u09CB",
+    "\u09C7\u09D7"=>"\u09CC",
+    "\u0B47\u0B56"=>"\u0B48",
+    "\u0B47\u0B3E"=>"\u0B4B",
+    "\u0B47\u0B57"=>"\u0B4C",
+    "\u0B92\u0BD7"=>"\u0B94",
+    "\u0BC6\u0BBE"=>"\u0BCA",
+    "\u0BC7\u0BBE"=>"\u0BCB",
+    "\u0BC6\u0BD7"=>"\u0BCC",
+    "\u0C46\u0C56"=>"\u0C48",
+    "\u0CBF\u0CD5"=>"\u0CC0",
+    "\u0CC6\u0CD5"=>"\u0CC7",
+    "\u0CC6\u0CD6"=>"\u0CC8",
+    "\u0CC6\u0CC2"=>"\u0CCA",
+    "\u0CCA\u0CD5"=>"\u0CCB",
+    "\u0D46\u0D3E"=>"\u0D4A",
+    "\u0D47\u0D3E"=>"\u0D4B",
+    "\u0D46\u0D57"=>"\u0D4C",
+    "\u0DD9\u0DCA"=>"\u0DDA",
+    "\u0DD9\u0DCF"=>"\u0DDC",
+    "\u0DDC\u0DCA"=>"\u0DDD",
+    "\u0DD9\u0DDF"=>"\u0DDE",
+    "\u1025\u102E"=>"\u1026",
+    "\u1B05\u1B35"=>"\u1B06",
+    "\u1B07\u1B35"=>"\u1B08",
+    "\u1B09\u1B35"=>"\u1B0A",
+    "\u1B0B\u1B35"=>"\u1B0C",
+    "\u1B0D\u1B35"=>"\u1B0E",
+    "\u1B11\u1B35"=>"\u1B12",
+    "\u1B3A\u1B35"=>"\u1B3B",
+    "\u1B3C\u1B35"=>"\u1B3D",
+    "\u1B3E\u1B35"=>"\u1B40",
+    "\u1B3F\u1B35"=>"\u1B41",
+    "\u1B42\u1B35"=>"\u1B43",
+    "A\u0325"=>"\u1E00",
+    "a\u0325"=>"\u1E01",
+    "B\u0307"=>"\u1E02",
+    "b\u0307"=>"\u1E03",
+    "B\u0323"=>"\u1E04",
+    "b\u0323"=>"\u1E05",
+    "B\u0331"=>"\u1E06",
+    "b\u0331"=>"\u1E07",
+    "\u00C7\u0301"=>"\u1E08",
+    "\u00E7\u0301"=>"\u1E09",
+    "D\u0307"=>"\u1E0A",
+    "d\u0307"=>"\u1E0B",
+    "D\u0323"=>"\u1E0C",
+    "d\u0323"=>"\u1E0D",
+    "D\u0331"=>"\u1E0E",
+    "d\u0331"=>"\u1E0F",
+    "D\u0327"=>"\u1E10",
+    "d\u0327"=>"\u1E11",
+    "D\u032D"=>"\u1E12",
+    "d\u032D"=>"\u1E13",
+    "\u0112\u0300"=>"\u1E14",
+    "\u0113\u0300"=>"\u1E15",
+    "\u0112\u0301"=>"\u1E16",
+    "\u0113\u0301"=>"\u1E17",
+    "E\u032D"=>"\u1E18",
+    "e\u032D"=>"\u1E19",
+    "E\u0330"=>"\u1E1A",
+    "e\u0330"=>"\u1E1B",
+    "\u0228\u0306"=>"\u1E1C",
+    "\u0229\u0306"=>"\u1E1D",
+    "F\u0307"=>"\u1E1E",
+    "f\u0307"=>"\u1E1F",
+    "G\u0304"=>"\u1E20",
+    "g\u0304"=>"\u1E21",
+    "H\u0307"=>"\u1E22",
+    "h\u0307"=>"\u1E23",
+    "H\u0323"=>"\u1E24",
+    "h\u0323"=>"\u1E25",
+    "H\u0308"=>"\u1E26",
+    "h\u0308"=>"\u1E27",
+    "H\u0327"=>"\u1E28",
+    "h\u0327"=>"\u1E29",
+    "H\u032E"=>"\u1E2A",
+    "h\u032E"=>"\u1E2B",
+    "I\u0330"=>"\u1E2C",
+    "i\u0330"=>"\u1E2D",
+    "\u00CF\u0301"=>"\u1E2E",
+    "\u00EF\u0301"=>"\u1E2F",
+    "K\u0301"=>"\u1E30",
+    "k\u0301"=>"\u1E31",
+    "K\u0323"=>"\u1E32",
+    "k\u0323"=>"\u1E33",
+    "K\u0331"=>"\u1E34",
+    "k\u0331"=>"\u1E35",
+    "L\u0323"=>"\u1E36",
+    "l\u0323"=>"\u1E37",
+    "\u1E36\u0304"=>"\u1E38",
+    "\u1E37\u0304"=>"\u1E39",
+    "L\u0331"=>"\u1E3A",
+    "l\u0331"=>"\u1E3B",
+    "L\u032D"=>"\u1E3C",
+    "l\u032D"=>"\u1E3D",
+    "M\u0301"=>"\u1E3E",
+    "m\u0301"=>"\u1E3F",
+    "M\u0307"=>"\u1E40",
+    "m\u0307"=>"\u1E41",
+    "M\u0323"=>"\u1E42",
+    "m\u0323"=>"\u1E43",
+    "N\u0307"=>"\u1E44",
+    "n\u0307"=>"\u1E45",
+    "N\u0323"=>"\u1E46",
+    "n\u0323"=>"\u1E47",
+    "N\u0331"=>"\u1E48",
+    "n\u0331"=>"\u1E49",
+    "N\u032D"=>"\u1E4A",
+    "n\u032D"=>"\u1E4B",
+    "\u00D5\u0301"=>"\u1E4C",
+    "\u00F5\u0301"=>"\u1E4D",
+    "\u00D5\u0308"=>"\u1E4E",
+    "\u00F5\u0308"=>"\u1E4F",
+    "\u014C\u0300"=>"\u1E50",
+    "\u014D\u0300"=>"\u1E51",
+    "\u014C\u0301"=>"\u1E52",
+    "\u014D\u0301"=>"\u1E53",
+    "P\u0301"=>"\u1E54",
+    "p\u0301"=>"\u1E55",
+    "P\u0307"=>"\u1E56",
+    "p\u0307"=>"\u1E57",
+    "R\u0307"=>"\u1E58",
+    "r\u0307"=>"\u1E59",
+    "R\u0323"=>"\u1E5A",
+    "r\u0323"=>"\u1E5B",
+    "\u1E5A\u0304"=>"\u1E5C",
+    "\u1E5B\u0304"=>"\u1E5D",
+    "R\u0331"=>"\u1E5E",
+    "r\u0331"=>"\u1E5F",
+    "S\u0307"=>"\u1E60",
+    "s\u0307"=>"\u1E61",
+    "S\u0323"=>"\u1E62",
+    "s\u0323"=>"\u1E63",
+    "\u015A\u0307"=>"\u1E64",
+    "\u015B\u0307"=>"\u1E65",
+    "\u0160\u0307"=>"\u1E66",
+    "\u0161\u0307"=>"\u1E67",
+    "\u1E62\u0307"=>"\u1E68",
+    "\u1E63\u0307"=>"\u1E69",
+    "T\u0307"=>"\u1E6A",
+    "t\u0307"=>"\u1E6B",
+    "T\u0323"=>"\u1E6C",
+    "t\u0323"=>"\u1E6D",
+    "T\u0331"=>"\u1E6E",
+    "t\u0331"=>"\u1E6F",
+    "T\u032D"=>"\u1E70",
+    "t\u032D"=>"\u1E71",
+    "U\u0324"=>"\u1E72",
+    "u\u0324"=>"\u1E73",
+    "U\u0330"=>"\u1E74",
+    "u\u0330"=>"\u1E75",
+    "U\u032D"=>"\u1E76",
+    "u\u032D"=>"\u1E77",
+    "\u0168\u0301"=>"\u1E78",
+    "\u0169\u0301"=>"\u1E79",
+    "\u016A\u0308"=>"\u1E7A",
+    "\u016B\u0308"=>"\u1E7B",
+    "V\u0303"=>"\u1E7C",
+    "v\u0303"=>"\u1E7D",
+    "V\u0323"=>"\u1E7E",
+    "v\u0323"=>"\u1E7F",
+    "W\u0300"=>"\u1E80",
+    "w\u0300"=>"\u1E81",
+    "W\u0301"=>"\u1E82",
+    "w\u0301"=>"\u1E83",
+    "W\u0308"=>"\u1E84",
+    "w\u0308"=>"\u1E85",
+    "W\u0307"=>"\u1E86",
+    "w\u0307"=>"\u1E87",
+    "W\u0323"=>"\u1E88",
+    "w\u0323"=>"\u1E89",
+    "X\u0307"=>"\u1E8A",
+    "x\u0307"=>"\u1E8B",
+    "X\u0308"=>"\u1E8C",
+    "x\u0308"=>"\u1E8D",
+    "Y\u0307"=>"\u1E8E",
+    "y\u0307"=>"\u1E8F",
+    "Z\u0302"=>"\u1E90",
+    "z\u0302"=>"\u1E91",
+    "Z\u0323"=>"\u1E92",
+    "z\u0323"=>"\u1E93",
+    "Z\u0331"=>"\u1E94",
+    "z\u0331"=>"\u1E95",
+    "h\u0331"=>"\u1E96",
+    "t\u0308"=>"\u1E97",
+    "w\u030A"=>"\u1E98",
+    "y\u030A"=>"\u1E99",
+    "\u017F\u0307"=>"\u1E9B",
+    "A\u0323"=>"\u1EA0",
+    "a\u0323"=>"\u1EA1",
+    "A\u0309"=>"\u1EA2",
+    "a\u0309"=>"\u1EA3",
+    "\u00C2\u0301"=>"\u1EA4",
+    "\u00E2\u0301"=>"\u1EA5",
+    "\u00C2\u0300"=>"\u1EA6",
+    "\u00E2\u0300"=>"\u1EA7",
+    "\u00C2\u0309"=>"\u1EA8",
+    "\u00E2\u0309"=>"\u1EA9",
+    "\u00C2\u0303"=>"\u1EAA",
+    "\u00E2\u0303"=>"\u1EAB",
+    "\u1EA0\u0302"=>"\u1EAC",
+    "\u1EA1\u0302"=>"\u1EAD",
+    "\u0102\u0301"=>"\u1EAE",
+    "\u0103\u0301"=>"\u1EAF",
+    "\u0102\u0300"=>"\u1EB0",
+    "\u0103\u0300"=>"\u1EB1",
+    "\u0102\u0309"=>"\u1EB2",
+    "\u0103\u0309"=>"\u1EB3",
+    "\u0102\u0303"=>"\u1EB4",
+    "\u0103\u0303"=>"\u1EB5",
+    "\u1EA0\u0306"=>"\u1EB6",
+    "\u1EA1\u0306"=>"\u1EB7",
+    "E\u0323"=>"\u1EB8",
+    "e\u0323"=>"\u1EB9",
+    "E\u0309"=>"\u1EBA",
+    "e\u0309"=>"\u1EBB",
+    "E\u0303"=>"\u1EBC",
+    "e\u0303"=>"\u1EBD",
+    "\u00CA\u0301"=>"\u1EBE",
+    "\u00EA\u0301"=>"\u1EBF",
+    "\u00CA\u0300"=>"\u1EC0",
+    "\u00EA\u0300"=>"\u1EC1",
+    "\u00CA\u0309"=>"\u1EC2",
+    "\u00EA\u0309"=>"\u1EC3",
+    "\u00CA\u0303"=>"\u1EC4",
+    "\u00EA\u0303"=>"\u1EC5",
+    "\u1EB8\u0302"=>"\u1EC6",
+    "\u1EB9\u0302"=>"\u1EC7",
+    "I\u0309"=>"\u1EC8",
+    "i\u0309"=>"\u1EC9",
+    "I\u0323"=>"\u1ECA",
+    "i\u0323"=>"\u1ECB",
+    "O\u0323"=>"\u1ECC",
+    "o\u0323"=>"\u1ECD",
+    "O\u0309"=>"\u1ECE",
+    "o\u0309"=>"\u1ECF",
+    "\u00D4\u0301"=>"\u1ED0",
+    "\u00F4\u0301"=>"\u1ED1",
+    "\u00D4\u0300"=>"\u1ED2",
+    "\u00F4\u0300"=>"\u1ED3",
+    "\u00D4\u0309"=>"\u1ED4",
+    "\u00F4\u0309"=>"\u1ED5",
+    "\u00D4\u0303"=>"\u1ED6",
+    "\u00F4\u0303"=>"\u1ED7",
+    "\u1ECC\u0302"=>"\u1ED8",
+    "\u1ECD\u0302"=>"\u1ED9",
+    "\u01A0\u0301"=>"\u1EDA",
+    "\u01A1\u0301"=>"\u1EDB",
+    "\u01A0\u0300"=>"\u1EDC",
+    "\u01A1\u0300"=>"\u1EDD",
+    "\u01A0\u0309"=>"\u1EDE",
+    "\u01A1\u0309"=>"\u1EDF",
+    "\u01A0\u0303"=>"\u1EE0",
+    "\u01A1\u0303"=>"\u1EE1",
+    "\u01A0\u0323"=>"\u1EE2",
+    "\u01A1\u0323"=>"\u1EE3",
+    "U\u0323"=>"\u1EE4",
+    "u\u0323"=>"\u1EE5",
+    "U\u0309"=>"\u1EE6",
+    "u\u0309"=>"\u1EE7",
+    "\u01AF\u0301"=>"\u1EE8",
+    "\u01B0\u0301"=>"\u1EE9",
+    "\u01AF\u0300"=>"\u1EEA",
+    "\u01B0\u0300"=>"\u1EEB",
+    "\u01AF\u0309"=>"\u1EEC",
+    "\u01B0\u0309"=>"\u1EED",
+    "\u01AF\u0303"=>"\u1EEE",
+    "\u01B0\u0303"=>"\u1EEF",
+    "\u01AF\u0323"=>"\u1EF0",
+    "\u01B0\u0323"=>"\u1EF1",
+    "Y\u0300"=>"\u1EF2",
+    "y\u0300"=>"\u1EF3",
+    "Y\u0323"=>"\u1EF4",
+    "y\u0323"=>"\u1EF5",
+    "Y\u0309"=>"\u1EF6",
+    "y\u0309"=>"\u1EF7",
+    "Y\u0303"=>"\u1EF8",
+    "y\u0303"=>"\u1EF9",
+    "\u03B1\u0313"=>"\u1F00",
+    "\u03B1\u0314"=>"\u1F01",
+    "\u1F00\u0300"=>"\u1F02",
+    "\u1F01\u0300"=>"\u1F03",
+    "\u1F00\u0301"=>"\u1F04",
+    "\u1F01\u0301"=>"\u1F05",
+    "\u1F00\u0342"=>"\u1F06",
+    "\u1F01\u0342"=>"\u1F07",
+    "\u0391\u0313"=>"\u1F08",
+    "\u0391\u0314"=>"\u1F09",
+    "\u1F08\u0300"=>"\u1F0A",
+    "\u1F09\u0300"=>"\u1F0B",
+    "\u1F08\u0301"=>"\u1F0C",
+    "\u1F09\u0301"=>"\u1F0D",
+    "\u1F08\u0342"=>"\u1F0E",
+    "\u1F09\u0342"=>"\u1F0F",
+    "\u03B5\u0313"=>"\u1F10",
+    "\u03B5\u0314"=>"\u1F11",
+    "\u1F10\u0300"=>"\u1F12",
+    "\u1F11\u0300"=>"\u1F13",
+    "\u1F10\u0301"=>"\u1F14",
+    "\u1F11\u0301"=>"\u1F15",
+    "\u0395\u0313"=>"\u1F18",
+    "\u0395\u0314"=>"\u1F19",
+    "\u1F18\u0300"=>"\u1F1A",
+    "\u1F19\u0300"=>"\u1F1B",
+    "\u1F18\u0301"=>"\u1F1C",
+    "\u1F19\u0301"=>"\u1F1D",
+    "\u03B7\u0313"=>"\u1F20",
+    "\u03B7\u0314"=>"\u1F21",
+    "\u1F20\u0300"=>"\u1F22",
+    "\u1F21\u0300"=>"\u1F23",
+    "\u1F20\u0301"=>"\u1F24",
+    "\u1F21\u0301"=>"\u1F25",
+    "\u1F20\u0342"=>"\u1F26",
+    "\u1F21\u0342"=>"\u1F27",
+    "\u0397\u0313"=>"\u1F28",
+    "\u0397\u0314"=>"\u1F29",
+    "\u1F28\u0300"=>"\u1F2A",
+    "\u1F29\u0300"=>"\u1F2B",
+    "\u1F28\u0301"=>"\u1F2C",
+    "\u1F29\u0301"=>"\u1F2D",
+    "\u1F28\u0342"=>"\u1F2E",
+    "\u1F29\u0342"=>"\u1F2F",
+    "\u03B9\u0313"=>"\u1F30",
+    "\u03B9\u0314"=>"\u1F31",
+    "\u1F30\u0300"=>"\u1F32",
+    "\u1F31\u0300"=>"\u1F33",
+    "\u1F30\u0301"=>"\u1F34",
+    "\u1F31\u0301"=>"\u1F35",
+    "\u1F30\u0342"=>"\u1F36",
+    "\u1F31\u0342"=>"\u1F37",
+    "\u0399\u0313"=>"\u1F38",
+    "\u0399\u0314"=>"\u1F39",
+    "\u1F38\u0300"=>"\u1F3A",
+    "\u1F39\u0300"=>"\u1F3B",
+    "\u1F38\u0301"=>"\u1F3C",
+    "\u1F39\u0301"=>"\u1F3D",
+    "\u1F38\u0342"=>"\u1F3E",
+    "\u1F39\u0342"=>"\u1F3F",
+    "\u03BF\u0313"=>"\u1F40",
+    "\u03BF\u0314"=>"\u1F41",
+    "\u1F40\u0300"=>"\u1F42",
+    "\u1F41\u0300"=>"\u1F43",
+    "\u1F40\u0301"=>"\u1F44",
+    "\u1F41\u0301"=>"\u1F45",
+    "\u039F\u0313"=>"\u1F48",
+    "\u039F\u0314"=>"\u1F49",
+    "\u1F48\u0300"=>"\u1F4A",
+    "\u1F49\u0300"=>"\u1F4B",
+    "\u1F48\u0301"=>"\u1F4C",
+    "\u1F49\u0301"=>"\u1F4D",
+    "\u03C5\u0313"=>"\u1F50",
+    "\u03C5\u0314"=>"\u1F51",
+    "\u1F50\u0300"=>"\u1F52",
+    "\u1F51\u0300"=>"\u1F53",
+    "\u1F50\u0301"=>"\u1F54",
+    "\u1F51\u0301"=>"\u1F55",
+    "\u1F50\u0342"=>"\u1F56",
+    "\u1F51\u0342"=>"\u1F57",
+    "\u03A5\u0314"=>"\u1F59",
+    "\u1F59\u0300"=>"\u1F5B",
+    "\u1F59\u0301"=>"\u1F5D",
+    "\u1F59\u0342"=>"\u1F5F",
+    "\u03C9\u0313"=>"\u1F60",
+    "\u03C9\u0314"=>"\u1F61",
+    "\u1F60\u0300"=>"\u1F62",
+    "\u1F61\u0300"=>"\u1F63",
+    "\u1F60\u0301"=>"\u1F64",
+    "\u1F61\u0301"=>"\u1F65",
+    "\u1F60\u0342"=>"\u1F66",
+    "\u1F61\u0342"=>"\u1F67",
+    "\u03A9\u0313"=>"\u1F68",
+    "\u03A9\u0314"=>"\u1F69",
+    "\u1F68\u0300"=>"\u1F6A",
+    "\u1F69\u0300"=>"\u1F6B",
+    "\u1F68\u0301"=>"\u1F6C",
+    "\u1F69\u0301"=>"\u1F6D",
+    "\u1F68\u0342"=>"\u1F6E",
+    "\u1F69\u0342"=>"\u1F6F",
+    "\u03B1\u0300"=>"\u1F70",
+    "\u03B5\u0300"=>"\u1F72",
+    "\u03B7\u0300"=>"\u1F74",
+    "\u03B9\u0300"=>"\u1F76",
+    "\u03BF\u0300"=>"\u1F78",
+    "\u03C5\u0300"=>"\u1F7A",
+    "\u03C9\u0300"=>"\u1F7C",
+    "\u1F00\u0345"=>"\u1F80",
+    "\u1F01\u0345"=>"\u1F81",
+    "\u1F02\u0345"=>"\u1F82",
+    "\u1F03\u0345"=>"\u1F83",
+    "\u1F04\u0345"=>"\u1F84",
+    "\u1F05\u0345"=>"\u1F85",
+    "\u1F06\u0345"=>"\u1F86",
+    "\u1F07\u0345"=>"\u1F87",
+    "\u1F08\u0345"=>"\u1F88",
+    "\u1F09\u0345"=>"\u1F89",
+    "\u1F0A\u0345"=>"\u1F8A",
+    "\u1F0B\u0345"=>"\u1F8B",
+    "\u1F0C\u0345"=>"\u1F8C",
+    "\u1F0D\u0345"=>"\u1F8D",
+    "\u1F0E\u0345"=>"\u1F8E",
+    "\u1F0F\u0345"=>"\u1F8F",
+    "\u1F20\u0345"=>"\u1F90",
+    "\u1F21\u0345"=>"\u1F91",
+    "\u1F22\u0345"=>"\u1F92",
+    "\u1F23\u0345"=>"\u1F93",
+    "\u1F24\u0345"=>"\u1F94",
+    "\u1F25\u0345"=>"\u1F95",
+    "\u1F26\u0345"=>"\u1F96",
+    "\u1F27\u0345"=>"\u1F97",
+    "\u1F28\u0345"=>"\u1F98",
+    "\u1F29\u0345"=>"\u1F99",
+    "\u1F2A\u0345"=>"\u1F9A",
+    "\u1F2B\u0345"=>"\u1F9B",
+    "\u1F2C\u0345"=>"\u1F9C",
+    "\u1F2D\u0345"=>"\u1F9D",
+    "\u1F2E\u0345"=>"\u1F9E",
+    "\u1F2F\u0345"=>"\u1F9F",
+    "\u1F60\u0345"=>"\u1FA0",
+    "\u1F61\u0345"=>"\u1FA1",
+    "\u1F62\u0345"=>"\u1FA2",
+    "\u1F63\u0345"=>"\u1FA3",
+    "\u1F64\u0345"=>"\u1FA4",
+    "\u1F65\u0345"=>"\u1FA5",
+    "\u1F66\u0345"=>"\u1FA6",
+    "\u1F67\u0345"=>"\u1FA7",
+    "\u1F68\u0345"=>"\u1FA8",
+    "\u1F69\u0345"=>"\u1FA9",
+    "\u1F6A\u0345"=>"\u1FAA",
+    "\u1F6B\u0345"=>"\u1FAB",
+    "\u1F6C\u0345"=>"\u1FAC",
+    "\u1F6D\u0345"=>"\u1FAD",
+    "\u1F6E\u0345"=>"\u1FAE",
+    "\u1F6F\u0345"=>"\u1FAF",
+    "\u03B1\u0306"=>"\u1FB0",
+    "\u03B1\u0304"=>"\u1FB1",
+    "\u1F70\u0345"=>"\u1FB2",
+    "\u03B1\u0345"=>"\u1FB3",
+    "\u03AC\u0345"=>"\u1FB4",
+    "\u03B1\u0342"=>"\u1FB6",
+    "\u1FB6\u0345"=>"\u1FB7",
+    "\u0391\u0306"=>"\u1FB8",
+    "\u0391\u0304"=>"\u1FB9",
+    "\u0391\u0300"=>"\u1FBA",
+    "\u0391\u0345"=>"\u1FBC",
+    "\u00A8\u0342"=>"\u1FC1",
+    "\u1F74\u0345"=>"\u1FC2",
+    "\u03B7\u0345"=>"\u1FC3",
+    "\u03AE\u0345"=>"\u1FC4",
+    "\u03B7\u0342"=>"\u1FC6",
+    "\u1FC6\u0345"=>"\u1FC7",
+    "\u0395\u0300"=>"\u1FC8",
+    "\u0397\u0300"=>"\u1FCA",
+    "\u0397\u0345"=>"\u1FCC",
+    "\u1FBF\u0300"=>"\u1FCD",
+    "\u1FBF\u0301"=>"\u1FCE",
+    "\u1FBF\u0342"=>"\u1FCF",
+    "\u03B9\u0306"=>"\u1FD0",
+    "\u03B9\u0304"=>"\u1FD1",
+    "\u03CA\u0300"=>"\u1FD2",
+    "\u03B9\u0342"=>"\u1FD6",
+    "\u03CA\u0342"=>"\u1FD7",
+    "\u0399\u0306"=>"\u1FD8",
+    "\u0399\u0304"=>"\u1FD9",
+    "\u0399\u0300"=>"\u1FDA",
+    "\u1FFE\u0300"=>"\u1FDD",
+    "\u1FFE\u0301"=>"\u1FDE",
+    "\u1FFE\u0342"=>"\u1FDF",
+    "\u03C5\u0306"=>"\u1FE0",
+    "\u03C5\u0304"=>"\u1FE1",
+    "\u03CB\u0300"=>"\u1FE2",
+    "\u03C1\u0313"=>"\u1FE4",
+    "\u03C1\u0314"=>"\u1FE5",
+    "\u03C5\u0342"=>"\u1FE6",
+    "\u03CB\u0342"=>"\u1FE7",
+    "\u03A5\u0306"=>"\u1FE8",
+    "\u03A5\u0304"=>"\u1FE9",
+    "\u03A5\u0300"=>"\u1FEA",
+    "\u03A1\u0314"=>"\u1FEC",
+    "\u00A8\u0300"=>"\u1FED",
+    "\u1F7C\u0345"=>"\u1FF2",
+    "\u03C9\u0345"=>"\u1FF3",
+    "\u03CE\u0345"=>"\u1FF4",
+    "\u03C9\u0342"=>"\u1FF6",
+    "\u1FF6\u0345"=>"\u1FF7",
+    "\u039F\u0300"=>"\u1FF8",
+    "\u03A9\u0300"=>"\u1FFA",
+    "\u03A9\u0345"=>"\u1FFC",
+    "\u2190\u0338"=>"\u219A",
+    "\u2192\u0338"=>"\u219B",
+    "\u2194\u0338"=>"\u21AE",
+    "\u21D0\u0338"=>"\u21CD",
+    "\u21D4\u0338"=>"\u21CE",
+    "\u21D2\u0338"=>"\u21CF",
+    "\u2203\u0338"=>"\u2204",
+    "\u2208\u0338"=>"\u2209",
+    "\u220B\u0338"=>"\u220C",
+    "\u2223\u0338"=>"\u2224",
+    "\u2225\u0338"=>"\u2226",
+    "\u223C\u0338"=>"\u2241",
+    "\u2243\u0338"=>"\u2244",
+    "\u2245\u0338"=>"\u2247",
+    "\u2248\u0338"=>"\u2249",
+    "=\u0338"=>"\u2260",
+    "\u2261\u0338"=>"\u2262",
+    "\u224D\u0338"=>"\u226D",
+    "<\u0338"=>"\u226E",
+    ">\u0338"=>"\u226F",
+    "\u2264\u0338"=>"\u2270",
+    "\u2265\u0338"=>"\u2271",
+    "\u2272\u0338"=>"\u2274",
+    "\u2273\u0338"=>"\u2275",
+    "\u2276\u0338"=>"\u2278",
+    "\u2277\u0338"=>"\u2279",
+    "\u227A\u0338"=>"\u2280",
+    "\u227B\u0338"=>"\u2281",
+    "\u2282\u0338"=>"\u2284",
+    "\u2283\u0338"=>"\u2285",
+    "\u2286\u0338"=>"\u2288",
+    "\u2287\u0338"=>"\u2289",
+    "\u22A2\u0338"=>"\u22AC",
+    "\u22A8\u0338"=>"\u22AD",
+    "\u22A9\u0338"=>"\u22AE",
+    "\u22AB\u0338"=>"\u22AF",
+    "\u227C\u0338"=>"\u22E0",
+    "\u227D\u0338"=>"\u22E1",
+    "\u2291\u0338"=>"\u22E2",
+    "\u2292\u0338"=>"\u22E3",
+    "\u22B2\u0338"=>"\u22EA",
+    "\u22B3\u0338"=>"\u22EB",
+    "\u22B4\u0338"=>"\u22EC",
+    "\u22B5\u0338"=>"\u22ED",
+    "\u304B\u3099"=>"\u304C",
+    "\u304D\u3099"=>"\u304E",
+    "\u304F\u3099"=>"\u3050",
+    "\u3051\u3099"=>"\u3052",
+    "\u3053\u3099"=>"\u3054",
+    "\u3055\u3099"=>"\u3056",
+    "\u3057\u3099"=>"\u3058",
+    "\u3059\u3099"=>"\u305A",
+    "\u305B\u3099"=>"\u305C",
+    "\u305D\u3099"=>"\u305E",
+    "\u305F\u3099"=>"\u3060",
+    "\u3061\u3099"=>"\u3062",
+    "\u3064\u3099"=>"\u3065",
+    "\u3066\u3099"=>"\u3067",
+    "\u3068\u3099"=>"\u3069",
+    "\u306F\u3099"=>"\u3070",
+    "\u306F\u309A"=>"\u3071",
+    "\u3072\u3099"=>"\u3073",
+    "\u3072\u309A"=>"\u3074",
+    "\u3075\u3099"=>"\u3076",
+    "\u3075\u309A"=>"\u3077",
+    "\u3078\u3099"=>"\u3079",
+    "\u3078\u309A"=>"\u307A",
+    "\u307B\u3099"=>"\u307C",
+    "\u307B\u309A"=>"\u307D",
+    "\u3046\u3099"=>"\u3094",
+    "\u309D\u3099"=>"\u309E",
+    "\u30AB\u3099"=>"\u30AC",
+    "\u30AD\u3099"=>"\u30AE",
+    "\u30AF\u3099"=>"\u30B0",
+    "\u30B1\u3099"=>"\u30B2",
+    "\u30B3\u3099"=>"\u30B4",
+    "\u30B5\u3099"=>"\u30B6",
+    "\u30B7\u3099"=>"\u30B8",
+    "\u30B9\u3099"=>"\u30BA",
+    "\u30BB\u3099"=>"\u30BC",
+    "\u30BD\u3099"=>"\u30BE",
+    "\u30BF\u3099"=>"\u30C0",
+    "\u30C1\u3099"=>"\u30C2",
+    "\u30C4\u3099"=>"\u30C5",
+    "\u30C6\u3099"=>"\u30C7",
+    "\u30C8\u3099"=>"\u30C9",
+    "\u30CF\u3099"=>"\u30D0",
+    "\u30CF\u309A"=>"\u30D1",
+    "\u30D2\u3099"=>"\u30D3",
+    "\u30D2\u309A"=>"\u30D4",
+    "\u30D5\u3099"=>"\u30D6",
+    "\u30D5\u309A"=>"\u30D7",
+    "\u30D8\u3099"=>"\u30D9",
+    "\u30D8\u309A"=>"\u30DA",
+    "\u30DB\u3099"=>"\u30DC",
+    "\u30DB\u309A"=>"\u30DD",
+    "\u30A6\u3099"=>"\u30F4",
+    "\u30EF\u3099"=>"\u30F7",
+    "\u30F0\u3099"=>"\u30F8",
+    "\u30F1\u3099"=>"\u30F9",
+    "\u30F2\u3099"=>"\u30FA",
+    "\u30FD\u3099"=>"\u30FE",
+    "\u{11099}\u{110BA}"=>"\u{1109A}",
+    "\u{1109B}\u{110BA}"=>"\u{1109C}",
+    "\u{110A5}\u{110BA}"=>"\u{110AB}",
+    "\u{11131}\u{11127}"=>"\u{1112E}",
+    "\u{11132}\u{11127}"=>"\u{1112F}",
+    "\u{11347}\u{1133E}"=>"\u{1134B}",
+    "\u{11347}\u{11357}"=>"\u{1134C}",
+    "\u{114B9}\u{114BA}"=>"\u{114BB}",
+    "\u{114B9}\u{114B0}"=>"\u{114BC}",
+    "\u{114B9}\u{114BD}"=>"\u{114BE}",
+    "\u{115B8}\u{115AF}"=>"\u{115BA}",
+    "\u{115B9}\u{115AF}"=>"\u{115BB}",
   }.freeze
 end
diff --git a/lib/uri.rb b/lib/uri.rb
index 971a97038f..b544a5ee65 100644
--- a/lib/uri.rb
+++ b/lib/uri.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,28 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 # URI is a module providing classes to handle Uniform Resource Identifiers
-# (RFC2396[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396])
+# (RFC2396[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396]).
 #
 # == Features
 #
-# * Uniform handling of handling URIs
-# * Flexibility to introduce custom URI schemes
+# * Uniform way of handling URIs.
+# * Flexibility to introduce custom URI schemes.
 # * Flexibility to have an alternate URI::Parser (or just different patterns
-#   and regexp's)
+#   and regexp's).
 #
 # == Basic example
 #
 #   require 'uri'
 #
 #   uri = URI("http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413")
-#   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x00000000b14880
-#         URL:http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413>
-#   uri.scheme
-#   #=> "http"
-#   uri.host
-#   #=> "foo.com"
-#   uri.path
-#   #=> "/posts"
-#   uri.query
-#   #=> "id=30&limit=5"
-#   uri.fragment
-#   #=> "time=1305298413"
-#
-#   uri.to_s
-#   #=> "http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413"
+#   #=> #<URI::HTTP http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413>
+#
+#   uri.scheme    #=> "http"
+#   uri.host      #=> "foo.com"
+#   uri.path      #=> "/posts"
+#   uri.query     #=> "id=30&limit=5"
+#   uri.fragment  #=> "time=1305298413"
+#
+#   uri.to_s      #=> "http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413"
 #
 # == Adding custom URIs
 #
@@ -41,18 +35,18 @@
 #   #=> URI::RSYNC
 #
 #   URI.scheme_list
-#   #=> {"FTP"=>URI::FTP, "HTTP"=>URI::HTTP, "HTTPS"=>URI::HTTPS,
-#        "LDAP"=>URI::LDAP, "LDAPS"=>URI::LDAPS, "MAILTO"=>URI::MailTo,
-#        "RSYNC"=>URI::RSYNC}
+#   #=> {"FILE"=>URI::File, "FTP"=>URI::FTP, "HTTP"=>URI::HTTP,
+#   #    "HTTPS"=>URI::HTTPS, "LDAP"=>URI::LDAP, "LDAPS"=>URI::LDAPS,
+#   #    "MAILTO"=>URI::MailTo, "RSYNC"=>URI::RSYNC}
 #
 #   uri = URI("rsync://rsync.foo.com")
-#   #=> #<URI::RSYNC:0x00000000f648c8 URL:rsync://rsync.foo.com>
+#   #=> #<URI::RSYNC rsync://rsync.foo.com>
 #
 # == RFC References
 #
-# A good place to view an RFC spec is http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html
+# A good place to view an RFC spec is http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html.
 #
-# Here is a list of all related RFC's.
+# Here is a list of all related RFC's:
 # - RFC822[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822]
 # - RFC1738[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738]
 # - RFC2255[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2255]
@@ -65,6 +59,7 @@
 # == Class tree
 #
 # - URI::Generic (in uri/generic.rb)
+#   - URI::File - (in uri/file.rb)
 #   - URI::FTP - (in uri/ftp.rb)
 #   - URI::HTTP - (in uri/http.rb)
 #     - URI::HTTPS - (in uri/https.rb)
@@ -91,22 +86,18 @@
 # License::
 #  Copyright (c) 2001 akira yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
 #  You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
-# Revision:: $Id$
 #
 
 module URI
-  # :stopdoc:
-  VERSION_CODE = '001000'.freeze
-  VERSION = VERSION_CODE.scan(/../).collect{|n| n.to_i}.join('.').freeze
-  # :startdoc:
-
 end
 
-require 'uri/common'
-require 'uri/generic'
-require 'uri/ftp'
-require 'uri/http'
-require 'uri/https'
-require 'uri/ldap'
-require 'uri/ldaps'
-require 'uri/mailto'
+require_relative 'uri/version'
+require_relative 'uri/common'
+require_relative 'uri/generic'
+require_relative 'uri/file'
+require_relative 'uri/ftp'
+require_relative 'uri/http'
+require_relative 'uri/https'
+require_relative 'uri/ldap'
+require_relative 'uri/ldaps'
+require_relative 'uri/mailto'
diff --git a/lib/uri/common.rb b/lib/uri/common.rb
index ec85bbc1e7..d818592b74 100644
--- a/lib/uri/common.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/common.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #--
 # = uri/common.rb
 #
 # Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
-# Revision:: $Id$
 # License::
 #   You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
 #
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require "uri/rfc2396_parser"
-require "uri/rfc3986_parser"
+require_relative "rfc2396_parser"
+require_relative "rfc3986_parser"
 
 module URI
   REGEXP = RFC2396_REGEXP
@@ -61,87 +60,29 @@ module URI
     module_function :make_components_hash
   end
 
-  # module for escaping unsafe characters with codes.
-  module Escape
-    #
-    # == Synopsis
-    #
-    #   URI.escape(str [, unsafe])
-    #
-    # == Args
-    #
-    # +str+::
-    #   String to replaces in.
-    # +unsafe+::
-    #   Regexp that matches all symbols that must be replaced with codes.
-    #   By default uses <tt>UNSAFE</tt>.
-    #   When this argument is a String, it represents a character set.
-    #
-    # == Description
-    #
-    # Escapes the string, replacing all unsafe characters with codes.
-    #
-    # This method is obsolete and should not be used. Instead, use
-    # CGI.escape, URI.encode_www_form or URI.encode_www_form_component
-    # depending on your specific use case.
-    #
-    # == Usage
-    #
-    #   require 'uri'
-    #
-    #   enc_uri = URI.escape("http://example.com/?a=\11\15")
-    #   p enc_uri
-    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=%09%0D"
-    #
-    #   p URI.unescape(enc_uri)
-    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=\t\r"
-    #
-    #   p URI.escape("@?@!", "!?")
-    #   # => "@%3F@%21"
-    #
-    def escape(*arg)
-      warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: URI.escape is obsolete" if $VERBOSE
-      DEFAULT_PARSER.escape(*arg)
-    end
-    alias encode escape
-    #
-    # == Synopsis
-    #
-    #   URI.unescape(str)
-    #
-    # == Args
-    #
-    # +str+::
-    #   Unescapes the string.
-    #
-    # == Usage
-    #
-    #   require 'uri'
-    #
-    #   enc_uri = URI.escape("http://example.com/?a=\11\15")
-    #   p enc_uri
-    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=%09%0D"
-    #
-    #   p URI.unescape(enc_uri)
-    #   # => "http://example.com/?a=\t\r"
-    #
-    def unescape(*arg)
-      warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: URI.unescape is obsolete" if $VERBOSE
-      DEFAULT_PARSER.unescape(*arg)
-    end
-    alias decode unescape
-  end # module Escape
-
-  extend Escape
   include REGEXP
 
   @@schemes = {}
-  # Returns a Hash of the defined schemes
+  # Returns a Hash of the defined schemes.
   def self.scheme_list
     @@schemes
   end
 
   #
+  # Construct a URI instance, using the scheme to detect the appropriate class
+  # from +URI.scheme_list+.
+  #
+  def self.for(scheme, *arguments, default: Generic)
+    if scheme
+      uri_class = @@schemes[scheme.upcase] || default
+    else
+      uri_class = default
+    end
+
+    return uri_class.new(scheme, *arguments)
+  end
+
+  #
   # Base class for all URI exceptions.
   #
   class Error < StandardError; end
@@ -172,21 +113,21 @@ module URI
   #
   # Splits the string on following parts and returns array with result:
   #
-  #   * Scheme
-  #   * Userinfo
-  #   * Host
-  #   * Port
-  #   * Registry
-  #   * Path
-  #   * Opaque
-  #   * Query
-  #   * Fragment
+  # * Scheme
+  # * Userinfo
+  # * Host
+  # * Port
+  # * Registry
+  # * Path
+  # * Opaque
+  # * Query
+  # * Fragment
   #
   # == Usage
   #
   #   require 'uri'
   #
-  #   p URI.split("http://www.ruby-lang.org/")
+  #   URI.split("http://www.ruby-lang.org/")
   #   # => ["http", nil, "www.ruby-lang.org", nil, nil, "/", nil, nil, nil]
   #
   def self.split(uri)
@@ -209,7 +150,7 @@ module URI
   #
   # == Raises
   #
-  # URI::InvalidURIError
+  # URI::InvalidURIError::
   #   Raised if URI given is not a correct one.
   #
   # == Usage
@@ -217,11 +158,10 @@ module URI
   #   require 'uri'
   #
   #   uri = URI.parse("http://www.ruby-lang.org/")
-  #   p uri
-  #   # => #<URI::HTTP:0x202281be URL:http://www.ruby-lang.org/>
-  #   p uri.scheme
+  #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://www.ruby-lang.org/>
+  #   uri.scheme
   #   # => "http"
-  #   p uri.host
+  #   uri.host
   #   # => "www.ruby-lang.org"
   #
   # It's recommended to first ::escape the provided +uri_str+ if there are any
@@ -249,21 +189,20 @@ module URI
   #
   #   require 'uri'
   #
-  #   p URI.join("http://example.com/","main.rbx")
-  #   # => #<URI::HTTP:0x2022ac02 URL:http://example.com/main.rbx>
+  #   URI.join("http://example.com/","main.rbx")
+  #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/main.rbx>
   #
-  #   p URI.join('http://example.com', 'foo')
-  #   # => #<URI::HTTP:0x01ab80a0 URL:http://example.com/foo>
+  #   URI.join('http://example.com', 'foo')
+  #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo>
   #
-  #   p URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', '/bar')
-  #   # => #<URI::HTTP:0x01aaf0b0 URL:http://example.com/bar>
+  #   URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', '/bar')
+  #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>
   #
-  #   p URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', 'bar')
-  #   # => #<URI::HTTP:0x801a92af0 URL:http://example.com/bar>
-  #
-  #   p URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo/', 'bar')
-  #   # => #<URI::HTTP:0x80135a3a0 URL:http://example.com/foo/bar>
+  #   URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', 'bar')
+  #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>
   #
+  #   URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo/', 'bar')
+  #   # => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo/bar>
   #
   def self.join(*str)
     RFC3986_PARSER.join(*str)
@@ -279,7 +218,7 @@ module URI
   # +str+::
   #   String to extract URIs from.
   # +schemes+::
-  #   Limit URI matching to a specific schemes.
+  #   Limit URI matching to specific schemes.
   #
   # == Description
   #
@@ -294,7 +233,7 @@ module URI
   #   # => ["http://foo.example.com/bla", "mailto:test@example.com"]
   #
   def self.extract(str, schemes = nil, &block)
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: URI.extract is obsolete" if $VERBOSE
+    warn "URI.extract is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     DEFAULT_PARSER.extract(str, schemes, &block)
   end
 
@@ -310,9 +249,10 @@ module URI
   #   whose scheme is one of the match_schemes.
   #
   # == Description
+  #
   # Returns a Regexp object which matches to URI-like strings.
   # The Regexp object returned by this method includes arbitrary
-  # number of capture group (parentheses).  Never rely on it's number.
+  # number of capture group (parentheses).  Never rely on its number.
   #
   # == Usage
   #
@@ -322,7 +262,7 @@ module URI
   #   html_string.slice(URI.regexp)
   #
   #   # remove ftp URIs
-  #   html_string.sub(URI.regexp(['ftp'])
+  #   html_string.sub(URI.regexp(['ftp']), '')
   #
   #   # You should not rely on the number of parentheses
   #   html_string.scan(URI.regexp) do |*matches|
@@ -330,31 +270,28 @@ module URI
   #   end
   #
   def self.regexp(schemes = nil)
-    warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: URI.regexp is obsolete" if $VERBOSE
+    warn "URI.regexp is obsolete", uplevel: 1 if $VERBOSE
     DEFAULT_PARSER.make_regexp(schemes)
   end
 
   TBLENCWWWCOMP_ = {} # :nodoc:
   256.times do |i|
-    TBLENCWWWCOMP_[i.chr] = '%%%02X' % i
+    TBLENCWWWCOMP_[-i.chr] = -('%%%02X' % i)
   end
   TBLENCWWWCOMP_[' '] = '+'
   TBLENCWWWCOMP_.freeze
   TBLDECWWWCOMP_ = {} # :nodoc:
   256.times do |i|
     h, l = i>>4, i&15
-    TBLDECWWWCOMP_['%%%X%X' % [h, l]] = i.chr
-    TBLDECWWWCOMP_['%%%x%X' % [h, l]] = i.chr
-    TBLDECWWWCOMP_['%%%X%x' % [h, l]] = i.chr
-    TBLDECWWWCOMP_['%%%x%x' % [h, l]] = i.chr
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%X%X' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%x%X' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%X%x' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
+    TBLDECWWWCOMP_[-('%%%x%x' % [h, l])] = -i.chr
   end
   TBLDECWWWCOMP_['+'] = ' '
   TBLDECWWWCOMP_.freeze
 
-  HTML5ASCIIINCOMPAT = defined? Encoding::UTF_7 ? [Encoding::UTF_7, Encoding::UTF_16BE, Encoding::UTF_16LE,
-    Encoding::UTF_32BE, Encoding::UTF_32LE] : [] # :nodoc:
-
-  # Encode given +str+ to URL-encoded form data.
+  # Encodes given +str+ to URL-encoded form data.
   #
   # This method doesn't convert *, -, ., 0-9, A-Z, _, a-z, but does convert SP
   # (ASCII space) to + and converts others to %XX.
@@ -362,15 +299,15 @@ module URI
   # If +enc+ is given, convert +str+ to the encoding before percent encoding.
   #
   # This is an implementation of
-  # http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-html5-20130806/forms.html#url-encoded-form-data
+  # https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-html5-20130806/forms.html#url-encoded-form-data.
   #
-  # See URI.decode_www_form_component, URI.encode_www_form
+  # See URI.decode_www_form_component, URI.encode_www_form.
   def self.encode_www_form_component(str, enc=nil)
     str = str.to_s.dup
     if str.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
       if enc && enc != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
         str.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
-        str.encode!(enc, fallback: ->(x){"&#{x.ord};"})
+        str.encode!(enc, fallback: ->(x){"&##{x.ord};"})
       end
       str.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
     end
@@ -378,17 +315,17 @@ module URI
     str.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
   end
 
-  # Decode given +str+ of URL-encoded form data.
+  # Decodes given +str+ of URL-encoded form data.
   #
   # This decodes + to SP.
   #
-  # See URI.encode_www_form_component, URI.decode_www_form
+  # See URI.encode_www_form_component, URI.decode_www_form.
   def self.decode_www_form_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8)
     raise ArgumentError, "invalid %-encoding (#{str})" if /%(?!\h\h)/ =~ str
     str.b.gsub(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_).force_encoding(enc)
   end
 
-  # Generate URL-encoded form data from given +enum+.
+  # Generates URL-encoded form data from given +enum+.
   #
   # This generates application/x-www-form-urlencoded data defined in HTML5
   # from given an Enumerable object.
@@ -396,14 +333,14 @@ module URI
   # This internally uses URI.encode_www_form_component(str).
   #
   # This method doesn't convert the encoding of given items, so convert them
-  # before call this method if you want to send data as other than original
+  # before calling this method if you want to send data as other than original
   # encoding or mixed encoding data. (Strings which are encoded in an HTML5
   # ASCII incompatible encoding are converted to UTF-8.)
   #
   # This method doesn't handle files.  When you send a file, use
   # multipart/form-data.
   #
-  # This refers http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-serializer
+  # This refers https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-serializer
   #
   #    URI.encode_www_form([["q", "ruby"], ["lang", "en"]])
   #    #=> "q=ruby&lang=en"
@@ -414,7 +351,7 @@ module URI
   #    URI.encode_www_form([["q", "ruby"], ["q", "perl"], ["lang", "en"]])
   #    #=> "q=ruby&q=perl&lang=en"
   #
-  # See URI.encode_www_form_component, URI.decode_www_form
+  # See URI.encode_www_form_component, URI.decode_www_form.
   def self.encode_www_form(enum, enc=nil)
     enum.map do |k,v|
       if v.nil?
@@ -435,22 +372,22 @@ module URI
     end.join('&')
   end
 
-  # Decode URL-encoded form data from given +str+.
+  # Decodes URL-encoded form data from given +str+.
   #
   # This decodes application/x-www-form-urlencoded data
-  # and returns array of key-value array.
+  # and returns an array of key-value arrays.
   #
-  # This refers http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-parser ,
-  # so this supports only &-separator, don't support ;-separator.
+  # This refers http://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-urlencoded-parser,
+  # so this supports only &-separator, and doesn't support ;-separator.
   #
   #    ary = URI.decode_www_form("a=1&a=2&b=3")
-  #    p ary                  #=> [['a', '1'], ['a', '2'], ['b', '3']]
-  #    p ary.assoc('a').last  #=> '1'
-  #    p ary.assoc('b').last  #=> '3'
-  #    p ary.rassoc('a').last #=> '2'
-  #    p Hash[ary]            # => {"a"=>"2", "b"=>"3"}
+  #    ary                   #=> [['a', '1'], ['a', '2'], ['b', '3']]
+  #    ary.assoc('a').last   #=> '1'
+  #    ary.assoc('b').last   #=> '3'
+  #    ary.rassoc('a').last  #=> '2'
+  #    Hash[ary]             #=> {"a"=>"2", "b"=>"3"}
   #
-  # See URI.decode_www_form_component, URI.encode_www_form
+  # See URI.decode_www_form_component, URI.encode_www_form.
   def self.decode_www_form(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8, separator: '&', use__charset_: false, isindex: false)
     raise ArgumentError, "the input of #{self.name}.#{__method__} must be ASCII only string" unless str.ascii_only?
     ary = []
@@ -462,7 +399,7 @@ module URI
       if isindex
         if sep.empty?
           val = key
-          key = ''
+          key = +''
         end
         isindex = false
       end
@@ -476,7 +413,7 @@ module URI
       if val
         val.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
       else
-        val = ''
+        val = +''
       end
 
       ary << [key, val]
@@ -728,7 +665,7 @@ end # module URI
 module Kernel
 
   #
-  # Returns +uri+ converted to a URI object.
+  # Returns +uri+ converted to an URI object.
   #
   def URI(uri)
     if uri.is_a?(URI::Generic)
diff --git a/lib/uri/file.rb b/lib/uri/file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..561ec703c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/uri/file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'generic'
+
+module URI
+
+  #
+  # The "file" URI is defined by RFC8089.
+  #
+  class File < Generic
+    # A Default port of nil for URI::File.
+    DEFAULT_PORT = nil
+
+    #
+    # An Array of the available components for URI::File.
+    #
+    COMPONENT = [
+      :scheme,
+      :host,
+      :path
+    ].freeze
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new URI::File object from components, with syntax checking.
+    #
+    # The components accepted are +host+ and +path+.
+    #
+    # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
+    # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
+    #
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[host, path]</code>.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #     require 'uri'
+    #
+    #     uri1 = URI::File.build(['host.example.com', '/path/file.zip'])
+    #     uri1.to_s  # => "file://host.example.com/path/file.zip"
+    #
+    #     uri2 = URI::File.build({:host => 'host.example.com',
+    #       :path => '/ruby/src'})
+    #     uri2.to_s  # => "file://host.example.com/ruby/src"
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+      tmp = Util::make_components_hash(self, args)
+      super(tmp)
+    end
+
+    # Protected setter for the host component +v+.
+    #
+    # See also URI::Generic.host=.
+    #
+    def set_host(v)
+      v = "" if v.nil? || v == "localhost"
+      @host = v
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_port(v)
+    end
+
+    # raise InvalidURIError
+    def check_userinfo(user)
+      raise URI::InvalidURIError, "can not set userinfo for file URI"
+    end
+
+    # raise InvalidURIError
+    def check_user(user)
+      raise URI::InvalidURIError, "can not set user for file URI"
+    end
+
+    # raise InvalidURIError
+    def check_password(user)
+      raise URI::InvalidURIError, "can not set password for file URI"
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_userinfo(v)
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_user(v)
+    end
+
+    # do nothing
+    def set_password(v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  @@schemes['FILE'] = File
+end
diff --git a/lib/uri/ftp.rb b/lib/uri/ftp.rb
index e5c00b34da..fb38481193 100644
--- a/lib/uri/ftp.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/ftp.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 #
 # Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
 # License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
-# Revision:: $Id$
 #
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require 'uri/generic'
+require_relative 'generic'
 
 module URI
 
@@ -21,11 +20,11 @@ module URI
   # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hoffman-ftp-uri-04
   #
   class FTP < Generic
-    # A Default port of 21 for URI::FTP
+    # A Default port of 21 for URI::FTP.
     DEFAULT_PORT = 21
 
     #
-    # An Array of the available components for URI::FTP
+    # An Array of the available components for URI::FTP.
     #
     COMPONENT = [
       :scheme,
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ module URI
     ].freeze
 
     #
-    # Typecode is "a", "i" or "d".
+    # Typecode is "a", "i", or "d".
     #
     # * "a" indicates a text file (the FTP command was ASCII)
     # * "i" indicates a binary file (FTP command IMAGE)
@@ -42,8 +41,7 @@ module URI
     #
     TYPECODE = ['a', 'i', 'd'].freeze
 
-    # Typecode prefix
-    #  ';type='
+    # Typecode prefix ";type=".
     TYPECODE_PREFIX = ';type='.freeze
 
     def self.new2(user, password, host, port, path,
@@ -71,27 +69,29 @@ module URI
     #
     # Creates a new URI::FTP object from components, with syntax checking.
     #
-    # The components accepted are +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +path+ and
+    # The components accepted are +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +path+, and
     # +typecode+.
     #
     # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
     # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
     #
-    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the order
-    # [userinfo, host, port, path, typecode]
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[userinfo, host, port, path, typecode]</code>.
     #
     # If the path supplied is absolute, it will be escaped in order to
-    # make it absolute in the URI. Examples:
+    # make it absolute in the URI.
+    #
+    # Examples:
     #
     #     require 'uri'
     #
-    #     uri = URI::FTP.build(['user:password', 'ftp.example.com', nil,
+    #     uri1 = URI::FTP.build(['user:password', 'ftp.example.com', nil,
     #       '/path/file.zip', 'i'])
-    #     puts uri.to_s  ->  ftp://user:password@ftp.example.com/%2Fpath/file.zip;type=i
+    #     uri1.to_s  # => "ftp://user:password@ftp.example.com/%2Fpath/file.zip;type=i"
     #
     #     uri2 = URI::FTP.build({:host => 'ftp.example.com',
     #       :path => 'ruby/src'})
-    #     puts uri2.to_s  ->  ftp://ftp.example.com/ruby/src
+    #     uri2.to_s  # => "ftp://ftp.example.com/ruby/src"
     #
     def self.build(args)
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ module URI
     # required by RFC1738; instead it is treated as per RFC2396.
     #
     # Arguments are +scheme+, +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +registry+, +path+,
-    # +opaque+, +query+ and +fragment+, in that order.
+    # +opaque+, +query+, and +fragment+, in that order.
     #
     def initialize(scheme,
                    userinfo, host, port, registry,
@@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ module URI
       end
     end
 
-    # typecode accessor
+    # typecode accessor.
     #
-    # see URI::FTP::COMPONENT
+    # See URI::FTP::COMPONENT.
     attr_reader :typecode
 
-    # validates typecode +v+,
-    # returns a +true+ or +false+ boolean
+    # Validates typecode +v+,
+    # returns +true+ or +false+.
     #
     def check_typecode(v)
       if TYPECODE.include?(v)
@@ -173,9 +173,9 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_typecode
 
-    # Private setter for the typecode +v+
+    # Private setter for the typecode +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::FTP.typecode=
+    # See also URI::FTP.typecode=.
     #
     def set_typecode(v)
       @typecode = v
@@ -190,21 +190,20 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the typecode +v+.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the typecode +v+
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::FTP.check_typecode
+    # See also URI::FTP.check_typecode.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
     #   require 'uri'
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img")
-    #   #=> #<URI::FTP:0x00000000923650 URL:ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img>
+    #   #=> #<URI::FTP ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img>
     #   uri.typecode = "i"
-    #   # =>  "i"
     #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::FTP:0x00000000923650 URL:ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img;type=i>
+    #   #=> #<URI::FTP ftp://john@ftp.example.com/my_file.img;type=i>
     #
     def typecode=(typecode)
       check_typecode(typecode)
@@ -226,29 +225,29 @@ module URI
     # RFC 1738 specifically states that the path for an FTP URI does not
     # include the / which separates the URI path from the URI host. Example:
     #
-    #     ftp://ftp.example.com/pub/ruby
+    # <code>ftp://ftp.example.com/pub/ruby</code>
     #
     # The above URI indicates that the client should connect to
-    # ftp.example.com then cd pub/ruby from the initial login directory.
+    # ftp.example.com then cd to pub/ruby from the initial login directory.
     #
     # If you want to cd to an absolute directory, you must include an
     # escaped / (%2F) in the path. Example:
     #
-    #     ftp://ftp.example.com/%2Fpub/ruby
+    # <code>ftp://ftp.example.com/%2Fpub/ruby</code>
     #
-    # This method will then return "/pub/ruby"
+    # This method will then return "/pub/ruby".
     #
     def path
       return @path.sub(/^\//,'').sub(/^%2F/,'/')
     end
 
-    # Private setter for the path of the URI::FTP
+    # Private setter for the path of the URI::FTP.
     def set_path(v)
       super("/" + v.sub(/^\//, "%2F"))
     end
     protected :set_path
 
-    # Returns a String representation of the URI::FTP
+    # Returns a String representation of the URI::FTP.
     def to_s
       save_path = nil
       if @typecode
diff --git a/lib/uri/generic.rb b/lib/uri/generic.rb
index dcad27bc35..a4192c6557 100644
--- a/lib/uri/generic.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/generic.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
 #
 # Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
 # License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
-# Revision:: $Id$
 #
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require 'uri/common'
+require_relative 'common'
+autoload :IPSocket, 'socket'
+autoload :IPAddr, 'ipaddr'
 
 module URI
 
@@ -21,26 +22,26 @@ module URI
     include URI
 
     #
-    # A Default port of nil for URI::Generic
+    # A Default port of nil for URI::Generic.
     #
     DEFAULT_PORT = nil
 
     #
-    # Returns default port
+    # Returns default port.
     #
     def self.default_port
       self::DEFAULT_PORT
     end
 
     #
-    # Returns default port
+    # Returns default port.
     #
     def default_port
       self.class.default_port
     end
 
     #
-    # An Array of the available components for URI::Generic
+    # An Array of the available components for URI::Generic.
     #
     COMPONENT = [
       :scheme,
@@ -66,14 +67,13 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Synopsis
     #
-    # See #new
+    # See ::new.
     #
     # == Description
     #
     # At first, tries to create a new URI::Generic instance using
     # URI::Generic::build. But, if exception URI::InvalidComponentError is raised,
-    # then it URI::Escape.escape all URI components and tries again.
-    #
+    # then it does URI::Escape.escape all URI components and tries again.
     #
     def self.build2(args)
       begin
@@ -104,14 +104,14 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Synopsis
     #
-    # See #new
+    # See ::new.
     #
     # == Description
     #
     # Creates a new URI::Generic instance from components of URI::Generic
     # with check.  Components are: scheme, userinfo, host, port, registry, path,
-    # opaque, query and fragment. You can provide arguments either by an Array or a Hash.
-    # See #new for hash keys to use or for order of array items.
+    # opaque, query, and fragment. You can provide arguments either by an Array or a Hash.
+    # See ::new for hash keys to use or for order of array items.
     #
     def self.build(args)
       if args.kind_of?(Array) &&
@@ -135,31 +135,32 @@ module URI
       tmp << true
       return self.new(*tmp)
     end
+
     #
     # == Args
     #
     # +scheme+::
     #   Protocol scheme, i.e. 'http','ftp','mailto' and so on.
     # +userinfo+::
-    #   User name and password, i.e. 'sdmitry:bla'
+    #   User name and password, i.e. 'sdmitry:bla'.
     # +host+::
-    #   Server host name
+    #   Server host name.
     # +port+::
-    #   Server port
+    #   Server port.
     # +registry+::
     #   Registry of naming authorities.
     # +path+::
-    #   Path on server
+    #   Path on server.
     # +opaque+::
-    #   Opaque part
+    #   Opaque part.
     # +query+::
-    #   Query data
+    #   Query data.
     # +fragment+::
-    #   A part of URI after '#' sign
+    #   Part of the URI after '#' character.
     # +parser+::
-    #   Parser for internal use [URI::DEFAULT_PARSER by default]
+    #   Parser for internal use [URI::DEFAULT_PARSER by default].
     # +arg_check+::
-    #   Check arguments [false by default]
+    #   Check arguments [false by default].
     #
     # == Description
     #
@@ -213,39 +214,38 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # returns the scheme component of the URI.
+    # Returns the scheme component of the URI.
     #
     #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz").scheme #=> "http"
     #
     attr_reader :scheme
 
-    # returns the host component of the URI.
+    # Returns the host component of the URI.
     #
     #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz").host #=> "foo"
     #
-    # It returns nil if no host component.
+    # It returns nil if no host component exists.
     #
     #   URI("mailto:foo@example.org").host #=> nil
     #
-    # The component doesn't contains the port number.
+    # The component does not contain the port number.
     #
     #   URI("http://foo:8080/bar/baz").host #=> "foo"
     #
-    # Since IPv6 addresses are wrapped by brackets in URIs,
-    # this method returns IPv6 addresses wrapped by brackets.
-    # This form is not appropriate to pass socket methods such as TCPSocket.open.
-    # If unwrapped host names are required, use "hostname" method.
+    # Since IPv6 addresses are wrapped with brackets in URIs,
+    # this method returns IPv6 addresses wrapped with brackets.
+    # This form is not appropriate to pass to socket methods such as TCPSocket.open.
+    # If unwrapped host names are required, use the #hostname method.
     #
-    #   URI("http://[::1]/bar/baz").host #=> "[::1]"
+    #   URI("http://[::1]/bar/baz").host     #=> "[::1]"
     #   URI("http://[::1]/bar/baz").hostname #=> "::1"
     #
     attr_reader :host
 
-    # returns the port component of the URI.
+    # Returns the port component of the URI.
     #
-    #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz").port #=> "80"
-    #
-    #   URI("http://foo:8080/bar/baz").port #=> "8080"
+    #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz").port      #=> 80
+    #   URI("http://foo:8080/bar/baz").port #=> 8080
     #
     attr_reader :port
 
@@ -253,37 +253,38 @@ module URI
       nil
     end
 
-    # returns the path component of the URI.
+    # Returns the path component of the URI.
     #
     #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz").path #=> "/bar/baz"
     #
     attr_reader :path
 
-    # returns the query component of the URI.
+    # Returns the query component of the URI.
     #
     #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz?search=FooBar").query #=> "search=FooBar"
     #
     attr_reader :query
 
-    # returns the opaque part of the URI.
+    # Returns the opaque part of the URI.
     #
     #   URI("mailto:foo@example.org").opaque #=> "foo@example.org"
+    #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz").opaque     #=> nil
     #
-    # Portion of the path that does make use of the slash '/'.
-    # The path typically refers to the absolute path and the opaque part.
-    #  (see RFC2396 Section 3 and 5.2)
+    # The portion of the path that does not make use of the slash '/'.
+    # The path typically refers to an absolute path or an opaque part.
+    # (See RFC2396 Section 3 and 5.2.)
     #
     attr_reader :opaque
 
-    # returns the fragment component of the URI.
+    # Returns the fragment component of the URI.
     #
     #   URI("http://foo/bar/baz?search=FooBar#ponies").fragment #=> "ponies"
     #
     attr_reader :fragment
 
-    # returns the parser to be used.
+    # Returns the parser to be used.
     #
-    # Unless a URI::Parser is defined, then DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
+    # Unless a URI::Parser is defined, DEFAULT_PARSER is used.
     #
     def parser
       if !defined?(@parser) || !@parser
@@ -293,7 +294,8 @@ module URI
       end
     end
 
-    # replace self by other URI object
+    # Replaces self by other URI object.
+    #
     def replace!(oth)
       if self.class != oth.class
         raise ArgumentError, "expected #{self.class} object"
@@ -313,7 +315,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # check the scheme +v+ component against the URI::Parser Regexp for :SCHEME
+    # Checks the scheme +v+ component against the URI::Parser Regexp for :SCHEME.
     #
     def check_scheme(v)
       if v && parser.regexp[:SCHEME] !~ v
@@ -325,9 +327,9 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_scheme
 
-    # protected setter for the scheme component +v+
+    # Protected setter for the scheme component +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.scheme=
+    # See also URI::Generic.scheme=.
     #
     def set_scheme(v)
       @scheme = v&.downcase
@@ -342,10 +344,10 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the scheme component +v+.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the scheme component +v+
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_scheme
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_scheme.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -353,9 +355,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
     #   uri.scheme = "https"
-    #   # =>  "https"
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x000000008e89e8 URL:https://my.example.com>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "https://my.example.com"
     #
     def scheme=(v)
       check_scheme(v)
@@ -364,13 +364,13 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # check the +user+ and +password+.
+    # Checks the +user+ and +password+.
     #
     # If +password+ is not provided, then +user+ is
     # split, using URI::Generic.split_userinfo, to
     # pull +user+ and +password.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_user, URI::Generic.check_password
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_user, URI::Generic.check_password.
     #
     def check_userinfo(user, password = nil)
       if !password
@@ -384,8 +384,8 @@ module URI
     private :check_userinfo
 
     #
-    # check the user +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO
+    # Checks the user +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -408,8 +408,8 @@ module URI
     private :check_user
 
     #
-    # check the password +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO
+    # Checks the password +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :USERINFO.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a user component defined.
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ module URI
     private :check_password
 
     #
-    # Sets userinfo, argument is string like 'name:pass'
+    # Sets userinfo, argument is string like 'name:pass'.
     #
     def userinfo=(userinfo)
       if userinfo.nil?
@@ -455,10 +455,10 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the +user+ component.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the +user+ component
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_user
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_user.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -466,9 +466,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://john:S3nsit1ve@my.example.com")
     #   uri.user = "sam"
-    #   # =>  "sam"
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x00000000881d90 URL:http://sam:V3ry_S3nsit1ve@my.example.com>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://sam:V3ry_S3nsit1ve@my.example.com"
     #
     def user=(user)
       check_user(user)
@@ -484,10 +482,10 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the +password+ component.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the +password+ component
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_password
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_password.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -495,9 +493,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://john:S3nsit1ve@my.example.com")
     #   uri.password = "V3ry_S3nsit1ve"
-    #   # =>  "V3ry_S3nsit1ve"
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x00000000881d90 URL:http://john:V3ry_S3nsit1ve@my.example.com>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://john:V3ry_S3nsit1ve@my.example.com"
     #
     def password=(password)
       check_password(password)
@@ -505,10 +501,10 @@ module URI
       # returns password
     end
 
-    # protect setter for the +user+ component, and +password+ if available.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Protected setter for the +user+ component, and +password+ if available
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.userinfo=
+    # See also URI::Generic.userinfo=.
     #
     def set_userinfo(user, password = nil)
       unless password
@@ -521,9 +517,9 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_userinfo
 
-    # protected setter for the user component +v+
+    # Protected setter for the user component +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.user=
+    # See also URI::Generic.user=.
     #
     def set_user(v)
       set_userinfo(v, @password)
@@ -531,9 +527,9 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_user
 
-    # protected setter for the password component +v+
+    # Protected setter for the password component +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.password=
+    # See also URI::Generic.password=.
     #
     def set_password(v)
       @password = v
@@ -541,8 +537,8 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_password
 
-    # returns the userinfo +ui+ as user, password
-    # if properly formatted as 'user:password'
+    # Returns the userinfo +ui+ as <code>[user, password]</code>
+    # if properly formatted as 'user:password'.
     def split_userinfo(ui)
       return nil, nil unless ui
       user, password = ui.split(':', 2)
@@ -551,13 +547,13 @@ module URI
     end
     private :split_userinfo
 
-    # escapes 'user:password' +v+ based on RFC 1738 section 3.1
+    # Escapes 'user:password' +v+ based on RFC 1738 section 3.1.
     def escape_userpass(v)
       parser.escape(v, /[@:\/]/o) # RFC 1738 section 3.1 #/
     end
     private :escape_userpass
 
-    # returns the userinfo, either as 'user' or 'user:password'
+    # Returns the userinfo, either as 'user' or 'user:password'.
     def userinfo
       if @user.nil?
         nil
@@ -568,19 +564,19 @@ module URI
       end
     end
 
-    # returns the user component
+    # Returns the user component.
     def user
       @user
     end
 
-    # returns the password component
+    # Returns the password component.
     def password
       @password
     end
 
     #
-    # check the host +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :HOST
+    # Checks the host +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :HOST.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a host component defined.
@@ -600,9 +596,9 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_host
 
-    # protected setter for the host component +v+
+    # Protected setter for the host component +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.host=
+    # See also URI::Generic.host=.
     #
     def set_host(v)
       @host = v
@@ -617,10 +613,10 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the host component +v+.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the host component +v+
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_host
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_host.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -628,9 +624,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
     #   uri.host = "foo.com"
-    #   # =>  "foo.com"
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x000000008e89e8 URL:http://foo.com>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://foo.com"
     #
     def host=(v)
       check_host(v)
@@ -638,32 +632,31 @@ module URI
       v
     end
 
-    # extract the host part of the URI and unwrap brackets for IPv6 addresses.
+    # Extract the host part of the URI and unwrap brackets for IPv6 addresses.
     #
-    # This method is same as URI::Generic#host except
+    # This method is the same as URI::Generic#host except
     # brackets for IPv6 (and future IP) addresses are removed.
     #
-    # u = URI("http://[::1]/bar")
-    # p u.hostname      #=> "::1"
-    # p u.host          #=> "[::1]"
+    #   uri = URI("http://[::1]/bar")
+    #   uri.hostname      #=> "::1"
+    #   uri.host          #=> "[::1]"
     #
     def hostname
       v = self.host
       /\A\[(.*)\]\z/ =~ v ? $1 : v
     end
 
-    # set the host part of the URI as the argument with brackets for IPv6 addresses.
+    # Sets the host part of the URI as the argument with brackets for IPv6 addresses.
     #
-    # This method is same as URI::Generic#host= except
-    # the argument can be bare IPv6 address.
+    # This method is the same as URI::Generic#host= except
+    # the argument can be a bare IPv6 address.
     #
-    # u = URI("http://foo/bar")
-    # p u.to_s                  #=> "http://foo/bar"
-    # u.hostname = "::1"
-    # p u.to_s                  #=> "http://[::1]/bar"
+    #   uri = URI("http://foo/bar")
+    #   uri.hostname = "::1"
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://[::1]/bar"
     #
-    # If the argument seems IPv6 address,
-    # it is wrapped by brackets.
+    # If the argument seems to be an IPv6 address,
+    # it is wrapped with brackets.
     #
     def hostname=(v)
       v = "[#{v}]" if /\A\[.*\]\z/ !~ v && /:/ =~ v
@@ -671,8 +664,8 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # check the port +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
-    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :PORT
+    # Checks the port +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # and against the URI::Parser Regexp for :PORT.
     #
     # Can not have a registry or opaque component defined,
     # with a port component defined.
@@ -692,9 +685,9 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_port
 
-    # protected setter for the port component +v+
+    # Protected setter for the port component +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.port=
+    # See also URI::Generic.port=.
     #
     def set_port(v)
       v = v.empty? ? nil : v.to_i unless !v || v.kind_of?(Integer)
@@ -710,10 +703,10 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the port component +v+.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the port component +v+
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_port
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_port.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -721,9 +714,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
     #   uri.port = 8080
-    #   # =>  8080
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x000000008e89e8 URL:http://my.example.com:8080>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com:8080"
     #
     def port=(v)
       check_port(v)
@@ -746,9 +737,9 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # check the path +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
+    # Checks the path +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance
     # and against the URI::Parser Regexp
-    # for :ABS_PATH and :REL_PATH
+    # for :ABS_PATH and :REL_PATH.
     #
     # Can not have a opaque component defined,
     # with a path component defined.
@@ -781,9 +772,9 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_path
 
-    # protected setter for the path component +v+
+    # Protected setter for the path component +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.path=
+    # See also URI::Generic.path=.
     #
     def set_path(v)
       @path = v
@@ -798,10 +789,10 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the path component +v+.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the path component +v+
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_path
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_path.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -809,9 +800,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com/pub/files")
     #   uri.path = "/faq/"
-    #   # =>  "/faq/"
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x000000008e89e8 URL:http://my.example.com/faq/>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com/faq/"
     #
     def path=(v)
       check_path(v)
@@ -827,7 +816,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the query component +v+.
+    # Public setter for the query component +v+.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -835,9 +824,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com/?id=25")
     #   uri.query = "id=1"
-    #   # =>  "id=1"
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x000000008e89e8 URL:http://my.example.com/?id=1>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com/?id=1"
     #
     def query=(v)
       return @query = nil unless v
@@ -848,16 +835,17 @@ module URI
       v.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8) rescue nil
       v.delete!("\t\r\n")
       v.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      raise InvalidURIError, "invalid percent escape: #{$1}" if /(%\H\H)/n.match(v)
       v.gsub!(/(?!%\h\h|[!$-&(-;=?-_a-~])./n.freeze){'%%%02X' % $&.ord}
       v.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
       @query = v
     end
 
     #
-    # check the opaque +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance and
-    # against the URI::Parser Regexp for :OPAQUE
+    # Checks the opaque +v+ component for RFC2396 compliance and
+    # against the URI::Parser Regexp for :OPAQUE.
     #
-    # Can not have a host, port, user or path component defined,
+    # Can not have a host, port, user, or path component defined,
     # with an opaque component defined.
     #
     def check_opaque(v)
@@ -878,9 +866,9 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_opaque
 
-    # protected setter for the opaque component +v+
+    # Protected setter for the opaque component +v+.
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.opaque=
+    # See also URI::Generic.opaque=.
     #
     def set_opaque(v)
       @opaque = v
@@ -895,10 +883,10 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the opaque component +v+.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the opaque component +v+
+    # (with validation).
     #
-    # see also URI::Generic.check_opaque
+    # See also URI::Generic.check_opaque.
     #
     def opaque=(v)
       check_opaque(v)
@@ -907,7 +895,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # check the fragment +v+ component against the URI::Parser Regexp for :FRAGMENT
+    # Checks the fragment +v+ component against the URI::Parser Regexp for :FRAGMENT.
     #
     #
     # == Args
@@ -917,8 +905,8 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # public setter for the fragment component +v+.
-    # (with validation)
+    # Public setter for the fragment component +v+
+    # (with validation).
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -926,9 +914,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com/?id=25#time=1305212049")
     #   uri.fragment = "time=1305212086"
-    #   # =>  "time=1305212086"
-    #   uri
-    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP:0x000000007a81f8 URL:http://my.example.com/?id=25#time=1305212086>
+    #   uri.to_s  #=> "http://my.example.com/?id=25#time=1305212086"
     #
     def fragment=(v)
       return @fragment = nil unless v
@@ -944,7 +930,23 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks if URI has a path
+    # Returns true if URI is hierarchical.
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # URI has components listed in order of decreasing significance from left to right,
+    # see RFC3986 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 1.2.3.
+    #
+    # == Usage
+    #
+    #   require 'uri'
+    #
+    #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com/")
+    #   uri.hierarchical?
+    #   #=> true
+    #   uri = URI.parse("mailto:joe@example.com")
+    #   uri.hierarchical?
+    #   #=> false
     #
     def hierarchical?
       if @path
@@ -955,7 +957,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Checks if URI is an absolute one
+    # Returns true if URI has a scheme (e.g. http:// or https://) specified.
     #
     def absolute?
       if @scheme
@@ -967,17 +969,17 @@ module URI
     alias absolute absolute?
 
     #
-    # Checks if URI is relative
+    # Returns true if URI does not have a scheme (e.g. http:// or https://) specified.
     #
     def relative?
       !absolute?
     end
 
     #
-    # returns an Array of the path split on '/'
+    # Returns an Array of the path split on '/'.
     #
     def split_path(path)
-      path.split(%r{/+}, -1)
+      path.split("/", -1)
     end
     private :split_path
 
@@ -1056,7 +1058,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Destructive form of #merge
+    # Destructive form of #merge.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -1064,8 +1066,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
     #   uri.merge!("/main.rbx?page=1")
-    #   p uri
-    #   # =>  #<URI::HTTP:0x2021f3b0 URL:http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1>
+    #   uri.to_s  # => "http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1"
     #
     def merge!(oth)
       t = merge(oth)
@@ -1085,18 +1086,18 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Merges two URI's.
+    # Merges two URIs.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
     #   require 'uri'
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
-    #   p uri.merge("/main.rbx?page=1")
-    #   # =>  #<URI::HTTP:0x2021f3b0 URL:http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1>
+    #   uri.merge("/main.rbx?page=1")
+    #   # => "http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1"
     #
     def merge(oth)
-      rel = parser.send(:convert_to_uri, oth)
+      rel = parser.__send__(:convert_to_uri, oth)
 
       if rel.absolute?
         #raise BadURIError, "both URI are absolute" if absolute?
@@ -1152,8 +1153,8 @@ module URI
         return dst.dup
       end
 
-      src_path = src.scan(%r{(?:\A|[^/]+)/})
-      dst_path = dst.scan(%r{(?:\A|[^/]+)/?})
+      src_path = src.scan(%r{[^/]*/})
+      dst_path = dst.scan(%r{[^/]*/?})
 
       # discard same parts
       while !dst_path.empty? && dst_path.first == src_path.first
@@ -1181,7 +1182,7 @@ module URI
 
     # :stopdoc:
     def route_from0(oth)
-      oth = parser.send(:convert_to_uri, oth)
+      oth = parser.__send__(:convert_to_uri, oth)
       if self.relative?
         raise BadURIError,
           "relative URI: #{self}"
@@ -1238,15 +1239,15 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Calculates relative path from oth to self
+    # Calculates relative path from oth to self.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
     #   require 'uri'
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse('http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1')
-    #   p uri.route_from('http://my.example.com')
-    #   #=> #<URI::Generic:0x20218858 URL:/main.rbx?page=1>
+    #   uri.route_from('http://my.example.com')
+    #   #=> #<URI::Generic /main.rbx?page=1>
     #
     def route_from(oth)
       # you can modify `rel', but can not `oth'.
@@ -1278,22 +1279,32 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Calculates relative path to oth from self
+    # Calculates relative path to oth from self.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
     #   require 'uri'
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse('http://my.example.com')
-    #   p uri.route_to('http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1')
-    #   #=> #<URI::Generic:0x2020c2f6 URL:/main.rbx?page=1>
+    #   uri.route_to('http://my.example.com/main.rbx?page=1')
+    #   #=> #<URI::Generic /main.rbx?page=1>
     #
     def route_to(oth)
-      parser.send(:convert_to_uri, oth).route_from(self)
+      parser.__send__(:convert_to_uri, oth).route_from(self)
     end
 
     #
-    # Returns normalized URI
+    # Returns normalized URI.
+    #
+    #   require 'uri'
+    #
+    #   URI("HTTP://my.EXAMPLE.com").normalize
+    #   #=> #<URI::HTTP http://my.example.com/>
+    #
+    # Normalization here means:
+    #
+    # * scheme and host are converted to lowercase,
+    # * an empty path component is set to "/".
     #
     def normalize
       uri = dup
@@ -1302,7 +1313,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Destructive version of #normalize
+    # Destructive version of #normalize.
     #
     def normalize!
       if path&.empty?
@@ -1317,7 +1328,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Constructs String from URI
+    # Constructs String from URI.
     #
     def to_s
       str = ''.dup
@@ -1329,7 +1340,7 @@ module URI
       if @opaque
         str << @opaque
       else
-        if @host
+        if @host || %w[file postgres].include?(@scheme)
           str << '//'
         end
         if self.userinfo
@@ -1357,7 +1368,7 @@ module URI
     end
 
     #
-    # Compares to URI's
+    # Compares two URIs.
     #
     def ==(oth)
       if self.class == oth.class
@@ -1390,10 +1401,10 @@ module URI
 =end
 
 
-    # returns an Array of the components defined from the COMPONENT Array
+    # Returns an Array of the components defined from the COMPONENT Array.
     def component_ary
       component.collect do |x|
-        self.send(x)
+        self.__send__(x)
       end
     end
     protected :component_ary
@@ -1401,24 +1412,24 @@ module URI
     # == Args
     #
     # +components+::
-    #    Multiple Symbol arguments defined in URI::HTTP
+    #    Multiple Symbol arguments defined in URI::HTTP.
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Selects specified components from URI
+    # Selects specified components from URI.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
     #   require 'uri'
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse('http://myuser:mypass@my.example.com/test.rbx')
-    #   p uri.select(:userinfo, :host, :path)
+    #   uri.select(:userinfo, :host, :path)
     #   # => ["myuser:mypass", "my.example.com", "/test.rbx"]
     #
     def select(*components)
       components.collect do |c|
         if component.include?(c)
-          self.send(c)
+          self.__send__(c)
         else
           raise ArgumentError,
             "expected of components of #{self.class} (#{self.class.component.join(', ')})"
@@ -1438,8 +1449,8 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    #  attempt to parse other URI +oth+
-    #  return [parsed_oth, self]
+    # Attempts to parse other URI +oth+,
+    # returns [parsed_oth, self].
     #
     # == Usage
     #
@@ -1447,7 +1458,7 @@ module URI
     #
     #   uri = URI.parse("http://my.example.com")
     #   uri.coerce("http://foo.com")
-    #   #=> [#<URI::HTTP:0x00000000bcb028 URL:http://foo.com/>, #<URI::HTTP:0x00000000d92178 URL:http://my.example.com>]
+    #   #=> [#<URI::HTTP http://foo.com>, #<URI::HTTP http://my.example.com>]
     #
     def coerce(oth)
       case oth
@@ -1460,15 +1471,15 @@ module URI
       return oth, self
     end
 
-    # returns a proxy URI.
+    # Returns a proxy URI.
     # The proxy URI is obtained from environment variables such as http_proxy,
     # ftp_proxy, no_proxy, etc.
     # If there is no proper proxy, nil is returned.
     #
-    # If the optional parameter, +env+, is specified, it is used instead of ENV.
+    # If the optional parameter +env+ is specified, it is used instead of ENV.
     #
     # Note that capitalized variables (HTTP_PROXY, FTP_PROXY, NO_PROXY, etc.)
-    # are examined too.
+    # are examined, too.
     #
     # But http_proxy and HTTP_PROXY is treated specially under CGI environment.
     # It's because HTTP_PROXY may be set by Proxy: header.
@@ -1505,7 +1516,7 @@ module URI
       elsif name == 'http_proxy'
         unless proxy_uri = env[name]
           if proxy_uri = env[name.upcase]
-            warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Use http_proxy.'
+            warn 'The environment variable HTTP_PROXY is discouraged.  Use http_proxy.', uplevel: 1
           end
         end
       else
@@ -1517,7 +1528,6 @@ module URI
       end
 
       if self.hostname
-        require 'socket'
         begin
           addr = IPSocket.getaddress(self.hostname)
           return nil if /\A127\.|\A::1\z/ =~ addr
@@ -1527,23 +1537,31 @@ module URI
 
       name = 'no_proxy'
       if no_proxy = env[name] || env[name.upcase]
-        no_proxy.scan(/(?!\.)([^:,\s]+)(?::(\d+))?/) {|host, port|
-          if (!port || self.port == port.to_i)
-            if /(\A|\.)#{Regexp.quote host}\z/i =~ self.host
-              return nil
-            else
-              require 'ipaddr'
-              return nil if
-                begin
-                  IPAddr.new(host)
-                rescue IPAddr::InvalidAddressError
-                  next
-                end.include?(self.host)
-            end
-          end
-        }
+        return nil unless URI::Generic.use_proxy?(self.hostname, addr, self.port, no_proxy)
       end
       URI.parse(proxy_uri)
     end
+
+    def self.use_proxy?(hostname, addr, port, no_proxy) # :nodoc:
+      hostname = hostname.downcase
+      dothostname = ".#{hostname}"
+      no_proxy.scan(/([^:,\s]+)(?::(\d+))?/) {|p_host, p_port|
+        if !p_port || port == p_port.to_i
+          if p_host.start_with?('.')
+            return false if hostname.end_with?(p_host.downcase)
+          else
+            return false if dothostname.end_with?(".#{p_host.downcase}")
+          end
+          if addr
+            begin
+              return false if IPAddr.new(p_host).include?(addr)
+            rescue IPAddr::InvalidAddressError
+              next
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      }
+      true
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/uri/http.rb b/lib/uri/http.rb
index d4373e73e5..70cfb2a1bf 100644
--- a/lib/uri/http.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/http.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 #
 # Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
 # License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
-# Revision:: $Id$
 #
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require 'uri/generic'
+require_relative 'generic'
 
 module URI
 
@@ -21,10 +20,10 @@ module URI
   # update. See <URL:http://support.microsoft.com/kb/834489>.
   #
   class HTTP < Generic
-    # A Default port of 80 for URI::HTTP
+    # A Default port of 80 for URI::HTTP.
     DEFAULT_PORT = 80
 
-    # An Array of the available components for URI::HTTP
+    # An Array of the available components for URI::HTTP.
     COMPONENT = %i[
       scheme
       userinfo host port
@@ -36,22 +35,22 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Create a new URI::HTTP object from components, with syntax checking.
+    # Creates a new URI::HTTP object from components, with syntax checking.
     #
-    # The components accepted are userinfo, host, port, path, query and
+    # The components accepted are userinfo, host, port, path, query, and
     # fragment.
     #
     # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
     # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
     #
-    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the order
-    # [userinfo, host, port, path, query, fragment].
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[userinfo, host, port, path, query, fragment]</code>.
     #
     # Example:
     #
-    #     newuri = URI::HTTP.build(host: 'www.example.com', path: '/foo/bar')
+    #     uri = URI::HTTP.build(host: 'www.example.com', path: '/foo/bar')
     #
-    #     newuri = URI::HTTP.build([nil, "www.example.com", nil, "/path",
+    #     uri = URI::HTTP.build([nil, "www.example.com", nil, "/path",
     #       "query", 'fragment'])
     #
     # Currently, if passed userinfo components this method generates
@@ -62,30 +61,6 @@ module URI
       super(tmp)
     end
 
-=begin
-    #
-    # == Description
-    #
-    # Create a new URI::HTTP object from generic URI components as per
-    # RFC 2396. No HTTP-specific syntax checking (as per RFC 1738) is
-    # performed.
-    #
-    # Arguments are +scheme+, +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +registry+, +path+,
-    # +opaque+, +query+ and +fragment+, in that order.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #
-    #     uri = URI::HTTP.new("http", nil, "www.example.com", nil, nil,
-    #                         "/path", nil, "query", "fragment")
-    #
-    #
-    # See also URI::Generic.new
-    #
-    def initialize(*arg)
-      super(*arg)
-    end
-=end
-
     #
     # == Description
     #
@@ -96,8 +71,8 @@ module URI
     #
     # Example:
     #
-    #     newuri = URI::HTTP.build(path: '/foo/bar', query: 'test=true')
-    #     newuri.request_uri # => "/foo/bar?test=true"
+    #     uri = URI::HTTP.build(path: '/foo/bar', query: 'test=true')
+    #     uri.request_uri #  => "/foo/bar?test=true"
     #
     def request_uri
       return unless @path
diff --git a/lib/uri/https.rb b/lib/uri/https.rb
index 3c8c905cc3..c481b1fe6d 100644
--- a/lib/uri/https.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/https.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 #
 # Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
 # License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
-# Revision:: $Id$
 #
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require 'uri/http'
+require_relative 'http'
 
 module URI
 
diff --git a/lib/uri/ldap.rb b/lib/uri/ldap.rb
index 4345875e28..14e6163292 100644
--- a/lib/uri/ldap.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/ldap.rb
@@ -7,25 +7,25 @@
 # License::
 #   URI::LDAP is copyrighted free software by Takaaki Tateishi and Akira Yamada.
 #   You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
-# Revision:: $Id$
 #
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require 'uri/generic'
+require_relative 'generic'
 
 module URI
 
   #
-  # LDAP URI SCHEMA (described in RFC2255)
+  # LDAP URI SCHEMA (described in RFC2255).
+  #--
   # ldap://<host>/<dn>[?<attrs>[?<scope>[?<filter>[?<extensions>]]]]
-  #
+  #++
   class LDAP < Generic
 
-    # A Default port of 389 for URI::LDAP
+    # A Default port of 389 for URI::LDAP.
     DEFAULT_PORT = 389
 
-    # An Array of the available components for URI::LDAP
+    # An Array of the available components for URI::LDAP.
     COMPONENT = [
       :scheme,
       :host, :port,
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ module URI
     #
     # * SCOPE_BASE - the Base DN
     # * SCOPE_ONE  - one level under the Base DN, not including the base DN and
-    #                not including any entries under this.
-    # * SCOPE_SUB  - subtress, all entries at all levels
+    #   not including any entries under this
+    # * SCOPE_SUB  - subtrees, all entries at all levels
     #
     SCOPE = [
       SCOPE_ONE = 'one',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Create a new URI::LDAP object from components, with syntax checking.
+    # Creates a new URI::LDAP object from components, with syntax checking.
     #
     # The components accepted are host, port, dn, attributes,
     # scope, filter, and extensions.
@@ -60,15 +60,15 @@ module URI
     # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
     # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
     #
-    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the order
-    # [host, port, dn, attributes, scope, filter, extensions].
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[host, port, dn, attributes, scope, filter, extensions]</code>.
     #
     # Example:
     #
-    #     newuri = URI::LDAP.build({:host => 'ldap.example.com',
-    #       :dn> => '/dc=example'})
+    #     uri = URI::LDAP.build({:host => 'ldap.example.com',
+    #       :dn => '/dc=example'})
     #
-    #     newuri = URI::LDAP.build(["ldap.example.com", nil,
+    #     uri = URI::LDAP.build(["ldap.example.com", nil,
     #       "/dc=example;dc=com", "query", nil, nil, nil])
     #
     def self.build(args)
@@ -92,19 +92,18 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Create a new URI::LDAP object from generic URI components as per
+    # Creates a new URI::LDAP object from generic URI components as per
     # RFC 2396. No LDAP-specific syntax checking is performed.
     #
     # Arguments are +scheme+, +userinfo+, +host+, +port+, +registry+, +path+,
-    # +opaque+, +query+ and +fragment+, in that order.
+    # +opaque+, +query+, and +fragment+, in that order.
     #
     # Example:
     #
-    #     uri = URI::LDAP.new("ldap", nil, "ldap.example.com", nil,
-    #       "/dc=example;dc=com", "query", nil, nil, nil, nil)
-    #
+    #     uri = URI::LDAP.new("ldap", nil, "ldap.example.com", nil, nil,
+    #       "/dc=example;dc=com", nil, "query", nil)
     #
-    # See also URI::Generic.new
+    # See also URI::Generic.new.
     #
     def initialize(*arg)
       super(*arg)
@@ -117,14 +116,15 @@ module URI
       parse_query
     end
 
-    # private method to cleanup +dn+ from using the +path+ component attribute
+    # Private method to cleanup +dn+ from using the +path+ component attribute.
     def parse_dn
+      raise InvalidURIError, 'bad LDAP URL' unless @path
       @dn = @path[1..-1]
     end
     private :parse_dn
 
-    # private method to cleanup +attributes+, +scope+, +filter+ and +extensions+,
-    # from using the +query+ component attribute
+    # Private method to cleanup +attributes+, +scope+, +filter+, and +extensions+
+    # from using the +query+ component attribute.
     def parse_query
       @attributes = nil
       @scope      = nil
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ module URI
     end
     private :parse_query
 
-    # private method to assemble +query+ from +attributes+, +scope+, +filter+ and +extensions+.
+    # Private method to assemble +query+ from +attributes+, +scope+, +filter+, and +extensions+.
     def build_path_query
       @path = '/' + @dn
 
@@ -155,12 +155,12 @@ module URI
     end
     private :build_path_query
 
-    # returns dn.
+    # Returns dn.
     def dn
       @dn
     end
 
-    # private setter for dn +val+
+    # Private setter for dn +val+.
     def set_dn(val)
       @dn = val
       build_path_query
@@ -168,18 +168,18 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_dn
 
-    # setter for dn +val+
+    # Setter for dn +val+.
     def dn=(val)
       set_dn(val)
       val
     end
 
-    # returns attributes.
+    # Returns attributes.
     def attributes
       @attributes
     end
 
-    # private setter for attributes +val+
+    # Private setter for attributes +val+.
     def set_attributes(val)
       @attributes = val
       build_path_query
@@ -187,18 +187,18 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_attributes
 
-    # setter for attributes +val+
+    # Setter for attributes +val+.
     def attributes=(val)
       set_attributes(val)
       val
     end
 
-    # returns scope.
+    # Returns scope.
     def scope
       @scope
     end
 
-    # private setter for scope +val+
+    # Private setter for scope +val+.
     def set_scope(val)
       @scope = val
       build_path_query
@@ -206,18 +206,18 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_scope
 
-    # setter for scope +val+
+    # Setter for scope +val+.
     def scope=(val)
       set_scope(val)
       val
     end
 
-    # returns filter.
+    # Returns filter.
     def filter
       @filter
     end
 
-    # private setter for filter +val+
+    # Private setter for filter +val+.
     def set_filter(val)
       @filter = val
       build_path_query
@@ -225,18 +225,18 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_filter
 
-    # setter for filter +val+
+    # Setter for filter +val+.
     def filter=(val)
       set_filter(val)
       val
     end
 
-    # returns extensions.
+    # Returns extensions.
     def extensions
       @extensions
     end
 
-    # private setter for extensions +val+
+    # Private setter for extensions +val+.
     def set_extensions(val)
       @extensions = val
       build_path_query
@@ -244,14 +244,14 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_extensions
 
-    # setter for extensions +val+
+    # Setter for extensions +val+.
     def extensions=(val)
       set_extensions(val)
       val
     end
 
-    # Checks if URI has a path
-    # For URI::LDAP this will return +false+
+    # Checks if URI has a path.
+    # For URI::LDAP this will return +false+.
     def hierarchical?
       false
     end
diff --git a/lib/uri/ldaps.rb b/lib/uri/ldaps.rb
index d03f8efa2d..227e7fab35 100644
--- a/lib/uri/ldaps.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/ldaps.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require 'uri/ldap'
+require_relative 'ldap'
 
 module URI
 
diff --git a/lib/uri/mailto.rb b/lib/uri/mailto.rb
index 1494c3952b..d08c2ae9da 100644
--- a/lib/uri/mailto.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/mailto.rb
@@ -3,25 +3,24 @@
 #
 # Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
 # License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
-# Revision:: $Id$
 #
 # See URI for general documentation
 #
 
-require 'uri/generic'
+require_relative 'generic'
 
 module URI
 
   #
-  # RFC6068, The mailto URL scheme
+  # RFC6068, the mailto URL scheme.
   #
   class MailTo < Generic
     include REGEXP
 
-    # A Default port of nil for URI::MailTo
+    # A Default port of nil for URI::MailTo.
     DEFAULT_PORT = nil
 
-    # An Array of the available components for URI::MailTo
+    # An Array of the available components for URI::MailTo.
     COMPONENT = [ :scheme, :to, :headers ].freeze
 
     # :stopdoc:
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ module URI
     # pct-encoded  = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
     HEADER_REGEXP  = /\A(?<hfield>(?:%\h\h|[!$'-.0-;@-Z_a-z~])*=(?:%\h\h|[!$'-.0-;@-Z_a-z~])*)(?:&\g<hfield>)*\z/
     # practical regexp for email address
-    # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/states-of-the-type-attribute.html#valid-e-mail-address
+    # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/input.html#valid-e-mail-address
     EMAIL_REGEXP = /\A[a-zA-Z0-9.!\#$%&'*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?(?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?)*\z/
     # :startdoc:
 
@@ -62,26 +61,26 @@ module URI
     # Creates a new URI::MailTo object from components, with syntax checking.
     #
     # Components can be provided as an Array or Hash. If an Array is used,
-    # the components must be supplied as [to, headers].
+    # the components must be supplied as <code>[to, headers]</code>.
     #
     # If a Hash is used, the keys are the component names preceded by colons.
     #
     # The headers can be supplied as a pre-encoded string, such as
-    # "subject=subscribe&cc=address", or as an Array of Arrays like
-    # [['subject', 'subscribe'], ['cc', 'address']]
+    # <code>"subject=subscribe&cc=address"</code>, or as an Array of Arrays
+    # like <code>[['subject', 'subscribe'], ['cc', 'address']]</code>.
     #
     # Examples:
     #
     #    require 'uri'
     #
     #    m1 = URI::MailTo.build(['joe@example.com', 'subject=Ruby'])
-    #    puts m1.to_s  ->  mailto:joe@example.com?subject=Ruby
+    #    m1.to_s  # => "mailto:joe@example.com?subject=Ruby"
     #
     #    m2 = URI::MailTo.build(['john@example.com', [['Subject', 'Ruby'], ['Cc', 'jack@example.com']]])
-    #    puts m2.to_s  ->  mailto:john@example.com?Subject=Ruby&Cc=jack@example.com
+    #    m2.to_s  # => "mailto:john@example.com?Subject=Ruby&Cc=jack@example.com"
     #
     #    m3 = URI::MailTo.build({:to => 'listman@example.com', :headers => [['subject', 'subscribe']]})
-    #    puts m3.to_s  ->  mailto:listman@example.com?subject=subscribe
+    #    m3.to_s  # => "mailto:listman@example.com?subject=subscribe"
     #
     def self.build(args)
       tmp = Util.make_components_hash(self, args)
@@ -160,13 +159,13 @@ module URI
       end
     end
 
-    # The primary e-mail address of the URL, as a String
+    # The primary e-mail address of the URL, as a String.
     attr_reader :to
 
-    # E-mail headers set by the URL, as an Array of Arrays
+    # E-mail headers set by the URL, as an Array of Arrays.
     attr_reader :headers
 
-    # check the to +v+ component
+    # Checks the to +v+ component.
     def check_to(v)
       return true unless v
       return true if v.size == 0
@@ -191,20 +190,20 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_to
 
-    # private setter for to +v+
+    # Private setter for to +v+.
     def set_to(v)
       @to = v
     end
     protected :set_to
 
-    # setter for to +v+
+    # Setter for to +v+.
     def to=(v)
       check_to(v)
       set_to(v)
       v
     end
 
-    # check the headers +v+ component against either
+    # Checks the headers +v+ component against either
     # * HEADER_REGEXP
     def check_headers(v)
       return true unless v
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ module URI
     end
     private :check_headers
 
-    # private setter for headers +v+
+    # Private setter for headers +v+.
     def set_headers(v)
       @headers = []
       if v
@@ -229,14 +228,14 @@ module URI
     end
     protected :set_headers
 
-    # setter for headers +v+
+    # Setter for headers +v+.
     def headers=(v)
       check_headers(v)
       set_headers(v)
       v
     end
 
-    # Constructs String from URI
+    # Constructs String from URI.
     def to_s
       @scheme + ':' +
         if @to
diff --git a/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb b/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
index b9e7b2b26e..c719aa0726 100644
--- a/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/rfc2396_parser.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # = uri/common.rb
 #
 # Author:: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
-# Revision:: $Id$
 # License::
 #   You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
 #
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ module URI
     # :startdoc:
   end # REGEXP
 
-  # class that Parses String's into URI's
+  # Class that parses String's into URI's.
   #
   # It contains a Hash set of patterns and Regexp's that match and validate.
   #
@@ -88,12 +87,12 @@ module URI
     # == Examples
     #
     #   p = URI::Parser.new(:ESCAPED => "(?:%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|%u[a-fA-F0-9]{4})")
-    #   u = p.parse("http://example.jp/%uABCD") #=> #<URI::HTTP:0xb78cf4f8 URL:http://example.jp/%uABCD>
+    #   u = p.parse("http://example.jp/%uABCD") #=> #<URI::HTTP http://example.jp/%uABCD>
     #   URI.parse(u.to_s) #=> raises URI::InvalidURIError
     #
     #   s = "http://example.com/ABCD"
-    #   u1 = p.parse(s) #=> #<URI::HTTP:0xb78c3220 URL:http://example.com/ABCD>
-    #   u2 = URI.parse(s) #=> #<URI::HTTP:0xb78b6d54 URL:http://example.com/ABCD>
+    #   u1 = p.parse(s) #=> #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/ABCD>
+    #   u2 = URI.parse(s) #=> #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/ABCD>
     #   u1 == u2 #=> true
     #   u1.eql?(u2) #=> false
     #
@@ -109,15 +108,15 @@ module URI
 
     # The Hash of patterns.
     #
-    # see also URI::Parser.initialize_pattern
+    # See also URI::Parser.initialize_pattern.
     attr_reader :pattern
 
-    # The Hash of Regexp
+    # The Hash of Regexp.
     #
-    # see also URI::Parser.initialize_regexp
+    # See also URI::Parser.initialize_regexp.
     attr_reader :regexp
 
-    # Returns a split URI against regexp[:ABS_URI]
+    # Returns a split URI against regexp[:ABS_URI].
     def split(uri)
       case uri
       when ''
@@ -198,31 +197,19 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # parses +uri+ and constructs either matching URI scheme object
-    # (FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, LDAP, LDAPS, or MailTo) or URI::Generic
+    # Parses +uri+ and constructs either matching URI scheme object
+    # (File, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, LDAP, LDAPS, or MailTo) or URI::Generic.
     #
     # == Usage
     #
     #   p = URI::Parser.new
     #   p.parse("ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john")
-    #   #=> #<URI::LDAP:0x00000000b9e7e8 URL:ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john>
+    #   #=> #<URI::LDAP ldap://ldap.example.com/dc=example?user=john>
     #
     def parse(uri)
-      scheme, userinfo, host, port,
-        registry, path, opaque, query, fragment = self.split(uri)
-
-      if scheme && URI.scheme_list.include?(scheme.upcase)
-        URI.scheme_list[scheme.upcase].new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
-                                           registry, path, opaque, query,
-                                           fragment, self)
-      else
-        Generic.new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
-                    registry, path, opaque, query,
-                    fragment, self)
-      end
+      URI.for(*self.split(uri), self)
     end
 
-
     #
     # == Args
     #
@@ -231,7 +218,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Attempts to parse and merge a set of URIs
+    # Attempts to parse and merge a set of URIs.
     #
     def join(*uris)
       uris[0] = convert_to_uri(uris[0])
@@ -253,11 +240,11 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Attempts to parse and merge a set of URIs
-    # If no +block+ given , then returns the result,
+    # Attempts to parse and merge a set of URIs.
+    # If no +block+ given, then returns the result,
     # else it calls +block+ for each element in result.
     #
-    # see also URI::Parser.make_regexp
+    # See also URI::Parser.make_regexp.
     #
     def extract(str, schemes = nil)
       if block_given?
@@ -270,8 +257,8 @@ module URI
       end
     end
 
-    # returns Regexp that is default self.regexp[:ABS_URI_REF],
-    # unless +schemes+ is provided. Then it is a Regexp.union with self.pattern[:X_ABS_URI]
+    # Returns Regexp that is default self.regexp[:ABS_URI_REF],
+    # unless +schemes+ is provided. Then it is a Regexp.union with self.pattern[:X_ABS_URI].
     def make_regexp(schemes = nil)
       unless schemes
         @regexp[:ABS_URI_REF]
@@ -294,7 +281,7 @@ module URI
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # constructs a safe String from +str+, removing unsafe characters,
+    # Constructs a safe String from +str+, removing unsafe characters,
     # replacing them with codes.
     #
     def escape(str, unsafe = @regexp[:UNSAFE])
@@ -315,31 +302,33 @@ module URI
     #
     # :call-seq:
     #   unescape( str )
-    #   unescape( str, unsafe )
+    #   unescape( str, escaped )
     #
     # == Args
     #
     # +str+::
     #    String to remove escapes from
-    # +unsafe+::
+    # +escaped+::
     #    Regexp to apply. Defaults to self.regexp[:ESCAPED]
     #
     # == Description
     #
-    # Removes escapes from +str+
+    # Removes escapes from +str+.
     #
     def unescape(str, escaped = @regexp[:ESCAPED])
-      str.gsub(escaped) { [$&[1, 2].hex].pack('C') }.force_encoding(str.encoding)
+      enc = str.encoding
+      enc = Encoding::UTF_8 if enc == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      str.gsub(escaped) { [$&[1, 2]].pack('H2').force_encoding(enc) }
     end
 
     @@to_s = Kernel.instance_method(:to_s)
     def inspect
-      @@to_s.bind(self).call
+      @@to_s.bind_call(self)
     end
 
     private
 
-    # Constructs the default Hash of patterns
+    # Constructs the default Hash of patterns.
     def initialize_pattern(opts = {})
       ret = {}
       ret[:ESCAPED] = escaped = (opts.delete(:ESCAPED) || PATTERN::ESCAPED)
@@ -497,7 +486,7 @@ module URI
       ret
     end
 
-    # Constructs the default Hash of Regexp's
+    # Constructs the default Hash of Regexp's.
     def initialize_regexp(pattern)
       ret = {}
 
diff --git a/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb b/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb
index 871280044a..49a594c17d 100644
--- a/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/uri/rfc3986_parser.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module URI
       begin
         uri = uri.to_str
       rescue NoMethodError
-        raise InvalidURIError, "bad URI(is not URI?): #{uri}"
+        raise InvalidURIError, "bad URI(is not URI?): #{uri.inspect}"
       end
       uri.ascii_only? or
         raise InvalidURIError, "URI must be ascii only #{uri.dump}"
@@ -64,23 +64,12 @@ module URI
           m["fragment".freeze]
         ]
       else
-        raise InvalidURIError, "bad URI(is not URI?): #{uri}"
+        raise InvalidURIError, "bad URI(is not URI?): #{uri.inspect}"
       end
     end
 
     def parse(uri) # :nodoc:
-      scheme, userinfo, host, port,
-        registry, path, opaque, query, fragment = self.split(uri)
-      scheme_list = URI.scheme_list
-      if scheme && scheme_list.include?(uc = scheme.upcase)
-        scheme_list[uc].new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
-                            registry, path, opaque, query,
-                            fragment, self)
-      else
-        Generic.new(scheme, userinfo, host, port,
-                    registry, path, opaque, query,
-                    fragment, self)
-      end
+      URI.for(*self.split(uri), self)
     end
 
 
@@ -91,7 +80,7 @@ module URI
 
     @@to_s = Kernel.instance_method(:to_s)
     def inspect
-      @@to_s.bind(self).call
+      @@to_s.bind_call(self)
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/lib/uri/uri.gemspec b/lib/uri/uri.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4a16f47eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/uri/uri.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+begin
+  require_relative "lib/uri/version"
+rescue LoadError # Fallback to load version file in ruby core repository
+  require_relative "version"
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "uri"
+  spec.version       = URI::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Akira Yamada"]
+  spec.email         = ["akira@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{URI is a module providing classes to handle Uniform Resource Identifiers}
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/uri"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/lib/uri/version.rb b/lib/uri/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41da51d844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/uri/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module URI
+  # :stopdoc:
+  VERSION_CODE = '001001'.freeze
+  VERSION = VERSION_CODE.scan(/../).collect{|n| n.to_i}.join('.').freeze
+  # :startdoc:
+end
diff --git a/lib/uri/ws.rb b/lib/uri/ws.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bfee59003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/uri/ws.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/ws.rb
+#
+# Author:: Matt Muller <mamuller@amazon.com>
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+#
+# See URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'generic'
+
+module URI
+
+  #
+  # The syntax of WS URIs is defined in RFC6455 section 3.
+  #
+  # Note that the Ruby URI library allows WS URLs containing usernames and
+  # passwords. This is not legal as per the RFC, but used to be
+  # supported in Internet Explorer 5 and 6, before the MS04-004 security
+  # update. See <URL:http://support.microsoft.com/kb/834489>.
+  #
+  class WS < Generic
+    # A Default port of 80 for URI::WS.
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 80
+
+    # An Array of the available components for URI::WS.
+    COMPONENT = %i[
+      scheme
+      userinfo host port
+      path
+      query
+    ].freeze
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Creates a new URI::WS object from components, with syntax checking.
+    #
+    # The components accepted are userinfo, host, port, path, and query.
+    #
+    # The components should be provided either as an Array, or as a Hash
+    # with keys formed by preceding the component names with a colon.
+    #
+    # If an Array is used, the components must be passed in the
+    # order <code>[userinfo, host, port, path, query]</code>.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     uri = URI::WS.build(host: 'www.example.com', path: '/foo/bar')
+    #
+    #     uri = URI::WS.build([nil, "www.example.com", nil, "/path", "query"])
+    #
+    # Currently, if passed userinfo components this method generates
+    # invalid WS URIs as per RFC 1738.
+    #
+    def self.build(args)
+      tmp = Util.make_components_hash(self, args)
+      super(tmp)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # == Description
+    #
+    # Returns the full path for a WS URI, as required by Net::HTTP::Get.
+    #
+    # If the URI contains a query, the full path is URI#path + '?' + URI#query.
+    # Otherwise, the path is simply URI#path.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     uri = URI::WS.build(path: '/foo/bar', query: 'test=true')
+    #     uri.request_uri #  => "/foo/bar?test=true"
+    #
+    def request_uri
+      return unless @path
+
+      url = @query ? "#@path?#@query" : @path.dup
+      url.start_with?(?/.freeze) ? url : ?/ + url
+    end
+  end
+
+  @@schemes['WS'] = WS
+
+end
diff --git a/lib/uri/wss.rb b/lib/uri/wss.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cfa133389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/uri/wss.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: false
+# = uri/wss.rb
+#
+# Author:: Matt Muller <mamuller@amazon.com>
+# License:: You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.
+#
+# See URI for general documentation
+#
+
+require_relative 'ws'
+
+module URI
+
+  # The default port for WSS URIs is 443, and the scheme is 'wss:' rather
+  # than 'ws:'. Other than that, WSS URIs are identical to WS URIs;
+  # see URI::WS.
+  class WSS < WS
+    # A Default port of 443 for URI::WSS
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 443
+  end
+  @@schemes['WSS'] = WSS
+end
diff --git a/lib/weakref.rb b/lib/weakref.rb
index ff04e37be3..fbd5d8fa82 100644
--- a/lib/weakref.rb
+++ b/lib/weakref.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "delegate"
 
 # Weak Reference class that allows a referenced object to be
@@ -15,55 +15,9 @@ require "delegate"
 #   GC.start                    # start the garbage collector
 #   p foo.to_s                  # should raise exception (recycled)
 #
-# == Example
-#
-# With help from WeakRef, we can implement our own rudimentary WeakHash class.
-#
-# We will call it WeakHash, since it's really just a Hash except all of it's
-# keys and values can be garbage collected.
-#
-#     require 'weakref'
-#
-#     class WeakHash < Hash
-#       def []= key, obj
-#         super WeakRef.new(key), WeakRef.new(obj)
-#       end
-#     end
-#
-# This is just a simple implementation, we've opened the Hash class and changed
-# Hash#store to create a new WeakRef object with +key+ and +obj+ parameters
-# before passing them as our key-value pair to the hash.
-#
-# With this you will have to limit your self to String keys, otherwise you
-# will get an ArgumentError because WeakRef cannot create a finalizer for a
-# Symbol. Symbols are immutable and cannot be garbage collected.
-#
-# Let's see it in action:
-#
-#   omg = "lol"
-#   c = WeakHash.new
-#   c['foo'] = "bar"
-#   c['baz'] = Object.new
-#   c['qux'] = omg
-#   puts c.inspect
-#   #=> {"foo"=>"bar", "baz"=>#<Object:0x007f4ddfc6cb48>, "qux"=>"lol"}
-#
-#   # Now run the garbage collector
-#   GC.start
-#   c['foo'] #=> nil
-#   c['baz'] #=> nil
-#   c['qux'] #=> nil
-#   omg      #=> "lol"
-#
-#   puts c.inspect
-#   #=> WeakRef::RefError: Invalid Reference - probably recycled
-#
-# You can see the local variable +omg+ stayed, although its reference in our
-# hash object was garbage collected, along with the rest of the keys and
-# values. Also, when we tried to inspect our hash, we got a WeakRef::RefError.
-# This is because these objects were also garbage collected.
 
 class WeakRef < Delegator
+  VERSION = "0.1.1"
 
   ##
   # RefError is raised when a referenced object has been recycled by the
diff --git a/lib/weakref/weakref.gemspec b/lib/weakref/weakref.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96a9765079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/weakref/weakref.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+name = File.basename(__FILE__, ".gemspec")
+version = ["lib", Array.new(name.count("-")+1, "..").join("/")].find do |dir|
+  break File.foreach(File.join(__dir__, dir, "#{name.tr('-', '/')}.rb")) do |line|
+    /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"(.*)"/ =~ line and break $1
+  end rescue nil
+end
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = name
+  spec.version       = version
+  spec.authors = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
+  spec.email = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Allows a referenced object to be garbage-collected.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Allows a referenced object to be garbage-collected.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/weakref"
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = "https://github.com/ruby/weakref"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_dependency "delegate"
+end
diff --git a/lib/webrick.rb b/lib/webrick.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cbaf18a792..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-##
-# = WEB server toolkit.
-#
-# WEBrick is an HTTP server toolkit that can be configured as an HTTPS server,
-# a proxy server, and a virtual-host server.  WEBrick features complete
-# logging of both server operations and HTTP access.  WEBrick supports both
-# basic and digest authentication in addition to algorithms not in RFC 2617.
-#
-# A WEBrick server can be composed of multiple WEBrick servers or servlets to
-# provide differing behavior on a per-host or per-path basis.  WEBrick
-# includes servlets for handling CGI scripts, ERB pages, Ruby blocks and
-# directory listings.
-#
-# WEBrick also includes tools for daemonizing a process and starting a process
-# at a higher privilege level and dropping permissions.
-#
-# == Starting an HTTP server
-#
-# To create a new WEBrick::HTTPServer that will listen to connections on port
-# 8000 and serve documents from the current user's public_html folder:
-#
-#   require 'webrick'
-#
-#   root = File.expand_path '~/public_html'
-#   server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :Port => 8000, :DocumentRoot => root
-#
-# To run the server you will need to provide a suitable shutdown hook as
-# starting the server blocks the current thread:
-#
-#   trap 'INT' do server.shutdown end
-#
-#   server.start
-#
-# == Custom Behavior
-#
-# The easiest way to have a server perform custom operations is through
-# WEBrick::HTTPServer#mount_proc.  The block given will be called with a
-# WEBrick::HTTPRequest with request info and a WEBrick::HTTPResponse which
-# must be filled in appropriately:
-#
-#   server.mount_proc '/' do |req, res|
-#     res.body = 'Hello, world!'
-#   end
-#
-# Remember that +server.mount_proc+ must precede +server.start+.
-#
-# == Servlets
-#
-# Advanced custom behavior can be obtained through mounting a subclass of
-# WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet.  Servlets provide more modularity
-# when writing an HTTP server than mount_proc allows.  Here is a simple
-# servlet:
-#
-#   class Simple < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
-#     def do_GET request, response
-#       status, content_type, body = do_stuff_with request
-#
-#       response.status = 200
-#       response['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
-#       response.body = 'Hello, World!'
-#     end
-#   end
-#
-# To initialize the servlet you mount it on the server:
-#
-#   server.mount '/simple', Simple
-#
-# See WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet for more details.
-#
-# == Virtual Hosts
-#
-# A server can act as a virtual host for multiple host names.  After creating
-# the listening host, additional hosts that do not listen can be created and
-# attached as virtual hosts:
-#
-#   server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new # ...
-#
-#   vhost = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :ServerName => 'vhost.example',
-#                                   :DoNotListen => true, # ...
-#   vhost.mount '/', ...
-#
-#   server.virtual_host vhost
-#
-# If no +:DocumentRoot+ is provided and no servlets or procs are mounted on the
-# main server it will return 404 for all URLs.
-#
-# == HTTPS
-#
-# To create an HTTPS server you only need to enable SSL and provide an SSL
-# certificate name:
-#
-#   require 'webrick'
-#   require 'webrick/https'
-#
-#   cert_name = [
-#     %w[CN localhost],
-#   ]
-#
-#   server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(:Port => 8000,
-#                                    :SSLEnable => true,
-#                                    :SSLCertName => cert_name)
-#
-# This will start the server with a self-generated self-signed certificate.
-# The certificate will be changed every time the server is restarted.
-#
-# To create a server with a pre-determined key and certificate you can provide
-# them:
-#
-#   require 'webrick'
-#   require 'webrick/https'
-#   require 'openssl'
-#
-#   cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new File.read '/path/to/cert.pem'
-#   pkey = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new File.read '/path/to/pkey.pem'
-#
-#   server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(:Port => 8000,
-#                                    :SSLEnable => true,
-#                                    :SSLCertificate => cert,
-#                                    :SSLPrivateKey => pkey)
-#
-# == Proxy Server
-#
-# WEBrick can act as a proxy server:
-#
-#   require 'webrick'
-#   require 'webrick/httpproxy'
-#
-#   proxy = WEBrick::HTTPProxyServer.new :Port => 8000
-#
-#   trap 'INT' do proxy.shutdown end
-#
-# See WEBrick::HTTPProxy for further details including modifying proxied
-# responses.
-#
-# == Basic and Digest authentication
-#
-# WEBrick provides both Basic and Digest authentication for regular and proxy
-# servers.  See WEBrick::HTTPAuth, WEBrick::HTTPAuth::BasicAuth and
-# WEBrick::HTTPAuth::DigestAuth.
-#
-# == WEBrick as a Production Web Server
-#
-# WEBrick can be run as a production server for small loads.
-#
-# === Daemonizing
-#
-# To start a WEBrick server as a daemon simple run WEBrick::Daemon.start
-# before starting the server.
-#
-# === Dropping Permissions
-#
-# WEBrick can be started as one user to gain permission to bind to port 80 or
-# 443 for serving HTTP or HTTPS traffic then can drop these permissions for
-# regular operation.  To listen on all interfaces for HTTP traffic:
-#
-#   sockets = WEBrick::Utils.create_listeners nil, 80
-#
-# Then drop privileges:
-#
-#   WEBrick::Utils.su 'www'
-#
-# Then create a server that does not listen by default:
-#
-#   server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :DoNotListen => true, # ...
-#
-# Then overwrite the listening sockets with the port 80 sockets:
-#
-#   server.listeners.replace sockets
-#
-# === Logging
-#
-# WEBrick can separately log server operations and end-user access.  For
-# server operations:
-#
-#   log_file = File.open '/var/log/webrick.log', 'a+'
-#   log = WEBrick::Log.new log_file
-#
-# For user access logging:
-#
-#   access_log = [
-#     [log_file, WEBrick::AccessLog::COMBINED_LOG_FORMAT],
-#   ]
-#
-#   server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :Logger => log, :AccessLog => access_log
-#
-# See WEBrick::AccessLog for further log formats.
-#
-# === Log Rotation
-#
-# To rotate logs in WEBrick on a HUP signal (like syslogd can send), open the
-# log file in 'a+' mode (as above) and trap 'HUP' to reopen the log file:
-#
-#   trap 'HUP' do log_file.reopen '/path/to/webrick.log', 'a+'
-#
-# == Copyright
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2000 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU YUUZOU
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#--
-# $IPR: webrick.rb,v 1.12 2002/10/01 17:16:31 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-module WEBrick
-end
-
-require 'webrick/compat.rb'
-
-require 'webrick/version.rb'
-require 'webrick/config.rb'
-require 'webrick/log.rb'
-require 'webrick/server.rb'
-require 'webrick/utils.rb'
-require 'webrick/accesslog'
-
-require 'webrick/htmlutils.rb'
-require 'webrick/httputils.rb'
-require 'webrick/cookie.rb'
-require 'webrick/httpversion.rb'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus.rb'
-require 'webrick/httprequest.rb'
-require 'webrick/httpresponse.rb'
-require 'webrick/httpserver.rb'
-require 'webrick/httpservlet.rb'
-require 'webrick/httpauth.rb'
diff --git a/lib/webrick/accesslog.rb b/lib/webrick/accesslog.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 17e5b38ac9..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/accesslog.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-# accesslog.rb -- Access log handling utilities
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2002 keita yamaguchi
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers
-#
-# $IPR: accesslog.rb,v 1.1 2002/10/01 17:16:32 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # AccessLog provides logging to various files in various formats.
-  #
-  # Multiple logs may be written to at the same time:
-  #
-  #   access_log = [
-  #     [$stderr, WEBrick::AccessLog::COMMON_LOG_FORMAT],
-  #     [$stderr, WEBrick::AccessLog::REFERER_LOG_FORMAT],
-  #   ]
-  #
-  #   server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :AccessLog => access_log
-  #
-  # Custom log formats may be defined.  WEBrick::AccessLog provides a subset
-  # of the formatting from Apache's mod_log_config
-  # http://httpd.apache.org/docs/mod/mod_log_config.html#formats.  See
-  # AccessLog::setup_params for a list of supported options
-
-  module AccessLog
-
-    ##
-    # Raised if a parameter such as %e, %i, %o or %n is used without fetching
-    # a specific field.
-
-    class AccessLogError < StandardError; end
-
-    ##
-    # The Common Log Format's time format
-
-    CLF_TIME_FORMAT     = "[%d/%b/%Y:%H:%M:%S %Z]"
-
-    ##
-    # Common Log Format
-
-    COMMON_LOG_FORMAT   = "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b"
-
-    ##
-    # Short alias for Common Log Format
-
-    CLF                 = COMMON_LOG_FORMAT
-
-    ##
-    # Referer Log Format
-
-    REFERER_LOG_FORMAT  = "%{Referer}i -> %U"
-
-    ##
-    # User-Agent Log Format
-
-    AGENT_LOG_FORMAT    = "%{User-Agent}i"
-
-    ##
-    # Combined Log Format
-
-    COMBINED_LOG_FORMAT = "#{CLF} \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-agent}i\""
-
-    module_function
-
-    # This format specification is a subset of mod_log_config of Apache:
-    #
-    # %a:: Remote IP address
-    # %b:: Total response size
-    # %e{variable}:: Given variable in ENV
-    # %f:: Response filename
-    # %h:: Remote host name
-    # %{header}i:: Given request header
-    # %l:: Remote logname, always "-"
-    # %m:: Request method
-    # %{attr}n:: Given request attribute from <tt>req.attributes</tt>
-    # %{header}o:: Given response header
-    # %p:: Server's request port
-    # %{format}p:: The canonical port of the server serving the request or the
-    #              actual port or the client's actual port.  Valid formats are
-    #              canonical, local or remote.
-    # %q:: Request query string
-    # %r:: First line of the request
-    # %s:: Request status
-    # %t:: Time the request was received
-    # %T:: Time taken to process the request
-    # %u:: Remote user from auth
-    # %U:: Unparsed URI
-    # %%:: Literal %
-
-    def setup_params(config, req, res)
-      params = Hash.new("")
-      params["a"] = req.peeraddr[3]
-      params["b"] = res.sent_size
-      params["e"] = ENV
-      params["f"] = res.filename || ""
-      params["h"] = req.peeraddr[2]
-      params["i"] = req
-      params["l"] = "-"
-      params["m"] = req.request_method
-      params["n"] = req.attributes
-      params["o"] = res
-      params["p"] = req.port
-      params["q"] = req.query_string
-      params["r"] = req.request_line.sub(/\x0d?\x0a\z/o, '')
-      params["s"] = res.status       # won't support "%>s"
-      params["t"] = req.request_time
-      params["T"] = Time.now - req.request_time
-      params["u"] = req.user || "-"
-      params["U"] = req.unparsed_uri
-      params["v"] = config[:ServerName]
-      params
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Formats +params+ according to +format_string+ which is described in
-    # setup_params.
-
-    def format(format_string, params)
-      format_string.gsub(/\%(?:\{(.*?)\})?>?([a-zA-Z%])/){
-         param, spec = $1, $2
-         case spec[0]
-         when ?e, ?i, ?n, ?o
-           raise AccessLogError,
-             "parameter is required for \"#{spec}\"" unless param
-           (param = params[spec][param]) ? escape(param) : "-"
-         when ?t
-           params[spec].strftime(param || CLF_TIME_FORMAT)
-         when ?p
-           case param
-           when 'remote'
-             escape(params["i"].peeraddr[1].to_s)
-           else
-             escape(params["p"].to_s)
-           end
-         when ?%
-           "%"
-         else
-           escape(params[spec].to_s)
-         end
-      }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Escapes control characters in +data+
-
-    def escape(data)
-      if data.tainted?
-        data.gsub(/[[:cntrl:]\\]+/) {$&.dump[1...-1]}.untaint
-      else
-        data
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/cgi.rb b/lib/webrick/cgi.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 94f385f1dd..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/cgi.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# cgi.rb -- Yet another CGI library
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $Id$
-
-require "webrick/httprequest"
-require "webrick/httpresponse"
-require "webrick/config"
-require "stringio"
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  # A CGI library using WEBrick requests and responses.
-  #
-  # Example:
-  #
-  #   class MyCGI < WEBrick::CGI
-  #     def do_GET req, res
-  #       res.body = 'it worked!'
-  #       res.status = 200
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   MyCGI.new.start
-
-  class CGI
-
-    # The CGI error exception class
-
-    CGIError = Class.new(StandardError)
-
-    ##
-    # The CGI configuration.  This is based on WEBrick::Config::HTTP
-
-    attr_reader :config
-
-    ##
-    # The CGI logger
-
-    attr_reader :logger
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new CGI interface.
-    #
-    # The first argument in +args+ is a configuration hash which would update
-    # WEBrick::Config::HTTP.
-    #
-    # Any remaining arguments are stored in the <code>@options</code> instance
-    # variable for use by a subclass.
-
-    def initialize(*args)
-      if defined?(MOD_RUBY)
-        unless ENV.has_key?("GATEWAY_INTERFACE")
-          Apache.request.setup_cgi_env
-        end
-      end
-      if %r{HTTP/(\d+\.\d+)} =~ ENV["SERVER_PROTOCOL"]
-        httpv = $1
-      end
-      @config = WEBrick::Config::HTTP.dup.update(
-        :ServerSoftware => ENV["SERVER_SOFTWARE"] || "null",
-        :HTTPVersion    => HTTPVersion.new(httpv || "1.0"),
-        :RunOnCGI       => true,   # to detect if it runs on CGI.
-        :NPH            => false   # set true to run as NPH script.
-      )
-      if config = args.shift
-        @config.update(config)
-      end
-      @config[:Logger] ||= WEBrick::BasicLog.new($stderr)
-      @logger = @config[:Logger]
-      @options = args
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Reads +key+ from the configuration
-
-    def [](key)
-      @config[key]
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Starts the CGI process with the given environment +env+ and standard
-    # input and output +stdin+ and +stdout+.
-
-    def start(env=ENV, stdin=$stdin, stdout=$stdout)
-      sock = WEBrick::CGI::Socket.new(@config, env, stdin, stdout)
-      req = HTTPRequest.new(@config)
-      res = HTTPResponse.new(@config)
-      unless @config[:NPH] or defined?(MOD_RUBY)
-        def res.setup_header
-          unless @header["status"]
-            phrase = HTTPStatus::reason_phrase(@status)
-            @header["status"] = "#{@status} #{phrase}"
-          end
-          super
-        end
-        def res.status_line
-          ""
-        end
-      end
-
-      begin
-        req.parse(sock)
-        req.script_name = (env["SCRIPT_NAME"] || File.expand_path($0)).dup
-        req.path_info = (env["PATH_INFO"] || "").dup
-        req.query_string = env["QUERY_STRING"]
-        req.user = env["REMOTE_USER"]
-        res.request_method = req.request_method
-        res.request_uri = req.request_uri
-        res.request_http_version = req.http_version
-        res.keep_alive = req.keep_alive?
-        self.service(req, res)
-      rescue HTTPStatus::Error => ex
-        res.set_error(ex)
-      rescue HTTPStatus::Status => ex
-        res.status = ex.code
-      rescue Exception => ex
-        @logger.error(ex)
-        res.set_error(ex, true)
-      ensure
-        req.fixup
-        if defined?(MOD_RUBY)
-          res.setup_header
-          Apache.request.status_line = "#{res.status} #{res.reason_phrase}"
-          Apache.request.status = res.status
-          table = Apache.request.headers_out
-          res.header.each{|key, val|
-            case key
-            when /^content-encoding$/i
-              Apache::request.content_encoding = val
-            when /^content-type$/i
-              Apache::request.content_type = val
-            else
-              table[key] = val.to_s
-            end
-          }
-          res.cookies.each{|cookie|
-            table.add("Set-Cookie", cookie.to_s)
-          }
-          Apache.request.send_http_header
-          res.send_body(sock)
-        else
-          res.send_response(sock)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Services the request +req+ which will fill in the response +res+.  See
-    # WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet#service for details.
-
-    def service(req, res)
-      method_name = "do_" + req.request_method.gsub(/-/, "_")
-      if respond_to?(method_name)
-        __send__(method_name, req, res)
-      else
-        raise HTTPStatus::MethodNotAllowed,
-              "unsupported method `#{req.request_method}'."
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Provides HTTP socket emulation from the CGI environment
-
-    class Socket # :nodoc:
-      include Enumerable
-
-      private
-
-      def initialize(config, env, stdin, stdout)
-        @config = config
-        @env = env
-        @header_part = StringIO.new
-        @body_part = stdin
-        @out_port = stdout
-        @out_port.binmode
-
-        @server_addr = @env["SERVER_ADDR"] || "0.0.0.0"
-        @server_name = @env["SERVER_NAME"]
-        @server_port = @env["SERVER_PORT"]
-        @remote_addr = @env["REMOTE_ADDR"]
-        @remote_host = @env["REMOTE_HOST"] || @remote_addr
-        @remote_port = @env["REMOTE_PORT"] || 0
-
-        begin
-          @header_part << request_line << CRLF
-          setup_header
-          @header_part << CRLF
-          @header_part.rewind
-        rescue Exception
-          raise CGIError, "invalid CGI environment"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def request_line
-        meth = @env["REQUEST_METHOD"] || "GET"
-        unless url = @env["REQUEST_URI"]
-          url = (@env["SCRIPT_NAME"] || File.expand_path($0)).dup
-          url << @env["PATH_INFO"].to_s
-          url = WEBrick::HTTPUtils.escape_path(url)
-          if query_string = @env["QUERY_STRING"]
-            unless query_string.empty?
-              url << "?" << query_string
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        # we cannot get real HTTP version of client ;)
-        httpv = @config[:HTTPVersion]
-        return "#{meth} #{url} HTTP/#{httpv}"
-      end
-
-      def setup_header
-        @env.each{|key, value|
-          case key
-          when "CONTENT_TYPE", "CONTENT_LENGTH"
-            add_header(key.gsub(/_/, "-"), value)
-          when /^HTTP_(.*)/
-            add_header($1.gsub(/_/, "-"), value)
-          end
-        }
-      end
-
-      def add_header(hdrname, value)
-        unless value.empty?
-          @header_part << hdrname << ": " << value << CRLF
-        end
-      end
-
-      def input
-        @header_part.eof? ? @body_part : @header_part
-      end
-
-      public
-
-      def peeraddr
-        [nil, @remote_port, @remote_host, @remote_addr]
-      end
-
-      def addr
-        [nil, @server_port, @server_name, @server_addr]
-      end
-
-      def gets(eol=LF, size=nil)
-        input.gets(eol, size)
-      end
-
-      def read(size=nil)
-        input.read(size)
-      end
-
-      def each
-        input.each{|line| yield(line) }
-      end
-
-      def eof?
-        input.eof?
-      end
-
-      def <<(data)
-        @out_port << data
-      end
-
-      def cert
-        return nil unless defined?(OpenSSL)
-        if pem = @env["SSL_SERVER_CERT"]
-          OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(pem) unless pem.empty?
-        end
-      end
-
-      def peer_cert
-        return nil unless defined?(OpenSSL)
-        if pem = @env["SSL_CLIENT_CERT"]
-          OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(pem) unless pem.empty?
-        end
-      end
-
-      def peer_cert_chain
-        return nil unless defined?(OpenSSL)
-        if @env["SSL_CLIENT_CERT_CHAIN_0"]
-          keys = @env.keys
-          certs = keys.sort.collect{|k|
-            if /^SSL_CLIENT_CERT_CHAIN_\d+$/ =~ k
-              if pem = @env[k]
-                OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(pem) unless pem.empty?
-              end
-            end
-          }
-          certs.compact
-        end
-      end
-
-      def cipher
-        return nil unless defined?(OpenSSL)
-        if cipher = @env["SSL_CIPHER"]
-          ret = [ cipher ]
-          ret << @env["SSL_PROTOCOL"]
-          ret << @env["SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE"]
-          ret << @env["SSL_CIPHER_ALGKEYSIZE"]
-          ret
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/config.rb b/lib/webrick/config.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index af4b561534..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/config.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# config.rb -- Default configurations.
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: config.rb,v 1.52 2003/07/22 19:20:42 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/version'
-require 'webrick/httpversion'
-require 'webrick/httputils'
-require 'webrick/utils'
-require 'webrick/log'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module Config
-    LIBDIR = File::dirname(__FILE__) # :nodoc:
-
-    # for GenericServer
-    General = Hash.new { |hash, key|
-      case key
-      when :ServerName
-        hash[key] = Utils.getservername
-      else
-        nil
-      end
-    }.update(
-      :BindAddress    => nil,   # "0.0.0.0" or "::" or nil
-      :Port           => nil,   # users MUST specify this!!
-      :MaxClients     => 100,   # maximum number of the concurrent connections
-      :ServerType     => nil,   # default: WEBrick::SimpleServer
-      :Logger         => nil,   # default: WEBrick::Log.new
-      :ServerSoftware => "WEBrick/#{WEBrick::VERSION} " +
-                         "(Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION}/#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})",
-      :TempDir        => ENV['TMPDIR']||ENV['TMP']||ENV['TEMP']||'/tmp',
-      :DoNotListen    => false,
-      :StartCallback  => nil,
-      :StopCallback   => nil,
-      :AcceptCallback => nil,
-      :DoNotReverseLookup => true,
-      :ShutdownSocketWithoutClose => false,
-    )
-
-    # for HTTPServer, HTTPRequest, HTTPResponse ...
-    HTTP = General.dup.update(
-      :Port           => 80,
-      :RequestTimeout => 30,
-      :HTTPVersion    => HTTPVersion.new("1.1"),
-      :AccessLog      => nil,
-      :MimeTypes      => HTTPUtils::DefaultMimeTypes,
-      :DirectoryIndex => ["index.html","index.htm","index.cgi","index.rhtml"],
-      :DocumentRoot   => nil,
-      :DocumentRootOptions => { :FancyIndexing => true },
-      :RequestCallback => nil,
-      :ServerAlias    => nil,
-      :InputBufferSize  => 65536, # input buffer size in reading request body
-      :OutputBufferSize => 65536, # output buffer size in sending File or IO
-
-      # for HTTPProxyServer
-      :ProxyAuthProc  => nil,
-      :ProxyContentHandler => nil,
-      :ProxyVia       => true,
-      :ProxyTimeout   => true,
-      :ProxyURI       => nil,
-
-      :CGIInterpreter => nil,
-      :CGIPathEnv     => nil,
-
-      # workaround: if Request-URIs contain 8bit chars,
-      # they should be escaped before calling of URI::parse().
-      :Escape8bitURI  => false
-    )
-
-    ##
-    # Default configuration for WEBrick::HTTPServlet::FileHandler
-    #
-    # :AcceptableLanguages::
-    #   Array of languages allowed for accept-language.  There is no default
-    # :DirectoryCallback::
-    #   Allows preprocessing of directory requests.  There is no default
-    #   callback.
-    # :FancyIndexing::
-    #   If true, show an index for directories.  The default is true.
-    # :FileCallback::
-    #   Allows preprocessing of file requests.  There is no default callback.
-    # :HandlerCallback::
-    #   Allows preprocessing of requests.  There is no default callback.
-    # :HandlerTable::
-    #   Maps file suffixes to file handlers.  DefaultFileHandler is used by
-    #   default but any servlet can be used.
-    # :NondisclosureName::
-    #   Do not show files matching this array of globs.  .ht* and *~ are
-    #   excluded by default.
-    # :UserDir::
-    #   Directory inside ~user to serve content from for /~user requests.
-    #   Only works if mounted on /.  Disabled by default.
-
-    FileHandler = {
-      :NondisclosureName => [".ht*", "*~"],
-      :FancyIndexing     => false,
-      :HandlerTable      => {},
-      :HandlerCallback   => nil,
-      :DirectoryCallback => nil,
-      :FileCallback      => nil,
-      :UserDir           => nil,  # e.g. "public_html"
-      :AcceptableLanguages => []  # ["en", "ja", ... ]
-    }
-
-    ##
-    # Default configuration for WEBrick::HTTPAuth::BasicAuth
-    #
-    # :AutoReloadUserDB:: Reload the user database provided by :UserDB
-    #                     automatically?
-
-    BasicAuth = {
-      :AutoReloadUserDB     => true,
-    }
-
-    ##
-    # Default configuration for WEBrick::HTTPAuth::DigestAuth.
-    #
-    # :Algorithm:: MD5, MD5-sess (default), SHA1, SHA1-sess
-    # :Domain:: An Array of URIs that define the protected space
-    # :Qop:: 'auth' for authentication, 'auth-int' for integrity protection or
-    #        both
-    # :UseOpaque:: Should the server send opaque values to the client?  This
-    #              helps prevent replay attacks.
-    # :CheckNc:: Should the server check the nonce count?  This helps the
-    #            server detect replay attacks.
-    # :UseAuthenticationInfoHeader:: Should the server send an
-    #                                AuthenticationInfo header?
-    # :AutoReloadUserDB:: Reload the user database provided by :UserDB
-    #                     automatically?
-    # :NonceExpirePeriod:: How long should we store used nonces?  Default is
-    #                      30 minutes.
-    # :NonceExpireDelta:: How long is a nonce valid?  Default is 1 minute
-    # :InternetExplorerHack:: Hack which allows Internet Explorer to work.
-    # :OperaHack:: Hack which allows Opera to work.
-
-    DigestAuth = {
-      :Algorithm            => 'MD5-sess', # or 'MD5'
-      :Domain               => nil,        # an array includes domain names.
-      :Qop                  => [ 'auth' ], # 'auth' or 'auth-int' or both.
-      :UseOpaque            => true,
-      :UseNextNonce         => false,
-      :CheckNc              => false,
-      :UseAuthenticationInfoHeader => true,
-      :AutoReloadUserDB     => true,
-      :NonceExpirePeriod    => 30*60,
-      :NonceExpireDelta     => 60,
-      :InternetExplorerHack => true,
-      :OperaHack            => true,
-    }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/cookie.rb b/lib/webrick/cookie.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 24bf92ec00..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/cookie.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# cookie.rb -- Cookie class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: cookie.rb,v 1.16 2002/09/21 12:23:35 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'time'
-require 'webrick/httputils'
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # Processes HTTP cookies
-
-  class Cookie
-
-    ##
-    # The cookie name
-
-    attr_reader :name
-
-    ##
-    # The cookie value
-
-    attr_accessor :value
-
-    ##
-    # The cookie version
-
-    attr_accessor :version
-
-    ##
-    # The cookie domain
-    attr_accessor :domain
-
-    ##
-    # The cookie path
-
-    attr_accessor :path
-
-    ##
-    # Is this a secure cookie?
-
-    attr_accessor :secure
-
-    ##
-    # The cookie comment
-
-    attr_accessor :comment
-
-    ##
-    # The maximum age of the cookie
-
-    attr_accessor :max_age
-
-    #attr_accessor :comment_url, :discard, :port
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new cookie with the given +name+ and +value+
-
-    def initialize(name, value)
-      @name = name
-      @value = value
-      @version = 0     # Netscape Cookie
-
-      @domain = @path = @secure = @comment = @max_age =
-      @expires = @comment_url = @discard = @port = nil
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the cookie expiration to the time +t+.  The expiration time may be
-    # a false value to disable expiration or a Time or HTTP format time string
-    # to set the expiration date.
-
-    def expires=(t)
-      @expires = t && (t.is_a?(Time) ? t.httpdate : t.to_s)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Retrieves the expiration time as a Time
-
-    def expires
-      @expires && Time.parse(@expires)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The cookie string suitable for use in an HTTP header
-
-    def to_s
-      ret = ""
-      ret << @name << "=" << @value
-      ret << "; " << "Version=" << @version.to_s if @version > 0
-      ret << "; " << "Domain="  << @domain  if @domain
-      ret << "; " << "Expires=" << @expires if @expires
-      ret << "; " << "Max-Age=" << @max_age.to_s if @max_age
-      ret << "; " << "Comment=" << @comment if @comment
-      ret << "; " << "Path="    << @path if @path
-      ret << "; " << "Secure"   if @secure
-      ret
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Parses a Cookie field sent from the user-agent.  Returns an array of
-    # cookies.
-
-    def self.parse(str)
-      if str
-        ret = []
-        cookie = nil
-        ver = 0
-        str.split(/;\s+/).each{|x|
-          key, val = x.split(/=/,2)
-          val = val ? HTTPUtils::dequote(val) : ""
-          case key
-          when "$Version"; ver = val.to_i
-          when "$Path";    cookie.path = val
-          when "$Domain";  cookie.domain = val
-          when "$Port";    cookie.port = val
-          else
-            ret << cookie if cookie
-            cookie = self.new(key, val)
-            cookie.version = ver
-          end
-        }
-        ret << cookie if cookie
-        ret
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Parses the cookie in +str+
-
-    def self.parse_set_cookie(str)
-      cookie_elem = str.split(/;/)
-      first_elem = cookie_elem.shift
-      first_elem.strip!
-      key, value = first_elem.split(/=/, 2)
-      cookie = new(key, HTTPUtils.dequote(value))
-      cookie_elem.each{|pair|
-        pair.strip!
-        key, value = pair.split(/=/, 2)
-        if value
-          value = HTTPUtils.dequote(value.strip)
-        end
-        case key.downcase
-        when "domain"  then cookie.domain  = value
-        when "path"    then cookie.path    = value
-        when "expires" then cookie.expires = value
-        when "max-age" then cookie.max_age = Integer(value)
-        when "comment" then cookie.comment = value
-        when "version" then cookie.version = Integer(value)
-        when "secure"  then cookie.secure = true
-        end
-      }
-      return cookie
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Parses the cookies in +str+
-
-    def self.parse_set_cookies(str)
-      return str.split(/,(?=[^;,]*=)|,$/).collect{|c|
-        parse_set_cookie(c)
-      }
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpauth.rb b/lib/webrick/httpauth.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bbb6776528..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpauth.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpauth.rb -- HTTP access authentication
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httpauth.rb,v 1.14 2003/07/22 19:20:42 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/httpauth/basicauth'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/digestauth'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/htpasswd'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/htdigest'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/htgroup'
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # HTTPAuth provides both basic and digest authentication.
-  #
-  # To enable authentication for requests in WEBrick you will need a user
-  # database and an authenticator.  To start, here's an Htpasswd database for
-  # use with a DigestAuth authenticator:
-  #
-  #   config = { :Realm => 'DigestAuth example realm' }
-  #
-  #   htpasswd = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htpasswd.new 'my_password_file'
-  #   htpasswd.auth_type = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::DigestAuth
-  #   htpasswd.set_passwd config[:Realm], 'username', 'password'
-  #   htpasswd.flush
-  #
-  # The +:Realm+ is used to provide different access to different groups
-  # across several resources on a server.  Typically you'll need only one
-  # realm for a server.
-  #
-  # This database can be used to create an authenticator:
-  #
-  #   config[:UserDB] = htpasswd
-  #
-  #   digest_auth = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::DigestAuth.new config
-  #
-  # To authenticate a request call #authenticate with a request and response
-  # object in a servlet:
-  #
-  #   def do_GET req, res
-  #     @authenticator.authenticate req, res
-  #   end
-  #
-  # For digest authentication the authenticator must not be created every
-  # request, it must be passed in as an option via WEBrick::HTTPServer#mount.
-
-  module HTTPAuth
-    module_function
-
-    def _basic_auth(req, res, realm, req_field, res_field, err_type,
-                    block) # :nodoc:
-      user = pass = nil
-      if /^Basic\s+(.*)/o =~ req[req_field]
-        userpass = $1
-        user, pass = userpass.unpack("m*")[0].split(":", 2)
-      end
-      if block.call(user, pass)
-        req.user = user
-        return
-      end
-      res[res_field] = "Basic realm=\"#{realm}\""
-      raise err_type
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Simple wrapper for providing basic authentication for a request.  When
-    # called with a request +req+, response +res+, authentication +realm+ and
-    # +block+ the block will be called with a +username+ and +password+.  If
-    # the block returns true the request is allowed to continue, otherwise an
-    # HTTPStatus::Unauthorized error is raised.
-
-    def basic_auth(req, res, realm, &block) # :yield: username, password
-      _basic_auth(req, res, realm, "Authorization", "WWW-Authenticate",
-                  HTTPStatus::Unauthorized, block)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Simple wrapper for providing basic authentication for a proxied request.
-    # When called with a request +req+, response +res+, authentication +realm+
-    # and +block+ the block will be called with a +username+ and +password+.
-    # If the block returns true the request is allowed to continue, otherwise
-    # an HTTPStatus::ProxyAuthenticationRequired error is raised.
-
-    def proxy_basic_auth(req, res, realm, &block) # :yield: username, password
-      _basic_auth(req, res, realm, "Proxy-Authorization", "Proxy-Authenticate",
-                  HTTPStatus::ProxyAuthenticationRequired, block)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpauth/authenticator.rb b/lib/webrick/httpauth/authenticator.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8655118a04..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpauth/authenticator.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-# httpauth/authenticator.rb -- Authenticator mix-in module.
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: authenticator.rb,v 1.3 2003/02/20 07:15:47 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPAuth
-
-    ##
-    # Module providing generic support for both Digest and Basic
-    # authentication schemes.
-
-    module Authenticator
-
-      RequestField      = "Authorization" # :nodoc:
-      ResponseField     = "WWW-Authenticate" # :nodoc:
-      ResponseInfoField = "Authentication-Info" # :nodoc:
-      AuthException     = HTTPStatus::Unauthorized # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Method of authentication, must be overridden by the including class
-
-      AuthScheme        = nil
-
-      ##
-      # The realm this authenticator covers
-
-      attr_reader :realm
-
-      ##
-      # The user database for this authenticator
-
-      attr_reader :userdb
-
-      ##
-      # The logger for this authenticator
-
-      attr_reader :logger
-
-      private
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Initializes the authenticator from +config+
-
-      def check_init(config)
-        [:UserDB, :Realm].each{|sym|
-          unless config[sym]
-            raise ArgumentError, "Argument #{sym.inspect} missing."
-          end
-        }
-        @realm     = config[:Realm]
-        @userdb    = config[:UserDB]
-        @logger    = config[:Logger] || Log::new($stderr)
-        @reload_db = config[:AutoReloadUserDB]
-        @request_field   = self::class::RequestField
-        @response_field  = self::class::ResponseField
-        @resp_info_field = self::class::ResponseInfoField
-        @auth_exception  = self::class::AuthException
-        @auth_scheme     = self::class::AuthScheme
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Ensures +req+ has credentials that can be authenticated.
-
-      def check_scheme(req)
-        unless credentials = req[@request_field]
-          error("no credentials in the request.")
-          return nil
-        end
-        unless match = /^#{@auth_scheme}\s+/i.match(credentials)
-          error("invalid scheme in %s.", credentials)
-          info("%s: %s", @request_field, credentials) if $DEBUG
-          return nil
-        end
-        return match.post_match
-      end
-
-      def log(meth, fmt, *args)
-        msg = format("%s %s: ", @auth_scheme, @realm)
-        msg << fmt % args
-        @logger.send(meth, msg)
-      end
-
-      def error(fmt, *args)
-        if @logger.error?
-          log(:error, fmt, *args)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def info(fmt, *args)
-        if @logger.info?
-          log(:info, fmt, *args)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # :startdoc:
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Module providing generic support for both Digest and Basic
-    # authentication schemes for proxies.
-
-    module ProxyAuthenticator
-      RequestField  = "Proxy-Authorization" # :nodoc:
-      ResponseField = "Proxy-Authenticate" # :nodoc:
-      InfoField     = "Proxy-Authentication-Info" # :nodoc:
-      AuthException = HTTPStatus::ProxyAuthenticationRequired # :nodoc:
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpauth/basicauth.rb b/lib/webrick/httpauth/basicauth.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e23420fdfa..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpauth/basicauth.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpauth/basicauth.rb -- HTTP basic access authentication
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: basicauth.rb,v 1.5 2003/02/20 07:15:47 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/config'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/authenticator'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPAuth
-
-    ##
-    # Basic Authentication for WEBrick
-    #
-    # Use this class to add basic authentication to a WEBrick servlet.
-    #
-    # Here is an example of how to set up a BasicAuth:
-    #
-    #   config = { :Realm => 'BasicAuth example realm' }
-    #
-    #   htpasswd = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htpasswd.new 'my_password_file'
-    #   htpasswd.set_passwd config[:Realm], 'username', 'password'
-    #   htpasswd.flush
-    #
-    #   config[:UserDB] = htpasswd
-    #
-    #   basic_auth = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::BasicAuth.new config
-
-    class BasicAuth
-      include Authenticator
-
-      AuthScheme = "Basic" # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Used by UserDB to create a basic password entry
-
-      def self.make_passwd(realm, user, pass)
-        pass ||= ""
-        pass.crypt(Utils::random_string(2))
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :realm, :userdb, :logger
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a new BasicAuth instance.
-      #
-      # See WEBrick::Config::BasicAuth for default configuration entries
-      #
-      # You must supply the following configuration entries:
-      #
-      # :Realm:: The name of the realm being protected.
-      # :UserDB:: A database of usernames and passwords.
-      #           A WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htpasswd instance should be used.
-
-      def initialize(config, default=Config::BasicAuth)
-        check_init(config)
-        @config = default.dup.update(config)
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Authenticates a +req+ and returns a 401 Unauthorized using +res+ if
-      # the authentication was not correct.
-
-      def authenticate(req, res)
-        unless basic_credentials = check_scheme(req)
-          challenge(req, res)
-        end
-        userid, password = basic_credentials.unpack("m*")[0].split(":", 2)
-        password ||= ""
-        if userid.empty?
-          error("user id was not given.")
-          challenge(req, res)
-        end
-        unless encpass = @userdb.get_passwd(@realm, userid, @reload_db)
-          error("%s: the user is not allowed.", userid)
-          challenge(req, res)
-        end
-        if password.crypt(encpass) != encpass
-          error("%s: password unmatch.", userid)
-          challenge(req, res)
-        end
-        info("%s: authentication succeeded.", userid)
-        req.user = userid
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Returns a challenge response which asks for authentication information
-
-      def challenge(req, res)
-        res[@response_field] = "#{@auth_scheme} realm=\"#{@realm}\""
-        raise @auth_exception
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Basic authentication for proxy servers.  See BasicAuth for details.
-
-    class ProxyBasicAuth < BasicAuth
-      include ProxyAuthenticator
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpauth/digestauth.rb b/lib/webrick/httpauth/digestauth.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 375ec20154..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpauth/digestauth.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,408 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpauth/digestauth.rb -- HTTP digest access authentication
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers.
-# Copyright (c) 2003 H.M.
-#
-# The original implementation is provided by H.M.
-#   URL: http://rwiki.jin.gr.jp/cgi-bin/rw-cgi.rb?cmd=view;name=
-#        %C7%A7%BE%DA%B5%A1%C7%BD%A4%F2%B2%FE%C2%A4%A4%B7%A4%C6%A4%DF%A4%EB
-#
-# $IPR: digestauth.rb,v 1.5 2003/02/20 07:15:47 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/config'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/authenticator'
-require 'digest/md5'
-require 'digest/sha1'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPAuth
-
-    ##
-    # RFC 2617 Digest Access Authentication for WEBrick
-    #
-    # Use this class to add digest authentication to a WEBrick servlet.
-    #
-    # Here is an example of how to set up DigestAuth:
-    #
-    #   config = { :Realm => 'DigestAuth example realm' }
-    #
-    #   htdigest = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htdigest.new 'my_password_file'
-    #   htdigest.set_passwd config[:Realm], 'username', 'password'
-    #   htdigest.flush
-    #
-    #   config[:UserDB] = htdigest
-    #
-    #   digest_auth = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::DigestAuth.new config
-    #
-    # When using this as with a servlet be sure not to create a new DigestAuth
-    # object in the servlet's #initialize.  By default WEBrick creates a new
-    # servlet instance for every request and the DigestAuth object must be
-    # used across requests.
-
-    class DigestAuth
-      include Authenticator
-
-      AuthScheme = "Digest" # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Struct containing the opaque portion of the digest authentication
-
-      OpaqueInfo = Struct.new(:time, :nonce, :nc) # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Digest authentication algorithm
-
-      attr_reader :algorithm
-
-      ##
-      # Quality of protection.  RFC 2617 defines "auth" and "auth-int"
-
-      attr_reader :qop
-
-      ##
-      # Used by UserDB to create a digest password entry
-
-      def self.make_passwd(realm, user, pass)
-        pass ||= ""
-        Digest::MD5::hexdigest([user, realm, pass].join(":"))
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a new DigestAuth instance.  Be sure to use the same DigestAuth
-      # instance for multiple requests as it saves state between requests in
-      # order to perform authentication.
-      #
-      # See WEBrick::Config::DigestAuth for default configuration entries
-      #
-      # You must supply the following configuration entries:
-      #
-      # :Realm:: The name of the realm being protected.
-      # :UserDB:: A database of usernames and passwords.
-      #           A WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htdigest instance should be used.
-
-      def initialize(config, default=Config::DigestAuth)
-        check_init(config)
-        @config                 = default.dup.update(config)
-        @algorithm              = @config[:Algorithm]
-        @domain                 = @config[:Domain]
-        @qop                    = @config[:Qop]
-        @use_opaque             = @config[:UseOpaque]
-        @use_next_nonce         = @config[:UseNextNonce]
-        @check_nc               = @config[:CheckNc]
-        @use_auth_info_header   = @config[:UseAuthenticationInfoHeader]
-        @nonce_expire_period    = @config[:NonceExpirePeriod]
-        @nonce_expire_delta     = @config[:NonceExpireDelta]
-        @internet_explorer_hack = @config[:InternetExplorerHack]
-
-        case @algorithm
-        when 'MD5','MD5-sess'
-          @h = Digest::MD5
-        when 'SHA1','SHA1-sess'  # it is a bonus feature :-)
-          @h = Digest::SHA1
-        else
-          msg = format('Algorithm "%s" is not supported.', @algorithm)
-          raise ArgumentError.new(msg)
-        end
-
-        @instance_key = hexdigest(self.__id__, Time.now.to_i, Process.pid)
-        @opaques = {}
-        @last_nonce_expire = Time.now
-        @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Authenticates a +req+ and returns a 401 Unauthorized using +res+ if
-      # the authentication was not correct.
-
-      def authenticate(req, res)
-        unless result = @mutex.synchronize{ _authenticate(req, res) }
-          challenge(req, res)
-        end
-        if result == :nonce_is_stale
-          challenge(req, res, true)
-        end
-        return true
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Returns a challenge response which asks for authentication information
-
-      def challenge(req, res, stale=false)
-        nonce = generate_next_nonce(req)
-        if @use_opaque
-          opaque = generate_opaque(req)
-          @opaques[opaque].nonce = nonce
-        end
-
-        param = Hash.new
-        param["realm"]  = HTTPUtils::quote(@realm)
-        param["domain"] = HTTPUtils::quote(@domain.to_a.join(" ")) if @domain
-        param["nonce"]  = HTTPUtils::quote(nonce)
-        param["opaque"] = HTTPUtils::quote(opaque) if opaque
-        param["stale"]  = stale.to_s
-        param["algorithm"] = @algorithm
-        param["qop"]    = HTTPUtils::quote(@qop.to_a.join(",")) if @qop
-
-        res[@response_field] =
-          "#{@auth_scheme} " + param.map{|k,v| "#{k}=#{v}" }.join(", ")
-        info("%s: %s", @response_field, res[@response_field]) if $DEBUG
-        raise @auth_exception
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-
-      MustParams = ['username','realm','nonce','uri','response']
-      MustParamsAuth = ['cnonce','nc']
-
-      def _authenticate(req, res)
-        unless digest_credentials = check_scheme(req)
-          return false
-        end
-
-        auth_req = split_param_value(digest_credentials)
-        if auth_req['qop'] == "auth" || auth_req['qop'] == "auth-int"
-          req_params = MustParams + MustParamsAuth
-        else
-          req_params = MustParams
-        end
-        req_params.each{|key|
-          unless auth_req.has_key?(key)
-            error('%s: parameter missing. "%s"', auth_req['username'], key)
-            raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest
-          end
-        }
-
-        if !check_uri(req, auth_req)
-          raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest
-        end
-
-        if auth_req['realm'] != @realm
-          error('%s: realm unmatch. "%s" for "%s"',
-                auth_req['username'], auth_req['realm'], @realm)
-          return false
-        end
-
-        auth_req['algorithm'] ||= 'MD5'
-        if auth_req['algorithm'].upcase != @algorithm.upcase
-          error('%s: algorithm unmatch. "%s" for "%s"',
-                auth_req['username'], auth_req['algorithm'], @algorithm)
-          return false
-        end
-
-        if (@qop.nil? && auth_req.has_key?('qop')) ||
-           (@qop && (! @qop.member?(auth_req['qop'])))
-          error('%s: the qop is not allowed. "%s"',
-                auth_req['username'], auth_req['qop'])
-          return false
-        end
-
-        password = @userdb.get_passwd(@realm, auth_req['username'], @reload_db)
-        unless password
-          error('%s: the user is not allowed.', auth_req['username'])
-          return false
-        end
-
-        nonce_is_invalid = false
-        if @use_opaque
-          info("@opaque = %s", @opaque.inspect) if $DEBUG
-          if !(opaque = auth_req['opaque'])
-            error('%s: opaque is not given.', auth_req['username'])
-            nonce_is_invalid = true
-          elsif !(opaque_struct = @opaques[opaque])
-            error('%s: invalid opaque is given.', auth_req['username'])
-            nonce_is_invalid = true
-          elsif !check_opaque(opaque_struct, req, auth_req)
-            @opaques.delete(auth_req['opaque'])
-            nonce_is_invalid = true
-          end
-        elsif !check_nonce(req, auth_req)
-          nonce_is_invalid = true
-        end
-
-        if /-sess$/i =~ auth_req['algorithm']
-          ha1 = hexdigest(password, auth_req['nonce'], auth_req['cnonce'])
-        else
-          ha1 = password
-        end
-
-        if auth_req['qop'] == "auth" || auth_req['qop'] == nil
-          ha2 = hexdigest(req.request_method, auth_req['uri'])
-          ha2_res = hexdigest("", auth_req['uri'])
-        elsif auth_req['qop'] == "auth-int"
-          ha2 = hexdigest(req.request_method, auth_req['uri'],
-                          hexdigest(req.body))
-          ha2_res = hexdigest("", auth_req['uri'], hexdigest(res.body))
-        end
-
-        if auth_req['qop'] == "auth" || auth_req['qop'] == "auth-int"
-          param2 = ['nonce', 'nc', 'cnonce', 'qop'].map{|key|
-            auth_req[key]
-          }.join(':')
-          digest     = hexdigest(ha1, param2, ha2)
-          digest_res = hexdigest(ha1, param2, ha2_res)
-        else
-          digest     = hexdigest(ha1, auth_req['nonce'], ha2)
-          digest_res = hexdigest(ha1, auth_req['nonce'], ha2_res)
-        end
-
-        if digest != auth_req['response']
-          error("%s: digest unmatch.", auth_req['username'])
-          return false
-        elsif nonce_is_invalid
-          error('%s: digest is valid, but nonce is not valid.',
-                auth_req['username'])
-          return :nonce_is_stale
-        elsif @use_auth_info_header
-          auth_info = {
-            'nextnonce' => generate_next_nonce(req),
-            'rspauth'   => digest_res
-          }
-          if @use_opaque
-            opaque_struct.time  = req.request_time
-            opaque_struct.nonce = auth_info['nextnonce']
-            opaque_struct.nc    = "%08x" % (auth_req['nc'].hex + 1)
-          end
-          if auth_req['qop'] == "auth" || auth_req['qop'] == "auth-int"
-            ['qop','cnonce','nc'].each{|key|
-              auth_info[key] = auth_req[key]
-            }
-          end
-          res[@resp_info_field] = auth_info.keys.map{|key|
-            if key == 'nc'
-              key + '=' + auth_info[key]
-            else
-              key + "=" + HTTPUtils::quote(auth_info[key])
-            end
-          }.join(', ')
-        end
-        info('%s: authentication succeeded.', auth_req['username'])
-        req.user = auth_req['username']
-        return true
-      end
-
-      def split_param_value(string)
-        ret = {}
-        while string.bytesize != 0
-          case string
-          when /^\s*([\w\-\.\*\%\!]+)=\s*\"((\\.|[^\"])*)\"\s*,?/
-            key = $1
-            matched = $2
-            string = $'
-            ret[key] = matched.gsub(/\\(.)/, "\\1")
-          when /^\s*([\w\-\.\*\%\!]+)=\s*([^,\"]*),?/
-            key = $1
-            matched = $2
-            string = $'
-            ret[key] = matched.clone
-          when /^s*^,/
-            string = $'
-          else
-            break
-          end
-        end
-        ret
-      end
-
-      def generate_next_nonce(req)
-        now = "%012d" % req.request_time.to_i
-        pk  = hexdigest(now, @instance_key)[0,32]
-        nonce = [now + ":" + pk].pack("m0") # it has 60 length of chars.
-        nonce
-      end
-
-      def check_nonce(req, auth_req)
-        username = auth_req['username']
-        nonce = auth_req['nonce']
-
-        pub_time, pk = nonce.unpack("m*")[0].split(":", 2)
-        if (!pub_time || !pk)
-          error("%s: empty nonce is given", username)
-          return false
-        elsif (hexdigest(pub_time, @instance_key)[0,32] != pk)
-          error("%s: invalid private-key: %s for %s",
-                username, hexdigest(pub_time, @instance_key)[0,32], pk)
-          return false
-        end
-
-        diff_time = req.request_time.to_i - pub_time.to_i
-        if (diff_time < 0)
-          error("%s: difference of time-stamp is negative.", username)
-          return false
-        elsif diff_time > @nonce_expire_period
-          error("%s: nonce is expired.", username)
-          return false
-        end
-
-        return true
-      end
-
-      def generate_opaque(req)
-        @mutex.synchronize{
-          now = req.request_time
-          if now - @last_nonce_expire > @nonce_expire_delta
-            @opaques.delete_if{|key,val|
-              (now - val.time) > @nonce_expire_period
-            }
-            @last_nonce_expire = now
-          end
-          begin
-            opaque = Utils::random_string(16)
-          end while @opaques[opaque]
-          @opaques[opaque] = OpaqueInfo.new(now, nil, '00000001')
-          opaque
-        }
-      end
-
-      def check_opaque(opaque_struct, req, auth_req)
-        if (@use_next_nonce && auth_req['nonce'] != opaque_struct.nonce)
-          error('%s: nonce unmatched. "%s" for "%s"',
-                auth_req['username'], auth_req['nonce'], opaque_struct.nonce)
-          return false
-        elsif !check_nonce(req, auth_req)
-          return false
-        end
-        if (@check_nc && auth_req['nc'] != opaque_struct.nc)
-          error('%s: nc unmatched."%s" for "%s"',
-                auth_req['username'], auth_req['nc'], opaque_struct.nc)
-          return false
-        end
-        true
-      end
-
-      def check_uri(req, auth_req)
-        uri = auth_req['uri']
-        if uri != req.request_uri.to_s && uri != req.unparsed_uri &&
-           (@internet_explorer_hack && uri != req.path)
-          error('%s: uri unmatch. "%s" for "%s"', auth_req['username'],
-                auth_req['uri'], req.request_uri.to_s)
-          return false
-        end
-        true
-      end
-
-      def hexdigest(*args)
-        @h.hexdigest(args.join(":"))
-      end
-
-      # :startdoc:
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Digest authentication for proxy servers.  See DigestAuth for details.
-
-    class ProxyDigestAuth < DigestAuth
-      include ProxyAuthenticator
-
-      private
-      def check_uri(req, auth_req) # :nodoc:
-        return true
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpauth/htdigest.rb b/lib/webrick/httpauth/htdigest.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b42c02dfa..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpauth/htdigest.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpauth/htdigest.rb -- Apache compatible htdigest file
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: htdigest.rb,v 1.4 2003/07/22 19:20:45 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/httpauth/userdb'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/digestauth'
-require 'tempfile'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPAuth
-
-    ##
-    # Htdigest accesses apache-compatible digest password files.  Passwords are
-    # matched to a realm where they are valid.  For security, the path for a
-    # digest password database should be stored outside of the paths available
-    # to the HTTP server.
-    #
-    # Htdigest is intended for use with WEBrick::HTTPAuth::DigestAuth and
-    # stores passwords using cryptographic hashes.
-    #
-    #   htpasswd = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htdigest.new 'my_password_file'
-    #   htpasswd.set_passwd 'my realm', 'username', 'password'
-    #   htpasswd.flush
-
-    class Htdigest
-      include UserDB
-
-      ##
-      # Open a digest password database at +path+
-
-      def initialize(path)
-        @path = path
-        @mtime = Time.at(0)
-        @digest = Hash.new
-        @mutex = Thread::Mutex::new
-        @auth_type = DigestAuth
-        open(@path,"a").close unless File::exist?(@path)
-        reload
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Reloads passwords from the database
-
-      def reload
-        mtime = File::mtime(@path)
-        if mtime > @mtime
-          @digest.clear
-          open(@path){|io|
-            while line = io.gets
-              line.chomp!
-              user, realm, pass = line.split(/:/, 3)
-              unless @digest[realm]
-                @digest[realm] = Hash.new
-              end
-              @digest[realm][user] = pass
-            end
-          }
-          @mtime = mtime
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Flush the password database.  If +output+ is given the database will
-      # be written there instead of to the original path.
-
-      def flush(output=nil)
-        output ||= @path
-        tmp = Tempfile.create("htpasswd", File::dirname(output))
-        renamed = false
-        begin
-          each{|item| tmp.puts(item.join(":")) }
-          tmp.close
-          File::rename(tmp.path, output)
-          renamed = true
-        ensure
-          tmp.close
-          File.unlink(tmp.path) if !renamed
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Retrieves a password from the database for +user+ in +realm+.  If
-      # +reload_db+ is true the database will be reloaded first.
-
-      def get_passwd(realm, user, reload_db)
-        reload() if reload_db
-        if hash = @digest[realm]
-          hash[user]
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Sets a password in the database for +user+ in +realm+ to +pass+.
-
-      def set_passwd(realm, user, pass)
-        @mutex.synchronize{
-          unless @digest[realm]
-            @digest[realm] = Hash.new
-          end
-          @digest[realm][user] = make_passwd(realm, user, pass)
-        }
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Removes a password from the database for +user+ in +realm+.
-
-      def delete_passwd(realm, user)
-        if hash = @digest[realm]
-          hash.delete(user)
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Iterate passwords in the database.
-
-      def each # :yields: [user, realm, password_hash]
-        @digest.keys.sort.each{|realm|
-          hash = @digest[realm]
-          hash.keys.sort.each{|user|
-            yield([user, realm, hash[user]])
-          }
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpauth/htgroup.rb b/lib/webrick/httpauth/htgroup.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 832ae8bd04..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpauth/htgroup.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpauth/htgroup.rb -- Apache compatible htgroup file
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: htgroup.rb,v 1.1 2003/02/16 22:22:56 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'tempfile'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPAuth
-
-    ##
-    # Htgroup accesses apache-compatible group files.  Htgroup can be used to
-    # provide group-based authentication for users.  Currently Htgroup is not
-    # directly integrated with any authenticators in WEBrick.  For security,
-    # the path for a digest password database should be stored outside of the
-    # paths available to the HTTP server.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #
-    #   htgroup = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htgroup.new 'my_group_file'
-    #   htgroup.add 'superheroes', %w[spiderman batman]
-    #
-    #   htgroup.members('superheroes').include? 'magneto' # => false
-
-    class Htgroup
-
-      ##
-      # Open a group database at +path+
-
-      def initialize(path)
-        @path = path
-        @mtime = Time.at(0)
-        @group = Hash.new
-        open(@path,"a").close unless File::exist?(@path)
-        reload
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Reload groups from the database
-
-      def reload
-        if (mtime = File::mtime(@path)) > @mtime
-          @group.clear
-          open(@path){|io|
-            while line = io.gets
-              line.chomp!
-              group, members = line.split(/:\s*/)
-              @group[group] = members.split(/\s+/)
-            end
-          }
-          @mtime = mtime
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Flush the group database.  If +output+ is given the database will be
-      # written there instead of to the original path.
-
-      def flush(output=nil)
-        output ||= @path
-        tmp = Tempfile.new("htgroup", File::dirname(output))
-        begin
-          @group.keys.sort.each{|group|
-            tmp.puts(format("%s: %s", group, self.members(group).join(" ")))
-          }
-          tmp.close
-          File::rename(tmp.path, output)
-        rescue
-          tmp.close(true)
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Retrieve the list of members from +group+
-
-      def members(group)
-        reload
-        @group[group] || []
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Add an Array of +members+ to +group+
-
-      def add(group, members)
-        @group[group] = members(group) | members
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpauth/htpasswd.rb b/lib/webrick/httpauth/htpasswd.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c7b09463b..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpauth/htpasswd.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpauth/htpasswd -- Apache compatible htpasswd file
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: htpasswd.rb,v 1.4 2003/07/22 19:20:45 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/httpauth/userdb'
-require 'webrick/httpauth/basicauth'
-require 'tempfile'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPAuth
-
-    ##
-    # Htpasswd accesses apache-compatible password files.  Passwords are
-    # matched to a realm where they are valid.  For security, the path for a
-    # password database should be stored outside of the paths available to the
-    # HTTP server.
-    #
-    # Htpasswd is intended for use with WEBrick::HTTPAuth::BasicAuth.
-    #
-    # To create an Htpasswd database with a single user:
-    #
-    #   htpasswd = WEBrick::HTTPAuth::Htpasswd.new 'my_password_file'
-    #   htpasswd.set_passwd 'my realm', 'username', 'password'
-    #   htpasswd.flush
-
-    class Htpasswd
-      include UserDB
-
-      ##
-      # Open a password database at +path+
-
-      def initialize(path)
-        @path = path
-        @mtime = Time.at(0)
-        @passwd = Hash.new
-        @auth_type = BasicAuth
-        open(@path,"a").close unless File::exist?(@path)
-        reload
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Reload passwords from the database
-
-      def reload
-        mtime = File::mtime(@path)
-        if mtime > @mtime
-          @passwd.clear
-          open(@path){|io|
-            while line = io.gets
-              line.chomp!
-              case line
-              when %r!\A[^:]+:[a-zA-Z0-9./]{13}\z!
-                user, pass = line.split(":")
-              when /:\$/, /:{SHA}/
-                raise NotImplementedError,
-                      'MD5, SHA1 .htpasswd file not supported'
-              else
-                raise StandardError, 'bad .htpasswd file'
-              end
-              @passwd[user] = pass
-            end
-          }
-          @mtime = mtime
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Flush the password database.  If +output+ is given the database will
-      # be written there instead of to the original path.
-
-      def flush(output=nil)
-        output ||= @path
-        tmp = Tempfile.create("htpasswd", File::dirname(output))
-        renamed = false
-        begin
-          each{|item| tmp.puts(item.join(":")) }
-          tmp.close
-          File::rename(tmp.path, output)
-          renamed = true
-        ensure
-          tmp.close
-          File.unlink(tmp.path) if !renamed
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Retrieves a password from the database for +user+ in +realm+.  If
-      # +reload_db+ is true the database will be reloaded first.
-
-      def get_passwd(realm, user, reload_db)
-        reload() if reload_db
-        @passwd[user]
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Sets a password in the database for +user+ in +realm+ to +pass+.
-
-      def set_passwd(realm, user, pass)
-        @passwd[user] = make_passwd(realm, user, pass)
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Removes a password from the database for +user+ in +realm+.
-
-      def delete_passwd(realm, user)
-        @passwd.delete(user)
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Iterate passwords in the database.
-
-      def each # :yields: [user, password]
-        @passwd.keys.sort.each{|user|
-          yield([user, @passwd[user]])
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpproxy.rb b/lib/webrick/httpproxy.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 083720f298..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpproxy.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,338 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpproxy.rb -- HTTPProxy Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2002 GOTO Kentaro
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httpproxy.rb,v 1.18 2003/03/08 18:58:10 gotoyuzo Exp $
-# $kNotwork: straw.rb,v 1.3 2002/02/12 15:13:07 gotoken Exp $
-
-require "webrick/httpserver"
-require "net/http"
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  NullReader = Object.new # :nodoc:
-  class << NullReader # :nodoc:
-    def read(*args)
-      nil
-    end
-    alias gets read
-  end
-
-  FakeProxyURI = Object.new # :nodoc:
-  class << FakeProxyURI # :nodoc:
-    def method_missing(meth, *args)
-      if %w(scheme host port path query userinfo).member?(meth.to_s)
-        return nil
-      end
-      super
-    end
-  end
-
-  # :startdoc:
-
-  ##
-  # An HTTP Proxy server which proxies GET, HEAD and POST requests.
-  #
-  # To create a simple proxy server:
-  #
-  #   require 'webrick'
-  #   require 'webrick/httpproxy'
-  #
-  #   proxy = WEBrick::HTTPProxyServer.new Port: 8000
-  #
-  #   trap 'INT'  do proxy.shutdown end
-  #   trap 'TERM' do proxy.shutdown end
-  #
-  #   proxy.start
-  #
-  # See ::new for proxy-specific configuration items.
-  #
-  # == Modifying proxied responses
-  #
-  # To modify content the proxy server returns use the +:ProxyContentHandler+
-  # option:
-  #
-  #   handler = proc do |req, res|
-  #     if res['content-type'] == 'text/plain' then
-  #       res.body << "\nThis content was proxied!\n"
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   proxy =
-  #     WEBrick::HTTPProxyServer.new Port: 8000, ProxyContentHandler: handler
-
-  class HTTPProxyServer < HTTPServer
-
-    ##
-    # Proxy server configurations.  The proxy server handles the following
-    # configuration items in addition to those supported by HTTPServer:
-    #
-    # :ProxyAuthProc:: Called with a request and response to authorize a
-    #                  request
-    # :ProxyVia:: Appended to the via header
-    # :ProxyURI:: The proxy server's URI
-    # :ProxyContentHandler:: Called with a request and response and allows
-    #                        modification of the response
-    # :ProxyTimeout:: Sets the proxy timeouts to 30 seconds for open and 60
-    #                 seconds for read operations
-
-    def initialize(config={}, default=Config::HTTP)
-      super(config, default)
-      c = @config
-      @via = "#{c[:HTTPVersion]} #{c[:ServerName]}:#{c[:Port]}"
-    end
-
-    # :stopdoc:
-    def service(req, res)
-      if req.request_method == "CONNECT"
-        do_CONNECT(req, res)
-      elsif req.unparsed_uri =~ %r!^http://!
-        proxy_service(req, res)
-      else
-        super(req, res)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def proxy_auth(req, res)
-      if proc = @config[:ProxyAuthProc]
-        proc.call(req, res)
-      end
-      req.header.delete("proxy-authorization")
-    end
-
-    def proxy_uri(req, res)
-      # should return upstream proxy server's URI
-      return @config[:ProxyURI]
-    end
-
-    def proxy_service(req, res)
-      # Proxy Authentication
-      proxy_auth(req, res)
-
-      begin
-        self.send("do_#{req.request_method}", req, res)
-      rescue NoMethodError
-        raise HTTPStatus::MethodNotAllowed,
-          "unsupported method `#{req.request_method}'."
-      rescue => err
-        logger.debug("#{err.class}: #{err.message}")
-        raise HTTPStatus::ServiceUnavailable, err.message
-      end
-
-      # Process contents
-      if handler = @config[:ProxyContentHandler]
-        handler.call(req, res)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def do_CONNECT(req, res)
-      # Proxy Authentication
-      proxy_auth(req, res)
-
-      ua = Thread.current[:WEBrickSocket]  # User-Agent
-      raise HTTPStatus::InternalServerError,
-        "[BUG] cannot get socket" unless ua
-
-      host, port = req.unparsed_uri.split(":", 2)
-      # Proxy authentication for upstream proxy server
-      if proxy = proxy_uri(req, res)
-        proxy_request_line = "CONNECT #{host}:#{port} HTTP/1.0"
-        if proxy.userinfo
-          credentials = "Basic " + [proxy.userinfo].pack("m0")
-        end
-        host, port = proxy.host, proxy.port
-      end
-
-      begin
-        @logger.debug("CONNECT: upstream proxy is `#{host}:#{port}'.")
-        os = TCPSocket.new(host, port)     # origin server
-
-        if proxy
-          @logger.debug("CONNECT: sending a Request-Line")
-          os << proxy_request_line << CRLF
-          @logger.debug("CONNECT: > #{proxy_request_line}")
-          if credentials
-            @logger.debug("CONNECT: sending credentials")
-            os << "Proxy-Authorization: " << credentials << CRLF
-          end
-          os << CRLF
-          proxy_status_line = os.gets(LF)
-          @logger.debug("CONNECT: read Status-Line from the upstream server")
-          @logger.debug("CONNECT: < #{proxy_status_line}")
-          if %r{^HTTP/\d+\.\d+\s+200\s*} =~ proxy_status_line
-            while line = os.gets(LF)
-              break if /\A(#{CRLF}|#{LF})\z/om =~ line
-            end
-          else
-            raise HTTPStatus::BadGateway
-          end
-        end
-        @logger.debug("CONNECT #{host}:#{port}: succeeded")
-        res.status = HTTPStatus::RC_OK
-      rescue => ex
-        @logger.debug("CONNECT #{host}:#{port}: failed `#{ex.message}'")
-        res.set_error(ex)
-        raise HTTPStatus::EOFError
-      ensure
-        if handler = @config[:ProxyContentHandler]
-          handler.call(req, res)
-        end
-        res.send_response(ua)
-        access_log(@config, req, res)
-
-        # Should clear request-line not to send the response twice.
-        # see: HTTPServer#run
-        req.parse(NullReader) rescue nil
-      end
-
-      begin
-        while fds = IO::select([ua, os])
-          if fds[0].member?(ua)
-            buf = ua.sysread(1024);
-            @logger.debug("CONNECT: #{buf.bytesize} byte from User-Agent")
-            os.syswrite(buf)
-          elsif fds[0].member?(os)
-            buf = os.sysread(1024);
-            @logger.debug("CONNECT: #{buf.bytesize} byte from #{host}:#{port}")
-            ua.syswrite(buf)
-          end
-        end
-      rescue
-        os.close
-        @logger.debug("CONNECT #{host}:#{port}: closed")
-      end
-
-      raise HTTPStatus::EOFError
-    end
-
-    def do_GET(req, res)
-      perform_proxy_request(req, res) do |http, path, header|
-        http.get(path, header)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def do_HEAD(req, res)
-      perform_proxy_request(req, res) do |http, path, header|
-        http.head(path, header)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def do_POST(req, res)
-      perform_proxy_request(req, res) do |http, path, header|
-        http.post(path, req.body || "", header)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def do_OPTIONS(req, res)
-      res['allow'] = "GET,HEAD,POST,OPTIONS,CONNECT"
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Some header fields should not be transferred.
-    HopByHop = %w( connection keep-alive proxy-authenticate upgrade
-                   proxy-authorization te trailers transfer-encoding )
-    ShouldNotTransfer = %w( set-cookie proxy-connection )
-    def split_field(f) f ? f.split(/,\s+/).collect{|i| i.downcase } : [] end
-
-    def choose_header(src, dst)
-      connections = split_field(src['connection'])
-      src.each{|key, value|
-        key = key.downcase
-        if HopByHop.member?(key)          || # RFC2616: 13.5.1
-           connections.member?(key)       || # RFC2616: 14.10
-           ShouldNotTransfer.member?(key)    # pragmatics
-          @logger.debug("choose_header: `#{key}: #{value}'")
-          next
-        end
-        dst[key] = value
-      }
-    end
-
-    # Net::HTTP is stupid about the multiple header fields.
-    # Here is workaround:
-    def set_cookie(src, dst)
-      if str = src['set-cookie']
-        cookies = []
-        str.split(/,\s*/).each{|token|
-          if /^[^=]+;/o =~ token
-            cookies[-1] << ", " << token
-          elsif /=/o =~ token
-            cookies << token
-          else
-            cookies[-1] << ", " << token
-          end
-        }
-        dst.cookies.replace(cookies)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def set_via(h)
-      if @config[:ProxyVia]
-        if  h['via']
-          h['via'] << ", " << @via
-        else
-          h['via'] = @via
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def setup_proxy_header(req, res)
-      # Choose header fields to transfer
-      header = Hash.new
-      choose_header(req, header)
-      set_via(header)
-      return header
-    end
-
-    def setup_upstream_proxy_authentication(req, res, header)
-      if upstream = proxy_uri(req, res)
-        if upstream.userinfo
-          header['proxy-authorization'] =
-            "Basic " + [upstream.userinfo].pack("m0")
-        end
-        return upstream
-      end
-      return FakeProxyURI
-    end
-
-    def perform_proxy_request(req, res)
-      uri = req.request_uri
-      path = uri.path.dup
-      path << "?" << uri.query if uri.query
-      header = setup_proxy_header(req, res)
-      upstream = setup_upstream_proxy_authentication(req, res, header)
-      response = nil
-
-      http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port, upstream.host, upstream.port)
-      http.start do
-        if @config[:ProxyTimeout]
-          ##################################   these issues are
-          http.open_timeout = 30   # secs  #   necessary (maybe because
-          http.read_timeout = 60   # secs  #   Ruby's bug, but why?)
-          ##################################
-        end
-        response = yield(http, path, header)
-      end
-
-      # Persistent connection requirements are mysterious for me.
-      # So I will close the connection in every response.
-      res['proxy-connection'] = "close"
-      res['connection'] = "close"
-
-      # Convert Net::HTTP::HTTPResponse to WEBrick::HTTPResponse
-      res.status = response.code.to_i
-      choose_header(response, res)
-      set_cookie(response, res)
-      set_via(res)
-      res.body = response.body
-    end
-
-    # :stopdoc:
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httprequest.rb b/lib/webrick/httprequest.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 10cf72d288..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httprequest.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,587 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httprequest.rb -- HTTPRequest Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httprequest.rb,v 1.64 2003/07/13 17:18:22 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'uri'
-require 'webrick/httpversion'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus'
-require 'webrick/httputils'
-require 'webrick/cookie'
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # An HTTP request.  This is consumed by service and do_* methods in
-  # WEBrick servlets
-
-  class HTTPRequest
-
-    BODY_CONTAINABLE_METHODS = [ "POST", "PUT" ] # :nodoc:
-
-    # :section: Request line
-
-    ##
-    # The complete request line such as:
-    #
-    #   GET / HTTP/1.1
-
-    attr_reader :request_line
-
-    ##
-    # The request method, GET, POST, PUT, etc.
-
-    attr_reader :request_method
-
-    ##
-    # The unparsed URI of the request
-
-    attr_reader :unparsed_uri
-
-    ##
-    # The HTTP version of the request
-
-    attr_reader :http_version
-
-    # :section: Request-URI
-
-    ##
-    # The parsed URI of the request
-
-    attr_reader :request_uri
-
-    ##
-    # The request path
-
-    attr_reader :path
-
-    ##
-    # The script name (CGI variable)
-
-    attr_accessor :script_name
-
-    ##
-    # The path info (CGI variable)
-
-    attr_accessor :path_info
-
-    ##
-    # The query from the URI of the request
-
-    attr_accessor :query_string
-
-    # :section: Header and entity body
-
-    ##
-    # The raw header of the request
-
-    attr_reader :raw_header
-
-    ##
-    # The parsed header of the request
-
-    attr_reader :header
-
-    ##
-    # The parsed request cookies
-
-    attr_reader :cookies
-
-    ##
-    # The Accept header value
-
-    attr_reader :accept
-
-    ##
-    # The Accept-Charset header value
-
-    attr_reader :accept_charset
-
-    ##
-    # The Accept-Encoding header value
-
-    attr_reader :accept_encoding
-
-    ##
-    # The Accept-Language header value
-
-    attr_reader :accept_language
-
-    # :section:
-
-    ##
-    # The remote user (CGI variable)
-
-    attr_accessor :user
-
-    ##
-    # The socket address of the server
-
-    attr_reader :addr
-
-    ##
-    # The socket address of the client
-
-    attr_reader :peeraddr
-
-    ##
-    # Hash of request attributes
-
-    attr_reader :attributes
-
-    ##
-    # Is this a keep-alive connection?
-
-    attr_reader :keep_alive
-
-    ##
-    # The local time this request was received
-
-    attr_reader :request_time
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new HTTP request.  WEBrick::Config::HTTP is the default
-    # configuration.
-
-    def initialize(config)
-      @config = config
-      @buffer_size = @config[:InputBufferSize]
-      @logger = config[:Logger]
-
-      @request_line = @request_method =
-        @unparsed_uri = @http_version = nil
-
-      @request_uri = @host = @port = @path = nil
-      @script_name = @path_info = nil
-      @query_string = nil
-      @query = nil
-      @form_data = nil
-
-      @raw_header = Array.new
-      @header = nil
-      @cookies = []
-      @accept = []
-      @accept_charset = []
-      @accept_encoding = []
-      @accept_language = []
-      @body = ""
-
-      @addr = @peeraddr = nil
-      @attributes = {}
-      @user = nil
-      @keep_alive = false
-      @request_time = nil
-
-      @remaining_size = nil
-      @socket = nil
-
-      @forwarded_proto = @forwarded_host = @forwarded_port =
-        @forwarded_server = @forwarded_for = nil
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Parses a request from +socket+.  This is called internally by
-    # WEBrick::HTTPServer.
-
-    def parse(socket=nil)
-      @socket = socket
-      begin
-        @peeraddr = socket.respond_to?(:peeraddr) ? socket.peeraddr : []
-        @addr = socket.respond_to?(:addr) ? socket.addr : []
-      rescue Errno::ENOTCONN
-        raise HTTPStatus::EOFError
-      end
-
-      read_request_line(socket)
-      if @http_version.major > 0
-        read_header(socket)
-        @header['cookie'].each{|cookie|
-          @cookies += Cookie::parse(cookie)
-        }
-        @accept = HTTPUtils.parse_qvalues(self['accept'])
-        @accept_charset = HTTPUtils.parse_qvalues(self['accept-charset'])
-        @accept_encoding = HTTPUtils.parse_qvalues(self['accept-encoding'])
-        @accept_language = HTTPUtils.parse_qvalues(self['accept-language'])
-      end
-      return if @request_method == "CONNECT"
-      return if @unparsed_uri == "*"
-
-      begin
-        setup_forwarded_info
-        @request_uri = parse_uri(@unparsed_uri)
-        @path = HTTPUtils::unescape(@request_uri.path)
-        @path = HTTPUtils::normalize_path(@path)
-        @host = @request_uri.host
-        @port = @request_uri.port
-        @query_string = @request_uri.query
-        @script_name = ""
-        @path_info = @path.dup
-      rescue
-        raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest, "bad URI `#{@unparsed_uri}'."
-      end
-
-      if /close/io =~ self["connection"]
-        @keep_alive = false
-      elsif /keep-alive/io =~ self["connection"]
-        @keep_alive = true
-      elsif @http_version < "1.1"
-        @keep_alive = false
-      else
-        @keep_alive = true
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Generate HTTP/1.1 100 continue response if the client expects it,
-    # otherwise does nothing.
-
-    def continue # :nodoc:
-      if self['expect'] == '100-continue' && @config[:HTTPVersion] >= "1.1"
-        @socket << "HTTP/#{@config[:HTTPVersion]} 100 continue#{CRLF}#{CRLF}"
-        @header.delete('expect')
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the request body.
-
-    def body(&block) # :yields: body_chunk
-      block ||= Proc.new{|chunk| @body << chunk }
-      read_body(@socket, block)
-      @body.empty? ? nil : @body
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Request query as a Hash
-
-    def query
-      unless @query
-        parse_query()
-      end
-      @query
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The content-length header
-
-    def content_length
-      return Integer(self['content-length'])
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The content-type header
-
-    def content_type
-      return self['content-type']
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Retrieves +header_name+
-
-    def [](header_name)
-      if @header
-        value = @header[header_name.downcase]
-        value.empty? ? nil : value.join(", ")
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Iterates over the request headers
-
-    def each
-      if @header
-        @header.each{|k, v|
-          value = @header[k]
-          yield(k, value.empty? ? nil : value.join(", "))
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The host this request is for
-
-    def host
-      return @forwarded_host || @host
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The port this request is for
-
-    def port
-      return @forwarded_port || @port
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The server name this request is for
-
-    def server_name
-      return @forwarded_server || @config[:ServerName]
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The client's IP address
-
-    def remote_ip
-      return self["client-ip"] || @forwarded_for || @peeraddr[3]
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Is this an SSL request?
-
-    def ssl?
-      return @request_uri.scheme == "https"
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Should the connection this request was made on be kept alive?
-
-    def keep_alive?
-      @keep_alive
-    end
-
-    def to_s # :nodoc:
-      ret = @request_line.dup
-      @raw_header.each{|line| ret << line }
-      ret << CRLF
-      ret << body if body
-      ret
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Consumes any remaining body and updates keep-alive status
-
-    def fixup() # :nodoc:
-      begin
-        body{|chunk| }   # read remaining body
-      rescue HTTPStatus::Error => ex
-        @logger.error("HTTPRequest#fixup: #{ex.class} occurred.")
-        @keep_alive = false
-      rescue => ex
-        @logger.error(ex)
-        @keep_alive = false
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This method provides the metavariables defined by the revision 3
-    # of "The WWW Common Gateway Interface Version 1.1"
-    # To browse the current document of CGI Version 1.1, see below:
-    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875
-
-    def meta_vars
-      meta = Hash.new
-
-      cl = self["Content-Length"]
-      ct = self["Content-Type"]
-      meta["CONTENT_LENGTH"]    = cl if cl.to_i > 0
-      meta["CONTENT_TYPE"]      = ct.dup if ct
-      meta["GATEWAY_INTERFACE"] = "CGI/1.1"
-      meta["PATH_INFO"]         = @path_info ? @path_info.dup : ""
-     #meta["PATH_TRANSLATED"]   = nil      # no plan to be provided
-      meta["QUERY_STRING"]      = @query_string ? @query_string.dup : ""
-      meta["REMOTE_ADDR"]       = @peeraddr[3]
-      meta["REMOTE_HOST"]       = @peeraddr[2]
-     #meta["REMOTE_IDENT"]      = nil      # no plan to be provided
-      meta["REMOTE_USER"]       = @user
-      meta["REQUEST_METHOD"]    = @request_method.dup
-      meta["REQUEST_URI"]       = @request_uri.to_s
-      meta["SCRIPT_NAME"]       = @script_name.dup
-      meta["SERVER_NAME"]       = @host
-      meta["SERVER_PORT"]       = @port.to_s
-      meta["SERVER_PROTOCOL"]   = "HTTP/" + @config[:HTTPVersion].to_s
-      meta["SERVER_SOFTWARE"]   = @config[:ServerSoftware].dup
-
-      self.each{|key, val|
-        next if /^content-type$/i =~ key
-        next if /^content-length$/i =~ key
-        name = "HTTP_" + key
-        name.gsub!(/-/o, "_")
-        name.upcase!
-        meta[name] = val
-      }
-
-      meta
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # :stopdoc:
-
-    MAX_URI_LENGTH = 2083 # :nodoc:
-
-    def read_request_line(socket)
-      @request_line = read_line(socket, MAX_URI_LENGTH) if socket
-      if @request_line.bytesize >= MAX_URI_LENGTH and @request_line[-1, 1] != LF
-        raise HTTPStatus::RequestURITooLarge
-      end
-      @request_time = Time.now
-      raise HTTPStatus::EOFError unless @request_line
-      if /^(\S+)\s+(\S++)(?:\s+HTTP\/(\d+\.\d+))?\r?\n/mo =~ @request_line
-        @request_method = $1
-        @unparsed_uri   = $2
-        @http_version   = HTTPVersion.new($3 ? $3 : "0.9")
-      else
-        rl = @request_line.sub(/\x0d?\x0a\z/o, '')
-        raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest, "bad Request-Line `#{rl}'."
-      end
-    end
-
-    def read_header(socket)
-      if socket
-        while line = read_line(socket)
-          break if /\A(#{CRLF}|#{LF})\z/om =~ line
-          @raw_header << line
-        end
-      end
-      @header = HTTPUtils::parse_header(@raw_header.join)
-    end
-
-    def parse_uri(str, scheme="http")
-      if @config[:Escape8bitURI]
-        str = HTTPUtils::escape8bit(str)
-      end
-      str.sub!(%r{\A/+}o, '/')
-      uri = URI::parse(str)
-      return uri if uri.absolute?
-      if @forwarded_host
-        host, port = @forwarded_host, @forwarded_port
-      elsif self["host"]
-        pattern = /\A(#{URI::REGEXP::PATTERN::HOST})(?::(\d+))?\z/n
-        host, port = *self['host'].scan(pattern)[0]
-      elsif @addr.size > 0
-        host, port = @addr[2], @addr[1]
-      else
-        host, port = @config[:ServerName], @config[:Port]
-      end
-      uri.scheme = @forwarded_proto || scheme
-      uri.host = host
-      uri.port = port ? port.to_i : nil
-      return URI::parse(uri.to_s)
-    end
-
-    def read_body(socket, block)
-      return unless socket
-      if tc = self['transfer-encoding']
-        case tc
-        when /chunked/io then read_chunked(socket, block)
-        else raise HTTPStatus::NotImplemented, "Transfer-Encoding: #{tc}."
-        end
-      elsif self['content-length'] || @remaining_size
-        @remaining_size ||= self['content-length'].to_i
-        while @remaining_size > 0
-          sz = [@buffer_size, @remaining_size].min
-          break unless buf = read_data(socket, sz)
-          @remaining_size -= buf.bytesize
-          block.call(buf)
-        end
-        if @remaining_size > 0 && @socket.eof?
-          raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest, "invalid body size."
-        end
-      elsif BODY_CONTAINABLE_METHODS.member?(@request_method)
-        raise HTTPStatus::LengthRequired
-      end
-      return @body
-    end
-
-    def read_chunk_size(socket)
-      line = read_line(socket)
-      if /^([0-9a-fA-F]+)(?:;(\S+))?/ =~ line
-        chunk_size = $1.hex
-        chunk_ext = $2
-        [ chunk_size, chunk_ext ]
-      else
-        raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest, "bad chunk `#{line}'."
-      end
-    end
-
-    def read_chunked(socket, block)
-      chunk_size, = read_chunk_size(socket)
-      while chunk_size > 0
-        data = read_data(socket, chunk_size) # read chunk-data
-        if data.nil? || data.bytesize != chunk_size
-          raise BadRequest, "bad chunk data size."
-        end
-        read_line(socket)                    # skip CRLF
-        block.call(data)
-        chunk_size, = read_chunk_size(socket)
-      end
-      read_header(socket)                    # trailer + CRLF
-      @header.delete("transfer-encoding")
-      @remaining_size = 0
-    end
-
-    def _read_data(io, method, *arg)
-      begin
-        WEBrick::Utils.timeout(@config[:RequestTimeout]){
-          return io.__send__(method, *arg)
-        }
-      rescue Errno::ECONNRESET
-        return nil
-      rescue Timeout::Error
-        raise HTTPStatus::RequestTimeout
-      end
-    end
-
-    def read_line(io, size=4096)
-      _read_data(io, :gets, LF, size)
-    end
-
-    def read_data(io, size)
-      _read_data(io, :read, size)
-    end
-
-    def parse_query()
-      begin
-        if @request_method == "GET" || @request_method == "HEAD"
-          @query = HTTPUtils::parse_query(@query_string)
-        elsif self['content-type'] =~ /^application\/x-www-form-urlencoded/
-          @query = HTTPUtils::parse_query(body)
-        elsif self['content-type'] =~ /^multipart\/form-data; boundary=(.+)/
-          boundary = HTTPUtils::dequote($1)
-          @query = HTTPUtils::parse_form_data(body, boundary)
-        else
-          @query = Hash.new
-        end
-      rescue => ex
-        raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest, ex.message
-      end
-    end
-
-    PrivateNetworkRegexp = /
-      ^unknown$|
-      ^((::ffff:)?127.0.0.1|::1)$|
-      ^(::ffff:)?(10|172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[01])|192\.168)\.
-    /ixo
-
-    # It's said that all X-Forwarded-* headers will contain more than one
-    # (comma-separated) value if the original request already contained one of
-    # these headers. Since we could use these values as Host header, we choose
-    # the initial(first) value. (apr_table_mergen() adds new value after the
-    # existing value with ", " prefix)
-    def setup_forwarded_info
-      if @forwarded_server = self["x-forwarded-server"]
-        @forwarded_server = @forwarded_server.split(",", 2).first
-      end
-      if @forwarded_proto = self["x-forwarded-proto"]
-        @forwarded_proto = @forwarded_proto.split(",", 2).first
-      end
-      if host_port = self["x-forwarded-host"]
-        host_port = host_port.split(",", 2).first
-        @forwarded_host, tmp = host_port.split(":", 2)
-        @forwarded_port = (tmp || (@forwarded_proto == "https" ? 443 : 80)).to_i
-      end
-      if addrs = self["x-forwarded-for"]
-        addrs = addrs.split(",").collect(&:strip)
-        addrs.reject!{|ip| PrivateNetworkRegexp =~ ip }
-        @forwarded_for = addrs.first
-      end
-    end
-
-    # :startdoc:
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpresponse.rb b/lib/webrick/httpresponse.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eae14d6597..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpresponse.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,471 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpresponse.rb -- HTTPResponse Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httpresponse.rb,v 1.45 2003/07/11 11:02:25 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'time'
-require 'webrick/httpversion'
-require 'webrick/htmlutils'
-require 'webrick/httputils'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus'
-
-module WEBrick
-  ##
-  # An HTTP response.  This is filled in by the service or do_* methods of a
-  # WEBrick HTTP Servlet.
-
-  class HTTPResponse
-
-    ##
-    # HTTP Response version
-
-    attr_reader :http_version
-
-    ##
-    # Response status code (200)
-
-    attr_reader :status
-
-    ##
-    # Response header
-
-    attr_reader :header
-
-    ##
-    # Response cookies
-
-    attr_reader :cookies
-
-    ##
-    # Response reason phrase ("OK")
-
-    attr_accessor :reason_phrase
-
-    ##
-    # Body may be a String or IO-like object that responds to #read and
-    # #readpartial.
-
-    attr_accessor :body
-
-    ##
-    # Request method for this response
-
-    attr_accessor :request_method
-
-    ##
-    # Request URI for this response
-
-    attr_accessor :request_uri
-
-    ##
-    # Request HTTP version for this response
-
-    attr_accessor :request_http_version
-
-    ##
-    # Filename of the static file in this response.  Only used by the
-    # FileHandler servlet.
-
-    attr_accessor :filename
-
-    ##
-    # Is this a keep-alive response?
-
-    attr_accessor :keep_alive
-
-    ##
-    # Configuration for this response
-
-    attr_reader :config
-
-    ##
-    # Bytes sent in this response
-
-    attr_reader :sent_size
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new HTTP response object.  WEBrick::Config::HTTP is the
-    # default configuration.
-
-    def initialize(config)
-      @config = config
-      @buffer_size = config[:OutputBufferSize]
-      @logger = config[:Logger]
-      @header = Hash.new
-      @status = HTTPStatus::RC_OK
-      @reason_phrase = nil
-      @http_version = HTTPVersion::convert(@config[:HTTPVersion])
-      @body = ''
-      @keep_alive = true
-      @cookies = []
-      @request_method = nil
-      @request_uri = nil
-      @request_http_version = @http_version  # temporary
-      @chunked = false
-      @filename = nil
-      @sent_size = 0
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The response's HTTP status line
-
-    def status_line
-      "HTTP/#@http_version #@status #@reason_phrase #{CRLF}"
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the response's status to the +status+ code
-
-    def status=(status)
-      @status = status
-      @reason_phrase = HTTPStatus::reason_phrase(status)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Retrieves the response header +field+
-
-    def [](field)
-      @header[field.downcase]
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the response header +field+ to +value+
-
-    def []=(field, value)
-      @header[field.downcase] = value.to_s
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The content-length header
-
-    def content_length
-      if len = self['content-length']
-        return Integer(len)
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the content-length header to +len+
-
-    def content_length=(len)
-      self['content-length'] = len.to_s
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The content-type header
-
-    def content_type
-      self['content-type']
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the content-type header to +type+
-
-    def content_type=(type)
-      self['content-type'] = type
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Iterates over each header in the response
-
-    def each
-      @header.each{|field, value|  yield(field, value) }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Will this response body be returned using chunked transfer-encoding?
-
-    def chunked?
-      @chunked
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Enables chunked transfer encoding.
-
-    def chunked=(val)
-      @chunked = val ? true : false
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Will this response's connection be kept alive?
-
-    def keep_alive?
-      @keep_alive
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sends the response on +socket+
-
-    def send_response(socket) # :nodoc:
-      begin
-        setup_header()
-        send_header(socket)
-        send_body(socket)
-      rescue Errno::EPIPE, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ENOTCONN => ex
-        @logger.debug(ex)
-        @keep_alive = false
-      rescue Exception => ex
-        @logger.error(ex)
-        @keep_alive = false
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets up the headers for sending
-
-    def setup_header() # :nodoc:
-      @reason_phrase    ||= HTTPStatus::reason_phrase(@status)
-      @header['server'] ||= @config[:ServerSoftware]
-      @header['date']   ||= Time.now.httpdate
-
-      # HTTP/0.9 features
-      if @request_http_version < "1.0"
-        @http_version = HTTPVersion.new("0.9")
-        @keep_alive = false
-      end
-
-      # HTTP/1.0 features
-      if @request_http_version < "1.1"
-        if chunked?
-          @chunked = false
-          ver = @request_http_version.to_s
-          msg = "chunked is set for an HTTP/#{ver} request. (ignored)"
-          @logger.warn(msg)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Determine the message length (RFC2616 -- 4.4 Message Length)
-      if @status == 304 || @status == 204 || HTTPStatus::info?(@status)
-        @header.delete('content-length')
-        @body = ""
-      elsif chunked?
-        @header["transfer-encoding"] = "chunked"
-        @header.delete('content-length')
-      elsif %r{^multipart/byteranges} =~ @header['content-type']
-        @header.delete('content-length')
-      elsif @header['content-length'].nil?
-        unless @body.is_a?(IO)
-          @header['content-length'] = @body ? @body.bytesize : 0
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Keep-Alive connection.
-      if @header['connection'] == "close"
-         @keep_alive = false
-      elsif keep_alive?
-        if chunked? || @header['content-length'] || @status == 304 || @status == 204 || HTTPStatus.info?(@status)
-          @header['connection'] = "Keep-Alive"
-        else
-          msg = "Could not determine content-length of response body. Set content-length of the response or set Response#chunked = true"
-          @logger.warn(msg)
-          @header['connection'] = "close"
-          @keep_alive = false
-        end
-      else
-        @header['connection'] = "close"
-      end
-
-      # Location is a single absoluteURI.
-      if location = @header['location']
-        if @request_uri
-          @header['location'] = @request_uri.merge(location)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sends the headers on +socket+
-
-    def send_header(socket) # :nodoc:
-      if @http_version.major > 0
-        data = status_line()
-        @header.each{|key, value|
-          tmp = key.gsub(/\bwww|^te$|\b\w/){ $&.upcase }
-          data << "#{tmp}: #{value}" << CRLF
-        }
-        @cookies.each{|cookie|
-          data << "Set-Cookie: " << cookie.to_s << CRLF
-        }
-        data << CRLF
-        _write_data(socket, data)
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sends the body on +socket+
-
-    def send_body(socket) # :nodoc:
-      if @body.respond_to? :readpartial then
-        send_body_io(socket)
-      else
-        send_body_string(socket)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_s # :nodoc:
-      ret = ""
-      send_response(ret)
-      ret
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Redirects to +url+ with a WEBrick::HTTPStatus::Redirect +status+.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #
-    #   res.set_redirect WEBrick::HTTPStatus::TemporaryRedirect
-
-    def set_redirect(status, url)
-      @body = "<HTML><A HREF=\"#{url}\">#{url}</A>.</HTML>\n"
-      @header['location'] = url.to_s
-      raise status
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Creates an error page for exception +ex+ with an optional +backtrace+
-
-    def set_error(ex, backtrace=false)
-      case ex
-      when HTTPStatus::Status
-        @keep_alive = false if HTTPStatus::error?(ex.code)
-        self.status = ex.code
-      else
-        @keep_alive = false
-        self.status = HTTPStatus::RC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
-      end
-      @header['content-type'] = "text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
-
-      if respond_to?(:create_error_page)
-        create_error_page()
-        return
-      end
-
-      if @request_uri
-        host, port = @request_uri.host, @request_uri.port
-      else
-        host, port = @config[:ServerName], @config[:Port]
-      end
-
-      error_body(backtrace, ex, host, port)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # :stopdoc:
-
-    def error_body(backtrace, ex, host, port)
-      @body = ''
-      @body << <<-_end_of_html_
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
-<HTML>
-  <HEAD><TITLE>#{HTMLUtils::escape(@reason_phrase)}</TITLE></HEAD>
-  <BODY>
-    <H1>#{HTMLUtils::escape(@reason_phrase)}</H1>
-    #{HTMLUtils::escape(ex.message)}
-    <HR>
-      _end_of_html_
-
-      if backtrace && $DEBUG
-        @body << "backtrace of `#{HTMLUtils::escape(ex.class.to_s)}' "
-        @body << "#{HTMLUtils::escape(ex.message)}"
-        @body << "<PRE>"
-        ex.backtrace.each{|line| @body << "\t#{line}\n"}
-        @body << "</PRE><HR>"
-      end
-
-      @body << <<-_end_of_html_
-    <ADDRESS>
-     #{HTMLUtils::escape(@config[:ServerSoftware])} at
-     #{host}:#{port}
-    </ADDRESS>
-  </BODY>
-</HTML>
-      _end_of_html_
-    end
-
-    def send_body_io(socket)
-      begin
-        if @request_method == "HEAD"
-          # do nothing
-        elsif chunked?
-          begin
-            buf  = ''
-            data = ''
-            while true
-              @body.readpartial( @buffer_size, buf ) # there is no need to clear buf?
-              data << format("%x", buf.bytesize) << CRLF
-              data << buf << CRLF
-              _write_data(socket, data)
-              data.clear
-              @sent_size += buf.bytesize
-            end
-          rescue EOFError # do nothing
-          end
-          _write_data(socket, "0#{CRLF}#{CRLF}")
-        else
-          size = @header['content-length'].to_i
-          _send_file(socket, @body, 0, size)
-          @sent_size = size
-        end
-      ensure
-        @body.close
-      end
-    end
-
-    def send_body_string(socket)
-      if @request_method == "HEAD"
-        # do nothing
-      elsif chunked?
-        body ? @body.bytesize : 0
-        while buf = @body[@sent_size, @buffer_size]
-          break if buf.empty?
-          data = ""
-          data << format("%x", buf.bytesize) << CRLF
-          data << buf << CRLF
-          _write_data(socket, data)
-          @sent_size += buf.bytesize
-        end
-        _write_data(socket, "0#{CRLF}#{CRLF}")
-      else
-        if @body && @body.bytesize > 0
-          _write_data(socket, @body)
-          @sent_size = @body.bytesize
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def _send_file(output, input, offset, size)
-      while offset > 0
-        sz = @buffer_size < size ? @buffer_size : size
-        buf = input.read(sz)
-        offset -= buf.bytesize
-      end
-
-      if size == 0
-        while buf = input.read(@buffer_size)
-          _write_data(output, buf)
-        end
-      else
-        while size > 0
-          sz = @buffer_size < size ? @buffer_size : size
-          buf = input.read(sz)
-          _write_data(output, buf)
-          size -= buf.bytesize
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def _write_data(socket, data)
-      socket << data
-    end
-
-    # :startdoc:
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/https.rb b/lib/webrick/https.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 73875d7326..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/https.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# https.rb -- SSL/TLS enhancement for HTTPServer
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2001 GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: https.rb,v 1.15 2003/07/22 19:20:42 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/ssl'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module Config
-    HTTP.update(SSL)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  #--
-  # Adds SSL functionality to WEBrick::HTTPRequest
-
-  class HTTPRequest
-
-    ##
-    # HTTP request SSL cipher
-
-    attr_reader :cipher
-
-    ##
-    # HTTP request server certificate
-
-    attr_reader :server_cert
-
-    ##
-    # HTTP request client certificate
-
-    attr_reader :client_cert
-
-    # :stopdoc:
-
-    alias orig_parse parse
-
-    def parse(socket=nil)
-      if socket.respond_to?(:cert)
-        @server_cert = socket.cert || @config[:SSLCertificate]
-        @client_cert = socket.peer_cert
-        @client_cert_chain = socket.peer_cert_chain
-        @cipher      = socket.cipher
-      end
-      orig_parse(socket)
-    end
-
-    alias orig_parse_uri parse_uri
-
-    def parse_uri(str, scheme="https")
-      if server_cert
-        return orig_parse_uri(str, scheme)
-      end
-      return orig_parse_uri(str)
-    end
-    private :parse_uri
-
-    alias orig_meta_vars meta_vars
-
-    def meta_vars
-      meta = orig_meta_vars
-      if server_cert
-        meta["HTTPS"] = "on"
-        meta["SSL_SERVER_CERT"] = @server_cert.to_pem
-        meta["SSL_CLIENT_CERT"] = @client_cert ? @client_cert.to_pem : ""
-        if @client_cert_chain
-          @client_cert_chain.each_with_index{|cert, i|
-            meta["SSL_CLIENT_CERT_CHAIN_#{i}"] = cert.to_pem
-          }
-        end
-        meta["SSL_CIPHER"] = @cipher[0]
-        meta["SSL_PROTOCOL"] = @cipher[1]
-        meta["SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE"] = @cipher[2].to_s
-        meta["SSL_CIPHER_ALGKEYSIZE"] = @cipher[3].to_s
-      end
-      meta
-    end
-
-    # :startdoc:
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpserver.rb b/lib/webrick/httpserver.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b27f2311bd..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpserver.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpserver.rb -- HTTPServer Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httpserver.rb,v 1.63 2002/10/01 17:16:32 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'io/wait'
-require 'webrick/server'
-require 'webrick/httputils'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus'
-require 'webrick/httprequest'
-require 'webrick/httpresponse'
-require 'webrick/httpservlet'
-require 'webrick/accesslog'
-
-module WEBrick
-  class HTTPServerError < ServerError; end
-
-  ##
-  # An HTTP Server
-
-  class HTTPServer < ::WEBrick::GenericServer
-    ##
-    # Creates a new HTTP server according to +config+
-    #
-    # An HTTP server uses the following attributes:
-    #
-    # :AccessLog:: An array of access logs.  See WEBrick::AccessLog
-    # :BindAddress:: Local address for the server to bind to
-    # :DocumentRoot:: Root path to serve files from
-    # :DocumentRootOptions:: Options for the default HTTPServlet::FileHandler
-    # :HTTPVersion:: The HTTP version of this server
-    # :Port:: Port to listen on
-    # :RequestCallback:: Called with a request and response before each
-    #                    request is serviced.
-    # :RequestTimeout:: Maximum time to wait between requests
-    # :ServerAlias:: Array of alternate names for this server for virtual
-    #                hosting
-    # :ServerName:: Name for this server for virtual hosting
-
-    def initialize(config={}, default=Config::HTTP)
-      super(config, default)
-      @http_version = HTTPVersion::convert(@config[:HTTPVersion])
-
-      @mount_tab = MountTable.new
-      if @config[:DocumentRoot]
-        mount("/", HTTPServlet::FileHandler, @config[:DocumentRoot],
-              @config[:DocumentRootOptions])
-      end
-
-      unless @config[:AccessLog]
-        @config[:AccessLog] = [
-          [ $stderr, AccessLog::COMMON_LOG_FORMAT ],
-          [ $stderr, AccessLog::REFERER_LOG_FORMAT ]
-        ]
-      end
-
-      @virtual_hosts = Array.new
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Processes requests on +sock+
-
-    def run(sock)
-      while true
-        res = HTTPResponse.new(@config)
-        req = HTTPRequest.new(@config)
-        server = self
-        begin
-          timeout = @config[:RequestTimeout]
-          while timeout > 0
-            break if sock.to_io.wait_readable(0.5)
-            break if @status != :Running
-            timeout -= 0.5
-          end
-          raise HTTPStatus::EOFError if timeout <= 0 || @status != :Running
-          raise HTTPStatus::EOFError if sock.eof?
-          req.parse(sock)
-          res.request_method = req.request_method
-          res.request_uri = req.request_uri
-          res.request_http_version = req.http_version
-          res.keep_alive = req.keep_alive?
-          server = lookup_server(req) || self
-          if callback = server[:RequestCallback]
-            callback.call(req, res)
-          elsif callback = server[:RequestHandler]
-            msg = ":RequestHandler is deprecated, please use :RequestCallback"
-            @logger.warn(msg)
-            callback.call(req, res)
-          end
-          server.service(req, res)
-        rescue HTTPStatus::EOFError, HTTPStatus::RequestTimeout => ex
-          res.set_error(ex)
-        rescue HTTPStatus::Error => ex
-          @logger.error(ex.message)
-          res.set_error(ex)
-        rescue HTTPStatus::Status => ex
-          res.status = ex.code
-        rescue StandardError => ex
-          @logger.error(ex)
-          res.set_error(ex, true)
-        ensure
-          if req.request_line
-            if req.keep_alive? && res.keep_alive?
-              req.fixup()
-            end
-            res.send_response(sock)
-            server.access_log(@config, req, res)
-          end
-        end
-        break if @http_version < "1.1"
-        break unless req.keep_alive?
-        break unless res.keep_alive?
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Services +req+ and fills in +res+
-
-    def service(req, res)
-      if req.unparsed_uri == "*"
-        if req.request_method == "OPTIONS"
-          do_OPTIONS(req, res)
-          raise HTTPStatus::OK
-        end
-        raise HTTPStatus::NotFound, "`#{req.unparsed_uri}' not found."
-      end
-
-      servlet, options, script_name, path_info = search_servlet(req.path)
-      raise HTTPStatus::NotFound, "`#{req.path}' not found." unless servlet
-      req.script_name = script_name
-      req.path_info = path_info
-      si = servlet.get_instance(self, *options)
-      @logger.debug(format("%s is invoked.", si.class.name))
-      si.service(req, res)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The default OPTIONS request handler says GET, HEAD, POST and OPTIONS
-    # requests are allowed.
-
-    def do_OPTIONS(req, res)
-      res["allow"] = "GET,HEAD,POST,OPTIONS"
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Mounts +servlet+ on +dir+ passing +options+ to the servlet at creation
-    # time
-
-    def mount(dir, servlet, *options)
-      @logger.debug(sprintf("%s is mounted on %s.", servlet.inspect, dir))
-      @mount_tab[dir] = [ servlet, options ]
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Mounts +proc+ or +block+ on +dir+ and calls it with a
-    # WEBrick::HTTPRequest and WEBrick::HTTPResponse
-
-    def mount_proc(dir, proc=nil, &block)
-      proc ||= block
-      raise HTTPServerError, "must pass a proc or block" unless proc
-      mount(dir, HTTPServlet::ProcHandler.new(proc))
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Unmounts +dir+
-
-    def unmount(dir)
-      @logger.debug(sprintf("unmount %s.", dir))
-      @mount_tab.delete(dir)
-    end
-    alias umount unmount
-
-    ##
-    # Finds a servlet for +path+
-
-    def search_servlet(path)
-      script_name, path_info = @mount_tab.scan(path)
-      servlet, options = @mount_tab[script_name]
-      if servlet
-        [ servlet, options, script_name, path_info ]
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Adds +server+ as a virtual host.
-
-    def virtual_host(server)
-      @virtual_hosts << server
-      @virtual_hosts = @virtual_hosts.sort_by{|s|
-        num = 0
-        num -= 4 if s[:BindAddress]
-        num -= 2 if s[:Port]
-        num -= 1 if s[:ServerName]
-        num
-      }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Finds the appropriate virtual host to handle +req+
-
-    def lookup_server(req)
-      @virtual_hosts.find{|s|
-        (s[:BindAddress].nil? || req.addr[3] == s[:BindAddress]) &&
-        (s[:Port].nil?        || req.port == s[:Port])           &&
-        ((s[:ServerName].nil?  || req.host == s[:ServerName]) ||
-         (!s[:ServerAlias].nil? && s[:ServerAlias].find{|h| h === req.host}))
-      }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Logs +req+ and +res+ in the access logs.  +config+ is used for the
-    # server name.
-
-    def access_log(config, req, res)
-      param = AccessLog::setup_params(config, req, res)
-      @config[:AccessLog].each{|logger, fmt|
-        logger << AccessLog::format(fmt+"\n", param)
-      }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Mount table for the path a servlet is mounted on in the directory space
-    # of the server.  Users of WEBrick can only access this indirectly via
-    # WEBrick::HTTPServer#mount, WEBrick::HTTPServer#unmount and
-    # WEBrick::HTTPServer#search_servlet
-
-    class MountTable # :nodoc:
-      def initialize
-        @tab = Hash.new
-        compile
-      end
-
-      def [](dir)
-        dir = normalize(dir)
-        @tab[dir]
-      end
-
-      def []=(dir, val)
-        dir = normalize(dir)
-        @tab[dir] = val
-        compile
-        val
-      end
-
-      def delete(dir)
-        dir = normalize(dir)
-        res = @tab.delete(dir)
-        compile
-        res
-      end
-
-      def scan(path)
-        @scanner =~ path
-        [ $&, $' ]
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def compile
-        k = @tab.keys
-        k.sort!
-        k.reverse!
-        k.collect!{|path| Regexp.escape(path) }
-        @scanner = Regexp.new("^(" + k.join("|") +")(?=/|$)")
-      end
-
-      def normalize(dir)
-        ret = dir ? dir.dup : ""
-        ret.sub!(%r|/+$|, "")
-        ret
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpservlet.rb b/lib/webrick/httpservlet.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ee04ec86f..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpservlet.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpservlet.rb -- HTTPServlet Utility File
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httpservlet.rb,v 1.21 2003/02/23 12:24:46 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/abstract'
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/filehandler'
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/cgihandler'
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/erbhandler'
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/prochandler'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPServlet
-    FileHandler.add_handler("cgi", CGIHandler)
-    FileHandler.add_handler("rhtml", ERBHandler)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/abstract.rb b/lib/webrick/httpservlet/abstract.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee558eb026..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/abstract.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httpservlet.rb -- HTTPServlet Module
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: abstract.rb,v 1.24 2003/07/11 11:16:46 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'thread'
-
-require 'webrick/htmlutils'
-require 'webrick/httputils'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPServlet
-    class HTTPServletError < StandardError; end
-
-    ##
-    # AbstractServlet allows HTTP server modules to be reused across multiple
-    # servers and allows encapsulation of functionality.
-    #
-    # By default a servlet will respond to GET, HEAD (through an alias to GET)
-    # and OPTIONS requests.
-    #
-    # By default a new servlet is initialized for every request.  A servlet
-    # instance can be reused by overriding ::get_instance in the
-    # AbstractServlet subclass.
-    #
-    # == A Simple Servlet
-    #
-    #  class Simple < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
-    #    def do_GET request, response
-    #      status, content_type, body = do_stuff_with request
-    #
-    #      response.status = status
-    #      response['Content-Type'] = content_type
-    #      response.body = body
-    #    end
-    #
-    #    def do_stuff_with request
-    #      return 200, 'text/plain', 'you got a page'
-    #    end
-    #  end
-    #
-    # This servlet can be mounted on a server at a given path:
-    #
-    #   server.mount '/simple', Simple
-    #
-    # == Servlet Configuration
-    #
-    # Servlets can be configured via initialize.  The first argument is the
-    # HTTP server the servlet is being initialized for.
-    #
-    #  class Configurable < Simple
-    #    def initialize server, color, size
-    #      super server
-    #      @color = color
-    #      @size = size
-    #    end
-    #
-    #    def do_stuff_with request
-    #      content = "<p " \
-    #                %q{style="color: #{@color}; font-size: #{@size}"} \
-    #                ">Hello, World!"
-    #
-    #      return 200, "text/html", content
-    #    end
-    #  end
-    #
-    # This servlet must be provided two arguments at mount time:
-    #
-    #   server.mount '/configurable', Configurable, 'red', '2em'
-
-    class AbstractServlet
-
-      ##
-      # Factory for servlet instances that will handle a request from +server+
-      # using +options+ from the mount point.  By default a new servlet
-      # instance is created for every call.
-
-      def self.get_instance(server, *options)
-        self.new(server, *options)
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Initializes a new servlet for +server+ using +options+ which are
-      # stored as-is in +@options+.  +@logger+ is also provided.
-
-      def initialize(server, *options)
-        @server = @config = server
-        @logger = @server[:Logger]
-        @options = options
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Dispatches to a +do_+ method based on +req+ if such a method is
-      # available.  (+do_GET+ for a GET request).  Raises a MethodNotAllowed
-      # exception if the method is not implemented.
-
-      def service(req, res)
-        method_name = "do_" + req.request_method.gsub(/-/, "_")
-        if respond_to?(method_name)
-          __send__(method_name, req, res)
-        else
-          raise HTTPStatus::MethodNotAllowed,
-                "unsupported method `#{req.request_method}'."
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Raises a NotFound exception
-
-      def do_GET(req, res)
-        raise HTTPStatus::NotFound, "not found."
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Dispatches to do_GET
-
-      def do_HEAD(req, res)
-        do_GET(req, res)
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Returns the allowed HTTP request methods
-
-      def do_OPTIONS(req, res)
-        m = self.methods.grep(/\Ado_([A-Z]+)\z/) {$1}
-        m.sort!
-        res["allow"] = m.join(",")
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      ##
-      # Redirects to a path ending in /
-
-      def redirect_to_directory_uri(req, res)
-        if req.path[-1] != ?/
-          location = WEBrick::HTTPUtils.escape_path(req.path + "/")
-          if req.query_string && req.query_string.bytesize > 0
-            location << "?" << req.query_string
-          end
-          res.set_redirect(HTTPStatus::MovedPermanently, location)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgi_runner.rb b/lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgi_runner.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 597f48936b..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgi_runner.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# cgi_runner.rb -- CGI launcher.
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU YUUZOU
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: cgi_runner.rb,v 1.9 2002/09/25 11:33:15 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-def sysread(io, size)
-  buf = ""
-  while size > 0
-    tmp = io.sysread(size)
-    buf << tmp
-    size -= tmp.bytesize
-  end
-  return buf
-end
-
-STDIN.binmode
-
-len = sysread(STDIN, 8).to_i
-out = sysread(STDIN, len)
-STDOUT.reopen(open(out, "w"))
-
-len = sysread(STDIN, 8).to_i
-err = sysread(STDIN, len)
-STDERR.reopen(open(err, "w"))
-
-len  = sysread(STDIN, 8).to_i
-dump = sysread(STDIN, len)
-hash = Marshal.restore(dump)
-ENV.keys.each{|name| ENV.delete(name) }
-hash.each{|k, v| ENV[k] = v if v }
-
-dir = File::dirname(ENV["SCRIPT_FILENAME"])
-Dir::chdir dir
-
-if ARGV[0]
-  argv = ARGV.dup
-  argv << ENV["SCRIPT_FILENAME"]
-  exec(*argv)
-  # NOTREACHED
-end
-exec ENV["SCRIPT_FILENAME"]
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgihandler.rb b/lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgihandler.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ba6b0b6032..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/cgihandler.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# cgihandler.rb -- CGIHandler Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: cgihandler.rb,v 1.27 2003/03/21 19:56:01 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'rbconfig'
-require 'tempfile'
-require 'webrick/config'
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/abstract'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPServlet
-
-    ##
-    # Servlet for handling CGI scripts
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #
-    #  server.mount('/cgi/my_script', WEBrick::HTTPServlet::CGIHandler,
-    #               '/path/to/my_script')
-
-    class CGIHandler < AbstractServlet
-      Ruby = RbConfig.ruby # :nodoc:
-      CGIRunner = "\"#{Ruby}\" \"#{WEBrick::Config::LIBDIR}/httpservlet/cgi_runner.rb\"" # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a new CGI script servlet for the script at +name+
-
-      def initialize(server, name)
-        super(server, name)
-        @script_filename = name
-        @tempdir = server[:TempDir]
-        @cgicmd = "#{CGIRunner} #{server[:CGIInterpreter]}"
-      end
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-
-      def do_GET(req, res)
-        cgi_in = IO::popen(@cgicmd, "wb")
-        cgi_out = Tempfile.new("webrick.cgiout.", @tempdir, mode: IO::BINARY)
-        cgi_out.set_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        cgi_err = Tempfile.new("webrick.cgierr.", @tempdir, mode: IO::BINARY)
-        cgi_err.set_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        begin
-          cgi_in.sync = true
-          meta = req.meta_vars
-          meta["SCRIPT_FILENAME"] = @script_filename
-          meta["PATH"] = @config[:CGIPathEnv]
-          meta.delete("HTTP_PROXY")
-          if /mswin|bccwin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-            meta["SystemRoot"] = ENV["SystemRoot"]
-          end
-          dump = Marshal.dump(meta)
-
-          cgi_in.write("%8d" % cgi_out.path.bytesize)
-          cgi_in.write(cgi_out.path)
-          cgi_in.write("%8d" % cgi_err.path.bytesize)
-          cgi_in.write(cgi_err.path)
-          cgi_in.write("%8d" % dump.bytesize)
-          cgi_in.write(dump)
-
-          if req.body and req.body.bytesize > 0
-            cgi_in.write(req.body)
-          end
-        ensure
-          cgi_in.close
-          status = $?.exitstatus
-          sleep 0.1 if /mswin|bccwin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-          data = cgi_out.read
-          cgi_out.close(true)
-          if errmsg = cgi_err.read
-            if errmsg.bytesize > 0
-              @logger.error("CGIHandler: #{@script_filename}:\n" + errmsg)
-            end
-          end
-          cgi_err.close(true)
-        end
-
-        if status != 0
-          @logger.error("CGIHandler: #{@script_filename} exit with #{status}")
-        end
-
-        data = "" unless data
-        raw_header, body = data.split(/^[\xd\xa]+/, 2)
-        raise HTTPStatus::InternalServerError,
-          "Premature end of script headers: #{@script_filename}" if body.nil?
-
-        begin
-          header = HTTPUtils::parse_header(raw_header)
-          if /^(\d+)/ =~ header['status'][0]
-            res.status = $1.to_i
-            header.delete('status')
-          end
-          if header.has_key?('location')
-            # RFC 3875 6.2.3, 6.2.4
-            res.status = 302 unless (300...400) === res.status
-          end
-          if header.has_key?('set-cookie')
-            header['set-cookie'].each{|k|
-              res.cookies << Cookie.parse_set_cookie(k)
-            }
-            header.delete('set-cookie')
-          end
-          header.each{|key, val| res[key] = val.join(", ") }
-        rescue => ex
-          raise HTTPStatus::InternalServerError, ex.message
-        end
-        res.body = body
-      end
-      alias do_POST do_GET
-
-      # :startdoc:
-    end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/erbhandler.rb b/lib/webrick/httpservlet/erbhandler.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bcec69883..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/erbhandler.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# erbhandler.rb -- ERBHandler Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: erbhandler.rb,v 1.25 2003/02/24 19:25:31 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/abstract.rb'
-
-require 'erb'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPServlet
-
-    ##
-    # ERBHandler evaluates an ERB file and returns the result.  This handler
-    # is automatically used if there are .rhtml files in a directory served by
-    # the FileHandler.
-    #
-    # ERBHandler supports GET and POST methods.
-    #
-    # The ERB file is evaluated with the local variables +servlet_request+ and
-    # +servlet_response+ which are a WEBrick::HTTPRequest and
-    # WEBrick::HTTPResponse respectively.
-    #
-    # Example .rhtml file:
-    #
-    #   Request to <%= servlet_request.request_uri %>
-    #
-    #   Query params <%= servlet_request.query.inspect %>
-
-    class ERBHandler < AbstractServlet
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a new ERBHandler on +server+ that will evaluate and serve the
-      # ERB file +name+
-
-      def initialize(server, name)
-        super(server, name)
-        @script_filename = name
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Handles GET requests
-
-      def do_GET(req, res)
-        unless defined?(ERB)
-          @logger.warn "#{self.class}: ERB not defined."
-          raise HTTPStatus::Forbidden, "ERBHandler cannot work."
-        end
-        begin
-          data = open(@script_filename){|io| io.read }
-          res.body = evaluate(ERB.new(data), req, res)
-          res['content-type'] ||=
-            HTTPUtils::mime_type(@script_filename, @config[:MimeTypes])
-        rescue StandardError
-          raise
-        rescue Exception => ex
-          @logger.error(ex)
-          raise HTTPStatus::InternalServerError, ex.message
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Handles POST requests
-
-      alias do_POST do_GET
-
-      private
-
-      ##
-      # Evaluates +erb+ providing +servlet_request+ and +servlet_response+ as
-      # local variables.
-
-      def evaluate(erb, servlet_request, servlet_response)
-        Module.new.module_eval{
-          servlet_request.meta_vars
-          servlet_request.query
-          erb.result(binding)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/filehandler.rb b/lib/webrick/httpservlet/filehandler.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cf37dd6ca5..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/filehandler.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,523 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# filehandler.rb -- FileHandler Module
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: filehandler.rb,v 1.44 2003/06/07 01:34:51 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'thread'
-require 'time'
-
-require 'webrick/htmlutils'
-require 'webrick/httputils'
-require 'webrick/httpstatus'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPServlet
-
-    ##
-    # Servlet for serving a single file.  You probably want to use the
-    # FileHandler servlet instead as it handles directories and fancy indexes.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #
-    #   server.mount('/my_page.txt', WEBrick::HTTPServlet::DefaultFileHandler,
-    #                '/path/to/my_page.txt')
-    #
-    # This servlet handles If-Modified-Since and Range requests.
-
-    class DefaultFileHandler < AbstractServlet
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a DefaultFileHandler instance for the file at +local_path+.
-
-      def initialize(server, local_path)
-        super(server, local_path)
-        @local_path = local_path
-      end
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-
-      def do_GET(req, res)
-        st = File::stat(@local_path)
-        mtime = st.mtime
-        res['etag'] = sprintf("%x-%x-%x", st.ino, st.size, st.mtime.to_i)
-
-        if not_modified?(req, res, mtime, res['etag'])
-          res.body = ''
-          raise HTTPStatus::NotModified
-        elsif req['range']
-          make_partial_content(req, res, @local_path, st.size)
-          raise HTTPStatus::PartialContent
-        else
-          mtype = HTTPUtils::mime_type(@local_path, @config[:MimeTypes])
-          res['content-type'] = mtype
-          res['content-length'] = st.size
-          res['last-modified'] = mtime.httpdate
-          res.body = open(@local_path, "rb")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def not_modified?(req, res, mtime, etag)
-        if ir = req['if-range']
-          begin
-            if Time.httpdate(ir) >= mtime
-              return true
-            end
-          rescue
-            if HTTPUtils::split_header_value(ir).member?(res['etag'])
-              return true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        if (ims = req['if-modified-since']) && Time.parse(ims) >= mtime
-          return true
-        end
-
-        if (inm = req['if-none-match']) &&
-           HTTPUtils::split_header_value(inm).member?(res['etag'])
-          return true
-        end
-
-        return false
-      end
-
-      def make_partial_content(req, res, filename, filesize)
-        mtype = HTTPUtils::mime_type(filename, @config[:MimeTypes])
-        unless ranges = HTTPUtils::parse_range_header(req['range'])
-          raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest,
-            "Unrecognized range-spec: \"#{req['range']}\""
-        end
-        open(filename, "rb"){|io|
-          if ranges.size > 1
-            time = Time.now
-            boundary = "#{time.sec}_#{time.usec}_#{Process::pid}"
-            body = ''
-            ranges.each{|range|
-              first, last = prepare_range(range, filesize)
-              next if first < 0
-              io.pos = first
-              content = io.read(last-first+1)
-              body << "--" << boundary << CRLF
-              body << "Content-Type: #{mtype}" << CRLF
-              body << "Content-Range: bytes #{first}-#{last}/#{filesize}" << CRLF
-              body << CRLF
-              body << content
-              body << CRLF
-            }
-            raise HTTPStatus::RequestRangeNotSatisfiable if body.empty?
-            body << "--" << boundary << "--" << CRLF
-            res["content-type"] = "multipart/byteranges; boundary=#{boundary}"
-            res.body = body
-          elsif range = ranges[0]
-            first, last = prepare_range(range, filesize)
-            raise HTTPStatus::RequestRangeNotSatisfiable if first < 0
-            if last == filesize - 1
-              content = io.dup
-              content.pos = first
-            else
-              io.pos = first
-              content = io.read(last-first+1)
-            end
-            res['content-type'] = mtype
-            res['content-range'] = "bytes #{first}-#{last}/#{filesize}"
-            res['content-length'] = last - first + 1
-            res.body = content
-          else
-            raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest
-          end
-        }
-      end
-
-      def prepare_range(range, filesize)
-        first = range.first < 0 ? filesize + range.first : range.first
-        return -1, -1 if first < 0 || first >= filesize
-        last = range.last < 0 ? filesize + range.last : range.last
-        last = filesize - 1 if last >= filesize
-        return first, last
-      end
-
-      # :startdoc:
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Serves a directory including fancy indexing and a variety of other
-    # options.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #
-    #   server.mount('/assets', WEBrick::HTTPServlet::FileHandler,
-    #                '/path/to/assets')
-
-    class FileHandler < AbstractServlet
-      HandlerTable = Hash.new # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Allow custom handling of requests for files with +suffix+ by class
-      # +handler+
-
-      def self.add_handler(suffix, handler)
-        HandlerTable[suffix] = handler
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Remove custom handling of requests for files with +suffix+
-
-      def self.remove_handler(suffix)
-        HandlerTable.delete(suffix)
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a FileHandler servlet on +server+ that serves files starting
-      # at directory +root+
-      #
-      # +options+ may be a Hash containing keys from
-      # WEBrick::Config::FileHandler or +true+ or +false+.
-      #
-      # If +options+ is true or false then +:FancyIndexing+ is enabled or
-      # disabled respectively.
-
-      def initialize(server, root, options={}, default=Config::FileHandler)
-        @config = server.config
-        @logger = @config[:Logger]
-        @root = File.expand_path(root)
-        if options == true || options == false
-          options = { :FancyIndexing => options }
-        end
-        @options = default.dup.update(options)
-      end
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-
-      def service(req, res)
-        # if this class is mounted on "/" and /~username is requested.
-        # we're going to override path informations before invoking service.
-        if defined?(Etc) && @options[:UserDir] && req.script_name.empty?
-          if %r|^(/~([^/]+))| =~ req.path_info
-            script_name, user = $1, $2
-            path_info = $'
-            begin
-              passwd = Etc::getpwnam(user)
-              @root = File::join(passwd.dir, @options[:UserDir])
-              req.script_name = script_name
-              req.path_info = path_info
-            rescue
-              @logger.debug "#{self.class}#do_GET: getpwnam(#{user}) failed"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        prevent_directory_traversal(req, res)
-        super(req, res)
-      end
-
-      def do_GET(req, res)
-        unless exec_handler(req, res)
-          set_dir_list(req, res)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def do_POST(req, res)
-        unless exec_handler(req, res)
-          raise HTTPStatus::NotFound, "`#{req.path}' not found."
-        end
-      end
-
-      def do_OPTIONS(req, res)
-        unless exec_handler(req, res)
-          super(req, res)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # ToDo
-      # RFC2518: HTTP Extensions for Distributed Authoring -- WEBDAV
-      #
-      # PROPFIND PROPPATCH MKCOL DELETE PUT COPY MOVE
-      # LOCK UNLOCK
-
-      # RFC3253: Versioning Extensions to WebDAV
-      #          (Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning)
-      #
-      # VERSION-CONTROL REPORT CHECKOUT CHECK_IN UNCHECKOUT
-      # MKWORKSPACE UPDATE LABEL MERGE ACTIVITY
-
-      private
-
-      def trailing_pathsep?(path)
-        # check for trailing path separator:
-        #   File.dirname("/aaaa/bbbb/")      #=> "/aaaa")
-        #   File.dirname("/aaaa/bbbb/x")     #=> "/aaaa/bbbb")
-        #   File.dirname("/aaaa/bbbb")       #=> "/aaaa")
-        #   File.dirname("/aaaa/bbbbx")      #=> "/aaaa")
-        return File.dirname(path) != File.dirname(path+"x")
-      end
-
-      def prevent_directory_traversal(req, res)
-        # Preventing directory traversal on Windows platforms;
-        # Backslashes (0x5c) in path_info are not interpreted as special
-        # character in URI notation. So the value of path_info should be
-        # normalize before accessing to the filesystem.
-
-        # dirty hack for filesystem encoding; in nature, File.expand_path
-        # should not be used for path normalization.  [Bug #3345]
-        path = req.path_info.dup.force_encoding(Encoding.find("filesystem"))
-        if trailing_pathsep?(req.path_info)
-          # File.expand_path removes the trailing path separator.
-          # Adding a character is a workaround to save it.
-          #  File.expand_path("/aaa/")        #=> "/aaa"
-          #  File.expand_path("/aaa/" + "x")  #=> "/aaa/x"
-          expanded = File.expand_path(path + "x")
-          expanded.chop!  # remove trailing "x"
-        else
-          expanded = File.expand_path(path)
-        end
-        expanded.force_encoding(req.path_info.encoding)
-        req.path_info = expanded
-      end
-
-      def exec_handler(req, res)
-        raise HTTPStatus::NotFound, "`#{req.path}' not found" unless @root
-        if set_filename(req, res)
-          handler = get_handler(req, res)
-          call_callback(:HandlerCallback, req, res)
-          h = handler.get_instance(@config, res.filename)
-          h.service(req, res)
-          return true
-        end
-        call_callback(:HandlerCallback, req, res)
-        return false
-      end
-
-      def get_handler(req, res)
-        suffix1 = (/\.(\w+)\z/ =~ res.filename) && $1.downcase
-        if /\.(\w+)\.([\w\-]+)\z/ =~ res.filename
-          if @options[:AcceptableLanguages].include?($2.downcase)
-            suffix2 = $1.downcase
-          end
-        end
-        handler_table = @options[:HandlerTable]
-        return handler_table[suffix1] || handler_table[suffix2] ||
-               HandlerTable[suffix1] || HandlerTable[suffix2] ||
-               DefaultFileHandler
-      end
-
-      def set_filename(req, res)
-        res.filename = @root.dup
-        path_info = req.path_info.scan(%r|/[^/]*|)
-
-        path_info.unshift("")  # dummy for checking @root dir
-        while base = path_info.first
-          break if base == "/"
-          break unless File.directory?(File.expand_path(res.filename + base))
-          shift_path_info(req, res, path_info)
-          call_callback(:DirectoryCallback, req, res)
-        end
-
-        if base = path_info.first
-          if base == "/"
-            if file = search_index_file(req, res)
-              shift_path_info(req, res, path_info, file)
-              call_callback(:FileCallback, req, res)
-              return true
-            end
-            shift_path_info(req, res, path_info)
-          elsif file = search_file(req, res, base)
-            shift_path_info(req, res, path_info, file)
-            call_callback(:FileCallback, req, res)
-            return true
-          else
-            raise HTTPStatus::NotFound, "`#{req.path}' not found."
-          end
-        end
-
-        return false
-      end
-
-      def check_filename(req, res, name)
-        if nondisclosure_name?(name) || windows_ambiguous_name?(name)
-          @logger.warn("the request refers nondisclosure name `#{name}'.")
-          raise HTTPStatus::NotFound, "`#{req.path}' not found."
-        end
-      end
-
-      def shift_path_info(req, res, path_info, base=nil)
-        tmp = path_info.shift
-        base = base || tmp
-        req.path_info = path_info.join
-        req.script_name << base
-        res.filename = File.expand_path(res.filename + base)
-        check_filename(req, res, File.basename(res.filename))
-      end
-
-      def search_index_file(req, res)
-        @config[:DirectoryIndex].each{|index|
-          if file = search_file(req, res, "/"+index)
-            return file
-          end
-        }
-        return nil
-      end
-
-      def search_file(req, res, basename)
-        langs = @options[:AcceptableLanguages]
-        path = res.filename + basename
-        if File.file?(path)
-          return basename
-        elsif langs.size > 0
-          req.accept_language.each{|lang|
-            path_with_lang = path + ".#{lang}"
-            if langs.member?(lang) && File.file?(path_with_lang)
-              return basename + ".#{lang}"
-            end
-          }
-          (langs - req.accept_language).each{|lang|
-            path_with_lang = path + ".#{lang}"
-            if File.file?(path_with_lang)
-              return basename + ".#{lang}"
-            end
-          }
-        end
-        return nil
-      end
-
-      def call_callback(callback_name, req, res)
-        if cb = @options[callback_name]
-          cb.call(req, res)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def windows_ambiguous_name?(name)
-        return true if /[. ]+\z/ =~ name
-        return true if /::\$DATA\z/ =~ name
-        return false
-      end
-
-      def nondisclosure_name?(name)
-        @options[:NondisclosureName].each{|pattern|
-          if File.fnmatch(pattern, name, File::FNM_CASEFOLD)
-            return true
-          end
-        }
-        return false
-      end
-
-      def set_dir_list(req, res)
-        redirect_to_directory_uri(req, res)
-        unless @options[:FancyIndexing]
-          raise HTTPStatus::Forbidden, "no access permission to `#{req.path}'"
-        end
-        local_path = res.filename
-        list = Dir::entries(local_path).collect{|name|
-          next if name == "." || name == ".."
-          next if nondisclosure_name?(name)
-          next if windows_ambiguous_name?(name)
-          st = (File::stat(File.join(local_path, name)) rescue nil)
-          if st.nil?
-            [ name, nil, -1 ]
-          elsif st.directory?
-            [ name + "/", st.mtime, -1 ]
-          else
-            [ name, st.mtime, st.size ]
-          end
-        }
-        list.compact!
-
-        query = req.query
-
-        d0 = nil
-        idx = nil
-        %w[N M S].each_with_index do |q, i|
-          if d = query.delete(q)
-            idx ||= i
-            d0 ||= d
-          end
-        end
-        d0 ||= "A"
-        idx ||= 0
-        d1 = (d0 == "A") ? "D" : "A"
-
-        if d0 == "A"
-          list.sort!{|a,b| a[idx] <=> b[idx] }
-        else
-          list.sort!{|a,b| b[idx] <=> a[idx] }
-        end
-
-        namewidth = query["NameWidth"]
-        if namewidth == "*"
-          namewidth = nil
-        elsif !namewidth or (namewidth = namewidth.to_i) < 2
-          namewidth = 25
-        end
-        query = query.inject('') {|s, (k, v)| s << '&' << HTMLUtils::escape("#{k}=#{v}")}
-
-        type = "text/html"
-        case enc = Encoding.find('filesystem')
-        when Encoding::US_ASCII, Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-        else
-          type << "; charset=\"#{enc.name}\""
-        end
-        res['content-type'] = type
-
-        title = "Index of #{HTMLUtils::escape(req.path)}"
-        res.body = <<-_end_of_html_
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
-<HTML>
-  <HEAD>
-    <TITLE>#{title}</TITLE>
-    <style type="text/css">
-    <!--
-    .name, .mtime { text-align: left; }
-    .size { text-align: right; }
-    td { text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; }
-    table { border-collapse: collapse; }
-    tr th { border-bottom: 2px groove; }
-    //-->
-    </style>
-  </HEAD>
-  <BODY>
-    <H1>#{title}</H1>
-        _end_of_html_
-
-        res.body << "<TABLE width=\"100%\"><THEAD><TR>\n"
-        res.body << "<TH class=\"name\"><A HREF=\"?N=#{d1}#{query}\">Name</A></TH>"
-        res.body << "<TH class=\"mtime\"><A HREF=\"?M=#{d1}#{query}\">Last modified</A></TH>"
-        res.body << "<TH class=\"size\"><A HREF=\"?S=#{d1}#{query}\">Size</A></TH>\n"
-        res.body << "</TR></THEAD>\n"
-        res.body << "<TBODY>\n"
-
-        query.sub!(/\A&/, '?')
-        list.unshift [ "..", File::mtime(local_path+"/.."), -1 ]
-        list.each{ |name, time, size|
-          if name == ".."
-            dname = "Parent Directory"
-          elsif namewidth and name.size > namewidth
-            dname = name[0...(namewidth - 2)] << '..'
-          else
-            dname = name
-          end
-          s =  "<TR><TD class=\"name\"><A HREF=\"#{HTTPUtils::escape(name)}#{query if name.end_with?('/')}\">#{HTMLUtils::escape(dname)}</A></TD>"
-          s << "<TD class=\"mtime\">" << (time ? time.strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M") : "") << "</TD>"
-          s << "<TD class=\"size\">" << (size >= 0 ? size.to_s : "-") << "</TD></TR>\n"
-          res.body << s
-        }
-        res.body << "</TBODY></TABLE>"
-        res.body << "<HR>"
-
-        res.body << <<-_end_of_html_
-    <ADDRESS>
-     #{HTMLUtils::escape(@config[:ServerSoftware])}<BR>
-     at #{req.host}:#{req.port}
-    </ADDRESS>
-  </BODY>
-</HTML>
-        _end_of_html_
-      end
-
-      # :startdoc:
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/prochandler.rb b/lib/webrick/httpservlet/prochandler.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c1f454e2f6..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpservlet/prochandler.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# prochandler.rb -- ProcHandler Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: prochandler.rb,v 1.7 2002/09/21 12:23:42 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/httpservlet/abstract.rb'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module HTTPServlet
-
-    ##
-    # Mounts a proc at a path that accepts a request and response.
-    #
-    # Instead of mounting this servlet with WEBrick::HTTPServer#mount use
-    # WEBrick::HTTPServer#mount_proc:
-    #
-    #   server.mount_proc '/' do |req, res|
-    #     res.body = 'it worked!'
-    #     res.status = 200
-    #   end
-
-    class ProcHandler < AbstractServlet
-      # :stopdoc:
-      def get_instance(server, *options)
-        self
-      end
-
-      def initialize(proc)
-        @proc = proc
-      end
-
-      def do_GET(request, response)
-        @proc.call(request, response)
-      end
-
-      alias do_POST do_GET
-      # :startdoc:
-    end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httpstatus.rb b/lib/webrick/httpstatus.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ded5aa2e60..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httpstatus.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-# httpstatus.rb -- HTTPStatus Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httpstatus.rb,v 1.11 2003/03/24 20:18:55 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'webrick/accesslog'
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # This module is used to manager HTTP status codes.
-  #
-  # See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html for more
-  # information.
-  module HTTPStatus
-
-    ##
-    # Root of the HTTP status class hierarchy
-    class Status < StandardError
-      def initialize(*args) # :nodoc:
-        args[0] = AccessLog.escape(args[0]) unless args.empty?
-        super(*args)
-      end
-      class << self
-        attr_reader :code, :reason_phrase # :nodoc:
-      end
-
-      # Returns the HTTP status code
-      def code() self::class::code end
-
-      # Returns the HTTP status description
-      def reason_phrase() self::class::reason_phrase end
-
-      alias to_i code # :nodoc:
-    end
-
-    # Root of the HTTP info statuses
-    class Info        < Status; end
-    # Root of the HTTP success statuses
-    class Success     < Status; end
-    # Root of the HTTP redirect statuses
-    class Redirect    < Status; end
-    # Root of the HTTP error statuses
-    class Error       < Status; end
-    # Root of the HTTP client error statuses
-    class ClientError < Error; end
-    # Root of the HTTP server error statuses
-    class ServerError < Error; end
-
-    class EOFError < StandardError; end
-
-    # HTTP status codes and descriptions
-    StatusMessage = { # :nodoc:
-      100 => 'Continue',
-      101 => 'Switching Protocols',
-      200 => 'OK',
-      201 => 'Created',
-      202 => 'Accepted',
-      203 => 'Non-Authoritative Information',
-      204 => 'No Content',
-      205 => 'Reset Content',
-      206 => 'Partial Content',
-      207 => 'Multi-Status',
-      300 => 'Multiple Choices',
-      301 => 'Moved Permanently',
-      302 => 'Found',
-      303 => 'See Other',
-      304 => 'Not Modified',
-      305 => 'Use Proxy',
-      307 => 'Temporary Redirect',
-      400 => 'Bad Request',
-      401 => 'Unauthorized',
-      402 => 'Payment Required',
-      403 => 'Forbidden',
-      404 => 'Not Found',
-      405 => 'Method Not Allowed',
-      406 => 'Not Acceptable',
-      407 => 'Proxy Authentication Required',
-      408 => 'Request Timeout',
-      409 => 'Conflict',
-      410 => 'Gone',
-      411 => 'Length Required',
-      412 => 'Precondition Failed',
-      413 => 'Request Entity Too Large',
-      414 => 'Request-URI Too Large',
-      415 => 'Unsupported Media Type',
-      416 => 'Request Range Not Satisfiable',
-      417 => 'Expectation Failed',
-      422 => 'Unprocessable Entity',
-      423 => 'Locked',
-      424 => 'Failed Dependency',
-      426 => 'Upgrade Required',
-      428 => 'Precondition Required',
-      429 => 'Too Many Requests',
-      431 => 'Request Header Fields Too Large',
-      451 => 'Unavailable For Legal Reasons',
-      500 => 'Internal Server Error',
-      501 => 'Not Implemented',
-      502 => 'Bad Gateway',
-      503 => 'Service Unavailable',
-      504 => 'Gateway Timeout',
-      505 => 'HTTP Version Not Supported',
-      507 => 'Insufficient Storage',
-      511 => 'Network Authentication Required',
-    }
-
-    # Maps a status code to the corresponding Status class
-    CodeToError = {} # :nodoc:
-
-    # Creates a status or error class for each status code and
-    # populates the CodeToError map.
-    StatusMessage.each{|code, message|
-      message.freeze
-      var_name = message.gsub(/[ \-]/,'_').upcase
-      err_name = message.gsub(/[ \-]/,'')
-
-      case code
-      when 100...200; parent = Info
-      when 200...300; parent = Success
-      when 300...400; parent = Redirect
-      when 400...500; parent = ClientError
-      when 500...600; parent = ServerError
-      end
-
-      const_set("RC_#{var_name}", code)
-      err_class = Class.new(parent)
-      err_class.instance_variable_set(:@code, code)
-      err_class.instance_variable_set(:@reason_phrase, message)
-      const_set(err_name, err_class)
-      CodeToError[code] = err_class
-    }
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the description corresponding to the HTTP status +code+
-    #
-    #   WEBrick::HTTPStatus.reason_phrase 404
-    #   => "Not Found"
-    def reason_phrase(code)
-      StatusMessage[code.to_i]
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Is +code+ an informational status?
-    def info?(code)
-      code.to_i >= 100 and code.to_i < 200
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Is +code+ a successful status?
-    def success?(code)
-      code.to_i >= 200 and code.to_i < 300
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Is +code+ a redirection status?
-    def redirect?(code)
-      code.to_i >= 300 and code.to_i < 400
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Is +code+ an error status?
-    def error?(code)
-      code.to_i >= 400 and code.to_i < 600
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Is +code+ a client error status?
-    def client_error?(code)
-      code.to_i >= 400 and code.to_i < 500
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Is +code+ a server error status?
-    def server_error?(code)
-      code.to_i >= 500 and code.to_i < 600
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the status class corresponding to +code+
-    #
-    #   WEBrick::HTTPStatus[302]
-    #   => WEBrick::HTTPStatus::NotFound
-    #
-    def self.[](code)
-      CodeToError[code]
-    end
-
-    module_function :reason_phrase
-    module_function :info?, :success?, :redirect?, :error?
-    module_function :client_error?, :server_error?
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/httputils.rb b/lib/webrick/httputils.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 28f906ef4d..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/httputils.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,510 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# httputils.rb -- HTTPUtils Module
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: httputils.rb,v 1.34 2003/06/05 21:34:08 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'socket'
-require 'tempfile'
-
-module WEBrick
-  CR   = "\x0d"     # :nodoc:
-  LF   = "\x0a"     # :nodoc:
-  CRLF = "\x0d\x0a" # :nodoc:
-
-  ##
-  # HTTPUtils provides utility methods for working with the HTTP protocol.
-  #
-  # This module is generally used internally by WEBrick
-
-  module HTTPUtils
-
-    ##
-    # Normalizes a request path.  Raises an exception if the path cannot be
-    # normalized.
-
-    def normalize_path(path)
-      raise "abnormal path `#{path}'" if path[0] != ?/
-      ret = path.dup
-
-      ret.gsub!(%r{/+}o, '/')                    # //      => /
-      while ret.sub!(%r'/\.(?:/|\Z)', '/'); end  # /.      => /
-      while ret.sub!(%r'/(?!\.\./)[^/]+/\.\.(?:/|\Z)', '/'); end # /foo/.. => /foo
-
-      raise "abnormal path `#{path}'" if %r{/\.\.(/|\Z)} =~ ret
-      ret
-    end
-    module_function :normalize_path
-
-    ##
-    # Default mime types
-
-    DefaultMimeTypes = {
-      "ai"    => "application/postscript",
-      "asc"   => "text/plain",
-      "avi"   => "video/x-msvideo",
-      "bin"   => "application/octet-stream",
-      "bmp"   => "image/bmp",
-      "class" => "application/octet-stream",
-      "cer"   => "application/pkix-cert",
-      "crl"   => "application/pkix-crl",
-      "crt"   => "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
-     #"crl"   => "application/x-pkcs7-crl",
-      "css"   => "text/css",
-      "dms"   => "application/octet-stream",
-      "doc"   => "application/msword",
-      "dvi"   => "application/x-dvi",
-      "eps"   => "application/postscript",
-      "etx"   => "text/x-setext",
-      "exe"   => "application/octet-stream",
-      "gif"   => "image/gif",
-      "htm"   => "text/html",
-      "html"  => "text/html",
-      "jpe"   => "image/jpeg",
-      "jpeg"  => "image/jpeg",
-      "jpg"   => "image/jpeg",
-      "js"    => "application/javascript",
-      "lha"   => "application/octet-stream",
-      "lzh"   => "application/octet-stream",
-      "mov"   => "video/quicktime",
-      "mpe"   => "video/mpeg",
-      "mpeg"  => "video/mpeg",
-      "mpg"   => "video/mpeg",
-      "pbm"   => "image/x-portable-bitmap",
-      "pdf"   => "application/pdf",
-      "pgm"   => "image/x-portable-graymap",
-      "png"   => "image/png",
-      "pnm"   => "image/x-portable-anymap",
-      "ppm"   => "image/x-portable-pixmap",
-      "ppt"   => "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
-      "ps"    => "application/postscript",
-      "qt"    => "video/quicktime",
-      "ras"   => "image/x-cmu-raster",
-      "rb"    => "text/plain",
-      "rd"    => "text/plain",
-      "rtf"   => "application/rtf",
-      "sgm"   => "text/sgml",
-      "sgml"  => "text/sgml",
-      "svg"   => "image/svg+xml",
-      "tif"   => "image/tiff",
-      "tiff"  => "image/tiff",
-      "txt"   => "text/plain",
-      "xbm"   => "image/x-xbitmap",
-      "xhtml" => "text/html",
-      "xls"   => "application/vnd.ms-excel",
-      "xml"   => "text/xml",
-      "xpm"   => "image/x-xpixmap",
-      "xwd"   => "image/x-xwindowdump",
-      "zip"   => "application/zip",
-    }
-
-    ##
-    # Loads Apache-compatible mime.types in +file+.
-
-    def load_mime_types(file)
-      open(file){ |io|
-        hash = Hash.new
-        io.each{ |line|
-          next if /^#/ =~ line
-          line.chomp!
-          mimetype, ext0 = line.split(/\s+/, 2)
-          next unless ext0
-          next if ext0.empty?
-          ext0.split(/\s+/).each{ |ext| hash[ext] = mimetype }
-        }
-        hash
-      }
-    end
-    module_function :load_mime_types
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the mime type of +filename+ from the list in +mime_tab+.  If no
-    # mime type was found application/octet-stream is returned.
-
-    def mime_type(filename, mime_tab)
-      suffix1 = (/\.(\w+)$/ =~ filename && $1.downcase)
-      suffix2 = (/\.(\w+)\.[\w\-]+$/ =~ filename && $1.downcase)
-      mime_tab[suffix1] || mime_tab[suffix2] || "application/octet-stream"
-    end
-    module_function :mime_type
-
-    ##
-    # Parses an HTTP header +raw+ into a hash of header fields with an Array
-    # of values.
-
-    def parse_header(raw)
-      header = Hash.new([].freeze)
-      field = nil
-      raw.each_line{|line|
-        case line
-        when /^([A-Za-z0-9!\#$%&'*+\-.^_`|~]+):\s*(.*?)\s*\z/om
-          field, value = $1, $2
-          field.downcase!
-          header[field] = [] unless header.has_key?(field)
-          header[field] << value
-        when /^\s+(.*?)\s*\z/om
-          value = $1
-          unless field
-            raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest, "bad header '#{line}'."
-          end
-          header[field][-1] << " " << value
-        else
-          raise HTTPStatus::BadRequest, "bad header '#{line}'."
-        end
-      }
-      header.each{|key, values|
-        values.each{|value|
-          value.strip!
-          value.gsub!(/\s+/, " ")
-        }
-      }
-      header
-    end
-    module_function :parse_header
-
-    ##
-    # Splits a header value +str+ according to HTTP specification.
-
-    def split_header_value(str)
-      str.scan(%r'\G((?:"(?:\\.|[^"])+?"|[^",]+)+)
-                    (?:,\s*|\Z)'xn).flatten
-    end
-    module_function :split_header_value
-
-    ##
-    # Parses a Range header value +ranges_specifier+
-
-    def parse_range_header(ranges_specifier)
-      if /^bytes=(.*)/ =~ ranges_specifier
-        byte_range_set = split_header_value($1)
-        byte_range_set.collect{|range_spec|
-          case range_spec
-          when /^(\d+)-(\d+)/ then $1.to_i .. $2.to_i
-          when /^(\d+)-/      then $1.to_i .. -1
-          when /^-(\d+)/      then -($1.to_i) .. -1
-          else return nil
-          end
-        }
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :parse_range_header
-
-    ##
-    # Parses q values in +value+ as used in Accept headers.
-
-    def parse_qvalues(value)
-      tmp = []
-      if value
-        parts = value.split(/,\s*/)
-        parts.each {|part|
-          if m = %r{^([^\s,]+?)(?:;\s*q=(\d+(?:\.\d+)?))?$}.match(part)
-            val = m[1]
-            q = (m[2] or 1).to_f
-            tmp.push([val, q])
-          end
-        }
-        tmp = tmp.sort_by{|val, q| -q}
-        tmp.collect!{|val, q| val}
-      end
-      return tmp
-    end
-    module_function :parse_qvalues
-
-    ##
-    # Removes quotes and escapes from +str+
-
-    def dequote(str)
-      ret = (/\A"(.*)"\Z/ =~ str) ? $1 : str.dup
-      ret.gsub!(/\\(.)/, "\\1")
-      ret
-    end
-    module_function :dequote
-
-    ##
-    # Quotes and escapes quotes in +str+
-
-    def quote(str)
-      '"' << str.gsub(/[\\\"]/o, "\\\1") << '"'
-    end
-    module_function :quote
-
-    ##
-    # Stores multipart form data.  FormData objects are created when
-    # WEBrick::HTTPUtils.parse_form_data is called.
-
-    class FormData < String
-      EmptyRawHeader = [].freeze # :nodoc:
-      EmptyHeader = {}.freeze # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # The name of the form data part
-
-      attr_accessor :name
-
-      ##
-      # The filename of the form data part
-
-      attr_accessor :filename
-
-      attr_accessor :next_data # :nodoc:
-      protected :next_data
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a new FormData object.
-      #
-      # +args+ is an Array of form data entries.  One FormData will be created
-      # for each entry.
-      #
-      # This is called by WEBrick::HTTPUtils.parse_form_data for you
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        @name = @filename = @next_data = nil
-        if args.empty?
-          @raw_header = []
-          @header = nil
-          super("")
-        else
-          @raw_header = EmptyRawHeader
-          @header = EmptyHeader
-          super(args.shift)
-          unless args.empty?
-            @next_data = self.class.new(*args)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Retrieves the header at the first entry in +key+
-
-      def [](*key)
-        begin
-          @header[key[0].downcase].join(", ")
-        rescue StandardError, NameError
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Adds +str+ to this FormData which may be the body, a header or a
-      # header entry.
-      #
-      # This is called by WEBrick::HTTPUtils.parse_form_data for you
-
-      def <<(str)
-        if @header
-          super
-        elsif str == CRLF
-          @header = HTTPUtils::parse_header(@raw_header.join)
-          if cd = self['content-disposition']
-            if /\s+name="(.*?)"/ =~ cd then @name = $1 end
-            if /\s+filename="(.*?)"/ =~ cd then @filename = $1 end
-          end
-        else
-          @raw_header << str
-        end
-        self
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Adds +data+ at the end of the chain of entries
-      #
-      # This is called by WEBrick::HTTPUtils.parse_form_data for you.
-
-      def append_data(data)
-        tmp = self
-        while tmp
-          unless tmp.next_data
-            tmp.next_data = data
-            break
-          end
-          tmp = tmp.next_data
-        end
-        self
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Yields each entry in this FormData
-
-      def each_data
-        tmp = self
-        while tmp
-          next_data = tmp.next_data
-          yield(tmp)
-          tmp = next_data
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Returns all the FormData as an Array
-
-      def list
-        ret = []
-        each_data{|data|
-          ret << data.to_s
-        }
-        ret
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # A FormData will behave like an Array
-
-      alias :to_ary :list
-
-      ##
-      # This FormData's body
-
-      def to_s
-        String.new(self)
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Parses the query component of a URI in +str+
-
-    def parse_query(str)
-      query = Hash.new
-      if str
-        str.split(/[&;]/).each{|x|
-          next if x.empty?
-          key, val = x.split(/=/,2)
-          key = unescape_form(key)
-          val = unescape_form(val.to_s)
-          val = FormData.new(val)
-          val.name = key
-          if query.has_key?(key)
-            query[key].append_data(val)
-            next
-          end
-          query[key] = val
-        }
-      end
-      query
-    end
-    module_function :parse_query
-
-    ##
-    # Parses form data in +io+ with the given +boundary+
-
-    def parse_form_data(io, boundary)
-      boundary_regexp = /\A--#{Regexp.quote(boundary)}(--)?#{CRLF}\z/
-      form_data = Hash.new
-      return form_data unless io
-      data = nil
-      io.each_line{|line|
-        if boundary_regexp =~ line
-          if data
-            data.chop!
-            key = data.name
-            if form_data.has_key?(key)
-              form_data[key].append_data(data)
-            else
-              form_data[key] = data
-            end
-          end
-          data = FormData.new
-          next
-        else
-          if data
-            data << line
-          end
-        end
-      }
-      return form_data
-    end
-    module_function :parse_form_data
-
-    #####
-
-    reserved = ';/?:@&=+$,'
-    num      = '0123456789'
-    lowalpha = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
-    upalpha  = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
-    mark     = '-_.!~*\'()'
-    unreserved = num + lowalpha + upalpha + mark
-    control  = (0x0..0x1f).collect{|c| c.chr }.join + "\x7f"
-    space    = " "
-    delims   = '<>#%"'
-    unwise   = '{}|\\^[]`'
-    nonascii = (0x80..0xff).collect{|c| c.chr }.join
-
-    module_function
-
-    # :stopdoc:
-
-    def _make_regex(str) /([#{Regexp.escape(str)}])/n end
-    def _make_regex!(str) /([^#{Regexp.escape(str)}])/n end
-    def _escape(str, regex)
-      str = str.b
-      str.gsub!(regex) {"%%%02X" % $1.ord}
-      # %-escaped string should contain US-ASCII only
-      str.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
-    end
-    def _unescape(str, regex)
-      str = str.b
-      str.gsub!(regex) {$1.hex.chr}
-      # encoding of %-unescaped string is unknown
-      str
-    end
-
-    UNESCAPED = _make_regex(control+space+delims+unwise+nonascii)
-    UNESCAPED_FORM = _make_regex(reserved+control+delims+unwise+nonascii)
-    NONASCII  = _make_regex(nonascii)
-    ESCAPED   = /%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/
-    UNESCAPED_PCHAR = _make_regex!(unreserved+":@&=+$,")
-
-    # :startdoc:
-
-    ##
-    # Escapes HTTP reserved and unwise characters in +str+
-
-    def escape(str)
-      _escape(str, UNESCAPED)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Unescapes HTTP reserved and unwise characters in +str+
-
-    def unescape(str)
-      _unescape(str, ESCAPED)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Escapes form reserved characters in +str+
-
-    def escape_form(str)
-      ret = _escape(str, UNESCAPED_FORM)
-      ret.gsub!(/ /, "+")
-      ret
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Unescapes form reserved characters in +str+
-
-    def unescape_form(str)
-      _unescape(str.gsub(/\+/, " "), ESCAPED)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Escapes path +str+
-
-    def escape_path(str)
-      result = ""
-      str.scan(%r{/([^/]*)}).each{|i|
-        result << "/" << _escape(i[0], UNESCAPED_PCHAR)
-      }
-      return result
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Escapes 8 bit characters in +str+
-
-    def escape8bit(str)
-      _escape(str, NONASCII)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/log.rb b/lib/webrick/log.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7542d8f79a..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/log.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-# log.rb -- Log Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: log.rb,v 1.26 2002/10/06 17:06:10 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # A generic logging class
-
-  class BasicLog
-
-    # Fatal log level which indicates a server crash
-
-    FATAL = 1
-
-    # Error log level which indicates a recoverable error
-
-    ERROR = 2
-
-    # Warning log level which indicates a possible problem
-
-    WARN  = 3
-
-    # Information log level which indicates possibly useful information
-
-    INFO  = 4
-
-    # Debugging error level for messages used in server development or
-    # debugging
-
-    DEBUG = 5
-
-    # log-level, messages above this level will be logged
-    attr_accessor :level
-
-    ##
-    # Initializes a new logger for +log_file+ that outputs messages at +level+
-    # or higher.  +log_file+ can be a filename, an IO-like object that
-    # responds to #<< or nil which outputs to $stderr.
-    #
-    # If no level is given INFO is chosen by default
-
-    def initialize(log_file=nil, level=nil)
-      @level = level || INFO
-      case log_file
-      when String
-        @log = open(log_file, "a+")
-        @log.sync = true
-        @opened = true
-      when NilClass
-        @log = $stderr
-      else
-        @log = log_file  # requires "<<". (see BasicLog#log)
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Closes the logger (also closes the log device associated to the logger)
-    def close
-      @log.close if @opened
-      @log = nil
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Logs +data+ at +level+ if the given level is above the current log
-    # level.
-
-    def log(level, data)
-      if @log && level <= @level
-        data += "\n" if /\n\Z/ !~ data
-        @log << data
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Synonym for log(INFO, obj.to_s)
-    def <<(obj)
-      log(INFO, obj.to_s)
-    end
-
-    # Shortcut for logging a FATAL message
-    def fatal(msg) log(FATAL, "FATAL " << format(msg)); end
-    # Shortcut for logging an ERROR message
-    def error(msg) log(ERROR, "ERROR " << format(msg)); end
-    # Shortcut for logging a WARN message
-    def warn(msg)  log(WARN,  "WARN  " << format(msg)); end
-    # Shortcut for logging an INFO message
-    def info(msg)  log(INFO,  "INFO  " << format(msg)); end
-    # Shortcut for logging a DEBUG message
-    def debug(msg) log(DEBUG, "DEBUG " << format(msg)); end
-
-    # Will the logger output FATAL messages?
-    def fatal?; @level >= FATAL; end
-    # Will the logger output ERROR messages?
-    def error?; @level >= ERROR; end
-    # Will the logger output WARN messages?
-    def warn?;  @level >= WARN; end
-    # Will the logger output INFO messages?
-    def info?;  @level >= INFO; end
-    # Will the logger output DEBUG messages?
-    def debug?; @level >= DEBUG; end
-
-    private
-
-    ##
-    # Formats +arg+ for the logger
-    #
-    # * If +arg+ is an Exception, it will format the error message and
-    #   the back trace.
-    # * If +arg+ responds to #to_str, it will return it.
-    # * Otherwise it will return +arg+.inspect.
-    def format(arg)
-      if arg.is_a?(Exception)
-        "#{arg.class}: #{arg.message}\n\t" <<
-        arg.backtrace.join("\n\t") << "\n"
-      elsif arg.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        arg.to_str
-      else
-        arg.inspect
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # A logging class that prepends a timestamp to each message.
-
-  class Log < BasicLog
-    # Format of the timestamp which is applied to each logged line.  The
-    # default is <tt>"[%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S]"</tt>
-    attr_accessor :time_format
-
-    ##
-    # Same as BasicLog#initialize
-    #
-    # You can set the timestamp format through #time_format
-    def initialize(log_file=nil, level=nil)
-      super(log_file, level)
-      @time_format = "[%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S]"
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Same as BasicLog#log
-    def log(level, data)
-      tmp = Time.now.strftime(@time_format)
-      tmp << " " << data
-      super(level, tmp)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/server.rb b/lib/webrick/server.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e7654d9bb..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/server.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# server.rb -- GenericServer Class
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000, 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: server.rb,v 1.62 2003/07/22 19:20:43 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'thread'
-require 'socket'
-require 'webrick/config'
-require 'webrick/log'
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # Server error exception
-
-  class ServerError < StandardError; end
-
-  ##
-  # Base server class
-
-  class SimpleServer
-
-    ##
-    # A SimpleServer only yields when you start it
-
-    def SimpleServer.start
-      yield
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # A generic module for daemonizing a process
-
-  class Daemon
-
-    ##
-    # Performs the standard operations for daemonizing a process.  Runs a
-    # block, if given.
-
-    def Daemon.start
-      Process.daemon
-      File.umask(0)
-      yield if block_given?
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Base TCP server class.  You must subclass GenericServer and provide a #run
-  # method.
-
-  class GenericServer
-
-    ##
-    # The server status.  One of :Stop, :Running or :Shutdown
-
-    attr_reader :status
-
-    ##
-    # The server configuration
-
-    attr_reader :config
-
-    ##
-    # The server logger.  This is independent from the HTTP access log.
-
-    attr_reader :logger
-
-    ##
-    # Tokens control the number of outstanding clients.  The
-    # <code>:MaxClients</code> configuration sets this.
-
-    attr_reader :tokens
-
-    ##
-    # Sockets listening for connections.
-
-    attr_reader :listeners
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new generic server from +config+.  The default configuration
-    # comes from +default+.
-
-    def initialize(config={}, default=Config::General)
-      @config = default.dup.update(config)
-      @status = :Stop
-      @config[:Logger] ||= Log::new
-      @logger = @config[:Logger]
-
-      @tokens = Thread::SizedQueue.new(@config[:MaxClients])
-      @config[:MaxClients].times{ @tokens.push(nil) }
-
-      webrickv = WEBrick::VERSION
-      rubyv = "#{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
-      @logger.info("WEBrick #{webrickv}")
-      @logger.info("ruby #{rubyv}")
-
-      @listeners = []
-      @shutdown_pipe = nil
-      unless @config[:DoNotListen]
-        if @config[:Listen]
-          warn(":Listen option is deprecated; use GenericServer#listen")
-        end
-        listen(@config[:BindAddress], @config[:Port])
-        if @config[:Port] == 0
-          @config[:Port] = @listeners[0].addr[1]
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Retrieves +key+ from the configuration
-
-    def [](key)
-      @config[key]
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Adds listeners from +address+ and +port+ to the server.  See
-    # WEBrick::Utils::create_listeners for details.
-
-    def listen(address, port)
-      @listeners += Utils::create_listeners(address, port)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Starts the server and runs the +block+ for each connection.  This method
-    # does not return until the server is stopped from a signal handler or
-    # another thread using #stop or #shutdown.
-    #
-    # If the block raises a subclass of StandardError the exception is logged
-    # and ignored.  If an IOError or Errno::EBADF exception is raised the
-    # exception is ignored.  If an Exception subclass is raised the exception
-    # is logged and re-raised which stops the server.
-    #
-    # To completely shut down a server call #shutdown from ensure:
-    #
-    #   server = WEBrick::GenericServer.new
-    #   # or WEBrick::HTTPServer.new
-    #
-    #   begin
-    #     server.start
-    #   ensure
-    #     server.shutdown
-    #   end
-
-    def start(&block)
-      raise ServerError, "already started." if @status != :Stop
-      server_type = @config[:ServerType] || SimpleServer
-
-      setup_shutdown_pipe
-
-      server_type.start{
-        @logger.info \
-          "#{self.class}#start: pid=#{$$} port=#{@config[:Port]}"
-        call_callback(:StartCallback)
-
-        shutdown_pipe = @shutdown_pipe
-
-        thgroup = ThreadGroup.new
-        @status = :Running
-        begin
-          while @status == :Running
-            begin
-              sp = shutdown_pipe[0]
-              if svrs = IO.select([sp, *@listeners], nil, nil, 2.0)
-                if svrs[0].include? sp
-                  # swallow shutdown pipe
-                  buf = String.new
-                  nil while String ===
-                            sp.read_nonblock([sp.nread, 8].max, buf, exception: false)
-                  break
-                end
-                svrs[0].each{|svr|
-                  @tokens.pop          # blocks while no token is there.
-                  if sock = accept_client(svr)
-                    unless config[:DoNotReverseLookup].nil?
-                      sock.do_not_reverse_lookup = !!config[:DoNotReverseLookup]
-                    end
-                    th = start_thread(sock, &block)
-                    th[:WEBrickThread] = true
-                    thgroup.add(th)
-                  else
-                    @tokens.push(nil)
-                  end
-                }
-              end
-            rescue Errno::EBADF, Errno::ENOTSOCK, IOError => ex
-              # if the listening socket was closed in GenericServer#shutdown,
-              # IO::select raise it.
-            rescue StandardError => ex
-              msg = "#{ex.class}: #{ex.message}\n\t#{ex.backtrace[0]}"
-              @logger.error msg
-            rescue Exception => ex
-              @logger.fatal ex
-              raise
-            end
-          end
-        ensure
-          cleanup_shutdown_pipe(shutdown_pipe)
-          cleanup_listener
-          @status = :Shutdown
-          @logger.info "going to shutdown ..."
-          thgroup.list.each{|th| th.join if th[:WEBrickThread] }
-          call_callback(:StopCallback)
-          @logger.info "#{self.class}#start done."
-          @status = :Stop
-        end
-      }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Stops the server from accepting new connections.
-
-    def stop
-      if @status == :Running
-        @status = :Shutdown
-      end
-
-      alarm_shutdown_pipe {|f| f.write_nonblock("\0")}
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Shuts down the server and all listening sockets.  New listeners must be
-    # provided to restart the server.
-
-    def shutdown
-      stop
-
-      alarm_shutdown_pipe(&:close)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # You must subclass GenericServer and implement \#run which accepts a TCP
-    # client socket
-
-    def run(sock)
-      @logger.fatal "run() must be provided by user."
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # :stopdoc:
-
-    ##
-    # Accepts a TCP client socket from the TCP server socket +svr+ and returns
-    # the client socket.
-
-    def accept_client(svr)
-      sock = nil
-      begin
-        sock = svr.accept
-        sock.sync = true
-        Utils::set_non_blocking(sock)
-      rescue Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED,
-             Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINVAL
-      rescue StandardError => ex
-        msg = "#{ex.class}: #{ex.message}\n\t#{ex.backtrace[0]}"
-        @logger.error msg
-      end
-      return sock
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Starts a server thread for the client socket +sock+ that runs the given
-    # +block+.
-    #
-    # Sets the socket to the <code>:WEBrickSocket</code> thread local variable
-    # in the thread.
-    #
-    # If any errors occur in the block they are logged and handled.
-
-    def start_thread(sock, &block)
-      Thread.start{
-        begin
-          Thread.current[:WEBrickSocket] = sock
-          begin
-            addr = sock.peeraddr
-            @logger.debug "accept: #{addr[3]}:#{addr[1]}"
-          rescue SocketError
-            @logger.debug "accept: <address unknown>"
-            raise
-          end
-          call_callback(:AcceptCallback, sock)
-          block ? block.call(sock) : run(sock)
-        rescue Errno::ENOTCONN
-          @logger.debug "Errno::ENOTCONN raised"
-        rescue ServerError => ex
-          msg = "#{ex.class}: #{ex.message}\n\t#{ex.backtrace[0]}"
-          @logger.error msg
-        rescue Exception => ex
-          @logger.error ex
-        ensure
-          @tokens.push(nil)
-          Thread.current[:WEBrickSocket] = nil
-          if addr
-            @logger.debug "close: #{addr[3]}:#{addr[1]}"
-          else
-            @logger.debug "close: <address unknown>"
-          end
-          sock.close
-        end
-      }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Calls the callback +callback_name+ from the configuration with +args+
-
-    def call_callback(callback_name, *args)
-      @config[callback_name]&.call(*args)
-    end
-
-    def setup_shutdown_pipe
-      return @shutdown_pipe ||= IO.pipe
-    end
-
-    def cleanup_shutdown_pipe(shutdown_pipe)
-      @shutdown_pipe = nil
-      shutdown_pipe&.each(&:close)
-    end
-
-    def alarm_shutdown_pipe
-      _, pipe = @shutdown_pipe # another thread may modify @shutdown_pipe.
-      if pipe
-        if !pipe.closed?
-          begin
-            yield pipe
-          rescue IOError # closed by another thread.
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def cleanup_listener
-      @listeners.each{|s|
-        if @logger.debug?
-          addr = s.addr
-          @logger.debug("close TCPSocket(#{addr[2]}, #{addr[1]})")
-        end
-        begin
-          s.shutdown
-        rescue Errno::ENOTCONN
-          # when `Errno::ENOTCONN: Socket is not connected' on some platforms,
-          # call #close instead of #shutdown.
-          # (ignore @config[:ShutdownSocketWithoutClose])
-          s.close
-        else
-          unless @config[:ShutdownSocketWithoutClose]
-            s.close
-          end
-        end
-      }
-      @listeners.clear
-    end
-  end    # end of GenericServer
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/ssl.rb b/lib/webrick/ssl.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d626e149ec..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/ssl.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# ssl.rb -- SSL/TLS enhancement for GenericServer
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2003 GOTOU Yuuzou All rights reserved.
-#
-# $Id$
-
-require 'webrick'
-require 'openssl'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module Config
-    svrsoft = General[:ServerSoftware]
-    osslv = ::OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION.split[1]
-
-    ##
-    # Default SSL server configuration.
-    #
-    # WEBrick can automatically create a self-signed certificate if
-    # <code>:SSLCertName</code> is set.  For more information on the various
-    # SSL options see OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.
-    #
-    # :ServerSoftware       ::
-    #   The server software name used in the Server: header.
-    # :SSLEnable            :: false,
-    #   Enable SSL for this server.  Defaults to false.
-    # :SSLCertificate       ::
-    #   The SSL certificate for the server.
-    # :SSLPrivateKey        ::
-    #   The SSL private key for the server certificate.
-    # :SSLClientCA          :: nil,
-    #   Array of certificates that will be sent to the client.
-    # :SSLExtraChainCert    :: nil,
-    #   Array of certificates that will be added to the certificate chain
-    # :SSLCACertificateFile :: nil,
-    #   Path to a CA certificate file
-    # :SSLCACertificatePath :: nil,
-    #   Path to a directory containing CA certificates
-    # :SSLCertificateStore  :: nil,
-    #   OpenSSL::X509::Store used for certificate validation of the client
-    # :SSLTmpDhCallback     :: nil,
-    #   Callback invoked when DH parameters are required.
-    # :SSLVerifyClient      ::
-    #   Sets whether the client is verified.  This defaults to VERIFY_NONE
-    #   which is typical for an HTTPS server.
-    # :SSLVerifyDepth       ::
-    #   Number of CA certificates to walk when verifying a certificate chain
-    # :SSLVerifyCallback    ::
-    #   Custom certificate verification callback
-    # :SSLTimeout           ::
-    #   Maximum session lifetime
-    # :SSLOptions           ::
-    #   Various SSL options
-    # :SSLCiphers           ::
-    #   Ciphers to be used
-    # :SSLStartImmediately  ::
-    #   Immediately start SSL upon connection?  Defaults to true
-    # :SSLCertName          ::
-    #   SSL certificate name.  Must be set to enable automatic certificate
-    #   creation.
-    # :SSLCertComment       ::
-    #   Comment used during automatic certificate creation.
-
-    SSL = {
-      :ServerSoftware       => "#{svrsoft} OpenSSL/#{osslv}",
-      :SSLEnable            => false,
-      :SSLCertificate       => nil,
-      :SSLPrivateKey        => nil,
-      :SSLClientCA          => nil,
-      :SSLExtraChainCert    => nil,
-      :SSLCACertificateFile => nil,
-      :SSLCACertificatePath => nil,
-      :SSLCertificateStore  => nil,
-      :SSLTmpDhCallback     => nil,
-      :SSLVerifyClient      => ::OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE,
-      :SSLVerifyDepth       => nil,
-      :SSLVerifyCallback    => nil,   # custom verification
-      :SSLTimeout           => nil,
-      :SSLOptions           => nil,
-      :SSLCiphers           => nil,
-      :SSLStartImmediately  => true,
-      # Must specify if you use auto generated certificate.
-      :SSLCertName          => nil,
-      :SSLCertComment       => "Generated by Ruby/OpenSSL"
-    }
-    General.update(SSL)
-  end
-
-  module Utils
-    ##
-    # Creates a self-signed certificate with the given number of +bits+,
-    # the issuer +cn+ and a +comment+ to be stored in the certificate.
-
-    def create_self_signed_cert(bits, cn, comment)
-      rsa = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(bits){|p, n|
-        case p
-        when 0; $stderr.putc "."  # BN_generate_prime
-        when 1; $stderr.putc "+"  # BN_generate_prime
-        when 2; $stderr.putc "*"  # searching good prime,
-                                  # n = #of try,
-                                  # but also data from BN_generate_prime
-        when 3; $stderr.putc "\n" # found good prime, n==0 - p, n==1 - q,
-                                  # but also data from BN_generate_prime
-        else;   $stderr.putc "*"  # BN_generate_prime
-        end
-      }
-      cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
-      cert.version = 2
-      cert.serial = 1
-      name = (cn.kind_of? String) ? OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse(cn)
-                                  : OpenSSL::X509::Name.new(cn)
-      cert.subject = name
-      cert.issuer = name
-      cert.not_before = Time.now
-      cert.not_after = Time.now + (365*24*60*60)
-      cert.public_key = rsa.public_key
-
-      ef = OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.new(nil,cert)
-      ef.issuer_certificate = cert
-      cert.extensions = [
-        ef.create_extension("basicConstraints","CA:FALSE"),
-        ef.create_extension("keyUsage", "keyEncipherment"),
-        ef.create_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier", "hash"),
-        ef.create_extension("extendedKeyUsage", "serverAuth"),
-        ef.create_extension("nsComment", comment),
-      ]
-      aki = ef.create_extension("authorityKeyIdentifier",
-                                "keyid:always,issuer:always")
-      cert.add_extension(aki)
-      cert.sign(rsa, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new)
-
-      return [ cert, rsa ]
-    end
-    module_function :create_self_signed_cert
-  end
-
-  ##
-  #--
-  # Updates WEBrick::GenericServer with SSL functionality
-
-  class GenericServer
-
-    ##
-    # SSL context for the server when run in SSL mode
-
-    def ssl_context # :nodoc:
-      @ssl_context ||= nil
-    end
-
-    undef listen
-
-    ##
-    # Updates +listen+ to enable SSL when the SSL configuration is active.
-
-    def listen(address, port) # :nodoc:
-      listeners = Utils::create_listeners(address, port)
-      if @config[:SSLEnable]
-        unless ssl_context
-          @ssl_context = setup_ssl_context(@config)
-          @logger.info("\n" + @config[:SSLCertificate].to_text)
-        end
-        listeners.collect!{|svr|
-          ssvr = ::OpenSSL::SSL::SSLServer.new(svr, ssl_context)
-          ssvr.start_immediately = @config[:SSLStartImmediately]
-          ssvr
-        }
-      end
-      @listeners += listeners
-      setup_shutdown_pipe
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets up an SSL context for +config+
-
-    def setup_ssl_context(config) # :nodoc:
-      unless config[:SSLCertificate]
-        cn = config[:SSLCertName]
-        comment = config[:SSLCertComment]
-        cert, key = Utils::create_self_signed_cert(1024, cn, comment)
-        config[:SSLCertificate] = cert
-        config[:SSLPrivateKey] = key
-      end
-      ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
-      ctx.key = config[:SSLPrivateKey]
-      ctx.cert = config[:SSLCertificate]
-      ctx.client_ca = config[:SSLClientCA]
-      ctx.extra_chain_cert = config[:SSLExtraChainCert]
-      ctx.ca_file = config[:SSLCACertificateFile]
-      ctx.ca_path = config[:SSLCACertificatePath]
-      ctx.cert_store = config[:SSLCertificateStore]
-      ctx.tmp_dh_callback = config[:SSLTmpDhCallback]
-      ctx.verify_mode = config[:SSLVerifyClient]
-      ctx.verify_depth = config[:SSLVerifyDepth]
-      ctx.verify_callback = config[:SSLVerifyCallback]
-      ctx.timeout = config[:SSLTimeout]
-      ctx.options = config[:SSLOptions]
-      ctx.ciphers = config[:SSLCiphers]
-      ctx
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/utils.rb b/lib/webrick/utils.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b34b6654f..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/utils.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,271 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#
-# utils.rb -- Miscellaneous utilities
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2001 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU Yuuzou
-# Copyright (c) 2002 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: utils.rb,v 1.10 2003/02/16 22:22:54 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-require 'socket'
-require 'io/nonblock'
-require 'etc'
-
-module WEBrick
-  module Utils
-    ##
-    # Sets IO operations on +io+ to be non-blocking
-    def set_non_blocking(io)
-      io.nonblock = true if io.respond_to?(:nonblock=)
-    end
-    module_function :set_non_blocking
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the close on exec flag for +io+
-    def set_close_on_exec(io)
-      io.close_on_exec = true if io.respond_to?(:close_on_exec=)
-    end
-    module_function :set_close_on_exec
-
-    ##
-    # Changes the process's uid and gid to the ones of +user+
-    def su(user)
-      if pw = Etc.getpwnam(user)
-        Process::initgroups(user, pw.gid)
-        Process::Sys::setgid(pw.gid)
-        Process::Sys::setuid(pw.uid)
-      else
-        warn("WEBrick::Utils::su doesn't work on this platform")
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :su
-
-    ##
-    # The server hostname
-    def getservername
-      host = Socket::gethostname
-      begin
-        Socket::gethostbyname(host)[0]
-      rescue
-        host
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :getservername
-
-    ##
-    # Creates TCP server sockets bound to +address+:+port+ and returns them.
-    #
-    # It will create IPV4 and IPV6 sockets on all interfaces.
-    def create_listeners(address, port)
-      unless port
-        raise ArgumentError, "must specify port"
-      end
-      sockets = Socket.tcp_server_sockets(address, port)
-      sockets = sockets.map {|s|
-        s.autoclose = false
-        ts = TCPServer.for_fd(s.fileno)
-        s.close
-        ts
-      }
-      return sockets
-    end
-    module_function :create_listeners
-
-    ##
-    # Characters used to generate random strings
-    RAND_CHARS = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" +
-                 "0123456789" +
-                 "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-
-    ##
-    # Generates a random string of length +len+
-    def random_string(len)
-      rand_max = RAND_CHARS.bytesize
-      ret = ""
-      len.times{ ret << RAND_CHARS[rand(rand_max)] }
-      ret
-    end
-    module_function :random_string
-
-    ###########
-
-    require "thread"
-    require "timeout"
-    require "singleton"
-
-    ##
-    # Class used to manage timeout handlers across multiple threads.
-    #
-    # Timeout handlers should be managed by using the class methods which are
-    # synchronized.
-    #
-    #   id = TimeoutHandler.register(10, Timeout::Error)
-    #   begin
-    #     sleep 20
-    #     puts 'foo'
-    #   ensure
-    #     TimeoutHandler.cancel(id)
-    #   end
-    #
-    # will raise Timeout::Error
-    #
-    #   id = TimeoutHandler.register(10, Timeout::Error)
-    #   begin
-    #     sleep 5
-    #     puts 'foo'
-    #   ensure
-    #     TimeoutHandler.cancel(id)
-    #   end
-    #
-    # will print 'foo'
-    #
-    class TimeoutHandler
-      include Singleton
-
-      ##
-      # Mutex used to synchronize access across threads
-      TimeoutMutex = Thread::Mutex.new # :nodoc:
-
-      ##
-      # Registers a new timeout handler
-      #
-      # +time+:: Timeout in seconds
-      # +exception+:: Exception to raise when timeout elapsed
-      def TimeoutHandler.register(seconds, exception)
-        at = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + seconds
-        instance.register(Thread.current, at, exception)
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Cancels the timeout handler +id+
-      def TimeoutHandler.cancel(id)
-        instance.cancel(Thread.current, id)
-      end
-
-      def self.terminate
-        instance.terminate
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Creates a new TimeoutHandler.  You should use ::register and ::cancel
-      # instead of creating the timeout handler directly.
-      def initialize
-        TimeoutMutex.synchronize{
-          @timeout_info = Hash.new
-        }
-        @queue = Thread::Queue.new
-        @watcher = nil
-      end
-
-      # :nodoc:
-      private \
-        def watch
-          to_interrupt = []
-          while true
-            now = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-            wakeup = nil
-            to_interrupt.clear
-            TimeoutMutex.synchronize{
-              @timeout_info.each {|thread, ary|
-                next unless ary
-                ary.each{|info|
-                  time, exception = *info
-                  if time < now
-                    to_interrupt.push [thread, info.object_id, exception]
-                  elsif !wakeup || time < wakeup
-                    wakeup = time
-                  end
-                }
-              }
-            }
-            to_interrupt.each {|arg| interrupt(*arg)}
-            if !wakeup
-              @queue.pop
-            elsif (wakeup -= now) > 0
-              begin
-                (th = Thread.start {@queue.pop}).join(wakeup)
-              ensure
-                th&.kill&.join
-              end
-            end
-            @queue.clear
-          end
-        end
-
-      # :nodoc:
-      private \
-        def watcher
-          (w = @watcher)&.alive? and return w # usual case
-          TimeoutMutex.synchronize{
-            (w = @watcher)&.alive? and next w # pathological check
-            @watcher = Thread.start(&method(:watch))
-          }
-        end
-
-      ##
-      # Interrupts the timeout handler +id+ and raises +exception+
-      def interrupt(thread, id, exception)
-        if cancel(thread, id) && thread.alive?
-          thread.raise(exception, "execution timeout")
-        end
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Registers a new timeout handler
-      #
-      # +time+:: Timeout in seconds
-      # +exception+:: Exception to raise when timeout elapsed
-      def register(thread, time, exception)
-        info = nil
-        TimeoutMutex.synchronize{
-          (@timeout_info[thread] ||= []) << (info = [time, exception])
-        }
-        @queue.push nil
-        watcher
-        return info.object_id
-      end
-
-      ##
-      # Cancels the timeout handler +id+
-      def cancel(thread, id)
-        TimeoutMutex.synchronize{
-          if ary = @timeout_info[thread]
-            ary.delete_if{|info| info.object_id == id }
-            if ary.empty?
-              @timeout_info.delete(thread)
-            end
-            return true
-          end
-          return false
-        }
-      end
-
-      ##
-      def terminate
-        TimeoutMutex.synchronize{
-          @timeout_info.clear
-          @watcher&.kill&.join
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Executes the passed block and raises +exception+ if execution takes more
-    # than +seconds+.
-    #
-    # If +seconds+ is zero or nil, simply executes the block
-    def timeout(seconds, exception=Timeout::Error)
-      return yield if seconds.nil? or seconds.zero?
-      # raise ThreadError, "timeout within critical session" if Thread.critical
-      id = TimeoutHandler.register(seconds, exception)
-      begin
-        yield(seconds)
-      ensure
-        TimeoutHandler.cancel(id)
-      end
-    end
-    module_function :timeout
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/webrick/version.rb b/lib/webrick/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index da5dac94a9..0000000000
--- a/lib/webrick/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
-#--
-# version.rb -- version and release date
-#
-# Author: IPR -- Internet Programming with Ruby -- writers
-# Copyright (c) 2000 TAKAHASHI Masayoshi, GOTOU YUUZOU
-# Copyright (c) 2003 Internet Programming with Ruby writers. All rights
-# reserved.
-#
-# $IPR: version.rb,v 1.74 2003/07/22 19:20:43 gotoyuzo Exp $
-
-module WEBrick
-
-  ##
-  # The WEBrick version
-
-  VERSION      = "1.3.1"
-end
diff --git a/lib/yaml.rb b/lib/yaml.rb
index 0c33305e1d..17b27e802f 100644
--- a/lib/yaml.rb
+++ b/lib/yaml.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
-##
-# The YAML module is an alias of Psych, the YAML engine for Ruby.
 
 begin
   require 'psych'
 rescue LoadError
-  warn "#{caller[0]}:"
-  warn "It seems your ruby installation is missing psych (for YAML output)."
-  warn "To eliminate this warning, please install libyaml and reinstall your ruby."
+  warn "It seems your ruby installation is missing psych (for YAML output).\n" \
+    "To eliminate this warning, please install libyaml and reinstall your ruby.\n",
+    uplevel: 1
   raise
 end
 
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ YAML = Psych # :nodoc:
 #
 # This module provides a Ruby interface for data serialization in YAML format.
 #
-# The underlying implementation is the libyaml wrapper Psych.
+# The YAML module is an alias of Psych, the YAML engine for Ruby.
 #
 # == Usage
 #
@@ -31,6 +29,9 @@ YAML = Psych # :nodoc:
 #     YAML.dump("foo")     # => "--- foo\n...\n"
 #     { :a => 'b'}.to_yaml  # => "---\n:a: b\n"
 #
+# As the implementation is provided by the Psych library, detailed documentation
+# can be found in that library's docs (also part of standard library).
+#
 # == Security
 #
 # Do not use YAML to load untrusted data. Doing so is unsafe and could allow
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ YAML = Psych # :nodoc:
 #
 # == History
 #
-# Syck was the original for YAML implementation in Ruby's standard library
+# Syck was the original YAML implementation in Ruby's standard library
 # developed by why the lucky stiff.
 #
 # You can still use Syck, if you prefer, for parsing and emitting YAML, but you
@@ -53,8 +54,8 @@ YAML = Psych # :nodoc:
 # For more advanced details on the implementation see Psych, and also check out
 # http://yaml.org for spec details and other helpful information.
 #
-# Psych is maintained by Aaron Patterson on github: https://github.com/tenderlove/psych
+# Psych is maintained by Aaron Patterson on github: https://github.com/ruby/psych
 #
-# Syck can also be found on github: https://github.com/tenderlove/syck
+# Syck can also be found on github: https://github.com/ruby/syck
 module YAML
 end
diff --git a/lib/yaml/yaml.gemspec b/lib/yaml/yaml.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf19b0e0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/yaml/yaml.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "yaml"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
+  spec.authors       = ["Aaron Patterson", "SHIBATA Hiroshi"]
+  spec.email         = ["aaron@tenderlovemaking.com", "hsbt@ruby-lang.org"]
+
+  spec.summary       = "YAML Ain't Markup Language"
+  spec.description   = spec.summary
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/yaml"
+  spec.licenses      = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
+
+  spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
+  spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
+
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
+  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
+  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
+    `git ls-files -z 2>/dev/null`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  end
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+end
diff --git a/libexec/bundle b/libexec/bundle
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1168e5a361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libexec/bundle
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Exit cleanly from an early interrupt
+Signal.trap("INT") do
+  Bundler.ui.debug("\n#{caller.join("\n")}") if defined?(Bundler)
+  exit 1
+end
+
+base_path = File.expand_path("../lib", __dir__)
+
+if File.exist?(base_path)
+  require_relative "../lib/bundler"
+else
+  require "bundler"
+end
+
+# Workaround for non-activated bundler spec due to missing https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/commit/4e306d7bcdee924b8d80ca9db6125aa59ee4e5a3
+gem "bundler", Bundler::VERSION if Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("2.6.2")
+
+# Check if an older version of bundler is installed
+$LOAD_PATH.each do |path|
+  next unless path =~ %r{/bundler-0\.(\d+)} && $1.to_i < 9
+  err = String.new
+  err << "Looks like you have a version of bundler that's older than 0.9.\n"
+  err << "Please remove your old versions.\n"
+  err << "An easy way to do this is by running `gem cleanup bundler`."
+  abort(err)
+end
+
+if File.exist?(base_path)
+  require_relative "../lib/bundler/friendly_errors"
+else
+  require "bundler/friendly_errors"
+end
+
+Bundler.with_friendly_errors do
+  if File.exist?(base_path)
+    require_relative "../lib/bundler/cli"
+  else
+    require "bundler/cli"
+  end
+
+  # Allow any command to use --help flag to show help for that command
+  help_flags = %w[--help -h]
+  help_flag_used = ARGV.any? {|a| help_flags.include? a }
+  args = help_flag_used ? Bundler::CLI.reformatted_help_args(ARGV) : ARGV
+
+  Bundler::CLI.start(args, :debug => true)
+end
diff --git a/libexec/bundler b/libexec/bundler
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..d9131fe834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libexec/bundler
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+load File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
diff --git a/libexec/erb b/libexec/erb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ded76991dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libexec/erb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# Tiny eRuby --- ERB2
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2000,2002 Masatoshi SEKI
+# You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
+
+require 'erb'
+
+class ERB
+  module Main
+    def ARGV.switch
+      return nil if self.empty?
+      arg = self.shift
+      return nil if arg == '--'
+      case arg
+      when /\A-(.)(.*)/
+        if $1 == '-'
+          arg, @maybe_arg = arg.split(/=/, 2)
+          return arg
+        end
+        raise 'unknown switch "-"' if $2[0] == ?- and $1 != 'T'
+        if $2.size > 0
+          self.unshift "-#{$2}"
+          @maybe_arg = $2
+        else
+          @maybe_arg = nil
+        end
+        "-#{$1}"
+      when /\A(\w+)=/
+        arg
+      else
+        self.unshift arg
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ARGV.req_arg
+      (@maybe_arg || self.shift || raise('missing argument')).tap {
+        @maybe_arg = nil
+      }
+    end
+
+    def trim_mode_opt(trim_mode, disable_percent)
+      return trim_mode if disable_percent
+      case trim_mode
+      when 0
+        return '%'
+      when 1
+        return '%>'
+      when 2
+        return '%<>'
+      when '-'
+        return '%-'
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :trim_mode_opt
+
+    def run(factory=ERB)
+      trim_mode = 0
+      disable_percent = false
+      variables = {}
+      begin
+        while switch = ARGV.switch
+          case switch
+          when '-x'                        # ruby source
+            output = true
+          when '-n'                        # line number
+            number = true
+          when '-v'                        # verbose
+            $VERBOSE = true
+          when '--version'                 # version
+            STDERR.puts factory.version
+            exit
+          when '-d', '--debug'             # debug
+            $DEBUG = true
+          when '-r'                        # require
+            require ARGV.req_arg
+          when '-S'                        # security level
+            warn 'warning: -S option of erb command is deprecated. Please do not use this.'
+            arg = ARGV.req_arg
+            raise "invalid safe_level #{arg.dump}" unless arg =~ /\A[0-1]\z/
+            safe_level = arg.to_i
+          when '-T'                        # trim mode
+            arg = ARGV.req_arg
+            if arg == '-'
+              trim_mode = arg
+              next
+            end
+            raise "invalid trim mode #{arg.dump}" unless arg =~ /\A[0-2]\z/
+            trim_mode = arg.to_i
+          when '-E', '--encoding'
+            arg = ARGV.req_arg
+            set_encoding(*arg.split(/:/, 2))
+          when '-U'
+            set_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_8)
+          when '-P'
+            disable_percent = true
+          when '--help'
+            raise "print this help"
+          when /\A-/
+            raise "unknown switch #{switch.dump}"
+          else
+            var, val = *switch.split('=', 2)
+            (variables ||= {})[var] = val
+          end
+        end
+      rescue                               # usage
+        STDERR.puts $!.to_s
+        STDERR.puts File.basename($0) +
+          " [switches] [var=value...] [inputfile]"
+        STDERR.puts <<EOU
+  -x               print ruby script
+  -n               print ruby script with line number
+  -v               enable verbose mode
+  -d               set $DEBUG to true
+  -r library       load a library
+  -E ex[:in]       set default external/internal encodings
+  -U               set default encoding to UTF-8
+  -T trim_mode     specify trim_mode (0..2, -)
+  -P               disable ruby code evaluation for lines beginning with %
+  var=value        set variable
+EOU
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      $<.set_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8, nil)
+      src = $<.read
+      filename = $FILENAME
+      exit 2 unless src
+      trim = trim_mode_opt(trim_mode, disable_percent)
+      if safe_level.nil?
+        erb = factory.new(src, trim_mode: trim)
+      else
+        # [deprecated] This will be removed at Ruby 2.7.
+        erb = factory.new(src, safe_level, trim_mode: trim)
+      end
+      erb.filename = filename
+      if output
+        if number
+          erb.src.each_line.with_index do |line, l|
+            puts "%3d %s"%[l+1, line]
+          end
+        else
+          puts erb.src
+        end
+      else
+        bind = TOPLEVEL_BINDING
+        if variables
+          enc = erb.encoding
+          for var, val in variables do
+            val = val.encode(enc) if val
+            bind.local_variable_set(var, val)
+          end
+        end
+        erb.run(bind)
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :run
+
+    def set_encoding(extern, intern = nil)
+      verbose, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      Encoding.default_external = extern unless extern.nil? || extern == ""
+      Encoding.default_internal = intern unless intern.nil? || intern == ""
+      [$stdin, $stdout, $stderr].each do |io|
+        io.set_encoding(extern, intern)
+      end
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose
+    end
+    module_function :set_encoding
+    class << self; private :set_encoding; end
+  end
+end
+
+ERB::Main.run
diff --git a/libexec/irb b/libexec/irb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..c64ee85fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libexec/irb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+#   irb.rb - interactive ruby
+#   	$Release Version: 0.9.6 $
+#   	$Revision$
+#   	by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)
+#
+
+require "irb"
+
+IRB.start(__FILE__)
diff --git a/libexec/racc b/libexec/racc
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..4507d04962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libexec/racc
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Minero Aoki
+#
+# This program is free software.
+# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# see the file "COPYING".
+
+require 'racc/static'
+require 'optparse'
+
+def main
+  output = nil
+  debug_parser = false
+  make_logfile = false
+  logfilename = nil
+  make_executable = false
+  rubypath = nil
+  embed_runtime = false
+  debug_flags = Racc::DebugFlags.new
+  line_convert = true
+  line_convert_all = false
+  omit_action_call = true
+  superclass = nil
+  check_only = false
+  verbose = false
+  profiler = RaccProfiler.new(false)
+
+  parser = OptionParser.new
+  parser.banner = "Usage: #{File.basename($0)} [options] <input>"
+  parser.on('-o', '--output-file=PATH',
+            'output file name [<input>.tab.rb]') {|name|
+    output = name
+  }
+  parser.on('-t', '--debug', 'Outputs debugging parser.') {|fl|
+    debug_parser = fl
+  }
+  parser.on('-g', 'Equivalent to -t (obsolete).') {|fl|
+    $stderr.puts "racc -g is obsolete.  Use racc -t instead." if $VERBOSE
+    debug_parser = fl
+  }
+  parser.on('-v', '--verbose',
+            'Creates <filename>.output log file.') {|fl|
+    make_logfile = fl
+  }
+  parser.on('-O', '--log-file=PATH',
+            'Log file name [<input>.output]') {|path|
+    make_logfile = true
+    logfilename = path
+  }
+  parser.on('-e', '--executable [RUBYPATH]', 'Makes executable parser.') {|path|
+    make_executable = true
+    rubypath = (path == 'ruby' ? nil : path)
+  }
+  parser.on('-E', '--embedded', "Embeds Racc runtime in output.") {
+    embed_runtime = true
+  }
+  parser.on('--line-convert-all', 'Converts line numbers of user codes.') {
+    line_convert_all = true
+  }
+  parser.on('-l', '--no-line-convert', 'Never convert line numbers.') {
+    line_convert = false
+    line_convert_all = false
+  }
+  parser.on('-a', '--no-omit-actions', 'Never omit actions.') {
+    omit_action_call = false
+  }
+  parser.on('--superclass=CLASSNAME',
+            'Uses CLASSNAME instead of Racc::Parser.') {|name|
+    superclass = name
+  }
+  parser.on('-C', '--check-only', 'Checks syntax and quit immediately.') {|fl|
+    check_only = fl
+  }
+  parser.on('-S', '--output-status', 'Outputs internal status time to time.') {
+    verbose = true
+  }
+  parser.on('-P', 'Enables generator profile') {
+    profiler = RaccProfiler.new(true)
+  }
+  parser.on('-D flags', "Flags for Racc debugging (do not use).") {|flags|
+    debug_flags = Racc::DebugFlags.parse_option_string(flags)
+  }
+  #parser.on('--no-extensions', 'Run Racc without any Ruby extension.') {
+  #  Racc.const_set :Racc_No_Extensions, true
+  #}
+  parser.on('--version', 'Prints version and quit.') {
+    puts "racc version #{Racc::Version}"
+    exit 0
+  }
+  parser.on('--runtime-version', 'Prints runtime version and quit.') {
+    printf "racc runtime version %s; %s\n",
+           Racc::Parser::Racc_Runtime_Version,
+           if Racc::Parser.racc_runtime_type == 'ruby'
+             sprintf('ruby core version %s',
+                     Racc::Parser::Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_R)
+           else
+             sprintf('c core version %s',
+                     Racc::Parser::Racc_Runtime_Core_Version_C)
+           end
+    exit 0
+  }
+  parser.on('--copyright', 'Prints copyright and quit.') {
+    puts Racc::Copyright
+    exit 0
+  }
+  parser.on('--help', 'Prints this message and quit.') {
+    puts parser.help
+    exit 1
+  }
+  begin
+    parser.parse!
+  rescue OptionParser::ParseError => err
+    $stderr.puts err.message
+    $stderr.puts parser.help
+    exit 1
+  end
+  if ARGV.empty?
+    $stderr.puts 'no input'
+    exit 1
+  end
+  if ARGV.size > 1
+    $stderr.puts 'too many input'
+    exit 1
+  end
+  input = ARGV[0]
+
+  begin
+    $stderr.puts 'Parsing grammar file...' if verbose
+    result = profiler.section('parse') {
+      parser = Racc::GrammarFileParser.new(debug_flags)
+      parser.parse(File.read(input), File.basename(input))
+    }
+    if check_only
+      $stderr.puts 'syntax ok'
+      exit 0
+    end
+
+    $stderr.puts 'Generating LALR states...' if verbose
+    states = profiler.section('nfa') {
+      Racc::States.new(result.grammar).nfa
+    }
+
+    $stderr.puts "Resolving #{states.size} states..." if verbose
+    profiler.section('dfa') {
+      states.dfa
+    }
+
+    $stderr.puts 'Creating parser file...' if verbose
+    params = result.params.dup
+    # Overwrites parameters given by a grammar file with command line options.
+    params.superclass = superclass if superclass
+    params.omit_action_call = true if omit_action_call
+    # From command line option
+    if make_executable
+      params.make_executable = true
+      params.interpreter = rubypath
+    end
+    params.debug_parser = debug_parser
+    params.convert_line = line_convert
+    params.convert_line_all = line_convert_all
+    params.embed_runtime = embed_runtime
+    profiler.section('generation') {
+      generator = Racc::ParserFileGenerator.new(states, params)
+      generator.generate_parser_file(output || make_filename(input, '.tab.rb'))
+    }
+
+    if make_logfile
+      profiler.section('logging') {
+        $stderr.puts 'Creating log file...' if verbose
+        logfilename ||= make_filename(output || File.basename(input), '.output')
+        File.open(logfilename, 'w') {|f|
+          Racc::LogFileGenerator.new(states, debug_flags).output f
+        }
+      }
+    end
+    if debug_flags.status_logging
+      log_useless states.grammar
+      log_conflict states
+    else
+      has_useless = report_useless states.grammar
+      has_conflicts = report_conflict states
+      if has_useless || has_conflicts
+        preamble = make_logfile ? 'C' : 'Turn on logging with "-v" and c'
+        $stderr.puts %Q{#{preamble}heck ".output" file for details}
+      end
+    end
+
+    profiler.report
+  rescue Racc::Error, Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EPERM => err
+    raise if $DEBUG or debug_flags.any?
+    lineno = err.message.slice(/\A\d+:/).to_s
+    $stderr.puts "#{File.basename $0}: #{input}:#{lineno} #{err.message.strip}"
+    exit 1
+  end
+end
+
+def make_filename(path, suffix)
+  path.sub(/(?:\..*?)?\z/, suffix)
+end
+
+LIST_LIMIT = 10
+def report_list(enum, label)
+  c = enum.count
+  if c > 0
+    $stderr.puts "#{c} #{label}:"
+    enum.first(LIST_LIMIT).each do |item|
+      $stderr.puts "  #{yield item}"
+    end
+    $stderr.puts "  ..." if c > LIST_LIMIT
+  end
+end
+
+# @return [Boolean] if anything was reported
+def report_conflict(states)
+  if states.should_report_srconflict?
+    reported = true
+    $stderr.puts "#{states.n_srconflicts} shift/reduce conflicts"
+  end
+  if states.rrconflict_exist?
+    reported = true
+    $stderr.puts "#{states.n_rrconflicts} reduce/reduce conflicts"
+  end
+  reported
+end
+
+def log_conflict(states)
+  logging('w') {|f|
+    f.puts "ex#{states.grammar.n_expected_srconflicts}"
+    if states.should_report_srconflict?
+      f.puts "sr#{states.n_srconflicts}"
+    end
+    if states.rrconflict_exist?
+      f.puts "rr#{states.n_rrconflicts}"
+    end
+  }
+end
+
+# @return [Boolean] if anything was reported
+def report_useless(grammar)
+  reported = report_list(grammar.each_useless_nonterminal, 'useless nonterminals', &:to_s)
+
+  reported ||= report_list(grammar.each_useless_rule, 'useless rules') { |r| "##{r.ident} (#{r.target})" }
+
+  if grammar.start.useless?
+    $stderr.puts 'fatal: start symbol does not derive any sentence'
+    reported = true
+  end
+  reported
+end
+
+def log_useless(grammar)
+  logging('a') {|f|
+    if grammar.useless_nonterminal_exist?
+      f.puts "un#{grammar.n_useless_nonterminals}"
+    end
+    if grammar.useless_rule_exist?
+      f.puts "ur#{grammar.n_useless_rules}"
+    end
+  }
+end
+
+def logging(mode, &block)
+  File.open("log/#{File.basename(ARGV[0])}", mode, &block)
+end
+
+class RaccProfiler
+  def initialize(really)
+    @really = really
+    @log = []
+    unless ::Process.respond_to?(:times)
+      # Ruby 1.6
+      @class = ::Time
+    else
+      @class = ::Process
+    end
+  end
+
+  def section(name)
+    if @really
+      t1 = @class.times.utime
+      result = yield
+      t2 = @class.times.utime
+      @log.push [name, t2 - t1]
+      result
+    else
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  def report
+    return unless @really
+    f = $stderr
+    total = cumulative_time()
+    f.puts '--task-----------+--sec------+---%-'
+    @log.each do |name, time|
+      f.printf "%-19s %s %3d%%\n", name, pjust(time,4,4), (time/total*100).to_i
+    end
+    f.puts '-----------------+-----------+-----'
+    f.printf "%-20s%s\n", 'total', pjust(total,4,4)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def cumulative_time
+    t = @log.inject(0) {|sum, (name, time)| sum + time }
+    t == 0 ? 0.01 : t
+  end
+
+  def pjust(num, i, j)
+    m = /(\d+)(\.\d+)?/.match(num.to_s)
+    str = m[1].rjust(i)
+    str.concat m[2].ljust(j+1)[0,j+1] if m[2]
+    str
+  end
+end
+
+main
diff --git a/libexec/rdoc b/libexec/rdoc
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..aaa23292df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libexec/rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+#  RDoc: Documentation tool for source code
+#        (see lib/rdoc/rdoc.rb for more information)
+#
+#  Copyright (c) 2003 Dave Thomas
+#  Released under the same terms as Ruby
+
+begin
+  gem 'rdoc'
+rescue NameError => e # --disable-gems
+  raise unless e.name == :gem
+rescue Gem::LoadError
+end
+
+require 'rdoc/rdoc'
+
+begin
+  r = RDoc::RDoc.new
+  r.document ARGV
+rescue Errno::ENOSPC
+  $stderr.puts 'Ran out of space creating documentation'
+  $stderr.puts
+  $stderr.puts 'Please free up some space and try again'
+rescue SystemExit
+  raise
+rescue Exception => e
+  if $DEBUG_RDOC then
+    $stderr.puts e.message
+    $stderr.puts "#{e.backtrace.join "\n\t"}"
+    $stderr.puts
+  elsif Interrupt === e then
+    $stderr.puts
+    $stderr.puts 'Interrupted'
+  else
+    $stderr.puts "uh-oh! RDoc had a problem:"
+    $stderr.puts e.message
+    $stderr.puts
+    $stderr.puts "run with --debug for full backtrace"
+  end
+
+  exit 1
+end
+
diff --git a/libexec/ri b/libexec/ri
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..7fbed0c099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libexec/ri
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+begin
+  gem 'rdoc'
+rescue NameError => e # --disable-gems
+  raise unless e.name == :gem
+rescue Gem::LoadError
+end
+
+require 'rdoc/ri/driver'
+
+RDoc::RI::Driver.run ARGV
diff --git a/load.c b/load.c
index 854d56a9d9..3dcc40bbe9 100644
--- a/load.c
+++ b/load.c
@@ -2,11 +2,20 @@
  * load methods from eval.c
  */
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
 #include "dln.h"
 #include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/dir.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/load.h"
+#include "internal/parse.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
 #include "probes.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
 
 static VALUE ruby_dln_librefs;
 
@@ -26,12 +35,10 @@ static const char *const loadable_ext[] = {
     0
 };
 
-VALUE
-rb_get_load_path(void)
-{
-    VALUE load_path = GET_VM()->load_path;
-    return load_path;
-}
+static const char *const ruby_ext[] = {
+    ".rb",
+    0
+};
 
 enum expand_type {
     EXPAND_ALL,
@@ -53,7 +60,6 @@ rb_construct_expanded_load_path(enum expand_type type, int *has_relative, int *h
     VALUE expanded_load_path = vm->expanded_load_path;
     VALUE ary;
     long i;
-    int level = rb_safe_level();
 
     ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(RARRAY_LEN(load_path));
     for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(load_path); ++i) {
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ rb_construct_expanded_load_path(enum expand_type type, int *has_relative, int *h
 	as_str = path = RARRAY_AREF(load_path, i);
 	is_string = RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING) ? 1 : 0;
 	non_cache = !is_string ? 1 : 0;
-	as_str = rb_get_path_check_to_string(path, level);
+        as_str = rb_get_path_check_to_string(path);
 	as_cstr = RSTRING_PTR(as_str);
 
 	if (!non_cache) {
@@ -84,9 +90,9 @@ rb_construct_expanded_load_path(enum expand_type type, int *has_relative, int *h
 	/* Freeze only string object. We expand other objects every time. */
 	if (is_string)
 	    rb_str_freeze(path);
-	as_str = rb_get_path_check_convert(path, as_str, level);
-	expanded_path = rb_file_expand_path_fast(as_str, Qnil);
-	rb_str_freeze(expanded_path);
+        as_str = rb_get_path_check_convert(as_str);
+	expanded_path = rb_check_realpath(Qnil, as_str, NULL);
+	if (NIL_P(expanded_path)) expanded_path = as_str;
 	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring(expanded_path));
     }
     rb_obj_freeze(ary);
@@ -94,15 +100,6 @@ rb_construct_expanded_load_path(enum expand_type type, int *has_relative, int *h
     rb_ary_replace(vm->load_path_snapshot, vm->load_path);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-load_path_getcwd(void)
-{
-    char *cwd = my_getcwd();
-    VALUE cwd_str = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(cwd);
-    xfree(cwd);
-    return cwd_str;
-}
-
 VALUE
 rb_get_expanded_load_path(void)
 {
@@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ rb_get_expanded_load_path(void)
 	int has_relative = 0, has_non_cache = 0;
 	rb_construct_expanded_load_path(EXPAND_ALL, &has_relative, &has_non_cache);
 	if (has_relative) {
-	    vm->load_path_check_cache = load_path_getcwd();
+	    vm->load_path_check_cache = rb_dir_getwd_ospath();
 	}
 	else if (has_non_cache) {
 	    /* Non string object. */
@@ -132,7 +129,7 @@ rb_get_expanded_load_path(void)
     }
     else if (vm->load_path_check_cache) {
 	int has_relative = 1, has_non_cache = 1;
-	VALUE cwd = load_path_getcwd();
+	VALUE cwd = rb_dir_getwd_ospath();
 	if (!rb_str_equal(vm->load_path_check_cache, cwd)) {
 	    /* Current working directory or filesystem encoding was changed.
 	       Expand relative load path and non-cacheable objects again. */
@@ -150,8 +147,9 @@ rb_get_expanded_load_path(void)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-load_path_getter(ID id, rb_vm_t *vm)
+load_path_getter(ID id, VALUE * p)
 {
+    rb_vm_t *vm = (void *)p;
     return vm->load_path;
 }
 
@@ -161,6 +159,12 @@ get_loaded_features(void)
     return GET_VM()->loaded_features;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+get_LOADED_FEATURES(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
+{
+    return get_loaded_features();
+}
+
 static void
 reset_loaded_features_snapshot(void)
 {
@@ -180,35 +184,75 @@ get_loading_table(void)
     return GET_VM()->loading_table;
 }
 
+static st_data_t
+feature_key(const char *str, size_t len)
+{
+    return st_hash(str, len, 0xfea7009e);
+}
+
+static bool
+is_rbext_path(VALUE feature_path)
+{
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(feature_path);
+    long rbext_len = rb_strlen_lit(".rb");
+    if (len <= rbext_len) return false;
+    return IS_RBEXT(RSTRING_PTR(feature_path) + len - rbext_len);
+}
+
 static void
-features_index_add_single(VALUE short_feature, VALUE offset)
+features_index_add_single(const char* str, size_t len, VALUE offset, bool rb)
 {
     struct st_table *features_index;
     VALUE this_feature_index = Qnil;
-    char *short_feature_cstr;
+    st_data_t short_feature_key;
 
     Check_Type(offset, T_FIXNUM);
-    Check_Type(short_feature, T_STRING);
-    short_feature_cstr = StringValueCStr(short_feature);
+    short_feature_key = feature_key(str, len);
 
     features_index = get_loaded_features_index_raw();
-    st_lookup(features_index, (st_data_t)short_feature_cstr, (st_data_t *)&this_feature_index);
+    st_lookup(features_index, short_feature_key, (st_data_t *)&this_feature_index);
 
     if (NIL_P(this_feature_index)) {
-	st_insert(features_index, (st_data_t)ruby_strdup(short_feature_cstr), (st_data_t)offset);
+	st_insert(features_index, short_feature_key, (st_data_t)offset);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(this_feature_index, T_FIXNUM)) {
+	VALUE loaded_features = get_loaded_features();
+	VALUE this_feature_path = RARRAY_AREF(loaded_features, FIX2LONG(this_feature_index));
 	VALUE feature_indexes[2];
-	feature_indexes[0] = this_feature_index;
-	feature_indexes[1] = offset;
+	int top = (rb && !is_rbext_path(this_feature_path)) ? 1 : 0;
+	feature_indexes[top^0] = this_feature_index;
+	feature_indexes[top^1] = offset;
 	this_feature_index = (VALUE)xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct RArray));
 	RBASIC(this_feature_index)->flags = T_ARRAY; /* fake VALUE, do not mark/sweep */
 	rb_ary_cat(this_feature_index, feature_indexes, numberof(feature_indexes));
-	st_insert(features_index, (st_data_t)short_feature_cstr, (st_data_t)this_feature_index);
+	st_insert(features_index, short_feature_key, (st_data_t)this_feature_index);
     }
     else {
+        long pos = -1;
+
 	Check_Type(this_feature_index, T_ARRAY);
+        if (rb) {
+            VALUE loaded_features = get_loaded_features();
+            for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(this_feature_index); ++i) {
+                VALUE idx = RARRAY_AREF(this_feature_index, i);
+                VALUE this_feature_path = RARRAY_AREF(loaded_features, FIX2LONG(idx));
+                Check_Type(this_feature_path, T_STRING);
+                if (!is_rbext_path(this_feature_path)) {
+                    /* as this_feature_index is a fake VALUE, `push` (which
+                     * doesn't wb_unprotect like as rb_ary_splice) first,
+                     * then rotate partially. */
+                    pos = i;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
 	rb_ary_push(this_feature_index, offset);
+        if (pos >= 0) {
+            VALUE *ptr = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(this_feature_index);
+            long len = RARRAY_LEN(this_feature_index);
+            MEMMOVE(ptr + pos, ptr + pos + 1, VALUE, len - pos - 1);
+            ptr[pos] = offset;
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -223,8 +267,8 @@ features_index_add_single(VALUE short_feature, VALUE offset)
 static void
 features_index_add(VALUE feature, VALUE offset)
 {
-    VALUE short_feature;
     const char *feature_str, *feature_end, *ext, *p;
+    bool rb = false;
 
     feature_str = StringValuePtr(feature);
     feature_end = feature_str + RSTRING_LEN(feature);
@@ -234,31 +278,27 @@ features_index_add(VALUE feature, VALUE offset)
 	    break;
     if (*ext != '.')
 	ext = NULL;
+    else
+        rb = IS_RBEXT(ext);
     /* Now `ext` points to the only string matching %r{^\.[^./]*$} that is
        at the end of `feature`, or is NULL if there is no such string. */
 
     p = ext ? ext : feature_end;
     while (1) {
-	long beg;
-
 	p--;
 	while (p >= feature_str && *p != '/')
 	    p--;
 	if (p < feature_str)
 	    break;
 	/* Now *p == '/'.  We reach this point for every '/' in `feature`. */
-	beg = p + 1 - feature_str;
-	short_feature = rb_str_subseq(feature, beg, feature_end - p - 1);
-	features_index_add_single(short_feature, offset);
+	features_index_add_single(p + 1, feature_end - p - 1, offset, false);
 	if (ext) {
-	    short_feature = rb_str_subseq(feature, beg, ext - p - 1);
-	    features_index_add_single(short_feature, offset);
+	    features_index_add_single(p + 1, ext - p - 1, offset, rb);
 	}
     }
-    features_index_add_single(feature, offset);
+    features_index_add_single(feature_str, feature_end - feature_str, offset, false);
     if (ext) {
-	short_feature = rb_str_subseq(feature, 0, ext - feature_str);
-	features_index_add_single(short_feature, offset);
+	features_index_add_single(feature_str, ext - feature_str, offset, rb);
     }
 }
 
@@ -268,9 +308,8 @@ loaded_features_index_clear_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
     VALUE obj = (VALUE)val;
     if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
 	rb_ary_free(obj);
-	xfree((void *)obj);
+	ruby_sized_xfree((void *)obj, sizeof(struct RArray));
     }
-    xfree((char *)key);
     return ST_DELETE;
 }
 
@@ -383,6 +422,7 @@ rb_feature_p(const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const c
     long i, len, elen, n;
     st_table *loading_tbl, *features_index;
     st_data_t data;
+    st_data_t key;
     int type;
 
     if (fn) *fn = 0;
@@ -399,7 +439,8 @@ rb_feature_p(const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const c
     features = get_loaded_features();
     features_index = get_loaded_features_index();
 
-    st_lookup(features_index, (st_data_t)feature, (st_data_t *)&this_feature_index);
+    key = feature_key(feature, strlen(feature));
+    st_lookup(features_index, key, (st_data_t *)&this_feature_index);
     /* We search `features` for an entry such that either
          "#{features[i]}" == "#{load_path[j]}/#{feature}#{e}"
        for some j, or
@@ -482,9 +523,7 @@ rb_feature_p(const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const c
     }
     if (st_get_key(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)feature, &data)) {
 	if (fn) *fn = (const char*)data;
-      loading:
-	if (!ext) return 'u';
-	return !IS_RBEXT(ext) ? 's' : 'r';
+        goto loading;
     }
     else {
 	VALUE bufstr;
@@ -516,6 +555,10 @@ rb_feature_p(const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const c
 	rb_str_resize(bufstr, 0);
     }
     return 0;
+
+  loading:
+    if (!ext) return 'u';
+    return !IS_RBEXT(ext) ? 's' : 'r';
 }
 
 int
@@ -563,6 +606,7 @@ rb_provide_feature(VALUE feature)
     }
     rb_str_freeze(feature);
 
+    get_loaded_features_index();
     rb_ary_push(features, rb_fstring(feature));
     features_index_add(feature, INT2FIX(RARRAY_LEN(features)-1));
     reset_loaded_features_snapshot();
@@ -571,52 +615,53 @@ rb_provide_feature(VALUE feature)
 void
 rb_provide(const char *feature)
 {
-    rb_provide_feature(rb_usascii_str_new2(feature));
+    rb_provide_feature(rb_fstring_cstr(feature));
 }
 
 NORETURN(static void load_failed(VALUE));
-const rb_iseq_t *rb_iseq_load_iseq(VALUE fname);
 
-static int
-rb_load_internal0(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE fname, int wrap)
+static inline void
+load_iseq_eval(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_load_iseq(fname);
+
+    if (!iseq) {
+        rb_ast_t *ast;
+        VALUE parser = rb_parser_new();
+        rb_parser_set_context(parser, NULL, FALSE);
+        ast = (rb_ast_t *)rb_parser_load_file(parser, fname);
+        iseq = rb_iseq_new_top(&ast->body, rb_fstring_lit("<top (required)>"),
+                               fname, rb_realpath_internal(Qnil, fname, 1), NULL);
+        rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+    }
+    rb_exec_event_hook_script_compiled(ec, iseq, Qnil);
+    rb_iseq_eval(iseq);
+}
+
+static inline enum ruby_tag_type
+load_wrapping(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname)
 {
-    int state;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
+    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
     volatile VALUE wrapper = th->top_wrapper;
     volatile VALUE self = th->top_self;
 #if !defined __GNUC__
     rb_thread_t *volatile th0 = th;
 #endif
 
-    th->errinfo = Qnil; /* ensure */
-
-    if (!wrap) {
-	th->top_wrapper = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	/* load in anonymous module as toplevel */
-	th->top_self = rb_obj_clone(rb_vm_top_self());
-	th->top_wrapper = rb_module_new();
-	rb_extend_object(th->top_self, th->top_wrapper);
-    }
+    ec->errinfo = Qnil; /* ensure */
 
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    state = EXEC_TAG();
-    if (state == 0) {
-	NODE *node;
-	const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    /* load in anonymous module as toplevel */
+    th->top_self = rb_obj_clone(rb_vm_top_self());
+    th->top_wrapper = rb_module_new();
+    rb_extend_object(th->top_self, th->top_wrapper);
 
-	if ((iseq = rb_iseq_load_iseq(fname)) != NULL) {
-	    /* OK */
-	}
-	else {
-	    VALUE parser = rb_parser_new();
-	    rb_parser_set_context(parser, NULL, FALSE);
-	    node = (NODE *)rb_parser_load_file(parser, fname);
-	    iseq = rb_iseq_new_top(node, rb_str_new2("<top (required)>"), fname, rb_realpath_internal(Qnil, fname, 1), NULL);
-	}
-	rb_iseq_eval(iseq);
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    state = EC_EXEC_TAG();
+    if (state == TAG_NONE) {
+        load_iseq_eval(ec, fname);
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
+    EC_POP_TAG();
 
 #if !defined __GNUC__
     th = th0;
@@ -624,87 +669,98 @@ rb_load_internal0(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE fname, int wrap)
 #endif
     th->top_self = self;
     th->top_wrapper = wrapper;
+    return state;
+}
 
+static inline void
+raise_load_if_failed(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type state)
+{
     if (state) {
-	VALUE exc = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, Qundef);
-	if (NIL_P(exc)) return state;
-	th->errinfo = exc;
-	return TAG_RAISE;
+        rb_vm_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state);
     }
 
-    if (!NIL_P(th->errinfo)) {
-	/* exception during load */
-	return TAG_RAISE;
+    if (!NIL_P(ec->errinfo)) {
+        rb_exc_raise(ec->errinfo);
     }
-    return state;
 }
 
 static void
 rb_load_internal(VALUE fname, int wrap)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *curr_th = GET_THREAD();
-    int state = rb_load_internal0(curr_th, fname, wrap);
-    if (state) {
-	if (state == TAG_RAISE) rb_exc_raise(curr_th->errinfo);
-	TH_JUMP_TAG(curr_th, state);
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    enum ruby_tag_type state = TAG_NONE;
+    if (wrap) {
+        state = load_wrapping(ec, fname);
     }
-}
-
-static VALUE
-file_to_load(VALUE fname)
-{
-    VALUE tmp = rb_find_file(FilePathValue(fname));
-    if (!tmp) load_failed(fname);
-    return tmp;
+    else {
+        load_iseq_eval(ec, fname);
+    }
+    raise_load_if_failed(ec, state);
 }
 
 void
 rb_load(VALUE fname, int wrap)
 {
-    rb_load_internal(file_to_load(fname), wrap);
+    VALUE tmp = rb_find_file(FilePathValue(fname));
+    if (!tmp) load_failed(fname);
+    rb_load_internal(tmp, wrap);
 }
 
 void
-rb_load_protect(VALUE fname, int wrap, int *state)
+rb_load_protect(VALUE fname, int wrap, int *pstate)
 {
-    int status;
-    volatile VALUE path = 0;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
 
-    PUSH_TAG();
-    if ((status = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	path = file_to_load(fname);
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(GET_EC());
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
+        rb_load(fname, wrap);
     }
-    POP_TAG();
-    if (!status) status = rb_load_internal0(GET_THREAD(), path, wrap);
-    if (state)
-	*state = status;
+    EC_POP_TAG();
+
+    if (state != TAG_NONE) *pstate = state;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     load(filename, wrap=false)   -> true
  *
- *  Loads and executes the Ruby
- *  program in the file _filename_. If the filename does not
- *  resolve to an absolute path, the file is searched for in the library
- *  directories listed in <code>$:</code>. If the optional _wrap_
- *  parameter is +true+, the loaded script will be executed
- *  under an anonymous module, protecting the calling program's global
- *  namespace. In no circumstance will any local variables in the loaded
- *  file be propagated to the loading environment.
+ *  Loads and executes the Ruby program in the file _filename_.
+ *
+ *  If the filename is an absolute path (e.g. starts with '/'), the file
+ *  will be loaded directly using the absolute path.
+ *
+ *  If the filename is an explicit relative path (e.g. starts with './' or
+ *  '../'), the file will be loaded using the relative path from the current
+ *  directory.
+ *
+ *  Otherwise, the file will be searched for in the library
+ *  directories listed in <code>$LOAD_PATH</code> (<code>$:</code>).
+ *  If the file is found in a directory, it will attempt to load the file
+ *  relative to that directory.  If the file is not found in any of the
+ *  directories in <code>$LOAD_PATH</code>, the file will be loaded using
+ *  the relative path from the current directory.
+ *
+ *  If the file doesn't exist when there is an attempt to load it, a
+ *  LoadError will be raised.
+ *
+ *  If the optional _wrap_ parameter is +true+, the loaded script will
+ *  be executed under an anonymous module, protecting the calling
+ *  program's global namespace. In no circumstance will any local
+ *  variables in the loaded file be propagated to the loading
+ *  environment.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_load(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE fname, wrap, path, orig_fname;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &fname, &wrap);
 
-    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(LOAD_ENTRY, StringValuePtr(fname));
-
-    orig_fname = rb_get_path_check_to_string(fname, rb_safe_level());
+    orig_fname = rb_get_path_check_to_string(fname);
     fname = rb_str_encode_ospath(orig_fname);
+    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(LOAD_ENTRY, RSTRING_PTR(orig_fname));
+
     path = rb_find_file(fname);
     if (!path) {
 	if (!rb_file_load_ok(RSTRING_PTR(fname)))
@@ -713,7 +769,7 @@ rb_f_load(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     }
     rb_load_internal(path, RTEST(wrap));
 
-    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(LOAD_RETURN, StringValuePtr(fname));
+    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(LOAD_RETURN, RSTRING_PTR(orig_fname));
 
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -731,17 +787,18 @@ load_lock(const char *ftptr)
 	st_insert(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, data);
 	return (char *)ftptr;
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P((VALUE)data, T_IMEMO) && imemo_type((VALUE)data) == imemo_memo) {
+    else if (imemo_type_p(data, imemo_memo)) {
 	struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(data);
-	void (*init)(void) = (void (*)(void))memo->u3.func;
+        void (*init)(void) = memo->u3.func;
 	data = (st_data_t)rb_thread_shield_new();
 	st_insert(loading_tbl, (st_data_t)ftptr, data);
 	(*init)();
 	return (char *)"";
     }
     if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
-	rb_warning("loading in progress, circular require considered harmful - %s", ftptr);
-	rb_backtrace_print_to(rb_stderr);
+	VALUE warning = rb_warning_string("loading in progress, circular require considered harmful - %s", ftptr);
+	rb_backtrace_each(rb_str_append, warning);
+	rb_warning("%"PRIsVALUE, warning);
     }
     switch (rb_thread_shield_wait((VALUE)data)) {
       case Qfalse:
@@ -788,8 +845,10 @@ load_unlock(const char *ftptr, int done)
  *  Loads the given +name+, returning +true+ if successful and +false+ if the
  *  feature is already loaded.
  *
- *  If the filename does not resolve to an absolute path, it will be searched
- *  for in the directories listed in <code>$LOAD_PATH</code> (<code>$:</code>).
+ *  If the filename neither resolves to an absolute path nor starts with
+ *  './' or '../', the file will be searched for in the library
+ *  directories listed in <code>$LOAD_PATH</code> (<code>$:</code>).
+ *  If the filename starts with './' or '../', resolution is based on Dir.pwd.
  *
  *  If the filename has the extension ".rb", it is loaded as a source file; if
  *  the extension is ".so", ".o", or ".dll", or the default shared library
@@ -820,7 +879,7 @@ load_unlock(const char *ftptr, int done)
 VALUE
 rb_f_require(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 {
-    return rb_require_safe(fname, rb_safe_level());
+    return rb_require_string(fname);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -839,11 +898,13 @@ rb_f_require_relative(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 	rb_loaderror("cannot infer basepath");
     }
     base = rb_file_dirname(base);
-    return rb_require_safe(rb_file_absolute_path(fname, base), rb_safe_level());
+    return rb_require_string(rb_file_absolute_path(fname, base));
 }
 
+typedef int (*feature_func)(const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn);
+
 static int
-search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
+search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, feature_func rb_feature_p)
 {
     VALUE tmp;
     char *ext, *ftptr;
@@ -858,7 +919,7 @@ search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
 		if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
 		return 'r';
 	    }
-	    if ((tmp = rb_find_file_safe(fname, safe_level)) != 0) {
+            if ((tmp = rb_find_file(fname)) != 0) {
 		ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
 		if (!rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, TRUE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
 		    *path = tmp;
@@ -874,7 +935,7 @@ search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
 	    tmp = rb_str_subseq(fname, 0, ext - RSTRING_PTR(fname));
 #ifdef DLEXT2
 	    OBJ_FREEZE(tmp);
-	    if (rb_find_file_ext_safe(&tmp, loadable_ext + 1, safe_level)) {
+            if (rb_find_file_ext(&tmp, loadable_ext + 1)) {
 		ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
 		if (!rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, FALSE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
 		    *path = tmp;
@@ -883,7 +944,7 @@ search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
 #else
 	    rb_str_cat2(tmp, DLEXT);
 	    OBJ_FREEZE(tmp);
-	    if ((tmp = rb_find_file_safe(tmp, safe_level)) != 0) {
+            if ((tmp = rb_find_file(tmp)) != 0) {
 		ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
 		if (!rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, FALSE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
 		    *path = tmp;
@@ -896,7 +957,7 @@ search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
 		if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
 		return 's';
 	    }
-	    if ((tmp = rb_find_file_safe(fname, safe_level)) != 0) {
+            if ((tmp = rb_find_file(fname)) != 0) {
 		ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
 		if (!rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, FALSE, TRUE, &loading) || loading)
 		    *path = tmp;
@@ -909,7 +970,7 @@ search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
 	return 'r';
     }
     tmp = fname;
-    type = rb_find_file_ext_safe(&tmp, loadable_ext, safe_level);
+    type = rb_find_file_ext(&tmp, ft == 's' ? ruby_ext : loadable_ext);
     switch (type) {
       case 0:
 	if (ft)
@@ -919,10 +980,9 @@ search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
 
       default:
 	if (ft) {
-	  statically_linked:
-	    if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
-	    return ft;
+            goto statically_linked;
 	}
+        /* fall through */
       case 1:
 	ext = strrchr(ftptr = RSTRING_PTR(tmp), '.');
 	if (rb_feature_p(ftptr, ext, !--type, TRUE, &loading) && !loading)
@@ -930,6 +990,10 @@ search_required(VALUE fname, volatile VALUE *path, int safe_level)
 	*path = tmp;
     }
     return type ? 's' : 'r';
+
+  statically_linked:
+    if (loading) *path = rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(loading);
+    return ft;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -945,6 +1009,57 @@ load_ext(VALUE path)
     return (VALUE)dln_load(RSTRING_PTR(path));
 }
 
+static int
+no_feature_p(const char *feature, const char *ext, int rb, int expanded, const char **fn)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Documented in doc/globals.rdoc
+VALUE
+rb_resolve_feature_path(VALUE klass, VALUE fname)
+{
+    VALUE path;
+    int found;
+    VALUE sym;
+
+    fname = rb_get_path(fname);
+    path = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
+    found = search_required(path, &path, no_feature_p);
+
+    switch (found) {
+      case 'r':
+        sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rb"));
+        break;
+      case 's':
+        sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("so"));
+        break;
+      default:
+        load_failed(fname);
+    }
+
+    return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, sym, path);
+}
+
+static void
+ext_config_push(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_ext_config *prev)
+{
+    *prev = th->ext_config;
+    th->ext_config = (struct rb_ext_config){0};
+}
+
+static void
+ext_config_pop(rb_thread_t *th, struct rb_ext_config *prev)
+{
+    th->ext_config = *prev;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ext_ractor_safe(bool flag)
+{
+    GET_THREAD()->ext_config.ractor_safe = flag;
+}
+
 /*
  * returns
  *  0: if already loaded (false)
@@ -952,98 +1067,126 @@ load_ext(VALUE path)
  * <0: not found (LoadError)
  * >1: exception
  */
-int
-rb_require_internal(VALUE fname, int safe)
+static int
+require_internal(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE fname, int exception)
 {
     volatile int result = -1;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    volatile VALUE errinfo = th->errinfo;
-    int state;
-    struct {
-	int safe;
-    } volatile saved;
+    rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
+    volatile VALUE wrapper = th->top_wrapper;
+    volatile VALUE self = th->top_self;
+    volatile VALUE errinfo = ec->errinfo;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
     char *volatile ftptr = 0;
-
-    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(REQUIRE_ENTRY, StringValuePtr(fname));
-
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    saved.safe = rb_safe_level();
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	VALUE path;
+    VALUE path;
+    volatile bool reset_ext_config = false;
+    struct rb_ext_config prev_ext_config;
+
+    fname = rb_get_path(fname);
+    path = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
+    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(REQUIRE_ENTRY, RSTRING_PTR(fname));
+
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    ec->errinfo = Qnil; /* ensure */
+    th->top_wrapper = 0;
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
 	long handle;
 	int found;
 
-	rb_set_safe_level_force(safe);
-	FilePathValue(fname);
-	rb_set_safe_level_force(0);
-
-	RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(FIND_REQUIRE_ENTRY, StringValuePtr(fname));
-
-	path = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname);
-	found = search_required(path, &path, safe);
+	RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(FIND_REQUIRE_ENTRY, RSTRING_PTR(fname));
+        found = search_required(path, &path, rb_feature_p);
+	RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(FIND_REQUIRE_RETURN, RSTRING_PTR(fname));
 
-	RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(FIND_REQUIRE_RETURN, StringValuePtr(fname));
 	if (found) {
-	    if (!path || !(ftptr = load_lock(RSTRING_PTR(path)))) {
+            if (!path || !(ftptr = load_lock(RSTRING_PTR(path)))) {
 		result = 0;
 	    }
 	    else if (!*ftptr) {
-		rb_provide_feature(path);
 		result = TAG_RETURN;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		switch (found) {
 		  case 'r':
-		    state = rb_load_internal0(th, path, 0);
+                    load_iseq_eval(ec, path);
 		    break;
 
 		  case 's':
+                    reset_ext_config = true;
+                    ext_config_push(th, &prev_ext_config);
 		    handle = (long)rb_vm_call_cfunc(rb_vm_top_self(), load_ext,
 						    path, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE, path);
 		    rb_ary_push(ruby_dln_librefs, LONG2NUM(handle));
 		    break;
 		}
-		if (!state) {
-		    rb_provide_feature(path);
-		    result = TAG_RETURN;
-		}
+                result = TAG_RETURN;
 	    }
 	}
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
-    load_unlock(ftptr, !state);
+    EC_POP_TAG();
+
+    rb_thread_t *th2 = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
+    th2->top_self = self;
+    th2->top_wrapper = wrapper;
+    if (reset_ext_config) ext_config_pop(th2, &prev_ext_config);
+
+    if (ftptr) load_unlock(RSTRING_PTR(path), !state);
 
-    rb_set_safe_level_force(saved.safe);
     if (state) {
+        if (state == TAG_FATAL || state == TAG_THROW) {
+            EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, state);
+        }
+        else if (exception) {
+            /* usually state == TAG_RAISE only, except for
+             * rb_iseq_load_iseq in load_iseq_eval case */
+            VALUE exc = rb_vm_make_jump_tag_but_local_jump(state, Qundef);
+            if (!NIL_P(exc)) ec->errinfo = exc;
+            return TAG_RAISE;
+        }
+        else if (state == TAG_RETURN) {
+            return TAG_RAISE;
+        }
+	RB_GC_GUARD(fname);
 	/* never TAG_RETURN */
 	return state;
     }
+    if (!NIL_P(ec->errinfo)) {
+        if (!exception) return TAG_RAISE;
+        rb_exc_raise(ec->errinfo);
+    }
 
-    th->errinfo = errinfo;
+    if (result == TAG_RETURN) rb_provide_feature(path);
+    ec->errinfo = errinfo;
 
-    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(REQUIRE_RETURN, StringValuePtr(fname));
+    RUBY_DTRACE_HOOK(REQUIRE_RETURN, RSTRING_PTR(fname));
 
     return result;
 }
 
 int
+rb_require_internal(VALUE fname)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    return require_internal(ec, fname, 1);
+}
+
+int
 ruby_require_internal(const char *fname, unsigned int len)
 {
     struct RString fake;
     VALUE str = rb_setup_fake_str(&fake, fname, len, 0);
-    int result = rb_require_internal(str, 0);
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    int result = require_internal(ec, str, 0);
     rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
     return result == TAG_RETURN ? 1 : result ? -1 : 0;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_require_safe(VALUE fname, int safe)
+rb_require_string(VALUE fname)
 {
-    int result = rb_require_internal(fname, safe);
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    int result = require_internal(ec, fname, 1);
 
     if (result > TAG_RETURN) {
-	if (result == TAG_RAISE) rb_exc_raise(rb_errinfo());
-	JUMP_TAG(result);
+        EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, result);
     }
     if (result < 0) {
 	load_failed(fname);
@@ -1055,9 +1198,7 @@ rb_require_safe(VALUE fname, int safe)
 VALUE
 rb_require(const char *fname)
 {
-    VALUE fn = rb_str_new2(fname);
-    OBJ_FREEZE(fn);
-    return rb_require_safe(fn, rb_safe_level());
+    return rb_require_string(rb_str_new_cstr(fname));
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1089,8 +1230,8 @@ ruby_init_ext(const char *name, void (*init)(void))
  *  call-seq:
  *     mod.autoload(module, filename)   -> nil
  *
- *  Registers _filename_ to be loaded (using <code>Kernel::require</code>)
- *  the first time that _module_ (which may be a <code>String</code> or
+ *  Registers _filename_ to be loaded (using Kernel::require)
+ *  the first time that _module_ (which may be a String or
  *  a symbol) is accessed in the namespace of _mod_.
  *
  *     module A
@@ -1111,33 +1252,49 @@ rb_mod_autoload(VALUE mod, VALUE sym, VALUE file)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     mod.autoload?(name)   -> String or nil
+ *     mod.autoload?(name, inherit=true)   -> String or nil
  *
  *  Returns _filename_ to be loaded if _name_ is registered as
- *  +autoload+ in the namespace of _mod_.
+ *  +autoload+ in the namespace of _mod_ or one of its ancestors.
  *
  *     module A
  *     end
  *     A.autoload(:B, "b")
  *     A.autoload?(:B)            #=> "b"
+ *
+ *  If +inherit+ is false, the lookup only checks the autoloads in the receiver:
+ *
+ *     class A
+ *       autoload :CONST, "const.rb"
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     class B < A
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     B.autoload?(:CONST)          #=> "const.rb", found in A (ancestor)
+ *     B.autoload?(:CONST, false)   #=> nil, not found in B itself
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_mod_autoload_p(VALUE mod, VALUE sym)
+rb_mod_autoload_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 {
+    int recur = (rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2) == 1) ? TRUE : RTEST(argv[1]);
+    VALUE sym = argv[0];
+
     ID id = rb_check_id(&sym);
     if (!id) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
-    return rb_autoload_p(mod, id);
+    return rb_autoload_at_p(mod, id, recur);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     autoload(module, filename)   -> nil
  *
- *  Registers _filename_ to be loaded (using <code>Kernel::require</code>)
- *  the first time that _module_ (which may be a <code>String</code> or
+ *  Registers _filename_ to be loaded (using Kernel::require)
+ *  the first time that _module_ (which may be a String or
  *  a symbol) is accessed.
  *
  *     autoload(:MyModule, "/usr/local/lib/modules/my_module.rb")
@@ -1147,7 +1304,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_f_autoload(VALUE obj, VALUE sym, VALUE file)
 {
     VALUE klass = rb_class_real(rb_vm_cbase());
-    if (NIL_P(klass)) {
+    if (!klass) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Can not set autoload on singleton class");
     }
     return rb_mod_autoload(klass, sym, file);
@@ -1155,7 +1312,7 @@ rb_f_autoload(VALUE obj, VALUE sym, VALUE file)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     autoload?(name)   -> String or nil
+ *     autoload?(name, inherit=true)   -> String or nil
  *
  *  Returns _filename_ to be loaded if _name_ is registered as
  *  +autoload+.
@@ -1165,46 +1322,45 @@ rb_f_autoload(VALUE obj, VALUE sym, VALUE file)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_autoload_p(VALUE obj, VALUE sym)
+rb_f_autoload_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     /* use rb_vm_cbase() as same as rb_f_autoload. */
     VALUE klass = rb_vm_cbase();
     if (NIL_P(klass)) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
-    return rb_mod_autoload_p(klass, sym);
+    return rb_mod_autoload_p(argc, argv, klass);
 }
 
 void
 Init_load(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern2((str), strlen(str))
     rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
     static const char var_load_path[] = "$:";
     ID id_load_path = rb_intern2(var_load_path, sizeof(var_load_path)-1);
 
     rb_define_hooked_variable(var_load_path, (VALUE*)vm, load_path_getter, rb_gvar_readonly_setter);
-    rb_alias_variable(rb_intern("$-I"), id_load_path);
-    rb_alias_variable(rb_intern("$LOAD_PATH"), id_load_path);
+    rb_alias_variable(rb_intern_const("$-I"), id_load_path);
+    rb_alias_variable(rb_intern_const("$LOAD_PATH"), id_load_path);
     vm->load_path = rb_ary_new();
     vm->expanded_load_path = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
     vm->load_path_snapshot = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
     vm->load_path_check_cache = 0;
+    rb_define_singleton_method(vm->load_path, "resolve_feature_path", rb_resolve_feature_path, 1);
 
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$\"", get_loaded_features, 0);
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$LOADED_FEATURES", get_loaded_features, 0);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$\"", get_LOADED_FEATURES, 0);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$LOADED_FEATURES", get_LOADED_FEATURES, 0);
     vm->loaded_features = rb_ary_new();
     vm->loaded_features_snapshot = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
-    vm->loaded_features_index = st_init_strtable();
+    vm->loaded_features_index = st_init_numtable();
 
     rb_define_global_function("load", rb_f_load, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("require", rb_f_require, 1);
     rb_define_global_function("require_relative", rb_f_require_relative, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "autoload", rb_mod_autoload, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "autoload?", rb_mod_autoload_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "autoload?", rb_mod_autoload_p, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("autoload", rb_f_autoload, 2);
-    rb_define_global_function("autoload?", rb_f_autoload_p, 1);
+    rb_define_global_function("autoload?", rb_f_autoload_p, -1);
 
     ruby_dln_librefs = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(ruby_dln_librefs);
diff --git a/loadpath.c b/loadpath.c
index 9160031971..b8969e6998 100644
--- a/loadpath.c
+++ b/loadpath.c
@@ -89,4 +89,3 @@ const char ruby_initial_load_paths[] =
     RUBY_ARCH_LIB_FOR(RUBY_ARCH) "\0"
 #endif
     "";
-
diff --git a/localeinit.c b/localeinit.c
index eeec9adac6..bbcbac832e 100644
--- a/localeinit.c
+++ b/localeinit.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "encindex.h"
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
@@ -21,35 +22,45 @@
 #if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
 #define SIZEOF_CP_NAME ((sizeof(UINT) * 8 / 3) + 4)
 #define CP_FORMAT(buf, codepage) snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "CP%u", (codepage))
+
+extern UINT ruby_w32_codepage[2];
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
+# if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__ || defined HAVE_LANGINFO_H
+#   define NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP 0
+# else
+#   define NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP 1
+# endif
 #endif
 
+#if !NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
 static VALUE
 locale_charmap(VALUE (*conv)(const char *))
 {
-#if defined NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
-# error NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP defined
-#elif defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
     const char *codeset = 0;
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
     char cp[SIZEOF_CP_NAME];
 # ifdef __CYGWIN__
     const char *nl_langinfo_codeset(void);
     codeset = nl_langinfo_codeset();
 # endif
     if (!codeset) {
-	UINT codepage = GetConsoleCP();
+	UINT codepage = ruby_w32_codepage[0];
+	if (!codepage) codepage = GetConsoleCP();
 	if (!codepage) codepage = GetACP();
 	CP_FORMAT(cp, codepage);
 	codeset = cp;
     }
-    return (*conv)(codeset);
 #elif defined HAVE_LANGINFO_H
-    char *codeset;
     codeset = nl_langinfo(CODESET);
-    return (*conv)(codeset);
+    ASSUME(codeset);
 #else
-    return ENCINDEX_US_ASCII;
+# error locale_charmap() is not implemented
 #endif
+    return (*conv)(codeset);
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -79,30 +90,43 @@ locale_charmap(VALUE (*conv)(const char *))
 VALUE
 rb_locale_charmap(VALUE klass)
 {
+#if NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
+    return rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("US-ASCII");
+#else
     return locale_charmap(rb_usascii_str_new_cstr);
+#endif
 }
 
+#if !NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
 static VALUE
 enc_find_index(const char *name)
 {
     return (VALUE)rb_enc_find_index(name);
 }
+#endif
 
 int
 rb_locale_charmap_index(void)
 {
+#if NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
+    return ENCINDEX_US_ASCII;
+#else
     return (int)locale_charmap(enc_find_index);
+#endif
 }
 
 int
 Init_enc_set_filesystem_encoding(void)
 {
     int idx;
-#if defined NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
-# error NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP defined
+#if NO_LOCALE_CHARMAP
+    idx = ENCINDEX_US_ASCII;
 #elif defined _WIN32
     char cp[SIZEOF_CP_NAME];
-    CP_FORMAT(cp, AreFileApisANSI() ? GetACP() : GetOEMCP());
+    const UINT codepage = ruby_w32_codepage[1];
+    if (!codepage) return ENCINDEX_UTF_8;
+    /* for debugging */
+    CP_FORMAT(cp, codepage);
     idx = rb_enc_find_index(cp);
     if (idx < 0) idx = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
 #elif defined __CYGWIN__
diff --git a/main.c b/main.c
index 16da117732..313aaedd42 100644
--- a/main.c
+++ b/main.c
@@ -9,12 +9,26 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+/*!
+ * \mainpage Developers' documentation for Ruby
+ *
+ * This documentation is produced by applying Doxygen to
+ * <a href="https://github.com/ruby/ruby">Ruby's source code</a>.
+ * It is still under construction (and even not well-maintained).
+ * If you are familiar with Ruby's source code, please improve the doc.
+ */
 #undef RUBY_EXPORT
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "vm_debug.h"
 #ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_H
 #include <locale.h>
 #endif
+#if RUBY_DEVEL && !defined RUBY_DEBUG_ENV
+# define RUBY_DEBUG_ENV 1
+#endif
+#if defined RUBY_DEBUG_ENV && !RUBY_DEBUG_ENV
+# undef RUBY_DEBUG_ENV
+#endif
 #ifdef RUBY_DEBUG_ENV
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #endif
diff --git a/man/erb.1 b/man/erb.1
index f98a0273a5..d8739a7639 100644
--- a/man/erb.1
+++ b/man/erb.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\"Ruby is copyrighted by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
-.Dd November 15, 2012
-.Dt ERB(1) "" "Ruby Programmers Reference Guide"
+.Dd December 16, 2018
+.Dt ERB \&1 "Ruby Programmer's Reference Guide"
 .Os UNIX
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm erb
@@ -45,9 +45,8 @@ You can omit the one for internal encodings, then the value
 .Pf ( Li "Encoding.default_internal" ) will be nil.
 .Pp
 .It Fl P
-Evaluates lines starting with
-.Li "%"
-as Ruby code and removes the tailing EOLs.
+Disables ruby code evaluation for lines beginning with
+.Li "%" .
 .Pp
 .It Fl S Ar level
 Specifies the safe level in which eRuby script will run.
@@ -77,6 +76,8 @@ And leading whitespaces are removed if the erb directive starts with
 .Li "<%-" .
 .Pp
 .El
+.It Fl r
+Load a library
 .Pp
 .It Fl U
 can be one of
@@ -143,15 +144,17 @@ class.
 .Pp
 .Sh REPORTING BUGS
 .Bl -bullet
-.Li Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
-.Aq security@ruby-lang.org .
+.It
+Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
+.Mt security@ruby-lang.org .
 Reported problems will be published after being fixed.
 .Pp
-.Li And you can report other bugs and feature requests via the
+.It
+Other bugs and feature requests can be reported via the
 Ruby Issue Tracking System
 .Pq Lk https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/ .
 Do not report security vulnerabilities
-via the system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
+via this system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
 .El
 .Sh AUTHORS
 Written by Masatoshi SEKI.
diff --git a/man/goruby.1 b/man/goruby.1
index 857874f070..a305a5afce 100644
--- a/man/goruby.1
+++ b/man/goruby.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\"Ruby is copyrighted by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
-.Dd November 15, 2012
-.Dt GORUBY(1) "" "Ruby Programmers Reference Guide"
+.Dd April 20, 2017
+.Dt GORUBY \&1 "Ruby Programmer's Reference Guide"
 .Os UNIX
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm goruby
diff --git a/man/index.txt b/man/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..400eb02267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Gemfile(5)            gemfile.5
+bundle(1)             bundle.1
+bundle-add(1)         bundle-add.1
+bundle-binstubs(1)    bundle-binstubs.1
+bundle-check(1)       bundle-check.1
+bundle-clean(1)       bundle-clean.1
+bundle-config(1)      bundle-config.1
+bundle-doctor(1)      bundle-doctor.1
+bundle-exec(1)        bundle-exec.1
+bundle-gem(1)         bundle-gem.1
+bundle-info(1)        bundle-info.1
+bundle-init(1)        bundle-init.1
+bundle-inject(1)      bundle-inject.1
+bundle-install(1)     bundle-install.1
+bundle-list(1)        bundle-list.1
+bundle-lock(1)        bundle-lock.1
+bundle-open(1)        bundle-open.1
+bundle-outdated(1)    bundle-outdated.1
+bundle-package(1)     bundle-package.1
+bundle-platform(1)    bundle-platform.1
+bundle-pristine(1)    bundle-pristine.1
+bundle-remove(1)      bundle-remove.1
+bundle-show(1)        bundle-show.1
+bundle-update(1)      bundle-update.1
+bundle-viz(1)         bundle-viz.1
diff --git a/man/irb.1 b/man/irb.1
index fca410c999..f0a720fbd3 100644
--- a/man/irb.1
+++ b/man/irb.1
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .\"Ruby is copyrighted by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
-.Dd November 15, 2012
-.Dt IRB(1) "" "Ruby Programmers Reference Guide"
+.Dd August 11, 2019
+.Dt IRB \&1 "Ruby Programmer's Reference Guide"
 .Os UNIX
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm irb
@@ -8,11 +8,17 @@
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm
 .Op Fl -version
-.Op Fl dfm
+.Op Fl dfUw
 .Op Fl I Ar directory
 .Op Fl r Ar library
+.Op Fl E Ar external Ns Op : Ns Ar internal
+.Op Fl W Ns Op Ar level
 .Op Fl - Ns Oo no Oc Ns inspect
-.Op Fl - Ns Oo no Oc Ns readline
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo no Oc Ns multiline
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo no Oc Ns singleline
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo no Oc Ns echo
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo no Oc Ns colorize
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo no Oc Ns verbose
 .Op Fl -prompt Ar mode
 .Op Fl -prompt-mode Ar mode
 .Op Fl -inf-ruby-mode
@@ -20,7 +26,6 @@
 .Op Fl -noprompt
 .Op Fl -tracer
 .Op Fl -back-trace-limit Ar n
-.Op Fl -irb_debug Ar n
 .Op Fl -
 .Op program_file
 .Op argument ...
@@ -65,13 +70,17 @@ to true.
 Suppresses read of
 .Pa ~/.irbrc .
 .Pp
+.It Fl w
+Same as `ruby -w' .
+.Pp
+.Pp
+.It Fl W
+Same as `ruby -W' .
+.Pp
 .It Fl h
 .It Fl -help
 Prints a summary of the options.
 .Pp
-.It Fl m
-Bc mode (load mathn, fraction or matrix are available)
-.Pp
 .It Fl r Ar library
 Same as `ruby -r'.
 Causes irb to load the library using require.
@@ -82,11 +91,38 @@ Uses `inspect' for output (default except for bc mode)
 .It Fl -noinspect
 Doesn't use inspect for output
 .Pp
-.It Fl -readline
-Uses Readline extension module.
+.It Fl -multiline
+Uses multiline editor module.
+.Pp
+.It Fl -nomultiline
+Doesn't use multiline editor module.
+.Pp
+.It Fl -singleline
+Uses singleline editor module.
+.Pp
+.It Fl -nosingleline
+Doesn't use singleline editor module.
+.Pp
+.Pp
+.It Fl -echo
+Show result(default).
 .Pp
-.It Fl -noreadline
-Doesn't use Readline extension module.
+.It Fl -noecho
+Don't show result.
+.Pp
+.Pp
+.It Fl -colorize
+Use colorization.
+.Pp
+.It Fl -nocolorize
+Don't use colorization.
+.Pp
+.Pp
+.It Fl -verbose
+Show details.
+.Pp
+.It Fl -noverbose
+Don't show details.
 .Pp
 .It Fl -prompt Ar mode
 .It Fl -prompt-mode Ar mode
@@ -95,7 +131,7 @@ Switch prompt mode. Pre-defined prompt modes are
 .Pp
 .It Fl -inf-ruby-mode
 Uses prompt appropriate for inf-ruby-mode on emacs.
-Suppresses --readline.
+Suppresses --multiline and --singleline.
 .Pp
 .It Fl -simple-prompt
 Makes prompts simple.
@@ -112,10 +148,6 @@ Displays backtrace top
 and tail
 .Ar n Ns .
 The default value is 16.
-.Pp
-.It Fl -irb_debug Ar n
-Sets internal debug level to n (not for popular use)
-.Pp
 .El
 .Pp
 .Sh ENVIRONMENT
@@ -141,7 +173,7 @@ Personal irb initialization.
 .Dl irb(main):001:0> Ic 1 + 1
 .Dl 2
 .Dl irb(main):002:0> Ic def t(x)
-.Dl irb(main):003:1> Ic   x+1
+.Dl irb(main):003:1> Ic   x + 1
 .Dl irb(main):004:1> Ic end
 .Dl => :t
 .Dl irb(main):005:0> Ic t(3)
@@ -159,15 +191,17 @@ Personal irb initialization.
 .Pp
 .Sh REPORTING BUGS
 .Bl -bullet
-.Li Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
-.Aq security@ruby-lang.org .
+.It
+Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
+.Mt security@ruby-lang.org .
 Reported problems will be published after being fixed.
 .Pp
-.Li And you can report other bugs and feature requests via the
+.It
+Other bugs and feature requests can be reported via the
 Ruby Issue Tracking System
 .Pq Lk https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/ .
 Do not report security vulnerabilities
-via the system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
+via this system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
 .El
 .Sh AUTHORS
 Written by Keiju ISHITSUKA.
diff --git a/man/ri.1 b/man/ri.1
index 01a37a3a1f..85a6dfcd53 100644
--- a/man/ri.1
+++ b/man/ri.1
@@ -1,47 +1,56 @@
 .\"Ruby is copyrighted by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
-.Dd July 10, 2013
-.Dt RI(1) "" "Ruby Programmers Reference Guide"
+.Dd April 20, 2017
+.Dt RI \&1 "Ruby Programmer's Reference Guide"
 .Os UNIX
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm ri
 .Nd Ruby API reference front end
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm
-.Op Fl Ti
-.Op Fl d Ar directory
-.Op Fl f Ar format
-.Op Fl -list-doc-dirs
+.Op Fl ahilTv
+.Op Fl d Ar DIRNAME
+.Op Fl f Ar FORMAT
+.Op Fl w Ar WIDTH
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm pager
+.Op Fl -server Ns Oo = Ns Ar PORT Oc
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm list-doc-dirs
 .Op Fl -no-standard-docs
 .Op Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Bro Cm system Ns | Ns Cm site Ns | Ns Cm gems Ns | Ns Cm home Brc
-.Op Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm use-cache
-.Op Fl -width Ns = Ns Ar width
-.Op Ar target ...
+.Op Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm profile
+.Op Fl -dump Ns = Ns Ar CACHE
+.Op Ar name ...
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 .Nm
-is a CLI front end for the Ruby API reference.
-You can search and read API reference for classes and methods with
+is a command-line front end for the Ruby API reference.
+You can search and read the API reference for classes and methods with
 .Nm .
 .Pp
 .Nm
 is a part of Ruby.
 .Pp
-.Ar target
-can be one of the following forms:
+.Ar name
+can be:
 .Bl -diag -offset indent
-.It Class
-for classes
-.It Class::method
-for class methods
-.It Class#method
-for instance methods
-.It Class.method
-for both class and instance methods
-.It method
-for both class and instance methods
+.It Class | Module | Module::Class
+.Pp
+.It Class::method | Class#method | Class.method | method
+.Pp
+.It gem_name: | gem_name:README | gem_name:History
 .El
 .Pp
-All class names may be abbreviated to their minimum unambiguous form. If a name
-is ambiguous, all valid options will be listed.
+All class names may be abbreviated to their minimum unambiguous form.
+If a name is ambiguous, all valid options will be listed.
+.Pp
+A
+.Ql \&.
+matches either class or instance methods, while #method
+matches only instance and ::method matches only class methods.
+.Pp
+README and other files may be displayed by prefixing them with the gem name
+they're contained in.  If the gem name is followed by a
+.Ql \&:
+all files in the gem will be shown.
+The file name extension may be omitted where it is unambiguous.
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
@@ -49,133 +58,190 @@ ri Fil
 ri File
 ri File.new
 ri zip
+ri rdoc:README
 .Ed
 .Pp
-Note that shell quoting may be required for method names containing
-punctuation:
+Note that shell quoting or escaping may be required for method names
+containing punctuation:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 ri 'Array.[]'
-ri compact\!
+ri compact\e!
+.Ed
+.Pp
+To see the default directories
+.Nm
+will search, run:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+ri --list-doc-dirs
 .Ed
+.Pp
+Specifying the
+.Fl -system , Fl -site , Fl -home , Fl -gems ,
+or
+.Fl -doc-dir
+options will limit
+.Nm
+to searching only the specified directories.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+options may be set in the
+.Ev RI
+environment variable.
+.Pp
+The
+.Nm
+pager can be set with the
+.Ev RI_PAGER
+environment variable or the
+.Ev PAGER
+environment variable.
+.Pp
 .Sh OPTIONS
 .Bl -tag -width "1234567890123" -compact
 .Pp
-.It Fl -version
-Prints the version of
-.Nm .
+.It Fl i
+.It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm interactive
+In interactive mode you can repeatedly
+look up methods with autocomplete.
 .Pp
-.It Fl T
-.It Fl -no-pager
-Send output directly to stdout, rather than to a pager.
+.It Fl a
+.It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm all
+Show all documentation for a class or module.
 .Pp
-.It Fl d Ar directory
-.It Fl -doc-dir Ns = Ns Ar directory
-List of directories from which to source documentation in addition to the standard
-directories.  May be repeated.
+.It Fl l
+.It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm list
+List classes
+.Nm
+knows about.
 .Pp
-.It Fl f Ar FORMAT
-.It Fl -fmt Ar FORMAT
-.It Fl -format Ns = Ns FORMAT
-Format to use when displaying output:
+.It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm pager
+Send output to a pager,
+rather than directly to stdout.
 .Pp
-ansi, bs, html, plain, simple
+.It Fl T
+Synonym for
+.Fl -no-pager .
 .Pp
-Use 'bs' (backspace) with most pager programs. To use ANSI, either disable the
-pager or tell the pager to allow control characters.
+.It Fl w Ar WIDTH
+.It Fl -width Ns = Ns Ar WIDTH
+Set the width of the output.
 .Pp
-.It Fl i
-.It Fl -interactive
-This makes
-.Nm
-go into interactive mode.
+.It Fl -server Ns Oo = Ns Ar PORT Oc
+Run RDoc server on the given port.
+The default port is\~8214.
+.Pp
+.It Fl f Ar FORMAT
+.It Fl -format Ns = Ns Ar FORMAT
+Use the selected formatter.
+The default formatter is
+.Li bs
+for paged output and
+.Li ansi
+otherwise.
+Valid formatters are:
+.Li ansi , Li bs , Li markdown , Li rdoc .
+.Pp
+.It Fl h
+.It Fl -help
+Show help and exit.
+.Pp
+.It Fl v
+.It Fl -version
+Output version information and exit.
+.El
 .Pp
-When
+Data source options:
+.Bl -tag -width "1234567890123" -compact
+.Pp
+.It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm list-doc-dirs
+List the directories from which
 .Nm
-is in interactive mode it will allow the user to disambiguate lists of
-methods in case multiple methods match against a method search string.  It also
-will allow the user to enter in a method name (with auto-completion, if readline
-is supported) when viewing a class.
+will source documentation on stdout and exit.
 .Pp
-.It Fl -list-doc-dirs
-List the directories from which ri will source documentation on stdout and exit.
+.It Fl d Ar DIRNAME
+.It Fl -doc-dir Ns = Ns Ar DIRNAME
+List of directories from which to source
+documentation in addition to the standard
+directories.  May be repeated.
 .Pp
 .It Fl -no-standard-docs
 Do not include documentation from the Ruby standard library,
 .Pa site_lib ,
 installed gems, or
 .Pa ~/.rdoc .
-.Pp
-Equivalent to specifying the options
-.Fl -no-system , Fl -no-site , Fl -no-gems ,
-and
-.Fl -no-home .
+Use with
+.Fl -doc-dir .
 .Pp
 .It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm system
 Include documentation from Ruby's standard library.  Defaults to true.
 .Pp
 .It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm site
- Include documentation from libraries installed in site_lib. Defaults to true.
+Include documentation from libraries installed in
+.Pa site_lib .
+Defaults to true.
 .Pp
 .It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm gems
-Include documentation from RubyGems. Defaults to true.
+Include documentation from RubyGems.  Defaults to true.
 .Pp
 .It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm home
-Include documentation stored in ~/.rdoc.  Defaults to true.
+Include documentation stored in
+.Pa ~/.rdoc .
+Defaults to true.
+.El
 .Pp
-.It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm use-cache
-Whether or not to use
-.Nm Ns
-.Ns 's cache. True by default.
+Debug options:
+.Bl -tag -width "1234567890123" -compact
 .Pp
-.It Fl w Ar width
-.It Fl -width Ns = Ns Ar width
-Set the width of the output.
+.It Fl - Ns Oo Cm no- Oc Ns Cm profile
+Run with the Ruby profiler.
 .Pp
+.It Fl -dump Ns = Ns Ar CACHE
+Dump data from an ri cache or data file.
 .El
 .Pp
 .Sh ENVIRONMENT
 .Bl -tag -width "USERPROFILE" -compact
 .Pp
 .It Ev RI
-Additional options.
+Options to prepend to those specified on the command-line.
 .Pp
+.It Ev RI_PAGER
 .It Ev PAGER
-Used as the name of pager program for displaying.
+Pager program to use for displaying.
 .Pp
 .It Ev HOME
 .It Ev USERPROFILE
 .It Ev HOMEPATH
-Path to user's home directory.
+Path to the user's home directory.
 .El
 .Pp
 .Sh FILES
 .Bl -tag -width "USERPROFILE" -compact
 .Pp
-.It Pa ~/.ri
-Caches recently referenced documents here.
-.Pp
 .It Pa ~/.rdoc
-Searches user-wide documents here.
+Path for ri data in the user's home directory.
 .Pp
 .El
 .Pp
 .Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr ruby 1
-.Xr rdoc 1
+.Xr ruby 1 ,
+.Xr rdoc 1 ,
 .Xr gem 1
 .Pp
 .Sh REPORTING BUGS
 .Bl -bullet
-.Li Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
-.Aq security@ruby-lang.org .
+.It
+Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
+.Mt security@ruby-lang.org .
 Reported problems will be published after being fixed.
 .Pp
-.Li And you can report other bugs and feature requests via the
+.It
+Other bugs and feature requests can be reported via the
 Ruby Issue Tracking System
 .Pq Lk https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/ .
 Do not report security vulnerabilities
-via the system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
+via this system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
 .El
 .Sh AUTHORS
-Written by Dave Thomas
-.Aq dave@pragmaticprogrammer.com
+Written by
+.An Dave Thomas Aq dave@pragmaticprogrammer.com .
diff --git a/man/ruby.1 b/man/ruby.1
index 28a73e576a..9f0ae05ee9 100644
--- a/man/ruby.1
+++ b/man/ruby.1
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 .\"Ruby is copyrighted by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
-.Dd October 31, 2015
-.Dt RUBY(1) "" "Ruby Programmers Reference Guide"
-.\".Dt RUBY 1
+.Dd April 14, 2018
+.Dt RUBY \&1 "Ruby Programmer's Reference Guide"
 .Os UNIX
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm ruby
@@ -138,16 +137,18 @@ to see how they are being developed and used.
 .El
 .Pp
 .Sh OPTIONS
-Ruby interpreter accepts following command-line options (switches).
+The Ruby interpreter accepts the following command-line options (switches).
 They are quite similar to those of
 .Xr perl 1 .
 .Bl -tag -width "1234567890123" -compact
 .Pp
 .It Fl -copyright
-Prints the copyright notice.
+Prints the copyright notice, and quits immediately without running any
+script.
 .Pp
 .It Fl -version
-Prints the version of Ruby interpreter.
+Prints the version of the Ruby interpreter, and quits immediately without
+running any script.
 .Pp
 .It Fl 0 Ns Op Ar octal
 (The digit
@@ -218,6 +219,18 @@ on machines that don't support it, in the following manner:
   exec /usr/local/bin/ruby -S $0 $*
 .Ed
 .Pp
+On some systems
+.Li "$0"
+does not always contain the full pathname, so you need the
+.Fl S
+switch to tell Ruby to search for the script if necessary (to handle embedded
+spaces and such).  A better construct than
+.Li "$*"
+would be
+.Li ${1+"$@"} ,
+but it does not work if the script is being interpreted by
+.Xr csh 1 .
+.Pp
 .It Fl T Ns Op Ar level=1
 Turns on taint checks at the specified level (default 1).
 .Pp
@@ -300,7 +313,7 @@ Enables automatic line-ending processing, which means to firstly set
 to the value of
 .Li "$/" ,
 and secondly chops every line read using
-.Li chop! .
+.Li chomp! .
 .Pp
 .It Fl n
 Causes Ruby to assume the following loop around your script, which
@@ -343,18 +356,6 @@ and set the corresponding variable in the script.  For example:
 print "true\en" if $xyz
 .Ed
 .Pp
-On some systems
-.Li "$0"
-does not always contain the full pathname, so you need the
-.Fl S
-switch to tell Ruby to search for the script if necessary (to handle embedded
-spaces and such).  A better construct than
-.Li "$*"
-would be
-.Li ${1+"$@"} ,
-but it does not work if the script is being interpreted by
-.Xr csh 1 .
-.Pp
 .It Fl v
 Enables verbose mode.  Ruby will print its version at the beginning
 and set the variable
@@ -418,7 +419,7 @@ Disables (or enables) all features.
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Fl -dump Ns = Ns Ar target
-Dump some informations.
+Dump some information.
 .Pp
 Prints the specified target.
 .Ar target
@@ -458,8 +459,9 @@ Enables verbose mode without printing version message at the
 beginning.  It sets the
 .Li "$VERBOSE"
 variable to true.
-If this switch is given, and no other switches are present, Ruby quits
-after printing its version.
+If this switch is given, and no script arguments (script file or
+.Fl e
+options) are present, Ruby quits immediately.
 .El
 .Pp
 .Sh ENVIRONMENT
@@ -641,15 +643,17 @@ Comprehensive catalog of Ruby libraries.
 .Pp
 .Sh REPORTING BUGS
 .Bl -bullet
-.Li Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
-.Aq security@ruby-lang.org .
-Reported problems will be published after they've been fixed.
+.It
+Security vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to
+.Mt security@ruby-lang.org .
+Reported problems will be published after being fixed.
 .Pp
-.Li And you can report other bugs and feature requests via the
+.It
+Other bugs and feature requests can be reported via the
 Ruby Issue Tracking System
 .Pq Lk https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/ .
 Do not report security vulnerabilities
-via the system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
+via this system because it publishes the vulnerabilities immediately.
 .El
 .Sh AUTHORS
 Ruby is designed and implemented by
diff --git a/marshal.c b/marshal.c
index 7e16d0b024..ed096f52fe 100644
--- a/marshal.c
+++ b/marshal.c
@@ -9,16 +9,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ < 3
-# error too old GCC
-#endif
-
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
-#include "id_table.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
 #include <math.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_FLOAT_H
@@ -28,6 +19,24 @@
 #include <ieeefp.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "encindex.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/struct.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+
 #define BITSPERSHORT (2*CHAR_BIT)
 #define SHORTMASK ((1<<BITSPERSHORT)-1)
 #define SHORTDN(x) RSHIFT((x),BITSPERSHORT)
@@ -86,6 +95,7 @@ shortlen(size_t len, BDIGIT *ds)
 static ID s_dump, s_load, s_mdump, s_mload;
 static ID s_dump_data, s_load_data, s_alloc, s_call;
 static ID s_getbyte, s_read, s_write, s_binmode;
+static ID s_encoding_short, s_ruby2_keywords_flag;
 
 #define name_s_dump	"_dump"
 #define name_s_load	"_load"
@@ -99,6 +109,8 @@ static ID s_getbyte, s_read, s_write, s_binmode;
 #define name_s_read	"read"
 #define name_s_write	"write"
 #define name_s_binmode	"binmode"
+#define name_s_encoding_short "E"
+#define name_s_ruby2_keywords_flag "K"
 
 typedef struct {
     VALUE newclass;
@@ -113,7 +125,7 @@ static VALUE rb_marshal_dump_limited(VALUE obj, VALUE port, int limit);
 static VALUE rb_marshal_load_with_proc(VALUE port, VALUE proc);
 
 static int
-mark_marshal_compat_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value)
+mark_marshal_compat_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t _)
 {
     marshal_compat_t *p = (marshal_compat_t *)value;
     rb_gc_mark(p->newclass);
@@ -151,16 +163,12 @@ rb_marshal_define_compat(VALUE newclass, VALUE oldclass, VALUE (*dumper)(VALUE),
     st_insert(compat_allocator_table(), (st_data_t)allocator, (st_data_t)compat);
 }
 
-#define MARSHAL_INFECTION FL_TAINT
-STATIC_ASSERT(marshal_infection_is_int, MARSHAL_INFECTION == (int)MARSHAL_INFECTION);
-
 struct dump_arg {
     VALUE str, dest;
     st_table *symbols;
     st_table *data;
     st_table *compat_tbl;
     st_table *encodings;
-    int infection;
 };
 
 struct dump_call_arg {
@@ -259,8 +267,9 @@ class2path(VALUE klass)
     return path;
 }
 
+int ruby_marshal_write_long(long x, char *buf);
 static void w_long(long, struct dump_arg*);
-static void w_encoding(VALUE encname, struct dump_call_arg *arg);
+static int w_encoding(VALUE encname, struct dump_call_arg *arg);
 static VALUE encoding_name(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg);
 
 static void
@@ -268,7 +277,6 @@ w_nbyte(const char *s, long n, struct dump_arg *arg)
 {
     VALUE buf = arg->str;
     rb_str_buf_cat(buf, s, n);
-    RBASIC(buf)->flags |= arg->infection;
     if (arg->dest && RSTRING_LEN(buf) >= BUFSIZ) {
 	rb_io_write(arg->dest, buf);
 	rb_str_resize(buf, 0);
@@ -301,26 +309,36 @@ static void
 w_long(long x, struct dump_arg *arg)
 {
     char buf[sizeof(long)+1];
+    int i = ruby_marshal_write_long(x, buf);
+    if (i < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "long too big to dump");
+    }
+    w_nbyte(buf, i, arg);
+}
+
+int
+ruby_marshal_write_long(long x, char *buf)
+{
     int i;
 
 #if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
     if (!(RSHIFT(x, 31) == 0 || RSHIFT(x, 31) == -1)) {
 	/* big long does not fit in 4 bytes */
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "long too big to dump");
+        return -1;
     }
 #endif
 
     if (x == 0) {
-	w_byte(0, arg);
-	return;
+        buf[0] = 0;
+        return 1;
     }
     if (0 < x && x < 123) {
-	w_byte((char)(x + 5), arg);
-	return;
+        buf[0] = (char)(x + 5);
+        return 1;
     }
     if (-124 < x && x < 0) {
-	w_byte((char)((x - 5)&0xff), arg);
-	return;
+        buf[0] = (char)((x - 5)&0xff);
+        return 1;
     }
     for (i=1;i<(int)sizeof(long)+1;i++) {
 	buf[i] = (char)(x & 0xff);
@@ -334,7 +352,7 @@ w_long(long x, struct dump_arg *arg)
 	    break;
 	}
     }
-    w_nbyte(buf, i+1, arg);
+    return i+1;
 }
 
 #ifdef DBL_MANT_DIG
@@ -362,12 +380,12 @@ load_mantissa(double d, const char *buf, long len)
 	do {
 	    m = 0;
 	    switch (len) {
-	      default: m = *buf++ & 0xff;
+              default: m = *buf++ & 0xff; /* fall through */
 #if MANT_BITS > 24
-	      case 3: m = (m << 8) | (*buf++ & 0xff);
+              case 3: m = (m << 8) | (*buf++ & 0xff); /* fall through */
 #endif
 #if MANT_BITS > 16
-	      case 2: m = (m << 8) | (*buf++ & 0xff);
+              case 2: m = (m << 8) | (*buf++ & 0xff); /* fall through */
 #endif
 #if MANT_BITS > 8
 	      case 1: m = (m << 8) | (*buf++ & 0xff);
@@ -404,8 +422,8 @@ w_float(double d, struct dump_arg *arg)
 	w_cstr("nan", arg);
     }
     else if (d == 0.0) {
-	if (1.0/d < 0) w_cstr("-0", arg);
-	else           w_cstr("0", arg);
+        if (signbit(d)) w_cstr("-0", arg);
+        else            w_cstr("0", arg);
     }
     else {
 	int decpt, sign, digs, len = 0;
@@ -490,8 +508,9 @@ w_unique(VALUE s, struct dump_arg *arg)
 static void w_object(VALUE,struct dump_arg*,int);
 
 static int
-hash_each(VALUE key, VALUE value, struct dump_call_arg *arg)
+hash_each(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE v)
 {
+    struct dump_call_arg *arg = (void *)v;
     w_object(key, arg->arg, arg->limit);
     w_object(value, arg->arg, arg->limit);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -513,10 +532,13 @@ w_extended(VALUE klass, struct dump_arg *arg, int check)
 	klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     }
     while (BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_ICLASS) {
-	VALUE path = rb_class_name(RBASIC(klass)->klass);
-	w_byte(TYPE_EXTENDED, arg);
-	w_unique(path, arg);
-	klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
+        if (!FL_TEST(klass, RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN) ||
+                BUILTIN_TYPE(RBASIC(klass)->klass) != T_MODULE) {
+            VALUE path = rb_class_name(RBASIC(klass)->klass);
+            w_byte(TYPE_EXTENDED, arg);
+            w_unique(path, arg);
+        }
+        klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
     }
 }
 
@@ -551,16 +573,37 @@ w_uclass(VALUE obj, VALUE super, struct dump_arg *arg)
     }
 }
 
-#define to_be_skipped_id(id) (id == rb_id_encoding() || id == rb_intern("E") || !rb_id2str(id))
+#define to_be_skipped_id(id) (id == rb_id_encoding() || id == s_encoding_short || id == s_ruby2_keywords_flag || !rb_id2str(id))
+
+struct w_ivar_arg {
+    struct dump_call_arg *dump;
+    st_data_t num_ivar;
+};
 
 static int
 w_obj_each(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t a)
 {
     ID id = (ID)key;
     VALUE value = (VALUE)val;
-    struct dump_call_arg *arg = (struct dump_call_arg *)a;
+    struct w_ivar_arg *ivarg = (struct w_ivar_arg *)a;
+    struct dump_call_arg *arg = ivarg->dump;
 
-    if (to_be_skipped_id(id)) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    if (to_be_skipped_id(id)) {
+        if (id == s_encoding_short) {
+            rb_warn("instance variable `"name_s_encoding_short"' on class %"PRIsVALUE" is not dumped",
+                    CLASS_OF(arg->obj));
+        }
+        if (id == s_ruby2_keywords_flag) {
+            rb_warn("instance variable `"name_s_ruby2_keywords_flag"' on class %"PRIsVALUE" is not dumped",
+                    CLASS_OF(arg->obj));
+        }
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+    if (!ivarg->num_ivar) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "instance variable added to %"PRIsVALUE" instance",
+                 CLASS_OF(arg->obj));
+    }
+    --ivarg->num_ivar;
     w_symbol(ID2SYM(id), arg->arg);
     w_object(value, arg->arg, arg->limit);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
@@ -577,32 +620,37 @@ obj_count_ivars(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t a)
 static VALUE
 encoding_name(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg)
 {
-    int encidx = rb_enc_get_index(obj);
-    rb_encoding *enc = 0;
-    st_data_t name;
+    if (rb_enc_capable(obj)) {
+        int encidx = rb_enc_get_index(obj);
+        rb_encoding *enc = 0;
+        st_data_t name;
 
-    if (encidx <= 0 || !(enc = rb_enc_from_index(encidx))) {
-	return Qnil;
-    }
+        if (encidx <= 0 || !(enc = rb_enc_from_index(encidx))) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
 
-    /* special treatment for US-ASCII and UTF-8 */
-    if (encidx == rb_usascii_encindex()) {
-	return Qfalse;
-    }
-    else if (encidx == rb_utf8_encindex()) {
-	return Qtrue;
-    }
+        /* special treatment for US-ASCII and UTF-8 */
+        if (encidx == rb_usascii_encindex()) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        else if (encidx == rb_utf8_encindex()) {
+            return Qtrue;
+        }
 
-    if (arg->encodings ?
-	!st_lookup(arg->encodings, (st_data_t)rb_enc_name(enc), &name) :
-	(arg->encodings = st_init_strcasetable(), 1)) {
-	name = (st_data_t)rb_str_new_cstr(rb_enc_name(enc));
-	st_insert(arg->encodings, (st_data_t)rb_enc_name(enc), name);
+        if (arg->encodings ?
+            !st_lookup(arg->encodings, (st_data_t)rb_enc_name(enc), &name) :
+            (arg->encodings = st_init_strcasetable(), 1)) {
+            name = (st_data_t)rb_str_new_cstr(rb_enc_name(enc));
+            st_insert(arg->encodings, (st_data_t)rb_enc_name(enc), name);
+        }
+        return (VALUE)name;
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qnil;
     }
-    return (VALUE)name;
 }
 
-static void
+static int
 w_encoding(VALUE encname, struct dump_call_arg *arg)
 {
     int limit = arg->limit;
@@ -610,13 +658,15 @@ w_encoding(VALUE encname, struct dump_call_arg *arg)
     switch (encname) {
       case Qfalse:
       case Qtrue:
-	w_symbol(ID2SYM(rb_intern("E")), arg->arg);
+        w_symbol(ID2SYM(s_encoding_short), arg->arg);
 	w_object(encname, arg->arg, limit);
+        return 1;
       case Qnil:
-	return;
+        return 0;
     }
     w_symbol(ID2SYM(rb_id_encoding()), arg->arg);
     w_object(encname, arg->arg, limit);
+    return 1;
 }
 
 static st_index_t
@@ -624,6 +674,7 @@ has_ivars(VALUE obj, VALUE encname, VALUE *ivobj)
 {
     st_index_t enc = !NIL_P(encname);
     st_index_t num = 0;
+    st_index_t ruby2_keywords_flag = 0;
 
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) goto generic;
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
@@ -631,22 +682,44 @@ has_ivars(VALUE obj, VALUE encname, VALUE *ivobj)
       case T_CLASS:
       case T_MODULE:
 	break; /* counted elsewhere */
+      case T_HASH:
+        ruby2_keywords_flag = RHASH(obj)->basic.flags & RHASH_PASS_AS_KEYWORDS ? 1 : 0;
+        /* fall through */
       default:
       generic:
 	rb_ivar_foreach(obj, obj_count_ivars, (st_data_t)&num);
-	if (num) *ivobj = obj;
+	if (ruby2_keywords_flag || num) *ivobj = obj;
     }
 
-    return num + enc;
+    return num + enc + ruby2_keywords_flag;
+}
+
+static void
+w_ivar_each(VALUE obj, st_index_t num, struct dump_call_arg *arg)
+{
+    struct w_ivar_arg ivarg = {arg, num};
+    if (!num) return;
+    rb_ivar_foreach(obj, w_obj_each, (st_data_t)&ivarg);
+    if (ivarg.num_ivar) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "instance variable removed from %"PRIsVALUE" instance",
+                 CLASS_OF(arg->obj));
+    }
 }
 
 static void
 w_ivar(st_index_t num, VALUE ivobj, VALUE encname, struct dump_call_arg *arg)
 {
     w_long(num, arg->arg);
-    w_encoding(encname, arg);
-    if (ivobj != Qundef) {
-	rb_ivar_foreach(ivobj, w_obj_each, (st_data_t)arg);
+    num -= w_encoding(encname, arg);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(ivobj, T_HASH) && (RHASH(ivobj)->basic.flags & RHASH_PASS_AS_KEYWORDS)) {
+        int limit = arg->limit;
+        if (limit >= 0) ++limit;
+        w_symbol(ID2SYM(s_ruby2_keywords_flag), arg->arg);
+	w_object(Qtrue, arg->arg, limit);
+        num--;
+    }
+    if (ivobj != Qundef && num) {
+        w_ivar_each(ivobj, num, arg);
     }
 }
 
@@ -657,9 +730,7 @@ w_objivar(VALUE obj, struct dump_call_arg *arg)
 
     rb_ivar_foreach(obj, obj_count_ivars, (st_data_t)&num);
     w_long(num, arg->arg);
-    if (num != 0) {
-        rb_ivar_foreach(obj, w_obj_each, (st_data_t)arg);
-    }
+    w_ivar_each(obj, num, arg);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -678,6 +749,7 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
     if (limit > 0) limit--;
     c_arg.limit = limit;
     c_arg.arg = arg;
+    c_arg.obj = obj;
 
     if (st_lookup(arg->data, obj, &num)) {
 	w_byte(TYPE_LINK, arg);
@@ -724,8 +796,6 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
 		     rb_builtin_type_name(BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)));
 	}
 
-	arg->infection |= (int)FL_TEST(obj, MARSHAL_INFECTION);
-
 	if (rb_obj_respond_to(obj, s_mdump, TRUE)) {
 	    st_add_direct(arg->data, obj, arg->data->num_entries);
 
@@ -815,6 +885,7 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
 		char sign = BIGNUM_SIGN(obj) ? '+' : '-';
 		size_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(obj);
 		size_t slen;
+                size_t j;
 		BDIGIT *d = BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj);
 
                 slen = SHORTLEN(len);
@@ -824,7 +895,7 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
 
 		w_byte(sign, arg);
 		w_long((long)slen, arg);
-		while (len--) {
+                for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {
 #if SIZEOF_BDIGIT > SIZEOF_SHORT
 		    BDIGIT num = *d;
 		    int i;
@@ -832,7 +903,7 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
 		    for (i=0; i<SIZEOF_BDIGIT; i+=SIZEOF_SHORT) {
 			w_short(num & SHORTMASK, arg);
 			num = SHORTDN(num);
-			if (len == 0 && num == 0) break;
+                        if (j == len - 1 && num == 0) break;
 		    }
 #else
 		    w_short(*d, arg);
@@ -879,13 +950,13 @@ w_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_arg *arg, int limit)
 	    if (NIL_P(RHASH_IFNONE(obj))) {
 		w_byte(TYPE_HASH, arg);
 	    }
-	    else if (FL_TEST(obj, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
+            else if (FL_TEST(obj, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't dump hash with default proc");
 	    }
 	    else {
 		w_byte(TYPE_HASH_DEF, arg);
 	    }
-	    w_long(RHASH_SIZE(obj), arg);
+            w_long(rb_hash_size_num(obj), arg);
 	    rb_hash_foreach(obj, hash_each, (st_data_t)&c_arg);
 	    if (!NIL_P(RHASH_IFNONE(obj))) {
 		w_object(RHASH_IFNONE(obj), arg, limit);
@@ -1000,7 +1071,7 @@ io_needed(void)
  * * objects which define singleton methods
  */
 static VALUE
-marshal_dump(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+marshal_dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE obj, port, a1, a2;
     int limit = -1;
@@ -1030,7 +1101,6 @@ rb_marshal_dump_limited(VALUE obj, VALUE port, int limit)
     arg->dest = 0;
     arg->symbols = st_init_numtable();
     arg->data    = rb_init_identtable();
-    arg->infection = 0;
     arg->compat_tbl = 0;
     arg->encodings = 0;
     arg->str = rb_str_buf_new(0);
@@ -1067,9 +1137,9 @@ struct load_arg {
     long offset;
     st_table *symbols;
     st_table *data;
+    st_table *partial_objects;
     VALUE proc;
     st_table *compat_tbl;
-    int infection;
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1094,6 +1164,7 @@ mark_load_arg(void *ptr)
         return;
     rb_mark_tbl(p->symbols);
     rb_mark_tbl(p->data);
+    rb_mark_tbl(p->partial_objects);
     rb_mark_hash(p->compat_tbl);
 }
 
@@ -1148,7 +1219,6 @@ r_byte1_buffered(struct load_arg *arg)
 	str = load_funcall(arg, arg->src, s_read, 1, &n);
 	if (NIL_P(str)) too_short();
 	StringValue(str);
-	arg->infection |= (int)FL_TEST(str, MARSHAL_INFECTION);
 	memcpy(arg->buf, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 	arg->offset = 0;
 	arg->buflen = RSTRING_LEN(str);
@@ -1183,6 +1253,8 @@ r_byte(struct load_arg *arg)
     return c;
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void long_toobig(int size));
+
 static void
 long_toobig(int size)
 {
@@ -1223,6 +1295,19 @@ r_long(struct load_arg *arg)
     return x;
 }
 
+long
+ruby_marshal_read_long(const char **buf, long len)
+{
+    long x;
+    struct RString src;
+    struct load_arg arg;
+    memset(&arg, 0, sizeof(arg));
+    arg.src = rb_setup_fake_str(&src, *buf, len, 0);
+    x = r_long(&arg);
+    *buf += arg.offset;
+    return x;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 r_bytes1(long len, struct load_arg *arg)
 {
@@ -1232,7 +1317,6 @@ r_bytes1(long len, struct load_arg *arg)
     if (NIL_P(str)) too_short();
     StringValue(str);
     if (RSTRING_LEN(str) != len) too_short();
-    arg->infection |= (int)FL_TEST(str, MARSHAL_INFECTION);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -1263,7 +1347,6 @@ r_bytes1_buffered(long len, struct load_arg *arg)
 	tmp_len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
 
 	if (tmp_len < need_len) too_short();
-	arg->infection |= (int)FL_TEST(tmp, MARSHAL_INFECTION);
 
 	str = rb_str_new(arg->buf+arg->offset, buflen);
 	rb_str_cat(str, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), need_len);
@@ -1310,6 +1393,13 @@ r_bytes0(long len, struct load_arg *arg)
     return str;
 }
 
+static inline int
+name_equal(const char *name, size_t nlen, const char *p, long l)
+{
+    if ((size_t)l != nlen || *p != *name) return 0;
+    return nlen == 1 || memcmp(p+1, name+1, nlen-1) == 0;
+}
+
 static int
 sym2encidx(VALUE sym, VALUE val)
 {
@@ -1319,12 +1409,11 @@ sym2encidx(VALUE sym, VALUE val)
     if (rb_enc_get_index(sym) != ENCINDEX_US_ASCII) return -1;
     RSTRING_GETMEM(sym, p, l);
     if (l <= 0) return -1;
-    if (l == sizeof(name_encoding) &&
-	memcmp(p, name_encoding, sizeof(name_encoding)) == 0) {
+    if (name_equal(name_encoding, sizeof(name_encoding), p, l)) {
 	int idx = rb_enc_find_index(StringValueCStr(val));
 	return idx;
     }
-    else if (l == 1 && *p == 'E') {
+    if (name_equal(name_s_encoding_short, rb_strlen_lit(name_s_encoding_short), p, l)) {
 	if (val == Qfalse) return rb_usascii_encindex();
 	else if (val == Qtrue) return rb_utf8_encindex();
 	/* bogus ignore */
@@ -1332,6 +1421,20 @@ sym2encidx(VALUE sym, VALUE val)
     return -1;
 }
 
+static int
+ruby2_keywords_flag_check(VALUE sym)
+{
+    const char *p;
+    long l;
+    if (rb_enc_get_index(sym) != ENCINDEX_US_ASCII) return 0;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(sym, p, l);
+    if (l <= 0) return 0;
+    if (name_equal(name_s_ruby2_keywords_flag, rb_strlen_lit(name_s_ruby2_keywords_flag), p, l)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 r_symlink(struct load_arg *arg)
 {
@@ -1361,7 +1464,13 @@ r_symreal(struct load_arg *arg, int ivar)
 	    idx = sym2encidx(sym, r_object(arg));
 	}
     }
-    if (idx > 0) rb_enc_associate_index(s, idx);
+    if (idx > 0) {
+        rb_enc_associate_index(s, idx);
+        if (rb_enc_str_coderange(s) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid byte sequence in %s: %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                     rb_enc_name(rb_enc_from_index(idx)), s);
+        }
+    }
 
     return s;
 }
@@ -1403,19 +1512,13 @@ r_string(struct load_arg *arg)
 static VALUE
 r_entry0(VALUE v, st_index_t num, struct load_arg *arg)
 {
-    st_data_t real_obj = (VALUE)Qundef;
-    if (arg->compat_tbl && st_lookup(arg->compat_tbl, v, &real_obj)) {
-        st_insert(arg->data, num, (st_data_t)real_obj);
-    }
-    else {
-        st_insert(arg->data, num, (st_data_t)v);
-    }
-    if (arg->infection &&
-	!RB_TYPE_P(v, T_CLASS) && !RB_TYPE_P(v, T_MODULE)) {
-	OBJ_TAINT(v);
-	if ((VALUE)real_obj != Qundef)
-	    OBJ_TAINT((VALUE)real_obj);
+    st_data_t real_obj = (st_data_t)v;
+    if (arg->compat_tbl) {
+        /* real_obj is kept if not found */
+        st_lookup(arg->compat_tbl, v, &real_obj);
     }
+    st_insert(arg->data, num, real_obj);
+    st_insert(arg->partial_objects, (st_data_t)real_obj, Qtrue);
     return v;
 }
 
@@ -1446,10 +1549,15 @@ r_post_proc(VALUE v, struct load_arg *arg)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-r_leave(VALUE v, struct load_arg *arg)
+r_leave(VALUE v, struct load_arg *arg, bool partial)
 {
     v = r_fixup_compat(v, arg);
-    v = r_post_proc(v, arg);
+    if (!partial) {
+	st_data_t data;
+	st_data_t key = (st_data_t)v;
+	st_delete(arg->partial_objects, &key, &data);
+	v = r_post_proc(v, arg);
+    }
     return v;
 }
 
@@ -1483,11 +1591,24 @@ r_ivar(VALUE obj, int *has_encoding, struct load_arg *arg)
 	    VALUE val = r_object(arg);
 	    int idx = sym2encidx(sym, val);
 	    if (idx >= 0) {
-		rb_enc_associate_index(obj, idx);
+                if (rb_enc_capable(obj)) {
+                    rb_enc_associate_index(obj, idx);
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%"PRIsVALUE" is not enc_capable", obj);
+                }
 		if (has_encoding) *has_encoding = TRUE;
 	    }
-	    else {
-		rb_ivar_set(obj, rb_intern_str(sym), val);
+	    else if (ruby2_keywords_flag_check(sym)) {
+                if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_HASH)) {
+                    RHASH(obj)->basic.flags |= RHASH_PASS_AS_KEYWORDS;
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ruby2_keywords flag is given but %"PRIsVALUE" is not a Hash", obj);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                rb_ivar_set(obj, rb_intern_str(sym), val);
 	    }
 	} while (--len > 0);
     }
@@ -1563,7 +1684,7 @@ append_extmod(VALUE obj, VALUE extmod)
     } while (0)
 
 static VALUE
-r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
+r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, bool partial, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 {
     VALUE v = Qnil;
     int type = r_byte(arg);
@@ -1577,15 +1698,18 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "dump format error (unlinked)");
 	}
 	v = (VALUE)link;
-	v = r_post_proc(v, arg);
+	if (!st_lookup(arg->partial_objects, (st_data_t)v, &link)) {
+	    v = r_post_proc(v, arg);
+	}
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_IVAR:
         {
 	    int ivar = TRUE;
 
-	    v = r_object0(arg, &ivar, extmod);
+	    v = r_object0(arg, true, &ivar, extmod);
 	    if (ivar) r_ivar(v, NULL, arg);
+	    v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1598,7 +1722,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    if (RB_TYPE_P(m, T_CLASS)) { /* prepended */
 		VALUE c;
 
-		v = r_object0(arg, 0, Qnil);
+		v = r_object0(arg, true, 0, Qnil);
 		c = CLASS_OF(v);
 		if (c != m || FL_TEST(c, FL_SINGLETON)) {
 		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
@@ -1615,7 +1739,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 		must_be_module(m, path);
 		rb_ary_push(extmod, m);
 
-		v = r_object0(arg, 0, extmod);
+		v = r_object0(arg, true, 0, extmod);
 		while (RARRAY_LEN(extmod) > 0) {
 		    m = rb_ary_pop(extmod);
 		    rb_extend_object(v, m);
@@ -1631,10 +1755,9 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    if (FL_TEST(c, FL_SINGLETON)) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "singleton can't be loaded");
 	    }
-	    v = r_object0(arg, 0, extmod);
+	    v = r_object0(arg, partial, 0, extmod);
 	    if (rb_special_const_p(v) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_OBJECT) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_CLASS)) {
-	      format_error:
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "dump format error (user class)");
+                goto format_error;
 	    }
 	    if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_MODULE) || !RTEST(rb_class_inherited_p(c, RBASIC(v)->klass))) {
 		VALUE tmp = rb_obj_alloc(c);
@@ -1645,19 +1768,22 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	}
 	break;
 
+      format_error:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "dump format error (user class)");
+
       case TYPE_NIL:
 	v = Qnil;
-	v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	v = r_leave(v, arg, false);
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_TRUE:
 	v = Qtrue;
-	v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	v = r_leave(v, arg, false);
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_FALSE:
 	v = Qfalse;
-	v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	v = r_leave(v, arg, false);
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_FIXNUM:
@@ -1665,7 +1791,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    long i = r_long(arg);
 	    v = LONG2FIX(i);
 	}
-	v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	v = r_leave(v, arg, false);
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_FLOAT:
@@ -1675,13 +1801,13 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    const char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 
 	    if (strcmp(ptr, "nan") == 0) {
-		d = NAN;
+		d = nan("");
 	    }
 	    else if (strcmp(ptr, "inf") == 0) {
-		d = INFINITY;
+		d = HUGE_VAL;
 	    }
 	    else if (strcmp(ptr, "-inf") == 0) {
-		d = -INFINITY;
+		d = -HUGE_VAL;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		char *e;
@@ -1690,7 +1816,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    }
 	    v = DBL2NUM(d);
 	    v = r_entry(v, arg);
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, false);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1707,13 +1833,13 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
                 INTEGER_PACK_LITTLE_ENDIAN | (sign == '-' ? INTEGER_PACK_NEGATIVE : 0));
 	    rb_str_resize(data, 0L);
 	    v = r_entry(v, arg);
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, false);
 	}
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_STRING:
 	v = r_entry(r_string(arg), arg);
-        v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_REGEXP:
@@ -1741,13 +1867,14 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 		      case 'L': case 'N': case 'O': case 'P': case 'Q': case 'R':
 		      case 'S': case 'T': case 'U': case 'V': case 'X': case 'Y':
 			if (bs & 1) --dst;
+                        /* fall through */
 		      default: bs = 0; break;
 		    }
 		}
 		rb_str_set_len(str, dst - ptr);
 	    }
 	    v = r_entry0(rb_reg_new_str(str, options), idx, arg);
-	    v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	    v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1762,7 +1889,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 		rb_ary_push(v, r_object(arg));
 		arg->readable--;
 	    }
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	    arg->readable++;
 	}
 	break;
@@ -1772,7 +1899,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	{
 	    long len = r_long(arg);
 
-	    v = rb_hash_new();
+	    v = rb_hash_new_with_size(len);
 	    v = r_entry(v, arg);
 	    arg->readable += (len - 1) * 2;
 	    while (len--) {
@@ -1785,7 +1912,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    if (type == TYPE_HASH_DEF) {
 		RHASH_SET_IFNONE(v, r_object(arg));
 	    }
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1811,20 +1938,33 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    arg->readable += (len - 1) * 2;
 	    v = r_entry0(v, idx, arg);
 	    values = rb_ary_new2(len);
-	    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
-		VALUE n = rb_sym2str(RARRAY_AREF(mem, i));
-		slot = r_symbol(arg);
-
-		if (!rb_str_equal(n, slot)) {
-		    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "struct %"PRIsVALUE" not compatible (:%"PRIsVALUE" for :%"PRIsVALUE")",
-			     rb_class_name(klass),
-			     slot, n);
+	    {
+		VALUE keywords = Qfalse;
+		if (RTEST(rb_struct_s_keyword_init(klass))) {
+		    keywords = rb_hash_new();
+		    rb_ary_push(values, keywords);
+		}
+
+		for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
+		    VALUE n = rb_sym2str(RARRAY_AREF(mem, i));
+		    slot = r_symbol(arg);
+
+		    if (!rb_str_equal(n, slot)) {
+			rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "struct %"PRIsVALUE" not compatible (:%"PRIsVALUE" for :%"PRIsVALUE")",
+				 rb_class_name(klass),
+				 slot, n);
+		    }
+		    if (keywords) {
+			rb_hash_aset(keywords, RARRAY_AREF(mem, i), r_object(arg));
+		    }
+		    else {
+			rb_ary_push(values, r_object(arg));
+		    }
+		    arg->readable -= 2;
 		}
-                rb_ary_push(values, r_object(arg));
-		arg->readable -= 2;
 	    }
             rb_struct_initialize(v, values);
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	    arg->readable += 2;
 	}
 	break;
@@ -1851,7 +1991,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 		marshal_compat_t *compat = (marshal_compat_t*)d;
 		v = compat->loader(klass, v);
 	    }
-	    v = r_post_proc(v, arg);
+	    if (!partial) v = r_post_proc(v, arg);
 	}
         break;
 
@@ -1893,7 +2033,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    }
 	    v = r_entry0(v, idx, arg);
 	    r_ivar(v, NULL, arg);
-	    v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	    v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1914,9 +2054,9 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 			 "class %"PRIsVALUE" needs to have instance method `_load_data'",
 			 name);
 	    }
-	    r = r_object0(arg, 0, extmod);
+	    r = r_object0(arg, partial, 0, extmod);
 	    load_funcall(arg, v, s_load_data, 1, &r);
-	    v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	    v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1927,7 +2067,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    v = rb_path_to_class(str);
 	    prohibit_ivar("class/module", str);
 	    v = r_entry(v, arg);
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1938,7 +2078,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    v = path2class(str);
 	    prohibit_ivar("class", str);
 	    v = r_entry(v, arg);
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1949,7 +2089,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    v = path2module(str);
 	    prohibit_ivar("module", str);
 	    v = r_entry(v, arg);
-            v = r_leave(v, arg);
+            v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -1962,7 +2102,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 	    v = r_symreal(arg, 0);
 	}
 	v = rb_str_intern(v);
-	v = r_leave(v, arg);
+	v = r_leave(v, arg, partial);
 	break;
 
       case TYPE_SYMLINK:
@@ -1984,7 +2124,7 @@ r_object0(struct load_arg *arg, int *ivp, VALUE extmod)
 static VALUE
 r_object(struct load_arg *arg)
 {
-    return r_object0(arg, 0, Qnil);
+    return r_object0(arg, false, 0, Qnil);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2002,6 +2142,8 @@ clear_load_arg(struct load_arg *arg)
     arg->symbols = 0;
     st_free_table(arg->data);
     arg->data = 0;
+    st_free_table(arg->partial_objects);
+    arg->partial_objects = 0;
     if (arg->compat_tbl) {
 	st_free_table(arg->compat_tbl);
 	arg->compat_tbl = 0;
@@ -2023,7 +2165,7 @@ clear_load_arg(struct load_arg *arg)
  * Please see the overview for further details.
  */
 static VALUE
-marshal_load(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+marshal_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE port, proc;
 
@@ -2036,29 +2178,27 @@ marshal_load(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 VALUE
 rb_marshal_load_with_proc(VALUE port, VALUE proc)
 {
-    int major, minor, infection = 0;
+    int major, minor;
     VALUE v;
     VALUE wrapper; /* used to avoid memory leak in case of exception */
     struct load_arg *arg;
 
     v = rb_check_string_type(port);
     if (!NIL_P(v)) {
-	infection = (int)FL_TEST(port, MARSHAL_INFECTION); /* original taintedness */
 	port = v;
     }
     else if (rb_respond_to(port, s_getbyte) && rb_respond_to(port, s_read)) {
 	rb_check_funcall(port, s_binmode, 0, 0);
-	infection = (int)FL_TAINT;
     }
     else {
 	io_needed();
     }
     wrapper = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct load_arg, &load_arg_data, arg);
-    arg->infection = infection;
     arg->src = port;
     arg->offset = 0;
     arg->symbols = st_init_numtable();
     arg->data    = rb_init_identtable();
+    arg->partial_objects = rb_init_identtable();
     arg->compat_tbl = 0;
     arg->proc = 0;
     arg->readable = 0;
@@ -2204,9 +2344,6 @@ rb_marshal_load_with_proc(VALUE port, VALUE proc)
 void
 Init_marshal(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
     VALUE rb_mMarshal = rb_define_module("Marshal");
 #define set_id(sym) sym = rb_intern_const(name_##sym)
     set_id(s_dump);
@@ -2221,6 +2358,8 @@ Init_marshal(void)
     set_id(s_read);
     set_id(s_write);
     set_id(s_binmode);
+    set_id(s_encoding_short);
+    set_id(s_ruby2_keywords_flag);
 
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMarshal, "dump", marshal_dump, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mMarshal, "load", marshal_load, -1);
@@ -2240,7 +2379,7 @@ compat_allocator_table(void)
 #undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
 #define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
     compat_allocator_tbl_wrapper =
-	Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cData, mark_marshal_compat_t, 0, compat_allocator_tbl);
+	Data_Wrap_Struct(0, mark_marshal_compat_t, 0, compat_allocator_tbl);
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(compat_allocator_tbl_wrapper);
     return compat_allocator_tbl;
 }
diff --git a/math.c b/math.c
index 523937ecb3..f64ad93c06 100644
--- a/math.c
+++ b/math.c
@@ -9,13 +9,22 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 # define _USE_MATH_DEFINES 1
 #endif
-#include "internal.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <float.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bignum.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/math.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/vm.h"
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SIGNBIT) && defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__sun) && \
     !defined(signbit)
@@ -382,8 +391,8 @@ math_atanh(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     /* check for domain error */
     if (d <  -1.0 || +1.0 <  d) domain_error("atanh");
     /* check for pole error */
-    if (d == -1.0) return DBL2NUM(-INFINITY);
-    if (d == +1.0) return DBL2NUM(+INFINITY);
+    if (d == -1.0) return DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL);
+    if (d == +1.0) return DBL2NUM(+HUGE_VAL);
     return DBL2NUM(atanh(d));
 }
 
@@ -426,6 +435,7 @@ math_exp(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
 #endif
 
 static double math_log1(VALUE x);
+FUNC_MINIMIZED(static VALUE math_log(int, const VALUE *, VALUE));
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -451,6 +461,12 @@ static double math_log1(VALUE x);
 static VALUE
 math_log(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE unused_obj)
 {
+    return rb_math_log(argc, argv);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_math_log(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
     VALUE x, base;
     double d;
 
@@ -488,7 +504,7 @@ math_log1(VALUE x)
     /* check for domain error */
     if (d < 0.0) domain_error("log");
     /* check for pole error */
-    if (d == 0.0) return -INFINITY;
+    if (d == 0.0) return -HUGE_VAL;
 
     return log(d) + numbits * M_LN2; /* log(d * 2 ** numbits) */
 }
@@ -531,7 +547,7 @@ math_log2(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     /* check for domain error */
     if (d < 0.0) domain_error("log2");
     /* check for pole error */
-    if (d == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(-INFINITY);
+    if (d == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL);
 
     return DBL2NUM(log2(d) + numbits); /* log2(d * 2 ** numbits) */
 }
@@ -561,11 +577,13 @@ math_log10(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     /* check for domain error */
     if (d < 0.0) domain_error("log10");
     /* check for pole error */
-    if (d == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(-INFINITY);
+    if (d == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL);
 
     return DBL2NUM(log10(d) + numbits * log10(2)); /* log10(d * 2 ** numbits) */
 }
 
+static VALUE rb_math_sqrt(VALUE x);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Math.sqrt(x)    -> Float
@@ -590,6 +608,13 @@ math_log10(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
  *    #   [8, 2.82842712474619, 8.0]
  *    #   [9, 3.0, 9.0]
  *    #   [10, 3.16227766016838, 10.0]
+ *
+ *  Note that the limited precision of floating point arithmetic
+ *  might lead to surprising results:
+ *
+ *    Math.sqrt(10**46).to_i  #=> 99999999999999991611392 (!)
+ *
+ *  See also BigDecimal#sqrt and Integer.sqrt.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -616,7 +641,7 @@ f_signbit(VALUE x)
     return f_negative_p(x);
 }
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_math_sqrt(VALUE x)
 {
     double d;
@@ -675,7 +700,14 @@ rb_math_sqrt(VALUE x)
 static VALUE
 math_cbrt(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
 {
-    return DBL2NUM(cbrt(Get_Double(x)));
+    double f = Get_Double(x);
+    double r = cbrt(f);
+#if defined __GLIBC__
+    if (isfinite(r)) {
+	r = (2.0 * r + (f / r / r)) / 3.0;
+    }
+#endif
+    return DBL2NUM(r);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -771,41 +803,6 @@ math_erfc(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     return DBL2NUM(erfc(Get_Double(x)));
 }
 
-#if defined __MINGW32__
-static inline double
-ruby_tgamma(const double d)
-{
-    const double g = tgamma(d);
-    if (isinf(g)) {
-	if (d == 0.0 && signbit(d)) return -INFINITY;
-    }
-    if (isnan(g)) {
-	if (!signbit(d)) return INFINITY;
-    }
-    return g;
-}
-#define tgamma(d) ruby_tgamma(d)
-#endif
-
-#if defined LGAMMA_R_PM0_FIX
-static inline double
-ruby_lgamma_r(const double d, int *sign)
-{
-    const double g = lgamma_r(d, sign);
-    if (isinf(g)) {
-	if (d == 0.0 && signbit(d)) {
-	    *sign = -1;
-	    return INFINITY;
-	} else if (d == 0.0 && !signbit(d)) {
-	    *sign = 1;
-	    return INFINITY;
-	}
-    }
-    return g;
-}
-#define lgamma_r(d, sign) ruby_lgamma_r(d, sign)
-#endif
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    Math.gamma(x)  -> Float
@@ -881,7 +878,13 @@ math_gamma(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     double d;
     d = Get_Double(x);
     /* check for domain error */
-    if (isinf(d) && signbit(d)) domain_error("gamma");
+    if (isinf(d)) {
+	if (signbit(d)) domain_error("gamma");
+	return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    }
+    if (d == 0.0) {
+	return signbit(d) ? DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL) : DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    }
     if (d == floor(d)) {
 	if (d < 0.0) domain_error("gamma");
 	if (1.0 <= d && d <= (double)NFACT_TABLE) {
@@ -915,7 +918,11 @@ math_lgamma(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
     /* check for domain error */
     if (isinf(d)) {
 	if (signbit(d)) domain_error("lgamma");
-	return rb_assoc_new(DBL2NUM(INFINITY), INT2FIX(1));
+	return rb_assoc_new(DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL), INT2FIX(1));
+    }
+    if (d == 0.0) {
+	VALUE vsign = signbit(d) ? INT2FIX(-1) : INT2FIX(+1);
+	return rb_assoc_new(DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL), vsign);
     }
     v = DBL2NUM(lgamma_r(d, &sign));
     return rb_assoc_new(v, INT2FIX(sign));
@@ -941,13 +948,6 @@ exp1(cos)
 exp1(cosh)
 exp1(exp)
 exp2(hypot)
-
-VALUE
-rb_math_log(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
-{
-    return math_log(argc, argv, 0);
-}
-
 exp1(sin)
 exp1(sinh)
 #if 0
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ InitVM_Math(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_mMath, "PI", DBL2NUM(M_PI));
 
 #ifdef M_E
-    /*  Definition of the mathematical constant E (e) as a Float number. */
+    /*  Definition of the mathematical constant E for Euler's number (e) as a Float number. */
     rb_define_const(rb_mMath, "E", DBL2NUM(M_E));
 #else
     rb_define_const(rb_mMath, "E", DBL2NUM(exp(1.0)));
diff --git a/memory_view.c b/memory_view.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1ab240656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/memory_view.c
@@ -0,0 +1,869 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  memory_view.c - Memory View
+
+  Copyright (C) 2020 Kenta Murata <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
+#include "ruby/memory_view.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
+
+#if SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+#   define INTPTR2NUM LL2NUM
+#   define UINTPTR2NUM ULL2NUM
+#elif SIZEOF_INTPTR_T == SIZEOF_LONG
+#   define INTPTR2NUM LONG2NUM
+#   define UINTPTR2NUM ULONG2NUM
+#else
+#   define INTPTR2NUM INT2NUM
+#   define UINTPTR2NUM UINT2NUM
+#endif
+
+
+#define STRUCT_ALIGNOF(T, result) do { \
+    (result) = RUBY_ALIGNOF(T); \
+} while(0)
+
+// Exported Object Registry
+
+static st_table *exported_object_table = NULL;
+VALUE rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry = Qundef;
+
+static int
+exported_object_registry_mark_key_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(key);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+exported_object_registry_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    // Don't use RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER here.  It is unnecessary during GC.
+    st_foreach(exported_object_table, exported_object_registry_mark_key_i, 0);
+}
+
+static void
+exported_object_registry_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    st_clear(exported_object_table);
+    st_free_table(exported_object_table);
+    exported_object_table = NULL;
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+}
+
+const rb_data_type_t rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry_data_type = {
+    "memory_view/exported_object_registry",
+    {
+	exported_object_registry_mark,
+	exported_object_registry_free,
+	0,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static int
+exported_object_add_ref(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
+    if (existing) {
+        *val += 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        *val = 1;
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+exported_object_dec_ref(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
+    if (existing) {
+        *val -= 1;
+        if (*val == 0) {
+            return ST_DELETE;
+        }
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+register_exported_object(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    st_update(exported_object_table, (st_data_t)obj, exported_object_add_ref, 0);
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+}
+
+static void
+unregister_exported_object(VALUE obj)
+{
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    st_update(exported_object_table, (st_data_t)obj, exported_object_dec_ref, 0);
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+}
+
+// MemoryView
+
+static ID id_memory_view;
+
+static const rb_data_type_t memory_view_entry_data_type = {
+    "memory_view/entry",
+    {
+	0,
+	0,
+	0,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+/* Register memory view functions for the given class */
+bool
+rb_memory_view_register(VALUE klass, const rb_memory_view_entry_t *entry) {
+    Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
+    VALUE entry_obj = rb_ivar_lookup(klass, id_memory_view, Qnil);
+    if (! NIL_P(entry_obj)) {
+        rb_warning("Duplicated registration of memory view to %"PRIsVALUE, klass);
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        entry_obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(0, &memory_view_entry_data_type, (void *)entry);
+        rb_ivar_set(klass, id_memory_view, entry_obj);
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Examine whether the given memory view has row-major order strides. */
+bool
+rb_memory_view_is_row_major_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view)
+{
+    const ssize_t ndim = view->ndim;
+    const ssize_t *shape = view->shape;
+    const ssize_t *strides = view->strides;
+    ssize_t n = view->item_size;
+    ssize_t i;
+    for (i = ndim - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+        if (strides[i] != n) return false;
+        n *= shape[i];
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/* Examine whether the given memory view has column-major order strides. */
+bool
+rb_memory_view_is_column_major_contiguous(const rb_memory_view_t *view)
+{
+    const ssize_t ndim = view->ndim;
+    const ssize_t *shape = view->shape;
+    const ssize_t *strides = view->strides;
+    ssize_t n = view->item_size;
+    ssize_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        if (strides[i] != n) return false;
+        n *= shape[i];
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/* Initialize strides array to represent the specified contiguous array. */
+void
+rb_memory_view_fill_contiguous_strides(const ssize_t ndim, const ssize_t item_size, const ssize_t *const shape, const bool row_major_p, ssize_t *const strides)
+{
+    ssize_t i, n = item_size;
+    if (row_major_p) {
+        for (i = ndim - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            strides[i] = n;
+            n *= shape[i];
+        }
+    }
+    else {  // column-major
+        for (i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) {
+            strides[i] = n;
+            n *= shape[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* Initialize view to expose a simple byte array */
+bool
+rb_memory_view_init_as_byte_array(rb_memory_view_t *view, VALUE obj, void *data, const ssize_t len, const bool readonly)
+{
+    view->obj = obj;
+    view->data = data;
+    view->byte_size = len;
+    view->readonly = readonly;
+    view->format = NULL;
+    view->item_size = 1;
+    view->item_desc.components = NULL;
+    view->item_desc.length = 0;
+    view->ndim = 1;
+    view->shape = NULL;
+    view->strides = NULL;
+    view->sub_offsets = NULL;
+    *((void **)&view->private) = NULL;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG
+static const char native_types[] = "sSiIlLqQjJ";
+#else
+static const char native_types[] = "sSiIlLjJ";
+#endif
+static const char endianness_types[] = "sSiIlLqQjJ";
+
+typedef enum {
+    ENDIANNESS_NATIVE,
+    ENDIANNESS_LITTLE,
+    ENDIANNESS_BIG
+} endianness_t;
+
+static ssize_t
+get_format_size(const char *format, bool *native_p, ssize_t *alignment, endianness_t *endianness, ssize_t *count, const char **next_format, VALUE *error)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(format != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(native_p != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(endianness != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(count != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(next_format != NULL);
+
+    *native_p = false;
+    *endianness = ENDIANNESS_NATIVE;
+    *count = 1;
+
+    const int type_char = *format;
+
+    int i = 1;
+    while (format[i]) {
+        switch (format[i]) {
+          case '!':
+          case '_':
+            if (strchr(native_types, type_char)) {
+                *native_p = true;
+                ++i;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (error) {
+                    *error = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eArgError,
+                                            rb_sprintf("Unable to specify native size for '%c'", type_char));
+                }
+                return -1;
+            }
+            continue;
+
+          case '<':
+          case '>':
+            if (!strchr(endianness_types, type_char)) {
+                if (error) {
+                    *error = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eArgError,
+                                            rb_sprintf("Unable to specify endianness for '%c'", type_char));
+                }
+                return -1;
+            }
+            if (*endianness != ENDIANNESS_NATIVE) {
+                *error = rb_exc_new_cstr(rb_eArgError, "Unable to use both '<' and '>' multiple times");
+                return -1;
+            }
+            *endianness = (format[i] == '<') ? ENDIANNESS_LITTLE : ENDIANNESS_BIG;
+            ++i;
+            continue;
+
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+
+        break;
+    }
+
+    // parse count
+    int ch = format[i];
+    if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') {
+        ssize_t n = 0;
+        while ('0' <= (ch = format[i]) && ch <= '9') {
+            n = 10*n + ruby_digit36_to_number_table[ch];
+            ++i;
+        }
+        *count = n;
+    }
+
+    *next_format = &format[i];
+
+    switch (type_char) {
+      case 'x':  // padding
+        return 1;
+
+      case 'c':  // signed char
+      case 'C':  // unsigned char
+        return sizeof(char);
+
+      case 's':  // s for int16_t, s! for signed short
+      case 'S':  // S for uint16_t, S! for unsigned short
+        if (*native_p) {
+            STRUCT_ALIGNOF(short, *alignment);
+            return sizeof(short);
+        }
+        // fall through
+
+      case 'n':  // n for big-endian 16bit unsigned integer
+      case 'v':  // v for little-endian 16bit unsigned integer
+        STRUCT_ALIGNOF(int16_t, *alignment);
+        return 2;
+
+      case 'i':  // i and i! for signed int
+      case 'I':  // I and I! for unsigned int
+        STRUCT_ALIGNOF(int, *alignment);
+        return sizeof(int);
+
+      case 'l':  // l for int32_t, l! for signed long
+      case 'L':  // L for uint32_t, L! for unsigned long
+        if (*native_p) {
+            STRUCT_ALIGNOF(long, *alignment);
+            return sizeof(long);
+        }
+        // fall through
+
+      case 'N':  // N for big-endian 32bit unsigned integer
+      case 'V':  // V for little-endian 32bit unsigned integer
+        STRUCT_ALIGNOF(int32_t, *alignment);
+        return 4;
+
+      case 'f':  // f for native float
+      case 'e':  // e for little-endian float
+      case 'g':  // g for big-endian float
+        STRUCT_ALIGNOF(float, *alignment);
+        return sizeof(float);
+
+      case 'q':  // q for int64_t, q! for signed long long
+      case 'Q':  // Q for uint64_t, Q! for unsigned long long
+        if (*native_p) {
+            STRUCT_ALIGNOF(LONG_LONG, *alignment);
+            return sizeof(LONG_LONG);
+        }
+        STRUCT_ALIGNOF(int64_t, *alignment);
+        return 8;
+
+      case 'd':  // d for native double
+      case 'E':  // E for little-endian double
+      case 'G':  // G for big-endian double
+        STRUCT_ALIGNOF(double, *alignment);
+        return sizeof(double);
+
+      case 'j':  // j for intptr_t
+      case 'J':  // J for uintptr_t
+        STRUCT_ALIGNOF(intptr_t, *alignment);
+        return sizeof(intptr_t);
+
+      default:
+        *alignment = -1;
+        if (error) {
+            *error = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eArgError, rb_sprintf("Invalid type character '%c'", type_char));
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline ssize_t
+calculate_padding(ssize_t total, ssize_t alignment_size) {
+    if (alignment_size > 1) {
+        ssize_t res = total % alignment_size;
+        if (res > 0) {
+            return alignment_size - res;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+rb_memory_view_parse_item_format(const char *format,
+                                 rb_memory_view_item_component_t **members,
+                                 size_t *n_members, const char **err)
+{
+    if (format == NULL) return 1;
+
+    VALUE error = Qnil;
+    ssize_t total = 0;
+    size_t len = 0;
+    bool alignment = false;
+    ssize_t max_alignment_size = 0;
+
+    const char *p = format;
+    if (*p == '|') {  // alginment specifier
+        alignment = true;
+        ++format;
+        ++p;
+    }
+    while (*p) {
+        const char *q = p;
+
+        // ignore spaces
+        if (ISSPACE(*p)) {
+            while (ISSPACE(*p)) ++p;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        bool native_size_p = false;
+        ssize_t alignment_size = 0;
+        endianness_t endianness = ENDIANNESS_NATIVE;
+        ssize_t count = 0;
+        const ssize_t size = get_format_size(p, &native_size_p, &alignment_size, &endianness, &count, &p, &error);
+        if (size < 0) {
+            if (err) *err = q;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (max_alignment_size < alignment_size) {
+            max_alignment_size = alignment_size;
+        }
+
+        const ssize_t padding = alignment ? calculate_padding(total, alignment_size) : 0;
+        total += padding + size * count;
+
+        if (*q != 'x') {
+            ++len;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // adjust total size with the alignment size of the largest element
+    if (alignment && max_alignment_size > 0) {
+        const ssize_t padding = calculate_padding(total, max_alignment_size);
+        total += padding;
+    }
+
+    if (members && n_members) {
+        rb_memory_view_item_component_t *buf = ALLOC_N(rb_memory_view_item_component_t, len);
+
+        ssize_t i = 0, offset = 0;
+        const char *p = format;
+        while (*p) {
+            const int type_char = *p;
+
+            bool native_size_p;
+            ssize_t alignment_size = 0;
+            endianness_t endianness = ENDIANNESS_NATIVE;
+            ssize_t count = 0;
+            const ssize_t size = get_format_size(p, &native_size_p, &alignment_size, &endianness, &count, &p, NULL);
+
+            const ssize_t padding = alignment ? calculate_padding(offset, alignment_size) : 0;
+            offset += padding;
+
+            if (type_char != 'x') {
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+                bool little_endian_p = (endianness == ENDIANNESS_LITTLE);
+#else
+                bool little_endian_p = (endianness != ENDIANNESS_BIG);
+#endif
+
+                switch (type_char) {
+                  case 'e':
+                  case 'E':
+                  case 'v':
+                  case 'V':
+                    little_endian_p = true;
+                    break;
+                  case 'g':
+                  case 'G':
+                  case 'n':
+                  case 'N':
+                    little_endian_p = false;
+                    break;
+                  default:
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                buf[i++] = (rb_memory_view_item_component_t){
+                    .format = type_char,
+                    .native_size_p = native_size_p,
+                    .little_endian_p = little_endian_p,
+                    .offset = offset,
+                    .size = size,
+                    .repeat = count
+                };
+            }
+
+            offset += size * count;
+        }
+
+        *members = buf;
+        *n_members = len;
+    }
+
+    return total;
+}
+
+/* Return the item size. */
+ssize_t
+rb_memory_view_item_size_from_format(const char *format, const char **err)
+{
+    return rb_memory_view_parse_item_format(format, NULL, NULL, err);
+}
+
+/* Return the pointer to the item located by the given indices. */
+void *
+rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer(rb_memory_view_t *view, const ssize_t *indices)
+{
+    uint8_t *ptr = view->data;
+
+    if (view->ndim == 1) {
+        ssize_t stride = view->strides != NULL ? view->strides[0] : view->item_size;
+        return ptr + indices[0] * stride;
+    }
+
+    assert(view->shape != NULL);
+
+    ssize_t i;
+    if (view->strides == NULL) {
+        // row-major contiguous array
+        ssize_t stride = view->item_size;
+        for (i = 0; i < view->ndim; ++i) {
+            stride *= view->shape[i];
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < view->ndim; ++i) {
+            stride /= view->shape[i];
+            ptr += indices[i] * stride;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (view->sub_offsets == NULL) {
+        // flat strided array
+        for (i = 0; i < view->ndim; ++i) {
+            ptr += indices[i] * view->strides[i];
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        // indirect strided array
+        for (i = 0; i < view->ndim; ++i) {
+            ptr += indices[i] * view->strides[i];
+            if (view->sub_offsets[i] >= 0) {
+                ptr = *(uint8_t **)ptr + view->sub_offsets[i];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static void
+switch_endianness(uint8_t *buf, ssize_t len)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(buf != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(len >= 0);
+
+    uint8_t *p = buf;
+    uint8_t *q = buf + len - 1;
+
+    while (q - p > 0) {
+        uint8_t t = *p;
+        *p = *q;
+        *q = t;
+        ++p;
+        --q;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+extract_item_member(const uint8_t *ptr, const rb_memory_view_item_component_t *member, const size_t i)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(ptr != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(member != NULL);
+    RUBY_ASSERT(i < member->repeat);
+
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+    const bool native_endian_p = !member->little_endian_p;
+#else
+    const bool native_endian_p = member->little_endian_p;
+#endif
+
+    const uint8_t *p = ptr + member->offset + i * member->size;
+
+    if (member->format == 'c') {
+        return INT2FIX(*(char *)p);
+    }
+    else if (member->format == 'C') {
+        return INT2FIX(*(unsigned char *)p);
+    }
+
+    union {
+        short s;
+        unsigned short us;
+        int i;
+        unsigned int ui;
+        long l;
+        unsigned long ul;
+        LONG_LONG ll;
+        unsigned LONG_LONG ull;
+        int16_t i16;
+        uint16_t u16;
+        int32_t i32;
+        uint32_t u32;
+        int64_t i64;
+        uint64_t u64;
+        intptr_t iptr;
+        uintptr_t uptr;
+        float f;
+        double d;
+    } val;
+
+    if (!native_endian_p) {
+        MEMCPY(&val, p, uint8_t, member->size);
+        switch_endianness((uint8_t *)&val, member->size);
+    }
+    else {
+        MEMCPY(&val, p, uint8_t, member->size);
+    }
+
+    switch (member->format) {
+      case 's':
+        if (member->native_size_p) {
+            return INT2FIX(val.s);
+        }
+        else {
+            return INT2FIX(val.i16);
+        }
+
+      case 'S':
+      case 'n':
+      case 'v':
+        if (member->native_size_p) {
+            return UINT2NUM(val.us);
+        }
+        else {
+            return INT2FIX(val.u16);
+        }
+
+      case 'i':
+        return INT2NUM(val.i);
+
+      case 'I':
+        return UINT2NUM(val.ui);
+
+      case 'l':
+        if (member->native_size_p) {
+            return LONG2NUM(val.l);
+        }
+        else {
+            return LONG2NUM(val.i32);
+        }
+
+      case 'L':
+      case 'N':
+      case 'V':
+        if (member->native_size_p) {
+            return ULONG2NUM(val.ul);
+        }
+        else {
+            return ULONG2NUM(val.u32);
+        }
+
+      case 'f':
+      case 'e':
+      case 'g':
+        return DBL2NUM(val.f);
+
+      case 'q':
+        if (member->native_size_p) {
+            return LL2NUM(val.ll);
+        }
+        else {
+#if SIZEOF_INT64_t == SIZEOF_LONG
+            return LONG2NUM(val.i64);
+#else
+            return LL2NUM(val.i64);
+#endif
+        }
+
+      case 'Q':
+        if (member->native_size_p) {
+            return ULL2NUM(val.ull);
+        }
+        else {
+#if SIZEOF_UINT64_t == SIZEOF_LONG
+            return ULONG2NUM(val.u64);
+#else
+            return ULL2NUM(val.u64);
+#endif
+        }
+
+      case 'd':
+      case 'E':
+      case 'G':
+        return DBL2NUM(val.d);
+
+      case 'j':
+        return INTPTR2NUM(val.iptr);
+
+      case 'J':
+        return UINTPTR2NUM(val.uptr);
+
+      default:
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Return a value of the extracted member. */
+VALUE
+rb_memory_view_extract_item_member(const void *ptr, const rb_memory_view_item_component_t *member, const size_t i)
+{
+    if (ptr == NULL) return Qnil;
+    if (member == NULL) return Qnil;
+    if (i >= member->repeat) return Qnil;
+
+    return extract_item_member(ptr, member, i);
+}
+
+/* Return a value that consists of item members.
+ * When an item is a single member, the return value is a single value.
+ * When an item consists of multiple members, an array will be returned. */
+VALUE
+rb_memory_view_extract_item_members(const void *ptr, const rb_memory_view_item_component_t *members, const size_t n_members)
+{
+    if (ptr == NULL) return Qnil;
+    if (members == NULL) return Qnil;
+    if (n_members == 0) return Qnil;
+
+    if (n_members == 1 && members[0].repeat == 1) {
+        return rb_memory_view_extract_item_member(ptr, members, 0);
+    }
+
+    size_t i, j;
+    VALUE item = rb_ary_new();
+    for (i = 0; i < n_members; ++i) {
+        for (j = 0; j < members[i].repeat; ++j) {
+            VALUE v = extract_item_member(ptr, &members[i], j);
+            rb_ary_push(item, v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return item;
+}
+
+void
+rb_memory_view_prepare_item_desc(rb_memory_view_t *view)
+{
+    if (view->item_desc.components == NULL) {
+        const char *err;
+        rb_memory_view_item_component_t **p_components =
+            (rb_memory_view_item_component_t **)&view->item_desc.components;
+        ssize_t n = rb_memory_view_parse_item_format(view->format, p_components, &view->item_desc.length, &err);
+        if (n < 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+                     "Unable to parse item format at %"PRIdSIZE" in \"%s\"",
+                     (err - view->format), view->format);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* Return a value that consists of item members in the given memory view. */
+VALUE
+rb_memory_view_get_item(rb_memory_view_t *view, const ssize_t *indices)
+{
+    void *ptr = rb_memory_view_get_item_pointer(view, indices);
+
+    if (view->format == NULL) {
+        return INT2FIX(*(uint8_t *)ptr);
+    }
+
+    if (view->item_desc.components == NULL) {
+        rb_memory_view_prepare_item_desc(view);
+    }
+
+    return rb_memory_view_extract_item_members(ptr, view->item_desc.components, view->item_desc.length);
+}
+
+static const rb_memory_view_entry_t *
+lookup_memory_view_entry(VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE entry_obj = rb_ivar_lookup(klass, id_memory_view, Qnil);
+    while (NIL_P(entry_obj)) {
+        klass = rb_class_get_superclass(klass);
+
+        if (klass == rb_cBasicObject || klass == rb_cObject)
+            return NULL;
+
+        entry_obj = rb_ivar_lookup(klass, id_memory_view, Qnil);
+    }
+
+    if (! rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(entry_obj, &memory_view_entry_data_type))
+        return NULL;
+
+    return (const rb_memory_view_entry_t *)RTYPEDDATA_DATA(entry_obj);
+}
+
+/* Examine whether the given object supports memory view. */
+bool
+rb_memory_view_available_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
+    const rb_memory_view_entry_t *entry = lookup_memory_view_entry(klass);
+    if (entry)
+        return (* entry->available_p_func)(obj);
+    else
+        return false;
+}
+
+/* Obtain a memory view from obj, and substitute the information to view. */
+bool
+rb_memory_view_get(VALUE obj, rb_memory_view_t* view, int flags)
+{
+    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(obj);
+    const rb_memory_view_entry_t *entry = lookup_memory_view_entry(klass);
+    if (entry) {
+        if (!(*entry->available_p_func)(obj)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        bool rv = (*entry->get_func)(obj, view, flags);
+        if (rv) {
+            register_exported_object(view->obj);
+        }
+        return rv;
+    }
+    else
+        return false;
+}
+
+/* Release the memory view obtained from obj. */
+bool
+rb_memory_view_release(rb_memory_view_t* view)
+{
+    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(view->obj);
+    const rb_memory_view_entry_t *entry = lookup_memory_view_entry(klass);
+    if (entry) {
+        bool rv = true;
+        if (entry->release_func) {
+            rv = (*entry->release_func)(view->obj, view);
+        }
+        if (rv) {
+            unregister_exported_object(view->obj);
+            view->obj = Qnil;
+            if (view->item_desc.components) {
+                xfree((void *)view->item_desc.components);
+            }
+        }
+        return rv;
+    }
+    else
+        return false;
+}
+
+void
+Init_MemoryView(void)
+{
+    exported_object_table = rb_init_identtable();
+
+    // exported_object_table is referred through rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry
+    // in -test-/memory_view extension.
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(
+        0, &rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry_data_type,
+        exported_object_table);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(obj);
+    rb_memory_view_exported_object_registry = obj;
+
+    id_memory_view = rb_intern_const("__memory_view__");
+}
diff --git a/method.h b/method.h
index 510c9b6f40..16a48ccf88 100644
--- a/method.h
+++ b/method.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_METHOD_H
+#define RUBY_METHOD_H 1
 /**********************************************************************
 
   method.h -
@@ -8,10 +10,11 @@
   Copyright (C) 2009 Koichi Sasada
 
 **********************************************************************/
-#ifndef RUBY_METHOD_H
-#define RUBY_METHOD_H 1
 
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/compilers.h"
+#include "internal/static_assert.h"
 
 #ifndef END_OF_ENUMERATION
 # if defined(__GNUC__) &&! defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
@@ -33,15 +36,16 @@ typedef enum {
 } rb_method_visibility_t;
 
 typedef struct rb_scope_visi_struct {
-    rb_method_visibility_t method_visi : 3;
+    BITFIELD(rb_method_visibility_t, method_visi, 3);
     unsigned int module_func : 1;
 } rb_scope_visibility_t;
 
+/*! CREF (Class REFerence) */
 typedef struct rb_cref_struct {
     VALUE flags;
-    const VALUE refinements;
-    const VALUE klass;
-    struct rb_cref_struct * const next;
+    VALUE refinements;
+    VALUE klass;
+    struct rb_cref_struct * next;
     const rb_scope_visibility_t scope_visi;
 } rb_cref_t;
 
@@ -49,10 +53,10 @@ typedef struct rb_cref_struct {
 
 typedef struct rb_method_entry_struct {
     VALUE flags;
-    const VALUE defined_class;
+    VALUE defined_class;
     struct rb_method_definition_struct * const def;
     ID called_id;
-    const VALUE owner;
+    VALUE owner;
 } rb_method_entry_t;
 
 typedef struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct { /* same fields with rb_method_entry_t */
@@ -65,8 +69,13 @@ typedef struct rb_callable_method_entry_struct { /* same fields with rb_method_e
 
 #define METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me)  (rb_method_visibility_t)(((me)->flags & (IMEMO_FL_USER0 | IMEMO_FL_USER1)) >> (IMEMO_FL_USHIFT+0))
 #define METHOD_ENTRY_BASIC(me) (int)                   (((me)->flags & (IMEMO_FL_USER2                 )) >> (IMEMO_FL_USHIFT+2))
-#define METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED(me)     ((me)->flags & IMEMO_FL_USER3)
-#define METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED_SET(me) ((me)->flags = (me)->flags | IMEMO_FL_USER3)
+#define METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED(me)        ((me)->flags & IMEMO_FL_USER3)
+#define METHOD_ENTRY_COMPLEMENTED_SET(me)    ((me)->flags |= IMEMO_FL_USER3)
+#define METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED(me)              ((me)->flags & IMEMO_FL_USER4)
+#define METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED_SET(me)          ((me)->flags |= IMEMO_FL_USER4)
+#define METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(me)         ((me)->flags & IMEMO_FL_USER5)
+#define METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED_SET(me)     ((me)->flags |= IMEMO_FL_USER5)
+#define METHOD_ENTRY_CACHEABLE(me)           !(METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me) == METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED)
 
 static inline void
 METHOD_ENTRY_VISI_SET(rb_method_entry_t *me, rb_method_visibility_t visi)
@@ -87,32 +96,35 @@ METHOD_ENTRY_FLAGS_SET(rb_method_entry_t *me, rb_method_visibility_t visi, unsig
     VM_ASSERT(basic <= 1);
     me->flags =
       (me->flags & ~(IMEMO_FL_USER0|IMEMO_FL_USER1|IMEMO_FL_USER2)) |
-	((visi << (IMEMO_FL_USHIFT+0)) | (basic << (IMEMO_FL_USHIFT+2)));
+        ((visi << (IMEMO_FL_USHIFT+0)) | (basic << (IMEMO_FL_USHIFT+2)));
 }
 static inline void
 METHOD_ENTRY_FLAGS_COPY(rb_method_entry_t *dst, const rb_method_entry_t *src)
 {
     dst->flags =
       (dst->flags & ~(IMEMO_FL_USER0|IMEMO_FL_USER1|IMEMO_FL_USER2)) |
-	(src->flags & (IMEMO_FL_USER0|IMEMO_FL_USER1|IMEMO_FL_USER2));
+        (src->flags & (IMEMO_FL_USER0|IMEMO_FL_USER1|IMEMO_FL_USER2));
 }
 
 typedef enum {
-    VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ,
-    VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC,
-    VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET,
-    VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR,
+    VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ,      /*!< Ruby method */
+    VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC,     /*!< C method */
+    VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET,   /*!< attr_writer or attr_accessor */
+    VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR,      /*!< attr_reader or attr_accessor */
     VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD,
     VM_METHOD_TYPE_ZSUPER,
     VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS,
     VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF,
     VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED,
-    VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED, /* Kernel#send, Proc#call, etc */
-    VM_METHOD_TYPE_MISSING,   /* wrapper for method_missing(id) */
-    VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED,
+    VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED, /*!< Kernel#send, Proc#call, etc */
+    VM_METHOD_TYPE_MISSING,   /*!< wrapper for method_missing(id) */
+    VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED,   /*!< refinement */
 
     END_OF_ENUMERATION(VM_METHOD_TYPE)
 } rb_method_type_t;
+#define VM_METHOD_TYPE_MINIMUM_BITS 4
+STATIC_ASSERT(VM_METHOD_TYPE_MINIMUM_BITS,
+              VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED <= (1<<VM_METHOD_TYPE_MINIMUM_BITS));
 
 #ifndef rb_iseq_t
 typedef struct rb_iseq_struct rb_iseq_t;
@@ -120,53 +132,68 @@ typedef struct rb_iseq_struct rb_iseq_t;
 #endif
 
 typedef struct rb_method_iseq_struct {
-    const rb_iseq_t * const iseqptr;              /* should be separated from iseqval */
-    rb_cref_t * const cref;                       /* should be marked */
+    rb_iseq_t * iseqptr; /*!< iseq pointer, should be separated from iseqval */
+    rb_cref_t * cref;          /*!< class reference, should be marked */
 } rb_method_iseq_t; /* check rb_add_method_iseq() when modify the fields */
 
 typedef struct rb_method_cfunc_struct {
     VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS);
-    VALUE (*invoker)(VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), VALUE recv, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
+    VALUE (*invoker)(VALUE recv, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS));
     int argc;
 } rb_method_cfunc_t;
 
 typedef struct rb_method_attr_struct {
     ID id;
-    const VALUE location; /* should be marked */
+    VALUE location; /* should be marked */
 } rb_method_attr_t;
 
 typedef struct rb_method_alias_struct {
-    const struct rb_method_entry_struct * const original_me; /* original_me->klass is original owner */
+    struct rb_method_entry_struct * original_me; /* original_me->klass is original owner */
 } rb_method_alias_t;
 
 typedef struct rb_method_refined_struct {
-    const struct rb_method_entry_struct * const orig_me;
-    const VALUE owner;
+    struct rb_method_entry_struct * orig_me;
+    VALUE owner;
 } rb_method_refined_t;
 
-typedef struct rb_method_definition_struct {
-    rb_method_type_t type :  8; /* method type */
-    int alias_count       : 28;
-    int complemented_count: 28;
+typedef struct rb_method_bmethod_struct {
+    VALUE proc; /* should be marked */
+    struct rb_hook_list_struct *hooks;
+    VALUE defined_ractor;
+} rb_method_bmethod_t;
+
+enum method_optimized_type {
+    OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_SEND,
+    OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL,
+    OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_BLOCK_CALL,
+    OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE__MAX
+};
+
+struct rb_method_definition_struct {
+    BITFIELD(rb_method_type_t, type, VM_METHOD_TYPE_MINIMUM_BITS);
+    int alias_count : 28;
+    int complemented_count : 28;
+    unsigned int no_redef_warning: 1;
 
     union {
-	rb_method_iseq_t iseq;
-	rb_method_cfunc_t cfunc;
-	rb_method_attr_t attr;
-	rb_method_alias_t alias;
-	rb_method_refined_t refined;
-
-	const VALUE proc;                 /* should be marked */
-	enum method_optimized_type {
-	    OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_SEND,
-	    OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL,
-
-	    OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE__MAX
-	} optimize_type;
+        rb_method_iseq_t iseq;
+        rb_method_cfunc_t cfunc;
+        rb_method_attr_t attr;
+        rb_method_alias_t alias;
+        rb_method_refined_t refined;
+        rb_method_bmethod_t bmethod;
+
+        enum method_optimized_type optimize_type;
     } body;
 
     ID original_id;
-} rb_method_definition_t;
+    uintptr_t method_serial;
+};
+
+struct rb_id_table;
+
+typedef struct rb_method_definition_struct rb_method_definition_t;
+STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_method_def, offsetof(rb_method_definition_t, body)==8);
 
 #define UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me) (!(me) || !(me)->def || (me)->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF)
 #define UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(def) \
@@ -176,38 +203,44 @@ typedef struct rb_method_definition_struct {
 void rb_add_method_cfunc(VALUE klass, ID mid, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc, rb_method_visibility_t visi);
 void rb_add_method_iseq(VALUE klass, ID mid, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_cref_t *cref, rb_method_visibility_t visi);
 void rb_add_refined_method_entry(VALUE refined_class, ID mid);
+void rb_add_method(VALUE klass, ID mid, rb_method_type_t type, void *option, rb_method_visibility_t visi);
 
-rb_method_entry_t *rb_add_method(VALUE klass, ID mid, rb_method_type_t type, void *option, rb_method_visibility_t visi);
 rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_set(VALUE klass, ID mid, const rb_method_entry_t *, rb_method_visibility_t noex);
 rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_create(ID called_id, VALUE klass, rb_method_visibility_t visi, const rb_method_definition_t *def);
 
 const rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_at(VALUE obj, ID id);
 
 const rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry(VALUE klass, ID id);
-const rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
-const rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
+const rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id, VALUE *defined_class);
+const rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id, VALUE *defined_class);
 const rb_method_entry_t *rb_resolve_refined_method(VALUE refinements, const rb_method_entry_t *me);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+const rb_method_entry_t *rb_resolve_me_location(const rb_method_entry_t *, VALUE[5]);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_callable_method_entry(VALUE klass, ID id);
-const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
-const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_callable_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id);
-const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_resolve_refined_method_callable(VALUE refinements, const rb_callable_method_entry_t *me);
+const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id, VALUE *defined_class);
+const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_callable_method_entry_without_refinements(VALUE klass, ID id, VALUE *defined_class);
 
 int rb_method_entry_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me);
 int rb_method_entry_eq(const rb_method_entry_t *m1, const rb_method_entry_t *m2);
 st_index_t rb_hash_method_entry(st_index_t hash, const rb_method_entry_t *me);
 
 VALUE rb_method_entry_location(const rb_method_entry_t *me);
-VALUE rb_mod_method_location(VALUE mod, ID id);
-VALUE rb_obj_method_location(VALUE obj, ID id);
 
 void rb_free_method_entry(const rb_method_entry_t *me);
-void rb_sweep_method_entry(void *vm);
 
 const rb_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_clone(const rb_method_entry_t *me);
 const rb_callable_method_entry_t *rb_method_entry_complement_defined_class(const rb_method_entry_t *src_me, ID called_id, VALUE defined_class);
 void rb_method_entry_copy(rb_method_entry_t *dst, const rb_method_entry_t *src);
 
+void rb_method_table_insert(VALUE klass, struct rb_id_table *table, ID method_id, const rb_method_entry_t *me);
+
 void rb_scope_visibility_set(rb_method_visibility_t);
 
+VALUE rb_unnamed_parameters(int arity);
+
+void rb_clear_method_cache(VALUE klass_or_module, ID mid);
+void rb_clear_method_cache_all(void);
+
 #endif /* RUBY_METHOD_H */
diff --git a/mini_builtin.c b/mini_builtin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86803e1656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mini_builtin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "iseq.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+#include "miniprelude.c"
+
+// included from miniinit.c
+
+#ifndef INCLUDED_BY_BUILTIN_C
+static struct st_table *loaded_builtin_table;
+#endif
+
+rb_ast_t *rb_builtin_ast(const char *feature_name, VALUE *name_str);
+
+static const rb_iseq_t *
+builtin_iseq_load(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
+{
+    VALUE name_str = 0;
+    rb_ast_t *ast = rb_builtin_ast(feature_name, &name_str);
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+
+    vm->builtin_function_table = table;
+    vm->builtin_inline_index = 0;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_new(&ast->body, name_str, name_str, Qnil, NULL, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP);
+    GET_VM()->builtin_function_table = NULL;
+
+    rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+
+    // for debug
+    if (0 && strcmp("prelude", feature_name) == 0) {
+        rb_io_write(rb_stdout, rb_iseq_disasm((const rb_iseq_t *)iseq));
+    }
+
+#ifndef INCLUDED_BY_BUILTIN_C
+    st_insert(loaded_builtin_table, (st_data_t)feature_name, (st_data_t)iseq);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object((VALUE)iseq);
+#endif
+
+    return iseq;
+}
+
+void
+rb_load_with_builtin_functions(const char *feature_name, const struct rb_builtin_function *table)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = builtin_iseq_load(feature_name, table);
+    rb_iseq_eval(iseq);
+}
+
+#ifndef INCLUDED_BY_BUILTIN_C
+
+static int
+each_builtin_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t dmy)
+{
+    const char *feature = (const char *)key;
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = (const rb_iseq_t *)val;
+
+    rb_yield_values(2, rb_str_new2(feature), rb_iseqw_new(iseq));
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+each_builtin(VALUE self)
+{
+    st_foreach(loaded_builtin_table, each_builtin_i, 0);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+Init_builtin(void)
+{
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRubyVM, "each_builtin", each_builtin, 0);
+    loaded_builtin_table = st_init_strtable();
+}
+
+void
+Init_builtin_features(void)
+{
+    // register for ruby
+    builtin_iseq_load("gem_prelude", NULL);
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/miniinit.c b/miniinit.c
index 7284e2e62d..2a14a0d1c5 100644
--- a/miniinit.c
+++ b/miniinit.c
@@ -47,3 +47,5 @@ Init_enc(void)
     rb_encdb_alias("BINARY", "ASCII-8BIT");
     rb_encdb_alias("ASCII", "US-ASCII");
 }
+
+#include "mini_builtin.c"
diff --git a/misc/README b/misc/README
index 08a9010f58..1728b42700 100644
--- a/misc/README
+++ b/misc/README
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-README            this file
-inf-ruby.el       program to run ruby under emacs
-rb_optparse.bash  bash completion script
-rb_optparse.zsh   zsh completion script
-rdoc-mode.el      RDoc mode for emacs
-ruby-mode.el      ruby mode for emacs
-ruby-style.el     Ruby's C/C++ mode style for emacs
-rubydb2x.el       ruby debugger support for emacs 19.2x or before
-rubydb3x.el       ruby debugger support for emacs 19.3x or later
-ruby-electric.el  emacs minor mode providing electric commands
-
-Check out https://github.com/ruby-debug/ also.
+README             this file
+rb_optparse.bash   bash completion script
+rb_optparse.zsh    zsh completion script
+ruby-style.el      Ruby's C/C++ mode style for emacs
+lldb_cruby.py      LLDB port of debug utility
+test_lldb_cruby.rb test file for LLDB port
diff --git a/misc/expand_tabs.rb b/misc/expand_tabs.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..b748ab4a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/misc/expand_tabs.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby --disable-gems
+# Add the following line to your `.git/hooks/pre-commit`:
+#
+#   $ ruby --disable-gems misc/expand_tabs.rb
+#
+
+require 'shellwords'
+require 'tmpdir'
+ENV['LC_ALL'] = 'C'
+
+class Git
+  def initialize(oldrev, newrev)
+    @oldrev = oldrev
+    @newrev = newrev
+  end
+
+  # ["foo/bar.c", "baz.h", ...]
+  def updated_paths
+    with_clean_env do
+      IO.popen(['git', 'diff', '--cached', '--name-only', @newrev], &:readlines).each(&:chomp!)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # [0, 1, 4, ...]
+  def updated_lines(file)
+    lines = []
+    revs_pattern = ("0"*40) + " "
+    with_clean_env { IO.popen(['git', 'blame', '-l', '--', file], &:readlines) }.each_with_index do |line, index|
+      if line.b.start_with?(revs_pattern)
+        lines << index
+      end
+    end
+    lines
+  end
+
+  def add(file)
+    git('add', file)
+  end
+
+  def toplevel
+    IO.popen(['git', 'rev-parse', '--show-toplevel'], &:read).chomp
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def git(*args)
+    cmd = ['git', *args].shelljoin
+    unless with_clean_env { system(cmd) }
+      abort "Failed to run: #{cmd}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_clean_env
+    git_dir = ENV.delete('GIT_DIR') # this overcomes '-C' or pwd
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ENV['GIT_DIR'] = git_dir if git_dir
+  end
+end
+
+DEFAULT_GEM_LIBS = %w[
+  bundler
+  cmath
+  csv
+  e2mmap
+  fileutils
+  forwardable
+  ipaddr
+  irb
+  logger
+  matrix
+  mutex_m
+  ostruct
+  prime
+  racc
+  rdoc
+  rexml
+  rss
+  scanf
+  shell
+  sync
+  thwait
+  tracer
+]
+
+DEFAULT_GEM_EXTS = %w[
+  bigdecimal
+  date
+  dbm
+  etc
+  fcntl
+  fiddle
+  gdbm
+  io/console
+  json
+  openssl
+  psych
+  stringio
+  strscan
+  zlib
+]
+
+EXPANDTAB_IGNORED_FILES = [
+  # default gems whose master is GitHub
+  %r{\Abin/(?!erb)\w+\z},
+  *DEFAULT_GEM_LIBS.flat_map { |lib|
+    [
+      %r{\Alib/#{lib}/},
+      %r{\Alib/#{lib}\.gemspec\z},
+      %r{\Alib/#{lib}\.rb\z},
+      %r{\Atest/#{lib}/},
+    ]
+  },
+  *DEFAULT_GEM_EXTS.flat_map { |ext|
+    [
+      %r{\Aext/#{ext}/},
+      %r{\Atest/#{ext}/},
+    ]
+  },
+
+  # vendoring (ccan)
+  %r{\Accan/},
+
+  # vendoring (onigmo)
+  %r{\Aenc/},
+  %r{\Ainclude/ruby/onigmo\.h\z},
+  %r{\Areg.+\.(c|h)\z},
+
+  # explicit or implicit `c-file-style: "linux"`
+  %r{\Aaddr2line\.c\z},
+  %r{\Amissing/},
+  %r{\Astrftime\.c\z},
+  %r{\Avsnprintf\.c\z},
+]
+
+git = Git.new('HEAD^', 'HEAD')
+
+Dir.chdir(git.toplevel) do
+  paths = git.updated_paths
+  paths.select! {|f|
+    (f.end_with?('.c') || f.end_with?('.h') || f == 'insns.def') && EXPANDTAB_IGNORED_FILES.all? { |re| !f.match(re) }
+  }
+  files = paths.select {|n| File.file?(n)}
+  exit if files.empty?
+
+  files.each do |f|
+    src = File.binread(f) rescue next
+
+    expanded = false
+    updated_lines = git.updated_lines(f)
+    unless updated_lines.empty?
+      src.gsub!(/^.*$/).with_index do |line, lineno|
+        if updated_lines.include?(lineno) && line.start_with?("\t") # last-committed line with hard tabs
+          expanded = true
+          line.sub(/\A\t+/) { |tabs| ' ' * (8 * tabs.length) }
+        else
+          line
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    if expanded
+      File.binwrite(f, src)
+      git.add(f)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/misc/inf-ruby.el b/misc/inf-ruby.el
deleted file mode 100644
index b3f4f10267..0000000000
--- a/misc/inf-ruby.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,418 +0,0 @@
-;;; -*-Emacs-Lisp-*-
-;;;
-;;;  $Id$
-;;;  $Author$
-;;;
-;;; Inferior Ruby Mode - ruby process in a buffer.
-;;;                      adapted from cmuscheme.el
-;;;
-;;; Usage:
-;;;
-;;; (0) check ruby-program-name variable that can run your environment.
-;;;
-;;; (1) modify .emacs to use ruby-mode
-;;;     for example :
-;;;
-;;;    (autoload 'ruby-mode "ruby-mode"
-;;;      "Mode for editing ruby source files" t)
-;;;    (setq auto-mode-alist
-;;;          (append '(("\\.rb$" . ruby-mode)) auto-mode-alist))
-;;;    (setq interpreter-mode-alist (append '(("ruby" . ruby-mode))
-;;;                                  interpreter-mode-alist))
-;;;
-;;; (2) set to load inf-ruby and set inf-ruby key definition in ruby-mode.
-;;;
-;;;    (autoload 'run-ruby "inf-ruby"
-;;;      "Run an inferior Ruby process")
-;;;    (autoload 'inf-ruby-keys "inf-ruby"
-;;;      "Set local key defs for inf-ruby in ruby-mode")
-;;;    (add-hook 'ruby-mode-hook
-;;;          '(lambda ()
-;;;             (inf-ruby-keys)
-;;;    ))
-;;;
-;;; HISTORY
-;;; senda -  8 Apr 1998: Created.
-;;;      $Log$
-;;;      Revision 1.7  2004/07/27 08:11:36  matz
-;;;      * eval.c (rb_eval): copy on write for argument local variable
-;;;        assignment.
-;;;
-;;;      * eval.c (assign): ditto.
-;;;
-;;;      * eval.c (rb_call0): update ruby_frame->argv with the default
-;;;        value used for the optional arguments.
-;;;
-;;;      * object.c (Init_Object): "===" calls rb_obj_equal() directly.
-;;;        [ruby-list:39937]
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.6  2002/09/07 14:35:46  nobu
-;;;      * misc/inf-ruby.el (inferior-ruby-error-regexp-alist): regexp
-;;;        alist for error message from ruby.
-;;;
-;;;      * misc/inf-ruby.el (inferior-ruby-mode): fixed for Emacs.
-;;;
-;;;      * misc/inf-ruby.el (ruby-send-region): compilation-parse-errors
-;;;        doesn't parse first line, so insert separators before each
-;;;        evaluations.
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.5  2002/08/19 10:05:47  nobu
-;;;      * misc/inf-ruby.el (inf-ruby-keys): ruby-send-definition
-;;;        conflicted with ruby-insert-end.
-;;;
-;;;      * misc/inf-ruby.el (inferior-ruby-mode): compilation-minor-mode.
-;;;
-;;;      * misc/inf-ruby.el (ruby-send-region): send as here document to
-;;;        adjust source file/line.  [ruby-talk:47113], [ruby-dev:17965]
-;;;
-;;;      * misc/inf-ruby.el (ruby-send-terminator): added to make unique
-;;;        terminator.
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.4  2002/01/29 07:16:09  matz
-;;;      * file.c (rb_stat_rdev_major): added. [new]
-;;;
-;;;      * file.c (rb_stat_rdev_minor): added. [new]
-;;;
-;;;      * file.c (rb_stat_inspect): print mode in octal.
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.3  1999/12/01 09:24:18  matz
-;;;      19991201
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.2  1999/08/13 05:45:18  matz
-;;;      1.4.0
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.1.1.1.2.1  1999/07/15 07:59:59  matz
-;;;      990715
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.1.1.1  1999/01/20 04:59:36  matz
-;;;      ruby 1.3 cycle
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.1.2.1  1998/12/16 07:30:36  matz
-;;;      first public release of 1.1d (pre1.2) series
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.4  1998/05/20 02:45:58  senda
-;;;      default program to irb
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.3  1998/04/10 04:11:30  senda
-;;;      modification by Matsumoto san (1.1b9_09)
-;;;      remove-in-string defined
-;;;      global variable :
-;;;              inferior-ruby-first-prompt-pattern
-;;;            inferior-ruby-prompt-pattern
-;;;      defined
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.2  1998/04/09 07:53:42  senda
-;;;      remove M-C-x in inferior-ruby-mode
-;;;
-;;;      Revision 1.1  1998/04/09 07:28:36  senda
-;;;      Initial revision
-;;;
-;;;
-
-(require 'comint)
-(require 'compile)
-(require 'ruby-mode)
-
-;;
-;; you may change these variables
-;;
-;(defvar ruby-program-name "rbc --noreadline"
-;  "*Program invoked by the run-ruby command")
-;
-;(defvar inferior-ruby-first-prompt-pattern "^rbc0> *"
-;  "first prompt regex pattern of ruby interpreter.")
-;
-;(defvar inferior-ruby-prompt-pattern "^\\(rbc.[>*\"'] *\\)+"
-;  "prompt regex pattern of ruby interpreter.")
-
-;;;; for irb
-(defvar ruby-program-name "irb --inf-ruby-mode"
-  "*Program invoked by the run-ruby command")
-
-(defvar inferior-ruby-first-prompt-pattern "^irb(.*)[0-9:]+0> *"
-  "first prompt regex pattern of ruby interpreter.")
-
-(defvar inferior-ruby-prompt-pattern "^\\(irb(.*)[0-9:]+[>*\"'] *\\)+"
-  "prompt regex pattern of ruby interpreter.")
-
-;;
-;; mode variables
-;;
-(defvar inferior-ruby-mode-hook nil
-  "*Hook for customising inferior-ruby mode.")
-(defvar inferior-ruby-mode-map nil
-  "*Mode map for inferior-ruby-mode")
-
-(defconst inferior-ruby-error-regexp-alist
-       '(("SyntaxError: compile error\n^\\([^\(].*\\):\\([1-9][0-9]*\\):" 1 2)
-         ("^\tfrom \\([^\(].*\\):\\([1-9][0-9]*\\)\\(:in `.*'\\)?$" 1 2)))
-
-(cond ((not inferior-ruby-mode-map)
-       (setq inferior-ruby-mode-map
-             (copy-keymap comint-mode-map))
-;       (define-key inferior-ruby-mode-map "\M-\C-x" ;gnu convention
-;                  'ruby-send-definition)
-;       (define-key inferior-ruby-mode-map "\C-x\C-e" 'ruby-send-last-sexp)
-       (define-key inferior-ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-l" 'ruby-load-file)
-))
-
-;;;###autoload
-(defun inf-ruby-keys ()
-  "Set local key defs for inf-ruby in ruby-mode"
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\M-\C-x" 'ruby-send-definition)
-;  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-x\C-e" 'ruby-send-last-sexp)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-b" 'ruby-send-block)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\M-b" 'ruby-send-block-and-go)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-x" 'ruby-send-definition)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\M-x" 'ruby-send-definition-and-go)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-r" 'ruby-send-region)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\M-r" 'ruby-send-region-and-go)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-z" 'switch-to-ruby)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-l" 'ruby-load-file)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-s" 'run-ruby)
-)
-
-(defvar ruby-buffer nil "current ruby (actually irb) process buffer.")
-
-(defun inferior-ruby-mode ()
-  "Major mode for interacting with an inferior ruby (irb) process.
-
-The following commands are available:
-\\{inferior-ruby-mode-map}
-
-A ruby process can be fired up with M-x run-ruby.
-
-Customisation: Entry to this mode runs the hooks on comint-mode-hook and
-inferior-ruby-mode-hook (in that order).
-
-You can send text to the inferior ruby process from other buffers containing
-Ruby source.
-    switch-to-ruby switches the current buffer to the ruby process buffer.
-    ruby-send-definition sends the current definition to the ruby process.
-    ruby-send-region sends the current region to the ruby process.
-
-    ruby-send-definition-and-go, ruby-send-region-and-go,
-        switch to the ruby process buffer after sending their text.
-For information on running multiple processes in multiple buffers, see
-documentation for variable ruby-buffer.
-
-Commands:
-Return after the end of the process' output sends the text from the
-    end of process to point.
-Return before the end of the process' output copies the sexp ending at point
-    to the end of the process' output, and sends it.
-Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back.
-Tab indents for ruby; with argument, shifts rest
-    of expression rigidly with the current line.
-C-M-q does Tab on each line starting within following expression.
-Paragraphs are separated only by blank lines.  # start comments.
-If you accidentally suspend your process, use \\[comint-continue-subjob]
-to continue it."
-  (interactive)
-  (comint-mode)
-  ;; Customise in inferior-ruby-mode-hook
-  ;(setq comint-prompt-regexp "^[^>\n]*>+ *")
-  (setq comint-prompt-regexp inferior-ruby-prompt-pattern)
-  ;;(scheme-mode-variables)
-  (ruby-mode-variables)
-  (setq major-mode 'inferior-ruby-mode)
-  (setq mode-name "Inferior Ruby")
-  (setq mode-line-process '(":%s"))
-  (use-local-map inferior-ruby-mode-map)
-  (setq comint-input-filter (function ruby-input-filter))
-  (setq comint-get-old-input (function ruby-get-old-input))
-  (make-local-variable 'compilation-error-regexp-alist)
-  (setq compilation-error-regexp-alist inferior-ruby-error-regexp-alist)
-  (compilation-shell-minor-mode t)
-  (run-hooks 'inferior-ruby-mode-hook))
-
-(defvar inferior-ruby-filter-regexp "\\`\\s *\\S ?\\S ?\\s *\\'"
-  "*Input matching this regexp are not saved on the history list.
-Defaults to a regexp ignoring all inputs of 0, 1, or 2 letters.")
-
-(defun ruby-input-filter (str)
-  "Don't save anything matching inferior-ruby-filter-regexp"
-  (not (string-match inferior-ruby-filter-regexp str)))
-
-;; adapted from replace-in-string in XEmacs (subr.el)
-(defun remove-in-string (str regexp)
-  "Remove all matches in STR for REGEXP and returns the new string."
-  (let ((rtn-str "") (start 0) match prev-start)
-    (while (setq match (string-match regexp str start))
-      (setq prev-start start
-            start (match-end 0)
-            rtn-str (concat rtn-str (substring str prev-start match))))
-    (concat rtn-str (substring str start))))
-
-(defun ruby-get-old-input ()
-  "Snarf the sexp ending at point"
-  (save-excursion
-    (let ((end (point)))
-      (re-search-backward inferior-ruby-first-prompt-pattern)
-      (remove-in-string (buffer-substring (point) end)
-                        inferior-ruby-prompt-pattern)
-      )))
-
-(defun ruby-args-to-list (string)
-  (let ((where (string-match "[ \t]" string)))
-    (cond ((null where) (list string))
-          ((not (= where 0))
-           (cons (substring string 0 where)
-                 (ruby-args-to-list (substring string (+ 1 where)
-                                                 (length string)))))
-          (t (let ((pos (string-match "[^ \t]" string)))
-               (if (null pos)
-                   nil
-                 (ruby-args-to-list (substring string pos
-                                                 (length string)))))))))
-
-;;;###autoload
-(defun run-ruby (cmd)
-  "Run an inferior Ruby process, input and output via buffer *ruby*.
-If there is a process already running in `*ruby*', switch to that buffer.
-With argument, allows you to edit the command line (default is value
-of `ruby-program-name').  Runs the hooks `inferior-ruby-mode-hook'
-\(after the `comint-mode-hook' is run).
-\(Type \\[describe-mode] in the process buffer for a list of commands.)"
-
-  (interactive (list (if current-prefix-arg
-                         (read-string "Run Ruby: " ruby-program-name)
-                         ruby-program-name)))
-  (if (not (comint-check-proc "*ruby*"))
-      (let ((cmdlist (ruby-args-to-list cmd)))
-        (set-buffer (apply 'make-comint "ruby" (car cmdlist)
-                           nil (cdr cmdlist)))
-        (inferior-ruby-mode)))
-  (setq ruby-program-name cmd)
-  (setq ruby-buffer "*ruby*")
-  (pop-to-buffer "*ruby*"))
-
-(defconst ruby-send-terminator "--inf-ruby-%x-%d-%d-%d--"
-  "Template for irb here document terminator.
-Must not contain ruby meta characters.")
-
-(defconst ruby-eval-separator "")
-
-(defun ruby-send-region (start end)
-  "Send the current region to the inferior Ruby process."
-  (interactive "r")
-  (let (term (file (buffer-file-name)) line)
-    (save-excursion
-      (save-restriction
-        (widen)
-        (goto-char start)
-        (setq line (+ start (forward-line (- start)) 1))
-        (goto-char start)
-        (while (progn
-                 (setq term (apply 'format ruby-send-terminator (random) (current-time)))
-                 (re-search-forward (concat "^" (regexp-quote term) "$") end t)))))
-    ;; compilation-parse-errors parses from second line.
-    (save-excursion
-      (let ((m (process-mark (ruby-proc))))
-        (set-buffer (marker-buffer m))
-        (goto-char m)
-        (insert ruby-eval-separator "\n")
-        (set-marker m (point))))
-    (comint-send-string (ruby-proc) (format "eval <<'%s', nil, %S, %d\n" term file line))
-    (comint-send-region (ruby-proc) start end)
-    (comint-send-string (ruby-proc) (concat "\n" term "\n"))))
-
-(defun ruby-send-definition ()
-  "Send the current definition to the inferior Ruby process."
-  (interactive)
-  (save-excursion
-    (ruby-end-of-defun)
-    (let ((end (point)))
-      (ruby-beginning-of-defun)
-      (ruby-send-region (point) end))))
-
-;(defun ruby-send-last-sexp ()
-;  "Send the previous sexp to the inferior Ruby process."
-;  (interactive)
-;  (ruby-send-region (save-excursion (backward-sexp) (point)) (point)))
-
-(defun ruby-send-block ()
-  "Send the current block to the inferior Ruby process."
-  (interactive)
-  (save-excursion
-    (ruby-end-of-block)
-    (end-of-line)
-    (let ((end (point)))
-      (ruby-beginning-of-block)
-      (ruby-send-region (point) end))))
-
-(defun switch-to-ruby (eob-p)
-  "Switch to the ruby process buffer.
-With argument, positions cursor at end of buffer."
-  (interactive "P")
-  (if (get-buffer ruby-buffer)
-      (pop-to-buffer ruby-buffer)
-      (error "No current process buffer. See variable ruby-buffer."))
-  (cond (eob-p
-         (push-mark)
-         (goto-char (point-max)))))
-
-(defun ruby-send-region-and-go (start end)
-  "Send the current region to the inferior Ruby process.
-Then switch to the process buffer."
-  (interactive "r")
-  (ruby-send-region start end)
-  (switch-to-ruby t))
-
-(defun ruby-send-definition-and-go ()
-  "Send the current definition to the inferior Ruby.
-Then switch to the process buffer."
-  (interactive)
-  (ruby-send-definition)
-  (switch-to-ruby t))
-
-(defun ruby-send-block-and-go ()
-  "Send the current block to the inferior Ruby.
-Then switch to the process buffer."
-  (interactive)
-  (ruby-send-block)
-  (switch-to-ruby t))
-
-(defvar ruby-source-modes '(ruby-mode)
-  "*Used to determine if a buffer contains Ruby source code.
-If it's loaded into a buffer that is in one of these major modes, it's
-considered a ruby source file by ruby-load-file.
-Used by these commands to determine defaults.")
-
-(defvar ruby-prev-l/c-dir/file nil
-  "Caches the last (directory . file) pair.
-Caches the last pair used in the last ruby-load-file command.
-Used for determining the default in the
-next one.")
-
-(defun ruby-load-file (file-name)
-  "Load a Ruby file into the inferior Ruby process."
-  (interactive (comint-get-source "Load Ruby file: " ruby-prev-l/c-dir/file
-                                  ruby-source-modes t)) ; T because LOAD
-                                                          ; needs an exact name
-  (comint-check-source file-name) ; Check to see if buffer needs saved.
-  (setq ruby-prev-l/c-dir/file (cons (file-name-directory    file-name)
-                                       (file-name-nondirectory file-name)))
-  (comint-send-string (ruby-proc) (concat "(load \""
-                                            file-name
-                                            "\"\)\n")))
-
-(defun ruby-proc ()
-  "Returns the current ruby process. See variable ruby-buffer."
-  (let ((proc (get-buffer-process (if (eq major-mode 'inferior-ruby-mode)
-                                      (current-buffer)
-                                    ruby-buffer))))
-    (or proc
-        (error "No current process. See variable ruby-buffer"))))
-
-;;; Do the user's customisation...
-
-(defvar inf-ruby-load-hook nil
-  "This hook is run when inf-ruby is loaded in.
-This is a good place to put keybindings.")
-
-(run-hooks 'inf-ruby-load-hook)
-
-(provide 'inf-ruby)
-
-;;; inf-ruby.el ends here
diff --git a/misc/lldb_cruby.py b/misc/lldb_cruby.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..075612735c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/misc/lldb_cruby.py
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#coding: utf-8
+#
+# Usage: run `command script import -r misc/lldb_cruby.py` on LLDB
+#
+# Test: misc/test_lldb_cruby.rb
+#
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import lldb
+import os
+import shlex
+
+HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG = 14
+HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_MASK = (~(~0 << HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG))
+
+class BackTrace:
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD = 0x11110001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK = 0x22220001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS = 0x33330001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP = 0x44440001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC = 0x55550001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC = 0x66660001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL = 0x77770001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE = 0x78880001
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY = 0x79990001
+
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK = 0x7fff0001
+
+    VM_FRAME_MAGIC_NAME = {
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_TOP: "TOP",
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD: "METHOD",
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CLASS: "CLASS",
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK: "BLOCK",
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC: "CFUNC",
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_IFUNC: "IFUNC",
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_EVAL: "EVAL",
+            VM_FRAME_MAGIC_RESCUE: "RESCUE",
+            0: "-----"
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, debugger, command, result, internal_dict):
+        self.debugger = debugger
+        self.command = command
+        self.result = result
+
+        self.target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+        self.process = self.target.GetProcess()
+        self.thread = self.process.GetSelectedThread()
+        self.frame = self.thread.GetSelectedFrame()
+        self.tRString = self.target.FindFirstType("struct RString").GetPointerType()
+        self.tRArray = self.target.FindFirstType("struct RArray").GetPointerType()
+
+        rb_cft_len = len("rb_control_frame_t")
+        method_type_length = sorted(map(len, self.VM_FRAME_MAGIC_NAME.values()), reverse=True)[0]
+        # cfp address, method type, function name
+        self.fmt = "%%-%ds %%-%ds %%s" % (rb_cft_len, method_type_length)
+
+    def vm_frame_magic(self, cfp):
+        ep = cfp.GetValueForExpressionPath("->ep")
+        frame_type = ep.GetChildAtIndex(0).GetValueAsUnsigned() & self.VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK
+        return self.VM_FRAME_MAGIC_NAME.get(frame_type, "(none)")
+
+    def rb_iseq_path_str(self, iseq):
+        tRBasic = self.target.FindFirstType("struct RBasic").GetPointerType()
+
+        pathobj = iseq.GetValueForExpressionPath("->body->location.pathobj")
+        pathobj = pathobj.Cast(tRBasic)
+        flags = pathobj.GetValueForExpressionPath("->flags").GetValueAsUnsigned()
+        flType = flags & RUBY_T_MASK
+
+        if flType == RUBY_T_ARRAY:
+            pathobj = pathobj.Cast(self.tRArray)
+
+            if flags & RUBY_FL_USER1:
+                len = ((flags & (RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3))
+                ptr = pathobj.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.ary")
+            else:
+                len = pathobj.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap.len").GetValueAsSigned()
+                ptr = pathobj.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap.ptr")
+
+            pathobj = ptr.GetChildAtIndex(0)
+
+        pathobj = pathobj.Cast(self.tRString)
+        ptr, len = string2cstr(pathobj)
+        err = lldb.SBError()
+        path = self.target.process.ReadMemory(ptr, len, err)
+        if err.Success():
+            return path.decode("utf-8")
+        else:
+            return "unknown"
+
+    def dump_iseq_frame(self, cfp, iseq):
+        m = self.vm_frame_magic(cfp)
+
+        if iseq.GetValueAsUnsigned():
+            iseq_label = iseq.GetValueForExpressionPath("->body->location.label")
+            path = self.rb_iseq_path_str(iseq)
+            ptr, len = string2cstr(iseq_label.Cast(self.tRString))
+
+            err = lldb.SBError()
+            iseq_name = self.target.process.ReadMemory(ptr, len, err)
+            if err.Success():
+                iseq_name = iseq_name.decode("utf-8")
+            else:
+                iseq_name = "error!!"
+
+        else:
+            print("No iseq", file=self.result)
+
+        print(self.fmt % (("%0#12x" % cfp.GetAddress().GetLoadAddress(self.target)), m, "%s %s" % (path, iseq_name)), file=self.result)
+
+    def dump_cfunc_frame(self, cfp):
+        print(self.fmt % ("%0#12x" % (cfp.GetAddress().GetLoadAddress(self.target)), "CFUNC", ""), file=self.result)
+
+    def print_bt(self, ec):
+        tRbExecutionContext_t = self.target.FindFirstType("rb_execution_context_t")
+        ec = ec.Cast(tRbExecutionContext_t.GetPointerType())
+        vm_stack = ec.GetValueForExpressionPath("->vm_stack")
+        vm_stack_size = ec.GetValueForExpressionPath("->vm_stack_size")
+
+        last_cfp_frame = ec.GetValueForExpressionPath("->cfp")
+        cfp_type_p = last_cfp_frame.GetType()
+
+        stack_top = vm_stack.GetValueAsUnsigned() + (
+                vm_stack_size.GetValueAsUnsigned() * vm_stack.GetType().GetByteSize())
+
+        cfp_frame_size = cfp_type_p.GetPointeeType().GetByteSize()
+
+        start_cfp = stack_top
+        # Skip dummy frames
+        start_cfp -= cfp_frame_size
+        start_cfp -= cfp_frame_size
+
+        last_cfp = last_cfp_frame.GetValueAsUnsigned()
+
+        size = ((start_cfp - last_cfp) / cfp_frame_size) + 1
+
+        print(self.fmt % ("rb_control_frame_t", "TYPE", ""), file=self.result)
+
+        curr_addr = start_cfp
+
+        while curr_addr >= last_cfp:
+            cfp = self.target.CreateValueFromAddress("cfp", lldb.SBAddress(curr_addr, self.target), cfp_type_p.GetPointeeType())
+            ep = cfp.GetValueForExpressionPath("->ep")
+            iseq = cfp.GetValueForExpressionPath("->iseq")
+
+            frame_type = ep.GetChildAtIndex(0).GetValueAsUnsigned() & self.VM_FRAME_MAGIC_MASK
+
+            if iseq.GetValueAsUnsigned():
+                pc = cfp.GetValueForExpressionPath("->pc")
+                if pc.GetValueAsUnsigned():
+                    self.dump_iseq_frame(cfp, iseq)
+            else:
+                if frame_type == self.VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC:
+                    self.dump_cfunc_frame(cfp)
+
+            curr_addr -= cfp_frame_size
+
+def lldb_init(debugger):
+    target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+    global SIZEOF_VALUE
+    SIZEOF_VALUE = target.FindFirstType("VALUE").GetByteSize()
+
+    value_types = []
+    g = globals()
+    for enum in target.FindFirstGlobalVariable('ruby_dummy_gdb_enums'):
+        enum = enum.GetType()
+        members = enum.GetEnumMembers()
+        for i in range(0, members.GetSize()):
+            member = members.GetTypeEnumMemberAtIndex(i)
+            name = member.GetName()
+            value = member.GetValueAsUnsigned()
+            g[name] = value
+
+            if name.startswith('RUBY_T_'):
+                value_types.append(name)
+    g['value_types'] = value_types
+
+def string2cstr(rstring):
+    """Returns the pointer to the C-string in the given String object"""
+    if rstring.TypeIsPointerType():
+        rstring = rstring.Dereference()
+    flags = rstring.GetValueForExpressionPath(".basic->flags").unsigned
+    if flags & RUBY_T_MASK != RUBY_T_STRING:
+        raise TypeError("not a string")
+    if flags & RUBY_FL_USER1:
+        cptr = int(rstring.GetValueForExpressionPath(".as.heap.ptr").value, 0)
+        clen = int(rstring.GetValueForExpressionPath(".as.heap.len").value, 0)
+    else:
+        cptr = int(rstring.GetValueForExpressionPath(".as.ary").location, 0)
+        clen = (flags & RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MASK) >> RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT
+    return cptr, clen
+
+def output_string(debugger, result, rstring):
+    cptr, clen = string2cstr(rstring)
+    expr = "print *(const char (*)[%d])%0#x" % (clen, cptr)
+    append_command_output(debugger, expr, result)
+
+def fixnum_p(x):
+    return x & RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG != 0
+
+def flonum_p(x):
+    return (x&RUBY_FLONUM_MASK) == RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG
+
+def static_sym_p(x):
+    return (x&~(~0<<RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT)) == RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG
+
+def append_command_output(debugger, command, result):
+    output1 = result.GetOutput()
+    debugger.GetCommandInterpreter().HandleCommand(command, result)
+    output2 = result.GetOutput()
+    result.Clear()
+    result.write(output1)
+    result.write(output2)
+
+def lldb_rp(debugger, command, result, internal_dict):
+    if not ('RUBY_Qfalse' in globals()):
+        lldb_init(debugger)
+
+    target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+    process = target.GetProcess()
+    thread = process.GetSelectedThread()
+    frame = thread.GetSelectedFrame()
+    if frame.IsValid():
+        val = frame.EvaluateExpression(command)
+    else:
+        val = target.EvaluateExpression(command)
+    error = val.GetError()
+    if error.Fail():
+        print(error, file=result)
+        return
+    lldb_inspect(debugger, target, result, val)
+
+def lldb_inspect(debugger, target, result, val):
+    num = val.GetValueAsSigned()
+    if num == RUBY_Qfalse:
+        print('false', file=result)
+    elif num == RUBY_Qtrue:
+        print('true', file=result)
+    elif num == RUBY_Qnil:
+        print('nil', file=result)
+    elif num == RUBY_Qundef:
+        print('undef', file=result)
+    elif fixnum_p(num):
+        print(num >> 1, file=result)
+    elif flonum_p(num):
+        append_command_output(debugger, "print rb_float_value(%0#x)" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+    elif static_sym_p(num):
+        if num < 128:
+            print("T_SYMBOL: %c" % num, file=result)
+        else:
+            print("T_SYMBOL: (%x)" % num, file=result)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p rb_id2name(%0#x)" % (num >> 8), result)
+    elif num & RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK:
+        print('immediate(%x)' % num, file=result)
+    else:
+        tRBasic = target.FindFirstType("struct RBasic").GetPointerType()
+        tRValue = target.FindFirstType("struct RVALUE")
+        tUintPtr = target.FindFirstType("uintptr_t") # bits_t
+
+        val = val.Cast(tRBasic)
+        flags = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->flags").GetValueAsUnsigned()
+        flaginfo = ""
+
+        num_in_page = (val.GetValueAsUnsigned() & HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_MASK) // tRValue.GetByteSize();
+        bits_bitlength = tUintPtr.GetByteSize() * 8
+        bitmap_index = num_in_page // bits_bitlength
+        bitmap_offset = num_in_page & (bits_bitlength - 1)
+        bitmap_bit = 1 << bitmap_offset
+
+        page = get_page(lldb, target, val)
+        page_type = target.FindFirstType("struct heap_page").GetPointerType()
+        page.Cast(page_type)
+
+        print("bits [%s%s%s%s%s]" % (
+            check_bits(page, "uncollectible_bits", bitmap_index, bitmap_bit, "L"),
+            check_bits(page, "mark_bits", bitmap_index, bitmap_bit, "M"),
+            check_bits(page, "pinned_bits", bitmap_index, bitmap_bit, "P"),
+            check_bits(page, "marking_bits", bitmap_index, bitmap_bit, "R"),
+            check_bits(page, "wb_unprotected_bits", bitmap_index, bitmap_bit, "U"),
+            ), file=result)
+
+        if (flags & RUBY_FL_PROMOTED) == RUBY_FL_PROMOTED:
+            flaginfo += "[PROMOTED] "
+        if (flags & RUBY_FL_FREEZE) == RUBY_FL_FREEZE:
+            flaginfo += "[FROZEN] "
+        flType = flags & RUBY_T_MASK
+        if flType == RUBY_T_NONE:
+            print('T_NONE: %s%s' % (flaginfo, val.Dereference()), file=result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_NIL:
+            print('T_NIL: %s%s' % (flaginfo, val.Dereference()), file=result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_OBJECT:
+            result.write('T_OBJECT: %s' % flaginfo)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "print *(struct RObject*)%0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_CLASS or flType == RUBY_T_MODULE or flType == RUBY_T_ICLASS:
+            result.write('T_%s: %s' % ('CLASS' if flType == RUBY_T_CLASS else 'MODULE' if flType == RUBY_T_MODULE else 'ICLASS', flaginfo))
+            append_command_output(debugger, "print *(struct RClass*)%0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_STRING:
+            result.write('T_STRING: %s' % flaginfo)
+            tRString = target.FindFirstType("struct RString").GetPointerType()
+            ptr, len = string2cstr(val.Cast(tRString))
+            if len == 0:
+                result.write("(empty)\n")
+            else:
+                append_command_output(debugger, "print *(const char (*)[%d])%0#x" % (len, ptr), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_SYMBOL:
+            result.write('T_SYMBOL: %s' % flaginfo)
+            tRSymbol = target.FindFirstType("struct RSymbol").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRSymbol)
+            append_command_output(debugger, 'print (ID)%0#x ' % val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->id").GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+            tRString = target.FindFirstType("struct RString").GetPointerType()
+            output_string(debugger, result, val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->fstr").Cast(tRString))
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_ARRAY:
+            tRArray = target.FindFirstType("struct RArray").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRArray)
+            if flags & RUBY_FL_USER1:
+                len = ((flags & (RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3))
+                ptr = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.ary")
+            else:
+                len = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap.len").GetValueAsSigned()
+                ptr = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap.ptr")
+                #print(val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap"), file=result)
+            result.write("T_ARRAY: %slen=%d" % (flaginfo, len))
+            if flags & RUBY_FL_USER1:
+                result.write(" (embed)")
+            elif flags & RUBY_FL_USER2:
+                shared = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap.aux.shared").GetValueAsUnsigned()
+                result.write(" (shared) shared=%016x" % shared)
+            else:
+                capa = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap.aux.capa").GetValueAsSigned()
+                result.write(" (ownership) capa=%d" % capa)
+            if len == 0:
+                result.write(" {(empty)}\n")
+            else:
+                result.write("\n")
+                if ptr.GetValueAsSigned() == 0:
+                    append_command_output(debugger, "expression -fx -- ((struct RArray*)%0#x)->as.ary" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+                else:
+                    append_command_output(debugger, "expression -Z %d -fx -- (const VALUE*)%0#x" % (len, ptr.GetValueAsUnsigned()), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_HASH:
+            result.write("T_HASH: %s" % flaginfo)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct RHash *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_BIGNUM:
+            tRBignum = target.FindFirstType("struct RBignum").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRBignum)
+            sign = '+' if (flags & RUBY_FL_USER1) != 0 else '-'
+            if flags & RUBY_FL_USER2:
+                len = ((flags & (RUBY_FL_USER3|RUBY_FL_USER4|RUBY_FL_USER5)) >> (RUBY_FL_USHIFT+3))
+                print("T_BIGNUM: sign=%s len=%d (embed)" % (sign, len), file=result)
+                append_command_output(debugger, "print ((struct RBignum *) %0#x)->as.ary" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+            else:
+                len = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->as.heap.len").GetValueAsSigned()
+                print("T_BIGNUM: sign=%s len=%d" % (sign, len), file=result)
+                print(val.Dereference(), file=result)
+                append_command_output(debugger, "expression -Z %x -fx -- (const BDIGIT*)((struct RBignum*)%d)->as.heap.digits" % (len, val.GetValueAsUnsigned()), result)
+                # append_command_output(debugger, "x ((struct RBignum *) %0#x)->as.heap.digits / %d" % (val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), len), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_FLOAT:
+            tRFloat = target.FindFirstType("struct RFloat").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRFloat)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p *(double *)%0#x" % val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->float_value").GetAddress(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_RATIONAL:
+            tRRational = target.FindFirstType("struct RRational").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRRational)
+            lldb_inspect(debugger, target, result, val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->num"))
+            output = result.GetOutput()
+            result.Clear()
+            result.write("(Rational) " + output.rstrip() + " / ")
+            lldb_inspect(debugger, target, result, val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->den"))
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_COMPLEX:
+            tRComplex = target.FindFirstType("struct RComplex").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRComplex)
+            lldb_inspect(debugger, target, result, val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->real"))
+            real = result.GetOutput().rstrip()
+            result.Clear()
+            lldb_inspect(debugger, target, result, val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->imag"))
+            imag = result.GetOutput().rstrip()
+            result.Clear()
+            if not imag.startswith("-"):
+                imag = "+" + imag
+            print("(Complex) " + real + imag + "i", file=result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_REGEXP:
+            tRRegex = target.FindFirstType("struct RRegexp").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRRegex)
+            print("(Regex) ->src {", file=result)
+            lldb_inspect(debugger, target, result, val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->src"))
+            print("}", file=result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_DATA:
+            tRTypedData = target.FindFirstType("struct RTypedData").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRTypedData)
+            flag = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->typed_flag")
+            if flag.GetValueAsUnsigned() == 1:
+                print("T_DATA: %s" % val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->type->wrap_struct_name"), file=result)
+                append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct RTypedData *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+            else:
+                print("T_DATA:", file=result)
+                append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct RData *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_NODE:
+            tRTypedData = target.FindFirstType("struct RNode").GetPointerType()
+            nd_type = (flags & RUBY_NODE_TYPEMASK) >> RUBY_NODE_TYPESHIFT
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p (node_type) %d" % nd_type, result)
+            val = val.Cast(tRTypedData)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct RNode *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_MOVED:
+            tRTypedData = target.FindFirstType("struct RMoved").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRTypedData)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct RMoved *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_MATCH:
+            tRTypedData = target.FindFirstType("struct RMatch").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRTypedData)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct RMatch *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_IMEMO:
+            # I'm not sure how to get IMEMO_MASK out of lldb. It's not in globals()
+            imemo_type = (flags >> RUBY_FL_USHIFT) & 0x0F # IMEMO_MASK
+            print("T_IMEMO: ", file=result)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p (enum imemo_type) %d" % imemo_type, result)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct MEMO *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        elif flType == RUBY_T_ZOMBIE:
+            tRZombie = target.FindFirstType("struct RZombie").GetPointerType()
+            val = val.Cast(tRZombie)
+            append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct RZombie *) %0#x" % val.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+        else:
+            print("Not-handled type %0#x" % flType, file=result)
+            print(val, file=result)
+
+def count_objects(debugger, command, ctx, result, internal_dict):
+    objspace = ctx.frame.EvaluateExpression("ruby_current_vm->objspace")
+    num_pages = objspace.GetValueForExpressionPath(".heap_pages.allocated_pages").unsigned
+
+    counts = {}
+    total = 0
+    for t in range(0x00, RUBY_T_MASK+1):
+        counts[t] = 0
+
+    for i in range(0, num_pages):
+        print("\rcounting... %d/%d" % (i, num_pages), end="")
+        page = objspace.GetValueForExpressionPath('.heap_pages.sorted[%d]' % i)
+        p = page.GetChildMemberWithName('start')
+        num_slots = page.GetChildMemberWithName('total_slots').unsigned
+        for j in range(0, num_slots):
+            obj = p.GetValueForExpressionPath('[%d]' % j)
+            flags = obj.GetValueForExpressionPath('.as.basic.flags').unsigned
+            obj_type = flags & RUBY_T_MASK
+            counts[obj_type] += 1
+        total += num_slots
+
+    print("\rTOTAL: %d, FREE: %d" % (total, counts[0x00]))
+    for sym in value_types:
+        print("%s: %d" % (sym, counts[globals()[sym]]))
+
+def stack_dump_raw(debugger, command, ctx, result, internal_dict):
+    ctx.frame.EvaluateExpression("rb_vmdebug_stack_dump_raw_current()")
+
+def check_bits(page, bitmap_name, bitmap_index, bitmap_bit, v):
+    bits = page.GetChildMemberWithName(bitmap_name)
+    plane = bits.GetChildAtIndex(bitmap_index).GetValueAsUnsigned()
+    if (plane & bitmap_bit) != 0:
+        return v
+    else:
+        return ' '
+
+def heap_page(debugger, command, ctx, result, internal_dict):
+    target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+    process = target.GetProcess()
+    thread = process.GetSelectedThread()
+    frame = thread.GetSelectedFrame()
+
+    val = frame.EvaluateExpression(command)
+    page = get_page(lldb, target, val)
+    page_type = target.FindFirstType("struct heap_page").GetPointerType()
+    page.Cast(page_type)
+    append_command_output(debugger, "p (struct heap_page *) %0#x" % page.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+    append_command_output(debugger, "p *(struct heap_page *) %0#x" % page.GetValueAsUnsigned(), result)
+
+def heap_page_body(debugger, command, ctx, result, internal_dict):
+    target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+    process = target.GetProcess()
+    thread = process.GetSelectedThread()
+    frame = thread.GetSelectedFrame()
+
+    val = frame.EvaluateExpression(command)
+    page = get_page_body(lldb, target, val)
+    print("Page body address: ", page.GetAddress(), file=result)
+    print(page, file=result)
+
+def get_page_body(lldb, target, val):
+    tHeapPageBody = target.FindFirstType("struct heap_page_body")
+    addr = val.GetValueAsUnsigned()
+    page_addr = addr & ~(HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_MASK)
+    address = lldb.SBAddress(page_addr, target)
+    return target.CreateValueFromAddress("page", address, tHeapPageBody)
+
+def get_page(lldb, target, val):
+    body = get_page_body(lldb, target, val)
+    return body.GetValueForExpressionPath("->header.page")
+
+def dump_node(debugger, command, ctx, result, internal_dict):
+    args = shlex.split(command)
+    if not args:
+        return
+    node = args[0]
+
+    dump = ctx.frame.EvaluateExpression("(struct RString*)rb_parser_dump_tree((NODE*)(%s), 0)" % node)
+    output_string(ctx, result, dump)
+
+def rb_backtrace(debugger, command, result, internal_dict):
+    bt = BackTrace(debugger, command, result, internal_dict)
+    frame = bt.frame
+
+    if command:
+        if frame.IsValid():
+            val = frame.EvaluateExpression(command)
+        else:
+            val = target.EvaluateExpression(command)
+
+        error = val.GetError()
+        if error.Fail():
+            print >> result, error
+            return
+    else:
+        print("Need an EC for now")
+
+    bt.print_bt(val)
+
+def __lldb_init_module(debugger, internal_dict):
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_cruby.lldb_rp rp")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_cruby.count_objects rb_count_objects")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_cruby.stack_dump_raw SDR")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_cruby.dump_node dump_node")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_cruby.heap_page heap_page")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_cruby.heap_page_body heap_page_body")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_cruby.rb_backtrace rbbt")
+    lldb_init(debugger)
+    print("lldb scripts for ruby has been installed.")
diff --git a/misc/lldb_disasm.py b/misc/lldb_disasm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b46d097910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/misc/lldb_disasm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#coding: utf-8
+#
+# Usage: run `command script import -r misc/lldb_disasm.py` on LLDB
+#
+#
+#    (lldb) p iseq
+#    (rb_iseq_t *) $147 = 0x0000000101068400
+#    (lldb) rbdisasm iseq
+#    0000 putspecialobject( 3 )
+#    0002 putnil
+#    0003 defineclass( ID: 0x560b, (rb_iseq_t *)0x1010681d0, 2 )
+#    0007 pop
+#    0008 putspecialobject( 3 )
+#    0010 putnil
+#    0011 defineclass( ID: 0x56eb, (rb_iseq_t *)0x101063b58, 2 )
+#    0015 leave
+
+
+import lldb
+import os
+import shlex
+
+class IseqDissassembler:
+    TS_VARIABLE = b'.'[0]
+    TS_CALLDATA = b'C'[0]
+    TS_CDHASH   = b'H'[0]
+    TS_IC       = b'K'[0]
+    TS_IVC      = b'A'[0]
+    TS_ID       = b'I'[0]
+    TS_ISE      = b'T'[0]
+    TS_ISEQ     = b'S'[0]
+    TS_OFFSET   = b'O'[0]
+    TS_VALUE    = b'V'[0]
+    TS_LINDEX   = b'L'[0]
+    TS_FUNCPTR  = b'F'[0]
+    TS_NUM      = b'N'[0]
+    TS_BUILTIN  = b'R'[0]
+
+    ISEQ_OPT_DISPATCH = {
+            TS_BUILTIN: "(rb_builtin_function *)%0#x",
+            TS_NUM: "%d",
+            TS_FUNCPTR: "(rb_insn_func_t) %0#x",
+            TS_LINDEX: "%d",
+            TS_VALUE: "(VALUE)%0#x",
+            TS_OFFSET: "%d",
+            TS_ISEQ: "(rb_iseq_t *)%0#x",
+            TS_ISE: "(iseq_inline_storage_entry *)%0#x",
+            TS_ID: "ID: %0#x",
+            TS_IVC: "(struct iseq_inline_iv_cache_entry *)%0#x",
+            TS_IC: "(struct iseq_inline_cache_entry *)%0#x",
+            TS_CDHASH: "CDHASH (VALUE)%0#x",
+            TS_CALLDATA: "(struct rb_call_data *)%0#x",
+            TS_VARIABLE: "VARIABLE %0#x",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, debugger, command, result, internal_dict):
+        self.debugger = debugger
+        self.command = command
+        self.result = result
+        self.internal_dict = internal_dict
+
+        self.target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+        self.process = self.target.GetProcess()
+        self.thread = self.process.GetSelectedThread()
+        self.frame = self.thread.GetSelectedFrame()
+        self.addr2insn = self.build_addr2insn(self.target)
+        self.tChar = self.target.FindFirstType("char")
+
+    def disasm(self, val):
+        tRbISeq = self.target.FindFirstType("struct rb_iseq_struct").GetPointerType()
+        val = val.Cast(tRbISeq)
+        iseq_size = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->body->iseq_size").GetValueAsUnsigned()
+        iseqs = val.GetValueForExpressionPath("->body->iseq_encoded")
+        idx = 0
+        print("PC             IDX  insn_name(operands) ", file=self.result)
+        while idx < iseq_size:
+            m = self.iseq_extract_values(self.debugger, self.target, self.process, self.result, iseqs, idx)
+            if m < 1:
+                print("Error decoding", file=self.result)
+                return
+            else:
+                idx += m
+
+    def build_addr2insn(self, target):
+        tIntPtr = target.FindFirstType("intptr_t")
+        size = target.EvaluateExpression('ruby_vminsn_type::VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE').unsigned
+        sizeOfIntPtr = tIntPtr.GetByteSize()
+        addr_of_table = target.FindSymbols("vm_exec_core.insns_address_table")[0].GetSymbol().GetStartAddress().GetLoadAddress(target)
+
+        my_dict = {}
+
+        for insn in range(size):
+            addr_in_table = addr_of_table + (insn * sizeOfIntPtr)
+            addr = lldb.SBAddress(addr_in_table, target)
+            machine_insn = target.CreateValueFromAddress("insn", addr, tIntPtr).GetValueAsUnsigned()
+            my_dict[machine_insn] = insn
+
+        return my_dict
+
+    def rb_vm_insn_addr2insn2(self, target, result, wanted_addr):
+        return self.addr2insn.get(wanted_addr)
+
+    def iseq_extract_values(self, debugger, target, process, result, iseqs, n):
+        tValueP      = target.FindFirstType("VALUE")
+        sizeofValueP = tValueP.GetByteSize()
+        pc = iseqs.unsigned + (n * sizeofValueP)
+        insn = target.CreateValueFromAddress("i", lldb.SBAddress(pc, target), tValueP)
+        addr         = insn.GetValueAsUnsigned()
+        orig_insn    = self.rb_vm_insn_addr2insn2(target, result, addr)
+
+        name     = self.insn_name(target, process, result, orig_insn)
+        length   = self.insn_len(target, orig_insn)
+        op_str = self.insn_op_types(target, process, result, orig_insn)
+        op_types = bytes(op_str, 'utf-8')
+
+        if length != (len(op_types) + 1):
+            print("error decoding iseqs", file=result)
+            return -1
+
+        print("%0#14x %04d %s" % (pc, n, name), file=result, end="")
+
+        if length == 1:
+            print("", file=result)
+            return length
+
+        print("(", end="", file=result)
+        for idx, op_type in enumerate(op_types):
+            if idx == 0:
+                print(" ", end="", file=result)
+            else:
+                print(", ", end="", file=result)
+
+            opAddr = lldb.SBAddress(iseqs.unsigned + ((n + idx + 1) * sizeofValueP), target)
+            opValue = target.CreateValueFromAddress("op", opAddr, tValueP)
+            op = opValue.GetValueAsUnsigned()
+            print(self.ISEQ_OPT_DISPATCH.get(op_type) % op, end="", file=result)
+
+        print(" )", file=result)
+        return length
+
+    def insn_len(self, target, offset):
+        size_of_char = self.tChar.GetByteSize()
+
+        symbol = target.FindSymbols("insn_len.t")[0].GetSymbol()
+        section = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetSection()
+        addr_of_table = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetOffset()
+
+        error = lldb.SBError()
+        length = section.GetSectionData().GetUnsignedInt8(error, addr_of_table + (offset * size_of_char))
+
+        if error.Success():
+            return length
+        else:
+            print("error getting length: ", error)
+
+    def insn_op_types(self, target, process, result, insn):
+        tUShort = target.FindFirstType("unsigned short")
+
+        size_of_short = tUShort.GetByteSize()
+        size_of_char =  self.tChar.GetByteSize()
+
+        symbol = target.FindSymbols("insn_op_types.y")[0].GetSymbol()
+        section = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetSection()
+        addr_of_table = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetOffset()
+
+        addr_in_table = addr_of_table + (insn * size_of_short)
+
+        error = lldb.SBError()
+        offset = section.GetSectionData().GetUnsignedInt16(error, addr_in_table)
+
+        if not error.Success():
+            print("error getting op type offset: ", error)
+
+        symbol = target.FindSymbols("insn_op_types.x")[0].GetSymbol()
+        section = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetSection()
+        addr_of_table = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetOffset()
+        addr_in_name_table = addr_of_table + (offset * size_of_char)
+
+        error = lldb.SBError()
+        types = section.GetSectionData().GetString(error, addr_in_name_table)
+        if error.Success():
+            return types
+        else:
+            print("error getting op types: ", error)
+
+    def insn_name_table_offset(self, target, offset):
+        tUShort = target.FindFirstType("unsigned short")
+        size_of_short = tUShort.GetByteSize()
+
+        symbol = target.FindSymbols("insn_name.y")[0].GetSymbol()
+        section = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetSection()
+        table_offset = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetOffset()
+
+        table_offset = table_offset + (offset * size_of_short)
+
+        error = lldb.SBError()
+        offset = section.GetSectionData().GetUnsignedInt16(error, table_offset)
+
+        if error.Success():
+            return offset
+        else:
+            print("error getting insn name table offset: ", error)
+
+    def insn_name(self, target, process, result, offset):
+        symbol = target.FindSymbols("insn_name.x")[0].GetSymbol()
+        section = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetSection()
+        addr_of_table = symbol.GetStartAddress().GetOffset()
+
+        name_table_offset = self.insn_name_table_offset(target, offset)
+        addr_in_name_table = addr_of_table + name_table_offset
+
+        error = lldb.SBError()
+        name = section.GetSectionData().GetString(error, addr_in_name_table)
+
+        if error.Success():
+            return name
+        else:
+            print('error getting insn name', error)
+
+def disasm(debugger, command, result, internal_dict):
+    disassembler = IseqDissassembler(debugger, command, result, internal_dict)
+    frame = disassembler.frame
+
+    if frame.IsValid():
+        val = frame.EvaluateExpression(command)
+    else:
+        val = target.EvaluateExpression(command)
+    error = val.GetError()
+    if error.Fail():
+        print >> result, error
+        return
+
+    disassembler.disasm(val);
+
+
+def __lldb_init_module(debugger, internal_dict):
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldb_disasm.disasm rbdisasm")
+    print("lldb Ruby disasm installed.")
diff --git a/misc/rb_optparse.zsh b/misc/rb_optparse.zsh
index d53170c5f7..7407e87c03 100755
--- a/misc/rb_optparse.zsh
+++ b/misc/rb_optparse.zsh
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #
 # (3) restart zsh.
 #
-# (4) geneate completion files once.
+# (4) generate completion files once.
 #      generate-complete-function/ruby/optparse COMMAND1
 #      generate-complete-function/ruby/optparse COMMAND2
 #
diff --git a/misc/rdoc-mode.el b/misc/rdoc-mode.el
deleted file mode 100644
index c26c2ee564..0000000000
--- a/misc/rdoc-mode.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-;;
-;; rdoc-mode.el
-;; Major mode for RDoc editing
-;;
-
-;; Created: Fri Sep 18 09:04:49 JST 2009
-
-;; License: Ruby's
-
-(require 'derived)
-
-;;;###autoload
-(define-derived-mode rdoc-mode text-mode "RDoc"
-  "Major mode for RD editing.
-\\{rdoc-mode-map}"
-  (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate)
-  (setq paragraph-separate "^\\(=+\\|\\*+\\)[ \t\v\f]*\\|^\\s *$")
-  (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start)
-  (setq paragraph-start paragraph-separate)
-  (make-local-variable 'require-final-newline)
-  (setq require-final-newline t)
-  (make-local-variable 'font-lock-defaults)
-  (setq font-lock-defaults '((rdoc-font-lock-keywords) t nil))
-  (make-local-variable 'font-lock-keywords)
-  (setq font-lock-keywords rdoc-font-lock-keywords)
-  (make-local-variable 'outline-regexp)
-  (setq outline-regexp "^\\(=+\\)[ \t\v\f]*")
-  (outline-minor-mode t)
-  (setq show-trailing-whitespace t)
-  (rdoc-setup-keys)
-  (setq indent-tabs-mode nil)
-  (run-hooks 'rdoc-mode-hook)
-  )
-
-(defun rdoc-fill-paragraph (&optional justify region)
-  "Fills paragraph, except for cited region"
-  (interactive (progn
-		 (barf-if-buffer-read-only)
-		 (list (if current-prefix-arg 'full))))
-  (save-excursion
-    (beginning-of-line)
-    (save-restriction
-      (let ((pos (point)) beg end indent hanging)
-	(cond
-	 ((looking-at "^ +\\(\\*\\s *\\)")
-	  (setq indent (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0))
-		hanging (- (match-end 1) (match-beginning 1))))
-	 ((looking-at "^ +")
-	  (setq indent (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0)))
-	  (when (and (re-search-backward "^[^ ]\\|^\\( *\\(\\* *\\)\\)" nil t)
-		     (match-beginning 1)
-		     (= indent (- (match-end 1) (match-beginning 1))))
-	    (setq hanging (- (match-end 2) (match-beginning 2)))
-	    (setq beg (match-beginning 1))))
-	 ((setq beg t)))
-	(when beg
-	  (when indent
-	    (goto-char pos)
-	    (while (progn (beginning-of-line 2)
-			  (and (looking-at "^\\( +\\)\\S ")
-			       (= indent (- (match-end 1) (match-beginning 1))))))
-	    (setq end (point))
-	    (when (and beg (not region))
-	      (setq region (list beg end))
-	      (narrow-to-region beg end)
-	      ))
-	  (goto-char pos)
-	  (fill-paragraph justify region)
-	  (when (and indent
-		     (or (goto-char beg) t)
-		     (or (beginning-of-line 2) t)
-		     (looking-at "^\\( +\\)")
-		     (= (- indent hanging) (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0))))
-	    (insert-char ?\s hanging)
-	    (beginning-of-line)
-	    (narrow-to-region (point) end)
-	    (fill-paragraph justify (list (point) end))))))))
-
-(defun rdoc-setup-keys ()
-  (interactive)
-  (define-key rdoc-mode-map "\M-q" 'rdoc-fill-paragraph)
-  )
-
-(defvar rdoc-heading1-face 'font-lock-keywordoc-face)
-(defvar rdoc-heading2-face 'font-lock-type-face)
-(defvar rdoc-heading3-face 'font-lock-variable-name-face)
-(defvar rdoc-heading4-face 'font-lock-comment-face)
-(defvar rdoc-bold-face 'font-lock-function-name-face)
-(defvar rdoc-emphasis-face 'font-lock-function-name-face)
-(defvar rdoc-code-face 'font-lock-keyword-face)
-(defvar rdoc-description-face 'font-lock-constant-face)
-
-(defvar rdoc-font-lock-keywords
-  (list
-   (list "^=([^=\r\n].*)?$"
-	 0 rdoc-heading1-face)
-   (list "^==([^=\r\n].*)?$"
-	 0 rdoc-heading2-face)
-   (list "^===([^=\r\n].*)?$"
-	 0 rdoc-heading3-face)
-   (list "^====+.*$"
-	 0 rdoc-heading4-face)
-   (list "\\(^\\|[ \t\v\f]\\)\\(\\*\\(\\sw\\|[-_:]\\)+\\*\\)\\($\\|[ \t\v\f]\\)"
-	 2 rdoc-bold-face)		; *bold*
-   (list "\\(^\\|[ \t\v\f]\\)\\(_\\(\\sw\\|[-_:]\\)+_\\)\\($\\|[ \t\v\f]\\)"
-	 2 rdoc-emphasis-face)		; _emphasis_
-   (list "\\(^\\|[ \t\v\f]\\)\\(\\+\\(\\sw\\|[-_:]\\)+\\+\\)\\($\\|[ \t\v\f]\\)"
-	 2 rdoc-code-face)		; +code+
-   (list "<em>[^<>]*</em>" 0 rdoc-emphasis-face)
-   (list "<i>[^<>]*</i>" 0 rdoc-emphasis-face)
-   (list "<b>[^<>]*</b>" 0 rdoc-bold-face)
-   (list "<tt>[^<>]*</tt>" 0 rdoc-code-face)
-   (list "<code>[^<>]*</code>" 0 rdoc-code-face)
-   (list "^\\([-*]\\|[0-9]+\\.\\|[A-Za-z]\\.\\)\\s "
-	 1 rdoc-description-face) ; bullet | numbered | alphabetically numbered
-   (list "^\\[[^\]]*\\]\\|\\S .*::\\)\\([ \t\v\f]\\|$\\)"
-	 1 rdoc-description-face)	; labeled | node
-   ;(list "^[ \t\v\f]+\\(.*\\)" 1 rdoc-verbatim-face)
-   ))
-
-(defun rdoc-imenu-create-index ()
-  (let ((root '(nil . nil))
-        cur-alist
-        (cur-level 0)
-        (pattern (concat outline-regexp "\\(.*?\\)[ \t\v\f]*$"))
-        (empty-heading "-")
-        (self-heading ".")
-        pos level heading alist)
-    (save-excursion
-      (goto-char (point-min))
-      (while (re-search-forward pattern (point-max) t)
-        (setq heading (match-string-no-properties 2)
-              level (min 6 (length (match-string-no-properties 1)))
-              pos (match-beginning 1))
-        (if (= (length heading) 0)
-            (setq heading empty-heading))
-        (setq alist (list (cons heading pos)))
-        (cond
-         ((= cur-level level)		; new sibling
-          (setcdr cur-alist alist)
-          (setq cur-alist alist))
-         ((< cur-level level)		; first child
-          (dotimes (i (- level cur-level 1))
-            (setq alist (list (cons empty-heading alist))))
-          (if cur-alist
-              (let* ((parent (car cur-alist))
-                     (self-pos (cdr parent)))
-                (setcdr parent (cons (cons self-heading self-pos) alist)))
-            (setcdr root alist))	; primogenitor
-          (setq cur-alist alist
-                cur-level level))
-         (t				; new sibling of an ancestor
-          (let ((sibling-alist (last (cdr root))))
-            (dotimes (i (1- level))
-              (setq sibling-alist (last (cdar sibling-alist))))
-            (setcdr sibling-alist alist)
-            (setq cur-alist alist
-                  cur-level level))))))
-    (cdr root)))
-
-(defun rdoc-set-imenu-create-index-function ()
-  (setq imenu-create-index-function 'rdoc-imenu-create-index))
-
-(add-hook 'rdoc-mode-hook 'rdoc-set-imenu-create-index-function)
-
-(provide 'rdoc-mode)
diff --git a/misc/ruby-additional.el b/misc/ruby-additional.el
deleted file mode 100644
index 9914178003..0000000000
--- a/misc/ruby-additional.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-;;; ruby-additional.el --- ruby-mode extensions yet to be merged into Emacs
-
-;; Authors: Yukihiro Matsumoto, Nobuyoshi Nakada, Akinori MUSHA
-;; URL: https://svn.ruby-lang.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/trunk/misc/
-;; Created: 3 Sep 2012
-;; Package-Requires: ((emacs "24.3") (ruby-mode "1.2"))
-;; Keywords: ruby, languages
-
-;;; Commentary:
-;;
-;; This package contains ruby-mode extensions yet to be merged into
-;; the latest released version of Emacs distribution.  For older
-;; versions of Emacs, use ruby-mode.el bundled with CRuby.
-
-;;; Code:
-
-(eval-when-compile
-  (require 'ruby-mode))
-
-(eval-after-load 'ruby-mode
-  '(progn
-     (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-e" 'ruby-insert-end)
-
-     (defun ruby-insert-end ()
-       (interactive)
-       (if (eq (char-syntax (preceding-char)) ?w)
-           (insert " "))
-       (insert "end")
-       (save-excursion
-         (if (eq (char-syntax (following-char)) ?w)
-             (insert " "))
-         (ruby-indent-line t)
-         (end-of-line)))
-
-     (defconst ruby-default-encoding-map
-       '((us-ascii       . nil)       ;; Do not put coding: us-ascii
-         (utf-8          . nil)       ;; Do not put coding: utf-8
-         (shift-jis      . cp932)     ;; Emacs charset name of Shift_JIS
-         (shift_jis      . cp932)     ;; MIME charset name of Shift_JIS
-         (japanese-cp932 . cp932))    ;; Emacs charset name of CP932
-       )
-
-     (custom-set-default 'ruby-encoding-map ruby-default-encoding-map)
-
-     (defcustom ruby-encoding-map ruby-default-encoding-map
-       "Alist to map encoding name from Emacs to Ruby.
-Associating an encoding name with nil means it needs not be
-explicitly declared in magic comment."
-       :type '(repeat (cons (symbol :tag "From") (symbol :tag "To")))
-       :group 'ruby)
-
-     (defun ruby-mode-set-encoding ()
-       "Insert or update a magic comment header with the proper encoding.
-`ruby-encoding-map' is looked up to convert an encoding name from
-Emacs to Ruby."
-       (let* ((nonascii
-               (save-excursion
-                 (widen)
-                 (goto-char (point-min))
-                 (re-search-forward "[^\0-\177]" nil t)))
-              (coding-system
-               (or coding-system-for-write
-                   buffer-file-coding-system))
-              (coding-system
-               (and coding-system
-                    (coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system nil)))
-              (coding-system
-               (and coding-system
-                    (or
-                     (coding-system-get coding-system :mime-charset)
-                     (let ((coding-type (coding-system-get coding-system :coding-type)))
-                       (cond ((eq coding-type 'undecided)
-                              (if nonascii
-                                  (or (and (coding-system-get coding-system :prefer-utf-8)
-                                           'utf-8)
-                                      (coding-system-get default-buffer-file-coding-system :coding-type)
-                                      'ascii-8bit)))
-                             ((memq coding-type '(utf-8 shift-jis))
-                              coding-type)
-                             (t coding-system))))))
-              (coding-system
-               (or coding-system
-                   'us-ascii))
-              (coding-system
-               (let ((cons (assq coding-system ruby-encoding-map)))
-                 (if cons (cdr cons) coding-system)))
-              (coding-system
-               (and coding-system
-                    (symbol-name coding-system))))
-         (if coding-system
-             (save-excursion
-               (widen)
-               (goto-char (point-min))
-               (if (looking-at "^#!") (beginning-of-line 2))
-               (cond ((looking-at "\\s *#.*-\*-\\s *\\(en\\)?coding\\s *:\\s *\\([-a-z0-9_]*\\)\\s *\\(;\\|-\*-\\)")
-                      (unless (string= (match-string 2) coding-system)
-                        (goto-char (match-beginning 2))
-                        (delete-region (point) (match-end 2))
-                        (and (looking-at "-\*-")
-                             (let ((n (skip-chars-backward " ")))
-                               (cond ((= n 0) (insert "  ") (backward-char))
-                                     ((= n -1) (insert " "))
-                                     ((forward-char)))))
-                        (insert coding-system)))
-                     ((looking-at "\\s *#.*coding\\s *[:=]"))
-                     (t (when ruby-insert-encoding-magic-comment
-                          (insert "# -*- coding: " coding-system " -*-\n"))))))))
-
-     (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-cU" 'ruby-encode-decode-unicode)
-
-     (defun ruby-encode-unicode (beg end)
-       "Convert non-ascii string in the given region to \\u{} form."
-       (interactive "r")
-       (setq end (set-marker (make-marker) end))
-       (goto-char beg)
-       (while (and (< (point) end)
-		   (re-search-forward "\\([\C-@-\C-I\C-K\C-_\C-?]+\\)\\|[^\C-@-\C-?]+" end t))
-	 (let ((str (match-string-no-properties 0)) sep b e f)
-	   (if (match-beginning 1)
-	       (setq b "" e "" sep ""
-		     f (lambda (c)
-			 (cond ((= c ?\t) "\\t")
-			       ((= c ?\r) "\\r")
-			       ((= c ?\e) "\\e")
-			       ((= c ?\f) "\\f")
-			       ((= c ?\b) "\\b")
-			       ((= c ?\v) "\\v")
-			       ((= c ?\C-?) "\\c?")
-			       ((concat "\\c" (char-to-string (logior c #x40)))))))
-	     (setq b "\\u{" e "}" sep " " f (lambda (c) (format "%x" c))))
-	   (setq str (mapconcat f str sep))
-	   (delete-region (match-beginning 0) (match-end 0))
-	   (insert b str e))))
-
-     (defun ruby-decode-unicode (beg end)
-       "Convert escaped Unicode in the given region to raw string."
-       (interactive "r")
-       (setq end (set-marker (make-marker) end))
-       (goto-char beg)
-       (while (and (< (point) end)
-		   (re-search-forward "\\\\u\\([0-9a-fA-F]\\{4\\}\\)\\|\\\\u{\\([0-9a-fA-F \t]+\\)}" end t))
-	 (let ((b (match-beginning 0)) (e (match-end 0))
-	       (s (match-string-no-properties 1)))
-	   (if s
-	       (setq s (cons s nil))
-	     (goto-char (match-beginning 2))
-	     (while (looking-at "[ \t]*\\([0-9a-fA-F]+\\)")
-	       (setq s (cons (match-string-no-properties 1) s))
-	       (goto-char (match-end 0))))
-	   (setq s (mapconcat (lambda (c) (format "%c" (string-to-int c 16)))
-			      (nreverse s) ""))
-	   (delete-region b e)
-	   (insert s))
-	 ))
-
-     (defun ruby-encode-decode-unicode (dec beg end)
-       "Convert Unicode <-> \\u{} in the given region."
-       (interactive "P\nr")
-       (if dec (ruby-decode-unicode beg end) (ruby-encode-unicode beg end)))
-
-     (defun ruby-insert-heredoc-code-block (arg)
-       "Insert indented here document code block"
-       (interactive "P")
-       (let ((c (if arg "~" "-")))
-	 (insert "\"#{<<" c "\"begin\;\"}\\n#{<<" c "'end;'}\""))
-       (end-of-line)
-       (if (eobp) (insert "\n") (forward-char))
-       (indent-region (point)
-		      (progn (insert "begin;\n" "end;\n") (point)))
-       (beginning-of-line 0))
-     (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-cH" 'ruby-insert-heredoc-code-block)
-     ))
-
-;; monkey-patching ruby-mode.el in Emacs 24, as r49872.
-(when (and (boundp 'ruby-syntax-before-regexp-re)
-	   (not (string-match ruby-syntax-before-regexp-re "foo {|" 1)))
-  (replace-regexp-in-string "\\[\\[" "\\&{|" ruby-syntax-before-regexp-re))
-
-(provide 'ruby-additional)
-
-;;; ruby-additional.el ends here
diff --git a/misc/ruby-electric.el b/misc/ruby-electric.el
deleted file mode 100644
index f54e91ccbc..0000000000
--- a/misc/ruby-electric.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,569 +0,0 @@
-;;; ruby-electric.el --- Minor mode for electrically editing ruby code
-;;
-;; Authors: Dee Zsombor <dee dot zsombor at gmail dot com>
-;;          Yukihiro Matsumoto
-;;          Nobuyoshi Nakada
-;;          Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
-;;          Jakub Kuźma <qoobaa@gmail.com>
-;; Maintainer: Akinori MUSHA <knu@iDaemons.org>
-;; Created: 6 Mar 2005
-;; URL: https://github.com/knu/ruby-electric.el
-;; Keywords: languages ruby
-;; License: The same license terms as Ruby
-;; Version: 2.2.3
-
-;;; Commentary:
-;;
-;; `ruby-electric-mode' accelerates code writing in ruby by making
-;; some keys "electric" and automatically supplying with closing
-;; parentheses and "end" as appropriate.
-;;
-;; This work was originally inspired by a code snippet posted by
-;; [Frederick Ros](https://github.com/sleeper).
-;;
-;; Add the following line to enable ruby-electric-mode under
-;; ruby-mode.
-;;
-;;     (eval-after-load "ruby-mode"
-;;       '(add-hook 'ruby-mode-hook 'ruby-electric-mode))
-;;
-;; Type M-x customize-group ruby-electric for configuration.
-
-;;; Code:
-
-(require 'ruby-mode)
-
-(eval-when-compile
-  (require 'cl))
-
-(defgroup ruby-electric nil
-  "Minor mode providing electric editing commands for ruby files"
-  :group 'ruby)
-
-(defconst ruby-electric-expandable-bar-re
-  "\\s-\\(do\\|{\\)\\s-*|")
-
-(defconst ruby-electric-delimiters-alist
-  '((?\{ :name "Curly brace"  :handler ruby-electric-curlies       :closing ?\})
-    (?\[ :name "Square brace" :handler ruby-electric-matching-char :closing ?\])
-    (?\( :name "Round brace"  :handler ruby-electric-matching-char :closing ?\))
-    (?\' :name "Quote"        :handler ruby-electric-matching-char)
-    (?\" :name "Double quote" :handler ruby-electric-matching-char)
-    (?\` :name "Back quote"   :handler ruby-electric-matching-char)
-    (?\| :name "Vertical bar" :handler ruby-electric-bar)
-    (?\# :name "Hash"         :handler ruby-electric-hash)))
-
-(defvar ruby-electric-matching-delimeter-alist
-  (apply 'nconc
-         (mapcar #'(lambda (x)
-                     (let ((delim (car x))
-                           (plist (cdr x)))
-                       (if (eq (plist-get plist :handler) 'ruby-electric-matching-char)
-                           (list (cons delim (or (plist-get plist :closing)
-                                                 delim))))))
-                 ruby-electric-delimiters-alist)))
-
-(defvar ruby-electric-expandable-keyword-re)
-
-(defmacro ruby-electric--try-insert-and-do (string &rest body)
-  (declare (indent 1))
-  `(let ((before (point))
-         (after (progn
-                  (insert ,string)
-                  (point))))
-     (unwind-protect
-         (progn ,@body)
-       (delete-region before after)
-       (goto-char before))))
-
-(defconst ruby-modifier-beg-symbol-re
-  (regexp-opt ruby-modifier-beg-keywords 'symbols))
-
-(defun ruby-electric--modifier-keyword-at-point-p ()
-  "Test if there is a modifier keyword at point."
-  (and (looking-at ruby-modifier-beg-symbol-re)
-       (let ((end (match-end 1)))
-         (not (looking-back "\\."))
-         (save-excursion
-           (let ((indent1 (ruby-electric--try-insert-and-do "\n"
-                            (ruby-calculate-indent)))
-                 (indent2 (save-excursion
-                            (goto-char end)
-                            (ruby-electric--try-insert-and-do " x\n"
-                              (ruby-calculate-indent)))))
-             (= indent1 indent2))))))
-
-(defconst ruby-block-mid-symbol-re
-  (regexp-opt ruby-block-mid-keywords 'symbols))
-
-(defun ruby-electric--block-mid-keyword-at-point-p ()
-  "Test if there is a block mid keyword at point."
-  (and (looking-at ruby-block-mid-symbol-re)
-       (looking-back "^\\s-*")))
-
-(defconst ruby-block-beg-symbol-re
-  (regexp-opt ruby-block-beg-keywords 'symbols))
-
-(defun ruby-electric--block-beg-keyword-at-point-p ()
-  "Test if there is a block beginning keyword at point."
-  (and (looking-at ruby-block-beg-symbol-re)
-       (if (string= (match-string 1) "do")
-           (looking-back "\\s-")
-         (not (looking-back "\\.")))
-       ;; (not (ruby-electric--modifier-keyword-at-point-p)) ;; implicit assumption
-       ))
-
-(defcustom ruby-electric-keywords-alist
-  '(("begin" . end)
-    ("case" . end)
-    ("class" . end)
-    ("def" . end)
-    ("do" . end)
-    ("else" . reindent)
-    ("elsif" . reindent)
-    ("end" . reindent)
-    ("ensure" . reindent)
-    ("for" . end)
-    ("if" . end)
-    ("module" . end)
-    ("rescue" . reindent)
-    ("unless" . end)
-    ("until" . end)
-    ("when" . reindent)
-    ("while" . end))
-  "Alist of keywords and actions to define how to react to space
-or return right after each keyword.  In each (KEYWORD . ACTION)
-cons, ACTION can be set to one of the following values:
-
-    `reindent'  Reindent the line.
-
-    `end'       Reindent the line and auto-close the keyword with
-                end if applicable.
-
-    `nil'       Do nothing.
-"
-  :type '(repeat (cons (string :tag "Keyword")
-                       (choice :tag "Action"
-                               :menu-tag "Action"
-                               (const :tag "Auto-close with end"
-                                      :value end)
-                               (const :tag "Auto-reindent"
-                                      :value reindent)
-                               (const :tag "None"
-                                      :value nil))))
-  :set (lambda (sym val)
-         (set sym val)
-         (let (keywords)
-           (dolist (x val)
-             (let ((keyword (car x))
-                   (action (cdr x)))
-               (if action
-                   (setq keywords (cons keyword keywords)))))
-           (setq ruby-electric-expandable-keyword-re
-                 (concat (regexp-opt keywords 'symbols)
-                         "$"))))
-  :group 'ruby-electric)
-
-(defvar ruby-electric-mode-map
-  (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap)))
-    (define-key map " " 'ruby-electric-space/return)
-    (define-key map [remap delete-backward-char] 'ruby-electric-delete-backward-char)
-    (define-key map [remap newline] 'ruby-electric-space/return)
-    (define-key map [remap newline-and-indent] 'ruby-electric-space/return)
-    (define-key map [remap electric-newline-and-maybe-indent] 'ruby-electric-space/return)
-    (dolist (x ruby-electric-delimiters-alist)
-      (let* ((delim   (car x))
-             (plist   (cdr x))
-             (name    (plist-get plist :name))
-             (func    (plist-get plist :handler))
-             (closing (plist-get plist :closing)))
-        (define-key map (char-to-string delim) func)
-        (if closing
-            (define-key map (char-to-string closing) 'ruby-electric-closing-char))))
-    map)
-  "Keymap used in ruby-electric-mode")
-
-(defcustom ruby-electric-expand-delimiters-list '(all)
-  "*List of contexts where matching delimiter should be inserted.
-The word 'all' will do all insertions."
-  :type `(set :extra-offset 8
-              (const :tag "Everything" all)
-              ,@(apply 'list
-                       (mapcar #'(lambda (x)
-                                   `(const :tag ,(plist-get (cdr x) :name)
-                                           ,(car x)))
-                               ruby-electric-delimiters-alist)))
-  :group 'ruby-electric)
-
-(defcustom ruby-electric-newline-before-closing-bracket nil
-  "*Non-nil means a newline should be inserted before an
-automatically inserted closing bracket."
-  :type 'boolean :group 'ruby-electric)
-
-(defcustom ruby-electric-autoindent-on-closing-char nil
-  "*Non-nil means the current line should be automatically
-indented when a closing character is manually typed in."
-  :type 'boolean :group 'ruby-electric)
-
-(defvar ruby-electric-mode-hook nil
-  "Called after `ruby-electric-mode' is turned on.")
-
-;;;###autoload
-(define-minor-mode ruby-electric-mode
-  "Toggle Ruby Electric minor mode.
-With no argument, this command toggles the mode.  Non-null prefix
-argument turns on the mode.  Null prefix argument turns off the
-mode.
-
-When Ruby Electric mode is enabled, an indented 'end' is
-heuristicaly inserted whenever typing a word like 'module',
-'class', 'def', 'if', 'unless', 'case', 'until', 'for', 'begin',
-'do' followed by a space.  Single, double and back quotes as well
-as braces are paired auto-magically.  Expansion does not occur
-inside comments and strings. Note that you must have Font Lock
-enabled."
-  ;; initial value.
-  nil
-  ;;indicator for the mode line.
-  " REl"
-  ;;keymap
-  ruby-electric-mode-map
-  (if ruby-electric-mode
-      (run-hooks 'ruby-electric-mode-hook)))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-space/return-fallback ()
-  (if (or (eq this-original-command 'ruby-electric-space/return)
-          (null (ignore-errors
-                  ;; ac-complete may fail if there is nothing left to complete
-                  (call-interactively this-original-command)
-                  (setq this-command this-original-command))))
-      ;; fall back to a globally bound command
-      (let ((command (global-key-binding (char-to-string last-command-event) t)))
-        (and command
-             (call-interactively (setq this-command command))))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-space/return (arg)
-  (interactive "*P")
-  (and (boundp 'sp-last-operation)
-       (setq sp-delayed-pair nil))
-  (cond ((or arg
-             (region-active-p))
-         (or (= last-command-event ?\s)
-             (setq last-command-event ?\n))
-         (ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert))
-        ((ruby-electric-space/return-can-be-expanded-p)
-         (let (action)
-           (save-excursion
-             (goto-char (match-beginning 0))
-             (let* ((keyword (match-string 1))
-                    (allowed-actions
-                     (cond ((ruby-electric--modifier-keyword-at-point-p)
-                            '(reindent)) ;; no end necessary
-                           ((ruby-electric--block-mid-keyword-at-point-p)
-                            '(reindent)) ;; ditto
-                           ((ruby-electric--block-beg-keyword-at-point-p)
-                            '(end reindent)))))
-               (if allowed-actions
-                   (setq action
-                         (let ((action (cdr (assoc keyword ruby-electric-keywords-alist))))
-                           (and (memq action allowed-actions)
-                                action))))))
-           (cond ((eq action 'end)
-                  (ruby-indent-line)
-                  (save-excursion
-                    (newline)
-                    (ruby-electric-end)))
-                 ((eq action 'reindent)
-                  (ruby-indent-line)))
-           (ruby-electric-space/return-fallback)))
-        ((and (eq this-original-command 'newline-and-indent)
-              (ruby-electric-comment-at-point-p))
-         (call-interactively (setq this-command 'comment-indent-new-line)))
-        (t
-         (ruby-electric-space/return-fallback))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric--get-faces-at-point ()
-  (let* ((point (point))
-         (value (or
-                 (get-text-property point 'read-face-name)
-                 (get-text-property point 'face))))
-    (if (listp value) value (list value))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric--faces-at-point-include-p (&rest faces)
-  (and ruby-electric-mode
-       (loop for face in faces
-             with pfaces = (ruby-electric--get-faces-at-point)
-             thereis (memq face pfaces))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-code-at-point-p()
-  (not (ruby-electric--faces-at-point-include-p
-        'font-lock-string-face
-        'font-lock-comment-face)))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-string-at-point-p()
-  (ruby-electric--faces-at-point-include-p
-   'font-lock-string-face))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-comment-at-point-p()
-  (ruby-electric--faces-at-point-include-p
-   'font-lock-comment-face))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-escaped-p()
-  (let ((f nil))
-    (save-excursion
-      (while (char-equal ?\\ (preceding-char))
-        (backward-char 1)
-        (setq f (not f))))
-    f))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-command-char-expandable-punct-p(char)
-  (or (memq 'all ruby-electric-expand-delimiters-list)
-      (memq char ruby-electric-expand-delimiters-list)))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-space/return-can-be-expanded-p()
-  (and (ruby-electric-code-at-point-p)
-       (looking-back ruby-electric-expandable-keyword-re)))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert ()
-  (and (region-active-p)
-       (bound-and-true-p delete-selection-mode)
-       (fboundp 'delete-selection-helper)
-       (delete-selection-helper (get 'self-insert-command 'delete-selection)))
-  (insert (make-string (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg)
-                       last-command-event))
-  (setq this-command 'self-insert-command))
-
-(defmacro ruby-electric-insert (arg &rest body)
-  `(cond ((and
-           (null ,arg)
-           (ruby-electric-command-char-expandable-punct-p last-command-event))
-          (let ((region-beginning
-                 (cond ((region-active-p)
-                        (prog1
-                            (save-excursion
-                              (goto-char (region-beginning))
-                              (insert last-command-event)
-                              (point))
-                          (goto-char (region-end))))
-                       (t
-                        (insert last-command-event)
-                        nil))))
-            ,@body
-            (and region-beginning
-                 ;; If no extra character is inserted, go back to the
-                 ;; region beginning.
-                 (eq this-command 'self-insert-command)
-                 (goto-char region-beginning))))
-         ((ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-curlies (arg)
-  (interactive "*P")
-  (ruby-electric-insert
-   arg
-   (cond
-    ((ruby-electric-code-at-point-p)
-     (save-excursion
-       (insert "}")
-       (font-lock-fontify-region (line-beginning-position) (point)))
-     (cond
-      ((ruby-electric-string-at-point-p) ;; %w{}, %r{}, etc.
-       (if region-beginning
-           (forward-char 1)))
-      (ruby-electric-newline-before-closing-bracket
-       (cond (region-beginning
-              (save-excursion
-                (goto-char region-beginning)
-                (newline))
-              (newline)
-              (forward-char 1)
-              (indent-region region-beginning (line-end-position)))
-             (t
-              (insert " ")
-              (save-excursion
-                (newline)
-                (ruby-indent-line t)))))
-      (t
-       (if region-beginning
-           (save-excursion
-             (goto-char region-beginning)
-             (insert " "))
-         (insert " "))
-       (insert " ")
-       (and region-beginning
-            (forward-char 1)))))
-    ((ruby-electric-string-at-point-p)
-     (let ((start-position (1- (or region-beginning (point)))))
-       (cond
-        ((char-equal ?\# (char-before start-position))
-         (unless (save-excursion
-                   (goto-char (1- start-position))
-                   (ruby-electric-escaped-p))
-           (insert "}")
-           (or region-beginning
-               (backward-char 1))))
-        ((or
-          (ruby-electric-command-char-expandable-punct-p ?\#)
-          (save-excursion
-            (goto-char start-position)
-            (ruby-electric-escaped-p)))
-         (if region-beginning
-             (goto-char region-beginning))
-         (setq this-command 'self-insert-command))
-        (t
-         (save-excursion
-           (goto-char start-position)
-           (insert "#"))
-         (insert "}")
-         (or region-beginning
-             (backward-char 1))))))
-    (t
-     (delete-char -1)
-     (ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert)))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-hash (arg)
-  (interactive "*P")
-  (ruby-electric-insert
-   arg
-   (if (ruby-electric-string-at-point-p)
-       (let ((start-position (1- (or region-beginning (point)))))
-         (cond
-          ((char-equal (following-char) ?')) ;; likely to be in ''
-          ((save-excursion
-             (goto-char start-position)
-             (ruby-electric-escaped-p)))
-          (region-beginning
-           (save-excursion
-             (goto-char (1+ start-position))
-             (insert "{"))
-           (insert "}"))
-          (t
-           (insert "{")
-           (save-excursion
-             (insert "}")))))
-     (delete-char -1)
-     (ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-matching-char (arg)
-  (interactive "*P")
-  (ruby-electric-insert
-   arg
-   (let ((closing (cdr (assoc last-command-event
-                              ruby-electric-matching-delimeter-alist))))
-     (cond
-      ;; quotes
-      ((char-equal closing last-command-event)
-       (cond ((let ((start-position (or region-beginning (point))))
-                ;; check if this quote has just started a string
-                (and
-                 (unwind-protect
-                     (save-excursion
-                       (subst-char-in-region (1- start-position) start-position
-                                             last-command-event ?\s)
-                       (goto-char (1- start-position))
-                       (save-excursion
-                         (font-lock-fontify-region (line-beginning-position) (1+ (point))))
-                       (not (ruby-electric-string-at-point-p)))
-                     (subst-char-in-region (1- start-position) start-position
-                                           ?\s last-command-event))
-                 (save-excursion
-                   (goto-char (1- start-position))
-                   (save-excursion
-                     (font-lock-fontify-region (line-beginning-position) (1+ (point))))
-                   (ruby-electric-string-at-point-p))))
-              (if region-beginning
-                  ;; escape quotes of the same kind, backslash and hash
-                  (let ((re (format "[%c\\%s]"
-                                    last-command-event
-                                    (if (char-equal last-command-event ?\")
-                                        "#" "")))
-                        (bound (point)))
-                    (save-excursion
-                      (goto-char region-beginning)
-                      (while (re-search-forward re bound t)
-                        (let ((end (point)))
-                          (replace-match "\\\\\\&")
-                          (setq bound (+ bound (- (point) end))))))))
-              (insert closing)
-              (or region-beginning
-                  (backward-char 1)))
-             (t
-              (and (eq last-command 'ruby-electric-matching-char)
-                   (char-equal (following-char) closing) ;; repeated quotes
-                   (delete-char 1))
-              (setq this-command 'self-insert-command))))
-      ((ruby-electric-code-at-point-p)
-       (insert closing)
-       (or region-beginning
-           (backward-char 1)))))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-closing-char(arg)
-  (interactive "*P")
-  (cond
-   (arg
-    (ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert))
-   ((and
-     (eq last-command 'ruby-electric-curlies)
-     (= last-command-event ?})
-     (not (char-equal (preceding-char) last-command-event))) ;; {}
-    (if (char-equal (following-char) ?\n) (delete-char 1))
-    (delete-horizontal-space)
-    (forward-char))
-   ((and
-     (= last-command-event (following-char))
-     (not (char-equal (preceding-char) last-command-event))
-     (memq last-command '(ruby-electric-matching-char
-                          ruby-electric-closing-char))) ;; ()/[] and (())/[[]]
-    (forward-char))
-   (t
-    (ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert)
-    (if ruby-electric-autoindent-on-closing-char
-        (ruby-indent-line)))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-bar(arg)
-  (interactive "*P")
-  (ruby-electric-insert
-   arg
-   (cond ((and (ruby-electric-code-at-point-p)
-               (looking-back ruby-electric-expandable-bar-re))
-          (save-excursion (insert "|")))
-         (t
-          (delete-char -1)
-          (ruby-electric-replace-region-or-insert)))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-delete-backward-char(arg)
-  (interactive "*p")
-  (cond ((memq last-command '(ruby-electric-matching-char
-                              ruby-electric-bar))
-         (delete-char 1))
-        ((eq last-command 'ruby-electric-curlies)
-         (cond ((eolp)
-                (cond ((char-equal (preceding-char) ?\s)
-                       (setq this-command last-command))
-                      ((char-equal (preceding-char) ?{)
-                       (and (looking-at "[ \t\n]*}")
-                            (delete-char (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0)))))))
-               ((char-equal (following-char) ?\s)
-                (setq this-command last-command)
-                (delete-char 1))
-               ((char-equal (following-char) ?})
-                (delete-char 1))))
-        ((eq last-command 'ruby-electric-hash)
-         (and (char-equal (preceding-char) ?{)
-              (delete-char 1))))
-  (delete-char (- arg)))
-
-(put 'ruby-electric-delete-backward-char 'delete-selection 'supersede)
-
-(defun ruby-electric-end ()
-  (interactive)
-  (if (eq (char-syntax (preceding-char)) ?w)
-      (insert " "))
-  (insert "end")
-  (save-excursion
-    (if (eq (char-syntax (following-char)) ?w)
-        (insert " "))
-    (ruby-indent-line t)))
-
-(provide 'ruby-electric)
-
-;;; ruby-electric.el ends here
diff --git a/misc/ruby-mode.el b/misc/ruby-mode.el
deleted file mode 100644
index b1abd18a9e..0000000000
--- a/misc/ruby-mode.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1584 +0,0 @@
-;;; ruby-mode.el --- Major mode for editing Ruby files
-
-;; Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
-;;   2002,2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
-;;   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-;; Authors: Yukihiro Matsumoto, Nobuyoshi Nakada
-;; URL: http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/RubyMode
-;; Created: Fri Feb  4 14:49:13 JST 1994
-;; Keywords: languages ruby
-;; Version: 0.9
-
-;; This file is not part of GNU Emacs. However, a newer version of
-;; ruby-mode is included in recent releases of GNU Emacs (version 23
-;; and up), but the new version is not guaranteed to be compatible
-;; with older versions of Emacs or XEmacs. This file is the last
-;; version that aims to keep this compatibility.
-
-;; You can also get the latest version from the Emacs Lisp Package
-;; Archive: http://tromey.com/elpa
-
-;; This file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-;; (at your option) any later version.
-
-;; It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-;; ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
-;; or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public
-;; License for more details.
-
-;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-;; along with it.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-;;; Commentary:
-
-;; Provides font-locking, indentation support, and navigation for Ruby code.
-;;
-;; If you're installing manually, you should add this to your .emacs
-;; file after putting it on your load path:
-;;
-;;    (autoload 'ruby-mode "ruby-mode" "Major mode for ruby files" t)
-;;    (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.rb$" . ruby-mode))
-;;    (add-to-list 'interpreter-mode-alist '("ruby" . ruby-mode))
-;;
-
-;;; Code:
-
-(defconst ruby-mode-revision "$Revision$"
-  "Ruby mode revision string.")
-
-(defconst ruby-mode-version
-  (and (string-match "[0-9.]+" ruby-mode-revision)
-       (substring ruby-mode-revision (match-beginning 0) (match-end 0)))
-  "Ruby mode version number.")
-
-(defconst ruby-keyword-end-re
-  (if (string-match "\\_>" "ruby")
-      "\\_>"
-    "\\>"))
-
-(defconst ruby-block-beg-keywords
-  '("class" "module" "def" "if" "unless" "case" "while" "until" "for" "begin" "do")
-  "Keywords at the beginning of blocks.")
-
-(defconst ruby-block-beg-re
-  (regexp-opt ruby-block-beg-keywords)
-  "Regexp to match the beginning of blocks.")
-
-(defconst ruby-non-block-do-re
-  (concat (regexp-opt '("while" "until" "for" "rescue") t) ruby-keyword-end-re)
-  "Regexp to match")
-
-(defconst ruby-indent-beg-re
-  (concat "\\(\\s *" (regexp-opt '("class" "module" "def") t) "\\)\\|"
-          (regexp-opt '("if" "unless" "case" "while" "until" "for" "begin")))
-  "Regexp to match where the indentation gets deeper.")
-
-(defconst ruby-modifier-beg-keywords
-  '("if" "unless" "while" "until")
-  "Modifiers that are the same as the beginning of blocks.")
-
-(defconst ruby-modifier-beg-re
-  (regexp-opt ruby-modifier-beg-keywords)
-  "Regexp to match modifiers same as the beginning of blocks.")
-
-(defconst ruby-modifier-re
-  (regexp-opt (cons "rescue" ruby-modifier-beg-keywords))
-  "Regexp to match modifiers.")
-
-(defconst ruby-block-mid-keywords
-  '("then" "else" "elsif" "when" "rescue" "ensure")
-  "Keywords where the indentation gets shallower in middle of block statements.")
-
-(defconst ruby-block-mid-re
-  (regexp-opt ruby-block-mid-keywords)
-  "Regexp to match where the indentation gets shallower in middle of block statements.")
-
-(defconst ruby-block-op-keywords
-  '("and" "or" "not")
-  "Block operators.")
-
-(defconst ruby-block-hanging-re
-  (regexp-opt (append ruby-modifier-beg-keywords ruby-block-op-keywords))
-  "Regexp to match hanging block modifiers.")
-
-(defconst ruby-block-end-re "\\_<end\\_>")
-
-(defconst ruby-here-doc-beg-re
-  "\\(<\\)<\\([-~]\\)?\\(\\([a-zA-Z0-9_]+\\)\\|[\"]\\([^\"]+\\)[\"]\\|[']\\([^']+\\)[']\\)")
-
-(defconst ruby-here-doc-end-re
-  "^\\([ \t]+\\)?\\(.*\\)\\(.\\)$")
-
-(defun ruby-here-doc-end-match ()
-  (concat "^"
-          (if (match-string 2) "[ \t]*" nil)
-          (regexp-quote
-           (or (match-string 4)
-               (match-string 5)
-               (match-string 6)))))
-
-(defun ruby-here-doc-beg-match ()
-  (let ((contents (concat
-		   (regexp-quote (concat (match-string 2) (match-string 3)))
-		   (if (string= (match-string 3) "_") "\\B" "\\b"))))
-    (concat "<<"
-            (let ((match (match-string 1)))
-              (if (and match (> (length match) 0))
-                  (concat "\\(?:[-~]\\([\"']?\\)\\|\\([\"']\\)" (match-string 1) "\\)"
-                          contents "\\(\\1\\|\\2\\)")
-                (concat "[-~]?\\([\"']\\|\\)" contents "\\1"))))))
-
-(defconst ruby-delimiter
-  (concat "[?$/%(){}#\"'`.:]\\|<<\\|\\[\\|\\]\\|\\_<\\("
-          ruby-block-beg-re
-          "\\)\\_>\\|" ruby-block-end-re
-          "\\|^=begin\\|" ruby-here-doc-beg-re)
-  )
-
-(defconst ruby-negative
-  (concat "^[ \t]*\\(\\(" ruby-block-mid-re "\\)\\>\\|"
-          ruby-block-end-re "\\|}\\|\\]\\)")
-  "Regexp to match where the indentation gets shallower.")
-
-(defconst ruby-operator-chars "-,.+*/%&|^~=<>:")
-(defconst ruby-operator-re (concat "[" ruby-operator-chars "]"))
-
-(defconst ruby-symbol-chars "a-zA-Z0-9_")
-(defconst ruby-symbol-re (concat "[" ruby-symbol-chars "]"))
-
-(defvar ruby-mode-abbrev-table nil
-  "Abbrev table in use in ruby-mode buffers.")
-
-(define-abbrev-table 'ruby-mode-abbrev-table ())
-
-(defvar ruby-mode-map nil "Keymap used in ruby mode.")
-
-(if ruby-mode-map
-    nil
-  (setq ruby-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap))
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "{" 'ruby-electric-brace)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "}" 'ruby-electric-brace)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-a" 'ruby-beginning-of-defun)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-e" 'ruby-end-of-defun)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-b" 'ruby-backward-sexp)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-f" 'ruby-forward-sexp)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-p" 'ruby-beginning-of-block)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-n" 'ruby-end-of-block)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-h" 'ruby-mark-defun)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\e\C-q" 'ruby-indent-exp)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\t" 'ruby-indent-command)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-e" 'ruby-insert-end)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-j" 'ruby-reindent-then-newline-and-indent)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c{" 'ruby-toggle-block)
-  (define-key ruby-mode-map "\C-c\C-u" 'uncomment-region))
-
-(defvar ruby-mode-syntax-table nil
-  "Syntax table in use in ruby-mode buffers.")
-
-(if ruby-mode-syntax-table
-    ()
-  (setq ruby-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table))
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\' "\"" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\" "\"" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\` "\"" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?# "<" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\n ">" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\\ "\\" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?$ "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?? "_" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?_ "_" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?: "_" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?< "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?> "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?& "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?| "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?% "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?= "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?/ "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?+ "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?* "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?- "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\; "." ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\( "()" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\) ")(" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\{ "(}" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\} "){" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\[ "(]" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (modify-syntax-entry ?\] ")[" ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  )
-
-(defcustom ruby-indent-tabs-mode nil
-  "*Indentation can insert tabs in ruby mode if this is non-nil."
-  :type 'boolean :group 'ruby)
-(put 'ruby-indent-tabs-mode 'safe-local-variable 'booleanp)
-
-(defcustom ruby-indent-level 2
-  "*Indentation of ruby statements."
-  :type 'integer :group 'ruby)
-(put 'ruby-indent-level 'safe-local-variable 'integerp)
-
-(defcustom ruby-comment-column 32
-  "*Indentation column of comments."
-  :type 'integer :group 'ruby)
-(put 'ruby-comment-column 'safe-local-variable 'integerp)
-
-(defcustom ruby-deep-arglist t
-  "*Deep indent lists in parenthesis when non-nil.
-Also ignores spaces after parenthesis when 'space."
-  :group 'ruby)
-(put 'ruby-deep-arglist 'safe-local-variable 'booleanp)
-
-(defcustom ruby-deep-indent-paren '(?\( ?\[ ?\] t)
-  "*Deep indent lists in parenthesis when non-nil. t means continuous line.
-Also ignores spaces after parenthesis when 'space."
-  :group 'ruby)
-
-(defcustom ruby-deep-indent-paren-style 'space
-  "Default deep indent style."
-  :options '(t nil space) :group 'ruby)
-
-(defcustom ruby-encoding-map
-  '((us-ascii       . nil)       ;; Do not put coding: us-ascii
-    (utf-8          . nil)       ;; Do not put coding: utf-8
-    (shift-jis      . cp932)     ;; Emacs charset name of Shift_JIS
-    (shift_jis      . cp932)     ;; MIME charset name of Shift_JIS
-    (japanese-cp932 . cp932))    ;; Emacs charset name of CP932
-  "Alist to map encoding name from Emacs to Ruby.
-Associating an encoding name with nil means it needs not be
-explicitly declared in magic comment."
-  :type '(repeat (cons (symbol :tag "From") (symbol :tag "To")))
-  :group 'ruby)
-
-(defcustom ruby-use-encoding-map t
-  "*Use `ruby-encoding-map' to set encoding magic comment if this is non-nil."
-  :type 'boolean :group 'ruby)
-
-(defvar ruby-indent-point nil "internal variable")
-
-(eval-when-compile (require 'cl))
-(defun ruby-imenu-create-index-in-block (prefix beg end)
-  (let ((index-alist '()) (case-fold-search nil)
-        name next pos decl sing)
-    (goto-char beg)
-    (while (re-search-forward "^\\s *\\(\\(class\\s +\\|\\(class\\s *<<\\s *\\)\\|module\\s +\\)\\([^\(<\n ]+\\)\\|\\(def\\|alias\\)\\s +\\([^\(\n ]+\\)\\)" end t)
-      (setq sing (match-beginning 3))
-      (setq decl (match-string 5))
-      (setq next (match-end 0))
-      (setq name (or (match-string 4) (match-string 6)))
-      (setq pos (match-beginning 0))
-      (cond
-       ((string= "alias" decl)
-        (if prefix (setq name (concat prefix name)))
-        (push (cons name pos) index-alist))
-       ((string= "def" decl)
-        (if prefix
-            (setq name
-                  (cond
-                   ((string-match "^self\." name)
-                    (concat (substring prefix 0 -1) (substring name 4)))
-                  (t (concat prefix name)))))
-        (push (cons name pos) index-alist)
-        (ruby-accurate-end-of-block end))
-       (t
-        (if (string= "self" name)
-            (if prefix (setq name (substring prefix 0 -1)))
-          (if prefix (setq name (concat (substring prefix 0 -1) "::" name)))
-          (push (cons name pos) index-alist))
-        (ruby-accurate-end-of-block end)
-        (setq beg (point))
-        (setq index-alist
-              (nconc (ruby-imenu-create-index-in-block
-                      (concat name (if sing "." "#"))
-                      next beg) index-alist))
-        (goto-char beg))))
-    index-alist))
-
-(defun ruby-imenu-create-index ()
-  (nreverse (ruby-imenu-create-index-in-block nil (point-min) nil)))
-
-(defun ruby-accurate-end-of-block (&optional end)
-  (let (state)
-    (or end (setq end (point-max)))
-    (while (and (setq state (apply 'ruby-parse-partial end state))
-                (>= (nth 2 state) 0) (< (point) end)))))
-
-(defun ruby-mode-variables ()
-  (set-syntax-table ruby-mode-syntax-table)
-  (setq show-trailing-whitespace t)
-  (setq local-abbrev-table ruby-mode-abbrev-table)
-  (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function)
-  (setq indent-line-function 'ruby-indent-line)
-  (make-local-variable 'require-final-newline)
-  (setq require-final-newline t)
-  (make-local-variable 'comment-start)
-  (setq comment-start "# ")
-  (make-local-variable 'comment-end)
-  (setq comment-end "")
-  (make-local-variable 'comment-column)
-  (setq comment-column ruby-comment-column)
-  (make-local-variable 'comment-start-skip)
-  (setq comment-start-skip "#+ *")
-  (setq indent-tabs-mode ruby-indent-tabs-mode)
-  (make-local-variable 'parse-sexp-ignore-comments)
-  (setq parse-sexp-ignore-comments t)
-  (make-local-variable 'parse-sexp-lookup-properties)
-  (setq parse-sexp-lookup-properties t)
-  (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start)
-  (setq paragraph-start (concat "$\\|" page-delimiter))
-  (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate)
-  (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start)
-  (make-local-variable 'paragraph-ignore-fill-prefix)
-  (setq paragraph-ignore-fill-prefix t))
-
-(defun ruby-mode-set-encoding ()
-  "Insert or update a magic comment header with the proper encoding.
-`ruby-encoding-map' is looked up to convert an encoding name from
-Emacs to Ruby."
-  (let* ((nonascii
-          (save-excursion
-            (widen)
-            (goto-char (point-min))
-            (re-search-forward "[^\0-\177]" nil t)))
-         (coding-system
-          (or coding-system-for-write
-              buffer-file-coding-system))
-         (coding-system
-          (and coding-system
-               (coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system nil)))
-         (coding-system
-          (and coding-system
-               (or
-                (coding-system-get coding-system :mime-charset)
-                (let ((coding-type (coding-system-get coding-system :coding-type)))
-                  (cond ((eq coding-type 'undecided)
-                         (if nonascii
-                             (or (and (coding-system-get coding-system :prefer-utf-8)
-                                      'utf-8)
-                                 (coding-system-get default-buffer-file-coding-system :coding-type)
-                                 'ascii-8bit)))
-                        ((memq coding-type '(utf-8 shift-jis))
-                         coding-type)
-                        (t coding-system))))))
-         (coding-system
-          (or coding-system
-              'us-ascii))
-         (coding-system
-          (let ((cons (assq coding-system ruby-encoding-map)))
-            (if cons (cdr cons) coding-system)))
-         (coding-system
-          (and coding-system
-               (symbol-name coding-system))))
-    (if coding-system
-        (save-excursion
-          (widen)
-          (goto-char (point-min))
-          (if (looking-at "^#!") (beginning-of-line 2))
-          (cond ((looking-at "\\s *#.*-\*-\\s *\\(en\\)?coding\\s *:\\s *\\([-a-z0-9_]*\\)\\s *\\(;\\|-\*-\\)")
-                 (unless (string= (match-string 2) coding-system)
-                   (goto-char (match-beginning 2))
-                   (delete-region (point) (match-end 2))
-                   (and (looking-at "-\*-")
-                        (let ((n (skip-chars-backward " ")))
-                          (cond ((= n 0) (insert "  ") (backward-char))
-                                ((= n -1) (insert " "))
-                                ((forward-char)))))
-                   (insert coding-system)))
-                ((looking-at "\\s *#.*coding\\s *[:=]"))
-                (t (when ruby-insert-encoding-magic-comment
-                     (insert "# -*- coding: " coding-system " -*-\n"))))))))
-
-(defun ruby-current-indentation ()
-  (save-excursion
-    (beginning-of-line)
-    (back-to-indentation)
-    (current-column)))
-
-(defun ruby-indent-line (&optional flag)
-  "Correct indentation of the current ruby line."
-  (ruby-indent-to (ruby-calculate-indent)))
-
-(defun ruby-indent-command ()
-  (interactive)
-  (ruby-indent-line t))
-
-(defun ruby-indent-to (x)
-  (if x
-      (let (shift top beg)
-        (and (< x 0) (error "invalid nest"))
-        (setq shift (current-column))
-        (beginning-of-line)
-        (setq beg (point))
-        (back-to-indentation)
-        (setq top (current-column))
-        (skip-chars-backward " \t")
-        (if (>= shift top) (setq shift (- shift top))
-          (setq shift 0))
-        (if (and (bolp)
-                 (= x top))
-            (move-to-column (+ x shift))
-          (move-to-column top)
-          (delete-region beg (point))
-          (beginning-of-line)
-          (indent-to x)
-          (move-to-column (+ x shift))))))
-
-(defun ruby-special-char-p (&optional pnt)
-  (setq pnt (or pnt (point)))
-  (let ((c (char-before pnt)) (b (and (< (point-min) pnt) (char-before (1- pnt)))))
-    (cond ((or (eq c ??) (eq c ?$)))
-          ((and (eq c ?:) (or (not b) (eq (char-syntax b) ? ))))
-          ((eq c ?\\) (eq b ??)))))
-
-(defun ruby-singleton-class-p ()
-  (save-excursion
-    (forward-word -1)
-    (and (or (bolp) (not (eq (char-before (point)) ?_)))
-	      (looking-at "class\\s *<<"))))
-
-(defun ruby-expr-beg (&optional option)
-  (save-excursion
-    (store-match-data nil)
-    (let ((space (skip-chars-backward " \t"))
-          (start (point)))
-      (cond
-       ((bolp) t)
-       ((progn
-          (forward-char -1)
-          (and (looking-at "\\?")
-               (or (eq (char-syntax (preceding-char)) ?w)
-                   (ruby-special-char-p))))
-        nil)
-       ((and (eq option 'heredoc) (< space 0))
-	(not (progn (goto-char start) (ruby-singleton-class-p))))
-       ((or (looking-at ruby-operator-re)
-            (looking-at "[\\[({,;]")
-            (and (looking-at "[!?]")
-                 (or (not (eq option 'modifier))
-                     (bolp)
-                     (save-excursion (forward-char -1) (looking-at "\\Sw$"))))
-            (and (looking-at ruby-symbol-re)
-                 (skip-chars-backward ruby-symbol-chars)
-                 (cond
-                  ((looking-at (regexp-opt
-                                (append ruby-block-beg-keywords
-                                        ruby-block-op-keywords
-                                        ruby-block-mid-keywords)
-                                'words))
-                   (goto-char (match-end 0))
-                   (not (looking-at "\\s_\\|[!?:]")))
-                  ((eq option 'expr-qstr)
-                   (looking-at "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-z0-9_]* +%[^ \t]"))
-                  ((eq option 'expr-re)
-                   (looking-at "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-z0-9_]* +/[^ \t]"))
-                  (t nil)))))))))
-
-(defun ruby-forward-string (term &optional end no-error expand)
-  (let ((n 1) (c (string-to-char term))
-        (re (if expand
-                (concat "[^\\]\\(\\\\\\\\\\)*\\([" term "]\\|\\(#{\\)\\)")
-              (concat "[^\\]\\(\\\\\\\\\\)*[" term "]"))))
-    (while (and (re-search-forward re end no-error)
-                (if (match-beginning 3)
-                    (ruby-forward-string "}{" end no-error nil)
-                  (> (setq n (if (eq (char-before (point)) c)
-                                     (1- n) (1+ n))) 0)))
-      (forward-char -1))
-    (cond ((zerop n))
-          (no-error nil)
-          ((error "unterminated string")))))
-
-(defun ruby-deep-indent-paren-p (c &optional pos)
-  (cond ((save-excursion
-	   (if pos (goto-char pos))
-	   (ruby-expr-beg))
-	 nil)
-	((listp ruby-deep-indent-paren)
-         (let ((deep (assoc c ruby-deep-indent-paren)))
-           (cond (deep
-                  (or (cdr deep) ruby-deep-indent-paren-style))
-                 ((memq c ruby-deep-indent-paren)
-                  ruby-deep-indent-paren-style))))
-        ((eq c ruby-deep-indent-paren) ruby-deep-indent-paren-style)
-        ((eq c ?\( ) ruby-deep-arglist)))
-
-(defun ruby-parse-partial (&optional end in-string nest depth pcol indent)
-  (or depth (setq depth 0))
-  (or indent (setq indent 0))
-  (when (re-search-forward ruby-delimiter end 'move)
-    (let ((pnt (point)) w re expand)
-      (goto-char (match-beginning 0))
-      (cond
-       ((and (memq (char-before) '(?@ ?$)) (looking-at "\\sw"))
-        (goto-char pnt))
-       ((looking-at "[\"`]")            ;skip string
-        (cond
-         ((and (not (eobp))
-               (ruby-forward-string (buffer-substring (point) (1+ (point))) end t t))
-          nil)
-         (t
-          (setq in-string (point))
-          (goto-char end))))
-       ((looking-at "'")
-        (cond
-         ((and (not (eobp))
-               (re-search-forward "[^\\]\\(\\\\\\\\\\)*'" end t))
-          nil)
-         (t
-          (setq in-string (point))
-          (goto-char end))))
-       ((looking-at "/=")
-        (goto-char pnt))
-       ((looking-at "/")
-        (cond
-         ((and (not (eobp)) (ruby-expr-beg 'expr-re))
-          (if (ruby-forward-string "/" end t t)
-              nil
-            (setq in-string (point))
-            (goto-char end)))
-         (t
-          (goto-char pnt))))
-       ((looking-at "%")
-        (cond
-         ((and (not (eobp))
-               (ruby-expr-beg 'expr-qstr)
-               (not (looking-at "%="))
-               (looking-at "%[QqrxWw]?\\([^a-zA-Z0-9 \t\n]\\)"))
-          (goto-char (match-beginning 1))
-          (setq expand (not (memq (char-before) '(?q ?w))))
-          (setq w (match-string 1))
-          (cond
-           ((string= w "[") (setq re "]["))
-           ((string= w "{") (setq re "}{"))
-           ((string= w "(") (setq re ")("))
-           ((string= w "<") (setq re "><"))
-           ((and expand (string= w "\\"))
-            (setq w (concat "\\" w))))
-          (unless (cond (re (ruby-forward-string re end t expand))
-                        (expand (ruby-forward-string w end t t))
-                        (t (re-search-forward
-                            (if (string= w "\\")
-                                "\\\\[^\\]*\\\\"
-                              (concat "[^\\]\\(\\\\\\\\\\)*" w))
-                            end t)))
-            (setq in-string (point))
-            (goto-char end)))
-         (t
-          (goto-char pnt))))
-       ((looking-at "\\?")              ;skip ?char
-        (cond
-         ((and (ruby-expr-beg)
-               (looking-at "?\\(\\\\C-\\|\\\\M-\\)*\\\\?."))
-          (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-         (t
-          (goto-char pnt))))
-       ((looking-at "\\$")              ;skip $char
-        (goto-char pnt)
-        (forward-char 1))
-       ((looking-at "#")                ;skip comment
-        (forward-line 1)
-        (goto-char (point))
-        )
-       ((looking-at "[\\[{(]")
-        (let ((deep (ruby-deep-indent-paren-p (char-after))))
-          (if (and deep (or (not (eq (char-after) ?\{)) (ruby-expr-beg)))
-              (progn
-                (and (eq deep 'space) (looking-at ".\\s +[^# \t\n]")
-                     (setq pnt (1- (match-end 0))))
-                (setq nest (cons (cons (char-after (point)) (point)) nest))
-                (setq pcol (cons (cons pnt depth) pcol))
-                (setq depth 0))
-            (setq nest (cons (cons (char-after (point)) pnt) nest))
-            (setq depth (1+ depth))))
-        (goto-char pnt)
-        )
-       ((looking-at "[])}]")
-        (if (ruby-deep-indent-paren-p (matching-paren (char-after))
-				      (if nest
-					  (cdr (nth 0 nest))
-					(save-excursion
-					  (forward-char)
-					  (ruby-backward-sexp)
-					  (point))))
-            (setq depth (cdr (car pcol)) pcol (cdr pcol))
-          (setq depth (1- depth)))
-        (setq nest (cdr nest))
-        (goto-char pnt))
-       ((looking-at ruby-block-end-re)
-        (if (or (and (not (bolp))
-                     (progn
-                       (forward-char -1)
-                       (setq w (char-after (point)))
-                       (or (eq ?_ w)
-                           (eq ?. w))))
-                (progn
-                  (goto-char pnt)
-                  (setq w (char-after (point)))
-                  (or (eq ?_ w)
-                      (eq ?! w)
-                      (eq ?? w))))
-            nil
-          (setq nest (cdr nest))
-          (setq depth (1- depth)))
-        (goto-char pnt))
-       ((looking-at "def\\s +[^(\n;]*")
-        (if (or (bolp)
-                (progn
-                  (forward-char -1)
-                  (not (eq ?_ (char-after (point))))))
-            (progn
-              (setq nest (cons (cons nil pnt) nest))
-              (setq depth (1+ depth))))
-        (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-       ((looking-at (concat "\\_<\\(" ruby-block-beg-re "\\)\\_>"))
-        (and
-         (save-match-data
-           (or (not (looking-at (concat "do" ruby-keyword-end-re)))
-               (save-excursion
-                 (back-to-indentation)
-                 (not (looking-at ruby-non-block-do-re)))))
-         (or (bolp)
-             (progn
-               (forward-char -1)
-               (setq w (char-after (point)))
-               (not (or (eq ?_ w)
-                        (eq ?. w)))))
-         (goto-char pnt)
-         (setq w (char-after (point)))
-         (not (eq ?_ w))
-         (not (eq ?! w))
-         (not (eq ?? w))
-         (not (eq ?: w))
-         (skip-chars-forward " \t")
-         (goto-char (match-beginning 0))
-         (or (not (looking-at ruby-modifier-re))
-             (ruby-expr-beg 'modifier))
-         (goto-char pnt)
-         (setq nest (cons (cons nil pnt) nest))
-         (setq depth (1+ depth)))
-        (goto-char pnt))
-       ((looking-at ":\\(['\"]\\)")
-        (goto-char (match-beginning 1))
-        (ruby-forward-string (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)) end))
-       ((looking-at ":\\([-,.+*/%&|^~<>]=?\\|===?\\|<=>\\|![~=]?\\)")
-        (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-       ((looking-at ":\\([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*[!?=]?\\)?")
-        (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-       ((or (looking-at "\\.\\.\\.?")
-            (looking-at "\\.[0-9]+")
-            (looking-at "\\.[a-zA-Z_0-9]+")
-            (looking-at "\\."))
-        (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-       ((looking-at "^=begin")
-        (if (re-search-forward "^=end" end t)
-            (forward-line 1)
-          (setq in-string (match-end 0))
-          (goto-char end)))
-       ((looking-at "<<")
-        (cond
-         ((and (ruby-expr-beg 'heredoc)
-               (looking-at "<<\\([-~]\\)?\\(\\([\"'`]\\)\\([^\n]+?\\)\\3\\|\\(?:\\sw\\|\\s_\\)+\\)"))
-          (setq re (regexp-quote (or (match-string 4) (match-string 2))))
-          (if (match-beginning 1) (setq re (concat "\\s *" re)))
-          (let* ((id-end (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-                 (line-end-position (save-excursion (end-of-line) (point)))
-                 (state (list in-string nest depth pcol indent)))
-            ;; parse the rest of the line
-            (while (and (> line-end-position (point))
-                        (setq state (apply 'ruby-parse-partial
-                                           line-end-position state))))
-            (setq in-string (car state)
-                  nest (nth 1 state)
-                  depth (nth 2 state)
-                  pcol (nth 3 state)
-                  indent (nth 4 state))
-            ;; skip heredoc section
-            (if (re-search-forward (concat "^" re "$") end 'move)
-                (forward-line 1)
-              (setq in-string id-end)
-              (goto-char end))))
-         (t
-          (goto-char pnt))))
-       ((looking-at "^__END__$")
-        (goto-char pnt))
-       ((looking-at ruby-here-doc-beg-re)
-        (if (re-search-forward (ruby-here-doc-end-match)
-                               ruby-indent-point t)
-            (forward-line 1)
-          (setq in-string (match-end 0))
-          (goto-char ruby-indent-point)))
-       (t
-        (error (format "bad string %s"
-                       (buffer-substring (point) pnt)
-                       ))))))
-  (list in-string nest depth pcol))
-
-(defun ruby-parse-region (start end)
-  (let (state)
-    (save-excursion
-      (if start
-          (goto-char start)
-        (ruby-beginning-of-indent))
-      (save-restriction
-        (narrow-to-region (point) end)
-        (while (and (> end (point))
-                    (setq state (apply 'ruby-parse-partial end state))))))
-    (list (nth 0 state)                 ; in-string
-          (car (nth 1 state))           ; nest
-          (nth 2 state)                 ; depth
-          (car (car (nth 3 state)))     ; pcol
-          ;(car (nth 5 state))          ; indent
-          )))
-
-(defun ruby-indent-size (pos nest)
-  (+ pos (* (or nest 1) ruby-indent-level)))
-
-(defun ruby-calculate-indent (&optional parse-start)
-  (save-excursion
-    (beginning-of-line)
-    (let ((ruby-indent-point (point))
-          (case-fold-search nil)
-          state bol eol begin op-end
-          (paren (progn (skip-syntax-forward " ")
-                        (and (char-after) (matching-paren (char-after)))))
-          (indent 0))
-      (if parse-start
-          (goto-char parse-start)
-        (ruby-beginning-of-indent)
-        (setq parse-start (point)))
-      (back-to-indentation)
-      (setq indent (current-column))
-      (setq state (ruby-parse-region parse-start ruby-indent-point))
-      (cond
-       ((nth 0 state)                   ; within string
-        (setq indent nil))              ;  do nothing
-       ((car (nth 1 state))             ; in paren
-        (goto-char (setq begin (cdr (nth 1 state))))
-        (let ((deep (ruby-deep-indent-paren-p (car (nth 1 state))
-					      (1- (cdr (nth 1 state))))))
-          (if deep
-              (cond ((and (eq deep t) (eq (car (nth 1 state)) paren))
-                     (skip-syntax-backward " ")
-                     (setq indent (1- (current-column))))
-		    ((eq deep 'space)
-		     (goto-char (cdr (nth 1 state)))
-		     (setq indent (1+ (current-column))))
-                    ((let ((s (ruby-parse-region (point) ruby-indent-point)))
-                       (and (nth 2 s) (> (nth 2 s) 0)
-                            (or (goto-char (cdr (nth 1 s))) t)))
-                     (forward-word -1)
-                     (setq indent (ruby-indent-size (current-column) (nth 2 state))))
-                    (t
-                     (setq indent (current-column))
-                     (cond ((eq deep 'space))
-                           (paren (setq indent (1- indent)))
-                           (t (setq indent (ruby-indent-size (1- indent) 1))))))
-            (if (nth 3 state) (goto-char (nth 3 state))
-              (goto-char parse-start) (back-to-indentation))
-            (setq indent (ruby-indent-size (current-column) (nth 2 state))))
-          (and (eq (car (nth 1 state)) paren)
-               (ruby-deep-indent-paren-p (matching-paren paren)
-					 (1- (cdr (nth 1 state))))
-               (search-backward (char-to-string paren))
-               (setq indent (current-column)))))
-       ((and (nth 2 state) (> (nth 2 state) 0)) ; in nest
-        (if (null (cdr (nth 1 state)))
-            (error "invalid nest"))
-        (goto-char (cdr (nth 1 state)))
-        (forward-word -1)               ; skip back a keyword
-        (setq begin (point))
-        (cond
-         ((looking-at "do\\>[^_]")      ; iter block is a special case
-          (if (nth 3 state) (goto-char (nth 3 state))
-            (goto-char parse-start) (back-to-indentation))
-          (setq indent (ruby-indent-size (current-column) (nth 2 state))))
-         (t
-          (setq indent (+ (current-column) ruby-indent-level)))))
-
-       ((and (nth 2 state) (< (nth 2 state) 0)) ; in negative nest
-        (setq indent (ruby-indent-size (current-column) (nth 2 state)))))
-      (when indent
-        (goto-char ruby-indent-point)
-        (end-of-line)
-        (setq eol (point))
-        (beginning-of-line)
-        (cond
-         ((and (not (ruby-deep-indent-paren-p paren
-					      (and (cdr (nth 1 state))
-						   (1- (cdr (nth 1 state))))))
-               (re-search-forward ruby-negative eol t))
-          (and (not (eq ?_ (char-after (match-end 0))))
-               (setq indent (- indent ruby-indent-level))))
-         ((and
-           (save-excursion
-             (beginning-of-line)
-             (not (bobp)))
-           (or (ruby-deep-indent-paren-p t)
-               (null (car (nth 1 state)))))
-          ;; goto beginning of non-empty no-comment line
-          (let (end done)
-            (while (not done)
-              (skip-chars-backward " \t\n")
-              (setq end (point))
-              (beginning-of-line)
-              (if (re-search-forward "^\\s *#" end t)
-                  (beginning-of-line)
-                (setq done t))))
-          (setq bol (point))
-          (end-of-line)
-          ;; skip the comment at the end
-          (skip-chars-backward " \t")
-          (let (end (pos (point)))
-            (beginning-of-line)
-            (while (and (re-search-forward "#" pos t)
-                        (setq end (1- (point)))
-                        (or (ruby-special-char-p end)
-                            (and (setq state (ruby-parse-region parse-start end))
-                                 (nth 0 state))))
-              (setq end nil))
-            (goto-char (or end pos))
-            (skip-chars-backward " \t")
-            (setq begin (if (and end (nth 0 state)) pos (cdr (nth 1 state))))
-            (setq state (ruby-parse-region parse-start (point))))
-          (or (bobp) (forward-char -1))
-          (and
-           (or (and (looking-at ruby-symbol-re)
-                    (skip-chars-backward ruby-symbol-chars)
-                    (looking-at (concat "\\<\\(" ruby-block-hanging-re "\\)\\>"))
-                    (not (eq (point) (nth 3 state)))
-                    (save-excursion
-                      (goto-char (match-end 0))
-                      (not (looking-at "[a-z_]"))))
-               (and (looking-at ruby-operator-re)
-                    (not (ruby-special-char-p))
-                    ;; operator at the end of line
-                    (let ((c (char-after (point))))
-                      (and
-;;                     (or (null begin)
-;;                         (save-excursion
-;;                           (goto-char begin)
-;;                           (skip-chars-forward " \t")
-;;                           (not (or (eolp) (looking-at "#")
-;;                                    (and (eq (car (nth 1 state)) ?{)
-;;                                         (looking-at "|"))))))
-                       (or (not (eq ?/ c))
-                           (null (nth 0 (ruby-parse-region (or begin parse-start) (point)))))
-                       (or (not (eq ?| (char-after (point))))
-                           (save-excursion
-                             (or (eolp) (forward-char -1))
-                             (cond
-                              ((search-backward "|" nil t)
-                               (skip-chars-backward " \t\n")
-                               (and (not (eolp))
-                                    (progn
-                                      (forward-char -1)
-                                      (not (looking-at "{")))
-                                    (progn
-                                      (forward-word -1)
-                                      (not (looking-at "do\\>[^_]")))))
-                              (t t))))
-                       (not (eq ?, c))
-                       (setq op-end t)))))
-           (setq indent
-                 (cond
-                  ((and
-                    (null op-end)
-                    (not (looking-at (concat "\\<\\(" ruby-block-hanging-re "\\)\\>")))
-                    (eq (ruby-deep-indent-paren-p t) 'space)
-                    (not (bobp)))
-                   (widen)
-                   (goto-char (or begin parse-start))
-                   (skip-syntax-forward " ")
-                   (current-column))
-                  ((car (nth 1 state)) indent)
-                  (t
-                   (+ indent ruby-indent-level))))))))
-      (goto-char ruby-indent-point)
-      (beginning-of-line)
-      (skip-syntax-forward " ")
-      (if (looking-at "\\.[^.]\\|&\\.")
-          (+ indent ruby-indent-level)
-        indent))))
-
-(defun ruby-electric-brace (arg)
-  (interactive "P")
-  (insert-char last-command-event 1)
-  (ruby-indent-line t)
-  (delete-char -1)
-  (self-insert-command (prefix-numeric-value arg)))
-
-(eval-when-compile
-  (defmacro defun-region-command (func args &rest body)
-    (let ((intr (car body)))
-      (when (featurep 'xemacs)
-        (if (stringp intr) (setq intr (cadr body)))
-        (and (eq (car intr) 'interactive)
-             (setq intr (cdr intr))
-             (setcar intr (concat "_" (car intr)))))
-      (cons 'defun (cons func (cons args body))))))
-
-(defun-region-command ruby-beginning-of-defun (&optional arg)
-  "Move backward to next beginning-of-defun.
-With argument, do this that many times.
-Returns t unless search stops due to end of buffer."
-  (interactive "p")
-  (and (re-search-backward (concat "^\\(" ruby-block-beg-re "\\)\\_>")
-                           nil 'move (or arg 1))
-       (progn (beginning-of-line) t)))
-
-(defun ruby-beginning-of-indent ()
-  (and (re-search-backward (concat "^\\(" ruby-indent-beg-re "\\)\\_>")
-                           nil 'move)
-       (progn
-         (beginning-of-line)
-         t)))
-
-(defun-region-command ruby-end-of-defun (&optional arg)
-  "Move forward to next end of defun.
-An end of a defun is found by moving forward from the beginning of one."
-  (interactive "p")
-  (and (re-search-forward (concat "^\\(" ruby-block-end-re "\\)\\($\\|\\b[^_]\\)")
-                          nil 'move (or arg 1))
-       (progn (beginning-of-line) t))
-  (forward-line 1))
-
-(defun ruby-move-to-block (n)
-  (let (start pos done down (orig (point)))
-    (setq start (ruby-calculate-indent))
-    (setq down (looking-at (if (< n 0) ruby-block-end-re
-                             (concat "\\<\\(" ruby-block-beg-re "\\)\\>"))))
-    (while (and (not done) (not (if (< n 0) (bobp) (eobp))))
-      (forward-line n)
-      (cond
-       ((looking-at "^\\s *$"))
-       ((looking-at "^\\s *#"))
-       ((and (> n 0) (looking-at "^=begin\\>"))
-        (re-search-forward "^=end\\>"))
-       ((and (< n 0) (looking-at "^=end\\>"))
-        (re-search-backward "^=begin\\>"))
-       (t
-        (setq pos (current-indentation))
-        (cond
-         ((< start pos)
-          (setq down t))
-         ((and down (= pos start))
-          (setq done t))
-         ((> start pos)
-          (setq done t)))))
-      (if done
-          (save-excursion
-            (back-to-indentation)
-            (if (looking-at (concat "\\<\\(" ruby-block-mid-re "\\)\\>"))
-                (setq done nil)))))
-    (back-to-indentation)
-    (when (< n 0)
-      (let ((eol (point-at-eol)) state next)
-	(if (< orig eol) (setq eol orig))
-	(setq orig (point))
-	(while (and (setq next (apply 'ruby-parse-partial eol state))
-		    (< (point) eol))
-	  (setq state next))
-	(when (cdaadr state)
-	  (goto-char (cdaadr state)))
-	(backward-word)))))
-
-(defun-region-command ruby-beginning-of-block (&optional arg)
-  "Move backward to next beginning-of-block"
-  (interactive "p")
-  (ruby-move-to-block (- (or arg 1))))
-
-(defun-region-command ruby-end-of-block (&optional arg)
-  "Move forward to next beginning-of-block"
-  (interactive "p")
-  (ruby-move-to-block (or arg 1)))
-
-(defun-region-command ruby-forward-sexp (&optional cnt)
-  (interactive "p")
-  (if (and (numberp cnt) (< cnt 0))
-      (ruby-backward-sexp (- cnt))
-    (let ((i (or cnt 1)))
-      (condition-case nil
-          (while (> i 0)
-            (skip-syntax-forward " ")
-            (if (looking-at ",\\s *") (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-            (cond ((looking-at "\\?\\(\\\\[CM]-\\)*\\\\?\\S ")
-                   (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-                  ((progn
-                     (skip-chars-forward ",.:;|&^~=!?\\+\\-\\*")
-                     (looking-at "\\s("))
-                   (goto-char (scan-sexps (point) 1)))
-                  ((and (looking-at (concat "\\<\\(" ruby-block-beg-re "\\)\\>"))
-                        (not (eq (char-before (point)) ?.))
-                        (not (eq (char-before (point)) ?:)))
-                   (ruby-end-of-block)
-                   (forward-word 1))
-                  ((looking-at "\\(\\$\\|@@?\\)?\\sw")
-                   (while (progn
-                            (while (progn (forward-word 1) (looking-at "_")))
-                            (cond ((looking-at "::") (forward-char 2) t)
-                                  ((> (skip-chars-forward ".") 0))
-                                  ((looking-at "\\?\\|!\\(=[~=>]\\|[^~=]\\)")
-                                   (forward-char 1) nil)))))
-                  ((let (state expr)
-                     (while
-                         (progn
-                           (setq expr (or expr (ruby-expr-beg)
-                                          (looking-at "%\\sw?\\Sw\\|[\"'`/]")))
-                           (nth 1 (setq state (apply 'ruby-parse-partial nil state))))
-                       (setq expr t)
-                       (skip-chars-forward "<"))
-                     (not expr))))
-            (setq i (1- i)))
-        ((error) (forward-word 1)))
-      i)))
-
-(defun-region-command ruby-backward-sexp (&optional cnt)
-  (interactive "p")
-  (if (and (numberp cnt) (< cnt 0))
-      (ruby-forward-sexp (- cnt))
-    (let ((i (or cnt 1)))
-      (condition-case nil
-          (while (> i 0)
-            (skip-chars-backward " \t\n,.:;|&^~=!?\\+\\-\\*")
-            (forward-char -1)
-            (cond ((looking-at "\\s)")
-                   (goto-char (scan-sexps (1+ (point)) -1))
-                   (case (char-before)
-                     (?% (forward-char -1))
-                     ('(?q ?Q ?w ?W ?r ?x)
-                      (if (eq (char-before (1- (point))) ?%) (forward-char -2))))
-                   nil)
-                  ((looking-at "\\s\"\\|\\\\\\S_")
-                   (let ((c (char-to-string (char-before (match-end 0)))))
-                     (while (and (search-backward c)
-                                 (oddp (skip-chars-backward "\\")))))
-                   nil)
-                  ((looking-at "\\s.\\|\\s\\")
-                   (if (ruby-special-char-p) (forward-char -1)))
-                  ((looking-at "\\s(") nil)
-                  (t
-                   (forward-char 1)
-                   (while (progn (forward-word -1)
-                                 (case (char-before)
-                                   (?_ t)
-                                   (?. (forward-char -1) t)
-                                   ((?$ ?@)
-                                    (forward-char -1)
-                                    (and (eq (char-before) (char-after)) (forward-char -1)))
-                                   (?:
-                                    (forward-char -1)
-                                    (eq (char-before) :)))))
-                   (if (looking-at ruby-block-end-re)
-                       (ruby-beginning-of-block))
-                   nil))
-            (setq i (1- i)))
-        ((error)))
-      i)))
-
-(defun ruby-reindent-then-newline-and-indent ()
-  (interactive "*")
-  (newline)
-  (save-excursion
-    (end-of-line 0)
-    (indent-according-to-mode)
-    (delete-region (point) (progn (skip-chars-backward " \t") (point))))
-  (indent-according-to-mode))
-
-(fset 'ruby-encomment-region (symbol-function 'comment-region))
-
-(defun ruby-decomment-region (beg end)
-  (interactive "r")
-  (save-excursion
-    (goto-char beg)
-    (while (re-search-forward "^\\([ \t]*\\)#" end t)
-      (replace-match "\\1" nil nil)
-      (save-excursion
-        (ruby-indent-line)))))
-
-(defun ruby-insert-end ()
-  (interactive)
-  (insert "end")
-  (ruby-indent-line t)
-  (end-of-line))
-
-(defun ruby-mark-defun ()
-  "Put mark at end of this Ruby function, point at beginning."
-  (interactive)
-  (push-mark (point))
-  (ruby-end-of-defun)
-  (push-mark (point) nil t)
-  (ruby-beginning-of-defun)
-  (re-search-backward "^\n" (- (point) 1) t))
-
-(defun ruby-indent-exp (&optional shutup-p)
-  "Indent each line in the balanced expression following point syntactically.
-If optional SHUTUP-P is non-nil, no errors are signalled if no
-balanced expression is found."
-  (interactive "*P")
-  (let ((here (point-marker)) start top column (nest t))
-    (set-marker-insertion-type here t)
-    (unwind-protect
-        (progn
-          (beginning-of-line)
-          (setq start (point) top (current-indentation))
-          (while (and (not (eobp))
-                      (progn
-                        (setq column (ruby-calculate-indent start))
-                        (cond ((> column top)
-                               (setq nest t))
-                              ((and (= column top) nest)
-                               (setq nest nil) t))))
-            (ruby-indent-to column)
-            (beginning-of-line 2)))
-      (goto-char here)
-      (set-marker here nil))))
-
-(defun ruby-add-log-current-method ()
-  "Return current method string."
-  (condition-case nil
-      (save-excursion
-        (let (mname mlist (indent 0))
-          ;; get current method (or class/module)
-          (if (re-search-backward
-               (concat "^[ \t]*\\(def\\|class\\|module\\)[ \t]+"
-                       "\\("
-                       ;; \\. and :: for class method
-                        "\\([A-Za-z_]" ruby-symbol-re "*\\|\\.\\|::" "\\)"
-                        "+\\)")
-               nil t)
-              (progn
-                (setq mname (match-string 2))
-                (unless (string-equal "def" (match-string 1))
-                  (setq mlist (list mname) mname nil))
-                (goto-char (match-beginning 1))
-                (setq indent (current-column))
-                (beginning-of-line)))
-          ;; nest class/module
-          (while (and (> indent 0)
-                      (re-search-backward
-                       (concat
-                        "^[ \t]*\\(class\\|module\\)[ \t]+"
-                        "\\([A-Z]" ruby-symbol-re "*\\)")
-                       nil t))
-            (goto-char (match-beginning 1))
-            (if (< (current-column) indent)
-                (progn
-                  (setq mlist (cons (match-string 2) mlist))
-                  (setq indent (current-column))
-                  (beginning-of-line))))
-          (when mname
-            (let ((mn (split-string mname "\\.\\|::")))
-              (if (cdr mn)
-                  (progn
-                    (cond
-                     ((string-equal "" (car mn))
-                      (setq mn (cdr mn) mlist nil))
-                     ((string-equal "self" (car mn))
-                      (setq mn (cdr mn)))
-                     ((let ((ml (nreverse mlist)))
-                        (while ml
-                          (if (string-equal (car ml) (car mn))
-                              (setq mlist (nreverse (cdr ml)) ml nil))
-                          (or (setq ml (cdr ml)) (nreverse mlist))))))
-                    (if mlist
-                        (setcdr (last mlist) mn)
-                      (setq mlist mn))
-                    (setq mn (last mn 2))
-                    (setq mname (concat "." (cadr mn)))
-                    (setcdr mn nil))
-                (setq mname (concat "#" mname)))))
-          ;; generate string
-          (if (consp mlist)
-              (setq mlist (mapconcat (function identity) mlist "::")))
-          (if mname
-              (if mlist (concat mlist mname) mname)
-            mlist)))))
-
-(defun ruby-brace-to-do-end ()
-  (when (looking-at "{")
-    (let ((orig (point)) (end (progn (ruby-forward-sexp) (point)))
-	  oneline (end (make-marker)))
-      (setq oneline (and (eolp) (<= (point-at-bol) orig)))
-      (when (eq (char-before) ?\})
-	(delete-char -1)
-	(cond
-	 (oneline
-	  (insert "\n")
-	  (set-marker end (point)))
-	 ((eq (char-syntax (preceding-char)) ?w)
-	  (insert " ")))
-	(insert "end")
-	(if (eq (char-syntax (following-char)) ?w)
-	    (insert " "))
-	(goto-char orig)
-	(delete-char 1)
-	(if (eq (char-syntax (preceding-char)) ?w)
-	    (insert " "))
-	(insert "do")
-	(when (looking-at "\\sw\\||")
-	  (insert " ")
-	  (backward-char))
-	(when oneline
-	  (setq orig (point))
-	  (when (cond
-		 ((looking-at "\\s *|")
-		  (goto-char (match-end 0))
-		  (and (search-forward "|" (point-at-eol) 'move)
-		       (not (eolp))))
-		 (t))
-	    (while (progn
-		     (insert "\n")
-		     (ruby-forward-sexp)
-		     (looking-at "\\s *;\\s *"))
-	      (delete-char (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0))))
-	    (goto-char orig)
-	    (beginning-of-line 2)
-	    (indent-region (point) end))
-	  (goto-char orig))
-	t))))
-
-(defun ruby-do-end-to-brace ()
-  (when (and (or (bolp)
-		 (not (memq (char-syntax (preceding-char)) '(?w ?_))))
-	     (looking-at "\\<do\\(\\s \\|$\\)"))
-    (let ((orig (point)) (end (progn (ruby-forward-sexp) (point)))
-	  first last)
-      (backward-char 3)
-      (when (looking-at ruby-block-end-re)
-	(delete-char 3)
-	(insert "}")
-	(setq last (and (eolp)
-			(progn (backward-char 1)
-			       (skip-syntax-backward " ")
-			       (bolp))
-			(1- (point-at-eol -1))))
-	(goto-char orig)
-	(delete-char 2)
-	(insert "{")
-	(setq orig (point))
-	(when (and last (<= last (point))
-		   (not (search-forward "#" (setq first (point-at-eol)) t)))
-	  (goto-char (- end 4))
-	  (end-of-line 0)
-	  (if (looking-at "\n\\s *")
-	      (delete-char (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0))) t)
-	  (goto-char first)
-	  (if (looking-at "\n\\s *")
-	      (delete-char (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0))) t))
-	(goto-char orig)
-	(if (looking-at "\\s +|")
-	    (delete-char (- (match-end 0) (match-beginning 0) 1)))
-	t))))
-
-(defun ruby-toggle-block ()
-  (interactive)
-  (or (ruby-brace-to-do-end)
-      (ruby-do-end-to-brace)))
-
-(eval-when-compile
-  (if (featurep 'font-lock)
-      (defmacro eval-when-font-lock-available (&rest args) (cons 'progn args))
-    (defmacro eval-when-font-lock-available (&rest args))))
-
-(eval-when-compile
-  (if (featurep 'hilit19)
-      (defmacro eval-when-hilit19-available (&rest args) (cons 'progn args))
-    (defmacro eval-when-hilit19-available (&rest args))))
-
-(eval-when-font-lock-available
-  (or (boundp 'font-lock-variable-name-face)
-      (setq font-lock-variable-name-face font-lock-type-face))
-
-  (defconst ruby-font-lock-syntactic-keywords
-        `(
-          ;; #{ }, #$hoge, #@foo are not comments
-          ("\\(#\\)[{$@]" 1 (1 . nil))
-          ;; the last $', $", $` in the respective string is not variable
-          ;; the last ?', ?", ?` in the respective string is not ascii code
-          ("\\(^\\|[\[ \t\n<+\(,=]\\)\\(['\"`]\\)\\(\\\\.\\|\\2\\|[^'\"`\n\\\\]\\)*?\\\\?[?$]\\(\\2\\)"
-           (2 (7 . nil))
-           (4 (7 . nil)))
-          ;; $' $" $` .... are variables
-          ;; ?' ?" ?` are ascii codes
-          ("\\(^\\|[^\\\\]\\)\\(\\\\\\\\\\)*[?$]\\([#\"'`]\\)" 3 (1 . nil))
-          ;; regexps
-          ("\\(^\\|[[{|=(,~?:;<>]\\|\\(^\\|\\s \\)\\(if\\|elsif\\|unless\\|while\\|until\\|when\\|and\\|or\\|&&\\|||\\)\\|g?sub!?\\|scan\\|split!?\\)\\s *\\(/\\)[^/\n\\\\]*\\(\\\\.[^/\n\\\\]*\\)*\\(/\\)"
-           (4 (7 . ?/))
-           (6 (7 . ?/)))
-          ("^\\(=\\)begin\\(\\s \\|$\\)" 1 (7 . nil))
-          ("^\\(=\\)end\\(\\s \\|$\\)" 1 (7 . nil))
-          (,(concat ruby-here-doc-beg-re ".*\\(\n\\)")
-           ,(+ 1 (regexp-opt-depth ruby-here-doc-beg-re))
-           (ruby-here-doc-beg-syntax))
-          (,ruby-here-doc-end-re 3 (ruby-here-doc-end-syntax))))
-
-  (unless (functionp 'syntax-ppss)
-    (defun syntax-ppss (&optional pos)
-      (parse-partial-sexp (point-min) (or pos (point)))))
-
-  (defun ruby-in-ppss-context-p (context &optional ppss)
-    (let ((ppss (or ppss (syntax-ppss (point)))))
-      (if (cond
-           ((eq context 'anything)
-            (or (nth 3 ppss)
-                (nth 4 ppss)))
-           ((eq context 'string)
-            (nth 3 ppss))
-           ((eq context 'heredoc)
-            (and (nth 3 ppss)
-                 ;; If it's generic string, it's a heredoc and we don't care
-                 ;; See `parse-partial-sexp'
-                 (not (numberp (nth 3 ppss)))))
-           ((eq context 'non-heredoc)
-            (and (ruby-in-ppss-context-p 'anything)
-                 (not (ruby-in-ppss-context-p 'heredoc))))
-           ((eq context 'comment)
-            (nth 4 ppss))
-           (t
-            (error (concat
-                    "Internal error on `ruby-in-ppss-context-p': "
-                    "context name `" (symbol-name context) "' is unknown"))))
-          t)))
-
-  (defun ruby-in-here-doc-p ()
-    (save-excursion
-      (let ((old-point (point)) (case-fold-search nil))
-        (beginning-of-line)
-        (catch 'found-beg
-          (while (and (re-search-backward ruby-here-doc-beg-re nil t)
-		      (not (ruby-singleton-class-p)))
-            (if (not (or (ruby-in-ppss-context-p 'anything)
-                         (ruby-here-doc-find-end old-point)))
-                (throw 'found-beg t)))))))
-
-  (defun ruby-here-doc-find-end (&optional limit)
-    "Expects the point to be on a line with one or more heredoc
-openers. Returns the buffer position at which all heredocs on the
-line are terminated, or nil if they aren't terminated before the
-buffer position `limit' or the end of the buffer."
-    (save-excursion
-      (beginning-of-line)
-      (catch 'done
-        (let ((eol (save-excursion (end-of-line) (point)))
-              (case-fold-search nil)
-              ;; Fake match data such that (match-end 0) is at eol
-              (end-match-data (progn (looking-at ".*$") (match-data)))
-              beg-match-data end-re)
-          (while (re-search-forward ruby-here-doc-beg-re eol t)
-            (setq beg-match-data (match-data))
-            (setq end-re (ruby-here-doc-end-match))
-
-            (set-match-data end-match-data)
-            (goto-char (match-end 0))
-            (unless (re-search-forward end-re limit t) (throw 'done nil))
-            (setq end-match-data (match-data))
-
-            (set-match-data beg-match-data)
-            (goto-char (match-end 0)))
-          (set-match-data end-match-data)
-          (goto-char (match-end 0))
-          (point)))))
-
-  (defun ruby-here-doc-beg-syntax ()
-    (save-excursion
-      (goto-char (match-beginning 0))
-      (unless (or (ruby-in-ppss-context-p 'non-heredoc)
-                  (ruby-in-here-doc-p))
-        (string-to-syntax "|"))))
-
-  (defun ruby-here-doc-end-syntax ()
-    (let ((pss (syntax-ppss)) (case-fold-search nil))
-      (when (ruby-in-ppss-context-p 'heredoc pss)
-        (save-excursion
-          (goto-char (nth 8 pss))     ; Go to the beginning of heredoc.
-          (let ((eol (point)))
-            (beginning-of-line)
-            (if (and (re-search-forward (ruby-here-doc-beg-match) eol t) ; If there is a heredoc that matches this line...
-                     (not (ruby-in-ppss-context-p 'anything)) ; And that's not inside a heredoc/string/comment...
-                     (progn (goto-char (match-end 0)) ; And it's the last heredoc on its line...
-                            (not (re-search-forward ruby-here-doc-beg-re eol t))))
-                (string-to-syntax "|")))))))
-
-  (eval-when-compile
-      (put 'ruby-mode 'font-lock-defaults
-           '((ruby-font-lock-keywords)
-             nil nil nil
-             beginning-of-line
-             (font-lock-syntactic-keywords
-              . ruby-font-lock-syntactic-keywords))))
-
-  (defun ruby-font-lock-docs (limit)
-    (if (re-search-forward "^=begin\\(\\s \\|$\\)" limit t)
-        (let (beg)
-          (beginning-of-line)
-          (setq beg (point))
-          (forward-line 1)
-          (if (re-search-forward "^=end\\(\\s \\|$\\)" limit t)
-              (progn
-                (set-match-data (list beg (point)))
-                t)))))
-
-  (defun ruby-font-lock-maybe-docs (limit)
-    (let (beg)
-      (save-excursion
-        (if (and (re-search-backward "^=\\(begin\\|end\\)\\(\\s \\|$\\)" nil t)
-                 (string= (match-string 1) "begin"))
-            (progn
-              (beginning-of-line)
-              (setq beg (point)))))
-      (if (and beg (and (re-search-forward "^=\\(begin\\|end\\)\\(\\s \\|$\\)" nil t)
-                        (string= (match-string 1) "end")))
-          (progn
-            (set-match-data (list beg (point)))
-            t)
-        nil)))
-
-  (defvar ruby-font-lock-syntax-table
-    (let* ((tbl (copy-syntax-table ruby-mode-syntax-table)))
-      (modify-syntax-entry ?_ "w" tbl)
-      tbl))
-
-  (defconst ruby-font-lock-keywords
-    (list
-     ;; functions
-     '("^\\s *def\\s +\\([^( \t\n]+\\)"
-       1 font-lock-function-name-face)
-     ;; keywords
-     (cons (concat
-            "\\(^\\|[^_:.@$]\\|\\.\\.\\)\\_<\\(defined\\?\\|"
-            (regexp-opt
-             '("alias"
-               "and"
-               "begin"
-               "break"
-               "case"
-               "catch"
-               "class"
-               "def"
-               "do"
-               "elsif"
-               "else"
-               "fail"
-               "ensure"
-               "for"
-               "end"
-               "if"
-               "in"
-               "module"
-               "next"
-               "not"
-               "or"
-               "raise"
-               "redo"
-               "rescue"
-               "retry"
-               "return"
-               "then"
-               "throw"
-               "super"
-               "unless"
-               "undef"
-               "until"
-               "when"
-               "while"
-               "yield"
-               )
-             t)
-            "\\)"
-            ruby-keyword-end-re)
-           2)
-     ;; here-doc beginnings
-     (list ruby-here-doc-beg-re 0 'font-lock-string-face)
-     ;; variables
-     '("\\(^\\|[^_:.@$]\\|\\.\\.\\)\\_<\\(nil\\|self\\|true\\|false\\)\\>"
-       2 font-lock-variable-name-face)
-     ;; variables
-     '("\\(\\$\\([^a-zA-Z0-9 \n]\\|[0-9]\\)\\)\\W"
-       1 font-lock-variable-name-face)
-     '("\\(\\$\\|@\\|@@\\)\\(\\w\\|_\\)+"
-       0 font-lock-variable-name-face)
-     ;; embedded document
-     '(ruby-font-lock-docs
-       0 font-lock-comment-face t)
-     '(ruby-font-lock-maybe-docs
-       0 font-lock-comment-face t)
-     ;; general delimited string
-     '("\\(^\\|[[ \t\n<+(,=]\\)\\(%[xrqQwW]?\\([^<[{(a-zA-Z0-9 \n]\\)[^\n\\\\]*\\(\\\\.[^\n\\\\]*\\)*\\(\\3\\)\\)"
-       (2 font-lock-string-face))
-     ;; constants
-     '("\\(^\\|[^_]\\)\\_<\\([A-Z]+\\(\\w\\|_\\)*\\)"
-       2 font-lock-type-face)
-     ;; symbols
-     '("\\(^\\|[^:]\\)\\(:\\([-+~]@?\\|[/%&|^`]\\|\\*\\*?\\|<\\(<\\|=>?\\)?\\|>[>=]?\\|===?\\|=~\\|![~=]?\\|\\[\\]=?\\|\\(\\w\\|_\\)+\\([!?=]\\|\\b_*\\)\\|#{[^}\n\\\\]*\\(\\\\.[^}\n\\\\]*\\)*}\\)\\)"
-       2 font-lock-reference-face)
-     '("\\(^\\s *\\|[\[\{\(,]\\s *\\|\\sw\\s +\\)\\(\\(\\sw\\|_\\)+\\):[^:]" 2 font-lock-reference-face)
-     ;; expression expansion
-     '("#\\({[^}\n\\\\]*\\(\\\\.[^}\n\\\\]*\\)*}\\|\\(\\$\\|@\\|@@\\)\\(\\w\\|_\\)+\\)"
-       0 font-lock-variable-name-face t)
-     ;; warn lower camel case
-     ;'("\\<[a-z]+[a-z0-9]*[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9]*\\([!?]?\\|\\>\\)"
-     ;  0 font-lock-warning-face)
-     )
-    "*Additional expressions to highlight in ruby mode."))
-
-(eval-when-hilit19-available
-  (hilit-set-mode-patterns
-   'ruby-mode
-   '(("[^$\\?]\\(\"[^\\\"]*\\(\\\\\\(.\\|\n\\)[^\\\"]*\\)*\"\\)" 1 string)
-     ("[^$\\?]\\('[^\\']*\\(\\\\\\(.\\|\n\\)[^\\']*\\)*'\\)" 1 string)
-     ("[^$\\?]\\(`[^\\`]*\\(\\\\\\(.\\|\n\\)[^\\`]*\\)*`\\)" 1 string)
-     ("^\\s *#.*$" nil comment)
-     ("[^$@?\\]\\(#[^$@{\n].*$\\)" 1 comment)
-     ("[^a-zA-Z_]\\(\\?\\(\\\\[CM]-\\)*.\\)" 1 string)
-     ("^\\s *\\(require\\|load\\).*$" nil include)
-     ("^\\s *\\(include\\|alias\\|undef\\).*$" nil decl)
-     ("^\\s *\\<\\(class\\|def\\|module\\)\\>" "[)\n;]" defun)
-     ("[^_]\\<\\(begin\\|case\\|else\\|elsif\\|end\\|ensure\\|for\\|if\\|unless\\|rescue\\|then\\|when\\|while\\|until\\|do\\|yield\\)\\>\\([^_]\\|$\\)" 1 defun)
-     ("[^_]\\<\\(and\\|break\\|next\\|raise\\|fail\\|in\\|not\\|or\\|redo\\|retry\\|return\\|super\\|yield\\|catch\\|throw\\|self\\|nil\\)\\>\\([^_]\\|$\\)" 1 keyword)
-     ("\\$\\(.\\|\\sw+\\)" nil type)
-     ("[$@].[a-zA-Z_0-9]*" nil struct)
-     ("^__END__" nil label))))
-
-
-;;;###autoload
-(defun ruby-mode ()
-  "Major mode for editing ruby scripts.
-\\[ruby-indent-command] properly indents subexpressions of multi-line
-class, module, def, if, while, for, do, and case statements, taking
-nesting into account.
-
-The variable ruby-indent-level controls the amount of indentation.
-\\{ruby-mode-map}"
-  (interactive)
-  (kill-all-local-variables)
-  (use-local-map ruby-mode-map)
-  (setq mode-name "Ruby")
-  (setq major-mode 'ruby-mode)
-  (ruby-mode-variables)
-
-  (make-local-variable 'imenu-create-index-function)
-  (setq imenu-create-index-function 'ruby-imenu-create-index)
-
-  (make-local-variable 'add-log-current-defun-function)
-  (setq add-log-current-defun-function 'ruby-add-log-current-method)
-
-  (add-hook
-   (cond ((boundp 'before-save-hook)
-          (make-local-variable 'before-save-hook)
-          'before-save-hook)
-         ((boundp 'write-contents-functions) 'write-contents-functions)
-         ((boundp 'write-contents-hooks) 'write-contents-hooks))
-   'ruby-mode-set-encoding)
-
-  (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-defaults) '((ruby-font-lock-keywords) nil nil))
-  (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-keywords) ruby-font-lock-keywords)
-  (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-syntax-table) ruby-font-lock-syntax-table)
-  (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-syntactic-keywords) ruby-font-lock-syntactic-keywords)
-
-  (if (fboundp 'run-mode-hooks)
-      (run-mode-hooks 'ruby-mode-hook)
-    (run-hooks 'ruby-mode-hook)))
-
-(provide 'ruby-mode)
diff --git a/misc/ruby-style.el b/misc/ruby-style.el
index b8593b202a..13aad77b3d 100644
--- a/misc/ruby-style.el
+++ b/misc/ruby-style.el
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
  '("bsd"
    (c-basic-offset . 4)
    (tab-width . 8)
-   (indent-tabs-mode . t)
+   (indent-tabs-mode . nil)
    (setq show-trailing-whitespace t)
    (c-offsets-alist
     (case-label . *)
@@ -75,7 +75,20 @@
             (let ((head (progn (forward-line 100) (point)))
                   (case-fold-search nil))
               (goto-char (point-min))
-              (re-search-forward "Copyright (C) .* Yukihiro Matsumoto" head t))))
+              (re-search-forward "Copyright (C) .* Yukihiro Matsumoto" head t)))
+	  (condition-case ()
+	      (with-temp-buffer
+		(when (= 0 (call-process "git" nil t nil "remote" "get-url" "origin"))
+		  (goto-char (point-min))
+		  (looking-at ".*/ruby\\(\\.git\\)?$")))
+	    (error))
+	  (condition-case ()
+	      (with-temp-buffer
+		(when (= 0 (call-process "svn" nil t nil "info" "--xml"))
+		  (goto-char (point-min))
+		  (search-forward-regexp "<root>.*/ruby</root>" nil)))
+	    (error))
+	  nil)
       (c-set-style "ruby")))
 
 (provide 'ruby-style)
diff --git a/misc/rubydb2x.el b/misc/rubydb2x.el
deleted file mode 100644
index a74265fb0e..0000000000
--- a/misc/rubydb2x.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-(require 'gud)
-(provide 'rubydb)
-
-;; ======================================================================
-;; rubydb functions
-
-;;; History of argument lists passed to rubydb.
-(defvar gud-rubydb-history nil)
-
-(defun gud-rubydb-massage-args (file args)
-  (cons "-I" (cons "." (cons "-r" (cons "debug" (cons file args))))))
-
-;; There's no guarantee that Emacs will hand the filter the entire
-;; marker at once; it could be broken up across several strings.  We
-;; might even receive a big chunk with several markers in it.  If we
-;; receive a chunk of text which looks like it might contain the
-;; beginning of a marker, we save it here between calls to the
-;; filter.
-(defvar gud-rubydb-marker-acc "")
-
-(defun gud-rubydb-marker-filter (string)
-  (save-match-data
-    (setq gud-marker-acc (concat gud-marker-acc string))
-    (let ((output ""))
-      
-      ;; Process all the complete markers in this chunk.
-      (while (string-match "\032\032\\([^:\n]*\\):\\([0-9]*\\):.*\n"
-                           gud-marker-acc)
-        (setq
-         
-         ;; Extract the frame position from the marker.
-         gud-last-frame
-         (cons (substring gud-marker-acc (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))
-               (string-to-int (substring gud-marker-acc
-                                         (match-beginning 2)
-                                         (match-end 2))))
-         
-         ;; Append any text before the marker to the output we're going
-         ;; to return - we don't include the marker in this text.
-         output (concat output
-                        (substring gud-marker-acc 0 (match-beginning 0)))
-         
-         ;; Set the accumulator to the remaining text.
-         gud-marker-acc (substring gud-marker-acc (match-end 0))))
-      
-      ;; Does the remaining text look like it might end with the
-      ;; beginning of another marker?  If it does, then keep it in
-      ;; gud-marker-acc until we receive the rest of it.  Since we
-      ;; know the full marker regexp above failed, it's pretty simple to
-      ;; test for marker starts.
-      (if (string-match "\032.*\\'" gud-marker-acc)
-          (progn
-            ;; Everything before the potential marker start can be output.
-            (setq output (concat output (substring gud-marker-acc
-                                                   0 (match-beginning 0))))
-            
-            ;; Everything after, we save, to combine with later input.
-            (setq gud-marker-acc
-                  (substring gud-marker-acc (match-beginning 0))))
-        
-        (setq output (concat output gud-marker-acc)
-              gud-marker-acc ""))
-      
-      output)))
-  
-(defun gud-rubydb-find-file (f)
-  (find-file-noselect f))
-
-(defvar rubydb-command-name "ruby"
-  "File name for executing ruby.")
-
-;;;###autoload
-(defun rubydb (command-line)
-  "Run rubydb on program FILE in buffer *gud-FILE*.
-The directory containing FILE becomes the initial working directory
-and source-file directory for your debugger."
-  (interactive
-   (list (read-from-minibuffer "Run rubydb (like this): "
-                               (if (consp gud-rubydb-history)
-                                   (car gud-rubydb-history)
-                                 (concat rubydb-command-name " "))
-                               nil nil
-                               '(gud-rubydb-history . 1))))
-
-  (gud-overload-functions '((gud-massage-args . gud-rubydb-massage-args)
-                            (gud-marker-filter . gud-rubydb-marker-filter)
-                            (gud-find-file . gud-rubydb-find-file)
-                            ))
-  (gud-common-init command-line)
-
-  (gud-def gud-break  "b %l"         "\C-b" "Set breakpoint at current line.")
-;  (gud-def gud-remove "clear %l"     "\C-d" "Remove breakpoint at current line")
-  (gud-def gud-step   "s"            "\C-s" "Step one source line with display.")
-  (gud-def gud-next   "n"            "\C-n" "Step one line (skip functions).")
-  (gud-def gud-cont   "c"            "\C-r" "Continue with display.")
-  (gud-def gud-finish "finish"       "\C-f" "Finish executing current function.")
-  (gud-def gud-up     "up %p"        "<" "Up N stack frames (numeric arg).")
-  (gud-def gud-down   "down %p"      ">" "Down N stack frames (numeric arg).")
-  (gud-def gud-print  "p %e"         "\C-p" "Evaluate ruby expression at point.")
-
-  (setq comint-prompt-regexp "^(rdb:-) ")
-  (setq paragraph-start comint-prompt-regexp)
-  (run-hooks 'rubydb-mode-hook)
-  )
diff --git a/misc/rubydb3x.el b/misc/rubydb3x.el
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d6bc57d5a..0000000000
--- a/misc/rubydb3x.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-(require 'gud)
-(provide 'rubydb)
-
-;; ======================================================================
-;; rubydb functions
-
-;;; History of argument lists passed to rubydb.
-(defvar gud-rubydb-history nil)
-
-(if (fboundp 'gud-overload-functions)
-    (defun gud-rubydb-massage-args (file args)
-      (cons "-r" (cons "debug" (cons file args))))
-  (defun gud-rubydb-massage-args (file args)
-      (cons "-r" (cons "debug" args))))
-
-;; There's no guarantee that Emacs will hand the filter the entire
-;; marker at once; it could be broken up across several strings.  We
-;; might even receive a big chunk with several markers in it.  If we
-;; receive a chunk of text which looks like it might contain the
-;; beginning of a marker, we save it here between calls to the
-;; filter.
-(defvar gud-rubydb-marker-acc "")
-(make-variable-buffer-local 'gud-rubydb-marker-acc)
-
-(defun gud-rubydb-marker-filter (string)
-  (setq gud-rubydb-marker-acc (concat gud-rubydb-marker-acc string))
-  (let ((output ""))
-
-    ;; Process all the complete markers in this chunk.
-    (while (string-match "\032\032\\([^:\n]*\\):\\([0-9]*\\):.*\n"
-                         gud-rubydb-marker-acc)
-      (setq
-
-       ;; Extract the frame position from the marker.
-       gud-last-frame
-       (cons (substring gud-rubydb-marker-acc (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))
-             (string-to-int (substring gud-rubydb-marker-acc
-                                       (match-beginning 2)
-                                       (match-end 2))))
-
-       ;; Append any text before the marker to the output we're going
-       ;; to return - we don't include the marker in this text.
-       output (concat output
-                      (substring gud-rubydb-marker-acc 0 (match-beginning 0)))
-
-       ;; Set the accumulator to the remaining text.
-       gud-rubydb-marker-acc (substring gud-rubydb-marker-acc (match-end 0))))
-
-    ;; Does the remaining text look like it might end with the
-    ;; beginning of another marker?  If it does, then keep it in
-    ;; gud-rubydb-marker-acc until we receive the rest of it.  Since we
-    ;; know the full marker regexp above failed, it's pretty simple to
-    ;; test for marker starts.
-    (if (string-match "\032.*\\'" gud-rubydb-marker-acc)
-        (progn
-          ;; Everything before the potential marker start can be output.
-          (setq output (concat output (substring gud-rubydb-marker-acc
-                                                 0 (match-beginning 0))))
-
-          ;; Everything after, we save, to combine with later input.
-          (setq gud-rubydb-marker-acc
-                (substring gud-rubydb-marker-acc (match-beginning 0))))
-
-      (setq output (concat output gud-rubydb-marker-acc)
-            gud-rubydb-marker-acc ""))
-
-    output))
-
-(defun gud-rubydb-find-file (f)
-  (save-excursion
-    (let ((buf (find-file-noselect f)))
-      (set-buffer buf)
-;;      (gud-make-debug-menu)
-      buf)))
-
-(defvar rubydb-command-name "ruby"
-  "File name for executing ruby.")
-
-;;;###autoload
-(defun rubydb (command-line)
-  "Run rubydb on program FILE in buffer *gud-FILE*.
-The directory containing FILE becomes the initial working directory
-and source-file directory for your debugger."
-  (interactive
-   (list (read-from-minibuffer "Run rubydb (like this): "
-                               (if (consp gud-rubydb-history)
-                                   (car gud-rubydb-history)
-                                 (concat rubydb-command-name " "))
-                               nil nil
-                               '(gud-rubydb-history . 1))))
-
-  (if (not (fboundp 'gud-overload-functions))
-      (gud-common-init command-line 'gud-rubydb-massage-args
-                       'gud-rubydb-marker-filter 'gud-rubydb-find-file)
-    (gud-overload-functions '((gud-massage-args . gud-rubydb-massage-args)
-                              (gud-marker-filter . gud-rubydb-marker-filter)
-                              (gud-find-file . gud-rubydb-find-file)))
-    (gud-common-init command-line rubydb-command-name))
-
-  (gud-def gud-break  "b %l"         "\C-b" "Set breakpoint at current line.")
-;  (gud-def gud-remove "clear %l"     "\C-d" "Remove breakpoint at current line")
-  (gud-def gud-step   "s"            "\C-s" "Step one source line with display.")
-  (gud-def gud-next   "n"            "\C-n" "Step one line (skip functions).")
-  (gud-def gud-cont   "c"            "\C-r" "Continue with display.")
-  (gud-def gud-finish "finish"       "\C-f" "Finish executing current function.")
-  (gud-def gud-up     "up %p"        "<" "Up N stack frames (numeric arg).")
-  (gud-def gud-down   "down %p"      ">" "Down N stack frames (numeric arg).")
-  (gud-def gud-print  "p %e"         "\C-p" "Evaluate ruby expression at point.")
-
-  (setq comint-prompt-regexp "^(rdb:-) ")
-  (if (boundp 'comint-last-output-start)
-      (set-marker comint-last-output-start (point)))
-  (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) comint-prompt-regexp)
-  (run-hooks 'rubydb-mode-hook)
-  )
diff --git a/misc/test_lldb_cruby.rb b/misc/test_lldb_cruby.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd58619ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/misc/test_lldb_cruby.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'open3'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestLLDBInit < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def assert_rp(expr, pattern, message=nil)
+    Tempfile.create('lldb') do |tf|
+      tf.puts <<eom
+target create ./miniruby
+command script import -r misc/lldb_cruby.py
+b rb_inspect
+run -e'p #{expr}'
+rp obj
+eom
+      tf.flush
+      o, s = Open3.capture2('lldb', '-b', '-s', tf.path)
+      assert_true s.success?, message
+      assert_match /^\(lldb\) rp obj\n#{pattern}/, o, message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rp_object
+    assert_rp 'Object.new', 'T_OBJECT'
+  end
+
+  def test_rp_regex
+    assert_rp '/foo/', '[(]Regex'
+  end
+
+  def test_rp_symbol
+    assert_rp ':abcde', /T_SYMBOL: \(\h+\)/
+  end
+
+  def test_rp_string
+    assert_rp '"abc"', /\(char \[\d+\]\) ary = "abc"/
+    assert_rp "\"\u3042\"", /\(char \[\d+\]\) ary = "\u3042"/
+    assert_rp '"' + "\u3042"*10 + '"', /\(RString::\(anonymous struct\)\) heap = \{/
+  end
+end
diff --git a/missing/alloca.c b/missing/alloca.c
index 96121f7647..d039dfc2cc 100644
--- a/missing/alloca.c
+++ b/missing/alloca.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 static char	SCCSid[] = "@(#)alloca.c	1.1";	/* for the "what" utility */
 #endif
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #define X3J11 1		   /* config.h should contain void if needed */
 
 #ifdef C_ALLOCA
diff --git a/missing/crypt.h b/missing/crypt.h
index 7c2642f593..ff135eee93 100644
--- a/missing/crypt.h
+++ b/missing/crypt.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef CRYPT_H
+#define CRYPT_H 1
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
@@ -30,9 +32,6 @@
  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-#ifndef CRYPT_H
-#define CRYPT_H 1
-
 /* =====  Configuration ==================== */
 
 #ifdef CHAR_BITS
diff --git a/missing/dtoa.c b/missing/dtoa.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7a8302875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/missing/dtoa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3470 @@
+/****************************************************************
+ *
+ * The author of this software is David M. Gay.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
+ * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy
+ * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting
+ * documentation for such software.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY
+ * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ *
+ ***************************************************************/
+
+/* Please send bug reports to David M. Gay (dmg at acm dot org,
+ * with " at " changed at "@" and " dot " changed to ".").	*/
+
+/* On a machine with IEEE extended-precision registers, it is
+ * necessary to specify double-precision (53-bit) rounding precision
+ * before invoking strtod or dtoa.  If the machine uses (the equivalent
+ * of) Intel 80x87 arithmetic, the call
+ *	_control87(PC_53, MCW_PC);
+ * does this with many compilers.  Whether this or another call is
+ * appropriate depends on the compiler; for this to work, it may be
+ * necessary to #include "float.h" or another system-dependent header
+ * file.
+ */
+
+/* strtod for IEEE-, VAX-, and IBM-arithmetic machines.
+ *
+ * This strtod returns a nearest machine number to the input decimal
+ * string (or sets errno to ERANGE).  With IEEE arithmetic, ties are
+ * broken by the IEEE round-even rule.  Otherwise ties are broken by
+ * biased rounding (add half and chop).
+ *
+ * Inspired loosely by William D. Clinger's paper "How to Read Floating
+ * Point Numbers Accurately" [Proc. ACM SIGPLAN '90, pp. 92-101].
+ *
+ * Modifications:
+ *
+ *	1. We only require IEEE, IBM, or VAX double-precision
+ *		arithmetic (not IEEE double-extended).
+ *	2. We get by with floating-point arithmetic in a case that
+ *		Clinger missed -- when we're computing d * 10^n
+ *		for a small integer d and the integer n is not too
+ *		much larger than 22 (the maximum integer k for which
+ *		we can represent 10^k exactly), we may be able to
+ *		compute (d*10^k) * 10^(e-k) with just one roundoff.
+ *	3. Rather than a bit-at-a-time adjustment of the binary
+ *		result in the hard case, we use floating-point
+ *		arithmetic to determine the adjustment to within
+ *		one bit; only in really hard cases do we need to
+ *		compute a second residual.
+ *	4. Because of 3., we don't need a large table of powers of 10
+ *		for ten-to-e (just some small tables, e.g. of 10^k
+ *		for 0 <= k <= 22).
+ */
+
+/*
+ * #define IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN for IEEE-arithmetic machines where the least
+ *	significant byte has the lowest address.
+ * #define IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN for IEEE-arithmetic machines where the most
+ *	significant byte has the lowest address.
+ * #define Long int on machines with 32-bit ints and 64-bit longs.
+ * #define IBM for IBM mainframe-style floating-point arithmetic.
+ * #define VAX for VAX-style floating-point arithmetic (D_floating).
+ * #define No_leftright to omit left-right logic in fast floating-point
+ *	computation of dtoa.
+ * #define Honor_FLT_ROUNDS if FLT_ROUNDS can assume the values 2 or 3
+ *	and strtod and dtoa should round accordingly.
+ * #define Check_FLT_ROUNDS if FLT_ROUNDS can assume the values 2 or 3
+ *	and Honor_FLT_ROUNDS is not #defined.
+ * #define RND_PRODQUOT to use rnd_prod and rnd_quot (assembly routines
+ *	that use extended-precision instructions to compute rounded
+ *	products and quotients) with IBM.
+ * #define ROUND_BIASED for IEEE-format with biased rounding.
+ * #define Inaccurate_Divide for IEEE-format with correctly rounded
+ *	products but inaccurate quotients, e.g., for Intel i860.
+ * #define NO_LONG_LONG on machines that do not have a "long long"
+ *	integer type (of >= 64 bits).  On such machines, you can
+ *	#define Just_16 to store 16 bits per 32-bit Long when doing
+ *	high-precision integer arithmetic.  Whether this speeds things
+ *	up or slows things down depends on the machine and the number
+ *	being converted.  If long long is available and the name is
+ *	something other than "long long", #define Llong to be the name,
+ *	and if "unsigned Llong" does not work as an unsigned version of
+ *	Llong, #define #ULLong to be the corresponding unsigned type.
+ * #define KR_headers for old-style C function headers.
+ * #define Bad_float_h if your system lacks a float.h or if it does not
+ *	define some or all of DBL_DIG, DBL_MAX_10_EXP, DBL_MAX_EXP,
+ *	FLT_RADIX, FLT_ROUNDS, and DBL_MAX.
+ * #define MALLOC your_malloc, where your_malloc(n) acts like malloc(n)
+ *	if memory is available and otherwise does something you deem
+ *	appropriate.  If MALLOC is undefined, malloc will be invoked
+ *	directly -- and assumed always to succeed.
+ * #define Omit_Private_Memory to omit logic (added Jan. 1998) for making
+ *	memory allocations from a private pool of memory when possible.
+ *	When used, the private pool is PRIVATE_MEM bytes long:  2304 bytes,
+ *	unless #defined to be a different length.  This default length
+ *	suffices to get rid of MALLOC calls except for unusual cases,
+ *	such as decimal-to-binary conversion of a very long string of
+ *	digits.  The longest string dtoa can return is about 751 bytes
+ *	long.  For conversions by strtod of strings of 800 digits and
+ *	all dtoa conversions in single-threaded executions with 8-byte
+ *	pointers, PRIVATE_MEM >= 7400 appears to suffice; with 4-byte
+ *	pointers, PRIVATE_MEM >= 7112 appears adequate.
+ * #define INFNAN_CHECK on IEEE systems to cause strtod to check for
+ *	Infinity and NaN (case insensitively).  On some systems (e.g.,
+ *	some HP systems), it may be necessary to #define NAN_WORD0
+ *	appropriately -- to the most significant word of a quiet NaN.
+ *	(On HP Series 700/800 machines, -DNAN_WORD0=0x7ff40000 works.)
+ *	When INFNAN_CHECK is #defined and No_Hex_NaN is not #defined,
+ *	strtod also accepts (case insensitively) strings of the form
+ *	NaN(x), where x is a string of hexadecimal digits and spaces;
+ *	if there is only one string of hexadecimal digits, it is taken
+ *	for the 52 fraction bits of the resulting NaN; if there are two
+ *	or more strings of hex digits, the first is for the high 20 bits,
+ *	the second and subsequent for the low 32 bits, with intervening
+ *	white space ignored; but if this results in none of the 52
+ *	fraction bits being on (an IEEE Infinity symbol), then NAN_WORD0
+ *	and NAN_WORD1 are used instead.
+ * #define MULTIPLE_THREADS if the system offers preemptively scheduled
+ *	multiple threads.  In this case, you must provide (or suitably
+ *	#define) two locks, acquired by ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(n) and freed
+ *	by FREE_DTOA_LOCK(n) for n = 0 or 1.  (The second lock, accessed
+ *	in pow5mult, ensures lazy evaluation of only one copy of high
+ *	powers of 5; omitting this lock would introduce a small
+ *	probability of wasting memory, but would otherwise be harmless.)
+ *	You must also invoke freedtoa(s) to free the value s returned by
+ *	dtoa.  You may do so whether or not MULTIPLE_THREADS is #defined.
+ * #define NO_IEEE_Scale to disable new (Feb. 1997) logic in strtod that
+ *	avoids underflows on inputs whose result does not underflow.
+ *	If you #define NO_IEEE_Scale on a machine that uses IEEE-format
+ *	floating-point numbers and flushes underflows to zero rather
+ *	than implementing gradual underflow, then you must also #define
+ *	Sudden_Underflow.
+ * #define YES_ALIAS to permit aliasing certain double values with
+ *	arrays of ULongs.  This leads to slightly better code with
+ *	some compilers and was always used prior to 19990916, but it
+ *	is not strictly legal and can cause trouble with aggressively
+ *	optimizing compilers (e.g., gcc 2.95.1 under -O2).
+ * #define USE_LOCALE to use the current locale's decimal_point value.
+ * #define SET_INEXACT if IEEE arithmetic is being used and extra
+ *	computation should be done to set the inexact flag when the
+ *	result is inexact and avoid setting inexact when the result
+ *	is exact.  In this case, dtoa.c must be compiled in
+ *	an environment, perhaps provided by #include "dtoa.c" in a
+ *	suitable wrapper, that defines two functions,
+ *		int get_inexact(void);
+ *		void clear_inexact(void);
+ *	such that get_inexact() returns a nonzero value if the
+ *	inexact bit is already set, and clear_inexact() sets the
+ *	inexact bit to 0.  When SET_INEXACT is #defined, strtod
+ *	also does extra computations to set the underflow and overflow
+ *	flags when appropriate (i.e., when the result is tiny and
+ *	inexact or when it is a numeric value rounded to +-infinity).
+ * #define NO_ERRNO if strtod should not assign errno = ERANGE when
+ *	the result overflows to +-Infinity or underflows to 0.
+ */
+
+#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
+#define IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __vax__
+#define VAX
+#undef IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#undef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__arm__) && !defined(__VFP_FP__)
+#define IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#undef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#undef Long
+#undef ULong
+
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#if (INT_MAX >> 30) && !(INT_MAX >> 31)
+#define Long int
+#define ULong unsigned int
+#elif (LONG_MAX >> 30) && !(LONG_MAX >> 31)
+#define Long long int
+#define ULong unsigned long int
+#else
+#error No 32bit integer
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_LONG_LONG
+#define Llong LONG_LONG
+#else
+#define NO_LONG_LONG
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+#include <stdio.h>
+#define Bug(x) {fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", (x)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ISDIGIT
+#include <ctype.h>
+#define ISDIGIT(c) isdigit(c)
+#endif
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifdef USE_LOCALE
+#include <locale.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MALLOC
+extern void *MALLOC(size_t);
+#else
+#define MALLOC xmalloc
+#endif
+#ifdef FREE
+extern void FREE(void*);
+#else
+#define FREE xfree
+#endif
+#ifndef NO_SANITIZE
+#define NO_SANITIZE(x, y) y
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Omit_Private_Memory
+#ifndef PRIVATE_MEM
+#define PRIVATE_MEM 2304
+#endif
+#define PRIVATE_mem ((PRIVATE_MEM+sizeof(double)-1)/sizeof(double))
+static double private_mem[PRIVATE_mem], *pmem_next = private_mem;
+#endif
+
+#undef IEEE_Arith
+#undef Avoid_Underflow
+#ifdef IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define IEEE_Arith
+#endif
+#ifdef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define IEEE_Arith
+#endif
+
+#ifdef Bad_float_h
+
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+#define DBL_DIG 15
+#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP 308
+#define DBL_MAX_EXP 1024
+#define FLT_RADIX 2
+#endif /*IEEE_Arith*/
+
+#ifdef IBM
+#define DBL_DIG 16
+#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP 75
+#define DBL_MAX_EXP 63
+#define FLT_RADIX 16
+#define DBL_MAX 7.2370055773322621e+75
+#endif
+
+#ifdef VAX
+#define DBL_DIG 16
+#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP 38
+#define DBL_MAX_EXP 127
+#define FLT_RADIX 2
+#define DBL_MAX 1.7014118346046923e+38
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LONG_MAX
+#define LONG_MAX 2147483647
+#endif
+
+#else /* ifndef Bad_float_h */
+#include <float.h>
+#endif /* Bad_float_h */
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#if 0
+} /* satisfy cc-mode */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef hexdigit
+static const char hexdigit[] = "0123456789abcdef0123456789ABCDEF";
+#endif
+
+#if defined(IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN) + defined(IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN) + defined(VAX) + defined(IBM) != 1
+Exactly one of IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN, IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN, VAX, or IBM should be defined.
+#endif
+
+typedef union { double d; ULong L[2]; } U;
+
+#ifdef YES_ALIAS
+typedef double double_u;
+#  define dval(x) (x)
+#  ifdef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#    define word0(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[1])
+#    define word1(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[0])
+#  else
+#    define word0(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[0])
+#    define word1(x) (((ULong *)&(x))[1])
+#  endif
+#else
+typedef U double_u;
+#  ifdef IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#    define word0(x) ((x).L[1])
+#    define word1(x) ((x).L[0])
+#  else
+#    define word0(x) ((x).L[0])
+#    define word1(x) ((x).L[1])
+#  endif
+#  define dval(x) ((x).d)
+#endif
+
+/* The following definition of Storeinc is appropriate for MIPS processors.
+ * An alternative that might be better on some machines is
+ * #define Storeinc(a,b,c) (*a++ = b << 16 | c & 0xffff)
+ */
+#if defined(IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN) + defined(VAX) + defined(__arm__)
+#define Storeinc(a,b,c) (((unsigned short *)(a))[1] = (unsigned short)(b), \
+((unsigned short *)(a))[0] = (unsigned short)(c), (a)++)
+#else
+#define Storeinc(a,b,c) (((unsigned short *)(a))[0] = (unsigned short)(b), \
+((unsigned short *)(a))[1] = (unsigned short)(c), (a)++)
+#endif
+
+/* #define P DBL_MANT_DIG */
+/* Ten_pmax = floor(P*log(2)/log(5)) */
+/* Bletch = (highest power of 2 < DBL_MAX_10_EXP) / 16 */
+/* Quick_max = floor((P-1)*log(FLT_RADIX)/log(10) - 1) */
+/* Int_max = floor(P*log(FLT_RADIX)/log(10) - 1) */
+
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+#define Exp_shift  20
+#define Exp_shift1 20
+#define Exp_msk1    0x100000
+#define Exp_msk11   0x100000
+#define Exp_mask  0x7ff00000
+#define P 53
+#define Bias 1023
+#define Emin (-1022)
+#define Exp_1  0x3ff00000
+#define Exp_11 0x3ff00000
+#define Ebits 11
+#define Frac_mask  0xfffff
+#define Frac_mask1 0xfffff
+#define Ten_pmax 22
+#define Bletch 0x10
+#define Bndry_mask  0xfffff
+#define Bndry_mask1 0xfffff
+#define LSB 1
+#define Sign_bit 0x80000000
+#define Log2P 1
+#define Tiny0 0
+#define Tiny1 1
+#define Quick_max 14
+#define Int_max 14
+#ifndef NO_IEEE_Scale
+#define Avoid_Underflow
+#ifdef Flush_Denorm	/* debugging option */
+#undef Sudden_Underflow
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Flt_Rounds
+#ifdef FLT_ROUNDS
+#define Flt_Rounds FLT_ROUNDS
+#else
+#define Flt_Rounds 1
+#endif
+#endif /*Flt_Rounds*/
+
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+#define Rounding rounding
+#undef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+#define Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+#else
+#define Rounding Flt_Rounds
+#endif
+
+#else /* ifndef IEEE_Arith */
+#undef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+#undef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+#undef SET_INEXACT
+#undef  Sudden_Underflow
+#define Sudden_Underflow
+#ifdef IBM
+#undef Flt_Rounds
+#define Flt_Rounds 0
+#define Exp_shift  24
+#define Exp_shift1 24
+#define Exp_msk1   0x1000000
+#define Exp_msk11  0x1000000
+#define Exp_mask  0x7f000000
+#define P 14
+#define Bias 65
+#define Exp_1  0x41000000
+#define Exp_11 0x41000000
+#define Ebits 8	/* exponent has 7 bits, but 8 is the right value in b2d */
+#define Frac_mask  0xffffff
+#define Frac_mask1 0xffffff
+#define Bletch 4
+#define Ten_pmax 22
+#define Bndry_mask  0xefffff
+#define Bndry_mask1 0xffffff
+#define LSB 1
+#define Sign_bit 0x80000000
+#define Log2P 4
+#define Tiny0 0x100000
+#define Tiny1 0
+#define Quick_max 14
+#define Int_max 15
+#else /* VAX */
+#undef Flt_Rounds
+#define Flt_Rounds 1
+#define Exp_shift  23
+#define Exp_shift1 7
+#define Exp_msk1    0x80
+#define Exp_msk11   0x800000
+#define Exp_mask  0x7f80
+#define P 56
+#define Bias 129
+#define Exp_1  0x40800000
+#define Exp_11 0x4080
+#define Ebits 8
+#define Frac_mask  0x7fffff
+#define Frac_mask1 0xffff007f
+#define Ten_pmax 24
+#define Bletch 2
+#define Bndry_mask  0xffff007f
+#define Bndry_mask1 0xffff007f
+#define LSB 0x10000
+#define Sign_bit 0x8000
+#define Log2P 1
+#define Tiny0 0x80
+#define Tiny1 0
+#define Quick_max 15
+#define Int_max 15
+#endif /* IBM, VAX */
+#endif /* IEEE_Arith */
+
+#ifndef IEEE_Arith
+#define ROUND_BIASED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RND_PRODQUOT
+#define rounded_product(a,b) ((a) = rnd_prod((a), (b)))
+#define rounded_quotient(a,b) ((a) = rnd_quot((a), (b)))
+extern double rnd_prod(double, double), rnd_quot(double, double);
+#else
+#define rounded_product(a,b) ((a) *= (b))
+#define rounded_quotient(a,b) ((a) /= (b))
+#endif
+
+#define Big0 (Frac_mask1 | Exp_msk1*(DBL_MAX_EXP+Bias-1))
+#define Big1 0xffffffff
+
+#ifndef Pack_32
+#define Pack_32
+#endif
+
+#define FFFFFFFF 0xffffffffUL
+
+#ifdef NO_LONG_LONG
+#undef ULLong
+#ifdef Just_16
+#undef Pack_32
+/* When Pack_32 is not defined, we store 16 bits per 32-bit Long.
+ * This makes some inner loops simpler and sometimes saves work
+ * during multiplications, but it often seems to make things slightly
+ * slower.  Hence the default is now to store 32 bits per Long.
+ */
+#endif
+#else	/* long long available */
+#ifndef Llong
+#define Llong long long
+#endif
+#ifndef ULLong
+#define ULLong unsigned Llong
+#endif
+#endif /* NO_LONG_LONG */
+
+#define MULTIPLE_THREADS 1
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+#define ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*nothing*/
+#define FREE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*nothing*/
+#else
+#define ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*unused right now*/
+#define FREE_DTOA_LOCK(n)	/*unused right now*/
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ATOMIC_PTR_CAS
+#define ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, old, new) ((var) = (new), (old))
+#endif
+#ifndef LIKELY
+#define LIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+#ifndef UNLIKELY
+#define UNLIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+#ifndef ASSUME
+#define ASSUME(x) (void)(x)
+#endif
+
+#define Kmax 15
+
+struct Bigint {
+    struct Bigint *next;
+    int k, maxwds, sign, wds;
+    ULong x[1];
+};
+
+typedef struct Bigint Bigint;
+
+static Bigint *freelist[Kmax+1];
+
+#define BLOCKING_BIGINT ((Bigint *)(-1))
+
+static Bigint *
+Balloc(int k)
+{
+    int x;
+    Bigint *rv;
+#ifndef Omit_Private_Memory
+    size_t len;
+#endif
+
+    rv = 0;
+    ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+    if (k <= Kmax) {
+        rv = freelist[k];
+        while (rv) {
+            Bigint *rvn = rv;
+            rv = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(freelist[k], rv, BLOCKING_BIGINT);
+            if (LIKELY(rv != BLOCKING_BIGINT && rvn == rv)) {
+                rvn = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(freelist[k], BLOCKING_BIGINT, rv->next);
+                assert(rvn == BLOCKING_BIGINT);
+                ASSUME(rv);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (!rv) {
+        x = 1 << k;
+#ifdef Omit_Private_Memory
+        rv = (Bigint *)MALLOC(sizeof(Bigint) + (x-1)*sizeof(ULong));
+#else
+        len = (sizeof(Bigint) + (x-1)*sizeof(ULong) + sizeof(double) - 1)
+                /sizeof(double);
+        if (k <= Kmax) {
+            double *pnext = pmem_next;
+            while (pnext - private_mem + len <= PRIVATE_mem) {
+                double *p = pnext;
+                pnext = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(pmem_next, pnext, pnext + len);
+                if (LIKELY(p == pnext)) {
+                    rv = (Bigint*)pnext;
+                    ASSUME(rv);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!rv)
+            rv = (Bigint*)MALLOC(len*sizeof(double));
+#endif
+        rv->k = k;
+        rv->maxwds = x;
+    }
+    FREE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+    rv->sign = rv->wds = 0;
+    return rv;
+}
+
+static void
+Bfree(Bigint *v)
+{
+    Bigint *vn;
+    if (v) {
+        if (v->k > Kmax) {
+            FREE(v);
+            return;
+        }
+        ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+        do {
+            do {
+                vn = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(freelist[v->k], 0, 0);
+            } while (UNLIKELY(vn == BLOCKING_BIGINT));
+            v->next = vn;
+        } while (UNLIKELY(ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(freelist[v->k], vn, v) != vn));
+        FREE_DTOA_LOCK(0);
+    }
+}
+
+#define Bcopy(x,y) memcpy((char *)&(x)->sign, (char *)&(y)->sign, \
+(y)->wds*sizeof(Long) + 2*sizeof(int))
+
+static Bigint *
+multadd(Bigint *b, int m, int a)   /* multiply by m and add a */
+{
+    int i, wds;
+    ULong *x;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong carry, y;
+#else
+    ULong carry, y;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong xi, z;
+#endif
+#endif
+    Bigint *b1;
+
+    wds = b->wds;
+    x = b->x;
+    i = 0;
+    carry = a;
+    do {
+#ifdef ULLong
+        y = *x * (ULLong)m + carry;
+        carry = y >> 32;
+        *x++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+        xi = *x;
+        y = (xi & 0xffff) * m + carry;
+        z = (xi >> 16) * m + (y >> 16);
+        carry = z >> 16;
+        *x++ = (z << 16) + (y & 0xffff);
+#else
+        y = *x * m + carry;
+        carry = y >> 16;
+        *x++ = y & 0xffff;
+#endif
+#endif
+    } while (++i < wds);
+    if (carry) {
+        if (wds >= b->maxwds) {
+            b1 = Balloc(b->k+1);
+            Bcopy(b1, b);
+            Bfree(b);
+            b = b1;
+        }
+        b->x[wds++] = (ULong)carry;
+        b->wds = wds;
+    }
+    return b;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+s2b(const char *s, int nd0, int nd, ULong y9)
+{
+    Bigint *b;
+    int i, k;
+    Long x, y;
+
+    x = (nd + 8) / 9;
+    for (k = 0, y = 1; x > y; y <<= 1, k++) ;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    b = Balloc(k);
+    b->x[0] = y9;
+    b->wds = 1;
+#else
+    b = Balloc(k+1);
+    b->x[0] = y9 & 0xffff;
+    b->wds = (b->x[1] = y9 >> 16) ? 2 : 1;
+#endif
+
+    i = 9;
+    if (9 < nd0) {
+        s += 9;
+        do {
+            b = multadd(b, 10, *s++ - '0');
+        } while (++i < nd0);
+        s++;
+    }
+    else
+        s += 10;
+    for (; i < nd; i++)
+        b = multadd(b, 10, *s++ - '0');
+    return b;
+}
+
+static int
+hi0bits(register ULong x)
+{
+    register int k = 0;
+
+    if (!(x & 0xffff0000)) {
+        k = 16;
+        x <<= 16;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xff000000)) {
+        k += 8;
+        x <<= 8;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xf0000000)) {
+        k += 4;
+        x <<= 4;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xc0000000)) {
+        k += 2;
+        x <<= 2;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0x80000000)) {
+        k++;
+        if (!(x & 0x40000000))
+            return 32;
+    }
+    return k;
+}
+
+static int
+lo0bits(ULong *y)
+{
+    register int k;
+    register ULong x = *y;
+
+    if (x & 7) {
+        if (x & 1)
+            return 0;
+        if (x & 2) {
+            *y = x >> 1;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        *y = x >> 2;
+        return 2;
+    }
+    k = 0;
+    if (!(x & 0xffff)) {
+        k = 16;
+        x >>= 16;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xff)) {
+        k += 8;
+        x >>= 8;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0xf)) {
+        k += 4;
+        x >>= 4;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 0x3)) {
+        k += 2;
+        x >>= 2;
+    }
+    if (!(x & 1)) {
+        k++;
+        x >>= 1;
+        if (!x)
+            return 32;
+    }
+    *y = x;
+    return k;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+i2b(int i)
+{
+    Bigint *b;
+
+    b = Balloc(1);
+    b->x[0] = i;
+    b->wds = 1;
+    return b;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+mult(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
+{
+    Bigint *c;
+    int k, wa, wb, wc;
+    ULong *x, *xa, *xae, *xb, *xbe, *xc, *xc0;
+    ULong y;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong carry, z;
+#else
+    ULong carry, z;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong z2;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    if (a->wds < b->wds) {
+        c = a;
+        a = b;
+        b = c;
+    }
+    k = a->k;
+    wa = a->wds;
+    wb = b->wds;
+    wc = wa + wb;
+    if (wc > a->maxwds)
+        k++;
+    c = Balloc(k);
+    for (x = c->x, xa = x + wc; x < xa; x++)
+        *x = 0;
+    xa = a->x;
+    xae = xa + wa;
+    xb = b->x;
+    xbe = xb + wb;
+    xc0 = c->x;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    for (; xb < xbe; xc0++) {
+        if ((y = *xb++) != 0) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            do {
+                z = *x++ * (ULLong)y + *xc + carry;
+                carry = z >> 32;
+                *xc++ = (ULong)(z & FFFFFFFF);
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = (ULong)carry;
+        }
+    }
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    for (; xb < xbe; xb++, xc0++) {
+        if ((y = *xb & 0xffff) != 0) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            do {
+                z = (*x & 0xffff) * y + (*xc & 0xffff) + carry;
+                carry = z >> 16;
+                z2 = (*x++ >> 16) * y + (*xc >> 16) + carry;
+                carry = z2 >> 16;
+                Storeinc(xc, z2, z);
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = (ULong)carry;
+        }
+        if ((y = *xb >> 16) != 0) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            z2 = *xc;
+            do {
+                z = (*x & 0xffff) * y + (*xc >> 16) + carry;
+                carry = z >> 16;
+                Storeinc(xc, z, z2);
+                z2 = (*x++ >> 16) * y + (*xc & 0xffff) + carry;
+                carry = z2 >> 16;
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = z2;
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    for (; xb < xbe; xc0++) {
+        if (y = *xb++) {
+            x = xa;
+            xc = xc0;
+            carry = 0;
+            do {
+                z = *x++ * y + *xc + carry;
+                carry = z >> 16;
+                *xc++ = z & 0xffff;
+            } while (x < xae);
+            *xc = (ULong)carry;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#endif
+    for (xc0 = c->x, xc = xc0 + wc; wc > 0 && !*--xc; --wc) ;
+    c->wds = wc;
+    return c;
+}
+
+static Bigint *p5s;
+
+static Bigint *
+pow5mult(Bigint *b, int k)
+{
+    Bigint *b1, *p5, *p51;
+    Bigint *p5tmp;
+    int i;
+    static const int p05[3] = { 5, 25, 125 };
+
+    if ((i = k & 3) != 0)
+        b = multadd(b, p05[i-1], 0);
+
+    if (!(k >>= 2))
+        return b;
+    if (!(p5 = p5s)) {
+        /* first time */
+        ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+        if (!(p5 = p5s)) {
+            p5 = i2b(625);
+            p5->next = 0;
+            p5tmp = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(p5s, NULL, p5);
+            if (UNLIKELY(p5tmp)) {
+                Bfree(p5);
+                p5 = p5tmp;
+            }
+        }
+        FREE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+    }
+    for (;;) {
+        if (k & 1) {
+            b1 = mult(b, p5);
+            Bfree(b);
+            b = b1;
+        }
+        if (!(k >>= 1))
+            break;
+        if (!(p51 = p5->next)) {
+            ACQUIRE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+            if (!(p51 = p5->next)) {
+                p51 = mult(p5,p5);
+                p51->next = 0;
+                p5tmp = ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(p5->next, NULL, p51);
+                if (UNLIKELY(p5tmp)) {
+                    Bfree(p51);
+                    p51 = p5tmp;
+                }
+            }
+            FREE_DTOA_LOCK(1);
+        }
+        p5 = p51;
+    }
+    return b;
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+lshift(Bigint *b, int k)
+{
+    int i, k1, n, n1;
+    Bigint *b1;
+    ULong *x, *x1, *xe, z;
+
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    n = k >> 5;
+#else
+    n = k >> 4;
+#endif
+    k1 = b->k;
+    n1 = n + b->wds + 1;
+    for (i = b->maxwds; n1 > i; i <<= 1)
+        k1++;
+    b1 = Balloc(k1);
+    x1 = b1->x;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        *x1++ = 0;
+    x = b->x;
+    xe = x + b->wds;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    if (k &= 0x1f) {
+        k1 = 32 - k;
+        z = 0;
+        do {
+            *x1++ = *x << k | z;
+            z = *x++ >> k1;
+        } while (x < xe);
+        if ((*x1 = z) != 0)
+            ++n1;
+    }
+#else
+    if (k &= 0xf) {
+        k1 = 16 - k;
+        z = 0;
+        do {
+            *x1++ = *x << k  & 0xffff | z;
+            z = *x++ >> k1;
+        } while (x < xe);
+        if (*x1 = z)
+            ++n1;
+    }
+#endif
+    else
+        do {
+            *x1++ = *x++;
+        } while (x < xe);
+    b1->wds = n1 - 1;
+    Bfree(b);
+    return b1;
+}
+
+static int
+cmp(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
+{
+    ULong *xa, *xa0, *xb, *xb0;
+    int i, j;
+
+    i = a->wds;
+    j = b->wds;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    if (i > 1 && !a->x[i-1])
+        Bug("cmp called with a->x[a->wds-1] == 0");
+    if (j > 1 && !b->x[j-1])
+        Bug("cmp called with b->x[b->wds-1] == 0");
+#endif
+    if (i -= j)
+        return i;
+    xa0 = a->x;
+    xa = xa0 + j;
+    xb0 = b->x;
+    xb = xb0 + j;
+    for (;;) {
+        if (*--xa != *--xb)
+            return *xa < *xb ? -1 : 1;
+        if (xa <= xa0)
+            break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+NO_SANITIZE("unsigned-integer-overflow", static Bigint * diff(Bigint *a, Bigint *b));
+static Bigint *
+diff(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
+{
+    Bigint *c;
+    int i, wa, wb;
+    ULong *xa, *xae, *xb, *xbe, *xc;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong borrow, y;
+#else
+    ULong borrow, y;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong z;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    i = cmp(a,b);
+    if (!i) {
+        c = Balloc(0);
+        c->wds = 1;
+        c->x[0] = 0;
+        return c;
+    }
+    if (i < 0) {
+        c = a;
+        a = b;
+        b = c;
+        i = 1;
+    }
+    else
+        i = 0;
+    c = Balloc(a->k);
+    c->sign = i;
+    wa = a->wds;
+    xa = a->x;
+    xae = xa + wa;
+    wb = b->wds;
+    xb = b->x;
+    xbe = xb + wb;
+    xc = c->x;
+    borrow = 0;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    do {
+        y = (ULLong)*xa++ - *xb++ - borrow;
+        borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+        *xc++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+    } while (xb < xbe);
+    while (xa < xae) {
+        y = *xa++ - borrow;
+        borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+        *xc++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+    }
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    do {
+        y = (*xa & 0xffff) - (*xb & 0xffff) - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        z = (*xa++ >> 16) - (*xb++ >> 16) - borrow;
+        borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        Storeinc(xc, z, y);
+    } while (xb < xbe);
+    while (xa < xae) {
+        y = (*xa & 0xffff) - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        z = (*xa++ >> 16) - borrow;
+        borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        Storeinc(xc, z, y);
+    }
+#else
+    do {
+        y = *xa++ - *xb++ - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        *xc++ = y & 0xffff;
+    } while (xb < xbe);
+    while (xa < xae) {
+        y = *xa++ - borrow;
+        borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+        *xc++ = y & 0xffff;
+    }
+#endif
+#endif
+    while (!*--xc)
+        wa--;
+    c->wds = wa;
+    return c;
+}
+
+static double
+ulp(double x_)
+{
+    register Long L;
+    double_u x, a;
+    dval(x) = x_;
+
+    L = (word0(x) & Exp_mask) - (P-1)*Exp_msk1;
+#ifndef Avoid_Underflow
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    if (L > 0) {
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+        L |= Exp_msk1 >> 4;
+#endif
+        word0(a) = L;
+        word1(a) = 0;
+#ifndef Avoid_Underflow
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    }
+    else {
+        L = -L >> Exp_shift;
+        if (L < Exp_shift) {
+            word0(a) = 0x80000 >> L;
+            word1(a) = 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            word0(a) = 0;
+            L -= Exp_shift;
+            word1(a) = L >= 31 ? 1 : 1 << 31 - L;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#endif
+    return dval(a);
+}
+
+static double
+b2d(Bigint *a, int *e)
+{
+    ULong *xa, *xa0, w, y, z;
+    int k;
+    double_u d;
+#ifdef VAX
+    ULong d0, d1;
+#else
+#define d0 word0(d)
+#define d1 word1(d)
+#endif
+
+    xa0 = a->x;
+    xa = xa0 + a->wds;
+    y = *--xa;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    if (!y) Bug("zero y in b2d");
+#endif
+    k = hi0bits(y);
+    *e = 32 - k;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    if (k < Ebits) {
+        d0 = Exp_1 | y >> (Ebits - k);
+        w = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+        d1 = y << ((32-Ebits) + k) | w >> (Ebits - k);
+        goto ret_d;
+    }
+    z = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+    if (k -= Ebits) {
+        d0 = Exp_1 | y << k | z >> (32 - k);
+        y = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+        d1 = z << k | y >> (32 - k);
+    }
+    else {
+        d0 = Exp_1 | y;
+        d1 = z;
+    }
+#else
+    if (k < Ebits + 16) {
+        z = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+        d0 = Exp_1 | y << k - Ebits | z >> Ebits + 16 - k;
+        w = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+        y = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+        d1 = z << k + 16 - Ebits | w << k - Ebits | y >> 16 + Ebits - k;
+        goto ret_d;
+    }
+    z = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+    w = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+    k -= Ebits + 16;
+    d0 = Exp_1 | y << k + 16 | z << k | w >> 16 - k;
+    y = xa > xa0 ? *--xa : 0;
+    d1 = w << k + 16 | y << k;
+#endif
+ret_d:
+#ifdef VAX
+    word0(d) = d0 >> 16 | d0 << 16;
+    word1(d) = d1 >> 16 | d1 << 16;
+#else
+#undef d0
+#undef d1
+#endif
+    return dval(d);
+}
+
+static Bigint *
+d2b(double d_, int *e, int *bits)
+{
+    double_u d;
+    Bigint *b;
+    int de, k;
+    ULong *x, y, z;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    int i;
+#endif
+#ifdef VAX
+    ULong d0, d1;
+#endif
+    dval(d) = d_;
+#ifdef VAX
+    d0 = word0(d) >> 16 | word0(d) << 16;
+    d1 = word1(d) >> 16 | word1(d) << 16;
+#else
+#define d0 word0(d)
+#define d1 word1(d)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    b = Balloc(1);
+#else
+    b = Balloc(2);
+#endif
+    x = b->x;
+
+    z = d0 & Frac_mask;
+    d0 &= 0x7fffffff;   /* clear sign bit, which we ignore */
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+    de = (int)(d0 >> Exp_shift);
+#ifndef IBM
+    z |= Exp_msk11;
+#endif
+#else
+    if ((de = (int)(d0 >> Exp_shift)) != 0)
+        z |= Exp_msk1;
+#endif
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    if ((y = d1) != 0) {
+        if ((k = lo0bits(&y)) != 0) {
+            x[0] = y | z << (32 - k);
+            z >>= k;
+        }
+        else
+            x[0] = y;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+        i =
+#endif
+        b->wds = (x[1] = z) ? 2 : 1;
+    }
+    else {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+        if (!z)
+            Bug("Zero passed to d2b");
+#endif
+        k = lo0bits(&z);
+        x[0] = z;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+        i =
+#endif
+        b->wds = 1;
+        k += 32;
+    }
+#else
+    if (y = d1) {
+        if (k = lo0bits(&y))
+            if (k >= 16) {
+                x[0] = y | z << 32 - k & 0xffff;
+                x[1] = z >> k - 16 & 0xffff;
+                x[2] = z >> k;
+                i = 2;
+            }
+            else {
+                x[0] = y & 0xffff;
+                x[1] = y >> 16 | z << 16 - k & 0xffff;
+                x[2] = z >> k & 0xffff;
+                x[3] = z >> k+16;
+                i = 3;
+            }
+        else {
+            x[0] = y & 0xffff;
+            x[1] = y >> 16;
+            x[2] = z & 0xffff;
+            x[3] = z >> 16;
+            i = 3;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+        if (!z)
+            Bug("Zero passed to d2b");
+#endif
+        k = lo0bits(&z);
+        if (k >= 16) {
+            x[0] = z;
+            i = 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            x[0] = z & 0xffff;
+            x[1] = z >> 16;
+            i = 1;
+        }
+        k += 32;
+    }
+    while (!x[i])
+        --i;
+    b->wds = i + 1;
+#endif
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    if (de) {
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+        *e = (de - Bias - (P-1) << 2) + k;
+        *bits = 4*P + 8 - k - hi0bits(word0(d) & Frac_mask);
+#else
+        *e = de - Bias - (P-1) + k;
+        *bits = P - k;
+#endif
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    }
+    else {
+        *e = de - Bias - (P-1) + 1 + k;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+        *bits = 32*i - hi0bits(x[i-1]);
+#else
+        *bits = (i+2)*16 - hi0bits(x[i]);
+#endif
+    }
+#endif
+    return b;
+}
+#undef d0
+#undef d1
+
+static double
+ratio(Bigint *a, Bigint *b)
+{
+    double_u da, db;
+    int k, ka, kb;
+
+    dval(da) = b2d(a, &ka);
+    dval(db) = b2d(b, &kb);
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    k = ka - kb + 32*(a->wds - b->wds);
+#else
+    k = ka - kb + 16*(a->wds - b->wds);
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+    if (k > 0) {
+        word0(da) += (k >> 2)*Exp_msk1;
+        if (k &= 3)
+            dval(da) *= 1 << k;
+    }
+    else {
+        k = -k;
+        word0(db) += (k >> 2)*Exp_msk1;
+        if (k &= 3)
+            dval(db) *= 1 << k;
+    }
+#else
+    if (k > 0)
+        word0(da) += k*Exp_msk1;
+    else {
+        k = -k;
+        word0(db) += k*Exp_msk1;
+    }
+#endif
+    return dval(da) / dval(db);
+}
+
+static const double
+tens[] = {
+    1e0, 1e1, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 1e9,
+    1e10, 1e11, 1e12, 1e13, 1e14, 1e15, 1e16, 1e17, 1e18, 1e19,
+    1e20, 1e21, 1e22
+#ifdef VAX
+    , 1e23, 1e24
+#endif
+};
+
+static const double
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+bigtens[] = { 1e16, 1e32, 1e64, 1e128, 1e256 };
+static const double tinytens[] = { 1e-16, 1e-32, 1e-64, 1e-128,
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+    9007199254740992.*9007199254740992.e-256
+    /* = 2^106 * 1e-53 */
+#else
+    1e-256
+#endif
+};
+/* The factor of 2^53 in tinytens[4] helps us avoid setting the underflow */
+/* flag unnecessarily.  It leads to a song and dance at the end of strtod. */
+#define Scale_Bit 0x10
+#define n_bigtens 5
+#else
+#ifdef IBM
+bigtens[] = { 1e16, 1e32, 1e64 };
+static const double tinytens[] = { 1e-16, 1e-32, 1e-64 };
+#define n_bigtens 3
+#else
+bigtens[] = { 1e16, 1e32 };
+static const double tinytens[] = { 1e-16, 1e-32 };
+#define n_bigtens 2
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IEEE_Arith
+#undef INFNAN_CHECK
+#endif
+
+#ifdef INFNAN_CHECK
+
+#ifndef NAN_WORD0
+#define NAN_WORD0 0x7ff80000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NAN_WORD1
+#define NAN_WORD1 0
+#endif
+
+static int
+match(const char **sp, char *t)
+{
+    int c, d;
+    const char *s = *sp;
+
+    while (d = *t++) {
+        if ((c = *++s) >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+            c += 'a' - 'A';
+        if (c != d)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    *sp = s + 1;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef No_Hex_NaN
+static void
+hexnan(double *rvp, const char **sp)
+{
+    ULong c, x[2];
+    const char *s;
+    int havedig, udx0, xshift;
+
+    x[0] = x[1] = 0;
+    havedig = xshift = 0;
+    udx0 = 1;
+    s = *sp;
+    while (c = *(const unsigned char*)++s) {
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+            c -= '0';
+        else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+            c += 10 - 'a';
+        else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+            c += 10 - 'A';
+        else if (c <= ' ') {
+            if (udx0 && havedig) {
+                udx0 = 0;
+                xshift = 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        else if (/*(*/ c == ')' && havedig) {
+            *sp = s + 1;
+            break;
+        }
+        else
+            return; /* invalid form: don't change *sp */
+        havedig = 1;
+        if (xshift) {
+            xshift = 0;
+            x[0] = x[1];
+            x[1] = 0;
+        }
+        if (udx0)
+            x[0] = (x[0] << 4) | (x[1] >> 28);
+        x[1] = (x[1] << 4) | c;
+    }
+    if ((x[0] &= 0xfffff) || x[1]) {
+        word0(*rvp) = Exp_mask | x[0];
+        word1(*rvp) = x[1];
+    }
+}
+#endif /*No_Hex_NaN*/
+#endif /* INFNAN_CHECK */
+
+NO_SANITIZE("unsigned-integer-overflow", double strtod(const char *s00, char **se));
+double
+strtod(const char *s00, char **se)
+{
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+    int scale;
+#endif
+    int bb2, bb5, bbe, bd2, bd5, bbbits, bs2, c, dsign,
+         e, e1, esign, i, j, k, nd, nd0, nf, nz, nz0, sign;
+    const char *s, *s0, *s1;
+    double aadj, adj;
+    double_u aadj1, rv, rv0;
+    Long L;
+    ULong y, z;
+    Bigint *bb, *bb1, *bd, *bd0, *bs, *delta;
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    int inexact, oldinexact;
+#endif
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    int rounding;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_LOCALE
+    const char *s2;
+#endif
+
+    errno = 0;
+    sign = nz0 = nz = 0;
+    dval(rv) = 0.;
+    for (s = s00;;s++)
+        switch (*s) {
+          case '-':
+            sign = 1;
+            /* no break */
+          case '+':
+            if (*++s)
+                goto break2;
+            /* no break */
+          case 0:
+            goto ret0;
+          case '\t':
+          case '\n':
+          case '\v':
+          case '\f':
+          case '\r':
+          case ' ':
+            continue;
+          default:
+            goto break2;
+        }
+break2:
+    if (*s == '0') {
+	if (s[1] == 'x' || s[1] == 'X') {
+	    s0 = ++s;
+	    adj = 0;
+	    aadj = 1.0;
+	    nd0 = -4;
+
+	    if (!*++s || !(s1 = strchr(hexdigit, *s))) goto ret0;
+	    if (*s == '0') {
+		while (*++s == '0');
+		if (!*s) goto ret;
+		s1 = strchr(hexdigit, *s);
+	    }
+	    if (s1 != NULL) {
+		do {
+		    adj += aadj * ((s1 - hexdigit) & 15);
+		    nd0 += 4;
+		    aadj /= 16;
+		} while (*++s && (s1 = strchr(hexdigit, *s)));
+	    }
+
+	    if (*s == '.') {
+		dsign = 1;
+		if (!*++s || !(s1 = strchr(hexdigit, *s))) goto ret0;
+		if (nd0 < 0) {
+		    while (*s == '0') {
+			s++;
+			nd0 -= 4;
+		    }
+		}
+		for (; *s && (s1 = strchr(hexdigit, *s)); ++s) {
+		    adj += aadj * ((s1 - hexdigit) & 15);
+		    if ((aadj /= 16) == 0.0) {
+			while (*++s && strchr(hexdigit, *s));
+			break;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	    else {
+		dsign = 0;
+	    }
+
+	    if (*s == 'P' || *s == 'p') {
+		dsign = 0x2C - *++s; /* +: 2B, -: 2D */
+		if (abs(dsign) == 1) s++;
+		else dsign = 1;
+
+		nd = 0;
+		c = *s;
+		if (c < '0' || '9' < c) goto ret0;
+		do {
+		    nd *= 10;
+		    nd += c;
+		    nd -= '0';
+		    c = *++s;
+		    /* Float("0x0."+("0"*267)+"1fp2095") */
+		    if (nd + dsign * nd0 > 2095) {
+			while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') c = *++s;
+			break;
+		    }
+		} while ('0' <= c && c <= '9');
+		nd0 += nd * dsign;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		if (dsign) goto ret0;
+	    }
+	    dval(rv) = ldexp(adj, nd0);
+	    goto ret;
+	}
+        nz0 = 1;
+        while (*++s == '0') ;
+        if (!*s)
+            goto ret;
+    }
+    s0 = s;
+    y = z = 0;
+    for (nd = nf = 0; (c = *s) >= '0' && c <= '9'; nd++, s++)
+        if (nd < 9)
+            y = 10*y + c - '0';
+        else if (nd < DBL_DIG + 2)
+            z = 10*z + c - '0';
+    nd0 = nd;
+#ifdef USE_LOCALE
+    s1 = localeconv()->decimal_point;
+    if (c == *s1) {
+        c = '.';
+        if (*++s1) {
+            s2 = s;
+            for (;;) {
+                if (*++s2 != *s1) {
+                    c = 0;
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (!*++s1) {
+                    s = s2;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    if (c == '.') {
+        if (!ISDIGIT(s[1]))
+            goto dig_done;
+        c = *++s;
+        if (!nd) {
+            for (; c == '0'; c = *++s)
+                nz++;
+            if (c > '0' && c <= '9') {
+                s0 = s;
+                nf += nz;
+                nz = 0;
+                goto have_dig;
+            }
+            goto dig_done;
+        }
+        for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = *++s) {
+have_dig:
+            nz++;
+            if (nd > DBL_DIG * 4) {
+		continue;
+	    }
+            if (c -= '0') {
+                nf += nz;
+                for (i = 1; i < nz; i++)
+                    if (nd++ < 9)
+                        y *= 10;
+                    else if (nd <= DBL_DIG + 2)
+                        z *= 10;
+                if (nd++ < 9)
+                    y = 10*y + c;
+                else if (nd <= DBL_DIG + 2)
+                    z = 10*z + c;
+                nz = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+dig_done:
+    e = 0;
+    if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
+        if (!nd && !nz && !nz0) {
+            goto ret0;
+        }
+        s00 = s;
+        esign = 0;
+        switch (c = *++s) {
+          case '-':
+            esign = 1;
+          case '+':
+            c = *++s;
+        }
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+            while (c == '0')
+                c = *++s;
+            if (c > '0' && c <= '9') {
+                L = c - '0';
+                s1 = s;
+                while ((c = *++s) >= '0' && c <= '9')
+                    L = 10*L + c - '0';
+                if (s - s1 > 8 || L > 19999)
+                    /* Avoid confusion from exponents
+                     * so large that e might overflow.
+                     */
+                    e = 19999; /* safe for 16 bit ints */
+                else
+                    e = (int)L;
+                if (esign)
+                    e = -e;
+            }
+            else
+                e = 0;
+        }
+        else
+            s = s00;
+    }
+    if (!nd) {
+        if (!nz && !nz0) {
+#ifdef INFNAN_CHECK
+            /* Check for Nan and Infinity */
+            switch (c) {
+              case 'i':
+              case 'I':
+                if (match(&s,"nf")) {
+                    --s;
+                    if (!match(&s,"inity"))
+                        ++s;
+                    word0(rv) = 0x7ff00000;
+                    word1(rv) = 0;
+                    goto ret;
+                }
+                break;
+              case 'n':
+              case 'N':
+                if (match(&s, "an")) {
+                    word0(rv) = NAN_WORD0;
+                    word1(rv) = NAN_WORD1;
+#ifndef No_Hex_NaN
+                    if (*s == '(') /*)*/
+                        hexnan(&rv, &s);
+#endif
+                    goto ret;
+                }
+            }
+#endif /* INFNAN_CHECK */
+ret0:
+            s = s00;
+            sign = 0;
+        }
+        goto ret;
+    }
+    e1 = e -= nf;
+
+    /* Now we have nd0 digits, starting at s0, followed by a
+     * decimal point, followed by nd-nd0 digits.  The number we're
+     * after is the integer represented by those digits times
+     * 10**e */
+
+    if (!nd0)
+        nd0 = nd;
+    k = nd < DBL_DIG + 2 ? nd : DBL_DIG + 2;
+    dval(rv) = y;
+    if (k > 9) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+        if (k > DBL_DIG)
+            oldinexact = get_inexact();
+#endif
+        dval(rv) = tens[k - 9] * dval(rv) + z;
+    }
+    bd0 = bb = bd = bs = delta = 0;
+    if (nd <= DBL_DIG
+#ifndef RND_PRODQUOT
+#ifndef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+        && Flt_Rounds == 1
+#endif
+#endif
+    ) {
+        if (!e)
+            goto ret;
+        if (e > 0) {
+            if (e <= Ten_pmax) {
+#ifdef VAX
+                goto vax_ovfl_check;
+#else
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                /* round correctly FLT_ROUNDS = 2 or 3 */
+                if (sign) {
+                    dval(rv) = -dval(rv);
+                    sign = 0;
+                }
+#endif
+                /* rv = */ rounded_product(dval(rv), tens[e]);
+                goto ret;
+#endif
+            }
+            i = DBL_DIG - nd;
+            if (e <= Ten_pmax + i) {
+                /* A fancier test would sometimes let us do
+                 * this for larger i values.
+                 */
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                /* round correctly FLT_ROUNDS = 2 or 3 */
+                if (sign) {
+                    dval(rv) = -dval(rv);
+                    sign = 0;
+                }
+#endif
+                e -= i;
+                dval(rv) *= tens[i];
+#ifdef VAX
+                /* VAX exponent range is so narrow we must
+                 * worry about overflow here...
+                 */
+vax_ovfl_check:
+                word0(rv) -= P*Exp_msk1;
+                /* rv = */ rounded_product(dval(rv), tens[e]);
+                if ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask)
+                        > Exp_msk1*(DBL_MAX_EXP+Bias-1-P))
+                    goto ovfl;
+                word0(rv) += P*Exp_msk1;
+#else
+                /* rv = */ rounded_product(dval(rv), tens[e]);
+#endif
+                goto ret;
+            }
+        }
+#ifndef Inaccurate_Divide
+        else if (e >= -Ten_pmax) {
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+            /* round correctly FLT_ROUNDS = 2 or 3 */
+            if (sign) {
+                dval(rv) = -dval(rv);
+                sign = 0;
+            }
+#endif
+            /* rv = */ rounded_quotient(dval(rv), tens[-e]);
+            goto ret;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    e1 += nd - k;
+
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    inexact = 1;
+    if (k <= DBL_DIG)
+        oldinexact = get_inexact();
+#endif
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+    scale = 0;
+#endif
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    if ((rounding = Flt_Rounds) >= 2) {
+        if (sign)
+            rounding = rounding == 2 ? 0 : 2;
+        else
+            if (rounding != 2)
+                rounding = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+#endif /*IEEE_Arith*/
+
+    /* Get starting approximation = rv * 10**e1 */
+
+    if (e1 > 0) {
+        if ((i = e1 & 15) != 0)
+            dval(rv) *= tens[i];
+        if (e1 &= ~15) {
+            if (e1 > DBL_MAX_10_EXP) {
+ovfl:
+#ifndef NO_ERRNO
+                errno = ERANGE;
+#endif
+                /* Can't trust HUGE_VAL */
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                switch (rounding) {
+                  case 0: /* toward 0 */
+                  case 3: /* toward -infinity */
+                    word0(rv) = Big0;
+                    word1(rv) = Big1;
+                    break;
+                  default:
+                    word0(rv) = Exp_mask;
+                    word1(rv) = 0;
+                }
+#else /*Honor_FLT_ROUNDS*/
+                word0(rv) = Exp_mask;
+                word1(rv) = 0;
+#endif /*Honor_FLT_ROUNDS*/
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                /* set overflow bit */
+                dval(rv0) = 1e300;
+                dval(rv0) *= dval(rv0);
+#endif
+#else /*IEEE_Arith*/
+                word0(rv) = Big0;
+                word1(rv) = Big1;
+#endif /*IEEE_Arith*/
+                if (bd0)
+                    goto retfree;
+                goto ret;
+            }
+            e1 >>= 4;
+            for (j = 0; e1 > 1; j++, e1 >>= 1)
+                if (e1 & 1)
+                    dval(rv) *= bigtens[j];
+            /* The last multiplication could overflow. */
+            word0(rv) -= P*Exp_msk1;
+            dval(rv) *= bigtens[j];
+            if ((z = word0(rv) & Exp_mask)
+                    > Exp_msk1*(DBL_MAX_EXP+Bias-P))
+                goto ovfl;
+            if (z > Exp_msk1*(DBL_MAX_EXP+Bias-1-P)) {
+                /* set to largest number */
+                /* (Can't trust DBL_MAX) */
+                word0(rv) = Big0;
+                word1(rv) = Big1;
+            }
+            else
+                word0(rv) += P*Exp_msk1;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (e1 < 0) {
+        e1 = -e1;
+        if ((i = e1 & 15) != 0)
+            dval(rv) /= tens[i];
+        if (e1 >>= 4) {
+            if (e1 >= 1 << n_bigtens)
+                goto undfl;
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+            if (e1 & Scale_Bit)
+                scale = 2*P;
+            for (j = 0; e1 > 0; j++, e1 >>= 1)
+                if (e1 & 1)
+                    dval(rv) *= tinytens[j];
+            if (scale && (j = 2*P + 1 - ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask)
+                    >> Exp_shift)) > 0) {
+                /* scaled rv is denormal; zap j low bits */
+                if (j >= 32) {
+                    word1(rv) = 0;
+                    if (j >= 53)
+                        word0(rv) = (P+2)*Exp_msk1;
+                    else
+                        word0(rv) &= 0xffffffff << (j-32);
+                }
+                else
+                    word1(rv) &= 0xffffffff << j;
+            }
+#else
+            for (j = 0; e1 > 1; j++, e1 >>= 1)
+                if (e1 & 1)
+                    dval(rv) *= tinytens[j];
+            /* The last multiplication could underflow. */
+            dval(rv0) = dval(rv);
+            dval(rv) *= tinytens[j];
+            if (!dval(rv)) {
+                dval(rv) = 2.*dval(rv0);
+                dval(rv) *= tinytens[j];
+#endif
+                if (!dval(rv)) {
+undfl:
+                    dval(rv) = 0.;
+#ifndef NO_ERRNO
+                    errno = ERANGE;
+#endif
+                    if (bd0)
+                        goto retfree;
+                    goto ret;
+                }
+#ifndef Avoid_Underflow
+                word0(rv) = Tiny0;
+                word1(rv) = Tiny1;
+                /* The refinement below will clean
+                 * this approximation up.
+                 */
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Now the hard part -- adjusting rv to the correct value.*/
+
+    /* Put digits into bd: true value = bd * 10^e */
+
+    bd0 = s2b(s0, nd0, nd, y);
+
+    for (;;) {
+        bd = Balloc(bd0->k);
+        Bcopy(bd, bd0);
+        bb = d2b(dval(rv), &bbe, &bbbits);  /* rv = bb * 2^bbe */
+        bs = i2b(1);
+
+        if (e >= 0) {
+            bb2 = bb5 = 0;
+            bd2 = bd5 = e;
+        }
+        else {
+            bb2 = bb5 = -e;
+            bd2 = bd5 = 0;
+        }
+        if (bbe >= 0)
+            bb2 += bbe;
+        else
+            bd2 -= bbe;
+        bs2 = bb2;
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+        if (rounding != 1)
+            bs2++;
+#endif
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+        j = bbe - scale;
+        i = j + bbbits - 1; /* logb(rv) */
+        if (i < Emin)   /* denormal */
+            j += P - Emin;
+        else
+            j = P + 1 - bbbits;
+#else /*Avoid_Underflow*/
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+#ifdef IBM
+        j = 1 + 4*P - 3 - bbbits + ((bbe + bbbits - 1) & 3);
+#else
+        j = P + 1 - bbbits;
+#endif
+#else /*Sudden_Underflow*/
+        j = bbe;
+        i = j + bbbits - 1; /* logb(rv) */
+        if (i < Emin)   /* denormal */
+            j += P - Emin;
+        else
+            j = P + 1 - bbbits;
+#endif /*Sudden_Underflow*/
+#endif /*Avoid_Underflow*/
+        bb2 += j;
+        bd2 += j;
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+        bd2 += scale;
+#endif
+        i = bb2 < bd2 ? bb2 : bd2;
+        if (i > bs2)
+            i = bs2;
+        if (i > 0) {
+            bb2 -= i;
+            bd2 -= i;
+            bs2 -= i;
+        }
+        if (bb5 > 0) {
+            bs = pow5mult(bs, bb5);
+            bb1 = mult(bs, bb);
+            Bfree(bb);
+            bb = bb1;
+        }
+        if (bb2 > 0)
+            bb = lshift(bb, bb2);
+        if (bd5 > 0)
+            bd = pow5mult(bd, bd5);
+        if (bd2 > 0)
+            bd = lshift(bd, bd2);
+        if (bs2 > 0)
+            bs = lshift(bs, bs2);
+        delta = diff(bb, bd);
+        dsign = delta->sign;
+        delta->sign = 0;
+        i = cmp(delta, bs);
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+        if (rounding != 1) {
+            if (i < 0) {
+                /* Error is less than an ulp */
+                if (!delta->x[0] && delta->wds <= 1) {
+                    /* exact */
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                    inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (rounding) {
+                    if (dsign) {
+                        adj = 1.;
+                        goto apply_adj;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (!dsign) {
+                    adj = -1.;
+                    if (!word1(rv)
+                     && !(word0(rv) & Frac_mask)) {
+                        y = word0(rv) & Exp_mask;
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+                        if (!scale || y > 2*P*Exp_msk1)
+#else
+                        if (y)
+#endif
+                        {
+                            delta = lshift(delta,Log2P);
+                            if (cmp(delta, bs) <= 0)
+                                adj = -0.5;
+                        }
+                    }
+apply_adj:
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+                    if (scale && (y = word0(rv) & Exp_mask)
+                            <= 2*P*Exp_msk1)
+                        word0(adj) += (2*P+1)*Exp_msk1 - y;
+#else
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+                    if ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <=
+                            P*Exp_msk1) {
+                        word0(rv) += P*Exp_msk1;
+                        dval(rv) += adj*ulp(dval(rv));
+                        word0(rv) -= P*Exp_msk1;
+                    }
+                    else
+#endif /*Sudden_Underflow*/
+#endif /*Avoid_Underflow*/
+                    dval(rv) += adj*ulp(dval(rv));
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            adj = ratio(delta, bs);
+            if (adj < 1.)
+                adj = 1.;
+            if (adj <= 0x7ffffffe) {
+                /* adj = rounding ? ceil(adj) : floor(adj); */
+                y = adj;
+                if (y != adj) {
+                    if (!((rounding>>1) ^ dsign))
+                        y++;
+                    adj = y;
+                }
+            }
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+            if (scale && (y = word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <= 2*P*Exp_msk1)
+                word0(adj) += (2*P+1)*Exp_msk1 - y;
+#else
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+            if ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <= P*Exp_msk1) {
+                word0(rv) += P*Exp_msk1;
+                adj *= ulp(dval(rv));
+                if (dsign)
+                    dval(rv) += adj;
+                else
+                    dval(rv) -= adj;
+                word0(rv) -= P*Exp_msk1;
+                goto cont;
+            }
+#endif /*Sudden_Underflow*/
+#endif /*Avoid_Underflow*/
+            adj *= ulp(dval(rv));
+            if (dsign)
+                dval(rv) += adj;
+            else
+                dval(rv) -= adj;
+            goto cont;
+        }
+#endif /*Honor_FLT_ROUNDS*/
+
+        if (i < 0) {
+            /* Error is less than half an ulp -- check for
+             * special case of mantissa a power of two.
+             */
+            if (dsign || word1(rv) || word0(rv) & Bndry_mask
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+                || (word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <= (2*P+1)*Exp_msk1
+#else
+                || (word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <= Exp_msk1
+#endif
+#endif
+            ) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                if (!delta->x[0] && delta->wds <= 1)
+                    inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!delta->x[0] && delta->wds <= 1) {
+                /* exact result */
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                break;
+            }
+            delta = lshift(delta,Log2P);
+            if (cmp(delta, bs) > 0)
+                goto drop_down;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (i == 0) {
+            /* exactly half-way between */
+            if (dsign) {
+                if ((word0(rv) & Bndry_mask1) == Bndry_mask1
+                        &&  word1(rv) == (
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+                        (scale && (y = word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <= 2*P*Exp_msk1)
+                        ? (0xffffffff & (0xffffffff << (2*P+1-(y>>Exp_shift)))) :
+#endif
+                        0xffffffff)) {
+                    /*boundary case -- increment exponent*/
+                    word0(rv) = (word0(rv) & Exp_mask)
+                                + Exp_msk1
+#ifdef IBM
+                                | Exp_msk1 >> 4
+#endif
+                    ;
+                    word1(rv) = 0;
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+                    dsign = 0;
+#endif
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (!(word0(rv) & Bndry_mask) && !word1(rv)) {
+drop_down:
+                /* boundary case -- decrement exponent */
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow /*{{*/
+                L = word0(rv) & Exp_mask;
+#ifdef IBM
+                if (L <  Exp_msk1)
+#else
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+                if (L <= (scale ? (2*P+1)*Exp_msk1 : Exp_msk1))
+#else
+                if (L <= Exp_msk1)
+#endif /*Avoid_Underflow*/
+#endif /*IBM*/
+                    goto undfl;
+                L -= Exp_msk1;
+#else /*Sudden_Underflow}{*/
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+                if (scale) {
+                    L = word0(rv) & Exp_mask;
+                    if (L <= (2*P+1)*Exp_msk1) {
+                        if (L > (P+2)*Exp_msk1)
+                            /* round even ==> */
+                            /* accept rv */
+                            break;
+                        /* rv = smallest denormal */
+                        goto undfl;
+                    }
+                }
+#endif /*Avoid_Underflow*/
+                L = (word0(rv) & Exp_mask) - Exp_msk1;
+#endif /*Sudden_Underflow}}*/
+                word0(rv) = L | Bndry_mask1;
+                word1(rv) = 0xffffffff;
+#ifdef IBM
+                goto cont;
+#else
+                break;
+#endif
+            }
+#ifndef ROUND_BIASED
+            if (!(word1(rv) & LSB))
+                break;
+#endif
+            if (dsign)
+                dval(rv) += ulp(dval(rv));
+#ifndef ROUND_BIASED
+            else {
+                dval(rv) -= ulp(dval(rv));
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+                if (!dval(rv))
+                    goto undfl;
+#endif
+            }
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+            dsign = 1 - dsign;
+#endif
+#endif
+            break;
+        }
+        if ((aadj = ratio(delta, bs)) <= 2.) {
+            if (dsign)
+                aadj = dval(aadj1) = 1.;
+            else if (word1(rv) || word0(rv) & Bndry_mask) {
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+                if (word1(rv) == Tiny1 && !word0(rv))
+                    goto undfl;
+#endif
+                aadj = 1.;
+                dval(aadj1) = -1.;
+            }
+            else {
+                /* special case -- power of FLT_RADIX to be */
+                /* rounded down... */
+
+                if (aadj < 2./FLT_RADIX)
+                    aadj = 1./FLT_RADIX;
+                else
+                    aadj *= 0.5;
+                dval(aadj1) = -aadj;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            aadj *= 0.5;
+            dval(aadj1) = dsign ? aadj : -aadj;
+#ifdef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+            switch (Rounding) {
+              case 2: /* towards +infinity */
+                dval(aadj1) -= 0.5;
+                break;
+              case 0: /* towards 0 */
+              case 3: /* towards -infinity */
+                dval(aadj1) += 0.5;
+            }
+#else
+            if (Flt_Rounds == 0)
+                dval(aadj1) += 0.5;
+#endif /*Check_FLT_ROUNDS*/
+        }
+        y = word0(rv) & Exp_mask;
+
+        /* Check for overflow */
+
+        if (y == Exp_msk1*(DBL_MAX_EXP+Bias-1)) {
+            dval(rv0) = dval(rv);
+            word0(rv) -= P*Exp_msk1;
+            adj = dval(aadj1) * ulp(dval(rv));
+            dval(rv) += adj;
+            if ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask) >=
+                    Exp_msk1*(DBL_MAX_EXP+Bias-P)) {
+                if (word0(rv0) == Big0 && word1(rv0) == Big1)
+                    goto ovfl;
+                word0(rv) = Big0;
+                word1(rv) = Big1;
+                goto cont;
+            }
+            else
+                word0(rv) += P*Exp_msk1;
+        }
+        else {
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+            if (scale && y <= 2*P*Exp_msk1) {
+                if (aadj <= 0x7fffffff) {
+                    if ((z = (int)aadj) <= 0)
+                        z = 1;
+                    aadj = z;
+                    dval(aadj1) = dsign ? aadj : -aadj;
+                }
+                word0(aadj1) += (2*P+1)*Exp_msk1 - y;
+            }
+            adj = dval(aadj1) * ulp(dval(rv));
+            dval(rv) += adj;
+#else
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+            if ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <= P*Exp_msk1) {
+                dval(rv0) = dval(rv);
+                word0(rv) += P*Exp_msk1;
+                adj = dval(aadj1) * ulp(dval(rv));
+                dval(rv) += adj;
+#ifdef IBM
+                if ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <  P*Exp_msk1)
+#else
+                if ((word0(rv) & Exp_mask) <= P*Exp_msk1)
+#endif
+                {
+                    if (word0(rv0) == Tiny0 && word1(rv0) == Tiny1)
+                        goto undfl;
+                    word0(rv) = Tiny0;
+                    word1(rv) = Tiny1;
+                    goto cont;
+                }
+                else
+                    word0(rv) -= P*Exp_msk1;
+            }
+            else {
+                adj = dval(aadj1) * ulp(dval(rv));
+                dval(rv) += adj;
+            }
+#else /*Sudden_Underflow*/
+            /* Compute adj so that the IEEE rounding rules will
+             * correctly round rv + adj in some half-way cases.
+             * If rv * ulp(rv) is denormalized (i.e.,
+             * y <= (P-1)*Exp_msk1), we must adjust aadj to avoid
+             * trouble from bits lost to denormalization;
+             * example: 1.2e-307 .
+             */
+            if (y <= (P-1)*Exp_msk1 && aadj > 1.) {
+                dval(aadj1) = (double)(int)(aadj + 0.5);
+                if (!dsign)
+                    dval(aadj1) = -dval(aadj1);
+            }
+            adj = dval(aadj1) * ulp(dval(rv));
+            dval(rv) += adj;
+#endif /*Sudden_Underflow*/
+#endif /*Avoid_Underflow*/
+        }
+        z = word0(rv) & Exp_mask;
+#ifndef SET_INEXACT
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+        if (!scale)
+#endif
+        if (y == z) {
+            /* Can we stop now? */
+            L = (Long)aadj;
+            aadj -= L;
+            /* The tolerances below are conservative. */
+            if (dsign || word1(rv) || word0(rv) & Bndry_mask) {
+                if (aadj < .4999999 || aadj > .5000001)
+                    break;
+            }
+            else if (aadj < .4999999/FLT_RADIX)
+                break;
+        }
+#endif
+cont:
+        Bfree(bb);
+        Bfree(bd);
+        Bfree(bs);
+        Bfree(delta);
+    }
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    if (inexact) {
+        if (!oldinexact) {
+            word0(rv0) = Exp_1 + (70 << Exp_shift);
+            word1(rv0) = 0;
+            dval(rv0) += 1.;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!oldinexact)
+        clear_inexact();
+#endif
+#ifdef Avoid_Underflow
+    if (scale) {
+        word0(rv0) = Exp_1 - 2*P*Exp_msk1;
+        word1(rv0) = 0;
+        dval(rv) *= dval(rv0);
+#ifndef NO_ERRNO
+        /* try to avoid the bug of testing an 8087 register value */
+        if (word0(rv) == 0 && word1(rv) == 0)
+            errno = ERANGE;
+#endif
+    }
+#endif /* Avoid_Underflow */
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    if (inexact && !(word0(rv) & Exp_mask)) {
+        /* set underflow bit */
+        dval(rv0) = 1e-300;
+        dval(rv0) *= dval(rv0);
+    }
+#endif
+retfree:
+    Bfree(bb);
+    Bfree(bd);
+    Bfree(bs);
+    Bfree(bd0);
+    Bfree(delta);
+ret:
+    if (se)
+        *se = (char *)s;
+    return sign ? -dval(rv) : dval(rv);
+}
+
+NO_SANITIZE("unsigned-integer-overflow", static int quorem(Bigint *b, Bigint *S));
+static int
+quorem(Bigint *b, Bigint *S)
+{
+    int n;
+    ULong *bx, *bxe, q, *sx, *sxe;
+#ifdef ULLong
+    ULLong borrow, carry, y, ys;
+#else
+    ULong borrow, carry, y, ys;
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    ULong si, z, zs;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    n = S->wds;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    /*debug*/ if (b->wds > n)
+    /*debug*/   Bug("oversize b in quorem");
+#endif
+    if (b->wds < n)
+        return 0;
+    sx = S->x;
+    sxe = sx + --n;
+    bx = b->x;
+    bxe = bx + n;
+    q = *bxe / (*sxe + 1);  /* ensure q <= true quotient */
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    /*debug*/ if (q > 9)
+    /*debug*/   Bug("oversized quotient in quorem");
+#endif
+    if (q) {
+        borrow = 0;
+        carry = 0;
+        do {
+#ifdef ULLong
+            ys = *sx++ * (ULLong)q + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 32;
+            y = *bx - (ys & FFFFFFFF) - borrow;
+            borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+            *bx++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+            si = *sx++;
+            ys = (si & 0xffff) * q + carry;
+            zs = (si >> 16) * q + (ys >> 16);
+            carry = zs >> 16;
+            y = (*bx & 0xffff) - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            z = (*bx >> 16) - (zs & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            Storeinc(bx, z, y);
+#else
+            ys = *sx++ * q + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 16;
+            y = *bx - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            *bx++ = y & 0xffff;
+#endif
+#endif
+        } while (sx <= sxe);
+        if (!*bxe) {
+            bx = b->x;
+            while (--bxe > bx && !*bxe)
+                --n;
+            b->wds = n;
+        }
+    }
+    if (cmp(b, S) >= 0) {
+        q++;
+        borrow = 0;
+        carry = 0;
+        bx = b->x;
+        sx = S->x;
+        do {
+#ifdef ULLong
+            ys = *sx++ + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 32;
+            y = *bx - (ys & FFFFFFFF) - borrow;
+            borrow = y >> 32 & (ULong)1;
+            *bx++ = (ULong)(y & FFFFFFFF);
+#else
+#ifdef Pack_32
+            si = *sx++;
+            ys = (si & 0xffff) + carry;
+            zs = (si >> 16) + (ys >> 16);
+            carry = zs >> 16;
+            y = (*bx & 0xffff) - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            z = (*bx >> 16) - (zs & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (z & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            Storeinc(bx, z, y);
+#else
+            ys = *sx++ + carry;
+            carry = ys >> 16;
+            y = *bx - (ys & 0xffff) - borrow;
+            borrow = (y & 0x10000) >> 16;
+            *bx++ = y & 0xffff;
+#endif
+#endif
+        } while (sx <= sxe);
+        bx = b->x;
+        bxe = bx + n;
+        if (!*bxe) {
+            while (--bxe > bx && !*bxe)
+                --n;
+            b->wds = n;
+        }
+    }
+    return q;
+}
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+static char *dtoa_result;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+static char *
+rv_alloc(int i)
+{
+    return dtoa_result = MALLOC(i);
+}
+#else
+#define rv_alloc(i) MALLOC(i)
+#endif
+
+static char *
+nrv_alloc(const char *s, char **rve, size_t n)
+{
+    char *rv, *t;
+
+    t = rv = rv_alloc(n);
+    while ((*t = *s++) != 0) t++;
+    if (rve)
+        *rve = t;
+    return rv;
+}
+
+#define rv_strdup(s, rve) nrv_alloc((s), (rve), strlen(s)+1)
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+/* freedtoa(s) must be used to free values s returned by dtoa
+ * when MULTIPLE_THREADS is #defined.  It should be used in all cases,
+ * but for consistency with earlier versions of dtoa, it is optional
+ * when MULTIPLE_THREADS is not defined.
+ */
+
+static void
+freedtoa(char *s)
+{
+    FREE(s);
+}
+#endif
+
+static const char INFSTR[] = "Infinity";
+static const char NANSTR[] = "NaN";
+static const char ZEROSTR[] = "0";
+
+/* dtoa for IEEE arithmetic (dmg): convert double to ASCII string.
+ *
+ * Inspired by "How to Print Floating-Point Numbers Accurately" by
+ * Guy L. Steele, Jr. and Jon L. White [Proc. ACM SIGPLAN '90, pp. 112-126].
+ *
+ * Modifications:
+ *  1. Rather than iterating, we use a simple numeric overestimate
+ *     to determine k = floor(log10(d)).  We scale relevant
+ *     quantities using O(log2(k)) rather than O(k) multiplications.
+ *  2. For some modes > 2 (corresponding to ecvt and fcvt), we don't
+ *     try to generate digits strictly left to right.  Instead, we
+ *     compute with fewer bits and propagate the carry if necessary
+ *     when rounding the final digit up.  This is often faster.
+ *  3. Under the assumption that input will be rounded nearest,
+ *     mode 0 renders 1e23 as 1e23 rather than 9.999999999999999e22.
+ *     That is, we allow equality in stopping tests when the
+ *     round-nearest rule will give the same floating-point value
+ *     as would satisfaction of the stopping test with strict
+ *     inequality.
+ *  4. We remove common factors of powers of 2 from relevant
+ *     quantities.
+ *  5. When converting floating-point integers less than 1e16,
+ *     we use floating-point arithmetic rather than resorting
+ *     to multiple-precision integers.
+ *  6. When asked to produce fewer than 15 digits, we first try
+ *     to get by with floating-point arithmetic; we resort to
+ *     multiple-precision integer arithmetic only if we cannot
+ *     guarantee that the floating-point calculation has given
+ *     the correctly rounded result.  For k requested digits and
+ *     "uniformly" distributed input, the probability is
+ *     something like 10^(k-15) that we must resort to the Long
+ *     calculation.
+ */
+
+char *
+dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve)
+{
+ /* Arguments ndigits, decpt, sign are similar to those
+    of ecvt and fcvt; trailing zeros are suppressed from
+    the returned string.  If not null, *rve is set to point
+    to the end of the return value.  If d is +-Infinity or NaN,
+    then *decpt is set to 9999.
+
+    mode:
+        0 ==> shortest string that yields d when read in
+            and rounded to nearest.
+        1 ==> like 0, but with Steele & White stopping rule;
+            e.g. with IEEE P754 arithmetic , mode 0 gives
+            1e23 whereas mode 1 gives 9.999999999999999e22.
+        2 ==> max(1,ndigits) significant digits.  This gives a
+            return value similar to that of ecvt, except
+            that trailing zeros are suppressed.
+        3 ==> through ndigits past the decimal point.  This
+            gives a return value similar to that from fcvt,
+            except that trailing zeros are suppressed, and
+            ndigits can be negative.
+        4,5 ==> similar to 2 and 3, respectively, but (in
+            round-nearest mode) with the tests of mode 0 to
+            possibly return a shorter string that rounds to d.
+            With IEEE arithmetic and compilation with
+            -DHonor_FLT_ROUNDS, modes 4 and 5 behave the same
+            as modes 2 and 3 when FLT_ROUNDS != 1.
+        6-9 ==> Debugging modes similar to mode - 4:  don't try
+            fast floating-point estimate (if applicable).
+
+        Values of mode other than 0-9 are treated as mode 0.
+
+        Sufficient space is allocated to the return value
+        to hold the suppressed trailing zeros.
+    */
+
+    int bbits, b2, b5, be, dig, i, ieps, ilim, ilim0, ilim1,
+        j, j1, k, k0, k_check, leftright, m2, m5, s2, s5,
+        spec_case, try_quick, half = 0;
+    Long L;
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+    int denorm;
+    ULong x;
+#endif
+    Bigint *b, *b1, *delta, *mlo = 0, *mhi = 0, *S;
+    double ds;
+    double_u d, d2, eps;
+    char *s, *s0;
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    int rounding;
+#endif
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    int inexact, oldinexact;
+#endif
+
+    dval(d) = d_;
+
+#ifndef MULTIPLE_THREADS
+    if (dtoa_result) {
+        freedtoa(dtoa_result);
+        dtoa_result = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (word0(d) & Sign_bit) {
+        /* set sign for everything, including 0's and NaNs */
+        *sign = 1;
+        word0(d) &= ~Sign_bit;  /* clear sign bit */
+    }
+    else
+        *sign = 0;
+
+#if defined(IEEE_Arith) + defined(VAX)
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+    if ((word0(d) & Exp_mask) == Exp_mask)
+#else
+    if (word0(d)  == 0x8000)
+#endif
+    {
+        /* Infinity or NaN */
+        *decpt = 9999;
+#ifdef IEEE_Arith
+        if (!word1(d) && !(word0(d) & 0xfffff))
+            return rv_strdup(INFSTR, rve);
+#endif
+        return rv_strdup(NANSTR, rve);
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+    dval(d) += 0; /* normalize */
+#endif
+    if (!dval(d)) {
+        *decpt = 1;
+        return rv_strdup(ZEROSTR, rve);
+    }
+
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    try_quick = oldinexact = get_inexact();
+    inexact = 1;
+#endif
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    if ((rounding = Flt_Rounds) >= 2) {
+        if (*sign)
+            rounding = rounding == 2 ? 0 : 2;
+        else
+            if (rounding != 2)
+                rounding = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    b = d2b(dval(d), &be, &bbits);
+#ifdef Sudden_Underflow
+    i = (int)(word0(d) >> Exp_shift1 & (Exp_mask>>Exp_shift1));
+#else
+    if ((i = (int)(word0(d) >> Exp_shift1 & (Exp_mask>>Exp_shift1))) != 0) {
+#endif
+        dval(d2) = dval(d);
+        word0(d2) &= Frac_mask1;
+        word0(d2) |= Exp_11;
+#ifdef IBM
+        if (j = 11 - hi0bits(word0(d2) & Frac_mask))
+            dval(d2) /= 1 << j;
+#endif
+
+        /* log(x)   ~=~ log(1.5) + (x-1.5)/1.5
+         * log10(x)  =  log(x) / log(10)
+         *      ~=~ log(1.5)/log(10) + (x-1.5)/(1.5*log(10))
+         * log10(d) = (i-Bias)*log(2)/log(10) + log10(d2)
+         *
+         * This suggests computing an approximation k to log10(d) by
+         *
+         * k = (i - Bias)*0.301029995663981
+         *  + ( (d2-1.5)*0.289529654602168 + 0.176091259055681 );
+         *
+         * We want k to be too large rather than too small.
+         * The error in the first-order Taylor series approximation
+         * is in our favor, so we just round up the constant enough
+         * to compensate for any error in the multiplication of
+         * (i - Bias) by 0.301029995663981; since |i - Bias| <= 1077,
+         * and 1077 * 0.30103 * 2^-52 ~=~ 7.2e-14,
+         * adding 1e-13 to the constant term more than suffices.
+         * Hence we adjust the constant term to 0.1760912590558.
+         * (We could get a more accurate k by invoking log10,
+         *  but this is probably not worthwhile.)
+         */
+
+        i -= Bias;
+#ifdef IBM
+        i <<= 2;
+        i += j;
+#endif
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+        denorm = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* d is denormalized */
+
+        i = bbits + be + (Bias + (P-1) - 1);
+        x = i > 32  ? word0(d) << (64 - i) | word1(d) >> (i - 32)
+	    : word1(d) << (32 - i);
+        dval(d2) = x;
+        word0(d2) -= 31*Exp_msk1; /* adjust exponent */
+        i -= (Bias + (P-1) - 1) + 1;
+        denorm = 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    ds = (dval(d2)-1.5)*0.289529654602168 + 0.1760912590558 + i*0.301029995663981;
+    k = (int)ds;
+    if (ds < 0. && ds != k)
+        k--;    /* want k = floor(ds) */
+    k_check = 1;
+    if (k >= 0 && k <= Ten_pmax) {
+        if (dval(d) < tens[k])
+            k--;
+        k_check = 0;
+    }
+    j = bbits - i - 1;
+    if (j >= 0) {
+        b2 = 0;
+        s2 = j;
+    }
+    else {
+        b2 = -j;
+        s2 = 0;
+    }
+    if (k >= 0) {
+        b5 = 0;
+        s5 = k;
+        s2 += k;
+    }
+    else {
+        b2 -= k;
+        b5 = -k;
+        s5 = 0;
+    }
+    if (mode < 0 || mode > 9)
+        mode = 0;
+
+#ifndef SET_INEXACT
+#ifdef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+    try_quick = Rounding == 1;
+#else
+    try_quick = 1;
+#endif
+#endif /*SET_INEXACT*/
+
+    if (mode > 5) {
+        mode -= 4;
+        try_quick = 0;
+    }
+    leftright = 1;
+    ilim = ilim1 = -1;
+    switch (mode) {
+      case 0:
+      case 1:
+        i = 18;
+        ndigits = 0;
+        break;
+      case 2:
+        leftright = 0;
+        /* no break */
+      case 4:
+        if (ndigits <= 0)
+            ndigits = 1;
+        ilim = ilim1 = i = ndigits;
+        break;
+      case 3:
+        leftright = 0;
+        /* no break */
+      case 5:
+        i = ndigits + k + 1;
+        ilim = i;
+        ilim1 = i - 1;
+        if (i <= 0)
+            i = 1;
+    }
+    s = s0 = rv_alloc(i+1);
+
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    if (mode > 1 && rounding != 1)
+        leftright = 0;
+#endif
+
+    if (ilim >= 0 && ilim <= Quick_max && try_quick) {
+
+        /* Try to get by with floating-point arithmetic. */
+
+        i = 0;
+        dval(d2) = dval(d);
+        k0 = k;
+        ilim0 = ilim;
+        ieps = 2; /* conservative */
+        if (k > 0) {
+            ds = tens[k&0xf];
+            j = k >> 4;
+            if (j & Bletch) {
+                /* prevent overflows */
+                j &= Bletch - 1;
+                dval(d) /= bigtens[n_bigtens-1];
+                ieps++;
+            }
+            for (; j; j >>= 1, i++)
+                if (j & 1) {
+                    ieps++;
+                    ds *= bigtens[i];
+                }
+            dval(d) /= ds;
+        }
+        else if ((j1 = -k) != 0) {
+            dval(d) *= tens[j1 & 0xf];
+            for (j = j1 >> 4; j; j >>= 1, i++)
+                if (j & 1) {
+                    ieps++;
+                    dval(d) *= bigtens[i];
+                }
+        }
+        if (k_check && dval(d) < 1. && ilim > 0) {
+            if (ilim1 <= 0)
+                goto fast_failed;
+            ilim = ilim1;
+            k--;
+            dval(d) *= 10.;
+            ieps++;
+        }
+        dval(eps) = ieps*dval(d) + 7.;
+        word0(eps) -= (P-1)*Exp_msk1;
+        if (ilim == 0) {
+            S = mhi = 0;
+            dval(d) -= 5.;
+            if (dval(d) > dval(eps))
+                goto one_digit;
+            if (dval(d) < -dval(eps))
+                goto no_digits;
+            goto fast_failed;
+        }
+#ifndef No_leftright
+        if (leftright) {
+            /* Use Steele & White method of only
+             * generating digits needed.
+             */
+            dval(eps) = 0.5/tens[ilim-1] - dval(eps);
+            for (i = 0;;) {
+                L = (int)dval(d);
+                dval(d) -= L;
+                *s++ = '0' + (int)L;
+                if (dval(d) < dval(eps))
+                    goto ret1;
+                if (1. - dval(d) < dval(eps))
+                    goto bump_up;
+                if (++i >= ilim)
+                    break;
+                dval(eps) *= 10.;
+                dval(d) *= 10.;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+#endif
+            /* Generate ilim digits, then fix them up. */
+            dval(eps) *= tens[ilim-1];
+            for (i = 1;; i++, dval(d) *= 10.) {
+                L = (Long)(dval(d));
+                if (!(dval(d) -= L))
+                    ilim = i;
+                *s++ = '0' + (int)L;
+                if (i == ilim) {
+                    if (dval(d) > 0.5 + dval(eps))
+                        goto bump_up;
+                    else if (dval(d) < 0.5 - dval(eps)) {
+                        while (*--s == '0') ;
+                        s++;
+                        goto ret1;
+                    }
+                    half = 1;
+                    if ((*(s-1) - '0') & 1) {
+                        goto bump_up;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+#ifndef No_leftright
+        }
+#endif
+fast_failed:
+        s = s0;
+        dval(d) = dval(d2);
+        k = k0;
+        ilim = ilim0;
+    }
+
+    /* Do we have a "small" integer? */
+
+    if (be >= 0 && k <= Int_max) {
+        /* Yes. */
+        ds = tens[k];
+        if (ndigits < 0 && ilim <= 0) {
+            S = mhi = 0;
+            if (ilim < 0 || dval(d) <= 5*ds)
+                goto no_digits;
+            goto one_digit;
+        }
+        for (i = 1;; i++, dval(d) *= 10.) {
+            L = (Long)(dval(d) / ds);
+            dval(d) -= L*ds;
+#ifdef Check_FLT_ROUNDS
+            /* If FLT_ROUNDS == 2, L will usually be high by 1 */
+            if (dval(d) < 0) {
+                L--;
+                dval(d) += ds;
+            }
+#endif
+            *s++ = '0' + (int)L;
+            if (!dval(d)) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                break;
+            }
+            if (i == ilim) {
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                if (mode > 1)
+                switch (rounding) {
+                  case 0: goto ret1;
+                  case 2: goto bump_up;
+                }
+#endif
+                dval(d) += dval(d);
+                if (dval(d) > ds || (dval(d) == ds && (L & 1))) {
+bump_up:
+                    while (*--s == '9')
+                        if (s == s0) {
+                            k++;
+                            *s = '0';
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    ++*s++;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        goto ret1;
+    }
+
+    m2 = b2;
+    m5 = b5;
+    if (leftright) {
+        i =
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+            denorm ? be + (Bias + (P-1) - 1 + 1) :
+#endif
+#ifdef IBM
+            1 + 4*P - 3 - bbits + ((bbits + be - 1) & 3);
+#else
+            1 + P - bbits;
+#endif
+        b2 += i;
+        s2 += i;
+        mhi = i2b(1);
+    }
+    if (m2 > 0 && s2 > 0) {
+        i = m2 < s2 ? m2 : s2;
+        b2 -= i;
+        m2 -= i;
+        s2 -= i;
+    }
+    if (b5 > 0) {
+        if (leftright) {
+            if (m5 > 0) {
+                mhi = pow5mult(mhi, m5);
+                b1 = mult(mhi, b);
+                Bfree(b);
+                b = b1;
+            }
+            if ((j = b5 - m5) != 0)
+                b = pow5mult(b, j);
+        }
+        else
+            b = pow5mult(b, b5);
+    }
+    S = i2b(1);
+    if (s5 > 0)
+        S = pow5mult(S, s5);
+
+    /* Check for special case that d is a normalized power of 2. */
+
+    spec_case = 0;
+    if ((mode < 2 || leftright)
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+            && rounding == 1
+#endif
+    ) {
+        if (!word1(d) && !(word0(d) & Bndry_mask)
+#ifndef Sudden_Underflow
+            && word0(d) & (Exp_mask & ~Exp_msk1)
+#endif
+        ) {
+            /* The special case */
+            b2 += Log2P;
+            s2 += Log2P;
+            spec_case = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Arrange for convenient computation of quotients:
+     * shift left if necessary so divisor has 4 leading 0 bits.
+     *
+     * Perhaps we should just compute leading 28 bits of S once
+     * and for all and pass them and a shift to quorem, so it
+     * can do shifts and ors to compute the numerator for q.
+     */
+#ifdef Pack_32
+    if ((i = ((s5 ? 32 - hi0bits(S->x[S->wds-1]) : 1) + s2) & 0x1f) != 0)
+        i = 32 - i;
+#else
+    if ((i = ((s5 ? 32 - hi0bits(S->x[S->wds-1]) : 1) + s2) & 0xf) != 0)
+        i = 16 - i;
+#endif
+    if (i > 4) {
+        i -= 4;
+        b2 += i;
+        m2 += i;
+        s2 += i;
+    }
+    else if (i < 4) {
+        i += 28;
+        b2 += i;
+        m2 += i;
+        s2 += i;
+    }
+    if (b2 > 0)
+        b = lshift(b, b2);
+    if (s2 > 0)
+        S = lshift(S, s2);
+    if (k_check) {
+        if (cmp(b,S) < 0) {
+            k--;
+            b = multadd(b, 10, 0);  /* we botched the k estimate */
+            if (leftright)
+                mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+            ilim = ilim1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (ilim <= 0 && (mode == 3 || mode == 5)) {
+        if (ilim < 0 || cmp(b,S = multadd(S,5,0)) <= 0) {
+            /* no digits, fcvt style */
+no_digits:
+            k = -1 - ndigits;
+            goto ret;
+        }
+one_digit:
+        *s++ = '1';
+        k++;
+        goto ret;
+    }
+    if (leftright) {
+        if (m2 > 0)
+            mhi = lshift(mhi, m2);
+
+        /* Compute mlo -- check for special case
+         * that d is a normalized power of 2.
+         */
+
+        mlo = mhi;
+        if (spec_case) {
+            mhi = Balloc(mhi->k);
+            Bcopy(mhi, mlo);
+            mhi = lshift(mhi, Log2P);
+        }
+
+        for (i = 1;;i++) {
+            dig = quorem(b,S) + '0';
+            /* Do we yet have the shortest decimal string
+             * that will round to d?
+             */
+            j = cmp(b, mlo);
+            delta = diff(S, mhi);
+            j1 = delta->sign ? 1 : cmp(b, delta);
+            Bfree(delta);
+#ifndef ROUND_BIASED
+            if (j1 == 0 && mode != 1 && !(word1(d) & 1)
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                && rounding >= 1
+#endif
+            ) {
+                if (dig == '9')
+                    goto round_9_up;
+                if (j > 0)
+                    dig++;
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                else if (!b->x[0] && b->wds <= 1)
+                    inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                *s++ = dig;
+                goto ret;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (j < 0 || (j == 0 && mode != 1
+#ifndef ROUND_BIASED
+                && !(word1(d) & 1)
+#endif
+            )) {
+                if (!b->x[0] && b->wds <= 1) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                    inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                    goto accept_dig;
+                }
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                if (mode > 1)
+                    switch (rounding) {
+                      case 0: goto accept_dig;
+                      case 2: goto keep_dig;
+                    }
+#endif /*Honor_FLT_ROUNDS*/
+                if (j1 > 0) {
+                    b = lshift(b, 1);
+                    j1 = cmp(b, S);
+                    if ((j1 > 0 || (j1 == 0 && (dig & 1))) && dig++ == '9')
+                        goto round_9_up;
+                }
+accept_dig:
+                *s++ = dig;
+                goto ret;
+            }
+            if (j1 > 0) {
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+                if (!rounding)
+                    goto accept_dig;
+#endif
+                if (dig == '9') { /* possible if i == 1 */
+round_9_up:
+                    *s++ = '9';
+                    goto roundoff;
+                }
+                *s++ = dig + 1;
+                goto ret;
+            }
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+keep_dig:
+#endif
+            *s++ = dig;
+            if (i == ilim)
+                break;
+            b = multadd(b, 10, 0);
+            if (mlo == mhi)
+                mlo = mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+            else {
+                mlo = multadd(mlo, 10, 0);
+                mhi = multadd(mhi, 10, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+            *s++ = dig = quorem(b,S) + '0';
+            if (!b->x[0] && b->wds <= 1) {
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+                inexact = 0;
+#endif
+                goto ret;
+            }
+            if (i >= ilim)
+                break;
+            b = multadd(b, 10, 0);
+        }
+
+    /* Round off last digit */
+
+#ifdef Honor_FLT_ROUNDS
+    switch (rounding) {
+      case 0: goto trimzeros;
+      case 2: goto roundoff;
+    }
+#endif
+    b = lshift(b, 1);
+    j = cmp(b, S);
+    if (j > 0 || (j == 0 && (dig & 1))) {
+ roundoff:
+        while (*--s == '9')
+            if (s == s0) {
+                k++;
+                *s++ = '1';
+                goto ret;
+            }
+        if (!half || (*s - '0') & 1)
+            ++*s;
+    }
+    else {
+        while (*--s == '0') ;
+    }
+    s++;
+ret:
+    Bfree(S);
+    if (mhi) {
+        if (mlo && mlo != mhi)
+            Bfree(mlo);
+        Bfree(mhi);
+    }
+ret1:
+#ifdef SET_INEXACT
+    if (inexact) {
+        if (!oldinexact) {
+            word0(d) = Exp_1 + (70 << Exp_shift);
+            word1(d) = 0;
+            dval(d) += 1.;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (!oldinexact)
+        clear_inexact();
+#endif
+    Bfree(b);
+    *s = 0;
+    *decpt = k + 1;
+    if (rve)
+        *rve = s;
+    return s0;
+}
+
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2004-2008 David Schultz <das@FreeBSD.ORG>
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#define	DBL_MANH_SIZE	20
+#define	DBL_MANL_SIZE	32
+#define	DBL_ADJ	(DBL_MAX_EXP - 2)
+#define	SIGFIGS	((DBL_MANT_DIG + 3) / 4 + 1)
+#define dexp_get(u) ((int)(word0(u) >> Exp_shift) & ~Exp_msk1)
+#define dexp_set(u,v) (word0(u) = (((int)(word0(u)) & ~Exp_mask) | ((v) << Exp_shift)))
+#define dmanh_get(u) ((uint32_t)(word0(u) & Frac_mask))
+#define dmanl_get(u) ((uint32_t)word1(u))
+
+
+/*
+ * This procedure converts a double-precision number in IEEE format
+ * into a string of hexadecimal digits and an exponent of 2.  Its
+ * behavior is bug-for-bug compatible with dtoa() in mode 2, with the
+ * following exceptions:
+ *
+ * - An ndigits < 0 causes it to use as many digits as necessary to
+ *   represent the number exactly.
+ * - The additional xdigs argument should point to either the string
+ *   "0123456789ABCDEF" or the string "0123456789abcdef", depending on
+ *   which case is desired.
+ * - This routine does not repeat dtoa's mistake of setting decpt
+ *   to 9999 in the case of an infinity or NaN.  INT_MAX is used
+ *   for this purpose instead.
+ *
+ * Note that the C99 standard does not specify what the leading digit
+ * should be for non-zero numbers.  For instance, 0x1.3p3 is the same
+ * as 0x2.6p2 is the same as 0x4.cp3.  This implementation always makes
+ * the leading digit a 1. This ensures that the exponent printed is the
+ * actual base-2 exponent, i.e., ilogb(d).
+ *
+ * Inputs:	d, xdigs, ndigits
+ * Outputs:	decpt, sign, rve
+ */
+char *
+hdtoa(double d, const char *xdigs, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve)
+{
+	U u;
+	char *s, *s0;
+	int bufsize;
+	uint32_t manh, manl;
+
+	u.d = d;
+	if (word0(u) & Sign_bit) {
+	    /* set sign for everything, including 0's and NaNs */
+	    *sign = 1;
+	    word0(u) &= ~Sign_bit;  /* clear sign bit */
+	}
+	else
+	    *sign = 0;
+
+	if (isinf(d)) { /* FP_INFINITE */
+	    *decpt = INT_MAX;
+	    return rv_strdup(INFSTR, rve);
+	}
+	else if (isnan(d)) { /* FP_NAN */
+	    *decpt = INT_MAX;
+	    return rv_strdup(NANSTR, rve);
+	}
+	else if (d == 0.0) { /* FP_ZERO */
+	    *decpt = 1;
+	    return rv_strdup(ZEROSTR, rve);
+	}
+	else if (dexp_get(u)) { /* FP_NORMAL */
+	    *decpt = dexp_get(u) - DBL_ADJ;
+	}
+	else { /* FP_SUBNORMAL */
+	    u.d *= 5.363123171977039e+154 /* 0x1p514 */;
+	    *decpt = dexp_get(u) - (514 + DBL_ADJ);
+	}
+
+	if (ndigits == 0)		/* dtoa() compatibility */
+		ndigits = 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * If ndigits < 0, we are expected to auto-size, so we allocate
+	 * enough space for all the digits.
+	 */
+	bufsize = (ndigits > 0) ? ndigits : SIGFIGS;
+	s0 = rv_alloc(bufsize+1);
+
+	/* Round to the desired number of digits. */
+	if (SIGFIGS > ndigits && ndigits > 0) {
+		float redux = 1.0f;
+		int offset = 4 * ndigits + DBL_MAX_EXP - 4 - DBL_MANT_DIG;
+		dexp_set(u, offset);
+		u.d += redux;
+		u.d -= redux;
+		*decpt += dexp_get(u) - offset;
+	}
+
+	manh = dmanh_get(u);
+	manl = dmanl_get(u);
+	*s0 = '1';
+	for (s = s0 + 1; s < s0 + bufsize; s++) {
+		*s = xdigs[(manh >> (DBL_MANH_SIZE - 4)) & 0xf];
+		manh = (manh << 4) | (manl >> (DBL_MANL_SIZE - 4));
+		manl <<= 4;
+	}
+
+	/* If ndigits < 0, we are expected to auto-size the precision. */
+	if (ndigits < 0) {
+		for (ndigits = SIGFIGS; s0[ndigits - 1] == '0'; ndigits--)
+			;
+	}
+
+	s = s0 + ndigits;
+	*s = '\0';
+	if (rve != NULL)
+		*rve = s;
+	return (s0);
+}
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#if 0
+{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
+#endif
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/missing/dup2.c b/missing/dup2.c
index 7554084c5d..7f2b78c10f 100644
--- a/missing/dup2.c
+++ b/missing/dup2.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * Return fd2 if all went well; return BADEXIT otherwise.
  */
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL)
 # include <fcntl.h>
diff --git a/missing/explicit_bzero.c b/missing/explicit_bzero.c
index a7ff9cb517..1220e5f9ad 100644
--- a/missing/explicit_bzero.c
+++ b/missing/explicit_bzero.c
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 
 /* OS support note:
  * BSDs have explicit_bzero().
- * OS-X has memset_s().
+ * macOS has memset_s().
  * Windows has SecureZeroMemory() since XP.
- * Linux has none. *Sigh*
+ * Linux has explicit_bzero() since glibc 2.25, musl libc 1.1.20.
  */
 
 /*
@@ -33,7 +33,13 @@
 
 #undef explicit_bzero
 #ifndef HAVE_EXPLICIT_BZERO
- #ifdef HAVE_MEMSET_S
+ #ifdef HAVE_EXPLICIT_MEMSET
+void
+explicit_bzero(void *b, size_t len)
+{
+    (void)explicit_memset(b, 0, len);
+}
+ #elif defined HAVE_MEMSET_S
 void
 explicit_bzero(void *b, size_t len)
 {
diff --git a/missing/file.h b/missing/file.h
index 241d716563..5e25c4761c 100644
--- a/missing/file.h
+++ b/missing/file.h
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-/* This is file FILE.H */
-
 #ifndef _FILE_H_
 #define _FILE_H_
+/* This is file FILE.H */
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 
diff --git a/missing/fileblocks.c b/missing/fileblocks.c
deleted file mode 100644
index ccb8d667b4..0000000000
--- a/missing/fileblocks.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/* dummy for autoconf */
diff --git a/missing/flock.c b/missing/flock.c
index 829f431ddc..c0b3f80601 100644
--- a/missing/flock.c
+++ b/missing/flock.c
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 #if defined _WIN32
-#elif defined HAVE_FCNTL && defined HAVE_FCNTL_H && !defined(__native_client__)
+#elif defined HAVE_FCNTL && defined HAVE_FCNTL_H
 
 /* These are the flock() constants.  Since this systems doesn't have
    flock(), the values of the constants are probably not available.
diff --git a/missing/isinf.c b/missing/isinf.c
index 55187adc63..ba24b7768b 100644
--- a/missing/isinf.c
+++ b/missing/isinf.c
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ isinf(double n)
 
 #else
 
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
 #if defined(HAVE_FINITE) && defined(HAVE_ISNAN)
 
diff --git a/missing/memcmp.c b/missing/memcmp.c
index a81eec4244..9657e6c372 100644
--- a/missing/memcmp.c
+++ b/missing/memcmp.c
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t len)
     register int tmp;
 
     for (; len; --len) {
-	if (tmp = *a++ - *b++)
+	tmp = *a++ - *b++;
+	if (tmp)
 	    return tmp;
     }
     return 0;
diff --git a/missing/mt19937.c b/missing/mt19937.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf1da349fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/missing/mt19937.c
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+This is based on trimmed version of MT19937.  To get the original version,
+contact <http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html>.
+
+The original copyright notice follows.
+
+   A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/2/10.
+   Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.
+   This is a faster version by taking Shawn Cokus's optimization,
+   Matthe Bellew's simplification, Isaku Wada's real version.
+
+   Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(mt, seed)
+   or init_by_array(mt, init_key, key_length).
+
+   Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+
+     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+        products derived from this software without specific prior written
+        permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+   Any feedback is very welcome.
+   http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/matumoto/emt.html
+   email: matumoto@math.keio.ac.jp
+*/
+
+/* Period parameters */
+#define N 624
+#define M 397
+#define MATRIX_A 0x9908b0dfU	/* constant vector a */
+#define UMASK 0x80000000U	/* most significant w-r bits */
+#define LMASK 0x7fffffffU	/* least significant r bits */
+#define MIXBITS(u,v) ( ((u) & UMASK) | ((v) & LMASK) )
+#define TWIST(u,v) ((MIXBITS((u),(v)) >> 1) ^ ((v)&1U ? MATRIX_A : 0U))
+
+enum {MT_MAX_STATE = N};
+
+struct MT {
+    /* assume int is enough to store 32bits */
+    uint32_t state[N]; /* the array for the state vector  */
+    uint32_t *next;
+    int left;
+};
+
+#define genrand_initialized(mt) ((mt)->next != 0)
+#define uninit_genrand(mt) ((mt)->next = 0)
+
+NO_SANITIZE("unsigned-integer-overflow", static void init_genrand(struct MT *mt, unsigned int s));
+NO_SANITIZE("unsigned-integer-overflow", static void init_by_array(struct MT *mt, const uint32_t init_key[], int key_length));
+
+/* initializes state[N] with a seed */
+static void
+init_genrand(struct MT *mt, unsigned int s)
+{
+    int j;
+    mt->state[0] = s & 0xffffffffU;
+    for (j=1; j<N; j++) {
+        mt->state[j] = (1812433253U * (mt->state[j-1] ^ (mt->state[j-1] >> 30)) + j);
+        /* See Knuth TAOCP Vol2. 3rd Ed. P.106 for multiplier. */
+        /* In the previous versions, MSBs of the seed affect   */
+        /* only MSBs of the array state[].                     */
+        /* 2002/01/09 modified by Makoto Matsumoto             */
+        mt->state[j] &= 0xffffffff;  /* for >32 bit machines */
+    }
+    mt->left = 1;
+    mt->next = mt->state + N;
+}
+
+/* initialize by an array with array-length */
+/* init_key is the array for initializing keys */
+/* key_length is its length */
+/* slight change for C++, 2004/2/26 */
+static void
+init_by_array(struct MT *mt, const uint32_t init_key[], int key_length)
+{
+    int i, j, k;
+    init_genrand(mt, 19650218U);
+    i=1; j=0;
+    k = (N>key_length ? N : key_length);
+    for (; k; k--) {
+        mt->state[i] = (mt->state[i] ^ ((mt->state[i-1] ^ (mt->state[i-1] >> 30)) * 1664525U))
+          + init_key[j] + j; /* non linear */
+        mt->state[i] &= 0xffffffffU; /* for WORDSIZE > 32 machines */
+        i++; j++;
+        if (i>=N) { mt->state[0] = mt->state[N-1]; i=1; }
+        if (j>=key_length) j=0;
+    }
+    for (k=N-1; k; k--) {
+        mt->state[i] = (mt->state[i] ^ ((mt->state[i-1] ^ (mt->state[i-1] >> 30)) * 1566083941U))
+          - i; /* non linear */
+        mt->state[i] &= 0xffffffffU; /* for WORDSIZE > 32 machines */
+        i++;
+        if (i>=N) { mt->state[0] = mt->state[N-1]; i=1; }
+    }
+
+    mt->state[0] = 0x80000000U; /* MSB is 1; assuring non-zero initial array */
+}
+
+static void
+next_state(struct MT *mt)
+{
+    uint32_t *p = mt->state;
+    int j;
+
+    mt->left = N;
+    mt->next = mt->state;
+
+    for (j=N-M+1; --j; p++)
+        *p = p[M] ^ TWIST(p[0], p[1]);
+
+    for (j=M; --j; p++)
+        *p = p[M-N] ^ TWIST(p[0], p[1]);
+
+    *p = p[M-N] ^ TWIST(p[0], mt->state[0]);
+}
+
+/* generates a random number on [0,0xffffffff]-interval */
+static unsigned int
+genrand_int32(struct MT *mt)
+{
+    /* mt must be initialized */
+    unsigned int y;
+
+    if (--mt->left <= 0) next_state(mt);
+    y = *mt->next++;
+
+    /* Tempering */
+    y ^= (y >> 11);
+    y ^= (y << 7) & 0x9d2c5680;
+    y ^= (y << 15) & 0xefc60000;
+    y ^= (y >> 18);
+
+    return y;
+}
diff --git a/missing/nan.c b/missing/nan.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..686c48a336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/missing/nan.c
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#include "ruby/missing.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+double
+nan(const char *spec)
+{
+#if 0
+    /* FIXME: we have not yet seen any situation this is
+     * necessary. Please write a proper implementation that
+     * covers this branch.  */
+    if (spec && spec[0]) {
+	double generated_nan;
+	int len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "NAN(%s)", spec);
+	char *buf = malloc(len + 1); /* +1 for NUL */
+	sprintf(buf, "NAN(%s)", spec);
+	generated_nan = strtod(buf, NULL);
+	free(buf);
+	return generated_nan;
+    }
+    else
+#endif
+    {
+	assert(!spec || !spec[0]);
+	return (double)NAN;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/missing/procstat_vm.c b/missing/procstat_vm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76fd8f61ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/missing/procstat_vm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include <sys/user.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <libprocstat.h>
+# ifndef KVME_TYPE_MGTDEVICE
+# define KVME_TYPE_MGTDEVICE     8
+# endif
+void
+procstat_vm(struct procstat *procstat, struct kinfo_proc *kipp)
+{
+	struct kinfo_vmentry *freep, *kve;
+	int ptrwidth;
+	unsigned int i, cnt;
+	const char *str;
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+	ptrwidth = 14;
+#else
+	ptrwidth = 2*sizeof(void *) + 2;
+#endif
+	fprintf(stderr, "%*s %*s %3s %4s %4s %3s %3s %4s %-2s %-s\n",
+		ptrwidth, "START", ptrwidth, "END", "PRT", "RES",
+		"P""RES", "REF", "SHD", "FL", "TP", "PATH");
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PROCSTAT_GETVMMAP
+	freep = procstat_getvmmap(procstat, kipp, &cnt);
+#else
+	freep = kinfo_getvmmap(kipp->ki_pid, &cnt);
+#endif
+	if (freep == NULL)
+		return;
+	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+		kve = &freep[i];
+		fprintf(stderr, "%#*jx ", ptrwidth, (uintmax_t)kve->kve_start);
+		fprintf(stderr, "%#*jx ", ptrwidth, (uintmax_t)kve->kve_end);
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s", kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_READ ? "r" : "-");
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s", kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_WRITE ? "w" : "-");
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s ", kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_EXEC ? "x" : "-");
+		fprintf(stderr, "%4d ", kve->kve_resident);
+		fprintf(stderr, "%4d ", kve->kve_private_resident);
+		fprintf(stderr, "%3d ", kve->kve_ref_count);
+		fprintf(stderr, "%3d ", kve->kve_shadow_count);
+		fprintf(stderr, "%-1s", kve->kve_flags & KVME_FLAG_COW ? "C" : "-");
+		fprintf(stderr, "%-1s", kve->kve_flags & KVME_FLAG_NEEDS_COPY ? "N" :
+		    "-");
+		fprintf(stderr, "%-1s", kve->kve_flags & KVME_FLAG_SUPER ? "S" : "-");
+		fprintf(stderr, "%-1s ", kve->kve_flags & KVME_FLAG_GROWS_UP ? "U" :
+		    kve->kve_flags & KVME_FLAG_GROWS_DOWN ? "D" : "-");
+		switch (kve->kve_type) {
+		case KVME_TYPE_NONE:
+			str = "--";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_DEFAULT:
+			str = "df";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_VNODE:
+			str = "vn";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_SWAP:
+			str = "sw";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_DEVICE:
+			str = "dv";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_PHYS:
+			str = "ph";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_DEAD:
+			str = "dd";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_SG:
+			str = "sg";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_MGTDEVICE:
+			str = "md";
+			break;
+		case KVME_TYPE_UNKNOWN:
+		default:
+			str = "??";
+			break;
+		}
+		fprintf(stderr, "%-2s ", str);
+		fprintf(stderr, "%-s\n", kve->kve_path);
+	}
+	free(freep);
+}
diff --git a/missing/setproctitle.c b/missing/setproctitle.c
index 9fceeee52b..811829c060 100644
--- a/missing/setproctitle.c
+++ b/missing/setproctitle.c
@@ -152,10 +152,9 @@ setproctitle(const char *fmt, ...)
 		return;
 #endif
 
+	/* fmt must be non-NULL */
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	if (fmt != NULL) {
-		vsnprintf(ptitle, sizeof(ptitle) , fmt, ap);
-	}
+	vsnprintf(ptitle, sizeof(ptitle), fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 
 #if SPT_TYPE == SPT_PSTAT
diff --git a/missing/strerror.c b/missing/strerror.c
index 907b5aee0d..d3b61c3f12 100644
--- a/missing/strerror.c
+++ b/missing/strerror.c
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ strerror(int error)
     if (error <= sys_nerr && error > 0) {
 	return sys_errlist[error];
     }
-    sprintf(msg, "Unknown error (%d)", error);
+    snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Unknown error (%d)", error);
     return msg;
 }
diff --git a/missing/strtol.c b/missing/strtol.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 87bd73124c..0000000000
--- a/missing/strtol.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-/* public domain rewrite of strtol(3) */
-
-#include "ruby/missing.h"
-#include <ctype.h>
-
-long
-strtol(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base)
-{
-    long result;
-    const char *p = nptr;
-
-    while (isspace(*p)) {
-	p++;
-    }
-    if (*p == '-') {
-	p++;
-	result = -strtoul(p, endptr, base);
-    }
-    else {
-	if (*p == '+') p++;
-	result = strtoul(p, endptr, base);
-    }
-    if (endptr != 0 && *endptr == p) {
-	*endptr = (char *)nptr;
-    }
-    return result;
-}
diff --git a/missing/tgamma.c b/missing/tgamma.c
index 5e306fbb43..c8638eab2b 100644
--- a/missing/tgamma.c
+++ b/missing/tgamma.c
@@ -9,34 +9,27 @@ reference - Haruhiko Okumura: C-gengo niyoru saishin algorithm jiten
 /***********************************************************
     gamma.c -- Gamma function
 ***********************************************************/
-#include "ruby/config.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include "ruby/missing.h"
 #include <math.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
-#ifdef HAVE_LGAMMA_R
-
-double tgamma(double x)
-{
-    int sign;
-    double d;
-    if (x == 0.0) { /* Pole Error */
-        errno = ERANGE;
-        return 1/x < 0 ? -HUGE_VAL : HUGE_VAL;
-    }
-    if (x < 0) {
-        static double zero = 0.0;
-        double i, f;
-        f = modf(-x, &i);
-        if (f == 0.0) { /* Domain Error */
-            errno = EDOM;
-            return zero/zero;
-        }
-    }
-    d = lgamma_r(x, &sign);
-    return sign * exp(d);
-}
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# include <float.h>
+# if !defined __MINGW32__ || defined __NO_ISOCEXT
+#  ifndef isnan
+#   define isnan(x) _isnan(x)
+#  endif
+#  ifndef isinf
+#   define isinf(x) (!_finite(x) && !_isnan(x))
+#  endif
+#  ifndef finite
+#   define finite(x) _finite(x)
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif
 
-#else
+#ifndef HAVE_LGAMMA_R
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #define PI      3.14159265358979324  /* $\pi$ */
@@ -68,25 +61,37 @@ loggamma(double x)  /* the natural logarithm of the Gamma function. */
                 + (B4  / ( 4 *  3))) * w + (B2  / ( 2 *  1))) / x
                 + 0.5 * LOG_2PI - log(v) - x + (x - 0.5) * log(x);
 }
+#endif
 
 double tgamma(double x)  /* Gamma function */
 {
+    int sign;
     if (x == 0.0) { /* Pole Error */
         errno = ERANGE;
         return 1/x < 0 ? -HUGE_VAL : HUGE_VAL;
     }
+    if (isinf(x)) {
+        if (x < 0) goto domain_error;
+        return x;
+    }
     if (x < 0) {
-        int sign;
         static double zero = 0.0;
         double i, f;
         f = modf(-x, &i);
         if (f == 0.0) { /* Domain Error */
+          domain_error:
             errno = EDOM;
             return zero/zero;
         }
+#ifndef HAVE_LGAMMA_R
         sign = (fmod(i, 2.0) != 0.0) ? 1 : -1;
         return sign * PI / (sin(PI * f) * exp(loggamma(1 - x)));
+#endif
     }
+#ifndef HAVE_LGAMMA_R
     return exp(loggamma(x));
-}
+#else
+    x = lgamma_r(x, &sign);
+    return sign * exp(x);
 #endif
+}
diff --git a/missing/x86_64-chkstk.s b/missing/x86_64-chkstk.S
index 6d1227b6d2..6d1227b6d2 100644
--- a/missing/x86_64-chkstk.s
+++ b/missing/x86_64-chkstk.S
diff --git a/mjit.c b/mjit.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db0efb76a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mjit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  mjit.c - MRI method JIT compiler functions for Ruby's main thread
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Vladimir Makarov <vmakarov@redhat.com>.
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+// Functions in this file are never executed on MJIT worker thread.
+// So you can safely use Ruby methods and GC in this file.
+
+// To share variables privately, include mjit_worker.c instead of linking.
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h" // defines USE_MJIT
+
+#if USE_MJIT
+
+#include "constant.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/cont.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+
+#include "mjit_worker.c"
+
+extern int rb_thread_create_mjit_thread(void (*worker_func)(void));
+
+// Return an unique file name in /tmp with PREFIX and SUFFIX and
+// number ID.  Use getpid if ID == 0.  The return file name exists
+// until the next function call.
+static char *
+get_uniq_filename(unsigned long id, const char *prefix, const char *suffix)
+{
+    char buff[70], *str = buff;
+    int size = sprint_uniq_filename(buff, sizeof(buff), id, prefix, suffix);
+    str = 0;
+    ++size;
+    str = xmalloc(size);
+    if (size <= (int)sizeof(buff)) {
+        memcpy(str, buff, size);
+    }
+    else {
+        sprint_uniq_filename(str, size, id, prefix, suffix);
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+// Wait until workers don't compile any iseq.  It is called at the
+// start of GC.
+void
+mjit_gc_start_hook(void)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(4, "mjit_gc_start_hook");
+    while (in_jit) {
+        verbose(4, "Waiting wakeup from a worker for GC");
+        rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_client_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+        verbose(4, "Getting wakeup from a worker for GC");
+    }
+    in_gc++;
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(4, "mjit_gc_start_hook");
+}
+
+// Send a signal to workers to continue iseq compilations.  It is
+// called at the end of GC.
+void
+mjit_gc_exit_hook(void)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(4, "mjit_gc_exit_hook");
+    in_gc--;
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(in_gc >= 0);
+    if (!in_gc) {
+        verbose(4, "Sending wakeup signal to workers after GC");
+        rb_native_cond_broadcast(&mjit_gc_wakeup);
+    }
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(4, "mjit_gc_exit_hook");
+}
+
+// Deal with ISeq movement from compactor
+void
+mjit_update_references(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(4, "mjit_update_references");
+    if (iseq->body->jit_unit) {
+        iseq->body->jit_unit->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)iseq->body->jit_unit->iseq);
+        // We need to invalidate JIT-ed code for the ISeq because it embeds pointer addresses.
+        // To efficiently do that, we use the same thing as TracePoint and thus everything is cancelled for now.
+        // See mjit.h and tool/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn.erb for how `mjit_call_p` is used.
+        mjit_call_p = false; // TODO: instead of cancelling all, invalidate only this one and recompile it with some threshold.
+    }
+
+    // Units in stale_units (list of over-speculated and invalidated code) are not referenced from
+    // `iseq->body->jit_unit` anymore (because new one replaces that). So we need to check them too.
+    // TODO: we should be able to reduce the number of units checked here.
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = NULL;
+    list_for_each(&stale_units.head, unit, unode) {
+        if (unit->iseq == iseq) {
+            unit->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)unit->iseq);
+        }
+    }
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(4, "mjit_update_references");
+}
+
+// Iseqs can be garbage collected.  This function should call when it
+// happens.  It removes iseq from the unit.
+void
+mjit_free_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(4, "mjit_free_iseq");
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(in_gc);
+    RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(!in_jit);
+    if (iseq->body->jit_unit) {
+        // jit_unit is not freed here because it may be referred by multiple
+        // lists of units. `get_from_list` and `mjit_finish` do the job.
+        iseq->body->jit_unit->iseq = NULL;
+    }
+    // Units in stale_units (list of over-speculated and invalidated code) are not referenced from
+    // `iseq->body->jit_unit` anymore (because new one replaces that). So we need to check them too.
+    // TODO: we should be able to reduce the number of units checked here.
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = NULL;
+    list_for_each(&stale_units.head, unit, unode) {
+        if (unit->iseq == iseq) {
+            unit->iseq = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(4, "mjit_free_iseq");
+}
+
+// Free unit list. This should be called only when worker is finished
+// because node of unit_queue and one of active_units may have the same unit
+// during proceeding unit.
+static void
+free_list(struct rb_mjit_unit_list *list, bool close_handle_p)
+{
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = 0, *next;
+
+    list_for_each_safe(&list->head, unit, next, unode) {
+        list_del(&unit->unode);
+        if (!close_handle_p) unit->handle = NULL; /* Skip dlclose in free_unit() */
+
+        if (list == &stale_units) { // `free_unit(unit)` crashes after GC.compact on `stale_units`
+            /*
+             * TODO: REVERT THIS BRANCH
+             * Debug the crash on stale_units w/ GC.compact and just use `free_unit(unit)`!!
+             */
+            if (unit->handle && dlclose(unit->handle)) {
+                mjit_warning("failed to close handle for u%d: %s", unit->id, dlerror());
+            }
+            clean_temp_files(unit);
+            free(unit);
+        }
+        else {
+            free_unit(unit);
+        }
+    }
+    list->length = 0;
+}
+
+// Register a new continuation with execution context `ec`. Return MJIT info about
+// the continuation.
+struct mjit_cont *
+mjit_cont_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    struct mjit_cont *cont;
+
+    // We need to use calloc instead of something like ZALLOC to avoid triggering GC here.
+    // When this function is called from rb_thread_alloc through rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup,
+    // the thread is still being prepared and marking it causes SEGV.
+    cont = calloc(1, sizeof(struct mjit_cont));
+    if (cont == NULL)
+        rb_memerror();
+    cont->ec = ec;
+
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in mjit_cont_new");
+    if (first_cont == NULL) {
+        cont->next = cont->prev = NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        cont->prev = NULL;
+        cont->next = first_cont;
+        first_cont->prev = cont;
+    }
+    first_cont = cont;
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in mjit_cont_new");
+
+    return cont;
+}
+
+// Unregister continuation `cont`.
+void
+mjit_cont_free(struct mjit_cont *cont)
+{
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in mjit_cont_new");
+    if (cont == first_cont) {
+        first_cont = cont->next;
+        if (first_cont != NULL)
+            first_cont->prev = NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        cont->prev->next = cont->next;
+        if (cont->next != NULL)
+            cont->next->prev = cont->prev;
+    }
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in mjit_cont_new");
+
+    free(cont);
+}
+
+// Finish work with continuation info.
+static void
+finish_conts(void)
+{
+    struct mjit_cont *cont, *next;
+
+    for (cont = first_cont; cont != NULL; cont = next) {
+        next = cont->next;
+        xfree(cont);
+    }
+}
+
+// Create unit for `iseq`. This function may be called from an MJIT worker.
+static void
+create_unit(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit;
+
+    unit = calloc(1, sizeof(struct rb_mjit_unit));
+    if (unit == NULL)
+        return;
+
+    unit->id = current_unit_num++;
+    unit->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)iseq;
+    iseq->body->jit_unit = unit;
+}
+
+// This is called from an MJIT worker when worker_p is true.
+static void
+mjit_add_iseq_to_process(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_mjit_compile_info *compile_info, bool worker_p)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled || pch_status == PCH_FAILED)
+        return;
+
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_add_iseq_to_process);
+    iseq->body->jit_func = (mjit_func_t)NOT_READY_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+    create_unit(iseq);
+    if (iseq->body->jit_unit == NULL)
+        // Failure in creating the unit.
+        return;
+    if (compile_info != NULL)
+        iseq->body->jit_unit->compile_info = *compile_info;
+
+    if (!worker_p) {
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in add_iseq_to_process");
+    }
+    add_to_list(iseq->body->jit_unit, &unit_queue);
+    if (active_units.length >= mjit_opts.max_cache_size) {
+        unload_requests++;
+    }
+    if (!worker_p) {
+        verbose(3, "Sending wakeup signal to workers in mjit_add_iseq_to_process");
+        rb_native_cond_broadcast(&mjit_worker_wakeup);
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in add_iseq_to_process");
+    }
+}
+
+// Add ISEQ to be JITed in parallel with the current thread.
+// Unload some JIT codes if there are too many of them.
+void
+rb_mjit_add_iseq_to_process(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    mjit_add_iseq_to_process(iseq, NULL, false);
+}
+
+// For this timeout seconds, --jit-wait will wait for JIT compilation finish.
+#define MJIT_WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS 60
+
+static void
+mjit_wait(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    struct timeval tv;
+    int tries = 0;
+    tv.tv_sec = 0;
+    tv.tv_usec = 1000;
+    while (body->jit_func == (mjit_func_t)NOT_READY_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC) {
+        tries++;
+        if (tries / 1000 > MJIT_WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS || pch_status == PCH_FAILED) {
+            CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in rb_mjit_wait_call to set jit_func");
+            body->jit_func = (mjit_func_t)NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC; // JIT worker seems dead. Give up.
+            CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in rb_mjit_wait_call to set jit_func");
+            mjit_warning("timed out to wait for JIT finish");
+            break;
+        }
+
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in rb_mjit_wait_call for a client wakeup");
+        rb_native_cond_broadcast(&mjit_worker_wakeup);
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in rb_mjit_wait_call for a client wakeup");
+        rb_thread_wait_for(tv);
+    }
+}
+
+// Wait for JIT compilation finish for --jit-wait, and call the function pointer
+// if the compiled result is not NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC.
+VALUE
+rb_mjit_wait_call(rb_execution_context_t *ec, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    mjit_wait(body);
+    if ((uintptr_t)body->jit_func <= (uintptr_t)LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC) {
+        return Qundef;
+    }
+    return body->jit_func(ec, ec->cfp);
+}
+
+struct rb_mjit_compile_info*
+rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    assert(body->jit_unit != NULL);
+    return &body->jit_unit->compile_info;
+}
+
+static void
+mjit_recompile(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    if ((uintptr_t)iseq->body->jit_func <= (uintptr_t)LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC)
+        return;
+
+    verbose(1, "JIT recompile: %s@%s:%d", RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label),
+            RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno));
+    assert(iseq->body->jit_unit != NULL);
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(mjit_opts.wait)) {
+        remove_from_list(iseq->body->jit_unit, &active_units);
+        add_to_list(iseq->body->jit_unit, &stale_units);
+        mjit_add_iseq_to_process(iseq, &iseq->body->jit_unit->compile_info, false);
+        mjit_wait(iseq->body);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Lazily move active_units to stale_units to avoid race conditions around active_units with compaction.
+        // Also, it's lazily moved to unit_queue as well because otherwise it won't be added to stale_units properly.
+        // It's good to avoid a race condition between mjit_add_iseq_to_process and mjit_compile around jit_unit as well.
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in rb_mjit_recompile_iseq");
+        iseq->body->jit_unit->stale_p = true;
+        iseq->body->jit_func = (mjit_func_t)NOT_ADDED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+        pending_stale_p = true;
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in rb_mjit_recompile_iseq");
+    }
+}
+
+// Recompile iseq, disabling send optimization
+void
+rb_mjit_recompile_send(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(iseq->body)->disable_send_cache = true;
+    mjit_recompile(iseq);
+}
+
+// Recompile iseq, disabling ivar optimization
+void
+rb_mjit_recompile_ivar(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(iseq->body)->disable_ivar_cache = true;
+    mjit_recompile(iseq);
+}
+
+// Recompile iseq, disabling exivar optimization
+void
+rb_mjit_recompile_exivar(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(iseq->body)->disable_exivar_cache = true;
+    mjit_recompile(iseq);
+}
+
+// Recompile iseq, disabling method inlining
+void
+rb_mjit_recompile_inlining(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(iseq->body)->disable_inlining = true;
+    mjit_recompile(iseq);
+}
+
+// Recompile iseq, disabling getconstant inlining
+void
+rb_mjit_recompile_const(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(iseq->body)->disable_const_cache = true;
+    mjit_recompile(iseq);
+}
+
+extern VALUE ruby_archlibdir_path, ruby_prefix_path;
+
+// Initialize header_file, pch_file, libruby_pathflag. Return true on success.
+static bool
+init_header_filename(void)
+{
+    int fd;
+#ifdef LOAD_RELATIVE
+    // Root path of the running ruby process. Equal to RbConfig::TOPDIR.
+    VALUE basedir_val;
+#endif
+    const char *basedir = "";
+    size_t baselen = 0;
+    char *p;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    static const char libpathflag[] =
+# ifdef _MSC_VER
+        "-LIBPATH:"
+# else
+        "-L"
+# endif
+        ;
+    const size_t libpathflag_len = sizeof(libpathflag) - 1;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef LOAD_RELATIVE
+    basedir_val = ruby_prefix_path;
+    basedir = StringValuePtr(basedir_val);
+    baselen = RSTRING_LEN(basedir_val);
+#else
+    if (getenv("MJIT_SEARCH_BUILD_DIR")) {
+        // This path is not intended to be used on production, but using build directory's
+        // header file here because people want to run `make test-all` without running
+        // `make install`. Don't use $MJIT_SEARCH_BUILD_DIR except for test-all.
+
+        struct stat st;
+        const char *hdr = dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "MJIT_HEADER");
+        if (!hdr) {
+            verbose(1, "No MJIT_HEADER");
+        }
+        else if (hdr[0] != '/') {
+            verbose(1, "Non-absolute header file path: %s", hdr);
+        }
+        else if (stat(hdr, &st) || !S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
+            verbose(1, "Non-file header file path: %s", hdr);
+        }
+        else if ((st.st_uid != getuid()) || (st.st_mode & 022) ||
+                 !rb_path_check(hdr)) {
+            verbose(1, "Unsafe header file: uid=%ld mode=%#o %s",
+                    (long)st.st_uid, (unsigned)st.st_mode, hdr);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+            // Do not pass PRELOADENV to child processes, on
+            // multi-arch environment
+            verbose(3, "PRELOADENV("PRELOADENV")=%s", getenv(PRELOADENV));
+            // assume no other PRELOADENV in test-all
+            unsetenv(PRELOADENV);
+            verbose(3, "MJIT_HEADER: %s", hdr);
+            header_file = ruby_strdup(hdr);
+            if (!header_file) return false;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+#endif
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+    {
+        // A name of the header file included in any C file generated by MJIT for iseqs.
+        static const char header_name[] = MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR "/" MJIT_MIN_HEADER_NAME;
+        const size_t header_name_len = sizeof(header_name) - 1;
+
+        header_file = xmalloc(baselen + header_name_len + 1);
+        p = append_str2(header_file, basedir, baselen);
+        p = append_str2(p, header_name, header_name_len + 1);
+
+        if ((fd = rb_cloexec_open(header_file, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) {
+            verbose(1, "Cannot access header file: %s", header_file);
+            xfree(header_file);
+            header_file = NULL;
+            return false;
+        }
+        (void)close(fd);
+    }
+
+    pch_file = get_uniq_filename(0, MJIT_TMP_PREFIX "h", ".h.gch");
+#else
+    {
+        static const char pch_name[] = MJIT_HEADER_INSTALL_DIR "/" MJIT_PRECOMPILED_HEADER_NAME;
+        const size_t pch_name_len = sizeof(pch_name) - 1;
+
+        pch_file = xmalloc(baselen + pch_name_len + 1);
+        p = append_str2(pch_file, basedir, baselen);
+        p = append_str2(p, pch_name, pch_name_len + 1);
+        if ((fd = rb_cloexec_open(pch_file, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) {
+            verbose(1, "Cannot access precompiled header file: %s", pch_file);
+            xfree(pch_file);
+            pch_file = NULL;
+            return false;
+        }
+        (void)close(fd);
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    basedir_val = ruby_archlibdir_path;
+    basedir = StringValuePtr(basedir_val);
+    baselen = RSTRING_LEN(basedir_val);
+    libruby_pathflag = p = xmalloc(libpathflag_len + baselen + 1);
+    p = append_str(p, libpathflag);
+    p = append_str2(p, basedir, baselen);
+    *p = '\0';
+#endif
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+valid_class_serials_add_i(ID key, VALUE v, void *unused)
+{
+    rb_const_entry_t *ce = (rb_const_entry_t *)v;
+    VALUE value = ce->value;
+
+    if (!rb_is_const_id(key)) return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(value, T_MODULE) || RB_TYPE_P(value, T_CLASS)) {
+        mjit_add_class_serial(RCLASS_SERIAL(value));
+    }
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+UINT rb_w32_system_tmpdir(WCHAR *path, UINT len);
+#endif
+
+static char *
+system_default_tmpdir(void)
+{
+    // c.f. ext/etc/etc.c:etc_systmpdir()
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    WCHAR tmppath[_MAX_PATH];
+    UINT len = rb_w32_system_tmpdir(tmppath, numberof(tmppath));
+    if (len) {
+        int blen = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(blen + 1);
+        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tmppath, len, tmpdir, blen, NULL, NULL);
+        tmpdir[blen] = '\0';
+        return tmpdir;
+    }
+#elif defined _CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR
+    char path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    size_t len = confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, path, sizeof(path));
+    if (len > 0) {
+        char *tmpdir = xmalloc(len);
+        if (len > sizeof(path)) {
+            confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, tmpdir, len);
+        }
+        else {
+            memcpy(tmpdir, path, len);
+        }
+        return tmpdir;
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+check_tmpdir(const char *dir)
+{
+    struct stat st;
+
+    if (!dir) return FALSE;
+    if (stat(dir, &st)) return FALSE;
+#ifndef S_ISDIR
+#   define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
+#endif
+    if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) return FALSE;
+#ifndef _WIN32
+# ifndef S_IWOTH
+#   define S_IWOTH 002
+# endif
+    if (st.st_mode & S_IWOTH) {
+# ifdef S_ISVTX
+        if (!(st.st_mode & S_ISVTX)) return FALSE;
+# else
+        return FALSE;
+# endif
+    }
+    if (access(dir, W_OK)) return FALSE;
+#endif
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static char *
+system_tmpdir(void)
+{
+    char *tmpdir;
+# define RETURN_ENV(name) \
+    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir = getenv(name))) return ruby_strdup(tmpdir)
+    RETURN_ENV("TMPDIR");
+    RETURN_ENV("TMP");
+    tmpdir = system_default_tmpdir();
+    if (check_tmpdir(tmpdir)) return tmpdir;
+    return ruby_strdup("/tmp");
+# undef RETURN_ENV
+}
+
+// Minimum value for JIT cache size.
+#define MIN_CACHE_SIZE 10
+// Default permitted number of units with a JIT code kept in memory.
+#define DEFAULT_MAX_CACHE_SIZE 100
+// A default threshold used to add iseq to JIT.
+#define DEFAULT_MIN_CALLS_TO_ADD 10000
+
+// Start MJIT worker. Return TRUE if worker is successfully started.
+static bool
+start_worker(void)
+{
+    stop_worker_p = false;
+    worker_stopped = false;
+
+    if (!rb_thread_create_mjit_thread(mjit_worker)) {
+        mjit_enabled = false;
+        rb_native_mutex_destroy(&mjit_engine_mutex);
+        rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_pch_wakeup);
+        rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+        rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_worker_wakeup);
+        rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_gc_wakeup);
+        verbose(1, "Failure in MJIT thread initialization\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// There's no strndup on Windows
+static char*
+ruby_strndup(const char *str, size_t n)
+{
+    char *ret = xmalloc(n + 1);
+    memcpy(ret, str, n);
+    ret[n] = '\0';
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// Convert "foo bar" to {"foo", "bar", NULL} array. Caller is responsible for
+// freeing a returned buffer and its elements.
+static char **
+split_flags(const char *flags)
+{
+    char *buf[MAXPATHLEN];
+    int i = 0;
+    char *next;
+    for (; flags != NULL; flags = next) {
+        next = strchr(flags, ' ');
+        if (next == NULL) {
+            if (strlen(flags) > 0)
+                buf[i++] = strdup(flags);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (next > flags)
+                buf[i++] = ruby_strndup(flags, next - flags);
+            next++; // skip space
+        }
+    }
+
+    char **ret = xmalloc(sizeof(char *) * (i + 1));
+    memcpy(ret, buf, sizeof(char *) * i);
+    ret[i] = NULL;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// Initialize MJIT.  Start a thread creating the precompiled header and
+// processing ISeqs.  The function should be called first for using MJIT.
+// If everything is successful, MJIT_INIT_P will be TRUE.
+void
+mjit_init(const struct mjit_options *opts)
+{
+    mjit_opts = *opts;
+    mjit_enabled = true;
+    mjit_call_p = true;
+
+    // Normalize options
+    if (mjit_opts.min_calls == 0)
+        mjit_opts.min_calls = DEFAULT_MIN_CALLS_TO_ADD;
+    if (mjit_opts.max_cache_size <= 0)
+        mjit_opts.max_cache_size = DEFAULT_MAX_CACHE_SIZE;
+    if (mjit_opts.max_cache_size < MIN_CACHE_SIZE)
+        mjit_opts.max_cache_size = MIN_CACHE_SIZE;
+
+    // Initialize variables for compilation
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    pch_status = PCH_SUCCESS; // has prebuilt precompiled header
+#else
+    pch_status = PCH_NOT_READY;
+#endif
+    cc_path = CC_COMMON_ARGS[0];
+    verbose(2, "MJIT: CC defaults to %s", cc_path);
+    cc_common_args = xmalloc(sizeof(CC_COMMON_ARGS));
+    memcpy((void *)cc_common_args, CC_COMMON_ARGS, sizeof(CC_COMMON_ARGS));
+    cc_added_args = split_flags(opts->debug_flags);
+    xfree(opts->debug_flags);
+#if MJIT_CFLAGS_PIPE
+    // eliminate a flag incompatible with `-pipe`
+    for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < sizeof(CC_COMMON_ARGS) / sizeof(char *); i++) {
+        if (CC_COMMON_ARGS[i] && strncmp("-save-temps", CC_COMMON_ARGS[i], strlen("-save-temps")) == 0)
+            continue; // skip -save-temps flag
+        cc_common_args[j] = CC_COMMON_ARGS[i];
+        j++;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    tmp_dir = system_tmpdir();
+    verbose(2, "MJIT: tmp_dir is %s", tmp_dir);
+
+    if (!init_header_filename()) {
+        mjit_enabled = false;
+        verbose(1, "Failure in MJIT header file name initialization\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    pch_owner_pid = getpid();
+
+    // Initialize mutex
+    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&mjit_engine_mutex);
+    rb_native_cond_initialize(&mjit_pch_wakeup);
+    rb_native_cond_initialize(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+    rb_native_cond_initialize(&mjit_worker_wakeup);
+    rb_native_cond_initialize(&mjit_gc_wakeup);
+
+    // Make sure the saved_ec of the initial thread's root_fiber is scanned by mark_ec_units.
+    //
+    // rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup for the initial thread is called before mjit_init,
+    // meaning mjit_cont_new is skipped for the root_fiber. Therefore we need to call
+    // rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont again with mjit_enabled=true to set the root_fiber's mjit_cont.
+    rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(GET_EC()->fiber_ptr);
+
+    // Initialize class_serials cache for compilation
+    valid_class_serials = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_obj_hide(valid_class_serials);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(valid_class_serials);
+    mjit_add_class_serial(RCLASS_SERIAL(rb_cObject));
+    mjit_add_class_serial(RCLASS_SERIAL(CLASS_OF(rb_vm_top_self())));
+    if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(rb_cObject)) {
+        rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(rb_cObject), valid_class_serials_add_i, NULL);
+    }
+
+    // Initialize worker thread
+    start_worker();
+}
+
+static void
+stop_worker(void)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+
+    while (!worker_stopped) {
+        verbose(3, "Sending cancel signal to worker");
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in stop_worker");
+        stop_worker_p = true; // Setting this inside loop because RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS may make this false.
+        rb_native_cond_broadcast(&mjit_worker_wakeup);
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in stop_worker");
+        RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec);
+    }
+}
+
+// Stop JIT-compiling methods but compiled code is kept available.
+VALUE
+mjit_pause(bool wait_p)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "MJIT is not enabled");
+    }
+    if (worker_stopped) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    // Flush all queued units with no option or `wait: true`
+    if (wait_p) {
+        struct timeval tv;
+        tv.tv_sec = 0;
+        tv.tv_usec = 1000;
+
+        while (unit_queue.length > 0 && active_units.length < mjit_opts.max_cache_size) { // inverse of condition that waits for mjit_worker_wakeup
+            CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in mjit_pause for a worker wakeup");
+            rb_native_cond_broadcast(&mjit_worker_wakeup);
+            CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in mjit_pause for a worker wakeup");
+            rb_thread_wait_for(tv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    stop_worker();
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+// Restart JIT-compiling methods after mjit_pause.
+VALUE
+mjit_resume(void)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "MJIT is not enabled");
+    }
+    if (!worker_stopped) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    if (!start_worker()) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Failed to resume MJIT worker");
+    }
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+// Skip calling `clean_temp_files` for units which currently exist in the list.
+static void
+skip_cleaning_object_files(struct rb_mjit_unit_list *list)
+{
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = NULL, *next;
+
+    // No mutex for list, assuming MJIT worker does not exist yet since it's immediately after fork.
+    list_for_each_safe(&list->head, unit, next, unode) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) // mswin doesn't reach here either. This is for MinGW.
+        if (unit->so_file) unit->so_file = NULL;
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+// This is called after fork initiated by Ruby's method to launch MJIT worker thread
+// for child Ruby process.
+//
+// In multi-process Ruby applications, child Ruby processes do most of the jobs.
+// Thus we want child Ruby processes to enqueue ISeqs to MJIT worker's queue and
+// call the JIT-ed code.
+//
+// But unfortunately current MJIT-generated code is process-specific. After the fork,
+// JIT-ed code created by parent Ruby process cannot be used in child Ruby process
+// because the code could rely on inline cache values (ivar's IC, send's CC) which
+// may vary between processes after fork or embed some process-specific addresses.
+//
+// So child Ruby process can't request parent process to JIT an ISeq and use the code.
+// Instead of that, MJIT worker thread is created for all child Ruby processes, even
+// while child processes would end up with compiling the same ISeqs.
+void
+mjit_child_after_fork(void)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    /* Let parent process delete the already-compiled object files.
+       This must be done before starting MJIT worker on child process. */
+    skip_cleaning_object_files(&active_units);
+
+    /* MJIT worker thread is not inherited on fork. Start it for this child process. */
+    start_worker();
+}
+
+// Edit 0 to 1 to enable this feature for investigating hot methods
+#define MJIT_COUNTER 0
+#if MJIT_COUNTER
+static void
+mjit_dump_total_calls(void)
+{
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[MJIT_COUNTER] total_calls of active_units:\n");
+    list_for_each(&active_units.head, unit, unode) {
+        const rb_iseq_t *iseq = unit->iseq;
+        fprintf(stderr, "%8ld: %s@%s:%d\n", iseq->body->total_calls, RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label),
+                RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno));
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+// Finish the threads processing units and creating PCH, finalize
+// and free MJIT data.  It should be called last during MJIT
+// life.
+//
+// If close_handle_p is true, it calls dlclose() for JIT-ed code. So it should be false
+// if the code can still be on stack. ...But it means to leak JIT-ed handle forever (FIXME).
+void
+mjit_finish(bool close_handle_p)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    // Wait for pch finish
+    verbose(2, "Stopping worker thread");
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in mjit_finish to wakeup from pch");
+    // As our threads are detached, we could just cancel them.  But it
+    // is a bad idea because OS processes (C compiler) started by
+    // threads can produce temp files.  And even if the temp files are
+    // removed, the used C compiler still complaint about their
+    // absence.  So wait for a clean finish of the threads.
+    while (pch_status == PCH_NOT_READY) {
+        verbose(3, "Waiting wakeup from make_pch");
+        rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_pch_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+    }
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in mjit_finish to wakeup from pch");
+
+    // Stop worker
+    stop_worker();
+
+    rb_native_mutex_destroy(&mjit_engine_mutex);
+    rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_pch_wakeup);
+    rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+    rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_worker_wakeup);
+    rb_native_cond_destroy(&mjit_gc_wakeup);
+
+#if MJIT_COUNTER
+    mjit_dump_total_calls();
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER // mswin has prebuilt precompiled header
+    if (!mjit_opts.save_temps && getpid() == pch_owner_pid)
+        remove_file(pch_file);
+
+    xfree(header_file); header_file = NULL;
+#endif
+    xfree((void *)cc_common_args); cc_common_args = NULL;
+    for (char **flag = cc_added_args; *flag != NULL; flag++)
+        xfree(*flag);
+    xfree((void *)cc_added_args); cc_added_args = NULL;
+    xfree(tmp_dir); tmp_dir = NULL;
+    xfree(pch_file); pch_file = NULL;
+
+    mjit_call_p = false;
+    free_list(&unit_queue, close_handle_p);
+    free_list(&active_units, close_handle_p);
+    free_list(&compact_units, close_handle_p);
+    free_list(&stale_units, close_handle_p);
+    finish_conts();
+
+    mjit_enabled = false;
+    verbose(1, "Successful MJIT finish");
+}
+
+// Called by rb_vm_mark().
+//
+// Mark an ISeq being compiled to prevent its CCs from being GC-ed, which
+// an MJIT worker may concurrently see.
+//
+// Also mark active_units so that we do not GC ISeq which may still be
+// referred to by mjit_recompile() or compact_all_jit_code().
+void
+mjit_mark(void)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+    RUBY_MARK_ENTER("mjit");
+
+    // We need to release a lock when calling rb_gc_mark to avoid doubly acquiring
+    // a lock by by mjit_gc_start_hook inside rb_gc_mark.
+    //
+    // Because an MJIT worker may modify active_units anytime, we need to convert
+    // the linked list to an array to safely loop its ISeqs without keeping a lock.
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(4, "mjit_mark");
+    int length = 0;
+    if (compiling_iseqs != NULL) {
+        while (compiling_iseqs[length]) length++;
+    }
+    length += active_units.length;
+    const rb_iseq_t **iseqs = ALLOCA_N(const rb_iseq_t *, length);
+
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = NULL;
+    int i = 0;
+    if (compiling_iseqs != NULL) {
+        while (compiling_iseqs[i]) {
+            iseqs[i] = compiling_iseqs[i];
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+    list_for_each(&active_units.head, unit, unode) {
+        iseqs[i] = unit->iseq;
+        i++;
+    }
+    assert(i == length);
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(4, "mjit_mark");
+
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        if (iseqs[i] == NULL) // ISeq is GC-ed
+            continue;
+        rb_gc_mark((VALUE)iseqs[i]);
+    }
+
+    RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("mjit");
+}
+
+// Called by rb_iseq_mark() to mark cc_entries captured for MJIT
+void
+mjit_mark_cc_entries(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body)
+{
+    const struct rb_callcache **cc_entries;
+    if (body->jit_unit && (cc_entries = body->jit_unit->cc_entries) != NULL) {
+        // It must be `body->jit_unit->cc_entries_size` instead of `body->ci_size` to mark children's cc_entries
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < body->jit_unit->cc_entries_size; i++) {
+            const struct rb_callcache *cc = cc_entries[i];
+            if (cc != NULL && vm_cc_markable(cc)) {
+                // Pin `cc` and `cc->cme` against GC.compact as their addresses may be written in JIT-ed code.
+                rb_gc_mark((VALUE)cc);
+                rb_gc_mark((VALUE)vm_cc_cme(cc));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// A hook to update valid_class_serials.
+void
+mjit_add_class_serial(rb_serial_t class_serial)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    // Do not wrap CRITICAL_SECTION here. This function is only called in main thread
+    // and guarded by GVL, and `rb_hash_aset` may cause GC and deadlock in it.
+    rb_hash_aset(valid_class_serials, LONG2FIX(class_serial), Qtrue);
+}
+
+// A hook to update valid_class_serials.
+void
+mjit_remove_class_serial(rb_serial_t class_serial)
+{
+    if (!mjit_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in mjit_remove_class_serial");
+    rb_hash_delete_entry(valid_class_serials, LONG2FIX(class_serial));
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in mjit_remove_class_serial");
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/mjit.h b/mjit.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34c47d79a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mjit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_MJIT_H
+#define RUBY_MJIT_H 1
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  mjit.h - Interface to MRI method JIT compiler for Ruby's main thread
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Vladimir Makarov <vmakarov@redhat.com>.
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h" // defines USE_MJIT
+#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+
+# if USE_MJIT
+
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "ruby.h"
+
+// Special address values of a function generated from the
+// corresponding iseq by MJIT:
+enum rb_mjit_iseq_func {
+    // ISEQ was not queued yet for the machine code generation
+    NOT_ADDED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC = 0,
+    // ISEQ is already queued for the machine code generation but the
+    // code is not ready yet for the execution
+    NOT_READY_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC = 1,
+    // ISEQ included not compilable insn, some internal assertion failed
+    // or the unit is unloaded
+    NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC = 2,
+    // End mark
+    LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC = 3
+};
+
+// MJIT options which can be defined on the MRI command line.
+struct mjit_options {
+    // Converted from "jit" feature flag to tell the enablement
+    // information to ruby_show_version().
+    char on;
+    // Save temporary files after MRI finish.  The temporary files
+    // include the pre-compiled header, C code file generated for ISEQ,
+    // and the corresponding object file.
+    char save_temps;
+    // Print MJIT warnings to stderr.
+    char warnings;
+    // Disable compiler optimization and add debug symbols. It can be
+    // very slow.
+    char debug;
+    // Add arbitrary cflags.
+    char* debug_flags;
+    // If not 0, all ISeqs are synchronously compiled. For testing.
+    unsigned int wait;
+    // Number of calls to trigger JIT compilation. For testing.
+    unsigned int min_calls;
+    // Force printing info about MJIT work of level VERBOSE or
+    // less. 0=silence, 1=medium, 2=verbose.
+    int verbose;
+    // Maximal permitted number of iseq JIT codes in a MJIT memory
+    // cache.
+    int max_cache_size;
+};
+
+// State of optimization switches
+struct rb_mjit_compile_info {
+    // Disable getinstancevariable/setinstancevariable optimizations based on inline cache (T_OBJECT)
+    bool disable_ivar_cache;
+    // Disable getinstancevariable/setinstancevariable optimizations based on inline cache (FL_EXIVAR)
+    bool disable_exivar_cache;
+    // Disable send/opt_send_without_block optimizations based on inline cache
+    bool disable_send_cache;
+    // Disable method inlining
+    bool disable_inlining;
+    // Disable opt_getinlinecache inlining
+    bool disable_const_cache;
+};
+
+typedef VALUE (*mjit_func_t)(rb_execution_context_t *, rb_control_frame_t *);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RUBY_EXTERN struct mjit_options mjit_opts;
+RUBY_EXTERN bool mjit_call_p;
+
+extern void rb_mjit_add_iseq_to_process(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+extern VALUE rb_mjit_wait_call(rb_execution_context_t *ec, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body);
+extern struct rb_mjit_compile_info* rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body);
+extern void rb_mjit_recompile_send(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+extern void rb_mjit_recompile_ivar(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+extern void rb_mjit_recompile_exivar(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+extern void rb_mjit_recompile_inlining(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+extern void rb_mjit_recompile_const(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+extern bool mjit_compile(FILE *f, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const char *funcname, int id);
+extern void mjit_init(const struct mjit_options *opts);
+extern void mjit_gc_start_hook(void);
+extern void mjit_gc_exit_hook(void);
+extern void mjit_free_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+extern void mjit_update_references(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+extern void mjit_mark(void);
+extern struct mjit_cont *mjit_cont_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+extern void mjit_cont_free(struct mjit_cont *cont);
+extern void mjit_add_class_serial(rb_serial_t class_serial);
+extern void mjit_remove_class_serial(rb_serial_t class_serial);
+extern void mjit_mark_cc_entries(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body);
+
+// A threshold used to reject long iseqs from JITting as such iseqs
+// takes too much time to be compiled.
+#define JIT_ISEQ_SIZE_THRESHOLD 1000
+
+// Return TRUE if given ISeq body should be compiled by MJIT
+static inline int
+mjit_target_iseq_p(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    return (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD || body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK)
+        && !body->builtin_inline_p
+        && body->iseq_size < JIT_ISEQ_SIZE_THRESHOLD;
+}
+
+#  ifdef MJIT_HEADER
+NOINLINE(static COLDFUNC VALUE mjit_exec_slowpath(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body));
+#  else
+static inline VALUE mjit_exec_slowpath(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body);
+#  endif
+static VALUE
+mjit_exec_slowpath(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    uintptr_t func_i = (uintptr_t)(body->jit_func);
+    ASSUME(func_i <= LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC);
+    switch ((enum rb_mjit_iseq_func)func_i) {
+      case NOT_ADDED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC:
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_exec_not_added);
+        if (body->total_calls == mjit_opts.min_calls && mjit_target_iseq_p(body)) {
+            rb_mjit_add_iseq_to_process(iseq);
+            if (UNLIKELY(mjit_opts.wait)) {
+                return rb_mjit_wait_call(ec, body);
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      case NOT_READY_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC:
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_exec_not_ready);
+        break;
+      case NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC:
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_exec_not_compiled);
+        break;
+      default: // to avoid warning with LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC
+        break;
+    }
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+// Try to execute the current iseq in ec.  Use JIT code if it is ready.
+// If it is not, add ISEQ to the compilation queue and return Qundef.
+static inline VALUE
+mjit_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body;
+
+    if (!mjit_call_p)
+        return Qundef;
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_exec);
+
+    iseq = ec->cfp->iseq;
+    body = iseq->body;
+    body->total_calls++;
+
+    mjit_func_t func = body->jit_func;
+    if (UNLIKELY((uintptr_t)func <= LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC)) {
+#  ifdef MJIT_HEADER
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_frame_JT2VM);
+#  else
+        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_frame_VM2VM);
+#  endif
+        return mjit_exec_slowpath(ec, iseq, body);
+    }
+
+#  ifdef MJIT_HEADER
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_frame_JT2JT);
+#  else
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_frame_VM2JT);
+#  endif
+    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_exec_call_func);
+    return func(ec, ec->cfp);
+}
+
+void mjit_child_after_fork(void);
+
+#  ifdef MJIT_HEADER
+#define mjit_enabled true
+#  else // MJIT_HEADER
+extern bool mjit_enabled;
+#  endif // MJIT_HEADER
+VALUE mjit_pause(bool wait_p);
+VALUE mjit_resume(void);
+void mjit_finish(bool close_handle_p);
+
+# else // USE_MJIT
+
+static inline struct mjit_cont *mjit_cont_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec){return NULL;}
+static inline void mjit_cont_free(struct mjit_cont *cont){}
+static inline void mjit_gc_start_hook(void){}
+static inline void mjit_gc_exit_hook(void){}
+static inline void mjit_free_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq){}
+static inline void mjit_mark(void){}
+static inline void mjit_add_class_serial(rb_serial_t class_serial){}
+static inline void mjit_remove_class_serial(rb_serial_t class_serial){}
+static inline VALUE mjit_exec(rb_execution_context_t *ec) { return Qundef; /* unreachable */ }
+static inline void mjit_child_after_fork(void){}
+
+#define mjit_enabled false
+static inline VALUE mjit_pause(bool wait_p){ return Qnil; } // unreachable
+static inline VALUE mjit_resume(void){ return Qnil; } // unreachable
+static inline void mjit_finish(bool close_handle_p){}
+
+# endif // USE_MJIT
+#endif // RUBY_MJIT_H
diff --git a/mjit_compile.c b/mjit_compile.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c857153e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mjit_compile.c
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  mjit_compile.c - MRI method JIT compiler
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Takashi Kokubun <takashikkbn@gmail.com>.
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+// NOTE: All functions in this file are executed on MJIT worker. So don't
+// call Ruby methods (C functions that may call rb_funcall) or trigger
+// GC (using ZALLOC, xmalloc, xfree, etc.) in this file.
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h" // defines USE_MJIT
+
+#if USE_MJIT
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/compile.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
+#include "vm_exec.h"
+#include "vm_insnhelper.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "insns.inc"
+#include "insns_info.inc"
+
+// Macros to check if a position is already compiled using compile_status.stack_size_for_pos
+#define NOT_COMPILED_STACK_SIZE -1
+#define ALREADY_COMPILED_P(status, pos) (status->stack_size_for_pos[pos] != NOT_COMPILED_STACK_SIZE)
+
+// For propagating information needed for lazily pushing a frame.
+struct inlined_call_context {
+    int orig_argc; // ci->orig_argc
+    VALUE me; // vm_cc_cme(cc)
+    int param_size; // def_iseq_ptr(vm_cc_cme(cc)->def)->body->param.size
+    int local_size; // def_iseq_ptr(vm_cc_cme(cc)->def)->body->local_table_size
+};
+
+// Storage to keep compiler's status.  This should have information
+// which is global during one `mjit_compile` call.  Ones conditional
+// in each branch should be stored in `compile_branch`.
+struct compile_status {
+    bool success; // has true if compilation has had no issue
+    int *stack_size_for_pos; // stack_size_for_pos[pos] has stack size for the position (otherwise -1)
+    // If true, JIT-ed code will use local variables to store pushed values instead of
+    // using VM's stack and moving stack pointer.
+    bool local_stack_p;
+    // Safely-accessible ivar cache entries copied from main thread.
+    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries;
+    // Index of call cache entries captured to compiled_iseq to be marked on GC
+    int cc_entries_index;
+    // A pointer to root (i.e. not inlined) iseq being compiled.
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *compiled_iseq;
+    int compiled_id; // Just a copy of compiled_iseq->jit_unit->id
+    // Mutated optimization levels
+    struct rb_mjit_compile_info *compile_info;
+    bool merge_ivar_guards_p; // If true, merge guards of ivar accesses
+    rb_serial_t ivar_serial; // ic_serial of IVC in is_entries (used only when merge_ivar_guards_p)
+    size_t max_ivar_index; // Max IVC index in is_entries (used only when merge_ivar_guards_p)
+    // If `inlined_iseqs[pos]` is not NULL, `mjit_compile_body` tries to inline ISeq there.
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body **inlined_iseqs;
+    struct inlined_call_context inline_context;
+};
+
+// Storage to keep data which is consistent in each conditional branch.
+// This is created and used for one `compile_insns` call and its values
+// should be copied for extra `compile_insns` call.
+struct compile_branch {
+    unsigned int stack_size; // this simulates sp (stack pointer) of YARV
+    bool finish_p; // if true, compilation in this branch should stop and let another branch to be compiled
+};
+
+struct case_dispatch_var {
+    FILE *f;
+    unsigned int base_pos;
+    VALUE last_value;
+};
+
+static size_t
+call_data_index(CALL_DATA cd, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    return cd - body->call_data;
+}
+
+const struct rb_callcache ** mjit_iseq_cc_entries(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body);
+
+// Using this function to refer to cc_entries allocated by `mjit_capture_cc_entries`
+// instead of storing cc_entries in status directly so that we always refer to a new address
+// returned by `realloc` inside it.
+static const struct rb_callcache **
+captured_cc_entries(const struct compile_status *status)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(status->cc_entries_index != -1);
+    return mjit_iseq_cc_entries(status->compiled_iseq) + status->cc_entries_index;
+}
+
+// Returns true if call cache is still not obsoleted and vm_cc_cme(cc)->def->type is available.
+static bool
+has_valid_method_type(CALL_CACHE cc)
+{
+    return vm_cc_cme(cc) != NULL;
+}
+
+// Returns true if MJIT thinks this cc's opt_* insn may fallback to opt_send_without_block.
+static bool
+has_cache_for_send(CALL_CACHE cc, int insn)
+{
+    extern bool rb_vm_opt_cfunc_p(CALL_CACHE cc, int insn);
+    return has_valid_method_type(cc) &&
+        !(vm_cc_cme(cc)->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC && rb_vm_opt_cfunc_p(cc, insn));
+}
+
+// Returns true if iseq can use fastpath for setup, otherwise NULL. This becomes true in the same condition
+// as CC_SET_FASTPATH (in vm_callee_setup_arg) is called from vm_call_iseq_setup.
+static bool
+fastpath_applied_iseq_p(const CALL_INFO ci, const CALL_CACHE cc, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    extern bool rb_simple_iseq_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+    return iseq != NULL
+        && !(vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) && rb_simple_iseq_p(iseq) // Top of vm_callee_setup_arg. In this case, opt_pc is 0.
+        && vm_ci_argc(ci) == (unsigned int)iseq->body->param.lead_num // exclude argument_arity_error (assumption: `calling->argc == ci->orig_argc` in send insns)
+        && vm_call_iseq_optimizable_p(ci, cc); // CC_SET_FASTPATH condition
+}
+
+// Return true if an object of the klass may be a special const. See: rb_class_of
+static bool
+maybe_special_const_class_p(const VALUE klass)
+{
+    return klass == rb_cFalseClass
+        || klass == rb_cNilClass
+        || klass == rb_cTrueClass
+        || klass == rb_cInteger
+        || klass == rb_cSymbol
+        || klass == rb_cFloat;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_case_dispatch_each(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
+{
+    struct case_dispatch_var *var = (struct case_dispatch_var *)arg;
+    unsigned int offset;
+
+    if (var->last_value != value) {
+        offset = FIX2INT(value);
+        var->last_value = value;
+        fprintf(var->f, "      case %d:\n", offset);
+        fprintf(var->f, "        goto label_%d;\n", var->base_pos + offset);
+        fprintf(var->f, "        break;\n");
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Calling rb_id2str in MJIT worker causes random SEGV. So this is disabled by default.
+static void
+comment_id(FILE *f, ID id)
+{
+#ifdef MJIT_COMMENT_ID
+    VALUE name = rb_id2str(id);
+    const char *p, *e;
+    char c, prev = '\0';
+
+    if (!name) return;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(name);
+    e = RSTRING_END(name);
+    fputs("/* :\"", f);
+    for (; p < e; ++p) {
+        switch (c = *p) {
+          case '*': case '/': if (prev != (c ^ ('/' ^ '*'))) break;
+          case '\\': case '"': fputc('\\', f);
+        }
+        fputc(c, f);
+        prev = c;
+    }
+    fputs("\" */", f);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void compile_insns(FILE *f, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body, unsigned int stack_size,
+                          unsigned int pos, struct compile_status *status);
+
+// Main function of JIT compilation, vm_exec_core counterpart for JIT. Compile one insn to `f`, may modify
+// b->stack_size and return next position.
+//
+// When you add a new instruction to insns.def, it would be nice to have JIT compilation support here but
+// it's optional. This JIT compiler just ignores ISeq which includes unknown instruction, and ISeq which
+// does not have it can be compiled as usual.
+static unsigned int
+compile_insn(FILE *f, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body, const int insn, const VALUE *operands,
+             const unsigned int pos, struct compile_status *status, struct compile_branch *b)
+{
+    unsigned int next_pos = pos + insn_len(insn);
+
+/*****************/
+ #include "mjit_compile.inc"
+/*****************/
+
+    // If next_pos is already compiled and this branch is not finished yet,
+    // next instruction won't be compiled in C code next and will need `goto`.
+    if (!b->finish_p && next_pos < body->iseq_size && ALREADY_COMPILED_P(status, next_pos)) {
+        fprintf(f, "goto label_%d;\n", next_pos);
+
+        // Verify stack size assumption is the same among multiple branches
+        if ((unsigned int)status->stack_size_for_pos[next_pos] != b->stack_size) {
+            if (mjit_opts.warnings || mjit_opts.verbose)
+                fprintf(stderr, "MJIT warning: JIT stack assumption is not the same between branches (%d != %u)\n",
+                        status->stack_size_for_pos[next_pos], b->stack_size);
+            status->success = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return next_pos;
+}
+
+// Compile one conditional branch.  If it has branchXXX insn, this should be
+// called multiple times for each branch.
+static void
+compile_insns(FILE *f, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body, unsigned int stack_size,
+              unsigned int pos, struct compile_status *status)
+{
+    int insn;
+    struct compile_branch branch;
+
+    branch.stack_size = stack_size;
+    branch.finish_p = false;
+
+    while (pos < body->iseq_size && !ALREADY_COMPILED_P(status, pos) && !branch.finish_p) {
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
+#else
+        insn = (int)body->iseq_encoded[pos];
+#endif
+        status->stack_size_for_pos[pos] = (int)branch.stack_size;
+
+        fprintf(f, "\nlabel_%d: /* %s */\n", pos, insn_name(insn));
+        pos = compile_insn(f, body, insn, body->iseq_encoded + (pos+1), pos, status, &branch);
+        if (status->success && branch.stack_size > body->stack_max) {
+            if (mjit_opts.warnings || mjit_opts.verbose)
+                fprintf(stderr, "MJIT warning: JIT stack size (%d) exceeded its max size (%d)\n", branch.stack_size, body->stack_max);
+            status->success = false;
+        }
+        if (!status->success)
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+// Print the block to cancel inlined method call. It's supporting only `opt_send_without_block` for now.
+static void
+compile_inlined_cancel_handler(FILE *f, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body, struct inlined_call_context *inline_context)
+{
+    fprintf(f, "\ncancel:\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_cancel);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    rb_mjit_recompile_inlining(original_iseq);\n");
+
+    // Swap pc/sp set on cancel with original pc/sp.
+    fprintf(f, "    const VALUE *current_pc = reg_cfp->pc;\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    VALUE *current_sp = reg_cfp->sp;\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    reg_cfp->pc = orig_pc;\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    reg_cfp->sp = orig_sp;\n\n");
+
+    // Lazily push the current call frame.
+    fprintf(f, "    struct rb_calling_info calling;\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    calling.block_handler = VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE;\n"); // assumes `opt_send_without_block`
+    fprintf(f, "    calling.argc = %d;\n", inline_context->orig_argc);
+    fprintf(f, "    calling.recv = reg_cfp->self;\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    reg_cfp->self = orig_self;\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    vm_call_iseq_setup_normal(ec, reg_cfp, &calling, (const rb_callable_method_entry_t *)0x%"PRIxVALUE", 0, %d, %d);\n\n",
+            inline_context->me, inline_context->param_size, inline_context->local_size); // fastpath_applied_iseq_p checks rb_simple_iseq_p, which ensures has_opt == FALSE
+
+    // Start usual cancel from here.
+    fprintf(f, "    reg_cfp = ec->cfp;\n"); // work on the new frame
+    fprintf(f, "    reg_cfp->pc = current_pc;\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    reg_cfp->sp = current_sp;\n");
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < body->stack_max; i++) { // should be always `status->local_stack_p`
+        fprintf(f, "    *(vm_base_ptr(reg_cfp) + %d) = stack[%d];\n", i, i);
+    }
+    // We're not just returning Qundef here so that caller's normal cancel handler can
+    // push back `stack` to `cfp->sp`.
+    fprintf(f, "    return vm_exec(ec, false);\n");
+}
+
+// Print the block to cancel JIT execution.
+static void
+compile_cancel_handler(FILE *f, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body, struct compile_status *status)
+{
+    if (status->inlined_iseqs == NULL) { // the current ISeq is being inlined
+        compile_inlined_cancel_handler(f, body, &status->inline_context);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fprintf(f, "\nsend_cancel:\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_cancel_send_inline);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    rb_mjit_recompile_send(original_iseq);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    goto cancel;\n");
+
+    fprintf(f, "\nivar_cancel:\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_cancel_ivar_inline);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    rb_mjit_recompile_ivar(original_iseq);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    goto cancel;\n");
+
+    fprintf(f, "\nexivar_cancel:\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_cancel_exivar_inline);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    rb_mjit_recompile_exivar(original_iseq);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    goto cancel;\n");
+
+    fprintf(f, "\nconst_cancel:\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    rb_mjit_recompile_const(original_iseq);\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    goto cancel;\n");
+
+    fprintf(f, "\ncancel:\n");
+    fprintf(f, "    RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_cancel);\n");
+    if (status->local_stack_p) {
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < body->stack_max; i++) {
+            fprintf(f, "    *(vm_base_ptr(reg_cfp) + %d) = stack[%d];\n", i, i);
+        }
+    }
+    fprintf(f, "    return Qundef;\n");
+}
+
+extern int
+mjit_capture_cc_entries(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *compiled_iseq, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *captured_iseq);
+
+// Copy current is_entries and use it throughout the current compilation consistently.
+// While ic->entry has been immutable since https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/3662,
+// we still need this to avoid a race condition between entries and ivar_serial/max_ivar_index.
+static void
+mjit_capture_is_entries(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body, union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries)
+{
+    if (is_entries == NULL)
+        return;
+    memcpy(is_entries, body->is_entries, sizeof(union iseq_inline_storage_entry) * body->is_size);
+}
+
+static bool
+mjit_compile_body(FILE *f, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct compile_status *status)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+    status->success = true;
+    status->local_stack_p = !body->catch_except_p;
+
+    if (status->local_stack_p) {
+        fprintf(f, "    VALUE stack[%d];\n", body->stack_max);
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(f, "    VALUE *stack = reg_cfp->sp;\n");
+    }
+    if (status->inlined_iseqs != NULL) // i.e. compile root
+        fprintf(f, "    static const rb_iseq_t *original_iseq = (const rb_iseq_t *)0x%"PRIxVALUE";\n", (VALUE)iseq);
+    fprintf(f, "    static const VALUE *const original_body_iseq = (VALUE *)0x%"PRIxVALUE";\n",
+            (VALUE)body->iseq_encoded);
+    fprintf(f, "    VALUE cfp_self = reg_cfp->self;\n"); // cache self across the method
+    fprintf(f, "#define GET_SELF() cfp_self\n");
+
+    // Generate merged ivar guards first if needed
+    if (!status->compile_info->disable_ivar_cache && status->merge_ivar_guards_p) {
+        fprintf(f, "    if (UNLIKELY(!(RB_TYPE_P(GET_SELF(), T_OBJECT) && (rb_serial_t)%"PRI_SERIALT_PREFIX"u == RCLASS_SERIAL(RBASIC(GET_SELF())->klass) &&", status->ivar_serial);
+        if (status->max_ivar_index >= ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+            fprintf(f, "%"PRIuSIZE" < ROBJECT_NUMIV(GET_SELF())", status->max_ivar_index); // index < ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj) && !RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)
+        }
+        else {
+            fprintf(f, "ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX == ROBJECT_NUMIV(GET_SELF())"); // index < ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj) && RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)
+        }
+        fprintf(f, "))) {\n");
+        fprintf(f, "        goto ivar_cancel;\n");
+        fprintf(f, "    }\n");
+    }
+
+    // Simulate `opt_pc` in setup_parameters_complex. Other PCs which may be passed by catch tables
+    // are not considered since vm_exec doesn't call mjit_exec for catch tables.
+    if (body->param.flags.has_opt) {
+        int i;
+        fprintf(f, "\n");
+        fprintf(f, "    switch (reg_cfp->pc - reg_cfp->iseq->body->iseq_encoded) {\n");
+        for (i = 0; i <= body->param.opt_num; i++) {
+            VALUE pc_offset = body->param.opt_table[i];
+            fprintf(f, "      case %"PRIdVALUE":\n", pc_offset);
+            fprintf(f, "        goto label_%"PRIdVALUE";\n", pc_offset);
+        }
+        fprintf(f, "    }\n");
+    }
+
+    compile_insns(f, body, 0, 0, status);
+    compile_cancel_handler(f, body, status);
+    fprintf(f, "#undef GET_SELF");
+    return status->success;
+}
+
+// Return true if the ISeq can be inlined without pushing a new control frame.
+static bool
+inlinable_iseq_p(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
+{
+    // 1) If catch_except_p, caller frame should be preserved when callee catches an exception.
+    // Then we need to wrap `vm_exec()` but then we can't inline the call inside it.
+    //
+    // 2) If `body->catch_except_p` is false and `handles_sp?` of an insn is false,
+    // sp is not moved as we assume `status->local_stack_p = !body->catch_except_p`.
+    //
+    // 3) If `body->catch_except_p` is false and `always_leaf?` of an insn is true,
+    // pc is not moved.
+    if (body->catch_except_p)
+        return false;
+
+    unsigned int pos = 0;
+    while (pos < body->iseq_size) {
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        int insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
+#else
+        int insn = (int)body->iseq_encoded[pos];
+#endif
+        // All insns in the ISeq except `leave` (to be overridden in the inlined code)
+        // should meet following strong assumptions:
+        //   * Do not require `cfp->sp` motion
+        //   * Do not move `cfp->pc`
+        //   * Do not read any `cfp->pc`
+        if (insn == BIN(invokebuiltin) || insn == BIN(opt_invokebuiltin_delegate) || insn == BIN(opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave)) {
+            // builtin insn's inlinability is handled by `Primitive.attr! 'inline'` per iseq
+            if (!body->builtin_inline_p)
+                return false;
+        }
+        else if (insn != BIN(leave) && insn_may_depend_on_sp_or_pc(insn, body->iseq_encoded + (pos + 1)))
+            return false;
+        // At this moment, `cfp->ep` in an inlined method is not working.
+        switch (insn) {
+          case BIN(getlocal):
+          case BIN(getlocal_WC_0):
+          case BIN(getlocal_WC_1):
+          case BIN(setlocal):
+          case BIN(setlocal_WC_0):
+          case BIN(setlocal_WC_1):
+          case BIN(getblockparam):
+          case BIN(getblockparamproxy):
+          case BIN(setblockparam):
+            return false;
+        }
+        pos += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Return an iseq pointer if cc has inlinable iseq.
+const rb_iseq_t *
+rb_mjit_inlinable_iseq(const struct rb_callinfo *ci, const struct rb_callcache *cc)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+    if (has_valid_method_type(cc) &&
+        !(vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_TAILCALL) && // inlining only non-tailcall path
+        vm_cc_cme(cc)->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ &&
+        fastpath_applied_iseq_p(ci, cc, iseq = def_iseq_ptr(vm_cc_cme(cc)->def)) &&
+        // CC_SET_FASTPATH in vm_callee_setup_arg
+        inlinable_iseq_p(iseq->body)) {
+        return iseq;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+init_ivar_compile_status(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body, struct compile_status *status)
+{
+    mjit_capture_is_entries(body, status->is_entries);
+
+    int num_ivars = 0;
+    unsigned int pos = 0;
+    status->max_ivar_index = 0;
+    status->ivar_serial = 0;
+
+    while (pos < body->iseq_size) {
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        int insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
+#else
+        int insn = (int)body->iseq_encoded[pos];
+#endif
+        if (insn == BIN(getinstancevariable) || insn == BIN(setinstancevariable)) {
+            IVC ic = (IVC)body->iseq_encoded[pos+2];
+            IVC ic_copy = &(status->is_entries + ((union iseq_inline_storage_entry *)ic - body->is_entries))->iv_cache;
+            if (ic_copy->entry) { // Only initialized (ic_serial > 0) IVCs are optimized
+                num_ivars++;
+
+                if (status->max_ivar_index < ic_copy->entry->index) {
+                    status->max_ivar_index = ic_copy->entry->index;
+                }
+
+                if (status->ivar_serial == 0) {
+                    status->ivar_serial = ic_copy->entry->class_serial;
+                }
+                else if (status->ivar_serial != ic_copy->entry->class_serial) {
+                    // Multiple classes have used this ISeq. Give up assuming one serial.
+                    status->merge_ivar_guards_p = false;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        pos += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+    status->merge_ivar_guards_p = status->ivar_serial > 0 && num_ivars >= 2;
+}
+
+// This needs to be macro instead of a function because it's using `alloca`.
+#define INIT_COMPILE_STATUS(status, body, compile_root_p) do { \
+    status = (struct compile_status){ \
+        .stack_size_for_pos = (int *)alloca(sizeof(int) * body->iseq_size), \
+        .inlined_iseqs = compile_root_p ? \
+            alloca(sizeof(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *) * body->iseq_size) : NULL, \
+        .is_entries = (body->is_size > 0) ? \
+            alloca(sizeof(union iseq_inline_storage_entry) * body->is_size) : NULL, \
+        .cc_entries_index = (body->ci_size > 0) ? \
+            mjit_capture_cc_entries(status.compiled_iseq, body) : -1, \
+        .compiled_id = status.compiled_id, \
+        .compiled_iseq = status.compiled_iseq, \
+        .compile_info = compile_root_p ? \
+            rb_mjit_iseq_compile_info(body) : alloca(sizeof(struct rb_mjit_compile_info)) \
+    }; \
+    memset(status.stack_size_for_pos, NOT_COMPILED_STACK_SIZE, sizeof(int) * body->iseq_size); \
+    if (compile_root_p) \
+        memset((void *)status.inlined_iseqs, 0, sizeof(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *) * body->iseq_size); \
+    else \
+        memset(status.compile_info, 0, sizeof(struct rb_mjit_compile_info)); \
+} while (0)
+
+// Compile inlinable ISeqs to C code in `f`.  It returns true if it succeeds to compile them.
+static bool
+precompile_inlinable_iseqs(FILE *f, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct compile_status *status)
+{
+    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
+    unsigned int pos = 0;
+    while (pos < body->iseq_size) {
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        int insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
+#else
+        int insn = (int)body->iseq_encoded[pos];
+#endif
+        if (insn == BIN(opt_send_without_block)) { // `compile_inlined_cancel_handler` supports only `opt_send_without_block`
+            CALL_DATA cd = (CALL_DATA)body->iseq_encoded[pos + 1];
+            const struct rb_callinfo *ci = cd->ci;
+            const struct rb_callcache *cc = captured_cc_entries(status)[call_data_index(cd, body)]; // use copy to avoid race condition
+
+            extern bool rb_mjit_compiling_iseq_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq);
+            const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq;
+            if ((child_iseq = rb_mjit_inlinable_iseq(ci, cc)) != NULL && rb_mjit_compiling_iseq_p(child_iseq)) {
+                status->inlined_iseqs[pos] = child_iseq->body;
+
+                if (mjit_opts.verbose >= 1) // print beforehand because ISeq may be GCed during copy job.
+                    fprintf(stderr, "JIT inline: %s@%s:%d => %s@%s:%d\n",
+                            RSTRING_PTR(child_iseq->body->location.label),
+                            RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(child_iseq)), FIX2INT(child_iseq->body->location.first_lineno),
+                            RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label),
+                            RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq)), FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno));
+
+                struct compile_status child_status = { .compiled_iseq = status->compiled_iseq, .compiled_id = status->compiled_id };
+                INIT_COMPILE_STATUS(child_status, child_iseq->body, false);
+                child_status.inline_context = (struct inlined_call_context){
+                    .orig_argc = vm_ci_argc(ci),
+                    .me = (VALUE)vm_cc_cme(cc),
+                    .param_size = child_iseq->body->param.size,
+                    .local_size = child_iseq->body->local_table_size
+                };
+                if (child_iseq->body->ci_size > 0 && child_status.cc_entries_index == -1) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                init_ivar_compile_status(child_iseq->body, &child_status);
+
+                fprintf(f, "ALWAYS_INLINE(static VALUE _mjit%d_inlined_%d(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp, const VALUE orig_self, const rb_iseq_t *original_iseq));\n", status->compiled_id, pos);
+                fprintf(f, "static inline VALUE\n_mjit%d_inlined_%d(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp, const VALUE orig_self, const rb_iseq_t *original_iseq)\n{\n", status->compiled_id, pos);
+                fprintf(f, "    const VALUE *orig_pc = reg_cfp->pc;\n");
+                fprintf(f, "    VALUE *orig_sp = reg_cfp->sp;\n");
+                bool success = mjit_compile_body(f, child_iseq, &child_status);
+                fprintf(f, "\n} /* end of _mjit%d_inlined_%d */\n\n", status->compiled_id, pos);
+
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        pos += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Compile ISeq to C code in `f`. It returns true if it succeeds to compile.
+bool
+mjit_compile(FILE *f, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const char *funcname, int id)
+{
+    struct compile_status status = { .compiled_iseq = iseq->body, .compiled_id = id };
+    INIT_COMPILE_STATUS(status, iseq->body, true);
+    if (iseq->body->ci_size > 0 && status.cc_entries_index == -1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    init_ivar_compile_status(iseq->body, &status);
+
+    if (!status.compile_info->disable_send_cache && !status.compile_info->disable_inlining) {
+        if (!precompile_inlinable_iseqs(f, iseq, &status))
+            return false;
+    }
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    fprintf(f, "__declspec(dllexport)\n");
+#endif
+    fprintf(f, "VALUE\n%s(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp)\n{\n", funcname);
+    bool success = mjit_compile_body(f, iseq, &status);
+    fprintf(f, "\n} // end of %s\n", funcname);
+    return success;
+}
+
+#endif // USE_MJIT
diff --git a/mjit_worker.c b/mjit_worker.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3e333da31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mjit_worker.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1522 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  mjit_worker.c - Worker for MRI method JIT compiler
+
+  Copyright (C) 2017 Vladimir Makarov <vmakarov@redhat.com>.
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+// NOTE: All functions in this file are executed on MJIT worker. So don't
+// call Ruby methods (C functions that may call rb_funcall) or trigger
+// GC (using ZALLOC, xmalloc, xfree, etc.) in this file.
+
+/* However, note that calling `free` for resources `xmalloc`-ed in mjit.c,
+   which is currently done in some places, is sometimes problematic in the
+   following situations:
+
+   * malloc library could be different between interpreter and extensions
+     on Windows (perhaps not applicable to MJIT because CC is the same)
+   * xmalloc -> free leaks extra space used for USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS
+     (not enabled by default)
+
+   ...in short, it's usually not a problem in MJIT. But maybe it's worth
+   fixing for consistency or for USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS support.
+*/
+
+/* We utilize widely used C compilers (GCC and LLVM Clang) to
+   implement MJIT.  We feed them a C code generated from ISEQ.  The
+   industrial C compilers are slower than regular JIT engines.
+   Generated code performance of the used C compilers has a higher
+   priority over the compilation speed.
+
+   So our major goal is to minimize the ISEQ compilation time when we
+   use widely optimization level (-O2).  It is achieved by
+
+   o Using a precompiled version of the header
+   o Keeping all files in `/tmp`.  On modern Linux `/tmp` is a file
+     system in memory. So it is pretty fast
+   o Implementing MJIT as a multi-threaded code because we want to
+     compile ISEQs in parallel with iseq execution to speed up Ruby
+     code execution.  MJIT has one thread (*worker*) to do
+     parallel compilations:
+      o It prepares a precompiled code of the minimized header.
+        It starts at the MRI execution start
+      o It generates PIC object files of ISEQs
+      o It takes one JIT unit from a priority queue unless it is empty.
+      o It translates the JIT unit ISEQ into C-code using the precompiled
+        header, calls CC and load PIC code when it is ready
+      o Currently MJIT put ISEQ in the queue when ISEQ is called
+      o MJIT can reorder ISEQs in the queue if some ISEQ has been called
+        many times and its compilation did not start yet
+      o MRI reuses the machine code if it already exists for ISEQ
+      o The machine code we generate can stop and switch to the ISEQ
+        interpretation if some condition is not satisfied as the machine
+        code can be speculative or some exception raises
+      o Speculative machine code can be canceled.
+
+   Here is a diagram showing the MJIT organization:
+
+                 _______
+                |header |
+                |_______|
+                    |                         MRI building
+      --------------|----------------------------------------
+                    |                         MRI execution
+                    |
+       _____________|_____
+      |             |     |
+      |          ___V__   |  CC      ____________________
+      |         |      |----------->| precompiled header |
+      |         |      |  |         |____________________|
+      |         |      |  |              |
+      |         | MJIT |  |              |
+      |         |      |  |              |
+      |         |      |  |          ____V___  CC  __________
+      |         |______|----------->| C code |--->| .so file |
+      |                   |         |________|    |__________|
+      |                   |                              |
+      |                   |                              |
+      | MRI machine code  |<-----------------------------
+      |___________________|             loading
+
+*/
+
+#ifdef __sun
+#define __EXTENSIONS__ 1
+#endif
+
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_callinfo.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "ruby/debug.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/version.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "insns.inc"
+#include "insns_info.inc"
+#include "internal/compile.h"
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <winsock2.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#endif
+#include <errno.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
+# include <sys/param.h>
+#endif
+#include "dln.h"
+
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#undef strdup // ruby_strdup may trigger GC
+
+#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
+# define MAXPATHLEN 1024
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define dlopen(name,flag) ((void*)LoadLibrary(name))
+#define dlerror() strerror(rb_w32_map_errno(GetLastError()))
+#define dlsym(handle,name) ((void*)GetProcAddress((handle),(name)))
+#define dlclose(handle) (!FreeLibrary(handle))
+#define RTLD_NOW  -1
+
+#define waitpid(pid,stat_loc,options) (WaitForSingleObject((HANDLE)(pid), INFINITE), GetExitCodeProcess((HANDLE)(pid), (LPDWORD)(stat_loc)), CloseHandle((HANDLE)pid), (pid))
+#define WIFEXITED(S) ((S) != STILL_ACTIVE)
+#define WEXITSTATUS(S) (S)
+#define WIFSIGNALED(S) (0)
+typedef intptr_t pid_t;
+#endif
+
+// Atomically set function pointer if possible.
+#define MJIT_ATOMIC_SET(var, val) (void)ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+
+#define MJIT_TMP_PREFIX "_ruby_mjit_"
+
+// JIT compaction requires the header transformation because linking multiple .o files
+// doesn't work without having `static` in the same function definitions. We currently
+// don't support transforming the MJIT header on Windows.
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# define USE_JIT_COMPACTION 0
+#else
+# define USE_JIT_COMPACTION 1
+#endif
+
+// The unit structure that holds metadata of ISeq for MJIT.
+struct rb_mjit_unit {
+    struct list_node unode;
+    // Unique order number of unit.
+    int id;
+    // Dlopen handle of the loaded object file.
+    void *handle;
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    // DLL cannot be removed while loaded on Windows. If this is set, it'll be lazily deleted.
+    char *so_file;
+#endif
+    // Only used by unload_units. Flag to check this unit is currently on stack or not.
+    bool used_code_p;
+    // True if this is still in active_units but it's to be lazily removed
+    bool stale_p;
+    // mjit_compile's optimization switches
+    struct rb_mjit_compile_info compile_info;
+    // captured CC values, they should be marked with iseq.
+    const struct rb_callcache **cc_entries;
+    unsigned int cc_entries_size; // iseq->body->ci_size + ones of inlined iseqs
+};
+
+// Linked list of struct rb_mjit_unit.
+struct rb_mjit_unit_list {
+    struct list_head head;
+    int length; // the list length
+};
+
+extern void rb_native_mutex_lock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+extern void rb_native_mutex_unlock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+extern void rb_native_mutex_initialize(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+extern void rb_native_mutex_destroy(rb_nativethread_lock_t *lock);
+
+extern void rb_native_cond_initialize(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+extern void rb_native_cond_destroy(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+extern void rb_native_cond_signal(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+extern void rb_native_cond_broadcast(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+extern void rb_native_cond_wait(rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond, rb_nativethread_lock_t *mutex);
+
+// process.c
+extern rb_pid_t ruby_waitpid_locked(rb_vm_t *, rb_pid_t, int *status, int options, rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond);
+
+// A copy of MJIT portion of MRI options since MJIT initialization.  We
+// need them as MJIT threads still can work when the most MRI data were
+// freed.
+struct mjit_options mjit_opts;
+
+// true if MJIT is enabled.
+bool mjit_enabled = false;
+// true if JIT-ed code should be called. When `ruby_vm_event_enabled_global_flags & ISEQ_TRACE_EVENTS`
+// and `mjit_call_p == false`, any JIT-ed code execution is cancelled as soon as possible.
+bool mjit_call_p = false;
+
+// Priority queue of iseqs waiting for JIT compilation.
+// This variable is a pointer to head unit of the queue.
+static struct rb_mjit_unit_list unit_queue = { LIST_HEAD_INIT(unit_queue.head) };
+// List of units which are successfully compiled.
+static struct rb_mjit_unit_list active_units = { LIST_HEAD_INIT(active_units.head) };
+// List of compacted so files which will be cleaned up by `free_list()` in `mjit_finish()`.
+static struct rb_mjit_unit_list compact_units = { LIST_HEAD_INIT(compact_units.head) };
+// List of units before recompilation and just waiting for dlclose().
+static struct rb_mjit_unit_list stale_units = { LIST_HEAD_INIT(stale_units.head) };
+// The number of so far processed ISEQs, used to generate unique id.
+static int current_unit_num;
+// A mutex for conitionals and critical sections.
+static rb_nativethread_lock_t mjit_engine_mutex;
+// A thread conditional to wake up `mjit_finish` at the end of PCH thread.
+static rb_nativethread_cond_t mjit_pch_wakeup;
+// A thread conditional to wake up the client if there is a change in
+// executed unit status.
+static rb_nativethread_cond_t mjit_client_wakeup;
+// A thread conditional to wake up a worker if there we have something
+// to add or we need to stop MJIT engine.
+static rb_nativethread_cond_t mjit_worker_wakeup;
+// A thread conditional to wake up workers if at the end of GC.
+static rb_nativethread_cond_t mjit_gc_wakeup;
+// Greater than 0 when GC is working.
+static int in_gc = 0;
+// True when JIT is working.
+static bool in_jit = false;
+// True when active_units has at least one stale_p=true unit.
+static bool pending_stale_p = false;
+// The times when unload_units is requested. unload_units is called after some requests.
+static int unload_requests = 0;
+// The total number of unloaded units.
+static int total_unloads = 0;
+// Set to true to stop worker.
+static bool stop_worker_p;
+// Set to true if worker is stopped.
+static bool worker_stopped;
+
+// Path of "/tmp", which can be changed to $TMP in MinGW.
+static char *tmp_dir;
+// Hash like { 1 => true, 2 => true, ... } whose keys are valid `class_serial`s.
+// This is used to invalidate obsoleted CALL_CACHE.
+static VALUE valid_class_serials;
+
+// Used C compiler path.
+static const char *cc_path;
+// Used C compiler flags.
+static const char **cc_common_args;
+// Used C compiler flags added by --jit-debug=...
+static char **cc_added_args;
+// Name of the precompiled header file.
+static char *pch_file;
+// The process id which should delete the pch_file on mjit_finish.
+static rb_pid_t pch_owner_pid;
+// Status of the precompiled header creation.  The status is
+// shared by the workers and the pch thread.
+static enum {PCH_NOT_READY, PCH_FAILED, PCH_SUCCESS} pch_status;
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+// Name of the header file.
+static char *header_file;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Linker option to enable libruby.
+static char *libruby_pathflag;
+#endif
+
+#include "mjit_config.h"
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && \
+     (!defined(__clang__) || \
+      (defined(__clang__) && (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__GLIBC__))))
+# define GCC_PIC_FLAGS "-Wfatal-errors", "-fPIC", "-shared", "-w", "-pipe",
+# define MJIT_CFLAGS_PIPE 1
+#else
+# define GCC_PIC_FLAGS /* empty */
+# define MJIT_CFLAGS_PIPE 0
+#endif
+
+// Use `-nodefaultlibs -nostdlib` for GCC where possible, which does not work on mingw, cygwin, AIX, and OpenBSD.
+// This seems to improve MJIT performance on GCC.
+#if defined __GNUC__ && !defined __clang__ && !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(_AIX) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
+# define GCC_NOSTDLIB_FLAGS "-nodefaultlibs", "-nostdlib",
+#else
+# define GCC_NOSTDLIB_FLAGS // empty
+#endif
+
+static const char *const CC_COMMON_ARGS[] = {
+    MJIT_CC_COMMON MJIT_CFLAGS GCC_PIC_FLAGS
+    NULL
+};
+
+static const char *const CC_DEBUG_ARGS[] = {MJIT_DEBUGFLAGS NULL};
+static const char *const CC_OPTIMIZE_ARGS[] = {MJIT_OPTFLAGS NULL};
+
+static const char *const CC_LDSHARED_ARGS[] = {MJIT_LDSHARED GCC_PIC_FLAGS NULL};
+static const char *const CC_DLDFLAGS_ARGS[] = {MJIT_DLDFLAGS NULL};
+// `CC_LINKER_ARGS` are linker flags which must be passed to `-c` as well.
+static const char *const CC_LINKER_ARGS[] = {
+#if defined __GNUC__ && !defined __clang__ && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
+    "-nostartfiles",
+#endif
+    GCC_NOSTDLIB_FLAGS NULL
+};
+
+static const char *const CC_LIBS[] = {
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+    MJIT_LIBS // mswin, mingw, cygwin
+#endif
+#if defined __GNUC__ && !defined __clang__
+# if defined(_WIN32)
+    "-lmsvcrt", // mingw
+# endif
+    "-lgcc", // mingw, cygwin, and GCC platforms using `-nodefaultlibs -nostdlib`
+#endif
+#if defined __ANDROID__
+    "-lm", // to avoid 'cannot locate symbol "modf" referenced by .../_ruby_mjit_XXX.so"'
+#endif
+    NULL
+};
+
+#define CC_CODEFLAG_ARGS (mjit_opts.debug ? CC_DEBUG_ARGS : CC_OPTIMIZE_ARGS)
+
+// Print the arguments according to FORMAT to stderr only if MJIT
+// verbose option value is more or equal to LEVEL.
+PRINTF_ARGS(static void, 2, 3)
+verbose(int level, const char *format, ...)
+{
+    if (mjit_opts.verbose >= level) {
+        va_list args;
+        size_t len = strlen(format);
+        char *full_format = alloca(sizeof(char) * (len + 2));
+
+        // Creating `format + '\n'` to atomically print format and '\n'.
+        memcpy(full_format, format, len);
+        full_format[len] = '\n';
+        full_format[len+1] = '\0';
+
+        va_start(args, format);
+        vfprintf(stderr, full_format, args);
+        va_end(args);
+    }
+}
+
+PRINTF_ARGS(static void, 1, 2)
+mjit_warning(const char *format, ...)
+{
+    if (mjit_opts.warnings || mjit_opts.verbose) {
+        va_list args;
+
+        fprintf(stderr, "MJIT warning: ");
+        va_start(args, format);
+        vfprintf(stderr, format, args);
+        va_end(args);
+        fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    }
+}
+
+// Add unit node to the tail of doubly linked `list`. It should be not in
+// the list before.
+static void
+add_to_list(struct rb_mjit_unit *unit, struct rb_mjit_unit_list *list)
+{
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(mjit_length_unit_queue, list == &unit_queue);
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(mjit_length_active_units, list == &active_units);
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(mjit_length_compact_units, list == &compact_units);
+    (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(mjit_length_stale_units, list == &stale_units);
+
+    list_add_tail(&list->head, &unit->unode);
+    list->length++;
+}
+
+static void
+remove_from_list(struct rb_mjit_unit *unit, struct rb_mjit_unit_list *list)
+{
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+    rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_unit_queue, -1, list == &unit_queue);
+    rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_active_units, -1, list == &active_units);
+    rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_compact_units, -1, list == &compact_units);
+    rb_debug_counter_add(RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_stale_units, -1, list == &stale_units);
+#endif
+
+    list_del(&unit->unode);
+    list->length--;
+}
+
+static void
+remove_file(const char *filename)
+{
+    if (remove(filename)) {
+        mjit_warning("failed to remove \"%s\": %s", filename, strerror(errno));
+    }
+}
+
+// Lazily delete .so files.
+static void
+clean_temp_files(struct rb_mjit_unit *unit)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    if (unit->so_file) {
+        char *so_file = unit->so_file;
+
+        unit->so_file = NULL;
+        // unit->so_file is set only when mjit_opts.save_temps is false.
+        remove_file(so_file);
+        free(so_file);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+// This is called in the following situations:
+// 1) On dequeue or `unload_units()`, associated ISeq is already GCed.
+// 2) The unit is not called often and unloaded by `unload_units()`.
+// 3) Freeing lists on `mjit_finish()`.
+//
+// `jit_func` value does not matter for 1 and 3 since the unit won't be used anymore.
+// For the situation 2, this sets the ISeq's JIT state to NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC
+// to prevent the situation that the same methods are continuously compiled.
+static void
+free_unit(struct rb_mjit_unit *unit)
+{
+    if (unit->iseq) { // ISeq is not GCed
+        unit->iseq->body->jit_func = (mjit_func_t)NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+        unit->iseq->body->jit_unit = NULL;
+    }
+    if (unit->cc_entries) {
+        void *entries = (void *)unit->cc_entries;
+        free(entries);
+    }
+    if (unit->handle && dlclose(unit->handle)) { // handle is NULL if it's in queue
+        mjit_warning("failed to close handle for u%d: %s", unit->id, dlerror());
+    }
+    clean_temp_files(unit);
+    free(unit);
+}
+
+// Start a critical section. Use message `msg` to print debug info at `level`.
+static inline void
+CRITICAL_SECTION_START(int level, const char *msg)
+{
+    verbose(level, "Locking %s", msg);
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&mjit_engine_mutex);
+    verbose(level, "Locked %s", msg);
+}
+
+// Finish the current critical section. Use message `msg` to print
+// debug info at `level`.
+static inline void
+CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(int level, const char *msg)
+{
+    verbose(level, "Unlocked %s", msg);
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&mjit_engine_mutex);
+}
+
+static int
+sprint_uniq_filename(char *str, size_t size, unsigned long id, const char *prefix, const char *suffix)
+{
+    return snprintf(str, size, "%s/%sp%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"uu%lu%s", tmp_dir, prefix, getpid(), id, suffix);
+}
+
+// Return time in milliseconds as a double.
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+double ruby_real_ms_time(void);
+# define real_ms_time() ruby_real_ms_time()
+#else
+static double
+real_ms_time(void)
+{
+# ifdef HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME
+    struct timespec  tv;
+#  ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    const clockid_t c = CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
+#  else
+    const clockid_t c = CLOCK_REALTIME;
+#  endif
+
+    clock_gettime(c, &tv);
+    return tv.tv_nsec / 1000000.0 + tv.tv_sec * 1000.0;
+# else
+    struct timeval  tv;
+
+    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
+    return tv.tv_usec / 1000.0 + tv.tv_sec * 1000.0;
+# endif
+}
+#endif
+
+// Return true if class_serial is not obsoleted. This is used by mjit_compile.c.
+bool
+mjit_valid_class_serial_p(rb_serial_t class_serial)
+{
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in valid_class_serial_p");
+    bool found_p = rb_hash_stlike_lookup(valid_class_serials, LONG2FIX(class_serial), NULL);
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in valid_class_serial_p");
+    return found_p;
+}
+
+// Return the best unit from list.  The best is the first
+// high priority unit or the unit whose iseq has the biggest number
+// of calls so far.
+static struct rb_mjit_unit *
+get_from_list(struct rb_mjit_unit_list *list)
+{
+    while (in_gc) {
+        verbose(3, "Waiting wakeup from GC");
+        rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_gc_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+    }
+    in_jit = true; // Lock GC
+
+    // Find iseq with max total_calls
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = NULL, *next, *best = NULL;
+    list_for_each_safe(&list->head, unit, next, unode) {
+        if (unit->iseq == NULL) { // ISeq is GCed.
+            remove_from_list(unit, list);
+            free_unit(unit);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (best == NULL || best->iseq->body->total_calls < unit->iseq->body->total_calls) {
+            best = unit;
+        }
+    }
+
+    in_jit = false; // Unlock GC
+    verbose(3, "Sending wakeup signal to client in a mjit-worker for GC");
+    rb_native_cond_signal(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+
+    if (best) {
+        remove_from_list(best, list);
+    }
+    return best;
+}
+
+// Return length of NULL-terminated array `args` excluding the NULL marker.
+static size_t
+args_len(char *const *args)
+{
+    size_t i;
+
+    for (i = 0; (args[i]) != NULL;i++)
+        ;
+    return i;
+}
+
+// Concatenate `num` passed NULL-terminated arrays of strings, put the
+// result (with NULL end marker) into the heap, and return the result.
+static char **
+form_args(int num, ...)
+{
+    va_list argp;
+    size_t len, n;
+    int i;
+    char **args, **res, **tmp;
+
+    va_start(argp, num);
+    res = NULL;
+    for (i = len = 0; i < num; i++) {
+        args = va_arg(argp, char **);
+        n = args_len(args);
+        if ((tmp = (char **)realloc(res, sizeof(char *) * (len + n + 1))) == NULL) {
+            free(res);
+            res = NULL;
+            break;
+        }
+        res = tmp;
+        MEMCPY(res + len, args, char *, n + 1);
+        len += n;
+    }
+    va_end(argp);
+    return res;
+}
+
+COMPILER_WARNING_PUSH
+#if __has_warning("-Wdeprecated-declarations") || RBIMPL_COMPILER_IS(GCC)
+COMPILER_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wdeprecated-declarations)
+#endif
+// Start an OS process of absolute executable path with arguments `argv`.
+// Return PID of the process.
+static pid_t
+start_process(const char *abspath, char *const *argv)
+{
+    // Not calling non-async-signal-safe functions between vfork
+    // and execv for safety
+    int dev_null = rb_cloexec_open(ruby_null_device, O_WRONLY, 0);
+    if (dev_null < 0) {
+        verbose(1, "MJIT: Failed to open a null device: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (mjit_opts.verbose >= 2) {
+        const char *arg;
+        fprintf(stderr, "Starting process: %s", abspath);
+        for (int i = 0; (arg = argv[i]) != NULL; i++)
+            fprintf(stderr, " %s", arg);
+        fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    }
+
+    pid_t pid;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    extern HANDLE rb_w32_start_process(const char *abspath, char *const *argv, int out_fd);
+    int out_fd = 0;
+    if (mjit_opts.verbose <= 1) {
+        // Discard cl.exe's outputs like:
+        //   _ruby_mjit_p12u3.c
+        //     Creating library C:.../_ruby_mjit_p12u3.lib and object C:.../_ruby_mjit_p12u3.exp
+        out_fd = dev_null;
+    }
+
+    pid = (pid_t)rb_w32_start_process(abspath, argv, out_fd);
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        verbose(1, "MJIT: Failed to create process: %s", dlerror());
+        return -1;
+    }
+#else
+    if ((pid = vfork()) == 0) { /* TODO: reuse some function in process.c */
+        umask(0077);
+        if (mjit_opts.verbose == 0) {
+            // CC can be started in a thread using a file which has been
+            // already removed while MJIT is finishing.  Discard the
+            // messages about missing files.
+            dup2(dev_null, STDERR_FILENO);
+            dup2(dev_null, STDOUT_FILENO);
+        }
+        (void)close(dev_null);
+        pid = execv(abspath, argv); // Pid will be negative on an error
+        // Even if we successfully found CC to compile PCH we still can
+        // fail with loading the CC in very rare cases for some reasons.
+        // Stop the forked process in this case.
+        verbose(1, "MJIT: Error in execv: %s", abspath);
+        _exit(1);
+    }
+#endif
+    (void)close(dev_null);
+    return pid;
+}
+COMPILER_WARNING_POP
+
+// Execute an OS process of executable PATH with arguments ARGV.
+// Return -1 or -2 if failed to execute, otherwise exit code of the process.
+// TODO: Use a similar function in process.c
+static int
+exec_process(const char *path, char *const argv[])
+{
+    int stat, exit_code = -2;
+    rb_vm_t *vm = WAITPID_USE_SIGCHLD ? GET_VM() : 0;
+    rb_nativethread_cond_t cond;
+
+    if (vm) {
+        rb_native_cond_initialize(&cond);
+        rb_native_mutex_lock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+    }
+
+    pid_t pid = start_process(path, argv);
+    for (;pid > 0;) {
+        pid_t r = vm ? ruby_waitpid_locked(vm, pid, &stat, 0, &cond)
+                     : waitpid(pid, &stat, 0);
+        if (r == -1) {
+            if (errno == EINTR) continue;
+            fprintf(stderr, "[%"PRI_PIDT_PREFIX"d] waitpid(%lu): %s (SIGCHLD=%d,%u)\n",
+                    getpid(), (unsigned long)pid, strerror(errno),
+                    RUBY_SIGCHLD, SIGCHLD_LOSSY);
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (r == pid) {
+            if (WIFEXITED(stat)) {
+                exit_code = WEXITSTATUS(stat);
+                break;
+            }
+            else if (WIFSIGNALED(stat)) {
+                exit_code = -1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (vm) {
+        rb_native_mutex_unlock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+        rb_native_cond_destroy(&cond);
+    }
+    return exit_code;
+}
+
+static void
+remove_so_file(const char *so_file, struct rb_mjit_unit *unit)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    // Windows can't remove files while it's used.
+    unit->so_file = strdup(so_file); // lazily delete on `clean_temp_files()`
+    if (unit->so_file == NULL)
+        mjit_warning("failed to allocate memory to lazily remove '%s': %s", so_file, strerror(errno));
+#else
+    remove_file(so_file);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Print _mjitX, but make a human-readable funcname when --jit-debug is used
+static void
+sprint_funcname(char *funcname, const struct rb_mjit_unit *unit)
+{
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = unit->iseq;
+    if (iseq == NULL || (!mjit_opts.debug && !mjit_opts.debug_flags)) {
+        sprintf(funcname, "_mjit%d", unit->id);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Generate a short path
+    const char *path = RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(iseq));
+    const char *lib = "/lib/";
+    const char *version = "/" STRINGIZE(RUBY_API_VERSION_MAJOR) "." STRINGIZE(RUBY_API_VERSION_MINOR) "." STRINGIZE(RUBY_API_VERSION_TEENY) "/";
+    while (strstr(path, lib)) // skip "/lib/"
+        path = strstr(path, lib) + strlen(lib);
+    while (strstr(path, version)) // skip "/x.y.z/"
+        path = strstr(path, version) + strlen(version);
+
+    // Annotate all-normalized method names
+    const char *method = RSTRING_PTR(iseq->body->location.label);
+    if (!strcmp(method, "[]")) method = "AREF";
+    if (!strcmp(method, "[]=")) method = "ASET";
+
+    // Print and normalize
+    sprintf(funcname, "_mjit%d_%s_%s", unit->id, path, method);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < strlen(funcname); i++) {
+        char c = funcname[i];
+        if (!(('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || ('0' <= c && c <= '9') || c == '_')) {
+            funcname[i] = '_';
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static const rb_iseq_t **compiling_iseqs = NULL;
+
+static bool
+set_compiling_iseqs(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    compiling_iseqs = calloc(iseq->body->iseq_size + 2, sizeof(rb_iseq_t *)); // 2: 1 (unit->iseq) + 1 (NULL end)
+    if (compiling_iseqs == NULL)
+        return false;
+
+    compiling_iseqs[0] = iseq;
+    int i = 1;
+
+    unsigned int pos = 0;
+    while (pos < iseq->body->iseq_size) {
+#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
+        int insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)iseq->body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
+#else
+        int insn = (int)iseq->body->iseq_encoded[pos];
+#endif
+        if (insn == BIN(opt_send_without_block)) {
+            CALL_DATA cd = (CALL_DATA)iseq->body->iseq_encoded[pos + 1];
+            extern const rb_iseq_t *rb_mjit_inlinable_iseq(const struct rb_callinfo *ci, const struct rb_callcache *cc);
+            const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_mjit_inlinable_iseq(cd->ci, cd->cc);
+            if (iseq != NULL) {
+                compiling_iseqs[i] = iseq;
+                i++;
+            }
+        }
+        pos += insn_len(insn);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool
+rb_mjit_compiling_iseq_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    assert(compiling_iseqs != NULL);
+    int i = 0;
+    while (compiling_iseqs[i]) {
+        if (compiling_iseqs[i] == iseq) return true;
+        i++;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static const int c_file_access_mode =
+#ifdef O_BINARY
+    O_BINARY|
+#endif
+    O_WRONLY|O_EXCL|O_CREAT;
+
+#define append_str2(p, str, len) ((char *)memcpy((p), str, (len))+(len))
+#define append_str(p, str) append_str2(p, str, sizeof(str)-1)
+#define append_lit(p, str) append_str2(p, str, rb_strlen_lit(str))
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// Compile C file to so. It returns true if it succeeds. (mswin)
+static bool
+compile_c_to_so(const char *c_file, const char *so_file)
+{
+    const char *files[] = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, "-link", libruby_pathflag, NULL };
+    char *p;
+
+    // files[0] = "-Fe*.dll"
+    files[0] = p = alloca(sizeof(char) * (rb_strlen_lit("-Fe") + strlen(so_file) + 1));
+    p = append_lit(p, "-Fe");
+    p = append_str2(p, so_file, strlen(so_file));
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    // files[1] = "-Fo*.obj"
+    // We don't need .obj file, but it's somehow created to cwd without -Fo and we want to control the output directory.
+    files[1] = p = alloca(sizeof(char) * (rb_strlen_lit("-Fo") + strlen(so_file) - rb_strlen_lit(DLEXT) + rb_strlen_lit(".obj") + 1));
+    char *obj_file = p = append_lit(p, "-Fo");
+    p = append_str2(p, so_file, strlen(so_file) - rb_strlen_lit(DLEXT));
+    p = append_lit(p, ".obj");
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    // files[2] = "-Yu*.pch"
+    files[2] = p = alloca(sizeof(char) * (rb_strlen_lit("-Yu") + strlen(pch_file) + 1));
+    p = append_lit(p, "-Yu");
+    p = append_str2(p, pch_file, strlen(pch_file));
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    // files[3] = "C:/.../rb_mjit_header-*.obj"
+    files[3] = p = alloca(sizeof(char) * (strlen(pch_file) + 1));
+    p = append_str2(p, pch_file, strlen(pch_file) - strlen(".pch"));
+    p = append_lit(p, ".obj");
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    // files[4] = "-Tc*.c"
+    files[4] = p = alloca(sizeof(char) * (rb_strlen_lit("-Tc") + strlen(c_file) + 1));
+    p = append_lit(p, "-Tc");
+    p = append_str2(p, c_file, strlen(c_file));
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    // files[5] = "-Fd*.pdb"
+    files[5] = p = alloca(sizeof(char) * (rb_strlen_lit("-Fd") + strlen(pch_file) + 1));
+    p = append_lit(p, "-Fd");
+    p = append_str2(p, pch_file, strlen(pch_file) - rb_strlen_lit(".pch"));
+    p = append_lit(p, ".pdb");
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    char **args = form_args(5, CC_LDSHARED_ARGS, CC_CODEFLAG_ARGS,
+            files, CC_LIBS, CC_DLDFLAGS_ARGS);
+    if (args == NULL)
+        return false;
+
+    int exit_code = exec_process(cc_path, args);
+    free(args);
+
+    if (exit_code == 0) {
+        // remove never-used files (.obj, .lib, .exp, .pdb). XXX: Is there any way not to generate this?
+        if (!mjit_opts.save_temps) {
+            char *before_dot;
+            remove_file(obj_file);
+
+            before_dot = obj_file + strlen(obj_file) - rb_strlen_lit(".obj");
+            append_lit(before_dot, ".lib"); remove_file(obj_file);
+            append_lit(before_dot, ".exp"); remove_file(obj_file);
+            append_lit(before_dot, ".pdb"); remove_file(obj_file);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        verbose(2, "compile_c_to_so: compile error: %d", exit_code);
+    }
+    return exit_code == 0;
+}
+#else // _MSC_VER
+
+// The function producing the pre-compiled header.
+static void
+make_pch(void)
+{
+    const char *rest_args[] = {
+# ifdef __clang__
+        "-emit-pch",
+        "-c",
+# endif
+        // -nodefaultlibs is a linker flag, but it may affect cc1 behavior on Gentoo, which should NOT be changed on pch:
+        // https://gitweb.gentoo.org/proj/gcc-patches.git/tree/7.3.0/gentoo/13_all_default-ssp-fix.patch
+        GCC_NOSTDLIB_FLAGS
+        "-o", pch_file, header_file,
+        NULL,
+    };
+
+    verbose(2, "Creating precompiled header");
+    char **args = form_args(4, cc_common_args, CC_CODEFLAG_ARGS, cc_added_args, rest_args);
+    if (args == NULL) {
+        mjit_warning("making precompiled header failed on forming args");
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in make_pch");
+        pch_status = PCH_FAILED;
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in make_pch");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    int exit_code = exec_process(cc_path, args);
+    free(args);
+
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in make_pch");
+    if (exit_code == 0) {
+        pch_status = PCH_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    else {
+        mjit_warning("Making precompiled header failed on compilation. Stopping MJIT worker...");
+        pch_status = PCH_FAILED;
+    }
+    /* wakeup `mjit_finish` */
+    rb_native_cond_broadcast(&mjit_pch_wakeup);
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in make_pch");
+}
+
+// Compile .c file to .so file. It returns true if it succeeds. (non-mswin)
+// Not compiling .c to .so directly because it fails on MinGW, and this helps
+// to generate no .dSYM on macOS.
+static bool
+compile_c_to_so(const char *c_file, const char *so_file)
+{
+    char* o_file = alloca(strlen(c_file) + 1);
+    strcpy(o_file, c_file);
+    o_file[strlen(c_file) - 1] = 'o';
+
+    const char *o_args[] = {
+        "-o", o_file, c_file,
+# ifdef __clang__
+        "-include-pch", pch_file,
+# endif
+        "-c", NULL
+    };
+    char **args = form_args(5, cc_common_args, CC_CODEFLAG_ARGS, cc_added_args, o_args, CC_LINKER_ARGS);
+    if (args == NULL) return false;
+    int exit_code = exec_process(cc_path, args);
+    free(args);
+    if (exit_code != 0) {
+        verbose(2, "compile_c_to_so: failed to compile .c to .o: %d", exit_code);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const char *so_args[] = {
+        "-o", so_file,
+# ifdef _WIN32
+        libruby_pathflag,
+# endif
+        o_file, NULL
+    };
+    args = form_args(6, CC_LDSHARED_ARGS, CC_CODEFLAG_ARGS, so_args, CC_LIBS, CC_DLDFLAGS_ARGS, CC_LINKER_ARGS);
+    if (args == NULL) return false;
+    exit_code = exec_process(cc_path, args);
+    free(args);
+    if (!mjit_opts.save_temps) remove_file(o_file);
+    if (exit_code != 0) {
+        verbose(2, "compile_c_to_so: failed to link .o to .so: %d", exit_code);
+    }
+    return exit_code == 0;
+}
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+#if USE_JIT_COMPACTION
+static void compile_prelude(FILE *f);
+
+static bool
+compile_compact_jit_code(char* c_file)
+{
+    FILE *f;
+    int fd = rb_cloexec_open(c_file, c_file_access_mode, 0600);
+    if (fd < 0 || (f = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL) {
+        int e = errno;
+        if (fd >= 0) (void)close(fd);
+        verbose(1, "Failed to fopen '%s', giving up JIT for it (%s)", c_file, strerror(e));
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    compile_prelude(f);
+
+    // wait until mjit_gc_exit_hook is called
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "before mjit_compile to wait GC finish");
+    while (in_gc) {
+        verbose(3, "Waiting wakeup from GC");
+        rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_gc_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+    }
+    // We need to check again here because we could've waited on GC above
+    bool iseq_gced = false;
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *child_unit = 0, *next;
+    list_for_each_safe(&active_units.head, child_unit, next, unode) {
+        if (child_unit->iseq == NULL) { // ISeq is GC-ed
+            iseq_gced = true;
+            verbose(1, "JIT compaction: A method for JIT code u%d is obsoleted. Compaction will be skipped.", child_unit->id);
+            remove_from_list(child_unit, &active_units);
+            free_unit(child_unit); // unload it without waiting for throttled unload_units to retry compaction quickly
+        }
+    }
+    in_jit = !iseq_gced;
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "before mjit_compile to wait GC finish");
+    if (!in_jit) {
+        fclose(f);
+        if (!mjit_opts.save_temps)
+            remove_file(c_file);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // This entire loop lock GC so that we do not need to consider a case that
+    // ISeq is GC-ed in a middle of re-compilation. It takes 3~4ms with 100 methods
+    // on my machine. It's not too bad compared to compilation time of C (7200~8000ms),
+    // but it might be larger if we use a larger --jit-max-cache.
+    //
+    // TODO: Consider using a more granular lock after we implement inlining across
+    // compacted functions (not done yet).
+    bool success = true;
+    list_for_each(&active_units.head, child_unit, unode) {
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "before set_compiling_iseqs");
+        success &= set_compiling_iseqs(child_unit->iseq);
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "after set_compiling_iseqs");
+        if (!success) continue;
+
+        char funcname[MAXPATHLEN];
+        sprint_funcname(funcname, child_unit);
+
+        long iseq_lineno = 0;
+        if (FIXNUM_P(child_unit->iseq->body->location.first_lineno))
+            // FIX2INT may fallback to rb_num2long(), which is a method call and dangerous in MJIT worker. So using only FIX2LONG.
+            iseq_lineno = FIX2LONG(child_unit->iseq->body->location.first_lineno);
+        const char *sep = "@";
+        const char *iseq_label = RSTRING_PTR(child_unit->iseq->body->location.label);
+        const char *iseq_path = RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(child_unit->iseq));
+        if (!iseq_label) iseq_label = sep = "";
+        fprintf(f, "\n/* %s%s%s:%ld */\n", iseq_label, sep, iseq_path, iseq_lineno);
+        success &= mjit_compile(f, child_unit->iseq, funcname, child_unit->id);
+
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "before compiling_iseqs free");
+        free(compiling_iseqs);
+        compiling_iseqs = NULL;
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "after compiling_iseqs free");
+    }
+
+    // release blocking mjit_gc_start_hook
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "after mjit_compile to wakeup client for GC");
+    in_jit = false;
+    verbose(3, "Sending wakeup signal to client in a mjit-worker for GC");
+    rb_native_cond_signal(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in worker to wakeup client for GC");
+
+    fclose(f);
+    return success;
+}
+
+// Compile all cached .c files and build a single .so file. Reload all JIT func from it.
+// This improves the code locality for better performance in terms of iTLB and iCache.
+static void
+compact_all_jit_code(void)
+{
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit, *cur = 0;
+    static const char c_ext[] = ".c";
+    static const char so_ext[] = DLEXT;
+    char c_file[MAXPATHLEN], so_file[MAXPATHLEN];
+
+    // Abnormal use case of rb_mjit_unit that doesn't have ISeq
+    unit = calloc(1, sizeof(struct rb_mjit_unit)); // To prevent GC, don't use ZALLOC
+    if (unit == NULL) return;
+    unit->id = current_unit_num++;
+    sprint_uniq_filename(c_file, (int)sizeof(c_file), unit->id, MJIT_TMP_PREFIX, c_ext);
+    sprint_uniq_filename(so_file, (int)sizeof(so_file), unit->id, MJIT_TMP_PREFIX, so_ext);
+
+    bool success = compile_compact_jit_code(c_file);
+    double start_time = real_ms_time();
+    if (success) {
+        success = compile_c_to_so(c_file, so_file);
+        if (!mjit_opts.save_temps)
+            remove_file(c_file);
+    }
+    double end_time = real_ms_time();
+
+    if (success) {
+        void *handle = dlopen(so_file, RTLD_NOW);
+        if (handle == NULL) {
+            mjit_warning("failure in loading code from compacted '%s': %s", so_file, dlerror());
+            free(unit);
+            return;
+        }
+        unit->handle = handle;
+
+        // lazily dlclose handle (and .so file for win32) on `mjit_finish()`.
+        add_to_list(unit, &compact_units);
+
+        if (!mjit_opts.save_temps)
+            remove_so_file(so_file, unit);
+
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in compact_all_jit_code to read list");
+        list_for_each(&active_units.head, cur, unode) {
+            void *func;
+            char funcname[MAXPATHLEN];
+            sprint_funcname(funcname, cur);
+
+            if ((func = dlsym(handle, funcname)) == NULL) {
+                mjit_warning("skipping to reload '%s' from '%s': %s", funcname, so_file, dlerror());
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (cur->iseq) { // Check whether GCed or not
+                // Usage of jit_code might be not in a critical section.
+                MJIT_ATOMIC_SET(cur->iseq->body->jit_func, (mjit_func_t)func);
+            }
+        }
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in compact_all_jit_code to read list");
+        verbose(1, "JIT compaction (%.1fms): Compacted %d methods %s -> %s", end_time - start_time, active_units.length, c_file, so_file);
+    }
+    else {
+        free(unit);
+        verbose(1, "JIT compaction failure (%.1fms): Failed to compact methods", end_time - start_time);
+    }
+}
+#endif // USE_JIT_COMPACTION
+
+static void *
+load_func_from_so(const char *so_file, const char *funcname, struct rb_mjit_unit *unit)
+{
+    void *handle, *func;
+
+    handle = dlopen(so_file, RTLD_NOW);
+    if (handle == NULL) {
+        mjit_warning("failure in loading code from '%s': %s", so_file, dlerror());
+        return (void *)NOT_ADDED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+    }
+
+    func = dlsym(handle, funcname);
+    unit->handle = handle;
+    return func;
+}
+
+#ifndef __clang__
+static const char *
+header_name_end(const char *s)
+{
+    const char *e = s + strlen(s);
+# ifdef __GNUC__ // don't chomp .pch for mswin
+    static const char suffix[] = ".gch";
+
+    // chomp .gch suffix
+    if (e > s+sizeof(suffix)-1 && strcmp(e-sizeof(suffix)+1, suffix) == 0) {
+        e -= sizeof(suffix)-1;
+    }
+# endif
+    return e;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Print platform-specific prerequisites in generated code.
+static void
+compile_prelude(FILE *f)
+{
+#ifndef __clang__ // -include-pch is used for Clang
+    const char *s = pch_file;
+    const char *e = header_name_end(s);
+
+    fprintf(f, "#include \"");
+    // print pch_file except .gch for gcc, but keep .pch for mswin
+    for (; s < e; s++) {
+        switch(*s) {
+          case '\\': case '"':
+            fputc('\\', f);
+        }
+        fputc(*s, f);
+    }
+    fprintf(f, "\"\n");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    fprintf(f, "void _pei386_runtime_relocator(void){}\n");
+    fprintf(f, "int __stdcall DllMainCRTStartup(void* hinstDLL, unsigned int fdwReason, void* lpvReserved) { return 1; }\n");
+#endif
+}
+
+// Compile ISeq in UNIT and return function pointer of JIT-ed code.
+// It may return NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC if something went wrong.
+static mjit_func_t
+convert_unit_to_func(struct rb_mjit_unit *unit)
+{
+    static const char c_ext[] = ".c";
+    static const char so_ext[] = DLEXT;
+    char c_file[MAXPATHLEN], so_file[MAXPATHLEN], funcname[MAXPATHLEN];
+
+    sprint_uniq_filename(c_file, (int)sizeof(c_file), unit->id, MJIT_TMP_PREFIX, c_ext);
+    sprint_uniq_filename(so_file, (int)sizeof(so_file), unit->id, MJIT_TMP_PREFIX, so_ext);
+    sprint_funcname(funcname, unit);
+
+    FILE *f;
+    int fd = rb_cloexec_open(c_file, c_file_access_mode, 0600);
+    if (fd < 0 || (f = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL) {
+        int e = errno;
+        if (fd >= 0) (void)close(fd);
+        verbose(1, "Failed to fopen '%s', giving up JIT for it (%s)", c_file, strerror(e));
+        return (mjit_func_t)NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+    }
+
+    // print #include of MJIT header, etc.
+    compile_prelude(f);
+
+    // wait until mjit_gc_exit_hook is called
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "before mjit_compile to wait GC finish");
+    while (in_gc) {
+        verbose(3, "Waiting wakeup from GC");
+        rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_gc_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+    }
+    // We need to check again here because we could've waited on GC above
+    in_jit = (unit->iseq != NULL);
+    if (in_jit)
+        in_jit &= set_compiling_iseqs(unit->iseq);
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "before mjit_compile to wait GC finish");
+    if (!in_jit) {
+        fclose(f);
+        if (!mjit_opts.save_temps)
+            remove_file(c_file);
+        return (mjit_func_t)NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+    }
+
+    // To make MJIT worker thread-safe against GC.compact, copy ISeq values while `in_jit` is true.
+    long iseq_lineno = 0;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(unit->iseq->body->location.first_lineno))
+        // FIX2INT may fallback to rb_num2long(), which is a method call and dangerous in MJIT worker. So using only FIX2LONG.
+        iseq_lineno = FIX2LONG(unit->iseq->body->location.first_lineno);
+    char *iseq_label = alloca(RSTRING_LEN(unit->iseq->body->location.label) + 1);
+    char *iseq_path  = alloca(RSTRING_LEN(rb_iseq_path(unit->iseq)) + 1);
+    strcpy(iseq_label, RSTRING_PTR(unit->iseq->body->location.label));
+    strcpy(iseq_path,  RSTRING_PTR(rb_iseq_path(unit->iseq)));
+
+    verbose(2, "start compilation: %s@%s:%ld -> %s", iseq_label, iseq_path, iseq_lineno, c_file);
+    fprintf(f, "/* %s@%s:%ld */\n\n", iseq_label, iseq_path, iseq_lineno);
+    bool success = mjit_compile(f, unit->iseq, funcname, unit->id);
+
+    // release blocking mjit_gc_start_hook
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "after mjit_compile to wakeup client for GC");
+    free(compiling_iseqs);
+    compiling_iseqs = NULL;
+    in_jit = false;
+    verbose(3, "Sending wakeup signal to client in a mjit-worker for GC");
+    rb_native_cond_signal(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+    CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in worker to wakeup client for GC");
+
+    fclose(f);
+    if (!success) {
+        if (!mjit_opts.save_temps)
+            remove_file(c_file);
+        verbose(1, "JIT failure: %s@%s:%ld -> %s", iseq_label, iseq_path, iseq_lineno, c_file);
+        return (mjit_func_t)NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+    }
+
+    double start_time = real_ms_time();
+    success = compile_c_to_so(c_file, so_file);
+    if (!mjit_opts.save_temps)
+        remove_file(c_file);
+    double end_time = real_ms_time();
+
+    if (!success) {
+        verbose(2, "Failed to generate so: %s", so_file);
+        return (mjit_func_t)NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC;
+    }
+
+    void *func = load_func_from_so(so_file, funcname, unit);
+    if (!mjit_opts.save_temps)
+        remove_so_file(so_file, unit);
+
+    if ((uintptr_t)func > (uintptr_t)LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC) {
+        verbose(1, "JIT success (%.1fms): %s@%s:%ld -> %s",
+                end_time - start_time, iseq_label, iseq_path, iseq_lineno, c_file);
+    }
+    return (mjit_func_t)func;
+}
+
+// To see cc_entries using index returned by `mjit_capture_cc_entries` in mjit_compile.c
+const struct rb_callcache **
+mjit_iseq_cc_entries(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body)
+{
+    return body->jit_unit->cc_entries;
+}
+
+// Capture cc entries of `captured_iseq` and append them to `compiled_iseq->jit_unit->cc_entries`.
+// This is needed when `captured_iseq` is inlined by `compiled_iseq` and GC needs to mark inlined cc.
+//
+// Index to refer to `compiled_iseq->jit_unit->cc_entries` is returned instead of the address
+// because old addresses may be invalidated by `realloc` later. -1 is returned on failure.
+//
+// This assumes that it's safe to reference cc without acquiring GVL.
+int
+mjit_capture_cc_entries(const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *compiled_iseq, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *captured_iseq)
+{
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = compiled_iseq->jit_unit;
+    unsigned int new_entries_size = unit->cc_entries_size + captured_iseq->ci_size;
+    VM_ASSERT(captured_iseq->ci_size > 0);
+
+    // Allocate new cc_entries and append them to unit->cc_entries
+    const struct rb_callcache **cc_entries;
+    int cc_entries_index = unit->cc_entries_size;
+    if (unit->cc_entries_size == 0) {
+        VM_ASSERT(unit->cc_entries == NULL);
+        unit->cc_entries = cc_entries = malloc(sizeof(struct rb_callcache *) * new_entries_size);
+        if (cc_entries == NULL) return -1;
+    }
+    else {
+        void *cc_ptr = (void *)unit->cc_entries; // get rid of bogus warning by VC
+        cc_entries = realloc(cc_ptr, sizeof(struct rb_callcache *) * new_entries_size);
+        if (cc_entries == NULL) return -1;
+        unit->cc_entries = cc_entries;
+        cc_entries += cc_entries_index;
+    }
+    unit->cc_entries_size = new_entries_size;
+
+    // Capture cc to cc_enties
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < captured_iseq->ci_size; i++) {
+        cc_entries[i] = captured_iseq->call_data[i].cc;
+    }
+
+    return cc_entries_index;
+}
+
+// Set up field `used_code_p` for unit iseqs whose iseq on the stack of ec.
+static void
+mark_ec_units(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    const rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
+
+    if (ec->vm_stack == NULL)
+        return;
+    for (cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec) - 1; ; cfp = RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp)) {
+        const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+        if (cfp->pc && (iseq = cfp->iseq) != NULL
+            && imemo_type((VALUE) iseq) == imemo_iseq
+            && (iseq->body->jit_unit) != NULL) {
+            iseq->body->jit_unit->used_code_p = true;
+        }
+
+        if (cfp == ec->cfp)
+            break; // reached the most recent cfp
+    }
+}
+
+// MJIT info related to an existing continutaion.
+struct mjit_cont {
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec; // continuation ec
+    struct mjit_cont *prev, *next; // used to form lists
+};
+
+// Double linked list of registered continuations. This is used to detect
+// units which are in use in unload_units.
+static struct mjit_cont *first_cont;
+
+// Unload JIT code of some units to satisfy the maximum permitted
+// number of units with a loaded code.
+static void
+unload_units(void)
+{
+    struct rb_mjit_unit *unit = 0, *next;
+    struct mjit_cont *cont;
+    int units_num = active_units.length;
+
+    // For now, we don't unload units when ISeq is GCed. We should
+    // unload such ISeqs first here.
+    list_for_each_safe(&active_units.head, unit, next, unode) {
+        if (unit->iseq == NULL) { // ISeq is GCed.
+            remove_from_list(unit, &active_units);
+            free_unit(unit);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Detect units which are in use and can't be unloaded.
+    list_for_each(&active_units.head, unit, unode) {
+        assert(unit->iseq != NULL && unit->handle != NULL);
+        unit->used_code_p = false;
+    }
+    // All threads have a root_fiber which has a mjit_cont. Other normal fibers also
+    // have a mjit_cont. Thus we can check ISeqs in use by scanning ec of mjit_conts.
+    for (cont = first_cont; cont != NULL; cont = cont->next) {
+        mark_ec_units(cont->ec);
+    }
+    // TODO: check stale_units and unload unused ones! (note that the unit is not associated to ISeq anymore)
+
+    // Unload units whose total_calls is smaller than any total_calls in unit_queue.
+    // TODO: make the algorithm more efficient
+    long unsigned prev_queue_calls = -1;
+    while (true) {
+        // Calculate the next max total_calls in unit_queue
+        long unsigned max_queue_calls = 0;
+        list_for_each(&unit_queue.head, unit, unode) {
+            if (unit->iseq != NULL && max_queue_calls < unit->iseq->body->total_calls
+                    && unit->iseq->body->total_calls < prev_queue_calls) {
+                max_queue_calls = unit->iseq->body->total_calls;
+            }
+        }
+        prev_queue_calls = max_queue_calls;
+
+        bool unloaded_p = false;
+        list_for_each_safe(&active_units.head, unit, next, unode) {
+            if (unit->used_code_p) // We can't unload code on stack.
+                continue;
+
+            if (max_queue_calls > unit->iseq->body->total_calls) {
+                verbose(2, "Unloading unit %d (calls=%lu, threshold=%lu)",
+                        unit->id, unit->iseq->body->total_calls, max_queue_calls);
+                assert(unit->handle != NULL);
+                remove_from_list(unit, &active_units);
+                free_unit(unit);
+                unloaded_p = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!unloaded_p) break;
+    }
+
+    if (units_num > active_units.length) {
+        verbose(1, "Too many JIT code -- %d units unloaded", units_num - active_units.length);
+        total_unloads += units_num - active_units.length;
+    }
+}
+
+static void mjit_add_iseq_to_process(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_mjit_compile_info *compile_info, bool worker_p);
+
+// The function implementing a worker. It is executed in a separate
+// thread by rb_thread_create_mjit_thread. It compiles precompiled header
+// and then compiles requested ISeqs.
+void
+mjit_worker(void)
+{
+    // Allow only `max_cache_size / 10` times (default: 10) of compaction.
+    // Note: GC of compacted code has not been implemented yet.
+    int max_compact_size = mjit_opts.max_cache_size / 10;
+    if (max_compact_size < 10) max_compact_size = 10;
+
+    // Run unload_units after it's requested `max_cache_size / 10` (default: 10) times.
+    // This throttles the call to mitigate locking in unload_units. It also throttles JIT compaction.
+    int throttle_threshold = mjit_opts.max_cache_size / 10;
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+    if (pch_status == PCH_NOT_READY) {
+        make_pch();
+    }
+#endif
+    if (pch_status == PCH_FAILED) {
+        mjit_enabled = false;
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in worker to update worker_stopped");
+        worker_stopped = true;
+        verbose(3, "Sending wakeup signal to client in a mjit-worker");
+        rb_native_cond_signal(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in worker to update worker_stopped");
+        return; // TODO: do the same thing in the latter half of mjit_finish
+    }
+
+    // main worker loop
+    while (!stop_worker_p) {
+        struct rb_mjit_unit *unit;
+
+        // Wait until a unit becomes available
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in worker dequeue");
+        while ((list_empty(&unit_queue.head) || active_units.length >= mjit_opts.max_cache_size) && !stop_worker_p) {
+            rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_worker_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+            verbose(3, "Getting wakeup from client");
+
+            // Lazily move active_units to stale_units to avoid race conditions around active_units with compaction
+            if (pending_stale_p) {
+                pending_stale_p = false;
+                struct rb_mjit_unit *next;
+                list_for_each_safe(&active_units.head, unit, next, unode) {
+                    if (unit->stale_p) {
+                        unit->stale_p = false;
+                        remove_from_list(unit, &active_units);
+                        add_to_list(unit, &stale_units);
+                        // Lazily put it to unit_queue as well to avoid race conditions on jit_unit with mjit_compile.
+                        mjit_add_iseq_to_process(unit->iseq, &unit->iseq->body->jit_unit->compile_info, true);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Unload some units as needed
+            if (unload_requests >= throttle_threshold) {
+                while (in_gc) {
+                    verbose(3, "Waiting wakeup from GC");
+                    rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_gc_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+                }
+                in_jit = true; // Lock GC
+
+                RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(mjit_unload_units);
+                unload_units();
+                unload_requests = 0;
+
+                in_jit = false; // Unlock GC
+                verbose(3, "Sending wakeup signal to client in a mjit-worker for GC");
+                rb_native_cond_signal(&mjit_client_wakeup);
+            }
+            if (active_units.length == mjit_opts.max_cache_size && mjit_opts.wait) { // Sometimes all methods may be in use
+                mjit_opts.max_cache_size++; // avoid infinite loop on `rb_mjit_wait_call`. Note that --jit-wait is just for testing.
+                verbose(1, "No units can be unloaded -- incremented max-cache-size to %d for --jit-wait", mjit_opts.max_cache_size);
+            }
+        }
+        unit = get_from_list(&unit_queue);
+        CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in worker dequeue");
+
+        if (unit) {
+            // JIT compile
+            mjit_func_t func = convert_unit_to_func(unit);
+            (void)RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC_IF(mjit_compile_failures, func == (mjit_func_t)NOT_COMPILED_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC);
+
+            CRITICAL_SECTION_START(3, "in jit func replace");
+            while (in_gc) { // Make sure we're not GC-ing when touching ISeq
+                verbose(3, "Waiting wakeup from GC");
+                rb_native_cond_wait(&mjit_gc_wakeup, &mjit_engine_mutex);
+            }
+            if (unit->iseq) { // Check whether GCed or not
+                if ((uintptr_t)func > (uintptr_t)LAST_JIT_ISEQ_FUNC) {
+                    add_to_list(unit, &active_units);
+                }
+                // Usage of jit_code might be not in a critical section.
+                MJIT_ATOMIC_SET(unit->iseq->body->jit_func, func);
+            }
+            else {
+                free_unit(unit);
+            }
+            CRITICAL_SECTION_FINISH(3, "in jit func replace");
+
+#if USE_JIT_COMPACTION
+            // Combine .o files to one .so and reload all jit_func to improve memory locality.
+            if (compact_units.length < max_compact_size
+                && ((!mjit_opts.wait && unit_queue.length == 0 && active_units.length > 1)
+                    || (active_units.length == mjit_opts.max_cache_size && compact_units.length * throttle_threshold <= total_unloads))) { // throttle compaction by total_unloads
+                compact_all_jit_code();
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    // To keep mutex unlocked when it is destroyed by mjit_finish, don't wrap CRITICAL_SECTION here.
+    worker_stopped = true;
+}
diff --git a/nacl/GNUmakefile.in b/nacl/GNUmakefile.in
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fffcee898..0000000000
--- a/nacl/GNUmakefile.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-# Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
-
-include Makefile
--include uncommon.mk
-
-NACL_SDK_ROOT=@NACL_SDK_ROOT@
-NACL_TOOLCHAIN=@NACL_TOOLCHAIN@
-NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR=$(NACL_SDK_ROOT)/toolchain/$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN)
-CXX=@CXX@
-
-# Don't override CC/LD/etc if they are already set to absolute
-# paths (this is the case when building in the naclports tree).
-ifeq ($(dir $(CC)),./)
-CC:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(CC)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(CXX)),./)
-CXX:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(CXX)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(LD)),./)
-LD:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(LD)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(NM)),./)
-NM:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(NM)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(AR)),./)
-AR:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(AR)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(AS)),./)
-AS:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(AS)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(RANLIB)),./)
-RANLIB:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(RANLIB)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(OBJDUMP)),./)
-OBJDUMP:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(OBJDUMP)
-endif
-ifeq ($(dir $(OBJCOPY)),./)
-OBJCOPY:=$(NACL_TOOLCHAIN_DIR)/bin/$(OBJCOPY)
-endif
-PYTHON=@PYTHON@
-
-PPROGRAM=pepper-$(PROGRAM)
-PEPPER_LIBS=-lppapi -lnacl_io
-PROGRAM_NMF=$(PROGRAM:$(EXEEXT)=.nmf)
-PPROGRAM_NMF=$(PPROGRAM:$(EXEEXT)=.nmf)
-
-GNUmakefile: $(srcdir)/nacl/GNUmakefile.in
-$(PPROGRAM): $(PROGRAM) pepper_main.$(OBJEXT)
-	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) PROGRAM=$(PPROGRAM) MAINOBJ="pepper_main.$(OBJEXT)" LIBS="$(LIBS) $(PEPPER_LIBS)" CC="$(CXX)" program
-$(PROGRAM_NMF) $(PPROGRAM_NMF): $(@:.nmf=$(EXEEXT)) nacl/create_nmf.rb
-
-.PHONY: pprogram package show_naclflags
-.SUFFIXES: $(EXEEXT) .nmf
-$(EXEEXT).nmf:
-	$(ECHO) generating manifest $@
-	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/create_nmf.rb --verbose=$(V) $(@:.nmf=$(EXEEXT)) $@
-
-pepper_main.$(OBJEXT): $(srcdir)/nacl/pepper_main.c
-	@$(ECHO) compiling nacl/pepper_main.c
-	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(XCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(COUTFLAG)$@ -c $(srcdir)/nacl/pepper_main.c
-
-.rbconfig.time:
-	@$(MAKE) .rbconfig.raw.time RBCONFIG=.rbconfig.raw.time
-	@sed \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["CC"\] = .*!CONFIG\["CC"\] = "$(CC)"!' \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["LD"\] = .*!CONFIG\["LD"\] = "$(LD)"!' \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["NM"\] = .*!CONFIG\["NM"\] = "$(NM)"!' \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["AR"\] = .*!CONFIG\["AR"\] = "$(AR)"!' \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["AS"\] = .*!CONFIG\["AS"\] = "$(AS)"!' \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["RANLIB"\] = .*!CONFIG\["RANLIB"\] = "$(RANLIB)"!' \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["OBJDUMP"\] = .*!CONFIG\["OBJDUMP"\] = "$(OBJDUMP)"!' \
-	  -e 's!CONFIG\["OBJCOPY"\] = .*!CONFIG\["OBJCOPY"\] = "$(OBJCOPY)"!' \
-	-i.bak rbconfig.rb
-	@touch .rbconfig.time
-
-all: pprogram
-main: $(PROGRAM_NMF)
-pprogram: showflags $(PPROGRAM) $(PPROGRAM_NMF)
-program: $(PROGRAM_NMF)
-prog: pprogram
-
-package: pprogram install-lib install-ext-comm install-ext-arch
-	$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/nacl/example.html $(prefix)
-	$(ECHO) generating manifest $@
-	$(Q)$(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/nacl/package.rb $(prefix)
-
-showflags: show_naclflags
-
-show_naclflags:
-	@echo "        NACL_SDK_ROOT = $(NACL_SDK_ROOT)"
-	@echo "        NM = $(NM)"
-	@echo "        AR = $(AR)"
-	@echo "        AS = $(AS)"
-	@echo "        RANLIB = $(RANLIB)"
-	@echo "        OBJDUMP = $(OBJDUMP)"
-	@echo "        OBJCOPY = $(OBJCOPY)"
-
-clean-local::
-	-$(RM) $(PPROGRAM) pepper_main.$(OBJEXT) $(PROGRAM_NMF) $(PPRGORAM_NMF)
diff --git a/nacl/README.nacl b/nacl/README.nacl
deleted file mode 100644
index 77140e0f75..0000000000
--- a/nacl/README.nacl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-=begin
-= Native Client port of Ruby
-
-= How to build
-== Prerequisites
-You need to install the following things before building NaCl port of Ruby.
-* Ruby 1.9.3 or later
-* Python 2.6 or later
-* NativeClient SDK pepper 37 or later
-* GNU make
-
-== Steps
-(1) Extract all files from the tarball:
-     $ tar xzf ruby-X.Y.Z.tar.gz
-(2) Set NACL_SDK_ROOT environment variable to the path to the Native Client SDK you installed:
-     $ export NACL_SDK_ROOT=/home/yugui/src/nacl_sdk/pepper_37
-(3) Configure
-     $ ./configure --prefix=/tmp/nacl-ruby --host=x86_64-nacl --with-baseruby=/path/to/ruby-1.9.3-or-later
-(4) Make
-     $ make
-     $ make package
-
-Now you have ruby.nexe. You can run it by sel_ldr in NaCl SDK.
-
-"make package" installs "pepper-ruby.nexe", an example Pepper application that
-embeds Ruby", and libraries to $prefix. You can run it by the following steps:
-(5) Publish the $prefix directory on a web server
-(6) Visit the example.html on the web server by a browser that implements Pepper 18 or later.
-   -- e.g., Chrome 18 implements Pepper 18, Chrome 19 implements Pepper 19, ...
-
-=== Example Configurations
-* x86_32 Native Client
-   $ ./configure --prefix=/tmp/nacl-ruby \
-     --host=i686-nacl \
-     --with-baseruby=/path/to/ruby-1.9.3-or-later
-* arm Native Client
-   $ ./configure --prefix=/tmp/nacl-ruby \
-     --host=arm-nacl \
-     --with-newlib \
-     --with-baseruby=/path/to/ruby-1.9.3-or-later
-* Portable Native Client
-   $ ./configure --prefix=/tmp/nacl-ruby \
-     --host=le32-nacl \
-     --with-newlib \
-     --with-static-linked-ext \
-     --with-baseruby=/path/to/ruby-1.9.3-or-later
-
-= Copyright
-* Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-* Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
-=end
diff --git a/nacl/create_nmf.rb b/nacl/create_nmf.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cdfe7ad239..0000000000
--- a/nacl/create_nmf.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# Copyright:: Copyright 2012 Google Inc.
-# License:: All Rights Reserved.
-# Original Author:: Yugui Sonoda (mailto:yugui@google.com)
-#
-# Wrapper for create_nmf.py / generate_nmf.py
-
-require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'nacl-config')
-
-include NaClConfig
-$verbosity = 0
-
-def usage_and_exit
-  $stderr.puts "Usage: #{$PROGRAM_NAME} [--verbose=N] path/to/input.nexe path/to/output.nmf"
-  exit false
-end
-
-def create_dynamically_linked(nmf, exe)
-  cmd = [
-    PYTHON, CREATE_NMF,
-    '-o', nmf,
-    '-D', OBJDUMP,
-    '-L', HOST_LIB,
-    exe
-  ]
-  puts cmd.join(' ') if $verbosity > 0
-  exec(*cmd)
-end
-
-def create_statically_linked(nmf, exe)
-  File.open(nmf, "w") {|f|
-    f.write <<-EOS.gsub(/^ {6}/, '')
-      {
-        "program": {
-          "#{ARCH}": {
-            "url": "#{exe}"
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    EOS
-  }
-end
-
-def main
-  while m = ARGV.first.match(/--([a-z-]+)(?:=(\S+))?/)
-    case m[1]
-    when 'verbose'
-      usage_and_exit unless m[2][/\A[0-9]+\z/]
-      $verbosity = m[2].to_i
-    when 'help'
-      usage_end_exit
-    end
-    ARGV.shift
-  end
-
-  usage_and_exit if ARGV.size < 2
-
-  exe, nmf = ARGV[0], ARGV[1]
-  if newlib?
-    create_statically_linked(nmf, exe)
-  else
-    create_dynamically_linked(nmf, exe)
-  end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-   main()
-end
-
-
diff --git a/nacl/dirent.h b/nacl/dirent.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 31bdad31b7..0000000000
--- a/nacl/dirent.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- * Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
- */
-#ifndef RUBY_NACL_DIRENT_H
-#define RUBY_NACL_DIRENT_H
-
-/* NaCl SDK 0.3 has implementations of dir functions but no declaration in
- * dirent.h */
-int readdir_r(DIR *dirp, struct dirent *entry, struct dirent **result);
-void rewinddir(DIR *dirp);
-long telldir(DIR *dirp);
-void seekdir(DIR *dirp, long offset);
-
-#endif
diff --git a/nacl/example.html b/nacl/example.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3cc33298dd..0000000000
--- a/nacl/example.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Ruby Example</title>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
-    RubyModule = null;  // Global application object.
-    statusText = 'NO-STATUS';
-    rubyReady = false;
-
-    // Indicate load success.
-    function moduleDidLoad() {
-      RubyModule = document.getElementById('ruby');
-      form = document.getElementById('source-form');
-      form.style.display = "block";
-      updateStatus('SUCCESS');
-    }
-
-    function evalSource() {
-      if (rubyReady) {
-        RubyModule.postMessage('eval:' + document.getElementById("source").value);
-      } else {
-        throw "Not yet ready";
-      }
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    function RubyError(message) {
-      this.message = message;
-      this.toString = function() {
-        return message;
-      }
-    }
-
-    function FatalError(message) {
-      this.message = message;
-    }
-
-    // The 'message' event handler.  This handler is fired when the NaCl module
-    // posts a message to the browser by calling PPB_Messaging.PostMessage()
-    // (in C) or pp::Instance.PostMessage() (in C++).  This implementation
-    // simply displays the content of the message in an alert panel.
-    function handleMessage(message_event) {
-      var raw = message_event.data;
-      var components;
-      if (raw.indexOf("error") == 0) {
-        components = raw.split(":", 2);
-        throw new RubyError(components[1]);
-      } else if (raw.indexOf("return") == 0) {
-        components = raw.split(":", 2);
-        document.getElementById("result").value = components[1];
-      } else if (raw == "rubyReady") {
-        rubyReady = true;
-      } else {
-        throw new FatalError(raw);
-      }
-    }
-
-    // If the page loads before the Native Client module loads, then set the
-    // status message indicating that the module is still loading.  Otherwise,
-    // do not change the status message.
-    function pageDidLoad() {
-      if (RubyModule == null) {
-        updateStatus('LOADING...');
-      } else {
-        // It's possible that the Native Client module onload event fired
-        // before the page's onload event.  In this case, the status message
-        // will reflect 'SUCCESS', but won't be displayed.  This call will
-        // display the current message.
-        updateStatus();
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Set the global status message.  If the element with id 'statusField'
-    // exists, then set its HTML to the status message as well.
-    // opt_message The message test.  If this is null or undefined, then
-    // attempt to set the element with id 'statusField' to the value of
-    // |statusText|.
-    function updateStatus(opt_message) {
-      if (opt_message)
-        statusText = opt_message;
-      var statusField = document.getElementById('status_field');
-      if (statusField) {
-        statusField.innerHTML = statusText;
-      }
-    }
-  </script>
-</head>
-<body onload="pageDidLoad()">
-
-<h1>Native Client Module Ruby</h1>
-<p>
-  <!-- Load the published .nexe.  This includes the 'nacl' attribute which
-  shows how to load multi-architecture modules.  Each entry in the "nexes"
-  object in the .nmf manifest file is a key-value pair: the key is the
-  instruction set architecture ('x86-32', 'x86-64', etc.); the value is a URL
-  for the desired NaCl module.
-  To load the debug versions of your .nexes, set the 'nacl' attribute to the
-  _dbg.nmf version of the manifest file.
-
-  Note: Since this NaCl module does not use any real-estate in the browser,
-  it's width and height are set to 0.
-
-  Note: The <EMBED> element is wrapped inside a <DIV>, which has both a 'load'
-  and a 'message' event listener attached.  This wrapping method is used
-  instead of attaching the event listeners directly to the <EMBED> element to
-  ensure that the listeners are active before the NaCl module 'load' event
-  fires.  This also allows you to use PPB_Messaging.PostMessage() (in C) or
-  pp::Instance.PostMessage() (in C++) from within the initialization code in
-  your NaCl module.
-  -->
-  <div id="listener">
-    <script type="text/javascript">
-      var listener = document.getElementById('listener');
-      listener.addEventListener('load', moduleDidLoad, true);
-      listener.addEventListener('message', handleMessage, true);
-    </script>
-
-    <embed name="nacl_module"
-       id="ruby"
-       width="0" height="0"
-       src="ruby.nmf"
-       type="application/x-nacl" />
-    <form id="source-form" action="#" method="post" style="display:none"
-      onsubmit="evalSource(); return false">
-      <table>
-        <tbody>
-          <tr>
-            <th>Source</th>
-            <td>
-              <textarea rows="10" cols="80" id="source"></textarea>
-              <input type="submit" />
-            </td>
-          </tr>
-          <tr>
-            <th>Result</th>
-            <td>
-              <textarea rows="10" cols="80" id="result"></textarea>
-            </td>
-          </tr>
-        </tbody>
-      </table>
-    </form>
-  </div>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Status</h2>
-<div id="status_field">NO-STATUS</div>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/nacl/nacl-config.rb b/nacl/nacl-config.rb
deleted file mode 100755
index 66481301f5..0000000000
--- a/nacl/nacl-config.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-#
-# Copyright:: Copyright 2012 Google Inc.
-# License:: All Rights Reserved.
-# Original Author:: Yugui Sonoda (mailto:yugui@google.com)
-#
-# Convenient functions/constants for native client specific configurations.
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-module NaClConfig
-  config = RbConfig::CONFIG
-
-  cpu_nick = config['host_alias'].sub(/-gnu$|-newlib$/, '').sub(/-nacl$/, '').sub(/i.86/, 'x86_32')
-  ARCH = cpu_nick.sub('x86_64', 'x86-64').sub('x86_32', 'x86-32')
-  HOST = ARCH.sub(/x86-../, 'x86_64') + '-nacl'
-
-  lib_suffix = config['host_cpu'][/i.86/] ? '32' : ''
-  PYTHON = config['PYTHON']
-  OBJDUMP = config['OBJDUMP']
-  SDK_ROOT = config['NACL_SDK_ROOT']
-  CREATE_NMF = [
-    File.join(SDK_ROOT, 'build_tools', 'nacl_sdk_scons', 'site_tools', 'create_nmf.py'),
-    File.join(SDK_ROOT, 'tools', 'create_nmf.py')
-  ].find{|path| File.exist?(path) } or raise "No create_nmf found"
-  HOST_LIB = File.join(SDK_ROOT, 'toolchain', config['NACL_TOOLCHAIN'], HOST, "lib#{lib_suffix}")
-
-  NACL_LIB = File.join(SDK_ROOT, 'lib', config['NACL_LIB_PATH'], 'Release')
-
-  INSTALL_PROGRAM = config['INSTALL_PROGRAM']
-  INSTALL_LIBRARY = config['INSTALL_DATA']
-
-  if cpu_nick == 'x86_64' or cpu_nick == 'x86_32'
-    SEL_LDR = File.join(SDK_ROOT, 'tools', "sel_ldr_#{cpu_nick}")
-    IRT_CORE = File.join(SDK_ROOT, 'tools', "irt_core_#{cpu_nick}.nexe")
-    raise "No sel_ldr found" if not File.executable?(SEL_LDR)
-    raise "No irt_core found" if not File.exists?(IRT_CORE)
-  end
-  RUNNABLE_LD = File.join(HOST_LIB, 'runnable-ld.so')
-
-  module_function
-
-  def newlib?
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['NACL_SDK_VARIANT'] == 'newlib'
-  end
-
-  def self.config(name)
-    if NaClConfig::const_defined?(name.upcase)
-      NaClConfig::const_get(name.upcase)
-    elsif NaClConfig::respond_to?(name) and NaClConfig::method(name).arity == 0
-      NaClConfig::send(name)
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "No such config: #{name}"
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  ARGV.each do |arg|
-    puts NaClConfig::config(arg)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/nacl/package.rb b/nacl/package.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ba95888c4..0000000000
--- a/nacl/package.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# Copyright:: Copyright 2012 Google Inc.
-# License:: All Rights Reserved.
-# Original Author:: Yugui Sonoda (mailto:yugui@google.com)
-#
-# Generates a runnable package of the pepper API example.
-
-require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'nacl-config')
-require 'json'
-require 'find'
-require 'fileutils'
-
-include NaClConfig
-
-class Installation
-  include NaClConfig
-
-  SRC_DIRS = [
-    Dir.pwd,
-    HOST_LIB,
-    NACL_LIB,
-  ]
-
-  def initialize(destdir)
-    @destdir = destdir
-    @manifest = {
-      "files" => {}
-    }
-    ruby_libs.each do |path|
-      raise "Collision of #{path}" if @manifest['files'].key? path
-      @manifest['files'][path] = {
-        ARCH => {
-          "url" => path
-        }
-      }
-      if path[/\.so$/]
-        alternate_path = path.gsub('/', "_")
-        raise "Collision of #{alternate_path}" if @manifest['files'].key? alternate_path
-        @manifest['files'][alternate_path] = {
-          ARCH => {
-            "url" => path
-          }
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def manifest
-    @manifest.dup
-  end
-
-  def install_program(basename)
-    do_install_binary(basename, File.join(@destdir, "bin", ARCH))
-    @manifest["program"] = {
-      ARCH => {
-        "url" => File.join("bin", ARCH, basename)
-      }
-    }
-  end
-
-  def install_library(name, basename)
-    do_install_binary(basename, File.join(@destdir, "lib", ARCH))
-    @manifest["files"][name] = {
-      ARCH => {
-        "url" => File.join("lib", ARCH, basename)
-      }
-    }
-  end
-
-  private
-  def do_install_binary(basename, dest_dir)
-    full_path = nil
-    catch(:found) {
-      SRC_DIRS.each do |path|
-        full_path = File.join(path, basename)
-        if File.exist? full_path
-          throw :found
-        end
-      end
-      raise Errno::ENOENT, "No such file to install: %s" % basename
-    }
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p dest_dir
-    system("#{INSTALL_PROGRAM} #{full_path} #{dest_dir}")
-  end
-
-  def ruby_libs
-    Find.find(RbConfig::CONFIG['rubylibdir']).select{|path| File.file?(path) }.map{|path| path.sub("#{@destdir}/", "") }
-  end
-end
-
-def install(destdir)
-  inst = Installation.new(destdir)
-  manifest = JSON.parse(File.read("pepper-ruby.nmf"))
-
-  program = File.basename(manifest['program'][ARCH]['url'])
-  inst.install_program(program)
-
-  manifest['files'].each do |name, attr|
-    inst.install_library(name, File.basename(attr[ARCH]["url"]))
-  end
-
-  File.open(File.join(destdir, "ruby.nmf"), "w") {|f|
-    f.puts JSON.pretty_generate(inst.manifest)
-  }
-end
-
-def main
-  install(ARGV[0])
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
-  main()
-end
diff --git a/nacl/pepper_main.c b/nacl/pepper_main.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 168e8f9fd4..0000000000
--- a/nacl/pepper_main.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,732 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
- Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include "ppapi/c/pp_errors.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/pp_module.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/pp_var.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_core.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_file_ref.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_instance.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_messaging.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_url_loader.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_url_request_info.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_url_response_info.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppb_var.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppp.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppp_instance.h"
-#include "ppapi/c/ppp_messaging.h"
-#include "nacl_io/nacl_io.h"
-
-#include "verconf.h"
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-#include "version.h"
-#include "gc.h"
-
-#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PPB_CORE
-typedef struct PPB_Core PPB_Core;
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PPB_MESSAGING
-typedef struct PPB_Messaging PPB_Messaging;
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PPB_VAR
-typedef struct PPB_Var PPB_Var;
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PPB_URLLOADER
-typedef struct PPB_URLLoader PPB_URLLoader;
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PPB_URLREQUESTINFO
-typedef struct PPB_URLRequestInfo PPB_URLRequestInfo;
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PPB_URLRESPONSEINFO
-typedef struct PPB_URLResponseInfo PPB_URLResponseInfo;
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PPP_INSTANCE
-typedef struct PPP_Instance PPP_Instance;
-#endif
-
-static PP_Module module_id = 0;
-static PPB_GetInterface get_browser_interface = NULL;
-static PPB_Core* core_interface = NULL;
-static PPB_Messaging* messaging_interface = NULL;
-static PPB_Var* var_interface = NULL;
-static PPB_URLLoader* loader_interface = NULL;
-static PPB_URLRequestInfo* request_interface = NULL;
-static PPB_URLResponseInfo* response_interface = NULL;
-static PPB_FileRef* fileref_interface = NULL;
-static struct st_table* instance_data = NULL;
-
-static VALUE instance_table = Qundef;
-
-static PP_Instance current_instance = 0;
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * State of instance
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-static void inst_mark(void *const ptr);
-static void inst_free(void *const ptr);
-static size_t inst_memsize(void *const ptr);
-static const rb_data_type_t pepper_instance_data_type = {
-  "PepperInstance",
-  { inst_mark, inst_free, inst_memsize }
-};
-
-struct PepperInstance {
-  PP_Instance instance;
-  PP_Resource url_loader;
-  VALUE self;
-  void* async_call_args;
-  union {
-    int32_t as_int;
-    const char* as_str;
-    VALUE as_value;
-  } async_call_result;
-  char buf[1000];
-
-  pthread_t th;
-  pthread_mutex_t mutex;
-  pthread_cond_t cond;
-};
-
-struct PepperInstance*
-pruby_get_instance(PP_Instance instance)
-{
-  VALUE self = rb_hash_aref(instance_table, INT2FIX(instance));
-  if (RTEST(self)) {
-    struct PepperInstance *inst;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct PepperInstance, &pepper_instance_data_type, inst);
-    return inst;
-  }
-  else {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-}
-
-#define GET_PEPPER_INSTANCE() (pruby_get_instance(current_instance))
-
-struct PepperInstance*
-pruby_register_instance(PP_Instance instance)
-{
-  VALUE obj;
-  struct PepperInstance *data;
-  obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cData, struct PepperInstance, &pepper_instance_data_type, data);
-  data->self = obj;
-  data->instance = instance;
-  data->url_loader = 0;
-
-  pthread_mutex_init(&data->mutex, NULL);
-  pthread_cond_init(&data->cond, NULL);
-
-  rb_hash_aset(instance_table, INT2FIX(instance), obj);
-  return data;
-}
-
-int
-pruby_unregister_instance(PP_Instance instance)
-{
-  VALUE inst = rb_hash_delete(instance_table, INT2FIX(instance));
-  return RTEST(inst);
-}
-
-static void
-inst_mark(void *const ptr)
-{
-  RUBY_MARK_ENTER("PepperInstance"0);
-  if (ptr) {
-    const struct PepperInstance* inst = (struct PepperInstance*)ptr;
-    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(inst->async_call_result.as_value);
-  }
-  RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("PepperInstance"0);
-}
-
-static void
-inst_free(void *const ptr)
-{
-  ruby_xfree(ptr);
-}
-
-static size_t
-inst_memsize(void *const ptr)
-{
-  if (ptr) {
-    const struct PepperInstance* inst = (struct PepperInstance*)ptr;
-    return sizeof(*inst);
-  } else {
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-void
-pruby_async_return_int(void* data, int32_t result)
-{
-  /* PPAPI main thread */
-  struct PepperInstance* const instance = (struct PepperInstance*)data;
-  instance->async_call_result.as_int = result;
-  if (pthread_cond_signal(&instance->cond)) {
-    perror("pepper-ruby:pthread_cond_signal");
-  }
-}
-
-void
-pruby_async_return_str(void* data, const char *result)
-{
-  /* PPAPI main thread */
-  struct PepperInstance* const instance = (struct PepperInstance*)data;
-  instance->async_call_result.as_str = result;
-  if (pthread_cond_signal(&instance->cond)) {
-    perror("pepper-ruby:pthread_cond_signal");
-  }
-}
-
-void
-pruby_async_return_value(void* data, VALUE value)
-{
-  /* PPAPI main thread */
-  struct PepperInstance* const instance = (struct PepperInstance*)data;
-  instance->async_call_result.as_value = value;
-  if (pthread_cond_signal(&instance->cond)) {
-    perror("pepper-ruby:pthread_cond_signal");
-  }
-}
-/******************************************************************************
- * Conversion between Ruby's VALUE, Pepper's Var and C string
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-/**
- * Creates a new string PP_Var from C string. The resulting object will be a
- * refcounted string object. It will be AddRef()ed for the caller. When the
- * caller is done with it, it should be Release()d.
- * @param[in] str C string to be converted to PP_Var
- * @return PP_Var containing string.
- */
-static struct PP_Var
-pruby_cstr_to_var(const char* str)
-{
-#ifndef PPB_VAR_INTERFACE_1_1
-  if (var_interface != NULL)
-    return var_interface->VarFromUtf8(module_id, str, strlen(str));
-  return PP_MakeUndefined();
-#else
-  return var_interface->VarFromUtf8(str, strlen(str));
-#endif
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns a mutable C string contained in the @a var or NULL if @a var is not
- * string.  This makes a copy of the string in the @a var and adds a NULL
- * terminator.  Note that VarToUtf8() does not guarantee the NULL terminator on
- * the returned string.  See the comments for VarToUtf8() in ppapi/c/ppb_var.h
- * for more info.  The caller is responsible for freeing the returned memory.
- * @param[in] var PP_Var containing string.
- * @return a mutable C string representation of @a var.
- * @note The caller is responsible for freeing the returned string.
- */
-static char*
-pruby_var_to_cstr(struct PP_Var var)
-{
-  uint32_t len = 0;
-  if (var_interface != NULL) {
-    const char* var_c_str = var_interface->VarToUtf8(var, &len);
-    if (len > 0) {
-      char* c_str = (char*)malloc(len + 1);
-      memcpy(c_str, var_c_str, len);
-      c_str[len] = '\0';
-      return c_str;
-    }
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-static struct PP_Var
-pruby_str_to_var(volatile VALUE str)
-{
-  if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING)) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "[BUG] Unexpected object type: %x\n", TYPE(str));
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-  }
-#ifndef PPB_VAR_INTERFACE_1_1
-  if (var_interface != NULL) {
-    return var_interface->VarFromUtf8(module_id, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
-  }
-#else
-  return var_interface->VarFromUtf8(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
-#endif
-  return PP_MakeUndefined();
-}
-
-static struct PP_Var
-pruby_obj_to_var(volatile VALUE obj)
-{
-  static const char* const error =
-      "throw 'Failed to convert the result to a JavaScript object';";
-  int state;
-  obj = rb_protect(&rb_obj_as_string, obj, &state);
-  if (!state) {
-      return pruby_str_to_var(obj);
-  }
-  else {
-      return pruby_cstr_to_var(error);
-  }
-}
-
-int
-pruby_var_equal_to_cstr_p(struct PP_Var lhs, const char* rhs)
-{
-  uint32_t len = 0;
-  if (var_interface == NULL) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-  else {
-    const char* const cstr = var_interface->VarToUtf8(lhs, &len);
-    return strncmp(cstr, rhs, len) == 0;
-  }
-}
-
-int
-pruby_var_prefixed_p(struct PP_Var var, const char* prefix)
-{
-  uint32_t len = 0;
-  if (var_interface == NULL) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-  else {
-    const char* const cstr = var_interface->VarToUtf8(var, &len);
-    const size_t prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
-    return len >= prefix_len && memcmp(cstr, prefix, len) == 0;
-  }
-}
-
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Messaging
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-/* Posts the given C string as a message.
- * @param data pointer to a NULL-terminated string */
-void
-pruby_post_cstr(void* data)
-{
-  /* PPAPI main thread */
-  struct PepperInstance* const instance = (struct PepperInstance*)data;
-  const char* const msg = (const char*)instance->async_call_args;
-  messaging_interface->PostMessage(instance->instance,
-                                   pruby_cstr_to_var(msg));
-}
-
-/* Posts the given Ruby VALUE as a message.
- * @param data a VALUE casted to void* */
-void
-pruby_post_value(void* data)
-{
-  /* PPAPI main thread */
-  struct PepperInstance* const instance = (struct PepperInstance*)data;
-  volatile VALUE value = (VALUE)instance->async_call_args;
-  messaging_interface->PostMessage(instance->instance, pruby_obj_to_var(value));
-}
-
-
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Ruby initialization
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-static void
-init_loadpath(void)
-{
-  ruby_incpush("lib/ruby/"RUBY_LIB_VERSION);
-  ruby_incpush("lib/ruby/"RUBY_LIB_VERSION"/"RUBY_PLATFORM);
-  ruby_incpush(".");
-}
-
-static VALUE
-init_libraries_internal(VALUE unused)
-{
-  extern void Init_enc();
-  extern void Init_ext();
-
-  init_loadpath();
-  Init_enc();
-  Init_ext();
-  return Qnil;
-}
-
-static void*
-init_libraries(void* data)
-{
-  int state;
-  struct PepperInstance* const instance = (struct PepperInstance*)data;
-  current_instance = instance->instance;
-
-  if (pthread_mutex_lock(&instance->mutex)) {
-    perror("pepper-ruby:pthread_mutex_lock");
-    return 0;
-  }
-  rb_protect(&init_libraries_internal, Qnil, &state);
-  pthread_mutex_unlock(&instance->mutex);
-
-  if (state) {
-    volatile VALUE err = rb_errinfo();
-    err = rb_obj_as_string(err);
-  } else {
-    instance->async_call_args = (void*)"rubyReady";
-    core_interface->CallOnMainThread(
-        0, PP_MakeCompletionCallback(pruby_post_cstr, instance), 0);
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-static int
-init_libraries_if_necessary(void)
-{
-  static int initialized = 0;
-  if (!initialized) {
-    struct PepperInstance* const instance = GET_PEPPER_INSTANCE();
-    int err;
-    initialized = 1;
-    err = pthread_create(&instance->th, NULL, &init_libraries, instance);
-    if (err) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "pepper_ruby:pthread_create: %s\n", strerror(err));
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-    pthread_detach(instance->th);
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-reopen_fd(int fd, const char* path, int flags) {
-  int fd2 = open(path, flags);
-  if (fd2 < 0) {
-    perror("open fd");
-    return -1;
-  }
-  if (dup2(fd2, fd) < 0) {
-    perror("dup2 fd");
-    return -1;
-  }
-  if (close(fd2)) {
-    perror("close old fd");
-    return -1;
-  }
-  return fd;
-}
-
-static int
-pruby_init(void)
-{
-  RUBY_INIT_STACK;
-  ruby_init();
-
-  instance_table = rb_hash_new();
-  rb_gc_register_mark_object(instance_table);
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Ruby evaluation
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-static void*
-pruby_eval(void* data)
-{
-  extern VALUE ruby_eval_string_from_file_protect(const char* src, const char* path, int* state);
-  struct PepperInstance* const instance = (struct PepperInstance*)data;
-  volatile VALUE src = (VALUE)instance->async_call_args;
-  volatile VALUE result = Qnil;
-  volatile int state;
-
-  RUBY_INIT_STACK;
-
-  if (pthread_mutex_lock(&instance->mutex)) {
-    perror("pepper-ruby:pthread_mutex_lock");
-    return 0;
-  }
-  result = ruby_eval_string_from_file_protect(
-      RSTRING_PTR(src), "(pepper-ruby)", &state);
-  pthread_mutex_unlock(&instance->mutex);
-
-  if (!state) {
-      instance->async_call_args =
-          rb_str_concat(rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("return:"),
-                        rb_obj_as_string(result));
-      core_interface->CallOnMainThread(
-          0, PP_MakeCompletionCallback(pruby_post_value, instance), 0);
-      return NULL;
-  }
-  else {
-      rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
-      instance->async_call_args =
-          rb_str_concat(rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("error:"),
-                        rb_obj_as_string(result));
-      core_interface->CallOnMainThread(
-          0, PP_MakeCompletionCallback(pruby_post_value, instance), 0);
-      return NULL;
-  }
-}
-
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Pepper Module callbacks
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-/**
- * Called when the NaCl module is instantiated on the web page. The identifier
- * of the new instance will be passed in as the first argument (this value is
- * generated by the browser and is an opaque handle).  This is called for each
- * instantiation of the NaCl module, which is each time the <embed> tag for
- * this module is encountered.
- *
- * If this function reports a failure (by returning @a PP_FALSE), the NaCl
- * module will be deleted and DidDestroy will be called.
- * @param[in] instance The identifier of the new instance representing this
- *     NaCl module.
- * @param[in] argc The number of arguments contained in @a argn and @a argv.
- * @param[in] argn An array of argument names.  These argument names are
- *     supplied in the <embed> tag, for example:
- *       <embed id="nacl_module" dimensions="2">
- *     will produce two arguments, one named "id" and one named "dimensions".
- * @param[in] argv An array of argument values.  These are the values of the
- *     arguments listed in the <embed> tag.  In the above example, there will
- *     be two elements in this array, "nacl_module" and "2".  The indices of
- *     these values match the indices of the corresponding names in @a argn.
- * @return @a PP_TRUE on success.
- */
-static PP_Bool
-Instance_DidCreate(PP_Instance instance,
-                   uint32_t argc, const char* argn[], const char* argv[])
-{
-  struct PepperInstance* data = pruby_register_instance(instance);
-  current_instance = instance;
-
-  nacl_io_init_ppapi(instance, get_browser_interface);
-
-  if (mount("", "/dev2", "dev", 0, "")) {
-    perror("mount dev");
-    return PP_FALSE;
-  }
-  if (reopen_fd(0, "/dev2/stdin", O_RDONLY) < 0) {
-    perror("reopen stdin");
-    return PP_FALSE;
-  }
-  if (reopen_fd(1, "/dev2/stdout", O_WRONLY) < 0) {
-    perror("reopen stdout");
-    return PP_FALSE;
-  }
-  if (reopen_fd(2, "/dev2/console1", O_WRONLY) < 0) {
-    perror("reopen stderr");
-    return PP_FALSE;
-  }
-
-  /* TODO(yugui) Unmount original /dev */
-
-  if (mount("/lib", "/lib", "httpfs",
-        0, "allow_cross_origin_requests=false")) {
-    perror("mount httpfs");
-    return PP_FALSE;
-  }
-
-  return init_libraries_if_necessary() ? PP_FALSE : PP_TRUE;
-}
-
-/**
- * Called when the NaCl module is destroyed. This will always be called,
- * even if DidCreate returned failure. This routine should deallocate any data
- * associated with the instance.
- * @param[in] instance The identifier of the instance representing this NaCl
- *     module.
- */
-static void Instance_DidDestroy(PP_Instance instance) {
-  struct PepperInstance* data = pruby_get_instance(instance);
-  core_interface->ReleaseResource(data->url_loader);
-  pruby_unregister_instance(instance);
-}
-
-/**
- * Called when the position, the size, or the clip rect of the element in the
- * browser that corresponds to this NaCl module has changed.
- * @param[in] instance The identifier of the instance representing this NaCl
- *     module.
- * @param[in] position The location on the page of this NaCl module. This is
- *     relative to the top left corner of the viewport, which changes as the
- *     page is scrolled.
- * @param[in] clip The visible region of the NaCl module. This is relative to
- *     the top left of the plugin's coordinate system (not the page).  If the
- *     plugin is invisible, @a clip will be (0, 0, 0, 0).
- */
-#ifndef PPP_INSTANCE_INTERFACE_1_1
-static void
-Instance_DidChangeView(PP_Instance instance,
-                       const struct PP_Rect* position,
-                       const struct PP_Rect* clip)
-{
-}
-#else
-static void
-Instance_DidChangeView(PP_Instance instance, PP_Resource view_resource)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
-/**
- * Notification that the given NaCl module has gained or lost focus.
- * Having focus means that keyboard events will be sent to the NaCl module
- * represented by @a instance. A NaCl module's default condition is that it
- * will not have focus.
- *
- * Note: clicks on NaCl modules will give focus only if you handle the
- * click event. You signal if you handled it by returning @a true from
- * HandleInputEvent. Otherwise the browser will bubble the event and give
- * focus to the element on the page that actually did end up consuming it.
- * If you're not getting focus, check to make sure you're returning true from
- * the mouse click in HandleInputEvent.
- * @param[in] instance The identifier of the instance representing this NaCl
- *     module.
- * @param[in] has_focus Indicates whether this NaCl module gained or lost
- *     event focus.
- */
-static void
-Instance_DidChangeFocus(PP_Instance instance, PP_Bool has_focus)
-{
-}
-
-/**
- * Handler that gets called after a full-frame module is instantiated based on
- * registered MIME types.  This function is not called on NaCl modules.  This
- * function is essentially a place-holder for the required function pointer in
- * the PPP_Instance structure.
- * @param[in] instance The identifier of the instance representing this NaCl
- *     module.
- * @param[in] url_loader A PP_Resource an open PPB_URLLoader instance.
- * @return PP_FALSE.
- */
-static PP_Bool
-Instance_HandleDocumentLoad(PP_Instance instance, PP_Resource url_loader)
-{
-  /* NaCl modules do not need to handle the document load function. */
-  return PP_FALSE;
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Handler for messages coming in from the browser via postMessage.  The
- * @a var_message can contain anything: a JSON string; a string that encodes
- * method names and arguments; etc.  For example, you could use JSON.stringify
- * in the browser to create a message that contains a method name and some
- * parameters, something like this:
- *   var json_message = JSON.stringify({ "myMethod" : "3.14159" });
- *   nacl_module.postMessage(json_message);
- * On receipt of this message in @a var_message, you could parse the JSON to
- * retrieve the method name, match it to a function call, and then call it with
- * the parameter.
- * @param[in] instance The instance ID.
- * @param[in] message The contents, copied by value, of the message sent from
- *     browser via postMessage.
- */
-void
-Messaging_HandleMessage(PP_Instance instance, struct PP_Var var_message)
-{
-  char* const message = pruby_var_to_cstr(var_message);
-  size_t message_len = strlen(message);
-  current_instance = instance;
-
-  if (strstr(message, "eval:") != NULL) {
-    volatile VALUE src;
-    struct PepperInstance* const instance_data = GET_PEPPER_INSTANCE();
-    int err;
-#define EVAL_PREFIX_LEN 5
-    src = rb_str_new(message + EVAL_PREFIX_LEN, message_len - EVAL_PREFIX_LEN);
-    instance_data->async_call_args = (void*)src;
-    err = pthread_create(&instance_data->th, NULL, &pruby_eval, instance_data);
-    if (err) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "pepper_ruby:pthread_create: %s\n", strerror(err));
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-    pthread_detach(instance_data->th);
-  }
-  free(message);
-}
-
-/**
- * Entry points for the module.
- * Initialize instance interface and scriptable object class.
- * @param[in] a_module_id Module ID
- * @param[in] get_browser_interface Pointer to PPB_GetInterface
- * @return PP_OK on success, any other value on failure.
- */
-PP_EXPORT int32_t
-PPP_InitializeModule(PP_Module a_module_id, PPB_GetInterface a_get_browser_interface)
-{
-  module_id = a_module_id;
-  get_browser_interface = a_get_browser_interface;
-  core_interface = (PPB_Core*)(get_browser_interface(PPB_CORE_INTERFACE));
-  if (core_interface == NULL) return PP_ERROR_NOINTERFACE;
-
-  var_interface = (PPB_Var*)(get_browser_interface(PPB_VAR_INTERFACE));
-  if (var_interface == NULL) return PP_ERROR_NOINTERFACE;
-
-  messaging_interface = (PPB_Messaging*)(get_browser_interface(PPB_MESSAGING_INTERFACE));
-  if (messaging_interface == NULL) return PP_ERROR_NOINTERFACE;
-
-  loader_interface = (PPB_URLLoader*)(get_browser_interface(PPB_URLLOADER_INTERFACE));
-  if (loader_interface == NULL) return PP_ERROR_NOINTERFACE;
-
-  request_interface = (PPB_URLRequestInfo*)(get_browser_interface(PPB_URLREQUESTINFO_INTERFACE));
-  if (request_interface == NULL) return PP_ERROR_NOINTERFACE;
-
-  response_interface = (PPB_URLResponseInfo*)(get_browser_interface(PPB_URLRESPONSEINFO_INTERFACE));
-  if (response_interface == NULL) return PP_ERROR_NOINTERFACE;
-
-  fileref_interface = (PPB_FileRef*)(get_browser_interface(PPB_FILEREF_INTERFACE));
-  if (fileref_interface == NULL) return PP_ERROR_NOINTERFACE;
-
-  return pruby_init() ? PP_ERROR_FAILED : PP_OK;
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns an interface pointer for the interface of the given name, or NULL
- * if the interface is not supported.
- * @param[in] interface_name name of the interface
- * @return pointer to the interface
- */
-PP_EXPORT const void*
-PPP_GetInterface(const char* interface_name)
-{
-  if (strcmp(interface_name, PPP_INSTANCE_INTERFACE) == 0) {
-    static PPP_Instance instance_interface = {
-      &Instance_DidCreate,
-      &Instance_DidDestroy,
-      &Instance_DidChangeView,
-      &Instance_DidChangeFocus,
-      &Instance_HandleDocumentLoad
-    };
-    return &instance_interface;
-  } else if (strcmp(interface_name, PPP_MESSAGING_INTERFACE) == 0) {
-    static PPP_Messaging messaging_interface = {
-      &Messaging_HandleMessage
-    };
-    return &messaging_interface;
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-/**
- * Called before the plugin module is unloaded.
- */
-PP_EXPORT void
-PPP_ShutdownModule(void)
-{
-  ruby_cleanup(0);
-}
diff --git a/nacl/resource.h b/nacl/resource.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 57ca53b093..0000000000
--- a/nacl/resource.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- * Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
- * */
-#ifndef RUBY_NACL_RESOURCE_H
-#define RUBY_NACL_RESOURCE_H
-int getrusage(int who, struct rusage *usage);
-#endif
diff --git a/nacl/select.h b/nacl/select.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 921721a2fd..0000000000
--- a/nacl/select.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-// Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
-#ifndef RUBY_NACL_SELECT_H
-#define RUBY_NACL_SELECT_H
-int select(int num_fds, fd_set *in_fds, fd_set *out_fds,
-           fd_set *ex_fds, struct timeval *timeout);
-#endif
diff --git a/nacl/signal.h b/nacl/signal.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 54832de1fe..0000000000
--- a/nacl/signal.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-// Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
-#ifndef RUBY_NACL_SIGNAL_H
-#define RUBY_NACL_SIGNAL_H
-int kill(pid_t pid, int signal);
-#endif
diff --git a/nacl/stat.h b/nacl/stat.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7be40ada7c..0000000000
--- a/nacl/stat.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- * Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
- * */
-#ifndef RUBY_NACL_STAT_H
-#define RUBY_NACL_STAT_H
-mode_t umask(mode_t mask);
-struct stat;
-int lstat(const char* path, struct stat* result);
-#endif
diff --git a/nacl/unistd.h b/nacl/unistd.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c97390c63..0000000000
--- a/nacl/unistd.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-// Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
-#ifndef RUBY_NACL_UNISTD_H
-#define RUBY_NACL_UNISTD_H
-int seteuid(pid_t pid);
-int setegid(pid_t pid);
-int truncate(const char* path, off_t new_size);
-int ftruncate(int fd, off_t new_size);
-#endif
diff --git a/nacl/utime.h b/nacl/utime.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 96910051e4..0000000000
--- a/nacl/utime.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- * Author: yugui@google.com (Yugui Sonoda)
- */
-
-#ifndef RUBY_NACL_UTIME_H
-#define RUBY_NACL_UTIME_H
-#include <utime.h>
-int utime(const char *filename, const struct utimbuf *times);
-int utimes(const char *filename, const struct timeval times[2]);
-#endif
diff --git a/node.c b/node.c
index 1fe47844da..bef9d7bcbd 100644
--- a/node.c
+++ b/node.c
@@ -9,9 +9,14 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
 
+#define NODE_BUF_DEFAULT_LEN 16
+
 #define A(str) rb_str_cat2(buf, (str))
 #define AR(str) rb_str_concat(buf, (str))
 
@@ -21,9 +26,13 @@
 #define A_ID(id) add_id(buf, (id))
 #define A_INT(val) rb_str_catf(buf, "%d", (val))
 #define A_LONG(val) rb_str_catf(buf, "%ld", (val))
-#define A_LIT(lit) AR(rb_inspect(lit))
+#define A_LIT(lit) AR(rb_dump_literal(lit))
 #define A_NODE_HEADER(node, term) \
-    rb_str_catf(buf, "@ %s (line: %d)"term, ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)), nd_line(node))
+    rb_str_catf(buf, "@ %s (line: %d, location: (%d,%d)-(%d,%d))%s"term, \
+		ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)), nd_line(node), \
+		nd_first_lineno(node), nd_first_column(node), \
+		nd_last_lineno(node), nd_last_column(node), \
+		(node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE ? "*" : ""))
 #define A_FIELD_HEADER(len, name, term) \
     rb_str_catf(buf, "+- %.*s:"term, (len), (name))
 #define D_FIELD_HEADER(len, name, term) (A_INDENT, A_FIELD_HEADER(len, name, term))
@@ -31,18 +40,12 @@
 #define D_NULL_NODE (A_INDENT, A("(null node)\n"))
 #define D_NODE_HEADER(node) (A_INDENT, A_NODE_HEADER(node, "\n"))
 
-#define COMPOUND_FIELD(len, name, block) \
-    do { \
-	D_FIELD_HEADER((len), (name), "\n");	\
-	D_INDENT; \
-	block; \
-	D_DEDENT; \
-    } while (0)
+#define COMPOUND_FIELD(len, name) \
+    FIELD_BLOCK((D_FIELD_HEADER((len), (name), "\n"), D_INDENT), D_DEDENT)
 
-#define COMPOUND_FIELD1(name, ann, block) \
+#define COMPOUND_FIELD1(name, ann) \
     COMPOUND_FIELD(FIELD_NAME_LEN(name, ann), \
-		   FIELD_NAME_DESC(name, ann), \
-		   block)
+		   FIELD_NAME_DESC(name, ann))
 
 #define FIELD_NAME_DESC(name, ann) name " (" ann ")"
 #define FIELD_NAME_LEN(name, ann) (int)( \
@@ -50,23 +53,24 @@
 	rb_strlen_lit(FIELD_NAME_DESC(name, ann)) : \
 	rb_strlen_lit(name))
 #define SIMPLE_FIELD(len, name) \
-    for (D_FIELD_HEADER((len), (name), " "), field_flag = 1; \
+    FIELD_BLOCK(D_FIELD_HEADER((len), (name), " "), A("\n"))
+
+#define FIELD_BLOCK(init, reset) \
+    for (init, field_flag = 1; \
 	 field_flag; /* should be optimized away */ \
-	 A("\n"), field_flag = 0)
+	 reset, field_flag = 0)
 
 #define SIMPLE_FIELD1(name, ann)    SIMPLE_FIELD(FIELD_NAME_LEN(name, ann), FIELD_NAME_DESC(name, ann))
 #define F_CUSTOM1(name, ann)	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann)
 #define F_ID(name, ann) 	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann) A_ID(node->name)
-#define F_GENTRY(name, ann)	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann) A_ID((node->name)->id)
+#define F_GENTRY(name, ann)	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann) A_ID(node->name)
 #define F_INT(name, ann)	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann) A_INT(node->name)
 #define F_LONG(name, ann)	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann) A_LONG(node->name)
 #define F_LIT(name, ann)	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann) A_LIT(node->name)
 #define F_MSG(name, ann, desc)	    SIMPLE_FIELD1(#name, ann) A(desc)
 
 #define F_NODE(name, ann) \
-    COMPOUND_FIELD1(#name, ann, dump_node(buf, indent, comment, node->name))
-#define F_OPTION(name, ann) \
-    COMPOUND_FIELD1(#name, ann, dump_option(buf, indent, node->name))
+    COMPOUND_FIELD1(#name, ann) {dump_node(buf, indent, comment, node->name);}
 
 #define ANN(ann) \
     if (comment) { \
@@ -75,6 +79,25 @@
 
 #define LAST_NODE (next_indent = "    ")
 
+VALUE
+rb_dump_literal(VALUE lit)
+{
+    if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) {
+        VALUE str;
+        switch (RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(lit)) {
+          case T_CLASS: case T_MODULE: case T_ICLASS:
+            str = rb_class_path(lit);
+            if (FL_TEST(lit, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+                str = rb_sprintf("<%"PRIsVALUE">", str);
+            }
+            return str;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return rb_inspect(lit);
+}
+
 static void
 add_indent(VALUE buf, VALUE indent)
 {
@@ -93,7 +116,7 @@ add_id(VALUE buf, ID id)
 	    A(":"); AR(str);
 	}
 	else {
-	    A("(internal variable)");
+            rb_str_catf(buf, "(internal variable: 0x%"PRIsVALUE")", id);
 	}
     }
 }
@@ -103,48 +126,17 @@ struct add_option_arg {
     st_index_t count;
 };
 
-static int
-add_option_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE args)
-{
-    struct add_option_arg *argp = (void *)args;
-    VALUE buf = argp->buf;
-    VALUE indent = argp->indent;
-
-    A_INDENT;
-    A("+- ");
-    AR(rb_sym2str(key));
-    A(": ");
-    A_LIT(val);
-    A("\n");
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-static void
-dump_option(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, VALUE opt)
-{
-    struct add_option_arg arg;
-
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(opt, T_HASH)) {
-	A_LIT(opt);
-	return;
-    }
-    arg.buf = buf;
-    arg.indent = indent;
-    arg.count = 0;
-    rb_hash_foreach(opt, add_option_i, (VALUE)&arg);
-}
-
-static void dump_node(VALUE, VALUE, int, NODE *);
+static void dump_node(VALUE, VALUE, int, const NODE *);
 static const char default_indent[] = "|   ";
 
 static void
-dump_array(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
+dump_array(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE *node)
 {
     int field_flag;
     const char *next_indent = default_indent;
     F_LONG(nd_alen, "length");
     F_NODE(nd_head, "element");
-    while (node->nd_next && nd_type(node->nd_next) == NODE_ARRAY) {
+    while (node->nd_next && nd_type(node->nd_next) == NODE_LIST) {
 	node = node->nd_next;
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "element");
     }
@@ -153,11 +145,12 @@ dump_array(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 }
 
 static void
-dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
+dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, const NODE * node)
 {
     int field_flag;
     int i;
     const char *next_indent = default_indent;
+    enum node_type type;
 
     if (!node) {
 	D_NULL_NODE;
@@ -166,7 +159,8 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 
     D_NODE_HEADER(node);
 
-    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+    type = nd_type(node);
+    switch (type) {
       case NODE_BLOCK:
 	ANN("statement sequence");
 	ANN("format: [nd_head]; ...; [nd_next]");
@@ -183,10 +177,11 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	} while (node->nd_next &&
 		 nd_type(node->nd_next) == NODE_BLOCK &&
 		 (node = node->nd_next, 1));
-	if (!node->nd_next) break;
-	LAST_NODE;
-	F_NODE(nd_next, "next block");
-	break;
+	if (node->nd_next) {
+	    LAST_NODE;
+	    F_NODE(nd_next, "next block");
+	}
+	return;
 
       case NODE_IF:
 	ANN("if statement");
@@ -196,7 +191,17 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "then clause");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_else, "else clause");
-	break;
+	return;
+
+      case NODE_UNLESS:
+	ANN("unless statement");
+	ANN("format: unless [nd_cond] then [nd_body] else [nd_else] end");
+	ANN("example: unless x == 1 then foo else bar end");
+	F_NODE(nd_cond, "condition expr");
+	F_NODE(nd_body, "then clause");
+	LAST_NODE;
+	F_NODE(nd_else, "else clause");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_CASE:
 	ANN("case statement");
@@ -205,23 +210,44 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "case expr");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "when clauses");
-	break;
+	return;
+      case NODE_CASE2:
+	ANN("case statement with no head");
+	ANN("format: case; [nd_body]; end");
+	ANN("example: case; when 1; foo; when 2; bar; else baz; end");
+	F_NODE(nd_head, "case expr");
+	LAST_NODE;
+	F_NODE(nd_body, "when clauses");
+	return;
+      case NODE_CASE3:
+        ANN("case statement (pattern matching)");
+        ANN("format: case [nd_head]; [nd_body]; end");
+        ANN("example: case x; in 1; foo; in 2; bar; else baz; end");
+        F_NODE(nd_head, "case expr");
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_NODE(nd_body, "in clauses");
+        return;
 
       case NODE_WHEN:
-	ANN("if statement");
+	ANN("when clause");
 	ANN("format: when [nd_head]; [nd_body]; (when or else) [nd_next]");
 	ANN("example: case x; when 1; foo; when 2; bar; else baz; end");
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "when value");
-	F_NODE(nd_body, "when clause");
+	F_NODE(nd_body, "when body");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_next, "next when clause");
-	break;
+	return;
+
+      case NODE_IN:
+        ANN("in clause");
+        ANN("format: in [nd_head]; [nd_body]; (in or else) [nd_next]");
+        ANN("example: case x; in 1; foo; in 2; bar; else baz; end");
+        F_NODE(nd_head, "in pattern");
+        F_NODE(nd_body, "in body");
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_NODE(nd_next, "next in clause");
+        return;
 
-      case NODE_OPT_N:
-	ANN("wrapper for -n option");
-	ANN("format: ruby -ne '[nd_body]' (nd_cond is `gets')");
-	ANN("example: ruby -ne 'p $_'");
-	goto loop;
       case NODE_WHILE:
 	ANN("while statement");
 	ANN("format: while [nd_cond]; [nd_body]; end");
@@ -239,7 +265,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_cond, "condition");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ITER:
 	ANN("method call with block");
@@ -254,10 +280,18 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_iter, "iteration receiver");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
-	break;
+	return;
+
+      case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
+	ANN("vars of for statement with masgn");
+	ANN("format: for [nd_var] in ... do ... end");
+	ANN("example: for x, y in 1..3 do foo end");
+	LAST_NODE;
+	F_NODE(nd_var, "var");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_BREAK:
-	ANN("for statement");
+	ANN("break statement");
 	ANN("format: break [nd_stts]");
 	ANN("example: break 1");
 	goto jump;
@@ -273,19 +307,19 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
       jump:
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_stts, "value");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_REDO:
 	ANN("redo statement");
 	ANN("format: redo");
 	ANN("example: redo");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_RETRY:
 	ANN("retry statement");
 	ANN("format: retry");
 	ANN("example: retry");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_BEGIN:
 	ANN("begin statement");
@@ -293,7 +327,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: begin; 1; end");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_RESCUE:
 	ANN("rescue clause");
@@ -303,7 +337,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_resq, "rescue clause list");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_else, "rescue else clause");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_RESBODY:
 	ANN("rescue clause (cont'd)");
@@ -313,7 +347,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "rescue clause");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "next rescue clause");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ENSURE:
 	ANN("ensure clause");
@@ -322,7 +356,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "body");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_ensr, "ensure clause");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_AND:
 	ANN("&& operator");
@@ -332,12 +366,17 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
       case NODE_OR:
 	ANN("|| operator");
 	ANN("format: [nd_1st] || [nd_2nd]");
-	ANN("example: foo && bar");
+	ANN("example: foo || bar");
       andor:
-	F_NODE(nd_1st, "left expr");
+	while (1) {
+	    F_NODE(nd_1st, "left expr");
+	    if (!node->nd_2nd || nd_type(node->nd_2nd) != (int)type)
+		break;
+	    node = node->nd_2nd;
+	}
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_2nd, "right expr");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_MASGN:
 	ANN("multiple assignment");
@@ -345,50 +384,65 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: a, b = foo");
 	F_NODE(nd_value, "rhsn");
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "lhsn");
-	if ((VALUE)node->nd_args != (VALUE)-1) {
+	if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_args)) {
 	    LAST_NODE;
 	    F_NODE(nd_args, "splatn");
 	}
 	else {
-	    F_MSG(nd_args, "splatn", "-1 (rest argument without name)");
+	    F_MSG(nd_args, "splatn", "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST (rest argument without name)");
 	}
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_LASGN:
 	ANN("local variable assignment");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](lvar) = [nd_value]");
 	ANN("example: x = foo");
-	goto asgn;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "local variable");
+	if (NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(node)) {
+	    F_MSG(nd_value, "rvalue", "NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD (required keyword argument)");
+	}
+	else {
+	    LAST_NODE;
+	    F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	}
+	return;
       case NODE_DASGN:
 	ANN("dynamic variable assignment (out of current scope)");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](dvar) = [nd_value]");
 	ANN("example: x = nil; 1.times { x = foo }");
-	goto asgn;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "local variable");
+	LAST_NODE;
+	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	return;
       case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
 	ANN("dynamic variable assignment (in current scope)");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](current dvar) = [nd_value]");
 	ANN("example: 1.times { x = foo }");
-	goto asgn;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "local variable");
+	if (NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(node)) {
+	    F_MSG(nd_value, "rvalue", "NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD (required keyword argument)");
+	}
+	else {
+	    LAST_NODE;
+	    F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	}
+	return;
       case NODE_IASGN:
 	ANN("instance variable assignment");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](ivar) = [nd_value]");
 	ANN("example: @x = foo");
-	goto asgn;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "instance variable");
+	LAST_NODE;
+	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	return;
       case NODE_CVASGN:
 	ANN("class variable assignment");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](cvar) = [nd_value]");
 	ANN("example: @@x = foo");
-      asgn:
-	F_ID(nd_vid, "variable");
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "class variable");
 	LAST_NODE;
-	if (node->nd_value == (NODE *)-1) {
-	    F_MSG(nd_value, "rvalue", "(required keyword argument)");
-	}
-	else {
-	    F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
-	}
-	break;
-
+	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	return;
       case NODE_GASGN:
 	ANN("global variable assignment");
 	ANN("format: [nd_entry](gvar) = [nd_value]");
@@ -396,38 +450,38 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_GENTRY(nd_entry, "global variable");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_CDECL:
 	ANN("constant declaration");
 	ANN("format: [nd_else]::[nd_vid](constant) = [nd_value]");
 	ANN("example: X = foo");
 	if (node->nd_vid) {
-	   F_ID(nd_vid, "variable");
-	   F_MSG(nd_else, "extension", "not used");
+	    F_ID(nd_vid, "constant");
+	    F_MSG(nd_else, "extension", "not used");
 	}
 	else {
-	   F_MSG(nd_vid, "variable", "0 (see extension field)");
-	   F_NODE(nd_else, "extension");
+	    F_MSG(nd_vid, "constant", "0 (see extension field)");
+	    F_NODE(nd_else, "extension");
 	}
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
 	ANN("array assignment with operator");
-	ANN("format: [nd_value] [ [nd_args->nd_body] ] [nd_vid]= [nd_args->nd_head]");
+	ANN("format: [nd_recv] [ [nd_args->nd_head] ] [nd_mid]= [nd_args->nd_body]");
 	ANN("example: ary[1] += foo");
 	F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
-	F_ID(nd_vid, "operator");
-	F_NODE(nd_args->nd_body, "index");
+	F_ID(nd_mid, "operator");
+	F_NODE(nd_args->nd_head, "index");
 	LAST_NODE;
-	F_NODE(nd_args->nd_head, "rvalue");
-	break;
+	F_NODE(nd_args->nd_body, "rvalue");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
 	ANN("attr assignment with operator");
-	ANN("format: [nd_value].[attr] [nd_next->nd_mid]= [nd_value]");
+	ANN("format: [nd_recv].[attr] [nd_next->nd_mid]= [nd_value]");
 	ANN("          where [attr]: [nd_next->nd_vid]");
 	ANN("example: struct.field += foo");
 	F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
@@ -435,16 +489,10 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	    if (node->nd_next->nd_aid) A("? ");
 	    A_ID(node->nd_next->nd_vid);
 	}
-	F_CUSTOM1(nd_next->nd_mid, "operator") {
-	    switch (node->nd_next->nd_mid) {
-	      case 0: A("0 (||)"); break;
-	      case 1: A("1 (&&)"); break;
-	      default: A_ID(node->nd_next->nd_mid);
-	    }
-	}
+	F_ID(nd_next->nd_mid, "operator");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
 	ANN("assignment with && operator");
@@ -459,7 +507,17 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "variable");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
-	break;
+	return;
+
+      case NODE_OP_CDECL:
+	ANN("constant declaration with operator");
+	ANN("format: [nd_head](constant) [nd_aid]= [nd_value]");
+	ANN("example: A::B ||= 1");
+	F_NODE(nd_head, "constant");
+	F_ID(nd_aid, "operator");
+	LAST_NODE;
+	F_NODE(nd_value, "rvalue");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_CALL:
 	ANN("method invocation");
@@ -469,7 +527,17 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_args, "arguments");
-	break;
+	return;
+
+      case NODE_OPCALL:
+        ANN("method invocation");
+        ANN("format: [nd_recv] [nd_mid] [nd_args]");
+        ANN("example: foo + bar");
+        F_ID(nd_mid, "method id");
+        F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_NODE(nd_args, "arguments");
+        return;
 
       case NODE_FCALL:
 	ANN("function call");
@@ -478,14 +546,14 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_ID(nd_mid, "method id");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_args, "arguments");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_VCALL:
 	ANN("function call with no argument");
 	ANN("format: [nd_mid]");
 	ANN("example: foo");
 	F_ID(nd_mid, "method id");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_QCALL:
 	ANN("safe method invocation");
@@ -495,7 +563,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_args, "arguments");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_SUPER:
 	ANN("super invocation");
@@ -503,16 +571,16 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: super 1");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_args, "arguments");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ZSUPER:
 	ANN("super invocation with no argument");
 	ANN("format: super");
 	ANN("example: super");
-	break;
+	return;
 
-      case NODE_ARRAY:
-	ANN("array constructor");
+      case NODE_LIST:
+	ANN("list constructor");
 	ANN("format: [ [nd_head], [nd_next].. ] (length: [nd_alen])");
 	ANN("example: [1, 2, 3]");
 	goto ary;
@@ -522,21 +590,34 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: return 1, 2, 3");
       ary:
 	dump_array(buf, indent, comment, node);
-	break;
+	return;
 
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:
-	ANN("empty array constructor");
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
+	ANN("empty list constructor");
 	ANN("format: []");
 	ANN("example: []");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_HASH:
-	ANN("hash constructor");
-	ANN("format: { [nd_head] }");
-	ANN("example: { 1 => 2, 3 => 4 }");
+        if (!node->nd_brace) {
+	    ANN("keyword arguments");
+	    ANN("format: nd_head");
+	    ANN("example: a: 1, b: 2");
+	}
+	else {
+	    ANN("hash constructor");
+	    ANN("format: { [nd_head] }");
+	    ANN("example: { 1 => 2, 3 => 4 }");
+	}
+        F_CUSTOM1(nd_brace, "keyword arguments or hash literal") {
+            switch (node->nd_brace) {
+	      case 0: A("0 (keyword argument)"); break;
+	      case 1: A("1 (hash literal)"); break;
+	    }
+	}
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "contents");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_YIELD:
 	ANN("yield invocation");
@@ -544,49 +625,52 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: yield 1");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "arguments");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_LVAR:
 	ANN("local variable reference");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](lvar)");
 	ANN("example: x");
-	goto var;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "local variable");
+	return;
       case NODE_DVAR:
 	ANN("dynamic variable reference");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](dvar)");
 	ANN("example: 1.times { x = 1; x }");
-	goto var;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "local variable");
+	return;
       case NODE_IVAR:
 	ANN("instance variable reference");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](ivar)");
 	ANN("example: @x");
-	goto var;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "instance variable");
+	return;
       case NODE_CONST:
 	ANN("constant reference");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](constant)");
 	ANN("example: X");
-	goto var;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "constant");
+	return;
       case NODE_CVAR:
 	ANN("class variable reference");
 	ANN("format: [nd_vid](cvar)");
 	ANN("example: @@x");
-      var:
-	F_ID(nd_vid, "local variable");
-	break;
+	F_ID(nd_vid, "class variable");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_GVAR:
 	ANN("global variable reference");
 	ANN("format: [nd_entry](gvar)");
 	ANN("example: $x");
 	F_GENTRY(nd_entry, "global variable");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_NTH_REF:
 	ANN("nth special variable reference");
 	ANN("format: $[nd_nth]");
 	ANN("example: $1, $2, ..");
 	F_CUSTOM1(nd_nth, "variable") { A("$"); A_LONG(node->nd_nth); }
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_BACK_REF:
 	ANN("back special variable reference");
@@ -599,14 +683,14 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	    name[2] = '\0';
 	    A(name);
 	}
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_MATCH:
 	ANN("match expression (against $_ implicitly)");
         ANN("format: [nd_lit] (in condition)");
 	ANN("example: if /foo/; foo; end");
 	F_LIT(nd_lit, "regexp");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_MATCH2:
 	ANN("match expression (regexp first)");
@@ -619,7 +703,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	    LAST_NODE;
 	    F_NODE(nd_args, "named captures");
 	}
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_MATCH3:
 	ANN("match expression (regexp second)");
@@ -628,7 +712,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_recv, "string (receiver)");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_value, "regexp (argument)");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_LIT:
 	ANN("literal");
@@ -646,8 +730,15 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: `foo`");
       lit:
 	F_LIT(nd_lit, "literal");
-	break;
+	return;
 
+      case NODE_ONCE:
+	ANN("once evaluation");
+	ANN("format: [nd_body]");
+	ANN("example: /foo#{ bar }baz/o");
+	LAST_NODE;
+	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
+	return;
       case NODE_DSTR:
 	ANN("string literal with interpolation");
 	ANN("format: [nd_lit]");
@@ -663,21 +754,17 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("format: [nd_lit]");
 	ANN("example: /foo#{ bar }baz/");
 	goto dlit;
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
-	ANN("regexp literal with interpolation and once flag");
-	ANN("format: [nd_lit]");
-	ANN("example: /foo#{ bar }baz/o");
-	goto dlit;
       case NODE_DSYM:
 	ANN("symbol literal with interpolation");
 	ANN("format: [nd_lit]");
 	ANN("example: :\"foo#{ bar }baz\"");
       dlit:
 	F_LIT(nd_lit, "preceding string");
+	if (!node->nd_next) return;
 	F_NODE(nd_next->nd_head, "interpolation");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_next->nd_next, "tailing strings");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_EVSTR:
 	ANN("interpolation expression");
@@ -685,7 +772,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: \"foo#{ bar }baz\"");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ARGSCAT:
 	ANN("splat argument following arguments");
@@ -694,7 +781,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "preceding array");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "following array");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
 	ANN("splat argument following one argument");
@@ -703,7 +790,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "preceding array");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "following element");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_SPLAT:
 	ANN("splat argument");
@@ -711,7 +798,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: foo(*ary)");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "splat'ed array");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
 	ANN("arguments with block argument");
@@ -720,51 +807,51 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "other arguments");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "block argument");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_DEFN:
 	ANN("method definition");
 	ANN("format: def [nd_mid] [nd_defn]; end");
-	ANN("example; def foo; bar; end");
+	ANN("example: def foo; bar; end");
 	F_ID(nd_mid, "method name");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_defn, "method definition");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_DEFS:
 	ANN("singleton method definition");
 	ANN("format: def [nd_recv].[nd_mid] [nd_defn]; end");
-	ANN("example; def obj.foo; bar; end");
+	ANN("example: def obj.foo; bar; end");
 	F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
 	F_ID(nd_mid, "method name");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_defn, "method definition");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ALIAS:
 	ANN("method alias statement");
-	ANN("format: alias [u1.node] [u2.node]");
+	ANN("format: alias [nd_1st] [nd_2nd]");
 	ANN("example: alias bar foo");
-	F_NODE(u1.node, "new name");
+	F_NODE(nd_1st, "new name");
 	LAST_NODE;
-	F_NODE(u2.node, "old name");
-	break;
+	F_NODE(nd_2nd, "old name");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_VALIAS:
 	ANN("global variable alias statement");
-	ANN("format: alias [u1.id](gvar) [u2.id](gvar)");
+	ANN("format: alias [nd_alias](gvar) [nd_orig](gvar)");
 	ANN("example: alias $y $x");
-	F_ID(u1.id, "new name");
-	F_ID(u2.id, "old name");
-	break;
+	F_ID(nd_alias, "new name");
+	F_ID(nd_orig, "old name");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_UNDEF:
-	ANN("method alias statement");
-	ANN("format: undef [u2.node]");
+	ANN("method undef statement");
+	ANN("format: undef [nd_undef]");
 	ANN("example: undef foo");
 	LAST_NODE;
-	F_NODE(u2.node, "old name");
-	break;
+	F_NODE(nd_undef, "old name");
+	return;
 
       case NODE_CLASS:
 	ANN("class definition");
@@ -774,7 +861,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_super, "superclass");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "class definition");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_MODULE:
 	ANN("module definition");
@@ -783,7 +870,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_cpath, "module path");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "module definition");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_SCLASS:
 	ANN("singleton class definition");
@@ -792,7 +879,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "singleton class definition");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_COLON2:
 	ANN("scoped constant reference");
@@ -801,14 +888,14 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_ID(nd_mid, "constant name");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "receiver");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_COLON3:
 	ANN("top-level constant reference");
 	ANN("format: ::[nd_mid]");
 	ANN("example: ::Object");
 	F_ID(nd_mid, "constant name");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_DOT2:
 	ANN("range constructor (incl.)");
@@ -833,44 +920,44 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_beg, "begin");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_end, "end");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_SELF:
 	ANN("self");
 	ANN("format: self");
 	ANN("example: self");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_NIL:
 	ANN("nil");
 	ANN("format: nil");
 	ANN("example: nil");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_TRUE:
 	ANN("true");
 	ANN("format: true");
 	ANN("example: true");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_FALSE:
 	ANN("false");
 	ANN("format: false");
 	ANN("example: false");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ERRINFO:
 	ANN("virtual reference to $!");
 	ANN("format: rescue => id");
 	ANN("example: rescue => id");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_DEFINED:
 	ANN("defined? expression");
 	ANN("format: defined?([nd_head])");
 	ANN("example: defined?(foo)");
 	F_NODE(nd_head, "expr");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_POSTEXE:
 	ANN("post-execution");
@@ -878,36 +965,17 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: END { foo }");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "END clause");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ATTRASGN:
 	ANN("attr assignment");
 	ANN("format: [nd_recv].[nd_mid] = [nd_args]");
 	ANN("example: struct.field = foo");
-	if (node->nd_recv == (NODE *) 1) {
-	    F_MSG(nd_recv, "receiver", "1 (self)");
-	}
-	else {
-	    F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
-	}
+	F_NODE(nd_recv, "receiver");
 	F_ID(nd_mid, "method name");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_args, "arguments");
-	break;
-
-      case NODE_PRELUDE:
-	ANN("pre-execution");
-	ANN("format: BEGIN { [nd_head] }; [nd_body]");
-	ANN("example: bar; BEGIN { foo }");
-#define nd_compile_option u3.value
-	F_NODE(nd_head, "prelude");
-	if (!node->nd_compile_option) LAST_NODE;
-	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
-	if (node->nd_compile_option) {
-	    LAST_NODE;
-	    F_OPTION(nd_compile_option, "compile_option");
-	}
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_LAMBDA:
 	ANN("lambda expression");
@@ -915,7 +983,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	ANN("example: -> { foo }");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "lambda clause");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_OPT_ARG:
 	ANN("optional arguments");
@@ -924,7 +992,7 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_next, "next");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_KW_ARG:
 	ANN("keyword arguments");
@@ -933,21 +1001,21 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_next, "next");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_POSTARG:
 	ANN("post arguments");
 	ANN("format: *[nd_1st], [nd_2nd..] = ..");
 	ANN("example: a, *rest, z = foo");
-	if ((VALUE)node->nd_1st != (VALUE)-1) {
+	if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_1st)) {
 	    F_NODE(nd_1st, "rest argument");
 	}
 	else {
-	    F_MSG(nd_1st, "rest argument", "-1 (rest argument without name)");
+	    F_MSG(nd_1st, "rest argument", "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST (rest argument without name)");
 	}
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_2nd, "post arguments");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_ARGS:
 	ANN("method parameters");
@@ -958,13 +1026,20 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_INT(nd_ainfo->post_args_num, "count of mandatory post-arguments");
 	F_NODE(nd_ainfo->post_init, "initialization of post-arguments");
 	F_ID(nd_ainfo->first_post_arg, "first post argument");
-	F_ID(nd_ainfo->rest_arg, "rest argument");
+        F_CUSTOM1(nd_ainfo->rest_arg, "rest argument") {
+            if (node->nd_ainfo->rest_arg == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA) {
+                A("1 (excessed comma)");
+            }
+            else {
+                A_ID(node->nd_ainfo->rest_arg);
+            }
+        }
 	F_ID(nd_ainfo->block_arg, "block argument");
 	F_NODE(nd_ainfo->opt_args, "optional arguments");
-	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_ainfo->kw_args, "keyword arguments");
+	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_ainfo->kw_rest_arg, "keyword rest argument");
-	break;
+	return;
 
       case NODE_SCOPE:
 	ANN("new scope");
@@ -981,15 +1056,68 @@ dump_node(VALUE buf, VALUE indent, int comment, NODE *node)
 	F_NODE(nd_args, "arguments");
 	LAST_NODE;
 	F_NODE(nd_body, "body");
-	break;
+	return;
 
-      default:
-	rb_bug("dump_node: unknown node: %s", ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)));
+      case NODE_ARYPTN:
+        ANN("array pattern");
+        ANN("format: [nd_pconst]([pre_args], ..., *[rest_arg], [post_args], ...)");
+        F_NODE(nd_pconst, "constant");
+        F_NODE(nd_apinfo->pre_args, "pre arguments");
+        if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_apinfo->rest_arg)) {
+            F_NODE(nd_apinfo->rest_arg, "rest argument");
+        }
+        else {
+            F_MSG(nd_apinfo->rest_arg, "rest argument", "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST (rest argument without name)");
+        }
+        LAST_NODE;
+        F_NODE(nd_apinfo->post_args, "post arguments");
+        return;
+
+      case NODE_FNDPTN:
+        ANN("find pattern");
+        ANN("format: [nd_pconst](*[pre_rest_arg], args, ..., *[post_rest_arg])");
+        F_NODE(nd_pconst, "constant");
+        if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_fpinfo->pre_rest_arg)) {
+            F_NODE(nd_fpinfo->pre_rest_arg, "pre rest argument");
+        }
+        else {
+            F_MSG(nd_fpinfo->pre_rest_arg, "pre rest argument", "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST (rest argument without name)");
+        }
+        F_NODE(nd_fpinfo->args, "arguments");
+
+        LAST_NODE;
+        if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node->nd_fpinfo->post_rest_arg)) {
+            F_NODE(nd_fpinfo->post_rest_arg, "post rest argument");
+        }
+        else {
+            F_MSG(nd_fpinfo->post_rest_arg, "post rest argument", "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST (rest argument without name)");
+        }
+        return;
+
+      case NODE_HSHPTN:
+        ANN("hash pattern");
+        ANN("format: [nd_pconst]([nd_pkwargs], ..., **[nd_pkwrestarg])");
+        F_NODE(nd_pconst, "constant");
+        F_NODE(nd_pkwargs, "keyword arguments");
+        LAST_NODE;
+        if (node->nd_pkwrestarg == NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD) {
+            F_MSG(nd_pkwrestarg, "keyword rest argument", "NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD (**nil)");
+        }
+        else {
+            F_NODE(nd_pkwrestarg, "keyword rest argument");
+        }
+        return;
+
+      case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
+      case NODE_LAST:
+	break;
     }
+
+    rb_bug("dump_node: unknown node: %s", ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)));
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_parser_dump_tree(NODE *node, int comment)
+rb_parser_dump_tree(const NODE *node, int comment)
 {
     VALUE buf = rb_str_new_cstr(
 	"###########################################################\n"
@@ -1001,178 +1129,332 @@ rb_parser_dump_tree(NODE *node, int comment)
     return buf;
 }
 
+/* Setup NODE structure.
+ * NODE is not an object managed by GC, but it imitates an object
+ * so that it can work with `RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_NODE)`.
+ * This dirty hack is needed because Ripper jumbles NODEs and other type
+ * objects.
+ */
 void
-rb_gc_free_node(VALUE obj)
+rb_node_init(NODE *n, enum node_type type, VALUE a0, VALUE a1, VALUE a2)
 {
-    switch (nd_type(obj)) {
-      case NODE_SCOPE:
-	if (RNODE(obj)->nd_tbl) {
-	    xfree(RNODE(obj)->nd_tbl);
-	}
-	break;
-      case NODE_ARGS:
-	if (RNODE(obj)->nd_ainfo) {
-	    xfree(RNODE(obj)->nd_ainfo);
-	}
-	break;
-      case NODE_ALLOCA:
-	xfree(RNODE(obj)->u1.node);
-	break;
+    n->flags = T_NODE;
+    nd_init_type(n, type);
+    n->u1.value = a0;
+    n->u2.value = a1;
+    n->u3.value = a2;
+    n->nd_loc.beg_pos.lineno = 0;
+    n->nd_loc.beg_pos.column = 0;
+    n->nd_loc.end_pos.lineno = 0;
+    n->nd_loc.end_pos.column = 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct node_buffer_elem_struct {
+    struct node_buffer_elem_struct *next;
+    long len;
+    NODE buf[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
+} node_buffer_elem_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    long idx, len;
+    node_buffer_elem_t *head;
+    node_buffer_elem_t *last;
+} node_buffer_list_t;
+
+struct node_buffer_struct {
+    node_buffer_list_t unmarkable;
+    node_buffer_list_t markable;
+    ID *local_tables;
+    VALUE mark_hash;
+};
+
+static void
+init_node_buffer_list(node_buffer_list_t * nb, node_buffer_elem_t *head)
+{
+    nb->idx = 0;
+    nb->len = NODE_BUF_DEFAULT_LEN;
+    nb->head = nb->last = head;
+    nb->head->len = nb->len;
+    nb->head->next = NULL;
+}
+
+static node_buffer_t *
+rb_node_buffer_new(void)
+{
+    const size_t bucket_size = offsetof(node_buffer_elem_t, buf) + NODE_BUF_DEFAULT_LEN * sizeof(NODE);
+    const size_t alloc_size = sizeof(node_buffer_t) + (bucket_size * 2);
+    STATIC_ASSERT(
+        integer_overflow,
+        offsetof(node_buffer_elem_t, buf) + NODE_BUF_DEFAULT_LEN * sizeof(NODE)
+        > sizeof(node_buffer_t) + 2 * sizeof(node_buffer_elem_t));
+    node_buffer_t *nb = ruby_xmalloc(alloc_size);
+    init_node_buffer_list(&nb->unmarkable, (node_buffer_elem_t*)&nb[1]);
+    init_node_buffer_list(&nb->markable, (node_buffer_elem_t*)((size_t)nb->unmarkable.head + bucket_size));
+    nb->local_tables = 0;
+    nb->mark_hash = Qnil;
+    return nb;
+}
+
+static void
+node_buffer_list_free(node_buffer_list_t * nb)
+{
+    node_buffer_elem_t *nbe = nb->head;
+
+    while (nbe != nb->last) {
+	void *buf = nbe;
+	nbe = nbe->next;
+	xfree(buf);
     }
 }
 
-size_t
-rb_node_memsize(VALUE obj)
+static void
+rb_node_buffer_free(node_buffer_t *nb)
 {
-    size_t size = 0;
-    switch (nd_type(obj)) {
-      case NODE_SCOPE:
-	if (RNODE(obj)->nd_tbl) {
-	    size += (RNODE(obj)->nd_tbl[0]+1) * sizeof(*RNODE(obj)->nd_tbl);
-	}
-	break;
-      case NODE_ARGS:
-	if (RNODE(obj)->nd_ainfo) {
-	    size += sizeof(*RNODE(obj)->nd_ainfo);
-	}
-	break;
-      case NODE_ALLOCA:
-	size += RNODE(obj)->nd_cnt * sizeof(VALUE);
-	break;
+    node_buffer_list_free(&nb->unmarkable);
+    node_buffer_list_free(&nb->markable);
+    ID * local_table = nb->local_tables;
+    while (local_table) {
+        unsigned int size = (unsigned int)*local_table;
+        ID * next_table = (ID *)local_table[size + 1];
+        xfree(local_table);
+        local_table = next_table;
     }
-    return size;
+    xfree(nb);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_gc_mark_node(NODE *obj)
+static NODE *
+ast_newnode_in_bucket(node_buffer_list_t *nb)
 {
-    switch (nd_type(obj)) {
-      case NODE_IF:		/* 1,2,3 */
-      case NODE_FOR:
-      case NODE_ITER:
-      case NODE_WHEN:
-      case NODE_MASGN:
-      case NODE_RESCUE:
-      case NODE_RESBODY:
-      case NODE_CLASS:
-      case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
-      case NODE_MATCH2:
-	rb_gc_mark(RNODE(obj)->u2.value);
-	/* fall through */
-      case NODE_BLOCK:	/* 1,3 */
-      case NODE_ARRAY:
+    if (nb->idx >= nb->len) {
+	long n = nb->len * 2;
+	node_buffer_elem_t *nbe;
+        nbe = rb_xmalloc_mul_add(n, sizeof(NODE), offsetof(node_buffer_elem_t, buf));
+        nbe->len = n;
+	nb->idx = 0;
+	nb->len = n;
+	nbe->next = nb->head;
+	nb->head = nbe;
+    }
+    return &nb->head->buf[nb->idx++];
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
+static bool
+nodetype_markable_p(enum node_type type)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_MATCH:
+      case NODE_LIT:
+      case NODE_STR:
+      case NODE_XSTR:
       case NODE_DSTR:
       case NODE_DXSTR:
       case NODE_DREGX:
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
-      case NODE_ENSURE:
-      case NODE_CALL:
-      case NODE_DEFS:
-      case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
-	rb_gc_mark(RNODE(obj)->u1.value);
-	/* fall through */
-      case NODE_SUPER:	/* 3 */
-      case NODE_FCALL:
-      case NODE_DEFN:
-      case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
-	return RNODE(obj)->u3.value;
+      case NODE_DSYM:
+      case NODE_ARGS:
+      case NODE_ARYPTN:
+      case NODE_FNDPTN:
+        return true;
+      default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
 
-      case NODE_WHILE:	/* 1,2 */
-      case NODE_UNTIL:
-      case NODE_AND:
-      case NODE_OR:
-      case NODE_CASE:
-      case NODE_SCLASS:
-      case NODE_DOT2:
-      case NODE_DOT3:
-      case NODE_FLIP2:
-      case NODE_FLIP3:
-      case NODE_MATCH3:
-      case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:
-      case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
-      case NODE_MODULE:
-      case NODE_ALIAS:
-      case NODE_VALIAS:
-      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	rb_gc_mark(RNODE(obj)->u1.value);
-	/* fall through */
-      case NODE_GASGN:	/* 2 */
-      case NODE_LASGN:
-      case NODE_DASGN:
-      case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
-      case NODE_IASGN:
-      case NODE_IASGN2:
-      case NODE_CVASGN:
-      case NODE_COLON3:
-      case NODE_OPT_N:
-      case NODE_EVSTR:
-      case NODE_UNDEF:
-      case NODE_POSTEXE:
-	return RNODE(obj)->u2.value;
+NODE *
+rb_ast_newnode(rb_ast_t *ast, enum node_type type)
+{
+    node_buffer_t *nb = ast->node_buffer;
+    node_buffer_list_t *bucket =
+        (nodetype_markable_p(type) ? &nb->markable : &nb->unmarkable);
+    return ast_newnode_in_bucket(bucket);
+}
 
-      case NODE_HASH:	/* 1 */
+void
+rb_ast_node_type_change(NODE *n, enum node_type type)
+{
+    enum node_type old_type = nd_type(n);
+    if (nodetype_markable_p(old_type) != nodetype_markable_p(type)) {
+        rb_bug("node type changed: %s -> %s",
+               ruby_node_name(old_type), ruby_node_name(type));
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ast_add_local_table(rb_ast_t *ast, ID *buf)
+{
+    unsigned int size = (unsigned int)*buf;
+    buf[size + 1] = (ID)ast->node_buffer->local_tables;
+    ast->node_buffer->local_tables = buf;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ast_delete_node(rb_ast_t *ast, NODE *n)
+{
+    (void)ast;
+    (void)n;
+    /* should we implement freelist? */
+}
+
+rb_ast_t *
+rb_ast_new(void)
+{
+    node_buffer_t *nb = rb_node_buffer_new();
+    rb_ast_t *ast = (rb_ast_t *)rb_imemo_new(imemo_ast, 0, 0, 0, (VALUE)nb);
+    return ast;
+}
+
+typedef void node_itr_t(void *ctx, NODE * node);
+
+static void
+iterate_buffer_elements(node_buffer_elem_t *nbe, long len, node_itr_t *func, void *ctx)
+{
+    long cursor;
+    for (cursor = 0; cursor < len; cursor++) {
+        func(ctx, &nbe->buf[cursor]);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+iterate_node_values(node_buffer_list_t *nb, node_itr_t * func, void *ctx)
+{
+    node_buffer_elem_t *nbe = nb->head;
+
+    /* iterate over the head first because it's not full */
+    iterate_buffer_elements(nbe, nb->idx, func, ctx);
+
+    nbe = nbe->next;
+    while (nbe) {
+        iterate_buffer_elements(nbe, nbe->len, func, ctx);
+        nbe = nbe->next;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+mark_ast_value(void *ctx, NODE * node)
+{
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_ARGS:
+        {
+            struct rb_args_info *args = node->nd_ainfo;
+            rb_gc_mark_movable(args->imemo);
+            break;
+        }
+      case NODE_MATCH:
       case NODE_LIT:
       case NODE_STR:
       case NODE_XSTR:
-      case NODE_DEFINED:
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+      case NODE_DXSTR:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_DSYM:
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(node->nd_lit);
+        break;
+      case NODE_ARYPTN:
+      case NODE_FNDPTN:
+        rb_gc_mark_movable(node->nd_rval);
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_bug("unreachable node %s", ruby_node_name(nd_type(node)));
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+update_ast_value(void *ctx, NODE * node)
+{
+    switch (nd_type(node)) {
+      case NODE_ARGS:
+        {
+            struct rb_args_info *args = node->nd_ainfo;
+            args->imemo = rb_gc_location(args->imemo);
+            break;
+        }
       case NODE_MATCH:
-      case NODE_RETURN:
-      case NODE_BREAK:
-      case NODE_NEXT:
-      case NODE_YIELD:
-      case NODE_COLON2:
-      case NODE_SPLAT:
-      case NODE_TO_ARY:
-	return RNODE(obj)->u1.value;
+      case NODE_LIT:
+      case NODE_STR:
+      case NODE_XSTR:
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+      case NODE_DXSTR:
+      case NODE_DREGX:
+      case NODE_DSYM:
+        node->nd_lit = rb_gc_location(node->nd_lit);
+        break;
+      case NODE_ARYPTN:
+      case NODE_FNDPTN:
+        node->nd_rval = rb_gc_location(node->nd_rval);
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_bug("unreachable");
+    }
+}
 
-      case NODE_SCOPE:	/* 2,3 */
-      case NODE_CDECL:
-      case NODE_OPT_ARG:
-	rb_gc_mark(RNODE(obj)->u3.value);
-	return RNODE(obj)->u2.value;
-
-      case NODE_ARGS:	/* custom */
-	{
-	    struct rb_args_info *args = obj->u3.args;
-	    if (args) {
-		if (args->pre_init)    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)args->pre_init);
-		if (args->post_init)   rb_gc_mark((VALUE)args->post_init);
-		if (args->opt_args)    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)args->opt_args);
-		if (args->kw_args)     rb_gc_mark((VALUE)args->kw_args);
-		if (args->kw_rest_arg) rb_gc_mark((VALUE)args->kw_rest_arg);
-	    }
-	}
-	return RNODE(obj)->u2.value;
+void
+rb_ast_update_references(rb_ast_t *ast)
+{
+    if (ast->node_buffer) {
+        node_buffer_t *nb = ast->node_buffer;
 
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:	/* - */
-      case NODE_ZSUPER:
-      case NODE_VCALL:
-      case NODE_GVAR:
-      case NODE_LVAR:
-      case NODE_DVAR:
-      case NODE_IVAR:
-      case NODE_CVAR:
-      case NODE_NTH_REF:
-      case NODE_BACK_REF:
-      case NODE_REDO:
-      case NODE_RETRY:
-      case NODE_SELF:
-      case NODE_NIL:
-      case NODE_TRUE:
-      case NODE_FALSE:
-      case NODE_ERRINFO:
-      case NODE_BLOCK_ARG:
-	break;
-      case NODE_ALLOCA:
-	rb_gc_mark_locations((VALUE*)RNODE(obj)->u1.value,
-			     (VALUE*)RNODE(obj)->u1.value + RNODE(obj)->u3.cnt);
-	rb_gc_mark(RNODE(obj)->u2.value);
-	break;
+        iterate_node_values(&nb->markable, update_ast_value, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ast_mark(rb_ast_t *ast)
+{
+    if (ast->node_buffer) rb_gc_mark(ast->node_buffer->mark_hash);
+    if (ast->body.compile_option) rb_gc_mark(ast->body.compile_option);
+    if (ast->node_buffer) {
+        node_buffer_t *nb = ast->node_buffer;
 
-      default:		/* unlisted NODE */
-	rb_gc_mark_maybe(RNODE(obj)->u1.value);
-	rb_gc_mark_maybe(RNODE(obj)->u2.value);
-	rb_gc_mark_maybe(RNODE(obj)->u3.value);
+        iterate_node_values(&nb->markable, mark_ast_value, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ast_free(rb_ast_t *ast)
+{
+    if (ast->node_buffer) {
+	rb_node_buffer_free(ast->node_buffer);
+	ast->node_buffer = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static size_t
+buffer_list_size(node_buffer_list_t *nb)
+{
+    size_t size = 0;
+    node_buffer_elem_t *nbe = nb->head;
+    while (nbe != nb->last) {
+        nbe = nbe->next;
+        size += offsetof(node_buffer_elem_t, buf) + nb->len * sizeof(NODE);
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+size_t
+rb_ast_memsize(const rb_ast_t *ast)
+{
+    size_t size = 0;
+    node_buffer_t *nb = ast->node_buffer;
+
+    if (nb) {
+        size += sizeof(node_buffer_t) + offsetof(node_buffer_elem_t, buf) + NODE_BUF_DEFAULT_LEN * sizeof(NODE);
+        size += buffer_list_size(&nb->unmarkable);
+        size += buffer_list_size(&nb->markable);
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ast_dispose(rb_ast_t *ast)
+{
+    rb_ast_free(ast);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ast_add_mark_object(rb_ast_t *ast, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(ast->node_buffer->mark_hash)) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(ast, &ast->node_buffer->mark_hash, rb_ident_hash_new());
     }
-    return 0;
+    rb_hash_aset(ast->node_buffer->mark_hash, obj, Qtrue);
 }
diff --git a/node.h b/node.h
index 8d2ea53c73..192e121fd7 100644
--- a/node.h
+++ b/node.h
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#ifndef RUBY_NODE_H
+#define RUBY_NODE_H 1
 /**********************************************************************
 
   node.h -
@@ -9,9 +11,6 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#ifndef RUBY_NODE_H
-#define RUBY_NODE_H 1
-
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 extern "C" {
 #if 0
@@ -21,225 +20,138 @@ extern "C" {
 
 enum node_type {
     NODE_SCOPE,
-#define NODE_SCOPE       NODE_SCOPE
     NODE_BLOCK,
-#define NODE_BLOCK       NODE_BLOCK
     NODE_IF,
-#define NODE_IF          NODE_IF
+    NODE_UNLESS,
     NODE_CASE,
-#define NODE_CASE        NODE_CASE
+    NODE_CASE2,
+    NODE_CASE3,
     NODE_WHEN,
-#define NODE_WHEN        NODE_WHEN
-    NODE_OPT_N,
-#define NODE_OPT_N       NODE_OPT_N
+    NODE_IN,
     NODE_WHILE,
-#define NODE_WHILE       NODE_WHILE
     NODE_UNTIL,
-#define NODE_UNTIL       NODE_UNTIL
     NODE_ITER,
-#define NODE_ITER        NODE_ITER
     NODE_FOR,
-#define NODE_FOR         NODE_FOR
+    NODE_FOR_MASGN,
     NODE_BREAK,
-#define NODE_BREAK       NODE_BREAK
     NODE_NEXT,
-#define NODE_NEXT        NODE_NEXT
     NODE_REDO,
-#define NODE_REDO        NODE_REDO
     NODE_RETRY,
-#define NODE_RETRY       NODE_RETRY
     NODE_BEGIN,
-#define NODE_BEGIN       NODE_BEGIN
     NODE_RESCUE,
-#define NODE_RESCUE      NODE_RESCUE
     NODE_RESBODY,
-#define NODE_RESBODY     NODE_RESBODY
     NODE_ENSURE,
-#define NODE_ENSURE      NODE_ENSURE
     NODE_AND,
-#define NODE_AND         NODE_AND
     NODE_OR,
-#define NODE_OR          NODE_OR
     NODE_MASGN,
-#define NODE_MASGN       NODE_MASGN
     NODE_LASGN,
-#define NODE_LASGN       NODE_LASGN
     NODE_DASGN,
-#define NODE_DASGN       NODE_DASGN
     NODE_DASGN_CURR,
-#define NODE_DASGN_CURR  NODE_DASGN_CURR
     NODE_GASGN,
-#define NODE_GASGN       NODE_GASGN
     NODE_IASGN,
-#define NODE_IASGN       NODE_IASGN
-    NODE_IASGN2,
-#define NODE_IASGN2      NODE_IASGN2
     NODE_CDECL,
-#define NODE_CDECL       NODE_CDECL
     NODE_CVASGN,
-#define NODE_CVASGN      NODE_CVASGN
-    NODE_CVDECL,
-#define NODE_CVDECL      NODE_CVDECL
     NODE_OP_ASGN1,
-#define NODE_OP_ASGN1    NODE_OP_ASGN1
     NODE_OP_ASGN2,
-#define NODE_OP_ASGN2    NODE_OP_ASGN2
     NODE_OP_ASGN_AND,
-#define NODE_OP_ASGN_AND NODE_OP_ASGN_AND
     NODE_OP_ASGN_OR,
-#define NODE_OP_ASGN_OR  NODE_OP_ASGN_OR
     NODE_OP_CDECL,
-#define NODE_OP_CDECL    NODE_OP_CDECL
     NODE_CALL,
-#define NODE_CALL        NODE_CALL
+    NODE_OPCALL,
     NODE_FCALL,
-#define NODE_FCALL       NODE_FCALL
     NODE_VCALL,
-#define NODE_VCALL       NODE_VCALL
     NODE_QCALL,
-#define NODE_QCALL       NODE_QCALL
     NODE_SUPER,
-#define NODE_SUPER       NODE_SUPER
     NODE_ZSUPER,
-#define NODE_ZSUPER      NODE_ZSUPER
-    NODE_ARRAY,
-#define NODE_ARRAY       NODE_ARRAY
-    NODE_ZARRAY,
-#define NODE_ZARRAY      NODE_ZARRAY
+    NODE_LIST,
+    NODE_ZLIST,
     NODE_VALUES,
-#define NODE_VALUES      NODE_VALUES
     NODE_HASH,
-#define NODE_HASH        NODE_HASH
     NODE_RETURN,
-#define NODE_RETURN      NODE_RETURN
     NODE_YIELD,
-#define NODE_YIELD       NODE_YIELD
     NODE_LVAR,
-#define NODE_LVAR        NODE_LVAR
     NODE_DVAR,
-#define NODE_DVAR        NODE_DVAR
     NODE_GVAR,
-#define NODE_GVAR        NODE_GVAR
     NODE_IVAR,
-#define NODE_IVAR        NODE_IVAR
     NODE_CONST,
-#define NODE_CONST       NODE_CONST
     NODE_CVAR,
-#define NODE_CVAR        NODE_CVAR
     NODE_NTH_REF,
-#define NODE_NTH_REF     NODE_NTH_REF
     NODE_BACK_REF,
-#define NODE_BACK_REF    NODE_BACK_REF
     NODE_MATCH,
-#define NODE_MATCH       NODE_MATCH
     NODE_MATCH2,
-#define NODE_MATCH2      NODE_MATCH2
     NODE_MATCH3,
-#define NODE_MATCH3      NODE_MATCH3
     NODE_LIT,
-#define NODE_LIT         NODE_LIT
     NODE_STR,
-#define NODE_STR         NODE_STR
     NODE_DSTR,
-#define NODE_DSTR        NODE_DSTR
     NODE_XSTR,
-#define NODE_XSTR        NODE_XSTR
     NODE_DXSTR,
-#define NODE_DXSTR       NODE_DXSTR
     NODE_EVSTR,
-#define NODE_EVSTR       NODE_EVSTR
     NODE_DREGX,
-#define NODE_DREGX       NODE_DREGX
-    NODE_DREGX_ONCE,
-#define NODE_DREGX_ONCE  NODE_DREGX_ONCE
+    NODE_ONCE,
     NODE_ARGS,
-#define NODE_ARGS        NODE_ARGS
     NODE_ARGS_AUX,
-#define NODE_ARGS_AUX    NODE_ARGS_AUX
     NODE_OPT_ARG,
-#define NODE_OPT_ARG     NODE_OPT_ARG
     NODE_KW_ARG,
-#define NODE_KW_ARG	 NODE_KW_ARG
     NODE_POSTARG,
-#define NODE_POSTARG     NODE_POSTARG
     NODE_ARGSCAT,
-#define NODE_ARGSCAT     NODE_ARGSCAT
     NODE_ARGSPUSH,
-#define NODE_ARGSPUSH    NODE_ARGSPUSH
     NODE_SPLAT,
-#define NODE_SPLAT       NODE_SPLAT
-    NODE_TO_ARY,
-#define NODE_TO_ARY      NODE_TO_ARY
-    NODE_BLOCK_ARG,
-#define NODE_BLOCK_ARG   NODE_BLOCK_ARG
     NODE_BLOCK_PASS,
-#define NODE_BLOCK_PASS  NODE_BLOCK_PASS
     NODE_DEFN,
-#define NODE_DEFN        NODE_DEFN
     NODE_DEFS,
-#define NODE_DEFS        NODE_DEFS
     NODE_ALIAS,
-#define NODE_ALIAS       NODE_ALIAS
     NODE_VALIAS,
-#define NODE_VALIAS      NODE_VALIAS
     NODE_UNDEF,
-#define NODE_UNDEF       NODE_UNDEF
     NODE_CLASS,
-#define NODE_CLASS       NODE_CLASS
     NODE_MODULE,
-#define NODE_MODULE      NODE_MODULE
     NODE_SCLASS,
-#define NODE_SCLASS      NODE_SCLASS
     NODE_COLON2,
-#define NODE_COLON2      NODE_COLON2
     NODE_COLON3,
-#define NODE_COLON3      NODE_COLON3
     NODE_DOT2,
-#define NODE_DOT2        NODE_DOT2
     NODE_DOT3,
-#define NODE_DOT3        NODE_DOT3
     NODE_FLIP2,
-#define NODE_FLIP2       NODE_FLIP2
     NODE_FLIP3,
-#define NODE_FLIP3       NODE_FLIP3
     NODE_SELF,
-#define NODE_SELF        NODE_SELF
     NODE_NIL,
-#define NODE_NIL         NODE_NIL
     NODE_TRUE,
-#define NODE_TRUE        NODE_TRUE
     NODE_FALSE,
-#define NODE_FALSE       NODE_FALSE
     NODE_ERRINFO,
-#define NODE_ERRINFO     NODE_ERRINFO
     NODE_DEFINED,
-#define NODE_DEFINED     NODE_DEFINED
     NODE_POSTEXE,
-#define NODE_POSTEXE     NODE_POSTEXE
-    NODE_ALLOCA,
-#define NODE_ALLOCA      NODE_ALLOCA
-    NODE_BMETHOD,
-#define NODE_BMETHOD     NODE_BMETHOD
     NODE_DSYM,
-#define NODE_DSYM        NODE_DSYM
     NODE_ATTRASGN,
-#define NODE_ATTRASGN    NODE_ATTRASGN
-    NODE_PRELUDE,
-#define NODE_PRELUDE     NODE_PRELUDE
     NODE_LAMBDA,
-#define NODE_LAMBDA      NODE_LAMBDA
+    NODE_ARYPTN,
+    NODE_HSHPTN,
+    NODE_FNDPTN,
     NODE_LAST
-#define NODE_LAST        NODE_LAST
 };
 
+typedef struct rb_code_position_struct {
+    int lineno;
+    int column;
+} rb_code_position_t;
+
+typedef struct rb_code_location_struct {
+    rb_code_position_t beg_pos;
+    rb_code_position_t end_pos;
+} rb_code_location_t;
+
+static inline rb_code_location_t
+code_loc_gen(const rb_code_location_t *loc1, const rb_code_location_t *loc2)
+{
+    rb_code_location_t loc;
+    loc.beg_pos = loc1->beg_pos;
+    loc.end_pos = loc2->end_pos;
+    return loc;
+}
+
 typedef struct RNode {
     VALUE flags;
-    VALUE nd_reserved;		/* ex nd_file */
     union {
 	struct RNode *node;
 	ID id;
 	VALUE value;
-	VALUE (*cfunc)(ANYARGS);
 	ID *tbl;
     } u1;
     union {
@@ -252,17 +164,19 @@ typedef struct RNode {
 	struct RNode *node;
 	ID id;
 	long state;
-	struct rb_global_entry *entry;
 	struct rb_args_info *args;
-	long cnt;
+	struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo;
+	struct rb_fnd_pattern_info *fpinfo;
 	VALUE value;
     } u3;
+    rb_code_location_t nd_loc;
+    int node_id;
 } NODE;
 
-#define RNODE(obj)  (R_CAST(RNode)(obj))
+#define RNODE(obj)  ((struct RNode *)(obj))
 
-/* FL     : 0..4: T_TYPES, 5: KEEP_WB, 6: PROMOTED, 7: FINALIZE, 8: TAINT, 9: UNTRUSTED, 10: EXIVAR, 11: FREEZE */
-/* NODE_FL: 0..4: T_TYPES, 5: KEEP_WB, 6: PROMOTED, 7: NODE_FL_NEWLINE|NODE_FL_CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL,
+/* FL     : 0..4: T_TYPES, 5: KEEP_WB, 6: PROMOTED, 7: FINALIZE, 8: UNUSED, 9: UNUSED, 10: EXIVAR, 11: FREEZE */
+/* NODE_FL: 0..4: T_TYPES, 5: KEEP_WB, 6: PROMOTED, 7: NODE_FL_NEWLINE,
  *          8..14: nd_type,
  *          15..: nd_line
  */
@@ -271,17 +185,33 @@ typedef struct RNode {
 #define NODE_TYPESHIFT 8
 #define NODE_TYPEMASK  (((VALUE)0x7f)<<NODE_TYPESHIFT)
 
-#define nd_type(n) ((int) (((RNODE(n))->flags & NODE_TYPEMASK)>>NODE_TYPESHIFT))
+#define nd_type(n) ((int) (((n)->flags & NODE_TYPEMASK)>>NODE_TYPESHIFT))
 #define nd_set_type(n,t) \
-    RNODE(n)->flags=((RNODE(n)->flags&~NODE_TYPEMASK)|((((unsigned long)(t))<<NODE_TYPESHIFT)&NODE_TYPEMASK))
+    rb_node_set_type(n, t)
+#define nd_init_type(n,t) \
+    (n)->flags=(((n)->flags&~NODE_TYPEMASK)|((((unsigned long)(t))<<NODE_TYPESHIFT)&NODE_TYPEMASK))
 
 #define NODE_LSHIFT (NODE_TYPESHIFT+7)
 #define NODE_LMASK  (((SIGNED_VALUE)1<<(sizeof(VALUE)*CHAR_BIT-NODE_LSHIFT))-1)
-#define nd_line(n) (int)(RNODE(n)->flags>>NODE_LSHIFT)
+#define nd_line(n) (int)(((SIGNED_VALUE)(n)->flags)>>NODE_LSHIFT)
 #define nd_set_line(n,l) \
-    RNODE(n)->flags=((RNODE(n)->flags&~((VALUE)(-1)<<NODE_LSHIFT))|((VALUE)((l)&NODE_LMASK)<<NODE_LSHIFT))
-
-#define nd_refinements_  nd_reserved
+    (n)->flags=(((n)->flags&~((VALUE)(-1)<<NODE_LSHIFT))|((VALUE)((l)&NODE_LMASK)<<NODE_LSHIFT))
+
+#define nd_first_column(n) ((int)((n)->nd_loc.beg_pos.column))
+#define nd_set_first_column(n, v) ((n)->nd_loc.beg_pos.column = (v))
+#define nd_first_lineno(n) ((int)((n)->nd_loc.beg_pos.lineno))
+#define nd_set_first_lineno(n, v) ((n)->nd_loc.beg_pos.lineno = (v))
+#define nd_first_loc(n) ((n)->nd_loc.beg_pos)
+#define nd_set_first_loc(n, v) (nd_first_loc(n) = (v))
+
+#define nd_last_column(n) ((int)((n)->nd_loc.end_pos.column))
+#define nd_set_last_column(n, v) ((n)->nd_loc.end_pos.column = (v))
+#define nd_last_lineno(n) ((int)((n)->nd_loc.end_pos.lineno))
+#define nd_set_last_lineno(n, v) ((n)->nd_loc.end_pos.lineno = (v))
+#define nd_last_loc(n) ((n)->nd_loc.end_pos)
+#define nd_set_last_loc(n, v) (nd_last_loc(n) = (v))
+#define nd_node_id(n) ((n)->node_id)
+#define nd_set_node_id(n,id) ((n)->node_id = (id))
 
 #define nd_head  u1.node
 #define nd_alen  u2.argc
@@ -291,8 +221,6 @@ typedef struct RNode {
 #define nd_body  u2.node
 #define nd_else  u3.node
 
-#define nd_orig  u3.value
-
 #define nd_resq  u2.node
 #define nd_ensr  u3.node
 
@@ -301,13 +229,12 @@ typedef struct RNode {
 
 #define nd_stts  u1.node
 
-#define nd_entry u3.entry
+#define nd_entry u3.id
 #define nd_vid   u1.id
 #define nd_cflag u2.id
 #define nd_cval  u3.value
 
 #define nd_oid   u1.id
-#define nd_cnt   u3.cnt
 #define nd_tbl   u1.tbl
 
 #define nd_var   u1.node
@@ -318,7 +245,6 @@ typedef struct RNode {
 
 #define nd_lit   u1.value
 
-#define nd_frml  u2.argc
 #define nd_rest  u1.id
 #define nd_opt   u1.node
 #define nd_pid   u1.id
@@ -329,18 +255,11 @@ typedef struct RNode {
 #define nd_args  u3.node
 #define nd_ainfo u3.args
 
-#define nd_noex  u3.id
 #define nd_defn  u3.node
 
-#define nd_cfnc  u1.cfunc
-#define nd_argc  u2.argc
-
 #define nd_cpath u1.node
 #define nd_super u3.node
 
-#define nd_modl  u1.id
-#define nd_clss_  u1.value
-
 #define nd_beg   u1.node
 #define nd_end   u2.node
 #define nd_state u3.state
@@ -349,137 +268,168 @@ typedef struct RNode {
 #define nd_nth   u2.argc
 
 #define nd_tag   u1.id
-#define nd_tval  u2.value
-
-#define nd_visi_  u2.argc
-
-#define NEW_NODE(t,a0,a1,a2) rb_node_newnode((t),(VALUE)(a0),(VALUE)(a1),(VALUE)(a2))
-
-#define NEW_DEFN(i,a,d,p) NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFN,0,i,NEW_SCOPE(a,d))
-#define NEW_DEFS(r,i,a,d) NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFS,r,i,NEW_SCOPE(a,d))
-#define NEW_SCOPE(a,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_SCOPE,local_tbl(),b,a)
-#define NEW_BLOCK(a) NEW_NODE(NODE_BLOCK,a,0,0)
-#define NEW_IF(c,t,e) NEW_NODE(NODE_IF,c,t,e)
-#define NEW_UNLESS(c,t,e) NEW_IF(c,e,t)
-#define NEW_CASE(h,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_CASE,h,b,0)
-#define NEW_WHEN(c,t,e) NEW_NODE(NODE_WHEN,c,t,e)
-#define NEW_OPT_N(b) NEW_NODE(NODE_OPT_N,0,b,0)
-#define NEW_WHILE(c,b,n) NEW_NODE(NODE_WHILE,c,b,n)
-#define NEW_UNTIL(c,b,n) NEW_NODE(NODE_UNTIL,c,b,n)
-#define NEW_FOR(v,i,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_FOR,v,b,i)
-#define NEW_ITER(a,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_ITER,0,NEW_SCOPE(a,b),0)
-#define NEW_LAMBDA(a,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_LAMBDA,0,NEW_SCOPE(a,b),0)
-#define NEW_BREAK(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_BREAK,s,0,0)
-#define NEW_NEXT(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_NEXT,s,0,0)
-#define NEW_REDO() NEW_NODE(NODE_REDO,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_RETRY() NEW_NODE(NODE_RETRY,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_BEGIN(b) NEW_NODE(NODE_BEGIN,0,b,0)
-#define NEW_RESCUE(b,res,e) NEW_NODE(NODE_RESCUE,b,res,e)
-#define NEW_RESBODY(a,ex,n) NEW_NODE(NODE_RESBODY,n,ex,a)
-#define NEW_ENSURE(b,en) NEW_NODE(NODE_ENSURE,b,0,en)
-#define NEW_RETURN(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_RETURN,s,0,0)
-#define NEW_YIELD(a) NEW_NODE(NODE_YIELD,a,0,0)
-#define NEW_LIST(a)  NEW_ARRAY(a)
-#define NEW_ARRAY(a) NEW_NODE(NODE_ARRAY,a,1,0)
-#define NEW_ZARRAY() NEW_NODE(NODE_ZARRAY,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_HASH(a)  NEW_NODE(NODE_HASH,a,0,0)
-#define NEW_MASGN(l,r)   NEW_NODE(NODE_MASGN,l,0,r)
-#define NEW_GASGN(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_GASGN,v,val,rb_global_entry(v))
-#define NEW_LASGN(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_LASGN,v,val,0)
-#define NEW_DASGN(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_DASGN,v,val,0)
-#define NEW_DASGN_CURR(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_DASGN_CURR,v,val,0)
-#define NEW_IASGN(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_IASGN,v,val,0)
-#define NEW_IASGN2(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_IASGN2,v,val,0)
-#define NEW_CDECL(v,val,path) NEW_NODE(NODE_CDECL,v,val,path)
-#define NEW_CVASGN(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_CVASGN,v,val,0)
-#define NEW_CVDECL(v,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_CVDECL,v,val,0)
-#define NEW_OP_ASGN1(p,id,a) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN1,p,id,a)
-#define NEW_OP_ASGN2(r,t,i,o,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN2,r,val,NEW_OP_ASGN22(i,o,t))
-#define NEW_OP_ASGN22(i,o,t) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN2,i,o,t)
-#define NEW_OP_ASGN_OR(i,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN_OR,i,val,0)
-#define NEW_OP_ASGN_AND(i,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN_AND,i,val,0)
-#define NEW_OP_CDECL(v,op,val) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_CDECL,v,val,op)
-#define NEW_GVAR(v) NEW_NODE(NODE_GVAR,v,0,rb_global_entry(v))
-#define NEW_LVAR(v) NEW_NODE(NODE_LVAR,v,0,0)
-#define NEW_DVAR(v) NEW_NODE(NODE_DVAR,v,0,0)
-#define NEW_IVAR(v) NEW_NODE(NODE_IVAR,v,0,0)
-#define NEW_CONST(v) NEW_NODE(NODE_CONST,v,0,0)
-#define NEW_CVAR(v) NEW_NODE(NODE_CVAR,v,0,0)
-#define NEW_NTH_REF(n)  NEW_NODE(NODE_NTH_REF,0,n,0)
-#define NEW_BACK_REF(n) NEW_NODE(NODE_BACK_REF,0,n,0)
-#define NEW_MATCH(c) NEW_NODE(NODE_MATCH,c,0,0)
-#define NEW_MATCH2(n1,n2) NEW_NODE(NODE_MATCH2,n1,n2,0)
-#define NEW_MATCH3(r,n2) NEW_NODE(NODE_MATCH3,r,n2,0)
-#define NEW_LIT(l) NEW_NODE(NODE_LIT,l,0,0)
-#define NEW_STR(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_STR,s,0,0)
-#define NEW_DSTR(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_DSTR,s,1,0)
-#define NEW_XSTR(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_XSTR,s,0,0)
-#define NEW_DXSTR(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_DXSTR,s,0,0)
-#define NEW_DSYM(s) NEW_NODE(NODE_DSYM,s,0,0)
-#define NEW_EVSTR(n) NEW_NODE(NODE_EVSTR,0,(n),0)
-#define NEW_CALL(r,m,a) NEW_NODE(NODE_CALL,r,m,a)
-#define NEW_FCALL(m,a) NEW_NODE(NODE_FCALL,0,m,a)
-#define NEW_VCALL(m) NEW_NODE(NODE_VCALL,0,m,0)
-#define NEW_SUPER(a) NEW_NODE(NODE_SUPER,0,0,a)
-#define NEW_ZSUPER() NEW_NODE(NODE_ZSUPER,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_ARGS_AUX(r,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGS_AUX,r,b,0)
-#define NEW_OPT_ARG(i,v) NEW_NODE(NODE_OPT_ARG,i,v,0)
-#define NEW_KW_ARG(i,v) NEW_NODE(NODE_KW_ARG,i,v,0)
-#define NEW_POSTARG(i,v) NEW_NODE(NODE_POSTARG,i,v,0)
-#define NEW_ARGSCAT(a,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGSCAT,a,b,0)
-#define NEW_ARGSPUSH(a,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGSPUSH,a,b,0)
-#define NEW_SPLAT(a) NEW_NODE(NODE_SPLAT,a,0,0)
-#define NEW_TO_ARY(a) NEW_NODE(NODE_TO_ARY,a,0,0)
-#define NEW_BLOCK_ARG(v) NEW_NODE(NODE_BLOCK_ARG,v,0,local_cnt(v))
-#define NEW_BLOCK_PASS(b) NEW_NODE(NODE_BLOCK_PASS,0,b,0)
-#define NEW_ALIAS(n,o) NEW_NODE(NODE_ALIAS,n,o,0)
-#define NEW_VALIAS(n,o) NEW_NODE(NODE_VALIAS,n,o,0)
-#define NEW_UNDEF(i) NEW_NODE(NODE_UNDEF,0,i,0)
-#define NEW_CLASS(n,b,s) NEW_NODE(NODE_CLASS,n,NEW_SCOPE(0,b),(s))
-#define NEW_SCLASS(r,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_SCLASS,r,NEW_SCOPE(0,b),0)
-#define NEW_MODULE(n,b) NEW_NODE(NODE_MODULE,n,NEW_SCOPE(0,b),0)
-#define NEW_COLON2(c,i) NEW_NODE(NODE_COLON2,c,i,0)
-#define NEW_COLON3(i) NEW_NODE(NODE_COLON3,0,i,0)
-#define NEW_DOT2(b,e) NEW_NODE(NODE_DOT2,b,e,0)
-#define NEW_DOT3(b,e) NEW_NODE(NODE_DOT3,b,e,0)
-#define NEW_SELF() NEW_NODE(NODE_SELF,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_NIL() NEW_NODE(NODE_NIL,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_TRUE() NEW_NODE(NODE_TRUE,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_FALSE() NEW_NODE(NODE_FALSE,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_ERRINFO() NEW_NODE(NODE_ERRINFO,0,0,0)
-#define NEW_DEFINED(e) NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFINED,e,0,0)
-#define NEW_PREEXE(b) NEW_SCOPE(b)
-#define NEW_POSTEXE(b) NEW_NODE(NODE_POSTEXE,0,b,0)
-#define NEW_BMETHOD(b) NEW_NODE(NODE_BMETHOD,0,0,b)
-#define NEW_ATTRASGN(r,m,a) NEW_NODE(NODE_ATTRASGN,r,m,a)
-#define NEW_PRELUDE(p,b,o) NEW_NODE(NODE_PRELUDE,p,b,o)
+
+#define nd_alias  u1.id
+#define nd_orig   u2.id
+#define nd_undef  u2.node
+
+#define nd_brace u2.argc
+
+#define nd_pconst     u1.node
+#define nd_pkwargs    u2.node
+#define nd_pkwrestarg u3.node
+
+#define nd_apinfo u3.apinfo
+
+#define nd_fpinfo u3.fpinfo
+
+#define NEW_NODE(t,a0,a1,a2,loc) rb_node_newnode((t),(VALUE)(a0),(VALUE)(a1),(VALUE)(a2),loc)
+#define NEW_NODE_WITH_LOCALS(t,a1,a2,loc) node_newnode_with_locals(p, (t),(VALUE)(a1),(VALUE)(a2),loc)
+
+#define NEW_DEFN(i,a,d,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFN,0,i,NEW_SCOPE(a,d,loc),loc)
+#define NEW_DEFS(r,i,a,d,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFS,r,i,NEW_SCOPE(a,d,loc),loc)
+#define NEW_SCOPE(a,b,loc) NEW_NODE_WITH_LOCALS(NODE_SCOPE,b,a,loc)
+#define NEW_BLOCK(a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_BLOCK,a,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_IF(c,t,e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_IF,c,t,e,loc)
+#define NEW_UNLESS(c,t,e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_UNLESS,c,t,e,loc)
+#define NEW_CASE(h,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CASE,h,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_CASE2(b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CASE2,0,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_CASE3(h,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CASE3,h,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_WHEN(c,t,e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_WHEN,c,t,e,loc)
+#define NEW_IN(c,t,e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_IN,c,t,e,loc)
+#define NEW_WHILE(c,b,n,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_WHILE,c,b,n,loc)
+#define NEW_UNTIL(c,b,n,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_UNTIL,c,b,n,loc)
+#define NEW_FOR(i,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_FOR,0,b,i,loc)
+#define NEW_FOR_MASGN(v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_FOR_MASGN,v,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ITER(a,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ITER,0,NEW_SCOPE(a,b,loc),0,loc)
+#define NEW_LAMBDA(a,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_LAMBDA,0,NEW_SCOPE(a,b,loc),0,loc)
+#define NEW_BREAK(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_BREAK,s,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_NEXT(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_NEXT,s,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_REDO(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_REDO,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_RETRY(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_RETRY,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_BEGIN(b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_BEGIN,0,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_RESCUE(b,res,e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_RESCUE,b,res,e,loc)
+#define NEW_RESBODY(a,ex,n,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_RESBODY,n,ex,a,loc)
+#define NEW_ENSURE(b,en,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ENSURE,b,0,en,loc)
+#define NEW_RETURN(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_RETURN,s,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_YIELD(a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_YIELD,a,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_LIST(a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_LIST,a,1,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ZLIST(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ZLIST,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_HASH(a,loc)  NEW_NODE(NODE_HASH,a,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_MASGN(l,r,loc)   NEW_NODE(NODE_MASGN,l,0,r,loc)
+#define NEW_GASGN(v,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_GASGN,v,val,v,loc)
+#define NEW_LASGN(v,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_LASGN,v,val,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DASGN(v,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DASGN,v,val,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DASGN_CURR(v,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DASGN_CURR,v,val,0,loc)
+#define NEW_IASGN(v,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_IASGN,v,val,0,loc)
+#define NEW_CDECL(v,val,path,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CDECL,v,val,path,loc)
+#define NEW_CVASGN(v,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CVASGN,v,val,0,loc)
+#define NEW_OP_ASGN1(p,id,a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN1,p,id,a,loc)
+#define NEW_OP_ASGN2(r,t,i,o,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN2,r,val,NEW_OP_ASGN22(i,o,t,loc),loc)
+#define NEW_OP_ASGN22(i,o,t,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN2,i,o,t,loc)
+#define NEW_OP_ASGN_OR(i,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN_OR,i,val,0,loc)
+#define NEW_OP_ASGN_AND(i,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_ASGN_AND,i,val,0,loc)
+#define NEW_OP_CDECL(v,op,val,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OP_CDECL,v,val,op,loc)
+#define NEW_GVAR(v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_GVAR,v,0,v,loc)
+#define NEW_LVAR(v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_LVAR,v,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DVAR(v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DVAR,v,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_IVAR(v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_IVAR,v,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_CONST(v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CONST,v,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_CVAR(v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CVAR,v,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_NTH_REF(n,loc)  NEW_NODE(NODE_NTH_REF,0,n,0,loc)
+#define NEW_BACK_REF(n,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_BACK_REF,0,n,0,loc)
+#define NEW_MATCH(c,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_MATCH,c,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_MATCH2(n1,n2,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_MATCH2,n1,n2,0,loc)
+#define NEW_MATCH3(r,n2,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_MATCH3,r,n2,0,loc)
+#define NEW_LIT(l,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_LIT,l,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_STR(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_STR,s,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DSTR(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DSTR,s,1,0,loc)
+#define NEW_XSTR(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_XSTR,s,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DXSTR(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DXSTR,s,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DSYM(s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DSYM,s,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_EVSTR(n,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_EVSTR,0,(n),0,loc)
+#define NEW_CALL(r,m,a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CALL,r,m,a,loc)
+#define NEW_OPCALL(r,m,a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OPCALL,r,m,a,loc)
+#define NEW_FCALL(m,a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_FCALL,0,m,a,loc)
+#define NEW_VCALL(m,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_VCALL,0,m,0,loc)
+#define NEW_SUPER(a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_SUPER,0,0,a,loc)
+#define NEW_ZSUPER(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ZSUPER,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ARGS_AUX(r,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGS_AUX,r,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_OPT_ARG(i,v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_OPT_ARG,i,v,0,loc)
+#define NEW_KW_ARG(i,v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_KW_ARG,i,v,0,loc)
+#define NEW_POSTARG(i,v,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_POSTARG,i,v,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ARGSCAT(a,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGSCAT,a,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ARGSPUSH(a,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGSPUSH,a,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_SPLAT(a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_SPLAT,a,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_BLOCK_PASS(b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_BLOCK_PASS,0,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ALIAS(n,o,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ALIAS,n,o,0,loc)
+#define NEW_VALIAS(n,o,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_VALIAS,n,o,0,loc)
+#define NEW_UNDEF(i,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_UNDEF,0,i,0,loc)
+#define NEW_CLASS(n,b,s,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CLASS,n,NEW_SCOPE(0,b,loc),(s),loc)
+#define NEW_SCLASS(r,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_SCLASS,r,NEW_SCOPE(0,b,loc),0,loc)
+#define NEW_MODULE(n,b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_MODULE,n,NEW_SCOPE(0,b,loc),0,loc)
+#define NEW_COLON2(c,i,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_COLON2,c,i,0,loc)
+#define NEW_COLON3(i,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_COLON3,0,i,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DOT2(b,e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DOT2,b,e,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DOT3(b,e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DOT3,b,e,0,loc)
+#define NEW_SELF(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_SELF,0,0,1,loc)
+#define NEW_NIL(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_NIL,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_TRUE(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_TRUE,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_FALSE(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_FALSE,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ERRINFO(loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ERRINFO,0,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_DEFINED(e,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFINED,e,0,0,loc)
+#define NEW_PREEXE(b,loc) NEW_SCOPE(b,loc)
+#define NEW_POSTEXE(b,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_POSTEXE,0,b,0,loc)
+#define NEW_ATTRASGN(r,m,a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_ATTRASGN,r,m,a,loc)
+
+#define NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD ((NODE *)-1)
+#define NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(node) ((node)->nd_value == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD)
+#define NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST     ((NODE *)-1)
+#define NODE_NAMED_REST_P(node) ((node) != NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST)
+#define NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA   ((ID)1)
+#define NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD   ((NODE *)-1)
+
+VALUE rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(const NODE *const node);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
+typedef struct node_buffer_struct node_buffer_t;
+/* T_IMEMO/ast */
+typedef struct rb_ast_body_struct {
+    const NODE *root;
+    VALUE compile_option;
+    int line_count;
+} rb_ast_body_t;
+typedef struct rb_ast_struct {
+    VALUE flags;
+    node_buffer_t *node_buffer;
+    rb_ast_body_t body;
+} rb_ast_t;
+rb_ast_t *rb_ast_new(void);
+void rb_ast_mark(rb_ast_t*);
+void rb_ast_update_references(rb_ast_t*);
+void rb_ast_add_local_table(rb_ast_t*, ID *buf);
+void rb_ast_dispose(rb_ast_t*);
+void rb_ast_free(rb_ast_t*);
+size_t rb_ast_memsize(const rb_ast_t*);
+void rb_ast_add_mark_object(rb_ast_t*, VALUE);
+NODE *rb_ast_newnode(rb_ast_t*, enum node_type type);
+void rb_ast_delete_node(rb_ast_t*, NODE *n);
+
 VALUE rb_parser_new(void);
 VALUE rb_parser_end_seen_p(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_parser_encoding(VALUE);
-VALUE rb_parser_get_yydebug(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_parser_set_yydebug(VALUE, VALUE);
-VALUE rb_parser_dump_tree(NODE *node, int comment);
-NODE *rb_parser_append_print(VALUE, NODE *);
-NODE *rb_parser_while_loop(VALUE, NODE *, int, int);
-
-NODE *rb_parser_compile_cstr(VALUE, const char*, const char*, int, int);
-NODE *rb_parser_compile_string(VALUE, const char*, VALUE, int);
-NODE *rb_parser_compile_file(VALUE, const char*, VALUE, int);
-NODE *rb_parser_compile_string_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE src, int line);
-NODE *rb_parser_compile_file_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE input, int line);
-
-NODE *rb_compile_cstr(const char*, const char*, int, int);
-NODE *rb_compile_string(const char*, VALUE, int);
-NODE *rb_compile_file(const char*, VALUE, int);
-
-NODE *rb_node_newnode(enum node_type,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
-NODE *rb_node_newnode_longlife(enum node_type,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
-void rb_gc_free_node(VALUE obj);
-size_t rb_node_memsize(VALUE obj);
-VALUE rb_gc_mark_node(NODE *obj);
+VALUE rb_parser_dump_tree(const NODE *node, int comment);
+void rb_parser_set_options(VALUE, int, int, int, int);
+
+rb_ast_t *rb_parser_compile_string(VALUE, const char*, VALUE, int);
+rb_ast_t *rb_parser_compile_string_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE src, int line);
+rb_ast_t *rb_parser_compile_file_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE input, int line);
+rb_ast_t *rb_parser_compile_generic(VALUE vparser, VALUE (*lex_gets)(VALUE, int), VALUE fname, VALUE input, int line);
+
+void rb_node_init(NODE *n, enum node_type type, VALUE a0, VALUE a1, VALUE a2);
+const char *ruby_node_name(int node);
 
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 
@@ -499,6 +449,22 @@ struct rb_args_info {
     NODE *kw_rest_arg;
 
     NODE *opt_args;
+    unsigned int no_kwarg: 1;
+    unsigned int ruby2_keywords: 1;
+
+    VALUE imemo;
+};
+
+struct rb_ary_pattern_info {
+    NODE *pre_args;
+    NODE *rest_arg;
+    NODE *post_args;
+};
+
+struct rb_fnd_pattern_info {
+    NODE *pre_rest_arg;
+    NODE *args;
+    NODE *post_rest_arg;
 };
 
 struct parser_params;
@@ -506,10 +472,20 @@ void *rb_parser_malloc(struct parser_params *, size_t);
 void *rb_parser_realloc(struct parser_params *, void *, size_t);
 void *rb_parser_calloc(struct parser_params *, size_t, size_t);
 void rb_parser_free(struct parser_params *, void *);
-void rb_parser_printf(struct parser_params *parser, const char *fmt, ...);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_parser_printf(struct parser_params *parser, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
+void rb_ast_node_type_change(NODE *n, enum node_type type);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
+static inline VALUE
+rb_node_set_type(NODE *n, enum node_type t)
+{
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+    rb_ast_node_type_change(n, t);
+#endif
+    return nd_init_type(n, t);
+}
+
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 #if 0
 { /* satisfy cc-mode */
diff --git a/numeric.c b/numeric.c
index 1fa4c4d562..691ab77042 100644
--- a/numeric.c
+++ b/numeric.c
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "id.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <math.h>
@@ -25,13 +24,27 @@
 #include <ieeefp.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/compilers.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/enumerator.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+
 /* use IEEE 64bit values if not defined */
 #ifndef FLT_RADIX
 #define FLT_RADIX 2
 #endif
-#ifndef FLT_ROUNDS
-#define FLT_ROUNDS 1
-#endif
 #ifndef DBL_MIN
 #define DBL_MIN 2.2250738585072014e-308
 #endif
@@ -60,14 +73,14 @@
 #define DBL_EPSILON 2.2204460492503131e-16
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_INFINITY
+#ifndef USE_RB_INFINITY
 #elif !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN) /* BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN */
 const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_infinity = {{0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x7f}};
 #else
 const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_infinity = {{0x7f, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_NAN
+#ifndef USE_RB_NAN
 #elif !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN) /* BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN */
 const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_nan = {{0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x7f}};
 #else
@@ -157,20 +170,18 @@ round_half_even(double x, double s)
     return x;
 }
 
-static VALUE fix_uminus(VALUE num);
-static VALUE fix_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y);
 static VALUE fix_lshift(long, unsigned long);
 static VALUE fix_rshift(long, unsigned long);
 static VALUE int_pow(long x, unsigned long y);
-static VALUE int_odd_p(VALUE x);
-static VALUE int_even_p(VALUE x);
-static int int_round_zero_p(VALUE num, int ndigits);
-VALUE rb_int_floor(VALUE num, int ndigits);
-VALUE rb_int_ceil(VALUE num, int ndigits);
+static VALUE rb_int_floor(VALUE num, int ndigits);
+static VALUE rb_int_ceil(VALUE num, int ndigits);
 static VALUE flo_to_i(VALUE num);
-static int float_invariant_round(double number, int ndigits, VALUE *num);
+static int float_round_overflow(int ndigits, int binexp);
+static int float_round_underflow(int ndigits, int binexp);
 
-static ID id_coerce, id_div, id_divmod;
+static ID id_coerce;
+#define id_div idDiv
+#define id_divmod idDivmod
 #define id_to_i idTo_i
 #define id_eq  idEq
 #define id_cmp idCmp
@@ -178,9 +189,6 @@ static ID id_coerce, id_div, id_divmod;
 VALUE rb_cNumeric;
 VALUE rb_cFloat;
 VALUE rb_cInteger;
-#ifndef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-VALUE rb_cFixnum;
-#endif
 
 VALUE rb_eZeroDivError;
 VALUE rb_eFloatDomainError;
@@ -216,6 +224,7 @@ rb_num_get_rounding_option(VALUE opts)
 	    str = rb_check_string_type(rounding);
 	    if (NIL_P(str)) goto invalid;
 	}
+        rb_must_asciicompat(str);
 	s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 	switch (RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
 	  case 2:
@@ -270,17 +279,6 @@ rb_num_to_uint(VALUE val, unsigned int *ret)
 
 #define method_basic_p(klass) rb_method_basic_definition_p(klass, mid)
 
-static VALUE
-compare_with_zero(VALUE num, ID mid)
-{
-    VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
-    VALUE r = rb_check_funcall(num, mid, 1, &zero);
-    if (r == Qundef) {
-	rb_cmperr(num, zero);
-    }
-    return r;
-}
-
 static inline int
 int_pos_p(VALUE num)
 {
@@ -305,42 +303,22 @@ int_neg_p(VALUE num)
     rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not an Integer");
 }
 
-static inline int
-positive_int_p(VALUE num)
+int
+rb_int_positive_p(VALUE num)
 {
-    const ID mid = '>';
-
-    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
-	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
-	    return FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P(num);
-    }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
-	    return BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(num);
-    }
-    return RTEST(compare_with_zero(num, mid));
+    return int_pos_p(num);
 }
 
-static inline int
-negative_int_p(VALUE num)
+int
+rb_int_negative_p(VALUE num)
 {
-    const ID mid = '<';
-
-    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
-	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
-	    return FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
-    }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
-	    return BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
-    }
-    return RTEST(compare_with_zero(num, mid));
+    return int_neg_p(num);
 }
 
 int
 rb_num_negative_p(VALUE num)
 {
-    return negative_int_p(num);
+    return rb_num_negative_int_p(num);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -362,7 +340,7 @@ num_funcall_op_0(VALUE x, VALUE arg, int recursive)
 			  ID2SYM(func), x);
 	}
     }
-    return rb_funcall(x, func, 0, 0);
+    return rb_funcallv(x, func, 0, 0);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -371,6 +349,8 @@ num_funcall0(VALUE x, ID func)
     return rb_exec_recursive(num_funcall_op_0, x, (VALUE)func);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void num_funcall_op_1_recursion(VALUE x, ID func, VALUE y));
+
 static void
 num_funcall_op_1_recursion(VALUE x, ID func, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -409,9 +389,9 @@ num_funcall1(VALUE x, ID func, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.coerce(numeric)  ->  array
  *
- *  If a +numeric+ is the same type as +num+, returns an array containing
- *  +numeric+ and +num+. Otherwise, returns an array with both a +numeric+ and
- *  +num+ represented as Float objects.
+ *  If +numeric+ is the same type as +num+, returns an array
+ *  <code>[numeric, num]</code>. Otherwise, returns an array with both
+ *  +numeric+ and +num+ represented as Float objects.
  *
  *  This coercion mechanism is used by Ruby to handle mixed-type numeric
  *  operations: it is intended to find a compatible common type between the two
@@ -432,18 +412,11 @@ num_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-coerce_body(VALUE arg)
-{
-    VALUE *x = (VALUE *)arg;
-    return rb_funcall(x[1], id_coerce, 1, x[0]);
-}
-
 NORETURN(static void coerce_failed(VALUE x, VALUE y));
 static void
 coerce_failed(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y) || BUILTIN_TYPE(y) == T_FLOAT) {
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y) || SYMBOL_P(y) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
 	y = rb_inspect(y);
     }
     else {
@@ -453,50 +426,21 @@ coerce_failed(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	     y, rb_obj_class(x));
 }
 
-static VALUE
-coerce_rescue(VALUE arg, VALUE errinfo)
-{
-    VALUE *x = (VALUE *)arg;
-    coerce_failed(x[0], x[1]);
-    return Qnil;		/* dummy */
-}
-
-static VALUE
-coerce_rescue_quiet(VALUE arg, VALUE errinfo)
-{
-    return Qundef;
-}
-
 static int
 do_coerce(VALUE *x, VALUE *y, int err)
 {
-    VALUE ary;
-    VALUE a[2];
-
-    a[0] = *x; a[1] = *y;
-
-    if (!rb_respond_to(*y, id_coerce)) {
+    VALUE ary = rb_check_funcall(*y, id_coerce, 1, x);
+    if (ary == Qundef) {
 	if (err) {
 	    coerce_failed(*x, *y);
 	}
 	return FALSE;
     }
-
-    ary = rb_rescue(coerce_body, (VALUE)a, err ? coerce_rescue : coerce_rescue_quiet, (VALUE)a);
-    if (ary == Qundef) {
-	rb_warn("Numerical comparison operators will no more rescue exceptions of #coerce");
-	rb_warn("in the next release. Return nil in #coerce if the coercion is impossible.");
+    if (!err && NIL_P(ary)) {
 	return FALSE;
     }
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY) || RARRAY_LEN(ary) != 2) {
-	if (err) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "coerce must return [x, y]");
-	}
-	else if (!NIL_P(ary)) {
-	    rb_warn("Bad return value for #coerce, called by numerical comparison operators.");
-	    rb_warn("#coerce must return [x, y]. The next release will raise an error for this.");
-	}
-	return FALSE;
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "coerce must return [x, y]");
     }
 
     *x = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
@@ -519,20 +463,30 @@ rb_num_coerce_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID func)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+ensure_cmp(VALUE c, VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(c)) rb_cmperr(x, y);
+    return c;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_num_coerce_relop(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID func)
 {
-    VALUE c, x0 = x, y0 = y;
+    VALUE x0 = x, y0 = y;
 
-    if (!do_coerce(&x, &y, FALSE) ||
-	NIL_P(c = rb_funcall(x, func, 1, y))) {
+    if (!do_coerce(&x, &y, FALSE)) {
 	rb_cmperr(x0, y0);
-	return Qnil;		/* not reached */
+	UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
     }
-    return c;
+    return ensure_cmp(rb_funcall(x, func, 1, y), x0, y0);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE num_sadded(VALUE x, VALUE name));
+
 /*
+ * :nodoc:
+ *
  * Trap attempts to add methods to Numeric objects. Always raises a TypeError.
  *
  * Numerics should be values; singleton_methods should not be added to them.
@@ -549,27 +503,46 @@ num_sadded(VALUE x, VALUE name)
 	     rb_id2str(mid),
 	     rb_obj_class(x));
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
+#if 0
 /*
- * Numerics are immutable values, which should not be copied.
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     num.clone(freeze: true)  ->  num
  *
- * Any attempt to use this method on a Numeric will raise a TypeError.
+ *  Returns the receiver.  +freeze+ cannot be +false+.
  */
 static VALUE
-num_init_copy(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+num_clone(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE x)
 {
-    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't copy %"PRIsVALUE, rb_obj_class(x));
+    return rb_immutable_obj_clone(argc, argv, x);
+}
+#else
+# define num_clone rb_immutable_obj_clone
+#endif
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+#if 0
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     num.dup  ->  num
+ *
+ *  Returns the receiver.
+ */
+static VALUE
+num_dup(VALUE x)
+{
+    return x;
 }
+#else
+# define num_dup num_uplus
+#endif
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     +num  ->  num
  *
- *  Unary Plus---Returns the receiver's value.
+ *  Unary Plus---Returns the receiver.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -580,10 +553,13 @@ num_uplus(VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     num.i  ->  Complex(0,num)
+ *     num.i  ->  Complex(0, num)
  *
  *  Returns the corresponding imaginary number.
  *  Not available for complex numbers.
+ *
+ *     -42.i  #=> (0-42i)
+ *     2.0.i  #=> (0+2.0i)
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -592,12 +568,11 @@ num_imaginary(VALUE num)
     return rb_complex_new(INT2FIX(0), num);
 }
 
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     -num  ->  numeric
  *
- *  Unary Minus---Returns the receiver's value, negated.
+ *  Unary Minus---Returns the receiver, negated.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -624,13 +599,12 @@ num_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_funcall(rb_Float(x), '/', 1, y);
 }
 
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.div(numeric)  ->  integer
  *
  *  Uses +/+ to perform division, then converts the result to an integer.
- *  +numeric+ does not define the +/+ operator; this is left to subclasses.
+ *  Numeric does not define the +/+ operator; this is left to subclasses.
  *
  *  Equivalent to <code>num.divmod(numeric)[0]</code>.
  *
@@ -644,12 +618,11 @@ num_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_funcall(num_funcall1(x, '/', y), rb_intern("floor"), 0);
 }
 
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.modulo(numeric)  ->  real
  *
- *     x.modulo(y) means x-y*(x/y).floor
+ *  <code>x.modulo(y)</code> means <code>x-y*(x/y).floor</code>.
  *
  *  Equivalent to <code>num.divmod(numeric)[1]</code>.
  *
@@ -668,7 +641,7 @@ num_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.remainder(numeric)  ->  real
  *
- *     x.remainder(y) means x-y*(x/y).truncate
+ *  <code>x.remainder(y)</code> means <code>x-y*(x/y).truncate</code>.
  *
  *  See Numeric#divmod.
  */
@@ -679,10 +652,10 @@ num_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     VALUE z = num_funcall1(x, '%', y);
 
     if ((!rb_equal(z, INT2FIX(0))) &&
-	((negative_int_p(x) &&
-	  positive_int_p(y)) ||
-	 (positive_int_p(x) &&
-	  negative_int_p(y)))) {
+	((rb_num_negative_int_p(x) &&
+	  rb_num_positive_int_p(y)) ||
+	 (rb_num_positive_int_p(x) &&
+	  rb_num_negative_int_p(y)))) {
 	return rb_funcall(z, '-', 1, y);
     }
     return z;
@@ -695,12 +668,13 @@ num_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  Returns an array containing the quotient and modulus obtained by dividing
  *  +num+ by +numeric+.
  *
- *  If <code>q, r = * x.divmod(y)</code>, then
+ *  If <code>q, r = x.divmod(y)</code>, then
  *
  *      q = floor(x/y)
- *      x = q*y+r
+ *      x = q*y + r
  *
- *  The quotient is rounded toward -infinity, as shown in the following table:
+ *  The quotient is rounded toward negative infinity, as shown in the
+ *  following table:
  *
  *     a    |  b  |  a.divmod(b)  |   a/b   | a.modulo(b) | a.remainder(b)
  *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
@@ -723,11 +697,11 @@ num_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *
  *  Examples
  *
- *     11.divmod(3)         #=> [3, 2]
- *     11.divmod(-3)        #=> [-4, -1]
- *     11.divmod(3.5)       #=> [3, 0.5]
- *     (-11).divmod(3.5)    #=> [-4, 3.0]
- *     (11.5).divmod(3.5)   #=> [3, 1.0]
+ *     11.divmod(3)        #=> [3, 2]
+ *     11.divmod(-3)       #=> [-4, -1]
+ *     11.divmod(3.5)      #=> [3, 0.5]
+ *     (-11).divmod(3.5)   #=> [-4, 3.0]
+ *     11.5.divmod(3.5)    #=> [3, 1.0]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -740,7 +714,7 @@ num_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.real?  ->  true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is a Real number. (i.e. not Complex).
+ *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is a real number (i.e. not Complex).
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -755,8 +729,8 @@ num_real_p(VALUE num)
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is an Integer.
  *
- *      (1.0).integer? #=> false
- *      (1).integer?   #=> true
+ *      1.0.integer?   #=> false
+ *      1.integer?     #=> true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -776,19 +750,18 @@ num_int_p(VALUE num)
  *     (-34.56).abs   #=> 34.56
  *     -34.56.abs     #=> 34.56
  *
- *  Numeric#magnitude is an alias of Numeric#abs.
+ *  Numeric#magnitude is an alias for Numeric#abs.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 num_abs(VALUE num)
 {
-    if (negative_int_p(num)) {
+    if (rb_num_negative_int_p(num)) {
 	return num_funcall0(num, idUMinus);
     }
     return num;
 }
 
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.zero?  ->  true or false
@@ -799,23 +772,35 @@ num_abs(VALUE num)
 static VALUE
 num_zero_p(VALUE num)
 {
+    if (rb_equal(num, INT2FIX(0))) {
+        return Qtrue;
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_zero_p(VALUE num)
+{
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
 	if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(num)) {
 	    return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
+    else {
+        assert(RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM));
 	if (rb_bigzero_p(num)) {
 	    /* this should not happen usually */
 	    return Qtrue;
 	}
     }
-    else if (rb_equal(num, INT2FIX(0))) {
-	return Qtrue;
-    }
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_int_zero_p(VALUE num)
+{
+    return int_zero_p(num);
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -843,7 +828,7 @@ num_nonzero_p(VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.finite?  ->  true or false
  *
- *  Return true if +num+ is finite number, oterwise returns false.
+ *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is a finite number, otherwise returns +false+.
  */
 static VALUE
 num_finite_p(VALUE num)
@@ -853,13 +838,10 @@ num_finite_p(VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     num.infinite?  ->  nil or 1 or -1
+ *     num.infinite?  ->  -1, 1, or nil
  *
- *  Returns values corresponding to the value of +num+'s magnitude:
- *
- *  +finite+::    +nil+
- *  +-Infinity+:: +-1+
- *  ++Infinity+:: ++1+
+ *  Returns +nil+, -1, or 1 depending on whether the value is
+ *  finite, <code>-Infinity</code>, or <code>+Infinity</code>.
  */
 static VALUE
 num_infinite_p(VALUE num)
@@ -873,9 +855,9 @@ num_infinite_p(VALUE num)
  *
  *  Invokes the child class's +to_i+ method to convert +num+ to an integer.
  *
- *      1.0.class => Float
- *      1.0.to_int.class => Integer
- *      1.0.to_i.class => Integer
+ *      1.0.class          #=> Float
+ *      1.0.to_int.class   #=> Integer
+ *      1.0.to_i.class     #=> Integer
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -886,7 +868,7 @@ num_to_int(VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     num.positive? ->  true or false
+ *     num.positive?  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is greater than 0.
  */
@@ -904,12 +886,12 @@ num_positive_p(VALUE num)
 	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
 	    return BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(num) && !rb_bigzero_p(num) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
     }
-    return compare_with_zero(num, mid);
+    return rb_num_compare_with_zero(num, mid);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     num.negative? ->  true or false
+ *     num.negative?  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is less than 0.
  */
@@ -917,7 +899,7 @@ num_positive_p(VALUE num)
 static VALUE
 num_negative_p(VALUE num)
 {
-    return negative_int_p(num) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return rb_num_negative_int_p(num) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 
@@ -929,11 +911,11 @@ num_negative_p(VALUE num)
  *  architecture's double-precision floating point representation.
  *
  *  Floating point has a different arithmetic and is an inexact number.
- *  So you should know its esoteric system. see following:
+ *  So you should know its esoteric system. See following:
  *
- *  - http://docs.sun.com/source/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html
- *  - http://wiki.github.com/rdp/ruby_tutorials_core/ruby-talk-faq#wiki-floats_imprecise
- *  - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Accuracy_problems
+ *  - https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html
+ *  - https://github.com/rdp/ruby_tutorials_core/wiki/Ruby-Talk-FAQ#floats_imprecise
+ *  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Accuracy_problems
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -942,7 +924,7 @@ rb_float_new_in_heap(double d)
     NEWOBJ_OF(flt, struct RFloat, rb_cFloat, T_FLOAT | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_FLOAT ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
 
     flt->float_value = d;
-    OBJ_FREEZE(flt);
+    OBJ_FREEZE((VALUE)flt);
     return (VALUE)flt;
 }
 
@@ -950,9 +932,9 @@ rb_float_new_in_heap(double d)
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.to_s  ->  string
  *
- *  Returns a string containing a representation of self. As well as a fixed or
- *  exponential form of the +float+, the call may return +NaN+, +Infinity+, and
- *  +-Infinity+.
+ *  Returns a string containing a representation of +self+.
+ *  As well as a fixed or exponential form of the +float+,
+ *  the call may return +NaN+, +Infinity+, and +-Infinity+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1011,18 +993,21 @@ flo_to_s(VALUE flt)
 	memcpy(ptr -= decpt, buf, digs);
     }
     else {
-      exp:
-	if (digs > 1) {
-	    memmove(buf + 2, buf + 1, digs - 1);
-	}
-	else {
-	    buf[2] = '0';
-	    digs++;
-	}
-	buf[1] = '.';
-	rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs + 1);
-	rb_str_catf(s, "e%+03d", decpt - 1);
+        goto exp;
+    }
+    return s;
+
+  exp:
+    if (digs > 1) {
+        memmove(buf + 2, buf + 1, digs - 1);
+    }
+    else {
+        buf[2] = '0';
+        digs++;
     }
+    buf[1] = '.';
+    rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs + 1);
+    rb_str_catf(s, "e%+03d", decpt - 1);
     return s;
 }
 
@@ -1030,10 +1015,10 @@ flo_to_s(VALUE flt)
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.coerce(numeric)  ->  array
  *
- *  Returns an array with both a +numeric+ and a +float+ represented as Float
+ *  Returns an array with both +numeric+ and +float+ represented as Float
  *  objects.
  *
- *  This is achieved by converting a +numeric+ to a Float.
+ *  This is achieved by converting +numeric+ to a Float.
  *
  *     1.2.coerce(3)       #=> [3.0, 1.2]
  *     2.5.coerce(1.1)     #=> [1.1, 2.5]
@@ -1049,7 +1034,7 @@ flo_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  * call-seq:
  *    -float  ->  float
  *
- * Returns float, negated.
+ * Returns +float+, negated.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1062,11 +1047,11 @@ rb_float_uminus(VALUE flt)
  * call-seq:
  *   float + other  ->  float
  *
- * Returns a new float which is the sum of +float+ and +other+.
+ * Returns a new Float which is the sum of +float+ and +other+.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_float_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
 	return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) + (double)FIX2LONG(y));
@@ -1086,11 +1071,11 @@ flo_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  * call-seq:
  *   float - other  ->  float
  *
- * Returns a new float which is the difference of +float+ and +other+.
+ * Returns a new Float which is the difference of +float+ and +other+.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_float_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
 	return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) - (double)FIX2LONG(y));
@@ -1110,11 +1095,11 @@ flo_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  * call-seq:
  *   float * other  ->  float
  *
- * Returns a new float which is the product of +float+ and +other+.
+ * Returns a new Float which is the product of +float+ and +other+.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_float_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
 	return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) * (double)FIX2LONG(y));
@@ -1130,39 +1115,71 @@ flo_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
 }
 
+static bool
+flo_iszero(VALUE f)
+{
+    return FLOAT_ZERO_P(f);
+}
+
+static double
+double_div_double(double x, double y)
+{
+    if (LIKELY(y != 0.0)) {
+        return x / y;
+    }
+    else if (x == 0.0) {
+        return nan("");
+    }
+    else {
+        double z = signbit(y) ? -1.0 : 1.0;
+        return x * z * HUGE_VAL;
+    }
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_flo_div_flo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    double num = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
+    double den = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
+    double ret = double_div_double(num, den);
+    return DBL2NUM(ret);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   float / other  ->  float
  *
- * Returns a new float which is the result of dividing +float+ by +other+.
+ * Returns a new Float which is the result of dividing +float+ by +other+.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_float_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    long f_y;
-    double d;
+    double num = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
+    double den;
+    double ret;
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
-	f_y = FIX2LONG(y);
-	return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) / (double)f_y);
+        den = FIX2LONG(y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	d = rb_big2dbl(y);
-	return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) / d);
+        den = rb_big2dbl(y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
-	return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+        den = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
     }
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '/');
     }
+
+    ret = double_div_double(num, den);
+    return DBL2NUM(ret);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.fdiv(numeric)  ->  float
- *     float.quo(numeric)  ->  float
+ *     float.quo(numeric)   ->  float
  *
  *  Returns <code>float / numeric</code>, same as Float#/.
  */
@@ -1216,7 +1233,7 @@ flodivmod(double x, double y, double *divp, double *modp)
  * An error will be raised if y == 0.
  */
 
-double
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED double
 ruby_float_mod(double x, double y)
 {
     double mod;
@@ -1224,16 +1241,15 @@ ruby_float_mod(double x, double y)
     return mod;
 }
 
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     float % other        ->  float
  *     float.modulo(other)  ->  float
  *
- *  Return the modulo after division of +float+ by +other+.
+ *  Returns the modulo after division of +float+ by +other+.
  *
- *     6543.21.modulo(137)      #=> 104.21
- *     6543.21.modulo(137.24)   #=> 92.9299999999996
+ *     6543.21.modulo(137)      #=> 104.21000000000004
+ *     6543.21.modulo(137.24)   #=> 92.92999999999961
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1271,8 +1287,8 @@ dbl2ival(double d)
  *
  *  See Numeric#divmod.
  *
- *      42.0.divmod 6 #=> [7, 0.0]
- *      42.0.divmod 5 #=> [8, 2.0]
+ *     42.0.divmod(6)   #=> [7, 0.0]
+ *     42.0.divmod(5)   #=> [8, 2.0]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1301,19 +1317,22 @@ flo_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *
- *  float ** other  ->  float
+ *    float ** other  ->  float
  *
  * Raises +float+ to the power of +other+.
  *
- *    2.0**3      #=> 8.0
+ *    2.0**3   #=> 8.0
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_float_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     double dx, dy;
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
+    if (y == INT2FIX(2)) {
+	dx = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
+        return DBL2NUM(dx * dx);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
 	dx = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
 	dy = (double)FIX2LONG(y);
     }
@@ -1325,7 +1344,7 @@ rb_float_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	dx = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
 	dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
 	if (dx < 0 && dy != round(dy))
-	    return num_funcall1(rb_complex_raw1(x), idPow, y);
+            return rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(pow(-dx, dy), dy);
     }
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idPow);
@@ -1338,13 +1357,11 @@ rb_float_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *     num.eql?(numeric)  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +num+ and +numeric+ are the same type and have equal
- *  values.  Contrast this with <code>Numeric#==</code>, which performs
- *  type conversions.
+ *  values.  Contrast this with Numeric#==, which performs type conversions.
  *
- *     1 == 1.0          #=> true
- *     1.eql?(1.0)       #=> false
- *     (1.0).eql?(1.0)   #=> true
- *     68719476736.eql?(68719476736.0)   #=> false
+ *     1 == 1.0        #=> true
+ *     1.eql?(1.0)     #=> false
+ *     1.0.eql?(1.0)   #=> true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1363,8 +1380,7 @@ num_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     number <=> other  ->  0 or nil
  *
- *  Returns zero if +number+ equals +other+, otherwise +nil+ is returned if the
- *  two values are incomparable.
+ *  Returns zero if +number+ equals +other+, otherwise returns +nil+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1388,18 +1404,17 @@ num_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     float == obj  ->  true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ only if +obj+ has the same value as +float+. Contrast this
- *  with Float#eql?, which requires obj to be a Float.
- *
- *  The result of <code>NaN == NaN</code> is undefined, so the
- *  implementation-dependent value is returned.
+ *  Returns +true+ only if +obj+ has the same value as +float+.
+ *  Contrast this with Float#eql?, which requires +obj+ to be a Float.
  *
  *     1.0 == 1   #=> true
  *
+ *  The result of <code>NaN == NaN</code> is undefined,
+ *  so an implementation-dependent value is returned.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_float_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     volatile double a, b;
 
@@ -1408,7 +1423,7 @@ flo_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
 	b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
 	if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     }
@@ -1416,15 +1431,18 @@ flo_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	return num_equal(x, y);
     }
     a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
     if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     return (a == b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
 }
 
+#define flo_eq rb_float_equal
+static VALUE rb_dbl_hash(double d);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   float.hash  ->  integer
+ *    float.hash  ->  integer
  *
  * Returns a hash code for this float.
  *
@@ -1437,10 +1455,10 @@ flo_hash(VALUE num)
     return rb_dbl_hash(RFLOAT_VALUE(num));
 }
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_dbl_hash(double d)
 {
-    return LONG2FIX(rb_dbl_long_hash(d));
+    return ST2FIX(rb_dbl_long_hash(d));
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1455,13 +1473,14 @@ rb_dbl_cmp(double a, double b)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     float <=> real  ->  -1, 0, +1 or nil
+ *     float <=> real  ->  -1, 0, +1, or nil
  *
- *  Returns -1, 0, +1 or nil depending on whether +float+ is less than, equal
- *  to, or greater than +real+. This is the basis for the tests in Comparable.
+ *  Returns -1, 0, or +1 depending on whether +float+ is
+ *  less than, equal to, or greater than +real+.
+ *  This is the basis for the tests in the Comparable module.
  *
- *  The result of <code>NaN <=> NaN</code> is undefined, so the
- *  implementation-dependent value is returned.
+ *  The result of <code>NaN <=> NaN</code> is undefined,
+ *  so an implementation-dependent value is returned.
  *
  *  +nil+ is returned if the two values are incomparable.
  */
@@ -1477,7 +1496,7 @@ flo_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
         VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
         if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
-            return INT2FIX(-FIX2INT(rel));
+            return LONG2FIX(-FIX2LONG(rel));
         return rel;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
@@ -1498,14 +1517,20 @@ flo_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return rb_dbl_cmp(a, b);
 }
 
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED int
+rb_float_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    return NUM2INT(ensure_cmp(flo_cmp(x, y), x, y));
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   float > real  ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns +true+ if +float+ is greater than +real+.
  *
- * The result of <code>NaN > NaN</code> is undefined, so the
- * implementation-dependent value is returned.
+ * The result of <code>NaN > NaN</code> is undefined,
+ * so an implementation-dependent value is returned.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1517,19 +1542,19 @@ rb_float_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
         VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
         if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
-            return -FIX2INT(rel) > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+            return -FIX2LONG(rel) > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
         return Qfalse;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
 	b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
 	if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     }
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '>');
     }
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
     if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     return (a > b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
@@ -1541,8 +1566,8 @@ rb_float_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *
  * Returns +true+ if +float+ is greater than or equal to +real+.
  *
- * The result of <code>NaN >= NaN</code> is undefined, so the
- * implementation-dependent value is returned.
+ * The result of <code>NaN >= NaN</code> is undefined,
+ * so an implementation-dependent value is returned.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1554,19 +1579,19 @@ flo_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
         VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
         if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
-            return -FIX2INT(rel) >= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+            return -FIX2LONG(rel) >= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
         return Qfalse;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
 	b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
 	if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     }
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, idGE);
     }
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
     if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     return (a >= b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
@@ -1578,8 +1603,8 @@ flo_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *
  * Returns +true+ if +float+ is less than +real+.
  *
- * The result of <code>NaN < NaN</code> is undefined, so the
- * implementation-dependent value is returned.
+ * The result of <code>NaN < NaN</code> is undefined,
+ * so an implementation-dependent value is returned.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1591,19 +1616,19 @@ flo_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
         VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
         if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
-            return -FIX2INT(rel) < 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+            return -FIX2LONG(rel) < 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
         return Qfalse;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
 	b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
 	if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     }
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '<');
     }
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
     if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     return (a < b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
@@ -1615,8 +1640,8 @@ flo_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *
  * Returns +true+ if +float+ is less than or equal to +real+.
  *
- * The result of <code>NaN <= NaN</code> is undefined, so the
- * implementation-dependent value is returned.
+ * The result of <code>NaN <= NaN</code> is undefined,
+ * so an implementation-dependent value is returned.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1628,19 +1653,19 @@ flo_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
         VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
         if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
-            return -FIX2INT(rel) <= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+            return -FIX2LONG(rel) <= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
         return Qfalse;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
 	b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
 	if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     }
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, idLE);
     }
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
     if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
     return (a <= b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
@@ -1653,19 +1678,19 @@ flo_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  Returns +true+ only if +obj+ is a Float with the same value as +float+.
  *  Contrast this with Float#==, which performs type conversions.
  *
- *  The result of <code>NaN.eql?(NaN)</code> is undefined, so the
- *  implementation-dependent value is returned.
- *
  *     1.0.eql?(1)   #=> false
+ *
+ *  The result of <code>NaN.eql?(NaN)</code> is undefined,
+ *  so an implementation-dependent value is returned.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_float_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
 	double a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
 	double b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
+#if MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
 	if (isnan(a) || isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
 #endif
 	if (a == b)
@@ -1674,11 +1699,13 @@ flo_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+#define flo_eql rb_float_eql
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   float.to_f  ->  self
+ *    float.to_f  ->  self
  *
- * Since +float+ is already a float, returns +self+.
+ * Since +float+ is already a Float, returns +self+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1696,7 +1723,9 @@ flo_to_f(VALUE num)
  *
  *     (-34.56).abs   #=> 34.56
  *     -34.56.abs     #=> 34.56
+ *     34.56.abs      #=> 34.56
  *
+ *  Float#magnitude is an alias for Float#abs.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1711,16 +1740,12 @@ rb_float_abs(VALUE flt)
  *     float.zero?  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is 0.0.
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
 flo_zero_p(VALUE num)
 {
-    if (RFLOAT_VALUE(num) == 0.0) {
-	return Qtrue;
-    }
-    return Qfalse;
+    return flo_iszero(num) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1745,23 +1770,18 @@ flo_is_nan_p(VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     float.infinite?  ->  nil, -1, +1
+ *     float.infinite?  ->  -1, 1, or nil
  *
- *  Return values corresponding to the value of +float+:
- *
- *  +finite+::	    +nil+
- *  +-Infinity+::   +-1+
- *  ++Infinity+::   +1+
- *
- *  For example:
+ *  Returns +nil+, -1, or 1 depending on whether the value is
+ *  finite, <code>-Infinity</code>, or <code>+Infinity</code>.
  *
  *     (0.0).infinite?        #=> nil
  *     (-1.0/0.0).infinite?   #=> -1
  *     (+1.0/0.0).infinite?   #=> 1
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_is_infinite_p(VALUE num)
+VALUE
+rb_flo_is_infinite_p(VALUE num)
 {
     double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
 
@@ -1776,13 +1796,12 @@ flo_is_infinite_p(VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.finite?  ->  true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is a valid IEEE floating point number (it is not
- *  infinite, and Float#nan? is +false+).
- *
+ *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is a valid IEEE floating point number,
+ *  i.e. it is not infinite and Float#nan? is +false+.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num)
+VALUE
+rb_flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num)
 {
     double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
 
@@ -1797,11 +1816,20 @@ flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num)
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+flo_nextafter(VALUE flo, double value)
+{
+    double x, y;
+    x = NUM2DBL(flo);
+    y = nextafter(x, value);
+    return DBL2NUM(y);
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.next_float  ->  float
  *
- *  Returns the next representable floating-point number.
+ *  Returns the next representable floating point number.
  *
  *  Float::MAX.next_float and Float::INFINITY.next_float is Float::INFINITY.
  *
@@ -1809,13 +1837,13 @@ flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num)
  *
  *  For example:
  *
- *    p 0.01.next_float  #=> 0.010000000000000002
- *    p 1.0.next_float   #=> 1.0000000000000002
- *    p 100.0.next_float #=> 100.00000000000001
+ *    0.01.next_float    #=> 0.010000000000000002
+ *    1.0.next_float     #=> 1.0000000000000002
+ *    100.0.next_float   #=> 100.00000000000001
  *
- *    p 0.01.next_float - 0.01   #=> 1.734723475976807e-18
- *    p 1.0.next_float - 1.0     #=> 2.220446049250313e-16
- *    p 100.0.next_float - 100.0 #=> 1.4210854715202004e-14
+ *    0.01.next_float - 0.01     #=> 1.734723475976807e-18
+ *    1.0.next_float - 1.0       #=> 2.220446049250313e-16
+ *    100.0.next_float - 100.0   #=> 1.4210854715202004e-14
  *
  *    f = 0.01; 20.times { printf "%-20a %s\n", f, f.to_s; f = f.next_float }
  *    #=> 0x1.47ae147ae147bp-7 0.01
@@ -1841,28 +1869,25 @@ flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num)
  *
  *    f = 0.0
  *    100.times { f += 0.1 }
- *    p f                            #=> 9.99999999999998       # should be 10.0 in the ideal world.
- *    p 10-f                         #=> 1.9539925233402755e-14 # the floating-point error.
- *    p(10.0.next_float-10)          #=> 1.7763568394002505e-15 # 1 ulp (units in the last place).
- *    p((10-f)/(10.0.next_float-10)) #=> 11.0                   # the error is 11 ulp.
- *    p((10-f)/(10*Float::EPSILON))  #=> 8.8                    # approximation of the above.
- *    p "%a" % f                     #=> "0x1.3fffffffffff5p+3" # the last hex digit is 5.  16 - 5 = 11 ulp.
- *
+ *    f                           #=> 9.99999999999998       # should be 10.0 in the ideal world.
+ *    10-f                        #=> 1.9539925233402755e-14 # the floating point error.
+ *    10.0.next_float-10          #=> 1.7763568394002505e-15 # 1 ulp (unit in the last place).
+ *    (10-f)/(10.0.next_float-10) #=> 11.0                   # the error is 11 ulp.
+ *    (10-f)/(10*Float::EPSILON)  #=> 8.8                    # approximation of the above.
+ *    "%a" % 10                   #=> "0x1.4p+3"
+ *    "%a" % f                    #=> "0x1.3fffffffffff5p+3" # the last hex digit is 5.  16 - 5 = 11 ulp.
  */
 static VALUE
 flo_next_float(VALUE vx)
 {
-    double x, y;
-    x = NUM2DBL(vx);
-    y = nextafter(x, INFINITY);
-    return DBL2NUM(y);
+    return flo_nextafter(vx, HUGE_VAL);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.prev_float  ->  float
  *
- *  Returns the previous representable floating-point number.
+ *  Returns the previous representable floating point number.
  *
  *  (-Float::MAX).prev_float and (-Float::INFINITY).prev_float is -Float::INFINITY.
  *
@@ -1870,13 +1895,13 @@ flo_next_float(VALUE vx)
  *
  *  For example:
  *
- *    p 0.01.prev_float  #=> 0.009999999999999998
- *    p 1.0.prev_float   #=> 0.9999999999999999
- *    p 100.0.prev_float #=> 99.99999999999999
+ *    0.01.prev_float    #=> 0.009999999999999998
+ *    1.0.prev_float     #=> 0.9999999999999999
+ *    100.0.prev_float   #=> 99.99999999999999
  *
- *    p 0.01 - 0.01.prev_float   #=> 1.734723475976807e-18
- *    p 1.0 - 1.0.prev_float     #=> 1.1102230246251565e-16
- *    p 100.0 - 100.0.prev_float #=> 1.4210854715202004e-14
+ *    0.01 - 0.01.prev_float     #=> 1.734723475976807e-18
+ *    1.0 - 1.0.prev_float       #=> 1.1102230246251565e-16
+ *    100.0 - 100.0.prev_float   #=> 1.4210854715202004e-14
  *
  *    f = 0.01; 20.times { printf "%-20a %s\n", f, f.to_s; f = f.prev_float }
  *    #=> 0x1.47ae147ae147bp-7 0.01
@@ -1899,125 +1924,161 @@ flo_next_float(VALUE vx)
  *    #   0x1.47ae147ae146ap-7 0.00999999999999997
  *    #   0x1.47ae147ae1469p-7 0.009999999999999969
  *    #   0x1.47ae147ae1468p-7 0.009999999999999967
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 flo_prev_float(VALUE vx)
 {
-    double x, y;
-    x = NUM2DBL(vx);
-    y = nextafter(x, -INFINITY);
-    return DBL2NUM(y);
+    return flo_nextafter(vx, -HUGE_VAL);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_float_floor(VALUE num, int ndigits)
+{
+    double number, f;
+    number = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
+    if (number == 0.0) {
+	return ndigits > 0 ? DBL2NUM(number) : INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+    if (ndigits > 0) {
+	int binexp;
+	frexp(number, &binexp);
+	if (float_round_overflow(ndigits, binexp)) return num;
+	if (number > 0.0 && float_round_underflow(ndigits, binexp))
+	    return DBL2NUM(0.0);
+	f = pow(10, ndigits);
+	f = floor(number * f) / f;
+	return DBL2NUM(f);
+    }
+    else {
+	num = dbl2ival(floor(number));
+	if (ndigits < 0) num = rb_int_floor(num, ndigits);
+	return num;
+    }
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.floor([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns the largest number less than or equal to +float+ in
- *  decimal digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Returns the largest number less than or equal to +float+ with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is positive, +self+ for zero, and floor down for negative.
+ *  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ *  otherwise returns an integer.
  *
  *     1.2.floor      #=> 1
  *     2.0.floor      #=> 2
  *     (-1.2).floor   #=> -2
  *     (-2.0).floor   #=> -2
  *
- *     1.234567.floor(2)  #=> 1.23
- *     1.234567.floor(3)  #=> 1.234
- *     1.234567.floor(4)  #=> 1.2345
- *     1.234567.floor(5)  #=> 1.23456
- *
- *     34567.89.floor(-5) #=> 0
- *     34567.89.floor(-4) #=> 30000
- *     34567.89.floor(-3) #=> 34000
- *     34567.89.floor(-2) #=> 34500
- *     34567.89.floor(-1) #=> 34560
- *     34567.89.floor(0)  #=> 34567
- *     34567.89.floor(1)  #=> 34567.8
- *     34567.89.floor(2)  #=> 34567.89
- *     34567.89.floor(3)  #=> 34567.89
+ *     1.234567.floor(2)   #=> 1.23
+ *     1.234567.floor(3)   #=> 1.234
+ *     1.234567.floor(4)   #=> 1.2345
+ *     1.234567.floor(5)   #=> 1.23456
+ *
+ *     34567.89.floor(-5)  #=> 0
+ *     34567.89.floor(-4)  #=> 30000
+ *     34567.89.floor(-3)  #=> 34000
+ *     34567.89.floor(-2)  #=> 34500
+ *     34567.89.floor(-1)  #=> 34560
+ *     34567.89.floor(0)   #=> 34567
+ *     34567.89.floor(1)   #=> 34567.8
+ *     34567.89.floor(2)   #=> 34567.89
+ *     34567.89.floor(3)   #=> 34567.89
+ *
+ *  Note that the limited precision of floating point arithmetic
+ *  might lead to surprising results:
+ *
+ *     (0.3 / 0.1).floor  #=> 2 (!)
  */
 
 static VALUE
 flo_floor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
 {
-    double number, f;
-    long val;
     int ndigits = 0;
-
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) {
 	ndigits = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
     }
-    if (ndigits < 0) {
-	return rb_int_floor(flo_to_i(num), ndigits);
-    }
-    number = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
-    if (ndigits > 0) {
-	if (float_invariant_round(number, ndigits, &num)) return num;
-	f = pow(10, ndigits);
-	f = floor(number * f) / f;
-	return DBL2NUM(f);
-    }
-    f = floor(number);
-    if (!FIXABLE(f)) {
-	return rb_dbl2big(f);
-    }
-    val = (long)f;
-    return LONG2FIX(val);
+    return rb_float_floor(num, ndigits);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.ceil([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to +float+ in decimal
- *  digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to +float+ with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is positive, +self+ for zero, and ceil up for negative.
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
+ *
+ *  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ *  otherwise returns an integer.
  *
  *     1.2.ceil      #=> 2
  *     2.0.ceil      #=> 2
  *     (-1.2).ceil   #=> -1
  *     (-2.0).ceil   #=> -2
- *     1.234567.ceil(2)  #=> 1.24
- *     1.234567.ceil(3)  #=> 1.235
- *     1.234567.ceil(4)  #=> 1.2346
- *     1.234567.ceil(5)  #=> 1.23457
- *
- *     34567.89.ceil(-5) #=> 100000
- *     34567.89.ceil(-4) #=> 40000
- *     34567.89.ceil(-3) #=> 35000
- *     34567.89.ceil(-2) #=> 34600
- *     34567.89.ceil(-1) #=> 34570
- *     34567.89.ceil(0)  #=> 34568
- *     34567.89.ceil(1)  #=> 34567.9
- *     34567.89.ceil(2)  #=> 34567.89
- *     34567.89.ceil(3)  #=> 34567.89
+ *
+ *     1.234567.ceil(2)   #=> 1.24
+ *     1.234567.ceil(3)   #=> 1.235
+ *     1.234567.ceil(4)   #=> 1.2346
+ *     1.234567.ceil(5)   #=> 1.23457
+ *
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-5)  #=> 100000
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-4)  #=> 40000
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-3)  #=> 35000
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-2)  #=> 34600
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-1)  #=> 34570
+ *     34567.89.ceil(0)   #=> 34568
+ *     34567.89.ceil(1)   #=> 34567.9
+ *     34567.89.ceil(2)   #=> 34567.89
+ *     34567.89.ceil(3)   #=> 34567.89
+ *
+ *  Note that the limited precision of floating point arithmetic
+ *  might lead to surprising results:
+ *
+ *     (2.1 / 0.7).ceil  #=> 4 (!)
  */
 
 static VALUE
 flo_ceil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
 {
-    double number, f;
     int ndigits = 0;
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) {
-       ndigits = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
+	ndigits = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
     }
+    return rb_float_ceil(num, ndigits);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_float_ceil(VALUE num, int ndigits)
+{
+    double number, f;
+
     number = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
-    if (ndigits < 0) {
-	return rb_int_ceil(dbl2ival(ceil(number)), ndigits);
+    if (number == 0.0) {
+	return ndigits > 0 ? DBL2NUM(number) : INT2FIX(0);
     }
-    if (ndigits == 0) {
-	return dbl2ival(ceil(number));
+    if (ndigits > 0) {
+	int binexp;
+	frexp(number, &binexp);
+	if (float_round_overflow(ndigits, binexp)) return num;
+	if (number < 0.0 && float_round_underflow(ndigits, binexp))
+	    return DBL2NUM(0.0);
+	f = pow(10, ndigits);
+	f = ceil(number * f) / f;
+	return DBL2NUM(f);
+    }
+    else {
+	num = dbl2ival(ceil(number));
+	if (ndigits < 0) num = rb_int_ceil(num, ndigits);
+	return num;
     }
-    if (float_invariant_round(number, ndigits, &num)) return num;
-    f = pow(10, ndigits);
-    return DBL2NUM(ceil(number * f) / f);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2063,7 +2124,7 @@ int_round_half_down(SIGNED_VALUE x, SIGNED_VALUE y)
 static int
 int_half_p_half_even(VALUE num, VALUE n, VALUE f)
 {
-    return (int)int_odd_p(rb_int_idiv(n, f));
+    return (int)rb_int_odd_p(rb_int_idiv(n, f));
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2081,7 +2142,7 @@ int_half_p_half_down(VALUE num, VALUE n, VALUE f)
 /*
  * Assumes num is an Integer, ndigits <= 0
  */
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_int_round(VALUE num, int ndigits, enum ruby_num_rounding_mode mode)
 {
     VALUE n, f, h, r;
@@ -2114,7 +2175,7 @@ rb_int_round(VALUE num, int ndigits, enum ruby_num_rounding_mode mode)
     return n;
 }
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_int_floor(VALUE num, int ndigits)
 {
     VALUE f;
@@ -2137,7 +2198,7 @@ rb_int_floor(VALUE num, int ndigits)
     return rb_int_minus(num, rb_int_modulo(num, f));
 }
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_int_ceil(VALUE num, int ndigits)
 {
     VALUE f;
@@ -2193,40 +2254,54 @@ rb_int_truncate(VALUE num, int ndigits)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     float.round([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
+ *     float.round([ndigits] [, half: mode])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Rounds +float+ to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Returns +float+ rounded to the nearest value with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is more than zero.
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
+ *
+ *  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ *  otherwise returns an integer.
  *
  *     1.4.round      #=> 1
  *     1.5.round      #=> 2
  *     1.6.round      #=> 2
  *     (-1.5).round   #=> -2
  *
- *     1.234567.round(2)  #=> 1.23
- *     1.234567.round(3)  #=> 1.235
- *     1.234567.round(4)  #=> 1.2346
- *     1.234567.round(5)  #=> 1.23457
- *
- *     34567.89.round(-5) #=> 0
- *     34567.89.round(-4) #=> 30000
- *     34567.89.round(-3) #=> 35000
- *     34567.89.round(-2) #=> 34600
- *     34567.89.round(-1) #=> 34570
- *     34567.89.round(0)  #=> 34568
- *     34567.89.round(1)  #=> 34567.9
- *     34567.89.round(2)  #=> 34567.89
- *     34567.89.round(3)  #=> 34567.89
- *
- *  If <code>half:</code> optional keyword is given, just-half number
- *  will be rounded according to that value.
- *  Supported values for this keyword are follows.
- *
- *  * <code>:up</code> or +nil+: the result will be rounded away from zero
- *  * <code>:even</code>: the result will be rounded to nearest even number
- *  * <code>:down</code>: the result will be rounded close to zero
+ *     1.234567.round(2)   #=> 1.23
+ *     1.234567.round(3)   #=> 1.235
+ *     1.234567.round(4)   #=> 1.2346
+ *     1.234567.round(5)   #=> 1.23457
+ *
+ *     34567.89.round(-5)  #=> 0
+ *     34567.89.round(-4)  #=> 30000
+ *     34567.89.round(-3)  #=> 35000
+ *     34567.89.round(-2)  #=> 34600
+ *     34567.89.round(-1)  #=> 34570
+ *     34567.89.round(0)   #=> 34568
+ *     34567.89.round(1)   #=> 34567.9
+ *     34567.89.round(2)   #=> 34567.89
+ *     34567.89.round(3)   #=> 34567.89
+ *
+ *  If the optional +half+ keyword argument is given,
+ *  numbers that are half-way between two possible rounded values
+ *  will be rounded according to the specified tie-breaking +mode+:
+ *
+ *  * <code>:up</code> or +nil+: round half away from zero (default)
+ *  * <code>:down</code>: round half toward zero
+ *  * <code>:even</code>: round half toward the nearest even number
+ *
+ *     2.5.round(half: :up)      #=> 3
+ *     2.5.round(half: :down)    #=> 2
+ *     2.5.round(half: :even)    #=> 2
+ *     3.5.round(half: :up)      #=> 4
+ *     3.5.round(half: :down)    #=> 3
+ *     3.5.round(half: :even)    #=> 4
+ *     (-2.5).round(half: :up)   #=> -3
+ *     (-2.5).round(half: :down) #=> -2
+ *     (-2.5).round(half: :even) #=> -2
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2241,27 +2316,33 @@ flo_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
 	ndigits = NUM2INT(nd);
     }
     mode = rb_num_get_rounding_option(opt);
+    number = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
+    if (number == 0.0) {
+	return ndigits > 0 ? DBL2NUM(number) : INT2FIX(0);
+    }
     if (ndigits < 0) {
 	return rb_int_round(flo_to_i(num), ndigits, mode);
     }
-    number  = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
     if (ndigits == 0) {
 	x = ROUND_CALL(mode, round, (number, 1.0));
 	return dbl2ival(x);
     }
-    if (float_invariant_round(number, ndigits, &num)) return num;
-    f = pow(10, ndigits);
-    x = ROUND_CALL(mode, round, (number, f));
-    return DBL2NUM(x / f);
+    if (isfinite(number)) {
+	int binexp;
+	frexp(number, &binexp);
+	if (float_round_overflow(ndigits, binexp)) return num;
+	if (float_round_underflow(ndigits, binexp)) return DBL2NUM(0);
+	f = pow(10, ndigits);
+	x = ROUND_CALL(mode, round, (number, f));
+	return DBL2NUM(x / f);
+    }
+    return num;
 }
 
 static int
-float_invariant_round(double number, int ndigits, VALUE *num)
+float_round_overflow(int ndigits, int binexp)
 {
     enum {float_dig = DBL_DIG+2};
-    int binexp;
-
-    frexp(number, &binexp);
 
 /* Let `exp` be such that `number` is written as:"0.#{digits}e#{exp}",
    i.e. such that  10 ** (exp - 1) <= |number| < 10 ** exp
@@ -2280,12 +2361,16 @@ float_invariant_round(double number, int ndigits, VALUE *num)
 	So if ndigits + floor(binexp/(4 or 3)) >= float_dig, the result is number
 	If ndigits + ceil(binexp/(3 or 4)) < 0 the result is 0
 */
-    if (isinf(number) || isnan(number) ||
-	(ndigits >= float_dig - (binexp > 0 ? binexp / 4 : binexp / 3 - 1))) {
+    if (ndigits >= float_dig - (binexp > 0 ? binexp / 4 : binexp / 3 - 1)) {
 	return TRUE;
     }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+float_round_underflow(int ndigits, int binexp)
+{
     if (ndigits < - (binexp > 0 ? binexp / 3 + 1 : binexp / 4)) {
-	*num = DBL2NUM(0);
 	return TRUE;
     }
     return FALSE;
@@ -2293,38 +2378,55 @@ float_invariant_round(double number, int ndigits, VALUE *num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     float.to_i      ->  integer
- *     float.to_int    ->  integer
+ *     float.to_i    ->  integer
+ *     float.to_int  ->  integer
  *
  *  Returns the +float+ truncated to an Integer.
  *
- *  Synonyms are #to_i and #to_int
+ *     1.2.to_i      #=> 1
+ *     (-1.2).to_i   #=> -1
+ *
+ *  Note that the limited precision of floating point arithmetic
+ *  might lead to surprising results:
+ *
+ *    (0.3 / 0.1).to_i  #=> 2 (!)
+ *
+ *  #to_int is an alias for #to_i.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 flo_to_i(VALUE num)
 {
     double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
-    long val;
 
     if (f > 0.0) f = floor(f);
     if (f < 0.0) f = ceil(f);
 
-    if (!FIXABLE(f)) {
-	return rb_dbl2big(f);
-    }
-    val = (long)f;
-    return LONG2FIX(val);
+    return dbl2ival(f);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     float.truncate([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Truncates +float+ to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Returns +float+ truncated (toward zero) to
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is more than zero.
+ *  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ *  otherwise returns an integer.
+ *
+ *     2.8.truncate           #=> 2
+ *     (-2.8).truncate        #=> -2
+ *     1.234567.truncate(2)   #=> 1.23
+ *     34567.89.truncate(-2)  #=> 34500
+ *
+ *  Note that the limited precision of floating point arithmetic
+ *  might lead to surprising results:
+ *
+ *     (0.3 / 0.1).truncate  #=> 2 (!)
  */
 static VALUE
 flo_truncate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
@@ -2337,7 +2439,7 @@ flo_truncate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     float.positive? ->  true or false
+ *     float.positive?  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is greater than 0.
  */
@@ -2351,7 +2453,7 @@ flo_positive_p(VALUE num)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     float.negative? ->  true or false
+ *     float.negative?  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is less than 0.
  */
@@ -2367,13 +2469,11 @@ flo_negative_p(VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.floor([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns the largest integer less than or equal to +num+.
+ *  Returns the largest number less than or equal to +num+ with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Numeric implements this by converting an Integer to a Float and invoking
- *  Float#floor.
- *
- *     1.floor      #=> 1
- *     (-1).floor   #=> -1
+ *  Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and
+ *  invoking Float#floor.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2382,21 +2482,15 @@ num_floor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
     return flo_floor(argc, argv, rb_Float(num));
 }
 
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.ceil([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns the smallest possible Integer that is greater than or equal to
- *  +num+.
+ *  Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to +num+ with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Numeric achieves this by converting itself to a Float then invoking
- *  Float#ceil.
- *
- *     1.ceil        #=> 1
- *     1.2.ceil      #=> 2
- *     (-1.2).ceil   #=> -1
- *     (-1.0).ceil   #=> -1
+ *  Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and
+ *  invoking Float#ceil.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2409,13 +2503,11 @@ num_ceil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.round([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Rounds +num+ to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
- *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is more than zero.
+ *  Returns +num+ rounded to the nearest value with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Numeric implements this by converting itself to a Float and invoking
- *  Float#round.
+ *  Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and
+ *  invoking Float#round.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2428,10 +2520,11 @@ num_round(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.truncate([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns +num+ truncated to an Integer.
+ *  Returns +num+ truncated (toward zero) to
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and invoking
- *  Float#truncate.
+ *  Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and
+ *  invoking Float#truncate.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2440,19 +2533,20 @@ num_truncate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
     return flo_truncate(argc, argv, rb_Float(num));
 }
 
-static double
+double
 ruby_float_step_size(double beg, double end, double unit, int excl)
 {
     const double epsilon = DBL_EPSILON;
-    double n = (end - beg)/unit;
-    double err = (fabs(beg) + fabs(end) + fabs(end-beg)) / fabs(unit) * epsilon;
+    double n, err;
 
+    if (unit == 0) {
+        return HUGE_VAL;
+    }
+    n= (end - beg)/unit;
+    err = (fabs(beg) + fabs(end) + fabs(end-beg)) / fabs(unit) * epsilon;
     if (isinf(unit)) {
 	return unit > 0 ? beg <= end : beg >= end;
     }
-    if (unit == 0) {
-	return INFINITY;
-    }
     if (err>0.5) err=0.5;
     if (excl) {
 	if (n<=0) return 0;
@@ -2469,12 +2563,12 @@ ruby_float_step_size(double beg, double end, double unit, int excl)
 }
 
 int
-ruby_float_step(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
+ruby_float_step(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl, int allow_endless)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(from, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(step, T_FLOAT)) {
+        double unit = NUM2DBL(step);
 	double beg = NUM2DBL(from);
-	double end = NUM2DBL(to);
-	double unit = NUM2DBL(step);
+        double end = (allow_endless && NIL_P(to)) ? (unit < 0 ? -1 : 1)*HUGE_VAL : NUM2DBL(to);
 	double n = ruby_float_step_size(beg, end, unit, excl);
 	long i;
 
@@ -2507,7 +2601,7 @@ ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
 
 	diff = FIX2LONG(step);
 	if (diff == 0) {
-	    return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+	    return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
 	}
 	delta = FIX2LONG(to) - FIX2LONG(from);
 	if (diff < 0) {
@@ -2526,14 +2620,14 @@ ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
 	double n = ruby_float_step_size(NUM2DBL(from), NUM2DBL(to), NUM2DBL(step), excl);
 
 	if (isinf(n)) return DBL2NUM(n);
-	if (POSFIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX(n);
+	if (POSFIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX((long)n);
 	return rb_dbl2big(n);
     }
     else {
 	VALUE result;
 	ID cmp = '>';
 	switch (rb_cmpint(rb_num_coerce_cmp(step, INT2FIX(0), id_cmp), step, INT2FIX(0))) {
-	  case 0: return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+	  case 0: return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
 	  case -1: cmp = '<'; break;
 	}
 	if (RTEST(rb_funcall(from, cmp, 1, to))) return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -2545,17 +2639,11 @@ ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
     }
 }
 
-static VALUE
-num_step_compare_with_zero(VALUE num)
-{
-    VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
-    return rb_check_funcall(num, '>', 1, &zero);
-}
-
 static int
 num_step_negative_p(VALUE num)
 {
     const ID mid = '<';
+    VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
     VALUE r;
 
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
@@ -2566,7 +2654,8 @@ num_step_negative_p(VALUE num)
 	if (method_basic_p(rb_cInteger))
 	    return BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
     }
-    r = rb_rescue(num_step_compare_with_zero, num, coerce_rescue_quiet, Qnil);
+
+    r = rb_check_funcall(num, '>', 1, &zero);
     if (r == Qundef) {
 	coerce_failed(num, INT2FIX(0));
     }
@@ -2574,10 +2663,9 @@ num_step_negative_p(VALUE num)
 }
 
 static int
-num_step_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *to, VALUE *step)
+num_step_extract_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *to, VALUE *step, VALUE *by)
 {
     VALUE hash;
-    int desc;
 
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", to, step, &hash);
     if (!NIL_P(hash)) {
@@ -2592,28 +2680,47 @@ num_step_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *to, VALUE *step)
 	}
 	if (values[1] != Qundef) {
 	    if (argc > 1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step is given twice");
-	    *step = values[1];
+	    *by = values[1];
 	}
     }
+
+    return argc;
+}
+
+static int
+num_step_check_fix_args(int argc, VALUE *to, VALUE *step, VALUE by, int fix_nil, int allow_zero_step)
+{
+    int desc;
+    if (by != Qundef) {
+        *step = by;
+    }
     else {
-	/* compatibility */
-	if (argc > 1 && NIL_P(*step)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "step must be numeric");
-	}
-	if (rb_equal(*step, INT2FIX(0))) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
-	}
+        /* compatibility */
+        if (argc > 1 && NIL_P(*step)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "step must be numeric");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!allow_zero_step && rb_equal(*step, INT2FIX(0))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
     }
     if (NIL_P(*step)) {
 	*step = INT2FIX(1);
     }
     desc = num_step_negative_p(*step);
-    if (NIL_P(*to)) {
-	*to = desc ? DBL2NUM(-INFINITY) : DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+    if (fix_nil && NIL_P(*to)) {
+        *to = desc ? DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL) : DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
     }
     return desc;
 }
 
+static int
+num_step_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *to, VALUE *step, int fix_nil, int allow_zero_step)
+{
+    VALUE by = Qundef;
+    argc = num_step_extract_args(argc, argv, to, step, &by);
+    return num_step_check_fix_args(argc, to, step, by, fix_nil, allow_zero_step);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 num_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
@@ -2621,54 +2728,57 @@ num_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     int argc = args ? RARRAY_LENINT(args) : 0;
     const VALUE *argv = args ? RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args) : 0;
 
-    num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step);
+    num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step, TRUE, FALSE);
 
     return ruby_num_interval_step_size(from, to, step, FALSE);
 }
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     num.step(by: step, to: limit) {|i| block }   ->  self
- *     num.step(by: step, to: limit)		    ->  an_enumerator
+ *     num.step(by: step, to: limit)                ->  an_enumerator
+ *     num.step(by: step, to: limit)                ->  an_arithmetic_sequence
  *     num.step(limit=nil, step=1) {|i| block }     ->  self
  *     num.step(limit=nil, step=1)                  ->  an_enumerator
+ *     num.step(limit=nil, step=1)                  ->  an_arithmetic_sequence
  *
  *  Invokes the given block with the sequence of numbers starting at +num+,
  *  incremented by +step+ (defaulted to +1+) on each call.
  *
  *  The loop finishes when the value to be passed to the block is greater than
  *  +limit+ (if +step+ is positive) or less than +limit+ (if +step+ is
- *  negative), where <i>limit</i> is defaulted to infinity.
+ *  negative), where +limit+ is defaulted to infinity.
  *
  *  In the recommended keyword argument style, either or both of
  *  +step+ and +limit+ (default infinity) can be omitted.  In the
  *  fixed position argument style, zero as a step
- *  (i.e. num.step(limit, 0)) is not allowed for historical
+ *  (i.e. <code>num.step(limit, 0)</code>) is not allowed for historical
  *  compatibility reasons.
  *
  *  If all the arguments are integers, the loop operates using an integer
  *  counter.
  *
- *  If any of the arguments are floating point numbers, all are converted to floats, and the loop is executed the following expression:
- *
- *	floor(n + n*epsilon)+ 1
- *
- *  Where the +n+ is the following:
+ *  If any of the arguments are floating point numbers, all are converted
+ *  to floats, and the loop is executed
+ *  <i>floor(n + n*Float::EPSILON) + 1</i> times,
+ *  where <i>n = (limit - num)/step</i>.
  *
- *	n = (limit - num)/step
- *
- *  Otherwise, the loop starts at +num+, uses either the less-than (<) or
- *  greater-than (>) operator to compare the counter against +limit+, and
- *  increments itself using the <code>+</code> operator.
+ *  Otherwise, the loop starts at +num+, uses either the
+ *  less-than (<code><</code>) or greater-than (<code>></code>) operator
+ *  to compare the counter against +limit+,
+ *  and increments itself using the <code>+</code> operator.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Especially, the enumerator is an Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
+ *  if both +limit+ and +step+ are kind of Numeric or <code>nil</code>.
  *
  *  For example:
  *
  *     p 1.step.take(4)
  *     p 10.step(by: -1).take(4)
- *     3.step(to: 5) { |i| print i, " " }
- *     1.step(10, 2) { |i| print i, " " }
- *     Math::E.step(to: Math::PI, by: 0.2) { |f| print f, " " }
+ *     3.step(to: 5) {|i| print i, " " }
+ *     1.step(10, 2) {|i| print i, " " }
+ *     Math::E.step(to: Math::PI, by: 0.2) {|f| print f, " " }
  *
  *  Will produce:
  *
@@ -2676,7 +2786,7 @@ num_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
  *     [10, 9, 8, 7]
  *     3 4 5
  *     1 3 5 7 9
- *     2.71828182845905 2.91828182845905 3.11828182845905
+ *     2.718281828459045 2.9182818284590453 3.118281828459045
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2685,9 +2795,29 @@ num_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE from)
     VALUE to, step;
     int desc, inf;
 
-    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(from, argc, argv, num_step_size);
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        VALUE by = Qundef;
+
+        num_step_extract_args(argc, argv, &to, &step, &by);
+        if (by != Qundef) {
+            step = by;
+        }
+        if (NIL_P(step)) {
+            step = INT2FIX(1);
+        }
+        else if (rb_equal(step, INT2FIX(0))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
+        }
+        if ((NIL_P(to) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(to, rb_cNumeric)) &&
+            rb_obj_is_kind_of(step, rb_cNumeric)) {
+            return rb_arith_seq_new(from, ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), argc, argv,
+                                    num_step_size, from, to, step, FALSE);
+        }
+
+        return SIZED_ENUMERATOR(from, 2, ((VALUE [2]){to, step}), num_step_size);
+    }
 
-    desc = num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step);
+    desc = num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step, TRUE, FALSE);
     if (rb_equal(step, INT2FIX(0))) {
 	inf = 1;
     }
@@ -2718,7 +2848,7 @@ num_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE from)
 	    }
 	}
     }
-    else if (!ruby_float_step(from, to, step, FALSE)) {
+    else if (!ruby_float_step(from, to, step, FALSE, FALSE)) {
 	VALUE i = from;
 
 	if (inf) {
@@ -2835,7 +2965,6 @@ rb_num2ulong(VALUE val)
     return rb_num2ulong_internal(val, NULL);
 }
 
-#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
 void
 rb_out_of_int(SIGNED_VALUE num)
 {
@@ -2843,6 +2972,7 @@ rb_out_of_int(SIGNED_VALUE num)
 	     num, num < 0 ? "small" : "big");
 }
 
+#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
 static void
 check_int(long num)
 {
@@ -2904,7 +3034,7 @@ rb_fix2uint(VALUE val)
     }
     num = FIX2ULONG(val);
 
-    check_uint(num, negative_int_p(val));
+    check_uint(num, rb_num_negative_int_p(val));
     return num;
 }
 #else
@@ -2919,6 +3049,18 @@ rb_fix2int(VALUE val)
 {
     return FIX2INT(val);
 }
+
+unsigned long
+rb_num2uint(VALUE val)
+{
+    return rb_num2ulong(val);
+}
+
+unsigned long
+rb_fix2uint(VALUE val)
+{
+    return RB_FIX2ULONG(val);
+}
 #endif
 
 NORETURN(static void rb_out_of_short(SIGNED_VALUE num));
@@ -2990,7 +3132,7 @@ rb_fix2ushort(VALUE val)
     }
     num = FIX2ULONG(val);
 
-    check_ushort(num, negative_int_p(val));
+    check_ushort(num, rb_num_negative_int_p(val));
     return num;
 }
 
@@ -3030,9 +3172,9 @@ rb_num2ll(VALUE val)
     if (FIXNUM_P(val)) return (LONG_LONG)FIX2LONG(val);
 
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FLOAT)) {
-	if (RFLOAT_VALUE(val) < LLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE
-            && (LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(RFLOAT_VALUE(val)))) {
-	    return (LONG_LONG)(RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
+	double d = RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
+	if (d < LLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE && (LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(d))) {
+	    return (LONG_LONG)d;
 	}
 	else {
 	    FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE(val, "long long");
@@ -3062,11 +3204,11 @@ rb_num2ull(VALUE val)
 	return (LONG_LONG)FIX2LONG(val); /* this is FIX2LONG, intended */
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FLOAT)) {
-	if (RFLOAT_VALUE(val) < ULLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE
-            && LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(RFLOAT_VALUE(val))) {
-            if (0 <= RFLOAT_VALUE(val))
-                return (unsigned LONG_LONG)(RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
-	    return (unsigned LONG_LONG)(LONG_LONG)(RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
+	double d = RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
+	if (d < ULLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE && LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(d)) {
+	    if (0 <= d)
+		return (unsigned LONG_LONG)d;
+	    return (unsigned LONG_LONG)(LONG_LONG)d;
 	}
 	else {
 	    FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE(val, "unsigned long long");
@@ -3093,85 +3235,86 @@ rb_num2ull(VALUE val)
  * Document-class: Integer
  *
  *  Holds Integer values.  You cannot add a singleton method to an
- *  Integer. Any attempt to add a singleton method to an Integer object
- *  will raise a TypeError.
+ *  Integer object, any attempt to do so will raise a TypeError.
  *
  */
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     int.to_i      ->  integer
- *
- *  As +int+ is already an Integer, all these methods simply return the receiver.
- *
- *  Synonyms is #to_int
- */
+VALUE
+rb_int_odd_p(VALUE num)
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+	if (num & 2) {
+	    return Qtrue;
+	}
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM));
+	return rb_big_odd_p(num);
+    }
+}
 
 static VALUE
-int_to_i(VALUE num)
+int_even_p(VALUE num)
 {
-    return num;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+	if ((num & 2) == 0) {
+	    return Qtrue;
+	}
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM));
+	return rb_big_even_p(num);
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_int_even_p(VALUE num)
+{
+    return int_even_p(num);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     int.integer?  ->  true
+ *     int.allbits?(mask)  ->  true or false
  *
- *  Since +int+ is already an Integer, this always returns +true+.
+ *  Returns +true+ if all bits of <code>+int+ & +mask+</code> are 1.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-int_int_p(VALUE num)
+int_allbits_p(VALUE num, VALUE mask)
 {
-    return Qtrue;
+    mask = rb_to_int(mask);
+    return rb_int_equal(rb_int_and(num, mask), mask);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     int.odd?  ->  true or false
+ *     int.anybits?(mask)  ->  true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +int+ is an odd number.
+ *  Returns +true+ if any bits of <code>+int+ & +mask+</code> are 1.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-int_odd_p(VALUE num)
+int_anybits_p(VALUE num, VALUE mask)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
-	if (num & 2) {
-	    return Qtrue;
-	}
-    }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	return rb_big_odd_p(num);
-    }
-    else if (rb_funcall(num, '%', 1, INT2FIX(2)) != INT2FIX(0)) {
-	return Qtrue;
-    }
-    return Qfalse;
+    mask = rb_to_int(mask);
+    return int_zero_p(rb_int_and(num, mask)) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     int.even?  ->  true or false
+ *     int.nobits?(mask)  ->  true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if +int+ is an even number.
+ *  Returns +true+ if no bits of <code>+int+ & +mask+</code> are 1.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-int_even_p(VALUE num)
+int_nobits_p(VALUE num, VALUE mask)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
-	if ((num & 2) == 0) {
-	    return Qtrue;
-	}
-    }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	return rb_big_even_p(num);
-    }
-    else if (rb_funcall(num, '%', 1, INT2FIX(2)) == INT2FIX(0)) {
-	return Qtrue;
-    }
-    return Qfalse;
+    mask = rb_to_int(mask);
+    return int_zero_p(rb_int_and(num, mask));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3181,7 +3324,8 @@ int_even_p(VALUE num)
  *     int.next  ->  integer
  *     int.succ  ->  integer
  *
- *  Returns the Integer equal to +int+ + 1.
+ *  Returns the successor of +int+,
+ *  i.e. the Integer equal to <code>int+1</code>.
  *
  *     1.next      #=> 2
  *     (-1).next   #=> 0
@@ -3208,13 +3352,14 @@ rb_int_succ(VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.pred  ->  integer
  *
- *  Returns the Integer equal to +int+ - 1.
+ *  Returns the predecessor of +int+,
+ *  i.e. the Integer equal to <code>int-1</code>.
  *
  *     1.pred      #=> 0
  *     (-1).pred   #=> -2
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_int_pred(VALUE num)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
@@ -3238,8 +3383,8 @@ rb_int_pred(VALUE num)
  *  according to +encoding+.
  *
  *     65.chr    #=> "A"
- *     230.chr   #=> "\346"
- *     255.chr(Encoding::UTF_8)   #=> "\303\277"
+ *     230.chr   #=> "\xE6"
+ *     255.chr(Encoding::UTF_8)   #=> "\u00FF"
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3285,7 +3430,7 @@ int_chr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
 	if (0xff < i) {
 	    enc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
 	    if (!enc) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%d out of char range", i);
+		rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%u out of char range", i);
 	    }
 	    goto decode;
 	}
@@ -3299,8 +3444,7 @@ int_chr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
       case 1:
 	break;
       default:
-	rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-	break;
+        rb_error_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     }
     enc = rb_to_encoding(argv[0]);
     if (!enc) enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
@@ -3309,39 +3453,9 @@ int_chr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
 }
 
 /*
- *  call-seq:
- *     int.ord  ->  self
- *
- *  Returns the +int+ itself.
- *
- *     ?a.ord    #=> 97
- *
- *  This method is intended for compatibility to character constant in Ruby
- *  1.9.
- *
- *  For example, ?a.ord returns 97 both in 1.8 and 1.9.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-int_ord(VALUE num)
-{
-    return num;
-}
-
-/*
  * Fixnum
  */
 
-
-/*
- * Document-method: Integer#-@
- * call-seq:
- *   -int  ->  integer
- *
- * Negates +int+.
- * (returns an integer whose value is 0-int)
- */
-
 static VALUE
 fix_uminus(VALUE num)
 {
@@ -3354,10 +3468,10 @@ rb_int_uminus(VALUE num)
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
 	return fix_uminus(num);
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
+    else {
+        assert(RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM));
 	return rb_big_uminus(num);
     }
-    return num_funcall0(num, idUMinus);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3365,8 +3479,8 @@ rb_int_uminus(VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.to_s(base=10)  ->  string
  *
- *  Returns a string containing the representation of +int+ radix +base+
- *  (between 2 and 36).
+ *  Returns a string containing the place-value representation of +int+
+ *  with radix +base+ (between 2 and 36).
  *
  *     12345.to_s       #=> "12345"
  *     12345.to_s(2)    #=> "11000000111001"
@@ -3375,7 +3489,6 @@ rb_int_uminus(VALUE num)
  *     12345.to_s(16)   #=> "3039"
  *     12345.to_s(36)   #=> "9ix"
  *     78546939656932.to_s(36)  #=> "rubyrules"
- *
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3448,25 +3561,17 @@ rb_int2str(VALUE x, int base)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#+
  * call-seq:
- *   int + numeric  ->  numeric_result
+ *    int + numeric  ->  numeric_result
  *
- * Performs addition: the class of the resulting object depends on the class of
- * +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a Bignum.
+ * Performs addition: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of +numeric+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 fix_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	long a, b, c;
-	VALUE r;
-
-	a = FIX2LONG(x);
-	b = FIX2LONG(y);
-	c = a + b;
-	r = LONG2NUM(c);
-
-	return r;
+	return rb_fix_plus_fix(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
 	return rb_big_plus(y, x);
@@ -3503,25 +3608,17 @@ rb_int_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#-
  * call-seq:
- *   int - numeric  ->  numeric_result
+ *    int - numeric  ->  numeric_result
  *
- * Performs subtraction: the class of the resulting object depends on the class
- * of +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a Bignum.
+ * Performs subtraction: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of +numeric+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 fix_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	long a, b, c;
-	VALUE r;
-
-	a = FIX2LONG(x);
-	b = FIX2LONG(y);
-	c = a - b;
-	r = LONG2NUM(c);
-
-	return r;
+	return rb_fix_minus_fix(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
 	x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
@@ -3548,18 +3645,17 @@ rb_int_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 }
 
 
-#define SQRT_LONG_MAX ((SIGNED_VALUE)1<<((SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT-1)/2))
+#define SQRT_LONG_MAX HALF_LONG_MSB
 /*tests if N*N would overflow*/
 #define FIT_SQRT_LONG(n) (((n)<SQRT_LONG_MAX)&&((n)>=-SQRT_LONG_MAX))
 
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#*
  * call-seq:
- *   int * numeric  ->  numeric_result
+ *    int * numeric  ->  numeric_result
  *
- * Performs multiplication: the class of the resulting object depends on the
- * class of +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a
- * Bignum.
+ * Performs multiplication: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of +numeric+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3569,6 +3665,10 @@ fix_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	return rb_fix_mul_fix(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
+	switch (x) {
+	  case INT2FIX(0): return x;
+	  case INT2FIX(1): return y;
+	}
 	return rb_big_mul(y, x);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
@@ -3598,16 +3698,16 @@ static double
 fix_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-        return (double)FIX2LONG(x) / (double)FIX2LONG(y);
+        return double_div_double(FIX2LONG(x), FIX2LONG(y));
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
         return rb_big_fdiv_double(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
-        return (double)FIX2LONG(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
+        return double_div_double(FIX2LONG(x), RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
     }
     else {
-        return RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("fdiv")));
+        return NUM2DBL(rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idFdiv));
     }
 }
 
@@ -3627,22 +3727,21 @@ rb_int_fdiv_double(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM)) {
         return rb_big_fdiv_double(x, y);
     }
-    return NAN;
+    else {
+        return nan("");
+    }
 }
 
 /*
  *  Document-method: Integer#fdiv
  *  call-seq:
- *     integer.fdiv(numeric)  ->  float
+ *     int.fdiv(numeric)  ->  float
  *
- *  Returns the floating point result of dividing +integer+ by +numeric+.
- *
- *     654321.fdiv(13731)      #=> 47.6528293642124
- *     654321.fdiv(13731.24)   #=> 47.6519964693647
- *
- *     -1234567890987654321.fdiv(13731)      #=> -89910996357705.5
- *     -1234567890987654321.fdiv(13731.24)   #=> -89909424858035.7
+ *  Returns the floating point result of dividing +int+ by +numeric+.
  *
+ *     654321.fdiv(13731)      #=> 47.652829364212366
+ *     654321.fdiv(13731.24)   #=> 47.65199646936475
+ *     -654321.fdiv(13731)     #=> -47.652829364212366
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -3657,10 +3756,10 @@ rb_int_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#/
  * call-seq:
- *   int / numeric  ->  numeric_result
+ *    int / numeric  ->  numeric_result
  *
- * Performs division: the class of the resulting object depends on the class of
- * +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a Bignum.
+ * Performs division: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of +numeric+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3675,19 +3774,16 @@ fix_divide(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID op)
 	return rb_big_div(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
-	{
-	    double div;
-
 	    if (op == '/') {
-		div = (double)FIX2LONG(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-		return DBL2NUM(div);
+                double d = FIX2LONG(x);
+                return rb_flo_div_flo(DBL2NUM(d), y);
 	    }
 	    else {
+                VALUE v;
 		if (RFLOAT_VALUE(y) == 0) rb_num_zerodiv();
-		div = (double)FIX2LONG(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-		return rb_dbl2big(floor(div));
+                v = fix_divide(x, y, '/');
+                return flo_floor(0, 0, v);
 	    }
-	}
     }
     else {
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_RATIONAL) &&
@@ -3718,10 +3814,10 @@ rb_int_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#div
  * call-seq:
- *   int.div(numeric)  ->  integer
+ *    int.div(numeric)  ->  integer
  *
- * Performs integer division: returns integer result of dividing +int+ by
- * +numeric+.
+ * Performs integer division: returns the integer result of dividing +int+
+ * by +numeric+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3746,8 +3842,8 @@ rb_int_idiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  Document-method: Integer#%
  *  Document-method: Integer#modulo
  *  call-seq:
- *    int % other        ->  real
- *    int.modulo(other)  ->  real
+ *     int % other        ->  real
+ *     int.modulo(other)  ->  real
  *
  *  Returns +int+ modulo +other+.
  *
@@ -3789,25 +3885,20 @@ rb_int_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.remainder(numeric)  ->  real
  *
+ *  Returns the remainder after dividing +int+ by +numeric+.
  *
- *  Returns the remainder after dividing <i>big</i> by <i>numeric</i> as:
- *
- *    x.remainder(y) means x-y*(x/y).truncate
- *
- *  Examples
- *
- *    5.remainder(3)    #=> 2
- *    -5.remainder(3)   #=> -2
- *    5.remainder(-3)   #=> 2
- *    -5.remainder(-3)  #=> -2
+ *  <code>x.remainder(y)</code> means <code>x-y*(x/y).truncate</code>.
  *
- *    -1234567890987654321.remainder(13731)      #=> -6966
- *    -1234567890987654321.remainder(13731.24)   #=> -9906.22531493148
+ *     5.remainder(3)     #=> 2
+ *     -5.remainder(3)    #=> -2
+ *     5.remainder(-3)    #=> 2
+ *     -5.remainder(-3)   #=> -2
+ *     5.remainder(1.5)   #=> 0.5
  *
  *  See Numeric#divmod.
  */
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 int_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
@@ -3822,9 +3913,9 @@ int_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  *  Document-method: Integer#divmod
  *  call-seq:
- *     integer.divmod(numeric)  ->  array
+ *     int.divmod(numeric)  ->  array
  *
- *  See <code>Numeric#divmod</code>.
+ *  See Numeric#divmod.
  */
 static VALUE
 fix_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
@@ -3870,20 +3961,20 @@ rb_int_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  *  Document-method: Integer#**
  *  call-seq:
- *    integer ** numeric  ->  numeric_result
+ *     int ** numeric  ->  numeric_result
  *
- *  Raises +integer+ to the power of +numeric+, which may be negative or
+ *  Raises +int+ to the power of +numeric+, which may be negative or
  *  fractional.
- *  The result may be an Integer, or a Float
- *
- *    2 ** 3      #=> 8
- *    2 ** -1     #=> (1/2)
- *    2 ** 0.5    #=> 1.4142135623731
+ *  The result may be an Integer, a Float, a Rational, or a complex number.
  *
- *    123456789 ** 2      #=> 15241578750190521
- *    123456789 ** 1.2    #=> 5126464716.09932
- *    123456789 ** -2     #=> (1/15241578750190521)
+ *     2 ** 3        #=> 8
+ *     2 ** -1       #=> (1/2)
+ *     2 ** 0.5      #=> 1.4142135623730951
+ *     (-1) ** 0.5   #=> (0.0+1.0i)
  *
+ *     123456789 ** 2     #=> 15241578750190521
+ *     123456789 ** 1.2   #=> 5126464716.0993185
+ *     123456789 ** -2    #=> (1/15241578750190521)
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3892,6 +3983,8 @@ int_pow(long x, unsigned long y)
     int neg = x < 0;
     long z = 1;
 
+    if (y == 0) return INT2FIX(1);
+    if (y == 1) return LONG2NUM(x);
     if (neg) x = -x;
     if (y & 1)
 	z = x;
@@ -3901,13 +3994,7 @@ int_pow(long x, unsigned long y)
     do {
 	while (y % 2 == 0) {
 	    if (!FIT_SQRT_LONG(x)) {
-		VALUE v;
-	      bignum:
-		v = rb_big_pow(rb_int2big(x), LONG2NUM(y));
-		if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v)) /* infinity due to overflow */
-		    return v;
-		if (z != 1) v = rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(neg ? -z : z), v);
-		return v;
+                goto bignum;
 	    }
 	    x = x * x;
 	    y >>= 1;
@@ -3921,6 +4008,14 @@ int_pow(long x, unsigned long y)
     } while (--y);
     if (neg) z = -z;
     return LONG2NUM(z);
+
+    VALUE v;
+  bignum:
+    v = rb_big_pow(rb_int2big(x), LONG2NUM(y));
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(v)) /* infinity due to overflow */
+        return v;
+    if (z != 1) v = rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(neg ? -z : z), v);
+    return v;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -3930,6 +4025,26 @@ rb_int_positive_pow(long x, unsigned long y)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+fix_pow_inverted(VALUE x, VALUE minusb)
+{
+    if (x == INT2FIX(0)) {
+        rb_num_zerodiv();
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE y = rb_int_pow(x, minusb);
+
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
+            double d = pow((double)FIX2LONG(x), RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+            return DBL2NUM(1.0 / d);
+        }
+        else {
+            return rb_rational_raw(INT2FIX(1), y);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
 fix_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     long a = FIX2LONG(x);
@@ -3938,47 +4053,31 @@ fix_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 	long b = FIX2LONG(y);
 
 	if (a == 1) return INT2FIX(1);
-	if (a == -1) {
-	    if (b % 2 == 0)
-		return INT2FIX(1);
-	    else
-		return INT2FIX(-1);
-	}
-	if (b < 0)
-	    return num_funcall1(rb_rational_raw1(x), idPow, y);
-
+        if (a == -1) return INT2FIX(b % 2 ? -1 : 1);
+        if (b <  0) return fix_pow_inverted(x, fix_uminus(y));
 	if (b == 0) return INT2FIX(1);
 	if (b == 1) return x;
-	if (a == 0) {
-	    if (b > 0) return INT2FIX(0);
-	    return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
-	}
+	if (a == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
 	return int_pow(a, b);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
 	if (a == 1) return INT2FIX(1);
-	if (a == -1) {
-	    if (int_even_p(y)) return INT2FIX(1);
-	    else return INT2FIX(-1);
-	}
-	if (negative_int_p(y))
-	    return num_funcall1(rb_rational_raw1(x), idPow, y);
+        if (a == -1) return INT2FIX(int_even_p(y) ? 1 : -1);
+        if (BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(y)) return fix_pow_inverted(x, rb_big_uminus(y));
 	if (a == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
 	x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
 	return rb_big_pow(x, y);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
-	if (RFLOAT_VALUE(y) == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(1.0);
+	double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
+	if (dy == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(1.0);
 	if (a == 0) {
-	    return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(y) < 0 ? INFINITY : 0.0);
+	    return DBL2NUM(dy < 0 ? HUGE_VAL : 0.0);
 	}
 	if (a == 1) return DBL2NUM(1.0);
-	{
-	    double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
-	    if (a < 0 && dy != round(dy))
-		return num_funcall1(rb_complex_raw1(x), idPow, y);
-	    return DBL2NUM(pow((double)a, dy));
-	}
+        if (a < 0 && dy != round(dy))
+            return rb_dbl_complex_new_polar_pi(pow(-(double)a, dy), dy);
+        return DBL2NUM(pow((double)a, dy));
     }
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, idPow);
@@ -3997,17 +4096,35 @@ rb_int_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_num_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    VALUE z = rb_int_pow(x, y);
+    if (!NIL_P(z)) return z;
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) return rb_float_pow(x, y);
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(x)) return Qnil;
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(x)) {
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        return rb_complex_pow(x, y);
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+        return rb_rational_pow(x, y);
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#==
+ * Document-method: Integer#===
  * call-seq:
- *   int == other  ->  true or false
+ *    int == other  ->  true or false
  *
- * Return +true+ if +int+ equals +other+ numerically.
- * Contrast this with <code>Integer#eql?</code>, which
- * requires <i>other</i> to be a <code>Integer</code>.
+ * Returns +true+ if +int+ equals +other+ numerically.
+ * Contrast this with Integer#eql?, which requires +other+ to be an Integer.
  *
- *   1 == 2      #=> false
- *   1 == 1.0    #=> true
+ *    1 == 2     #=> false
+ *    1 == 1.0   #=> true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4041,9 +4158,9 @@ rb_int_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  *  Document-method: Integer#<=>
  *  call-seq:
- *     int <=> numeric  ->  -1, 0, +1 or nil
+ *     int <=> numeric  ->  -1, 0, +1, or nil
  *
- *  Comparison---Returns +-1+, +0+, ++1+ or +nil+ depending on whether +int+ is
+ *  Comparison---Returns -1, 0, or +1 depending on whether +int+ is
  *  less than, equal to, or greater than +numeric+.
  *
  *  This is the basis for the tests in the Comparable module.
@@ -4073,7 +4190,6 @@ fix_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     else {
 	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, id_cmp);
     }
-    return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, id_cmp);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -4093,7 +4209,7 @@ rb_int_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#>
  * call-seq:
- *   int > real  ->  true or false
+ *    int > real  ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns +true+ if the value of +int+ is greater than that of +real+.
  */
@@ -4131,7 +4247,7 @@ rb_int_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#>=
  * call-seq:
- *   int >= real  ->  true or false
+ *    int >= real  ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns +true+ if the value of +int+ is greater than or equal to that of
  * +real+.
@@ -4171,7 +4287,7 @@ rb_int_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#<
  * call-seq:
- *   int < real  ->  true or false
+ *    int < real  ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns +true+ if the value of +int+ is less than that of +real+.
  */
@@ -4209,7 +4325,7 @@ int_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#<=
  * call-seq:
- *   int <= real  ->  true or false
+ *    int <= real  ->  true or false
  *
  * Returns +true+ if the value of +int+ is less than or equal to that of
  * +real+.
@@ -4246,30 +4362,14 @@ int_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/*
- * Document-method: Integer#~
- * call-seq:
- *   ~integer  ->  integer
- *
- * One's complement: returns a number where each bit is flipped.
- *
- * Inverts the bits in an integer. As Integers are conceptually infinite
- * length, the result acts as if it had an infinite number of one
- * bits to the left. In hex representations, this is displayed
- * as two periods to the left of the digits.
- *
- *   sprintf("%X", ~0x1122334455)    #=> "..FEEDDCCBBAA"
- *
- */
-
 static VALUE
 fix_comp(VALUE num)
 {
     return ~num | FIXNUM_FLAG;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-int_comp(VALUE num)
+VALUE
+rb_int_comp(VALUE num)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
 	return fix_comp(num);
@@ -4312,7 +4412,7 @@ rb_num_coerce_bit(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID func)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#&
  * call-seq:
- *   integer & integer  ->  integer_result
+ *   int & other_int  ->  integer
  *
  * Bitwise AND.
  */
@@ -4347,7 +4447,7 @@ rb_int_and(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#|
  * call-seq:
- *   integer | integer  ->  integer_result
+ *   int | other_int  ->  integer
  *
  * Bitwise OR.
  */
@@ -4382,7 +4482,7 @@ int_or(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 /*
  * Document-method: Integer#^
  * call-seq:
- *   integer ^ integer  ->  integer_result
+ *   int ^ other_int  ->  integer
  *
  * Bitwise EXCLUSIVE OR.
  */
@@ -4419,7 +4519,8 @@ int_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  * call-seq:
  *   int << count  ->  integer
  *
- * Shifts +int+ left +count+ positions, or right if +count+ is negative.
+ * Returns +int+ shifted left +count+ positions, or right if +count+
+ * is negative.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4428,6 +4529,7 @@ rb_fix_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     long val, width;
 
     val = NUM2LONG(x);
+    if (!val) return (rb_to_int(y), INT2FIX(0));
     if (!FIXNUM_P(y))
 	return rb_big_lshift(rb_int2big(val), y);
     width = FIX2LONG(y);
@@ -4464,7 +4566,8 @@ rb_int_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
  * call-seq:
  *   int >> count  ->  integer
  *
- * Shifts +int+ right +count+ positions, or left if +count+ is negative.
+ * Returns +int+ shifted right +count+ positions, or left if +count+
+ * is negative.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4473,6 +4576,7 @@ rb_fix_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     long i, val;
 
     val = FIX2LONG(x);
+    if (!val) return (rb_to_int(y), INT2FIX(0));
     if (!FIXNUM_P(y))
 	return rb_big_rshift(rb_int2big(val), y);
     i = FIX2LONG(y);
@@ -4505,29 +4609,8 @@ rb_int_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/*
- *  Document-method: Integer#[]
- *  call-seq:
- *     int[n]  ->  0, 1
- *
- *  Bit Reference---Returns the +n+th bit in the binary representation of
- *  +int+, where <code>int[0]</code> is the least significant bit.
- *
- *  For example:
- *
- *     a = 0b11001100101010
- *     30.downto(0) do |n| print a[n] end
- *     #=> 0000000000000000011001100101010
- *
- *     a = 9**15
- *     50.downto(0) do |n|
- *       print a[n]
- *     end
- *     #=> 000101110110100000111000011110010100111100010111001
- */
-
-static VALUE
-fix_aref(VALUE fix, VALUE idx)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_fix_aref(VALUE fix, VALUE idx)
 {
     long val = FIX2LONG(fix);
     long i;
@@ -4553,15 +4636,136 @@ fix_aref(VALUE fix, VALUE idx)
     return INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
+
+/* copied from "r_less" in range.c */
+/* compares _a_ and _b_ and returns:
+ * < 0: a < b
+ * = 0: a = b
+ * > 0: a > b or non-comparable
+ */
+static int
+compare_indexes(VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    VALUE r = rb_funcall(a, id_cmp, 1, b);
+
+    if (NIL_P(r))
+        return INT_MAX;
+    return rb_cmpint(r, a, b);
+}
+
 static VALUE
-int_aref(VALUE num, VALUE idx)
+generate_mask(VALUE len)
 {
+    return rb_int_minus(rb_int_lshift(INT2FIX(1), len), INT2FIX(1));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_aref1(VALUE num, VALUE arg)
+{
+    VALUE orig_num = num, beg, end;
+    int excl;
+
+    if (rb_range_values(arg, &beg, &end, &excl)) {
+        if (NIL_P(beg)) {
+            /* beginless range */
+            if (!RTEST(num_negative_p(end))) {
+                if (!excl) end = rb_int_plus(end, INT2FIX(1));
+                VALUE mask = generate_mask(end);
+                if (RTEST(int_zero_p(rb_int_and(num, mask)))) {
+                    return INT2FIX(0);
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The beginless range for Integer#[] results in infinity");
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                return INT2FIX(0);
+            }
+        }
+        num = rb_int_rshift(num, beg);
+
+        int cmp = compare_indexes(beg, end);
+        if (!NIL_P(end) && cmp < 0) {
+            VALUE len = rb_int_minus(end, beg);
+            if (!excl) len = rb_int_plus(len, INT2FIX(1));
+            VALUE mask = generate_mask(len);
+            num = rb_int_and(num, mask);
+        }
+        else if (cmp == 0) {
+            if (excl) return INT2FIX(0);
+            num = orig_num;
+            arg = beg;
+            goto one_bit;
+        }
+        return num;
+    }
+
+one_bit:
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
-	return fix_aref(num, idx);
+        return rb_fix_aref(num, arg);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	return rb_big_aref(num, idx);
+        return rb_big_aref(num, arg);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_aref2(VALUE num, VALUE beg, VALUE len)
+{
+    num = rb_int_rshift(num, beg);
+    VALUE mask = generate_mask(len);
+    num = rb_int_and(num, mask);
+    return num;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: Integer#[]
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int[n]    -> 0, 1
+ *     int[n, m] -> num
+ *     int[range] -> num
+ *
+ *  Bit Reference---Returns the <code>n</code>th bit in the
+ *  binary representation of +int+, where <code>int[0]</code>
+ *  is the least significant bit.
+ *
+ *     a = 0b11001100101010
+ *     30.downto(0) {|n| print a[n] }
+ *     #=> 0000000000000000011001100101010
+ *
+ *     a = 9**15
+ *     50.downto(0) {|n| print a[n] }
+ *     #=> 000101110110100000111000011110010100111100010111001
+ *
+ *  In principle, <code>n[i]</code> is equivalent to <code>(n >> i) & 1</code>.
+ *  Thus, any negative index always returns zero:
+ *
+ *     p 255[-1] #=> 0
+ *
+ *  Range operations <code>n[i, len]</code> and <code>n[i..j]</code>
+ *  are naturally extended.
+ *
+ *  * <code>n[i, len]</code> equals to <code>(n >> i) & ((1 << len) - 1)</code>.
+ *  * <code>n[i..j]</code> equals to <code>(n >> i) & ((1 << (j - i + 1)) - 1)</code>.
+ *  * <code>n[i...j]</code> equals to <code>(n >> i) & ((1 << (j - i)) - 1)</code>.
+ *  * <code>n[i..]</code> equals to <code>(n >> i)</code>.
+ *  * <code>n[..j]</code> is zero if <code>n & ((1 << (j + 1)) - 1)</code> is zero.  Otherwise, raises an ArgumentError.
+ *  * <code>n[...j]</code> is zero if <code>n & ((1 << j) - 1)</code> is zero.  Otherwise, raises an ArgumentError.
+ *
+ *  Note that range operation may exhaust memory.
+ *  For example, <code>-1[0, 1000000000000]</code> will raise NoMemoryError.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+int_aref(int const argc, VALUE * const argv, VALUE const num)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    if (argc == 2) {
+        return int_aref2(num, argv[0], argv[1]);
     }
+    return int_aref1(num, argv[0]);
+
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -4570,9 +4774,8 @@ int_aref(VALUE num, VALUE idx)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.to_f  ->  float
  *
- *  Converts +int+ to a +Float+.  If +int+ doesn't fit in a +Float+,
+ *  Converts +int+ to a Float.  If +int+ doesn't fit in a Float,
  *  the result is infinity.
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4602,10 +4805,11 @@ int_to_f(VALUE num)
  *
  *  Returns the absolute value of +int+.
  *
- *     -12345.abs   #=> 12345
- *     12345.abs    #=> 12345
- *     -1234567890987654321.abs   #=> 1234567890987654321
+ *     (-12345).abs   #=> 12345
+ *     -12345.abs     #=> 12345
+ *     12345.abs      #=> 12345
  *
+ *  Integer#magnitude is an alias for Integer#abs.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4635,12 +4839,13 @@ rb_int_abs(VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.size  ->  int
  *
- *  Returns the number of bytes in the machine representation of +int+.
+ *  Returns the number of bytes in the machine representation of +int+
+ *  (machine dependent).
  *
- *     1.size            #=> 4
- *     -1.size           #=> 4
- *     2147483647.size   #=> 4
- *     (256**10 - 1).size   #=> 12
+ *     1.size               #=> 8
+ *     -1.size              #=> 8
+ *     2147483647.size      #=> 8
+ *     (256**10 - 1).size   #=> 10
  *     (256**20 - 1).size   #=> 20
  *     (256**40 - 1).size   #=> 40
  */
@@ -4663,57 +4868,6 @@ int_size(VALUE num)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/*
- *  Document-method: Integer#bit_length
- *  call-seq:
- *     int.bit_length -> integer
- *
- *  Returns the number of bits of the value of <i>int</i>.
- *
- *  "the number of bits" means that
- *  the bit position of the highest bit which is different to the sign bit.
- *  (The bit position of the bit 2**n is n+1.)
- *  If there is no such bit (zero or minus one), zero is returned.
- *
- *  I.e. This method returns ceil(log2(int < 0 ? -int : int+1)).
- *
- *     (-2**10000-1).bit_length  #=> 10001
- *     (-2**10000).bit_length    #=> 10000
- *     (-2**10000+1).bit_length  #=> 10000
- *     (-2**1000-1).bit_length   #=> 1001
- *     (-2**1000).bit_length     #=> 1000
- *     (-2**1000+1).bit_length   #=> 1000
- *     (-2**12-1).bit_length     #=> 13
- *     (-2**12).bit_length       #=> 12
- *     (-2**12+1).bit_length     #=> 12
- *     -0x101.bit_length         #=> 9
- *     -0x100.bit_length         #=> 8
- *     -0xff.bit_length          #=> 8
- *     -2.bit_length             #=> 1
- *     -1.bit_length             #=> 0
- *     0.bit_length              #=> 0
- *     1.bit_length              #=> 1
- *     0xff.bit_length           #=> 8
- *     0x100.bit_length          #=> 9
- *     (2**12-1).bit_length      #=> 12
- *     (2**12).bit_length        #=> 13
- *     (2**12+1).bit_length      #=> 13
- *     (2**1000-1).bit_length    #=> 1000
- *     (2**1000).bit_length      #=> 1001
- *     (2**1000+1).bit_length    #=> 1001
- *     (2**10000-1).bit_length   #=> 10000
- *     (2**10000).bit_length     #=> 10001
- *     (2**10000+1).bit_length   #=> 10001
- *
- *  This method can be used to detect overflow in Array#pack as follows.
- *
- *     if n.bit_length < 32
- *       [n].pack("l") # no overflow
- *     else
- *       raise "overflow"
- *     end
- */
-
 static VALUE
 rb_fix_bit_length(VALUE fix)
 {
@@ -4723,7 +4877,7 @@ rb_fix_bit_length(VALUE fix)
     return LONG2FIX(bit_length(v));
 }
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_int_bit_length(VALUE num)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
@@ -4738,13 +4892,15 @@ rb_int_bit_length(VALUE num)
 /*
  *  Document-method: Integer#digits
  *  call-seq:
- *     int.digits       -> [int]
- *     int.digits(base) -> [int]
+ *     int.digits        ->  array
+ *     int.digits(base)  ->  array
  *
- *  Returns the array including the digits extracted by place-value notation
- *  with radix +base+ of +int+.
+ *  Returns the digits of +int+'s place-value representation
+ *  with radix +base+ (default: 10).
+ *  The digits are returned as an array with the least significant digit
+ *  as the first array element.
  *
- *  +base+ should be greater than or equal to 2.
+ *  +base+ must be greater than or equal to 2.
  *
  *     12345.digits      #=> [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
  *     12345.digits(7)   #=> [4, 6, 6, 0, 5]
@@ -4853,10 +5009,7 @@ rb_int_digits(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
  *
  *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- *  For example:
- *
- *     5.upto(10) { |i| print i, " " }
- *     #=> 5 6 7 8 9 10
+ *     5.upto(10) {|i| print i, " " }   #=> 5 6 7 8 9 10
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4884,7 +5037,7 @@ int_upto(VALUE from, VALUE to)
 	    rb_yield(i);
 	    i = rb_funcall(i, '+', 1, INT2FIX(1));
 	}
-	if (NIL_P(c)) rb_cmperr(i, to);
+	ensure_cmp(c, i, to);
     }
     return from;
 }
@@ -4895,14 +5048,14 @@ int_upto(VALUE from, VALUE to)
  *     int.downto(limit) {|i| block }  ->  self
  *     int.downto(limit)               ->  an_enumerator
  *
- *  Iterates the given block, passing decreasing values from +int+ down to and
- *  including +limit+.
+ *  Iterates the given block, passing in decreasing values from +int+ down to
+ *  and including +limit+.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
  *
  *     5.downto(1) { |n| print n, ".. " }
- *     print "  Liftoff!\n"
- *     #=> "5.. 4.. 3.. 2.. 1..   Liftoff!"
+ *     puts "Liftoff!"
+ *     #=> "5.. 4.. 3.. 2.. 1.. Liftoff!"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4946,10 +5099,7 @@ int_downto(VALUE from, VALUE to)
  *
  *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
  *
- *     5.times do |i|
- *       print i, " "
- *     end
- *     #=> 0 1 2 3 4
+ *     5.times {|i| print i, " " }   #=> 0 1 2 3 4
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4992,16 +5142,33 @@ int_dotimes(VALUE num)
 /*
  *  Document-method: Integer#round
  *  call-seq:
- *     int.round([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
+ *     int.round([ndigits] [, half: mode])  ->  integer or float
+ *
+ *  Returns +int+ rounded to the nearest value with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
+ *
+ *  Returns +self+ when +ndigits+ is zero or positive.
  *
- *  Rounds +int+ to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
+ *     1.round           #=> 1
+ *     1.round(2)        #=> 1
+ *     15.round(-1)      #=> 20
+ *     (-15).round(-1)   #=> -20
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is positive, +self+ for zero, and round down for negative.
+ *  The optional +half+ keyword argument is available
+ *  similar to Float#round.
  *
- *     1.round        #=> 1
- *     1.round(2)     #=> 1.0
- *     15.round(-1)   #=> 20
+ *     25.round(-1, half: :up)      #=> 30
+ *     25.round(-1, half: :down)    #=> 20
+ *     25.round(-1, half: :even)    #=> 20
+ *     35.round(-1, half: :up)      #=> 40
+ *     35.round(-1, half: :down)    #=> 30
+ *     35.round(-1, half: :even)    #=> 40
+ *     (-25).round(-1, half: :up)   #=> -30
+ *     (-25).round(-1, half: :down) #=> -20
+ *     (-25).round(-1, half: :even) #=> -20
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5014,10 +5181,7 @@ int_round(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
     if (!rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01:", &nd, &opt)) return num;
     ndigits = NUM2INT(nd);
     mode = rb_num_get_rounding_option(opt);
-    if (ndigits > 0) {
-	return rb_Float(num);
-    }
-    if (ndigits == 0) {
+    if (ndigits >= 0) {
 	return num;
     }
     return rb_int_round(num, ndigits, mode);
@@ -5028,15 +5192,18 @@ int_round(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.floor([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns the largest number less than or equal to +int+ in decimal
- *  digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Returns the largest number less than or equal to +int+ with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is positive, +self+ for zero, and floor down for negative.
+ *  Returns +self+ when +ndigits+ is zero or positive.
  *
- *     1.floor        #=> 1
- *     1.floor(2)     #=> 1.0
- *     15.floor(-1)   #=> 10
+ *     1.floor           #=> 1
+ *     1.floor(2)        #=> 1
+ *     18.floor(-1)      #=> 10
+ *     (-18).floor(-1)   #=> -20
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5046,10 +5213,7 @@ int_floor(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
 
     if (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) return num;
     ndigits = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
-    if (ndigits > 0) {
-	return rb_Float(num);
-    }
-    if (ndigits == 0) {
+    if (ndigits >= 0) {
 	return num;
     }
     return rb_int_floor(num, ndigits);
@@ -5060,15 +5224,18 @@ int_floor(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.ceil([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns the smallest number than or equal to +int+ in decimal
- *  digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to +int+ with
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is positive, +self+ for zero, and ceil up for negative.
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
  *
- *     1.ceil        #=> 1
- *     1.ceil(2)     #=> 1.0
- *     15.ceil(-1)   #=> 20
+ *  Returns +self+ when +ndigits+ is zero or positive.
+ *
+ *     1.ceil           #=> 1
+ *     1.ceil(2)        #=> 1
+ *     18.ceil(-1)      #=> 20
+ *     (-18).ceil(-1)   #=> -10
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5078,10 +5245,7 @@ int_ceil(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
 
     if (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) return num;
     ndigits = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
-    if (ndigits > 0) {
-	return rb_Float(num);
-    }
-    if (ndigits == 0) {
+    if (ndigits >= 0) {
 	return num;
     }
     return rb_int_ceil(num, ndigits);
@@ -5092,15 +5256,18 @@ int_ceil(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
  *  call-seq:
  *     int.truncate([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
  *
- *  Returns the smallest number than or equal to +int+ in decimal
- *  digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Returns +int+ truncated (toward zero) to
+ *  a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
- *  is positive, +self+ for zero, and truncate up for negative.
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
  *
- *     1.truncate        #=> 1
- *     1.truncate(2)     #=> 1.0
- *     15.truncate(-1)   #=> 10
+ *  Returns +self+ when +ndigits+ is zero or positive.
+ *
+ *     1.truncate           #=> 1
+ *     1.truncate(2)        #=> 1
+ *     18.truncate(-1)      #=> 10
+ *     (-18).truncate(-1)   #=> -10
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5110,38 +5277,134 @@ int_truncate(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
 
     if (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) return num;
     ndigits = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
-    if (ndigits > 0) {
-	return rb_Float(num);
-    }
-    if (ndigits == 0) {
+    if (ndigits >= 0) {
 	return num;
     }
     return rb_int_truncate(num, ndigits);
 }
 
+#define DEFINE_INT_SQRT(rettype, prefix, argtype) \
+rettype \
+prefix##_isqrt(argtype n) \
+{ \
+    if (!argtype##_IN_DOUBLE_P(n)) { \
+	unsigned int b = bit_length(n); \
+	argtype t; \
+	rettype x = (rettype)(n >> (b/2+1)); \
+	x |= ((rettype)1LU << (b-1)/2); \
+	while ((t = n/x) < (argtype)x) x = (rettype)((x + t) >> 1); \
+	return x; \
+    } \
+    return (rettype)sqrt(argtype##_TO_DOUBLE(n)); \
+}
+
+#if SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT > DBL_MANT_DIG
+# define RB_ULONG_IN_DOUBLE_P(n) ((n) < (1UL << DBL_MANT_DIG))
+#else
+# define RB_ULONG_IN_DOUBLE_P(n) 1
+#endif
+#define RB_ULONG_TO_DOUBLE(n) (double)(n)
+#define RB_ULONG unsigned long
+DEFINE_INT_SQRT(unsigned long, rb_ulong, RB_ULONG)
+
+#if 2*SIZEOF_BDIGIT > SIZEOF_LONG
+# if 2*SIZEOF_BDIGIT*CHAR_BIT > DBL_MANT_DIG
+#   define BDIGIT_DBL_IN_DOUBLE_P(n) ((n) < ((BDIGIT_DBL)1UL << DBL_MANT_DIG))
+# else
+#   define BDIGIT_DBL_IN_DOUBLE_P(n) 1
+# endif
+# ifdef ULL_TO_DOUBLE
+#   define BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(n) ULL_TO_DOUBLE(n)
+# else
+#   define BDIGIT_DBL_TO_DOUBLE(n) (double)(n)
+# endif
+DEFINE_INT_SQRT(BDIGIT, rb_bdigit_dbl, BDIGIT_DBL)
+#endif
+
+#define domain_error(msg) \
+    rb_raise(rb_eMathDomainError, "Numerical argument is out of domain - " #msg)
+
+VALUE rb_big_isqrt(VALUE);
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: Integer::sqrt
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Integer.sqrt(n)  ->  integer
+ *
+ *  Returns the integer square root of the non-negative integer +n+,
+ *  i.e. the largest non-negative integer less than or equal to the
+ *  square root of +n+.
+ *
+ *    Integer.sqrt(0)        #=> 0
+ *    Integer.sqrt(1)        #=> 1
+ *    Integer.sqrt(24)       #=> 4
+ *    Integer.sqrt(25)       #=> 5
+ *    Integer.sqrt(10**400)  #=> 10**200
+ *
+ *  Equivalent to <code>Math.sqrt(n).floor</code>, except that
+ *  the result of the latter code may differ from the true value
+ *  due to the limited precision of floating point arithmetic.
+ *
+ *    Integer.sqrt(10**46)     #=> 100000000000000000000000
+ *    Math.sqrt(10**46).floor  #=>  99999999999999991611392 (!)
+ *
+ *  If +n+ is not an Integer, it is converted to an Integer first.
+ *  If +n+ is negative, a Math::DomainError is raised.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_int_s_isqrt(VALUE self, VALUE num)
+{
+    unsigned long n, sq;
+    num = rb_to_int(num);
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+	if (FIXNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num)) {
+	    domain_error("isqrt");
+	}
+	n = FIX2ULONG(num);
+	sq = rb_ulong_isqrt(n);
+	return LONG2FIX(sq);
+    }
+    else {
+	size_t biglen;
+	if (RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num)) {
+	    domain_error("isqrt");
+	}
+	biglen = BIGNUM_LEN(num);
+	if (biglen == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
+#if SIZEOF_BDIGIT <= SIZEOF_LONG
+	/* short-circuit */
+	if (biglen == 1) {
+	    n = BIGNUM_DIGITS(num)[0];
+	    sq = rb_ulong_isqrt(n);
+	    return ULONG2NUM(sq);
+	}
+#endif
+	return rb_big_isqrt(num);
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  *  Document-class: ZeroDivisionError
  *
  *  Raised when attempting to divide an integer by 0.
  *
- *     42 / 0
- *     #=> ZeroDivisionError: divided by 0
+ *     42 / 0   #=> ZeroDivisionError: divided by 0
  *
  *  Note that only division by an exact 0 will raise the exception:
  *
- *     42 /  0.0 #=> Float::INFINITY
- *     42 / -0.0 #=> -Float::INFINITY
- *     0  /  0.0 #=> NaN
+ *     42 /  0.0   #=> Float::INFINITY
+ *     42 / -0.0   #=> -Float::INFINITY
+ *     0  /  0.0   #=> NaN
  */
 
 /*
  *  Document-class: FloatDomainError
  *
  *  Raised when attempting to convert special float values (in particular
- *  +infinite+ or +NaN+) to numerical classes which don't support them.
+ *  +Infinity+ or +NaN+) to numerical classes which don't support them.
  *
- *     Float::INFINITY.to_r
- *     #=> FloatDomainError: Infinity
+ *     Float::INFINITY.to_r   #=> FloatDomainError: Infinity
  */
 
 /*
@@ -5154,13 +5417,14 @@ int_truncate(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
  * object which is always passed by value.
  *
  *   a = 1
- *   puts 1.object_id == a.object_id   #=> true
+ *   1.object_id == a.object_id   #=> true
  *
  * There can only ever be one instance of the integer +1+, for example. Ruby ensures this
- * by preventing instantiation and duplication.
+ * by preventing instantiation. If duplication is attempted, the same instance is returned.
  *
- *   Integer.new(1)   #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `new' for Integer:Class
- *   1.dup            #=> TypeError: can't dup Integer
+ *   Integer.new(1)                   #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `new' for Integer:Class
+ *   1.dup                            #=> 1
+ *   1.object_id == 1.dup.object_id   #=> true
  *
  * For this reason, Numeric should be used when defining other numeric classes.
  *
@@ -5218,16 +5482,13 @@ int_truncate(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
 void
 Init_Numeric(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
 #ifdef _UNICOSMP
     /* Turn off floating point exceptions for divide by zero, etc. */
     _set_Creg(0, 0);
 #endif
-    id_coerce = rb_intern("coerce");
-    id_div = rb_intern("div");
-    id_divmod = rb_intern("divmod");
+    id_coerce = rb_intern_const("coerce");
+    id_to = rb_intern_const("to");
+    id_by = rb_intern_const("by");
 
     rb_eZeroDivError = rb_define_class("ZeroDivisionError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_eFloatDomainError = rb_define_class("FloatDomainError", rb_eRangeError);
@@ -5235,8 +5496,9 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "singleton_method_added", num_sadded, 1);
     rb_include_module(rb_cNumeric, rb_mComparable);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "initialize_copy", num_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "coerce", num_coerce, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "clone", num_clone, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "dup", num_dup, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "i", num_imaginary, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "+@", num_uplus, 0);
@@ -5271,12 +5533,13 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_cInteger = rb_define_class("Integer", rb_cNumeric);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cInteger);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cInteger), "new");
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cInteger, "sqrt", rb_int_s_isqrt, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_s", int_to_s, -1);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cInteger, "inspect", "to_s");
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "integer?", int_int_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "odd?", int_odd_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "even?", int_even_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "allbits?", int_allbits_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "anybits?", int_anybits_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "nobits?", int_nobits_p, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "upto", int_upto, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "downto", int_downto, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "times", int_dotimes, 0);
@@ -5284,9 +5547,6 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "next", int_succ, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "pred", int_pred, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "chr", int_chr, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "ord", int_ord, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_i", int_to_i, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_int", int_to_i, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_f", int_to_f, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "floor", int_floor, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "ceil", int_ceil, -1);
@@ -5294,7 +5554,6 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "round", int_round, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "<=>", rb_int_cmp, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "-@", rb_int_uminus, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "+", rb_int_plus, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "-", rb_int_minus, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "*", rb_int_mul, 1);
@@ -5307,8 +5566,7 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "fdiv", rb_int_fdiv, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "**", rb_int_pow, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "abs", rb_int_abs, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "magnitude", rb_int_abs, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "pow", rb_int_powm, -1); /* in bignum.c */
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "===", rb_int_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "==", rb_int_equal, 1);
@@ -5317,22 +5575,18 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "<", int_lt, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "<=", int_le, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "~", int_comp, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "&", rb_int_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "|", int_or,  1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "^", int_xor, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "[]", int_aref, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "[]", int_aref, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "<<", rb_int_lshift, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, ">>", rb_int_rshift, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "size", int_size, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "bit_length", rb_int_bit_length, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "digits", rb_int_digits, -1);
 
-#ifndef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-    rb_cFixnum = rb_cInteger;
-#endif
+    /* An obsolete class, use Integer */
     rb_define_const(rb_cObject, "Fixnum", rb_cInteger);
     rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cObject, "Fixnum");
 
@@ -5342,20 +5596,6 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cFloat), "new");
 
     /*
-     *  Represents the rounding mode for floating point addition.
-     *
-     *  Usually defaults to 1, rounding to the nearest number.
-     *
-     *  Other modes include:
-     *
-     *  -1::	Indeterminable
-     *	0::	Rounding towards zero
-     *	1::	Rounding to the nearest number
-     *	2::	Rounding towards positive infinity
-     *	3::	Rounding towards negative infinity
-     */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "ROUNDS", INT2FIX(FLT_ROUNDS));
-    /*
      *	The base of the floating point, or number of unique digits used to
      *	represent the number.
      *
@@ -5376,7 +5616,7 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "DIG", INT2FIX(DBL_DIG));
     /*
-     *	The smallest posable exponent value in a double-precision floating
+     *	The smallest possible exponent value in a double-precision floating
      *	point.
      *
      *	Usually defaults to -1021.
@@ -5430,20 +5670,20 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     /*
      *	An expression representing positive infinity.
      */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "INFINITY", DBL2NUM(INFINITY));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "INFINITY", DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL));
     /*
      *	An expression representing a value which is "not a number".
      */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "NAN", DBL2NUM(NAN));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "NAN", DBL2NUM(nan("")));
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "to_s", flo_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cFloat, "inspect", "to_s");
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "coerce", flo_coerce, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "-@", rb_float_uminus, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "+", flo_plus, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "-", flo_minus, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "*", flo_mul, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "/", flo_div, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "+", rb_float_plus, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "-", rb_float_minus, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "*", rb_float_mul, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "/", rb_float_div, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "quo", flo_quo, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "fdiv", flo_quo, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "%", flo_mod, 1);
@@ -5472,15 +5712,12 @@ Init_Numeric(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "truncate", flo_truncate, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "nan?",      flo_is_nan_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "infinite?", flo_is_infinite_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "finite?",   flo_is_finite_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "infinite?", rb_flo_is_infinite_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "finite?",   rb_flo_is_finite_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "next_float", flo_next_float, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "prev_float", flo_prev_float, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "positive?", flo_positive_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "negative?", flo_negative_p, 0);
-
-    id_to = rb_intern("to");
-    id_by = rb_intern("by");
 }
 
 #undef rb_float_value
@@ -5496,3 +5733,5 @@ rb_float_new(double d)
 {
     return rb_float_new_inline(d);
 }
+
+#include "integer.rbinc"
diff --git a/object.c b/object.c
index 98d2197c2d..64cf88ae9f 100644
--- a/object.c
+++ b/object.c
@@ -11,28 +11,54 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <errno.h>
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #include <ctype.h>
-#include <math.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <float.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
 #include "constant.h"
 #include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/inits.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/struct.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
 #include "probes.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+
+/*!
+ * \defgroup object Core objects and their operations
+ * \{
+ */
+
+VALUE rb_cBasicObject; /*!< BasicObject class */
+VALUE rb_mKernel; /*!< Kernel module */
+VALUE rb_cObject; /*!< Object class */
+VALUE rb_cModule; /*!< Module class */
+VALUE rb_cClass; /*!< Class class */
 
-VALUE rb_cBasicObject;
-VALUE rb_mKernel;
-VALUE rb_cObject;
-VALUE rb_cModule;
-VALUE rb_cClass;
-VALUE rb_cData;
+VALUE rb_cNilClass; /*!< NilClass class */
+VALUE rb_cTrueClass; /*!< TrueClass class */
+VALUE rb_cFalseClass; /*!< FalseClass class */
 
-VALUE rb_cNilClass;
-VALUE rb_cTrueClass;
-VALUE rb_cFalseClass;
+static VALUE rb_cNilClass_to_s;
+static VALUE rb_cTrueClass_to_s;
+static VALUE rb_cFalseClass_to_s;
+
+/*! \cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 
 #define id_eq               idEq
 #define id_eql              idEqlP
@@ -42,11 +68,26 @@ VALUE rb_cFalseClass;
 #define id_init_clone       idInitialize_clone
 #define id_init_dup         idInitialize_dup
 #define id_const_missing    idConst_missing
+#define id_to_f             idTo_f
 
 #define CLASS_OR_MODULE_P(obj) \
     (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) && \
      (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS || BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MODULE))
 
+/*! \endcond */
+
+/*!
+ * Make the object invisible from Ruby code.
+ *
+ * It is useful to let Ruby's GC manage your internal data structure --
+ * The object keeps being managed by GC, but \c ObjectSpace.each_object
+ * never yields the object.
+ *
+ * Note that the object also lose a way to call a method on it.
+ *
+ * \param[in] obj a Ruby object
+ * \sa rb_obj_reveal
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_hide(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -56,6 +97,14 @@ rb_obj_hide(VALUE obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Make a hidden object visible again.
+ *
+ * It is the caller's responsibility to pass the right \a klass
+ * which \a obj originally used to belong to.
+ *
+ * \sa rb_obj_hide
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_reveal(VALUE obj, VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -65,6 +114,14 @@ rb_obj_reveal(VALUE obj, VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Fills common (\c RBasic) fields in \a obj.
+ *
+ * \note Prefer rb_newobj_of() to this function.
+ * \param[in,out] obj a Ruby object to be set up.
+ * \param[in] klass \c obj will belong to this class.
+ * \param[in] type one of \c ruby_value_type
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE klass, VALUE type)
 {
@@ -73,7 +130,7 @@ rb_obj_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE klass, VALUE type)
     return obj;
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj === other   -> true or false
  *
@@ -81,39 +138,73 @@ rb_obj_setup(VALUE obj, VALUE klass, VALUE type)
  *  <code>#==</code>, but typically overridden by descendants to provide
  *  meaningful semantics in +case+ statements.
  */
+#define case_equal rb_equal
+    /* The default implementation of #=== is
+     * to call #== with the rb_equal() optimization. */
 
+/*!
+ * This function is an optimized version of calling #==.
+ * It checks equality between two objects by first doing a fast
+ * identity check using using C's == (same as BasicObject#equal?).
+ * If that check fails, it calls #== dynamically.
+ * This optimization actually affects semantics,
+ * because when #== returns false for the same object obj,
+ * rb_equal(obj, obj) would still return true.
+ * This happens for Float::NAN, where Float::NAN == Float::NAN
+ * is false, but rb_equal(Float::NAN, Float::NAN) is true.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 {
     VALUE result;
 
     if (obj1 == obj2) return Qtrue;
-    result = rb_funcall(obj1, id_eq, 1, obj2);
+    result = rb_equal_opt(obj1, obj2);
+    if (result == Qundef) {
+	result = rb_funcall(obj1, id_eq, 1, obj2);
+    }
     if (RTEST(result)) return Qtrue;
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Determines if \a obj1 and \a obj2 are equal in terms of
+ * \c Object#eql?.
+ *
+ * \note It actually calls \c #eql? when necessary.
+ *   So you cannot implement \c #eql? with this function.
+ * \retval non-zero if they are eql?
+ * \retval zero if they are not eql?.
+ */
 int
 rb_eql(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 {
-    return RTEST(rb_funcall(obj1, id_eql, 1, obj2));
+    VALUE result;
+
+    if (obj1 == obj2) return Qtrue;
+    result = rb_eql_opt(obj1, obj2);
+    if (result == Qundef) {
+	result = rb_funcall(obj1, id_eql, 1, obj2);
+    }
+    if (RTEST(result)) return Qtrue;
+    return Qfalse;
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj == other        -> true or false
  *     obj.equal?(other)   -> true or false
  *     obj.eql?(other)     -> true or false
  *
- *  Equality --- At the <code>Object</code> level, <code>==</code> returns
- *  <code>true</code> only if +obj+ and +other+ are the same object.
- *  Typically, this method is overridden in descendant classes to provide
+ *  Equality --- At the Object level, #== returns <code>true</code>
+ *  only if +obj+ and +other+ are the same object.  Typically, this
+ *  method is overridden in descendant classes to provide
  *  class-specific meaning.
  *
- *  Unlike <code>==</code>, the <code>equal?</code> method should never be
- *  overridden by subclasses as it is used to determine object identity
- *  (that is, <code>a.equal?(b)</code> if and only if <code>a</code> is the
- *  same object as <code>b</code>):
+ *  Unlike #==, the #equal? method should never be overridden by
+ *  subclasses as it is used to determine object identity (that is,
+ *  <code>a.equal?(b)</code> if and only if <code>a</code> is the same
+ *  object as <code>b</code>):
  *
  *    obj = "a"
  *    other = obj.dup
@@ -122,87 +213,74 @@ rb_eql(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
  *    obj.equal? other  #=> false
  *    obj.equal? obj    #=> true
  *
- *  The <code>eql?</code> method returns <code>true</code> if +obj+ and
- *  +other+ refer to the same hash key.  This is used by Hash to test members
- *  for equality.  For objects of class <code>Object</code>, <code>eql?</code>
- *  is synonymous with <code>==</code>.  Subclasses normally continue this
- *  tradition by aliasing <code>eql?</code> to their overridden <code>==</code>
- *  method, but there are exceptions.  <code>Numeric</code> types, for
- *  example, perform type conversion across <code>==</code>, but not across
- *  <code>eql?</code>, so:
+ *  The #eql? method returns <code>true</code> if +obj+ and +other+
+ *  refer to the same hash key.  This is used by Hash to test members
+ *  for equality.  For any pair of objects where #eql? returns +true+,
+ *  the #hash value of both objects must be equal. So any subclass
+ *  that overrides #eql? should also override #hash appropriately.
+ *
+ *  For objects of class Object, #eql?  is synonymous
+ *  with #==.  Subclasses normally continue this tradition by aliasing
+ *  #eql? to their overridden #== method, but there are exceptions.
+ *  Numeric types, for example, perform type conversion across #==,
+ *  but not across #eql?, so:
  *
  *     1 == 1.0     #=> true
  *     1.eql? 1.0   #=> false
+ *--
+ * \private
+ *++
  */
-
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_obj_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 {
     if (obj1 == obj2) return Qtrue;
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-#if 0
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    obj.hash    -> integer
- *
- * Generates an Integer hash value for this object.  This function must have the
- * property that <code>a.eql?(b)</code> implies <code>a.hash == b.hash</code>.
- *
- * The hash value is used along with #eql? by the Hash class to determine if
- * two objects reference the same hash key.  Any hash value that exceeds the
- * capacity of an Integer will be truncated before being used.
- *
- * The hash value for an object may not be identical across invocations or
- * implementations of Ruby.  If you need a stable identifier across Ruby
- * invocations and implementations you will need to generate one with a custom
- * method.
- */
-VALUE
-rb_obj_hash(VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE oid = rb_obj_id(obj);
-#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-    st_index_t index = NUM2LONG(oid);
-#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
-    st_index_t index = NUM2LL(oid);
-#else
-# error not supported
-#endif
-    return LONG2FIX(rb_objid_hash(index));
-}
-#else
 VALUE rb_obj_hash(VALUE obj);
-#endif
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     !obj    -> true or false
  *
  *  Boolean negate.
+ *--
+ * \private
+ *++
  */
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_obj_not(VALUE obj)
 {
     return RTEST(obj) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj != other        -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns true if two objects are not-equal, otherwise false.
+ *--
+ * \private
+ *++
  */
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_obj_not_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 {
     VALUE result = rb_funcall(obj1, id_eq, 1, obj2);
     return RTEST(result) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Looks up the nearest ancestor of \a cl, skipping singleton classes or
+ * module inclusions.
+ * It returns the \a cl itself if it is neither a singleton class or a module.
+ *
+ * \param[in] cl a Class object.
+ * \return the ancestor class found, or Qfalse if nothing found.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_class_real(VALUE cl)
 {
@@ -213,18 +291,6 @@ rb_class_real(VALUE cl)
     return cl;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     obj.class    -> class
- *
- *  Returns the class of <i>obj</i>. This method must always be
- *  called with an explicit receiver, as <code>class</code> is also a
- *  reserved word in Ruby.
- *
- *     1.class      #=> Integer
- *     self.class   #=> Object
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_obj_class(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -254,15 +320,12 @@ rb_obj_singleton_class(VALUE obj)
     return rb_singleton_class(obj);
 }
 
-void
+/*! \private */
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED void
 rb_obj_copy_ivar(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!(RBASIC(dest)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) && ROBJECT_IVPTR(dest)) {
-	xfree(ROBJECT_IVPTR(dest));
-	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.ivptr = 0;
-	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.numiv = 0;
-	ROBJECT(dest)->as.heap.iv_index_tbl = 0;
-    }
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RBASIC(dest)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED);
+
     if (RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
 	MEMCPY(ROBJECT(dest)->as.ary, ROBJECT(obj)->as.ary, VALUE, ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX);
 	RBASIC(dest)->flags |= ROBJECT_EMBED;
@@ -288,7 +351,7 @@ init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "[bug] frozen object (%s) allocated", rb_obj_classname(dest));
     }
     RBASIC(dest)->flags &= ~(T_MASK|FL_EXIVAR);
-    RBASIC(dest)->flags |= RBASIC(obj)->flags & (T_MASK|FL_EXIVAR|FL_TAINT);
+    RBASIC(dest)->flags |= RBASIC(obj)->flags & (T_MASK|FL_EXIVAR);
     rb_copy_wb_protected_attribute(dest, obj);
     rb_copy_generic_ivar(dest, obj);
     rb_gc_copy_finalizer(dest, obj);
@@ -297,6 +360,10 @@ init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE freeze_opt(int argc, VALUE *argv);
+static VALUE immutable_obj_clone(VALUE obj, VALUE kwfreeze);
+static VALUE mutable_obj_clone(VALUE obj, VALUE kwfreeze);
+PUREFUNC(static inline int special_object_p(VALUE obj)); /*!< \private */
 static inline int
 special_object_p(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -305,68 +372,82 @@ special_object_p(VALUE obj)
       case T_BIGNUM:
       case T_FLOAT:
       case T_SYMBOL:
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+	/* not a comprehensive list */
 	return TRUE;
       default:
 	return FALSE;
     }
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     obj.clone(freeze: true) -> an_object
- *
- *  Produces a shallow copy of <i>obj</i>---the instance variables of
- *  <i>obj</i> are copied, but not the objects they reference.
- *  <code>clone</code> copies the frozen (unless :freeze keyword argument
- *  is given with a false value) and tainted state of <i>obj</i>.
- *  See also the discussion under <code>Object#dup</code>.
- *
- *     class Klass
- *        attr_accessor :str
- *     end
- *     s1 = Klass.new      #=> #<Klass:0x401b3a38>
- *     s1.str = "Hello"    #=> "Hello"
- *     s2 = s1.clone       #=> #<Klass:0x401b3998 @str="Hello">
- *     s2.str[1,4] = "i"   #=> "i"
- *     s1.inspect          #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3a38 @str=\"Hi\">"
- *     s2.inspect          #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3998 @str=\"Hi\">"
- *
- *  This method may have class-specific behavior.  If so, that
- *  behavior will be documented under the #+initialize_copy+ method of
- *  the class.
- */
+static VALUE
+obj_freeze_opt(VALUE freeze)
+{
+    switch(freeze) {
+      case Qfalse:
+      case Qtrue:
+      case Qnil:
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected value for freeze: %"PRIsVALUE, rb_obj_class(freeze));
+    }
+
+    return freeze;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_obj_clone2(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE freeze)
+{
+    VALUE kwfreeze = obj_freeze_opt(freeze);
+    if (!special_object_p(obj))
+	return mutable_obj_clone(obj, kwfreeze);
+    return immutable_obj_clone(obj, kwfreeze);
+}
+
+/*! \private */
+VALUE
+rb_immutable_obj_clone(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE kwfreeze = freeze_opt(argc, argv);
+    return immutable_obj_clone(obj, kwfreeze);
+}
 
 static VALUE
-rb_obj_clone2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+freeze_opt(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     static ID keyword_ids[1];
     VALUE opt;
-    VALUE kwargs[1];
-    VALUE clone;
-    VALUE singleton;
-    VALUE kwfreeze = Qtrue;
+    VALUE kwfreeze = Qnil;
 
     if (!keyword_ids[0]) {
 	CONST_ID(keyword_ids[0], "freeze");
     }
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0:", &opt);
     if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
-	rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 1, kwargs);
-	kwfreeze = kwargs[0];
-	if (kwfreeze != Qundef && kwfreeze != Qtrue && kwfreeze != Qfalse) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected value for freeze: %s",
-		     rb_builtin_class_name(kwfreeze));
-	}
+	rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &kwfreeze);
+        if (kwfreeze != Qundef)
+            kwfreeze = obj_freeze_opt(kwfreeze);
     }
+    return kwfreeze;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+immutable_obj_clone(VALUE obj, VALUE kwfreeze)
+{
+    if (kwfreeze == Qfalse)
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't unfreeze %"PRIsVALUE,
+		 rb_obj_class(obj));
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mutable_obj_clone(VALUE obj, VALUE kwfreeze)
+{
+    VALUE clone, singleton;
+    VALUE argv[2];
 
-    if (special_object_p(obj)) {
-	if (kwfreeze == Qfalse)
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't unfreeze %s", rb_obj_classname(obj));
-	return obj;
-    }
     clone = rb_obj_alloc(rb_obj_class(obj));
-    RBASIC(clone)->flags &= (FL_TAINT|FL_PROMOTED0|FL_PROMOTED1);
-    RBASIC(clone)->flags |= RBASIC(obj)->flags & ~(FL_PROMOTED0|FL_PROMOTED1|FL_FREEZE|FL_FINALIZE);
 
     singleton = rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(obj, clone);
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS(clone, singleton);
@@ -375,28 +456,69 @@ rb_obj_clone2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
 
     init_copy(clone, obj);
-    rb_funcall(clone, id_init_clone, 1, obj);
 
-    if (Qfalse != kwfreeze) {
+    switch (kwfreeze) {
+      case Qnil:
+        rb_funcall(clone, id_init_clone, 1, obj);
 	RBASIC(clone)->flags |= RBASIC(obj)->flags & FL_FREEZE;
+        break;
+      case Qtrue:
+        {
+        static VALUE freeze_true_hash;
+        if (!freeze_true_hash) {
+            freeze_true_hash = rb_hash_new();
+            rb_gc_register_mark_object(freeze_true_hash);
+            rb_hash_aset(freeze_true_hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("freeze")), Qtrue);
+            rb_obj_freeze(freeze_true_hash);
+        }
+
+        argv[0] = obj;
+        argv[1] = freeze_true_hash;
+        rb_funcallv_kw(clone, id_init_clone, 2, argv, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
+        RBASIC(clone)->flags |= FL_FREEZE;
+        break;
+        }
+      case Qfalse:
+        {
+        static VALUE freeze_false_hash;
+        if (!freeze_false_hash) {
+            freeze_false_hash = rb_hash_new();
+            rb_gc_register_mark_object(freeze_false_hash);
+            rb_hash_aset(freeze_false_hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("freeze")), Qfalse);
+            rb_obj_freeze(freeze_false_hash);
+        }
+
+        argv[0] = obj;
+        argv[1] = freeze_false_hash;
+        rb_funcallv_kw(clone, id_init_clone, 2, argv, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
+        break;
+        }
+      default:
+        rb_bug("invalid kwfreeze passed to mutable_obj_clone");
     }
 
     return clone;
 }
 
+/**
+ * :nodoc
+ *--
+ * Almost same as \c Object#clone
+ *++
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_clone(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_obj_clone2(0, NULL, obj);
+    if (special_object_p(obj)) return obj;
+    return mutable_obj_clone(obj, Qnil);
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.dup -> an_object
  *
  *  Produces a shallow copy of <i>obj</i>---the instance variables of
  *  <i>obj</i> are copied, but not the objects they reference.
- *  <code>dup</code> copies the tainted state of <i>obj</i>.
  *
  *  This method may have class-specific behavior.  If so, that
  *  behavior will be documented under the #+initialize_copy+ method of
@@ -404,11 +526,10 @@ rb_obj_clone(VALUE obj)
  *
  *  === on dup vs clone
  *
- *  In general, <code>clone</code> and <code>dup</code> may have different
- *  semantics in descendant classes. While <code>clone</code> is used to
- *  duplicate an object, including its internal state, <code>dup</code>
- *  typically uses the class of the descendant object to create the new
- *  instance.
+ *  In general, #clone and #dup may have different semantics in
+ *  descendant classes. While #clone is used to duplicate an object,
+ *  including its internal state, #dup typically uses the class of the
+ *  descendant object to create the new instance.
  *
  *  When using #dup, any modules that the object has been extended with will not
  *  be copied.
@@ -425,14 +546,15 @@ rb_obj_clone(VALUE obj)
  *	s1.extend(Foo) #=> #<Klass:0x401b3a38>
  *	s1.foo #=> "foo"
  *
- *	s2 = s1.clone #=> #<Klass:0x401b3a38>
+ *	s2 = s1.clone #=> #<Klass:0x401be280>
  *	s2.foo #=> "foo"
  *
- *	s3 = s1.dup #=> #<Klass:0x401b3a38>
- *	s3.foo #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `foo' for #<Klass:0x401b3a38>
- *
+ *	s3 = s1.dup #=> #<Klass:0x401c1084>
+ *	s3.foo #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `foo' for #<Klass:0x401c1084>
+ *--
+ * Equivalent to \c Object\#dup in Ruby
+ *++
  */
-
 VALUE
 rb_obj_dup(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -450,12 +572,12 @@ rb_obj_dup(VALUE obj)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj.itself -> an_object
+ *     obj.itself    -> obj
  *
- *  Returns <i>obj</i>.
+ *  Returns the receiver.
  *
- *	string = 'my string' #=> "my string"
- *	string.itself.object_id == string.object_id #=> true
+ *     string = "my string"
+ *     string.itself.object_id == string.object_id   #=> true
  *
  */
 
@@ -465,20 +587,46 @@ rb_obj_itself(VALUE obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
-/* :nodoc: */
+VALUE
+rb_obj_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE obj)
+{
+    return LONG2FIX(1);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+block_given_p(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_block_given_p() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/**
+ * :nodoc:
+ *--
+ * Default implementation of \c #initialize_copy
+ * \param[in,out] obj the receiver being initialized
+ * \param[in] orig    the object to be copied from.
+ *++
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_init_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
 {
     if (obj == orig) return obj;
     rb_check_frozen(obj);
-    rb_check_trusted(obj);
     if (TYPE(obj) != TYPE(orig) || rb_obj_class(obj) != rb_obj_class(orig)) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "initialize_copy should take same class object");
     }
     return obj;
 }
 
-/* :nodoc: */
+/*!
+ * :nodoc:
+ *--
+ * Default implementation of \c #initialize_dup
+ *
+ * \param[in,out] obj the receiver being initialized
+ * \param[in] orig    the object to be dup from.
+ *++
+ **/
 VALUE
 rb_obj_init_dup_clone(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
 {
@@ -486,16 +634,40 @@ rb_obj_init_dup_clone(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
     return obj;
 }
 
-/*
+/*!
+ * :nodoc:
+ *--
+ * Default implementation of \c #initialize_clone
+ *
+ * \param[in] The number of arguments
+ * \param[in] The array of arguments
+ * \param[in] obj the receiver being initialized
+ *++
+ **/
+static VALUE
+rb_obj_init_clone(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE orig, opts;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &orig, &opts);
+    /* Ignore a freeze keyword */
+    if (argc == 2) (void)freeze_opt(1, &opts);
+    rb_funcall(obj, id_init_copy, 1, orig);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.to_s    -> string
  *
- *  Returns a string representing <i>obj</i>. The default
- *  <code>to_s</code> prints the object's class and an encoding of the
- *  object id. As a special case, the top-level object that is the
- *  initial execution context of Ruby programs returns ``main''.
+ *  Returns a string representing <i>obj</i>. The default #to_s prints
+ *  the object's class and an encoding of the object id. As a special
+ *  case, the top-level object that is the initial execution context
+ *  of Ruby programs returns ``main''.
+ *
+ *--
+ * Default implementation of \c #to_s.
+ *++
  */
-
 VALUE
 rb_any_to_s(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -503,13 +675,18 @@ rb_any_to_s(VALUE obj)
     VALUE cname = rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj));
 
     str = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p>", cname, (void*)obj);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, obj);
 
     return str;
 }
 
 VALUE rb_str_escape(VALUE str);
-/*
+/*!
+ * Convenient wrapper of \c Object#inspect.
+ * Returns a human-readable string representation of \a obj,
+ * similarly to \c Object#inspect.
+ *
+ * Unlike Ruby-level \c #inspect, it escapes characters to keep the
+ * result compatible to the default internal or external encoding.
  * If the default internal or external encoding is ASCII compatible,
  * the encoding of the inspected result must be compatible with it.
  * If the default internal or external encoding is ASCII incompatible,
@@ -519,6 +696,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_inspect(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_obj_as_string(rb_funcallv(obj, id_inspect, 0, 0));
+
     rb_encoding *enc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
     if (enc == NULL) enc = rb_default_external_encoding();
     if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
@@ -565,7 +743,6 @@ inspect_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE str, int recur)
     }
     rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
     RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] = '#';
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, obj);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -575,13 +752,12 @@ inspect_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE str, int recur)
  *     obj.inspect   -> string
  *
  * Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of <i>obj</i>.
- * The default <code>inspect</code> shows the object's class name,
- * an encoding of the object id, and a list of the instance variables and
- * their values (by calling #inspect on each of them).
- * User defined classes should override this method to provide a better
- * representation of <i>obj</i>.  When overriding this method, it should
- * return a string whose encoding is compatible with the default external
- * encoding.
+ * The default #inspect shows the object's class name, an encoding of
+ * its memory address, and a list of the instance variables and their
+ * values (by calling #inspect on each of them).  User defined classes
+ * should override this method to provide a better representation of
+ * <i>obj</i>.  When overriding this method, it should return a string
+ * whose encoding is compatible with the default external encoding.
  *
  *     [ 1, 2, 3..4, 'five' ].inspect   #=> "[1, 2, 3..4, \"five\"]"
  *     Time.new.inspect                 #=> "2008-03-08 19:43:39 +0900"
@@ -616,15 +792,13 @@ rb_obj_inspect(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 class_or_module_required(VALUE c)
 {
-    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(c)) goto not_class;
-    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(c)) {
+    switch (OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(c)) {
       case T_MODULE:
       case T_CLASS:
       case T_ICLASS:
 	break;
 
       default:
-      not_class:
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "class or module required");
     }
     return c;
@@ -632,12 +806,12 @@ class_or_module_required(VALUE c)
 
 static VALUE class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c);
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.instance_of?(class)    -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>obj</i> is an instance of the given
- *  class. See also <code>Object#kind_of?</code>.
+ *  class. See also Object#kind_of?.
  *
  *     class A;     end
  *     class B < A; end
@@ -647,6 +821,13 @@ static VALUE class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c);
  *     b.instance_of? A   #=> false
  *     b.instance_of? B   #=> true
  *     b.instance_of? C   #=> false
+ *--
+ * Determines if \a obj is an instance of \a c.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to \c Object\#is_instance_of in Ruby.
+ * \param[in] obj the object to be determined.
+ * \param[in] c a Class object
+ *++
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -658,7 +839,7 @@ rb_obj_is_instance_of(VALUE obj, VALUE c)
 }
 
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.is_a?(class)       -> true or false
  *     obj.kind_of?(class)    -> true or false
@@ -684,6 +865,13 @@ rb_obj_is_instance_of(VALUE obj, VALUE c)
  *     b.kind_of? B       #=> true
  *     b.kind_of? C       #=> false
  *     b.kind_of? M       #=> true
+ *--
+ * Determines if \a obj is a kind of \a c.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to \c Object\#kind_of? in Ruby.
+ * \param[in] obj the object to be determined
+ * \param[in] c a Module object.
+ *++
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -706,6 +894,7 @@ class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c)
     return 0;
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 VALUE
 rb_class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c)
 {
@@ -714,28 +903,6 @@ rb_class_search_ancestor(VALUE cl, VALUE c)
     return class_search_ancestor(cl, RCLASS_ORIGIN(c));
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     obj.tap{|x|...}    -> obj
- *
- *  Yields self to the block, and then returns self.
- *  The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
- *  in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
- *
- *	(1..10)                .tap {|x| puts "original: #{x.inspect}"}
- *	  .to_a                .tap {|x| puts "array: #{x.inspect}"}
- *	  .select {|x| x%2==0} .tap {|x| puts "evens: #{x.inspect}"}
- *	  .map {|x| x*x}       .tap {|x| puts "squares: #{x.inspect}"}
- *
- */
-
-VALUE
-rb_obj_tap(VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_yield(obj);
-    return obj;
-}
-
 
 /*
  * Document-method: inherited
@@ -970,127 +1137,122 @@ rb_obj_dummy(void)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-/*
+static VALUE
+rb_obj_dummy0(VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_obj_dummy();
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_obj_dummy1(VALUE _x, VALUE _y)
+{
+    return rb_obj_dummy();
+}
+
+/**
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj.tainted?    -> true or false
+ *     obj.tainted?    -> false
  *
- *  Returns true if the object is tainted.
- *
- *  See #taint for more information.
+ *  Returns false.  This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_obj_tainted(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(obj))
-	return Qtrue;
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("Object#tainted?", "3.2");
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.taint -> obj
  *
- *  Mark the object as tainted.
- *
- *  Objects that are marked as tainted will be restricted from various built-in
- *  methods. This is to prevent insecure data, such as command-line arguments
- *  or strings read from Kernel#gets, from inadvertently compromising the user's
- *  system.
- *
- *  To check whether an object is tainted, use #tainted?.
- *
- *  You should only untaint a tainted object if your code has inspected it and
- *  determined that it is safe. To do so use #untaint.
+ *  Returns object. This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_obj_taint(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (!OBJ_TAINTED(obj) && OBJ_TAINTABLE(obj)) {
-	rb_check_frozen(obj);
-	OBJ_TAINT(obj);
-    }
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("Object#taint", "3.2");
     return obj;
 }
 
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.untaint    -> obj
  *
- *  Removes the tainted mark from the object.
- *
- *  See #taint for more information.
+ *  Returns object. This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_obj_untaint(VALUE obj)
 {
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(obj)) {
-	rb_check_frozen(obj);
-	FL_UNSET(obj, FL_TAINT);
-    }
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("Object#untaint", "3.2");
     return obj;
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
- *     obj.untrusted?    -> true or false
+ *     obj.untrusted?    -> false
  *
- *  Deprecated method that is equivalent to #tainted?.
+ *  Returns false.  This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_obj_untrusted(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_warning("untrusted? is deprecated and its behavior is same as tainted?");
-    return rb_obj_tainted(obj);
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("Object#untrusted?", "3.2");
+    return Qfalse;
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.untrust -> obj
  *
- *  Deprecated method that is equivalent to #taint.
+ *  Returns object. This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_obj_untrust(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_warning("untrust is deprecated and its behavior is same as taint");
-    return rb_obj_taint(obj);
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("Object#untrust", "3.2");
+    return obj;
 }
 
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.trust    -> obj
  *
- *  Deprecated method that is equivalent to #untaint.
+ *  Returns object. This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
  */
 
 VALUE
 rb_obj_trust(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_warning("trust is deprecated and its behavior is same as untaint");
-    return rb_obj_untaint(obj);
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("Object#trust", "3.2");
+    return obj;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Does nothing. This method is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 3.2.
+ */
+
 void
-rb_obj_infect(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+rb_obj_infect(VALUE victim, VALUE carrier)
 {
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj1, obj2);
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("rb_obj_infect", "3.2");
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj.freeze    -> obj
  *
  *  Prevents further modifications to <i>obj</i>. A
- *  <code>RuntimeError</code> will be raised if modification is attempted.
+ *  RuntimeError will be raised if modification is attempted.
  *  There is no way to unfreeze a frozen object. See also
- *  <code>Object#frozen?</code>.
+ *  Object#frozen?.
  *
  *  This method returns self.
  *
@@ -1100,11 +1262,16 @@ rb_obj_infect(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
  *
  *  <em>produces:</em>
  *
- *     prog.rb:3:in `<<': can't modify frozen Array (RuntimeError)
+ *     prog.rb:3:in `<<': can't modify frozen Array (FrozenError)
  *     	from prog.rb:3
  *
  *  Objects of the following classes are always frozen: Integer,
  *  Float, Symbol.
+ *--
+ * Make the object unmodifiable. Equivalent to \c Object\#freeze in Ruby.
+ * \param[in,out] obj  the object to be frozen
+ * \return the frozen object
+ *++
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1119,17 +1286,6 @@ rb_obj_freeze(VALUE obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     obj.frozen?    -> true or false
- *
- *  Returns the freeze status of <i>obj</i>.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     a.freeze    #=> ["a", "b", "c"]
- *     a.frozen?   #=> true
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_obj_frozen_p(VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -1184,7 +1340,7 @@ nil_to_f(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 nil_to_s(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_usascii_str_new(0, 0);
+    return rb_cNilClass_to_s;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1234,11 +1390,24 @@ nil_inspect(VALUE obj)
     return rb_usascii_str_new2("nil");
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     nil =~ other  -> nil
+ *
+ *  Dummy pattern matching -- always returns nil.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+nil_match(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 /***********************************************************************
  *  Document-class: TrueClass
  *
  *  The global value <code>true</code> is the only instance of class
- *  <code>TrueClass</code> and represents a logically true value in
+ *  TrueClass and represents a logically true value in
  *  boolean expressions. The class provides operators allowing
  *  <code>true</code> to be used in logical expressions.
  */
@@ -1254,7 +1423,7 @@ nil_inspect(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 true_to_s(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_usascii_str_new2("true");
+    return rb_cTrueClass_to_s;
 }
 
 
@@ -1315,7 +1484,7 @@ true_xor(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
  *  Document-class: FalseClass
  *
  *  The global value <code>false</code> is the only instance of class
- *  <code>FalseClass</code> and represents a logically false value in
+ *  FalseClass and represents a logically false value in
  *  boolean expressions. The class provides operators allowing
  *  <code>false</code> to participate correctly in logical expressions.
  *
@@ -1325,13 +1494,13 @@ true_xor(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
  * call-seq:
  *   false.to_s   ->  "false"
  *
- * 'nuf said...
+ * The string representation of <code>false</code> is "false".
  */
 
 static VALUE
 false_to_s(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return rb_usascii_str_new2("false");
+    return rb_cFalseClass_to_s;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1360,13 +1529,7 @@ false_and(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
  *  <code>nil</code> or <code>false</code>; <code>true</code> otherwise.
  */
 
-static VALUE
-false_or(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
-{
-    return RTEST(obj2)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
-}
-
-
+#define false_or true_and
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -1379,11 +1542,7 @@ false_or(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
  *
  */
 
-static VALUE
-false_xor(VALUE obj, VALUE obj2)
-{
-    return RTEST(obj2)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
-}
+#define false_xor true_and
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1409,7 +1568,7 @@ rb_true(VALUE obj)
  */
 
 
-static VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_false(VALUE obj)
 {
     return Qfalse;
@@ -1420,14 +1579,19 @@ rb_false(VALUE obj)
  *  call-seq:
  *     obj =~ other  -> nil
  *
- *  Pattern Match---Overridden by descendants (notably
- *  <code>Regexp</code> and <code>String</code>) to provide meaningful
- *  pattern-match semantics.
+ * This method is deprecated.
+ *
+ * This is not only useless but also troublesome because it may hide a
+ * type error.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_obj_match(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 {
+    if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED)) {
+        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "deprecated Object#=~ is called on %"PRIsVALUE
+                "; it always returns nil", rb_obj_class(obj1));
+    }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -1454,21 +1618,21 @@ rb_obj_not_match(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
  *  Returns 0 if +obj+ and +other+ are the same object
  *  or <code>obj == other</code>, otherwise nil.
  *
- *  The <code><=></code> is used by various methods to compare objects, for example
+ *  The #<=> is used by various methods to compare objects, for example
  *  Enumerable#sort, Enumerable#max etc.
  *
- *  Your implementation of <code><=></code> should return one of the following values: -1, 0,
+ *  Your implementation of #<=> should return one of the following values: -1, 0,
  *  1 or nil. -1 means self is smaller than other. 0 means self is equal to other.
  *  1 means self is bigger than other. Nil means the two values could not be
  *  compared.
  *
- *  When you define <code><=></code>, you can include Comparable to gain the methods
- *  <code><=</code>, <code><</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>></code> and <code>between?</code>.
+ *  When you define #<=>, you can include Comparable to gain the
+ *  methods #<=, #<, #==, #>=, #> and #between?.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_obj_cmp(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
 {
-    if (obj1 == obj2 || rb_equal(obj1, obj2))
+    if (rb_equal(obj1, obj2))
 	return INT2FIX(0);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1477,16 +1641,16 @@ rb_obj_cmp(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
  *
  * Document-class: Module
  *
- *  A <code>Module</code> is a collection of methods and constants. The
+ *  A Module is a collection of methods and constants. The
  *  methods in a module may be instance methods or module methods.
  *  Instance methods appear as methods in a class when the module is
  *  included, module methods do not. Conversely, module methods may be
  *  called without creating an encapsulating object, while instance
- *  methods may not. (See <code>Module#module_function</code>.)
+ *  methods may not. (See Module#module_function.)
  *
  *  In the descriptions that follow, the parameter <i>sym</i> refers
  *  to a symbol, which is either a quoted string or a
- *  <code>Symbol</code> (such as <code>:name</code>).
+ *  Symbol (such as <code>:name</code>).
  *
  *     module Mod
  *       include Math
@@ -1542,7 +1706,7 @@ rb_mod_to_s(VALUE klass)
 	rb_str_cat2(s, ">");
 	return s;
     }
-    return rb_str_dup(rb_class_name(klass));
+    return rb_class_name(klass);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1577,7 +1741,7 @@ rb_mod_eqq(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
     return rb_obj_is_kind_of(arg, mod);
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  * call-seq:
  *   mod <= other   ->  true, false, or nil
  *
@@ -1586,7 +1750,15 @@ rb_mod_eqq(VALUE mod, VALUE arg)
  * <code>nil</code> if there's no relationship between the two.
  * (Think of the relationship in terms of the class definition:
  * "class A < B" implies "A < B".)
- *
+ *--
+ * Determines if \a mod inherits \a arg. Equivalent to \c Module\#<= in Ruby
+ *
+ * \param[in] mod a Module object
+ * \param[in] arg another Module object or an iclass of a module
+ * \retval Qtrue if \a mod inherits \a arg, or \a mod equals \a arg
+ * \retval Qfalse if \a arg inherits \a mod
+ * \retval Qnil if otherwise
+ *++
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1717,7 +1889,7 @@ rb_class_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *
  *  Creates a new anonymous module. If a block is given, it is passed
  *  the module object, and the block is evaluated in the context of this
- *  module like <code>module_eval</code>.
+ *  module like #module_eval.
  *
  *     fred = Module.new do
  *       def meth1
@@ -1747,10 +1919,11 @@ rb_mod_initialize(VALUE module)
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-rb_mod_initialize_clone(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
+rb_mod_initialize_clone(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE clone)
 {
-    VALUE ret;
-    ret = rb_obj_init_dup_clone(clone, orig);
+    VALUE ret, orig, opts;
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &orig, &opts);
+    ret = rb_obj_init_clone(argc, argv, clone);
     if (OBJ_FROZEN(orig))
         rb_class_name(clone);
     return ret;
@@ -1762,12 +1935,12 @@ rb_mod_initialize_clone(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
  *     Class.new(super_class=Object) { |mod| ... } -> a_class
  *
  *  Creates a new anonymous (unnamed) class with the given superclass
- *  (or <code>Object</code> if no parameter is given). You can give a
+ *  (or Object if no parameter is given). You can give a
  *  class a name by assigning the class object to a constant.
  *
  *  If a block is given, it is passed the class object, and the block
  *  is evaluated in the context of this class like
- *  <code>class_eval</code>.
+ *  #class_eval.
  *
  *     fred = Class.new do
  *       def meth1
@@ -1794,11 +1967,11 @@ rb_class_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     if (RCLASS_SUPER(klass) != 0 || klass == rb_cBasicObject) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "already initialized class");
     }
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
 	super = rb_cObject;
     }
     else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &super);
+        super = argv[0];
 	rb_check_inheritable(super);
 	if (super != rb_cBasicObject && !RCLASS_SUPER(super)) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't inherit uninitialized class");
@@ -1812,6 +1985,7 @@ rb_class_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     return klass;
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 void
 rb_undefined_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -1819,6 +1993,9 @@ rb_undefined_alloc(VALUE klass)
 	     klass);
 }
 
+static rb_alloc_func_t class_get_alloc_func(VALUE klass);
+static VALUE class_call_alloc_func(rb_alloc_func_t allocator, VALUE klass);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     class.allocate()   ->   obj
@@ -1841,10 +2018,27 @@ rb_undefined_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_obj_alloc(VALUE klass)
+static VALUE
+rb_class_alloc_m(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_alloc_func_t allocator = class_get_alloc_func(klass);
+    if (!rb_obj_respond_to(klass, rb_intern("allocate"), 1)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "calling %"PRIsVALUE".allocate is prohibited",
+                 klass);
+    }
+    return class_call_alloc_func(allocator, klass);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_class_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_alloc_func_t allocator = class_get_alloc_func(klass);
+    return class_call_alloc_func(allocator, klass);
+}
+
+static rb_alloc_func_t
+class_get_alloc_func(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE obj;
     rb_alloc_func_t allocator;
 
     if (RCLASS_SUPER(klass) == 0 && klass != rb_cBasicObject) {
@@ -1857,6 +2051,13 @@ rb_obj_alloc(VALUE klass)
     if (!allocator) {
 	rb_undefined_alloc(klass);
     }
+    return allocator;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+class_call_alloc_func(rb_alloc_func_t allocator, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
 
     RUBY_DTRACE_CREATE_HOOK(OBJECT, rb_class2name(klass));
 
@@ -1868,37 +2069,86 @@ rb_obj_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-rb_class_allocate_instance(VALUE klass)
+/**
+ * Allocates an instance of \a klass
+ *
+ * \note It calls the allocator defined by {rb_define_alloc_func}.
+ *   So you cannot use this function to define an allocator.
+ *   Use {rb_newobj_of}, {TypedData_Make_Struct} or others, instead.
+ * \note Usually prefer rb_class_new_instance to rb_obj_alloc and rb_obj_call_init
+ * \param[in] klass a Class object
+ * \sa rb_class_new_instance
+ * \sa rb_obj_call_init
+ * \sa rb_define_alloc_func
+ * \sa rb_newobj_of
+ * \sa TypedData_Make_Struct
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_obj_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
-    NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RObject, klass, T_OBJECT | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
-    return (VALUE)obj;
+    Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
+    return rb_class_alloc(klass);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     class.new(args, ...)    ->  obj
  *
- *  Calls <code>allocate</code> to create a new object of
- *  <i>class</i>'s class, then invokes that object's
- *  <code>initialize</code> method, passing it <i>args</i>.
- *  This is the method that ends up getting called whenever
- *  an object is constructed using .new.
+ *  Calls #allocate to create a new object of <i>class</i>'s class,
+ *  then invokes that object's #initialize method, passing it
+ *  <i>args</i>.  This is the method that ends up getting called
+ *  whenever an object is constructed using <code>.new</code>.
  *
  */
 
 VALUE
+rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    obj = rb_class_alloc(klass);
+    rb_obj_call_init_kw(obj, argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_class_new_instance_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE klass, int kw_splat)
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+    Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
+
+    obj = rb_class_alloc(klass);
+    rb_obj_call_init_kw(obj, argc, argv, kw_splat);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates and initializes an instance of \a klass.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to \c Class\#new in Ruby
+ *
+ * \param[in] argc  the number of arguments to \c #initialize
+ * \param[in] argv  a pointer to an array of arguments to \c #initialize
+ * \param[in] klass a Class object
+ * \return the new instance of \a klass
+ * \sa rb_obj_call_init
+ * \sa rb_obj_alloc
+ */
+VALUE
 rb_class_new_instance(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE obj;
+    Check_Type(klass, T_CLASS);
 
-    obj = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
-    rb_obj_call_init(obj, argc, argv);
+    obj = rb_class_alloc(klass);
+    rb_obj_call_init_kw(obj, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
 
     return obj;
 }
 
-/*
+/**
  *  call-seq:
  *     class.superclass -> a_super_class or nil
  *
@@ -1915,6 +2165,14 @@ rb_class_new_instance(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  *     BasicObject.superclass   #=> nil
  *
+ *--
+ * Returns the superclass of \a klass. Equivalent to \c Class\#superclass in Ruby.
+ *
+ * It skips modules.
+ * \param[in] klass a Class object
+ * \return the superclass, or \c Qnil if \a klass does not have a parent class.
+ * \sa rb_class_get_superclass
+ *++
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1935,14 +2193,28 @@ rb_class_superclass(VALUE klass)
     return super;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Returns the superclass of \a klass
+ * The return value might be an iclass of a module, unlike rb_class_superclass.
+ *
+ * Also it returns Qfalse when \a klass does not have a parent class.
+ * \sa rb_class_superclass
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_class_get_superclass(VALUE klass)
 {
     return RCLASS(klass)->super;
 }
 
-#define id_for_var(obj, name, part, type) \
-    id_for_setter(obj, name, type, "`%1$s' is not allowed as "#part" "#type" variable name")
+static const char bad_instance_name[] = "`%1$s' is not allowed as an instance variable name";
+static const char bad_class_name[] = "`%1$s' is not allowed as a class variable name";
+static const char bad_const_name[] = "wrong constant name %1$s";
+static const char bad_attr_name[] = "invalid attribute name `%1$s'";
+#define wrong_constant_name bad_const_name
+
+/*! \private */
+#define id_for_var(obj, name, type) id_for_setter(obj, name, type, bad_##type##_name)
+/*! \private */
 #define id_for_setter(obj, name, type, message) \
     check_setter_id(obj, &(name), rb_is_##type##_id, rb_is_##type##_name, message, strlen(message))
 static ID
@@ -1972,86 +2244,112 @@ rb_is_attr_id(ID id)
     return rb_is_local_id(id) || rb_is_const_id(id);
 }
 
-static const char wrong_constant_name[] = "wrong constant name %1$s";
-static const char invalid_attribute_name[] = "invalid attribute name `%1$s'";
-
 static ID
 id_for_attr(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_setter(obj, name, attr, invalid_attribute_name);
+    ID id = id_for_var(obj, name, attr);
     if (!id) id = rb_intern_str(name);
     return id;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     attr_reader(symbol, ...)  -> nil
- *     attr(symbol, ...)         -> nil
- *     attr_reader(string, ...)  -> nil
- *     attr(string, ...)         -> nil
+ *     attr_reader(symbol, ...)  -> array
+ *     attr(symbol, ...)         -> array
+ *     attr_reader(string, ...)  -> array
+ *     attr(string, ...)         -> array
  *
  *  Creates instance variables and corresponding methods that return the
  *  value of each instance variable. Equivalent to calling
  *  ``<code>attr</code><i>:name</i>'' on each name in turn.
  *  String arguments are converted to symbols.
+ *  Returns an array of defined method names as symbols.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_mod_attr_reader(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     int i;
+    VALUE names = rb_ary_new2(argc);
 
     for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	rb_attr(klass, id_for_attr(klass, argv[i]), TRUE, FALSE, TRUE);
+	ID id = id_for_attr(klass, argv[i]);
+	rb_attr(klass, id, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE);
+	rb_ary_push(names, ID2SYM(id));
     }
-    return Qnil;
+    return names;
 }
 
+/**
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    attr(name, ...) -> array
+ *    attr(name, true) -> array
+ *    attr(name, false) -> array
+ *
+ *  The first form is equivalent to #attr_reader.
+ *  The second form is equivalent to <code>attr_accessor(name)</code> but deprecated.
+ *  The last form is equivalent to <code>attr_reader(name)</code> but deprecated.
+ *  Returns an array of defined method names as symbols.
+ *--
+ * \private
+ * \todo can be static?
+ *++
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_mod_attr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     if (argc == 2 && (argv[1] == Qtrue || argv[1] == Qfalse)) {
-	rb_warning("optional boolean argument is obsoleted");
-	rb_attr(klass, id_for_attr(klass, argv[0]), 1, RTEST(argv[1]), TRUE);
-	return Qnil;
+	ID id = id_for_attr(klass, argv[0]);
+	VALUE names = rb_ary_new();
+
+	rb_category_warning(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "optional boolean argument is obsoleted");
+	rb_attr(klass, id, 1, RTEST(argv[1]), TRUE);
+	rb_ary_push(names, ID2SYM(id));
+	if (argv[1] == Qtrue) rb_ary_push(names, ID2SYM(rb_id_attrset(id)));
+	return names;
     }
     return rb_mod_attr_reader(argc, argv, klass);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *      attr_writer(symbol, ...)    -> nil
- *      attr_writer(string, ...)    -> nil
+ *      attr_writer(symbol, ...)    -> array
+ *      attr_writer(string, ...)    -> array
  *
  *  Creates an accessor method to allow assignment to the attribute
  *  <i>symbol</i><code>.id2name</code>.
  *  String arguments are converted to symbols.
+ *  Returns an array of defined method names as symbols.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_mod_attr_writer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     int i;
+    VALUE names = rb_ary_new2(argc);
 
     for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	rb_attr(klass, id_for_attr(klass, argv[i]), FALSE, TRUE, TRUE);
+	ID id = id_for_attr(klass, argv[i]);
+	rb_attr(klass, id, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE);
+	rb_ary_push(names, ID2SYM(rb_id_attrset(id)));
     }
-    return Qnil;
+    return names;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     attr_accessor(symbol, ...)    -> nil
- *     attr_accessor(string, ...)    -> nil
+ *     attr_accessor(symbol, ...)    -> array
+ *     attr_accessor(string, ...)    -> array
  *
  *  Defines a named attribute for this module, where the name is
  *  <i>symbol.</i><code>id2name</code>, creating an instance variable
  *  (<code>@name</code>) and a corresponding access method to read it.
  *  Also creates a method called <code>name=</code> to set the attribute.
  *  String arguments are converted to symbols.
+ *  Returns an array of defined method names as symbols.
  *
  *     module Mod
- *       attr_accessor(:one, :two)
+ *       attr_accessor(:one, :two) #=> [:one, :one=, :two, :two=]
  *     end
  *     Mod.instance_methods.sort   #=> [:one, :one=, :two, :two=]
  */
@@ -2060,11 +2358,16 @@ static VALUE
 rb_mod_attr_accessor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     int i;
+    VALUE names = rb_ary_new2(argc * 2);
 
     for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-	rb_attr(klass, id_for_attr(klass, argv[i]), TRUE, TRUE, TRUE);
+	ID id = id_for_attr(klass, argv[i]);
+
+	rb_attr(klass, id, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE);
+	rb_ary_push(names, ID2SYM(id));
+	rb_ary_push(names, ID2SYM(rb_id_attrset(id)));
     }
-    return Qnil;
+    return names;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2137,8 +2440,7 @@ rb_mod_const_get(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
     pend = path + RSTRING_LEN(name);
 
     if (p >= pend || !*p) {
-      wrong_name:
-	rb_name_err_raise(wrong_constant_name, mod, name);
+        goto wrong_name;
     }
 
     if (p + 2 < pend && p[0] == ':' && p[1] == ':') {
@@ -2172,7 +2474,7 @@ rb_mod_const_get(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	if (!id) {
 	    part = rb_str_subseq(name, beglen, len);
 	    OBJ_FREEZE(part);
-	    if (!ISUPPER(*pbeg) || !rb_is_const_name(part)) {
+	    if (!rb_is_const_name(part)) {
 		name = part;
 		goto wrong_name;
 	    }
@@ -2189,10 +2491,26 @@ rb_mod_const_get(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	    name = ID2SYM(id);
 	    goto wrong_name;
 	}
-	mod = RTEST(recur) ? rb_const_get(mod, id) : rb_const_get_at(mod, id);
+#if 0
+        mod = rb_const_get_0(mod, id, beglen > 0 || !RTEST(recur), RTEST(recur), FALSE);
+#else
+        if (!RTEST(recur)) {
+            mod = rb_const_get_at(mod, id);
+        }
+        else if (beglen == 0) {
+            mod = rb_const_get(mod, id);
+        }
+        else {
+            mod = rb_const_get_from(mod, id);
+        }
+#endif
     }
 
     return mod;
+
+  wrong_name:
+    rb_name_err_raise(wrong_constant_name, mod, name);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2217,7 +2535,7 @@ rb_mod_const_get(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 static VALUE
 rb_mod_const_set(VALUE mod, VALUE name, VALUE value)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_setter(mod, name, const, wrong_constant_name);
+    ID id = id_for_var(mod, name, const);
     if (!id) id = rb_intern_str(name);
     rb_const_set(mod, id, value);
 
@@ -2295,8 +2613,7 @@ rb_mod_const_defined(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
     pend = path + RSTRING_LEN(name);
 
     if (p >= pend || !*p) {
-      wrong_name:
-	rb_name_err_raise(wrong_constant_name, mod, name);
+        goto wrong_name;
     }
 
     if (p + 2 < pend && p[0] == ':' && p[1] == ':') {
@@ -2325,7 +2642,7 @@ rb_mod_const_defined(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	if (!id) {
 	    part = rb_str_subseq(name, beglen, len);
 	    OBJ_FREEZE(part);
-	    if (!ISUPPER(*pbeg) || !rb_is_const_name(part)) {
+	    if (!rb_is_const_name(part)) {
 		name = part;
 		goto wrong_name;
 	    }
@@ -2337,17 +2654,30 @@ rb_mod_const_defined(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	    name = ID2SYM(id);
 	    goto wrong_name;
 	}
-	if (RTEST(recur)) {
-	    if (!rb_const_defined(mod, id))
-		return Qfalse;
-	    mod = rb_const_get(mod, id);
-	}
-	else {
+
+#if 0
+        mod = rb_const_search(mod, id, beglen > 0 || !RTEST(recur), RTEST(recur), FALSE);
+        if (mod == Qundef) return Qfalse;
+#else
+        if (!RTEST(recur)) {
 	    if (!rb_const_defined_at(mod, id))
 		return Qfalse;
+            if (p == pend) return Qtrue;
 	    mod = rb_const_get_at(mod, id);
 	}
-	recur = Qfalse;
+        else if (beglen == 0) {
+            if (!rb_const_defined(mod, id))
+                return Qfalse;
+            if (p == pend) return Qtrue;
+            mod = rb_const_get(mod, id);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!rb_const_defined_from(mod, id))
+                return Qfalse;
+            if (p == pend) return Qtrue;
+            mod = rb_const_get_from(mod, id);
+        }
+#endif
 
 	if (p < pend && !RB_TYPE_P(mod, T_MODULE) && !RB_TYPE_P(mod, T_CLASS)) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" does not refer to class/module",
@@ -2356,6 +2686,163 @@ rb_mod_const_defined(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
     }
 
     return Qtrue;
+
+  wrong_name:
+    rb_name_err_raise(wrong_constant_name, mod, name);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.const_source_location(sym, inherit=true)   -> [String, Integer]
+ *     mod.const_source_location(str, inherit=true)   -> [String, Integer]
+ *
+ *  Returns the Ruby source filename and line number containing the definition
+ *  of the constant specified. If the named constant is not found, +nil+ is returned.
+ *  If the constant is found, but its source location can not be extracted
+ *  (constant is defined in C code), empty array is returned.
+ *
+ *  _inherit_ specifies whether to lookup in <code>mod.ancestors</code> (+true+
+ *  by default).
+ *
+ *      # test.rb:
+ *      class A         # line 1
+ *        C1 = 1
+ *        C2 = 2
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      module M        # line 6
+ *        C3 = 3
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      class B < A     # line 10
+ *        include M
+ *        C4 = 4
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      class A # continuation of A definition
+ *        C2 = 8 # constant redefinition; warned yet allowed
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      p B.const_source_location('C4')           # => ["test.rb", 12]
+ *      p B.const_source_location('C3')           # => ["test.rb", 7]
+ *      p B.const_source_location('C1')           # => ["test.rb", 2]
+ *
+ *      p B.const_source_location('C3', false)    # => nil  -- don't lookup in ancestors
+ *
+ *      p A.const_source_location('C2')           # => ["test.rb", 16] -- actual (last) definition place
+ *
+ *      p Object.const_source_location('B')       # => ["test.rb", 10] -- top-level constant could be looked through Object
+ *      p Object.const_source_location('A')       # => ["test.rb", 1] -- class reopening is NOT considered new definition
+ *
+ *      p B.const_source_location('A')            # => ["test.rb", 1]  -- because Object is in ancestors
+ *      p M.const_source_location('A')            # => ["test.rb", 1]  -- Object is not ancestor, but additionally checked for modules
+ *
+ *      p Object.const_source_location('A::C1')   # => ["test.rb", 2]  -- nesting is supported
+ *      p Object.const_source_location('String')  # => []  -- constant is defined in C code
+ *
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_mod_const_source_location(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
+{
+    VALUE name, recur, loc = Qnil;
+    rb_encoding *enc;
+    const char *pbeg, *p, *path, *pend;
+    ID id;
+
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    name = argv[0];
+    recur = (argc == 1) ? Qtrue : argv[1];
+
+    if (SYMBOL_P(name)) {
+        if (!rb_is_const_sym(name)) goto wrong_name;
+        id = rb_check_id(&name);
+        if (!id) return Qnil;
+        return RTEST(recur) ? rb_const_source_location(mod, id) : rb_const_source_location_at(mod, id);
+    }
+
+    path = StringValuePtr(name);
+    enc = rb_enc_get(name);
+
+    if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid class path encoding (non ASCII)");
+    }
+
+    pbeg = p = path;
+    pend = path + RSTRING_LEN(name);
+
+    if (p >= pend || !*p) {
+        goto wrong_name;
+    }
+
+    if (p + 2 < pend && p[0] == ':' && p[1] == ':') {
+        mod = rb_cObject;
+        p += 2;
+        pbeg = p;
+    }
+
+    while (p < pend) {
+        VALUE part;
+        long len, beglen;
+
+        while (p < pend && *p != ':') p++;
+
+        if (pbeg == p) goto wrong_name;
+
+        id = rb_check_id_cstr(pbeg, len = p-pbeg, enc);
+        beglen = pbeg-path;
+
+        if (p < pend && p[0] == ':') {
+            if (p + 2 >= pend || p[1] != ':') goto wrong_name;
+            p += 2;
+            pbeg = p;
+        }
+
+        if (!id) {
+            part = rb_str_subseq(name, beglen, len);
+            OBJ_FREEZE(part);
+            if (!rb_is_const_name(part)) {
+                name = part;
+                goto wrong_name;
+            }
+            else {
+                return Qnil;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!rb_is_const_id(id)) {
+            name = ID2SYM(id);
+            goto wrong_name;
+        }
+        if (p < pend) {
+            if (RTEST(recur)) {
+                mod = rb_const_get(mod, id);
+            }
+            else {
+                mod = rb_const_get_at(mod, id);
+            }
+            if (!RB_TYPE_P(mod, T_MODULE) && !RB_TYPE_P(mod, T_CLASS)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" does not refer to class/module",
+                         QUOTE(name));
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (RTEST(recur)) {
+                loc = rb_const_source_location(mod, id);
+            }
+            else {
+                loc = rb_const_source_location_at(mod, id);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        recur = Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    return loc;
+
+  wrong_name:
+    rb_name_err_raise(wrong_constant_name, mod, name);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2366,7 +2853,7 @@ rb_mod_const_defined(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
  *  Returns the value of the given instance variable, or nil if the
  *  instance variable is not set. The <code>@</code> part of the
  *  variable name should be included for regular instance
- *  variables. Throws a <code>NameError</code> exception if the
+ *  variables. Throws a NameError exception if the
  *  supplied symbol is not valid as an instance variable name.
  *  String arguments are converted to symbols.
  *
@@ -2383,7 +2870,7 @@ rb_mod_const_defined(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 static VALUE
 rb_obj_ivar_get(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, an, instance);
+    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, instance);
 
     if (!id) {
 	return Qnil;
@@ -2397,9 +2884,9 @@ rb_obj_ivar_get(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
  *     obj.instance_variable_set(string, obj)    -> obj
  *
  *  Sets the instance variable named by <i>symbol</i> to the given
- *  object, thereby frustrating the efforts of the class's
- *  author to attempt to provide proper encapsulation. The variable
- *  does not have to exist prior to this call.
+ *  object. This may circumvent the encapsulation intended by
+ *  the author of the class, so it should be used with care.
+ *  The variable does not have to exist prior to this call.
  *  If the instance variable name is passed as a string, that string
  *  is converted to a symbol.
  *
@@ -2417,7 +2904,7 @@ rb_obj_ivar_get(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
 static VALUE
 rb_obj_ivar_set(VALUE obj, VALUE iv, VALUE val)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, an, instance);
+    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, instance);
     if (!id) id = rb_intern_str(iv);
     return rb_ivar_set(obj, id, val);
 }
@@ -2445,7 +2932,7 @@ rb_obj_ivar_set(VALUE obj, VALUE iv, VALUE val)
 static VALUE
 rb_obj_ivar_defined(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, an, instance);
+    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, instance);
 
     if (!id) {
 	return Qfalse;
@@ -2459,7 +2946,7 @@ rb_obj_ivar_defined(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
  *     mod.class_variable_get(string)    -> obj
  *
  *  Returns the value of the given class variable (or throws a
- *  <code>NameError</code> exception). The <code>@@</code> part of the
+ *  NameError exception). The <code>@@</code> part of the
  *  variable name should be included for regular class variables.
  *  String arguments are converted to symbols.
  *
@@ -2472,7 +2959,7 @@ rb_obj_ivar_defined(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
 static VALUE
 rb_mod_cvar_get(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, a, class);
+    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, class);
 
     if (!id) {
 	rb_name_err_raise("uninitialized class variable %1$s in %2$s",
@@ -2504,7 +2991,7 @@ rb_mod_cvar_get(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
 static VALUE
 rb_mod_cvar_set(VALUE obj, VALUE iv, VALUE val)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, a, class);
+    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, class);
     if (!id) id = rb_intern_str(iv);
     rb_cvar_set(obj, id, val);
     return val;
@@ -2529,7 +3016,7 @@ rb_mod_cvar_set(VALUE obj, VALUE iv, VALUE val)
 static VALUE
 rb_mod_cvar_defined(VALUE obj, VALUE iv)
 {
-    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, a, class);
+    ID id = id_for_var(obj, iv, class);
 
     if (!id) {
 	return Qfalse;
@@ -2558,6 +3045,7 @@ rb_mod_singleton_p(VALUE klass)
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 static const struct conv_method_tbl {
     const char method[6];
     unsigned short id;
@@ -2573,33 +3061,38 @@ static const struct conv_method_tbl {
     M(a),
     M(s),
     M(i),
+    M(r),
 #undef M
 };
 #define IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS 7
 
-static VALUE
-convert_type(VALUE val, const char *tname, const char *method, int raise)
+static int
+conv_method_index(const char *method)
 {
-    ID m = 0;
-    int i = numberof(conv_method_names);
-    VALUE r;
     static const char prefix[] = "to_";
 
     if (strncmp(prefix, method, sizeof(prefix)-1) == 0) {
 	const char *const meth = &method[sizeof(prefix)-1];
+	int i;
 	for (i=0; i < numberof(conv_method_names); i++) {
 	    if (conv_method_names[i].method[0] == meth[0] &&
 		strcmp(conv_method_names[i].method, meth) == 0) {
-		m = conv_method_names[i].id;
-		break;
+		return i;
 	    }
 	}
     }
-    if (!m) m = rb_intern(method);
-    r = rb_check_funcall(val, m, 0, 0);
+    return numberof(conv_method_names);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+convert_type_with_id(VALUE val, const char *tname, ID method, int raise, int index)
+{
+    VALUE r = rb_check_funcall(val, method, 0, 0);
     if (r == Qundef) {
 	if (raise) {
-	    const char *msg = i < IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS ?
+	    const char *msg =
+		((index < 0 ? conv_method_index(rb_id2name(method)) : index)
+		 < IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS) ?
 		"no implicit conversion of" : "can't convert";
 	    const char *cname = NIL_P(val) ? "nil" :
 		val == Qtrue ? "true" :
@@ -2616,6 +3109,16 @@ convert_type(VALUE val, const char *tname, const char *method, int raise)
     return r;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+convert_type(VALUE val, const char *tname, const char *method, int raise)
+{
+    int i = conv_method_index(method);
+    ID m = i < numberof(conv_method_names) ?
+	conv_method_names[i].id : rb_intern(method);
+    return convert_type_with_id(val, tname, m, raise, i);
+}
+
+/*! \private */
 NORETURN(static void conversion_mismatch(VALUE, const char *, const char *, VALUE));
 static void
 conversion_mismatch(VALUE val, const char *tname, const char *method, VALUE result)
@@ -2626,6 +3129,19 @@ conversion_mismatch(VALUE val, const char *tname, const char *method, VALUE resu
 	     cname, tname, cname, method, rb_obj_class(result));
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Converts an object into another type.
+ * Calls the specified conversion method if necessary.
+ *
+ * \param[in] val    the object to be converted
+ * \param[in] type   a value of \c ruby_value_type
+ * \param[in] tname  name of the target type.
+ *   only used for error messages.
+ * \param[in] method name of the method
+ * \return an object of the specified type
+ * \throw TypeError on failure
+ * \sa rb_check_convert_type
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_convert_type(VALUE val, int type, const char *tname, const char *method)
 {
@@ -2639,6 +3155,34 @@ rb_convert_type(VALUE val, int type, const char *tname, const char *method)
     return v;
 }
 
+/*! \private */
+VALUE
+rb_convert_type_with_id(VALUE val, int type, const char *tname, ID method)
+{
+    VALUE v;
+
+    if (TYPE(val) == type) return val;
+    v = convert_type_with_id(val, tname, method, TRUE, -1);
+    if (TYPE(v) != type) {
+	conversion_mismatch(val, tname, RSTRING_PTR(rb_id2str(method)), v);
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Tries to convert an object into another type.
+ * Calls the specified conversion method if necessary.
+ *
+ * \param[in] val    the object to be converted
+ * \param[in] type   a value of \c ruby_value_type
+ * \param[in] tname  name of the target type.
+ *   only used for error messages.
+ * \param[in] method name of the method
+ * \return an object of the specified type, or Qnil if no such conversion method defined.
+ * \throw TypeError if the conversion method returns an unexpected type of value.
+ * \sa rb_convert_type
+ * \sa rb_check_convert_type_with_id
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_check_convert_type(VALUE val, int type, const char *tname, const char *method)
 {
@@ -2654,21 +3198,49 @@ rb_check_convert_type(VALUE val, int type, const char *tname, const char *method
     return v;
 }
 
+/*! \private */
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_check_convert_type_with_id(VALUE val, int type, const char *tname, ID method)
+{
+    VALUE v;
 
-static VALUE
-rb_to_integer(VALUE val, const char *method)
+    /* always convert T_DATA */
+    if (TYPE(val) == type && type != T_DATA) return val;
+    v = convert_type_with_id(val, tname, method, FALSE, -1);
+    if (NIL_P(v)) return Qnil;
+    if (TYPE(v) != type) {
+	conversion_mismatch(val, tname, RSTRING_PTR(rb_id2str(method)), v);
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
+#define try_to_int(val, mid, raise) \
+    convert_type_with_id(val, "Integer", mid, raise, -1)
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static VALUE rb_to_integer(VALUE val, const char *method, ID mid));
+static inline VALUE
+rb_to_integer(VALUE val, const char *method, ID mid)
 {
     VALUE v;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) return val;
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_BIGNUM)) return val;
-    v = convert_type(val, "Integer", method, TRUE);
-    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cInteger)) {
-	conversion_mismatch(val, "Integer", method, v);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(val)) return val;
+    v = try_to_int(val, mid, TRUE);
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(v)) {
+        conversion_mismatch(val, "Integer", method, v);
     }
     return v;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Tries to convert \a val into \c Integer.
+ * It calls the specified conversion method if necessary.
+ *
+ * \param[in] val     a Ruby object
+ * \param[in] method  a name of a method
+ * \return an \c Integer object on success,
+ *   or \c Qnil if no such conversion method defined.
+ * \exception TypeError if the conversion method returns a non-Integer object.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_check_to_integer(VALUE val, const char *method)
 {
@@ -2677,112 +3249,201 @@ rb_check_to_integer(VALUE val, const char *method)
     if (FIXNUM_P(val)) return val;
     if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_BIGNUM)) return val;
     v = convert_type(val, "Integer", method, FALSE);
-    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cInteger)) {
-	return Qnil;
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(v)) {
+        return Qnil;
     }
     return v;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Converts \a val into \c Integer.
+ * It calls \a #to_int method if necessary.
+ *
+ * \param[in] val a Ruby object
+ * \return an \c Integer object
+ * \exception TypeError on failure
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_to_int(VALUE val)
 {
-    return rb_to_integer(val, "to_int");
+    return rb_to_integer(val, "to_int", idTo_int);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Tries to convert \a val into Integer.
+ * It calls \c #to_int method if necessary.
+ *
+ * \param[in] val a Ruby object
+ * \return an Integer object on success,
+ *   or \c Qnil if \c #to_int is not defined.
+ * \exception TypeError if \c #to_int returns a non-Integer object.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_check_to_int(VALUE val)
 {
-    return rb_check_to_integer(val, "to_int");
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(val)) return val;
+    val = try_to_int(val, idTo_int, FALSE);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(val)) return val;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_check_to_i(VALUE val)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(val)) return val;
+    val = try_to_int(val, idTo_i, FALSE);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(val)) return val;
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_convert_to_integer(VALUE val, int base)
+rb_convert_to_integer(VALUE val, int base, int raise_exception)
 {
     VALUE tmp;
 
+    if (base) {
+        tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
+
+        if (! NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            val =  tmp;
+        }
+        else if (! raise_exception) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "base specified for non string value");
+        }
+    }
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(val)) {
-	double f;
-	if (base != 0) goto arg_error;
-	f = RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
-	if (FIXABLE(f)) return LONG2FIX((long)f);
-	return rb_dbl2big(f);
+        double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
+        if (!raise_exception && !isfinite(f)) return Qnil;
+        if (FIXABLE(f)) return LONG2FIX((long)f);
+        return rb_dbl2big(f);
     }
     else if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(val)) {
-	if (base != 0) goto arg_error;
-	return val;
+        return val;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
-	return rb_str_to_inum(val, base, TRUE);
+        return rb_str_convert_to_inum(val, base, TRUE, raise_exception);
     }
     else if (NIL_P(val)) {
-	if (base != 0) goto arg_error;
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Integer");
+        if (!raise_exception) return Qnil;
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Integer");
     }
-    if (base != 0) {
-	tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
-	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) return rb_str_to_inum(tmp, base, TRUE);
-      arg_error:
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "base specified for non string value");
-    }
-    tmp = convert_type(val, "Integer", "to_int", FALSE);
-    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	return rb_to_integer(val, "to_i");
+
+    tmp = rb_protect(rb_check_to_int, val, NULL);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(tmp)) return tmp;
+    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+
+    if (!raise_exception) {
+        VALUE result = rb_protect(rb_check_to_i, val, NULL);
+        rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+        return result;
     }
-    return tmp;
 
+    return rb_to_integer(val, "to_i", idTo_i);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Equivalent to \c Kernel\#Integer in Ruby.
+ *
+ * Converts \a val into \c Integer in a slightly more strict manner
+ * than \c #to_i.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_Integer(VALUE val)
 {
-    return rb_convert_to_integer(val, 0);
+    return rb_convert_to_integer(val, 0, TRUE);
+}
+
+int
+rb_bool_expected(VALUE obj, const char *flagname)
+{
+    switch (obj) {
+      case Qtrue: case Qfalse:
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "true or false is expected as %s: %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 flagname, obj);
+    }
+    return obj != Qfalse;
+}
+
+int
+rb_opts_exception_p(VALUE opts, int default_value)
+{
+    static ID kwds[1] = {idException};
+    VALUE exception;
+    if (rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwds, 0, 1, &exception))
+        return rb_bool_expected(exception, "exception");
+    return default_value;
 }
 
+#define opts_exception_p(opts) rb_opts_exception_p((opts), TRUE)
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Integer(arg, base=0)    -> integer
+ *     Integer(arg, base=0, exception: true)    -> integer or nil
  *
- *  Converts <i>arg</i> to an <code>Integer</code>.
+ *  Converts <i>arg</i> to an Integer.
  *  Numeric types are converted directly (with floating point numbers
  *  being truncated).  <i>base</i> (0, or between 2 and 36) is a base for
- *  integer string representation.  If <i>arg</i> is a <code>String</code>,
+ *  integer string representation.  If <i>arg</i> is a String,
  *  when <i>base</i> is omitted or equals zero, radix indicators
  *  (<code>0</code>, <code>0b</code>, and <code>0x</code>) are honored.
- *  In any case, strings should be strictly conformed to numeric
- *  representation. This behavior is different from that of
- *  <code>String#to_i</code>.  Non string values will be converted by first
- *  trying <code>to_int</code>, then <code>to_i</code>. Passing <code>nil</code>
- *  raises a TypeError.
+ *  In any case, strings should consist only of one or more digits, except
+ *  for that a sign, one underscore between two digits, and leading/trailing
+ *  spaces are optional.  This behavior is different from that of
+ *  String#to_i.  Non string values will be converted by first
+ *  trying <code>to_int</code>, then <code>to_i</code>.
+ *
+ *  Passing <code>nil</code> raises a TypeError, while passing a String that
+ *  does not conform with numeric representation raises an ArgumentError.
+ *  This behavior can be altered by passing <code>exception: false</code>,
+ *  in this case a not convertible value will return <code>nil</code>.
  *
  *     Integer(123.999)    #=> 123
  *     Integer("0x1a")     #=> 26
  *     Integer(Time.new)   #=> 1204973019
  *     Integer("0930", 10) #=> 930
  *     Integer("111", 2)   #=> 7
- *     Integer(nil)        #=> TypeError
+ *     Integer(" +1_0 ")   #=> 10
+ *     Integer(nil)        #=> TypeError: can't convert nil into Integer
+ *     Integer("x")        #=> ArgumentError: invalid value for Integer(): "x"
+ *
+ *     Integer("x", exception: false)        #=> nil
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_f_integer(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE arg = Qnil;
+    VALUE arg = Qnil, opts = Qnil;
     int base = 0;
 
-    switch (argc) {
-      case 2:
-	base = NUM2INT(argv[1]);
-      case 1:
-	arg = argv[0];
-	break;
-      default:
-	/* should cause ArgumentError */
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", NULL, NULL);
+    if (argc > 1) {
+        int narg = 1;
+        VALUE vbase = rb_check_to_int(argv[1]);
+        if (!NIL_P(vbase)) {
+            base = NUM2INT(vbase);
+            narg = 2;
+        }
+        if (argc > narg) {
+            VALUE hash = rb_check_hash_type(argv[argc-1]);
+            if (!NIL_P(hash)) {
+                opts = rb_extract_keywords(&hash);
+                if (!hash) --argc;
+            }
+        }
     }
-    return rb_convert_to_integer(arg, base);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    arg = argv[0];
+
+    return rb_convert_to_integer(arg, base, opts_exception_p(opts));
 }
 
-double
-rb_cstr_to_dbl(const char *p, int badcheck)
+static double
+rb_cstr_to_dbl_raise(const char *p, int badcheck, int raise, int *error)
 {
     const char *q;
     char *end;
@@ -2791,82 +3452,131 @@ rb_cstr_to_dbl(const char *p, int badcheck)
     int w;
     enum {max_width = 20};
 #define OutOfRange() ((end - p > max_width) ? \
-		      (w = max_width, ellipsis = "...") : \
-		      (w = (int)(end - p), ellipsis = ""))
+                      (w = max_width, ellipsis = "...") : \
+                      (w = (int)(end - p), ellipsis = ""))
 
     if (!p) return 0.0;
     q = p;
     while (ISSPACE(*p)) p++;
 
     if (!badcheck && p[0] == '0' && (p[1] == 'x' || p[1] == 'X')) {
-	return 0.0;
+        return 0.0;
     }
 
     d = strtod(p, &end);
     if (errno == ERANGE) {
-	OutOfRange();
-	rb_warning("Float %.*s%s out of range", w, p, ellipsis);
-	errno = 0;
+        OutOfRange();
+        rb_warning("Float %.*s%s out of range", w, p, ellipsis);
+        errno = 0;
     }
     if (p == end) {
-	if (badcheck) {
-	  bad:
-	    rb_invalid_str(q, "Float()");
-	}
-	return d;
+        if (badcheck) {
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        return d;
     }
     if (*end) {
-	char buf[DBL_DIG * 4 + 10];
-	char *n = buf;
-	char *e = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
-	char prev = 0;
-
-	while (p < end && n < e) prev = *n++ = *p++;
-	while (*p) {
-	    if (*p == '_') {
-		/* remove underscores between digits */
-		if (badcheck) {
-		    if (n == buf || !ISDIGIT(prev)) goto bad;
-		    ++p;
-		    if (!ISDIGIT(*p)) goto bad;
-		}
-		else {
-		    while (*++p == '_');
-		    continue;
-		}
-	    }
-	    prev = *p++;
-	    if (n < e) *n++ = prev;
-	}
-	*n = '\0';
-	p = buf;
-
-	if (!badcheck && p[0] == '0' && (p[1] == 'x' || p[1] == 'X')) {
-	    return 0.0;
-	}
-
-	d = strtod(p, &end);
-	if (errno == ERANGE) {
-	    OutOfRange();
-	    rb_warning("Float %.*s%s out of range", w, p, ellipsis);
-	    errno = 0;
-	}
-	if (badcheck) {
-	    if (!end || p == end) goto bad;
-	    while (*end && ISSPACE(*end)) end++;
-	    if (*end) goto bad;
-	}
+        char buf[DBL_DIG * 4 + 10];
+        char *n = buf;
+        char *const init_e = buf + DBL_DIG * 4;
+        char *e = init_e;
+        char prev = 0;
+        int dot_seen = FALSE;
+
+        switch (*p) {case '+': case '-': prev = *n++ = *p++;}
+        if (*p == '0') {
+            prev = *n++ = '0';
+            while (*++p == '0');
+        }
+        while (p < end && n < e) prev = *n++ = *p++;
+        while (*p) {
+            if (*p == '_') {
+                /* remove an underscore between digits */
+                if (n == buf || !ISDIGIT(prev) || (++p, !ISDIGIT(*p))) {
+                    if (badcheck) goto bad;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            prev = *p++;
+            if (e == init_e && (prev == 'e' || prev == 'E' || prev == 'p' || prev == 'P')) {
+                e = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
+                *n++ = prev;
+                switch (*p) {case '+': case '-': prev = *n++ = *p++;}
+                if (*p == '0') {
+                    prev = *n++ = '0';
+                    while (*++p == '0');
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            else if (ISSPACE(prev)) {
+                while (ISSPACE(*p)) ++p;
+                if (*p) {
+                    if (badcheck) goto bad;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (prev == '.' ? dot_seen++ : !ISDIGIT(prev)) {
+                if (badcheck) goto bad;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (n < e) *n++ = prev;
+        }
+        *n = '\0';
+        p = buf;
+
+        if (!badcheck && p[0] == '0' && (p[1] == 'x' || p[1] == 'X')) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+
+        d = strtod(p, &end);
+        if (errno == ERANGE) {
+            OutOfRange();
+            rb_warning("Float %.*s%s out of range", w, p, ellipsis);
+            errno = 0;
+        }
+        if (badcheck) {
+            if (!end || p == end) goto bad;
+            while (*end && ISSPACE(*end)) end++;
+            if (*end) goto bad;
+        }
     }
     if (errno == ERANGE) {
-	errno = 0;
-	OutOfRange();
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Float %.*s%s out of range", w, q, ellipsis);
+        errno = 0;
+        OutOfRange();
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Float %.*s%s out of range", w, q, ellipsis);
     }
     return d;
+
+  bad:
+    if (raise) {
+        rb_invalid_str(q, "Float()");
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(nan(""));
+    }
+    else {
+        if (error) *error = 1;
+        return 0.0;
+    }
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Parses a string representation of a floating point number.
+ *
+ * \param[in] p  a string representation of a floating number
+ * \param[in] badcheck raises an exception on parse error if \a badcheck is non-zero.
+ * \return the floating point number in the string on success,
+ *   0.0 on parse error and \a badcheck is zero.
+ * \note it always fails to parse a hexadecimal representation like "0xAB.CDp+1" when
+ *   \a badcheck is zero, even though it would success if \a badcheck was non-zero.
+ *   This inconsistency is coming from a historical compatibility reason. [ruby-dev:40822]
+ */
 double
-rb_str_to_dbl(VALUE str, int badcheck)
+rb_cstr_to_dbl(const char *p, int badcheck)
+{
+    return rb_cstr_to_dbl_raise(p, badcheck, TRUE, NULL);
+}
+
+static double
+rb_str_to_dbl_raise(VALUE str, int badcheck, int raise, int *error)
 {
     char *s;
     long len;
@@ -2878,38 +3588,72 @@ rb_str_to_dbl(VALUE str, int badcheck)
     len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
     if (s) {
 	if (badcheck && memchr(s, '\0', len)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string for Float contains null byte");
+            if (raise)
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string for Float contains null byte");
+            else {
+                if (error) *error = 1;
+                return 0.0;
+            }
 	}
 	if (s[len]) {		/* no sentinel somehow */
-	    char *p =  ALLOCV(v, len);
+	    char *p = ALLOCV(v, (size_t)len + 1);
 	    MEMCPY(p, s, char, len);
 	    p[len] = '\0';
 	    s = p;
 	}
     }
-    ret = rb_cstr_to_dbl(s, badcheck);
+    ret = rb_cstr_to_dbl_raise(s, badcheck, raise, error);
     if (v)
 	ALLOCV_END(v);
     return ret;
 }
 
+FUNC_MINIMIZED(double rb_str_to_dbl(VALUE str, int badcheck));
+
+/*!
+ * Parses a string representation of a floating point number.
+ *
+ * \param[in] str  a \c String object representation of a floating number
+ * \param[in] badcheck raises an exception on parse error if \a badcheck is non-zero.
+ * \return the floating point number in the string on success,
+ *   0.0 on parse error and \a badcheck is zero.
+ * \note it always fails to parse a hexadecimal representation like "0xAB.CDp+1" when
+ *   \a badcheck is zero, even though it would success if \a badcheck was non-zero.
+ *   This inconsistency is coming from a historical compatibility reason. [ruby-dev:40822]
+ */
+double
+rb_str_to_dbl(VALUE str, int badcheck)
+{
+    return rb_str_to_dbl_raise(str, badcheck, TRUE, NULL);
+}
+
+/*! \cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 #define fix2dbl_without_to_f(x) (double)FIX2LONG(x)
 #define big2dbl_without_to_f(x) rb_big2dbl(x)
 #define int2dbl_without_to_f(x) \
     (FIXNUM_P(x) ? fix2dbl_without_to_f(x) : big2dbl_without_to_f(x))
-#define rat2dbl_without_to_f(x) \
-    (int2dbl_without_to_f(rb_rational_num(x)) / \
-     int2dbl_without_to_f(rb_rational_den(x)))
+#define num2dbl_without_to_f(x) \
+    (FIXNUM_P(x) ? fix2dbl_without_to_f(x) : \
+     RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM) ? big2dbl_without_to_f(x) : \
+     (Check_Type(x, T_FLOAT), RFLOAT_VALUE(x)))
+static inline double
+rat2dbl_without_to_f(VALUE x)
+{
+    VALUE num = rb_rational_num(x);
+    VALUE den = rb_rational_den(x);
+    return num2dbl_without_to_f(num) / num2dbl_without_to_f(den);
+}
 
 #define special_const_to_float(val, pre, post) \
     switch (val) { \
       case Qnil: \
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, pre "nil" post); \
+	rb_raise_static(rb_eTypeError, pre "nil" post); \
       case Qtrue: \
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, pre "true" post); \
+	rb_raise_static(rb_eTypeError, pre "true" post); \
       case Qfalse: \
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, pre "false" post); \
+	rb_raise_static(rb_eTypeError, pre "false" post); \
     }
+/*! \endcond */
 
 static inline void
 conversion_to_float(VALUE val)
@@ -2924,7 +3668,7 @@ implicit_conversion_to_float(VALUE val)
 }
 
 static int
-to_float(VALUE *valp)
+to_float(VALUE *valp, int raise_exception)
 {
     VALUE val = *valp;
     if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(val)) {
@@ -2935,7 +3679,7 @@ to_float(VALUE *valp)
 	else if (FLONUM_P(val)) {
 	    return T_FLOAT;
 	}
-	else {
+	else if (raise_exception) {
 	    conversion_to_float(val);
 	}
     }
@@ -2957,39 +3701,59 @@ to_float(VALUE *valp)
     return T_NONE;
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_Float(VALUE val)
+static VALUE
+convert_type_to_float_protected(VALUE val)
+{
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", id_to_f);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_convert_to_float(VALUE val, int raise_exception)
 {
-    switch (to_float(&val)) {
+    switch (to_float(&val, raise_exception)) {
       case T_FLOAT:
 	return val;
       case T_STRING:
-	return DBL2NUM(rb_str_to_dbl(val, TRUE));
+        if (!raise_exception) {
+            int e = 0;
+            double x = rb_str_to_dbl_raise(val, TRUE, raise_exception, &e);
+            return e ? Qnil : DBL2NUM(x);
+        }
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_str_to_dbl(val, TRUE));
+      case T_NONE:
+        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(val) && !raise_exception)
+            return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    if (!raise_exception) {
+        int state;
+        VALUE result = rb_protect(convert_type_to_float_protected, val, &state);
+        if (state) rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+        return result;
     }
-    return rb_convert_type(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", "to_f");
+
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", id_to_f);
 }
 
-FUNC_MINIMIZED(static VALUE rb_f_float(VALUE obj, VALUE arg));
+FUNC_MINIMIZED(VALUE rb_Float(VALUE val));
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Float(arg)    -> float
- *
- *  Returns <i>arg</i> converted to a float. Numeric types are converted
- *  directly, and with exception to string and nil the rest are converted using <i>arg</i>.to_f.
- *  Converting a <code>string</code> with invalid characters will result in a <code>ArgumentError</code>.
- *  Converting <code>nil</code> generates a <code>TypeError</code>.
+/*!
+ * Equivalent to \c Kernel\#Float in Ruby.
  *
- *     Float(1)                 #=> 1.0
- *     Float("123.456")         #=> 123.456
- *     Float("123.0_badstring") #=> ArgumentError: invalid value for Float(): "123.0_badstring"
- *     Float(nil)               #=> TypeError: can't convert nil into Float
+ * Converts \a val into \c Float in a slightly more strict manner
+ * than \c #to_f.
  */
+VALUE
+rb_Float(VALUE val)
+{
+    return rb_convert_to_float(val, TRUE);
+}
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_float(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
+rb_f_float(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE arg, VALUE opts)
 {
-    return rb_Float(arg);
+    int exception = rb_bool_expected(opts, "exception");
+    return rb_convert_to_float(arg, exception);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2999,19 +3763,31 @@ numeric_to_float(VALUE val)
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" into Float",
 		 rb_obj_class(val));
     }
-    return rb_convert_type(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", "to_f");
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", id_to_f);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Converts a \c Numeric object into \c Float.
+ * \param[in] val a \c Numeric object
+ * \exception TypeError if \a val is not a \c Numeric or other conversion failures.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_to_float(VALUE val)
 {
-    switch (to_float(&val)) {
+    switch (to_float(&val, TRUE)) {
       case T_FLOAT:
 	return val;
     }
     return numeric_to_float(val);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Tries to convert an object into \c Float.
+ * It calls \c #to_f if necessary.
+ *
+ * It returns \c Qnil if the object is not a \c Numeric
+ * or \c #to_f is not defined on the object.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_check_to_float(VALUE val)
 {
@@ -3019,17 +3795,16 @@ rb_check_to_float(VALUE val)
     if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, rb_cNumeric)) {
 	return Qnil;
     }
-    return rb_check_convert_type(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", "to_f");
+    return rb_check_convert_type_with_id(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", id_to_f);
 }
 
-static ID id_to_f;
-
 static inline int
 basic_to_f_p(VALUE klass)
 {
     return rb_method_basic_definition_p(klass, id_to_f);
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 double
 rb_num_to_dbl(VALUE val)
 {
@@ -3057,12 +3832,21 @@ rb_num_to_dbl(VALUE val)
 	    if (basic_to_f_p(rb_cRational))
 		return rat2dbl_without_to_f(val);
 	    break;
+          default:
+	    break;
 	}
     }
     val = numeric_to_float(val);
     return RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Converts a \c Numeric object to \c double.
+ * \param[in] val a \c Numeric object
+ * \return the converted value
+ * \exception TypeError if \a val is not a \c Numeric or
+ *   it does not support conversion to a floating point number.
+ */
 double
 rb_num2dbl(VALUE val)
 {
@@ -3087,18 +3871,26 @@ rb_num2dbl(VALUE val)
 	    return rat2dbl_without_to_f(val);
 	  case T_STRING:
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion to float from string");
+          default:
+	    break;
 	}
     }
-    val = rb_convert_type(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", "to_f");
+    val = rb_convert_type_with_id(val, T_FLOAT, "Float", id_to_f);
     return RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Equivalent to \c Kernel\#String in Ruby.
+ *
+ * Converts \a val into \c String by trying \c #to_str at first and
+ * then trying \c #to_s.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_String(VALUE val)
 {
     VALUE tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
     if (NIL_P(tmp))
-	tmp = rb_convert_type(val, T_STRING, "String", "to_s");
+	tmp = rb_convert_type_with_id(val, T_STRING, "String", idTo_s);
     return tmp;
 }
 
@@ -3107,7 +3899,7 @@ rb_String(VALUE val)
  *  call-seq:
  *     String(arg)   -> string
  *
- *  Returns <i>arg</i> as a <code>String</code>.
+ *  Returns <i>arg</i> as a String.
  *
  *  First tries to call its <code>to_str</code> method, then its <code>to_s</code> method.
  *
@@ -3122,13 +3914,16 @@ rb_f_string(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
     return rb_String(arg);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Equivalent to \c Kernel\#Array in Ruby.
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_Array(VALUE val)
 {
     VALUE tmp = rb_check_array_type(val);
 
     if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	tmp = rb_check_convert_type(val, T_ARRAY, "Array", "to_a");
+	tmp = rb_check_to_array(val);
 	if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
 	    return rb_ary_new3(1, val);
 	}
@@ -3143,8 +3938,17 @@ rb_Array(VALUE val)
  *  Returns +arg+ as an Array.
  *
  *  First tries to call <code>to_ary</code> on +arg+, then <code>to_a</code>.
+ *  If +arg+ does not respond to <code>to_ary</code> or <code>to_a</code>,
+ *  returns an Array of length 1 containing +arg+.
  *
- *     Array(1..5)   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *  If <code>to_ary</code> or <code>to_a</code> returns something other than
+ *  an Array, raises a TypeError.
+ *
+ *     Array(["a", "b"])  #=> ["a", "b"]
+ *     Array(1..5)        #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ *     Array(key: :value) #=> [[:key, :value]]
+ *     Array(nil)         #=> []
+ *     Array(1)           #=> [1]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3153,6 +3957,9 @@ rb_f_array(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
     return rb_Array(arg);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Equivalent to \c Kernel\#Hash in Ruby
+ */
 VALUE
 rb_Hash(VALUE val)
 {
@@ -3172,8 +3979,8 @@ rb_Hash(VALUE val)
  *  call-seq:
  *     Hash(arg)    -> hash
  *
- *  Converts <i>arg</i> to a <code>Hash</code> by calling
- *  <i>arg</i><code>.to_hash</code>. Returns an empty <code>Hash</code> when
+ *  Converts <i>arg</i> to a Hash by calling
+ *  <i>arg</i><code>.to_hash</code>. Returns an empty Hash when
  *  <i>arg</i> is <tt>nil</tt> or <tt>[]</tt>.
  *
  *     Hash([])          #=> {}
@@ -3188,6 +3995,7 @@ rb_f_hash(VALUE obj, VALUE arg)
     return rb_Hash(arg);
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 struct dig_method {
     VALUE klass;
     int basic;
@@ -3215,6 +4023,7 @@ no_dig_method(int found, VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE
     }
 }
 
+/*! \private */
 VALUE
 rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE notfound)
 {
@@ -3242,19 +4051,289 @@ rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE notfound)
 		    continue;
 		}
 		break;
+              default:
+                break;
 	    }
 	}
-	return rb_check_funcall_with_hook(obj, id_dig, argc, argv,
-					  no_dig_method, obj);
+        return rb_check_funcall_with_hook_kw(obj, id_dig, argc, argv,
+                                          no_dig_method, obj,
+                                          RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
     }
     return obj;
 }
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     format(format_string [, arguments...] )   -> string
+ *     sprintf(format_string [, arguments...] )  -> string
+ *
+ *  Returns the string resulting from applying <i>format_string</i> to
+ *  any additional arguments.  Within the format string, any characters
+ *  other than format sequences are copied to the result.
+ *
+ *  The syntax of a format sequence is as follows.
+ *
+ *    %[flags][width][.precision]type
+ *
+ *  A format
+ *  sequence consists of a percent sign, followed by optional flags,
+ *  width, and precision indicators, then terminated with a field type
+ *  character.  The field type controls how the corresponding
+ *  <code>sprintf</code> argument is to be interpreted, while the flags
+ *  modify that interpretation.
+ *
+ *  The field type characters are:
+ *
+ *      Field |  Integer Format
+ *      ------+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ *        b   | Convert argument as a binary number.
+ *            | Negative numbers will be displayed as a two's complement
+ *            | prefixed with `..1'.
+ *        B   | Equivalent to `b', but uses an uppercase 0B for prefix
+ *            | in the alternative format by #.
+ *        d   | Convert argument as a decimal number.
+ *        i   | Identical to `d'.
+ *        o   | Convert argument as an octal number.
+ *            | Negative numbers will be displayed as a two's complement
+ *            | prefixed with `..7'.
+ *        u   | Identical to `d'.
+ *        x   | Convert argument as a hexadecimal number.
+ *            | Negative numbers will be displayed as a two's complement
+ *            | prefixed with `..f' (representing an infinite string of
+ *            | leading 'ff's).
+ *        X   | Equivalent to `x', but uses uppercase letters.
+ *
+ *      Field |  Float Format
+ *      ------+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ *        e   | Convert floating point argument into exponential notation
+ *            | with one digit before the decimal point as [-]d.dddddde[+-]dd.
+ *            | The precision specifies the number of digits after the decimal
+ *            | point (defaulting to six).
+ *        E   | Equivalent to `e', but uses an uppercase E to indicate
+ *            | the exponent.
+ *        f   | Convert floating point argument as [-]ddd.dddddd,
+ *            | where the precision specifies the number of digits after
+ *            | the decimal point.
+ *        g   | Convert a floating point number using exponential form
+ *            | if the exponent is less than -4 or greater than or
+ *            | equal to the precision, or in dd.dddd form otherwise.
+ *            | The precision specifies the number of significant digits.
+ *        G   | Equivalent to `g', but use an uppercase `E' in exponent form.
+ *        a   | Convert floating point argument as [-]0xh.hhhhp[+-]dd,
+ *            | which is consisted from optional sign, "0x", fraction part
+ *            | as hexadecimal, "p", and exponential part as decimal.
+ *        A   | Equivalent to `a', but use uppercase `X' and `P'.
+ *
+ *      Field |  Other Format
+ *      ------+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ *        c   | Argument is the numeric code for a single character or
+ *            | a single character string itself.
+ *        p   | The valuing of argument.inspect.
+ *        s   | Argument is a string to be substituted.  If the format
+ *            | sequence contains a precision, at most that many characters
+ *            | will be copied.
+ *        %   | A percent sign itself will be displayed.  No argument taken.
+ *
+ *  The flags modifies the behavior of the formats.
+ *  The flag characters are:
+ *
+ *    Flag     | Applies to    | Meaning
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    space    | bBdiouxX      | Leave a space at the start of
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | non-negative numbers.
+ *             | (numeric fmt) | For `o', `x', `X', `b' and `B', use
+ *             |               | a minus sign with absolute value for
+ *             |               | negative values.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    (digit)$ | all           | Specifies the absolute argument number
+ *             |               | for this field.  Absolute and relative
+ *             |               | argument numbers cannot be mixed in a
+ *             |               | sprintf string.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *     #       | bBoxX         | Use an alternative format.
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | For the conversions `o', increase the precision
+ *             |               | until the first digit will be `0' if
+ *             |               | it is not formatted as complements.
+ *             |               | For the conversions `x', `X', `b' and `B'
+ *             |               | on non-zero, prefix the result with ``0x'',
+ *             |               | ``0X'', ``0b'' and ``0B'', respectively.
+ *             |               | For `a', `A', `e', `E', `f', `g', and 'G',
+ *             |               | force a decimal point to be added,
+ *             |               | even if no digits follow.
+ *             |               | For `g' and 'G', do not remove trailing zeros.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    +        | bBdiouxX      | Add a leading plus sign to non-negative
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | numbers.
+ *             | (numeric fmt) | For `o', `x', `X', `b' and `B', use
+ *             |               | a minus sign with absolute value for
+ *             |               | negative values.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    -        | all           | Left-justify the result of this conversion.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    0 (zero) | bBdiouxX      | Pad with zeros, not spaces.
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | For `o', `x', `X', `b' and `B', radix-1
+ *             | (numeric fmt) | is used for negative numbers formatted as
+ *             |               | complements.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    *        | all           | Use the next argument as the field width.
+ *             |               | If negative, left-justify the result. If the
+ *             |               | asterisk is followed by a number and a dollar
+ *             |               | sign, use the indicated argument as the width.
+ *
+ *  Examples of flags:
+ *
+ *   # `+' and space flag specifies the sign of non-negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%d", 123)  #=> "123"
+ *   sprintf("%+d", 123) #=> "+123"
+ *   sprintf("% d", 123) #=> " 123"
+ *
+ *   # `#' flag for `o' increases number of digits to show `0'.
+ *   # `+' and space flag changes format of negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%o", 123)   #=> "173"
+ *   sprintf("%#o", 123)  #=> "0173"
+ *   sprintf("%+o", -123) #=> "-173"
+ *   sprintf("%o", -123)  #=> "..7605"
+ *   sprintf("%#o", -123) #=> "..7605"
+ *
+ *   # `#' flag for `x' add a prefix `0x' for non-zero numbers.
+ *   # `+' and space flag disables complements for negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%x", 123)   #=> "7b"
+ *   sprintf("%#x", 123)  #=> "0x7b"
+ *   sprintf("%+x", -123) #=> "-7b"
+ *   sprintf("%x", -123)  #=> "..f85"
+ *   sprintf("%#x", -123) #=> "0x..f85"
+ *   sprintf("%#x", 0)    #=> "0"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `X' uses the prefix `0X'.
+ *   sprintf("%X", 123)  #=> "7B"
+ *   sprintf("%#X", 123) #=> "0X7B"
+ *
+ *   # `#' flag for `b' add a prefix `0b' for non-zero numbers.
+ *   # `+' and space flag disables complements for negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%b", 123)   #=> "1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%#b", 123)  #=> "0b1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%+b", -123) #=> "-1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%b", -123)  #=> "..10000101"
+ *   sprintf("%#b", -123) #=> "0b..10000101"
+ *   sprintf("%#b", 0)    #=> "0"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `B' uses the prefix `0B'.
+ *   sprintf("%B", 123)  #=> "1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%#B", 123) #=> "0B1111011"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `e' forces to show the decimal point.
+ *   sprintf("%.0e", 1)  #=> "1e+00"
+ *   sprintf("%#.0e", 1) #=> "1.e+00"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `f' forces to show the decimal point.
+ *   sprintf("%.0f", 1234)  #=> "1234"
+ *   sprintf("%#.0f", 1234) #=> "1234."
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `g' forces to show the decimal point.
+ *   # It also disables stripping lowest zeros.
+ *   sprintf("%g", 123.4)   #=> "123.4"
+ *   sprintf("%#g", 123.4)  #=> "123.400"
+ *   sprintf("%g", 123456)  #=> "123456"
+ *   sprintf("%#g", 123456) #=> "123456."
+ *
+ *  The field width is an optional integer, followed optionally by a
+ *  period and a precision.  The width specifies the minimum number of
+ *  characters that will be written to the result for this field.
+ *
+ *  Examples of width:
+ *
+ *   # padding is done by spaces,       width=20
+ *   # 0 or radix-1.             <------------------>
+ *   sprintf("%20d", 123)   #=> "                 123"
+ *   sprintf("%+20d", 123)  #=> "                +123"
+ *   sprintf("%020d", 123)  #=> "00000000000000000123"
+ *   sprintf("%+020d", 123) #=> "+0000000000000000123"
+ *   sprintf("% 020d", 123) #=> " 0000000000000000123"
+ *   sprintf("%-20d", 123)  #=> "123                 "
+ *   sprintf("%-+20d", 123) #=> "+123                "
+ *   sprintf("%- 20d", 123) #=> " 123                "
+ *   sprintf("%020x", -123) #=> "..ffffffffffffffff85"
+ *
+ *  For
+ *  numeric fields, the precision controls the number of decimal places
+ *  displayed.  For string fields, the precision determines the maximum
+ *  number of characters to be copied from the string.  (Thus, the format
+ *  sequence <code>%10.10s</code> will always contribute exactly ten
+ *  characters to the result.)
+ *
+ *  Examples of precisions:
+ *
+ *   # precision for `d', 'o', 'x' and 'b' is
+ *   # minimum number of digits               <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8d", 123)  #=> "            00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8o", 123)  #=> "            00000173"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8x", 123)  #=> "            0000007b"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8b", 123)  #=> "            01111011"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8d", -123) #=> "           -00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8o", -123) #=> "            ..777605"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8x", -123) #=> "            ..ffff85"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8b", -11)  #=> "            ..110101"
+ *
+ *   # "0x" and "0b" for `#x' and `#b' is not counted for
+ *   # precision but "0" for `#o' is counted.  <------>
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8d", 123)  #=> "            00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8o", 123)  #=> "            00000173"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8x", 123)  #=> "          0x0000007b"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8b", 123)  #=> "          0b01111011"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8d", -123) #=> "           -00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8o", -123) #=> "            ..777605"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8x", -123) #=> "          0x..ffff85"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8b", -11)  #=> "          0b..110101"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `e' is number of
+ *   # digits after the decimal point           <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8e", 1234.56789) #=> "      1.23456789e+03"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `f' is number of
+ *   # digits after the decimal point               <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8f", 1234.56789) #=> "       1234.56789000"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `g' is number of
+ *   # significant digits                          <------->
+ *   sprintf("%20.8g", 1234.56789) #=> "           1234.5679"
+ *
+ *   #                                         <------->
+ *   sprintf("%20.8g", 123456789)  #=> "       1.2345679e+08"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `s' is
+ *   # maximum number of characters                    <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8s", "string test") #=> "            string t"
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *     sprintf("%d %04x", 123, 123)               #=> "123 007b"
+ *     sprintf("%08b '%4s'", 123, 123)            #=> "01111011 ' 123'"
+ *     sprintf("%1$*2$s %2$d %1$s", "hello", 8)   #=> "   hello 8 hello"
+ *     sprintf("%1$*2$s %2$d", "hello", -8)       #=> "hello    -8"
+ *     sprintf("%+g:% g:%-g", 1.23, 1.23, 1.23)   #=> "+1.23: 1.23:1.23"
+ *     sprintf("%u", -123)                        #=> "-123"
+ *
+ *  For more complex formatting, Ruby supports a reference by name.
+ *  %<name>s style uses format style, but %{name} style doesn't.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    sprintf("%<foo>d : %<bar>f", { :foo => 1, :bar => 2 })
+ *      #=> 1 : 2.000000
+ *    sprintf("%{foo}f", { :foo => 1 })
+ *      # => "1f"
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+f_sprintf(int c, const VALUE *v, VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_f_sprintf(c, v);
+}
+
+/*
  *  Document-class: Class
  *
  *  Classes in Ruby are first-class objects---each is an instance of
- *  class <code>Class</code>.
+ *  class Class.
  *
  *  Typically, you create a new class by using:
  *
@@ -3263,12 +4342,11 @@ rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE notfound)
  *    end
  *
  *  When a new class is created, an object of type Class is initialized and
- *  assigned to a global constant (<code>Name</code> in this case).
+ *  assigned to a global constant (Name in this case).
  *
  *  When <code>Name.new</code> is called to create a new object, the
- *  <code>new</code> method in <code>Class</code> is run by default.
- *  This can be demonstrated by overriding <code>new</code> in
- *  <code>Class</code>:
+ *  #new method in Class is run by default.
+ *  This can be demonstrated by overriding #new in Class:
  *
  *     class Class
  *       alias old_new new
@@ -3313,24 +4391,6 @@ rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE notfound)
  */
 
 
-/*!
- * Initializes the world of objects and classes.
- *
- * At first, the function bootstraps the class hierarchy.
- * It initializes the most fundamental classes and their metaclasses.
- * - \c BasicObject
- * - \c Object
- * - \c Module
- * - \c Class
- * After the bootstrap step, the class hierarchy becomes as the following
- * diagram.
- *
- * \image html boottime-classes.png
- *
- * Then, the function defines classes, modules and methods as usual.
- * \ingroup class
- */
-
 /*  Document-class: BasicObject
  *
  *  BasicObject is the parent class of all classes in Ruby.  It's an explicit
@@ -3362,7 +4422,7 @@ rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE notfound)
  *      DELEGATE = [:puts, :p]
  *
  *      def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
- *        super unless DELEGATE.include? name
+ *        return super unless DELEGATE.include? name
  *        ::Kernel.send(name, *args, &block)
  *      end
  *
@@ -3403,6 +4463,27 @@ rb_obj_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, VALUE notfound)
  *  <code>:name</code>).
  */
 
+/*!
+ *--
+ * \private
+ * Initializes the world of objects and classes.
+ *
+ * At first, the function bootstraps the class hierarchy.
+ * It initializes the most fundamental classes and their metaclasses.
+ * - \c BasicObject
+ * - \c Object
+ * - \c Module
+ * - \c Class
+ * After the bootstrap step, the class hierarchy becomes as the following
+ * diagram.
+ *
+ * \image html boottime-classes.png
+ *
+ * Then, the function defines classes, modules and methods as usual.
+ * \ingroup class
+ *++
+ */
+
 void
 InitVM_Object(void)
 {
@@ -3416,19 +4497,16 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_cClass =  rb_define_class("Class",  rb_cModule);
 #endif
 
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "initialize", rb_obj_dummy, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "initialize", rb_obj_dummy0, 0);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cBasicObject, rb_class_allocate_instance);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBasicObject, "==", rb_obj_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBasicObject, "equal?", rb_obj_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBasicObject, "!", rb_obj_not, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBasicObject, "!=", rb_obj_not_equal, 1);
 
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "singleton_method_added", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "singleton_method_removed", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "singleton_method_undefined", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "singleton_method_added", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "singleton_method_removed", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "singleton_method_undefined", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
 
     /* Document-module: Kernel
      *
@@ -3444,30 +4522,28 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
      */
     rb_mKernel = rb_define_module("Kernel");
     rb_include_module(rb_cObject, rb_mKernel);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cClass, "inherited", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "included", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "extended", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "prepended", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "method_added", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "method_removed", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "method_undefined", rb_obj_dummy, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cClass, "inherited", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "included", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "extended", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "prepended", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "method_added", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "method_removed", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "method_undefined", rb_obj_dummy1, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "nil?", rb_false, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "===", rb_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "===", case_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "=~", rb_obj_match, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "!~", rb_obj_not_match, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "eql?", rb_obj_equal, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "hash", rb_obj_hash, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "hash", rb_obj_hash, 0); /* in hash.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "<=>", rb_obj_cmp, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "class", rb_obj_class, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "singleton_class", rb_obj_singleton_class, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "clone", rb_obj_clone2, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "dup", rb_obj_dup, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "itself", rb_obj_itself, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "initialize_copy", rb_obj_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "initialize_dup", rb_obj_init_dup_clone, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "initialize_clone", rb_obj_init_dup_clone, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "initialize_clone", rb_obj_init_clone, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "taint", rb_obj_taint, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "tainted?", rb_obj_tainted, 0);
@@ -3476,7 +4552,6 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "untrusted?", rb_obj_untrusted, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "trust", rb_obj_trust, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "freeze", rb_obj_freeze, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "frozen?", rb_obj_frozen_p, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "to_s", rb_any_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "inspect", rb_obj_inspect, 0);
@@ -3495,38 +4570,34 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "instance_of?", rb_obj_is_instance_of, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "kind_of?", rb_obj_is_kind_of, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "is_a?", rb_obj_is_kind_of, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "tap", rb_obj_tap, 0);
 
-    rb_define_global_function("sprintf", rb_f_sprintf, -1); /* in sprintf.c */
-    rb_define_global_function("format", rb_f_sprintf, -1);  /* in sprintf.c */
+    rb_define_global_function("sprintf", f_sprintf, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("format", f_sprintf, -1);
 
     rb_define_global_function("Integer", rb_f_integer, -1);
-    rb_define_global_function("Float", rb_f_float, 1);
 
     rb_define_global_function("String", rb_f_string, 1);
     rb_define_global_function("Array", rb_f_array, 1);
     rb_define_global_function("Hash", rb_f_hash, 1);
 
     rb_cNilClass = rb_define_class("NilClass", rb_cObject);
+    rb_cNilClass_to_s = rb_fstring_enc_lit("", rb_usascii_encoding());
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_cNilClass_to_s);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_i", nil_to_i, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_f", nil_to_f, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_s", nil_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_a", nil_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_h", nil_to_h, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "inspect", nil_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "=~", nil_match, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "&", false_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "|", false_or, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "^", false_xor, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "===", rb_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "===", case_equal, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "nil?", rb_true, 0);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cNilClass);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cNilClass), "new");
-    /*
-     * An obsolete alias of +nil+
-     */
-    rb_define_global_const("NIL", Qnil);
-    rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cObject, "NIL");
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "freeze", rb_mod_freeze, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "===", rb_mod_eqq, 1);
@@ -3544,14 +4615,14 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "name", rb_mod_name, 0);  /* in variable.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "ancestors", rb_mod_ancestors, 0); /* in class.c */
 
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "attr", rb_mod_attr, -1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "attr_reader", rb_mod_attr_reader, -1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "attr_writer", rb_mod_attr_writer, -1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "attr_accessor", rb_mod_attr_accessor, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "attr", rb_mod_attr, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "attr_reader", rb_mod_attr_reader, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "attr_writer", rb_mod_attr_writer, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "attr_accessor", rb_mod_attr_accessor, -1);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cModule, rb_module_s_alloc);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "initialize", rb_mod_initialize, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "initialize_clone", rb_mod_initialize_clone, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "initialize_clone", rb_mod_initialize_clone, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "instance_methods", rb_class_instance_methods, -1); /* in class.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "public_instance_methods",
 		     rb_class_public_instance_methods, -1);    /* in class.c */
@@ -3564,6 +4635,7 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "const_get", rb_mod_const_get, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "const_set", rb_mod_const_set, 2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "const_defined?", rb_mod_const_defined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "const_source_location", rb_mod_const_source_location, -1);
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "remove_const",
 			     rb_mod_remove_const, 1); /* in variable.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "const_missing",
@@ -3580,8 +4652,8 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "deprecate_constant", rb_mod_deprecate_constant, -1); /* in variable.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "singleton_class?", rb_mod_singleton_p, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cClass, "allocate", rb_obj_alloc, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cClass, "new", rb_class_new_instance, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cClass, "allocate", rb_class_alloc_m, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cClass, "new", rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cClass, "initialize", rb_class_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cClass, "superclass", rb_class_superclass, 0);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cClass, rb_class_s_alloc);
@@ -3589,50 +4661,40 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_undef_method(rb_cClass, "append_features");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cClass, "prepend_features");
 
-    /*
-     * Document-class: Data
-     *
-     * This is a recommended base class for C extensions using Data_Make_Struct
-     * or Data_Wrap_Struct, see doc/extension.rdoc for details.
-     */
-    rb_cData = rb_define_class("Data", rb_cObject);
-    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cData);
-
     rb_cTrueClass = rb_define_class("TrueClass", rb_cObject);
+    rb_cTrueClass_to_s = rb_fstring_enc_lit("true", rb_usascii_encoding());
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_cTrueClass_to_s);
     rb_define_method(rb_cTrueClass, "to_s", true_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cTrueClass, "inspect", "to_s");
     rb_define_method(rb_cTrueClass, "&", true_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cTrueClass, "|", true_or, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cTrueClass, "^", true_xor, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cTrueClass, "===", rb_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cTrueClass, "===", case_equal, 1);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cTrueClass);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cTrueClass), "new");
-    /*
-     * An obsolete alias of +true+
-     */
-    rb_define_global_const("TRUE", Qtrue);
-    rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cObject, "TRUE");
 
     rb_cFalseClass = rb_define_class("FalseClass", rb_cObject);
+    rb_cFalseClass_to_s = rb_fstring_enc_lit("false", rb_usascii_encoding());
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_cFalseClass_to_s);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFalseClass, "to_s", false_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cFalseClass, "inspect", "to_s");
     rb_define_method(rb_cFalseClass, "&", false_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFalseClass, "|", false_or, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFalseClass, "^", false_xor, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFalseClass, "===", rb_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFalseClass, "===", case_equal, 1);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cFalseClass);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cFalseClass), "new");
-    /*
-     * An obsolete alias of +false+
-     */
-    rb_define_global_const("FALSE", Qfalse);
-    rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cObject, "FALSE");
 }
 
+#include "kernel.rbinc"
+
 void
 Init_Object(void)
 {
-    id_to_f = rb_intern_const("to_f");
     id_dig = rb_intern_const("dig");
     InitVM(Object);
 }
+
+/*!
+ * \}
+ */
diff --git a/pack.c b/pack.c
index d275a286b0..9fecc31a34 100644
--- a/pack.c
+++ b/pack.c
@@ -9,10 +9,22 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/bits.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+
+#include "builtin.h"
 
 /*
  * It is intentional that the condition for natstr is HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG
@@ -41,20 +53,20 @@ static const char endstr[] = "sSiIlLqQjJ";
 #endif
 
 #ifdef DYNAMIC_ENDIAN
- /* for universal binary of NEXTSTEP and MacOS X */
- /* useless since autoconf 2.63? */
- static int
- is_bigendian(void)
- {
-     static int init = 0;
-     static int endian_value;
-     char *p;
-
-     if (init) return endian_value;
-     init = 1;
-     p = (char*)&init;
-     return endian_value = p[0]?0:1;
- }
+/* for universal binary of NEXTSTEP and MacOS X */
+/* useless since autoconf 2.63? */
+static int
+is_bigendian(void)
+{
+    static int init = 0;
+    static int endian_value;
+    char *p;
+
+    if (init) return endian_value;
+    init = 1;
+    p = (char*)&init;
+    return endian_value = p[0]?0:1;
+}
 # define BIGENDIAN_P() (is_bigendian())
 #elif defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
 # define BIGENDIAN_P() 1
@@ -126,154 +138,54 @@ str_associated(VALUE str)
     return rb_ivar_lookup(str, id_associated, Qfalse);
 }
 
-void
-rb_str_associate(VALUE str, VALUE add)
+static void
+unknown_directive(const char *mode, char type, VALUE fmt)
 {
-    ONLY_FOR_INTERNAL_USE("rb_str_associate()");
+    VALUE f;
+    char unknown[5];
+
+    if (ISPRINT(type)) {
+        unknown[0] = type;
+        unknown[1] = '\0';
+    }
+    else {
+        snprintf(unknown, sizeof(unknown), "\\x%.2x", type & 0xff);
+    }
+    f = rb_str_quote_unprintable(fmt);
+    if (f != fmt) {
+        fmt = rb_str_subseq(f, 1, RSTRING_LEN(f) - 2);
+    }
+    rb_warning("unknown %s directive '%s' in '%"PRIsVALUE"'",
+               mode, unknown, fmt);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_str_associated(VALUE str)
+static float
+VALUE_to_float(VALUE obj)
 {
-    ONLY_FOR_INTERNAL_USE("rb_str_associated()");
-}
+    VALUE v = rb_to_float(obj);
+    double d = RFLOAT_VALUE(v);
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     arr.pack( aTemplateString ) -> aBinaryString
- *     arr.pack( aTemplateString, buffer: aBufferString ) -> aBufferString
- *
- *  Packs the contents of <i>arr</i> into a binary sequence according to
- *  the directives in <i>aTemplateString</i> (see the table below)
- *  Directives ``A,'' ``a,'' and ``Z'' may be followed by a count,
- *  which gives the width of the resulting field. The remaining
- *  directives also may take a count, indicating the number of array
- *  elements to convert. If the count is an asterisk
- *  (``<code>*</code>''), all remaining array elements will be
- *  converted. Any of the directives ``<code>sSiIlL</code>'' may be
- *  followed by an underscore (``<code>_</code>'') or
- *  exclamation mark (``<code>!</code>'') to use the underlying
- *  platform's native size for the specified type; otherwise, they use a
- *  platform-independent size. Spaces are ignored in the template
- *  string. See also <code>String#unpack</code>.
- *
- *     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
- *     n = [ 65, 66, 67 ]
- *     a.pack("A3A3A3")   #=> "a  b  c  "
- *     a.pack("a3a3a3")   #=> "a\000\000b\000\000c\000\000"
- *     n.pack("ccc")      #=> "ABC"
- *
- *  If <i>aBufferString</i> is specified and its capacity is enough,
- *  +pack+ uses it as the buffer and returns it.
- *  When the offset is specified by the beginning of <i>aTemplateString</i>,
- *  the result is filled after the offset.
- *  If original contents of <i>aBufferString</i> exists and it's longer than
- *  the offset, the rest of <i>offsetOfBuffer</i> are overwritten by the result.
- *  If it's shorter, the gap is filled with ``<code>\0</code>''.
- *
- *  Note that ``buffer:'' option does not guarantee not to allocate memory
- *  in +pack+.  If the capacity of <i>aBufferString</i> is not enough,
- *  +pack+ allocates memory.
- *
- *  Directives for +pack+.
- *
- *   Integer       | Array   |
- *   Directive     | Element | Meaning
- *   ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *   C             | Integer | 8-bit unsigned (unsigned char)
- *   S             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, native endian (uint16_t)
- *   L             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, native endian (uint32_t)
- *   Q             | Integer | 64-bit unsigned, native endian (uint64_t)
- *   J             | Integer | pointer width unsigned, native endian (uintptr_t)
- *                 |         | (J is available since Ruby 2.3.)
- *                 |         |
- *   c             | Integer | 8-bit signed (signed char)
- *   s             | Integer | 16-bit signed, native endian (int16_t)
- *   l             | Integer | 32-bit signed, native endian (int32_t)
- *   q             | Integer | 64-bit signed, native endian (int64_t)
- *   j             | Integer | pointer width signed, native endian (intptr_t)
- *                 |         | (j is available since Ruby 2.3.)
- *                 |         |
- *   S_ S!         | Integer | unsigned short, native endian
- *   I I_ I!       | Integer | unsigned int, native endian
- *   L_ L!         | Integer | unsigned long, native endian
- *   Q_ Q!         | Integer | unsigned long long, native endian (ArgumentError
- *                 |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
- *                 |         | (Q_ and Q! is available since Ruby 2.1.)
- *   J!            | Integer | uintptr_t, native endian (same with J)
- *                 |         | (J! is available since Ruby 2.3.)
- *                 |         |
- *   s_ s!         | Integer | signed short, native endian
- *   i i_ i!       | Integer | signed int, native endian
- *   l_ l!         | Integer | signed long, native endian
- *   q_ q!         | Integer | signed long long, native endian (ArgumentError
- *                 |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
- *                 |         | (q_ and q! is available since Ruby 2.1.)
- *   j!            | Integer | intptr_t, native endian (same with j)
- *                 |         | (j! is available since Ruby 2.3.)
- *                 |         |
- *   S> s> S!> s!> | Integer | same as the directives without ">" except
- *   L> l> L!> l!> |         | big endian
- *   I!> i!>       |         | (available since Ruby 1.9.3)
- *   Q> q> Q!> q!> |         | "S>" is same as "n"
- *   J> j> J!> j!> |         | "L>" is same as "N"
- *                 |         |
- *   S< s< S!< s!< | Integer | same as the directives without "<" except
- *   L< l< L!< l!< |         | little endian
- *   I!< i!<       |         | (available since Ruby 1.9.3)
- *   Q< q< Q!< q!< |         | "S<" is same as "v"
- *   J< j< J!< j!< |         | "L<" is same as "V"
- *                 |         |
- *   n             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
- *   N             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
- *   v             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
- *   V             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
- *                 |         |
- *   U             | Integer | UTF-8 character
- *   w             | Integer | BER-compressed integer
- *
- *   Float        | Array   |
- *   Directive    | Element | Meaning
- *   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *   D d          | Float   | double-precision, native format
- *   F f          | Float   | single-precision, native format
- *   E            | Float   | double-precision, little-endian byte order
- *   e            | Float   | single-precision, little-endian byte order
- *   G            | Float   | double-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
- *   g            | Float   | single-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
- *
- *   String       | Array   |
- *   Directive    | Element | Meaning
- *   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *   A            | String  | arbitrary binary string (space padded, count is width)
- *   a            | String  | arbitrary binary string (null padded, count is width)
- *   Z            | String  | same as ``a'', except that null is added with *
- *   B            | String  | bit string (MSB first)
- *   b            | String  | bit string (LSB first)
- *   H            | String  | hex string (high nibble first)
- *   h            | String  | hex string (low nibble first)
- *   u            | String  | UU-encoded string
- *   M            | String  | quoted printable, MIME encoding (see RFC2045)
- *   m            | String  | base64 encoded string (see RFC 2045, count is width)
- *                |         | (if count is 0, no line feed are added, see RFC 4648)
- *   P            | String  | pointer to a structure (fixed-length string)
- *   p            | String  | pointer to a null-terminated string
- *
- *   Misc.        | Array   |
- *   Directive    | Element | Meaning
- *   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *   @            | ---     | moves to absolute position
- *   X            | ---     | back up a byte
- *   x            | ---     | null byte
- */
+    if (isnan(d)) {
+        return NAN;
+    }
+    else if (d < -FLT_MAX) {
+        return -INFINITY;
+    }
+    else if (d <= FLT_MAX) {
+        return d;
+    }
+    else {
+        return INFINITY;
+    }
+}
 
 static VALUE
-pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
+pack_pack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE ary, VALUE fmt, VALUE buffer)
 {
     static const char nul10[] = "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0";
     static const char spc10[] = "          ";
     const char *p, *pend;
-    VALUE fmt, opt = Qnil, res, from, associates = 0, buffer = 0;
+    VALUE res, from, associates = 0;
     char type;
     long len, idx, plen;
     const char *ptr;
@@ -283,25 +195,18 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 #endif
     int integer_size, bigendian_p;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "10:", &fmt, &opt);
-
     StringValue(fmt);
     p = RSTRING_PTR(fmt);
     pend = p + RSTRING_LEN(fmt);
-    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
-	static ID keyword_ids[1];
-	if (!keyword_ids[0])
-	    CONST_ID(keyword_ids[0], "buffer");
-
-	rb_get_kwargs(opt, keyword_ids, 0, 1, &buffer);
 
-	if (buffer != Qundef && !RB_TYPE_P(buffer, T_STRING))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "buffer must be String, not %s", rb_obj_classname(buffer));
+    if (NIL_P(buffer)) {
+	res = rb_str_buf_new(0);
     }
-    if (buffer)
+    else {
+        if (!RB_TYPE_P(buffer, T_STRING))
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "buffer must be String, not %s", rb_obj_classname(buffer));
 	res = buffer;
-    else
-	res = rb_str_buf_new(0);
+    }
 
     idx = 0;
 
@@ -400,7 +305,6 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 		StringValue(from);
 		ptr = RSTRING_PTR(from);
 		plen = RSTRING_LEN(from);
-		OBJ_INFECT(res, from);
 	    }
 
 	    if (p[-1] == '*')
@@ -652,7 +556,7 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 		float f;
 
 		from = NEXTFROM;
-		f = (float)RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_to_float(from));
+                f = VALUE_to_float(from);
 		rb_str_buf_cat(res, (char*)&f, sizeof(float));
 	    }
 	    break;
@@ -662,7 +566,7 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 		FLOAT_CONVWITH(tmp);
 
 		from = NEXTFROM;
-		tmp.f = (float)RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_to_float(from));
+                tmp.f = VALUE_to_float(from);
 		HTOVF(tmp);
 		rb_str_buf_cat(res, tmp.buf, sizeof(float));
 	    }
@@ -693,7 +597,7 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	    while (len-- > 0) {
 		FLOAT_CONVWITH(tmp);
 		from = NEXTFROM;
-		tmp.f = (float)RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_to_float(from));
+                tmp.f = VALUE_to_float(from);
 		HTONF(tmp);
 		rb_str_buf_cat(res, tmp.buf, sizeof(float));
 	    }
@@ -813,7 +717,6 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 		}
 		else {
 		    t = StringValuePtr(from);
-		    rb_obj_taint(from);
 		}
 		if (!associates) {
 		    associates = rb_ary_new();
@@ -846,9 +749,9 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 
                 cp = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
                 while (1 < numbytes) {
-                  *cp |= 0x80;
-                  cp++;
-                  numbytes--;
+                    *cp |= 0x80;
+                    cp++;
+                    numbytes--;
                 }
 
                 rb_str_buf_cat(res, RSTRING_PTR(buf), RSTRING_LEN(buf));
@@ -856,16 +759,7 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 	    break;
 
 	  default: {
-	    char unknown[5];
-	    if (ISPRINT(type)) {
-		unknown[0] = type;
-		unknown[1] = '\0';
-	    }
-	    else {
-		snprintf(unknown, sizeof(unknown), "\\x%.2x", type & 0xff);
-	    }
-	    rb_warning("unknown pack directive '%s' in '% "PRIsVALUE"'",
-		       unknown, fmt);
+            unknown_directive("pack", type, fmt);
 	    break;
 	  }
 	}
@@ -874,7 +768,6 @@ pack_pack(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     if (associates) {
 	str_associate(res, associates);
     }
-    OBJ_INFECT(res, fmt);
     switch (enc_info) {
       case 1:
 	ENCODING_CODERANGE_SET(res, rb_usascii_encindex(), ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT);
@@ -1012,7 +905,7 @@ hex2num(char c)
     tmp_len = 0;				\
     if (len > (long)((send-s)/(sz))) {		\
         if (!star) {				\
-	    tmp_len = len-(send-s)/(sz);		\
+	    tmp_len = len-(send-s)/(sz);	\
         }					\
 	len = (send-s)/(sz);			\
     }						\
@@ -1023,24 +916,16 @@ hex2num(char c)
 	rb_ary_store(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary)+tmp_len-1, Qnil); \
 } while (0)
 
-/* Workaround for Oracle Solaris Studio 12.4 C compiler optimization bug
+/* Workaround for Oracle Developer Studio (Oracle Solaris Studio)
+ * 12.4/12.5/12.6 C compiler optimization bug
  * with "-xO4" optimization option.
  */
-#if defined(__SUNPRO_C) && __SUNPRO_C == 0x5130
+#if defined(__SUNPRO_C) && 0x5130 <= __SUNPRO_C && __SUNPRO_C <= 0x5150
 # define AVOID_CC_BUG volatile
 #else
 # define AVOID_CC_BUG
 #endif
 
-static VALUE
-infected_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, VALUE str)
-{
-    VALUE s = rb_str_new(ptr, len);
-
-    OBJ_INFECT(s, str);
-    return s;
-}
-
 /* unpack mode */
 #define UNPACK_ARRAY 0
 #define UNPACK_BLOCK 1
@@ -1138,7 +1023,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 	else if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
 	    errno = 0;
 	    len = STRTOUL(p, (char**)&p, 10);
-	    if (errno) {
+	    if (len < 0 || errno) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "pack length too big");
 	    }
 	}
@@ -1161,7 +1046,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 		    if (*t != ' ' && *t != '\0') break;
 		    t--; len--;
 		}
-		UNPACK_PUSH(infected_str_new(s, len, str));
+                UNPACK_PUSH(rb_str_new(s, len));
 		s += end;
 	    }
 	    break;
@@ -1172,7 +1057,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 
 		if (len > send-s) len = send-s;
 		while (t < s+len && *t) t++;
-		UNPACK_PUSH(infected_str_new(s, t-s, str));
+                UNPACK_PUSH(rb_str_new(s, t-s));
 		if (t < send) t++;
 		s = star ? t : s+len;
 	    }
@@ -1180,7 +1065,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 
 	  case 'a':
 	    if (len > send - s) len = send - s;
-	    UNPACK_PUSH(infected_str_new(s, len, str));
+            UNPACK_PUSH(rb_str_new(s, len));
 	    s += len;
 	    break;
 
@@ -1471,7 +1356,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 
 	  case 'u':
 	    {
-		VALUE buf = infected_str_new(0, (send - s)*3/4, str);
+                VALUE buf = rb_str_new(0, (send - s)*3/4);
 		char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
 		long total = 0;
 
@@ -1526,7 +1411,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 
 	  case 'm':
 	    {
-		VALUE buf = infected_str_new(0, (send - s + 3)*3/4, str); /* +3 is for skipping paddings */
+                VALUE buf = rb_str_new(0, (send - s + 3)*3/4); /* +3 is for skipping paddings */
 		char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
 		int a = -1,b = -1,c = 0,d = 0;
 		static signed char b64_xtable[256];
@@ -1607,8 +1492,9 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 
 	  case 'M':
 	    {
-		VALUE buf = infected_str_new(0, send - s, str);
+                VALUE buf = rb_str_new(0, send - s);
 		char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(buf), *ss = s;
+		int csum = 0;
 		int c1, c2;
 
 		while (s < send) {
@@ -1620,18 +1506,19 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 			    if ((c1 = hex2num(*s)) == -1) break;
 			    if (++s == send) break;
 			    if ((c2 = hex2num(*s)) == -1) break;
-			    *ptr++ = castchar(c1 << 4 | c2);
+			    csum |= *ptr++ = castchar(c1 << 4 | c2);
 			}
 		    }
 		    else {
-			*ptr++ = *s;
+			csum |= *ptr++ = *s;
 		    }
 		    s++;
 		    ss = s;
 		}
 		rb_str_set_len(buf, ptr - RSTRING_PTR(buf));
 		rb_str_buf_cat(buf, ss, send-ss);
-		ENCODING_CODERANGE_SET(buf, rb_ascii8bit_encindex(), ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
+		csum = ISASCII(csum) ? ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT : ENC_CODERANGE_VALID;
+		ENCODING_CODERANGE_SET(buf, rb_ascii8bit_encindex(), csum);
 		UNPACK_PUSH(buf);
 	    }
 	    break;
@@ -1674,7 +1561,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 		    while (p < pend) {
 			if (RB_TYPE_P(*p, T_STRING) && RSTRING_PTR(*p) == t) {
 			    if (len < RSTRING_LEN(*p)) {
-				tmp = rb_tainted_str_new(t, len);
+                                tmp = rb_str_new(t, len);
 				str_associate(tmp, a);
 			    }
 			    else {
@@ -1748,8 +1635,7 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
 	    break;
 
 	  default:
-	    rb_warning("unknown unpack directive '%c' in '%s'",
-		type, RSTRING_PTR(fmt));
+            unknown_directive("unpack", type, fmt);
 	    break;
 	}
     }
@@ -1757,144 +1643,15 @@ pack_unpack_internal(VALUE str, VALUE fmt, int mode)
     return ary;
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     str.unpack(format)    ->  anArray
- *
- *  Decodes <i>str</i> (which may contain binary data) according to the
- *  format string, returning an array of each value extracted. The
- *  format string consists of a sequence of single-character directives,
- *  summarized in the table at the end of this entry.
- *  Each directive may be followed
- *  by a number, indicating the number of times to repeat with this
- *  directive. An asterisk (``<code>*</code>'') will use up all
- *  remaining elements. The directives <code>sSiIlL</code> may each be
- *  followed by an underscore (``<code>_</code>'') or
- *  exclamation mark (``<code>!</code>'') to use the underlying
- *  platform's native size for the specified type; otherwise, it uses a
- *  platform-independent consistent size. Spaces are ignored in the
- *  format string. See also <code>String#unpack1</code>,  <code>Array#pack</code>.
- *
- *     "abc \0\0abc \0\0".unpack('A6Z6')   #=> ["abc", "abc "]
- *     "abc \0\0".unpack('a3a3')           #=> ["abc", " \000\000"]
- *     "abc \0abc \0".unpack('Z*Z*')       #=> ["abc ", "abc "]
- *     "aa".unpack('b8B8')                 #=> ["10000110", "01100001"]
- *     "aaa".unpack('h2H2c')               #=> ["16", "61", 97]
- *     "\xfe\xff\xfe\xff".unpack('sS')     #=> [-2, 65534]
- *     "now=20is".unpack('M*')             #=> ["now is"]
- *     "whole".unpack('xax2aX2aX1aX2a')    #=> ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
- *
- *  This table summarizes the various formats and the Ruby classes
- *  returned by each.
- *
- *   Integer       |         |
- *   Directive     | Returns | Meaning
- *   ------------------------------------------------------------------
- *   C             | Integer | 8-bit unsigned (unsigned char)
- *   S             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, native endian (uint16_t)
- *   L             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, native endian (uint32_t)
- *   Q             | Integer | 64-bit unsigned, native endian (uint64_t)
- *   J             | Integer | pointer width unsigned, native endian (uintptr_t)
- *                 |         |
- *   c             | Integer | 8-bit signed (signed char)
- *   s             | Integer | 16-bit signed, native endian (int16_t)
- *   l             | Integer | 32-bit signed, native endian (int32_t)
- *   q             | Integer | 64-bit signed, native endian (int64_t)
- *   j             | Integer | pointer width signed, native endian (intptr_t)
- *                 |         |
- *   S_ S!         | Integer | unsigned short, native endian
- *   I I_ I!       | Integer | unsigned int, native endian
- *   L_ L!         | Integer | unsigned long, native endian
- *   Q_ Q!         | Integer | unsigned long long, native endian (ArgumentError
- *                 |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
- *   J!            | Integer | uintptr_t, native endian (same with J)
- *                 |         |
- *   s_ s!         | Integer | signed short, native endian
- *   i i_ i!       | Integer | signed int, native endian
- *   l_ l!         | Integer | signed long, native endian
- *   q_ q!         | Integer | signed long long, native endian (ArgumentError
- *                 |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
- *   j!            | Integer | intptr_t, native endian (same with j)
- *                 |         |
- *   S> s> S!> s!> | Integer | same as the directives without ">" except
- *   L> l> L!> l!> |         | big endian
- *   I!> i!>       |         |
- *   Q> q> Q!> q!> |         | "S>" is same as "n"
- *   J> j> J!> j!> |         | "L>" is same as "N"
- *                 |         |
- *   S< s< S!< s!< | Integer | same as the directives without "<" except
- *   L< l< L!< l!< |         | little endian
- *   I!< i!<       |         |
- *   Q< q< Q!< q!< |         | "S<" is same as "v"
- *   J< j< J!< j!< |         | "L<" is same as "V"
- *                 |         |
- *   n             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
- *   N             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
- *   v             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
- *   V             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
- *                 |         |
- *   U             | Integer | UTF-8 character
- *   w             | Integer | BER-compressed integer (see Array.pack)
- *
- *   Float        |         |
- *   Directive    | Returns | Meaning
- *   -----------------------------------------------------------------
- *   D d          | Float   | double-precision, native format
- *   F f          | Float   | single-precision, native format
- *   E            | Float   | double-precision, little-endian byte order
- *   e            | Float   | single-precision, little-endian byte order
- *   G            | Float   | double-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
- *   g            | Float   | single-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
- *
- *   String       |         |
- *   Directive    | Returns | Meaning
- *   -----------------------------------------------------------------
- *   A            | String  | arbitrary binary string (remove trailing nulls and ASCII spaces)
- *   a            | String  | arbitrary binary string
- *   Z            | String  | null-terminated string
- *   B            | String  | bit string (MSB first)
- *   b            | String  | bit string (LSB first)
- *   H            | String  | hex string (high nibble first)
- *   h            | String  | hex string (low nibble first)
- *   u            | String  | UU-encoded string
- *   M            | String  | quoted-printable, MIME encoding (see RFC2045)
- *   m            | String  | base64 encoded string (RFC 2045) (default)
- *                |         | base64 encoded string (RFC 4648) if followed by 0
- *   P            | String  | pointer to a structure (fixed-length string)
- *   p            | String  | pointer to a null-terminated string
- *
- *   Misc.        |         |
- *   Directive    | Returns | Meaning
- *   -----------------------------------------------------------------
- *   @            | ---     | skip to the offset given by the length argument
- *   X            | ---     | skip backward one byte
- *   x            | ---     | skip forward one byte
- *
- *  HISTORY
- *
- *  * J, J! j, and j! are available since Ruby 2.3.
- *  * Q_, Q!, q_, and q! are available since Ruby 2.1.
- *  * I!<, i!<, I!>, and i!> are available since Ruby 1.9.3.
- */
-
 static VALUE
-pack_unpack(VALUE str, VALUE fmt)
+pack_unpack(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE str, VALUE fmt)
 {
     int mode = rb_block_given_p() ? UNPACK_BLOCK : UNPACK_ARRAY;
     return pack_unpack_internal(str, fmt, mode);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     str.unpack1(format)    ->  obj
- *
- *  Decodes <i>str</i> (which may contain binary data) according to the
- *  format string, returning the first value extracted.
- *  See also <code>String#unpack</code>, <code>Array#pack</code>.
- */
-
 static VALUE
-pack_unpack1(VALUE str, VALUE fmt)
+pack_unpack1(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE str, VALUE fmt)
 {
     return pack_unpack_internal(str, fmt, UNPACK_1);
 }
@@ -1943,7 +1700,7 @@ rb_uv_to_utf8(char buf[6], unsigned long uv)
     }
     rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "pack(U): value out of range");
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 static const unsigned long utf8_limits[] = {
@@ -2006,12 +1763,10 @@ utf8_to_uv(const char *p, long *lenp)
     return uv;
 }
 
+#include "pack.rbinc"
+
 void
 Init_pack(void)
 {
-    rb_define_method(rb_cArray, "pack", pack_pack, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cString, "unpack", pack_unpack, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cString, "unpack1", pack_unpack1, 1);
-
     id_associated = rb_make_internal_id();
 }
diff --git a/pack.rb b/pack.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4723861d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pack.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+# for pack.c
+
+class Array
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     arr.pack( aTemplateString ) -> aBinaryString
+  #     arr.pack( aTemplateString, buffer: aBufferString ) -> aBufferString
+  #
+  #  Packs the contents of <i>arr</i> into a binary sequence according to
+  #  the directives in <i>aTemplateString</i> (see the table below)
+  #  Directives ``A,'' ``a,'' and ``Z'' may be followed by a count,
+  #  which gives the width of the resulting field. The remaining
+  #  directives also may take a count, indicating the number of array
+  #  elements to convert. If the count is an asterisk
+  #  (``<code>*</code>''), all remaining array elements will be
+  #  converted. Any of the directives ``<code>sSiIlL</code>'' may be
+  #  followed by an underscore (``<code>_</code>'') or
+  #  exclamation mark (``<code>!</code>'') to use the underlying
+  #  platform's native size for the specified type; otherwise, they use a
+  #  platform-independent size. Spaces are ignored in the template
+  #  string. See also String#unpack.
+  #
+  #     a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+  #     n = [ 65, 66, 67 ]
+  #     a.pack("A3A3A3")   #=> "a  b  c  "
+  #     a.pack("a3a3a3")   #=> "a\000\000b\000\000c\000\000"
+  #     n.pack("ccc")      #=> "ABC"
+  #
+  #  If <i>aBufferString</i> is specified and its capacity is enough,
+  #  +pack+ uses it as the buffer and returns it.
+  #  When the offset is specified by the beginning of <i>aTemplateString</i>,
+  #  the result is filled after the offset.
+  #  If original contents of <i>aBufferString</i> exists and it's longer than
+  #  the offset, the rest of <i>offsetOfBuffer</i> are overwritten by the result.
+  #  If it's shorter, the gap is filled with ``<code>\0</code>''.
+  #
+  #  Note that ``buffer:'' option does not guarantee not to allocate memory
+  #  in +pack+.  If the capacity of <i>aBufferString</i> is not enough,
+  #  +pack+ allocates memory.
+  #
+  #  Directives for +pack+.
+  #
+  #   Integer       | Array   |
+  #   Directive     | Element | Meaning
+  #   ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  #   C             | Integer | 8-bit unsigned (unsigned char)
+  #   S             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, native endian (uint16_t)
+  #   L             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, native endian (uint32_t)
+  #   Q             | Integer | 64-bit unsigned, native endian (uint64_t)
+  #   J             | Integer | pointer width unsigned, native endian (uintptr_t)
+  #                 |         | (J is available since Ruby 2.3.)
+  #                 |         |
+  #   c             | Integer | 8-bit signed (signed char)
+  #   s             | Integer | 16-bit signed, native endian (int16_t)
+  #   l             | Integer | 32-bit signed, native endian (int32_t)
+  #   q             | Integer | 64-bit signed, native endian (int64_t)
+  #   j             | Integer | pointer width signed, native endian (intptr_t)
+  #                 |         | (j is available since Ruby 2.3.)
+  #                 |         |
+  #   S_ S!         | Integer | unsigned short, native endian
+  #   I I_ I!       | Integer | unsigned int, native endian
+  #   L_ L!         | Integer | unsigned long, native endian
+  #   Q_ Q!         | Integer | unsigned long long, native endian (ArgumentError
+  #                 |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
+  #                 |         | (Q_ and Q! is available since Ruby 2.1.)
+  #   J!            | Integer | uintptr_t, native endian (same with J)
+  #                 |         | (J! is available since Ruby 2.3.)
+  #                 |         |
+  #   s_ s!         | Integer | signed short, native endian
+  #   i i_ i!       | Integer | signed int, native endian
+  #   l_ l!         | Integer | signed long, native endian
+  #   q_ q!         | Integer | signed long long, native endian (ArgumentError
+  #                 |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
+  #                 |         | (q_ and q! is available since Ruby 2.1.)
+  #   j!            | Integer | intptr_t, native endian (same with j)
+  #                 |         | (j! is available since Ruby 2.3.)
+  #                 |         |
+  #   S> s> S!> s!> | Integer | same as the directives without ">" except
+  #   L> l> L!> l!> |         | big endian
+  #   I!> i!>       |         | (available since Ruby 1.9.3)
+  #   Q> q> Q!> q!> |         | "S>" is same as "n"
+  #   J> j> J!> j!> |         | "L>" is same as "N"
+  #                 |         |
+  #   S< s< S!< s!< | Integer | same as the directives without "<" except
+  #   L< l< L!< l!< |         | little endian
+  #   I!< i!<       |         | (available since Ruby 1.9.3)
+  #   Q< q< Q!< q!< |         | "S<" is same as "v"
+  #   J< j< J!< j!< |         | "L<" is same as "V"
+  #                 |         |
+  #   n             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #   N             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #   v             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
+  #   V             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
+  #                 |         |
+  #   U             | Integer | UTF-8 character
+  #   w             | Integer | BER-compressed integer
+  #
+  #   Float        | Array   |
+  #   Directive    | Element | Meaning
+  #   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  #   D d          | Float   | double-precision, native format
+  #   F f          | Float   | single-precision, native format
+  #   E            | Float   | double-precision, little-endian byte order
+  #   e            | Float   | single-precision, little-endian byte order
+  #   G            | Float   | double-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #   g            | Float   | single-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #
+  #   String       | Array   |
+  #   Directive    | Element | Meaning
+  #   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  #   A            | String  | arbitrary binary string (space padded, count is width)
+  #   a            | String  | arbitrary binary string (null padded, count is width)
+  #   Z            | String  | same as ``a'', except that null is added with *
+  #   B            | String  | bit string (MSB first)
+  #   b            | String  | bit string (LSB first)
+  #   H            | String  | hex string (high nibble first)
+  #   h            | String  | hex string (low nibble first)
+  #   u            | String  | UU-encoded string
+  #   M            | String  | quoted printable, MIME encoding (see also RFC2045)
+  #                |         | (text mode but input must use LF and output LF)
+  #   m            | String  | base64 encoded string (see RFC 2045)
+  #                |         | (if count is 0, no line feed are added, see RFC 4648)
+  #                |         | (count specifies input bytes between each LF,
+  #                |         | rounded down to nearest multiple of 3)
+  #   P            | String  | pointer to a structure (fixed-length string)
+  #   p            | String  | pointer to a null-terminated string
+  #
+  #   Misc.        | Array   |
+  #   Directive    | Element | Meaning
+  #   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  #   @            | ---     | moves to absolute position
+  #   X            | ---     | back up a byte
+  #   x            | ---     | null byte
+  def pack(fmt, buffer: nil)
+    Primitive.pack_pack(fmt, buffer)
+  end
+end
+
+class String
+  # call-seq:
+  #    str.unpack(format)    ->  anArray
+  #
+  # Decodes <i>str</i> (which may contain binary data) according to the
+  # format string, returning an array of each value extracted. The
+  # format string consists of a sequence of single-character directives,
+  # summarized in the table at the end of this entry.
+  # Each directive may be followed
+  # by a number, indicating the number of times to repeat with this
+  # directive. An asterisk (``<code>*</code>'') will use up all
+  # remaining elements. The directives <code>sSiIlL</code> may each be
+  # followed by an underscore (``<code>_</code>'') or
+  # exclamation mark (``<code>!</code>'') to use the underlying
+  # platform's native size for the specified type; otherwise, it uses a
+  # platform-independent consistent size. Spaces are ignored in the
+  # format string. See also String#unpack1,  Array#pack.
+  #
+  #    "abc \0\0abc \0\0".unpack('A6Z6')   #=> ["abc", "abc "]
+  #    "abc \0\0".unpack('a3a3')           #=> ["abc", " \000\000"]
+  #    "abc \0abc \0".unpack('Z*Z*')       #=> ["abc ", "abc "]
+  #    "aa".unpack('b8B8')                 #=> ["10000110", "01100001"]
+  #    "aaa".unpack('h2H2c')               #=> ["16", "61", 97]
+  #    "\xfe\xff\xfe\xff".unpack('sS')     #=> [-2, 65534]
+  #    "now=20is".unpack('M*')             #=> ["now is"]
+  #    "whole".unpack('xax2aX2aX1aX2a')    #=> ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
+  #
+  # This table summarizes the various formats and the Ruby classes
+  # returned by each.
+  #
+  #  Integer       |         |
+  #  Directive     | Returns | Meaning
+  #  ------------------------------------------------------------------
+  #  C             | Integer | 8-bit unsigned (unsigned char)
+  #  S             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, native endian (uint16_t)
+  #  L             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, native endian (uint32_t)
+  #  Q             | Integer | 64-bit unsigned, native endian (uint64_t)
+  #  J             | Integer | pointer width unsigned, native endian (uintptr_t)
+  #                |         |
+  #  c             | Integer | 8-bit signed (signed char)
+  #  s             | Integer | 16-bit signed, native endian (int16_t)
+  #  l             | Integer | 32-bit signed, native endian (int32_t)
+  #  q             | Integer | 64-bit signed, native endian (int64_t)
+  #  j             | Integer | pointer width signed, native endian (intptr_t)
+  #                |         |
+  #  S_ S!         | Integer | unsigned short, native endian
+  #  I I_ I!       | Integer | unsigned int, native endian
+  #  L_ L!         | Integer | unsigned long, native endian
+  #  Q_ Q!         | Integer | unsigned long long, native endian (ArgumentError
+  #                |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
+  #  J!            | Integer | uintptr_t, native endian (same with J)
+  #                |         |
+  #  s_ s!         | Integer | signed short, native endian
+  #  i i_ i!       | Integer | signed int, native endian
+  #  l_ l!         | Integer | signed long, native endian
+  #  q_ q!         | Integer | signed long long, native endian (ArgumentError
+  #                |         | if the platform has no long long type.)
+  #  j!            | Integer | intptr_t, native endian (same with j)
+  #                |         |
+  #  S> s> S!> s!> | Integer | same as the directives without ">" except
+  #  L> l> L!> l!> |         | big endian
+  #  I!> i!>       |         |
+  #  Q> q> Q!> q!> |         | "S>" is same as "n"
+  #  J> j> J!> j!> |         | "L>" is same as "N"
+  #                |         |
+  #  S< s< S!< s!< | Integer | same as the directives without "<" except
+  #  L< l< L!< l!< |         | little endian
+  #  I!< i!<       |         |
+  #  Q< q< Q!< q!< |         | "S<" is same as "v"
+  #  J< j< J!< j!< |         | "L<" is same as "V"
+  #                |         |
+  #  n             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #  N             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #  v             | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
+  #  V             | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
+  #                |         |
+  #  U             | Integer | UTF-8 character
+  #  w             | Integer | BER-compressed integer (see Array#pack)
+  #
+  #  Float        |         |
+  #  Directive    | Returns | Meaning
+  #  -----------------------------------------------------------------
+  #  D d          | Float   | double-precision, native format
+  #  F f          | Float   | single-precision, native format
+  #  E            | Float   | double-precision, little-endian byte order
+  #  e            | Float   | single-precision, little-endian byte order
+  #  G            | Float   | double-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #  g            | Float   | single-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
+  #
+  #  String       |         |
+  #  Directive    | Returns | Meaning
+  #  -----------------------------------------------------------------
+  #  A            | String  | arbitrary binary string (remove trailing nulls and ASCII spaces)
+  #  a            | String  | arbitrary binary string
+  #  Z            | String  | null-terminated string
+  #  B            | String  | bit string (MSB first)
+  #  b            | String  | bit string (LSB first)
+  #  H            | String  | hex string (high nibble first)
+  #  h            | String  | hex string (low nibble first)
+  #  u            | String  | UU-encoded string
+  #  M            | String  | quoted-printable, MIME encoding (see RFC2045)
+  #  m            | String  | base64 encoded string (RFC 2045) (default)
+  #               |         | base64 encoded string (RFC 4648) if followed by 0
+  #  P            | String  | pointer to a structure (fixed-length string)
+  #  p            | String  | pointer to a null-terminated string
+  #
+  #  Misc.        |         |
+  #  Directive    | Returns | Meaning
+  #  -----------------------------------------------------------------
+  #  @            | ---     | skip to the offset given by the length argument
+  #  X            | ---     | skip backward one byte
+  #  x            | ---     | skip forward one byte
+  #
+  # HISTORY
+  #
+  # * J, J! j, and j! are available since Ruby 2.3.
+  # * Q_, Q!, q_, and q! are available since Ruby 2.1.
+  # * I!<, i!<, I!>, and i!> are available since Ruby 1.9.3.
+  def unpack(fmt)
+    Primitive.pack_unpack(fmt)
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #    str.unpack1(format)    ->  obj
+  #
+  # Decodes <i>str</i> (which may contain binary data) according to the
+  # format string, returning the first value extracted.
+  # See also String#unpack, Array#pack.
+  #
+  # Contrast with String#unpack:
+  #
+  #    "abc \0\0abc \0\0".unpack('A6Z6')   #=> ["abc", "abc "]
+  #    "abc \0\0abc \0\0".unpack1('A6Z6')  #=> "abc"
+  #
+  # In that case data would be lost but often it's the case that the array
+  # only holds one value, especially when unpacking binary data. For instance:
+  #
+  # "\xff\x00\x00\x00".unpack("l")         #=>  [255]
+  # "\xff\x00\x00\x00".unpack1("l")        #=>  255
+  #
+  # Thus unpack1 is convenient, makes clear the intention and signals
+  # the expected return value to those reading the code.
+  def unpack1(fmt)
+    Primitive.pack_unpack1(fmt)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/parse.y b/parse.y
index 23b5417abb..3bc3748dd5 100644
--- a/parse.y
+++ b/parse.y
@@ -14,25 +14,67 @@
 #if !YYPURE
 # error needs pure parser
 #endif
-#ifndef PARSER_DEBUG
-#define PARSER_DEBUG 0
-#endif
 #define YYDEBUG 1
 #define YYERROR_VERBOSE 1
 #define YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 0
+#define YYLTYPE rb_code_location_t
+#define YYLTYPE_IS_DECLARED 1
+
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+struct lex_context;
 
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/st.h"
-#include "ruby/encoding.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/compile.h"
+#include "internal/compilers.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/parse.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/re.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/util.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
 #include "node.h"
-#include "parse.h"
-#include "symbol.h"
-#include "regenc.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
 #include "probes.h"
+#include "regenc.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/regex.h"
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
+
+enum shareability {
+    shareable_none,
+    shareable_literal,
+    shareable_copy,
+    shareable_everything,
+};
+
+struct lex_context {
+    unsigned int in_defined: 1;
+    unsigned int in_kwarg: 1;
+    unsigned int in_def: 1;
+    unsigned int in_class: 1;
+    BITFIELD(enum shareability, shareable_constant_value, 2);
+};
+
+#include "parse.h"
+
+#define NO_LEX_CTXT (struct lex_context){0}
+
+#define AREF(ary, i) RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)
 
 #ifndef WARN_PAST_SCOPE
 # define WARN_PAST_SCOPE 0
@@ -40,25 +82,42 @@
 
 #define TAB_WIDTH 8
 
-#define YYMALLOC(size)		rb_parser_malloc(parser, (size))
-#define YYREALLOC(ptr, size)	rb_parser_realloc(parser, (ptr), (size))
-#define YYCALLOC(nelem, size)	rb_parser_calloc(parser, (nelem), (size))
-#define YYFREE(ptr)		rb_parser_free(parser, (ptr))
+#define yydebug (p->debug)	/* disable the global variable definition */
+
+#define YYMALLOC(size)		rb_parser_malloc(p, (size))
+#define YYREALLOC(ptr, size)	rb_parser_realloc(p, (ptr), (size))
+#define YYCALLOC(nelem, size)	rb_parser_calloc(p, (nelem), (size))
+#define YYFREE(ptr)		rb_parser_free(p, (ptr))
 #define YYFPRINTF		rb_parser_printf
-#if defined YYLTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL && YYLTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL
-# define YY_LOCATION_PRINT(File, Loc) \
-     rb_parser_printf(parser, "%d.%d-%d.%d", \
-		      (Loc).first_line, (Loc).first_column, \
-		      (Loc).last_line,  (Loc).last_column)
-#endif
-#undef malloc
-#undef realloc
-#undef calloc
-#undef free
-#define malloc	YYMALLOC
-#define realloc	YYREALLOC
-#define calloc	YYCALLOC
-#define free	YYFREE
+#define YY_LOCATION_PRINT(File, loc) \
+     rb_parser_printf(p, "%d.%d-%d.%d", \
+		      (loc).beg_pos.lineno, (loc).beg_pos.column,\
+		      (loc).end_pos.lineno, (loc).end_pos.column)
+#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Current, Rhs, N)					\
+    do									\
+      if (N)								\
+	{								\
+	  (Current).beg_pos = YYRHSLOC(Rhs, 1).beg_pos;			\
+	  (Current).end_pos = YYRHSLOC(Rhs, N).end_pos;			\
+	}								\
+      else								\
+        {                                                               \
+          (Current).beg_pos = YYRHSLOC(Rhs, 0).end_pos;                 \
+          (Current).end_pos = YYRHSLOC(Rhs, 0).end_pos;                 \
+        }                                                               \
+    while (0)
+
+#define RUBY_SET_YYLLOC_FROM_STRTERM_HEREDOC(Current)			\
+    rb_parser_set_location_from_strterm_heredoc(p, &p->lex.strterm->u.heredoc, &(Current))
+#define RUBY_SET_YYLLOC_OF_NONE(Current)					\
+    rb_parser_set_location_of_none(p, &(Current))
+#define RUBY_SET_YYLLOC(Current)					\
+    rb_parser_set_location(p, &(Current))
+#define RUBY_INIT_YYLLOC() \
+    { \
+	{p->ruby_sourceline, (int)(p->lex.ptok - p->lex.pbeg)}, \
+	{p->ruby_sourceline, (int)(p->lex.pcur - p->lex.pbeg)}, \
+    }
 
 enum lex_state_bits {
     EXPR_BEG_bit,		/* ignore newline, +/- is a sign. */
@@ -95,37 +154,41 @@ enum lex_state_e {
     EXPR_VALUE = EXPR_BEG,
     EXPR_BEG_ANY  =  (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_MID | EXPR_CLASS),
     EXPR_ARG_ANY  =  (EXPR_ARG | EXPR_CMDARG),
-    EXPR_END_ANY  =  (EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG | EXPR_ENDFN)
+    EXPR_END_ANY  =  (EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDARG | EXPR_ENDFN),
+    EXPR_NONE = 0
 };
 #define IS_lex_state_for(x, ls)	((x) & (ls))
 #define IS_lex_state_all_for(x, ls) (((x) & (ls)) == (ls))
-#define IS_lex_state(ls)	IS_lex_state_for(lex_state, (ls))
-#define IS_lex_state_all(ls)	IS_lex_state_all_for(lex_state, (ls))
+#define IS_lex_state(ls)	IS_lex_state_for(p->lex.state, (ls))
+#define IS_lex_state_all(ls)	IS_lex_state_all_for(p->lex.state, (ls))
 
 # define SET_LEX_STATE(ls) \
-    (lex_state = (yydebug ? trace_lex_state(lex_state, (ls), __LINE__) : \
-		  (enum lex_state_e)(ls)))
-static enum lex_state_e trace_lex_state(enum lex_state_e from, enum lex_state_e to, int line);
+    (p->lex.state = \
+     (p->debug ? \
+      rb_parser_trace_lex_state(p, p->lex.state, (ls), __LINE__) : \
+      (enum lex_state_e)(ls)))
 
 typedef VALUE stack_type;
 
-static void show_bitstack(stack_type, const char *, int);
-# define SHOW_BITSTACK(stack, name) (yydebug ? show_bitstack(stack, name, __LINE__) : (void)0)
-# define BITSTACK_PUSH(stack, n) (((stack) = ((stack)<<1)|((n)&1)), SHOW_BITSTACK(stack, #stack"(push)"))
-# define BITSTACK_POP(stack)	 (((stack) = (stack) >> 1), SHOW_BITSTACK(stack, #stack"(pop)"))
-# define BITSTACK_LEXPOP(stack)	 (((stack) = ((stack) >> 1) | ((stack) & 1)), SHOW_BITSTACK(stack, #stack"(lexpop)"))
-# define BITSTACK_SET_P(stack)	 (SHOW_BITSTACK(stack, #stack), (stack)&1)
-# define BITSTACK_SET(stack, n)	 ((stack)=(n), SHOW_BITSTACK(stack, #stack"(set)"))
+static const rb_code_location_t NULL_LOC = { {0, -1}, {0, -1} };
+
+# define SHOW_BITSTACK(stack, name) (p->debug ? rb_parser_show_bitstack(p, stack, name, __LINE__) : (void)0)
+# define BITSTACK_PUSH(stack, n) (((p->stack) = ((p->stack)<<1)|((n)&1)), SHOW_BITSTACK(p->stack, #stack"(push)"))
+# define BITSTACK_POP(stack)	 (((p->stack) = (p->stack) >> 1), SHOW_BITSTACK(p->stack, #stack"(pop)"))
+# define BITSTACK_SET_P(stack)	 (SHOW_BITSTACK(p->stack, #stack), (p->stack)&1)
+# define BITSTACK_SET(stack, n)	 ((p->stack)=(n), SHOW_BITSTACK(p->stack, #stack"(set)"))
 
+/* A flag to identify keyword_do_cond, "do" keyword after condition expression.
+   Examples: `while ... do`, `until ... do`, and `for ... in ... do` */
 #define COND_PUSH(n)	BITSTACK_PUSH(cond_stack, (n))
 #define COND_POP()	BITSTACK_POP(cond_stack)
-#define COND_LEXPOP()	BITSTACK_LEXPOP(cond_stack)
 #define COND_P()	BITSTACK_SET_P(cond_stack)
 #define COND_SET(n)	BITSTACK_SET(cond_stack, (n))
 
+/* A flag to identify keyword_do_block; "do" keyword after command_call.
+   Example: `foo 1, 2 do`. */
 #define CMDARG_PUSH(n)	BITSTACK_PUSH(cmdarg_stack, (n))
 #define CMDARG_POP()	BITSTACK_POP(cmdarg_stack)
-#define CMDARG_LEXPOP()	BITSTACK_LEXPOP(cmdarg_stack)
 #define CMDARG_P()	BITSTACK_SET_P(cmdarg_stack)
 #define CMDARG_SET(n)	BITSTACK_SET(cmdarg_stack, (n))
 
@@ -144,125 +207,80 @@ struct local_vars {
     struct vtable *past;
 # endif
     struct local_vars *prev;
-    stack_type cmdargs;
+# ifndef RIPPER
+    struct {
+	NODE *outer, *inner, *current;
+    } numparam;
+# endif
 };
 
-#define DVARS_INHERIT ((void*)1)
-#define DVARS_TOPSCOPE NULL
-#define DVARS_SPECIAL_P(tbl) (!POINTER_P(tbl))
-#define POINTER_P(val) ((VALUE)(val) & ~(VALUE)3)
+enum {
+    ORDINAL_PARAM = -1,
+    NO_PARAM = 0,
+    NUMPARAM_MAX = 9,
+};
 
+#define NUMPARAM_ID_P(id) numparam_id_p(id)
+#define NUMPARAM_ID_TO_IDX(id) (unsigned int)(((id) >> ID_SCOPE_SHIFT) - tNUMPARAM_1 + 1)
+#define NUMPARAM_IDX_TO_ID(idx) TOKEN2LOCALID((tNUMPARAM_1 + (idx) - 1))
 static int
-vtable_size(const struct vtable *tbl)
+numparam_id_p(ID id)
 {
-    if (POINTER_P(tbl)) {
-        return tbl->pos;
-    }
-    else {
-        return 0;
-    }
+    if (!is_local_id(id)) return 0;
+    unsigned int idx = NUMPARAM_ID_TO_IDX(id);
+    return idx > 0 && idx <= NUMPARAM_MAX;
 }
+static void numparam_name(struct parser_params *p, ID id);
 
-#define VTBL_DEBUG 0
-
-static struct vtable *
-vtable_alloc(struct vtable *prev)
-{
-    struct vtable *tbl = ALLOC(struct vtable);
-    tbl->pos = 0;
-    tbl->capa = 8;
-    tbl->tbl = ALLOC_N(ID, tbl->capa);
-    tbl->prev = prev;
-    if (VTBL_DEBUG) printf("vtable_alloc: %p\n", (void *)tbl);
-    return tbl;
-}
-
-static void
-vtable_free(struct vtable *tbl)
-{
-    if (VTBL_DEBUG)printf("vtable_free: %p\n", (void *)tbl);
-    if (POINTER_P(tbl)) {
-        if (tbl->tbl) {
-            xfree(tbl->tbl);
-        }
-        xfree(tbl);
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-vtable_add(struct vtable *tbl, ID id)
-{
-    if (!POINTER_P(tbl)) {
-        rb_bug("vtable_add: vtable is not allocated (%p)", (void *)tbl);
-    }
-    if (VTBL_DEBUG) printf("vtable_add: %p, %"PRIsVALUE"\n", (void *)tbl, rb_id2str(id));
-
-    if (tbl->pos == tbl->capa) {
-        tbl->capa = tbl->capa * 2;
-        REALLOC_N(tbl->tbl, ID, tbl->capa);
-    }
-    tbl->tbl[tbl->pos++] = id;
-}
-
-#ifndef RIPPER
-static void
-vtable_pop(struct vtable *tbl, int n)
-{
-    if (tbl->pos < n) rb_bug("vtable_pop: unreachable");
-    tbl->pos -= n;
-}
-#endif
-
-static int
-vtable_included(const struct vtable * tbl, ID id)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    if (POINTER_P(tbl)) {
-        for (i = 0; i < tbl->pos; i++) {
-            if (tbl->tbl[i] == id) {
-                return i+1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
+#define DVARS_INHERIT ((void*)1)
+#define DVARS_TOPSCOPE NULL
+#define DVARS_TERMINAL_P(tbl) ((tbl) == DVARS_INHERIT || (tbl) == DVARS_TOPSCOPE)
 
 typedef struct token_info {
     const char *token;
-    int linenum;
-    int column;
+    rb_code_position_t beg;
+    int indent;
     int nonspc;
     struct token_info *next;
 } token_info;
 
+typedef struct rb_strterm_struct rb_strterm_t;
+
 /*
     Structure of Lexer Buffer:
 
- lex_pbeg      tokp         lex_p        lex_pend
-    |           |              |            |
-    |-----------+--------------+------------|
-                |<------------>|
+ lex.pbeg     lex.ptok     lex.pcur     lex.pend
+    |            |            |            |
+    |------------+------------+------------|
+                 |<---------->|
                      token
 */
 struct parser_params {
-    NODE *heap;
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *heap;
 
     YYSTYPE *lval;
 
     struct {
-	NODE *strterm;
+	rb_strterm_t *strterm;
 	VALUE (*gets)(struct parser_params*,VALUE);
 	VALUE input;
+	VALUE prevline;
 	VALUE lastline;
 	VALUE nextline;
 	const char *pbeg;
 	const char *pcur;
 	const char *pend;
-	long gets_ptr;
+	const char *ptok;
+	union {
+	    long ptr;
+	    VALUE (*call)(VALUE, int);
+	} gets_;
 	enum lex_state_e state;
+	/* track the nest level of any parens "()[]{}" */
 	int paren_nest;
+	/* keep p->lex.paren_nest at the beginning of lambda "->" to detect tLAMBEG and keyword_do_LAMBDA */
 	int lpar_beg;
+	/* track the nest level of only braces "{}" */
 	int brace_nest;
     } lex;
     stack_type cond_stack;
@@ -275,28 +293,34 @@ struct parser_params {
     int heredoc_line_indent;
     char *tokenbuf;
     struct local_vars *lvtbl;
+    st_table *pvtbl;
+    st_table *pktbl;
     int line_count;
     int ruby_sourceline;	/* current line no. */
-    char *ruby_sourcefile; /* current source file */
+    const char *ruby_sourcefile; /* current source file */
     VALUE ruby_sourcefile_string;
     rb_encoding *enc;
     token_info *token_info;
+    VALUE case_labels;
     VALUE compile_option;
 
     VALUE debug_buffer;
+    VALUE debug_output;
 
     ID cur_arg;
 
+    rb_ast_t *ast;
+    int node_id;
+
+    int max_numparam;
+
+    struct lex_context ctxt;
+
     unsigned int command_start:1;
     unsigned int eofp: 1;
     unsigned int ruby__end__seen: 1;
-    unsigned int yydebug: 1;
+    unsigned int debug: 1;
     unsigned int has_shebang: 1;
-    unsigned int in_defined: 1;
-    unsigned int in_main: 1;
-    unsigned int in_kwarg: 1;
-    unsigned int in_single: 1;
-    unsigned int in_def: 1;
     unsigned int token_seen: 1;
     unsigned int token_info_enabled: 1;
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
@@ -308,19 +332,24 @@ struct parser_params {
 #ifndef RIPPER
     /* Ruby core only */
 
+    unsigned int do_print: 1;
+    unsigned int do_loop: 1;
+    unsigned int do_chomp: 1;
+    unsigned int do_split: 1;
+
     NODE *eval_tree_begin;
     NODE *eval_tree;
     VALUE error_buffer;
     VALUE debug_lines;
-    VALUE coverage;
-    const struct rb_block *base_block;
+    const struct rb_iseq_struct *parent_iseq;
 #else
     /* Ripper only */
 
-    const char *tokp;
-    VALUE delayed;
-    int delayed_line;
-    int delayed_col;
+    struct {
+	VALUE token;
+	int line;
+	int col;
+    } delayed;
 
     VALUE value;
     VALUE result;
@@ -328,217 +357,244 @@ struct parser_params {
 #endif
 };
 
-#ifdef RIPPER
 #define intern_cstr(n,l,en) rb_intern3(n,l,en)
-#else
-#define intern_cstr(n,l,en) rb_intern3(n,l,en)
-#endif
 
-#define STR_NEW(p,n) rb_enc_str_new((p),(n),current_enc)
-#define STR_NEW0() rb_enc_str_new(0,0,current_enc)
-#define STR_NEW2(p) rb_enc_str_new((p),strlen(p),current_enc)
-#define STR_NEW3(p,n,e,func) parser_str_new((p),(n),(e),(func),current_enc)
-#define TOK_INTERN() intern_cstr(tok(), toklen(), current_enc)
-
-static int parser_yyerror(struct parser_params*, const char*);
-#define yyerror(msg) parser_yyerror(parser, (msg))
-
-#define lex_strterm		(parser->lex.strterm)
-#define lex_state		(parser->lex.state)
-#define cond_stack		(parser->cond_stack)
-#define cmdarg_stack		(parser->cmdarg_stack)
-#define paren_nest		(parser->lex.paren_nest)
-#define lpar_beg		(parser->lex.lpar_beg)
-#define brace_nest		(parser->lex.brace_nest)
-#define in_single		(parser->in_single)
-#define in_def			(parser->in_def)
-#define in_main 		(parser->in_main)
-#define in_defined		(parser->in_defined)
-#define tokenbuf		(parser->tokenbuf)
-#define tokidx			(parser->tokidx)
-#define toksiz			(parser->toksiz)
-#define tokline 		(parser->tokline)
-#define lex_input		(parser->lex.input)
-#define lex_lastline		(parser->lex.lastline)
-#define lex_nextline		(parser->lex.nextline)
-#define lex_pbeg		(parser->lex.pbeg)
-#define lex_p			(parser->lex.pcur)
-#define lex_pend		(parser->lex.pend)
-#define heredoc_end		(parser->heredoc_end)
-#define heredoc_indent		(parser->heredoc_indent)
-#define heredoc_line_indent	(parser->heredoc_line_indent)
-#define command_start		(parser->command_start)
-#define lex_gets_ptr		(parser->lex.gets_ptr)
-#define lex_gets		(parser->lex.gets)
-#define lvtbl			(parser->lvtbl)
-#define ruby__end__seen 	(parser->ruby__end__seen)
-#define ruby_sourceline 	(parser->ruby_sourceline)
-#define ruby_sourcefile 	(parser->ruby_sourcefile)
-#define ruby_sourcefile_string	(parser->ruby_sourcefile_string)
-#define current_enc		(parser->enc)
-#define current_arg		(parser->cur_arg)
-#define yydebug 		(parser->yydebug)
+#define STR_NEW(ptr,len) rb_enc_str_new((ptr),(len),p->enc)
+#define STR_NEW0() rb_enc_str_new(0,0,p->enc)
+#define STR_NEW2(ptr) rb_enc_str_new((ptr),strlen(ptr),p->enc)
+#define STR_NEW3(ptr,len,e,func) parser_str_new((ptr),(len),(e),(func),p->enc)
+#define TOK_INTERN() intern_cstr(tok(p), toklen(p), p->enc)
+
+static st_table *
+push_pvtbl(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    st_table *tbl = p->pvtbl;
+    p->pvtbl = st_init_numtable();
+    return tbl;
+}
+
+static void
+pop_pvtbl(struct parser_params *p, st_table *tbl)
+{
+    st_free_table(p->pvtbl);
+    p->pvtbl = tbl;
+}
+
+static st_table *
+push_pktbl(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    st_table *tbl = p->pktbl;
+    p->pktbl = 0;
+    return tbl;
+}
+
+static void
+pop_pktbl(struct parser_params *p, st_table *tbl)
+{
+    if (p->pktbl) st_free_table(p->pktbl);
+    p->pktbl = tbl;
+}
+
+static int parser_yyerror(struct parser_params*, const YYLTYPE *yylloc, const char*);
+#define yyerror0(msg) parser_yyerror(p, NULL, (msg))
+#define yyerror1(loc, msg) parser_yyerror(p, (loc), (msg))
+#define yyerror(yylloc, p, msg) parser_yyerror(p, yylloc, msg)
+#define token_flush(ptr) ((ptr)->lex.ptok = (ptr)->lex.pcur)
+
+static void token_info_setup(token_info *ptinfo, const char *ptr, const rb_code_location_t *loc);
+static void token_info_push(struct parser_params*, const char *token, const rb_code_location_t *loc);
+static void token_info_pop(struct parser_params*, const char *token, const rb_code_location_t *loc);
+static void token_info_warn(struct parser_params *p, const char *token, token_info *ptinfo_beg, int same, const rb_code_location_t *loc);
+static void token_info_drop(struct parser_params *p, const char *token, rb_code_position_t beg_pos);
+
 #ifdef RIPPER
 #define compile_for_eval	(0)
 #else
-#define compile_for_eval	(parser->base_block != 0 && !in_main)
-#define ruby_eval_tree		(parser->eval_tree)
-#define ruby_eval_tree_begin	(parser->eval_tree_begin)
-#define ruby_debug_lines	(parser->debug_lines)
-#define ruby_coverage		(parser->coverage)
+#define compile_for_eval	(p->parent_iseq != 0)
 #endif
 
-#define CALL_Q_P(q) ((q) == tANDDOT)
+#define token_column		((int)(p->lex.ptok - p->lex.pbeg))
+
+#define CALL_Q_P(q) ((q) == TOKEN2VAL(tANDDOT))
 #define NODE_CALL_Q(q) (CALL_Q_P(q) ? NODE_QCALL : NODE_CALL)
-#define NEW_QCALL(q,r,m,a) NEW_NODE(NODE_CALL_Q(q),r,m,a)
+#define NEW_QCALL(q,r,m,a,loc) NEW_NODE(NODE_CALL_Q(q),r,m,a,loc)
 
-#define lambda_beginning_p() (lpar_beg && lpar_beg == paren_nest)
+#define lambda_beginning_p() (p->lex.lpar_beg == p->lex.paren_nest)
 
-static int yylex(YYSTYPE*, struct parser_params*);
+static enum yytokentype yylex(YYSTYPE*, YYLTYPE*, struct parser_params*);
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
-#define yyparse ruby_yyparse
+static inline void
+rb_discard_node(struct parser_params *p, NODE *n)
+{
+    rb_ast_delete_node(p->ast, n);
+}
+#endif
 
-static NODE* node_newnode(struct parser_params *, enum node_type, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
-#define rb_node_newnode(type, a1, a2, a3) node_newnode(parser, (type), (a1), (a2), (a3))
+#ifdef RIPPER
+static inline VALUE
+add_mark_object(struct parser_params *p, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)
+	&& !RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_NODE) /* Ripper jumbles NODE objects and other objects... */
+    ) {
+	rb_ast_add_mark_object(p->ast, obj);
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+#else
+static NODE* node_newnode_with_locals(struct parser_params *, enum node_type, VALUE, VALUE, const rb_code_location_t*);
+#endif
 
-static NODE *cond_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,int);
-#define cond(node) cond_gen(parser, (node), FALSE)
-#define method_cond(node) cond_gen(parser, (node), TRUE)
-static NODE *new_if_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define new_if(cc,left,right) new_if_gen(parser, (cc), (left), (right))
-#define new_unless(cc,left,right) new_if_gen(parser, (cc), (right), (left))
-static NODE *logop_gen(struct parser_params*,enum node_type,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define logop(type,node1,node2) logop_gen(parser, (type), (node1), (node2))
+static NODE* node_newnode(struct parser_params *, enum node_type, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, const rb_code_location_t*);
+#define rb_node_newnode(type, a1, a2, a3, loc) node_newnode(p, (type), (a1), (a2), (a3), (loc))
+
+static NODE *nd_set_loc(NODE *nd, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+
+static int
+parser_get_node_id(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    int node_id = p->node_id;
+    p->node_id++;
+    return node_id;
+}
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static inline void
+set_line_body(NODE *body, int line)
+{
+    if (!body) return;
+    switch (nd_type(body)) {
+      case NODE_RESCUE:
+      case NODE_ENSURE:
+	nd_set_line(body, line);
+    }
+}
+
+#define yyparse ruby_yyparse
+
+static NODE* cond(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE* method_cond(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+#define new_nil(loc) NEW_NIL(loc)
+static NODE *new_nil_at(struct parser_params *p, const rb_code_position_t *pos);
+static NODE *new_if(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *new_unless(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *logop(struct parser_params*,ID,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*);
 
 static NODE *newline_node(NODE*);
 static void fixpos(NODE*,NODE*);
 
 static int value_expr_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-static void void_expr_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
+static void void_expr(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
 static NODE *remove_begin(NODE*);
 static NODE *remove_begin_all(NODE*);
-#define value_expr(node) value_expr_gen(parser, (node) = remove_begin(node))
-#define void_expr0(node) void_expr_gen(parser, (node))
-#define void_expr(node) void_expr0((node) = remove_begin(node))
-static void void_stmts_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-#define void_stmts(node) void_stmts_gen(parser, (node))
-static void reduce_nodes_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE**);
-#define reduce_nodes(n) reduce_nodes_gen(parser,(n))
-static void block_dup_check_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define block_dup_check(n1,n2) block_dup_check_gen(parser,(n1),(n2))
-
-static NODE *block_append_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define block_append(h,t) block_append_gen(parser,(h),(t))
-static NODE *list_append_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define list_append(l,i) list_append_gen(parser,(l),(i))
+#define value_expr(node) value_expr_gen(p, (node))
+static NODE *void_stmts(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
+static void reduce_nodes(struct parser_params*,NODE**);
+static void block_dup_check(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
+
+static NODE *block_append(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
+static NODE *list_append(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
 static NODE *list_concat(NODE*,NODE*);
-static NODE *arg_append_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define arg_append(h,t) arg_append_gen(parser,(h),(t))
-static NODE *arg_concat_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define arg_concat(h,t) arg_concat_gen(parser,(h),(t))
-static NODE *literal_concat_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define literal_concat(h,t) literal_concat_gen(parser,(h),(t))
-static int literal_concat0(struct parser_params *, VALUE, VALUE);
-static NODE *new_evstr_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-#define new_evstr(n) new_evstr_gen(parser,(n))
-static NODE *evstr2dstr_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-#define evstr2dstr(n) evstr2dstr_gen(parser,(n))
+static NODE *arg_append(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *last_arg_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *args, NODE *last_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *rest_arg_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *args, NODE *rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *literal_concat(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *new_evstr(struct parser_params*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *new_dstr(struct parser_params*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *evstr2dstr(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
 static NODE *splat_array(NODE*);
+static void mark_lvar_used(struct parser_params *p, NODE *rhs);
+
+static NODE *call_bin_op(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *call_uni_op(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *new_qcall(struct parser_params* p, ID atype, NODE *recv, ID mid, NODE *args, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_command_qcall(struct parser_params* p, ID atype, NODE *recv, ID mid, NODE *args, NODE *block, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *method_add_block(struct parser_params*p, NODE *m, NODE *b, const YYLTYPE *loc) {b->nd_iter = m; b->nd_loc = *loc; return b;}
+
+static bool args_info_empty_p(struct rb_args_info *args);
+static NODE *new_args(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,ID,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *new_args_tail(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID,ID,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *new_array_pattern(struct parser_params *p, NODE *constant, NODE *pre_arg, NODE *aryptn, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_array_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, NODE *pre_args, int has_rest, ID rest_arg, NODE *post_args, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_find_pattern(struct parser_params *p, NODE *constant, NODE *fndptn, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_find_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, ID pre_rest_arg, NODE *args, ID post_rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_hash_pattern(struct parser_params *p, NODE *constant, NODE *hshptn, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_hash_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, NODE *kw_args, ID kw_rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static void warn_one_line_pattern_matching(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, NODE *pattern, bool right_assign);
+
+static NODE *new_kw_arg(struct parser_params *p, NODE *k, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *args_with_numbered(struct parser_params*,NODE*,int);
+
+static VALUE negate_lit(struct parser_params*, VALUE);
+static NODE *ret_args(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
+static NODE *arg_blk_pass(NODE*,NODE*);
+static NODE *new_yield(struct parser_params*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *dsym_node(struct parser_params*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
 
-static NODE *call_bin_op_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID,NODE*);
-#define call_bin_op(recv,id,arg1) call_bin_op_gen(parser, (recv),(id),(arg1))
-static NODE *call_uni_op_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID);
-#define call_uni_op(recv,id) call_uni_op_gen(parser, (recv),(id))
+static NODE *gettable(struct parser_params*,ID,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *assignable(struct parser_params*,ID,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
 
-static NODE *new_args_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,ID,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define new_args(f,o,r,p,t) new_args_gen(parser, (f),(o),(r),(p),(t))
-static NODE *new_args_tail_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID,ID);
-#define new_args_tail(k,kr,b) new_args_tail_gen(parser, (k),(kr),(b))
-#define new_kw_arg(k) ((k) ? NEW_KW_ARG(0, (k)) : 0)
+static NODE *aryset(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *attrset(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID,ID,const YYLTYPE*);
 
-static VALUE negate_lit(VALUE);
-static NODE *ret_args_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-#define ret_args(node) ret_args_gen(parser, (node))
-static NODE *arg_blk_pass(NODE*,NODE*);
-static NODE *new_yield_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-#define new_yield(node) new_yield_gen(parser, (node))
-static NODE *dsym_node_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-#define dsym_node(node) dsym_node_gen(parser, (node))
-
-static NODE *gettable_gen(struct parser_params*,ID);
-#define gettable(id) gettable_gen(parser,(id))
-static NODE *assignable_gen(struct parser_params*,ID,NODE*);
-#define assignable(id,node) assignable_gen(parser, (id), (node))
-
-static NODE *aryset_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define aryset(node1,node2) aryset_gen(parser, (node1), (node2))
-static NODE *attrset_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,ID,ID);
-#define attrset(node,q,id) attrset_gen(parser, (node), (q), (id))
-
-static void rb_backref_error_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-#define rb_backref_error(n) rb_backref_error_gen(parser,(n))
-static NODE *node_assign_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define node_assign(node1, node2) node_assign_gen(parser, (node1), (node2))
-
-static NODE *new_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs);
-static NODE *new_attr_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, ID atype, ID attr, ID op, NODE *rhs);
-#define new_attr_op_assign(lhs, type, attr, op, rhs) new_attr_op_assign_gen(parser, (lhs), (type), (attr), (op), (rhs))
-static NODE *new_const_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs);
-#define new_const_op_assign(lhs, op, rhs) new_const_op_assign_gen(parser, (lhs), (op), (rhs))
-
-#define const_path_field(w, n) NEW_COLON2(w, n)
-#define top_const_field(n) NEW_COLON3(n)
-static NODE *const_decl_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE* path);
-#define const_decl(path) const_decl_gen(parser, path)
-
-#define var_field(n) (n)
-#define backref_assign_error(n, a) (rb_backref_error(n), NEW_BEGIN(0))
+static void rb_backref_error(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
+static NODE *node_assign(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,struct lex_context,const YYLTYPE*);
+
+static NODE *new_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs, struct lex_context, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_ary_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *ary, NODE *args, ID op, NODE *rhs, const YYLTYPE *args_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_attr_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, ID atype, ID attr, ID op, NODE *rhs, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_const_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs, struct lex_context, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_bodystmt(struct parser_params *p, NODE *head, NODE *rescue, NODE *rescue_else, NODE *ensure, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+
+static NODE *const_decl(struct parser_params *p, NODE* path, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 
+static NODE *opt_arg_append(NODE*, NODE*);
 static NODE *kwd_append(NODE*, NODE*);
 
-static NODE *new_hash_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *hash);
-#define new_hash(hash) new_hash_gen(parser, (hash))
+static NODE *new_hash(struct parser_params *p, NODE *hash, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static NODE *new_unique_key_hash(struct parser_params *p, NODE *hash, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 
-#define new_defined(expr) NEW_DEFINED(remove_begin_all(expr))
+static NODE *new_defined(struct parser_params *p, NODE *expr, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 
-static NODE *new_regexp_gen(struct parser_params *, NODE *, int);
-#define new_regexp(node, opt) new_regexp_gen(parser, node, opt)
+static NODE *new_regexp(struct parser_params *, NODE *, int, const YYLTYPE *);
 
-static NODE *new_xstring_gen(struct parser_params *, NODE *);
-#define new_xstring(node) new_xstring_gen(parser, node)
-#define new_string1(str) (str)
+#define make_list(list, loc) ((list) ? (nd_set_loc(list, loc), list) : NEW_ZLIST(loc))
 
-#define new_brace_body(param, stmt) NEW_ITER(param, stmt)
-#define new_do_body(param, stmt) NEW_ITER(param, stmt)
+static NODE *new_xstring(struct parser_params *, NODE *, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 
-static NODE *match_op_gen(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*);
-#define match_op(node1,node2) match_op_gen(parser, (node1), (node2))
+static NODE *symbol_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *symbols, NODE *symbol);
 
-static ID  *local_tbl_gen(struct parser_params*);
-#define local_tbl() local_tbl_gen(parser)
+static NODE *match_op(struct parser_params*,NODE*,NODE*,const YYLTYPE*,const YYLTYPE*);
 
-static VALUE reg_compile_gen(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
-#define reg_compile(str,options) reg_compile_gen(parser, (str), (options))
-static void reg_fragment_setenc_gen(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
-#define reg_fragment_setenc(str,options) reg_fragment_setenc_gen(parser, (str), (options))
-static int reg_fragment_check_gen(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
-#define reg_fragment_check(str,options) reg_fragment_check_gen(parser, (str), (options))
-static NODE *reg_named_capture_assign_gen(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE regexp);
-#define reg_named_capture_assign(regexp) reg_named_capture_assign_gen(parser,(regexp))
+static ID  *local_tbl(struct parser_params*);
 
-static NODE *parser_heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-# define heredoc_dedent(str) parser_heredoc_dedent(parser, (str))
+static VALUE reg_compile(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
+static void reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
+static int reg_fragment_check(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
+static NODE *reg_named_capture_assign(struct parser_params* p, VALUE regexp, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+
+static int literal_concat0(struct parser_params *p, VALUE head, VALUE tail);
+static NODE *heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
+
+static void check_literal_when(struct parser_params *p, NODE *args, const YYLTYPE *loc);
 
 #define get_id(id) (id)
 #define get_value(val) (val)
+#define get_num(num) (num)
 #else  /* RIPPER */
 #define NODE_RIPPER NODE_CDECL
+#define NEW_RIPPER(a,b,c,loc) (VALUE)NEW_CDECL(a,b,c,loc)
+
+static inline int ripper_is_node_yylval(VALUE n);
 
 static inline VALUE
-ripper_new_yylval(ID a, VALUE b, VALUE c)
+ripper_new_yylval(struct parser_params *p, ID a, VALUE b, VALUE c)
 {
-    return (VALUE)NEW_CDECL(a, b, c);
+    if (ripper_is_node_yylval(c)) c = RNODE(c)->nd_cval;
+    add_mark_object(p, b);
+    add_mark_object(p, c);
+    return NEW_RIPPER(a, b, c, &NULL_LOC);
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -549,89 +605,102 @@ ripper_is_node_yylval(VALUE n)
 
 #define value_expr(node) ((void)(node))
 #define remove_begin(node) (node)
+#define void_stmts(p,x) (x)
 #define rb_dvar_defined(id, base) 0
 #define rb_local_defined(id, base) 0
 static ID ripper_get_id(VALUE);
 #define get_id(id) ripper_get_id(id)
 static VALUE ripper_get_value(VALUE);
 #define get_value(val) ripper_get_value(val)
-static VALUE assignable_gen(struct parser_params*,VALUE);
-#define assignable(lhs,node) assignable_gen(parser, (lhs))
-static int id_is_var_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id);
-#define id_is_var(id) id_is_var_gen(parser, (id))
-
-#define node_assign(node1, node2) dispatch2(assign, (node1), (node2))
+#define get_num(num) (int)get_id(num)
+static VALUE assignable(struct parser_params*,VALUE);
+static int id_is_var(struct parser_params *p, ID id);
 
-static VALUE new_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE lhs, VALUE op, VALUE rhs);
-static VALUE new_attr_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE lhs, VALUE type, VALUE attr, VALUE op, VALUE rhs);
-#define new_attr_op_assign(lhs, type, attr, op, rhs) new_attr_op_assign_gen(parser, (lhs), (type), (attr), (op), (rhs))
-#define new_const_op_assign(lhs, op, rhs) new_op_assign(lhs, op, rhs)
+#define method_cond(p,node,loc) (node)
+#define call_bin_op(p, recv,id,arg1,op_loc,loc) dispatch3(binary, (recv), STATIC_ID2SYM(id), (arg1))
+#define match_op(p,node1,node2,op_loc,loc) call_bin_op(0, (node1), idEqTilde, (node2), op_loc, loc)
+#define call_uni_op(p, recv,id,op_loc,loc) dispatch2(unary, STATIC_ID2SYM(id), (recv))
+#define logop(p,id,node1,node2,op_loc,loc) call_bin_op(0, (node1), (id), (node2), op_loc, loc)
 
-static VALUE new_regexp_gen(struct parser_params *, VALUE, VALUE);
-#define new_regexp(node, opt) new_regexp_gen(parser, node, opt)
+#define new_nil(loc) Qnil
 
-static VALUE new_xstring_gen(struct parser_params *, VALUE);
-#define new_xstring(str) new_xstring_gen(parser, str)
-#define new_string1(str) dispatch1(string_literal, str)
+static VALUE new_regexp(struct parser_params *, VALUE, VALUE, const YYLTYPE *);
 
-#define new_brace_body(param, stmt) dispatch2(brace_block, escape_Qundef(param), stmt)
-#define new_do_body(param, stmt) dispatch2(do_block, escape_Qundef(param), stmt)
+static VALUE const_decl(struct parser_params *p, VALUE path);
 
-#define const_path_field(w, n) dispatch2(const_path_field, (w), (n))
-#define top_const_field(n) dispatch1(top_const_field, (n))
-static VALUE const_decl_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE path);
-#define const_decl(path) const_decl_gen(parser, path)
-
-#define var_field(n) dispatch1(var_field, (n))
-static VALUE assign_error_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE a);
-#define assign_error(a) assign_error_gen(parser, (a))
-#define backref_assign_error(n, a) assign_error(a)
+static VALUE var_field(struct parser_params *p, VALUE a);
+static VALUE assign_error(struct parser_params *p, const char *mesg, VALUE a);
 
 static VALUE parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int, VALUE *);
 
+static VALUE backref_error(struct parser_params*, NODE *, VALUE);
 #endif /* !RIPPER */
 
-#define new_op_assign(lhs, op, rhs) new_op_assign_gen(parser, (lhs), (op), (rhs))
-
-RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE rb_parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options);
-RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED int rb_reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
-
-
-static ID formal_argument_gen(struct parser_params*, ID);
-#define formal_argument(id) formal_argument_gen(parser, (id))
-static ID shadowing_lvar_gen(struct parser_params*,ID);
-#define shadowing_lvar(name) shadowing_lvar_gen(parser, (name))
-static void new_bv_gen(struct parser_params*,ID);
-#define new_bv(id) new_bv_gen(parser, (id))
-
-static void local_push_gen(struct parser_params*,int);
-#define local_push(top) local_push_gen(parser,(top))
-static void local_pop_gen(struct parser_params*);
-#define local_pop() local_pop_gen(parser)
-static void local_var_gen(struct parser_params*, ID);
-#define local_var(id) local_var_gen(parser, (id))
-static void arg_var_gen(struct parser_params*, ID);
-#define arg_var(id) arg_var_gen(parser, (id))
-static int  local_id_gen(struct parser_params*, ID);
-#define local_id(id) local_id_gen(parser, (id))
-static ID   internal_id_gen(struct parser_params*);
-#define internal_id() internal_id_gen(parser)
-
-static const struct vtable *dyna_push_gen(struct parser_params *);
-#define dyna_push() dyna_push_gen(parser)
-static void dyna_pop_gen(struct parser_params*, const struct vtable *);
-#define dyna_pop(node) dyna_pop_gen(parser, (node))
-static int dyna_in_block_gen(struct parser_params*);
-#define dyna_in_block() dyna_in_block_gen(parser)
-#define dyna_var(id) local_var(id)
-static int dvar_defined_gen(struct parser_params*,ID,int);
-#define dvar_defined(id) dvar_defined_gen(parser, (id), 0)
-#define dvar_defined_get(id) dvar_defined_gen(parser, (id), 1)
-static int dvar_curr_gen(struct parser_params*,ID);
-#define dvar_curr(id) dvar_curr_gen(parser, (id))
-
-static int lvar_defined_gen(struct parser_params*, ID);
-#define lvar_defined(id) lvar_defined_gen(parser, (id))
+/* forward declaration */
+typedef struct rb_strterm_heredoc_struct rb_strterm_heredoc_t;
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options);
+int rb_reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params*, VALUE, int);
+enum lex_state_e rb_parser_trace_lex_state(struct parser_params *, enum lex_state_e, enum lex_state_e, int);
+VALUE rb_parser_lex_state_name(enum lex_state_e state);
+void rb_parser_show_bitstack(struct parser_params *, stack_type, const char *, int);
+PRINTF_ARGS(void rb_parser_fatal(struct parser_params *p, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
+YYLTYPE *rb_parser_set_location_from_strterm_heredoc(struct parser_params *p, rb_strterm_heredoc_t *here, YYLTYPE *yylloc);
+YYLTYPE *rb_parser_set_location_of_none(struct parser_params *p, YYLTYPE *yylloc);
+YYLTYPE *rb_parser_set_location(struct parser_params *p, YYLTYPE *yylloc);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static void error_duplicate_pattern_variable(struct parser_params *p, ID id, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+static void error_duplicate_pattern_key(struct parser_params *p, ID id, const YYLTYPE *loc);
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static ID formal_argument(struct parser_params*, ID);
+#else
+static ID formal_argument(struct parser_params*, VALUE);
+#endif
+static ID shadowing_lvar(struct parser_params*,ID);
+static void new_bv(struct parser_params*,ID);
+
+static void local_push(struct parser_params*,int);
+static void local_pop(struct parser_params*);
+static void local_var(struct parser_params*, ID);
+static void arg_var(struct parser_params*, ID);
+static int  local_id(struct parser_params *p, ID id);
+static int  local_id_ref(struct parser_params*, ID, ID **);
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static ID   internal_id(struct parser_params*);
+static NODE *new_args_forward_call(struct parser_params*, NODE*, const YYLTYPE*, const YYLTYPE*);
+static NODE *new_args_forward_def(struct parser_params*, NODE*, const YYLTYPE*);
+#endif
+static int check_forwarding_args(struct parser_params*);
+static void add_forwarding_args(struct parser_params *p);
+
+static const struct vtable *dyna_push(struct parser_params *);
+static void dyna_pop(struct parser_params*, const struct vtable *);
+static int dyna_in_block(struct parser_params*);
+#define dyna_var(p, id) local_var(p, id)
+static int dvar_defined(struct parser_params*, ID);
+static int dvar_defined_ref(struct parser_params*, ID, ID**);
+static int dvar_curr(struct parser_params*,ID);
+
+static int lvar_defined(struct parser_params*, ID);
+
+static NODE *numparam_push(struct parser_params *p);
+static void numparam_pop(struct parser_params *p, NODE *prev_inner);
+
+#ifdef RIPPER
+# define METHOD_NOT idNOT
+#else
+# define METHOD_NOT '!'
+#endif
+
+#define idFWD_REST   '*'
+#ifdef RUBY3_KEYWORDS
+#define idFWD_KWREST idPow /* Use simple "**", as tDSTAR is "**arg" */
+#else
+#define idFWD_KWREST 0
+#endif
+#define idFWD_BLOCK  '&'
 
 #define RE_OPTION_ONCE (1<<16)
 #define RE_OPTION_ENCODING_SHIFT 8
@@ -641,17 +710,83 @@ static int lvar_defined_gen(struct parser_params*, ID);
 #define RE_OPTION_MASK  0xff
 #define RE_OPTION_ARG_ENCODING_NONE 32
 
-#define NODE_STRTERM NODE_ZARRAY	/* nothing to gc */
-#define NODE_HEREDOC NODE_ARRAY 	/* 1, 3 to gc */
-#define SIGN_EXTEND(x,n) (((1<<(n)-1)^((x)&~(~0<<(n))))-(1<<(n)-1))
-#define nd_func u1.id
-#if SIZEOF_SHORT == 2
-#define nd_term(node) ((signed short)(node)->u2.id)
+/* structs for managing terminator of string literal and heredocment */
+typedef struct rb_strterm_literal_struct {
+    union {
+	VALUE dummy;
+	long nest;
+    } u0;
+    union {
+	VALUE dummy;
+	long func;	    /* STR_FUNC_* (e.g., STR_FUNC_ESCAPE and STR_FUNC_EXPAND) */
+    } u1;
+    union {
+	VALUE dummy;
+	long paren;	    /* '(' of `%q(...)` */
+    } u2;
+    union {
+	VALUE dummy;
+	long term;	    /* ')' of `%q(...)` */
+    } u3;
+} rb_strterm_literal_t;
+
+#define HERETERM_LENGTH_BITS ((SIZEOF_VALUE - 1) * CHAR_BIT - 1)
+
+struct rb_strterm_heredoc_struct {
+    VALUE lastline;	/* the string of line that contains `<<"END"` */
+    long offset;	/* the column of END in `<<"END"` */
+    int sourceline;	/* lineno of the line that contains `<<"END"` */
+    unsigned length	/* the length of END in `<<"END"` */
+#if HERETERM_LENGTH_BITS < SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT
+    : HERETERM_LENGTH_BITS
+# define HERETERM_LENGTH_MAX ((1U << HERETERM_LENGTH_BITS) - 1)
 #else
-#define nd_term(node) SIGN_EXTEND((node)->u2.id, CHAR_BIT*2)
+# define HERETERM_LENGTH_MAX UINT_MAX
 #endif
-#define nd_paren(node) (char)((node)->u2.id >> CHAR_BIT*2)
-#define nd_nest u3.cnt
+    ;
+#if HERETERM_LENGTH_BITS < SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT
+    unsigned quote: 1;
+    unsigned func: 8;
+#else
+    uint8_t quote;
+    uint8_t func;
+#endif
+};
+STATIC_ASSERT(rb_strterm_heredoc_t, sizeof(rb_strterm_heredoc_t) <= 4 * SIZEOF_VALUE);
+
+#define STRTERM_HEREDOC IMEMO_FL_USER0
+
+struct rb_strterm_struct {
+    VALUE flags;
+    union {
+	rb_strterm_literal_t literal;
+	rb_strterm_heredoc_t heredoc;
+    } u;
+};
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+void
+rb_strterm_mark(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_strterm_t *strterm = (rb_strterm_t*)obj;
+    if (RBASIC(obj)->flags & STRTERM_HEREDOC) {
+	rb_strterm_heredoc_t *heredoc = &strterm->u.heredoc;
+	rb_gc_mark(heredoc->lastline);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#define yytnamerr(yyres, yystr) (YYSIZE_T)rb_yytnamerr(p, yyres, yystr)
+size_t rb_yytnamerr(struct parser_params *p, char *yyres, const char *yystr);
+
+#define TOKEN2ID(tok) ( \
+    tTOKEN_LOCAL_BEGIN<(tok)&&(tok)<tTOKEN_LOCAL_END ? TOKEN2LOCALID(tok) : \
+    tTOKEN_INSTANCE_BEGIN<(tok)&&(tok)<tTOKEN_INSTANCE_END ? TOKEN2INSTANCEID(tok) : \
+    tTOKEN_GLOBAL_BEGIN<(tok)&&(tok)<tTOKEN_GLOBAL_END ? TOKEN2GLOBALID(tok) : \
+    tTOKEN_CONST_BEGIN<(tok)&&(tok)<tTOKEN_CONST_END ? TOKEN2CONSTID(tok) : \
+    tTOKEN_CLASS_BEGIN<(tok)&&(tok)<tTOKEN_CLASS_END ? TOKEN2CLASSID(tok) : \
+    tTOKEN_ATTRSET_BEGIN<(tok)&&(tok)<tTOKEN_ATTRSET_END ? TOKEN2ATTRSETID(tok) : \
+    ((tok) / ((tok)<tPRESERVED_ID_END && ((tok)>=128 || rb_ispunct(tok)))))
 
 /****** Ripper *******/
 
@@ -670,88 +805,206 @@ static VALUE ripper_dispatch3(struct parser_params*,ID,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
 static VALUE ripper_dispatch4(struct parser_params*,ID,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
 static VALUE ripper_dispatch5(struct parser_params*,ID,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
 static VALUE ripper_dispatch7(struct parser_params*,ID,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
-static void ripper_error_gen(struct parser_params *parser);
-#define ripper_error() ripper_error_gen(parser)
+static void ripper_error(struct parser_params *p);
 
-#define dispatch0(n)            ripper_dispatch0(parser, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n))
-#define dispatch1(n,a)          ripper_dispatch1(parser, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a))
-#define dispatch2(n,a,b)        ripper_dispatch2(parser, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b))
-#define dispatch3(n,a,b,c)      ripper_dispatch3(parser, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c))
-#define dispatch4(n,a,b,c,d)    ripper_dispatch4(parser, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c), (d))
-#define dispatch5(n,a,b,c,d,e)  ripper_dispatch5(parser, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c), (d), (e))
-#define dispatch7(n,a,b,c,d,e,f,g) ripper_dispatch7(parser, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g))
+#define dispatch0(n)            ripper_dispatch0(p, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n))
+#define dispatch1(n,a)          ripper_dispatch1(p, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a))
+#define dispatch2(n,a,b)        ripper_dispatch2(p, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b))
+#define dispatch3(n,a,b,c)      ripper_dispatch3(p, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c))
+#define dispatch4(n,a,b,c,d)    ripper_dispatch4(p, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c), (d))
+#define dispatch5(n,a,b,c,d,e)  ripper_dispatch5(p, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c), (d), (e))
+#define dispatch7(n,a,b,c,d,e,f,g) ripper_dispatch7(p, TOKEN_PASTE(ripper_id_, n), (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g))
 
 #define yyparse ripper_yyparse
 
-#define ripper_intern(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern(s))
-static VALUE ripper_id2sym(ID);
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define ripper_id2sym(id) (rb_ispunct((int)(id)) ? \
-			   ID2SYM(id) : ripper_id2sym(id))
-#endif
-
-#define arg_new() dispatch0(args_new)
-#define arg_add(l,a) dispatch2(args_add, (l), (a))
-#define arg_add_star(l,a) dispatch2(args_add_star, (l), (a))
-#define arg_add_block(l,b) dispatch2(args_add_block, (l), (b))
-#define arg_add_optblock(l,b) ((b)==Qundef? (l) : dispatch2(args_add_block, (l), (b)))
-#define bare_assoc(v) dispatch1(bare_assoc_hash, (v))
-#define arg_add_assocs(l,b) arg_add((l), bare_assoc(b))
-
-#define args2mrhs(a) dispatch1(mrhs_new_from_args, (a))
-#define mrhs_new() dispatch0(mrhs_new)
-#define mrhs_add(l,a) dispatch2(mrhs_add, (l), (a))
-#define mrhs_add_star(l,a) dispatch2(mrhs_add_star, (l), (a))
-
-#define mlhs_new() dispatch0(mlhs_new)
-#define mlhs_add(l,a) dispatch2(mlhs_add, (l), (a))
-#define mlhs_add_star(l,a) dispatch2(mlhs_add_star, (l), (a))
+#define ID2VAL(id) STATIC_ID2SYM(id)
+#define TOKEN2VAL(t) ID2VAL(TOKEN2ID(t))
+#define KWD2EID(t, v) ripper_new_yylval(p, keyword_##t, get_value(v), 0)
 
 #define params_new(pars, opts, rest, pars2, kws, kwrest, blk) \
         dispatch7(params, (pars), (opts), (rest), (pars2), (kws), (kwrest), (blk))
 
-#define blockvar_new(p,v) dispatch2(block_var, (p), (v))
-#define blockvar_add_star(l,a) dispatch2(block_var_add_star, (l), (a))
-#define blockvar_add_block(l,a) dispatch2(block_var_add_block, (l), (a))
-
-#define method_optarg(m,a) ((a)==Qundef ? (m) : dispatch2(method_add_arg,(m),(a)))
-#define method_arg(m,a) dispatch2(method_add_arg,(m),(a))
-#define method_add_block(m,b) dispatch2(method_add_block, (m), (b))
-
 #define escape_Qundef(x) ((x)==Qundef ? Qnil : (x))
 
 static inline VALUE
-new_args_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE f, VALUE o, VALUE r, VALUE p, VALUE tail)
+new_args(struct parser_params *p, VALUE pre_args, VALUE opt_args, VALUE rest_arg, VALUE post_args, VALUE tail, YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *t = (NODE *)tail;
-    VALUE k = t->u1.value, kr = t->u2.value, b = t->u3.value;
-    return params_new(f, o, r, p, k, kr, escape_Qundef(b));
+    VALUE kw_args = t->u1.value, kw_rest_arg = t->u2.value, block = t->u3.value;
+    return params_new(pre_args, opt_args, rest_arg, post_args, kw_args, kw_rest_arg, escape_Qundef(block));
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+new_args_tail(struct parser_params *p, VALUE kw_args, VALUE kw_rest_arg, VALUE block, YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *t = rb_node_newnode(NODE_ARGS_AUX, kw_args, kw_rest_arg, block, &NULL_LOC);
+    add_mark_object(p, kw_args);
+    add_mark_object(p, kw_rest_arg);
+    add_mark_object(p, block);
+    return (VALUE)t;
 }
-#define new_args(f,o,r,p,t) new_args_gen(parser, (f),(o),(r),(p),(t))
 
 static inline VALUE
-new_args_tail_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE k, VALUE kr, VALUE b)
+args_with_numbered(struct parser_params *p, VALUE args, int max_numparam)
+{
+    return args;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+new_array_pattern(struct parser_params *p, VALUE constant, VALUE pre_arg, VALUE aryptn, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *t = (NODE *)aryptn;
+    VALUE pre_args = t->u1.value, rest_arg = t->u2.value, post_args = t->u3.value;
+
+    if (!NIL_P(pre_arg)) {
+	if (!NIL_P(pre_args)) {
+	    rb_ary_unshift(pre_args, pre_arg);
+	}
+	else {
+	    pre_args = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, pre_arg);
+	}
+    }
+    return dispatch4(aryptn, constant, pre_args, rest_arg, post_args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+new_array_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, VALUE pre_args, VALUE has_rest, VALUE rest_arg, VALUE post_args, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *t;
+
+    if (has_rest) {
+	rest_arg = dispatch1(var_field, rest_arg ? rest_arg : Qnil);
+    }
+    else {
+	rest_arg = Qnil;
+    }
+
+    t = rb_node_newnode(NODE_ARYPTN, pre_args, rest_arg, post_args, &NULL_LOC);
+    add_mark_object(p, pre_args);
+    add_mark_object(p, rest_arg);
+    add_mark_object(p, post_args);
+    return (VALUE)t;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+new_find_pattern(struct parser_params *p, VALUE constant, VALUE fndptn, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *t = (NODE *)fndptn;
+    VALUE pre_rest_arg = t->u1.value, args = t->u2.value, post_rest_arg = t->u3.value;
+
+    return dispatch4(fndptn, constant, pre_rest_arg, args, post_rest_arg);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+new_find_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, VALUE pre_rest_arg, VALUE args, VALUE post_rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *t;
+
+    pre_rest_arg = dispatch1(var_field, pre_rest_arg ? pre_rest_arg : Qnil);
+    post_rest_arg = dispatch1(var_field, post_rest_arg ? post_rest_arg : Qnil);
+
+    t = rb_node_newnode(NODE_FNDPTN, pre_rest_arg, args, post_rest_arg, &NULL_LOC);
+    add_mark_object(p, pre_rest_arg);
+    add_mark_object(p, args);
+    add_mark_object(p, post_rest_arg);
+    return (VALUE)t;
+}
+
+#define new_hash(p,h,l) rb_ary_new_from_args(0)
+
+static VALUE
+new_unique_key_hash(struct parser_params *p, VALUE ary, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    return (VALUE)MEMO_NEW(k, kr, b);
+    return ary;
 }
-#define new_args_tail(k,kr,b) new_args_tail_gen(parser, (k),(kr),(b))
 
-#define new_defined(expr) dispatch1(defined, (expr))
+static VALUE
+new_hash_pattern(struct parser_params *p, VALUE constant, VALUE hshptn, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *t = (NODE *)hshptn;
+    VALUE kw_args = t->u1.value, kw_rest_arg = t->u2.value;
+    return dispatch3(hshptn, constant, kw_args, kw_rest_arg);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+new_hash_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, VALUE kw_args, VALUE kw_rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *t;
+    if (kw_rest_arg) {
+	kw_rest_arg = dispatch1(var_field, kw_rest_arg);
+    }
+    else {
+	kw_rest_arg = Qnil;
+    }
+    t = rb_node_newnode(NODE_HSHPTN, kw_args, kw_rest_arg, 0, &NULL_LOC);
+
+    add_mark_object(p, kw_args);
+    add_mark_object(p, kw_rest_arg);
+    return (VALUE)t;
+}
 
-static VALUE parser_heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params*,VALUE);
-# define heredoc_dedent(str) parser_heredoc_dedent(parser, (str))
+#define new_defined(p,expr,loc) dispatch1(defined, (expr))
 
-#define FIXME 0
+static VALUE heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params*,VALUE);
 
 #else
-#define ripper_id2sym(id) id
+#define ID2VAL(id) (id)
+#define TOKEN2VAL(t) ID2VAL(t)
+#define KWD2EID(t, v) keyword_##t
+
+static NODE *
+set_defun_body(struct parser_params *p, NODE *n, NODE *args, NODE *body, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    body = remove_begin(body);
+    reduce_nodes(p, &body);
+    n->nd_defn = NEW_SCOPE(args, body, loc);
+    n->nd_loc = *loc;
+    nd_set_line(n->nd_defn, loc->end_pos.lineno);
+    set_line_body(body, loc->beg_pos.lineno);
+    return n;
+}
+
+static NODE *
+rescued_expr(struct parser_params *p, NODE *arg, NODE *rescue,
+	     const YYLTYPE *arg_loc, const YYLTYPE *mod_loc, const YYLTYPE *res_loc)
+{
+    YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(mod_loc, res_loc);
+    rescue = NEW_RESBODY(0, remove_begin(rescue), 0, &loc);
+    loc.beg_pos = arg_loc->beg_pos;
+    return NEW_RESCUE(arg, rescue, 0, &loc);
+}
+
 #endif /* RIPPER */
 
+static void
+restore_defun(struct parser_params *p, NODE *name)
+{
+    YYSTYPE c = {.val = name->nd_cval};
+    p->cur_arg = name->nd_vid;
+    p->ctxt.in_def = c.ctxt.in_def;
+    p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = c.ctxt.shareable_constant_value;
+}
+
+static void
+endless_method_name(struct parser_params *p, NODE *defn, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+#ifdef RIPPER
+    defn = defn->nd_defn;
+#endif
+    ID mid = defn->nd_mid;
+    if (is_attrset_id(mid)) {
+	yyerror1(loc, "setter method cannot be defined in an endless method definition");
+    }
+    token_info_drop(p, "def", loc->beg_pos);
+}
+
 #ifndef RIPPER
 # define Qnone 0
+# define Qnull 0
 # define ifndef_ripper(x) (x)
 #else
 # define Qnone Qnil
+# define Qnull Qundef
 # define ifndef_ripper(x)
 #endif
 
@@ -776,138 +1029,190 @@ static VALUE parser_heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params*,VALUE);
 # define rb_warning3L(l,fmt,a,b,c)   WARNING_CALL(WARNING_ARGS_L(l, fmt, 4), (a), (b), (c))
 # define rb_warning4L(l,fmt,a,b,c,d) WARNING_CALL(WARNING_ARGS_L(l, fmt, 5), (a), (b), (c), (d))
 #ifdef RIPPER
-static ID id_warn, id_warning, id_gets;
+static ID id_warn, id_warning, id_gets, id_assoc;
+# define ERR_MESG() STR_NEW2(mesg) /* to bypass Ripper DSL */
 # define WARN_S_L(s,l) STR_NEW(s,l)
 # define WARN_S(s) STR_NEW2(s)
 # define WARN_I(i) INT2NUM(i)
+# define WARN_ID(i) rb_id2str(i)
+# define WARN_IVAL(i) i
 # define PRIsWARN "s"
-# define WARN_ARGS(fmt,n) parser->value, id_warn, n, rb_usascii_str_new_lit(fmt)
+# define rb_warn0L_experimental(l,fmt)         WARN_CALL(WARN_ARGS_L(l, fmt, 1))
+# define WARN_ARGS(fmt,n) p->value, id_warn, n, rb_usascii_str_new_lit(fmt)
 # define WARN_ARGS_L(l,fmt,n) WARN_ARGS(fmt,n)
+# ifdef HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
+# define WARN_CALL(...) rb_funcall(__VA_ARGS__)
+# else
 # define WARN_CALL rb_funcall
-# define WARNING_ARGS(fmt,n) parser->value, id_warning, n, rb_usascii_str_new_lit(fmt)
+# endif
+# define WARNING_ARGS(fmt,n) p->value, id_warning, n, rb_usascii_str_new_lit(fmt)
 # define WARNING_ARGS_L(l, fmt,n) WARNING_ARGS(fmt,n)
+# ifdef HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO
+# define WARNING_CALL(...) rb_funcall(__VA_ARGS__)
+# else
 # define WARNING_CALL rb_funcall
-static void ripper_compile_error(struct parser_params*, const char *fmt, ...);
+# endif
+PRINTF_ARGS(static void ripper_compile_error(struct parser_params*, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
 # define compile_error ripper_compile_error
-# define PARSER_ARG parser,
 #else
 # define WARN_S_L(s,l) s
 # define WARN_S(s) s
 # define WARN_I(i) i
+# define WARN_ID(i) rb_id2name(i)
+# define WARN_IVAL(i) NUM2INT(i)
 # define PRIsWARN PRIsVALUE
-# define WARN_ARGS(fmt,n) WARN_ARGS_L(ruby_sourceline,fmt,n)
-# define WARN_ARGS_L(l,fmt,n) ruby_sourcefile, (l), (fmt)
+# define WARN_ARGS(fmt,n) WARN_ARGS_L(p->ruby_sourceline,fmt,n)
+# define WARN_ARGS_L(l,fmt,n) p->ruby_sourcefile, (l), (fmt)
 # define WARN_CALL rb_compile_warn
+# define rb_warn0L_experimental(l,fmt) rb_category_compile_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL, WARN_ARGS_L(l, fmt, 1))
 # define WARNING_ARGS(fmt,n) WARN_ARGS(fmt,n)
 # define WARNING_ARGS_L(l,fmt,n) WARN_ARGS_L(l,fmt,n)
 # define WARNING_CALL rb_compile_warning
-static void parser_compile_error(struct parser_params*, const char *fmt, ...);
+PRINTF_ARGS(static void parser_compile_error(struct parser_params*, const char *fmt, ...), 2, 3);
 # define compile_error parser_compile_error
-# define PARSER_ARG parser,
 #endif
 
-/* Older versions of Yacc set YYMAXDEPTH to a very low value by default (150,
-   for instance).  This is too low for Ruby to parse some files, such as
-   date/format.rb, therefore bump the value up to at least Bison's default. */
-#ifdef OLD_YACC
-#ifndef YYMAXDEPTH
-#define YYMAXDEPTH 10000
+#define WARN_EOL(tok) \
+    (looking_at_eol_p(p) ? \
+     (void)rb_warning0("`" tok "' at the end of line without an expression") : \
+     (void)0)
+static int looking_at_eol_p(struct parser_params *p);
+%}
+
+%expect 0
+%define api.pure
+%define parse.error verbose
+%printer {
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str($$));
+#else
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, RNODE($$)->nd_rval);
 #endif
+} tIDENTIFIER tFID tGVAR tIVAR tCONSTANT tCVAR tLABEL tOP_ASGN
+%printer {
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "%+"PRIsVALUE, $$->nd_lit);
+#else
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "%+"PRIsVALUE, get_value($$));
 #endif
+} tINTEGER tFLOAT tRATIONAL tIMAGINARY tSTRING_CONTENT tCHAR
+%printer {
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "$%ld", $$->nd_nth);
+#else
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, $$);
+#endif
+} tNTH_REF
+%printer {
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "$%c", (int)$$->nd_nth);
+#else
+    rb_parser_printf(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, $$);
+#endif
+} tBACK_REF
 
-static void token_info_push_gen(struct parser_params*, const char *token, size_t len);
-static void token_info_pop_gen(struct parser_params*, const char *token, size_t len);
-#define token_info_push(token) token_info_push_gen(parser, (token), rb_strlen_lit(token))
-#define token_info_pop(token) token_info_pop_gen(parser, (token), rb_strlen_lit(token))
-%}
-
-%pure-parser
-%lex-param {struct parser_params *parser}
-%parse-param {struct parser_params *parser}
+%lex-param {struct parser_params *p}
+%parse-param {struct parser_params *p}
+%initial-action
+{
+    RUBY_SET_YYLLOC_OF_NONE(@$);
+};
 
 %union {
     VALUE val;
     NODE *node;
     ID id;
     int num;
+    st_table *tbl;
     const struct vtable *vars;
-}
-
-/*%%%*/
-%token
-/*%
-%token <val>
-%*/
-	keyword_class
-	keyword_module
-	keyword_def
-	keyword_undef
-	keyword_begin
-	keyword_rescue
-	keyword_ensure
-	keyword_end
-	keyword_if
-	keyword_unless
-	keyword_then
-	keyword_elsif
-	keyword_else
-	keyword_case
-	keyword_when
-	keyword_while
-	keyword_until
-	keyword_for
-	keyword_break
-	keyword_next
-	keyword_redo
-	keyword_retry
-	keyword_in
-	keyword_do
-	keyword_do_cond
-	keyword_do_block
-	keyword_do_LAMBDA
-	keyword_return
-	keyword_yield
-	keyword_super
-	keyword_self
-	keyword_nil
-	keyword_true
-	keyword_false
-	keyword_and
-	keyword_or
-	keyword_not
-	modifier_if
-	modifier_unless
-	modifier_while
-	modifier_until
-	modifier_rescue
-	keyword_alias
-	keyword_defined
-	keyword_BEGIN
-	keyword_END
-	keyword__LINE__
-	keyword__FILE__
-	keyword__ENCODING__
-
-%token <id>   tIDENTIFIER tFID tGVAR tIVAR tCONSTANT tCVAR tLABEL
-%token <node> tINTEGER tFLOAT tRATIONAL tIMAGINARY tSTRING_CONTENT tCHAR
-%token <node> tNTH_REF tBACK_REF
+    struct rb_strterm_struct *strterm;
+    struct lex_context ctxt;
+}
+
+%token <id>
+        keyword_class        "`class'"
+        keyword_module       "`module'"
+        keyword_def          "`def'"
+        keyword_undef        "`undef'"
+        keyword_begin        "`begin'"
+        keyword_rescue       "`rescue'"
+        keyword_ensure       "`ensure'"
+        keyword_end          "`end'"
+        keyword_if           "`if'"
+        keyword_unless       "`unless'"
+        keyword_then         "`then'"
+        keyword_elsif        "`elsif'"
+        keyword_else         "`else'"
+        keyword_case         "`case'"
+        keyword_when         "`when'"
+        keyword_while        "`while'"
+        keyword_until        "`until'"
+        keyword_for          "`for'"
+        keyword_break        "`break'"
+        keyword_next         "`next'"
+        keyword_redo         "`redo'"
+        keyword_retry        "`retry'"
+        keyword_in           "`in'"
+        keyword_do           "`do'"
+        keyword_do_cond      "`do' for condition"
+        keyword_do_block     "`do' for block"
+        keyword_do_LAMBDA    "`do' for lambda"
+        keyword_return       "`return'"
+        keyword_yield        "`yield'"
+        keyword_super        "`super'"
+        keyword_self         "`self'"
+        keyword_nil          "`nil'"
+        keyword_true         "`true'"
+        keyword_false        "`false'"
+        keyword_and          "`and'"
+        keyword_or           "`or'"
+        keyword_not          "`not'"
+        modifier_if          "`if' modifier"
+        modifier_unless      "`unless' modifier"
+        modifier_while       "`while' modifier"
+        modifier_until       "`until' modifier"
+        modifier_rescue      "`rescue' modifier"
+        keyword_alias        "`alias'"
+        keyword_defined      "`defined?'"
+        keyword_BEGIN        "`BEGIN'"
+        keyword_END          "`END'"
+        keyword__LINE__      "`__LINE__'"
+        keyword__FILE__      "`__FILE__'"
+        keyword__ENCODING__  "`__ENCODING__'"
+
+%token <id>   tIDENTIFIER    "local variable or method"
+%token <id>   tFID           "method"
+%token <id>   tGVAR          "global variable"
+%token <id>   tIVAR          "instance variable"
+%token <id>   tCONSTANT      "constant"
+%token <id>   tCVAR          "class variable"
+%token <id>   tLABEL         "label"
+%token <node> tINTEGER       "integer literal"
+%token <node> tFLOAT         "float literal"
+%token <node> tRATIONAL      "rational literal"
+%token <node> tIMAGINARY     "imaginary literal"
+%token <node> tCHAR          "char literal"
+%token <node> tNTH_REF       "numbered reference"
+%token <node> tBACK_REF      "back reference"
+%token <node> tSTRING_CONTENT "literal content"
 %token <num>  tREGEXP_END
 
 %type <node> singleton strings string string1 xstring regexp
 %type <node> string_contents xstring_contents regexp_contents string_content
 %type <node> words symbols symbol_list qwords qsymbols word_list qword_list qsym_list word
-%type <node> literal numeric simple_numeric dsym cpath
-%type <node> top_compstmt top_stmts top_stmt
+%type <node> literal numeric simple_numeric ssym dsym symbol cpath def_name defn_head defs_head
+%type <node> top_compstmt top_stmts top_stmt begin_block
 %type <node> bodystmt compstmt stmts stmt_or_begin stmt expr arg primary command command_call method_call
-%type <node> expr_value arg_value primary_value fcall
-%type <node> if_tail opt_else case_body cases opt_rescue exc_list exc_var opt_ensure
+%type <node> expr_value expr_value_do arg_value primary_value fcall rel_expr
+%type <node> if_tail opt_else case_body case_args cases opt_rescue exc_list exc_var opt_ensure
 %type <node> args call_args opt_call_args
 %type <node> paren_args opt_paren_args args_tail opt_args_tail block_args_tail opt_block_args_tail
 %type <node> command_args aref_args opt_block_arg block_arg var_ref var_lhs
 %type <node> command_rhs arg_rhs
 %type <node> command_asgn mrhs mrhs_arg superclass block_call block_command
 %type <node> f_block_optarg f_block_opt
-%type <node> f_arglist f_args f_arg f_arg_item f_optarg f_marg f_marg_list f_margs
+%type <node> f_arglist f_opt_paren_args f_paren_args f_args f_arg f_arg_item
+%type <node> f_optarg f_marg f_marg_list f_margs f_rest_marg
 %type <node> assoc_list assocs assoc undef_list backref string_dvar for_var
 %type <node> block_param opt_block_param block_param_def f_opt
 %type <node> f_kwarg f_kw f_block_kwarg f_block_kw
@@ -915,14 +1220,26 @@ static void token_info_pop_gen(struct parser_params*, const char *token, size_t
 %type <node> lambda f_larglist lambda_body brace_body do_body
 %type <node> brace_block cmd_brace_block do_block lhs none fitem
 %type <node> mlhs mlhs_head mlhs_basic mlhs_item mlhs_node mlhs_post mlhs_inner
-%type <id>   fsym keyword_variable user_variable sym symbol operation operation2 operation3
+%type <node> p_case_body p_cases p_top_expr p_top_expr_body
+%type <node> p_expr p_as p_alt p_expr_basic p_find
+%type <node> p_args p_args_head p_args_tail p_args_post p_arg
+%type <node> p_value p_primitive p_variable p_var_ref p_const
+%type <node> p_kwargs p_kwarg p_kw
+%type <id>   keyword_variable user_variable sym operation operation2 operation3
 %type <id>   cname fname op f_rest_arg f_block_arg opt_f_block_arg f_norm_arg f_bad_arg
-%type <id>   f_kwrest f_label f_arg_asgn call_op call_op2
-/*%%%*/
-/*%
-%type <val> program reswords then do dot_or_colon
-%*/
+%type <id>   f_kwrest f_label f_arg_asgn call_op call_op2 reswords relop dot_or_colon
+%type <id>   p_rest p_kwrest p_kwnorest p_any_kwrest p_kw_label
+%type <id>   f_no_kwarg f_any_kwrest args_forward excessed_comma
+ %type <ctxt> lex_ctxt /* keep <ctxt> in ripper */
 %token END_OF_INPUT 0	"end-of-input"
+%token <id> '.'
+/* escaped chars, should be ignored otherwise */
+%token <id> '\\'	"backslash"
+%token tSP		"escaped space"
+%token <id> '\t' 	"escaped horizontal tab"
+%token <id> '\f'	"escaped form feed"
+%token <id> '\r'	"escaped carriage return"
+%token <id> '\13'	"escaped vertical tab"
 %token tUPLUS		RUBY_TOKEN(UPLUS)  "unary+"
 %token tUMINUS		RUBY_TOKEN(UMINUS) "unary-"
 %token tPOW		RUBY_TOKEN(POW)    "**"
@@ -938,14 +1255,16 @@ static void token_info_pop_gen(struct parser_params*, const char *token, size_t
 %token tNMATCH		RUBY_TOKEN(NMATCH) "!~"
 %token tDOT2		RUBY_TOKEN(DOT2)   ".."
 %token tDOT3		RUBY_TOKEN(DOT3)   "..."
+%token tBDOT2		RUBY_TOKEN(BDOT2)   "(.."
+%token tBDOT3		RUBY_TOKEN(BDOT3)   "(..."
 %token tAREF		RUBY_TOKEN(AREF)   "[]"
 %token tASET		RUBY_TOKEN(ASET)   "[]="
 %token tLSHFT		RUBY_TOKEN(LSHFT)  "<<"
 %token tRSHFT		RUBY_TOKEN(RSHFT)  ">>"
-%token tANDDOT		RUBY_TOKEN(ANDDOT) "&."
-%token tCOLON2		"::"
+%token <id> tANDDOT	RUBY_TOKEN(ANDDOT) "&."
+%token <id> tCOLON2	RUBY_TOKEN(COLON2) "::"
 %token tCOLON3		":: at EXPR_BEG"
-%token <id> tOP_ASGN	/* +=, -=  etc. */
+%token <id> tOP_ASGN	"operator-assignment" /* +=, -=  etc. */
 %token tASSOC		"=>"
 %token tLPAREN		"("
 %token tLPAREN_ARG	"( arg"
@@ -957,8 +1276,17 @@ static void token_info_pop_gen(struct parser_params*, const char *token, size_t
 %token tDSTAR		"**arg"
 %token tAMPER		"&"
 %token tLAMBDA		"->"
-%token tSYMBEG tSTRING_BEG tXSTRING_BEG tREGEXP_BEG tWORDS_BEG tQWORDS_BEG tSYMBOLS_BEG tQSYMBOLS_BEG
-%token tSTRING_DBEG tSTRING_DEND tSTRING_DVAR tSTRING_END tLAMBEG tLABEL_END
+%token tSYMBEG		"symbol literal"
+%token tSTRING_BEG	"string literal"
+%token tXSTRING_BEG	"backtick literal"
+%token tREGEXP_BEG	"regexp literal"
+%token tWORDS_BEG	"word list"
+%token tQWORDS_BEG	"verbatim word list"
+%token tSYMBOLS_BEG	"symbol list"
+%token tQSYMBOLS_BEG	"verbatim symbol list"
+%token tSTRING_END	"terminator"
+%token tSTRING_DEND	"'}'"
+%token tSTRING_DBEG tSTRING_DVAR tLAMBEG tLABEL_END
 
 /*
  *	precedence table
@@ -967,14 +1295,14 @@ static void token_info_pop_gen(struct parser_params*, const char *token, size_t
 %nonassoc tLOWEST
 %nonassoc tLBRACE_ARG
 
-%nonassoc  modifier_if modifier_unless modifier_while modifier_until
+%nonassoc  modifier_if modifier_unless modifier_while modifier_until keyword_in
 %left  keyword_or keyword_and
 %right keyword_not
 %nonassoc keyword_defined
 %right '=' tOP_ASGN
 %left modifier_rescue
 %right '?' ':'
-%nonassoc tDOT2 tDOT3
+%nonassoc tDOT2 tDOT3 tBDOT2 tBDOT3
 %left  tOROP
 %left  tANDOP
 %nonassoc  tCMP tEQ tEQQ tNEQ tMATCH tNMATCH
@@ -993,69 +1321,56 @@ static void token_info_pop_gen(struct parser_params*, const char *token, size_t
 %%
 program		:  {
 			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-		    /*%%%*/
-			local_push(compile_for_eval || in_main);
-		    /*%
-			local_push(0);
-		    %*/
+			local_push(p, ifndef_ripper(1)+0);
 		    }
 		  top_compstmt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			if ($2 && !compile_for_eval) {
+			    NODE *node = $2;
 			    /* last expression should not be void */
-			    if (nd_type($2) != NODE_BLOCK) void_expr($2);
-			    else {
-				NODE *node = $2;
+			    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_BLOCK) {
 				while (node->nd_next) {
 				    node = node->nd_next;
 				}
-				void_expr(node->nd_head);
+				node = node->nd_head;
 			    }
+			    node = remove_begin(node);
+			    void_expr(p, node);
 			}
-			ruby_eval_tree = NEW_SCOPE(0, block_append(ruby_eval_tree, $2));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $2;
-			parser->result = dispatch1(program, $$);
-		    %*/
-			local_pop();
+			p->eval_tree = NEW_SCOPE(0, block_append(p, p->eval_tree, $2), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[final]: program!($2) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
 		    }
 		;
 
 top_compstmt	: top_stmts opt_terms
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			void_stmts($1);
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
-			$$ = $1;
+			$$ = void_stmts(p, $1);
 		    }
 		;
 
 top_stmts	: none
                     {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(stmts_add, dispatch0(stmts_new),
-						  dispatch0(void_stmt));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: stmts_add!(stmts_new!, void_stmt!) %*/
 		    }
 		| top_stmt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = newline_node($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(stmts_add, dispatch0(stmts_new), $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: stmts_add!(stmts_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| top_stmts terms top_stmt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = block_append($1, newline_node($3));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(stmts_add, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = block_append(p, $1, newline_node($3));
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: stmts_add!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| error top_stmt
 		    {
@@ -1064,94 +1379,71 @@ top_stmts	: none
 		;
 
 top_stmt	: stmt
-		| keyword_BEGIN
+		| keyword_BEGIN begin_block
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			/* local_push(0); */
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
+			$$ = $2;
 		    }
-		  '{' top_compstmt '}'
+		;
+
+begin_block	: '{' top_compstmt '}'
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			ruby_eval_tree_begin = block_append(ruby_eval_tree_begin,
-							    $4);
-			/* NEW_PREEXE($4)); */
-			/* local_pop(); */
-			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(BEGIN, $4);
-		    %*/
+			p->eval_tree_begin = block_append(p, p->eval_tree_begin,
+							  NEW_BEGIN($2, &@$));
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: BEGIN!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 bodystmt	: compstmt
 		  opt_rescue
-		  opt_else
+		  k_else {if (!$2) {yyerror1(&@3, "else without rescue is useless");}}
+		  compstmt
 		  opt_ensure
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $1;
-			if ($2) {
-			    $$ = NEW_RESCUE($1, $2, $3);
-			}
-			else if ($3) {
-			    rb_warn0("else without rescue is useless");
-			    $$ = block_append($$, $3);
-			}
-			if ($4) {
-			    if ($$) {
-				$$ = NEW_ENSURE($$, $4);
-			    }
-			    else {
-				$$ = block_append($4, NEW_NIL());
-			    }
-			}
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(bodystmt,
-				       escape_Qundef($1),
-				       escape_Qundef($2),
-				       escape_Qundef($3),
-				       escape_Qundef($4));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_bodystmt(p, $1, $2, $5, $6, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: bodystmt!(escape_Qundef($1), escape_Qundef($2), escape_Qundef($5), escape_Qundef($6)) %*/
+		    }
+		| compstmt
+		  opt_rescue
+		  opt_ensure
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_bodystmt(p, $1, $2, 0, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: bodystmt!(escape_Qundef($1), escape_Qundef($2), Qnil, escape_Qundef($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 compstmt	: stmts opt_terms
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			void_stmts($1);
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
-			$$ = $1;
+			$$ = void_stmts(p, $1);
 		    }
 		;
 
 stmts		: none
                     {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(stmts_add, dispatch0(stmts_new),
-						  dispatch0(void_stmt));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: stmts_add!(stmts_new!, void_stmt!) %*/
 		    }
 		| stmt_or_begin
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = newline_node($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(stmts_add, dispatch0(stmts_new), $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: stmts_add!(stmts_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| stmts terms stmt_or_begin
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = block_append($1, newline_node($3));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(stmts_add, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = block_append(p, $1, newline_node($3));
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: stmts_add!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| error stmt
 		    {
@@ -1165,40 +1457,27 @@ stmt_or_begin	: stmt
 		    }
                 | keyword_BEGIN
 		    {
-			yyerror("BEGIN is permitted only at toplevel");
-		    /*%%%*/
-			/* local_push(0); */
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
+			yyerror1(&@1, "BEGIN is permitted only at toplevel");
 		    }
-		  '{' top_compstmt '}'
+		  begin_block
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			ruby_eval_tree_begin = block_append(ruby_eval_tree_begin,
-							    $4);
-			/* NEW_PREEXE($4)); */
-			/* local_pop(); */
-			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(BEGIN, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = $3;
 		    }
+		;
 
 stmt		: keyword_alias fitem {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM);} fitem
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_ALIAS($2, $4);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(alias, $2, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_ALIAS($2, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: alias!($2, $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_alias tGVAR tGVAR
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_VALIAS($2, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(var_alias, $2, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_VALIAS($2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_alias!($2, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_alias tGVAR tBACK_REF
 		    {
@@ -1206,197 +1485,200 @@ stmt		: keyword_alias fitem {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM);} fitem
 			char buf[2];
 			buf[0] = '$';
 			buf[1] = (char)$3->nd_nth;
-			$$ = NEW_VALIAS($2, rb_intern2(buf, 2));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(var_alias, $2, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_VALIAS($2, rb_intern2(buf, 2), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_alias!($2, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_alias tGVAR tNTH_REF
 		    {
+			static const char mesg[] = "can't make alias for the number variables";
 		    /*%%%*/
-			yyerror("can't make alias for the number variables");
-			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(var_alias, $2, $3);
-			$$ = dispatch1(alias_error, $$);
-			ripper_error();
-		    %*/
+			yyerror1(&@3, mesg);
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: alias_error!(ERR_MESG(), $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_undef undef_list
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(undef, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: undef!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| stmt modifier_if expr_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_if($3, remove_begin($1), 0);
+			$$ = new_if(p, $3, remove_begin($1), 0, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(if_mod, $3, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: if_mod!($3, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| stmt modifier_unless expr_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_unless($3, remove_begin($1), 0);
+			$$ = new_unless(p, $3, remove_begin($1), 0, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unless_mod, $3, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: unless_mod!($3, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| stmt modifier_while expr_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			if ($1 && nd_type($1) == NODE_BEGIN) {
-			    $$ = NEW_WHILE(cond($3), $1->nd_body, 0);
+			    $$ = NEW_WHILE(cond(p, $3, &@3), $1->nd_body, 0, &@$);
 			}
 			else {
-			    $$ = NEW_WHILE(cond($3), $1, 1);
+			    $$ = NEW_WHILE(cond(p, $3, &@3), $1, 1, &@$);
 			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(while_mod, $3, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: while_mod!($3, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| stmt modifier_until expr_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			if ($1 && nd_type($1) == NODE_BEGIN) {
-			    $$ = NEW_UNTIL(cond($3), $1->nd_body, 0);
+			    $$ = NEW_UNTIL(cond(p, $3, &@3), $1->nd_body, 0, &@$);
 			}
 			else {
-			    $$ = NEW_UNTIL(cond($3), $1, 1);
+			    $$ = NEW_UNTIL(cond(p, $3, &@3), $1, 1, &@$);
 			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(until_mod, $3, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: until_mod!($3, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| stmt modifier_rescue stmt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *resq = NEW_RESBODY(0, remove_begin($3), 0);
-			$$ = NEW_RESCUE(remove_begin($1), resq, 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(rescue_mod, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			NODE *resq;
+			YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@2, &@3);
+			resq = NEW_RESBODY(0, remove_begin($3), 0, &loc);
+			$$ = NEW_RESCUE(remove_begin($1), resq, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rescue_mod!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_END '{' compstmt '}'
 		    {
-			if (in_def || in_single) {
+			if (p->ctxt.in_def) {
 			    rb_warn0("END in method; use at_exit");
 			}
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_POSTEXE(NEW_NODE(
-			    NODE_SCOPE, 0 /* tbl */, $3 /* body */, 0 /* args */));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(END, $3);
-		    %*/
+			{
+			    NODE *scope = NEW_NODE(
+				NODE_SCOPE, 0 /* tbl */, $3 /* body */, 0 /* args */, &@$);
+			    $$ = NEW_POSTEXE(scope, &@$);
+			}
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: END!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		| command_asgn
-		| mlhs '=' command_call
+		| mlhs '=' lex_ctxt command_call
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			value_expr($3);
-			$1->nd_value = $3;
-			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(massign, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			value_expr($4);
+			$$ = node_assign(p, $1, $4, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: massign!($1, $4) %*/
 		    }
-		| lhs '=' mrhs
+		| lhs '=' lex_ctxt mrhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($3);
-			$$ = node_assign($1, $3);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			value_expr($4);
+			$$ = node_assign(p, $1, $4, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assign!($1, $4) %*/
 		    }
-		| mlhs '=' mrhs_arg
+                | mlhs '=' lex_ctxt mrhs_arg modifier_rescue stmt
+                    {
+                    /*%%%*/
+                        YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@5, &@6);
+                        value_expr($4);
+			$$ = node_assign(p, $1, NEW_RESCUE($4, NEW_RESBODY(0, remove_begin($6), 0, &loc), 0, &@$), $3, &@$);
+                    /*% %*/
+                    /*% ripper: massign!($1, rescue_mod!($4, $6)) %*/
+                    }
+		| mlhs '=' lex_ctxt mrhs_arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$1->nd_value = $3;
-			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(massign, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = node_assign(p, $1, $4, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: massign!($1, $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| expr
 		;
 
-command_asgn	: lhs '=' command_rhs
+command_asgn	: lhs '=' lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($3);
-			$$ = node_assign($1, $3);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = node_assign(p, $1, $4, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assign!($1, $4) %*/
 		    }
-		| var_lhs tOP_ASGN command_rhs
+		| var_lhs tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($3);
-			$$ = new_op_assign($1, $2, $3);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_op_assign(p, $1, $2, $4, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!($1, $2, $4) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket tOP_ASGN command_rhs
+		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *args;
+			$$ = new_ary_op_assign(p, $1, $3, $5, $7, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(aref_field!($1, escape_Qundef($3)), $5, $7) %*/
 
-			value_expr($6);
-			if (!$3) $3 = NEW_ZARRAY();
-			args = arg_concat($3, $6);
-			if ($5 == tOROP) {
-			    $5 = 0;
-			}
-			else if ($5 == tANDOP) {
-			    $5 = 1;
-			}
-			$$ = NEW_OP_ASGN1($1, $5, args);
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(aref_field, $1, escape_Qundef($3));
-			$$ = dispatch3(opassign, $$, $5, $6);
-		    %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN command_rhs
+		| primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($5);
-			$$ = new_attr_op_assign($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_attr_op_assign(p, $1, $2, $3, $4, $6, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(field!($1, $2, $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value call_op tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN command_rhs
+		| primary_value call_op tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($5);
-			$$ = new_attr_op_assign($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_attr_op_assign(p, $1, $2, $3, $4, $6, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(field!($1, $2, $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN command_rhs
+		| primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
-			$$ = const_path_field($1, $3);
-			$$ = new_const_op_assign($$, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+			$$ = new_const_op_assign(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &loc), $4, $6, $5, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(const_path_field!($1, $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN command_rhs
+		| primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($5);
-			$$ = new_attr_op_assign($1, ripper_id2sym(idCOLON2), $3, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_attr_op_assign(p, $1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3, $4, $6, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(field!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| backref tOP_ASGN command_rhs
+		| backref tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt command_rhs
 		    {
-			$1 = var_field($1);
-			$$ = backref_assign_error($1, node_assign($1, $3));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			rb_backref_error(p, $1);
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: backref_error(p, RNODE($1), assign!(var_field(p, $1), $4)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 command_rhs	: command_call   %prec tOP_ASGN
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
 		    }
 		| command_call modifier_rescue stmt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
+			YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@2, &@3);
 			value_expr($1);
-			$$ = NEW_RESCUE($1, NEW_RESBODY(0, remove_begin($3), 0), 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(rescue_mod, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_RESCUE($1, NEW_RESBODY(0, remove_begin($3), 0, &loc), 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rescue_mod!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| command_asgn
 		;
@@ -1404,51 +1686,114 @@ command_rhs	: command_call   %prec tOP_ASGN
 expr		: command_call
 		| expr keyword_and expr
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = logop(NODE_AND, $1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ripper_intern("and"), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = logop(p, idAND, $1, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| expr keyword_or expr
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = logop(NODE_OR, $1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ripper_intern("or"), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = logop(p, idOR, $1, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| keyword_not opt_nl expr
 		    {
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, method_cond(p, $3, &@3), METHOD_NOT, &@1, &@$);
+		    }
+		| '!' command_call
+		    {
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, method_cond(p, $2, &@2), '!', &@1, &@$);
+		    }
+		| arg tASSOC
+		    {
+			value_expr($1);
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
+			p->command_start = FALSE;
+			$<ctxt>$ = p->ctxt;
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = 1;
+		    }
+		    {$<tbl>$ = push_pvtbl(p);}
+		  p_expr
+		    {pop_pvtbl(p, $<tbl>4);}
+		    {
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $<ctxt>3.in_kwarg;
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_CASE3($1, NEW_IN($5, 0, 0, &@5), &@$);
+			warn_one_line_pattern_matching(p, $$, $5, true);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: case!($1, in!($5, Qnil, Qnil)) %*/
+		    }
+		| arg keyword_in
+		    {
+			value_expr($1);
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
+			p->command_start = FALSE;
+			$<ctxt>$ = p->ctxt;
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = 1;
+		    }
+		    {$<tbl>$ = push_pvtbl(p);}
+		  p_expr
+		    {pop_pvtbl(p, $<tbl>4);}
+		    {
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $<ctxt>3.in_kwarg;
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_CASE3($1, NEW_IN($5, NEW_TRUE(&@5), NEW_FALSE(&@5), &@5), &@$);
+			warn_one_line_pattern_matching(p, $$, $5, false);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: case!($1, in!($5, Qnil, Qnil)) %*/
+		    }
+		| arg %prec tLBRACE_ARG
+		;
+
+def_name	: fname
+		    {
+			ID fname = get_id($1);
+			ID cur_arg = p->cur_arg;
+			YYSTYPE c = {.ctxt = p->ctxt};
+			numparam_name(p, fname);
+			local_push(p, 0);
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
+			p->ctxt.in_def = 1;
+			$<node>$ = NEW_NODE(NODE_SELF, /*vid*/cur_arg, /*mid*/fname, /*cval*/c.val, &@$);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op(method_cond($3), '!');
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ripper_intern("not"), $3);
+			$$ = NEW_RIPPER(fname, get_value($1), $$, &NULL_LOC);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| '!' command_call
+		;
+
+defn_head	: k_def def_name
 		    {
+			$$ = $2;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op(method_cond($2), '!');
+			$$ = NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFN, 0, $$->nd_mid, $$, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+defs_head	: k_def singleton dot_or_colon {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME);} def_name
+		    {
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN|EXPR_LABEL); /* force for args */
+			$$ = $5;
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_NODE(NODE_DEFS, $2, $$->nd_mid, $$, &@$);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ripper_id2sym('!'), $2);
+			VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_from_args(3, $2, $3, get_value($$));
+			add_mark_object(p, ary);
+			$<node>$->nd_rval = ary;
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| arg
 		;
 
 expr_value	: expr
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			$$ = $1;
-			if (!$$) $$ = NEW_NIL();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
+expr_value_do	: {COND_PUSH(1);} expr_value do {COND_POP();}
+		    {
+			$$ = $2;
+		    }
+
+
 command_call	: command
 		| block_command
 		;
@@ -1457,26 +1802,18 @@ block_command	: block_call
 		| block_call call_op2 operation2 command_args
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, $3, $4);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(call, $1, $2, $3);
-			$$ = method_arg($$, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_arg!(call!($1, $2, $3), $4) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-cmd_brace_block	: tLBRACE_ARG
+cmd_brace_block	: tLBRACE_ARG brace_body '}'
 		    {
+			$$ = $2;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		  brace_body '}'
-		    {
-			$$ = $3;
-		    /*%%%*/
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>2);
+			$$->nd_body->nd_loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+			nd_set_line($$, @1.end_pos.lineno);
 		    /*% %*/
 		    }
 		;
@@ -1484,118 +1821,97 @@ cmd_brace_block	: tLBRACE_ARG
 fcall		: operation
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_FCALL($1, 0);
-			nd_set_line($$, tokline);
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_FCALL($1, 0, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$, p->tokline);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: $1 %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 command		: fcall command_args       %prec tLOWEST
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
+			$1->nd_args = $2;
+			nd_set_last_loc($1, @2.end_pos);
 			$$ = $1;
-			$$->nd_args = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(command, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: command!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| fcall command_args cmd_brace_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			block_dup_check($2,$3);
+			block_dup_check(p, $2, $3);
 			$1->nd_args = $2;
-			$3->nd_iter = $1;
-			$$ = $3;
+			$$ = method_add_block(p, $1, $3, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(command, $1, $2);
-			$$ = method_add_block($$, $3);
-		    %*/
+			nd_set_last_loc($1, @2.end_pos);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_block!(command!($1, $2), $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value call_op operation2 command_args	%prec tLOWEST
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, $3, $4);
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(command_call, $1, $2, $3, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_command_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, Qnull, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: command_call!($1, $2, $3, $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value call_op operation2 command_args cmd_brace_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			block_dup_check($4,$5);
-			$5->nd_iter = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, $3, $4);
-			$$ = $5;
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(command_call, $1, $2, $3, $4);
-			$$ = method_add_block($$, $5);
-		    %*/
-		   }
+			$$ = new_command_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, $5, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_block!(command_call!($1, $2, $3, $4), $5) %*/
+		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 command_args	%prec tLOWEST
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CALL($1, $3, $4);
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(command_call, $1, ID2SYM(idCOLON2), $3, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_command_qcall(p, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $1, $3, $4, Qnull, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: command_call!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3, $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 command_args cmd_brace_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			block_dup_check($4,$5);
-			$5->nd_iter = NEW_CALL($1, $3, $4);
-			$$ = $5;
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(command_call, $1, ID2SYM(idCOLON2), $3, $4);
-			$$ = method_add_block($$, $5);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_command_qcall(p, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $1, $3, $4, $5, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_block!(command_call!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3, $4), $5) %*/
 		   }
 		| keyword_super command_args
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_SUPER($2);
+			$$ = NEW_SUPER($2, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(super, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: super!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_yield command_args
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_yield($2);
+			$$ = new_yield(p, $2, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(yield, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: yield!($2) %*/
 		    }
-		| keyword_return call_args
+		| k_return call_args
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_RETURN(ret_args($2));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(return, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_RETURN(ret_args(p, $2), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: return!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_break call_args
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_BREAK(ret_args($2));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(break, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_BREAK(ret_args(p, $2), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: break!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_next call_args
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_NEXT(ret_args($2));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(next, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_NEXT(ret_args(p, $2), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: next!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -1604,9 +1920,8 @@ mlhs		: mlhs_basic
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(mlhs_paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -1614,96 +1929,81 @@ mlhs_inner	: mlhs_basic
 		| tLPAREN mlhs_inner rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(NEW_LIST($2), 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(mlhs_paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(NEW_LIST($2, &@$), 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 mlhs_basic	: mlhs_head
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: $1 %*/
 		    }
 		| mlhs_head mlhs_item
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(list_append($1,$2), 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add($1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(list_append(p, $1,$2), 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| mlhs_head tSTAR mlhs_node
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| mlhs_head tSTAR mlhs_node ',' mlhs_post
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG($3,$5));
-		    /*%
-			$1 = mlhs_add_star($1, $3);
-			$$ = mlhs_add($1, $5);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG($3,$5,&@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!($1, $3), $5) %*/
 		    }
 		| mlhs_head tSTAR
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, -1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star($1, Qnil);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!($1, Qnil) %*/
 		    }
 		| mlhs_head tSTAR ',' mlhs_post
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG(-1, $4));
-		    /*%
-			$1 = mlhs_add_star($1, Qnil);
-			$$ = mlhs_add($1, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG(NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, $4, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!($1, Qnil), $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTAR mlhs_node
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star(mlhs_new(), $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTAR mlhs_node ',' mlhs_post
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG($2,$4));
-		    /*%
-			$2 = mlhs_add_star(mlhs_new(), $2);
-			$$ = mlhs_add($2, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG($2,$4,&@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $2), $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTAR
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, -1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star(mlhs_new(), Qnil);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, Qnil) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTAR ',' mlhs_post
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG(-1, $3));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star(mlhs_new(), Qnil);
-			$$ = mlhs_add($$, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG(NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST, $3, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, Qnil), $3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -1712,176 +2012,188 @@ mlhs_item	: mlhs_node
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(mlhs_paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 mlhs_head	: mlhs_item ','
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIST($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add(mlhs_new(), $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@1);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add!(mlhs_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| mlhs_head mlhs_item ','
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = list_append($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add($1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, $1, $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 mlhs_post	: mlhs_item
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIST($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add(mlhs_new(), $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add!(mlhs_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| mlhs_post ',' mlhs_item
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = list_append($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, $1, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 mlhs_node	: user_variable
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, 0);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_variable
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, 0);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = aryset($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(aref_field, $1, escape_Qundef($3));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = aryset(p, $1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: aref_field!($1, escape_Qundef($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
+			if ($2 == tANDDOT) {
+			    yyerror1(&@2, "&. inside multiple assignment destination");
+			}
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = attrset($1, $2, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(field, $1, $2, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = attrset(p, $1, $2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: field!($1, $2, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = attrset($1, idCOLON2, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(const_path_field, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = attrset(p, $1, idCOLON2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_path_field!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value call_op tCONSTANT
 		    {
+			if ($2 == tANDDOT) {
+			    yyerror1(&@2, "&. inside multiple assignment destination");
+			}
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = attrset($1, $2, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(field, $1, $2, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = attrset(p, $1, $2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: field!($1, $2, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
 		    {
-			$$ = const_decl(const_path_field($1, $3));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_decl(p, const_path_field!($1, $3)) %*/
 		    }
 		| tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
 		    {
-			$$ = const_decl(top_const_field($2));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON3($2, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_decl(p, top_const_field!($2)) %*/
 		    }
 		| backref
 		    {
-			$1 = var_field($1);
-			$$ = backref_assign_error($1, $1);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			rb_backref_error(p, $1);
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: backref_error(p, RNODE($1), var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 lhs		: user_variable
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if (!$$) $$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_field, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_variable
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if (!$$) $$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_field, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = aryset($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(aref_field, $1, escape_Qundef($3));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = aryset(p, $1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: aref_field!($1, escape_Qundef($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = attrset($1, $2, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(field, $1, $2, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = attrset(p, $1, $2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: field!($1, $2, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = attrset($1, idCOLON2, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(field, $1, ID2SYM(idCOLON2), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = attrset(p, $1, idCOLON2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: field!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value call_op tCONSTANT
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = attrset($1, $2, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(field, $1, $2, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = attrset(p, $1, $2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: field!($1, $2, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
 		    {
-			$$ = const_decl(const_path_field($1, $3));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_decl(p, const_path_field!($1, $3)) %*/
 		    }
 		| tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
 		    {
-			$$ = const_decl(top_const_field($2));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = const_decl(p, NEW_COLON3($2, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_decl(p, top_const_field!($2)) %*/
 		    }
 		| backref
 		    {
-			$1 = var_field($1);
-			$$ = backref_assign_error($1, $1);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			rb_backref_error(p, $1);
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: backref_error(p, RNODE($1), var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 cname		: tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
+			static const char mesg[] = "class/module name must be CONSTANT";
 		    /*%%%*/
-			yyerror("class/module name must be CONSTANT");
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(class_name_error, $1);
-			ripper_error();
-		    %*/
+			yyerror1(&@1, mesg);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: class_name_error!(ERR_MESG(), $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tCONSTANT
 		;
@@ -1889,26 +2201,23 @@ cname		: tIDENTIFIER
 cpath		: tCOLON3 cname
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_COLON3($2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(top_const_ref, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: top_const_ref!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| cname
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_COLON2(0, $$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(const_ref, $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_COLON2(0, $$, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_ref!($1) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 cname
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(const_path_ref, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_path_ref!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -1921,46 +2230,32 @@ fname		: tIDENTIFIER
 			$$ = $1;
 		    }
 		| reswords
-		    {
-			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN);
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $<id>1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		;
-
-fsym		: fname
-		| symbol
 		;
 
-fitem		: fsym
+fitem		: fname
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($1));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(symbol_literal, $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($1), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: symbol_literal!($1) %*/
 		    }
-		| dsym
+		| symbol
 		;
 
 undef_list	: fitem
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_UNDEF($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_UNDEF($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| undef_list ',' {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM);} fitem
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = block_append($1, NEW_UNDEF($4));
-		    /*%
-			rb_ary_push($1, $4);
-		    %*/
+			NODE *undef = NEW_UNDEF($4, &@4);
+			$$ = block_append(p, $1, undef);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($4)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2010,339 +2305,277 @@ reswords	: keyword__LINE__ | keyword__FILE__ | keyword__ENCODING__
 		| keyword_while | keyword_until
 		;
 
-arg		: lhs '=' arg_rhs
+arg		: lhs '=' lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			$$ = node_assign($1, $3);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = node_assign(p, $1, $4, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assign!($1, $4) %*/
 		    }
-		| var_lhs tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| var_lhs tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			$$ = new_op_assign($1, $2, $3);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_op_assign(p, $1, $2, $4, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!($1, $2, $4) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *args;
-
-			value_expr($6);
-			if (!$3) $3 = NEW_ZARRAY();
-			if (nd_type($3) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
-			    args = NEW_ARGSCAT($3, $6);
-			}
-			else {
-			    args = arg_concat($3, $6);
-			}
-			if ($5 == tOROP) {
-			    $5 = 0;
-			}
-			else if ($5 == tANDOP) {
-			    $5 = 1;
-			}
-			$$ = NEW_OP_ASGN1($1, $5, args);
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$1 = dispatch2(aref_field, $1, escape_Qundef($3));
-			$$ = dispatch3(opassign, $1, $5, $6);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_ary_op_assign(p, $1, $3, $5, $7, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(aref_field!($1, escape_Qundef($3)), $5, $7) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($5);
-			$$ = new_attr_op_assign($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_attr_op_assign(p, $1, $2, $3, $4, $6, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(field!($1, $2, $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value call_op tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| primary_value call_op tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($5);
-			$$ = new_attr_op_assign($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_attr_op_assign(p, $1, $2, $3, $4, $6, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(field!($1, $2, $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			value_expr($5);
-			$$ = new_attr_op_assign($1, ripper_id2sym(idCOLON2), $3, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_attr_op_assign(p, $1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3, $4, $6, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(field!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			$$ = const_path_field($1, $3);
-			$$ = new_const_op_assign($$, $4, $5);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+			$$ = new_const_op_assign(p, NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &loc), $4, $6, $5, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(const_path_field!($1, $3), $4, $6) %*/
 		    }
-		| tCOLON3 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| tCOLON3 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			$$ = top_const_field($2);
-			$$ = new_const_op_assign($$, $3, $4);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_const_op_assign(p, NEW_COLON3($2, &@$), $3, $5, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opassign!(top_const_field!($2), $3, $5) %*/
 		    }
-		| backref tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
+		| backref tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs
 		    {
-			$1 = var_field($1);
-			$$ = backref_assign_error($1, new_op_assign($1, $2, $3));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			rb_backref_error(p, $1);
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: backref_error(p, RNODE($1), opassign!(var_field(p, $1), $2, $4)) %*/
 		    }
 		| arg tDOT2 arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			value_expr($3);
-			$$ = NEW_DOT2($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(dot2, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_DOT2($1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot2!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| arg tDOT3 arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			value_expr($3);
-			$$ = NEW_DOT3($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(dot3, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_DOT3($1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot3!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
-		| arg '+' arg
+		| arg tDOT2
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '+', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('+'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			value_expr($1);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT2($1, new_nil_at(p, &@2.end_pos), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot2!($1, Qnil) %*/
 		    }
-		| arg '-' arg
+		| arg tDOT3
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '-', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('-'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			value_expr($1);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT3($1, new_nil_at(p, &@2.end_pos), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot3!($1, Qnil) %*/
 		    }
-		| arg '*' arg
+		| tBDOT2 arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '*', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('*'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			value_expr($2);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT2(new_nil_at(p, &@1.beg_pos), $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot2!(Qnil, $2) %*/
 		    }
-		| arg '/' arg
+		| tBDOT3 arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '/', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('/'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			value_expr($2);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT3(new_nil_at(p, &@1.beg_pos), $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot3!(Qnil, $2) %*/
+		    }
+		| arg '+' arg
+		    {
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '+', $3, &@2, &@$);
+		    }
+		| arg '-' arg
+		    {
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '-', $3, &@2, &@$);
+		    }
+		| arg '*' arg
+		    {
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '*', $3, &@2, &@$);
+		    }
+		| arg '/' arg
+		    {
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '/', $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg '%' arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '%', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('%'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '%', $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tPOW arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tPOW, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idPow), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idPow, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| tUMINUS_NUM simple_numeric tPOW arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CALL(call_bin_op($2, tPOW, $4), tUMINUS, 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $2, ID2SYM(idPow), $4);
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ID2SYM(idUMinus), $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, call_bin_op(p, $2, idPow, $4, &@2, &@$), idUMinus, &@1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| tUPLUS arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op($2, tUPLUS);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ID2SYM(idUPlus), $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, $2, idUPlus, &@1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| tUMINUS arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op($2, tUMINUS);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ID2SYM(idUMinus), $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, $2, idUMinus, &@1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg '|' arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '|', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('|'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '|', $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg '^' arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '^', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('^'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '^', $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg '&' arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '&', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('&'), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, '&', $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tCMP arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tCMP, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idCmp), $3);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| arg '>' arg
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '>', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('>'), $3);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| arg tGEQ arg
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tGEQ, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idGE), $3);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| arg '<' arg
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, '<', $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM('<'), $3);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| arg tLEQ arg
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tLEQ, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idLE), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idCmp, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
+		| rel_expr   %prec tCMP
 		| arg tEQ arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tEQ, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idEq), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idEq, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tEQQ arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tEQQ, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idEqq), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idEqq, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tNEQ arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tNEQ, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idNeq), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idNeq, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tMATCH arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = match_op($1, $3);
-			if (nd_type($1) == NODE_LIT) {
-			    VALUE lit = $1->nd_lit;
-			    if (RB_TYPE_P(lit, T_REGEXP)) {
-				$$->nd_args = reg_named_capture_assign(lit);
-			    }
-			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idEqTilde), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = match_op(p, $1, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tNMATCH arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tNMATCH, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idNeqTilde), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idNeqTilde, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| '!' arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op(method_cond($2), '!');
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ID2SYM('!'), $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, method_cond(p, $2, &@2), '!', &@1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| '~' arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op($2, '~');
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ID2SYM('~'), $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, $2, '~', &@1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tLSHFT arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tLSHFT, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idLTLT), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idLTLT, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tRSHFT arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_bin_op($1, tRSHFT, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idGTGT), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, idGTGT, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tANDOP arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = logop(NODE_AND, $1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idANDOP), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = logop(p, idANDOP, $1, $3, &@2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| arg tOROP arg
 		    {
+			$$ = logop(p, idOROP, $1, $3, &@2, &@$);
+		    }
+		| keyword_defined opt_nl {p->ctxt.in_defined = 1;} arg
+		    {
+			p->ctxt.in_defined = 0;
+			$$ = new_defined(p, $4, &@$);
+		    }
+		| arg '?' arg opt_nl ':' arg
+		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = logop(NODE_OR, $1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(binary, $1, ID2SYM(idOROP), $3);
-		    %*/
+			value_expr($1);
+			$$ = new_if(p, $1, $3, $6, &@$);
+			fixpos($$, $1);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: ifop!($1, $3, $6) %*/
+		    }
+		| defn_head f_opt_paren_args '=' arg
+		    {
+			endless_method_name(p, $<node>1, &@1);
+			restore_defun(p, $<node>1->nd_defn);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = set_defun_body(p, $1, $2, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: def!(get_value($1), $2, $4) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
 		    }
-		| keyword_defined opt_nl {in_defined = 1;} arg
+		| defn_head f_opt_paren_args '=' arg modifier_rescue arg
 		    {
-			in_defined = 0;
+			endless_method_name(p, $<node>1, &@1);
+			restore_defun(p, $<node>1->nd_defn);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_defined($4);
+			$4 = rescued_expr(p, $4, $6, &@4, &@5, &@6);
+			$$ = set_defun_body(p, $1, $2, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: def!(get_value($1), $2, rescue_mod!($4, $6)) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
+		    }
+		| defs_head f_opt_paren_args '=' arg
+		    {
+			endless_method_name(p, $<node>1, &@1);
+			restore_defun(p, $<node>1->nd_defn);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = set_defun_body(p, $1, $2, $4, &@$);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(defined, $4);
+			$1 = get_value($1);
 		    %*/
+		    /*% ripper: defs!(AREF($1, 0), AREF($1, 1), AREF($1, 2), $2, $4) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
 		    }
-		| arg '?' arg opt_nl ':' arg
+		| defs_head f_opt_paren_args '=' arg modifier_rescue arg
 		    {
+			endless_method_name(p, $<node>1, &@1);
+			restore_defun(p, $<node>1->nd_defn);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			value_expr($1);
-			$$ = new_if($1, $3, $6);
-			fixpos($$, $1);
+			$4 = rescued_expr(p, $4, $6, &@4, &@5, &@6);
+			$$ = set_defun_body(p, $1, $2, $4, &@$);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(ifop, $1, $3, $6);
+			$1 = get_value($1);
 		    %*/
+		    /*% ripper: defs!(AREF($1, 0), AREF($1, 1), AREF($1, 2), $2, rescue_mod!($4, $6)) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
 		    }
 		| primary
 		    {
@@ -2350,15 +2583,37 @@ arg		: lhs '=' arg_rhs
 		    }
 		;
 
+relop		: '>'  {$$ = '>';}
+		| '<'  {$$ = '<';}
+		| tGEQ {$$ = idGE;}
+		| tLEQ {$$ = idLE;}
+		;
+
+rel_expr	: arg relop arg   %prec '>'
+		    {
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, $2, $3, &@2, &@$);
+		    }
+		| rel_expr relop arg   %prec '>'
+		    {
+			rb_warning1("comparison '%s' after comparison", WARN_ID($2));
+			$$ = call_bin_op(p, $1, $2, $3, &@2, &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+lex_ctxt	: tSP
+		    {
+			$$ = p->ctxt;
+		    }
+		| none
+		    {
+			$$ = p->ctxt;
+		    }
+		;
+
 arg_value	: arg
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			$$ = $1;
-			if (!$$) $$ = NEW_NIL();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2370,37 +2625,31 @@ aref_args	: none
 		| args ',' assocs trailer
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $3 ? arg_append($1, new_hash($3)) : $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_assocs($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = $3 ? arg_append(p, $1, new_hash(p, $3, &@3), &@$) : $1;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!($1, bare_assoc_hash!($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		| assocs trailer
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $1 ? NEW_LIST(new_hash($1)) : 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_assocs(arg_new(), $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = $1 ? NEW_LIST(new_hash(p, $1, &@1), &@$) : 0;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!(args_new!, bare_assoc_hash!($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 arg_rhs 	: arg   %prec tOP_ASGN
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
 		    }
 		| arg modifier_rescue arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
-			$$ = NEW_RESCUE($1, NEW_RESBODY(0, remove_begin($3), 0), 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(rescue_mod, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = rescued_expr(p, $1, $3, &@1, &@2, &@3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rescue_mod!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2408,9 +2657,32 @@ paren_args	: '(' opt_call_args rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(arg_paren, escape_Qundef($2));
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: arg_paren!(escape_Qundef($2)) %*/
+		    }
+		| '(' args ',' args_forward rparen
+		    {
+			if (!check_forwarding_args(p)) {
+			    $$ = Qnone;
+			}
+			else {
+			/*%%%*/
+			    $$ = new_args_forward_call(p, $2, &@4, &@$);
+			/*% %*/
+			/*% ripper: arg_paren!(args_add!($2, $4)) %*/
+			}
+		    }
+		| '(' args_forward rparen
+		    {
+			if (!check_forwarding_args(p)) {
+			    $$ = Qnone;
+			}
+			else {
+			/*%%%*/
+			    $$ = new_args_forward_call(p, 0, &@2, &@$);
+			/*% %*/
+			/*% ripper: arg_paren!($2) %*/
+			}
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2427,18 +2699,16 @@ opt_call_args	: none
 		| args ',' assocs ','
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $3 ? arg_append($1, new_hash($3)) : $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_assocs($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = $3 ? arg_append(p, $1, new_hash(p, $3, &@3), &@$) : $1;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!($1, bare_assoc_hash!($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		| assocs ','
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $1 ? NEW_LIST(new_hash($1)) : 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_assocs(arg_new(), $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = $1 ? NEW_LIST(new_hash(p, $1, &@1), &@1) : 0;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!(args_new!, bare_assoc_hash!($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2446,55 +2716,70 @@ call_args	: command
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
-			$$ = NEW_LIST($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add(arg_new(), $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!(args_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| args opt_block_arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = arg_blk_pass($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_optblock($1, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add_block!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| assocs opt_block_arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIST($1 ? new_hash($1) : 0);
+			$$ = $1 ? NEW_LIST(new_hash(p, $1, &@1), &@1) : 0;
 			$$ = arg_blk_pass($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_assocs(arg_new(), $1);
-			$$ = arg_add_optblock($$, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add_block!(args_add!(args_new!, bare_assoc_hash!($1)), $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| args ',' assocs opt_block_arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $3 ? arg_append($1, new_hash($3)) : $1;
+			$$ = $3 ? arg_append(p, $1, new_hash(p, $3, &@3), &@$) : $1;
 			$$ = arg_blk_pass($$, $4);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_optblock(arg_add_assocs($1, $3), $4);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add_block!(args_add!($1, bare_assoc_hash!($3)), $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| block_arg
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    {
-			$$ = arg_add_block(arg_new(), $1);
-		    }
-		    %*/
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: args_add_block!(args_new!, $1) %*/
 		;
 
 command_args	:   {
-			$<val>$ = cmdarg_stack;
+			/* If call_args starts with a open paren '(' or '[',
+			 * look-ahead reading of the letters calls CMDARG_PUSH(0),
+			 * but the push must be done after CMDARG_PUSH(1).
+			 * So this code makes them consistent by first cancelling
+			 * the premature CMDARG_PUSH(0), doing CMDARG_PUSH(1),
+			 * and finally redoing CMDARG_PUSH(0).
+			 */
+			int lookahead = 0;
+			switch (yychar) {
+			  case '(': case tLPAREN: case tLPAREN_ARG: case '[': case tLBRACK:
+			    lookahead = 1;
+			}
+			if (lookahead) CMDARG_POP();
 			CMDARG_PUSH(1);
+			if (lookahead) CMDARG_PUSH(0);
 		    }
 		  call_args
 		    {
-			/* CMDARG_POP() */
-			CMDARG_SET($<val>1);
+			/* call_args can be followed by tLBRACE_ARG (that does CMDARG_PUSH(0) in the lexer)
+			 * but the push must be done after CMDARG_POP() in the parser.
+			 * So this code does CMDARG_POP() to pop 0 pushed by tLBRACE_ARG,
+			 * CMDARG_POP() to pop 1 pushed by command_args,
+			 * and CMDARG_PUSH(0) to restore back the flag set by tLBRACE_ARG.
+			 */
+			int lookahead = 0;
+			switch (yychar) {
+			  case tLBRACE_ARG:
+			    lookahead = 1;
+			}
+			if (lookahead) CMDARG_POP();
+			CMDARG_POP();
+			if (lookahead) CMDARG_PUSH(0);
 			$$ = $2;
 		    }
 		;
@@ -2502,10 +2787,9 @@ command_args	:   {
 block_arg	: tAMPER arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_BLOCK_PASS($2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $2;
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_BLOCK_PASS($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: $2 %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2522,46 +2806,30 @@ opt_block_arg	: ',' block_arg
 args		: arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIST($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add(arg_new(), $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!(args_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTAR arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_SPLAT($2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_star(arg_new(), $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_SPLAT($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add_star!(args_new!, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| args ',' arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *n1;
-			if ((n1 = splat_array($1)) != 0) {
-			    $$ = list_append(n1, $3);
-			}
-			else {
-			    $$ = arg_append($1, $3);
-			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = last_arg_append(p, $1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| args ',' tSTAR arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *n1;
-			if ((nd_type($4) == NODE_ARRAY) && (n1 = splat_array($1)) != 0) {
-			    $$ = list_concat(n1, $4);
-			}
-			else {
-			    $$ = arg_concat($1, $4);
-			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = arg_add_star($1, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = rest_arg_append(p, $1, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add_star!($1, $4) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2572,39 +2840,23 @@ mrhs_arg	: mrhs
 mrhs		: args ',' arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *n1;
-			if ((n1 = splat_array($1)) != 0) {
-			    $$ = list_append(n1, $3);
-			}
-			else {
-			    $$ = arg_append($1, $3);
-			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mrhs_add(args2mrhs($1), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = last_arg_append(p, $1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mrhs_add!(mrhs_new_from_args!($1), $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| args ',' tSTAR arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *n1;
-			if (nd_type($4) == NODE_ARRAY &&
-			    (n1 = splat_array($1)) != 0) {
-			    $$ = list_concat(n1, $4);
-			}
-			else {
-			    $$ = arg_concat($1, $4);
-			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mrhs_add_star(args2mrhs($1), $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = rest_arg_append(p, $1, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mrhs_add_star!(mrhs_new_from_args!($1), $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTAR arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_SPLAT($2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mrhs_add_star(mrhs_new(), $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_SPLAT($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mrhs_add_star!(mrhs_new!, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -2621,199 +2873,145 @@ primary		: literal
 		| tFID
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_FCALL($1, 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = method_arg(dispatch1(fcall, $1), arg_new());
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_FCALL($1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_arg!(fcall!($1), args_new!) %*/
 		    }
 		| k_begin
 		    {
-			$<val>1 = cmdarg_stack;
-			CMDARG_SET(0);
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
+			CMDARG_PUSH(0);
 		    }
 		  bodystmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
-			CMDARG_SET($<val>1);
+			CMDARG_POP();
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if ($3 == NULL) {
-			    $$ = NEW_NIL();
-			}
-			else {
-			    if (nd_type($3) == NODE_RESCUE ||
-				nd_type($3) == NODE_ENSURE)
-				nd_set_line($3, $<num>2);
-			    $$ = NEW_BEGIN($3);
-			}
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(begin, $3);
-		    %*/
+			set_line_body($3, @1.end_pos.lineno);
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN($3, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$, @1.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: begin!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		| tLPAREN_ARG {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDARG);} rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(paren, 0);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tLPAREN_ARG
-		    {
-			$<val>1 = cmdarg_stack;
-			CMDARG_SET(0);
+			$$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!(0) %*/
 		    }
-		  stmt {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDARG);} rparen
+		| tLPAREN_ARG stmt {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDARG);} rparen
 		    {
-			CMDARG_SET($<val>1);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $3;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(paren, $3);
-		    %*/
+			if (nd_type($2) == NODE_SELF) $2->nd_state = 0;
+			$$ = $2;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| tLPAREN compstmt ')'
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
+			if (nd_type($2) == NODE_SELF) $2->nd_state = 0;
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(const_path_ref, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_path_ref!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_COLON3($2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(top_const_ref, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: top_const_ref!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| tLBRACK aref_args ']'
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if ($2 == 0) {
-			    $$ = NEW_ZARRAY(); /* zero length array*/
-			}
-			else {
-			    $$ = $2;
-			}
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, escape_Qundef($2));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = make_list($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: array!(escape_Qundef($2)) %*/
 		    }
 		| tLBRACE assoc_list '}'
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_hash($2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(hash, escape_Qundef($2));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_hash(p, $2, &@$);
+			$$->nd_brace = TRUE;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: hash!(escape_Qundef($2)) %*/
 		    }
-		| keyword_return
+		| k_return
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_RETURN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(return0);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_RETURN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: return0! %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_yield '(' call_args rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_yield($3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(yield, dispatch1(paren, $3));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_yield(p, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: yield!(paren!($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_yield '(' rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_YIELD(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(yield, dispatch1(paren, arg_new()));
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_YIELD(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: yield!(paren!(args_new!)) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_yield
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_YIELD(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(yield0);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_YIELD(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: yield0! %*/
 		    }
-		| keyword_defined opt_nl '(' {in_defined = 1;} expr rparen
+		| keyword_defined opt_nl '(' {p->ctxt.in_defined = 1;} expr rparen
 		    {
-			in_defined = 0;
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_defined($5);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(defined, $5);
-		    %*/
+			p->ctxt.in_defined = 0;
+			$$ = new_defined(p, $5, &@$);
 		    }
 		| keyword_not '(' expr rparen
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op(method_cond($3), '!');
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ripper_intern("not"), $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, method_cond(p, $3, &@3), METHOD_NOT, &@1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| keyword_not '(' rparen
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = call_uni_op(method_cond(NEW_NIL()), '!');
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ripper_intern("not"), Qnil);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = call_uni_op(p, method_cond(p, new_nil(&@2), &@2), METHOD_NOT, &@1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| fcall brace_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$2->nd_iter = $1;
-			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = method_arg(dispatch1(fcall, $1), arg_new());
-			$$ = method_add_block($$, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = method_add_block(p, $1, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_block!(method_add_arg!(fcall!($1), args_new!), $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| method_call
 		| method_call brace_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			block_dup_check($1->nd_args, $2);
-			$2->nd_iter = $1;
-			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = method_add_block($1, $2);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tLAMBDA lambda
-		    {
-			$$ = $2;
+			block_dup_check(p, $1->nd_args, $2);
+			$$ = method_add_block(p, $1, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_block!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
+		| lambda
 		| k_if expr_value then
 		  compstmt
 		  if_tail
 		  k_end
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_if($2, $4, $5);
+			$$ = new_if(p, $2, $4, $5, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(if, $2, $4, escape_Qundef($5));
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: if!($2, $4, escape_Qundef($5)) %*/
 		    }
 		| k_unless expr_value then
 		  compstmt
@@ -2821,57 +3019,72 @@ primary		: literal
 		  k_end
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_unless($2, $4, $5);
+			$$ = new_unless(p, $2, $4, $5, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(unless, $2, $4, escape_Qundef($5));
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: unless!($2, $4, escape_Qundef($5)) %*/
 		    }
-		| k_while {COND_PUSH(1);} expr_value do {COND_POP();}
+		| k_while expr_value_do
 		  compstmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_WHILE(cond($3), $6, 1);
-			fixpos($$, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(while, $3, $6);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_WHILE(cond(p, $2, &@2), $3, 1, &@$);
+			fixpos($$, $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: while!($2, $3) %*/
 		    }
-		| k_until {COND_PUSH(1);} expr_value do {COND_POP();}
+		| k_until expr_value_do
 		  compstmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_UNTIL(cond($3), $6, 1);
-			fixpos($$, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(until, $3, $6);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_UNTIL(cond(p, $2, &@2), $3, 1, &@$);
+			fixpos($$, $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: until!($2, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| k_case expr_value opt_terms
+		    {
+			$<val>$ = p->case_labels;
+			p->case_labels = Qnil;
+		    }
 		  case_body
 		  k_end
 		    {
+			if (RTEST(p->case_labels)) rb_hash_clear(p->case_labels);
+			p->case_labels = $<val>4;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CASE($2, $4);
+			$$ = NEW_CASE($2, $5, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(case, $2, $4);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: case!($2, $5) %*/
 		    }
-		| k_case opt_terms case_body k_end
+		| k_case opt_terms
 		    {
+			$<val>$ = p->case_labels;
+			p->case_labels = 0;
+		    }
+		  case_body
+		  k_end
+		    {
+			if (RTEST(p->case_labels)) rb_hash_clear(p->case_labels);
+			p->case_labels = $<val>3;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CASE(0, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(case, Qnil, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_CASE2($4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: case!(Qnil, $4) %*/
+		    }
+		| k_case expr_value opt_terms
+		  p_case_body
+		  k_end
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_CASE3($2, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: case!($2, $4) %*/
 		    }
-		| k_for for_var keyword_in
-		  {COND_PUSH(1);}
-		  expr_value do
-		  {COND_POP();}
+		| k_for for_var keyword_in expr_value_do
 		  compstmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
@@ -2885,310 +3098,334 @@ primary		: literal
 			 *  #=>
 			 *  e.each{|x| a, = x}
 			 */
-			ID id = internal_id();
-			ID *tbl = ALLOC_N(ID, 2);
-			NODE *m = NEW_ARGS_AUX(0, 0);
-			NODE *args, *scope;
+			ID id = internal_id(p);
+			NODE *m = NEW_ARGS_AUX(0, 0, &NULL_LOC);
+			NODE *args, *scope, *internal_var = NEW_DVAR(id, &@2);
+			ID *tbl = ALLOC_N(ID, 3);
+			tbl[0] = 1 /* length of local var table */; tbl[1] = id /* internal id */;
+                        rb_ast_add_local_table(p->ast, tbl);
 
 			switch (nd_type($2)) {
-			  case NODE_MASGN:
-			    m->nd_next = node_assign($2, NEW_FOR(NEW_DVAR(id), 0, 0));
-			    args = new_args(m, 0, id, 0, new_args_tail(0, 0, 0));
-			    break;
 			  case NODE_LASGN:
 			  case NODE_DASGN:
-			  case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
-			    $2->nd_value = NEW_DVAR(id);
+			  case NODE_DASGN_CURR: /* e.each {|internal_var| a = internal_var; ... } */
+			    $2->nd_value = internal_var;
+			    id = 0;
 			    m->nd_plen = 1;
 			    m->nd_next = $2;
-			    args = new_args(m, 0, 0, 0, new_args_tail(0, 0, 0));
 			    break;
-			  default:
-			    m->nd_next = node_assign(NEW_MASGN(NEW_LIST($2), 0), NEW_DVAR(id));
-			    args = new_args(m, 0, id, 0, new_args_tail(0, 0, 0));
+			  case NODE_MASGN: /* e.each {|*internal_var| a, b, c = (internal_var.length == 1 && Array === (tmp = internal_var[0]) ? tmp : internal_var); ... } */
+			    m->nd_next = node_assign(p, $2, NEW_FOR_MASGN(internal_var, &@2), NO_LEX_CTXT, &@2);
 			    break;
+			  default: /* e.each {|*internal_var| @a, B, c[1], d.attr = internal_val; ... } */
+			    m->nd_next = node_assign(p, NEW_MASGN(NEW_LIST($2, &@2), 0, &@2), internal_var, NO_LEX_CTXT, &@2);
 			}
-			scope = NEW_NODE(NODE_SCOPE, tbl, $8, args);
-			tbl[0] = 1; tbl[1] = id;
-			$$ = NEW_FOR(0, $5, scope);
+			/* {|*internal_id| <m> = internal_id; ... } */
+			args = new_args(p, m, 0, id, 0, new_args_tail(p, 0, 0, 0, &@2), &@2);
+			scope = NEW_NODE(NODE_SCOPE, tbl, $5, args, &@$);
+			$$ = NEW_FOR($4, scope, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(for, $2, $5, $8);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: for!($2, $4, $5) %*/
 		    }
 		| k_class cpath superclass
 		    {
-			if (in_def || in_single)
-			    yyerror("class definition in method body");
-			local_push(0);
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
+			if (p->ctxt.in_def) {
+			    YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@2);
+			    yyerror1(&loc, "class definition in method body");
+			}
+			p->ctxt.in_class = 1;
+			local_push(p, 0);
 		    }
 		  bodystmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CLASS($2, $5, $3);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>4);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(class, $2, $3, $5);
-		    %*/
-			local_pop();
+			$$ = NEW_CLASS($2, $5, $3, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$->nd_body, @6.end_pos.lineno);
+			set_line_body($5, @3.end_pos.lineno);
+			nd_set_line($$, @3.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: class!($2, $3, $5) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
+			p->ctxt.in_class = $<ctxt>1.in_class;
+			p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = $<ctxt>1.shareable_constant_value;
 		    }
 		| k_class tLSHFT expr
 		    {
-			$<num>$ = (in_def << 1) | in_single;
-			in_def = 0;
-			in_single = 0;
-			local_push(0);
+			p->ctxt.in_def = 0;
+			p->ctxt.in_class = 0;
+			local_push(p, 0);
 		    }
 		  term
 		  bodystmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_SCLASS($3, $6);
+			$$ = NEW_SCLASS($3, $6, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$->nd_body, @7.end_pos.lineno);
+			set_line_body($6, nd_line($3));
 			fixpos($$, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(sclass, $3, $6);
-		    %*/
-			local_pop();
-			in_def = ($<num>4 >> 1) & 1;
-			in_single = $<num>4 & 1;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: sclass!($3, $6) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
+			p->ctxt.in_def = $<ctxt>1.in_def;
+			p->ctxt.in_class = $<ctxt>1.in_class;
+			p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = $<ctxt>1.shareable_constant_value;
 		    }
 		| k_module cpath
 		    {
-			if (in_def || in_single)
-			    yyerror("module definition in method body");
-			local_push(0);
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
+			if (p->ctxt.in_def) {
+			    YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@2);
+			    yyerror1(&loc, "module definition in method body");
+			}
+			p->ctxt.in_class = 1;
+			local_push(p, 0);
 		    }
 		  bodystmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MODULE($2, $4);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(module, $2, $4);
-		    %*/
-			local_pop();
-		    }
-		| k_def fname
-		    {
-			local_push(0);
-			$<id>$ = current_arg;
-			current_arg = 0;
-		    }
-		    {
-			$<num>$ = in_def;
-			in_def = 1;
+			$$ = NEW_MODULE($2, $4, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$->nd_body, @5.end_pos.lineno);
+			set_line_body($4, @2.end_pos.lineno);
+			nd_set_line($$, @2.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: module!($2, $4) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
+			p->ctxt.in_class = $<ctxt>1.in_class;
+			p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = $<ctxt>1.shareable_constant_value;
 		    }
+		| defn_head
 		  f_arglist
 		  bodystmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
+			restore_defun(p, $<node>1->nd_defn);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *body = remove_begin($6);
-			reduce_nodes(&body);
-			$$ = NEW_DEFN($2, $5, body, METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(def, $2, $5, $6);
-		    %*/
-			local_pop();
-			in_def = $<num>4 & 1;
-			current_arg = $<id>3;
-		    }
-		| k_def singleton dot_or_colon {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME);} fname
-		    {
-			$<num>4 = in_single;
-			in_single = 1;
-			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN|EXPR_LABEL); /* force for args */
-			local_push(0);
-			$<id>$ = current_arg;
-			current_arg = 0;
+			$$ = set_defun_body(p, $1, $2, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: def!(get_value($1), $2, $3) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
 		    }
+		| defs_head
 		  f_arglist
 		  bodystmt
 		  k_end
 		    {
+			restore_defun(p, $<node>1->nd_defn);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *body = remove_begin($8);
-			reduce_nodes(&body);
-			$$ = NEW_DEFS($2, $5, $7, body);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>1);
+			$$ = set_defun_body(p, $1, $2, $3, &@$);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch5(defs, $2, $3, $5, $7, $8);
+			$1 = get_value($1);
 		    %*/
-			local_pop();
-			in_single = $<num>4 & 1;
-			current_arg = $<id>6;
+		    /*% ripper: defs!(AREF($1, 0), AREF($1, 1), AREF($1, 2), $2, $3) %*/
+			local_pop(p);
 		    }
 		| keyword_break
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_BREAK(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(break, arg_new());
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_BREAK(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: break!(args_new!) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_next
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_NEXT(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(next, arg_new());
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_NEXT(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: next!(args_new!) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_redo
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_REDO();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(redo);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_REDO(&@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: redo! %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_retry
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_RETRY();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(retry);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_RETRY(&@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: retry! %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 primary_value	: primary
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			$$ = $1;
-			if (!$$) $$ = NEW_NIL();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_begin		: keyword_begin
 		    {
-			token_info_push("begin");
+			token_info_push(p, "begin", &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_if		: keyword_if
 		    {
-			token_info_push("if");
+			WARN_EOL("if");
+			token_info_push(p, "if", &@$);
+			if (p->token_info && p->token_info->nonspc &&
+			    p->token_info->next && !strcmp(p->token_info->next->token, "else")) {
+			    const char *tok = p->lex.ptok;
+			    const char *beg = p->lex.pbeg + p->token_info->next->beg.column;
+			    beg += rb_strlen_lit("else");
+			    while (beg < tok && ISSPACE(*beg)) beg++;
+			    if (beg == tok) {
+				p->token_info->nonspc = 0;
+			    }
+			}
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_unless	: keyword_unless
 		    {
-			token_info_push("unless");
+			token_info_push(p, "unless", &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_while		: keyword_while
 		    {
-			token_info_push("while");
+			token_info_push(p, "while", &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_until		: keyword_until
 		    {
-			token_info_push("until");
+			token_info_push(p, "until", &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_case		: keyword_case
 		    {
-			token_info_push("case");
+			token_info_push(p, "case", &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_for		: keyword_for
 		    {
-			token_info_push("for");
+			token_info_push(p, "for", &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_class		: keyword_class
 		    {
-			token_info_push("class");
+			token_info_push(p, "class", &@$);
+			$<ctxt>$ = p->ctxt;
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_module	: keyword_module
 		    {
-			token_info_push("module");
+			token_info_push(p, "module", &@$);
+			$<ctxt>$ = p->ctxt;
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_def		: keyword_def
 		    {
-			token_info_push("def");
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*%
-		    %*/
+			token_info_push(p, "def", &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_do		: keyword_do
+		    {
+			token_info_push(p, "do", &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_do_block	: keyword_do_block
+		    {
+			token_info_push(p, "do", &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_rescue	: keyword_rescue
+		    {
+			token_info_warn(p, "rescue", p->token_info, 1, &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_ensure	: keyword_ensure
+		    {
+			token_info_warn(p, "ensure", p->token_info, 1, &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_when		: keyword_when
+		    {
+			token_info_warn(p, "when", p->token_info, 0, &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_else		: keyword_else
+		    {
+			token_info *ptinfo_beg = p->token_info;
+			int same = ptinfo_beg && strcmp(ptinfo_beg->token, "case") != 0;
+			token_info_warn(p, "else", p->token_info, same, &@$);
+			if (same) {
+			    token_info e;
+			    e.next = ptinfo_beg->next;
+			    e.token = "else";
+			    token_info_setup(&e, p->lex.pbeg, &@$);
+			    if (!e.nonspc) *ptinfo_beg = e;
+			}
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_elsif 	: keyword_elsif
+		    {
+			WARN_EOL("elsif");
+			token_info_warn(p, "elsif", p->token_info, 1, &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 k_end		: keyword_end
 		    {
-			token_info_pop("end");
+			token_info_pop(p, "end", &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+k_return	: keyword_return
+		    {
+			if (p->ctxt.in_class && !p->ctxt.in_def && !dyna_in_block(p))
+			    yyerror1(&@1, "Invalid return in class/module body");
 		    }
 		;
 
 then		: term
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    { $$ = Qnil; }
-		    %*/
 		| keyword_then
 		| term keyword_then
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    { $$ = $2; }
-		    %*/
 		;
 
 do		: term
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    { $$ = Qnil; }
-		    %*/
 		| keyword_do_cond
 		;
 
 if_tail		: opt_else
-		| keyword_elsif expr_value then
+		| k_elsif expr_value then
 		  compstmt
 		  if_tail
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_if($2, $4, $5);
+			$$ = new_if(p, $2, $4, $5, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(elsif, $2, $4, escape_Qundef($5));
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: elsif!($2, $4, escape_Qundef($5)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 opt_else	: none
-		| keyword_else compstmt
+		| k_else compstmt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(else, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: else!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3198,137 +3435,110 @@ for_var		: lhs
 
 f_marg		: f_norm_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(mlhs_paren, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+			mark_lvar_used(p, $$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tLPAREN f_margs rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(mlhs_paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_marg_list	: f_marg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIST($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add(mlhs_new(), $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add!(mlhs_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_marg_list ',' f_marg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = list_append($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, $1, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_margs		: f_marg_list
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, 0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| f_marg_list ',' tSTAR f_norm_arg
-		    {
-			$$ = assignable($4, 0);
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, $$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star($1, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: $1 %*/
 		    }
-		| f_marg_list ',' tSTAR f_norm_arg ',' f_marg_list
+		| f_marg_list ',' f_rest_marg
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($4, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG($$, $6));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star($1, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
-		| f_marg_list ',' tSTAR
+		| f_marg_list ',' f_rest_marg ',' f_marg_list
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, -1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star($1, Qnil);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG($3, $5, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!($1, $3), $5) %*/
 		    }
-		| f_marg_list ',' tSTAR ',' f_marg_list
+		| f_rest_marg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN($1, NEW_POSTARG(-1, $5));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star($1, $5);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, $1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $1) %*/
 		    }
-		| tSTAR f_norm_arg
+		| f_rest_marg ',' f_marg_list
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($2, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, $$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star(mlhs_new(), $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG($1, $3, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_add_post!(mlhs_add_star!(mlhs_new!, $1), $3) %*/
 		    }
-		| tSTAR f_norm_arg ',' f_marg_list
+		;
+
+f_rest_marg	: tSTAR f_norm_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($2, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG($$, $4));
-		    /*%
-		      #if 0
-		      TODO: Check me
-		      #endif
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star($$, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $2, 0, &@$);
+			mark_lvar_used(p, $$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTAR
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, -1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star(mlhs_new(), Qnil);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tSTAR ',' f_marg_list
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_MASGN(0, NEW_POSTARG(-1, $3));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = mlhs_add_star(mlhs_new(), Qnil);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: Qnil %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
+f_any_kwrest	: f_kwrest
+		| f_no_kwarg {$$ = ID2VAL(idNil);}
+		;
 
 block_args_tail	: f_block_kwarg ',' f_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail($1, $3, $4);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, $1, $3, $4, &@3);
 		    }
 		| f_block_kwarg opt_f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail($1, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, $1, Qnone, $2, &@1);
 		    }
-		| f_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
+		| f_any_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail(Qnone, $1, $2);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, $1, $2, &@1);
 		    }
 		| f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail(Qnone, Qnone, $1);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, Qnone, $1, &@1);
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3338,110 +3548,107 @@ opt_block_args_tail : ',' block_args_tail
 		    }
 		| /* none */
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail(Qnone, Qnone, Qnone);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, &@0);
+		    }
+		;
+
+excessed_comma	: ','
+		    {
+			/* magic number for rest_id in iseq_set_arguments() */
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: excessed_comma! %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 block_param	: f_arg ',' f_block_optarg ',' f_rest_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, $5, Qnone, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, $5, Qnone, $6, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_block_optarg ',' f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, $5, $7, $8);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, $5, $7, $8, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_block_optarg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, Qnone, Qnone, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, Qnone, Qnone, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_block_optarg ',' f_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, Qnone, $5, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, Qnone, $5, $6, &@$);
 		    }
                 | f_arg ',' f_rest_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, Qnone, $3, Qnone, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, Qnone, $3, Qnone, $4, &@$);
 		    }
-		| f_arg ','
+		| f_arg excessed_comma
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, Qnone, 1, Qnone, new_args_tail(Qnone, Qnone, Qnone));
-		    /*%%%*/
-		    /*%
-                        dispatch1(excessed_comma, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, &@2);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, Qnone, $2, Qnone, $$, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, Qnone, $3, $5, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, Qnone, $3, $5, $6, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_block_optarg ',' f_rest_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, $3, Qnone, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, $3, Qnone, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_block_optarg ',' f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, $3, $5, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, $3, $5, $6, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_block_optarg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, Qnone, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, Qnone, Qnone, $2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_block_optarg ',' f_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, Qnone, $3, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, Qnone, $3, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_rest_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, Qnone, $1, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, Qnone, $1, Qnone, $2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, Qnone, $1, $3, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, Qnone, $1, $3, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| block_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $1);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $1, &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
 opt_block_param	: none
 		| block_param_def
 		    {
-			command_start = TRUE;
+			p->command_start = TRUE;
 		    }
 		;
 
 block_param_def	: '|' opt_bv_decl '|'
 		    {
-			current_arg = 0;
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = blockvar_new(params_new(Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil),
-                                          escape_Qundef($2));
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tOROP
-		    {
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
+			p->max_numparam = ORDINAL_PARAM;
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = blockvar_new(params_new(Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil),
-                                          Qnil);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: block_var!(params!(Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil,Qnil), escape_Qundef($2)) %*/
 		    }
 		| '|' block_param opt_bv_decl '|'
 		    {
-			current_arg = 0;
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
+			p->max_numparam = ORDINAL_PARAM;
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = blockvar_new(escape_Qundef($2), escape_Qundef($3));
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: block_var!(escape_Qundef($2), escape_Qundef($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3454,35 +3661,21 @@ opt_bv_decl	: opt_nl
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $3;
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: $3 %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 bv_decls	: bvar
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    {
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    }
-		    %*/
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		| bv_decls ',' bvar
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    {
-			rb_ary_push($1, $3);
-		    }
-		    %*/
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($3)) %*/
 		;
 
 bvar		: tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
-			new_bv(get_id($1));
-		    /*%%%*/
-		    /*%
-			$$ = get_value($1);
-		    %*/
+			new_bv(p, get_id($1));
+		    /*% ripper: get_value($1) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_bad_arg
 		    {
@@ -3490,33 +3683,43 @@ bvar		: tIDENTIFIER
 		    }
 		;
 
-lambda		:   {
-			$<vars>$ = dyna_push();
+lambda		: tLAMBDA
+		    {
+			token_info_push(p, "->", &@1);
+			$<vars>1 = dyna_push(p);
+			$<num>$ = p->lex.lpar_beg;
+			p->lex.lpar_beg = p->lex.paren_nest;
 		    }
 		    {
-			$<num>$ = lpar_beg;
-			lpar_beg = ++paren_nest;
+			$<num>$ = p->max_numparam;
+			p->max_numparam = 0;
 		    }
-		  f_larglist
 		    {
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
+			$<node>$ = numparam_push(p);
 		    }
+		  f_larglist
 		    {
-			$<val>$ = cmdarg_stack;
-			CMDARG_SET(0);
+			CMDARG_PUSH(0);
 		    }
 		  lambda_body
 		    {
-			lpar_beg = $<num>2;
-			CMDARG_SET($<val>5);
-			CMDARG_LEXPOP();
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LAMBDA($3, $6);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>4);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(lambda, $3, $6);
-		    %*/
-			dyna_pop($<vars>1);
+			int max_numparam = p->max_numparam;
+			p->lex.lpar_beg = $<num>2;
+			p->max_numparam = $<num>3;
+			CMDARG_POP();
+			$5 = args_with_numbered(p, $5, max_numparam);
+		    /*%%%*/
+                        {
+                            YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@5, &@7);
+                            $$ = NEW_LAMBDA($5, $7, &loc);
+                            nd_set_line($$->nd_body, @7.end_pos.lineno);
+                            nd_set_line($$, @5.end_pos.lineno);
+			    nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
+                        }
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: lambda!($5, $7) %*/
+			numparam_pop(p, $<node>4);
+			dyna_pop(p, $<vars>1);
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3524,38 +3727,37 @@ f_larglist	: '(' f_args opt_bv_decl ')'
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+			p->max_numparam = ORDINAL_PARAM;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_args
 		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			if (!args_info_empty_p($1->nd_ainfo))
+			    p->max_numparam = ORDINAL_PARAM;
+		    /*% %*/
 			$$ = $1;
 		    }
 		;
 
 lambda_body	: tLAMBEG compstmt '}'
 		    {
-			token_info_pop("}");
+			token_info_pop(p, "}", &@3);
 			$$ = $2;
 		    }
-		| keyword_do_LAMBDA compstmt k_end
+		| keyword_do_LAMBDA bodystmt k_end
 		    {
 			$$ = $2;
 		    }
 		;
 
-do_block	: keyword_do_block
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*% %*/
-		    }
-		  do_body keyword_end
+do_block	: k_do_block do_body k_end
 		    {
-			$$ = $3;
+			$$ = $2;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>2);
+			$$->nd_body->nd_loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+			nd_set_line($$, @1.end_pos.lineno);
 		    /*% %*/
 		    }
 		;
@@ -3564,50 +3766,36 @@ block_call	: command do_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			if (nd_type($1) == NODE_YIELD) {
-			    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "block given to yield");
+			    compile_error(p, "block given to yield");
 			}
 			else {
-			    block_dup_check($1->nd_args, $2);
+			    block_dup_check(p, $1->nd_args, $2);
 			}
-			$2->nd_iter = $1;
-			$$ = $2;
+			$$ = method_add_block(p, $1, $2, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = method_add_block($1, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_block!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| block_call call_op2 operation2 opt_paren_args
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, $3, $4);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(call, $1, $2, $3);
-			$$ = method_optarg($$, $4);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opt_event(:method_add_arg!, call!($1, $2, $3), $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| block_call call_op2 operation2 opt_paren_args brace_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			block_dup_check($4, $5);
-			$5->nd_iter = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, $3, $4);
-			$$ = $5;
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(command_call, $1, $2, $3, $4);
-			$$ = method_add_block($$, $5);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_command_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, $5, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opt_event(:method_add_block!, command_call!($1, $2, $3, $4), $5) %*/
 		    }
 		| block_call call_op2 operation2 command_args do_block
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			block_dup_check($4, $5);
-			$5->nd_iter = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, $3, $4);
-			$$ = $5;
-			fixpos($$, $1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(command_call, $1, $2, $3, $4);
-			$$ = method_add_block($$, $5);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_command_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, $5, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_block!(command_call!($1, $2, $3, $4), $5) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3616,195 +3804,725 @@ method_call	: fcall paren_args
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $1;
 			$$->nd_args = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = method_arg(dispatch1(fcall, $1), $2);
-		    %*/
+			nd_set_last_loc($1, @2.end_pos);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_arg!(fcall!($1), $2) %*/
+		    }
+		| primary_value call_op operation2 opt_paren_args
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, $3, $4, &@3, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$, @3.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: opt_event(:method_add_arg!, call!($1, $2, $3), $4) %*/
+		    }
+		| primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 paren_args
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_qcall(p, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $1, $3, $4, &@3, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$, @3.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_arg!(call!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3), $4) %*/
+		    }
+		| primary_value tCOLON2 operation3
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_qcall(p, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $1, $3, Qnull, &@3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: call!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $3) %*/
+		    }
+		| primary_value call_op paren_args
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, ID2VAL(idCall), $3, &@2, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$, @2.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_arg!(call!($1, $2, ID2VAL(idCall)), $3) %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value call_op operation2
+		| primary_value tCOLON2 paren_args
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_qcall(p, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), $1, ID2VAL(idCall), $3, &@2, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$, @2.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: method_add_arg!(call!($1, ID2VAL(idCOLON2), ID2VAL(idCall)), $3) %*/
+		    }
+		| keyword_super paren_args
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_SUPER($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: super!($2) %*/
+		    }
+		| keyword_super
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_ZSUPER(&@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: zsuper! %*/
+		    }
+		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			if ($1 && nd_type($1) == NODE_SELF)
+			    $$ = NEW_FCALL(tAREF, $3, &@$);
+			else
+			    $$ = NEW_CALL($1, tAREF, $3, &@$);
+			fixpos($$, $1);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: aref!($1, escape_Qundef($3)) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+brace_block	: '{' brace_body '}'
+		    {
+			$$ = $2;
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$->nd_body->nd_loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+			nd_set_line($$, @1.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    }
+		| k_do do_body k_end
+		    {
+			$$ = $2;
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$->nd_body->nd_loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+			nd_set_line($$, @1.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+brace_body	: {$<vars>$ = dyna_push(p);}
+		    {
+			$<num>$ = p->max_numparam;
+			p->max_numparam = 0;
+		    }
+		    {
+			$<node>$ = numparam_push(p);
+		    }
+		  opt_block_param compstmt
+		    {
+			int max_numparam = p->max_numparam;
+			p->max_numparam = $<num>2;
+			$4 = args_with_numbered(p, $4, max_numparam);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_ITER($4, $5, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: brace_block!(escape_Qundef($4), $5) %*/
+			numparam_pop(p, $<node>3);
+			dyna_pop(p, $<vars>1);
+		    }
+		;
+
+do_body 	: {$<vars>$ = dyna_push(p);}
+		    {
+			$<num>$ = p->max_numparam;
+			p->max_numparam = 0;
+		    }
+		    {
+			$<node>$ = numparam_push(p);
+			CMDARG_PUSH(0);
+		    }
+		  opt_block_param bodystmt
+		    {
+			int max_numparam = p->max_numparam;
+			p->max_numparam = $<num>2;
+			$4 = args_with_numbered(p, $4, max_numparam);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_ITER($4, $5, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: do_block!(escape_Qundef($4), $5) %*/
+			CMDARG_POP();
+			numparam_pop(p, $<node>3);
+			dyna_pop(p, $<vars>1);
+		    }
+		;
+
+case_args	: arg_value
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			check_literal_when(p, $1, &@1);
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!(args_new!, $1) %*/
+		    }
+		| tSTAR arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
+			$$ = NEW_SPLAT($2, &@$);
 		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add_star!(args_new!, $2) %*/
 		    }
-		  opt_paren_args
+		| case_args ',' arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, $3, $5);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>4);
+			check_literal_when(p, $3, &@3);
+			$$ = last_arg_append(p, $1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add!($1, $3) %*/
+		    }
+		| case_args ',' tSTAR arg_value
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = rest_arg_append(p, $1, $4, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_add_star!($1, $4) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+case_body	: k_when case_args then
+		  compstmt
+		  cases
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_WHEN($2, $4, $5, &@$);
+			fixpos($$, $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: when!($2, $4, escape_Qundef($5)) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+cases		: opt_else
+		| case_body
+		;
+
+p_case_body	: keyword_in
+		    {
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
+			p->command_start = FALSE;
+			$<ctxt>1 = p->ctxt;
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = 1;
+			$<tbl>$ = push_pvtbl(p);
+		    }
+		    {
+			$<tbl>$ = push_pktbl(p);
+		    }
+		  p_top_expr then
+		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>3);
+			pop_pvtbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $<ctxt>1.in_kwarg;
+		    }
+		  compstmt
+		  p_cases
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_IN($4, $7, $8, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: in!($4, $7, escape_Qundef($8)) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_cases 	: opt_else
+		| p_case_body
+		;
+
+p_top_expr	: p_top_expr_body
+		| p_top_expr_body modifier_if expr_value
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_if(p, $3, remove_begin($1), 0, &@$);
+			fixpos($$, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: if_mod!($3, $1) %*/
+		    }
+		| p_top_expr_body modifier_unless expr_value
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_unless(p, $3, remove_begin($1), 0, &@$);
+			fixpos($$, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: unless_mod!($3, $1) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_top_expr_body : p_expr
+		| p_expr ','
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, Qnone, 1, 0, Qnone, &@$);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, Qnone, get_value($1), $$, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_expr ',' p_args
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, Qnone, get_value($1), $3, &@$);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(call, $1, $2, $3);
-			$$ = method_optarg($$, $5);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value tCOLON2 operation2
+		| p_find
+		    {
+			$$ = new_find_pattern(p, Qnone, $1, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_args_tail
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, Qnone, Qnone, $1, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_kwargs
+		    {
+			$$ = new_hash_pattern(p, Qnone, $1, &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_expr		: p_as
+		;
+
+p_as		: p_expr tASSOC p_variable
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			NODE *n = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+			n = list_append(p, n, $3);
+			$$ = new_hash(p, n, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: binary!($1, STATIC_ID2SYM((id_assoc)), $3) %*/
+		    }
+		| p_alt
+		;
+
+p_alt		: p_alt '|' p_expr_basic
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
+			$$ = NEW_NODE(NODE_OR, $1, $3, 0, &@$);
 		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: binary!($1, STATIC_ID2SYM(idOr), $3) %*/
 		    }
-		  paren_args
+		| p_expr_basic
+		;
+
+p_lparen	: '(' {$<tbl>$ = push_pktbl(p);};
+p_lbracket	: '[' {$<tbl>$ = push_pktbl(p);};
+
+p_expr_basic	: p_value
+		| p_const p_lparen p_args rparen
 		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, $1, Qnone, $3, &@$);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CALL($1, $3, $5);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>4);
+			nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(call, $1, ripper_id2sym(idCOLON2), $3);
-			$$ = method_optarg($$, $5);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value tCOLON2 operation3
+		| p_const p_lparen p_find rparen
 		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			$$ = new_find_pattern(p, $1, $3, &@$);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CALL($1, $3, 0);
+			nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(call, $1, ID2SYM(idCOLON2), $3);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value call_op
+		| p_const p_lparen p_kwargs rparen
 		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			$$ = new_hash_pattern(p, $1, $3, &@$);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*% %*/
+			nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
+		    /*%
+		    %*/
+		    }
+		| p_const '(' rparen
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, Qnone, 0, 0, Qnone, &@$);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, $1, Qnone, $$, &@$);
 		    }
-		  paren_args
+		| p_const p_lbracket p_args rbracket
 		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, $1, Qnone, $3, &@$);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_QCALL($2, $1, idCall, $4);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>3);
+			nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(call, $1, $2, ID2SYM(idCall));
-			$$ = method_optarg($$, $4);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value tCOLON2
+		| p_const p_lbracket p_find rbracket
 		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			$$ = new_find_pattern(p, $1, $3, &@$);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
-		    /*% %*/
+			nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
+		    /*%
+		    %*/
 		    }
-		  paren_args
+		| p_const p_lbracket p_kwargs rbracket
 		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			$$ = new_hash_pattern(p, $1, $3, &@$);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CALL($1, idCall, $4);
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>3);
+			nd_set_first_loc($$, @1.beg_pos);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(call, $1, ID2SYM(idCOLON2),
-				       ID2SYM(idCall));
-			$$ = method_optarg($$, $4);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| keyword_super paren_args
+		| p_const '[' rbracket
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, Qnone, 0, 0, Qnone, &@$);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, $1, Qnone, $$, &@$);
+		    }
+		| tLBRACK p_args rbracket
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, Qnone, Qnone, $2, &@$);
+		    }
+		| tLBRACK p_find rbracket
+		    {
+			$$ = new_find_pattern(p, Qnone, $2, &@$);
+		    }
+		| tLBRACK rbracket
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, Qnone, 0, 0, Qnone, &@$);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern(p, Qnone, Qnone, $$, &@$);
+		    }
+		| tLBRACE
+		    {
+			$<tbl>$ = push_pktbl(p);
+			$<ctxt>1 = p->ctxt;
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = 0;
+		    }
+		  p_kwargs rbrace
+		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $<ctxt>1.in_kwarg;
+			$$ = new_hash_pattern(p, Qnone, $3, &@$);
+		    }
+		| tLBRACE rbrace
+		    {
+			$$ = new_hash_pattern_tail(p, Qnone, 0, &@$);
+			$$ = new_hash_pattern(p, Qnone, $$, &@$);
+		    }
+		| tLPAREN {$<tbl>$ = push_pktbl(p);} p_expr rparen
+		    {
+			pop_pktbl(p, $<tbl>2);
+			$$ = $3;
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_args		: p_expr
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_SUPER($2);
+			NODE *pre_args = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, pre_args, 0, 0, Qnone, &@$);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(super, $2);
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, rb_ary_new_from_args(1, get_value($1)), 0, 0, Qnone, &@$);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| keyword_super
+		| p_args_head
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, $1, 1, 0, Qnone, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_args_head p_arg
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_ZSUPER();
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, list_concat($1, $2), 0, 0, Qnone, &@$);
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(zsuper);
+			VALUE pre_args = rb_ary_concat($1, get_value($2));
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, pre_args, 0, 0, Qnone, &@$);
 		    %*/
 		    }
-		| primary_value '[' opt_call_args rbracket
+		| p_args_head tSTAR tIDENTIFIER
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, $1, 1, $3, Qnone, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_args_head tSTAR tIDENTIFIER ',' p_args_post
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, $1, 1, $3, $5, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_args_head tSTAR
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, $1, 1, 0, Qnone, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_args_head tSTAR ',' p_args_post
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, $1, 1, 0, $4, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_args_tail
+		;
+
+p_args_head	: p_arg ','
+		    {
+			$$ = $1;
+		    }
+		| p_args_head p_arg ','
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if ($1 && nd_type($1) == NODE_SELF)
-			    $$ = NEW_FCALL(tAREF, $3);
-			else
-			    $$ = NEW_CALL($1, tAREF, $3);
-			fixpos($$, $1);
+			$$ = list_concat($1, $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_concat($1, get_value($2)) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_args_tail	: p_rest
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, Qnone, 1, $1, Qnone, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_rest ',' p_args_post
+		    {
+			$$ = new_array_pattern_tail(p, Qnone, 1, $1, $3, &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_find		: p_rest ',' p_args_post ',' p_rest
+		    {
+			$$ = new_find_pattern_tail(p, $1, $3, $5, &@$);
+
+			if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL))
+			    rb_warn0L_experimental(nd_line($$), "Find pattern is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby!");
+		    }
+		;
+
+
+p_rest		: tSTAR tIDENTIFIER
+		    {
+			$$ = $2;
+		    }
+		| tSTAR
+		    {
+			$$ = 0;
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_args_post	: p_arg
+		| p_args_post ',' p_arg
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = list_concat($1, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_concat($1, get_value($3)) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_arg		: p_expr
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new_from_args(1, get_value($1)) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_kwargs	: p_kwarg ',' p_any_kwrest
+		    {
+			$$ =  new_hash_pattern_tail(p, new_unique_key_hash(p, $1, &@$), $3, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_kwarg
+		    {
+			$$ =  new_hash_pattern_tail(p, new_unique_key_hash(p, $1, &@$), 0, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_kwarg ','
+		    {
+			$$ =  new_hash_pattern_tail(p, new_unique_key_hash(p, $1, &@$), 0, &@$);
+		    }
+		| p_any_kwrest
+		    {
+			$$ =  new_hash_pattern_tail(p, new_hash(p, Qnone, &@$), $1, &@$);
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_kwarg 	: p_kw
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: rb_ary_new_from_args(1, $1) %*/
+		| p_kwarg ',' p_kw
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = list_concat($1, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, $3) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_kw		: p_kw_label p_expr
+		    {
+			error_duplicate_pattern_key(p, get_id($1), &@1);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($1), &@$), &@$), $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new_from_args(2, get_value($1), get_value($2)) %*/
+		    }
+		| p_kw_label
+		    {
+			error_duplicate_pattern_key(p, get_id($1), &@1);
+			if ($1 && !is_local_id(get_id($1))) {
+			    yyerror1(&@1, "key must be valid as local variables");
+			}
+			error_duplicate_pattern_variable(p, get_id($1), &@1);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($1), &@$), &@$), assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$));
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new_from_args(2, get_value($1), Qnil) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_kw_label	: tLABEL
+		| tSTRING_BEG string_contents tLABEL_END
+		    {
+			YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			if (!$2 || nd_type($2) == NODE_STR) {
+			    NODE *node = dsym_node(p, $2, &loc);
+			    $$ = SYM2ID(node->nd_lit);
+			}
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(aref, $1, escape_Qundef($3));
+			if (ripper_is_node_yylval($2) && RNODE($2)->nd_cval) {
+			    VALUE label = RNODE($2)->nd_cval;
+			    VALUE rval = RNODE($2)->nd_rval;
+			    $$ = ripper_new_yylval(p, rb_intern_str(label), rval, label);
+			    RNODE($$)->nd_loc = loc;
+			}
 		    %*/
+			else {
+			    yyerror1(&loc, "symbol literal with interpolation is not allowed");
+			    $$ = 0;
+			}
 		    }
 		;
 
-brace_block	: '{'
+p_kwrest	: kwrest_mark tIDENTIFIER
+		    {
+		        $$ = $2;
+		    }
+		| kwrest_mark
+		    {
+		        $$ = 0;
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_kwnorest	: kwrest_mark keyword_nil
+		    {
+		        $$ = 0;
+		    }
+		;
+
+p_any_kwrest	: p_kwrest
+		| p_kwnorest {$$ = ID2VAL(idNil);}
+		;
+
+p_value 	: p_primitive
+		| p_primitive tDOT2 p_primitive
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
+			value_expr($1);
+			value_expr($3);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT2($1, $3, &@$);
 		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot2!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
-		  brace_body '}'
+		| p_primitive tDOT3 p_primitive
 		    {
-			$$ = $3;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>2);
+			value_expr($1);
+			value_expr($3);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT3($1, $3, &@$);
 		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot3!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
-		| keyword_do
+		| p_primitive tDOT2
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$<num>$ = ruby_sourceline;
+			value_expr($1);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT2($1, new_nil_at(p, &@2.end_pos), &@$);
 		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot2!($1, Qnil) %*/
 		    }
-		  do_body keyword_end
+		| p_primitive tDOT3
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			value_expr($1);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT3($1, new_nil_at(p, &@2.end_pos), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot3!($1, Qnil) %*/
+		    }
+		| p_variable
+		| p_var_ref
+		| p_const
+		| tBDOT2 p_primitive
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			value_expr($2);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT2(new_nil_at(p, &@1.beg_pos), $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot2!(Qnil, $2) %*/
+		    }
+		| tBDOT3 p_primitive
 		    {
-			$$ = $3;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			nd_set_line($$, $<num>2);
+			value_expr($2);
+			$$ = NEW_DOT3(new_nil_at(p, &@1.beg_pos), $2, &@$);
 		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dot3!(Qnil, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-brace_body	: {$<vars>$ = dyna_push();}
-		  {$<val>$ = cmdarg_stack >> 1; CMDARG_SET(0);}
-		  opt_block_param compstmt
+p_primitive	: literal
+		| strings
+		| xstring
+		| regexp
+		| words
+		| qwords
+		| symbols
+		| qsymbols
+		| keyword_variable
 		    {
-			$$ = new_brace_body($3, $4);
-			dyna_pop($<vars>1);
-			CMDARG_SET($<val>2);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			if (!($$ = gettable(p, $1, &@$))) $$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_ref!($1) %*/
 		    }
+		| lambda
 		;
 
-do_body 	: {$<vars>$ = dyna_push();}
-		  {$<val>$ = cmdarg_stack; CMDARG_SET(0);}
-		  opt_block_param compstmt
+p_variable	: tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
-			$$ = new_do_body($3, $4);
-			dyna_pop($<vars>1);
-			CMDARG_SET($<val>2);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			error_duplicate_pattern_variable(p, $1, &@1);
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-case_body	: keyword_when args then
-		  compstmt
-		  cases
+p_var_ref	: '^' tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_WHEN($2, $4, $5);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch3(when, $2, $4, escape_Qundef($5));
-		    %*/
+			NODE *n = gettable(p, $2, &@$);
+			if (!(nd_type(n) == NODE_LVAR || nd_type(n) == NODE_DVAR)) {
+			    compile_error(p, "%"PRIsVALUE": no such local variable", rb_id2str($2));
+			}
+			$$ = n;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_ref!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-cases		: opt_else
-		| case_body
+p_const 	: tCOLON3 cname
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_COLON3($2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: top_const_ref!($2) %*/
+		    }
+		| p_const tCOLON2 cname
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = NEW_COLON2($1, $3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: const_path_ref!($1, $3) %*/
+		    }
+		| tCONSTANT
+		   {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = gettable(p, $1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_ref!($1) %*/
+		   }
 		;
 
-opt_rescue	: keyword_rescue exc_list exc_var then
+opt_rescue	: k_rescue exc_list exc_var then
 		  compstmt
 		  opt_rescue
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if ($3) {
-			    $3 = node_assign($3, NEW_ERRINFO());
-			    $5 = block_append($3, $5);
-			}
-			$$ = NEW_RESBODY($2, $5, $6);
+			$$ = NEW_RESBODY($2,
+					 $3 ? block_append(p, node_assign(p, $3, NEW_ERRINFO(&@3), NO_LEX_CTXT, &@3), $5) : $5,
+					 $6, &@$);
 			fixpos($$, $2?$2:$5);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch4(rescue,
-				       escape_Qundef($2),
-				       escape_Qundef($3),
-				       escape_Qundef($5),
-				       escape_Qundef($6));
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rescue!(escape_Qundef($2), escape_Qundef($3), escape_Qundef($5), escape_Qundef($6)) %*/
 		    }
 		| none
 		;
@@ -3812,18 +4530,16 @@ opt_rescue	: keyword_rescue exc_list exc_var then
 exc_list	: arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIST($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIST($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| mrhs
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			if (!($$ = splat_array($1))) $$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: $1 %*/
 		    }
 		| none
 		;
@@ -3835,27 +4551,18 @@ exc_var		: tASSOC lhs
 		| none
 		;
 
-opt_ensure	: keyword_ensure compstmt
+opt_ensure	: k_ensure compstmt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(ensure, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: ensure!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| none
 		;
 
 literal		: numeric
 		| symbol
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($1));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(symbol_literal, $1);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| dsym
 		;
 
 strings		: string
@@ -3863,15 +4570,15 @@ strings		: string
 		    /*%%%*/
 			NODE *node = $1;
 			if (!node) {
-			    node = NEW_STR(STR_NEW0());
+			    node = NEW_STR(STR_NEW0(), &@$);
+                            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, node->nd_lit);
 			}
 			else {
-			    node = evstr2dstr(node);
+			    node = evstr2dstr(p, node);
 			}
 			$$ = node;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: $1 %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3880,47 +4587,43 @@ string		: tCHAR
 		| string string1
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = literal_concat($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(string_concat, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = literal_concat(p, $1, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: string_concat!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 string1		: tSTRING_BEG string_contents tSTRING_END
 		    {
-			$$ = new_string1(heredoc_dedent($2));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = heredoc_dedent(p, $2);
+			if ($$) nd_set_loc($$, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: string_literal!(heredoc_dedent(p, $2)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 xstring		: tXSTRING_BEG xstring_contents tSTRING_END
 		    {
-			$$ = new_xstring(heredoc_dedent($2));
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_xstring(p, heredoc_dedent(p, $2), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: xstring_literal!(heredoc_dedent(p, $2)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 regexp		: tREGEXP_BEG regexp_contents tREGEXP_END
 		    {
-			$$ = new_regexp($2, $3);
+			$$ = new_regexp(p, $2, $3, &@$);
 		    }
 		;
 
-words		: tWORDS_BEG ' ' tSTRING_END
+words		: tWORDS_BEG ' ' word_list tSTRING_END
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_ZARRAY();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(words_new);
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $$);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tWORDS_BEG word_list tSTRING_END
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = make_list($3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: array!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3928,54 +4631,35 @@ word_list	: /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(words_new);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: words_new! %*/
 		    }
 		| word_list word ' '
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = list_append($1, evstr2dstr($2));
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(words_add, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, $1, evstr2dstr(p, $2));
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: words_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 word		: string_content
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    {
-			$$ = dispatch0(word_new);
-			$$ = dispatch2(word_add, $$, $1);
-		    }
-		    %*/
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: word_add!(word_new!, $1) %*/
 		| word string_content
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = literal_concat($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(word_add, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = literal_concat(p, $1, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: word_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-symbols 	: tSYMBOLS_BEG ' ' tSTRING_END
+symbols 	: tSYMBOLS_BEG ' ' symbol_list tSTRING_END
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_ZARRAY();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(symbols_new);
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $$);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tSYMBOLS_BEG symbol_list tSTRING_END
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = make_list($3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: array!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -3983,63 +4667,33 @@ symbol_list	: /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(symbols_new);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: symbols_new! %*/
 		    }
 		| symbol_list word ' '
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$2 = evstr2dstr($2);
-			if (nd_type($2) == NODE_DSTR) {
-			    nd_set_type($2, NODE_DSYM);
-			}
-			else {
-			    nd_set_type($2, NODE_LIT);
-			    $2->nd_lit = rb_str_intern($2->nd_lit);
-			}
-			$$ = list_append($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(symbols_add, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = symbol_append(p, $1, evstr2dstr(p, $2));
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: symbols_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-qwords		: tQWORDS_BEG ' ' tSTRING_END
+qwords		: tQWORDS_BEG ' ' qword_list tSTRING_END
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_ZARRAY();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(qwords_new);
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $$);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tQWORDS_BEG qword_list tSTRING_END
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = make_list($3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: array!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-qsymbols	: tQSYMBOLS_BEG ' ' tSTRING_END
+qsymbols	: tQSYMBOLS_BEG ' ' qsym_list tSTRING_END
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_ZARRAY();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(qsymbols_new);
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $$);
-		    %*/
-		    }
-		| tQSYMBOLS_BEG qsym_list tSTRING_END
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(array, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = make_list($3, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: array!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4047,17 +4701,15 @@ qword_list	: /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(qwords_new);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: qwords_new! %*/
 		    }
 		| qword_list tSTRING_CONTENT ' '
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = list_append($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(qwords_add, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, $1, $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: qwords_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4065,21 +4717,15 @@ qsym_list	: /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(qsymbols_new);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: qsymbols_new! %*/
 		    }
 		| qsym_list tSTRING_CONTENT ' '
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			VALUE lit;
-			lit = $2->nd_lit;
-			$2->nd_lit = ID2SYM(rb_intern_str(lit));
-			nd_set_type($2, NODE_LIT);
-			$$ = list_append($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(qsymbols_add, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = symbol_append(p, $1, $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: qsymbols_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4087,16 +4733,27 @@ string_contents : /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: string_content! %*/
+		    /*%%%*/
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(string_content);
+			$$ = ripper_new_yylval(p, 0, $$, 0);
 		    %*/
 		    }
 		| string_contents string_content
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = literal_concat($1, $2);
+			$$ = literal_concat(p, $1, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: string_add!($1, $2) %*/
+		    /*%%%*/
 		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(string_add, $1, $2);
+			if (ripper_is_node_yylval($1) && ripper_is_node_yylval($2) &&
+			    !RNODE($1)->nd_cval) {
+			    RNODE($1)->nd_cval = RNODE($2)->nd_cval;
+			    RNODE($1)->nd_rval = add_mark_object(p, $$);
+			    $$ = $1;
+			}
 		    %*/
 		    }
 		;
@@ -4105,17 +4762,15 @@ xstring_contents: /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch0(xstring_new);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: xstring_new! %*/
 		    }
 		| xstring_contents string_content
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = literal_concat($1, $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(xstring_add, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = literal_concat(p, $1, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: xstring_add!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4123,8 +4778,11 @@ regexp_contents: /* none */
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: regexp_new! %*/
+		    /*%%%*/
 		    /*%
-			$$ = ripper_new_yylval(0, dispatch0(regexp_new), 0);
+			$$ = ripper_new_yylval(p, 0, $$, 0);
 		    %*/
 		    }
 		| regexp_contents string_content
@@ -4145,10 +4803,10 @@ regexp_contents: /* none */
 			      case NODE_DSTR:
 				break;
 			      default:
-				head = list_append(NEW_DSTR(Qnil), head);
+				head = list_append(p, NEW_DSTR(Qnil, &@$), head);
 				break;
 			    }
-			    $$ = list_append(head, tail);
+			    $$ = list_append(p, head, tail);
 			}
 		    /*%
 			VALUE s1 = 1, s2 = 0, n1 = $1, n2 = $2;
@@ -4162,104 +4820,104 @@ regexp_contents: /* none */
 			}
 			$$ = dispatch2(regexp_add, n1, n2);
 			if (!s1 && s2) {
-			    $$ = ripper_new_yylval(0, $$, s2);
+			    $$ = ripper_new_yylval(p, 0, $$, s2);
 			}
 		    %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 string_content	: tSTRING_CONTENT
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: ripper_new_yylval(p, 0, get_value($1), $1) %*/
 		| tSTRING_DVAR
 		    {
-			$<node>$ = lex_strterm;
-			lex_strterm = 0;
+			/* need to backup p->lex.strterm so that a string literal `%&foo,#$&,bar&` can be parsed */
+			$<strterm>$ = p->lex.strterm;
+			p->lex.strterm = 0;
 			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		    }
 		  string_dvar
 		    {
-			lex_strterm = $<node>2;
+			p->lex.strterm = $<strterm>2;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_EVSTR($3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(string_dvar, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_EVSTR($3, &@$);
+			nd_set_line($$, @3.end_pos.lineno);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: string_dvar!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTRING_DBEG
 		    {
-			$<val>1 = cond_stack;
-			$<val>$ = cmdarg_stack;
-			COND_SET(0);
-			CMDARG_SET(0);
+			CMDARG_PUSH(0);
+			COND_PUSH(0);
 		    }
 		    {
-			$<node>$ = lex_strterm;
-			lex_strterm = 0;
+			/* need to backup p->lex.strterm so that a string literal `%!foo,#{ !0 },bar!` can be parsed */
+			$<strterm>$ = p->lex.strterm;
+			p->lex.strterm = 0;
 		    }
 		    {
-			$<num>$ = lex_state;
+			$<num>$ = p->lex.state;
 			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		    }
 		    {
-			$<num>$ = brace_nest;
-			brace_nest = 0;
+			$<num>$ = p->lex.brace_nest;
+			p->lex.brace_nest = 0;
 		    }
 		    {
-			$<num>$ = heredoc_indent;
-			heredoc_indent = 0;
+			$<num>$ = p->heredoc_indent;
+			p->heredoc_indent = 0;
 		    }
 		  compstmt tSTRING_DEND
 		    {
-			COND_SET($<val>1);
-			CMDARG_SET($<val>2);
-			lex_strterm = $<node>3;
+			COND_POP();
+			CMDARG_POP();
+			p->lex.strterm = $<strterm>3;
 			SET_LEX_STATE($<num>4);
-			brace_nest = $<num>5;
-			heredoc_indent = $<num>6;
-			heredoc_line_indent = -1;
+			p->lex.brace_nest = $<num>5;
+			p->heredoc_indent = $<num>6;
+			p->heredoc_line_indent = -1;
 		    /*%%%*/
 			if ($7) $7->flags &= ~NODE_FL_NEWLINE;
-			$$ = new_evstr($7);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(string_embexpr, $7);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_evstr(p, $7, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: string_embexpr!($7) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 string_dvar	: tGVAR
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_GVAR($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_ref, $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_GVAR($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_ref!($1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tIVAR
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_IVAR($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_ref, $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_IVAR($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_ref!($1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tCVAR
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_CVAR($1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_ref, $1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_CVAR($1, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_ref!($1) %*/
 		    }
 		| backref
 		;
 
-symbol		: tSYMBEG sym
+symbol		: ssym
+		| dsym
+		;
+
+ssym		: tSYMBEG sym
 		    {
-			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDARG);
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(symbol, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($2), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: symbol_literal!(symbol!($2)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4269,14 +4927,13 @@ sym		: fname
 		| tCVAR
 		;
 
-dsym		: tSYMBEG xstring_contents tSTRING_END
+dsym		: tSYMBEG string_contents tSTRING_END
 		    {
-			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDARG);
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = dsym_node($2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(dyna_symbol, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = dsym_node(p, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: dyna_symbol!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4285,10 +4942,9 @@ numeric 	: simple_numeric
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-			$$->nd_lit = negate_lit($$->nd_lit);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(unary, ID2SYM(idUMinus), $2);
-		    %*/
+			RB_OBJ_WRITE(p->ast, &$$->nd_lit, negate_lit(p, $$->nd_lit));
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: unary!(ID2VAL(idUMinus), $2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4305,21 +4961,21 @@ user_variable	: tIDENTIFIER
 		| tCVAR
 		;
 
-keyword_variable: keyword_nil {ifndef_ripper($$ = keyword_nil);}
-		| keyword_self {ifndef_ripper($$ = keyword_self);}
-		| keyword_true {ifndef_ripper($$ = keyword_true);}
-		| keyword_false {ifndef_ripper($$ = keyword_false);}
-		| keyword__FILE__ {ifndef_ripper($$ = keyword__FILE__);}
-		| keyword__LINE__ {ifndef_ripper($$ = keyword__LINE__);}
-		| keyword__ENCODING__ {ifndef_ripper($$ = keyword__ENCODING__);}
+keyword_variable: keyword_nil {$$ = KWD2EID(nil, $1);}
+		| keyword_self {$$ = KWD2EID(self, $1);}
+		| keyword_true {$$ = KWD2EID(true, $1);}
+		| keyword_false {$$ = KWD2EID(false, $1);}
+		| keyword__FILE__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_FILE__, $1);}
+		| keyword__LINE__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_LINE__, $1);}
+		| keyword__ENCODING__ {$$ = KWD2EID(_ENCODING__, $1);}
 		;
 
 var_ref		: user_variable
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if (!($$ = gettable($1))) $$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
+			if (!($$ = gettable(p, $1, &@$))) $$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
 		    /*%
-			if (id_is_var(get_id($1))) {
+			if (id_is_var(p, get_id($1))) {
 			    $$ = dispatch1(var_ref, $1);
 			}
 			else {
@@ -4330,28 +4986,25 @@ var_ref		: user_variable
 		| keyword_variable
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if (!($$ = gettable($1))) $$ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_ref, $1);
-		    %*/
+			if (!($$ = gettable(p, $1, &@$))) $$ = NEW_BEGIN(0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: var_ref!($1) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 var_lhs		: user_variable
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_field, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| keyword_variable
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, 0);
 		    /*%%%*/
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(var_field, $$);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = assignable(p, $1, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assignable(p, var_field(p, $1)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4362,7 +5015,7 @@ backref		: tNTH_REF
 superclass	: '<'
 		    {
 			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-			command_start = TRUE;
+			p->command_start = TRUE;
 		    }
 		  expr_value term
 		    {
@@ -4372,51 +5025,74 @@ superclass	: '<'
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = Qnil;
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: Qnil %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
-f_arglist	: '(' f_args rparen
+f_opt_paren_args: f_paren_args | none;
+
+f_paren_args	: '(' f_args rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!($2) %*/
 			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-			command_start = TRUE;
+			p->command_start = TRUE;
 		    }
+		| '(' f_arg ',' args_forward rparen
+		    {
+			add_forwarding_args(p);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_args_forward_def(p, $2, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!(params!($2, Qnone, $4, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone)) %*/
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
+			p->command_start = TRUE;
+		    }
+		| '(' args_forward rparen
+		    {
+			add_forwarding_args(p);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = new_args_forward_def(p, 0, &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!(params!(Qnone, Qnone, $2, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone)) %*/
+			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
+			p->command_start = TRUE;
+		    }
+                ;
+
+f_arglist	: f_paren_args
 		|   {
-			$<num>$ = parser->in_kwarg;
-			parser->in_kwarg = 1;
-			lex_state |= EXPR_LABEL; /* force for args */
+			$<ctxt>$ = p->ctxt;
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = 1;
+			SET_LEX_STATE(p->lex.state|EXPR_LABEL); /* force for args */
 		    }
-		    f_args term
+		  f_args term
 		    {
-			parser->in_kwarg = !!$<num>1;
+			p->ctxt.in_kwarg = $<ctxt>1.in_kwarg;
 			$$ = $2;
 			SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-			command_start = TRUE;
+			p->command_start = TRUE;
 		    }
 		;
 
 args_tail	: f_kwarg ',' f_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail($1, $3, $4);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, $1, $3, $4, &@3);
 		    }
 		| f_kwarg opt_f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail($1, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, $1, Qnone, $2, &@1);
 		    }
-		| f_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
+		| f_any_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail(Qnone, $1, $2);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, $1, $2, &@1);
 		    }
 		| f_block_arg
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail(Qnone, Qnone, $1);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, Qnone, $1, &@1);
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4426,119 +5102,125 @@ opt_args_tail	: ',' args_tail
 		    }
 		| /* none */
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail(Qnone, Qnone, Qnone);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, &@0);
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_args		: f_arg ',' f_optarg ',' f_rest_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, $5, Qnone, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, $5, Qnone, $6, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_optarg ',' f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, $5, $7, $8);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, $5, $7, $8, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_optarg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, Qnone, Qnone, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, Qnone, Qnone, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_optarg ',' f_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, $3, Qnone, $5, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, $3, Qnone, $5, $6, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_rest_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, Qnone, $3, Qnone, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, Qnone, $3, Qnone, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg ',' f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, Qnone, $3, $5, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, Qnone, $3, $5, $6, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args($1, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args(p, $1, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_optarg ',' f_rest_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, $3, Qnone, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, $3, Qnone, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_optarg ',' f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, $3, $5, $6);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, $3, $5, $6, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_optarg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, Qnone, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, Qnone, Qnone, $2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_optarg ',' f_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, $1, Qnone, $3, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, $1, Qnone, $3, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_rest_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, Qnone, $1, Qnone, $2);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, Qnone, $1, Qnone, $2, &@$);
 		    }
 		| f_rest_arg ',' f_arg opt_args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, Qnone, $1, $3, $4);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, Qnone, $1, $3, $4, &@$);
 		    }
 		| args_tail
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $1);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $1, &@$);
 		    }
 		| /* none */
 		    {
-			$$ = new_args_tail(Qnone, Qnone, Qnone);
-			$$ = new_args(Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $$);
+			$$ = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, &@0);
+			$$ = new_args(p, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, Qnone, $$, &@0);
+		    }
+		;
+
+args_forward	: tBDOT3
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = idDot3;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: args_forward! %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_bad_arg	: tCONSTANT
 		    {
+			static const char mesg[] = "formal argument cannot be a constant";
 		    /*%%%*/
-			yyerror("formal argument cannot be a constant");
+			yyerror1(&@1, mesg);
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(param_error, $1);
-			ripper_error();
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: param_error!(ERR_MESG(), $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tIVAR
 		    {
+			static const char mesg[] = "formal argument cannot be an instance variable";
 		    /*%%%*/
-			yyerror("formal argument cannot be an instance variable");
+			yyerror1(&@1, mesg);
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(param_error, $1);
-			ripper_error();
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: param_error!(ERR_MESG(), $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tGVAR
 		    {
+			static const char mesg[] = "formal argument cannot be a global variable";
 		    /*%%%*/
-			yyerror("formal argument cannot be a global variable");
+			yyerror1(&@1, mesg);
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(param_error, $1);
-			ripper_error();
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: param_error!(ERR_MESG(), $1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tCVAR
 		    {
+			static const char mesg[] = "formal argument cannot be a class variable";
 		    /*%%%*/
-			yyerror("formal argument cannot be a class variable");
+			yyerror1(&@1, mesg);
 			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(param_error, $1);
-			ripper_error();
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper[error]: param_error!(ERR_MESG(), $1) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_norm_arg	: f_bad_arg
 		| tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
-			formal_argument(get_id($1));
+			formal_argument(p, $1);
+			p->max_numparam = ORDINAL_PARAM;
 			$$ = $1;
 		    }
 		;
@@ -4546,109 +5228,96 @@ f_norm_arg	: f_bad_arg
 f_arg_asgn	: f_norm_arg
 		    {
 			ID id = get_id($1);
-			arg_var(id);
-			current_arg = id;
+			arg_var(p, id);
+			p->cur_arg = id;
 			$$ = $1;
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_arg_item	: f_arg_asgn
 		    {
-			current_arg = 0;
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_ARGS_AUX($1, 1);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = get_value($1);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_ARGS_AUX($1, 1, &NULL_LOC);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: get_value($1) %*/
 		    }
 		| tLPAREN f_margs rparen
 		    {
-			ID tid = internal_id();
-			arg_var(tid);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if (dyna_in_block()) {
-			    $2->nd_value = NEW_DVAR(tid);
+			ID tid = internal_id(p);
+			YYLTYPE loc;
+			loc.beg_pos = @2.beg_pos;
+			loc.end_pos = @2.beg_pos;
+			arg_var(p, tid);
+			if (dyna_in_block(p)) {
+			    $2->nd_value = NEW_DVAR(tid, &loc);
 			}
 			else {
-			    $2->nd_value = NEW_LVAR(tid);
+			    $2->nd_value = NEW_LVAR(tid, &loc);
 			}
-			$$ = NEW_ARGS_AUX(tid, 1);
+			$$ = NEW_ARGS_AUX(tid, 1, &NULL_LOC);
 			$$->nd_next = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(mlhs_paren, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: mlhs_paren!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_arg		: f_arg_item
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    {
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    }
-		    c%*/
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		| f_arg ',' f_arg_item
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $1;
 			$$->nd_plen++;
-			$$->nd_next = block_append($$->nd_next, $3->nd_next);
-			rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)$3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_push($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$->nd_next = block_append(p, $$->nd_next, $3->nd_next);
+			rb_discard_node(p, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 
 f_label 	: tLABEL
 		    {
-			ID id = get_id($1);
-			arg_var(formal_argument(id));
-			current_arg = id;
+			arg_var(p, formal_argument(p, $1));
+			p->cur_arg = get_id($1);
+			p->max_numparam = ORDINAL_PARAM;
 			$$ = $1;
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_kw		: f_label arg_value
 		    {
-			current_arg = 0;
-			$$ = assignable($1, $2);
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_kw_arg($$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_assoc_new($$, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_kw_arg(p, assignable(p, $1, $2, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_assoc_new(get_value(assignable(p, $1)), get_value($2)) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_label
 		    {
-			current_arg = 0;
-			$$ = assignable($1, (NODE *)-1);
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_kw_arg($$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_assoc_new($$, 0);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_kw_arg(p, assignable(p, $1, NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_assoc_new(get_value(assignable(p, $1)), 0) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_block_kw	: f_label primary_value
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, $2);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_kw_arg($$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_assoc_new($$, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_kw_arg(p, assignable(p, $1, $2, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_assoc_new(get_value(assignable(p, $1)), get_value($2)) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_label
 		    {
-			$$ = assignable($1, (NODE *)-1);
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = new_kw_arg($$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_assoc_new($$, 0);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = new_kw_arg(p, assignable(p, $1, NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_assoc_new(get_value(assignable(p, $1)), 0) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4656,17 +5325,15 @@ f_block_kwarg	: f_block_kw
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_block_kwarg ',' f_block_kw
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = kwd_append($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_push($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4675,17 +5342,15 @@ f_kwarg		: f_kw
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_kwarg ',' f_kw
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = kwd_append($1, $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_push($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4693,39 +5358,49 @@ kwrest_mark	: tPOW
 		| tDSTAR
 		;
 
+f_no_kwarg	: kwrest_mark keyword_nil
+		    {
+		    /*%%%*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: nokw_param!(Qnil) %*/
+		    }
+		;
+
 f_kwrest	: kwrest_mark tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
-			shadowing_lvar(get_id($2));
+			arg_var(p, shadowing_lvar(p, get_id($2)));
+		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: kwrest_param!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| kwrest_mark
 		    {
-			$$ = internal_id();
-			arg_var($$);
+		    /*%%%*/
+			$$ = internal_id(p);
+			arg_var(p, $$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: kwrest_param!(Qnil) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_opt		: f_arg_asgn '=' arg_value
 		    {
-			current_arg = 0;
-			$$ = assignable($1, $3);
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_OPT_ARG(0, $$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_assoc_new($$, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_OPT_ARG(0, assignable(p, $1, $3, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_assoc_new(get_value(assignable(p, $1)), get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 f_block_opt	: f_arg_asgn '=' primary_value
 		    {
-			current_arg = 0;
-			$$ = assignable($1, $3);
+			p->cur_arg = 0;
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = NEW_OPT_ARG(0, $$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_assoc_new($$, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = NEW_OPT_ARG(0, assignable(p, $1, $3, &@$), &@$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_assoc_new(get_value(assignable(p, $1)), get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4733,23 +5408,15 @@ f_block_optarg	: f_block_opt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_block_optarg ',' f_block_opt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *opts = $1;
-
-			while (opts->nd_next) {
-			    opts = opts->nd_next;
-			}
-			opts->nd_next = $3;
-			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_push($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = opt_arg_append($1, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4757,23 +5424,15 @@ f_optarg	: f_opt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		    }
 		| f_optarg ',' f_opt
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			NODE *opts = $1;
-
-			while (opts->nd_next) {
-			    opts = opts->nd_next;
-			}
-			opts->nd_next = $3;
-			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_push($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = opt_arg_append($1, $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4783,25 +5442,19 @@ restarg_mark	: '*'
 
 f_rest_arg	: restarg_mark tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			if (!is_local_id($2))
-			    yyerror("rest argument must be local variable");
-		    /*% %*/
-			arg_var(shadowing_lvar(get_id($2)));
+			arg_var(p, shadowing_lvar(p, get_id($2)));
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(rest_param, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rest_param!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		| restarg_mark
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = internal_id();
-			arg_var($$);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(rest_param, Qnil);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = internal_id(p);
+			arg_var(p, $$);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rest_param!(Qnil) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4811,18 +5464,11 @@ blkarg_mark	: '&'
 
 f_block_arg	: blkarg_mark tIDENTIFIER
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			if (!is_local_id($2))
-			    yyerror("block argument must be local variable");
-			else if (!dyna_in_block() && local_id($2))
-			    yyerror("duplicated block argument name");
-		    /*% %*/
-			arg_var(shadowing_lvar(get_id($2)));
+			arg_var(p, shadowing_lvar(p, get_id($2)));
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(blockarg, $2);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: blockarg!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4832,50 +5478,36 @@ opt_f_block_arg	: ',' f_block_arg
 		    }
 		| none
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = Qundef;
-		    %*/
+			$$ = Qnull;
 		    }
 		;
 
 singleton	: var_ref
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
 			value_expr($1);
 			$$ = $1;
-			if (!$$) $$ = NEW_NIL();
-		    /*%
-			$$ = $1;
-		    %*/
 		    }
 		| '(' {SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);} expr rparen
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if ($3 == 0) {
-			    yyerror("can't define singleton method for ().");
-			}
-			else {
-			    switch (nd_type($3)) {
-			      case NODE_STR:
-			      case NODE_DSTR:
-			      case NODE_XSTR:
-			      case NODE_DXSTR:
-			      case NODE_DREGX:
-			      case NODE_LIT:
-			      case NODE_ARRAY:
-			      case NODE_ZARRAY:
-				yyerror("can't define singleton method for literals");
-			      default:
-				value_expr($3);
-				break;
-			    }
+			switch (nd_type($3)) {
+			  case NODE_STR:
+			  case NODE_DSTR:
+			  case NODE_XSTR:
+			  case NODE_DXSTR:
+			  case NODE_DREGX:
+			  case NODE_LIT:
+			  case NODE_LIST:
+			  case NODE_ZLIST:
+			    yyerror1(&@3, "can't define singleton method for literals");
+			    break;
+			  default:
+			    value_expr($3);
+			    break;
 			}
 			$$ = $3;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(paren, $3);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: paren!($3) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4884,19 +5516,13 @@ assoc_list	: none
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
 			$$ = $1;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(assoclist_from_args, $1);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assoclist_from_args!($1) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
 assocs		: assoc
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    {
-			$$ = rb_ary_new3(1, $1);
-		    }
-		    %*/
+		    /*% ripper[brace]: rb_ary_new3(1, get_value($1)) %*/
 		| assocs ',' assoc
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
@@ -4906,18 +5532,17 @@ assocs		: assoc
 			    assocs = tail;
 			}
 			else if (tail) {
-			    if (assocs->nd_head &&
-				!tail->nd_head && nd_type(tail->nd_next) == NODE_ARRAY &&
-				nd_type(tail->nd_next->nd_head) == NODE_HASH) {
-				/* DSTAR */
-				tail = tail->nd_next->nd_head->nd_head;
-			    }
+                            if (assocs->nd_head &&
+                                !tail->nd_head && nd_type(tail->nd_next) == NODE_LIST &&
+                                nd_type(tail->nd_next->nd_head) == NODE_HASH) {
+                                /* DSTAR */
+                                tail = tail->nd_next->nd_head->nd_head;
+                            }
 			    assocs = list_concat(assocs, tail);
 			}
 			$$ = assocs;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = rb_ary_push($1, $3);
-		    %*/
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: rb_ary_push($1, get_value($3)) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4926,40 +5551,43 @@ assoc		: arg_value tASSOC arg_value
 		    /*%%%*/
 			if (nd_type($1) == NODE_STR) {
 			    nd_set_type($1, NODE_LIT);
-			    $1->nd_lit = rb_fstring($1->nd_lit);
+			    RB_OBJ_WRITE(p->ast, &$1->nd_lit, rb_fstring($1->nd_lit));
 			}
-			$$ = list_append(NEW_LIST($1), $3);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(assoc_new, $1, $3);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, NEW_LIST($1, &@$), $3);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assoc_new!($1, $3) %*/
 		    }
 		| tLABEL arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = list_append(NEW_LIST(NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($1))), $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(assoc_new, $1, $2);
-		    %*/
+			$$ = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(NEW_LIT(ID2SYM($1), &@1), &@$), $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assoc_new!($1, $2) %*/
 		    }
 		| tSTRING_BEG string_contents tLABEL_END arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = list_append(NEW_LIST(dsym_node($2)), $4);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch2(assoc_new, dispatch1(dyna_symbol, $2), $4);
-		    %*/
+			YYLTYPE loc = code_loc_gen(&@1, &@3);
+			$$ = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(dsym_node(p, $2, &loc), &loc), $4);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assoc_new!(dyna_symbol!($2), $4) %*/
 		    }
 		| tDSTAR arg_value
 		    {
 		    /*%%%*/
-			if (nd_type($2) == NODE_HASH &&
-			    !($2->nd_head && $2->nd_head->nd_alen))
-			    $$ = 0;
-			else
-			    $$ = list_append(NEW_LIST(0), $2);
-		    /*%
-			$$ = dispatch1(assoc_splat, $2);
-		    %*/
+                        if (nd_type($2) == NODE_HASH &&
+                            !($2->nd_head && $2->nd_head->nd_alen)) {
+                            static VALUE empty_hash;
+                            if (!empty_hash) {
+                                empty_hash = rb_obj_freeze(rb_hash_new());
+                                rb_gc_register_mark_object(empty_hash);
+                            }
+                            $$ = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(0, &@$), NEW_LIT(empty_hash, &@$));
+                        }
+                        else
+                            $$ = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(0, &@$), $2);
+		    /*% %*/
+		    /*% ripper: assoc_splat!($2) %*/
 		    }
 		;
 
@@ -4980,44 +5608,15 @@ operation3	: tIDENTIFIER
 		;
 
 dot_or_colon	: '.'
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    { $$ = $<val>1; }
-		    %*/
 		| tCOLON2
-		    /*%c%*/
-		    /*%c
-		    { $$ = $<val>1; }
-		    %*/
 		;
 
 call_op 	: '.'
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = '.';
-		    /*%
-			$$ = ripper_id2sym('.');
-		    %*/
-		    }
 		| tANDDOT
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = tANDDOT;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = ripper_id2sym(idANDDOT);
-		    %*/
-		    }
 		;
 
 call_op2	: call_op
 		| tCOLON2
-		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = tCOLON2;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = ripper_id2sym(idCOLON2);
-		    %*/
-		    }
 		;
 
 opt_terms	: /* none */
@@ -5034,13 +5633,16 @@ rparen		: opt_nl ')'
 rbracket	: opt_nl ']'
 		;
 
+rbrace		: opt_nl '}'
+		;
+
 trailer		: /* none */
 		| '\n'
 		| ','
 		;
 
-term		: ';' {yyerrok;}
-		| '\n'
+term		: ';' {yyerrok;token_flush(p);}
+		| '\n' {token_flush(p);}
 		;
 
 terms		: term
@@ -5049,76 +5651,66 @@ terms		: term
 
 none		: /* none */
 		    {
-		    /*%%%*/
-			$$ = 0;
-		    /*%
-			$$ = Qundef;
-		    %*/
+			$$ = Qnull;
 		    }
 		;
 %%
-# undef parser
+# undef p
 # undef yylex
 # undef yylval
-# define yylval  (*parser->lval)
-
-static int parser_regx_options(struct parser_params*);
-static int parser_tokadd_string(struct parser_params*,int,int,int,long*,rb_encoding**);
-static void parser_tokaddmbc(struct parser_params *parser, int c, rb_encoding *enc);
-static int parser_parse_string(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-static int parser_here_document(struct parser_params*,NODE*);
-
-
-# define nextc()                      parser_nextc(parser)
-# define pushback(c)                  parser_pushback(parser, (c))
-# define newtok()                     parser_newtok(parser)
-# define tokspace(n)                  parser_tokspace(parser, (n))
-# define tokadd(c)                    parser_tokadd(parser, (c))
-# define tok_hex(numlen)              parser_tok_hex(parser, (numlen))
-# define read_escape(flags,e)         parser_read_escape(parser, (flags), (e))
-# define tokadd_escape(e)             parser_tokadd_escape(parser, (e))
-# define regx_options()               parser_regx_options(parser)
-# define tokadd_string(f,t,p,n,e)     parser_tokadd_string(parser,(f),(t),(p),(n),(e))
-# define parse_string(n)              parser_parse_string(parser,(n))
-# define tokaddmbc(c, enc)            parser_tokaddmbc(parser, (c), (enc))
-# define here_document(n)             parser_here_document(parser,(n))
-# define heredoc_identifier()         parser_heredoc_identifier(parser)
-# define heredoc_restore(n)           parser_heredoc_restore(parser,(n))
-# define whole_match_p(e,l,i)         parser_whole_match_p(parser,(e),(l),(i))
-# define number_literal_suffix(f)     parser_number_literal_suffix(parser, (f))
-# define set_number_literal(v, t, f)  parser_set_number_literal(parser, (v), (t), (f))
-# define set_integer_literal(v, f)    parser_set_integer_literal(parser, (v), (f))
+# define yylval  (*p->lval)
+
+static int regx_options(struct parser_params*);
+static int tokadd_string(struct parser_params*,int,int,int,long*,rb_encoding**,rb_encoding**);
+static void tokaddmbc(struct parser_params *p, int c, rb_encoding *enc);
+static enum yytokentype parse_string(struct parser_params*,rb_strterm_literal_t*);
+static enum yytokentype here_document(struct parser_params*,rb_strterm_heredoc_t*);
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
-# define set_yylval_str(x) (yylval.node = NEW_STR(x))
+# define set_yylval_node(x) {				\
+  YYLTYPE _cur_loc;					\
+  rb_parser_set_location(p, &_cur_loc);			\
+  yylval.node = (x);					\
+}
+# define set_yylval_str(x) \
+do { \
+  set_yylval_node(NEW_STR(x, &_cur_loc)); \
+  RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, x); \
+} while(0)
+# define set_yylval_literal(x) \
+do { \
+  set_yylval_node(NEW_LIT(x, &_cur_loc)); \
+  RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, x); \
+} while(0)
 # define set_yylval_num(x) (yylval.num = (x))
 # define set_yylval_id(x)  (yylval.id = (x))
 # define set_yylval_name(x)  (yylval.id = (x))
-# define set_yylval_literal(x) (yylval.node = NEW_LIT(x))
-# define set_yylval_node(x) (yylval.node = (x))
 # define yylval_id() (yylval.id)
 #else
 static inline VALUE
-ripper_yylval_id(ID x)
+ripper_yylval_id(struct parser_params *p, ID x)
 {
-    return ripper_new_yylval(x, ID2SYM(x), 0);
+    return ripper_new_yylval(p, x, ID2SYM(x), 0);
 }
-# define set_yylval_str(x) (yylval.val = (x))
-# define set_yylval_num(x) (yylval.val = ripper_new_yylval((x), 0, 0))
+# define set_yylval_str(x) (yylval.val = add_mark_object(p, (x)))
+# define set_yylval_num(x) (yylval.val = ripper_new_yylval(p, (x), 0, 0))
 # define set_yylval_id(x)  (void)(x)
-# define set_yylval_name(x) (void)(yylval.val = ripper_yylval_id(x))
-# define set_yylval_literal(x) (void)(x)
-# define set_yylval_node(x) (void)(x)
+# define set_yylval_name(x) (void)(yylval.val = ripper_yylval_id(p, x))
+# define set_yylval_literal(x) add_mark_object(p, (x))
+# define set_yylval_node(x) (yylval.val = ripper_new_yylval(p, 0, 0, STR_NEW(p->lex.ptok, p->lex.pcur-p->lex.ptok)))
 # define yylval_id() yylval.id
+# define _cur_loc NULL_LOC /* dummy */
 #endif
 
+#define set_yylval_noname() set_yylval_id(keyword_nil)
+
 #ifndef RIPPER
-#define ripper_flush(p) (void)(p)
-#define dispatch_scan_event(t) ((void)0)
-#define dispatch_delayed_token(t) ((void)0)
-#define has_delayed_token() (0)
+#define literal_flush(p, ptr) ((p)->lex.ptok = (ptr))
+#define dispatch_scan_event(p, t) ((void)0)
+#define dispatch_delayed_token(p, t) ((void)0)
+#define has_delayed_token(p) (0)
 #else
-#define ripper_flush(p) ((p)->tokp = (p)->lex.pcur)
+#define literal_flush(p, ptr) ((void)(ptr))
 
 #define yylval_rval (*(RB_TYPE_P(yylval.val, T_NODE) ? &yylval.node->nd_rval : &yylval.val))
 
@@ -5130,193 +5722,437 @@ intern_sym(const char *name)
 }
 
 static int
-ripper_has_scan_event(struct parser_params *parser)
+ripper_has_scan_event(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-
-    if (lex_p < parser->tokp) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "lex_p < tokp");
-    return lex_p > parser->tokp;
+    if (p->lex.pcur < p->lex.ptok) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "lex.pcur < lex.ptok");
+    return p->lex.pcur > p->lex.ptok;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_scan_event_val(struct parser_params *parser, int t)
+ripper_scan_event_val(struct parser_params *p, enum yytokentype t)
 {
-    VALUE str = STR_NEW(parser->tokp, lex_p - parser->tokp);
-    VALUE rval = ripper_dispatch1(parser, ripper_token2eventid(t), str);
-    ripper_flush(parser);
+    VALUE str = STR_NEW(p->lex.ptok, p->lex.pcur - p->lex.ptok);
+    VALUE rval = ripper_dispatch1(p, ripper_token2eventid(t), str);
+    token_flush(p);
     return rval;
 }
 
 static void
-ripper_dispatch_scan_event(struct parser_params *parser, int t)
+ripper_dispatch_scan_event(struct parser_params *p, enum yytokentype t)
 {
-    if (!ripper_has_scan_event(parser)) return;
-    yylval_rval = ripper_scan_event_val(parser, t);
+    if (!ripper_has_scan_event(p)) return;
+    add_mark_object(p, yylval_rval = ripper_scan_event_val(p, t));
 }
-#define dispatch_scan_event(t) ripper_dispatch_scan_event(parser, t)
+#define dispatch_scan_event(p, t) ripper_dispatch_scan_event(p, t)
 
 static void
-ripper_dispatch_delayed_token(struct parser_params *parser, int t)
+ripper_dispatch_delayed_token(struct parser_params *p, enum yytokentype t)
 {
-    int saved_line = ruby_sourceline;
-    const char *saved_tokp = parser->tokp;
+    int saved_line = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    const char *saved_tokp = p->lex.ptok;
 
-    ruby_sourceline = parser->delayed_line;
-    parser->tokp = lex_pbeg + parser->delayed_col;
-    yylval_rval = ripper_dispatch1(parser, ripper_token2eventid(t), parser->delayed);
-    parser->delayed = Qnil;
-    ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
-    parser->tokp = saved_tokp;
+    if (NIL_P(p->delayed.token)) return;
+    p->ruby_sourceline = p->delayed.line;
+    p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pbeg + p->delayed.col;
+    add_mark_object(p, yylval_rval = ripper_dispatch1(p, ripper_token2eventid(t), p->delayed.token));
+    p->delayed.token = Qnil;
+    p->ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
+    p->lex.ptok = saved_tokp;
 }
-#define dispatch_delayed_token(t) ripper_dispatch_delayed_token(parser, t)
-#define has_delayed_token() (!NIL_P(parser->delayed))
+#define dispatch_delayed_token(p, t) ripper_dispatch_delayed_token(p, t)
+#define has_delayed_token(p) (!NIL_P(p->delayed.token))
 #endif /* RIPPER */
 
-#include "ruby/regex.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
+static inline int
+is_identchar(const char *ptr, const char *MAYBE_UNUSED(ptr_end), rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    return rb_enc_isalnum((unsigned char)*ptr, enc) || *ptr == '_' || !ISASCII(*ptr);
+}
 
-#define parser_encoding_name()  (current_enc->name)
-#define parser_mbclen()  mbclen((lex_p-1),lex_pend,current_enc)
-#define parser_precise_mbclen()  rb_enc_precise_mbclen((lex_p-1),lex_pend,current_enc)
-#define is_identchar(p,e,enc) (rb_enc_isalnum((unsigned char)(*(p)),(enc)) || (*(p)) == '_' || !ISASCII(*(p)))
-#define parser_is_identchar() (!parser->eofp && is_identchar((lex_p-1),lex_pend,current_enc))
+static inline int
+parser_is_identchar(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    return !(p)->eofp && is_identchar(p->lex.pcur-1, p->lex.pend, p->enc);
+}
 
-#define parser_isascii() ISASCII(*(lex_p-1))
+static inline int
+parser_isascii(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    return ISASCII(*(p->lex.pcur-1));
+}
 
-static int
-token_info_get_column(struct parser_params *parser, const char *pend)
+static void
+token_info_setup(token_info *ptinfo, const char *ptr, const rb_code_location_t *loc)
 {
-    int column = 1;
-    const char *p;
-    for (p = lex_pbeg; p < pend; p++) {
-	if (*p == '\t') {
+    int column = 1, nonspc = 0, i;
+    for (i = 0; i < loc->beg_pos.column; i++, ptr++) {
+	if (*ptr == '\t') {
 	    column = (((column - 1) / TAB_WIDTH) + 1) * TAB_WIDTH;
 	}
 	column++;
-    }
-    return column;
-}
-
-static int
-token_info_has_nonspaces(struct parser_params *parser, const char *pend)
-{
-    const char *p;
-    for (p = lex_pbeg; p < pend; p++) {
-	if (*p != ' ' && *p != '\t') {
-	    return 1;
+	if (*ptr != ' ' && *ptr != '\t') {
+	    nonspc = 1;
 	}
     }
-    return 0;
+
+    ptinfo->beg = loc->beg_pos;
+    ptinfo->indent = column;
+    ptinfo->nonspc = nonspc;
 }
 
 static void
-token_info_push_gen(struct parser_params *parser, const char *token, size_t len)
+token_info_push(struct parser_params *p, const char *token, const rb_code_location_t *loc)
 {
     token_info *ptinfo;
-    const char *t = lex_p - len;
 
-    if (!parser->token_info_enabled) return;
+    if (!p->token_info_enabled) return;
     ptinfo = ALLOC(token_info);
     ptinfo->token = token;
-    ptinfo->linenum = ruby_sourceline;
-    ptinfo->column = token_info_get_column(parser, t);
-    ptinfo->nonspc = token_info_has_nonspaces(parser, t);
-    ptinfo->next = parser->token_info;
+    ptinfo->next = p->token_info;
+    token_info_setup(ptinfo, p->lex.pbeg, loc);
+
+    p->token_info = ptinfo;
+}
+
+static void
+token_info_pop(struct parser_params *p, const char *token, const rb_code_location_t *loc)
+{
+    token_info *ptinfo_beg = p->token_info;
+
+    if (!ptinfo_beg) return;
+    p->token_info = ptinfo_beg->next;
 
-    parser->token_info = ptinfo;
+    /* indentation check of matched keywords (begin..end, if..end, etc.) */
+    token_info_warn(p, token, ptinfo_beg, 1, loc);
+    ruby_sized_xfree(ptinfo_beg, sizeof(*ptinfo_beg));
 }
 
 static void
-token_info_pop_gen(struct parser_params *parser, const char *token, size_t len)
+token_info_drop(struct parser_params *p, const char *token, rb_code_position_t beg_pos)
 {
-    int linenum;
-    token_info *ptinfo = parser->token_info;
-    const char *t = lex_p - len;
+    token_info *ptinfo_beg = p->token_info;
 
-    if (!ptinfo) return;
-    parser->token_info = ptinfo->next;
-    linenum = ruby_sourceline;
-    if (parser->token_info_enabled &&
-	linenum != ptinfo->linenum && !ptinfo->nonspc &&
-	!token_info_has_nonspaces(parser, t) &&
-	token_info_get_column(parser, t) != ptinfo->column) {
-	rb_warn3L(linenum,
-		  "mismatched indentations at '%s' with '%s' at %d",
-		  WARN_S(token), WARN_S(ptinfo->token), WARN_I(ptinfo->linenum));
+    if (!ptinfo_beg) return;
+    p->token_info = ptinfo_beg->next;
+
+    if (ptinfo_beg->beg.lineno != beg_pos.lineno ||
+	ptinfo_beg->beg.column != beg_pos.column ||
+	strcmp(ptinfo_beg->token, token)) {
+	compile_error(p, "token position mismatch: %d:%d:%s expected but %d:%d:%s",
+		      beg_pos.lineno, beg_pos.column, token,
+		      ptinfo_beg->beg.lineno, ptinfo_beg->beg.column,
+		      ptinfo_beg->token);
     }
 
-    xfree(ptinfo);
+    ruby_sized_xfree(ptinfo_beg, sizeof(*ptinfo_beg));
+}
+
+static void
+token_info_warn(struct parser_params *p, const char *token, token_info *ptinfo_beg, int same, const rb_code_location_t *loc)
+{
+    token_info ptinfo_end_body, *ptinfo_end = &ptinfo_end_body;
+    if (!p->token_info_enabled) return;
+    if (!ptinfo_beg) return;
+    token_info_setup(ptinfo_end, p->lex.pbeg, loc);
+    if (ptinfo_beg->beg.lineno == ptinfo_end->beg.lineno) return; /* ignore one-line block */
+    if (ptinfo_beg->nonspc || ptinfo_end->nonspc) return; /* ignore keyword in the middle of a line */
+    if (ptinfo_beg->indent == ptinfo_end->indent) return; /* the indents are matched */
+    if (!same && ptinfo_beg->indent < ptinfo_end->indent) return;
+    rb_warn3L(ptinfo_end->beg.lineno,
+	      "mismatched indentations at '%s' with '%s' at %d",
+	      WARN_S(token), WARN_S(ptinfo_beg->token), WARN_I(ptinfo_beg->beg.lineno));
 }
 
 static int
-parser_yyerror(struct parser_params *parser, const char *msg)
+parser_precise_mbclen(struct parser_params *p, const char *ptr)
 {
+    int len = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(ptr, p->lex.pend, p->enc);
+    if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(len)) {
+	compile_error(p, "invalid multibyte char (%s)", rb_enc_name(p->enc));
+	return -1;
+    }
+    return len;
+}
+
 #ifndef RIPPER
+static void ruby_show_error_line(VALUE errbuf, const YYLTYPE *yylloc, int lineno, VALUE str);
+
+static inline void
+parser_show_error_line(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *yylloc)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+    int lineno = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    if (!yylloc) {
+	return;
+    }
+    else if (yylloc->beg_pos.lineno == lineno) {
+	str = p->lex.lastline;
+    }
+    else {
+	return;
+    }
+    ruby_show_error_line(p->error_buffer, yylloc, lineno, str);
+}
+
+static int
+parser_yyerror(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *yylloc, const char *msg)
+{
+    YYLTYPE current;
+
+    if (!yylloc) {
+	yylloc = RUBY_SET_YYLLOC(current);
+    }
+    else if ((p->ruby_sourceline != yylloc->beg_pos.lineno &&
+	      p->ruby_sourceline != yylloc->end_pos.lineno) ||
+	     (yylloc->beg_pos.lineno == yylloc->end_pos.lineno &&
+	      yylloc->beg_pos.column == yylloc->end_pos.column)) {
+	yylloc = 0;
+    }
+    compile_error(p, "%s", msg);
+    parser_show_error_line(p, yylloc);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+ruby_show_error_line(VALUE errbuf, const YYLTYPE *yylloc, int lineno, VALUE str)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
     const int max_line_margin = 30;
-    const char *p, *pe;
-    const char *pre = "", *post = "";
-    const char *code = "", *caret = "", *newline = "";
+    const char *ptr, *ptr_end, *pt, *pb;
+    const char *pre = "", *post = "", *pend;
+    const char *code = "", *caret = "";
     const char *lim;
+    const char *const pbeg = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     char *buf;
     long len;
     int i;
 
-    p = lex_p;
-    lim = p - lex_pbeg > max_line_margin ? p - max_line_margin : lex_pbeg;
-    while (lim < p) {
-	if (*(p-1) == '\n') break;
-	p--;
+    if (!yylloc) return;
+    pend = RSTRING_END(str);
+    if (pend > pbeg && pend[-1] == '\n') {
+	if (--pend > pbeg && pend[-1] == '\r') --pend;
     }
 
-    pe = lex_p;
-    lim = lex_pend - pe > max_line_margin ? pe + max_line_margin : lex_pend;
-    while (pe < lim) {
-	if (*pe == '\n') break;
-	pe++;
+    pt = pend;
+    if (lineno == yylloc->end_pos.lineno &&
+	(pend - pbeg) > yylloc->end_pos.column) {
+	pt = pbeg + yylloc->end_pos.column;
     }
 
-    len = pe - p;
+    ptr = ptr_end = pt;
+    lim = ptr - pbeg > max_line_margin ? ptr - max_line_margin : pbeg;
+    while ((lim < ptr) && (*(ptr-1) != '\n')) ptr--;
+
+    lim = pend - ptr_end > max_line_margin ? ptr_end + max_line_margin : pend;
+    while ((ptr_end < lim) && (*ptr_end != '\n') && (*ptr_end != '\r')) ptr_end++;
+
+    len = ptr_end - ptr;
     if (len > 4) {
+	if (ptr > pbeg) {
+	    ptr = rb_enc_prev_char(pbeg, ptr, pt, rb_enc_get(str));
+	    if (ptr > pbeg) pre = "...";
+	}
+	if (ptr_end < pend) {
+	    ptr_end = rb_enc_prev_char(pt, ptr_end, pend, rb_enc_get(str));
+	    if (ptr_end < pend) post = "...";
+	}
+    }
+    pb = pbeg;
+    if (lineno == yylloc->beg_pos.lineno) {
+	pb += yylloc->beg_pos.column;
+	if (pb > pt) pb = pt;
+    }
+    if (pb < ptr) pb = ptr;
+    if (len <= 4 && yylloc->beg_pos.lineno == yylloc->end_pos.lineno) {
+	return;
+    }
+    if (RTEST(errbuf)) {
+	mesg = rb_attr_get(errbuf, idMesg);
+	if (RSTRING_LEN(mesg) > 0 && *(RSTRING_END(mesg)-1) != '\n')
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, "\n");
+    }
+    else {
+	mesg = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, rb_enc_get(str));
+    }
+    if (!errbuf && rb_stderr_tty_p()) {
+#define CSI_BEGIN "\033["
+#define CSI_SGR "m"
+	rb_str_catf(mesg,
+		    CSI_BEGIN""CSI_SGR"%s" /* pre */
+		    CSI_BEGIN"1"CSI_SGR"%.*s"
+		    CSI_BEGIN"1;4"CSI_SGR"%.*s"
+		    CSI_BEGIN";1"CSI_SGR"%.*s"
+		    CSI_BEGIN""CSI_SGR"%s" /* post */
+		    "\n",
+		    pre,
+		    (int)(pb - ptr), ptr,
+		    (int)(pt - pb), pb,
+		    (int)(ptr_end - pt), pt,
+		    post);
+    }
+    else {
 	char *p2;
 
-	if (len > max_line_margin * 2 + 10) {
-	    if (lex_p - p > max_line_margin) {
-		p = rb_enc_prev_char(p, lex_p - max_line_margin, pe, rb_enc_get(lex_lastline));
-		pre = "...";
-	    }
-	    if (pe - lex_p > max_line_margin) {
-		pe = rb_enc_prev_char(lex_p, lex_p + max_line_margin, pe, rb_enc_get(lex_lastline));
-		post = "...";
-	    }
-	    len = pe - p;
-	}
-	i = (int)(lex_p - p);
+	len = ptr_end - ptr;
+	lim = pt < pend ? pt : pend;
+	i = (int)(lim - ptr);
 	buf = ALLOCA_N(char, i+2);
-	code = p;
+	code = ptr;
 	caret = p2 = buf;
-	while (i-- > 0) {
-	    *p2++ = *p++ == '\t' ? '\t' : ' ';
+	if (ptr <= pb) {
+	    while (ptr < pb) {
+		*p2++ = *ptr++ == '\t' ? '\t' : ' ';
+	    }
+	    *p2++ = '^';
+	    ptr++;
+	}
+	if (lim > ptr) {
+	    memset(p2, '~', (lim - ptr));
+	    p2 += (lim - ptr);
 	}
-	*p2++ = '^';
 	*p2 = '\0';
-	newline = "\n";
+	rb_str_catf(mesg, "%s%.*s%s\n""%s%s\n",
+		    pre, (int)len, code, post,
+		    pre, caret);
     }
-    else {
-	len = 0;
-    }
-    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "%s%s""%s%.*s%s%s""%s%s",
-		  msg, newline,
-		  pre, (int)len, code, post, newline,
-		  pre, caret);
+    if (!errbuf) rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+}
 #else
+static int
+parser_yyerror(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *yylloc, const char *msg)
+{
+    const char *pcur = 0, *ptok = 0;
+    if (yylloc &&
+	p->ruby_sourceline == yylloc->beg_pos.lineno &&
+	p->ruby_sourceline == yylloc->end_pos.lineno) {
+	pcur = p->lex.pcur;
+	ptok = p->lex.ptok;
+	p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pbeg + yylloc->beg_pos.column;
+	p->lex.pcur = p->lex.pbeg + yylloc->end_pos.column;
+    }
     dispatch1(parse_error, STR_NEW2(msg));
-    ripper_error();
+    ripper_error(p);
+    if (pcur) {
+	p->lex.ptok = ptok;
+	p->lex.pcur = pcur;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void
+parser_show_error_line(struct parser_params *p, const YYLTYPE *yylloc)
+{
+}
 #endif /* !RIPPER */
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static int
+vtable_size(const struct vtable *tbl)
+{
+    if (!DVARS_TERMINAL_P(tbl)) {
+	return tbl->pos;
+    }
+    else {
+	return 0;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static struct vtable *
+vtable_alloc_gen(struct parser_params *p, int line, struct vtable *prev)
+{
+    struct vtable *tbl = ALLOC(struct vtable);
+    tbl->pos = 0;
+    tbl->capa = 8;
+    tbl->tbl = ALLOC_N(ID, tbl->capa);
+    tbl->prev = prev;
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    if (p->debug) {
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "vtable_alloc:%d: %p\n", line, (void *)tbl);
+    }
+#endif
+    return tbl;
+}
+#define vtable_alloc(prev) vtable_alloc_gen(p, __LINE__, prev)
+
+static void
+vtable_free_gen(struct parser_params *p, int line, const char *name,
+		struct vtable *tbl)
+{
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    if (p->debug) {
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "vtable_free:%d: %s(%p)\n", line, name, (void *)tbl);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!DVARS_TERMINAL_P(tbl)) {
+	if (tbl->tbl) {
+	    ruby_sized_xfree(tbl->tbl, tbl->capa * sizeof(ID));
+	}
+	ruby_sized_xfree(tbl, sizeof(*tbl));
+    }
+}
+#define vtable_free(tbl) vtable_free_gen(p, __LINE__, #tbl, tbl)
+
+static void
+vtable_add_gen(struct parser_params *p, int line, const char *name,
+	       struct vtable *tbl, ID id)
+{
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    if (p->debug) {
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "vtable_add:%d: %s(%p), %s\n",
+			 line, name, (void *)tbl, rb_id2name(id));
+    }
+#endif
+    if (DVARS_TERMINAL_P(tbl)) {
+	rb_parser_fatal(p, "vtable_add: vtable is not allocated (%p)", (void *)tbl);
+	return;
+    }
+    if (tbl->pos == tbl->capa) {
+	tbl->capa = tbl->capa * 2;
+	SIZED_REALLOC_N(tbl->tbl, ID, tbl->capa, tbl->pos);
+    }
+    tbl->tbl[tbl->pos++] = id;
+}
+#define vtable_add(tbl, id) vtable_add_gen(p, __LINE__, #tbl, tbl, id)
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static void
+vtable_pop_gen(struct parser_params *p, int line, const char *name,
+	       struct vtable *tbl, int n)
+{
+    if (p->debug) {
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "vtable_pop:%d: %s(%p), %d\n",
+			 line, name, (void *)tbl, n);
+    }
+    if (tbl->pos < n) {
+	rb_parser_fatal(p, "vtable_pop: unreachable (%d < %d)", tbl->pos, n);
+	return;
+    }
+    tbl->pos -= n;
+}
+#define vtable_pop(tbl, n) vtable_pop_gen(p, __LINE__, #tbl, tbl, n)
+#endif
+
+static int
+vtable_included(const struct vtable * tbl, ID id)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    if (!DVARS_TERMINAL_P(tbl)) {
+	for (i = 0; i < tbl->pos; i++) {
+	    if (tbl->tbl[i] == id) {
+		return i+1;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void parser_prepare(struct parser_params *parser);
+static void parser_prepare(struct parser_params *p);
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
+static NODE *parser_append_options(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node);
+
 static VALUE
 debug_lines(VALUE fname)
 {
@@ -5333,22 +6169,10 @@ debug_lines(VALUE fname)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-coverage(VALUE fname, int n)
-{
-    VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
-    if (RTEST(coverages) && RBASIC(coverages)->klass == 0) {
-	VALUE lines = n > 0 ? rb_ary_tmp_new_fill(n) : rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
-	rb_hash_aset(coverages, fname, lines);
-	return lines;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static int
-e_option_supplied(struct parser_params *parser)
+e_option_supplied(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    return strcmp(ruby_sourcefile, "-e") == 0;
+    return strcmp(p->ruby_sourcefile, "-e") == 0;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5356,71 +6180,84 @@ yycompile0(VALUE arg)
 {
     int n;
     NODE *tree;
-    struct parser_params *parser = (struct parser_params *)arg;
+    struct parser_params *p = (struct parser_params *)arg;
     VALUE cov = Qfalse;
 
-    if (!compile_for_eval && rb_safe_level() == 0) {
-	ruby_debug_lines = debug_lines(ruby_sourcefile_string);
-	if (ruby_debug_lines && ruby_sourceline > 0) {
-	    VALUE str = STR_NEW0();
-	    n = ruby_sourceline;
+    if (!compile_for_eval && !NIL_P(p->ruby_sourcefile_string)) {
+	p->debug_lines = debug_lines(p->ruby_sourcefile_string);
+	if (p->debug_lines && p->ruby_sourceline > 0) {
+	    VALUE str = rb_default_rs;
+	    n = p->ruby_sourceline;
 	    do {
-		rb_ary_push(ruby_debug_lines, str);
+		rb_ary_push(p->debug_lines, str);
 	    } while (--n);
 	}
 
-	if (!e_option_supplied(parser)) {
-	    ruby_coverage = coverage(ruby_sourcefile_string, ruby_sourceline);
+	if (!e_option_supplied(p)) {
 	    cov = Qtrue;
 	}
     }
 
-    parser_prepare(parser);
-#ifndef RIPPER
+    parser_prepare(p);
 #define RUBY_DTRACE_PARSE_HOOK(name) \
     if (RUBY_DTRACE_PARSE_##name##_ENABLED()) { \
-	RUBY_DTRACE_PARSE_##name(ruby_sourcefile, ruby_sourceline); \
+	RUBY_DTRACE_PARSE_##name(p->ruby_sourcefile, p->ruby_sourceline); \
     }
     RUBY_DTRACE_PARSE_HOOK(BEGIN);
-#endif
-    n = yyparse((void*)parser);
-#ifndef RIPPER
+    n = yyparse(p);
     RUBY_DTRACE_PARSE_HOOK(END);
-#endif
-    ruby_debug_lines = 0;
-    ruby_coverage = 0;
-
-    lex_strterm = 0;
-    lex_p = lex_pbeg = lex_pend = 0;
-    lex_lastline = lex_nextline = 0;
-    if (parser->error_p) {
-	VALUE mesg = parser->error_buffer;
+    p->debug_lines = 0;
+
+    p->lex.strterm = 0;
+    p->lex.pcur = p->lex.pbeg = p->lex.pend = 0;
+    p->lex.prevline = p->lex.lastline = p->lex.nextline = 0;
+    if (n || p->error_p) {
+	VALUE mesg = p->error_buffer;
 	if (!mesg) {
 	    mesg = rb_class_new_instance(0, 0, rb_eSyntaxError);
 	}
 	rb_set_errinfo(mesg);
-	return 0;
+	return FALSE;
     }
-    tree = ruby_eval_tree;
+    tree = p->eval_tree;
     if (!tree) {
-	tree = NEW_NIL();
+	tree = NEW_NIL(&NULL_LOC);
     }
     else {
-	VALUE opt = parser->compile_option;
+	VALUE opt = p->compile_option;
+	NODE *prelude;
+	NODE *body = parser_append_options(p, tree->nd_body);
 	if (!opt) opt = rb_obj_hide(rb_ident_hash_new());
 	rb_hash_aset(opt, rb_sym_intern_ascii_cstr("coverage_enabled"), cov);
-	tree->nd_body = NEW_PRELUDE(ruby_eval_tree_begin, tree->nd_body, opt);
+	prelude = block_append(p, p->eval_tree_begin, body);
+	tree->nd_body = prelude;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(p->ast, &p->ast->body.compile_option, opt);
     }
-    return (VALUE)tree;
+    p->ast->body.root = tree;
+    p->ast->body.line_count = p->line_count;
+    return TRUE;
 }
 
-static NODE*
-yycompile(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE fname, int line)
+static rb_ast_t *
+yycompile(VALUE vparser, struct parser_params *p, VALUE fname, int line)
 {
-    ruby_sourcefile_string = rb_str_new_frozen(fname);
-    ruby_sourcefile = RSTRING_PTR(fname);
-    ruby_sourceline = line - 1;
-    return (NODE *)rb_suppress_tracing(yycompile0, (VALUE)parser);
+    rb_ast_t *ast;
+    if (NIL_P(fname)) {
+	p->ruby_sourcefile_string = Qnil;
+	p->ruby_sourcefile = "(none)";
+    }
+    else {
+	p->ruby_sourcefile_string = rb_fstring(fname);
+	p->ruby_sourcefile = StringValueCStr(fname);
+    }
+    p->ruby_sourceline = line - 1;
+
+    p->ast = ast = rb_ast_new();
+    rb_suppress_tracing(yycompile0, (VALUE)p);
+    p->ast = 0;
+    RB_GC_GUARD(vparser); /* prohibit tail call optimization */
+
+    return ast;
 }
 #endif /* !RIPPER */
 
@@ -5435,7 +6272,7 @@ must_be_ascii_compatible(VALUE s)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-lex_get_str(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE s)
+lex_get_str(struct parser_params *p, VALUE s)
 {
     char *beg, *end, *start;
     long len;
@@ -5443,127 +6280,105 @@ lex_get_str(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE s)
     beg = RSTRING_PTR(s);
     len = RSTRING_LEN(s);
     start = beg;
-    if (lex_gets_ptr) {
-	if (len == lex_gets_ptr) return Qnil;
-	beg += lex_gets_ptr;
-	len -= lex_gets_ptr;
+    if (p->lex.gets_.ptr) {
+	if (len == p->lex.gets_.ptr) return Qnil;
+	beg += p->lex.gets_.ptr;
+	len -= p->lex.gets_.ptr;
     }
     end = memchr(beg, '\n', len);
     if (end) len = ++end - beg;
-    lex_gets_ptr += len;
+    p->lex.gets_.ptr += len;
     return rb_str_subseq(s, beg - start, len);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-lex_getline(struct parser_params *parser)
+lex_getline(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    VALUE line = (*lex_gets)(parser, lex_input);
+    VALUE line = (*p->lex.gets)(p, p->lex.input);
     if (NIL_P(line)) return line;
     must_be_ascii_compatible(line);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-    if (ruby_debug_lines) {
-	rb_enc_associate(line, current_enc);
-	rb_ary_push(ruby_debug_lines, line);
-    }
-    if (ruby_coverage) {
-	rb_ary_push(ruby_coverage, Qnil);
+    if (p->debug_lines) {
+	rb_enc_associate(line, p->enc);
+	rb_ary_push(p->debug_lines, line);
     }
 #endif
+    p->line_count++;
     return line;
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t parser_data_type;
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static NODE*
+static rb_ast_t*
 parser_compile_string(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE s, int line)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
-    NODE *node;
-
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    lex_gets = lex_get_str;
-    lex_gets_ptr = 0;
-    lex_input = rb_str_new_frozen(s);
-    lex_pbeg = lex_p = lex_pend = 0;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    node = yycompile(parser, fname, line);
-    RB_GC_GUARD(vparser); /* prohibit tail call optimization */
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
 
-    return node;
-}
+    p->lex.gets = lex_get_str;
+    p->lex.gets_.ptr = 0;
+    p->lex.input = rb_str_new_frozen(s);
+    p->lex.pbeg = p->lex.pcur = p->lex.pend = 0;
 
-NODE*
-rb_compile_string(const char *f, VALUE s, int line)
-{
-    must_be_ascii_compatible(s);
-    return parser_compile_string(rb_parser_new(), rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(f), s, line);
+    return yycompile(vparser, p, fname, line);
 }
 
-NODE*
+rb_ast_t*
 rb_parser_compile_string(VALUE vparser, const char *f, VALUE s, int line)
 {
     return rb_parser_compile_string_path(vparser, rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(f), s, line);
 }
 
-NODE*
+rb_ast_t*
 rb_parser_compile_string_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE f, VALUE s, int line)
 {
     must_be_ascii_compatible(s);
     return parser_compile_string(vparser, f, s, line);
 }
 
-NODE*
-rb_compile_cstr(const char *f, const char *s, int len, int line)
-{
-    VALUE str = rb_str_new(s, len);
-    return parser_compile_string(rb_parser_new(), rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(f), str, line);
-}
-
-NODE*
-rb_parser_compile_cstr(VALUE vparser, const char *f, const char *s, int len, int line)
-{
-    VALUE str = rb_str_new(s, len);
-    return parser_compile_string(vparser, rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(f), str, line);
-}
-
 VALUE rb_io_gets_internal(VALUE io);
 
 static VALUE
-lex_io_gets(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE io)
+lex_io_gets(struct parser_params *p, VALUE io)
 {
     return rb_io_gets_internal(io);
 }
 
-NODE*
-rb_compile_file(const char *f, VALUE file, int start)
+rb_ast_t*
+rb_parser_compile_file_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE file, int start)
 {
-    VALUE vparser = rb_parser_new();
+    struct parser_params *p;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+
+    p->lex.gets = lex_io_gets;
+    p->lex.input = file;
+    p->lex.pbeg = p->lex.pcur = p->lex.pend = 0;
 
-    return rb_parser_compile_file(vparser, f, file, start);
+    return yycompile(vparser, p, fname, start);
 }
 
-NODE*
-rb_parser_compile_file(VALUE vparser, const char *f, VALUE file, int start)
+static VALUE
+lex_generic_gets(struct parser_params *p, VALUE input)
 {
-    return rb_parser_compile_file_path(vparser, rb_filesystem_str_new_cstr(f), file, start);
+    return (*p->lex.gets_.call)(input, p->line_count);
 }
 
-NODE*
-rb_parser_compile_file_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE file, int start)
+rb_ast_t*
+rb_parser_compile_generic(VALUE vparser, VALUE (*lex_gets)(VALUE, int), VALUE fname, VALUE input, int start)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
-    NODE *node;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    lex_gets = lex_io_gets;
-    lex_input = file;
-    lex_pbeg = lex_p = lex_pend = 0;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
 
-    node = yycompile(parser, fname, start);
-    RB_GC_GUARD(vparser); /* prohibit tail call optimization */
+    p->lex.gets = lex_generic_gets;
+    p->lex.gets_.call = lex_gets;
+    p->lex.input = input;
+    p->lex.pbeg = p->lex.pcur = p->lex.pend = 0;
 
-    return node;
+    return yycompile(vparser, p, fname, start);
 }
 #endif  /* !RIPPER */
 
@@ -5574,7 +6389,8 @@ rb_parser_compile_file_path(VALUE vparser, VALUE fname, VALUE file, int start)
 #define STR_FUNC_SYMBOL 0x10
 #define STR_FUNC_INDENT 0x20
 #define STR_FUNC_LABEL  0x40
-#define STR_TERM_END    -1
+#define STR_FUNC_LIST   0x4000
+#define STR_FUNC_TERM   0x8000
 
 enum string_type {
     str_label  = STR_FUNC_LABEL,
@@ -5582,18 +6398,18 @@ enum string_type {
     str_dquote = (STR_FUNC_EXPAND),
     str_xquote = (STR_FUNC_EXPAND),
     str_regexp = (STR_FUNC_REGEXP|STR_FUNC_ESCAPE|STR_FUNC_EXPAND),
-    str_sword  = (STR_FUNC_QWORDS),
-    str_dword  = (STR_FUNC_QWORDS|STR_FUNC_EXPAND),
+    str_sword  = (STR_FUNC_QWORDS|STR_FUNC_LIST),
+    str_dword  = (STR_FUNC_QWORDS|STR_FUNC_EXPAND|STR_FUNC_LIST),
     str_ssym   = (STR_FUNC_SYMBOL),
     str_dsym   = (STR_FUNC_SYMBOL|STR_FUNC_EXPAND)
 };
 
 static VALUE
-parser_str_new(const char *p, long n, rb_encoding *enc, int func, rb_encoding *enc0)
+parser_str_new(const char *ptr, long len, rb_encoding *enc, int func, rb_encoding *enc0)
 {
     VALUE str;
 
-    str = rb_enc_str_new(p, n, enc);
+    str = rb_enc_str_new(ptr, len, enc);
     if (!(func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP) && rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
 	if (rb_enc_str_coderange(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT) {
 	}
@@ -5605,250 +6421,327 @@ parser_str_new(const char *p, long n, rb_encoding *enc, int func, rb_encoding *e
     return str;
 }
 
-#define lex_goto_eol(parser) ((parser)->lex.pcur = (parser)->lex.pend)
-#define lex_eol_p() (lex_p >= lex_pend)
-#define peek(c) peek_n((c), 0)
-#define peek_n(c,n) (lex_p+(n) < lex_pend && (c) == (unsigned char)lex_p[n])
-#define peekc() peekc_n(0)
-#define peekc_n(n) (lex_p+(n) < lex_pend ? (unsigned char)lex_p[n] : -1)
+#define lex_goto_eol(p) ((p)->lex.pcur = (p)->lex.pend)
+#define lex_eol_p(p) ((p)->lex.pcur >= (p)->lex.pend)
+#define lex_eol_n_p(p,n) ((p)->lex.pcur+(n) >= (p)->lex.pend)
+#define peek(p,c) peek_n(p, (c), 0)
+#define peek_n(p,c,n) (!lex_eol_n_p(p, n) && (c) == (unsigned char)(p)->lex.pcur[n])
+#define peekc(p) peekc_n(p, 0)
+#define peekc_n(p,n) (lex_eol_n_p(p, n) ? -1 : (unsigned char)(p)->lex.pcur[n])
+
+#ifdef RIPPER
+static void
+add_delayed_token(struct parser_params *p, const char *tok, const char *end)
+{
+    if (tok < end) {
+	if (!has_delayed_token(p)) {
+	    p->delayed.token = rb_str_buf_new(end - tok);
+	    rb_enc_associate(p->delayed.token, p->enc);
+	    p->delayed.line = p->ruby_sourceline;
+	    p->delayed.col = rb_long2int(tok - p->lex.pbeg);
+	}
+	rb_str_buf_cat(p->delayed.token, tok, end - tok);
+	p->lex.ptok = end;
+    }
+}
+#else
+#define add_delayed_token(p, tok, end) ((void)(tok), (void)(end))
+#endif
 
 static int
-parser_nextline(struct parser_params *parser)
+nextline(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    VALUE v = lex_nextline;
-    lex_nextline = 0;
+    VALUE v = p->lex.nextline;
+    p->lex.nextline = 0;
     if (!v) {
-	if (parser->eofp)
+	if (p->eofp)
 	    return -1;
 
-	if (!lex_input || NIL_P(v = lex_getline(parser))) {
-	    parser->eofp = 1;
-	    lex_goto_eol(parser);
+	if (p->lex.pend > p->lex.pbeg && *(p->lex.pend-1) != '\n') {
+	    goto end_of_input;
+	}
+
+	if (!p->lex.input || NIL_P(v = lex_getline(p))) {
+	  end_of_input:
+	    p->eofp = 1;
+	    lex_goto_eol(p);
 	    return -1;
 	}
-	parser->cr_seen = FALSE;
+	p->cr_seen = FALSE;
     }
-#ifdef RIPPER
-    if (parser->tokp < lex_pend) {
-	if (!has_delayed_token()) {
-	    parser->delayed = rb_str_buf_new(1024);
-	    rb_enc_associate(parser->delayed, current_enc);
-	    rb_str_buf_cat(parser->delayed,
-			   parser->tokp, lex_pend - parser->tokp);
-	    parser->delayed_line = ruby_sourceline;
-	    parser->delayed_col = (int)(parser->tokp - lex_pbeg);
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_str_buf_cat(parser->delayed,
-			   parser->tokp, lex_pend - parser->tokp);
-	}
+    else if (NIL_P(v)) {
+	/* after here-document without terminator */
+	goto end_of_input;
     }
-#endif
-    if (heredoc_end > 0) {
-	ruby_sourceline = heredoc_end;
-	heredoc_end = 0;
-    }
-    ruby_sourceline++;
-    parser->line_count++;
-    lex_pbeg = lex_p = RSTRING_PTR(v);
-    lex_pend = lex_p + RSTRING_LEN(v);
-    ripper_flush(parser);
-    lex_lastline = v;
+    add_delayed_token(p, p->lex.ptok, p->lex.pend);
+    if (p->heredoc_end > 0) {
+	p->ruby_sourceline = p->heredoc_end;
+	p->heredoc_end = 0;
+    }
+    p->ruby_sourceline++;
+    p->lex.pbeg = p->lex.pcur = RSTRING_PTR(v);
+    p->lex.pend = p->lex.pcur + RSTRING_LEN(v);
+    token_flush(p);
+    p->lex.prevline = p->lex.lastline;
+    p->lex.lastline = v;
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-parser_cr(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
+parser_cr(struct parser_params *p, int c)
 {
-    if (peek('\n')) {
-	lex_p++;
+    if (peek(p, '\n')) {
+	p->lex.pcur++;
 	c = '\n';
     }
-    else if (!parser->cr_seen) {
-	parser->cr_seen = TRUE;
-	/* carried over with lex_nextline for nextc() */
-	rb_warn0("encountered \\r in middle of line, treated as a mere space");
-    }
     return c;
 }
 
 static inline int
-parser_nextc(struct parser_params *parser)
+nextc(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     int c;
 
-    if (UNLIKELY(lex_p == lex_pend)) {
-	if (parser_nextline(parser)) return -1;
+    if (UNLIKELY((p->lex.pcur == p->lex.pend) || p->eofp || RTEST(p->lex.nextline))) {
+	if (nextline(p)) return -1;
     }
-    c = (unsigned char)*lex_p++;
+    c = (unsigned char)*p->lex.pcur++;
     if (UNLIKELY(c == '\r')) {
-	c = parser_cr(parser, c);
+	c = parser_cr(p, c);
     }
 
     return c;
 }
 
 static void
-parser_pushback(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
+pushback(struct parser_params *p, int c)
 {
     if (c == -1) return;
-    lex_p--;
-    if (lex_p > lex_pbeg && lex_p[0] == '\n' && lex_p[-1] == '\r') {
-	lex_p--;
+    p->lex.pcur--;
+    if (p->lex.pcur > p->lex.pbeg && p->lex.pcur[0] == '\n' && p->lex.pcur[-1] == '\r') {
+	p->lex.pcur--;
     }
 }
 
-#define was_bol() (lex_p == lex_pbeg + 1)
+#define was_bol(p) ((p)->lex.pcur == (p)->lex.pbeg + 1)
 
-#define tokfix() (tokenbuf[tokidx]='\0')
-#define tok() tokenbuf
-#define toklen() tokidx
-#define toklast() (tokidx>0?tokenbuf[tokidx-1]:0)
+#define tokfix(p) ((p)->tokenbuf[(p)->tokidx]='\0')
+#define tok(p) (p)->tokenbuf
+#define toklen(p) (p)->tokidx
+
+static int
+looking_at_eol_p(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    const char *ptr = p->lex.pcur;
+    while (ptr < p->lex.pend) {
+	int c = (unsigned char)*ptr++;
+	int eol = (c == '\n' || c == '#');
+	if (eol || !ISSPACE(c)) {
+	    return eol;
+	}
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
 
 static char*
-parser_newtok(struct parser_params *parser)
+newtok(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    tokidx = 0;
-    tokline = ruby_sourceline;
-    if (!tokenbuf) {
-	toksiz = 60;
-	tokenbuf = ALLOC_N(char, 60);
+    p->tokidx = 0;
+    p->tokline = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    if (!p->tokenbuf) {
+	p->toksiz = 60;
+	p->tokenbuf = ALLOC_N(char, 60);
     }
-    if (toksiz > 4096) {
-	toksiz = 60;
-	REALLOC_N(tokenbuf, char, 60);
+    if (p->toksiz > 4096) {
+	p->toksiz = 60;
+	REALLOC_N(p->tokenbuf, char, 60);
     }
-    return tokenbuf;
+    return p->tokenbuf;
 }
 
 static char *
-parser_tokspace(struct parser_params *parser, int n)
+tokspace(struct parser_params *p, int n)
 {
-    tokidx += n;
+    p->tokidx += n;
 
-    if (tokidx >= toksiz) {
-	do {toksiz *= 2;} while (toksiz < tokidx);
-	REALLOC_N(tokenbuf, char, toksiz);
+    if (p->tokidx >= p->toksiz) {
+	do {p->toksiz *= 2;} while (p->toksiz < p->tokidx);
+	REALLOC_N(p->tokenbuf, char, p->toksiz);
     }
-    return &tokenbuf[tokidx-n];
+    return &p->tokenbuf[p->tokidx-n];
 }
 
 static void
-parser_tokadd(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
+tokadd(struct parser_params *p, int c)
 {
-    tokenbuf[tokidx++] = (char)c;
-    if (tokidx >= toksiz) {
-	toksiz *= 2;
-	REALLOC_N(tokenbuf, char, toksiz);
+    p->tokenbuf[p->tokidx++] = (char)c;
+    if (p->tokidx >= p->toksiz) {
+	p->toksiz *= 2;
+	REALLOC_N(p->tokenbuf, char, p->toksiz);
     }
 }
 
 static int
-parser_tok_hex(struct parser_params *parser, size_t *numlen)
+tok_hex(struct parser_params *p, size_t *numlen)
 {
     int c;
 
-    c = scan_hex(lex_p, 2, numlen);
+    c = scan_hex(p->lex.pcur, 2, numlen);
     if (!*numlen) {
-	yyerror("invalid hex escape");
+	yyerror0("invalid hex escape");
+	token_flush(p);
 	return 0;
     }
-    lex_p += *numlen;
+    p->lex.pcur += *numlen;
     return c;
 }
 
-#define tokcopy(n) memcpy(tokspace(n), lex_p - (n), (n))
+#define tokcopy(p, n) memcpy(tokspace(p, n), (p)->lex.pcur - (n), (n))
+
+static int
+escaped_control_code(int c)
+{
+    int c2 = 0;
+    switch (c) {
+      case ' ':
+	c2 = 's';
+	break;
+      case '\n':
+	c2 = 'n';
+	break;
+      case '\t':
+	c2 = 't';
+	break;
+      case '\v':
+	c2 = 'v';
+	break;
+      case '\r':
+	c2 = 'r';
+	break;
+      case '\f':
+	c2 = 'f';
+	break;
+    }
+    return c2;
+}
+
+#define WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c, prefix) \
+    rb_warn1("invalid character syntax; use "prefix"\\%c", WARN_I(c2))
 
 static int
-parser_tokadd_codepoint(struct parser_params *parser, rb_encoding **encp,
-			int regexp_literal, int wide)
+tokadd_codepoint(struct parser_params *p, rb_encoding **encp,
+		 int regexp_literal, int wide)
 {
     size_t numlen;
-    int codepoint = scan_hex(lex_p, wide ? 6 : 4, &numlen);
-    if (wide ? (numlen == 0) : (numlen < 4))  {
-	yyerror("invalid Unicode escape");
-	return FALSE;
+    int codepoint = scan_hex(p->lex.pcur, wide ? p->lex.pend - p->lex.pcur : 4, &numlen);
+    literal_flush(p, p->lex.pcur);
+    p->lex.pcur += numlen;
+    if (wide ? (numlen == 0 || numlen > 6) : (numlen < 4))  {
+	yyerror0("invalid Unicode escape");
+	return wide && numlen > 0;
     }
     if (codepoint > 0x10ffff) {
-	yyerror("invalid Unicode codepoint (too large)");
-	return FALSE;
+	yyerror0("invalid Unicode codepoint (too large)");
+	return wide;
     }
     if ((codepoint & 0xfffff800) == 0xd800) {
-	yyerror("invalid Unicode codepoint");
-	return FALSE;
+	yyerror0("invalid Unicode codepoint");
+	return wide;
     }
-    lex_p += numlen;
     if (regexp_literal) {
-	tokcopy((int)numlen);
+	tokcopy(p, (int)numlen);
     }
     else if (codepoint >= 0x80) {
-	*encp = rb_utf8_encoding();
-	tokaddmbc(codepoint, *encp);
+	rb_encoding *utf8 = rb_utf8_encoding();
+	if (*encp && utf8 != *encp) {
+	    YYLTYPE loc = RUBY_INIT_YYLLOC();
+	    compile_error(p, "UTF-8 mixed within %s source", rb_enc_name(*encp));
+	    parser_show_error_line(p, &loc);
+	    return wide;
+	}
+	*encp = utf8;
+	tokaddmbc(p, codepoint, *encp);
     }
     else {
-	tokadd(codepoint);
+	tokadd(p, codepoint);
     }
     return TRUE;
 }
 
 /* return value is for ?\u3042 */
-static int
-parser_tokadd_utf8(struct parser_params *parser, rb_encoding **encp,
-		   int string_literal, int symbol_literal, int regexp_literal)
+static void
+tokadd_utf8(struct parser_params *p, rb_encoding **encp,
+	    int term, int symbol_literal, int regexp_literal)
 {
     /*
-     * If string_literal is true, then we allow multiple codepoints
-     * in \u{}, and add the codepoints to the current token.
-     * Otherwise we're parsing a character literal and return a single
-     * codepoint without adding it
+     * If `term` is not -1, then we allow multiple codepoints in \u{}
+     * upto `term` byte, otherwise we're parsing a character literal.
+     * And then add the codepoints to the current token.
      */
+    static const char multiple_codepoints[] = "Multiple codepoints at single character literal";
 
     const int open_brace = '{', close_brace = '}';
 
-    if (regexp_literal) { tokadd('\\'); tokadd('u'); }
-
-    if (peek(open_brace)) {  /* handle \u{...} form */
-	int c, last = nextc();
-	do c = nextc(); while (ISSPACE(c));
-	pushback(c);
-	while (!string_literal || c != close_brace) {
-	    if (regexp_literal) tokadd(last);
-	    if (!parser_tokadd_codepoint(parser, encp, regexp_literal, TRUE)) {
-		return 0;
+    if (regexp_literal) { tokadd(p, '\\'); tokadd(p, 'u'); }
+
+    if (peek(p, open_brace)) {  /* handle \u{...} form */
+	const char *second = NULL;
+	int c, last = nextc(p);
+	if (p->lex.pcur >= p->lex.pend) goto unterminated;
+	while (ISSPACE(c = *p->lex.pcur) && ++p->lex.pcur < p->lex.pend);
+	while (c != close_brace) {
+	    if (c == term) goto unterminated;
+	    if (second == multiple_codepoints)
+		second = p->lex.pcur;
+	    if (regexp_literal) tokadd(p, last);
+	    if (!tokadd_codepoint(p, encp, regexp_literal, TRUE)) {
+		break;
 	    }
-	    while (ISSPACE(c = nextc())) last = c;
-	    pushback(c);
-	    if (!string_literal) break;
+	    while (ISSPACE(c = *p->lex.pcur)) {
+		if (++p->lex.pcur >= p->lex.pend) goto unterminated;
+		last = c;
+	    }
+	    if (term == -1 && !second)
+		second = multiple_codepoints;
 	}
 
 	if (c != close_brace) {
-	    yyerror("unterminated Unicode escape");
-	    return 0;
+	  unterminated:
+	    token_flush(p);
+	    yyerror0("unterminated Unicode escape");
+	    return;
+	}
+	if (second && second != multiple_codepoints) {
+	    const char *pcur = p->lex.pcur;
+	    p->lex.pcur = second;
+	    dispatch_scan_event(p, tSTRING_CONTENT);
+	    token_flush(p);
+	    p->lex.pcur = pcur;
+	    yyerror0(multiple_codepoints);
+	    token_flush(p);
 	}
 
-	if (regexp_literal) tokadd(close_brace);
-	nextc();
+	if (regexp_literal) tokadd(p, close_brace);
+	nextc(p);
     }
     else {			/* handle \uxxxx form */
-	if (!parser_tokadd_codepoint(parser, encp, regexp_literal, FALSE)) {
-	    return 0;
+	if (!tokadd_codepoint(p, encp, regexp_literal, FALSE)) {
+	    token_flush(p);
+	    return;
 	}
     }
-
-    return TRUE;
 }
 
 #define ESCAPE_CONTROL 1
 #define ESCAPE_META    2
 
 static int
-parser_read_escape(struct parser_params *parser, int flags,
-		   rb_encoding **encp)
+read_escape(struct parser_params *p, int flags, rb_encoding **encp)
 {
     int c;
     size_t numlen;
 
-    switch (c = nextc()) {
+    switch (c = nextc(p)) {
       case '\\':	/* Backslash */
 	return c;
 
@@ -5875,13 +6768,13 @@ parser_read_escape(struct parser_params *parser, int flags,
 
       case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': /* octal constant */
       case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
-	pushback(c);
-	c = scan_oct(lex_p, 3, &numlen);
-	lex_p += numlen;
+	pushback(p, c);
+	c = scan_oct(p->lex.pcur, 3, &numlen);
+	p->lex.pcur += numlen;
 	return c;
 
       case 'x':	/* hex constant */
-	c = tok_hex(&numlen);
+	c = tok_hex(p, &numlen);
 	if (numlen == 0) return 0;
 	return c;
 
@@ -5893,38 +6786,77 @@ parser_read_escape(struct parser_params *parser, int flags,
 
       case 'M':
 	if (flags & ESCAPE_META) goto eof;
-	if ((c = nextc()) != '-') {
-	    pushback(c);
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) != '-') {
 	    goto eof;
 	}
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '\\') {
-	    if (peek('u')) goto eof;
-	    return read_escape(flags|ESCAPE_META, encp) | 0x80;
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '\\') {
+	    switch (peekc(p)) {
+	      case 'u': case 'U':
+		nextc(p);
+		goto eof;
+	    }
+	    return read_escape(p, flags|ESCAPE_META, encp) | 0x80;
 	}
 	else if (c == -1 || !ISASCII(c)) goto eof;
 	else {
+	    int c2 = escaped_control_code(c);
+	    if (c2) {
+		if (ISCNTRL(c) || !(flags & ESCAPE_CONTROL)) {
+		    WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c2, "\\M-");
+		}
+		else {
+		    WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c2, "\\C-\\M-");
+		}
+	    }
+	    else if (ISCNTRL(c)) goto eof;
 	    return ((c & 0xff) | 0x80);
 	}
 
       case 'C':
-	if ((c = nextc()) != '-') {
-	    pushback(c);
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) != '-') {
 	    goto eof;
 	}
       case 'c':
 	if (flags & ESCAPE_CONTROL) goto eof;
-	if ((c = nextc())== '\\') {
-	    if (peek('u')) goto eof;
-	    c = read_escape(flags|ESCAPE_CONTROL, encp);
+	if ((c = nextc(p))== '\\') {
+	    switch (peekc(p)) {
+	      case 'u': case 'U':
+		nextc(p);
+		goto eof;
+	    }
+	    c = read_escape(p, flags|ESCAPE_CONTROL, encp);
 	}
 	else if (c == '?')
 	    return 0177;
 	else if (c == -1 || !ISASCII(c)) goto eof;
+	else {
+	    int c2 = escaped_control_code(c);
+	    if (c2) {
+		if (ISCNTRL(c)) {
+		    if (flags & ESCAPE_META) {
+			WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c2, "\\M-");
+		    }
+		    else {
+			WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c2, "");
+		    }
+		}
+		else {
+		    if (flags & ESCAPE_META) {
+			WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c2, "\\M-\\C-");
+		    }
+		    else {
+			WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c2, "\\C-");
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	    else if (ISCNTRL(c)) goto eof;
+	}
 	return c & 0x9f;
 
       eof:
       case -1:
-        yyerror("Invalid escape character syntax");
+        yyerror0("Invalid escape character syntax");
+	token_flush(p);
 	return '\0';
 
       default:
@@ -5933,95 +6865,96 @@ parser_read_escape(struct parser_params *parser, int flags,
 }
 
 static void
-parser_tokaddmbc(struct parser_params *parser, int c, rb_encoding *enc)
+tokaddmbc(struct parser_params *p, int c, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     int len = rb_enc_codelen(c, enc);
-    rb_enc_mbcput(c, tokspace(len), enc);
+    rb_enc_mbcput(c, tokspace(p, len), enc);
 }
 
 static int
-parser_tokadd_escape(struct parser_params *parser, rb_encoding **encp)
+tokadd_escape(struct parser_params *p, rb_encoding **encp)
 {
     int c;
     int flags = 0;
     size_t numlen;
 
   first:
-    switch (c = nextc()) {
+    switch (c = nextc(p)) {
       case '\n':
 	return 0;		/* just ignore */
 
       case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': /* octal constant */
       case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
 	{
-	    ruby_scan_oct(--lex_p, 3, &numlen);
+	    ruby_scan_oct(--p->lex.pcur, 3, &numlen);
 	    if (numlen == 0) goto eof;
-	    lex_p += numlen;
-	    tokcopy((int)numlen + 1);
+	    p->lex.pcur += numlen;
+	    tokcopy(p, (int)numlen + 1);
 	}
 	return 0;
 
       case 'x':	/* hex constant */
 	{
-	    tok_hex(&numlen);
+	    tok_hex(p, &numlen);
 	    if (numlen == 0) return -1;
-	    tokcopy((int)numlen + 2);
+	    tokcopy(p, (int)numlen + 2);
 	}
 	return 0;
 
       case 'M':
 	if (flags & ESCAPE_META) goto eof;
-	if ((c = nextc()) != '-') {
-	    pushback(c);
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) != '-') {
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    goto eof;
 	}
-	tokcopy(3);
+	tokcopy(p, 3);
 	flags |= ESCAPE_META;
 	goto escaped;
 
       case 'C':
 	if (flags & ESCAPE_CONTROL) goto eof;
-	if ((c = nextc()) != '-') {
-	    pushback(c);
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) != '-') {
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    goto eof;
 	}
-	tokcopy(3);
+	tokcopy(p, 3);
 	goto escaped;
 
       case 'c':
 	if (flags & ESCAPE_CONTROL) goto eof;
-	tokcopy(2);
+	tokcopy(p, 2);
 	flags |= ESCAPE_CONTROL;
       escaped:
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '\\') {
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '\\') {
 	    goto first;
 	}
 	else if (c == -1) goto eof;
-	tokadd(c);
+	tokadd(p, c);
 	return 0;
 
       eof:
       case -1:
-        yyerror("Invalid escape character syntax");
+        yyerror0("Invalid escape character syntax");
+	token_flush(p);
 	return -1;
 
       default:
-        tokadd('\\');
-	tokadd(c);
+	tokadd(p, '\\');
+	tokadd(p, c);
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-parser_regx_options(struct parser_params *parser)
+regx_options(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     int kcode = 0;
     int kopt = 0;
     int options = 0;
     int c, opt, kc;
 
-    newtok();
-    while (c = nextc(), ISALPHA(c)) {
+    newtok(p);
+    while (c = nextc(p), ISALPHA(c)) {
         if (c == 'o') {
             options |= RE_OPTION_ONCE;
         }
@@ -6035,42 +6968,32 @@ parser_regx_options(struct parser_params *parser)
 	    }
         }
         else {
-	    tokadd(c);
+	    tokadd(p, c);
         }
     }
     options |= kopt;
-    pushback(c);
-    if (toklen()) {
-	tokfix();
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "unknown regexp option%s - %s",
-		      toklen() > 1 ? "s" : "", tok());
+    pushback(p, c);
+    if (toklen(p)) {
+	YYLTYPE loc = RUBY_INIT_YYLLOC();
+	tokfix(p);
+	compile_error(p, "unknown regexp option%s - %*s",
+		      toklen(p) > 1 ? "s" : "", toklen(p), tok(p));
+	parser_show_error_line(p, &loc);
     }
     return options | RE_OPTION_ENCODING(kcode);
 }
 
-static void
-dispose_string(VALUE str)
-{
-    rb_str_free(str);
-    rb_gc_force_recycle(str);
-}
-
 static int
-parser_tokadd_mbchar(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
+tokadd_mbchar(struct parser_params *p, int c)
 {
-    int len = parser_precise_mbclen();
-    if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(len)) {
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "invalid multibyte char (%s)", parser_encoding_name());
-	return -1;
-    }
-    tokadd(c);
-    lex_p += --len;
-    if (len > 0) tokcopy(len);
+    int len = parser_precise_mbclen(p, p->lex.pcur-1);
+    if (len < 0) return -1;
+    tokadd(p, c);
+    p->lex.pcur += --len;
+    if (len > 0) tokcopy(p, len);
     return c;
 }
 
-#define tokadd_mbchar(c) parser_tokadd_mbchar(parser, (c))
-
 static inline int
 simple_re_meta(int c)
 {
@@ -6085,62 +7008,65 @@ simple_re_meta(int c)
 }
 
 static int
-parser_update_heredoc_indent(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
+parser_update_heredoc_indent(struct parser_params *p, int c)
 {
-    if (heredoc_line_indent == -1) {
-	if (c == '\n') heredoc_line_indent = 0;
+    if (p->heredoc_line_indent == -1) {
+	if (c == '\n') p->heredoc_line_indent = 0;
     }
     else {
 	if (c == ' ') {
-	    heredoc_line_indent++;
+	    p->heredoc_line_indent++;
 	    return TRUE;
 	}
 	else if (c == '\t') {
-	    int w = (heredoc_line_indent / TAB_WIDTH) + 1;
-	    heredoc_line_indent = w * TAB_WIDTH;
+	    int w = (p->heredoc_line_indent / TAB_WIDTH) + 1;
+	    p->heredoc_line_indent = w * TAB_WIDTH;
 	    return TRUE;
 	}
 	else if (c != '\n') {
-	    if (heredoc_indent > heredoc_line_indent) {
-		heredoc_indent = heredoc_line_indent;
+	    if (p->heredoc_indent > p->heredoc_line_indent) {
+		p->heredoc_indent = p->heredoc_line_indent;
 	    }
-	    heredoc_line_indent = -1;
+	    p->heredoc_line_indent = -1;
 	}
     }
     return FALSE;
 }
 
+static void
+parser_mixed_error(struct parser_params *p, rb_encoding *enc1, rb_encoding *enc2)
+{
+    YYLTYPE loc = RUBY_INIT_YYLLOC();
+    const char *n1 = rb_enc_name(enc1), *n2 = rb_enc_name(enc2);
+    compile_error(p, "%s mixed within %s source", n1, n2);
+    parser_show_error_line(p, &loc);
+}
+
+static void
+parser_mixed_escape(struct parser_params *p, const char *beg, rb_encoding *enc1, rb_encoding *enc2)
+{
+    const char *pos = p->lex.pcur;
+    p->lex.pcur = beg;
+    parser_mixed_error(p, enc1, enc2);
+    p->lex.pcur = pos;
+}
+
 static int
-parser_tokadd_string(struct parser_params *parser,
-		     int func, int term, int paren, long *nest,
-		     rb_encoding **encp)
+tokadd_string(struct parser_params *p,
+	      int func, int term, int paren, long *nest,
+	      rb_encoding **encp, rb_encoding **enc)
 {
     int c;
-    int has_nonascii = 0;
-    rb_encoding *enc = *encp;
-    char *errbuf = 0;
-    static const char mixed_msg[] = "%s mixed within %s source";
-
-#define mixed_error(enc1, enc2) if (!errbuf) {	\
-	size_t len = sizeof(mixed_msg) - 4;	\
-	len += strlen(rb_enc_name(enc1));	\
-	len += strlen(rb_enc_name(enc2));	\
-	errbuf = ALLOCA_N(char, len);		\
-	snprintf(errbuf, len, mixed_msg,	\
-		 rb_enc_name(enc1),		\
-		 rb_enc_name(enc2));		\
-	yyerror(errbuf);			\
-    }
-#define mixed_escape(beg, enc1, enc2) do {	\
-	const char *pos = lex_p;		\
-	lex_p = (beg);				\
-	mixed_error((enc1), (enc2));		\
-	lex_p = pos;				\
-    } while (0)
-
-    while ((c = nextc()) != -1) {
-	if (heredoc_indent > 0) {
-	    parser_update_heredoc_indent(parser, c);
+    bool erred = false;
+
+#define mixed_error(enc1, enc2) \
+    (void)(erred || (parser_mixed_error(p, enc1, enc2), erred = true))
+#define mixed_escape(beg, enc1, enc2) \
+    (void)(erred || (parser_mixed_escape(p, beg, enc1, enc2), erred = true))
+
+    while ((c = nextc(p)) != -1) {
+	if (p->heredoc_indent > 0) {
+	    parser_update_heredoc_indent(p, c);
 	}
 
 	if (paren && c == paren) {
@@ -6148,134 +7074,148 @@ parser_tokadd_string(struct parser_params *parser,
 	}
 	else if (c == term) {
 	    if (!nest || !*nest) {
-		pushback(c);
+		pushback(p, c);
 		break;
 	    }
 	    --*nest;
 	}
-	else if ((func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) && c == '#' && lex_p < lex_pend) {
-	    int c2 = *lex_p;
+	else if ((func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) && c == '#' && p->lex.pcur < p->lex.pend) {
+	    int c2 = *p->lex.pcur;
 	    if (c2 == '$' || c2 == '@' || c2 == '{') {
-		pushback(c);
+		pushback(p, c);
 		break;
 	    }
 	}
 	else if (c == '\\') {
-	    const char *beg = lex_p - 1;
-	    c = nextc();
+	    literal_flush(p, p->lex.pcur - 1);
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	    switch (c) {
 	      case '\n':
 		if (func & STR_FUNC_QWORDS) break;
-		if (func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) continue;
-		tokadd('\\');
+		if (func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) {
+		    if (!(func & STR_FUNC_INDENT) || (p->heredoc_indent < 0))
+			continue;
+		    if (c == term) {
+			c = '\\';
+			goto terminate;
+		    }
+		}
+		tokadd(p, '\\');
 		break;
 
 	      case '\\':
-		if (func & STR_FUNC_ESCAPE) tokadd(c);
+		if (func & STR_FUNC_ESCAPE) tokadd(p, c);
 		break;
 
 	      case 'u':
 		if ((func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) == 0) {
-		    tokadd('\\');
+		    tokadd(p, '\\');
 		    break;
 		}
-		parser_tokadd_utf8(parser, &enc, 1,
-				   func & STR_FUNC_SYMBOL,
-				   func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP);
-		if (has_nonascii && enc != *encp) {
-		    mixed_escape(beg, enc, *encp);
-		}
+		tokadd_utf8(p, enc, term,
+			    func & STR_FUNC_SYMBOL,
+			    func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP);
 		continue;
 
 	      default:
 		if (c == -1) return -1;
 		if (!ISASCII(c)) {
-		    if ((func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) == 0) tokadd('\\');
+		    if ((func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) == 0) tokadd(p, '\\');
 		    goto non_ascii;
 		}
 		if (func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP) {
 		    if (c == term && !simple_re_meta(c)) {
-			tokadd(c);
+			tokadd(p, c);
 			continue;
 		    }
-		    pushback(c);
-		    if ((c = tokadd_escape(&enc)) < 0)
+		    pushback(p, c);
+		    if ((c = tokadd_escape(p, enc)) < 0)
 			return -1;
-		    if (has_nonascii && enc != *encp) {
-			mixed_escape(beg, enc, *encp);
+		    if (*enc && *enc != *encp) {
+			mixed_escape(p->lex.ptok+2, *enc, *encp);
 		    }
 		    continue;
 		}
 		else if (func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) {
-		    pushback(c);
-		    if (func & STR_FUNC_ESCAPE) tokadd('\\');
-		    c = read_escape(0, &enc);
+		    pushback(p, c);
+		    if (func & STR_FUNC_ESCAPE) tokadd(p, '\\');
+		    c = read_escape(p, 0, enc);
 		}
 		else if ((func & STR_FUNC_QWORDS) && ISSPACE(c)) {
 		    /* ignore backslashed spaces in %w */
 		}
 		else if (c != term && !(paren && c == paren)) {
-		    tokadd('\\');
-		    pushback(c);
+		    tokadd(p, '\\');
+		    pushback(p, c);
 		    continue;
 		}
 	    }
 	}
-	else if (!parser_isascii()) {
+	else if (!parser_isascii(p)) {
 	  non_ascii:
-	    has_nonascii = 1;
-	    if (enc != *encp) {
-		mixed_error(enc, *encp);
+	    if (!*enc) {
+		*enc = *encp;
+	    }
+	    else if (*enc != *encp) {
+		mixed_error(*enc, *encp);
 		continue;
 	    }
-	    if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return -1;
+	    if (tokadd_mbchar(p, c) == -1) return -1;
 	    continue;
 	}
 	else if ((func & STR_FUNC_QWORDS) && ISSPACE(c)) {
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    break;
 	}
         if (c & 0x80) {
-	    has_nonascii = 1;
-	    if (enc != *encp) {
-		mixed_error(enc, *encp);
+	    if (!*enc) {
+		*enc = *encp;
+	    }
+	    else if (*enc != *encp) {
+		mixed_error(*enc, *encp);
 		continue;
 	    }
         }
-	tokadd(c);
+	tokadd(p, c);
     }
-    *encp = enc;
+  terminate:
+    if (*enc) *encp = *enc;
     return c;
 }
 
+static inline rb_strterm_t *
+new_strterm(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0)
+{
+    return (rb_strterm_t*)rb_imemo_new(imemo_parser_strterm, v1, v2, v3, v0);
+}
+
+/* imemo_parser_strterm for literal */
 #define NEW_STRTERM(func, term, paren) \
-	rb_node_newnode(NODE_STRTERM, (func), (term) | ((paren) << (CHAR_BIT * 2)), 0)
+    new_strterm((VALUE)(func), (VALUE)(paren), (VALUE)(term), 0)
 
 #ifdef RIPPER
 static void
-ripper_flush_string_content(struct parser_params *parser, rb_encoding *enc)
+flush_string_content(struct parser_params *p, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     VALUE content = yylval.val;
     if (!ripper_is_node_yylval(content))
-	content = ripper_new_yylval(0, 0, content);
-    if (has_delayed_token()) {
-	ptrdiff_t len = lex_p - parser->tokp;
+	content = ripper_new_yylval(p, 0, 0, content);
+    if (has_delayed_token(p)) {
+	ptrdiff_t len = p->lex.pcur - p->lex.ptok;
 	if (len > 0) {
-	    rb_enc_str_buf_cat(parser->delayed, parser->tokp, len, enc);
+	    rb_enc_str_buf_cat(p->delayed.token, p->lex.ptok, len, enc);
 	}
-	dispatch_delayed_token(tSTRING_CONTENT);
-	parser->tokp = lex_p;
+	dispatch_delayed_token(p, tSTRING_CONTENT);
+	p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pcur;
 	RNODE(content)->nd_rval = yylval.val;
     }
-    dispatch_scan_event(tSTRING_CONTENT);
+    dispatch_scan_event(p, tSTRING_CONTENT);
     if (yylval.val != content)
 	RNODE(content)->nd_rval = yylval.val;
     yylval.val = content;
 }
-
-#define flush_string_content(enc) ripper_flush_string_content(parser, (enc))
 #else
-#define flush_string_content(enc) ((void)(enc))
+#define flush_string_content(p, enc) ((void)(enc))
 #endif
 
 RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED const unsigned int ruby_global_name_punct_bits[(0x7e - 0x20 + 31) / 32];
@@ -6299,33 +7239,33 @@ const unsigned int ruby_global_name_punct_bits[] = {
 #undef SPECIAL_PUNCT
 #endif
 
-static int
-parser_peek_variable_name(struct parser_params *parser)
+static enum yytokentype
+parser_peek_variable_name(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     int c;
-    const char *p = lex_p;
+    const char *ptr = p->lex.pcur;
 
-    if (p + 1 >= lex_pend) return 0;
-    c = *p++;
+    if (ptr + 1 >= p->lex.pend) return 0;
+    c = *ptr++;
     switch (c) {
       case '$':
-	if ((c = *p) == '-') {
-	    if (++p >= lex_pend) return 0;
-	    c = *p;
+	if ((c = *ptr) == '-') {
+	    if (++ptr >= p->lex.pend) return 0;
+	    c = *ptr;
 	}
 	else if (is_global_name_punct(c) || ISDIGIT(c)) {
 	    return tSTRING_DVAR;
 	}
 	break;
       case '@':
-	if ((c = *p) == '@') {
-	    if (++p >= lex_pend) return 0;
-	    c = *p;
+	if ((c = *ptr) == '@') {
+	    if (++ptr >= p->lex.pend) return 0;
+	    c = *ptr;
 	}
 	break;
       case '{':
-	lex_p = p;
-	command_start = TRUE;
+	p->lex.pcur = ptr;
+	p->command_start = TRUE;
 	return tSTRING_DBEG;
       default:
 	return 0;
@@ -6335,87 +7275,137 @@ parser_peek_variable_name(struct parser_params *parser)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static inline int
-parser_string_term(struct parser_params *parser, int func)
+#define IS_ARG() IS_lex_state(EXPR_ARG_ANY)
+#define IS_END() IS_lex_state(EXPR_END_ANY)
+#define IS_BEG() (IS_lex_state(EXPR_BEG_ANY) || IS_lex_state_all(EXPR_ARG|EXPR_LABELED))
+#define IS_SPCARG(c) (IS_ARG() && space_seen && !ISSPACE(c))
+#define IS_LABEL_POSSIBLE() (\
+	(IS_lex_state(EXPR_LABEL|EXPR_ENDFN) && !cmd_state) || \
+	IS_ARG())
+#define IS_LABEL_SUFFIX(n) (peek_n(p, ':',(n)) && !peek_n(p, ':', (n)+1))
+#define IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() IS_lex_state(EXPR_FNAME | EXPR_DOT)
+
+static inline enum yytokentype
+parser_string_term(struct parser_params *p, int func)
 {
-    if (!(func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP)) return tSTRING_END;
-    set_yylval_num(regx_options());
-    dispatch_scan_event(tREGEXP_END);
-    return tREGEXP_END;
+    p->lex.strterm = 0;
+    if (func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP) {
+	set_yylval_num(regx_options(p));
+	dispatch_scan_event(p, tREGEXP_END);
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	return tREGEXP_END;
+    }
+    if ((func & STR_FUNC_LABEL) && IS_LABEL_SUFFIX(0)) {
+	nextc(p);
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
+	return tLABEL_END;
+    }
+    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+    return tSTRING_END;
 }
 
-static int
-parser_parse_string(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *quote)
+static enum yytokentype
+parse_string(struct parser_params *p, rb_strterm_literal_t *quote)
 {
-    int func = (int)quote->nd_func;
-    int term = nd_term(quote);
-    int paren = nd_paren(quote);
+    int func = (int)quote->u1.func;
+    int term = (int)quote->u3.term;
+    int paren = (int)quote->u2.paren;
     int c, space = 0;
-    rb_encoding *enc = current_enc;
+    rb_encoding *enc = p->enc;
+    rb_encoding *base_enc = 0;
+    VALUE lit;
 
-    if (term == STR_TERM_END) return tSTRING_END;
-    c = nextc();
+    if (func & STR_FUNC_TERM) {
+	if (func & STR_FUNC_QWORDS) nextc(p); /* delayed term */
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	p->lex.strterm = 0;
+	return func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP ? tREGEXP_END : tSTRING_END;
+    }
+    c = nextc(p);
     if ((func & STR_FUNC_QWORDS) && ISSPACE(c)) {
-	do {c = nextc();} while (ISSPACE(c));
+	do {c = nextc(p);} while (ISSPACE(c));
+	space = 1;
+    }
+    if (func & STR_FUNC_LIST) {
+	quote->u1.func &= ~STR_FUNC_LIST;
 	space = 1;
     }
-    if (c == term && !quote->nd_nest) {
+    if (c == term && !quote->u0.nest) {
 	if (func & STR_FUNC_QWORDS) {
-	    quote->u2.id = STR_TERM_END;
+	    quote->u1.func |= STR_FUNC_TERM;
+	    pushback(p, c); /* dispatch the term at tSTRING_END */
+	    add_delayed_token(p, p->lex.ptok, p->lex.pcur);
 	    return ' ';
 	}
-	return parser_string_term(parser, func);
+	return parser_string_term(p, func);
     }
     if (space) {
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
+	add_delayed_token(p, p->lex.ptok, p->lex.pcur);
 	return ' ';
     }
-    newtok();
+    newtok(p);
     if ((func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND) && c == '#') {
-	int t = parser_peek_variable_name(parser);
+	int t = parser_peek_variable_name(p);
 	if (t) return t;
-	tokadd('#');
-	c = nextc();
-    }
-    pushback(c);
-    if (tokadd_string(func, term, paren, &quote->nd_nest,
-		      &enc) == -1) {
-	ruby_sourceline = nd_line(quote);
-	if (func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP) {
-	    if (parser->eofp)
-		compile_error(PARSER_ARG "unterminated regexp meets end of file");
-	    return tREGEXP_END;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (parser->eofp)
-		compile_error(PARSER_ARG "unterminated string meets end of file");
-	    return tSTRING_END;
+	tokadd(p, '#');
+	c = nextc(p);
+    }
+    pushback(p, c);
+    if (tokadd_string(p, func, term, paren, &quote->u0.nest,
+		      &enc, &base_enc) == -1) {
+	if (p->eofp) {
+#ifndef RIPPER
+# define unterminated_literal(mesg) yyerror0(mesg)
+#else
+# define unterminated_literal(mesg) compile_error(p,  mesg)
+#endif
+	    literal_flush(p, p->lex.pcur);
+	    if (func & STR_FUNC_QWORDS) {
+		/* no content to add, bailing out here */
+		unterminated_literal("unterminated list meets end of file");
+		p->lex.strterm = 0;
+		return tSTRING_END;
+	    }
+	    if (func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP) {
+		unterminated_literal("unterminated regexp meets end of file");
+	    }
+	    else {
+		unterminated_literal("unterminated string meets end of file");
+	    }
+	    quote->u1.func |= STR_FUNC_TERM;
 	}
     }
 
-    tokfix();
-    set_yylval_str(STR_NEW3(tok(), toklen(), enc, func));
-    flush_string_content(enc);
+    tokfix(p);
+    lit = STR_NEW3(tok(p), toklen(p), enc, func);
+    set_yylval_str(lit);
+    flush_string_content(p, enc);
 
     return tSTRING_CONTENT;
 }
 
-static int
-parser_heredoc_identifier(struct parser_params *parser)
+static enum yytokentype
+heredoc_identifier(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    int c = nextc(), term, func = 0;
-    int token = tSTRING_BEG;
-    long len;
-    int newline = 0;
+    /*
+     * term_len is length of `<<"END"` except `END`,
+     * in this case term_len is 4 (<, <, " and ").
+     */
+    long len, offset = p->lex.pcur - p->lex.pbeg;
+    int c = nextc(p), term, func = 0, quote = 0;
+    enum yytokentype token = tSTRING_BEG;
     int indent = 0;
 
     if (c == '-') {
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	func = STR_FUNC_INDENT;
+	offset++;
     }
     else if (c == '~') {
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	func = STR_FUNC_INDENT;
+	offset++;
 	indent = INT_MAX;
     }
     switch (c) {
@@ -6428,77 +7418,73 @@ parser_heredoc_identifier(struct parser_params *parser)
 	func |= str_xquote; goto quoted;
 
       quoted:
-	newtok();
-	tokadd(func);
+	quote++;
+	offset++;
 	term = c;
-	while ((c = nextc()) != -1 && c != term) {
-	    if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return 0;
-	    if (!newline && c == '\n') newline = 1;
-	    else if (newline) newline = 2;
-	}
-	if (c == -1) {
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "unterminated here document identifier");
-	    return 0;
-	}
-	switch (newline) {
-	  case 1:
-	    rb_warn0("here document identifier ends with a newline");
-	    if (--tokidx > 0 && tokenbuf[tokidx] == '\r') --tokidx;
-	    break;
-	  case 2:
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "here document identifier across newlines, never match");
-	    return -1;
+	len = 0;
+	while ((c = nextc(p)) != term) {
+	    if (c == -1 || c == '\r' || c == '\n') {
+		yyerror(NULL, p, "unterminated here document identifier");
+		return -1;
+	    }
 	}
 	break;
 
       default:
-	if (!parser_is_identchar()) {
-	    pushback(c);
+	if (!parser_is_identchar(p)) {
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    if (func & STR_FUNC_INDENT) {
-		pushback(indent > 0 ? '~' : '-');
+		pushback(p, indent > 0 ? '~' : '-');
 	    }
 	    return 0;
 	}
-	newtok();
-	tokadd(func |= str_dquote);
+	func |= str_dquote;
 	do {
-	    if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return 0;
-	} while ((c = nextc()) != -1 && parser_is_identchar());
-	pushback(c);
+	    int n = parser_precise_mbclen(p, p->lex.pcur-1);
+	    if (n < 0) return 0;
+	    p->lex.pcur += --n;
+	} while ((c = nextc(p)) != -1 && parser_is_identchar(p));
+	pushback(p, c);
 	break;
     }
 
-    tokfix();
-    dispatch_scan_event(tHEREDOC_BEG);
-    len = lex_p - lex_pbeg;
-    lex_goto_eol(parser);
-    lex_strterm = rb_node_newnode(NODE_HEREDOC,
-				  STR_NEW(tok(), toklen()),	/* nd_lit */
-				  len,				/* nd_nth */
-				  lex_lastline);		/* nd_orig */
-    nd_set_line(lex_strterm, ruby_sourceline);
-    ripper_flush(parser);
-    heredoc_indent = indent;
-    heredoc_line_indent = 0;
+    len = p->lex.pcur - (p->lex.pbeg + offset) - quote;
+    if ((unsigned long)len >= HERETERM_LENGTH_MAX)
+	yyerror(NULL, p, "too long here document identifier");
+    dispatch_scan_event(p, tHEREDOC_BEG);
+    lex_goto_eol(p);
+
+    p->lex.strterm = new_strterm(0, 0, 0, p->lex.lastline);
+    p->lex.strterm->flags |= STRTERM_HEREDOC;
+    rb_strterm_heredoc_t *here = &p->lex.strterm->u.heredoc;
+    here->offset = offset;
+    here->sourceline = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    here->length = (int)len;
+    here->quote = quote;
+    here->func = func;
+
+    token_flush(p);
+    p->heredoc_indent = indent;
+    p->heredoc_line_indent = 0;
     return token;
 }
 
 static void
-parser_heredoc_restore(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *here)
+heredoc_restore(struct parser_params *p, rb_strterm_heredoc_t *here)
 {
     VALUE line;
 
-    lex_strterm = 0;
-    line = here->nd_orig;
-    lex_lastline = line;
-    lex_pbeg = RSTRING_PTR(line);
-    lex_pend = lex_pbeg + RSTRING_LEN(line);
-    lex_p = lex_pbeg + here->nd_nth;
-    heredoc_end = ruby_sourceline;
-    ruby_sourceline = nd_line(here);
-    dispose_string(here->nd_lit);
-    rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)here);
-    ripper_flush(parser);
+    p->lex.strterm = 0;
+    line = here->lastline;
+    p->lex.lastline = line;
+    p->lex.pbeg = RSTRING_PTR(line);
+    p->lex.pend = p->lex.pbeg + RSTRING_LEN(line);
+    p->lex.pcur = p->lex.pbeg + here->offset + here->length + here->quote;
+    p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pbeg + here->offset - here->quote;
+    p->heredoc_end = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    p->ruby_sourceline = (int)here->sourceline;
+    if (p->eofp) p->lex.nextline = Qnil;
+    p->eofp = 0;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -6522,6 +7508,11 @@ dedent_string(VALUE string, int width)
 	    break;
 	}
     }
+    if (!i) return 0;
+    rb_str_modify(string);
+    str = RSTRING_PTR(string);
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(string) != len)
+	rb_fatal("literal string changed: %+"PRIsVALUE, string);
     MEMMOVE(str, str + i, char, len - i);
     rb_str_set_len(string, len - i);
     return i;
@@ -6529,30 +7520,50 @@ dedent_string(VALUE string, int width)
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
 static NODE *
-parser_heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *root)
+heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params *p, NODE *root)
 {
-    NODE *node, *str_node;
-    int bol = TRUE;
-    int indent = heredoc_indent;
+    NODE *node, *str_node, *prev_node;
+    int indent = p->heredoc_indent;
+    VALUE prev_lit = 0;
 
     if (indent <= 0) return root;
-    heredoc_indent = 0;
+    p->heredoc_indent = 0;
     if (!root) return root;
 
-    node = str_node = root;
-    if (nd_type(root) == NODE_ARRAY) str_node = root->nd_head;
+    prev_node = node = str_node = root;
+    if (nd_type(root) == NODE_LIST) str_node = root->nd_head;
 
     while (str_node) {
 	VALUE lit = str_node->nd_lit;
-	if (bol) dedent_string(lit, indent);
-	bol = TRUE;
+	if (str_node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
+	    dedent_string(lit, indent);
+	}
+	if (!prev_lit) {
+	    prev_lit = lit;
+	}
+	else if (!literal_concat0(p, prev_lit, lit)) {
+	    return 0;
+	}
+	else {
+	    NODE *end = node->nd_end;
+	    node = prev_node->nd_next = node->nd_next;
+	    if (!node) {
+		if (nd_type(prev_node) == NODE_DSTR)
+		    nd_set_type(prev_node, NODE_STR);
+		break;
+	    }
+	    node->nd_end = end;
+	    goto next_str;
+	}
 
 	str_node = 0;
-	while ((node = node->nd_next) != 0 && nd_type(node) == NODE_ARRAY) {
+	while ((node = (prev_node = node)->nd_next) != 0) {
+	  next_str:
+	    if (nd_type(node) != NODE_LIST) break;
 	    if ((str_node = node->nd_head) != 0) {
 		enum node_type type = nd_type(str_node);
 		if (type == NODE_STR || type == NODE_DSTR) break;
-		bol = FALSE;
+		prev_lit = 0;
 		str_node = 0;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -6561,16 +7572,25 @@ parser_heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *root)
 }
 #else /* RIPPER */
 static VALUE
-parser_heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE array)
+heredoc_dedent(struct parser_params *p, VALUE array)
 {
-    int indent = heredoc_indent;
+    int indent = p->heredoc_indent;
 
     if (indent <= 0) return array;
-    heredoc_indent = 0;
+    p->heredoc_indent = 0;
     dispatch2(heredoc_dedent, array, INT2NUM(indent));
     return array;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ripper.dedent_string(input, width)   -> Integer
+ *
+ *  USE OF RIPPER LIBRARY ONLY.
+ *
+ *  Strips up to +width+ leading whitespaces from +input+,
+ *  and returns the stripped column width.
+ */
 static VALUE
 parser_dedent_string(VALUE self, VALUE input, VALUE width)
 {
@@ -6578,29 +7598,40 @@ parser_dedent_string(VALUE self, VALUE input, VALUE width)
 
     StringValue(input);
     wid = NUM2UINT(width);
-    rb_str_modify(input);
     col = dedent_string(input, wid);
     return INT2NUM(col);
 }
 #endif
 
 static int
-parser_whole_match_p(struct parser_params *parser,
-    const char *eos, long len, int indent)
+whole_match_p(struct parser_params *p, const char *eos, long len, int indent)
 {
-    const char *p = lex_pbeg;
+    const char *ptr = p->lex.pbeg;
     long n;
 
     if (indent) {
-	while (*p && ISSPACE(*p)) p++;
+	while (*ptr && ISSPACE(*ptr)) ptr++;
     }
-    n = lex_pend - (p + len);
+    n = p->lex.pend - (ptr + len);
     if (n < 0) return FALSE;
-    if (n > 0 && p[len] != '\n') {
-	if (p[len] != '\r') return FALSE;
-	if (n <= 1 || p[len+1] != '\n') return FALSE;
+    if (n > 0 && ptr[len] != '\n') {
+	if (ptr[len] != '\r') return FALSE;
+	if (n <= 1 || ptr[len+1] != '\n') return FALSE;
+    }
+    return strncmp(eos, ptr, len) == 0;
+}
+
+static int
+word_match_p(struct parser_params *p, const char *word, long len)
+{
+    if (strncmp(p->lex.pcur, word, len)) return 0;
+    if (p->lex.pcur + len == p->lex.pend) return 1;
+    int c = (unsigned char)p->lex.pcur[len];
+    if (ISSPACE(c)) return 1;
+    switch (c) {
+      case '\0': case '\004': case '\032': return 1;
     }
-    return strncmp(eos, p, len) == 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 #define NUM_SUFFIX_R   (1<<0)
@@ -6608,12 +7639,12 @@ parser_whole_match_p(struct parser_params *parser,
 #define NUM_SUFFIX_ALL 3
 
 static int
-parser_number_literal_suffix(struct parser_params *parser, int mask)
+number_literal_suffix(struct parser_params *p, int mask)
 {
     int c, result = 0;
-    const char *lastp = lex_p;
+    const char *lastp = p->lex.pcur;
 
-    while ((c = nextc()) != -1) {
+    while ((c = nextc(p)) != -1) {
 	if ((mask & NUM_SUFFIX_I) && c == 'i') {
 	    result |= (mask & NUM_SUFFIX_I);
 	    mask &= ~NUM_SUFFIX_I;
@@ -6627,254 +7658,286 @@ parser_number_literal_suffix(struct parser_params *parser, int mask)
 	    continue;
 	}
 	if (!ISASCII(c) || ISALPHA(c) || c == '_') {
-	    lex_p = lastp;
+	    p->lex.pcur = lastp;
+	    literal_flush(p, p->lex.pcur);
 	    return 0;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
-	if (c == '.') {
-	    c = peekc_n(1);
-	    if (ISDIGIT(c)) {
-		yyerror("unexpected fraction part after numeric literal");
-		lex_p += 2;
-		while (parser_is_identchar()) nextc();
-	    }
-	}
+	pushback(p, c);
 	break;
     }
     return result;
 }
 
-static int
-parser_set_number_literal(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE v, int type, int suffix)
+static enum yytokentype
+set_number_literal(struct parser_params *p, VALUE v,
+		   enum yytokentype type, int suffix)
 {
     if (suffix & NUM_SUFFIX_I) {
 	v = rb_complex_raw(INT2FIX(0), v);
 	type = tIMAGINARY;
     }
     set_yylval_literal(v);
-    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDARG);
+    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
     return type;
 }
 
-static int
-parser_set_integer_literal(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE v, int suffix)
+static enum yytokentype
+set_integer_literal(struct parser_params *p, VALUE v, int suffix)
 {
-    int type = tINTEGER;
+    enum yytokentype type = tINTEGER;
     if (suffix & NUM_SUFFIX_R) {
 	v = rb_rational_raw1(v);
 	type = tRATIONAL;
     }
-    return set_number_literal(v, type, suffix);
+    return set_number_literal(p, v, type, suffix);
 }
 
 #ifdef RIPPER
 static void
-ripper_dispatch_heredoc_end(struct parser_params *parser)
+dispatch_heredoc_end(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     VALUE str;
-    if (has_delayed_token())
-	dispatch_delayed_token(tSTRING_CONTENT);
-    str = STR_NEW(parser->tokp, lex_pend - parser->tokp);
-    ripper_dispatch1(parser, ripper_token2eventid(tHEREDOC_END), str);
-    lex_goto_eol(parser);
-    ripper_flush(parser);
+    if (has_delayed_token(p))
+	dispatch_delayed_token(p, tSTRING_CONTENT);
+    str = STR_NEW(p->lex.ptok, p->lex.pend - p->lex.ptok);
+    ripper_dispatch1(p, ripper_token2eventid(tHEREDOC_END), str);
+    lex_goto_eol(p);
+    token_flush(p);
 }
 
-#define dispatch_heredoc_end() ripper_dispatch_heredoc_end(parser)
 #else
-#define dispatch_heredoc_end() ((void)0)
+#define dispatch_heredoc_end(p) ((void)0)
 #endif
 
-static int
-parser_here_document(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *here)
+static enum yytokentype
+here_document(struct parser_params *p, rb_strterm_heredoc_t *here)
 {
     int c, func, indent = 0;
-    const char *eos, *p, *pend;
+    const char *eos, *ptr, *ptr_end;
     long len;
     VALUE str = 0;
-    rb_encoding *enc = current_enc;
+    rb_encoding *enc = p->enc;
+    rb_encoding *base_enc = 0;
+    int bol;
 
-    eos = RSTRING_PTR(here->nd_lit);
-    len = RSTRING_LEN(here->nd_lit) - 1;
-    indent = (func = *eos++) & STR_FUNC_INDENT;
+    eos = RSTRING_PTR(here->lastline) + here->offset;
+    len = here->length;
+    indent = (func = here->func) & STR_FUNC_INDENT;
 
-    if ((c = nextc()) == -1) {
+    if ((c = nextc(p)) == -1) {
       error:
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "can't find string \"%s\" anywhere before EOF", eos);
 #ifdef RIPPER
-	if (!has_delayed_token()) {
-	    dispatch_scan_event(tSTRING_CONTENT);
+	if (!has_delayed_token(p)) {
+	    dispatch_scan_event(p, tSTRING_CONTENT);
 	}
 	else {
-	    if (str) {
-		rb_str_append(parser->delayed, str);
-	    }
-	    else if ((len = lex_p - parser->tokp) > 0) {
+	    if ((len = p->lex.pcur - p->lex.ptok) > 0) {
 		if (!(func & STR_FUNC_REGEXP) && rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
 		    int cr = ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN;
-		    rb_str_coderange_scan_restartable(parser->tokp, lex_p, enc, &cr);
+		    rb_str_coderange_scan_restartable(p->lex.ptok, p->lex.pcur, enc, &cr);
 		    if (cr != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT &&
-			current_enc == rb_usascii_encoding() &&
+			p->enc == rb_usascii_encoding() &&
 			enc != rb_utf8_encoding()) {
 			enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
 		    }
 		}
-		rb_enc_str_buf_cat(parser->delayed, parser->tokp, len, enc);
+		rb_enc_str_buf_cat(p->delayed.token, p->lex.ptok, len, enc);
 	    }
-	    dispatch_delayed_token(tSTRING_CONTENT);
+	    dispatch_delayed_token(p, tSTRING_CONTENT);
 	}
-	lex_goto_eol(parser);
+	lex_goto_eol(p);
 #endif
-      restore:
-	heredoc_restore(lex_strterm);
-	return 0;
+	heredoc_restore(p, &p->lex.strterm->u.heredoc);
+	compile_error(p, "can't find string \"%.*s\" anywhere before EOF",
+		      (int)len, eos);
+	token_flush(p);
+	p->lex.strterm = 0;
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	return tSTRING_END;
     }
-    if (was_bol() && whole_match_p(eos, len, indent)) {
-	dispatch_heredoc_end();
-	heredoc_restore(lex_strterm);
+    bol = was_bol(p);
+    if (!bol) {
+	/* not beginning of line, cannot be the terminator */
+    }
+    else if (p->heredoc_line_indent == -1) {
+	/* `heredoc_line_indent == -1` means
+	 * - "after an interpolation in the same line", or
+	 * - "in a continuing line"
+	 */
+	p->heredoc_line_indent = 0;
+    }
+    else if (whole_match_p(p, eos, len, indent)) {
+	dispatch_heredoc_end(p);
+      restore:
+	heredoc_restore(p, &p->lex.strterm->u.heredoc);
+	token_flush(p);
+	p->lex.strterm = 0;
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
 	return tSTRING_END;
     }
 
     if (!(func & STR_FUNC_EXPAND)) {
 	do {
-	    p = RSTRING_PTR(lex_lastline);
-	    pend = lex_pend;
-	    if (pend > p) {
-		switch (pend[-1]) {
+	    ptr = RSTRING_PTR(p->lex.lastline);
+	    ptr_end = p->lex.pend;
+	    if (ptr_end > ptr) {
+		switch (ptr_end[-1]) {
 		  case '\n':
-		    if (--pend == p || pend[-1] != '\r') {
-			pend++;
+		    if (--ptr_end == ptr || ptr_end[-1] != '\r') {
+			ptr_end++;
 			break;
 		    }
 		  case '\r':
-		    --pend;
+		    --ptr_end;
 		}
 	    }
 
-	    if (heredoc_indent > 0) {
+	    if (p->heredoc_indent > 0) {
 		long i = 0;
-		while (p + i < pend && parser_update_heredoc_indent(parser, p[i]))
+		while (ptr + i < ptr_end && parser_update_heredoc_indent(p, ptr[i]))
 		    i++;
-		heredoc_line_indent = 0;
+		p->heredoc_line_indent = 0;
 	    }
 
 	    if (str)
-		rb_str_cat(str, p, pend - p);
+		rb_str_cat(str, ptr, ptr_end - ptr);
 	    else
-		str = STR_NEW(p, pend - p);
-	    if (pend < lex_pend) rb_str_cat(str, "\n", 1);
-	    lex_goto_eol(parser);
-	    if (heredoc_indent > 0) {
-		set_yylval_str(str);
-		flush_string_content(enc);
-		return tSTRING_CONTENT;
+		str = STR_NEW(ptr, ptr_end - ptr);
+	    if (ptr_end < p->lex.pend) rb_str_cat(str, "\n", 1);
+	    lex_goto_eol(p);
+	    if (p->heredoc_indent > 0) {
+		goto flush_str;
 	    }
-	    if (nextc() == -1) {
+	    if (nextc(p) == -1) {
 		if (str) {
-		    dispose_string(str);
 		    str = 0;
 		}
 		goto error;
 	    }
-	} while (!whole_match_p(eos, len, indent));
+	} while (!whole_match_p(p, eos, len, indent));
     }
     else {
 	/*	int mb = ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT, *mbp = &mb;*/
-	newtok();
+	newtok(p);
 	if (c == '#') {
-	    int t = parser_peek_variable_name(parser);
+	    int t = parser_peek_variable_name(p);
+	    if (p->heredoc_line_indent != -1) {
+		if (p->heredoc_indent > p->heredoc_line_indent) {
+		    p->heredoc_indent = p->heredoc_line_indent;
+		}
+		p->heredoc_line_indent = -1;
+	    }
 	    if (t) return t;
-	    tokadd('#');
-	    c = nextc();
+	    tokadd(p, '#');
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	}
 	do {
-	    pushback(c);
-	    if ((c = tokadd_string(func, '\n', 0, NULL, &enc)) == -1) {
-		if (parser->eofp) goto error;
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    enc = p->enc;
+	    if ((c = tokadd_string(p, func, '\n', 0, NULL, &enc, &base_enc)) == -1) {
+		if (p->eofp) goto error;
 		goto restore;
 	    }
 	    if (c != '\n') {
+		if (c == '\\') p->heredoc_line_indent = -1;
 	      flush:
-		set_yylval_str(STR_NEW3(tok(), toklen(), enc, func));
-		flush_string_content(enc);
+		str = STR_NEW3(tok(p), toklen(p), enc, func);
+	      flush_str:
+		set_yylval_str(str);
+#ifndef RIPPER
+		if (bol) yylval.node->flags |= NODE_FL_NEWLINE;
+#endif
+		flush_string_content(p, enc);
 		return tSTRING_CONTENT;
 	    }
-	    tokadd(nextc());
-	    if (heredoc_indent > 0) {
-		lex_goto_eol(parser);
+	    tokadd(p, nextc(p));
+	    if (p->heredoc_indent > 0) {
+		lex_goto_eol(p);
 		goto flush;
 	    }
 	    /*	    if (mbp && mb == ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN) mbp = 0;*/
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == -1) goto error;
-	} while (!whole_match_p(eos, len, indent));
-	str = STR_NEW3(tok(), toklen(), enc, func);
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == -1) goto error;
+	} while (!whole_match_p(p, eos, len, indent));
+	str = STR_NEW3(tok(p), toklen(p), enc, func);
     }
-    dispatch_heredoc_end();
+    dispatch_heredoc_end(p);
 #ifdef RIPPER
-    str = ripper_new_yylval(ripper_token2eventid(tSTRING_CONTENT),
+    str = ripper_new_yylval(p, ripper_token2eventid(tSTRING_CONTENT),
 			    yylval.val, str);
 #endif
-    heredoc_restore(lex_strterm);
-    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(func, STR_TERM_END, 0);
+    heredoc_restore(p, &p->lex.strterm->u.heredoc);
+    token_flush(p);
+    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(func | STR_FUNC_TERM, 0, 0);
     set_yylval_str(str);
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    if (bol) yylval.node->flags |= NODE_FL_NEWLINE;
+#endif
     return tSTRING_CONTENT;
 }
 
 #include "lex.c"
 
-static void
-arg_ambiguous_gen(struct parser_params *parser, char c)
+static int
+arg_ambiguous(struct parser_params *p, char c)
 {
 #ifndef RIPPER
-    rb_warning1("ambiguous first argument; put parentheses or a space even after `%c' operator", WARN_I(c));
+    if (c == '/') {
+        rb_warning1("ambiguity between regexp and two divisions: wrap regexp in parentheses or add a space after `%c' operator", WARN_I(c));
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_warning1("ambiguous first argument; put parentheses or a space even after `%c' operator", WARN_I(c));
+    }
 #else
     dispatch1(arg_ambiguous, rb_usascii_str_new(&c, 1));
 #endif
+    return TRUE;
 }
-#define arg_ambiguous(c) (arg_ambiguous_gen(parser, (c)), 1)
 
 static ID
-formal_argument_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID lhs)
+#ifndef RIPPER
+formal_argument(struct parser_params *p, ID lhs)
+#else
+formal_argument(struct parser_params *p, VALUE lhs)
+#endif
 {
-    switch (id_type(lhs)) {
+    switch (id_type(get_id(lhs))) {
       case ID_LOCAL:
 	break;
 #ifndef RIPPER
+# define ERR(mesg) yyerror0(mesg)
+#else
+# define ERR(mesg) (dispatch2(param_error, WARN_S(mesg), lhs), ripper_error(p))
+#endif
       case ID_CONST:
-	yyerror("formal argument cannot be a constant");
+	ERR("formal argument cannot be a constant");
 	return 0;
       case ID_INSTANCE:
-	yyerror("formal argument cannot be an instance variable");
+	ERR("formal argument cannot be an instance variable");
 	return 0;
       case ID_GLOBAL:
-	yyerror("formal argument cannot be a global variable");
+	ERR("formal argument cannot be a global variable");
 	return 0;
       case ID_CLASS:
-	yyerror("formal argument cannot be a class variable");
+	ERR("formal argument cannot be a class variable");
 	return 0;
       default:
-	yyerror("formal argument must be local variable");
+	ERR("formal argument must be local variable");
 	return 0;
-#else
-      default:
-	lhs = dispatch1(param_error, lhs);
-	ripper_error();
-	return 0;
-#endif
+#undef ERR
     }
-    shadowing_lvar(lhs);
+    shadowing_lvar(p, lhs);
     return lhs;
 }
 
 static int
-lvar_defined_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+lvar_defined(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
 {
-    return (dyna_in_block() && dvar_defined_get(id)) || local_id(id);
+    return (dyna_in_block(p) && dvar_defined(p, id)) || local_id(p, id);
 }
 
 /* emacsen -*- hack */
 static long
-parser_encode_length(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, long len)
+parser_encode_length(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, long len)
 {
     long nlen;
 
@@ -6894,7 +7957,7 @@ parser_encode_length(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, long len)
 }
 
 static void
-parser_set_encode(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name)
+parser_set_encode(struct parser_params *p, const char *name)
 {
     int idx = rb_enc_find_index(name);
     rb_encoding *enc;
@@ -6905,7 +7968,7 @@ parser_set_encode(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name)
       error:
 	excargs[0] = rb_eArgError;
 	excargs[2] = rb_make_backtrace();
-	rb_ary_unshift(excargs[2], rb_sprintf("%"PRIsVALUE":%d", ruby_sourcefile_string, ruby_sourceline));
+	rb_ary_unshift(excargs[2], rb_sprintf("%"PRIsVALUE":%d", p->ruby_sourcefile_string, p->ruby_sourceline));
 	rb_exc_raise(rb_make_exception(3, excargs));
     }
     enc = rb_enc_from_index(idx);
@@ -6913,10 +7976,10 @@ parser_set_encode(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name)
 	excargs[1] = rb_sprintf("%s is not ASCII compatible", rb_enc_name(enc));
 	goto error;
     }
-    parser->enc = enc;
+    p->enc = enc;
 #ifndef RIPPER
-    if (ruby_debug_lines) {
-	VALUE lines = ruby_debug_lines;
+    if (p->debug_lines) {
+	VALUE lines = p->debug_lines;
 	long i, n = RARRAY_LEN(lines);
 	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
 	    rb_enc_associate_index(RARRAY_AREF(lines, i), idx);
@@ -6926,80 +7989,125 @@ parser_set_encode(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name)
 }
 
 static int
-comment_at_top(struct parser_params *parser)
+comment_at_top(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    const char *p = lex_pbeg, *pend = lex_p - 1;
-    if (parser->line_count != (parser->has_shebang ? 2 : 1)) return 0;
-    while (p < pend) {
-	if (!ISSPACE(*p)) return 0;
-	p++;
+    const char *ptr = p->lex.pbeg, *ptr_end = p->lex.pcur - 1;
+    if (p->line_count != (p->has_shebang ? 2 : 1)) return 0;
+    while (ptr < ptr_end) {
+	if (!ISSPACE(*ptr)) return 0;
+	ptr++;
     }
     return 1;
 }
 
-typedef long (*rb_magic_comment_length_t)(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, long len);
-typedef void (*rb_magic_comment_setter_t)(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, const char *val);
+typedef long (*rb_magic_comment_length_t)(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, long len);
+typedef void (*rb_magic_comment_setter_t)(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val);
+
+static int parser_invalid_pragma_value(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val);
 
 static void
-magic_comment_encoding(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, const char *val)
+magic_comment_encoding(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val)
 {
-    if (!comment_at_top(parser)) {
+    if (!comment_at_top(p)) {
 	return;
     }
-    parser_set_encode(parser, val);
+    parser_set_encode(p, val);
 }
 
 static int
-parser_get_bool(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, const char *val)
+parser_get_bool(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val)
 {
     switch (*val) {
       case 't': case 'T':
-	if (strcasecmp(val, "true") == 0) {
+	if (STRCASECMP(val, "true") == 0) {
 	    return TRUE;
 	}
 	break;
       case 'f': case 'F':
-	if (strcasecmp(val, "false") == 0) {
+	if (STRCASECMP(val, "false") == 0) {
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
 	break;
     }
-    rb_compile_warning(ruby_sourcefile, ruby_sourceline, "invalid value for %s: %s", name, val);
+    return parser_invalid_pragma_value(p, name, val);
+}
+
+static int
+parser_invalid_pragma_value(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val)
+{
+    rb_warning2("invalid value for %s: %s", WARN_S(name), WARN_S(val));
     return -1;
 }
 
 static void
-parser_set_token_info(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, const char *val)
+parser_set_token_info(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val)
 {
-    int b = parser_get_bool(parser, name, val);
-    if (b >= 0) parser->token_info_enabled = b;
+    int b = parser_get_bool(p, name, val);
+    if (b >= 0) p->token_info_enabled = b;
 }
 
 static void
-parser_set_compile_option_flag(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, const char *val)
+parser_set_compile_option_flag(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val)
 {
     int b;
 
-    if (parser->token_seen) {
+    if (p->token_seen) {
 	rb_warning1("`%s' is ignored after any tokens", WARN_S(name));
 	return;
     }
 
-    b = parser_get_bool(parser, name, val);
+    b = parser_get_bool(p, name, val);
     if (b < 0) return;
 
-    if (!parser->compile_option)
-	parser->compile_option = rb_obj_hide(rb_ident_hash_new());
-    rb_hash_aset(parser->compile_option, ID2SYM(rb_intern(name)),
+    if (!p->compile_option)
+	p->compile_option = rb_obj_hide(rb_ident_hash_new());
+    rb_hash_aset(p->compile_option, ID2SYM(rb_intern(name)),
 		 (b ? Qtrue : Qfalse));
 }
 
+static void
+parser_set_shareable_constant_value(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val)
+{
+    for (const char *s = p->lex.pbeg, *e = p->lex.pcur; s < e; ++s) {
+	if (*s == ' ' || *s == '\t') continue;
+	if (*s == '#') break;
+	rb_warning1("`%s' is ignored unless in comment-only line", WARN_S(name));
+	return;
+    }
+
+    switch (*val) {
+      case 'n': case 'N':
+	if (STRCASECMP(val, "none") == 0) {
+	    p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = shareable_none;
+	    return;
+	}
+	break;
+      case 'l': case 'L':
+	if (STRCASECMP(val, "literal") == 0) {
+	    p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = shareable_literal;
+	    return;
+	}
+	break;
+      case 'e': case 'E':
+	if (STRCASECMP(val, "experimental_copy") == 0) {
+	    p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = shareable_copy;
+	    return;
+	}
+	if (STRCASECMP(val, "experimental_everything") == 0) {
+	    p->ctxt.shareable_constant_value = shareable_everything;
+	    return;
+	}
+	break;
+    }
+    parser_invalid_pragma_value(p, name, val);
+}
+
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
 static void
-parser_set_past_scope(struct parser_params *parser, const char *name, const char *val)
+parser_set_past_scope(struct parser_params *p, const char *name, const char *val)
 {
-    int b = parser_get_bool(parser, name, val);
-    if (b >= 0) parser->past_scope_enabled = b;
+    int b = parser_get_bool(p, name, val);
+    if (b >= 0) p->past_scope_enabled = b;
 }
 # endif
 
@@ -7013,6 +8121,7 @@ static const struct magic_comment magic_comments[] = {
     {"coding", magic_comment_encoding, parser_encode_length},
     {"encoding", magic_comment_encoding, parser_encode_length},
     {"frozen_string_literal", parser_set_compile_option_flag},
+    {"shareable_constant_value", parser_set_shareable_constant_value},
     {"warn_indent", parser_set_token_info},
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
     {"warn_past_scope", parser_set_past_scope},
@@ -7053,7 +8162,7 @@ magic_comment_marker(const char *str, long len)
 }
 
 static int
-parser_magic_comment(struct parser_params *parser, const char *str, long len)
+parser_magic_comment(struct parser_params *p, const char *str, long len)
 {
     int indicator = 0;
     VALUE name = 0, val = 0;
@@ -7074,7 +8183,7 @@ parser_magic_comment(struct parser_params *parser, const char *str, long len)
 
     /* %r"([^\\s\'\":;]+)\\s*:\\s*(\"(?:\\\\.|[^\"])*\"|[^\"\\s;]+)[\\s;]*" */
     while (len > 0) {
-	const struct magic_comment *p = magic_comments;
+	const struct magic_comment *mc = magic_comments;
 	char *s;
 	int i;
 	long n = 0;
@@ -7137,16 +8246,16 @@ parser_magic_comment(struct parser_params *parser, const char *str, long len)
 	    if (s[i] == '-') s[i] = '_';
 	}
 	do {
-	    if (STRNCASECMP(p->name, s, n) == 0 && !p->name[n]) {
+	    if (STRNCASECMP(mc->name, s, n) == 0 && !mc->name[n]) {
 		n = vend - vbeg;
-		if (p->length) {
-		    n = (*p->length)(parser, vbeg, n);
+		if (mc->length) {
+		    n = (*mc->length)(p, vbeg, n);
 		}
 		str_copy(val, vbeg, n);
-		(*p->func)(parser, p->name, RSTRING_PTR(val));
+		(*mc->func)(p, mc->name, RSTRING_PTR(val));
 		break;
 	    }
-	} while (++p < magic_comments + numberof(magic_comments));
+	} while (++mc < magic_comments + numberof(magic_comments));
 #ifdef RIPPER
 	str_copy(val, vbeg, vend - vbeg);
 	dispatch2(magic_comment, name, val);
@@ -7157,7 +8266,7 @@ parser_magic_comment(struct parser_params *parser, const char *str, long len)
 }
 
 static void
-set_file_encoding(struct parser_params *parser, const char *str, const char *send)
+set_file_encoding(struct parser_params *p, const char *str, const char *send)
 {
     int sep = 0;
     const char *beg = str;
@@ -7194,61 +8303,53 @@ set_file_encoding(struct parser_params *parser, const char *str, const char *sen
     }
     beg = str;
     while ((*str == '-' || *str == '_' || ISALNUM(*str)) && ++str < send);
-    s = rb_str_new(beg, parser_encode_length(parser, beg, str - beg));
-    parser_set_encode(parser, RSTRING_PTR(s));
+    s = rb_str_new(beg, parser_encode_length(p, beg, str - beg));
+    parser_set_encode(p, RSTRING_PTR(s));
     rb_str_resize(s, 0);
 }
 
 static void
-parser_prepare(struct parser_params *parser)
+parser_prepare(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    int c = nextc();
+    int c = nextc(p);
+    p->token_info_enabled = !compile_for_eval && RTEST(ruby_verbose);
     switch (c) {
       case '#':
-	if (peek('!')) parser->has_shebang = 1;
+	if (peek(p, '!')) p->has_shebang = 1;
 	break;
       case 0xef:		/* UTF-8 BOM marker */
-	if (lex_pend - lex_p >= 2 &&
-	    (unsigned char)lex_p[0] == 0xbb &&
-	    (unsigned char)lex_p[1] == 0xbf) {
-	    parser->enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
-	    lex_p += 2;
-	    lex_pbeg = lex_p;
+	if (p->lex.pend - p->lex.pcur >= 2 &&
+	    (unsigned char)p->lex.pcur[0] == 0xbb &&
+	    (unsigned char)p->lex.pcur[1] == 0xbf) {
+	    p->enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
+	    p->lex.pcur += 2;
+	    p->lex.pbeg = p->lex.pcur;
 	    return;
 	}
 	break;
       case EOF:
 	return;
     }
-    pushback(c);
-    parser->enc = rb_enc_get(lex_lastline);
-    parser->token_info_enabled = !compile_for_eval && RTEST(ruby_verbose);
+    pushback(p, c);
+    p->enc = rb_enc_get(p->lex.lastline);
 }
 
-#define IS_ARG() IS_lex_state(EXPR_ARG_ANY)
-#define IS_END() IS_lex_state(EXPR_END_ANY)
-#define IS_BEG() (IS_lex_state(EXPR_BEG_ANY) || IS_lex_state_all(EXPR_ARG|EXPR_LABELED))
-#define IS_SPCARG(c) (IS_ARG() && space_seen && !ISSPACE(c))
-#define IS_LABEL_POSSIBLE() (\
-	(IS_lex_state(EXPR_LABEL|EXPR_ENDFN) && !cmd_state) || \
-	IS_ARG())
-#define IS_LABEL_SUFFIX(n) (peek_n(':',(n)) && !peek_n(':', (n)+1))
-#define IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() IS_lex_state(EXPR_FNAME | EXPR_DOT)
-
 #ifndef RIPPER
-#define ambiguous_operator(op, syn) ( \
+#define ambiguous_operator(tok, op, syn) ( \
     rb_warning0("`"op"' after local variable or literal is interpreted as binary operator"), \
     rb_warning0("even though it seems like "syn""))
 #else
-#define ambiguous_operator(op, syn) dispatch2(operator_ambiguous, ripper_intern(op), rb_str_new_cstr(syn))
+#define ambiguous_operator(tok, op, syn) \
+    dispatch2(operator_ambiguous, TOKEN2VAL(tok), rb_str_new_cstr(syn))
 #endif
-#define warn_balanced(op, syn) ((void) \
+#define warn_balanced(tok, op, syn) ((void) \
     (!IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_CLASS|EXPR_DOT|EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_ENDFN) && \
      space_seen && !ISSPACE(c) && \
-     (ambiguous_operator(op, syn), 0)))
+     (ambiguous_operator(tok, op, syn), 0)), \
+     (enum yytokentype)(tok))
 
 static VALUE
-parse_rational(struct parser_params *parser, char *str, int len, int seen_point)
+parse_rational(struct parser_params *p, char *str, int len, int seen_point)
 {
     VALUE v;
     char *point = &str[seen_point];
@@ -7258,26 +8359,34 @@ parse_rational(struct parser_params *parser, char *str, int len, int seen_point)
     return rb_rational_new(v, rb_int_positive_pow(10, fraclen));
 }
 
-static int
-parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
+static enum yytokentype
+no_digits(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    yyerror0("numeric literal without digits");
+    if (peek(p, '_')) nextc(p);
+    /* dummy 0, for tUMINUS_NUM at numeric */
+    return set_integer_literal(p, INT2FIX(0), 0);
+}
+
+static enum yytokentype
+parse_numeric(struct parser_params *p, int c)
 {
     int is_float, seen_point, seen_e, nondigit;
     int suffix;
 
     is_float = seen_point = seen_e = nondigit = 0;
     SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
-    newtok();
+    newtok(p);
     if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
-	tokadd(c);
-	c = nextc();
+	tokadd(p, c);
+	c = nextc(p);
     }
     if (c == '0') {
-#define no_digits() do {yyerror("numeric literal without digits"); return 0;} while (0)
-	int start = toklen();
-	c = nextc();
+	int start = toklen(p);
+	c = nextc(p);
 	if (c == 'x' || c == 'X') {
 	    /* hexadecimal */
-	    c = nextc();
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	    if (c != -1 && ISXDIGIT(c)) {
 		do {
 		    if (c == '_') {
@@ -7287,21 +8396,21 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 		    }
 		    if (!ISXDIGIT(c)) break;
 		    nondigit = 0;
-		    tokadd(c);
-		} while ((c = nextc()) != -1);
+		    tokadd(p, c);
+		} while ((c = nextc(p)) != -1);
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
-	    tokfix();
-	    if (toklen() == start) {
-		no_digits();
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    tokfix(p);
+	    if (toklen(p) == start) {
+		return no_digits(p);
 	    }
 	    else if (nondigit) goto trailing_uc;
-	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
-	    return set_integer_literal(rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(), 16, FALSE), suffix);
+	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(p, NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
+	    return set_integer_literal(p, rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(p), 16, FALSE), suffix);
 	}
 	if (c == 'b' || c == 'B') {
 	    /* binary */
-	    c = nextc();
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	    if (c == '0' || c == '1') {
 		do {
 		    if (c == '_') {
@@ -7311,21 +8420,21 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 		    }
 		    if (c != '0' && c != '1') break;
 		    nondigit = 0;
-		    tokadd(c);
-		} while ((c = nextc()) != -1);
+		    tokadd(p, c);
+		} while ((c = nextc(p)) != -1);
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
-	    tokfix();
-	    if (toklen() == start) {
-		no_digits();
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    tokfix(p);
+	    if (toklen(p) == start) {
+		return no_digits(p);
 	    }
 	    else if (nondigit) goto trailing_uc;
-	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
-	    return set_integer_literal(rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(), 2, FALSE), suffix);
+	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(p, NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
+	    return set_integer_literal(p, rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(p), 2, FALSE), suffix);
 	}
 	if (c == 'd' || c == 'D') {
 	    /* decimal */
-	    c = nextc();
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	    if (c != -1 && ISDIGIT(c)) {
 		do {
 		    if (c == '_') {
@@ -7335,17 +8444,17 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 		    }
 		    if (!ISDIGIT(c)) break;
 		    nondigit = 0;
-		    tokadd(c);
-		} while ((c = nextc()) != -1);
+		    tokadd(p, c);
+		} while ((c = nextc(p)) != -1);
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
-	    tokfix();
-	    if (toklen() == start) {
-		no_digits();
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    tokfix(p);
+	    if (toklen(p) == start) {
+		return no_digits(p);
 	    }
 	    else if (nondigit) goto trailing_uc;
-	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
-	    return set_integer_literal(rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(), 10, FALSE), suffix);
+	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(p, NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
+	    return set_integer_literal(p, rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(p), 10, FALSE), suffix);
 	}
 	if (c == '_') {
 	    /* 0_0 */
@@ -7353,9 +8462,9 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 	}
 	if (c == 'o' || c == 'O') {
 	    /* prefixed octal */
-	    c = nextc();
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	    if (c == -1 || c == '_' || !ISDIGIT(c)) {
-		no_digits();
+		return no_digits(p);
 	    }
 	}
 	if (c >= '0' && c <= '7') {
@@ -7370,31 +8479,31 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 		if (c < '0' || c > '9') break;
 		if (c > '7') goto invalid_octal;
 		nondigit = 0;
-		tokadd(c);
-	    } while ((c = nextc()) != -1);
-	    if (toklen() > start) {
-		pushback(c);
-		tokfix();
+		tokadd(p, c);
+	    } while ((c = nextc(p)) != -1);
+	    if (toklen(p) > start) {
+		pushback(p, c);
+		tokfix(p);
 		if (nondigit) goto trailing_uc;
-		suffix = number_literal_suffix(NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
-		return set_integer_literal(rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(), 8, FALSE), suffix);
+		suffix = number_literal_suffix(p, NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
+		return set_integer_literal(p, rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(p), 8, FALSE), suffix);
 	    }
 	    if (nondigit) {
-		pushback(c);
+		pushback(p, c);
 		goto trailing_uc;
 	    }
 	}
 	if (c > '7' && c <= '9') {
 	  invalid_octal:
-	    yyerror("Invalid octal digit");
+	    yyerror0("Invalid octal digit");
 	}
 	else if (c == '.' || c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
-	    tokadd('0');
+	    tokadd(p, '0');
 	}
 	else {
-	    pushback(c);
-	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
-	    return set_integer_literal(INT2FIX(0), suffix);
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    suffix = number_literal_suffix(p, NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
+	    return set_integer_literal(p, INT2FIX(0), suffix);
 	}
     }
 
@@ -7403,7 +8512,7 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 	  case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
 	  case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
 	    nondigit = 0;
-	    tokadd(c);
+	    tokadd(p, c);
 	    break;
 
 	  case '.':
@@ -7412,16 +8521,16 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 		goto decode_num;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		int c0 = nextc();
+		int c0 = nextc(p);
 		if (c0 == -1 || !ISDIGIT(c0)) {
-		    pushback(c0);
+		    pushback(p, c0);
 		    goto decode_num;
 		}
 		c = c0;
 	    }
-	    seen_point = toklen();
-	    tokadd('.');
-	    tokadd(c);
+	    seen_point = toklen(p);
+	    tokadd(p, '.');
+	    tokadd(p, c);
 	    is_float++;
 	    nondigit = 0;
 	    break;
@@ -7429,7 +8538,7 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 	  case 'e':
 	  case 'E':
 	    if (nondigit) {
-		pushback(c);
+		pushback(p, c);
 		c = nondigit;
 		goto decode_num;
 	    }
@@ -7437,16 +8546,16 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 		goto decode_num;
 	    }
 	    nondigit = c;
-	    c = nextc();
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	    if (c != '-' && c != '+' && !ISDIGIT(c)) {
-		pushback(c);
+		pushback(p, c);
 		nondigit = 0;
 		goto decode_num;
 	    }
-	    tokadd(nondigit);
+	    tokadd(p, nondigit);
 	    seen_e++;
 	    is_float++;
-	    tokadd(c);
+	    tokadd(p, c);
 	    nondigit = (c == '-' || c == '+') ? c : 0;
 	    break;
 
@@ -7458,155 +8567,146 @@ parse_numeric(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
 	  default:
 	    goto decode_num;
 	}
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
     }
 
   decode_num:
-    pushback(c);
+    pushback(p, c);
     if (nondigit) {
-	char tmp[30];
       trailing_uc:
-	snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "trailing `%c' in number", nondigit);
-	yyerror(tmp);
+	literal_flush(p, p->lex.pcur - 1);
+	YYLTYPE loc = RUBY_INIT_YYLLOC();
+	compile_error(p, "trailing `%c' in number", nondigit);
+	parser_show_error_line(p, &loc);
     }
-    tokfix();
+    tokfix(p);
     if (is_float) {
-	int type = tFLOAT;
+	enum yytokentype type = tFLOAT;
 	VALUE v;
 
-	suffix = number_literal_suffix(seen_e ? NUM_SUFFIX_I : NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
+	suffix = number_literal_suffix(p, seen_e ? NUM_SUFFIX_I : NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
 	if (suffix & NUM_SUFFIX_R) {
 	    type = tRATIONAL;
-	    v = parse_rational(parser, tok(), toklen(), seen_point);
+	    v = parse_rational(p, tok(p), toklen(p), seen_point);
 	}
 	else {
-	    double d = strtod(tok(), 0);
+	    double d = strtod(tok(p), 0);
 	    if (errno == ERANGE) {
-		rb_warning1("Float %s out of range", WARN_S(tok()));
+		rb_warning1("Float %s out of range", WARN_S(tok(p)));
 		errno = 0;
 	    }
 	    v = DBL2NUM(d);
 	}
-	return set_number_literal(v, type, suffix);
+	return set_number_literal(p, v, type, suffix);
     }
-    suffix = number_literal_suffix(NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
-    return set_integer_literal(rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(), 10, FALSE), suffix);
+    suffix = number_literal_suffix(p, NUM_SUFFIX_ALL);
+    return set_integer_literal(p, rb_cstr_to_inum(tok(p), 10, FALSE), suffix);
 }
 
-static int
-parse_qmark(struct parser_params *parser, int space_seen)
+static enum yytokentype
+parse_qmark(struct parser_params *p, int space_seen)
 {
     rb_encoding *enc;
     register int c;
+    VALUE lit;
 
     if (IS_END()) {
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_VALUE);
 	return '?';
     }
-    c = nextc();
+    c = nextc(p);
     if (c == -1) {
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "incomplete character syntax");
+	compile_error(p, "incomplete character syntax");
 	return 0;
     }
-    if (rb_enc_isspace(c, current_enc)) {
+    if (rb_enc_isspace(c, p->enc)) {
 	if (!IS_ARG()) {
-	    int c2 = 0;
-	    switch (c) {
-	      case ' ':
-		c2 = 's';
-		break;
-	      case '\n':
-		c2 = 'n';
-		break;
-	      case '\t':
-		c2 = 't';
-		break;
-	      case '\v':
-		c2 = 'v';
-		break;
-	      case '\r':
-		c2 = 'r';
-		break;
-	      case '\f':
-		c2 = 'f';
-		break;
-	    }
+	    int c2 = escaped_control_code(c);
 	    if (c2) {
-		rb_warn1("invalid character syntax; use ?\\%c", WARN_I(c2));
+		WARN_SPACE_CHAR(c2, "?");
 	    }
 	}
       ternary:
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_VALUE);
 	return '?';
     }
-    newtok();
-    enc = current_enc;
-    if (!parser_isascii()) {
-	if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return 0;
+    newtok(p);
+    enc = p->enc;
+    if (!parser_isascii(p)) {
+	if (tokadd_mbchar(p, c) == -1) return 0;
     }
-    else if ((rb_enc_isalnum(c, current_enc) || c == '_') &&
-	     lex_p < lex_pend && is_identchar(lex_p, lex_pend, current_enc)) {
+    else if ((rb_enc_isalnum(c, p->enc) || c == '_') &&
+	     p->lex.pcur < p->lex.pend && is_identchar(p->lex.pcur, p->lex.pend, p->enc)) {
 	if (space_seen) {
-	    const char *start = lex_p - 1, *p = start;
+	    const char *start = p->lex.pcur - 1, *ptr = start;
 	    do {
-		int n = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, lex_pend, current_enc);
-		p += n;
-	    } while (p < lex_pend && is_identchar(p, lex_pend, current_enc));
+		int n = parser_precise_mbclen(p, ptr);
+		if (n < 0) return -1;
+		ptr += n;
+	    } while (ptr < p->lex.pend && is_identchar(ptr, p->lex.pend, p->enc));
 	    rb_warn2("`?' just followed by `%.*s' is interpreted as" \
 		     " a conditional operator, put a space after `?'",
-		     WARN_I((int)(p - start)), WARN_S_L(start, (p - start)));
+		     WARN_I((int)(ptr - start)), WARN_S_L(start, (ptr - start)));
 	}
 	goto ternary;
     }
     else if (c == '\\') {
-	if (peek('u')) {
-	    nextc();
-	    if (!parser_tokadd_utf8(parser, &enc, 0, 0, 0))
-		return 0;
+	if (peek(p, 'u')) {
+	    nextc(p);
+	    enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
+	    tokadd_utf8(p, &enc, -1, 0, 0);
 	}
-	else if (!lex_eol_p() && !(c = *lex_p, ISASCII(c))) {
-	    nextc();
-	    if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return 0;
+	else if (!lex_eol_p(p) && !(c = *p->lex.pcur, ISASCII(c))) {
+	    nextc(p);
+	    if (tokadd_mbchar(p, c) == -1) return 0;
 	}
 	else {
-	    c = read_escape(0, &enc);
-	    tokadd(c);
+	    c = read_escape(p, 0, &enc);
+	    tokadd(p, c);
 	}
     }
     else {
-	tokadd(c);
+	tokadd(p, c);
     }
-    tokfix();
-    set_yylval_str(STR_NEW3(tok(), toklen(), enc, 0));
+    tokfix(p);
+    lit = STR_NEW3(tok(p), toklen(p), enc, 0);
+    set_yylval_str(lit);
     SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
     return tCHAR;
 }
 
-static int
-parse_percent(struct parser_params *parser, const int space_seen, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
+static enum yytokentype
+parse_percent(struct parser_params *p, const int space_seen, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
 {
     register int c;
+    const char *ptok = p->lex.pcur;
 
     if (IS_BEG()) {
 	int term;
 	int paren;
 
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
       quotation:
 	if (c == -1 || !ISALNUM(c)) {
 	    term = c;
+	    if (!ISASCII(c)) goto unknown;
 	    c = 'Q';
 	}
 	else {
-	    term = nextc();
-	    if (rb_enc_isalnum(term, current_enc) || !parser_isascii()) {
-		yyerror("unknown type of %string");
+	    term = nextc(p);
+	    if (rb_enc_isalnum(term, p->enc) || !parser_isascii(p)) {
+	      unknown:
+		pushback(p, term);
+		c = parser_precise_mbclen(p, p->lex.pcur);
+		if (c < 0) return 0;
+		p->lex.pcur += c;
+		yyerror0("unknown type of %string");
 		return 0;
 	    }
 	}
-	if (c == -1 || term == -1) {
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "unterminated quoted string meets end of file");
+	if (term == -1) {
+	    compile_error(p, "unterminated quoted string meets end of file");
 	    return 0;
 	}
 	paren = term;
@@ -7616,58 +8716,51 @@ parse_percent(struct parser_params *parser, const int space_seen, const enum lex
 	else if (term == '<') term = '>';
 	else paren = 0;
 
+	p->lex.ptok = ptok-1;
 	switch (c) {
 	  case 'Q':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dquote, term, paren);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dquote, term, paren);
 	    return tSTRING_BEG;
 
 	  case 'q':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_squote, term, paren);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_squote, term, paren);
 	    return tSTRING_BEG;
 
 	  case 'W':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dword, term, paren);
-	    do {c = nextc();} while (ISSPACE(c));
-	    pushback(c);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dword, term, paren);
 	    return tWORDS_BEG;
 
 	  case 'w':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_sword, term, paren);
-	    do {c = nextc();} while (ISSPACE(c));
-	    pushback(c);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_sword, term, paren);
 	    return tQWORDS_BEG;
 
 	  case 'I':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dword, term, paren);
-	    do {c = nextc();} while (ISSPACE(c));
-	    pushback(c);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dword, term, paren);
 	    return tSYMBOLS_BEG;
 
 	  case 'i':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_sword, term, paren);
-	    do {c = nextc();} while (ISSPACE(c));
-	    pushback(c);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_sword, term, paren);
 	    return tQSYMBOLS_BEG;
 
 	  case 'x':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_xquote, term, paren);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_xquote, term, paren);
 	    return tXSTRING_BEG;
 
 	  case 'r':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_regexp, term, paren);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_regexp, term, paren);
 	    return tREGEXP_BEG;
 
 	  case 's':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_ssym, term, paren);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_ssym, term, paren);
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM);
 	    return tSYMBEG;
 
 	  default:
-	    yyerror("unknown type of %string");
+	    yyerror0("unknown type of %string");
 	    return 0;
 	}
     }
-    if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
+    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
 	set_yylval_id('%');
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 	return tOP_ASGN;
@@ -7676,24 +8769,23 @@ parse_percent(struct parser_params *parser, const int space_seen, const enum lex
 	goto quotation;
     }
     SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG);
-    pushback(c);
-    warn_balanced("%%", "string literal");
-    return '%';
+    pushback(p, c);
+    return warn_balanced('%', "%%", "string literal");
 }
 
 static int
-tokadd_ident(struct parser_params *parser, int c)
+tokadd_ident(struct parser_params *p, int c)
 {
     do {
-	if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return -1;
-	c = nextc();
-    } while (parser_is_identchar());
-    pushback(c);
+	if (tokadd_mbchar(p, c) == -1) return -1;
+	c = nextc(p);
+    } while (parser_is_identchar(p));
+    pushback(p, c);
     return 0;
 }
 
 static ID
-tokenize_ident(struct parser_params *parser, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
+tokenize_ident(struct parser_params *p, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
 {
     ID ident = TOK_INTERN();
 
@@ -7703,11 +8795,11 @@ tokenize_ident(struct parser_params *parser, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
 }
 
 static int
-parse_numvar(struct parser_params *parser)
+parse_numvar(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     size_t len;
     int overflow;
-    unsigned long n = ruby_scan_digits(tok()+1, toklen()-1, 10, &len, &overflow);
+    unsigned long n = ruby_scan_digits(tok(p)+1, toklen(p)-1, 10, &len, &overflow);
     const unsigned long nth_ref_max =
 	((FIXNUM_MAX < INT_MAX) ? FIXNUM_MAX : INT_MAX) >> 1;
     /* NTH_REF is left-shifted to be ORed with back-ref flag and
@@ -7715,7 +8807,7 @@ parse_numvar(struct parser_params *parser)
 
     if (overflow || n > nth_ref_max) {
 	/* compile_error()? */
-	rb_warn1("`%s' is too big for a number variable, always nil", WARN_S(tok()));
+	rb_warn1("`%s' is too big for a number variable, always nil", WARN_S(tok(p)));
 	return 0;		/* $0 is $PROGRAM_NAME, not NTH_REF */
     }
     else {
@@ -7723,23 +8815,25 @@ parse_numvar(struct parser_params *parser)
     }
 }
 
-static int
-parse_gvar(struct parser_params *parser, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
+static enum yytokentype
+parse_gvar(struct parser_params *p, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
 {
+    const char *ptr = p->lex.pcur;
     register int c;
 
     SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
-    newtok();
-    c = nextc();
+    p->lex.ptok = ptr - 1; /* from '$' */
+    newtok(p);
+    c = nextc(p);
     switch (c) {
       case '_':		/* $_: last read line string */
-	c = nextc();
-	if (parser_is_identchar()) {
-	    tokadd('$');
-	    tokadd('_');
+	c = nextc(p);
+	if (parser_is_identchar(p)) {
+	    tokadd(p, '$');
+	    tokadd(p, '_');
 	    break;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	c = '_';
 	/* fall through */
       case '~':		/* $~: match-data */
@@ -7758,20 +8852,20 @@ parse_gvar(struct parser_params *parser, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
       case '<':		/* $<: reading filename */
       case '>':		/* $>: default output handle */
       case '\"':		/* $": already loaded files */
-	tokadd('$');
-	tokadd(c);
+	tokadd(p, '$');
+	tokadd(p, c);
 	goto gvar;
 
       case '-':
-	tokadd('$');
-	tokadd(c);
-	c = nextc();
-	if (parser_is_identchar()) {
-	    if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return 0;
+	tokadd(p, '$');
+	tokadd(p, c);
+	c = nextc(p);
+	if (parser_is_identchar(p)) {
+	    if (tokadd_mbchar(p, c) == -1) return 0;
 	}
 	else {
-	    pushback(c);
-	    pushback('-');
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    pushback(p, '-');
 	    return '$';
 	}
       gvar:
@@ -7783,136 +8877,160 @@ parse_gvar(struct parser_params *parser, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
       case '\'':		/* $': string after last match */
       case '+':		/* $+: string matches last paren. */
 	if (IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_FNAME)) {
-	    tokadd('$');
-	    tokadd(c);
+	    tokadd(p, '$');
+	    tokadd(p, c);
 	    goto gvar;
 	}
-	set_yylval_node(NEW_BACK_REF(c));
+	set_yylval_node(NEW_BACK_REF(c, &_cur_loc));
 	return tBACK_REF;
 
       case '1': case '2': case '3':
       case '4': case '5': case '6':
       case '7': case '8': case '9':
-	tokadd('$');
+	tokadd(p, '$');
 	do {
-	    tokadd(c);
-	    c = nextc();
+	    tokadd(p, c);
+	    c = nextc(p);
 	} while (c != -1 && ISDIGIT(c));
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	if (IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_FNAME)) goto gvar;
-	tokfix();
-	set_yylval_node(NEW_NTH_REF(parse_numvar(parser)));
+	tokfix(p);
+	c = parse_numvar(p);
+	set_yylval_node(NEW_NTH_REF(c, &_cur_loc));
 	return tNTH_REF;
 
       default:
-	if (!parser_is_identchar()) {
+	if (!parser_is_identchar(p)) {
+	    YYLTYPE loc = RUBY_INIT_YYLLOC();
 	    if (c == -1 || ISSPACE(c)) {
-		compile_error(PARSER_ARG "`$' without identifiers is not allowed as a global variable name");
+		compile_error(p, "`$' without identifiers is not allowed as a global variable name");
 	    }
 	    else {
-		pushback(c);
-		compile_error(PARSER_ARG "`$%c' is not allowed as a global variable name", c);
+		pushback(p, c);
+		compile_error(p, "`$%c' is not allowed as a global variable name", c);
 	    }
-	    return 0;
+	    parser_show_error_line(p, &loc);
+	    set_yylval_noname();
+	    return tGVAR;
 	}
+	/* fall through */
       case '0':
-	tokadd('$');
+	tokadd(p, '$');
     }
 
-    if (tokadd_ident(parser, c)) return 0;
+    if (tokadd_ident(p, c)) return 0;
     SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
-    tokenize_ident(parser, last_state);
+    tokenize_ident(p, last_state);
     return tGVAR;
 }
 
-static int
-parse_atmark(struct parser_params *parser, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static bool
+parser_numbered_param(struct parser_params *p, int n)
 {
-    int result = tIVAR;
-    register int c = nextc();
+    if (n < 0) return false;
 
-    newtok();
-    tokadd('@');
+    if (DVARS_TERMINAL_P(p->lvtbl->args) || DVARS_TERMINAL_P(p->lvtbl->args->prev)) {
+	return false;
+    }
+    if (p->max_numparam == ORDINAL_PARAM) {
+	compile_error(p, "ordinary parameter is defined");
+	return false;
+    }
+    struct vtable *args = p->lvtbl->args;
+    if (p->max_numparam < n) {
+	p->max_numparam = n;
+    }
+    while (n > args->pos) {
+	vtable_add(args, NUMPARAM_IDX_TO_ID(args->pos+1));
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+#endif
+
+static enum yytokentype
+parse_atmark(struct parser_params *p, const enum lex_state_e last_state)
+{
+    const char *ptr = p->lex.pcur;
+    enum yytokentype result = tIVAR;
+    register int c = nextc(p);
+    YYLTYPE loc;
+
+    p->lex.ptok = ptr - 1; /* from '@' */
+    newtok(p);
+    tokadd(p, '@');
     if (c == '@') {
 	result = tCVAR;
-	tokadd('@');
-	c = nextc();
+	tokadd(p, '@');
+	c = nextc(p);
     }
-    if (c == -1 || ISSPACE(c)) {
+    SET_LEX_STATE(IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_FNAME) ? EXPR_ENDFN : EXPR_END);
+    if (c == -1 || !parser_is_identchar(p)) {
+	pushback(p, c);
+	RUBY_SET_YYLLOC(loc);
 	if (result == tIVAR) {
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "`@' without identifiers is not allowed as an instance variable name");
+	    compile_error(p, "`@' without identifiers is not allowed as an instance variable name");
 	}
 	else {
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "`@@' without identifiers is not allowed as a class variable name");
+	    compile_error(p, "`@@' without identifiers is not allowed as a class variable name");
 	}
-	return 0;
+	parser_show_error_line(p, &loc);
+	set_yylval_noname();
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	return result;
     }
-    else if (ISDIGIT(c) || !parser_is_identchar()) {
-	pushback(c);
+    else if (ISDIGIT(c)) {
+	pushback(p, c);
+	RUBY_SET_YYLLOC(loc);
 	if (result == tIVAR) {
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "`@%c' is not allowed as an instance variable name", c);
+	    compile_error(p, "`@%c' is not allowed as an instance variable name", c);
 	}
 	else {
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "`@@%c' is not allowed as a class variable name", c);
+	    compile_error(p, "`@@%c' is not allowed as a class variable name", c);
 	}
-	return 0;
+	parser_show_error_line(p, &loc);
+	set_yylval_noname();
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	return result;
     }
 
-    if (tokadd_ident(parser, c)) return 0;
-    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
-    tokenize_ident(parser, last_state);
+    if (tokadd_ident(p, c)) return 0;
+    tokenize_ident(p, last_state);
     return result;
 }
 
-static int
-parse_ident(struct parser_params *parser, int c, int cmd_state)
+static enum yytokentype
+parse_ident(struct parser_params *p, int c, int cmd_state)
 {
-    int result = 0;
+    enum yytokentype result;
     int mb = ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT;
-    const enum lex_state_e last_state = lex_state;
+    const enum lex_state_e last_state = p->lex.state;
     ID ident;
 
     do {
 	if (!ISASCII(c)) mb = ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN;
-	if (tokadd_mbchar(c) == -1) return 0;
-	c = nextc();
-    } while (parser_is_identchar());
-    if ((c == '!' || c == '?') && !peek('=')) {
-	tokadd(c);
-    }
-    else {
-	pushback(c);
-    }
-    tokfix();
-
-    if (toklast() == '!' || toklast() == '?') {
+	if (tokadd_mbchar(p, c) == -1) return 0;
+	c = nextc(p);
+    } while (parser_is_identchar(p));
+    if ((c == '!' || c == '?') && !peek(p, '=')) {
 	result = tFID;
+	tokadd(p, c);
+    }
+    else if (c == '=' && IS_lex_state(EXPR_FNAME) &&
+	     (!peek(p, '~') && !peek(p, '>') && (!peek(p, '=') || (peek_n(p, '>', 1))))) {
+	result = tIDENTIFIER;
+	tokadd(p, c);
     }
     else {
-	if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_FNAME)) {
-	    register int c = nextc();
-	    if (c == '=' && !peek('~') && !peek('>') &&
-		(!peek('=') || (peek_n('>', 1)))) {
-		result = tIDENTIFIER;
-		tokadd(c);
-		tokfix();
-	    }
-	    else {
-		pushback(c);
-	    }
-	}
-	if (result == 0 && ISUPPER(tok()[0])) {
-	    result = tCONSTANT;
-	}
-	else {
-	    result = tIDENTIFIER;
-	}
+	result = tCONSTANT;	/* assume provisionally */
+	pushback(p, c);
     }
+    tokfix(p);
 
     if (IS_LABEL_POSSIBLE()) {
 	if (IS_LABEL_SUFFIX(0)) {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG|EXPR_LABELED);
-	    nextc();
+	    nextc(p);
 	    set_yylval_name(TOK_INTERN());
 	    return tLABEL;
 	}
@@ -7921,28 +9039,26 @@ parse_ident(struct parser_params *parser, int c, int cmd_state)
 	const struct kwtable *kw;
 
 	/* See if it is a reserved word.  */
-	kw = rb_reserved_word(tok(), toklen());
+	kw = rb_reserved_word(tok(p), toklen(p));
 	if (kw) {
-	    enum lex_state_e state = lex_state;
-	    SET_LEX_STATE(kw->state);
+	    enum lex_state_e state = p->lex.state;
 	    if (IS_lex_state_for(state, EXPR_FNAME)) {
-		set_yylval_name(rb_intern2(tok(), toklen()));
+		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN);
+		set_yylval_name(rb_intern2(tok(p), toklen(p)));
 		return kw->id[0];
 	    }
+	    SET_LEX_STATE(kw->state);
 	    if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_BEG)) {
-		command_start = TRUE;
+		p->command_start = TRUE;
 	    }
 	    if (kw->id[0] == keyword_do) {
 		if (lambda_beginning_p()) {
-		    lpar_beg = 0;
-		    --paren_nest;
+		    p->lex.lpar_beg = -1; /* make lambda_beginning_p() == FALSE in the body of "-> do ... end" */
 		    return keyword_do_LAMBDA;
 		}
 		if (COND_P()) return keyword_do_cond;
 		if (CMDARG_P() && !IS_lex_state_for(state, EXPR_CMDARG))
 		    return keyword_do_block;
-		if (IS_lex_state_for(state, (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_ENDARG)))
-		    return keyword_do_block;
 		return keyword_do;
 	    }
 	    if (IS_lex_state_for(state, (EXPR_BEG | EXPR_LABELED)))
@@ -7963,24 +9079,25 @@ parse_ident(struct parser_params *parser, int c, int cmd_state)
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
 	}
     }
-    else if (lex_state == EXPR_FNAME) {
+    else if (p->lex.state == EXPR_FNAME) {
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN);
     }
     else {
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
     }
 
-    ident = tokenize_ident(parser, last_state);
+    ident = tokenize_ident(p, last_state);
+    if (result == tCONSTANT && is_local_id(ident)) result = tIDENTIFIER;
     if (!IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_DOT|EXPR_FNAME) &&
 	(result == tIDENTIFIER) && /* not EXPR_FNAME, not attrasgn */
-	lvar_defined(ident)) {
+	lvar_defined(p, ident)) {
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END|EXPR_LABEL);
     }
     return result;
 }
 
-static int
-parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
+static enum yytokentype
+parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     register int c;
     int space_seen = 0;
@@ -7988,40 +9105,26 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
     int label;
     enum lex_state_e last_state;
     int fallthru = FALSE;
-    int token_seen = parser->token_seen;
+    int token_seen = p->token_seen;
 
-    if (lex_strterm) {
-	int token;
-	if (nd_type(lex_strterm) == NODE_HEREDOC) {
-	    token = here_document(lex_strterm);
-	    if (token == tSTRING_END) {
-		lex_strterm = 0;
-		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
-	    }
+    if (p->lex.strterm) {
+	if (p->lex.strterm->flags & STRTERM_HEREDOC) {
+	    return here_document(p, &p->lex.strterm->u.heredoc);
 	}
 	else {
-	    token = parse_string(lex_strterm);
-	    if ((token == tSTRING_END) && (lex_strterm->nd_func & STR_FUNC_LABEL)) {
-		if (((IS_lex_state(EXPR_BEG | EXPR_ENDFN) && !COND_P()) || IS_ARG()) &&
-		    IS_LABEL_SUFFIX(0)) {
-		    nextc();
-		    token = tLABEL_END;
-		}
-	    }
-	    if (token == tSTRING_END || token == tREGEXP_END || token == tLABEL_END) {
-		rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)lex_strterm);
-		lex_strterm = 0;
-		SET_LEX_STATE(token == tLABEL_END ? EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL : EXPR_END);
-	    }
+	    token_flush(p);
+	    return parse_string(p, &p->lex.strterm->u.literal);
 	}
-	return token;
     }
-    cmd_state = command_start;
-    command_start = FALSE;
-    parser->token_seen = TRUE;
+    cmd_state = p->command_start;
+    p->command_start = FALSE;
+    p->token_seen = TRUE;
   retry:
-    last_state = lex_state;
-    switch (c = nextc()) {
+    last_state = p->lex.state;
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    token_flush(p);
+#endif
+    switch (c = nextc(p)) {
       case '\0':		/* NUL */
       case '\004':		/* ^D */
       case '\032':		/* ^Z */
@@ -8029,11 +9132,18 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	return 0;
 
 	/* white spaces */
-      case ' ': case '\t': case '\f': case '\r':
+      case '\r':
+	if (!p->cr_seen) {
+	    p->cr_seen = TRUE;
+	    /* carried over with p->lex.nextline for nextc() */
+	    rb_warn0("encountered \\r in middle of line, treated as a mere space");
+	}
+	/* fall through */
+      case ' ': case '\t': case '\f':
       case '\13': /* '\v' */
 	space_seen = 1;
 #ifdef RIPPER
-	while ((c = nextc())) {
+	while ((c = nextc(p))) {
 	    switch (c) {
 	      case ' ': case '\t': case '\f': case '\r':
 	      case '\13': /* '\v' */
@@ -8043,78 +9153,88 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	    }
 	}
       outofloop:
-	pushback(c);
-	dispatch_scan_event(tSP);
+	pushback(p, c);
+	dispatch_scan_event(p, tSP);
 #endif
 	goto retry;
 
       case '#':		/* it's a comment */
-	parser->token_seen = token_seen;
+	p->token_seen = token_seen;
 	/* no magic_comment in shebang line */
-	if (!parser_magic_comment(parser, lex_p, lex_pend - lex_p)) {
-	    if (comment_at_top(parser)) {
-		set_file_encoding(parser, lex_p, lex_pend);
+	if (!parser_magic_comment(p, p->lex.pcur, p->lex.pend - p->lex.pcur)) {
+	    if (comment_at_top(p)) {
+		set_file_encoding(p, p->lex.pcur, p->lex.pend);
 	    }
 	}
-	lex_p = lex_pend;
-        dispatch_scan_event(tCOMMENT);
+	lex_goto_eol(p);
+        dispatch_scan_event(p, tCOMMENT);
         fallthru = TRUE;
 	/* fall through */
       case '\n':
-	parser->token_seen = token_seen;
+	p->token_seen = token_seen;
 	c = (IS_lex_state(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_CLASS|EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_DOT) &&
 	     !IS_lex_state(EXPR_LABELED));
 	if (c || IS_lex_state_all(EXPR_ARG|EXPR_LABELED)) {
             if (!fallthru) {
-                dispatch_scan_event(tIGNORED_NL);
+                dispatch_scan_event(p, tIGNORED_NL);
             }
             fallthru = FALSE;
-	    if (!c && parser->in_kwarg) {
+	    if (!c && p->ctxt.in_kwarg) {
 		goto normal_newline;
 	    }
 	    goto retry;
 	}
-	while ((c = nextc())) {
-	    switch (c) {
+	while (1) {
+	    switch (c = nextc(p)) {
 	      case ' ': case '\t': case '\f': case '\r':
 	      case '\13': /* '\v' */
 		space_seen = 1;
 		break;
+	      case '#':
+		pushback(p, c);
+		if (space_seen) dispatch_scan_event(p, tSP);
+		goto retry;
 	      case '&':
 	      case '.': {
-		dispatch_delayed_token(tIGNORED_NL);
-		if (peek('.') == (c == '&')) {
-		    pushback(c);
-		    dispatch_scan_event(tSP);
+		dispatch_delayed_token(p, tIGNORED_NL);
+		if (peek(p, '.') == (c == '&')) {
+		    pushback(p, c);
+		    dispatch_scan_event(p, tSP);
 		    goto retry;
 		}
 	      }
 	      default:
-		--ruby_sourceline;
-		lex_nextline = lex_lastline;
+		p->ruby_sourceline--;
+		p->lex.nextline = p->lex.lastline;
 	      case -1:		/* EOF no decrement*/
-		lex_goto_eol(parser);
-#ifdef RIPPER
+#ifndef RIPPER
+		if (p->lex.prevline && !p->eofp) p->lex.lastline = p->lex.prevline;
+		p->lex.pbeg = RSTRING_PTR(p->lex.lastline);
+		p->lex.pend = p->lex.pcur = p->lex.pbeg + RSTRING_LEN(p->lex.lastline);
+		pushback(p, 1); /* always pushback */
+		p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pcur;
+#else
+		lex_goto_eol(p);
 		if (c != -1) {
-		    parser->tokp = lex_p;
+		    p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pcur;
 		}
 #endif
 		goto normal_newline;
 	    }
 	}
       normal_newline:
-	command_start = TRUE;
+	p->command_start = TRUE;
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 	return '\n';
 
       case '*':
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '*') {
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
-                set_yylval_id(tPOW);
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '*') {
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
+		set_yylval_id(idPow);
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		return tOP_ASGN;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    if (IS_SPCARG(c)) {
 		rb_warning0("`**' interpreted as argument prefix");
 		c = tDSTAR;
@@ -8123,8 +9243,7 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 		c = tDSTAR;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		warn_balanced("**", "argument prefix");
-		c = tPOW;
+		c = warn_balanced((enum ruby_method_ids)tPOW, "**", "argument prefix");
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
@@ -8133,7 +9252,7 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		return tOP_ASGN;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    if (IS_SPCARG(c)) {
 		rb_warning0("`*' interpreted as argument prefix");
 		c = tSTAR;
@@ -8142,15 +9261,14 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 		c = tSTAR;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		warn_balanced("*", "argument prefix");
-		c = '*';
+		c = warn_balanced('*', "*", "argument prefix");
 	    }
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG);
 	return c;
 
       case '!':
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	if (IS_AFTER_OPERATOR()) {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
 	    if (c == '@') {
@@ -8166,46 +9284,45 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	if (c == '~') {
 	    return tNMATCH;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	return '!';
 
       case '=':
-	if (was_bol()) {
+	if (was_bol(p)) {
 	    /* skip embedded rd document */
-	    if (strncmp(lex_p, "begin", 5) == 0 && ISSPACE(lex_p[5])) {
+	    if (word_match_p(p, "begin", 5)) {
 		int first_p = TRUE;
 
-		lex_goto_eol(parser);
-		dispatch_scan_event(tEMBDOC_BEG);
+		lex_goto_eol(p);
+		dispatch_scan_event(p, tEMBDOC_BEG);
 		for (;;) {
-		    lex_goto_eol(parser);
+		    lex_goto_eol(p);
 		    if (!first_p) {
-			dispatch_scan_event(tEMBDOC);
+			dispatch_scan_event(p, tEMBDOC);
 		    }
 		    first_p = FALSE;
-		    c = nextc();
+		    c = nextc(p);
 		    if (c == -1) {
-			compile_error(PARSER_ARG "embedded document meets end of file");
+			compile_error(p, "embedded document meets end of file");
 			return 0;
 		    }
-		    if (c != '=') continue;
-		    if (c == '=' && strncmp(lex_p, "end", 3) == 0 &&
-			(lex_p + 3 == lex_pend || ISSPACE(lex_p[3]))) {
+		    if (c == '=' && word_match_p(p, "end", 3)) {
 			break;
 		    }
+		    pushback(p, c);
 		}
-		lex_goto_eol(parser);
-		dispatch_scan_event(tEMBDOC_END);
+		lex_goto_eol(p);
+		dispatch_scan_event(p, tEMBDOC_END);
 		goto retry;
 	    }
 	}
 
 	SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG);
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
 		return tEQQ;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    return tEQ;
 	}
 	if (c == '~') {
@@ -8214,67 +9331,66 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	else if (c == '>') {
 	    return tASSOC;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	return '=';
 
       case '<':
-	last_state = lex_state;
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	if (c == '<' &&
 	    !IS_lex_state(EXPR_DOT | EXPR_CLASS) &&
 	    !IS_END() &&
 	    (!IS_ARG() || IS_lex_state(EXPR_LABELED) || space_seen)) {
-	    int token = heredoc_identifier();
-	    if (token) return token;
+	    int token = heredoc_identifier(p);
+	    if (token) return token < 0 ? 0 : token;
 	}
 	if (IS_AFTER_OPERATOR()) {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_CLASS))
-		command_start = TRUE;
+		p->command_start = TRUE;
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 	}
 	if (c == '=') {
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '>') {
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '>') {
 		return tCMP;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    return tLEQ;
 	}
 	if (c == '<') {
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
-                set_yylval_id(tLSHFT);
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
+		set_yylval_id(idLTLT);
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		return tOP_ASGN;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
-	    warn_balanced("<<", "here document");
-	    return tLSHFT;
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    return warn_balanced((enum ruby_method_ids)tLSHFT, "<<", "here document");
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	return '<';
 
       case '>':
 	SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG);
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
 	    return tGEQ;
 	}
 	if (c == '>') {
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
-                set_yylval_id(tRSHFT);
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
+		set_yylval_id(idGTGT);
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		return tOP_ASGN;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    return tRSHFT;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	return '>';
 
       case '"':
 	label = (IS_LABEL_POSSIBLE() ? str_label : 0);
-	lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dquote | label, '"', 0);
+	p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dquote | label, '"', 0);
+	p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pcur-1;
 	return tSTRING_BEG;
 
       case '`':
@@ -8289,26 +9405,27 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
 	    return c;
 	}
-	lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_xquote, '`', 0);
+	p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_xquote, '`', 0);
 	return tXSTRING_BEG;
 
       case '\'':
 	label = (IS_LABEL_POSSIBLE() ? str_label : 0);
-	lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_squote | label, '\'', 0);
+	p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_squote | label, '\'', 0);
+	p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pcur-1;
 	return tSTRING_BEG;
 
       case '?':
-	return parse_qmark(parser, space_seen);
+	return parse_qmark(p, space_seen);
 
       case '&':
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '&') {
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '&') {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
-                set_yylval_id(tANDOP);
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
+                set_yylval_id(idANDOP);
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		return tOP_ASGN;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    return tANDOP;
 	}
 	else if (c == '=') {
@@ -8317,33 +9434,43 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	    return tOP_ASGN;
 	}
 	else if (c == '.') {
+	    set_yylval_id(idANDDOT);
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_DOT);
 	    return tANDDOT;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	if (IS_SPCARG(c)) {
-	    rb_warning0("`&' interpreted as argument prefix");
+	    if ((c != ':') ||
+		(c = peekc_n(p, 1)) == -1 ||
+		!(c == '\'' || c == '"' ||
+		  is_identchar((p->lex.pcur+1), p->lex.pend, p->enc))) {
+		rb_warning0("`&' interpreted as argument prefix");
+	    }
 	    c = tAMPER;
 	}
 	else if (IS_BEG()) {
 	    c = tAMPER;
 	}
 	else {
-	    warn_balanced("&", "argument prefix");
-	    c = '&';
+	    c = warn_balanced('&', "&", "argument prefix");
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG);
 	return c;
 
       case '|':
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '|') {
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '|') {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
-                set_yylval_id(tOROP);
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
+                set_yylval_id(idOROP);
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		return tOP_ASGN;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    if (IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_BEG)) {
+		c = '|';
+		pushback(p, '|');
+		return c;
+	    }
 	    return tOROP;
 	}
 	if (c == '=') {
@@ -8352,17 +9479,17 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	    return tOP_ASGN;
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	return '|';
 
       case '+':
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	if (IS_AFTER_OPERATOR()) {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
 	    if (c == '@') {
 		return tUPLUS;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    return '+';
 	}
 	if (c == '=') {
@@ -8370,27 +9497,26 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 	    return tOP_ASGN;
 	}
-	if (IS_BEG() || (IS_SPCARG(c) && arg_ambiguous('+'))) {
+	if (IS_BEG() || (IS_SPCARG(c) && arg_ambiguous(p, '+'))) {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    if (c != -1 && ISDIGIT(c)) {
-		return parse_numeric(parser, '+');
+		return parse_numeric(p, '+');
 	    }
 	    return tUPLUS;
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	pushback(c);
-	warn_balanced("+", "unary operator");
-	return '+';
+	pushback(p, c);
+	return warn_balanced('+', "+", "unary operator");
 
       case '-':
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	if (IS_AFTER_OPERATOR()) {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
 	    if (c == '@') {
 		return tUMINUS;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    return '-';
 	}
 	if (c == '=') {
@@ -8400,82 +9526,109 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	}
 	if (c == '>') {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN);
-	    token_info_push("->");
 	    return tLAMBDA;
 	}
-	if (IS_BEG() || (IS_SPCARG(c) && arg_ambiguous('-'))) {
+	if (IS_BEG() || (IS_SPCARG(c) && arg_ambiguous(p, '-'))) {
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    if (c != -1 && ISDIGIT(c)) {
 		return tUMINUS_NUM;
 	    }
 	    return tUMINUS;
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	pushback(c);
-	warn_balanced("-", "unary operator");
-	return '-';
+	pushback(p, c);
+	return warn_balanced('-', "-", "unary operator");
 
-      case '.':
+      case '.': {
+        int is_beg = IS_BEG();
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '.') {
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == '.') {
-		return tDOT3;
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '.') {
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == '.') {
+		if (p->lex.paren_nest == 0 && looking_at_eol_p(p)) {
+		    rb_warn0("... at EOL, should be parenthesized?");
+		}
+		else if (p->lex.lpar_beg >= 0 && p->lex.lpar_beg+1 == p->lex.paren_nest) {
+		    if (IS_lex_state_for(last_state, EXPR_LABEL))
+			return tDOT3;
+		}
+		return is_beg ? tBDOT3 : tDOT3;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
-	    return tDOT2;
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    return is_beg ? tBDOT2 : tDOT2;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	if (c != -1 && ISDIGIT(c)) {
-	    yyerror("no .<digit> floating literal anymore; put 0 before dot");
+	    char prev = p->lex.pcur-1 > p->lex.pbeg ? *(p->lex.pcur-2) : 0;
+	    parse_numeric(p, '.');
+	    if (ISDIGIT(prev)) {
+		yyerror0("unexpected fraction part after numeric literal");
+	    }
+	    else {
+		yyerror0("no .<digit> floating literal anymore; put 0 before dot");
+	    }
+	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	    p->lex.ptok = p->lex.pcur;
+	    goto retry;
 	}
+	set_yylval_id('.');
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_DOT);
 	return '.';
+      }
 
       case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
       case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
-	return parse_numeric(parser, c);
+	return parse_numeric(p, c);
 
       case ')':
+	COND_POP();
+	CMDARG_POP();
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN);
+	p->lex.paren_nest--;
+	return c;
+
       case ']':
-	paren_nest--;
+	COND_POP();
+	CMDARG_POP();
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	p->lex.paren_nest--;
+	return c;
+
       case '}':
-	COND_LEXPOP();
-	CMDARG_LEXPOP();
-	if (c == ')')
-	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDFN);
-	else
-	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ENDARG);
-	if (c == '}') {
-	    if (!brace_nest--) c = tSTRING_DEND;
-	}
+	/* tSTRING_DEND does COND_POP and CMDARG_POP in the yacc's rule */
+	if (!p->lex.brace_nest--) return tSTRING_DEND;
+	COND_POP();
+	CMDARG_POP();
+	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END);
+	p->lex.paren_nest--;
 	return c;
 
       case ':':
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	if (c == ':') {
 	    if (IS_BEG() || IS_lex_state(EXPR_CLASS) || IS_SPCARG(-1)) {
 		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 		return tCOLON3;
 	    }
+	    set_yylval_id(idCOLON2);
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_DOT);
 	    return tCOLON2;
 	}
 	if (IS_END() || ISSPACE(c) || c == '#') {
-	    pushback(c);
-	    warn_balanced(":", "symbol literal");
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    c = warn_balanced(':', ":", "symbol literal");
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	    return ':';
+	    return c;
 	}
 	switch (c) {
 	  case '\'':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_ssym, c, 0);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_ssym, c, 0);
 	    break;
 	  case '"':
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dsym, c, 0);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_dsym, c, 0);
 	    break;
 	  default:
-	    pushback(c);
+	    pushback(p, c);
 	    break;
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_FNAME);
@@ -8483,37 +9636,36 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 
       case '/':
 	if (IS_BEG()) {
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_regexp, '/', 0);
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_regexp, '/', 0);
 	    return tREGEXP_BEG;
 	}
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
             set_yylval_id('/');
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 	    return tOP_ASGN;
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	if (IS_SPCARG(c)) {
-	    (void)arg_ambiguous('/');
-	    lex_strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_regexp, '/', 0);
+	    arg_ambiguous(p, '/');
+	    p->lex.strterm = NEW_STRTERM(str_regexp, '/', 0);
 	    return tREGEXP_BEG;
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG);
-	warn_balanced("/", "regexp literal");
-	return '/';
+	return warn_balanced('/', "/", "regexp literal");
 
       case '^':
-	if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
+	if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
             set_yylval_id('^');
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
 	    return tOP_ASGN;
 	}
 	SET_LEX_STATE(IS_AFTER_OPERATOR() ? EXPR_ARG : EXPR_BEG);
-	pushback(c);
+	pushback(p, c);
 	return '^';
 
       case ';':
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	command_start = TRUE;
+	p->command_start = TRUE;
 	return ';';
 
       case ',':
@@ -8522,8 +9674,8 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 
       case '~':
 	if (IS_AFTER_OPERATOR()) {
-	    if ((c = nextc()) != '@') {
-		pushback(c);
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) != '@') {
+		pushback(p, c);
 	    }
 	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
 	}
@@ -8536,32 +9688,36 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	if (IS_BEG()) {
 	    c = tLPAREN;
 	}
-	else if (IS_SPCARG(-1)) {
+	else if (!space_seen) {
+	    /* foo( ... ) => method call, no ambiguity */
+	}
+	else if (IS_ARG() || IS_lex_state_all(EXPR_END|EXPR_LABEL)) {
 	    c = tLPAREN_ARG;
 	}
-	else if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_ENDFN) && space_seen && !lambda_beginning_p()) {
+	else if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_ENDFN) && !lambda_beginning_p()) {
 	    rb_warning0("parentheses after method name is interpreted as "
 			"an argument list, not a decomposed argument");
 	}
-	paren_nest++;
+	p->lex.paren_nest++;
 	COND_PUSH(0);
 	CMDARG_PUSH(0);
 	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
 	return c;
 
       case '[':
-	paren_nest++;
+	p->lex.paren_nest++;
 	if (IS_AFTER_OPERATOR()) {
-	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
-	    if ((c = nextc()) == ']') {
-		if ((c = nextc()) == '=') {
+	    if ((c = nextc(p)) == ']') {
+		p->lex.paren_nest--;
+		SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG);
+		if ((c = nextc(p)) == '=') {
 		    return tASET;
 		}
-		pushback(c);
+		pushback(p, c);
 		return tAREF;
 	    }
-	    pushback(c);
-	    lex_state |= EXPR_LABEL;
+	    pushback(p, c);
+	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_ARG|EXPR_LABEL);
 	    return '[';
 	}
 	else if (IS_BEG()) {
@@ -8576,16 +9732,10 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	return c;
 
       case '{':
-	++brace_nest;
-	if (lambda_beginning_p()) {
-	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	    lpar_beg = 0;
-	    --paren_nest;
-	    COND_PUSH(0);
-	    CMDARG_PUSH(0);
-	    return tLAMBEG;
-	}
-	if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_LABELED))
+	++p->lex.brace_nest;
+	if (lambda_beginning_p())
+	    c = tLAMBEG;
+	else if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_LABELED))
 	    c = tLBRACE;      /* hash */
 	else if (IS_lex_state(EXPR_ARG_ANY | EXPR_END | EXPR_ENDFN))
 	    c = '{';          /* block (primary) */
@@ -8593,85 +9743,113 @@ parser_yylex(struct parser_params *parser)
 	    c = tLBRACE_ARG;  /* block (expr) */
 	else
 	    c = tLBRACE;      /* hash */
+	if (c != tLBRACE) {
+	    p->command_start = TRUE;
+	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
+	}
+	else {
+	    SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG|EXPR_LABEL);
+	}
+	++p->lex.paren_nest;  /* after lambda_beginning_p() */
 	COND_PUSH(0);
 	CMDARG_PUSH(0);
-	SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG);
-	if (c != tLBRACE_ARG) lex_state |= EXPR_LABEL;
-	if (c != tLBRACE) command_start = TRUE;
 	return c;
 
       case '\\':
-	c = nextc();
+	c = nextc(p);
 	if (c == '\n') {
 	    space_seen = 1;
-	    dispatch_scan_event(tSP);
+	    dispatch_scan_event(p, tSP);
 	    goto retry; /* skip \\n */
 	}
-	pushback(c);
+	if (c == ' ') return tSP;
+	if (ISSPACE(c)) return c;
+	pushback(p, c);
 	return '\\';
 
       case '%':
-	return parse_percent(parser, space_seen, last_state);
+	return parse_percent(p, space_seen, last_state);
 
       case '$':
-	return parse_gvar(parser, last_state);
+	return parse_gvar(p, last_state);
 
       case '@':
-	return parse_atmark(parser, last_state);
+	return parse_atmark(p, last_state);
 
       case '_':
-	if (was_bol() && whole_match_p("__END__", 7, 0)) {
-	    ruby__end__seen = 1;
-	    parser->eofp = 1;
+	if (was_bol(p) && whole_match_p(p, "__END__", 7, 0)) {
+	    p->ruby__end__seen = 1;
+	    p->eofp = 1;
 #ifndef RIPPER
 	    return -1;
 #else
-            lex_goto_eol(parser);
-            dispatch_scan_event(k__END__);
+            lex_goto_eol(p);
+            dispatch_scan_event(p, k__END__);
             return 0;
 #endif
 	}
-	newtok();
+	newtok(p);
 	break;
 
       default:
-	if (!parser_is_identchar()) {
-	    compile_error(PARSER_ARG  "Invalid char `\\x%02X' in expression", c);
+	if (!parser_is_identchar(p)) {
+	    compile_error(p, "Invalid char `\\x%02X' in expression", c);
+            token_flush(p);
 	    goto retry;
 	}
 
-	newtok();
+	newtok(p);
 	break;
     }
 
-    return parse_ident(parser, c, cmd_state);
+    return parse_ident(p, c, cmd_state);
 }
 
-static int
-yylex(YYSTYPE *lval, struct parser_params *parser)
+static enum yytokentype
+yylex(YYSTYPE *lval, YYLTYPE *yylloc, struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    int t;
+    enum yytokentype t;
 
-    parser->lval = lval;
+    p->lval = lval;
     lval->val = Qundef;
-    t = parser_yylex(parser);
-    if (has_delayed_token())
-	dispatch_delayed_token(t);
+    t = parser_yylex(p);
+
+    if (p->lex.strterm && (p->lex.strterm->flags & STRTERM_HEREDOC))
+	RUBY_SET_YYLLOC_FROM_STRTERM_HEREDOC(*yylloc);
+    else
+	RUBY_SET_YYLLOC(*yylloc);
+
+    if (has_delayed_token(p))
+	dispatch_delayed_token(p, t);
     else if (t != 0)
-	dispatch_scan_event(t);
+	dispatch_scan_event(p, t);
 
     return t;
 }
 
-#ifndef RIPPER
+#define LVAR_USED ((ID)1 << (sizeof(ID) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
+
 static NODE*
-node_newnode(struct parser_params *parser, enum node_type type, VALUE a0, VALUE a1, VALUE a2)
+node_newnode(struct parser_params *p, enum node_type type, VALUE a0, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, const rb_code_location_t *loc)
 {
-    NODE *n = (rb_node_newnode)(type, a0, a1, a2);
-    nd_set_line(n, ruby_sourceline);
+    NODE *n = rb_ast_newnode(p->ast, type);
+
+    rb_node_init(n, type, a0, a1, a2);
+
+    nd_set_loc(n, loc);
+    nd_set_node_id(n, parser_get_node_id(p));
     return n;
 }
 
+static NODE *
+nd_set_loc(NODE *nd, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    nd->nd_loc = *loc;
+    nd_set_line(nd, loc->beg_pos.lineno);
+    return nd;
+}
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
 static enum node_type
 nodetype(NODE *node)			/* for debug */
 {
@@ -8699,26 +9877,23 @@ fixpos(NODE *node, NODE *orig)
 {
     if (!node) return;
     if (!orig) return;
-    if (orig == (NODE*)1) return;
     nd_set_line(node, nd_line(orig));
 }
 
 static void
-parser_warning(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, const char *mesg)
+parser_warning(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const char *mesg)
 {
-    rb_compile_warning(ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(node), "%s", mesg);
+    rb_compile_warning(p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(node), "%s", mesg);
 }
-#define parser_warning(node, mesg) parser_warning(parser, (node), (mesg))
 
 static void
-parser_warn(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, const char *mesg)
+parser_warn(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const char *mesg)
 {
-    rb_compile_warn(ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(node), "%s", mesg);
+    rb_compile_warn(p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(node), "%s", mesg);
 }
-#define parser_warn(node, mesg) parser_warn(parser, (node), (mesg))
 
 static NODE*
-block_append_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
+block_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
 {
     NODE *end, *h = head, *nd;
 
@@ -8732,12 +9907,11 @@ block_append_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
       case NODE_TRUE:
       case NODE_FALSE:
       case NODE_NIL:
-	parser_warning(h, "unused literal ignored");
+	parser_warning(p, h, "unused literal ignored");
 	return tail;
       default:
-	h = end = NEW_BLOCK(head);
+	h = end = NEW_BLOCK(head, &head->nd_loc);
 	end->nd_end = end;
-	fixpos(end, head);
 	head = end;
 	break;
       case NODE_BLOCK:
@@ -8753,7 +9927,7 @@ block_append_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
       case NODE_REDO:
       case NODE_RETRY:
 	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
-	    parser_warning(tail, "statement not reached");
+	    parser_warning(p, tail, "statement not reached");
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -8762,21 +9936,22 @@ block_append_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
     }
 
     if (nd_type(tail) != NODE_BLOCK) {
-	tail = NEW_BLOCK(tail);
+	tail = NEW_BLOCK(tail, &tail->nd_loc);
 	tail->nd_end = tail;
     }
     end->nd_next = tail;
     h->nd_end = tail->nd_end;
+    nd_set_last_loc(head, nd_last_loc(tail));
     return head;
 }
 
 /* append item to the list */
 static NODE*
-list_append_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *list, NODE *item)
+list_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *list, NODE *item)
 {
     NODE *last;
 
-    if (list == 0) return NEW_LIST(item);
+    if (list == 0) return NEW_LIST(item, &item->nd_loc);
     if (list->nd_next) {
 	last = list->nd_next->nd_end;
     }
@@ -8785,8 +9960,11 @@ list_append_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *list, NODE *item)
     }
 
     list->nd_alen += 1;
-    last->nd_next = NEW_LIST(item);
+    last->nd_next = NEW_LIST(item, &item->nd_loc);
     list->nd_next->nd_end = last->nd_next;
+
+    nd_set_last_loc(list, nd_last_loc(item));
+
     return list;
 }
 
@@ -8812,15 +9990,17 @@ list_concat(NODE *head, NODE *tail)
 	head->nd_next->nd_end = tail;
     }
 
+    nd_set_last_loc(head, nd_last_loc(tail));
+
     return head;
 }
 
 static int
-literal_concat0(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE head, VALUE tail)
+literal_concat0(struct parser_params *p, VALUE head, VALUE tail)
 {
     if (NIL_P(tail)) return 1;
     if (!rb_enc_compatible(head, tail)) {
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "string literal encodings differ (%s / %s)",
+	compile_error(p, "string literal encodings differ (%s / %s)",
 		      rb_enc_name(rb_enc_get(head)),
 		      rb_enc_name(rb_enc_get(tail)));
 	rb_str_resize(head, 0);
@@ -8831,12 +10011,24 @@ literal_concat0(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE head, VALUE tail)
     return 1;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+string_literal_head(enum node_type htype, NODE *head)
+{
+    if (htype != NODE_DSTR) return Qfalse;
+    if (head->nd_next) {
+	head = head->nd_next->nd_end->nd_head;
+	if (!head || nd_type(head) != NODE_STR) return Qfalse;
+    }
+    const VALUE lit = head->nd_lit;
+    ASSUME(lit != Qfalse);
+    return lit;
+}
+
 /* concat two string literals */
 static NODE *
-literal_concat_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
+literal_concat(struct parser_params *p, NODE *head, NODE *tail, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     enum node_type htype;
-    NODE *headlast;
     VALUE lit;
 
     if (!head) return tail;
@@ -8844,71 +10036,69 @@ literal_concat_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
 
     htype = nd_type(head);
     if (htype == NODE_EVSTR) {
-	NODE *node = NEW_DSTR(STR_NEW0());
-	head = list_append(node, head);
+	head = new_dstr(p, head, loc);
 	htype = NODE_DSTR;
     }
-    if (heredoc_indent > 0) {
+    if (p->heredoc_indent > 0) {
 	switch (htype) {
 	  case NODE_STR:
 	    nd_set_type(head, NODE_DSTR);
 	  case NODE_DSTR:
-	    return list_append(head, tail);
+	    return list_append(p, head, tail);
 	  default:
 	    break;
 	}
     }
     switch (nd_type(tail)) {
       case NODE_STR:
-	if (htype == NODE_DSTR && (headlast = head->nd_next->nd_end->nd_head) &&
-	    nd_type(headlast) == NODE_STR) {
+	if ((lit = string_literal_head(htype, head)) != Qfalse) {
 	    htype = NODE_STR;
-	    lit = headlast->nd_lit;
 	}
 	else {
 	    lit = head->nd_lit;
 	}
 	if (htype == NODE_STR) {
-	    if (!literal_concat0(parser, lit, tail->nd_lit)) {
+	    if (!literal_concat0(p, lit, tail->nd_lit)) {
 	      error:
-		rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)head);
-		rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)tail);
+		rb_discard_node(p, head);
+		rb_discard_node(p, tail);
 		return 0;
 	    }
-	    rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)tail);
+	    rb_discard_node(p, tail);
 	}
 	else {
-	    list_append(head, tail);
+	    list_append(p, head, tail);
 	}
 	break;
 
       case NODE_DSTR:
 	if (htype == NODE_STR) {
-	    if (!literal_concat0(parser, head->nd_lit, tail->nd_lit))
+	    if (!literal_concat0(p, head->nd_lit, tail->nd_lit))
 		goto error;
 	    tail->nd_lit = head->nd_lit;
-	    rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)head);
+	    rb_discard_node(p, head);
 	    head = tail;
 	}
 	else if (NIL_P(tail->nd_lit)) {
 	  append:
 	    head->nd_alen += tail->nd_alen - 1;
-	    head->nd_next->nd_end->nd_next = tail->nd_next;
-	    head->nd_next->nd_end = tail->nd_next->nd_end;
-	    rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)tail);
-	}
-	else if (htype == NODE_DSTR && (headlast = head->nd_next->nd_end->nd_head) &&
-		 nd_type(headlast) == NODE_STR) {
-	    lit = headlast->nd_lit;
-	    if (!literal_concat0(parser, lit, tail->nd_lit))
+	    if (!head->nd_next) {
+		head->nd_next = tail->nd_next;
+	    }
+	    else if (tail->nd_next) {
+		head->nd_next->nd_end->nd_next = tail->nd_next;
+		head->nd_next->nd_end = tail->nd_next->nd_end;
+	    }
+	    rb_discard_node(p, tail);
+	}
+	else if ((lit = string_literal_head(htype, head)) != Qfalse) {
+	    if (!literal_concat0(p, lit, tail->nd_lit))
 		goto error;
 	    tail->nd_lit = Qnil;
 	    goto append;
 	}
 	else {
-	    nd_set_type(tail, NODE_ARRAY);
-	    tail->nd_head = NEW_STR(tail->nd_lit);
-	    list_concat(head, tail);
+	    list_concat(head, NEW_NODE(NODE_LIST, NEW_STR(tail->nd_lit, loc), tail->nd_alen, tail->nd_next, loc));
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -8917,89 +10107,139 @@ literal_concat_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
 	    nd_set_type(head, NODE_DSTR);
 	    head->nd_alen = 1;
 	}
-	list_append(head, tail);
+	list_append(p, head, tail);
 	break;
     }
     return head;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-evstr2dstr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+evstr2dstr(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
     if (nd_type(node) == NODE_EVSTR) {
-	node = list_append(NEW_DSTR(STR_NEW0()), node);
+	node = new_dstr(p, node, &node->nd_loc);
     }
     return node;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_evstr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+new_evstr(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *head = node;
 
     if (node) {
 	switch (nd_type(node)) {
-	  case NODE_STR: case NODE_DSTR: case NODE_EVSTR:
+	  case NODE_STR:
+	    nd_set_type(node, NODE_DSTR);
+	  case NODE_DSTR: case NODE_EVSTR:
 	    return node;
 	}
     }
-    return NEW_EVSTR(head);
+    return NEW_EVSTR(head, loc);
+}
+
+static NODE *
+new_dstr(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    VALUE lit = STR_NEW0();
+    NODE *dstr = NEW_DSTR(lit, loc);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, lit);
+    return list_append(p, dstr, node);
 }
 
 static NODE *
-call_bin_op_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *recv, ID id, NODE *arg1)
+call_bin_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *recv, ID id, NODE *arg1,
+		const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
+    NODE *expr;
     value_expr(recv);
     value_expr(arg1);
-    return NEW_CALL(recv, id, NEW_LIST(arg1));
+    expr = NEW_OPCALL(recv, id, NEW_LIST(arg1, &arg1->nd_loc), loc);
+    nd_set_line(expr, op_loc->beg_pos.lineno);
+    return expr;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-call_uni_op_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *recv, ID id)
+call_uni_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *recv, ID id, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
+    NODE *opcall;
     value_expr(recv);
-    return NEW_CALL(recv, id, 0);
+    opcall = NEW_OPCALL(recv, id, 0, loc);
+    nd_set_line(opcall, op_loc->beg_pos.lineno);
+    return opcall;
+}
+
+static NODE *
+new_qcall(struct parser_params* p, ID atype, NODE *recv, ID mid, NODE *args, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *qcall = NEW_QCALL(atype, recv, mid, args, loc);
+    nd_set_line(qcall, op_loc->beg_pos.lineno);
+    return qcall;
+}
+
+static NODE*
+new_command_qcall(struct parser_params* p, ID atype, NODE *recv, ID mid, NODE *args, NODE *block, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *ret;
+    if (block) block_dup_check(p, args, block);
+    ret = new_qcall(p, atype, recv, mid, args, op_loc, loc);
+    if (block) ret = method_add_block(p, ret, block, loc);
+    fixpos(ret, recv);
+    return ret;
 }
 
+#define nd_once_body(node) (nd_type(node) == NODE_ONCE ? (node)->nd_body : node)
 static NODE*
-match_op_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node1, NODE *node2)
+match_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node1, NODE *node2, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
+    NODE *n;
+    int line = op_loc->beg_pos.lineno;
+
     value_expr(node1);
     value_expr(node2);
-    if (node1) {
-	switch (nd_type(node1)) {
+    if (node1 && (n = nd_once_body(node1)) != 0) {
+	switch (nd_type(n)) {
 	  case NODE_DREGX:
-	  case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
-	    return NEW_MATCH2(node1, node2);
+	    {
+		NODE *match = NEW_MATCH2(node1, node2, loc);
+		nd_set_line(match, line);
+		return match;
+	    }
 
 	  case NODE_LIT:
-	    if (RB_TYPE_P(node1->nd_lit, T_REGEXP)) {
-		return NEW_MATCH2(node1, node2);
+	    if (RB_TYPE_P(n->nd_lit, T_REGEXP)) {
+		const VALUE lit = n->nd_lit;
+		NODE *match = NEW_MATCH2(node1, node2, loc);
+		match->nd_args = reg_named_capture_assign(p, lit, loc);
+		nd_set_line(match, line);
+		return match;
 	    }
 	}
     }
 
-    if (node2) {
-	switch (nd_type(node2)) {
-	  case NODE_DREGX:
-	  case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
-	    return NEW_MATCH3(node2, node1);
+    if (node2 && (n = nd_once_body(node2)) != 0) {
+        NODE *match3;
 
+	switch (nd_type(n)) {
 	  case NODE_LIT:
-	    if (RB_TYPE_P(node2->nd_lit, T_REGEXP)) {
-		return NEW_MATCH3(node2, node1);
-	    }
+	    if (!RB_TYPE_P(n->nd_lit, T_REGEXP)) break;
+	    /* fallthru */
+	  case NODE_DREGX:
+	    match3 = NEW_MATCH3(node2, node1, loc);
+	    return match3;
 	}
     }
 
-    return NEW_CALL(node1, tMATCH, NEW_LIST(node2));
+    n = NEW_CALL(node1, tMATCH, NEW_LIST(node2, &node2->nd_loc), loc);
+    nd_set_line(n, line);
+    return n;
 }
 
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
 static int
-past_dvar_p(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+past_dvar_p(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
 {
-    struct vtable *past = lvtbl->past;
+    struct vtable *past = p->lvtbl->past;
     while (past) {
 	if (vtable_included(past, id)) return 1;
 	past = past->prev;
@@ -9008,66 +10248,130 @@ past_dvar_p(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
 }
 # endif
 
+static int
+numparam_nested_p(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    struct local_vars *local = p->lvtbl;
+    NODE *outer = local->numparam.outer;
+    NODE *inner = local->numparam.inner;
+    if (outer || inner) {
+	NODE *used = outer ? outer : inner;
+	compile_error(p, "numbered parameter is already used in\n"
+		      "%s:%d: %s block here",
+		      p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line(used),
+		      outer ? "outer" : "inner");
+	parser_show_error_line(p, &used->nd_loc);
+	return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static NODE*
-gettable_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+gettable(struct parser_params *p, ID id, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
+    ID *vidp = NULL;
+    NODE *node;
     switch (id) {
       case keyword_self:
-	return NEW_SELF();
+	return NEW_SELF(loc);
       case keyword_nil:
-	return NEW_NIL();
+	return NEW_NIL(loc);
       case keyword_true:
-	return NEW_TRUE();
+	return NEW_TRUE(loc);
       case keyword_false:
-	return NEW_FALSE();
+	return NEW_FALSE(loc);
       case keyword__FILE__:
-	return NEW_STR(rb_str_dup(ruby_sourcefile_string));
+	{
+	    VALUE file = p->ruby_sourcefile_string;
+	    if (NIL_P(file))
+		file = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+	    else
+		file = rb_str_dup(file);
+	    node = NEW_STR(file, loc);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, file);
+	}
+	return node;
       case keyword__LINE__:
-	return NEW_LIT(INT2FIX(tokline));
+	return NEW_LIT(INT2FIX(p->tokline), loc);
       case keyword__ENCODING__:
-	return NEW_LIT(rb_enc_from_encoding(current_enc));
+        node = NEW_LIT(rb_enc_from_encoding(p->enc), loc);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, node->nd_lit);
+        return node;
+
     }
     switch (id_type(id)) {
       case ID_LOCAL:
-	if (dyna_in_block() && dvar_defined(id)) {
-	    if (id == current_arg) {
-		rb_warn1("circular argument reference - %"PRIsWARN, rb_id2str(id));
+	if (dyna_in_block(p) && dvar_defined_ref(p, id, &vidp)) {
+	    if (NUMPARAM_ID_P(id) && numparam_nested_p(p)) return 0;
+	    if (id == p->cur_arg) {
+                compile_error(p, "circular argument reference - %"PRIsWARN, rb_id2str(id));
+                return 0;
 	    }
-	    return NEW_DVAR(id);
+	    if (vidp) *vidp |= LVAR_USED;
+	    node = NEW_DVAR(id, loc);
+	    return node;
 	}
-	if (local_id(id)) {
-	    if (id == current_arg) {
-		rb_warn1("circular argument reference - %"PRIsWARN, rb_id2str(id));
+	if (local_id_ref(p, id, &vidp)) {
+	    if (id == p->cur_arg) {
+                compile_error(p, "circular argument reference - %"PRIsWARN, rb_id2str(id));
+                return 0;
 	    }
-	    return NEW_LVAR(id);
+	    if (vidp) *vidp |= LVAR_USED;
+	    node = NEW_LVAR(id, loc);
+	    return node;
+	}
+	if (dyna_in_block(p) && NUMPARAM_ID_P(id) &&
+	    parser_numbered_param(p, NUMPARAM_ID_TO_IDX(id))) {
+	    if (numparam_nested_p(p)) return 0;
+	    node = NEW_DVAR(id, loc);
+	    struct local_vars *local = p->lvtbl;
+	    if (!local->numparam.current) local->numparam.current = node;
+	    return node;
 	}
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
-	if (!in_defined && RTEST(ruby_verbose) && past_dvar_p(parser, id)) {
+	if (!p->ctxt.in_defined && RTEST(ruby_verbose) && past_dvar_p(p, id)) {
 	    rb_warning1("possible reference to past scope - %"PRIsWARN, rb_id2str(id));
 	}
 # endif
 	/* method call without arguments */
-	return NEW_VCALL(id);
+	return NEW_VCALL(id, loc);
       case ID_GLOBAL:
-	return NEW_GVAR(id);
+	return NEW_GVAR(id, loc);
       case ID_INSTANCE:
-	return NEW_IVAR(id);
+	return NEW_IVAR(id, loc);
       case ID_CONST:
-	return NEW_CONST(id);
+	return NEW_CONST(id, loc);
       case ID_CLASS:
-	return NEW_CVAR(id);
+	return NEW_CVAR(id, loc);
     }
-    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "identifier %"PRIsVALUE" is not valid to get", rb_id2str(id));
+    compile_error(p, "identifier %"PRIsVALUE" is not valid to get", rb_id2str(id));
     return 0;
 }
 
 static NODE *
+opt_arg_append(NODE *opt_list, NODE *opt)
+{
+    NODE *opts = opt_list;
+    opts->nd_loc.end_pos = opt->nd_loc.end_pos;
+
+    while (opts->nd_next) {
+	opts = opts->nd_next;
+	opts->nd_loc.end_pos = opt->nd_loc.end_pos;
+    }
+    opts->nd_next = opt;
+
+    return opt_list;
+}
+
+static NODE *
 kwd_append(NODE *kwlist, NODE *kw)
 {
     if (kwlist) {
 	NODE *kws = kwlist;
+	kws->nd_loc.end_pos = kw->nd_loc.end_pos;
 	while (kws->nd_next) {
 	    kws = kws->nd_next;
+	    kws->nd_loc.end_pos = kw->nd_loc.end_pos;
 	}
 	kws->nd_next = kw;
     }
@@ -9075,45 +10379,73 @@ kwd_append(NODE *kwlist, NODE *kw)
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_regexp_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, int options)
+new_defined(struct parser_params *p, NODE *expr, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    return NEW_DEFINED(remove_begin_all(expr), loc);
+}
+
+static NODE*
+symbol_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *symbols, NODE *symbol)
+{
+    enum node_type type = nd_type(symbol);
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+	nd_set_type(symbol, NODE_DSYM);
+	break;
+      case NODE_STR:
+	nd_set_type(symbol, NODE_LIT);
+	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, symbol->nd_lit = rb_str_intern(symbol->nd_lit));
+	break;
+      default:
+	compile_error(p, "unexpected node as symbol: %s", ruby_node_name(type));
+    }
+    return list_append(p, symbols, symbol);
+}
+
+static NODE *
+new_regexp(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, int options, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *list, *prev;
+    VALUE lit;
 
     if (!node) {
-	return NEW_LIT(reg_compile(STR_NEW0(), options));
+	node = NEW_LIT(reg_compile(p, STR_NEW0(), options), loc);
+	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, node->nd_lit);
+        return node;
     }
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_STR:
 	{
 	    VALUE src = node->nd_lit;
 	    nd_set_type(node, NODE_LIT);
-	    node->nd_lit = reg_compile(src, options);
+	    nd_set_loc(node, loc);
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, node->nd_lit = reg_compile(p, src, options));
 	}
 	break;
       default:
-	node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSTR, STR_NEW0(), 1, NEW_LIST(node));
+	lit = STR_NEW0();
+	node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSTR, lit, 1, NEW_LIST(node, loc), loc);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, lit);
+	/* fall through */
       case NODE_DSTR:
-	if (options & RE_OPTION_ONCE) {
-	    nd_set_type(node, NODE_DREGX_ONCE);
-	}
-	else {
-	    nd_set_type(node, NODE_DREGX);
-	}
+	nd_set_type(node, NODE_DREGX);
+	nd_set_loc(node, loc);
 	node->nd_cflag = options & RE_OPTION_MASK;
-	if (!NIL_P(node->nd_lit)) reg_fragment_check(node->nd_lit, options);
+	if (!NIL_P(node->nd_lit)) reg_fragment_check(p, node->nd_lit, options);
 	for (list = (prev = node)->nd_next; list; list = list->nd_next) {
-	    if (nd_type(list->nd_head) == NODE_STR) {
-		VALUE tail = list->nd_head->nd_lit;
-		if (reg_fragment_check(tail, options) && prev && !NIL_P(prev->nd_lit)) {
+	    NODE *frag = list->nd_head;
+	    enum node_type type = nd_type(frag);
+	    if (type == NODE_STR || (type == NODE_DSTR && !frag->nd_next)) {
+		VALUE tail = frag->nd_lit;
+		if (reg_fragment_check(p, tail, options) && prev && !NIL_P(prev->nd_lit)) {
 		    VALUE lit = prev == node ? prev->nd_lit : prev->nd_head->nd_lit;
-		    if (!literal_concat0(parser, lit, tail)) {
-			node = 0;
-			break;
+		    if (!literal_concat0(p, lit, tail)) {
+			return NEW_NIL(loc); /* dummy node on error */
 		    }
 		    rb_str_resize(tail, 0);
 		    prev->nd_next = list->nd_next;
-		    rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)list->nd_head);
-		    rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)list);
+		    rb_discard_node(p, list->nd_head);
+		    rb_discard_node(p, list);
 		    list = prev;
 		}
 		else {
@@ -9127,7 +10459,10 @@ new_regexp_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, int options)
 	if (!node->nd_next) {
 	    VALUE src = node->nd_lit;
 	    nd_set_type(node, NODE_LIT);
-	    node->nd_lit = reg_compile(src, options);
+	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, node->nd_lit = reg_compile(p, src, options));
+	}
+	if (options & RE_OPTION_ONCE) {
+	    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_ONCE, 0, node, 0, loc);
 	}
 	break;
     }
@@ -9135,45 +10470,87 @@ new_regexp_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, int options)
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_xstring_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+new_kw_arg(struct parser_params *p, NODE *k, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (!k) return 0;
+    return NEW_KW_ARG(0, (k), loc);
+}
+
+static NODE *
+new_xstring(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     if (!node) {
-	return NEW_XSTR(STR_NEW0());
+	VALUE lit = STR_NEW0();
+	NODE *xstr = NEW_XSTR(lit, loc);
+	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, lit);
+	return xstr;
     }
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_STR:
 	nd_set_type(node, NODE_XSTR);
+	nd_set_loc(node, loc);
 	break;
       case NODE_DSTR:
 	nd_set_type(node, NODE_DXSTR);
+	nd_set_loc(node, loc);
 	break;
       default:
-	node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DXSTR, Qnil, 1, NEW_LIST(node));
+	node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DXSTR, Qnil, 1, NEW_LIST(node, loc), loc);
 	break;
     }
     return node;
 }
+
+static void
+check_literal_when(struct parser_params *p, NODE *arg, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    VALUE lit;
+
+    if (!arg || !p->case_labels) return;
+
+    lit = rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(arg);
+    if (lit == Qundef) return;
+    if (nd_type(arg) == NODE_STR) {
+	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, arg->nd_lit = lit);
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(p->case_labels)) {
+	p->case_labels = rb_obj_hide(rb_hash_new());
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE line = rb_hash_lookup(p->case_labels, lit);
+	if (!NIL_P(line)) {
+	    rb_warning1("duplicated `when' clause with line %d is ignored",
+			WARN_IVAL(line));
+	    return;
+	}
+    }
+    rb_hash_aset(p->case_labels, lit, INT2NUM(p->ruby_sourceline));
+}
+
 #else  /* !RIPPER */
 static int
-id_is_var_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+id_is_var(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
 {
     if (is_notop_id(id)) {
 	switch (id & ID_SCOPE_MASK) {
 	  case ID_GLOBAL: case ID_INSTANCE: case ID_CONST: case ID_CLASS:
 	    return 1;
 	  case ID_LOCAL:
-	    if (dyna_in_block() && dvar_defined(id)) return 1;
-	    if (local_id(id)) return 1;
+	    if (dyna_in_block(p)) {
+		if (NUMPARAM_ID_P(id) || dvar_defined(p, id)) return 1;
+	    }
+	    if (local_id(p, id)) return 1;
 	    /* method call without arguments */
 	    return 0;
 	}
     }
-    compile_error(PARSER_ARG "identifier %s is not valid to get", rb_id2str(id));
+    compile_error(p, "identifier %"PRIsVALUE" is not valid to get", rb_id2str(id));
     return 0;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-new_regexp_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE re, VALUE opt)
+new_regexp(struct parser_params *p, VALUE re, VALUE opt, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     VALUE src = 0, err;
     int options = 0;
@@ -9185,23 +10562,19 @@ new_regexp_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE re, VALUE opt)
 	options = (int)RNODE(opt)->nd_tag;
 	opt = RNODE(opt)->nd_rval;
     }
-    if (src && NIL_P(parser_reg_compile(parser, src, options, &err))) {
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "%"PRIsVALUE, err);
+    if (src && NIL_P(parser_reg_compile(p, src, options, &err))) {
+	compile_error(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, err);
     }
     return dispatch2(regexp_literal, re, opt);
 }
-
-static VALUE
-new_xstring_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE str)
-{
-    return dispatch1(xstring_literal, str);
-}
 #endif /* !RIPPER */
 
-static const char lex_state_names[][13] = {
-    "EXPR_BEG",    "EXPR_END",    "EXPR_ENDARG", "EXPR_ENDFN",  "EXPR_ARG",
-    "EXPR_CMDARG", "EXPR_MID",    "EXPR_FNAME",  "EXPR_DOT",    "EXPR_CLASS",
-    "EXPR_LABEL",  "EXPR_LABELED","EXPR_FITEM",
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static const char rb_parser_lex_state_names[][8] = {
+    "BEG",    "END",    "ENDARG", "ENDFN",  "ARG",
+    "CMDARG", "MID",    "FNAME",  "DOT",    "CLASS",
+    "LABEL",  "LABELED","FITEM",
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -9209,7 +10582,7 @@ append_lex_state_name(enum lex_state_e state, VALUE buf)
 {
     int i, sep = 0;
     unsigned int mask = 1;
-    static const char none[] = "EXPR_NONE";
+    static const char none[] = "NONE";
 
     for (i = 0; i < EXPR_MAX_STATE; ++i, mask <<= 1) {
 	if ((unsigned)state & mask) {
@@ -9217,7 +10590,7 @@ append_lex_state_name(enum lex_state_e state, VALUE buf)
 		rb_str_cat(buf, "|", 1);
 	    }
 	    sep = 1;
-	    rb_str_cat_cstr(buf, lex_state_names[i]);
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(buf, rb_parser_lex_state_names[i]);
 	}
     }
     if (!sep) {
@@ -9226,8 +10599,23 @@ append_lex_state_name(enum lex_state_e state, VALUE buf)
     return buf;
 }
 
-static enum lex_state_e
-trace_lex_state(enum lex_state_e from, enum lex_state_e to, int line)
+static void
+flush_debug_buffer(struct parser_params *p, VALUE out, VALUE str)
+{
+    VALUE mesg = p->debug_buffer;
+
+    if (!NIL_P(mesg) && RSTRING_LEN(mesg)) {
+	p->debug_buffer = Qnil;
+	rb_io_puts(1, &mesg, out);
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(str) && RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
+	rb_io_write(p->debug_output, str);
+    }
+}
+
+enum lex_state_e
+rb_parser_trace_lex_state(struct parser_params *p, enum lex_state_e from,
+			  enum lex_state_e to, int line)
 {
     VALUE mesg;
     mesg = rb_str_new_cstr("lex_state: ");
@@ -9235,14 +10623,19 @@ trace_lex_state(enum lex_state_e from, enum lex_state_e to, int line)
     rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, " -> ");
     append_lex_state_name(to, mesg);
     rb_str_catf(mesg, " at line %d\n", line);
-    rb_io_write(rb_stdout, mesg);
+    flush_debug_buffer(p, p->debug_output, mesg);
     return to;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_parser_lex_state_name(enum lex_state_e state)
+{
+    return rb_fstring(append_lex_state_name(state, rb_str_new(0, 0)));
+}
+
 static void
-show_bitstack(stack_type stack, const char *name, int line)
+append_bitstack_value(stack_type stack, VALUE mesg)
 {
-    VALUE mesg = rb_sprintf("%s: ", name);
     if (stack == 0) {
 	rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, "0");
     }
@@ -9251,93 +10644,211 @@ show_bitstack(stack_type stack, const char *name, int line)
 	for (; mask && !(stack & mask); mask >>= 1) continue;
 	for (; mask; mask >>= 1) rb_str_cat(mesg, stack & mask ? "1" : "0", 1);
     }
+}
+
+void
+rb_parser_show_bitstack(struct parser_params *p, stack_type stack,
+			const char *name, int line)
+{
+    VALUE mesg = rb_sprintf("%s: ", name);
+    append_bitstack_value(stack, mesg);
     rb_str_catf(mesg, " at line %d\n", line);
-    rb_io_write(rb_stdout, mesg);
+    flush_debug_buffer(p, p->debug_output, mesg);
 }
 
-#ifdef RIPPER
-static VALUE
-assignable_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE lhs)
+void
+rb_parser_fatal(struct parser_params *p, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list ap;
+    VALUE mesg = rb_str_new_cstr("internal parser error: ");
+
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    rb_str_vcatf(mesg, fmt, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    parser_yyerror(p, NULL, RSTRING_PTR(mesg));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(mesg);
+
+    mesg = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    append_lex_state_name(p->lex.state, mesg);
+    compile_error(p, "lex.state: %"PRIsVALUE, mesg);
+    rb_str_resize(mesg, 0);
+    append_bitstack_value(p->cond_stack, mesg);
+    compile_error(p, "cond_stack: %"PRIsVALUE, mesg);
+    rb_str_resize(mesg, 0);
+    append_bitstack_value(p->cmdarg_stack, mesg);
+    compile_error(p, "cmdarg_stack: %"PRIsVALUE, mesg);
+    if (p->debug_output == rb_ractor_stdout())
+	p->debug_output = rb_ractor_stderr();
+    p->debug = TRUE;
+}
+
+YYLTYPE *
+rb_parser_set_location_from_strterm_heredoc(struct parser_params *p, rb_strterm_heredoc_t *here, YYLTYPE *yylloc)
+{
+    int sourceline = here->sourceline;
+    int beg_pos = (int)here->offset - here->quote
+	- (rb_strlen_lit("<<-") - !(here->func & STR_FUNC_INDENT));
+    int end_pos = (int)here->offset + here->length + here->quote;
+
+    yylloc->beg_pos.lineno = sourceline;
+    yylloc->beg_pos.column = beg_pos;
+    yylloc->end_pos.lineno = sourceline;
+    yylloc->end_pos.column = end_pos;
+    return yylloc;
+}
+
+YYLTYPE *
+rb_parser_set_location_of_none(struct parser_params *p, YYLTYPE *yylloc)
+{
+    yylloc->beg_pos.lineno = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    yylloc->beg_pos.column = (int)(p->lex.ptok - p->lex.pbeg);
+    yylloc->end_pos.lineno = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    yylloc->end_pos.column = (int)(p->lex.ptok - p->lex.pbeg);
+    return yylloc;
+}
+
+YYLTYPE *
+rb_parser_set_location(struct parser_params *p, YYLTYPE *yylloc)
+{
+    yylloc->beg_pos.lineno = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    yylloc->beg_pos.column = (int)(p->lex.ptok - p->lex.pbeg);
+    yylloc->end_pos.lineno = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    yylloc->end_pos.column = (int)(p->lex.pcur - p->lex.pbeg);
+    return yylloc;
+}
+#endif /* !RIPPER */
+
+static void
+parser_token_value_print(struct parser_params *p, enum yytokentype type, const YYSTYPE *valp)
+{
+    VALUE v;
+
+    switch (type) {
+      case tIDENTIFIER: case tFID: case tGVAR: case tIVAR:
+      case tCONSTANT: case tCVAR: case tLABEL: case tOP_ASGN:
+#ifndef RIPPER
+	v = rb_id2str(valp->id);
 #else
-static NODE*
-assignable_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id, NODE *val)
+	v = valp->node->nd_rval;
 #endif
-{
-#ifdef RIPPER
-    ID id = get_id(lhs);
-# define assignable_result(x) get_value(lhs)
-# define parser_yyerror(parser, x) assign_error_gen(parser, lhs)
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, v);
+	break;
+      case tINTEGER: case tFLOAT: case tRATIONAL: case tIMAGINARY:
+      case tSTRING_CONTENT: case tCHAR:
+#ifndef RIPPER
+	v = valp->node->nd_lit;
 #else
-# define assignable_result(x) (x)
+	v = valp->val;
 #endif
-    if (!id) return assignable_result(0);
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "%+"PRIsVALUE, v);
+	break;
+      case tNTH_REF:
+#ifndef RIPPER
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "$%ld", valp->node->nd_nth);
+#else
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, valp->val);
+#endif
+	break;
+      case tBACK_REF:
+#ifndef RIPPER
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "$%c", (int)valp->node->nd_nth);
+#else
+	rb_parser_printf(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, valp->val);
+#endif
+	break;
+      default:
+	break;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+assignable0(struct parser_params *p, ID id, const char **err)
+{
+    if (!id) return -1;
     switch (id) {
       case keyword_self:
-	yyerror("Can't change the value of self");
-	goto error;
+	*err = "Can't change the value of self";
+	return -1;
       case keyword_nil:
-	yyerror("Can't assign to nil");
-	goto error;
+	*err = "Can't assign to nil";
+	return -1;
       case keyword_true:
-	yyerror("Can't assign to true");
-	goto error;
+	*err = "Can't assign to true";
+	return -1;
       case keyword_false:
-	yyerror("Can't assign to false");
-	goto error;
+	*err = "Can't assign to false";
+	return -1;
       case keyword__FILE__:
-	yyerror("Can't assign to __FILE__");
-	goto error;
+	*err = "Can't assign to __FILE__";
+	return -1;
       case keyword__LINE__:
-	yyerror("Can't assign to __LINE__");
-	goto error;
+	*err = "Can't assign to __LINE__";
+	return -1;
       case keyword__ENCODING__:
-	yyerror("Can't assign to __ENCODING__");
-	goto error;
+	*err = "Can't assign to __ENCODING__";
+	return -1;
     }
     switch (id_type(id)) {
       case ID_LOCAL:
-	if (dyna_in_block()) {
-	    if (dvar_curr(id)) {
-		return assignable_result(NEW_DASGN_CURR(id, val));
-	    }
-	    else if (dvar_defined(id)) {
-		return assignable_result(NEW_DASGN(id, val));
-	    }
-	    else if (local_id(id)) {
-		return assignable_result(NEW_LASGN(id, val));
-	    }
-	    else {
-		dyna_var(id);
-		return assignable_result(NEW_DASGN_CURR(id, val));
+	if (dyna_in_block(p)) {
+	    if (p->max_numparam > NO_PARAM && NUMPARAM_ID_P(id)) {
+		compile_error(p, "Can't assign to numbered parameter _%d",
+			      NUMPARAM_ID_TO_IDX(id));
+		return -1;
 	    }
+	    if (dvar_curr(p, id)) return NODE_DASGN_CURR;
+	    if (dvar_defined(p, id)) return NODE_DASGN;
+	    if (local_id(p, id)) return NODE_LASGN;
+	    dyna_var(p, id);
+	    return NODE_DASGN_CURR;
 	}
 	else {
-	    if (!local_id(id)) {
-		local_var(id);
-	    }
-	    return assignable_result(NEW_LASGN(id, val));
+	    if (!local_id(p, id)) local_var(p, id);
+	    return NODE_LASGN;
 	}
 	break;
-      case ID_GLOBAL:
-	return assignable_result(NEW_GASGN(id, val));
-      case ID_INSTANCE:
-	return assignable_result(NEW_IASGN(id, val));
+      case ID_GLOBAL: return NODE_GASGN;
+      case ID_INSTANCE: return NODE_IASGN;
       case ID_CONST:
-	if (!in_def && !in_single)
-	    return assignable_result(NEW_CDECL(id, val, 0));
-	yyerror("dynamic constant assignment");
-	break;
-      case ID_CLASS:
-	return assignable_result(NEW_CVASGN(id, val));
+	if (!p->ctxt.in_def) return NODE_CDECL;
+	*err = "dynamic constant assignment";
+	return -1;
+      case ID_CLASS: return NODE_CVASGN;
       default:
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "identifier %"PRIsVALUE" is not valid to set", rb_id2str(id));
+	compile_error(p, "identifier %"PRIsVALUE" is not valid to set", rb_id2str(id));
     }
-  error:
-    return assignable_result(0);
-#undef assignable_result
-#undef parser_yyerror
+    return -1;
 }
 
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static NODE*
+assignable(struct parser_params *p, ID id, NODE *val, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    const char *err = 0;
+    int node_type = assignable0(p, id, &err);
+    switch (node_type) {
+      case NODE_DASGN_CURR: return NEW_DASGN_CURR(id, val, loc);
+      case NODE_DASGN: return NEW_DASGN(id, val, loc);
+      case NODE_LASGN: return NEW_LASGN(id, val, loc);
+      case NODE_GASGN: return NEW_GASGN(id, val, loc);
+      case NODE_IASGN: return NEW_IASGN(id, val, loc);
+      case NODE_CDECL: return NEW_CDECL(id, val, 0, loc);
+      case NODE_CVASGN: return NEW_CVASGN(id, val, loc);
+    }
+    if (err) yyerror1(loc, err);
+    return NEW_BEGIN(0, loc);
+}
+#else
+static VALUE
+assignable(struct parser_params *p, VALUE lhs)
+{
+    const char *err = 0;
+    assignable0(p, get_id(lhs), &err);
+    if (err) lhs = assign_error(p, err, lhs);
+    return lhs;
+}
+#endif
+
 static int
 is_private_local_id(ID name)
 {
@@ -9349,160 +10860,466 @@ is_private_local_id(ID name)
     return RSTRING_PTR(s)[0] == '_';
 }
 
-#define LVAR_USED ((ID)1 << (sizeof(ID) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
-
 static int
-shadowing_lvar_0(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
+shadowing_lvar_0(struct parser_params *p, ID name)
 {
     if (is_private_local_id(name)) return 1;
-    if (dyna_in_block()) {
-	if (dvar_curr(name)) {
-	    yyerror("duplicated argument name");
-	}
-	else if (dvar_defined_get(name) || local_id(name)) {
-	    rb_warning1("shadowing outer local variable - %"PRIsWARN, rb_id2str(name));
-	    vtable_add(lvtbl->vars, name);
-	    if (lvtbl->used) {
-		vtable_add(lvtbl->used, (ID)ruby_sourceline | LVAR_USED);
+    if (dyna_in_block(p)) {
+	if (dvar_curr(p, name)) {
+	    yyerror0("duplicated argument name");
+	}
+	else if (dvar_defined(p, name) || local_id(p, name)) {
+	    vtable_add(p->lvtbl->vars, name);
+	    if (p->lvtbl->used) {
+		vtable_add(p->lvtbl->used, (ID)p->ruby_sourceline | LVAR_USED);
 	    }
 	    return 0;
 	}
     }
     else {
-	if (local_id(name)) {
-	    yyerror("duplicated argument name");
+	if (local_id(p, name)) {
+	    yyerror0("duplicated argument name");
 	}
     }
     return 1;
 }
 
 static ID
-shadowing_lvar_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
+shadowing_lvar(struct parser_params *p, ID name)
 {
-    shadowing_lvar_0(parser, name);
+    shadowing_lvar_0(p, name);
     return name;
 }
 
 static void
-new_bv_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID name)
+new_bv(struct parser_params *p, ID name)
 {
     if (!name) return;
     if (!is_local_id(name)) {
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "invalid local variable - %"PRIsVALUE,
+	compile_error(p, "invalid local variable - %"PRIsVALUE,
 		      rb_id2str(name));
 	return;
     }
-    if (!shadowing_lvar_0(parser, name)) return;
-    dyna_var(name);
+    if (!shadowing_lvar_0(p, name)) return;
+    dyna_var(p, name);
 }
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
 static NODE *
-aryset_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *recv, NODE *idx)
+aryset(struct parser_params *p, NODE *recv, NODE *idx, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    return NEW_ATTRASGN(recv, tASET, idx);
+    return NEW_ATTRASGN(recv, tASET, idx, loc);
 }
 
 static void
-block_dup_check_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node1, NODE *node2)
+block_dup_check(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node1, NODE *node2)
 {
     if (node2 && node1 && nd_type(node1) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "both block arg and actual block given");
+	compile_error(p, "both block arg and actual block given");
     }
 }
 
 static NODE *
-attrset_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *recv, ID atype, ID id)
+attrset(struct parser_params *p, NODE *recv, ID atype, ID id, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     if (!CALL_Q_P(atype)) id = rb_id_attrset(id);
-    return NEW_ATTRASGN(recv, id, 0);
+    return NEW_ATTRASGN(recv, id, 0, loc);
 }
 
 static void
-rb_backref_error_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+rb_backref_error(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_NTH_REF:
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "Can't set variable $%ld", node->nd_nth);
+	compile_error(p, "Can't set variable $%ld", node->nd_nth);
 	break;
       case NODE_BACK_REF:
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "Can't set variable $%c", (int)node->nd_nth);
+	compile_error(p, "Can't set variable $%c", (int)node->nd_nth);
 	break;
     }
 }
+#else
+static VALUE
+backref_error(struct parser_params *p, NODE *ref, VALUE expr)
+{
+    VALUE mesg = rb_str_new_cstr("Can't set variable ");
+    rb_str_append(mesg, ref->nd_cval);
+    return dispatch2(assign_error, mesg, expr);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static NODE *
+arg_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node1, NODE *node2, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (!node1) return NEW_LIST(node2, &node2->nd_loc);
+    switch (nd_type(node1))  {
+      case NODE_LIST:
+	return list_append(p, node1, node2);
+      case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
+	node1->nd_head = arg_append(p, node1->nd_head, node2, loc);
+	node1->nd_loc.end_pos = node1->nd_head->nd_loc.end_pos;
+	return node1;
+      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
+	node1->nd_body = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(node1->nd_body, &node1->nd_body->nd_loc), node2);
+	node1->nd_loc.end_pos = node1->nd_body->nd_loc.end_pos;
+	nd_set_type(node1, NODE_ARGSCAT);
+	return node1;
+      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
+        if (nd_type(node1->nd_body) != NODE_LIST) break;
+        node1->nd_body = list_append(p, node1->nd_body, node2);
+        node1->nd_loc.end_pos = node1->nd_body->nd_loc.end_pos;
+        return node1;
+    }
+    return NEW_ARGSPUSH(node1, node2, loc);
+}
 
 static NODE *
-arg_concat_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node1, NODE *node2)
+arg_concat(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node1, NODE *node2, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     if (!node2) return node1;
     switch (nd_type(node1)) {
       case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
 	if (node1->nd_head)
-	    node1->nd_head = arg_concat(node1->nd_head, node2);
+	    node1->nd_head = arg_concat(p, node1->nd_head, node2, loc);
 	else
-	    node1->nd_head = NEW_LIST(node2);
+	    node1->nd_head = NEW_LIST(node2, loc);
 	return node1;
       case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-	if (nd_type(node2) != NODE_ARRAY) break;
-	node1->nd_body = list_concat(NEW_LIST(node1->nd_body), node2);
+	if (nd_type(node2) != NODE_LIST) break;
+	node1->nd_body = list_concat(NEW_LIST(node1->nd_body, loc), node2);
 	nd_set_type(node1, NODE_ARGSCAT);
 	return node1;
       case NODE_ARGSCAT:
-	if (nd_type(node2) != NODE_ARRAY ||
-	    nd_type(node1->nd_body) != NODE_ARRAY) break;
+	if (nd_type(node2) != NODE_LIST ||
+	    nd_type(node1->nd_body) != NODE_LIST) break;
 	node1->nd_body = list_concat(node1->nd_body, node2);
 	return node1;
     }
-    return NEW_ARGSCAT(node1, node2);
+    return NEW_ARGSCAT(node1, node2, loc);
 }
 
 static NODE *
-arg_append_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node1, NODE *node2)
+last_arg_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *args, NODE *last_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    if (!node1) return NEW_LIST(node2);
-    switch (nd_type(node1))  {
-      case NODE_ARRAY:
-	return list_append(node1, node2);
-      case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
-	node1->nd_head = arg_append(node1->nd_head, node2);
-	return node1;
-      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
-	node1->nd_body = list_append(NEW_LIST(node1->nd_body), node2);
-	nd_set_type(node1, NODE_ARGSCAT);
-	return node1;
+    NODE *n1;
+    if ((n1 = splat_array(args)) != 0) {
+	return list_append(p, n1, last_arg);
     }
-    return NEW_ARGSPUSH(node1, node2);
+    return arg_append(p, args, last_arg, loc);
+}
+
+static NODE *
+rest_arg_append(struct parser_params *p, NODE *args, NODE *rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *n1;
+    if ((nd_type(rest_arg) == NODE_LIST) && (n1 = splat_array(args)) != 0) {
+	return list_concat(n1, rest_arg);
+    }
+    return arg_concat(p, args, rest_arg, loc);
 }
 
 static NODE *
 splat_array(NODE* node)
 {
     if (nd_type(node) == NODE_SPLAT) node = node->nd_head;
-    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ARRAY) return node;
+    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_LIST) return node;
     return 0;
 }
 
+static void
+mark_lvar_used(struct parser_params *p, NODE *rhs)
+{
+    ID *vidp = NULL;
+    if (!rhs) return;
+    switch (nd_type(rhs)) {
+      case NODE_LASGN:
+	if (local_id_ref(p, rhs->nd_vid, &vidp)) {
+	    if (vidp) *vidp |= LVAR_USED;
+	}
+	break;
+      case NODE_DASGN:
+      case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
+	if (dvar_defined_ref(p, rhs->nd_vid, &vidp)) {
+	    if (vidp) *vidp |= LVAR_USED;
+	}
+	break;
+#if 0
+      case NODE_MASGN:
+	for (rhs = rhs->nd_head; rhs; rhs = rhs->nd_next) {
+	    mark_lvar_used(p, rhs->nd_head);
+	}
+	break;
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
 static NODE *
-node_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, NODE *rhs)
+const_decl_path(struct parser_params *p, NODE **dest)
+{
+    NODE *n = *dest;
+    if (nd_type(n) != NODE_CALL) {
+	const YYLTYPE *loc = &n->nd_loc;
+	VALUE path;
+	if (n->nd_vid) {
+	     path = rb_id2str(n->nd_vid);
+	}
+	else {
+	    n = n->nd_else;
+	    path = rb_ary_new();
+	    for (; n && nd_type(n) == NODE_COLON2; n = n->nd_head) {
+		rb_ary_push(path, rb_id2str(n->nd_mid));
+	    }
+	    if (n && nd_type(n) == NODE_CONST) {
+		// Const::Name
+		rb_ary_push(path, rb_id2str(n->nd_vid));
+	    }
+	    else if (n && nd_type(n) == NODE_COLON3) {
+		// ::Const::Name
+		rb_ary_push(path, rb_str_new(0, 0));
+	    }
+	    else {
+		// expression::Name
+		rb_ary_push(path, rb_str_new_cstr("..."));
+	    }
+	    path = rb_ary_join(rb_ary_reverse(path), rb_str_new_cstr("::"));
+	    path = rb_fstring(path);
+	}
+	*dest = n = NEW_LIT(path, loc);
+    }
+    return n;
+}
+
+extern VALUE rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore;
+
+static NODE *
+make_shareable_node(struct parser_params *p, NODE *value, bool copy, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *fcore = NEW_LIT(rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore, loc);
+
+    if (copy) {
+        return NEW_CALL(fcore, rb_intern("make_shareable_copy"),
+                        NEW_LIST(value, loc), loc);
+    }
+    else {
+        return NEW_CALL(fcore, rb_intern("make_shareable"),
+                        NEW_LIST(value, loc), loc);
+    }
+}
+
+static NODE *
+ensure_shareable_node(struct parser_params *p, NODE **dest, NODE *value, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *fcore = NEW_LIT(rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore, loc);
+    NODE *args = NEW_LIST(value, loc);
+    args = list_append(p, args, const_decl_path(p, dest));
+    return NEW_CALL(fcore, rb_intern("ensure_shareable"), args, loc);
+}
+
+static int is_static_content(NODE *node);
+
+static VALUE
+shareable_literal_value(NODE *node)
+{
+    if (!node) return Qnil;
+    enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+	return Qtrue;
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+	return Qfalse;
+      case NODE_NIL:
+	return Qnil;
+      case NODE_LIT:
+	return node->nd_lit;
+      default:
+	return Qundef;
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef SHAREABLE_BARE_EXPRESSION
+#define SHAREABLE_BARE_EXPRESSION 1
+#endif
+
+static NODE *
+shareable_literal_constant(struct parser_params *p, enum shareability shareable,
+			   NODE **dest, NODE *value, const YYLTYPE *loc, size_t level)
+{
+# define shareable_literal_constant_next(n) \
+    shareable_literal_constant(p, shareable, dest, (n), &(n)->nd_loc, level+1)
+    VALUE lit = Qnil;
+
+    if (!value) return 0;
+    enum node_type type = nd_type(value);
+    switch (type) {
+      case NODE_TRUE:
+      case NODE_FALSE:
+      case NODE_NIL:
+      case NODE_LIT:
+	return value;
+
+      case NODE_DSTR:
+	if (shareable == shareable_literal) {
+	    value = NEW_CALL(value, idUMinus, 0, loc);
+	}
+	return value;
+
+      case NODE_STR:
+	lit = rb_fstring(value->nd_lit);
+	nd_set_type(value, NODE_LIT);
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(p->ast, &value->nd_lit, lit);
+	return value;
+
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
+	lit = rb_ary_new();
+	OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(lit);
+	return NEW_LIT(lit, loc);
+
+      case NODE_LIST:
+	lit = rb_ary_new();
+	for (NODE *n = value; n; n = n->nd_next) {
+	    NODE *elt = n->nd_head;
+	    if (elt) {
+		elt = shareable_literal_constant_next(elt);
+		if (elt) {
+		    n->nd_head = elt;
+		}
+		else if (RTEST(lit)) {
+		    rb_ary_clear(lit);
+		    lit = Qfalse;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (RTEST(lit)) {
+		VALUE e = shareable_literal_value(elt);
+		if (e != Qundef) {
+		    rb_ary_push(lit, e);
+		}
+		else {
+		    rb_ary_clear(lit);
+		    lit = Qnil;	/* make shareable at runtime */
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case NODE_HASH:
+	if (!value->nd_brace) return 0;
+	lit = rb_hash_new();
+	for (NODE *n = value->nd_head; n; n = n->nd_next->nd_next) {
+	    NODE *key = n->nd_head;
+	    NODE *val = n->nd_next->nd_head;
+	    if (key) {
+		key = shareable_literal_constant_next(key);
+		if (key) {
+		    n->nd_head = key;
+		}
+		else if (RTEST(lit)) {
+		    rb_hash_clear(lit);
+		    lit = Qfalse;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (val) {
+		val = shareable_literal_constant_next(val);
+		if (val) {
+		    n->nd_next->nd_head = val;
+		}
+		else if (RTEST(lit)) {
+		    rb_hash_clear(lit);
+		    lit = Qfalse;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (RTEST(lit)) {
+		VALUE k = shareable_literal_value(key);
+		VALUE v = shareable_literal_value(val);
+		if (k != Qundef && v != Qundef) {
+		    rb_hash_aset(lit, k, v);
+		}
+		else {
+		    rb_hash_clear(lit);
+		    lit = Qnil;	/* make shareable at runtime */
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	if (shareable == shareable_literal &&
+	    (SHAREABLE_BARE_EXPRESSION || level > 0)) {
+	    return ensure_shareable_node(p, dest, value, loc);
+	}
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Array or Hash */
+    if (!lit) return 0;
+    if (NIL_P(lit)) {
+	// if shareable_literal, all elements should have been ensured
+	// as shareable
+	value = make_shareable_node(p, value, false, loc);
+    }
+    else {
+	value = NEW_LIT(rb_ractor_make_shareable(lit), loc);
+    }
+
+    return value;
+# undef shareable_literal_constant_next
+}
+
+static NODE *
+shareable_constant_value(struct parser_params *p, enum shareability shareable,
+			 NODE *lhs, NODE *value, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (!value) return 0;
+    switch (shareable) {
+      case shareable_none:
+	return value;
+
+      case shareable_literal:
+	{
+	    NODE *lit = shareable_literal_constant(p, shareable, &lhs, value, loc, 0);
+	    if (lit) return lit;
+	    return value;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case shareable_copy:
+      case shareable_everything:
+	{
+	    NODE *lit = shareable_literal_constant(p, shareable, &lhs, value, loc, 0);
+	    if (lit) return lit;
+	    return make_shareable_node(p, value, shareable == shareable_copy, loc);
+	}
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
+    }
+}
+
+static NODE *
+node_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, NODE *rhs, struct lex_context ctxt, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     if (!lhs) return 0;
 
     switch (nd_type(lhs)) {
+      case NODE_CDECL:
+	rhs = shareable_constant_value(p, ctxt.shareable_constant_value, lhs, rhs, loc);
+	/* fallthru */
+
       case NODE_GASGN:
       case NODE_IASGN:
-      case NODE_IASGN2:
       case NODE_LASGN:
       case NODE_DASGN:
       case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
       case NODE_MASGN:
-      case NODE_CDECL:
       case NODE_CVASGN:
 	lhs->nd_value = rhs;
+	nd_set_loc(lhs, loc);
 	break;
 
       case NODE_ATTRASGN:
-      case NODE_CALL:
-	lhs->nd_args = arg_append(lhs->nd_args, rhs);
+	lhs->nd_args = arg_append(p, lhs->nd_args, rhs, loc);
+	nd_set_loc(lhs, loc);
 	break;
 
       default:
@@ -9513,10 +11330,10 @@ node_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, NODE *rhs)
     return lhs;
 }
 
-static int
-value_expr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+static NODE *
+value_expr_check(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
-    int cond = 0;
+    NODE *void_node = 0, *vn;
 
     if (!node) {
 	rb_warning0("empty expression");
@@ -9528,9 +11345,18 @@ value_expr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
 	  case NODE_NEXT:
 	  case NODE_REDO:
 	  case NODE_RETRY:
-	    if (!cond) yyerror("void value expression");
-	    /* or "control never reach"? */
-	    return FALSE;
+	    return void_node ? void_node : node;
+
+	  case NODE_CASE3:
+	    if (!node->nd_body || nd_type(node->nd_body) != NODE_IN) {
+		compile_error(p, "unexpected node");
+		return NULL;
+	    }
+	    if (node->nd_body->nd_body) {
+		return NULL;
+	    }
+	    /* single line pattern matching */
+	    return void_node ? void_node : node;
 
 	  case NODE_BLOCK:
 	    while (node->nd_next) {
@@ -9544,42 +11370,60 @@ value_expr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
 	    break;
 
 	  case NODE_IF:
+	  case NODE_UNLESS:
 	    if (!node->nd_body) {
-		node = node->nd_else;
-		break;
+		return NULL;
 	    }
 	    else if (!node->nd_else) {
-		node = node->nd_body;
-		break;
+		return NULL;
 	    }
-	    if (!value_expr(node->nd_body)) return FALSE;
+	    vn = value_expr_check(p, node->nd_body);
+	    if (!vn) return NULL;
+	    if (!void_node) void_node = vn;
 	    node = node->nd_else;
 	    break;
 
 	  case NODE_AND:
 	  case NODE_OR:
-	    cond = 1;
-	    node = node->nd_2nd;
+	    node = node->nd_1st;
 	    break;
 
+	  case NODE_LASGN:
+	  case NODE_DASGN:
+	  case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
+	  case NODE_MASGN:
+	    mark_lvar_used(p, node);
+	    return NULL;
+
 	  default:
-	    return TRUE;
+	    return NULL;
 	}
     }
 
-    return TRUE;
+    return NULL;
 }
 
+static int
+value_expr_gen(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
+{
+    NODE *void_node = value_expr_check(p, node);
+    if (void_node) {
+	yyerror1(&void_node->nd_loc, "void value expression");
+	/* or "control never reach"? */
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
 static void
-void_expr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+void_expr(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
     const char *useless = 0;
 
     if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
 
-    if (!node) return;
+    if (!node || !(node = nd_once_body(node))) return;
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
-      case NODE_CALL:
+      case NODE_OPCALL:
 	switch (node->nd_mid) {
 	  case '+':
 	  case '-':
@@ -9620,7 +11464,6 @@ void_expr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
       case NODE_STR:
       case NODE_DSTR:
       case NODE_DREGX:
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
 	useless = "a literal";
 	break;
       case NODE_COLON2:
@@ -9655,18 +11498,19 @@ void_expr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
     }
 }
 
-static void
-void_stmts_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+static NODE *
+void_stmts(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
-    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
-    if (!node) return;
-    if (nd_type(node) != NODE_BLOCK) return;
+    NODE *const n = node;
+    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return n;
+    if (!node) return n;
+    if (nd_type(node) != NODE_BLOCK) return n;
 
-    for (;;) {
-	if (!node->nd_next) return;
-	void_expr0(node->nd_head);
+    while (node->nd_next) {
+	void_expr(p, node->nd_head);
 	node = node->nd_next;
     }
+    return n;
 }
 
 static NODE *
@@ -9690,18 +11534,18 @@ remove_begin_all(NODE *node)
 }
 
 static void
-reduce_nodes_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE **body)
+reduce_nodes(struct parser_params *p, NODE **body)
 {
     NODE *node = *body;
 
     if (!node) {
-	*body = NEW_NIL();
+	*body = NEW_NIL(&NULL_LOC);
 	return;
     }
 #define subnodes(n1, n2) \
     ((!node->n1) ? (node->n2 ? (body = &node->n2, 1) : 0) : \
      (!node->n2) ? (body = &node->n1, 1) : \
-     (reduce_nodes(&node->n1), body = &node->n2, 1))
+     (reduce_nodes(p, &node->n1), body = &node->n2, 1))
 
     while (node) {
 	int newline = (int)(node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE);
@@ -9722,6 +11566,7 @@ reduce_nodes_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE **body)
 	    body = &node->nd_end->nd_head;
 	    break;
 	  case NODE_IF:
+	  case NODE_UNLESS:
 	    if (subnodes(nd_body, nd_else)) break;
 	    return;
 	  case NODE_CASE:
@@ -9757,7 +11602,7 @@ is_static_content(NODE *node)
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_HASH:
 	if (!(node = node->nd_head)) break;
-      case NODE_ARRAY:
+      case NODE_LIST:
 	do {
 	    if (!is_static_content(node->nd_head)) return 0;
 	} while ((node = node->nd_next) != 0);
@@ -9766,7 +11611,7 @@ is_static_content(NODE *node)
       case NODE_NIL:
       case NODE_TRUE:
       case NODE_FALSE:
-      case NODE_ZARRAY:
+      case NODE_ZLIST:
 	break;
       default:
 	return 0;
@@ -9775,7 +11620,7 @@ is_static_content(NODE *node)
 }
 
 static int
-assign_in_cond(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+assign_in_cond(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_MASGN:
@@ -9793,27 +11638,28 @@ assign_in_cond(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
     if (!node->nd_value) return 1;
     if (is_static_content(node->nd_value)) {
 	/* reports always */
-	parser_warn(node->nd_value, "found = in conditional, should be ==");
+	parser_warn(p, node->nd_value, "found `= literal' in conditional, should be ==");
     }
     return 1;
 }
 
-static void
-warn_unless_e_option(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, const char *str)
-{
-    if (!e_option_supplied(parser)) parser_warn(node, str);
-}
+enum cond_type {
+    COND_IN_OP,
+    COND_IN_COND,
+    COND_IN_FF
+};
 
-static void
-warning_unless_e_option(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, const char *str)
-{
-    if (!e_option_supplied(parser)) parser_warning(node, str);
-}
+#define SWITCH_BY_COND_TYPE(t, w, arg) \
+    switch (t) { \
+      case COND_IN_OP: break; \
+      case COND_IN_COND: rb_##w##0(arg "literal in condition"); break; \
+      case COND_IN_FF: rb_##w##0(arg "literal in flip-flop"); break; \
+    }
 
-static NODE *cond0(struct parser_params*,NODE*,int);
+static NODE *cond0(struct parser_params*,NODE*,enum cond_type,const YYLTYPE*);
 
 static NODE*
-range_op(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+range_op(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     enum node_type type;
 
@@ -9822,86 +11668,61 @@ range_op(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
     type = nd_type(node);
     value_expr(node);
     if (type == NODE_LIT && FIXNUM_P(node->nd_lit)) {
-	warn_unless_e_option(parser, node, "integer literal in conditional range");
-	return NEW_CALL(node, tEQ, NEW_LIST(NEW_GVAR(rb_intern("$."))));
-    }
-    return cond0(parser, node, FALSE);
-}
-
-static int
-literal_node(NODE *node)
-{
-    if (!node) return 1;	/* same as NODE_NIL */
-    switch (nd_type(node)) {
-      case NODE_LIT:
-      case NODE_STR:
-      case NODE_DSTR:
-      case NODE_EVSTR:
-      case NODE_DREGX:
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
-      case NODE_DSYM:
-	return 2;
-      case NODE_TRUE:
-      case NODE_FALSE:
-      case NODE_NIL:
-	return 1;
+	if (!e_option_supplied(p)) parser_warn(p, node, "integer literal in flip-flop");
+	ID lineno = rb_intern("$.");
+	return NEW_CALL(node, tEQ, NEW_LIST(NEW_GVAR(lineno, loc), loc), loc);
     }
-    return 0;
+    return cond0(p, node, COND_IN_FF, loc);
 }
 
 static NODE*
-cond0(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, int method_op)
+cond0(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, enum cond_type type, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     if (node == 0) return 0;
-    assign_in_cond(parser, node);
+    if (!(node = nd_once_body(node))) return 0;
+    assign_in_cond(p, node);
 
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_DSTR:
       case NODE_EVSTR:
       case NODE_STR:
-	if (!method_op) rb_warn0("string literal in condition");
+	SWITCH_BY_COND_TYPE(type, warn, "string ")
 	break;
 
       case NODE_DREGX:
-      case NODE_DREGX_ONCE:
-	if (!method_op)
-	    warning_unless_e_option(parser, node, "regex literal in condition");
-	return NEW_MATCH2(node, NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE));
+	if (!e_option_supplied(p)) SWITCH_BY_COND_TYPE(type, warning, "regex ")
+
+	return NEW_MATCH2(node, NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE, loc), loc);
 
       case NODE_AND:
       case NODE_OR:
-	node->nd_1st = cond0(parser, node->nd_1st, FALSE);
-	node->nd_2nd = cond0(parser, node->nd_2nd, FALSE);
+	node->nd_1st = cond0(p, node->nd_1st, COND_IN_COND, loc);
+	node->nd_2nd = cond0(p, node->nd_2nd, COND_IN_COND, loc);
 	break;
 
       case NODE_DOT2:
       case NODE_DOT3:
-	node->nd_beg = range_op(parser, node->nd_beg);
-	node->nd_end = range_op(parser, node->nd_end);
+	node->nd_beg = range_op(p, node->nd_beg, loc);
+	node->nd_end = range_op(p, node->nd_end, loc);
 	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_DOT2) nd_set_type(node,NODE_FLIP2);
 	else if (nd_type(node) == NODE_DOT3) nd_set_type(node, NODE_FLIP3);
-	if (!method_op && !e_option_supplied(parser)) {
-	    int b = literal_node(node->nd_beg);
-	    int e = literal_node(node->nd_end);
-	    if ((b == 1 && e == 1) || (b + e >= 2 && RTEST(ruby_verbose))) {
-		parser_warn(node, "range literal in condition");
-	    }
-	}
 	break;
 
       case NODE_DSYM:
-	if (!method_op) parser_warning(node, "literal in condition");
+	SWITCH_BY_COND_TYPE(type, warning, "string ")
 	break;
 
       case NODE_LIT:
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(node->nd_lit, T_REGEXP)) {
-	    if (!method_op)
-		warn_unless_e_option(parser, node, "regex literal in condition");
+	    if (!e_option_supplied(p)) SWITCH_BY_COND_TYPE(type, warn, "regex ")
 	    nd_set_type(node, NODE_MATCH);
 	}
+	else if (node->nd_lit == Qtrue ||
+		 node->nd_lit == Qfalse) {
+	    /* booleans are OK, e.g., while true */
+	}
 	else {
-	    if (!method_op)
-		parser_warning(node, "literal in condition");
+	    SWITCH_BY_COND_TYPE(type, warning, "")
 	}
       default:
 	break;
@@ -9910,49 +11731,78 @@ cond0(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, int method_op)
 }
 
 static NODE*
-cond_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node, int method_op)
+cond(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     if (node == 0) return 0;
-    return cond0(parser, node, method_op);
+    return cond0(p, node, COND_IN_COND, loc);
+}
+
+static NODE*
+method_cond(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (node == 0) return 0;
+    return cond0(p, node, COND_IN_OP, loc);
+}
+
+static NODE*
+new_nil_at(struct parser_params *p, const rb_code_position_t *pos)
+{
+    YYLTYPE loc = {*pos, *pos};
+    return NEW_NIL(&loc);
+}
+
+static NODE*
+new_if(struct parser_params *p, NODE *cc, NODE *left, NODE *right, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (!cc) return right;
+    cc = cond0(p, cc, COND_IN_COND, loc);
+    return newline_node(NEW_IF(cc, left, right, loc));
 }
 
 static NODE*
-new_if_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *cc, NODE *left, NODE *right)
+new_unless(struct parser_params *p, NODE *cc, NODE *left, NODE *right, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     if (!cc) return right;
-    cc = cond0(parser, cc, FALSE);
-    return newline_node(NEW_IF(cc, left, right));
+    cc = cond0(p, cc, COND_IN_COND, loc);
+    return newline_node(NEW_UNLESS(cc, left, right, loc));
 }
 
 static NODE*
-logop_gen(struct parser_params *parser, enum node_type type, NODE *left, NODE *right)
+logop(struct parser_params *p, ID id, NODE *left, NODE *right,
+	  const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
+    enum node_type type = id == idAND || id == idANDOP ? NODE_AND : NODE_OR;
+    NODE *op;
     value_expr(left);
     if (left && (enum node_type)nd_type(left) == type) {
 	NODE *node = left, *second;
 	while ((second = node->nd_2nd) != 0 && (enum node_type)nd_type(second) == type) {
 	    node = second;
 	}
-	node->nd_2nd = NEW_NODE(type, second, right, 0);
+	node->nd_2nd = NEW_NODE(type, second, right, 0, loc);
+	nd_set_line(node->nd_2nd, op_loc->beg_pos.lineno);
+	left->nd_loc.end_pos = loc->end_pos;
 	return left;
     }
-    return NEW_NODE(type, left, right, 0);
+    op = NEW_NODE(type, left, right, 0, loc);
+    nd_set_line(op, op_loc->beg_pos.lineno);
+    return op;
 }
 
 static void
-no_blockarg(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+no_blockarg(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
     if (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "block argument should not be given");
+	compile_error(p, "block argument should not be given");
     }
 }
 
 static NODE *
-ret_args_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+ret_args(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
     if (node) {
-	no_blockarg(parser, node);
-	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ARRAY) {
+	no_blockarg(p, node);
+	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_LIST) {
 	    if (node->nd_next == 0) {
 		node = node->nd_head;
 	    }
@@ -9965,43 +11815,46 @@ ret_args_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_yield_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+new_yield(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    if (node) no_blockarg(parser, node);
+    if (node) no_blockarg(p, node);
 
-    return NEW_YIELD(node);
+    return NEW_YIELD(node, loc);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-negate_lit(VALUE lit)
+negate_lit(struct parser_params *p, VALUE lit)
 {
-    int type = TYPE(lit);
-    switch (type) {
-      case T_FIXNUM:
-	lit = LONG2FIX(-FIX2LONG(lit));
-	break;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(lit)) {
+	return LONG2FIX(-FIX2LONG(lit));
+    }
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(lit)) {
+#if USE_FLONUM
+	if (FLONUM_P(lit)) {
+	    return DBL2NUM(-RFLOAT_VALUE(lit));
+	}
+#endif
+	goto unknown;
+    }
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(lit)) {
       case T_BIGNUM:
 	BIGNUM_NEGATE(lit);
 	lit = rb_big_norm(lit);
 	break;
       case T_RATIONAL:
-	RRATIONAL_SET_NUM(lit, negate_lit(RRATIONAL(lit)->num));
+	RATIONAL_SET_NUM(lit, negate_lit(p, RRATIONAL(lit)->num));
 	break;
       case T_COMPLEX:
-	RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(lit, negate_lit(RCOMPLEX(lit)->real));
-	RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(lit, negate_lit(RCOMPLEX(lit)->imag));
+	RCOMPLEX_SET_REAL(lit, negate_lit(p, RCOMPLEX(lit)->real));
+	RCOMPLEX_SET_IMAG(lit, negate_lit(p, RCOMPLEX(lit)->imag));
 	break;
       case T_FLOAT:
-#if USE_FLONUM
-	if (FLONUM_P(lit)) {
-	    lit = DBL2NUM(-RFLOAT_VALUE(lit));
-	    break;
-	}
-#endif
 	RFLOAT(lit)->float_value = -RFLOAT_VALUE(lit);
 	break;
+      unknown:
       default:
-	rb_bug("unknown literal type (%d) passed to negate_lit", type);
+	rb_parser_fatal(p, "unknown literal type (%s) passed to negate_lit",
+			rb_builtin_class_name(lit));
 	break;
     }
     return lit;
@@ -10011,122 +11864,270 @@ static NODE *
 arg_blk_pass(NODE *node1, NODE *node2)
 {
     if (node2) {
+        if (!node1) return node2;
 	node2->nd_head = node1;
+	nd_set_first_lineno(node2, nd_first_lineno(node1));
+	nd_set_first_column(node2, nd_first_column(node1));
 	return node2;
     }
     return node1;
 }
 
+static bool
+args_info_empty_p(struct rb_args_info *args)
+{
+    if (args->pre_args_num) return false;
+    if (args->post_args_num) return false;
+    if (args->rest_arg) return false;
+    if (args->opt_args) return false;
+    if (args->block_arg) return false;
+    if (args->kw_args) return false;
+    if (args->kw_rest_arg) return false;
+    return true;
+}
 
 static NODE*
-new_args_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *m, NODE *o, ID r, NODE *p, NODE *tail)
+new_args(struct parser_params *p, NODE *pre_args, NODE *opt_args, ID rest_arg, NODE *post_args, NODE *tail, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    int saved_line = ruby_sourceline;
+    int saved_line = p->ruby_sourceline;
     struct rb_args_info *args = tail->nd_ainfo;
 
-    args->pre_args_num   = m ? rb_long2int(m->nd_plen) : 0;
-    args->pre_init       = m ? m->nd_next : 0;
+    args->pre_args_num   = pre_args ? rb_long2int(pre_args->nd_plen) : 0;
+    args->pre_init       = pre_args ? pre_args->nd_next : 0;
+
+    args->post_args_num  = post_args ? rb_long2int(post_args->nd_plen) : 0;
+    args->post_init      = post_args ? post_args->nd_next : 0;
+    args->first_post_arg = post_args ? post_args->nd_pid : 0;
 
-    args->post_args_num  = p ? rb_long2int(p->nd_plen) : 0;
-    args->post_init      = p ? p->nd_next : 0;
-    args->first_post_arg = p ? p->nd_pid : 0;
+    args->rest_arg       = rest_arg;
 
-    args->rest_arg       = r;
+    args->opt_args       = opt_args;
 
-    args->opt_args       = o;
+    args->ruby2_keywords = rest_arg == idFWD_REST;
 
-    ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
+    p->ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
+    nd_set_loc(tail, loc);
 
     return tail;
 }
 
 static NODE*
-new_args_tail_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *k, ID kr, ID b)
+new_args_tail(struct parser_params *p, NODE *kw_args, ID kw_rest_arg, ID block, const YYLTYPE *kw_rest_loc)
 {
-    int saved_line = ruby_sourceline;
-    struct rb_args_info *args;
+    int saved_line = p->ruby_sourceline;
     NODE *node;
-
-    args = ZALLOC(struct rb_args_info);
-    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGS, 0, 0, args);
-
-    args->block_arg      = b;
-    args->kw_args        = k;
-
-    if (k) {
+    VALUE tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    struct rb_args_info *args = ZALLOC(struct rb_args_info);
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(tmpbuf, args);
+    args->imemo = tmpbuf;
+    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_ARGS, 0, 0, args, &NULL_LOC);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, tmpbuf);
+    if (p->error_p) return node;
+
+    args->block_arg      = block;
+    args->kw_args        = kw_args;
+
+    if (kw_args) {
 	/*
 	 * def foo(k1: 1, kr1:, k2: 2, **krest, &b)
 	 * variable order: k1, kr1, k2, &b, internal_id, krest
 	 * #=> <reorder>
 	 * variable order: kr1, k1, k2, internal_id, krest, &b
 	 */
-	ID kw_bits;
-	NODE *kwn = k;
-	struct vtable *required_kw_vars = vtable_alloc(NULL);
-	struct vtable *kw_vars = vtable_alloc(NULL);
-	int i;
+	ID kw_bits = internal_id(p), *required_kw_vars, *kw_vars;
+	struct vtable *vtargs = p->lvtbl->args;
+	NODE *kwn = kw_args;
 
+	vtable_pop(vtargs, !!block + !!kw_rest_arg);
+	required_kw_vars = kw_vars = &vtargs->tbl[vtargs->pos];
 	while (kwn) {
-	    NODE *val_node = kwn->nd_body->nd_value;
-	    ID vid = kwn->nd_body->nd_vid;
+	    if (!NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(kwn->nd_body))
+		--kw_vars;
+	    --required_kw_vars;
+	    kwn = kwn->nd_next;
+	}
 
-	    if (val_node == (NODE *)-1) {
-		vtable_add(required_kw_vars, vid);
+	for (kwn = kw_args; kwn; kwn = kwn->nd_next) {
+	    ID vid = kwn->nd_body->nd_vid;
+	    if (NODE_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_P(kwn->nd_body)) {
+		*required_kw_vars++ = vid;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		vtable_add(kw_vars, vid);
+		*kw_vars++ = vid;
 	    }
+	}
 
-	    kwn = kwn->nd_next;
+	arg_var(p, kw_bits);
+	if (kw_rest_arg) arg_var(p, kw_rest_arg);
+	if (block) arg_var(p, block);
+
+	args->kw_rest_arg = NEW_DVAR(kw_rest_arg, kw_rest_loc);
+	args->kw_rest_arg->nd_cflag = kw_bits;
+    }
+    else if (kw_rest_arg == idNil) {
+	args->no_kwarg = 1;
+    }
+    else if (kw_rest_arg) {
+	args->kw_rest_arg = NEW_DVAR(kw_rest_arg, kw_rest_loc);
+    }
+
+    p->ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
+    return node;
+}
+
+static NODE *
+args_with_numbered(struct parser_params *p, NODE *args, int max_numparam)
+{
+    if (max_numparam > NO_PARAM) {
+	if (!args) {
+	    YYLTYPE loc = RUBY_INIT_YYLLOC();
+	    args = new_args_tail(p, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+	    nd_set_loc(args, &loc);
 	}
+	args->nd_ainfo->pre_args_num = max_numparam;
+    }
+    return args;
+}
 
-	kw_bits = internal_id();
-	if (kr && is_junk_id(kr)) vtable_pop(lvtbl->args, 1);
-	vtable_pop(lvtbl->args, vtable_size(required_kw_vars) + vtable_size(kw_vars) + (b != 0));
+static NODE*
+new_array_pattern(struct parser_params *p, NODE *constant, NODE *pre_arg, NODE *aryptn, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo = aryptn->nd_apinfo;
 
-	for (i=0; i<vtable_size(required_kw_vars); i++) arg_var(required_kw_vars->tbl[i]);
-	for (i=0; i<vtable_size(kw_vars); i++) arg_var(kw_vars->tbl[i]);
-	vtable_free(required_kw_vars);
-	vtable_free(kw_vars);
+    aryptn->nd_pconst = constant;
 
-	arg_var(kw_bits);
-	if (kr) arg_var(kr);
-	if (b) arg_var(b);
+    if (pre_arg) {
+	NODE *pre_args = NEW_LIST(pre_arg, loc);
+	if (apinfo->pre_args) {
+	    apinfo->pre_args = list_concat(pre_args, apinfo->pre_args);
+	}
+	else {
+	    apinfo->pre_args = pre_args;
+	}
+    }
+    return aryptn;
+}
 
-	args->kw_rest_arg = NEW_DVAR(kw_bits);
-	args->kw_rest_arg->nd_cflag = kr;
+static NODE*
+new_array_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, NODE *pre_args, int has_rest, ID rest_arg, NODE *post_args, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    int saved_line = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    NODE *node;
+    VALUE tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo = ZALLOC(struct rb_ary_pattern_info);
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(tmpbuf, apinfo);
+    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_ARYPTN, 0, tmpbuf, apinfo, loc);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, tmpbuf);
+
+    apinfo->pre_args = pre_args;
+
+    if (has_rest) {
+	if (rest_arg) {
+	    apinfo->rest_arg = assignable(p, rest_arg, 0, loc);
+	}
+	else {
+	    apinfo->rest_arg = NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST;
+	}
     }
-    else if (kr) {
-	if (b) vtable_pop(lvtbl->args, 1); /* reorder */
-	arg_var(kr);
-	if (b) arg_var(b);
-	args->kw_rest_arg = NEW_DVAR(kr);
+    else {
+	apinfo->rest_arg = NULL;
     }
 
-    ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
+    apinfo->post_args = post_args;
+
+    p->ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
     return node;
 }
 
 static NODE*
-dsym_node_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
+new_find_pattern(struct parser_params *p, NODE *constant, NODE *fndptn, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    fndptn->nd_pconst = constant;
+
+    return fndptn;
+}
+
+static NODE*
+new_find_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, ID pre_rest_arg, NODE *args, ID post_rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    int saved_line = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    NODE *node;
+    VALUE tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    struct rb_fnd_pattern_info *fpinfo = ZALLOC(struct rb_fnd_pattern_info);
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(tmpbuf, fpinfo);
+    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_FNDPTN, 0, tmpbuf, fpinfo, loc);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, tmpbuf);
+
+    fpinfo->pre_rest_arg = pre_rest_arg ? assignable(p, pre_rest_arg, 0, loc) : NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST;
+    fpinfo->args = args;
+    fpinfo->post_rest_arg = post_rest_arg ? assignable(p, post_rest_arg, 0, loc) : NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST;
+
+    p->ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
+    return node;
+}
+
+static NODE*
+new_hash_pattern(struct parser_params *p, NODE *constant, NODE *hshptn, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    hshptn->nd_pconst = constant;
+    return hshptn;
+}
+
+static NODE*
+new_hash_pattern_tail(struct parser_params *p, NODE *kw_args, ID kw_rest_arg, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    int saved_line = p->ruby_sourceline;
+    NODE *node, *kw_rest_arg_node;
+
+    if (kw_rest_arg == idNil) {
+	kw_rest_arg_node = NODE_SPECIAL_NO_REST_KEYWORD;
+    }
+    else if (kw_rest_arg) {
+	kw_rest_arg_node = assignable(p, kw_rest_arg, 0, loc);
+    }
+    else {
+	kw_rest_arg_node = NULL;
+    }
+
+    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_HSHPTN, 0, kw_args, kw_rest_arg_node, loc);
+
+    p->ruby_sourceline = saved_line;
+    return node;
+}
+
+static void
+warn_one_line_pattern_matching(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, NODE *pattern, bool right_assign)
+{
+    enum node_type type;
+    type = nd_type(pattern);
+
+    if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL) &&
+	!(right_assign && (type == NODE_LASGN || type == NODE_DASGN || type == NODE_DASGN_CURR)))
+	rb_warn0L_experimental(nd_line(node), "One-line pattern matching is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby!");
+}
+
+static NODE*
+dsym_node(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     VALUE lit;
 
     if (!node) {
-	return NEW_LIT(ID2SYM(idNULL));
+	return NEW_LIT(ID2SYM(idNULL), loc);
     }
 
     switch (nd_type(node)) {
       case NODE_DSTR:
 	nd_set_type(node, NODE_DSYM);
+	nd_set_loc(node, loc);
 	break;
       case NODE_STR:
 	lit = node->nd_lit;
-	node->nd_lit = ID2SYM(rb_intern_str(lit));
+	RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, node->nd_lit = ID2SYM(rb_intern_str(lit)));
 	nd_set_type(node, NODE_LIT);
+	nd_set_loc(node, loc);
 	break;
       default:
-	node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSYM, Qnil, 1, NEW_LIST(node));
+	node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSYM, Qnil, 1, NEW_LIST(node, loc), loc);
 	break;
     }
     return node;
@@ -10148,10 +12149,11 @@ append_literal_keys(st_data_t k, st_data_t v, st_data_t h)
 }
 
 static NODE *
-remove_duplicate_keys(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *hash)
+remove_duplicate_keys(struct parser_params *p, NODE *hash)
 {
     st_table *literal_keys = st_init_numtable_with_size(hash->nd_alen / 2);
     NODE *result = 0;
+    rb_code_location_t loc = hash->nd_loc;
     while (hash && hash->nd_head && hash->nd_next) {
 	NODE *head = hash->nd_head;
 	NODE *value = hash->nd_next;
@@ -10160,11 +12162,11 @@ remove_duplicate_keys(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *hash)
 	st_data_t data;
 	if (nd_type(head) == NODE_LIT &&
 	    st_lookup(literal_keys, (key = head->nd_lit), &data)) {
-	    rb_compile_warn(ruby_sourcefile, nd_line((NODE *)data),
+	    rb_compile_warn(p->ruby_sourcefile, nd_line((NODE *)data),
 			    "key %+"PRIsVALUE" is duplicated and overwritten on line %d",
 			    head->nd_lit, nd_line(head));
 	    head = ((NODE *)data)->nd_next;
-	    head->nd_head = block_append(head->nd_head, value->nd_head);
+	    head->nd_head = block_append(p, head->nd_head, value->nd_head);
 	}
 	else {
 	    st_insert(literal_keys, (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t)hash);
@@ -10177,28 +12179,79 @@ remove_duplicate_keys(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *hash)
 	if (!result) result = hash;
 	else list_concat(result, hash);
     }
+    result->nd_loc = loc;
     return result;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_hash_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *hash)
+new_hash(struct parser_params *p, NODE *hash, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (hash) hash = remove_duplicate_keys(p, hash);
+    return NEW_HASH(hash, loc);
+}
+#endif
+
+static void
+error_duplicate_pattern_variable(struct parser_params *p, ID id, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (is_private_local_id(id)) {
+	return;
+    }
+    if (st_is_member(p->pvtbl, id)) {
+	yyerror1(loc, "duplicated variable name");
+    }
+    else {
+	st_insert(p->pvtbl, (st_data_t)id, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+error_duplicate_pattern_key(struct parser_params *p, VALUE key, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    if (!p->pktbl) {
+	p->pktbl = st_init_numtable();
+    }
+    else if (st_is_member(p->pktbl, key)) {
+	yyerror1(loc, "duplicated key name");
+	return;
+    }
+    st_insert(p->pktbl, (st_data_t)key, 0);
+}
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static NODE *
+new_unique_key_hash(struct parser_params *p, NODE *hash, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    if (hash) hash = remove_duplicate_keys(parser, hash);
-    return NEW_HASH(hash);
+    return NEW_HASH(hash, loc);
 }
 #endif /* !RIPPER */
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
 static NODE *
-new_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs)
+new_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs, struct lex_context ctxt, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *asgn;
 
     if (lhs) {
 	ID vid = lhs->nd_vid;
+	YYLTYPE lhs_loc = lhs->nd_loc;
+	int shareable = ctxt.shareable_constant_value;
+	if (shareable) {
+	    switch (nd_type(lhs)) {
+	      case NODE_CDECL:
+	      case NODE_COLON2:
+	      case NODE_COLON3:
+		break;
+	      default:
+		shareable = 0;
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
 	if (op == tOROP) {
+	    rhs = shareable_constant_value(p, shareable, lhs, rhs, &rhs->nd_loc);
 	    lhs->nd_value = rhs;
-	    asgn = NEW_OP_ASGN_OR(gettable(vid), lhs);
+	    nd_set_loc(lhs, loc);
+	    asgn = NEW_OP_ASGN_OR(gettable(p, vid, &lhs_loc), lhs, loc);
 	    if (is_notop_id(vid)) {
 		switch (id_type(vid)) {
 		  case ID_GLOBAL:
@@ -10209,249 +12262,411 @@ new_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs)
 	    }
 	}
 	else if (op == tANDOP) {
+	    if (shareable) {
+		rhs = shareable_constant_value(p, shareable, lhs, rhs, &rhs->nd_loc);
+	    }
 	    lhs->nd_value = rhs;
-	    asgn = NEW_OP_ASGN_AND(gettable(vid), lhs);
+	    nd_set_loc(lhs, loc);
+	    asgn = NEW_OP_ASGN_AND(gettable(p, vid, &lhs_loc), lhs, loc);
 	}
 	else {
 	    asgn = lhs;
-	    asgn->nd_value = NEW_CALL(gettable(vid), op, NEW_LIST(rhs));
+	    rhs = NEW_CALL(gettable(p, vid, &lhs_loc), op, NEW_LIST(rhs, &rhs->nd_loc), loc);
+	    if (shareable) {
+		rhs = shareable_constant_value(p, shareable, lhs, rhs, &rhs->nd_loc);
+	    }
+	    asgn->nd_value = rhs;
+	    nd_set_loc(asgn, loc);
 	}
     }
     else {
-	asgn = NEW_BEGIN(0);
+	asgn = NEW_BEGIN(0, loc);
     }
     return asgn;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_attr_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs,
-		       ID atype, ID attr, ID op, NODE *rhs)
+new_ary_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *ary,
+		  NODE *args, ID op, NODE *rhs, const YYLTYPE *args_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *asgn;
 
-    if (op == tOROP) {
-	op = 0;
+    args = make_list(args, args_loc);
+    if (nd_type(args) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
+	args = NEW_ARGSCAT(args, rhs, loc);
     }
-    else if (op == tANDOP) {
-	op = 1;
+    else {
+	args = arg_concat(p, args, rhs, loc);
     }
-    asgn = NEW_OP_ASGN2(lhs, CALL_Q_P(atype), attr, op, rhs);
+    asgn = NEW_OP_ASGN1(ary, op, args, loc);
+    fixpos(asgn, ary);
+    return asgn;
+}
+
+static NODE *
+new_attr_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs,
+		   ID atype, ID attr, ID op, NODE *rhs, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *asgn;
+
+    asgn = NEW_OP_ASGN2(lhs, CALL_Q_P(atype), attr, op, rhs, loc);
     fixpos(asgn, lhs);
     return asgn;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-new_const_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs)
+new_const_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs, struct lex_context ctxt, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     NODE *asgn;
 
-    if (op == tOROP) {
-	op = 0;
-    }
-    else if (op == tANDOP) {
-	op = 1;
-    }
     if (lhs) {
-	asgn = NEW_OP_CDECL(lhs, op, rhs);
+	rhs = shareable_constant_value(p, ctxt.shareable_constant_value, lhs, rhs, loc);
+	asgn = NEW_OP_CDECL(lhs, op, rhs, loc);
     }
     else {
-	asgn = NEW_BEGIN(0);
+	asgn = NEW_BEGIN(0, loc);
     }
     fixpos(asgn, lhs);
     return asgn;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-const_decl_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *path)
+const_decl(struct parser_params *p, NODE *path, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    if (in_def || in_single) {
-	yyerror("dynamic constant assignment");
+    if (p->ctxt.in_def) {
+	yyerror1(loc, "dynamic constant assignment");
     }
-    return NEW_CDECL(0, 0, (path));
+    return NEW_CDECL(0, 0, (path), loc);
 }
 #else
 static VALUE
-new_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE lhs, VALUE op, VALUE rhs)
+const_decl(struct parser_params *p, VALUE path)
 {
-    return dispatch3(opassign, lhs, op, rhs);
+    if (p->ctxt.in_def) {
+	path = assign_error(p, "dynamic constant assignment", path);
+    }
+    return path;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-new_attr_op_assign_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE lhs, VALUE type, VALUE attr, VALUE op, VALUE rhs)
+assign_error(struct parser_params *p, const char *mesg, VALUE a)
 {
-    VALUE recv = dispatch3(field, lhs, type, attr);
-    return dispatch3(opassign, recv, op, rhs);
+    a = dispatch2(assign_error, ERR_MESG(), a);
+    ripper_error(p);
+    return a;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-const_decl_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE path)
+var_field(struct parser_params *p, VALUE a)
 {
-    if (in_def || in_single) {
-	assign_error(path);
-    }
-    return path;
+    return ripper_new_yylval(p, get_id(a), dispatch1(var_field, a), 0);
 }
+#endif
 
-static VALUE
-assign_error_gen(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE a)
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static NODE *
+new_bodystmt(struct parser_params *p, NODE *head, NODE *rescue, NODE *rescue_else, NODE *ensure, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
-    a = dispatch1(assign_error, a);
-    ripper_error();
-    return a;
+    NODE *result = head;
+    if (rescue) {
+        NODE *tmp = rescue_else ? rescue_else : rescue;
+        YYLTYPE rescue_loc = code_loc_gen(&head->nd_loc, &tmp->nd_loc);
+
+        result = NEW_RESCUE(head, rescue, rescue_else, &rescue_loc);
+        nd_set_line(result, rescue->nd_loc.beg_pos.lineno);
+    }
+    else if (rescue_else) {
+        result = block_append(p, result, rescue_else);
+    }
+    if (ensure) {
+        result = NEW_ENSURE(result, ensure, loc);
+    }
+    fixpos(result, head);
+    return result;
 }
 #endif
 
 static void
-warn_unused_var(struct parser_params *parser, struct local_vars *local)
+warn_unused_var(struct parser_params *p, struct local_vars *local)
 {
-    int i, cnt;
-    ID *v, *u;
+    int cnt;
 
     if (!local->used) return;
-    v = local->vars->tbl;
-    u = local->used->tbl;
     cnt = local->used->pos;
     if (cnt != local->vars->pos) {
-	rb_bug("local->used->pos != local->vars->pos");
+	rb_parser_fatal(p, "local->used->pos != local->vars->pos");
     }
-    for (i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    ID *v = local->vars->tbl;
+    ID *u = local->used->tbl;
+    for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
 	if (!v[i] || (u[i] & LVAR_USED)) continue;
 	if (is_private_local_id(v[i])) continue;
 	rb_warn1L((int)u[i], "assigned but unused variable - %"PRIsWARN, rb_id2str(v[i]));
     }
+#endif
 }
 
 static void
-local_push_gen(struct parser_params *parser, int inherit_dvars)
+local_push(struct parser_params *p, int toplevel_scope)
 {
     struct local_vars *local;
+    int inherits_dvars = toplevel_scope && compile_for_eval;
+    int warn_unused_vars = RTEST(ruby_verbose);
 
     local = ALLOC(struct local_vars);
-    local->prev = lvtbl;
+    local->prev = p->lvtbl;
     local->args = vtable_alloc(0);
-    local->vars = vtable_alloc(inherit_dvars ? DVARS_INHERIT : DVARS_TOPSCOPE);
-    local->used = !(inherit_dvars &&
-		    (ifndef_ripper(compile_for_eval || e_option_supplied(parser))+0)) &&
-	RTEST(ruby_verbose) ? vtable_alloc(0) : 0;
+    local->vars = vtable_alloc(inherits_dvars ? DVARS_INHERIT : DVARS_TOPSCOPE);
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    if (toplevel_scope && compile_for_eval) warn_unused_vars = 0;
+    if (toplevel_scope && e_option_supplied(p)) warn_unused_vars = 0;
+    local->numparam.outer = 0;
+    local->numparam.inner = 0;
+    local->numparam.current = 0;
+#endif
+    local->used = warn_unused_vars ? vtable_alloc(0) : 0;
+
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
     local->past = 0;
 # endif
-    local->cmdargs = cmdarg_stack;
-    CMDARG_SET(0);
-    lvtbl = local;
+    CMDARG_PUSH(0);
+    COND_PUSH(0);
+    p->lvtbl = local;
 }
 
 static void
-local_pop_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
+local_pop(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    struct local_vars *local = lvtbl->prev;
-    if (lvtbl->used) {
-	warn_unused_var(parser, lvtbl);
-	vtable_free(lvtbl->used);
+    struct local_vars *local = p->lvtbl->prev;
+    if (p->lvtbl->used) {
+	warn_unused_var(p, p->lvtbl);
+	vtable_free(p->lvtbl->used);
     }
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
-    while (lvtbl->past) {
-	struct vtable *past = lvtbl->past;
-	lvtbl->past = past->prev;
+    while (p->lvtbl->past) {
+	struct vtable *past = p->lvtbl->past;
+	p->lvtbl->past = past->prev;
 	vtable_free(past);
     }
 # endif
-    vtable_free(lvtbl->args);
-    vtable_free(lvtbl->vars);
-    CMDARG_SET(lvtbl->cmdargs);
-    xfree(lvtbl);
-    lvtbl = local;
+    vtable_free(p->lvtbl->args);
+    vtable_free(p->lvtbl->vars);
+    CMDARG_POP();
+    COND_POP();
+    ruby_sized_xfree(p->lvtbl, sizeof(*p->lvtbl));
+    p->lvtbl = local;
 }
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
 static ID*
-local_tbl_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
+local_tbl(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    int cnt_args = vtable_size(lvtbl->args);
-    int cnt_vars = vtable_size(lvtbl->vars);
+    int cnt_args = vtable_size(p->lvtbl->args);
+    int cnt_vars = vtable_size(p->lvtbl->vars);
     int cnt = cnt_args + cnt_vars;
     int i, j;
     ID *buf;
 
     if (cnt <= 0) return 0;
-    buf = ALLOC_N(ID, cnt + 1);
-    MEMCPY(buf+1, lvtbl->args->tbl, ID, cnt_args);
+    buf = ALLOC_N(ID, cnt + 2);
+    MEMCPY(buf+1, p->lvtbl->args->tbl, ID, cnt_args);
     /* remove IDs duplicated to warn shadowing */
     for (i = 0, j = cnt_args+1; i < cnt_vars; ++i) {
-	ID id = lvtbl->vars->tbl[i];
-	if (!vtable_included(lvtbl->args, id)) {
+	ID id = p->lvtbl->vars->tbl[i];
+	if (!vtable_included(p->lvtbl->args, id)) {
 	    buf[j++] = id;
 	}
     }
-    if (--j < cnt) REALLOC_N(buf, ID, (cnt = j) + 1);
+    if (--j < cnt) {
+	REALLOC_N(buf, ID, (cnt = j) + 2);
+    }
     buf[0] = cnt;
+    rb_ast_add_local_table(p->ast, buf);
+
     return buf;
 }
+
+static NODE*
+node_newnode_with_locals(struct parser_params *p, enum node_type type, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, const rb_code_location_t *loc)
+{
+    ID *a0;
+    NODE *n;
+
+    a0 = local_tbl(p);
+    n = NEW_NODE(type, a0, a1, a2, loc);
+    return n;
+}
+
 #endif
 
 static void
-arg_var_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+numparam_name(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
 {
-    vtable_add(lvtbl->args, id);
+    if (!NUMPARAM_ID_P(id)) return;
+    compile_error(p, "_%d is reserved for numbered parameter",
+        NUMPARAM_ID_TO_IDX(id));
 }
 
 static void
-local_var_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+arg_var(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
 {
-    vtable_add(lvtbl->vars, id);
-    if (lvtbl->used) {
-	vtable_add(lvtbl->used, (ID)ruby_sourceline);
+    numparam_name(p, id);
+    vtable_add(p->lvtbl->args, id);
+}
+
+static void
+local_var(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
+{
+    numparam_name(p, id);
+    vtable_add(p->lvtbl->vars, id);
+    if (p->lvtbl->used) {
+	vtable_add(p->lvtbl->used, (ID)p->ruby_sourceline);
     }
 }
 
 static int
-local_id_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+local_id_ref(struct parser_params *p, ID id, ID **vidrefp)
 {
     struct vtable *vars, *args, *used;
 
-    vars = lvtbl->vars;
-    args = lvtbl->args;
-    used = lvtbl->used;
+    vars = p->lvtbl->vars;
+    args = p->lvtbl->args;
+    used = p->lvtbl->used;
 
-    while (vars && POINTER_P(vars->prev)) {
+    while (vars && !DVARS_TERMINAL_P(vars->prev)) {
 	vars = vars->prev;
 	args = args->prev;
 	if (used) used = used->prev;
     }
 
     if (vars && vars->prev == DVARS_INHERIT) {
-	return rb_local_defined(id, parser->base_block);
+	return rb_local_defined(id, p->parent_iseq);
     }
     else if (vtable_included(args, id)) {
 	return 1;
     }
     else {
 	int i = vtable_included(vars, id);
-	if (i && used) used->tbl[i-1] |= LVAR_USED;
+	if (i && used && vidrefp) *vidrefp = &used->tbl[i-1];
 	return i != 0;
     }
 }
 
+static int
+local_id(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
+{
+    return local_id_ref(p, id, NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+check_forwarding_args(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    if (local_id(p, idFWD_REST) &&
+#if idFWD_KWREST
+        local_id(p, idFWD_KWREST) &&
+#endif
+        local_id(p, idFWD_BLOCK)) return TRUE;
+    compile_error(p, "unexpected ...");
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static void
+add_forwarding_args(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+    arg_var(p, idFWD_REST);
+#if idFWD_KWREST
+    arg_var(p, idFWD_KWREST);
+#endif
+    arg_var(p, idFWD_BLOCK);
+}
+
+#ifndef RIPPER
+static NODE *
+new_args_forward_call(struct parser_params *p, NODE *leading, const YYLTYPE *loc, const YYLTYPE *argsloc)
+{
+    NODE *splat = NEW_SPLAT(NEW_LVAR(idFWD_REST, loc), loc);
+#if idFWD_KWREST
+    NODE *kwrest = list_append(p, NEW_LIST(0, loc), NEW_LVAR(idFWD_KWREST, loc));
+#endif
+    NODE *block = NEW_BLOCK_PASS(NEW_LVAR(idFWD_BLOCK, loc), loc);
+    NODE *args = leading ? rest_arg_append(p, leading, splat, argsloc) : splat;
+#if idFWD_KWREST
+    args = arg_append(p, splat, new_hash(p, kwrest, loc), loc);
+#endif
+    return arg_blk_pass(args, block);
+}
+
+static NODE *
+new_args_forward_def(struct parser_params *p, NODE *leading, const YYLTYPE *loc)
+{
+    NODE *n = new_args_tail(p, Qnone, idFWD_KWREST, idFWD_BLOCK, loc);
+    return new_args(p, leading, Qnone, idFWD_REST, Qnone, n, loc);
+}
+#endif
+
+static NODE *
+numparam_push(struct parser_params *p)
+{
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    struct local_vars *local = p->lvtbl;
+    NODE *inner = local->numparam.inner;
+    if (!local->numparam.outer) {
+	local->numparam.outer = local->numparam.current;
+    }
+    local->numparam.inner = 0;
+    local->numparam.current = 0;
+    return inner;
+#else
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+numparam_pop(struct parser_params *p, NODE *prev_inner)
+{
+#ifndef RIPPER
+    struct local_vars *local = p->lvtbl;
+    if (prev_inner) {
+	/* prefer first one */
+	local->numparam.inner = prev_inner;
+    }
+    else if (local->numparam.current) {
+	/* current and inner are exclusive */
+	local->numparam.inner = local->numparam.current;
+    }
+    if (p->max_numparam > NO_PARAM) {
+	/* current and outer are exclusive */
+	local->numparam.current = local->numparam.outer;
+	local->numparam.outer = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+	/* no numbered parameter */
+	local->numparam.current = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
 static const struct vtable *
-dyna_push_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
+dyna_push(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    lvtbl->args = vtable_alloc(lvtbl->args);
-    lvtbl->vars = vtable_alloc(lvtbl->vars);
-    if (lvtbl->used) {
-	lvtbl->used = vtable_alloc(lvtbl->used);
+    p->lvtbl->args = vtable_alloc(p->lvtbl->args);
+    p->lvtbl->vars = vtable_alloc(p->lvtbl->vars);
+    if (p->lvtbl->used) {
+	p->lvtbl->used = vtable_alloc(p->lvtbl->used);
     }
-    return lvtbl->args;
+    return p->lvtbl->args;
 }
 
 static void
-dyna_pop_vtable(struct parser_params *parser, struct vtable **vtblp)
+dyna_pop_vtable(struct parser_params *p, struct vtable **vtblp)
 {
     struct vtable *tmp = *vtblp;
     *vtblp = tmp->prev;
 # if WARN_PAST_SCOPE
-    if (parser->past_scope_enabled) {
-	tmp->prev = lvtbl->past;
-	lvtbl->past = tmp;
+    if (p->past_scope_enabled) {
+	tmp->prev = p->lvtbl->past;
+	p->lvtbl->past = tmp;
 	return;
     }
 # endif
@@ -10459,88 +12674,94 @@ dyna_pop_vtable(struct parser_params *parser, struct vtable **vtblp)
 }
 
 static void
-dyna_pop_1(struct parser_params *parser)
+dyna_pop_1(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     struct vtable *tmp;
 
-    if ((tmp = lvtbl->used) != 0) {
-	warn_unused_var(parser, lvtbl);
-	lvtbl->used = lvtbl->used->prev;
+    if ((tmp = p->lvtbl->used) != 0) {
+	warn_unused_var(p, p->lvtbl);
+	p->lvtbl->used = p->lvtbl->used->prev;
 	vtable_free(tmp);
     }
-    dyna_pop_vtable(parser, &lvtbl->args);
-    dyna_pop_vtable(parser, &lvtbl->vars);
+    dyna_pop_vtable(p, &p->lvtbl->args);
+    dyna_pop_vtable(p, &p->lvtbl->vars);
 }
 
 static void
-dyna_pop_gen(struct parser_params *parser, const struct vtable *lvargs)
+dyna_pop(struct parser_params *p, const struct vtable *lvargs)
 {
-    while (lvtbl->args != lvargs) {
-	dyna_pop_1(parser);
-	if (!lvtbl->args) {
-	    struct local_vars *local = lvtbl->prev;
-	    xfree(lvtbl);
-	    lvtbl = local;
+    while (p->lvtbl->args != lvargs) {
+	dyna_pop_1(p);
+	if (!p->lvtbl->args) {
+	    struct local_vars *local = p->lvtbl->prev;
+	    ruby_sized_xfree(p->lvtbl, sizeof(*p->lvtbl));
+	    p->lvtbl = local;
 	}
     }
-    dyna_pop_1(parser);
+    dyna_pop_1(p);
 }
 
 static int
-dyna_in_block_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
+dyna_in_block(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    return POINTER_P(lvtbl->vars) && lvtbl->vars->prev != DVARS_TOPSCOPE;
+    return !DVARS_TERMINAL_P(p->lvtbl->vars) && p->lvtbl->vars->prev != DVARS_TOPSCOPE;
 }
 
 static int
-dvar_defined_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id, int get)
+dvar_defined_ref(struct parser_params *p, ID id, ID **vidrefp)
 {
     struct vtable *vars, *args, *used;
     int i;
 
-    args = lvtbl->args;
-    vars = lvtbl->vars;
-    used = lvtbl->used;
+    args = p->lvtbl->args;
+    vars = p->lvtbl->vars;
+    used = p->lvtbl->used;
 
-    while (POINTER_P(vars)) {
+    while (!DVARS_TERMINAL_P(vars)) {
 	if (vtable_included(args, id)) {
 	    return 1;
 	}
 	if ((i = vtable_included(vars, id)) != 0) {
-	    if (used) used->tbl[i-1] |= LVAR_USED;
+	    if (used && vidrefp) *vidrefp = &used->tbl[i-1];
 	    return 1;
 	}
 	args = args->prev;
 	vars = vars->prev;
-	if (get) used = 0;
+	if (!vidrefp) used = 0;
 	if (used) used = used->prev;
     }
 
-    if (vars == DVARS_INHERIT) {
-        return rb_dvar_defined(id, parser->base_block);
+    if (vars == DVARS_INHERIT && !NUMPARAM_ID_P(id)) {
+        return rb_dvar_defined(id, p->parent_iseq);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-dvar_curr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, ID id)
+dvar_defined(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
+{
+    return dvar_defined_ref(p, id, NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+dvar_curr(struct parser_params *p, ID id)
 {
-    return (vtable_included(lvtbl->args, id) ||
-	    vtable_included(lvtbl->vars, id));
+    return (vtable_included(p->lvtbl->args, id) ||
+	    vtable_included(p->lvtbl->vars, id));
 }
 
 static void
-reg_fragment_enc_error(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int c)
+reg_fragment_enc_error(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int c)
 {
-    compile_error(PARSER_ARG
+    compile_error(p,
         "regexp encoding option '%c' differs from source encoding '%s'",
         c, rb_enc_name(rb_enc_get(str)));
 }
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
 int
-rb_reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
+rb_reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options)
 {
     int c = RE_OPTION_ENCODING_IDX(options);
 
@@ -10561,7 +12782,7 @@ rb_reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
         }
 	rb_enc_associate(str, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
     }
-    else if (current_enc == rb_usascii_encoding()) {
+    else if (p->enc == rb_usascii_encoding()) {
 	if (rb_enc_str_coderange(str) != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT) {
 	    /* raise in re.c */
 	    rb_enc_associate(str, rb_usascii_encoding());
@@ -10577,21 +12798,21 @@ rb_reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
 }
 
 static void
-reg_fragment_setenc_gen(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
+reg_fragment_setenc(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options)
 {
-    int c = rb_reg_fragment_setenc(parser, str, options);
-    if (c) reg_fragment_enc_error(parser, str, c);
+    int c = rb_reg_fragment_setenc(p, str, options);
+    if (c) reg_fragment_enc_error(p, str, c);
 }
 
 static int
-reg_fragment_check_gen(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
+reg_fragment_check(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options)
 {
     VALUE err;
-    reg_fragment_setenc(str, options);
+    reg_fragment_setenc(p, str, options);
     err = rb_reg_check_preprocess(str);
     if (err != Qnil) {
         err = rb_obj_as_string(err);
-        compile_error(PARSER_ARG "%"PRIsVALUE, err);
+        compile_error(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, err);
 	return 0;
     }
     return 1;
@@ -10601,6 +12822,7 @@ typedef struct {
     struct parser_params* parser;
     rb_encoding *enc;
     NODE *succ_block;
+    const YYLTYPE *loc;
 } reg_named_capture_assign_t;
 
 static int
@@ -10608,35 +12830,38 @@ reg_named_capture_assign_iter(const OnigUChar *name, const OnigUChar *name_end,
           int back_num, int *back_refs, OnigRegex regex, void *arg0)
 {
     reg_named_capture_assign_t *arg = (reg_named_capture_assign_t*)arg0;
-    struct parser_params* parser = arg->parser;
+    struct parser_params* p = arg->parser;
     rb_encoding *enc = arg->enc;
     long len = name_end - name;
     const char *s = (const char *)name;
     ID var;
     NODE *node, *succ;
 
-    if (!len || (*name != '_' && ISASCII(*name) && !rb_enc_islower(*name, enc)) ||
-	(len < MAX_WORD_LENGTH && rb_reserved_word(s, (int)len)) ||
-	!rb_enc_symname2_p(s, len, enc)) {
+    if (!len) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    if (rb_enc_symname_type(s, len, enc, (1U<<ID_LOCAL)) != ID_LOCAL)
         return ST_CONTINUE;
-    }
+
     var = intern_cstr(s, len, enc);
-    node = node_assign(assignable(var, 0), NEW_LIT(ID2SYM(var)));
+    if (len < MAX_WORD_LENGTH && rb_reserved_word(s, (int)len)) {
+	if (!lvar_defined(p, var)) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+    node = node_assign(p, assignable(p, var, 0, arg->loc), NEW_LIT(ID2SYM(var), arg->loc), NO_LEX_CTXT, arg->loc);
     succ = arg->succ_block;
-    if (!succ) succ = NEW_BEGIN(0);
-    succ = block_append(succ, node);
+    if (!succ) succ = NEW_BEGIN(0, arg->loc);
+    succ = block_append(p, succ, node);
     arg->succ_block = succ;
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
 static NODE *
-reg_named_capture_assign_gen(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE regexp)
+reg_named_capture_assign(struct parser_params* p, VALUE regexp, const YYLTYPE *loc)
 {
     reg_named_capture_assign_t arg;
 
-    arg.parser = parser;
+    arg.parser = p;
     arg.enc = rb_enc_get(regexp);
     arg.succ_block = 0;
+    arg.loc = loc;
     onig_foreach_name(RREGEXP_PTR(regexp), reg_named_capture_assign_iter, &arg);
 
     if (!arg.succ_block) return 0;
@@ -10644,43 +12869,44 @@ reg_named_capture_assign_gen(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE regexp)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
+parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options)
 {
-    reg_fragment_setenc(str, options);
-    return rb_parser_reg_compile(parser, str, options);
+    reg_fragment_setenc(p, str, options);
+    return rb_parser_reg_compile(p, str, options);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
+rb_parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options)
 {
-    return rb_reg_compile(str, options & RE_OPTION_MASK, ruby_sourcefile, ruby_sourceline);
+    return rb_reg_compile(str, options & RE_OPTION_MASK, p->ruby_sourcefile, p->ruby_sourceline);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-reg_compile_gen(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options)
+reg_compile(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options)
 {
     VALUE re;
     VALUE err;
 
     err = rb_errinfo();
-    re = parser_reg_compile(parser, str, options);
+    re = parser_reg_compile(p, str, options);
     if (NIL_P(re)) {
 	VALUE m = rb_attr_get(rb_errinfo(), idMesg);
 	rb_set_errinfo(err);
-	compile_error(PARSER_ARG "%"PRIsVALUE, m);
+	compile_error(p, "%"PRIsVALUE, m);
 	return Qnil;
     }
     return re;
 }
 #else
 static VALUE
-parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options, VALUE *errmsg)
+parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* p, VALUE str, int options, VALUE *errmsg)
 {
     VALUE err = rb_errinfo();
     VALUE re;
-    int c = rb_reg_fragment_setenc(parser, str, options);
-    if (c) reg_fragment_enc_error(parser, str, c);
-    re = rb_parser_reg_compile(parser, str, options);
+    str = ripper_is_node_yylval(str) ? RNODE(str)->nd_cval : str;
+    int c = rb_reg_fragment_setenc(p, str, options);
+    if (c) reg_fragment_enc_error(p, str, c);
+    re = rb_parser_reg_compile(p, str, options);
     if (NIL_P(re)) {
 	*errmsg = rb_attr_get(rb_errinfo(), idMesg);
 	rb_set_errinfo(err);
@@ -10690,77 +12916,51 @@ parser_reg_compile(struct parser_params* parser, VALUE str, int options, VALUE *
 #endif
 
 #ifndef RIPPER
-NODE*
-rb_parser_append_print(VALUE vparser, NODE *node)
+void
+rb_parser_set_options(VALUE vparser, int print, int loop, int chomp, int split)
 {
-    NODE *prelude = 0;
-    NODE *scope = node;
-    struct parser_params *parser;
-
-    if (!node) return node;
-
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-
-    node = node->nd_body;
-
-    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_PRELUDE) {
-	prelude = node;
-	node = node->nd_body;
-    }
-
-    node = block_append(node,
-			NEW_FCALL(rb_intern("print"),
-				  NEW_ARRAY(NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE))));
-    if (prelude) {
-	prelude->nd_body = node;
-	scope->nd_body = prelude;
-    }
-    else {
-	scope->nd_body = node;
-    }
-
-    return scope;
+    struct parser_params *p;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    p->do_print = print;
+    p->do_loop = loop;
+    p->do_chomp = chomp;
+    p->do_split = split;
 }
 
-NODE *
-rb_parser_while_loop(VALUE vparser, NODE *node, int chop, int split)
+static NODE *
+parser_append_options(struct parser_params *p, NODE *node)
 {
-    NODE *prelude = 0;
-    NODE *scope = node;
-    struct parser_params *parser;
-
-    if (!node) return node;
+    static const YYLTYPE default_location = {{1, 0}, {1, 0}};
+    const YYLTYPE *const LOC = &default_location;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-
-    node = node->nd_body;
-
-    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_PRELUDE) {
-	prelude = node;
-	node = node->nd_body;
-    }
-    if (split) {
-	node = block_append(NEW_GASGN(rb_intern("$F"),
-				      NEW_CALL(NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE),
-					       rb_intern("split"), 0)),
-			    node);
-    }
-    if (chop) {
-	node = block_append(NEW_CALL(NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE),
-				     rb_intern("chop!"), 0), node);
+    if (p->do_print) {
+	NODE *print = NEW_FCALL(rb_intern("print"),
+				NEW_LIST(NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE, LOC), LOC),
+				LOC);
+	node = block_append(p, node, print);
     }
 
-    node = NEW_OPT_N(node);
+    if (p->do_loop) {
+	if (p->do_split) {
+	    ID ifs = rb_intern("$;");
+	    ID fields = rb_intern("$F");
+	    NODE *args = NEW_LIST(NEW_GVAR(ifs, LOC), LOC);
+	    NODE *split = NEW_GASGN(fields,
+				    NEW_CALL(NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE, LOC),
+					     rb_intern("split"), args, LOC),
+				    LOC);
+	    node = block_append(p, split, node);
+	}
+	if (p->do_chomp) {
+	    NODE *chomp = NEW_CALL(NEW_GVAR(idLASTLINE, LOC),
+				   rb_intern("chomp!"), 0, LOC);
+	    node = block_append(p, chomp, node);
+	}
 
-    if (prelude) {
-	prelude->nd_body = node;
-	scope->nd_body = prelude;
-    }
-    else {
-	scope->nd_body = node;
+	node = NEW_WHILE(NEW_VCALL(idGets, LOC), node, 1, LOC);
     }
 
-    return scope;
+    return node;
 }
 
 void
@@ -10770,31 +12970,35 @@ rb_init_parse(void)
     (void)nodetype;
     (void)nodeline;
 }
-#endif /* !RIPPER */
 
 static ID
-internal_id_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
+internal_id(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    ID id = (ID)vtable_size(lvtbl->args) + (ID)vtable_size(lvtbl->vars);
-    id += ((tLAST_TOKEN - ID_INTERNAL) >> ID_SCOPE_SHIFT) + 1;
+    const ID max_id = RB_ID_SERIAL_MAX & ~0xffff;
+    ID id = (ID)vtable_size(p->lvtbl->args) + (ID)vtable_size(p->lvtbl->vars);
+    id = max_id - id;
     return ID_STATIC_SYM | ID_INTERNAL | (id << ID_SCOPE_SHIFT);
 }
+#endif /* !RIPPER */
 
 static void
-parser_initialize(struct parser_params *parser)
+parser_initialize(struct parser_params *p)
 {
     /* note: we rely on TypedData_Make_Struct to set most fields to 0 */
-    command_start = TRUE;
-    ruby_sourcefile_string = Qnil;
+    p->command_start = TRUE;
+    p->ruby_sourcefile_string = Qnil;
+    p->lex.lpar_beg = -1; /* make lambda_beginning_p() == FALSE at first */
+    p->node_id = 0;
 #ifdef RIPPER
-    parser->delayed = Qnil;
-    parser->result = Qnil;
-    parser->parsing_thread = Qnil;
+    p->delayed.token = Qnil;
+    p->result = Qnil;
+    p->parsing_thread = Qnil;
 #else
-    parser->error_buffer = Qfalse;
+    p->error_buffer = Qfalse;
 #endif
-    parser->debug_buffer = Qnil;
-    parser->enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
+    p->debug_buffer = Qnil;
+    p->debug_output = rb_ractor_stdout();
+    p->enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
 }
 
 #ifdef RIPPER
@@ -10805,49 +13009,51 @@ parser_initialize(struct parser_params *parser)
 static void
 parser_mark(void *ptr)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser = (struct parser_params*)ptr;
+    struct parser_params *p = (struct parser_params*)ptr;
 
-    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)lex_strterm);
-    rb_gc_mark(lex_input);
-    rb_gc_mark(lex_lastline);
-    rb_gc_mark(lex_nextline);
-    rb_gc_mark(ruby_sourcefile_string);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->lex.input);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->lex.prevline);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->lex.lastline);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->lex.nextline);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->ruby_sourcefile_string);
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)p->lex.strterm);
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)p->ast);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->case_labels);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)ruby_eval_tree_begin);
-    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)ruby_eval_tree);
-    rb_gc_mark(ruby_debug_lines);
-    rb_gc_mark(parser->compile_option);
-    rb_gc_mark(parser->error_buffer);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->debug_lines);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->compile_option);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->error_buffer);
 #else
-    rb_gc_mark(parser->delayed);
-    rb_gc_mark(parser->value);
-    rb_gc_mark(parser->result);
-    rb_gc_mark(parser->parsing_thread);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->delayed.token);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->value);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->result);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->parsing_thread);
 #endif
-    rb_gc_mark(parser->debug_buffer);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->debug_buffer);
+    rb_gc_mark(p->debug_output);
 #ifdef YYMALLOC
-    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)parser->heap);
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)p->heap);
 #endif
 }
 
 static void
 parser_free(void *ptr)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser = (struct parser_params*)ptr;
+    struct parser_params *p = (struct parser_params*)ptr;
     struct local_vars *local, *prev;
 
-    if (tokenbuf) {
-        xfree(tokenbuf);
+    if (p->tokenbuf) {
+        ruby_sized_xfree(p->tokenbuf, p->toksiz);
     }
-    for (local = lvtbl; local; local = prev) {
+    for (local = p->lvtbl; local; local = prev) {
 	if (local->vars) xfree(local->vars);
 	prev = local->prev;
 	xfree(local);
     }
     {
 	token_info *ptinfo;
-	while ((ptinfo = parser->token_info) != 0) {
-	    parser->token_info = ptinfo->next;
+	while ((ptinfo = p->token_info) != 0) {
+	    p->token_info = ptinfo->next;
 	    xfree(ptinfo);
 	}
     }
@@ -10857,12 +13063,12 @@ parser_free(void *ptr)
 static size_t
 parser_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser = (struct parser_params*)ptr;
+    struct parser_params *p = (struct parser_params*)ptr;
     struct local_vars *local;
-    size_t size = sizeof(*parser);
+    size_t size = sizeof(*p);
 
-    size += toksiz;
-    for (local = lvtbl; local; local = local->prev) {
+    size += p->toksiz;
+    for (local = p->lvtbl; local; local = local->prev) {
 	size += sizeof(*local);
 	if (local->vars) size += local->vars->capa * sizeof(ID);
     }
@@ -10903,14 +13109,13 @@ rb_parser_new(void)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_parser_set_context(VALUE vparser, const struct rb_block *base, int main)
+rb_parser_set_context(VALUE vparser, const struct rb_iseq_struct *base, int main)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    parser->error_buffer = main ? Qfalse : Qnil;
-    parser->base_block = base;
-    in_main = main;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    p->error_buffer = main ? Qfalse : Qnil;
+    p->parent_iseq = base;
     return vparser;
 }
 #endif
@@ -10920,57 +13125,62 @@ rb_parser_set_context(VALUE vparser, const struct rb_block *base, int main)
 #define rb_parser_encoding ripper_parser_encoding
 #define rb_parser_get_yydebug ripper_parser_get_yydebug
 #define rb_parser_set_yydebug ripper_parser_set_yydebug
+#define rb_parser_get_debug_output ripper_parser_get_debug_output
+#define rb_parser_set_debug_output ripper_parser_set_debug_output
 static VALUE ripper_parser_end_seen_p(VALUE vparser);
 static VALUE ripper_parser_encoding(VALUE vparser);
 static VALUE ripper_parser_get_yydebug(VALUE self);
 static VALUE ripper_parser_set_yydebug(VALUE self, VALUE flag);
+static VALUE ripper_parser_get_debug_output(VALUE self);
+static VALUE ripper_parser_set_debug_output(VALUE self, VALUE output);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ripper#error?   -> Boolean
+ *    ripper.error?   -> Boolean
  *
  *  Return true if parsed source has errors.
  */
 static VALUE
 ripper_error_p(VALUE vparser)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    return parser->error_p ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    return p->error_p ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 #endif
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ripper#end_seen?   -> Boolean
+ *    ripper.end_seen?   -> Boolean
  *
  *  Return true if parsed source ended by +\_\_END\_\_+.
  */
 VALUE
 rb_parser_end_seen_p(VALUE vparser)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    return ruby__end__seen ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    return p->ruby__end__seen ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ripper#encoding   -> encoding
+ *    ripper.encoding   -> encoding
  *
  *  Return encoding of the source.
  */
 VALUE
 rb_parser_encoding(VALUE vparser)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    return rb_enc_from_encoding(current_enc);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(vparser, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    return rb_enc_from_encoding(p->enc);
 }
 
+#ifdef RIPPER
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    ripper.yydebug   -> true or false
@@ -10980,11 +13190,12 @@ rb_parser_encoding(VALUE vparser)
 VALUE
 rb_parser_get_yydebug(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    return yydebug ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    return p->debug ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -10995,54 +13206,86 @@ rb_parser_get_yydebug(VALUE self)
 VALUE
 rb_parser_set_yydebug(VALUE self, VALUE flag)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    yydebug = RTEST(flag);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    p->debug = RTEST(flag);
     return flag;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    ripper.debug_output   -> obj
+ *
+ *  Get debug output.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_parser_get_debug_output(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct parser_params *p;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    return p->debug_output;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    ripper.debug_output = obj
+ *
+ *  Set debug output.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_parser_set_debug_output(VALUE self, VALUE output)
+{
+    struct parser_params *p;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    return p->debug_output = output;
+}
+
 #ifndef RIPPER
 #ifdef YYMALLOC
 #define HEAPCNT(n, size) ((n) * (size) / sizeof(YYSTYPE))
-#define NEWHEAP() rb_node_newnode(NODE_ALLOCA, 0, (VALUE)parser->heap, 0)
-#define ADD2HEAP(n, c, p) ((parser->heap = (n))->u1.node = (p), \
-			   (n)->u3.cnt = (c), (p))
+/* Keep the order; NEWHEAP then xmalloc and ADD2HEAP to get rid of
+ * potential memory leak */
+#define NEWHEAP() rb_imemo_tmpbuf_parser_heap(0, p->heap, 0)
+#define ADD2HEAP(new, cnt, ptr) ((p->heap = (new))->ptr = (ptr), \
+			   (new)->cnt = (cnt), (ptr))
 
 void *
-rb_parser_malloc(struct parser_params *parser, size_t size)
+rb_parser_malloc(struct parser_params *p, size_t size)
 {
     size_t cnt = HEAPCNT(1, size);
-    NODE *n = NEWHEAP();
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *n = NEWHEAP();
     void *ptr = xmalloc(size);
 
     return ADD2HEAP(n, cnt, ptr);
 }
 
 void *
-rb_parser_calloc(struct parser_params *parser, size_t nelem, size_t size)
+rb_parser_calloc(struct parser_params *p, size_t nelem, size_t size)
 {
     size_t cnt = HEAPCNT(nelem, size);
-    NODE *n = NEWHEAP();
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *n = NEWHEAP();
     void *ptr = xcalloc(nelem, size);
 
     return ADD2HEAP(n, cnt, ptr);
 }
 
 void *
-rb_parser_realloc(struct parser_params *parser, void *ptr, size_t size)
+rb_parser_realloc(struct parser_params *p, void *ptr, size_t size)
 {
-    NODE *n;
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t *n;
     size_t cnt = HEAPCNT(1, size);
 
-    if (ptr && (n = parser->heap) != NULL) {
+    if (ptr && (n = p->heap) != NULL) {
 	do {
-	    if (n->u1.node == ptr) {
-		n->u1.node = ptr = xrealloc(ptr, size);
-		if (n->u3.cnt) n->u3.cnt = cnt;
+	    if (n->ptr == ptr) {
+		n->ptr = ptr = xrealloc(ptr, size);
+		if (n->cnt) n->cnt = cnt;
 		return ptr;
 	    }
-	} while ((n = n->u2.node) != NULL);
+	} while ((n = n->next) != NULL);
     }
     n = NEWHEAP();
     ptr = xrealloc(ptr, size);
@@ -11050,59 +13293,136 @@ rb_parser_realloc(struct parser_params *parser, void *ptr, size_t size)
 }
 
 void
-rb_parser_free(struct parser_params *parser, void *ptr)
+rb_parser_free(struct parser_params *p, void *ptr)
 {
-    NODE **prev = &parser->heap, *n;
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_t **prev = &p->heap, *n;
 
     while ((n = *prev) != NULL) {
-	if (n->u1.node == ptr) {
-	    *prev = n->u2.node;
+	if (n->ptr == ptr) {
+	    *prev = n->next;
 	    rb_gc_force_recycle((VALUE)n);
 	    break;
 	}
-	prev = &n->u2.node;
+	prev = &n->next;
     }
     xfree(ptr);
 }
 #endif
 
 void
-rb_parser_printf(struct parser_params *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
+rb_parser_printf(struct parser_params *p, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list ap;
-    VALUE mesg = parser->debug_buffer;
+    VALUE mesg = p->debug_buffer;
 
-    if (NIL_P(mesg)) parser->debug_buffer = mesg = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    if (NIL_P(mesg)) p->debug_buffer = mesg = rb_str_new(0, 0);
     va_start(ap, fmt);
     rb_str_vcatf(mesg, fmt, ap);
     va_end(ap);
     if (RSTRING_END(mesg)[-1] == '\n') {
-	rb_io_write(rb_stdout, mesg);
-	parser->debug_buffer = Qnil;
+	rb_io_write(p->debug_output, mesg);
+	p->debug_buffer = Qnil;
     }
 }
 
 static void
-parser_compile_error(struct parser_params *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
+parser_compile_error(struct parser_params *p, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list ap;
 
-    parser->error_p = 1;
+    rb_io_flush(p->debug_output);
+    p->error_p = 1;
     va_start(ap, fmt);
-    parser->error_buffer =
-	rb_syntax_error_append(parser->error_buffer,
-			       ruby_sourcefile_string,
-			       ruby_sourceline,
-			       rb_long2int(lex_p - lex_pbeg),
-			       current_enc, fmt, ap);
+    p->error_buffer =
+	rb_syntax_error_append(p->error_buffer,
+			       p->ruby_sourcefile_string,
+			       p->ruby_sourceline,
+			       rb_long2int(p->lex.pcur - p->lex.pbeg),
+			       p->enc, fmt, ap);
     va_end(ap);
 }
+
+static size_t
+count_char(const char *str, int c)
+{
+    int n = 0;
+    while (str[n] == c) ++n;
+    return n;
+}
+
+/*
+ * strip enclosing double-quotes, same as the default yytnamerr except
+ * for that single-quotes matching back-quotes do not stop stripping.
+ *
+ *  "\"`class' keyword\"" => "`class' keyword"
+ */
+RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED size_t
+rb_yytnamerr(struct parser_params *p, char *yyres, const char *yystr)
+{
+    if (*yystr == '"') {
+	size_t yyn = 0, bquote = 0;
+	const char *yyp = yystr;
+
+	while (*++yyp) {
+	    switch (*yyp) {
+	      case '`':
+		if (!bquote) {
+		    bquote = count_char(yyp+1, '`') + 1;
+		    if (yyres) memcpy(&yyres[yyn], yyp, bquote);
+		    yyn += bquote;
+		    yyp += bquote - 1;
+		    break;
+		}
+		goto default_char;
+
+	      case '\'':
+		if (bquote && count_char(yyp+1, '\'') + 1 == bquote) {
+		    if (yyres) memcpy(yyres + yyn, yyp, bquote);
+		    yyn += bquote;
+		    yyp += bquote - 1;
+		    bquote = 0;
+		    break;
+		}
+		if (yyp[1] && yyp[1] != '\'' && yyp[2] == '\'') {
+		    if (yyres) memcpy(yyres + yyn, yyp, 3);
+		    yyn += 3;
+		    yyp += 2;
+		    break;
+		}
+		goto do_not_strip_quotes;
+
+	      case ',':
+		goto do_not_strip_quotes;
+
+	      case '\\':
+		if (*++yyp != '\\')
+		    goto do_not_strip_quotes;
+		/* Fall through.  */
+	      default_char:
+	      default:
+		if (yyres)
+		    yyres[yyn] = *yyp;
+		yyn++;
+		break;
+
+	      case '"':
+	      case '\0':
+		if (yyres)
+		    yyres[yyn] = '\0';
+		return yyn;
+	    }
+	}
+      do_not_strip_quotes: ;
+    }
+
+    if (!yyres) return strlen(yystr);
+
+    return (YYSIZE_T)(yystpcpy(yyres, yystr) - yyres);
+}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef RIPPER
 #ifdef RIPPER_DEBUG
-extern int rb_is_pointer_to_heap(VALUE);
-
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 ripper_validate_object(VALUE self, VALUE x)
@@ -11111,11 +13431,9 @@ ripper_validate_object(VALUE self, VALUE x)
     if (x == Qtrue) return x;
     if (x == Qnil) return x;
     if (x == Qundef)
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Qundef given");
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Qundef given");
     if (FIXNUM_P(x)) return x;
     if (SYMBOL_P(x)) return x;
-    if (!rb_is_pointer_to_heap(x))
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid pointer: %p", x);
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(x)) {
       case T_STRING:
       case T_OBJECT:
@@ -11124,15 +13442,20 @@ ripper_validate_object(VALUE self, VALUE x)
       case T_FLOAT:
       case T_COMPLEX:
       case T_RATIONAL:
-        return x;
+	break;
       case T_NODE:
-	if (nd_type(x) != NODE_RIPPER) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "NODE given: %p", x);
+	if (nd_type((NODE *)x) != NODE_RIPPER) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "NODE given: %p", (void *)x);
 	}
-	return ((NODE *)x)->nd_rval;
+	x = ((NODE *)x)->nd_rval;
+	break;
       default:
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type of ruby object: %p (%s)",
-                 x, rb_obj_classname(x));
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type of ruby object: %p (%s)",
+		 (void *)x, rb_obj_classname(x));
+    }
+    if (!RBASIC_CLASS(x)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "hidden ruby object: %p (%s)",
+		 (void *)x, rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(x)));
     }
     return x;
 }
@@ -11141,58 +13464,58 @@ ripper_validate_object(VALUE self, VALUE x)
 #define validate(x) ((x) = get_value(x))
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_dispatch0(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid)
+ripper_dispatch0(struct parser_params *p, ID mid)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(parser->value, mid, 0);
+    return rb_funcall(p->value, mid, 0);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_dispatch1(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid, VALUE a)
+ripper_dispatch1(struct parser_params *p, ID mid, VALUE a)
 {
     validate(a);
-    return rb_funcall(parser->value, mid, 1, a);
+    return rb_funcall(p->value, mid, 1, a);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_dispatch2(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b)
+ripper_dispatch2(struct parser_params *p, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     validate(a);
     validate(b);
-    return rb_funcall(parser->value, mid, 2, a, b);
+    return rb_funcall(p->value, mid, 2, a, b);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_dispatch3(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c)
+ripper_dispatch3(struct parser_params *p, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c)
 {
     validate(a);
     validate(b);
     validate(c);
-    return rb_funcall(parser->value, mid, 3, a, b, c);
+    return rb_funcall(p->value, mid, 3, a, b, c);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_dispatch4(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c, VALUE d)
+ripper_dispatch4(struct parser_params *p, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c, VALUE d)
 {
     validate(a);
     validate(b);
     validate(c);
     validate(d);
-    return rb_funcall(parser->value, mid, 4, a, b, c, d);
+    return rb_funcall(p->value, mid, 4, a, b, c, d);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_dispatch5(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c, VALUE d, VALUE e)
+ripper_dispatch5(struct parser_params *p, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c, VALUE d, VALUE e)
 {
     validate(a);
     validate(b);
     validate(c);
     validate(d);
     validate(e);
-    return rb_funcall(parser->value, mid, 5, a, b, c, d, e);
+    return rb_funcall(p->value, mid, 5, a, b, c, d, e);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_dispatch7(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c, VALUE d, VALUE e, VALUE f, VALUE g)
+ripper_dispatch7(struct parser_params *p, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c, VALUE d, VALUE e, VALUE f, VALUE g)
 {
     validate(a);
     validate(b);
@@ -11201,95 +13524,7 @@ ripper_dispatch7(struct parser_params *parser, ID mid, VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE c
     validate(e);
     validate(f);
     validate(g);
-    return rb_funcall(parser->value, mid, 7, a, b, c, d, e, f, g);
-}
-
-static const struct kw_assoc {
-    ID id;
-    const char *name;
-} keyword_to_name[] = {
-    {keyword_class,	"class"},
-    {keyword_module,	"module"},
-    {keyword_def,	"def"},
-    {keyword_undef,	"undef"},
-    {keyword_begin,	"begin"},
-    {keyword_rescue,	"rescue"},
-    {keyword_ensure,	"ensure"},
-    {keyword_end,	"end"},
-    {keyword_if,	"if"},
-    {keyword_unless,	"unless"},
-    {keyword_then,	"then"},
-    {keyword_elsif,	"elsif"},
-    {keyword_else,	"else"},
-    {keyword_case,	"case"},
-    {keyword_when,	"when"},
-    {keyword_while,	"while"},
-    {keyword_until,	"until"},
-    {keyword_for,	"for"},
-    {keyword_break,	"break"},
-    {keyword_next,	"next"},
-    {keyword_redo,	"redo"},
-    {keyword_retry,	"retry"},
-    {keyword_in,	"in"},
-    {keyword_do,	"do"},
-    {keyword_do_cond,	"do"},
-    {keyword_do_block,	"do"},
-    {keyword_return,	"return"},
-    {keyword_yield,	"yield"},
-    {keyword_super,	"super"},
-    {keyword_self,	"self"},
-    {keyword_nil,	"nil"},
-    {keyword_true,	"true"},
-    {keyword_false,	"false"},
-    {keyword_and,	"and"},
-    {keyword_or,	"or"},
-    {keyword_not,	"not"},
-    {modifier_if,	"if"},
-    {modifier_unless,	"unless"},
-    {modifier_while,	"while"},
-    {modifier_until,	"until"},
-    {modifier_rescue,	"rescue"},
-    {keyword_alias,	"alias"},
-    {keyword_defined,	"defined?"},
-    {keyword_BEGIN,	"BEGIN"},
-    {keyword_END,	"END"},
-    {keyword__LINE__,	"__LINE__"},
-    {keyword__FILE__,	"__FILE__"},
-    {keyword__ENCODING__, "__ENCODING__"},
-    {0, NULL}
-};
-
-static const char*
-keyword_id_to_str(ID id)
-{
-    const struct kw_assoc *a;
-
-    for (a = keyword_to_name; a->id; a++) {
-        if (a->id == id)
-            return a->name;
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-#undef ripper_id2sym
-static VALUE
-ripper_id2sym(ID id)
-{
-    const char *name;
-    char buf[8];
-
-    if (id == (ID)(signed char)id) {
-        buf[0] = (char)id;
-        buf[1] = '\0';
-        return ID2SYM(rb_intern2(buf, 1));
-    }
-    if ((name = keyword_id_to_str(id))) {
-        return ID2SYM(rb_intern(name));
-    }
-    if (!rb_id2str(id)) {
-	rb_bug("cannot convert ID to string: %ld", (unsigned long)id);
-    }
-    return ID2SYM(id);
+    return rb_funcall(p->value, mid, 7, a, b, c, d, e, f, g);
 }
 
 static ID
@@ -11314,13 +13549,13 @@ ripper_get_value(VALUE v)
 }
 
 static void
-ripper_error_gen(struct parser_params *parser)
+ripper_error(struct parser_params *p)
 {
-    parser->error_p = TRUE;
+    p->error_p = TRUE;
 }
 
 static void
-ripper_compile_error(struct parser_params *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
+ripper_compile_error(struct parser_params *p, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     VALUE str;
     va_list args;
@@ -11328,12 +13563,12 @@ ripper_compile_error(struct parser_params *parser, const char *fmt, ...)
     va_start(args, fmt);
     str = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
-    rb_funcall(parser->value, rb_intern("compile_error"), 1, str);
-    ripper_error_gen(parser);
+    rb_funcall(p->value, rb_intern("compile_error"), 1, str);
+    ripper_error(p);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_lex_get_generic(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE src)
+ripper_lex_get_generic(struct parser_params *p, VALUE src)
 {
     VALUE line = rb_funcallv_public(src, id_gets, 0, 0);
     if (!NIL_P(line) && !RB_TYPE_P(line, T_STRING)) {
@@ -11345,7 +13580,7 @@ ripper_lex_get_generic(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE src)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ripper_lex_io_get(struct parser_params *parser, VALUE src)
+ripper_lex_io_get(struct parser_params *p, VALUE src)
 {
     return rb_io_gets(src);
 }
@@ -11375,97 +13610,94 @@ ripper_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
 static VALUE
 ripper_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
     VALUE src, fname, lineno;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &src, &fname, &lineno);
     if (RB_TYPE_P(src, T_FILE)) {
-        lex_gets = ripper_lex_io_get;
+        p->lex.gets = ripper_lex_io_get;
     }
     else if (rb_respond_to(src, id_gets)) {
-        lex_gets = ripper_lex_get_generic;
+        p->lex.gets = ripper_lex_get_generic;
     }
     else {
         StringValue(src);
-        lex_gets = lex_get_str;
+        p->lex.gets = lex_get_str;
     }
-    lex_input = src;
-    parser->eofp = 0;
+    p->lex.input = src;
+    p->eofp = 0;
     if (NIL_P(fname)) {
         fname = STR_NEW2("(ripper)");
 	OBJ_FREEZE(fname);
     }
     else {
-        StringValue(fname);
+	StringValueCStr(fname);
 	fname = rb_str_new_frozen(fname);
     }
-    parser_initialize(parser);
+    parser_initialize(p);
 
-    ruby_sourcefile_string = fname;
-    ruby_sourcefile = RSTRING_PTR(fname);
-    ruby_sourceline = NIL_P(lineno) ? 0 : NUM2INT(lineno) - 1;
+    p->ruby_sourcefile_string = fname;
+    p->ruby_sourcefile = RSTRING_PTR(fname);
+    p->ruby_sourceline = NIL_P(lineno) ? 0 : NUM2INT(lineno) - 1;
 
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-struct ripper_args {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
-    int argc;
-    VALUE *argv;
-};
-
 static VALUE
 ripper_parse0(VALUE parser_v)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(parser_v, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    parser_prepare(parser);
-    ripper_yyparse((void*)parser);
-    return parser->result;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(parser_v, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    parser_prepare(p);
+    p->ast = rb_ast_new();
+    ripper_yyparse((void*)p);
+    rb_ast_dispose(p->ast);
+    p->ast = 0;
+    return p->result;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 ripper_ensure(VALUE parser_v)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(parser_v, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    parser->parsing_thread = Qnil;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(parser_v, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    p->parsing_thread = Qnil;
     return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ripper#parse
+ *    ripper.parse
  *
  *  Start parsing and returns the value of the root action.
  */
 static VALUE
 ripper_parse(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    if (!ripper_initialized_p(parser)) {
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    if (!ripper_initialized_p(p)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "method called for uninitialized object");
     }
-    if (!NIL_P(parser->parsing_thread)) {
-        if (parser->parsing_thread == rb_thread_current())
+    if (!NIL_P(p->parsing_thread)) {
+        if (p->parsing_thread == rb_thread_current())
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Ripper#parse is not reentrant");
         else
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Ripper#parse is not multithread-safe");
     }
-    parser->parsing_thread = rb_thread_current();
+    p->parsing_thread = rb_thread_current();
     rb_ensure(ripper_parse0, self, ripper_ensure, self);
 
-    return parser->result;
+    return p->result;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ripper#column   -> Integer
+ *    ripper.column   -> Integer
  *
  *  Return column number of current parsing line.
  *  This number starts from 0.
@@ -11473,39 +13705,39 @@ ripper_parse(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ripper_column(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
     long col;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    if (!ripper_initialized_p(parser)) {
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    if (!ripper_initialized_p(p)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "method called for uninitialized object");
     }
-    if (NIL_P(parser->parsing_thread)) return Qnil;
-    col = parser->tokp - lex_pbeg;
+    if (NIL_P(p->parsing_thread)) return Qnil;
+    col = p->lex.ptok - p->lex.pbeg;
     return LONG2NUM(col);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ripper#filename   -> String
+ *    ripper.filename   -> String
  *
  *  Return current parsing filename.
  */
 static VALUE
 ripper_filename(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    if (!ripper_initialized_p(parser)) {
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    if (!ripper_initialized_p(p)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "method called for uninitialized object");
     }
-    return ruby_sourcefile_string;
+    return p->ruby_sourcefile_string;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    ripper#lineno   -> Integer
+ *    ripper.lineno   -> Integer
  *
  *  Return line number of current parsing line.
  *  This number starts from 1.
@@ -11513,14 +13745,55 @@ ripper_filename(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ripper_lineno(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct parser_params *parser;
+    struct parser_params *p;
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, parser);
-    if (!ripper_initialized_p(parser)) {
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    if (!ripper_initialized_p(p)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "method called for uninitialized object");
     }
-    if (NIL_P(parser->parsing_thread)) return Qnil;
-    return INT2NUM(ruby_sourceline);
+    if (NIL_P(p->parsing_thread)) return Qnil;
+    return INT2NUM(p->ruby_sourceline);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    ripper.state   -> Integer
+ *
+ *  Return scanner state of current token.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ripper_state(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct parser_params *p;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    if (!ripper_initialized_p(p)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "method called for uninitialized object");
+    }
+    if (NIL_P(p->parsing_thread)) return Qnil;
+    return INT2NUM(p->lex.state);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    ripper.token   -> String
+ *
+ *  Return the current token string.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ripper_token(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct parser_params *p;
+    long pos, len;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct parser_params, &parser_data_type, p);
+    if (!ripper_initialized_p(p)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "method called for uninitialized object");
+    }
+    if (NIL_P(p->parsing_thread)) return Qnil;
+    pos = p->lex.ptok - p->lex.pbeg;
+    len = p->lex.pcur - p->lex.ptok;
+    return rb_str_subseq(p->lex.lastline, pos, len);
 }
 
 #ifdef RIPPER_DEBUG
@@ -11543,6 +13816,17 @@ ripper_value(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    Ripper.lex_state_name(integer)   -> string
+ *
+ *  Returns a string representation of lex_state.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ripper_lex_state_name(VALUE self, VALUE state)
+{
+    return rb_parser_lex_state_name(NUM2INT(state));
+}
 
 void
 Init_ripper(void)
@@ -11552,6 +13836,9 @@ Init_ripper(void)
     id_warn = rb_intern_const("warn");
     id_warning = rb_intern_const("warning");
     id_gets = rb_intern_const("gets");
+    id_assoc = rb_intern_const("=>");
+
+    (void)yystpcpy; /* may not used in newer bison */
 
     InitVM(ripper);
 }
@@ -11570,20 +13857,30 @@ InitVM_ripper(void)
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "column", ripper_column, 0);
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "filename", ripper_filename, 0);
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "lineno", ripper_lineno, 0);
+    rb_define_method(Ripper, "state", ripper_state, 0);
+    rb_define_method(Ripper, "token", ripper_token, 0);
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "end_seen?", rb_parser_end_seen_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "encoding", rb_parser_encoding, 0);
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "yydebug", rb_parser_get_yydebug, 0);
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "yydebug=", rb_parser_set_yydebug, 1);
+    rb_define_method(Ripper, "debug_output", rb_parser_get_debug_output, 0);
+    rb_define_method(Ripper, "debug_output=", rb_parser_set_debug_output, 1);
     rb_define_method(Ripper, "error?", ripper_error_p, 0);
 #ifdef RIPPER_DEBUG
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "assert_Qundef", ripper_assert_Qundef, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "rawVALUE", ripper_value, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "validate_object", ripper_validate_object, 1);
+    rb_define_method(Ripper, "assert_Qundef", ripper_assert_Qundef, 2);
+    rb_define_method(Ripper, "rawVALUE", ripper_value, 1);
+    rb_define_method(Ripper, "validate_object", ripper_validate_object, 1);
 #endif
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(Ripper, "dedent_string", parser_dedent_string, 2);
     rb_define_private_method(Ripper, "dedent_string", parser_dedent_string, 2);
 
+    rb_define_singleton_method(Ripper, "lex_state_name", ripper_lex_state_name, 1);
+
+<% @exprs.each do |expr, desc| -%>
+    /* <%=desc%> */
+    rb_define_const(Ripper, "<%=expr%>", INT2NUM(<%=expr%>));
+<% end %>
     ripper_init_eventids1_table(Ripper);
     ripper_init_eventids2_table(Ripper);
 
@@ -11600,3 +13897,10 @@ InitVM_ripper(void)
 
 }
 #endif /* RIPPER */
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * mode: c
+ * c-file-style: "ruby"
+ * End:
+ */
diff --git a/prelude.rb b/prelude.rb
index 2e72881cd5..b1e477a3ea 100644
--- a/prelude.rb
+++ b/prelude.rb
@@ -1,136 +1,22 @@
-class Thread
-  MUTEX_FOR_THREAD_EXCLUSIVE = Thread::Mutex.new # :nodoc:
-  private_constant :MUTEX_FOR_THREAD_EXCLUSIVE
-
-  # call-seq:
-  #    Thread.exclusive { block }   => obj
-  #
-  # Wraps the block in a single, VM-global Mutex.synchronize, returning the
-  # value of the block. A thread executing inside the exclusive section will
-  # only block other threads which also use the Thread.exclusive mechanism.
-  def self.exclusive
-    warn "Thread.exclusive is deprecated, use Thread::Mutex", caller
-    MUTEX_FOR_THREAD_EXCLUSIVE.synchronize{
-      yield
-    }
+class Binding
+  # :nodoc:
+  def irb
+    require 'irb'
+    irb
   end
-end
 
-class IO
+  # suppress redefinition warning
+  alias irb irb # :nodoc:
+end
 
-  # call-seq:
-  #    ios.read_nonblock(maxlen [, options])              -> string
-  #    ios.read_nonblock(maxlen, outbuf [, options])      -> outbuf
-  #
-  # Reads at most <i>maxlen</i> bytes from <em>ios</em> using
-  # the read(2) system call after O_NONBLOCK is set for
-  # the underlying file descriptor.
-  #
-  # If the optional <i>outbuf</i> argument is present,
-  # it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
-  # The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
-  # even if it is not empty at the beginning.
-  #
-  # read_nonblock just calls the read(2) system call.
-  # It causes all errors the read(2) system call causes: Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, etc.
-  # The caller should care such errors.
-  #
-  # If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN,
-  # it is extended by IO::WaitReadable.
-  # So IO::WaitReadable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying
-  # read_nonblock.
-  #
-  # read_nonblock causes EOFError on EOF.
-  #
-  # If the read byte buffer is not empty,
-  # read_nonblock reads from the buffer like readpartial.
-  # In this case, the read(2) system call is not called.
-  #
-  # When read_nonblock raises an exception kind of IO::WaitReadable,
-  # read_nonblock should not be called
-  # until io is readable for avoiding busy loop.
-  # This can be done as follows.
-  #
-  #   # emulates blocking read (readpartial).
-  #   begin
-  #     result = io.read_nonblock(maxlen)
-  #   rescue IO::WaitReadable
-  #     IO.select([io])
-  #     retry
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Although IO#read_nonblock doesn't raise IO::WaitWritable.
-  # OpenSSL::Buffering#read_nonblock can raise IO::WaitWritable.
-  # If IO and SSL should be used polymorphically,
-  # IO::WaitWritable should be rescued too.
-  # See the document of OpenSSL::Buffering#read_nonblock for sample code.
-  #
-  # Note that this method is identical to readpartial
-  # except the non-blocking flag is set.
-  #
-  # By specifying a keyword argument _exception_ to +false+, you can indicate
-  # that read_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitReadable exception, but
-  # return the symbol +:wait_readable+ instead. At EOF, it will return nil
-  # instead of raising EOFError.
-  def read_nonblock(len, buf = nil, exception: true)
-    __read_nonblock(len, buf, exception)
+module Kernel
+  def pp(*objs)
+    require 'pp'
+    pp(*objs)
   end
 
-  # call-seq:
-  #    ios.write_nonblock(string)   -> integer
-  #    ios.write_nonblock(string [, options])   -> integer
-  #
-  # Writes the given string to <em>ios</em> using
-  # the write(2) system call after O_NONBLOCK is set for
-  # the underlying file descriptor.
-  #
-  # It returns the number of bytes written.
-  #
-  # write_nonblock just calls the write(2) system call.
-  # It causes all errors the write(2) system call causes: Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, etc.
-  # The result may also be smaller than string.length (partial write).
-  # The caller should care such errors and partial write.
-  #
-  # If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN,
-  # it is extended by IO::WaitWritable.
-  # So IO::WaitWritable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying write_nonblock.
-  #
-  #   # Creates a pipe.
-  #   r, w = IO.pipe
-  #
-  #   # write_nonblock writes only 65536 bytes and return 65536.
-  #   # (The pipe size is 65536 bytes on this environment.)
-  #   s = "a" * 100000
-  #   p w.write_nonblock(s)     #=> 65536
-  #
-  #   # write_nonblock cannot write a byte and raise EWOULDBLOCK (EAGAIN).
-  #   p w.write_nonblock("b")   # Resource temporarily unavailable (Errno::EAGAIN)
-  #
-  # If the write buffer is not empty, it is flushed at first.
-  #
-  # When write_nonblock raises an exception kind of IO::WaitWritable,
-  # write_nonblock should not be called
-  # until io is writable for avoiding busy loop.
-  # This can be done as follows.
-  #
-  #   begin
-  #     result = io.write_nonblock(string)
-  #   rescue IO::WaitWritable, Errno::EINTR
-  #     IO.select(nil, [io])
-  #     retry
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Note that this doesn't guarantee to write all data in string.
-  # The length written is reported as result and it should be checked later.
-  #
-  # On some platforms such as Windows, write_nonblock is not supported
-  # according to the kind of the IO object.
-  # In such cases, write_nonblock raises <code>Errno::EBADF</code>.
-  #
-  # By specifying a keyword argument _exception_ to +false+, you can indicate
-  # that write_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitWritable exception, but
-  # return the symbol +:wait_writable+ instead.
-  def write_nonblock(buf, exception: true)
-    __write_nonblock(buf, exception)
-  end
+  # suppress redefinition warning
+  alias pp pp # :nodoc:
+
+  private :pp
 end
diff --git a/probes.d b/probes.d
index 57a3d762bd..0762a2d25f 100644
--- a/probes.d
+++ b/probes.d
@@ -214,17 +214,6 @@ provider ruby {
      Fired at the end of a sweep phase.
   */
   probe gc__sweep__end();
-
-  /*
-     ruby:::method-cache-clear(class, filename, lineno);
-
-     This probe is fired when the method cache is cleared.
-
-     * `class` the name of the class or "global" (a string)
-     * `filename` the file name where the cache is _being cleared_ (a string)
-     * `lineno` the line number where the cache is _being cleared_ (an int)
-  */
-  probe method__cache__clear(const char *class, const char *filename, int lineno);
 };
 
 #pragma D attributes Stable/Evolving/Common provider ruby provider
diff --git a/probes_helper.h b/probes_helper.h
index 1becae5a8d..d2d0ebb6e2 100644
--- a/probes_helper.h
+++ b/probes_helper.h
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #define RUBY_PROBES_HELPER_H
 
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
-#include "probes.h"
 
 struct ruby_dtrace_method_hook_args {
     const char *classname;
@@ -13,13 +12,15 @@ struct ruby_dtrace_method_hook_args {
     volatile VALUE name;
 };
 
-NOINLINE(int ruby_th_dtrace_setup(rb_thread_t *, VALUE, ID, struct ruby_dtrace_method_hook_args *));
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+NOINLINE(int rb_dtrace_setup(rb_execution_context_t *, VALUE, ID, struct ruby_dtrace_method_hook_args *));
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
-#define RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(name, th, klazz, id) \
+#define RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(name, ec, klazz, id) \
 do { \
     if (UNLIKELY(RUBY_DTRACE_##name##_ENABLED())) { \
 	struct ruby_dtrace_method_hook_args args; \
-	if (ruby_th_dtrace_setup(th, klazz, id, &args)) { \
+	if (rb_dtrace_setup(ec, klazz, id, &args)) { \
 	    RUBY_DTRACE_##name(args.classname, \
 			       args.methodname, \
 			       args.filename, \
@@ -28,16 +29,16 @@ do { \
     } \
 } while (0)
 
-#define RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, klass, id) \
-    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(METHOD_ENTRY, th, klass, id)
+#define RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(ec, klass, id) \
+    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(METHOD_ENTRY, ec, klass, id)
 
-#define RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, klass, id) \
-    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(METHOD_RETURN, th, klass, id)
+#define RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_RETURN_HOOK(ec, klass, id) \
+    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(METHOD_RETURN, ec, klass, id)
 
-#define RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, klass, id) \
-    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(CMETHOD_ENTRY, th, klass, id)
+#define RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(ec, klass, id) \
+    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(CMETHOD_ENTRY, ec, klass, id)
 
-#define RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, klass, id) \
-    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(CMETHOD_RETURN, th, klass, id)
+#define RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(ec, klass, id) \
+    RUBY_DTRACE_METHOD_HOOK(CMETHOD_RETURN, ec, klass, id)
 
 #endif /* RUBY_PROBES_HELPER_H */
diff --git a/proc.c b/proc.c
index 275cc1b468..a933fde3a8 100644
--- a/proc.c
+++ b/proc.c
@@ -10,13 +10,16 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 
 #include "eval_intern.h"
-#include "internal.h"
 #include "gc.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/symbol.h"
 #include "iseq.h"
-
-/* Proc.new with no block will raise an exception in the future
- * versions */
-#define PROC_NEW_REQUIRES_BLOCK 0
+#include "vm_core.h"
 
 #if !defined(__GNUC__) || __GNUC__ < 5 || defined(__MINGW32__)
 # define NO_CLOBBERED(v) (*(volatile VALUE *)&(v))
@@ -24,11 +27,15 @@
 # define NO_CLOBBERED(v) (v)
 #endif
 
+#define UPDATE_TYPED_REFERENCE(_type, _ref) *(_type*)&_ref = (_type)rb_gc_location((VALUE)_ref)
+#define UPDATE_REFERENCE(_ref) UPDATE_TYPED_REFERENCE(VALUE, _ref)
+
 const rb_cref_t *rb_vm_cref_in_context(VALUE self, VALUE cbase);
 
 struct METHOD {
     const VALUE recv;
     const VALUE klass;
+    const VALUE iclass;
     const rb_method_entry_t * const me;
     /* for bound methods, `me' should be rb_callable_method_entry_t * */
 };
@@ -38,9 +45,10 @@ VALUE rb_cMethod;
 VALUE rb_cBinding;
 VALUE rb_cProc;
 
-static VALUE bmcall(VALUE, VALUE, int, VALUE *, VALUE);
+static rb_block_call_func bmcall;
 static int method_arity(VALUE);
 static int method_min_max_arity(VALUE, int *max);
+static VALUE proc_binding(VALUE self);
 
 #define attached id__attached__
 
@@ -48,8 +56,6 @@ static int method_min_max_arity(VALUE, int *max);
 
 #define IS_METHOD_PROC_IFUNC(ifunc) ((ifunc)->func == bmcall)
 
-static VALUE proc_to_s_(VALUE self, const rb_proc_t *proc);
-
 static void
 block_mark(const struct rb_block *block)
 {
@@ -58,23 +64,51 @@ block_mark(const struct rb_block *block)
       case block_type_ifunc:
 	{
 	    const struct rb_captured_block *captured = &block->as.captured;
-	    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(captured->self);
-	    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL((VALUE)captured->code.val);
+	    RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(captured->self);
+	    RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL((VALUE)captured->code.val);
 	    if (captured->ep && captured->ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ENV] != Qundef /* cfunc_proc_t */) {
-		RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(VM_ENV_ENVVAL(captured->ep));
+                rb_gc_mark(VM_ENV_ENVVAL(captured->ep));
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
       case block_type_symbol:
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(block->as.symbol);
+	RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(block->as.symbol);
+	break;
+      case block_type_proc:
+	RUBY_MARK_MOVABLE_UNLESS_NULL(block->as.proc);
+	break;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+block_compact(struct rb_block *block)
+{
+    switch (block->type) {
+      case block_type_iseq:
+      case block_type_ifunc:
+	{
+	    struct rb_captured_block *captured = &block->as.captured;
+            captured->self = rb_gc_location(captured->self);
+            captured->code.val = rb_gc_location(captured->code.val);
+	}
+	break;
+      case block_type_symbol:
+        block->as.symbol = rb_gc_location(block->as.symbol);
 	break;
       case block_type_proc:
-	RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(block->as.proc);
+        block->as.proc = rb_gc_location(block->as.proc);
 	break;
     }
 }
 
 static void
+proc_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_proc_t *proc = ptr;
+    block_compact((struct rb_block *)&proc->block);
+}
+
+static void
 proc_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     rb_proc_t *proc = ptr;
@@ -102,6 +136,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t proc_data_type = {
 	proc_mark,
 	RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
 	proc_memsize,
+	proc_compact,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
 };
@@ -124,28 +159,11 @@ rb_obj_is_proc(VALUE proc)
     }
 }
 
-VALUE rb_proc_create(VALUE klass, const struct rb_block *block,
-		     int8_t safe_level, int8_t is_from_method, int8_t is_lambda);
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-proc_dup(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE procval;
-    rb_proc_t *src;
-
-    GetProcPtr(self, src);
-    procval = rb_proc_create(rb_cProc, &src->block,
-			     src->safe_level, src->is_from_method, src->is_lambda);
-    RB_GC_GUARD(self); /* for: body = proc_dup(body) */
-    return procval;
-}
-
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 proc_clone(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE procval = proc_dup(self);
+    VALUE procval = rb_proc_dup(self);
     CLONESETUP(procval, self);
     return procval;
 }
@@ -154,8 +172,10 @@ proc_clone(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *   prc.lambda? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ for a Proc object for which argument handling is rigid.
- * Such procs are typically generated by +lambda+.
+ * Returns +true+ if a Proc object is lambda.
+ * +false+ if non-lambda.
+ *
+ * The lambda-ness affects argument handling and the behavior of +return+ and +break+.
  *
  * A Proc object generated by +proc+ ignores extra arguments.
  *
@@ -265,12 +285,8 @@ rb_proc_lambda_p(VALUE procval)
 static void
 binding_free(void *ptr)
 {
-    rb_binding_t *bind;
     RUBY_FREE_ENTER("binding");
-    if (ptr) {
-	bind = ptr;
-	ruby_xfree(bind);
-    }
+    ruby_xfree(ptr);
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("binding");
 }
 
@@ -280,12 +296,18 @@ binding_mark(void *ptr)
     rb_binding_t *bind = ptr;
 
     RUBY_MARK_ENTER("binding");
-
     block_mark(&bind->block);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(bind->pathobj);
+    RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("binding");
+}
 
-    RUBY_MARK_UNLESS_NULL(bind->path);
+static void
+binding_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_binding_t *bind = ptr;
 
-    RUBY_MARK_LEAVE("binding");
+    block_compact((struct rb_block *)&bind->block);
+    UPDATE_REFERENCE(bind->pathobj);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -300,8 +322,9 @@ const rb_data_type_t ruby_binding_data_type = {
 	binding_mark,
 	binding_free,
 	binding_memsize,
+	binding_compact,
     },
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 VALUE
@@ -313,6 +336,7 @@ rb_binding_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return obj;
 }
 
+
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 binding_dup(VALUE self)
@@ -321,8 +345,8 @@ binding_dup(VALUE self)
     rb_binding_t *src, *dst;
     GetBindingPtr(self, src);
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, dst);
-    dst->block = src->block;
-    dst->path = src->path;
+    rb_vm_block_copy(bindval, &dst->block, &src->block);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &dst->pathobj, src->pathobj);
     dst->first_lineno = src->first_lineno;
     return bindval;
 }
@@ -339,8 +363,8 @@ binding_clone(VALUE self)
 VALUE
 rb_binding_new(void)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    return rb_vm_make_binding(th, th->cfp);
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    return rb_vm_make_binding(ec, ec->cfp);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -392,26 +416,44 @@ bind_eval(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE bindval)
 }
 
 static const VALUE *
-get_local_variable_ptr(const rb_env_t *env, ID lid)
+get_local_variable_ptr(const rb_env_t **envp, ID lid)
 {
+    const rb_env_t *env = *envp;
     do {
 	if (!VM_ENV_FLAGS(env->ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME)) {
-	    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = env->iseq;
+            if (VM_ENV_FLAGS(env->ep, VM_ENV_FLAG_ISOLATED)) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            const rb_iseq_t *iseq = env->iseq;
 	    unsigned int i;
 
 	    VM_ASSERT(rb_obj_is_iseq((VALUE)iseq));
 
 	    for (i=0; i<iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
 		if (iseq->body->local_table[i] == lid) {
+		    if (iseq->body->local_iseq == iseq &&
+			iseq->body->param.flags.has_block &&
+			(unsigned int)iseq->body->param.block_start == i) {
+			const VALUE *ep = env->ep;
+			if (!VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM)) {
+			    RB_OBJ_WRITE(env, &env->env[i], rb_vm_bh_to_procval(GET_EC(), VM_ENV_BLOCK_HANDLER(ep)));
+			    VM_ENV_FLAGS_SET(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM);
+			}
+		    }
+
+		    *envp = env;
 		    return &env->env[i];
 		}
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
+	    *envp = NULL;
 	    return NULL;
 	}
     } while ((env = rb_vm_env_prev_env(env)) != NULL);
 
+    *envp = NULL;
     return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -494,19 +536,22 @@ bind_local_variable_get(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym)
     ID lid = check_local_id(bindval, &sym);
     const rb_binding_t *bind;
     const VALUE *ptr;
+    const rb_env_t *env;
 
     if (!lid) goto undefined;
 
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
 
-    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block)), lid)) == NULL) {
-	sym = ID2SYM(lid);
-      undefined:
-	rb_name_err_raise("local variable `%1$s' not defined for %2$s",
-			  bindval, sym);
+    env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
+    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid)) != NULL) {
+        return *ptr;
     }
 
-    return *ptr;
+    sym = ID2SYM(lid);
+  undefined:
+    rb_name_err_raise("local variable `%1$s' is not defined for %2$s",
+                      bindval, sym);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -546,9 +591,9 @@ bind_local_variable_set(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym, VALUE val)
 
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
     env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
-    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(env, lid)) == NULL) {
+    if ((ptr = get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid)) == NULL) {
 	/* not found. create new env */
-	ptr = rb_binding_add_dynavars(bind, 1, &lid);
+	ptr = rb_binding_add_dynavars(bindval, bind, 1, &lid);
 	env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
     }
 
@@ -579,11 +624,13 @@ bind_local_variable_defined_p(VALUE bindval, VALUE sym)
 {
     ID lid = check_local_id(bindval, &sym);
     const rb_binding_t *bind;
+    const rb_env_t *env;
 
     if (!lid) return Qfalse;
 
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
-    return get_local_variable_ptr(VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block)), lid) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(vm_block_ep(&bind->block));
+    return get_local_variable_ptr(&env, lid) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -600,8 +647,26 @@ bind_receiver(VALUE bindval)
     return vm_block_self(&bind->block);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     binding.source_location  -> [String, Integer]
+ *
+ *  Returns the Ruby source filename and line number of the binding object.
+ */
 static VALUE
-cfunc_proc_new(VALUE klass, VALUE ifunc, int8_t is_lambda)
+bind_location(VALUE bindval)
+{
+    VALUE loc[2];
+    const rb_binding_t *bind;
+    GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
+    loc[0] = pathobj_path(bind->pathobj);
+    loc[1] = INT2FIX(bind->first_lineno);
+
+    return rb_ary_new4(2, loc);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+cfunc_proc_new(VALUE klass, VALUE ifunc)
 {
     rb_proc_t *proc;
     cfunc_proc_t *sproc;
@@ -619,7 +684,7 @@ cfunc_proc_new(VALUE klass, VALUE ifunc, int8_t is_lambda)
 
     /* self? */
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(procval, &proc->block.as.captured.code.ifunc, ifunc);
-    proc->is_lambda = is_lambda;
+    proc->is_lambda = TRUE;
     return procval;
 }
 
@@ -631,54 +696,67 @@ sym_proc_new(VALUE klass, VALUE sym)
     GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
 
     vm_block_type_set(&proc->block, block_type_symbol);
+    proc->is_lambda = TRUE;
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(procval, &proc->block.as.symbol, sym);
     return procval;
 }
 
-VALUE
+struct vm_ifunc *
+rb_vm_ifunc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, const void *data, int min_argc, int max_argc)
+{
+    union {
+	struct vm_ifunc_argc argc;
+	VALUE packed;
+    } arity;
+
+    if (min_argc < UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS ||
+#if SIZEOF_INT * 2 > SIZEOF_VALUE
+	min_argc >= (int)(1U << (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT) / 2) ||
+#endif
+	0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "minimum argument number out of range: %d",
+		 min_argc);
+    }
+    if (max_argc < UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS ||
+#if SIZEOF_INT * 2 > SIZEOF_VALUE
+	max_argc >= (int)(1U << (SIZEOF_VALUE * CHAR_BIT) / 2) ||
+#endif
+	0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "maximum argument number out of range: %d",
+		 max_argc);
+    }
+    arity.argc.min = min_argc;
+    arity.argc.max = max_argc;
+    VALUE ret = rb_imemo_new(imemo_ifunc, (VALUE)func, (VALUE)data, arity.packed, 0);
+    return (struct vm_ifunc *)ret;
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_func_proc_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE val)
 {
-    return cfunc_proc_new(rb_cProc, (VALUE)IFUNC_NEW(func, val, 0), 0);
+    struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = rb_vm_ifunc_proc_new(func, (void *)val);
+    return cfunc_proc_new(rb_cProc, (VALUE)ifunc);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_func_lambda_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE val)
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_func_lambda_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE val, int min_argc, int max_argc)
 {
-    return cfunc_proc_new(rb_cProc, (VALUE)IFUNC_NEW(func, val, 0), 1);
+    struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = rb_vm_ifunc_new(func, (void *)val, min_argc, max_argc);
+    return cfunc_proc_new(rb_cProc, (VALUE)ifunc);
 }
 
 static const char proc_without_block[] = "tried to create Proc object without a block";
 
 static VALUE
-proc_new(VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda)
+proc_new(VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda, int8_t kernel)
 {
     VALUE procval;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
     VALUE block_handler;
 
     if ((block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp)) == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
-#if !PROC_NEW_REQUIRES_BLOCK
-	cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
-
-	if ((block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp)) != VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
-	    const VALUE *lep = rb_vm_ep_local_ep(cfp->ep);
-
-	    if (VM_ENV_ESCAPED_P(lep)) {
-		procval = VM_ENV_PROCVAL(lep);
-		goto return_existing_proc;
-	    }
-
-	    if (is_lambda) {
-		rb_warn(proc_without_block);
-	    }
-	}
-#else
-	if (0)
-#endif
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, proc_without_block);
-	}
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, proc_without_block);
     }
 
     /* block is in cf */
@@ -686,13 +764,12 @@ proc_new(VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda)
       case block_handler_type_proc:
 	procval = VM_BH_TO_PROC(block_handler);
 
-      return_existing_proc:
 	if (RBASIC_CLASS(procval) == klass) {
 	    return procval;
 	}
 	else {
-	    VALUE newprocval = proc_dup(procval);
-	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(newprocval, klass);
+	    VALUE newprocval = rb_proc_dup(procval);
+            RBASIC_SET_CLASS(newprocval, klass);
 	    return newprocval;
 	}
 	break;
@@ -704,8 +781,16 @@ proc_new(VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda)
 	break;
 
       case block_handler_type_ifunc:
+	return rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(ec, VM_BH_TO_CAPT_BLOCK(block_handler), klass, is_lambda);
       case block_handler_type_iseq:
-	return rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(th, VM_BH_TO_CAPT_BLOCK(block_handler), klass, is_lambda);
+        {
+            const struct rb_captured_block *captured = VM_BH_TO_CAPT_BLOCK(block_handler);
+            rb_control_frame_t *last_ruby_cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, cfp);
+            if (is_lambda && last_ruby_cfp && vm_cfp_forwarded_bh_p(last_ruby_cfp, block_handler)) {
+                is_lambda = false;
+            }
+            return rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(ec, captured, klass, is_lambda);
+        }
     }
     VM_UNREACHABLE(proc_new);
     return Qnil;
@@ -716,10 +801,10 @@ proc_new(VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda)
  *     Proc.new {|...| block } -> a_proc
  *     Proc.new                -> a_proc
  *
- *  Creates a new <code>Proc</code> object, bound to the current
- *  context. <code>Proc::new</code> may be called without a block only
- *  within a method with an attached block, in which case that block is
- *  converted to the <code>Proc</code> object.
+ *  Creates a new Proc object, bound to the current context. Proc::new
+ *  may be called without a block only within a method with an
+ *  attached block, in which case that block is converted to the Proc
+ *  object.
  *
  *     def proc_from
  *       Proc.new
@@ -731,55 +816,96 @@ proc_new(VALUE klass, int8_t is_lambda)
 static VALUE
 rb_proc_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE block = proc_new(klass, FALSE);
+    VALUE block = proc_new(klass, FALSE, FALSE);
 
-    rb_obj_call_init(block, argc, argv);
+    rb_obj_call_init_kw(block, argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
     return block;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_block_proc(void)
+{
+    return proc_new(rb_cProc, FALSE, FALSE);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   proc   { |...| block }  -> a_proc
  *
- * Equivalent to <code>Proc.new</code>.
+ * Equivalent to Proc.new.
  */
 
+static VALUE
+f_proc(VALUE _)
+{
+    return proc_new(rb_cProc, FALSE, TRUE);
+}
+
 VALUE
-rb_block_proc(void)
+rb_block_lambda(void)
 {
-    return proc_new(rb_cProc, FALSE);
+    return proc_new(rb_cProc, TRUE, FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+f_lambda_warn(void)
+{
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = GET_EC()->cfp;
+    VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp);
+
+    if (block_handler != VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
+        switch (vm_block_handler_type(block_handler)) {
+          case block_handler_type_iseq:
+            if (RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp)->ep == VM_BH_TO_ISEQ_BLOCK(block_handler)->ep) {
+                return;
+            }
+            break;
+          case block_handler_type_symbol:
+            return;
+          case block_handler_type_proc:
+            if (rb_proc_lambda_p(VM_BH_TO_PROC(block_handler))) {
+                return;
+            }
+            break;
+          case block_handler_type_ifunc:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_warn_deprecated("lambda without a literal block", "the proc without lambda");
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   lambda { |...| block }  -> a_proc
  *
- * Equivalent to <code>Proc.new</code>, except the resulting Proc objects
- * check the number of parameters passed when called.
+ * Equivalent to Proc.new, except the resulting Proc objects check the
+ * number of parameters passed when called.
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_block_lambda(void)
+static VALUE
+f_lambda(VALUE _)
 {
-    return proc_new(rb_cProc, TRUE);
+    f_lambda_warn();
+    return rb_block_lambda();
 }
 
-/*  Document-method: ===
+/*  Document-method: Proc#===
  *
  *  call-seq:
  *     proc === obj   -> result_of_proc
  *
- *  Invokes the block with +obj+ as the proc's parameter like Proc#call.  It
- *  is to allow a proc object to be a target of +when+ clause in a case
- *  statement.
+ *  Invokes the block with +obj+ as the proc's parameter like Proc#call.
+ *  This allows a proc object to be the target of a +when+ clause
+ *  in a case statement.
  */
 
 /* CHECKME: are the argument checking semantics correct? */
 
 /*
- *  Document-method: []
- *  Document-method: call
- *  Document-method: yield
+ *  Document-method: Proc#[]
+ *  Document-method: Proc#call
+ *  Document-method: Proc#yield
  *
  *  call-seq:
  *     prc.call(params,...)   -> obj
@@ -800,11 +926,11 @@ rb_block_lambda(void)
  *  Note that <code>prc.()</code> invokes <code>prc.call()</code> with
  *  the parameters given.  It's syntactic sugar to hide "call".
  *
- *  For procs created using <code>lambda</code> or <code>->()</code> an error
- *  is generated if the wrong number of parameters are passed to the proc.
- *  For procs created using <code>Proc.new</code> or <code>Kernel.proc</code>,
- *  extra parameters are silently discarded and missing parameters are
- *  set to +nil+.
+ *  For procs created using #lambda or <code>->()</code> an error is
+ *  generated if the wrong number of parameters are passed to the
+ *  proc.  For procs created using Proc.new or Kernel.proc, extra
+ *  parameters are silently discarded and missing parameters are set
+ *  to +nil+.
  *
  *     a_proc = proc {|a,b| [a,b] }
  *     a_proc.call(1)   #=> [1, nil]
@@ -837,14 +963,29 @@ check_argc(long argc)
 #endif
 
 VALUE
+rb_proc_call_kw(VALUE self, VALUE args, int kw_splat)
+{
+    VALUE vret;
+    rb_proc_t *proc;
+    int argc = check_argc(RARRAY_LEN(args));
+    const VALUE *argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args);
+    GetProcPtr(self, proc);
+    vret = rb_vm_invoke_proc(GET_EC(), proc, argc, argv,
+                             kw_splat, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(self);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(args);
+    return vret;
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_proc_call(VALUE self, VALUE args)
 {
     VALUE vret;
     rb_proc_t *proc;
     GetProcPtr(self, proc);
-    vret = rb_vm_invoke_proc(GET_THREAD(), proc,
+    vret = rb_vm_invoke_proc(GET_EC(), proc,
 			     check_argc(RARRAY_LEN(args)), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args),
-			     VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE);
+                             RB_NO_KEYWORDS, VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE);
     RB_GC_GUARD(self);
     RB_GC_GUARD(args);
     return vret;
@@ -857,13 +998,25 @@ proc_to_block_handler(VALUE procval)
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_proc_call_with_block_kw(VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_procval, int kw_splat)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    VALUE vret;
+    rb_proc_t *proc;
+    GetProcPtr(self, proc);
+    vret = rb_vm_invoke_proc(ec, proc, argc, argv, kw_splat, proc_to_block_handler(passed_procval));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(self);
+    return vret;
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_proc_call_with_block(VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_procval)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     VALUE vret;
     rb_proc_t *proc;
     GetProcPtr(self, proc);
-    vret = rb_vm_invoke_proc(th, proc, argc, argv, proc_to_block_handler(passed_procval));
+    vret = rb_vm_invoke_proc(ec, proc, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS, proc_to_block_handler(passed_procval));
     RB_GC_GUARD(self);
     return vret;
 }
@@ -880,10 +1033,10 @@ rb_proc_call_with_block(VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_pr
  *  number of mandatory arguments, with the exception for blocks that
  *  are not lambdas and have only a finite number of optional arguments;
  *  in this latter case, returns n.
- *  Keywords arguments will considered as a single additional argument,
+ *  Keyword arguments will be considered as a single additional argument,
  *  that argument being mandatory if any keyword argument is mandatory.
- *  A <code>proc</code> with no argument declarations
- *  is the same as a block declaring <code>||</code> as its arguments.
+ *  A #proc with no argument declarations is the same as a block
+ *  declaring <code>||</code> as its arguments.
  *
  *     proc {}.arity                  #=>  0
  *     proc { || }.arity              #=>  0
@@ -896,16 +1049,16 @@ rb_proc_call_with_block(VALUE self, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_pr
  *     proc { |x:, y:, z:0| }.arity   #=>  1
  *     proc { |*a, x:, y:0| }.arity   #=> -2
  *
- *     proc   { |x=0| }.arity         #=>  0
- *     lambda { |x=0| }.arity         #=> -1
- *     proc   { |x=0, y| }.arity      #=>  1
- *     lambda { |x=0, y| }.arity      #=> -2
- *     proc   { |x=0, y=0| }.arity    #=>  0
- *     lambda { |x=0, y=0| }.arity    #=> -1
- *     proc   { |x, y=0| }.arity      #=>  1
- *     lambda { |x, y=0| }.arity      #=> -2
- *     proc   { |(x, y), z=0| }.arity #=>  1
- *     lambda { |(x, y), z=0| }.arity #=> -2
+ *     proc   { |a=0| }.arity         #=>  0
+ *     lambda { |a=0| }.arity         #=> -1
+ *     proc   { |a=0, b| }.arity      #=>  1
+ *     lambda { |a=0, b| }.arity      #=> -2
+ *     proc   { |a=0, b=0| }.arity    #=>  0
+ *     lambda { |a=0, b=0| }.arity    #=> -1
+ *     proc   { |a, b=0| }.arity      #=>  1
+ *     lambda { |a, b=0| }.arity      #=> -2
+ *     proc   { |(a, b), c=0| }.arity #=>  1
+ *     lambda { |(a, b), c=0| }.arity #=> -2
  *     proc   { |a, x:0, y:0| }.arity #=>  1
  *     lambda { |a, x:0, y:0| }.arity #=> -2
  */
@@ -928,13 +1081,15 @@ rb_iseq_min_max_arity(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int *max)
 }
 
 static int
-rb_block_min_max_arity(const struct rb_block *block, int *max)
+rb_vm_block_min_max_arity(const struct rb_block *block, int *max)
 {
+  again:
     switch (vm_block_type(block)) {
       case block_type_iseq:
-	return rb_iseq_min_max_arity(block->as.captured.code.iseq, max);
+	return rb_iseq_min_max_arity(rb_iseq_check(block->as.captured.code.iseq), max);
       case block_type_proc:
-	return rb_block_min_max_arity(vm_proc_block(block->as.proc), max);
+	block = vm_proc_block(block->as.proc);
+	goto again;
       case block_type_ifunc:
 	{
 	    const struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = block->as.captured.code.ifunc;
@@ -942,10 +1097,12 @@ rb_block_min_max_arity(const struct rb_block *block, int *max)
 		/* e.g. method(:foo).to_proc.arity */
 		return method_min_max_arity((VALUE)ifunc->data, max);
 	    }
+	    *max = ifunc->argc.max;
+	    return ifunc->argc.min;
 	}
-	/* fall through */
       case block_type_symbol:
-	break;
+        *max = UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS;
+        return 1;
     }
     *max = UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS;
     return 0;
@@ -962,7 +1119,7 @@ rb_proc_min_max_arity(VALUE self, int *max)
 {
     rb_proc_t *proc;
     GetProcPtr(self, proc);
-    return rb_block_min_max_arity(&proc->block, max);
+    return rb_vm_block_min_max_arity(&proc->block, max);
 }
 
 int
@@ -971,7 +1128,7 @@ rb_proc_arity(VALUE self)
     rb_proc_t *proc;
     int max, min;
     GetProcPtr(self, proc);
-    min = rb_block_min_max_arity(&proc->block, &max);
+    min = rb_vm_block_min_max_arity(&proc->block, &max);
     return (proc->is_lambda ? min == max : max != UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS) ? min : -min-1;
 }
 
@@ -998,11 +1155,46 @@ block_setup(struct rb_block *block, VALUE block_handler)
 }
 
 int
+rb_block_pair_yield_optimizable(void)
+{
+    int min, max;
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
+    VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp);
+    struct rb_block block;
+
+    if (block_handler == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no block given");
+    }
+
+    block_setup(&block, block_handler);
+    min = rb_vm_block_min_max_arity(&block, &max);
+
+    switch (vm_block_type(&block)) {
+      case block_handler_type_symbol:
+        return 0;
+
+      case block_handler_type_proc:
+	{
+	    VALUE procval = block_handler;
+	    rb_proc_t *proc;
+	    GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
+            if (proc->is_lambda) return 0;
+            if (min != max) return 0;
+            return min > 1;
+	}
+
+      default:
+        return min > 1;
+    }
+}
+
+int
 rb_block_arity(void)
 {
     int min, max;
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
     VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp);
     struct rb_block block;
 
@@ -1011,7 +1203,7 @@ rb_block_arity(void)
     }
 
     block_setup(&block, block_handler);
-    min = rb_block_min_max_arity(&block, &max);
+    min = rb_vm_block_min_max_arity(&block, &max);
 
     switch (vm_block_type(&block)) {
       case block_handler_type_symbol:
@@ -1023,7 +1215,6 @@ rb_block_arity(void)
 	    rb_proc_t *proc;
 	    GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
 	    return (proc->is_lambda ? min == max : max != UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS) ? min : -min-1;
-	    /* fall through */
 	}
 
       default:
@@ -1031,6 +1222,22 @@ rb_block_arity(void)
     }
 }
 
+int
+rb_block_min_max_arity(int *max)
+{
+    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp;
+    VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(cfp);
+    struct rb_block block;
+
+    if (block_handler == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no block given");
+    }
+
+    block_setup(&block, block_handler);
+    return rb_vm_block_min_max_arity(&block, max);
+}
+
 const rb_iseq_t *
 rb_proc_get_iseq(VALUE self, int *is_proc)
 {
@@ -1066,6 +1273,89 @@ rb_proc_get_iseq(VALUE self, int *is_proc)
     return NULL;
 }
 
+/* call-seq:
+ *   prc == other -> true or false
+ *   prc.eql?(other) -> true or false
+ *
+ * Two proc are the same if, and only if, they were created from the same code block.
+ *
+ *   def return_block(&block)
+ *     block
+ *   end
+ *
+ *   def pass_block_twice(&block)
+ *     [return_block(&block), return_block(&block)]
+ *   end
+ *
+ *   block1, block2 = pass_block_twice { puts 'test' }
+ *   # Blocks might be instantiated into Proc's lazily, so they may, or may not,
+ *   # be the same object.
+ *   # But they are produced from the same code block, so they are equal
+ *   block1 == block2
+ *   #=> true
+ *
+ *   # Another Proc will never be equal, even if the code is the "same"
+ *   block1 == proc { puts 'test' }
+ *   #=> false
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+proc_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    const rb_proc_t *self_proc, *other_proc;
+    const struct rb_block *self_block, *other_block;
+
+    if (rb_obj_class(self) !=  rb_obj_class(other)) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    GetProcPtr(self, self_proc);
+    GetProcPtr(other, other_proc);
+
+    if (self_proc->is_from_method != other_proc->is_from_method ||
+            self_proc->is_lambda != other_proc->is_lambda) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    self_block = &self_proc->block;
+    other_block = &other_proc->block;
+
+    if (vm_block_type(self_block) != vm_block_type(other_block)) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    switch (vm_block_type(self_block)) {
+      case block_type_iseq:
+        if (self_block->as.captured.ep != \
+                other_block->as.captured.ep ||
+                self_block->as.captured.code.iseq != \
+                other_block->as.captured.code.iseq) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        break;
+      case block_type_ifunc:
+        if (self_block->as.captured.ep != \
+                other_block->as.captured.ep ||
+                self_block->as.captured.code.ifunc != \
+                other_block->as.captured.code.ifunc) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        break;
+      case block_type_proc:
+        if (self_block->as.proc != other_block->as.proc) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        break;
+      case block_type_symbol:
+        if (self_block->as.symbol != other_block->as.symbol) {
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 iseq_location(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
@@ -1073,12 +1363,18 @@ iseq_location(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
     if (!iseq) return Qnil;
     rb_iseq_check(iseq);
-    loc[0] = iseq->body->location.path;
+    loc[0] = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
     loc[1] = iseq->body->location.first_lineno;
 
     return rb_ary_new4(2, loc);
 }
 
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
+rb_iseq_location(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
+{
+    return iseq_location(iseq);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    prc.source_location  -> [String, Integer]
@@ -1093,8 +1389,8 @@ rb_proc_location(VALUE self)
     return iseq_location(rb_proc_get_iseq(self, 0));
 }
 
-static VALUE
-unnamed_parameters(int arity)
+VALUE
+rb_unnamed_parameters(int arity)
 {
     VALUE a, param = rb_ary_new2((arity < 0) ? -arity : arity);
     int n = (arity < 0) ? ~arity : arity;
@@ -1128,7 +1424,7 @@ rb_proc_parameters(VALUE self)
     int is_proc;
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_proc_get_iseq(self, &is_proc);
     if (!iseq) {
-	return unnamed_parameters(rb_proc_arity(self));
+	return rb_unnamed_parameters(rb_proc_arity(self));
     }
     return rb_iseq_parameters(iseq, is_proc);
 }
@@ -1143,7 +1439,7 @@ rb_hash_proc(st_index_t hash, VALUE prc)
     return rb_hash_uint(hash, (st_index_t)proc->block.as.captured.ep >> 16);
 }
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_sym_to_proc(VALUE sym)
 {
     static VALUE sym_proc_cache = Qfalse;
@@ -1151,7 +1447,6 @@ rb_sym_to_proc(VALUE sym)
     VALUE proc;
     long index;
     ID id;
-    VALUE *aryp;
 
     if (!sym_proc_cache) {
 	sym_proc_cache = rb_ary_tmp_new(SYM_PROC_CACHE_SIZE * 2);
@@ -1162,14 +1457,13 @@ rb_sym_to_proc(VALUE sym)
     id = SYM2ID(sym);
     index = (id % SYM_PROC_CACHE_SIZE) << 1;
 
-    aryp = RARRAY_PTR(sym_proc_cache);
-    if (aryp[index] == sym) {
-	return aryp[index + 1];
+    if (RARRAY_AREF(sym_proc_cache, index) == sym) {
+        return RARRAY_AREF(sym_proc_cache, index + 1);
     }
     else {
-	proc = sym_proc_new(rb_cProc, ID2SYM(id));
-	aryp[index] = sym;
-	aryp[index + 1] = proc;
+        proc = sym_proc_new(rb_cProc, ID2SYM(id));
+        RARRAY_ASET(sym_proc_cache, index, sym);
+        RARRAY_ASET(sym_proc_cache, index + 1, proc);
 	return proc;
     }
 }
@@ -1193,32 +1487,11 @@ proc_hash(VALUE self)
     return ST2FIX(hash);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *   prc.to_s   -> string
- *
- * Returns the unique identifier for this proc, along with
- * an indication of where the proc was defined.
- */
-
-static VALUE
-proc_to_s(VALUE self)
-{
-    const rb_proc_t *proc;
-    GetProcPtr(self, proc);
-    return proc_to_s_(self, proc);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-proc_to_s_(VALUE self, const rb_proc_t *proc)
+VALUE
+rb_block_to_s(VALUE self, const struct rb_block *block, const char *additional_info)
 {
-    VALUE str = 0;
-    const char *cname = rb_obj_classname(self);
-    const struct rb_block *block;
-    const char *is_lambda;
-
-    block = &proc->block;
-    is_lambda = proc->is_lambda ? " (lambda)" : "";
+    VALUE cname = rb_obj_class(self);
+    VALUE str = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":", cname);
 
   again:
     switch (vm_block_type(block)) {
@@ -1228,34 +1501,46 @@ proc_to_s_(VALUE self, const rb_proc_t *proc)
       case block_type_iseq:
 	{
 	    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_check(block->as.captured.code.iseq);
-	    str = rb_sprintf("#<%s:%p@%"PRIsVALUE":%d%s>", cname, (void *)self,
-			     iseq->body->location.path,
-			     FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), is_lambda);
+            rb_str_catf(str, "%p %"PRIsVALUE":%d", (void *)self,
+			rb_iseq_path(iseq),
+			FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno));
 	}
 	break;
       case block_type_symbol:
-	str = rb_sprintf("#<%s:%p(&%+"PRIsVALUE")%s>", cname, (void *)self,
-			 block->as.symbol, is_lambda);
+	rb_str_catf(str, "%p(&%+"PRIsVALUE")", (void *)self, block->as.symbol);
 	break;
       case block_type_ifunc:
-	str = rb_sprintf("#<%s:%p%s>", cname, proc->block.as.captured.code.ifunc,
-			 is_lambda);
+	rb_str_catf(str, "%p", (void *)block->as.captured.code.ifunc);
 	break;
     }
 
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(self)) {
-	OBJ_TAINT(str);
-    }
+    if (additional_info) rb_str_cat_cstr(str, additional_info);
+    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, ">");
     return str;
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   prc.to_s   -> string
+ *
+ * Returns the unique identifier for this proc, along with
+ * an indication of where the proc was defined.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+proc_to_s(VALUE self)
+{
+    const rb_proc_t *proc;
+    GetProcPtr(self, proc);
+    return rb_block_to_s(self, &proc->block, proc->is_lambda ? " (lambda)" : NULL);
+}
+
+/*
  *  call-seq:
  *     prc.to_proc -> proc
  *
- *  Part of the protocol for converting objects to <code>Proc</code>
- *  objects. Instances of class <code>Proc</code> simply return
- *  themselves.
+ *  Part of the protocol for converting objects to Proc objects.
+ *  Instances of class Proc simply return themselves.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1268,9 +1553,20 @@ static void
 bm_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     struct METHOD *data = ptr;
-    rb_gc_mark(data->recv);
-    rb_gc_mark(data->klass);
-    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)data->me);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(data->recv);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(data->klass);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(data->iclass);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable((VALUE)data->me);
+}
+
+static void
+bm_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    struct METHOD *data = ptr;
+    UPDATE_REFERENCE(data->recv);
+    UPDATE_REFERENCE(data->klass);
+    UPDATE_REFERENCE(data->iclass);
+    UPDATE_TYPED_REFERENCE(rb_method_entry_t *, data->me);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -1285,6 +1581,7 @@ static const rb_data_type_t method_data_type = {
 	bm_mark,
 	RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
 	bm_memsize,
+	bm_compact,
     },
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
@@ -1331,13 +1628,20 @@ mnew_missing(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE mclass)
 
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->me, me);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(method, klass);
-
     return method;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-mnew_internal(const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE klass,
+mnew_missing_by_name(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, VALUE *name, int scope, VALUE mclass)
+{
+    VALUE vid = rb_str_intern(*name);
+    *name = vid;
+    if (!respond_to_missing_p(klass, obj, vid, scope)) return Qfalse;
+    return mnew_missing(klass, obj, SYM2ID(vid), mclass);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mnew_internal(const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE klass, VALUE iclass,
 	      VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE mclass, int scope, int error)
 {
     struct METHOD *data;
@@ -1361,51 +1665,48 @@ mnew_internal(const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE klass,
     }
     if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ZSUPER) {
 	if (me->defined_class) {
-	    VALUE klass = RCLASS_SUPER(RCLASS_ORIGIN(me->defined_class));
+            VALUE klass = RCLASS_SUPER(RCLASS_ORIGIN(me->defined_class));
 	    id = me->def->original_id;
-	    me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_without_refinements(klass, id);
+            me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(klass, id, &iclass);
 	}
 	else {
-	    VALUE klass = RCLASS_SUPER(me->owner);
+            VALUE klass = RCLASS_SUPER(RCLASS_ORIGIN(me->owner));
 	    id = me->def->original_id;
-	    me = rb_method_entry_without_refinements(klass, id);
+	    me = rb_method_entry_without_refinements(klass, id, &iclass);
 	}
 	goto again;
     }
 
-    while (klass != me->owner && (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) || RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS))) {
-	klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
-    }
-
     method = TypedData_Make_Struct(mclass, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
 
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->recv, obj);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->klass, klass);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->iclass, iclass);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->me, me);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(method, klass);
     return method;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-mnew_from_me(const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE klass,
+mnew_from_me(const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE klass, VALUE iclass,
 	     VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE mclass, int scope)
 {
-    return mnew_internal(me, klass, obj, id, mclass, scope, TRUE);
+    return mnew_internal(me, klass, iclass, obj, id, mclass, scope, TRUE);
 }
 
 static VALUE
 mnew(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE mclass, int scope)
 {
     const rb_method_entry_t *me;
+    VALUE iclass = Qnil;
 
     if (obj == Qundef) { /* UnboundMethod */
-	me = rb_method_entry_without_refinements(klass, id);
+        me = rb_method_entry_with_refinements(klass, id, &iclass);
     }
     else {
-	me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_without_refinements(klass, id);
+        me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(klass, id, &iclass);
     }
-    return mnew_from_me(me, klass, obj, id, mclass, scope);
+    return mnew_from_me(me, klass, iclass, obj, id, mclass, scope);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -1417,14 +1718,13 @@ method_entry_defined_class(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
 
 /**********************************************************************
  *
- * Document-class : Method
+ * Document-class: Method
  *
- *  Method objects are created by <code>Object#method</code>, and are
- *  associated with a particular object (not just with a class). They
- *  may be used to invoke the method within the object, and as a block
- *  associated with an iterator. They may also be unbound from one
- *  object (creating an <code>UnboundMethod</code>) and bound to
- *  another.
+ *  Method objects are created by Object#method, and are associated
+ *  with a particular object (not just with a class).  They may be
+ *  used to invoke the method within the object, and as a block
+ *  associated with an iterator.  They may also be unbound from one
+ *  object (creating an UnboundMethod) and bound to another.
  *
  *     class Thing
  *       def square(n)
@@ -1437,6 +1737,11 @@ method_entry_defined_class(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
  *     meth.call(9)                 #=> 81
  *     [ 1, 2, 3 ].collect(&meth)   #=> [1, 4, 9]
  *
+ *     [ 1, 2, 3 ].each(&method(:puts)) #=> prints 1, 2, 3
+ *
+ *     require 'date'
+ *     %w[2017-03-01 2017-03-02].collect(&Date.method(:parse))
+ *     #=> [#<Date: 2017-03-01 ((2457814j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, #<Date: 2017-03-02 ((2457815j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>]
  */
 
 /*
@@ -1445,8 +1750,8 @@ method_entry_defined_class(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
  *   meth == other_meth  -> true or false
  *
  * Two method objects are equal if they are bound to the same
- * object and refer to the same method definition and their owners are the
- * same class or module.
+ * object and refer to the same method definition and the classes
+ * defining the methods are the same class or module.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1497,7 +1802,7 @@ method_hash(VALUE method)
     hash = rb_hash_method_entry(hash, m->me);
     hash = rb_hash_end(hash);
 
-    return INT2FIX(hash);
+    return ST2FIX(hash);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1505,8 +1810,8 @@ method_hash(VALUE method)
  *     meth.unbind    -> unbound_method
  *
  *  Dissociates <i>meth</i> from its current receiver. The resulting
- *  <code>UnboundMethod</code> can subsequently be bound to a new object
- *  of the same class (see <code>UnboundMethod</code>).
+ *  UnboundMethod can subsequently be bound to a new object of the
+ *  same class (see UnboundMethod).
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1520,8 +1825,8 @@ method_unbind(VALUE obj)
 				   &method_data_type, data);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->recv, Qundef);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->klass, orig->klass);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->iclass, orig->iclass);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &data->me, rb_method_entry_clone(orig->me));
-    OBJ_INFECT(method, obj);
 
     return method;
 }
@@ -1531,6 +1836,8 @@ method_unbind(VALUE obj)
  *     meth.receiver    -> object
  *
  *  Returns the bound receiver of the method object.
+ *
+ *    (1..3).method(:map).receiver # => 1..3
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1563,6 +1870,12 @@ method_name(VALUE obj)
  *     meth.original_name    -> symbol
  *
  *  Returns the original name of the method.
+ *
+ *    class C
+ *      def foo; end
+ *      alias bar foo
+ *    end
+ *    C.instance_method(:bar).original_name # => :foo
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1579,6 +1892,9 @@ method_original_name(VALUE obj)
  *     meth.owner    -> class_or_module
  *
  *  Returns the class or module that defines the method.
+ *  See also Method#receiver.
+ *
+ *    (1..3).method(:map).owner #=> Enumerable
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1592,9 +1908,9 @@ method_owner(VALUE obj)
 void
 rb_method_name_error(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
 {
-#define MSG(s) rb_fstring_cstr("undefined method `%1$s' for"s" `%2$s'")
+#define MSG(s) rb_fstring_lit("undefined method `%1$s' for"s" `%2$s'")
     VALUE c = klass;
-    VALUE s;
+    VALUE s = Qundef;
 
     if (FL_TEST(c, FL_SINGLETON)) {
 	VALUE obj = rb_ivar_get(klass, attached);
@@ -1603,15 +1919,15 @@ rb_method_name_error(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
 	  case T_MODULE:
 	  case T_CLASS:
 	    c = obj;
-	    s = MSG("");
+            break;
+          default:
+	    break;
 	}
-	goto normal_class;
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(c, T_MODULE)) {
 	s = MSG(" module");
     }
-    else {
-      normal_class:
+    if (s == Qundef) {
 	s = MSG(" class");
     }
     rb_name_err_raise_str(s, c, str);
@@ -1626,10 +1942,8 @@ obj_method(VALUE obj, VALUE vid, int scope)
     const VALUE mclass = rb_cMethod;
 
     if (!id) {
-	if (respond_to_missing_p(klass, obj, vid, scope)) {
-	    id = rb_intern_str(vid);
-	    return mnew_missing(klass, obj, id, mclass);
-	}
+        VALUE m = mnew_missing_by_name(klass, obj, &vid, scope, mclass);
+        if (m) return m;
 	rb_method_name_error(klass, vid);
     }
     return mnew(klass, obj, id, mclass, scope);
@@ -1640,10 +1954,9 @@ obj_method(VALUE obj, VALUE vid, int scope)
  *     obj.method(sym)    -> method
  *
  *  Looks up the named method as a receiver in <i>obj</i>, returning a
- *  <code>Method</code> object (or raising <code>NameError</code>). The
- *  <code>Method</code> object acts as a closure in <i>obj</i>'s object
- *  instance, so instance variables and the value of <code>self</code>
- *  remain available.
+ *  Method object (or raising NameError). The Method object acts as a
+ *  closure in <i>obj</i>'s object instance, so instance variables and
+ *  the value of <code>self</code> remain available.
  *
  *     class Demo
  *       def initialize(n)
@@ -1661,6 +1974,18 @@ obj_method(VALUE obj, VALUE vid, int scope)
  *     l = Demo.new('Fred')
  *     m = l.method("hello")
  *     m.call   #=> "Hello, @iv = Fred"
+ *
+ *  Note that Method implements <code>to_proc</code> method, which
+ *  means it can be used with iterators.
+ *
+ *     [ 1, 2, 3 ].each(&method(:puts)) # => prints 3 lines to stdout
+ *
+ *     out = File.open('test.txt', 'w')
+ *     [ 1, 2, 3 ].each(&out.method(:puts)) # => prints 3 lines to file
+ *
+ *     require 'date'
+ *     %w[2017-03-01 2017-03-02].collect(&Date.method(:parse))
+ *     #=> [#<Date: 2017-03-01 ((2457814j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, #<Date: 2017-03-02 ((2457815j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>]
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1709,27 +2034,39 @@ rb_obj_public_method(VALUE obj, VALUE vid)
 VALUE
 rb_obj_singleton_method(VALUE obj, VALUE vid)
 {
-    const rb_method_entry_t *me;
-    VALUE klass;
+    VALUE klass = rb_singleton_class_get(obj);
     ID id = rb_check_id(&vid);
 
-    if (!id) {
-	if (!NIL_P(klass = rb_singleton_class_get(obj)) &&
-	    respond_to_missing_p(klass, obj, vid, FALSE)) {
-	    id = rb_intern_str(vid);
-	    return mnew_missing(klass, obj, id, rb_cMethod);
-	}
-      undef:
-	rb_name_err_raise("undefined singleton method `%1$s' for `%2$s'",
-			  obj, vid);
+    if (NIL_P(klass)) {
+        /* goto undef; */
     }
-    if (NIL_P(klass = rb_singleton_class_get(obj)) ||
-	UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me = rb_method_entry_at(klass, id)) ||
-	UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(me->def)) {
-	vid = ID2SYM(id);
-	goto undef;
+    else if (NIL_P(klass = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass))) {
+        /* goto undef; */
     }
-    return mnew_from_me(me, klass, obj, id, rb_cMethod, FALSE);
+    else if (! id) {
+        VALUE m = mnew_missing_by_name(klass, obj, &vid, FALSE, rb_cMethod);
+        if (m) return m;
+        /* else goto undef; */
+    }
+    else {
+        const rb_method_entry_t *me = rb_method_entry_at(klass, id);
+        vid = ID2SYM(id);
+
+        if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
+            /* goto undef; */
+        }
+        else if (UNDEFINED_REFINED_METHOD_P(me->def)) {
+            /* goto undef; */
+        }
+        else {
+            return mnew_from_me(me, klass, klass, obj, id, rb_cMethod, FALSE);
+        }
+    }
+
+  /* undef: */
+    rb_name_err_raise("undefined singleton method `%1$s' for `%2$s'",
+                      obj, vid);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1797,19 +2134,20 @@ rb_mod_public_instance_method(VALUE mod, VALUE vid)
  *
  *  Defines an instance method in the receiver. The _method_
  *  parameter can be a +Proc+, a +Method+ or an +UnboundMethod+ object.
- *  If a block is specified, it is used as the method body. This block
- *  is evaluated using <code>instance_eval</code>, a point that is
- *  tricky to demonstrate because <code>define_method</code> is private.
- *  (This is why we resort to the +send+ hack in this example.)
+ *  If a block is specified, it is used as the method body.
+ *  If a block or the _method_ parameter has parameters,
+ *  they're used as method parameters.
+ *  This block is evaluated using #instance_eval.
  *
  *     class A
  *       def fred
  *         puts "In Fred"
  *       end
  *       def create_method(name, &block)
- *         self.class.send(:define_method, name, &block)
+ *         self.class.define_method(name, &block)
  *       end
  *       define_method(:wilma) { puts "Charge it!" }
+ *       define_method(:flint) {|name| puts "I'm #{name}!"}
  *     end
  *     class B < A
  *       define_method(:barney, instance_method(:fred))
@@ -1817,6 +2155,7 @@ rb_mod_public_instance_method(VALUE mod, VALUE vid)
  *     a = B.new
  *     a.barney
  *     a.wilma
+ *     a.flint('Dino')
  *     a.create_method(:betty) { p self }
  *     a.betty
  *
@@ -1824,6 +2163,7 @@ rb_mod_public_instance_method(VALUE mod, VALUE vid)
  *
  *     In Fred
  *     Charge it!
+ *     I'm Dino!
  *     #<B:0x401b39e8>
  */
 
@@ -1846,25 +2186,7 @@ rb_mod_define_method(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
     name = argv[0];
     id = rb_check_id(&name);
     if (argc == 1) {
-#if PROC_NEW_REQUIRES_BLOCK
 	body = rb_block_lambda();
-#else
-	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-	VALUE block_handler = rb_vm_frame_block_handler(th->cfp);
-	if (block_handler == VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, proc_without_block);
-
-	switch (vm_block_handler_type(block_handler)) {
-	  case block_handler_type_proc:
-	    body = VM_BH_TO_PROC(block_handler);
-	    break;
-	  case block_handler_type_symbol:
-	    body = rb_sym_to_proc(VM_BH_TO_SYMBOL(block_handler));
-	    break;
-	  case block_handler_type_iseq:
-	  case block_handler_type_ifunc:
-	    body = rb_vm_make_proc_lambda(th, VM_BH_TO_CAPT_BLOCK(block_handler), rb_cProc, TRUE);
-	}
-#endif
     }
     else {
 	body = argv[1];
@@ -1877,7 +2199,7 @@ rb_mod_define_method(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	}
 	else {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
-		     "wrong argument type %s (expected Proc/Method)",
+		     "wrong argument type %s (expected Proc/Method/UnboundMethod)",
 		     rb_obj_classname(body));
 	}
     }
@@ -1894,7 +2216,7 @@ rb_mod_define_method(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	    else {
 		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
 			 "bind argument must be a subclass of % "PRIsVALUE,
-			 rb_class_name(method->me->owner));
+			 method->me->owner);
 	    }
 	}
 	rb_method_entry_set(mod, id, method->me, scope_visi->method_visi);
@@ -1904,7 +2226,7 @@ rb_mod_define_method(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
 	RB_GC_GUARD(body);
     }
     else {
-	VALUE procval = proc_dup(body);
+	VALUE procval = rb_proc_dup(body);
 	if (vm_proc_iseq(procval) != NULL) {
 	    rb_proc_t *proc;
 	    GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
@@ -1928,6 +2250,7 @@ rb_mod_define_method(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
  *  Defines a singleton method in the receiver. The _method_
  *  parameter can be a +Proc+, a +Method+ or an +UnboundMethod+ object.
  *  If a block is specified, it is used as the method body.
+ *  If a block or a method has parameters, they're used as method parameters.
  *
  *     class A
  *       class << self
@@ -1944,6 +2267,10 @@ rb_mod_define_method(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
  *     guy = "Bob"
  *     guy.define_singleton_method(:hello) { "#{self}: Hello there!" }
  *     guy.hello    #=>  "Bob: Hello there!"
+ *
+ *     chris = "Chris"
+ *     chris.define_singleton_method(:greet) {|greeting| "#{greeting}, I'm Chris!" }
+ *     chris.greet("Hi") #=> "Hi, I'm Chris!"
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2005,14 +2332,45 @@ method_clone(VALUE self)
     CLONESETUP(clone, self);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->recv, orig->recv);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->klass, orig->klass);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->iclass, orig->iclass);
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->me, rb_method_entry_clone(orig->me));
     return clone;
 }
 
+/*  Document-method: Method#===
+ *
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     method === obj   -> result_of_method
+ *
+ *  Invokes the method with +obj+ as the parameter like #call.
+ *  This allows a method object to be the target of a +when+ clause
+ *  in a case statement.
+ *
+ *      require 'prime'
+ *
+ *      case 1373
+ *      when Prime.method(:prime?)
+ *        # ...
+ *      end
+ */
+
+
+/*  Document-method: Method#[]
+ *
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     meth[args, ...]         -> obj
+ *
+ *  Invokes the <i>meth</i> with the specified arguments, returning the
+ *  method's return value, like #call.
+ *
+ *     m = 12.method("+")
+ *     m[3]         #=> 15
+ *     m[20]        #=> 32
+ */
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     meth.call(args, ...)    -> obj
- *     meth[args, ...]         -> obj
  *
  *  Invokes the <i>meth</i> with the specified arguments, returning the
  *  method's return value.
@@ -2022,6 +2380,20 @@ method_clone(VALUE self)
  *     m.call(20)   #=> 32
  */
 
+static VALUE
+rb_method_call_pass_called_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method)
+{
+    VALUE procval = rb_block_given_p() ? rb_block_proc() : Qnil;
+    return rb_method_call_with_block_kw(argc, argv, method, procval, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_method_call_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method, int kw_splat)
+{
+    VALUE procval = rb_block_given_p() ? rb_block_proc() : Qnil;
+    return rb_method_call_with_block_kw(argc, argv, method, procval, kw_splat);
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_method_call(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method)
 {
@@ -2037,71 +2409,47 @@ method_callable_method_entry(const struct METHOD *data)
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-call_method_data(rb_thread_t *th, const struct METHOD *data,
-		 int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_procval)
+call_method_data(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const struct METHOD *data,
+                 int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_procval, int kw_splat)
 {
-    vm_passed_block_handler_set(th, proc_to_block_handler(passed_procval));
-    return rb_vm_call(th, data->recv, data->me->called_id, argc, argv,
-		      method_callable_method_entry(data));
-}
-
-static VALUE
-call_method_data_safe(rb_thread_t *th, const struct METHOD *data,
-		      int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_procval,
-		      int safe)
-{
-    VALUE result = Qnil;	/* OK */
-    int state;
-
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
-    if ((state = TH_EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
-	/* result is used only if state == 0, no exceptions is caught. */
-	/* otherwise it doesn't matter even if clobbered. */
-	NO_CLOBBERED(result) = call_method_data(th, data, argc, argv, passed_procval);
-    }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
-    rb_set_safe_level_force(safe);
-    if (state)
-	TH_JUMP_TAG(th, state);
-    return result;
+    vm_passed_block_handler_set(ec, proc_to_block_handler(passed_procval));
+    return rb_vm_call_kw(ec, data->recv, data->me->called_id, argc, argv,
+                         method_callable_method_entry(data), kw_splat);
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_method_call_with_block(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method, VALUE passed_procval)
+rb_method_call_with_block_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method, VALUE passed_procval, int kw_splat)
 {
     const struct METHOD *data;
-    rb_thread_t *const th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
     if (data->recv == Qundef) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't call unbound method; bind first");
     }
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(method)) {
-	const int safe_level_to_run = RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_MAX;
-	int safe = rb_safe_level();
-	if (safe < safe_level_to_run) {
-	    rb_set_safe_level_force(safe_level_to_run);
-	    return call_method_data_safe(th, data, argc, argv, passed_procval, safe);
-	}
-    }
-    return call_method_data(th, data, argc, argv, passed_procval);
+    return call_method_data(ec, data, argc, argv, passed_procval, kw_splat);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_method_call_with_block(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method, VALUE passed_procval)
+{
+    return rb_method_call_with_block_kw(argc, argv, method, passed_procval, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /**********************************************************************
  *
  * Document-class: UnboundMethod
  *
- *  Ruby supports two forms of objectified methods. Class
- *  <code>Method</code> is used to represent methods that are associated
- *  with a particular object: these method objects are bound to that
- *  object. Bound method objects for an object can be created using
- *  <code>Object#method</code>.
+ *  Ruby supports two forms of objectified methods. Class Method is
+ *  used to represent methods that are associated with a particular
+ *  object: these method objects are bound to that object. Bound
+ *  method objects for an object can be created using Object#method.
  *
  *  Ruby also supports unbound methods; methods objects that are not
- *  associated with a particular object. These can be created either by
- *  calling <code>Module#instance_method</code> or by calling
- *  <code>unbind</code> on a bound method object. The result of both of
- *  these is an <code>UnboundMethod</code> object.
+ *  associated with a particular object. These can be created either
+ *  by calling Module#instance_method or by calling #unbind on a bound
+ *  method object. The result of both of these is an UnboundMethod
+ *  object.
  *
  *  Unbound methods can only be called after they are bound to an
  *  object. That object must be a kind_of? the method's original
@@ -2143,13 +2491,60 @@ rb_method_call_with_block(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method, VALUE passe
  *
  */
 
+static void
+convert_umethod_to_method_components(VALUE method, VALUE recv, VALUE *methclass_out, VALUE *klass_out, VALUE *iclass_out, const rb_method_entry_t **me_out)
+{
+    struct METHOD *data;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
+
+    VALUE methclass = data->me->owner;
+    VALUE iclass = data->me->defined_class;
+    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(recv);
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(methclass, T_MODULE)) {
+        VALUE refined_class = rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(methclass);
+        if (!NIL_P(refined_class)) methclass = refined_class;
+    }
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(methclass, T_MODULE) &&
+	methclass != CLASS_OF(recv) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(recv, methclass)) {
+	if (FL_TEST(methclass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+		     "singleton method called for a different object");
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bind argument must be an instance of % "PRIsVALUE,
+		     methclass);
+	}
+    }
+
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me = rb_method_entry_clone(data->me);
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(me->owner, T_MODULE)) {
+	VALUE ic = rb_class_search_ancestor(klass, me->owner);
+	if (ic) {
+	    klass = ic;
+            iclass = ic;
+	}
+	else {
+	    klass = rb_include_class_new(methclass, klass);
+	}
+        me = (const rb_method_entry_t *) rb_method_entry_complement_defined_class(me, me->called_id, klass);
+    }
+
+    *methclass_out = methclass;
+    *klass_out = klass;
+    *iclass_out = iclass;
+    *me_out = me;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     umeth.bind(obj) -> method
  *
- *  Bind <i>umeth</i> to <i>obj</i>. If <code>Klass</code> was the class
- *  from which <i>umeth</i> was obtained,
- *  <code>obj.kind_of?(Klass)</code> must be true.
+ *  Bind <i>umeth</i> to <i>obj</i>. If Klass was the class from which
+ *  <i>umeth</i> was obtained, <code>obj.kind_of?(Klass)</code> must
+ *  be true.
  *
  *     class A
  *       def test
@@ -2181,44 +2576,45 @@ rb_method_call_with_block(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE method, VALUE passe
 static VALUE
 umethod_bind(VALUE method, VALUE recv)
 {
-    struct METHOD *data, *bound;
-    VALUE methclass, klass;
-
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
+    VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me;
+    convert_umethod_to_method_components(method, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me);
 
-    methclass = data->me->owner;
+    struct METHOD *bound;
+    method = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cMethod, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, bound);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->recv, recv);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->klass, klass);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->iclass, iclass);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->me, me);
 
-    if (!RB_TYPE_P(methclass, T_MODULE) &&
-	methclass != CLASS_OF(recv) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(recv, methclass)) {
-	if (FL_TEST(methclass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
-		     "singleton method called for a different object");
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bind argument must be an instance of % "PRIsVALUE,
-		     rb_class_name(methclass));
-	}
-    }
+    return method;
+}
 
-    klass  = CLASS_OF(recv);
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     umeth.bind_call(recv, args, ...) -> obj
+ *
+ *  Bind <i>umeth</i> to <i>recv</i> and then invokes the method with the
+ *  specified arguments.
+ *  This is semantically equivalent to <code>umeth.bind(recv).call(args, ...)</code>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+umethod_bind_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE method)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
+    VALUE recv = argv[0];
+    argc--;
+    argv++;
 
-    method = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cMethod, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, bound);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->recv, recv);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->klass, data->klass);
-    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->me, rb_method_entry_clone(data->me));
+    VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me;
+    convert_umethod_to_method_components(method, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me);
+    struct METHOD bound = { recv, klass, 0, me };
 
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(bound->me->owner, T_MODULE)) {
-	VALUE ic = rb_class_search_ancestor(klass, bound->me->owner);
-	if (ic) {
-	    klass = ic;
-	}
-	else {
-	    klass = rb_include_class_new(methclass, klass);
-	}
-	RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->me, rb_method_entry_complement_defined_class(bound->me, bound->me->called_id, klass));
-    }
+    VALUE passed_procval = rb_block_given_p() ? rb_block_proc() : Qnil;
 
-    return method;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    return call_method_data(ec, &bound, argc, argv, passed_procval, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2231,6 +2627,7 @@ rb_method_entry_min_max_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me, int *max)
 {
     const rb_method_definition_t *def = me->def;
 
+  again:
     if (!def) return *max = 0;
     switch (def->type) {
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC:
@@ -2247,13 +2644,12 @@ rb_method_entry_min_max_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me, int *max)
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR:
 	return *max = 0;
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS:
-	return rb_method_entry_min_max_arity(def->body.alias.original_me, max);
+	def = def->body.alias.original_me->def;
+	goto again;
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD:
-	return rb_proc_min_max_arity(def->body.proc, max);
-      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ: {
-	const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_iseq_check(def->body.iseq.iseqptr);
-	return rb_iseq_min_max_arity(iseq, max);
-      }
+        return rb_proc_min_max_arity(def->body.bmethod.proc, max);
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ:
+	return rb_iseq_min_max_arity(rb_iseq_check(def->body.iseq.iseqptr), max);
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF:
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED:
 	return *max = 0;
@@ -2268,6 +2664,9 @@ rb_method_entry_min_max_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me, int *max)
 	  case OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL:
 	    *max = UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS;
 	    return 0;
+	  case OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_BLOCK_CALL:
+	    *max = UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS;
+	    return 0;
 	  default:
 	    break;
 	}
@@ -2278,7 +2677,7 @@ rb_method_entry_min_max_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me, int *max)
 	return 0;
     }
     rb_bug("rb_method_entry_min_max_arity: invalid method entry type (%d)", def->type);
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2295,8 +2694,10 @@ rb_method_entry_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
  *  Returns an indication of the number of arguments accepted by a
  *  method. Returns a nonnegative integer for methods that take a fixed
  *  number of arguments. For Ruby methods that take a variable number of
- *  arguments, returns -n-1, where n is the number of required
- *  arguments. For methods written in C, returns -1 if the call takes a
+ *  arguments, returns -n-1, where n is the number of required arguments.
+ *  Keyword arguments will be considered as a single additional argument,
+ *  that argument being mandatory if any keyword argument is mandatory.
+ *  For methods written in C, returns -1 if the call takes a
  *  variable number of arguments.
  *
  *     class C
@@ -2306,6 +2707,10 @@ rb_method_entry_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
  *       def four(a, b); end
  *       def five(a, b, *c);    end
  *       def six(a, b, *c, &d); end
+ *       def seven(a, b, x:0); end
+ *       def eight(x:, y:); end
+ *       def nine(x:, y:, **z); end
+ *       def ten(*a, x:, y:); end
  *     end
  *     c = C.new
  *     c.method(:one).arity     #=> 0
@@ -2314,6 +2719,10 @@ rb_method_entry_arity(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
  *     c.method(:four).arity    #=> 2
  *     c.method(:five).arity    #=> -3
  *     c.method(:six).arity     #=> -3
+ *     c.method(:seven).arity   #=> -3
+ *     c.method(:eight).arity   #=> 1
+ *     c.method(:nine).arity    #=> 1
+ *     c.method(:ten).arity     #=> -2
  *
  *     "cat".method(:size).arity      #=> 0
  *     "cat".method(:replace).arity   #=> 1
@@ -2374,8 +2783,23 @@ rb_obj_method_arity(VALUE obj, ID id)
     return rb_mod_method_arity(CLASS_OF(obj), id);
 }
 
-static inline const rb_method_definition_t *
-method_def(VALUE method)
+VALUE
+rb_callable_receiver(VALUE callable)
+{
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(callable)) {
+        VALUE binding = proc_binding(callable);
+        return rb_funcall(binding, rb_intern("receiver"), 0);
+    }
+    else if (rb_obj_is_method(callable)) {
+        return method_receiver(callable);
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qundef;
+    }
+}
+
+const rb_method_definition_t *
+rb_method_def(VALUE method)
 {
     const struct METHOD *data;
 
@@ -2390,7 +2814,7 @@ method_def_iseq(const rb_method_definition_t *def)
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ:
 	return rb_iseq_check(def->body.iseq.iseqptr);
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD:
-	return rb_proc_get_iseq(def->body.proc, 0);
+        return rb_proc_get_iseq(def->body.bmethod.proc, 0);
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS:
 	return method_def_iseq(def->body.alias.original_me->def);
       case VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC:
@@ -2410,13 +2834,13 @@ method_def_iseq(const rb_method_definition_t *def)
 const rb_iseq_t *
 rb_method_iseq(VALUE method)
 {
-    return method_def_iseq(method_def(method));
+    return method_def_iseq(rb_method_def(method));
 }
 
 static const rb_cref_t *
 method_cref(VALUE method)
 {
-    const rb_method_definition_t *def = method_def(method);
+    const rb_method_definition_t *def = rb_method_def(method);
 
   again:
     switch (def->type) {
@@ -2448,19 +2872,6 @@ rb_method_entry_location(const rb_method_entry_t *me)
     return method_def_location(me->def);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_mod_method_location(VALUE mod, ID id)
-{
-    const rb_method_entry_t *me = original_method_entry(mod, id);
-    return rb_method_entry_location(me);
-}
-
-VALUE
-rb_obj_method_location(VALUE obj, ID id)
-{
-    return rb_mod_method_location(CLASS_OF(obj), id);
-}
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    meth.source_location  -> [String, Integer]
@@ -2472,7 +2883,7 @@ rb_obj_method_location(VALUE obj, ID id)
 VALUE
 rb_method_location(VALUE method)
 {
-    return method_def_location(method_def(method));
+    return method_def_location(rb_method_def(method));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2499,7 +2910,7 @@ rb_method_parameters(VALUE method)
 {
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq = rb_method_iseq(method);
     if (!iseq) {
-	return unnamed_parameters(method_arity(method));
+	return rb_unnamed_parameters(method_arity(method));
     }
     return rb_iseq_parameters(iseq, 0);
 }
@@ -2509,9 +2920,32 @@ rb_method_parameters(VALUE method)
  *   meth.to_s      ->  string
  *   meth.inspect   ->  string
  *
- *  Returns the name of the underlying method.
+ *  Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.
+ *
+ *    "cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
+ *    (1..3).method(:map).inspect    #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"
+ *
+ *  In the latter case, the method description includes the "owner" of the
+ *  original method (+Enumerable+ module, which is included into +Range+).
  *
- *    "cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count>"
+ *  +inspect+ also provides, when possible, method argument names (call
+ *  sequence) and source location.
+ *
+ *    require 'net/http'
+ *    Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect
+ *    #=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"
+ *
+ *  <code>...</code> in argument definition means argument is optional (has
+ *  some default value).
+ *
+ *  For methods defined in C (language core and extensions), location and
+ *  argument names can't be extracted, and only generic information is provided
+ *  in form of <code>*</code> (any number of arguments) or <code>_</code> (some
+ *  positional argument).
+ *
+ *    "cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
+ *    "cat".method(:+).inspect       #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""
+
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2519,18 +2953,23 @@ method_inspect(VALUE method)
 {
     struct METHOD *data;
     VALUE str;
-    const char *s;
     const char *sharp = "#";
     VALUE mklass;
     VALUE defined_class;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
-    str = rb_str_buf_new2("#<");
-    s = rb_obj_classname(method);
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, s);
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ": ");
+    str = rb_sprintf("#<% "PRIsVALUE": ", rb_obj_class(method));
 
-    mklass = data->klass;
+    mklass = data->iclass;
+    if (!mklass) mklass = data->klass;
+
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS)) {
+        /* TODO: I'm not sure why mklass is T_ICLASS.
+         * UnboundMethod#bind() can set it as T_ICLASS at convert_umethod_to_method_components()
+         * but not sure it is needed.
+         */
+        mklass = RBASIC_CLASS(mklass);
+    }
 
     if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS) {
 	defined_class = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner;
@@ -2562,11 +3001,18 @@ method_inspect(VALUE method)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_class_name(mklass));
+        mklass = data->klass;
+        if (FL_TEST(mklass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+            VALUE v = rb_ivar_get(mklass, attached);
+            if (!(RB_TYPE_P(v, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_MODULE))) {
+                do {
+                   mklass = RCLASS_SUPER(mklass);
+                } while (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS));
+            }
+        }
+	rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
 	if (defined_class != mklass) {
-	    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
-	    rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_class_name(defined_class));
-	    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
+	    rb_str_catf(str, "(% "PRIsVALUE")", defined_class);
 	}
     }
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, sharp);
@@ -2578,6 +3024,100 @@ method_inspect(VALUE method)
     if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED) {
         rb_str_buf_cat2(str, " (not-implemented)");
     }
+
+    // parameter information
+    {
+        VALUE params = rb_method_parameters(method);
+        VALUE pair, name, kind;
+        const VALUE req = ID2SYM(rb_intern("req"));
+        const VALUE opt = ID2SYM(rb_intern("opt"));
+        const VALUE keyreq = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyreq"));
+        const VALUE key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("key"));
+        const VALUE rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rest"));
+        const VALUE keyrest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyrest"));
+        const VALUE block = ID2SYM(rb_intern("block"));
+        const VALUE nokey = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nokey"));
+        int forwarding = 0;
+
+        rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(params); i++) {
+            pair = RARRAY_AREF(params, i);
+            kind = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 0);
+            name = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1);
+            // FIXME: in tests it turns out that kind, name = [:req] produces name to be false. Why?..
+            if (NIL_P(name) || name == Qfalse) {
+                // FIXME: can it be reduced to switch/case?
+                if (kind == req || kind == opt) {
+                    name = rb_str_new2("_");
+                }
+                else if (kind == rest || kind == keyrest) {
+                    name = rb_str_new2("");
+                }
+                else if (kind == block) {
+                    name = rb_str_new2("block");
+                }
+                else if (kind == nokey) {
+                    name = rb_str_new2("nil");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (kind == req) {
+                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, name);
+            }
+            else if (kind == opt) {
+                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE"=...", name);
+            }
+            else if (kind == keyreq) {
+                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE":", name);
+            }
+            else if (kind == key) {
+                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE": ...", name);
+            }
+            else if (kind == rest) {
+                if (name == ID2SYM('*')) {
+                    forwarding = 1;
+                    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_str_catf(str, "*%"PRIsVALUE, name);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (kind == keyrest) {
+                rb_str_catf(str, "**%"PRIsVALUE, name);
+            }
+            else if (kind == block) {
+                if (name == ID2SYM('&')) {
+                    if (forwarding) {
+                        rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - 2);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_str_catf(str, "&%"PRIsVALUE, name);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (kind == nokey) {
+                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "**nil");
+            }
+
+            if (i < RARRAY_LEN(params) - 1) {
+                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
+            }
+        }
+        rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
+    }
+
+    { // source location
+        VALUE loc = rb_method_location(method);
+        if (!NIL_P(loc)) {
+            rb_str_catf(str, " %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
+                        RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1));
+        }
+    }
+
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");
 
     return str;
@@ -2596,14 +3136,14 @@ mlambda(VALUE method)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-bmcall(VALUE args, VALUE method, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_proc)
+bmcall(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(args, method))
 {
-    return rb_method_call_with_block(argc, argv, method, passed_proc);
+    return rb_method_call_with_block_kw(argc, argv, method, blockarg, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
 }
 
 VALUE
 rb_proc_new(
-    VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), /* VALUE yieldarg[, VALUE procarg] */
+    rb_block_call_func_t func,
     VALUE val)
 {
     VALUE procval = rb_iterate(mproc, 0, func, val);
@@ -2614,7 +3154,7 @@ rb_proc_new(
  *  call-seq:
  *     meth.to_proc    -> proc
  *
- *  Returns a <code>Proc</code> object corresponding to this method.
+ *  Returns a Proc object corresponding to this method.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2638,6 +3178,8 @@ method_to_proc(VALUE method)
     return procval;
 }
 
+extern VALUE rb_find_defined_class_by_owner(VALUE current_class, VALUE target_owner);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   meth.super_method  -> method
@@ -2650,15 +3192,26 @@ static VALUE
 method_super_method(VALUE method)
 {
     const struct METHOD *data;
-    VALUE super_class;
+    VALUE super_class, iclass;
+    ID mid;
     const rb_method_entry_t *me;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
-    super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(method_entry_defined_class(data->me));
+    iclass = data->iclass;
+    if (!iclass) return Qnil;
+    if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS && data->me->defined_class) {
+        super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(rb_find_defined_class_by_owner(data->me->defined_class,
+            data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner));
+        mid = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->def->original_id;
+    }
+    else {
+        super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(RCLASS_ORIGIN(iclass));
+        mid = data->me->def->original_id;
+    }
     if (!super_class) return Qnil;
-    me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_without_refinements(super_class, data->me->called_id);
+    me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(super_class, mid, &iclass);
     if (!me) return Qnil;
-    return mnew_internal(me, super_class, data->recv, data->me->called_id, rb_obj_class(method), FALSE, FALSE);
+    return mnew_internal(me, me->owner, iclass, data->recv, mid, rb_obj_class(method), FALSE, FALSE);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2716,9 +3269,7 @@ env_clone(const rb_env_t *env, const rb_cref_t *cref)
  *  call-seq:
  *     prc.binding    -> binding
  *
- *  Returns the binding associated with <i>prc</i>. Note that
- *  <code>Kernel#eval</code> accepts either a <code>Proc</code> or a
- *  <code>Binding</code> object as its second parameter.
+ *  Returns the binding associated with <i>prc</i>.
  *
  *     def fred(param)
  *       proc {}
@@ -2740,6 +3291,8 @@ proc_binding(VALUE self)
     GetProcPtr(self, proc);
     block = &proc->block;
 
+    if (proc->is_isolated) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Can't create Binding from isolated Proc");
+
   again:
     switch (vm_block_type(block)) {
       case block_type_iseq:
@@ -2751,50 +3304,51 @@ proc_binding(VALUE self)
 	GetProcPtr(block->as.proc, proc);
 	block = &proc->block;
 	goto again;
-      case block_type_symbol:
-	goto error;
       case block_type_ifunc:
 	{
 	    const struct vm_ifunc *ifunc = block->as.captured.code.ifunc;
 	    if (IS_METHOD_PROC_IFUNC(ifunc)) {
 		VALUE method = (VALUE)ifunc->data;
+		VALUE name = rb_fstring_lit("<empty_iseq>");
+		rb_iseq_t *empty;
 		binding_self = method_receiver(method);
 		iseq = rb_method_iseq(method);
 		env = VM_ENV_ENVVAL_PTR(block->as.captured.ep);
 		env = env_clone(env, method_cref(method));
 		/* set empty iseq */
-		RB_OBJ_WRITE(env, &env->iseq, rb_iseq_new(NULL, rb_str_new2("<empty iseq>"), rb_str_new2("<empty_iseq>"), Qnil, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP));
+		empty = rb_iseq_new(NULL, name, name, Qnil, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP);
+		RB_OBJ_WRITE(env, &env->iseq, empty);
 		break;
 	    }
-	    else {
-	      error:
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Can't create Binding from C level Proc");
-		return Qnil;
-	    }
 	}
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+      case block_type_symbol:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Can't create Binding from C level Proc");
+        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
     }
 
     bindval = rb_binding_alloc(rb_cBinding);
     GetBindingPtr(bindval, bind);
-
-    bind->block.as.captured.self = binding_self;
-    bind->block.as.captured.code.iseq = env->iseq;
-    bind->block.as.captured.ep = env->ep;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->block.as.captured.self, binding_self);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->block.as.captured.code.iseq, env->iseq);
+    rb_vm_block_ep_update(bindval, &bind->block, env->ep);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(bindval, Qundef, VM_ENV_ENVVAL(env->ep));
 
     if (iseq) {
 	rb_iseq_check(iseq);
-	bind->path = iseq->body->location.path;
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->pathobj, iseq->body->location.pathobj);
 	bind->first_lineno = FIX2INT(rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq));
     }
     else {
-	bind->path = Qnil;
-	bind->first_lineno = 0;
+	RB_OBJ_WRITE(bindval, &bind->pathobj,
+		     rb_iseq_pathobj_new(rb_fstring_lit("(binding)"), Qnil));
+	bind->first_lineno = 1;
     }
 
     return bindval;
 }
 
-static VALUE curry(VALUE dummy, VALUE args, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_proc);
+static rb_block_call_func curry;
 
 static VALUE
 make_curry_proc(VALUE proc, VALUE passed, VALUE arity)
@@ -2814,7 +3368,7 @@ make_curry_proc(VALUE proc, VALUE passed, VALUE arity)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-curry(VALUE dummy, VALUE args, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_proc)
+curry(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(_, args))
 {
     VALUE proc, passed, arity;
     proc = RARRAY_AREF(args, 0);
@@ -2825,14 +3379,14 @@ curry(VALUE dummy, VALUE args, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE passed_proc)
     rb_ary_freeze(passed);
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(passed) < FIX2INT(arity)) {
-	if (!NIL_P(passed_proc)) {
+        if (!NIL_P(blockarg)) {
 	    rb_warn("given block not used");
 	}
 	arity = make_curry_proc(proc, passed, arity);
 	return arity;
     }
     else {
-	return rb_proc_call_with_block(proc, check_argc(RARRAY_LEN(passed)), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(passed), passed_proc);
+        return rb_proc_call_with_block(proc, check_argc(RARRAY_LEN(passed)), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(passed), blockarg);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2884,8 +3438,7 @@ proc_curry(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int sarity, max_arity, min_arity = rb_proc_min_max_arity(self, &max_arity);
     VALUE arity;
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arity);
-    if (NIL_P(arity)) {
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0 || NIL_P(arity = argv[0])) {
 	arity = INT2FIX(min_arity);
     }
     else {
@@ -2937,6 +3490,251 @@ rb_method_curry(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return proc_curry(argc, argv, proc);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+compose(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(_, args))
+{
+    VALUE f, g, fargs;
+    f = RARRAY_AREF(args, 0);
+    g = RARRAY_AREF(args, 1);
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(g))
+        fargs = rb_proc_call_with_block_kw(g, argc, argv, blockarg, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
+    else
+        fargs = rb_funcall_with_block_kw(g, idCall, argc, argv, blockarg, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(f))
+        return rb_proc_call(f, rb_ary_new3(1, fargs));
+    else
+        return rb_funcallv(f, idCall, 1, &fargs);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+to_callable(VALUE f)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(f)) return f;
+    if (rb_obj_is_method(f)) return f;
+    if (rb_obj_respond_to(f, idCall, TRUE)) return f;
+    mesg = rb_fstring_lit("callable object is expected");
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(rb_eTypeError, mesg));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_proc_compose_to_left(VALUE self, VALUE g);
+static VALUE rb_proc_compose_to_right(VALUE self, VALUE g);
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     prc << g -> a_proc
+ *
+ *  Returns a proc that is the composition of this proc and the given <i>g</i>.
+ *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments, calls <i>g</i> with them
+ *  then calls this proc with the result.
+ *
+ *     f = proc {|x| x * x }
+ *     g = proc {|x| x + x }
+ *     p (f << g).call(2) #=> 16
+ *
+ *  See Proc#>> for detailed explanations.
+ */
+static VALUE
+proc_compose_to_left(VALUE self, VALUE g)
+{
+    return rb_proc_compose_to_left(self, to_callable(g));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_proc_compose_to_left(VALUE self, VALUE g)
+{
+    VALUE proc, args, procs[2];
+    rb_proc_t *procp;
+    int is_lambda;
+
+    procs[0] = self;
+    procs[1] = g;
+    args = rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(0, 2, procs);
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(g)) {
+        GetProcPtr(g, procp);
+        is_lambda = procp->is_lambda;
+    }
+    else {
+        VM_ASSERT(rb_obj_is_method(g) || rb_obj_respond_to(g, idCall, TRUE));
+        is_lambda = 1;
+    }
+
+    proc = rb_proc_new(compose, args);
+    GetProcPtr(proc, procp);
+    procp->is_lambda = is_lambda;
+
+    return proc;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     prc >> g -> a_proc
+ *
+ *  Returns a proc that is the composition of this proc and the given <i>g</i>.
+ *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments, calls this proc with them
+ *  then calls <i>g</i> with the result.
+ *
+ *     f = proc {|x| x * x }
+ *     g = proc {|x| x + x }
+ *     p (f >> g).call(2) #=> 8
+ *
+ *  <i>g</i> could be other Proc, or Method, or any other object responding to
+ *  +call+ method:
+ *
+ *     class Parser
+ *       def self.call(text)
+ *          # ...some complicated parsing logic...
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     pipeline = File.method(:read) >> Parser >> proc { |data| puts "data size: #{data.count}" }
+ *     pipeline.call('data.json')
+ *
+ *  See also Method#>> and Method#<<.
+ */
+static VALUE
+proc_compose_to_right(VALUE self, VALUE g)
+{
+    return rb_proc_compose_to_right(self, to_callable(g));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_proc_compose_to_right(VALUE self, VALUE g)
+{
+    VALUE proc, args, procs[2];
+    rb_proc_t *procp;
+    int is_lambda;
+
+    procs[0] = g;
+    procs[1] = self;
+    args = rb_ary_tmp_new_from_values(0, 2, procs);
+
+    GetProcPtr(self, procp);
+    is_lambda = procp->is_lambda;
+
+    proc = rb_proc_new(compose, args);
+    GetProcPtr(proc, procp);
+    procp->is_lambda = is_lambda;
+
+    return proc;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     meth << g -> a_proc
+ *
+ *  Returns a proc that is the composition of this method and the given <i>g</i>.
+ *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments, calls <i>g</i> with them
+ *  then calls this method with the result.
+ *
+ *     def f(x)
+ *       x * x
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     f = self.method(:f)
+ *     g = proc {|x| x + x }
+ *     p (f << g).call(2) #=> 16
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_method_compose_to_left(VALUE self, VALUE g)
+{
+    g = to_callable(g);
+    self = method_to_proc(self);
+    return proc_compose_to_left(self, g);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     meth >> g -> a_proc
+ *
+ *  Returns a proc that is the composition of this method and the given <i>g</i>.
+ *  The returned proc takes a variable number of arguments, calls this method
+ *  with them then calls <i>g</i> with the result.
+ *
+ *     def f(x)
+ *       x * x
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     f = self.method(:f)
+ *     g = proc {|x| x + x }
+ *     p (f >> g).call(2) #=> 8
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_method_compose_to_right(VALUE self, VALUE g)
+{
+    g = to_callable(g);
+    self = method_to_proc(self);
+    return proc_compose_to_right(self, g);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     proc.ruby2_keywords -> proc
+ *
+ *  Marks the proc as passing keywords through a normal argument splat.
+ *  This should only be called on procs that accept an argument splat
+ *  (<tt>*args</tt>) but not explicit keywords or a keyword splat.  It
+ *  marks the proc such that if the proc is called with keyword arguments,
+ *  the final hash argument is marked with a special flag such that if it
+ *  is the final element of a normal argument splat to another method call,
+ *  and that method call does not include explicit keywords or a keyword
+ *  splat, the final element is interpreted as keywords.  In other words,
+ *  keywords will be passed through the proc to other methods.
+ *
+ *  This should only be used for procs that delegate keywords to another
+ *  method, and only for backwards compatibility with Ruby versions before
+ *  2.7.
+ *
+ *  This method will probably be removed at some point, as it exists only
+ *  for backwards compatibility. As it does not exist in Ruby versions
+ *  before 2.7, check that the proc responds to this method before calling
+ *  it. Also, be aware that if this method is removed, the behavior of the
+ *  proc will change so that it does not pass through keywords.
+ *
+ *    module Mod
+ *      foo = ->(meth, *args, &block) do
+ *        send(:"do_#{meth}", *args, &block)
+ *      end
+ *      foo.ruby2_keywords if foo.respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords)
+ *    end
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+proc_ruby2_keywords(VALUE procval)
+{
+    rb_proc_t *proc;
+    GetProcPtr(procval, proc);
+
+    rb_check_frozen(procval);
+
+    if (proc->is_from_method) {
+            rb_warn("Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc (proc created from method)");
+            return procval;
+    }
+
+    switch (proc->block.type) {
+      case block_type_iseq:
+        if (proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest &&
+                !proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw &&
+                !proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
+            proc->block.as.captured.code.iseq->body->param.flags.ruby2_keywords = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_warn("Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc (proc accepts keywords or proc does not accept argument splat)");
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_warn("Skipping set of ruby2_keywords flag for proc (proc not defined in Ruby)");
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return procval;
+}
+
 /*
  *  Document-class: LocalJumpError
  *
@@ -2981,12 +3779,25 @@ rb_method_curry(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  */
 
 /*
- *  <code>Proc</code> objects are blocks of code that have been bound to
- *  a set of local variables. Once bound, the code may be called in
- *  different contexts and still access those variables.
+ *  Document-class: Proc
+ *
+ * A +Proc+ object is an encapsulation of a block of code, which can be stored
+ * in a local variable, passed to a method or another Proc, and can be called.
+ * Proc is an essential concept in Ruby and a core of its functional
+ * programming features.
+ *
+ *      square = Proc.new {|x| x**2 }
+ *
+ *      square.call(3)  #=> 9
+ *      # shorthands:
+ *      square.(3)      #=> 9
+ *      square[3]       #=> 9
+ *
+ * Proc objects are _closures_, meaning they remember and can use the entire
+ * context in which they were created.
  *
  *     def gen_times(factor)
- *       return Proc.new {|n| n*factor }
+ *       Proc.new {|n| n*factor } # remembers the value of factor at the moment of creation
  *     end
  *
  *     times3 = gen_times(3)
@@ -2996,17 +3807,280 @@ rb_method_curry(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *     times5.call(5)                #=> 25
  *     times3.call(times5.call(4))   #=> 60
  *
+ * == Creation
+ *
+ * There are several methods to create a Proc
+ *
+ * * Use the Proc class constructor:
+ *
+ *      proc1 = Proc.new {|x| x**2 }
+ *
+ * * Use the Kernel#proc method as a shorthand of Proc.new:
+ *
+ *      proc2 = proc {|x| x**2 }
+ *
+ * * Receiving a block of code into proc argument (note the <code>&</code>):
+ *
+ *      def make_proc(&block)
+ *        block
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      proc3 = make_proc {|x| x**2 }
+ *
+ * * Construct a proc with lambda semantics using the Kernel#lambda method
+ *   (see below for explanations about lambdas):
+ *
+ *      lambda1 = lambda {|x| x**2 }
+ *
+ * * Use the Lambda literal syntax (also constructs a proc with lambda semantics):
+ *
+ *      lambda2 = ->(x) { x**2 }
+ *
+ * == Lambda and non-lambda semantics
+ *
+ * Procs are coming in two flavors: lambda and non-lambda (regular procs).
+ * Differences are:
+ *
+ * * In lambdas, +return+ and +break+ means exit from this lambda;
+ * * In non-lambda procs, +return+ means exit from embracing method
+ *   (and will throw +LocalJumpError+ if invoked outside the method);
+ * * In non-lambda procs, +break+ means exit from the method which the block given for.
+ *   (and will throw +LocalJumpError+ if invoked after the method returns);
+ * * In lambdas, arguments are treated in the same way as in methods: strict,
+ *   with +ArgumentError+ for mismatching argument number,
+ *   and no additional argument processing;
+ * * Regular procs accept arguments more generously: missing arguments
+ *   are filled with +nil+, single Array arguments are deconstructed if the
+ *   proc has multiple arguments, and there is no error raised on extra
+ *   arguments.
+ *
+ * Examples:
+ *
+ *      # +return+ in non-lambda proc, +b+, exits +m2+.
+ *      # (The block +{ return }+ is given for +m1+ and embraced by +m2+.)
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1 { return }; $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> []
+ *
+ *      # +break+ in non-lambda proc, +b+, exits +m1+.
+ *      # (The block +{ break }+ is given for +m1+ and embraced by +m2+.)
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1 { break }; $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> [:m2]
+ *
+ *      # +next+ in non-lambda proc, +b+, exits the block.
+ *      # (The block +{ next }+ is given for +m1+ and embraced by +m2+.)
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1 { next }; $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> [:m1, :m2]
+ *
+ *      # Using +proc+ method changes the behavior as follows because
+ *      # The block is given for +proc+ method and embraced by +m2+.
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1(&proc { return }); $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> []
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1(&proc { break }); $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      # break from proc-closure (LocalJumpError)
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1(&proc { next }); $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> [:m1, :m2]
+ *
+ *      # +return+, +break+ and +next+ in the stubby lambda exits the block.
+ *      # (+lambda+ method behaves same.)
+ *      # (The block is given for stubby lambda syntax and embraced by +m2+.)
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1(&-> { return }); $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> [:m1, :m2]
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1(&-> { break }); $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> [:m1, :m2]
+ *      $a = []; def m1(&b) b.call; $a << :m1 end; def m2() m1(&-> { next }); $a << :m2 end; m2; p $a
+ *      #=> [:m1, :m2]
+ *
+ *      p = proc {|x, y| "x=#{x}, y=#{y}" }
+ *      p.call(1, 2)      #=> "x=1, y=2"
+ *      p.call([1, 2])    #=> "x=1, y=2", array deconstructed
+ *      p.call(1, 2, 8)   #=> "x=1, y=2", extra argument discarded
+ *      p.call(1)         #=> "x=1, y=", nil substituted instead of error
+ *
+ *      l = lambda {|x, y| "x=#{x}, y=#{y}" }
+ *      l.call(1, 2)      #=> "x=1, y=2"
+ *      l.call([1, 2])    # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
+ *      l.call(1, 2, 8)   # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 3, expected 2)
+ *      l.call(1)         # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
+ *
+ *      def test_return
+ *        -> { return 3 }.call      # just returns from lambda into method body
+ *        proc { return 4 }.call    # returns from method
+ *        return 5
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      test_return # => 4, return from proc
+ *
+ * Lambdas are useful as self-sufficient functions, in particular useful as
+ * arguments to higher-order functions, behaving exactly like Ruby methods.
+ *
+ * Procs are useful for implementing iterators:
+ *
+ *      def test
+ *        [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]].map {|a, b| return a if a + b > 10 }
+ *                                  #  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ *      end
+ *
+ * Inside +map+, the block of code is treated as a regular (non-lambda) proc,
+ * which means that the internal arrays will be deconstructed to pairs of
+ * arguments, and +return+ will exit from the method +test+. That would
+ * not be possible with a stricter lambda.
+ *
+ * You can tell a lambda from a regular proc by using the #lambda? instance method.
+ *
+ * Lambda semantics is typically preserved during the proc lifetime, including
+ * <code>&</code>-deconstruction to a block of code:
+ *
+ *      p = proc {|x, y| x }
+ *      l = lambda {|x, y| x }
+ *      [[1, 2], [3, 4]].map(&p) #=> [1, 3]
+ *      [[1, 2], [3, 4]].map(&l) # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
+ *
+ * The only exception is dynamic method definition: even if defined by
+ * passing a non-lambda proc, methods still have normal semantics of argument
+ * checking.
+ *
+ *   class C
+ *     define_method(:e, &proc {})
+ *   end
+ *   C.new.e(1,2)       #=> ArgumentError
+ *   C.new.method(:e).to_proc.lambda?   #=> true
+ *
+ * This exception ensures that methods never have unusual argument passing
+ * conventions, and makes it easy to have wrappers defining methods that
+ * behave as usual.
+ *
+ *   class C
+ *     def self.def2(name, &body)
+ *       define_method(name, &body)
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     def2(:f) {}
+ *   end
+ *   C.new.f(1,2)       #=> ArgumentError
+ *
+ * The wrapper <code>def2</code> receives _body_ as a non-lambda proc,
+ * yet defines a method which has normal semantics.
+ *
+ * == Conversion of other objects to procs
+ *
+ * Any object that implements the +to_proc+ method can be converted into
+ * a proc by the <code>&</code> operator, and therefore can be
+ * consumed by iterators.
+ *
+
+ *      class Greeter
+ *        def initialize(greeting)
+ *          @greeting = greeting
+ *        end
+ *
+ *        def to_proc
+ *          proc {|name| "#{@greeting}, #{name}!" }
+ *        end
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      hi = Greeter.new("Hi")
+ *      hey = Greeter.new("Hey")
+ *      ["Bob", "Jane"].map(&hi)    #=> ["Hi, Bob!", "Hi, Jane!"]
+ *      ["Bob", "Jane"].map(&hey)   #=> ["Hey, Bob!", "Hey, Jane!"]
+ *
+ * Of the Ruby core classes, this method is implemented by Symbol,
+ * Method, and Hash.
+ *
+ *      :to_s.to_proc.call(1)           #=> "1"
+ *      [1, 2].map(&:to_s)              #=> ["1", "2"]
+ *
+ *      method(:puts).to_proc.call(1)   # prints 1
+ *      [1, 2].each(&method(:puts))     # prints 1, 2
+ *
+ *      {test: 1}.to_proc.call(:test)       #=> 1
+ *      %i[test many keys].map(&{test: 1})  #=> [1, nil, nil]
+ *
+ * == Orphaned Proc
+ *
+ * +return+ and +break+ in a block exit a method.
+ * If a Proc object is generated from the block and the Proc object
+ * survives until the method is returned, +return+ and +break+ cannot work.
+ * In such case, +return+ and +break+ raises LocalJumpError.
+ * A Proc object in such situation is called as orphaned Proc object.
+ *
+ * Note that the method to exit is different for +return+ and +break+.
+ * There is a situation that orphaned for +break+ but not orphaned for +return+.
+ *
+ *     def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1 { return } end; m2 # ok
+ *     def m1(&b) b.call end; def m2(); m1 { break } end; m2 # ok
+ *
+ *     def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { return }.call end; m2 # ok
+ *     def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { break }.call end; m2 # LocalJumpError
+ *
+ *     def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { return } end; m2.call # LocalJumpError
+ *     def m1(&b) b end; def m2(); m1 { break } end; m2.call # LocalJumpError
+ *
+ * Since +return+ and +break+ exits the block itself in lambdas,
+ * lambdas cannot be orphaned.
+ *
+ * == Numbered parameters
+ *
+ * Numbered parameters are implicitly defined block parameters intended to
+ * simplify writing short blocks:
+ *
+ *     # Explicit parameter:
+ *     %w[test me please].each { |str| puts str.upcase } # prints TEST, ME, PLEASE
+ *     (1..5).map { |i| i**2 } # => [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+ *
+ *     # Implicit parameter:
+ *     %w[test me please].each { puts _1.upcase } # prints TEST, ME, PLEASE
+ *     (1..5).map { _1**2 } # => [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+ *
+ * Parameter names from +_1+ to +_9+ are supported:
+ *
+ *     [10, 20, 30].zip([40, 50, 60], [70, 80, 90]).map { _1 + _2 + _3 }
+ *     # => [120, 150, 180]
+ *
+ * Though, it is advised to resort to them wisely, probably limiting
+ * yourself to +_1+ and +_2+, and to one-line blocks.
+ *
+ * Numbered parameters can't be used together with explicitly named
+ * ones:
+ *
+ *     [10, 20, 30].map { |x| _1**2 }
+ *     # SyntaxError (ordinary parameter is defined)
+ *
+ * To avoid conflicts, naming local variables or method
+ * arguments +_1+, +_2+ and so on, causes a warning.
+ *
+ *     _1 = 'test'
+ *     # warning: `_1' is reserved as numbered parameter
+ *
+ * Using implicit numbered parameters affects block's arity:
+ *
+ *     p = proc { _1 + _2 }
+ *     l = lambda { _1 + _2 }
+ *     p.parameters     # => [[:opt, :_1], [:opt, :_2]]
+ *     p.arity          # => 2
+ *     l.parameters     # => [[:req, :_1], [:req, :_2]]
+ *     l.arity          # => 2
+ *
+ * Blocks with numbered parameters can't be nested:
+ *
+ *     %w[test me].each { _1.each_char { p _1 } }
+ *     # SyntaxError (numbered parameter is already used in outer block here)
+ *     # %w[test me].each { _1.each_char { p _1 } }
+ *     #                    ^~
+ *
+ * Numbered parameters were introduced in Ruby 2.7.
  */
 
+
 void
 Init_Proc(void)
 {
+#undef rb_intern
     /* Proc */
     rb_cProc = rb_define_class("Proc", rb_cObject);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cProc);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cProc, "new", rb_proc_s_new, -1);
 
-    rb_add_method(rb_cProc, rb_intern("call"), VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED,
+    rb_add_method(rb_cProc, idCall, VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED,
 		  (void *)OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
     rb_add_method(rb_cProc, rb_intern("[]"), VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED,
 		  (void *)OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL, METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC);
@@ -3025,15 +4099,21 @@ Init_Proc(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "to_proc", proc_to_proc, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "arity", proc_arity, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "clone", proc_clone, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "dup", proc_dup, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "dup", rb_proc_dup, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "hash", proc_hash, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "to_s", proc_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_alias(rb_cProc, "inspect", "to_s");
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "lambda?", rb_proc_lambda_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "binding", proc_binding, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "curry", proc_curry, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "<<", proc_compose_to_left, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, ">>", proc_compose_to_right, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "==", proc_eq, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "eql?", proc_eq, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "source_location", rb_proc_location, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "parameters", rb_proc_parameters, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "ruby2_keywords", proc_ruby2_keywords, 0);
+    // rb_define_method(rb_cProc, "isolate", rb_proc_isolate, 0); is not accepted.
 
     /* Exceptions */
     rb_eLocalJumpError = rb_define_class("LocalJumpError", rb_eStandardError);
@@ -3044,8 +4124,8 @@ Init_Proc(void)
     rb_vm_register_special_exception(ruby_error_sysstack, rb_eSysStackError, "stack level too deep");
 
     /* utility functions */
-    rb_define_global_function("proc", rb_block_proc, 0);
-    rb_define_global_function("lambda", rb_block_lambda, 0);
+    rb_define_global_function("proc", f_proc, 0);
+    rb_define_global_function("lambda", f_lambda, 0);
 
     /* Method */
     rb_cMethod = rb_define_class("Method", rb_cObject);
@@ -3055,9 +4135,12 @@ Init_Proc(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "eql?", method_eq, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "hash", method_hash, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "clone", method_clone, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "call", rb_method_call, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "call", rb_method_call_pass_called_kw, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "===", rb_method_call_pass_called_kw, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "curry", rb_method_curry, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "[]", rb_method_call, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "<<", rb_method_compose_to_left, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, ">>", rb_method_compose_to_right, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "[]", rb_method_call_pass_called_kw, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "arity", method_arity_m, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "inspect", method_inspect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMethod, "to_s", method_inspect, 0);
@@ -3089,6 +4172,7 @@ Init_Proc(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "original_name", method_original_name, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "owner", method_owner, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "bind", umethod_bind, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "bind_call", umethod_bind_call, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "source_location", rb_method_location, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "parameters", rb_method_parameters, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cUnboundMethod, "super_method", method_super_method, 0);
@@ -3096,7 +4180,7 @@ Init_Proc(void)
     /* Module#*_method */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "instance_method", rb_mod_instance_method, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "public_instance_method", rb_mod_public_instance_method, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cModule, "define_method", rb_mod_define_method, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "define_method", rb_mod_define_method, -1);
 
     /* Kernel */
     rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "define_singleton_method", rb_obj_define_method, -1);
@@ -3106,16 +4190,16 @@ Init_Proc(void)
 }
 
 /*
- *  Objects of class <code>Binding</code> encapsulate the execution
- *  context at some particular place in the code and retain this context
- *  for future use. The variables, methods, value of <code>self</code>,
- *  and possibly an iterator block that can be accessed in this context
+ *  Objects of class Binding encapsulate the execution context at some
+ *  particular place in the code and retain this context for future
+ *  use. The variables, methods, value of <code>self</code>, and
+ *  possibly an iterator block that can be accessed in this context
  *  are all retained. Binding objects can be created using
- *  <code>Kernel#binding</code>, and are made available to the callback
- *  of <code>Kernel#set_trace_func</code>.
+ *  Kernel#binding, and are made available to the callback of
+ *  Kernel#set_trace_func and instances of TracePoint.
  *
  *  These binding objects can be passed as the second argument of the
- *  <code>Kernel#eval</code> method, establishing an environment for the
+ *  Kernel#eval method, establishing an environment for the
  *  evaluation.
  *
  *     class Demo
@@ -3154,5 +4238,6 @@ Init_Binding(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "local_variable_set", bind_local_variable_set, 2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "local_variable_defined?", bind_local_variable_defined_p, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "receiver", bind_receiver, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBinding, "source_location", bind_location, 0);
     rb_define_global_function("binding", rb_f_binding, 0);
 }
diff --git a/process.c b/process.c
index d4d15a69b3..674f05dd6c 100644
--- a/process.c
+++ b/process.c
@@ -11,88 +11,112 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/io.h"
-#include "ruby/thread.h"
-#include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
+#include "internal/scheduler.h"
+#include "coroutine/Stack.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
-#include <stdlib.h>
+# include <stdlib.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-#include <unistd.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
-#include <fcntl.h>
+# include <fcntl.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_PROCESS_H
-#include <process.h>
+# include <process.h>
 #endif
 
-#include <time.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-
 #ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
-#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+# define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
 #endif
+
 #ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
-#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+# define EXIT_FAILURE 1
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
 # include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
 # include <sys/resource.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_VFORK_H
 # include <vfork.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
 # include <sys/param.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifndef MAXPATHLEN
 # define MAXPATHLEN 1024
 #endif
-#include "ruby/st.h"
 
 #include <sys/stat.h>
-#if defined(__native_client__) && defined(NACL_NEWLIB)
-# include <sys/unistd.h>
-# include "nacl/stat.h"
-# include "nacl/unistd.h"
-# include "nacl/resource.h"
-# undef HAVE_ISSETUGID
-#endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
-#include <sys/time.h>
+# include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H
-#include <sys/times.h>
+# include <sys/times.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_PWD_H
-#include <pwd.h>
+# include <pwd.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_GRP_H
-#include <grp.h>
+# include <grp.h>
 # ifdef __CYGWIN__
 int initgroups(const char *, rb_gid_t);
 # endif
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_ID_H
-#include <sys/id.h>
+# include <sys/id.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 # include <mach/mach_time.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "dln.h"
+#include "hrtime.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/bits.h"
+#include "internal/dir.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/process.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "internal/warnings.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
+
 /* define system APIs */
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #undef open
@@ -150,29 +174,55 @@ int setregid(rb_gid_t rgid, rb_gid_t egid);
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#define preserving_errno(stmts) \
-	do {int saved_errno = errno; stmts; errno = saved_errno;} while (0)
-
 static void check_uid_switch(void);
 static void check_gid_switch(void);
+static int exec_async_signal_safe(const struct rb_execarg *, char *, size_t);
 
 #if 1
 #define p_uid_from_name p_uid_from_name
 #define p_gid_from_name p_gid_from_name
 #endif
 
+#if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+# if defined(HAVE_GETLOGIN_R)
+#  define USE_GETLOGIN_R 1
+#  define GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_DEFAULT   0x100
+#  define GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_LIMIT    0x1000
+#  if defined(_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX)
+#    define GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_INIT sysconf(_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX)
+#  else
+#    define GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_INIT GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_DEFAULT
+#  endif
+# elif defined(HAVE_GETLOGIN)
+#  define USE_GETLOGIN 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
 #if defined(HAVE_PWD_H)
-# if defined(HAVE_GETPWNAM_R) && defined(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX)
+# if defined(HAVE_GETPWUID_R)
+#  define USE_GETPWUID_R 1
+# elif defined(HAVE_GETPWUID)
+#  define USE_GETPWUID 1
+# endif
+# if defined(HAVE_GETPWNAM_R)
 #  define USE_GETPWNAM_R 1
-#  define GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX)
+# elif defined(HAVE_GETPWNAM)
+#  define USE_GETPWNAM 1
+# endif
+# if defined(HAVE_GETPWNAM_R) || defined(HAVE_GETPWUID_R)
 #  define GETPW_R_SIZE_DEFAULT 0x1000
 #  define GETPW_R_SIZE_LIMIT  0x10000
+#  if defined(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX)
+#   define GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX)
+#  else
+#   define GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT GETPW_R_SIZE_DEFAULT
+#  endif
 # endif
 # ifdef USE_GETPWNAM_R
 #   define PREPARE_GETPWNAM \
     VALUE getpw_buf = 0
 #   define FINISH_GETPWNAM \
-    ALLOCV_END(getpw_buf)
+    (getpw_buf ? (void)rb_str_resize(getpw_buf, 0) : (void)0)
 #   define OBJ2UID1(id) obj2uid((id), &getpw_buf)
 #   define OBJ2UID(id) obj2uid0(id)
 static rb_uid_t obj2uid(VALUE id, VALUE *getpw_buf);
@@ -214,7 +264,7 @@ static rb_uid_t obj2uid(VALUE id);
 #   define PREPARE_GETGRNAM \
     VALUE getgr_buf = 0
 #   define FINISH_GETGRNAM \
-    ALLOCV_END(getgr_buf)
+    (getgr_buf ? (void)rb_str_resize(getgr_buf, 0) : (void)0)
 #   define OBJ2GID1(id) obj2gid((id), &getgr_buf)
 #   define OBJ2GID(id) obj2gid0(id)
 static rb_gid_t obj2gid(VALUE id, VALUE *getgr_buf);
@@ -257,6 +307,7 @@ typedef unsigned LONG_LONG unsigned_clock_t;
 typedef void (*sig_t) (int);
 #endif
 
+#define id_exception idException
 static ID id_in, id_out, id_err, id_pid, id_uid, id_gid;
 static ID id_close, id_child;
 #ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
@@ -281,8 +332,6 @@ static ID id_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID;
 static ID id_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
 #endif
 static ID id_hertz;
-extern ID ruby_static_id_status;
-#define id_status ruby_static_id_status
 
 /* execv and execl are async-signal-safe since SUSv4 (POSIX.1-2008, XPG7) */
 #if defined(__sun) && !defined(_XPG7) /* Solaris 10, 9, ... */
@@ -293,12 +342,30 @@ extern ID ruby_static_id_status;
 #define ALWAYS_NEED_ENVP 0
 #endif
 
+static void
+assert_close_on_exec(int fd)
+{
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+#if defined(HAVE_FCNTL) && defined(F_GETFD) && defined(FD_CLOEXEC)
+    int flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
+    if (flags == -1) {
+        static const char m[] = "reserved FD closed unexpectedly?\n";
+        (void)!write(2, m, sizeof(m) - 1);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (flags & FD_CLOEXEC) return;
+    rb_bug("reserved FD did not have close-on-exec set");
+#else
+    rb_bug("reserved FD without close-on-exec support");
+#endif /* FD_CLOEXEC */
+#endif /* VM_CHECK_MODE */
+}
+
 static inline int
 close_unless_reserved(int fd)
 {
-    /* We should not have reserved FDs at this point */
     if (rb_reserved_fd_p(fd)) { /* async-signal-safe */
-        rb_async_bug_errno("BUG timer thread still running", 0 /* EDOOFUS */);
+        assert_close_on_exec(fd);
         return 0;
     }
     return close(fd); /* async-signal-safe */
@@ -307,8 +374,6 @@ close_unless_reserved(int fd)
 /*#define DEBUG_REDIRECT*/
 #if defined(DEBUG_REDIRECT)
 
-#include <stdarg.h>
-
 static void
 ttyprintf(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
@@ -404,6 +469,30 @@ parent_redirect_close(int fd)
 #endif
 
 /*
+ * Document-module: Process
+ *
+ * The module contains several groups of functionality for handling OS processes:
+ *
+ * * Low-level property introspection and management of the current process, like
+ *   Process.argv0, Process.pid;
+ * * Low-level introspection of other processes, like Process.getpgid, Process.getpriority;
+ * * Management of the current process: Process.abort, Process.exit, Process.daemon, etc.
+ *   (for convenience, most of those are also available as global functions
+ *   and module functions of Kernel);
+ * * Creation and management of child processes: Process.fork, Process.spawn, and
+ *   related methods;
+ * * Management of low-level system clock: Process.times and Process.clock_gettime,
+ *   which could be important for proper benchmarking and other elapsed
+ *   time measurement tasks.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+get_pid(void)
+{
+    return PIDT2NUM(getpid());
+}
+
+/*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.pid   -> integer
  *
@@ -414,11 +503,16 @@ parent_redirect_close(int fd)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-get_pid(void)
+proc_get_pid(VALUE _)
 {
-    return PIDT2NUM(getpid());
+    return get_pid();
 }
 
+static VALUE
+get_ppid(void)
+{
+    return PIDT2NUM(getppid());
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -437,9 +531,9 @@ get_pid(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-get_ppid(void)
+proc_get_ppid(VALUE _)
 {
-    return PIDT2NUM(getppid());
+    return get_ppid();
 }
 
 
@@ -447,10 +541,10 @@ get_ppid(void)
  *
  * Document-class: Process::Status
  *
- *  <code>Process::Status</code> encapsulates the information on the
+ *  Process::Status encapsulates the information on the
  *  status of a running or terminated system process. The built-in
  *  variable <code>$?</code> is either +nil+ or a
- *  <code>Process::Status</code> object.
+ *  Process::Status object.
  *
  *     fork { exit 99 }   #=> 26557
  *     Process.wait       #=> 26557
@@ -467,7 +561,7 @@ get_ppid(void)
  *  information (for example the program's return code in the case of
  *  exited processes). Pre Ruby 1.8, these bits were exposed directly
  *  to the Ruby program. Ruby now encapsulates these in a
- *  <code>Process::Status</code> object. To maximize compatibility,
+ *  Process::Status object. To maximize compatibility,
  *  however, these objects retain a bit-oriented interface. In the
  *  descriptions that follow, when we talk about the integer value of
  *  _stat_, we're referring to this 16 bit value.
@@ -475,19 +569,97 @@ get_ppid(void)
 
 static VALUE rb_cProcessStatus;
 
+struct rb_process_status {
+    rb_pid_t pid;
+    int status;
+    int error;
+};
+
+static const rb_data_type_t rb_process_status_type = {
+    .wrap_struct_name = "Process::Status",
+    .function = {
+        .dfree = RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE,
+    },
+    .data = NULL,
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static VALUE
+rb_process_status_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct rb_process_status *data = NULL;
+
+    return TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct rb_process_status, &rb_process_status_type, data);
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_last_status_get(void)
 {
     return GET_THREAD()->last_status;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Process.last_status   -> Process::Status or nil
+ *
+ *  Returns the status of the last executed child process in the
+ *  current thread.
+ *
+ *     Process.wait Process.spawn("ruby", "-e", "exit 13")
+ *     Process.last_status   #=> #<Process::Status: pid 4825 exit 13>
+ *
+ *  If no child process has ever been executed in the current
+ *  thread, this returns +nil+.
+ *
+ *     Process.last_status   #=> nil
+ */
+static VALUE
+proc_s_last_status(VALUE mod)
+{
+    return rb_last_status_get();
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_process_status_new(rb_pid_t pid, int status, int error)
+{
+    VALUE last_status = rb_process_status_allocate(rb_cProcessStatus);
+
+    struct rb_process_status *data = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(last_status);
+    data->pid = pid;
+    data->status = status;
+    data->error = error;
+
+    rb_obj_freeze(last_status);
+    return last_status;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+process_status_dump(VALUE status)
+{
+    VALUE dump = rb_class_new_instance(0, 0, rb_cObject);
+    struct rb_process_status *data = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(status);
+    if (data->pid) {
+        rb_ivar_set(dump, id_status, INT2NUM(data->status));
+        rb_ivar_set(dump, id_pid, PIDT2NUM(data->pid));
+    }
+    return dump;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+process_status_load(VALUE real_obj, VALUE load_obj)
+{
+    struct rb_process_status *data = rb_check_typeddata(real_obj, &rb_process_status_type);
+    VALUE status = rb_attr_get(load_obj, id_status);
+    VALUE pid = rb_attr_get(load_obj, id_pid);
+    data->pid = NIL_P(pid) ? 0 : NUM2PIDT(pid);
+    data->status = NIL_P(status) ? 0 : NUM2INT(status);
+    return real_obj;
+}
+
 void
 rb_last_status_set(int status, rb_pid_t pid)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-    th->last_status = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cProcessStatus);
-    rb_ivar_set(th->last_status, id_status, INT2FIX(status));
-    rb_ivar_set(th->last_status, id_pid, PIDT2NUM(pid));
+    GET_THREAD()->last_status = rb_process_status_new(pid, status, 0);
 }
 
 void
@@ -496,12 +668,25 @@ rb_last_status_clear(void)
     GET_THREAD()->last_status = Qnil;
 }
 
+static rb_pid_t
+pst_pid(VALUE pst)
+{
+    struct rb_process_status *data = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(pst);
+    return data->pid;
+}
+
+static int
+pst_status(VALUE pst)
+{
+    struct rb_process_status *data = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(pst);
+    return data->status;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     stat.to_i     -> integer
- *     stat.to_int   -> integer
  *
- *  Returns the bits in _stat_ as a <code>Integer</code>. Poking
+ *  Returns the bits in _stat_ as an Integer. Poking
  *  around in these bits is platform dependent.
  *
  *     fork { exit 0xab }         #=> 26566
@@ -510,12 +695,13 @@ rb_last_status_clear(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-pst_to_i(VALUE st)
+pst_to_i(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_ivar_get(st, id_status);
+    int status = pst_status(self);
+    return RB_INT2NUM(status);
 }
 
-#define PST2INT(st) NUM2INT(pst_to_i(st))
+#define PST2INT(st) pst_status(st)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -529,15 +715,24 @@ pst_to_i(VALUE st)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-pst_pid(VALUE st)
+pst_pid_m(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_attr_get(st, id_pid);
+    rb_pid_t pid = pst_pid(self);
+    return PIDT2NUM(pid);
 }
 
+static VALUE pst_message_status(VALUE str, int status);
+
 static void
 pst_message(VALUE str, rb_pid_t pid, int status)
 {
     rb_str_catf(str, "pid %ld", (long)pid);
+    pst_message_status(str, status);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pst_message_status(VALUE str, int status)
+{
     if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
 	int stopsig = WSTOPSIG(status);
 	const char *signame = ruby_signal_name(stopsig);
@@ -566,6 +761,7 @@ pst_message(VALUE str, rb_pid_t pid, int status)
 	rb_str_cat2(str, " (core dumped)");
     }
 #endif
+    return str;
 }
 
 
@@ -587,7 +783,7 @@ pst_to_s(VALUE st)
     int status;
     VALUE str;
 
-    pid = NUM2PIDT(pst_pid(st));
+    pid = pst_pid(st);
     status = PST2INT(st);
 
     str = rb_str_buf_new(0);
@@ -612,13 +808,12 @@ pst_inspect(VALUE st)
 {
     rb_pid_t pid;
     int status;
-    VALUE vpid, str;
+    VALUE str;
 
-    vpid = pst_pid(st);
-    if (NIL_P(vpid)) {
+    pid = pst_pid(st);
+    if (!pid) {
         return rb_sprintf("#<%s: uninitialized>", rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(st)));
     }
-    pid = NUM2PIDT(vpid);
     status = PST2INT(st);
 
     str = rb_sprintf("#<%s: ", rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(st)));
@@ -690,9 +885,9 @@ pst_rshift(VALUE st1, VALUE st2)
  *  call-seq:
  *     stat.stopped?   -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns +true+ if this process is stopped. This is only
- *  returned if the corresponding <code>wait</code> call had the
- *  <code>WUNTRACED</code> flag set.
+ *  Returns +true+ if this process is stopped. This is only returned
+ *  if the corresponding #wait call had the Process::WUNTRACED flag
+ *  set.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -792,8 +987,7 @@ pst_wifexited(VALUE st)
  *     stat.exitstatus   -> integer or nil
  *
  *  Returns the least significant eight bits of the return code of
- *  _stat_. Only available if <code>exited?</code> is
- *  +true+.
+ *  _stat_. Only available if #exited? is +true+.
  *
  *     fork { }           #=> 26572
  *     Process.wait       #=> 26572
@@ -822,7 +1016,7 @@ pst_wexitstatus(VALUE st)
  *     stat.success?   -> true, false or nil
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if _stat_ is successful, +false+ if not.
- *  Returns +nil+ if <code>exited?</code> is not +true+.
+ *  Returns +nil+ if #exited? is not +true+.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -859,12 +1053,6 @@ pst_wcoredump(VALUE st)
 #endif
 }
 
-struct waitpid_arg {
-    rb_pid_t pid;
-    int flags;
-    int *st;
-};
-
 static rb_pid_t
 do_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *st, int flags)
 {
@@ -877,48 +1065,429 @@ do_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *st, int flags)
 #endif
 }
 
+#define WAITPID_LOCK_ONLY ((struct waitpid_state *)-1)
+
+struct waitpid_state {
+    struct list_node wnode;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec;
+    rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond;
+    rb_pid_t ret;
+    rb_pid_t pid;
+    int status;
+    int options;
+    int errnum;
+};
+
+void rb_native_mutex_lock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *);
+void rb_native_mutex_unlock(rb_nativethread_lock_t *);
+void rb_native_cond_signal(rb_nativethread_cond_t *);
+void rb_native_cond_wait(rb_nativethread_cond_t *, rb_nativethread_lock_t *);
+int rb_sigwait_fd_get(const rb_thread_t *);
+void rb_sigwait_sleep(const rb_thread_t *, int fd, const rb_hrtime_t *);
+void rb_sigwait_fd_put(const rb_thread_t *, int fd);
+void rb_thread_sleep_interruptible(void);
+
+static int
+waitpid_signal(struct waitpid_state *w)
+{
+    if (w->ec) { /* rb_waitpid */
+        rb_threadptr_interrupt(rb_ec_thread_ptr(w->ec));
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else { /* ruby_waitpid_locked */
+        if (w->cond) {
+            rb_native_cond_signal(w->cond);
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * When a thread is done using sigwait_fd and there are other threads
+ * sleeping on waitpid, we must kick one of the threads out of
+ * rb_native_cond_wait so it can switch to rb_sigwait_sleep
+ */
+static void
+sigwait_fd_migrate_sleeper(rb_vm_t *vm)
+{
+    struct waitpid_state *w = 0;
+
+    list_for_each(&vm->waiting_pids, w, wnode) {
+        if (waitpid_signal(w)) return;
+    }
+    list_for_each(&vm->waiting_grps, w, wnode) {
+        if (waitpid_signal(w)) return;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_sigwait_fd_migrate(rb_vm_t *vm)
+{
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+    sigwait_fd_migrate_sleeper(vm);
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+}
+
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+extern volatile unsigned int ruby_nocldwait; /* signal.c */
+/* called by timer thread or thread which acquired sigwait_fd */
+static void
+waitpid_each(struct list_head *head)
+{
+    struct waitpid_state *w = 0, *next;
+
+    list_for_each_safe(head, w, next, wnode) {
+        rb_pid_t ret = do_waitpid(w->pid, &w->status, w->options | WNOHANG);
+
+        if (!ret) continue;
+        if (ret == -1) w->errnum = errno;
+
+        w->ret = ret;
+        list_del_init(&w->wnode);
+        waitpid_signal(w);
+    }
+}
+#else
+# define ruby_nocldwait 0
+#endif
+
+void
+ruby_waitpid_all(rb_vm_t *vm)
+{
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+    waitpid_each(&vm->waiting_pids);
+    if (list_empty(&vm->waiting_pids)) {
+        waitpid_each(&vm->waiting_grps);
+    }
+    /* emulate SA_NOCLDWAIT */
+    if (list_empty(&vm->waiting_pids) && list_empty(&vm->waiting_grps)) {
+        while (ruby_nocldwait && do_waitpid(-1, 0, WNOHANG) > 0)
+            ; /* keep looping */
+    }
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+waitpid_state_init(struct waitpid_state *w, rb_pid_t pid, int options)
+{
+    w->ret = 0;
+    w->pid = pid;
+    w->options = options;
+    w->errnum = 0;
+    w->status = 0;
+}
+
+static const rb_hrtime_t *
+sigwait_sleep_time(void)
+{
+    if (SIGCHLD_LOSSY) {
+        static const rb_hrtime_t busy_wait = 100 * RB_HRTIME_PER_MSEC;
+
+        return &busy_wait;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * must be called with vm->waitpid_lock held, this is not interruptible
+ */
+rb_pid_t
+ruby_waitpid_locked(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_pid_t pid, int *status, int options,
+                    rb_nativethread_cond_t *cond)
+{
+    struct waitpid_state w;
+
+    assert(!ruby_thread_has_gvl_p() && "must not have GVL");
+
+    waitpid_state_init(&w, pid, options);
+    if (w.pid > 0 || list_empty(&vm->waiting_pids))
+        w.ret = do_waitpid(w.pid, &w.status, w.options | WNOHANG);
+    if (w.ret) {
+        if (w.ret == -1) w.errnum = errno;
+    }
+    else {
+        int sigwait_fd = -1;
+
+        w.ec = 0;
+        list_add(w.pid > 0 ? &vm->waiting_pids : &vm->waiting_grps, &w.wnode);
+        do {
+            if (sigwait_fd < 0)
+                sigwait_fd = rb_sigwait_fd_get(0);
+
+            if (sigwait_fd >= 0) {
+                w.cond = 0;
+                rb_native_mutex_unlock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+                rb_sigwait_sleep(0, sigwait_fd, sigwait_sleep_time());
+                rb_native_mutex_lock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+            }
+            else {
+                w.cond = cond;
+                rb_native_cond_wait(w.cond, &vm->waitpid_lock);
+            }
+        } while (!w.ret);
+        list_del(&w.wnode);
+
+        /* we're done, maybe other waitpid callers are not: */
+        if (sigwait_fd >= 0) {
+            rb_sigwait_fd_put(0, sigwait_fd);
+            sigwait_fd_migrate_sleeper(vm);
+        }
+    }
+    if (status) {
+        *status = w.status;
+    }
+    if (w.ret == -1) errno = w.errnum;
+    return w.ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+waitpid_sleep(VALUE x)
+{
+    struct waitpid_state *w = (struct waitpid_state *)x;
+
+    while (!w->ret) {
+        rb_thread_sleep_interruptible();
+    }
+
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+waitpid_cleanup(VALUE x)
+{
+    struct waitpid_state *w = (struct waitpid_state *)x;
+
+    /*
+     * XXX w->ret is sometimes set but list_del is still needed, here,
+     * Not sure why, so we unconditionally do list_del here:
+     */
+    if (TRUE || w->ret == 0) {
+        rb_vm_t *vm = rb_ec_vm_ptr(w->ec);
+
+        rb_native_mutex_lock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+        list_del(&w->wnode);
+        rb_native_mutex_unlock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+    }
+
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+static void
+waitpid_wait(struct waitpid_state *w)
+{
+    rb_vm_t *vm = rb_ec_vm_ptr(w->ec);
+    int need_sleep = FALSE;
+
+    /*
+     * Lock here to prevent do_waitpid from stealing work from the
+     * ruby_waitpid_locked done by mjit workers since mjit works
+     * outside of GVL
+     */
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+
+    if (w->pid > 0 || list_empty(&vm->waiting_pids)) {
+        w->ret = do_waitpid(w->pid, &w->status, w->options | WNOHANG);
+    }
+
+    if (w->ret) {
+        if (w->ret == -1) w->errnum = errno;
+    }
+    else if (w->options & WNOHANG) {
+    }
+    else {
+        need_sleep = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (need_sleep) {
+        w->cond = 0;
+        /* order matters, favor specified PIDs rather than -1 or 0 */
+        list_add(w->pid > 0 ? &vm->waiting_pids : &vm->waiting_grps, &w->wnode);
+    }
+
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+
+    if (need_sleep) {
+        rb_ensure(waitpid_sleep, (VALUE)w, waitpid_cleanup, (VALUE)w);
+    }
+}
+
 static void *
-rb_waitpid_blocking(void *data)
+waitpid_blocking_no_SIGCHLD(void *x)
 {
-    struct waitpid_arg *arg = data;
-    rb_pid_t result = do_waitpid(arg->pid, arg->st, arg->flags);
-    return (void *)(VALUE)result;
+    struct waitpid_state *w = x;
+
+    w->ret = do_waitpid(w->pid, &w->status, w->options);
+
+    return 0;
 }
 
-static rb_pid_t
-do_waitpid_nonblocking(rb_pid_t pid, int *st, int flags)
+static void
+waitpid_no_SIGCHLD(struct waitpid_state *w)
 {
-    void *result;
-    struct waitpid_arg arg;
-    arg.pid = pid;
-    arg.st = st;
-    arg.flags = flags;
-    result = rb_thread_call_without_gvl(rb_waitpid_blocking, &arg,
-					RUBY_UBF_PROCESS, 0);
-    return (rb_pid_t)(VALUE)result;
+    if (w->options & WNOHANG) {
+        w->ret = do_waitpid(w->pid, &w->status, w->options);
+    }
+    else {
+        do {
+            rb_thread_call_without_gvl(waitpid_blocking_no_SIGCHLD, w,
+                                       RUBY_UBF_PROCESS, 0);
+        } while (w->ret < 0 && errno == EINTR && (RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(w->ec),1));
+    }
+    if (w->ret == -1)
+        w->errnum = errno;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_process_status_wait(rb_pid_t pid, int flags)
+{
+    // We only enter the scheduler if we are "blocking":
+    if (!(flags & WNOHANG)) {
+        VALUE scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
+        if (rb_scheduler_supports_process_wait(scheduler)) {
+            return rb_scheduler_process_wait(scheduler, pid, flags);
+        }
+    }
+
+    COROUTINE_STACK_LOCAL(struct waitpid_state, w);
+
+    waitpid_state_init(w, pid, flags);
+    w->ec = GET_EC();
+
+    if (WAITPID_USE_SIGCHLD) {
+        waitpid_wait(w);
+    }
+    else {
+        waitpid_no_SIGCHLD(w);
+    }
+
+    rb_pid_t ret = w->ret;
+    int s = w->status, e = w->errnum;
+    COROUTINE_STACK_FREE(w);
+
+    if (ret == 0) return Qnil;
+    if (ret > 0 && ruby_nocldwait) {
+        ret = -1;
+        e = ECHILD;
+    }
+
+    return rb_process_status_new(ret, s, e);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Process::Status.wait(pid=-1, flags=0)      -> Process::Status
+ *
+ *  Waits for a child process to exit and returns a Process::Status object
+ *  containing information on that process. Which child it waits on
+ *  depends on the value of _pid_:
+ *
+ *  > 0::   Waits for the child whose process ID equals _pid_.
+ *
+ *  0::     Waits for any child whose process group ID equals that of the
+ *          calling process.
+ *
+ *  -1::    Waits for any child process (the default if no _pid_ is
+ *          given).
+ *
+ *  < -1::  Waits for any child whose process group ID equals the absolute
+ *          value of _pid_.
+ *
+ *  The _flags_ argument may be a logical or of the flag values
+ *  Process::WNOHANG (do not block if no child available)
+ *  or Process::WUNTRACED (return stopped children that
+ *  haven't been reported). Not all flags are available on all
+ *  platforms, but a flag value of zero will work on all platforms.
+ *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if there are no child processes.
+ *  Not available on all platforms.
+ *
+ *  May invoke the scheduler hook _process_wait_.
+ *
+ *     fork { exit 99 }                              #=> 27429
+ *     Process::Status.wait                          #=> pid 27429 exit 99
+ *     $?                                            #=> nil
+ *
+ *     pid = fork { sleep 3 }                        #=> 27440
+ *     Time.now                                      #=> 2008-03-08 19:56:16 +0900
+ *     Process::Status.wait(pid, Process::WNOHANG)   #=> nil
+ *     Time.now                                      #=> 2008-03-08 19:56:16 +0900
+ *     Process::Status.wait(pid, 0)                  #=> pid 27440 exit 99
+ *     Time.now                                      #=> 2008-03-08 19:56:19 +0900
+ *
+ *  This is an EXPERIMENTAL FEATURE.
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_process_status_waitv(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);
+
+    rb_pid_t pid = -1;
+    int flags = 0;
+
+    if (argc >= 1) {
+        pid = NUM2PIDT(argv[0]);
+    }
+
+    if (argc >= 2) {
+        flags = RB_NUM2INT(argv[1]);
+    }
+
+    return rb_process_status_wait(pid, flags);
 }
 
 rb_pid_t
 rb_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *st, int flags)
 {
-    rb_pid_t result;
+    VALUE status = rb_process_status_wait(pid, flags);
+    if (NIL_P(status)) return 0;
+
+    struct rb_process_status *data = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(status);
+    pid = data->pid;
+
+    if (st) *st = data->status;
 
-    if (flags & WNOHANG) {
-	result = do_waitpid(pid, st, flags);
+    if (pid == -1) {
+        errno = data->error;
     }
     else {
-	while ((result = do_waitpid_nonblocking(pid, st, flags)) < 0 &&
-	       (errno == EINTR)) {
-	    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-	    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
-	}
-    }
-    if (result > 0) {
-	rb_last_status_set(*st, result);
+        GET_THREAD()->last_status = status;
     }
-    return result;
+
+    return pid;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+proc_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+{
+    rb_pid_t pid;
+    int flags, status;
+
+    flags = 0;
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2) == 0) {
+        pid = -1;
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE vflags;
+        pid = NUM2PIDT(argv[0]);
+        if (argc == 2 && !NIL_P(vflags = argv[1])) {
+            flags = NUM2UINT(vflags);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ((pid = rb_waitpid(pid, &status, flags)) < 0)
+        rb_sys_fail(0);
+
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        rb_last_status_clear();
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    return PIDT2NUM(pid);
+}
 
 /* [MG]:FIXME: I wasn't sure how this should be done, since ::wait()
    has historically been documented as if it didn't take any arguments
@@ -941,7 +1510,7 @@ rb_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *st, int flags)
  *     Process.waitpid(pid=-1, flags=0)   -> integer
  *
  *  Waits for a child process to exit, returns its process id, and
- *  sets <code>$?</code> to a <code>Process::Status</code> object
+ *  sets <code>$?</code> to a Process::Status object
  *  containing information on that process. Which child it waits on
  *  depends on the value of _pid_:
  *
@@ -957,8 +1526,8 @@ rb_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *st, int flags)
  *          value of _pid_.
  *
  *  The _flags_ argument may be a logical or of the flag values
- *  <code>Process::WNOHANG</code> (do not block if no child available)
- *  or <code>Process::WUNTRACED</code> (return stopped children that
+ *  Process::WNOHANG (do not block if no child available)
+ *  or Process::WUNTRACED (return stopped children that
  *  haven't been reported). Not all flags are available on all
  *  platforms, but a flag value of zero will work on all platforms.
  *
@@ -979,29 +1548,9 @@ rb_waitpid(rb_pid_t pid, int *st, int flags)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-proc_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+proc_m_wait(int c, VALUE *v, VALUE _)
 {
-    rb_pid_t pid;
-    int flags, status;
-
-    flags = 0;
-    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2) == 0) {
-	pid = -1;
-    }
-    else {
-	VALUE vflags;
-	pid = NUM2PIDT(argv[0]);
-	if (argc == 2 && !NIL_P(vflags = argv[1])) {
-	    flags = NUM2UINT(vflags);
-	}
-    }
-    if ((pid = rb_waitpid(pid, &status, flags)) < 0)
-	rb_sys_fail(0);
-    if (pid == 0) {
-	rb_last_status_clear();
-	return Qnil;
-    }
-    return PIDT2NUM(pid);
+    return proc_wait(c, v);
 }
 
 
@@ -1012,7 +1561,7 @@ proc_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *
  *  Waits for a child process to exit (see Process::waitpid for exact
  *  semantics) and returns an array containing the process id and the
- *  exit status (a <code>Process::Status</code> object) of that
+ *  exit status (a Process::Status object) of that
  *  child. Raises a SystemCallError if there are no child processes.
  *
  *     Process.fork { exit 99 }   #=> 27437
@@ -1022,7 +1571,7 @@ proc_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-proc_wait2(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+proc_wait2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE pid = proc_wait(argc, argv);
     if (NIL_P(pid)) return Qnil;
@@ -1036,7 +1585,7 @@ proc_wait2(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *
  *  Waits for all children, returning an array of
  *  _pid_/_status_ pairs (where _status_ is a
- *  <code>Process::Status</code> object).
+ *  Process::Status object).
  *
  *     fork { sleep 0.2; exit 2 }   #=> 27432
  *     fork { sleep 0.1; exit 1 }   #=> 27433
@@ -1051,7 +1600,7 @@ proc_wait2(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-proc_waitall(void)
+proc_waitall(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE result;
     rb_pid_t pid;
@@ -1111,18 +1660,17 @@ rb_detach_process(rb_pid_t pid)
  *  processes until the parent collects that status (normally using
  *  some variant of <code>wait()</code>). If the parent never collects
  *  this status, the child stays around as a <em>zombie</em> process.
- *  <code>Process::detach</code> prevents this by setting up a
- *  separate Ruby thread whose sole job is to reap the status of the
- *  process _pid_ when it terminates. Use <code>detach</code>
- *  only when you do not intend to explicitly wait for the child to
- *  terminate.
+ *  Process::detach prevents this by setting up a separate Ruby thread
+ *  whose sole job is to reap the status of the process _pid_ when it
+ *  terminates. Use #detach only when you do not intend to explicitly
+ *  wait for the child to terminate.
  *
  *  The waiting thread returns the exit status of the detached process
- *  when it terminates, so you can use <code>Thread#join</code> to
+ *  when it terminates, so you can use Thread#join to
  *  know the result.  If specified _pid_ is not a valid child process
  *  ID, the thread returns +nil+ immediately.
  *
- *  The waiting thread has <code>pid</code> method which returns the pid.
+ *  The waiting thread has #pid method which returns the pid.
  *
  *  In this first example, we don't reap the first child process, so
  *  it appears as a zombie in the process status display.
@@ -1137,7 +1685,7 @@ rb_detach_process(rb_pid_t pid)
  *
  *     27389 Z
  *
- *  In the next example, <code>Process::detach</code> is used to reap
+ *  In the next example, Process::detach is used to reap
  *  the child automatically.
  *
  *     p1 = fork { sleep 0.1 }
@@ -1177,6 +1725,39 @@ before_exec_non_async_signal_safe(void)
     rb_thread_stop_timer_thread();
 }
 
+#define WRITE_CONST(fd, str) (void)(write((fd),(str),sizeof(str)-1)<0)
+#ifdef _WIN32
+int rb_w32_set_nonblock2(int fd, int nonblock);
+#endif
+
+static int
+set_blocking(int fd)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    return rb_w32_set_nonblock2(fd, 0);
+#elif defined(F_GETFL) && defined(F_SETFL)
+    int fl = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL); /* async-signal-safe */
+
+    /* EBADF ought to be possible */
+    if (fl == -1) return fl;
+    if (fl & O_NONBLOCK) {
+        fl &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
+        return fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, fl);
+    }
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+stdfd_clear_nonblock(void)
+{
+    /* many programs cannot deal with non-blocking stdin/stdout/stderr */
+    int fd;
+    for (fd = 0; fd < 3; fd++) {
+        (void)set_blocking(fd); /* can't do much about errors anyhow */
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 before_exec(void)
 {
@@ -1204,25 +1785,25 @@ after_exec(void)
     after_exec_non_async_signal_safe();
 }
 
-#define before_fork_ruby() before_exec()
-#define after_fork_ruby() (rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_clear(GET_THREAD()), after_exec())
-
-#include "dln.h"
+#if defined HAVE_WORKING_FORK || defined HAVE_DAEMON
+static void
+before_fork_ruby(void)
+{
+    before_exec();
+}
 
 static void
-security(const char *str)
+after_fork_ruby(void)
 {
-    if (rb_env_path_tainted()) {
-	if (rb_safe_level() > 0) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure PATH - %s", str);
-	}
-    }
+    rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_clear(GET_THREAD());
+    after_exec();
 }
+#endif
 
-#if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK) && !defined(__native_client__)
+#if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
 
 /* try_with_sh and exec_with_sh should be async-signal-safe. Actually it is.*/
-#define try_with_sh(prog, argv, envp) ((saved_errno == ENOEXEC) ? exec_with_sh((prog), (argv), (envp)) : (void)0)
+#define try_with_sh(err, prog, argv, envp) ((err == ENOEXEC) ? exec_with_sh((prog), (argv), (envp)) : (void)0)
 static void
 exec_with_sh(const char *prog, char **argv, char **envp)
 {
@@ -1235,40 +1816,37 @@ exec_with_sh(const char *prog, char **argv, char **envp)
 }
 
 #else
-#define try_with_sh(prog, argv, envp) (void)0
+#define try_with_sh(err, prog, argv, envp) (void)0
 #endif
 
 /* This function should be async-signal-safe.  Actually it is. */
 static int
 proc_exec_cmd(const char *prog, VALUE argv_str, VALUE envp_str)
 {
-#ifdef __native_client__
-    rb_notimplement();
-    UNREACHABLE;
-#else
     char **argv;
 #ifndef _WIN32
     char **envp;
+    int err;
 #endif
 
     argv = ARGVSTR2ARGV(argv_str);
 
     if (!prog) {
-	errno = ENOENT;
-	return -1;
+	return ENOENT;
     }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
     rb_w32_uaspawn(P_OVERLAY, prog, argv);
+    return errno;
 #else
-    envp = envp_str ? (char **)RSTRING_PTR(envp_str) : NULL;
+    envp = envp_str ? RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR(envp_str) : NULL;
     if (envp_str)
         execve(prog, argv, envp); /* async-signal-safe */
     else
         execv(prog, argv); /* async-signal-safe (since SUSv4) */
-    preserving_errno(try_with_sh(prog, argv, envp)); /* try_with_sh() is async-signal-safe. */
-#endif
-    return -1;
+    err = errno;
+    try_with_sh(err, prog, argv, envp); /* try_with_sh() is async-signal-safe. */
+    return err;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -1276,10 +1854,6 @@ proc_exec_cmd(const char *prog, VALUE argv_str, VALUE envp_str)
 static int
 proc_exec_sh(const char *str, VALUE envp_str)
 {
-#ifdef __native_client__
-    rb_notimplement();
-    UNREACHABLE;
-#else
     const char *s;
 
     s = str;
@@ -1287,15 +1861,12 @@ proc_exec_sh(const char *str, VALUE envp_str)
 	s++;
 
     if (!*s) {
-        errno = ENOENT;
-        return -1;
+        return ENOENT;
     }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
     rb_w32_uspawn(P_OVERLAY, (char *)str, 0);
-    return -1;
-#else
-#if defined(__CYGWIN32__)
+#elif defined(__CYGWIN32__)
     {
         char fbuf[MAXPATHLEN];
         char *shell = dln_find_exe_r("sh", 0, fbuf, sizeof(fbuf));
@@ -1309,13 +1880,11 @@ proc_exec_sh(const char *str, VALUE envp_str)
     }
 #else
     if (envp_str)
-        execle("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", str, (char *)NULL, (char **)RSTRING_PTR(envp_str)); /* async-signal-safe */
+        execle("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", str, (char *)NULL, RB_IMEMO_TMPBUF_PTR(envp_str)); /* async-signal-safe */
     else
         execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", str, (char *)NULL); /* async-signal-safe (since SUSv4) */
-#endif
-    return -1;
 #endif	/* _WIN32 */
-#endif
+    return errno;
 }
 
 int
@@ -1324,8 +1893,9 @@ rb_proc_exec(const char *str)
     int ret;
     before_exec();
     ret = proc_exec_sh(str, Qfalse);
-    preserving_errno(after_exec());
-    return ret;
+    after_exec();
+    errno = ret;
+    return -1;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1405,7 +1975,6 @@ proc_spawn_cmd_internal(char **argv, char *prog)
 
     if (!prog)
 	prog = argv[0];
-    security(prog);
     prog = dln_find_exe_r(prog, 0, fbuf, sizeof(fbuf));
     if (!prog)
 	return -1;
@@ -1486,7 +2055,7 @@ check_exec_redirect_fd(VALUE v, int iskey)
         else
             goto wrong;
     }
-    else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_check_convert_type(v, T_FILE, "IO", "to_io"))) {
+    else if (!NIL_P(tmp = rb_io_check_io(v))) {
         rb_io_t *fptr;
         GetOpenFile(tmp, fptr);
         if (fptr->tied_io_for_writing)
@@ -1494,8 +2063,7 @@ check_exec_redirect_fd(VALUE v, int iskey)
         fd = fptr->fd;
     }
     else {
-      wrong:
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec redirect");
+        goto wrong;
     }
     if (fd < 0) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative file descriptor");
@@ -1506,6 +2074,10 @@ check_exec_redirect_fd(VALUE v, int iskey)
     }
 #endif
     return INT2FIX(fd);
+
+  wrong:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec redirect");
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qundef);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1519,12 +2091,11 @@ check_exec_redirect1(VALUE ary, VALUE key, VALUE param)
         rb_ary_push(ary, hide_obj(rb_assoc_new(fd, param)));
     }
     else {
-        int i, n=0;
+        int i;
         for (i = 0 ; i < RARRAY_LEN(key); i++) {
             VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(key, i);
             VALUE fd = check_exec_redirect_fd(v, !NIL_P(param));
             rb_ary_push(ary, hide_obj(rb_assoc_new(fd, param)));
-            n++;
         }
     }
     return ary;
@@ -1540,7 +2111,7 @@ check_exec_redirect(VALUE key, VALUE val, struct rb_execarg *eargp)
 
     switch (TYPE(val)) {
       case T_SYMBOL:
-        if (!(id = rb_check_id(&val))) goto wrong_symbol;
+        id = rb_check_id(&val);
         if (id == id_close) {
             param = Qnil;
             eargp->fd_close = check_exec_redirect1(eargp->fd_close, key, param);
@@ -1558,7 +2129,6 @@ check_exec_redirect(VALUE key, VALUE val, struct rb_execarg *eargp)
             eargp->fd_dup2 = check_exec_redirect1(eargp->fd_dup2, key, param);
         }
         else {
-	  wrong_symbol:
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec redirect symbol: %"PRIsVALUE,
                                    val);
         }
@@ -1607,7 +2177,7 @@ check_exec_redirect(VALUE key, VALUE val, struct rb_execarg *eargp)
         else if (RB_TYPE_P(key, T_ARRAY)) {
 	    int i;
 	    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(key); i++) {
-		VALUE v = RARRAY_PTR(key)[i];
+                VALUE v = RARRAY_AREF(key, i);
 		VALUE fd = check_exec_redirect_fd(v, 1);
 		if (FIX2INT(fd) != 1 && FIX2INT(fd) != 2) break;
 	    }
@@ -1634,21 +2204,57 @@ check_exec_redirect(VALUE key, VALUE val, struct rb_execarg *eargp)
 }
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRLIMIT) && defined(NUM2RLIM)
-static int rlimit_type_by_lname(const char *name);
+static int rlimit_type_by_sym(VALUE key);
+
+static void
+rb_execarg_addopt_rlimit(struct rb_execarg *eargp, int rtype, VALUE val)
+{
+    VALUE ary = eargp->rlimit_limits;
+    VALUE tmp, softlim, hardlim;
+    if (eargp->rlimit_limits == Qfalse)
+	ary = eargp->rlimit_limits = hide_obj(rb_ary_new());
+    else
+	ary = eargp->rlimit_limits;
+    tmp = rb_check_array_type(val);
+    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	if (RARRAY_LEN(tmp) == 1)
+	    softlim = hardlim = rb_to_int(rb_ary_entry(tmp, 0));
+	else if (RARRAY_LEN(tmp) == 2) {
+	    softlim = rb_to_int(rb_ary_entry(tmp, 0));
+	    hardlim = rb_to_int(rb_ary_entry(tmp, 1));
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec rlimit option");
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	softlim = hardlim = rb_to_int(val);
+    }
+    tmp = hide_obj(rb_ary_new3(3, INT2NUM(rtype), softlim, hardlim));
+    rb_ary_push(ary, tmp);
+}
 #endif
 
+#define TO_BOOL(val, name) NIL_P(val) ? 0 : rb_bool_expected((val), name)
 int
 rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val)
 {
     struct rb_execarg *eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
 
     ID id;
-#if defined(HAVE_SETRLIMIT) && defined(NUM2RLIM)
-    int rtype;
-#endif
 
     switch (TYPE(key)) {
       case T_SYMBOL:
+#if defined(HAVE_SETRLIMIT) && defined(NUM2RLIM)
+        {
+            int rtype = rlimit_type_by_sym(key);
+            if (rtype != -1) {
+                rb_execarg_addopt_rlimit(eargp, rtype, val);
+                RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
+                return ST_CONTINUE;
+            }
+        }
+#endif
         if (!(id = rb_check_id(&key))) return ST_STOP;
 #ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
         if (id == id_pgroup) {
@@ -1677,36 +2283,7 @@ rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val)
                 rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "new_pgroup option specified twice");
             }
             eargp->new_pgroup_given = 1;
-            eargp->new_pgroup_flag = RTEST(val) ? 1 : 0;
-        }
-        else
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_SETRLIMIT) && defined(NUM2RLIM)
-        if (strncmp("rlimit_", rb_id2name(id), 7) == 0 &&
-            (rtype = rlimit_type_by_lname(rb_id2name(id)+7)) != -1) {
-            VALUE ary = eargp->rlimit_limits;
-            VALUE tmp, softlim, hardlim;
-            if (eargp->rlimit_limits == Qfalse)
-                ary = eargp->rlimit_limits = hide_obj(rb_ary_new());
-            else
-                ary = eargp->rlimit_limits;
-            tmp = rb_check_array_type(val);
-            if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-                if (RARRAY_LEN(tmp) == 1)
-                    softlim = hardlim = rb_to_int(rb_ary_entry(tmp, 0));
-                else if (RARRAY_LEN(tmp) == 2) {
-                    softlim = rb_to_int(rb_ary_entry(tmp, 0));
-                    hardlim = rb_to_int(rb_ary_entry(tmp, 1));
-                }
-                else {
-                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec rlimit option");
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                softlim = hardlim = rb_to_int(val);
-            }
-            tmp = hide_obj(rb_ary_new3(3, INT2NUM(rtype), softlim, hardlim));
-            rb_ary_push(ary, tmp);
+            eargp->new_pgroup_flag = TO_BOOL(val, "new_pgroup");
         }
         else
 #endif
@@ -1715,7 +2292,7 @@ rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val)
                 rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsetenv_others option specified twice");
             }
             eargp->unsetenv_others_given = 1;
-            eargp->unsetenv_others_do = RTEST(val) ? 1 : 0;
+            eargp->unsetenv_others_do = TO_BOOL(val, "unsetenv_others");
         }
         else if (id == id_chdir) {
             if (eargp->chdir_given) {
@@ -1739,7 +2316,7 @@ rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val)
                 rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "close_others option specified twice");
             }
             eargp->close_others_given = 1;
-            eargp->close_others_do = RTEST(val) ? 1 : 0;
+            eargp->close_others_do = TO_BOOL(val, "close_others");
         }
         else if (id == id_in) {
             key = INT2FIX(0);
@@ -1783,6 +2360,13 @@ rb_execarg_addopt(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE key, VALUE val)
 		     "gid option is unimplemented on this machine");
 #endif
 	}
+        else if (id == id_exception) {
+            if (eargp->exception_given) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "exception option specified twice");
+            }
+            eargp->exception_given = 1;
+            eargp->exception = TO_BOOL(val, "exception");
+        }
         else {
 	    return ST_STOP;
         }
@@ -1811,7 +2395,7 @@ check_exec_options_i(st_data_t st_key, st_data_t st_val, st_data_t arg)
     VALUE execarg_obj = (VALUE)arg;
     if (rb_execarg_addopt(execarg_obj, key, val) != ST_CONTINUE) {
 	if (SYMBOL_P(key))
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec option symbol: %"PRIsVALUE,
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec option symbol: % "PRIsVALUE,
 		     key);
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong exec option");
     }
@@ -1915,7 +2499,7 @@ rb_check_exec_options(VALUE opthash, VALUE execarg_obj)
 {
     if (RHASH_EMPTY_P(opthash))
         return;
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl_raw(opthash), check_exec_options_i, (st_data_t)execarg_obj);
+    rb_hash_stlike_foreach(opthash, check_exec_options_i, (st_data_t)execarg_obj);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1926,7 +2510,7 @@ rb_execarg_extract_options(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE opthash)
         return Qnil;
     args[0] = execarg_obj;
     args[1] = Qnil;
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl_raw(opthash), check_exec_options_i_extract, (st_data_t)args);
+    rb_hash_stlike_foreach(opthash, check_exec_options_i_extract, (st_data_t)args);
     return args[1];
 }
 
@@ -1947,7 +2531,7 @@ check_exec_env_i(st_data_t st_key, st_data_t st_val, st_data_t arg)
 
     k = StringValueCStr(key);
     if (strchr(k, '='))
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "environment name contains a equal : %s", k);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "environment name contains a equal : %"PRIsVALUE, key);
 
     if (!NIL_P(val))
         StringValueCStr(val);
@@ -1970,7 +2554,7 @@ rb_check_exec_env(VALUE hash, VALUE *path)
 
     env[0] = hide_obj(rb_ary_new());
     env[1] = Qfalse;
-    st_foreach(rb_hash_tbl_raw(hash), check_exec_env_i, (st_data_t)env);
+    rb_hash_stlike_foreach(hash, check_exec_env_i, (st_data_t)env);
     *path = env[1];
 
     return env[0];
@@ -1981,7 +2565,6 @@ rb_check_argv(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     VALUE tmp, prog;
     int i;
-    const char *name = 0;
 
     rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
 
@@ -1996,14 +2579,12 @@ rb_check_argv(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	SafeStringValue(prog);
 	StringValueCStr(prog);
 	prog = rb_str_new_frozen(prog);
-	name = RSTRING_PTR(prog);
     }
     for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 	SafeStringValue(argv[i]);
 	argv[i] = rb_str_new_frozen(argv[i]);
 	StringValueCStr(argv[i]);
     }
-    security(name ? name : RSTRING_PTR(argv[0]));
     return prog;
 }
 
@@ -2015,6 +2596,8 @@ check_hash(VALUE obj)
       case T_STRING:
       case T_ARRAY:
 	return Qnil;
+      default:
+        break;
     }
     return rb_check_hash_type(obj);
 }
@@ -2196,7 +2779,9 @@ rb_exec_fillarg(VALUE prog, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE env, VALUE opthash, VAL
                 }
             }
             eargp->invoke.cmd.argv_buf = argv_buf;
-            eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name = hide_obj(rb_str_new_cstr(RSTRING_PTR(argv_buf)));
+            eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name =
+                hide_obj(rb_str_subseq(argv_buf, 0, strlen(RSTRING_PTR(argv_buf))));
+            rb_enc_copy(eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name, prog);
         }
     }
 #endif
@@ -2242,22 +2827,12 @@ rb_exec_fillarg(VALUE prog, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE env, VALUE opthash, VAL
             p += strlen(p) + 1;
         }
         rb_str_buf_cat(argv_str, (char *)&null, sizeof(null)); /* terminator for execve.  */
-        eargp->invoke.cmd.argv_str = argv_str;
+        eargp->invoke.cmd.argv_str =
+            rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(argv_str);
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_execarg_new(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int accept_shell)
-{
-    VALUE execarg_obj;
-    struct rb_execarg *eargp;
-    execarg_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cData, struct rb_execarg, &exec_arg_data_type, eargp);
-    hide_obj(execarg_obj);
-    rb_execarg_init(argc, argv, accept_shell, execarg_obj);
-    return execarg_obj;
-}
-
 struct rb_execarg *
 rb_execarg_get(VALUE execarg_obj)
 {
@@ -2266,7 +2841,7 @@ rb_execarg_get(VALUE execarg_obj)
     return eargp;
 }
 
-VALUE
+static VALUE
 rb_execarg_init(int argc, const VALUE *orig_argv, int accept_shell, VALUE execarg_obj)
 {
     struct rb_execarg *eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
@@ -2283,6 +2858,19 @@ rb_execarg_init(int argc, const VALUE *orig_argv, int accept_shell, VALUE execar
     return ret;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_execarg_new(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int accept_shell, int allow_exc_opt)
+{
+    VALUE execarg_obj;
+    struct rb_execarg *eargp;
+    execarg_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct rb_execarg, &exec_arg_data_type, eargp);
+    rb_execarg_init(argc, argv, accept_shell, execarg_obj);
+    if (!allow_exc_opt && eargp->exception_given) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "exception option is not allowed");
+    }
+    return execarg_obj;
+}
+
 void
 rb_execarg_setenv(VALUE execarg_obj, VALUE env)
 {
@@ -2327,6 +2915,14 @@ open_func(void *ptr)
     return NULL;
 }
 
+static void
+rb_execarg_allocate_dup2_tmpbuf(struct rb_execarg *eargp, long len)
+{
+    VALUE tmpbuf = rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer();
+    rb_imemo_tmpbuf_set_ptr(tmpbuf, ruby_xmalloc(run_exec_dup2_tmpbuf_size(len)));
+    eargp->dup2_tmpbuf = tmpbuf;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 rb_execarg_parent_start1(VALUE execarg_obj)
 {
@@ -2344,13 +2940,11 @@ rb_execarg_parent_start1(VALUE execarg_obj)
             VALUE param = RARRAY_AREF(elt, 1);
             VALUE vpath = RARRAY_AREF(param, 0);
             int flags = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(param, 1));
-            int perm = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(param, 2));
+            mode_t perm = NUM2MODET(RARRAY_AREF(param, 2));
             VALUE fd2v = RARRAY_AREF(param, 3);
             int fd2;
             if (NIL_P(fd2v)) {
                 struct open_struct open_data;
-                FilePathValue(vpath);
-		vpath = rb_str_encode_ospath(vpath);
               again:
                 open_data.fname = vpath;
                 open_data.oflags = flags;
@@ -2381,10 +2975,7 @@ rb_execarg_parent_start1(VALUE execarg_obj)
 
     ary = eargp->fd_dup2;
     if (ary != Qfalse) {
-        size_t len = run_exec_dup2_tmpbuf_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
-        VALUE tmpbuf = hide_obj(rb_str_new(0, len));
-        rb_str_set_len(tmpbuf, len);
-        eargp->dup2_tmpbuf = tmpbuf;
+        rb_execarg_allocate_dup2_tmpbuf(eargp, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
     }
 
     unsetenv_others = eargp->unsetenv_others_given && eargp->unsetenv_others_do;
@@ -2397,7 +2988,7 @@ rb_execarg_parent_start1(VALUE execarg_obj)
         }
         else {
             envtbl = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, id_ENV);
-            envtbl = rb_convert_type(envtbl, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+            envtbl = rb_to_hash_type(envtbl);
         }
         hide_obj(envtbl);
         if (envopts != Qfalse) {
@@ -2420,7 +3011,7 @@ rb_execarg_parent_start1(VALUE execarg_obj)
         }
         envp_buf = rb_str_buf_new(0);
         hide_obj(envp_buf);
-        st_foreach(RHASH_TBL_RAW(envtbl), fill_envp_buf_i, (st_data_t)envp_buf);
+        rb_hash_stlike_foreach(envtbl, fill_envp_buf_i, (st_data_t)envp_buf);
         envp_str = rb_str_buf_new(sizeof(char*) * (RHASH_SIZE(envtbl) + 1));
         hide_obj(envp_str);
         p = RSTRING_PTR(envp_buf);
@@ -2431,7 +3022,8 @@ rb_execarg_parent_start1(VALUE execarg_obj)
         }
         p = NULL;
         rb_str_buf_cat(envp_str, (char *)&p, sizeof(p));
-        eargp->envp_str = envp_str;
+        eargp->envp_str =
+            rb_imemo_tmpbuf_auto_free_pointer_new_from_an_RString(envp_str);
         eargp->envp_buf = envp_buf;
 
         /*
@@ -2513,6 +3105,40 @@ rb_execarg_fail(VALUE execarg_obj, int err, const char *errmsg)
 }
 #endif
 
+VALUE
+rb_f_exec(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE execarg_obj, fail_str;
+    struct rb_execarg *eargp;
+#define CHILD_ERRMSG_BUFLEN 80
+    char errmsg[CHILD_ERRMSG_BUFLEN] = { '\0' };
+    int err, state;
+
+    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE, FALSE);
+    eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
+    if (mjit_enabled) mjit_finish(false); // avoid leaking resources, and do not leave files. XXX: JIT-ed handle can leak after exec error is rescued.
+    before_exec(); /* stop timer thread before redirects */
+
+    rb_protect(rb_execarg_parent_start1, execarg_obj, &state);
+    if (state) {
+        execarg_parent_end(execarg_obj);
+        after_exec(); /* restart timer thread */
+        rb_jump_tag(state);
+    }
+
+    fail_str = eargp->use_shell ? eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script : eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name;
+
+    err = exec_async_signal_safe(eargp, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
+    after_exec(); /* restart timer thread */
+
+    rb_exec_fail(eargp, err, errmsg);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
+    rb_syserr_fail_str(err, fail_str);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static VALUE f_exec(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _));
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     exec([env,] command... [,options])
@@ -2564,7 +3190,7 @@ rb_execarg_fail(VALUE execarg_obj, int err, const char *errmsg)
  *  This behavior is modified by the given +env+ and +options+ parameters. See
  *  ::spawn for details.
  *
- *  If the command fails to execute (typically <code>Errno::ENOENT</code> when
+ *  If the command fails to execute (typically Errno::ENOENT when
  *  it was not found) a SystemCallError exception is raised.
  *
  *  This method modifies process attributes according to given +options+ before
@@ -2586,30 +3212,11 @@ rb_execarg_fail(VALUE execarg_obj, int err, const char *errmsg)
  *     # never get here
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_f_exec(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+static VALUE
+f_exec(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
 {
-    VALUE execarg_obj, fail_str;
-    struct rb_execarg *eargp;
-#define CHILD_ERRMSG_BUFLEN 80
-    char errmsg[CHILD_ERRMSG_BUFLEN] = { '\0' };
-    int err;
-
-    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE);
-    eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
-    before_exec(); /* stop timer thread before redirects */
-    rb_execarg_parent_start(execarg_obj);
-    fail_str = eargp->use_shell ? eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script : eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name;
-
-    rb_exec_async_signal_safe(eargp, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
-
-    err = errno;
-    after_exec(); /* restart timer thread */
-
-    rb_exec_fail(eargp, err, errmsg);
-    RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
-    rb_syserr_fail_str(err, fail_str);
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    rb_f_exec(c, a);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 #define ERRMSG(str) do { if (errmsg && 0 < errmsg_buflen) strlcpy(errmsg, (str), errmsg_buflen); } while (0)
@@ -2749,10 +3356,10 @@ run_exec_dup2(VALUE ary, VALUE tmpbuf, struct rb_execarg *sargp, char *errmsg, s
     long n, i;
     int ret;
     int extra_fd = -1;
-    struct run_exec_dup2_fd_pair *pairs = 0;
+    struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct *buf = (void *)tmpbuf;
+    struct run_exec_dup2_fd_pair *pairs = (void *)buf->ptr;
 
     n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
-    pairs = (struct run_exec_dup2_fd_pair *)RSTRING_PTR(tmpbuf);
 
     /* initialize oldfd and newfd: O(n) */
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
@@ -3085,7 +3692,7 @@ rb_execarg_run_options(const struct rb_execarg *eargp, struct rb_execarg *sargp,
     }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
-    if (!eargp->close_others_given || eargp->close_others_do) {
+    if (eargp->close_others_do) {
         rb_close_before_exec(3, eargp->close_others_maxhint, eargp->redirect_fds); /* async-signal-safe */
     }
 #endif
@@ -3098,10 +3705,8 @@ rb_execarg_run_options(const struct rb_execarg *eargp, struct rb_execarg *sargp,
 
     if (eargp->chdir_given) {
         if (sargp) {
-            char *cwd = my_getcwd();
             sargp->chdir_given = 1;
-            sargp->chdir_dir = hide_obj(rb_str_new2(cwd));
-            xfree(cwd);
+            sargp->chdir_dir = hide_obj(rb_dir_getwd_ospath());
         }
         if (chdir(RSTRING_PTR(eargp->chdir_dir)) == -1) { /* async-signal-safe */
             ERRMSG("chdir");
@@ -3129,12 +3734,14 @@ rb_execarg_run_options(const struct rb_execarg *eargp, struct rb_execarg *sargp,
     if (sargp) {
         VALUE ary = sargp->fd_dup2;
         if (ary != Qfalse) {
-            size_t len = run_exec_dup2_tmpbuf_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
-            VALUE tmpbuf = hide_obj(rb_str_new(0, len));
-            rb_str_set_len(tmpbuf, len);
-            sargp->dup2_tmpbuf = tmpbuf;
+            rb_execarg_allocate_dup2_tmpbuf(sargp, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
         }
     }
+    {
+        int preserve = errno;
+        stdfd_clear_nonblock();
+        errno = preserve;
+    }
 
     return 0;
 }
@@ -3143,31 +3750,38 @@ rb_execarg_run_options(const struct rb_execarg *eargp, struct rb_execarg *sargp,
 int
 rb_exec_async_signal_safe(const struct rb_execarg *eargp, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
 {
+    errno = exec_async_signal_safe(eargp, errmsg, errmsg_buflen);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static int
+exec_async_signal_safe(const struct rb_execarg *eargp, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
+{
 #if !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
     struct rb_execarg sarg, *const sargp = &sarg;
 #else
     struct rb_execarg *const sargp = NULL;
 #endif
+    int err;
 
     if (rb_execarg_run_options(eargp, sargp, errmsg, errmsg_buflen) < 0) { /* hopefully async-signal-safe */
-        goto failure;
+	return errno;
     }
 
     if (eargp->use_shell) {
-	proc_exec_sh(RSTRING_PTR(eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script), eargp->envp_str); /* async-signal-safe */
+	err = proc_exec_sh(RSTRING_PTR(eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script), eargp->envp_str); /* async-signal-safe */
     }
     else {
 	char *abspath = NULL;
 	if (!NIL_P(eargp->invoke.cmd.command_abspath))
 	    abspath = RSTRING_PTR(eargp->invoke.cmd.command_abspath);
-	proc_exec_cmd(abspath, eargp->invoke.cmd.argv_str, eargp->envp_str); /* async-signal-safe */
+	err = proc_exec_cmd(abspath, eargp->invoke.cmd.argv_str, eargp->envp_str); /* async-signal-safe */
     }
 #if !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
-    preserving_errno(rb_execarg_run_options(sargp, NULL, errmsg, errmsg_buflen));
+    rb_execarg_run_options(sargp, NULL, errmsg, errmsg_buflen);
 #endif
 
-failure:
-    return -1;
+    return err;
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
@@ -3177,9 +3791,7 @@ rb_exec_atfork(void* arg, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
 {
     return rb_exec_async_signal_safe(arg, errmsg, errmsg_buflen); /* hopefully async-signal-safe */
 }
-#endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
 #if SIZEOF_INT == SIZEOF_LONG
 #define proc_syswait (VALUE (*)(VALUE))rb_syswait
 #else
@@ -3237,12 +3849,19 @@ pipe_nocrash(int filedes[2], VALUE fds)
 #define O_BINARY 0
 #endif
 
+static VALUE
+rb_thread_sleep_that_takes_VALUE_as_sole_argument(VALUE n)
+{
+    rb_thread_sleep(NUM2INT(n));
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
 static int
-handle_fork_error(int *status, int *ep, volatile int *try_gc_p)
+handle_fork_error(int err, int *status, int *ep, volatile int *try_gc_p)
 {
     int state = 0;
 
-    switch (errno) {
+    switch (err) {
       case ENOMEM:
         if ((*try_gc_p)-- > 0 && !rb_during_gc()) {
             rb_gc();
@@ -3258,14 +3877,16 @@ handle_fork_error(int *status, int *ep, volatile int *try_gc_p)
             return 0;
         }
         else {
-            rb_protect((VALUE (*)())rb_thread_sleep, 1, &state);
+            rb_protect(rb_thread_sleep_that_takes_VALUE_as_sole_argument, INT2FIX(1), &state);
             if (status) *status = state;
             if (!state) return 0;
         }
         break;
     }
     if (ep) {
-        preserving_errno((close(ep[0]), close(ep[1])));
+	close(ep[0]);
+	close(ep[1]);
+	errno = err;
     }
     if (state && !status) rb_jump_tag(state);
     return -1;
@@ -3319,6 +3940,12 @@ read_retry(int fd, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
     ssize_t r;
 
+    if (set_blocking(fd) != 0) {
+#ifndef _WIN32
+        rb_async_bug_errno("set_blocking failed reading child error", errno);
+#endif
+    }
+
     do {
 	r = read(fd, buf, len);
     } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
@@ -3464,7 +4091,6 @@ has_privilege(void)
 struct child_handler_disabler_state
 {
     sigset_t sigmask;
-    int cancelstate;
 };
 
 static void
@@ -3485,13 +4111,6 @@ disable_child_handler_before_fork(struct child_handler_disabler_state *old)
 #else
 # pragma GCC warning "pthread_sigmask on fork is not available. potentially dangerous"
 #endif
-
-#ifdef PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE
-    ret = pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, &old->cancelstate);
-    if (ret != 0) {
-	rb_syserr_fail(ret, "pthread_setcancelstate");
-    }
-#endif
 }
 
 static void
@@ -3499,13 +4118,6 @@ disable_child_handler_fork_parent(struct child_handler_disabler_state *old)
 {
     int ret;
 
-#ifdef PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE
-    ret = pthread_setcancelstate(old->cancelstate, NULL);
-    if (ret != 0) {
-	rb_syserr_fail(ret, "pthread_setcancelstate");
-    }
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_SIGMASK
     ret = pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old->sigmask, NULL); /* not async-signal-safe */
     if (ret != 0) {
@@ -3524,26 +4136,28 @@ disable_child_handler_fork_child(struct child_handler_disabler_state *old, char
     int ret;
 
     for (sig = 1; sig < NSIG; sig++) {
-            sig_t handler = signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
+	sig_t handler = signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
 
-            if (handler == SIG_ERR && errno == EINVAL) {
-                continue; /* Ignore invalid signal number */
-            }
-            if (handler == SIG_ERR) {
-                ERRMSG("signal to obtain old action");
-                return -1;
-            }
+	if (handler == SIG_ERR && errno == EINVAL) {
+	    continue; /* Ignore invalid signal number */
+	}
+	if (handler == SIG_ERR) {
+	    ERRMSG("signal to obtain old action");
+	    return -1;
+	}
 #ifdef SIGPIPE
-            if (sig == SIGPIPE) {
-                continue;
-            }
+	if (sig == SIGPIPE) {
+	    continue;
+	}
 #endif
-            /* it will be reset to SIG_DFL at execve time, instead */
-            if (handler == SIG_IGN) {
-                signal(sig, SIG_IGN);
-            }
+	/* it will be reset to SIG_DFL at execve time, instead */
+	if (handler == SIG_IGN) {
+	    signal(sig, SIG_IGN);
+	}
     }
 
+    /* non-Ruby child process, ensure cmake can see SIGCHLD */
+    sigemptyset(&old->sigmask);
     ret = sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old->sigmask, NULL); /* async-signal-safe */
     if (ret != 0) {
         ERRMSG("sigprocmask");
@@ -3555,22 +4169,30 @@ disable_child_handler_fork_child(struct child_handler_disabler_state *old, char
 static rb_pid_t
 retry_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status, int *ep,
         int (*chfunc)(void*, char *, size_t), void *charg,
-        char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
+        char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen,
+        struct waitpid_state *w)
 {
     rb_pid_t pid;
     volatile int try_gc = 1;
     struct child_handler_disabler_state old;
+    int err;
+    rb_nativethread_lock_t *const volatile waitpid_lock_init =
+        (w && WAITPID_USE_SIGCHLD) ? &GET_VM()->waitpid_lock : 0;
 
     while (1) {
+        rb_nativethread_lock_t *waitpid_lock = waitpid_lock_init;
         prefork();
         disable_child_handler_before_fork(&old);
+        if (waitpid_lock) {
+            rb_native_mutex_lock(waitpid_lock);
+        }
 #ifdef HAVE_WORKING_VFORK
         if (!has_privilege())
             pid = vfork();
         else
-            pid = fork();
+            pid = rb_fork();
 #else
-        pid = fork();
+        pid = rb_fork();
 #endif
         if (pid == 0) {/* fork succeed, child process */
             int ret;
@@ -3587,37 +4209,53 @@ retry_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status, int *ep,
             _exit(127);
 #endif
         }
-        preserving_errno(disable_child_handler_fork_parent(&old));
+	err = errno;
+        waitpid_lock = waitpid_lock_init;
+        if (waitpid_lock) {
+            if (pid > 0 && w != WAITPID_LOCK_ONLY) {
+                w->pid = pid;
+                list_add(&GET_VM()->waiting_pids, &w->wnode);
+            }
+            rb_native_mutex_unlock(waitpid_lock);
+        }
+	disable_child_handler_fork_parent(&old);
         if (0 < pid) /* fork succeed, parent process */
             return pid;
         /* fork failed */
-        if (handle_fork_error(status, ep, &try_gc))
+	if (handle_fork_error(err, status, ep, &try_gc))
             return -1;
     }
 }
 
-rb_pid_t
-rb_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status, int (*chfunc)(void*, char *, size_t), void *charg, VALUE fds,
-        char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
+static rb_pid_t
+fork_check_err(int *status, int (*chfunc)(void*, char *, size_t), void *charg,
+        VALUE fds, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen,
+        struct rb_execarg *eargp)
 {
     rb_pid_t pid;
     int err;
     int ep[2];
     int error_occurred;
+    struct waitpid_state *w;
+
+    w = eargp && eargp->waitpid_state ? eargp->waitpid_state : 0;
 
     if (status) *status = 0;
 
     if (pipe_nocrash(ep, fds)) return -1;
-    pid = retry_fork_async_signal_safe(status, ep, chfunc, charg, errmsg, errmsg_buflen);
+    pid = retry_fork_async_signal_safe(status, ep, chfunc, charg,
+                                       errmsg, errmsg_buflen, w);
     if (pid < 0)
         return pid;
     close(ep[1]);
     error_occurred = recv_child_error(ep[0], &err, errmsg, errmsg_buflen);
     if (error_occurred) {
         if (status) {
+            VM_ASSERT((w == 0 || w == WAITPID_LOCK_ONLY) &&
+                      "only used by extensions");
             rb_protect(proc_syswait, (VALUE)pid, status);
         }
-        else {
+        else if (!w || w == WAITPID_LOCK_ONLY) {
             rb_syswait(pid);
         }
         errno = err;
@@ -3626,41 +4264,46 @@ rb_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status, int (*chfunc)(void*, char *, size_t), voi
     return pid;
 }
 
-static rb_pid_t
-retry_fork_ruby(int *status)
+/*
+ * The "async_signal_safe" name is a lie, but it is used by pty.c and
+ * maybe other exts.  fork() is not async-signal-safe due to pthread_atfork
+ * and future POSIX revisions will remove it from a list of signal-safe
+ * functions.  rb_waitpid is not async-signal-safe since MJIT, either.
+ * For our purposes, we do not need async-signal-safety, here
+ */
+rb_pid_t
+rb_fork_async_signal_safe(int *status,
+                          int (*chfunc)(void*, char *, size_t), void *charg,
+                          VALUE fds, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
 {
-    rb_pid_t pid;
-    int try_gc = 1;
-
-    while (1) {
-        prefork();
-        before_fork_ruby();
-        pid = fork();
-        if (pid == 0) /* fork succeed, child process */
-            return pid;
-        preserving_errno(after_fork_ruby());
-        if (0 < pid) /* fork succeed, parent process */
-            return pid;
-        /* fork failed */
-        if (handle_fork_error(status, NULL, &try_gc))
-            return -1;
-    }
+    return fork_check_err(status, chfunc, charg, fds, errmsg, errmsg_buflen, 0);
 }
 
 rb_pid_t
 rb_fork_ruby(int *status)
 {
     rb_pid_t pid;
+    int try_gc = 1, err;
+    struct child_handler_disabler_state old;
 
     if (status) *status = 0;
 
-    pid = retry_fork_ruby(status);
-    if (pid < 0)
-        return pid;
-    if (!pid) {
+    while (1) {
+	prefork();
+        if (mjit_enabled) mjit_pause(false); // Don't leave locked mutex to child. Note: child_handler must be enabled to pause MJIT.
+	disable_child_handler_before_fork(&old);
+	before_fork_ruby();
+	pid = rb_fork();
+	err = errno;
         after_fork_ruby();
+	disable_child_handler_fork_parent(&old); /* yes, bad name */
+        if (mjit_enabled && pid > 0) mjit_resume(); /* child (pid == 0) is cared by rb_thread_atfork */
+	if (pid >= 0) /* fork succeed */
+	    return pid;
+	/* fork failed */
+	if (handle_fork_error(err, status, NULL, &try_gc))
+	    return -1;
     }
-    return pid;
 }
 
 #endif
@@ -3673,15 +4316,14 @@ rb_fork_ruby(int *status)
  *
  *  Creates a subprocess. If a block is specified, that block is run
  *  in the subprocess, and the subprocess terminates with a status of
- *  zero. Otherwise, the +fork+ call returns twice, once in
- *  the parent, returning the process ID of the child, and once in
- *  the child, returning _nil_. The child process can exit using
- *  <code>Kernel.exit!</code> to avoid running any
- *  <code>at_exit</code> functions. The parent process should
- *  use <code>Process.wait</code> to collect the termination statuses
- *  of its children or use <code>Process.detach</code> to register
- *  disinterest in their status; otherwise, the operating system
- *  may accumulate zombie processes.
+ *  zero. Otherwise, the +fork+ call returns twice, once in the
+ *  parent, returning the process ID of the child, and once in the
+ *  child, returning _nil_. The child process can exit using
+ *  Kernel.exit! to avoid running any <code>at_exit</code>
+ *  functions. The parent process should use Process.wait to collect
+ *  the termination statuses of its children or use Process.detach to
+ *  register disinterest in their status; otherwise, the operating
+ *  system may accumulate zombie processes.
  *
  *  The thread calling fork is the only thread in the created child process.
  *  fork doesn't copy other threads.
@@ -3742,6 +4384,7 @@ exit_status_code(VALUE status)
     return istatus;
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE rb_f_exit_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj));
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.exit!(status=false)
@@ -3766,13 +4409,13 @@ rb_f_exit_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     }
     _exit(istatus);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 void
 rb_exit(int status)
 {
-    if (GET_THREAD()->tag) {
+    if (GET_EC()->tag) {
 	VALUE args[2];
 
 	args[0] = INT2NUM(status);
@@ -3782,7 +4425,23 @@ rb_exit(int status)
     ruby_stop(status);
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_f_exit(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    int istatus;
+
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
+        istatus = exit_status_code(argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        istatus = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    rb_exit(istatus);
 
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static VALUE f_exit(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _));
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     exit(status=true)
@@ -3790,7 +4449,7 @@ rb_exit(int status)
  *     Process::exit(status=true)
  *
  *  Initiates the termination of the Ruby script by raising the
- *  <code>SystemExit</code> exception. This exception may be caught. The
+ *  SystemExit exception. This exception may be caught. The
  *  optional parameter is used to return a status code to the invoking
  *  environment.
  *  +true+ and +FALSE+ of _status_ means success and failure
@@ -3810,9 +4469,9 @@ rb_exit(int status)
  *     rescued a SystemExit exception
  *     after begin block
  *
- *  Just prior to termination, Ruby executes any <code>at_exit</code> functions
- *  (see Kernel::at_exit) and runs any object finalizers (see
- *  ObjectSpace::define_finalizer).
+ *  Just prior to termination, Ruby executes any <code>at_exit</code>
+ *  functions (see Kernel::at_exit) and runs any object finalizers
+ *  (see ObjectSpace::define_finalizer).
  *
  *     at_exit { puts "at_exit function" }
  *     ObjectSpace.define_finalizer("string",  proc { puts "in finalizer" })
@@ -3824,22 +4483,39 @@ rb_exit(int status)
  *     in finalizer
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_f_exit(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+static VALUE
+f_exit(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
 {
-    int istatus;
+    rb_f_exit(c, a);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
+}
 
-    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
-	istatus = exit_status_code(argv[0]);
+VALUE
+rb_f_abort(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+        VALUE errinfo = rb_ec_get_errinfo(ec);
+	if (!NIL_P(errinfo)) {
+	    rb_ec_error_print(ec, errinfo);
+	}
+	rb_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
     else {
-	istatus = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	VALUE args[2];
+
+	args[1] = args[0] = argv[0];
+	StringValue(args[0]);
+	rb_io_puts(1, args, rb_ractor_stderr());
+	args[0] = INT2NUM(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(2, args, rb_eSystemExit));
     }
-    rb_exit(istatus);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static VALUE f_abort(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _));
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -3852,27 +4528,11 @@ rb_f_exit(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
  *  to STDERR prior to terminating.
  */
 
-VALUE
-rb_f_abort(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+static VALUE
+f_abort(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
 {
-    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	if (!NIL_P(GET_THREAD()->errinfo)) {
-	    ruby_error_print();
-	}
-	rb_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-    else {
-	VALUE args[2];
-
-	args[1] = args[0] = argv[0];
-	StringValue(args[0]);
-	rb_io_puts(1, args, rb_stderr);
-	args[0] = INT2NUM(EXIT_FAILURE);
-	rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(2, args, rb_eSystemExit));
-    }
-
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    rb_f_abort(c, a);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 
 void
@@ -3919,7 +4579,7 @@ rb_spawn_process(struct rb_execarg *eargp, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
 #endif
 
 #if defined HAVE_WORKING_FORK && !USE_SPAWNV
-    pid = rb_fork_async_signal_safe(NULL, rb_exec_atfork, eargp, eargp->redirect_fds, errmsg, errmsg_buflen);
+    pid = fork_check_err(0, rb_exec_atfork, eargp, eargp->redirect_fds, errmsg, errmsg_buflen, eargp);
 #else
     prog = eargp->use_shell ? eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script : eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name;
 
@@ -3933,30 +4593,37 @@ rb_spawn_process(struct rb_execarg *eargp, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
     }
 # if defined HAVE_SPAWNV
     if (eargp->use_shell) {
-	pid = proc_spawn_sh(RSTRING_PTR(prog));
+        pid = proc_spawn_sh(RSTRING_PTR(prog));
     }
     else {
         char **argv = ARGVSTR2ARGV(eargp->invoke.cmd.argv_str);
-	pid = proc_spawn_cmd(argv, prog, eargp);
+        pid = proc_spawn_cmd(argv, prog, eargp);
+    }
+
+    if (pid == -1) {
+        rb_last_status_set(0x7f << 8, pid);
     }
-    if (pid == -1)
-	rb_last_status_set(0x7f << 8, 0);
 # else
     status = system(rb_execarg_commandline(eargp, &prog));
-    rb_last_status_set((status & 0xff) << 8, 0);
     pid = 1;			/* dummy */
+    rb_last_status_set((status & 0xff) << 8, pid);
 # endif
 
+    if (eargp->waitpid_state && eargp->waitpid_state != WAITPID_LOCK_ONLY) {
+        eargp->waitpid_state->pid = pid;
+    }
+
     rb_execarg_run_options(&sarg, NULL, errmsg, errmsg_buflen);
 #endif
+
     return pid;
 }
 
 struct spawn_args {
     VALUE execarg;
     struct {
-	char *ptr;
-	size_t buflen;
+        char *ptr;
+        size_t buflen;
     } errmsg;
 };
 
@@ -3973,6 +4640,15 @@ static rb_pid_t
 rb_execarg_spawn(VALUE execarg_obj, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_buflen)
 {
     struct spawn_args args;
+    struct rb_execarg *eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
+
+    /*
+     * Prevent a race with MJIT where the compiler process where
+     * can hold an FD of ours in between vfork + execve
+     */
+    if (!eargp->waitpid_state && mjit_enabled) {
+        eargp->waitpid_state = WAITPID_LOCK_ONLY;
+    }
 
     args.execarg = execarg_obj;
     args.errmsg.ptr = errmsg;
@@ -3986,7 +4662,7 @@ rb_spawn_internal(int argc, const VALUE *argv, char *errmsg, size_t errmsg_bufle
 {
     VALUE execarg_obj;
 
-    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE);
+    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE, FALSE);
     return rb_execarg_spawn(execarg_obj, errmsg, errmsg_buflen);
 }
 
@@ -4004,25 +4680,31 @@ rb_spawn(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     system([env,] command... [,options])    -> true, false or nil
+ *     system([env,] command... [,options], exception: false)    -> true, false or nil
  *
  *  Executes _command..._ in a subshell.
  *  _command..._ is one of following forms.
  *
- *    commandline                 : command line string which is passed to the standard shell
- *    cmdname, arg1, ...          : command name and one or more arguments (no shell)
- *    [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ... : command name, argv[0] and zero or more arguments (no shell)
+ *  [<code>commandline</code>]
+ *    command line string which is passed to the standard shell
+ *  [<code>cmdname, arg1, ...</code>]
+ *    command name and one or more arguments (no shell)
+ *  [<code>[cmdname, argv0], arg1, ...</code>]
+ *    command name, <code>argv[0]</code> and zero or more arguments (no shell)
  *
  *  system returns +true+ if the command gives zero exit status,
  *  +false+ for non zero exit status.
  *  Returns +nil+ if command execution fails.
  *  An error status is available in <code>$?</code>.
+ *
+ *  If the <code>exception: true</code> argument is passed, the method
+ *  raises an exception instead of returning +false+ or +nil+.
+ *
  *  The arguments are processed in the same way as
- *  for <code>Kernel.spawn</code>.
+ *  for Kernel#spawn.
  *
- *  The hash arguments, env and options, are same as
- *  <code>exec</code> and <code>spawn</code>.
- *  See <code>Kernel.spawn</code> for details.
+ *  The hash arguments, env and options, are same as #exec and #spawn.
+ *  See Kernel#spawn for details.
  *
  *     system("echo *")
  *     system("echo", "*")
@@ -4032,43 +4714,77 @@ rb_spawn(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
  *     config.h main.rb
  *     *
  *
- *  See <code>Kernel.exec</code> for the standard shell.
+ *  Error handling:
+ *
+ *     system("cat nonexistent.txt")
+ *     # => false
+ *     system("catt nonexistent.txt")
+ *     # => nil
+ *
+ *     system("cat nonexistent.txt", exception: true)
+ *     # RuntimeError (Command failed with exit 1: cat)
+ *     system("catt nonexistent.txt", exception: true)
+ *     # Errno::ENOENT (No such file or directory - catt)
+ *
+ *  See Kernel#exec for the standard shell.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
-    rb_pid_t pid;
-    int status;
-
-#if defined(SIGCLD) && !defined(SIGCHLD)
-# define SIGCHLD SIGCLD
-#endif
+    /*
+     * n.b. using alloca for now to simplify future Thread::Light code
+     * when we need to use malloc for non-native Fiber
+     */
+    struct waitpid_state *w = alloca(sizeof(struct waitpid_state));
+    rb_pid_t pid; /* may be different from waitpid_state.pid on exec failure */
+    VALUE execarg_obj;
+    struct rb_execarg *eargp;
+    int exec_errnum;
 
-#ifdef SIGCHLD
-    RETSIGTYPE (*chfunc)(int);
+    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE, TRUE);
+    eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
+    w->ec = GET_EC();
+    waitpid_state_init(w, 0, 0);
+    eargp->waitpid_state = w;
+    pid = rb_execarg_spawn(execarg_obj, 0, 0);
+    exec_errnum = pid < 0 ? errno : 0;
 
-    rb_last_status_clear();
-    chfunc = signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
-#endif
-    pid = rb_spawn_internal(argc, argv, NULL, 0);
 #if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK) || defined(HAVE_SPAWNV)
-    if (pid > 0) {
-        int ret, status;
-        ret = rb_waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
-        if (ret == (rb_pid_t)-1)
-            rb_sys_fail("Another thread waited the process started by system().");
+    if (w->pid > 0) {
+        /* `pid' (not w->pid) may be < 0 here if execve failed in child */
+        if (WAITPID_USE_SIGCHLD) {
+            rb_ensure(waitpid_sleep, (VALUE)w, waitpid_cleanup, (VALUE)w);
+        }
+        else {
+            waitpid_no_SIGCHLD(w);
+        }
+        rb_last_status_set(w->status, w->ret);
     }
 #endif
-#ifdef SIGCHLD
-    signal(SIGCHLD, chfunc);
-#endif
-    if (pid < 0) {
-	return Qnil;
+    if (w->pid < 0 /* fork failure */ || pid < 0 /* exec failure */) {
+        if (eargp->exception) {
+            int err = exec_errnum ? exec_errnum : w->errnum;
+            VALUE command = eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script;
+            RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
+            rb_syserr_fail_str(err, command);
+        }
+        else {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+    }
+    if (w->status == EXIT_SUCCESS) return Qtrue;
+    if (eargp->exception) {
+        VALUE command = eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script;
+        VALUE str = rb_str_new_cstr("Command failed with");
+        rb_str_cat_cstr(pst_message_status(str, w->status), ": ");
+        rb_str_append(str, command);
+        RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
+        rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(rb_eRuntimeError, str));
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qfalse;
     }
-    status = PST2INT(rb_last_status_get());
-    if (status == EXIT_SUCCESS) return Qtrue;
-    return Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4088,9 +4804,9 @@ rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *  to finish.
  *
  *  The parent process should
- *  use <code>Process.wait</code> to collect
+ *  use Process.wait to collect
  *  the termination status of its child or
- *  use <code>Process.detach</code> to register
+ *  use Process.detach to register
  *  disinterest in their status;
  *  otherwise, the operating system may accumulate zombie processes.
  *
@@ -4140,17 +4856,18 @@ rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *          integer : the file descriptor of specified the integer
  *          io      : the file descriptor specified as io.fileno
  *      file descriptor inheritance: close non-redirected non-standard fds (3, 4, 5, ...) or not
- *        :close_others => true  : don't inherit
+ *        :close_others => false  : inherit
  *      current directory:
  *        :chdir => str
  *
- *      The 'cmdname, arg1, ...' form does not use the shell. However,
- *      on different OSes, different things are provided as built-in
- *      commands. An example of this is 'echo', which is a built-in
- *      on Windows, but is a normal program on Linux and Mac OS X.
- *      This means that `Process.spawn 'echo', '%Path%'` will display
- *      the contents of the `%Path%` environment variable on Windows,
- *      but `Process.spawn 'echo', '$PATH'` prints the literal '$PATH'.
+ *  The <code>cmdname, arg1, ...</code> form does not use the shell.
+ *  However, on different OSes, different things are provided as
+ *  built-in commands. An example of this is +'echo'+, which is a
+ *  built-in on Windows, but is a normal program on Linux and Mac OS X.
+ *  This means that <code>Process.spawn 'echo', '%Path%'</code> will
+ *  display the contents of the <tt>%Path%</tt> environment variable
+ *  on Windows, but <code>Process.spawn 'echo', '$PATH'</code> prints
+ *  the literal <tt>$PATH</tt>.
  *
  *  If a hash is given as +env+, the environment is
  *  updated by +env+ before <code>exec(2)</code> in the child process.
@@ -4220,12 +4937,12 @@ rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *    pid = spawn(command, STDERR=>:out)
  *    pid = spawn(command, STDERR=>STDOUT)
  *
- *  The hash keys specifies a file descriptor
- *  in the child process started by <code>spawn</code>.
+ *  The hash keys specifies a file descriptor in the child process
+ *  started by #spawn.
  *  :err, 2 and STDERR specifies the standard error stream (stderr).
  *
- *  The hash values specifies a file descriptor
- *  in the parent process which invokes <code>spawn</code>.
+ *  The hash values specifies a file descriptor in the parent process
+ *  which invokes #spawn.
  *  :out, 1 and STDOUT specifies the standard output stream (stdout).
  *
  *  In the above example,
@@ -4299,7 +5016,7 @@ rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *    pid = spawn(command, :close_others=>true)  # close 3,4,5,... (default)
  *    pid = spawn(command, :close_others=>false) # don't close 3,4,5,...
  *
- *  :close_others is true by default for spawn and IO.popen.
+ *  :close_others is false by default for spawn and IO.popen.
  *
  *  Note that fds which close-on-exec flag is already set are closed
  *  regardless of :close_others option.
@@ -4336,18 +5053,18 @@ rb_f_system(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *  Internally, +spawn+ uses an extra file descriptor to resolve such cyclic
  *  file descriptor mapping.
  *
- *  See <code>Kernel.exec</code> for the standard shell.
+ *  See Kernel.exec for the standard shell.
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_spawn(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_spawn(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     rb_pid_t pid;
     char errmsg[CHILD_ERRMSG_BUFLEN] = { '\0' };
     VALUE execarg_obj, fail_str;
     struct rb_execarg *eargp;
 
-    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE);
+    execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE, FALSE);
     eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
     fail_str = eargp->use_shell ? eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script : eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name;
 
@@ -4373,7 +5090,7 @@ rb_f_spawn(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *  Suspends the current thread for _duration_ seconds (which may be any number,
  *  including a +Float+ with fractional seconds). Returns the actual number of
  *  seconds slept (rounded), which may be less than that asked for if another
- *  thread calls <code>Thread#run</code>. Called without an argument, sleep()
+ *  thread calls Thread#run. Called without an argument, sleep()
  *  will sleep forever.
  *
  *     Time.new    #=> 2008-03-08 19:56:19 +0900
@@ -4384,22 +5101,27 @@ rb_f_spawn(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_sleep(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_sleep(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
-    time_t beg, end;
+    time_t beg = time(0);
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_scheduler_current();
 
-    beg = time(0);
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	rb_thread_sleep_forever();
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        rb_scheduler_kernel_sleepv(scheduler, argc, argv);
     }
     else {
-	rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
-	rb_thread_wait_for(rb_time_interval(argv[0]));
+        if (argc == 0) {
+            rb_thread_sleep_forever();
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+            rb_thread_wait_for(rb_time_interval(argv[0]));
+        }
     }
 
-    end = time(0) - beg;
+    time_t end = time(0) - beg;
 
-    return INT2FIX(end);
+    return TIMET2NUM(end);
 }
 
 
@@ -4416,7 +5138,7 @@ rb_f_sleep(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-proc_getpgrp(void)
+proc_getpgrp(VALUE _)
 {
     rb_pid_t pgrp;
 
@@ -4445,7 +5167,7 @@ proc_getpgrp(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-proc_setpgrp(void)
+proc_setpgrp(VALUE _)
 {
   /* check for posix setpgid() first; this matches the posix */
   /* getpgrp() above.  It appears that configure will set SETPGRP_VOID */
@@ -4527,7 +5249,7 @@ proc_setpgid(VALUE obj, VALUE pid, VALUE pgrp)
  *     Process.getsid(Process.pid())   #=> 27422
  */
 static VALUE
-proc_getsid(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+proc_getsid(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     rb_pid_t sid;
     rb_pid_t pid = 0;
@@ -4561,7 +5283,7 @@ static rb_pid_t ruby_setsid(void);
  */
 
 static VALUE
-proc_setsid(void)
+proc_setsid(VALUE _)
 {
     rb_pid_t pid;
 
@@ -4609,9 +5331,9 @@ ruby_setsid(void)
  *
  *  Gets the scheduling priority for specified process, process group,
  *  or user. <em>kind</em> indicates the kind of entity to find: one
- *  of <code>Process::PRIO_PGRP</code>,
- *  <code>Process::PRIO_USER</code>, or
- *  <code>Process::PRIO_PROCESS</code>. _integer_ is an id
+ *  of Process::PRIO_PGRP,
+ *  Process::PRIO_USER, or
+ *  Process::PRIO_PROCESS. _integer_ is an id
  *  indicating the particular process, process group, or user (an id
  *  of 0 means _current_). Lower priorities are more favorable
  *  for scheduling. Not available on all platforms.
@@ -4643,7 +5365,7 @@ proc_getpriority(VALUE obj, VALUE which, VALUE who)
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.setpriority(kind, integer, priority)   -> 0
  *
- *  See <code>Process#getpriority</code>.
+ *  See Process.getpriority.
  *
  *     Process.setpriority(Process::PRIO_USER, 0, 19)      #=> 0
  *     Process.setpriority(Process::PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 19)   #=> 0
@@ -4670,13 +5392,13 @@ proc_setpriority(VALUE obj, VALUE which, VALUE who, VALUE prio)
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRLIMIT) && defined(NUM2RLIM)
 static int
-rlimit_resource_name2int(const char *name, int casetype)
+rlimit_resource_name2int(const char *name, long len, int casetype)
 {
     int resource;
     const char *p;
 #define RESCHECK(r) \
     do { \
-        if (STRCASECMP(name, #r) == 0) { \
+        if (len == rb_strlen_lit(#r) && STRCASECMP(name, #r) == 0) { \
             resource = RLIMIT_##r; \
             goto found; \
         } \
@@ -4779,21 +5501,40 @@ rlimit_resource_name2int(const char *name, int casetype)
 }
 
 static int
-rlimit_type_by_hname(const char *name)
+rlimit_type_by_hname(const char *name, long len)
 {
-    return rlimit_resource_name2int(name, 0);
+    return rlimit_resource_name2int(name, len, 0);
 }
 
 static int
-rlimit_type_by_lname(const char *name)
+rlimit_type_by_lname(const char *name, long len)
 {
-    return rlimit_resource_name2int(name, 1);
+    return rlimit_resource_name2int(name, len, 1);
+}
+
+static int
+rlimit_type_by_sym(VALUE key)
+{
+    VALUE name = rb_sym2str(key);
+    const char *rname = RSTRING_PTR(name);
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(name);
+    int rtype = -1;
+    static const char prefix[] = "rlimit_";
+    enum {prefix_len = sizeof(prefix)-1};
+
+    if (len > prefix_len && strncmp(prefix, rname, prefix_len) == 0) {
+	rtype = rlimit_type_by_lname(rname + prefix_len, len - prefix_len);
+    }
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(key);
+    return rtype;
 }
 
 static int
 rlimit_resource_type(VALUE rtype)
 {
     const char *name;
+    long len;
     VALUE v;
     int r;
 
@@ -4801,6 +5542,7 @@ rlimit_resource_type(VALUE rtype)
       case T_SYMBOL:
 	v = rb_sym2str(rtype);
 	name = RSTRING_PTR(v);
+	len = RSTRING_LEN(v);
         break;
 
       default:
@@ -4809,6 +5551,7 @@ rlimit_resource_type(VALUE rtype)
             rtype = v;
       case T_STRING:
             name = StringValueCStr(rtype);
+	    len = RSTRING_LEN(rtype);
             break;
         }
         /* fall through */
@@ -4818,13 +5561,13 @@ rlimit_resource_type(VALUE rtype)
         return NUM2INT(rtype);
     }
 
-    r = rlimit_type_by_hname(name);
+    r = rlimit_type_by_hname(name, len);
     if (r != -1)
         return r;
 
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid resource name: %"PRIsVALUE, rtype);
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid resource name: % "PRIsVALUE, rtype);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(-1);
 }
 
 static rlim_t
@@ -4865,7 +5608,7 @@ rlimit_resource_value(VALUE rval)
 #endif
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid resource value: %"PRIsVALUE, rval);
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN((rlim_t)-1);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -4881,12 +5624,12 @@ rlimit_resource_value(VALUE rval)
  *  _resource_ indicates the kind of resource to limit.
  *  It is specified as a symbol such as <code>:CORE</code>,
  *  a string such as <code>"CORE"</code> or
- *  a constant such as <code>Process::RLIMIT_CORE</code>.
+ *  a constant such as Process::RLIMIT_CORE.
  *  See Process.setrlimit for details.
  *
- *  _cur_limit_ and _max_limit_ may be <code>Process::RLIM_INFINITY</code>,
- *  <code>Process::RLIM_SAVED_MAX</code> or
- *  <code>Process::RLIM_SAVED_CUR</code>.
+ *  _cur_limit_ and _max_limit_ may be Process::RLIM_INFINITY,
+ *  Process::RLIM_SAVED_MAX or
+ *  Process::RLIM_SAVED_CUR.
  *  See Process.setrlimit and the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
  */
 
@@ -4919,7 +5662,7 @@ proc_getrlimit(VALUE obj, VALUE resource)
  *  _resource_ indicates the kind of resource to limit.
  *  It should be a symbol such as <code>:CORE</code>,
  *  a string such as <code>"CORE"</code> or
- *  a constant such as <code>Process::RLIMIT_CORE</code>.
+ *  a constant such as Process::RLIMIT_CORE.
  *  The available resources are OS dependent.
  *  Ruby may support following resources.
  *
@@ -4942,10 +5685,10 @@ proc_getrlimit(VALUE obj, VALUE resource)
  *
  *  _cur_limit_ and _max_limit_ may be
  *  <code>:INFINITY</code>, <code>"INFINITY"</code> or
- *  <code>Process::RLIM_INFINITY</code>,
+ *  Process::RLIM_INFINITY,
  *  which means that the resource is not limited.
- *  They may be <code>Process::RLIM_SAVED_MAX</code>,
- *  <code>Process::RLIM_SAVED_CUR</code> and
+ *  They may be Process::RLIM_SAVED_MAX,
+ *  Process::RLIM_SAVED_CUR and
  *  corresponding symbols and strings too.
  *  See system setrlimit(2) manual for details.
  *
@@ -4999,14 +5742,254 @@ check_gid_switch(void)
 }
 
 
+#if defined(HAVE_PWD_H)
+/**
+ * Best-effort attempt to obtain the name of the login user, if any,
+ * associated with the process. Processes not descended from login(1) (or
+ * similar) may not have a logged-in user; returns Qnil in that case.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_getlogin(void)
+{
+#if ( !defined(USE_GETLOGIN_R) && !defined(USE_GETLOGIN) )
+    return Qnil;
+#else
+    char MAYBE_UNUSED(*login) = NULL;
+
+# ifdef USE_GETLOGIN_R
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
+    typedef int getlogin_r_size_t;
+#else
+    typedef size_t getlogin_r_size_t;
+#endif
+
+    long loginsize = GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_INIT;  /* maybe -1 */
+
+    if (loginsize < 0)
+        loginsize = GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+
+    VALUE maybe_result = rb_str_buf_new(loginsize);
+
+    login = RSTRING_PTR(maybe_result);
+    loginsize = rb_str_capacity(maybe_result);
+    rb_str_set_len(maybe_result, loginsize);
+
+    int gle;
+    errno = 0;
+    while ((gle = getlogin_r(login, (getlogin_r_size_t)loginsize)) != 0) {
+
+        if (gle == ENOTTY || gle == ENXIO || gle == ENOENT) {
+            rb_str_resize(maybe_result, 0);
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+
+        if (gle != ERANGE || loginsize >= GETLOGIN_R_SIZE_LIMIT) {
+            rb_str_resize(maybe_result, 0);
+            rb_syserr_fail(gle, "getlogin_r");
+        }
+
+        rb_str_modify_expand(maybe_result, loginsize);
+        login = RSTRING_PTR(maybe_result);
+        loginsize = rb_str_capacity(maybe_result);
+    }
+
+    if (login == NULL) {
+        rb_str_resize(maybe_result, 0);
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    return maybe_result;
+
+# elif USE_GETLOGIN
+
+    errno = 0;
+    login = getlogin();
+    if (errno) {
+        if (errno == ENOTTY || errno == ENXIO || errno == ENOENT) {
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+        rb_syserr_fail(errno, "getlogin");
+    }
+
+    return login ? rb_str_new_cstr(login) : Qnil;
+# endif
+
+#endif
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_getpwdirnam_for_login(VALUE login_name)
+{
+#if ( !defined(USE_GETPWNAM_R) && !defined(USE_GETPWNAM) )
+    return Qnil;
+#else
+
+    if (NIL_P(login_name)) {
+        /* nothing to do; no name with which to query the password database */
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    char *login = RSTRING_PTR(login_name);
+
+    struct passwd *pwptr;
+
+# ifdef USE_GETPWNAM_R
+
+    struct passwd pwdnm;
+    char *bufnm;
+    long bufsizenm = GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT;  /* maybe -1 */
+
+    if (bufsizenm < 0)
+        bufsizenm = GETPW_R_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+
+    VALUE getpwnm_tmp = rb_str_tmp_new(bufsizenm);
+
+    bufnm = RSTRING_PTR(getpwnm_tmp);
+    bufsizenm = rb_str_capacity(getpwnm_tmp);
+    rb_str_set_len(getpwnm_tmp, bufsizenm);
+
+    int enm;
+    errno = 0;
+    while ((enm = getpwnam_r(login, &pwdnm, bufnm, bufsizenm, &pwptr)) != 0) {
+
+        if (enm == ENOENT || enm== ESRCH || enm == EBADF || enm == EPERM) {
+            /* not found; non-errors */
+            rb_str_resize(getpwnm_tmp, 0);
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+
+        if (enm != ERANGE || bufsizenm >= GETPW_R_SIZE_LIMIT) {
+            rb_str_resize(getpwnm_tmp, 0);
+            rb_syserr_fail(enm, "getpwnam_r");
+        }
+
+        rb_str_modify_expand(getpwnm_tmp, bufsizenm);
+        bufnm = RSTRING_PTR(getpwnm_tmp);
+        bufsizenm = rb_str_capacity(getpwnm_tmp);
+    }
+
+    if (pwptr == NULL) {
+        /* no record in the password database for the login name */
+        rb_str_resize(getpwnm_tmp, 0);
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    /* found it */
+    VALUE result = rb_str_new_cstr(pwptr->pw_dir);
+    rb_str_resize(getpwnm_tmp, 0);
+    return result;
+
+# elif USE_GETPWNAM
+
+    errno = 0;
+    pwptr = getpwnam(login);
+    if (pwptr) {
+        /* found it */
+        return rb_str_new_cstr(pwptr->pw_dir);
+    }
+    if (errno
+        /*   avoid treating as errors errno values that indicate "not found" */
+        && ( errno != ENOENT && errno != ESRCH && errno != EBADF && errno != EPERM)) {
+        rb_syserr_fail(errno, "getpwnam");
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;  /* not found */
+# endif
+
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+ * Look up the user's dflt home dir in the password db, by uid.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_getpwdiruid(void)
+{
+# if !defined(USE_GETPWUID_R) && !defined(USE_GETPWUID)
+    /* Should never happen... </famous-last-words> */
+    return Qnil;
+# else
+    uid_t ruid = getuid();
+
+    struct passwd *pwptr;
+
+# ifdef USE_GETPWUID_R
+
+    struct passwd pwdid;
+    char *bufid;
+    long bufsizeid = GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT;  /* maybe -1 */
+
+    if (bufsizeid < 0)
+        bufsizeid = GETPW_R_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+
+    VALUE getpwid_tmp = rb_str_tmp_new(bufsizeid);
+
+    bufid = RSTRING_PTR(getpwid_tmp);
+    bufsizeid = rb_str_capacity(getpwid_tmp);
+    rb_str_set_len(getpwid_tmp, bufsizeid);
+
+    int eid;
+    errno = 0;
+    while ((eid = getpwuid_r(ruid, &pwdid, bufid, bufsizeid, &pwptr)) != 0) {
+
+        if (eid == ENOENT || eid== ESRCH || eid == EBADF || eid == EPERM) {
+            /* not found; non-errors */
+            rb_str_resize(getpwid_tmp, 0);
+            return Qnil;
+        }
+
+        if (eid != ERANGE || bufsizeid >= GETPW_R_SIZE_LIMIT) {
+            rb_str_resize(getpwid_tmp, 0);
+            rb_syserr_fail(eid, "getpwuid_r");
+        }
+
+        rb_str_modify_expand(getpwid_tmp, bufsizeid);
+        bufid = RSTRING_PTR(getpwid_tmp);
+        bufsizeid = rb_str_capacity(getpwid_tmp);
+    }
+
+    if (pwptr == NULL) {
+        /* no record in the password database for the uid */
+        rb_str_resize(getpwid_tmp, 0);
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    /* found it */
+    VALUE result = rb_str_new_cstr(pwptr->pw_dir);
+    rb_str_resize(getpwid_tmp, 0);
+    return result;
+
+# elif defined(USE_GETPWUID)
+
+    errno = 0;
+    pwptr = getpwuid(ruid);
+    if (pwptr) {
+        /* found it */
+        return rb_str_new_cstr(pwptr->pw_dir);
+    }
+    if (errno
+        /*   avoid treating as errors errno values that indicate "not found" */
+        && ( errno == ENOENT || errno == ESRCH || errno == EBADF || errno == EPERM)) {
+        rb_syserr_fail(errno, "getpwuid");
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;  /* not found */
+# endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(USE_GETPWUID_R) && !defined(USE_GETPWUID) */
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_PWD_H */
+
+
 /*********************************************************************
  * Document-class: Process::Sys
  *
- *  The <code>Process::Sys</code> module contains UID and GID
+ *  The Process::Sys module contains UID and GID
  *  functions which provide direct bindings to the system calls of the
  *  same names instead of the more-portable versions of the same
- *  functionality found in the <code>Process</code>,
- *  <code>Process::UID</code>, and <code>Process::GID</code> modules.
+ *  functionality found in the Process,
+ *  Process::UID, and Process::GID modules.
  */
 
 #if defined(HAVE_PWD_H)
@@ -5030,21 +6013,19 @@ obj2uid(VALUE id
 	struct passwd pwbuf;
 	char *getpw_buf;
 	long getpw_buf_len;
+	int e;
 	if (!*getpw_tmp) {
 	    getpw_buf_len = GETPW_R_SIZE_INIT;
 	    if (getpw_buf_len < 0) getpw_buf_len = GETPW_R_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-	    getpw_buf = rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(getpw_tmp, getpw_buf_len);
-	}
-	else {
-	    getpw_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getpw_tmp);
-	    getpw_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getpw_tmp);
+	    *getpw_tmp = rb_str_tmp_new(getpw_buf_len);
 	}
-	errno = ERANGE;
-	/* gepwnam_r() on MacOS X doesn't set errno if buffer size is insufficient */
-	while (getpwnam_r(usrname, &pwbuf, getpw_buf, getpw_buf_len, &pwptr)) {
-	    int e = errno;
+	getpw_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getpw_tmp);
+	getpw_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getpw_tmp);
+	rb_str_set_len(*getpw_tmp, getpw_buf_len);
+	errno = 0;
+	while ((e = getpwnam_r(usrname, &pwbuf, getpw_buf, getpw_buf_len, &pwptr)) != 0) {
 	    if (e != ERANGE || getpw_buf_len >= GETPW_R_SIZE_LIMIT) {
-		rb_free_tmp_buffer(getpw_tmp);
+		rb_str_resize(*getpw_tmp, 0);
 		rb_syserr_fail(e, "getpwnam_r");
 	    }
 	    rb_str_modify_expand(*getpw_tmp, getpw_buf_len);
@@ -5058,7 +6039,7 @@ obj2uid(VALUE id
 #ifndef USE_GETPWNAM_R
 	    endpwent();
 #endif
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find user for %s", usrname);
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find user for %"PRIsVALUE, id);
 	}
 	uid = pwptr->pw_uid;
 #ifndef USE_GETPWNAM_R
@@ -5109,21 +6090,19 @@ obj2gid(VALUE id
 	struct group grbuf;
 	char *getgr_buf;
 	long getgr_buf_len;
+	int e;
 	if (!*getgr_tmp) {
 	    getgr_buf_len = GETGR_R_SIZE_INIT;
 	    if (getgr_buf_len < 0) getgr_buf_len = GETGR_R_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-	    getgr_buf = rb_alloc_tmp_buffer(getgr_tmp, getgr_buf_len);
+	    *getgr_tmp = rb_str_tmp_new(getgr_buf_len);
 	}
-	else {
-	    getgr_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getgr_tmp);
-	    getgr_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getgr_tmp);
-	}
-	errno = ERANGE;
-	/* gegrnam_r() on MacOS X doesn't set errno if buffer size is insufficient */
-	while (getgrnam_r(grpname, &grbuf, getgr_buf, getgr_buf_len, &grptr)) {
-	    int e = errno;
+	getgr_buf = RSTRING_PTR(*getgr_tmp);
+	getgr_buf_len = rb_str_capacity(*getgr_tmp);
+	rb_str_set_len(*getgr_tmp, getgr_buf_len);
+	errno = 0;
+	while ((e = getgrnam_r(grpname, &grbuf, getgr_buf, getgr_buf_len, &grptr)) != 0) {
 	    if (e != ERANGE || getgr_buf_len >= GETGR_R_SIZE_LIMIT) {
-		rb_free_tmp_buffer(getgr_tmp);
+		rb_str_resize(*getgr_tmp, 0);
 		rb_syserr_fail(e, "getgrnam_r");
 	    }
 	    rb_str_modify_expand(*getgr_tmp, getgr_buf_len);
@@ -5139,7 +6118,7 @@ obj2gid(VALUE id
 #if !defined(USE_GETGRNAM_R) && defined(HAVE_ENDGRENT)
 	    endgrent();
 #endif
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find group for %s", grpname);
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't find group for %"PRIsVALUE, id);
 	}
 	gid = grptr->gr_gid;
 #if !defined(USE_GETGRNAM_R) && defined(HAVE_ENDGRENT)
@@ -5357,7 +6336,7 @@ proc_setuid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
  *
  * Document-class: Process::UID
  *
- *  The <code>Process::UID</code> module contains a collection of
+ *  The Process::UID module contains a collection of
  *  module functions which can be used to portably get, set, and
  *  switch the current process's real, effective, and saved user IDs.
  *
@@ -5631,11 +6610,9 @@ static VALUE
 p_sys_setregid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid)
 {
     rb_gid_t rgid, egid;
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     check_gid_switch();
     rgid = OBJ2GID(rid);
     egid = OBJ2GID(eid);
-    FINISH_GETGRNAM;
     if (setregid(rgid, egid) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -5659,12 +6636,10 @@ static VALUE
 p_sys_setresgid(VALUE obj, VALUE rid, VALUE eid, VALUE sid)
 {
     rb_gid_t rgid, egid, sgid;
-    PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
     check_gid_switch();
     rgid = OBJ2GID(rid);
     egid = OBJ2GID(eid);
     sgid = OBJ2GID(sid);
-    FINISH_GETGRNAM;
     if (setresgid(rgid, egid, sgid) != 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -5812,11 +6787,24 @@ maxgroups(void)
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.groups   -> array
  *
- *  Get an <code>Array</code> of the gids of groups in the
+ *  Get an Array of the group IDs in the
  *  supplemental group access list for this process.
  *
  *     Process.groups   #=> [27, 6, 10, 11]
  *
+ *  Note that this method is just a wrapper of getgroups(2).
+ *  This means that the following characteristics of
+ *  the result completely depend on your system:
+ *
+ *  - the result is sorted
+ *  - the result includes effective GIDs
+ *  - the result does not include duplicated GIDs
+ *
+ *  You can make sure to get a sorted unique GID list of
+ *  the current process by this expression:
+ *
+ *     Process.groups.uniq.sort
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5855,7 +6843,7 @@ proc_getgroups(VALUE obj)
  *     Process.groups= array   -> array
  *
  *  Set the supplemental group access list to the given
- *  <code>Array</code> of group IDs.
+ *  Array of group IDs.
  *
  *     Process.groups   #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 20, 26, 27]
  *     Process.groups = [27, 6, 10, 11]   #=> [27, 6, 10, 11]
@@ -5906,7 +6894,7 @@ proc_setgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE ary)
  *  Initializes the supplemental group access list by reading the
  *  system group database and using all groups of which the given user
  *  is a member. The group with the specified <em>gid</em> is also
- *  added to the list. Returns the resulting <code>Array</code> of the
+ *  added to the list. Returns the resulting Array of the
  *  gids of all the groups in the supplementary group access list. Not
  *  available on all platforms.
  *
@@ -5919,7 +6907,7 @@ proc_setgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE ary)
 static VALUE
 proc_initgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE uname, VALUE base_grp)
 {
-    if (initgroups(StringValuePtr(uname), OBJ2GID(base_grp)) != 0) {
+    if (initgroups(StringValueCStr(uname), OBJ2GID(base_grp)) != 0) {
 	rb_sys_fail(0);
     }
     return proc_getgroups(obj);
@@ -5964,7 +6952,7 @@ proc_setmaxgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE val)
     int ngroups_max = get_sc_ngroups_max();
 
     if (ngroups <= 0)
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "maxgroups %d shold be positive", ngroups);
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "maxgroups %d should be positive", ngroups);
 
     if (ngroups > RB_MAX_GROUPS)
 	ngroups = RB_MAX_GROUPS;
@@ -5998,13 +6986,13 @@ static int rb_daemon(int nochdir, int noclose);
  */
 
 static VALUE
-proc_daemon(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+proc_daemon(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     int n, nochdir = FALSE, noclose = FALSE;
 
     switch (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2)) {
-      case 2: noclose = RTEST(argv[1]);
-      case 1: nochdir = RTEST(argv[0]);
+      case 2: noclose = TO_BOOL(argv[1], "noclose");
+      case 1: nochdir = TO_BOOL(argv[0], "nochdir");
     }
 
     prefork();
@@ -6018,10 +7006,11 @@ rb_daemon(int nochdir, int noclose)
 {
     int err = 0;
 #ifdef HAVE_DAEMON
+    if (mjit_enabled) mjit_pause(false); // Don't leave locked mutex to child.
     before_fork_ruby();
     err = daemon(nochdir, noclose);
     after_fork_ruby();
-    rb_thread_atfork();
+    rb_thread_atfork(); /* calls mjit_resume() */
 #else
     int n;
 
@@ -6061,7 +7050,7 @@ rb_daemon(int nochdir, int noclose)
  *
  * Document-class: Process::GID
  *
- *  The <code>Process::GID</code> module contains a collection of
+ *  The Process::GID module contains a collection of
  *  module functions which can be used to portably get, set, and
  *  switch the current process's real, effective, and saved group IDs.
  *
@@ -6516,7 +7505,7 @@ p_gid_grant_privilege(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-p_uid_exchangeable(void)
+p_uid_exchangeable(VALUE _)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRESUID)
     return Qtrue;
@@ -6578,7 +7567,7 @@ p_uid_exchange(VALUE obj)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-p_gid_exchangeable(void)
+p_gid_exchangeable(VALUE _)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID)
     return Qtrue;
@@ -6641,7 +7630,7 @@ p_gid_exchange(VALUE obj)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-p_uid_have_saved_id(void)
+p_uid_have_saved_id(VALUE _)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRESUID) || defined(HAVE_SETEUID) || defined(_POSIX_SAVED_IDS)
     return Qtrue;
@@ -6653,8 +7642,9 @@ p_uid_have_saved_id(void)
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRESUID) || defined(HAVE_SETEUID) || defined(_POSIX_SAVED_IDS)
 static VALUE
-p_uid_sw_ensure(rb_uid_t id)
+p_uid_sw_ensure(VALUE i)
 {
+    rb_uid_t id = (rb_uid_t/* narrowing */)i;
     under_uid_switch = 0;
     id = rb_seteuid_core(id);
     return UIDT2NUM(id);
@@ -6708,7 +7698,7 @@ p_uid_switch(VALUE obj)
 	rb_syserr_fail(EPERM, 0);
     }
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 #else
 static VALUE
@@ -6755,7 +7745,7 @@ p_uid_switch(VALUE obj)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-p_gid_have_saved_id(void)
+p_gid_have_saved_id(VALUE _)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID) || defined(HAVE_SETEGID) || defined(_POSIX_SAVED_IDS)
     return Qtrue;
@@ -6766,8 +7756,9 @@ p_gid_have_saved_id(void)
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID) || defined(HAVE_SETEGID) || defined(_POSIX_SAVED_IDS)
 static VALUE
-p_gid_sw_ensure(rb_gid_t id)
+p_gid_sw_ensure(VALUE i)
 {
+    rb_gid_t id = (rb_gid_t/* narrowing */)i;
     under_gid_switch = 0;
     id = rb_setegid_core(id);
     return GIDT2NUM(id);
@@ -6821,7 +7812,7 @@ p_gid_switch(VALUE obj)
 	rb_syserr_fail(EPERM, 0);
     }
 
-    UNREACHABLE;
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
 }
 #else
 static VALUE
@@ -6860,27 +7851,22 @@ p_gid_switch(VALUE obj)
 static long
 get_clk_tck(void)
 {
-    long hertz =
 #ifdef HAVE__SC_CLK_TCK
-	(double)sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
+    return sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
+#elif defined CLK_TCK
+    return CLK_TCK;
+#elif defined HZ
+    return HZ;
 #else
-#ifndef HZ
-# ifdef CLK_TCK
-#   define HZ CLK_TCK
-# else
-#   define HZ 60
-# endif
-#endif /* HZ */
-	HZ;
+    return 60;
 #endif
-    return hertz;
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.times   -> aProcessTms
  *
- *  Returns a <code>Tms</code> structure (see <code>Process::Tms</code>)
+ *  Returns a <code>Tms</code> structure (see Process::Tms)
  *  that contains user and system CPU times for this process,
  *  and also for children processes.
  *
@@ -6891,15 +7877,26 @@ get_clk_tck(void)
 VALUE
 rb_proc_times(VALUE obj)
 {
-    const double hertz = get_clk_tck();
-    struct tms buf;
     VALUE utime, stime, cutime, cstime, ret;
+#if defined(RUSAGE_SELF) && defined(RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+    struct rusage usage_s, usage_c;
+
+    if (getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_s) != 0 || getrusage(RUSAGE_CHILDREN, &usage_c) != 0)
+	rb_sys_fail("getrusage");
+    utime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_s.ru_utime.tv_sec + (double)usage_s.ru_utime.tv_usec/1e6);
+    stime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_s.ru_stime.tv_sec + (double)usage_s.ru_stime.tv_usec/1e6);
+    cutime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_c.ru_utime.tv_sec + (double)usage_c.ru_utime.tv_usec/1e6);
+    cstime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_c.ru_stime.tv_sec + (double)usage_c.ru_stime.tv_usec/1e6);
+#else
+    const double hertz = (double)get_clk_tck();
+    struct tms buf;
 
     times(&buf);
     utime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_utime / hertz);
     stime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_stime / hertz);
     cutime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_cutime / hertz);
     cstime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_cstime / hertz);
+#endif
     ret = rb_struct_new(rb_cProcessTms, utime, stime, cutime, cstime);
     RB_GC_GUARD(utime);
     RB_GC_GUARD(stime);
@@ -6916,11 +7913,13 @@ typedef LONG_LONG timetick_int_t;
 #define TIMETICK_INT_MIN LLONG_MIN
 #define TIMETICK_INT_MAX LLONG_MAX
 #define TIMETICK_INT2NUM(v) LL2NUM(v)
+#define MUL_OVERFLOW_TIMETICK_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_LONG_P(a, b)
 #else
 typedef long timetick_int_t;
 #define TIMETICK_INT_MIN LONG_MIN
 #define TIMETICK_INT_MAX LONG_MAX
 #define TIMETICK_INT2NUM(v) LONG2NUM(v)
+#define MUL_OVERFLOW_TIMETICK_P(a, b) MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(a, b)
 #endif
 
 CONSTFUNC(static timetick_int_t gcd_timetick_int(timetick_int_t, timetick_int_t));
@@ -7036,8 +8035,7 @@ timetick2integer(struct timetick *ttp,
         timetick_int_t t = ttp->giga_count * 1000000000 + ttp->count;
         for (i = 0; i < num_numerators; i++) {
             timetick_int_t factor = numerators[i];
-            if (MUL_OVERFLOW_SIGNED_INTEGER_P(factor, t,
-                        TIMETICK_INT_MIN, TIMETICK_INT_MAX))
+            if (MUL_OVERFLOW_TIMETICK_P(factor, t))
                 goto generic;
             t *= factor;
         }
@@ -7100,7 +8098,7 @@ make_clock_result(struct timetick *ttp,
 }
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
-static mach_timebase_info_data_t *
+static const mach_timebase_info_data_t *
 get_mach_timebase_info(void)
 {
     static mach_timebase_info_data_t sTimebaseInfo;
@@ -7111,6 +8109,14 @@ get_mach_timebase_info(void)
 
     return &sTimebaseInfo;
 }
+
+double
+ruby_real_ms_time(void)
+{
+    const mach_timebase_info_data_t *info = get_mach_timebase_info();
+    uint64_t t = mach_absolute_time();
+    return (double)t * info->numer / info->denom / 1e6;
+}
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -7131,7 +8137,7 @@ get_mach_timebase_info(void)
  *
  *  [CLOCK_REALTIME] SUSv2 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 3.0, NetBSD 2.0, OpenBSD 2.1, macOS 10.12
  *  [CLOCK_MONOTONIC] SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 3.0, NetBSD 2.0, OpenBSD 3.4, macOS 10.12
- *  [CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID] SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, OpenBSD 5.4, macOS 10.12
+ *  [CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID] SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 9.3, OpenBSD 5.4, macOS 10.12
  *  [CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID] SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 7.1, OpenBSD 5.4, macOS 10.12
  *  [CLOCK_VIRTUAL] FreeBSD 3.0, OpenBSD 2.1
  *  [CLOCK_PROF] FreeBSD 3.0, OpenBSD 2.1
@@ -7152,6 +8158,7 @@ get_mach_timebase_info(void)
  *  [CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX] macOS 10.12
  *  [CLOCK_UPTIME_PRECISE] FreeBSD 8.1
  *  [CLOCK_SECOND] FreeBSD 8.1
+ *  [CLOCK_TAI] Linux 3.10
  *
  *  Note that SUS stands for Single Unix Specification.
  *  SUS contains POSIX and clock_gettime is defined in the POSIX part.
@@ -7239,8 +8246,8 @@ get_mach_timebase_info(void)
  *  So the result can be interpreted differently across systems.
  *  Time.now is recommended over CLOCK_REALTIME.
  */
-VALUE
-rb_clock_gettime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+static VALUE
+rb_clock_gettime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     int ret;
 
@@ -7256,8 +8263,9 @@ rb_clock_gettime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     if (SYMBOL_P(clk_id)) {
         /*
          * Non-clock_gettime clocks are provided by symbol clk_id.
-         *
-         * gettimeofday is always available on platforms supported by Ruby.
+         */
+#ifdef HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
+        /*
          * GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME is used for
          * CLOCK_REALTIME if clock_gettime is not available.
          */
@@ -7272,6 +8280,7 @@ rb_clock_gettime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
             denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
             goto success;
         }
+#endif
 
 #define RUBY_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME ID2SYM(id_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME)
         if (clk_id == RUBY_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME) {
@@ -7364,7 +8373,7 @@ rb_clock_gettime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 #define RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC ID2SYM(id_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
         if (clk_id == RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
-	    mach_timebase_info_data_t *info = get_mach_timebase_info();
+	    const mach_timebase_info_data_t *info = get_mach_timebase_info();
             uint64_t t = mach_absolute_time();
             tt.count = (int32_t)(t % 1000000000);
             tt.giga_count = t / 1000000000;
@@ -7400,42 +8409,46 @@ rb_clock_gettime(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.clock_getres(clock_id [, unit])   -> number
  *
- *  Returns the time resolution returned by POSIX clock_getres() function.
+ *  Returns an estimate of the resolution of a +clock_id+ using the POSIX
+ *  <code>clock_getres()</code> function.
+ *
+ *  Note the reported resolution is often inaccurate on most platforms due to
+ *  underlying bugs for this function and therefore the reported resolution
+ *  often differs from the actual resolution of the clock in practice.
+ *  Inaccurate reported resolutions have been observed for various clocks including
+ *  CLOCK_MONOTONIC and CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW when using Linux, macOS, BSD or AIX
+ *  platforms, when using ARM processors, or when using virtualization.
  *
  *  +clock_id+ specifies a kind of clock.
  *  See the document of +Process.clock_gettime+ for details.
- *
- *  +clock_id+ can be a symbol as +Process.clock_gettime+.
- *  However the result may not be accurate.
- *  For example, +Process.clock_getres(:GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME)+
- *  returns 1.0e-06 which means 1 microsecond, but actual resolution can be more coarse.
+ *  +clock_id+ can be a symbol as for +Process.clock_gettime+.
  *
  *  If the given +clock_id+ is not supported, Errno::EINVAL is raised.
  *
- *  +unit+ specifies a type of the return value.
+ *  +unit+ specifies the type of the return value.
  *  +Process.clock_getres+ accepts +unit+ as +Process.clock_gettime+.
- *  The default value, +:float_second+, is also same as
+ *  The default value, +:float_second+, is also the same as
  *  +Process.clock_gettime+.
  *
  *  +Process.clock_getres+ also accepts +:hertz+ as +unit+.
- *  +:hertz+ means a the reciprocal of +:float_second+.
+ *  +:hertz+ means the reciprocal of +:float_second+.
  *
  *  +:hertz+ can be used to obtain the exact value of
- *  the clock ticks per second for times() function and
- *  CLOCKS_PER_SEC for clock() function.
+ *  the clock ticks per second for the times() function and
+ *  CLOCKS_PER_SEC for the clock() function.
  *
- *  +Process.clock_getres(:TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :hertz)+
+ *  <code>Process.clock_getres(:TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :hertz)</code>
  *  returns the clock ticks per second.
  *
- *  +Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :hertz)+
+ *  <code>Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :hertz)</code>
  *  returns CLOCKS_PER_SEC.
  *
  *    p Process.clock_getres(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
  *    #=> 1.0e-09
  *
  */
-VALUE
-rb_clock_getres(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+static VALUE
+rb_clock_getres(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     struct timetick tt;
     timetick_int_t numerators[2];
@@ -7503,7 +8516,7 @@ rb_clock_getres(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 
 #ifdef RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
         if (clk_id == RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
-	    mach_timebase_info_data_t *info = get_mach_timebase_info();
+	    const mach_timebase_info_data_t *info = get_mach_timebase_info();
             tt.count = 1;
             tt.giga_count = 0;
             numerators[num_numerators++] = info->numer;
@@ -7538,32 +8551,88 @@ rb_clock_getres(int argc, VALUE *argv)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+get_CHILD_STATUS(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
+{
+    return rb_last_status_get();
+}
+
+static VALUE
+get_PROCESS_ID(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
+{
+    return get_pid();
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Process.kill(signal, pid, ...)    -> integer
+ *
+ *  Sends the given signal to the specified process id(s) if _pid_ is positive.
+ *  If _pid_ is zero, _signal_ is sent to all processes whose group ID is equal
+ *  to the group ID of the process. If _pid_ is negative, results are dependent
+ *  on the operating system. _signal_ may be an integer signal number or
+ *  a POSIX signal name (either with or without a +SIG+ prefix). If _signal_ is
+ *  negative (or starts with a minus sign), kills process groups instead of
+ *  processes. Not all signals are available on all platforms.
+ *  The keys and values of Signal.list are known signal names and numbers,
+ *  respectively.
+ *
+ *     pid = fork do
+ *        Signal.trap("HUP") { puts "Ouch!"; exit }
+ *        # ... do some work ...
+ *     end
+ *     # ...
+ *     Process.kill("HUP", pid)
+ *     Process.wait
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Ouch!
+ *
+ *  If _signal_ is an integer but wrong for signal, Errno::EINVAL or
+ *  RangeError will be raised.  Otherwise unless _signal_ is a String
+ *  or a Symbol, and a known signal name, ArgumentError will be
+ *  raised.
+ *
+ *  Also, Errno::ESRCH or RangeError for invalid _pid_, Errno::EPERM
+ *  when failed because of no privilege, will be raised.  In these
+ *  cases, signals may have been sent to preceding processes.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+proc_rb_f_kill(int c, const VALUE *v, VALUE _)
+{
+    return rb_f_kill(c, v);
+}
+
 VALUE rb_mProcess;
-VALUE rb_mProcUID;
-VALUE rb_mProcGID;
-VALUE rb_mProcID_Syscall;
+static VALUE rb_mProcUID;
+static VALUE rb_mProcGID;
+static VALUE rb_mProcID_Syscall;
 
 
 /*
- *  The <code>Process</code> module is a collection of methods used to
+ *  The Process module is a collection of methods used to
  *  manipulate processes.
  */
 
 void
 InitVM_process(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$?", rb_last_status_get, 0);
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$$", get_pid, 0);
-    rb_define_global_function("exec", rb_f_exec, -1);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$?", get_CHILD_STATUS, 0);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$$", get_PROCESS_ID, 0);
+
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$$");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$?");
+
+    rb_define_global_function("exec", f_exec, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("fork", rb_f_fork, 0);
     rb_define_global_function("exit!", rb_f_exit_bang, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("system", rb_f_system, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("spawn", rb_f_spawn, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("sleep", rb_f_sleep, -1);
-    rb_define_global_function("exit", rb_f_exit, -1);
-    rb_define_global_function("abort", rb_f_abort, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("exit", f_exit, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("abort", f_abort, -1);
 
     rb_mProcess = rb_define_module("Process");
 
@@ -7582,28 +8651,35 @@ InitVM_process(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "WUNTRACED", INT2FIX(0));
 #endif
 
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "exec", rb_f_exec, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "exec", f_exec, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "fork", rb_f_fork, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "spawn", rb_f_spawn, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "exit!", rb_f_exit_bang, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "exit", rb_f_exit, -1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "abort", rb_f_abort, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "exit", f_exit, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "abort", f_abort, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mProcess, "last_status", proc_s_last_status, 0);
 
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "kill", rb_f_kill, -1); /* in signal.c */
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "wait", proc_wait, -1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "kill", proc_rb_f_kill, -1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "wait", proc_m_wait, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "wait2", proc_wait2, -1);
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "waitpid", proc_wait, -1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "waitpid", proc_m_wait, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "waitpid2", proc_wait2, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "waitall", proc_waitall, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "detach", proc_detach, 1);
 
+    /* :nodoc: */
     rb_cWaiter = rb_define_class_under(rb_mProcess, "Waiter", rb_cThread);
     rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cWaiter);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cWaiter), "new");
     rb_define_method(rb_cWaiter, "pid", detach_process_pid, 0);
 
     rb_cProcessStatus = rb_define_class_under(rb_mProcess, "Status", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cProcessStatus, rb_process_status_allocate);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cProcessStatus), "new");
+    rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_cProcessStatus, rb_cObject,
+                             process_status_dump, process_status_load);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "wait", rb_process_status_waitv, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "==", pst_equal, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "&", pst_bitand, 1);
@@ -7612,7 +8688,7 @@ InitVM_process(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "to_s", pst_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "inspect", pst_inspect, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "pid", pst_pid, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "pid", pst_pid_m, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "stopped?", pst_wifstopped, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "stopsig", pst_wstopsig, 0);
@@ -7623,8 +8699,8 @@ InitVM_process(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "success?", pst_success_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cProcessStatus, "coredump?", pst_wcoredump, 0);
 
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "pid", get_pid, 0);
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "ppid", get_ppid, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "pid", proc_get_pid, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "ppid", proc_get_ppid, 0);
 
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "getpgrp", proc_getpgrp, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "setpgrp", proc_setpgrp, 0);
@@ -7804,86 +8880,116 @@ InitVM_process(void)
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "times", rb_proc_times, 0);
 
 #ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_REALTIME", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_REALTIME));
 #elif defined(RUBY_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME)
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_REALTIME", RUBY_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME);
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_MONOTONIC));
 #elif defined(RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC", RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID));
 #elif defined(RUBY_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID)
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID", RUBY_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID);
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_VIRTUAL
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_VIRTUAL", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_VIRTUAL));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_PROF
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_PROF", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_PROF));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME_FAST
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_REALTIME_FAST", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_REALTIME_FAST));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME_PRECISE
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_REALTIME_PRECISE", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_REALTIME_PRECISE));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC_FAST
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_FAST", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_FAST));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC_PRECISE
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_PRECISE", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_PRECISE));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_BOOTTIME
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_BOOTTIME", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_BOOTTIME));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_UPTIME
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_UPTIME", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_UPTIME));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_UPTIME_FAST
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_UPTIME_FAST", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_UPTIME_FAST));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_UPTIME_PRECISE
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_UPTIME_PRECISE", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_UPTIME_PRECISE));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX));
 #endif
 #ifdef CLOCK_SECOND
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
     rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_SECOND", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_SECOND));
 #endif
+#ifdef CLOCK_TAI
+    /* see Process.clock_gettime */
+    rb_define_const(rb_mProcess, "CLOCK_TAI", CLOCKID2NUM(CLOCK_TAI));
+#endif
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "clock_gettime", rb_clock_gettime, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mProcess, "clock_getres", rb_clock_getres, -1);
 
 #if defined(HAVE_TIMES) || defined(_WIN32)
+    /* Placeholder for rusage */
     rb_cProcessTms = rb_struct_define_under(rb_mProcess, "Tms", "utime", "stime", "cutime", "cstime", NULL);
-    rb_define_const(rb_cStruct, "Tms", rb_cProcessTms); /* for the backward compatibility */
 #endif
 
     SAVED_USER_ID = geteuid();
@@ -7944,46 +9050,46 @@ InitVM_process(void)
 void
 Init_process(void)
 {
-    id_in = rb_intern("in");
-    id_out = rb_intern("out");
-    id_err = rb_intern("err");
-    id_pid = rb_intern("pid");
-    id_uid = rb_intern("uid");
-    id_gid = rb_intern("gid");
-    id_close = rb_intern("close");
-    id_child = rb_intern("child");
+    id_in = rb_intern_const("in");
+    id_out = rb_intern_const("out");
+    id_err = rb_intern_const("err");
+    id_pid = rb_intern_const("pid");
+    id_uid = rb_intern_const("uid");
+    id_gid = rb_intern_const("gid");
+    id_close = rb_intern_const("close");
+    id_child = rb_intern_const("child");
 #ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
-    id_pgroup = rb_intern("pgroup");
+    id_pgroup = rb_intern_const("pgroup");
 #endif
 #ifdef _WIN32
-    id_new_pgroup = rb_intern("new_pgroup");
-#endif
-    id_unsetenv_others = rb_intern("unsetenv_others");
-    id_chdir = rb_intern("chdir");
-    id_umask = rb_intern("umask");
-    id_close_others = rb_intern("close_others");
-    id_ENV = rb_intern("ENV");
-    id_nanosecond = rb_intern("nanosecond");
-    id_microsecond = rb_intern("microsecond");
-    id_millisecond = rb_intern("millisecond");
-    id_second = rb_intern("second");
-    id_float_microsecond = rb_intern("float_microsecond");
-    id_float_millisecond = rb_intern("float_millisecond");
-    id_float_second = rb_intern("float_second");
-    id_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME = rb_intern("GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME");
-    id_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME = rb_intern("TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME");
+    id_new_pgroup = rb_intern_const("new_pgroup");
+#endif
+    id_unsetenv_others = rb_intern_const("unsetenv_others");
+    id_chdir = rb_intern_const("chdir");
+    id_umask = rb_intern_const("umask");
+    id_close_others = rb_intern_const("close_others");
+    id_ENV = rb_intern_const("ENV");
+    id_nanosecond = rb_intern_const("nanosecond");
+    id_microsecond = rb_intern_const("microsecond");
+    id_millisecond = rb_intern_const("millisecond");
+    id_second = rb_intern_const("second");
+    id_float_microsecond = rb_intern_const("float_microsecond");
+    id_float_millisecond = rb_intern_const("float_millisecond");
+    id_float_second = rb_intern_const("float_second");
+    id_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME = rb_intern_const("GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME");
+    id_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME = rb_intern_const("TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME");
 #ifdef HAVE_TIMES
-    id_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC = rb_intern("TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC");
-    id_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = rb_intern("TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID");
+    id_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC = rb_intern_const("TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC");
+    id_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = rb_intern_const("TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID");
 #endif
 #ifdef RUSAGE_SELF
-    id_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = rb_intern("GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID");
+    id_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = rb_intern_const("GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID");
 #endif
-    id_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = rb_intern("CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID");
+    id_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = rb_intern_const("CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID");
 #ifdef __APPLE__
-    id_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC = rb_intern("MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC");
+    id_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC = rb_intern_const("MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC");
 #endif
-    id_hertz = rb_intern("hertz");
+    id_hertz = rb_intern_const("hertz");
 
     InitVM(process);
 }
diff --git a/ractor.c b/ractor.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf31b545cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ractor.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3257 @@
+// Ractor implementation
+
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
+#include "ruby/thread_native.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "internal/struct.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "variable.h"
+#include "gc.h"
+#include "transient_heap.h"
+
+VALUE rb_cRactor;
+
+VALUE rb_eRactorUnsafeError;
+VALUE rb_eRactorIsolationError;
+static VALUE rb_eRactorError;
+static VALUE rb_eRactorRemoteError;
+static VALUE rb_eRactorMovedError;
+static VALUE rb_eRactorClosedError;
+static VALUE rb_cRactorMovedObject;
+
+static void vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line);
+
+static void
+ASSERT_ractor_unlocking(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    // GET_EC is NULL in an MJIT worker
+    if (rb_current_execution_context(false) != NULL && r->sync.locked_by == rb_ractor_self(GET_RACTOR())) {
+        rb_bug("recursive ractor locking");
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+ASSERT_ractor_locking(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    // GET_EC is NULL in an MJIT worker
+    if (rb_current_execution_context(false) != NULL && r->sync.locked_by != rb_ractor_self(GET_RACTOR())) {
+        rp(r->sync.locked_by);
+        rb_bug("ractor lock is not acquired.");
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_lock(rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line, "locking r:%u%s", r->pub.id, GET_RACTOR() == r ? " (self)" : "");
+
+    ASSERT_ractor_unlocking(r);
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&r->sync.lock);
+
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    if (rb_current_execution_context(false) != NULL) { // GET_EC is NULL in an MJIT worker
+        r->sync.locked_by = rb_ractor_self(GET_RACTOR());
+    }
+#endif
+
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line, "locked  r:%u%s", r->pub.id, GET_RACTOR() == r ? " (self)" : "");
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_lock_self(rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.locked_by != cr->pub.self);
+    ractor_lock(cr, file, line);
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_unlock(rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_locking(r);
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    r->sync.locked_by = Qnil;
+#endif
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&r->sync.lock);
+
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line, "r:%u%s", r->pub.id, GET_RACTOR() == r ? " (self)" : "");
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_unlock_self(rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.locked_by == cr->pub.self);
+    ractor_unlock(cr, file, line);
+}
+
+#define RACTOR_LOCK(r) ractor_lock(r, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RACTOR_UNLOCK(r) ractor_unlock(r, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RACTOR_LOCK_SELF(r) ractor_lock_self(r, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define RACTOR_UNLOCK_SELF(r) ractor_unlock_self(r, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+static void
+ractor_cond_wait(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    VALUE locked_by = r->sync.locked_by;
+    r->sync.locked_by = Qnil;
+#endif
+    rb_native_cond_wait(&r->sync.cond, &r->sync.lock);
+
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    r->sync.locked_by = locked_by;
+#endif
+}
+
+static const char *
+ractor_status_str(enum ractor_status status)
+{
+    switch (status) {
+      case ractor_created: return "created";
+      case ractor_running: return "running";
+      case ractor_blocking: return "blocking";
+      case ractor_terminated: return "terminated";
+    }
+    rb_bug("unreachable");
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_status_set(rb_ractor_t *r, enum ractor_status status)
+{
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("r:%u [%s]->[%s]", r->pub.id, ractor_status_str(r->status_), ractor_status_str(status));
+
+    // check 1
+    if (r->status_ != ractor_created) {
+        VM_ASSERT(r == GET_RACTOR()); // only self-modification is allowed.
+        ASSERT_vm_locking();
+    }
+
+    // check2: transition check. assume it will be vanished on non-debug build.
+    switch (r->status_) {
+      case ractor_created:
+        VM_ASSERT(status == ractor_blocking);
+        break;
+      case ractor_running:
+        VM_ASSERT(status == ractor_blocking||
+                  status == ractor_terminated);
+        break;
+      case ractor_blocking:
+        VM_ASSERT(status == ractor_running);
+        break;
+      case ractor_terminated:
+        VM_ASSERT(0); // unreachable
+        break;
+    }
+
+    r->status_ = status;
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_status_p(rb_ractor_t *r, enum ractor_status status)
+{
+    return rb_ractor_status_p(r, status);
+}
+
+static struct rb_ractor_basket *ractor_queue_at(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq, int i);
+
+static void
+ractor_queue_mark(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    for (int i=0; i<rq->cnt; i++) {
+        struct rb_ractor_basket *b = ractor_queue_at(rq, i);
+        rb_gc_mark(b->v);
+        rb_gc_mark(b->sender);
+    }
+}
+
+static void ractor_local_storage_mark(rb_ractor_t *r);
+static void ractor_local_storage_free(rb_ractor_t *r);
+
+static void
+ractor_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *r = (rb_ractor_t *)ptr;
+
+    ractor_queue_mark(&r->sync.incoming_queue);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->sync.wait.taken_basket.v);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->sync.wait.taken_basket.sender);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->sync.wait.yielded_basket.v);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->sync.wait.yielded_basket.sender);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->receiving_mutex);
+
+    rb_gc_mark(r->loc);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->name);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->r_stdin);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->r_stdout);
+    rb_gc_mark(r->r_stderr);
+    rb_hook_list_mark(&r->pub.hooks);
+
+    if (r->threads.cnt > 0) {
+        rb_thread_t *th = 0;
+        list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
+            VM_ASSERT(th != NULL);
+            rb_gc_mark(th->self);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ractor_local_storage_mark(r);
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_queue_free(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    free(rq->baskets);
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_waiting_list_free(struct rb_ractor_waiting_list *wl)
+{
+    free(wl->ractors);
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *r = (rb_ractor_t *)ptr;
+    rb_native_mutex_destroy(&r->sync.lock);
+    rb_native_cond_destroy(&r->sync.cond);
+    ractor_queue_free(&r->sync.incoming_queue);
+    ractor_waiting_list_free(&r->sync.taking_ractors);
+    ractor_local_storage_free(r);
+    rb_hook_list_free(&r->pub.hooks);
+    ruby_xfree(r);
+}
+
+static size_t
+ractor_queue_memsize(const struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    return sizeof(struct rb_ractor_basket) * rq->size;
+}
+
+static size_t
+ractor_waiting_list_memsize(const struct rb_ractor_waiting_list *wl)
+{
+    return sizeof(rb_ractor_t *) * wl->size;
+}
+
+static size_t
+ractor_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *r = (rb_ractor_t *)ptr;
+
+    // TODO
+    return sizeof(rb_ractor_t) +
+      ractor_queue_memsize(&r->sync.incoming_queue) +
+      ractor_waiting_list_memsize(&r->sync.taking_ractors);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t ractor_data_type = {
+    "ractor",
+    {
+        ractor_mark,
+	ractor_free,
+        ractor_memsize,
+        NULL, // update
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY /* | RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED */
+};
+
+bool
+rb_ractor_p(VALUE gv)
+{
+    if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(gv, &ractor_data_type)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline rb_ractor_t *
+RACTOR_PTR(VALUE self)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_ractor_p(self));
+
+    rb_ractor_t *r = DATA_PTR(self);
+    // TODO: check
+    return r;
+}
+
+static uint32_t ractor_last_id;
+
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED uint32_t
+rb_ractor_current_id(void)
+{
+    if (GET_THREAD()->ractor == NULL) {
+        return 1; // main ractor
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_ractor_id(GET_RACTOR());
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static void
+ractor_queue_setup(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    rq->size = 2;
+    rq->cnt = 0;
+    rq->start = 0;
+    rq->baskets = malloc(sizeof(struct rb_ractor_basket) * rq->size);
+}
+
+static struct rb_ractor_basket *
+ractor_queue_at(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq, int i)
+{
+    return &rq->baskets[(rq->start + i) % rq->size];
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_queue_advance(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_locking(GET_RACTOR());
+
+    if (rq->reserved_cnt == 0) {
+        rq->cnt--;
+        rq->start = (rq->start + 1) % rq->size;
+        rq->serial++;
+    }
+    else {
+        ractor_queue_at(rq, 0)->type = basket_type_deleted;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_queue_skip_p(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq, int i)
+{
+    struct rb_ractor_basket *b = ractor_queue_at(rq, i);
+    return b->type == basket_type_deleted ||
+           b->type == basket_type_reserved;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_queue_compact(rb_ractor_t *r, struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_locking(r);
+
+    while (rq->cnt > 0 && ractor_queue_at(rq, 0)->type == basket_type_deleted) {
+        ractor_queue_advance(rq);
+    }
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_queue_empty_p(rb_ractor_t *r, struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_locking(r);
+
+    if (rq->cnt == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ractor_queue_compact(r, rq);
+
+    for (int i=0; i<rq->cnt; i++) {
+        if (!ractor_queue_skip_p(rq, i)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_queue_deq(rb_ractor_t *r, struct rb_ractor_queue *rq, struct rb_ractor_basket *basket)
+{
+    bool found = false;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        if (!ractor_queue_empty_p(r, rq)) {
+            for (int i=0; i<rq->cnt; i++) {
+                if (!ractor_queue_skip_p(rq, i)) {
+                    struct rb_ractor_basket *b = ractor_queue_at(rq, i);
+                    *basket = *b;
+
+                    // remove from queue
+                    b->type = basket_type_deleted;
+                    ractor_queue_compact(r, rq);
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+
+    return found;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_queue_enq(rb_ractor_t *r, struct rb_ractor_queue *rq, struct rb_ractor_basket *basket)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_locking(r);
+
+    if (rq->size <= rq->cnt) {
+        rq->baskets = realloc(rq->baskets, sizeof(struct rb_ractor_basket) * rq->size * 2);
+        for (int i=rq->size - rq->start; i<rq->cnt; i++) {
+            rq->baskets[i + rq->start] = rq->baskets[i + rq->start - rq->size];
+        }
+        rq->size *= 2;
+    }
+    rq->baskets[(rq->start + rq->cnt++) % rq->size] = *basket;
+    // fprintf(stderr, "%s %p->cnt:%d\n", __func__, rq, rq->cnt);
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_basket_clear(struct rb_ractor_basket *b)
+{
+    b->type = basket_type_none;
+    b->v = Qfalse;
+    b->sender = Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE ractor_reset_belonging(VALUE obj); // in this file
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_basket_value(struct rb_ractor_basket *b)
+{
+    switch (b->type) {
+      case basket_type_ref:
+        break;
+      case basket_type_copy:
+      case basket_type_move:
+      case basket_type_will:
+        b->type = basket_type_ref;
+        b->v = ractor_reset_belonging(b->v);
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_bug("unreachable");
+    }
+
+    return b->v;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_basket_accept(struct rb_ractor_basket *b)
+{
+    VALUE v = ractor_basket_value(b);
+
+    if (b->exception) {
+        VALUE cause = v;
+        VALUE err = rb_exc_new_cstr(rb_eRactorRemoteError, "thrown by remote Ractor.");
+        rb_ivar_set(err, rb_intern("@ractor"), b->sender);
+        ractor_basket_clear(b);
+        rb_ec_setup_exception(NULL, err, cause);
+        rb_exc_raise(err);
+    }
+
+    ractor_basket_clear(b);
+    return v;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_recursive_receive_if(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    if (r->receiving_mutex && rb_mutex_owned_p(r->receiving_mutex)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "can not call receive/receive_if recursively");
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_try_receive(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    struct rb_ractor_queue *rq = &r->sync.incoming_queue;
+    struct rb_ractor_basket basket;
+
+    ractor_recursive_receive_if(r);
+
+    if (ractor_queue_deq(r, rq, &basket) == false) {
+        if (r->sync.incoming_port_closed) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRactorClosedError, "The incoming port is already closed");
+        }
+        else {
+            return Qundef;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ractor_basket_accept(&basket);
+}
+
+static void *
+ractor_sleep_wo_gvl(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = ptr;
+    RACTOR_LOCK_SELF(cr);
+    {
+        VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status != wait_none);
+        if (cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status == wakeup_none) {
+            ractor_cond_wait(cr);
+        }
+        cr->sync.wait.status = wait_none;
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK_SELF(cr);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_sleep_interrupt(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *r = ptr;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    if (r->sync.wait.wakeup_status == wakeup_none) {
+        r->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_by_interrupt;
+        rb_native_cond_signal(&r->sync.cond);
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+}
+
+#if USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+static const char *
+wait_status_str(enum ractor_wait_status wait_status)
+{
+    switch ((int)wait_status) {
+      case wait_none: return "none";
+      case wait_receiving: return "receiving";
+      case wait_taking: return "taking";
+      case wait_yielding: return "yielding";
+      case wait_receiving|wait_taking: return "receiving|taking";
+      case wait_receiving|wait_yielding: return "receiving|yielding";
+      case wait_taking|wait_yielding: return "taking|yielding";
+      case wait_receiving|wait_taking|wait_yielding: return "receiving|taking|yielding";
+    }
+    rb_bug("unrechable");
+}
+
+static const char *
+wakeup_status_str(enum ractor_wakeup_status wakeup_status)
+{
+    switch (wakeup_status) {
+      case wakeup_none: return "none";
+      case wakeup_by_send: return "by_send";
+      case wakeup_by_yield: return "by_yield";
+      case wakeup_by_take: return "by_take";
+      case wakeup_by_close: return "by_close";
+      case wakeup_by_interrupt: return "by_interrupt";
+      case wakeup_by_retry: return "by_retry";
+    }
+    rb_bug("unrechable");
+}
+#endif // USE_RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+
+static void
+ractor_sleep(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(GET_RACTOR() == cr);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status != wait_none);
+    // fprintf(stderr, "%s  r:%p status:%s, wakeup_status:%s\n", __func__, cr,
+    //                 wait_status_str(cr->sync.wait.status), wakeup_status_str(cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status));
+
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+    {
+        rb_nogvl(ractor_sleep_wo_gvl, cr,
+                 ractor_sleep_interrupt, cr,
+                 RB_NOGVL_UBF_ASYNC_SAFE | RB_NOGVL_INTR_FAIL);
+    }
+    RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+
+    // rb_nogvl() can be canceled by interrupts
+    if (cr->sync.wait.status != wait_none) {
+        cr->sync.wait.status = wait_none;
+        cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_by_interrupt;
+
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+        rb_thread_check_ints();
+        RACTOR_LOCK(cr); // reachable?
+    }
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_sleeping_by(const rb_ractor_t *r, enum ractor_wait_status wait_status)
+{
+    return (r->sync.wait.status & wait_status) && r->sync.wait.wakeup_status == wakeup_none;
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_wakeup(rb_ractor_t *r, enum ractor_wait_status wait_status, enum ractor_wakeup_status wakeup_status)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_locking(r);
+
+    // fprintf(stderr, "%s r:%p status:%s/%s wakeup_status:%s/%s\n", __func__, r,
+    //         wait_status_str(r->sync.wait.status), wait_status_str(wait_status),
+    //         wakeup_status_str(r->sync.wait.wakeup_status), wakeup_status_str(wakeup_status));
+
+    if (ractor_sleeping_by(r, wait_status)) {
+        r->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_status;
+        rb_native_cond_signal(&r->sync.cond);
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_register_taking(rb_ractor_t *r, rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+    bool retry_try = false;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        if (ractor_sleeping_by(r, wait_yielding)) {
+            // already waiting for yielding. retry try_take.
+            retry_try = true;
+        }
+        else {
+            // insert cr into taking list
+            struct rb_ractor_waiting_list *wl = &r->sync.taking_ractors;
+
+            for (int i=0; i<wl->cnt; i++) {
+                if (wl->ractors[i] == cr) {
+                    // TODO: make it clean code.
+                    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&r->sync.lock);
+                    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Already another thread of same ractor is waiting.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (wl->size == 0) {
+                wl->size = 1;
+                wl->ractors = malloc(sizeof(rb_ractor_t *) * wl->size);
+                if (wl->ractors == NULL) rb_bug("can't allocate buffer");
+            }
+            else if (wl->size <= wl->cnt + 1) {
+                wl->size *= 2;
+                wl->ractors = realloc(wl->ractors, sizeof(rb_ractor_t *) * wl->size);
+                if (wl->ractors == NULL) rb_bug("can't re-allocate buffer");
+            }
+            wl->ractors[wl->cnt++] = cr;
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+
+    if (retry_try) {
+        RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+        {
+            if (cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status == wakeup_none) {
+                VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status != wait_none);
+
+                cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_by_retry;
+                cr->sync.wait.status = wait_none;
+            }
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_waiting_list_del(rb_ractor_t *r, struct rb_ractor_waiting_list *wl, rb_ractor_t *wr)
+{
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        int pos = -1;
+        for (int i=0; i<wl->cnt; i++) {
+            if (wl->ractors[i] == wr) {
+                pos = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (pos >= 0) { // found
+            wl->cnt--;
+            for (int i=pos; i<wl->cnt; i++) {
+                wl->ractors[i] = wl->ractors[i+1];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+}
+
+static rb_ractor_t *
+ractor_waiting_list_shift(rb_ractor_t *r, struct rb_ractor_waiting_list *wl)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_locking(r);
+    VM_ASSERT(&r->sync.taking_ractors == wl);
+
+    if (wl->cnt > 0) {
+        rb_ractor_t *tr = wl->ractors[0];
+        for (int i=1; i<wl->cnt; i++) {
+            wl->ractors[i-1] = wl->ractors[i];
+        }
+        wl->cnt--;
+        return tr;
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_receive_wait(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec));
+    ractor_recursive_receive_if(cr);
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+    {
+        if (ractor_queue_empty_p(cr, &cr->sync.incoming_queue)) {
+            VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status == wait_none);
+            cr->sync.wait.status = wait_receiving;
+            cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_none;
+            ractor_sleep(ec, cr);
+            cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_none;
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_receive(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec));
+    VALUE v;
+
+    while ((v = ractor_try_receive(ec, cr)) == Qundef) {
+        ractor_receive_wait(ec, cr);
+    }
+
+    return v;
+}
+
+#if 0
+// for debug
+static const char *
+basket_type_name(enum rb_ractor_basket_type type)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+#define T(t) case basket_type_##t: return #t
+        T(none);
+        T(ref);
+        T(copy);
+        T(move);
+        T(will);
+        T(deleted);
+        T(reserved);
+      default: rb_bug("unreachable");
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+rq_dump(struct rb_ractor_queue *rq)
+{
+    bool bug = false;
+    for (int i=0; i<rq->cnt; i++) {
+        struct rb_ractor_basket *b = ractor_queue_at(rq, i);
+        fprintf(stderr, "%d (start:%d) type:%s %p %s\n", i, rq->start, basket_type_name(b->type), b, RSTRING_PTR(RARRAY_AREF(b->v, 1)));
+        if (b->type == basket_type_reserved) bug = true;
+    }
+    if (bug) rb_bug("!!");
+}
+#endif
+
+struct receive_block_data {
+    rb_ractor_t *cr;
+    struct rb_ractor_queue *rq;
+    VALUE v;
+    int index;
+    bool success;
+};
+
+static void
+ractor_receive_if_lock(rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    VALUE m = cr->receiving_mutex;
+    if (m == Qfalse) {
+        m = cr->receiving_mutex = rb_mutex_new();
+    }
+    rb_mutex_lock(m);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+receive_if_body(VALUE ptr)
+{
+    struct receive_block_data *data = (struct receive_block_data *)ptr;
+
+    ractor_receive_if_lock(data->cr);
+    VALUE block_result = rb_yield(data->v);
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK_SELF(data->cr);
+    {
+        struct rb_ractor_basket *b = ractor_queue_at(data->rq, data->index);
+        VM_ASSERT(b->type == basket_type_reserved);
+        data->rq->reserved_cnt--;
+
+        if (RTEST(block_result)) {
+            b->type = basket_type_deleted;
+            ractor_queue_compact(data->cr, data->rq);
+        }
+        else {
+            b->type = basket_type_ref;
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK_SELF(data->cr);
+
+    data->success = true;
+
+    if (RTEST(block_result)) {
+        return data->v;
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qundef;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+receive_if_ensure(VALUE v)
+{
+    struct receive_block_data *data = (struct receive_block_data *)v;
+
+    if (!data->success) {
+        RACTOR_LOCK_SELF(data->cr);
+        {
+            struct rb_ractor_basket *b = ractor_queue_at(data->rq, data->index);
+            VM_ASSERT(b->type == basket_type_reserved);
+            b->type = basket_type_deleted;
+            data->rq->reserved_cnt--;
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK_SELF(data->cr);
+    }
+
+    rb_mutex_unlock(data->cr->receiving_mutex);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_receive_if(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE crv, VALUE b)
+{
+    if (!RTEST(b)) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no block given");
+
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    unsigned int serial = (unsigned int)-1;
+    int index = 0;
+    struct rb_ractor_queue *rq = &cr->sync.incoming_queue;
+
+    while (1) {
+        VALUE v = Qundef;
+
+        ractor_receive_wait(ec, cr);
+
+        RACTOR_LOCK_SELF(cr);
+        {
+            if (serial != rq->serial) {
+                serial = rq->serial;
+                index = 0;
+            }
+
+            // check newer version
+            for (int i=index; i<rq->cnt; i++) {
+                if (!ractor_queue_skip_p(rq, i)) {
+                    struct rb_ractor_basket *b = ractor_queue_at(rq, i);
+                    v = ractor_basket_value(b);
+                    b->type = basket_type_reserved;
+                    rq->reserved_cnt++;
+                    index = i;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK_SELF(cr);
+
+        if (v != Qundef) {
+            struct receive_block_data data = {
+                .cr = cr,
+                .rq = rq,
+                .v = v,
+                .index = index,
+                .success = false,
+            };
+
+            VALUE result = rb_ensure(receive_if_body, (VALUE)&data,
+                                     receive_if_ensure, (VALUE)&data);
+
+            if (result != Qundef) return result;
+            index++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_send_basket(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r, struct rb_ractor_basket *b)
+{
+    bool closed = false;
+    struct rb_ractor_queue *rq = &r->sync.incoming_queue;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        if (r->sync.incoming_port_closed) {
+            closed = true;
+        }
+        else {
+            ractor_queue_enq(r, rq, b);
+            if (ractor_wakeup(r, wait_receiving, wakeup_by_send)) {
+                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("wakeup", 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+
+    if (closed) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRactorClosedError, "The incoming-port is already closed");
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE ractor_move(VALUE obj); // in this file
+static VALUE ractor_copy(VALUE obj); // in this file
+
+static void
+ractor_basket_setup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, struct rb_ractor_basket *basket, VALUE obj, VALUE move, bool exc, bool is_will, bool is_yield)
+{
+    basket->sender = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec)->pub.self;
+    basket->exception = exc;
+
+    if (is_will) {
+        basket->type = basket_type_will;
+        basket->v = obj;
+    }
+    else if (rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+        basket->type = basket_type_ref;
+        basket->v = obj;
+    }
+    else if (!RTEST(move)) {
+        basket->v = ractor_copy(obj);
+        basket->type = basket_type_copy;
+    }
+    else {
+        basket->type = basket_type_move;
+
+        if (is_yield) {
+            basket->v = obj; // call ractor_move() when yielding timing.
+        }
+        else {
+            basket->v = ractor_move(obj);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_send(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE obj, VALUE move)
+{
+    struct rb_ractor_basket basket;
+    ractor_basket_setup(ec, &basket, obj, move, false, false, false);
+    ractor_send_basket(ec, r, &basket);
+    return r->pub.self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_try_take(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    struct rb_ractor_basket basket = {
+        .type = basket_type_none,
+    };
+    bool closed = false;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        if (ractor_sleeping_by(r, wait_yielding)) {
+            MAYBE_UNUSED(bool) wakeup_result;
+            VM_ASSERT(r->sync.wait.yielded_basket.type != basket_type_none);
+
+            if (r->sync.wait.yielded_basket.type == basket_type_move) {
+                wakeup_result = ractor_wakeup(r, wait_yielding, wakeup_by_retry);
+            }
+            else {
+                wakeup_result = ractor_wakeup(r, wait_yielding, wakeup_by_take);
+                basket = r->sync.wait.yielded_basket;
+                ractor_basket_clear(&r->sync.wait.yielded_basket);
+            }
+            VM_ASSERT(wakeup_result);
+        }
+        else if (r->sync.outgoing_port_closed) {
+            closed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+
+    if (basket.type == basket_type_none) {
+        if (closed) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRactorClosedError, "The outgoing-port is already closed");
+        }
+        else {
+            return Qundef;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        return ractor_basket_accept(&basket);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_yield_move_body(VALUE v)
+{
+    return ractor_move(v);
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_try_yield(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *cr, struct rb_ractor_basket *basket)
+{
+    ASSERT_ractor_unlocking(cr);
+    VM_ASSERT(basket->type != basket_type_none);
+
+    if (cr->sync.outgoing_port_closed) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRactorClosedError, "The outgoing-port is already closed");
+    }
+
+    rb_ractor_t *r;
+
+  retry_shift:
+    RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+    {
+        r = ractor_waiting_list_shift(cr, &cr->sync.taking_ractors);
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+
+    if (r) {
+        bool retry_shift = false;
+
+        RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+        {
+            if (ractor_sleeping_by(r, wait_taking)) {
+                VM_ASSERT(r->sync.wait.taken_basket.type == basket_type_none);
+
+                if (basket->type == basket_type_move) {
+                    enum ractor_wait_status prev_wait_status = r->sync.wait.status;
+                    r->sync.wait.status = wait_moving;
+
+                    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+                    {
+                        int state;
+                        VALUE moved_value = rb_protect(ractor_yield_move_body, basket->v, &state);
+                        if (state) {
+                            r->sync.wait.status = prev_wait_status;
+                            rb_jump_tag(state);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            basket->v = moved_value;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+
+                    if (!ractor_wakeup(r, wait_moving, wakeup_by_yield)) {
+                        // terminating?
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    ractor_wakeup(r, wait_taking, wakeup_by_yield);
+                }
+                r->sync.wait.taken_basket = *basket;
+            }
+            else {
+                retry_shift = true;
+            }
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+
+        if (retry_shift) {
+            // get candidate take-waiting ractor, but already woke up by another reason.
+            // retry to check another ractor.
+            goto retry_shift;
+        }
+        else {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// select(r1, r2, r3, receive: true, yield: obj)
+static VALUE
+ractor_select(rb_execution_context_t *ec, const VALUE *rs, const int rs_len, VALUE yielded_value, bool move, VALUE *ret_r)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    VALUE crv = cr->pub.self;
+    VALUE ret = Qundef;
+    int i;
+    bool interrupted = false;
+    enum ractor_wait_status wait_status = 0;
+    bool yield_p = (yielded_value != Qundef) ? true : false;
+    const int alen = rs_len + (yield_p ? 1 : 0);
+
+    struct ractor_select_action {
+        enum ractor_select_action_type {
+            ractor_select_action_take,
+            ractor_select_action_receive,
+            ractor_select_action_yield,
+        } type;
+        VALUE v;
+    } *actions = ALLOCA_N(struct ractor_select_action, alen);
+
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status == wait_none);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status == wakeup_none);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.taken_basket.type == basket_type_none);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.yielded_basket.type == basket_type_none);
+
+    // setup actions
+    for (i=0; i<rs_len; i++) {
+        VALUE v = rs[i];
+
+        if (v == crv) {
+            actions[i].type = ractor_select_action_receive;
+            actions[i].v = Qnil;
+            wait_status |= wait_receiving;
+        }
+        else if (rb_ractor_p(v)) {
+            actions[i].type = ractor_select_action_take;
+            actions[i].v = v;
+            wait_status |= wait_taking;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "should be a ractor object, but %"PRIsVALUE, v);
+        }
+    }
+    rs = NULL;
+
+  restart:
+
+    if (yield_p) {
+        actions[rs_len].type = ractor_select_action_yield;
+        actions[rs_len].v = Qundef;
+        wait_status |= wait_yielding;
+        ractor_basket_setup(ec, &cr->sync.wait.yielded_basket, yielded_value, move, false, false, true);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: shuffle actions
+
+    while (1) {
+        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("try actions (%s)", wait_status_str(wait_status));
+
+        for (i=0; i<alen; i++) {
+            VALUE v, rv;
+            switch (actions[i].type) {
+              case ractor_select_action_take:
+                rv = actions[i].v;
+                v = ractor_try_take(ec, RACTOR_PTR(rv));
+                if (v != Qundef) {
+                    *ret_r = rv;
+                    ret = v;
+                    goto cleanup;
+                }
+                break;
+              case ractor_select_action_receive:
+                v = ractor_try_receive(ec, cr);
+                if (v != Qundef) {
+                    *ret_r = ID2SYM(rb_intern("receive"));
+                    ret = v;
+                    goto cleanup;
+                }
+                break;
+              case ractor_select_action_yield:
+                {
+                    if (ractor_try_yield(ec, cr, &cr->sync.wait.yielded_basket)) {
+                        *ret_r = ID2SYM(rb_intern("yield"));
+                        ret = Qnil;
+                        goto cleanup;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("wait actions (%s)", wait_status_str(wait_status));
+
+        RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+        {
+            VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status == wait_none);
+            cr->sync.wait.status = wait_status;
+            cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_none;
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+
+        // prepare waiting
+        for (i=0; i<alen; i++) {
+            rb_ractor_t *r;
+            switch (actions[i].type) {
+              case ractor_select_action_take:
+                r = RACTOR_PTR(actions[i].v);
+                ractor_register_taking(r, cr);
+                break;
+              case ractor_select_action_yield:
+              case ractor_select_action_receive:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // wait
+        RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+        {
+            if (cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status == wakeup_none) {
+                for (i=0; i<alen; i++) {
+                    rb_ractor_t *r;
+
+                    switch (actions[i].type) {
+                      case ractor_select_action_take:
+                        r = RACTOR_PTR(actions[i].v);
+                        if (ractor_sleeping_by(r, wait_yielding)) {
+                            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("wakeup_none, but r:%u is waiting for yielding", r->pub.id);
+                            cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_by_retry;
+                            goto skip_sleep;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      case ractor_select_action_receive:
+                        if (cr->sync.incoming_queue.cnt > 0) {
+                            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("wakeup_none, but incoming_queue has %u messages", cr->sync.incoming_queue.cnt);
+                            cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_by_retry;
+                            goto skip_sleep;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      case ractor_select_action_yield:
+                        if (cr->sync.taking_ractors.cnt > 0) {
+                            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("wakeup_none, but %u taking_ractors are waiting", cr->sync.taking_ractors.cnt);
+                            cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_by_retry;
+                            goto skip_sleep;
+                        }
+                        else if (cr->sync.outgoing_port_closed) {
+                            cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_by_close;
+                            goto skip_sleep;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("sleep %s", wait_status_str(cr->sync.wait.status));
+                ractor_sleep(ec, cr);
+                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("awaken %s", wakeup_status_str(cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status));
+            }
+            else {
+              skip_sleep:
+                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("no need to sleep %s->%s",
+                               wait_status_str(cr->sync.wait.status),
+                               wakeup_status_str(cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status));
+                cr->sync.wait.status = wait_none;
+            }
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+
+        // cleanup waiting
+        for (i=0; i<alen; i++) {
+            rb_ractor_t *r;
+            switch (actions[i].type) {
+              case ractor_select_action_take:
+                r = RACTOR_PTR(actions[i].v);
+                ractor_waiting_list_del(r, &r->sync.taking_ractors, cr);
+                break;
+              case ractor_select_action_receive:
+              case ractor_select_action_yield:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // check results
+        enum ractor_wakeup_status wakeup_status = cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status;
+        cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_none;
+
+        switch (wakeup_status) {
+          case wakeup_none:
+            // OK. something happens.
+            // retry loop.
+            break;
+          case wakeup_by_retry:
+            // Retry request.
+            break;
+          case wakeup_by_send:
+            // OK.
+            // retry loop and try_receive will succss.
+            break;
+          case wakeup_by_yield:
+            // take was succeeded!
+            // cr.wait.taken_basket contains passed block
+            VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.taken_basket.type != basket_type_none);
+            *ret_r = cr->sync.wait.taken_basket.sender;
+            VM_ASSERT(rb_ractor_p(*ret_r));
+            ret = ractor_basket_accept(&cr->sync.wait.taken_basket);
+            goto cleanup;
+          case wakeup_by_take:
+            *ret_r = ID2SYM(rb_intern("yield"));
+            ret = Qnil;
+            goto cleanup;
+          case wakeup_by_close:
+            // OK.
+            // retry loop and will get CloseError.
+            break;
+          case wakeup_by_interrupt:
+            ret = Qundef;
+            interrupted = true;
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+    }
+
+  cleanup:
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("cleanup actions (%s)", wait_status_str(wait_status));
+
+    if (cr->sync.wait.yielded_basket.type != basket_type_none) {
+        ractor_basket_clear(&cr->sync.wait.yielded_basket);
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status == wait_none);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status == wakeup_none);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.taken_basket.type == basket_type_none);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.yielded_basket.type == basket_type_none);
+
+    if (interrupted) {
+        rb_vm_check_ints_blocking(ec);
+        interrupted = false;
+        goto restart;
+    }
+
+    VM_ASSERT(ret != Qundef);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_yield(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE obj, VALUE move)
+{
+    VALUE ret_r;
+    ractor_select(ec, NULL, 0, obj, RTEST(move) ? true : false, &ret_r);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_take(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    VALUE ret_r;
+    VALUE v = ractor_select(ec, &r->pub.self, 1, Qundef, false, &ret_r);
+    return v;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_close_incoming(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    VALUE prev;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        if (!r->sync.incoming_port_closed) {
+            prev = Qfalse;
+            r->sync.incoming_port_closed = true;
+            if (ractor_wakeup(r, wait_receiving, wakeup_by_close)) {
+                VM_ASSERT(r->sync.incoming_queue.cnt == 0);
+                RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("cancel receiving", 0);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            prev = Qtrue;
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+    return prev;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_close_outgoing(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    VALUE prev;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        if (!r->sync.outgoing_port_closed) {
+            prev = Qfalse;
+            r->sync.outgoing_port_closed = true;
+        }
+        else {
+            prev = Qtrue;
+        }
+
+        // wakeup all taking ractors
+        rb_ractor_t *taking_ractor;
+        while ((taking_ractor = ractor_waiting_list_shift(r, &r->sync.taking_ractors)) != NULL) {
+            RACTOR_LOCK(taking_ractor);
+            ractor_wakeup(taking_ractor, wait_taking, wakeup_by_close);
+            RACTOR_UNLOCK(taking_ractor);
+        }
+
+        // raising yielding Ractor
+        if (!r->yield_atexit &&
+            ractor_wakeup(r, wait_yielding, wakeup_by_close)) {
+            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("cancel yielding", 0);
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+    return prev;
+}
+
+// creation/termination
+
+static uint32_t
+ractor_next_id(void)
+{
+    uint32_t id;
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK();
+    {
+        id = ++ractor_last_id;
+    }
+    RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+
+    return id;
+}
+
+static void
+vm_insert_ractor0(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r, bool single_ractor_mode)
+{
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("r:%u ractor.cnt:%u++", r->pub.id, vm->ractor.cnt);
+    VM_ASSERT(single_ractor_mode || RB_VM_LOCKED_P());
+
+    list_add_tail(&vm->ractor.set, &r->vmlr_node);
+    vm->ractor.cnt++;
+}
+
+static void
+cancel_single_ractor_mode(void)
+{
+    // enable multi-ractor mode
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("enable multi-ractor mode", 0);
+
+    rb_gc_start();
+    rb_transient_heap_evacuate();
+
+    ruby_single_main_ractor = NULL;
+
+    if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL)) {
+        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL,
+                         "Ractor is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby! "
+                         "Also there are many implementation issues.");
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+vm_insert_ractor(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(ractor_status_p(r, ractor_created));
+
+    if (rb_multi_ractor_p()) {
+        RB_VM_LOCK();
+        {
+            vm_insert_ractor0(vm, r, false);
+            vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(vm, r, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+        }
+        RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+    }
+    else {
+        if (vm->ractor.cnt == 0) {
+            // main ractor
+            vm_insert_ractor0(vm, r, true);
+            ractor_status_set(r, ractor_blocking);
+            ractor_status_set(r, ractor_running);
+        }
+        else {
+            cancel_single_ractor_mode();
+            vm_insert_ractor0(vm, r, true);
+            vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(vm, r, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+vm_remove_ractor(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(ractor_status_p(cr, ractor_running));
+    VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.cnt > 1);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->threads.cnt == 1);
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK();
+    {
+        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("ractor.cnt:%u-- terminate_waiting:%d",
+                       vm->ractor.cnt,  vm->ractor.sync.terminate_waiting);
+
+        VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.cnt > 0);
+        list_del(&cr->vmlr_node);
+
+        if (vm->ractor.cnt <= 2 && vm->ractor.sync.terminate_waiting) {
+            rb_native_cond_signal(&vm->ractor.sync.terminate_cond);
+        }
+        vm->ractor.cnt--;
+
+        /* Clear the cached freelist to prevent a memory leak. */
+        rb_gc_ractor_newobj_cache_clear(&cr->newobj_cache);
+
+        ractor_status_set(cr, ractor_terminated);
+    }
+    RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *r;
+    VALUE rv = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_ractor_t, &ractor_data_type, r);
+    FL_SET_RAW(rv, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
+    r->pub.self = rv;
+    VM_ASSERT(ractor_status_p(r, ractor_created));
+    return rv;
+}
+
+rb_ractor_t *
+rb_ractor_main_alloc(void)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *r = ruby_mimmalloc(sizeof(rb_ractor_t));
+    if (r == NULL) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "[FATAL] failed to allocate memory for main ractor\n");
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    MEMZERO(r, rb_ractor_t, 1);
+    r->pub.id = ++ractor_last_id;
+    r->loc = Qnil;
+    r->name = Qnil;
+    r->pub.self = Qnil;
+    ruby_single_main_ractor = r;
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+#if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
+void
+rb_ractor_atfork(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    // initialize as a main ractor
+    vm->ractor.cnt = 0;
+    vm->ractor.blocking_cnt = 0;
+    ruby_single_main_ractor = th->ractor;
+    th->ractor->status_ = ractor_created;
+
+    rb_ractor_living_threads_init(th->ractor);
+    rb_ractor_living_threads_insert(th->ractor, th);
+
+    VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.blocking_cnt == 0);
+    VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.cnt == 1);
+}
+#endif
+
+void rb_gvl_init(rb_global_vm_lock_t *gvl);
+
+void
+rb_ractor_living_threads_init(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    list_head_init(&r->threads.set);
+    r->threads.cnt = 0;
+    r->threads.blocking_cnt = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_init(rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE name, VALUE loc)
+{
+    ractor_queue_setup(&r->sync.incoming_queue);
+    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&r->sync.lock);
+    rb_native_cond_initialize(&r->sync.cond);
+    rb_native_cond_initialize(&r->barrier_wait_cond);
+
+    // thread management
+    rb_gvl_init(&r->threads.gvl);
+    rb_ractor_living_threads_init(r);
+
+    // naming
+    if (!NIL_P(name)) {
+        rb_encoding *enc;
+        StringValueCStr(name);
+        enc = rb_enc_get(name);
+        if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ASCII incompatible encoding (%s)",
+                 rb_enc_name(enc));
+        }
+        name = rb_str_new_frozen(name);
+    }
+    r->name = name;
+    r->loc = loc;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_main_setup(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r, rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    r->pub.self = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cRactor, &ractor_data_type, r);
+    FL_SET_RAW(r->pub.self, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
+    ractor_init(r, Qnil, Qnil);
+    r->threads.main = th;
+    rb_ractor_living_threads_insert(r, th);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_create(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE loc, VALUE name, VALUE args, VALUE block)
+{
+    VALUE rv = ractor_alloc(self);
+    rb_ractor_t *r = RACTOR_PTR(rv);
+    ractor_init(r, name, loc);
+
+    // can block here
+    r->pub.id = ractor_next_id();
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("r:%u", r->pub.id);
+
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    r->verbose = cr->verbose;
+    r->debug = cr->debug;
+
+    rb_thread_create_ractor(r, args, block);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(rv);
+    return rv;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_yield_atexit(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *cr, VALUE v, bool exc)
+{
+    if (cr->sync.outgoing_port_closed) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_ractor_unlocking(cr);
+
+    struct rb_ractor_basket basket;
+    ractor_basket_setup(ec, &basket, v, Qfalse, exc, true, true /* this flag is ignored because move is Qfalse */);
+
+  retry:
+    if (ractor_try_yield(ec, cr, &basket)) {
+        // OK.
+    }
+    else {
+        bool retry = false;
+        RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+        {
+            if (cr->sync.taking_ractors.cnt == 0) {
+                cr->sync.wait.yielded_basket = basket;
+
+                VM_ASSERT(cr->sync.wait.status == wait_none);
+                cr->sync.wait.status = wait_yielding;
+                cr->sync.wait.wakeup_status = wakeup_none;
+
+                VM_ASSERT(cr->yield_atexit == false);
+                cr->yield_atexit = true;
+            }
+            else {
+                retry = true; // another ractor is waiting for the yield.
+            }
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+
+        if (retry) goto retry;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_teardown(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    ractor_close_incoming(ec, cr);
+    ractor_close_outgoing(ec, cr);
+
+    // sync with rb_ractor_terminate_interrupt_main_thread()
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        VM_ASSERT(cr->threads.main != NULL);
+        cr->threads.main = NULL;
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_atexit(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE result)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    ractor_yield_atexit(ec, cr, result, false);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_atexit_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    ractor_yield_atexit(ec, cr, ec->errinfo, true);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_receive_parameters(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r, int len, VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+        ptr[i] = ractor_receive(ec, r);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_send_parameters(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *r, VALUE args)
+{
+    int len = RARRAY_LENINT(args);
+    for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+        ractor_send(ec, r, RARRAY_AREF(args, i), false);
+    }
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED bool
+rb_ractor_main_p_(void)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(rb_multi_ractor_p());
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    return rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec) == rb_ec_vm_ptr(ec)->ractor.main_ractor;
+}
+
+bool
+rb_obj_is_main_ractor(VALUE gv)
+{
+    if (!rb_ractor_p(gv)) return false;
+    rb_ractor_t *r = DATA_PTR(gv);
+    return r == GET_VM()->ractor.main_ractor;
+}
+
+rb_global_vm_lock_t *
+rb_ractor_gvl(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    return &r->threads.gvl;
+}
+
+int
+rb_ractor_living_thread_num(const rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    return r->threads.cnt;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_thread_list(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = 0;
+    VALUE *ts;
+    int ts_cnt;
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        ts = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, r->threads.cnt);
+        ts_cnt = 0;
+
+        list_for_each(&r->threads.set, th, lt_node) {
+            switch (th->status) {
+              case THREAD_RUNNABLE:
+              case THREAD_STOPPED:
+              case THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER:
+                ts[ts_cnt++] = th->self;
+              default:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    for (int i=0; i<ts_cnt; i++) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, ts[i]);
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_living_threads_insert(rb_ractor_t *r, rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(th != NULL);
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("r(%d)->threads.cnt:%d++", r->pub.id, r->threads.cnt);
+        list_add_tail(&r->threads.set, &th->lt_node);
+        r->threads.cnt++;
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+
+    // first thread for a ractor
+    if (r->threads.cnt == 1) {
+        VM_ASSERT(ractor_status_p(r, ractor_created));
+        vm_insert_ractor(th->vm, r);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    ractor_status_set(r, ractor_blocking);
+
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line, "vm->ractor.blocking_cnt:%d++", vm->ractor.blocking_cnt);
+    vm->ractor.blocking_cnt++;
+    VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.blocking_cnt <= vm->ractor.cnt);
+}
+
+void
+rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+    VM_ASSERT(GET_RACTOR() == cr);
+    vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(vm, cr, file, line);
+}
+
+void
+rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_dec(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+    VM_ASSERT(GET_RACTOR() == cr);
+
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line, "vm->ractor.blocking_cnt:%d--", vm->ractor.blocking_cnt);
+    VM_ASSERT(vm->ractor.blocking_cnt > 0);
+    vm->ractor.blocking_cnt--;
+
+    ractor_status_set(cr, ractor_running);
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_check_blocking(rb_ractor_t *cr, unsigned int remained_thread_cnt, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line,
+                    "cr->threads.cnt:%u cr->threads.blocking_cnt:%u vm->ractor.cnt:%u vm->ractor.blocking_cnt:%u",
+                    cr->threads.cnt, cr->threads.blocking_cnt,
+                    GET_VM()->ractor.cnt, GET_VM()->ractor.blocking_cnt);
+
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->threads.cnt >= cr->threads.blocking_cnt + 1);
+
+    if (remained_thread_cnt > 0 &&
+        // will be block
+        cr->threads.cnt == cr->threads.blocking_cnt + 1) {
+        // change ractor status: running -> blocking
+        rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+        ASSERT_vm_unlocking();
+
+        RB_VM_LOCK();
+        {
+            rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(vm, cr, file, line);
+        }
+        RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_living_threads_remove(rb_ractor_t *cr, rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("r->threads.cnt:%d--", cr->threads.cnt);
+    ractor_check_blocking(cr, cr->threads.cnt - 1, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+
+    if (cr->threads.cnt == 1) {
+        vm_remove_ractor(th->vm, cr);
+    }
+    else {
+        RACTOR_LOCK(cr);
+        {
+            list_del(&th->lt_node);
+            cr->threads.cnt--;
+        }
+        RACTOR_UNLOCK(cr);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_blocking_threads_inc(rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line, "cr->threads.blocking_cnt:%d++", cr->threads.blocking_cnt);
+
+    VM_ASSERT(cr->threads.cnt > 0);
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+
+    ractor_check_blocking(cr, cr->threads.cnt, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+    cr->threads.blocking_cnt++;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_blocking_threads_dec(rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    RUBY_DEBUG_LOG2(file, line,
+                    "r->threads.blocking_cnt:%d--, r->threads.cnt:%u",
+                    cr->threads.blocking_cnt, cr->threads.cnt);
+
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+
+    if (cr->threads.cnt == cr->threads.blocking_cnt) {
+        rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+
+        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+        {
+            rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_dec(vm, cr, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+        }
+        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+    }
+
+    cr->threads.blocking_cnt--;
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_vm_barrier_interrupt_running_thread(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(r != GET_RACTOR());
+    ASSERT_ractor_unlocking(r);
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
+    RACTOR_LOCK(r);
+    {
+        if (ractor_status_p(r, ractor_running)) {
+            rb_execution_context_t *ec = r->threads.running_ec;
+            if (ec) {
+                RUBY_VM_SET_VM_BARRIER_INTERRUPT(ec);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RACTOR_UNLOCK(r);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_terminate_interrupt_main_thread(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(r != GET_RACTOR());
+    ASSERT_ractor_unlocking(r);
+    ASSERT_vm_locking();
+
+    rb_thread_t *main_th = r->threads.main;
+    if (main_th) {
+        if (main_th->status != THREAD_KILLED) {
+            RUBY_VM_SET_TERMINATE_INTERRUPT(main_th->ec);
+            rb_threadptr_interrupt(main_th);
+        }
+        else {
+            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("killed (%p)", main_th);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void rb_thread_terminate_all(rb_thread_t *th); // thread.c
+
+static void
+ractor_terminal_interrupt_all(rb_vm_t *vm)
+{
+    if (vm->ractor.cnt > 1) {
+        // send terminate notification to all ractors
+        rb_ractor_t *r = 0;
+        list_for_each(&vm->ractor.set, r, vmlr_node) {
+            if (r != vm->ractor.main_ractor) {
+                rb_ractor_terminate_interrupt_main_thread(r);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_terminate_all(void)
+{
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = vm->ractor.main_ractor;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR()); // only main-ractor's main-thread should kick it.
+
+    if (vm->ractor.cnt > 1) {
+        RB_VM_LOCK();
+        ractor_terminal_interrupt_all(vm); // kill all ractors
+        RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+    }
+    rb_thread_terminate_all(GET_THREAD()); // kill other threads in main-ractor and wait
+
+    RB_VM_LOCK();
+    {
+        while (vm->ractor.cnt > 1) {
+            RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("terminate_waiting:%d", vm->ractor.sync.terminate_waiting);
+            vm->ractor.sync.terminate_waiting = true;
+
+            // wait for 1sec
+            rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(vm, cr, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+            rb_vm_cond_timedwait(vm, &vm->ractor.sync.terminate_cond, 1000 /* ms */);
+            rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_dec(vm, cr, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+
+            ractor_terminal_interrupt_all(vm);
+        }
+    }
+    RB_VM_UNLOCK();
+}
+
+rb_execution_context_t *
+rb_vm_main_ractor_ec(rb_vm_t *vm)
+{
+    return vm->ractor.main_ractor->threads.running_ec;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_moved_missing(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRactorMovedError, "can not send any methods to a moved object");
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor::ClosedError
+ *
+ *  Raised when an attempt is made to send a message to a closed port,
+ *  or to retrieve a message from a closed and empty port.
+ *  Ports may be closed explicitly with Ractor#close_outgoing/close_incoming
+ *  and are closed implicitly when a Ractor terminates.
+ *
+ *     r = Ractor.new { sleep(500) }
+ *     r.close_outgoing
+ *     r.take # Ractor::ClosedError
+ *
+ *  ClosedError is a descendant of StopIteration, so the closing of the ractor will break
+ *  the loops without propagating the error:
+ *
+ *     r = Ractor.new do
+ *       loop do
+ *         msg = receive # raises ClosedError and loop traps it
+ *         puts "Received: #{msg}"
+ *       end
+ *       puts "loop exited"
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     3.times{|i| r << i}
+ *     r.close_incoming
+ *     r.take
+ *     puts "Continue successfully"
+ *
+ *  This will print:
+ *
+ *     Received: 0
+ *     Received: 1
+ *     Received: 2
+ *     loop exited
+ *     Continue successfully
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor::RemoteError
+ *
+ *  Raised on attempt to Ractor#take if there was an uncaught exception in the Ractor.
+ *  Its +cause+ will contain the original exception, and +ractor+ is the original ractor
+ *  it was raised in.
+ *
+ *     r = Ractor.new { raise "Something weird happened" }
+ *
+ *     begin
+ *       r.take
+ *     rescue => e
+ *       p e             # => #<Ractor::RemoteError: thrown by remote Ractor.>
+ *       p e.ractor == r # => true
+ *       p e.cause       # => #<RuntimeError: Something weird happened>
+ *     end
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor::MovedError
+ *
+ *  Raised on an attempt to access an object which was moved in Ractor#send or Ractor.yield.
+ *
+ *     r = Ractor.new { sleep }
+ *
+ *     ary = [1, 2, 3]
+ *     r.send(ary, move: true)
+ *     ary.inspect
+ *     # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor::MovedObject
+ *
+ *  A special object which replaces any value that was moved to another ractor in Ractor#send
+ *  or Ractor.yield. Any attempt to access the object results in Ractor::MovedError.
+ *
+ *     r = Ractor.new { receive }
+ *
+ *     ary = [1, 2, 3]
+ *     r.send(ary, move: true)
+ *     p Ractor::MovedObject === ary
+ *     # => true
+ *     ary.inspect
+ *     # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
+ */
+
+// Main docs are in ractor.rb, but without this clause there are weird artifacts
+// in their rendering.
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Ractor
+ *
+ */
+
+void
+Init_Ractor(void)
+{
+    rb_cRactor = rb_define_class("Ractor", rb_cObject);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cRactor);
+
+    rb_eRactorError          = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "Error", rb_eRuntimeError);
+    rb_eRactorIsolationError = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "IsolationError", rb_eRactorError);
+    rb_eRactorRemoteError    = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "RemoteError", rb_eRactorError);
+    rb_eRactorMovedError     = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "MovedError",  rb_eRactorError);
+    rb_eRactorClosedError    = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "ClosedError", rb_eStopIteration);
+    rb_eRactorUnsafeError    = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "UnsafeError", rb_eRactorError);
+
+    rb_cRactorMovedObject = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRactor, "MovedObject", rb_cBasicObject);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cRactorMovedObject);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "method_missing", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+
+    // override methods defined in BasicObject
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "__send__", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "!", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "==", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "!=", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "__id__", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "equal?", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "instance_eval", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRactorMovedObject, "instance_exec", ractor_moved_missing, -1);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_dump(void)
+{
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    rb_ractor_t *r = 0;
+
+    list_for_each(&vm->ractor.set, r, vmlr_node) {
+        if (r != vm->ractor.main_ractor) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "r:%u (%s)\n", r->pub.id, ractor_status_str(r->status_));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_stdin(void)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        return rb_stdin;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        return cr->r_stdin;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_stdout(void)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        return rb_stdout;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        return cr->r_stdout;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_stderr(void)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        return rb_stderr;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        return cr->r_stderr;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_stdin_set(VALUE in)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        rb_stdin = in;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(cr->pub.self, &cr->r_stdin, in);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_stdout_set(VALUE out)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        rb_stdout = out;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(cr->pub.self, &cr->r_stdout, out);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_stderr_set(VALUE err)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        rb_stderr = err;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(cr->pub.self, &cr->r_stderr, err);
+    }
+}
+
+rb_hook_list_t *
+rb_ractor_hooks(rb_ractor_t *cr)
+{
+    return &cr->pub.hooks;
+}
+
+/// traverse function
+
+// 2: stop search
+// 1: skip child
+// 0: continue
+
+enum obj_traverse_iterator_result {
+    traverse_cont,
+    traverse_skip,
+    traverse_stop,
+};
+
+typedef enum obj_traverse_iterator_result (*rb_obj_traverse_enter_func)(VALUE obj);
+typedef enum obj_traverse_iterator_result (*rb_obj_traverse_leave_func)(VALUE obj);
+typedef enum obj_traverse_iterator_result (*rb_obj_traverse_final_func)(VALUE obj);
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result null_leave(VALUE obj);
+
+struct obj_traverse_data {
+    rb_obj_traverse_enter_func enter_func;
+    rb_obj_traverse_leave_func leave_func;
+
+    st_table *rec;
+    VALUE rec_hash;
+};
+
+
+struct obj_traverse_callback_data {
+    bool stop;
+    struct obj_traverse_data *data;
+};
+
+static int obj_traverse_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_data *data);
+
+static int
+obj_hash_traverse_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE ptr)
+{
+    struct obj_traverse_callback_data *d = (struct obj_traverse_callback_data *)ptr;
+
+    if (obj_traverse_i(key, d->data)) {
+        d->stop = true;
+        return ST_STOP;
+    }
+
+    if (obj_traverse_i(val, d->data)) {
+        d->stop = true;
+        return ST_STOP;
+    }
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+obj_traverse_reachable_i(VALUE obj, void *ptr)
+{
+    struct obj_traverse_callback_data *d = (struct obj_traverse_callback_data *)ptr;
+
+    if (obj_traverse_i(obj, d->data)) {
+        d->stop = true;
+    }
+}
+
+static struct st_table *
+obj_traverse_rec(struct obj_traverse_data *data)
+{
+    if (UNLIKELY(!data->rec)) {
+        data->rec_hash = rb_ident_hash_new();
+        data->rec = rb_hash_st_table(data->rec_hash);
+    }
+    return data->rec;
+}
+
+static int
+obj_traverse_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_data *data)
+{
+    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return 0;
+
+    switch (data->enter_func(obj)) {
+      case traverse_cont: break;
+      case traverse_skip: return 0; // skip children
+      case traverse_stop: return 1; // stop search
+    }
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(st_insert(obj_traverse_rec(data), obj, 1))) {
+        // already traversed
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR))) {
+        struct gen_ivtbl *ivtbl;
+        rb_ivar_generic_ivtbl_lookup(obj, &ivtbl);
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ivtbl->numiv; i++) {
+            VALUE val = ivtbl->ivptr[i];
+            if (val != Qundef && obj_traverse_i(val, data)) return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      // no child node
+      case T_STRING:
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_REGEXP:
+      case T_FILE:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+      case T_MATCH:
+        break;
+
+      case T_OBJECT:
+        {
+            uint32_t len = ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj);
+            VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
+
+            for (uint32_t i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                VALUE val = ptr[i];
+                if (val != Qundef && obj_traverse_i(val, data)) return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_ARRAY:
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LENINT(obj); i++) {
+                VALUE e = rb_ary_entry(obj, i);
+                if (obj_traverse_i(e, data)) return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_HASH:
+        {
+            if (obj_traverse_i(RHASH_IFNONE(obj), data)) return 1;
+
+            struct obj_traverse_callback_data d = {
+                .stop = false,
+                .data = data,
+            };
+            rb_hash_foreach(obj, obj_hash_traverse_i, (VALUE)&d);
+            if (d.stop) return 1;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_STRUCT:
+        {
+            long len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+            const VALUE *ptr = RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(obj);
+
+            for (long i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                if (obj_traverse_i(ptr[i], data)) return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+        if (obj_traverse_i(RRATIONAL(obj)->num, data)) return 1;
+        if (obj_traverse_i(RRATIONAL(obj)->den, data)) return 1;
+        break;
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        if (obj_traverse_i(RCOMPLEX(obj)->real, data)) return 1;
+        if (obj_traverse_i(RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag, data)) return 1;
+        break;
+
+      case T_DATA:
+      case T_IMEMO:
+        {
+            struct obj_traverse_callback_data d = {
+                .stop = false,
+                .data = data,
+            };
+            RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_NO_BARRIER();
+            {
+                rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, obj_traverse_reachable_i, &d);
+            }
+            RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_NO_BARRIER();
+            if (d.stop) return 1;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      // unreachable
+      case T_CLASS:
+      case T_MODULE:
+      case T_ICLASS:
+      default:
+        rp(obj);
+        rb_bug("unreachable");
+    }
+
+    if (data->leave_func(obj) == traverse_stop) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+struct rb_obj_traverse_final_data {
+    rb_obj_traverse_final_func final_func;
+    int stopped;
+};
+
+static int
+obj_traverse_final_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
+{
+    struct rb_obj_traverse_final_data *data = (void *)arg;
+    if (data->final_func(key)) {
+        data->stopped = 1;
+        return ST_STOP;
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// 0: traverse all
+// 1: stopped
+static int
+rb_obj_traverse(VALUE obj,
+                rb_obj_traverse_enter_func enter_func,
+                rb_obj_traverse_leave_func leave_func,
+                rb_obj_traverse_final_func final_func)
+{
+    struct obj_traverse_data data = {
+        .enter_func = enter_func,
+        .leave_func = leave_func,
+        .rec = NULL,
+    };
+
+    if (obj_traverse_i(obj, &data)) return 1;
+    if (final_func && data.rec) {
+        struct rb_obj_traverse_final_data f = {final_func, 0};
+        st_foreach(data.rec, obj_traverse_final_i, (st_data_t)&f);
+        return f.stopped;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+frozen_shareable_p(VALUE obj, bool *made_shareable)
+{
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else if (RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+        const rb_data_type_t *type = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj);
+        if (type->flags & RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        else if (made_shareable && rb_obj_is_proc(obj)) {
+            // special path to make shareable Proc.
+            rb_proc_ractor_make_shareable(obj);
+            *made_shareable = true;
+            VM_ASSERT(RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj));
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+make_shareable_check_shareable(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj));
+    bool made_shareable = false;
+
+    if (rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+        return traverse_skip;
+    }
+    else if (!frozen_shareable_p(obj, &made_shareable)) {
+        if (made_shareable) {
+            return traverse_skip;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "can not make shareable object for %"PRIsVALUE, obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj)) {
+        rb_funcall(obj, idFreeze, 0);
+
+        if (UNLIKELY(!RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "#freeze does not freeze object correctly");
+        }
+
+        if (RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj)) {
+            return traverse_skip;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return traverse_cont;
+}
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+mark_shareable(VALUE obj)
+{
+    FL_SET_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE);
+    return traverse_cont;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_make_shareable(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_obj_traverse(obj,
+                    make_shareable_check_shareable,
+                    null_leave, mark_shareable);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_make_shareable_copy(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE copy = ractor_copy(obj);
+    rb_obj_traverse(copy,
+                    make_shareable_check_shareable,
+                    null_leave, mark_shareable);
+    return copy;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_ensure_shareable(VALUE obj, VALUE name)
+{
+    if (!rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+        VALUE message = rb_sprintf("cannot assign unshareable object to %"PRIsVALUE,
+                                   name);
+        rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(rb_eRactorIsolationError, message));
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+shareable_p_enter(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj)) {
+        return traverse_skip;
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS)  ||
+             RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_MODULE) ||
+             RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ICLASS)) {
+        // TODO: remove it
+        mark_shareable(obj);
+        return traverse_skip;
+    }
+    else if (RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj) &&
+             frozen_shareable_p(obj, NULL)) {
+        return traverse_cont;
+    }
+
+    return traverse_stop; // fail
+}
+
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED bool
+rb_ractor_shareable_p_continue(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (rb_obj_traverse(obj,
+                        shareable_p_enter, null_leave,
+                        mark_shareable)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+reset_belonging_enter(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+        return traverse_skip;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_setup_belonging(obj);
+        return traverse_cont;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+null_leave(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return traverse_cont;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_reset_belonging(VALUE obj)
+{
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    rb_obj_traverse(obj, reset_belonging_enter, null_leave, NULL);
+#endif
+    return obj;
+}
+
+
+/// traverse and replace function
+
+// 2: stop search
+// 1: skip child
+// 0: continue
+
+struct obj_traverse_replace_data;
+static int obj_traverse_replace_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data);
+typedef enum obj_traverse_iterator_result (*rb_obj_traverse_replace_enter_func)(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data);
+typedef enum obj_traverse_iterator_result (*rb_obj_traverse_replace_leave_func)(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data);
+
+struct obj_traverse_replace_data {
+    rb_obj_traverse_replace_enter_func enter_func;
+    rb_obj_traverse_replace_leave_func leave_func;
+
+    st_table *rec;
+    VALUE rec_hash;
+
+    VALUE replacement;
+    bool move;
+};
+
+struct obj_traverse_replace_callback_data {
+    bool stop;
+    VALUE src;
+    struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data;
+};
+
+static int
+obj_hash_traverse_replace_foreach_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
+{
+    return ST_REPLACE;
+}
+
+static int
+obj_hash_traverse_replace_i(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t ptr, int exists)
+{
+    struct obj_traverse_replace_callback_data *d = (struct obj_traverse_replace_callback_data *)ptr;
+    struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data = d->data;
+
+    if (obj_traverse_replace_i(*key, data)) {
+        d->stop = true;
+        return ST_STOP;
+    }
+    else if (*key != data->replacement) {
+        VALUE v = *key = data->replacement;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(d->src, Qundef, v);
+    }
+
+    if (obj_traverse_replace_i(*val, data)) {
+        d->stop = true;
+        return ST_STOP;
+    }
+    else if (*val != data->replacement) {
+        VALUE v = *val = data->replacement;
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(d->src, Qundef, v);
+    }
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static struct st_table *
+obj_traverse_replace_rec(struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
+{
+    if (UNLIKELY(!data->rec)) {
+        data->rec_hash = rb_ident_hash_new();
+        data->rec = rb_hash_st_table(data->rec_hash);
+    }
+    return data->rec;
+}
+
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+void rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(VALUE ary, int promote);
+void rb_obj_transient_heap_evacuate(VALUE obj, int promote);
+void rb_hash_transient_heap_evacuate(VALUE hash, int promote);
+void rb_struct_transient_heap_evacuate(VALUE st, int promote);
+#endif
+
+static void
+obj_refer_only_shareables_p_i(VALUE obj, void *ptr)
+{
+    int *pcnt = (int *)ptr;
+
+    if (!rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+        pcnt++;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+obj_refer_only_shareables_p(VALUE obj)
+{
+    int cnt = 0;
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER_NO_BARRIER();
+    {
+        rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from(obj, obj_refer_only_shareables_p_i, &cnt);
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_NO_BARRIER();
+    return cnt == 0;
+}
+
+static int
+obj_traverse_replace_i(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
+{
+    VALUE replacement;
+
+    if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        data->replacement = obj;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    switch (data->enter_func(obj, data)) {
+      case traverse_cont: break;
+      case traverse_skip: return 0; // skip children
+      case traverse_stop: return 1; // stop search
+    }
+
+    replacement = data->replacement;
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(st_lookup(obj_traverse_replace_rec(data), (st_data_t)obj, (st_data_t *)&replacement))) {
+        data->replacement = replacement;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        st_insert(obj_traverse_replace_rec(data), (st_data_t)obj, (st_data_t)replacement);
+    }
+
+    if (!data->move) {
+        obj = replacement;
+    }
+
+#define CHECK_AND_REPLACE(v) do { \
+    VALUE _val = (v); \
+    if (obj_traverse_replace_i(_val, data)) { return 1; } \
+    else if (data->replacement != _val)     { RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &v, data->replacement); } \
+} while (0)
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR))) {
+        struct gen_ivtbl *ivtbl;
+        rb_ivar_generic_ivtbl_lookup(obj, &ivtbl);
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ivtbl->numiv; i++) {
+            if (ivtbl->ivptr[i] != Qundef) {
+                CHECK_AND_REPLACE(ivtbl->ivptr[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+      // no child node
+      case T_FLOAT:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
+      case T_REGEXP:
+      case T_FILE:
+      case T_SYMBOL:
+      case T_MATCH:
+        break;
+      case T_STRING:
+        rb_str_make_independent(obj);
+        break;
+
+      case T_OBJECT:
+        {
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+            if (data->move) rb_obj_transient_heap_evacuate(obj, TRUE);
+#endif
+
+            uint32_t len = ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj);
+            VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
+
+            for (uint32_t i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                if (ptr[i] != Qundef) {
+                    CHECK_AND_REPLACE(ptr[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_ARRAY:
+        {
+            rb_ary_cancel_sharing(obj);
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+            if (data->move) rb_ary_transient_heap_evacuate(obj, TRUE);
+#endif
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LENINT(obj); i++) {
+                VALUE e = rb_ary_entry(obj, i);
+
+                if (obj_traverse_replace_i(e, data)) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                else if (e != data->replacement) {
+                    RARRAY_ASET(obj, i, data->replacement);
+                }
+            }
+            RB_GC_GUARD(obj);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_HASH:
+        {
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+            if (data->move) rb_hash_transient_heap_evacuate(obj, TRUE);
+#endif
+            struct obj_traverse_replace_callback_data d = {
+                .stop = false,
+                .data = data,
+                .src = obj,
+            };
+            rb_hash_stlike_foreach_with_replace(obj,
+                                                obj_hash_traverse_replace_foreach_i,
+                                                obj_hash_traverse_replace_i,
+                                                (VALUE)&d);
+            if (d.stop) return 1;
+            // TODO: rehash here?
+
+            VALUE ifnone = RHASH_IFNONE(obj);
+            if (obj_traverse_replace_i(ifnone, data)) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            else if (ifnone != data->replacement) {
+                RHASH_SET_IFNONE(obj, data->replacement);
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_STRUCT:
+        {
+#if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
+            if (data->move) rb_struct_transient_heap_evacuate(obj, TRUE);
+#endif
+            long len = RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+            const VALUE *ptr = RSTRUCT_CONST_PTR(obj);
+
+            for (long i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                CHECK_AND_REPLACE(ptr[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case T_RATIONAL:
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RRATIONAL(obj)->num);
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RRATIONAL(obj)->den);
+        break;
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
+        CHECK_AND_REPLACE(RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);
+        break;
+
+      case T_DATA:
+        if (!data->move && obj_refer_only_shareables_p(obj)) {
+            break;
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "can not %s %"PRIsVALUE" object.",
+                     data->move ? "move" : "copy", rb_class_of(obj));
+        }
+
+      case T_IMEMO:
+        // not supported yet
+        return 1;
+
+      // unreachable
+      case T_CLASS:
+      case T_MODULE:
+      case T_ICLASS:
+      default:
+        rp(obj);
+        rb_bug("unreachable");
+    }
+
+    data->replacement = replacement;
+
+    if (data->leave_func(obj, data) == traverse_stop) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+// 0: traverse all
+// 1: stopped
+static VALUE
+rb_obj_traverse_replace(VALUE obj,
+                        rb_obj_traverse_replace_enter_func enter_func,
+                        rb_obj_traverse_replace_leave_func leave_func,
+                        bool move)
+{
+    struct obj_traverse_replace_data data = {
+        .enter_func = enter_func,
+        .leave_func = leave_func,
+        .rec = NULL,
+        .replacement = Qundef,
+        .move = move,
+    };
+
+    if (obj_traverse_replace_i(obj, &data)) {
+        return Qundef;
+    }
+    else {
+        return data.replacement;
+    }
+}
+
+struct RVALUE {
+    VALUE flags;
+    VALUE klass;
+    VALUE v1;
+    VALUE v2;
+    VALUE v3;
+};
+
+static const VALUE fl_users = FL_USER1  | FL_USER2  | FL_USER3  |
+                              FL_USER4  | FL_USER5  | FL_USER6  | FL_USER7  |
+                              FL_USER8  | FL_USER9  | FL_USER10 | FL_USER11 |
+                              FL_USER12 | FL_USER13 | FL_USER14 | FL_USER15 |
+                              FL_USER16 | FL_USER17 | FL_USER18 | FL_USER19;
+
+static void
+ractor_moved_bang(VALUE obj)
+{
+    // invalidate src object
+    struct RVALUE *rv = (void *)obj;
+
+    rv->klass = rb_cRactorMovedObject;
+    rv->v1 = 0;
+    rv->v2 = 0;
+    rv->v3 = 0;
+    rv->flags = rv->flags & ~fl_users;
+
+    // TODO: record moved location
+}
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+move_enter(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+        data->replacement = obj;
+        return traverse_skip;
+    }
+    else {
+        data->replacement = rb_obj_alloc(RBASIC_CLASS(obj));
+        return traverse_cont;
+    }
+}
+
+void rb_replace_generic_ivar(VALUE clone, VALUE obj); // variable.c
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+move_leave(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
+{
+    VALUE v = data->replacement;
+    struct RVALUE *dst = (struct RVALUE *)v;
+    struct RVALUE *src = (struct RVALUE *)obj;
+
+    dst->flags = (dst->flags & ~fl_users) | (src->flags & fl_users);
+
+    dst->v1 = src->v1;
+    dst->v2 = src->v2;
+    dst->v3 = src->v3;
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(FL_TEST_RAW(obj, FL_EXIVAR))) {
+        rb_replace_generic_ivar(v, obj);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: generic_ivar
+
+    ractor_moved_bang(obj);
+    return traverse_cont;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_move(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE val = rb_obj_traverse_replace(obj, move_enter, move_leave, true);
+    if (val != Qundef) {
+        return val;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "can not move the object");
+    }
+}
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+copy_enter(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+        data->replacement = obj;
+        return traverse_skip;
+    }
+    else {
+        data->replacement = rb_obj_clone(obj);
+        return traverse_cont;
+    }
+}
+
+static enum obj_traverse_iterator_result
+copy_leave(VALUE obj, struct obj_traverse_replace_data *data)
+{
+    return traverse_cont;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_copy(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE val = rb_obj_traverse_replace(obj, copy_enter, copy_leave, false);
+    if (val != Qundef) {
+        return val;
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRactorError, "can not copy the object");
+    }
+}
+
+// Ractor local storage
+
+struct rb_ractor_local_key_struct {
+    const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type *type;
+    void *main_cache;
+};
+
+static struct freed_ractor_local_keys_struct {
+    int cnt;
+    int capa;
+    rb_ractor_local_key_t *keys;
+} freed_ractor_local_keys;
+
+static int
+ractor_local_storage_mark_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t dmy)
+{
+    struct rb_ractor_local_key_struct *k = (struct rb_ractor_local_key_struct *)key;
+    if (k->type->mark) (*k->type->mark)((void *)val);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+idkey_local_storage_mark_i(ID id, VALUE val, void *dmy)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(val);
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_local_storage_mark(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    if (r->local_storage) {
+        st_foreach(r->local_storage, ractor_local_storage_mark_i, 0);
+
+        for (int i=0; i<freed_ractor_local_keys.cnt; i++) {
+            rb_ractor_local_key_t key = freed_ractor_local_keys.keys[i];
+            st_data_t val;
+            if (st_delete(r->local_storage, (st_data_t *)&key, &val) &&
+                key->type->free) {
+                (*key->type->free)((void *)val);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (r->idkey_local_storage) {
+        rb_id_table_foreach(r->idkey_local_storage, idkey_local_storage_mark_i, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+ractor_local_storage_free_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t dmy)
+{
+    struct rb_ractor_local_key_struct *k = (struct rb_ractor_local_key_struct *)key;
+    if (k->type->free) (*k->type->free)((void *)val);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_local_storage_free(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    if (r->local_storage) {
+        st_foreach(r->local_storage, ractor_local_storage_free_i, 0);
+        st_free_table(r->local_storage);
+    }
+
+    if (r->idkey_local_storage) {
+        rb_id_table_free(r->idkey_local_storage);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+rb_ractor_local_storage_value_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)ptr);
+}
+
+static const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type ractor_local_storage_type_null = {
+    NULL,
+    NULL,
+};
+
+const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type rb_ractor_local_storage_type_free = {
+    NULL,
+    ruby_xfree,
+};
+
+static const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type ractor_local_storage_type_value = {
+    rb_ractor_local_storage_value_mark,
+    NULL,
+};
+
+rb_ractor_local_key_t
+rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_newkey(const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type *type)
+{
+    rb_ractor_local_key_t key = ALLOC(struct rb_ractor_local_key_struct);
+    key->type = type ? type : &ractor_local_storage_type_null;
+    key->main_cache = (void *)Qundef;
+    return key;
+}
+
+rb_ractor_local_key_t
+rb_ractor_local_storage_value_newkey(void)
+{
+    return rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_newkey(&ractor_local_storage_type_value);
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_local_storage_delkey(rb_ractor_local_key_t key)
+{
+    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
+    {
+        if (freed_ractor_local_keys.cnt == freed_ractor_local_keys.capa) {
+            freed_ractor_local_keys.capa = freed_ractor_local_keys.capa ? freed_ractor_local_keys.capa * 2 : 4;
+            REALLOC_N(freed_ractor_local_keys.keys, rb_ractor_local_key_t, freed_ractor_local_keys.capa);
+        }
+        freed_ractor_local_keys.keys[freed_ractor_local_keys.cnt++] = key;
+    }
+    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+}
+
+static bool
+ractor_local_ref(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, void **pret)
+{
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        if ((VALUE)key->main_cache != Qundef) {
+            *pret = key->main_cache;
+            return true;
+        }
+        else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+
+        if (cr->local_storage && st_lookup(cr->local_storage, (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t *)pret)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+ractor_local_set(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = GET_RACTOR();
+
+    if (cr->local_storage == NULL) {
+        cr->local_storage = st_init_numtable();
+    }
+
+    st_insert(cr->local_storage, (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t)ptr);
+
+    if (rb_ractor_main_p()) {
+        key->main_cache = ptr;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_ractor_local_storage_value(rb_ractor_local_key_t key)
+{
+    VALUE val;
+    if (ractor_local_ref(key, (void **)&val)) {
+        return val;
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+rb_ractor_local_storage_value_lookup(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, VALUE *val)
+{
+    if (ractor_local_ref(key, (void **)val)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_local_storage_value_set(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, VALUE val)
+{
+    ractor_local_set(key, (void *)val);
+}
+
+void *
+rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr(rb_ractor_local_key_t key)
+{
+    void *ret;
+    if (ractor_local_ref(key, &ret)) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_set(rb_ractor_local_key_t key, void *ptr)
+{
+    ractor_local_set(key, ptr);
+}
+
+#define DEFAULT_KEYS_CAPA 0x10
+
+void
+rb_ractor_finish_marking(void)
+{
+    for (int i=0; i<freed_ractor_local_keys.cnt; i++) {
+        ruby_xfree(freed_ractor_local_keys.keys[i]);
+    }
+    freed_ractor_local_keys.cnt = 0;
+    if (freed_ractor_local_keys.capa > DEFAULT_KEYS_CAPA) {
+        freed_ractor_local_keys.capa = DEFAULT_KEYS_CAPA;
+        REALLOC_N(freed_ractor_local_keys.keys, rb_ractor_local_key_t, DEFAULT_KEYS_CAPA);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_local_value(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE sym)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    ID id = rb_check_id(&sym);
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = cr->idkey_local_storage;
+    VALUE val;
+
+    if (id && tbl && rb_id_table_lookup(tbl, id, &val)) {
+        return val;
+    }
+    else {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ractor_local_value_set(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self, VALUE sym, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_ractor_t *cr = rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec);
+    ID id = SYM2ID(rb_to_symbol(sym));
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = cr->idkey_local_storage;
+
+    if (tbl == NULL) {
+        tbl = cr->idkey_local_storage = rb_id_table_create(2);
+    }
+    rb_id_table_insert(tbl, id, val);
+    return val;
+}
+
+#include "ractor.rbinc"
diff --git a/ractor.rb b/ractor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6d5847237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ractor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,838 @@
+# Ractor is a Actor-model abstraction for Ruby that provides thread-safe parallel execution.
+#
+# Ractor.new can make new Ractor and it will run in parallel.
+#
+#     # The simplest ractor
+#     r = Ractor.new {puts "I am in Ractor!"}
+#     r.take # wait it to finish
+#     # here "I am in Ractor!" would be printed
+#
+# Ractors do not share usual objects, so the some kind of thread-safety concerns such as data-race,
+# race-conditions are not available on multi-ractor programming.
+#
+# To achieve this, ractors severely limit object sharing between different ractors.
+# For example, unlike threads, ractors can't access each other's objects, nor any objects through
+# variables of the outer scope.
+#
+#     a = 1
+#     r = Ractor.new {puts "I am in Ractor! a=#{a}"}
+#     # fails immediately with
+#     # ArgumentError (can not isolate a Proc because it accesses outer variables (a).)
+#
+# On CRuby (the default implementation), Global Virtual Machine Lock (GVL) is held per ractor, so
+# ractors are performed in parallel without locking each other.
+#
+# Instead of accessing the shared state, the objects should be passed to and from ractors via
+# sending and receiving objects as messages.
+#
+#     a = 1
+#     r = Ractor.new do
+#       a_in_ractor = receive # receive blocks till somebody will pass message
+#       puts "I am in Ractor! a=#{a_in_ractor}"
+#     end
+#     r.send(a)  # pass it
+#     r.take
+#     # here "I am in Ractor! a=1" would be printed
+#
+# There are two pairs of methods for sending/receiving messages:
+#
+# * Ractor#send and Ractor.receive for when the _sender_ knows the receiver (push);
+# * Ractor.yield and Ractor#take for when the _receiver_ knows the sender (pull);
+#
+# In addition to that, an argument to Ractor.new would be passed to block and available there
+# as if received by Ractor.receive, and the last block value would be sent outside of the
+# ractor as if sent by Ractor.yield.
+#
+# A little demonstration on a classic ping-pong:
+#
+#     server = Ractor.new do
+#       puts "Server starts: #{self.inspect}"
+#       puts "Server sends: ping"
+#       Ractor.yield 'ping'                       # The server doesn't know the receiver and sends to whoever interested
+#       received = Ractor.receive                 # The server doesn't know the sender and receives from whoever sent
+#       puts "Server received: #{received}"
+#     end
+#
+#     client = Ractor.new(server) do |srv|        # The server is sent inside client, and available as srv
+#       puts "Client starts: #{self.inspect}"
+#       received = srv.take                       # The Client takes a message specifically from the server
+#       puts "Client received from " \
+#            "#{srv.inspect}: #{received}"
+#       puts "Client sends to " \
+#            "#{srv.inspect}: pong"
+#       srv.send 'pong'                           # The client sends a message specifically to the server
+#     end
+#
+#     [client, server].each(&:take)               # Wait till they both finish
+#
+# This will output:
+#
+#     Server starts: #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running>
+#     Server sends: ping
+#     Client starts: #<Ractor:#3 test.rb:8 running>
+#     Client received from #<Ractor:#2 rac.rb:1 blocking>: ping
+#     Client sends to #<Ractor:#2 rac.rb:1 blocking>: pong
+#     Server received: pong
+#
+# It is said that Ractor receives messages via the <em>incoming port</em>, and sends them
+# to the <em>outgoing port</em>. Either one can be disabled with Ractor#close_incoming and
+# Ractor#close_outgoing respectively. If a ractor terminated, its ports will be closed
+# automatically.
+#
+# == Shareable and unshareable objects
+#
+# When the object is sent to and from the ractor, it is important to understand whether the
+# object is shareable or unshareable. Most of objects are unshareable objects.
+#
+# Shareable objects are basically those which can be used by several threads without compromising
+# thread-safety; e.g. immutable ones. Ractor.shareable? allows to check this, and Ractor.make_shareable
+# tries to make object shareable if it is not.
+#
+#     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers and other immutable basic values are
+#     Ractor.shareable?('foo')        #=> false, unless the string is frozen due to # freeze_string_literals: true
+#     Ractor.shareable?('foo'.freeze) #=> true
+#
+#     ary = ['hello', 'world']
+#     ary.frozen?                 #=> false
+#     ary[0].frozen?              #=> false
+#     Ractor.make_shareable(ary)
+#     ary.frozen?                 #=> true
+#     ary[0].frozen?              #=> true
+#     ary[1].frozen?              #=> true
+#
+# When a shareable object is sent (via #send or Ractor.yield), no additional processing happens,
+# and it just becomes usable by both ractors. When an unshareable object is sent, it can be
+# either _copied_ or _moved_. The first is the default, and it makes the object's full copy by
+# deep cloning of non-shareable parts of its structure.
+#
+#     data = ['foo', 'bar'.freeze]
+#     r = Ractor.new do
+#       data2 = Ractor.receive
+#       puts "In ractor: #{data2.object_id}, #{data2[0].object_id}, #{data2[1].object_id}"
+#     end
+#     r.send(data)
+#     r.take
+#     puts "Outside  : #{data.object_id}, #{data[0].object_id}, #{data[1].object_id}"
+#
+# This will output:
+#
+#     In ractor: 340, 360, 320
+#     Outside  : 380, 400, 320
+#
+# (Note that object id of both array and non-frozen string inside array have changed inside
+# the ractor, showing it is different objects. But the second array's element, which is a
+# shareable frozen string, has the same object_id.)
+#
+# Deep cloning of the objects may be slow, and sometimes impossible. Alternatively,
+# <tt>move: true</tt> may be used on sending. This will <em>move</em> the object to the
+# receiving ractor, making it inaccessible for a sending ractor.
+#
+#     data = ['foo', 'bar']
+#     r = Ractor.new do
+#       data_in_ractor = Ractor.receive
+#       puts "In ractor: #{data_in_ractor.object_id}, #{data_in_ractor[0].object_id}"
+#     end
+#     r.send(data, move: true)
+#     r.take
+#     puts "Outside: moved? #{Ractor::MovedObject === data}"
+#     puts "Outside: #{data.inspect}"
+#
+# This will output:
+#
+#     In ractor: 100, 120
+#     Outside: moved? true
+#     test.rb:9:in `method_missing': can not send any methods to a moved object (Ractor::MovedError)
+#
+# Notice that even +inspect+ (and more basic methods like <tt>__id__</tt>) is inaccessible
+# on a moved object.
+#
+# Besides frozen objects, there are shareable objects. Class and Module objects are shareable so
+# the Class/Module definitons are shared between ractors. Ractor objects are also shareable objects.
+# All operations for the shareable mutable objects are thread-safe, so the thread-safety property
+# will be kept. We can not define mutable shareable objects in Ruby, but C extensions can introduce them.
+#
+# It is prohibited to access instance variables of mutable shareable objects (especially Modules and classes)
+# from ractors other than main:
+#
+#     class C
+#       class << self
+#         attr_accessor :tricky
+#       end
+#     end
+#
+#     C.tricky = 'test'
+#
+#     r = Ractor.new(C) do |cls|
+#       puts "I see #{cls}"
+#       puts "I can't see #{cls.tricky}"
+#     end
+#     r.take
+#     # I see C
+#     # can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (RuntimeError)
+#
+# Ractors can access constants if they are shareable. The main Ractor is the only one that can
+# access non-shareable constants.
+#
+#     GOOD = 'good'.freeze
+#     BAD = 'bad'
+#
+#     r = Ractor.new do
+#       puts "GOOD=#{GOOD}"
+#       puts "BAD=#{BAD}"
+#     end
+#     r.take
+#     # GOOD=good
+#     # can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::BAD by non-main Ractor. (NameError)
+#
+#     # Consider the same C class from above
+#
+#     r = Ractor.new do
+#       puts "I see #{C}"
+#       puts "I can't see #{C.tricky}"
+#     end
+#     r.take
+#     # I see C
+#     # can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (RuntimeError)
+#
+# See also the description of <tt># shareable_constant_value</tt> pragma in
+# {Comments syntax}[rdoc-ref:doc/syntax/comments.rdoc] explanation.
+#
+# == Ractors vs threads
+#
+# Each ractor creates its own thread. New threads can be created from inside ractor
+# (and, on CRuby, sharing GVL with other threads of this ractor).
+#
+#     r = Ractor.new do
+#       a = 1
+#       Thread.new {puts "Thread in ractor: a=#{a}"}.join
+#     end
+#     r.take
+#     # Here "Thread in ractor: a=1" will be printed
+#
+# == Note on code examples
+#
+# In examples below, sometimes we use the following method to wait till ractors that
+# are not currently blocked will finish (or process till next blocking) method.
+#
+#     def wait
+#       sleep(0.1)
+#     end
+#
+# It is **only for demonstration purposes** and shouldn't be used in a real code.
+# Most of the times, just #take is used to wait till ractor will finish.
+#
+# == Reference
+#
+# See {Ractor desgin doc}[rdoc-ref:doc/ractor.md] for more details.
+#
+class Ractor
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     Ractor.new(*args, name: nil) {|*args| block } -> ractor
+  #
+  # Create a new Ractor with args and a block.
+  #
+  # A block (Proc) will be isolated (can't access to outer variables). +self+
+  # inside the block will refer to the current Ractor.
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new { puts "Hi, I am #{self.inspect}" }
+  #    r.take
+  #    # Prints "Hi, I am #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running>"
+  #
+  # +args+ passed to the method would be propagated to block args by the same rules as
+  # objects passed through #send/Ractor.receive: if +args+ are not shareable, they
+  # will be copied (via deep cloning, which might be inefficient).
+  #
+  #    arg = [1, 2, 3]
+  #    puts "Passing: #{arg} (##{arg.object_id})"
+  #    r = Ractor.new(arg) {|received_arg|
+  #      puts "Received: #{received_arg} (##{received_arg.object_id})"
+  #    }
+  #    r.take
+  #    # Prints:
+  #    #   Passing: [1, 2, 3] (#280)
+  #    #   Received: [1, 2, 3] (#300)
+  #
+  # Ractor's +name+ can be set for debugging purposes:
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new(name: 'my ractor') {}
+  #    p r
+  #    #=> #<Ractor:#3 my ractor test.rb:1 terminated>
+  #
+  def self.new(*args, name: nil, &block)
+    b = block # TODO: builtin bug
+    raise ArgumentError, "must be called with a block" unless block
+    loc = caller_locations(1, 1).first
+    loc = "#{loc.path}:#{loc.lineno}"
+    __builtin_ractor_create(loc, name, args, b)
+  end
+
+  # Returns the currently executing Ractor.
+  #
+  #   Ractor.current #=> #<Ractor:#1 running>
+  def self.current
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      rb_ractor_self(rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec));
+    }
+  end
+
+  # Returns total count of Ractors currently running.
+  #
+  #    Ractor.count                   #=> 1
+  #    r = Ractor.new(name: 'example') { Ractor.yield(1) }
+  #    Ractor.count                   #=> 2 (main + example ractor)
+  #    r.take                         # wait for Ractor.yield(1)
+  #    r.take                         # wait till r will finish
+  #    Ractor.count                   #=> 1
+  def self.count
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ULONG2NUM(GET_VM()->ractor.cnt);
+    }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #    Ractor.select(*ractors, [yield_value:, move: false]) -> [ractor or symbol, obj]
+  #
+  # Waits for the first ractor to have something in its outgoing port, reads from this ractor, and
+  # returns that ractor and the object received.
+  #
+  #    r1 = Ractor.new {Ractor.yield 'from 1'}
+  #    r2 = Ractor.new {Ractor.yield 'from 2'}
+  #
+  #    r, obj = Ractor.select(r1, r2)
+  #
+  #    puts "received #{obj.inspect} from #{r.inspect}"
+  #    # Prints: received "from 1" from #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running>
+  #
+  # If one of the given ractors is the current ractor, and it would be selected, +r+ will contain
+  # +:receive+ symbol instead of the ractor object.
+  #
+  #    r1 = Ractor.new(Ractor.current) do |main|
+  #      main.send 'to main'
+  #      Ractor.yield 'from 1'
+  #    end
+  #    r2 = Ractor.new do
+  #      Ractor.yield 'from 2'
+  #    end
+  #
+  #    r, obj = Ractor.select(r1, r2, Ractor.current)
+  #    puts "received #{obj.inspect} from #{r.inspect}"
+  #    # Prints: received "to main" from :receive
+  #
+  # If +yield_value+ is provided, that value may be yielded if another Ractor is calling #take.
+  # In this case, the pair <tt>[:yield, nil]</tt> would be returned:
+  #
+  #    r1 = Ractor.new(Ractor.current) do |main|
+  #      puts "Received from main: #{main.take}"
+  #    end
+  #
+  #    puts "Trying to select"
+  #    r, obj = Ractor.select(r1, Ractor.current, yield_value: 123)
+  #    wait
+  #    puts "Received #{obj.inspect} from #{r.inspect}"
+  #
+  # This will print:
+  #
+  #    Trying to select
+  #    Received from main: 123
+  #    Received nil from :yield
+  #
+  # +move+ boolean flag defines whether yielded value should be copied (default) or moved.
+  def self.select(*ractors, yield_value: yield_unspecified = true, move: false)
+    raise ArgumentError, 'specify at least one ractor or `yield_value`' if yield_unspecified && ractors.empty?
+
+    __builtin_cstmt! %q{
+      const VALUE *rs = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ractors);
+      VALUE rv;
+      VALUE v = ractor_select(ec, rs, RARRAY_LENINT(ractors),
+                              yield_unspecified == Qtrue ? Qundef : yield_value,
+                              (bool)RTEST(move) ? true : false, &rv);
+      return rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rv, v);
+    }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #    Ractor.receive -> msg
+  #
+  # Receive an incoming message from the current Ractor's incoming port's queue, which was
+  # sent there by #send.
+  #
+  #     r = Ractor.new do
+  #       v1 = Ractor.receive
+  #       puts "Received: #{v1}"
+  #     end
+  #     r.send('message1')
+  #     r.take
+  #     # Here will be printed: "Received: message1"
+  #
+  # Alternatively, private instance method +receive+ may be used:
+  #
+  #     r = Ractor.new do
+  #       v1 = receive
+  #       puts "Received: #{v1}"
+  #     end
+  #     r.send('message1')
+  #     r.take
+  #     # Here will be printed: "Received: message1"
+  #
+  # The method blocks if the queue is empty.
+  #
+  #     r = Ractor.new do
+  #       puts "Before first receive"
+  #       v1 = Ractor.receive
+  #       puts "Received: #{v1}"
+  #       v2 = Ractor.receive
+  #       puts "Received: #{v2}"
+  #     end
+  #     wait
+  #     puts "Still not received"
+  #     r.send('message1')
+  #     wait
+  #     puts "Still received only one"
+  #     r.send('message2')
+  #     r.take
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #
+  #     Before first receive
+  #     Still not received
+  #     Received: message1
+  #     Still received only one
+  #     Received: message2
+  #
+  # If close_incoming was called on the ractor, the method raises Ractor::ClosedError
+  # if there are no more messages in incoming queue:
+  #
+  #     Ractor.new do
+  #       close_incoming
+  #       receive
+  #     end
+  #     wait
+  #     # in `receive': The incoming port is already closed => #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running> (Ractor::ClosedError)
+  #
+  def self.receive
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ractor_receive(ec, rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec))
+    }
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    alias recv receive
+  end
+
+  # same as Ractor.receive
+  private def receive
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ractor_receive(ec, rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec))
+    }
+  end
+  alias recv receive
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #    Ractor.receive_if {|msg| block } -> msg
+  #
+  # Receive only a specific message.
+  #
+  # Instead of Ractor.receive, Ractor.receive_if can provide a pattern
+  # by a block and you can choose the receiving message.
+  #
+  #     r = Ractor.new do
+  #       p Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.match?(/foo/)} #=> "foo3"
+  #       p Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.match?(/bar/)} #=> "bar1"
+  #       p Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.match?(/baz/)} #=> "baz2"
+  #     end
+  #     r << "bar1"
+  #     r << "baz2"
+  #     r << "foo3"
+  #     r.take
+  #
+  # This will output:
+  #
+  #     foo3
+  #     bar1
+  #     baz2
+  #
+  # If the block returns a truthy value, the message will be removed from the incoming queue
+  # and returned.
+  # Otherwise, the messsage remains in the incoming queue and the following received
+  # messages are checked by the given block.
+  #
+  # If there are no messages left in the incoming queue, the method will
+  # block until new messages arrive.
+  #
+  # If the block is escaped by break/return/exception/throw, the message is removed from
+  # the incoming queue as if a truthy value had been returned.
+  #
+  #     r = Ractor.new do
+  #       val = Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.is_a?(Array)}
+  #       puts "Received successfully: #{val}"
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     r.send(1)
+  #     r.send('test')
+  #     wait
+  #     puts "2 non-matching sent, nothing received"
+  #     r.send([1, 2, 3])
+  #     wait
+  #
+  # Prints:
+  #
+  #     2 non-matching sent, nothing received
+  #     Received successfully: [1, 2, 3]
+  #
+  # Note that you can not call receive/receive_if in the given block recursively.
+  # It means that you should not do any tasks in the block.
+  #
+  #     Ractor.current << true
+  #     Ractor.receive_if{|msg| Ractor.receive}
+  #     #=> `receive': can not call receive/receive_if recursively (Ractor::Error)
+  #
+  def self.receive_if &b
+    Primitive.ractor_receive_if b
+  end
+
+  private def receive_if &b
+    Primitive.ractor_receive_if b
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #    ractor.send(msg, move: false) -> self
+  #
+  # Send a message to a Ractor's incoming queue to be consumed by Ractor.receive.
+  #
+  #   r = Ractor.new do
+  #     value = Ractor.receive
+  #     puts "Received #{value}"
+  #   end
+  #   r.send 'message'
+  #   # Prints: "Received: message"
+  #
+  # The method is non-blocking (will return immediately even if the ractor is not ready
+  # to receive anything):
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new {sleep(5)}
+  #    r.send('test')
+  #    puts "Sent successfully"
+  #    # Prints: "Sent successfully" immediately
+  #
+  # Attempt to send to ractor which already finished its execution will raise Ractor::ClosedError.
+  #
+  #   r = Ractor.new {}
+  #   r.take
+  #   p r
+  #   # "#<Ractor:#6 (irb):23 terminated>"
+  #   r.send('test')
+  #   # Ractor::ClosedError (The incoming-port is already closed)
+  #
+  # If close_incoming was called on the ractor, the method also raises Ractor::ClosedError.
+  #
+  #    r =  Ractor.new do
+  #      sleep(500)
+  #      receive
+  #    end
+  #    r.close_incoming
+  #    r.send('test')
+  #    # Ractor::ClosedError (The incoming-port is already closed)
+  #    # The error would be raised immediately, not when ractor will try to receive
+  #
+  # If the +obj+ is unshareable, by default it would be copied into ractor by deep cloning.
+  # If the <tt>move: true</tt> is passed, object is _moved_ into ractor and becomes
+  # inaccessible to sender.
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new {puts "Received: #{receive}"}
+  #    msg = 'message'
+  #    r.send(msg, move: true)
+  #    r.take
+  #    p msg
+  #
+  # This prints:
+  #
+  #    Received: message
+  #    in `p': undefined method `inspect' for #<Ractor::MovedObject:0x000055c99b9b69b8>
+  #
+  # All references to the object and its parts will become invalid in sender.
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new {puts "Received: #{receive}"}
+  #    s = 'message'
+  #    ary = [s]
+  #    copy = ary.dup
+  #    r.send(ary, move: true)
+  #
+  #    s.inspect
+  #    # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
+  #    ary.class
+  #    # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
+  #    copy.class
+  #    # => Array, it is different object
+  #    copy[0].inspect
+  #    # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
+  #    # ...but its item was still a reference to `s`, which was moved
+  #
+  # If the object was shareable, <tt>move: true</tt> has no effect on it:
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new {puts "Received: #{receive}"}
+  #    s = 'message'.freeze
+  #    r.send(s, move: true)
+  #    s.inspect #=> "message", still available
+  #
+  def send(obj, move: false)
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ractor_send(ec, RACTOR_PTR(self), obj, move)
+    }
+  end
+  alias << send
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     Ractor.yield(msg, move: false) -> nil
+  #
+  # Send a message to the current ractor's outgoing port to be consumed by #take.
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new {Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'}
+  #    puts r.take
+  #    # Prints: "Hello from ractor"
+  #
+  # The method is blocking, and will return only when somebody consumes the
+  # sent message.
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new do
+  #      Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'
+  #      puts "Ractor: after yield"
+  #    end
+  #    wait
+  #    puts "Still not taken"
+  #    puts r.take
+  #
+  # This will print:
+  #
+  #    Still not taken
+  #    Hello from ractor
+  #    Ractor: after yield
+  #
+  # If the outgoing port was closed with #close_outgoing, the method will raise:
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new do
+  #      close_outgoing
+  #      Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'
+  #    end
+  #    wait
+  #    # `yield': The outgoing-port is already closed (Ractor::ClosedError)
+  #
+  # The meaning of +move+ argument is the same as for #send.
+  def self.yield(obj, move: false)
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ractor_yield(ec, rb_ec_ractor_ptr(ec), obj, move)
+    }
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     ractor.take -> msg
+  #
+  # Take a message from ractor's outgoing port, which was put there by Ractor.yield or at ractor's
+  # finalization.
+  #
+  #   r = Ractor.new do
+  #     Ractor.yield 'explicit yield'
+  #     'last value'
+  #   end
+  #   puts r.take #=> 'explicit yield'
+  #   puts r.take #=> 'last value'
+  #   puts r.take # Ractor::ClosedError (The outgoing-port is already closed)
+  #
+  # The fact that the last value is also put to outgoing port means that +take+ can be used
+  # as some analog of Thread#join ("just wait till ractor finishes"), but don't forget it
+  # will raise if somebody had already consumed everything ractor have produced.
+  #
+  # If the outgoing port was closed with #close_outgoing, the method will raise Ractor::ClosedError.
+  #
+  #    r = Ractor.new do
+  #      sleep(500)
+  #      Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'
+  #    end
+  #    r.close_outgoing
+  #    r.take
+  #    # Ractor::ClosedError (The outgoing-port is already closed)
+  #    # The error would be raised immediately, not when ractor will try to receive
+  #
+  # If an uncaught exception is raised in the Ractor, it is propagated on take as a
+  # Ractor::RemoteError.
+  #
+  #   r = Ractor.new {raise "Something weird happened"}
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     r.take
+  #   rescue => e
+  #     p e              #  => #<Ractor::RemoteError: thrown by remote Ractor.>
+  #     p e.ractor == r  # => true
+  #     p e.cause        # => #<RuntimeError: Something weird happened>
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Ractor::ClosedError is a descendant of StopIteration, so the closing of the ractor will break
+  # the loops without propagating the error:
+  #
+  #     r = Ractor.new do
+  #       3.times {|i| Ractor.yield "message #{i}"}
+  #       "finishing"
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     loop {puts "Received: " + r.take}
+  #     puts "Continue successfully"
+  #
+  # This will print:
+  #
+  #     Received: message 0
+  #     Received: message 1
+  #     Received: message 2
+  #     Received: finishing
+  #     Continue successfully
+  def take
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ractor_take(ec, RACTOR_PTR(self))
+    }
+  end
+
+  def inspect
+    loc  = __builtin_cexpr! %q{ RACTOR_PTR(self)->loc }
+    name = __builtin_cexpr! %q{ RACTOR_PTR(self)->name }
+    id   = __builtin_cexpr! %q{ INT2FIX(rb_ractor_id(RACTOR_PTR(self))) }
+    status = __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      rb_str_new2(ractor_status_str(RACTOR_PTR(self)->status_))
+    }
+    "#<Ractor:##{id}#{name ? ' '+name : ''}#{loc ? " " + loc : ''} #{status}>"
+  end
+
+  alias to_s inspect
+
+  # The name set in Ractor.new, or +nil+.
+  def name
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{RACTOR_PTR(self)->name}
+  end
+
+  class RemoteError
+    attr_reader :ractor
+  end
+
+  #
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     ractor.close_incoming -> true | false
+  #
+  # Closes the incoming port and returns its previous state.
+  # All further attempts to Ractor.receive in the ractor, and #send to the ractor
+  # will fail with Ractor::ClosedError.
+  #
+  #   r = Ractor.new {sleep(500)}
+  #   r.close_incoming  #=> false
+  #   r.close_incoming  #=> true
+  #   r.send('test')
+  #   # Ractor::ClosedError (The incoming-port is already closed)
+  def close_incoming
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ractor_close_incoming(ec, RACTOR_PTR(self));
+    }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #    ractor.close_outgoing -> true | false
+  #
+  # Closes the outgoing port and returns its previous state.
+  # All further attempts to Ractor.yield in the ractor, and #take from the ractor
+  # will fail with Ractor::ClosedError.
+  #
+  #   r = Ractor.new {sleep(500)}
+  #   r.close_outgoing  #=> false
+  #   r.close_outgoing  #=> true
+  #   r.take
+  #   # Ractor::ClosedError (The outgoing-port is already closed)
+  def close_outgoing
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      ractor_close_outgoing(ec, RACTOR_PTR(self));
+    }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #    Ractor.shareable?(obj) -> true | false
+  #
+  # Checks if the object is shareable by ractors.
+  #
+  #     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers and other immutable basic values are frozen
+  #     Ractor.shareable?('foo')        #=> false, unless the string is frozen due to # freeze_string_literals: true
+  #     Ractor.shareable?('foo'.freeze) #=> true
+  #
+  # See also the "Shareable and unshareable objects" section in the Ractor class docs.
+  def self.shareable? obj
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # call-seq:
+  #    Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: false) -> shareable_obj
+  #
+  # Make +obj+ shareable between ractors.
+  #
+  # +obj+ and all the objects it refers to will be frozen, unless they are
+  # already shareable.
+  #
+  # If +copy+ keyword is +true+, the method will copy objects before freezing them
+  # This is safer option but it can take be slower.
+  #
+  # Note that the specification and implementation of this method are not
+  # mature and may be changed in the future.
+  #
+  #   obj = ['test']
+  #   Ractor.shareable?(obj)     #=> false
+  #   Ractor.make_shareable(obj) #=> ["test"]
+  #   Ractor.shareable?(obj)     #=> true
+  #   obj.frozen?                #=> true
+  #   obj[0].frozen?             #=> true
+  #
+  #   # Copy vs non-copy versions:
+  #   obj1 = ['test']
+  #   obj1s = Ractor.make_shareable(obj1)
+  #   obj1.frozen?                        #=> true
+  #   obj1s.object_id == obj1.object_id   #=> true
+  #   obj2 = ['test']
+  #   obj2s = Ractor.make_shareable(obj2, copy: true)
+  #   obj2.frozen?                        #=> false
+  #   obj2s.frozen?                       #=> true
+  #   obj2s.object_id == obj2.object_id   #=> false
+  #   obj2s[0].object_id == obj2[0].object_id #=> false
+  #
+  # See also the "Shareable and unshareable objects" section in the Ractor class docs.
+  def self.make_shareable obj, copy: false
+    if copy
+      __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+        rb_ractor_make_shareable_copy(obj);
+      }
+    else
+      __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+        rb_ractor_make_shareable(obj);
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # get a value from ractor-local storage
+  def [](sym)
+    Primitive.ractor_local_value(sym)
+  end
+
+  # set a value in ractor-local storage
+  def []=(sym, val)
+    Primitive.ractor_local_value_set(sym, val)
+  end
+
+  # returns main ractor
+  def self.main
+    __builtin_cexpr! %q{
+      rb_ractor_self(GET_VM()->ractor.main_ractor);
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/ractor_core.h b/ractor_core.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..800e7ce409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ractor_core.h
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+#include "ruby/ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
+#include "vm_debug.h"
+
+#ifndef RACTOR_CHECK_MODE
+#define RACTOR_CHECK_MODE (0 || VM_CHECK_MODE || RUBY_DEBUG)
+#endif
+
+enum rb_ractor_basket_type {
+    basket_type_none,
+    basket_type_ref,
+    basket_type_copy,
+    basket_type_move,
+    basket_type_will,
+    basket_type_deleted,
+    basket_type_reserved,
+};
+
+struct rb_ractor_basket {
+    bool exception;
+    enum rb_ractor_basket_type type;
+    VALUE v;
+    VALUE sender;
+};
+
+struct rb_ractor_queue {
+    struct rb_ractor_basket *baskets;
+    int start;
+    int cnt;
+    int size;
+    unsigned int serial;
+    unsigned int reserved_cnt;
+};
+
+struct rb_ractor_waiting_list {
+    int cnt;
+    int size;
+    rb_ractor_t **ractors;
+};
+
+struct rb_ractor_sync {
+    // ractor lock
+    rb_nativethread_lock_t lock;
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    VALUE locked_by;
+#endif
+    rb_nativethread_cond_t cond;
+
+    // communication
+    struct rb_ractor_queue  incoming_queue;
+    struct rb_ractor_waiting_list taking_ractors;
+
+    bool incoming_port_closed;
+    bool outgoing_port_closed;
+
+    struct ractor_wait {
+        enum ractor_wait_status {
+            wait_none      = 0x00,
+            wait_receiving = 0x01,
+            wait_taking    = 0x02,
+            wait_yielding  = 0x04,
+            wait_moving    = 0x08,
+        } status;
+
+        enum ractor_wakeup_status {
+            wakeup_none,
+            wakeup_by_send,
+            wakeup_by_yield,
+            wakeup_by_take,
+            wakeup_by_close,
+            wakeup_by_interrupt,
+            wakeup_by_retry,
+        } wakeup_status;
+
+        struct rb_ractor_basket yielded_basket;
+        struct rb_ractor_basket taken_basket;
+    } wait;
+};
+
+struct rb_ractor_struct {
+    struct rb_ractor_pub pub;
+
+    struct rb_ractor_sync sync;
+    VALUE receiving_mutex;
+    bool yield_atexit;
+
+    // vm wide barrier synchronization
+    rb_nativethread_cond_t barrier_wait_cond;
+
+    // thread management
+    struct {
+        struct list_head set;
+        unsigned int cnt;
+        unsigned int blocking_cnt;
+        unsigned int sleeper;
+        rb_global_vm_lock_t gvl;
+        rb_execution_context_t *running_ec;
+        rb_thread_t *main;
+    } threads;
+    VALUE thgroup_default;
+
+    VALUE name;
+    VALUE loc;
+
+    // created
+    //   | ready to run
+    // ====================== inserted to vm->ractor
+    //   v
+    // blocking <---+ all threads are blocking
+    //   |          |
+    //   v          |
+    // running -----+
+    //   | all threads are terminated.
+    // ====================== removed from vm->ractor
+    //   v
+    // terminated
+    //
+    // status is protected by VM lock (global state)
+
+    enum ractor_status {
+        ractor_created,
+        ractor_running,
+        ractor_blocking,
+        ractor_terminated,
+    } status_;
+
+    struct list_node vmlr_node;
+
+    // ractor local data
+
+    st_table *local_storage;
+    struct rb_id_table *idkey_local_storage;
+
+    VALUE r_stdin;
+    VALUE r_stdout;
+    VALUE r_stderr;
+    VALUE verbose;
+    VALUE debug;
+
+    rb_ractor_newobj_cache_t newobj_cache;
+
+    // gc.c rb_objspace_reachable_objects_from
+    struct gc_mark_func_data_struct {
+        void *data;
+        void (*mark_func)(VALUE v, void *data);
+    } *mfd;
+}; // rb_ractor_t is defined in vm_core.h
+
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_ractor_self(const rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    return r->pub.self;
+}
+
+rb_ractor_t *rb_ractor_main_alloc(void);
+void rb_ractor_main_setup(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *main_ractor, rb_thread_t *main_thread);
+void rb_ractor_atexit(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE result);
+void rb_ractor_atexit_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void rb_ractor_teardown(rb_execution_context_t *ec);
+void rb_ractor_receive_parameters(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *g, int len, VALUE *ptr);
+void rb_ractor_send_parameters(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_ractor_t *g, VALUE args);
+
+VALUE rb_thread_create_ractor(rb_ractor_t *g, VALUE args, VALUE proc); // defined in thread.c
+
+rb_global_vm_lock_t *rb_ractor_gvl(rb_ractor_t *);
+int rb_ractor_living_thread_num(const rb_ractor_t *);
+VALUE rb_ractor_thread_list(rb_ractor_t *r);
+
+void rb_ractor_living_threads_init(rb_ractor_t *r);
+void rb_ractor_living_threads_insert(rb_ractor_t *r, rb_thread_t *th);
+void rb_ractor_living_threads_remove(rb_ractor_t *r, rb_thread_t *th);
+void rb_ractor_blocking_threads_inc(rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line); // TODO: file, line only for RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+void rb_ractor_blocking_threads_dec(rb_ractor_t *r, const char *file, int line); // TODO: file, line only for RUBY_DEBUG_LOG
+
+void rb_ractor_vm_barrier_interrupt_running_thread(rb_ractor_t *r);
+void rb_ractor_terminate_interrupt_main_thread(rb_ractor_t *r);
+void rb_ractor_terminate_all(void);
+bool rb_ractor_main_p_(void);
+void rb_ractor_finish_marking(void);
+void rb_ractor_atfork(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_thread_t *th);
+
+VALUE rb_ractor_ensure_shareable(VALUE obj, VALUE name);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+bool rb_ractor_shareable_p_continue(VALUE obj);
+
+// THIS FUNCTION SHOULD NOT CALL WHILE INCREMENTAL MARKING!!
+// This function is for T_DATA::free_func
+void rb_ractor_local_storage_delkey(rb_ractor_local_key_t key);
+
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+static inline bool
+rb_ractor_main_p(void)
+{
+    if (ruby_single_main_ractor) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_ractor_main_p_();
+    }
+}
+
+static inline bool
+rb_ractor_status_p(rb_ractor_t *r, enum ractor_status status)
+{
+    return r->status_ == status;
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_sleeper_threads_inc(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    r->threads.sleeper++;
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_sleeper_threads_dec(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    r->threads.sleeper--;
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_sleeper_threads_clear(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    r->threads.sleeper = 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_ractor_sleeper_thread_num(rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    return r->threads.sleeper;
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_thread_switch(rb_ractor_t *cr, rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+  if (cr->threads.running_ec != th->ec) {
+        if (0) fprintf(stderr, "rb_ractor_thread_switch ec:%p->%p\n",
+                       (void *)cr->threads.running_ec, (void *)th->ec);
+    }
+    else {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (cr->threads.running_ec != th->ec) {
+        th->running_time_us = 0;
+    }
+
+    cr->threads.running_ec = th->ec;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(cr == GET_RACTOR());
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_set_current_ec(rb_ractor_t *cr, rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+#ifdef RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER
+  #if __APPLE__
+    rb_current_ec_set(ec);
+  #else
+    ruby_current_ec = ec;
+  #endif
+#else
+    native_tls_set(ruby_current_ec_key, ec);
+#endif
+
+    if (cr->threads.running_ec != ec) {
+        if (0) fprintf(stderr, "rb_ractor_set_current_ec ec:%p->%p\n",
+                       (void *)cr->threads.running_ec, (void *)ec);
+    }
+    else {
+        VM_ASSERT(0); // should be different
+    }
+
+    cr->threads.running_ec = ec;
+}
+
+void rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_inc(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line);
+void rb_vm_ractor_blocking_cnt_dec(rb_vm_t *vm, rb_ractor_t *cr, const char *file, int line);
+
+static inline uint32_t
+rb_ractor_id(const rb_ractor_t *r)
+{
+    return r->pub.id;
+}
+
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE > 0
+uint32_t rb_ractor_current_id(void);
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_setup_belonging_to(VALUE obj, uint32_t rid)
+{
+    VALUE flags = RBASIC(obj)->flags & 0xffffffff; // 4B
+    RBASIC(obj)->flags = flags | ((VALUE)rid << 32);
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_ractor_setup_belonging(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_ractor_setup_belonging_to(obj, rb_ractor_current_id());
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+rb_ractor_belonging(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj) || RB_OBJ_SHAREABLE_P(obj)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        return RBASIC(obj)->flags >> 32;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_ractor_confirm_belonging(VALUE obj)
+{
+    uint32_t id = rb_ractor_belonging(obj);
+
+    if (id == 0) {
+        if (UNLIKELY(!rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj))) {
+            rp(obj);
+            rb_bug("id == 0 but not shareable");
+        }
+    }
+    else if (UNLIKELY(id != rb_ractor_current_id())) {
+        if (rb_ractor_shareable_p(obj)) {
+            // ok
+        }
+        else {
+            rp(obj);
+            rb_bug("rb_ractor_confirm_belonging object-ractor id:%u, current-ractor id:%u", id, rb_ractor_current_id());
+        }
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+#else
+#define rb_ractor_confirm_belonging(obj) obj
+#endif
diff --git a/random.c b/random.c
index 6ddf4d186e..4d70c17116 100644
--- a/random.c
+++ b/random.c
@@ -9,193 +9,70 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-/*
-This is based on trimmed version of MT19937.  To get the original version,
-contact <http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html>.
-
-The original copyright notice follows.
-
-   A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/2/10.
-   Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.
-   This is a faster version by taking Shawn Cokus's optimization,
-   Matthe Bellew's simplification, Isaku Wada's real version.
-
-   Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(mt, seed)
-   or init_by_array(mt, init_key, key_length).
-
-   Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
-   All rights reserved.
-
-   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-   are met:
-
-     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-
-     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
-        products derived from this software without specific prior written
-        permission.
-
-   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
-   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
-   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
-   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
-   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
-   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
-   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
-   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-
-   Any feedback is very welcome.
-   http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/matumoto/emt.html
-   email: matumoto@math.keio.ac.jp
-*/
-
-#include "internal.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
 
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-#include <unistd.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
 #endif
-#include <time.h>
+
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+
 #ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
-#include <fcntl.h>
+# include <fcntl.h>
 #endif
-#include <math.h>
-#include <errno.h>
+
 #if defined(HAVE_SYS_TIME_H)
-#include <sys/time.h>
+# include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYSCALL_H
-#include <syscall.h>
+# include <syscall.h>
 #elif defined HAVE_SYS_SYSCALL_H
-#include <sys/syscall.h>
+# include <sys/syscall.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#include <windows.h>
-#include <wincrypt.h>
+# include <winsock2.h>
+# include <windows.h>
+# include <wincrypt.h>
 #endif
-#include "ruby_atomic.h"
-
-typedef int int_must_be_32bit_at_least[sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT < 32 ? -1 : 1];
-
-/* Period parameters */
-#define N 624
-#define M 397
-#define MATRIX_A 0x9908b0dfU	/* constant vector a */
-#define UMASK 0x80000000U	/* most significant w-r bits */
-#define LMASK 0x7fffffffU	/* least significant r bits */
-#define MIXBITS(u,v) ( ((u) & UMASK) | ((v) & LMASK) )
-#define TWIST(u,v) ((MIXBITS((u),(v)) >> 1) ^ ((v)&1U ? MATRIX_A : 0U))
-
-enum {MT_MAX_STATE = N};
-
-struct MT {
-    /* assume int is enough to store 32bits */
-    uint32_t state[N]; /* the array for the state vector  */
-    uint32_t *next;
-    int left;
-};
-
-#define genrand_initialized(mt) ((mt)->next != 0)
-#define uninit_genrand(mt) ((mt)->next = 0)
-
-/* initializes state[N] with a seed */
-static void
-init_genrand(struct MT *mt, unsigned int s)
-{
-    int j;
-    mt->state[0] = s & 0xffffffffU;
-    for (j=1; j<N; j++) {
-        mt->state[j] = (1812433253U * (mt->state[j-1] ^ (mt->state[j-1] >> 30)) + j);
-        /* See Knuth TAOCP Vol2. 3rd Ed. P.106 for multiplier. */
-        /* In the previous versions, MSBs of the seed affect   */
-        /* only MSBs of the array state[].                     */
-        /* 2002/01/09 modified by Makoto Matsumoto             */
-        mt->state[j] &= 0xffffffff;  /* for >32 bit machines */
-    }
-    mt->left = 1;
-    mt->next = mt->state + N;
-}
-
-/* initialize by an array with array-length */
-/* init_key is the array for initializing keys */
-/* key_length is its length */
-/* slight change for C++, 2004/2/26 */
-static void
-init_by_array(struct MT *mt, const uint32_t init_key[], int key_length)
-{
-    int i, j, k;
-    init_genrand(mt, 19650218U);
-    i=1; j=0;
-    k = (N>key_length ? N : key_length);
-    for (; k; k--) {
-        mt->state[i] = (mt->state[i] ^ ((mt->state[i-1] ^ (mt->state[i-1] >> 30)) * 1664525U))
-          + init_key[j] + j; /* non linear */
-        mt->state[i] &= 0xffffffffU; /* for WORDSIZE > 32 machines */
-        i++; j++;
-        if (i>=N) { mt->state[0] = mt->state[N-1]; i=1; }
-        if (j>=key_length) j=0;
-    }
-    for (k=N-1; k; k--) {
-        mt->state[i] = (mt->state[i] ^ ((mt->state[i-1] ^ (mt->state[i-1] >> 30)) * 1566083941U))
-          - i; /* non linear */
-        mt->state[i] &= 0xffffffffU; /* for WORDSIZE > 32 machines */
-        i++;
-        if (i>=N) { mt->state[0] = mt->state[N-1]; i=1; }
-    }
-
-    mt->state[0] = 0x80000000U; /* MSB is 1; assuring non-zero initial array */
-}
-
-static void
-next_state(struct MT *mt)
-{
-    uint32_t *p = mt->state;
-    int j;
 
-    mt->left = N;
-    mt->next = mt->state;
-
-    for (j=N-M+1; --j; p++)
-        *p = p[M] ^ TWIST(p[0], p[1]);
-
-    for (j=M; --j; p++)
-        *p = p[M-N] ^ TWIST(p[0], p[1]);
+#ifdef __OpenBSD__
+/* to define OpenBSD for version check */
+# include <sys/param.h>
+#endif
 
-    *p = p[M-N] ^ TWIST(p[0], mt->state[0]);
-}
+#if defined HAVE_GETRANDOM
+# include <sys/random.h>
+#elif defined __linux__ && defined __NR_getrandom
+# include <linux/random.h>
+#endif
 
-/* generates a random number on [0,0xffffffff]-interval */
-static unsigned int
-genrand_int32(struct MT *mt)
-{
-    /* mt must be initialized */
-    unsigned int y;
+#if defined __APPLE__
+# include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
+#endif
 
-    if (--mt->left <= 0) next_state(mt);
-    y = *mt->next++;
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/compilers.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/random.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "ruby_atomic.h"
+#include "ruby/random.h"
+#include "ruby/ractor.h"
 
-    /* Tempering */
-    y ^= (y >> 11);
-    y ^= (y << 7) & 0x9d2c5680;
-    y ^= (y << 15) & 0xefc60000;
-    y ^= (y >> 18);
+typedef int int_must_be_32bit_at_least[sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT < 32 ? -1 : 1];
 
-    return y;
-}
+#include "missing/mt19937.c"
 
 /* generates a random number on [0,1) with 53-bit resolution*/
 static double int_pair_to_real_exclusive(uint32_t a, uint32_t b);
@@ -207,12 +84,22 @@ genrand_real(struct MT *mt)
     return int_pair_to_real_exclusive(a, b);
 }
 
+static const double dbl_reduce_scale = /* 2**(-DBL_MANT_DIG) */
+    (1.0
+     / (double)(DBL_MANT_DIG > 2*31 ? (1ul<<31) : 1.0)
+     / (double)(DBL_MANT_DIG > 1*31 ? (1ul<<31) : 1.0)
+     / (double)(1ul<<(DBL_MANT_DIG%31)));
+
 static double
 int_pair_to_real_exclusive(uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
 {
-    a >>= 5;
-    b >>= 6;
-    return(a*67108864.0+b)*(1.0/9007199254740992.0);
+    static const int a_shift = DBL_MANT_DIG < 64 ?
+        (64-DBL_MANT_DIG)/2 : 0;
+    static const int b_shift = DBL_MANT_DIG < 64 ?
+        (65-DBL_MANT_DIG)/2 : 0;
+    a >>= a_shift;
+    b >>= b_shift;
+    return (a*(double)(1ul<<(32-b_shift))+b)*dbl_reduce_scale;
 }
 
 /* generates a random number on [0,1] with 53-bit resolution*/
@@ -233,44 +120,82 @@ genrand_real2(struct MT *mt)
 #undef M
 
 typedef struct {
-    VALUE seed;
+    rb_random_t base;
     struct MT mt;
-} rb_random_t;
+} rb_random_mt_t;
 
 #define DEFAULT_SEED_CNT 4
 
-static rb_random_t default_rand;
+static VALUE rand_init(const rb_random_interface_t *, rb_random_t *, VALUE);
+static VALUE random_seed(VALUE);
+static void fill_random_seed(uint32_t *seed, size_t cnt);
+static VALUE make_seed_value(uint32_t *ptr, size_t len);
 
-static VALUE rand_init(struct MT *mt, VALUE vseed);
-static VALUE random_seed(void);
+RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DECLARE(rand_mt);
+static const rb_random_interface_t random_mt_if = {
+    DEFAULT_SEED_CNT * 32,
+    RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(rand_mt)
+};
 
-static rb_random_t *
-rand_start(rb_random_t *r)
+static rb_random_mt_t *
+rand_mt_start(rb_random_mt_t *r)
 {
-    struct MT *mt = &r->mt;
-    if (!genrand_initialized(mt)) {
-	r->seed = rand_init(mt, random_seed());
+    if (!genrand_initialized(&r->mt)) {
+	r->base.seed = rand_init(&random_mt_if, &r->base, random_seed(Qundef));
     }
     return r;
 }
 
-static struct MT *
+static rb_random_t *
+rand_start(rb_random_mt_t *r)
+{
+    return &rand_mt_start(r)->base;
+}
+
+static rb_ractor_local_key_t default_rand_key;
+
+static void
+default_rand_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = (rb_random_mt_t *)ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark(rnd->base.seed);
+}
+
+static const struct rb_ractor_local_storage_type default_rand_key_storage_type = {
+    default_rand_mark,
+    ruby_xfree,
+};
+
+static rb_random_mt_t *
+default_rand(void)
+{
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd;
+
+    if ((rnd = rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr(default_rand_key)) == NULL) {
+        rnd = ZALLOC(rb_random_mt_t);
+        rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_set(default_rand_key, rnd);
+    }
+
+    return rnd;
+}
+
+static rb_random_mt_t *
 default_mt(void)
 {
-    return &rand_start(&default_rand)->mt;
+    return rand_mt_start(default_rand());
 }
 
 unsigned int
 rb_genrand_int32(void)
 {
-    struct MT *mt = default_mt();
+    struct MT *mt = &default_mt()->mt;
     return genrand_int32(mt);
 }
 
 double
 rb_genrand_real(void)
 {
-    struct MT *mt = default_mt();
+    struct MT *mt = &default_mt()->mt;
     return genrand_real(mt);
 }
 
@@ -280,13 +205,13 @@ static double
 int_pair_to_real_inclusive(uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
 {
     double r;
-    enum {dig = 53};
+    enum {dig = DBL_MANT_DIG};
     enum {dig_u = dig-32, dig_r64 = 64-dig, bmask = ~(~0u<<(dig_r64))};
 #if defined HAVE_UINT128_T
     const uint128_t m = ((uint128_t)1 << dig) | 1;
     uint128_t x = ((uint128_t)a << 32) | b;
     r = (double)(uint64_t)((x * m) >> 64);
-#elif defined HAVE_UINT64_T && !(defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER <= 1200)
+#elif defined HAVE_UINT64_T && !MSC_VERSION_BEFORE(1300)
     uint64_t x = ((uint64_t)a << dig_u) +
 	(((uint64_t)b + (a >> dig_u)) >> dig_r64);
     r = (double)x;
@@ -295,27 +220,25 @@ int_pair_to_real_inclusive(uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
     b = (b >> dig_r64) + (((a >> dig_u) + (b & bmask)) >> dig_r64);
     r = (double)a * (1 << dig_u) + b;
 #endif
-    return ldexp(r, -dig);
+    return r * dbl_reduce_scale;
 }
 
 VALUE rb_cRandom;
 #define id_minus '-'
 #define id_plus  '+'
 static ID id_rand, id_bytes;
+NORETURN(static void domain_error(void));
 
 /* :nodoc: */
-static void
+#define random_mark rb_random_mark
+
+void
 random_mark(void *ptr)
 {
     rb_gc_mark(((rb_random_t *)ptr)->seed);
 }
 
-static void
-random_free(void *ptr)
-{
-    if (ptr != &default_rand)
-	xfree(ptr);
-}
+#define random_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
 
 static size_t
 random_memsize(const void *ptr)
@@ -323,7 +246,7 @@ random_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return sizeof(rb_random_t);
 }
 
-static const rb_data_type_t random_data_type = {
+const rb_data_type_t rb_random_data_type = {
     "random",
     {
 	random_mark,
@@ -333,11 +256,49 @@ static const rb_data_type_t random_data_type = {
     0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
+#define random_mt_mark rb_random_mark
+
+static void
+random_mt_free(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr(default_rand_key);
+    if (ptr != rnd)
+	xfree(ptr);
+}
+
+static size_t
+random_mt_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    return sizeof(rb_random_mt_t);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t random_mt_type = {
+    "random/MT",
+    {
+	random_mt_mark,
+	random_mt_free,
+	random_mt_memsize,
+    },
+    &rb_random_data_type,
+    (void *)&random_mt_if,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
 static rb_random_t *
 get_rnd(VALUE obj)
 {
     rb_random_t *ptr;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_random_t, &random_data_type, ptr);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_random_t, &rb_random_data_type, ptr);
+    if (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == &random_mt_type)
+        return rand_start((rb_random_mt_t *)ptr);
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+static rb_random_mt_t *
+get_rnd_mt(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_random_mt_t *ptr;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, rb_random_mt_t, &random_mt_type, ptr);
     return ptr;
 }
 
@@ -345,50 +306,82 @@ static rb_random_t *
 try_get_rnd(VALUE obj)
 {
     if (obj == rb_cRandom) {
-	return rand_start(&default_rand);
+	return rand_start(default_rand());
+    }
+    if (!rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &rb_random_data_type)) return NULL;
+    if (RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj) == &random_mt_type)
+        return rand_start(DATA_PTR(obj));
+    rb_random_t *rnd = DATA_PTR(obj);
+    if (!rnd) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized random: %s",
+                 RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name);
+    }
+    return rnd;
+}
+
+static const rb_random_interface_t *
+try_rand_if(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd)
+{
+    if (rnd == &default_rand()->base) {
+	return &random_mt_if;
     }
-    if (!rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(obj, &random_data_type)) return NULL;
-    return DATA_PTR(obj);
+    return rb_rand_if(obj);
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+void
+rb_random_base_init(rb_random_t *rnd)
+{
+    rnd->seed = INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 random_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd;
-    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_random_t, &random_data_type, rnd);
-    rnd->seed = INT2FIX(0);
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_random_mt_t, &random_mt_type, rnd);
+    rb_random_base_init(&rnd->base);
     return obj;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rand_init(struct MT *mt, VALUE seed)
+rand_init_default(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd)
 {
-    uint32_t buf0[SIZEOF_LONG / SIZEOF_INT32 * 4], *buf = buf0;
+    VALUE seed, buf0 = 0;
+    size_t len = roomof(rng->default_seed_bits, 32);
+    uint32_t *buf = ALLOCV_N(uint32_t, buf0, len+1);
+
+    fill_random_seed(buf, len);
+    rng->init(rnd, buf, len);
+    seed = make_seed_value(buf, len);
+    explicit_bzero(buf, len * sizeof(*buf));
+    ALLOCV_END(buf0);
+    return seed;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rand_init(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE seed)
+{
+    uint32_t *buf;
+    VALUE buf0 = 0;
     size_t len;
     int sign;
 
     len = rb_absint_numwords(seed, 32, NULL);
-    if (len > numberof(buf0))
-        buf = ALLOC_N(uint32_t, len);
+    if (len == 0) len = 1;
+    buf = ALLOCV_N(uint32_t, buf0, len);
     sign = rb_integer_pack(seed, buf, len, sizeof(uint32_t), 0,
         INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST|INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER);
     if (sign < 0)
         sign = -sign;
-    if (len == 0) {
-        buf[0] = 0;
-        len = 1;
-    }
-    if (len <= 1) {
-        init_genrand(mt, buf[0]);
-    }
-    else {
+    if (len > 1) {
         if (sign != 2 && buf[len-1] == 1) /* remove leading-zero-guard */
             len--;
-        init_by_array(mt, buf, (int)len);
     }
+    rng->init(rnd, buf, len);
     explicit_bzero(buf, len * sizeof(*buf));
-    if (buf != buf0) xfree(buf);
+    ALLOCV_END(buf0);
     return seed;
 }
 
@@ -404,19 +397,21 @@ rand_init(struct MT *mt, VALUE seed)
 static VALUE
 random_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE vseed;
-    rb_random_t *rnd = get_rnd(obj);
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
+    const rb_random_interface_t *rng = rb_rand_if(obj);
 
-    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
-	rb_check_frozen(obj);
-	vseed = random_seed();
+    if (!rng) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "undefined random interface: %s",
+                 RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name);
+    }
+    argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
+    rb_check_frozen(obj);
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        rnd->seed = rand_init_default(rng, rnd);
     }
     else {
-	vseed = argv[0];
-	rb_check_copyable(obj, vseed);
-	vseed = rb_to_int(vseed);
+        rnd->seed = rand_init(rng, rnd, rb_to_int(argv[0]));
     }
-    rnd->seed = rand_init(&rnd->mt, vseed);
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -447,27 +442,69 @@ fill_random_bytes_urandom(void *seed, size_t size)
 			     O_RDONLY, 0);
     struct stat statbuf;
     ssize_t ret = 0;
+    size_t offset = 0;
 
     if (fd < 0) return -1;
     rb_update_max_fd(fd);
     if (fstat(fd, &statbuf) == 0 && S_ISCHR(statbuf.st_mode)) {
-	ret = read(fd, seed, size);
+	do {
+	    ret = read(fd, ((char*)seed) + offset, size - offset);
+	    if (ret < 0) {
+		close(fd);
+		return -1;
+	    }
+	    offset += (size_t)ret;
+	} while (offset < size);
     }
     close(fd);
-    if (ret < 0 || (size_t)ret < size) return -1;
     return 0;
 }
 #else
 # define fill_random_bytes_urandom(seed, size) -1
 #endif
 
+#if ! defined HAVE_GETRANDOM && defined __linux__ && defined __NR_getrandom
+# ifndef GRND_NONBLOCK
+#   define GRND_NONBLOCK 0x0001	/* not defined in musl libc */
+# endif
+# define getrandom(ptr, size, flags) \
+    (ssize_t)syscall(__NR_getrandom, (ptr), (size), (flags))
+# define HAVE_GETRANDOM 1
+#endif
+
 #if 0
+#elif defined MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7 && MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_7
+#include <Security/Security.h>
+
+static int
+fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int unused)
+{
+    int status = SecRandomCopyBytes(kSecRandomDefault, size, seed);
+
+    if (status != errSecSuccess) {
+# if 0
+        CFStringRef s = SecCopyErrorMessageString(status, NULL);
+        const char *m = s ? CFStringGetCStringPtr(s, kCFStringEncodingUTF8) : NULL;
+        fprintf(stderr, "SecRandomCopyBytes failed: %d: %s\n", status,
+                m ? m : "unknown");
+        if (s) CFRelease(s);
+# endif
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
 #elif defined(HAVE_ARC4RANDOM_BUF)
 static int
 fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *buf, size_t size, int unused)
 {
+#if (defined(__OpenBSD__) && OpenBSD >= 201411) || \
+    (defined(__NetBSD__)  && __NetBSD_Version__ >= 700000000) || \
+    (defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD_version >= 1200079)
     arc4random_buf(buf, size);
     return 0;
+#else
+    return -1;
+#endif
 }
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
 static void
@@ -489,12 +526,14 @@ fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int unused)
 	    prov = (HCRYPTPROV)INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
 	}
 	old_prov = (HCRYPTPROV)ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(perm_prov, 0, prov);
-	if (LIKELY(!old_prov)) { /* no other threads acquried */
+	if (LIKELY(!old_prov)) { /* no other threads acquired */
 	    if (prov != (HCRYPTPROV)INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
+#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
 		rb_gc_register_mark_object(Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, release_crypt, &perm_prov));
 	    }
 	}
-	else {			/* another thread acquried */
+	else {			/* another thread acquired */
 	    if (prov != (HCRYPTPROV)INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
 		CryptReleaseContext(prov, 0);
 	    }
@@ -505,29 +544,26 @@ fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int unused)
     CryptGenRandom(prov, size, seed);
     return 0;
 }
-#elif defined __linux__ && defined SYS_getrandom
-#include <linux/random.h>
-
-# ifndef GRND_NONBLOCK
-#   define GRND_NONBLOCK 0x0001	/* not defined in musl libc */
-# endif
-
+#elif defined HAVE_GETRANDOM
 static int
 fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
 {
     static rb_atomic_t try_syscall = 1;
     if (try_syscall) {
-	long ret;
+	size_t offset = 0;
 	int flags = 0;
 	if (!need_secure)
 	    flags = GRND_NONBLOCK;
-	errno = 0;
-	ret = syscall(SYS_getrandom, seed, size, flags);
-	if (errno == ENOSYS) {
-	    ATOMIC_SET(try_syscall, 0);
-	    return -1;
-	}
-	if ((size_t)ret == size) return 0;
+	do {
+	    errno = 0;
+            ssize_t ret = getrandom(((char*)seed) + offset, size - offset, flags);
+	    if (ret == -1) {
+		ATOMIC_SET(try_syscall, 0);
+		return -1;
+	    }
+	    offset += (size_t)ret;
+	} while (offset < size);
+	return 0;
     }
     return -1;
 }
@@ -535,27 +571,39 @@ fill_random_bytes_syscall(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
 # define fill_random_bytes_syscall(seed, size, need_secure) -1
 #endif
 
-static int
-fill_random_bytes(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
+int
+ruby_fill_random_bytes(void *seed, size_t size, int need_secure)
 {
     int ret = fill_random_bytes_syscall(seed, size, need_secure);
     if (ret == 0) return ret;
     return fill_random_bytes_urandom(seed, size);
 }
 
+#define fill_random_bytes ruby_fill_random_bytes
+
+/* cnt must be 4 or more */
 static void
 fill_random_seed(uint32_t *seed, size_t cnt)
 {
     static int n = 0;
+#if defined HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME
+    struct timespec tv;
+#elif defined HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
     struct timeval tv;
+#endif
     size_t len = cnt * sizeof(*seed);
 
     memset(seed, 0, len);
 
-    fill_random_bytes(seed, len, TRUE);
+    fill_random_bytes(seed, len, FALSE);
 
+#if defined HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tv);
+    seed[0] ^= tv.tv_nsec;
+#elif defined HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
     gettimeofday(&tv, 0);
     seed[0] ^= tv.tv_usec;
+#endif
     seed[1] ^= (uint32_t)tv.tv_sec;
 #if SIZEOF_TIME_T > SIZEOF_INT
     seed[0] ^= (uint32_t)((time_t)tv.tv_sec >> SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT);
@@ -583,6 +631,10 @@ make_seed_value(uint32_t *ptr, size_t len)
     return seed;
 }
 
+#define with_random_seed(size, add) \
+    for (uint32_t seedbuf[(size)+(add)], loop = (fill_random_seed(seedbuf, (size)), 1); \
+         loop; explicit_bzero(seedbuf, (size)*sizeof(seedbuf[0])), loop = 0)
+
 /*
  * call-seq: Random.new_seed -> integer
  *
@@ -592,22 +644,30 @@ make_seed_value(uint32_t *ptr, size_t len)
  *   Random.new_seed  #=> 115032730400174366788466674494640623225
  */
 static VALUE
-random_seed(void)
+random_seed(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE v;
-    uint32_t buf[DEFAULT_SEED_CNT+1];
-    fill_random_seed(buf, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
-    v = make_seed_value(buf, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
-    explicit_bzero(buf, DEFAULT_SEED_LEN);
+    with_random_seed(DEFAULT_SEED_CNT, 1) {
+        v = make_seed_value(seedbuf, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
+    }
     return v;
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: Random.raw_seed(size) -> string
+ * call-seq: Random.urandom(size) -> string
+ *
+ * Returns a string, using platform providing features.
+ * Returned value is expected to be a cryptographically secure
+ * pseudo-random number in binary form.
+ * This method raises a RuntimeError if the feature provided by platform
+ * failed to prepare the result.
  *
- * Returns a raw seed string, using platform providing features.
+ * In 2017, Linux manpage random(7) writes that "no cryptographic
+ * primitive available today can hope to promise more than 256 bits of
+ * security".  So it might be questionable to pass size > 32 to this
+ * method.
  *
- *   Random.raw_seed(8)  #=> "\x78\x41\xBA\xAF\x7D\xEA\xD8\xEA"
+ *   Random.urandom(8)  #=> "\x78\x41\xBA\xAF\x7D\xEA\xD8\xEA"
  */
 static VALUE
 random_raw_seed(VALUE self, VALUE size)
@@ -615,7 +675,8 @@ random_raw_seed(VALUE self, VALUE size)
     long n = NUM2ULONG(size);
     VALUE buf = rb_str_new(0, n);
     if (n == 0) return buf;
-    if (fill_random_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(buf), n, FALSE)) return Qnil;
+    if (fill_random_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(buf), n, TRUE))
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "failed to get urandom");
     return buf;
 }
 
@@ -641,15 +702,15 @@ random_get_seed(VALUE obj)
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-random_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
+rand_mt_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd1, *rnd2;
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd1, *rnd2;
     struct MT *mt;
 
     if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(obj, orig)) return obj;
 
-    rnd1 = get_rnd(obj);
-    rnd2 = get_rnd(orig);
+    rnd1 = get_rnd_mt(obj);
+    rnd2 = get_rnd_mt(orig);
     mt = &rnd1->mt;
 
     *rnd1 = *rnd2;
@@ -667,9 +728,9 @@ mt_state(const struct MT *mt)
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-random_state(VALUE obj)
+rand_mt_state(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = get_rnd(obj);
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = get_rnd_mt(obj);
     return mt_state(&rnd->mt);
 }
 
@@ -677,14 +738,14 @@ random_state(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 random_s_state(VALUE klass)
 {
-    return mt_state(&default_rand.mt);
+    return mt_state(&default_rand()->mt);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-random_left(VALUE obj)
+rand_mt_left(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = get_rnd(obj);
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = get_rnd_mt(obj);
     return INT2FIX(rnd->mt.left);
 }
 
@@ -692,43 +753,41 @@ random_left(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 random_s_left(VALUE klass)
 {
-    return INT2FIX(default_rand.mt.left);
+    return INT2FIX(default_rand()->mt.left);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-random_dump(VALUE obj)
+rand_mt_dump(VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = get_rnd(obj);
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = rb_check_typeddata(obj, &random_mt_type);
     VALUE dump = rb_ary_new2(3);
 
     rb_ary_push(dump, mt_state(&rnd->mt));
     rb_ary_push(dump, INT2FIX(rnd->mt.left));
-    rb_ary_push(dump, rnd->seed);
+    rb_ary_push(dump, rnd->base.seed);
 
     return dump;
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-random_load(VALUE obj, VALUE dump)
+rand_mt_load(VALUE obj, VALUE dump)
 {
-    rb_random_t *rnd = get_rnd(obj);
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = rb_check_typeddata(obj, &random_mt_type);
     struct MT *mt = &rnd->mt;
     VALUE state, left = INT2FIX(1), seed = INT2FIX(0);
-    const VALUE *ary;
     unsigned long x;
 
     rb_check_copyable(obj, dump);
     Check_Type(dump, T_ARRAY);
-    ary = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(dump);
     switch (RARRAY_LEN(dump)) {
       case 3:
-	seed = ary[2];
+        seed = RARRAY_AREF(dump, 2);
       case 2:
-	left = ary[1];
+        left = RARRAY_AREF(dump, 1);
       case 1:
-	state = ary[0];
+        state = RARRAY_AREF(dump, 0);
 	break;
       default:
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong dump data");
@@ -742,17 +801,42 @@ random_load(VALUE obj, VALUE dump)
     }
     mt->left = (unsigned int)x;
     mt->next = mt->state + numberof(mt->state) - x + 1;
-    rnd->seed = rb_to_int(seed);
+    rnd->base.seed = rb_to_int(seed);
 
     return obj;
 }
 
+static void
+rand_mt_init(rb_random_t *rnd, const uint32_t *buf, size_t len)
+{
+    struct MT *mt = &((rb_random_mt_t *)rnd)->mt;
+    if (len <= 1) {
+        init_genrand(mt, len ? buf[0] : 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        init_by_array(mt, buf, (int)len);
+    }
+}
+
+static unsigned int
+rand_mt_get_int32(rb_random_t *rnd)
+{
+    struct MT *mt = &((rb_random_mt_t *)rnd)->mt;
+    return genrand_int32(mt);
+}
+
+static void
+rand_mt_get_bytes(rb_random_t *rnd, void *ptr, size_t n)
+{
+    rb_rand_bytes_int32(rand_mt_get_int32, rnd, ptr, n);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   srand(number = Random.new_seed) -> old_seed
  *
- * Seeds the system pseudo-random number generator, Random::DEFAULT, with
- * +number+.  The previous seed value is returned.
+ * Seeds the system pseudo-random number generator, with +number+.
+ * The previous seed value is returned.
  *
  * If +number+ is omitted, seeds the generator using a source of entropy
  * provided by the operating system, if available (/dev/urandom on Unix systems
@@ -774,16 +858,17 @@ static VALUE
 rb_f_srand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE seed, old;
-    rb_random_t *r = &default_rand;
+    rb_random_mt_t *r = rand_mt_start(default_rand());
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
-	seed = random_seed();
+        seed = random_seed(obj);
     }
     else {
 	seed = rb_to_int(argv[0]);
     }
-    old = r->seed;
-    r->seed = rand_init(&r->mt, seed);
+    old = r->base.seed;
+    rand_init(&random_mt_if, &r->base, seed);
+    r->base.seed = seed;
 
     return old;
 }
@@ -803,7 +888,7 @@ make_mask(unsigned long x)
 }
 
 static unsigned long
-limited_rand(struct MT *mt, unsigned long limit)
+limited_rand(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, unsigned long limit)
 {
     /* mt must be initialized */
     unsigned long val, mask;
@@ -818,7 +903,7 @@ limited_rand(struct MT *mt, unsigned long limit)
         val = 0;
         for (i = SIZEOF_LONG/SIZEOF_INT32-1; 0 <= i; i--) {
             if ((mask >> (i * 32)) & 0xffffffff) {
-                val |= (unsigned long)genrand_int32(mt) << (i * 32);
+                val |= (unsigned long)rng->get_int32(rnd) << (i * 32);
                 val &= mask;
                 if (limit < val)
                     goto retry;
@@ -829,13 +914,13 @@ limited_rand(struct MT *mt, unsigned long limit)
 #endif
 
     do {
-        val = genrand_int32(mt) & mask;
+        val = rng->get_int32(rnd) & mask;
     } while (limit < val);
     return val;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-limited_big_rand(struct MT *mt, VALUE limit)
+limited_big_rand(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE limit)
 {
     /* mt must be initialized */
 
@@ -859,22 +944,19 @@ limited_big_rand(struct MT *mt, VALUE limit)
     mask = 0;
     boundary = 1;
     for (i = len-1; 0 <= i; i--) {
-	uint32_t rnd;
+        uint32_t r = 0;
         uint32_t lim = lim_array[i];
         mask = mask ? 0xffffffff : (uint32_t)make_mask(lim);
         if (mask) {
-            rnd = genrand_int32(mt) & mask;
+            r = rng->get_int32(rnd) & mask;
             if (boundary) {
-                if (lim < rnd)
+                if (lim < r)
                     goto retry;
-                if (rnd < lim)
+                if (r < lim)
                     boundary = 0;
             }
         }
-        else {
-            rnd = 0;
-        }
-        rnd_array[i] = rnd;
+        rnd_array[i] = r;
     }
     val = rb_integer_unpack(rnd_array, len, sizeof(uint32_t), 0,
         INTEGER_PACK_LSWORD_FIRST|INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER);
@@ -892,7 +974,8 @@ limited_big_rand(struct MT *mt, VALUE limit)
 unsigned long
 rb_genrand_ulong_limited(unsigned long limit)
 {
-    return limited_rand(default_mt(), limit);
+    rb_random_mt_t *mt = default_mt();
+    return limited_rand(&random_mt_if, &mt->base, limit);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -912,9 +995,9 @@ obj_random_bytes(VALUE obj, void *p, long n)
 }
 
 static unsigned int
-random_int32(rb_random_t *rnd)
+random_int32(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd)
 {
-    return genrand_int32(&rnd->mt);
+    return rng->get_int32(rnd);
 }
 
 unsigned int
@@ -926,7 +1009,7 @@ rb_random_int32(VALUE obj)
 	obj_random_bytes(obj, &x, sizeof(x));
 	return (unsigned int)x;
     }
-    return random_int32(rnd);
+    return random_int32(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd);
 }
 
 static double
@@ -941,9 +1024,17 @@ random_real(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, int excl)
 	b = x[1];
     }
     else {
-	a = random_int32(rnd);
-	b = random_int32(rnd);
+        const rb_random_interface_t *rng = try_rand_if(obj, rnd);
+        if (rng->get_real) return rng->get_real(rnd, excl);
+        a = random_int32(rng, rnd);
+        b = random_int32(rng, rnd);
     }
+    return rb_int_pair_to_real(a, b, excl);
+}
+
+double
+rb_int_pair_to_real(uint32_t a, uint32_t b, int excl)
+{
     if (excl) {
 	return int_pair_to_real_exclusive(a, b);
     }
@@ -967,7 +1058,7 @@ rb_random_real(VALUE obj)
 	}
 	return d;
     }
-    return genrand_real(&rnd->mt);
+    return random_real(obj, rnd, TRUE);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -1009,7 +1100,7 @@ random_ulong_limited(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, unsigned long limit)
 	} while (limit < val);
 	return val;
     }
-    return limited_rand(&rnd->mt, limit);
+    return limited_rand(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, limit);
 }
 
 unsigned long
@@ -1028,7 +1119,7 @@ rb_random_ulong_limited(VALUE obj, unsigned long limit)
 	}
 	return r;
     }
-    return limited_rand(&rnd->mt, limit);
+    return limited_rand(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, limit);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1057,13 +1148,23 @@ random_ulong_limited_big(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax)
 	ALLOCV_END(vtmp);
 	return v;
     }
-    return limited_big_rand(&rnd->mt, vmax);
+    return limited_big_rand(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, vmax);
 }
 
-static VALUE genrand_bytes(rb_random_t *rnd, long n);
+static VALUE
+rand_bytes(const rb_random_interface_t *rng, rb_random_t *rnd, long n)
+{
+    VALUE bytes;
+    char *ptr;
+
+    bytes = rb_str_new(0, n);
+    ptr = RSTRING_PTR(bytes);
+    rb_rand_bytes_int32(rng->get_int32, rnd, ptr, n);
+    return bytes;
+}
 
 /*
- * call-seq: prng.bytes(size) -> a_string
+ * call-seq: prng.bytes(size) -> string
  *
  * Returns a random binary string containing +size+ bytes.
  *
@@ -1073,20 +1174,18 @@ static VALUE genrand_bytes(rb_random_t *rnd, long n);
 static VALUE
 random_bytes(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
 {
-    return genrand_bytes(get_rnd(obj), NUM2LONG(rb_to_int(len)));
+    rb_random_t *rnd = try_get_rnd(obj);
+    return rand_bytes(rb_rand_if(obj), rnd, NUM2LONG(rb_to_int(len)));
 }
 
-static VALUE
-genrand_bytes(rb_random_t *rnd, long n)
+void
+rb_rand_bytes_int32(rb_random_get_int32_func *get_int32,
+                    rb_random_t *rnd, void *p, size_t n)
 {
-    VALUE bytes;
-    char *ptr;
+    char *ptr = p;
     unsigned int r, i;
-
-    bytes = rb_str_new(0, n);
-    ptr = RSTRING_PTR(bytes);
     for (; n >= SIZEOF_INT32; n -= SIZEOF_INT32) {
-	r = genrand_int32(&rnd->mt);
+        r = get_int32(rnd);
 	i = SIZEOF_INT32;
 	do {
 	    *ptr++ = (char)r;
@@ -1094,13 +1193,12 @@ genrand_bytes(rb_random_t *rnd, long n)
         } while (--i);
     }
     if (n > 0) {
-	r = genrand_int32(&rnd->mt);
+        r = get_int32(rnd);
 	do {
 	    *ptr++ = (char)r;
 	    r >>= CHAR_BIT;
 	} while (--n);
     }
-    return bytes;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1110,20 +1208,40 @@ rb_random_bytes(VALUE obj, long n)
     if (!rnd) {
 	return obj_random_bytes(obj, NULL, n);
     }
-    return genrand_bytes(rnd, n);
+    return rand_bytes(try_rand_if(obj, rnd), rnd, n);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: Random.bytes(size) -> string
+ *
+ * Returns a random binary string.
+ * The argument +size+ specifies the length of the returned string.
+ */
+static VALUE
+random_s_bytes(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
+{
+    rb_random_t *rnd = rand_start(default_rand());
+    return rand_bytes(&random_mt_if, rnd, NUM2LONG(rb_to_int(len)));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+random_s_seed(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_random_mt_t *rnd = rand_mt_start(default_rand());
+    return rnd->base.seed;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 range_values(VALUE vmax, VALUE *begp, VALUE *endp, int *exclp)
 {
-    VALUE end, r;
+    VALUE beg, end;
 
-    if (!rb_range_values(vmax, begp, &end, exclp)) return Qfalse;
+    if (!rb_range_values(vmax, &beg, &end, exclp)) return Qfalse;
+    if (begp) *begp = beg;
+    if (NIL_P(beg)) return Qnil;
     if (endp) *endp = end;
-    if (!rb_respond_to(end, id_minus)) return Qfalse;
-    r = rb_funcallv(end, id_minus, 1, begp);
-    if (NIL_P(r)) return Qfalse;
-    return r;
+    if (NIL_P(end)) return Qnil;
+    return rb_check_funcall_default(end, id_minus, 1, begp, Qfalse);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1162,7 +1280,6 @@ rand_int(VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd, VALUE vmax, int restrictive)
     }
 }
 
-NORETURN(static void domain_error(void));
 static void
 domain_error(void)
 {
@@ -1208,12 +1325,13 @@ rand_range(VALUE obj, rb_random_t* rnd, VALUE range)
 
     if ((v = vmax = range_values(range, &beg, &end, &excl)) == Qfalse)
 	return Qfalse;
+    if (NIL_P(v)) domain_error();
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(vmax, T_FLOAT) && (v = rb_check_to_int(vmax), !NIL_P(v))) {
 	long max;
 	vmax = v;
 	v = Qnil;
+      fixnum:
 	if (FIXNUM_P(vmax)) {
-	  fixnum:
 	    if ((max = FIX2LONG(vmax) - excl) >= 0) {
 		unsigned long r = random_ulong_limited(obj, rnd, (unsigned long)max);
 		v = ULONG2NUM(r);
@@ -1310,7 +1428,7 @@ static VALUE rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd);
 static VALUE
 random_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, obj, get_rnd(obj));
+    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, obj, try_get_rnd(obj));
     check_random_number(v, argv);
     return v;
 }
@@ -1344,6 +1462,16 @@ rand_random(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj, rb_random_t *rnd)
     return rand_range(obj, rnd, vmax);
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   prng.random_number      -> float
+ *   prng.random_number(max) -> number
+ *   prng.rand               -> float
+ *   prng.rand(max)          -> number
+ *
+ * Generates formatted random number from raw random bytes.
+ * See Random#rand.
+ */
 static VALUE
 rand_random_number(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -1379,16 +1507,16 @@ rand_random_number(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  *   prng1 == prng2 # => true
  */
 static VALUE
-random_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+rand_mt_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    rb_random_t *r1, *r2;
+    rb_random_mt_t *r1, *r2;
     if (rb_obj_class(self) != rb_obj_class(other)) return Qfalse;
-    r1 = get_rnd(self);
-    r2 = get_rnd(other);
+    r1 = get_rnd_mt(self);
+    r2 = get_rnd_mt(other);
     if (memcmp(r1->mt.state, r2->mt.state, sizeof(r1->mt.state))) return Qfalse;
     if ((r1->mt.next - r1->mt.state) != (r2->mt.next - r2->mt.state)) return Qfalse;
     if (r1->mt.left != r2->mt.left) return Qfalse;
-    return rb_equal(r1->seed, r2->seed);
+    return rb_equal(r1->base.seed, r2->base.seed);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1426,38 +1554,36 @@ static VALUE
 rb_f_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE vmax;
-    rb_random_t *rnd = rand_start(&default_rand);
+    rb_random_t *rnd = rand_start(default_rand());
 
     if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(vmax = argv[0])) {
-	VALUE v = rand_range(Qnil, rnd, vmax);
+        VALUE v = rand_range(obj, rnd, vmax);
 	if (v != Qfalse) return v;
 	vmax = rb_to_int(vmax);
 	if (vmax != INT2FIX(0)) {
-	    v = rand_int(Qnil, rnd, vmax, 0);
+            v = rand_int(obj, rnd, vmax, 0);
 	    if (!NIL_P(v)) return v;
 	}
     }
-    return DBL2NUM(genrand_real(&rnd->mt));
+    return DBL2NUM(random_real(obj, rnd, TRUE));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Random.rand -> float
  *   Random.rand(max) -> number
- *
- * Alias of Random::DEFAULT.rand.
  */
 
 static VALUE
 random_s_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, Qnil, rand_start(&default_rand));
+    VALUE v = rand_random(argc, argv, Qnil, rand_start(default_rand()));
     check_random_number(v, argv);
     return v;
 }
 
 #define SIP_HASH_STREAMING 0
-#define sip_hash24 ruby_sip_hash24
+#define sip_hash13 ruby_sip_hash13
 #if !defined _WIN32 && !defined BYTE_ORDER
 # ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
 #   define BYTE_ORDER BIG_ENDIAN
@@ -1476,32 +1602,33 @@ random_s_rand(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 typedef struct {
     st_index_t hash;
     uint8_t sip[16];
-} seed_keys_t;
+} hash_salt_t;
 
 static union {
-    seed_keys_t key;
-    uint32_t u32[type_roomof(seed_keys_t, uint32_t)];
-} seed;
+    hash_salt_t key;
+    uint32_t u32[type_roomof(hash_salt_t, uint32_t)];
+} hash_salt;
 
 static void
-init_seed(struct MT *mt)
+init_hash_salt(struct MT *mt)
 {
     int i;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < numberof(seed.u32); ++i)
-	seed.u32[i] = genrand_int32(mt);
+    for (i = 0; i < numberof(hash_salt.u32); ++i)
+	hash_salt.u32[i] = genrand_int32(mt);
 }
 
+NO_SANITIZE("unsigned-integer-overflow", extern st_index_t rb_hash_start(st_index_t h));
 st_index_t
 rb_hash_start(st_index_t h)
 {
-    return st_hash_start(seed.key.hash + h);
+    return st_hash_start(hash_salt.key.hash + h);
 }
 
 st_index_t
 rb_memhash(const void *ptr, long len)
 {
-    sip_uint64_t h = sip_hash24(seed.key.sip, ptr, len);
+    sip_uint64_t h = sip_hash13(hash_salt.key.sip, ptr, len);
 #ifdef HAVE_UINT64_T
     return (st_index_t)h;
 #else
@@ -1514,54 +1641,31 @@ rb_memhash(const void *ptr, long len)
 void
 Init_RandomSeedCore(void)
 {
+    if (!fill_random_bytes(&hash_salt, sizeof(hash_salt), FALSE)) return;
+
     /*
-      Don't reuse this MT for Random::DEFAULT. Random::DEFAULT::seed shouldn't
+      If failed to fill siphash's salt with random data, expand less random
+      data with MT.
+
+      Don't reuse this MT for default_rand(). default_rand()::seed shouldn't
       provide a hint that an attacker guess siphash's seed.
     */
     struct MT mt;
-    uint32_t initial_seed[DEFAULT_SEED_CNT];
-
-    fill_random_seed(initial_seed, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
-    init_by_array(&mt, initial_seed, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
-
-    init_seed(&mt);
-
-    explicit_bzero(initial_seed, DEFAULT_SEED_LEN);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-init_randomseed(struct MT *mt)
-{
-    uint32_t initial[DEFAULT_SEED_CNT+1];
-    VALUE seed;
-
-    fill_random_seed(initial, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
-    init_by_array(mt, initial, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
-    seed = make_seed_value(initial, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
-    explicit_bzero(initial, DEFAULT_SEED_LEN);
-    return seed;
-}
-
-/* construct Random::DEFAULT bits */
-static VALUE
-Init_Random_default(void)
-{
-    rb_random_t *r = &default_rand;
-    struct MT *mt = &r->mt;
-    VALUE v = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cRandom, &random_data_type, r);
 
-    rb_gc_register_mark_object(v);
-    r->seed = init_randomseed(mt);
+    with_random_seed(DEFAULT_SEED_CNT, 0) {
+        init_by_array(&mt, seedbuf, DEFAULT_SEED_CNT);
+    }
 
-    return v;
+    init_hash_salt(&mt);
+    explicit_bzero(&mt, sizeof(mt));
 }
 
 void
 rb_reset_random_seed(void)
 {
-    rb_random_t *r = &default_rand;
+    rb_random_mt_t *r = default_rand();
     uninit_genrand(&r->mt);
-    r->seed = INT2FIX(0);
+    r->base.seed = INT2FIX(0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1577,55 +1681,72 @@ rb_reset_random_seed(void)
  *
  * The class method Random.rand provides the base functionality of Kernel.rand
  * along with better handling of floating point values. These are both
- * interfaces to Random::DEFAULT, the Ruby system PRNG.
+ * interfaces to the Ruby system PRNG.
  *
- * Random.new will create a new PRNG with a state independent of
- * Random::DEFAULT, allowing multiple generators with different seed values or
+ * Random.new will create a new PRNG with a state independent of the Ruby
+ * system PRNG, allowing multiple generators with different seed values or
  * sequence positions to exist simultaneously. Random objects can be
  * marshaled, allowing sequences to be saved and resumed.
  *
  * PRNGs are currently implemented as a modified Mersenne Twister with a period
- * of 2**19937-1.
+ * of 2**19937-1.  As this algorithm is _not_ for cryptographical use, you must
+ * use SecureRandom for security purpose, instead of this PRNG.
  */
 
 void
 InitVM_Random(void)
 {
+    VALUE base;
+    ID id_base = rb_intern_const("Base");
+
     rb_define_global_function("srand", rb_f_srand, -1);
     rb_define_global_function("rand", rb_f_rand, -1);
 
-    rb_cRandom = rb_define_class("Random", rb_cObject);
+    base = rb_define_class_id(id_base, rb_cObject);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(base);
+    rb_cRandom = rb_define_class("Random", base);
+    rb_const_set(rb_cRandom, id_base, base);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cRandom, random_alloc);
+    rb_define_method(base, "initialize", random_init, -1);
+    rb_define_method(base, "rand", random_rand, -1);
+    rb_define_method(base, "bytes", random_bytes, 1);
+    rb_define_method(base, "seed", random_get_seed, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "initialize_copy", rand_mt_copy, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "marshal_dump", rand_mt_dump, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "marshal_load", rand_mt_load, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "state", rand_mt_state, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "left", rand_mt_left, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "==", rand_mt_equal, 1);
+
+#if 0 /* for RDoc: it can't handle unnamed base class */
     rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "initialize", random_init, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "rand", random_rand, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "bytes", random_bytes, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "seed", random_get_seed, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "initialize_copy", random_copy, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "marshal_dump", random_dump, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "marshal_load", random_load, 1);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "state", random_state, 0);
-    rb_define_private_method(rb_cRandom, "left", random_left, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRandom, "==", random_equal, 1);
+#endif
 
-    {
-	/* Direct access to Ruby's Pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). */
-	VALUE rand_default = Init_Random_default();
-	rb_define_const(rb_cRandom, "DEFAULT", rand_default);
-    }
+    rb_define_const(rb_cRandom, "DEFAULT", rb_cRandom);
+    rb_deprecate_constant(rb_cRandom, "DEFAULT");
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRandom, "srand", rb_f_srand, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRandom, "rand", random_s_rand, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRandom, "bytes", random_s_bytes, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRandom, "seed", random_s_seed, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRandom, "new_seed", random_seed, 0);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRandom, "raw_seed", random_raw_seed, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cRandom, "urandom", random_raw_seed, 1);
     rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cRandom), "state", random_s_state, 0);
     rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cRandom), "left", random_s_left, 0);
 
     {
+	/* Format raw random number as Random does */
 	VALUE m = rb_define_module_under(rb_cRandom, "Formatter");
-	rb_include_module(rb_cRandom, m);
+	rb_include_module(base, m);
+	rb_extend_object(base, m);
 	rb_define_method(m, "random_number", rand_random_number, -1);
 	rb_define_method(m, "rand", rand_random_number, -1);
     }
+
+    default_rand_key = rb_ractor_local_storage_ptr_newkey(&default_rand_key_storage_type);
 }
 
 #undef rb_intern
diff --git a/range.c b/range.c
index 422ed29f15..2939ef3798 100644
--- a/range.c
+++ b/range.c
@@ -9,24 +9,34 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "id.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <math.h>
 
 #ifdef HAVE_FLOAT_H
 #include <float.h>
 #endif
-#include <math.h>
+
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/compar.h"
+#include "internal/enum.h"
+#include "internal/enumerator.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/range.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cRange;
-static ID id_beg, id_end, id_excl, id_integer_p, id_div;
+static ID id_beg, id_end, id_excl;
 #define id_cmp idCmp
 #define id_succ idSucc
+#define id_min idMin
+#define id_max idMax
 
 static VALUE r_cover_p(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
 
-#define RANGE_BEG(r) (RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[0])
-#define RANGE_END(r) (RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[1])
-#define RANGE_EXCL(r) (RSTRUCT(r)->as.ary[2])
 #define RANGE_SET_BEG(r, v) (RSTRUCT_SET(r, 0, v))
 #define RANGE_SET_END(r, v) (RSTRUCT_SET(r, 1, v))
 #define RANGE_SET_EXCL(r, v) (RSTRUCT_SET(r, 2, v))
@@ -34,38 +44,24 @@ static VALUE r_cover_p(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
 
 #define EXCL(r) RTEST(RANGE_EXCL(r))
 
-static VALUE
-range_failed(void)
-{
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad value for range");
-    return Qnil;		/* dummy */
-}
-
-static VALUE
-range_check(VALUE *args)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(args[0], id_cmp, 1, args[1]);
-}
-
 static void
 range_init(VALUE range, VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE exclude_end)
 {
-    VALUE args[2];
-
-    args[0] = beg;
-    args[1] = end;
-
-    if (!FIXNUM_P(beg) || !FIXNUM_P(end)) {
+    if ((!FIXNUM_P(beg) || !FIXNUM_P(end)) && !NIL_P(beg) && !NIL_P(end)) {
 	VALUE v;
 
-	v = rb_rescue(range_check, (VALUE)args, range_failed, 0);
+	v = rb_funcall(beg, id_cmp, 1, end);
 	if (NIL_P(v))
-	    range_failed();
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad value for range");
     }
 
     RANGE_SET_EXCL(range, exclude_end);
     RANGE_SET_BEG(range, beg);
     RANGE_SET_END(range, end);
+
+    if (CLASS_OF(range) == rb_cRange) {
+        rb_obj_freeze(range);
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -92,7 +88,7 @@ range_modify(VALUE range)
  *     Range.new(begin, end, exclude_end=false)    -> rng
  *
  *  Constructs a range using the given +begin+ and +end+. If the +exclude_end+
- *  parameter is omitted or is <code>false</code>, the +rng+ will include
+ *  parameter is omitted or is <code>false</code>, the range will include
  *  the end object; otherwise, it will be excluded.
  */
 
@@ -250,11 +246,11 @@ range_hash(VALUE range)
     hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, EXCL(range) << 24);
     hash = rb_hash_end(hash);
 
-    return LONG2FIX(hash);
+    return ST2FIX(hash);
 }
 
 static void
-range_each_func(VALUE range, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE arg)
+range_each_func(VALUE range, int (*func)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg)
 {
     int c;
     VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
@@ -263,21 +259,21 @@ range_each_func(VALUE range, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE arg)
 
     if (EXCL(range)) {
 	while (r_less(v, e) < 0) {
-	    (*func) (v, arg, 0, 0, 0);
+	    if ((*func)(v, arg)) break;
 	    v = rb_funcallv(v, id_succ, 0, 0);
 	}
     }
     else {
 	while ((c = r_less(v, e)) <= 0) {
-	    (*func) (v, arg, 0, 0, 0);
+	    if ((*func)(v, arg)) break;
 	    if (!c) break;
 	    v = rb_funcallv(v, id_succ, 0, 0);
 	}
     }
 }
 
-static VALUE
-sym_step_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, arg))
+static int
+sym_step_i(VALUE i, VALUE arg)
 {
     VALUE *iter = (VALUE *)arg;
 
@@ -291,11 +287,11 @@ sym_step_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, arg))
 	rb_yield(rb_str_intern(i));
 	iter[0] = iter[1];
     }
-    return Qnil;
+    return 0;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-step_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, arg))
+static int
+step_i(VALUE i, VALUE arg)
 {
     VALUE *iter = (VALUE *)arg;
 
@@ -309,7 +305,7 @@ step_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, arg))
 	rb_yield(i);
 	iter[0] = iter[1];
     }
-    return Qnil;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -328,6 +324,8 @@ linear_object_p(VALUE obj)
       case T_FLOAT:
       case T_BIGNUM:
 	return TRUE;
+      default:
+        break;
     }
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cNumeric)) return TRUE;
     if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cTime)) return TRUE;
@@ -368,16 +366,22 @@ range_step_size(VALUE range, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 }
 
 /*
+ *  Document-method: Range#step
+ *  Document-method: Range#%
  *  call-seq:
  *     rng.step(n=1) {| obj | block }    -> rng
  *     rng.step(n=1)                     -> an_enumerator
+ *     rng.step(n=1)                     -> an_arithmetic_sequence
+ *     rng % n                           -> an_enumerator
+ *     rng % n                           -> an_arithmetic_sequence
  *
  *  Iterates over the range, passing each <code>n</code>th element to the block.
  *  If begin and end are numeric, +n+ is added for each iteration.
- *  Otherwise <code>step</code> invokes <code>succ</code> to iterate through
- *  range elements.
+ *  Otherwise #step invokes #succ to iterate through range elements.
  *
  *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *  Especially, the enumerator is an Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
+ *  if begin and end of the range are numeric.
  *
  *    range = Xs.new(1)..Xs.new(10)
  *    range.step(2) {|x| puts x}
@@ -406,19 +410,42 @@ range_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 {
     VALUE b, e, step, tmp;
 
-    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(range, argc, argv, range_step_size);
-
     b = RANGE_BEG(range);
     e = RANGE_END(range);
-    if (argc == 0) {
-	step = INT2FIX(1);
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &step);
-	step = check_step_domain(step);
+    step = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? INT2FIX(1) : argv[0]);
+
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(step, rb_cNumeric)) {
+            step = rb_to_int(step);
+        }
+        if (rb_equal(step, INT2FIX(0))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
+        }
+
+        const VALUE b_num_p = rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric);
+        const VALUE e_num_p = rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric);
+        if ((b_num_p && (NIL_P(e) || e_num_p)) || (NIL_P(b) && e_num_p)) {
+            return rb_arith_seq_new(range, ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), argc, argv,
+                    range_step_size, b, e, step, EXCL(range));
+        }
+
+        RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(range, argc, argv, range_step_size);
     }
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(b) && FIXNUM_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(step)) { /* fixnums are special */
+    step = check_step_domain(step);
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(b) && NIL_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(step)) {
+	long i = FIX2LONG(b), unit = FIX2LONG(step);
+	do {
+	    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
+	    i += unit;          /* FIXABLE+FIXABLE never overflow */
+	} while (FIXABLE(i));
+	b = LONG2NUM(i);
+
+	for (;; b = rb_big_plus(b, step))
+	    rb_yield(b);
+    }
+    else if (FIXNUM_P(b) && FIXNUM_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(step)) { /* fixnums are special */
 	long end = FIX2LONG(e);
 	long i, unit = FIX2LONG(step);
 
@@ -432,16 +459,20 @@ range_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 	}
 
     }
-    else if (SYMBOL_P(b) && SYMBOL_P(e)) { /* symbols are special */
-	VALUE args[2], iter[2];
-
-	args[0] = rb_sym2str(e);
-	args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    else if (SYMBOL_P(b) && (NIL_P(e) || SYMBOL_P(e))) { /* symbols are special */
+	VALUE iter[2];
 	iter[0] = INT2FIX(1);
 	iter[1] = step;
-	rb_block_call(rb_sym2str(b), rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, sym_step_i, (VALUE)iter);
+
+	b = rb_sym2str(b);
+	if (NIL_P(e)) {
+	    rb_str_upto_endless_each(b, sym_step_i, (VALUE)iter);
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_str_upto_each(b, rb_sym2str(e), EXCL(range), sym_step_i, (VALUE)iter);
+	}
     }
-    else if (ruby_float_step(b, e, step, EXCL(range))) {
+    else if (ruby_float_step(b, e, step, EXCL(range), TRUE)) {
 	/* done */
     }
     else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric) ||
@@ -451,7 +482,7 @@ range_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 	VALUE v = b;
 	int i = 0;
 
-	while (RTEST(rb_funcall(v, op, 1, e))) {
+	while (NIL_P(e) || RTEST(rb_funcall(v, op, 1, e))) {
 	    rb_yield(v);
 	    i++;
 	    v = rb_funcall(b, '+', 1, rb_funcall(INT2NUM(i), '*', 1, step));
@@ -461,14 +492,18 @@ range_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 	tmp = rb_check_string_type(b);
 
 	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	    VALUE args[2], iter[2];
+	    VALUE iter[2];
 
 	    b = tmp;
-	    args[0] = e;
-	    args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 	    iter[0] = INT2FIX(1);
 	    iter[1] = step;
-	    rb_block_call(b, rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, step_i, (VALUE)iter);
+
+	    if (NIL_P(e)) {
+		rb_str_upto_endless_each(b, step_i, (VALUE)iter);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		rb_str_upto_each(b, e, EXCL(range), step_i, (VALUE)iter);
+	    }
 	}
 	else {
 	    VALUE args[2];
@@ -485,6 +520,12 @@ range_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
     return range;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+range_percent_step(VALUE range, VALUE step)
+{
+    return range_step(1, &step, range);
+}
+
 #if SIZEOF_DOUBLE == 8 && defined(HAVE_INT64_T)
 union int64_double {
     int64_t i;
@@ -517,10 +558,72 @@ double_as_int64(double d)
 static int
 is_integer_p(VALUE v)
 {
-    VALUE is_int = rb_check_funcall(v, id_integer_p, 0, 0);
+    ID id_integer_p;
+    VALUE is_int;
+    CONST_ID(id_integer_p, "integer?");
+    is_int = rb_check_funcall(v, id_integer_p, 0, 0);
     return RTEST(is_int) && is_int != Qundef;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+bsearch_integer_range(VALUE beg, VALUE end, int excl)
+{
+    VALUE satisfied = Qnil;
+    int smaller;
+
+#define BSEARCH_CHECK(expr) \
+    do { \
+	VALUE val = (expr); \
+	VALUE v = rb_yield(val); \
+	if (FIXNUM_P(v)) { \
+	    if (v == INT2FIX(0)) return val; \
+	    smaller = (SIGNED_VALUE)v < 0; \
+	} \
+	else if (v == Qtrue) { \
+	    satisfied = val; \
+	    smaller = 1; \
+	} \
+	else if (v == Qfalse || v == Qnil) { \
+	    smaller = 0; \
+	} \
+	else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) { \
+	    int cmp = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, INT2FIX(0)), v, INT2FIX(0)); \
+	    if (!cmp) return val; \
+	    smaller = cmp < 0; \
+	} \
+	else { \
+	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE \
+		     " (must be numeric, true, false or nil)", \
+		     rb_obj_class(v)); \
+	} \
+    } while (0)
+
+    VALUE low = rb_to_int(beg);
+    VALUE high = rb_to_int(end);
+    VALUE mid, org_high;
+    ID id_div;
+    CONST_ID(id_div, "div");
+
+    if (excl) high = rb_funcall(high, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
+    org_high = high;
+
+    while (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(low, id_cmp, 1, high), low, high) < 0) {
+	mid = rb_funcall(rb_funcall(high, '+', 1, low), id_div, 1, INT2FIX(2));
+	BSEARCH_CHECK(mid);
+	if (smaller) {
+	    high = mid;
+	}
+	else {
+	    low = rb_funcall(mid, '+', 1, INT2FIX(1));
+	}
+    }
+    if (rb_equal(low, org_high)) {
+	BSEARCH_CHECK(low);
+	if (!smaller) return Qnil;
+    }
+    return satisfied;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     rng.bsearch {|obj| block }  -> value
@@ -593,33 +696,6 @@ range_bsearch(VALUE range)
      * (-1...0.0).bsearch to yield -0.0.
      */
 
-#define BSEARCH_CHECK(expr) \
-    do { \
-	VALUE val = (expr); \
-	VALUE v = rb_yield(val); \
-	if (FIXNUM_P(v)) { \
-	    if (v == INT2FIX(0)) return val; \
-	    smaller = (SIGNED_VALUE)v < 0; \
-	} \
-	else if (v == Qtrue) { \
-	    satisfied = val; \
-	    smaller = 1; \
-	} \
-	else if (v == Qfalse || v == Qnil) { \
-	    smaller = 0; \
-	} \
-	else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) { \
-	    int cmp = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(v, id_cmp, 1, INT2FIX(0)), v, INT2FIX(0)); \
-	    if (!cmp) return val; \
-	    smaller = cmp < 0; \
-	} \
-	else { \
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE \
-		     " (must be numeric, true, false or nil)", \
-		     rb_obj_class(v)); \
-	} \
-    } while (0)
-
 #define BSEARCH(conv) \
     do { \
 	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0); \
@@ -655,35 +731,39 @@ range_bsearch(VALUE range)
     }
 #if SIZEOF_DOUBLE == 8 && defined(HAVE_INT64_T)
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(beg, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(end, T_FLOAT)) {
-	int64_t low  = double_as_int64(RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_Float(beg)));
-	int64_t high = double_as_int64(RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_Float(end)));
+	int64_t low  = double_as_int64(NIL_P(beg) ? -HUGE_VAL : RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_Float(beg)));
+	int64_t high = double_as_int64(NIL_P(end) ?  HUGE_VAL : RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_Float(end)));
 	int64_t mid, org_high;
 	BSEARCH(int64_as_double_to_num);
     }
 #endif
     else if (is_integer_p(beg) && is_integer_p(end)) {
-	VALUE low = rb_to_int(beg);
-	VALUE high = rb_to_int(end);
-	VALUE mid, org_high;
 	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0);
-	if (EXCL(range)) high = rb_funcall(high, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
-	org_high = high;
-
-	while (rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(low, id_cmp, 1, high), low, high) < 0) {
-	    mid = rb_funcall(rb_funcall(high, '+', 1, low), id_div, 1, INT2FIX(2));
+	return bsearch_integer_range(beg, end, EXCL(range));
+    }
+    else if (is_integer_p(beg) && NIL_P(end)) {
+	VALUE diff = LONG2FIX(1);
+	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0);
+	while (1) {
+	    VALUE mid = rb_funcall(beg, '+', 1, diff);
 	    BSEARCH_CHECK(mid);
 	    if (smaller) {
-		high = mid;
-	    }
-	    else {
-		low = rb_funcall(mid, '+', 1, INT2FIX(1));
+		return bsearch_integer_range(beg, mid, 0);
 	    }
+	    diff = rb_funcall(diff, '*', 1, LONG2FIX(2));
 	}
-	if (rb_equal(low, org_high)) {
-	    BSEARCH_CHECK(low);
-	    if (!smaller) return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (NIL_P(beg) && is_integer_p(end)) {
+	VALUE diff = LONG2FIX(-1);
+	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0);
+	while (1) {
+	    VALUE mid = rb_funcall(end, '+', 1, diff);
+	    BSEARCH_CHECK(mid);
+	    if (!smaller) {
+		return bsearch_integer_range(mid, end, 0);
+	    }
+	    diff = rb_funcall(diff, '*', 1, LONG2FIX(2));
 	}
-	return satisfied;
     }
     else {
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't do binary search for %s", rb_obj_classname(beg));
@@ -691,18 +771,18 @@ range_bsearch(VALUE range)
     return range;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-each_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(v, arg))
+static int
+each_i(VALUE v, VALUE arg)
 {
     rb_yield(v);
-    return Qnil;
+    return 0;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-sym_each_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(v, arg))
+static int
+sym_each_i(VALUE v, VALUE arg)
 {
     rb_yield(rb_str_intern(v));
-    return Qnil;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -721,18 +801,79 @@ static VALUE
 range_size(VALUE range)
 {
     VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range), e = RANGE_END(range);
-    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric) && rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric)) {
-	return ruby_num_interval_step_size(b, e, INT2FIX(1), EXCL(range));
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric)) {
+        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric)) {
+	    return ruby_num_interval_step_size(b, e, INT2FIX(1), EXCL(range));
+        }
+        if (NIL_P(e)) {
+            return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+        }
     }
+    else if (NIL_P(b)) {
+        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    }
+
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rng.to_a                   -> array
+ *     rng.entries                -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array containing the items in the range.
+ *
+ *    (1..7).to_a  #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+ *    (1..).to_a   #=> RangeError: cannot convert endless range to an array
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+range_to_a(VALUE range)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot convert endless range to an array");
+    }
+    return rb_call_super(0, 0);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 range_enum_size(VALUE range, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
     return range_size(range);
 }
 
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+static void
+range_each_bignum_endless(VALUE beg)
+{
+    for (;; beg = rb_big_plus(beg, INT2FIX(1))) {
+        rb_yield(beg);
+    }
+    UNREACHABLE;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+static void
+range_each_fixnum_endless(VALUE beg)
+{
+    for (long i = FIX2LONG(beg); FIXABLE(i); i++) {
+        rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
+    }
+
+    range_each_bignum_endless(LONG2NUM(RUBY_FIXNUM_MAX + 1));
+    UNREACHABLE;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+range_each_fixnum_loop(VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE range)
+{
+    long lim = FIX2LONG(end) + !EXCL(range);
+    for (long i = FIX2LONG(beg); i < lim; i++) {
+        rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
+    }
+    return range;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     rng.each {| i | block } -> rng
@@ -758,45 +899,91 @@ static VALUE
 range_each(VALUE range)
 {
     VALUE beg, end;
+    long i;
 
     RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0, range_enum_size);
 
     beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
     end = RANGE_END(range);
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(beg) && FIXNUM_P(end)) { /* fixnums are special */
-	long lim = FIX2LONG(end);
-	long i;
-
-	if (!EXCL(range))
-	    lim += 1;
-	for (i = FIX2LONG(beg); i < lim; i++) {
-	    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
+    if (FIXNUM_P(beg) && NIL_P(end)) {
+        range_each_fixnum_endless(beg);
+    }
+    else if (FIXNUM_P(beg) && FIXNUM_P(end)) { /* fixnums are special */
+        return range_each_fixnum_loop(beg, end, range);
+    }
+    else if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(beg) && (NIL_P(end) || RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(end))) {
+	if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(end) || RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(end)) { /* end >= FIXNUM_MIN */
+	    if (!FIXNUM_P(beg)) {
+		if (RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(beg)) {
+		    do {
+			rb_yield(beg);
+		    } while (!FIXNUM_P(beg = rb_big_plus(beg, INT2FIX(1))));
+                    if (NIL_P(end)) range_each_fixnum_endless(beg);
+                    if (FIXNUM_P(end)) return range_each_fixnum_loop(beg, end, range);
+		}
+		else {
+                    if (NIL_P(end)) range_each_bignum_endless(beg);
+		    if (FIXNUM_P(end)) return range;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (FIXNUM_P(beg)) {
+		i = FIX2LONG(beg);
+		do {
+		    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
+		} while (POSFIXABLE(++i));
+		beg = LONG2NUM(i);
+	    }
+	    ASSUME(!FIXNUM_P(beg));
+	    ASSUME(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(end));
+	}
+	if (!FIXNUM_P(beg) && RBIGNUM_SIGN(beg) == RBIGNUM_SIGN(end)) {
+	    if (EXCL(range)) {
+		while (rb_big_cmp(beg, end) == INT2FIX(-1)) {
+		    rb_yield(beg);
+		    beg = rb_big_plus(beg, INT2FIX(1));
+		}
+	    }
+	    else {
+		VALUE c;
+		while ((c = rb_big_cmp(beg, end)) != INT2FIX(1)) {
+		    rb_yield(beg);
+		    if (c == INT2FIX(0)) break;
+		    beg = rb_big_plus(beg, INT2FIX(1));
+		}
+	    }
 	}
     }
-    else if (SYMBOL_P(beg) && SYMBOL_P(end)) { /* symbols are special */
-	VALUE args[2];
-
-	args[0] = rb_sym2str(end);
-	args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-	rb_block_call(rb_sym2str(beg), rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, sym_each_i, 0);
+    else if (SYMBOL_P(beg) && (NIL_P(end) || SYMBOL_P(end))) { /* symbols are special */
+	beg = rb_sym2str(beg);
+	if (NIL_P(end)) {
+	    rb_str_upto_endless_each(beg, sym_each_i, 0);
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_str_upto_each(beg, rb_sym2str(end), EXCL(range), sym_each_i, 0);
+	}
     }
     else {
 	VALUE tmp = rb_check_string_type(beg);
 
 	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
-	    VALUE args[2];
-
-	    args[0] = end;
-	    args[1] = EXCL(range) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
-	    rb_block_call(tmp, rb_intern("upto"), 2, args, each_i, 0);
+	    if (!NIL_P(end)) {
+		rb_str_upto_each(tmp, end, EXCL(range), each_i, 0);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		rb_str_upto_endless_each(tmp, each_i, 0);
+	    }
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (!discrete_object_p(beg)) {
 		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't iterate from %s",
 			 rb_obj_classname(beg));
 	    }
-	    range_each_func(range, each_i, 0);
+	    if (!NIL_P(end))
+		range_each_func(range, each_i, 0);
+	    else
+		for (;; beg = rb_funcallv(beg, id_succ, 0, 0))
+		    rb_yield(beg);
 	}
     }
     return range;
@@ -847,7 +1034,7 @@ first_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, cbarg))
     }
     rb_ary_push(ary[1], i);
     n--;
-    ary[0] = INT2NUM(n);
+    ary[0] = LONG2NUM(n);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -868,6 +1055,9 @@ range_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 {
     VALUE n, ary[2];
 
+    if (NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the first element of beginless range");
+    }
     if (argc == 0) return RANGE_BEG(range);
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &n);
@@ -878,6 +1068,58 @@ range_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
     return ary[1];
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_int_range_last(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
+{
+    static const VALUE ONE = INT2FIX(1);
+
+    VALUE b, e, len_1, len, nv, ary;
+    int x;
+    long n;
+
+    assert(argc > 0);
+
+    b = RANGE_BEG(range);
+    e = RANGE_END(range);
+    assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(b) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(e));
+
+    x = EXCL(range);
+
+    len_1 = rb_int_minus(e, b);
+    if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(len_1) || rb_num_negative_p(len_1)) {
+        return rb_ary_new_capa(0);
+    }
+
+    if (x) {
+        e = rb_int_minus(e, ONE);
+        len = len_1;
+    }
+    else {
+        len = rb_int_plus(len_1, ONE);
+    }
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &nv);
+    n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+    if (n < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
+    }
+
+    nv = LONG2NUM(n);
+    if (RTEST(rb_int_gt(nv, len))) {
+        nv = len;
+        n = NUM2LONG(nv);
+    }
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new_capa(n);
+    b = rb_int_minus(e, nv);
+    while (n) {
+        b = rb_int_plus(b, ONE);
+        rb_ary_push(ary, b);
+        --n;
+    }
+
+    return ary;
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -899,7 +1141,19 @@ range_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 static VALUE
 range_last(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 {
+    VALUE b, e;
+
+    if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the last element of endless range");
+    }
     if (argc == 0) return RANGE_END(range);
+
+    b = RANGE_BEG(range);
+    e = RANGE_END(range);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(b) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(e) &&
+        RB_LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cRange, idEach))) {
+        return rb_int_range_last(argc, argv, range);
+    }
     return rb_ary_last(argc, argv, rb_Array(range));
 }
 
@@ -925,16 +1179,24 @@ range_last(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 static VALUE
 range_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
 {
+    if (NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the minimum of beginless range");
+    }
+
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the minimum of endless range with custom comparison method");
+        }
 	return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
     }
     else if (argc != 0) {
 	return range_first(argc, argv, range);
     }
     else {
+	struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
 	VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
 	VALUE e = RANGE_END(range);
-	int c = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(b, id_cmp, 1, e), b, e);
+	int c = NIL_P(e) ? -1 : OPTIMIZED_CMP(b, e, cmp_opt);
 
 	if (c > 0 || (c == 0 && EXCL(range)))
 	    return Qnil;
@@ -949,14 +1211,34 @@ range_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
  *     rng.max(n)                    -> obj
  *     rng.max(n) {| a,b | block }   -> obj
  *
- *  Returns the maximum value in the range. Returns +nil+ if the begin
- *  value of the range larger than the end value. Returns +nil+ if
- *  the begin value of an exclusive range is equal to the end value.
- *
- *  Can be given an optional block to override the default comparison
- *  method <code>a <=> b</code>.
- *
- *    (10..20).max    #=> 20
+ *  Returns the maximum value in the range, or an array of maximum
+ *  values in the range if given an \Integer argument.
+ *
+ *  For inclusive ranges with an end, the maximum value of the range
+ *  is the same as the end of the range.
+ *
+ *  If an argument or block is given, or +self+ is an exclusive,
+ *  non-numeric range, calls Enumerable#max (via +super+) with the
+ *  argument and/or block to get the maximum values, unless +self+ is
+ *  a beginless range, in which case it raises a RangeError.
+ *
+ *  If +self+ is an exclusive, integer range (both start and end of the
+ *  range are integers), and no arguments or block are provided, returns
+ *  last value in the range (1 before the end).  Otherwise, if +self+ is
+ *  an exclusive, numeric range, raises a TypeError.
+ *
+ *  Returns +nil+ if the begin value of the range larger than the
+ *  end value. Returns +nil+ if the begin value of an exclusive
+ *  range is equal to the end value.  Raises a RangeError if called on
+ *  an endless range.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    (10..20).max                        #=> 20
+ *    (10..20).max(2)                     #=> [20, 19]
+ *    (10...20).max                       #=> 19
+ *    (10...20).max(2)                    #=> [19, 18]
+ *    (10...20).max{|x, y| -x <=> -y }    #=> 10
+ *    (10...20).max(2){|x, y| -x <=> -y } #=> [10, 11]
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -965,30 +1247,63 @@ range_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
     VALUE e = RANGE_END(range);
     int nm = FIXNUM_P(e) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric);
 
+    if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the maximum of endless range");
+    }
+
+    VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
+
     if (rb_block_given_p() || (EXCL(range) && !nm) || argc) {
-	return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+        if (NIL_P(b)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the maximum of beginless range with custom comparison method");
+        }
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
     }
     else {
-	VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
-	int c = rb_cmpint(rb_funcall(b, id_cmp, 1, e), b, e);
+        struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
+        int c = NIL_P(b) ? -1 : OPTIMIZED_CMP(b, e, cmp_opt);
+
+        if (c > 0)
+            return Qnil;
+        if (EXCL(range)) {
+            if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(e)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot exclude non Integer end value");
+            }
+            if (c == 0) return Qnil;
+            if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(b)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot exclude end value with non Integer begin value");
+            }
+            if (FIXNUM_P(e)) {
+                return LONG2NUM(FIX2LONG(e) - 1);
+            }
+            return rb_funcall(e, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
+        return e;
+    }
+}
 
-	if (c > 0)
-	    return Qnil;
-	if (EXCL(range)) {
-	    if (!FIXNUM_P(e) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cInteger)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot exclude non Integer end value");
-	    }
-	    if (c == 0) return Qnil;
-	    if (!FIXNUM_P(b) && !rb_obj_is_kind_of(b,rb_cInteger)) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot exclude end value with non Integer begin value");
-	    }
-	    if (FIXNUM_P(e)) {
-		return LONG2NUM(FIX2LONG(e) - 1);
-	    }
-	    return rb_funcall(e, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
-	}
-	return e;
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     rng.minmax                       -> [obj, obj]
+ *     rng.minmax {| a,b | block }      -> [obj, obj]
+ *
+ *  Returns a two element array which contains the minimum and the
+ *  maximum value in the range.
+ *
+ *  Can be given an optional block to override the default comparison
+ *  method <code>a <=> b</code>.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+range_minmax(VALUE range)
+{
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        return rb_call_super(0, NULL);
     }
+    return rb_assoc_new(
+        rb_funcall(range, id_min, 0),
+        rb_funcall(range, id_max, 0)
+    );
 }
 
 int
@@ -1002,12 +1317,18 @@ rb_range_values(VALUE range, VALUE *begp, VALUE *endp, int *exclp)
 	e = RANGE_END(range);
 	excl = EXCL(range);
     }
+    else if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(range, rb_cArithSeq))) {
+        return (int)Qfalse;
+    }
     else {
-	if (!rb_respond_to(range, id_beg)) return (int)Qfalse;
-	if (!rb_respond_to(range, id_end)) return (int)Qfalse;
-	b = rb_funcall(range, id_beg, 0);
-	e = rb_funcall(range, id_end, 0);
-	excl = RTEST(rb_funcall(range, rb_intern("exclude_end?"), 0));
+	VALUE x;
+	b = rb_check_funcall(range, id_beg, 0, 0);
+	if (b == Qundef) return (int)Qfalse;
+	e = rb_check_funcall(range, id_end, 0, 0);
+	if (e == Qundef) return (int)Qfalse;
+	x = rb_check_funcall(range, rb_intern("exclude_end?"), 0, 0);
+	if (x == Qundef) return (int)Qfalse;
+	excl = RTEST(x);
     }
     *begp = b;
     *endp = e;
@@ -1015,50 +1336,81 @@ rb_range_values(VALUE range, VALUE *begp, VALUE *endp, int *exclp)
     return (int)Qtrue;
 }
 
+/* Extract the components of a Range.
+ *
+ * You can use +err+ to control the behavior of out-of-range and exception.
+ *
+ * When +err+ is 0 or 2, if the begin offset is greater than +len+,
+ * it is out-of-range.  The +RangeError+ is raised only if +err+ is 2,
+ * in this case.  If +err+ is 0, +Qnil+ will be returned.
+ *
+ * When +err+ is 1, the begin and end offsets won't be adjusted even if they
+ * are greater than +len+.  It allows +rb_ary_aset+ extends arrays.
+ *
+ * If the begin component of the given range is negative and is too-large
+ * abstract value, the +RangeError+ is raised only +err+ is 1 or 2.
+ *
+ * The case of <code>err = 0</code> is used in item accessing methods such as
+ * +rb_ary_aref+, +rb_ary_slice_bang+, and +rb_str_aref+.
+ *
+ * The case of <code>err = 1</code> is used in Array's methods such as
+ * +rb_ary_aset+ and +rb_ary_fill+.
+ *
+ * The case of <code>err = 2</code> is used in +rb_str_aset+.
+ */
 VALUE
-rb_range_beg_len(VALUE range, long *begp, long *lenp, long len, int err)
+rb_range_component_beg_len(VALUE b, VALUE e, int excl,
+                           long *begp, long *lenp, long len, int err)
 {
-    long beg, end, origbeg, origend;
-    VALUE b, e;
-    int excl;
+    long beg, end;
 
-    if (!rb_range_values(range, &b, &e, &excl))
-	return Qfalse;
-    beg = NUM2LONG(b);
-    end = NUM2LONG(e);
-    origbeg = beg;
-    origend = end;
+    beg = NIL_P(b) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(b);
+    end = NIL_P(e) ? -1 : NUM2LONG(e);
+    if (NIL_P(e)) excl = 0;
     if (beg < 0) {
-	beg += len;
-	if (beg < 0)
-	    goto out_of_range;
+        beg += len;
+        if (beg < 0)
+            goto out_of_range;
     }
     if (end < 0)
-	end += len;
+        end += len;
     if (!excl)
-	end++;			/* include end point */
+        end++;			/* include end point */
     if (err == 0 || err == 2) {
-	if (beg > len)
-	    goto out_of_range;
-	if (end > len)
-	    end = len;
+        if (beg > len)
+            goto out_of_range;
+        if (end > len)
+            end = len;
     }
     len = end - beg;
     if (len < 0)
-	len = 0;
+        len = 0;
 
     *begp = beg;
     *lenp = len;
     return Qtrue;
 
   out_of_range:
-    if (err) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%ld..%s%ld out of range",
-		 origbeg, excl ? "." : "", origend);
-    }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_range_beg_len(VALUE range, long *begp, long *lenp, long len, int err)
+{
+    VALUE b, e;
+    int excl;
+
+    if (!rb_range_values(range, &b, &e, &excl))
+        return Qfalse;
+
+    VALUE res = rb_range_component_beg_len(b, e, excl, begp, lenp, len, err);
+    if (NIL_P(res) && err) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%+"PRIsVALUE" out of range", range);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   rng.to_s   -> string
@@ -1077,7 +1429,6 @@ range_to_s(VALUE range)
     str = rb_str_dup(str);
     rb_str_cat(str, "...", EXCL(range) ? 3 : 2);
     rb_str_append(str, str2);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, range);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -1085,17 +1436,22 @@ range_to_s(VALUE range)
 static VALUE
 inspect_range(VALUE range, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 {
-    VALUE str, str2;
+    VALUE str, str2 = Qundef;
 
     if (recur) {
 	return rb_str_new2(EXCL(range) ? "(... ... ...)" : "(... .. ...)");
     }
-    str = rb_inspect(RANGE_BEG(range));
-    str2 = rb_inspect(RANGE_END(range));
-    str = rb_str_dup(str);
+    if (!NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range)) || NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+        str = rb_str_dup(rb_inspect(RANGE_BEG(range)));
+    }
+    else {
+        str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    }
     rb_str_cat(str, "...", EXCL(range) ? 3 : 2);
-    rb_str_append(str, str2);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, range);
+    if (NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range)) || !NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+        str2 = rb_inspect(RANGE_END(range));
+    }
+    if (str2 != Qundef) rb_str_append(str, str2);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -1104,9 +1460,8 @@ inspect_range(VALUE range, VALUE dummy, int recur)
  * call-seq:
  *   rng.inspect  -> string
  *
- * Convert this range object to a printable form (using
- * <code>inspect</code> to convert the begin and end
- * objects).
+ * Convert this range object to a printable form (using #inspect to
+ * convert the begin and end objects).
  */
 
 
@@ -1116,29 +1471,40 @@ range_inspect(VALUE range)
     return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_range, range, 0);
 }
 
+static VALUE range_include_internal(VALUE range, VALUE val, int string_use_cover);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     rng === obj       ->  true or false
  *
- *  Returns <code>true</code> if +obj+ is an element of the range,
- *  <code>false</code> otherwise.  Conveniently, <code>===</code> is the
- *  comparison operator used by <code>case</code> statements.
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if +obj+ is between begin and end of range,
+ *  <code>false</code> otherwise (same as #cover?). Conveniently,
+ *  <code>===</code> is the comparison operator used by <code>case</code>
+ *  statements.
  *
  *     case 79
- *     when 1..50   then   print "low\n"
- *     when 51..75  then   print "medium\n"
- *     when 76..100 then   print "high\n"
+ *     when 1..50   then   puts "low"
+ *     when 51..75  then   puts "medium"
+ *     when 76..100 then   puts "high"
  *     end
+ *     # Prints "high"
  *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *     case "2.6.5"
+ *     when ..."2.4" then puts "EOL"
+ *     when "2.4"..."2.5" then puts "maintenance"
+ *     when "2.5"..."2.7" then puts "stable"
+ *     when "2.7".. then puts "upcoming"
+ *     end
+ *     # Prints "stable"
  *
- *     high
  */
 
 static VALUE
 range_eqq(VALUE range, VALUE val)
 {
-    return rb_funcall(range, rb_intern("include?"), 1, val);
+    VALUE ret = range_include_internal(range, val, 1);
+    if (ret != Qundef) return ret;
+    return r_cover_p(range, RANGE_BEG(range), RANGE_END(range), val);
 }
 
 
@@ -1148,17 +1514,32 @@ range_eqq(VALUE range, VALUE val)
  *     rng.include?(obj) ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if +obj+ is an element of
- *  the range, <code>false</code> otherwise.  If begin and end are
- *  numeric, comparison is done according to the magnitude of the values.
+ *  the range, <code>false</code> otherwise.
  *
  *     ("a".."z").include?("g")   #=> true
  *     ("a".."z").include?("A")   #=> false
  *     ("a".."z").include?("cc")  #=> false
+ *
+ *  If you need to ensure +obj+ is between +begin+ and +end+, use #cover?
+ *
+ *     ("a".."z").cover?("cc")  #=> true
+ *
+ *  If begin and end are numeric, #include? behaves like #cover?
+ *
+ *     (1..3).include?(1.5) # => true
  */
 
 static VALUE
 range_include(VALUE range, VALUE val)
 {
+    VALUE ret = range_include_internal(range, val, 0);
+    if (ret != Qundef) return ret;
+    return rb_call_super(1, &val);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+range_include_internal(VALUE range, VALUE val, int string_use_cover)
+{
     VALUE beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
     VALUE end = RANGE_END(range);
     int nv = FIXNUM_P(beg) || FIXNUM_P(end) ||
@@ -1169,18 +1550,38 @@ range_include(VALUE range, VALUE val)
 	!NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(end, "to_int"))) {
 	return r_cover_p(range, beg, end, val);
     }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(beg, T_STRING) && RB_TYPE_P(end, T_STRING)) {
-	VALUE rb_str_include_range_p(VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE val, VALUE exclusive);
-	return rb_str_include_range_p(beg, end, val, RANGE_EXCL(range));
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(beg, T_STRING) || RB_TYPE_P(end, T_STRING)) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(beg, T_STRING) && RB_TYPE_P(end, T_STRING)) {
+            if (string_use_cover) {
+                return r_cover_p(range, beg, end, val);
+            }
+            else {
+                VALUE rb_str_include_range_p(VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE val, VALUE exclusive);
+                return rb_str_include_range_p(beg, end, val, RANGE_EXCL(range));
+            }
+        }
+        else if (NIL_P(beg)) {
+	    VALUE r = rb_funcall(val, id_cmp, 1, end);
+	    if (NIL_P(r)) return Qfalse;
+	    if (rb_cmpint(r, val, end) <= 0) return Qtrue;
+	    return Qfalse;
+        }
+	else if (NIL_P(end)) {
+	    VALUE r = rb_funcall(beg, id_cmp, 1, val);
+	    if (NIL_P(r)) return Qfalse;
+	    if (rb_cmpint(r, beg, val) <= 0) return Qtrue;
+	    return Qfalse;
+	}
     }
-    /* TODO: ruby_frame->this_func = rb_intern("include?"); */
-    return rb_call_super(1, &val);
+    return Qundef;
 }
 
+static int r_cover_range_p(VALUE range, VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE val);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     rng.cover?(obj)  ->  true or false
+ *     rng.cover?(obj)   ->  true or false
+ *     rng.cover?(range) ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns <code>true</code> if +obj+ is between the begin and end of
  *  the range.
@@ -1188,9 +1589,25 @@ range_include(VALUE range, VALUE val)
  *  This tests <code>begin <= obj <= end</code> when #exclude_end? is +false+
  *  and <code>begin <= obj < end</code> when #exclude_end? is +true+.
  *
- *     ("a".."z").cover?("c")    #=> true
- *     ("a".."z").cover?("5")    #=> false
- *     ("a".."z").cover?("cc")   #=> true
+ *  If called with a Range argument, returns <code>true</code> when the
+ *  given range is covered by the receiver,
+ *  by comparing the begin and end values. If the argument can be treated as
+ *  a sequence, this method treats it that way. In the specific case of
+ *  <code>(a..b).cover?(c...d)</code> with <code>a <= c && b < d</code>,
+ *  the end of the sequence must be calculated, which may exhibit poor
+ *  performance if <code>c</code> is non-numeric.
+ *  Returns <code>false</code> if the begin value of the
+ *  range is larger than the end value. Also returns +false+ if one of the
+ *  internal calls to <code><=></code> returns +nil+ (indicating the objects
+ *  are not comparable).
+ *
+ *     ("a".."z").cover?("c")  #=> true
+ *     ("a".."z").cover?("5")  #=> false
+ *     ("a".."z").cover?("cc") #=> true
+ *     ("a".."z").cover?(1)    #=> false
+ *     (1..5).cover?(2..3)     #=> true
+ *     (1..5).cover?(0..6)     #=> false
+ *     (1..5).cover?(1...6)    #=> true
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1200,15 +1617,57 @@ range_cover(VALUE range, VALUE val)
 
     beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
     end = RANGE_END(range);
+
+    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, rb_cRange)) {
+        return RBOOL(r_cover_range_p(range, beg, end, val));
+    }
     return r_cover_p(range, beg, end, val);
 }
 
 static VALUE
+r_call_max(VALUE r)
+{
+    return rb_funcallv(r, rb_intern("max"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+static int
+r_cover_range_p(VALUE range, VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE val)
+{
+    VALUE val_beg, val_end, val_max;
+    int cmp_end;
+
+    val_beg = RANGE_BEG(val);
+    val_end = RANGE_END(val);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(end) && NIL_P(val_end)) return FALSE;
+    if (!NIL_P(beg) && NIL_P(val_beg)) return FALSE;
+    if (!NIL_P(val_beg) && !NIL_P(val_end) && r_less(val_beg, val_end) > (EXCL(val) ? -1 : 0)) return FALSE;
+    if (!NIL_P(val_beg) && !r_cover_p(range, beg, end, val_beg)) return FALSE;
+
+    cmp_end = r_less(end, val_end);
+
+    if (EXCL(range) == EXCL(val)) {
+        return cmp_end >= 0;
+    }
+    else if (EXCL(range)) {
+        return cmp_end > 0;
+    }
+    else if (cmp_end >= 0) {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    val_max = rb_rescue2(r_call_max, val, 0, Qnil, rb_eTypeError, (VALUE)0);
+    if (val_max == Qnil) return FALSE;
+
+    return r_less(end, val_max) >= 0;
+}
+
+static VALUE
 r_cover_p(VALUE range, VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE val)
 {
-    if (r_less(beg, val) <= 0) {
+    if (NIL_P(beg) || r_less(beg, val) <= 0) {
 	int excl = EXCL(range);
-	if (r_less(val, end) <= -excl)
+	if (NIL_P(end) || r_less(val, end) <= -excl)
 	    return Qtrue;
     }
     return Qfalse;
@@ -1217,10 +1676,7 @@ r_cover_p(VALUE range, VALUE beg, VALUE end, VALUE val)
 static VALUE
 range_dumper(VALUE range)
 {
-    VALUE v;
-    NEWOBJ_OF(m, struct RObject, rb_cObject, T_OBJECT | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 1));
-
-    v = (VALUE)m;
+    VALUE v = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
 
     rb_ivar_set(v, id_excl, RANGE_EXCL(range));
     rb_ivar_set(v, id_beg, RANGE_BEG(range));
@@ -1255,7 +1711,43 @@ range_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return rb_struct_alloc_noinit(klass);
 }
 
-/*  A <code>Range</code> represents an interval---a set of values with a
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     range.count                 -> int
+ *     range.count(item)           -> int
+ *     range.count { |obj| block } -> int
+ *
+ *  Identical to Enumerable#count, except it returns Infinity for endless
+ *  ranges.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+range_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
+{
+    if (argc != 0) {
+        /* It is odd for instance (1...).count(0) to return Infinity. Just let
+         * it loop. */
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+    else if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        /* Likewise it is odd for instance (1...).count {|x| x == 0 } to return
+         * Infinity. Just let it loop. */
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+    else if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
+        /* We are confident that the answer is Infinity. */
+        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    }
+    else if (NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range))) {
+        /* We are confident that the answer is Infinity. */
+        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+}
+
+/*  A Range represents an interval---a set of values with a
  *  beginning and an end. Ranges may be constructed using the
  *  <em>s</em><code>..</code><em>e</em> and
  *  <em>s</em><code>...</code><em>e</em> literals, or with
@@ -1269,6 +1761,42 @@ range_alloc(VALUE klass)
  *     ('a'..'e').to_a    #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
  *     ('a'...'e').to_a   #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  *
+ *  == Beginless/Endless Ranges
+ *
+ *  A "beginless range" and "endless range" represents a semi-infinite
+ *  range.  Literal notation for a beginless range is:
+ *
+ *     (..1)
+ *     # or
+ *     (...1)
+ *
+ *  Literal notation for an endless range is:
+ *
+ *     (1..)
+ *     # or similarly
+ *     (1...)
+ *
+ *  Which is equivalent to
+ *
+ *     (1..nil)  # or similarly (1...nil)
+ *     Range.new(1, nil) # or Range.new(1, nil, true)
+ *
+ *  Beginless/endless ranges are useful, for example, for idiomatic
+ *  slicing of arrays:
+ *
+ *    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5][...2]   # => [1, 2]
+ *    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5][2...]   # => [3, 4, 5]
+ *
+ *  Some implementation details:
+ *
+ *  * +begin+ of beginless range and +end+ of endless range are +nil+;
+ *  * +each+ of beginless range raises an exception;
+ *  * +each+ of endless range enumerates infinite sequence (may be
+ *    useful in combination with Enumerable#take_while or similar
+ *    methods);
+ *  * <code>(1..)</code> and <code>(1...)</code> are not equal,
+ *    although technically representing the same sequence.
+ *
  *  == Custom Objects in Ranges
  *
  *  Ranges can be constructed using any objects that can be compared
@@ -1315,14 +1843,9 @@ range_alloc(VALUE klass)
 void
 Init_Range(void)
 {
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
-    id_beg = rb_intern("begin");
-    id_end = rb_intern("end");
-    id_excl = rb_intern("excl");
-    id_integer_p = rb_intern("integer?");
-    id_div = rb_intern("div");
+    id_beg = rb_intern_const("begin");
+    id_end = rb_intern_const("end");
+    id_excl = rb_intern_const("excl");
 
     rb_cRange = rb_struct_define_without_accessor(
         "Range", rb_cObject, range_alloc,
@@ -1338,6 +1861,7 @@ Init_Range(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "hash", range_hash, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "each", range_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "step", range_step, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "%", range_percent_step, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "bsearch", range_bsearch, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "begin", range_begin, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "end", range_end, 0);
@@ -1345,7 +1869,10 @@ Init_Range(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "last", range_last, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "min", range_min, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "max", range_max, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "minmax", range_minmax, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "size", range_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "to_a", range_to_a, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "entries", range_to_a, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "to_s", range_to_s, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "inspect", range_inspect, 0);
 
@@ -1354,4 +1881,5 @@ Init_Range(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "member?", range_include, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "include?", range_include, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "cover?", range_cover, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRange, "count", range_count, -1);
 }
diff --git a/rational.c b/rational.c
index 460f82cfeb..d621773838 100644
--- a/rational.c
+++ b/rational.c
@@ -5,75 +5,72 @@
   which is written in ruby.
 */
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include <math.h>
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
 #include <float.h>
+#include <math.h>
 
 #ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
 #include <ieeefp.h>
 #endif
 
-#define NDEBUG
-#include "ruby_assert.h"
-
 #if defined(HAVE_LIBGMP) && defined(HAVE_GMP_H)
 #define USE_GMP
 #include <gmp.h>
 #endif
 
+#undef NDEBUG
+#define NDEBUG
+#include "id.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/complex.h"
+#include "internal/gc.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/rational.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+
 #define ZERO INT2FIX(0)
 #define ONE INT2FIX(1)
 #define TWO INT2FIX(2)
 
 #define GMP_GCD_DIGITS 1
 
-#define INT_POSITIVE_P(x) (FIXNUM_P(x) ? FIXNUM_POSITIVE_P(x) : BIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(x))
 #define INT_ZERO_P(x) (FIXNUM_P(x) ? FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x) : rb_bigzero_p(x))
 
 VALUE rb_cRational;
 
-static ID id_abs, id_idiv, id_integer_p, id_to_i,
+static ID id_abs, id_integer_p,
     id_i_num, id_i_den;
 
+#define id_idiv idDiv
+#define id_to_i idTo_i
+
 #define f_boolcast(x) ((x) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
 #define f_inspect rb_inspect
 #define f_to_s rb_obj_as_string
 
-#define binop(n,op) \
-inline static VALUE \
-f_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
-{\
-  return rb_funcall(x, (op), 1, y);\
-}
-
-#define fun1(n) \
-inline static VALUE \
-f_##n(VALUE x)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(x, id_##n, 0);\
-}
-
-#define fun2(n) \
-inline static VALUE \
-f_##n(VALUE x, VALUE y)\
-{\
-    return rb_funcall(x, id_##n, 1, y);\
-}
+static VALUE nurat_to_f(VALUE self);
+static VALUE float_to_r(VALUE self);
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_add(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y) && FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
+    if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y))
 	return x;
-    else if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x))
+    if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x))
 	return y;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_int_plus(x, y);
     return rb_funcall(x, '+', 1, y);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y) && FIX2LONG(y) == 1)
+    if (y == ONE)
 	return x;
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
 	return rb_int_div(x, y);
@@ -85,37 +82,34 @@ f_lt_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
 	return (SIGNED_VALUE)x < (SIGNED_VALUE)y;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x)) {
+        VALUE r = rb_int_cmp(x, y);
+        if (!NIL_P(r)) return rb_int_negative_p(r);
+    }
     return RTEST(rb_funcall(x, '<', 1, y));
 }
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 /* f_mod is used only in f_gcd defined when NDEBUG is not defined */
-binop(mod, '%')
+inline static VALUE
+f_mod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_int_modulo(x, y);
+    return rb_funcall(x, '%', 1, y);
+}
 #endif
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
-	long iy = FIX2LONG(y);
-	if (iy == 0) {
-	    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
-		return ZERO;
-	}
-	else if (iy == 1)
-	    return x;
-    }
-    else if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
-	long ix = FIX2LONG(x);
-	if (ix == 0) {
-	    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y))
-		return ZERO;
-	}
-	else if (ix == 1)
-	    return y;
-	return rb_int_mul(x, y);
-    }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_BIGNUM))
+    if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(y) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+	return ZERO;
+    if (y == ONE) return x;
+    if (FIXNUM_ZERO_P(x) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y))
+	return ZERO;
+    if (x == ONE) return y;
+    else if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
 	return rb_int_mul(x, y);
     return rb_funcall(x, '*', 1, y);
 }
@@ -136,7 +130,12 @@ f_abs(VALUE x)
     return rb_funcall(x, id_abs, 0);
 }
 
-fun1(integer_p)
+
+inline static VALUE
+f_integer_p(VALUE x)
+{
+    return RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x);
+}
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_to_i(VALUE x)
@@ -146,15 +145,23 @@ f_to_i(VALUE x)
     return rb_funcall(x, id_to_i, 0);
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
+inline static int
 f_eqeq_p(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     if (FIXNUM_P(x) && FIXNUM_P(y))
 	return x == y;
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return RTEST(rb_int_equal(x, y));
     return (int)rb_equal(x, y);
 }
 
-fun2(idiv)
+inline static VALUE
+f_idiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+	return rb_int_idiv(x, y);
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_idiv, 1, y);
+}
 
 #define f_expt10(x) rb_int_pow(INT2FIX(10), x)
 
@@ -281,6 +288,9 @@ rb_gcd_gmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 inline static long
 i_gcd(long x, long y)
 {
+    unsigned long u, v, t;
+    int shift;
+
     if (x < 0)
 	x = -x;
     if (y < 0)
@@ -291,12 +301,29 @@ i_gcd(long x, long y)
     if (y == 0)
 	return x;
 
-    while (x > 0) {
-	long t = x;
-	x = y % x;
-	y = t;
+    u = (unsigned long)x;
+    v = (unsigned long)y;
+    for (shift = 0; ((u | v) & 1) == 0; ++shift) {
+	u >>= 1;
+	v >>= 1;
     }
-    return y;
+
+    while ((u & 1) == 0)
+	u >>= 1;
+
+    do {
+	while ((v & 1) == 0)
+	    v >>= 1;
+
+	if (u > v) {
+	    t = v;
+	    v = u;
+	    u = t;
+	}
+	v = v - u;
+    } while (v != 0);
+
+    return (long)(u << shift);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -380,16 +407,14 @@ f_lcm(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 #define get_dat2(x,y) \
     struct RRational *adat = RRATIONAL(x), *bdat = RRATIONAL(y)
 
-#define RRATIONAL_SET_NUM(rat, n) RB_OBJ_WRITE((rat), &((struct RRational *)(rat))->num,(n))
-#define RRATIONAL_SET_DEN(rat, d) RB_OBJ_WRITE((rat), &((struct RRational *)(rat))->den,(d))
-
 inline static VALUE
 nurat_s_new_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE num, VALUE den)
 {
     NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RRational, klass, T_RATIONAL | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_RATIONAL ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));
 
-    RRATIONAL_SET_NUM(obj, num);
-    RRATIONAL_SET_DEN(obj, den);
+    RATIONAL_SET_NUM((VALUE)obj, num);
+    RATIONAL_SET_DEN((VALUE)obj, den);
+    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW((VALUE)obj);
 
     return (VALUE)obj;
 }
@@ -400,58 +425,12 @@ nurat_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
     return nurat_s_new_internal(klass, ZERO, ONE);
 }
 
-#if 0
-static VALUE
-nurat_s_new_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
-{
-    VALUE num, den;
-
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &num, &den)) {
-      case 1:
-	if (!k_integer_p(num))
-	    num = f_to_i(num);
-	den = ONE;
-	break;
-      default:
-	if (!k_integer_p(num))
-	    num = f_to_i(num);
-	if (!k_integer_p(den))
-	    den = f_to_i(den);
-
-        if (INT_NEGATIVE_P(den)) {
-	    num = rb_int_uminus(num);
-	    den = rb_int_uminus(den);
-        }
-        else if (INT_ZERO_P(den)) {
-            rb_num_zerodiv();
-        }
-	break;
-    }
-
-    return nurat_s_new_internal(klass, num, den);
-}
-#endif
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_rational_new_bang1(VALUE klass, VALUE x)
 {
     return nurat_s_new_internal(klass, x, ONE);
 }
 
-#ifdef CANONICALIZATION_FOR_MATHN
-#define CANON
-#endif
-
-#ifdef CANON
-static int canonicalization = 0;
-
-RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void
-nurat_canonicalization(int f)
-{
-    canonicalization = f;
-}
-#endif
-
 inline static void
 nurat_int_check(VALUE num)
 {
@@ -473,8 +452,8 @@ nurat_int_value(VALUE num)
 static void
 nurat_canonicalize(VALUE *num, VALUE *den)
 {
-    assert(num != NULL && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(*num));
-    assert(den != NULL && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(*den));
+    assert(num); assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(*num));
+    assert(den); assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(*den));
     if (INT_NEGATIVE_P(*den)) {
         *num = rb_int_uminus(*num);
         *den = rb_int_uminus(*den);
@@ -484,20 +463,22 @@ nurat_canonicalize(VALUE *num, VALUE *den)
     }
 }
 
-inline static VALUE
-nurat_s_canonicalize_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE num, VALUE den)
+static void
+nurat_reduce(VALUE *x, VALUE *y)
 {
     VALUE gcd;
+    if (*x == ONE || *y == ONE) return;
+    gcd = f_gcd(*x, *y);
+    *x = f_idiv(*x, gcd);
+    *y = f_idiv(*y, gcd);
+}
 
+inline static VALUE
+nurat_s_canonicalize_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE num, VALUE den)
+{
     nurat_canonicalize(&num, &den);
-    gcd = f_gcd(num, den);
-    num = f_idiv(num, gcd);
-    den = f_idiv(den, gcd);
+    nurat_reduce(&num, &den);
 
-#ifdef CANON
-    if (f_one_p(den) && canonicalization)
-	return num;
-#endif
     return nurat_s_new_internal(klass, num, den);
 }
 
@@ -506,32 +487,9 @@ nurat_s_canonicalize_internal_no_reduce(VALUE klass, VALUE num, VALUE den)
 {
     nurat_canonicalize(&num, &den);
 
-#ifdef CANON
-    if (f_one_p(den) && canonicalization)
-	return num;
-#endif
     return nurat_s_new_internal(klass, num, den);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-nurat_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
-{
-    VALUE num, den;
-
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &num, &den)) {
-      case 1:
-	num = nurat_int_value(num);
-	den = ONE;
-	break;
-      default:
-	num = nurat_int_value(num);
-	den = nurat_int_value(den);
-	break;
-    }
-
-    return nurat_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, num, den);
-}
-
 inline static VALUE
 f_rational_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
@@ -548,19 +506,31 @@ f_rational_new_no_reduce2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nurat_s_canonicalize_internal_no_reduce(klass, x, y);
 }
 
+static VALUE nurat_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE numv, VALUE denv, int raise);
 static VALUE nurat_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Rational(x[, y])  ->  numeric
+ *    Rational(x, y, exception: true)  ->  rational or nil
+ *    Rational(arg, exception: true)   ->  rational or nil
+ *
+ * Returns +x/y+ or +arg+ as a Rational.
  *
- * Returns x/y;
+ *    Rational(2, 3)   #=> (2/3)
+ *    Rational(5)      #=> (5/1)
+ *    Rational(0.5)    #=> (1/2)
+ *    Rational(0.3)    #=> (5404319552844595/18014398509481984)
+ *
+ *    Rational("2/3")  #=> (2/3)
+ *    Rational("0.3")  #=> (3/10)
  *
- *    Rational(1, 2)   #=> (1/2)
- *    Rational('1/2')  #=> (1/2)
- *    Rational(nil)    #=> TypeError
- *    Rational(1, nil) #=> TypeError
+ *    Rational("10 cents")  #=> ArgumentError
+ *    Rational(nil)         #=> TypeError
+ *    Rational(1, nil)      #=> TypeError
  *
- * Syntax of string form:
+ *    Rational("10 cents", exception: false)  #=> nil
+ *
+ * Syntax of the string form:
  *
  *   string form = extra spaces , rational , extra spaces ;
  *   rational = [ sign ] , unsigned rational ;
@@ -574,12 +544,21 @@ static VALUE nurat_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass);
  *   digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" ;
  *   extra spaces = ? \s* ? ;
  *
- * See String#to_r.
+ * See also String#to_r.
  */
 static VALUE
 nurat_f_rational(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    return nurat_s_convert(argc, argv, rb_cRational);
+    VALUE a1, a2, opts = Qnil;
+    int raise = TRUE;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &a1, &a2, &opts) == 1) {
+        a2 = Qundef;
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(opts)) {
+        raise = rb_opts_exception_p(opts, raise);
+    }
+    return nurat_convert(rb_cRational, a1, a2, raise);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -610,7 +589,6 @@ nurat_numerator(VALUE self)
  *    Rational(7, 1).denominator          #=> 1
  *    Rational(9, -4).denominator         #=> 4
  *    Rational(-2, -10).denominator       #=> 5
- *    rat.numerator.gcd(rat.denominator)  #=> 1
  */
 static VALUE
 nurat_denominator(VALUE self)
@@ -698,7 +676,8 @@ f_addsub(VALUE self, VALUE anum, VALUE aden, VALUE bnum, VALUE bden, int k)
 	a = rb_int_idiv(bden, g);
 	den = rb_int_mul(a, b);
     }
-    else {
+    else if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(anum) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(aden) &&
+             RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(bnum) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(bden)) {
 	VALUE g = f_gcd(aden, bden);
 	VALUE a = rb_int_mul(anum, rb_int_idiv(bden, g));
 	VALUE b = rb_int_mul(bnum, rb_int_idiv(aden, g));
@@ -715,6 +694,12 @@ f_addsub(VALUE self, VALUE anum, VALUE aden, VALUE bnum, VALUE bden, int k)
 	a = rb_int_idiv(bden, g);
 	den = rb_int_mul(a, b);
     }
+    else {
+        double a = NUM2DBL(anum) / NUM2DBL(aden);
+        double b = NUM2DBL(bnum) / NUM2DBL(bden);
+        double c = k == '+' ? a + b : a - b;
+        return DBL2NUM(c);
+    }
     return f_rational_new_no_reduce2(CLASS_OF(self), num, den);
 }
 
@@ -769,11 +754,11 @@ rb_rational_plus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *    Rational(2, 3)  - Rational(2, 3)   #=> (0/1)
  *    Rational(900)   - Rational(1)      #=> (899/1)
  *    Rational(-2, 9) - Rational(-9, 2)  #=> (77/18)
- *    Rational(9, 8)  - 4                #=> (23/8)
+ *    Rational(9, 8)  - 4                #=> (-23/8)
  *    Rational(20, 9) - 9.8              #=> -7.577777777777778
  */
-static VALUE
-nurat_sub(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_rational_minus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(other)) {
 	{
@@ -807,6 +792,16 @@ f_muldiv(VALUE self, VALUE anum, VALUE aden, VALUE bnum, VALUE bden, int k)
     VALUE num, den;
 
     assert(RB_TYPE_P(self, T_RATIONAL));
+
+    /* Integer#** can return Rational with Float right now */
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(anum) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(aden) ||
+        RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bnum) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(bden)) {
+        double an = NUM2DBL(anum), ad = NUM2DBL(aden);
+        double bn = NUM2DBL(bnum), bd = NUM2DBL(bden);
+        double x = (an * bn) / (ad * bd);
+        return DBL2NUM(x);
+    }
+
     assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(anum));
     assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(aden));
     assert(RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(bnum));
@@ -858,8 +853,8 @@ f_muldiv(VALUE self, VALUE anum, VALUE aden, VALUE bnum, VALUE bden, int k)
  *    Rational(9, 8)  * 4                #=> (9/2)
  *    Rational(20, 9) * 9.8              #=> 21.77777777777778
  */
-static VALUE
-nurat_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_rational_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(other)) {
 	{
@@ -900,8 +895,8 @@ nurat_mul(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  *    Rational(9, 8)  / 4                #=> (9/32)
  *    Rational(20, 9) / 9.8              #=> 0.22675736961451246
  */
-static VALUE
-nurat_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_rational_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(other)) {
 	if (f_zero_p(other))
@@ -914,8 +909,10 @@ nurat_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 			    other, ONE, '/');
 	}
     }
-    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(other))
-	return DBL2NUM(nurat_to_double(self) / RFLOAT_VALUE(other));
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(other)) {
+        VALUE v = nurat_to_f(self);
+        return rb_flo_div_flo(v, other);
+    }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	if (f_zero_p(other))
             rb_num_zerodiv();
@@ -936,13 +933,11 @@ nurat_div(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     }
 }
 
-static VALUE nurat_to_f(VALUE self);
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    rat.fdiv(numeric)  ->  float
  *
- * Performs division and returns the value as a float.
+ * Performs division and returns the value as a Float.
  *
  *    Rational(2, 3).fdiv(1)       #=> 0.6666666666666666
  *    Rational(2, 3).fdiv(0.5)     #=> 1.3333333333333333
@@ -953,24 +948,15 @@ nurat_fdiv(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     VALUE div;
     if (f_zero_p(other))
-	return DBL2NUM(nurat_to_double(self) / 0.0);
+        return rb_rational_div(self, rb_float_new(0.0));
     if (FIXNUM_P(other) && other == LONG2FIX(1))
 	return nurat_to_f(self);
-    div = nurat_div(self, other);
+    div = rb_rational_div(self, other);
     if (RB_TYPE_P(div, T_RATIONAL))
 	return nurat_to_f(div);
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(div))
 	return div;
-    return rb_funcall(div, rb_intern("to_f"), 0);
-}
-
-inline static VALUE
-f_odd_p(VALUE integer)
-{
-    if (rb_funcall(integer, '%', 1, INT2FIX(2)) != INT2FIX(0)) {
-	return Qtrue;
-    }
-    return Qfalse;
+    return rb_funcall(div, idTo_f, 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -979,15 +965,15 @@ f_odd_p(VALUE integer)
  *
  * Performs exponentiation.
  *
- *    Rational(2)    ** Rational(3)    #=> (8/1)
- *    Rational(10)   ** -2             #=> (1/100)
- *    Rational(10)   ** -2.0           #=> 0.01
- *    Rational(-4)   ** Rational(1,2)  #=> (1.2246063538223773e-16+2.0i)
- *    Rational(1, 2) ** 0              #=> (1/1)
- *    Rational(1, 2) ** 0.0            #=> 1.0
+ *    Rational(2)    ** Rational(3)     #=> (8/1)
+ *    Rational(10)   ** -2              #=> (1/100)
+ *    Rational(10)   ** -2.0            #=> 0.01
+ *    Rational(-4)   ** Rational(1, 2)  #=> (0.0+2.0i)
+ *    Rational(1, 2) ** 0               #=> (1/1)
+ *    Rational(1, 2) ** 0.0             #=> 1.0
  */
-static VALUE
-nurat_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+VALUE
+rb_rational_pow(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (k_numeric_p(other) && k_exact_zero_p(other))
 	return f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), ONE);
@@ -1007,7 +993,7 @@ nurat_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 		return f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), ONE);
 	    }
 	    else if (f_minus_one_p(dat->num) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(other)) {
-		return f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), INT2FIX(f_odd_p(other) ? -1 : 1));
+		return f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), INT2FIX(rb_int_odd_p(other) ? -1 : 1));
 	    }
 	    else if (INT_ZERO_P(dat->num)) {
 		if (rb_num_negative_p(other)) {
@@ -1040,7 +1026,8 @@ nurat_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 		den = ONE;
 	    }
 	    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num)) { /* infinity due to overflow */
-		if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(den)) return DBL2NUM(NAN);
+		if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(den))
+		    return DBL2NUM(nan(""));
 		return num;
 	    }
 	    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(den)) { /* infinity due to overflow */
@@ -1061,39 +1048,41 @@ nurat_expt(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	return rb_num_coerce_bin(self, other, rb_intern("**"));
     }
 }
+#define nurat_expt rb_rational_pow
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rational <=> numeric  ->  -1, 0, +1 or nil
+ *    rational <=> numeric  ->  -1, 0, +1, or nil
  *
- * Performs comparison and returns -1, 0, or +1.
+ * Returns -1, 0, or +1 depending on whether +rational+ is
+ * less than, equal to, or greater than +numeric+.
  *
  * +nil+ is returned if the two values are incomparable.
  *
- *    Rational(2, 3)  <=> Rational(2, 3)  #=> 0
- *    Rational(5)     <=> 5               #=> 0
- *    Rational(2,3)   <=> Rational(1,3)   #=> 1
- *    Rational(1,3)   <=> 1               #=> -1
- *    Rational(1,3)   <=> 0.3             #=> 1
+ *    Rational(2, 3) <=> Rational(2, 3)  #=> 0
+ *    Rational(5)    <=> 5               #=> 0
+ *    Rational(2, 3) <=> Rational(1, 3)  #=> 1
+ *    Rational(1, 3) <=> 1               #=> -1
+ *    Rational(1, 3) <=> 0.3             #=> 1
+ *
+ *    Rational(1, 3) <=> "0.3"           #=> nil
  */
 VALUE
 rb_rational_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
-    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(other)) {
+    switch (TYPE(other)) {
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      case T_BIGNUM:
 	{
 	    get_dat1(self);
 
 	    if (dat->den == LONG2FIX(1))
 		return rb_int_cmp(dat->num, other); /* c14n */
 	    other = f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), other);
-	    goto other_is_rational;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
 	}
-    }
-    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(other)) {
-	return rb_dbl_cmp(nurat_to_double(self), RFLOAT_VALUE(other));
-    }
-    else if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_RATIONAL)) {
-	other_is_rational:
+
+      case T_RATIONAL:
 	{
 	    VALUE num1, num2;
 
@@ -1110,8 +1099,11 @@ rb_rational_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	    }
 	    return rb_int_cmp(rb_int_minus(num1, num2), ZERO);
 	}
-    }
-    else {
+
+      case T_FLOAT:
+        return rb_dbl_cmp(nurat_to_double(self), RFLOAT_VALUE(other));
+
+      default:
 	return rb_num_coerce_cmp(self, other, rb_intern("<=>"));
     }
 }
@@ -1120,7 +1112,7 @@ rb_rational_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
  * call-seq:
  *    rat == object  ->  true or false
  *
- * Returns true if rat equals object numerically.
+ * Returns +true+ if +rat+ equals +object+ numerically.
  *
  *    Rational(2, 3)  == Rational(2, 3)   #=> true
  *    Rational(5)     == 5                #=> true
@@ -1132,9 +1124,9 @@ static VALUE
 nurat_eqeq_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
     if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(other)) {
-	{
-	    get_dat1(self);
+        get_dat1(self);
 
+        if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(dat->num) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(dat->den)) {
 	    if (INT_ZERO_P(dat->num) && INT_ZERO_P(other))
 		return Qtrue;
 
@@ -1144,6 +1136,10 @@ nurat_eqeq_p(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 		return Qfalse;
 	    return rb_int_equal(dat->num, other);
 	}
+        else {
+            const double d = nurat_to_double(self);
+            return f_boolcast(FIXNUM_ZERO_P(rb_dbl_cmp(d, NUM2DBL(other))));
+        }
     }
     else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(other)) {
 	const double d = nurat_to_double(self);
@@ -1179,11 +1175,17 @@ nurat_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	return rb_assoc_new(other, self);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	if (k_exact_zero_p(RCOMPLEX(other)->imag))
-	    return rb_assoc_new(f_rational_new_bang1
-				(CLASS_OF(self), RCOMPLEX(other)->real), self);
-	else
+	if (!k_exact_zero_p(RCOMPLEX(other)->imag))
 	    return rb_assoc_new(other, rb_Complex(self, INT2FIX(0)));
+        other = RCOMPLEX(other)->real;
+        if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(other)) {
+            other = float_to_r(other);
+            RBASIC_SET_CLASS(other, CLASS_OF(self));
+        }
+        else {
+            other = f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), other);
+        }
+        return rb_assoc_new(other, self);
     }
 
     rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s can't be coerced into %s",
@@ -1191,42 +1193,9 @@ nurat_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-#if 0
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nurat_idiv(VALUE self, VALUE other)
-{
-    return f_idiv(self, other);
-}
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nurat_quot(VALUE self, VALUE other)
-{
-    return f_truncate(f_div(self, other));
-}
-
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nurat_quotrem(VALUE self, VALUE other)
-{
-    VALUE val = f_truncate(f_div(self, other));
-    return rb_assoc_new(val, f_sub(self, f_mul(other, val)));
-}
-#endif
-
-#if 0
-/* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nurat_true(VALUE self)
-{
-    return Qtrue;
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     rat.positive? ->  true or false
+ *     rat.positive?  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +rat+ is greater than 0.
  */
@@ -1239,7 +1208,7 @@ nurat_positive_p(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     rat.negative? ->  true or false
+ *     rat.negative?  ->  true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if +rat+ is less than 0.
  */
@@ -1252,15 +1221,15 @@ nurat_negative_p(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     rat.abs       -> rat
- *     rat.magnitude -> rat
+ *     rat.abs        ->  rational
+ *     rat.magnitude  ->  rational
  *
  *  Returns the absolute value of +rat+.
  *
- *  (1/2r).abs    #=> 1/2r
- *  (-1/2r).abs   #=> 1/2r
+ *     (1/2r).abs    #=> (1/2)
+ *     (-1/2r).abs   #=> (1/2)
  *
- *  Rational#magnitude is an alias of Rational#abs.
+ *  Rational#magnitude is an alias for Rational#abs.
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1294,14 +1263,13 @@ nurat_ceil(VALUE self)
  *
  * Returns the truncated value as an integer.
  *
- * Equivalent to
- *    rat.truncate.
+ * Equivalent to Rational#truncate.
  *
- *    Rational(2, 3).to_i   #=> 0
- *    Rational(3).to_i      #=> 3
- *    Rational(300.6).to_i  #=> 300
- *    Rational(98,71).to_i  #=> 1
- *    Rational(-30,2).to_i  #=> -15
+ *    Rational(2, 3).to_i    #=> 0
+ *    Rational(3).to_i       #=> 3
+ *    Rational(300.6).to_i   #=> 300
+ *    Rational(98, 71).to_i  #=> 1
+ *    Rational(-31, 2).to_i  #=> -15
  */
 static VALUE
 nurat_truncate(VALUE self)
@@ -1393,16 +1361,16 @@ f_round_common(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
 {
     VALUE n, b, s;
 
-    if (argc == 0)
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0)
 	return (*func)(self);
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &n);
+    n = argv[0];
 
     if (!k_integer_p(n))
 	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not an integer");
 
     b = f_expt10(n);
-    s = nurat_mul(self, b);
+    s = rb_rational_mul(self, b);
 
     if (k_float_p(s)) {
 	if (INT_NEGATIVE_P(n))
@@ -1416,7 +1384,7 @@ f_round_common(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
 
     s = (*func)(s);
 
-    s = nurat_div(f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), s), b);
+    s = rb_rational_div(f_rational_new_bang1(CLASS_OF(self), s), b);
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(s, T_RATIONAL) && FIX2INT(rb_int_cmp(n, ONE)) < 0)
 	s = nurat_truncate(s);
@@ -1424,23 +1392,41 @@ f_round_common(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
     return s;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_rational_floor(VALUE self, int ndigits)
+{
+    if (ndigits == 0) {
+        return nurat_floor(self);
+    }
+    else {
+        VALUE n = INT2NUM(ndigits);
+        return f_round_common(1, &n, self, nurat_floor);
+    }
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat.floor               ->  integer
- *    rat.floor(precision=0)  ->  rational
+ *    rat.floor([ndigits])  ->  integer or rational
+ *
+ * Returns the largest number less than or equal to +rat+ with
+ * a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
  *
- * Returns the truncated value (toward negative infinity).
+ * When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ * with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
+ *
+ * Returns a rational when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ * otherwise returns an integer.
  *
  *    Rational(3).floor      #=> 3
  *    Rational(2, 3).floor   #=> 0
- *    Rational(-3, 2).floor  #=> -1
+ *    Rational(-3, 2).floor  #=> -2
  *
- *           decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
- *                          ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
- *          precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
+ *      #    decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
+ *      #                   ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
+ *      #   precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
  *
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').floor(+1)  #=> "-123.500000"
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').floor(-1)  #=> "-130.000000"
+ *    Rational('-123.456').floor(+1).to_f  #=> -123.5
+ *    Rational('-123.456').floor(-1)       #=> -130
  */
 static VALUE
 nurat_floor_n(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1450,21 +1436,27 @@ nurat_floor_n(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat.ceil               ->  integer
- *    rat.ceil(precision=0)  ->  rational
+ *    rat.ceil([ndigits])  ->  integer or rational
+ *
+ * Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to +rat+ with
+ * a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ * When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ * with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
  *
- * Returns the truncated value (toward positive infinity).
+ * Returns a rational when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ * otherwise returns an integer.
  *
  *    Rational(3).ceil      #=> 3
  *    Rational(2, 3).ceil   #=> 1
  *    Rational(-3, 2).ceil  #=> -1
  *
- *           decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
- *                          ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
- *          precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
+ *      #    decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
+ *      #                   ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
+ *      #   precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
  *
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').ceil(+1)  #=> "-123.400000"
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').ceil(-1)  #=> "-120.000000"
+ *    Rational('-123.456').ceil(+1).to_f  #=> -123.4
+ *    Rational('-123.456').ceil(-1)       #=> -120
  */
 static VALUE
 nurat_ceil_n(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1474,21 +1466,27 @@ nurat_ceil_n(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat.truncate               ->  integer
- *    rat.truncate(precision=0)  ->  rational
+ *    rat.truncate([ndigits])  ->  integer or rational
  *
- * Returns the truncated value (toward zero).
+ * Returns +rat+ truncated (toward zero) to
+ * a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ * When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ * with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
+ *
+ * Returns a rational when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ * otherwise returns an integer.
  *
  *    Rational(3).truncate      #=> 3
  *    Rational(2, 3).truncate   #=> 0
  *    Rational(-3, 2).truncate  #=> -1
  *
- *           decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
- *                          ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
- *          precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
+ *      #    decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
+ *      #                   ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
+ *      #   precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
  *
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').truncate(+1)  #=>  "-123.400000"
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').truncate(-1)  #=>  "-120.000000"
+ *    Rational('-123.456').truncate(+1).to_f  #=> -123.4
+ *    Rational('-123.456').truncate(-1)       #=> -120
  */
 static VALUE
 nurat_truncate_n(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1498,29 +1496,47 @@ nurat_truncate_n(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    rat.round               ->  integer
- *    rat.round(precision=0)  ->  rational
+ *    rat.round([ndigits] [, half: mode])  ->  integer or rational
+ *
+ * Returns +rat+ rounded to the nearest value with
+ * a precision of +ndigits+ decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ * When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ * with at least <code>ndigits.abs</code> trailing zeros.
  *
- * Returns the truncated value (toward the nearest integer;
- * 0.5 => 1; -0.5 => -1).
+ * Returns a rational when +ndigits+ is positive,
+ * otherwise returns an integer.
  *
  *    Rational(3).round      #=> 3
  *    Rational(2, 3).round   #=> 1
  *    Rational(-3, 2).round  #=> -2
  *
- *           decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
- *                          ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
- *          precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
- *
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').round(+1)  #=> "-123.500000"
- *    '%f' % Rational('-123.456').round(-1)  #=> "-120.000000"
+ *      #    decimal      -  1  2  3 . 4  5  6
+ *      #                   ^  ^  ^  ^   ^  ^
+ *      #   precision      -3 -2 -1  0  +1 +2
+ *
+ *    Rational('-123.456').round(+1).to_f  #=> -123.5
+ *    Rational('-123.456').round(-1)       #=> -120
+ *
+ * The optional +half+ keyword argument is available
+ * similar to Float#round.
+ *
+ *    Rational(25, 100).round(1, half: :up)    #=> (3/10)
+ *    Rational(25, 100).round(1, half: :down)  #=> (1/5)
+ *    Rational(25, 100).round(1, half: :even)  #=> (1/5)
+ *    Rational(35, 100).round(1, half: :up)    #=> (2/5)
+ *    Rational(35, 100).round(1, half: :down)  #=> (3/10)
+ *    Rational(35, 100).round(1, half: :even)  #=> (2/5)
+ *    Rational(-25, 100).round(1, half: :up)   #=> (-3/10)
+ *    Rational(-25, 100).round(1, half: :down) #=> (-1/5)
+ *    Rational(-25, 100).round(1, half: :even) #=> (-1/5)
  */
 static VALUE
 nurat_round_n(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE opt;
     enum ruby_num_rounding_mode mode = (
-	argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &opt),
+        argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &opt),
 	rb_num_get_rounding_option(opt));
     VALUE (*round_func)(VALUE) = ROUND_FUNC(mode, nurat_round);
     return f_round_common(argc, argv, self, round_func);
@@ -1530,6 +1546,9 @@ static double
 nurat_to_double(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
+    if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(dat->num) || !RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(dat->den)) {
+        return NUM2DBL(dat->num) / NUM2DBL(dat->den);
+    }
     return rb_int_fdiv_double(dat->num, dat->den);
 }
 
@@ -1537,7 +1556,7 @@ nurat_to_double(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    rat.to_f  ->  float
  *
- * Return the value as a float.
+ * Returns the value as a Float.
  *
  *    Rational(2).to_f      #=> 2.0
  *    Rational(9, 4).to_f   #=> 2.25
@@ -1566,10 +1585,28 @@ nurat_to_r(VALUE self)
 }
 
 #define id_ceil rb_intern("ceil")
-#define f_ceil(x) rb_funcall((x), id_ceil, 0)
+static VALUE
+f_ceil(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return x;
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_float_ceil(x, 0);
 
-#define id_quo rb_intern("quo")
-#define f_quo(x,y) rb_funcall((x), id_quo, 1, (y))
+    return rb_funcall(x, id_ceil, 0);
+}
+
+#define id_quo idQuo
+static VALUE
+f_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        return rb_int_div(x, y);
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x))
+        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
+
+    return rb_funcallv(x, id_quo, 1, &y);
+}
 
 #define f_reciprocal(x) f_quo(ONE, (x))
 
@@ -1667,8 +1704,8 @@ nurat_rationalize_internal(VALUE a, VALUE b, VALUE *p, VALUE *q)
  *    rat.rationalize(eps)  ->  rational
  *
  * Returns a simpler approximation of the value if the optional
- * argument eps is given (rat-|eps| <= result <= rat+|eps|), self
- * otherwise.
+ * argument +eps+ is given (rat-|eps| <= result <= rat+|eps|),
+ * self otherwise.
  *
  *    r = Rational(5033165, 16777216)
  *    r.rationalize                    #=> (5033165/16777216)
@@ -1679,28 +1716,36 @@ static VALUE
 nurat_rationalize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE e, a, b, p, q;
+    VALUE rat = self;
+    get_dat1(self);
 
-    if (argc == 0)
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0)
 	return self;
 
-    if (nurat_negative_p(self))
-	return rb_rational_uminus(nurat_rationalize(argc, argv, rb_rational_uminus(self)));
+    e = f_abs(argv[0]);
+
+    if (INT_NEGATIVE_P(dat->num)) {
+        rat = f_rational_new2(RBASIC_CLASS(self), rb_int_uminus(dat->num), dat->den);
+    }
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &e);
-    e = f_abs(e);
-    a = f_sub(self, e);
-    b = f_add(self, e);
+    a = FIXNUM_ZERO_P(e) ? rat : rb_rational_minus(rat, e);
+    b = FIXNUM_ZERO_P(e) ? rat : rb_rational_plus(rat, e);
 
     if (f_eqeq_p(a, b))
 	return self;
 
     nurat_rationalize_internal(a, b, &p, &q);
+    if (rat != self) {
+        RATIONAL_SET_NUM(rat, rb_int_uminus(p));
+        RATIONAL_SET_DEN(rat, q);
+        return rat;
+    }
     return f_rational_new2(CLASS_OF(self), p, q);
 }
 
 /* :nodoc: */
-static VALUE
-nurat_hash(VALUE self)
+st_index_t
+rb_rational_hash(VALUE self)
 {
     st_index_t v, h[2];
     VALUE n;
@@ -1711,10 +1756,17 @@ nurat_hash(VALUE self)
     n = rb_hash(dat->den);
     h[1] = NUM2LONG(n);
     v = rb_memhash(h, sizeof(h));
-    return LONG2FIX(v);
+    return v;
 }
 
 static VALUE
+nurat_hash(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ST2FIX(rb_rational_hash(self));
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
 f_format(VALUE self, VALUE (*func)(VALUE))
 {
     VALUE s;
@@ -1784,8 +1836,9 @@ nurat_loader(VALUE self, VALUE a)
     nurat_int_check(num);
     nurat_int_check(den);
     nurat_canonicalize(&num, &den);
-    RRATIONAL_SET_NUM(dat, num);
-    RRATIONAL_SET_DEN(dat, den);
+    RATIONAL_SET_NUM((VALUE)dat, num);
+    RATIONAL_SET_DEN((VALUE)dat, den);
+    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(self);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1809,7 +1862,6 @@ nurat_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE a)
     VALUE num, den;
 
     rb_check_frozen(self);
-    rb_check_trusted(self);
 
     Check_Type(a, T_ARRAY);
     if (RARRAY_LEN(a) != 2)
@@ -1832,16 +1884,17 @@ VALUE
 rb_rational_reciprocal(VALUE x)
 {
     get_dat1(x);
-    return f_rational_new_no_reduce2(CLASS_OF(x), dat->den, dat->num);
+    return nurat_convert(CLASS_OF(x), dat->den, dat->num, FALSE);
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    int.gcd(int2)  ->  integer
+ *    int.gcd(other_int)  ->  integer
  *
- * Returns the greatest common divisor (always positive).  0.gcd(x)
- * and x.gcd(0) return abs(x).
+ * Returns the greatest common divisor of the two integers.
+ * The result is always positive. 0.gcd(x) and x.gcd(0) return x.abs.
  *
+ *    36.gcd(60)                  #=> 12
  *    2.gcd(2)                    #=> 2
  *    3.gcd(-7)                   #=> 1
  *    ((1<<31)-1).gcd((1<<61)-1)  #=> 1
@@ -1855,11 +1908,12 @@ rb_gcd(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    int.lcm(int2)  ->  integer
+ *    int.lcm(other_int)  ->  integer
  *
- * Returns the least common multiple (always positive).  0.lcm(x) and
- * x.lcm(0) return zero.
+ * Returns the least common multiple of the two integers.
+ * The result is always positive. 0.lcm(x) and x.lcm(0) return zero.
  *
+ *    36.lcm(60)                  #=> 180
  *    2.lcm(2)                    #=> 2
  *    3.lcm(-7)                   #=> 21
  *    ((1<<31)-1).lcm((1<<61)-1)  #=> 4951760154835678088235319297
@@ -1873,10 +1927,12 @@ rb_lcm(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    int.gcdlcm(int2)  ->  array
+ *    int.gcdlcm(other_int)  ->  array
  *
- * Returns an array; [int.gcd(int2), int.lcm(int2)].
+ * Returns an array with the greatest common divisor and
+ * the least common multiple of the two integers, [gcd, lcm].
  *
+ *    36.gcdlcm(60)                  #=> [12, 180]
  *    2.gcdlcm(2)                    #=> [2, 2]
  *    3.gcdlcm(-7)                   #=> [1, 21]
  *    ((1<<31)-1).gcdlcm((1<<61)-1)  #=> [1, 4951760154835678088235319297]
@@ -1891,6 +1947,14 @@ rb_gcdlcm(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 VALUE
 rb_rational_raw(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
+    if (! RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(x))
+        x = rb_to_int(x);
+    if (! RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(y))
+        y = rb_to_int(y);
+    if (INT_NEGATIVE_P(y)) {
+        x = rb_int_uminus(x);
+        y = rb_int_uminus(y);
+    }
     return nurat_s_new_internal(rb_cRational, x, y);
 }
 
@@ -1927,7 +1991,7 @@ rb_rational_den(VALUE rat)
 #define id_denominator rb_intern("denominator")
 #define f_denominator(x) rb_funcall((x), id_denominator, 0)
 
-#define id_to_r rb_intern("to_r")
+#define id_to_r idTo_r
 #define f_to_r(x) rb_funcall((x), id_to_r, 0)
 
 /*
@@ -1960,28 +2024,33 @@ numeric_denominator(VALUE self)
  *     num.quo(int_or_rat)   ->  rat
  *     num.quo(flo)          ->  flo
  *
- *  Returns most exact division (rational for integers, float for floats).
+ *  Returns the most exact division (rational for integers, float for floats).
  */
 
-static VALUE
-numeric_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
+VALUE
+rb_numeric_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
-        return rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("fdiv"), 1, y);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        return rb_complex_div(x, y);
     }
 
-#ifdef CANON
-    if (canonicalization) {
-        x = rb_rational_raw1(x);
-    }
-    else
-#endif
-    {
-        x = rb_convert_type(x, T_RATIONAL, "Rational", "to_r");
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(y)) {
+        return rb_funcallv(x, idFdiv, 1, &y);
     }
-    return nurat_div(x, y);
+
+    x = rb_convert_type(x, T_RATIONAL, "Rational", "to_r");
+    return rb_rational_div(x, y);
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_rational_canonicalize(VALUE x)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        get_dat1(x);
+        if (f_one_p(dat->den)) return dat->num;
+    }
+    return x;
+}
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -2007,7 +2076,6 @@ integer_denominator(VALUE self)
     return INT2FIX(1);
 }
 
-static VALUE float_to_r(VALUE self);
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    flo.numerator  ->  integer
@@ -2017,14 +2085,18 @@ static VALUE float_to_r(VALUE self);
  *    n = 0.3.numerator    #=> 5404319552844595
  *    d = 0.3.denominator  #=> 18014398509481984
  *    n.fdiv(d)            #=> 0.3
+ *
+ * See also Float#denominator.
  */
-static VALUE
-float_numerator(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_float_numerator(VALUE self)
 {
     double d = RFLOAT_VALUE(self);
+    VALUE r;
     if (isinf(d) || isnan(d))
 	return self;
-    return nurat_numerator(float_to_r(self));
+    r = float_to_r(self);
+    return nurat_numerator(r);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2034,15 +2106,17 @@ float_numerator(VALUE self)
  * Returns the denominator (always positive).  The result is machine
  * dependent.
  *
- * See numerator.
+ * See also Float#numerator.
  */
-static VALUE
-float_denominator(VALUE self)
+VALUE
+rb_float_denominator(VALUE self)
 {
     double d = RFLOAT_VALUE(self);
+    VALUE r;
     if (isinf(d) || isnan(d))
 	return INT2FIX(1);
-    return nurat_denominator(float_to_r(self));
+    r = float_to_r(self);
+    return nurat_denominator(r);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2061,13 +2135,13 @@ nilclass_to_r(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    nil.rationalize([eps])  ->  (0/1)
  *
- * Returns zero as a rational.  The optional argument eps is always
+ * Returns zero as a rational.  The optional argument +eps+ is always
  * ignored.
  */
 static VALUE
 nilclass_rationalize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     return nilclass_to_r(self);
 }
 
@@ -2090,73 +2164,61 @@ integer_to_r(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    int.rationalize([eps])  ->  rational
  *
- * Returns the value as a rational.  The optional argument eps is
+ * Returns the value as a rational.  The optional argument +eps+ is
  * always ignored.
  */
 static VALUE
 integer_rationalize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", NULL);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
     return integer_to_r(self);
 }
 
 static void
-float_decode_internal(VALUE self, VALUE *rf, VALUE *rn)
+float_decode_internal(VALUE self, VALUE *rf, int *n)
 {
     double f;
-    int n;
 
-    f = frexp(RFLOAT_VALUE(self), &n);
+    f = frexp(RFLOAT_VALUE(self), n);
     f = ldexp(f, DBL_MANT_DIG);
-    n -= DBL_MANT_DIG;
+    *n -= DBL_MANT_DIG;
     *rf = rb_dbl2big(f);
-    *rn = INT2FIX(n);
 }
 
-#if 0
-static VALUE
-float_decode(VALUE self)
-{
-    VALUE f, n;
-
-    float_decode_internal(self, &f, &n);
-    return rb_assoc_new(f, n);
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    flt.to_r  ->  rational
  *
  * Returns the value as a rational.
  *
- * NOTE: 0.3.to_r isn't the same as '0.3'.to_r.  The latter is
- * equivalent to '3/10'.to_r, but the former isn't so.
- *
  *    2.0.to_r    #=> (2/1)
  *    2.5.to_r    #=> (5/2)
  *    -0.75.to_r  #=> (-3/4)
  *    0.0.to_r    #=> (0/1)
+ *    0.3.to_r    #=> (5404319552844595/18014398509481984)
  *
- * See rationalize.
+ * NOTE: 0.3.to_r isn't the same as "0.3".to_r.  The latter is
+ * equivalent to "3/10".to_r, but the former isn't so.
+ *
+ *    0.3.to_r   == 3/10r  #=> false
+ *    "0.3".to_r == 3/10r  #=> true
+ *
+ * See also Float#rationalize.
  */
 static VALUE
 float_to_r(VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE f, n;
+    VALUE f;
+    int n;
 
     float_decode_internal(self, &f, &n);
 #if FLT_RADIX == 2
-    {
-	long ln = FIX2LONG(n);
-
-	if (ln == 0)
-	    return rb_rational_new1(f);
-	if (ln > 0)
-	    return rb_rational_new1(rb_int_lshift(f, n));
-	ln = -ln;
-	return rb_rational_new2(f, rb_int_lshift(ONE, INT2FIX(ln)));
-    }
+    if (n == 0)
+        return rb_rational_new1(f);
+    if (n > 0)
+        return rb_rational_new1(rb_int_lshift(f, INT2FIX(n)));
+    n = -n;
+    return rb_rational_new2(f, rb_int_lshift(ONE, INT2FIX(n)));
 #else
     f = rb_int_mul(f, rb_int_pow(INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX), n));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(f, T_RATIONAL))
@@ -2184,37 +2246,32 @@ rb_flt_rationalize_with_prec(VALUE flt, VALUE prec)
 VALUE
 rb_flt_rationalize(VALUE flt)
 {
-    VALUE a, b, f, n, p, q;
+    VALUE a, b, f, p, q, den;
+    int n;
 
     float_decode_internal(flt, &f, &n);
-    if (INT_ZERO_P(f) || FIX2INT(n) >= 0)
-        return rb_rational_new1(rb_int_lshift(f, n));
-
-#if FLT_RADIX == 2
-    {
-        VALUE two_times_f, den;
-
-        two_times_f = rb_int_mul(TWO, f);
-        den = rb_int_lshift(ONE, rb_int_minus(ONE, n));
+    if (INT_ZERO_P(f) || n >= 0)
+        return rb_rational_new1(rb_int_lshift(f, INT2FIX(n)));
 
-        a = rb_rational_new2(rb_int_minus(two_times_f, ONE), den);
-        b = rb_rational_new2(rb_int_plus(two_times_f, ONE), den);
-    }
-#else
     {
-        VALUE radix_times_f, den;
+        VALUE radix_times_f;
 
         radix_times_f = rb_int_mul(INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX), f);
-        den = rb_int_pow(INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX), rb_int_minus(ONE, n));
+#if FLT_RADIX == 2 && 0
+        den = rb_int_lshift(ONE, INT2FIX(1-n));
+#else
+        den = rb_int_positive_pow(FLT_RADIX, 1-n);
+#endif
 
-        a = rb_rational_new2(rb_int_minus(radix_times_f, INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX - 1)), den);
-        b = rb_rational_new2(rb_int_plus(radix_times_f, INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX - 1)), den);
+        a = rb_int_minus(radix_times_f, INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX - 1));
+        b = rb_int_plus(radix_times_f, INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX - 1));
     }
-#endif
 
-    if (nurat_eqeq_p(a, b))
+    if (f_eqeq_p(a, b))
         return float_to_r(flt);
 
+    a = rb_rational_new2(a, den);
+    b = rb_rational_new2(b, den);
     nurat_rationalize_internal(a, b, &p, &q);
     return rb_rational_new2(p, q);
 }
@@ -2224,36 +2281,33 @@ rb_flt_rationalize(VALUE flt)
  *    flt.rationalize([eps])  ->  rational
  *
  * Returns a simpler approximation of the value (flt-|eps| <= result
- * <= flt+|eps|).  if the optional eps is not given, it will be chosen
- * automatically.
+ * <= flt+|eps|).  If the optional argument +eps+ is not given,
+ * it will be chosen automatically.
  *
  *    0.3.rationalize          #=> (3/10)
  *    1.333.rationalize        #=> (1333/1000)
  *    1.333.rationalize(0.01)  #=> (4/3)
  *
- * See to_r.
+ * See also Float#to_r.
  */
 static VALUE
 float_rationalize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE e;
     double d = RFLOAT_VALUE(self);
+    VALUE rat;
+    int neg = d < 0.0;
+    if (neg) self = DBL2NUM(-d);
 
-    if (d < 0.0)
-        return rb_rational_uminus(float_rationalize(argc, argv, DBL2NUM(-d)));
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &e);
-
-    if (argc != 0) {
-        return rb_flt_rationalize_with_prec(self, e);
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) {
+        rat = rb_flt_rationalize_with_prec(self, argv[0]);
     }
     else {
-        return rb_flt_rationalize(self);
+        rat = rb_flt_rationalize(self);
     }
+    if (neg) RATIONAL_SET_NUM(rat, rb_int_uminus(RRATIONAL(rat)->num));
+    return rat;
 }
 
-#include <ctype.h>
-
 inline static int
 issign(int c)
 {
@@ -2261,11 +2315,11 @@ issign(int c)
 }
 
 static int
-read_sign(const char **s)
+read_sign(const char **s, const char *const e)
 {
     int sign = '?';
 
-    if (issign(**s)) {
+    if (*s < e && issign(**s)) {
 	sign = **s;
 	(*s)++;
     }
@@ -2273,227 +2327,179 @@ read_sign(const char **s)
 }
 
 inline static int
-isdecimal(int c)
+islettere(int c)
 {
-    return isdigit((unsigned char)c);
+    return (c == 'e' || c == 'E');
 }
 
-static int
-read_digits(const char **s, int strict,
-	    VALUE *num, int *count)
+static VALUE
+negate_num(VALUE num)
 {
-    char *b, *bb;
-    int us = 1, ret = 1;
-    VALUE tmp;
-
-    if (!isdecimal(**s)) {
-	*num = ZERO;
-	return 0;
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+	return rb_int_uminus(num);
     }
-
-    bb = b = ALLOCV_N(char, tmp, strlen(*s) + 1);
-
-    while (isdecimal(**s) || **s == '_') {
-	if (**s == '_') {
-	    if (strict) {
-		if (us) {
-		    ret = 0;
-		    goto conv;
-		}
-	    }
-	    us = 1;
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (count)
-		(*count)++;
-	    *b++ = **s;
-	    us = 0;
-	}
-	(*s)++;
+    else {
+	BIGNUM_NEGATE(num);
+	return rb_big_norm(num);
     }
-    if (us)
-	do {
-	    (*s)--;
-	} while (**s == '_');
-  conv:
-    *b = '\0';
-    *num = rb_cstr_to_inum(bb, 10, 0);
-    ALLOCV_END(tmp);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-inline static int
-islettere(int c)
-{
-    return (c == 'e' || c == 'E');
 }
 
 static int
-read_num(const char **s, int numsign, int strict,
-	 VALUE *num)
-{
-    VALUE ip, fp, exp;
-
-    *num = rb_rational_new2(ZERO, ONE);
-    exp = Qnil;
-
-    if (**s != '.') {
-	if (!read_digits(s, strict, &ip, NULL))
+read_num(const char **s, const char *const end, VALUE *num, VALUE *nexp)
+{
+    VALUE fp = ONE, exp, fn = ZERO, n = ZERO;
+    int expsign = 0, ok = 0;
+    char *e;
+
+    *nexp = ZERO;
+    *num = ZERO;
+    if (*s < end && **s != '.') {
+	n = rb_int_parse_cstr(*s, end-*s, &e, NULL,
+			      10, RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE);
+	if (NIL_P(n))
 	    return 0;
-	*num = rb_rational_new2(ip, ONE);
+	*s = e;
+	*num = n;
+	ok = 1;
     }
 
-    if (**s == '.') {
-	int count = 0;
+    if (*s < end && **s == '.') {
+	size_t count = 0;
 
 	(*s)++;
-	if (!read_digits(s, strict, &fp, &count))
-	    return 0;
+	fp = rb_int_parse_cstr(*s, end-*s, &e, &count,
+			       10, RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE);
+	if (NIL_P(fp))
+	    return 1;
+	*s = e;
 	{
-	    VALUE l = f_expt10(INT2NUM(count));
-#ifdef CANON
-	    if (canonicalization) {
-		*num = rb_int_mul(*num, l);
-		*num = rb_int_plus(*num, fp);
-		*num = rb_rational_new2(*num, l);
-	    }
-	    else
-#endif
-	    {
-		*num = nurat_mul(*num, l);
-		*num = rb_rational_plus(*num, fp);
-		*num = nurat_div(*num, l);
-	    }
+            VALUE l = f_expt10(*nexp = SIZET2NUM(count));
+	    n = n == ZERO ? fp : rb_int_plus(rb_int_mul(*num, l), fp);
+	    *num = n;
+	    fn = SIZET2NUM(count);
 	}
+	ok = 1;
     }
 
-    if (islettere(**s)) {
-	int expsign;
-
+    if (ok && *s + 1 < end && islettere(**s)) {
 	(*s)++;
-	expsign = read_sign(s);
-	if (!read_digits(s, strict, &exp, NULL))
-	    return 0;
-	if (expsign == '-')
-	    exp = rb_int_uminus(exp);
-    }
-
-    if (numsign == '-') {
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(*num, T_RATIONAL)) {
-	    *num = rb_rational_uminus(*num);
-	}
-	else {
-	    *num = rb_int_uminus(*num);
-	}
-    }
-    if (!NIL_P(exp)) {
-	VALUE l = f_expt10(exp);
-	if (RB_TYPE_P(*num, T_RATIONAL)) {
-	    *num = nurat_mul(*num, l);
-	}
-	else {
-	    *num = rb_int_mul(*num, l);
+	expsign = read_sign(s, end);
+	exp = rb_int_parse_cstr(*s, end-*s, &e, NULL,
+				10, RB_INT_PARSE_UNDERSCORE);
+	if (NIL_P(exp))
+	    return 1;
+	*s = e;
+	if (exp != ZERO) {
+	    if (expsign == '-') {
+		if (fn != ZERO) exp = rb_int_plus(exp, fn);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		if (fn != ZERO) exp = rb_int_minus(exp, fn);
+                exp = negate_num(exp);
+	    }
+            *nexp = exp;
 	}
     }
-    return 1;
-}
 
-inline static int
-read_den(const char **s, int strict,
-	 VALUE *num)
-{
-    if (!read_digits(s, strict, num, NULL))
-	return 0;
-    return 1;
+    return ok;
 }
 
-static int
-read_rat_nos(const char **s, int sign, int strict,
-	     VALUE *num)
+inline static const char *
+skip_ws(const char *s, const char *e)
 {
-    VALUE den;
-
-    if (!read_num(s, sign, strict, num))
-	return 0;
-    if (**s == '/') {
-	(*s)++;
-	if (!read_den(s, strict, &den))
-	    return 0;
-	if (!(FIXNUM_P(den) && FIX2LONG(den) == 1)) {
-	    if (RB_TYPE_P(*num, T_RATIONAL)) {
-		*num = nurat_div(*num, den);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		*num = rb_int_div(*num, den);
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    return 1;
+    while (s < e && isspace((unsigned char)*s))
+	++s;
+    return s;
 }
 
-static int
-read_rat(const char **s, int strict,
-	 VALUE *num)
+static VALUE
+parse_rat(const char *s, const char *const e, int strict, int raise)
 {
     int sign;
+    VALUE num, den, nexp, dexp;
 
-    sign = read_sign(s);
-    if (!read_rat_nos(s, sign, strict, num))
-	return 0;
-    return 1;
-}
+    s = skip_ws(s, e);
+    sign = read_sign(&s, e);
 
-inline static void
-skip_ws(const char **s)
-{
-    while (isspace((unsigned char)**s))
-	(*s)++;
-}
+    if (!read_num(&s, e, &num, &nexp)) {
+	if (strict) return Qnil;
+	return nurat_s_alloc(rb_cRational);
+    }
+    den = ONE;
+    if (s < e && *s == '/') {
+	s++;
+        if (!read_num(&s, e, &den, &dexp)) {
+	    if (strict) return Qnil;
+            den = ONE;
+	}
+	else if (den == ZERO) {
+            if (!raise) return Qnil;
+	    rb_num_zerodiv();
+	}
+	else if (strict && skip_ws(s, e) != e) {
+	    return Qnil;
+	}
+	else {
+            nexp = rb_int_minus(nexp, dexp);
+	    nurat_reduce(&num, &den);
+	}
+    }
+    else if (strict && skip_ws(s, e) != e) {
+	return Qnil;
+    }
 
-static int
-parse_rat(const char *s, int strict,
-	  VALUE *num)
-{
-    skip_ws(&s);
-    if (!read_rat(&s, strict, num))
-	return 0;
-    skip_ws(&s);
+    if (nexp != ZERO) {
+        if (INT_NEGATIVE_P(nexp)) {
+            VALUE mul;
+            if (FIXNUM_P(nexp)) {
+                mul = f_expt10(LONG2NUM(-FIX2LONG(nexp)));
+                if (! RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(mul)) {
+                    num = rb_int_mul(num, mul);
+                    goto reduce;
+                }
+            }
+            return sign == '-' ? DBL2NUM(-HUGE_VAL) : DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
+        }
+        else {
+            VALUE div;
+            if (FIXNUM_P(nexp)) {
+                div = f_expt10(nexp);
+                if (! RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(div)) {
+                    den = rb_int_mul(den, div);
+                    goto reduce;
+                }
+            }
+            return sign == '-' ? DBL2NUM(-0.0) : DBL2NUM(+0.0);
+        }
+      reduce:
+        nurat_reduce(&num, &den);
+    }
 
-    if (strict)
-	if (*s != '\0')
-	    return 0;
-    return 1;
+    if (sign == '-') {
+	num = negate_num(num);
+    }
+
+    return rb_rational_raw(num, den);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-string_to_r_strict(VALUE self)
+string_to_r_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
 {
-    char *s;
     VALUE num;
 
     rb_must_asciicompat(self);
 
-    s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
-
-    if (!s || memchr(s, '\0', RSTRING_LEN(self)))
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string contains null byte");
-
-    if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
-	rb_str_modify(self);
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
-	s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
+    num = parse_rat(RSTRING_PTR(self), RSTRING_END(self), 1, raise);
+    if (NIL_P(num)) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for convert(): %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 self);
     }
 
-    if (!s)
-	s = (char *)"";
-
-    if (!parse_rat(s, 1, &num)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for convert(): %+"PRIsVALUE,
-		 self);
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num) && !FLOAT_ZERO_P(num)) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
+        rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "Infinity");
     }
-
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num))
-	rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "Infinity");
     return num;
 }
 
@@ -2501,47 +2507,40 @@ string_to_r_strict(VALUE self)
  * call-seq:
  *    str.to_r  ->  rational
  *
- * Returns a rational which denotes the string form.  The parser
- * ignores leading whitespaces and trailing garbage.  Any digit
- * sequences can be separated by an underscore.  Returns zero for null
- * or garbage string.
- *
- * NOTE: '0.3'.to_r isn't the same as 0.3.to_r.  The former is
- * equivalent to '3/10'.to_r, but the latter isn't so.
+ * Returns the result of interpreting leading characters in +str+
+ * as a rational.  Leading whitespace and extraneous characters
+ * past the end of a valid number are ignored.
+ * Digit sequences can be separated by an underscore.
+ * If there is not a valid number at the start of +str+,
+ * zero is returned.  This method never raises an exception.
  *
  *    '  2  '.to_r       #=> (2/1)
  *    '300/2'.to_r       #=> (150/1)
  *    '-9.2'.to_r        #=> (-46/5)
  *    '-9.2e2'.to_r      #=> (-920/1)
  *    '1_234_567'.to_r   #=> (1234567/1)
- *    '21 june 09'.to_r  #=> (21/1)
+ *    '21 June 09'.to_r  #=> (21/1)
  *    '21/06/09'.to_r    #=> (7/2)
- *    'bwv 1079'.to_r    #=> (0/1)
+ *    'BWV 1079'.to_r    #=> (0/1)
+ *
+ * NOTE: "0.3".to_r isn't the same as 0.3.to_r.  The former is
+ * equivalent to "3/10".to_r, but the latter isn't so.
  *
- * See Kernel.Rational.
+ *    "0.3".to_r == 3/10r  #=> true
+ *    0.3.to_r   == 3/10r  #=> false
+ *
+ * See also Kernel#Rational.
  */
 static VALUE
 string_to_r(VALUE self)
 {
-    char *s;
     VALUE num;
 
     rb_must_asciicompat(self);
 
-    s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
-
-    if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
-	rb_str_modify(self);
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
-	s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
-    }
-
-    if (!s)
-	s = (char *)"";
-
-    (void)parse_rat(s, 0, &num);
+    num = parse_rat(RSTRING_PTR(self), RSTRING_END(self), 0, TRUE);
 
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num))
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num) && !FLOAT_ZERO_P(num))
 	rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "Infinity");
     return num;
 }
@@ -2551,82 +2550,173 @@ rb_cstr_to_rat(const char *s, int strict) /* for complex's internal */
 {
     VALUE num;
 
-    (void)parse_rat(s, strict, &num);
+    num = parse_rat(s, s + strlen(s), strict, TRUE);
 
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num))
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num) && !FLOAT_ZERO_P(num))
 	rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "Infinity");
     return num;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-nurat_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+to_rational(VALUE val)
 {
-    VALUE a1, a2, backref;
+    return rb_convert_type_with_id(val, T_RATIONAL, "Rational", idTo_r);
+}
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &a1, &a2);
+static VALUE
+nurat_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE numv, VALUE denv, int raise)
+{
+    VALUE a1 = numv, a2 = denv;
+    int state;
 
-    if (NIL_P(a1) || (argc == 2 && NIL_P(a2)))
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Rational");
+    assert(a1 != Qundef);
+
+    if (NIL_P(a1) || NIL_P(a2)) {
+        if (!raise) return Qnil;
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into Rational");
+    }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	if (k_exact_zero_p(RCOMPLEX(a1)->imag))
-	    a1 = RCOMPLEX(a1)->real;
+        if (k_exact_zero_p(RCOMPLEX(a1)->imag))
+            a1 = RCOMPLEX(a1)->real;
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_COMPLEX)) {
-	if (k_exact_zero_p(RCOMPLEX(a2)->imag))
-	    a2 = RCOMPLEX(a2)->real;
+        if (k_exact_zero_p(RCOMPLEX(a2)->imag))
+            a2 = RCOMPLEX(a2)->real;
     }
 
-    backref = rb_backref_get();
-    rb_match_busy(backref);
-
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a1)) {
-	a1 = float_to_r(a1);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a1)) {
+        // nothing to do
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a1)) {
+        a1 = float_to_r(a1);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        // nothing to do
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_STRING)) {
-	a1 = string_to_r_strict(a1);
+        a1 = string_to_r_strict(a1, raise);
+        if (!raise && NIL_P(a1)) return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (!rb_respond_to(a1, idTo_r)) {
+        VALUE tmp = rb_protect(rb_check_to_int, a1, NULL);
+        rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            a1 = tmp;
+        }
     }
 
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a2)) {
-	a2 = float_to_r(a2);
+    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a2)) {
+        // nothing to do
+    }
+    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a2)) {
+        a2 = float_to_r(a2);
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        // nothing to do
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(a2, T_STRING)) {
-	a2 = string_to_r_strict(a2);
+        a2 = string_to_r_strict(a2, raise);
+        if (!raise && NIL_P(a2)) return Qnil;
+    }
+    else if (a2 != Qundef && !rb_respond_to(a2, idTo_r)) {
+        VALUE tmp = rb_protect(rb_check_to_int, a2, NULL);
+        rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            a2 = tmp;
+        }
     }
 
-    rb_backref_set(backref);
-
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_RATIONAL)) {
-	if (argc == 1 || (k_exact_one_p(a2)))
-	    return a1;
+        if (a2 == Qundef || (k_exact_one_p(a2)))
+            return a1;
     }
 
-    if (argc == 1) {
-	if (!(k_numeric_p(a1) && k_integer_p(a1)))
-	    return rb_convert_type(a1, T_RATIONAL, "Rational", "to_r");
+    if (a2 == Qundef) {
+        if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(a1)) {
+            if (!raise) {
+                VALUE result = rb_protect(to_rational, a1, NULL);
+                rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+                return result;
+            }
+            return to_rational(a1);
+        }
     }
     else {
-	if ((k_numeric_p(a1) && k_numeric_p(a2)) &&
-	    (!f_integer_p(a1) || !f_integer_p(a2)))
-	    return f_div(a1, a2);
+        if (!k_numeric_p(a1)) {
+            if (!raise) {
+                a1 = rb_protect(to_rational, a1, &state);
+                if (state) {
+                    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+                    return Qnil;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                a1 = rb_check_convert_type_with_id(a1, T_RATIONAL, "Rational", idTo_r);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!k_numeric_p(a2)) {
+            if (!raise) {
+                a2 = rb_protect(to_rational, a2, &state);
+                if (state) {
+                    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+                    return Qnil;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                a2 = rb_check_convert_type_with_id(a2, T_RATIONAL, "Rational", idTo_r);
+            }
+        }
+        if ((k_numeric_p(a1) && k_numeric_p(a2)) &&
+                (!f_integer_p(a1) || !f_integer_p(a2))) {
+            VALUE tmp = rb_protect(to_rational, a1, &state);
+            if (!state) {
+                a1 = tmp;
+            }
+            else {
+                rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+            }
+            return f_div(a1, a2);
+        }
     }
 
-    {
-	VALUE argv2[2];
-	argv2[0] = a1;
-	argv2[1] = a2;
-	return nurat_s_new(argc, argv2, klass);
+    a1 = nurat_int_value(a1);
+
+    if (a2 == Qundef) {
+        a2 = ONE;
+    }
+    else if (!k_integer_p(a2) && !raise) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    else {
+        a2 = nurat_int_value(a2);
+    }
+
+
+    return nurat_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, a1, a2);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+nurat_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    VALUE a1, a2;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &a1, &a2) == 1) {
+        a2 = Qundef;
     }
+
+    return nurat_convert(klass, a1, a2, TRUE);
 }
 
 /*
- * A rational number can be represented as a paired integer number;
- * a/b (b>0).  Where a is numerator and b is denominator.  Integer a
- * equals rational a/1 mathematically.
+ * A rational number can be represented as a pair of integer numbers:
+ * a/b (b>0), where a is the numerator and b is the denominator.
+ * Integer a equals rational a/1 mathematically.
  *
- * In ruby, you can create rational object with Rational, to_r,
- * rationalize method or suffixing r to a literal.  The return values will be irreducible.
+ * In Ruby, you can create rational objects with the Kernel#Rational,
+ * to_r, or rationalize methods or by suffixing +r+ to a literal.
+ * The return values will be irreducible fractions.
  *
  *    Rational(1)      #=> (1/1)
  *    Rational(2, 3)   #=> (2/3)
@@ -2634,7 +2724,7 @@ nurat_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *    3.to_r           #=> (3/1)
  *    2/3r             #=> (2/3)
  *
- * You can also create rational object from floating-point numbers or
+ * You can also create rational objects from floating-point numbers or
  * strings.
  *
  *    Rational(0.3)    #=> (5404319552844595/18014398509481984)
@@ -2647,13 +2737,13 @@ nurat_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *    0.3.rationalize  #=> (3/10)
  *
  * A rational object is an exact number, which helps you to write
- * program without any rounding errors.
+ * programs without any rounding errors.
  *
- *    10.times.inject(0){|t,| t + 0.1}              #=> 0.9999999999999999
- *    10.times.inject(0){|t,| t + Rational('0.1')}  #=> (1/1)
+ *    10.times.inject(0) {|t| t + 0.1 }              #=> 0.9999999999999999
+ *    10.times.inject(0) {|t| t + Rational('0.1') }  #=> (1/1)
  *
- * However, when an expression has inexact factor (numerical value or
- * operation), will produce an inexact result.
+ * However, when an expression includes an inexact component (numerical value
+ * or operation), it will produce an inexact result.
  *
  *    Rational(10) / 3   #=> (10/3)
  *    Rational(10) / 3.0 #=> 3.3333333333333335
@@ -2665,29 +2755,17 @@ void
 Init_Rational(void)
 {
     VALUE compat;
-#undef rb_intern
-#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
-
-    assert(fprintf(stderr, "assert() is now active\n"));
-
-    id_abs = rb_intern("abs");
-    id_idiv = rb_intern("div");
-    id_integer_p = rb_intern("integer?");
-    id_to_i = rb_intern("to_i");
-    id_i_num = rb_intern("@numerator");
-    id_i_den = rb_intern("@denominator");
+    id_abs = rb_intern_const("abs");
+    id_integer_p = rb_intern_const("integer?");
+    id_i_num = rb_intern_const("@numerator");
+    id_i_den = rb_intern_const("@denominator");
 
     rb_cRational = rb_define_class("Rational", rb_cNumeric);
 
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cRational, nurat_s_alloc);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cRational), "allocate");
 
-#if 0
-    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cRational), "new!", nurat_s_new_bang, -1);
-    rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cRational), "new", nurat_s_new, -1);
-#else
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cRational), "new");
-#endif
 
     rb_define_global_function("Rational", nurat_f_rational, -1);
 
@@ -2696,10 +2774,10 @@ Init_Rational(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "-@", rb_rational_uminus, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "+", rb_rational_plus, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "-", nurat_sub, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "*", nurat_mul, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "/", nurat_div, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "quo", nurat_div, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "-", rb_rational_minus, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "*", rb_rational_mul, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "/", rb_rational_div, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "quo", rb_rational_div, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "fdiv", nurat_fdiv, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "**", nurat_expt, 1);
 
@@ -2707,15 +2785,6 @@ Init_Rational(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "==", nurat_eqeq_p, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "coerce", nurat_coerce, 1);
 
-#if 0
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "quot", nurat_quot, 1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "quotrem", nurat_quotrem, 1);
-#endif
-
-#if 0
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "rational?", nurat_true, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "exact?", nurat_true, 0);
-#endif
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "positive?", nurat_positive_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "negative?", nurat_negative_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "abs", rb_rational_abs, 0);
@@ -2737,6 +2806,7 @@ Init_Rational(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cRational, "inspect", nurat_inspect, 0);
 
     rb_define_private_method(rb_cRational, "marshal_dump", nurat_marshal_dump, 0);
+    /* :nodoc: */
     compat = rb_define_class_under(rb_cRational, "compatible", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_private_method(compat, "marshal_load", nurat_marshal_load, 1);
     rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_cRational, compat, nurat_dumper, nurat_loader);
@@ -2749,13 +2819,13 @@ Init_Rational(void)
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "numerator", numeric_numerator, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "denominator", numeric_denominator, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "quo", numeric_quo, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "quo", rb_numeric_quo, 1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "numerator", integer_numerator, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "denominator", integer_denominator, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "numerator", float_numerator, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "denominator", float_denominator, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "numerator", rb_float_numerator, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "denominator", rb_float_denominator, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "to_r", nilclass_to_r, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNilClass, "rationalize", nilclass_rationalize, -1);
@@ -2770,9 +2840,3 @@ Init_Rational(void)
 
     rb_provide("rational.so");	/* for backward compatibility */
 }
-
-/*
-Local variables:
-c-file-style: "ruby"
-End:
-*/
diff --git a/re.c b/re.c
index f8682e23e1..5b6f129963 100644
--- a/re.c
+++ b/re.c
@@ -9,12 +9,21 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "encindex.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/hash.h"
+#include "internal/imemo.h"
+#include "internal/re.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "regint.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
 #include "ruby/re.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
-#include "regint.h"
-#include "encindex.h"
-#include <ctype.h>
 
 VALUE rb_eRegexpError;
 
@@ -88,21 +97,13 @@ rb_memcicmp(const void *x, const void *y, long len)
     return 0;
 }
 
-#undef rb_memcmp
-
-int
-rb_memcmp(const void *p1, const void *p2, long len)
-{
-    return memcmp(p1, p2, len);
-}
-
 #ifdef HAVE_MEMMEM
 static inline long
 rb_memsearch_ss(const unsigned char *xs, long m, const unsigned char *ys, long n)
 {
     const unsigned char *y;
 
-    if (y = memmem(ys, n, xs, m))
+    if ((y = memmem(ys, n, xs, m)) != NULL)
 	return y - ys;
     else
 	return -1;
@@ -113,13 +114,7 @@ rb_memsearch_ss(const unsigned char *xs, long m, const unsigned char *ys, long n
 {
     const unsigned char *x = xs, *xe = xs + m;
     const unsigned char *y = ys, *ye = ys + n;
-#ifndef VALUE_MAX
-# if SIZEOF_VALUE == 8
-#  define VALUE_MAX 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL
-# elif SIZEOF_VALUE == 4
-#  define VALUE_MAX 0xFFFFFFFFUL
-# endif
-#endif
+#define VALUE_MAX ((VALUE)~(VALUE)0)
     VALUE hx, hy, mask = VALUE_MAX >> ((SIZEOF_VALUE - m) * CHAR_BIT);
 
     if (m > SIZEOF_VALUE)
@@ -317,8 +312,10 @@ char_to_option(int c)
     return val;
 }
 
+enum { OPTBUF_SIZE = 4 };
+
 static char *
-option_to_str(char str[4], int options)
+option_to_str(char str[OPTBUF_SIZE], int options)
 {
     char *p = str;
     if (options & ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE) *p++ = 'm';
@@ -364,7 +361,7 @@ rb_reg_check(VALUE re)
 
 static void
 rb_reg_expr_str(VALUE str, const char *s, long len,
-	rb_encoding *enc, rb_encoding *resenc)
+		rb_encoding *enc, rb_encoding *resenc, int term)
 {
     const char *p, *pend;
     int cr = ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN;
@@ -385,7 +382,7 @@ rb_reg_expr_str(VALUE str, const char *s, long len,
 		    break;
 		}
 	    }
-	    else if (c != '/' && rb_enc_isprint(c, enc)) {
+	    else if (c != term && rb_enc_isprint(c, enc)) {
 		p += clen;
 	    }
 	    else {
@@ -412,11 +409,6 @@ rb_reg_expr_str(VALUE str, const char *s, long len,
 		p += n;
 		continue;
 	    }
-	    else if (c == '/') {
-		char c = '\\';
-		rb_str_buf_cat(str, &c, 1);
-		rb_str_buf_cat(str, p, clen);
-	    }
 	    else if (c == -1) {
 		clen = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, pend, enc);
 		if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(clen)) {
@@ -433,6 +425,11 @@ rb_reg_expr_str(VALUE str, const char *s, long len,
 		    rb_str_buf_cat(str, p, clen);
 		}
 	    }
+	    else if (c == term) {
+		char c = '\\';
+		rb_str_buf_cat(str, &c, 1);
+		rb_str_buf_cat(str, p, clen);
+	    }
 	    else if (rb_enc_isprint(c, enc)) {
 		rb_str_buf_cat(str, p, clen);
 	    }
@@ -465,17 +462,16 @@ rb_reg_desc(const char *s, long len, VALUE re)
     else {
 	rb_enc_associate(str, rb_usascii_encoding());
     }
-    rb_reg_expr_str(str, s, len, enc, resenc);
+    rb_reg_expr_str(str, s, len, enc, resenc, '/');
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "/");
     if (re) {
-	char opts[4];
+	char opts[OPTBUF_SIZE];
 	rb_reg_check(re);
 	if (*option_to_str(opts, RREGEXP_PTR(re)->options))
 	    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, opts);
 	if (RBASIC(re)->flags & REG_ENCODING_NONE)
 	    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "n");
     }
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, re);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -501,7 +497,6 @@ rb_reg_source(VALUE re)
 
     rb_reg_check(re);
     str = rb_str_dup(RREGEXP_SRC(re));
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(re)) OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -526,6 +521,7 @@ rb_reg_inspect(VALUE re)
     return rb_reg_desc(RREGEXP_SRC_PTR(re), RREGEXP_SRC_LEN(re), re);
 }
 
+static VALUE rb_reg_str_with_term(VALUE re, int term);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -533,11 +529,11 @@ rb_reg_inspect(VALUE re)
  *
  *  Returns a string containing the regular expression and its options (using the
  *  <code>(?opts:source)</code> notation. This string can be fed back in to
- *  <code>Regexp::new</code> to a regular expression with the same semantics as
- *  the original. (However, <code>Regexp#==</code> may not return true when
- *  comparing the two, as the source of the regular expression itself may
- *  differ, as the example shows).  <code>Regexp#inspect</code> produces a
- *  generally more readable version of <i>rxp</i>.
+ *  Regexp::new to a regular expression with the same semantics as the
+ *  original. (However, <code>Regexp#==</code> may not return true
+ *  when comparing the two, as the source of the regular expression
+ *  itself may differ, as the example shows).  Regexp#inspect produces
+ *  a generally more readable version of <i>rxp</i>.
  *
  *      r1 = /ab+c/ix           #=> /ab+c/ix
  *      s1 = r1.to_s            #=> "(?ix-m:ab+c)"
@@ -550,12 +546,18 @@ rb_reg_inspect(VALUE re)
 static VALUE
 rb_reg_to_s(VALUE re)
 {
+    return rb_reg_str_with_term(re, '/');
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_reg_str_with_term(VALUE re, int term)
+{
     int options, opt;
     const int embeddable = ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE|ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE|ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND;
     long len;
     const UChar* ptr;
     VALUE str = rb_str_buf_new2("(?");
-    char optbuf[5];
+    char optbuf[OPTBUF_SIZE + 1]; /* for '-' */
     rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(re);
 
     rb_reg_check(re);
@@ -606,7 +608,7 @@ rb_reg_to_s(VALUE re)
 
 	    ++ptr;
 	    len -= 2;
-            err = onig_new(&rp, ptr, ptr + len, ONIG_OPTION_DEFAULT,
+            err = onig_new(&rp, ptr, ptr + len, options,
 			   enc, OnigDefaultSyntax, NULL);
 	    onig_free(rp);
 	    ruby_verbose = verbose;
@@ -628,7 +630,7 @@ rb_reg_to_s(VALUE re)
 
     rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ":");
     if (rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
-	rb_reg_expr_str(str, (char*)ptr, len, enc, NULL);
+	rb_reg_expr_str(str, (char*)ptr, len, enc, NULL, term);
 	rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
     }
     else {
@@ -648,15 +650,16 @@ rb_reg_to_s(VALUE re)
 	memcpy(paren, s, n);
 	rb_str_resize(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - n);
 
-	rb_reg_expr_str(str, (char*)ptr, len, enc, NULL);
+	rb_reg_expr_str(str, (char*)ptr, len, enc, NULL, term);
 	rb_str_buf_cat(str, paren, n);
     }
     rb_enc_copy(str, re);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, re);
     return str;
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void rb_reg_raise(const char *s, long len, const char *err, VALUE re));
+
 static void
 rb_reg_raise(const char *s, long len, const char *err, VALUE re)
 {
@@ -668,20 +671,22 @@ rb_reg_raise(const char *s, long len, const char *err, VALUE re)
 static VALUE
 rb_enc_reg_error_desc(const char *s, long len, rb_encoding *enc, int options, const char *err)
 {
-    char opts[6];
+    char opts[OPTBUF_SIZE + 1];	/* for '/' */
     VALUE desc = rb_str_buf_new2(err);
     rb_encoding *resenc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
     if (resenc == NULL) resenc = rb_default_external_encoding();
 
     rb_enc_associate(desc, enc);
     rb_str_buf_cat2(desc, ": /");
-    rb_reg_expr_str(desc, s, len, enc, resenc);
+    rb_reg_expr_str(desc, s, len, enc, resenc, '/');
     opts[0] = '/';
     option_to_str(opts + 1, options);
     rb_str_buf_cat2(desc, opts);
     return rb_exc_new3(rb_eRegexpError, desc);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void rb_enc_reg_raise(const char *s, long len, rb_encoding *enc, int options, const char *err));
+
 static void
 rb_enc_reg_raise(const char *s, long len, rb_encoding *enc, int options, const char *err)
 {
@@ -695,6 +700,8 @@ rb_reg_error_desc(VALUE str, int options, const char *err)
 				 rb_enc_get(str), options, err);
 }
 
+NORETURN(static void rb_reg_raise_str(VALUE str, int options, const char *err));
+
 static void
 rb_reg_raise_str(VALUE str, int options, const char *err)
 {
@@ -726,11 +733,11 @@ rb_reg_casefold_p(VALUE re)
  *  call-seq:
  *     rxp.options   -> integer
  *
- *  Returns the set of bits corresponding to the options used when creating this
- *  Regexp (see <code>Regexp::new</code> for details. Note that additional bits
- *  may be set in the returned options: these are used internally by the regular
- *  expression code. These extra bits are ignored if the options are passed to
- *  <code>Regexp::new</code>.
+ *  Returns the set of bits corresponding to the options used when
+ *  creating this Regexp (see Regexp::new for details. Note that
+ *  additional bits may be set in the returned options: these are used
+ *  internally by the regular expression code. These extra bits are
+ *  ignored if the options are passed to Regexp::new.
  *
  *     Regexp::IGNORECASE                  #=> 1
  *     Regexp::EXTENDED                    #=> 2
@@ -828,9 +835,9 @@ reg_named_captures_iter(const OnigUChar *name, const OnigUChar *name_end,
 static VALUE
 rb_reg_named_captures(VALUE re)
 {
-    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_reg_check(re);
-    onig_foreach_name(RREGEXP_PTR(re), reg_named_captures_iter, (void*)hash);
+    regex_t *reg = (rb_reg_check(re), RREGEXP_PTR(re));
+    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(onig_number_of_names(reg));
+    onig_foreach_name(reg, reg_named_captures_iter, (void*)hash);
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -884,13 +891,50 @@ make_regexp(const char *s, long len, rb_encoding *enc, int flags, onig_errmsg_bu
 /*
  *  Document-class: MatchData
  *
- *  <code>MatchData</code> is the type of the special variable <code>$~</code>,
- *  and is the type of the object returned by <code>Regexp#match</code> and
- *  <code>Regexp.last_match</code>. It encapsulates all the results of a pattern
- *  match, results normally accessed through the special variables
- *  <code>$&</code>, <code>$'</code>, <code>$`</code>, <code>$1</code>,
- *  <code>$2</code>, and so on.
- *
+ *  MatchData encapsulates the result of matching a Regexp against
+ *  string. It is returned by Regexp#match and String#match, and also
+ *  stored in a global variable returned by Regexp.last_match.
+ *
+ *  Usage:
+ *
+ *      url = 'https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/2.5.0/MatchData.html'
+ *      m = url.match(/(\d\.?)+/)   # => #<MatchData "2.5.0" 1:"0">
+ *      m.string                    # => "https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/2.5.0/MatchData.html"
+ *      m.regexp                    # => /(\d\.?)+/
+ *      # entire matched substring:
+ *      m[0]                        # => "2.5.0"
+ *
+ *      # Working with unnamed captures
+ *      m = url.match(%r{([^/]+)/([^/]+)\.html$})
+ *      m.captures                  # => ["2.5.0", "MatchData"]
+ *      m[1]                        # => "2.5.0"
+ *      m.values_at(1, 2)           # => ["2.5.0", "MatchData"]
+ *
+ *      # Working with named captures
+ *      m = url.match(%r{(?<version>[^/]+)/(?<module>[^/]+)\.html$})
+ *      m.captures                  # => ["2.5.0", "MatchData"]
+ *      m.named_captures            # => {"version"=>"2.5.0", "module"=>"MatchData"}
+ *      m[:version]                 # => "2.5.0"
+ *      m.values_at(:version, :module)
+ *                                  # => ["2.5.0", "MatchData"]
+ *      # Numerical indexes are working, too
+ *      m[1]                        # => "2.5.0"
+ *      m.values_at(1, 2)           # => ["2.5.0", "MatchData"]
+ *
+ *  == Global variables equivalence
+ *
+ *  Parts of last MatchData (returned by Regexp.last_match) are also
+ *  aliased as global variables:
+ *
+ *  * <code>$~</code> is Regexp.last_match;
+ *  * <code>$&</code> is Regexp.last_match<code>[ 0 ]</code>;
+ *  * <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, and so on are
+ *    Regexp.last_match<code>[ i ]</code> (captures by number);
+ *  * <code>$`</code> is Regexp.last_match<code>.pre_match</code>;
+ *  * <code>$'</code> is Regexp.last_match<code>.post_match</code>;
+ *  * <code>$+</code> is Regexp.last_match<code>[ -1 ]</code> (the last capture).
+ *
+ *  See also "Special global variables" section in Regexp documentation.
  */
 
 VALUE rb_cMatch;
@@ -946,7 +990,7 @@ update_char_offset(VALUE match)
     rb_encoding *enc;
     pair_t *pairs;
 
-    if (rm->char_offset_updated)
+    if (rm->char_offset_num_allocated)
         return;
 
     regs = &rm->regs;
@@ -963,7 +1007,6 @@ update_char_offset(VALUE match)
             rm->char_offset[i].beg = BEG(i);
             rm->char_offset[i].end = END(i);
         }
-        rm->char_offset_updated = 1;
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1002,15 +1045,13 @@ update_char_offset(VALUE match)
         found = bsearch(&key, pairs, num_pos, sizeof(pair_t), pair_byte_cmp);
         rm->char_offset[i].end = found->char_pos;
     }
-
-    rm->char_offset_updated = 1;
 }
 
 static void
 match_check(VALUE match)
 {
     if (!RMATCH(match)->regexp) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "uninitialized Match");
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "uninitialized MatchData");
     }
 }
 
@@ -1029,17 +1070,13 @@ match_init_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
     if (rb_reg_region_copy(&rm->regs, RMATCH_REGS(orig)))
 	rb_memerror();
 
-    if (!RMATCH(orig)->rmatch->char_offset_updated) {
-        rm->char_offset_updated = 0;
-    }
-    else {
+    if (RMATCH(orig)->rmatch->char_offset_num_allocated) {
         if (rm->char_offset_num_allocated < rm->regs.num_regs) {
             REALLOC_N(rm->char_offset, struct rmatch_offset, rm->regs.num_regs);
             rm->char_offset_num_allocated = rm->regs.num_regs;
         }
         MEMCPY(rm->char_offset, RMATCH(orig)->rmatch->char_offset,
                struct rmatch_offset, rm->regs.num_regs);
-        rm->char_offset_updated = 1;
 	RB_GC_GUARD(orig);
     }
 
@@ -1114,6 +1151,14 @@ match_size(VALUE match)
 }
 
 static int name_to_backref_number(struct re_registers *, VALUE, const char*, const char*);
+NORETURN(static void name_to_backref_error(VALUE name));
+
+static void
+name_to_backref_error(VALUE name)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "undefined group name reference: % "PRIsVALUE,
+	     name);
+}
 
 static int
 match_backref_number(VALUE match, VALUE backref)
@@ -1133,10 +1178,10 @@ match_backref_number(VALUE match, VALUE backref)
     }
     name = StringValueCStr(backref);
 
-    num = name_to_backref_number(regs, regexp, name, name + strlen(name));
+    num = name_to_backref_number(regs, regexp, name, name + RSTRING_LEN(backref));
 
     if (num < 1) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "undefined group name reference: %s", name);
+        name_to_backref_error(backref);
     }
 
     return num;
@@ -1262,6 +1307,12 @@ rb_match_busy(VALUE match)
     FL_SET(match, MATCH_BUSY);
 }
 
+void
+rb_match_unbusy(VALUE match)
+{
+    FL_UNSET(match, MATCH_BUSY);
+}
+
 int
 rb_match_count(VALUE match)
 {
@@ -1297,11 +1348,10 @@ match_set_string(VALUE m, VALUE string, long pos, long len)
 
     match->str = string;
     match->regexp = Qnil;
-    onig_region_resize(&rmatch->regs, 1);
+    int err = onig_region_resize(&rmatch->regs, 1);
+    if (err) rb_memerror();
     rmatch->regs.beg[0] = pos;
     rmatch->regs.end[0] = pos + len;
-    rmatch->char_offset_updated = 0;
-    OBJ_INFECT(match, string);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1333,14 +1383,14 @@ rb_backref_set_string(VALUE string, long pos, long len)
  *      r.fixed_encoding?                               #=> true
  *      r.encoding                                      #=> #<Encoding:UTF-8>
  *      r =~ "\u{6666} a"                               #=> 2
- *      r =~ "\xa1\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")        #=> ArgumentError
+ *      r =~ "\xa1\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")        #=> Encoding::CompatibilityError
  *      r =~ "abc".force_encoding("euc-jp")             #=> 0
  *
  *      r = /\u{6666}/
  *      r.fixed_encoding?                               #=> true
  *      r.encoding                                      #=> #<Encoding:UTF-8>
  *      r =~ "\u{6666} a"                               #=> 0
- *      r =~ "\xa1\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")        #=> ArgumentError
+ *      r =~ "\xa1\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")        #=> Encoding::CompatibilityError
  *      r =~ "abc".force_encoding("euc-jp")             #=> nil
  */
 
@@ -1357,6 +1407,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_reg_preprocess(const char *p, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
         rb_encoding **fixed_enc, onig_errmsg_buffer err);
 
+NORETURN(static void reg_enc_error(VALUE re, VALUE str));
 
 static void
 reg_enc_error(VALUE re, VALUE str)
@@ -1410,7 +1461,7 @@ rb_reg_prepare_enc(VALUE re, VALUE str, int warn)
     else if (warn && (RBASIC(re)->flags & REG_ENCODING_NONE) &&
 	enc != rb_ascii8bit_encoding() &&
 	cr != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT) {
-	rb_warn("regexp match /.../n against to %s string",
+	rb_warn("historical binary regexp match /.../n against %s string",
 		rb_enc_name(enc));
     }
     return enc;
@@ -1441,8 +1492,10 @@ rb_reg_prepare_re0(VALUE re, VALUE str, onig_errmsg_buffer err)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "regexp preprocess failed: %s", err);
     }
 
-    r = onig_new(&reg, (UChar* )RSTRING_PTR(unescaped),
-		 (UChar* )(RSTRING_PTR(unescaped) + RSTRING_LEN(unescaped)),
+    const char *ptr;
+    long len;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(unescaped, ptr, len);
+    r = onig_new(&reg, (UChar *)ptr, (UChar *)(ptr + len),
 		 reg->options, enc,
 		 OnigDefaultSyntax, &einfo);
     if (r) {
@@ -1493,18 +1546,21 @@ rb_reg_adjust_startpos(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse)
 }
 
 /* returns byte offset */
-long
-rb_reg_search0(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse, int set_backref_str)
+static long
+rb_reg_search_set_match(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse, int set_backref_str, VALUE *set_match)
 {
     long result;
     VALUE match;
     struct re_registers regi, *regs = &regi;
-    char *range = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    char *start, *range;
+    long len;
     regex_t *reg;
     int tmpreg;
     onig_errmsg_buffer err = "";
 
-    if (pos > RSTRING_LEN(str) || pos < 0) {
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(str, start, len);
+    range = start;
+    if (pos > len || pos < 0) {
 	rb_backref_set(Qnil);
 	return -1;
     }
@@ -1513,6 +1569,81 @@ rb_reg_search0(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse, int set_backref_str)
     tmpreg = reg != RREGEXP_PTR(re);
     if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(re)->usecnt++;
 
+    MEMZERO(regs, struct re_registers, 1);
+    if (!reverse) {
+	range += len;
+    }
+    result = onig_search(reg,
+			 (UChar*)start,
+			 ((UChar*)(start + len)),
+			 ((UChar*)(start + pos)),
+			 ((UChar*)range),
+			 regs, ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+    if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(re)->usecnt--;
+    if (tmpreg) {
+	if (RREGEXP(re)->usecnt) {
+	    onig_free(reg);
+	}
+	else {
+	    onig_free(RREGEXP_PTR(re));
+	    RREGEXP_PTR(re) = reg;
+	}
+    }
+    if (result < 0) {
+	if (regs == &regi)
+	    onig_region_free(regs, 0);
+	if (result == ONIG_MISMATCH) {
+	    rb_backref_set(Qnil);
+	    return result;
+	}
+	else {
+	    onig_error_code_to_str((UChar*)err, (int)result);
+	    rb_reg_raise(RREGEXP_SRC_PTR(re), RREGEXP_SRC_LEN(re), err, re);
+	}
+    }
+
+    match = match_alloc(rb_cMatch);
+    int copy_err = rb_reg_region_copy(RMATCH_REGS(match), regs);
+    onig_region_free(regs, 0);
+    if (copy_err) rb_memerror();
+
+    if (set_backref_str) {
+	RMATCH(match)->str = rb_str_new4(str);
+    }
+
+    RMATCH(match)->regexp = re;
+    rb_backref_set(match);
+    if (set_match) *set_match = match;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+long
+rb_reg_search0(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse, int set_backref_str)
+{
+    return rb_reg_search_set_match(re, str, pos, reverse, set_backref_str, NULL);
+}
+
+long
+rb_reg_search(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse)
+{
+    return rb_reg_search0(re, str, pos, reverse, 1);
+}
+
+bool
+rb_reg_start_with_p(VALUE re, VALUE str)
+{
+    long result;
+    VALUE match;
+    struct re_registers regi, *regs = &regi;
+    regex_t *reg;
+    int tmpreg;
+    onig_errmsg_buffer err = "";
+
+    reg = rb_reg_prepare_re0(re, str, err);
+    tmpreg = reg != RREGEXP_PTR(re);
+    if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(re)->usecnt++;
+
     match = rb_backref_get();
     if (!NIL_P(match)) {
 	if (FL_TEST(match, MATCH_BUSY)) {
@@ -1525,15 +1656,14 @@ rb_reg_search0(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse, int set_backref_str)
     if (NIL_P(match)) {
 	MEMZERO(regs, struct re_registers, 1);
     }
-    if (!reverse) {
-	range += RSTRING_LEN(str);
-    }
-    result = onig_search(reg,
-			 (UChar*)(RSTRING_PTR(str)),
-			 ((UChar*)(RSTRING_PTR(str)) + RSTRING_LEN(str)),
-			 ((UChar*)(RSTRING_PTR(str)) + pos),
-			 ((UChar*)range),
-			 regs, ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+    const char *ptr;
+    long len;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(str, ptr, len);
+    result = onig_match(reg,
+	    (UChar*)(ptr),
+	    ((UChar*)(ptr + len)),
+	    (UChar*)(ptr),
+	    regs, ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
     if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(re)->usecnt--;
     if (tmpreg) {
 	if (RREGEXP(re)->usecnt) {
@@ -1549,7 +1679,7 @@ rb_reg_search0(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse, int set_backref_str)
 	    onig_region_free(regs, 0);
 	if (result == ONIG_MISMATCH) {
 	    rb_backref_set(Qnil);
-	    return result;
+	    return false;
 	}
 	else {
 	    onig_error_code_to_str((UChar*)err, (int)result);
@@ -1564,28 +1694,13 @@ rb_reg_search0(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse, int set_backref_str)
 	onig_region_free(regs, 0);
 	if (err) rb_memerror();
     }
-    else {
-	FL_UNSET(match, FL_TAINT);
-    }
 
-    if (set_backref_str) {
-	RMATCH(match)->str = rb_str_new4(str);
-	OBJ_INFECT(match, str);
-    }
+    RMATCH(match)->str = rb_str_new4(str);
 
     RMATCH(match)->regexp = re;
-    RMATCH(match)->rmatch->char_offset_updated = 0;
     rb_backref_set(match);
 
-    OBJ_INFECT(match, re);
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-long
-rb_reg_search(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos, int reverse)
-{
-    return rb_reg_search0(re, str, pos, reverse, 1);
+    return true;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1628,7 +1743,6 @@ rb_reg_nth_match(int nth, VALUE match)
     end = END(nth);
     len = end - start;
     str = rb_str_subseq(RMATCH(match)->str, start, len);
-    OBJ_INFECT(str, match);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -1661,7 +1775,6 @@ rb_reg_match_pre(VALUE match)
     regs = RMATCH_REGS(match);
     if (BEG(0) == -1) return Qnil;
     str = rb_str_subseq(RMATCH(match)->str, 0, BEG(0));
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(match)) OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -1691,7 +1804,6 @@ rb_reg_match_post(VALUE match)
     str = RMATCH(match)->str;
     pos = END(0);
     str = rb_str_subseq(str, pos, RSTRING_LEN(str) - pos);
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(match)) OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -1713,25 +1825,25 @@ rb_reg_match_last(VALUE match)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-last_match_getter(void)
+last_match_getter(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
     return rb_reg_last_match(rb_backref_get());
 }
 
 static VALUE
-prematch_getter(void)
+prematch_getter(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
     return rb_reg_match_pre(rb_backref_get());
 }
 
 static VALUE
-postmatch_getter(void)
+postmatch_getter(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
     return rb_reg_match_post(rb_backref_get());
 }
 
 static VALUE
-last_paren_match_getter(void)
+last_paren_match_getter(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
     return rb_reg_match_last(rb_backref_get());
 }
@@ -1743,7 +1855,6 @@ match_array(VALUE match, int start)
     VALUE ary;
     VALUE target;
     int i;
-    int taint = OBJ_TAINTED(match);
 
     match_check(match);
     regs = RMATCH_REGS(match);
@@ -1756,7 +1867,6 @@ match_array(VALUE match, int start)
 	}
 	else {
 	    VALUE str = rb_str_subseq(target, regs->beg[i], regs->end[i]-regs->beg[i]);
-	    if (taint) OBJ_TAINT(str);
 	    rb_ary_push(ary, str);
 	}
     }
@@ -1814,18 +1924,11 @@ match_captures(VALUE match)
 static int
 name_to_backref_number(struct re_registers *regs, VALUE regexp, const char* name, const char* name_end)
 {
+    if (NIL_P(regexp)) return -1;
     return onig_name_to_backref_number(RREGEXP_PTR(regexp),
 	(const unsigned char *)name, (const unsigned char *)name_end, regs);
 }
 
-NORETURN(static void name_to_backref_error(VALUE name));
-static void
-name_to_backref_error(VALUE name)
-{
-    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "undefined group name reference: % "PRIsVALUE,
-	     name);
-}
-
 #define NAME_TO_NUMBER(regs, re, name, name_ptr, name_end)	\
     (NIL_P(re) ? 0 : \
      !rb_enc_compatible(RREGEXP_SRC(re), (name)) ? 0 : \
@@ -1893,12 +1996,12 @@ match_ary_aref(VALUE match, VALUE idx, VALUE result)
  *     mtch[range]           -> array
  *     mtch[name]            -> str or nil
  *
- *  Match Reference -- <code>MatchData</code> acts as an array, and may be
- *  accessed using the normal array indexing techniques.  <code>mtch[0]</code>
- *  is equivalent to the special variable <code>$&</code>, and returns the
- *  entire matched string.  <code>mtch[1]</code>, <code>mtch[2]</code>, and so
- *  on return the values of the matched backreferences (portions of the
- *  pattern between parentheses).
+ *  Match Reference -- MatchData acts as an array, and may be accessed
+ *  using the normal array indexing techniques.  <code>mtch[0]</code>
+ *  is equivalent to the special variable <code>$&</code>, and returns
+ *  the entire matched string.  <code>mtch[1]</code>,
+ *  <code>mtch[2]</code>, and so on return the values of the matched
+ *  backreferences (portions of the pattern between parentheses).
  *
  *     m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.")
  *     m          #=> #<MatchData "HX1138" 1:"H" 2:"X" 3:"113" 4:"8">
@@ -1959,7 +2062,7 @@ match_aref(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE match)
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *
- *     mtch.values_at([index]*)   -> array
+ *     mtch.values_at(index, ...)   -> array
  *
  *  Uses each <i>index</i> to access the matching values, returning an array of
  *  the corresponding matches.
@@ -2017,8 +2120,6 @@ match_to_s(VALUE match)
 
     match_check(match);
     if (NIL_P(str)) str = rb_str_new(0,0);
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(match)) OBJ_TAINT(str);
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(RMATCH(match)->str)) OBJ_TAINT(str);
     return str;
 }
 
@@ -2311,7 +2412,8 @@ unescape_escaped_nonascii(const char **pp, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
 {
     const char *p = *pp;
     int chmaxlen = rb_enc_mbmaxlen(enc);
-    char *chbuf = ALLOCA_N(char, chmaxlen);
+    unsigned char *area = ALLOCA_N(unsigned char, chmaxlen);
+    char *chbuf = (char *)area;
     int chlen = 0;
     int byte;
     int l;
@@ -2323,14 +2425,14 @@ unescape_escaped_nonascii(const char **pp, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
         return -1;
     }
 
-    chbuf[chlen++] = byte;
+    area[chlen++] = byte;
     while (chlen < chmaxlen &&
            MBCLEN_NEEDMORE_P(rb_enc_precise_mbclen(chbuf, chbuf+chlen, enc))) {
         byte = read_escaped_byte(&p, end, err);
         if (byte == -1) {
             return -1;
         }
-        chbuf[chlen++] = byte;
+        area[chlen++] = byte;
     }
 
     l = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(chbuf, chbuf+chlen, enc);
@@ -2338,7 +2440,7 @@ unescape_escaped_nonascii(const char **pp, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
         errcpy(err, "invalid multibyte escape");
         return -1;
     }
-    if (1 < chlen || (chbuf[0] & 0x80)) {
+    if (1 < chlen || (area[0] & 0x80)) {
         rb_str_buf_cat(buf, chbuf, chlen);
 
         if (*encp == 0)
@@ -2350,7 +2452,7 @@ unescape_escaped_nonascii(const char **pp, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
     }
     else {
         char escbuf[5];
-        snprintf(escbuf, sizeof(escbuf), "\\x%02X", chbuf[0]&0xff);
+        snprintf(escbuf, sizeof(escbuf), "\\x%02X", area[0]&0xff);
         rb_str_buf_cat(buf, escbuf, 4);
     }
     *pp = p;
@@ -2460,17 +2562,19 @@ unescape_nonascii(const char *p, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
         VALUE buf, rb_encoding **encp, int *has_property,
         onig_errmsg_buffer err)
 {
-    char c;
+    unsigned char c;
     char smallbuf[2];
 
     while (p < end) {
         int chlen = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, end, enc);
         if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(chlen)) {
+          invalid_multibyte:
             errcpy(err, "invalid multibyte character");
             return -1;
         }
         chlen = MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_LEN(chlen);
         if (1 < chlen || (*p & 0x80)) {
+          multibyte:
             rb_str_buf_cat(buf, p, chlen);
             p += chlen;
             if (*encp == 0)
@@ -2488,6 +2592,16 @@ unescape_nonascii(const char *p, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
                 errcpy(err, "too short escape sequence");
                 return -1;
             }
+            chlen = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, end, enc);
+            if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(chlen)) {
+                goto invalid_multibyte;
+            }
+            if ((chlen = MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_LEN(chlen)) > 1) {
+		/* include the previous backslash */
+                --p;
+                ++chlen;
+                goto multibyte;
+            }
             switch (c = *p++) {
               case '1': case '2': case '3':
               case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': /* \O, \OO, \OOO or backref */
@@ -2511,8 +2625,9 @@ unescape_nonascii(const char *p, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc,
                 p = p-2;
 		if (enc == rb_usascii_encoding()) {
 		    const char *pbeg = p;
-		    c = read_escaped_byte(&p, end, err);
-		    if (c == (char)-1) return -1;
+                    int byte = read_escaped_byte(&p, end, err);
+                    if (byte == -1) return -1;
+                    c = byte;
 		    rb_str_buf_cat(buf, pbeg, p-pbeg);
 		}
 		else {
@@ -2561,7 +2676,7 @@ escape_asis:
             break;
 
           default:
-            rb_str_buf_cat(buf, &c, 1);
+            rb_str_buf_cat(buf, (char *)&c, 1);
             break;
         }
     }
@@ -2765,7 +2880,6 @@ rb_reg_initialize_str(VALUE obj, VALUE str, int options, onig_errmsg_buffer err,
     }
     ret = rb_reg_initialize(obj, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), enc,
 			    options, err, sourcefile, sourceline);
-    OBJ_INFECT(obj, str);
     if (ret == 0) reg_set_source(obj, str, str_enc);
     return ret;
 }
@@ -2820,10 +2934,12 @@ rb_reg_init_str_enc(VALUE re, VALUE s, rb_encoding *enc, int options)
     return re;
 }
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_reg_new_ary(VALUE ary, int opt)
 {
-    return rb_reg_new_str(rb_reg_preprocess_dregexp(ary, opt), opt);
+    VALUE re = rb_reg_new_str(rb_reg_preprocess_dregexp(ary, opt), opt);
+    rb_obj_freeze(re);
+    return re;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -2858,6 +2974,7 @@ rb_reg_compile(VALUE str, int options, const char *sourcefile, int sourceline)
 	return Qnil;
     }
     FL_SET(re, REG_LITERAL);
+    rb_obj_freeze(re);
     return re;
 }
 
@@ -2994,13 +3111,16 @@ reg_operand(VALUE s, int check)
     if (SYMBOL_P(s)) {
 	return rb_sym2str(s);
     }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(s, T_STRING)) {
+        return s;
+    }
     else {
-	return (check ? rb_str_to_str : rb_check_string_type)(s);
+        return check ? rb_str_to_str(s) : rb_check_string_type(s);
     }
 }
 
 static long
-reg_match_pos(VALUE re, VALUE *strp, long pos)
+reg_match_pos(VALUE re, VALUE *strp, long pos, VALUE* set_match)
 {
     VALUE str = *strp;
 
@@ -3019,7 +3139,7 @@ reg_match_pos(VALUE re, VALUE *strp, long pos)
 	}
 	pos = rb_str_offset(str, pos);
     }
-    return rb_reg_search(re, str, pos, 0);
+    return rb_reg_search_set_match(re, str, pos, 0, 1, set_match);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3073,7 +3193,7 @@ reg_match_pos(VALUE re, VALUE *strp, long pos)
 VALUE
 rb_reg_match(VALUE re, VALUE str)
 {
-    long pos = reg_match_pos(re, &str, 0);
+    long pos = reg_match_pos(re, &str, 0, NULL);
     if (pos < 0) return Qnil;
     pos = rb_str_sublen(str, pos);
     return LONG2FIX(pos);
@@ -3087,9 +3207,9 @@ rb_reg_match(VALUE re, VALUE str)
  *
  *     a = "HELLO"
  *     case a
- *     when /^[a-z]*$/; print "Lower case\n"
- *     when /^[A-Z]*$/; print "Upper case\n"
- *     else;            print "Mixed case\n"
+ *     when /\A[a-z]*\z/; print "Lower case\n"
+ *     when /\A[A-Z]*\z/; print "Upper case\n"
+ *     else;              print "Mixed case\n"
  *     end
  *     #=> "Upper case"
  *
@@ -3151,14 +3271,14 @@ rb_reg_match2(VALUE re)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     rxp.match(str)       -> matchdata or nil
- *     rxp.match(str,pos)   -> matchdata or nil
+ *     rxp.match(str, pos=0)                   -> matchdata or nil
+ *     rxp.match(str, pos=0) {|match| block }  -> obj
  *
- *  Returns a <code>MatchData</code> object describing the match, or
- *  <code>nil</code> if there was no match. This is equivalent to retrieving the
- *  value of the special variable <code>$~</code> following a normal match.
- *  If the second parameter is present, it specifies the position in the string
- *  to begin the search.
+ *  Returns a MatchData object describing the match, or
+ *  <code>nil</code> if there was no match. This is equivalent to
+ *  retrieving the value of the special variable <code>$~</code>
+ *  following a normal match.  If the second parameter is present, it
+ *  specifies the position in the string to begin the search.
  *
  *     /(.)(.)(.)/.match("abc")[2]   #=> "b"
  *     /(.)(.)/.match("abc", 1)[2]   #=> "c"
@@ -3184,7 +3304,7 @@ rb_reg_match2(VALUE re)
 static VALUE
 rb_reg_match_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE re)
 {
-    VALUE result, str, initpos;
+    VALUE result = Qnil, str, initpos;
     long pos;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &str, &initpos) == 2) {
@@ -3194,12 +3314,11 @@ rb_reg_match_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE re)
 	pos = 0;
     }
 
-    pos = reg_match_pos(re, &str, pos);
+    pos = reg_match_pos(re, &str, pos, &result);
     if (pos < 0) {
 	rb_backref_set(Qnil);
 	return Qnil;
     }
-    result = rb_backref_get();
     rb_match_busy(result);
     if (!NIL_P(result) && rb_block_given_p()) {
 	return rb_yield(result);
@@ -3285,7 +3404,7 @@ rb_reg_match_p(VALUE re, VALUE str, long pos)
 /*
  * Document-method: compile
  *
- * Alias for <code>Regexp.new</code>
+ * Alias for Regexp.new
  */
 
 /*
@@ -3340,7 +3459,7 @@ rb_reg_initialize_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 		flags |= ARG_ENCODING_NONE;
 	    }
 	    else {
-		rb_warn("encoding option is ignored - %s", kcode);
+                rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "encoding option is ignored - %s", kcode);
 	    }
 	}
 	str = StringValue(argv[0]);
@@ -3396,8 +3515,9 @@ rb_reg_quote(VALUE str)
     }
     t = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
     /* copy upto metacharacter */
-    memcpy(t, RSTRING_PTR(str), s - RSTRING_PTR(str));
-    t += s - RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    const char *p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    memcpy(t, p, s - p);
+    t += s - p;
 
     while (s < send) {
         c = rb_enc_ascget(s, send, &clen, enc);
@@ -3445,7 +3565,6 @@ rb_reg_quote(VALUE str)
         t += rb_enc_mbcput(c, t, enc);
     }
     rb_str_resize(tmp, t - RSTRING_PTR(tmp));
-    OBJ_INFECT(tmp, str);
     return tmp;
 }
 
@@ -3456,8 +3575,8 @@ rb_reg_quote(VALUE str)
  *     Regexp.quote(str)    -> string
  *
  *  Escapes any characters that would have special meaning in a regular
- *  expression. Returns a new escaped string, or self if no characters are
- *  escaped.  For any string,
+ *  expression. Returns a new escaped string with the same or compatible
+ *  encoding. For any string,
  *  <code>Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(<i>str</i>))=~<i>str</i></code> will be true.
  *
  *     Regexp.escape('\*?{}.')   #=> \\\*\?\{\}\.
@@ -3568,7 +3687,7 @@ rb_reg_s_union(VALUE self, VALUE args0)
                 else {
                     has_asciionly = 1;
                 }
-		v = rb_reg_to_s(v);
+		v = rb_reg_str_with_term(v, -1);
 	    }
 	    else {
                 rb_encoding *enc;
@@ -3630,11 +3749,12 @@ rb_reg_s_union(VALUE self, VALUE args0)
  *     Regexp.union(pat1, pat2, ...)            -> new_regexp
  *     Regexp.union(pats_ary)                   -> new_regexp
  *
- *  Return a <code>Regexp</code> object that is the union of the given
- *  <em>pattern</em>s, i.e., will match any of its parts. The <em>pattern</em>s
- *  can be Regexp objects, in which case their options will be preserved, or
- *  Strings. If no patterns are given, returns <code>/(?!)/</code>.
- *  The behavior is unspecified if any given <em>pattern</em> contains capture.
+ *  Return a Regexp object that is the union of the given
+ *  <em>pattern</em>s, i.e., will match any of its parts. The
+ *  <em>pattern</em>s can be Regexp objects, in which case their
+ *  options will be preserved, or Strings. If no patterns are given,
+ *  returns <code>/(?!)/</code>.  The behavior is unspecified if any
+ *  given <em>pattern</em> contains capture.
  *
  *     Regexp.union                         #=> /(?!)/
  *     Regexp.union("penzance")             #=> /penzance/
@@ -3675,10 +3795,12 @@ rb_reg_regsub(VALUE str, VALUE src, struct re_registers *regs, VALUE regexp)
     rb_encoding *str_enc = rb_enc_get(str);
     rb_encoding *src_enc = rb_enc_get(src);
     int acompat = rb_enc_asciicompat(str_enc);
+    long n;
 #define ASCGET(s,e,cl) (acompat ? (*(cl)=1,ISASCII((s)[0])?(s)[0]:-1) : rb_enc_ascget((s), (e), (cl), str_enc))
 
-    p = s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    e = s + RSTRING_LEN(str);
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(str, s, n);
+    p = s;
+    e = s + n;
 
     while (s < e) {
         int c = ASCGET(s, e, &clen);
@@ -3790,29 +3912,16 @@ rb_reg_regsub(VALUE str, VALUE src, struct re_registers *regs, VALUE regexp)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-kcode_getter(void)
-{
-    rb_warn("variable $KCODE is no longer effective");
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-static void
-kcode_setter(VALUE val, ID id)
-{
-    rb_warn("variable $KCODE is no longer effective; ignored");
-}
-
-static VALUE
-ignorecase_getter(void)
+ignorecase_getter(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
-    rb_warn("variable $= is no longer effective");
+    rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "variable $= is no longer effective");
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
 static void
-ignorecase_setter(VALUE val, ID id)
+ignorecase_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *_)
 {
-    rb_warn("variable $= is no longer effective; ignored");
+    rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "variable $= is no longer effective; ignored");
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3825,8 +3934,14 @@ match_getter(void)
     return match;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+get_LAST_MATCH_INFO(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
+{
+    return match_getter();
+}
+
 static void
-match_setter(VALUE val)
+match_setter(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	Check_Type(val, T_MATCH);
@@ -3863,15 +3978,13 @@ match_setter(VALUE val)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_reg_s_last_match(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_reg_s_last_match(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
-    VALUE nth;
-
-    if (argc > 0 && rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nth) == 1) {
+    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
         VALUE match = rb_backref_get();
         int n;
         if (NIL_P(match)) return Qnil;
-        n = match_backref_number(match, nth);
+        n = match_backref_number(match, argv[0]);
 	return rb_reg_nth_match(n, match);
     }
     return match_getter();
@@ -3898,9 +4011,9 @@ re_warn(const char *s)
 /*
  *  Document-class: Regexp
  *
- *  A <code>Regexp</code> holds a regular expression, used to match a pattern
- *  against strings. Regexps are created using the <code>/.../</code> and
- *  <code>%r{...}</code> literals, and by the <code>Regexp::new</code>
+ *  A Regexp holds a regular expression, used to match a pattern
+ *  against strings. Regexps are created using the <code>/.../</code>
+ *  and <code>%r{...}</code> literals, and by the Regexp::new
  *  constructor.
  *
  *  :include: doc/regexp.rdoc
@@ -3915,15 +4028,19 @@ Init_Regexp(void)
     onig_set_warn_func(re_warn);
     onig_set_verb_warn_func(re_warn);
 
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$~", match_getter, match_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$~", get_LAST_MATCH_INFO, match_setter);
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$&", last_match_getter, 0);
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$`", prematch_getter, 0);
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$'", postmatch_getter, 0);
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$+", last_paren_match_getter, 0);
 
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$~");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$&");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$`");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$'");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$+");
+
     rb_define_virtual_variable("$=", ignorecase_getter, ignorecase_setter);
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$KCODE", kcode_getter, kcode_setter);
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$-K", kcode_getter, kcode_setter);
 
     rb_cRegexp = rb_define_class("Regexp", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cRegexp, rb_reg_s_alloc);
@@ -3970,6 +4087,7 @@ Init_Regexp(void)
     rb_cMatch  = rb_define_class("MatchData", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cMatch, match_alloc);
     rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cMatch), "new");
+    rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cMatch), "allocate");
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "initialize_copy", match_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "regexp", match_regexp, 0);
diff --git a/regcomp.c b/regcomp.c
index 3b359801d5..bd38313875 100644
--- a/regcomp.c
+++ b/regcomp.c
@@ -138,6 +138,27 @@ bitset_on_num(BitSetRef bs)
 }
 #endif
 
+// Attempt to right size allocated buffers for a regex post compile
+static void
+onig_reg_resize(regex_t *reg)
+{
+  do {
+    if (!reg->used) {
+      xfree(reg->p);
+      reg->alloc = 0;
+      reg->p = 0;
+    }
+    else if (reg->alloc > reg->used) {
+      unsigned char *new_ptr = xrealloc(reg->p, reg->used);
+      // Skip the right size optimization if memory allocation fails
+      if (new_ptr) {
+        reg->alloc = reg->used;
+        reg->p = new_ptr;
+      }
+    }
+  } while ((reg = reg->chain) != 0);
+}
+
 extern int
 onig_bbuf_init(BBuf* buf, OnigDistance size)
 {
@@ -772,7 +793,7 @@ compile_length_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     }
   }
   else if (qn->upper == 0) {
-    if (qn->is_refered != 0) /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+    if (qn->is_referred != 0) /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
       len = SIZE_OP_JUMP + tlen;
     else
       len = 0;
@@ -901,7 +922,7 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     }
   }
   else if (qn->upper == 0) {
-    if (qn->is_refered != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+    if (qn->is_referred != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
       r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, tlen);
       if (r) return r;
       r = compile_tree(qn->target, reg);
@@ -1005,7 +1026,7 @@ compile_length_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
     else
       len += SIZE_OP_JUMP + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_PUSH;
   }
-  else if (qn->upper == 0 && qn->is_refered != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+  else if (qn->upper == 0 && qn->is_referred != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
     len = SIZE_OP_JUMP + tlen;
   }
   else if (!infinite && qn->greedy &&
@@ -1124,7 +1145,7 @@ compile_quantifier_node(QtfrNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
       r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH));
     }
   }
-  else if (qn->upper == 0 && qn->is_refered != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+  else if (qn->upper == 0 && qn->is_referred != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
     r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, tlen);
     if (r) return r;
     r = compile_tree(qn->target, reg);
@@ -1914,7 +1935,7 @@ noname_disable_map(Node** plink, GroupNumRemap* map, int* counter)
 }
 
 static int
-renumber_node_backref(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map)
+renumber_node_backref(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map, const int num_mem)
 {
   int i, pos, n, old_num;
   int *backs;
@@ -1930,6 +1951,7 @@ renumber_node_backref(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map)
     backs = bn->back_dynamic;
 
   for (i = 0, pos = 0; i < old_num; i++) {
+    if (backs[i] > num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
     n = map[backs[i]].new_val;
     if (n > 0) {
       backs[pos] = n;
@@ -1942,7 +1964,7 @@ renumber_node_backref(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map)
 }
 
 static int
-renumber_by_map(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map)
+renumber_by_map(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map, const int num_mem)
 {
   int r = 0;
 
@@ -1950,28 +1972,30 @@ renumber_by_map(Node* node, GroupNumRemap* map)
   case NT_LIST:
   case NT_ALT:
     do {
-      r = renumber_by_map(NCAR(node), map);
+      r = renumber_by_map(NCAR(node), map, num_mem);
     } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCDR(node)));
     break;
   case NT_QTFR:
-    r = renumber_by_map(NQTFR(node)->target, map);
+    r = renumber_by_map(NQTFR(node)->target, map, num_mem);
     break;
   case NT_ENCLOSE:
     {
       EncloseNode* en = NENCLOSE(node);
-      if (en->type == ENCLOSE_CONDITION)
+      if (en->type == ENCLOSE_CONDITION) {
+	if (en->regnum > num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
 	en->regnum = map[en->regnum].new_val;
-      r = renumber_by_map(en->target, map);
+      }
+      r = renumber_by_map(en->target, map, num_mem);
     }
     break;
 
   case NT_BREF:
-    r = renumber_node_backref(node, map);
+    r = renumber_node_backref(node, map, num_mem);
     break;
 
   case NT_ANCHOR:
     if (NANCHOR(node)->target)
-      r = renumber_by_map(NANCHOR(node)->target, map);
+      r = renumber_by_map(NANCHOR(node)->target, map, num_mem);
     break;
 
   default:
@@ -2033,7 +2057,7 @@ disable_noname_group_capture(Node** root, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* env)
   r = noname_disable_map(root, map, &counter);
   if (r != 0) return r;
 
-  r = renumber_by_map(*root, map);
+  r = renumber_by_map(*root, map, env->num_mem);
   if (r != 0) return r;
 
   for (i = 1, pos = 1; i <= env->num_mem; i++) {
@@ -3106,7 +3130,7 @@ subexp_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
     r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(NQTFR(node)->target, env);
     if (NQTFR(node)->upper == 0) {
       if (r == FOUND_CALLED_NODE)
-	NQTFR(node)->is_refered = 1;
+	NQTFR(node)->is_referred = 1;
     }
     break;
 
@@ -3596,6 +3620,7 @@ expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
     if (n == 0 || varlen == 0) {
       if (IS_NULL(snode)) {
 	if (IS_NULL(root) && IS_NOT_NULL(prev_node)) {
+          onig_node_free(top_root);
 	  top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
 	  if (IS_NULL(root)) {
 	    onig_node_free(prev_node);
@@ -3627,6 +3652,7 @@ expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
 	}
       }
       if (IS_NULL(root) && IS_NOT_NULL(prev_node)) {
+        onig_node_free(top_root);
 	top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
 	if (IS_NULL(root)) {
 	  onig_node_free(prev_node);
@@ -3677,6 +3703,7 @@ expand_case_fold_string(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
     if (r != 0) goto mem_err;
 
     if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev_node) && IS_NULL(root)) {
+      onig_node_free(top_root);
       top_root = root = onig_node_list_add(NULL_NODE, prev_node);
       if (IS_NULL(root)) {
 	onig_node_free(srem);
@@ -5883,6 +5910,7 @@ onig_compile(regex_t* reg, const UChar* pattern, const UChar* pattern_end,
 #endif
 
  end:
+  onig_reg_resize(reg);
   return r;
 
  err_unset:
@@ -6554,7 +6582,7 @@ print_compiled_byte_code_list(FILE* f, regex_t* reg)
 # endif /* ONIG_DEBUG_COMPILE */
 
 # ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_PARSE_TREE
-void
+static void
 print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
 {
   int i, type, container_p = 0;
diff --git a/regenc.h b/regenc.h
index 969e114bfd..16ed6c39da 100644
--- a/regenc.h
+++ b/regenc.h
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ typedef struct {
 } PosixBracketEntryType;
 
 #define POSIX_BRACKET_ENTRY_INIT(name, ctype) \
-  {(short int )(sizeof(name) - 1), (name), (ctype)}
+  {(short int )(sizeof(name) - 1), name, (ctype)}
 
 #ifndef numberof
 # define numberof(array) (int )(sizeof(array) / sizeof((array)[0]))
diff --git a/regerror.c b/regerror.c
index dbe3ee4094..efcfefffdf 100644
--- a/regerror.c
+++ b/regerror.c
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@ static int to_ascii(OnigEncoding enc, UChar *s, UChar *end,
 }
 
 
-/* for ONIG_MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LEN */
-#define MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN   30
+/* < ONIG_MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LEN - max length of messages with %n */
+#define MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN   50
 
 extern int
 onig_error_code_to_str(UChar* s, OnigPosition code, ...)
@@ -324,7 +324,8 @@ onig_vsnprintf_with_pattern(UChar buf[], int bufsize, OnigEncoding enc,
   need = (pat_end - pat) * 4 + 4;
 
   if (n + need < (size_t )bufsize) {
-    xstrcat((char* )buf, ": /", bufsize);
+    static const char sep[] = ": /";
+    memcpy((char* )buf + n, sep, sizeof(sep));
     s = buf + onigenc_str_bytelen_null(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, buf);
 
     p = pat;
@@ -355,7 +356,8 @@ onig_vsnprintf_with_pattern(UChar buf[], int bufsize, OnigEncoding enc,
 	*s++ = *p++;
       }
       else if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(enc, *p) &&
-	       !ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SPACE(enc, *p)) {
+	       (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SPACE(enc, *p) ||
+                ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CNTRL(enc, *p))) {
 	sprint_byte_with_x((char* )bs, (unsigned int )(*p++));
 	len = onigenc_str_bytelen_null(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII, bs);
         bp = bs;
diff --git a/regexec.c b/regexec.c
index 9e5f559731..10ada4d81d 100644
--- a/regexec.c
+++ b/regexec.c
@@ -323,7 +323,9 @@ onig_region_init(OnigRegion* region)
   region->allocated    = 0;
   region->beg          = (OnigPosition* )0;
   region->end          = (OnigPosition* )0;
+#ifdef USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY
   region->history_root = (OnigCaptureTreeNode* )0;
+#endif
 }
 
 extern OnigRegion*
@@ -1461,9 +1463,9 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 # define CASE(x) L_##x: sbegin = s; OPCODE_EXEC_HOOK;
 # define DEFAULT L_DEFAULT:
 # define NEXT sprev = sbegin; JUMP
-# define JUMP goto *oplabels[*p++]
+# define JUMP RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(goto *oplabels[*p++])
 
-  static const void *oplabels[] = {
+  RB_GNUC_EXTENSION static const void *oplabels[] = {
     &&L_OP_FINISH,               /* matching process terminator (no more alternative) */
     &&L_OP_END,                  /* pattern code terminator (success end) */
 
@@ -1811,14 +1813,9 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       NEXT;
 
     CASE(OP_EXACT1)  MOP_IN(OP_EXACT1);
-#if 0
       DATA_ENSURE(1);
       if (*p != *s) goto fail;
       p++; s++;
-#endif
-      if (*p != *s++) goto fail;
-      DATA_ENSURE(0);
-      p++;
       MOP_OUT;
       NEXT;
 
@@ -2164,7 +2161,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 	s += n;
       }
       MOP_OUT;
-      NEXT;
+      JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR)  MOP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
@@ -2181,7 +2178,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
 	}
       }
       MOP_OUT;
-      NEXT;
+      JUMP;
 
     CASE(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT)  MOP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
       while (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK1) {
@@ -2506,6 +2503,7 @@ match_at(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
     CASE(OP_MEMORY_START)  MOP_IN(OP_MEMORY_START);
       GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
       mem_start_stk[mem] = (OnigStackIndex )((void* )s);
+      mem_end_stk[mem] = INVALID_STACK_INDEX;
       MOP_OUT;
       JUMP;
 
@@ -3917,6 +3915,8 @@ forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
     }
     else {
       UChar *q = p + reg->dmin;
+
+      if (q >= end) return 0; /* fail */
       while (p < q) p += enclen(reg->enc, p, end);
     }
   }
@@ -4000,18 +4000,25 @@ forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end, UChar* s,
     }
     else {
       if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
-	*low = p - reg->dmax;
-	if (*low > s) {
-	  *low = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev(reg->enc, s,
-							      *low, end, (const UChar** )low_prev);
-	  if (low_prev && IS_NULL(*low_prev))
-	    *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
-						   (pprev ? pprev : s), *low, end);
+	if (p < str + reg->dmax) {
+	  *low = (UChar* )str;
+	  if (low_prev)
+	    *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, *low, end);
 	}
 	else {
-	  if (low_prev)
-	    *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
-					       (pprev ? pprev : str), *low, end);
+	  *low = p - reg->dmax;
+	  if (*low > s) {
+	    *low = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev(reg->enc, s,
+								*low, end, (const UChar** )low_prev);
+	    if (low_prev && IS_NULL(*low_prev))
+	      *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+						     (pprev ? pprev : s), *low, end);
+	  }
+	  else {
+	    if (low_prev)
+	      *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+						 (pprev ? pprev : str), *low, end);
+	  }
 	}
       }
     }
@@ -4539,8 +4546,10 @@ onig_scan(regex_t* reg, const UChar* str, const UChar* end,
       if (rs != 0)
 	return rs;
 
-      if (region->end[0] == start - str)
-	start++;
+      if (region->end[0] == start - str) {
+	if (start >= end) break;
+	start += enclen(reg->enc, start, end);
+      }
       else
 	start = str + region->end[0];
 
@@ -4610,4 +4619,3 @@ onig_copy_encoding(OnigEncodingType *to, OnigEncoding from)
 {
   *to = *from;
 }
-
diff --git a/regint.h b/regint.h
index a2f5bbba1d..0740429688 100644
--- a/regint.h
+++ b/regint.h
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 #ifndef UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
 # if defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86) || \
      defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_AMD64) || \
-     defined(__powerpc64__) || \
+     defined(__powerpc64__) || defined(__aarch64__) || \
      defined(__mc68020__)
 #  define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
 # else
diff --git a/regparse.c b/regparse.c
index 1e0dfd99bb..24ff5b9a18 100644
--- a/regparse.c
+++ b/regparse.c
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ extern void onig_set_verb_warn_func(OnigWarnFunc f)
   onig_verb_warn = f;
 }
 
-static void CC_DUP_WARN(ScanEnv *env);
+static void CC_DUP_WARN(ScanEnv *env, OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePoint to);
 
 
 static unsigned int ParseDepthLimit = DEFAULT_PARSE_DEPTH_LIMIT;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ bbuf_clone(BBuf** rto, BBuf* from)
 
 
 #define BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(bs, pos) do { \
-  if (BITSET_AT(bs, pos)) CC_DUP_WARN(env); \
+  if (BITSET_AT(bs, pos)) CC_DUP_WARN(env, pos, pos); \
   BS_ROOM(bs, pos) |= BS_BIT(pos); \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ onig_print_names(FILE* fp, regex_t* reg)
 
   if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
     fprintf(fp, "name table\n");
-    onig_st_foreach(t, i_print_name_entry, (HashDataType )fp);
+    onig_st_foreach(t, (st_foreach_callback_func *)i_print_name_entry, (HashDataType )fp);
     fputs("\n", fp);
   }
   return 0;
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ names_clear(regex_t* reg)
   NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
 
   if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
-    onig_st_foreach(t, i_free_name_entry, 0);
+    onig_st_foreach(t, (st_foreach_callback_func *)i_free_name_entry, 0);
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ onig_foreach_name(regex_t* reg,
     narg.reg  = reg;
     narg.arg  = arg;
     narg.enc  = reg->enc; /* should be pattern encoding. */
-    onig_st_foreach(t, i_names, (HashDataType )&narg);
+    onig_st_foreach(t, (st_foreach_callback_func *)i_names, (HashDataType )&narg);
   }
   return narg.ret;
 }
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ onig_renumber_name_table(regex_t* reg, GroupNumRemap* map)
   NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
 
   if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
-    onig_st_foreach(t, i_renumber_name, (HashDataType )map);
+    onig_st_foreach(t, (st_foreach_callback_func *)i_renumber_name, (HashDataType )map);
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@ node_new_quantifier(int lower, int upper, int by_number)
   NQTFR(node)->target_empty_info = NQ_TARGET_ISNOT_EMPTY;
   NQTFR(node)->head_exact        = NULL_NODE;
   NQTFR(node)->next_head_exact   = NULL_NODE;
-  NQTFR(node)->is_refered        = 0;
+  NQTFR(node)->is_referred       = 0;
   if (by_number != 0)
     NQTFR(node)->state |= NST_BY_NUMBER;
 
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ add_code_range_to_buf0(BBuf** pbuf, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePo
   if (inc_n != 1) {
     if (checkdup && from <= data[low*2+1]
 	&& (data[low*2] <= from || data[low*2+1] <= to))
-      CC_DUP_WARN(env);
+      CC_DUP_WARN(env, from, to);
     if (from > data[low*2])
       from = data[low*2];
     if (to < data[(high - 1)*2 + 1])
@@ -2187,7 +2187,6 @@ enum ReduceType {
   RQ_AQ,       /* to '*?'   */
   RQ_QQ,       /* to '??'   */
   RQ_P_QQ,     /* to '+)??' */
-  RQ_PQ_Q      /* to '+?)?' */
 };
 
 static enum ReduceType const ReduceTypeTable[6][6] = {
@@ -2197,7 +2196,7 @@ static enum ReduceType const ReduceTypeTable[6][6] = {
   {RQ_A,    RQ_A,    RQ_DEL, RQ_ASIS, RQ_P_QQ, RQ_DEL},  /* '+'  */
   {RQ_DEL,  RQ_AQ,   RQ_AQ,  RQ_DEL,  RQ_AQ,   RQ_AQ},   /* '??' */
   {RQ_DEL,  RQ_DEL,  RQ_DEL, RQ_DEL,  RQ_DEL,  RQ_DEL},  /* '*?' */
-  {RQ_ASIS, RQ_PQ_Q, RQ_DEL, RQ_AQ,   RQ_AQ,   RQ_DEL}   /* '+?' */
+  {RQ_ASIS, RQ_ASIS, RQ_ASIS, RQ_AQ,  RQ_AQ,   RQ_DEL}   /* '+?' */
 };
 
 extern void
@@ -2234,12 +2233,6 @@ onig_reduce_nested_quantifier(Node* pnode, Node* cnode)
     c->lower  = 1;  c->upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;  c->greedy = 1;
     return ;
     break;
-  case RQ_PQ_Q:
-    p->target = cnode;
-    p->lower  = 0;  p->upper = 1;  p->greedy = 1;
-    c->lower  = 1;  c->upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;  c->greedy = 0;
-    return ;
-    break;
   case RQ_ASIS:
     p->target = cnode;
     return ;
@@ -2886,14 +2879,18 @@ CLOSE_BRACKET_WITHOUT_ESC_WARN(ScanEnv* env, UChar* c)
 #endif
 
 static void
-CC_DUP_WARN(ScanEnv *env)
+CC_DUP_WARN(ScanEnv *env, OnigCodePoint from ARG_UNUSED, OnigCodePoint to ARG_UNUSED)
 {
   if (onig_warn == onig_null_warn || !RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return ;
 
   if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_DUP) &&
       !(env->warnings_flag & ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_DUP)) {
+#ifdef WARN_ALL_CC_DUP
+    onig_syntax_warn(env, "character class has duplicated range: %04x-%04x", from, to);
+#else
     env->warnings_flag |= ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_DUP;
     onig_syntax_warn(env, "character class has duplicated range");
+#endif
   }
 }
 
@@ -3644,7 +3641,7 @@ fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3)) {
 	prev = p;
 	num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, (c == '0' ? 2:3), enc);
-	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+	if (num < 0 || 0xff < num) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
 	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
 	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
 	}
@@ -4344,7 +4341,7 @@ fetch_char_property_to_ctype(UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
   OnigEncoding enc = env->enc;
   UChar *prev, *start, *p = *src;
 
-  r = 0;
+  r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME;
   start = prev = p;
 
   while (!PEND) {
@@ -4358,7 +4355,6 @@ fetch_char_property_to_ctype(UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
       return r;
     }
     else if (c == '(' || c == ')' || c == '{' || c == '|') {
-      r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME;
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -4440,8 +4436,8 @@ next_state_class(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
 
 static int
 next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
-	       OnigCodePoint *vs, OnigCodePoint v,
-	       int* vs_israw, int v_israw,
+	       OnigCodePoint *from, OnigCodePoint to,
+	       int* from_israw, int to_israw,
 	       enum CCVALTYPE intype, enum CCVALTYPE* type,
 	       enum CCSTATE* state, ScanEnv* env)
 {
@@ -4450,15 +4446,15 @@ next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
   switch (*state) {
   case CCS_VALUE:
     if (*type == CCV_SB) {
-      BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, (int )(*vs));
+      BITSET_SET_BIT_CHKDUP(cc->bs, (int )(*from));
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
-	BITSET_SET_BIT(asc_cc->bs, (int )(*vs));
+	BITSET_SET_BIT(asc_cc->bs, (int )(*from));
     }
     else if (*type == CCV_CODE_POINT) {
-      r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *vs, *vs);
+      r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *from, *from);
       if (r < 0) return r;
       if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *vs, *vs, 0);
+	r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *from, *from, 0);
 	if (r < 0) return r;
       }
     }
@@ -4467,51 +4463,43 @@ next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
   case CCS_RANGE:
     if (intype == *type) {
       if (intype == CCV_SB) {
-	if (*vs > 0xff || v > 0xff)
+	if (*from > 0xff || to > 0xff)
 	  return ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE;
 
-	if (*vs > v) {
+	if (*from > to) {
 	  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
 	    goto ccs_range_end;
 	  else
 	    return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
 	}
-	bitset_set_range(env, cc->bs, (int )*vs, (int )v);
+	bitset_set_range(env, cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )to);
 	if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc))
-	  bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*vs, (int )v);
+	  bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )to);
       }
       else {
-	r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *vs, v);
+	r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *from, to);
 	if (r < 0) return r;
 	if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	  r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *vs, v, 0);
+	  r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, *from, to, 0);
 	  if (r < 0) return r;
 	}
       }
     }
     else {
-#if 0
-      if (intype == CCV_CODE_POINT && *type == CCV_SB) {
-#endif
-	if (*vs > v) {
-	  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
-	    goto ccs_range_end;
-	  else
-	    return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
-	}
-	bitset_set_range(env, cc->bs, (int )*vs, (int )(v < 0xff ? v : 0xff));
-	r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )*vs, v);
+      if (*from > to) {
+	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
+	  goto ccs_range_end;
+	else
+	  return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+      }
+      bitset_set_range(env, cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )(to < 0xff ? to : 0xff));
+      r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )*from, to);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
+	bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*from, (int )(to < 0xff ? to : 0xff));
+	r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )*from, to, 0);
 	if (r < 0) return r;
-	if (IS_NOT_NULL(asc_cc)) {
-	  bitset_set_range(env, asc_cc->bs, (int )*vs, (int )(v < 0xff ? v : 0xff));
-	  r = add_code_range0(&(asc_cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )*vs, v, 0);
-	  if (r < 0) return r;
-	}
-#if 0
       }
-      else
-	return ONIGERR_MISMATCH_CODE_LENGTH_IN_CLASS_RANGE;
-#endif
     }
   ccs_range_end:
     *state = CCS_COMPLETE;
@@ -4526,9 +4514,9 @@ next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, CClassNode* asc_cc,
     break;
   }
 
-  *vs_israw = v_israw;
-  *vs       = v;
-  *type     = intype;
+  *from_israw = to_israw;
+  *from       = to;
+  *type       = intype;
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -4667,7 +4655,7 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
 	  p = psave;
 	  for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
 	    (void)fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
-	    /* no need to check the retun value (already checked above) */
+	    /* no need to check the return value (already checked above) */
 	  }
 	  fetched = 0;
 	}
@@ -4767,6 +4755,12 @@ parse_char_class(Node** np, Node** asc_np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* e
 	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"-");
 	  goto range_end_val;
 	}
+
+	if (val_type == CCV_CLASS) {
+	  r = ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+	  goto err;
+	}
+
 	state = CCS_RANGE;
       }
       else if (state == CCS_START) {
@@ -5699,731 +5693,329 @@ static int
 propname2ctype(ScanEnv* env, const char* propname)
 {
   UChar* name = (UChar* )propname;
+  UChar* name_end = name + strlen(propname);
   int ctype = env->enc->property_name_to_ctype(ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII,
-      name, name + strlen(propname));
+      name, name_end);
+  if (ctype < 0) {
+    onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env, ctype, name, name_end);
+  }
   return ctype;
 }
 
 static int
-node_extended_grapheme_cluster(Node** np, ScanEnv* env)
+add_property_to_cc(CClassNode* cc, const char* propname, int not, ScanEnv* env)
 {
-  Node* tmp = NULL;
-  Node* np1 = NULL;
-  Node* list = NULL;
-  Node* list2 = NULL;
-  Node* alt = NULL;
-  Node* alt2 = NULL;
-  BBuf *pbuf1 = NULL;
-  int r = 0;
-  int num1;
-  UChar buf[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN * 2];
-  OnigOptionType option;
-
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
-  if (ONIGENC_IS_UNICODE(env->enc)) {
-    /* UTF-8, UTF-16BE/LE, UTF-32BE/LE */
-    CClassNode* cc;
-    OnigCodePoint sb_out = (ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) > 1) ? 0x00 : 0x80;
-    int extend = propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend");
-
-    /* Prepend*
-     * ( RI-sequence | Hangul-Syllable | !Control )
-     * ( Grapheme_Extend | SpacingMark )* */
-
-    /* ( Grapheme_Extend | SpacingMark )* */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, extend, 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=SpacingMark"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-    r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, 0x200D, 0x200D);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* ( RI-sequence | Hangul-Syllable | !Control ) */
-    /* !Control */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Control"), 1, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-    if (ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) > 1) {
-      BBuf *pbuf2 = NULL;
-      r = add_code_range(&pbuf1, env, 0x0a, 0x0a);
-      if (r != 0) goto err;
-      r = add_code_range(&pbuf1, env, 0x0d, 0x0d);
-      if (r != 0) goto err;
-      r = and_code_range_buf(cc->mbuf, 0, pbuf1, 1, &pbuf2, env);
-      if (r != 0) {
-	bbuf_free(pbuf2);
-	goto err;
-      }
-      bbuf_free(pbuf1);
-      pbuf1 = NULL;
-      bbuf_free(cc->mbuf);
-      cc->mbuf = pbuf2;
-    }
-    else {
-      BITSET_CLEAR_BIT(cc->bs, 0x0a);
-      BITSET_CLEAR_BIT(cc->bs, 0x0d);
-    }
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* Hangul-Syllable
-     *  := L* V+ T*
-     *  | L* LV V* T*
-     *  | L* LVT T*
-     *  | L+
-     *  | T+ */
-
-    /* T+ */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(1, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(np1, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* L+ */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(1, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(np1, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* L* LVT T* */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LVT"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    /* L* LV V* T* */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=V"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LV"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    /* L* V+ T* */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
+  int ctype = propname2ctype(env, propname);
+  if (ctype < 0) return ctype;
+  return add_ctype_to_cc(cc, ctype, not, 0, env);
+}
 
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=V"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
+/*
+ * helper methods for node_extended_grapheme_cluster (/\X/)
+ */
+static int
+create_property_node(Node **np, ScanEnv* env, const char* propname)
+{
+  int r;
+  CClassNode* cc;
 
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(1, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
+  *np = node_new_cclass();
+  if (IS_NULL(*np)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+  cc = NCCLASS(*np);
+  r = add_property_to_cc(cc, propname, 0, env);
+  if (r != 0)
+    onig_node_free(*np);
+  return r;
+}
 
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
+static int
+quantify_node(Node **np, int lower, int upper)
+{
+  Node* tmp = node_new_quantifier(lower, upper, 0);
+  if (IS_NULL(tmp)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+  NQTFR(tmp)->target = *np;
+  *np = tmp;
+  return 0;
+}
 
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
+static int
+quantify_property_node(Node **np, ScanEnv* env, const char* propname, char repetitions)
+{
+  int r;
+  int lower = 0;
+  int upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
 
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    /* Emoji sequence := (E_Base | EBG) Extend* E_Modifier?
-     *                   (ZWJ (Glue_After_Zwj | EBG Extend* E_Modifier?) )* */
-
-    /* ZWJ (Glue_After_Zwj | E_Base_GAZ Extend* E_Modifier?) */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Modifier"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
+  r = create_property_node(np, env, propname);
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+  switch (repetitions) {
+    case '?':  upper = 1;          break;
+    case '+':  lower = 1;          break;
+    case '*':                      break;
+    case '2':  lower = upper = 2;  break;
+    default :  return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+  }
+  return quantify_node(np, lower, upper);
+}
 
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, 1, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
+#define LIST 0
+#define ALT  1
 
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
+/* IMPORTANT: Make sure node_array ends with NULL_NODE */
+static int
+create_node_from_array(int kind, Node **np, Node **node_array)
+{
+  Node* tmp = NULL_NODE;
+  int i = 0;
 
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, extend, 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
+  while (node_array[i] != NULL_NODE)  i++;
+  while (--i >= 0) {
+    *np = kind==LIST ? node_new_list(node_array[i], tmp)
+                     : onig_node_new_alt(node_array[i], tmp);
+    if (IS_NULL(*np)) {
+      while (i >= 0) {
+        onig_node_free(node_array[i]);
+        node_array[i--] = NULL_NODE;
+      }
+      onig_node_free(tmp);
+      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+    }
+    else
+      node_array[i] = NULL_NODE;
+    tmp = *np;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
 
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
+#define R_ERR(call) r=(call);if(r!=0)goto err
 
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
+/* Memory layout for common node array:
+ * The main purpose is to be able to easily free all leftover nodes
+ * after an error. As a side effect, we share some memory.
+ *
+ * The layout is as shown below (each line corresponds to one call of
+ * create_node_from_array()). Because create_node_from_array sets all
+ * nodes of the source to NULL_NODE, we can overlap the target array
+ * as long as we do not override the actual target location.
+ *
+ * Target       Array name          Index
+ *
+ *              node_array          0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
+ * top_alts     alts[5]             0 1 2 3 4*
+ * alts+1       list[4]                   0 1 2 3*
+ * list+1       core_alts[7]                  0 1 2 3 4 5 6*
+ * core_alts+0  H_list[4]                       0 1 2 3*
+ * H_list+1     H_alt2[4]                           0 1 2 3*
+ * h_alt2+1     H_list2[3]                              0 1 2*
+ * core_alts+4  XP_list[4]                              0 1 2 3*
+ * XP_list+1    Ex_list[4]                                  0 1 2 3*
+ */
+#define NODE_COMMON_SIZE 16
 
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base_GAZ"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
+static int
+node_extended_grapheme_cluster(Node** np, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  Node* tmp = NULL;
+  Node* np1 = NULL;
+  Node* top_alt = NULL;
+  int r = 0;
+  int num1;
+  int i;
+  int any_target_position;
+  UChar buf[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN * 2];
+  OnigOptionType option;
+  /* node_common is function-global so that we can free all nodes
+   * in case of error. Unused slots are set to NULL_NODE at all times. */
+  Node *node_common[NODE_COMMON_SIZE];
+  Node **alts = node_common+0; /* size: 5 */
 
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt2 = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    /* Glue_After_Zwj */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, extend, 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
+  for (i=0; i<NODE_COMMON_SIZE; i++)
+    node_common[i] = NULL_NODE;
 
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
+  /* CRLF, common for both Unicode and non-Unicode */
+  /* \x0D\x0A */
+  r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x0D, buf);
+  if (r < 0) goto err;
+  num1 = r;
+  r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x0A, buf + num1);
+  if (r < 0) goto err;
+  alts[0] = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + num1 + r);
+  if (IS_NULL(alts[0])) goto err;
 
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_UNICODE(env->enc)) {  /* UTF-8, UTF-16BE/LE, UTF-32BE/LE */
+    CClassNode* cc;
 
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    {
-      static const OnigCodePoint ranges[] = {
-	13,
-	0x1F308, 0x1F308,
-	0x1F33E, 0x1F33E,
-	0x1F373, 0x1F373,
-	0x1F393, 0x1F393,
-	0x1F3A4, 0x1F3A4,
-	0x1F3A8, 0x1F3A8,
-	0x1F3EB, 0x1F3EB,
-	0x1F3ED, 0x1F3ED,
-	0x1F4BB, 0x1F4BC,
-	0x1F527, 0x1F527,
-	0x1F52C, 0x1F52C,
-	0x1F680, 0x1F680,
-	0x1F692, 0x1F692,
-      };
-      r = add_ctype_to_cc_by_range(cc, -1, 0, env, sb_out, ranges);
-      if (r != 0) goto err;
+    if (propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend") < 0) goto err;
+    /* Unicode 11.0.0
+     *   CRLF     (already done)
+     * | [Control CR LF]
+     * | precore* core postcore*
+     * | .      (to catch invalid stuff, because this seems to be spec for String#grapheme_clusters) */
+
+    /* [Control CR LF]    (CR and LF are not in the spec, but this is a conformed fix) */
+    alts[1] = node_new_cclass();
+    if (IS_NULL(alts[1])) goto err;
+    cc = NCCLASS(alts[1]);
+    R_ERR(add_property_to_cc(cc, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Control", 0, env));
+    if (ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) > 1) { /* UTF-16/UTF-32 */
+      R_ERR(add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, 0x000A, 0x000A)); /* CR */
+      R_ERR(add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, 0x000D, 0x000D)); /* LF */
     }
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Glue_After_Zwj"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt2 = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    /* Emoji variation sequence
-     * http://unicode.org/Public/emoji/4.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt
-     */
-    r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0xfe0f, buf);
-    if (r < 0) goto err;
-    np1 = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + r);
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, 1, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    {
-      static const OnigCodePoint ranges[] = {
-	4,
-	0x2640, 0x2640,
-	0x2642, 0x2642,
-	0x2695, 0x2696,
-	0x2708, 0x2708,
-      };
-      r = add_ctype_to_cc_by_range(cc, -1, 0, env, sb_out, ranges);
-      if (r != 0) goto err;
+    else {
+      BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, 0x0a);
+      BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, 0x0d);
     }
 
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt2 = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(alt2, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    alt2 = NULL;
-
-    /* ZWJ */
-    r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x200D, buf);
-    if (r < 0) goto err;
-    np1 = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + r);
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = list2;
-    np1 = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* E_Modifier? */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Modifier"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, 1, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* Extend* */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, extend, 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* (E_Base | EBG) */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
+    /* precore* core postcore* */
     {
-      static const OnigCodePoint ranges[] = {
-	8,
-	0x1F3C2, 0x1F3C2,
-	0x1F3C7, 0x1F3C7,
-	0x1F3CC, 0x1F3CC,
-	0x1F3F3, 0x1F3F3,
-	0x1F441, 0x1F441,
-	0x1F46F, 0x1F46F,
-	0x1F574, 0x1F574,
-	0x1F6CC, 0x1F6CC,
-      };
-      r = add_ctype_to_cc_by_range(cc, -1, 0, env, sb_out, ranges);
-      if (r != 0) goto err;
-    }
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base_GAZ"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    /* ZWJ (E_Base_GAZ | Glue_After_Zwj) E_Modifier? */
-    /* a sequence starting with ZWJ seems artificial, but GraphemeBreakTest
-     * has such examples.
-     * http://www.unicode.org/Public/9.0.0/ucd/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakTest.html
-     */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Modifier"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, 1, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Glue_After_Zwj"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=E_Base_GAZ"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
+      Node **list = alts + 3; /* size: 4 */
 
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x200D, buf);
-    if (r < 0) goto err;
-    np1 = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + r);
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    /* RI-Sequence := Regional_Indicator{2} */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, 0x1F1E6, 0x1F1FF);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(2, 2, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(alt, list);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list = tmp;
-    alt = NULL;
-
-    /* Prepend* */
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Prepend"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* PerlSyntax: (?s:.), RubySyntax: (?m:.) */
-    np1 = node_new_anychar();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-
-    option = env->option;
-    ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE, 0);
-    tmp = node_new_option(option);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NENCLOSE(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    /* Prepend+ */
-    r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x200D, buf);
-    if (r < 0) goto err;
-    np1 = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + r);
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(0, 1, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    np1 = node_new_cclass();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-    cc = NCCLASS(np1);
-    r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, propname2ctype(env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Prepend"), 0, 0, env);
-    if (r != 0) goto err;
-
-    tmp = node_new_quantifier(1, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NQTFR(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    tmp = node_new_list(np1, list2);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    list2 = tmp;
-    np1 = NULL;
-
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list2, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list2 = NULL;
+      /* precore*; precore := Prepend */
+      R_ERR(quantify_property_node(list+0, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Prepend", '*'));
 
-    tmp = onig_node_new_alt(list, alt);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    alt = tmp;
-    list = NULL;
+      /* core := hangul-syllable
+       *       | ri-sequence
+       *       | xpicto-sequence
+       *       | [^Control CR LF] */
+      {
+        Node **core_alts = list + 2; /* size: 7 */
+
+        /* hangul-syllable :=
+         *     L* (V+ | LV V* | LVT) T*
+         *   | L+
+         *   | T+ */
+        /* hangul-syllable is an alternative (would be called H_alt)
+         * inside an alternative, but we flatten it into core_alts */
+
+        /* L* (V+ | LV V* | LVT) T* */
+        {
+          Node **H_list = core_alts + 1; /* size: 4 */
+          R_ERR(quantify_property_node(H_list+0, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L", '*'));
+
+          /* V+ | LV V* | LVT */
+          {
+            Node **H_alt2 = H_list + 2; /* size: 4 */
+            R_ERR(quantify_property_node(H_alt2+0, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=V", '+'));
+
+            /* LV V* */
+            {
+              Node **H_list2 = H_alt2 + 2; /* size: 3 */
+
+              R_ERR(create_property_node(H_list2+0, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LV"));
+              R_ERR(quantify_property_node(H_list2+1, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=V", '*'));
+              R_ERR(create_node_from_array(LIST, H_alt2+1, H_list2));
+            }
+
+            R_ERR(create_property_node(H_alt2+2, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=LVT"));
+            R_ERR(create_node_from_array(ALT, H_list+1, H_alt2));
+          }
+
+          R_ERR(quantify_property_node(H_list+2, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T", '*'));
+          R_ERR(create_node_from_array(LIST, core_alts+0, H_list));
+        }
+
+        R_ERR(quantify_property_node(core_alts+1, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=L", '+'));
+        R_ERR(quantify_property_node(core_alts+2, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=T", '+'));
+        /* end of hangul-syllable */
+
+        /* ri-sequence := RI RI */
+        R_ERR(quantify_property_node(core_alts+3, env, "Regional_Indicator", '2'));
+
+        /* xpicto-sequence := \p{Extended_Pictographic} (Extend* ZWJ \p{Extended_Pictographic})* */
+        {
+          Node **XP_list = core_alts + 5; /* size: 3 */
+          R_ERR(create_property_node(XP_list+0, env, "Extended_Pictographic"));
+
+          /* (Extend* ZWJ \p{Extended_Pictographic})* */
+          {
+            Node **Ex_list = XP_list + 2; /* size: 4 */
+            /* assert(Ex_list+4 == node_common+NODE_COMMON_SIZE); */
+            R_ERR(quantify_property_node(Ex_list+0, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend", '*'));
+
+            /* ZWJ (ZERO WIDTH JOINER) */
+            r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x200D, buf);
+            if (r < 0) goto err;
+            Ex_list[1] = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + r);
+            if (IS_NULL(Ex_list[1])) goto err;
+
+            R_ERR(create_property_node(Ex_list+2, env, "Extended_Pictographic"));
+            R_ERR(create_node_from_array(LIST, XP_list+1, Ex_list));
+          }
+          R_ERR(quantify_node(XP_list+1, 0, REPEAT_INFINITE)); /* TODO: Check about node freeing */
+
+          R_ERR(create_node_from_array(LIST, core_alts+4, XP_list));
+        }
+
+        /* [^Control CR LF] */
+        core_alts[5] = node_new_cclass();
+        if (IS_NULL(core_alts[5])) goto err;
+        cc = NCCLASS(core_alts[5]);
+        if (ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(env->enc) > 1) { /* UTF-16/UTF-32 */
+          BBuf *inverted_buf = NULL;
+
+          /* TODO: fix false warning */
+          const int dup_not_warned = env->warnings_flag | ~ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_DUP;
+          env->warnings_flag |= ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_DUP;
+
+          /* Start with a positive buffer and invert at the end.
+           * Otherwise, adding single-character ranges work the wrong way. */
+          R_ERR(add_property_to_cc(cc, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Control", 0, env));
+          R_ERR(add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, 0x000A, 0x000A)); /* CR */
+          R_ERR(add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, 0x000D, 0x000D)); /* LF */
+          R_ERR(not_code_range_buf(env->enc, cc->mbuf, &inverted_buf, env));
+          cc->mbuf = inverted_buf; /* TODO: check what to do with buffer before inversion */
+
+          env->warnings_flag &= dup_not_warned; /* TODO: fix false warning */
+        }
+        else {
+          R_ERR(add_property_to_cc(cc, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Control", 1, env));
+          BITSET_CLEAR_BIT(cc->bs, 0x0a);
+          BITSET_CLEAR_BIT(cc->bs, 0x0d);
+        }
+
+        R_ERR(create_node_from_array(ALT, list+1, core_alts));
+      }
+
+      /* postcore*; postcore = [Extend ZWJ SpacingMark] */
+      R_ERR(create_property_node(list+2, env, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend"));
+      cc = NCCLASS(list[2]);
+      R_ERR(add_property_to_cc(cc, "Grapheme_Cluster_Break=SpacingMark", 0, env));
+      R_ERR(add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, 0x200D, 0x200D));
+      R_ERR(quantify_node(list+2, 0, REPEAT_INFINITE));
+
+      R_ERR(create_node_from_array(LIST, alts+2, list));
+    }
+
+    any_target_position = 3;
   }
   else
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
   {
-    /* PerlSyntax: (?s:.), RubySyntax: (?m:.) */
-    np1 = node_new_anychar();
-    if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
-
-    option = env->option;
-    ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE, 0);
-    tmp = node_new_option(option);
-    if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-    NENCLOSE(tmp)->target = np1;
-    np1 = tmp;
-
-    alt = onig_node_new_alt(np1, NULL_NODE);
-    if (IS_NULL(alt)) goto err;
-    np1 = NULL;
+    any_target_position = 1;
   }
 
-  /* \x0D\x0A */
-  r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x0D, buf);
-  if (r < 0) goto err;
-  num1 = r;
-  r = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, 0x0A, buf + num1);
-  if (r < 0) goto err;
-  np1 = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + num1 + r);
+  /* PerlSyntax: (?s:.), RubySyntax: (?m:.), common for both Unicode and non-Unicode */
+  /* Not in Unicode spec (UAX #29), but added to catch invalid stuff,
+   * because this is Ruby spec for String#grapheme_clusters. */
+  np1 = node_new_anychar();
   if (IS_NULL(np1)) goto err;
 
-  tmp = onig_node_new_alt(np1, alt);
+  option = env->option;
+  ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE, 0);
+  tmp = node_new_option(option);
   if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-  alt = tmp;
+  NENCLOSE(tmp)->target = np1;
+  alts[any_target_position] = tmp;
   np1 = NULL;
 
-  /* (?>\x0D\x0A|...) */
+  R_ERR(create_node_from_array(ALT, &top_alt, alts));
+
+  /* (?>): For efficiency, because there is no text piece
+   *       that is not in a grapheme cluster, and there is only one way
+   *       to split a string into grapheme clusters. */
   tmp = node_new_enclose(ENCLOSE_STOP_BACKTRACK);
   if (IS_NULL(tmp)) goto err;
-  NENCLOSE(tmp)->target = alt;
+  NENCLOSE(tmp)->target = top_alt;
   np1 = tmp;
 
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
@@ -6444,13 +6036,11 @@ node_extended_grapheme_cluster(Node** np, ScanEnv* env)
 
  err:
   onig_node_free(np1);
-  onig_node_free(list);
-  onig_node_free(list2);
-  onig_node_free(alt);
-  onig_node_free(alt2);
-  bbuf_free(pbuf1);
+  for (i=0; i<NODE_COMMON_SIZE; i++)
+    onig_node_free(node_common[i]);
   return (r == 0) ? ONIGERR_MEMORY : r;
 }
+#undef R_ERR
 
 static int
 countbits(unsigned int bits)
diff --git a/regparse.h b/regparse.h
index 888ebf4ce6..acdd3e2f5c 100644
--- a/regparse.h
+++ b/regparse.h
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ typedef struct {
   int target_empty_info;
   struct _Node* head_exact;
   struct _Node* next_head_exact;
-  int is_refered;     /* include called node. don't eliminate even if {0} */
+  int is_referred;     /* include called node. don't eliminate even if {0} */
 #ifdef USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK
   int comb_exp_check_num;  /* 1,2,3...: check,  0: no check  */
 #endif
diff --git a/ruby-runner.c b/ruby-runner.c
index c16e7c6829..b756c219fa 100644
--- a/ruby-runner.c
+++ b/ruby-runner.c
@@ -1,35 +1,98 @@
 #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 
 #include "ruby-runner.h"
 
+#ifdef MAKE_MJIT_BUILD_DIR
+const char MJIT_HEADER[] = BUILDDIR "/" MJIT_MIN_HEADER;
+#else
+
 #define STRINGIZE(expr) STRINGIZE0(expr)
 #define STRINGIZE0(expr) #expr
 
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
+static void
+insert_env_path(const char *envname, const char *paths, size_t size, int prepend)
 {
-    static const char builddir[] = BUILDDIR;
-    const char *libpath = getenv(LIBPATHENV);
+    const char *env = getenv(envname);
     char c = 0;
+    size_t n = 0;
 
-    if (libpath) {
-	while ((c = *libpath) == PATH_SEP) ++libpath;
+    if (env) {
+	while ((c = *env) == PATH_SEP) ++env;
+	n = strlen(env);
+	while (n > 0 && env[n-1] == PATH_SEP) --n;
     }
     if (c) {
-	size_t n = strlen(libpath);
-	char *e = malloc(sizeof(builddir)+n+1);
-	memcpy(e, builddir, sizeof(builddir)-1);
-	e[sizeof(builddir)-1] = PATH_SEP;
-	memcpy(e+sizeof(builddir), libpath, n+1);
-	libpath = e;
+	char *e = malloc(size+n+1);
+	size_t pos = 0;
+	if (prepend) {
+	    memcpy(e, paths, pos = size-1);
+	    e[pos++] = PATH_SEP;
+	}
+	memcpy(e+pos, env, n);
+	pos += n;
+	if (!prepend) {
+	    e[pos++] = PATH_SEP;
+	    memcpy(e+pos, paths, size-1);
+	    pos += size-1;
+	}
+	e[pos] = '\0';
+	env = e;
     }
     else {
-	libpath = builddir;
+	env = paths;
+    }
+    setenv(envname, env, 1);
+}
+
+#define EXTOUT_DIR BUILDDIR"/"EXTOUT
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    static const char builddir[] = BUILDDIR;
+    static const char rubypath[] = BUILDDIR"/"STRINGIZE(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME);
+    static const char rubylib[] =
+	ABS_SRCDIR"/lib"
+	PATH_SEPARATOR
+	EXTOUT_DIR"/common"
+	PATH_SEPARATOR
+	EXTOUT_DIR"/"ARCH
+	;
+#ifndef LOAD_RELATIVE
+    static const char mjit_build_dir[] = BUILDDIR"/mjit_build_dir."SOEXT;
+    struct stat stbuf;
+#endif
+    const size_t dirsize = sizeof(builddir);
+    const size_t namesize = sizeof(rubypath) - dirsize;
+    const char *rubyname = rubypath + dirsize;
+    char *arg0 = argv[0], *p;
+
+    insert_env_path(LIBPATHENV, builddir, dirsize, 1);
+    insert_env_path("RUBYLIB", rubylib, sizeof(rubylib), 0);
+#ifndef LOAD_RELATIVE
+    if (PRELOADENV[0] && stat(mjit_build_dir, &stbuf) == 0) {
+        insert_env_path(PRELOADENV, mjit_build_dir, sizeof(mjit_build_dir), 1);
+        setenv("MJIT_SEARCH_BUILD_DIR", "true", 0);
     }
-    setenv(LIBPATHENV, libpath, 1);
-    execv(BUILDDIR"/"STRINGIZE(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME), argv);
+#endif
+
+    if (!(p = strrchr(arg0, '/'))) p = arg0; else p++;
+    if (strlen(p) < namesize - 1) {
+	argv[0] = malloc(p - arg0 + namesize);
+	memcpy(argv[0], arg0, p - arg0);
+	p = argv[0] + (p - arg0);
+    }
+    memcpy(p, rubyname, namesize);
+
+    execv(rubypath, argv);
+    perror(rubypath);
     return -1;
 }
+
+#endif  /* MAKE_MJIT_BUILD_DIR */
diff --git a/ruby.c b/ruby.c
index 318b914b4a..2251fde4e2 100644
--- a/ruby.c
+++ b/ruby.c
@@ -11,36 +11,60 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-#include <windows.h>
-#include <sys/cygwin.h>
-#endif
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "ruby/thread.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
-#include "dln.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+# include <windows.h>
+# include <sys/cygwin.h>
+#endif
 
 #ifdef __hpux
-#include <sys/pstat.h>
+# include <sys/pstat.h>
 #endif
+
 #if defined(LOAD_RELATIVE) && defined(HAVE_DLADDR)
-#include <dlfcn.h>
+# include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
-#include <unistd.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
 #endif
+
 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL_H)
-#include <fcntl.h>
+# include <fcntl.h>
 #elif defined(HAVE_SYS_FCNTL_H)
-#include <sys/fcntl.h>
+# include <sys/fcntl.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
 # include <sys/param.h>
 #endif
+
+#include "dln.h"
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/file.h"
+#include "internal/inits.h"
+#include "internal/io.h"
+#include "internal/load.h"
+#include "internal/loadpath.h"
+#include "internal/missing.h"
+#include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/parse.h"
+#include "internal/process.h"
+#include "internal/variable.h"
+#include "mjit.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "ruby/thread.h"
+#include "ruby/util.h"
+#include "ruby/version.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/error.h"
+
 #ifndef MAXPATHLEN
 # define MAXPATHLEN 1024
 #endif
@@ -48,7 +72,7 @@
 # define O_ACCMODE (O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY | O_RDWR)
 #endif
 
-#include "ruby/util.h"
+void Init_ruby_description(void);
 
 #ifndef HAVE_STDLIB_H
 char *getenv();
@@ -63,6 +87,8 @@ char *getenv();
 #define DEFAULT_RUBYGEMS_ENABLED "enabled"
 #endif
 
+void rb_warning_category_update(unsigned int mask, unsigned int bits);
+
 #define COMMA ,
 #define FEATURE_BIT(bit) (1U << feature_##bit)
 #define EACH_FEATURES(X, SEP) \
@@ -73,6 +99,8 @@ char *getenv();
     X(rubyopt) \
     SEP \
     X(frozen_string_literal) \
+    SEP \
+    X(jit) \
     /* END OF FEATURES */
 #define EACH_DEBUG_FEATURES(X, SEP) \
     X(frozen_string_literal) \
@@ -121,16 +149,25 @@ enum dump_flag_bits {
 
 typedef struct ruby_cmdline_options ruby_cmdline_options_t;
 
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned int mask;
+    unsigned int set;
+} ruby_features_t;
+
+static inline void
+rb_feature_set_to(ruby_features_t *feat, unsigned int bit_mask, unsigned int bit_set)
+{
+    feat->mask |= bit_mask;
+    feat->set = (feat->set & ~bit_mask) | bit_set;
+}
+
+#define FEATURE_SET_TO(feat, bit_mask, bit_set) \
+    rb_feature_set_to(&(feat), bit_mask, bit_set)
+#define FEATURE_SET(feat, bits) FEATURE_SET_TO(feat, bits, bits)
+#define FEATURE_SET_RESTORE(feat, save) FEATURE_SET_TO(feat, (save).mask, (save).set & (save).mask)
+#define FEATURE_SET_P(feat, bits) ((feat).set & (bits))
+
 struct ruby_cmdline_options {
-    int sflag, xflag;
-    int do_loop, do_print;
-    int do_line, do_split;
-    int do_search;
-    unsigned int features;
-    int verbose;
-    int safe_level;
-    unsigned int setids;
-    unsigned int dump;
     const char *script;
     VALUE script_name;
     VALUE e_script;
@@ -141,7 +178,21 @@ struct ruby_cmdline_options {
 	} enc;
     } src, ext, intern;
     VALUE req_list;
+    ruby_features_t features;
+    ruby_features_t warn;
+    unsigned int dump;
+#if USE_MJIT
+    struct mjit_options mjit;
+#endif
+    int sflag, xflag;
     unsigned int warning: 1;
+    unsigned int verbose: 1;
+    unsigned int do_loop: 1;
+    unsigned int do_print: 1;
+    unsigned int do_line: 1;
+    unsigned int do_split: 1;
+    unsigned int do_search: 1;
+    unsigned int setids: 2;
 };
 
 static void init_ids(ruby_cmdline_options_t *);
@@ -160,6 +211,7 @@ enum {
 	& ~FEATURE_BIT(gems)
 #endif
 	& ~FEATURE_BIT(frozen_string_literal)
+        & ~FEATURE_BIT(jit)
 	)
 };
 
@@ -171,12 +223,17 @@ cmdline_options_init(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     opt->src.enc.index = src_encoding_index;
     opt->ext.enc.index = -1;
     opt->intern.enc.index = -1;
-    opt->features = DEFAULT_FEATURES;
+    opt->features.set = DEFAULT_FEATURES;
+#ifdef MJIT_FORCE_ENABLE /* to use with: ./configure cppflags="-DMJIT_FORCE_ENABLE" */
+    opt->features.set |= FEATURE_BIT(jit);
+#endif
     return opt;
 }
 
-static NODE *load_file(VALUE, VALUE, int, ruby_cmdline_options_t *);
-static void forbid_setid(const char *, ruby_cmdline_options_t *);
+static rb_ast_t *load_file(VALUE parser, VALUE fname, VALUE f, int script,
+		       ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt);
+static VALUE open_load_file(VALUE fname_v, int *xflag);
+static void forbid_setid(const char *, const ruby_cmdline_options_t *);
 #define forbid_setid(s) forbid_setid((s), opt)
 
 static struct {
@@ -184,20 +241,26 @@ static struct {
     char **argv;
 } origarg;
 
+static const char esc_standout[] = "\n\033[1;7m";
+static const char esc_bold[] = "\033[1m";
+static const char esc_reset[] = "\033[0m";
+static const char esc_none[] = "";
+
 static void
-show_usage_line(const char *str, unsigned int namelen, unsigned int secondlen, int help)
+show_usage_line(const char *str, unsigned int namelen, unsigned int secondlen, int help, int highlight, unsigned int w)
 {
-    const unsigned int w = 16;
-    const int wrap = help && namelen + secondlen - 2 > w;
-    printf("  %.*s%-*.*s%-*s%s\n", namelen-1, str,
+    const char *sb = highlight ? esc_bold : esc_none;
+    const char *se = highlight ? esc_reset : esc_none;
+    const int wrap = help && namelen + secondlen - 1 > w;
+    printf("  %s%.*s%-*.*s%s%-*s%s\n", sb, namelen-1, str,
 	   (wrap ? 0 : w - namelen + 1),
-	   (help ? secondlen-1 : 0), str + namelen,
+	   (help ? secondlen-1 : 0), str + namelen, se,
 	   (wrap ? w + 3 : 0), (wrap ? "\n" : ""),
 	   str + namelen + secondlen);
 }
 
 static void
-usage(const char *name, int help)
+usage(const char *name, int help, int highlight, int columns)
 {
     /* This message really ought to be max 23 lines.
      * Removed -h because the user already knows that option. Others? */
@@ -228,43 +291,82 @@ usage(const char *name, int help)
 	M("-rlibrary",	   "",			   "require the library before executing your script"),
 	M("-s",		   "",			   "enable some switch parsing for switches after script name"),
 	M("-S",		   "",			   "look for the script using PATH environment variable"),
-	M("-T[level=1]",   "",			   "turn on tainting checks"),
-	M("-v",		   ", --verbose",	   "print version number, then turn on verbose mode"),
+	M("-v",		   "",			   "print the version number, then turn on verbose mode"),
 	M("-w",		   "",			   "turn warnings on for your script"),
-	M("-W[level=2]",   "",			   "set warning level; 0=silence, 1=medium, 2=verbose"),
+	M("-W[level=2|:category]",   "",	   "set warning level; 0=silence, 1=medium, 2=verbose"),
 	M("-x[directory]", "",			   "strip off text before #!ruby line and perhaps cd to directory"),
+        M("--jit",         "",                     "enable JIT with default options (experimental)"),
+        M("--jit-[option]","",                     "enable JIT with an option (experimental)"),
 	M("-h",		   "",			   "show this message, --help for more info"),
     };
     static const struct message help_msg[] = {
-	M("--copyright",                   "", "print the copyright"),
-	M("--enable=feature[,...]",	   ", --disable=feature[,...]",
-	  "enable or disable features"),
-	M("--external-encoding=encoding",  ", --internal-encoding=encoding",
+	M("--copyright",                            "", "print the copyright"),
+	M("--dump={insns|parsetree|...}[,...]",     "",
+          "dump debug information. see below for available dump list"),
+	M("--enable={gems|rubyopt|...}[,...]", ", --disable={gems|rubyopt|...}[,...]",
+	  "enable or disable features. see below for available features"),
+	M("--external-encoding=encoding",           ", --internal-encoding=encoding",
 	  "specify the default external or internal character encoding"),
-	M("--version",                     "", "print the version"),
-	M("--help",			   "", "show this message, -h for short message"),
+	M("--verbose",                              "", "turn on verbose mode and disable script from stdin"),
+	M("--version",                              "", "print the version number, then exit"),
+	M("--help",			            "", "show this message, -h for short message"),
+	M("--backtrace-limit=num",                  "", "limit the maximum length of backtrace"),
+    };
+    static const struct message dumps[] = {
+	M("insns",                  "", "instruction sequences"),
+	M("yydebug",                "", "yydebug of yacc parser generator"),
+	M("parsetree",              "", "AST"),
+	M("parsetree_with_comment", "", "AST with comments"),
     };
     static const struct message features[] = {
 	M("gems",    "",        "rubygems (default: "DEFAULT_RUBYGEMS_ENABLED")"),
 	M("did_you_mean", "",   "did_you_mean (default: "DEFAULT_RUBYGEMS_ENABLED")"),
 	M("rubyopt", "",        "RUBYOPT environment variable (default: enabled)"),
 	M("frozen-string-literal", "", "freeze all string literals (default: disabled)"),
+        M("jit", "",            "JIT compiler (default: disabled)"),
+    };
+    static const struct message warn_categories[] = {
+        M("deprecated", "",       "deprecated features"),
+        M("experimental", "",     "experimental features"),
+    };
+    static const struct message mjit_options[] = {
+        M("--jit-warnings",      "", "Enable printing JIT warnings"),
+        M("--jit-debug",         "", "Enable JIT debugging (very slow), or add cflags if specified"),
+        M("--jit-wait",          "", "Wait until JIT compilation finishes every time (for testing)"),
+        M("--jit-save-temps",    "", "Save JIT temporary files in $TMP or /tmp (for testing)"),
+        M("--jit-verbose=num",   "", "Print JIT logs of level num or less to stderr (default: 0)"),
+        M("--jit-max-cache=num", "", "Max number of methods to be JIT-ed in a cache (default: 100)"),
+        M("--jit-min-calls=num", "", "Number of calls to trigger JIT (for testing, default: 10000)"),
     };
     int i;
+    const char *sb = highlight ? esc_standout+1 : esc_none;
+    const char *se = highlight ? esc_reset : esc_none;
     const int num = numberof(usage_msg) - (help ? 1 : 0);
-#define SHOW(m) show_usage_line((m).str, (m).namelen, (m).secondlen, help)
+    unsigned int w = (columns > 80 ? (columns - 79) / 2 : 0) + 16;
+#define SHOW(m) show_usage_line((m).str, (m).namelen, (m).secondlen, help, highlight, w)
 
-    printf("Usage: %s [switches] [--] [programfile] [arguments]\n", name);
+    printf("%sUsage:%s %s [switches] [--] [programfile] [arguments]\n", sb, se, name);
     for (i = 0; i < num; ++i)
 	SHOW(usage_msg[i]);
 
     if (!help) return;
 
+    if (highlight) sb = esc_standout;
+
     for (i = 0; i < numberof(help_msg); ++i)
 	SHOW(help_msg[i]);
-    puts("Features:");
+    printf("%s""Dump List:%s\n", sb, se);
+    for (i = 0; i < numberof(dumps); ++i)
+	SHOW(dumps[i]);
+    printf("%s""Features:%s\n", sb, se);
     for (i = 0; i < numberof(features); ++i)
 	SHOW(features[i]);
+    printf("%s""Warning categories:%s\n", sb, se);
+    for (i = 0; i < numberof(warn_categories); ++i)
+	SHOW(warn_categories[i]);
+    printf("%s""JIT options (experimental):%s\n", sb, se);
+    for (i = 0; i < numberof(mjit_options); ++i)
+	SHOW(mjit_options[i]);
 }
 
 #define rubylib_path_new rb_str_new
@@ -423,28 +525,69 @@ str_conv_enc(VALUE str, rb_encoding *from, rb_encoding *to)
 				ECONV_UNDEF_REPLACE|ECONV_INVALID_REPLACE,
 				Qnil);
 }
+#else
+# define str_conv_enc(str, from, to) (str)
 #endif
 
-void ruby_init_loadpath_safe(int safe_level);
-
-void
-ruby_init_loadpath(void)
-{
-    ruby_init_loadpath_safe(0);
-}
+void ruby_init_loadpath(void);
 
-#if defined(LOAD_RELATIVE) && defined(HAVE_DLADDR)
+#if defined(LOAD_RELATIVE)
 static VALUE
-dladdr_path(const void* addr)
+runtime_libruby_path(void)
 {
+#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
+    DWORD len = RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX, ret;
+    VALUE path;
+    VALUE wsopath = rb_str_new(0, len*sizeof(WCHAR));
+    WCHAR *wlibpath;
+    char *libpath;
+
+    while (wlibpath = (WCHAR *)RSTRING_PTR(wsopath),
+	   ret = GetModuleFileNameW(libruby, wlibpath, len),
+	   (ret == len))
+    {
+	rb_str_modify_expand(wsopath, len*sizeof(WCHAR));
+	rb_str_set_len(wsopath, (len += len)*sizeof(WCHAR));
+    }
+    if (!ret || ret > len) rb_fatal("failed to get module file name");
+#if defined __CYGWIN__
+    {
+	const int win_to_posix = CCP_WIN_W_TO_POSIX | CCP_RELATIVE;
+	size_t newsize = cygwin_conv_path(win_to_posix, wlibpath, 0, 0);
+	if (!newsize) rb_fatal("failed to convert module path to cygwin");
+	path = rb_str_new(0, newsize);
+	libpath = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+	if (cygwin_conv_path(win_to_posix, wlibpath, libpath, newsize)) {
+	    rb_str_resize(path, 0);
+	}
+    }
+#else
+    {
+	DWORD i;
+	for (len = ret, i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+	    if (wlibpath[i] == L'\\') {
+		wlibpath[i] = L'/';
+		ret = i+1;	/* chop after the last separator */
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    len = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wlibpath, ret, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+    path = rb_utf8_str_new(0, len);
+    libpath = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+    WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wlibpath, ret, libpath, len, NULL, NULL);
+#endif
+    rb_str_resize(wsopath, 0);
+    return path;
+#elif defined(HAVE_DLADDR)
     Dl_info dli;
     VALUE fname, path;
+    const void* addr = (void *)(VALUE)expand_include_path;
 
-    if (!dladdr(addr, &dli)) {
+    if (!dladdr((void *)addr, &dli)) {
 	return rb_str_new(0, 0);
     }
 #ifdef __linux__
-    else if (dli.dli_fname == origarg.argv[0]) {
+    else if (origarg.argc > 0 && origarg.argv && dli.dli_fname == origarg.argv[0]) {
 	fname = rb_str_new_cstr("/proc/self/exe");
 	path = rb_readlink(fname, NULL);
     }
@@ -455,102 +598,66 @@ dladdr_path(const void* addr)
     }
     rb_str_resize(fname, 0);
     return path;
+#else
+# error relative load path is not supported on this platform.
+#endif
 }
 #endif
 
 #define INITIAL_LOAD_PATH_MARK rb_intern_const("@gem_prelude_index")
 
+VALUE ruby_archlibdir_path, ruby_prefix_path;
+
 void
-ruby_init_loadpath_safe(int safe_level)
+ruby_init_loadpath(void)
 {
-    VALUE load_path;
+    VALUE load_path, archlibdir = 0;
     ID id_initial_load_path_mark;
     const char *paths = ruby_initial_load_paths;
 #if defined LOAD_RELATIVE
-# if defined HAVE_DLADDR || defined __CYGWIN__ || defined _WIN32
-#   define VARIABLE_LIBPATH 1
-# else
-#   define VARIABLE_LIBPATH 0
-# endif
-# if VARIABLE_LIBPATH
+#if !defined ENABLE_MULTIARCH
+# define RUBY_ARCH_PATH ""
+#elif defined RUBY_ARCH
+# define RUBY_ARCH_PATH "/"RUBY_ARCH
+#else
+# define RUBY_ARCH_PATH "/"RUBY_PLATFORM
+#endif
     char *libpath;
     VALUE sopath;
-# else
-    char libpath[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
-# endif
     size_t baselen;
-    char *p;
+    const char *p;
 
-#if defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__
-    {
-	DWORD len = RSTRING_EMBED_LEN_MAX, ret, i;
-	VALUE wsopath = rb_str_new(0, len*sizeof(WCHAR));
-	WCHAR *wlibpath;
-	while (wlibpath = (WCHAR *)RSTRING_PTR(wsopath),
-	       ret = GetModuleFileNameW(libruby, wlibpath, len),
-	       (ret == len))
-	{
-	    rb_str_modify_expand(wsopath, len*sizeof(WCHAR));
-	    rb_str_set_len(wsopath, (len += len)*sizeof(WCHAR));
-	}
-	if (!ret || ret > len) rb_fatal("failed to get module file name");
-	for (len = ret, i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-	    if (wlibpath[i] == L'\\') {
-		wlibpath[i] = L'/';
-		ret = i+1;	/* chop after the last separator */
-	    }
-	}
-	len = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wlibpath, ret, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
-	sopath = rb_utf8_str_new(0, len);
-	libpath = RSTRING_PTR(sopath);
-	WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wlibpath, ret, libpath, len, NULL, NULL);
-	rb_str_resize(wsopath, 0);
-    }
-#elif defined(HAVE_DLADDR)
-    sopath = dladdr_path((void *)(VALUE)expand_include_path);
+    sopath = runtime_libruby_path();
     libpath = RSTRING_PTR(sopath);
-#endif
 
-#if !VARIABLE_LIBPATH
-    libpath[sizeof(libpath) - 1] = '\0';
-#endif
-#if defined DOSISH && !defined _WIN32
-    translit_char(libpath, '\\', '/');
-#elif defined __CYGWIN__
-    {
-	const int win_to_posix = CCP_WIN_A_TO_POSIX | CCP_RELATIVE;
-	size_t newsize = cygwin_conv_path(win_to_posix, libpath, 0, 0);
-	if (newsize > 0) {
-	    VALUE rubylib = rb_str_new(0, newsize);
-	    p = RSTRING_PTR(rubylib);
-	    if (cygwin_conv_path(win_to_posix, libpath, p, newsize) == 0) {
-		rb_str_resize(sopath, 0);
-		sopath = rubylib;
-		libpath = p;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-#endif
     p = strrchr(libpath, '/');
     if (p) {
-	static const char bindir[] = "/bin";
+	static const char libdir[] = "/"
 #ifdef LIBDIR_BASENAME
-	static const char libdir[] = "/"LIBDIR_BASENAME;
+	    LIBDIR_BASENAME
 #else
-	static const char libdir[] = "/lib";
+	    "lib"
 #endif
+	    RUBY_ARCH_PATH;
+	const ptrdiff_t libdir_len = (ptrdiff_t)sizeof(libdir)
+	    - rb_strlen_lit(RUBY_ARCH_PATH) - 1;
+	static const char bindir[] = "/bin";
 	const ptrdiff_t bindir_len = (ptrdiff_t)sizeof(bindir) - 1;
-	const ptrdiff_t libdir_len = (ptrdiff_t)sizeof(libdir) - 1;
 
-#ifdef ENABLE_MULTIARCH
-	char *p2 = NULL;
+	const char *p2 = NULL;
 
+#ifdef ENABLE_MULTIARCH
       multiarch:
 #endif
 	if (p - libpath >= bindir_len && !STRNCASECMP(p - bindir_len, bindir, bindir_len)) {
 	    p -= bindir_len;
+	    archlibdir = rb_str_subseq(sopath, 0, p - libpath);
+	    rb_str_cat_cstr(archlibdir, libdir);
+	    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(archlibdir);
 	}
 	else if (p - libpath >= libdir_len && !strncmp(p - libdir_len, libdir, libdir_len)) {
+	    archlibdir = rb_str_subseq(sopath, 0, (p2 ? p2 : p) - libpath);
+	    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(archlibdir);
 	    p -= libdir_len;
 	}
 #ifdef ENABLE_MULTIARCH
@@ -564,37 +671,28 @@ ruby_init_loadpath_safe(int safe_level)
 	    p = p2;
 	}
 #endif
-#if !VARIABLE_LIBPATH
-	*p = 0;
-#endif
-    }
-#if !VARIABLE_LIBPATH
-    else {
-	strlcpy(libpath, ".", sizeof(libpath));
-	p = libpath + 1;
     }
     baselen = p - libpath;
-#define PREFIX_PATH() rb_str_new(libpath, baselen)
-#else
-    baselen = p - libpath;
     rb_str_resize(sopath, baselen);
     libpath = RSTRING_PTR(sopath);
 #define PREFIX_PATH() sopath
-#endif
-
 #define BASEPATH() rb_str_buf_cat(rb_str_buf_new(baselen+len), libpath, baselen)
-
 #define RUBY_RELATIVE(path, len) rb_str_buf_cat(BASEPATH(), (path), (len))
 #else
     const size_t exec_prefix_len = strlen(ruby_exec_prefix);
 #define RUBY_RELATIVE(path, len) rubylib_path_new((path), (len))
 #define PREFIX_PATH() RUBY_RELATIVE(ruby_exec_prefix, exec_prefix_len)
 #endif
+    rb_gc_register_address(&ruby_prefix_path);
+    ruby_prefix_path = PREFIX_PATH();
+    OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(ruby_prefix_path);
+    if (!archlibdir) archlibdir = ruby_prefix_path;
+    rb_gc_register_address(&ruby_archlibdir_path);
+    ruby_archlibdir_path = archlibdir;
+
     load_path = GET_VM()->load_path;
 
-    if (safe_level == 0) {
-	ruby_push_include(getenv("RUBYLIB"), identical_path);
-    }
+    ruby_push_include(getenv("RUBYLIB"), identical_path);
 
     id_initial_load_path_mark = INITIAL_LOAD_PATH_MARK;
     while (*paths) {
@@ -605,7 +703,7 @@ ruby_init_loadpath_safe(int safe_level)
 	paths += len + 1;
     }
 
-    rb_const_set(rb_cObject, rb_intern_const("TMP_RUBY_PREFIX"), rb_obj_freeze(PREFIX_PATH()));
+    rb_const_set(rb_cObject, rb_intern_const("TMP_RUBY_PREFIX"), ruby_prefix_path);
 }
 
 
@@ -616,11 +714,9 @@ add_modules(VALUE *req_list, const char *mod)
     VALUE feature;
 
     if (!list) {
-	*req_list = list = rb_ary_new();
-	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(list);
+	*req_list = list = rb_ary_tmp_new(0);
     }
-    feature = rb_str_new2(mod);
-    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(feature);
+    feature = rb_str_cat_cstr(rb_str_tmp_new(0), mod);
     rb_ary_push(list, feature);
 }
 
@@ -722,14 +818,15 @@ moreswitches(const char *s, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
     char **argv, *p;
     const char *ap = 0;
     VALUE argstr, argary;
+    void *ptr;
 
     while (ISSPACE(*s)) s++;
     if (!*s) return;
-    argstr = rb_str_tmp_new((len = strlen(s)) + 2);
+    argstr = rb_str_tmp_new((len = strlen(s)) + (envopt!=0));
     argary = rb_str_tmp_new(0);
 
     p = RSTRING_PTR(argstr);
-    *p++ = ' ';
+    if (envopt) *p++ = ' ';
     memcpy(p, s, len + 1);
     ap = 0;
     rb_str_cat(argary, (char *)&ap, sizeof(ap));
@@ -744,9 +841,10 @@ moreswitches(const char *s, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
     argc = RSTRING_LEN(argary) / sizeof(ap);
     ap = 0;
     rb_str_cat(argary, (char *)&ap, sizeof(ap));
-    argv = (char **)RSTRING_PTR(argary);
+    argv = ptr = ALLOC_N(char *, argc);
+    MEMMOVE(argv, RSTRING_PTR(argary), char *, argc);
 
-    while ((i = proc_options(argc, argv, opt, envopt)) > 1 && (argc -= i) > 0) {
+    while ((i = proc_options(argc, argv, opt, envopt)) > 1 && envopt && (argc -= i) > 0) {
 	argv += i;
 	if (**argv != '-') {
 	    *--*argv = '-';
@@ -757,6 +855,7 @@ moreswitches(const char *s, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 	}
     }
 
+    ruby_xfree(ptr);
     /* get rid of GC */
     rb_str_resize(argary, 0);
     rb_str_resize(argstr, 0);
@@ -766,7 +865,7 @@ static int
 name_match_p(const char *name, const char *str, size_t len)
 {
     if (len == 0) return 0;
-    do {
+    while (1) {
 	while (TOLOWER(*str) == *name) {
 	    if (!--len || !*++str) return 1;
 	    ++name;
@@ -776,8 +875,7 @@ name_match_p(const char *name, const char *str, size_t len)
 	if (*name != '-' && *name != '_') return 0;
 	++name;
 	++str;
-    } while (len > 0);
-    return !*name;
+    }
 }
 
 #define NAME_MATCH_P(name, str, len) \
@@ -801,22 +899,20 @@ static void
 feature_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg, const unsigned int enable)
 {
     static const char list[] = EACH_FEATURES(LITERAL_NAME_ELEMENT, ", ");
-    unsigned int *argp = arg;
+    ruby_features_t *argp = arg;
     unsigned int mask = ~0U;
-#if AMBIGUOUS_FEATURE_NAMES
     unsigned int set = 0U;
+#if AMBIGUOUS_FEATURE_NAMES
     int matched = 0;
-#define SET_FEATURE(bit) \
-    if (NAME_MATCH_P(#bit, str, len)) {set |= mask = FEATURE_BIT(bit); ++matched;}
+# define FEATURE_FOUND ++matched
 #else
-#define SET_FEATURE(bit) \
-    if (NAME_MATCH_P(#bit, str, len)) {mask = FEATURE_BIT(bit); goto found;}
+# define FEATURE_FOUND goto found
 #endif
+#define SET_FEATURE(bit) \
+    if (NAME_MATCH_P(#bit, str, len)) {set |= mask = FEATURE_BIT(bit); FEATURE_FOUND;}
     EACH_FEATURES(SET_FEATURE, ;);
     if (NAME_MATCH_P("all", str, len)) {
-      found:
-	*argp = (*argp & ~mask) | (mask & enable);
-	return;
+        goto found;
     }
 #if AMBIGUOUS_FEATURE_NAMES
     if (matched == 1) goto found;
@@ -836,6 +932,11 @@ feature_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg, const unsigned int enable)
     rb_warn("unknown argument for --%s: `%.*s'",
 	    enable ? "enable" : "disable", len, str);
     rb_warn("features are [%.*s].", (int)strlen(list), list);
+    return;
+
+  found:
+    FEATURE_SET_TO(*argp, mask, (mask & enable));
+    return;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -850,12 +951,23 @@ disable_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
     feature_option(str, len, arg, 0U);
 }
 
+RUBY_EXTERN const int  ruby_patchlevel;
+int ruby_env_debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg);
+
 static void
 debug_option(const char *str, int len, void *arg)
 {
     static const char list[] = EACH_DEBUG_FEATURES(LITERAL_NAME_ELEMENT, ", ");
-#define SET_WHEN_DEBUG(bit) SET_WHEN(#bit, DEBUG_BIT(bit), str, len)
+    ruby_features_t *argp = arg;
+#define SET_WHEN_DEBUG(bit) \
+    if (NAME_MATCH_P(#bit, str, len)) { \
+        FEATURE_SET(*argp, DEBUG_BIT(bit)); \
+        return; \
+    }
     EACH_DEBUG_FEATURES(SET_WHEN_DEBUG, ;);
+#ifdef RUBY_DEVEL
+    if (ruby_patchlevel < 0 && ruby_env_debug_option(str, len, 0)) return;
+#endif
     rb_warn("unknown argument for --debug: `%.*s'", len, str);
     rb_warn("debug features are [%.*s].", (int)strlen(list), list);
 }
@@ -893,6 +1005,53 @@ set_option_encoding_once(const char *type, VALUE *name, const char *e, long elen
 #define set_source_encoding_once(opt, e, elen) \
     set_option_encoding_once("source", &(opt)->src.enc.name, (e), (elen))
 
+#if USE_MJIT
+static void
+setup_mjit_options(const char *s, struct mjit_options *mjit_opt)
+{
+#define opt_match(s, l, name) \
+    ((((l) > rb_strlen_lit(name)) ? (s)[rb_strlen_lit(name)] == '=' : \
+      (l) == rb_strlen_lit(name)) && \
+     memcmp((s), name, rb_strlen_lit(name)) == 0 && \
+     (((s) += rb_strlen_lit(name)), 1))
+#define opt_match_noarg(s, l, name) \
+    opt_match(s, l, name) && (*(s) ? (rb_warn("argument to --jit-" name " is ignored"), 1) : 1)
+#define opt_match_arg(s, l, name) \
+    opt_match(s, l, name) && (*(s) ? 1 : (rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "--jit-" name " needs an argument"), 0))
+    if (*s != '-') return;
+    const size_t l = strlen(++s);
+    if (*s == 0) return;
+    else if (opt_match_noarg(s, l, "warnings")) {
+        mjit_opt->warnings = 1;
+    }
+    else if (opt_match(s, l, "debug")) {
+        if (*s)
+            mjit_opt->debug_flags = strdup(s + 1);
+        else
+            mjit_opt->debug = 1;
+    }
+    else if (opt_match_noarg(s, l, "wait")) {
+        mjit_opt->wait = 1;
+    }
+    else if (opt_match_noarg(s, l, "save-temps")) {
+        mjit_opt->save_temps = 1;
+    }
+    else if (opt_match(s, l, "verbose")) {
+        mjit_opt->verbose = *s ? atoi(s + 1) : 1;
+    }
+    else if (opt_match_arg(s, l, "max-cache")) {
+        mjit_opt->max_cache_size = atoi(s + 1);
+    }
+    else if (opt_match_arg(s, l, "min-calls")) {
+        mjit_opt->min_calls = atoi(s + 1);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+                 "invalid MJIT option `%s' (--help will show valid MJIT options)", s);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
 static long
 proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 {
@@ -900,7 +1059,7 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
     const char *s;
     int warning = opt->warning;
 
-    if (argc == 0)
+    if (argc <= 0 || !argv)
 	return 0;
 
     for (argc--, argv++; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
@@ -951,10 +1110,29 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 		warning = 1;
 		ruby_verbose = Qtrue;
 	    }
+	    FEATURE_SET(opt->warn, RB_WARN_CATEGORY_ALL_BITS);
 	    s++;
 	    goto reswitch;
 
 	  case 'W':
+            if (s[1] == ':') {
+                unsigned int bits = 0;
+                static const char no_prefix[] = "no-";
+                int enable = strncmp(s += 2, no_prefix, sizeof(no_prefix)-1) != 0;
+                if (!enable) s += sizeof(no_prefix)-1;
+                size_t len = strlen(s);
+                if (NAME_MATCH_P("deprecated", s, len)) {
+                    bits = 1U << RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED;
+                }
+                else if (NAME_MATCH_P("experimental", s, len)) {
+                    bits = 1U << RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL;
+                }
+                else {
+                    rb_warn("unknown warning category: `%s'", s);
+                }
+                if (bits) FEATURE_SET_TO(opt->warn, bits, enable ? bits : 0);
+                break;
+            }
 	    {
 		size_t numlen;
 		int v = 2;	/* -W as -W2 */
@@ -962,7 +1140,7 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 		if (*++s) {
 		    v = scan_oct(s, 1, &numlen);
 		    if (numlen == 0)
-			v = 1;
+                        v = 2;
 		    s += numlen;
 		}
 		if (!opt->warning) {
@@ -979,6 +1157,17 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 		    }
 		}
 		warning = 1;
+		switch (v) {
+		  case 0:
+		    FEATURE_SET_TO(opt->warn, RB_WARN_CATEGORY_ALL_BITS, 0);
+		    break;
+		  case 1:
+		    FEATURE_SET_TO(opt->warn, 1U << RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, 0);
+		    break;
+		  default:
+		    FEATURE_SET(opt->warn, RB_WARN_CATEGORY_ALL_BITS);
+		    break;
+		}
 	    }
 	    goto reswitch;
 
@@ -1050,6 +1239,7 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 
 	  case 'x':
 	    if (envopt) goto noenvopt;
+	    forbid_setid("-x");
 	    opt->xflag = TRUE;
 	    s++;
 	    if (*s && chdir(s) < 0) {
@@ -1112,21 +1302,6 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 	    }
 	    goto reswitch;
 
-	  case 'T':
-	    {
-		size_t numlen;
-		int v = 1;
-
-		if (*++s) {
-		    v = scan_oct(s, 2, &numlen);
-		    if (numlen == 0)
-			v = 1;
-		    s += numlen;
-		}
-		if (v > opt->safe_level) opt->safe_level = v;
-	    }
-	    goto reswitch;
-
 	  case 'I':
 	    forbid_setid("-I");
 	    if (*++s)
@@ -1149,7 +1324,7 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 		if (v > 0377)
 		    rb_rs = Qnil;
 		else if (v == 0 && numlen >= 2) {
-		    rb_rs = rb_str_new2("\n\n");
+		    rb_rs = rb_str_new2("");
 		}
 		else {
 		    c = v & 0xff;
@@ -1244,6 +1419,14 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 		opt->verbose = 1;
 		ruby_verbose = Qtrue;
 	    }
+            else if (strncmp("jit", s, 3) == 0) {
+#if USE_MJIT
+                FEATURE_SET(opt->features, FEATURE_BIT(jit));
+                setup_mjit_options(s + 3, &opt->mjit);
+#else
+                rb_warn("MJIT support is disabled.");
+#endif
+            }
 	    else if (strcmp("yydebug", s) == 0) {
 		if (envopt) goto noenvopt_long;
 		opt->dump |= DUMP_BIT(yydebug);
@@ -1256,6 +1439,12 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 		opt->dump |= DUMP_BIT(help);
 		goto switch_end;
 	    }
+            else if (is_option_with_arg("backtrace-limit", Qfalse, Qfalse)) {
+                char *e;
+                long n = strtol(s, &e, 10);
+                if (errno == ERANGE || n < 0 || *e) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "wrong limit for backtrace length");
+                rb_backtrace_length_limit = n;
+            }
 	    else {
 		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
 			 "invalid option --%s  (-h will show valid options)", s);
@@ -1268,16 +1457,9 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
 
 	  default:
 	    {
-		if (ISPRINT(*s)) {
-                    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
 			"invalid option -%c  (-h will show valid options)",
                         (int)(unsigned char)*s);
-		}
-		else {
-                    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-			"invalid option -\\x%02X  (-h will show valid options)",
-                        (int)(unsigned char)*s);
-		}
 	    }
 	    goto switch_end;
 
@@ -1305,13 +1487,39 @@ proc_options(long argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt, int envopt)
     return argc0 - argc;
 }
 
+void Init_builtin_features(void);
+
 static void
 ruby_init_prelude(void)
 {
-    Init_prelude();
+    Init_builtin_features();
     rb_const_remove(rb_cObject, rb_intern_const("TMP_RUBY_PREFIX"));
 }
 
+void rb_call_builtin_inits(void);
+
+static void
+ruby_opt_init(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
+{
+    if (opt->dump & dump_exit_bits) return;
+
+    if (opt->features.set & FEATURE_BIT(gems)) {
+        rb_define_module("Gem");
+        if (opt->features.set & FEATURE_BIT(did_you_mean)) {
+            rb_define_module("DidYouMean");
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_warning_category_update(opt->warn.mask, opt->warn.set);
+
+    Init_ext(); /* load statically linked extensions before rubygems */
+    rb_call_builtin_inits();
+    ruby_init_prelude();
+
+    ruby_set_script_name(opt->script_name);
+    require_libraries(&opt->req_list);
+}
+
 static int
 opt_enc_index(VALUE enc_name)
 {
@@ -1330,15 +1538,16 @@ opt_enc_index(VALUE enc_name)
 #define rb_progname      (GET_VM()->progname)
 #define rb_orig_progname (GET_VM()->orig_progname)
 VALUE rb_argv0;
+VALUE rb_e_script;
 
 static VALUE
-false_value(void)
+false_value(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-true_value(void)
+true_value(ID _x, VALUE *_y)
 {
     return Qtrue;
 }
@@ -1370,7 +1579,7 @@ uscore_get(void)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_funcall_passing_block(uscore_get(), rb_intern("sub"), argc, argv);
     rb_lastline_set(str);
@@ -1389,7 +1598,7 @@ rb_f_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_gsub(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_gsub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_funcall_passing_block(uscore_get(), rb_intern("gsub"), argc, argv);
     rb_lastline_set(str);
@@ -1401,13 +1610,13 @@ rb_f_gsub(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *     chop   -> $_
  *
  *  Equivalent to <code>($_.dup).chop!</code>, except <code>nil</code>
- *  is never returned. See <code>String#chop!</code>.
+ *  is never returned. See String#chop!.
  *  Available only when -p/-n command line option specified.
  *
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_chop(void)
+rb_f_chop(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_funcall_passing_block(uscore_get(), rb_intern("chop"), 0, 0);
     rb_lastline_set(str);
@@ -1421,49 +1630,141 @@ rb_f_chop(void)
  *     chomp(string)    -> $_
  *
  *  Equivalent to <code>$_ = $_.chomp(<em>string</em>)</code>. See
- *  <code>String#chomp</code>.
+ *  String#chomp.
  *  Available only when -p/-n command line option specified.
  *
  */
 
 static VALUE
-rb_f_chomp(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+rb_f_chomp(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE str = rb_funcall_passing_block(uscore_get(), rb_intern("chomp"), argc, argv);
     rb_lastline_set(str);
     return str;
 }
 
+static void
+setup_pager_env(void)
+{
+    if (!getenv("LESS")) ruby_setenv("LESS", "-R"); // Output "raw" control characters.
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+static int
+tty_enabled(void)
+{
+    HANDLE h = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+    DWORD m;
+    if (!GetConsoleMode(h, &m)) return 0;
+# ifndef ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING
+#   define ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING 0x4
+# endif
+    if (!(m & ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)) return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+#elif !defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
+# define tty_enabled() 0
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+copy_str(VALUE str, rb_encoding *enc, bool intern)
+{
+    if (!intern) {
+        if (rb_enc_str_coderange_scan(str, enc) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN)
+            return 0;
+        return rb_enc_associate(rb_str_dup(str), enc);
+    }
+    return rb_enc_interned_str(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), enc);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 {
-    NODE *tree = 0;
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
     VALUE parser;
+    VALUE script_name;
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
     rb_encoding *enc, *lenc;
 #if UTF8_PATH
-    rb_encoding *uenc, *ienc = 0;
+    rb_encoding *ienc = 0;
+    rb_encoding *const uenc = rb_utf8_encoding();
 #endif
     const char *s;
     char fbuf[MAXPATHLEN];
     int i = (int)proc_options(argc, argv, opt, 0);
-    rb_binding_t *toplevel_binding;
-    const struct rb_block *base_block;
     unsigned int dump = opt->dump & dump_exit_bits;
-
-    argc -= i;
-    argv += i;
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    const long loaded_before_enc = RARRAY_LEN(vm->loaded_features);
 
     if (opt->dump & (DUMP_BIT(usage)|DUMP_BIT(help))) {
-	usage(origarg.argv[0], (opt->dump & DUMP_BIT(help)));
+        int tty = isatty(1);
+	const char *const progname =
+	    (argc > 0 && argv && argv[0] ? argv[0] :
+	     origarg.argc > 0 && origarg.argv && origarg.argv[0] ? origarg.argv[0] :
+	     ruby_engine);
+        int columns = 0;
+        if ((opt->dump & DUMP_BIT(help)) && tty) {
+            const char *pager_env = getenv("RUBY_PAGER");
+            if (!pager_env) pager_env = getenv("PAGER");
+            if (pager_env && *pager_env && isatty(0)) {
+                const char *columns_env = getenv("COLUMNS");
+                if (columns_env) columns = atoi(columns_env);
+                VALUE pager = rb_str_new_cstr(pager_env);
+#ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
+                int fds[2];
+                if (rb_pipe(fds) == 0) {
+                    rb_pid_t pid = rb_fork();
+                    if (pid > 0) {
+                        /* exec PAGER with reading from child */
+                        dup2(fds[0], 0);
+                    }
+                    else if (pid == 0) {
+                        /* send the help message to the parent PAGER */
+                        dup2(fds[1], 1);
+                        dup2(fds[1], 2);
+                    }
+                    close(fds[0]);
+                    close(fds[1]);
+                    if (pid > 0) {
+                        setup_pager_env();
+                        rb_f_exec(1, &pager);
+                        kill(SIGTERM, pid);
+                        rb_waitpid(pid, 0, 0);
+                    }
+                }
+#else
+                setup_pager_env();
+                VALUE port = rb_io_popen(pager, rb_str_new_lit("w"), Qnil, Qnil);
+                if (!NIL_P(port)) {
+                    int oldout = dup(1);
+                    int olderr = dup(2);
+                    int fd = RFILE(port)->fptr->fd;
+                    tty = tty_enabled();
+                    dup2(fd, 1);
+                    dup2(fd, 2);
+                    usage(progname, 1, tty, columns);
+                    fflush(stdout);
+                    dup2(oldout, 1);
+                    dup2(olderr, 2);
+                    rb_io_close(port);
+                    return Qtrue;
+                }
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+	usage(progname, (opt->dump & DUMP_BIT(help)), tty, columns);
 	return Qtrue;
     }
 
-    if ((opt->features & FEATURE_BIT(rubyopt)) &&
-	opt->safe_level == 0 && (s = getenv("RUBYOPT"))) {
+    argc -= i;
+    argv += i;
+
+    if ((opt->features.set & FEATURE_BIT(rubyopt)) && (s = getenv("RUBYOPT"))) {
 	VALUE src_enc_name = opt->src.enc.name;
 	VALUE ext_enc_name = opt->ext.enc.name;
 	VALUE int_enc_name = opt->intern.enc.name;
+        ruby_features_t feat = opt->features;
+        ruby_features_t warn = opt->warn;
 
 	opt->src.enc.name = opt->ext.enc.name = opt->intern.enc.name = 0;
 	moreswitches(s, opt, 1);
@@ -1473,12 +1774,25 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	    opt->ext.enc.name = ext_enc_name;
 	if (int_enc_name)
 	    opt->intern.enc.name = int_enc_name;
+        FEATURE_SET_RESTORE(opt->features, feat);
+        FEATURE_SET_RESTORE(opt->warn, warn);
     }
 
     if (opt->src.enc.name)
-	rb_warning("-K is specified; it is for 1.8 compatibility and may cause odd behavior");
+        /* cannot set deprecated category, as enabling deprecation warnings based on flags
+         * has not happened yet.
+         */
+        rb_warning("-K is specified; it is for 1.8 compatibility and may cause odd behavior");
 
+#if USE_MJIT
+    if (opt->features.set & FEATURE_BIT(jit)) {
+        opt->mjit.on = TRUE; /* set mjit.on for ruby_show_version() API and check to call mjit_init() */
+    }
+#endif
     if (opt->dump & (DUMP_BIT(version) | DUMP_BIT(version_v))) {
+#if USE_MJIT
+        mjit_opts.on = opt->mjit.on; /* used by ruby_show_version(). mjit_init() still can't be called here. */
+#endif
 	ruby_show_version();
 	if (opt->dump & DUMP_BIT(version)) return Qtrue;
     }
@@ -1488,7 +1802,7 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     }
 
     if (!opt->e_script) {
-	if (argc == 0) {	/* no more args */
+	if (argc <= 0) {	/* no more args */
 	    if (opt->verbose)
 		return Qtrue;
 	    opt->script = "-";
@@ -1514,6 +1828,9 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	    argc--;
 	    argv++;
 	}
+	if (opt->script[0] == '-' && !opt->script[1]) {
+	    forbid_setid("program input from stdin");
+	}
     }
 
     opt->script_name = rb_str_new_cstr(opt->script);
@@ -1525,8 +1842,16 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     translit_char(RSTRING_PTR(opt->script_name), '\\', '/');
 #endif
 
-    ruby_gc_set_params(opt->safe_level);
-    ruby_init_loadpath_safe(opt->safe_level);
+    ruby_gc_set_params();
+    ruby_init_loadpath();
+
+#if USE_MJIT
+    if (opt->mjit.on)
+        /* Using TMP_RUBY_PREFIX created by ruby_init_loadpath(). */
+        mjit_init(&opt->mjit);
+#endif
+
+    Init_ruby_description();
     Init_enc();
     lenc = rb_locale_encoding();
     rb_enc_associate(rb_progname, lenc);
@@ -1549,7 +1874,7 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	enc = rb_enc_from_index(opt->ext.enc.index);
     }
     else {
-	enc = lenc;
+	enc = IF_UTF8_PATH(uenc, lenc);
     }
     rb_enc_set_default_external(rb_enc_from_encoding(enc));
     if (opt->intern.enc.index >= 0) {
@@ -1560,12 +1885,22 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	ienc = enc;
 #endif
     }
-    rb_enc_associate(opt->script_name, lenc);
+    script_name = opt->script_name;
+    rb_enc_associate(opt->script_name, IF_UTF8_PATH(uenc, lenc));
+#if UTF8_PATH
+    if (uenc != lenc) {
+	opt->script_name = str_conv_enc(opt->script_name, uenc, lenc);
+	opt->script = RSTRING_PTR(opt->script_name);
+    }
+#endif
     rb_obj_freeze(opt->script_name);
-    if (IF_UTF8_PATH((uenc = rb_utf8_encoding()) != lenc, 1)) {
+    if (IF_UTF8_PATH(uenc != lenc, 1)) {
 	long i;
-	VALUE load_path = GET_VM()->load_path;
+        VALUE load_path = vm->load_path;
 	const ID id_initial_load_path_mark = INITIAL_LOAD_PATH_MARK;
+        int modifiable = FALSE;
+
+        rb_get_expanded_load_path();
 	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(load_path); ++i) {
 	    VALUE path = RARRAY_AREF(load_path, i);
 	    int mark = rb_attr_get(path, id_initial_load_path_mark) == path;
@@ -1574,43 +1909,47 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	    if (newpath == path) continue;
 	    path = newpath;
 #else
-	    path = rb_enc_associate(rb_str_dup(path), lenc);
+	    if (!(path = copy_str(path, lenc, !mark))) continue;
 #endif
 	    if (mark) rb_ivar_set(path, id_initial_load_path_mark, path);
+            if (!modifiable) {
+                rb_ary_modify(load_path);
+                modifiable = TRUE;
+            }
 	    RARRAY_ASET(load_path, i, path);
 	}
+        if (modifiable) {
+            rb_ary_replace(vm->load_path_snapshot, load_path);
+        }
     }
-    Init_ext();		/* load statically linked extensions before rubygems */
-    if (opt->features & FEATURE_BIT(gems)) {
-	rb_define_module("Gem");
-    }
-    if (opt->features & FEATURE_BIT(did_you_mean)) {
-	rb_define_module("DidYouMean");
+    {
+        VALUE loaded_features = vm->loaded_features;
+        bool modified = false;
+        for (long i = loaded_before_enc; i < RARRAY_LEN(loaded_features); ++i) {
+	    VALUE path = RARRAY_AREF(loaded_features, i);
+            if (!(path = copy_str(path, IF_UTF8_PATH(uenc, lenc), true))) continue;
+            modified = true;
+	    RARRAY_ASET(loaded_features, i, path);
+        }
+        if (modified) {
+            rb_ary_replace(vm->loaded_features_snapshot, loaded_features);
+        }
     }
-    ruby_init_prelude();
-    if ((opt->features ^ DEFAULT_FEATURES) & COMPILATION_FEATURES) {
+
+    if (opt->features.mask & COMPILATION_FEATURES) {
 	VALUE option = rb_hash_new();
 #define SET_COMPILE_OPTION(h, o, name) \
 	rb_hash_aset((h), ID2SYM(rb_intern_const(#name)),		\
-		     ((o)->features & FEATURE_BIT(name) ? Qtrue : Qfalse));
+                     (FEATURE_SET_P(o->features, FEATURE_BIT(name)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse));
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, frozen_string_literal);
 	SET_COMPILE_OPTION(option, opt, debug_frozen_string_literal);
 	rb_funcallv(rb_cISeq, rb_intern_const("compile_option="), 1, &option);
 #undef SET_COMPILE_OPTION
     }
-#if UTF8_PATH
-    if (uenc != lenc) {
-	opt->script_name = str_conv_enc(opt->script_name, uenc, lenc);
-	opt->script = RSTRING_PTR(opt->script_name);
-    }
-#endif
     ruby_set_argv(argc, argv);
     process_sflag(&opt->sflag);
 
-    GetBindingPtr(rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("TOPLEVEL_BINDING")),
-		  toplevel_binding);
-    /* need to acquire env from toplevel_binding each time, since it
-     * may update after eval() */
+    rb_parser_set_context(parser, 0, TRUE);
 
     if (opt->e_script) {
 	VALUE progname = rb_progname;
@@ -1630,24 +1969,16 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	}
 #endif
 	rb_enc_associate(opt->e_script, eenc);
-	if (!(opt->dump & ~DUMP_BIT(version_v))) {
-	    ruby_set_script_name(opt->script_name);
-	    require_libraries(&opt->req_list);
-	}
+        ruby_opt_init(opt);
         ruby_set_script_name(progname);
-
-	base_block = toplevel_context(toplevel_binding);
-	rb_parser_set_context(parser, base_block, TRUE);
-	tree = rb_parser_compile_string(parser, opt->script, opt->e_script, 1);
+	rb_parser_set_options(parser, opt->do_print, opt->do_loop,
+			      opt->do_line, opt->do_split);
+	ast = rb_parser_compile_string(parser, opt->script, opt->e_script, 1);
     }
     else {
-	if (opt->script[0] == '-' && !opt->script[1]) {
-	    forbid_setid("program input from stdin");
-	}
-
-	base_block = toplevel_context(toplevel_binding);
-	rb_parser_set_context(parser, base_block, TRUE);
-	tree = load_file(parser, opt->script_name, 1, opt);
+	VALUE f;
+	f = open_load_file(script_name, &opt->xflag);
+	ast = load_file(parser, opt->script_name, f, 1, opt);
     }
     ruby_set_script_name(opt->script_name);
     if (dump & DUMP_BIT(yydebug)) {
@@ -1659,7 +1990,7 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	enc = rb_enc_from_index(opt->ext.enc.index);
     }
     else {
-	enc = lenc;
+	enc = IF_UTF8_PATH(uenc, lenc);
     }
     rb_enc_set_default_external(rb_enc_from_encoding(enc));
     if (opt->intern.enc.index >= 0) {
@@ -1672,7 +2003,10 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	rb_enc_set_default_internal(Qnil);
     rb_stdio_set_default_encoding();
 
-    if (!tree) return Qfalse;
+    if (!ast->body.root) {
+	rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
 
     process_sflag(&opt->sflag);
     opt->xflag = 0;
@@ -1683,11 +2017,7 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 	if (!dump) return Qtrue;
     }
 
-    if (opt->do_print) {
-	tree = rb_parser_append_print(parser, tree);
-    }
     if (opt->do_loop) {
-	tree = rb_parser_while_loop(parser, tree, opt->do_line, opt->do_split);
 	rb_define_global_function("sub", rb_f_sub, -1);
 	rb_define_global_function("gsub", rb_f_gsub, -1);
 	rb_define_global_function("chop", rb_f_chop, 0);
@@ -1695,19 +2025,35 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     }
 
     if (dump & (DUMP_BIT(parsetree)|DUMP_BIT(parsetree_with_comment))) {
-	rb_io_write(rb_stdout, rb_parser_dump_tree(tree, dump & DUMP_BIT(parsetree_with_comment)));
+	rb_io_write(rb_stdout, rb_parser_dump_tree(ast->body.root, dump & DUMP_BIT(parsetree_with_comment)));
 	rb_io_flush(rb_stdout);
 	dump &= ~DUMP_BIT(parsetree)&~DUMP_BIT(parsetree_with_comment);
-	if (!dump) return Qtrue;
+	if (!dump) {
+	    rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+	    return Qtrue;
+	}
     }
 
     {
 	VALUE path = Qnil;
 	if (!opt->e_script && strcmp(opt->script, "-")) {
-	    path = rb_realpath_internal(Qnil, opt->script_name, 1);
+	    path = rb_realpath_internal(Qnil, script_name, 1);
+#if UTF8_PATH
+	    if (uenc != lenc) {
+		path = str_conv_enc(path, uenc, lenc);
+	    }
+#endif
+	    if (!ENCODING_GET(path)) { /* ASCII-8BIT */
+		rb_enc_copy(path, opt->script_name);
+	    }
 	}
-	base_block = toplevel_context(toplevel_binding);
-	iseq = rb_iseq_new_main(tree, opt->script_name, path, vm_block_iseq(base_block));
+
+        rb_binding_t *toplevel_binding;
+        GetBindingPtr(rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("TOPLEVEL_BINDING")),
+                      toplevel_binding);
+        const struct rb_block *base_block = toplevel_context(toplevel_binding);
+	iseq = rb_iseq_new_main(&ast->body, opt->script_name, path, vm_block_iseq(base_block));
+	rb_ast_dispose(ast);
     }
 
     if (dump & DUMP_BIT(insns)) {
@@ -1722,8 +2068,26 @@ process_options(int argc, char **argv, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
     rb_define_readonly_boolean("$-l", opt->do_line);
     rb_define_readonly_boolean("$-a", opt->do_split);
 
-    rb_set_safe_level(opt->safe_level);
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-p");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-l");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-a");
+
+    if ((rb_e_script = opt->e_script) != 0) {
+        rb_gc_register_mark_object(opt->e_script);
+    }
+
+    {
+        rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
 
+        if (opt->e_script) {
+            /* -e */
+            rb_exec_event_hook_script_compiled(ec, iseq, opt->e_script);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* file */
+            rb_exec_event_hook_script_compiled(ec, iseq, Qnil);
+        }
+    }
     return (VALUE)iseq;
 }
 
@@ -1732,7 +2096,7 @@ static void
 warn_cr_in_shebang(const char *str, long len)
 {
     if (str[len-1] == '\n' && str[len-2] == '\r') {
-	rb_warn("shebang line ends with \\r may cause a problem");
+	rb_warn("shebang line ending with \\r may cause problems");
     }
 }
 #else
@@ -1743,7 +2107,6 @@ struct load_file_arg {
     VALUE parser;
     VALUE fname;
     int script;
-    int xflag;
     ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt;
     VALUE f;
 };
@@ -1758,12 +2121,10 @@ load_file_internal(VALUE argp_v)
     ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt = argp->opt;
     VALUE f = argp->f;
     int line_start = 1;
-    NODE *tree = 0;
+    rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
     rb_encoding *enc;
     ID set_encoding;
-    int xflag = argp->xflag;
 
-    argp->script = 0;
     CONST_ID(set_encoding, "set_encoding");
     if (script) {
 	VALUE c = 1;		/* something not nil */
@@ -1777,11 +2138,9 @@ load_file_internal(VALUE argp_v)
 	enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
 	rb_funcall(f, set_encoding, 1, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc));
 
-	if (xflag || opt->xflag) {
+	if (opt->xflag) {
 	    line_start--;
 	  search_shebang:
-	    forbid_setid("-x");
-	    opt->xflag = FALSE;
 	    while (!NIL_P(line = rb_io_gets(f))) {
 		line_start++;
 		RSTRING_GETMEM(line, str, len);
@@ -1798,11 +2157,7 @@ load_file_internal(VALUE argp_v)
 	c = rb_io_getbyte(f);
 	if (c == INT2FIX('#')) {
 	    c = rb_io_getbyte(f);
-	    if (c == INT2FIX('!')) {
-		line = rb_io_gets(f);
-		if (NIL_P(line))
-		    return 0;
-
+            if (c == INT2FIX('!') && !NIL_P(line = rb_io_gets(f))) {
 		RSTRING_GETMEM(line, str, len);
 		warn_cr_in_shebang(str, len);
 		if ((p = strstr(str, ruby_engine)) == 0) {
@@ -1841,14 +2196,10 @@ load_file_internal(VALUE argp_v)
 	else if (!NIL_P(c)) {
 	    rb_io_ungetbyte(f, c);
 	}
-	else {
-	    if (f != rb_stdin) rb_io_close(f);
-	    f = Qnil;
-	}
-	if (!(opt->dump & ~DUMP_BIT(version_v))) {
-	    ruby_set_script_name(opt->script_name);
-	    require_libraries(&opt->req_list);	/* Why here? unnatural */
+        if (NIL_P(c)) {
+	    argp->f = f = Qnil;
 	}
+        ruby_opt_init(opt);
     }
     if (opt->src.enc.index >= 0) {
 	enc = rb_enc_from_index(opt->src.enc.index);
@@ -1859,22 +2210,40 @@ load_file_internal(VALUE argp_v)
     else {
 	enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
     }
+    rb_parser_set_options(parser, opt->do_print, opt->do_loop,
+			  opt->do_line, opt->do_split);
     if (NIL_P(f)) {
 	f = rb_str_new(0, 0);
 	rb_enc_associate(f, enc);
 	return (VALUE)rb_parser_compile_string_path(parser, orig_fname, f, line_start);
     }
     rb_funcall(f, set_encoding, 2, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), rb_str_new_cstr("-"));
-    tree = rb_parser_compile_file_path(parser, orig_fname, f, line_start);
+    ast = rb_parser_compile_file_path(parser, orig_fname, f, line_start);
     rb_funcall(f, set_encoding, 1, rb_parser_encoding(parser));
-    if (script && rb_parser_end_seen_p(parser)) argp->script = script;
-    return (VALUE)tree;
+    if (script && rb_parser_end_seen_p(parser)) {
+	/*
+	 * DATA is a File that contains the data section of the executed file.
+	 * To create a data section use <tt>__END__</tt>:
+	 *
+	 *   $ cat t.rb
+	 *   puts DATA.gets
+	 *   __END__
+	 *   hello world!
+	 *
+	 *   $ ruby t.rb
+	 *   hello world!
+	 */
+	rb_define_global_const("DATA", f);
+	argp->f = Qnil;
+    }
+    return (VALUE)ast;
 }
 
 static VALUE
 open_load_file(VALUE fname_v, int *xflag)
 {
-    const char *fname = StringValueCStr(fname_v);
+    const char *fname = (fname_v = rb_str_encode_ospath(fname_v),
+			 StringValueCStr(fname_v));
     long flen = RSTRING_LEN(fname_v);
     VALUE f;
     int e;
@@ -1909,7 +2278,7 @@ open_load_file(VALUE fname_v, int *xflag)
 #endif
 
 	if ((fd = rb_cloexec_open(fname, mode, 0)) < 0) {
-	    int e = errno;
+	    e = errno;
 	    if (!rb_gc_for_fd(e)) {
 		rb_load_fail(fname_v, strerror(e));
 	    }
@@ -1920,9 +2289,13 @@ open_load_file(VALUE fname_v, int *xflag)
 	rb_update_max_fd(fd);
 
 #if defined HAVE_FCNTL && MODE_TO_LOAD != O_RDONLY
+# ifdef ENOTSUP
+#   define IS_SUPPORTED_OP(e) ((e) != ENOTSUP)
+# else
+#   define IS_SUPPORTED_OP(e) ((void)(e), 1)
+# endif
 	/* disabling O_NONBLOCK */
-	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, 0) < 0) {
-	    e = errno;
+	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, 0) < 0 && IS_SUPPORTED_OP(e = errno)) {
 	    (void)close(fd);
 	    rb_load_fail(fname_v, strerror(e));
 	}
@@ -1953,39 +2326,23 @@ restore_load_file(VALUE arg)
     struct load_file_arg *argp = (struct load_file_arg *)arg;
     VALUE f = argp->f;
 
-    if (argp->script) {
-	/*
-	 * DATA is a File that contains the data section of the executed file.
-	 * To create a data section use <tt>__END__</tt>:
-	 *
-	 *   $ cat t.rb
-	 *   puts DATA.gets
-	 *   __END__
-	 *   hello world!
-	 *
-	 *   $ ruby t.rb
-	 *   hello world!
-	 */
-	rb_define_global_const("DATA", f);
-    }
-    else if (f != rb_stdin) {
+    if (!NIL_P(f) && f != rb_stdin) {
 	rb_io_close(f);
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-static NODE *
-load_file(VALUE parser, VALUE fname, int script, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
+static rb_ast_t *
+load_file(VALUE parser, VALUE fname, VALUE f, int script, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 {
     struct load_file_arg arg;
     arg.parser = parser;
     arg.fname = fname;
     arg.script = script;
     arg.opt = opt;
-    arg.xflag = 0;
-    arg.f = open_load_file(rb_str_encode_ospath(fname), &arg.xflag);
-    return (NODE *)rb_ensure(load_file_internal, (VALUE)&arg,
-			     restore_load_file, (VALUE)&arg);
+    arg.f = f;
+    return (rb_ast_t *)rb_ensure(load_file_internal, (VALUE)&arg,
+			      restore_load_file, (VALUE)&arg);
 }
 
 void *
@@ -1998,17 +2355,15 @@ rb_load_file(const char *fname)
 void *
 rb_load_file_str(VALUE fname_v)
 {
-    ruby_cmdline_options_t opt;
-
-    return load_file(rb_parser_new(), fname_v, 0, cmdline_options_init(&opt));
+    return rb_parser_load_file(rb_parser_new(), fname_v);
 }
 
 void *
 rb_parser_load_file(VALUE parser, VALUE fname_v)
 {
     ruby_cmdline_options_t opt;
-
-    return load_file(parser, fname_v, 0, cmdline_options_init(&opt));
+    VALUE f = open_load_file(fname_v, &cmdline_options_init(&opt)->xflag);
+    return load_file(parser, fname_v, f, 0, &opt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2028,6 +2383,8 @@ proc_argv0(VALUE process)
     return rb_orig_progname;
 }
 
+static VALUE ruby_setproctitle(VALUE title);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     Process.setproctitle(string)  -> string
@@ -2048,20 +2405,24 @@ proc_argv0(VALUE process)
 static VALUE
 proc_setproctitle(VALUE process, VALUE title)
 {
-    StringValue(title);
-
-    setproctitle("%.*s", RSTRING_LENINT(title), RSTRING_PTR(title));
+    return ruby_setproctitle(title);
+}
 
+static VALUE
+ruby_setproctitle(VALUE title)
+{
+    const char *ptr = StringValueCStr(title);
+    setproctitle("%.*s", RSTRING_LENINT(title), ptr);
     return title;
 }
 
 static void
-set_arg0(VALUE val, ID id)
+set_arg0(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *_)
 {
     if (origarg.argv == 0)
 	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "$0 not initialized");
 
-    rb_progname = rb_str_new_frozen(proc_setproctitle(rb_mProcess, val));
+    rb_progname = rb_str_new_frozen(ruby_setproctitle(val));
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -2069,7 +2430,8 @@ external_str_new_cstr(const char *p)
 {
 #if UTF8_PATH
     VALUE str = rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(p);
-    return str_conv_enc(str, NULL, rb_default_external_encoding());
+    str = str_conv_enc(str, NULL, rb_default_external_encoding());
+    return str;
 #else
     return rb_external_str_new_cstr(p);
 #endif
@@ -2110,35 +2472,36 @@ init_ids(ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 
     if (uid != euid) opt->setids |= 1;
     if (egid != gid) opt->setids |= 2;
-    if (uid && opt->setids) {
-	if (opt->safe_level < 1) opt->safe_level = 1;
-    }
 }
 
 #undef forbid_setid
 static void
-forbid_setid(const char *s, ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
+forbid_setid(const char *s, const ruby_cmdline_options_t *opt)
 {
     if (opt->setids & 1)
         rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "no %s allowed while running setuid", s);
     if (opt->setids & 2)
         rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "no %s allowed while running setgid", s);
-    if (opt->safe_level > 0)
-        rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "no %s allowed in tainted mode", s);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+verbose_getter(ID id, VALUE *ptr)
+{
+    return *rb_ruby_verbose_ptr();
 }
 
 static void
-verbose_setter(VALUE val, ID id, void *data)
+verbose_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *variable)
 {
-    VALUE *variable = data;
-    *variable = RTEST(val) ? Qtrue : val;
+    *rb_ruby_verbose_ptr() = RTEST(val) ? Qtrue : val;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-opt_W_getter(ID id, void *data)
+opt_W_getter(ID id, VALUE *dmy)
 {
-    VALUE *variable = data;
-    switch (*variable) {
+    VALUE v = *rb_ruby_verbose_ptr();
+
+    switch (v) {
       case Qnil:
 	return INT2FIX(0);
       case Qfalse:
@@ -2150,16 +2513,35 @@ opt_W_getter(ID id, void *data)
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+debug_getter(ID id, VALUE *dmy)
+{
+    return *rb_ruby_debug_ptr();
+}
+
+static void
+debug_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *dmy)
+{
+    *rb_ruby_debug_ptr() = val;
+}
+
 /*! Defines built-in variables */
 void
 ruby_prog_init(void)
 {
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$VERBOSE", &ruby_verbose, 0, verbose_setter);
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$-v", &ruby_verbose, 0, verbose_setter);
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$-w", &ruby_verbose, 0, verbose_setter);
-    rb_define_hooked_variable("$-W", &ruby_verbose, opt_W_getter, rb_gvar_readonly_setter);
-    rb_define_variable("$DEBUG", &ruby_debug);
-    rb_define_variable("$-d", &ruby_debug);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$VERBOSE", verbose_getter, verbose_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$-v",      verbose_getter, verbose_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$-w",      verbose_getter, verbose_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$-W",      opt_W_getter,   rb_gvar_readonly_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$DEBUG",   debug_getter,   debug_setter);
+    rb_define_virtual_variable("$-d",      debug_getter,   debug_setter);
+
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$VERBOSE");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-v");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-w");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-W");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$DEBUG");
+    rb_gvar_ractor_local("$-d");
 
     rb_define_hooked_variable("$0", &rb_progname, 0, set_arg0);
     rb_define_hooked_variable("$PROGRAM_NAME", &rb_progname, 0, set_arg0);
@@ -2183,9 +2565,9 @@ ruby_set_argv(int argc, char **argv)
     VALUE av = rb_argv;
 
 #if defined(USE_DLN_A_OUT)
-    if (origarg.argv)
+    if (origarg.argc > 0 && origarg.argv)
 	dln_argv0 = origarg.argv[0];
-    else
+    else if (argc > 0 && argv)
 	dln_argv0 = argv[0];
 #endif
     rb_ary_clear(av);
@@ -2204,6 +2586,10 @@ ruby_process_options(int argc, char **argv)
     VALUE iseq;
     const char *script_name = (argc > 0 && argv[0]) ? argv[0] : ruby_engine;
 
+    if (!origarg.argv || origarg.argc <= 0) {
+	origarg.argc = argc;
+	origarg.argv = argv;
+    }
     ruby_script(script_name);  /* for the time being */
     rb_argv0 = rb_str_new4(rb_progname);
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(rb_argv0);
@@ -2246,11 +2632,12 @@ fill_standard_fds(void)
     }
 }
 
-/*! Initializes the process for ruby(1).
+/*! Initializes the process for libruby.
  *
  * This function assumes this process is ruby(1) and it has just started.
- * Usually programs that embeds CRuby interpreter should not call this function,
- * and should do their own initialization.
+ * Usually programs that embed CRuby interpreter may not call this function,
+ * and may do their own initialization.
+ * argc and argv cannot be NULL.
  */
 void
 ruby_sysinit(int *argc, char ***argv)
@@ -2258,10 +2645,12 @@ ruby_sysinit(int *argc, char ***argv)
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     rb_w32_sysinit(argc, argv);
 #endif
-    origarg.argc = *argc;
-    origarg.argv = *argv;
+    if (*argc >= 0 && *argv) {
+	origarg.argc = *argc;
+	origarg.argv = *argv;
 #if defined(USE_DLN_A_OUT)
-    dln_argv0 = origarg.argv[0];
+	dln_argv0 = origarg.argv[0];
 #endif
+    }
     fill_standard_fds();
 }
diff --git a/ruby_assert.h b/ruby_assert.h
index 3383e4fc6c..ddd348c7d3 100644
--- a/ruby_assert.h
+++ b/ruby_assert.h
@@ -1,54 +1,15 @@
-#ifndef RUBY_ASSERT_H
-#define RUBY_ASSERT_H
-
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#if 0
-} /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-NORETURN(void rb_assert_failure(const char *, int, const char *, const char *));
-#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
-# define RUBY_ASSERT_FAIL(expr) \
-    rb_assert_failure(__FILE__, __LINE__, RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, expr)
-#else
-# define RUBY_ASSERT_FAIL(expr) \
-    rb_assert_failure(__FILE__, __LINE__, NULL, expr)
-#endif
-#define RUBY_ASSERT_MESG(expr, mesg) \
-    ((expr) ? (void)0 : RUBY_ASSERT_FAIL(mesg))
-#ifdef HAVE_BUILTIN___BUILTIN_CHOOSE_EXPR_CONSTANT_P
-# define RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(cond, expr, mesg) \
-    __builtin_choose_expr( \
-	__builtin_constant_p(cond), \
-	__builtin_choose_expr(cond, RUBY_ASSERT_MESG(expr, mesg), (void)0), \
-	RUBY_ASSERT_MESG(!(cond) || (expr), mesg))
-#else
-# define RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(cond, expr, mesg) \
-    RUBY_ASSERT_MESG(!(cond) || (expr), mesg)
-#endif
-#define RUBY_ASSERT(expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(!RUBY_NDEBUG+0, expr, #expr)
-#define RUBY_ASSERT_WHEN(cond, expr) RUBY_ASSERT_MESG_WHEN(cond, expr, #expr)
-
+#ifndef RUBY_TOPLEVEL_ASSERT_H                           /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define RUBY_TOPLEVEL_ASSERT_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ */
+#include "ruby/assert.h"
 #undef assert
-#define assert RUBY_ASSERT
-
-#ifndef RUBY_NDEBUG
-# ifdef NDEBUG
-#   define RUBY_NDEBUG 1
-# else
-#   define RUBY_NDEBUG 0
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-#if 0
-{ /* satisfy cc-mode */
-#endif
-}  /* extern "C" { */
-#endif
+#define assert RUBY_ASSERT_NDEBUG
 
-#endif
+#endif /* RUBY_TOPLEVEL_ASSERT_H */
diff --git a/ruby_atomic.h b/ruby_atomic.h
index 4bc9f37e0d..57d341082d 100644
--- a/ruby_atomic.h
+++ b/ruby_atomic.h
@@ -1,233 +1,23 @@
-#ifndef RUBY_ATOMIC_H
-#define RUBY_ATOMIC_H
-
-#if 0
-#elif defined HAVE_GCC_ATOMIC_BUILTINS
-typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
-# define ATOMIC_SET(var, val)  (void)__atomic_exchange_n(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-# define ATOMIC_INC(var) __atomic_fetch_add(&(var), 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-# define ATOMIC_DEC(var) __atomic_fetch_sub(&(var), 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-# define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) __atomic_fetch_or(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-# define ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) __atomic_exchange_n(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-# define ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) \
-({ __typeof__(var) oldvaldup = (oldval); /* oldval should not be modified */ \
-   __atomic_compare_exchange_n(&(var), &oldvaldup, (newval), 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST); \
-   oldvaldup; })
-
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) __atomic_fetch_add(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) __atomic_fetch_sub(&(var), (val), __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-
-# define RUBY_ATOMIC_GENERIC_MACRO 1
-
-#elif defined HAVE_GCC_SYNC_BUILTINS
-/* @shyouhei hack to support atomic operations in case of gcc. Gcc
- * has its own pseudo-insns to support them.  See info, or
- * http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Atomic-Builtins.html */
-
-typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t; /* Anything OK */
-# define ATOMIC_SET(var, val)  (void)__sync_lock_test_and_set(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_INC(var) __sync_fetch_and_add(&(var), 1)
-# define ATOMIC_DEC(var) __sync_fetch_and_sub(&(var), 1)
-# define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) __sync_fetch_and_or(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) __sync_lock_test_and_set(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) __sync_val_compare_and_swap(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
-
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) __sync_fetch_and_add(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) __sync_fetch_and_sub(&(var), (val))
-
-# define RUBY_ATOMIC_GENERIC_MACRO 1
-
-#elif defined _WIN32
-#if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER > 1200
-#pragma intrinsic(_InterlockedOr)
-#endif
-typedef LONG rb_atomic_t;
-
-# define ATOMIC_SET(var, val) InterlockedExchange(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_INC(var) InterlockedIncrement(&(var))
-# define ATOMIC_DEC(var) InterlockedDecrement(&(var))
-#if defined __GNUC__
-# define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) __asm__("lock\n\t" "orl\t%1, %0" : "=m"(var) : "Ir"(val))
-#elif defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER <= 1200
-# define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) rb_w32_atomic_or(&(var), (val))
-static inline void
-rb_w32_atomic_or(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t val)
-{
-#ifdef _M_IX86
-    __asm mov eax, var;
-    __asm mov ecx, val;
-    __asm lock or [eax], ecx;
-#else
-#error unsupported architecture
-#endif
-}
-#else
-# define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) _InterlockedOr(&(var), (val))
-#endif
-# define ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) InterlockedExchange(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) InterlockedCompareExchange(&(var), (newval), (oldval))
-# if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER <= 1200
-static inline rb_atomic_t
-rb_w32_atomic_cas(volatile rb_atomic_t *var, rb_atomic_t oldval, rb_atomic_t newval)
-{
-    return (rb_atomic_t)InterlockedCompareExchange((PVOID *)var, (PVOID)newval, (PVOID)oldval);
-}
-#   undef ATOMIC_CAS
-#   define ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) rb_w32_atomic_cas(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
-# endif
-# ifdef _M_AMD64
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd64((LONG_LONG *)&(var), (val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd64((LONG_LONG *)&(var), -(LONG)(val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) InterlockedIncrement64(&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) InterlockedDecrement64(&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) InterlockedExchange64(&(var), (val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, newval) InterlockedCompareExchange64(&(var), (newval), (oldval))
-# else
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd((LONG *)&(var), (val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) InterlockedExchangeAdd((LONG *)&(var), -(LONG)(val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) InterlockedIncrement((LONG *)&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) InterlockedDecrement((LONG *)&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) InterlockedExchange((LONG *)&(var), (val))
-# endif
-
-#elif defined(__sun) && defined(HAVE_ATOMIC_H)
-#include <atomic.h>
-typedef unsigned int rb_atomic_t;
-
-# define ATOMIC_SET(var, val) (void)atomic_swap_uint(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_INC(var) atomic_inc_uint(&(var))
-# define ATOMIC_DEC(var) atomic_dec_uint(&(var))
-# define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) atomic_or_uint(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) atomic_swap_uint(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) atomic_cas_uint(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
-
-# if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_LONG
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) atomic_add_long(&(var), (val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) atomic_add_long(&(var), -(val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) atomic_inc_ulong(&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) atomic_dec_ulong(&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) atomic_swap_ulong(&(var), (val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, val) atomic_cas_ulong(&(var), (oldval), (val))
-# else
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) atomic_add_int(&(var), (val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) atomic_add_int(&(var), -(val))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) atomic_inc_uint(&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) atomic_dec_uint(&(var))
-#  define ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) atomic_swap_uint(&(var), (val))
-# endif
-
-#else
-typedef int rb_atomic_t;
-#define NEED_RUBY_ATOMIC_OPS
-extern rb_atomic_t ruby_atomic_exchange(rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t val);
-extern rb_atomic_t ruby_atomic_compare_and_swap(rb_atomic_t *ptr,
-						rb_atomic_t cmp,
-						rb_atomic_t newval);
-
-# define ATOMIC_SET(var, val) (void)((var) = (val))
-# define ATOMIC_INC(var) ((var)++)
-# define ATOMIC_DEC(var) ((var)--)
-# define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) ((var) |= (val))
-# define ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) ruby_atomic_exchange(&(var), (val))
-# define ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) ruby_atomic_compare_and_swap(&(var), (oldval), (newval))
-
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) (void)((var) += (val))
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) (void)((var) -= (val))
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) ruby_atomic_size_exchange(&(var), (val))
-static inline size_t
-ruby_atomic_size_exchange(size_t *ptr, size_t val)
-{
-    size_t old = *ptr;
-    *ptr = val;
-    return old;
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifndef ATOMIC_SIZE_INC
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) ATOMIC_INC(var)
-#endif
-#ifndef ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) ATOMIC_DEC(var)
-#endif
-#ifndef ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
-#endif
-#ifndef ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS
-# define ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, val) ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, val)
-#endif
-
-#if RUBY_ATOMIC_GENERIC_MACRO
-# ifndef ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE
-#   define ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
-# endif
-# ifndef ATOMIC_PTR_CAS
-#   define ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, newval) ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval)
-# endif
-
-# ifndef ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE
-#   define ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
-# endif
-# ifndef ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS
-#   define ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val) ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, val)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE
-# if SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
-#   define ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) (void *)ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(val))
-# else
-#   define ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) ruby_atomic_ptr_exchange((const void **)&(var), (val))
-static inline void *
-ruby_atomic_ptr_exchange(const void **ptr, const void *val)
-{
-    const void *const old = *ptr;
-    *ptr = val;
-    return (void *)old;
-}
-# endif
-#endif
-#ifndef ATOMIC_PTR_CAS
-# if SIZEOF_VOIDP == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
-#   define ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, val) (void *)ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(oldval), (size_t)(val))
-# else
-#   define ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, val) ruby_atomic_ptr_cas(&(var), (oldval), (val))
-static inline void *
-ruby_atomic_ptr_cas(const void **ptr, const void *oldval, const void *val)
-{
-    const void *const old = *ptr;
-    if (old == oldval) *ptr = val;
-    return (void *)old;
-}
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE
-# if SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
-#   define ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(val))
-# else
-#   define ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) ruby_atomic_value_exchange(&(var), (val))
-static inline VALUE
-ruby_atomic_value_exchange(VALUE *ptr, VALUE val)
-{
-    const VALUE old = *ptr;
-    *ptr = val;
-    return old;
-}
-# endif
-#endif
-#ifndef ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS
-# if SIZEOF_VALUE == SIZEOF_SIZE_T
-#   define ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val) ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(*(size_t *)&(var), (size_t)(oldval), (size_t)(val))
-# else
-#   define ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val) ruby_atomic_value_cas(&(var), (oldval), (val))
-static inline VALUE
-ruby_atomic_value_cas(VALUE *ptr, VALUE oldval, VALUE val)
-{
-    const VALUE old = *ptr;
-    if (old == oldval) *ptr = val;
-    return old;
-}
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#endif /* RUBY_ATOMIC_H */
+#include "ruby/atomic.h"
+
+/* shim macros only */
+#define ATOMIC_ADD(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_ADD(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval) RUBY_ATOMIC_CAS(var, oldval, newval)
+#define ATOMIC_DEC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_DEC(var)
+#define ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_FETCH_SUB(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_INC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_INC(var)
+#define ATOMIC_OR(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_OR(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, newval) RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_CAS(var, oldval, newval)
+#define ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_PTR_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_SET(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SET(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, newval) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS(var, oldval, newval)
+#define ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(var)
+#define ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(var)
+#define ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_SUB(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_SUB(var, val)
+#define ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_CAS(var, oldval, val)
+#define ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val) RUBY_ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(var, val)
diff --git a/safe.c b/safe.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 7aae978272..0000000000
--- a/safe.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-/**********************************************************************
-
-  safe.c -
-
-  $Author$
-  created at: Tue Sep 23 09:44:32 JST 2008
-
-  Copyright (C) 2008 Yukihiro Matsumoto
-
-**********************************************************************/
-
-/* safe-level:
-   0 - strings from streams/environment/ARGV are tainted (default)
-   1 - no dangerous operation by tainted value
-*/
-
-#define SAFE_LEVEL_MAX RUBY_SAFE_LEVEL_MAX
-
-#include "ruby/ruby.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
-
-/* $SAFE accessor */
-
-#undef rb_secure
-#undef rb_set_safe_level
-#undef ruby_safe_level_2_warning
-
-int
-ruby_safe_level_2_warning(void)
-{
-    return 2;
-}
-
-int
-rb_safe_level(void)
-{
-    return GET_THREAD()->safe_level;
-}
-
-void
-rb_set_safe_level_force(int safe)
-{
-    GET_THREAD()->safe_level = safe;
-}
-
-void
-rb_set_safe_level(int level)
-{
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-
-    if (level > th->safe_level) {
-	if (level > SAFE_LEVEL_MAX) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "$SAFE=2 to 4 are obsolete");
-	}
-	th->safe_level = level;
-    }
-}
-
-static VALUE
-safe_getter(void)
-{
-    return INT2NUM(rb_safe_level());
-}
-
-static void
-safe_setter(VALUE val)
-{
-    int level = NUM2INT(val);
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-
-    if (level < th->safe_level) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError,
-		 "tried to downgrade safe level from %d to %d",
-		 th->safe_level, level);
-    }
-    if (level > SAFE_LEVEL_MAX) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "$SAFE=2 to 4 are obsolete");
-    }
-    th->safe_level = level;
-}
-
-void
-rb_secure(int level)
-{
-    if (level <= rb_safe_level()) {
-	ID caller_name = rb_frame_callee();
-	if (caller_name) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure operation `%"PRIsVALUE"' at level %d",
-		     rb_id2str(caller_name), rb_safe_level());
-	}
-	else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure operation at level %d",
-		     rb_safe_level());
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-void
-rb_secure_update(VALUE obj)
-{
-}
-
-void
-rb_insecure_operation(void)
-{
-    ID caller_name = rb_frame_callee();
-    if (caller_name) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure operation - %"PRIsVALUE,
-		 rb_id2str(caller_name));
-    }
-    else {
-	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure operation: -r");
-    }
-}
-
-void
-rb_check_safe_obj(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (rb_safe_level() > 0 && OBJ_TAINTED(x)) {
-	rb_insecure_operation();
-    }
-}
-
-void
-Init_safe(void)
-{
-    rb_define_virtual_variable("$SAFE", safe_getter, safe_setter);
-}
diff --git a/sample/README b/sample/README
index 796aba1dc3..b55234a947 100644
--- a/sample/README
+++ b/sample/README
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ fib.pl		Fibonacci number (Perl)
 fib.py		Fibonacci number (Python)
 fib.rb		Fibonacci number (Ruby)
 fib.scm		Fibonacci number (Scheme)
-freq.rb		count word occurrence
 from.rb		scan mail spool
 fullpath.rb	convert ls -lR to fullpath format
 less.rb		front end for less
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ mpart.rb	split file int multi part
 observ.rb	observer design pattern sample
 occur.pl	count word occurrence (Perl)
 occur.rb	count word occurrence (Ruby)
-occur2.rb	count word occurrence - another style
 philos.rb	famous dining philosophers
 pi.rb		calculate PI
 rcs.awk		random character stereogram (AWK)
diff --git a/sample/biorhythm.rb b/sample/biorhythm.rb
index bd7c39f5aa..f5d189014b 100644
--- a/sample/biorhythm.rb
+++ b/sample/biorhythm.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 # Environment: basic, dos, os9
 
 include Math
-require "date.rb"
+require "date"
 require "optparse"
 require "optparse/date"
 
@@ -36,11 +36,10 @@ def print_header(y, m, d, p, w)
 end
 
 def get_position(z)
-  pi = Math::PI
   z = Integer(z)
-  phys = (50.0 * (1.0 + sin((z / 23.0 - (z / 23)) * 360.0 * pi / 180.0))).to_i
-  emot = (50.0 * (1.0 + sin((z / 28.0 - (z / 28)) * 360.0 * pi / 180.0))).to_i
-  geist =(50.0 * (1.0 + sin((z / 33.0 - (z / 33)) * 360.0 * pi / 180.0))).to_i
+  phys = (50.0 * (1.0 + sin((z / 23.0 - (z / 23)) * 360.0 * PI / 180.0))).to_i
+  emot = (50.0 * (1.0 + sin((z / 28.0 - (z / 28)) * 360.0 * PI / 180.0))).to_i
+  geist =(50.0 * (1.0 + sin((z / 33.0 - (z / 33)) * 360.0 * PI / 180.0))).to_i
   return phys, emot, geist
 end
 
diff --git a/sample/cbreak.rb b/sample/cbreak.rb
index c2246846b6..7f1385cce3 100644
--- a/sample/cbreak.rb
+++ b/sample/cbreak.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ end
 cbreak();
 
 print("this is no-echo line: ");
-readline().print
+readline().display
 cooked();
 print("this is echo line: ");
 readline()
diff --git a/sample/dir.rb b/sample/dir.rb
index b627383946..0c55078973 100644
--- a/sample/dir.rb
+++ b/sample/dir.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 dirp = Dir.open(".")
 for f in dirp
   case f
-  when /^\./, /~$/, /\.o/
+  when /\A\./, /~\z/, /\.o\z/
     # do not print
   else
     print f, "\n"
diff --git a/sample/drb/dchats.rb b/sample/drb/dchats.rb
index c07f748e99..58af3cf005 100644
--- a/sample/drb/dchats.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/dchats.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
  distributed Ruby --- chat server
  	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
 =end
-require 'thread'
 require 'drb/drb'
 
 class ChatEntry
diff --git a/sample/drb/dhasen.rb b/sample/drb/dhasen.rb
index 9ab8534588..13ff38940e 100644
--- a/sample/drb/dhasen.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/dhasen.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 require 'drb/drb'
 require 'chasen'
-require 'thread'
 
 class Dhasen
   include DRbUndumped
diff --git a/sample/drb/dlogd.rb b/sample/drb/dlogd.rb
index be364511dc..a87e660346 100644
--- a/sample/drb/dlogd.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/dlogd.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 =end
 
 require 'drb/drb'
-require 'thread'
 
 class Logger
   def initialize(fname)
diff --git a/sample/drb/dqueue.rb b/sample/drb/dqueue.rb
index 1a405f5be5..a9afa8c858 100644
--- a/sample/drb/dqueue.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/dqueue.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  	Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
 =end
 
-require 'thread'
 require 'drb/drb'
 
 DRb.start_service(nil, Thread::Queue.new)
diff --git a/sample/drb/http0serv.rb b/sample/drb/http0serv.rb
index 049f5a1de5..2e853312e1 100644
--- a/sample/drb/http0serv.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/http0serv.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'webrick'
 require 'drb/drb'
-require 'drb/http0'
-require 'thread'
+require_relative 'http0'
 
 module DRb
   module HTTP0
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ module DRb
 
       def accept
         client = @queue.pop
-        ServerSide.new(client, @config)
+        ServerSide.new(uri, client, @config)
       end
 
       def setup_webrick(uri)
@@ -80,12 +79,14 @@ module DRb
     end
 
     class ServerSide
-      def initialize(callback, config)
+      def initialize(uri, callback, config)
+        @uri = uri
         @callback = callback
         @config = config
         @msg = DRbMessage.new(@config)
         @req_stream = StrStream.new(@callback.req_body)
       end
+      attr_reader :uri
 
       def close
         @callback.close if @callback
diff --git a/sample/drb/name.rb b/sample/drb/name.rb
index 30c902b8f7..6d88186dab 100644
--- a/sample/drb/name.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/name.rb
@@ -35,16 +35,16 @@ How to play.
  | 2
 =end
 
-require 'thread.rb'
 require 'drb/drb'
 
 module DRbNamedObject
   DRbNAMEDICT = {}
+  DRBNAMEMUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new
   attr_reader(:drb_name)
 
   def drb_name=(name)
     @drb_name = name
-    Thread.exclusive do
+    DRBNAMEMUTEX.synchronize do
       raise(IndexError, name) if DRbNAMEDICT[name]
       DRbNAMEDICT[name] = self
     end
diff --git a/sample/drb/old_tuplespace.rb b/sample/drb/old_tuplespace.rb
index 9c10a34527..2d5310086e 100644
--- a/sample/drb/old_tuplespace.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/old_tuplespace.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 # Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
 # You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
 
-require 'thread'
-
 class TupleSpace
   class Template
     def initialize(list)
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ class TupleSpace
   def initialize
     @que = {}
     @waiting = {}
-    @que.taint		# enable tainted comunication
+    @que.taint		# enable tainted communication
     @waiting.taint
     self.taint
   end
diff --git a/sample/drb/ring_echo.rb b/sample/drb/ring_echo.rb
index 3b743cab8e..c54628b54c 100644
--- a/sample/drb/ring_echo.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/ring_echo.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'drb/drb'
 require 'drb/eq'
 require 'rinda/ring'
-require 'thread'
 
 class RingEcho
   include DRbUndumped
diff --git a/sample/drb/simpletuple.rb b/sample/drb/simpletuple.rb
index bfbd86e665..4bb4b1cff9 100644
--- a/sample/drb/simpletuple.rb
+++ b/sample/drb/simpletuple.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 # Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Masatoshi SEKI
 # You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby.
 
-require 'thread'
-
 class SimpleTupleSpace
   def initialize
     @hash = {}
diff --git a/sample/dualstack-httpd.rb b/sample/dualstack-httpd.rb
index a6d4d3a2c2..ab02e17aea 100644
--- a/sample/dualstack-httpd.rb
+++ b/sample/dualstack-httpd.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # The code demonstrates how a multi-protocol daemon should be written.
 
 require "socket"
-require "thread"
 
 port = 8888
 res = Socket.getaddrinfo(nil, port, nil, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, nil, Socket::AI_PASSIVE)
diff --git a/sample/fact.rb b/sample/fact.rb
index d8147a40f1..9f6ca72ca7 100644
--- a/sample/fact.rb
+++ b/sample/fact.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ def fact(n)
   n.downto(1) do |i|
     f *= i
   end
-  return f
+  f
 end
-print fact(ARGV[0].to_i), "\n"
+puts fact(ARGV[0].to_i)
diff --git a/sample/fib.py b/sample/fib.py
index 8318021d24..90dc1e09ed 100644
--- a/sample/fib.py
+++ b/sample/fib.py
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ def fib(n):
   else:
     return fib(n-2)+fib(n-1)
 
-print fib(20)
+print(fib(20))
 
diff --git a/sample/freq.rb b/sample/freq.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b2194c69a..0000000000
--- a/sample/freq.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# word occurrence listing
-# usage: ruby freq.rb file..
-freq = Hash.new(0)
-while line = gets()
-  line.scan(/\w+/) do |word|
-    freq[word] += 1
-  end
-end
-
-for word in freq.keys.sort!
-  print word, " -- ", freq[word], "\n"
-end
diff --git a/sample/iseq_loader.rb b/sample/iseq_loader.rb
index bb2d92ea77..8c271405d6 100644
--- a/sample/iseq_loader.rb
+++ b/sample/iseq_loader.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class RubyVM::InstructionSequence
   at_exit{
     STDERR.puts "[ISEQ_LOADER] #{Process.pid} time: #{Time.now - LAUNCHED_TIME}, " +
                 "loaded: #{$ISEQ_LOADER_LOADED}, " +
-                "compied: #{$ISEQ_LOADER_COMPILED}, " +
+                "compiled: #{$ISEQ_LOADER_COMPILED}, " +
                 "ignored: #{$ISEQ_LOADER_IGNORED}"
   } if COMPILE_VERBOSE
 
@@ -141,11 +141,11 @@ class RubyVM::InstructionSequence
     end
 
     def read_compiled_iseq fname, iseq_key
-      open(iseq_key, 'rb'){|f| f.read}
+      File.open(iseq_key, 'rb'){|f| f.read}
     end
 
     def write_compiled_iseq fname, iseq_key, binary
-      open(iseq_key, 'wb'){|f| f.write(binary)}
+      File.open(iseq_key, 'wb'){|f| f.write(binary)}
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/sample/list.rb b/sample/list.rb
index b4d1d653e4..7458ba0244 100644
--- a/sample/list.rb
+++ b/sample/list.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ class MyElem
     # @variables are instance variable, no declaration needed
     @data = item
     @succ = nil
-    @head = nil
   end
 
   def data
@@ -23,6 +22,10 @@ class MyElem
 end
 
 class MyList
+  def initialize
+    @head = nil
+  end
+
   def add_to_list(obj)
     elt = MyElem.new(obj)
     if @head
diff --git a/sample/list3.rb b/sample/list3.rb
index 1d9f04b710..110e405cf9 100644
--- a/sample/list3.rb
+++ b/sample/list3.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class Point
     self
   end
 
-  def to_s
+  def inspect
     sprintf("%d@%d", @x, @y)
   end
 end
diff --git a/sample/observ.rb b/sample/observ.rb
index 061e3c6a10..ef4a9f60f5 100644
--- a/sample/observ.rb
+++ b/sample/observ.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #! /usr/local/bin/ruby
 
-require "thread"
 require "observer"
 
 class Tick
@@ -28,5 +27,5 @@ class Clock
   end
 end
 
-clock = Clock.new(Tick.new)
+Clock.new(Tick.new)
 sleep
diff --git a/sample/occur.rb b/sample/occur.rb
index 42151d85e8..5927ebc889 100644
--- a/sample/occur.rb
+++ b/sample/occur.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # usage: ruby occur.rb file..
 freq = Hash.new(0)
 while line = gets()
-  for word in line.split(/\W+/)
+  line.scan(/\w+/) do |word|
     freq[word] += 1
   end
 end
diff --git a/sample/occur2.rb b/sample/occur2.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ef8ad2c541..0000000000
--- a/sample/occur2.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# word occurrence listing
-# usage: ruby occur2.rb file..
-freq = {}
-ARGF.each_line do |line|
-  for word in line.split(/\W+/)
-    freq[word] ||= 0
-    freq[word] += 1
-  end
-end
-
-for word in freq.keys.sort
-  printf("%s -- %d\n", word, freq[word])
-end
diff --git a/sample/openssl/c_rehash.rb b/sample/openssl/c_rehash.rb
index cd6c9d5fd4..8282816b9d 100644
--- a/sample/openssl/c_rehash.rb
+++ b/sample/openssl/c_rehash.rb
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ private
   end
 
   def fingerprint(der)
-    Digest::MD5.hexdigest(der).upcase
+    Digest.hexdigest('MD5', der).upcase
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/sample/openssl/echo_svr.rb b/sample/openssl/echo_svr.rb
index 719de6be84..ba15394e6f 100644
--- a/sample/openssl/echo_svr.rb
+++ b/sample/openssl/echo_svr.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ else
   ef.issuer_certificate = cert
   cert.add_extension ef.create_extension("authorityKeyIdentifier",
                                          "keyid:always,issuer:always")
-  cert.sign(key, OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new)
+  cert.sign(key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1'))
 end
 
 ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new()
diff --git a/sample/openssl/gen_csr.rb b/sample/openssl/gen_csr.rb
index 4228707fdb..a061260cd7 100644
--- a/sample/openssl/gen_csr.rb
+++ b/sample/openssl/gen_csr.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ req = X509::Request.new
 req.version = 0
 req.subject = name
 req.public_key = keypair.public_key
-req.sign(keypair, Digest::MD5.new)
+req.sign(keypair, Digest.new('MD5'))
 
 puts "Writing #{csrout}..."
 File.open(csrout, "w") do |f|
diff --git a/sample/philos.rb b/sample/philos.rb
index 622e58b4bf..c38aa4a1cc 100644
--- a/sample/philos.rb
+++ b/sample/philos.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #
 # The Dining Philosophers - thread example
 #
-require "thread"
 
 srand
 #srand
diff --git a/sample/pty/expect_sample.rb b/sample/pty/expect_sample.rb
index 2f87f21895..199d98b79c 100644
--- a/sample/pty/expect_sample.rb
+++ b/sample/pty/expect_sample.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # sample program of expect.rb
 #
@@ -23,8 +24,17 @@ PTY.spawn("ftp ftp.ruby-lang.org") do |r_f,w_f,pid|
     username = 'guest'
   end
 
-  r_f.expect(/^(Name).*: |(word):|> /) do
-    w_f.puts($1 ? "ftp" : $2 ? "#{username}@" : "cd pub/ruby")
+  r_f.expect(/^Name.*: /) do
+    w_f.puts("ftp")
+  end
+  r_f.expect(/word:/) do
+    w_f.puts("#{username}@")
+  end
+  r_f.expect(/> /) do
+    w_f.puts("cd pub/ruby")
+  end
+  r_f.expect("> ") do
+    w_f.print "pass\n"
   end
   r_f.expect("> ") do
     w_f.print "dir\n"
diff --git a/sample/pty/script.rb b/sample/pty/script.rb
index 903a6f75bd..c6659a4807 100644
--- a/sample/pty/script.rb
+++ b/sample/pty/script.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'pty'
 
 if ARGV.size == 0 then
@@ -34,4 +35,3 @@ PTY.spawn("/bin/csh") do |r_pty,w_pty,pid|
 end
 
 system "stty echo -raw lnext ^v"
-
diff --git a/sample/pty/shl.rb b/sample/pty/shl.rb
index cdaf8d7398..980748e8f5 100644
--- a/sample/pty/shl.rb
+++ b/sample/pty/shl.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 #  old-fashioned 'shl' like program
 #  by A. Ito
@@ -10,39 +11,40 @@
 #     q        quit
 
 require 'pty'
+require 'io/console'
 
 $shells = []
-$n_shells = 0
 
 $r_pty = nil
 $w_pty = nil
 
 def writer
-  system "stty -echo raw"
+  STDIN.raw!
   begin
     while true
       c = STDIN.getc
-      if c == 26 then # C-z
-        $reader.raise(nil)
+      if c == ?\C-z then
+        $reader.raise('Suspend')
         return 'Suspend'
       end
       $w_pty.print c.chr
       $w_pty.flush
     end
   rescue
-    $reader.raise(nil)
+    $reader.raise('Exit')
     return 'Exit'
   ensure
-    system "stty echo -raw"
+    STDIN.cooked!
   end
 end
 
 $reader = Thread.new {
   while true
     begin
-      next if $r_pty.nil?
+      Thread.stop unless $r_pty
       c = $r_pty.getc
       if c.nil? then
+        Thread.main.raise('Exit')
         Thread.stop
       end
       print c.chr
@@ -59,19 +61,14 @@ $reader = Thread.new {
 while true
   print ">> "
   STDOUT.flush
+  n = nil
   case gets
   when /^c/i
-    $shells[$n_shells] = PTY.spawn("/bin/csh")
-    $r_pty,$w_pty = $shells[$n_shells]
-    $n_shells += 1
-    $reader.run
-    if writer == 'Exit'
-      $n_shells -= 1
-      $shells[$n_shells] = nil
-    end
+    $shells << PTY.spawn("/bin/csh")
+    n = -1
   when /^p/i
-    for i in 0..$n_shells
-      unless $shells[i].nil?
+    $shells.each_with_index do |s, i|
+      if s
         print i,"\n"
       end
     end
@@ -79,14 +76,18 @@ while true
     n = $1.to_i
     if $shells[n].nil?
       print "\##{i} doesn't exist\n"
-    else
-      $r_pty,$w_pty = $shells[n]
-      $reader.run
-      if writer == 'Exit' then
-        $shells[n] = nil
-      end
+      n = nil
     end
   when /^q/i
     exit
   end
+  if n
+    $r_pty, $w_pty, pid = $shells[n]
+    $reader.run
+    if writer == 'Exit' then
+      Process.wait(pid)
+      $shells[n] = nil
+      $shells.pop until $shells.empty? or $shells[-1]
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/sample/ripper/ruby2html.rb b/sample/ripper/ruby2html.rb
index 8f64f5a713..1e6b3bf550 100644
--- a/sample/ripper/ruby2html.rb
+++ b/sample/ripper/ruby2html.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,11 @@ class ERB
 end
 
 def ruby2html(f, encoding, css, print_line_number)
-  erb = ERB.new(TEMPLATE, nil, '>')
+  if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.6'
+    erb = ERB.new(TEMPLATE, trim_mode: '>')
+  else
+    erb = ERB.new(TEMPLATE, nil, '>')
+  end
   erb.filename = __FILE__
   erb.lineno = TEMPLATE_LINE
   erb.result(binding())
diff --git a/sample/test.rb b/sample/test.rb
index 65dd9abd10..65dd9abd10 100755..100644
--- a/sample/test.rb
+++ b/sample/test.rb
diff --git a/sample/timeout.rb b/sample/timeout.rb
index 8d25d72a76..ad4459aff0 100644
--- a/sample/timeout.rb
+++ b/sample/timeout.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 require 'timeout'
 
 def progress(n = 5)
-  n.times {|i| print i; STDOUT.flush; sleep 1; i+= 1}
+  n.times {|i| print i; STDOUT.flush; sleep 1}
   puts "never reach"
 end
 
-p timeout(5) {
+p Timeout.timeout(5) {
   45
 }
-p timeout(5, Timeout::Error) {
+p Timeout.timeout(5, Timeout::Error) {
   45
 }
-p timeout(nil) {
+p Timeout.timeout(nil) {
   54
 }
-p timeout(0) {
+p Timeout.timeout(0) {
   54
 }
 begin
-  timeout(5) {progress}
+  Timeout.timeout(5) {progress}
 rescue => e
   puts e.message
 end
 begin
-  timeout(3) {
+  Timeout.timeout(3) {
     begin
-      timeout(5) {progress}
+      Timeout.timeout(5) {progress}
     rescue => e
       puts "never reach"
     end
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ end
 class MyTimeout < StandardError
 end
 begin
-  timeout(2, MyTimeout) {progress}
+  Timeout.timeout(2, MyTimeout) {progress}
 rescue MyTimeout => e
   puts e.message
 end
diff --git a/sample/trick2013/kinaba/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2013/kinaba/remarks.markdown
index a454a5f0a1..dcdce7e9ae 100644
--- a/sample/trick2013/kinaba/remarks.markdown
+++ b/sample/trick2013/kinaba/remarks.markdown
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ The program contains each ASCII character from 0x20 ' ' to 0x7e '~' exactly once
 
 ### Internals
 
-The algorthim is the obvious loop "32.upto(126){|x| putc x}".
+The algorithm is the obvious loop "32.upto(126){|x| putc x}".
 
 It is not so hard to transform it to use each character *at most once*. The only slight difficulty comes from the constraint that we cannot "declare and then use" variables, because then the code will contain the variable name twice. This restriction is worked around by the $. global variable, the best friend of Ruby golfers.
 
-The relatively interesting part is to use all the charcters *at least once*. Of course, this is easily accomplished by putting everything into a comment (i.e., #unused...) or to a string literal (%(unused...), note that normal string literals are forbidden since they use quotation marks twice). Hey, but that's not fun at all! I tried to minimize the escapeway.
+The relatively interesting part is to use all the characters *at least once*. Of course, this is easily accomplished by putting everything into a comment (i.e., #unused...) or to a string literal (%(unused...), note that normal string literals are forbidden since they use quotation marks twice). Hey, but that's not fun at all! I tried to minimize the escapeway.
 
 * "@THEqQUICKbBROWNfFXjJMPSvVLAZYDGgkyz". Trash box of unused alphabet. I wish I could have used "gkyz" somewhere else.
 
diff --git a/sample/trick2013/mame/music-box.mp4 b/sample/trick2013/mame/music-box.mp4
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d1e87c01c..0000000000
--- a/sample/trick2013/mame/music-box.mp4
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/sample/trick2013/mame/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2013/mame/remarks.markdown
index 8c1988c809..488681d88d 100644
--- a/sample/trick2013/mame/remarks.markdown
+++ b/sample/trick2013/mame/remarks.markdown
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ In the piano roll, `#` represents a pin that hits a note, and `|` represents a s
 The leftmost column corresponds 110Hz (low A).
 Every column corresponds a semitone higher than the left one.
 
-This program uses [the frequency modulation synthesis](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis) to play the sound like a music-box.
+This program uses [the frequency modulation synthesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis) to play the sound like a music-box.
 You can create a different-sounding tone by changing the parameter.
 For example, the following will play the sound like a harpsichord.
 
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ You have to use sox by replacing the following part:
 
 with:
 
-    IO.popen("./pl","wb")
-\ No newline at end of file
+    IO.popen("./pl","wb")
diff --git a/sample/trick2013/yhara/entry.rb b/sample/trick2013/yhara/entry.rb
index a2deb54399..3666f271fa 100644
--- a/sample/trick2013/yhara/entry.rb
+++ b/sample/trick2013/yhara/entry.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ def _(&b)$><<->(x){x ? (String===x ?x.upcase:
 (Class===x ? x : x.class).name[$a?0:($a=5)]):
 " "}[ begin b[];rescue Exception;$!;end ] end
 
-_ {                 return                  }
+_ {                  1.tap                  }
 _ {            method(:p).unbind            }
 _ {                eval "{ "                }
 _ {           Thread.current.join           }
diff --git a/sample/trick2015/kinaba/entry.rb b/sample/trick2015/kinaba/entry.rb
index 18923a6a9f..aa077dc240 100644
--- a/sample/trick2015/kinaba/entry.rb
+++ b/sample/trick2015/kinaba/entry.rb
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ while 0x00012345 >= $counter
   TrueClass
   Dir
   Encoding
-  Data
+  Proc
   Hash
   Method
   Enumerator
diff --git a/sample/trick2015/ksk_1/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2015/ksk_1/remarks.markdown
index b822dc55c8..a0b8bbcdcc 100644
--- a/sample/trick2015/ksk_1/remarks.markdown
+++ b/sample/trick2015/ksk_1/remarks.markdown
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ is simply `/=/` and removing a padding `",,,,,"`.  The program no
 longer terminates, though.
 
 
-### Limination
+### Limitation
 
 The implementation requires to manipulate long strings even for some
 small starting numbers.  For example, starting from 1,819, the number
diff --git a/sample/trick2015/ksk_2/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2015/ksk_2/remarks.markdown
index bb9b705773..187a6804d2 100644
--- a/sample/trick2015/ksk_2/remarks.markdown
+++ b/sample/trick2015/ksk_2/remarks.markdown
@@ -199,6 +199,6 @@ succeed to return 0.  The meaning of ``\1nn`` in regular expression
 seems to depend on the existence of capturing expressions.
 
 In spite of these Ruby's behaviors, we have a good news!  The present
-SAT sover does not suffer from the issues because the program cannot
+SAT solver does not suffer from the issues because the program cannot
 return solutions in practical time for inputs with variables more than
-40.
-\ No newline at end of file
+40.
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/authors.markdown b/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/authors.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0df0b379d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/authors.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* kinaba
+  * twitter.com/kinaba
+  * cctld: jp
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/entry.rb b/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/entry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb8284d5ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/entry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+alias    BEGIN    for      unless   def      class
+super    true     or       return   defined? next
+break    while    begin    undef    do       end
+rescue   then     retry    else     undef    module
+nil      ensure   case     if       yield    __LINE__
+self     and      redo     elsif    not      __FILE__
+alias    END      in       end      when     __ENCODING__
+end      until    false    end
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/remarks.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1a05bfd73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/01-kinaba/remarks.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+### Remarks
+
+Just run it with no argument:
+
+    ruby entry.rb
+
+(Anyway it is just a no-op program. The above command only verifies
+that entry.rb is a valid Ruby program.)
+
+I confirmed the following implementations/platforms:
+
+* ruby 2.5.0p0 (2017-12-25 revision 61468) [x64-mingw32]
+
+### Description
+
+First, look at
+
+https://docs.ruby-lang.org/ja/latest/doc/spec=2flexical.html#reserved
+
+and then, look at entry.rb.
+
+The source code of entry.rb consists only of reserved words of Ruby,
+and all the reserved words are used in the code, in a way that the code
+forms a valid Ruby program. No compile error, no warning, or no runtime error.
+
+
+### Internals
+
+Difficult (and interesting) points of the theme are:
+
+* Since many of the reserved words define program structures, we cannot
+  use them independently. For instance, `retry` must be inside `rescue`,
+  or `break`/`next`/`redo` must be inside a looping construct.
+  Or, jump-out statements cannot occur at a position that requires a
+  value; `if return then true end` is a "void value expression" syntax error.
+* Inserting newlines for each 6 word (to match with the spec html) is also
+  an interseting challenge, since Ruby is sensitive to newlines.
+
+Tricks used in the code are:
+
+* def/alias/undef can take even reserved words as parameters.
+  That is, `def class ... end` defines a method named `class`.
+  The feature is crucial since otherwise `BEGIN` etc inevitably
+  introduces non-reserved tokens (like `{}`).
+* `defined?` can take some reserved words too (which I didn't know
+  until trying to write this program.)
+* "void value expression" can be avoided by using `or` or `and`.
+  `if begin return end then true end` is a syntax error, but
+  `if begin false or return end then true end` is not.
+
+
+### Limitation
+
+Sad to say that it's not a "perfect pangram".
+It uses 'alias' and 'undef' twice, and 'end' 4 times.
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/02-mame/authors.markdown b/sample/trick2018/02-mame/authors.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e420fdf5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/02-mame/authors.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* Yusuke Endoh
+  * mame@ruby-lang.org
+  * cctld: jp
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/02-mame/entry.rb b/sample/trick2018/02-mame/entry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc4ef9cbc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/02-mame/entry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+'';eval(r=%q(->z{r="'';eval(r=\
+%q(#{r}))[%q`#{z}`]";i=-040;30.
+times{|n|(15+n%2*15-n/2).times{
+r<<r[i+=(1.-n&2)*(32-n%2*31)]}}
+i=r[524,0]=?\0;eval(r[479..-1])
+c['"']}))[%q`GFEDCBA"+"[e\"'"'t
+kE*;;\";"  TRICK2018  ";tb,;{{r
+2E0$ob[us@*0)[90,336])_#i\n}s#i
+0H}>["t]];};o[1,?\n*8];ex"-}eac
+1Hl<1[-1]*2*t=n%2];o[14-n,0)mvk
+8M$<4,?\n];15.times{|n|;o[35ie2
+!Pss.slice!(0,1)+x;sleep(0.0t;0
+'W=%q"<<95<<$s<<95;o=->n,x{n.'1
+;@[2]}|\e../,%@s="'%trick2018!8
+eval$s=%q_eval($s.gsub!(/#{%@`]
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/02-mame/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2018/02-mame/remarks.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88b32c205a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/02-mame/remarks.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+This program quines with animation.
+
+```
+$ ruby entry.rb
+```
+
+Of course, the output is executable.
+
+```
+$ ruby entry.rb > output
+$ ruby output
+```
+
+Note, we don't cheat.  This program uses escape sequences just for moving the cursor.  It doesn't use attribution change nor overwrite to hide any code.
+
+The program is crafted so that it works in two ways; it works as a normal program text, and, it also works when it is rearranged in a spiral order.  Some parts of the code are actually overlapped.
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/Gemfile b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/Gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a24ff779dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/Gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+gem 'chunky_png'
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/Gemfile.lock b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/Gemfile.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..467f5c3495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/Gemfile.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+GEM
+  remote: https://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    chunky_png (1.3.8)
+
+PLATFORMS
+  ruby
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  chunky_png
+
+BUNDLED WITH
+   1.16.1
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/authors.markdown b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/authors.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26ebe24da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/authors.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* Tomoya Ishida (tompng)
+  * tomoyapenguin@gmail.com
+  * cctld: jp
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/entry.rb b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/entry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26416c7019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/entry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+X=[];class String def-@;replace ?-+self end;def-a;X.reject!{|x|x.
+__id__==__id__};a.replace(self+?-+a) end end;at_exit{eval C=(Zlib
+.inflate((X*?-).tr(?-,'').tr('q-z','0-9').to_i(26).digits(0x100).
+pack'C*'))};def method_missing n;(X<<n.to_s)[-1]end;require'zlib'
+fzygtoxyzgntmdmuwvfoffbpmvzojpkhczvjvjdbtscnldwbdoprackddovivvmkz
+ponzmosvtjciwkgaslscxxxwudeesmmqpfhislxuxnnypulxstzgobyaekqqhbjcg
+mvko------------ddkeys----eivhnccaqyiw---bzyccmt-----------ymtnge
+jwhi--------------pjxf------mdarbtumnv---qasda--------------gmwdt
+wrtk---qtpzgnce----fsl-------fkgzgtbpp---gwnm----pxkpqkdiw---owga
+momz---yjjvpnvar---zeo---v-----duvalwu---nsqt---waofemwakivnyqkjd
+fzag---uhvusmkl----kzb---rhc----iutzjr---mqlh---ayijpwativpweaato
+xexs--------------rvgv---pjdz-----lkkg---uiaw---lovitupw-----fwmn
+kfru------------jvjpgv---jskycf----pal---gbuf---hfdnywog-----iuca
+pntn---apmkqroeuzwuwkw---gqnmgof-----b---hlpl---vkkyhfyrqfr--jwrl
+kmdb---dhspujhmtgrkccu---uonfummdt-------rqfw----bpiactehwp--fncq
+yzvz---gdaxebplhfndran---ytfmviryeh------hqwkl---------------nced
+bibu---fnkdthgldhkxxjg---rwnmpudhbqin----gucoyki------------hfura
+cqdgqpyzqfzknvdjoxxhpjulwwyebtocxdrvklbuviwwcatlmdosxfvwntzbijguy
+iglrvvzlxerflupxvsyujfacuwhrvmnecgtewtqkhtdggcltejiyqcluclkycwvzg
+vvxfysvttfbeglvrlngntdngzyhqrmltazwdydxrsvjploembhgxdvfmmhepbschm
+brn--iqrcdb--evv----tqp------lg--uein-wzut--mr------wkh------foqz
+zsf--srjnjp--ampb--pfio--hgtekx--rrr---fwd--jn--xqkezcz--vsb--nya
+khrc--evlr--oioxs--mqce--bqfmag--bwz---xda--qw--jnuzelr--qzi--itx
+mdxd--duso--wxbot--nmon--ugnbdpc--a--c--e--hlg--twxndre--tby--rhg
+evhbn--zb--dtxmiz--dpia------vie--h--i--t--shh------kfn------owna
+ealmt--kb--scxdjy--smvl--dqmgebk--t--s--t--gfd--updcbnc--rh--dwwp
+dvpnxb----wpljjdy--kolc--qflyleok---xkv---usbj--jhrawbn--ewx--bgf
+eaqwrw----ejwxhet--dice--eoczconm---urz---rqyp--hovvvfc--bskj--el
+aocjcts--jtumwxm----mgy------xpaoq-jtwqr-aipay------dhy--iync--hk
+sckddmvuvvuhhqstumaykvczaaujrumqbbqsdvdycplyrlkkojlxnkrhbbrmnjxyf
+cdtcmpfmjvthwkpzucbblttgumomlxnxwjeypfeagaukfzeokzxjebkpigcvlqnso
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/output.txt b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/output.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed9a4079cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/output.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+undef p;X=[];class String def-@;replace ?-+dup end;def-a;X.reject!{|x|x.__id__==__id__};a.replace(self+?-+a) end end;at_exit{eval C=
+(Zlib.inflate (X*?-).tr(?-,'').tr('q-z','0-9').to_i(26).digits(256).pack'C*')};def method_missing n;(X<<n.to_s)[-1]end;require'zlib'
+gmlztzdculbtzgtjfetuh---k--htf----d-----------------------------------------------------g-b-----s--t-g--------jmuwescmgchftikfjafccs
+ivchcveidpvxdabnvwyga-f--v-------xf----------------------------------------------------q-v---l-------q---------liiNeawriayymwooxgxqw
+rfosepqsmojseyezmwbhi--------------ew--------------------------------------------------m---k-r-----------vwu--hiotltdmczwyjmlvbyfqwq
+uvvykqdjednoqgtcmtfbzs---------f----o--------------------------------------------------t--a------m----x---f-----dldzsakyofetfozfpmrq
+geusutariiiNiulkjbwlm-----d------------------------------------------------------------j---------o---------x--j-uitzrgwpupwhvendhyno
+uubvnssiywkklwwdufhhi-rw----k---v-------------------------------------------------------sty-----yg---l---c-v----wkffpskpumolqmkeryzg
+zrxdaiposwybbzgxdnegh-----g-----ma--n---------------------------------------------------------j----n--b-n-------yqavmscswdogpcgopygt
+axiqfswlhzeamvymdnteo---q-q-w--------------------------fhrmj-----------------hkou-----------f-----d----u-o------evcuxxegekfgivzzujan
+nslioftsvqvtkeigvfgwr-------------lyco-----------------igyvg-----------------okuk---------m--b-u--d--y------s---dadjrlykfhtermzfyktu
+btoxzfpPicxxfligbivvf--------h----yrat---------------------------------------vjwd---------------------d-ki--o--tyqosehopkwttigwwfskp
+komzvnyrvkjcjwbmdwdkp----------vxphiNdtawn--xms-saketo--jnld----ezulntdaz----nzna-----vhjwt------h----x--x--o--saxxsrkgktqotaluylbkk
+sclegratyaarmgmepheml----------hwgglhlrfcx--znvmpfsgjx-onhju---gtxsmzqprlt---mjzy---frhdk-------------v---mj----dzjujmbgldfwoybgicwu
+tfhgnhlzxlwtdtkgzlaca-------------gmex------arlm--------rvmh-ajtgf-----pqal--wcux-zatyi-------------------------xnluwybcugjclmablshn
+tnjohqtqzivgmyutrssil-------------lcwq------jrf--------gcaii-maie------------vvnfjfqwo--------------------------filivosyhkxcvuwdibwj
+tyxjiopiFqypvwdzoatuq-------------tdln------cnx---------ffuf-ajvq------------tyyypglpzmj------------------------vtqzwewqdsijrbymvpwn
+niNffphoehukpvvmzvhyd-------------ahqd------nfr---------jeqk--toap-----mxhyg-tedv---otrwy-----------------------mjxnrktackwxwiajdnuc
+kkxhuwbvibpvgvcampadi-------------ebmencqz--obf--------wfprz---qmrotkijiqv---ggfp-----hlzw----------------------kastwdpxiyftmypuxbtu
+xetudmwzpomktgnjkcsyc---------------fwpdx---xb----j-----se-k------tllakc-----gjoo-------we------mic---lktk------ubtnrxvrjzuqlrfrsnmf
+okdvfvcdbdqkckjialskk---------------------------v---u-------l----------------------------------z--q--qfg--------aaliNbxbjjpxebboneye
+kcbkjmdclwnfawtfnwkeq----------------------------------j---y-------------------------------a---jmbyo-sgef--gf---extljbozuoofgyvsilct
+xzoqmsqgzjxxpjqwkjkdd------------------------o--------m-------f---------------------------------n--de-ajz-rzv---fhnpbkrwdxoozpxeaxaf
+mbcwxuiqdwcmadheiykaa-----------------------q-f------l---i---------------------------------r----zf---k--y---fi--dcnycheytylcgnioauee
+yekiNacriqoevtdjerqbp----------------------------w---yy-----my----------------------------ko--mnbpskr--c-----j--ozyqpbfovhbhyoprzgqr
+czwtuopxkdbphocfawvbk--------------------------q-s----j--b---------------------------------hd-xsb----bfiNp--w---fmwuvfambdqvxtzldwmh
+xysnyrseydlkjcwfbsjnr-------------------------d-d-------------------------------------------f-enpss---qllpwr----almsdidvjwoigvldfqoa
+lrpbixjpofxocxlflscpo------------------------------q-fyu--z-------------------------------------kfd-z---n-------bqxurujnxzurrdgcojks
+jetyfdkcekckxbyosbfws-------------wdfhgwuvejjmf-----sxjubpvgcsl-------tnmixpv---------eurabjsdvstfv-------------qcyiqhonwoyixqeonfvp
+mopPhywsozohitutgmmrb------------zxwtxe--riedeo---mspgpnv--pimlh------jhtzajk--------qqovvq---ldbrh-------------xtooxpayonpcvvtmvpra
+vvuyiunpoeagdzqjecsub------------klrw------snrc---rrct------aajom--------nsyk--------peea-------azq-------------iNjefdkfhnagjicqwmsm
+mbwwbfgehhbdmvvlflmee---------------------hkejn---jtbo-------jdtje-------jcei---------afyz-----smtc-------------kksvfjyuaqtohxiohhlz
+dvfmfrzcmnsfruhqgjuxz------------------dfxdnlk----kkra-------xmmtf-------jwkw----------rdoozxtcho---------------bbwwferxwnnmdzcniicv
+mfneisdlyeqwynldjgonj----------------jgrjvc-------uxga-------ghnpr-------sers--------scbknx----gmjo-------------moedtnlbflhtlkjibrqk
+gobwqshnpbdcpjmjaeczr--------------iscsxs---------zfpo-------hhfwy-------qbba-------vhlxc-------ntod------------ndwzdomaptumzejiwqbn
+snucynymvfpnadyqkzfcv-------------ggze------------kuvfs-----zuhod--------mylo-------jhwyp-----z-pywd------------dqfmpnevmtqcikbrilto
+aotyxkipebdkassogpcbl-----------wgackesmvvsrihhd---orzndjndlzpb----------eobf-------kkayixzyotqfafa-w-----------mjjxoomwdglwvccozzut
+rthesuszfwycsqqrtxlot-----------ejcqlhriilqbtrys------lwbkzmvp-----------zzwm-------l--qijwfllndzb-ik-----------mmokqomjepdcotnsiNig
+nloryyoswwdmefywnnuhph------------------------------------------------------r--r-nd-----h--x--------------------hlgzeqqslwxgtjgghquf
+nssngjtiudsrvfuxjzclhjhj----------------------------------------------------------t----------------k-f-mp-------obhyehqebtpjbkeepqzt
+ezogzsimfynqmkteaipejo-g-yser-----------------------------------------------e------h-------------i---y----------qpgcqnltivmmsximbbsy
+wtjjolwyoselcumgklqwpldkl-ulm-m---------------------------------------------------------------q---u-f--l--------buixfiitufktsqdtnrei
+tgrtitcewseetlpeuuujb-osdokjozc------------------------------------------n---d-----f--------g--------q--g-------jyyqtezuzmcxgpcwuwfx
+dpPayqmzxrwhbswwalygfurtkruw-u-k---------------------------------------------d---h------i----------c----i-------ulowcddvjbxthqlxjzbe
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/remarks.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe9eec5989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/remarks.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+### Remarks
+
+Bundle install
+    this program depends on `gem chunky_png`
+
+Run it with the following command:
+    bundle exec ruby entry.rb trick.png
+    bundle exec ruby entry.rb [other png file]
+
+I confirmed the following implementations/platforms:
+
+* ruby 2.5.0p0 (2017-12-25 revision 61468) [x86_64-darwin16]
+* ruby 2.4.0p0 (2016-12-24 revision 57164) [x86_64-darwin16]
+
+### Description
+
+This program is a png image viewer.
+The output is an asciiart of the given png file,
+and it is also a source code of the png viewer itself.
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/trick.png b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/trick.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4bb0bd7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/03-tompng/trick.png
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/04-colin/authors.markdown b/sample/trick2018/04-colin/authors.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a846d12535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/04-colin/authors.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* Colin Fulton
+  * justcolin@gmail.com
+  * cctld: us
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/04-colin/entry.rb b/sample/trick2018/04-colin/entry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..442a8ea3a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/04-colin/entry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Copyright 2018. Available for use under the terms of the MIT License.
+$🚀=0;def 🤔 🏷,🤔=0,&b;puts ' '*$🚀+(🤔 ?"":"🚫 ")+🏷;$🚀+=4;b&.[];$🚀-=4;end
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/04-colin/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2018/04-colin/remarks.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f4f1a8dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/04-colin/remarks.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+### Remarks
+
+Create a Ruby file that requires entry.rb with a series of test in it the run the file using ruby:
+
+```
+ruby name_of_test_file.rb
+```
+
+To create a test, call 🤔 with two arguments. The first is a string describing what this tests, the second argument is the test assertion. If the assertion is truthy, the test passes. If the assertion is falsy, the test fails.
+
+```
+string_1 = "Hello world!"
+string_2 = "This is not the same!"
+
+🤔 "The two strings are equal",
+  string_1 == string_2
+```
+
+To create a group of tests under a label, call 🤔 with a string describing the group and a block containing the tests in that group.
+
+```
+🤔 "This is a group of tests" do
+  # Add other groups and/or tests here.
+end
+```
+
+Here is an example:
+
+```
+require './entry'
+
+🤔 "Math" do
+  🤔 "Addition" do
+    🤔 "One plus one equals two.",
+      1+1 == 2
+    🤔 "One plus one equals eleven. (This should fail.)",
+      1+1 == 11
+  end
+
+  🤔 "Subtraction" do
+    🤔 "One minus one equals zero.",
+      1-1 == 0
+    🤔 "Ten minus one equal nine.",
+      10-1 == 9
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It has been tested with the following Ruby versions:
+
+* ruby 2.5.1p57 (2018-03-29 revision 63029) [x86_64-darwin17]
+* ruby 2.3.0p0 (2015-12-25 revision 53290) [x86_64-darwin15]
+* If you replace `b&.[]` with `b&&b[]` it will work with ruby 2.0.0 as well, but it will be one character longer.
+
+
+### Description
+
+The goal was to create a testing library where the test files looked good and the output looked good in as few characters as possible. The result is 68 characters and has one method to handle everything.
+
+### Limitation
+
+Your terminal program must support Unicode characters for the test output to look correct. If your terminal does not support Unicode, simply replace the 🚫 in the code with whatever character you want to prefix failing tests.
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/authors.markdown b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/authors.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26ebe24da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/authors.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* Tomoya Ishida (tompng)
+  * tomoyapenguin@gmail.com
+  * cctld: jp
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/entry.rb b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/entry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31522b6de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/entry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+                                                    X=[];def self.method_missing n;n.to_s.chars;end
+                                               l=[];def l.-a;X<<a=[nil,*a];a;end;def l.+a;self-a;end
+                                           class Array;def-@;[]-self;end;def-a;replace [*self,nil,*a
+                                 ]end;alias +@ -@;alias + -;end;def gen3d f;yield;b=['solid obj'];w,
+                 h=X[0].size,X.size;X<<[];a=->r,z,dr,dz{;r-=w/2.0;z*=2;r2,z2=r+dr,z+dz*2;if r>0||r2>
+                 0;r=[0,r].max;r2=[0,r2].max;16.times{|i|m=Math;p=m::PI/8;;c,s=m.cos(t=i*p),m.sin(t)
+                 c2,s2=m.cos(t=(i+1)*p),m.sin(t);t-=p/2;[[0,1,2],[0,2,3]].map{|a|b.push [:facet,'n'+
+               +                 'ormal',dz*m.cos(t),dz*m.sin(t),-dr]*' ','outer loop',a.map{|i|'v'+
+              ++                           "ertex #{[[r*c,r*s,z],[r*c2,r*s2,z],[r2*c2,r2*s2,z2],[r2*
+              +c,                              r2*s,z2]][i]*' '}"},:endloop,:endfacet}}end};(0...h).
+             map{|                                  y|w.times{|x|[X[y-1][x]||a[x,y,1,0],X[y+1][x]||
+           a[x+1,y+
+          1,-1,0],X[
+         y][x-+1]||a[
+        x,y+1,0,-1],X[y
+       ][x++1]||a[x+1,y,
+       0,1]]if X[y][x]}}
+       s=[b,'end'+b[0]]*
+        $/;File.write(f,
+         s);X.replace(
+            []);end
+
+gen3d 'wine_glass.stl' do
+  l--ww------------------ww--l
+  l--ww------------------ww--l
+  l--ww++++++++++++++++++ww--l
+  l--ww++++++++++++++++++ww--l
+  l--ww++++++++++++++++++ww--l
+  l--ww++++++++++++++++++ww--l
+  l---ww++++++++++++++++ww---l
+  l----www++++++++++++www----l
+  l------www++++++++www------l
+  l--------wwwwwwwwww--------l
+  l-----------wwww-----------l
+  l------------ww------------l
+  l------------ww------------l
+  l------------ww------------l
+  l-----------wwww-----------l
+  l---------wwwwwwww---------l
+  l----wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww----l
+end
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/preview_of_output.png b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/preview_of_output.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db511ee2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/preview_of_output.png
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/remarks.markdown b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/remarks.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4e5708a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/05-tompng/remarks.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+### Remarks
+
+Just run it with no argument:
+
+    ruby entry.rb
+
+I confirmed the following implementations/platforms:
+
+* ruby 2.5.0p0 (2017-12-25 revision 61468) [x86_64-darwin16]
+* ruby 2.4.0p0 (2016-12-24 revision 57164) [x86_64-darwin16]
+* ruby 2.3.1p112 (2016-04-26 revision 54768) [x86_64-darwin16]
+
+### Description
+
+This program will generate `wine_glass.stl`, a 3D data file(STL format) of a wine glass.
+You can change the shape by modifying the DSL part.
+For sake cup:
+```ruby
+gen3d 'ochoko.stl' do
+  l------------------------l
+  l-ww------------------ww-l
+  l-ww------------------ww-l
+  l-ww++++++++++++++++++ww-l
+  l-ww++++++++++++++++++ww-l
+  l--ww++++++++++++++++ww--l
+  l---wwww++++++++++wwww---l
+  l----wwwwwwwwwwwwwwww----l
+  l----www----------www----l
+end
+```
+`+` and `-` are the same meaning(just for appearance)
diff --git a/sample/trick2018/README.md b/sample/trick2018/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..345500b00a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample/trick2018/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+This directory contains the award-winning entries of
+the 3rd Transcendental Ruby Imbroglio Contest for rubyKaigi (TRICK 2018).
+
+THESE ARE BAD EXAMPLES!  You must NOT use them as a sample code.
+
+* 01-kinaba/entry.rb: "Most reserved" - **Gold award**
+* 02-mame/entry.rb: "Best spiral" - **Silver award**
+* 03-tompng/entry.rb: "Best png viewer" - **Bronze award**
+* 04-colin/entry.rb: "Best one-liner" - 4th prize
+* 05-tompng/entry.rb: "Most three-dimensional" - 5th prize
+
+These files are licensed under MIT license.
+
+For the contest outline and other winning entries, see:
+
+https://github.com/tric/trick2018
diff --git a/sample/webrick/demo-app.rb b/sample/webrick/demo-app.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c7a2a0a6a4..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/demo-app.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-require "pp"
-
-module DemoApplication
-  def initialize(config, enctype)
-    super
-    @enctype = enctype
-  end
-
-  def do_GET(req, res)
-    if req.path_info != "/"
-      res.set_redirect(WEBrick::HTTPStatus::Found, req.script_name + "/")
-    end
-    res.body =<<-_end_of_html_
-      <HTML>
-       <FORM method="POST" enctype=#{@enctype}>
-        text: <INPUT type="text" name="text"><BR>
-        file: <INPUT type="file" name="file"><BR>
-        check:
-        <INPUT type="checkbox" name="check" value="a">a,
-        <INPUT type="checkbox" name="check" value="b">b,
-        <INPUT type="checkbox" name="check" value="c">c,
-        <BR>
-        <INPUT type="submit">
-       </FORM>
-      </HTML>
-    _end_of_html_
-    res['content-type'] = 'text/html; charset=iso-8859-1'
-  end
-
-  def do_POST(req, res)
-    if req["content-length"].to_i > 1024*10
-      raise WEBrick::HTTPStatus::Forbidden, "file size too large"
-    end
-    res.body =<<-_end_of_html_
-      <HTML>
-       <H2>Query Parameters</H2>
-       #{display_query(req.query)}
-       <A href="#{req.path}">return</A>
-       <H2>Request</H2>
-       <PRE>#{WEBrick::HTMLUtils::escape(PP::pp(req, "", 80))}</PRE>
-       <H2>Response</H2>
-       <PRE>#{WEBrick::HTMLUtils::escape(PP::pp(res, "", 80))}</PRE>
-      </HTML>
-    _end_of_html_
-    res['content-type'] = 'text/html; charset=iso-8859-1'
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def display_query(q)
-    ret = ""
-    q.each{|key, val|
-      ret << "<H3>#{WEBrick::HTMLUtils::escape(key)}</H3>"
-      ret << "<TABLE border=1>"
-      ret << make_tr("val", val.inspect)
-      ret << make_tr("val.to_a", val.to_a.inspect)
-      ret << make_tr("val.to_ary", val.to_ary.inspect)
-      ret << "</TABLE>"
-    }
-    ret
-  end
-
-  def make_tr(arg0, arg1)
-    "<TR><TD>#{arg0}</TD><TD>#{WEBrick::HTMLUtils::escape(arg1)}</TD></TR>"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/sample/webrick/demo-multipart.cgi b/sample/webrick/demo-multipart.cgi
deleted file mode 100644
index 0893fadadf..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/demo-multipart.cgi
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-require "webrick/cgi"
-require "webrick/https" # should load if it runs on HTTPS server
-require "./demo-app"
-
-class DemoCGI < WEBrick::CGI
-  include DemoApplication
-end
-
-config = { :NPH => false }
-cgi = DemoCGI.new(config, "multipart/form-data")
-cgi.start
diff --git a/sample/webrick/demo-servlet.rb b/sample/webrick/demo-servlet.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c18cc65d1..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/demo-servlet.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-require "webrick"
-require "./demo-app"
-
-class DemoServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
-  include DemoApplication
-end
diff --git a/sample/webrick/demo-urlencoded.cgi b/sample/webrick/demo-urlencoded.cgi
deleted file mode 100644
index e4706f8b59..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/demo-urlencoded.cgi
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-require "webrick/cgi"
-require "webrick/https"  # should load if it runs on HTTPS server 
-require "./demo-app"
-
-class DemoCGI < WEBrick::CGI
-  include DemoApplication
-end
-
-config = { :NPH => false } 
-cgi = DemoCGI.new(config, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
-cgi.start
diff --git a/sample/webrick/hello.cgi b/sample/webrick/hello.cgi
deleted file mode 100644
index 35d2240df0..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/hello.cgi
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-require "webrick/cgi"
-
-class HelloCGI < WEBrick::CGI
-  def do_GET(req, res)
-    res["content-type"] = "text/plain"
-    res.body = "Hello, world.\n"
-  end
-end
-
-HelloCGI.new.start
diff --git a/sample/webrick/hello.rb b/sample/webrick/hello.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d02676818..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/hello.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-require "webrick"
-
-class HelloServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
-  def do_GET(req, res)
-    res["content-type"] = "text/plain"
-    res.body = "Hello, world.\n"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/sample/webrick/httpd.rb b/sample/webrick/httpd.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b0edf47582..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/httpd.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-require "webrick"
-
-httpd = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(
-  :DocumentRoot => File::dirname(__FILE__),
-  :Port         => 10080,
-  :Logger       => WEBrick::Log.new($stderr, WEBrick::Log::DEBUG),
-  :AccessLog    => [
-    [ $stderr, WEBrick::AccessLog::COMMON_LOG_FORMAT  ],
-    [ $stderr, WEBrick::AccessLog::REFERER_LOG_FORMAT ],
-    [ $stderr, WEBrick::AccessLog::AGENT_LOG_FORMAT   ],
-  ],
-  :CGIPathEnv   => ENV["PATH"]   # PATH environment variable for CGI.
-)
-
-require "./hello"
-httpd.mount("/hello", HelloServlet)
-
-require "./demo-servlet"
-httpd.mount("/urlencoded", DemoServlet, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
-httpd.mount("/multipart", DemoServlet, "multipart/form-data")
-
-trap(:INT){ httpd.shutdown }
-httpd.start
diff --git a/sample/webrick/httpproxy.rb b/sample/webrick/httpproxy.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c84457ece7..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/httpproxy.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-require "webrick"
-require "webrick/httpproxy"
-
-# The :ProxyContentHandler proc will be invoked before sending a response to
-# the User-Agent.  You can inspect the pair of request and response messages
-# (or edit the response message if necessary).
-
-pch = Proc.new{|req, res|
-  p [ req.request_line, res.status_line ]
-}
-
-def upstream_proxy
-  if prx = ENV["http_proxy"]
-    return URI.parse(prx)
-  end
-  return nil
-end
-
-httpd = WEBrick::HTTPProxyServer.new(
-  :Port     => 10080,
-  :ProxyContentHandler => pch,
-  :ProxyURI => upstream_proxy
-)
-Signal.trap(:INT){ httpd.shutdown }
-httpd.start
diff --git a/sample/webrick/httpsd.rb b/sample/webrick/httpsd.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a120782c3c..0000000000
--- a/sample/webrick/httpsd.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-require "webrick"
-require "webrick/https"
-
-hostname = WEBrick::Utils::getservername
-subject = [["O", "ruby-lang.org"], ["OU", "sample"], ["CN", hostname]]
-comment = "Comment for self-signed certificate"
-
-httpd = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(
-  :DocumentRoot   => File::dirname(__FILE__),
-  :Port           => 10443,
-  :SSLEnable      => true,
-
-  # Specify key pair and server certificate.
-  # :SSLPrivateKey  => OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(File.read("server.key")),
-  # :SSLCertificate => OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.read("server.crt")),
-
-  # specify the following SSL options if you want to use auto
-  # generated self-signed certificate.
-  :SSLCertName    => subject,
-  :SSLComment     => comment,
-
-  :CGIPathEnv     => ENV["PATH"]  # PATH environment variable for CGI.
-)
-
-require "./hello"
-httpd.mount("/hello", HelloServlet)
-
-require "./demo-servlet"
-httpd.mount("/urlencoded", DemoServlet, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
-httpd.mount("/multipart", DemoServlet, "multipart/form-data")
-
-trap(:INT){ httpd.shutdown }
-httpd.start
diff --git a/scheduler.c b/scheduler.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66cbfc6f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scheduler.c
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  scheduler.c
+
+  $Author$
+
+  Copyright (C) 2020 Samuel Grant Dawson Williams
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "internal/scheduler.h"
+#include "ruby/io.h"
+
+static ID id_close;
+
+static ID id_block;
+static ID id_unblock;
+
+static ID id_kernel_sleep;
+static ID id_process_wait;
+
+static ID id_io_read;
+static ID id_io_write;
+static ID id_io_wait;
+
+void
+Init_Scheduler(void)
+{
+    id_close = rb_intern_const("close");
+
+    id_block = rb_intern_const("block");
+    id_unblock = rb_intern_const("unblock");
+
+    id_kernel_sleep = rb_intern_const("kernel_sleep");
+    id_process_wait = rb_intern_const("process_wait");
+
+    id_io_read = rb_intern_const("io_read");
+    id_io_write = rb_intern_const("io_write");
+    id_io_wait = rb_intern_const("io_wait");
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_get(void)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *thread = GET_THREAD();
+    VM_ASSERT(thread);
+
+    return thread->scheduler;
+}
+
+static void
+verify_interface(VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    if (!rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_block)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Scheduler must implement #block!");
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_unblock)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Scheduler must implement #unblock!");
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_kernel_sleep)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Scheduler must implement #kernel_sleep!");
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_io_wait)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Scheduler must implement #io_wait!");
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_set(VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *thread = GET_THREAD();
+    VM_ASSERT(thread);
+
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        verify_interface(scheduler);
+    }
+
+    // We invoke Scheduler#close when setting it to something else, to ensure the previous scheduler runs to completion before changing the scheduler. That way, we do not need to consider interactions, e.g., of a Fiber from the previous scheduler with the new scheduler.
+    if (thread->scheduler != Qnil) {
+        rb_scheduler_close(thread->scheduler);
+    }
+
+    thread->scheduler = scheduler;
+
+    return thread->scheduler;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_threadptr_scheduler_current(rb_thread_t *thread)
+{
+    VM_ASSERT(thread);
+
+    if (thread->blocking == 0) {
+        return thread->scheduler;
+    } else {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_current(void)
+{
+    return rb_threadptr_scheduler_current(GET_THREAD());
+}
+
+VALUE rb_thread_scheduler_current(VALUE thread)
+{
+    return rb_threadptr_scheduler_current(rb_thread_ptr(thread));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_close(VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    if (rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_close)) {
+        return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_close, 0);
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_timeout(struct timeval *timeout)
+{
+    if (timeout) {
+        return rb_float_new((double)timeout->tv_sec + (0.000001f * timeout->tv_usec));
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_kernel_sleep(VALUE scheduler, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_kernel_sleep, 1, timeout);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_kernel_sleepv(VALUE scheduler, int argc, VALUE * argv)
+{
+    return rb_funcallv(scheduler, id_kernel_sleep, argc, argv);
+}
+
+int
+rb_scheduler_supports_process_wait(VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    return rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_process_wait);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_process_wait(VALUE scheduler, rb_pid_t pid, int flags)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_process_wait, 2, PIDT2NUM(pid), RB_INT2NUM(flags));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_block(VALUE scheduler, VALUE blocker, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_block, 2, blocker, timeout);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_unblock(VALUE scheduler, VALUE blocker, VALUE fiber)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_unblock, 2, blocker, fiber);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_io_wait(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_io_wait, 3, io, events, timeout);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_io_wait_readable(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io)
+{
+    return rb_scheduler_io_wait(scheduler, io, RB_UINT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE), Qnil);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_io_wait_writable(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io)
+{
+    return rb_scheduler_io_wait(scheduler, io, RB_UINT2NUM(RUBY_IO_WRITABLE), Qnil);
+}
+
+int
+rb_scheduler_supports_io_read(VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    return rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_io_read);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_io_read(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t offset, size_t length)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_io_read, 4, io, buffer, SIZET2NUM(offset), SIZET2NUM(length));
+}
+
+int
+rb_scheduler_supports_io_write(VALUE scheduler)
+{
+    return rb_respond_to(scheduler, id_io_write);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_scheduler_io_write(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t offset, size_t length)
+{
+    // We should ensure string has capacity to receive data, and then resize it afterwards.
+    return rb_funcall(scheduler, id_io_write, 4, io, buffer, SIZET2NUM(offset), SIZET2NUM(length));
+}
diff --git a/signal.c b/signal.c
index 888c8eaa72..c13bc19f1c 100644
--- a/signal.c
+++ b/signal.c
@@ -11,42 +11,39 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#include "internal.h"
-#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/config.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include "ruby_atomic.h"
-#include "eval_intern.h"
+
 #ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
 # include <unistd.h>
 #endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_UIO_H
-#include <sys/uio.h>
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_UCONTEXT_H
-#include <ucontext.h>
+# include <sys/uio.h>
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
-# include <valgrind/memcheck.h>
-# ifndef VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED
-#  define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(p, n) VALGRIND_MAKE_READABLE((p), (n))
-# endif
-# ifndef VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED
-#  define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) VALGRIND_MAKE_WRITABLE((p), (n))
-# endif
-#else
-# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(p, n) 0
-# define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) 0
+#ifdef HAVE_UCONTEXT_H
+# include <ucontext.h>
 #endif
 
-#if defined(__native_client__) && defined(NACL_NEWLIB)
-# include "nacl/signal.h"
+#if HAVE_PTHREAD_H
+# include <pthread.h>
 #endif
 
-extern ID ruby_static_id_signo;
-#define id_signo ruby_static_id_signo
+#include "debug_counter.h"
+#include "eval_intern.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/eval.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "internal/signal.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
+#include "ruby_atomic.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "ractor_core.h"
 
 #ifdef NEED_RUBY_ATOMIC_OPS
 rb_atomic_t
@@ -69,12 +66,11 @@ ruby_atomic_compare_and_swap(rb_atomic_t *ptr, rb_atomic_t cmp,
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef NSIG
-# define NSIG (_SIGMAX + 1)      /* For QNX */
-#endif
-
+#define FOREACH_SIGNAL(sig, offset) \
+    for (sig = siglist + (offset); sig < siglist + numberof(siglist); ++sig)
+enum { LONGEST_SIGNAME = 7 }; /* MIGRATE and RETRACT */
 static const struct signals {
-    const char *signm;
+    char signm[LONGEST_SIGNAME + 1];
     int  signo;
 } siglist [] = {
     {"EXIT", 0},
@@ -136,15 +132,9 @@ static const struct signals {
 #ifdef SIGCONT
     {"CONT", SIGCONT},
 #endif
-#ifdef SIGCHLD
-    {"CHLD", SIGCHLD},
-#endif
-#ifdef SIGCLD
-    {"CLD", SIGCLD},
-#else
-# ifdef SIGCHLD
-    {"CLD", SIGCHLD},
-# endif
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+    {"CHLD", RUBY_SIGCHLD },
+    {"CLD", RUBY_SIGCHLD },
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGTTIN
     {"TTIN", SIGTTIN},
@@ -209,20 +199,83 @@ static const struct signals {
 #ifdef SIGINFO
     {"INFO", SIGINFO},
 #endif
-    {NULL, 0}
 };
 
-static const char signame_prefix[3] = "SIG";
+static const char signame_prefix[] = "SIG";
+static const int signame_prefix_len = 3;
 
 static int
-signm2signo(const char *nm)
+signm2signo(VALUE *sig_ptr, int negative, int exit, int *prefix_ptr)
 {
     const struct signals *sigs;
+    VALUE vsig = *sig_ptr;
+    const char *nm;
+    long len, nmlen;
+    int prefix = 0;
 
-    for (sigs = siglist; sigs->signm; sigs++)
-	if (strcmp(sigs->signm, nm) == 0)
-	    return sigs->signo;
-    return 0;
+    if (RB_SYMBOL_P(vsig)) {
+	*sig_ptr = vsig = rb_sym2str(vsig);
+    }
+    else if (!RB_TYPE_P(vsig, T_STRING)) {
+	VALUE str = rb_check_string_type(vsig);
+	if (NIL_P(str)) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad signal type %s",
+		     rb_obj_classname(vsig));
+	}
+	*sig_ptr = vsig = str;
+    }
+
+    rb_must_asciicompat(vsig);
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(vsig, nm, len);
+    if (memchr(nm, '\0', len)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "signal name with null byte");
+    }
+
+    if (len > 0 && nm[0] == '-') {
+	if (!negative)
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative signal name: % "PRIsVALUE, vsig);
+	prefix = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+	negative = 0;
+    }
+    if (len >= prefix + signame_prefix_len) {
+        if (memcmp(nm + prefix, signame_prefix, signame_prefix_len) == 0)
+	    prefix += signame_prefix_len;
+    }
+    if (len <= (long)prefix) {
+        goto unsupported;
+    }
+
+    if (prefix_ptr) *prefix_ptr = prefix;
+    nmlen = len - prefix;
+    nm += prefix;
+    if (nmlen > LONGEST_SIGNAME) goto unsupported;
+    FOREACH_SIGNAL(sigs, !exit) {
+	if (memcmp(sigs->signm, nm, nmlen) == 0 &&
+	    sigs->signm[nmlen] == '\0') {
+	    return negative ? -sigs->signo : sigs->signo;
+	}
+    }
+
+  unsupported:
+    if (prefix == signame_prefix_len) {
+        prefix = 0;
+    }
+    else if (prefix > signame_prefix_len) {
+        prefix -= signame_prefix_len;
+        len -= prefix;
+        vsig = rb_str_subseq(vsig, prefix, len);
+        prefix = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        len -= prefix;
+        vsig = rb_str_subseq(vsig, prefix, len);
+        prefix = signame_prefix_len;
+    }
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported signal `%.*s%"PRIsVALUE"'",
+             prefix, signame_prefix, vsig);
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
 }
 
 static const char*
@@ -230,9 +283,10 @@ signo2signm(int no)
 {
     const struct signals *sigs;
 
-    for (sigs = siglist; sigs->signm; sigs++)
+    FOREACH_SIGNAL(sigs, 0) {
 	if (sigs->signo == no)
 	    return sigs->signm;
+    }
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -291,7 +345,6 @@ esignal_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int argnum = 1;
     VALUE sig = Qnil;
     int signo;
-    const char *signm;
 
     if (argc > 0) {
 	sig = rb_check_to_integer(argv[0], "to_int");
@@ -312,19 +365,11 @@ esignal_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	int len = sizeof(signame_prefix);
-	if (SYMBOL_P(sig)) sig = rb_sym2str(sig); else StringValue(sig);
-	signm = RSTRING_PTR(sig);
-	if (strncmp(signm, signame_prefix, len) == 0) {
-	    signm += len;
-	    len = 0;
-	}
-	signo = signm2signo(signm);
-	if (!signo) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported name `%.*s%"PRIsVALUE"'",
-		     len, signame_prefix, sig);
+	int prefix;
+	signo = signm2signo(&sig, FALSE, FALSE, &prefix);
+	if (prefix != signame_prefix_len) {
+	    sig = rb_str_append(rb_str_new_cstr("SIG"), sig);
 	}
-	sig = rb_sprintf("SIG%s", signm);
     }
     rb_call_super(1, &sig);
     rb_ivar_set(self, id_signo, INT2NUM(signo));
@@ -352,108 +397,46 @@ interrupt_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     VALUE args[2];
 
     args[0] = INT2FIX(SIGINT);
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &args[1]);
+    args[1] = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
     return rb_call_super(2, args);
 }
 
+void rb_malloc_info_show_results(void); /* gc.c */
+
 void
 ruby_default_signal(int sig)
 {
+#if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
+    rb_debug_counter_show_results("killed by signal.");
+#endif
+    rb_malloc_info_show_results();
+
     signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
     raise(sig);
 }
 
-static RETSIGTYPE sighandler(int sig);
+static void sighandler(int sig);
 static int signal_ignored(int sig);
 static void signal_enque(int sig);
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *     Process.kill(signal, pid, ...)    -> integer
- *
- *  Sends the given signal to the specified process id(s) if _pid_ is positive.
- *  If _pid_ is zero _signal_ is sent to all processes whose group ID is equal
- *  to the group ID of the process. _signal_ may be an integer signal number or
- *  a POSIX signal name (either with or without a +SIG+ prefix). If _signal_ is
- *  negative (or starts with a minus sign), kills process groups instead of
- *  processes. Not all signals are available on all platforms.
- *  The keys and values of +Signal.list+ are known signal names and numbers,
- *  respectively.
- *
- *     pid = fork do
- *        Signal.trap("HUP") { puts "Ouch!"; exit }
- *        # ... do some work ...
- *     end
- *     # ...
- *     Process.kill("HUP", pid)
- *     Process.wait
- *
- *  <em>produces:</em>
- *
- *     Ouch!
- *
- *  If _signal_ is an integer but wrong for signal,
- *  <code>Errno::EINVAL</code> or +RangeError+ will be raised.
- *  Otherwise unless _signal_ is a +String+ or a +Symbol+, and a known
- *  signal name, +ArgumentError+ will be raised.
- *
- *  Also, <code>Errno::ESRCH</code> or +RangeError+ for invalid _pid_,
- *  <code>Errno::EPERM</code> when failed because of no privilege,
- *  will be raised.  In these cases, signals may have been sent to
- *  preceding processes.
- */
-
 VALUE
 rb_f_kill(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 {
 #ifndef HAVE_KILLPG
 #define killpg(pg, sig) kill(-(pg), (sig))
 #endif
-    int negative = 0;
     int sig;
     int i;
     VALUE str;
-    const char *s;
 
     rb_check_arity(argc, 2, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
 
-    switch (TYPE(argv[0])) {
-      case T_FIXNUM:
+    if (FIXNUM_P(argv[0])) {
 	sig = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
-	break;
-
-      case T_SYMBOL:
-	str = rb_sym2str(argv[0]);
-	goto str_signal;
-
-      case T_STRING:
+    }
+    else {
 	str = argv[0];
-      str_signal:
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	if (s[0] == '-') {
-	    negative++;
-	    s++;
-	}
-	if (strncmp(signame_prefix, s, sizeof(signame_prefix)) == 0)
-	    s += 3;
-	if ((sig = signm2signo(s)) == 0) {
-	    long ofs = s - RSTRING_PTR(str);
-	    if (ofs) str = rb_str_subseq(str, ofs, RSTRING_LEN(str)-ofs);
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported name `SIG%"PRIsVALUE"'", str);
-	}
-
-	if (negative)
-	    sig = -sig;
-	break;
-
-      default:
-	str = rb_check_string_type(argv[0]);
-	if (!NIL_P(str)) {
-	    goto str_signal;
-	}
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bad signal type %s",
-		 rb_obj_classname(argv[0]));
-	break;
+	sig = signm2signo(&str, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
     }
 
     if (argc <= 1) return INT2FIX(0);
@@ -466,7 +449,7 @@ rb_f_kill(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 	}
     }
     else {
-	const rb_pid_t self = (GET_THREAD() == GET_VM()->main_thread) ? getpid() : -1;
+	const rb_pid_t self = (GET_THREAD() == GET_VM()->ractor.main_thread) ? getpid() : -1;
 	int wakeup = 0;
 
 	for (i=1; i<argc; i++) {
@@ -495,7 +478,7 @@ rb_f_kill(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 #ifdef SIGSTOP
 		  case SIGSTOP:
 #endif
-		    ruby_kill(pid, sig);
+		    kill(pid, sig);
 		    break;
 		  default:
 		    t = signal_ignored(sig);
@@ -513,7 +496,7 @@ rb_f_kill(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 	    }
 	}
 	if (wakeup) {
-	    rb_threadptr_check_signal(GET_VM()->main_thread);
+	    rb_threadptr_check_signal(GET_VM()->ractor.main_thread);
 	}
     }
     rb_thread_execute_interrupts(rb_thread_current());
@@ -525,34 +508,37 @@ static struct {
     rb_atomic_t cnt[RUBY_NSIG];
     rb_atomic_t size;
 } signal_buff;
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+volatile unsigned int ruby_nocldwait;
+#endif
 
-#ifdef __dietlibc__
-#define sighandler_t sh_t
-#else
 #define sighandler_t ruby_sighandler_t
-#endif
 
-typedef RETSIGTYPE (*sighandler_t)(int);
 #ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
 typedef void ruby_sigaction_t(int, siginfo_t*, void*);
 #define SIGINFO_ARG , siginfo_t *info, void *ctx
 #define SIGINFO_CTX ctx
 #else
-typedef RETSIGTYPE ruby_sigaction_t(int);
+typedef void ruby_sigaction_t(int);
 #define SIGINFO_ARG
 #define SIGINFO_CTX 0
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
-int
+/* XXX: BSD_vfprintf() uses >1500B stack and x86-64 need >5KiB stack. */
+#define RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE (16*1024)
+
+static int
 rb_sigaltstack_size(void)
 {
-    /* XXX: BSD_vfprintf() uses >1500KiB stack and x86-64 need >5KiB stack. */
-    int size = 16*1024;
+    int size = RUBY_SIGALTSTACK_SIZE;
 
 #ifdef MINSIGSTKSZ
-    if (size < MINSIGSTKSZ)
-	size = MINSIGSTKSZ;
+    {
+        int minsigstksz = (int)MINSIGSTKSZ;
+        if (size < minsigstksz)
+            size = minsigstksz;
+    }
 #endif
 #if defined(HAVE_SYSCONF) && defined(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)
     {
@@ -566,20 +552,33 @@ rb_sigaltstack_size(void)
     return size;
 }
 
+static int rb_sigaltstack_size_value = 0;
+
+void *
+rb_allocate_sigaltstack(void)
+{
+    void *altstack;
+    if (!rb_sigaltstack_size_value) {
+	rb_sigaltstack_size_value = rb_sigaltstack_size();
+    }
+    altstack = malloc(rb_sigaltstack_size_value);
+    if (!altstack) rb_memerror();
+    return altstack;
+}
+
 /* alternate stack for SIGSEGV */
-void
-rb_register_sigaltstack(rb_thread_t *th)
+void *
+rb_register_sigaltstack(void *altstack)
 {
     stack_t newSS, oldSS;
 
-    if (!th->altstack)
-	rb_bug("rb_register_sigaltstack: th->altstack not initialized\n");
-
-    newSS.ss_sp = th->altstack;
-    newSS.ss_size = rb_sigaltstack_size();
+    newSS.ss_size = rb_sigaltstack_size_value;
+    newSS.ss_sp = altstack;
     newSS.ss_flags = 0;
 
     sigaltstack(&newSS, &oldSS); /* ignore error. */
+
+    return newSS.ss_sp;
 }
 #endif /* USE_SIGALTSTACK */
 
@@ -609,10 +608,25 @@ ruby_signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler)
 #endif
 
     switch (signum) {
-#ifdef SA_NOCLDWAIT
-      case SIGCHLD:
-	if (handler == SIG_IGN)
-	    sigact.sa_flags |= SA_NOCLDWAIT;
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+      case RUBY_SIGCHLD:
+	if (handler == SIG_IGN) {
+	    ruby_nocldwait = 1;
+# ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
+	    if (sigact.sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO) {
+		sigact.sa_sigaction = (ruby_sigaction_t*)sighandler;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		sigact.sa_handler = sighandler;
+	    }
+# else
+	    sigact.sa_handler = handler;
+	    sigact.sa_flags = 0;
+# endif
+	}
+	else {
+	    ruby_nocldwait = 0;
+	}
 	break;
 #endif
 #if defined(SA_ONSTACK) && defined(USE_SIGALTSTACK)
@@ -629,9 +643,11 @@ ruby_signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler)
 	return SIG_ERR;
     }
     if (old.sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO)
-	return (sighandler_t)old.sa_sigaction;
+	handler = (sighandler_t)old.sa_sigaction;
     else
-	return old.sa_handler;
+	handler = old.sa_handler;
+    ASSUME(handler != SIG_ERR);
+    return handler;
 }
 
 sighandler_t
@@ -691,13 +707,35 @@ signal_enque(int sig)
     ATOMIC_INC(signal_buff.size);
 }
 
-static RETSIGTYPE
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+static rb_atomic_t sigchld_hit;
+/* destructive getter than simple predicate */
+# define GET_SIGCHLD_HIT() ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(sigchld_hit, 0)
+#else
+# define GET_SIGCHLD_HIT() 0
+#endif
+
+static void
 sighandler(int sig)
 {
     int old_errnum = errno;
 
-    signal_enque(sig);
-    rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread();
+    /* the VM always needs to handle SIGCHLD for rb_waitpid */
+    if (sig == RUBY_SIGCHLD) {
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+        rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+        ATOMIC_EXCHANGE(sigchld_hit, 1);
+
+        /* avoid spurious wakeup in main thread iff nobody uses trap(:CHLD) */
+        if (vm && ACCESS_ONCE(VALUE, vm->trap_list.cmd[sig])) {
+            signal_enque(sig);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    else {
+        signal_enque(sig);
+    }
+    rb_thread_wakeup_timer_thread(sig);
 #if !defined(BSD_SIGNAL) && !defined(POSIX_SIGNAL)
     ruby_signal(sig, sighandler);
 #endif
@@ -711,10 +749,6 @@ rb_signal_buff_size(void)
     return signal_buff.size;
 }
 
-#if HAVE_PTHREAD_H
-#include <pthread.h>
-#endif
-
 static void
 rb_disable_interrupt(void)
 {
@@ -761,7 +795,7 @@ static const char *received_signal;
 #endif
 
 #if defined(USE_SIGALTSTACK) || defined(_WIN32)
-NORETURN(void ruby_thread_stack_overflow(rb_thread_t *th));
+NORETURN(void rb_ec_stack_overflow(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int crit));
 # if defined __HAIKU__
 #   define USE_UCONTEXT_REG 1
 # elif !(defined(HAVE_UCONTEXT_H) && (defined __i386__ || defined __x86_64__ || defined __amd64__))
@@ -772,9 +806,30 @@ NORETURN(void ruby_thread_stack_overflow(rb_thread_t *th));
 # elif defined __FreeBSD__
 #   define USE_UCONTEXT_REG 1
 # endif
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_SIGMASK)
+# define ruby_sigunmask pthread_sigmask
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIGPROCMASK)
+# define ruby_sigunmask sigprocmask
+#endif
+static void
+reset_sigmask(int sig)
+{
+#if defined(ruby_sigunmask)
+    sigset_t mask;
+#endif
+    clear_received_signal();
+#if defined(ruby_sigunmask)
+    sigemptyset(&mask);
+    sigaddset(&mask, sig);
+    if (ruby_sigunmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, NULL)) {
+	rb_bug_errno(STRINGIZE(ruby_sigunmask)":unblock", errno);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
 # ifdef USE_UCONTEXT_REG
 static void
-check_stack_overflow(const uintptr_t addr, const ucontext_t *ctx)
+check_stack_overflow(int sig, const uintptr_t addr, const ucontext_t *ctx)
 {
     const DEFINE_MCONTEXT_PTR(mctx, ctx);
 # if defined __linux__
@@ -786,12 +841,17 @@ check_stack_overflow(const uintptr_t addr, const ucontext_t *ctx)
     const greg_t bp = mctx->gregs[REG_EBP];
 #   endif
 # elif defined __APPLE__
+#   if __DARWIN_UNIX03
+#     define MCTX_SS_REG(reg) __ss.__##reg
+#   else
+#     define MCTX_SS_REG(reg) ss.reg
+#   endif
 #   if defined(__LP64__)
-    const uintptr_t sp = mctx->__ss.__rsp;
-    const uintptr_t bp = mctx->__ss.__rbp;
+    const uintptr_t sp = mctx->MCTX_SS_REG(rsp);
+    const uintptr_t bp = mctx->MCTX_SS_REG(rbp);
 #   else
-    const uintptr_t sp = mctx->__ss.__esp;
-    const uintptr_t bp = mctx->__ss.__ebp;
+    const uintptr_t sp = mctx->MCTX_SS_REG(esp);
+    const uintptr_t bp = mctx->MCTX_SS_REG(ebp);
 #   endif
 # elif defined __FreeBSD__
 #   if defined(__amd64__)
@@ -818,38 +878,40 @@ check_stack_overflow(const uintptr_t addr, const ucontext_t *ctx)
     /* SP in ucontext is not decremented yet when `push` failed, so
      * the fault page can be the next. */
     if (sp_page == fault_page || sp_page == fault_page + 1 ||
-	sp_page <= fault_page && fault_page <= bp_page) {
-	rb_thread_t *th = ruby_current_thread;
-	if ((uintptr_t)th->tag->buf / pagesize == sp_page) {
+        (sp_page <= fault_page && fault_page <= bp_page)) {
+	rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+	int crit = FALSE;
+	if ((uintptr_t)ec->tag->buf / pagesize <= fault_page + 1) {
 	    /* drop the last tag if it is close to the fault,
 	     * otherwise it can cause stack overflow again at the same
 	     * place. */
-	    th->tag = th->tag->prev;
+	    ec->tag = ec->tag->prev;
+	    crit = TRUE;
 	}
-	clear_received_signal();
-	ruby_thread_stack_overflow(th);
+	reset_sigmask(sig);
+	rb_ec_stack_overflow(ec, crit);
     }
 }
 # else
 static void
-check_stack_overflow(const void *addr)
+check_stack_overflow(int sig, const void *addr)
 {
     int ruby_stack_overflowed_p(const rb_thread_t *, const void *);
-    rb_thread_t *th = ruby_current_thread;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
     if (ruby_stack_overflowed_p(th, addr)) {
-	clear_received_signal();
-	ruby_thread_stack_overflow(th);
+	reset_sigmask(sig);
+	rb_ec_stack_overflow(th->ec, FALSE);
     }
 }
 # endif
 # ifdef _WIN32
-#   define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(0)
+#   define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(sig, 0)
 # else
 #   define FAULT_ADDRESS info->si_addr
 #   ifdef USE_UCONTEXT_REG
-#     define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow((uintptr_t)FAULT_ADDRESS, ctx)
+#     define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(sig, (uintptr_t)FAULT_ADDRESS, ctx)
 #   else
-#     define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(FAULT_ADDRESS)
+#     define CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW() check_stack_overflow(sig, FAULT_ADDRESS)
 #   endif
 #   define MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS " at %p", FAULT_ADDRESS
 # endif
@@ -867,7 +929,11 @@ NOINLINE(static void check_reserved_signal_(const char *name, size_t name_len));
 #define check_reserved_signal(name) check_reserved_signal_(name, sizeof(name)-1)
 
 #ifdef SIGBUS
-static RETSIGTYPE
+
+static sighandler_t default_sigbus_handler;
+NORETURN(static ruby_sigaction_t sigbus);
+
+static void
 sigbus(int sig SIGINFO_ARG)
 {
     check_reserved_signal("BUS");
@@ -880,46 +946,57 @@ sigbus(int sig SIGINFO_ARG)
 #if defined __APPLE__ || defined __linux__
     CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW();
 #endif
-    rb_bug_context(SIGINFO_CTX, "Bus Error" MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS);
+    rb_bug_for_fatal_signal(default_sigbus_handler, sig, SIGINFO_CTX, "Bus Error" MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS);
 }
 #endif
 
-static void
-ruby_abort(void)
-{
-#ifdef __sun
-    /* Solaris's abort() is async signal unsafe. Of course, it is not
-     *  POSIX compliant.
-     */
-    raise(SIGABRT);
-#else
-    abort();
-#endif
+#ifdef SIGSEGV
 
-}
+static sighandler_t default_sigsegv_handler;
+NORETURN(static ruby_sigaction_t sigsegv);
 
-#ifdef SIGSEGV
-static RETSIGTYPE
+static void
 sigsegv(int sig SIGINFO_ARG)
 {
     check_reserved_signal("SEGV");
     CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW();
-    rb_bug_context(SIGINFO_CTX, "Segmentation fault" MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS);
+    rb_bug_for_fatal_signal(default_sigsegv_handler, sig, SIGINFO_CTX, "Segmentation fault" MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS);
 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SIGILL
-static RETSIGTYPE
+
+static sighandler_t default_sigill_handler;
+NORETURN(static ruby_sigaction_t sigill);
+
+static void
 sigill(int sig SIGINFO_ARG)
 {
     check_reserved_signal("ILL");
 #if defined __APPLE__
     CHECK_STACK_OVERFLOW();
 #endif
-    rb_bug_context(SIGINFO_CTX, "Illegal instruction" MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS);
+    rb_bug_for_fatal_signal(default_sigill_handler, sig, SIGINFO_CTX, "Illegal instruction" MESSAGE_FAULT_ADDRESS);
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifndef __sun
+NORETURN(static void ruby_abort(void));
+#endif
+
+static void
+ruby_abort(void)
+{
+#ifdef __sun
+    /* Solaris's abort() is async signal unsafe. Of course, it is not
+     *  POSIX compliant.
+     */
+    raise(SIGABRT);
+#else
+    abort();
+#endif
+}
+
 static void
 check_reserved_signal_(const char *name, size_t name_len)
 {
@@ -957,18 +1034,18 @@ check_reserved_signal_(const char *name, size_t name_len)
 #endif
 
 #if defined SIGPIPE || defined SIGSYS
-static RETSIGTYPE
+static void
 sig_do_nothing(int sig)
 {
 }
 #endif
 
-static void
-signal_exec(VALUE cmd, int safe, int sig)
+static int
+signal_exec(VALUE cmd, int sig)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *cur_th = GET_THREAD();
-    volatile unsigned long old_interrupt_mask = cur_th->interrupt_mask;
-    int state;
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    volatile rb_atomic_t old_interrupt_mask = ec->interrupt_mask;
+    enum ruby_tag_type state;
 
     /*
      * workaround the following race:
@@ -977,42 +1054,52 @@ signal_exec(VALUE cmd, int safe, int sig)
      * 3. rb_signal_exec runs on queued signal
      */
     if (IMMEDIATE_P(cmd))
-	return;
+	return FALSE;
 
-    cur_th->interrupt_mask |= TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK;
-    TH_PUSH_TAG(cur_th);
-    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+    ec->interrupt_mask |= TRAP_INTERRUPT_MASK;
+    EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
+    if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) {
 	VALUE signum = INT2NUM(sig);
-	rb_eval_cmd(cmd, rb_ary_new3(1, signum), safe);
+        rb_eval_cmd_kw(cmd, rb_ary_new3(1, signum), RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
     }
-    TH_POP_TAG();
-    cur_th = GET_THREAD();
-    cur_th->interrupt_mask = old_interrupt_mask;
+    EC_POP_TAG();
+    ec = GET_EC();
+    ec->interrupt_mask = old_interrupt_mask;
 
     if (state) {
 	/* XXX: should be replaced with rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque() */
-	TH_JUMP_TAG(cur_th, state);
+	EC_JUMP_TAG(ec, state);
     }
+    return TRUE;
 }
 
 void
-rb_trap_exit(void)
+rb_vm_trap_exit(rb_vm_t *vm)
 {
-    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    VALUE trap_exit = vm->trap_list[0].cmd;
+    VALUE trap_exit = vm->trap_list.cmd[0];
 
     if (trap_exit) {
-	vm->trap_list[0].cmd = 0;
-	signal_exec(trap_exit, vm->trap_list[0].safe, 0);
+	vm->trap_list.cmd[0] = 0;
+        signal_exec(trap_exit, 0);
     }
 }
 
+void ruby_waitpid_all(rb_vm_t *); /* process.c */
+
 void
+ruby_sigchld_handler(rb_vm_t *vm)
+{
+    if (SIGCHLD_LOSSY || GET_SIGCHLD_HIT()) {
+        ruby_waitpid_all(vm);
+    }
+}
+
+/* returns true if a trap handler was run, false otherwise */
+int
 rb_signal_exec(rb_thread_t *th, int sig)
 {
     rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-    VALUE cmd = vm->trap_list[sig].cmd;
-    int safe = vm->trap_list[sig].safe;
+    VALUE cmd = vm->trap_list.cmd[sig];
 
     if (cmd == 0) {
 	switch (sig) {
@@ -1045,8 +1132,9 @@ rb_signal_exec(rb_thread_t *th, int sig)
 	rb_threadptr_signal_exit(th);
     }
     else {
-	signal_exec(cmd, safe, sig);
+        return signal_exec(cmd, sig);
     }
+    return FALSE;
 }
 
 static sighandler_t
@@ -1073,6 +1161,9 @@ default_handler(int sig)
 #ifdef SIGUSR2
       case SIGUSR2:
 #endif
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+      case RUBY_SIGCHLD:
+#endif
         func = sighandler;
         break;
 #ifdef SIGBUS
@@ -1121,29 +1212,36 @@ trap_handler(VALUE *cmd, int sig)
 	if (!NIL_P(command)) {
 	    const char *cptr;
 	    long len;
-	    SafeStringValue(command);	/* taint check */
+            StringValue(command);
 	    *cmd = command;
 	    RSTRING_GETMEM(command, cptr, len);
 	    switch (len) {
+              sig_ign:
+                func = SIG_IGN;
+                *cmd = Qtrue;
+                break;
+              sig_dfl:
+                func = default_handler(sig);
+                *cmd = 0;
+                break;
 	      case 0:
                 goto sig_ign;
 		break;
               case 14:
 		if (memcmp(cptr, "SYSTEM_DEFAULT", 14) == 0) {
+                    if (sig == RUBY_SIGCHLD) {
+                        goto sig_dfl;
+                    }
                     func = SIG_DFL;
                     *cmd = 0;
 		}
                 break;
 	      case 7:
 		if (memcmp(cptr, "SIG_IGN", 7) == 0) {
-sig_ign:
-                    func = SIG_IGN;
-                    *cmd = Qtrue;
+                    goto sig_ign;
 		}
 		else if (memcmp(cptr, "SIG_DFL", 7) == 0) {
-sig_dfl:
-                    func = default_handler(sig);
-                    *cmd = 0;
+                    goto sig_dfl;
 		}
 		else if (memcmp(cptr, "DEFAULT", 7) == 0) {
                     goto sig_dfl;
@@ -1175,33 +1273,15 @@ static int
 trap_signm(VALUE vsig)
 {
     int sig = -1;
-    const char *s;
 
-    switch (TYPE(vsig)) {
-      case T_FIXNUM:
+    if (FIXNUM_P(vsig)) {
 	sig = FIX2INT(vsig);
 	if (sig < 0 || sig >= NSIG) {
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid signal number (%d)", sig);
 	}
-	break;
-
-      case T_SYMBOL:
-	vsig = rb_sym2str(vsig);
-	s = RSTRING_PTR(vsig);
-	goto str_signal;
-
-      default:
-	s = StringValuePtr(vsig);
-
-      str_signal:
-	if (strncmp(signame_prefix, s, sizeof(signame_prefix)) == 0)
-	    s += 3;
-	sig = signm2signo(s);
-	if (sig == 0 && strcmp(s, "EXIT") != 0) {
-	    long ofs = s - RSTRING_PTR(vsig);
-	    if (ofs) vsig = rb_str_subseq(vsig, ofs, RSTRING_LEN(vsig)-ofs);
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported signal SIG%"PRIsVALUE"", vsig);
-	}
+    }
+    else {
+	sig = signm2signo(&vsig, FALSE, TRUE, NULL);
     }
     return sig;
 }
@@ -1214,7 +1294,7 @@ trap(int sig, sighandler_t func, VALUE command)
     rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
 
     /*
-     * Be careful. ruby_signal() and trap_list[sig].cmd must be changed
+     * Be careful. ruby_signal() and trap_list.cmd[sig] must be changed
      * atomically. In current implementation, we only need to don't call
      * RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS().
      */
@@ -1225,7 +1305,7 @@ trap(int sig, sighandler_t func, VALUE command)
 	oldfunc = ruby_signal(sig, func);
 	if (oldfunc == SIG_ERR) rb_sys_fail_str(rb_signo2signm(sig));
     }
-    oldcmd = vm->trap_list[sig].cmd;
+    oldcmd = vm->trap_list.cmd[sig];
     switch (oldcmd) {
       case 0:
       case Qtrue:
@@ -1241,8 +1321,7 @@ trap(int sig, sighandler_t func, VALUE command)
 	break;
     }
 
-    vm->trap_list[sig].cmd = command;
-    vm->trap_list[sig].safe = rb_safe_level();
+    ACCESS_ONCE(VALUE, vm->trap_list.cmd[sig]) = command;
 
     return oldcmd;
 }
@@ -1309,7 +1388,7 @@ reserved_signal_p(int signo)
  *     Terminating: 27460
  */
 static VALUE
-sig_trap(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+sig_trap(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
 {
     int sig;
     sighandler_t func;
@@ -1335,8 +1414,9 @@ sig_trap(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 	func = trap_handler(&cmd, sig);
     }
 
-    if (OBJ_TAINTED(cmd)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: tainted signal trap");
+    if (rb_obj_is_proc(cmd) &&
+        !rb_ractor_main_p() && !rb_ractor_shareable_p(cmd)) {
+        cmd = rb_proc_isolate(cmd);
     }
 
     return trap(sig, func, cmd);
@@ -1352,53 +1432,64 @@ sig_trap(int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *   Signal.list   #=> {"EXIT"=>0, "HUP"=>1, "INT"=>2, "QUIT"=>3, "ILL"=>4, "TRAP"=>5, "IOT"=>6, "ABRT"=>6, "FPE"=>8, "KILL"=>9, "BUS"=>7, "SEGV"=>11, "SYS"=>31, "PIPE"=>13, "ALRM"=>14, "TERM"=>15, "URG"=>23, "STOP"=>19, "TSTP"=>20, "CONT"=>18, "CHLD"=>17, "CLD"=>17, "TTIN"=>21, "TTOU"=>22, "IO"=>29, "XCPU"=>24, "XFSZ"=>25, "VTALRM"=>26, "PROF"=>27, "WINCH"=>28, "USR1"=>10, "USR2"=>12, "PWR"=>30, "POLL"=>29}
  */
 static VALUE
-sig_list(void)
+sig_list(VALUE _)
 {
     VALUE h = rb_hash_new();
     const struct signals *sigs;
 
-    for (sigs = siglist; sigs->signm; sigs++) {
+    FOREACH_SIGNAL(sigs, 0) {
 	rb_hash_aset(h, rb_fstring_cstr(sigs->signm), INT2FIX(sigs->signo));
     }
     return h;
 }
 
+#define INSTALL_SIGHANDLER(cond, signame, signum) do {	\
+	static const char failed[] = "failed to install "signame" handler"; \
+	if (!(cond)) break; \
+	if (reserved_signal_p(signum)) rb_bug(failed); \
+	perror(failed); \
+    } while (0)
 static int
-install_sighandler(int signum, sighandler_t handler)
+install_sighandler_core(int signum, sighandler_t handler, sighandler_t *old_handler)
 {
     sighandler_t old;
 
     old = ruby_signal(signum, handler);
     if (old == SIG_ERR) return -1;
-    /* signal handler should be inherited during exec. */
-    if (old != SIG_DFL) {
-	ruby_signal(signum, old);
+    if (old_handler) {
+        *old_handler = (old == SIG_DFL || old == SIG_IGN) ? 0 : old;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* signal handler should be inherited during exec. */
+        if (old != SIG_DFL) {
+            ruby_signal(signum, old);
+        }
     }
     return 0;
 }
-#ifndef __native_client__
-#  define install_sighandler(signum, handler) (install_sighandler(signum, handler) ? rb_bug(#signum) : (void)0)
-#endif
 
-#if defined(SIGCLD) || defined(SIGCHLD)
+#  define install_sighandler(signum, handler) \
+    INSTALL_SIGHANDLER(install_sighandler_core(signum, handler, NULL), #signum, signum)
+#  define force_install_sighandler(signum, handler, old_handler) \
+    INSTALL_SIGHANDLER(install_sighandler_core(signum, handler, old_handler), #signum, signum)
+
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
 static int
 init_sigchld(int sig)
 {
     sighandler_t oldfunc;
+    sighandler_t func = sighandler;
 
     oldfunc = ruby_signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
     if (oldfunc == SIG_ERR) return -1;
-    if (oldfunc != SIG_DFL && oldfunc != SIG_IGN) {
-	ruby_signal(sig, oldfunc);
-    }
-    else {
-	GET_VM()->trap_list[sig].cmd = 0;
-    }
+    ruby_signal(sig, func);
+    ACCESS_ONCE(VALUE, GET_VM()->trap_list.cmd[sig]) = 0;
+
     return 0;
 }
-#  ifndef __native_client__
-#    define init_sigchld(signum) (init_sigchld(signum) ? rb_bug(#signum) : (void)0)
-#  endif
+
+#    define init_sigchld(signum) \
+    INSTALL_SIGHANDLER(init_sigchld(signum), #signum, signum)
 #endif
 
 void
@@ -1414,9 +1505,6 @@ ruby_sig_finalize(void)
 
 
 int ruby_enable_coredump = 0;
-#ifndef RUBY_DEBUG_ENV
-#define ruby_enable_coredump 0
-#endif
 
 /*
  * Many operating systems allow signals to be sent to running
@@ -1495,16 +1583,14 @@ Init_signal(void)
 
     if (!ruby_enable_coredump) {
 #ifdef SIGBUS
-	install_sighandler(SIGBUS, (sighandler_t)sigbus);
+	force_install_sighandler(SIGBUS, (sighandler_t)sigbus, &default_sigbus_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGILL
-	install_sighandler(SIGILL, (sighandler_t)sigill);
+	force_install_sighandler(SIGILL, (sighandler_t)sigill, &default_sigill_handler);
 #endif
 #ifdef SIGSEGV
-# ifdef USE_SIGALTSTACK
-	rb_register_sigaltstack(GET_THREAD());
-# endif
-	install_sighandler(SIGSEGV, (sighandler_t)sigsegv);
+	RB_ALTSTACK_INIT(GET_VM()->main_altstack, rb_allocate_sigaltstack());
+	force_install_sighandler(SIGSEGV, (sighandler_t)sigsegv, &default_sigsegv_handler);
 #endif
     }
 #ifdef SIGPIPE
@@ -1514,11 +1600,55 @@ Init_signal(void)
     install_sighandler(SIGSYS, sig_do_nothing);
 #endif
 
-#if defined(SIGCLD)
-    init_sigchld(SIGCLD);
-#elif defined(SIGCHLD)
-    init_sigchld(SIGCHLD);
+#if RUBY_SIGCHLD
+    init_sigchld(RUBY_SIGCHLD);
 #endif
 
     rb_enable_interrupt();
 }
+
+#if defined(HAVE_GRANTPT)
+extern int grantpt(int);
+#else
+static int
+fake_grantfd(int masterfd)
+{
+    errno = ENOSYS;
+    return -1;
+}
+#define grantpt(fd) fake_grantfd(fd)
+#endif
+
+int
+rb_grantpt(int masterfd)
+{
+    if (RUBY_SIGCHLD) {
+        rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+        int ret, e;
+
+        /*
+         * Prevent waitpid calls from Ruby by taking waitpid_lock.
+         * Pedantically, grantpt(3) is undefined if a non-default
+         * SIGCHLD handler is defined, but preventing conflicting
+         * waitpid calls ought to be sufficient.
+         *
+         * We could install the default sighandler temporarily, but that
+         * could cause SIGCHLD to be missed by other threads.  Blocking
+         * SIGCHLD won't work here, either, unless we stop and restart
+         * timer-thread (as only timer-thread sees SIGCHLD), but that
+         * seems like overkill.
+         */
+        rb_nativethread_lock_lock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+        {
+            ret = grantpt(masterfd); /* may spawn `pt_chown' and wait on it */
+            if (ret < 0) e = errno;
+        }
+        rb_nativethread_lock_unlock(&vm->waitpid_lock);
+
+        if (ret < 0) errno = e;
+        return ret;
+    }
+    else {
+        return grantpt(masterfd);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/siphash.c b/siphash.c
index 0df96f8320..ddf8ee245d 100644
--- a/siphash.c
+++ b/siphash.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #ifndef UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
 # if defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86) || \
      defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_AMD64) || \
-     defined(__powerpc64__) || \
+     defined(__powerpc64__) || defined(__aarch64__) || \
      defined(__mc68020__)
 #   define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
 # endif
@@ -386,16 +386,15 @@ sip_hash_dump(sip_hash *h)
 }
 #endif /* SIP_HASH_STREAMING */
 
-#define SIP_2_ROUND(m, v0, v1, v2, v3)	\
+#define SIP_ROUND(m, v0, v1, v2, v3)	\
 do {					\
     XOR64_TO((v3), (m));		\
     SIP_COMPRESS(v0, v1, v2, v3);	\
-    SIP_COMPRESS(v0, v1, v2, v3);	\
     XOR64_TO((v0), (m));		\
 } while (0)
 
 uint64_t
-sip_hash24(const uint8_t key[16], const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
+sip_hash13(const uint8_t key[16], const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
 {
     uint64_t k0, k1;
     uint64_t v0, v1, v2, v3;
@@ -415,13 +414,13 @@ sip_hash24(const uint8_t key[16], const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
         uint64_t *data64 = (uint64_t *)data;
         while (data64 != (uint64_t *) end) {
 	    m = *data64++;
-	    SIP_2_ROUND(m, v0, v1, v2, v3);
+	    SIP_ROUND(m, v0, v1, v2, v3);
         }
     }
 #else
     for (; data != end; data += sizeof(uint64_t)) {
 	m = U8TO64_LE(data);
-	SIP_2_ROUND(m, v0, v1, v2, v3);
+	SIP_ROUND(m, v0, v1, v2, v3);
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -468,14 +467,13 @@ sip_hash24(const uint8_t key[16], const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
 	    break;
     }
 
-    SIP_2_ROUND(last, v0, v1, v2, v3);
+    SIP_ROUND(last, v0, v1, v2, v3);
 
     XOR64_INT(v2, 0xff);
 
     SIP_COMPRESS(v0, v1, v2, v3);
     SIP_COMPRESS(v0, v1, v2, v3);
     SIP_COMPRESS(v0, v1, v2, v3);
-    SIP_COMPRESS(v0, v1, v2, v3);
 
     XOR64_TO(v0, v1);
     XOR64_TO(v0, v2);
diff --git a/siphash.h b/siphash.h
index 3f3988408b..f49bc511b1 100644
--- a/siphash.h
+++ b/siphash.h
@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@ int sip_hash_digest_integer(sip_hash *h, const uint8_t *data, size_t data_len, u
 void sip_hash_free(sip_hash *h);
 void sip_hash_dump(sip_hash *h);
 
-uint64_t sip_hash24(const uint8_t key[16], const uint8_t *data, size_t len);
+NO_SANITIZE("unsigned-integer-overflow", uint64_t sip_hash13(const uint8_t key[16], const uint8_t *data, size_t len));
 
 #endif
diff --git a/sparc.c b/sparc.c
index dc3779035f..7f3a70fd0e 100644
--- a/sparc.c
+++ b/sparc.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ rb_sparc_flush_register_windows(void)
     __volatile__
 #endif
 
-/* This condition should be in sync with one in configure.in */
+/* This condition should be in sync with one in configure.ac */
 #if defined(__sparcv9) || defined(__sparc_v9__) || defined(__arch64__)
 # ifdef __GNUC__
     ("flushw" : : : "%o7")
diff --git a/spec/README b/spec/README
deleted file mode 100644
index c8d17ea427..0000000000
--- a/spec/README
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-= RubySpec
-
-RubySpec (http://ruby.github.io/rubyspec.github.io/) provides the
-annotation of the Ruby implementation in an executable format.  The
-make task `update-rubyspec' retrieves the specification and puts it
-into this directory.
-
-== Directory structure
- spec
-  +-- mspec            driver library for executing the specification.
-  +-- rubyspec
-       +-- core        specification for core libraries
-       |    +-- array
-       |    +-- bignum
-       |    +-- ...
-       |
-       +-- fixtures    example classes for writing specs
-       +-- language    specification for Ruby language itself
-       +-- library     specification for standard libraries
-            +-- addrev
-            +-- ...
-
-== How to run
-:make target
-  verifies all specs.
-   $ make test-rubyspec
-:mspec command
-  verifies the specified spec.
-   $ mspec {language|core|library}
-   or
-   $ mspec spec/path/to/some_spec.rb
diff --git a/spec/README.md b/spec/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c67aedbb80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# spec/bundler
+
+spec/bundler is rspec examples for bundler library(lib/bundler.rb, lib/bundler/*).
+
+## Running spec/bundler
+
+To run rspec for bundler:
+```bash
+make test-bundler
+```
+
+# spec/ruby
+
+ruby/spec (https://github.com/ruby/spec/) is
+a test suite for the Ruby language.
+
+Once a month, @eregon merges the in-tree copy under spec/ruby
+with the upstream repository, preserving the commits and history.
+The same happens for other implementations such as JRuby and TruffleRuby.
+
+Feel welcome to modify the in-tree spec/ruby.
+This is the purpose of the in-tree copy,
+to facilitate contributions to ruby/spec for MRI developers.
+
+New features, additional tests for existing features and
+regressions tests are all welcome in ruby/spec.
+There is very little behavior that is implementation-specific,
+as in the end user programs tend to rely on every behavior MRI exhibits.
+In other words: If adding a spec might reveal a bug in
+another implementation, then it is worth adding it.
+Currently, the only module which is MRI-specific is `RubyVM`.
+
+## Changing behavior and versions guards
+
+Version guards (`ruby_version_is`) must be added for new features or features
+which change behavior or are removed. This is necessary for other Ruby implementations
+to still be able to run the specs and contribute new specs.
+
+For example, change:
+```ruby
+describe "Some spec" do
+  it "some example" do
+    # Old behavior for Ruby < 2.7
+  end
+end
+```
+to:
+```ruby
+describe "Some spec" do
+  ruby_version_is ""..."2.7" do
+    it "some example" do
+      # Old behavior for Ruby < 2.7
+    end
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is "2.7" do
+    it "some example" do
+      # New behavior for Ruby >= 2.7
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+See `spec/ruby/CONTRIBUTING.md` for more documentation about guards.
+
+To verify specs are compatible with older Ruby versions:
+```
+cd spec/ruby
+$RUBY_MANAGER use 2.4.9
+../mspec/bin/mspec -j
+```
+
+## Running ruby/spec
+
+To run all specs:
+```bash
+make test-spec
+```
+
+Extra arguments can be added via `MSPECOPT`.
+For instance, to show the help:
+```bash
+make test-spec MSPECOPT=-h
+```
+
+You can also run the specs in parallel, which is currently experimental.
+It takes around 10s instead of 60s on a quad-core laptop.
+```bash
+make test-spec MSPECOPT=-j
+```
+
+To run a specific test, add its path to the command:
+```bash
+make test-spec MSPECOPT=spec/ruby/language/for_spec.rb
+```
+
+If ruby trunk is your current `ruby` in `$PATH`, you can also run `mspec` directly:
+```bash
+# change ruby to trunk
+ruby -v # => trunk
+spec/mspec/bin/mspec spec/ruby/language/for_spec.rb
+```
+
+## ruby/spec and test/
+
+The main difference between a "spec" under `spec/ruby/` and
+a test under `test/` is that specs are documenting what they test.
+This is extremely valuable when reading these tests, as it
+helps to quickly understand what specific behavior is tested,
+and how a method should behave. Basic English is fine for spec descriptions.
+Specs also tend to have few expectations (assertions) per spec,
+as they specify one aspect of the behavior and not everything at once.
+Beyond that, the syntax is slightly different but it does the same thing:
+`assert_equal 3, 1+2` is just `(1+2).should == 3`.
+
+Example:
+
+```ruby
+describe "The for expression" do
+  it "iterates over an Enumerable passing each element to the block" do
+    j = 0
+    for i in 1..3
+      j += i
+    end
+    j.should == 6
+  end
+end
+```
+
+For more details, see `spec/ruby/CONTRIBUTING.md`.
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/build_metadata_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/build_metadata_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afa2d1716f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/build_metadata_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler"
+require "bundler/build_metadata"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::BuildMetadata do
+  before do
+    allow(Time).to receive(:now).and_return(Time.at(0))
+    Bundler::BuildMetadata.instance_variable_set(:@built_at, nil)
+  end
+
+  describe "#built_at" do
+    it "returns %Y-%m-%d formatted time" do
+      expect(Bundler::BuildMetadata.built_at).to eq "1970-01-01"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#release?" do
+    it "returns false as default" do
+      expect(Bundler::BuildMetadata.release?).to be_falsey
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#git_commit_sha" do
+    context "if instance valuable is defined" do
+      before do
+        Bundler::BuildMetadata.instance_variable_set(:@git_commit_sha, "foo")
+      end
+
+      after do
+        Bundler::BuildMetadata.remove_instance_variable(:@git_commit_sha)
+      end
+
+      it "returns set value" do
+        expect(Bundler::BuildMetadata.git_commit_sha).to eq "foo"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#to_h" do
+    subject { Bundler::BuildMetadata.to_h }
+
+    it "returns a hash includes Built At, Git SHA and Released Version" do
+      expect(subject["Built At"]).to eq "1970-01-01"
+      expect(subject["Git SHA"]).to be_instance_of(String)
+      expect(subject["Released Version"]).to be_falsey
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/bundler_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/bundler_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8191fe20f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/bundler_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler"
+require "tmpdir"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler do
+  describe "#load_gemspec_uncached" do
+    let(:app_gemspec_path) { tmp("test.gemspec") }
+    subject { Bundler.load_gemspec_uncached(app_gemspec_path) }
+
+    context "with incorrect YAML file" do
+      before do
+        File.open(app_gemspec_path, "wb") do |f|
+          f.write strip_whitespace(<<-GEMSPEC)
+            ---
+              {:!00 ao=gu\g1= 7~f
+          GEMSPEC
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "catches YAML syntax errors" do
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error(Bundler::GemspecError, /error while loading `test.gemspec`/)
+      end
+
+      context "on Rubies with a settable YAML engine", :if => defined?(YAML::ENGINE) do
+        context "with Syck as YAML::Engine" do
+          it "raises a GemspecError after YAML load throws ArgumentError" do
+            orig_yamler = YAML::ENGINE.yamler
+            YAML::ENGINE.yamler = "syck"
+
+            expect { subject }.to raise_error(Bundler::GemspecError)
+
+            YAML::ENGINE.yamler = orig_yamler
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "with Psych as YAML::Engine" do
+          it "raises a GemspecError after YAML load throws Psych::SyntaxError" do
+            orig_yamler = YAML::ENGINE.yamler
+            YAML::ENGINE.yamler = "psych"
+
+            expect { subject }.to raise_error(Bundler::GemspecError)
+
+            YAML::ENGINE.yamler = orig_yamler
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with correct YAML file", :if => defined?(Encoding) do
+      it "can load a gemspec with unicode characters with default ruby encoding" do
+        # spec_helper forces the external encoding to UTF-8 but that's not the
+        # default until Ruby 2.0
+        verbose = $VERBOSE
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        encoding = Encoding.default_external
+        Encoding.default_external = "ASCII"
+        $VERBOSE = verbose
+
+        File.open(app_gemspec_path, "wb") do |file|
+          file.puts <<-GEMSPEC.gsub(/^\s+/, "")
+            # -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+            Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
+              gem.author = "André the Giant"
+            end
+          GEMSPEC
+        end
+
+        expect(subject.author).to eq("André the Giant")
+
+        verbose = $VERBOSE
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        Encoding.default_external = encoding
+        $VERBOSE = verbose
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "sets loaded_from" do
+      app_gemspec_path.open("w") do |f|
+        f.puts <<-GEMSPEC
+          Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
+            gem.name = "validated"
+          end
+        GEMSPEC
+      end
+
+      expect(subject.loaded_from).to eq(app_gemspec_path.expand_path.to_s)
+    end
+
+    context "validate is true" do
+      subject { Bundler.load_gemspec_uncached(app_gemspec_path, true) }
+
+      it "validates the specification" do
+        app_gemspec_path.open("w") do |f|
+          f.puts <<-GEMSPEC
+            Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
+              gem.name = "validated"
+            end
+          GEMSPEC
+        end
+        expect(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:validate).with have_attributes(:name => "validated")
+        subject
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with gemspec containing local variables" do
+      before do
+        File.open(app_gemspec_path, "wb") do |f|
+          f.write strip_whitespace(<<-GEMSPEC)
+            must_not_leak = true
+            Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
+              gem.name = "leak check"
+            end
+          GEMSPEC
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "should not pollute the TOPLEVEL_BINDING" do
+        subject
+        expect(TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval("local_variables")).to_not include(:must_not_leak)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#which" do
+    let(:executable) { "executable" }
+
+    let(:path) do
+      if Gem.win_platform?
+        %w[C:/a C:/b C:/c C:/../d C:/e]
+      else
+        %w[/a /b c ../d /e]
+      end
+    end
+
+    let(:expected) { "executable" }
+
+    before do
+      ENV["PATH"] = path.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+
+      allow(File).to receive(:file?).and_return(false)
+      allow(File).to receive(:executable?).and_return(false)
+      if expected
+        expect(File).to receive(:file?).with(expected).and_return(true)
+        expect(File).to receive(:executable?).with(expected).and_return(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    subject { described_class.which(executable) }
+
+    shared_examples_for "it returns the correct executable" do
+      it "returns the expected file" do
+        expect(subject).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "it returns the correct executable"
+
+    context "when the executable in inside a quoted path" do
+      let(:expected) do
+        if Gem.win_platform?
+          "C:/e/executable"
+        else
+          "/e/executable"
+        end
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "it returns the correct executable"
+    end
+
+    context "when the executable is not found" do
+      let(:expected) { nil }
+      it_behaves_like "it returns the correct executable"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "configuration" do
+    context "disable_shared_gems" do
+      it "should unset GEM_PATH with empty string" do
+        expect(Bundler).to receive(:use_system_gems?).and_return(false)
+        Bundler.send(:configure_gem_path)
+        expect(ENV["GEM_PATH"]).to eq ""
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#rm_rf" do
+    context "the directory is world writable" do
+      let(:bundler_ui) { Bundler.ui }
+      it "should raise a friendly error" do
+        allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_return(true)
+        allow(::Bundler::FileUtils).to receive(:remove_entry_secure).and_raise(ArgumentError)
+        allow(File).to receive(:world_writable?).and_return(true)
+        message = <<EOF
+It is a security vulnerability to allow your home directory to be world-writable, and bundler can not continue.
+You should probably consider fixing this issue by running `chmod o-w ~` on *nix.
+Please refer to https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.2/libdoc/fileutils/rdoc/FileUtils.html#method-c-remove_entry_secure for details.
+EOF
+        expect(bundler_ui).to receive(:warn).with(message)
+        expect { Bundler.send(:rm_rf, bundled_app) }.to raise_error(Bundler::PathError)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#mkdir_p" do
+    it "creates a folder at the given path" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      allow(Bundler).to receive(:root).and_return(bundled_app)
+
+      Bundler.mkdir_p(bundled_app.join("foo", "bar"))
+      expect(bundled_app.join("foo", "bar")).to exist
+    end
+
+    context "when mkdir_p requires sudo" do
+      it "creates a new folder using sudo" do
+        expect(Bundler).to receive(:requires_sudo?).and_return(true)
+        expect(Bundler).to receive(:sudo).and_return true
+        Bundler.mkdir_p(bundled_app.join("foo"))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with :no_sudo option" do
+      it "forces mkdir_p to not use sudo" do
+        expect(Bundler).to receive(:requires_sudo?).and_return(true)
+        expect(Bundler).to_not receive(:sudo)
+        Bundler.mkdir_p(bundled_app.join("foo"), :no_sudo => true)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#user_home" do
+    context "home directory is set" do
+      it "should return the user home" do
+        path = "/home/oggy"
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(path)
+        allow(File).to receive(:directory?).with(path).and_return true
+        allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(path).and_return true
+        expect(Bundler.user_home).to eq(Pathname(path))
+      end
+
+      context "is not a directory" do
+        it "should issue a warning and return a temporary user home" do
+          path = "/home/oggy"
+          allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(path)
+          allow(File).to receive(:directory?).with(path).and_return false
+          allow(Bundler).to receive(:tmp).and_return(Pathname.new("/tmp/trulyrandom"))
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("`/home/oggy` is not a directory.\n")
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("Bundler will use `/tmp/trulyrandom' as your home directory temporarily.\n")
+          expect(Bundler.user_home).to eq(Pathname("/tmp/trulyrandom"))
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "is not writable" do
+        let(:path) { "/home/oggy" }
+        let(:dotbundle) { "/home/oggy/.bundle" }
+
+        it "should issue a warning and return a temporary user home" do
+          allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(path)
+          allow(File).to receive(:directory?).with(path).and_return true
+          allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(path).and_return false
+          allow(File).to receive(:directory?).with(dotbundle).and_return false
+          allow(Bundler).to receive(:tmp).and_return(Pathname.new("/tmp/trulyrandom"))
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("`/home/oggy` is not writable.\n")
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("Bundler will use `/tmp/trulyrandom' as your home directory temporarily.\n")
+          expect(Bundler.user_home).to eq(Pathname("/tmp/trulyrandom"))
+        end
+
+        context ".bundle exists and have correct permissions" do
+          it "should return the user home" do
+            allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(path)
+            allow(File).to receive(:directory?).with(path).and_return true
+            allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(path).and_return false
+            allow(File).to receive(:directory?).with(dotbundle).and_return true
+            allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(dotbundle).and_return true
+            expect(Bundler.user_home).to eq(Pathname(path))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "home directory is not set" do
+      it "should issue warning and return a temporary user home" do
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(nil)
+        allow(Bundler).to receive(:tmp).and_return(Pathname.new("/tmp/trulyrandom"))
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("Your home directory is not set.\n")
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("Bundler will use `/tmp/trulyrandom' as your home directory temporarily.\n")
+        expect(Bundler.user_home).to eq(Pathname("/tmp/trulyrandom"))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#requires_sudo?" do
+    let!(:tmpdir) { Dir.mktmpdir }
+    let(:bundle_path) { Pathname("#{tmpdir}/bundle") }
+
+    def clear_cached_requires_sudo
+      return unless Bundler.instance_variable_defined?(:@requires_sudo_ran)
+      Bundler.remove_instance_variable(:@requires_sudo_ran)
+      Bundler.remove_instance_variable(:@requires_sudo)
+    end
+
+    before do
+      clear_cached_requires_sudo
+      allow(Bundler).to receive(:which).with("sudo").and_return("/usr/bin/sudo")
+      allow(Bundler).to receive(:bundle_path).and_return(bundle_path)
+    end
+
+    after do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(tmpdir)
+      clear_cached_requires_sudo
+    end
+
+    subject { Bundler.requires_sudo? }
+
+    context "bundle_path doesn't exist" do
+      it { should be false }
+
+      context "and parent dir can't be written" do
+        before do
+          FileUtils.chmod(0o500, tmpdir)
+        end
+
+        it { should be true }
+      end
+
+      context "with unwritable files in a parent dir" do
+        # Regression test for https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/pull/6316
+        # It doesn't matter if there are other unwritable files so long as
+        # bundle_path can be created
+        before do
+          file = File.join(tmpdir, "unrelated_file")
+          FileUtils.touch(file)
+          FileUtils.chmod(0o400, file)
+        end
+
+        it { should be false }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "bundle_path exists" do
+      before do
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundle_path)
+      end
+
+      it { should be false }
+
+      context "and is unwritable" do
+        before do
+          FileUtils.chmod(0o500, bundle_path)
+        end
+
+        it { should be true }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "path writability" do
+      before do
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p("tmp/vendor/bundle")
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p("tmp/vendor/bin_dir")
+      end
+      after do
+        FileUtils.rm_rf("tmp/vendor/bundle")
+        FileUtils.rm_rf("tmp/vendor/bin_dir")
+      end
+      context "writable paths" do
+        it "should return false and display nothing" do
+          allow(Bundler).to receive(:bundle_path).and_return(Pathname("tmp/vendor/bundle"))
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to_not receive(:warn)
+          expect(Bundler.requires_sudo?).to eq(false)
+        end
+      end
+      context "unwritable paths" do
+        before do
+          FileUtils.touch("tmp/vendor/bundle/unwritable1.txt")
+          FileUtils.touch("tmp/vendor/bundle/unwritable2.txt")
+          FileUtils.touch("tmp/vendor/bin_dir/unwritable3.txt")
+          FileUtils.chmod(0o400, "tmp/vendor/bundle/unwritable1.txt")
+          FileUtils.chmod(0o400, "tmp/vendor/bundle/unwritable2.txt")
+          FileUtils.chmod(0o400, "tmp/vendor/bin_dir/unwritable3.txt")
+        end
+        it "should return true and display warn message" do
+          allow(Bundler).to receive(:bundle_path).and_return(Pathname("tmp/vendor/bundle"))
+          bin_dir = Pathname("tmp/vendor/bin_dir/")
+
+          # allow File#writable? to be called with args other than the stubbed on below
+          allow(File).to receive(:writable?).and_call_original
+
+          # fake make the directory unwritable
+          allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(bin_dir).and_return(false)
+          allow(Bundler).to receive(:system_bindir).and_return(Pathname("tmp/vendor/bin_dir/"))
+          message = <<-MESSAGE.chomp
+Following files may not be writable, so sudo is needed:
+  tmp/vendor/bin_dir/
+  tmp/vendor/bundle/unwritable1.txt
+  tmp/vendor/bundle/unwritable2.txt
+MESSAGE
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(message)
+          expect(Bundler.requires_sudo?).to eq(true)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "user cache dir" do
+    let(:home_path)                  { Pathname.new(ENV["HOME"]) }
+
+    let(:xdg_data_home)              { home_path.join(".local") }
+    let(:xdg_cache_home)             { home_path.join(".cache") }
+    let(:xdg_config_home)            { home_path.join(".config") }
+
+    let(:bundle_user_home_default)   { home_path.join(".bundle") }
+    let(:bundle_user_home_custom)    { xdg_data_home.join("bundle") }
+
+    let(:bundle_user_cache_default)  { bundle_user_home_default.join("cache") }
+    let(:bundle_user_cache_custom)   { xdg_cache_home.join("bundle") }
+
+    let(:bundle_user_config_default) { bundle_user_home_default.join("config") }
+    let(:bundle_user_config_custom)  { xdg_config_home.join("bundle") }
+
+    let(:bundle_user_plugin_default) { bundle_user_home_default.join("plugin") }
+    let(:bundle_user_plugin_custom)  { xdg_data_home.join("bundle").join("plugin") }
+
+    describe "#user_bundle_path" do
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(home_path)
+      end
+
+      it "should use the default home path" do
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path).to           eq(bundle_user_home_default)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("home")).to   eq(bundle_user_home_default)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("cache")).to  eq(bundle_user_cache_default)
+        expect(Bundler.user_cache).to                 eq(bundle_user_cache_default)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("config")).to eq(bundle_user_config_default)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("plugin")).to eq(bundle_user_plugin_default)
+      end
+
+      it "should use custom home path as root for other paths" do
+        ENV["BUNDLE_USER_HOME"] = bundle_user_home_custom.to_s
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_raise
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path).to           eq(bundle_user_home_custom)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("home")).to   eq(bundle_user_home_custom)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("cache")).to  eq(bundle_user_home_custom.join("cache"))
+        expect(Bundler.user_cache).to                 eq(bundle_user_home_custom.join("cache"))
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("config")).to eq(bundle_user_home_custom.join("config"))
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("plugin")).to eq(bundle_user_home_custom.join("plugin"))
+      end
+
+      it "should use all custom paths, except home" do
+        ENV.delete("BUNDLE_USER_HOME")
+        ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CACHE"]  = bundle_user_cache_custom.to_s
+        ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"] = bundle_user_config_custom.to_s
+        ENV["BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN"] = bundle_user_plugin_custom.to_s
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path).to           eq(bundle_user_home_default)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("home")).to   eq(bundle_user_home_default)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("cache")).to  eq(bundle_user_cache_custom)
+        expect(Bundler.user_cache).to                 eq(bundle_user_cache_custom)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("config")).to eq(bundle_user_config_custom)
+        expect(Bundler.user_bundle_path("plugin")).to eq(bundle_user_plugin_custom)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/cli_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/cli_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5de12c211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/cli_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/cli"
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle executable" do
+  it "returns non-zero exit status when passed unrecognized options" do
+    bundle "--invalid_argument", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to_not be_zero
+  end
+
+  it "returns non-zero exit status when passed unrecognized task" do
+    bundle "unrecognized-task", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to_not be_zero
+  end
+
+  it "looks for a binary and executes it if it's named bundler-<task>" do
+    skip "Could not find command testtasks, probably because not a windows friendly executable" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    File.open(tmp("bundler-testtasks"), "w", 0o755) do |f|
+      ruby = ENV["RUBY"] || "/usr/bin/env ruby"
+      f.puts "#!#{ruby}\nputs 'Hello, world'\n"
+    end
+
+    with_path_added(tmp) do
+      bundle "testtasks"
+    end
+
+    expect(out).to eq("Hello, world")
+  end
+
+  describe "aliases" do
+    it "aliases e to exec" do
+      bundle "e --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-exec")
+    end
+
+    it "aliases ex to exec" do
+      bundle "ex --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-exec")
+    end
+
+    it "aliases exe to exec" do
+      bundle "exe --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-exec")
+    end
+
+    it "aliases c to check" do
+      bundle "c --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-check")
+    end
+
+    it "aliases i to install" do
+      bundle "i --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-install")
+    end
+
+    it "aliases ls to list" do
+      bundle "ls --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-list")
+    end
+
+    it "aliases package to cache" do
+      bundle "package --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-cache")
+    end
+
+    it "aliases pack to cache" do
+      bundle "pack --help"
+
+      expect(out_with_macos_man_workaround).to include("bundle-cache")
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Some `man` (e.g., on macOS) always highlights the output even to
+    # non-tty.
+    def out_with_macos_man_workaround
+      out.gsub(/.[\b]/, "")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with no arguments" do
+    it "prints a concise help message", :bundler => "3" do
+      bundle ""
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to include("Bundler version #{Bundler::VERSION}").
+        and include("\n\nBundler commands:\n\n").
+        and include("\n\n  Primary commands:\n").
+        and include("\n\n  Utilities:\n").
+        and include("\n\nOptions:\n")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] is set to an empty string" do
+    it "ignores it" do
+      gemfile bundled_app_gemfile, <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMFILE" => "" }
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --verbose" do
+    it "prints the running command" do
+      gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      bundle "info bundler", :verbose => true
+      expect(out).to start_with("Running `bundle info bundler --verbose` with bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't print defaults" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"", :verbose => true
+      expect(out).to start_with("Running `bundle install --verbose` with bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't print defaults" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"", :verbose => true
+      expect(out).to start_with("Running `bundle install --verbose` with bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "printing the outdated warning" do
+    shared_examples_for "no warning" do
+      it "prints no warning" do
+        bundle "fail", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => bundler_version }, :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(last_command.stdboth).to eq("Could not find command \"fail\".")
+      end
+    end
+
+    let(:bundler_version) { "2.0" }
+    let(:latest_version) { nil }
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --global disable_version_check false"
+
+      pristine_system_gems "bundler-#{bundler_version}"
+      if latest_version
+        info_path = home(".bundle/cache/compact_index/rubygems.org.443.29b0360b937aa4d161703e6160654e47/info/bundler")
+        info_path.parent.mkpath
+        info_path.open("w") {|f| f.write "#{latest_version}\n" }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there is no latest version" do
+      include_examples "no warning"
+    end
+
+    context "when the latest version is equal to the current version" do
+      let(:latest_version) { bundler_version }
+      include_examples "no warning"
+    end
+
+    context "when the latest version is less than the current version" do
+      let(:latest_version) { "0.9" }
+      include_examples "no warning"
+    end
+
+    context "when the latest version is greater than the current version" do
+      let(:latest_version) { "222.0" }
+      it "prints the version warning" do
+        bundle "fail", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => bundler_version }, :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to start_with(<<-EOS.strip)
+The latest bundler is #{latest_version}, but you are currently running #{bundler_version}.
+To install the latest version, run `gem install bundler`
+        EOS
+      end
+
+      context "and disable_version_check is set" do
+        before { bundle "config set disable_version_check true", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => bundler_version } }
+        include_examples "no warning"
+      end
+
+      context "running a parseable command" do
+        it "prints no warning" do
+          bundle "config get --parseable foo", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => bundler_version }
+          expect(last_command.stdboth).to eq ""
+
+          bundle "platform --ruby", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => bundler_version }, :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(last_command.stdboth).to eq "Could not locate Gemfile"
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and is a pre-release" do
+        let(:latest_version) { "222.0.0.pre.4" }
+        it "prints the version warning" do
+          bundle "fail", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => bundler_version }, :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(err).to start_with(<<-EOS.strip)
+The latest bundler is #{latest_version}, but you are currently running #{bundler_version}.
+To install the latest version, run `gem install bundler --pre`
+          EOS
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundler executable" do
+  it "shows the bundler version just as the `bundle` executable does", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    bundler "--version"
+    expect(out).to eq("Bundler version #{Bundler::VERSION}")
+  end
+
+  it "shows the bundler version just as the `bundle` executable does", :bundler => "3" do
+    bundler "--version"
+    expect(out).to eq(Bundler::VERSION)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/compact_index_client/updater_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/compact_index_client/updater_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe417e3920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/compact_index_client/updater_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "net/http"
+require "bundler/compact_index_client"
+require "bundler/compact_index_client/updater"
+require "tmpdir"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::CompactIndexClient::Updater do
+  let(:fetcher) { double(:fetcher) }
+  let(:local_path) { Pathname.new Dir.mktmpdir("localpath") }
+  let(:remote_path) { double(:remote_path) }
+
+  let!(:updater) { described_class.new(fetcher) }
+
+  context "when the ETag header is missing" do
+    # Regression test for https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/5463
+    let(:response) { double(:response, :body => "abc123") }
+
+    it "treats the response as an update" do
+      expect(response).to receive(:[]).with("ETag") { nil }
+      expect(fetcher).to receive(:call) { response }
+
+      updater.update(local_path, remote_path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the download is corrupt" do
+    let(:response) { double(:response, :body => "") }
+
+    it "raises HTTPError" do
+      expect(fetcher).to receive(:call).and_raise(Zlib::GzipFile::Error)
+
+      expect do
+        updater.update(local_path, remote_path)
+      end.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when receiving non UTF-8 data and default internal encoding set to ASCII" do
+    let(:response) { double(:response, :body => "\x8B".b) }
+
+    it "works just fine" do
+      old_verbose = $VERBOSE
+      previous_internal_encoding = Encoding.default_internal
+
+      begin
+        $VERBOSE = false
+        Encoding.default_internal = "ASCII"
+        expect(response).to receive(:[]).with("ETag") { nil }
+        expect(fetcher).to receive(:call) { response }
+
+        updater.update(local_path, remote_path)
+      ensure
+        Encoding.default_internal = previous_internal_encoding
+        $VERBOSE = old_verbose
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/definition_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/definition_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd70d77cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/definition_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/definition"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Definition do
+  describe "#lock" do
+    before do
+      allow(Bundler).to receive(:settings) { Bundler::Settings.new(".") }
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile) { Pathname.new("Gemfile") }
+      allow(Bundler).to receive(:ui) { double("UI", :info => "", :debug => "") }
+    end
+    context "when it's not possible to write to the file" do
+      subject { Bundler::Definition.new(nil, [], Bundler::SourceList.new, []) }
+
+      it "raises an PermissionError with explanation" do
+        allow(File).to receive(:open).and_call_original
+        expect(File).to receive(:open).with("Gemfile.lock", "wb").
+          and_raise(Errno::EACCES)
+        expect { subject.lock("Gemfile.lock") }.
+          to raise_error(Bundler::PermissionError, /Gemfile\.lock/)
+      end
+    end
+    context "when a temporary resource access issue occurs" do
+      subject { Bundler::Definition.new(nil, [], Bundler::SourceList.new, []) }
+
+      it "raises a TemporaryResourceError with explanation" do
+        allow(File).to receive(:open).and_call_original
+        expect(File).to receive(:open).with("Gemfile.lock", "wb").
+          and_raise(Errno::EAGAIN)
+        expect { subject.lock("Gemfile.lock") }.
+          to raise_error(Bundler::TemporaryResourceError, /temporarily unavailable/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "detects changes" do
+    it "for a path gem with changes" do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack", "1.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+      expect(out).to match(/re-resolving dependencies/)
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PATH
+          remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+              rack (= 1.0)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "for a path gem with deps and no changes" do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack", "1.0"
+        s.add_development_dependency "net-ssh", "1.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+      expect(out).to match(/using resolution from the lockfile/)
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PATH
+          remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+              rack (= 1.0)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "for a locked gem for another platform" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "only_java", platform: :jruby
+      G
+
+      bundle "lock --add-platform java"
+      bundle :check, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+      expect(out).to match(/using resolution from the lockfile/)
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            only_java (1.1-java)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms_for(["java"] + local_platforms)}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          only_java
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "for a rubygems gem" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+      expect(out).to match(/using resolution from the lockfile/)
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "initialize" do
+    context "gem version promoter" do
+      context "with lockfile" do
+        before do
+          install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "foo"
+          G
+
+          allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        end
+
+        it "should get a locked specs list when updating all" do
+          definition = Bundler::Definition.new(bundled_app_lock, [], Bundler::SourceList.new, true)
+          locked_specs = definition.gem_version_promoter.locked_specs
+          expect(locked_specs.to_a.map(&:name)).to eq ["foo"]
+          expect(definition.instance_variable_get("@locked_specs").empty?).to eq true
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "without gemfile or lockfile" do
+        it "should not attempt to parse empty lockfile contents" do
+          definition = Bundler::Definition.new(nil, [], mock_source_list, true)
+          expect(definition.gem_version_promoter.locked_specs.to_a).to eq []
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "eager unlock" do
+        let(:source_list) do
+          Bundler::SourceList.new.tap do |source_list|
+            source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote(file_uri_for(gem_repo4))
+          end
+        end
+
+        before do
+          gemfile <<-G
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+            gem 'isolated_owner'
+
+            gem 'shared_owner_a'
+            gem 'shared_owner_b'
+          G
+
+          lockfile <<-L
+            GEM
+              remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}
+              specs:
+                isolated_dep (2.0.1)
+                isolated_owner (1.0.1)
+                  isolated_dep (~> 2.0)
+                shared_dep (5.0.1)
+                shared_owner_a (3.0.1)
+                  shared_dep (~> 5.0)
+                shared_owner_b (4.0.1)
+                  shared_dep (~> 5.0)
+
+            PLATFORMS
+              ruby
+
+            DEPENDENCIES
+              shared_owner_a
+              shared_owner_b
+              isolated_owner
+
+            BUNDLED WITH
+               1.13.0
+          L
+
+          allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        end
+
+        it "should not eagerly unlock shared dependency with bundle install conservative updating behavior" do
+          updated_deps_in_gemfile = [Bundler::Dependency.new("isolated_owner", ">= 0"),
+                                     Bundler::Dependency.new("shared_owner_a", "3.0.2"),
+                                     Bundler::Dependency.new("shared_owner_b", ">= 0")]
+          unlock_hash_for_bundle_install = {}
+          definition = Bundler::Definition.new(
+            bundled_app_lock,
+            updated_deps_in_gemfile,
+            source_list,
+            unlock_hash_for_bundle_install
+          )
+          locked = definition.send(:converge_locked_specs).map(&:name)
+          expect(locked).to include "shared_dep"
+        end
+
+        it "should not eagerly unlock shared dependency with bundle update conservative updating behavior" do
+          updated_deps_in_gemfile = [Bundler::Dependency.new("isolated_owner", ">= 0"),
+                                     Bundler::Dependency.new("shared_owner_a", ">= 0"),
+                                     Bundler::Dependency.new("shared_owner_b", ">= 0")]
+          definition = Bundler::Definition.new(
+            bundled_app_lock,
+            updated_deps_in_gemfile,
+            source_list,
+            :gems => ["shared_owner_a"], :conservative => true
+          )
+          locked = definition.send(:converge_locked_specs).map(&:name)
+          expect(locked).to eq %w[isolated_dep isolated_owner shared_dep shared_owner_b]
+          expect(locked.include?("shared_dep")).to be_truthy
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def mock_source_list
+    Class.new do
+      def all_sources
+        []
+      end
+
+      def path_sources
+        []
+      end
+
+      def rubygems_remotes
+        []
+      end
+
+      def replace_sources!(arg)
+        nil
+      end
+    end.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/dep_proxy_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/dep_proxy_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d02a33725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/dep_proxy_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::DepProxy do
+  let(:dep) { Bundler::Dependency.new("rake", ">= 0") }
+  subject { described_class.get_proxy(dep, Gem::Platform::RUBY) }
+  let(:same) { subject }
+  let(:other) { described_class.get_proxy(dep, Gem::Platform::RUBY) }
+  let(:different) { described_class.get_proxy(dep, Gem::Platform::JAVA) }
+
+  describe "#eql?" do
+    it { expect(subject.eql?(same)).to be true }
+    it { expect(subject.eql?(other)).to be true }
+    it { expect(subject.eql?(different)).to be false }
+    it { expect(subject.eql?(nil)).to be false }
+    it { expect(subject.eql?("foobar")).to be false }
+  end
+
+  describe "must use factory methods" do
+    it { expect { described_class.new(dep, Gem::Platform::RUBY) }.to raise_error NoMethodError }
+    it { expect { subject.dup }.to raise_error NoMethodError }
+    it { expect { subject.clone }.to raise_error NoMethodError }
+  end
+
+  describe "frozen" do
+    if Gem.ruby_version >= Gem::Version.new("2.5.0")
+      error = Object.const_get("FrozenError")
+    else
+      error = RuntimeError
+    end
+    it { expect { subject.instance_variable_set(:@__platform, {}) }.to raise_error error }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/digest_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/digest_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6bb043fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/digest_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "digest"
+require "bundler/digest"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Digest do
+  context "SHA1" do
+    subject { Bundler::Digest }
+    let(:stdlib) { ::Digest::SHA1 }
+
+    it "is compatible with stdlib" do
+      ["foo", "skfjsdlkfjsdf", "3924m", "ldskfj"].each do |payload|
+        expect(subject.sha1(payload)).to be == stdlib.hexdigest(payload)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/dsl_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/dsl_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a44a12924c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/dsl_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Dsl do
+  before do
+    @rubygems = double("rubygems")
+    allow(Bundler::Source::Rubygems).to receive(:new) { @rubygems }
+  end
+
+  describe "#git_source" do
+    it "registers custom hosts" do
+      subject.git_source(:example) {|repo_name| "git@git.example.com:#{repo_name}.git" }
+      subject.git_source(:foobar) {|repo_name| "git@foobar.com:#{repo_name}.git" }
+      subject.gem("dobry-pies", :example => "strzalek/dobry-pies")
+      example_uri = "git@git.example.com:strzalek/dobry-pies.git"
+      expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(example_uri)
+    end
+
+    it "raises exception on invalid hostname" do
+      expect do
+        subject.git_source(:group) {|repo_name| "git@git.example.com:#{repo_name}.git" }
+      end.to raise_error(Bundler::InvalidOption)
+    end
+
+    it "expects block passed" do
+      expect { subject.git_source(:example) }.to raise_error(Bundler::InvalidOption)
+    end
+
+    it "converts :github PR to URI using https" do
+      subject.gem("sparks", :github => "https://github.com/indirect/sparks/pull/5")
+      github_uri = "https://github.com/indirect/sparks.git"
+      expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(github_uri)
+      expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.branch).to eq("refs/pull/5/head")
+    end
+
+    it "rejects :github PR URI with a branch, ref or tag" do
+      expect do
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "https://github.com/indirect/sparks/pull/5", :branch => "foo")
+      end.to raise_error(
+        Bundler::GemfileError,
+        %(The :branch option can't be used with `github: "https://github.com/indirect/sparks/pull/5"`),
+      )
+
+      expect do
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "https://github.com/indirect/sparks/pull/5", :ref => "foo")
+      end.to raise_error(
+        Bundler::GemfileError,
+        %(The :ref option can't be used with `github: "https://github.com/indirect/sparks/pull/5"`),
+      )
+
+      expect do
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "https://github.com/indirect/sparks/pull/5", :tag => "foo")
+      end.to raise_error(
+        Bundler::GemfileError,
+        %(The :tag option can't be used with `github: "https://github.com/indirect/sparks/pull/5"`),
+      )
+    end
+
+    it "rejects :github with :git" do
+      expect do
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "indirect/sparks", :git => "https://github.com/indirect/sparks.git")
+      end.to raise_error(
+        Bundler::GemfileError,
+        %(The :git option can't be used with `github: "indirect/sparks"`),
+      )
+    end
+
+    context "default hosts", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      it "converts :github to URI using https" do
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "indirect/sparks")
+        github_uri = "https://github.com/indirect/sparks.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(github_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "converts :github shortcut to URI using https" do
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "rails")
+        github_uri = "https://github.com/rails/rails.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(github_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "converts numeric :gist to :git" do
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :gist => 2_859_988)
+        github_uri = "https://gist.github.com/2859988.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(github_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "converts :gist to :git" do
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :gist => "2859988")
+        github_uri = "https://gist.github.com/2859988.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(github_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "converts :bitbucket to :git" do
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :bitbucket => "mcorp/flatlab-rails")
+        bitbucket_uri = "https://mcorp@bitbucket.org/mcorp/flatlab-rails.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(bitbucket_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "converts 'mcorp' to 'mcorp/mcorp'" do
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :bitbucket => "mcorp")
+        bitbucket_uri = "https://mcorp@bitbucket.org/mcorp/mcorp.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(bitbucket_uri)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "default git sources" do
+      it "has bitbucket, gist, and github" do
+        expect(subject.instance_variable_get(:@git_sources).keys.sort).to eq(%w[bitbucket gist github])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#method_missing" do
+    it "raises an error for unknown DSL methods" do
+      expect(Bundler).to receive(:read_file).with(source_root.join("Gemfile").to_s).
+        and_return("unknown")
+
+      error_msg = "There was an error parsing `Gemfile`: Undefined local variable or method `unknown' for Gemfile. Bundler cannot continue."
+      expect { subject.eval_gemfile("Gemfile") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, Regexp.new(error_msg))
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#eval_gemfile" do
+    it "handles syntax errors with a useful message" do
+      expect(Bundler).to receive(:read_file).with(source_root.join("Gemfile").to_s).and_return("}")
+      expect { subject.eval_gemfile("Gemfile") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /There was an error parsing `Gemfile`: (syntax error, unexpected tSTRING_DEND|(compile error - )?syntax error, unexpected '\}'). Bundler cannot continue./)
+    end
+
+    it "distinguishes syntax errors from evaluation errors" do
+      expect(Bundler).to receive(:read_file).with(source_root.join("Gemfile").to_s).and_return(
+        "ruby '2.1.5', :engine => 'ruby', :engine_version => '1.2.4'"
+      )
+      expect { subject.eval_gemfile("Gemfile") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /There was an error evaluating `Gemfile`: ruby_version must match the :engine_version for MRI/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#gem" do
+    [:ruby, :ruby_18, :ruby_19, :ruby_20, :ruby_21, :ruby_22, :ruby_23, :ruby_24, :ruby_25, :ruby_26, :mri, :mri_18, :mri_19,
+     :mri_20, :mri_21, :mri_22, :mri_23, :mri_24, :mri_25, :mri_26, :jruby, :rbx, :truffleruby].each do |platform|
+      it "allows #{platform} as a valid platform" do
+        subject.gem("foo", :platform => platform)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "rejects invalid platforms" do
+      expect { subject.gem("foo", :platform => :bogus) }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /is not a valid platform/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects empty gem name" do
+      expect { subject.gem("") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /an empty gem name is not valid/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects with a leading space in the name" do
+      expect { subject.gem(" foo") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /' foo' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects with a trailing space in the name" do
+      expect { subject.gem("foo ") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /'foo ' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects with a space in the gem name" do
+      expect { subject.gem("fo o") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /'fo o' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects with a tab in the gem name" do
+      expect { subject.gem("fo\to") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /'fo\to' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects with a newline in the gem name" do
+      expect { subject.gem("fo\no") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /'fo\no' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects with a carriage return in the gem name" do
+      expect { subject.gem("fo\ro") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /'fo\ro' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects with a form feed in the gem name" do
+      expect { subject.gem("fo\fo") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /'fo\fo' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects symbols as gem name" do
+      expect { subject.gem(:foo) }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /You need to specify gem names as Strings. Use 'gem "foo"' instead/)
+    end
+
+    it "rejects branch option on non-git gems" do
+      expect { subject.gem("foo", :branch => "test") }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /The `branch` option for `gem 'foo'` is not allowed. Only gems with a git source can specify a branch/)
+    end
+
+    it "allows specifying a branch on git gems" do
+      subject.gem("foo", :branch => "test", :git => "http://mytestrepo")
+      dep = subject.dependencies.last
+      expect(dep.name).to eq "foo"
+    end
+
+    it "allows specifying a branch on git gems with a git_source" do
+      subject.git_source(:test_source) {|n| "https://github.com/#{n}" }
+      subject.gem("foo", :branch => "test", :test_source => "bundler/bundler")
+      dep = subject.dependencies.last
+      expect(dep.name).to eq "foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "can bundle groups of gems with" do
+    # git "https://github.com/rails/rails.git" do
+    #   gem "railties"
+    #   gem "action_pack"
+    #   gem "active_model"
+    # end
+    describe "#git" do
+      it "from a single repo" do
+        rails_gems = %w[railties action_pack active_model]
+        subject.git "https://github.com/rails/rails.git" do
+          rails_gems.each {|rails_gem| subject.send :gem, rails_gem }
+        end
+        expect(subject.dependencies.map(&:name)).to match_array rails_gems
+      end
+    end
+
+    # github 'spree' do
+    #   gem 'spree_core'
+    #   gem 'spree_api'
+    #   gem 'spree_backend'
+    # end
+    describe "#github" do
+      it "from github" do
+        spree_gems = %w[spree_core spree_api spree_backend]
+        subject.github "spree" do
+          spree_gems.each {|spree_gem| subject.send :gem, spree_gem }
+        end
+
+        subject.dependencies.each do |d|
+          expect(d.source.uri).to eq("https://github.com/spree/spree.git")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "syntax errors" do
+    it "will raise a Bundler::GemfileError" do
+      gemfile "gem 'foo', :path => /unquoted/string/syntax/error"
+      expect { Bundler::Dsl.evaluate(bundled_app_gemfile, nil, true) }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /There was an error parsing `Gemfile`:( compile error -)? unknown regexp options - trg.+ Bundler cannot continue./)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Runtime errors" do
+    it "will raise a Bundler::GemfileError" do
+      gemfile "raise RuntimeError, 'foo'"
+      expect { Bundler::Dsl.evaluate(bundled_app_gemfile, nil, true) }.
+        to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileError, /There was an error parsing `Gemfile`: foo. Bundler cannot continue./i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#with_source" do
+    context "if there was a rubygem source already defined" do
+      it "restores it after it's done" do
+        other_source = double("other-source")
+        allow(Bundler::Source::Rubygems).to receive(:new).and_return(other_source)
+        allow(Bundler).to receive(:default_gemfile).and_return(Pathname.new("./Gemfile"))
+
+        subject.source("https://other-source.org") do
+          subject.gem("dobry-pies", :path => "foo")
+          subject.gem("foo")
+        end
+
+        expect(subject.dependencies.last.source).to eq(other_source)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#check_primary_source_safety" do
+    context "when a global source is not defined implicitly" do
+      it "will raise a major deprecation warning" do
+        not_a_global_source = double("not-a-global-source", :no_remotes? => true)
+        allow(Bundler::Source::Rubygems).to receive(:new).and_return(not_a_global_source)
+
+        warning = "This Gemfile does not include an explicit global source. " \
+          "Not using an explicit global source may result in a different lockfile being generated depending on " \
+          "the gems you have installed locally before bundler is run. " \
+          "Instead, define a global source in your Gemfile like this: source \"https://rubygems.org\"."
+        expect(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:major_deprecation).with(2, warning)
+
+        subject.check_primary_source_safety
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/endpoint_specification_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/endpoint_specification_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9371f6617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/endpoint_specification_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::EndpointSpecification do
+  let(:name)         { "foo" }
+  let(:version)      { "1.0.0" }
+  let(:platform)     { Gem::Platform::RUBY }
+  let(:dependencies) { [] }
+  let(:metadata)     { nil }
+
+  subject(:spec) { described_class.new(name, version, platform, dependencies, metadata) }
+
+  describe "#build_dependency" do
+    let(:name)           { "foo" }
+    let(:requirement1)   { "~> 1.1" }
+    let(:requirement2)   { ">= 1.1.7" }
+
+    it "should return a Gem::Dependency" do
+      expect(subject.send(:build_dependency, name, [requirement1, requirement2])).
+        to eq(Gem::Dependency.new(name, requirement1, requirement2))
+    end
+
+    context "when an ArgumentError occurs" do
+      before do
+        allow(Gem::Dependency).to receive(:new).with(name, [requirement1, requirement2]) {
+          raise ArgumentError.new("Some error occurred")
+        }
+      end
+
+      it "should raise the original error" do
+        expect { subject.send(:build_dependency, name, [requirement1, requirement2]) }.to raise_error(
+          ArgumentError, "Some error occurred"
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there is an ill formed requirement" do
+      before do
+        allow(Gem::Dependency).to receive(:new).with(name, [requirement1, requirement2]) {
+          raise ArgumentError.new("Ill-formed requirement [\"#<YAML::Syck::DefaultKey")
+        }
+        # Eliminate extra line break in rspec output due to `puts` in `#build_dependency`
+        allow(subject).to receive(:puts) {}
+      end
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::GemspecError with invalid gemspec message" do
+        expect { subject.send(:build_dependency, name, [requirement1, requirement2]) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::GemspecError, /Unfortunately, the gem foo \(1\.0\.0\) has an invalid gemspec/
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#parse_metadata" do
+    context "when the metadata has malformed requirements" do
+      let(:metadata) { { "rubygems" => ">\n" } }
+      it "raises a helpful error message" do
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::GemspecError,
+          a_string_including("There was an error parsing the metadata for the gem foo (1.0.0)").
+            and(a_string_including('The metadata was {"rubygems"=>">\n"}'))
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "supports equality comparison" do
+    other_spec = described_class.new("bar", version, platform, dependencies, metadata)
+    expect(spec).to eql(spec)
+    expect(spec).to_not eql(other_spec)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/env_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/env_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8cd59311b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/env_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/settings"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Env do
+  let(:git_proxy_stub) { Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy.new(nil, nil, nil) }
+
+  describe "#report" do
+    it "prints the environment" do
+      out = described_class.report
+
+      expect(out).to include("Environment")
+      expect(out).to include(Bundler::VERSION)
+      expect(out).to include(Gem::VERSION)
+      expect(out).to include(described_class.send(:ruby_version))
+      expect(out).to include(described_class.send(:git_version))
+      expect(out).to include(OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION)
+    end
+
+    describe "rubygems paths" do
+      it "prints gem home" do
+        with_clear_paths("GEM_HOME", "/a/b/c") do
+          out = described_class.report
+          expect(out).to include("Gem Home    /a/b/c")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "prints gem path" do
+        with_clear_paths("GEM_PATH", "/a/b/c#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}d/e/f") do
+          out = described_class.report
+          expect(out).to include("Gem Path    /a/b/c#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}d/e/f")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "prints user home" do
+        skip "needs to use a valid HOME" if Gem.win_platform? && RUBY_VERSION < "2.6.0"
+
+        with_clear_paths("HOME", "/a/b/c") do
+          out = described_class.report
+          expect(out).to include("User Home   /a/b/c")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "prints user path" do
+        skip "needs to use a valid HOME" if Gem.win_platform? && RUBY_VERSION < "2.6.0"
+
+        with_clear_paths("HOME", "/a/b/c") do
+          allow(File).to receive(:exist?)
+          allow(File).to receive(:exist?).with("/a/b/c/.gem").and_return(true)
+          out = described_class.report
+          expect(out).to include("User Path   /a/b/c/.gem")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "prints bin dir" do
+        with_clear_paths("GEM_HOME", "/a/b/c") do
+          out = described_class.report
+          expect(out).to include("Bin Dir     /a/b/c/bin")
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def with_clear_paths(env_var, env_value)
+        old_env_var = ENV[env_var]
+        ENV[env_var] = env_value
+        Gem.clear_paths
+        yield
+      ensure
+        ENV[env_var] = old_env_var
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there is a Gemfile and a lockfile and print_gemfile is true" do
+      before do
+        gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem 'rack', '1.0.0'"
+
+        lockfile <<-L
+          GEM
+            remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+            specs:
+              rack (1.0.0)
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            rack
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             1.10.0
+        L
+
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      end
+
+      let(:output) { described_class.report(:print_gemfile => true) }
+
+      it "prints the Gemfile" do
+        expect(output).to include("Gemfile")
+        expect(output).to include("'rack', '1.0.0'")
+      end
+
+      it "prints the lockfile" do
+        expect(output).to include("Gemfile.lock")
+        expect(output).to include("rack (1.0.0)")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there no Gemfile and print_gemfile is true" do
+      let(:output) { described_class.report(:print_gemfile => true) }
+
+      it "prints the environment" do
+        expect(output).to start_with("## Environment")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there's bundler config with credentials" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set https://localgemserver.test/ user:pass"
+      end
+
+      let(:output) { described_class.report(:print_gemfile => true) }
+
+      it "prints the config with redacted values" do
+        expect(output).to include("https://localgemserver.test")
+        expect(output).to include("user:[REDACTED]")
+        expect(output).to_not include("user:pass")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there's bundler config with OAuth token credentials" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set https://localgemserver.test/ api_token:x-oauth-basic"
+      end
+
+      let(:output) { described_class.report(:print_gemfile => true) }
+
+      it "prints the config with redacted values" do
+        expect(output).to include("https://localgemserver.test")
+        expect(output).to include("[REDACTED]:x-oauth-basic")
+        expect(output).to_not include("api_token:x-oauth-basic")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when Gemfile contains a gemspec and print_gemspecs is true" do
+      let(:gemspec) do
+        strip_whitespace(<<-GEMSPEC)
+          Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
+            gem.name = "foo"
+            gem.author = "Fumofu"
+          end
+        GEMSPEC
+      end
+
+      before do
+        gemfile("source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gemspec")
+
+        File.open(bundled_app.join("foo.gemspec"), "wb") do |f|
+          f.write(gemspec)
+        end
+
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      end
+
+      it "prints the gemspec" do
+        output = described_class.report(:print_gemspecs => true)
+
+        expect(output).to include("foo.gemspec")
+        expect(output).to include(gemspec)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when eval_gemfile is used" do
+      it "prints all gemfiles" do
+        create_file bundled_app("other/Gemfile-other"), "gem 'rack'"
+        create_file bundled_app("other/Gemfile"), "eval_gemfile 'Gemfile-other'"
+        create_file bundled_app("Gemfile-alt"), <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          eval_gemfile "other/Gemfile"
+        G
+        gemfile "eval_gemfile #{bundled_app("Gemfile-alt").to_s.dump}"
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:pwd).and_return(bundled_app)
+
+        output = described_class.report(:print_gemspecs => true)
+        expect(output).to include(strip_whitespace(<<-ENV))
+          ## Gemfile
+
+          ### Gemfile
+
+          ```ruby
+          eval_gemfile #{bundled_app("Gemfile-alt").to_s.dump}
+          ```
+
+          ### Gemfile-alt
+
+          ```ruby
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          eval_gemfile "other/Gemfile"
+          ```
+
+          ### other/Gemfile
+
+          ```ruby
+          eval_gemfile 'Gemfile-other'
+          ```
+
+          ### other/Gemfile-other
+
+          ```ruby
+          gem 'rack'
+          ```
+
+          ### Gemfile.lock
+
+          ```
+          <No #{bundled_app_lock} found>
+          ```
+        ENV
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the git version is OS specific" do
+      it "includes OS specific information with the version number" do
+        expect(git_proxy_stub).to receive(:git).with("--version").
+          and_return("git version 1.2.3 (Apple Git-BS)")
+        expect(Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy).to receive(:new).and_return(git_proxy_stub)
+
+        expect(described_class.report).to include("Git         1.2.3 (Apple Git-BS)")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe ".version_of" do
+    let(:parsed_version) { described_class.send(:version_of, "ruby") }
+
+    it "strips version of new line characters" do
+      expect(parsed_version).to_not end_with("\n")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/environment_preserver_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/environment_preserver_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..530ca6f835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/environment_preserver_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::EnvironmentPreserver do
+  let(:preserver) { described_class.new(env, ["foo"]) }
+
+  describe "#backup" do
+    let(:env) { { "foo" => "my-foo", "bar" => "my-bar" } }
+    subject { preserver.backup }
+
+    it "should create backup entries" do
+      expect(subject["BUNDLER_ORIG_foo"]).to eq("my-foo")
+    end
+
+    it "should keep the original entry" do
+      expect(subject["foo"]).to eq("my-foo")
+    end
+
+    it "should not create backup entries for unspecified keys" do
+      expect(subject.key?("BUNDLER_ORIG_bar")).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it "should not affect the original env" do
+      subject
+      expect(env.keys.sort).to eq(%w[bar foo])
+    end
+
+    context "when a key is empty" do
+      let(:env) { { "foo" => "" } }
+
+      it "should not create backup entries" do
+        expect(subject).not_to have_key "BUNDLER_ORIG_foo"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when an original key is set" do
+      let(:env) { { "foo" => "my-foo", "BUNDLER_ORIG_foo" => "orig-foo" } }
+
+      it "should keep the original value in the BUNDLER_ORIG_ variable" do
+        expect(subject["BUNDLER_ORIG_foo"]).to eq("orig-foo")
+      end
+
+      it "should keep the variable" do
+        expect(subject["foo"]).to eq("my-foo")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#restore" do
+    subject { preserver.restore }
+
+    context "when an original key is set" do
+      let(:env) { { "foo" => "my-foo", "BUNDLER_ORIG_foo" => "orig-foo" } }
+
+      it "should restore the original value" do
+        expect(subject["foo"]).to eq("orig-foo")
+      end
+
+      it "should delete the backup value" do
+        expect(subject.key?("BUNDLER_ORIG_foo")).to eq(false)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when no original key is set" do
+      let(:env) { { "foo" => "my-foo" } }
+
+      it "should keep the current value" do
+        expect(subject["foo"]).to eq("my-foo")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the original key is empty" do
+      let(:env) { { "foo" => "my-foo", "BUNDLER_ORIG_foo" => "" } }
+
+      it "should keep the current value" do
+        expect(subject["foo"]).to eq("my-foo")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/base_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/base_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02506591f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/base_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Fetcher::Base do
+  let(:downloader)  { double(:downloader) }
+  let(:remote)      { double(:remote) }
+  let(:display_uri) { "http://sample_uri.com" }
+
+  class TestClass < described_class; end
+
+  subject { TestClass.new(downloader, remote, display_uri) }
+
+  describe "#initialize" do
+    context "with the abstract Base class" do
+      it "should raise an error" do
+        expect { described_class.new(downloader, remote, display_uri) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "Abstract class")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a class that inherits the Base class" do
+      it "should set the passed attributes" do
+        expect(subject.downloader).to eq(downloader)
+        expect(subject.remote).to eq(remote)
+        expect(subject.display_uri).to eq("http://sample_uri.com")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#remote_uri" do
+    let(:remote_uri_obj) { double(:remote_uri_obj) }
+
+    before { allow(remote).to receive(:uri).and_return(remote_uri_obj) }
+
+    it "should return the remote's uri" do
+      expect(subject.remote_uri).to eq(remote_uri_obj)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#fetch_uri" do
+    let(:remote_uri_obj) { Bundler::URI("http://rubygems.org") }
+
+    before { allow(subject).to receive(:remote_uri).and_return(remote_uri_obj) }
+
+    context "when the remote uri's host is rubygems.org" do
+      it "should create a copy of the remote uri with index.rubygems.org as the host" do
+        fetched_uri = subject.fetch_uri
+        expect(fetched_uri.host).to eq("index.rubygems.org")
+        expect(fetched_uri).to_not be(remote_uri_obj)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the remote uri's host is not rubygems.org" do
+      let(:remote_uri_obj) { Bundler::URI("http://otherhost.org") }
+
+      it "should return the remote uri" do
+        expect(subject.fetch_uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("http://otherhost.org"))
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "memoizes the fetched uri" do
+      expect(remote_uri_obj).to receive(:host).once
+      2.times { subject.fetch_uri }
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#available?" do
+    it "should return whether the api is available" do
+      expect(subject.available?).to be_truthy
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#api_fetcher?" do
+    it "should return false" do
+      expect(subject.api_fetcher?).to be_falsey
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/compact_index_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/compact_index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00eb27edea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/compact_index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# load CompactIndexClient upfront to prevent thread safety issues during parallel specs
+require "bundler/compact_index_client"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Fetcher::CompactIndex do
+  let(:downloader)  { double(:downloader) }
+  let(:display_uri) { Bundler::URI("http://sampleuri.com") }
+  let(:remote)      { double(:remote, :cache_slug => "lsjdf", :uri => display_uri) }
+  let(:compact_index) { described_class.new(downloader, remote, display_uri) }
+
+  before do
+    allow(compact_index).to receive(:log_specs) {}
+  end
+
+  describe "#specs_for_names" do
+    let(:thread_list) { Thread.list.select {|thread| thread.status == "run" } }
+    let(:thread_inspection) { thread_list.map {|th| "  * #{th}:\n    #{th.backtrace_locations.join("\n    ")}" }.join("\n") }
+
+    it "has only one thread open at the end of the run" do
+      compact_index.specs_for_names(["lskdjf"])
+
+      thread_count = thread_list.count
+      expect(thread_count).to eq(1), "Expected 1 active thread after `#specs_for_names`, but found #{thread_count}. In particular, found:\n#{thread_inspection}"
+    end
+
+    it "calls worker#stop during the run" do
+      expect_any_instance_of(Bundler::Worker).to receive(:stop).at_least(:once).and_call_original
+
+      compact_index.specs_for_names(["lskdjf"])
+    end
+
+    describe "#available?" do
+      before do
+        allow(compact_index).to receive(:compact_index_client).
+          and_return(double(:compact_index_client, :update_and_parse_checksums! => true))
+      end
+
+      it "returns true" do
+        expect(compact_index).to be_available
+      end
+
+      context "when OpenSSL is not available" do
+        before do
+          allow(compact_index).to receive(:require).with("openssl").and_raise(LoadError)
+        end
+
+        it "returns true" do
+          expect(compact_index).to be_available
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when OpenSSL is FIPS-enabled" do
+        def remove_cached_md5_availability
+          return unless Bundler::SharedHelpers.instance_variable_defined?(:@md5_available)
+          Bundler::SharedHelpers.remove_instance_variable(:@md5_available)
+        end
+
+        before do
+          remove_cached_md5_availability
+          stub_const("OpenSSL::OPENSSL_FIPS", true)
+        end
+
+        after { remove_cached_md5_availability }
+
+        context "when FIPS-mode is active" do
+          before do
+            allow(OpenSSL::Digest).to receive(:digest).with("MD5", "").
+              and_raise(OpenSSL::Digest::DigestError)
+          end
+
+          it "returns false" do
+            expect(compact_index).to_not be_available
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "returns true" do
+          expect(compact_index).to be_available
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "logging" do
+      before { allow(compact_index).to receive(:log_specs).and_call_original }
+
+      context "with debug on" do
+        before do
+          allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug?).and_return(true)
+        end
+
+        it "should log at info level" do
+          expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with('Looking up gems ["lskdjf"]')
+          compact_index.specs_for_names(["lskdjf"])
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with debug off" do
+        before do
+          allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug?).and_return(false)
+        end
+
+        it "should log at info level" do
+          expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :info).with(".", false)
+          compact_index.specs_for_names(["lskdjf"])
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/dependency_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/dependency_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53249116cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/dependency_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Fetcher::Dependency do
+  let(:downloader)  { double(:downloader) }
+  let(:remote)      { double(:remote, :uri => Bundler::URI("http://localhost:5000")) }
+  let(:display_uri) { "http://sample_uri.com" }
+
+  subject { described_class.new(downloader, remote, display_uri) }
+
+  describe "#available?" do
+    let(:dependency_api_uri) { double(:dependency_api_uri) }
+    let(:fetched_spec)       { double(:fetched_spec) }
+
+    before do
+      allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_api_uri).and_return(dependency_api_uri)
+      allow(downloader).to receive(:fetch).with(dependency_api_uri).and_return(fetched_spec)
+    end
+
+    it "should be truthy" do
+      expect(subject.available?).to be_truthy
+    end
+
+    context "when there is no network access" do
+      before do
+        allow(downloader).to receive(:fetch).with(dependency_api_uri) {
+          raise Bundler::Fetcher::NetworkDownError.new("Network Down Message")
+        }
+      end
+
+      it "should raise an HTTPError with the original message" do
+        expect { subject.available? }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError, "Network Down Message")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when authentication is required" do
+      let(:remote_uri) { "http://remote_uri.org" }
+
+      before do
+        allow(downloader).to receive(:fetch).with(dependency_api_uri) {
+          raise Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError.new(remote_uri)
+        }
+      end
+
+      it "should raise the original error" do
+        expect { subject.available? }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError,
+          %r{Authentication is required for http://remote_uri.org})
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there is an http error" do
+      before { allow(downloader).to receive(:fetch).with(dependency_api_uri) { raise Bundler::HTTPError.new } }
+
+      it "should be falsey" do
+        expect(subject.available?).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#api_fetcher?" do
+    it "should return true" do
+      expect(subject.api_fetcher?).to be_truthy
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#specs" do
+    let(:gem_names)            { %w[foo bar] }
+    let(:full_dependency_list) { ["bar"] }
+    let(:last_spec_list)       { [["boulder", gem_version1, "ruby", resque]] }
+    let(:fail_errors)          { double(:fail_errors) }
+    let(:bundler_retry)        { double(:bundler_retry) }
+    let(:gem_version1)         { double(:gem_version1) }
+    let(:resque)               { double(:resque) }
+    let(:remote_uri)           { "http://remote-uri.org" }
+
+    before do
+      stub_const("Bundler::Fetcher::FAIL_ERRORS", fail_errors)
+      allow(Bundler::Retry).to receive(:new).with("dependency api", fail_errors).and_return(bundler_retry)
+      allow(bundler_retry).to receive(:attempts) {|&block| block.call }
+      allow(subject).to receive(:log_specs) {}
+      allow(subject).to receive(:remote_uri).and_return(remote_uri)
+      allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug?)
+      allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :info)
+      allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug)
+    end
+
+    context "when there are given gem names that are not in the full dependency list" do
+      let(:spec_list)        { [["top", gem_version2, "ruby", faraday]] }
+      let(:deps_list)        { [] }
+      let(:dependency_specs) { [spec_list, deps_list] }
+      let(:gem_version2)     { double(:gem_version2) }
+      let(:faraday)          { double(:faraday) }
+
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_specs).with(["foo"]).and_return(dependency_specs) }
+
+      it "should return a hash with the remote_uri and the list of specs" do
+        expect(subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)).to eq([
+          ["top", gem_version2, "ruby", faraday],
+          ["boulder", gem_version1, "ruby", resque],
+        ])
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when all given gem names are in the full dependency list" do
+      let(:gem_names)            { ["foo"] }
+      let(:full_dependency_list) { %w[foo bar] }
+      let(:last_spec_list)       { ["boulder"] }
+
+      it "should return a hash with the remote_uri and the last spec list" do
+        expect(subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)).to eq(["boulder"])
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "logging" do
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:log_specs).and_call_original }
+
+      context "with debug on" do
+        before do
+          allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug?).and_return(true)
+          allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_specs).with(["foo"]).and_return([[], []])
+        end
+
+        it "should log the query list at debug level" do
+          expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with("Query List: [\"foo\"]")
+          expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with("Query List: []")
+          subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with debug off" do
+        before do
+          allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug?).and_return(false)
+          allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_specs).with(["foo"]).and_return([[], []])
+        end
+
+        it "should log at info level" do
+          expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :info).with(".", false)
+          expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :info).with(".", false)
+          subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "the error is properly handled" do
+      it "should return nil" do
+        expect(subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      context "debug logging is not on" do
+        before { allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug?).and_return(false) }
+
+        it "should log a new line to info" do
+          expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :info).with("")
+          subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "the error suggests retrying with the full index" do
+      it "should log the inability to fetch from API at debug level" do
+        expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with("could not fetch from the dependency API\nit's suggested to retry using the full index via `bundle install --full-index`")
+        subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when an HTTPError occurs" do
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_specs) { raise Bundler::HTTPError.new } }
+
+      it_behaves_like "the error is properly handled"
+      it_behaves_like "the error suggests retrying with the full index"
+    end
+
+    context "when a GemspecError occurs" do
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_specs) { raise Bundler::GemspecError.new } }
+
+      it_behaves_like "the error is properly handled"
+      it_behaves_like "the error suggests retrying with the full index"
+    end
+
+    context "when a MarshalError occurs" do
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_specs) { raise Bundler::MarshalError.new } }
+
+      it_behaves_like "the error is properly handled"
+
+      it "should log the inability to fetch from API and mention retrying" do
+        expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with("could not fetch from the dependency API, trying the full index")
+        subject.specs(gem_names, full_dependency_list, last_spec_list)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#dependency_specs" do
+    let(:gem_names)                { [%w[foo bar], %w[bundler rubocop]] }
+    let(:gem_list)                 { double(:gem_list) }
+    let(:formatted_specs_and_deps) { double(:formatted_specs_and_deps) }
+
+    before do
+      allow(subject).to receive(:unmarshalled_dep_gems).with(gem_names).and_return(gem_list)
+      allow(subject).to receive(:get_formatted_specs_and_deps).with(gem_list).and_return(formatted_specs_and_deps)
+    end
+
+    it "should log the query list at debug level" do
+      expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with(
+        "Query Gemcutter Dependency Endpoint API: foo,bar,bundler,rubocop"
+      )
+      subject.dependency_specs(gem_names)
+    end
+
+    it "should return formatted specs and a unique list of dependencies" do
+      expect(subject.dependency_specs(gem_names)).to eq(formatted_specs_and_deps)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#unmarshalled_dep_gems" do
+    let(:gem_names)         { [%w[foo bar], %w[bundler rubocop]] }
+    let(:dep_api_uri)       { double(:dep_api_uri) }
+    let(:unmarshalled_gems) { double(:unmarshalled_gems) }
+    let(:fetch_response)    { double(:fetch_response, :body => double(:body)) }
+    let(:rubygems_limit)    { 50 }
+
+    before { allow(subject).to receive(:dependency_api_uri).with(gem_names).and_return(dep_api_uri) }
+
+    it "should fetch dependencies from RubyGems and unmarshal them" do
+      expect(gem_names).to receive(:each_slice).with(rubygems_limit).and_call_original
+      expect(downloader).to receive(:fetch).with(dep_api_uri).and_return(fetch_response)
+      expect(Bundler).to receive(:load_marshal).with(fetch_response.body).and_return([unmarshalled_gems])
+      expect(subject.unmarshalled_dep_gems(gem_names)).to eq([unmarshalled_gems])
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#get_formatted_specs_and_deps" do
+    let(:gem_list) do
+      [
+        {
+          :dependencies => {
+            "resque" => "req3,req4",
+          },
+          :name => "typhoeus",
+          :number => "1.0.1",
+          :platform => "ruby",
+        },
+        {
+          :dependencies => {
+            "faraday" => "req1,req2",
+          },
+          :name => "grape",
+          :number => "2.0.2",
+          :platform => "jruby",
+        },
+      ]
+    end
+
+    it "should return formatted specs and a unique list of dependencies" do
+      spec_list, deps_list = subject.get_formatted_specs_and_deps(gem_list)
+      expect(spec_list).to eq([["typhoeus", "1.0.1", "ruby", [["resque", ["req3,req4"]]]],
+                               ["grape", "2.0.2", "jruby", [["faraday", ["req1,req2"]]]]])
+      expect(deps_list).to eq(%w[resque faraday])
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#dependency_api_uri" do
+    let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://gem-api.com") }
+
+    context "with gem names" do
+      let(:gem_names) { %w[foo bar bundler rubocop] }
+
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:fetch_uri).and_return(uri) }
+
+      it "should return an api calling uri with the gems in the query" do
+        expect(subject.dependency_api_uri(gem_names).to_s).to eq(
+          "http://gem-api.com/api/v1/dependencies?gems=bar%2Cbundler%2Cfoo%2Crubocop"
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with no gem names" do
+      let(:gem_names) { [] }
+
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:fetch_uri).and_return(uri) }
+
+      it "should return an api calling uri with no query" do
+        expect(subject.dependency_api_uri(gem_names).to_s).to eq(
+          "http://gem-api.com/api/v1/dependencies"
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/downloader_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/downloader_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..94a0993a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/downloader_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Fetcher::Downloader do
+  let(:connection)     { double(:connection) }
+  let(:redirect_limit) { 5 }
+  let(:uri)            { Bundler::URI("http://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+  let(:options)        { double(:options) }
+
+  subject { described_class.new(connection, redirect_limit) }
+
+  describe "fetch" do
+    let(:counter)      { 0 }
+    let(:httpv)        { "1.1" }
+    let(:http_response) { double(:response) }
+
+    before do
+      allow(subject).to receive(:request).with(uri, options).and_return(http_response)
+      allow(http_response).to receive(:body).and_return("Body with info")
+    end
+
+    context "when the # requests counter is greater than the redirect limit" do
+      let(:counter) { redirect_limit + 1 }
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::HTTPError specifying too many redirects" do
+        expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError, "Too many redirects")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "logging" do
+      let(:http_response) { Net::HTTPSuccess.new("1.1", 200, "Success") }
+
+      it "should log the HTTP response code and message to debug" do
+        expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with("HTTP 200 Success #{uri}")
+        subject.fetch(uri, options, counter)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response is a Net::HTTPRedirection" do
+      let(:http_response) { Net::HTTPRedirection.new(httpv, 308, "Moved") }
+
+      before { http_response["location"] = "http://www.redirect-uri.com/api/v2/endpoint" }
+
+      it "should try to fetch the redirect uri and iterate the # requests counter" do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:fetch).with(Bundler::URI("http://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint"), options, 0).and_call_original
+        expect(subject).to receive(:fetch).with(Bundler::URI("http://www.redirect-uri.com/api/v2/endpoint"), options, 1)
+        subject.fetch(uri, options, counter)
+      end
+
+      context "when the redirect uri and original uri are the same" do
+        let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("ssh://username:password@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+
+        before { http_response["location"] = "ssh://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v1/endpoint" }
+
+        it "should set the same user and password for the redirect uri" do
+          expect(subject).to receive(:fetch).with(Bundler::URI("ssh://username:password@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint"), options, 0).and_call_original
+          expect(subject).to receive(:fetch).with(Bundler::URI("ssh://username:password@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v1/endpoint"), options, 1)
+          subject.fetch(uri, options, counter)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response is a Net::HTTPSuccess" do
+      let(:http_response) { Net::HTTPSuccess.new("1.1", 200, "Success") }
+
+      it "should return the response body" do
+        expect(subject.fetch(uri, options, counter)).to eq(http_response)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response is a Net::HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge" do
+      let(:http_response) { Net::HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge.new("1.1", 413, "Too Big") }
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::FallbackError with the response body" do
+        expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::FallbackError, "Body with info")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response is a Net::HTTPUnauthorized" do
+      let(:http_response) { Net::HTTPUnauthorized.new("1.1", 401, "Unauthorized") }
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError with the uri host" do
+        expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError,
+          /Authentication is required for www.uri-to-fetch.com/)
+      end
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError with advices" do
+        expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError,
+          /`bundle config set --global www\.uri-to-fetch\.com username:password`.*`BUNDLE_WWW__URI___TO___FETCH__COM`/m)
+      end
+
+      context "when the there are credentials provided in the request" do
+        let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://user:password@www.uri-to-fetch.com") }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::BadAuthenticationError that doesn't contain the password" do
+          expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.
+            to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::BadAuthenticationError, /Bad username or password for www.uri-to-fetch.com/)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response is a Net::HTTPNotFound" do
+      let(:http_response) { Net::HTTPNotFound.new("1.1", 404, "Not Found") }
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::FallbackError with Net::HTTPNotFound" do
+        expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.
+          to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::FallbackError, "Net::HTTPNotFound: http://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint")
+      end
+
+      context "when the there are credentials provided in the request" do
+        let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://username:password@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::FallbackError that doesn't contain the password" do
+          expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.
+            to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::FallbackError, "Net::HTTPNotFound: http://username@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response is some other type" do
+      let(:http_response) { Net::HTTPBadGateway.new("1.1", 500, "Fatal Error") }
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::HTTPError with the response class and body" do
+        expect { subject.fetch(uri, options, counter) }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError, "Net::HTTPBadGateway: Body with info")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "request" do
+    let(:net_http_get) { double(:net_http_get) }
+    let(:response)     { double(:response) }
+
+    before do
+      allow(Net::HTTP::Get).to receive(:new).with("/api/v2/endpoint", options).and_return(net_http_get)
+      allow(connection).to receive(:request).with(uri, net_http_get).and_return(response)
+    end
+
+    it "should log the HTTP GET request to debug" do
+      expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug).with("HTTP GET http://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint")
+      subject.request(uri, options)
+    end
+
+    context "when there is a user provided in the request" do
+      context "and there is also a password provided" do
+        context "that contains cgi escaped characters" do
+          let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://username:password%24@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+
+          it "should request basic authentication with the username and password" do
+            expect(net_http_get).to receive(:basic_auth).with("username", "password$")
+            subject.request(uri, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "that is all unescaped characters" do
+          let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://username:password@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+          it "should request basic authentication with the username and proper cgi compliant password" do
+            expect(net_http_get).to receive(:basic_auth).with("username", "password")
+            subject.request(uri, options)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and there is no password provided" do
+        let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://username@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+
+        it "should request basic authentication with just the user" do
+          expect(net_http_get).to receive(:basic_auth).with("username", nil)
+          subject.request(uri, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "that contains cgi escaped characters" do
+        let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://username%24@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+
+        it "should request basic authentication with the proper cgi compliant password user" do
+          expect(net_http_get).to receive(:basic_auth).with("username$", nil)
+          subject.request(uri, options)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response causes a NoMethodError" do
+      before { allow(connection).to receive(:request).with(uri, net_http_get) { raise NoMethodError.new(message) } }
+
+      context "and the error message is about use_ssl=" do
+        let(:message) { "undefined method 'use_ssl='" }
+
+        it "should raise a LoadError about openssl" do
+          expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(LoadError, "cannot load such file -- openssl")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and the error message is not about use_ssl=" do
+        let(:message) { "undefined method 'undefined_method_call'" }
+
+        it "should raise the original NoMethodError" do
+          expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(NoMethodError, /undefined method 'undefined_method_call'/)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response causes a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError" do
+      before { allow(connection).to receive(:request).with(uri, net_http_get) { raise OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError.new } }
+
+      it "should raise a LoadError about openssl" do
+        expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::CertificateFailureError,
+          %r{Could not verify the SSL certificate for http://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint})
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the request response causes an error included in HTTP_ERRORS" do
+      let(:message) { nil }
+      let(:error)   { RuntimeError.new(message) }
+
+      before do
+        stub_const("Bundler::Fetcher::HTTP_ERRORS", [RuntimeError])
+        allow(connection).to receive(:request).with(uri, net_http_get) { raise error }
+      end
+
+      it "should trace log the error" do
+        allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :debug)
+        expect(Bundler).to receive_message_chain(:ui, :trace).with(error)
+        expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError)
+      end
+
+      context "when error message is about the host being down" do
+        let(:message) { "host down: http://www.uri-to-fetch.com" }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::NetworkDownError" do
+          expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::NetworkDownError,
+            /Could not reach host www.uri-to-fetch.com/)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when error message is not about host down" do
+        let(:message) { "other error about network" }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::HTTPError" do
+          expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError,
+            "Network error while fetching http://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint (other error about network)")
+        end
+
+        context "when the there are credentials provided in the request" do
+          let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("http://username:password@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint") }
+          before do
+            allow(net_http_get).to receive(:basic_auth).with("username", "password")
+          end
+
+          it "should raise a Bundler::HTTPError that doesn't contain the password" do
+            expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError,
+              "Network error while fetching http://username@www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint (other error about network)")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when error message is about no route to host" do
+        let(:message) { "Failed to open TCP connection to www.uri-to-fetch.com:443 " }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::HTTPError" do
+          expect { subject.request(uri, options) }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError,
+            "Network error while fetching http://www.uri-to-fetch.com/api/v2/endpoint (#{message})")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/index_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0db07583c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher/index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rubygems/remote_fetcher"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Fetcher::Index do
+  let(:downloader)  { nil }
+  let(:remote)      { nil }
+  let(:display_uri) { "http://sample_uri.com" }
+  let(:rubygems)    { double(:rubygems) }
+  let(:gem_names)   { %w[foo bar] }
+
+  subject { described_class.new(downloader, remote, display_uri) }
+
+  before { allow(Bundler).to receive(:rubygems).and_return(rubygems) }
+
+  it "fetches and returns the list of remote specs" do
+    expect(rubygems).to receive(:fetch_all_remote_specs) { nil }
+    subject.specs(gem_names)
+  end
+
+  context "error handling" do
+    let(:remote_uri) { Bundler::URI("http://remote-uri.org") }
+    before do
+      allow(rubygems).to receive(:fetch_all_remote_specs) { raise Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError.new(error_message, display_uri) }
+      allow(subject).to receive(:remote_uri).and_return(remote_uri)
+    end
+
+    context "when certificate verify failed" do
+      let(:error_message) { "certificate verify failed" }
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::CertificateFailureError" do
+        expect { subject.specs(gem_names) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::CertificateFailureError,
+          %r{Could not verify the SSL certificate for http://sample_uri.com})
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a 401 response occurs" do
+      let(:error_message) { "401" }
+
+      before do
+        allow(remote_uri).to receive(:userinfo).and_return(userinfo)
+      end
+
+      context "and there was userinfo" do
+        let(:userinfo) { double(:userinfo) }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::BadAuthenticationError" do
+          expect { subject.specs(gem_names) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::BadAuthenticationError,
+            %r{Bad username or password for http://remote-uri.org})
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and there was no userinfo" do
+        let(:userinfo) { nil }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError" do
+          expect { subject.specs(gem_names) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError,
+            %r{Authentication is required for http://remote-uri.org})
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a 403 response occurs" do
+      let(:error_message) { "403" }
+
+      before do
+        allow(remote_uri).to receive(:userinfo).and_return(userinfo)
+      end
+
+      context "and there was userinfo" do
+        let(:userinfo) { double(:userinfo) }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::BadAuthenticationError" do
+          expect { subject.specs(gem_names) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::BadAuthenticationError,
+            %r{Bad username or password for http://remote-uri.org})
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and there was no userinfo" do
+        let(:userinfo) { nil }
+
+        it "should raise a Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError" do
+          expect { subject.specs(gem_names) }.to raise_error(Bundler::Fetcher::AuthenticationRequiredError,
+            %r{Authentication is required for http://remote-uri.org})
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "any other message is returned" do
+      let(:error_message) { "You get an error, you get an error!" }
+
+      before { allow(Bundler).to receive(:ui).and_return(double(:trace => nil)) }
+
+      it "should raise a Bundler::HTTPError" do
+        expect { subject.specs(gem_names) }.to raise_error(Bundler::HTTPError, "Could not fetch specs from http://sample_uri.com due to underlying error <You get an error, you get an error! (http://sample_uri.com)>")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..256d342775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/fetcher_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/fetcher"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Fetcher do
+  let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("https://example.com") }
+  let(:remote) { double("remote", :uri => uri, :original_uri => nil) }
+
+  subject(:fetcher) { Bundler::Fetcher.new(remote) }
+
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler).to receive(:root) { Pathname.new("root") }
+  end
+
+  describe "#connection" do
+    context "when Gem.configuration doesn't specify http_proxy" do
+      it "specify no http_proxy" do
+        expect(fetcher.http_proxy).to be_nil
+      end
+      it "consider environment vars when determine proxy" do
+        with_env_vars("HTTP_PROXY" => "http://proxy-example.com") do
+          expect(fetcher.http_proxy).to match("http://proxy-example.com")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    context "when Gem.configuration specifies http_proxy " do
+      let(:proxy) { "http://proxy-example2.com" }
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems.configuration).to receive(:[]).with(:http_proxy).and_return(proxy)
+      end
+      it "consider Gem.configuration when determine proxy" do
+        expect(fetcher.http_proxy).to match("http://proxy-example2.com")
+      end
+      it "consider Gem.configuration when determine proxy" do
+        with_env_vars("HTTP_PROXY" => "http://proxy-example.com") do
+          expect(fetcher.http_proxy).to match("http://proxy-example2.com")
+        end
+      end
+      context "when the proxy is :no_proxy" do
+        let(:proxy) { :no_proxy }
+        it "does not set a proxy" do
+          expect(fetcher.http_proxy).to be_nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a rubygems source mirror is set" do
+      let(:orig_uri) { Bundler::URI("http://zombo.com") }
+      let(:remote_with_mirror) do
+        double("remote", :uri => uri, :original_uri => orig_uri, :anonymized_uri => uri)
+      end
+
+      let(:fetcher) { Bundler::Fetcher.new(remote_with_mirror) }
+
+      it "sets the 'X-Gemfile-Source' header containing the original source" do
+        expect(
+          fetcher.send(:connection).override_headers["X-Gemfile-Source"]
+        ).to eq("http://zombo.com")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there is no rubygems source mirror set" do
+      let(:remote_no_mirror) do
+        double("remote", :uri => uri, :original_uri => nil, :anonymized_uri => uri)
+      end
+
+      let(:fetcher) { Bundler::Fetcher.new(remote_no_mirror) }
+
+      it "does not set the 'X-Gemfile-Source' header" do
+        expect(fetcher.send(:connection).override_headers["X-Gemfile-Source"]).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there are proxy environment variable(s) set" do
+      it "consider http_proxy" do
+        with_env_vars("HTTP_PROXY" => "http://proxy-example3.com") do
+          expect(fetcher.http_proxy).to match("http://proxy-example3.com")
+        end
+      end
+      it "consider no_proxy" do
+        with_env_vars("HTTP_PROXY" => "http://proxy-example4.com", "NO_PROXY" => ".example.com,.example.net") do
+          expect(
+            fetcher.send(:connection).no_proxy
+          ).to eq([".example.com", ".example.net"])
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when no ssl configuration is set" do
+      it "no cert" do
+        expect(fetcher.send(:connection).cert).to be_nil
+        expect(fetcher.send(:connection).key).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when bunder ssl ssl configuration is set" do
+      before do
+        cert = File.join(Spec::Path.tmpdir, "cert")
+        File.open(cert, "w") {|f| f.write "PEM" }
+        allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).and_return(nil)
+        allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with(:ssl_client_cert).and_return(cert)
+        expect(OpenSSL::X509::Certificate).to receive(:new).with("PEM").and_return("cert")
+        expect(OpenSSL::PKey::RSA).to receive(:new).with("PEM").and_return("key")
+      end
+      after do
+        FileUtils.rm File.join(Spec::Path.tmpdir, "cert")
+      end
+      it "use bundler configuration" do
+        expect(fetcher.send(:connection).cert).to eq("cert")
+        expect(fetcher.send(:connection).key).to eq("key")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem ssl configuration is set" do
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems.configuration).to receive_messages(
+          :http_proxy => nil,
+          :ssl_client_cert => "cert",
+          :ssl_ca_cert => "ca"
+        )
+        expect(File).to receive(:read).and_return("")
+        expect(OpenSSL::X509::Certificate).to receive(:new).and_return("cert")
+        expect(OpenSSL::PKey::RSA).to receive(:new).and_return("key")
+        store = double("ca store")
+        expect(store).to receive(:add_file)
+        expect(OpenSSL::X509::Store).to receive(:new).and_return(store)
+      end
+      it "use gem configuration" do
+        expect(fetcher.send(:connection).cert).to eq("cert")
+        expect(fetcher.send(:connection).key).to eq("key")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#user_agent" do
+    it "builds user_agent with current ruby version and Bundler settings" do
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:all).and_return(%w[foo bar])
+      expect(fetcher.user_agent).to match(%r{bundler/(\d.)})
+      expect(fetcher.user_agent).to match(%r{rubygems/(\d.)})
+      expect(fetcher.user_agent).to match(%r{ruby/(\d.)})
+      expect(fetcher.user_agent).to match(%r{options/foo,bar})
+    end
+
+    describe "include CI information" do
+      it "from one CI" do
+        with_env_vars("JENKINS_URL" => "foo") do
+          ci_part = fetcher.user_agent.split(" ").find {|x| x.start_with?("ci/") }
+          expect(ci_part).to match("jenkins")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "from many CI" do
+        with_env_vars("TRAVIS" => "foo", "GITLAB_CI" => "gitlab", "CI_NAME" => "my_ci") do
+          ci_part = fetcher.user_agent.split(" ").find {|x| x.start_with?("ci/") }
+          expect(ci_part).to match("travis")
+          expect(ci_part).to match("gitlab")
+          expect(ci_part).to match("my_ci")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/friendly_errors_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/friendly_errors_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..496191f891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/friendly_errors_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler"
+require "bundler/friendly_errors"
+require "cgi"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler, "friendly errors" do
+  context "with invalid YAML in .gemrc" do
+    before do
+      File.open(home(".gemrc"), "w") do |f|
+        f.write "invalid: yaml: hah"
+      end
+    end
+
+    after do
+      FileUtils.rm(home(".gemrc"))
+    end
+
+    it "reports a relevant friendly error message" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "DEBUG" => "true" }
+
+      expect(err).to include("Failed to load #{home(".gemrc")}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "calls log_error in case of exception" do
+    exception = Exception.new
+    expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors).to receive(:exit_status).with(exception).and_return(1)
+    expect do
+      Bundler.with_friendly_errors do
+        raise exception
+      end
+    end.to raise_error(SystemExit)
+  end
+
+  it "calls exit_status on exception" do
+    exception = Exception.new
+    expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors).to receive(:log_error).with(exception)
+    expect do
+      Bundler.with_friendly_errors do
+        raise exception
+      end
+    end.to raise_error(SystemExit)
+  end
+
+  describe "#log_error" do
+    shared_examples "Bundler.ui receive error" do |error, message|
+      it "" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).with(message || error.message)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples "Bundler.ui receive trace" do |error|
+      it "" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:trace).with(error)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "YamlSyntaxError" do
+      it_behaves_like "Bundler.ui receive error", Bundler::YamlSyntaxError.new(StandardError.new, "sample_message")
+
+      it "Bundler.ui receive trace" do
+        std_error = StandardError.new
+        exception = Bundler::YamlSyntaxError.new(std_error, "sample_message")
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:trace).with(std_error)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(exception)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "Dsl::DSLError, GemspecError" do
+      it_behaves_like "Bundler.ui receive error", Bundler::Dsl::DSLError.new("description", "dsl_path", "backtrace")
+      it_behaves_like "Bundler.ui receive error", Bundler::GemspecError.new
+    end
+
+    context "GemRequireError" do
+      let(:orig_error) { StandardError.new }
+      let(:error) { Bundler::GemRequireError.new(orig_error, "sample_message") }
+
+      before do
+        allow(orig_error).to receive(:backtrace).and_return([])
+      end
+
+      it "Bundler.ui receive error" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).with(error.message)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+
+      it "writes to Bundler.ui.trace" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:trace).with(orig_error)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "BundlerError" do
+      it "Bundler.ui receive error" do
+        error = Bundler::BundlerError.new
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).with(error.message, :wrap => true)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "Bundler.ui receive trace", Bundler::BundlerError.new
+    end
+
+    context "Thor::Error" do
+      it_behaves_like "Bundler.ui receive error", Bundler::Thor::Error.new
+    end
+
+    context "LoadError" do
+      let(:error) { LoadError.new("cannot load such file -- openssl") }
+
+      before do
+        allow(error).to receive(:backtrace).and_return(["backtrace"])
+      end
+
+      it "Bundler.ui receive error" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).with("\nCould not load OpenSSL. LoadError: cannot load such file -- openssl\nbacktrace")
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "Interrupt" do
+      it "Bundler.ui receive error" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).with("\nQuitting...")
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(Interrupt.new)
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "Bundler.ui receive trace", Interrupt.new
+    end
+
+    context "Gem::InvalidSpecificationException" do
+      it "Bundler.ui receive error" do
+        error = Gem::InvalidSpecificationException.new
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).with(error.message, :wrap => true)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "SystemExit" do
+      # Does nothing
+    end
+
+    context "Java::JavaLang::OutOfMemoryError" do
+      module Java
+        module JavaLang
+          class OutOfMemoryError < StandardError; end
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "Bundler.ui receive error" do
+        error = Java::JavaLang::OutOfMemoryError.new
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).with(/JVM has run out of memory/)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "unexpected error" do
+      it "calls request_issue_report_for with error" do
+        error = StandardError.new
+        expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors).to receive(:request_issue_report_for).with(error)
+        Bundler::FriendlyErrors.log_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#exit_status" do
+    it "calls status_code for BundlerError" do
+      error = Bundler::BundlerError.new
+      expect(error).to receive(:status_code).and_return("sample_status_code")
+      expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors.exit_status(error)).to eq("sample_status_code")
+    end
+
+    it "returns 15 for Thor::Error" do
+      error = Bundler::Thor::Error.new
+      expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors.exit_status(error)).to eq(15)
+    end
+
+    it "calls status for SystemExit" do
+      error = SystemExit.new
+      expect(error).to receive(:status).and_return("sample_status")
+      expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors.exit_status(error)).to eq("sample_status")
+    end
+
+    it "returns 1 in other cases" do
+      error = StandardError.new
+      expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors.exit_status(error)).to eq(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#request_issue_report_for" do
+    it "calls relevant methods for Bundler.ui" do
+      expect(Bundler.ui).not_to receive(:info)
+      expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error).exactly(3).times
+      expect(Bundler.ui).not_to receive(:warn)
+      Bundler::FriendlyErrors.request_issue_report_for(StandardError.new)
+    end
+
+    it "includes error class, message and backlog" do
+      error = StandardError.new
+      allow(Bundler::FriendlyErrors).to receive(:issues_url).and_return("")
+
+      expect(error).to receive(:class).at_least(:once)
+      expect(error).to receive(:message).at_least(:once)
+      expect(error).to receive(:backtrace).at_least(:once)
+      Bundler::FriendlyErrors.request_issue_report_for(error)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#issues_url" do
+    it "generates a search URL for the exception message" do
+      exception = Exception.new("Exception message")
+
+      expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors.issues_url(exception)).to eq("https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/search?q=Exception+message&type=Issues")
+    end
+
+    it "generates a search URL for only the first line of a multi-line exception message" do
+      exception = Exception.new(<<END)
+First line of the exception message
+Second line of the exception message
+END
+
+      expect(Bundler::FriendlyErrors.issues_url(exception)).to eq("https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/search?q=First+line+of+the+exception+message&type=Issues")
+    end
+
+    it "generates the url without colons" do
+      exception = Exception.new(<<END)
+Exception ::: with ::: colons :::
+END
+      issues_url = Bundler::FriendlyErrors.issues_url(exception)
+      expect(issues_url).not_to include("%3A")
+      expect(issues_url).to eq("https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/search?q=#{CGI.escape("Exception     with     colons    ")}&type=Issues")
+    end
+
+    it "removes information after - for Errono::EACCES" do
+      exception = Exception.new(<<END)
+Errno::EACCES: Permission denied @ dir_s_mkdir - /Users/foo/bar/
+END
+      allow(exception).to receive(:is_a?).with(Errno).and_return(true)
+      issues_url = Bundler::FriendlyErrors.issues_url(exception)
+      expect(issues_url).not_to include("/Users/foo/bar")
+      expect(issues_url).to eq("https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/search?q=#{CGI.escape("Errno  EACCES  Permission denied @ dir_s_mkdir ")}&type=Issues")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/gem_helper_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/gem_helper_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c43719aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/gem_helper_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rake"
+require "bundler/gem_helper"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::GemHelper do
+  let(:app_name) { "lorem__ipsum" }
+  let(:app_path) { bundled_app app_name }
+  let(:app_gemspec_path) { app_path.join("#{app_name}.gemspec") }
+
+  before(:each) do
+    global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__MIT" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__TEST" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__COC" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "false",
+                  "BUNDLE_GEM__CI" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__CHANGELOG" => "false"
+    bundle "gem #{app_name}"
+    prepare_gemspec(app_gemspec_path)
+  end
+
+  context "determining gemspec" do
+    subject { Bundler::GemHelper.new(app_path) }
+
+    context "fails" do
+      it "when there is no gemspec" do
+        FileUtils.rm app_gemspec_path
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error(/Unable to determine name/)
+      end
+
+      it "when there are two gemspecs and the name isn't specified" do
+        FileUtils.touch app_path.join("#{app_name}-2.gemspec")
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error(/Unable to determine name/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "interpolates the name" do
+      it "when there is only one gemspec" do
+        expect(subject.gemspec.name).to eq(app_name)
+      end
+
+      it "for a hidden gemspec" do
+        FileUtils.mv app_gemspec_path, app_path.join(".gemspec")
+        expect(subject.gemspec.name).to eq(app_name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "handles namespaces and converts them to CamelCase" do
+      bundle "gem #{app_name}-foo_bar"
+      underscore_path = bundled_app "#{app_name}-foo_bar"
+
+      lib = underscore_path.join("lib/#{app_name}/foo_bar.rb").read
+      expect(lib).to include("module LoremIpsum")
+      expect(lib).to include("module FooBar")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "gem management" do
+    def mock_confirm_message(message)
+      expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:confirm).with(message)
+    end
+
+    def mock_build_message(name, version)
+      message = "#{name} #{version} built to pkg/#{name}-#{version}.gem."
+      mock_confirm_message message
+    end
+
+    def mock_checksum_message(name, version)
+      message = "#{name} #{version} checksum written to checksums/#{name}-#{version}.gem.sha512."
+      mock_confirm_message message
+    end
+
+    subject! { Bundler::GemHelper.new(app_path) }
+    let(:app_version) { "0.1.0" }
+    let(:app_gem_dir) { app_path.join("pkg") }
+    let(:app_gem_path) { app_gem_dir.join("#{app_name}-#{app_version}.gem") }
+    let(:app_sha_path) { app_path.join("checksums", "#{app_name}-#{app_version}.gem.sha512") }
+    let(:app_gemspec_content) { File.read(app_gemspec_path) }
+
+    before(:each) do
+      content = app_gemspec_content.gsub("TODO: ", "")
+      content.sub!(/homepage\s+= ".*"/, 'homepage = ""')
+      content.gsub!(/spec\.metadata.+\n/, "")
+      File.open(app_gemspec_path, "w") {|file| file << content }
+    end
+
+    it "uses a shell UI for output" do
+      expect(Bundler.ui).to be_a(Bundler::UI::Shell)
+    end
+
+    describe "#install" do
+      let!(:rake_application) { Rake.application }
+
+      before(:each) do
+        Rake.application = Rake::Application.new
+      end
+
+      after(:each) do
+        Rake.application = rake_application
+      end
+
+      context "defines Rake tasks" do
+        let(:task_names) do
+          %w[build install release release:guard_clean
+             release:source_control_push release:rubygem_push]
+        end
+
+        context "before installation" do
+          it "raises an error with appropriate message" do
+            task_names.each do |name|
+              skip "Rake::FileTask '#{name}' exists" if File.exist?(name)
+              expect { Rake.application[name] }.
+                to raise_error(/^Don't know how to build task '#{name}'/)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "after installation" do
+          before do
+            subject.install
+          end
+
+          it "adds Rake tasks successfully" do
+            task_names.each do |name|
+              expect { Rake.application[name] }.not_to raise_error
+              expect(Rake.application[name]).to be_instance_of Rake::Task
+            end
+          end
+
+          it "provides a way to access the gemspec object" do
+            expect(subject.gemspec.name).to eq(app_name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#build_gem" do
+      context "when build failed" do
+        it "raises an error with appropriate message" do
+          # break the gemspec by adding back the TODOs
+          File.open(app_gemspec_path, "w") {|file| file << app_gemspec_content }
+          expect { subject.build_gem }.to raise_error(/TODO/)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when build was successful" do
+        it "creates .gem file" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          subject.build_gem
+          expect(app_gem_path).to exist
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when building in the current working directory" do
+        it "creates .gem file" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          Dir.chdir app_path do
+            Bundler::GemHelper.new.build_gem
+          end
+          expect(app_gem_path).to exist
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when building in a location relative to the current working directory" do
+        it "creates .gem file" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          Dir.chdir File.dirname(app_path) do
+            Bundler::GemHelper.new(File.basename(app_path)).build_gem
+          end
+          expect(app_gem_path).to exist
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#build_checksum" do
+      context "when build was successful" do
+        it "creates .sha512 file" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          mock_checksum_message app_name, app_version
+          subject.build_checksum
+          expect(app_sha_path).to exist
+        end
+      end
+      context "when building in the current working directory" do
+        it "creates a .sha512 file" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          mock_checksum_message app_name, app_version
+          Dir.chdir app_path do
+            Bundler::GemHelper.new.build_checksum
+          end
+          expect(app_sha_path).to exist
+        end
+      end
+      context "when building in a location relative to the current working directory" do
+        it "creates a .sha512 file" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          mock_checksum_message app_name, app_version
+          Dir.chdir File.dirname(app_path) do
+            Bundler::GemHelper.new(File.basename(app_path)).build_checksum
+          end
+          expect(app_sha_path).to exist
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#install_gem" do
+      context "when installation was successful" do
+        it "gem is installed" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          mock_confirm_message "#{app_name} (#{app_version}) installed."
+          subject.install_gem(nil, :local)
+          expect(app_gem_path).to exist
+          gem_command :list
+          expect(out).to include("#{app_name} (#{app_version})")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when installation fails" do
+        it "raises an error with appropriate message" do
+          # create empty gem file in order to simulate install failure
+          allow(subject).to receive(:build_gem) do
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(app_gem_dir)
+            FileUtils.touch app_gem_path
+            app_gem_path
+          end
+          expect { subject.install_gem }.to raise_error(/Running `#{gem_bin} install #{app_gem_path}` failed/)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "rake release" do
+      let!(:rake_application) { Rake.application }
+
+      before(:each) do
+        Rake.application = Rake::Application.new
+        subject.install
+      end
+
+      after(:each) do
+        Rake.application = rake_application
+      end
+
+      before do
+        sys_exec("git init", :dir => app_path)
+        sys_exec("git config user.email \"you@example.com\"", :dir => app_path)
+        sys_exec("git config user.name \"name\"", :dir => app_path)
+        sys_exec("git config commit.gpgsign false", :dir => app_path)
+        sys_exec("git config push.default simple", :dir => app_path)
+
+        # silence messages
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(:confirm)
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error)
+      end
+
+      context "fails" do
+        it "when there are unstaged files" do
+          expect { Rake.application["release"].invoke }.
+            to raise_error("There are files that need to be committed first.")
+        end
+
+        it "when there are uncommitted files" do
+          sys_exec("git add .", :dir => app_path)
+          expect { Rake.application["release"].invoke }.
+            to raise_error("There are files that need to be committed first.")
+        end
+
+        it "when there is no git remote" do
+          sys_exec("git commit -a -m \"initial commit\"", :dir => app_path)
+          expect { Rake.application["release"].invoke }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "succeeds" do
+        let(:repo) { build_git("foo", :bare => true) }
+
+        before do
+          sys_exec("git remote add origin #{file_uri_for(repo.path)}", :dir => app_path)
+          sys_exec('git commit -a -m "initial commit"', :dir => app_path)
+        end
+
+        context "on releasing" do
+          before do
+            mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+            mock_confirm_message "Tagged v#{app_version}."
+            mock_confirm_message "Pushed git commits and release tag."
+
+            sys_exec("git push -u origin master", :dir => app_path)
+          end
+
+          it "calls rubygem_push with proper arguments" do
+            expect(subject).to receive(:rubygem_push).with(app_gem_path.to_s)
+
+            Rake.application["release"].invoke
+          end
+
+          it "uses Kernel.system" do
+            cmd = gem_bin.shellsplit
+            expect(Kernel).to receive(:system).with(*cmd, "push", app_gem_path.to_s, "--host", "http://example.org").and_return(true)
+
+            Rake.application["release"].invoke
+          end
+
+          it "also works when releasing from an ambiguous reference" do
+            # Create a branch with the same name as the tag
+            sys_exec("git checkout -b v#{app_version}", :dir => app_path)
+            sys_exec("git push -u origin v#{app_version}", :dir => app_path)
+
+            expect(subject).to receive(:rubygem_push).with(app_gem_path.to_s)
+
+            Rake.application["release"].invoke
+          end
+
+          it "also works with releasing from a branch not yet pushed" do
+            sys_exec("git checkout -b module_function", :dir => app_path)
+
+            expect(subject).to receive(:rubygem_push).with(app_gem_path.to_s)
+
+            Rake.application["release"].invoke
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "on releasing with a custom tag prefix" do
+          before do
+            Bundler::GemHelper.tag_prefix = "foo-"
+            mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+            mock_confirm_message "Pushed git commits and release tag."
+
+            sys_exec("git push -u origin master", :dir => app_path)
+            expect(subject).to receive(:rubygem_push).with(app_gem_path.to_s)
+          end
+
+          it "prepends the custom prefix to the tag" do
+            mock_confirm_message "Tagged foo-v#{app_version}."
+
+            Rake.application["release"].invoke
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "even if tag already exists" do
+          mock_build_message app_name, app_version
+          mock_confirm_message "Tag v#{app_version} has already been created."
+          expect(subject).to receive(:rubygem_push).with(app_gem_path.to_s)
+
+          sys_exec("git tag -a -m \"Version #{app_version}\" v#{app_version}", :dir => app_path)
+
+          Rake.application["release"].invoke
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "release:rubygem_push" do
+      let!(:rake_application) { Rake.application }
+
+      before(:each) do
+        Rake.application = Rake::Application.new
+        subject.install
+        allow(subject).to receive(:sh_with_input)
+      end
+
+      after(:each) do
+        Rake.application = rake_application
+      end
+
+      before do
+        sys_exec("git init", :dir => app_path)
+        sys_exec("git config user.email \"you@example.com\"", :dir => app_path)
+        sys_exec("git config user.name \"name\"", :dir => app_path)
+        sys_exec("git config push.gpgsign simple", :dir => app_path)
+
+        # silence messages
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(:confirm)
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(:error)
+
+        credentials = double("credentials", "file?" => true)
+        allow(Bundler.user_home).to receive(:join).
+          with(".gem/credentials").and_return(credentials)
+      end
+
+      describe "success messaging" do
+        context "No allowed_push_host set" do
+          before do
+            allow(subject).to receive(:allowed_push_host).and_return(nil)
+          end
+
+          around do |example|
+            orig_host = ENV["RUBYGEMS_HOST"]
+            ENV["RUBYGEMS_HOST"] = rubygems_host_env
+
+            example.run
+
+            ENV["RUBYGEMS_HOST"] = orig_host
+          end
+
+          context "RUBYGEMS_HOST env var is set" do
+            let(:rubygems_host_env) { "https://custom.env.gemhost.com" }
+
+            it "should report successful push to the host from the environment" do
+              mock_confirm_message "Pushed #{app_name} #{app_version} to #{rubygems_host_env}"
+
+              Rake.application["release:rubygem_push"].invoke
+            end
+          end
+
+          context "RUBYGEMS_HOST env var is not set" do
+            let(:rubygems_host_env) { nil }
+
+            it "should report successful push to rubygems.org" do
+              mock_confirm_message "Pushed #{app_name} #{app_version} to rubygems.org"
+
+              Rake.application["release:rubygem_push"].invoke
+            end
+          end
+
+          context "RUBYGEMS_HOST env var is an empty string" do
+            let(:rubygems_host_env) { "" }
+
+            it "should report successful push to rubygems.org" do
+              mock_confirm_message "Pushed #{app_name} #{app_version} to rubygems.org"
+
+              Rake.application["release:rubygem_push"].invoke
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "allowed_push_host set in gemspec" do
+          before do
+            allow(subject).to receive(:allowed_push_host).and_return("https://my.gemhost.com")
+          end
+
+          it "should report successful push to the allowed gem host" do
+            mock_confirm_message "Pushed #{app_name} #{app_version} to https://my.gemhost.com"
+
+            Rake.application["release:rubygem_push"].invoke
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/gem_version_promoter_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/gem_version_promoter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43a3630bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/gem_version_promoter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::GemVersionPromoter do
+  context "conservative resolver" do
+    def versions(result)
+      result.flatten.map(&:version).map(&:to_s)
+    end
+
+    def make_instance(*args)
+      @gvp = Bundler::GemVersionPromoter.new(*args).tap do |gvp|
+        gvp.class.class_eval { public :filter_dep_specs, :sort_dep_specs }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def unlocking(options)
+      make_instance(Bundler::SpecSet.new([]), ["foo"]).tap do |p|
+        p.level = options[:level] if options[:level]
+        p.strict = options[:strict] if options[:strict]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def keep_locked(options)
+      make_instance(Bundler::SpecSet.new([]), ["bar"]).tap do |p|
+        p.level = options[:level] if options[:level]
+        p.strict = options[:strict] if options[:strict]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_spec_groups(name, versions)
+      versions.map do |v|
+        Bundler::Resolver::SpecGroup.create_for({ Gem::Platform::RUBY => build_spec(name, v) }, [Gem::Platform::RUBY], Gem::Platform::RUBY)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Rightmost (highest array index) in result is most preferred.
+    # Leftmost (lowest array index) in result is least preferred.
+    # `build_spec_groups` has all versions of gem in index.
+    # `build_spec` is the version currently in the .lock file.
+    #
+    # In default (not strict) mode, all versions in the index will
+    # be returned, allowing Bundler the best chance to resolve all
+    # dependencies, but sometimes resulting in upgrades that some
+    # would not consider conservative.
+    context "filter specs (strict) level patch" do
+      it "when keeping build_spec, keep current, next release" do
+        keep_locked(:level => :patch)
+        res = @gvp.filter_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.7.8 1.7.9 1.8.0]),
+          build_spec("foo", "1.7.8").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[1.7.9 1.7.8]
+      end
+
+      it "when unlocking prefer next release first" do
+        unlocking(:level => :patch)
+        res = @gvp.filter_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.7.8 1.7.9 1.8.0]),
+          build_spec("foo", "1.7.8").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[1.7.8 1.7.9]
+      end
+
+      it "when unlocking keep current when already at latest release" do
+        unlocking(:level => :patch)
+        res = @gvp.filter_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.7.9 1.8.0 2.0.0]),
+          build_spec("foo", "1.7.9").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[1.7.9]
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "filter specs (strict) level minor" do
+      it "when unlocking favor next releases, remove minor and major increases" do
+        unlocking(:level => :minor)
+        res = @gvp.filter_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[0.2.0 0.3.0 0.3.1 0.9.0 1.0.0 2.0.0 2.0.1]),
+          build_spec("foo", "0.2.0").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[0.2.0 0.3.0 0.3.1 0.9.0]
+      end
+
+      it "when keep locked, keep current, then favor next release, remove minor and major increases" do
+        keep_locked(:level => :minor)
+        res = @gvp.filter_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[0.2.0 0.3.0 0.3.1 0.9.0 1.0.0 2.0.0 2.0.1]),
+          build_spec("foo", "0.2.0").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[0.3.0 0.3.1 0.9.0 0.2.0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "sort specs (not strict) level patch" do
+      it "when not unlocking, same order but make sure build_spec version is most preferred to stay put" do
+        keep_locked(:level => :patch)
+        res = @gvp.sort_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.5.4 1.6.5 1.7.6 1.7.7 1.7.8 1.7.9 1.8.0 1.8.1 2.0.0 2.0.1]),
+          build_spec("foo", "1.7.7").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[1.5.4 1.6.5 1.7.6 2.0.0 2.0.1 1.8.0 1.8.1 1.7.8 1.7.9 1.7.7]
+      end
+
+      it "when unlocking favor next release, then current over minor increase" do
+        unlocking(:level => :patch)
+        res = @gvp.sort_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.7.7 1.7.8 1.7.9 1.8.0]),
+          build_spec("foo", "1.7.8").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[1.7.7 1.8.0 1.7.8 1.7.9]
+      end
+
+      it "when unlocking do proper integer comparison, not string" do
+        unlocking(:level => :patch)
+        res = @gvp.sort_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.7.7 1.7.8 1.7.9 1.7.15 1.8.0]),
+          build_spec("foo", "1.7.8").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[1.7.7 1.8.0 1.7.8 1.7.9 1.7.15]
+      end
+
+      it "leave current when unlocking but already at latest release" do
+        unlocking(:level => :patch)
+        res = @gvp.sort_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.7.9 1.8.0 2.0.0]),
+          build_spec("foo", "1.7.9").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[2.0.0 1.8.0 1.7.9]
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "sort specs (not strict) level minor" do
+      it "when unlocking favor next release, then minor increase over current" do
+        unlocking(:level => :minor)
+        res = @gvp.sort_dep_specs(
+          build_spec_groups("foo", %w[0.2.0 0.3.0 0.3.1 0.9.0 1.0.0 2.0.0 2.0.1]),
+          build_spec("foo", "0.2.0").first
+        )
+        expect(versions(res)).to eq %w[2.0.0 2.0.1 1.0.0 0.2.0 0.3.0 0.3.1 0.9.0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "level error handling" do
+      subject { Bundler::GemVersionPromoter.new }
+
+      it "should raise if not major, minor or patch is passed" do
+        expect { subject.level = :minjor }.to raise_error ArgumentError
+      end
+
+      it "should raise if invalid classes passed" do
+        [123, nil].each do |value|
+          expect { subject.level = value }.to raise_error ArgumentError
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "should accept major, minor patch symbols" do
+        [:major, :minor, :patch].each do |value|
+          subject.level = value
+          expect(subject.level).to eq value
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "should accept major, minor patch strings" do
+        %w[major minor patch].each do |value|
+          subject.level = value
+          expect(subject.level).to eq value.to_sym
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "debug output" do
+      it "should not kerblooie on its own debug output" do
+        gvp = unlocking(:level => :patch)
+        dep = Bundler::DepProxy.get_proxy(dep("foo", "1.2.0").first, "ruby")
+        result = gvp.send(:debug_format_result, dep, build_spec_groups("foo", %w[1.2.0 1.3.0]))
+        expect(result.class).to eq Array
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/index_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f3f6e4944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Index do
+  let(:specs) { [] }
+  subject { described_class.build {|i| i.use(specs) } }
+
+  context "specs with a nil platform" do
+    let(:spec) do
+      Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+        s.name = "json"
+        s.version = "1.8.3"
+        allow(s).to receive(:platform).and_return(nil)
+      end
+    end
+    let(:specs) { [spec] }
+
+    describe "#search_by_spec" do
+      it "finds the spec when a nil platform is specified" do
+        expect(subject.search(spec)).to eq([spec])
+      end
+
+      it "finds the spec when a ruby platform is specified" do
+        query = spec.dup.tap {|s| s.platform = "ruby" }
+        expect(subject.search(query)).to eq([spec])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with specs that include development dependencies" do
+    let(:specs) { [*build_spec("a", "1.0.0") {|s| s.development("b", "~> 1.0") }] }
+
+    it "does not include b in #dependency_names" do
+      expect(subject.dependency_names).not_to include("b")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/gem_installer_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/gem_installer_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f8d1c6d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/gem_installer_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/installer/gem_installer"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::GemInstaller do
+  let(:installer) { instance_double("Installer") }
+  let(:spec_source) { instance_double("SpecSource") }
+  let(:spec) { instance_double("Specification", :name => "dummy", :version => "0.0.1", :loaded_from => "dummy", :source => spec_source) }
+
+  subject { described_class.new(spec, installer) }
+
+  context "spec_settings is nil" do
+    it "invokes install method with empty build_args" do
+      allow(spec_source).to receive(:install).with(spec, :force => false, :ensure_builtin_gems_cached => false, :build_args => [])
+      subject.install_from_spec
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "spec_settings is build option" do
+    it "invokes install method with build_args" do
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with(:bin)
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with(:inline)
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with(:forget_cli_options)
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with("build.dummy").and_return("--with-dummy-config=dummy")
+      expect(spec_source).to receive(:install).with(spec, :force => false, :ensure_builtin_gems_cached => false, :build_args => ["--with-dummy-config=dummy"])
+      subject.install_from_spec
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "spec_settings is build option with spaces" do
+    it "invokes install method with build_args" do
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with(:bin)
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with(:inline)
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with(:forget_cli_options)
+      allow(Bundler.settings).to receive(:[]).with("build.dummy").and_return("--with-dummy-config=dummy --with-another-dummy-config")
+      expect(spec_source).to receive(:install).with(spec, :force => false, :ensure_builtin_gems_cached => false, :build_args => ["--with-dummy-config=dummy", "--with-another-dummy-config"])
+      subject.install_from_spec
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/parallel_installer_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/parallel_installer_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e680633862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/parallel_installer_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/installer/parallel_installer"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::ParallelInstaller do
+  let(:installer) { instance_double("Installer") }
+  let(:all_specs) { [] }
+  let(:size) { 1 }
+  let(:standalone) { false }
+  let(:force) { false }
+
+  subject { described_class.new(installer, all_specs, size, standalone, force) }
+
+  context "when dependencies that are not on the overall installation list are the only ones not installed" do
+    let(:all_specs) do
+      [
+        build_spec("alpha", "1.0") {|s| s.runtime "a", "1" },
+      ].flatten
+    end
+
+    it "prints a warning" do
+      expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(<<-W.strip)
+Your lockfile was created by an old Bundler that left some things out.
+You can fix this by adding the missing gems to your Gemfile, running bundle install, and then removing the gems from your Gemfile.
+The missing gems are:
+* a depended upon by alpha
+      W
+      subject.check_for_corrupt_lockfile
+    end
+
+    context "when size > 1" do
+      let(:size) { 500 }
+
+      it "prints a warning and sets size to 1" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(<<-W.strip)
+Your lockfile was created by an old Bundler that left some things out.
+Because of the missing DEPENDENCIES, we can only install gems one at a time, instead of installing 500 at a time.
+You can fix this by adding the missing gems to your Gemfile, running bundle install, and then removing the gems from your Gemfile.
+The missing gems are:
+* a depended upon by alpha
+        W
+        subject.check_for_corrupt_lockfile
+        expect(subject.size).to eq(1)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the spec set is not a valid resolution" do
+    let(:all_specs) do
+      [
+        build_spec("cucumber", "4.1.0") {|s| s.runtime "diff-lcs", "< 1.4" },
+        build_spec("diff-lcs", "1.4.4"),
+      ].flatten
+    end
+
+    it "prints a warning" do
+      expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(<<-W.strip)
+Your lockfile doesn't include a valid resolution.
+You can fix this by regenerating your lockfile or trying to manually editing the bad locked gems to a version that satisfies all dependencies.
+The unmet dependencies are:
+* diff-lcs (< 1.4), depended upon cucumber-4.1.0, unsatisfied by diff-lcs-1.4.4
+      W
+      subject.check_for_unmet_dependencies
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the spec set is a valid resolution" do
+    let(:all_specs) do
+      [
+        build_spec("cucumber", "4.1.0") {|s| s.runtime "diff-lcs", "< 1.4" },
+        build_spec("diff-lcs", "1.3"),
+      ].flatten
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't print a warning" do
+      expect(Bundler.ui).not_to receive(:warn)
+      subject.check_for_unmet_dependencies
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/spec_installation_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/spec_installation_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e63ef26cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/installer/spec_installation_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/installer/parallel_installer"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::ParallelInstaller::SpecInstallation do
+  let!(:dep) do
+    a_spec = Object.new
+    def a_spec.name
+      "I like tests"
+    end
+
+    def a_spec.full_name
+      "I really like tests"
+    end
+    a_spec
+  end
+
+  describe "#ready_to_enqueue?" do
+    context "when in enqueued state" do
+      it "is falsey" do
+        spec = described_class.new(dep)
+        spec.state = :enqueued
+        expect(spec.ready_to_enqueue?).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when in installed state" do
+      it "returns falsey" do
+        spec = described_class.new(dep)
+        spec.state = :installed
+        expect(spec.ready_to_enqueue?).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "returns truthy" do
+      spec = described_class.new(dep)
+      expect(spec.ready_to_enqueue?).to be_truthy
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#dependencies_installed?" do
+    context "when all dependencies are installed" do
+      it "returns true" do
+        dependencies = []
+        dependencies << instance_double("SpecInstallation", :spec => "alpha", :name => "alpha", :installed? => true, :all_dependencies => [], :type => :production)
+        dependencies << instance_double("SpecInstallation", :spec => "beta", :name => "beta", :installed? => true, :all_dependencies => [], :type => :production)
+        all_specs = dependencies + [instance_double("SpecInstallation", :spec => "gamma", :name => "gamma", :installed? => false, :all_dependencies => [], :type => :production)]
+        spec = described_class.new(dep)
+        allow(spec).to receive(:all_dependencies).and_return(dependencies)
+        expect(spec.dependencies_installed?(all_specs)).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when all dependencies are not installed" do
+      it "returns false" do
+        dependencies = []
+        dependencies << instance_double("SpecInstallation", :spec => "alpha", :name => "alpha", :installed? => false, :all_dependencies => [], :type => :production)
+        dependencies << instance_double("SpecInstallation", :spec => "beta", :name => "beta", :installed? => true, :all_dependencies => [], :type => :production)
+        all_specs = dependencies + [instance_double("SpecInstallation", :spec => "gamma", :name => "gamma", :installed? => false, :all_dependencies => [], :type => :production)]
+        spec = described_class.new(dep)
+        allow(spec).to receive(:all_dependencies).and_return(dependencies)
+        expect(spec.dependencies_installed?(all_specs)).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/lockfile_parser_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/lockfile_parser_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a6d61336f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/lockfile_parser_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/lockfile_parser"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::LockfileParser do
+  let(:lockfile_contents) { strip_whitespace(<<-L) }
+    GIT
+      remote: https://github.com/alloy/peiji-san.git
+      revision: eca485d8dc95f12aaec1a434b49d295c7e91844b
+      specs:
+        peiji-san (1.2.0)
+
+    GEM
+      remote: https://rubygems.org/
+      specs:
+        rake (10.3.2)
+
+    PLATFORMS
+      ruby
+
+    DEPENDENCIES
+      peiji-san!
+      rake
+
+    RUBY VERSION
+       ruby 2.1.3p242
+
+    BUNDLED WITH
+       1.12.0.rc.2
+  L
+
+  describe ".sections_in_lockfile" do
+    it "returns the attributes" do
+      attributes = described_class.sections_in_lockfile(lockfile_contents)
+      expect(attributes).to contain_exactly(
+        "BUNDLED WITH", "DEPENDENCIES", "GEM", "GIT", "PLATFORMS", "RUBY VERSION"
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe ".unknown_sections_in_lockfile" do
+    let(:lockfile_contents) { strip_whitespace(<<-L) }
+      UNKNOWN ATTR
+
+      UNKNOWN ATTR 2
+        random contents
+    L
+
+    it "returns the unknown attributes" do
+      attributes = described_class.unknown_sections_in_lockfile(lockfile_contents)
+      expect(attributes).to contain_exactly("UNKNOWN ATTR", "UNKNOWN ATTR 2")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe ".sections_to_ignore" do
+    subject { described_class.sections_to_ignore(base_version) }
+
+    context "with a nil base version" do
+      let(:base_version) { nil }
+
+      it "returns the same as > 1.0" do
+        expect(subject).to contain_exactly(
+          described_class::BUNDLED, described_class::RUBY, described_class::PLUGIN
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a prerelease base version" do
+      let(:base_version) { Gem::Version.create("1.11.0.rc.1") }
+
+      it "returns the same as for the release version" do
+        expect(subject).to contain_exactly(
+          described_class::RUBY, described_class::PLUGIN
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a current version" do
+      let(:base_version) { Gem::Version.create(Bundler::VERSION) }
+
+      it "returns an empty array" do
+        expect(subject).to eq([])
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a future version" do
+      let(:base_version) { Gem::Version.create("5.5.5") }
+
+      it "returns an empty array" do
+        expect(subject).to eq([])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#initialize" do
+    before { allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app("gems.rb")) }
+    subject { described_class.new(lockfile_contents) }
+
+    let(:sources) do
+      [Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "https://github.com/alloy/peiji-san.git", "revision" => "eca485d8dc95f12aaec1a434b49d295c7e91844b"),
+       Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org"])]
+    end
+    let(:dependencies) do
+      {
+        "peiji-san" => Bundler::Dependency.new("peiji-san", ">= 0"),
+        "rake" => Bundler::Dependency.new("rake", ">= 0"),
+      }
+    end
+    let(:specs) do
+      [
+        Bundler::LazySpecification.new("peiji-san", v("1.2.0"), rb),
+        Bundler::LazySpecification.new("rake", v("10.3.2"), rb),
+      ]
+    end
+    let(:platforms) { [rb] }
+    let(:bundler_version) { Gem::Version.new("1.12.0.rc.2") }
+    let(:ruby_version) { "ruby 2.1.3p242" }
+
+    shared_examples_for "parsing" do
+      it "parses correctly" do
+        expect(subject.sources).to eq sources
+        expect(subject.dependencies).to eq dependencies
+        expect(subject.specs).to eq specs
+        expect(Hash[subject.specs.map {|s| [s, s.dependencies] }]).to eq Hash[subject.specs.map {|s| [s, s.dependencies] }]
+        expect(subject.platforms).to eq platforms
+        expect(subject.bundler_version).to eq bundler_version
+        expect(subject.ruby_version).to eq ruby_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    include_examples "parsing"
+
+    context "when an extra section is at the end" do
+      let(:lockfile_contents) { super() + "\n\nFOO BAR\n  baz\n   baa\n    qux\n" }
+      include_examples "parsing"
+    end
+
+    context "when an extra section is at the start" do
+      let(:lockfile_contents) { "FOO BAR\n  baz\n   baa\n    qux\n\n" + super() }
+      include_examples "parsing"
+    end
+
+    context "when an extra section is in the middle" do
+      let(:lockfile_contents) { super().split(/(?=GEM)/).insert(1, "FOO BAR\n  baz\n   baa\n    qux\n\n").join }
+      include_examples "parsing"
+    end
+
+    context "when a dependency has options" do
+      let(:lockfile_contents) { super().sub("peiji-san!", "peiji-san!\n    foo: bar") }
+      include_examples "parsing"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/mirror_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/mirror_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1eaf1e9a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/mirror_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/mirror"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Settings::Mirror do
+  let(:mirror) { Bundler::Settings::Mirror.new }
+
+  it "returns zero when fallback_timeout is not set" do
+    expect(mirror.fallback_timeout).to eq(0)
+  end
+
+  it "takes a number as a fallback_timeout" do
+    mirror.fallback_timeout = 1
+    expect(mirror.fallback_timeout).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "takes truthy as a default fallback timeout" do
+    mirror.fallback_timeout = true
+    expect(mirror.fallback_timeout).to eq(0.1)
+  end
+
+  it "takes falsey as a zero fallback timeout" do
+    mirror.fallback_timeout = false
+    expect(mirror.fallback_timeout).to eq(0)
+  end
+
+  it "takes a string with 'true' as a default fallback timeout" do
+    mirror.fallback_timeout = "true"
+    expect(mirror.fallback_timeout).to eq(0.1)
+  end
+
+  it "takes a string with 'false' as a zero fallback timeout" do
+    mirror.fallback_timeout = "false"
+    expect(mirror.fallback_timeout).to eq(0)
+  end
+
+  it "takes a string for the uri but returns an uri object" do
+    mirror.uri = "http://localhost:9292"
+    expect(mirror.uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("http://localhost:9292"))
+  end
+
+  it "takes an uri object for the uri" do
+    mirror.uri = Bundler::URI("http://localhost:9293")
+    expect(mirror.uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("http://localhost:9293"))
+  end
+
+  context "without a uri" do
+    it "invalidates the mirror" do
+      mirror.validate!
+      expect(mirror.valid?).to be_falsey
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with an uri" do
+    before { mirror.uri = "http://localhost:9292" }
+
+    context "without a fallback timeout" do
+      it "is not valid by default" do
+        expect(mirror.valid?).to be_falsey
+      end
+
+      context "when probed" do
+        let(:probe) { double }
+
+        context "with a replying mirror" do
+          before do
+            allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_return(true)
+            mirror.validate!(probe)
+          end
+
+          it "is valid" do
+            expect(mirror.valid?).to be_truthy
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "with a non replying mirror" do
+          before do
+            allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_return(false)
+            mirror.validate!(probe)
+          end
+
+          it "is still valid" do
+            expect(mirror.valid?).to be_truthy
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a fallback timeout" do
+      before { mirror.fallback_timeout = 1 }
+
+      it "is not valid by default" do
+        expect(mirror.valid?).to be_falsey
+      end
+
+      context "when probed" do
+        let(:probe) { double }
+
+        context "with a replying mirror" do
+          before do
+            allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_return(true)
+            mirror.validate!(probe)
+          end
+
+          it "is valid" do
+            expect(mirror.valid?).to be_truthy
+          end
+
+          it "is validated only once" do
+            allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_raise("Only once!")
+            mirror.validate!(probe)
+            expect(mirror.valid?).to be_truthy
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "with a non replying mirror" do
+          before do
+            allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_return(false)
+            mirror.validate!(probe)
+          end
+
+          it "is not valid" do
+            expect(mirror.valid?).to be_falsey
+          end
+
+          it "is validated only once" do
+            allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_raise("Only once!")
+            mirror.validate!(probe)
+            expect(mirror.valid?).to be_falsey
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#==" do
+      it "returns true if uri and fallback timeout are the same" do
+        uri = "https://ruby.taobao.org"
+        mirror = Bundler::Settings::Mirror.new(uri, 1)
+        another_mirror = Bundler::Settings::Mirror.new(uri, 1)
+
+        expect(mirror == another_mirror).to be true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Settings::Mirrors do
+  let(:localhost_uri) { Bundler::URI("http://localhost:9292") }
+
+  context "with a just created mirror" do
+    let(:mirrors) do
+      probe = double
+      allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_return(true)
+      Bundler::Settings::Mirrors.new(probe)
+    end
+
+    it "returns a mirror that contains the source uri for an unknown uri" do
+      mirror = mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/")
+      expect(mirror).to eq(Bundler::Settings::Mirror.new("http://rubygems.org/"))
+    end
+
+    it "parses a mirror key and returns a mirror for the parsed uri" do
+      mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org/", localhost_uri)
+      expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+    end
+
+    it "parses a relative mirror key and returns a mirror for the parsed http uri" do
+      mirrors.parse("mirror.rubygems.org", localhost_uri)
+      expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+    end
+
+    it "parses a relative mirror key and returns a mirror for the parsed https uri" do
+      mirrors.parse("mirror.rubygems.org", localhost_uri)
+      expect(mirrors.for("https://rubygems.org/").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+    end
+
+    context "with a uri parsed already" do
+      before { mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org/", localhost_uri) }
+
+      it "takes a mirror fallback_timeout and assigns the timeout" do
+        mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org.fallback_timeout", "2")
+        expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/").fallback_timeout).to eq(2)
+      end
+
+      it "parses a 'true' fallback timeout and sets the default timeout" do
+        mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org.fallback_timeout", "true")
+        expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/").fallback_timeout).to eq(0.1)
+      end
+
+      it "parses a 'false' fallback timeout and sets it to zero" do
+        mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org.fallback_timeout", "false")
+        expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/").fallback_timeout).to eq(0)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a mirror prober that replies on time" do
+    let(:mirrors) do
+      probe = double
+      allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_return(true)
+      Bundler::Settings::Mirrors.new(probe)
+    end
+
+    context "with a default fallback_timeout for rubygems.org" do
+      before do
+        mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org/", localhost_uri)
+        mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org.fallback_timeout", "true")
+      end
+
+      it "returns localhost" do
+        expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a mirror for all" do
+      before do
+        mirrors.parse("mirror.all", localhost_uri)
+      end
+
+      context "without a fallback timeout" do
+        it "returns localhost uri for rubygems" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+        end
+
+        it "returns localhost for any other url" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://whatever.com/").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+        end
+      end
+      context "with a fallback timeout" do
+        before { mirrors.parse("mirror.all.fallback_timeout", "1") }
+
+        it "returns localhost uri for rubygems" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+        end
+
+        it "returns localhost for any other url" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://whatever.com/").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a mirror prober that does not reply on time" do
+    let(:mirrors) do
+      probe = double
+      allow(probe).to receive(:replies?).and_return(false)
+      Bundler::Settings::Mirrors.new(probe)
+    end
+
+    context "with a localhost mirror for all" do
+      before { mirrors.parse("mirror.all", localhost_uri) }
+
+      context "without a fallback timeout" do
+        it "returns localhost" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://whatever.com").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with a fallback timeout" do
+        before { mirrors.parse("mirror.all.fallback_timeout", "true") }
+
+        it "returns the source uri, not localhost" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://whatever.com").uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("http://whatever.com/"))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with localhost as a mirror for rubygems.org" do
+      before { mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org/", localhost_uri) }
+
+      context "without a fallback timeout" do
+        it "returns the uri that is not mirrored" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://whatever.com").uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("http://whatever.com/"))
+        end
+
+        it "returns localhost for rubygems.org" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/").uri).to eq(localhost_uri)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with a fallback timeout" do
+        before { mirrors.parse("mirror.http://rubygems.org/.fallback_timeout", "true") }
+
+        it "returns the uri that is not mirrored" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://whatever.com").uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("http://whatever.com/"))
+        end
+
+        it "returns rubygems.org for rubygems.org" do
+          expect(mirrors.for("http://rubygems.org/").uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("http://rubygems.org/"))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Settings::TCPSocketProbe do
+  let(:probe) { Bundler::Settings::TCPSocketProbe.new }
+
+  context "with a listening TCP Server" do
+    def with_server_and_mirror
+      server = TCPServer.new("0.0.0.0", 0)
+      mirror = Bundler::Settings::Mirror.new("http://0.0.0.0:#{server.addr[1]}", 1)
+      yield server, mirror
+      server.close unless server.closed?
+    end
+
+    it "probes the server correctly" do
+      skip "obscure error" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      with_server_and_mirror do |server, mirror|
+        expect(server.closed?).to be_falsey
+        expect(probe.replies?(mirror)).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "probes falsey when the server is down" do
+      with_server_and_mirror do |server, mirror|
+        server.close
+        expect(probe.replies?(mirror)).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with an invalid mirror" do
+    let(:mirror) { Bundler::Settings::Mirror.new("http://127.0.0.127:9292", true) }
+
+    it "fails with a timeout when there is nothing to tcp handshake" do
+      expect(probe.replies?(mirror)).to be_falsey
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/api/source_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/api/source_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..428ceb220a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/api/source_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin::API::Source do
+  let(:uri) { "uri://to/test" }
+  let(:type) { "spec_type" }
+
+  subject(:source) do
+    klass = Class.new
+    klass.send :include, Bundler::Plugin::API::Source
+    klass.new("uri" => uri, "type" => type)
+  end
+
+  describe "attributes" do
+    it "allows access to uri" do
+      expect(source.uri).to eq("uri://to/test")
+    end
+
+    it "allows access to name" do
+      expect(source.name).to eq("spec_type at uri://to/test")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "post_install" do
+    let(:installer) { double(:installer) }
+
+    before do
+      allow(Bundler::Source::Path::Installer).to receive(:new) { installer }
+    end
+
+    it "calls Path::Installer's post_install" do
+      expect(installer).to receive(:post_install).once
+
+      source.post_install(double(:spec))
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "install_path" do
+    let(:uri) { "uri://to/a/repository-name" }
+    let(:hash) { Digest(:SHA1).hexdigest(uri) }
+    let(:install_path) { Pathname.new "/bundler/install/path" }
+
+    before do
+      allow(Bundler).to receive(:install_path) { install_path }
+    end
+
+    it "returns basename with uri_hash" do
+      expected = Pathname.new "#{install_path}/repository-name-#{hash[0..11]}"
+      expect(source.install_path).to eq(expected)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "to_lock" do
+    it "returns the string with remote and type" do
+      expected = strip_whitespace <<-L
+        PLUGIN SOURCE
+          remote: #{uri}
+          type: #{type}
+          specs:
+      L
+
+      expect(source.to_lock).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    context "with additional options to lock" do
+      before do
+        allow(source).to receive(:options_to_lock) { { "first" => "option" } }
+      end
+
+      it "includes them" do
+        expected = strip_whitespace <<-L
+          PLUGIN SOURCE
+            remote: #{uri}
+            type: #{type}
+            first: option
+            specs:
+        L
+
+        expect(source.to_lock).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "to_s" do
+    it "returns the string with type and uri" do
+      expect(source.to_s).to eq("plugin source for spec_type with uri uri://to/test")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/api_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/api_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58fb908572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/api_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin::API do
+  context "plugin declarations" do
+    before do
+      stub_const "UserPluginClass", Class.new(Bundler::Plugin::API)
+    end
+
+    describe "#command" do
+      it "declares a command plugin with same class as handler" do
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin).
+          to receive(:add_command).with("meh", UserPluginClass).once
+
+        UserPluginClass.command "meh"
+      end
+
+      it "accepts another class as argument that handles the command" do
+        stub_const "NewClass", Class.new
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin).to receive(:add_command).with("meh", NewClass).once
+
+        UserPluginClass.command "meh", NewClass
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#source" do
+      it "declares a source plugin with same class as handler" do
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin).
+          to receive(:add_source).with("a_source", UserPluginClass).once
+
+        UserPluginClass.source "a_source"
+      end
+
+      it "accepts another class as argument that handles the command" do
+        stub_const "NewClass", Class.new
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin).to receive(:add_source).with("a_source", NewClass).once
+
+        UserPluginClass.source "a_source", NewClass
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#hook" do
+      it "accepts a block and passes it to Plugin module" do
+        foo = double("tester")
+        expect(foo).to receive(:called)
+
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin).to receive(:add_hook).with("post-foo").and_yield
+
+        Bundler::Plugin::API.hook("post-foo") { foo.called }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundler interfaces provided" do
+    before do
+      stub_const "UserPluginClass", Class.new(Bundler::Plugin::API)
+    end
+
+    subject(:api) { UserPluginClass.new }
+
+    # A test of delegation
+    it "provides the Bundler's functions" do
+      expect(Bundler).to receive(:an_unknown_function).once
+
+      api.an_unknown_function
+    end
+
+    it "includes Bundler::SharedHelpers' functions" do
+      expect(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:an_unknown_helper).once
+
+      api.an_unknown_helper
+    end
+
+    context "#tmp" do
+      it "provides a tmp dir" do
+        expect(api.tmp("mytmp")).to be_directory
+      end
+
+      it "accepts multiple names for suffix" do
+        expect(api.tmp("myplugin", "download")).to be_directory
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/dsl_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/dsl_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00e39dca69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/dsl_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin::DSL do
+  DSL = Bundler::Plugin::DSL
+
+  subject(:dsl) { Bundler::Plugin::DSL.new }
+
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler).to receive(:root) { Pathname.new "/" }
+  end
+
+  describe "it ignores only the methods defined in Bundler::Dsl" do
+    it "doesn't raises error for Dsl methods" do
+      expect { dsl.install_if }.not_to raise_error
+    end
+
+    it "raises error for other methods" do
+      expect { dsl.no_method }.to raise_error(DSL::PluginGemfileError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "source block" do
+    it "adds #source with :type to list and also inferred_plugins list" do
+      expect(dsl).to receive(:plugin).with("bundler-source-news").once
+
+      dsl.source("some_random_url", :type => "news") {}
+
+      expect(dsl.inferred_plugins).to eq(["bundler-source-news"])
+    end
+
+    it "registers a source type plugin only once for multiple declarations" do
+      expect(dsl).to receive(:plugin).with("bundler-source-news").and_call_original.once
+
+      dsl.source("some_random_url", :type => "news") {}
+      dsl.source("another_random_url", :type => "news") {}
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/events_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/events_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28d70c6fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/events_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin::Events do
+  context "plugin events" do
+    before { Bundler::Plugin::Events.send :reset }
+
+    describe "#define" do
+      it "raises when redefining a constant" do
+        Bundler::Plugin::Events.send(:define, :TEST_EVENT, "foo")
+
+        expect do
+          Bundler::Plugin::Events.send(:define, :TEST_EVENT, "bar")
+        end.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+      end
+
+      it "can define a new constant" do
+        Bundler::Plugin::Events.send(:define, :NEW_CONSTANT, "value")
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin::Events::NEW_CONSTANT).to eq("value")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/index_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d34b0de342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin::Index do
+  Index = Bundler::Plugin::Index
+
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+    path = lib_path(plugin_name)
+    index.register_plugin("new-plugin", path.to_s, [path.join("lib").to_s], commands, sources, hooks)
+  end
+
+  let(:plugin_name) { "new-plugin" }
+  let(:commands) { [] }
+  let(:sources) { [] }
+  let(:hooks) { [] }
+
+  subject(:index) { Index.new }
+
+  describe "#register plugin" do
+    it "is available for retrieval" do
+      expect(index.plugin_path(plugin_name)).to eq(lib_path(plugin_name))
+    end
+
+    it "load_paths is available for retrieval" do
+      expect(index.load_paths(plugin_name)).to eq([lib_path(plugin_name).join("lib").to_s])
+    end
+
+    it "is persistent" do
+      new_index = Index.new
+      expect(new_index.plugin_path(plugin_name)).to eq(lib_path(plugin_name))
+    end
+
+    it "load_paths are persistent" do
+      new_index = Index.new
+      expect(new_index.load_paths(plugin_name)).to eq([lib_path(plugin_name).join("lib").to_s])
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "commands" do
+    let(:commands) { ["newco"] }
+
+    it "returns the plugins name on query" do
+      expect(index.command_plugin("newco")).to eq(plugin_name)
+    end
+
+    it "raises error on conflict" do
+      expect do
+        index.register_plugin("aplugin", lib_path("aplugin").to_s, lib_path("aplugin").join("lib").to_s, ["newco"], [], [])
+      end.to raise_error(Index::CommandConflict)
+    end
+
+    it "is persistent" do
+      new_index = Index.new
+      expect(new_index.command_plugin("newco")).to eq(plugin_name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "source" do
+    let(:sources) { ["new_source"] }
+
+    it "returns the plugins name on query" do
+      expect(index.source_plugin("new_source")).to eq(plugin_name)
+    end
+
+    it "raises error on conflict" do
+      expect do
+        index.register_plugin("aplugin", lib_path("aplugin").to_s, lib_path("aplugin").join("lib").to_s, [], ["new_source"], [])
+      end.to raise_error(Index::SourceConflict)
+    end
+
+    it "is persistent" do
+      new_index = Index.new
+      expect(new_index.source_plugin("new_source")).to eq(plugin_name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "hook" do
+    let(:hooks) { ["after-bar"] }
+
+    it "returns the plugins name on query" do
+      expect(index.hook_plugins("after-bar")).to include(plugin_name)
+    end
+
+    it "is persistent" do
+      new_index = Index.new
+      expect(new_index.hook_plugins("after-bar")).to eq([plugin_name])
+    end
+
+    it "only registers a gem once for an event" do
+      path = lib_path(plugin_name)
+      index.register_plugin(plugin_name,
+        path.to_s,
+        [path.join("lib").to_s],
+        commands,
+        sources,
+        hooks + hooks)
+      expect(index.hook_plugins("after-bar")).to eq([plugin_name])
+    end
+
+    it "is gone after unregistration" do
+      expect(index.index_file.read).to include("after-bar:\n  - \"new-plugin\"\n")
+      index.unregister_plugin(plugin_name)
+      expect(index.index_file.read).to_not include("after-bar:\n  - \n")
+    end
+
+    context "that are not registered" do
+      let(:file) { double("index-file") }
+
+      before do
+        index.hook_plugins("not-there")
+        allow(File).to receive(:open).and_yield(file)
+      end
+
+      it "should not save it with next registered hook" do
+        expect(file).to receive(:puts) do |content|
+          expect(content).not_to include("not-there")
+        end
+
+        index.register_plugin("aplugin", lib_path("aplugin").to_s, lib_path("aplugin").join("lib").to_s, [], [], [])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "global index" do
+    before do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(nil)
+
+      Bundler::Plugin.reset!
+      path = lib_path("gplugin")
+      index.register_plugin("gplugin", path.to_s, [path.join("lib").to_s], [], ["glb_source"], [])
+    end
+
+    it "skips sources" do
+      new_index = Index.new
+      expect(new_index.source_plugin("glb_source")).to be_falsy
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "after conflict" do
+    let(:commands) { ["foo"] }
+    let(:sources) { ["bar"] }
+    let(:hooks) { ["hoook"] }
+
+    shared_examples "it cleans up" do
+      it "the path" do
+        expect(index.installed?("cplugin")).to be_falsy
+      end
+
+      it "the command" do
+        expect(index.command_plugin("xfoo")).to be_falsy
+      end
+
+      it "the source" do
+        expect(index.source_plugin("xbar")).to be_falsy
+      end
+
+      it "the hook" do
+        expect(index.hook_plugins("xhoook")).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "on command conflict it cleans up" do
+      before do
+        expect do
+          path = lib_path("cplugin")
+          index.register_plugin("cplugin", path.to_s, [path.join("lib").to_s], ["foo"], ["xbar"], ["xhoook"])
+        end.to raise_error(Index::CommandConflict)
+      end
+
+      include_examples "it cleans up"
+    end
+
+    context "on source conflict it cleans up" do
+      before do
+        expect do
+          path = lib_path("cplugin")
+          index.register_plugin("cplugin", path.to_s, [path.join("lib").to_s], ["xfoo"], ["bar"], ["xhoook"])
+        end.to raise_error(Index::SourceConflict)
+      end
+
+      include_examples "it cleans up"
+    end
+
+    context "on command and source conflict it cleans up" do
+      before do
+        expect do
+          path = lib_path("cplugin")
+          index.register_plugin("cplugin", path.to_s, [path.join("lib").to_s], ["foo"], ["bar"], ["xhoook"])
+        end.to raise_error(Index::CommandConflict)
+      end
+
+      include_examples "it cleans up"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "readonly disk without home" do
+    it "ignores being unable to create temp home dir" do
+      expect_any_instance_of(Bundler::Plugin::Index).to receive(:global_index_file).
+        and_raise(Bundler::GenericSystemCallError.new("foo", "bar"))
+      Bundler::Plugin::Index.new
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/installer_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/installer_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e89720f6f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/installer_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin::Installer do
+  subject(:installer) { Bundler::Plugin::Installer.new }
+
+  describe "cli install" do
+    it "uses Gem.sources when non of the source is provided" do
+      sources = double(:sources)
+      Bundler.settings # initialize it before we have to touch rubygems.ext_lock
+      allow(Bundler).to receive_message_chain("rubygems.sources") { sources }
+
+      allow(installer).to receive(:install_rubygems).
+        with("new-plugin", [">= 0"], sources).once
+
+      installer.install("new-plugin", {})
+    end
+
+    describe "with mocked installers" do
+      let(:spec) { double(:spec) }
+      it "returns the installed spec after installing git plugins" do
+        allow(installer).to receive(:install_git).
+          and_return("new-plugin" => spec)
+
+        expect(installer.install(["new-plugin"], :git => "https://some.ran/dom")).
+          to eq("new-plugin" => spec)
+      end
+
+      it "returns the installed spec after installing local git plugins" do
+        allow(installer).to receive(:install_local_git).
+          and_return("new-plugin" => spec)
+
+        expect(installer.install(["new-plugin"], :local_git => "/phony/path/repo")).
+          to eq("new-plugin" => spec)
+      end
+
+      it "returns the installed spec after installing rubygems plugins" do
+        allow(installer).to receive(:install_rubygems).
+          and_return("new-plugin" => spec)
+
+        expect(installer.install(["new-plugin"], :source => "https://some.ran/dom")).
+          to eq("new-plugin" => spec)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with actual installers" do
+      before do
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_plugin "re-plugin"
+          build_plugin "ma-plugin"
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "git plugins" do
+        before do
+          build_git "ga-plugin", :path => lib_path("ga-plugin") do |s|
+            s.write "plugins.rb"
+          end
+        end
+
+        let(:result) do
+          installer.install(["ga-plugin"], :git => file_uri_for(lib_path("ga-plugin")))
+        end
+
+        it "returns the installed spec after installing" do
+          spec = result["ga-plugin"]
+          expect(spec.full_name).to eq "ga-plugin-1.0"
+        end
+
+        it "has expected full_gem_path" do
+          rev = revision_for(lib_path("ga-plugin"))
+          expect(result["ga-plugin"].full_gem_path).
+            to eq(Bundler::Plugin.root.join("bundler", "gems", "ga-plugin-#{rev[0..11]}").to_s)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "local git plugins" do
+        before do
+          build_git "ga-plugin", :path => lib_path("ga-plugin") do |s|
+            s.write "plugins.rb"
+          end
+        end
+
+        let(:result) do
+          installer.install(["ga-plugin"], :local_git => lib_path("ga-plugin").to_s)
+        end
+
+        it "returns the installed spec after installing" do
+          spec = result["ga-plugin"]
+          expect(spec.full_name).to eq "ga-plugin-1.0"
+        end
+
+        it "has expected full_gem_path" do
+          rev = revision_for(lib_path("ga-plugin"))
+          expect(result["ga-plugin"].full_gem_path).
+            to eq(Bundler::Plugin.root.join("bundler", "gems", "ga-plugin-#{rev[0..11]}").to_s)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "rubygems plugins" do
+        let(:result) do
+          installer.install(["re-plugin"], :source => file_uri_for(gem_repo2))
+        end
+
+        it "returns the installed spec after installing " do
+          expect(result["re-plugin"]).to be_kind_of(Bundler::RemoteSpecification)
+        end
+
+        it "has expected full_gem_path" do
+          expect(result["re-plugin"].full_gem_path).
+            to eq(global_plugin_gem("re-plugin-1.0").to_s)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "multiple plugins" do
+        let(:result) do
+          installer.install(["re-plugin", "ma-plugin"], :source => file_uri_for(gem_repo2))
+        end
+
+        it "returns the installed spec after installing " do
+          expect(result["re-plugin"]).to be_kind_of(Bundler::RemoteSpecification)
+          expect(result["ma-plugin"]).to be_kind_of(Bundler::RemoteSpecification)
+        end
+
+        it "has expected full_gem_path" do
+          expect(result["re-plugin"].full_gem_path).to eq(global_plugin_gem("re-plugin-1.0").to_s)
+          expect(result["ma-plugin"].full_gem_path).to eq(global_plugin_gem("ma-plugin-1.0").to_s)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/source_list_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/source_list_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64a1233dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin/source_list_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin::SourceList do
+  SourceList = Bundler::Plugin::SourceList
+
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler).to receive(:root) { Pathname.new "/" }
+  end
+
+  subject(:source_list) { SourceList.new }
+
+  describe "adding sources uses classes for plugin" do
+    it "uses Plugin::Installer::Rubygems for rubygems sources" do
+      source = source_list.
+        add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://existing-rubygems.org"])
+      expect(source).to be_instance_of(Bundler::Plugin::Installer::Rubygems)
+    end
+
+    it "uses Plugin::Installer::Git for git sources" do
+      source = source_list.
+        add_git_source("uri" => "git://existing-git.org/path.git")
+      expect(source).to be_instance_of(Bundler::Plugin::Installer::Git)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25cae014dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/plugin_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../support/streams"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Plugin do
+  Plugin = Bundler::Plugin
+
+  let(:installer) { double(:installer) }
+  let(:index) { double(:index) }
+  let(:spec) { double(:spec) }
+  let(:spec2) { double(:spec2) }
+
+  before do
+    build_lib "new-plugin", :path => lib_path("new-plugin") do |s|
+      s.write "plugins.rb"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "another-plugin", :path => lib_path("another-plugin") do |s|
+      s.write "plugins.rb"
+    end
+
+    allow(spec).to receive(:full_gem_path).
+      and_return(lib_path("new-plugin").to_s)
+    allow(spec).to receive(:load_paths).
+      and_return([lib_path("new-plugin").join("lib").to_s])
+
+    allow(spec2).to receive(:full_gem_path).
+      and_return(lib_path("another-plugin").to_s)
+    allow(spec2).to receive(:load_paths).
+      and_return([lib_path("another-plugin").join("lib").to_s])
+
+    allow(Plugin::Installer).to receive(:new) { installer }
+    allow(Plugin).to receive(:index) { index }
+    allow(index).to receive(:register_plugin)
+  end
+
+  describe "list command" do
+    context "when no plugins are installed" do
+      before { allow(index).to receive(:installed_plugins) { [] } }
+      it "outputs no plugins installed" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:info).with("No plugins installed")
+        subject.list
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with installed plugins" do
+      before do
+        allow(index).to receive(:installed_plugins) { %w[plug1 plug2] }
+        allow(index).to receive(:plugin_commands).with("plug1") { %w[c11 c12] }
+        allow(index).to receive(:plugin_commands).with("plug2") { %w[c21 c22] }
+      end
+      it "list plugins followed by commands" do
+        expected_output = "plug1\n-----\n  c11\n  c12\n\nplug2\n-----\n  c21\n  c22\n\n"
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:info).with(expected_output)
+        subject.list
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "install command" do
+    let(:opts) { { "version" => "~> 1.0", "source" => "foo" } }
+
+    before do
+      allow(installer).to receive(:install).with(["new-plugin"], opts) do
+        { "new-plugin" => spec }
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "passes the name and options to installer" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:installed?).
+        with("new-plugin")
+      allow(installer).to receive(:install).with(["new-plugin"], opts) do
+        { "new-plugin" => spec }
+      end.once
+
+      subject.install ["new-plugin"], opts
+    end
+
+    it "validates the installed plugin" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:installed?).
+        with("new-plugin")
+      allow(subject).
+        to receive(:validate_plugin!).with(lib_path("new-plugin")).once
+
+      subject.install ["new-plugin"], opts
+    end
+
+    it "registers the plugin with index" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:installed?).
+        with("new-plugin")
+      allow(index).to receive(:register_plugin).
+        with("new-plugin", lib_path("new-plugin").to_s, [lib_path("new-plugin").join("lib").to_s], []).once
+      subject.install ["new-plugin"], opts
+    end
+
+    context "multiple plugins" do
+      it do
+        allow(installer).to receive(:install).
+          with(["new-plugin", "another-plugin"], opts) do
+          {
+            "new-plugin" => spec,
+            "another-plugin" => spec2,
+          }
+        end.once
+
+        allow(subject).to receive(:validate_plugin!).twice
+        allow(index).to receive(:installed?).twice
+        allow(index).to receive(:register_plugin).twice
+        subject.install ["new-plugin", "another-plugin"], opts
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "evaluate gemfile for plugins" do
+    let(:definition) { double("definition") }
+    let(:builder) { double("builder") }
+    let(:gemfile) { bundled_app_gemfile }
+
+    before do
+      allow(Plugin::DSL).to receive(:new) { builder }
+      allow(builder).to receive(:eval_gemfile).with(gemfile)
+      allow(builder).to receive(:check_primary_source_safety)
+      allow(builder).to receive(:to_definition) { definition }
+      allow(builder).to receive(:inferred_plugins) { [] }
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't calls installer without any plugins" do
+      allow(definition).to receive(:dependencies) { [] }
+      allow(installer).to receive(:install_definition).never
+
+      subject.gemfile_install(gemfile)
+    end
+
+    context "with dependencies" do
+      let(:plugin_specs) do
+        {
+          "new-plugin" => spec,
+          "another-plugin" => spec2,
+        }
+      end
+
+      before do
+        allow(index).to receive(:installed?) { nil }
+        allow(definition).to receive(:dependencies) { [Bundler::Dependency.new("new-plugin", ">=0"), Bundler::Dependency.new("another-plugin", ">=0")] }
+        allow(installer).to receive(:install_definition) { plugin_specs }
+      end
+
+      it "should validate and register the plugins" do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:validate_plugin!).twice
+        expect(subject).to receive(:register_plugin).twice
+
+        subject.gemfile_install(gemfile)
+      end
+
+      it "should pass the optional plugins to #register_plugin" do
+        allow(builder).to receive(:inferred_plugins) { ["another-plugin"] }
+
+        expect(subject).to receive(:register_plugin).
+          with("new-plugin", spec, false).once
+
+        expect(subject).to receive(:register_plugin).
+          with("another-plugin", spec2, true).once
+
+        subject.gemfile_install(gemfile)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#command?" do
+    it "returns true value for commands in index" do
+      allow(index).
+        to receive(:command_plugin).with("newcommand") { "my-plugin" }
+      result = subject.command? "newcommand"
+      expect(result).to be_truthy
+    end
+
+    it "returns false value for commands not in index" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:command_plugin).with("newcommand") { nil }
+      result = subject.command? "newcommand"
+      expect(result).to be_falsy
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#exec_command" do
+    it "raises UndefinedCommandError when command is not found" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:command_plugin).with("newcommand") { nil }
+      expect { subject.exec_command("newcommand", []) }.
+        to raise_error(Plugin::UndefinedCommandError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#source?" do
+    it "returns true value for sources in index" do
+      allow(index).
+        to receive(:command_plugin).with("foo-source") { "my-plugin" }
+      result = subject.command? "foo-source"
+      expect(result).to be_truthy
+    end
+
+    it "returns false value for source not in index" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:command_plugin).with("foo-source") { nil }
+      result = subject.command? "foo-source"
+      expect(result).to be_falsy
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#source" do
+    it "raises UnknownSourceError when source is not found" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:source_plugin).with("bar") { nil }
+      expect { subject.source("bar") }.
+        to raise_error(Plugin::UnknownSourceError)
+    end
+
+    it "loads the plugin, if not loaded" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:source_plugin).with("foo-bar") { "plugin_name" }
+
+      expect(subject).to receive(:load_plugin).with("plugin_name")
+      subject.source("foo-bar")
+    end
+
+    it "returns the class registered with #add_source" do
+      allow(index).to receive(:source_plugin).with("foo") { "plugin_name" }
+      stub_const "NewClass", Class.new
+
+      subject.add_source("foo", NewClass)
+      expect(subject.source("foo")).to be(NewClass)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#source_from_lock" do
+    it "returns instance of registered class initialized with locked opts" do
+      opts = { "type" => "l_source", "remote" => "xyz", "other" => "random" }
+      allow(index).to receive(:source_plugin).with("l_source") { "plugin_name" }
+
+      stub_const "SClass", Class.new
+      s_instance = double(:s_instance)
+      subject.add_source("l_source", SClass)
+
+      expect(SClass).to receive(:new).
+        with(hash_including("type" => "l_source", "uri" => "xyz", "other" => "random")) { s_instance }
+      expect(subject.source_from_lock(opts)).to be(s_instance)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#root" do
+    context "in app dir" do
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      end
+
+      it "returns plugin dir in app .bundle path" do
+        expect(subject.root).to eq(bundled_app.join(".bundle/plugin"))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "outside app dir" do
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(nil)
+      end
+
+      it "returns plugin dir in global bundle path" do
+        expect(subject.root).to eq(home.join(".bundle/plugin"))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#add_hook" do
+    it "raises an ArgumentError on an unregistered event" do
+      ran = false
+      expect do
+        Plugin.add_hook("unregistered-hook") { ran = true }
+      end.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+      expect(ran).to be(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#hook" do
+    before do
+      path = lib_path("foo-plugin")
+      build_lib "foo-plugin", :path => path do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb", code
+      end
+
+      Bundler::Plugin::Events.send(:reset)
+      Bundler::Plugin::Events.send(:define, :EVENT_1, "event-1")
+      Bundler::Plugin::Events.send(:define, :EVENT_2, "event-2")
+
+      allow(index).to receive(:hook_plugins).with(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_1).
+        and_return(["foo-plugin", "", nil])
+      allow(index).to receive(:hook_plugins).with(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_2).
+        and_return(["foo-plugin"])
+      allow(index).to receive(:plugin_path).with("foo-plugin").and_return(path)
+      allow(index).to receive(:load_paths).with("foo-plugin").and_return([])
+    end
+
+    let(:code) { <<-RUBY }
+      Bundler::Plugin::API.hook("event-1") { puts "hook for event 1" }
+    RUBY
+
+    it "raises an ArgumentError on an unregistered event" do
+      expect do
+        Plugin.hook("unregistered-hook")
+      end.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    end
+
+    it "executes the hook" do
+      out = capture(:stdout) do
+        Plugin.hook(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_1)
+      end.strip
+
+      expect(out).to eq("hook for event 1")
+    end
+
+    context "single plugin declaring more than one hook" do
+      let(:code) { <<-RUBY }
+        Bundler::Plugin::API.hook(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_1) {}
+        Bundler::Plugin::API.hook(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_2) {}
+        puts "loaded"
+      RUBY
+
+      it "evals plugins.rb once" do
+        out = capture(:stdout) do
+          Plugin.hook(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_1)
+          Plugin.hook(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_2)
+        end.strip
+
+        expect(out).to eq("loaded")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "a block is passed" do
+      let(:code) { <<-RUBY }
+        Bundler::Plugin::API.hook(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_1) { |&blk| blk.call }
+      RUBY
+
+      it "is passed to the hook" do
+        out = capture(:stdout) do
+          Plugin.hook(Bundler::Plugin::Events::EVENT_1) { puts "win" }
+        end.strip
+
+        expect(out).to eq("win")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/psyched_yaml_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/psyched_yaml_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5d68c5cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/psyched_yaml_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/psyched_yaml"
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler::YamlLibrarySyntaxError" do
+  it "is raised on YAML parse errors" do
+    expect { YAML.parse "{foo" }.to raise_error(Bundler::YamlLibrarySyntaxError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/remote_specification_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/remote_specification_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8115e026d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/remote_specification_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::RemoteSpecification do
+  let(:name)         { "foo" }
+  let(:version)      { Gem::Version.new("1.0.0") }
+  let(:platform)     { Gem::Platform::RUBY }
+  let(:spec_fetcher) { double(:spec_fetcher) }
+
+  subject { described_class.new(name, version, platform, spec_fetcher) }
+
+  it "is Comparable" do
+    expect(described_class.ancestors).to include(Comparable)
+  end
+
+  it "can match platforms" do
+    expect(described_class.ancestors).to include(Bundler::MatchPlatform)
+  end
+
+  describe "#fetch_platform" do
+    let(:remote_spec) { double(:remote_spec, :platform => "jruby") }
+
+    before { allow(spec_fetcher).to receive(:fetch_spec).and_return(remote_spec) }
+
+    it "should return the spec platform" do
+      expect(subject.fetch_platform).to eq("jruby")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#full_name" do
+    context "when platform is ruby" do
+      it "should return the spec name and version" do
+        expect(subject.full_name).to eq("foo-1.0.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when platform is nil" do
+      let(:platform) { nil }
+
+      it "should return the spec name and version" do
+        expect(subject.full_name).to eq("foo-1.0.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when platform is a non-ruby platform" do
+      let(:platform) { "jruby" }
+
+      it "should return the spec name, version, and platform" do
+        expect(subject.full_name).to eq("foo-1.0.0-jruby")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#<=>" do
+    let(:other_name)         { name }
+    let(:other_version)      { version }
+    let(:other_platform)     { platform }
+    let(:other_spec_fetcher) { spec_fetcher }
+
+    shared_examples_for "a comparison" do
+      context "which exactly matches" do
+        it "returns 0" do
+          expect(subject <=> other).to eq(0)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "which is different by name" do
+        let(:other_name) { "a" }
+        it "returns 1" do
+          expect(subject <=> other).to eq(1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "which has a lower version" do
+        let(:other_version) { Gem::Version.new("0.9.0") }
+        it "returns 1" do
+          expect(subject <=> other).to eq(1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "which has a higher version" do
+        let(:other_version) { Gem::Version.new("1.1.0") }
+        it "returns -1" do
+          expect(subject <=> other).to eq(-1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "which has a different platform" do
+        let(:other_platform) { Gem::Platform.new("x86-mswin32") }
+        it "returns -1" do
+          expect(subject <=> other).to eq(-1)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "comparing another Bundler::RemoteSpecification" do
+      let(:other) do
+        Bundler::RemoteSpecification.new(other_name, other_version,
+          other_platform, nil)
+      end
+
+      it_should_behave_like "a comparison"
+    end
+
+    context "comparing a Gem::Specification" do
+      let(:other) do
+        Gem::Specification.new(other_name, other_version).tap do |s|
+          s.platform = other_platform
+        end
+      end
+
+      it_should_behave_like "a comparison"
+    end
+
+    context "comparing a non sortable object" do
+      let(:other) { Object.new }
+      let(:remote_spec) { double(:remote_spec, :platform => "jruby") }
+
+      before do
+        allow(spec_fetcher).to receive(:fetch_spec).and_return(remote_spec)
+        allow(remote_spec).to receive(:<=>).and_return(nil)
+      end
+
+      it "should use default object comparison" do
+        expect(subject <=> other).to eq(nil)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#__swap__" do
+    let(:spec) { double(:spec, :dependencies => []) }
+    let(:new_spec) { double(:new_spec, :dependencies => [], :runtime_dependencies => []) }
+
+    before { subject.instance_variable_set(:@_remote_specification, spec) }
+
+    it "should replace remote specification with the passed spec" do
+      expect(subject.instance_variable_get(:@_remote_specification)).to be(spec)
+      subject.__swap__(new_spec)
+      expect(subject.instance_variable_get(:@_remote_specification)).to be(new_spec)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#sort_obj" do
+    context "when platform is ruby" do
+      it "should return a sorting delegate array with name, version, and -1" do
+        expect(subject.sort_obj).to match_array(["foo", version, -1])
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when platform is not ruby" do
+      let(:platform) { "jruby" }
+
+      it "should return a sorting delegate array with name, version, and 1" do
+        expect(subject.sort_obj).to match_array(["foo", version, 1])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "method missing" do
+    context "and is present in Gem::Specification" do
+      let(:remote_spec) { double(:remote_spec, :authors => "abcd") }
+
+      before do
+        allow(subject).to receive(:_remote_specification).and_return(remote_spec)
+        expect(subject.methods.map(&:to_sym)).not_to include(:authors)
+      end
+
+      it "should send through to Gem::Specification" do
+        expect(subject.authors).to eq("abcd")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "respond to missing?" do
+    context "and is present in Gem::Specification" do
+      let(:remote_spec) { double(:remote_spec, :authors => "abcd") }
+
+      before do
+        allow(subject).to receive(:_remote_specification).and_return(remote_spec)
+        expect(subject.methods.map(&:to_sym)).not_to include(:authors)
+      end
+
+      it "should send through to Gem::Specification" do
+        expect(subject.respond_to?(:authors)).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/retry_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/retry_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b893580d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/retry_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Retry do
+  it "return successful result if no errors" do
+    attempts = 0
+    result = Bundler::Retry.new(nil, nil, 3).attempt do
+      attempts += 1
+      :success
+    end
+    expect(result).to eq(:success)
+    expect(attempts).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the first valid result" do
+    jobs = [proc { raise "foo" }, proc { :bar }, proc { raise "foo" }]
+    attempts = 0
+    result = Bundler::Retry.new(nil, nil, 3).attempt do
+      attempts += 1
+      jobs.shift.call
+    end
+    expect(result).to eq(:bar)
+    expect(attempts).to eq(2)
+  end
+
+  it "raises the last error" do
+    errors = [StandardError, StandardError, StandardError, Bundler::GemfileNotFound]
+    attempts = 0
+    expect do
+      Bundler::Retry.new(nil, nil, 3).attempt do
+        attempts += 1
+        raise errors.shift
+      end
+    end.to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileNotFound)
+    expect(attempts).to eq(4)
+  end
+
+  it "raises exceptions" do
+    error = Bundler::GemfileNotFound
+    attempts = 0
+    expect do
+      Bundler::Retry.new(nil, error).attempt do
+        attempts += 1
+        raise error
+      end
+    end.to raise_error(error)
+    expect(attempts).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  context "logging" do
+    let(:error)           { Bundler::GemfileNotFound }
+    let(:failure_message) { "Retrying test due to error (2/2): #{error} #{error}" }
+
+    context "with debugging on" do
+      it "print error message with newline" do
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(:debug?).and_return(true)
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to_not receive(:info)
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(failure_message, true)
+
+        expect do
+          Bundler::Retry.new("test", [], 1).attempt do
+            raise error
+          end
+        end.to raise_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with debugging off" do
+      it "print error message with newlines" do
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to  receive(:debug?).and_return(false)
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:info).with("").twice
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(failure_message, false)
+
+        expect do
+          Bundler::Retry.new("test", [], 1).attempt do
+            raise error
+          end
+        end.to raise_error(error)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/ruby_dsl_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/ruby_dsl_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc1ca98457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/ruby_dsl_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/ruby_dsl"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::RubyDsl do
+  class MockDSL
+    include Bundler::RubyDsl
+
+    attr_reader :ruby_version
+  end
+
+  let(:dsl) { MockDSL.new }
+  let(:ruby_version) { "2.0.0" }
+  let(:version) { "2.0.0" }
+  let(:engine) { "jruby" }
+  let(:engine_version) { "9000" }
+  let(:patchlevel) { "100" }
+  let(:options) do
+    { :patchlevel => patchlevel,
+      :engine => engine,
+      :engine_version => engine_version }
+  end
+
+  let(:invoke) do
+    proc do
+      args = Array(ruby_version) + [options]
+      dsl.ruby(*args)
+    end
+  end
+
+  subject do
+    invoke.call
+    dsl.ruby_version
+  end
+
+  describe "#ruby_version" do
+    shared_examples_for "it stores the ruby version" do
+      it "stores the version" do
+        expect(subject.versions).to eq(Array(ruby_version))
+        expect(subject.gem_version.version).to eq(version)
+      end
+
+      it "stores the engine details" do
+        expect(subject.engine).to eq(engine)
+        expect(subject.engine_versions).to eq(Array(engine_version))
+      end
+
+      it "stores the patchlevel" do
+        expect(subject.patchlevel).to eq(patchlevel)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a plain version" do
+      it_behaves_like "it stores the ruby version"
+    end
+
+    context "with a single requirement" do
+      let(:ruby_version) { ">= 2.0.0" }
+      it_behaves_like "it stores the ruby version"
+    end
+
+    context "with two requirements in the same string" do
+      let(:ruby_version) { ">= 2.0.0, < 3.0" }
+      it "raises an error" do
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with two requirements" do
+      let(:ruby_version) { ["~> 2.0.0", "> 2.0.1"] }
+      it_behaves_like "it stores the ruby version"
+    end
+
+    context "with multiple engine versions" do
+      let(:engine_version) { ["> 200", "< 300"] }
+      it_behaves_like "it stores the ruby version"
+    end
+
+    context "with no options hash" do
+      let(:invoke) { proc { dsl.ruby(ruby_version) } }
+
+      let(:patchlevel) { nil }
+      let(:engine) { "ruby" }
+      let(:engine_version) { version }
+
+      it_behaves_like "it stores the ruby version"
+
+      context "and with multiple requirements" do
+        let(:ruby_version) { ["~> 2.0.0", "> 2.0.1"] }
+        let(:engine_version) { ruby_version }
+        it_behaves_like "it stores the ruby version"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/ruby_version_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/ruby_version_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c6c071d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/ruby_version_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/ruby_version"
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler::RubyVersion and its subclasses" do
+  let(:version)              { "2.0.0" }
+  let(:patchlevel)           { "645" }
+  let(:engine)               { "jruby" }
+  let(:engine_version)       { "2.0.1" }
+
+  describe Bundler::RubyVersion do
+    subject { Bundler::RubyVersion.new(version, patchlevel, engine, engine_version) }
+
+    let(:ruby_version)         { subject }
+    let(:other_version)        { version }
+    let(:other_patchlevel)     { patchlevel }
+    let(:other_engine)         { engine }
+    let(:other_engine_version) { engine_version }
+    let(:other_ruby_version)   { Bundler::RubyVersion.new(other_version, other_patchlevel, other_engine, other_engine_version) }
+
+    describe "#initialize" do
+      context "no engine is passed" do
+        let(:engine) { nil }
+
+        it "should set ruby as the engine" do
+          expect(subject.engine).to eq("ruby")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "no engine_version is passed" do
+        let(:engine_version) { nil }
+
+        it "should set engine version as the passed version" do
+          expect(subject.engine_versions).to eq(["2.0.0"])
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with engine in symbol" do
+        let(:engine) { :jruby }
+
+        it "should coerce engine to string" do
+          expect(subject.engine).to eq("jruby")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "is called with multiple requirements" do
+        let(:version) { ["<= 2.0.0", "> 1.9.3"] }
+        let(:engine_version) { nil }
+
+        it "sets the versions" do
+          expect(subject.versions).to eq(version)
+        end
+
+        it "sets the engine versions" do
+          expect(subject.engine_versions).to eq(version)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "is called with multiple engine requirements" do
+        let(:engine_version) { [">= 2.0", "< 2.3"] }
+
+        it "sets the engine versions" do
+          expect(subject.engine_versions).to eq(engine_version)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe ".from_string" do
+      shared_examples_for "returning" do
+        it "returns the original RubyVersion" do
+          expect(described_class.from_string(subject.to_s)).to eq(subject)
+        end
+      end
+
+      include_examples "returning"
+
+      context "no patchlevel" do
+        let(:patchlevel) { nil }
+
+        include_examples "returning"
+      end
+
+      context "engine is ruby" do
+        let(:engine) { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version) { version }
+
+        include_examples "returning"
+      end
+
+      context "with multiple requirements" do
+        let(:engine_version) { ["> 9", "< 11"] }
+        let(:version) { ["> 8", "< 10"] }
+        let(:patchlevel) { nil }
+
+        it "returns nil" do
+          expect(described_class.from_string(subject.to_s)).to be_nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#to_s" do
+      it "should return info string with the ruby version, patchlevel, engine, and engine version" do
+        expect(subject.to_s).to eq("ruby 2.0.0p645 (jruby 2.0.1)")
+      end
+
+      context "no patchlevel" do
+        let(:patchlevel) { nil }
+
+        it "should return info string with the version, engine, and engine version" do
+          expect(subject.to_s).to eq("ruby 2.0.0 (jruby 2.0.1)")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "engine is ruby" do
+        let(:engine) { "ruby" }
+
+        it "should return info string with the ruby version and patchlevel" do
+          expect(subject.to_s).to eq("ruby 2.0.0p645")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with multiple requirements" do
+        let(:engine_version) { ["> 9", "< 11"] }
+        let(:version) { ["> 8", "< 10"] }
+        let(:patchlevel) { nil }
+
+        it "should return info string with all requirements" do
+          expect(subject.to_s).to eq("ruby > 8, < 10 (jruby > 9, < 11)")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#==" do
+      shared_examples_for "two ruby versions are not equal" do
+        it "should return false" do
+          expect(subject).to_not eq(other_ruby_version)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "the versions, pathlevels, engines, and engine_versions match" do
+        it "should return true" do
+          expect(subject).to eq(other_ruby_version)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "the versions do not match" do
+        let(:other_version) { "1.21.6" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "two ruby versions are not equal"
+      end
+
+      context "the patchlevels do not match" do
+        let(:other_patchlevel) { "21" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "two ruby versions are not equal"
+      end
+
+      context "the engines do not match" do
+        let(:other_engine) { "ruby" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "two ruby versions are not equal"
+      end
+
+      context "the engine versions do not match" do
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "1.11.2" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "two ruby versions are not equal"
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#host" do
+      before do
+        allow(RbConfig::CONFIG).to receive(:[]).with("host_cpu").and_return("x86_64")
+        allow(RbConfig::CONFIG).to receive(:[]).with("host_vendor").and_return("apple")
+        allow(RbConfig::CONFIG).to receive(:[]).with("host_os").and_return("darwin14.5.0")
+      end
+
+      it "should return an info string with the host cpu, vendor, and os" do
+        expect(subject.host).to eq("x86_64-apple-darwin14.5.0")
+      end
+
+      it "memoizes the info string with the host cpu, vendor, and os" do
+        expect(RbConfig::CONFIG).to receive(:[]).with("host_cpu").once.and_call_original
+        expect(RbConfig::CONFIG).to receive(:[]).with("host_vendor").once.and_call_original
+        expect(RbConfig::CONFIG).to receive(:[]).with("host_os").once.and_call_original
+        2.times { ruby_version.host }
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#gem_version" do
+      let(:gem_version) { "2.0.0" }
+      let(:gem_version_obj) { Gem::Version.new(gem_version) }
+
+      shared_examples_for "it parses the version from the requirement string" do |version|
+        let(:version) { version }
+        it "should return the underlying version" do
+          expect(ruby_version.gem_version).to eq(gem_version_obj)
+          expect(ruby_version.gem_version.version).to eq(gem_version)
+        end
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "it parses the version from the requirement string", "2.0.0"
+      it_behaves_like "it parses the version from the requirement string", ">= 2.0.0"
+      it_behaves_like "it parses the version from the requirement string", "~> 2.0.0"
+      it_behaves_like "it parses the version from the requirement string", "< 2.0.0"
+      it_behaves_like "it parses the version from the requirement string", "= 2.0.0"
+      it_behaves_like "it parses the version from the requirement string", ["> 2.0.0", "< 2.4.5"]
+    end
+
+    describe "#diff" do
+      let(:engine) { "ruby" }
+
+      shared_examples_for "there is a difference in the engines" do
+        it "should return a tuple with :engine and the two different engines" do
+          expect(ruby_version.diff(other_ruby_version)).to eq([:engine, engine, other_engine])
+        end
+      end
+
+      shared_examples_for "there is a difference in the versions" do
+        it "should return a tuple with :version and the two different versions" do
+          expect(ruby_version.diff(other_ruby_version)).to eq([:version, Array(version).join(", "), Array(other_version).join(", ")])
+        end
+      end
+
+      shared_examples_for "there is a difference in the engine versions" do
+        it "should return a tuple with :engine_version and the two different engine versions" do
+          expect(ruby_version.diff(other_ruby_version)).to eq([:engine_version, Array(engine_version).join(", "), Array(other_engine_version).join(", ")])
+        end
+      end
+
+      shared_examples_for "there is a difference in the patchlevels" do
+        it "should return a tuple with :patchlevel and the two different patchlevels" do
+          expect(ruby_version.diff(other_ruby_version)).to eq([:patchlevel, patchlevel, other_patchlevel])
+        end
+      end
+
+      shared_examples_for "there are no differences" do
+        it "should return nil" do
+          expect(ruby_version.diff(other_ruby_version)).to be_nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "all things match exactly" do
+        it_behaves_like "there are no differences"
+      end
+
+      context "detects engine discrepancies first" do
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "643" }
+        let(:other_engine)         { "rbx" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.0" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the engines"
+      end
+
+      context "detects version discrepancies second" do
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "643" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.0" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the versions"
+      end
+
+      context "detects version discrepancies with multiple requirements second" do
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "643" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.0" }
+
+        let(:version) { ["> 2.0.0", "< 1.0.0"] }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the versions"
+      end
+
+      context "detects engine version discrepancies third" do
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "643" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.0" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the engine versions"
+      end
+
+      context "detects engine version discrepancies with multiple requirements third" do
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "643" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.0" }
+
+        let(:engine_version) { ["> 2.0.0", "< 1.0.0"] }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the engine versions"
+      end
+
+      context "detects patchlevel discrepancies last" do
+        let(:other_patchlevel) { "643" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the patchlevels"
+      end
+
+      context "successfully matches gem requirements" do
+        let(:version)              { ">= 2.0.0" }
+        let(:patchlevel)           { "< 643" }
+        let(:engine)               { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version)       { "~> 2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.0" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "642" }
+        let(:other_engine)         { "ruby" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.5" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there are no differences"
+      end
+
+      context "successfully matches multiple gem requirements" do
+        let(:version)              { [">= 2.0.0", "< 2.4.5"] }
+        let(:patchlevel)           { "< 643" }
+        let(:engine)               { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version)       { ["~> 2.0.1", "< 2.4.5"] }
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.0" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "642" }
+        let(:other_engine)         { "ruby" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.5" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there are no differences"
+      end
+
+      context "successfully detects bad gem requirements with versions with multiple requirements" do
+        let(:version)              { ["~> 2.0.0", "< 2.0.5"] }
+        let(:patchlevel)           { "< 643" }
+        let(:engine)               { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version)       { "~> 2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.5" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "642" }
+        let(:other_engine)         { "ruby" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.5" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the versions"
+      end
+
+      context "successfully detects bad gem requirements with versions" do
+        let(:version)              { "~> 2.0.0" }
+        let(:patchlevel)           { "< 643" }
+        let(:engine)               { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version)       { "~> 2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.1.0" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "642" }
+        let(:other_engine)         { "ruby" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.5" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the versions"
+      end
+
+      context "successfully detects bad gem requirements with patchlevels" do
+        let(:version)              { ">= 2.0.0" }
+        let(:patchlevel)           { "< 643" }
+        let(:engine)               { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version)       { "~> 2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.0" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "645" }
+        let(:other_engine)         { "ruby" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.0.5" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the patchlevels"
+      end
+
+      context "successfully detects bad gem requirements with engine versions" do
+        let(:version)              { ">= 2.0.0" }
+        let(:patchlevel)           { "< 643" }
+        let(:engine)               { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version)       { "~> 2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_version)        { "2.0.0" }
+        let(:other_patchlevel)     { "642" }
+        let(:other_engine)         { "ruby" }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { "2.1.0" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the engine versions"
+      end
+
+      context "with a patchlevel of -1" do
+        let(:version)              { ">= 2.0.0" }
+        let(:patchlevel)           { "-1" }
+        let(:engine)               { "ruby" }
+        let(:engine_version)       { "~> 2.0.1" }
+        let(:other_version)        { version }
+        let(:other_engine)         { engine }
+        let(:other_engine_version) { engine_version }
+
+        context "and comparing with another patchlevel of -1" do
+          let(:other_patchlevel) { patchlevel }
+
+          it_behaves_like "there are no differences"
+        end
+
+        context "and comparing with a patchlevel that is not -1" do
+          let(:other_patchlevel)     { "642" }
+
+          it_behaves_like "there is a difference in the patchlevels"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#system" do
+      subject { Bundler::RubyVersion.system }
+
+      let(:bundler_system_ruby_version) { subject }
+
+      around do |example|
+        if Bundler::RubyVersion.instance_variable_defined?("@ruby_version")
+          begin
+            old_ruby_version = Bundler::RubyVersion.instance_variable_get("@ruby_version")
+            Bundler::RubyVersion.remove_instance_variable("@ruby_version")
+            example.run
+          ensure
+            Bundler::RubyVersion.instance_variable_set("@ruby_version", old_ruby_version)
+          end
+        else
+          begin
+            example.run
+          ensure
+            Bundler::RubyVersion.remove_instance_variable("@ruby_version")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "should return an instance of Bundler::RubyVersion" do
+        expect(subject).to be_kind_of(Bundler::RubyVersion)
+      end
+
+      it "memoizes the instance of Bundler::RubyVersion" do
+        expect(Bundler::RubyVersion).to receive(:new).once.and_call_original
+        2.times { subject }
+      end
+
+      describe "#version" do
+        it "should return a copy of the value of RUBY_VERSION" do
+          expect(subject.versions).to eq([RUBY_VERSION])
+          expect(subject.versions.first).to_not be(RUBY_VERSION)
+        end
+      end
+
+      describe "#engine" do
+        before { stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE", "jruby") }
+        before { stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION", "2.1.1") }
+
+        it "should return a copy of the value of RUBY_ENGINE" do
+          expect(subject.engine).to eq("jruby")
+          expect(subject.engine).to_not be(RUBY_ENGINE)
+        end
+      end
+
+      describe "#engine_version" do
+        context "engine is ruby" do
+          before do
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION", "2.2.4")
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE", "ruby")
+          end
+
+          it "should return a copy of the value of RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION" do
+            expect(bundler_system_ruby_version.engine_versions).to eq(["2.2.4"])
+            expect(bundler_system_ruby_version.engine_versions.first).to_not be(RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "engine is rbx" do
+          before do
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE", "rbx")
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION", "2.0.0")
+          end
+
+          it "should return a copy of the value of RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION" do
+            expect(bundler_system_ruby_version.engine_versions).to eq(["2.0.0"])
+            expect(bundler_system_ruby_version.engine_versions.first).to_not be(RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "engine is jruby" do
+          before do
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE", "jruby")
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION", "2.1.1")
+          end
+
+          it "should return a copy of the value of RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION" do
+            expect(subject.engine_versions).to eq(["2.1.1"])
+            expect(bundler_system_ruby_version.engine_versions.first).to_not be(RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "engine is some other ruby engine" do
+          before do
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE", "not_supported_ruby_engine")
+            stub_const("RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION", "1.2.3")
+          end
+
+          it "returns RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION" do
+            expect(bundler_system_ruby_version.engine_versions).to eq(["1.2.3"])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      describe "#patchlevel" do
+        it "should return a string with the value of RUBY_PATCHLEVEL" do
+          expect(subject.patchlevel).to eq(RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#to_gem_version_with_patchlevel" do
+      shared_examples_for "the patchlevel is omitted" do
+        it "does not include a patch level" do
+          expect(subject.to_gem_version_with_patchlevel.to_s).to eq(version)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with nil patch number" do
+        let(:patchlevel) { nil }
+
+        it_behaves_like "the patchlevel is omitted"
+      end
+
+      context "with negative patch number" do
+        let(:patchlevel) { -1 }
+
+        it_behaves_like "the patchlevel is omitted"
+      end
+
+      context "with a valid patch number" do
+        it "uses the specified patchlevel as patchlevel" do
+          expect(subject.to_gem_version_with_patchlevel.to_s).to eq("#{version}.#{patchlevel}")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/rubygems_integration_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/rubygems_integration_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7557c806fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/rubygems_integration_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::RubygemsIntegration do
+  it "uses the same chdir lock as rubygems" do
+    expect(Bundler.rubygems.ext_lock).to eq(Gem::Ext::Builder::CHDIR_MONITOR)
+  end
+
+  context "#validate" do
+    let(:spec) do
+      Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+        s.name = "to-validate"
+        s.version = "1.0.0"
+        s.loaded_from = __FILE__
+      end
+    end
+    subject { Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec) }
+
+    it "validates with packaging mode disabled" do
+      expect(spec).to receive(:validate).with(false)
+      subject
+    end
+
+    context "with an invalid spec" do
+      before do
+        expect(spec).to receive(:validate).with(false).
+          and_raise(Gem::InvalidSpecificationException.new("TODO is not an author"))
+      end
+
+      it "should raise a Gem::InvalidSpecificationException and produce a helpful warning message" do
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error(Gem::InvalidSpecificationException,
+          "The gemspec at #{__FILE__} is not valid. "\
+          "Please fix this gemspec.\nThe validation error was 'TODO is not an author'\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#configuration" do
+    it "handles Gem::SystemExitException errors" do
+      allow(Gem).to receive(:configuration) { raise Gem::SystemExitException.new(1) }
+      expect { Bundler.rubygems.configuration }.to raise_error(Gem::SystemExitException)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#download_gem" do
+    let(:bundler_retry) { double(Bundler::Retry) }
+    let(:uri) { Bundler::URI.parse("https://foo.bar") }
+    let(:cache_dir) { "#{Gem.path.first}/cache" }
+    let(:spec) do
+      spec = Gem::Specification.new("Foo", Gem::Version.new("2.5.2"))
+      spec.remote = Bundler::Source::Rubygems::Remote.new(uri.to_s)
+      spec
+    end
+    let(:fetcher) { double("gem_remote_fetcher") }
+
+    it "successfully downloads gem with retries" do
+      expect(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:gem_remote_fetcher).and_return(fetcher)
+      expect(fetcher).to receive(:headers=).with({ "X-Gemfile-Source" => "https://foo.bar" })
+      expect(Bundler::Retry).to receive(:new).with("download gem from #{uri}/").
+        and_return(bundler_retry)
+      expect(bundler_retry).to receive(:attempts).and_yield
+      expect(fetcher).to receive(:cache_update_path)
+
+      Bundler.rubygems.download_gem(spec, uri, cache_dir)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#fetch_all_remote_specs" do
+    let(:uri) { "https://example.com" }
+    let(:fetcher) { double("gem_remote_fetcher") }
+    let(:specs_response) { Marshal.dump(["specs"]) }
+    let(:prerelease_specs_response) { Marshal.dump(["prerelease_specs"]) }
+
+    context "when a rubygems source mirror is set" do
+      let(:orig_uri) { Bundler::URI("http://zombo.com") }
+      let(:remote_with_mirror) { double("remote", :uri => uri, :original_uri => orig_uri) }
+
+      it "sets the 'X-Gemfile-Source' header containing the original source" do
+        expect(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:gem_remote_fetcher).twice.and_return(fetcher)
+        expect(fetcher).to receive(:headers=).with({ "X-Gemfile-Source" => "http://zombo.com" }).twice
+        expect(fetcher).to receive(:fetch_path).with(uri + "specs.4.8.gz").and_return(specs_response)
+        expect(fetcher).to receive(:fetch_path).with(uri + "prerelease_specs.4.8.gz").and_return(prerelease_specs_response)
+        result = Bundler.rubygems.fetch_all_remote_specs(remote_with_mirror)
+        expect(result).to eq(%w[specs prerelease_specs])
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there is no rubygems source mirror set" do
+      let(:remote_no_mirror) { double("remote", :uri => uri, :original_uri => nil) }
+
+      it "does not set the 'X-Gemfile-Source' header" do
+        expect(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:gem_remote_fetcher).twice.and_return(fetcher)
+        expect(fetcher).to_not receive(:headers=)
+        expect(fetcher).to receive(:fetch_path).with(uri + "specs.4.8.gz").and_return(specs_response)
+        expect(fetcher).to receive(:fetch_path).with(uri + "prerelease_specs.4.8.gz").and_return(prerelease_specs_response)
+        result = Bundler.rubygems.fetch_all_remote_specs(remote_no_mirror)
+        expect(result).to eq(%w[specs prerelease_specs])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/settings/validator_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/settings/validator_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4ffd89435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/settings/validator_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Settings::Validator do
+  describe ".validate!" do
+    def validate!(key, value, settings)
+      transformed_key = Bundler.settings.key_for(key)
+      if value.nil?
+        settings.delete(transformed_key)
+      else
+        settings[transformed_key] = value
+      end
+      described_class.validate!(key, value, settings)
+      settings
+    end
+
+    it "path and path.system are mutually exclusive" do
+      expect(validate!("path", "bundle", {})).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle")
+      expect(validate!("path", "bundle", "BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => false)).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle")
+      expect(validate!("path", "bundle", "BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => true)).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle")
+      expect(validate!("path", nil, "BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => true)).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => true)
+      expect(validate!("path", nil, "BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => false)).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => false)
+      expect(validate!("path", nil, {})).to eq({})
+
+      expect(validate!("path.system", true, "BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle")).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => true)
+      expect(validate!("path.system", false, "BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle")).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle", "BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => false)
+      expect(validate!("path.system", nil, "BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle")).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH" => "bundle")
+      expect(validate!("path.system", true, {})).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => true)
+      expect(validate!("path.system", false, {})).to eq("BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => false)
+      expect(validate!("path.system", nil, {})).to eq({})
+    end
+
+    it "a group cannot be in both `with` & `without` simultaneously" do
+      expect do
+        validate!("with", "", {})
+        validate!("with", nil, {})
+        validate!("with", "", "BUNDLE_WITHOUT" => "a")
+        validate!("with", nil, "BUNDLE_WITHOUT" => "a")
+        validate!("with", "b:c", "BUNDLE_WITHOUT" => "a")
+
+        validate!("without", "", {})
+        validate!("without", nil, {})
+        validate!("without", "", "BUNDLE_WITH" => "a")
+        validate!("without", nil, "BUNDLE_WITH" => "a")
+        validate!("without", "b:c", "BUNDLE_WITH" => "a")
+      end.not_to raise_error
+
+      expect { validate!("with", "b:c", "BUNDLE_WITHOUT" => "c:d") }.to raise_error Bundler::InvalidOption, strip_whitespace(<<-EOS).strip
+        Setting `with` to "b:c" failed:
+         - a group cannot be in both `with` & `without` simultaneously
+         - `without` is current set to [:c, :d]
+         - the `c` groups conflict
+      EOS
+
+      expect { validate!("without", "b:c", "BUNDLE_WITH" => "c:d") }.to raise_error Bundler::InvalidOption, strip_whitespace(<<-EOS).strip
+        Setting `without` to "b:c" failed:
+         - a group cannot be in both `with` & `without` simultaneously
+         - `with` is current set to [:c, :d]
+         - the `c` groups conflict
+      EOS
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe described_class::Rule do
+    let(:keys) { %w[key] }
+    let(:description) { "rule description" }
+    let(:validate) { proc { raise "validate called!" } }
+    subject(:rule) { described_class.new(keys, description, &validate) }
+
+    describe "#validate!" do
+      it "calls the block" do
+        expect { rule.validate!("key", nil, {}) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError, /validate called!/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#fail!" do
+      it "raises with a helpful message" do
+        expect { subject.fail!("key", "value", "reason1", "reason2") }.to raise_error Bundler::InvalidOption, strip_whitespace(<<-EOS).strip
+          Setting `key` to "value" failed:
+           - rule description
+           - reason1
+           - reason2
+        EOS
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#set" do
+      it "works when the value has not changed" do
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(:info).never
+
+        subject.set({}, "key", nil)
+        subject.set({ "BUNDLE_KEY" => "value" }, "key", "value")
+      end
+
+      it "prints out when the value is changing" do
+        settings = {}
+
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:info).with("Setting `key` to \"value\", since rule description, reason1")
+        subject.set(settings, "key", "value", "reason1")
+        expect(settings).to eq("BUNDLE_KEY" => "value")
+
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:info).with("Setting `key` to \"value2\", since rule description, reason2")
+        subject.set(settings, "key", "value2", "reason2")
+        expect(settings).to eq("BUNDLE_KEY" => "value2")
+
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:info).with("Setting `key` to nil, since rule description, reason3")
+        subject.set(settings, "key", nil, "reason3")
+        expect(settings).to eq({})
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/settings_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/settings_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24e3de7ba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/settings_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/settings"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Settings do
+  subject(:settings) { described_class.new(bundled_app) }
+
+  describe "#set_local" do
+    context "when the local config file is not found" do
+      subject(:settings) { described_class.new(nil) }
+
+      it "raises a GemfileNotFound error with explanation" do
+        expect { subject.set_local("foo", "bar") }.
+          to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "load_config" do
+    let(:hash) do
+      {
+        "build.thrift" => "--with-cppflags=-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=0",
+        "build.libv8" => "--with-system-v8",
+        "build.therubyracer" => "--with-v8-dir",
+        "build.pg" => "--with-pg-config=/usr/local/Cellar/postgresql92/9.2.8_1/bin/pg_config",
+        "gem.coc" => "false",
+        "gem.mit" => "false",
+        "gem.test" => "minitest",
+        "thingy" => <<-EOS.tr("\n", " "),
+--asdf --fdsa --ty=oh man i hope this doesnt break bundler because
+that would suck --ehhh=oh geez it looks like i might have broken bundler somehow
+--very-important-option=DontDeleteRoo
+--very-important-option=DontDeleteRoo
+--very-important-option=DontDeleteRoo
+--very-important-option=DontDeleteRoo
+        EOS
+        "xyz" => "zyx",
+      }
+    end
+
+    before do
+      hash.each do |key, value|
+        settings.set_local key, value
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "can load the config" do
+      loaded = settings.send(:load_config, bundled_app("config"))
+      expected = Hash[hash.map do |k, v|
+        [settings.send(:key_for, k), v.to_s]
+      end]
+      expect(loaded).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    context "when BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG is set" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG"] = "TRUE" }
+
+      it "ignores the config" do
+        loaded = settings.send(:load_config, bundled_app("config"))
+        expect(loaded).to eq({})
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#global_config_file" do
+    context "when $HOME is not accessible" do
+      it "does not raise" do
+        expect(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).twice.and_return(nil)
+
+        expect(subject.send(:global_config_file)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#[]" do
+    context "when the local config file is not found" do
+      subject(:settings) { described_class.new }
+
+      it "does not raise" do
+        expect do
+          subject["foo"]
+        end.not_to raise_error
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when not set" do
+      context "when default value present" do
+        it "retrieves value" do
+          expect(settings[:retry]).to be 3
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(settings[:buttermilk]).to be nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when is boolean" do
+      it "returns a boolean" do
+        settings.set_local :frozen, "true"
+        expect(settings[:frozen]).to be true
+      end
+      context "when specific gem is configured" do
+        it "returns a boolean" do
+          settings.set_local "ignore_messages.foobar", "true"
+          expect(settings["ignore_messages.foobar"]).to be true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when is number" do
+      it "returns a number" do
+        settings.set_local :ssl_verify_mode, "1"
+        expect(settings[:ssl_verify_mode]).to be 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when it's not possible to write to the file" do
+      it "raises an PermissionError with explanation" do
+        expect(::Bundler::FileUtils).to receive(:mkdir_p).with(settings.send(:local_config_file).dirname).
+          and_raise(Errno::EACCES)
+        expect { settings.set_local :frozen, "1" }.
+          to raise_error(Bundler::PermissionError, /config/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#temporary" do
+    it "reset after used" do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :no_install, true
+
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(:no_install => false) do
+        expect(Bundler.settings[:no_install]).to eq false
+      end
+
+      expect(Bundler.settings[:no_install]).to eq true
+
+      Bundler.settings.set_command_option :no_install, nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns the return value of the block" do
+      ret = Bundler.settings.temporary({}) { :ret }
+      expect(ret).to eq :ret
+    end
+
+    context "when called without a block" do
+      it "leaves the setting changed" do
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(:foo => :random)
+        expect(Bundler.settings[:foo]).to eq "random"
+      end
+
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(Bundler.settings.temporary(:foo => :bar)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#set_global" do
+    context "when it's not possible to write to the file" do
+      it "raises an PermissionError with explanation" do
+        expect(::Bundler::FileUtils).to receive(:mkdir_p).with(settings.send(:global_config_file).dirname).
+          and_raise(Errno::EACCES)
+        expect { settings.set_global(:frozen, "1") }.
+          to raise_error(Bundler::PermissionError, %r{\.bundle/config})
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#pretty_values_for" do
+    it "prints the converted value rather than the raw string" do
+      bool_key = described_class::BOOL_KEYS.first
+      settings.set_local(bool_key, "false")
+      expect(subject.pretty_values_for(bool_key)).to eq [
+        "Set for your local app (#{bundled_app("config")}): false",
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#mirror_for" do
+    let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("https://rubygems.org/") }
+
+    context "with no configured mirror" do
+      it "returns the original URI" do
+        expect(settings.mirror_for(uri)).to eq(uri)
+      end
+
+      it "converts a string parameter to a URI" do
+        expect(settings.mirror_for("https://rubygems.org/")).to eq(uri)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a configured mirror" do
+      let(:mirror_uri) { Bundler::URI("https://rubygems-mirror.org/") }
+
+      before { settings.set_local "mirror.https://rubygems.org/", mirror_uri.to_s }
+
+      it "returns the mirror URI" do
+        expect(settings.mirror_for(uri)).to eq(mirror_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "converts a string parameter to a URI" do
+        expect(settings.mirror_for("https://rubygems.org/")).to eq(mirror_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "normalizes the URI" do
+        expect(settings.mirror_for("https://rubygems.org")).to eq(mirror_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "is case insensitive" do
+        expect(settings.mirror_for("HTTPS://RUBYGEMS.ORG/")).to eq(mirror_uri)
+      end
+
+      context "with a file URI" do
+        let(:mirror_uri) { Bundler::URI("file:/foo/BAR/baz/qUx/") }
+
+        it "returns the mirror URI" do
+          expect(settings.mirror_for(uri)).to eq(mirror_uri)
+        end
+
+        it "converts a string parameter to a URI" do
+          expect(settings.mirror_for("file:/foo/BAR/baz/qUx/")).to eq(mirror_uri)
+        end
+
+        it "normalizes the URI" do
+          expect(settings.mirror_for("file:/foo/BAR/baz/qUx")).to eq(mirror_uri)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#credentials_for" do
+    let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("https://gemserver.example.org/") }
+    let(:credentials) { "username:password" }
+
+    context "with no configured credentials" do
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(settings.credentials_for(uri)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with credentials configured by URL" do
+      before { settings.set_local "https://gemserver.example.org/", credentials }
+
+      it "returns the configured credentials" do
+        expect(settings.credentials_for(uri)).to eq(credentials)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with credentials configured by hostname" do
+      before { settings.set_local "gemserver.example.org", credentials }
+
+      it "returns the configured credentials" do
+        expect(settings.credentials_for(uri)).to eq(credentials)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "URI normalization" do
+    it "normalizes HTTP URIs in credentials configuration" do
+      settings.set_local "http://gemserver.example.org", "username:password"
+      expect(settings.all).to include("http://gemserver.example.org/")
+    end
+
+    it "normalizes HTTPS URIs in credentials configuration" do
+      settings.set_local "https://gemserver.example.org", "username:password"
+      expect(settings.all).to include("https://gemserver.example.org/")
+    end
+
+    it "normalizes HTTP URIs in mirror configuration" do
+      settings.set_local "mirror.http://rubygems.org", "http://rubygems-mirror.org"
+      expect(settings.all).to include("mirror.http://rubygems.org/")
+    end
+
+    it "normalizes HTTPS URIs in mirror configuration" do
+      settings.set_local "mirror.https://rubygems.org", "http://rubygems-mirror.org"
+      expect(settings.all).to include("mirror.https://rubygems.org/")
+    end
+
+    it "does not normalize other config keys that happen to contain 'http'" do
+      settings.set_local "local.httparty", home("httparty")
+      expect(settings.all).to include("local.httparty")
+    end
+
+    it "does not normalize other config keys that happen to contain 'https'" do
+      settings.set_local "local.httpsmarty", home("httpsmarty")
+      expect(settings.all).to include("local.httpsmarty")
+    end
+
+    it "reads older keys without trailing slashes" do
+      settings.set_local "mirror.https://rubygems.org", "http://rubygems-mirror.org"
+      expect(settings.mirror_for("https://rubygems.org/")).to eq(
+        Bundler::URI("http://rubygems-mirror.org/")
+      )
+    end
+
+    it "normalizes URIs with a fallback_timeout option" do
+      settings.set_local "mirror.https://rubygems.org/.fallback_timeout", "true"
+      expect(settings.all).to include("mirror.https://rubygems.org/.fallback_timeout")
+    end
+
+    it "normalizes URIs with a fallback_timeout option without a trailing slash" do
+      settings.set_local "mirror.https://rubygems.org.fallback_timeout", "true"
+      expect(settings.all).to include("mirror.https://rubygems.org/.fallback_timeout")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "BUNDLE_ keys format" do
+    let(:settings) { described_class.new(bundled_app(".bundle")) }
+
+    it "converts older keys without double underscore" do
+      config("BUNDLE_MY__PERSONAL.RACK" => "~/Work/git/rack")
+      expect(settings["my.personal.rack"]).to eq("~/Work/git/rack")
+    end
+
+    it "converts older keys without trailing slashes and double underscore" do
+      config("BUNDLE_MIRROR__HTTPS://RUBYGEMS.ORG" => "http://rubygems-mirror.org")
+      expect(settings["mirror.https://rubygems.org/"]).to eq("http://rubygems-mirror.org")
+    end
+
+    it "converts older keys with dashes" do
+      config("BUNDLE_MY-PERSONAL-SERVER__ORG" => "my-personal-server.org")
+      expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(
+        "Your #{bundled_app(".bundle/config")} config includes `BUNDLE_MY-PERSONAL-SERVER__ORG`, which contains the dash character (`-`).\n" \
+        "This is deprecated, because configuration through `ENV` should be possible, but `ENV` keys cannot include dashes.\n" \
+        "Please edit #{bundled_app(".bundle/config")} and replace any dashes in configuration keys with a triple underscore (`___`)."
+      )
+      expect(settings["my-personal-server.org"]).to eq("my-personal-server.org")
+    end
+
+    it "reads newer keys format properly" do
+      config("BUNDLE_MIRROR__HTTPS://RUBYGEMS__ORG/" => "http://rubygems-mirror.org")
+      expect(settings["mirror.https://rubygems.org/"]).to eq("http://rubygems-mirror.org")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/shared_helpers_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/shared_helpers_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97647dc6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/shared_helpers_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::SharedHelpers do
+  let(:ext_lock_double) { double(:ext_lock) }
+
+  before do
+    pwd_stub
+    allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:ext_lock).and_return(ext_lock_double)
+    allow(ext_lock_double).to receive(:synchronize) {|&block| block.call }
+  end
+
+  let(:pwd_stub) { allow(subject).to receive(:pwd).and_return(bundled_app) }
+
+  subject { Bundler::SharedHelpers }
+
+  describe "#default_gemfile" do
+    before { ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "/path/Gemfile" }
+
+    context "Gemfile is present" do
+      let(:expected_gemfile_path) { Pathname.new("/path/Gemfile").expand_path }
+
+      it "returns the Gemfile path" do
+        expect(subject.default_gemfile).to eq(expected_gemfile_path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "Gemfile is not present" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = nil }
+
+      it "raises a GemfileNotFound error" do
+        expect { subject.default_gemfile }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile"
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "Gemfile is not an absolute path" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "Gemfile" }
+
+      let(:expected_gemfile_path) { Pathname.new("Gemfile").expand_path }
+
+      it "returns the Gemfile path" do
+        expect(subject.default_gemfile).to eq(expected_gemfile_path)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#default_lockfile" do
+    context "gemfile is gems.rb" do
+      let(:gemfile_path)           { Pathname.new("/path/gems.rb") }
+      let(:expected_lockfile_path) { Pathname.new("/path/gems.locked") }
+
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:default_gemfile).and_return(gemfile_path) }
+
+      it "returns the gems.locked path" do
+        expect(subject.default_lockfile).to eq(expected_lockfile_path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "is a regular Gemfile" do
+      let(:gemfile_path)           { Pathname.new("/path/Gemfile") }
+      let(:expected_lockfile_path) { Pathname.new("/path/Gemfile.lock") }
+
+      before { allow(subject).to receive(:default_gemfile).and_return(gemfile_path) }
+
+      it "returns the lock file path" do
+        expect(subject.default_lockfile).to eq(expected_lockfile_path)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#default_bundle_dir" do
+    context ".bundle does not exist" do
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(subject.default_bundle_dir).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context ".bundle is global .bundle" do
+      let(:global_rubygems_dir) { Pathname.new(bundled_app) }
+
+      before do
+        Dir.mkdir bundled_app(".bundle")
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(global_rubygems_dir)
+      end
+
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(subject.default_bundle_dir).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context ".bundle is not global .bundle" do
+      let(:global_rubygems_dir)      { Pathname.new("/path/rubygems") }
+      let(:expected_bundle_dir_path) { Pathname.new("#{bundled_app}/.bundle") }
+
+      before do
+        Dir.mkdir bundled_app(".bundle")
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:user_home).and_return(global_rubygems_dir)
+      end
+
+      it "returns the .bundle path" do
+        expect(subject.default_bundle_dir).to eq(expected_bundle_dir_path)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#in_bundle?" do
+    it "calls the find_gemfile method" do
+      expect(subject).to receive(:find_gemfile)
+      subject.in_bundle?
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "correctly determines whether to return a Gemfile path" do
+      context "currently in directory with a Gemfile" do
+        before { FileUtils.touch(bundled_app_gemfile) }
+        after { FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_gemfile) }
+
+        it "returns path of the bundle Gemfile" do
+          expect(subject.in_bundle?).to eq("#{bundled_app}/Gemfile")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "currently in directory without a Gemfile" do
+        it "returns nil" do
+          expect(subject.in_bundle?).to be_nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] set" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "/path/Gemfile" }
+
+      it "returns ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']" do
+        expect(subject.in_bundle?).to eq("/path/Gemfile")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] not set" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = nil }
+
+      it_behaves_like "correctly determines whether to return a Gemfile path"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] is blank" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "correctly determines whether to return a Gemfile path"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#chdir" do
+    let(:op_block) { proc { Dir.mkdir "nested_dir" } }
+
+    before { Dir.mkdir bundled_app("chdir_test_dir") }
+
+    it "executes the passed block while in the specified directory" do
+      subject.chdir(bundled_app("chdir_test_dir"), &op_block)
+      expect(bundled_app("chdir_test_dir/nested_dir")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#pwd" do
+    let(:pwd_stub) { nil }
+
+    it "returns the current absolute path" do
+      expect(subject.pwd).to eq(source_root)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#with_clean_git_env" do
+    let(:with_clean_git_env_block) { proc { Dir.mkdir bundled_app("with_clean_git_env_test_dir") } }
+
+    before do
+      ENV["GIT_DIR"] = "ORIGINAL_ENV_GIT_DIR"
+      ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"] = "ORIGINAL_ENV_GIT_WORK_TREE"
+    end
+
+    it "executes the passed block" do
+      subject.with_clean_git_env(&with_clean_git_env_block)
+      expect(bundled_app("with_clean_git_env_test_dir")).to exist
+    end
+
+    context "when a block is passed" do
+      let(:with_clean_git_env_block) do
+        proc do
+          Dir.mkdir bundled_app("git_dir_test_dir") unless ENV["GIT_DIR"].nil?
+          Dir.mkdir bundled_app("git_work_tree_test_dir") unless ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"].nil?
+        end end
+
+      it "uses a fresh git env for execution" do
+        subject.with_clean_git_env(&with_clean_git_env_block)
+        expect(bundled_app("git_dir_test_dir")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("git_work_tree_test_dir")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "passed block does not throw errors" do
+      let(:with_clean_git_env_block) do
+        proc do
+          ENV["GIT_DIR"] = "NEW_ENV_GIT_DIR"
+          ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"] = "NEW_ENV_GIT_WORK_TREE"
+        end end
+
+      it "restores the git env after" do
+        subject.with_clean_git_env(&with_clean_git_env_block)
+        expect(ENV["GIT_DIR"]).to eq("ORIGINAL_ENV_GIT_DIR")
+        expect(ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"]).to eq("ORIGINAL_ENV_GIT_WORK_TREE")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "passed block throws errors" do
+      let(:with_clean_git_env_block) do
+        proc do
+          ENV["GIT_DIR"] = "NEW_ENV_GIT_DIR"
+          ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"] = "NEW_ENV_GIT_WORK_TREE"
+          raise RuntimeError.new
+        end end
+
+      it "restores the git env after" do
+        expect { subject.with_clean_git_env(&with_clean_git_env_block) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+        expect(ENV["GIT_DIR"]).to eq("ORIGINAL_ENV_GIT_DIR")
+        expect(ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"]).to eq("ORIGINAL_ENV_GIT_WORK_TREE")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#set_bundle_environment" do
+    before do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "Gemfile"
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "ENV['PATH'] gets set correctly" do
+      before { Dir.mkdir bundled_app(".bundle") }
+
+      it "ensures bundle bin path is in ENV['PATH']" do
+        subject.set_bundle_environment
+        paths = ENV["PATH"].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+        expect(paths).to include("#{Bundler.bundle_path}/bin")
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "ENV['RUBYOPT'] gets set correctly" do
+      it "ensures -rbundler/setup is at the beginning of ENV['RUBYOPT']" do
+        subject.set_bundle_environment
+        expect(ENV["RUBYOPT"].split(" ")).to start_with("-r#{source_lib_dir}/bundler/setup")
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "ENV['RUBYLIB'] gets set correctly" do
+      let(:ruby_lib_path) { "stubbed_ruby_lib_dir" }
+
+      before do
+        allow(subject).to receive(:bundler_ruby_lib).and_return(ruby_lib_path)
+      end
+
+      it "ensures bundler's ruby version lib path is in ENV['RUBYLIB']" do
+        subject.set_bundle_environment
+        paths = (ENV["RUBYLIB"]).split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+        expect(paths).to include(ruby_lib_path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "calls the appropriate set methods" do
+      expect(subject).to receive(:set_bundle_variables)
+      expect(subject).to receive(:set_path)
+      expect(subject).to receive(:set_rubyopt)
+      expect(subject).to receive(:set_rubylib)
+      subject.set_bundle_environment
+    end
+
+    it "ignores if bundler_ruby_lib is same as rubylibdir" do
+      allow(subject).to receive(:bundler_ruby_lib).and_return(RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"])
+
+      subject.set_bundle_environment
+
+      paths = (ENV["RUBYLIB"]).split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+      expect(paths.count(RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"])).to eq(0)
+    end
+
+    it "exits if bundle path contains the unix-like path separator" do
+      if Gem.respond_to?(:path_separator)
+        allow(Gem).to receive(:path_separator).and_return(":")
+      else
+        stub_const("File::PATH_SEPARATOR", ":".freeze)
+      end
+      allow(Bundler).to receive(:bundle_path) { Pathname.new("so:me/dir/bin") }
+      expect { subject.send(:validate_bundle_path) }.to raise_error(
+        Bundler::PathError,
+        "Your bundle path contains text matching \":\", which is the " \
+        "path separator for your system. Bundler cannot " \
+        "function correctly when the Bundle path contains the " \
+        "system's PATH separator. Please change your " \
+        "bundle path to not match \":\".\nYour current bundle " \
+        "path is '#{Bundler.bundle_path}'."
+      )
+    end
+
+    context "with a jruby path_separator regex" do
+      # In versions of jruby that supported ruby 1.8, the path separator was the standard File::PATH_SEPARATOR
+      let(:regex) { Regexp.new("(?<!jar:file|jar|file|classpath|uri:classloader|uri|http|https):") }
+      it "does not exit if bundle path is the standard uri path" do
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:path_separator).and_return(regex)
+        allow(Bundler).to receive(:bundle_path) { Pathname.new("uri:classloader:/WEB-INF/gems") }
+        expect { subject.send(:validate_bundle_path) }.not_to raise_error
+      end
+
+      it "exits if bundle path contains another directory" do
+        allow(Bundler.rubygems).to receive(:path_separator).and_return(regex)
+        allow(Bundler).to receive(:bundle_path) {
+          Pathname.new("uri:classloader:/WEB-INF/gems:other/dir")
+        }
+
+        expect { subject.send(:validate_bundle_path) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::PathError,
+          "Your bundle path contains text matching " \
+          "/(?<!jar:file|jar|file|classpath|uri:classloader|uri|http|https):/, which is the " \
+          "path separator for your system. Bundler cannot " \
+          "function correctly when the Bundle path contains the " \
+          "system's PATH separator. Please change your " \
+          "bundle path to not match " \
+          "/(?<!jar:file|jar|file|classpath|uri:classloader|uri|http|https):/." \
+          "\nYour current bundle path is '#{Bundler.bundle_path}'."
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['PATH'] does not exist" do
+      before { ENV.delete("PATH") }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['PATH'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['PATH'] is empty" do
+      before { ENV["PATH"] = "" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['PATH'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['PATH'] exists" do
+      before { ENV["PATH"] = "/some_path/bin" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['PATH'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['PATH'] already contains the bundle bin path" do
+      let(:bundle_path) { "#{Bundler.bundle_path}/bin" }
+
+      before do
+        ENV["PATH"] = bundle_path
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['PATH'] gets set correctly"
+
+      it "ENV['PATH'] should only contain one instance of bundle bin path" do
+        subject.set_bundle_environment
+        paths = (ENV["PATH"]).split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+        expect(paths.count(bundle_path)).to eq(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['RUBYOPT'] does not exist" do
+      before { ENV.delete("RUBYOPT") }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['RUBYOPT'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['RUBYOPT'] exists without -rbundler/setup" do
+      before { ENV["RUBYOPT"] = "-I/some_app_path/lib" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['RUBYOPT'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['RUBYOPT'] exists and contains -rbundler/setup" do
+      before { ENV["RUBYOPT"] = "-rbundler/setup" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['RUBYOPT'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['RUBYLIB'] does not exist" do
+      before { ENV.delete("RUBYLIB") }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['RUBYLIB'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['RUBYLIB'] is empty" do
+      before { ENV["PATH"] = "" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['RUBYLIB'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['RUBYLIB'] exists" do
+      before { ENV["PATH"] = "/some_path/bin" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['RUBYLIB'] gets set correctly"
+    end
+
+    context "bundle executable in ENV['BUNDLE_BIN_PATH'] does not exist" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_BIN_PATH"] = "/does/not/exist" }
+      before { Bundler.rubygems.replace_bin_path [] }
+
+      it "sets BUNDLE_BIN_PATH to the bundle executable file" do
+        subject.set_bundle_environment
+        bin_path = ENV["BUNDLE_BIN_PATH"]
+        expect(bin_path).to eq(bindir.join("bundle").to_s)
+        expect(File.exist?(bin_path)).to be true
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "ENV['RUBYLIB'] already contains the bundler's ruby version lib path" do
+      let(:ruby_lib_path) { "stubbed_ruby_lib_dir" }
+
+      before do
+        ENV["RUBYLIB"] = ruby_lib_path
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "ENV['RUBYLIB'] gets set correctly"
+
+      it "ENV['RUBYLIB'] should only contain one instance of bundler's ruby version lib path" do
+        subject.set_bundle_environment
+        paths = (ENV["RUBYLIB"]).split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+        expect(paths.count(ruby_lib_path)).to eq(1)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#filesystem_access" do
+    context "system has proper permission access" do
+      let(:file_op_block) { proc {|path| FileUtils.mkdir_p(path) } }
+
+      it "performs the operation in the passed block" do
+        subject.filesystem_access(bundled_app("test_dir"), &file_op_block)
+        expect(bundled_app("test_dir")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "system throws Errno::EACESS" do
+      let(:file_op_block) { proc {|_path| raise Errno::EACCES } }
+
+      it "raises a PermissionError" do
+        expect { subject.filesystem_access("/path", &file_op_block) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::PermissionError
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "system throws Errno::EAGAIN" do
+      let(:file_op_block) { proc {|_path| raise Errno::EAGAIN } }
+
+      it "raises a TemporaryResourceError" do
+        expect { subject.filesystem_access("/path", &file_op_block) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::TemporaryResourceError
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "system throws Errno::EPROTO" do
+      let(:file_op_block) { proc {|_path| raise Errno::EPROTO } }
+
+      it "raises a VirtualProtocolError" do
+        expect { subject.filesystem_access("/path", &file_op_block) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::VirtualProtocolError
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "system throws Errno::ENOTSUP" do
+      let(:file_op_block) { proc {|_path| raise Errno::ENOTSUP } }
+
+      it "raises a OperationNotSupportedError" do
+        expect { subject.filesystem_access("/path", &file_op_block) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::OperationNotSupportedError
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "system throws Errno::ENOSPC" do
+      let(:file_op_block) { proc {|_path| raise Errno::ENOSPC } }
+
+      it "raises a NoSpaceOnDeviceError" do
+        expect { subject.filesystem_access("/path", &file_op_block) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::NoSpaceOnDeviceError
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "system throws an unhandled SystemCallError" do
+      let(:error) { SystemCallError.new("Shields down", 1337) }
+      let(:file_op_block) { proc {|_path| raise error } }
+
+      it "raises a GenericSystemCallError" do
+        expect { subject.filesystem_access("/path", &file_op_block) }.to raise_error(
+          Bundler::GenericSystemCallError, /error accessing.+underlying.+Shields down/m
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#const_get_safely" do
+    module TargetNamespace
+      VALID_CONSTANT = 1
+    end
+
+    context "when the namespace does have the requested constant" do
+      it "returns the value of the requested constant" do
+        expect(subject.const_get_safely(:VALID_CONSTANT, TargetNamespace)).to eq(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the requested constant is passed as a string" do
+      it "returns the value of the requested constant" do
+        expect(subject.const_get_safely("VALID_CONSTANT", TargetNamespace)).to eq(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the namespace does not have the requested constant" do
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(subject.const_get_safely("INVALID_CONSTANT", TargetNamespace)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/source/git/git_proxy_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/git/git_proxy_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cffd72cc3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/git/git_proxy_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy do
+  let(:path) { Pathname("path") }
+  let(:uri) { "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems.git" }
+  let(:ref) { "HEAD" }
+  let(:revision) { nil }
+  let(:git_source) { nil }
+  subject { described_class.new(path, uri, ref, revision, git_source) }
+
+  context "with configured credentials" do
+    it "adds username and password to URI" do
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(uri => "u:p") do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git_retry).with("clone", "--bare", "--no-hardlinks", "--quiet", "--", "https://u:p@github.com/rubygems/rubygems.git", path.to_s)
+        subject.checkout
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "adds username and password to URI for host" do
+      Bundler.settings.temporary("github.com" => "u:p") do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git_retry).with("clone", "--bare", "--no-hardlinks", "--quiet", "--", "https://u:p@github.com/rubygems/rubygems.git", path.to_s)
+        subject.checkout
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "does not add username and password to mismatched URI" do
+      Bundler.settings.temporary("https://u:p@github.com/rubygems/rubygems-mismatch.git" => "u:p") do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git_retry).with("clone", "--bare", "--no-hardlinks", "--quiet", "--", uri, path.to_s)
+        subject.checkout
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "keeps original userinfo" do
+      Bundler.settings.temporary("github.com" => "u:p") do
+        original = "https://orig:info@github.com/rubygems/rubygems.git"
+        subject = described_class.new(Pathname("path"), original, "HEAD")
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git_retry).with("clone", "--bare", "--no-hardlinks", "--quiet", "--", original, path.to_s)
+        subject.checkout
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#version" do
+    context "with a normal version number" do
+      before do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git).with("--version").
+          and_return("git version 1.2.3")
+      end
+
+      it "returns the git version number" do
+        expect(subject.version).to eq("1.2.3")
+      end
+
+      it "does not raise an error when passed into Gem::Version.create" do
+        expect { Gem::Version.create subject.version }.not_to raise_error
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a OSX version number" do
+      before do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git).with("--version").
+          and_return("git version 1.2.3 (Apple Git-BS)")
+      end
+
+      it "strips out OSX specific additions in the version string" do
+        expect(subject.version).to eq("1.2.3")
+      end
+
+      it "does not raise an error when passed into Gem::Version.create" do
+        expect { Gem::Version.create subject.version }.not_to raise_error
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a msysgit version number" do
+      before do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git).with("--version").
+          and_return("git version 1.2.3.msysgit.0")
+      end
+
+      it "strips out msysgit specific additions in the version string" do
+        expect(subject.version).to eq("1.2.3")
+      end
+
+      it "does not raise an error when passed into Gem::Version.create" do
+        expect { Gem::Version.create subject.version }.not_to raise_error
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#full_version" do
+    context "with a normal version number" do
+      before do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git).with("--version").
+          and_return("git version 1.2.3")
+      end
+
+      it "returns the git version number" do
+        expect(subject.full_version).to eq("1.2.3")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a OSX version number" do
+      before do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git).with("--version").
+          and_return("git version 1.2.3 (Apple Git-BS)")
+      end
+
+      it "does not strip out OSX specific additions in the version string" do
+        expect(subject.full_version).to eq("1.2.3 (Apple Git-BS)")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a msysgit version number" do
+      before do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git).with("--version").
+          and_return("git version 1.2.3.msysgit.0")
+      end
+
+      it "does not strip out msysgit specific additions in the version string" do
+        expect(subject.full_version).to eq("1.2.3.msysgit.0")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#copy_to" do
+    let(:cache) { tmpdir("cache_path") }
+    let(:destination) { tmpdir("copy_to_path") }
+    let(:submodules) { false }
+
+    context "when given a SHA as a revision" do
+      let(:revision) { "abcd" * 10 }
+      let(:command) { ["reset", "--hard", revision] }
+      let(:command_for_display) { "git #{command.shelljoin}" }
+
+      it "fails gracefully when resetting to the revision fails" do
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git_retry).with("clone", any_args) { destination.mkpath }
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git_retry).with("fetch", any_args, :dir => destination)
+        expect(subject).to receive(:git).with(*command, :dir => destination).and_raise(Bundler::Source::Git::GitCommandError.new(command_for_display, destination))
+        expect(subject).not_to receive(:git)
+
+        expect { subject.copy_to(destination, submodules) }.
+          to raise_error(
+            Bundler::Source::Git::MissingGitRevisionError,
+            "Git error: command `#{command_for_display}` in directory #{destination} has failed.\n" \
+            "Revision #{revision} does not exist in the repository #{uri}. Maybe you misspelled it?\n" \
+            "If this error persists you could try removing the cache directory '#{destination}'"
+          )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't allow arbitrary code execution through Gemfile uris with a leading dash" do
+    gemfile <<~G
+      gem "poc", git: "-u./pay:load.sh"
+    G
+
+    file = bundled_app("pay:load.sh")
+
+    create_file file, <<~RUBY
+      #!/bin/sh
+
+      touch #{bundled_app("canary")}
+    RUBY
+
+    FileUtils.chmod("+x", file)
+
+    bundle :lock, :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(Pathname.new(bundled_app("canary"))).not_to exist
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/source/git_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/git_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed6dc3cd29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/git_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Source::Git do
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler).to receive(:root) { Pathname.new("root") }
+  end
+
+  let(:uri) { "https://github.com/foo/bar.git" }
+  let(:options) do
+    { "uri" => uri }
+  end
+
+  subject { described_class.new(options) }
+
+  describe "#to_s" do
+    it "returns a description" do
+      expect(subject.to_s).to eq "https://github.com/foo/bar.git"
+    end
+
+    context "when the URI contains credentials" do
+      let(:uri) { "https://my-secret-token:x-oauth-basic@github.com/foo/bar.git" }
+
+      it "filters credentials" do
+        expect(subject.to_s).to eq "https://x-oauth-basic@github.com/foo/bar.git"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the source has a glob specifier" do
+      let(:glob) { "bar/baz/*.gemspec" }
+      let(:options) do
+        { "uri" => uri, "glob" => glob }
+      end
+
+      it "includes it" do
+        expect(subject.to_s).to eq "https://github.com/foo/bar.git (glob: bar/baz/*.gemspec)"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the source has a reference" do
+      let(:git_proxy_stub) do
+        instance_double(Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy, :revision => "123abc", :branch => "v1.0.0")
+      end
+      let(:options) do
+        { "uri" => uri, "ref" => "v1.0.0" }
+      end
+
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy).to receive(:new).and_return(git_proxy_stub)
+      end
+
+      it "includes it" do
+        expect(subject.to_s).to eq "https://github.com/foo/bar.git (at v1.0.0@123abc)"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the source has both reference and glob specifiers" do
+      let(:git_proxy_stub) do
+        instance_double(Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy, :revision => "123abc", :branch => "v1.0.0")
+      end
+      let(:options) do
+        { "uri" => uri, "ref" => "v1.0.0", "glob" => "gems/foo/*.gemspec" }
+      end
+
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy).to receive(:new).and_return(git_proxy_stub)
+      end
+
+      it "includes both" do
+        expect(subject.to_s).to eq "https://github.com/foo/bar.git (at v1.0.0@123abc, glob: gems/foo/*.gemspec)"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/source/path_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d13e03ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Source::Path do
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler).to receive(:root) { Pathname.new("root") }
+  end
+
+  describe "#eql?" do
+    subject { described_class.new("path" => "gems/a") }
+
+    context "with two equivalent relative paths from different roots" do
+      let(:a_gem_opts) { { "path" => "../gems/a", "root_path" => Bundler.root.join("nested") } }
+      let(:a_gem)      { described_class.new a_gem_opts }
+
+      it "returns true" do
+        expect(subject).to eq a_gem
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with the same (but not equivalent) relative path from different roots" do
+      subject { described_class.new("path" => "gems/a") }
+
+      let(:a_gem_opts) { { "path" => "gems/a", "root_path" => Bundler.root.join("nested") } }
+      let(:a_gem)      { described_class.new a_gem_opts }
+
+      it "returns false" do
+        expect(subject).to_not eq a_gem
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/source/rubygems/remote_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/rubygems/remote_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07ce4f968e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/rubygems/remote_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/source/rubygems/remote"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Source::Rubygems::Remote do
+  def remote(uri)
+    Bundler::Source::Rubygems::Remote.new(uri)
+  end
+
+  before do
+    allow(Digest(:MD5)).to receive(:hexdigest).with(duck_type(:to_s)) {|string| "MD5HEX(#{string})" }
+  end
+
+  let(:uri_no_auth) { Bundler::URI("https://gems.example.com") }
+  let(:uri_with_auth) { Bundler::URI("https://#{credentials}@gems.example.com") }
+  let(:credentials) { "username:password" }
+
+  context "when the original URI has no credentials" do
+    describe "#uri" do
+      it "returns the original URI" do
+        expect(remote(uri_no_auth).uri).to eq(uri_no_auth)
+      end
+
+      it "applies configured credentials" do
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(uri_no_auth.to_s => credentials) do
+          expect(remote(uri_no_auth).uri).to eq(uri_with_auth)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#anonymized_uri" do
+      it "returns the original URI" do
+        expect(remote(uri_no_auth).anonymized_uri).to eq(uri_no_auth)
+      end
+
+      it "does not apply given credentials" do
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(uri_no_auth.to_s => credentials) do
+          expect(remote(uri_no_auth).anonymized_uri).to eq(uri_no_auth)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#cache_slug" do
+      it "returns the correct slug" do
+        expect(remote(uri_no_auth).cache_slug).to eq("gems.example.com.443.MD5HEX(gems.example.com.443./)")
+      end
+
+      it "only applies the given user" do
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(uri_no_auth.to_s => credentials) do
+          expect(remote(uri_no_auth).cache_slug).to eq("gems.example.com.username.443.MD5HEX(gems.example.com.username.443./)")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the original URI has a username and password" do
+    describe "#uri" do
+      it "returns the original URI" do
+        expect(remote(uri_with_auth).uri).to eq(uri_with_auth)
+      end
+
+      it "does not apply configured credentials" do
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(uri_no_auth.to_s => "other:stuff")
+        expect(remote(uri_with_auth).uri).to eq(uri_with_auth)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#anonymized_uri" do
+      it "returns the URI without username and password" do
+        expect(remote(uri_with_auth).anonymized_uri).to eq(uri_no_auth)
+      end
+
+      it "does not apply given credentials" do
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(uri_no_auth.to_s => "other:stuff")
+        expect(remote(uri_with_auth).anonymized_uri).to eq(uri_no_auth)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#cache_slug" do
+      it "returns the correct slug" do
+        expect(remote(uri_with_auth).cache_slug).to eq("gems.example.com.username.443.MD5HEX(gems.example.com.username.443./)")
+      end
+
+      it "does not apply given credentials" do
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(uri_with_auth.to_s => credentials)
+        expect(remote(uri_with_auth).cache_slug).to eq("gems.example.com.username.443.MD5HEX(gems.example.com.username.443./)")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the original URI has only a username" do
+    let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("https://SeCrEt-ToKeN@gem.fury.io/me/") }
+
+    describe "#anonymized_uri" do
+      it "returns the URI without username and password" do
+        expect(remote(uri).anonymized_uri).to eq(Bundler::URI("https://gem.fury.io/me/"))
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#cache_slug" do
+      it "returns the correct slug" do
+        expect(remote(uri).cache_slug).to eq("gem.fury.io.SeCrEt-ToKeN.443.MD5HEX(gem.fury.io.SeCrEt-ToKeN.443./me/)")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a mirror with inline credentials is configured for the URI" do
+    let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("https://rubygems.org/") }
+    let(:mirror_uri_with_auth) { Bundler::URI("https://username:password@rubygems-mirror.org/") }
+    let(:mirror_uri_no_auth) { Bundler::URI("https://rubygems-mirror.org/") }
+
+    before { Bundler.settings.temporary("mirror.https://rubygems.org/" => mirror_uri_with_auth.to_s) }
+
+    after { Bundler.settings.temporary("mirror.https://rubygems.org/" => nil) }
+
+    specify "#uri returns the mirror URI with credentials" do
+      expect(remote(uri).uri).to eq(mirror_uri_with_auth)
+    end
+
+    specify "#anonymized_uri returns the mirror URI without credentials" do
+      expect(remote(uri).anonymized_uri).to eq(mirror_uri_no_auth)
+    end
+
+    specify "#original_uri returns the original source" do
+      expect(remote(uri).original_uri).to eq(uri)
+    end
+
+    specify "#cache_slug returns the correct slug" do
+      expect(remote(uri).cache_slug).to eq("rubygems.org.443.MD5HEX(rubygems.org.443./)")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a mirror with configured credentials is configured for the URI" do
+    let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("https://rubygems.org/") }
+    let(:mirror_uri_with_auth) { Bundler::URI("https://#{credentials}@rubygems-mirror.org/") }
+    let(:mirror_uri_no_auth) { Bundler::URI("https://rubygems-mirror.org/") }
+
+    before do
+      Bundler.settings.temporary("mirror.https://rubygems.org/" => mirror_uri_no_auth.to_s)
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(mirror_uri_no_auth.to_s => credentials)
+    end
+
+    after do
+      Bundler.settings.temporary("mirror.https://rubygems.org/" => nil)
+      Bundler.settings.temporary(mirror_uri_no_auth.to_s => nil)
+    end
+
+    specify "#uri returns the mirror URI with credentials" do
+      expect(remote(uri).uri).to eq(mirror_uri_with_auth)
+    end
+
+    specify "#anonymized_uri returns the mirror URI without credentials" do
+      expect(remote(uri).anonymized_uri).to eq(mirror_uri_no_auth)
+    end
+
+    specify "#original_uri returns the original source" do
+      expect(remote(uri).original_uri).to eq(uri)
+    end
+
+    specify "#cache_slug returns the original source" do
+      expect(remote(uri).cache_slug).to eq("rubygems.org.443.MD5HEX(rubygems.org.443./)")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when there is no mirror set" do
+    describe "#original_uri" do
+      it "is not set" do
+        expect(remote(uri_no_auth).original_uri).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/source/rubygems_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/rubygems_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..884fa81046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/source/rubygems_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Source::Rubygems do
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler).to receive(:root) { Pathname.new("root") }
+  end
+
+  describe "caches" do
+    it "includes Bundler.app_cache" do
+      expect(subject.caches).to include(Bundler.app_cache)
+    end
+
+    it "includes GEM_PATH entries" do
+      Gem.path.each do |path|
+        expect(subject.caches).to include(File.expand_path("#{path}/cache"))
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "is an array of strings or pathnames" do
+      subject.caches.each do |cache|
+        expect([String, Pathname]).to include(cache.class)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#add_remote" do
+    context "when the source is an HTTP(s) URI with no host" do
+      it "raises error" do
+        expect { subject.add_remote("https:rubygems.org") }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#no_remotes?" do
+    context "when no remote provided" do
+      it "returns a truthy value" do
+        expect(described_class.new("remotes" => []).no_remotes?).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a remote provided" do
+      it "returns a falsey value" do
+        expect(described_class.new("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org"]).no_remotes?).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/source_list_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/source_list_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f860e9ff58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/source_list_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::SourceList do
+  before do
+    allow(Bundler).to receive(:root) { Pathname.new "./tmp/bundled_app" }
+
+    stub_const "ASourcePlugin", Class.new(Bundler::Plugin::API)
+    ASourcePlugin.source "new_source"
+    allow(Bundler::Plugin).to receive(:source?).with("new_source").and_return(true)
+  end
+
+  subject(:source_list) { Bundler::SourceList.new }
+
+  let(:rubygems_aggregate) { Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new }
+  let(:metadata_source) { Bundler::Source::Metadata.new }
+
+  describe "adding sources" do
+    before do
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/existing/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://existing-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://existing-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://some.url/a")
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_path_source" do
+      before do
+        @duplicate = source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+        @new_source = source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+      end
+
+      it "returns the new path source" do
+        expect(@new_source).to be_instance_of(Bundler::Source::Path)
+      end
+
+      it "passes the provided options to the new source" do
+        expect(@new_source.options).to eq("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+      end
+
+      it "adds the source to the beginning of path_sources" do
+        expect(source_list.path_sources.first).to equal(@new_source)
+      end
+
+      it "removes existing duplicates" do
+        expect(source_list.path_sources).not_to include equal(@duplicate)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_git_source" do
+      before do
+        @duplicate = source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+        @new_source = source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+      end
+
+      it "returns the new git source" do
+        expect(@new_source).to be_instance_of(Bundler::Source::Git)
+      end
+
+      it "passes the provided options to the new source" do
+        @new_source = source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+        expect(@new_source.options).to eq("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+      end
+
+      it "adds the source to the beginning of git_sources" do
+        @new_source = source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+        expect(source_list.git_sources.first).to equal(@new_source)
+      end
+
+      it "removes existing duplicates" do
+        @duplicate = source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+        @new_source = source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+        expect(source_list.git_sources).not_to include equal(@duplicate)
+      end
+
+      context "with the git: protocol" do
+        let(:msg) do
+          "The git source `git://existing-git.org/path.git` " \
+          "uses the `git` protocol, which transmits data without encryption. " \
+          "Disable this warning with `bundle config set --local git.allow_insecure true`, " \
+          "or switch to the `https` protocol to keep your data secure."
+        end
+
+        it "warns about git protocols" do
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(msg)
+          source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://existing-git.org/path.git")
+        end
+
+        it "ignores git protocols on request" do
+          Bundler.settings.temporary(:"git.allow_insecure" => true)
+          expect(Bundler.ui).to_not receive(:warn).with(msg)
+          source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://existing-git.org/path.git")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_rubygems_source" do
+      before do
+        @duplicate = source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org/"])
+        @new_source = source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org/"])
+      end
+
+      it "returns the new rubygems source" do
+        expect(@new_source).to be_instance_of(Bundler::Source::Rubygems)
+      end
+
+      it "passes the provided options to the new source" do
+        expect(@new_source.options).to eq("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org/"])
+      end
+
+      it "adds the source to the beginning of rubygems_sources" do
+        expect(source_list.rubygems_sources.first).to equal(@new_source)
+      end
+
+      it "removes duplicates" do
+        expect(source_list.rubygems_sources).not_to include equal(@duplicate)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_global_rubygems_remote" do
+      let!(:returned_source) { source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://rubygems.org/") }
+
+      it "returns the aggregate rubygems source" do
+        expect(returned_source).to be_instance_of(Bundler::Source::Rubygems)
+      end
+
+      it "adds the provided remote to the beginning of the aggregate source" do
+        source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://othersource.org")
+        expect(returned_source.remotes).to eq [
+          Bundler::URI("https://othersource.org/"),
+          Bundler::URI("https://rubygems.org/"),
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_plugin_source" do
+      before do
+        @duplicate = source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "http://host/path.")
+        @new_source = source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "http://host/path.")
+      end
+
+      it "returns the new plugin source" do
+        expect(@new_source).to be_a(Bundler::Plugin::API::Source)
+      end
+
+      it "passes the provided options to the new source" do
+        expect(@new_source.options).to eq("uri" => "http://host/path.")
+      end
+
+      it "adds the source to the beginning of git_sources" do
+        expect(source_list.plugin_sources.first).to equal(@new_source)
+      end
+
+      it "removes existing duplicates" do
+        expect(source_list.plugin_sources).not_to include equal(@duplicate)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#all_sources" do
+    it "includes the aggregate rubygems source when rubygems sources have been added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://some.url/a")
+
+      expect(source_list.all_sources).to include rubygems_aggregate
+    end
+
+    it "includes the aggregate rubygems source when no rubygems sources have been added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://some.url/a")
+
+      expect(source_list.all_sources).to include rubygems_aggregate
+    end
+
+    it "returns sources of the same type in the reverse order that they were added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://fifth-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/third/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://some.url/b")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://fourth-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/second/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://third-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://some.o.url/")
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://second-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/first/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://some.url/c")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://first-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git")
+
+      expect(source_list.all_sources).to eq [
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/first/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/second/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/third/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git"),
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git"),
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git"),
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "https://some.url/c"),
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "https://some.o.url/"),
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "https://some.url/b"),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://first-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://second-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://third-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://fourth-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://fifth-rubygems.org"]),
+        rubygems_aggregate,
+        metadata_source,
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#path_sources" do
+    it "returns an empty array when no path sources have been added" do
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+      expect(source_list.path_sources).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "returns path sources in the reverse order that they were added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://fifth-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/third/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://fourth-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/second/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://third-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://second-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/first/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://first-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git")
+
+      expect(source_list.path_sources).to eq [
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/first/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/second/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/third/path/to/gem"),
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#git_sources" do
+    it "returns an empty array when no git sources have been added" do
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+
+      expect(source_list.git_sources).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "returns git sources in the reverse order that they were added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://fifth-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/third/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://fourth-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/second/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://third-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://second-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/first/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://first-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git")
+
+      expect(source_list.git_sources).to eq [
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git"),
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git"),
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git"),
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#plugin_sources" do
+    it "returns an empty array when no plugin sources have been added" do
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+
+      expect(source_list.plugin_sources).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "returns plugin sources in the reverse order that they were added" do
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://third-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_git_source("https://new-git.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/third/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://fourth-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/second/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://third-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://second-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/first/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://first-rubygems.org")
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git")
+
+      expect(source_list.plugin_sources).to eq [
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git"),
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git"),
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "https://third-git.org/path.git"),
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#rubygems_sources" do
+    it "includes the aggregate rubygems source when rubygems sources have been added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+
+      expect(source_list.rubygems_sources).to include rubygems_aggregate
+    end
+
+    it "returns only the aggregate rubygems source when no rubygems sources have been added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem")
+
+      expect(source_list.rubygems_sources).to eq [rubygems_aggregate]
+    end
+
+    it "returns rubygems sources in the reverse order that they were added" do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://fifth-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/third/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://fourth-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/second/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://third-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://second-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/first/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://first-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git")
+
+      expect(source_list.rubygems_sources).to eq [
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://first-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://second-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://third-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://fourth-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://fifth-rubygems.org"]),
+        rubygems_aggregate,
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#get" do
+    context "when it includes an equal source" do
+      let(:rubygems_source) { Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org"]) }
+      before { @equal_source = source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://rubygems.org") }
+
+      it "returns the equal source" do
+        expect(source_list.get(rubygems_source)).to be @equal_source
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when it does not include an equal source" do
+      let(:path_source) { Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/path/to/gem") }
+
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(source_list.get(path_source)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#lock_sources" do
+    before do
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://duplicate-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://third-bar.org/foo")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/third/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://third-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/second/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://second-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://first-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_plugin_source("new_source", "uri" => "https://second-plugin.org/random")
+      source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/first/path/to/gem")
+      source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://duplicate-rubygems.org"])
+      source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git")
+    end
+
+    it "returns all sources, without combining rubygems sources" do
+      expect(source_list.lock_sources).to eq [
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://first-git.org/path.git"),
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://second-git.org/path.git"),
+        Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git://third-git.org/path.git"),
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "https://second-plugin.org/random"),
+        ASourcePlugin.new("uri" => "https://third-bar.org/foo"),
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/first/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/second/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/third/path/to/gem"),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new,
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://duplicate-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://first-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://second-rubygems.org"]),
+        Bundler::Source::Rubygems.new("remotes" => ["https://third-rubygems.org"]),
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "replace_sources!" do
+    let(:existing_locked_source) { Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/existing/path") }
+    let(:removed_locked_source)  { Bundler::Source::Path.new("path" => "/removed/path") }
+
+    let(:locked_sources) { [existing_locked_source, removed_locked_source] }
+
+    before do
+      @existing_source = source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/existing/path")
+      @new_source = source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/new/path")
+      source_list.replace_sources!(locked_sources)
+    end
+
+    it "maintains the order and number of sources" do
+      expect(source_list.path_sources).to eq [@new_source, @existing_source]
+    end
+
+    it "retains the same instance of the new source" do
+      expect(source_list.path_sources[0]).to be @new_source
+    end
+
+    it "replaces the instance of the existing source" do
+      expect(source_list.path_sources[1]).to be existing_locked_source
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#cached!" do
+    let(:rubygems_source) { source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org"]) }
+    let(:git_source)      { source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git") }
+    let(:path_source)     { source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem") }
+
+    it "calls #cached! on all the sources" do
+      expect(rubygems_source).to receive(:cached!)
+      expect(git_source).to receive(:cached!)
+      expect(path_source).to receive(:cached!)
+      source_list.cached!
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#remote!" do
+    let(:rubygems_source) { source_list.add_rubygems_source("remotes" => ["https://rubygems.org"]) }
+    let(:git_source)      { source_list.add_git_source("uri" => "git://host/path.git") }
+    let(:path_source)     { source_list.add_path_source("path" => "/path/to/gem") }
+
+    it "calls #remote! on all the sources" do
+      expect(rubygems_source).to receive(:remote!)
+      expect(git_source).to receive(:remote!)
+      expect(path_source).to receive(:remote!)
+      source_list.remote!
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "implicit_global_source?" do
+    context "when a global rubygem source provided" do
+      it "returns a falsy value" do
+        source_list.add_global_rubygems_remote("https://rubygems.org")
+
+        expect(source_list.implicit_global_source?).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+    context "when no global rubygem source provided" do
+      it "returns a truthy value" do
+        expect(source_list.implicit_global_source?).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/source_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/source_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af370bb45c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/source_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Source do
+  class ExampleSource < Bundler::Source
+  end
+
+  subject { ExampleSource.new }
+
+  describe "#unmet_deps" do
+    let(:specs) { double(:specs) }
+    let(:unmet_dependency_names) { double(:unmet_dependency_names) }
+
+    before do
+      allow(subject).to receive(:specs).and_return(specs)
+      allow(specs).to receive(:unmet_dependency_names).and_return(unmet_dependency_names)
+    end
+
+    it "should return the names of unmet dependencies" do
+      expect(subject.unmet_deps).to eq(unmet_dependency_names)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#version_message" do
+    let(:spec) { double(:spec, :name => "nokogiri", :version => ">= 1.6", :platform => rb) }
+
+    shared_examples_for "the lockfile specs are not relevant" do
+      it "should return a string with the spec name and version" do
+        expect(subject.version_message(spec)).to eq("nokogiri >= 1.6")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there are locked gems" do
+      let(:locked_gems) { double(:locked_gems) }
+
+      before { allow(Bundler).to receive(:locked_gems).and_return(locked_gems) }
+
+      context "that contain the relevant gem spec" do
+        before do
+          specs = double(:specs)
+          allow(locked_gems).to receive(:specs).and_return(specs)
+          allow(specs).to receive(:find).and_return(locked_gem)
+        end
+
+        context "without a version" do
+          let(:locked_gem) { double(:locked_gem, :name => "nokogiri", :version => nil) }
+
+          it_behaves_like "the lockfile specs are not relevant"
+        end
+
+        context "with the same version" do
+          let(:locked_gem) { double(:locked_gem, :name => "nokogiri", :version => ">= 1.6") }
+
+          it_behaves_like "the lockfile specs are not relevant"
+        end
+
+        context "with a different version" do
+          let(:locked_gem) { double(:locked_gem, :name => "nokogiri", :version => "< 1.5") }
+
+          context "with color", :no_color_tty do
+            before do
+              allow($stdout).to receive(:tty?).and_return(true)
+            end
+
+            it "should return a string with the spec name and version and locked spec version" do
+              expect(subject.version_message(spec)).to eq("nokogiri >= 1.6\e[32m (was < 1.5)\e[0m")
+            end
+          end
+
+          context "without color" do
+            around do |example|
+              with_ui(Bundler::UI::Shell.new("no-color" => true)) do
+                example.run
+              end
+            end
+
+            it "should return a string with the spec name and version and locked spec version" do
+              expect(subject.version_message(spec)).to eq("nokogiri >= 1.6 (was < 1.5)")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "with a more recent version" do
+          let(:spec) { double(:spec, :name => "nokogiri", :version => "1.6.1", :platform => rb) }
+          let(:locked_gem) { double(:locked_gem, :name => "nokogiri", :version => "1.7.0") }
+
+          context "with color", :no_color_tty do
+            before do
+              allow($stdout).to receive(:tty?).and_return(true)
+            end
+
+            it "should return a string with the locked spec version in yellow" do
+              expect(subject.version_message(spec)).to eq("nokogiri 1.6.1\e[33m (was 1.7.0)\e[0m")
+            end
+          end
+
+          context "without color" do
+            around do |example|
+              with_ui(Bundler::UI::Shell.new("no-color" => true)) do
+                example.run
+              end
+            end
+
+            it "should return a string with the locked spec version in yellow" do
+              expect(subject.version_message(spec)).to eq("nokogiri 1.6.1 (was 1.7.0)")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "with an older version" do
+          let(:spec) { double(:spec, :name => "nokogiri", :version => "1.7.1", :platform => rb) }
+          let(:locked_gem) { double(:locked_gem, :name => "nokogiri", :version => "1.7.0") }
+
+          context "with color", :no_color_tty do
+            before do
+              allow($stdout).to receive(:tty?).and_return(true)
+            end
+
+            it "should return a string with the locked spec version in green" do
+              expect(subject.version_message(spec)).to eq("nokogiri 1.7.1\e[32m (was 1.7.0)\e[0m")
+            end
+          end
+
+          context "without color" do
+            around do |example|
+              with_ui(Bundler::UI::Shell.new("no-color" => true)) do
+                example.run
+              end
+            end
+
+            it "should return a string with the locked spec version in yellow" do
+              expect(subject.version_message(spec)).to eq("nokogiri 1.7.1 (was 1.7.0)")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "that do not contain the relevant gem spec" do
+        before do
+          specs = double(:specs)
+          allow(locked_gems).to receive(:specs).and_return(specs)
+          allow(specs).to receive(:find).and_return(nil)
+        end
+
+        it_behaves_like "the lockfile specs are not relevant"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there are no locked gems" do
+      before { allow(Bundler).to receive(:locked_gems).and_return(nil) }
+
+      it_behaves_like "the lockfile specs are not relevant"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#can_lock?" do
+    context "when the passed spec's source is equivalent" do
+      let(:spec) { double(:spec, :source => subject) }
+
+      it "should return true" do
+        expect(subject.can_lock?(spec)).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the passed spec's source is not equivalent" do
+      let(:spec) { double(:spec, :source => double(:other_source)) }
+
+      it "should return false" do
+        expect(subject.can_lock?(spec)).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#include?" do
+    context "when the passed source is equivalent" do
+      let(:source) { subject }
+
+      it "should return true" do
+        expect(subject).to include(source)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the passed source is not equivalent" do
+      let(:source) { double(:source) }
+
+      it "should return false" do
+        expect(subject).to_not include(source)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_ui(ui)
+    old_ui = Bundler.ui
+    Bundler.ui = ui
+    yield
+  ensure
+    Bundler.ui = old_ui
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/spec_set_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/spec_set_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fedd38b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/spec_set_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::SpecSet do
+  let(:specs) do
+    [
+      build_spec("a", "1.0"),
+      build_spec("b", "1.0"),
+      build_spec("c", "1.1") do |s|
+        s.dep "a", "< 2.0"
+        s.dep "e", "> 0"
+      end,
+      build_spec("d", "2.0") do |s|
+        s.dep "a", "1.0"
+        s.dep "c", "~> 1.0"
+      end,
+      build_spec("e", "1.0.0.pre.1"),
+    ].flatten
+  end
+
+  subject { described_class.new(specs) }
+
+  context "enumerable methods" do
+    it "has a length" do
+      expect(subject.length).to eq(5)
+    end
+
+    it "has a size" do
+      expect(subject.size).to eq(5)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#find_by_name_and_platform" do
+    let(:platform) { Gem::Platform.new("universal-darwin-64") }
+    let(:platform_spec) { build_spec("b", "2.0", platform).first }
+    let(:specs) do
+      [
+        build_spec("a", "1.0"),
+        platform_spec,
+      ].flatten
+    end
+
+    it "finds spec with given name and platform" do
+      spec = described_class.new(specs).find_by_name_and_platform("b", platform)
+      expect(spec).to eq platform_spec
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#merge" do
+    let(:other_specs) do
+      [
+        build_spec("f", "1.0"),
+        build_spec("g", "2.0"),
+      ].flatten
+    end
+
+    let(:other_spec_set) { described_class.new(other_specs) }
+
+    it "merges the items in each gemspec" do
+      new_spec_set = subject.merge(other_spec_set)
+      specs = new_spec_set.to_a.map(&:full_name)
+      expect(specs).to include("a-1.0")
+      expect(specs).to include("f-1.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#to_a" do
+    it "returns the specs in order" do
+      expect(subject.to_a.map(&:full_name)).to eq %w[
+        a-1.0
+        b-1.0
+        e-1.0.0.pre.1
+        c-1.1
+        d-2.0
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/stub_specification_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/stub_specification_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb612813c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/stub_specification_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::StubSpecification do
+  let(:with_bundler_stub_spec) do
+    gemspec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+      s.name = "gemname"
+      s.version = "1.0.0"
+      s.loaded_from = __FILE__
+      s.extensions = "ext/gemname"
+    end
+
+    described_class.from_stub(gemspec)
+  end
+
+  describe "#from_stub" do
+    it "returns the same stub if already a Bundler::StubSpecification" do
+      stub = described_class.from_stub(with_bundler_stub_spec)
+      expect(stub).to be(with_bundler_stub_spec)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#manually_installed?" do
+    it "returns true if installed_by_version is nil or 0" do
+      stub = described_class.from_stub(with_bundler_stub_spec)
+      expect(stub.manually_installed?).to be true
+    end
+
+    it "returns false if installed_by_version is greater than 0" do
+      stub = described_class.from_stub(with_bundler_stub_spec)
+      stub.installed_by_version = Gem::Version.new(1)
+      expect(stub.manually_installed?).to be false
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#missing_extensions?" do
+    it "returns false if manually_installed?" do
+      stub = described_class.from_stub(with_bundler_stub_spec)
+      expect(stub.missing_extensions?).to be false
+    end
+
+    it "returns true if not manually_installed?" do
+      stub = described_class.from_stub(with_bundler_stub_spec)
+      stub.installed_by_version = Gem::Version.new(1)
+      expect(stub.missing_extensions?).to be true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/ui/shell_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/ui/shell_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..536014c6aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/ui/shell_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../support/streams"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::UI::Shell do
+  subject { described_class.new }
+
+  before { subject.level = "debug" }
+
+  describe "#info" do
+    before { subject.level = "info" }
+    it "prints to stdout" do
+      expect { subject.info("info") }.to output("info\n").to_stdout
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#confirm" do
+    before { subject.level = "confirm" }
+    it "prints to stdout" do
+      expect { subject.confirm("confirm") }.to output("confirm\n").to_stdout
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#warn" do
+    before { subject.level = "warn" }
+    it "prints to stderr" do
+      expect { subject.warn("warning") }.to output("warning\n").to_stderr
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#debug" do
+    it "prints to stdout" do
+      expect { subject.debug("debug") }.to output("debug\n").to_stdout
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#error" do
+    before { subject.level = "error" }
+
+    it "prints to stderr" do
+      expect { subject.error("error!!!") }.to output("error!!!\n").to_stderr
+    end
+
+    context "when stderr is closed" do
+      it "doesn't report anything" do
+        output = capture(:stderr, :closed => true) do
+          subject.error("Something went wrong")
+        end
+        expect(output).to_not eq("Something went wrong\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/ui_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/ui_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6df0d2e290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/ui_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::UI do
+  describe Bundler::UI::Silent do
+    it "has the same instance methods as Shell" do
+      shell = Bundler::UI::Shell
+      methods = proc do |cls|
+        cls.instance_methods.map do |i|
+          m = shell.instance_method(i)
+          [i, m.parameters]
+        end.sort_by(&:first)
+      end
+      expect(methods.call(described_class)).to eq(methods.call(shell))
+    end
+
+    it "has the same instance class as Shell" do
+      shell = Bundler::UI::Shell
+      methods = proc do |cls|
+        cls.methods.map do |i|
+          m = shell.method(i)
+          [i, m.parameters]
+        end.sort_by(&:first)
+      end
+      expect(methods.call(described_class)).to eq(methods.call(shell))
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe Bundler::UI::Shell do
+    let(:options) { {} }
+    subject { described_class.new(options) }
+    describe "debug?" do
+      it "returns a boolean" do
+        subject.level = :debug
+        expect(subject.debug?).to eq(true)
+
+        subject.level = :error
+        expect(subject.debug?).to eq(false)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/uri_credentials_filter_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/uri_credentials_filter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..466c1b8594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/uri_credentials_filter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::URICredentialsFilter do
+  subject { described_class }
+
+  describe "#credential_filtered_uri" do
+    shared_examples_for "original type of uri is maintained" do
+      it "maintains same type for return value as uri input type" do
+        expect(subject.credential_filtered_uri(uri)).to be_kind_of(uri.class)
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "sensitive credentials in uri are filtered out" do
+      context "authentication using oauth credentials" do
+        context "specified via 'x-oauth-basic'" do
+          let(:credentials) { "oauth_token:x-oauth-basic@" }
+
+          it "returns the uri without the oauth token" do
+            expect(subject.credential_filtered_uri(uri).to_s).to eq(Bundler::URI("https://x-oauth-basic@github.com/company/private-repo").to_s)
+          end
+
+          it_behaves_like "original type of uri is maintained"
+        end
+
+        context "specified via 'x'" do
+          let(:credentials) { "oauth_token:x@" }
+
+          it "returns the uri without the oauth token" do
+            expect(subject.credential_filtered_uri(uri).to_s).to eq(Bundler::URI("https://x@github.com/company/private-repo").to_s)
+          end
+
+          it_behaves_like "original type of uri is maintained"
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "authentication using login credentials" do
+        let(:credentials) { "username1:hunter3@" }
+
+        it "returns the uri without the password" do
+          expect(subject.credential_filtered_uri(uri).to_s).to eq(Bundler::URI("https://username1@github.com/company/private-repo").to_s)
+        end
+
+        it_behaves_like "original type of uri is maintained"
+      end
+
+      context "authentication without credentials" do
+        let(:credentials) { "" }
+
+        it "returns the same uri" do
+          expect(subject.credential_filtered_uri(uri).to_s).to eq(uri.to_s)
+        end
+
+        it_behaves_like "original type of uri is maintained"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "uri is a uri object" do
+      let(:uri) { Bundler::URI("https://#{credentials}github.com/company/private-repo") }
+
+      it_behaves_like "sensitive credentials in uri are filtered out"
+    end
+
+    context "uri is a uri string" do
+      let(:uri) { "https://#{credentials}github.com/company/private-repo" }
+
+      it_behaves_like "sensitive credentials in uri are filtered out"
+    end
+
+    context "uri is a non-uri format string (ex. path)" do
+      let(:uri) { "/path/to/repo" }
+
+      it "returns the same uri" do
+        expect(subject.credential_filtered_uri(uri).to_s).to eq(uri.to_s)
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "original type of uri is maintained"
+    end
+
+    context "uri is nil" do
+      let(:uri) { nil }
+
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(subject.credential_filtered_uri(uri)).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "original type of uri is maintained"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#credential_filtered_string" do
+    let(:str_to_filter) { "This is a git message containing a uri #{uri}!" }
+    let(:credentials)   { "" }
+    let(:uri)           { Bundler::URI("https://#{credentials}github.com/company/private-repo") }
+
+    context "with a uri that contains credentials" do
+      let(:credentials) { "oauth_token:x-oauth-basic@" }
+
+      it "returns the string without the sensitive credentials" do
+        expect(subject.credential_filtered_string(str_to_filter, uri)).to eq(
+          "This is a git message containing a uri https://x-oauth-basic@github.com/company/private-repo!"
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "that does not contains credentials" do
+      it "returns the same string" do
+        expect(subject.credential_filtered_string(str_to_filter, uri)).to eq(str_to_filter)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "string to filter is nil" do
+      let(:str_to_filter) { nil }
+
+      it "returns nil" do
+        expect(subject.credential_filtered_string(str_to_filter, uri)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "uri to filter out is nil" do
+      let(:uri) { nil }
+
+      it "returns the same string" do
+        expect(subject.credential_filtered_string(str_to_filter, uri)).to eq(str_to_filter)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/vendored_persistent_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/vendored_persistent_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ed899dbcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/vendored_persistent_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/vendored_persistent"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::PersistentHTTP do
+  describe "#warn_old_tls_version_rubygems_connection" do
+    let(:uri) { "https://index.rubygems.org" }
+    let(:connection) { instance_double(Bundler::Persistent::Net::HTTP::Persistent::Connection) }
+    let(:tls_version) { "TLSv1.2" }
+    let(:socket) { double("Socket") }
+    let(:socket_io) { double("SocketIO") }
+
+    before do
+      allow(connection).to receive_message_chain(:http, :use_ssl?).and_return(!tls_version.nil?)
+      allow(socket).to receive(:io).and_return(socket_io) if socket
+      connection.instance_variable_set(:@socket, socket)
+
+      if tls_version
+        allow(socket_io).to receive(:ssl_version).and_return(tls_version)
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "does not warn" do
+      it "does not warn" do
+        allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).never
+        subject.warn_old_tls_version_rubygems_connection(Bundler::URI(uri), connection)
+      end
+    end
+
+    shared_examples_for "does warn" do |*expected|
+      it "warns" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with(*expected)
+        subject.warn_old_tls_version_rubygems_connection(Bundler::URI(uri), connection)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "an HTTPS uri with TLSv1.2" do
+      include_examples "does not warn"
+    end
+
+    context "without SSL" do
+      let(:tls_version) { nil }
+
+      include_examples "does not warn"
+    end
+
+    context "without a socket" do
+      let(:socket) { nil }
+
+      include_examples "does not warn"
+    end
+
+    context "with a different TLD" do
+      let(:uri) { "https://foo.bar" }
+      include_examples "does not warn"
+
+      context "and an outdated TLS version" do
+        let(:tls_version) { "TLSv1" }
+        include_examples "does not warn"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a nonsense TLS version" do
+      let(:tls_version) { "BlahBlah2.0Blah" }
+      include_examples "does not warn"
+    end
+
+    context "with an outdated TLS version" do
+      let(:tls_version) { "TLSv1" }
+      include_examples "does warn",
+        "Warning: Your Ruby version is compiled against a copy of OpenSSL that is very old. " \
+        "Starting in January 2018, RubyGems.org will refuse connection requests from these very old versions of OpenSSL. " \
+        "If you will need to continue installing gems after January 2018, please follow this guide to upgrade: http://ruby.to/tls-outdated.",
+        :wrap => true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/version_ranges_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/version_ranges_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bca044b0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/version_ranges_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/version_ranges"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::VersionRanges do
+  describe ".empty?" do
+    shared_examples_for "empty?" do |exp, *req|
+      it "returns #{exp} for #{req}" do
+        r = Gem::Requirement.new(*req)
+        ranges = described_class.for(r)
+        expect(described_class.empty?(*ranges)).to eq(exp), "expected `#{r}` #{exp ? "" : "not "}to be empty"
+      end
+    end
+
+    include_examples "empty?", false
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "!= 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "!= 1", "= 2"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "!= 1", "> 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "!= 1", ">= 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "= 1", ">= 0.1", "<= 1.1"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "= 1", ">= 1", "<= 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "= 1", "~> 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, ">= 0.z", "= 0"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, ">= 0"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, ">= 1.0.0", "< 2.0.0"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "~> 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", false, "~> 2.0", "~> 2.1"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, ">= 4.1.0", "< 5.0", "= 5.2.1"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "< 5.0", "< 5.3", "< 6.0", "< 6", "= 5.2.0", "> 2", ">= 3.0", ">= 3.1", ">= 3.2", ">= 4.0.0", ">= 4.1.0", ">= 4.2.0", ">= 4.2", ">= 4"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "!= 1", "< 2", "> 2"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "!= 1", "<= 1", ">= 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "< 2", "> 2"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "< 2", "> 2", "= 2"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "= 1", "!= 1"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "= 1", "= 2"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "= 1", "~> 2"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, ">= 0", "<= 0.a"
+    include_examples "empty?", true, "~> 2.0", "~> 3"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/worker_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/worker_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4ebbd2932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/worker_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/worker"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::Worker do
+  let(:size) { 5 }
+  let(:name) { "Spec Worker" }
+  let(:function) { proc {|object, worker_number| [object, worker_number] } }
+  subject { described_class.new(size, name, function) }
+
+  after { subject.stop }
+
+  describe "#initialize" do
+    context "when Thread.start raises ThreadError" do
+      it "raises when no threads can be created" do
+        allow(Thread).to receive(:start).and_raise(ThreadError, "error creating thread")
+
+        expect { subject.enq "a" }.to raise_error(Bundler::ThreadCreationError, "Failed to create threads for the Spec Worker worker: error creating thread")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "handling interrupts" do
+    let(:status) do
+      pid = Process.fork do
+        $stderr.reopen File.new("/dev/null", "w")
+        Signal.trap "INT", previous_interrupt_handler
+        subject.enq "a"
+        subject.stop unless interrupt_before_stopping
+        Process.kill "INT", Process.pid
+      end
+
+      Process.wait2(pid).last
+    end
+
+    before do
+      skip "requires Process.fork" unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    end
+
+    context "when interrupted before stopping" do
+      let(:interrupt_before_stopping) { true }
+      let(:previous_interrupt_handler) { ->(*) { exit 0 } }
+
+      it "aborts" do
+        expect(status.exitstatus).to eq(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when interrupted after stopping" do
+      let(:interrupt_before_stopping) { false }
+
+      context "when the previous interrupt handler was the default" do
+        let(:previous_interrupt_handler) { "DEFAULT" }
+
+        it "uses the default interrupt handler" do
+          expect(status).to be_signaled
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when the previous interrupt handler was customized" do
+        let(:previous_interrupt_handler) { ->(*) { exit 42 } }
+
+        it "restores the custom interrupt handler after stopping" do
+          expect(status.exitstatus).to eq(42)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/yaml_serializer_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/yaml_serializer_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1241c74bbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/yaml_serializer_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/yaml_serializer"
+
+RSpec.describe Bundler::YAMLSerializer do
+  subject(:serializer) { Bundler::YAMLSerializer }
+
+  describe "#dump" do
+    it "works for simple hash" do
+      hash = { "Q" => "Where does Thursday come before Wednesday? In the dictionary. :P" }
+
+      expected = strip_whitespace <<-YAML
+          ---
+          Q: "Where does Thursday come before Wednesday? In the dictionary. :P"
+      YAML
+
+      expect(serializer.dump(hash)).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    it "handles nested hash" do
+      hash = {
+        "nice-one" => {
+          "read_ahead" => "All generalizations are false, including this one",
+        },
+      }
+
+      expected = strip_whitespace <<-YAML
+          ---
+          nice-one:
+            read_ahead: "All generalizations are false, including this one"
+      YAML
+
+      expect(serializer.dump(hash)).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    it "array inside an hash" do
+      hash = {
+        "nested_hash" => {
+          "contains_array" => [
+            "Jack and Jill went up the hill",
+            "To fetch a pail of water.",
+            "Jack fell down and broke his crown,",
+            "And Jill came tumbling after.",
+          ],
+        },
+      }
+
+      expected = strip_whitespace <<-YAML
+        ---
+        nested_hash:
+          contains_array:
+          - "Jack and Jill went up the hill"
+          - "To fetch a pail of water."
+          - "Jack fell down and broke his crown,"
+          - "And Jill came tumbling after."
+      YAML
+
+      expect(serializer.dump(hash)).to eq(expected)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#load" do
+    it "works for simple hash" do
+      yaml = strip_whitespace <<-YAML
+        ---
+        Jon: "Air is free dude!"
+        Jack: "Yes.. until you buy a bag of chips!"
+      YAML
+
+      hash = {
+        "Jon" => "Air is free dude!",
+        "Jack" => "Yes.. until you buy a bag of chips!",
+      }
+
+      expect(serializer.load(yaml)).to eq(hash)
+    end
+
+    it "works for nested hash" do
+      yaml = strip_whitespace <<-YAML
+        ---
+        baa:
+          baa: "black sheep"
+          have: "you any wool?"
+          yes: "merry have I"
+        three: "bags full"
+      YAML
+
+      hash = {
+        "baa" => {
+          "baa" => "black sheep",
+          "have" => "you any wool?",
+          "yes" => "merry have I",
+        },
+        "three" => "bags full",
+      }
+
+      expect(serializer.load(yaml)).to eq(hash)
+    end
+
+    it "handles colon in key/value" do
+      yaml = strip_whitespace <<-YAML
+        BUNDLE_MIRROR__HTTPS://RUBYGEMS__ORG/: http://rubygems-mirror.org
+      YAML
+
+      expect(serializer.load(yaml)).to eq("BUNDLE_MIRROR__HTTPS://RUBYGEMS__ORG/" => "http://rubygems-mirror.org")
+    end
+
+    it "handles arrays inside hashes" do
+      yaml = strip_whitespace <<-YAML
+        ---
+        nested_hash:
+          contains_array:
+          - "Why shouldn't you write with a broken pencil?"
+          - "Because it's pointless!"
+      YAML
+
+      hash = {
+        "nested_hash" => {
+          "contains_array" => [
+            "Why shouldn't you write with a broken pencil?",
+            "Because it's pointless!",
+          ],
+        },
+      }
+
+      expect(serializer.load(yaml)).to eq(hash)
+    end
+
+    it "handles windows-style CRLF line endings" do
+      yaml = strip_whitespace(<<-YAML).gsub("\n", "\r\n")
+        ---
+        nested_hash:
+          contains_array:
+          - "Why shouldn't you write with a broken pencil?"
+          - "Because it's pointless!"
+          - oh so silly
+      YAML
+
+      hash = {
+        "nested_hash" => {
+          "contains_array" => [
+            "Why shouldn't you write with a broken pencil?",
+            "Because it's pointless!",
+            "oh so silly",
+          ],
+        },
+      }
+
+      expect(serializer.load(yaml)).to eq(hash)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "against yaml lib" do
+    let(:hash) do
+      {
+        "a_joke" => {
+          "my-stand" => "I can totally keep secrets",
+          "but" => "The people I tell them to can't :P",
+          "wouldn't it be funny if this string were empty?" => "",
+        },
+        "more" => {
+          "first" => [
+            "Can a kangaroo jump higher than a house?",
+            "Of course, a house doesn't jump at all.",
+          ],
+          "second" => [
+            "What did the sea say to the sand?",
+            "Nothing, it simply waved.",
+          ],
+          "array with empty string" => [""],
+        },
+        "sales" => {
+          "item" => "A Parachute",
+          "description" => "Only used once, never opened.",
+        },
+        "one-more" => "I'd tell you a chemistry joke but I know I wouldn't get a reaction.",
+      }
+    end
+
+    context "#load" do
+      it "retrieves the original hash" do
+        require "yaml"
+        expect(serializer.load(YAML.dump(hash))).to eq(hash)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "#dump" do
+      it "retrieves the original hash" do
+        require "yaml"
+        expect(YAML.load(serializer.dump(hash))).to eq(hash)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/cache/cache_path_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/cache/cache_path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12385427b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/cache/cache_path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle package" do
+  before do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  context "with --cache-path" do
+    it "caches gems at given path" do
+      bundle :cache, "cache-path" => "vendor/cache-foo"
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache-foo/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with config cache_path" do
+    it "caches gems at given path" do
+      bundle "config set cache_path vendor/cache-foo"
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache-foo/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with absolute --cache-path" do
+    it "caches gems at given path" do
+      bundle :cache, "cache-path" => "/tmp/cache-foo"
+      expect(bundled_app("/tmp/cache-foo/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/cache/gems_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/cache/gems_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8382a5d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/cache/gems_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle cache" do
+  shared_examples_for "when there are only gemsources" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0", :path => path
+      bundle :cache
+    end
+
+    it "copies the .gem file to vendor/cache" do
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "uses the cache as a source when installing gems" do
+      build_gem "omg", :path => bundled_app("vendor/cache")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "omg"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "omg 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "uses the cache as a source when installing gems with --local" do
+      system_gems [], :path => default_bundle_path
+      bundle "install --local"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "does not reinstall gems from the cache if they exist on the system" do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0.0", :path => bundled_app("vendor/cache") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "does not reinstall gems from the cache if they exist in the bundle" do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0", :path => default_bundle_path
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0.0", :path => bundled_app("vendor/cache") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+      end
+
+      bundle :install, :local => true
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "creates a lockfile" do
+      cache_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "cache"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "using system gems" do
+    before { bundle "config set path.system true" }
+    let(:path) { system_gem_path }
+    it_behaves_like "when there are only gemsources"
+  end
+
+  context "installing into a local path" do
+    before { bundle "config set path ./.bundle" }
+    let(:path) { local_gem_path }
+    it_behaves_like "when there are only gemsources"
+  end
+
+  describe "when there is a built-in gem", :ruby_repo do
+    let(:default_json_version) { ruby "gem 'json'; require 'json'; puts JSON::VERSION" }
+
+    before :each do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "json", default_json_version
+      end
+
+      build_gem "json", default_json_version, :to_system => true, :default => true
+    end
+
+    it "uses builtin gems when installing to system gems" do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+      install_gemfile %(source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"; gem 'json', '#{default_json_version}'), :verbose => true
+      expect(out).to include("Using json #{default_json_version}")
+    end
+
+    it "caches remote and builtin gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'json', '#{default_json_version}'
+        gem 'rack', '1.0.0'
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/json-#{default_json_version}.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't make remote request after caching the gem" do
+      build_gem "builtin_gem_2", "1.0.2", :path => bundled_app("vendor/cache") do |s|
+        s.summary = "This builtin_gem is bundled with Ruby"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'builtin_gem_2', '1.0.2'
+      G
+
+      bundle "install --local"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("builtin_gem_2 1.0.2")
+    end
+
+    it "errors if the builtin gem isn't available to cache" do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'json', '#{default_json_version}'
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(exitstatus).to_not eq(0)
+      expect(err).to include("json-#{default_json_version} is built in to Ruby, and can't be cached")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when there are also git sources" do
+    before do
+      build_git "foo"
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "still works" do
+      bundle :cache
+
+      system_gems []
+      bundle "install --local"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0", "foo 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "should not explode if the lockfile is not present" do
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      bundle :cache
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when previously cached" do
+    before :each do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "actionpack"
+      G
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(cached_gem("rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("actionpack-2.3.2")).to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("activesupport-2.3.2")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "re-caches during install" do
+      cached_gem("rack-1.0.0").rmtree
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include("Updating files in vendor/cache")
+      expect(cached_gem("rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "adds and removes when gems are updated" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      expect(cached_gem("rack-1.2")).to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("rack-1.0.0")).not_to exist
+    end
+
+    it "adds new gems and dependencies" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+      expect(cached_gem("rails-2.3.2")).to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("activerecord-2.3.2")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "removes .gems for removed gems and dependencies" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      expect(cached_gem("rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("actionpack-2.3.2")).not_to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("activesupport-2.3.2")).not_to exist
+    end
+
+    it "removes .gems when gem changes to git source" do
+      build_git "rack"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-1.0")}"
+        gem "actionpack"
+      G
+      expect(cached_gem("rack-1.0.0")).not_to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("actionpack-2.3.2")).to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("activesupport-2.3.2")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't remove gems that are for another platform" do
+      simulate_platform "java" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "platform_specific"
+        G
+
+        bundle :cache
+        expect(cached_gem("platform_specific-1.0-java")).to exist
+      end
+
+      simulate_new_machine
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+
+      expect(cached_gem("platform_specific-1.0-#{Bundler.local_platform}")).to exist
+      expect(cached_gem("platform_specific-1.0-java")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't remove gems with mismatched :rubygems_version or :date" do
+      cached_gem("rack-1.0.0").rmtree
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0.0",
+        :path => bundled_app("vendor/cache"),
+        :rubygems_version => "1.3.2"
+      simulate_new_machine
+
+      bundle :install
+      expect(cached_gem("rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "handles directories and non .gem files in the cache" do
+      bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo").mkdir
+      File.open(bundled_app("vendor/cache/bar"), "w") {|f| f.write("not a gem") }
+      bundle :cache
+    end
+
+    it "does not say that it is removing gems when it isn't actually doing so" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle "cache"
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(out).not_to match(/removing/i)
+    end
+
+    it "does not warn about all if it doesn't have any git/path dependency" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle "cache"
+      expect(out).not_to match(/\-\-all/)
+    end
+
+    it "should install gems with the name bundler in them (that aren't bundler)" do
+      build_gem "foo-bundler", "1.0",
+        :path => bundled_app("vendor/cache")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo-bundler"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo-bundler 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/cache/git_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/cache/git_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b88993e9b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/cache/git_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "git base name" do
+  it "base_name should strip private repo uris" do
+    source = Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "git@github.com:bundler.git")
+    expect(source.send(:base_name)).to eq("bundler")
+  end
+
+  it "base_name should strip network share paths" do
+    source = Bundler::Source::Git.new("uri" => "//MachineName/ShareFolder")
+    expect(source.send(:base_name)).to eq("ShareFolder")
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle cache with git" do
+  it "copies repository to vendor cache and uses it" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+    ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}/.git")).not_to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}/.bundlecache")).to be_file
+
+    FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("foo-1.0")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "copies repository to vendor cache and uses it even when configured with `path`" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+    ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}/.git")).not_to exist
+
+    FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("foo-1.0")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "runs twice without exploding" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    bundle :cache
+
+    expect(out).to include "Updating files in vendor/cache"
+    FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("foo-1.0")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "tracks updates" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+    old_ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    update_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", "puts :CACHE"
+    end
+
+    ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+    expect(ref).not_to eq(old_ref)
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{old_ref}")).not_to exist
+
+    FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("foo-1.0")
+    run "require 'foo'"
+    expect(out).to eq("CACHE")
+  end
+
+  it "tracks updates when specifying the gem" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+    old_ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    update_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", "puts :CACHE"
+    end
+
+    ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+    expect(ref).not_to eq(old_ref)
+
+    bundle "update foo"
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{old_ref}")).not_to exist
+
+    FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("foo-1.0")
+    run "require 'foo'"
+    expect(out).to eq("CACHE")
+  end
+
+  it "uses the local repository to generate the cache" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+    ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-invalid")}', :branch => :master
+    G
+
+    bundle %(config set local.foo #{lib_path("foo-1.0")})
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-invalid-#{ref}")).to exist
+
+    # Updating the local still uses the local.
+    update_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+    end
+
+    run "require 'foo'"
+    expect(out).to eq("LOCAL")
+  end
+
+  it "copies repository to vendor cache, including submodules" do
+    build_git "submodule", "1.0"
+
+    git = build_git "has_submodule", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "submodule"
+    end
+
+    sys_exec "git submodule add #{lib_path("submodule-1.0")} submodule-1.0", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+    sys_exec "git commit -m \"submodulator\"", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}", :submodules => true do
+        gem "has_submodule"
+      end
+    G
+
+    ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/has_submodule-1.0-#{ref}")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/has_submodule-1.0-#{ref}/submodule-1.0")).to exist
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "has_submodule 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "caches pre-evaluated gemspecs" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+
+    # Insert a gemspec method that shells out
+    spec_lines = lib_path("foo-1.0/foo.gemspec").read.split("\n")
+    spec_lines.insert(-2, "s.description = `echo bob`")
+    update_git("foo") {|s| s.write "foo.gemspec", spec_lines.join("\n") }
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+    gemspec = bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}/foo.gemspec").read
+    expect(gemspec).to_not match("`echo bob`")
+  end
+
+  it "can install after bundle cache with git not installed" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache, "all-platforms" => true, :install => false
+
+    simulate_new_machine
+    with_path_as "" do
+      bundle "config set deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :local => true
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "foo 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/cache/path_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/cache/path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ad136a008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/cache/path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle cache with path" do
+  it "is no-op when the path is within the bundle" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => bundled_app("lib/foo")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{bundled_app("lib/foo")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0")).not_to exist
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "copies when the path is outside the bundle " do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0/.bundlecache")).to be_file
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "copies when the path is outside the bundle and the paths intersect" do
+    libname = File.basename(bundled_app) + "_gem"
+    libpath = File.join(File.dirname(bundled_app), libname)
+
+    build_lib libname, :path => libpath
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "#{libname}", :path => '#{libpath}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/#{libname}")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/#{libname}/.bundlecache")).to be_file
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "#{libname} 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "updates the path on each cache" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    build_lib "foo" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", "puts :CACHE"
+    end
+
+    bundle :cache
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0")).to exist
+
+    run "require 'foo'"
+    expect(out).to eq("CACHE")
+  end
+
+  it "removes stale entries cache" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0")).to exist
+
+    build_lib "bar"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "bar", :path => '#{lib_path("bar-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0")).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not cache path gems by default", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0")).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  it "caches path gems by default", :bundler => "3" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "stores the given flag" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    build_lib "bar"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+      gem "bar", :path => '#{lib_path("bar-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/bar-1.0")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "can rewind chosen configuration" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    build_lib "baz"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+      gem "baz", :path => '#{lib_path("baz-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "cache --no-all", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/baz-1.0")).not_to exist
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/cache/platform_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/cache/platform_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..128278956c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/cache/platform_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle cache with multiple platforms" do
+  before :each do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      platforms :mri, :rbx do
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      platforms :jruby do
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+      end
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          activesupport (2.3.5)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+        java
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (1.0.0)
+        activesupport (2.3.5)
+    G
+
+    cache_gems "rack-1.0.0", "activesupport-2.3.5"
+  end
+
+  it "ensures that a successful bundle install does not delete gems for other platforms" do
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/activesupport-2.3.5.gem")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "ensures that a successful bundle update does not delete gems for other platforms" do
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/activesupport-2.3.5.gem")).to exist
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/add_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/add_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c533652ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/add_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle add" do
+  before :each do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "foo", "1.1"
+      build_gem "foo", "2.0"
+      build_gem "baz", "1.2.3"
+      build_gem "bar", "0.12.3"
+      build_gem "cat", "0.12.3.pre"
+      build_gem "dog", "1.1.3.pre"
+    end
+
+    build_git "foo", "2.0"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+    G
+  end
+
+  context "when no gems are specified" do
+    it "shows error" do
+      bundle "add", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("Please specify gems to add")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "without version specified" do
+    it "version requirement becomes ~> major.minor.patch when resolved version is < 1.0" do
+      bundle "add 'bar'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "bar", "~> 0.12.3"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar 0.12.3"
+    end
+
+    it "version requirement becomes ~> major.minor when resolved version is > 1.0" do
+      bundle "add 'baz'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "baz", "~> 1.2"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "baz 1.2.3"
+    end
+
+    it "version requirement becomes ~> major.minor.patch.pre when resolved version is < 1.0" do
+      bundle "add 'cat'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "cat", "~> 0.12.3.pre"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "cat 0.12.3.pre"
+    end
+
+    it "version requirement becomes ~> major.minor.pre when resolved version is > 1.0.pre" do
+      bundle "add 'dog'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "dog", "~> 1.1.pre"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "dog 1.1.3.pre"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --version" do
+    it "adds dependency of specified version and runs install" do
+      bundle "add 'foo' --version='~> 1.0'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", "~> 1.0"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.1"
+    end
+
+    it "adds multiple version constraints when specified" do
+      requirements = ["< 3.0", "> 1.0"]
+      bundle "add 'foo' --version='#{requirements.join(", ")}'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", #{Gem::Requirement.new(requirements).as_list.map(&:dump).join(', ')}/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --group" do
+    it "adds dependency for the specified group" do
+      bundle "add 'foo' --group='development'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", "~> 2.0", :group => :development/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+
+    it "adds dependency to more than one group" do
+      bundle "add 'foo' --group='development, test'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", "~> 2.0", :groups => \[:development, :test\]/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --source" do
+    it "adds dependency with specified source" do
+      bundle "add 'foo' --source='#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", "~> 2.0", :source => "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --git" do
+    it "adds dependency with specified github source" do
+      bundle "add foo --git=#{lib_path("foo-2.0")}"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", "~> 2.0", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-2.0")}"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --git and --branch" do
+    before do
+      update_git "foo", "2.0", :branch => "test"
+    end
+
+    it "adds dependency with specified github source and branch" do
+      bundle "add foo --git=#{lib_path("foo-2.0")} --branch=test"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", "~> 2.0", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-2.0")}", :branch => "test"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --skip-install" do
+    it "adds gem to Gemfile but is not installed" do
+      bundle "add foo --skip-install --version=2.0"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "foo", "= 2.0"/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to_not include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "using combination of short form options works like long form" do
+    bundle "add 'foo' -s='#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}' -g='development' -v='~>1.0'"
+    expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to include %(gem "foo", "~> 1.0", :group => :development, :source => "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.1"
+  end
+
+  it "shows error message when version is not formatted correctly" do
+    bundle "add 'foo' -v='~>1 . 0'", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to match("Invalid gem requirement pattern '~>1 . 0'")
+  end
+
+  it "shows error message when gem cannot be found" do
+    bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+    bundle "add 'werk_it'", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to match("Could not find gem 'werk_it' in")
+
+    bundle "add 'werk_it' -s='#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to match("Could not find gem 'werk_it' in rubygems repository")
+  end
+
+  it "shows error message when source cannot be reached" do
+    bundle "add 'baz' --source='http://badhostasdf'", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("Could not reach host badhostasdf. Check your network connection and try again.")
+
+    bundle "add 'baz' --source='file://does/not/exist'", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("Could not fetch specs from file://does/not/exist/")
+  end
+
+  describe "with --optimistic" do
+    it "adds optimistic version" do
+      bundle "add 'foo' --optimistic"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to include %(gem "foo", ">= 2.0")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --strict option" do
+    it "adds strict version" do
+      bundle "add 'foo' --strict"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to include %(gem "foo", "= 2.0")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with no option" do
+    it "adds pessimistic version" do
+      bundle "add 'foo'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to include %(gem "foo", "~> 2.0")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --optimistic and --strict" do
+    it "throws error" do
+      bundle "add 'foo' --strict --optimistic", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("You can not specify `--strict` and `--optimistic` at the same time")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "multiple gems" do
+    it "adds multiple gems to gemfile" do
+      bundle "add bar baz"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "bar", "~> 0.12.3"/)
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/gem "baz", "~> 1.2"/)
+    end
+
+    it "throws error if any of the specified gems are present in the gemfile with different version" do
+      bundle "add weakling bar", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("You cannot specify the same gem twice with different version requirements")
+      expect(err).to include("You specified: weakling (~> 0.0.1) and weakling (>= 0).")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when a gem is added which is already specified in Gemfile with version" do
+    it "shows an error when added with different version requirement" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "add 'rack' --version=1.1", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("You cannot specify the same gem twice with different version requirements")
+      expect(err).to include("If you want to update the gem version, run `bundle update rack`. You may also need to change the version requirement specified in the Gemfile if it's too restrictive")
+    end
+
+    it "shows error when added without version requirements" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "add 'rack'", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("Gem already added.")
+      expect(err).to include("You cannot specify the same gem twice with different version requirements")
+      expect(err).not_to include("If you want to update the gem version, run `bundle update rack`. You may also need to change the version requirement specified in the Gemfile if it's too restrictive")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when a gem is added which is already specified in Gemfile without version" do
+    it "shows an error when added with different version requirement" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "add 'rack' --version=1.1", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("You cannot specify the same gem twice with different version requirements")
+      expect(err).to include("If you want to update the gem version, run `bundle update rack`.")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You may also need to change the version requirement specified in the Gemfile if it's too restrictive")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when a gem is added and cache exists" do
+    it "caches all new dependencies added for the specified gem" do
+      bundle :cache
+
+      bundle "add 'rack' --version=1.0.0"
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/binstubs_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/binstubs_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cd0e16d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/binstubs_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle binstubs <gem>" do
+  context "when the gem exists in the lockfile" do
+    it "sets up the binstub" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rack"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "does not install other binstubs" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rails"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).not_to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rails")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "does install multiple binstubs" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rails rack"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rails")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "allows installing all binstubs" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      bundle :binstubs, :all => true
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rails")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rake")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "allows installing binstubs for all platforms" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rack --all-platforms"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup.cmd")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "displays an error when used without any gem" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(1)
+      expect(err).to include("`bundle binstubs` needs at least one gem to run.")
+    end
+
+    it "displays an error when used with --all and gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rack", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(last_command).to be_failure
+      expect(err).to include("Cannot specify --all with specific gems")
+    end
+
+    context "when generating bundle binstub outside bundler" do
+      it "should abort" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "binstubs rack"
+
+        File.open(bundled_app("bin/bundle"), "wb") do |file|
+          file.print "OMG"
+        end
+
+        sys_exec "bin/rackup", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("was not generated by Bundler")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "the bundle binstub" do
+      before do
+        pristine_system_gems "bundler-#{system_bundler_version}"
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+            s.executables = "rackup"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "prints_loaded_gems", "1.0" do |s|
+            s.executables = "print_loaded_gems"
+            s.bindir = "exe"
+            s.write "exe/print_loaded_gems", <<-R
+              specs = Gem.loaded_specs.values.reject {|s| s.default_gem? }
+              puts specs.map(&:full_name).sort.inspect
+            R
+          end
+        end
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "rack"
+          gem "prints_loaded_gems"
+        G
+        bundle "binstubs bundler rack prints_loaded_gems"
+      end
+
+      let(:system_bundler_version) { Bundler::VERSION }
+
+      it "runs bundler" do
+        sys_exec "bin/bundle install", :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+        expect(out).to include %(Using bundler #{system_bundler_version}\n)
+      end
+
+      context "when BUNDLER_VERSION is set" do
+        it "runs the correct version of bundler" do
+          sys_exec "bin/bundle install", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "999.999.999" }, :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(exitstatus).to eq(42)
+          expect(err).to include("Activating bundler (999.999.999) failed:").
+            and include("To install the version of bundler this project requires, run `gem install bundler -v '999.999.999'`")
+        end
+
+        it "runs the correct version of bundler even if a higher version is installed" do
+          system_gems "bundler-999.999.998", "bundler-999.999.999"
+
+          sys_exec "bin/bundle install", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "999.999.998", "DEBUG" => "1" }, :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(out).to include %(Using bundler 999.999.998\n)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when a lockfile exists with a locked bundler version" do
+        context "and the version is newer" do
+          before do
+            lockfile lockfile.gsub(system_bundler_version, "999.999")
+          end
+
+          it "runs the correct version of bundler" do
+            sys_exec "bin/bundle install", :raise_on_error => false
+            expect(exitstatus).to eq(42)
+            expect(err).to include("Activating bundler (~> 999.999) failed:").
+              and include("To install the version of bundler this project requires, run `gem install bundler -v '~> 999.999'`")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "and the version is older and a different major" do
+          let(:system_bundler_version) { "55" }
+
+          before do
+            lockfile lockfile.gsub(/BUNDLED WITH\n   .*$/m, "BUNDLED WITH\n   44.0")
+          end
+
+          it "runs the correct version of bundler" do
+            sys_exec "bin/bundle install", :raise_on_error => false
+            expect(exitstatus).to eq(42)
+            expect(err).to include("Activating bundler (~> 44.0) failed:").
+              and include("To install the version of bundler this project requires, run `gem install bundler -v '~> 44.0'`")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "and the version is older and the same major" do
+          let(:system_bundler_version) { "55.1" }
+
+          before do
+            lockfile lockfile.gsub(/BUNDLED WITH\n   .*$/m, "BUNDLED WITH\n   55.0")
+          end
+
+          it "runs the available version of bundler when the version is older and the same major" do
+            sys_exec "bin/bundle install"
+            expect(exitstatus).not_to eq(42)
+            expect(err).not_to include("Activating bundler (~> 55.0) failed:")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "and the version is a pre-releaser" do
+          let(:system_bundler_version) { "55" }
+
+          before do
+            lockfile lockfile.gsub(/BUNDLED WITH\n   .*$/m, "BUNDLED WITH\n   2.12.0.a")
+          end
+
+          it "runs the correct version of bundler when the version is a pre-release" do
+            sys_exec "bin/bundle install", :raise_on_error => false
+            expect(exitstatus).to eq(42)
+            expect(err).to include("Activating bundler (~> 2.12.a) failed:").
+              and include("To install the version of bundler this project requires, run `gem install bundler -v '~> 2.12.a'`")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when update --bundler is called" do
+        before { lockfile.gsub(system_bundler_version, "1.1.1") }
+
+        it "calls through to the latest bundler version" do
+          sys_exec "bin/bundle update --bundler", :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+          expect(out).to include %(Using bundler #{system_bundler_version}\n)
+        end
+
+        it "calls through to the explicit bundler version" do
+          sys_exec "bin/bundle update --bundler=999.999.999", :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(exitstatus).to eq(42)
+          expect(err).to include("Activating bundler (999.999.999) failed:").
+            and include("To install the version of bundler this project requires, run `gem install bundler -v '999.999.999'`")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "without a lockfile" do
+        it "falls back to the latest installed bundler" do
+          FileUtils.rm bundled_app_lock
+          sys_exec "bin/bundle install", :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+          expect(out).to include "Using bundler #{system_bundler_version}\n"
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "using another binstub" do
+        it "loads all gems" do
+          sys_exec bundled_app("bin/print_loaded_gems").to_s
+          expect(out).to eq %(["bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}", "prints_loaded_gems-1.0", "rack-1.2"])
+        end
+
+        context "when requesting a different bundler version" do
+          before { lockfile lockfile.gsub(Bundler::VERSION, "999.999.999") }
+
+          it "attempts to load that version" do
+            sys_exec bundled_app("bin/rackup").to_s, :raise_on_error => false
+            expect(exitstatus).to eq(42)
+            expect(err).to include("Activating bundler (~> 999.999) failed:").
+              and include("To install the version of bundler this project requires, run `gem install bundler -v '~> 999.999'`")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "installs binstubs from git gems" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(lib_path("foo/bin"))
+      FileUtils.touch(lib_path("foo/bin/foo"))
+      build_git "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.executables = %w[foo]
+      end
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs foo"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/foo")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "installs binstubs from path gems" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(lib_path("foo/bin"))
+      FileUtils.touch(lib_path("foo/bin/foo"))
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.executables = %w[foo]
+      end
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs foo"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/foo")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "sets correct permissions for binstubs" do
+      with_umask(0o002) do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "binstubs rack"
+        binary = bundled_app("bin/rackup")
+        expect(File.stat(binary).mode.to_s(8)).to eq(Gem.win_platform? ? "100644" : "100775")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when using --shebang" do
+      it "sets the specified shebang for the binstub" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "binstubs rack --shebang jruby"
+        expect(File.readlines(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).first).to eq("#!/usr/bin/env jruby\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the gem doesn't exist" do
+    it "displays an error with correct status" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs doesnt_exist", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(7)
+      expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'doesnt_exist'.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "--path" do
+    it "sets the binstubs dir" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rack --path exec"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("exec/rackup")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "setting is saved for bundle install", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rack", :path => "exec"
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(bundled_app("exec/rails")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --standalone option" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "generates a standalone binstub" do
+      bundle "binstubs rack --standalone"
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "generates a binstub that does not depend on rubygems or bundler" do
+      bundle "binstubs rack --standalone"
+      expect(File.read(bundled_app("bin/rackup"))).to_not include("Gem.bin_path")
+    end
+
+    context "when specified --path option" do
+      it "generates a standalone binstub at the given path" do
+        bundle "binstubs rack --standalone --path foo"
+        expect(bundled_app("foo/rackup")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when specified --all-platforms option" do
+      it "generates standalone binstubs for all platforms" do
+        bundle "binstubs rack --standalone --all-platforms"
+        expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup.cmd")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the bin already exists" do
+    it "doesn't overwrite and warns" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundled_app("bin"))
+      File.open(bundled_app("bin/rackup"), "wb") do |file|
+        file.print "OMG"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rack"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+      expect(File.read(bundled_app("bin/rackup"))).to eq("OMG")
+      expect(err).to include("Skipped rackup")
+      expect(err).to include("overwrite skipped stubs, use --force")
+    end
+
+    context "when using --force" do
+      it "overwrites the binstub" do
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundled_app("bin"))
+        File.open(bundled_app("bin/rackup"), "wb") do |file|
+          file.print "OMG"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "binstubs rack --force"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+        expect(File.read(bundled_app("bin/rackup"))).not_to eq("OMG")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the gem has no bins" do
+    it "suggests child gems if they have bins" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs rack-obama"
+      expect(err).to include("rack-obama has no executables")
+      expect(err).to include("rack has: rackup")
+    end
+
+    it "works if child gems don't have bins" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "actionpack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs actionpack"
+      expect(err).to include("no executables for the gem actionpack")
+    end
+
+    it "works if the gem has development dependencies" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "with_development_dependency" do |s|
+          s.add_development_dependency "activesupport", "= 2.3.5"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "with_development_dependency"
+      G
+
+      bundle "binstubs with_development_dependency"
+      expect(err).to include("no executables for the gem with_development_dependency")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when BUNDLE_INSTALL is specified" do
+    it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+      bundle "binstubs rack"
+      expect(out).to include("Installing rack 1.0.0")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does nothing when already up to date" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+      bundle "binstubs rack", :env => { "BUNDLE_INSTALL" => "1" }
+      expect(out).not_to include("Installing rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/cache_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/cache_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9bb85c6587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/cache_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle cache" do
+  it "doesn't update the cache multiple times, even if it already exists" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(out).to include("Updating files in vendor/cache").once
+
+    bundle :cache
+    expect(out).to include("Updating files in vendor/cache").once
+  end
+
+  context "with --gemfile" do
+    it "finds the gemfile" do
+      gemfile bundled_app("NotGemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle "cache --gemfile=NotGemfile"
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "NotGemfile"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --all" do
+    context "without a gemspec" do
+      it "caches all dependencies except bundler itself" do
+        gemfile <<-D
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'rack'
+          gem 'bundler'
+        D
+
+        bundle "config set cache_all true"
+        bundle :cache
+
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/bundler-0.9.gem")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a gemspec" do
+      context "that has the same name as the gem" do
+        before do
+          File.open(bundled_app("mygem.gemspec"), "w") do |f|
+            f.write <<-G
+              Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+                s.name = "mygem"
+                s.version = "0.1.1"
+                s.summary = ""
+                s.authors = ["gem author"]
+                s.add_development_dependency "nokogiri", "=1.4.2"
+              end
+            G
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "caches all dependencies except bundler and the gemspec specified gem" do
+          gemfile <<-D
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+            gem 'rack'
+            gemspec
+          D
+
+          bundle "config set cache_all true"
+          bundle :cache
+
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/nokogiri-1.4.2.gem")).to exist
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/mygem-0.1.1.gem")).to_not exist
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/bundler-0.9.gem")).to_not exist
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "that has a different name as the gem" do
+        before do
+          File.open(bundled_app("mygem_diffname.gemspec"), "w") do |f|
+            f.write <<-G
+              Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+                s.name = "mygem"
+                s.version = "0.1.1"
+                s.summary = ""
+                s.authors = ["gem author"]
+                s.add_development_dependency "nokogiri", "=1.4.2"
+              end
+            G
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "caches all dependencies except bundler and the gemspec specified gem" do
+          gemfile <<-D
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+            gem 'rack'
+            gemspec
+          D
+
+          bundle "config set cache_all true"
+          bundle :cache
+
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/nokogiri-1.4.2.gem")).to exist
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/mygem-0.1.1.gem")).to_not exist
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/bundler-0.9.gem")).to_not exist
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with multiple gemspecs" do
+      before do
+        File.open(bundled_app("mygem.gemspec"), "w") do |f|
+          f.write <<-G
+            Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+              s.name = "mygem"
+              s.version = "0.1.1"
+              s.summary = ""
+              s.authors = ["gem author"]
+              s.add_development_dependency "nokogiri", "=1.4.2"
+            end
+          G
+        end
+        File.open(bundled_app("mygem_client.gemspec"), "w") do |f|
+          f.write <<-G
+            Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+              s.name = "mygem_test"
+              s.version = "0.1.1"
+              s.summary = ""
+              s.authors = ["gem author"]
+              s.add_development_dependency "weakling", "=0.0.3"
+            end
+          G
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "caches all dependencies except bundler and the gemspec specified gems" do
+        gemfile <<-D
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'rack'
+          gemspec :name => 'mygem'
+          gemspec :name => 'mygem_test'
+        D
+
+        bundle "config set cache_all true"
+        bundle :cache
+
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/nokogiri-1.4.2.gem")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/weakling-0.0.3.gem")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/mygem-0.1.1.gem")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/mygem_test-0.1.1.gem")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/bundler-0.9.gem")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --path", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    it "sets root directory for gems" do
+      gemfile <<-D
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      D
+
+      bundle "cache --path #{bundled_app("test")}"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      expect(bundled_app("test/vendor/cache/")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --no-install" do
+    it "puts the gems in vendor/cache but does not install them" do
+      gemfile <<-D
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      D
+
+      bundle "cache --no-install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "does not prevent installing gems with bundle install" do
+      gemfile <<-D
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      D
+
+      bundle "cache --no-install"
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not prevent installing gems with bundle update" do
+      gemfile <<-D
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      D
+
+      bundle "cache --no-install"
+      bundle "update --all"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --all-platforms" do
+    before do
+      skip "doesn't put gems where it should" if Gem.win_platform?
+    end
+
+    it "puts the gems in vendor/cache even for other rubies" do
+      gemfile <<-D
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack', :platforms => :ruby_19
+      D
+
+      bundle "cache --all-platforms"
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "does not attempt to install gems in without groups" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "uninstallable", "2.0" do |s|
+          s.add_development_dependency "rake"
+          s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+          s.write "Rakefile", "task(:default) { raise 'CANNOT INSTALL' }"
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "config set --local without wo"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "file:#{gem_repo1}"
+        gem "rack"
+        group :wo do
+          gem "weakling"
+          gem "uninstallable", :source => "file:#{gem_repo4}"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, "all-platforms" => true
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/weakling-0.0.3.gem")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/uninstallable-2.0.gem")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "rack 1.0"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "weakling", "uninstallable"
+
+      bundle "config set --local without wo"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "rack 1.0"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "weakling", "uninstallable"
+    end
+
+    it "does not fail to cache gems in excluded groups when there's a lockfile but gems not previously installed" do
+      bundle "config set --local without wo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "https://my.gem.repo.1"
+        gem "rack"
+        group :wo do
+          gem "weakling"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle :lock, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo1.to_s }
+      bundle :cache, "all-platforms" => true, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo1.to_s }
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/weakling-0.0.3.gem")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with frozen configured" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle "install"
+    end
+
+    subject do
+      bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "tries to install with frozen" do
+      bundle "config set deployment true"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+      subject
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(16)
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).to include("* rack-obama")
+      bundle "env"
+      expect(out).to include("frozen").or include("deployment")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with gems with extensions" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "racc", "2.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rake"
+          s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+          s.write "Rakefile", "task(:default) { puts 'INSTALLING rack' }"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "racc"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "installs them properly from cache to a different path" do
+      bundle "cache"
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install --local"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with gem sources" do
+  describe "when cached and locked" do
+    it "does not hit the remote at all" do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      simulate_new_machine
+      FileUtils.rm_rf gem_repo2
+
+      bundle "install --local"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not hit the remote at all in frozen mode" do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      simulate_new_machine
+      FileUtils.rm_rf gem_repo2
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not hit the remote at all when cache_all_platforms configured" do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      simulate_new_machine
+      FileUtils.rm_rf gem_repo2
+
+      bundle "config set --local cache_all_platforms true"
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install --local"
+      expect(out).not_to include("Fetching gem metadata")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not reinstall already-installed gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle :cache
+
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0.0", :path => bundled_app("vendor/cache") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "raise 'omg'"
+      end
+
+      bundle :install
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "ignores cached gems for the wrong platform" do
+      simulate_platform "java" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "platform_specific"
+        G
+        bundle :cache
+      end
+
+      simulate_new_machine
+
+      simulate_platform "ruby" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "platform_specific"
+        G
+        run "require 'platform_specific' ; puts PLATFORM_SPECIFIC"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0 RUBY")
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "does not update the cache if --no-cache is passed" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundled_app("vendor/cache").mkpath
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache").children).to be_empty
+
+      bundle "install --no-cache"
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache").children).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/check_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/check_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fa35136eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/check_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle check" do
+  it "returns success when the Gemfile is satisfied" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    bundle :check
+    expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+  end
+
+  it "works with the --gemfile flag when not in the directory" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    bundle "check --gemfile bundled_app/Gemfile", :dir => tmp
+    expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+  end
+
+  it "creates a Gemfile.lock by default if one does not exist" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+    bundle "check"
+
+    expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not create a Gemfile.lock if --dry-run was passed" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+    bundle "check --dry-run"
+
+    expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  it "prints a generic error if the missing gems are unresolvable" do
+    system_gems ["rails-2.3.2"]
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("Bundler can't satisfy your Gemfile's dependencies.")
+  end
+
+  it "prints a generic error if a Gemfile.lock does not exist and a toplevel dependency does not exist" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to be > 0
+    expect(err).to include("Bundler can't satisfy your Gemfile's dependencies.")
+  end
+
+  it "prints a generic message if you changed your lockfile" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "activesupport", "= 1.2.3"
+      end
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem 'rails'
+    G
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rails"
+      gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport"
+    G
+
+    bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("Bundler can't satisfy your Gemfile's dependencies.")
+  end
+
+  it "remembers --without option from install", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      group :foo do
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --without foo"
+    bundle "check"
+    expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+  end
+
+  it "uses the without setting" do
+    bundle "config set without foo"
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      group :foo do
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "check"
+    expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+  end
+
+  it "ensures that gems are actually installed and not just cached" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", :group => :foo
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local without foo"
+    bundle :install
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "check", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("* rack (1.0.0)")
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "ensures that gems are actually installed and not just cached in applications' cache" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle :cache
+
+    gem_command "uninstall rack", :env => { "GEM_HOME" => vendored_gems.to_s }
+
+    bundle "check", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("* rack (1.0.0)")
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "ignores missing gems restricted to other platforms" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      platforms :#{not_local_tag} do
+        gem "activesupport"
+      end
+    G
+
+    system_gems "rack-1.0.0", :path => default_bundle_path
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          activesupport (2.3.5)
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{local}
+        #{not_local}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+        activesupport
+    G
+
+    bundle :check
+    expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+  end
+
+  it "works with env conditionals" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      env :NOT_GOING_TO_BE_SET do
+        gem "activesupport"
+      end
+    G
+
+    system_gems "rack-1.0.0", :path => default_bundle_path
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          activesupport (2.3.5)
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{local}
+        #{not_local}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+        activesupport
+    G
+
+    bundle :check
+    expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+  end
+
+  it "outputs an error when the default Gemfile is not found" do
+    bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(10)
+    expect(err).to include("Could not locate Gemfile")
+  end
+
+  it "does not output fatal error message" do
+    bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(10)
+    expect(err).not_to include("Unfortunately, a fatal error has occurred. ")
+  end
+
+  it "fails when there's no lock file and frozen is set" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle "install"
+    FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+    bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(last_command).to be_failure
+  end
+
+  context "--path", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    context "after installing gems in the proper directory" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rails"
+        G
+        bundle "install --path vendor/bundle"
+
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(bundled_app(".bundle"))
+      end
+
+      it "returns success" do
+        bundle "check --path vendor/bundle"
+        expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+      end
+
+      it "should write to .bundle/config" do
+        bundle "check --path vendor/bundle"
+        bundle "check"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "after installing gems on a different directory" do
+      before do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rails"
+        G
+
+        bundle "check --path vendor/bundle", :raise_on_error => false
+      end
+
+      it "returns false" do
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(1)
+        expect(err).to match(/The following gems are missing/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when locked" do
+    before :each do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "returns success when the Gemfile is satisfied" do
+      bundle :install
+      bundle :check
+      expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+    end
+
+    it "shows what is missing with the current Gemfile if it is not satisfied" do
+      simulate_new_machine
+      bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/The following gems are missing/)
+      expect(err).to include("* rack (1.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when locked with multiple dependents with different requirements" do
+    before :each do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "depends_on_rack" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", ">= 1.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "also_depends_on_rack" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", "~> 1.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "depends_on_rack"
+        gem "also_depends_on_rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "lock"
+    end
+
+    it "shows what is missing with the current Gemfile without duplications" do
+      bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/The following gems are missing/)
+      expect(err).to include("* rack (1.0").once
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when locked under multiple platforms" do
+    before :each do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "shows what is missing with the current Gemfile without duplications" do
+      bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/The following gems are missing/)
+      expect(err).to include("* rack (1.0").once
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when using only scoped rubygems sources" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}" do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "returns success when the Gemfile is satisfied" do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0", :path => default_bundle_path
+      bundle :check
+      expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when using only scoped rubygems sources with indirect dependencies" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "depends_on_rack" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}" do
+          gem "depends_on_rack"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "returns success when the Gemfile is satisfied and generates a correct lockfile" do
+      system_gems "depends_on_rack-1.0", "rack-1.0", :gem_repo => gem_repo4, :path => default_bundle_path
+      bundle :check
+      expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            depends_on_rack (1.0)
+              rack
+            rack (1.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          depends_on_rack!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "BUNDLED WITH" do
+    def lock_with(bundler_version = nil)
+      lock = <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack
+      L
+
+      if bundler_version
+        lock += "\nBUNDLED WITH\n   #{bundler_version}\n"
+      end
+
+      lock
+    end
+
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "is not present" do
+      it "does not change the lock" do
+        lockfile lock_with(nil)
+        bundle :check
+        expect(lockfile).to eq lock_with(nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "is newer" do
+      it "does not change the lock but warns" do
+        lockfile lock_with(Bundler::VERSION.succ)
+        bundle :check
+        expect(err).to include("the running version of Bundler (#{Bundler::VERSION}) is older than the version that created the lockfile (#{Bundler::VERSION.succ})")
+        expect(lockfile).to eq lock_with(Bundler::VERSION.succ)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "is older" do
+      it "does not change the lock" do
+        system_gems "bundler-1.18.0"
+        lockfile lock_with("1.18.0")
+        bundle :check
+        expect(lockfile).to eq lock_with("1.18.0")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/clean_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/clean_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cce998416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/clean_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,916 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle clean" do
+  def should_have_gems(*gems)
+    gems.each do |g|
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/#{g}")).to exist
+      expect(vendored_gems("specifications/#{g}.gemspec")).to exist
+      expect(vendored_gems("cache/#{g}.gem")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  def should_not_have_gems(*gems)
+    gems.each do |g|
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/#{g}")).not_to exist
+      expect(vendored_gems("specifications/#{g}.gemspec")).not_to exist
+      expect(vendored_gems("cache/#{g}.gem")).not_to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "removes unused gems that are different" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+    G
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing foo (1.0)")
+
+    should_have_gems "thin-1.0", "rack-1.0.0"
+    should_not_have_gems "foo-1.0"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "removes old version of gem if unused" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing rack (0.9.1)")
+
+    should_have_gems "foo-1.0", "rack-1.0.0"
+    should_not_have_gems "rack-0.9.1"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "removes new version of gem if unused" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    bundle "update rack"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing rack (1.0.0)")
+
+    should_have_gems "foo-1.0", "rack-0.9.1"
+    should_not_have_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "removes gems in bundle without groups" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+
+      group :test_group do
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle "config set without test_group"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing rack (1.0.0)")
+
+    should_have_gems "foo-1.0"
+    should_not_have_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to_not exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not remove cached git dir if it's being used" do
+    build_git "foo"
+    revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+    git_path = lib_path("foo-1.0")
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      git "#{git_path}", :ref => "#{revision}" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    digest = Digest(:SHA1).hexdigest(git_path.to_s)
+    cache_path = Bundler::VERSION.start_with?("2.") ? vendored_gems("cache/bundler/git/foo-1.0-#{digest}") : home(".bundle/cache/git/foo-1.0-#{digest}")
+    expect(cache_path).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "removes unused git gems" do
+    build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+    git_path = lib_path("foo")
+    revision = revision_for(git_path)
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      git "#{git_path}", :ref => "#{revision}" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing foo (#{revision[0..11]})")
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/foo-#{revision[0..11]}")).not_to exist
+    digest = Digest(:SHA1).hexdigest(git_path.to_s)
+    expect(vendored_gems("cache/bundler/git/foo-#{digest}")).not_to exist
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("specifications/rack-1.0.0.gemspec")).to exist
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "keeps used git gems even if installed to a symlinked location" do
+    build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+    git_path = lib_path("foo")
+    revision = revision_for(git_path)
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "file://#{gem_repo1}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      git "#{git_path}", :ref => "#{revision}" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundled_app("real-path"))
+    FileUtils.ln_sf(bundled_app("real-path"), bundled_app("symlink-path"))
+
+    bundle "config set path #{bundled_app("symlink-path")}"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).not_to include("Removing foo (#{revision[0..11]})")
+
+    expect(bundled_app("symlink-path/#{Bundler.ruby_scope}/bundler/gems/foo-#{revision[0..11]}")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "removes old git gems" do
+    build_git "foo-bar", :path => lib_path("foo-bar")
+    revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-bar"))
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      git "#{lib_path("foo-bar")}" do
+        gem "foo-bar"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    update_git "foo-bar", :path => lib_path("foo-bar")
+    revision2 = revision_for(lib_path("foo-bar"))
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing foo-bar (#{revision[0..11]})")
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/foo-bar-#{revision[0..11]}")).not_to exist
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/foo-bar-#{revision2[0..11]}")).to exist
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("specifications/rack-1.0.0.gemspec")).to exist
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not remove nested gems in a git repo" do
+    build_lib "activesupport", "3.0", :path => lib_path("rails/activesupport")
+    build_git "rails", "3.0", :path => lib_path("rails") do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "activesupport", "= 3.0"
+    end
+    revision = revision_for(lib_path("rails"))
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "activesupport", :git => "#{lib_path("rails")}", :ref => '#{revision}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle :clean
+    expect(out).to include("")
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/rails-#{revision[0..11]}")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not remove git sources that are in without groups" do
+    build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+    git_path = lib_path("foo")
+    revision = revision_for(git_path)
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      group :test do
+        git "#{git_path}", :ref => "#{revision}" do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      end
+    G
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set without test"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).to include("")
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/foo-#{revision[0..11]}")).to exist
+    digest = Digest(:SHA1).hexdigest(git_path.to_s)
+    expect(vendored_gems("cache/bundler/git/foo-#{digest}")).to_not exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not blow up when using without groups" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+
+      group :development do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set without development"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+  end
+
+  it "displays an error when used without --path" do
+    bundle "config set path.system true"
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+
+    bundle :clean, :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(15)
+    expect(err).to include("--force")
+  end
+
+  # handling bundle clean upgrade path from the pre's
+  it "removes .gem/.gemspec file even if there's no corresponding gem dir" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    bundle "install"
+
+    FileUtils.rm(vendored_gems("bin/rackup"))
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(vendored_gems("gems/thin-1.0"))
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0"))
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    should_not_have_gems "thin-1.0", "rack-1.0"
+    should_have_gems "foo-1.0"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not call clean automatically when using system gems" do
+    bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    gem_command :list
+    expect(out).to include("rack (1.0.0)").and include("thin (1.0)")
+  end
+
+  it "--clean should override the bundle setting on install", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install --clean true"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle "install"
+
+    should_have_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+    should_not_have_gems "thin-1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "--clean should override the bundle setting on update", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_repo2
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install --clean true"
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "foo", "1.0.1"
+    end
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+
+    should_have_gems "foo-1.0.1"
+    should_not_have_gems "foo-1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "automatically cleans when path has not been set", :bundler => "3" do
+    build_repo2
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "foo", "1.0.1"
+    end
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+
+    files = Pathname.glob(bundled_app(".bundle", Bundler.ruby_scope, "*", "*"))
+    files.map! {|f| f.to_s.sub(bundled_app(".bundle", Bundler.ruby_scope).to_s, "") }
+    expect(files.sort).to eq %w[
+      /cache/foo-1.0.1.gem
+      /gems/foo-1.0.1
+      /specifications/foo-1.0.1.gemspec
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "does not clean automatically on --path" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle "install"
+
+    should_have_gems "rack-1.0.0", "thin-1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not clean on bundle update with --path" do
+    build_repo2
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "foo", "1.0.1"
+    end
+
+    bundle :update, :all => true
+    should_have_gems "foo-1.0", "foo-1.0.1"
+  end
+
+  it "does not clean on bundle update when using --system" do
+    bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+    build_repo2
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    bundle "install"
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "foo", "1.0.1"
+    end
+    bundle :update, :all => true
+
+    gem_command :list
+    expect(out).to include("foo (1.0.1, 1.0)")
+  end
+
+  it "cleans system gems when --force is used" do
+    bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle :install
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle :install
+    bundle "clean --force"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing foo (1.0)")
+    gem_command :list
+    expect(out).not_to include("foo (1.0)")
+    expect(out).to include("rack (1.0.0)")
+  end
+
+  describe "when missing permissions", :permissions do
+    before { ENV["BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM"] = "true" }
+    let(:system_cache_path) { system_gem_path("cache") }
+    after do
+      FileUtils.chmod(0o755, system_cache_path)
+    end
+    it "returns a helpful error message" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "foo"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle :install
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle :install
+
+      FileUtils.chmod(0o500, system_cache_path)
+
+      bundle :clean, :force => true, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include(system_gem_path.to_s)
+      expect(err).to include("grant write permissions")
+
+      gem_command :list
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0)")
+      expect(out).to include("rack (1.0.0)")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "cleans git gems with a 7 length git revision" do
+    build_git "foo"
+    revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    # mimic 7 length git revisions in Gemfile.lock
+    gemfile_lock = File.read(bundled_app_lock).split("\n")
+    gemfile_lock.each_with_index do |line, index|
+      gemfile_lock[index] = line[0..(11 + 7)] if line.include?("  revision:")
+    end
+    lockfile(bundled_app_lock, gemfile_lock.join("\n"))
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    bundle :clean
+
+    expect(out).not_to include("Removing foo (1.0 #{revision[0..6]})")
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/foo-1.0-#{revision[0..6]}")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "when using --force on system gems, it doesn't remove binaries" do
+    bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "bindir" do |s|
+        s.bindir = "exe"
+        s.executables = "foo"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "bindir"
+    G
+    bundle :install
+
+    bundle "clean --force"
+
+    sys_exec "foo"
+
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "when using --force, it doesn't remove default gem binaries" do
+    skip "does not work on old rubies because the realworld gems that need to be installed don't support them" if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7.0"
+
+    skip "does not work on rubygems versions where `--install_dir` doesn't respect --default" unless Gem::Installer.for_spec(loaded_gemspec, :install_dir => "/foo").default_spec_file == "/foo/specifications/default/bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}.gemspec" # Since rubygems 3.2.0.rc.2
+
+    default_irb_version = ruby "gem 'irb', '< 999999'; require 'irb'; puts IRB::VERSION", :raise_on_error => false
+    skip "irb isn't a default gem" if default_irb_version.empty?
+
+    # simulate executable for default gem
+    build_gem "irb", default_irb_version, :to_system => true, :default => true do |s|
+      s.executables = "irb"
+    end
+
+    realworld_system_gems "fiddle --version 1.0.6", "tsort --version 0.1.0", "pathname --version 0.1.0", "set --version 1.0.1"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "clean --force", :env => { "BUNDLER_GEM_DEFAULT_DIR" => system_gem_path.to_s }
+
+    expect(out).not_to include("Removing irb")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't blow up on path gems without a .gemspec" do
+    relative_path = "vendor/private_gems/bar-1.0"
+    absolute_path = bundled_app(relative_path)
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{absolute_path}/lib/bar")
+    File.open("#{absolute_path}/lib/bar/bar.rb", "wb") do |file|
+      file.puts "module Bar; end"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "foo"
+      gem "bar", "1.0", :path => "#{relative_path}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle :clean
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't remove gems in dry-run mode with path set" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install
+
+    bundle "clean --dry-run"
+
+    expect(out).not_to include("Removing foo (1.0)")
+    expect(out).to include("Would have removed foo (1.0)")
+
+    should_have_gems "thin-1.0", "rack-1.0.0", "foo-1.0"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't remove gems in dry-run mode with no path set" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install
+
+    bundle "clean --dry-run"
+
+    expect(out).not_to include("Removing foo (1.0)")
+    expect(out).to include("Would have removed foo (1.0)")
+
+    should_have_gems "thin-1.0", "rack-1.0.0", "foo-1.0"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't store dry run as a config setting" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle "config set dry_run false"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install
+
+    bundle "clean"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Removing foo (1.0)")
+    expect(out).not_to include("Would have removed foo (1.0)")
+
+    should_have_gems "thin-1.0", "rack-1.0.0"
+    should_not_have_gems "foo-1.0"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "config set clean false"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "weakling"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+    bundle :clean
+    expect(out).to include("Installing weakling 0.0.3")
+    should_have_gems "thin-1.0", "rack-1.0.0", "weakling-0.0.3"
+    should_not_have_gems "foo-1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't remove extensions artifacts from bundled git gems after clean", :ruby_repo do
+    build_git "very_simple_git_binary", &:add_c_extension
+
+    revision = revision_for(lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0"))
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "very_simple_git_binary", :git => "#{lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0")}", :ref => "#{revision}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/extensions")).to exist
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/very_simple_git_binary-1.0-#{revision[0..11]}")).to exist
+
+    bundle :clean
+    expect(out).to be_empty
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/extensions")).to exist
+    expect(vendored_gems("bundler/gems/very_simple_git_binary-1.0-#{revision[0..11]}")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "removes extension directories", :ruby_repo do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "very_simple_binary"
+      gem "simple_binary"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    very_simple_binary_extensions_dir =
+      Pathname.glob("#{vendored_gems}/extensions/*/*/very_simple_binary-1.0").first
+
+    simple_binary_extensions_dir =
+      Pathname.glob("#{vendored_gems}/extensions/*/*/simple_binary-1.0").first
+
+    expect(very_simple_binary_extensions_dir).to exist
+    expect(simple_binary_extensions_dir).to exist
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "simple_binary"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle :clean
+    expect(out).to eq("Removing very_simple_binary (1.0)")
+
+    expect(very_simple_binary_extensions_dir).not_to exist
+    expect(simple_binary_extensions_dir).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "removes git extension directories", :ruby_repo do
+    build_git "very_simple_git_binary", &:add_c_extension
+
+    revision = revision_for(lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0"))
+    short_revision = revision[0..11]
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "very_simple_git_binary", :git => "#{lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0")}", :ref => "#{revision}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    very_simple_binary_extensions_dir =
+      Pathname.glob("#{vendored_gems}/bundler/gems/extensions/*/*/very_simple_git_binary-1.0-#{short_revision}").first
+
+    expect(very_simple_binary_extensions_dir).to exist
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "very_simple_git_binary", :git => "#{lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0")}", :ref => "#{revision}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle :clean
+    expect(out).to include("Removing thin (1.0)")
+    expect(very_simple_binary_extensions_dir).to exist
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle :clean
+    expect(out).to eq("Removing very_simple_git_binary-1.0 (#{short_revision})")
+
+    expect(very_simple_binary_extensions_dir).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  it "keeps git extension directories when excluded by group" do
+    build_git "very_simple_git_binary", &:add_c_extension
+
+    revision = revision_for(lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0"))
+    short_revision = revision[0..11]
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      group :development do
+        gem "very_simple_git_binary", :git => "#{lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0")}", :ref => "#{revision}"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :lock
+    bundle "config set without development"
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle :clean
+
+    very_simple_binary_extensions_dir =
+      Pathname.glob("#{vendored_gems}/bundler/gems/extensions/*/*/very_simple_git_binary-1.0-#{short_revision}").first
+
+    expect(very_simple_binary_extensions_dir).to be_nil
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/config_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/config_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d0a7dc989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/config_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe ".bundle/config" do
+  describe "config" do
+    before { bundle "config set foo bar" }
+
+    it "prints a detailed report of local and user configuration" do
+      bundle "config list"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Settings are listed in order of priority. The top value will be used")
+      expect(out).to include("foo\nSet for the current user")
+      expect(out).to include(": \"bar\"")
+    end
+
+    context "given --parseable flag" do
+      it "prints a minimal report of local and user configuration" do
+        bundle "config list --parseable"
+        expect(out).to include("foo=bar")
+      end
+
+      context "with global config" do
+        it "prints config assigned to local scope" do
+          bundle "config set --local foo bar2"
+          bundle "config list --parseable"
+          expect(out).to include("foo=bar2")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with env overwrite" do
+        it "prints config with env" do
+          bundle "config list --parseable", :env => { "BUNDLE_FOO" => "bar3" }
+          expect(out).to include("foo=bar3")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "location with a gemfile" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "can be moved with an environment variable" do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"] = tmp("foo/bar").to_s
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(bundled_app(".bundle")).not_to exist
+      expect(tmp("foo/bar/config")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "can provide a relative path with the environment variable" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p bundled_app("omg")
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"] = "../foo"
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install", :dir => bundled_app("omg")
+
+      expect(bundled_app(".bundle")).not_to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("../foo/config")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :dir => bundled_app("omg")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "location without a gemfile" do
+    it "works with an absolute path" do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"] = tmp("foo/bar").to_s
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+
+      expect(bundled_app(".bundle")).not_to exist
+      expect(tmp("foo/bar/config")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "config location" do
+    let(:bundle_user_config) { File.join(Dir.home, ".config/bundler") }
+
+    before do
+      Dir.mkdir File.dirname(bundle_user_config)
+    end
+
+    it "can be configured through BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG" do
+      bundle "config set path vendor", :env => { "BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG" => bundle_user_config }
+      bundle "config get path", :env => { "BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG" => bundle_user_config }
+      expect(out).to include("Set for the current user (#{bundle_user_config}): \"vendor\"")
+    end
+
+    context "when not explicitly configured, but BUNDLE_USER_HOME set" do
+      let(:bundle_user_home) { bundled_app(".bundle").to_s }
+
+      it "uses the right location" do
+        bundle "config set path vendor", :env => { "BUNDLE_USER_HOME" => bundle_user_home }
+        bundle "config get path", :env => { "BUNDLE_USER_HOME" => bundle_user_home }
+        expect(out).to include("Set for the current user (#{bundle_user_home}/config): \"vendor\"")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "global" do
+    before(:each) do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "is the default" do
+      bundle "config set foo global"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("global")
+    end
+
+    it "can also be set explicitly" do
+      bundle "config set --global foo global"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("global")
+    end
+
+    it "has lower precedence than local" do
+      bundle "config set --local  foo local"
+
+      bundle "config set --global foo global"
+      expect(out).to match(/Your application has set foo to "local"/)
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("local")
+    end
+
+    it "has lower precedence than env" do
+      begin
+        ENV["BUNDLE_FOO"] = "env"
+
+        bundle "config set --global foo global"
+        expect(out).to match(/You have a bundler environment variable for foo set to "env"/)
+
+        run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+        expect(out).to eq("env")
+      ensure
+        ENV.delete("BUNDLE_FOO")
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "can be deleted" do
+      bundle "config set --global foo global"
+      bundle "config unset foo"
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo] == nil"
+      expect(out).to eq("true")
+    end
+
+    it "warns when overriding" do
+      bundle "config set --global foo previous"
+      bundle "config set --global foo global"
+      expect(out).to match(/You are replacing the current global value of foo/)
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("global")
+    end
+
+    it "does not warn when using the same value twice" do
+      bundle "config set --global foo value"
+      bundle "config set --global foo value"
+      expect(out).not_to match(/You are replacing the current global value of foo/)
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("value")
+    end
+
+    it "expands the path at time of setting" do
+      bundle "config set --global local.foo .."
+      run "puts Bundler.settings['local.foo']"
+      expect(out).to eq(File.expand_path(bundled_app.to_s + "/.."))
+    end
+
+    it "saves with parseable option" do
+      bundle "config set --global --parseable foo value"
+      expect(out).to eq("foo=value")
+      run "puts Bundler.settings['foo']"
+      expect(out).to eq("value")
+    end
+
+    context "when replacing a current value with the parseable flag" do
+      before { bundle "config set --global foo value" }
+      it "prints the current value in a parseable format" do
+        bundle "config set --global --parseable foo value2"
+        expect(out).to eq "foo=value2"
+        run "puts Bundler.settings['foo']"
+        expect(out).to eq("value2")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "local" do
+    before(:each) do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "can also be set explicitly" do
+      bundle "config set --local foo local"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("local")
+    end
+
+    it "has higher precedence than env" do
+      begin
+        ENV["BUNDLE_FOO"] = "env"
+        bundle "config set --local foo local"
+
+        run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+        expect(out).to eq("local")
+      ensure
+        ENV.delete("BUNDLE_FOO")
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "can be deleted" do
+      bundle "config set --local foo local"
+      bundle "config unset foo"
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo] == nil"
+      expect(out).to eq("true")
+    end
+
+    it "warns when overriding" do
+      bundle "config set --local foo previous"
+      bundle "config set --local foo local"
+      expect(out).to match(/You are replacing the current local value of foo/)
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("local")
+    end
+
+    it "expands the path at time of setting" do
+      bundle "config set --local local.foo .."
+      run "puts Bundler.settings['local.foo']"
+      expect(out).to eq(File.expand_path(bundled_app.to_s + "/.."))
+    end
+
+    it "can be deleted with parseable option" do
+      bundle "config set --local foo value"
+      bundle "config unset --parseable foo"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+      run "puts Bundler.settings['foo'] == nil"
+      expect(out).to eq("true")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "env" do
+    before(:each) do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "can set boolean properties via the environment" do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FROZEN"] = "true"
+
+      run "if Bundler.settings[:frozen]; puts 'true' else puts 'false' end"
+      expect(out).to eq("true")
+    end
+
+    it "can set negative boolean properties via the environment" do
+      run "if Bundler.settings[:frozen]; puts 'true' else puts 'false' end"
+      expect(out).to eq("false")
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FROZEN"] = "false"
+
+      run "if Bundler.settings[:frozen]; puts 'true' else puts 'false' end"
+      expect(out).to eq("false")
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FROZEN"] = "0"
+
+      run "if Bundler.settings[:frozen]; puts 'true' else puts 'false' end"
+      expect(out).to eq("false")
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FROZEN"] = ""
+
+      run "if Bundler.settings[:frozen]; puts 'true' else puts 'false' end"
+      expect(out).to eq("false")
+    end
+
+    it "can set properties with periods via the environment" do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FOO__BAR"] = "baz"
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings['foo.bar']"
+      expect(out).to eq("baz")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "parseable option" do
+    it "prints an empty string" do
+      bundle "config get foo --parseable"
+
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+    end
+
+    it "only prints the value of the config" do
+      bundle "config set foo local"
+      bundle "config get foo --parseable"
+
+      expect(out).to eq "foo=local"
+    end
+
+    it "can print global config" do
+      bundle "config set --global bar value"
+      bundle "config get bar --parseable"
+
+      expect(out).to eq "bar=value"
+    end
+
+    it "prefers local config over global" do
+      bundle "config set --local bar value2"
+      bundle "config set --global bar value"
+      bundle "config get bar --parseable"
+
+      expect(out).to eq "bar=value2"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "gem mirrors" do
+    before(:each) do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "configures mirrors using keys with `mirror.`" do
+      bundle "config set --local mirror.http://gems.example.org http://gem-mirror.example.org"
+      run(<<-E)
+Bundler.settings.gem_mirrors.each do |k, v|
+  puts "\#{k} => \#{v}"
+end
+E
+      expect(out).to eq("http://gems.example.org/ => http://gem-mirror.example.org/")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "quoting" do
+    before(:each) { gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"" }
+    let(:long_string) do
+      "--with-xml2-include=/usr/pkg/include/libxml2 --with-xml2-lib=/usr/pkg/lib " \
+      "--with-xslt-dir=/usr/pkg"
+    end
+
+    it "saves quotes" do
+      bundle "config set foo something\\'"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("something'")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't return quotes around values" do
+      bundle "config set foo '1'"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings.send(:global_config_file).read"
+      expect(out).to include('"1"')
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq("1")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't duplicate quotes around values" do
+      bundled_app(".bundle").mkpath
+      File.open(bundled_app(".bundle/config"), "w") do |f|
+        f.write 'BUNDLE_FOO: "$BUILD_DIR"'
+      end
+
+      bundle "config set bar baz"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings.send(:local_config_file).read"
+
+      # Starting in Ruby 2.1, YAML automatically adds double quotes
+      # around some values, including $ and newlines.
+      expect(out).to include('BUNDLE_FOO: "$BUILD_DIR"')
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't duplicate quotes around long wrapped values" do
+      bundle "config set foo #{long_string}"
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq(long_string)
+
+      bundle "config set bar baz"
+
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to eq(long_string)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "very long lines" do
+    before(:each) do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      G
+    end
+
+    let(:long_string) do
+      "--with-xml2-include=/usr/pkg/include/libxml2 --with-xml2-lib=/usr/pkg/lib " \
+      "--with-xslt-dir=/usr/pkg"
+    end
+
+    let(:long_string_without_special_characters) do
+      "here is quite a long string that will wrap to a second line but will not be " \
+      "surrounded by quotes"
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't wrap values" do
+      bundle "config set foo #{long_string}"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to match(long_string)
+    end
+
+    it "can read wrapped unquoted values" do
+      bundle "config set foo #{long_string_without_special_characters}"
+      run "puts Bundler.settings[:foo]"
+      expect(out).to match(long_string_without_special_characters)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "subcommands" do
+    it "list" do
+      bundle "config list"
+      expect(out).to eq "Settings are listed in order of priority. The top value will be used.\nspec_run\nSet via BUNDLE_SPEC_RUN: \"true\""
+
+      bundle "config list", :parseable => true
+      expect(out).to eq "spec_run=true"
+    end
+
+    it "list with credentials" do
+      bundle "config list", :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMS__MYSERVER__COM" => "user:password" }
+      expect(out).to eq "Settings are listed in order of priority. The top value will be used.\ngems.myserver.com\nSet via BUNDLE_GEMS__MYSERVER__COM: \"user:[REDACTED]\"\n\nspec_run\nSet via BUNDLE_SPEC_RUN: \"true\""
+
+      bundle "config list", :parseable => true, :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMS__MYSERVER__COM" => "user:password" }
+      expect(out).to eq "gems.myserver.com=user:password\nspec_run=true"
+    end
+
+    it "list with API token credentials" do
+      bundle "config list", :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMS__MYSERVER__COM" => "api_token:x-oauth-basic" }
+      expect(out).to eq "Settings are listed in order of priority. The top value will be used.\ngems.myserver.com\nSet via BUNDLE_GEMS__MYSERVER__COM: \"[REDACTED]:x-oauth-basic\"\n\nspec_run\nSet via BUNDLE_SPEC_RUN: \"true\""
+
+      bundle "config list", :parseable => true, :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMS__MYSERVER__COM" => "api_token:x-oauth-basic" }
+      expect(out).to eq "gems.myserver.com=api_token:x-oauth-basic\nspec_run=true"
+    end
+
+    it "get" do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_BAR"] = "bar_val"
+
+      bundle "config get foo"
+      expect(out).to eq "Settings for `foo` in order of priority. The top value will be used\nYou have not configured a value for `foo`"
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FOO"] = "foo_val"
+
+      bundle "config get foo --parseable"
+      expect(out).to eq "foo=foo_val"
+
+      bundle "config get foo"
+      expect(out).to eq "Settings for `foo` in order of priority. The top value will be used\nSet via BUNDLE_FOO: \"foo_val\""
+    end
+
+    it "set" do
+      bundle "config set foo 1"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+
+      bundle "config set --local foo 2"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+
+      bundle "config set --global foo 3"
+      expect(out).to eq "Your application has set foo to \"2\". This will override the global value you are currently setting"
+
+      bundle "config set --parseable --local foo 4"
+      expect(out).to eq "foo=4"
+
+      bundle "config set --local foo 4.1"
+      expect(out).to eq "You are replacing the current local value of foo, which is currently \"4\""
+
+      bundle "config set --global --local foo 5", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(last_command).to be_failure
+      expect(err).to eq "The options global and local were specified. Please only use one of the switches at a time."
+    end
+
+    it "unset" do
+      bundle "config unset foo"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+
+      bundle "config set foo 1"
+      bundle "config unset foo --parseable"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+
+      bundle "config set --local foo 1"
+      bundle "config set --global foo 2"
+
+      bundle "config unset foo"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+      expect(bundle("config get foo")).to eq "Settings for `foo` in order of priority. The top value will be used\nYou have not configured a value for `foo`"
+
+      bundle "config set --local foo 1"
+      bundle "config set --global foo 2"
+
+      bundle "config unset foo --local"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+      expect(bundle("config get foo")).to eq "Settings for `foo` in order of priority. The top value will be used\nSet for the current user (#{home(".bundle/config")}): \"2\""
+      bundle "config unset foo --global"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+      expect(bundle("config get foo")).to eq "Settings for `foo` in order of priority. The top value will be used\nYou have not configured a value for `foo`"
+
+      bundle "config set --local foo 1"
+      bundle "config set --global foo 2"
+
+      bundle "config unset foo --global"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+      expect(bundle("config get foo")).to eq "Settings for `foo` in order of priority. The top value will be used\nSet for your local app (#{bundled_app(".bundle/config")}): \"1\""
+      bundle "config unset foo --local"
+      expect(out).to eq ""
+      expect(bundle("config get foo")).to eq "Settings for `foo` in order of priority. The top value will be used\nYou have not configured a value for `foo`"
+
+      bundle "config unset foo --local --global", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(last_command).to be_failure
+      expect(err).to eq "The options global and local were specified. Please only use one of the switches at a time."
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "setting gemfile via config" do
+  context "when only the non-default Gemfile exists" do
+    it "persists the gemfile location to .bundle/config" do
+      gemfile bundled_app("NotGemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local gemfile #{bundled_app("NotGemfile")}"
+      expect(File.exist?(bundled_app(".bundle/config"))).to eq(true)
+
+      bundle "config list"
+      expect(out).to include("NotGemfile")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/console_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/console_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa76096e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/console_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle console", :bundler => "< 3", :readline => true do
+  before :each do
+    build_repo2 do
+      # A minimal fake pry console
+      build_gem "pry" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/pry.rb", <<-RUBY
+          class Pry
+            class << self
+              def toplevel_binding
+                unless defined?(@toplevel_binding) && @toplevel_binding
+                  TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval %{
+                    def self.__pry__; binding; end
+                    Pry.instance_variable_set(:@toplevel_binding, __pry__)
+                    class << self; undef __pry__; end
+                  }
+                end
+                @toplevel_binding.eval('private')
+                @toplevel_binding
+              end
+
+              def __pry__
+                while line = gets
+                  begin
+                    puts eval(line, toplevel_binding).inspect.sub(/^"(.*)"$/, '=> \\1')
+                  rescue Exception => e
+                    puts "\#{e.class}: \#{e.message}"
+                    puts e.backtrace.first
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+              alias start __pry__
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+      gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "starts IRB with the default group loaded" do
+    bundle "console" do |input, _, _|
+      input.puts("puts RACK")
+      input.puts("exit")
+    end
+    expect(out).to include("0.9.1")
+  end
+
+  it "uses IRB as default console" do
+    bundle "console" do |input, _, _|
+      input.puts("__FILE__")
+      input.puts("exit")
+    end
+    expect(out).to include("(irb)")
+  end
+
+  it "starts another REPL if configured as such" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "pry"
+    G
+    bundle "config set console pry"
+
+    bundle "console" do |input, _, _|
+      input.puts("__method__")
+      input.puts("exit")
+    end
+    expect(out).to include(":__pry__")
+  end
+
+  it "falls back to IRB if the other REPL isn't available" do
+    bundle "config set console pry"
+    # make sure pry isn't there
+
+    bundle "console" do |input, _, _|
+      input.puts("__FILE__")
+      input.puts("exit")
+    end
+    expect(out).to include("(irb)")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't load any other groups" do
+    bundle "console" do |input, _, _|
+      input.puts("puts ACTIVESUPPORT")
+      input.puts("exit")
+    end
+    expect(out).to include("NameError")
+  end
+
+  describe "when given a group" do
+    it "loads the given group" do
+      bundle "console test" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts("puts ACTIVESUPPORT")
+        input.puts("exit")
+      end
+      expect(out).to include("2.3.5")
+    end
+
+    it "loads the default group" do
+      bundle "console test" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts("puts RACK")
+        input.puts("exit")
+      end
+      expect(out).to include("0.9.1")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't load other groups" do
+      bundle "console test" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts("puts RACK_MIDDLEWARE")
+        input.puts("exit")
+      end
+      expect(out).to include("NameError")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+      gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+    bundle :console do |input, _, _|
+      input.puts("puts 'hello'")
+      input.puts("exit")
+    end
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+    expect(out).to include("hello")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/doctor_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/doctor_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..860b638f06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/doctor_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "find"
+require "stringio"
+require "bundler/cli"
+require "bundler/cli/doctor"
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle doctor" do
+  before(:each) do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    @stdout = StringIO.new
+
+    [:error, :warn].each do |method|
+      allow(Bundler.ui).to receive(method).and_wrap_original do |m, message|
+        m.call message
+        @stdout.puts message
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "succeeds on a sane installation" do
+    bundle :doctor
+  end
+
+  context "when all files in home are readable/writable" do
+    before(:each) do
+      stat = double("stat")
+      unwritable_file = double("file")
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      allow(Find).to receive(:find).with(Bundler.bundle_path.to_s) { [unwritable_file] }
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_call_original
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).with(unwritable_file).and_return(true)
+      allow(File).to receive(:stat).with(unwritable_file) { stat }
+      allow(stat).to receive(:uid) { Process.uid }
+      allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(unwritable_file) { true }
+      allow(File).to receive(:readable?).with(unwritable_file) { true }
+    end
+
+    it "exits with no message if the installed gem has no C extensions" do
+      expect { Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({}).run }.not_to raise_error
+      expect(@stdout.string).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "exits with no message if the installed gem's C extension dylib breakage is fine" do
+      doctor = Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({})
+      expect(doctor).to receive(:bundles_for_gem).exactly(2).times.and_return ["/path/to/rack/rack.bundle"]
+      expect(doctor).to receive(:dylibs).exactly(2).times.and_return ["/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib"]
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).with("/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib").and_return(true)
+      expect { doctor.run }.not_to(raise_error, @stdout.string)
+      expect(@stdout.string).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "exits with a message if one of the linked libraries is missing" do
+      doctor = Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({})
+      expect(doctor).to receive(:bundles_for_gem).exactly(2).times.and_return ["/path/to/rack/rack.bundle"]
+      expect(doctor).to receive(:dylibs).exactly(2).times.and_return ["/usr/local/opt/icu4c/lib/libicui18n.57.1.dylib"]
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).with("/usr/local/opt/icu4c/lib/libicui18n.57.1.dylib").and_return(false)
+      expect { doctor.run }.to raise_error(Bundler::ProductionError, strip_whitespace(<<-E).strip), @stdout.string
+        The following gems are missing OS dependencies:
+         * bundler: /usr/local/opt/icu4c/lib/libicui18n.57.1.dylib
+         * rack: /usr/local/opt/icu4c/lib/libicui18n.57.1.dylib
+      E
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when home contains broken symlinks" do
+    before(:each) do
+      @broken_symlink = double("file")
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      allow(Find).to receive(:find).with(Bundler.bundle_path.to_s) { [@broken_symlink] }
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_call_original
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).with(@broken_symlink) { false }
+    end
+
+    it "exits with an error if home contains files that are not readable/writable" do
+      expect { Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({}).run }.not_to raise_error
+      expect(@stdout.string).to include(
+        "Broken links exist in the Bundler home. Please report them to the offending gem's upstream repo. These files are:\n - #{@broken_symlink}"
+      )
+      expect(@stdout.string).not_to include("No issues")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when home contains files that are not readable/writable" do
+    before(:each) do
+      @stat = double("stat")
+      @unwritable_file = double("file")
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      allow(Find).to receive(:find).with(Bundler.bundle_path.to_s) { [@unwritable_file] }
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).and_call_original
+      allow(File).to receive(:exist?).with(@unwritable_file) { true }
+      allow(File).to receive(:stat).with(@unwritable_file) { @stat }
+    end
+
+    it "exits with an error if home contains files that are not readable/writable" do
+      allow(@stat).to receive(:uid) { Process.uid }
+      allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(@unwritable_file) { false }
+      allow(File).to receive(:readable?).with(@unwritable_file) { false }
+      expect { Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({}).run }.not_to raise_error
+      expect(@stdout.string).to include(
+        "Files exist in the Bundler home that are not readable/writable by the current user. These files are:\n - #{@unwritable_file}"
+      )
+      expect(@stdout.string).not_to include("No issues")
+    end
+
+    context "when home contains files that are not owned by the current process", :permissions do
+      before(:each) do
+        allow(@stat).to receive(:uid) { 0o0000 }
+      end
+
+      it "exits with an error if home contains files that are not readable/writable and are not owned by the current user" do
+        allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(@unwritable_file) { false }
+        allow(File).to receive(:readable?).with(@unwritable_file) { false }
+        expect { Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({}).run }.not_to raise_error
+        expect(@stdout.string).to include(
+          "Files exist in the Bundler home that are owned by another user, and are not readable/writable. These files are:\n - #{@unwritable_file}"
+        )
+        expect(@stdout.string).not_to include("No issues")
+      end
+
+      it "exits with a warning if home contains files that are read/write but not owned by current user" do
+        allow(File).to receive(:writable?).with(@unwritable_file) { true }
+        allow(File).to receive(:readable?).with(@unwritable_file) { true }
+        expect { Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({}).run }.not_to raise_error
+        expect(@stdout.string).to include(
+          "Files exist in the Bundler home that are owned by another user, but are still readable/writable. These files are:\n - #{@unwritable_file}"
+        )
+        expect(@stdout.string).not_to include("No issues")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when home contains filesname with special characters" do
+    it "escape filename before command execute" do
+      doctor = Bundler::CLI::Doctor.new({})
+      expect(doctor).to receive(:`).with("/usr/bin/otool -L \\$\\(date\\)\\ \\\"\\'\\\\.bundle").and_return("dummy string")
+      doctor.dylibs_darwin('$(date) "\'\.bundle')
+      expect(doctor).to receive(:`).with("/usr/bin/ldd \\$\\(date\\)\\ \\\"\\'\\\\.bundle").and_return("dummy string")
+      doctor.dylibs_ldd('$(date) "\'\.bundle')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/exec_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/exec_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e67e5b96ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/exec_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1222 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle exec" do
+  let(:system_gems_to_install) { %w[rack-1.0.0 rack-0.9.1] }
+  before :each do
+    system_gems(system_gems_to_install, :path => default_bundle_path)
+  end
+
+  it "works with --gemfile flag" do
+    create_file "CustomGemfile", <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec --gemfile CustomGemfile rackup"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "activates the correct gem" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec rackup"
+    expect(out).to eq("0.9.1")
+  end
+
+  it "works and prints no warnings when HOME is not writable" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec rackup", :env => { "HOME" => "/" }
+    expect(out).to eq("0.9.1")
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "works when the bins are in ~/.bundle" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec rackup"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "works when running from a random directory" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec 'cd #{tmp("gems")} && rackup'"
+
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "works when exec'ing something else" do
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem \"rack\""
+    bundle "exec echo exec"
+    expect(out).to eq("exec")
+  end
+
+  it "works when exec'ing to ruby" do
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem \"rack\""
+    bundle "exec ruby -e 'puts %{hi}'"
+    expect(out).to eq("hi")
+  end
+
+  it "works when exec'ing to rubygems" do
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem \"rack\""
+    bundle "exec #{gem_cmd} --version"
+    expect(out).to eq(Gem::VERSION)
+  end
+
+  it "works when exec'ing to rubygems through sh -c" do
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem \"rack\""
+    bundle "exec sh -c '#{gem_cmd} --version'"
+    expect(out).to eq(Gem::VERSION)
+  end
+
+  it "works when exec'ing back to bundler with a lockfile that doesn't include the current platform" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    G
+
+    # simulate lockfile generated with old version not including specific platform
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (0.9.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        RUBY
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (= 0.9.1)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+          2.1.4
+    L
+
+    bundle "exec bundle cache", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }
+
+    expect(out).to include("Updating files in vendor/cache")
+  end
+
+  it "respects custom process title when loading through ruby" do
+    skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    script_that_changes_its_own_title_and_checks_if_picked_up_by_ps_unix_utility = <<~'RUBY'
+      Process.setproctitle("1-2-3-4-5-6-7")
+      puts `ps -ocommand= -p#{$$}`
+    RUBY
+    create_file "Gemfile", "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+    create_file "a.rb", script_that_changes_its_own_title_and_checks_if_picked_up_by_ps_unix_utility
+    bundle "exec ruby a.rb"
+    expect(out).to eq("1-2-3-4-5-6-7")
+  end
+
+  it "accepts --verbose" do
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem \"rack\""
+    bundle "exec --verbose echo foobar"
+    expect(out).to eq("foobar")
+  end
+
+  it "passes --verbose to command if it is given after the command" do
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem \"rack\""
+    bundle "exec echo --verbose"
+    expect(out).to eq("--verbose")
+  end
+
+  it "handles --keep-file-descriptors" do
+    skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    require "tempfile"
+
+    command = Tempfile.new("io-test")
+    command.sync = true
+    command.write <<-G
+      if ARGV[0]
+        IO.for_fd(ARGV[0].to_i)
+      else
+        require 'tempfile'
+        io = Tempfile.new("io-test-fd")
+        args = %W[#{Gem.ruby} -I#{lib_dir} #{bindir.join("bundle")} exec --keep-file-descriptors #{Gem.ruby} #{command.path} \#{io.to_i}]
+        args << { io.to_i => io }
+        exec(*args)
+      end
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+    sys_exec "#{Gem.ruby} #{command.path}"
+
+    expect(out).to be_empty
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "accepts --keep-file-descriptors" do
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+    bundle "exec --keep-file-descriptors echo foobar"
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "can run a command named --verbose" do
+    skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"; gem \"rack\""
+    File.open(bundled_app("--verbose"), "w") do |f|
+      f.puts "#!/bin/sh"
+      f.puts "echo foobar"
+    end
+    File.chmod(0o744, bundled_app("--verbose"))
+    with_path_as(".") do
+      bundle "exec -- --verbose"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq("foobar")
+  end
+
+  it "handles different versions in different bundles" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "rack_two", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.executables = "rackup"
+      end
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile bundled_app2("Gemfile"), <<-G, :dir => bundled_app2
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack_two", "1.0.0"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec rackup"
+
+    expect(out).to eq("0.9.1")
+
+    bundle "exec rackup", :dir => bundled_app2
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  context "with default gems" do
+    let(:system_gems_to_install) { [] }
+
+    let(:default_irb_version) { ruby "gem 'irb', '< 999999'; require 'irb'; puts IRB::VERSION", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    context "when not specified in Gemfile" do
+      before do
+        skip "irb isn't a default gem" if default_irb_version.empty?
+
+        install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      end
+
+      it "uses version provided by ruby" do
+        bundle "exec irb --version"
+
+        expect(out).to include(default_irb_version)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when specified in Gemfile directly" do
+      let(:specified_irb_version) { "0.9.6" }
+
+      before do
+        skip "irb isn't a default gem" if default_irb_version.empty?
+
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "irb", specified_irb_version do |s|
+            s.executables = "irb"
+          end
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "irb", "#{specified_irb_version}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "uses version specified" do
+        bundle "exec irb --version"
+
+        expect(out).to eq(specified_irb_version)
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when specified in Gemfile indirectly" do
+      let(:indirect_irb_version) { "0.9.6" }
+
+      before do
+        skip "irb isn't a default gem" if default_irb_version.empty?
+
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "irb", indirect_irb_version do |s|
+            s.executables = "irb"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "gem_depending_on_old_irb" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "irb", indirect_irb_version
+          end
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "gem_depending_on_old_irb"
+        G
+
+        bundle "exec irb --version"
+      end
+
+      it "uses resolved version" do
+        expect(out).to eq(indirect_irb_version)
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "warns about executable conflicts" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "rack_two", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.executables = "rackup"
+      end
+    end
+
+    bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile bundled_app2("Gemfile"), <<-G, :dir => bundled_app2
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack_two", "1.0.0"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec rackup"
+
+    expect(last_command.stderr).to eq(
+      "Bundler is using a binstub that was created for a different gem (rack).\n" \
+      "You should run `bundle binstub rack_two` to work around a system/bundle conflict."
+    )
+  end
+
+  it "handles gems installed with --without" do
+    bundle "config set --local without middleware"
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack" # rack 0.9.1 and 1.0 exist
+
+      group :middleware do
+        gem "rack_middleware" # rack_middleware depends on rack 0.9.1
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec rackup"
+
+    expect(out).to eq("0.9.1")
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack_middleware 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not duplicate already exec'ed RUBYOPT" do
+    skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundler_setup_opt = "-r#{lib_dir}/bundler/setup"
+
+    rubyopt = opt_add(bundler_setup_opt, ENV["RUBYOPT"])
+
+    bundle "exec 'echo $RUBYOPT'"
+    expect(out.split(" ").count(bundler_setup_opt)).to eq(1)
+
+    bundle "exec 'echo $RUBYOPT'", :env => { "RUBYOPT" => rubyopt }
+    expect(out.split(" ").count(bundler_setup_opt)).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "does not duplicate already exec'ed RUBYLIB" do
+    skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    rubylib = ENV["RUBYLIB"]
+    rubylib = rubylib.to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).unshift lib_dir.to_s
+    rubylib = rubylib.uniq.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+
+    bundle "exec 'echo $RUBYLIB'"
+    expect(out).to include(rubylib)
+
+    bundle "exec 'echo $RUBYLIB'", :env => { "RUBYLIB" => rubylib }
+    expect(out).to include(rubylib)
+  end
+
+  it "errors nicely when the argument doesn't exist" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec foobarbaz", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(127)
+    expect(err).to include("bundler: command not found: foobarbaz")
+    expect(err).to include("Install missing gem executables with `bundle install`")
+  end
+
+  it "errors nicely when the argument is not executable" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec touch foo"
+    bundle "exec ./foo", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(126)
+    expect(err).to include("bundler: not executable: ./foo")
+  end
+
+  it "errors nicely when no arguments are passed" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(128)
+    expect(err).to include("bundler: exec needs a command to run")
+  end
+
+  it "raises a helpful error when exec'ing to something outside of the bundle" do
+    bundle "config set clean false" # want to keep the rackup binstub
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    [true, false].each do |l|
+      bundle "config set disable_exec_load #{l}"
+      bundle "exec rackup", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include "can't find executable rackup for gem rack. rack is not currently included in the bundle, perhaps you meant to add it to your Gemfile?"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with help flags" do
+    each_prefix = proc do |string, &blk|
+      1.upto(string.length) {|l| blk.call(string[0, l]) }
+    end
+    each_prefix.call("exec") do |exec|
+      describe "when #{exec} is used" do
+        before(:each) do
+          skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+          install_gemfile <<-G
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+            gem "rack"
+          G
+
+          create_file("print_args", <<-'RUBY')
+            #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+            puts "args: #{ARGV.inspect}"
+          RUBY
+          bundled_app("print_args").chmod(0o755)
+        end
+
+        it "shows executable's man page when --help is after the executable" do
+          bundle "#{exec} print_args --help"
+          expect(out).to eq('args: ["--help"]')
+        end
+
+        it "shows executable's man page when --help is after the executable and an argument" do
+          bundle "#{exec} print_args foo --help"
+          expect(out).to eq('args: ["foo", "--help"]')
+
+          bundle "#{exec} print_args foo bar --help"
+          expect(out).to eq('args: ["foo", "bar", "--help"]')
+
+          bundle "#{exec} print_args foo --help bar"
+          expect(out).to eq('args: ["foo", "--help", "bar"]')
+        end
+
+        it "shows executable's man page when the executable has a -" do
+          FileUtils.mv(bundled_app("print_args"), bundled_app("docker-template"))
+          bundle "#{exec} docker-template build discourse --help"
+          expect(out).to eq('args: ["build", "discourse", "--help"]')
+        end
+
+        it "shows executable's man page when --help is after another flag" do
+          bundle "#{exec} print_args --bar --help"
+          expect(out).to eq('args: ["--bar", "--help"]')
+        end
+
+        it "uses executable's original behavior for -h" do
+          bundle "#{exec} print_args -h"
+          expect(out).to eq('args: ["-h"]')
+        end
+
+        it "shows bundle-exec's man page when --help is between exec and the executable" do
+          with_fake_man do
+            bundle "#{exec} --help cat"
+          end
+          expect(out).to include(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-exec.1"]))
+        end
+
+        it "shows bundle-exec's man page when --help is before exec" do
+          with_fake_man do
+            bundle "--help #{exec}"
+          end
+          expect(out).to include(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-exec.1"]))
+        end
+
+        it "shows bundle-exec's man page when -h is before exec" do
+          with_fake_man do
+            bundle "-h #{exec}"
+          end
+          expect(out).to include(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-exec.1"]))
+        end
+
+        it "shows bundle-exec's man page when --help is after exec" do
+          with_fake_man do
+            bundle "#{exec} --help"
+          end
+          expect(out).to include(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-exec.1"]))
+        end
+
+        it "shows bundle-exec's man page when -h is after exec" do
+          with_fake_man do
+            bundle "#{exec} -h"
+          end
+          expect(out).to include(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-exec.1"]))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with gem executables" do
+    describe "run from a random directory" do
+      before(:each) do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "works when unlocked" do
+        bundle "exec 'cd #{tmp("gems")} && rackup'"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+      end
+
+      it "works when locked" do
+        expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+        bundle "exec 'cd #{tmp("gems")} && rackup'"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "from gems bundled via :path" do
+      before(:each) do
+        build_lib "fizz", :path => home("fizz") do |s|
+          s.executables = "fizz"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "fizz", :path => "#{File.expand_path(home("fizz"))}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "works when unlocked" do
+        bundle "exec fizz"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+      end
+
+      it "works when locked" do
+        expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+
+        bundle "exec fizz"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "from gems bundled via :git" do
+      before(:each) do
+        build_git "fizz_git" do |s|
+          s.executables = "fizz_git"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "fizz_git", :git => "#{lib_path("fizz_git-1.0")}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "works when unlocked" do
+        bundle "exec fizz_git"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+      end
+
+      it "works when locked" do
+        expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+        bundle "exec fizz_git"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "from gems bundled via :git with no gemspec" do
+      before(:each) do
+        build_git "fizz_no_gemspec", :gemspec => false do |s|
+          s.executables = "fizz_no_gemspec"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "fizz_no_gemspec", "1.0", :git => "#{lib_path("fizz_no_gemspec-1.0")}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "works when unlocked" do
+        bundle "exec fizz_no_gemspec"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+      end
+
+      it "works when locked" do
+        expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+        bundle "exec fizz_no_gemspec"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+    bundle "exec rackup"
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "loads the correct optparse when `auto_install` is set, and optparse is a dependency" do
+    if Gem.ruby_version >= Gem::Version.new("3.0.0") && Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("3.3.0.a")
+      skip "optparse is a default gem, and rubygems loads it during install"
+    end
+
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "fastlane", "2.192.0" do |s|
+        s.executables = "fastlane"
+        s.add_dependency "optparse", "~> 999.999.999"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "optparse", "999.999.998"
+      build_gem "optparse", "999.999.999"
+    end
+
+    system_gems "optparse-999.999.998", :gem_repo => gem_repo4
+
+    bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+    bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+      gem "fastlane"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec fastlane"
+    expect(out).to include("Installing optparse 999.999.999")
+    expect(out).to include("2.192.0")
+  end
+
+  describe "with gems bundled via :path with invalid gemspecs" do
+    it "outputs the gemspec validation errors" do
+      build_lib "foo"
+
+      gemspec = lib_path("foo-1.0").join("foo.gemspec").to_s
+      File.open(gemspec, "w") do |f|
+        f.write <<-G
+          Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+            s.name    = 'foo'
+            s.version = '1.0'
+            s.summary = 'TODO: Add summary'
+            s.authors = 'Me'
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec irb", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to match("The gemspec at #{lib_path("foo-1.0").join("foo.gemspec")} is not valid")
+      expect(err).to match('"TODO" is not a summary')
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with gems bundled for deployment" do
+    it "works when calling bundler from another script" do
+      skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      module Monkey
+        def bin_path(a,b,c)
+          raise Gem::GemNotFoundException.new('Fail')
+        end
+      end
+      Bundler.rubygems.extend(Monkey)
+      G
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+      bundle "install"
+      bundle "exec ruby -e '`bundle -v`; puts $?.success?'", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }
+      expect(out).to match("true")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "`load`ing a ruby file instead of `exec`ing" do
+    let(:path) { bundled_app("ruby_executable") }
+    let(:shebang) { "#!/usr/bin/env ruby" }
+    let(:executable) { <<-RUBY.gsub(/^ */, "").strip }
+      #{shebang}
+
+      require "rack"
+      puts "EXEC: \#{caller.grep(/load/).empty? ? 'exec' : 'load'}"
+      puts "ARGS: \#{$0} \#{ARGV.join(' ')}"
+      puts "RACK: \#{RACK}"
+      process_title = `ps -o args -p \#{Process.pid}`.split("\n", 2).last.strip
+      puts "PROCESS: \#{process_title}"
+    RUBY
+
+    before do
+      bundled_app(path).open("w") {|f| f << executable }
+      bundled_app(path).chmod(0o755)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    let(:exec) { "EXEC: load" }
+    let(:args) { "ARGS: #{path} arg1 arg2" }
+    let(:rack) { "RACK: 1.0.0" }
+    let(:process) do
+      title = "PROCESS: #{path}"
+      title += " arg1 arg2"
+      title
+    end
+    let(:exit_code) { 0 }
+    let(:expected) { [exec, args, rack, process].join("\n") }
+    let(:expected_err) { "" }
+
+    subject { bundle "exec #{path} arg1 arg2", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it "runs" do
+      skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      subject
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+      expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+      expect(out).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    context "the executable exits explicitly" do
+      let(:executable) { super() << "\nexit #{exit_code}\nputs 'POST_EXIT'\n" }
+
+      context "with exit 0" do
+        it "runs" do
+          skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+          subject
+          expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+          expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+          expect(out).to eq(expected)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "with exit 99" do
+        let(:exit_code) { 99 }
+
+        it "runs" do
+          skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+          subject
+          expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+          expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+          expect(out).to eq(expected)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "the executable exits by SignalException" do
+      let(:executable) do
+        ex = super()
+        ex << "\n"
+        ex << "raise SignalException, 'SIGTERM'\n"
+        ex
+      end
+      let(:expected_err) { "" }
+      let(:exit_code) do
+        # signal mask 128 + plus signal 15 -> TERM
+        # this is specified by C99
+        128 + 15
+      end
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "the executable is empty" do
+      let(:executable) { "" }
+
+      let(:exit_code) { 0 }
+      let(:expected_err) { "#{path} is empty" }
+      let(:expected) { "" }
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "the executable raises" do
+      let(:executable) { super() << "\nraise 'ERROR'" }
+      let(:exit_code) { 1 }
+      let(:expected_err) do
+        "bundler: failed to load command: #{path} (#{path})" \
+        "\n#{path}:10:in `<top (required)>': ERROR (RuntimeError)"
+      end
+
+      it "runs like a normally executed executable" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to start_with(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "the executable raises an error without a backtrace" do
+      let(:executable) { super() << "\nclass Err < Exception\ndef backtrace; end;\nend\nraise Err" }
+      let(:exit_code) { 1 }
+      let(:expected_err) { "bundler: failed to load command: #{path} (#{path})\n#{system_gem_path("bin/bundle")}: Err (Err)" }
+      let(:expected) { super() }
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the file uses the current ruby shebang" do
+      let(:shebang) { "#!#{Gem.ruby}" }
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when Bundler.setup fails", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'rack', '2'
+        G
+        ENV["BUNDLER_FORCE_TTY"] = "true"
+      end
+
+      let(:exit_code) { Bundler::GemNotFound.new.status_code }
+      let(:expected) { "" }
+      let(:expected_err) { <<-EOS.strip }
+Could not find gem 'rack (= 2)' in locally installed gems.
+The source contains the following versions of 'rack': 0.9.1, 1.0.0
+Run `bundle install` to install missing gems.
+      EOS
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when Bundler.setup fails", :bundler => "3" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'rack', '2'
+        G
+        ENV["BUNDLER_FORCE_TTY"] = "true"
+      end
+
+      let(:exit_code) { Bundler::GemNotFound.new.status_code }
+      let(:expected) { "" }
+      let(:expected_err) { <<-EOS.strip }
+Could not find gem 'rack (= 2)' in locally installed gems.
+The source contains the following versions of 'rack': 1.0.0
+Run `bundle install` to install missing gems.
+      EOS
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the executable exits non-zero via at_exit" do
+      let(:executable) { super() + "\n\nat_exit { $! ? raise($!) : exit(1) }" }
+      let(:exit_code) { 1 }
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when disable_exec_load is set" do
+      let(:exec) { "EXEC: exec" }
+      let(:process) { "PROCESS: ruby #{path} arg1 arg2" }
+
+      before do
+        bundle "config set disable_exec_load true"
+      end
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "regarding $0 and __FILE__" do
+      let(:executable) { super() + <<-'RUBY' }
+
+        puts "$0: #{$0.inspect}"
+        puts "__FILE__: #{__FILE__.inspect}"
+      RUBY
+
+      let(:expected) { super() + <<-EOS.chomp }
+
+$0: #{path.to_s.inspect}
+__FILE__: #{path.to_s.inspect}
+      EOS
+
+      it "runs" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        subject
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+        expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+        expect(out).to eq(expected)
+      end
+
+      context "when the path is relative" do
+        let(:path) { super().relative_path_from(bundled_app) }
+
+        it "runs" do
+          skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+          subject
+          expect(exitstatus).to eq(exit_code)
+          expect(err).to eq(expected_err)
+          expect(out).to eq(expected)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "when the path is relative with a leading ./" do
+        let(:path) { Pathname.new("./#{super().relative_path_from(bundled_app)}") }
+
+        pending "relative paths with ./ have absolute __FILE__"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "signal handling" do
+      let(:test_signals) do
+        open3_reserved_signals = %w[CHLD CLD PIPE]
+        reserved_signals = %w[SEGV BUS ILL FPE VTALRM KILL STOP EXIT]
+        bundler_signals = %w[INT]
+
+        Signal.list.keys - (bundler_signals + reserved_signals + open3_reserved_signals)
+      end
+
+      context "signals being trapped by bundler" do
+        let(:executable) { strip_whitespace <<-RUBY }
+          #{shebang}
+          begin
+            Thread.new do
+              puts 'Started' # For process sync
+              STDOUT.flush
+              sleep 1 # ignore quality_spec
+              raise "Didn't receive INT at all"
+            end.join
+          rescue Interrupt
+            puts "foo"
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        it "receives the signal" do
+          skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+          bundle("exec #{path}") do |_, o, thr|
+            o.gets # Consumes 'Started' and ensures that thread has started
+            Process.kill("INT", thr.pid)
+          end
+
+          expect(out).to eq("foo")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "signals not being trapped by bunder" do
+        let(:executable) { strip_whitespace <<-RUBY }
+          #{shebang}
+
+          signals = #{test_signals.inspect}
+          result = signals.map do |sig|
+            Signal.trap(sig, "IGNORE")
+          end
+          puts result.select { |ret| ret == "IGNORE" }.count
+        RUBY
+
+        it "makes sure no unexpected signals are restored to DEFAULT" do
+          skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+          test_signals.each do |n|
+            Signal.trap(n, "IGNORE")
+          end
+
+          bundle("exec #{path}")
+
+          expect(out).to eq(test_signals.count.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "nested bundle exec" do
+    context "when bundle in a local path" do
+      before do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+        bundle "config set path vendor/bundler"
+        bundle :install
+      end
+
+      it "correctly shells out" do
+        file = bundled_app("file_that_bundle_execs.rb")
+        create_file(file, <<-RUBY)
+          #!#{Gem.ruby}
+          puts `bundle exec echo foo`
+        RUBY
+        file.chmod(0o777)
+        bundle "exec #{file}", :env => { "PATH" => path }
+        expect(out).to eq("foo")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when Kernel.require uses extra monkeypatches" do
+      before do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      end
+
+      it "does not undo the monkeypatches" do
+        karafka = bundled_app("bin/karafka")
+        create_file(karafka, <<~RUBY)
+          #!#{Gem.ruby}
+
+          module Kernel
+            module_function
+
+            alias_method :require_before_extra_monkeypatches, :require
+
+            def require(path)
+              puts "requiring \#{path} used the monkeypatch"
+
+              require_before_extra_monkeypatches(path)
+            end
+          end
+
+          Bundler.setup(:default)
+
+          require "foo"
+        RUBY
+        karafka.chmod(0o777)
+
+        foreman = bundled_app("bin/foreman")
+        create_file(foreman, <<~RUBY)
+          #!#{Gem.ruby}
+
+          puts `bundle exec bin/karafka`
+        RUBY
+        foreman.chmod(0o777)
+
+        bundle "exec #{foreman}"
+        expect(out).to eq("requiring foo used the monkeypatch")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gemfile and path are configured", :ruby_repo do
+      before do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rails", "6.1.0" do |s|
+            s.executables = "rails"
+          end
+        end
+
+        bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+        bundle "config set gemfile gemfiles/rack_6_1.gemfile"
+
+        create_file(bundled_app("gemfiles/rack_6_1.gemfile"), <<~RUBY)
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+          gem "rails", "6.1.0"
+        RUBY
+
+        # A Gemfile needs to be in the root to trick bundler's root resolution
+        create_file(bundled_app("Gemfile"), "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"")
+
+        bundle "install"
+      end
+
+      it "can still find gems after a nested subprocess" do
+        script = bundled_app("bin/myscript")
+
+        create_file(script, <<~RUBY)
+          #!#{Gem.ruby}
+
+          puts `bundle exec rails`
+        RUBY
+
+        script.chmod(0o777)
+
+        bundle "exec #{script}"
+
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+        expect(out).to eq("6.1.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a system gem that shadows a default gem" do
+      let(:openssl_version) { "99.9.9" }
+      let(:expected) { ruby "gem 'openssl', '< 999999'; require 'openssl'; puts OpenSSL::VERSION", :artifice => nil, :raise_on_error => false }
+
+      it "only leaves the default gem in the stdlib available" do
+        skip "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/3351" if Gem.win_platform?
+        skip "openssl isn't a default gem" if expected.empty?
+
+        install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\"" # must happen before installing the broken system gem
+
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "openssl", openssl_version do |s|
+            s.write("lib/openssl.rb", <<-RUBY)
+              raise "custom openssl should not be loaded, it's not in the gemfile!"
+            RUBY
+          end
+        end
+
+        system_gems("openssl-#{openssl_version}", :gem_repo => gem_repo4)
+
+        file = bundled_app("require_openssl.rb")
+        create_file(file, <<-RUBY)
+          #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+          require "openssl"
+          puts OpenSSL::VERSION
+          warn Gem.loaded_specs.values.map(&:full_name)
+        RUBY
+        file.chmod(0o777)
+
+        env = { "PATH" => path }
+        aggregate_failures do
+          expect(bundle("exec #{file}", :artifice => nil, :env => env)).to eq(expected)
+          expect(bundle("exec bundle exec #{file}", :artifice => nil, :env => env)).to eq(expected)
+          expect(bundle("exec ruby #{file}", :artifice => nil, :env => env)).to eq(expected)
+          expect(run(file.read, :artifice => nil, :env => env)).to eq(expected)
+        end
+
+        skip "ruby_core has openssl and rubygems in the same folder, and this test needs rubygems require but default openssl not in a directly added entry in $LOAD_PATH" if ruby_core?
+        # sanity check that we get the newer, custom version without bundler
+        sys_exec "#{Gem.ruby} #{file}", :env => env, :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("custom openssl should not be loaded")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a git gem that includes extensions", :ruby_repo do
+      before do
+        build_git "simple_git_binary", &:add_c_extension
+        bundle "config set --local path .bundle"
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "simple_git_binary", :git => '#{lib_path("simple_git_binary-1.0")}'
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "allows calling bundle install" do
+        bundle "exec bundle install"
+      end
+
+      it "allows calling bundle install after removing gem.build_complete" do
+        FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[bundled_app(".bundle/**/gem.build_complete")]
+        bundle "exec #{Gem.ruby} -S bundle install"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/fund_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/fund_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a0c5411da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/fund_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle fund" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "has_funding_and_other_metadata" do |s|
+        s.metadata = {
+          "bug_tracker_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/issues",
+          "changelog_uri"     => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/CHANGELOG.md",
+          "documentation_uri" => "https://www.example.info/gems/bestgemever/0.0.1",
+          "homepage_uri"      => "https://bestgemever.example.io",
+          "mailing_list_uri"  => "https://groups.example.com/bestgemever",
+          "funding_uri"       => "https://example.com/has_funding_and_other_metadata/funding",
+          "source_code_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever",
+          "wiki_uri"          => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/wiki",
+        }
+      end
+
+      build_gem "has_funding", "1.2.3" do |s|
+        s.metadata = {
+          "funding_uri"       => "https://example.com/has_funding/funding",
+        }
+      end
+
+      build_gem "gem_with_dependent_funding", "1.0" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "has_funding"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "prints fund information for all gems in the bundle" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem 'has_funding_and_other_metadata'
+      gem 'has_funding'
+      gem 'rack-obama'
+    G
+
+    bundle "fund"
+
+    expect(out).to include("* has_funding_and_other_metadata (1.0)\n  Funding: https://example.com/has_funding_and_other_metadata/funding")
+    expect(out).to include("* has_funding (1.2.3)\n  Funding: https://example.com/has_funding/funding")
+    expect(out).to_not include("rack-obama")
+  end
+
+  it "does not consider fund information for gem dependencies" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem 'gem_with_dependent_funding'
+    G
+
+    bundle "fund"
+
+    expect(out).to_not include("* has_funding (1.2.3)\n  Funding: https://example.com/has_funding/funding")
+    expect(out).to_not include("gem_with_dependent_funding")
+  end
+
+  it "prints message if none of the gems have fund information" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem 'rack-obama'
+    G
+
+    bundle "fund"
+
+    expect(out).to include("None of the installed gems you directly depend on are looking for funding.")
+  end
+
+  describe "with --group option" do
+    it "prints fund message for only specified group gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'has_funding_and_other_metadata', :group => :development
+        gem 'has_funding'
+      G
+
+      bundle "fund --group development"
+      expect(out).to include("* has_funding_and_other_metadata (1.0)\n  Funding: https://example.com/has_funding_and_other_metadata/funding")
+      expect(out).to_not include("* has_funding (1.2.3)\n  Funding: https://example.com/has_funding/funding")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/help_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/help_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f72763900e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/help_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle help" do
+  it "uses man when available" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "help gemfile"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/gemfile.5"]))
+  end
+
+  it "prefixes bundle commands with bundle- when finding the man files" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "help install"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-install.1"]))
+  end
+
+  it "simply outputs the human readable file when there is no man on the path" do
+    with_path_as("") do
+      bundle "help install"
+    end
+    expect(out).to match(/bundle-install/)
+  end
+
+  it "still outputs the old help for commands that do not have man pages yet" do
+    bundle "help version"
+    expect(out).to include("Prints the bundler's version information")
+  end
+
+  it "looks for a binary and executes it with --help option if it's named bundler-<task>" do
+    skip "Could not find command testtasks, probably because not a windows friendly executable" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    File.open(tmp("bundler-testtasks"), "w", 0o755) do |f|
+      f.puts "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\nputs ARGV.join(' ')\n"
+    end
+
+    with_path_added(tmp) do
+      bundle "help testtasks"
+    end
+
+    expect(out).to eq("--help")
+  end
+
+  it "is called when the --help flag is used after the command" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "install --help"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-install.1"]))
+  end
+
+  it "is called when the --help flag is used before the command" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "--help install"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-install.1"]))
+  end
+
+  it "is called when the -h flag is used before the command" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "-h install"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-install.1"]))
+  end
+
+  it "is called when the -h flag is used after the command" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "install -h"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle-install.1"]))
+  end
+
+  it "has helpful output when using --help flag for a non-existent command" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "instill -h", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+    expect(err).to include('Could not find command "instill".')
+  end
+
+  it "is called when only using the --help flag" do
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "--help"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle.1"]))
+
+    with_fake_man do
+      bundle "-h"
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq(%(["#{man_dir}/bundle.1"]))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/info_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/info_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f618b5f6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/info_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle info" do
+  context "with a standard Gemfile" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "has_metadata" do |s|
+          s.metadata = {
+            "bug_tracker_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/issues",
+            "changelog_uri"     => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/CHANGELOG.md",
+            "documentation_uri" => "https://www.example.info/gems/bestgemever/0.0.1",
+            "homepage_uri"      => "https://bestgemever.example.io",
+            "mailing_list_uri"  => "https://groups.example.com/bestgemever",
+            "source_code_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever",
+            "wiki_uri"          => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/wiki",
+          }
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails"
+        gem "has_metadata"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "creates a Gemfile.lock when invoked with a gem name" do
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      bundle "info rails"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "prints information if gem exists in bundle" do
+      bundle "info rails"
+      expect(out).to include "* rails (2.3.2)
+\tSummary: This is just a fake gem for testing
+\tHomepage: http://example.com
+\tPath: #{default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2")}"
+    end
+
+    it "prints path if gem exists in bundle" do
+      bundle "info rails --path"
+      expect(out).to eq(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "prints the path to the running bundler" do
+      bundle "info bundler --path"
+      expect(out).to eq(root.to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "prints gem version if exists in bundle" do
+      bundle "info rails --version"
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.2")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't claim that bundler has been deleted, even if using a custom path without bundler there" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install"
+      bundle "info bundler"
+      expect(out).to include("\tPath: #{root}")
+      expect(err).not_to match(/The gem bundler has been deleted/i)
+    end
+
+    it "complains if gem not in bundle" do
+      bundle "info missing", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to eq("Could not find gem 'missing'.")
+    end
+
+    it "warns if path no longer exists on disk" do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2"))
+
+      bundle "info rails --path"
+
+      expect(err).to match(/The gem rails has been deleted/i)
+      expect(err).to match(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+
+      bundle "info rail --path"
+      expect(err).to match(/The gem rails has been deleted/i)
+      expect(err).to match(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+
+      bundle "info rails"
+      expect(err).to match(/The gem rails has been deleted/i)
+      expect(err).to match(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+    end
+
+    context "given a default gem shippped in ruby", :ruby_repo do
+      it "prints information about the default gem" do
+        bundle "info rdoc"
+        expect(out).to include("* rdoc")
+        expect(out).to include("Default Gem: yes")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "given a gem with metadata" do
+      it "prints the gem metadata" do
+        bundle "info has_metadata"
+        expect(out).to include "* has_metadata (1.0)
+\tSummary: This is just a fake gem for testing
+\tHomepage: http://example.com
+\tDocumentation: https://www.example.info/gems/bestgemever/0.0.1
+\tSource Code: https://example.com/user/bestgemever
+\tWiki: https://example.com/user/bestgemever/wiki
+\tChangelog: https://example.com/user/bestgemever/CHANGELOG.md
+\tBug Tracker: https://example.com/user/bestgemever/issues
+\tMailing List: https://groups.example.com/bestgemever
+\tPath: #{default_bundle_path("gems", "has_metadata-1.0")}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem does not have homepage" do
+      before do
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rails", "2.3.2" do |s|
+            s.executables = "rails"
+            s.summary = "Just another test gem"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "excludes the homepage field from the output" do
+        expect(out).to_not include("Homepage:")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a git repo in the Gemfile" do
+    before :each do
+      @git = build_git "foo", "1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "prints out git info" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+
+      bundle "info foo"
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0 #{@git.ref_for("master", 6)}")
+    end
+
+    it "prints out branch names other than master" do
+      update_git "foo", :branch => "omg" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/foo.rb", "FOO = '1.0.omg'"
+      end
+      @revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))[0...6]
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :branch => "omg"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.omg"
+
+      bundle "info foo"
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0 #{@git.ref_for("omg", 6)}")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't print the branch when tied to a ref" do
+      sha = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "#{sha}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "info foo"
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0 #{sha[0..6]})")
+    end
+
+    it "handles when a version is a '-' prerelease" do
+      @git = build_git("foo", "1.0.0-beta.1", :path => lib_path("foo"))
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", "1.0.0-beta.1", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.0.pre.beta.1"
+
+      bundle "info foo"
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0.0.pre.beta.1")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a valid regexp for gem name" do
+    it "presents alternatives", :readline do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      bundle "info rac"
+      expect(out).to match(/\A1 : rack\n2 : rack-obama\n0 : - exit -(\n>)?\z/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with an invalid regexp for gem name" do
+    it "does not find the gem" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      invalid_regexp = "[]"
+
+      bundle "info #{invalid_regexp}", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Could not find gem '#{invalid_regexp}'.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with without configured" do
+    it "does not find the gem, but gives a helpful error" do
+      bundle "config without test"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails", group: :test
+      G
+
+      bundle "info rails", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'rails', because it's in the group 'test', configured to be ignored.")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/init_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/init_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..683a453c7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/init_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle init" do
+  it "generates a Gemfile" do
+    bundle :init
+    expect(out).to include("Writing new Gemfile")
+    expect(bundled_app_gemfile).to be_file
+  end
+
+  context "when a Gemfile already exists" do
+    before do
+      create_file "Gemfile", <<-G
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "does not change existing Gemfiles" do
+      expect { bundle :init, :raise_on_error => false }.not_to change { File.read(bundled_app_gemfile) }
+    end
+
+    it "notifies the user that an existing Gemfile already exists" do
+      bundle :init, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Gemfile already exists")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a Gemfile exists in a parent directory" do
+    let(:subdir) { "child_dir" }
+
+    it "lets users generate a Gemfile in a child directory" do
+      bundle :init
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir bundled_app(subdir)
+
+      bundle :init, :dir => bundled_app(subdir)
+
+      expect(out).to include("Writing new Gemfile")
+      expect(bundled_app("#{subdir}/Gemfile")).to be_file
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the dir is not writable by the current user" do
+    let(:subdir) { "child_dir" }
+
+    it "notifies the user that it can not write to it" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir bundled_app(subdir)
+      # chmod a-w it
+      mode = File.stat(bundled_app(subdir)).mode ^ 0o222
+      FileUtils.chmod mode, bundled_app(subdir)
+
+      bundle :init, :dir => bundled_app(subdir), :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("directory is not writable")
+      expect(Dir[bundled_app("#{subdir}/*")]).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "given --gemspec option" do
+    let(:spec_file) { tmp.join("test.gemspec") }
+
+    it "should generate from an existing gemspec" do
+      File.open(spec_file, "w") do |file|
+        file << <<-S
+          Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+          s.name = 'test'
+          s.add_dependency 'rack', '= 1.0.1'
+          s.add_development_dependency 'rspec', '1.2'
+          end
+        S
+      end
+
+      bundle :init, :gemspec => spec_file
+
+      gemfile = bundled_app_gemfile.read
+      expect(gemfile).to match(%r{source 'https://rubygems.org'})
+      expect(gemfile.scan(/gem "rack", "= 1.0.1"/).size).to eq(1)
+      expect(gemfile.scan(/gem "rspec", "= 1.2"/).size).to eq(1)
+      expect(gemfile.scan(/group :development/).size).to eq(1)
+    end
+
+    context "when gemspec file is invalid" do
+      it "notifies the user that specification is invalid" do
+        File.open(spec_file, "w") do |file|
+          file << <<-S
+            Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+            s.name = 'test'
+            s.invalid_method_name
+            end
+          S
+        end
+
+        bundle :init, :gemspec => spec_file, :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("There was an error while loading `test.gemspec`")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when init_gems_rb setting is enabled" do
+    before { bundle "config set init_gems_rb true" }
+
+    it "generates a gems.rb" do
+      bundle :init
+      expect(out).to include("Writing new gems.rb")
+      expect(bundled_app("gems.rb")).to be_file
+    end
+
+    context "when gems.rb already exists" do
+      before do
+        create_file("gems.rb", <<-G)
+          gem "rails"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "does not change existing Gemfiles" do
+        expect { bundle :init, :raise_on_error => false }.not_to change { File.read(bundled_app("gems.rb")) }
+      end
+
+      it "notifies the user that an existing gems.rb already exists" do
+        bundle :init, :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("gems.rb already exists")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a gems.rb file exists in a parent directory" do
+      let(:subdir) { "child_dir" }
+
+      it "lets users generate a Gemfile in a child directory" do
+        bundle :init
+
+        FileUtils.mkdir bundled_app(subdir)
+
+        bundle :init, :dir => bundled_app(subdir)
+
+        expect(out).to include("Writing new gems.rb")
+        expect(bundled_app("#{subdir}/gems.rb")).to be_file
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "given --gemspec option" do
+      let(:spec_file) { tmp.join("test.gemspec") }
+
+      before do
+        File.open(spec_file, "w") do |file|
+          file << <<-S
+            Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+            s.name = 'test'
+            s.add_dependency 'rack', '= 1.0.1'
+            s.add_development_dependency 'rspec', '1.2'
+            end
+          S
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "should generate from an existing gemspec" do
+        bundle :init, :gemspec => spec_file
+
+        gemfile = bundled_app("gems.rb").read
+        expect(gemfile).to match(%r{source 'https://rubygems.org'})
+        expect(gemfile.scan(/gem "rack", "= 1.0.1"/).size).to eq(1)
+        expect(gemfile.scan(/gem "rspec", "= 1.2"/).size).to eq(1)
+        expect(gemfile.scan(/group :development/).size).to eq(1)
+      end
+
+      it "prints message to user" do
+        bundle :init, :gemspec => spec_file
+
+        expect(out).to include("Writing new gems.rb")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/inject_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/inject_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d97bf6ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/inject_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle inject", :bundler => "< 3" do
+  before :each do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  context "without a lockfile" do
+    it "locks with the injected gems" do
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '> 0'"
+      expect(bundled_app_lock.read).to match(/rack-obama/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a lockfile" do
+    before do
+      bundle "install"
+    end
+
+    it "adds the injected gems to the Gemfile" do
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).not_to match(/rack-obama/)
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '> 0'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/rack-obama/)
+    end
+
+    it "locks with the injected gems" do
+      expect(bundled_app_lock.read).not_to match(/rack-obama/)
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '> 0'"
+      expect(bundled_app_lock.read).to match(/rack-obama/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with injected gems already in the Gemfile" do
+    it "doesn't add existing gems" do
+      bundle "inject 'rack' '> 0'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/cannot specify the same gem twice/i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "incorrect arguments" do
+    it "fails when more than 2 arguments are passed" do
+      bundle "inject gem_name 1 v", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to eq(<<-E.strip)
+ERROR: "bundle inject" was called with arguments ["gem_name", "1", "v"]
+Usage: "bundle inject GEM VERSION"
+      E
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with source option" do
+    it "add gem with source option in gemfile" do
+      bundle "inject 'foo' '>0' --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemfile = bundled_app_gemfile.read
+      str = "gem \"foo\", \"> 0\", :source => \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      expect(gemfile).to include str
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with group option" do
+    it "add gem with group option in gemfile" do
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '>0' --group=development"
+      gemfile = bundled_app_gemfile.read
+      str = "gem \"rack-obama\", \"> 0\", :group => :development"
+      expect(gemfile).to include str
+    end
+
+    it "add gem with multiple groups in gemfile" do
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '>0' --group=development,test"
+      gemfile = bundled_app_gemfile.read
+      str = "gem \"rack-obama\", \"> 0\", :groups => [:development, :test]"
+      expect(gemfile).to include str
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when frozen" do
+    before do
+      bundle "install"
+      if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+        bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      else
+        bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "injects anyway" do
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '> 0'"
+      expect(bundled_app_gemfile.read).to match(/rack-obama/)
+    end
+
+    it "locks with the injected gems" do
+      expect(bundled_app_lock.read).not_to match(/rack-obama/)
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '> 0'"
+      expect(bundled_app_lock.read).to match(/rack-obama/)
+    end
+
+    it "restores frozen afterwards" do
+      bundle "inject 'rack-obama' '> 0'"
+      config = YAML.load(bundled_app(".bundle/config").read)
+      expect(config["BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT"] || config["BUNDLE_FROZEN"]).to eq("true")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't allow Gemfile changes" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+      bundle "inject 'rack' '> 0'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/trying to install in deployment mode after changing/)
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock.read).not_to match(/rack-obama/)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/install_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/install_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e00caa5315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/install_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,961 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with gem sources" do
+  describe "the simple case" do
+    it "prints output and returns if no dependencies are specified" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install
+      expect(err).to match(/no dependencies/)
+    end
+
+    it "does not make a lockfile if the install fails" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        raise StandardError, "FAIL"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include('StandardError, "FAIL"')
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+    end
+
+    it "creates a Gemfile.lock" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "does not create ./.bundle by default", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install # can't use install_gemfile since it sets retry
+      expect(bundled_app(".bundle")).not_to exist
+    end
+
+    it "does not create ./.bundle by default when installing to system gems" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM" => "true" } # can't use install_gemfile since it sets retry
+      expect(bundled_app(".bundle")).not_to exist
+    end
+
+    it "creates lock files based on the Gemfile name" do
+      gemfile bundled_app("OmgFile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install --gemfile OmgFile"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("OmgFile.lock")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't delete the lockfile if one already exists" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      lockfile = File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        raise StandardError, "FAIL"
+      G
+
+      expect(File.read(bundled_app_lock)).to eq(lockfile)
+    end
+
+    it "does not touch the lockfile if nothing changed" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect { run "1" }.not_to change { File.mtime(bundled_app_lock) }
+    end
+
+    it "fetches gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      expect(default_bundle_path("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "auto-heals missing gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(default_bundle_path("gems/rack-1.0.0"))
+
+      bundle "install --verbose"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installing rack 1.0.0")
+      expect(default_bundle_path("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "fetches gems when multiple versions are specified" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack', "> 0.9", "< 1.0"
+      G
+
+      expect(default_bundle_path("gems/rack-0.9.1")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 0.9.1")
+    end
+
+    it "fetches gems when multiple versions are specified take 2" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack', "< 1.0", "> 0.9"
+      G
+
+      expect(default_bundle_path("gems/rack-0.9.1")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 0.9.1")
+    end
+
+    it "raises an appropriate error when gems are specified using symbols" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem :rack
+      G
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(4)
+    end
+
+    it "pulls in dependencies" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "actionpack 2.3.2", "rails 2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    it "does the right version" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+    end
+
+    it "does not install the development dependency" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "with_development_dependency" do |s|
+          s.add_development_dependency "activesupport", "= 2.3.5"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "with_development_dependency"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("with_development_dependency 1.0.0").
+        and not_include_gems("activesupport 2.3.5")
+    end
+
+    it "resolves correctly" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activemerchant"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activemerchant 1.0", "activesupport 2.3.2", "actionpack 2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    it "activates gem correctly according to the resolved gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+      G
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activemerchant"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activemerchant 1.0", "activesupport 2.3.2", "actionpack 2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    it "does not reinstall any gem that is already available locally" do
+      system_gems "activesupport-2.3.2", :path => default_bundle_path
+
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "2.3.2" do |s|
+          s.write "lib/activesupport.rb", "ACTIVESUPPORT = 'fail'"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activerecord", "2.3.2"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    it "works when the gemfile specifies gems that only exist in the system" do
+      build_gem "foo", :to_bundle => true
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "foo 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "prioritizes local gems over remote gems" do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0.0", :to_bundle => true do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "activesupport 2.3.5"
+    end
+
+    it "loads env plugins" do
+      plugin_msg = "hello from an env plugin!"
+      create_file "plugins/rubygems_plugin.rb", "puts '#{plugin_msg}'"
+      rubylib = ENV["RUBYLIB"].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).unshift(bundled_app("plugins").to_s).join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "RUBYLIB" => rubylib }
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).to include(plugin_msg)
+    end
+
+    describe "with a gem that installs multiple platforms" do
+      it "installs gems for the local platform as first choice" do
+        skip "version is 1.0, not 1.0.0" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "platform_specific"
+        G
+
+        run "require 'platform_specific' ; puts PLATFORM_SPECIFIC"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0 #{Bundler.local_platform}")
+      end
+
+      it "falls back on plain ruby" do
+        simulate_platform "foo-bar-baz"
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "platform_specific"
+        G
+
+        run "require 'platform_specific' ; puts PLATFORM_SPECIFIC"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0 RUBY")
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems for java" do
+        simulate_platform "java"
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "platform_specific"
+        G
+
+        run "require 'platform_specific' ; puts PLATFORM_SPECIFIC"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0 JAVA")
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems for windows" do
+        simulate_platform mswin
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "platform_specific"
+        G
+
+        run "require 'platform_specific' ; puts PLATFORM_SPECIFIC"
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0 MSWIN")
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "doing bundle install foo" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "works" do
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+        bundle "install"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "allows running bundle install --system without deleting foo", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --path vendor"
+        bundle "install --system"
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(bundled_app("vendor"))
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "allows running bundle install --system after deleting foo", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --path vendor"
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(bundled_app("vendor"))
+        bundle "install --system"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "finds gems in multiple sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "activesupport", "1.2.3"
+        gem "rack", "1.2"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2", "activesupport 1.2.3"
+    end
+
+    it "gives a useful error if no sources are set" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("This Gemfile does not include an explicit global source. " \
+        "Not using an explicit global source may result in a different lockfile being generated depending on " \
+        "the gems you have installed locally before bundler is run. " \
+        "Instead, define a global source in your Gemfile like this: source \"https://rubygems.org\".")
+    end
+
+    it "creates a Gemfile.lock on a blank Gemfile" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+
+      expect(File.exist?(bundled_app_lock)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it "throws a warning if a gem is added twice in Gemfile without version requirements" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("Your Gemfile lists the gem rack (>= 0) more than once.")
+      expect(err).to include("Remove any duplicate entries and specify the gem only once.")
+      expect(err).to include("While it's not a problem now, it could cause errors if you change the version of one of them later.")
+    end
+
+    it "throws a warning if a gem is added twice in Gemfile with same versions" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("Your Gemfile lists the gem rack (= 1.0) more than once.")
+      expect(err).to include("Remove any duplicate entries and specify the gem only once.")
+      expect(err).to include("While it's not a problem now, it could cause errors if you change the version of one of them later.")
+    end
+
+    it "does not throw a warning if a gem is added once in Gemfile and also inside a gemspec as a development dependency" do
+      build_lib "my-gem", :path => bundled_app do |s|
+        s.add_development_dependency "my-private-gem"
+      end
+
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "my-private-gem"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gemspec
+
+        gem "my-private-gem", :group => :development
+      G
+
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("my-private-gem 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "throws an error if a gem is added twice in Gemfile when version of one dependency is not specified" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("You cannot specify the same gem twice with different version requirements")
+      expect(err).to include("You specified: rack (>= 0) and rack (= 1.0).")
+    end
+
+    it "throws an error if a gem is added twice in Gemfile when different versions of both dependencies are specified" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+        gem "rack", "1.1"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("You cannot specify the same gem twice with different version requirements")
+      expect(err).to include("You specified: rack (= 1.0) and rack (= 1.1).")
+    end
+
+    it "gracefully handles error when rubygems server is unavailable" do
+      skip "networking issue" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => nil, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        source "http://0.0.0.0:9384" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("Could not fetch specs from http://0.0.0.0:9384/")
+      expect(err).not_to include("file://")
+    end
+
+    it "fails gracefully when downloading an invalid specification from the full index" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "ajp-rails", "0.0.0", :gemspec => false, :skip_validation => true do |s|
+          bad_deps = [["ruby-ajp", ">= 0.2.0"], ["rails", ">= 0.14"]]
+          s.
+            instance_variable_get(:@spec).
+            instance_variable_set(:@dependencies, bad_deps)
+
+          raise "failed to set bad deps" unless s.dependencies == bad_deps
+        end
+        build_gem "ruby-ajp", "1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :full_index => true, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "ajp-rails", "0.0.0"
+      G
+
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to match(/Error Report/i)
+      expect(err).to include("An error occurred while installing ajp-rails (0.0.0), and Bundler cannot continue.").
+        and include("Bundler::APIResponseInvalidDependenciesError")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't blow up when the local .bundle/config is empty" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundled_app(".bundle"))
+      FileUtils.touch(bundled_app(".bundle/config"))
+
+      install_gemfile(<<-G)
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem 'foo'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't blow up when the global .bundle/config is empty" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{Bundler.rubygems.user_home}/.bundle")
+      FileUtils.touch("#{Bundler.rubygems.user_home}/.bundle/config")
+
+      install_gemfile(<<-G)
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem 'foo'
+      G
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Ruby version in Gemfile.lock" do
+    include Bundler::GemHelpers
+
+    context "and using an unsupported Ruby version" do
+      it "prints an error" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+          ::RUBY_VERSION = '2.0.1'
+          ruby '~> 2.2'
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+        expect(err).to include("Your Ruby version is 2.0.1, but your Gemfile specified ~> 2.2")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "and using a supported Ruby version" do
+      before do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          ::RUBY_VERSION = '2.1.3'
+          ::RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = 100
+          ruby '~> 2.1.0'
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "writes current Ruby version to Gemfile.lock" do
+        expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+         GEM
+           remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+           specs:
+
+         PLATFORMS
+           #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+         DEPENDENCIES
+
+         RUBY VERSION
+            ruby 2.1.3p100
+
+         BUNDLED WITH
+            #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      it "updates Gemfile.lock with updated incompatible ruby version" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          ::RUBY_VERSION = '2.2.3'
+          ::RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = 100
+          ruby '~> 2.2.0'
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+         GEM
+           remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+           specs:
+
+         PLATFORMS
+           #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+         DEPENDENCIES
+
+         RUBY VERSION
+            ruby 2.2.3p100
+
+         BUNDLED WITH
+            #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      it "does not crash when unlocking" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          ruby '>= 2.1.0'
+        G
+
+        bundle "update"
+
+        expect(err).not_to include("Could not find gem 'Ruby")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when Bundler root contains regex chars" do
+    it "doesn't blow up when using the `gem` DSL" do
+      root_dir = tmp("foo[]bar")
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(root_dir)
+
+      build_lib "foo"
+      gemfile = <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'foo', :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+      File.open("#{root_dir}/Gemfile", "w") do |file|
+        file.puts gemfile
+      end
+
+      bundle :install, :dir => root_dir
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't blow up when using the `gemspec` DSL" do
+      root_dir = tmp("foo[]bar")
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(root_dir)
+
+      build_lib "foo", :path => root_dir
+      gemfile = <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec
+      G
+      File.open("#{root_dir}/Gemfile", "w") do |file|
+        file.puts gemfile
+      end
+
+      bundle :install, :dir => root_dir
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when requesting a quiet install via --quiet" do
+    it "should be quiet if there are no warnings" do
+      bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :quiet => true
+      expect(out).to be_empty
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "should still display warnings and errors" do
+      bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+      create_file("install_with_warning.rb", <<~RUBY)
+        require "#{lib_dir}/bundler"
+        require "#{lib_dir}/bundler/cli"
+        require "#{lib_dir}/bundler/cli/install"
+
+        module RunWithWarning
+          def run
+            super
+          rescue
+            Bundler.ui.warn "BOOOOO"
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+        Bundler::CLI::Install.prepend(RunWithWarning)
+      RUBY
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'non-existing-gem'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :quiet => true, :raise_on_error => false, :env => { "RUBYOPT" => "-r#{bundled_app("install_with_warning.rb")}" }
+      expect(out).to be_empty
+      expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'non-existing-gem'")
+      expect(err).to include("BOOOOO")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when bundle path does not have write access", :permissions do
+    let(:bundle_path) { bundled_app("vendor") }
+
+    before do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundle_path)
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should display a proper message to explain the problem" do
+      FileUtils.chmod(0o500, bundle_path)
+
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include(bundle_path.to_s)
+      expect(err).to include("grant write permissions")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when bundle gems path does not have write access", :permissions do
+    let(:gems_path) { bundled_app("vendor/#{Bundler.ruby_scope}/gems") }
+
+    before do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(gems_path)
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should display a proper message to explain the problem" do
+      FileUtils.chmod("-x", gems_path)
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+
+      begin
+        bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      ensure
+        FileUtils.chmod("+x", gems_path)
+      end
+
+      expect(err).not_to include("ERROR REPORT TEMPLATE")
+
+      expect(err).to include(
+        "There was an error while trying to create `#{gems_path.join("rack-1.0.0")}`. " \
+        "It is likely that you need to grant executable permissions for all parent directories and write permissions for `#{gems_path}`."
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when the path of a specific gem is not writable", :permissions do
+    let(:gems_path) { bundled_app("vendor/#{Bundler.ruby_scope}/gems") }
+    let(:foo_path) { gems_path.join("foo-1.0.0") }
+
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "foo", "1.0.0" do |s|
+          s.write "CHANGELOG.md", "foo"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'foo'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should display a proper message to explain the problem" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+
+      FileUtils.chmod("-x", foo_path)
+
+      begin
+        bundle "install --redownload", :raise_on_error => false
+      ensure
+        FileUtils.chmod("+x", foo_path)
+      end
+
+      expect(err).not_to include("ERROR REPORT TEMPLATE")
+
+      expect(err).to include(
+        "There was an error while trying to delete `#{foo_path}`. " \
+        "It is likely that you need to grant executable permissions for all parent directories " \
+        "and write permissions for `#{gems_path}`, and the same thing for all subdirectories inside #{foo_path}."
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when bundle cache path does not have write access", :permissions do
+    let(:cache_path) { bundled_app("vendor/#{Bundler.ruby_scope}/cache") }
+
+    before do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(cache_path)
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should display a proper message to explain the problem" do
+      FileUtils.chmod(0o500, cache_path)
+
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include(cache_path.to_s)
+      expect(err).to include("grant write permissions")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "after installing with --standalone" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local path bundle"
+      bundle "install", :standalone => true
+    end
+
+    it "includes the standalone path" do
+      bundle "binstubs rack", :standalone => true
+      standalone_line = File.read(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).each_line.find {|line| line.include? "$:.unshift" }.strip
+      expect(standalone_line).to eq %($:.unshift File.expand_path "../../bundle", path.realpath)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when bundle install is executed with unencoded authentication" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source 'https://rubygems.org/'
+        gem "."
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should display a helpful message explaining how to fix it" do
+      bundle :install, :env => { "BUNDLE_RUBYGEMS__ORG" => "user:pass{word" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(17)
+      expect(err).to eq("Please CGI escape your usernames and passwords before " \
+                        "setting them for authentication.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "in a frozen bundle" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "libv8", "8.4.255.0" do |s|
+          s.platform = "x86_64-darwin-19"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+        gem "libv8"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            libv8 (8.4.255.0-x86_64-darwin-19)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          x86_64-darwin-19
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          libv8
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    end
+
+    it "should fail loudly if the lockfile platforms don't include the current platform" do
+      simulate_platform(Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux")) { bundle "install", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+      expect(err).to eq(
+        "Your bundle only supports platforms [\"x86_64-darwin-19\"] but your local platform is x86_64-linux. " \
+        "Add the current platform to the lockfile with `bundle lock --add-platform x86_64-linux` and try again."
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with missing platform specific gems in lockfile" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "racc", "1.5.2"
+
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.12.4" do |s|
+          s.platform = "x86_64-darwin"
+          s.add_runtime_dependency "racc", "~> 1.4"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.12.4" do |s|
+          s.platform = "x86_64-linux"
+          s.add_runtime_dependency "racc", "~> 1.4"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "crass", "1.0.6"
+
+        build_gem "loofah", "2.12.0" do |s|
+          s.add_runtime_dependency "crass", "~> 1.0.2"
+          s.add_runtime_dependency "nokogiri", ">= 1.5.9"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "https://gem.repo4"
+
+        ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}"
+
+        gem "loofah", "~> 2.12.0"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: https://gem.repo4/
+          specs:
+            crass (1.0.6)
+            loofah (2.12.0)
+              crass (~> 1.0.2)
+              nokogiri (>= 1.5.9)
+            nokogiri (1.12.4-x86_64-darwin)
+              racc (~> 1.4)
+            racc (1.5.2)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          x86_64-darwin-20
+          x86_64-linux
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          loofah (~> 2.12.0)
+
+        RUBY VERSION
+           #{Bundler::RubyVersion.system}
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "automatically fixes the lockfile" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+
+      simulate_platform "x86_64-linux" do
+        bundle "install", :artifice => "compact_index"
+      end
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: https://gem.repo4/
+          specs:
+            crass (1.0.6)
+            loofah (2.12.0)
+              crass (~> 1.0.2)
+              nokogiri (>= 1.5.9)
+            nokogiri (1.12.4-x86_64-darwin)
+              racc (~> 1.4)
+            nokogiri (1.12.4-x86_64-linux)
+              racc (~> 1.4)
+            racc (1.5.2)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          x86_64-darwin-20
+          x86_64-linux
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          loofah (~> 2.12.0)
+
+        RUBY VERSION
+           #{Bundler::RubyVersion.system}
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --local flag" do
+    before do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0", :path => default_bundle_path
+    end
+
+    it "respects installed gems without fetching any remote sources" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :local => true
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        source "https://not-existing-source" do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(last_command).to be_success
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/issue_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/issue_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..143f6333ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/issue_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle issue" do
+  it "exits with a message" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    bundle "issue"
+    expect(out).to include "Did you find an issue with Bundler?"
+    expect(out).to include "## Environment"
+    expect(out).to include "## Gemfile"
+    expect(out).to include "## Bundle Doctor"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/licenses_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/licenses_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a203984890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/licenses_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle licenses" do
+  before :each do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "with_license" do |s|
+        s.license = "MIT"
+      end
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rails"
+      gem "with_license"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "prints license information for all gems in the bundle" do
+    bundle "licenses"
+
+    expect(out).to include("bundler: MIT")
+    expect(out).to include("with_license: MIT")
+  end
+
+  it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rails"
+      gem "with_license"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+    bundle :licenses
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/list_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/list_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66930ded75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/list_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle list" do
+  context "with name-only and paths option" do
+    it "raises an error" do
+      bundle "list --name-only --paths", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to eq "The `--name-only` and `--paths` options cannot be used together"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with without-group and only-group option" do
+    it "raises an error" do
+      bundle "list --without-group dev --only-group test", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to eq "The `--only-group` and `--without-group` options cannot be used together"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with without-group option" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rspec", :group => [:test]
+        gem "rails", :group => [:production]
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "when group is present" do
+      it "prints the gems not in the specified group" do
+        bundle "list --without-group test"
+
+        expect(out).to include("  * rack (1.0.0)")
+        expect(out).to include("  * rails (2.3.2)")
+        expect(out).not_to include("  * rspec (1.2.7)")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when group is not found" do
+      it "raises an error" do
+        bundle "list --without-group random", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to eq "`random` group could not be found."
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when multiple groups" do
+      it "prints the gems not in the specified groups" do
+        bundle "list --without-group test production"
+
+        expect(out).to include("  * rack (1.0.0)")
+        expect(out).not_to include("  * rails (2.3.2)")
+        expect(out).not_to include("  * rspec (1.2.7)")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with only-group option" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rspec", :group => [:test]
+        gem "rails", :group => [:production]
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "when group is present" do
+      it "prints the gems in the specified group" do
+        bundle "list --only-group default"
+
+        expect(out).to include("  * rack (1.0.0)")
+        expect(out).not_to include("  * rspec (1.2.7)")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when group is not found" do
+      it "raises an error" do
+        bundle "list --only-group random", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to eq "`random` group could not be found."
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when multiple groups" do
+      it "prints the gems in the specified groups" do
+        bundle "list --only-group default production"
+
+        expect(out).to include("  * rack (1.0.0)")
+        expect(out).to include("  * rails (2.3.2)")
+        expect(out).not_to include("  * rspec (1.2.7)")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with name-only option" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rspec", :group => [:test]
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "prints only the name of the gems in the bundle" do
+      bundle "list --name-only"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack")
+      expect(out).to include("rspec")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with paths option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "bar"
+      end
+
+      build_git "git_test", "1.0.0", :path => lib_path("git_test")
+
+      build_lib("gemspec_test", :path => tmp.join("gemspec_test")) do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bar", "=1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rails"
+        gem "git_test", :git => "#{lib_path("git_test")}"
+        gemspec :path => "#{tmp.join("gemspec_test")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "prints the path of each gem in the bundle" do
+      bundle "list --paths"
+      expect(out).to match(%r{.*\/rails\-2\.3\.2})
+      expect(out).to match(%r{.*\/rack\-1\.2})
+      expect(out).to match(%r{.*\/git_test\-\w})
+      expect(out).to match(%r{.*\/gemspec_test})
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when no gems are in the gemfile" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "prints message saying no gems are in the bundle" do
+      bundle "list"
+      expect(out).to include("No gems in the Gemfile")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "without options" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rspec", :group => [:test]
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "lists gems installed in the bundle" do
+      bundle "list"
+      expect(out).to include("  * rack (1.0.0)")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when using the ls alias" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rspec", :group => [:test]
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "runs the list command" do
+      bundle "ls"
+      expect(out).to include("Gems included by the bundle")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/lock_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/lock_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22709f4528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/lock_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle lock" do
+  def strip_lockfile(lockfile)
+    strip_whitespace(lockfile).sub(/\n\Z/, "")
+  end
+
+  def read_lockfile(file = "Gemfile.lock")
+    strip_lockfile bundled_app(file).read
+  end
+
+  let(:repo) { gem_repo1 }
+
+  before :each do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(repo)}"
+      gem "rails"
+      gem "weakling"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    @lockfile = strip_lockfile(<<-L)
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(repo)}/
+        specs:
+          actionmailer (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          actionpack (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          activerecord (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          activeresource (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          activesupport (2.3.2)
+          foo (1.0)
+          rails (2.3.2)
+            actionmailer (= 2.3.2)
+            actionpack (= 2.3.2)
+            activerecord (= 2.3.2)
+            activeresource (= 2.3.2)
+            rake (= 13.0.1)
+          rake (13.0.1)
+          weakling (0.0.3)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo
+        rails
+        weakling
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+  end
+
+  it "prints a lockfile when there is no existing lockfile with --print" do
+    bundle "lock --print"
+
+    expect(out).to eq(@lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "prints a lockfile when there is an existing lockfile with --print" do
+    lockfile @lockfile
+
+    bundle "lock --print"
+
+    expect(out).to eq(@lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "writes a lockfile when there is no existing lockfile" do
+    bundle "lock"
+
+    expect(read_lockfile).to eq(@lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "writes a lockfile when there is an outdated lockfile using --update" do
+    lockfile @lockfile.gsub("2.3.2", "2.3.1")
+
+    bundle "lock --update"
+
+    expect(read_lockfile).to eq(@lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "does not fetch remote specs when using the --local option" do
+    bundle "lock --update --local", :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(err).to match(/locally installed gems/)
+  end
+
+  it "works with --gemfile flag" do
+    create_file "CustomGemfile", <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(repo)}"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+    lockfile = strip_lockfile(<<-L)
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(repo)}/
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+    bundle "lock --gemfile CustomGemfile"
+
+    expect(out).to match(/Writing lockfile to.+CustomGemfile\.lock/)
+    expect(read_lockfile("CustomGemfile.lock")).to eq(lockfile)
+    expect { read_lockfile }.to raise_error(Errno::ENOENT)
+  end
+
+  it "writes to a custom location using --lockfile" do
+    bundle "lock --lockfile=lock"
+
+    expect(out).to match(/Writing lockfile to.+lock/)
+    expect(read_lockfile("lock")).to eq(@lockfile)
+    expect { read_lockfile }.to raise_error(Errno::ENOENT)
+  end
+
+  it "writes to custom location using --lockfile when a default lockfile is present" do
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle "lock --lockfile=lock"
+
+    expect(out).to match(/Writing lockfile to.+lock/)
+    expect(read_lockfile("lock")).to eq(@lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "update specific gems using --update" do
+    lockfile @lockfile.gsub("2.3.2", "2.3.1").gsub("13.0.1", "10.0.1")
+
+    bundle "lock --update rails rake"
+
+    expect(read_lockfile).to eq(@lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "errors when updating a missing specific gems using --update" do
+    lockfile @lockfile
+
+    bundle "lock --update blahblah", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to eq("Could not find gem 'blahblah'.")
+
+    expect(read_lockfile).to eq(@lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "can lock without downloading gems" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "rack_middleware", :group => "test"
+    G
+    bundle "config set without test"
+    bundle "config set path .bundle"
+    bundle "lock"
+    expect(bundled_app(".bundle")).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  # see update_spec for more coverage on same options. logic is shared so it's not necessary
+  # to repeat coverage here.
+  context "conservative updates" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "foo", %w[1.4.3 1.4.4] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "foo", %w[1.4.5 1.5.0] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.1"
+        end
+        build_gem "foo", %w[1.5.1] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 3.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "bar", %w[2.0.3 2.0.4 2.0.5 2.1.0 2.1.1 3.0.0]
+        build_gem "qux", %w[1.0.0 1.0.1 1.1.0 2.0.0]
+      end
+
+      # establish a lockfile set to 1.4.3
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'foo', '1.4.3'
+        gem 'bar', '2.0.3'
+        gem 'qux', '1.0.0'
+      G
+
+      # remove 1.4.3 requirement and bar altogether
+      # to setup update specs below
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'foo'
+        gem 'qux'
+      G
+
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    end
+
+    it "single gem updates dependent gem to minor" do
+      bundle "lock --update foo --patch"
+
+      expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.specs.map(&:full_name)).to eq(%w[foo-1.4.5 bar-2.1.1 qux-1.0.0].sort)
+    end
+
+    it "minor preferred with strict" do
+      bundle "lock --update --minor --strict"
+
+      expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.specs.map(&:full_name)).to eq(%w[foo-1.5.0 bar-2.1.1 qux-1.1.0].sort)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "supports adding new platforms" do
+    bundle "lock --add-platform java x86-mingw32"
+
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    lockfile = Bundler::LockfileParser.new(read_lockfile)
+    expect(lockfile.platforms).to match_array(local_platforms.unshift(java, mingw).uniq)
+  end
+
+  it "supports adding new platforms with force_ruby_platform = true" do
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          platform_specific (1.0)
+          platform_specific (1.0-x86-linux)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+        x86-linux
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        platform_specific
+    L
+
+    bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+    bundle "lock --add-platform java x86-mingw32"
+
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    lockfile = Bundler::LockfileParser.new(read_lockfile)
+    expect(lockfile.platforms).to contain_exactly(rb, linux, java, mingw)
+  end
+
+  it "supports adding the `ruby` platform" do
+    bundle "lock --add-platform ruby"
+
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    lockfile = Bundler::LockfileParser.new(read_lockfile)
+    expect(lockfile.platforms).to match_array(local_platforms.unshift("ruby").uniq)
+  end
+
+  it "warns when adding an unknown platform" do
+    bundle "lock --add-platform foobarbaz"
+    expect(err).to include("The platform `foobarbaz` is unknown to RubyGems and adding it will likely lead to resolution errors")
+  end
+
+  it "allows removing platforms" do
+    bundle "lock --add-platform java x86-mingw32"
+
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    lockfile = Bundler::LockfileParser.new(read_lockfile)
+    expect(lockfile.platforms).to match_array(local_platforms.unshift(java, mingw).uniq)
+
+    bundle "lock --remove-platform java"
+
+    lockfile = Bundler::LockfileParser.new(read_lockfile)
+    expect(lockfile.platforms).to match_array(local_platforms.unshift(mingw).uniq)
+  end
+
+  it "errors when removing all platforms" do
+    bundle "lock --remove-platform #{local_platforms.join(" ")}", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("Removing all platforms from the bundle is not allowed")
+  end
+
+  # from https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/4896
+  it "properly adds platforms when platform requirements come from different dependencies" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "ffi", "1.9.14"
+      build_gem "ffi", "1.9.14" do |s|
+        s.platform = mingw
+      end
+
+      build_gem "gssapi", "0.1"
+      build_gem "gssapi", "0.2"
+      build_gem "gssapi", "0.3"
+      build_gem "gssapi", "1.2.0" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "ffi", ">= 1.0.1"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "mixlib-shellout", "2.2.6"
+      build_gem "mixlib-shellout", "2.2.6" do |s|
+        s.platform = "universal-mingw32"
+        s.add_dependency "win32-process", "~> 0.8.2"
+      end
+
+      # we need all these versions to get the sorting the same as it would be
+      # pulling from rubygems.org
+      %w[0.8.3 0.8.2 0.8.1 0.8.0].each do |v|
+        build_gem "win32-process", v do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "ffi", ">= 1.0.0"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+      gem "mixlib-shellout"
+      gem "gssapi"
+    G
+
+    simulate_platform(mingw) { bundle :lock }
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          ffi (1.9.14-x86-mingw32)
+          gssapi (1.2.0)
+            ffi (>= 1.0.1)
+          mixlib-shellout (2.2.6-universal-mingw32)
+            win32-process (~> 0.8.2)
+          win32-process (0.8.3)
+            ffi (>= 1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        x86-mingw32
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        gssapi
+        mixlib-shellout
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+
+    simulate_platform(rb) { bundle :lock }
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          ffi (1.9.14)
+          ffi (1.9.14-x86-mingw32)
+          gssapi (1.2.0)
+            ffi (>= 1.0.1)
+          mixlib-shellout (2.2.6)
+          mixlib-shellout (2.2.6-universal-mingw32)
+            win32-process (~> 0.8.2)
+          win32-process (0.8.3)
+            ffi (>= 1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+        x86-mingw32
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        gssapi
+        mixlib-shellout
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't crash when an update candidate doesn't have any matching platform" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "libv8", "8.4.255.0"
+      build_gem "libv8", "8.4.255.0" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x86_64-darwin-19"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "libv8", "15.0.71.48.1beta2" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x86_64-linux"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+      gem "libv8"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          libv8 (8.4.255.0)
+          libv8 (8.4.255.0-x86_64-darwin-19)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+        x86_64-darwin-19
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        libv8
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+
+    simulate_platform(Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-darwin-19")) { bundle "lock --update" }
+
+    expect(out).to match(/Writing lockfile to.+Gemfile\.lock/)
+  end
+
+  it "adds all more specific candidates when they all have the same dependencies" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "libv8", "8.4.255.0" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x86_64-darwin-19"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "libv8", "8.4.255.0" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x86_64-darwin-20"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+      gem "libv8"
+    G
+
+    simulate_platform(Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-darwin")) { bundle "lock" }
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          libv8 (8.4.255.0-x86_64-darwin-19)
+          libv8 (8.4.255.0-x86_64-darwin-20)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        x86_64-darwin
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        libv8
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "respects the previous lockfile if it had a matching less specific platform already locked, and installs the best variant for each platform" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "libv8", "8.4.255.0" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x86_64-darwin-19"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "libv8", "8.4.255.0" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x86_64-darwin-20"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+      gem "libv8"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          libv8 (8.4.255.0-x86_64-darwin-19)
+          libv8 (8.4.255.0-x86_64-darwin-20)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        x86_64-darwin
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        libv8
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+
+    previous_lockfile = lockfile
+
+    %w[x86_64-darwin-19 x86_64-darwin-20].each do |platform|
+      simulate_platform(Gem::Platform.new(platform)) do
+        bundle "lock"
+        expect(lockfile).to eq(previous_lockfile)
+
+        bundle "install"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("libv8 8.4.255.0 #{platform}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "does not conflict on ruby requirements when adding new platforms" do
+    next_minor = Gem.ruby_version.segments[0..1].map.with_index {|s, i| i == 1 ? s + 1 : s }.join(".")
+
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "raygun-apm", "1.0.78" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x86_64-linux"
+        s.required_ruby_version = "< #{next_minor}.dev"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "raygun-apm", "1.0.78" do |s|
+        s.platform = "universal-darwin"
+        s.required_ruby_version = "< #{next_minor}.dev"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "raygun-apm", "1.0.78" do |s|
+        s.platform = "x64-mingw32"
+        s.required_ruby_version = "< #{next_minor}.dev"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://localgemserver.test"
+
+      gem "raygun-apm"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: https://localgemserver.test/
+        specs:
+          raygun-apm (1.0.78-universal-darwin)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        x86_64-darwin-19
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        raygun-apm
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle "lock --add-platform x86_64-linux", :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo4.to_s }
+  end
+
+  context "when an update is available" do
+    let(:repo) { gem_repo2 }
+
+    before do
+      lockfile(@lockfile)
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "foo", "2.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "does not implicitly update" do
+      bundle "lock"
+
+      expect(read_lockfile).to eq(@lockfile)
+    end
+
+    it "accounts for changes in the gemfile" do
+      gemfile gemfile.gsub('"foo"', '"foo", "2.0"')
+      bundle "lock"
+
+      expect(read_lockfile).to eq(@lockfile.sub("foo (1.0)", "foo (2.0)").sub(/foo$/, "foo (= 2.0)"))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/newgem_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/newgem_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db5228ebc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/newgem_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1509 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle gem" do
+  def gem_skeleton_assertions
+    expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/#{gem_name}.gemspec")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Rakefile")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}.rb")).to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}/version.rb")).to exist
+  end
+
+  def bundle_exec_rubocop
+    prepare_gemspec(bundled_app(gem_name, "#{gem_name}.gemspec"))
+    bundle "config set path #{rubocop_gems}", :dir => bundled_app(gem_name)
+    bundle "exec rubocop --debug --config .rubocop.yml", :dir => bundled_app(gem_name)
+  end
+
+  def bundle_exec_standardrb
+    prepare_gemspec(bundled_app(gem_name, "#{gem_name}.gemspec"))
+    bundle "config set path #{standard_gems}", :dir => bundled_app(gem_name)
+    bundle "exec standardrb --debug", :dir => bundled_app(gem_name)
+  end
+
+  let(:generated_gemspec) { Bundler.load_gemspec_uncached(bundled_app(gem_name).join("#{gem_name}.gemspec")) }
+
+  let(:gem_name) { "mygem" }
+
+  let(:require_path) { "mygem" }
+
+  before do
+    sys_exec("git config --global user.name 'Bundler User'")
+    sys_exec("git config --global user.email user@example.com")
+    sys_exec("git config --global github.user bundleuser")
+  end
+
+  describe "git repo initialization" do
+    it "generates a gem skeleton with a .git folder", :readline do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.git")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "generates a gem skeleton with a .git folder when passing --git", :readline do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --git"
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.git")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "generates a gem skeleton without a .git folder when passing --no-git", :readline do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --no-git"
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.git")).not_to exist
+    end
+
+    context "on a path with spaces" do
+      before do
+        Dir.mkdir(bundled_app("path with spaces"))
+      end
+
+      it "properly initializes git repo", :readline do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}", :dir => bundled_app("path with spaces")
+        expect(bundled_app("path with spaces/#{gem_name}/.git")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--mit flag" do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --mit"
+    end
+    it "generates a gem skeleton with MIT license" do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/LICENSE.txt")).to exist
+      expect(generated_gemspec.license).to eq("MIT")
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--no-mit flag" do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --no-mit"
+    end
+    it "generates a gem skeleton without MIT license" do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/LICENSE.txt")).to_not exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--coc flag" do
+    it "generates a gem skeleton with MIT license" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --coc"
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "generates the README with a section for the Code of Conduct" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --coc"
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("## Code of Conduct")
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to match(%r{https://github\.com/bundleuser/#{gem_name}/blob/.*/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md})
+    end
+
+    it "generates the README with a section for the Code of Conduct, respecting the configured git default branch", :git => ">= 2.28.0" do
+      sys_exec("git config --global init.defaultBranch main")
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --coc"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("## Code of Conduct")
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("https://github.com/bundleuser/#{gem_name}/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md")
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--no-coc flag" do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --no-coc"
+    end
+    it "generates a gem skeleton without Code of Conduct" do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md")).to_not exist
+    end
+
+    it "generates the README without a section for the Code of Conduct" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).not_to include("## Code of Conduct")
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).not_to match(%r{https://github\.com/bundleuser/#{gem_name}/blob/.*/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md})
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--changelog flag" do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --changelog"
+    end
+    it "generates a gem skeleton with a CHANGELOG", :readline do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/CHANGELOG.md")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--no-changelog flag" do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --no-changelog"
+    end
+    it "generates a gem skeleton without a CHANGELOG", :readline do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/CHANGELOG.md")).to_not exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--rubocop flag" do
+    context "is deprecated", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --rubocop"
+      end
+
+      it "generates a gem skeleton with rubocop" do
+        gem_skeleton_assertions
+        expect(bundled_app("test-gem/Rakefile")).to read_as(
+          include("# frozen_string_literal: true").
+          and(include('require "rubocop/rake_task"').
+          and(include("RuboCop::RakeTask.new").
+          and(match(/default:.+:rubocop/))))
+        )
+      end
+
+      it "includes rubocop in generated Gemfile" do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+        builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+        builder.dependencies
+        rubocop_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "rubocop" }
+        expect(rubocop_dep).not_to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it "generates a default .rubocop.yml" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--no-rubocop flag" do
+    context "is deprecated", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      define_negated_matcher :exclude, :include
+
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --no-rubocop"
+      end
+
+      it "generates a gem skeleton without rubocop" do
+        gem_skeleton_assertions
+        expect(bundled_app("test-gem/Rakefile")).to read_as(exclude("rubocop"))
+        expect(bundled_app("test-gem/#{gem_name}.gemspec")).to read_as(exclude("rubocop"))
+      end
+
+      it "does not include rubocop in generated Gemfile" do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+        builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+        builder.dependencies
+        rubocop_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "rubocop" }
+        expect(rubocop_dep).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it "doesn't generate a default .rubocop.yml" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--linter=rubocop flag" do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter=rubocop"
+    end
+
+    it "generates a gem skeleton with rubocop" do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("test-gem/Rakefile")).to read_as(
+        include("# frozen_string_literal: true").
+        and(include('require "rubocop/rake_task"').
+        and(include("RuboCop::RakeTask.new").
+        and(match(/default:.+:rubocop/))))
+      )
+    end
+
+    it "includes rubocop in generated Gemfile" do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+      builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+      builder.dependencies
+      rubocop_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "rubocop" }
+      expect(rubocop_dep).not_to be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "generates a default .rubocop.yml" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--linter=standard flag" do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter=standard"
+    end
+
+    it "generates a gem skeleton with standard" do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("test-gem/Rakefile")).to read_as(
+        include('require "standard/rake"').
+        and(match(/default:.+:standard/))
+      )
+    end
+
+    it "includes standard in generated Gemfile" do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+      builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+      builder.dependencies
+      standard_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "standard" }
+      expect(standard_dep).not_to be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "generates a default .standard.yml" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.standard.yml")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--linter=none flag" do
+    define_negated_matcher :exclude, :include
+
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter=none"
+    end
+
+    it "generates a gem skeleton without rubocop" do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+      expect(bundled_app("test-gem/Rakefile")).to read_as(exclude("rubocop"))
+      expect(bundled_app("test-gem/#{gem_name}.gemspec")).to read_as(exclude("rubocop"))
+    end
+
+    it "does not include rubocop in generated Gemfile" do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+      builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+      builder.dependencies
+      rubocop_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "rubocop" }
+      expect(rubocop_dep).to be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "does not include standard in generated Gemfile" do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+      builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+      builder.dependencies
+      standard_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "standard" }
+      expect(standard_dep).to be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't generate a default .rubocop.yml" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to_not exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't generate a default .standard.yml" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.standard.yml")).to_not exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "has no rubocop offenses when using --linter=rubocop flag", :readline do
+    skip "ruby_core has an 'ast.rb' file that gets in the middle and breaks this spec" if ruby_core?
+    bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter=rubocop"
+    bundle_exec_rubocop
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+  end
+
+  it "has no rubocop offenses when using --ext and --linter=rubocop flag", :readline do
+    skip "ruby_core has an 'ast.rb' file that gets in the middle and breaks this spec" if ruby_core?
+    bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ext --linter=rubocop"
+    bundle_exec_rubocop
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+  end
+
+  it "has no rubocop offenses when using --ext, --test=minitest, and --linter=rubocop flag", :readline do
+    skip "ruby_core has an 'ast.rb' file that gets in the middle and breaks this spec" if ruby_core?
+    bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ext --test=minitest --linter=rubocop"
+    bundle_exec_rubocop
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+  end
+
+  it "has no rubocop offenses when using --ext, --test=rspec, and --linter=rubocop flag", :readline do
+    skip "ruby_core has an 'ast.rb' file that gets in the middle and breaks this spec" if ruby_core?
+    bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ext --test=rspec --linter=rubocop"
+    bundle_exec_rubocop
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+  end
+
+  it "has no rubocop offenses when using --ext, --ext=test-unit, and --linter=rubocop flag", :readline do
+    skip "ruby_core has an 'ast.rb' file that gets in the middle and breaks this spec" if ruby_core?
+    bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ext --test=test-unit --linter=rubocop"
+    bundle_exec_rubocop
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+  end
+
+  it "has no standard offenses when using --linter=standard flag", :readline do
+    skip "ruby_core has an 'ast.rb' file that gets in the middle and breaks this spec" if ruby_core?
+    bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter=standard"
+    bundle_exec_standardrb
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "CI config is absent" do
+    it "does not create any CI files" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.github/workflows/main.yml")).to_not exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.travis.yml")).to_not exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.gitlab-ci.yml")).to_not exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.circleci/config.yml")).to_not exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "test framework is absent" do
+    it "does not create any test framework files" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rspec")).to_not exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/#{require_path}_spec.rb")).to_not exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/spec_helper.rb")).to_not exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}.rb")).to_not exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/test_helper.rb")).to_not exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "README.md", :readline do
+    context "git config github.user present" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "contribute URL set to git username" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).not_to include("[USERNAME]")
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("github.com/bundleuser")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "git config github.user is absent" do
+      before do
+        sys_exec("git config --global --unset github.user")
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "contribute URL set to [USERNAME]" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("[USERNAME]")
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).not_to include("github.com/bundleuser")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "creates a new git repository", :readline do
+    bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+    expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.git")).to exist
+  end
+
+  context "when git is not available", :readline do
+    # This spec cannot have `git` available in the test env
+    before do
+      load_paths = [lib_dir, spec_dir]
+      load_path_str = "-I#{load_paths.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)}"
+
+      sys_exec "#{Gem.ruby} #{load_path_str} #{bindir.join("bundle")} gem #{gem_name}", :env => { "PATH" => "" }
+    end
+
+    it "creates the gem without the need for git" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't create a git repo" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.git")).to_not exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't create a .gitignore file" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.gitignore")).to_not exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "generates a valid gemspec", :readline, :ruby_repo do
+    bundle "gem newgem --bin"
+
+    prepare_gemspec(bundled_app("newgem", "newgem.gemspec"))
+
+    gems = ["rake-13.0.1"]
+    path = Bundler.feature_flag.default_install_uses_path? ? local_gem_path(:base => bundled_app("newgem")) : system_gem_path
+    system_gems gems, :path => path
+    bundle "exec rake build", :dir => bundled_app("newgem")
+
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include("ERROR")
+  end
+
+  context "gem naming with relative paths", :readline do
+    it "resolves ." do
+      create_temporary_dir("tmp")
+
+      bundle "gem .", :dir => bundled_app("tmp")
+
+      expect(bundled_app("tmp/lib/tmp.rb")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "resolves .." do
+      create_temporary_dir("temp/empty_dir")
+
+      bundle "gem ..", :dir => bundled_app("temp/empty_dir")
+
+      expect(bundled_app("temp/lib/temp.rb")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "resolves relative directory" do
+      create_temporary_dir("tmp/empty/tmp")
+
+      bundle "gem ../../empty", :dir => bundled_app("tmp/empty/tmp")
+
+      expect(bundled_app("tmp/empty/lib/empty.rb")).to exist
+    end
+
+    def create_temporary_dir(dir)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundled_app(dir))
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "--github-username option" do |github_username|
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name} --github-username=#{github_username}"
+    end
+
+    it "generates a gem skeleton" do
+      gem_skeleton_assertions
+    end
+
+    it "contribute URL set to given github username" do
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).not_to include("[USERNAME]")
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("github.com/#{github_username}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "github_username configuration" do
+    context "with github_username setting set to some value" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME" => "different_username"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "generates a gem skeleton" do
+        gem_skeleton_assertions
+      end
+
+      it "contribute URL set to bundle config setting" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).not_to include("[USERNAME]")
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("github.com/different_username")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with github_username setting set to false" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME" => "false"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "generates a gem skeleton" do
+        gem_skeleton_assertions
+      end
+
+      it "contribute URL set to [USERNAME]" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).to include("[USERNAME]")
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/README.md").read).not_to include("github.com/bundleuser")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "generating a gem" do
+    it "generates a gem skeleton" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/#{gem_name}.gemspec")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Rakefile")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}.rb")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}/version.rb")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/sig/#{require_path}.rbs")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.gitignore")).to exist
+
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/bin/setup")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/bin/console")).to exist
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/bin/setup")).to be_executable
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/bin/console")).to be_executable
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/bin/setup").read).to start_with("#!")
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/bin/console").read).to start_with("#!")
+    end
+
+    it "starts with version 0.1.0" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}/version.rb").read).to match(/VERSION = "0.1.0"/)
+    end
+
+    it "declare String type for VERSION constant" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/sig/#{require_path}.rbs").read).to match(/VERSION: String/)
+    end
+
+    context "git config user.{name,email} is set" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "sets gemspec author to git user.name if available" do
+        expect(generated_gemspec.authors.first).to eq("Bundler User")
+      end
+
+      it "sets gemspec email to git user.email if available" do
+        expect(generated_gemspec.email.first).to eq("user@example.com")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "git config user.{name,email} is not set" do
+      before do
+        sys_exec("git config --global --unset user.name")
+        sys_exec("git config --global --unset user.email")
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "sets gemspec author to default message if git user.name is not set or empty" do
+        expect(generated_gemspec.authors.first).to eq("TODO: Write your name")
+      end
+
+      it "sets gemspec email to default message if git user.email is not set or empty" do
+        expect(generated_gemspec.email.first).to eq("TODO: Write your email address")
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "sets gemspec metadata['allowed_push_host']" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      expect(generated_gemspec.metadata["allowed_push_host"]).
+        to match(/example\.com/)
+    end
+
+    it "sets a minimum ruby version" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      expect(generated_gemspec.required_ruby_version.to_s).to start_with(">=")
+    end
+
+    it "requires the version file" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}.rb").read).to match(%r{require_relative "#{require_relative_path}/version"})
+    end
+
+    it "creates a base error class" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}.rb").read).to match(/class Error < StandardError; end$/)
+    end
+
+    it "does not include the gemspec file in files" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      bundler_gemspec = Bundler::GemHelper.new(gemspec_dir).gemspec
+
+      expect(bundler_gemspec.files).not_to include("#{gem_name}.gemspec")
+    end
+
+    it "runs rake without problems" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+      system_gems ["rake-13.0.1"]
+
+      rakefile = strip_whitespace <<-RAKEFILE
+        task :default do
+          puts 'SUCCESS'
+        end
+      RAKEFILE
+      File.open(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Rakefile"), "w") do |file|
+        file.puts rakefile
+      end
+
+      sys_exec(rake, :dir => bundled_app(gem_name))
+      expect(out).to include("SUCCESS")
+    end
+
+    context "--exe parameter set" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --exe"
+      end
+
+      it "builds exe skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/exe/#{gem_name}")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "requires the main file" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/exe/#{gem_name}").read).to match(/require "#{require_path}"/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--bin parameter set" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --bin"
+      end
+
+      it "builds exe skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/exe/#{gem_name}")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "requires the main file" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/exe/#{gem_name}").read).to match(/require "#{require_path}"/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "no --test parameter" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "test framework is absent"
+    end
+
+    context "--test parameter set to rspec" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --test=rspec"
+      end
+
+      it "builds spec skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rspec")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/#{require_path}_spec.rb")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/spec_helper.rb")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "depends on a specific version of rspec in generated Gemfile" do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+        builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+        builder.dependencies
+        rspec_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "rspec" }
+        expect(rspec_dep).to be_specific
+      end
+
+      it "requires the main file" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/spec_helper.rb").read).to include(%(require "#{require_path}"))
+      end
+
+      it "creates a default test which fails" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/#{require_path}_spec.rb").read).to include("expect(false).to eq(true)")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.test setting set to rspec" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.test rspec"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "builds spec skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rspec")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/#{require_path}_spec.rb")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/spec_helper.rb")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.test setting set to rspec and --test is set to minitest" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.test rspec"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --test=minitest"
+      end
+
+      it "builds spec skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}_test.rb")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/test_helper.rb")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--test parameter set to minitest" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --test=minitest"
+      end
+
+      it "depends on a specific version of minitest" do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+        builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+        builder.dependencies
+        minitest_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "minitest" }
+        expect(minitest_dep).to be_specific
+      end
+
+      it "builds spec skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}_test.rb")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/test_helper.rb")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "requires the main file" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/test_helper.rb").read).to include(%(require "#{require_path}"))
+      end
+
+      it "requires 'test_helper'" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}_test.rb").read).to include(%(require "test_helper"))
+      end
+
+      it "creates a default test which fails" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}_test.rb").read).to include("assert false")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.test setting set to minitest" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.test minitest"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "creates a default rake task to run the test suite" do
+        rakefile = strip_whitespace <<-RAKEFILE
+          # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+          require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+          require "rake/testtask"
+
+          Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
+            t.libs << "test"
+            t.libs << "lib"
+            t.test_files = FileList["test/**/*_test.rb"]
+          end
+
+          task default: :test
+        RAKEFILE
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Rakefile").read).to eq(rakefile)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--test parameter set to test-unit" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --test=test-unit"
+      end
+
+      it "depends on a specific version of test-unit" do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+        builder = Bundler::Dsl.new
+        builder.eval_gemfile(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile"))
+        builder.dependencies
+        test_unit_dep = builder.dependencies.find {|d| d.name == "test-unit" }
+        expect(test_unit_dep).to be_specific
+      end
+
+      it "builds spec skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}_test.rb")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/test_helper.rb")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "requires the main file" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/test_helper.rb").read).to include(%(require "#{require_path}"))
+      end
+
+      it "requires 'test_helper'" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}_test.rb").read).to include(%(require "test_helper"))
+      end
+
+      it "creates a default test which fails" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/test/#{require_path}_test.rb").read).to include("assert_equal(\"expected\", \"actual\")")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.test setting set to test-unit" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.test test-unit"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "creates a default rake task to run the test suite" do
+        rakefile = strip_whitespace <<-RAKEFILE
+          # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+          require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+          require "rake/testtask"
+
+          Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
+            t.libs << "test"
+            t.libs << "lib"
+            t.test_files = FileList["test/**/*_test.rb"]
+          end
+
+          task default: :test
+        RAKEFILE
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Rakefile").read).to eq(rakefile)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.test set to rspec and --test with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.test rspec"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --test"
+      end
+
+      it "builds spec skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rspec")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/#{require_path}_spec.rb")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/spec/spec_helper.rb")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "hints that --test is already configured" do
+        expect(out).to match("rspec is already configured, ignoring --test flag.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.test setting set to false and --test with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.test false"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --test"
+      end
+
+      it "asks to generate test files" do
+        expect(out).to match("Do you want to generate tests with your gem?")
+      end
+
+      it "hints that the choice will only be applied to the current gem" do
+        expect(out).to match("Your choice will only be applied to this gem.")
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "test framework is absent"
+    end
+
+    context "gem.test setting not set and --test with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --test"
+      end
+
+      it "asks to generate test files" do
+        expect(out).to match("Do you want to generate tests with your gem?")
+      end
+
+      it "hints that the choice will be applied to future bundle gem calls" do
+        hint = "Future `bundle gem` calls will use your choice. " \
+               "This setting can be changed anytime with `bundle config gem.test`."
+        expect(out).to match(hint)
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "test framework is absent"
+    end
+
+    context "--ci with no argument" do
+      it "does not generate any CI config" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.github/workflows/main.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.travis.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.gitlab-ci.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.circleci/config.yml")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--ci set to github" do
+      it "generates a GitHub Actions config file" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ci=github"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.github/workflows/main.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--ci set to gitlab" do
+      it "generates a GitLab CI config file" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ci=gitlab"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.gitlab-ci.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--ci set to circle" do
+      it "generates a CircleCI config file" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ci=circle"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.circleci/config.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--ci set to travis" do
+      it "generates a Travis CI config file" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ci=travis"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.travis.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci setting set to none" do
+      it "doesn't generate any CI config" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.github/workflows/main.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.travis.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.gitlab-ci.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.circleci/config.yml")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci setting set to github" do
+      it "generates a GitHub Actions config file" do
+        bundle "config set gem.ci github"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.github/workflows/main.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci setting set to travis" do
+      it "generates a Travis CI config file" do
+        bundle "config set gem.ci travis"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.travis.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci setting set to gitlab" do
+      it "generates a GitLab CI config file" do
+        bundle "config set gem.ci gitlab"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.gitlab-ci.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci setting set to circle" do
+      it "generates a CircleCI config file" do
+        bundle "config set gem.ci circle"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.circleci/config.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci set to github and --ci with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.ci github"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ci"
+      end
+
+      it "generates a GitHub Actions config file" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.github/workflows/main.yml")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "hints that --ci is already configured" do
+        expect(out).to match("github is already configured, ignoring --ci flag.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci setting set to false and --ci with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.ci false"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ci"
+      end
+
+      it "asks to setup CI" do
+        expect(out).to match("Do you want to set up continuous integration for your gem?")
+      end
+
+      it "hints that the choice will only be applied to the current gem" do
+        expect(out).to match("Your choice will only be applied to this gem.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.ci setting not set and --ci with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --ci"
+      end
+
+      it "asks to setup CI" do
+        expect(out).to match("Do you want to set up continuous integration for your gem?")
+      end
+
+      it "hints that the choice will be applied to future bundle gem calls" do
+        hint = "Future `bundle gem` calls will use your choice. " \
+               "This setting can be changed anytime with `bundle config gem.ci`."
+        expect(out).to match(hint)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--linter with no argument" do
+      it "does not generate any linter config" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.standard.yml")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--linter set to rubocop" do
+      it "generates a RuboCop config" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter=rubocop"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.standard.yml")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--linter set to standard" do
+      it "generates a Standard config" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter=standard"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.standard.yml")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.linter setting set to none" do
+      it "doesn't generate any linter config" do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to_not exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.standard.yml")).to_not exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.linter setting set to rubocop" do
+      it "generates a RuboCop config file" do
+        bundle "config set gem.linter rubocop"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.linter setting set to standard" do
+      it "generates a Standard config file" do
+        bundle "config set gem.linter standard"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.standard.yml")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.rubocop setting set to true", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.rubocop true"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      end
+
+      it "generates rubocop config" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "unsets gem.rubocop" do
+        bundle "config gem.rubocop"
+        expect(out).to include("You have not configured a value for `gem.rubocop`")
+      end
+
+      it "sets gem.linter=rubocop instead" do
+        bundle "config gem.linter"
+        expect(out).to match(/Set for the current user .*: "rubocop"/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.linter set to rubocop and --linter with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.linter rubocop"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter"
+      end
+
+      it "generates a RuboCop config file" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/.rubocop.yml")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "hints that --linter is already configured" do
+        expect(out).to match("rubocop is already configured, ignoring --linter flag.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.linter setting set to false and --linter with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set gem.linter false"
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter"
+      end
+
+      it "asks to setup a linter" do
+        expect(out).to match("Do you want to add a code linter and formatter to your gem?")
+      end
+
+      it "hints that the choice will only be applied to the current gem" do
+        expect(out).to match("Your choice will only be applied to this gem.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "gem.linter setting not set and --linter with no arguments", :hint_text do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem #{gem_name} --linter"
+      end
+
+      it "asks to setup a linter" do
+        expect(out).to match("Do you want to add a code linter and formatter to your gem?")
+      end
+
+      it "hints that the choice will be applied to future bundle gem calls" do
+        hint = "Future `bundle gem` calls will use your choice. " \
+               "This setting can be changed anytime with `bundle config gem.linter`."
+        expect(out).to match(hint)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "--edit option" do
+      it "opens the generated gemspec in the user's text editor" do
+        output = bundle "gem #{gem_name} --edit=echo"
+        gemspec_path = File.join(bundled_app, gem_name, "#{gem_name}.gemspec")
+        expect(output).to include("echo \"#{gemspec_path}\"")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "testing --mit and --coc options against bundle config settings", :readline do
+    let(:gem_name) { "test-gem" }
+
+    let(:require_path) { "test/gem" }
+
+    context "with mit option in bundle config settings set to true" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__MIT" => "true"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--mit flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-mit flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with mit option in bundle config settings set to false" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__MIT" => "false"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--mit flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-mit flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with coc option in bundle config settings set to true" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__COC" => "true"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--coc flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-coc flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with coc option in bundle config settings set to false" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__COC" => "false"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--coc flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-coc flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with rubocop option in bundle config settings set to true" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__RUBOCOP" => "true"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=rubocop flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=standard flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=none flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--rubocop flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-rubocop flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with rubocop option in bundle config settings set to false" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__RUBOCOP" => "false"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=rubocop flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=standard flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=none flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--rubocop flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-rubocop flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with linter option in bundle config settings set to rubocop" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "rubocop"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=rubocop flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=standard flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=none flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with linter option in bundle config settings set to standard" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "standard"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=rubocop flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=standard flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=none flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with linter option in bundle config settings set to false" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "false"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=rubocop flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=standard flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--linter=none flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with changelog option in bundle config settings set to true" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__CHANGELOG" => "true"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--changelog flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-changelog flag"
+    end
+
+    context "with changelog option in bundle config settings set to false" do
+      before do
+        global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__CHANGELOG" => "false"
+      end
+      it_behaves_like "--changelog flag"
+      it_behaves_like "--no-changelog flag"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "testing --github-username option against git and bundle config settings", :readline do
+    context "without git config set" do
+      before do
+        sys_exec("git config --global --unset github.user")
+      end
+      context "with github-username option in bundle config settings set to some value" do
+        before do
+          global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME" => "different_username"
+        end
+        it_behaves_like "--github-username option", "gh_user"
+      end
+
+      context "with github-username option in bundle config settings set to false" do
+        before do
+          global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME" => "false"
+        end
+        it_behaves_like "--github-username option", "gh_user"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with git config set" do
+      context "with github-username option in bundle config settings set to some value" do
+        before do
+          global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME" => "different_username"
+        end
+        it_behaves_like "--github-username option", "gh_user"
+      end
+
+      context "with github-username option in bundle config settings set to false" do
+        before do
+          global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__GITHUB_USERNAME" => "false"
+        end
+        it_behaves_like "--github-username option", "gh_user"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "testing github_username bundle config against git config settings", :readline do
+    context "without git config set" do
+      before do
+        sys_exec("git config --global --unset github.user")
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "github_username configuration"
+    end
+
+    context "with git config set" do
+      it_behaves_like "github_username configuration"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "gem naming with underscore", :readline do
+    let(:gem_name) { "test_gem" }
+
+    let(:require_path) { "test_gem" }
+
+    let(:require_relative_path) { "test_gem" }
+
+    let(:flags) { nil }
+
+    it "does not nest constants" do
+      bundle ["gem", gem_name, flags].compact.join(" ")
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}/version.rb").read).to match(/module TestGem/)
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}.rb").read).to match(/module TestGem/)
+    end
+
+    include_examples "generating a gem"
+
+    context "--ext parameter set" do
+      let(:flags) { "--ext" }
+
+      before do
+        bundle ["gem", gem_name, flags].compact.join(" ")
+      end
+
+      it "builds ext skeleton" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/ext/#{gem_name}/extconf.rb")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/ext/#{gem_name}/#{gem_name}.h")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/ext/#{gem_name}/#{gem_name}.c")).to exist
+      end
+
+      it "includes rake-compiler" do
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Gemfile").read).to include('gem "rake-compiler"')
+      end
+
+      it "depends on compile task for build" do
+        rakefile = strip_whitespace <<-RAKEFILE
+          # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+          require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+          require "rake/extensiontask"
+
+          task build: :compile
+
+          Rake::ExtensionTask.new("#{gem_name}") do |ext|
+            ext.lib_dir = "lib/#{gem_name}"
+          end
+
+          task default: %i[clobber compile]
+        RAKEFILE
+
+        expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/Rakefile").read).to eq(rakefile)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "gem naming with dashed", :readline do
+    let(:gem_name) { "test-gem" }
+
+    let(:require_path) { "test/gem" }
+
+    let(:require_relative_path) { "gem" }
+
+    it "nests constants so they work" do
+      bundle "gem #{gem_name}"
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}/version.rb").read).to match(/module Test\n  module Gem/)
+      expect(bundled_app("#{gem_name}/lib/#{require_path}.rb").read).to match(/module Test\n  module Gem/)
+    end
+
+    include_examples "generating a gem"
+  end
+
+  describe "uncommon gem names" do
+    it "can deal with two dashes", :readline do
+      bundle "gem a--a"
+
+      expect(bundled_app("a--a/a--a.gemspec")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "fails gracefully with a ." do
+      bundle "gem foo.gemspec", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to end_with("Invalid gem name foo.gemspec -- `Foo.gemspec` is an invalid constant name")
+    end
+
+    it "fails gracefully with a ^" do
+      bundle "gem ^", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to end_with("Invalid gem name ^ -- `^` is an invalid constant name")
+    end
+
+    it "fails gracefully with a space" do
+      bundle "gem 'foo bar'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to end_with("Invalid gem name foo bar -- `Foo bar` is an invalid constant name")
+    end
+
+    it "fails gracefully when multiple names are passed" do
+      bundle "gem foo bar baz", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to eq(<<-E.strip)
+ERROR: "bundle gem" was called with arguments ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
+Usage: "bundle gem NAME [OPTIONS]"
+      E
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#ensure_safe_gem_name", :readline do
+    before do
+      bundle "gem #{subject}", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    context "with an existing const name" do
+      subject { "gem" }
+      it { expect(err).to include("Invalid gem name #{subject}") }
+    end
+
+    context "with an existing hyphenated const name" do
+      subject { "gem-specification" }
+      it { expect(err).to include("Invalid gem name #{subject}") }
+    end
+
+    context "starting with an existing const name" do
+      subject { "gem-somenewconstantname" }
+      it { expect(err).not_to include("Invalid gem name #{subject}") }
+    end
+
+    context "ending with an existing const name" do
+      subject { "somenewconstantname-gem" }
+      it { expect(err).not_to include("Invalid gem name #{subject}") }
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "on first run", :readline do
+    it "asks about test framework" do
+      global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__MIT" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__COC" => "false"
+
+      bundle "gem foobar" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts "rspec"
+      end
+
+      expect(bundled_app("foobar/spec/spec_helper.rb")).to exist
+      rakefile = strip_whitespace <<-RAKEFILE
+        # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+        require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+        require "rspec/core/rake_task"
+
+        RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
+
+        task default: :spec
+      RAKEFILE
+
+      expect(bundled_app("foobar/Rakefile").read).to eq(rakefile)
+      expect(bundled_app("foobar/Gemfile").read).to include('gem "rspec"')
+    end
+
+    it "asks about CI service" do
+      global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__TEST" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__MIT" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__COC" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "false"
+
+      bundle "gem foobar" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts "github"
+      end
+
+      expect(bundled_app("foobar/.github/workflows/main.yml")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "asks about MIT license" do
+      global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__TEST" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__COC" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__CI" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "false"
+
+      bundle "config list"
+
+      bundle "gem foobar" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts "yes"
+      end
+
+      expect(bundled_app("foobar/LICENSE.txt")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "asks about CoC" do
+      global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__MIT" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__TEST" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__CI" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "false"
+
+      bundle "gem foobar" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts "yes"
+      end
+
+      expect(bundled_app("foobar/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "asks about CHANGELOG" do
+      global_config "BUNDLE_GEM__MIT" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__TEST" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__CI" => "false", "BUNDLE_GEM__LINTER" => "false",
+                    "BUNDLE_GEM__COC" => "false"
+
+      bundle "gem foobar" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts "yes"
+      end
+
+      expect(bundled_app("foobar/CHANGELOG.md")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "on conflicts with a previously created file", :readline do
+    it "should fail gracefully" do
+      FileUtils.touch(bundled_app("conflict-foobar"))
+      bundle "gem conflict-foobar", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to eq("Couldn't create a new gem named `conflict-foobar` because there's an existing file named `conflict-foobar`.")
+      expect(exitstatus).to eql(32)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "on conflicts with a previously created directory", :readline do
+    it "should succeed" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundled_app("conflict-foobar/Gemfile"))
+      bundle "gem conflict-foobar"
+      expect(out).to include("file_clash  conflict-foobar/Gemfile").
+        and include "Initializing git repo in #{bundled_app("conflict-foobar")}"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/open_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/open_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53dc35c2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/open_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle open" do
+  context "when opening a regular gem" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "opens the gem with BUNDLER_EDITOR as highest priority" do
+      bundle "open rails", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "echo visual", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "echo bundler_editor" }
+      expect(out).to include("bundler_editor #{default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2")}")
+    end
+
+    it "opens the gem with VISUAL as 2nd highest priority" do
+      bundle "open rails", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "echo visual", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }
+      expect(out).to include("visual #{default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2")}")
+    end
+
+    it "opens the gem with EDITOR as 3rd highest priority" do
+      bundle "open rails", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }
+      expect(out).to include("editor #{default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2")}")
+    end
+
+    it "complains if no EDITOR is set" do
+      bundle "open rails", :env => { "EDITOR" => "", "VISUAL" => "", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }
+      expect(out).to eq("To open a bundled gem, set $EDITOR or $BUNDLER_EDITOR")
+    end
+
+    it "complains if gem not in bundle" do
+      bundle "open missing", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/could not find gem 'missing'/i)
+    end
+
+    it "does not blow up if the gem to open does not have a Gemfile" do
+      git = build_git "foo"
+      ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'foo', :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "open foo", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }
+      expect(out).to match("editor #{default_bundle_path.join("bundler/gems/foo-1.0-#{ref}")}")
+    end
+
+    it "suggests alternatives for similar-sounding gems" do
+      bundle "open Rails", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/did you mean rails\?/i)
+    end
+
+    it "opens the gem with short words" do
+      bundle "open rec", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "echo visual", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "echo bundler_editor" }
+
+      expect(out).to include("bundler_editor #{default_bundle_path("gems", "activerecord-2.3.2")}")
+    end
+
+    it "select the gem from many match gems", :readline do
+      env = { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "echo visual", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "echo bundler_editor" }
+      bundle "open active", :env => env do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts "2"
+      end
+
+      expect(out).to match(/bundler_editor #{default_bundle_path('gems', 'activerecord-2.3.2')}\z/)
+    end
+
+    it "allows selecting exit from many match gems", :readline do
+      env = { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "echo visual", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "echo bundler_editor" }
+      bundle "open active", :env => env do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts "0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+      bundle "open rails", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }
+      expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "opens the editor with a clean env" do
+      bundle "open", :env => { "EDITOR" => "sh -c 'env'", "VISUAL" => "", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(out).not_to include("BUNDLE_GEMFILE=")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when opening a default gem" do
+    let(:default_gems) do
+      ruby(<<-RUBY).split("\n")
+        if Gem::Specification.is_a?(Enumerable)
+          puts Gem::Specification.select(&:default_gem?).map(&:name)
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    before do
+      skip "No default gems available on this test run" if default_gems.empty?
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "json"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "throws proper error when trying to open default gem" do
+      bundle "open json", :env => { "EDITOR" => "echo editor", "VISUAL" => "echo visual", "BUNDLER_EDITOR" => "echo bundler_editor" }
+      expect(out).to include("Unable to open json because it's a default gem, so the directory it would normally be installed to does not exist.")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/outdated_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/outdated_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..731d67af1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/outdated_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1344 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle outdated" do
+  describe "with no arguments" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "returns a sorted list of outdated gems" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.2"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        update_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.gsub("x", "\\\h").tr(".", "\.").strip
+        Gem            Current      Latest       Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.5        3.0          = 2.3.5    default
+        foo            1.0 xxxxxxx  1.0 xxxxxxx  >= 0       default
+        weakling       0.0.3        0.2          ~> 0.0.1   default
+        zebra          1.0 xxxxxxx  1.0 xxxxxxx  >= 0       default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to match(Regexp.new(expected_output))
+    end
+
+    it "excludes header row from the sorting" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "AAA", %w[1.0.0 2.0.0]
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "AAA", "1.0.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE
+        Gem  Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        AAA  1.0.0    2.0.0   = 1.0.0    default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to include(expected_output.strip)
+    end
+
+    it "returns non zero exit status if outdated gems present" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(exitstatus).to_not be_zero
+    end
+
+    it "returns success exit status if no outdated gems present" do
+      bundle "outdated"
+    end
+
+    it "adds gem group to dependency output when repo is updated" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+
+        group :development, :test do
+          gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+        end
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "activesupport", "3.0" }
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "terranova", "9" }
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem            Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.5    3.0     = 2.3.5    development, test
+        terranova      8        9       = 8        default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --verbose option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "shows the location of the latest version's gemspec if installed" do
+      bundle "config set clean false"
+
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "activesupport", "3.0" }
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "terranova", "9" }
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "terranova", '9'
+        gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+        gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated --verbose", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem            Current  Latest  Requested  Groups   Path
+        activesupport  2.3.5    3.0     = 2.3.5    default
+        terranova      8        9       = 8        default  #{default_bundle_path("specifications/terranova-9.gemspec")}
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with multiple, duplicated sources, with lockfile in old format", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "dotenv", "2.7.6"
+
+        build_gem "oj", "3.11.3"
+        build_gem "oj", "3.11.5"
+
+        build_gem "vcr", "6.0.0"
+      end
+
+      build_repo gem_repo3 do
+        build_gem "pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep", "1.0.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "oj"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+        gem "dotenv"
+
+        source "https://gem.repo3" do
+          gem 'pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep'
+        end
+
+        gem "vcr",source: "https://gem.repo2"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: https://gem.repo2/
+          remote: https://gem.repo3/
+          specs:
+            dotenv (2.7.6)
+            oj (3.11.3)
+            pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep (1.0.0)
+              oj
+            vcr (6.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          dotenv
+          pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep!
+          vcr!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "works" do
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+      bundle :outdated, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE
+        Gem  Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        oj   3.11.3   3.11.5
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to include(expected_output.strip)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --group option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+        group :development, :test do
+          gem "duradura", '7.0'
+          gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    def test_group_option(group)
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        build_gem "terranova", "9"
+        build_gem "duradura", "8.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "outdated --group #{group}", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "works when the bundle is up to date" do
+      bundle "outdated --group"
+      expect(out).to end_with("Bundle up to date!")
+    end
+
+    it "returns a sorted list of outdated gems from one group => 'default'" do
+      test_group_option("default")
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem        Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        terranova  8        9       = 8        default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+
+    it "returns a sorted list of outdated gems from one group => 'development'" do
+      test_group_option("development")
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem            Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.5    3.0     = 2.3.5    development, test
+        duradura       7.0      8.0     = 7.0      development, test
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+
+    it "returns a sorted list of outdated gems from one group => 'test'" do
+      test_group_option("test")
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem            Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.5    3.0     = 2.3.5    development, test
+        duradura       7.0      8.0     = 7.0      development, test
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --groups option and outdated transitive dependencies" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+
+        build_gem "bar", %w[2.0.0]
+
+        build_gem "bar_dependant", "7.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "bar_dependant", '7.0'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "bar", %w[3.0.0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "returns a sorted list of outdated gems" do
+      bundle "outdated --groups", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem  Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        bar  2.0.0    3.0.0
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --groups option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+        group :development, :test do
+          gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+          gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "not outdated gems" do
+      bundle "outdated --groups"
+      expect(out).to end_with("Bundle up to date!")
+    end
+
+    it "returns a sorted list of outdated gems by groups" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        build_gem "terranova", "9"
+        build_gem "duradura", "8.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "outdated --groups", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem            Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.5    3.0     = 2.3.5    development, test
+        duradura       7.0      8.0     = 7.0      development, test
+        terranova      8        9       = 8        default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --local option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+        group :development, :test do
+          gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+          gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "uses local cache to return a list of outdated gems" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "2.3.4"
+      end
+
+      bundle "config set clean false"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.4"
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated --local", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem            Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.4    2.3.5   = 2.3.4    default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't hit repo2" do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(gem_repo2)
+
+      bundle "outdated --local"
+      expect(out).not_to match(/Fetching (gem|version|dependency) metadata from/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "a minimal output is desired" do
+    context "and gems are outdated" do
+      before do
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+          build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+
+          build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+          build_gem "weakling", "0.2"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+          gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+          gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+          gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+          gem "duradura", '7.0'
+          gem "terranova", '8'
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "outputs a sorted list of outdated gems with a more minimal format" do
+        minimal_output = "activesupport (newest 3.0, installed 2.3.5, requested = 2.3.5)\n" \
+                         "weakling (newest 0.2, installed 0.0.3, requested ~> 0.0.1)"
+        subject
+        expect(out).to eq(minimal_output)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "and no gems are outdated" do
+      it "has empty output" do
+        subject
+        expect(out).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --parseable option" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --parseable", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "a minimal output is desired"
+  end
+
+  describe "with aliased --porcelain option" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --porcelain", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "a minimal output is desired"
+  end
+
+  describe "with specified gems" do
+    it "returns list of outdated gems" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      bundle "outdated foo", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.gsub("x", "\\\h").tr(".", "\.").strip
+        Gem  Current      Latest       Requested  Groups
+        foo  1.0 xxxxxxx  1.0 xxxxxxx  >= 0       default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to match(Regexp.new(expected_output))
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "pre-release gems" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "without the --pre option" do
+      it "ignores pre-release versions" do
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", "3.0.0.beta"
+        end
+
+        bundle "outdated"
+
+        expect(out).to end_with("Bundle up to date!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with the --pre option" do
+      it "includes pre-release versions" do
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", "3.0.0.beta"
+        end
+
+        bundle "outdated --pre", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem            Current  Latest      Requested  Groups
+          activesupport  2.3.5    3.0.0.beta  = 2.3.5    default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when current gem is a pre-release" do
+      it "includes the gem" do
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", "3.0.0.beta.1"
+          build_gem "activesupport", "3.0.0.beta.2"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "activesupport", "3.0.0.beta.1"
+        G
+
+        bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem            Current       Latest        Requested       Groups
+          activesupport  3.0.0.beta.1  3.0.0.beta.2  = 3.0.0.beta.1  default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  filter_strict_option = Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_2_mode? ? :"filter-strict" : :strict
+  describe "with --#{filter_strict_option} option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "only reports gems that have a newer version that matches the specified dependency version requirements" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.0.5"
+      end
+
+      bundle :outdated, filter_strict_option => true, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        weakling  0.0.3    0.0.5   ~> 0.0.1   default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't crash when some deps unused on the current platform" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", platforms: [:ruby_22]
+      G
+
+      bundle :outdated, filter_strict_option => true
+
+      expect(out).to end_with("Bundle up to date!")
+    end
+
+    it "only reports gem dependencies when they can actually be updated" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack_middleware", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle :outdated, filter_strict_option => true
+
+      expect(out).to end_with("Bundle up to date!")
+    end
+
+    describe "and filter options" do
+      it "only reports gems that match requirement and patch filter level" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "activesupport", "~> 2.3"
+          gem "weakling", ">= 0.0.1"
+        G
+
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", %w[2.4.0 3.0.0]
+          build_gem "weakling", "0.0.5"
+        end
+
+        bundle :outdated, filter_strict_option => true, "filter-patch" => true, :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+          weakling  0.0.3    0.0.5   >= 0.0.1   default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+
+      it "only reports gems that match requirement and minor filter level" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "activesupport", "~> 2.3"
+          gem "weakling", ">= 0.0.1"
+        G
+
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", %w[2.3.9]
+          build_gem "weakling", "0.1.5"
+        end
+
+        bundle :outdated, filter_strict_option => true, "filter-minor" => true, :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+          weakling  0.0.3    0.1.5   >= 0.0.1   default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+
+      it "only reports gems that match requirement and major filter level" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "activesupport", "~> 2.3"
+          gem "weakling", ">= 0.0.1"
+        G
+
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", %w[2.4.0 2.5.0]
+          build_gem "weakling", "1.1.5"
+        end
+
+        bundle :outdated, filter_strict_option => true, "filter-major" => true, :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+          weakling  0.0.3    1.1.5   >= 0.0.1   default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with invalid gem name" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "returns could not find gem name" do
+      bundle "outdated invalid_gem_name", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'invalid_gem_name'.")
+    end
+
+    it "returns non-zero exit code" do
+      bundle "outdated invalid_gem_name", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(exitstatus).to_not be_zero
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+    bundle :outdated, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  context "after bundle install --deployment", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+      bundle :lock
+      bundle :install, :deployment => true
+    end
+
+    it "outputs a helpful message about being in deployment mode" do
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "activesupport", "3.0" }
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(last_command).to be_failure
+      expect(err).to include("You are trying to check outdated gems in deployment mode.")
+      expect(err).to include("Run `bundle outdated` elsewhere.")
+      expect(err).to include("If this is a development machine, remove the ")
+      expect(err).to include("Gemfile freeze\nby running `bundle config unset deployment`.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "after bundle config set --local deployment true" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    end
+
+    it "outputs a helpful message about being in deployment mode" do
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "activesupport", "3.0" }
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(last_command).to be_failure
+      expect(err).to include("You are trying to check outdated gems in deployment mode.")
+      expect(err).to include("Run `bundle outdated` elsewhere.")
+      expect(err).to include("If this is a development machine, remove the ")
+      expect(err).to include("Gemfile freeze\nby running `bundle config unset deployment`.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "update available for a gem on a different platform" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "laduradura", '= 5.15.2'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "reports that no updates are available" do
+      bundle "outdated"
+      expect(out).to end_with("Bundle up to date!")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "update available for a gem on the same platform while multiple platforms used for gem" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+    end
+
+    it "reports that updates are available if the Ruby platform is used" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "laduradura", '= 5.15.2', :platforms => [:ruby, :jruby]
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated"
+      expect(out).to end_with("Bundle up to date!")
+    end
+
+    it "reports that updates are available if the JRuby platform is used", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "laduradura", '= 5.15.2', :platforms => [:ruby, :jruby]
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem         Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        laduradura  5.15.2   5.15.3  = 5.15.2   default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "version update is detected" do
+    it "reports that a gem has a newer version" do
+      subject
+
+      outdated_gems = out.split("\n").drop_while {|l| !l.start_with?("Gem") }[1..-1]
+
+      expect(outdated_gems.size).to be > 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "major version updates are detected" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.3.5"
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.8.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "version update is detected"
+  end
+
+  context "when on a new machine" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      simulate_new_machine
+
+      update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.3.5"
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.8.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    subject { bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false }
+    it_behaves_like "version update is detected"
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "minor version updates are detected" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "2.7.5"
+        build_gem "weakling", "2.0.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "version update is detected"
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "patch version updates are detected" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "2.3.7"
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.3.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "version update is detected"
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "no version updates are detected" do
+    it "does not detect any version updates" do
+      subject
+      expect(out).to end_with("updates to display.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "major version is ignored" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.3.5"
+        build_gem "weakling", "1.0.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "no version updates are detected"
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "minor version is ignored" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "2.4.5"
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.3.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "no version updates are detected"
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "patch version is ignored" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+        build_git "zebra", :path => lib_path("zebra")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{lib_path("zebra")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "weakling", "~> 0.0.1"
+        gem "duradura", '7.0'
+        gem "terranova", '8'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "2.3.6"
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.0.4"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "no version updates are detected"
+  end
+
+  describe "with --filter-major option" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --filter-major", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "major version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "minor version is ignored"
+    it_behaves_like "patch version is ignored"
+  end
+
+  describe "with --filter-minor option" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --filter-minor", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "minor version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "major version is ignored"
+    it_behaves_like "patch version is ignored"
+  end
+
+  describe "with --filter-patch option" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --filter-patch", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "patch version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "major version is ignored"
+    it_behaves_like "minor version is ignored"
+  end
+
+  describe "with --filter-minor --filter-patch options" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --filter-minor --filter-patch", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "minor version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "patch version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "major version is ignored"
+  end
+
+  describe "with --filter-major --filter-minor options" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --filter-major --filter-minor", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "major version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "minor version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "patch version is ignored"
+  end
+
+  describe "with --filter-major --filter-patch options" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --filter-major --filter-patch", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "major version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "patch version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "minor version is ignored"
+  end
+
+  describe "with --filter-major --filter-minor --filter-patch options" do
+    subject { bundle "outdated --filter-major --filter-minor --filter-patch", :raise_on_error => false }
+
+    it_behaves_like "major version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "minor version updates are detected"
+    it_behaves_like "patch version updates are detected"
+  end
+
+  context "conservative updates" do
+    context "without update-strict" do
+      before do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "patch", %w[1.0.0 1.0.1]
+          build_gem "minor", %w[1.0.0 1.0.1 1.1.0]
+          build_gem "major", %w[1.0.0 1.0.1 1.1.0 2.0.0]
+        end
+
+        # establish a lockfile set to 1.0.0
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          gem 'patch', '1.0.0'
+          gem 'minor', '1.0.0'
+          gem 'major', '1.0.0'
+        G
+
+        # remove 1.4.3 requirement and bar altogether
+        # to setup update specs below
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          gem 'patch'
+          gem 'minor'
+          gem 'major'
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "shows nothing when patching and filtering to minor" do
+        bundle "outdated --patch --filter-minor"
+
+        expect(out).to end_with("No minor updates to display.")
+      end
+
+      it "shows all gems when patching and filtering to patch" do
+        bundle "outdated --patch --filter-patch", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem    Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+          major  1.0.0    1.0.1   >= 0       default
+          minor  1.0.0    1.0.1   >= 0       default
+          patch  1.0.0    1.0.1   >= 0       default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+
+      it "shows minor and major when updating to minor and filtering to patch and minor" do
+        bundle "outdated --minor --filter-minor", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem    Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+          major  1.0.0    1.1.0   >= 0       default
+          minor  1.0.0    1.1.0   >= 0       default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+
+      it "shows minor when updating to major and filtering to minor with parseable" do
+        bundle "outdated --major --filter-minor --parseable", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(out).not_to include("patch (newest")
+        expect(out).to include("minor (newest")
+        expect(out).not_to include("major (newest")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with update-strict" do
+      before do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "foo", %w[1.4.3 1.4.4] do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.0"
+          end
+          build_gem "foo", %w[1.4.5 1.5.0] do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.1"
+          end
+          build_gem "foo", %w[1.5.1] do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 3.0"
+          end
+          build_gem "bar", %w[2.0.3 2.0.4 2.0.5 2.1.0 2.1.1 3.0.0]
+          build_gem "qux", %w[1.0.0 1.1.0 2.0.0]
+        end
+
+        # establish a lockfile set to 1.4.3
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          gem 'foo', '1.4.3'
+          gem 'bar', '2.0.3'
+          gem 'qux', '1.0.0'
+        G
+
+        # remove 1.4.3 requirement and bar altogether
+        # to setup update specs below
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          gem 'foo'
+          gem 'qux'
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "shows gems with update-strict updating to patch and filtering to patch" do
+        bundle "outdated --patch --update-strict --filter-patch", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+          Gem  Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+          bar  2.0.3    2.0.5
+          foo  1.4.3    1.4.4   >= 0       default
+        TABLE
+
+        expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --only-explicit" do
+    it "does not report outdated dependent gems" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "weakling", %w[0.2 0.3] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.1"
+        end
+        build_gem "bar", %w[2.1 2.2]
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'weakling', '0.2'
+        gem 'bar', '2.1'
+      G
+
+      gemfile  <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'weakling'
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated --only-explicit", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        weakling  0.2      0.3     >= 0       default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with a multiplatform lockfile" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.1"
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.1" do |s|
+          s.platform = Bundler.local_platform
+        end
+
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.2"
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.2" do |s|
+          s.platform = Bundler.local_platform
+        end
+      end
+
+      lockfile <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            nokogiri (1.11.1)
+            nokogiri (1.11.1-#{Bundler.local_platform})
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+          #{Bundler.local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          nokogiri
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "nokogiri"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "reports a single entry per gem" do
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        nokogiri  1.11.1   1.11.2  >= 0       default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a gem is no longer a dependency after a full update" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "mini_portile2", "2.5.2" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "net-ftp", "~> 0.1"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "mini_portile2", "2.5.3"
+
+        build_gem "net-ftp", "0.1.2"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+        gem "mini_portile2"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            mini_portile2 (2.5.2)
+              net-ftp (~> 0.1)
+            net-ftp (0.1.2)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          mini_portile2
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "works" do
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.strip
+        Gem            Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+        mini_portile2  2.5.2    2.5.3   >= 0       default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to end_with(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/post_bundle_message_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/post_bundle_message_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3050b87754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/post_bundle_message_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "post bundle message" do
+  before :each do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "activesupport", "2.3.5", :group => [:emo, :test]
+      group :test do
+        gem "rspec"
+      end
+      gem "rack-obama", :group => :obama
+    G
+  end
+
+  let(:bundle_path)                { "./.bundle" }
+  let(:bundle_show_system_message) { "Use `bundle info [gemname]` to see where a bundled gem is installed." }
+  let(:bundle_show_path_message)   { "Bundled gems are installed into `#{bundle_path}`" }
+  let(:bundle_complete_message)    { "Bundle complete!" }
+  let(:bundle_updated_message)     { "Bundle updated!" }
+  let(:installed_gems_stats)       { "4 Gemfile dependencies, 5 gems now installed." }
+  let(:bundle_show_message)        { Bundler::VERSION.split(".").first.to_i < 3 ? bundle_show_system_message : bundle_show_path_message }
+
+  describe "for fresh bundle install" do
+    it "shows proper messages according to the configured groups" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).not_to include("Gems in the group")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      expect(out).to include(installed_gems_stats)
+
+      bundle "config set --local without emo"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the group 'emo' were not installed")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      expect(out).to include(installed_gems_stats)
+
+      bundle "config set --local without emo test"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo' and 'test' were not installed")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      expect(out).to include("4 Gemfile dependencies, 3 gems now installed.")
+
+      bundle "config set --local without emo obama test"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo', 'obama' and 'test' were not installed")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      expect(out).to include("4 Gemfile dependencies, 2 gems now installed.")
+    end
+
+    describe "with `path` configured" do
+      let(:bundle_path) { "./vendor" }
+
+      it "shows proper messages according to the configured groups" do
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_show_path_message)
+        expect(out).to_not include("Gems in the group")
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_show_path_message)
+        expect(out).to include("Gems in the group 'emo' were not installed")
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+        bundle "config set --local without emo test"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_show_path_message)
+        expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo' and 'test' were not installed")
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor"
+        bundle "config set --local without emo obama test"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_show_path_message)
+        expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo', 'obama' and 'test' were not installed")
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with an absolute `path` inside the cwd configured" do
+      let(:bundle_path) { bundled_app("cache") }
+
+      it "shows proper messages according to the configured groups" do
+        bundle "config set --local path #{bundle_path}"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("Bundled gems are installed into `./cache`")
+        expect(out).to_not include("Gems in the group")
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with `path` configured to an absolute path outside the cwd" do
+      let(:bundle_path) { tmp("not_bundled_app") }
+
+      it "shows proper messages according to the configured groups" do
+        bundle "config set --local path #{bundle_path}"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("Bundled gems are installed into `#{tmp("not_bundled_app")}`")
+        expect(out).to_not include("Gems in the group")
+        expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with misspelled or non-existent gem name" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+      end
+
+      it "should report a helpful error message" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+          gem "not-a-gem", :group => :development
+        G
+        expect(err).to include <<-EOS.strip
+Could not find gem 'not-a-gem' in rubygems repository #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/ or installed locally.
+        EOS
+      end
+
+      it "should report a helpful error message with reference to cache if available" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+        bundle :cache
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+          gem "not-a-gem", :group => :development
+        G
+        expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'not-a-gem' in").
+          and include("or in gems cached in vendor/cache.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "for second bundle install run", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    it "without any options" do
+      2.times { bundle :install }
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).to_not include("Gems in the groups")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      expect(out).to include(installed_gems_stats)
+    end
+
+    it "with --without one group" do
+      bundle "install --without emo"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the group 'emo' were not installed")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+      expect(out).to include(installed_gems_stats)
+    end
+
+    it "with --without two groups" do
+      bundle "install --without emo test"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo' and 'test' were not installed")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+    end
+
+    it "with --without more groups" do
+      bundle "install --without emo obama test"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_show_message)
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo', 'obama' and 'test' were not installed")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_complete_message)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "for bundle update" do
+    it "shows proper messages according to the configured groups" do
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+      expect(out).not_to include("Gems in the groups")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_updated_message)
+
+      bundle "config set --local without emo"
+      bundle :install
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the group 'emo' were not updated")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_updated_message)
+
+      bundle "config set --local without emo test"
+      bundle :install
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo' and 'test' were not updated")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_updated_message)
+
+      bundle "config set --local without emo obama test"
+      bundle :install
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+      expect(out).to include("Gems in the groups 'emo', 'obama' and 'test' were not updated")
+      expect(out).to include(bundle_updated_message)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/pristine_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/pristine_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f730bd4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/pristine_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/vendored_fileutils"
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle pristine", :ruby_repo do
+  before :each do
+    build_lib "baz", :path => bundled_app do |s|
+      s.version = "1.0.0"
+      s.add_development_dependency "baz-dev", "=1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "weakling"
+      build_gem "baz-dev", "1.0.0"
+      build_gem "very_simple_binary", &:add_c_extension
+      build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      build_git "git_with_ext", :path => lib_path("git_with_ext"), &:add_c_extension
+      build_lib "bar", :path => lib_path("bar")
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "weakling"
+      gem "very_simple_binary"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}", :branch => "master"
+      gem "git_with_ext", :git => "#{lib_path("git_with_ext")}"
+      gem "bar", :path => "#{lib_path("bar")}"
+
+      gemspec
+    G
+
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+  end
+
+  context "when sourced from RubyGems" do
+    it "reverts using cached .gem file" do
+      spec = find_spec("weakling")
+      changes_txt = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path).join("lib/changes.txt")
+
+      FileUtils.touch(changes_txt)
+      expect(changes_txt).to be_file
+
+      bundle "pristine"
+      expect(changes_txt).to_not be_file
+    end
+
+    it "does not delete the bundler gem" do
+      bundle "install"
+      bundle "pristine"
+      bundle "-v"
+
+      expected = if Bundler::VERSION < "3.0"
+        "Bundler version"
+      else
+        Bundler::VERSION
+      end
+
+      expect(out).to start_with(expected)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when sourced from git repo" do
+    it "reverts by resetting to current revision`" do
+      spec = find_spec("foo")
+      changed_file = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path).join("lib/foo.rb")
+      diff = "#Pristine spec changes"
+
+      File.open(changed_file, "a") {|f| f.puts diff }
+      expect(File.read(changed_file)).to include(diff)
+
+      bundle "pristine"
+      expect(File.read(changed_file)).to_not include(diff)
+    end
+
+    it "removes added files" do
+      spec = find_spec("foo")
+      changes_txt = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path).join("lib/changes.txt")
+
+      FileUtils.touch(changes_txt)
+      expect(changes_txt).to be_file
+
+      bundle "pristine"
+      expect(changes_txt).not_to be_file
+    end
+
+    it "displays warning and ignores changes when a local config exists" do
+      spec = find_spec("foo")
+      bundle "config set local.#{spec.name} #{lib_path(spec.name)}"
+
+      changes_txt = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path).join("lib/changes.txt")
+      FileUtils.touch(changes_txt)
+      expect(changes_txt).to be_file
+
+      bundle "pristine"
+      expect(changes_txt).to be_file
+      expect(err).to include("Cannot pristine #{spec.name} (#{spec.version}#{spec.git_version}). Gem is locally overridden.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when sourced from gemspec" do
+    it "displays warning and ignores changes when sourced from gemspec" do
+      spec = find_spec("baz")
+      changed_file = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path).join("lib/baz.rb")
+      diff = "#Pristine spec changes"
+
+      File.open(changed_file, "a") {|f| f.puts diff }
+      expect(File.read(changed_file)).to include(diff)
+
+      bundle "pristine"
+      expect(File.read(changed_file)).to include(diff)
+      expect(err).to include("Cannot pristine #{spec.name} (#{spec.version}#{spec.git_version}). Gem is sourced from local path.")
+    end
+
+    it "reinstall gemspec dependency" do
+      spec = find_spec("baz-dev")
+      changed_file = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path).join("lib/baz/dev.rb")
+      diff = "#Pristine spec changes"
+
+      File.open(changed_file, "a") {|f| f.puts "#Pristine spec changes" }
+      expect(File.read(changed_file)).to include(diff)
+
+      bundle "pristine"
+      expect(File.read(changed_file)).to_not include(diff)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when sourced from path" do
+    it "displays warning and ignores changes when sourced from local path" do
+      spec = find_spec("bar")
+      changes_txt = Pathname.new(spec.full_gem_path).join("lib/changes.txt")
+      FileUtils.touch(changes_txt)
+      expect(changes_txt).to be_file
+      bundle "pristine"
+      expect(err).to include("Cannot pristine #{spec.name} (#{spec.version}#{spec.git_version}). Gem is sourced from local path.")
+      expect(changes_txt).to be_file
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when passing a list of gems to pristine" do
+    it "resets them" do
+      foo = find_spec("foo")
+      foo_changes_txt = Pathname.new(foo.full_gem_path).join("lib/changes.txt")
+      FileUtils.touch(foo_changes_txt)
+      expect(foo_changes_txt).to be_file
+
+      bar = find_spec("bar")
+      bar_changes_txt = Pathname.new(bar.full_gem_path).join("lib/changes.txt")
+      FileUtils.touch(bar_changes_txt)
+      expect(bar_changes_txt).to be_file
+
+      weakling = find_spec("weakling")
+      weakling_changes_txt = Pathname.new(weakling.full_gem_path).join("lib/changes.txt")
+      FileUtils.touch(weakling_changes_txt)
+      expect(weakling_changes_txt).to be_file
+
+      bundle "pristine foo bar weakling"
+
+      expect(err).to include("Cannot pristine bar (1.0). Gem is sourced from local path.")
+      expect(out).to include("Installing weakling 1.0")
+
+      expect(weakling_changes_txt).not_to be_file
+      expect(foo_changes_txt).not_to be_file
+      expect(bar_changes_txt).to be_file
+    end
+
+    it "raises when one of them is not in the lockfile" do
+      bundle "pristine abcabcabc", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'abcabcabc'.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a build config exists for one of the gems" do
+    let(:very_simple_binary) { find_spec("very_simple_binary") }
+    let(:c_ext_dir)          { Pathname.new(very_simple_binary.full_gem_path).join("ext") }
+    let(:build_opt)          { "--with-ext-lib=#{c_ext_dir}" }
+    before { bundle "config set build.very_simple_binary -- #{build_opt}" }
+
+    # This just verifies that the generated Makefile from the c_ext gem makes
+    # use of the build_args from the bundle config
+    it "applies the config when installing the gem" do
+      bundle "pristine"
+
+      makefile_contents = File.read(c_ext_dir.join("Makefile").to_s)
+      expect(makefile_contents).to match(/libpath =.*#{c_ext_dir}/)
+      expect(makefile_contents).to match(/LIBPATH =.*-L#{c_ext_dir}/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a build config exists for a git sourced gem" do
+    let(:git_with_ext) { find_spec("git_with_ext") }
+    let(:c_ext_dir)          { Pathname.new(git_with_ext.full_gem_path).join("ext") }
+    let(:build_opt)          { "--with-ext-lib=#{c_ext_dir}" }
+    before { bundle "config set build.git_with_ext -- #{build_opt}" }
+
+    # This just verifies that the generated Makefile from the c_ext gem makes
+    # use of the build_args from the bundle config
+    it "applies the config when installing the gem" do
+      bundle "pristine"
+
+      makefile_contents = File.read(c_ext_dir.join("Makefile").to_s)
+      expect(makefile_contents).to match(/libpath =.*#{c_ext_dir}/)
+      expect(makefile_contents).to match(/LIBPATH =.*-L#{c_ext_dir}/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when BUNDLE_GEMFILE doesn't exist" do
+    before do
+      bundle "pristine", :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMFILE" => "does/not/exist" }, :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "shows a meaningful error" do
+      expect(err).to eq("#{bundled_app("does/not/exist")} not found")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def find_spec(name)
+    without_env_side_effects do
+      Bundler.definition.specs[name].first
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/remove_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/remove_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95d6e75e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/remove_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle remove" do
+  context "when no gems are specified" do
+    it "throws error" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "remove", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("Please specify gems to remove.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when --install flag is specified", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    it "removes gems from .bundle" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "remove rack --install"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+      expect(the_bundle).to_not include_gems "rack"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "remove single gem from gemfile" do
+    context "when gem is present in gemfile" do
+      it "shows success for removed gem" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(the_bundle).to_not include_gems "rack"
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      context "when gem is specified in multiple lines" do
+        it "shows success for removed gem" do
+          build_git "rack"
+
+          gemfile <<-G
+            source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}'
+
+            gem 'git'
+            gem 'rack',
+                git: "#{lib_path("rack-1.0")}",
+                branch: 'master'
+            gem 'nokogiri'
+          G
+
+          bundle "remove rack"
+
+          expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+          expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+            source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}'
+
+            gem 'git'
+            gem 'nokogiri'
+          G
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem is not present in gemfile" do
+      it "shows warning for gem that could not be removed" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("`rack` is not specified in #{bundled_app_gemfile} so it could not be removed.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "remove multiple gems from gemfile" do
+    context "when all gems are present in gemfile" do
+      it "shows success fir all removed gems" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          gem "rack"
+          gem "rails"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack rails"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(out).to include("rails was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when some gems are not present in the gemfile" do
+      it "shows warning for those not present and success for those that can be removed" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          gem "rails"
+          gem "minitest"
+          gem "rspec"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rails rack minitest", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("`rack` is not specified in #{bundled_app_gemfile} so it could not be removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          gem "rails"
+          gem "minitest"
+          gem "rspec"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with inline groups" do
+    it "removes the specified gem" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack", :group => [:dev]
+      G
+
+      bundle "remove rack"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+      expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with group blocks" do
+    context "when single group block with gem to be removed is present" do
+      it "removes the group block" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            gem "rspec"
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rspec"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem to be removed is outside block" do
+      it "does not modify group" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          gem "rack"
+          group :test do
+            gem "coffee-script-source"
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            gem "coffee-script-source"
+          end
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when an empty block is also present" do
+      it "removes all empty blocks" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            gem "rspec"
+          end
+
+          group :dev do
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rspec"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the gem belongs to multiple groups" do
+      it "removes the groups" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test, :serioustest do
+            gem "rspec"
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rspec"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the gem is present in multiple groups" do
+      it "removes all empty blocks" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :one do
+            gem "rspec"
+          end
+
+          group :two do
+            gem "rspec"
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rspec"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "nested group blocks" do
+    context "when all the groups will be empty after removal" do
+      it "removes the empty nested blocks" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            group :serioustest do
+              gem "rspec"
+            end
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rspec"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when outer group will not be empty after removal" do
+      it "removes only empty blocks" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            gem "rack-test"
+
+            group :serioustest do
+              gem "rspec"
+            end
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rspec"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            gem "rack-test"
+
+          end
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when inner group will not be empty after removal" do
+      it "removes only empty blocks" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            group :serioustest do
+              gem "rspec"
+              gem "rack-test"
+            end
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rspec"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          group :test do
+            group :serioustest do
+              gem "rack-test"
+            end
+          end
+        G
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "arbitrary gemfile" do
+    context "when multiple gems are present in same line" do
+      it "shows warning for gems not removed" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"; gem "rails"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rails", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("Gems could not be removed. rack (>= 0) would also have been removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"; gem "rails"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when some gems could not be removed" do
+      it "shows warning for gems not removed and success for those removed" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem"rack"
+          gem"rspec"
+          gem "rails"
+          gem "minitest"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rails rack rspec minitest"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rails was removed.")
+        expect(out).to include("minitest was removed.")
+        expect(out).to include("rack, rspec could not be removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem"rack"
+          gem"rspec"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with sources" do
+    before do
+      build_repo gem_repo3 do
+        build_gem "rspec"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "removes gems and empty source blocks" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo3)}" do
+          gem "rspec"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      bundle "remove rspec"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rspec was removed.")
+      expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with eval_gemfile" do
+    context "when gems are present in both gemfiles" do
+      it "removes the gems" do
+        create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems are present in other gemfile" do
+      it "removes the gems" do
+        create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("Gemfile-other").read).to_not include("gem \"rack\"")
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems to be removed are not specified in any of the gemfiles" do
+      it "throws error for the gems not present" do
+        # an empty gemfile
+        # indicating the gem is not present in the gemfile
+        create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+        G
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("`rack` is not specified in #{bundled_app_gemfile} so it could not be removed.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the gem is present in parent file but not in gemfile specified by eval_gemfile" do
+      it "removes the gem" do
+        create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+          gem "rails"
+        G
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(err).to include("`rack` is not specified in #{bundled_app("Gemfile-other")} so it could not be removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems can not be removed from other gemfile" do
+      it "shows error" do
+        create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+          gem "rails"; gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(err).to include("Gems could not be removed. rails (>= 0) would also have been removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems could not be removed from parent gemfile" do
+      it "shows error" do
+        create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+          gem "rails"; gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("Gems could not be removed. rails (>= 0) would also have been removed.")
+        expect(bundled_app("Gemfile-other").read).to include("gem \"rack\"")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+          gem "rails"; gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem present in gemfiles but could not be removed from one from one of them" do
+      it "removes gem which can be removed and shows warning for file from which it can not be removed" do
+        create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          eval_gemfile "Gemfile-other"
+          gem"rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(bundled_app("Gemfile-other").read).to_not include("gem \"rack\"")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with install_if" do
+    it "removes gems inside blocks and empty blocks" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        install_if(lambda { false }) do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle "remove rack"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+      expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with env" do
+    it "removes gems inside blocks and empty blocks" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        env "BUNDLER_TEST" do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle "remove rack"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+      expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with gemspec" do
+    it "should not remove the gem" do
+      build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+        s.write("foo.gemspec", "")
+        s.add_dependency "rack"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile(<<-G)
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}', :name => 'foo'
+      G
+
+      bundle "remove foo"
+
+      expect(out).to include("foo could not be removed.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with comments that mention gems" do
+    context "when comment is a separate line comment" do
+      it "does not remove the line comment" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          # gem "rack" might be used in the future
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          # gem "rack" might be used in the future
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem specified for removal has an inline comment" do
+      it "removes the inline comment" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          gem "rack" # this can be removed
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem specified for removal is mentioned in other gem's comment" do
+      it "does not remove other gem" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "puma" # implements interface provided by gem "rack"
+
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove rack"
+
+        expect(out).to_not include("puma was removed.")
+        expect(out).to include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "puma" # implements interface provided by gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gem specified for removal has a comment that mentions other gem" do
+      it "does not remove other gem" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "puma" # implements interface provided by gem "rack"
+
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "remove puma"
+
+        expect(out).to include("puma was removed.")
+        expect(out).to_not include("rack was removed.")
+        expect(gemfile).to eq <<~G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/show_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/show_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2adb121616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/show_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle show", :bundler => "< 3" do
+  context "with a standard Gemfile" do
+    before :each do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "creates a Gemfile.lock if one did not exist" do
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      bundle "show"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "creates a Gemfile.lock when invoked with a gem name" do
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      bundle "show rails"
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "prints path if gem exists in bundle" do
+      bundle "show rails"
+      expect(out).to eq(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "prints path if gem exists in bundle (with --paths option)" do
+      bundle "show rails --paths"
+      expect(out).to eq(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "warns if path no longer exists on disk" do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2"))
+
+      bundle "show rails"
+
+      expect(err).to match(/has been deleted/i)
+      expect(err).to match(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "prints the path to the running bundler" do
+      bundle "show bundler"
+      expect(out).to eq(root.to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "complains if gem not in bundle" do
+      bundle "show missing", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/could not find gem 'missing'/i)
+    end
+
+    it "prints path of all gems in bundle sorted by name" do
+      bundle "show --paths"
+
+      expect(out).to include(default_bundle_path("gems", "rake-13.0.1").to_s)
+      expect(out).to include(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+
+      # Gem names are the last component of their path.
+      gem_list = out.split.map {|p| p.split("/").last }
+      expect(gem_list).to eq(gem_list.sort)
+    end
+
+    it "prints summary of gems" do
+      bundle "show --verbose"
+
+      expect(out).to include <<~MSG
+        * actionmailer (2.3.2)
+        \tSummary:  This is just a fake gem for testing
+        \tHomepage: http://example.com
+        \tStatus:   Up to date
+      MSG
+    end
+
+    it "includes bundler in the summary of gems" do
+      bundle "show --verbose"
+
+      expect(out).to include <<~MSG
+        * bundler (#{Bundler::VERSION})
+        \tSummary:  The best way to manage your application's dependencies
+        \tHomepage: https://bundler.io
+        \tStatus:   Up to date
+      MSG
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a git repo in the Gemfile" do
+    before :each do
+      @git = build_git "foo", "1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "prints out git info" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+
+      bundle :show
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0 #{@git.ref_for("master", 6)}")
+    end
+
+    it "prints out branch names other than master" do
+      update_git "foo", :branch => "omg" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/foo.rb", "FOO = '1.0.omg'"
+      end
+      @revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))[0...6]
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :branch => "omg"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.omg"
+
+      bundle :show
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0 #{@git.ref_for("omg", 6)}")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't print the branch when tied to a ref" do
+      sha = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "#{sha}"
+      G
+
+      bundle :show
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0 #{sha[0..6]})")
+    end
+
+    it "handles when a version is a '-' prerelease" do
+      @git = build_git("foo", "1.0.0-beta.1", :path => lib_path("foo"))
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        gem "foo", "1.0.0-beta.1", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.0.pre.beta.1"
+
+      bundle :show
+      expect(out).to include("foo (1.0.0.pre.beta.1")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "in a fresh gem in a blank git repo" do
+    before :each do
+      build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      File.open(lib_path("foo/Gemfile"), "w") {|f| f.puts "gemspec" }
+      sys_exec "rm -rf .git && git init", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+    end
+
+    it "does not output git errors" do
+      bundle :show, :dir => lib_path("foo")
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "performs an automatic bundle install" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set auto_install 1"
+    bundle :show
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  context "with a valid regexp for gem name" do
+    it "presents alternatives", :readline do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      bundle "show rac"
+      expect(out).to match(/\A1 : rack\n2 : rack-obama\n0 : - exit -(\n>)?\z/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with an invalid regexp for gem name" do
+    it "does not find the gem" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      invalid_regexp = "[]"
+
+      bundle "show #{invalid_regexp}", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Could not find gem '#{invalid_regexp}'.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "--outdated option" do
+    # Regression test for https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/5375
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't update gems to newer versions" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("rails 2.3.2")
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rails", "3.0.0" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rails"
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "show --outdated"
+
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("rails 2.3.2")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle show", :bundler => "3" do
+  pending "shows a friendly error about the command removal"
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/update_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/update_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..403a48a508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/update_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update" do
+  describe "with no arguments" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "updates the entire bundle" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update"
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle updated!")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2", "rack-obama 1.0", "activesupport 3.0"
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't delete the Gemfile.lock file if something goes wrong" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        exit!
+      G
+      bundle "update", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --all" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "updates the entire bundle" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle updated!")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2", "rack-obama 1.0", "activesupport 3.0"
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't delete the Gemfile.lock file if something goes wrong" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        exit!
+      G
+      bundle "update", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --gemfile" do
+    it "creates lock files based on the Gemfile name" do
+      gemfile bundled_app("OmgFile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update --gemfile OmgFile", :all => true
+
+      expect(bundled_app("OmgFile.lock")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when update_requires_all_flag is set" do
+    before { bundle "config set update_requires_all_flag true" }
+
+    it "errors when passed nothing" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      bundle :update, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to eq("To update everything, pass the `--all` flag.")
+    end
+
+    it "errors when passed --all and another option" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      bundle "update --all foo", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to eq("Cannot specify --all along with specific options.")
+    end
+
+    it "updates everything when passed --all" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      bundle "update --all"
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle updated!")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "--quiet argument" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "hides UI messages" do
+      bundle "update --quiet"
+      expect(out).not_to include("Bundle updated!")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with a top level dependency" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "unlocks all child dependencies that are unrelated to other locked dependencies" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update rack-obama"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2", "rack-obama 1.0", "activesupport 2.3.5"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with an unknown dependency" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should inform the user" do
+      bundle "update halting-problem-solver", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include "Could not find gem 'halting-problem-solver'"
+    end
+    it "should suggest alternatives" do
+      bundle "update platformspecific", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include "Did you mean platform_specific?"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with a child dependency" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should update the child dependency" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "update rack"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when a possible resolve requires an older version of a locked gem" do
+    it "does not go to an older version" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "tilt", "2.0.8"
+        build_gem "slim", "3.0.9" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "tilt", [">= 1.3.3", "< 2.1"]
+        end
+        build_gem "slim_lint", "0.16.1" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "slim", [">= 3.0", "< 5.0"]
+        end
+        build_gem "slim-rails", "0.2.1" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "slim", ">= 0.9.2"
+        end
+        build_gem "slim-rails", "3.1.3" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "slim", "~> 3.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "slim-rails"
+        gem "slim_lint"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("slim 3.0.9", "slim-rails 3.1.3", "slim_lint 0.16.1")
+
+      update_repo4 do
+        build_gem "slim", "4.0.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "tilt", [">= 2.0.6", "< 2.1"]
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("slim 3.0.9", "slim-rails 3.1.3", "slim_lint 0.16.1")
+    end
+
+    it "does not go to an older version, even if the version upgrade that could cause another gem to downgrade is activated first" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        # countries is processed before country_select by the resolver due to having less spec groups (groups of versions with the same dependencies) (2 vs 3)
+
+        build_gem "countries", "2.1.4"
+        build_gem "countries", "3.1.0"
+
+        build_gem "countries", "4.0.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "sixarm_ruby_unaccent", "~> 1.1"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "country_select", "1.2.0"
+
+        build_gem "country_select", "2.1.4" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "countries", "~> 2.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "country_select", "3.1.1" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "countries", "~> 2.0"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "country_select", "5.1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "countries", "~> 3.0"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "sixarm_ruby_unaccent", "1.1.0"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+        gem "country_select"
+        gem "countries"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            countries (3.1.0)
+            country_select (5.1.0)
+              countries (~> 3.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          countries
+          country_select
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      previous_lockfile = lockfile
+
+      bundle "lock --update"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq(previous_lockfile)
+    end
+
+    it "does not downgrade indirect dependencies unnecessarily" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "a" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "b"
+          s.add_dependency "c"
+        end
+        build_gem "b"
+        build_gem "c"
+        build_gem "c", "2.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :verbose => true
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "a"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a 1.0", "b 1.0", "c 2.0")
+
+      update_repo4 do
+        build_gem "b", "2.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "c", "< 2"
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true, :verbose => true
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a 1.0", "b 1.0", "c 2.0")
+    end
+
+    it "should still downgrade if forced by the Gemfile" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "a"
+        build_gem "b", "1.0"
+        build_gem "b", "2.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "a"
+        gem "b"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a 1.0", "b 2.0")
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "a"
+        gem "b", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update b"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a 1.0", "b 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "should still downgrade if forced by the Gemfile, when transitive dependencies also need downgrade" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "6.1.4.1" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "tzinfo", "~> 2.0"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "activesupport", "6.0.4.1" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "tzinfo", "~> 1.1"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "tzinfo", "2.0.4"
+        build_gem "tzinfo", "1.2.9"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "~> 6.1.0"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.1.4.1", "tzinfo 2.0.4")
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "~> 6.0.0"
+      G
+
+      original_lockfile = lockfile
+
+      expected_lockfile = <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            activesupport (6.0.4.1)
+              tzinfo (~> 1.1)
+            tzinfo (1.2.9)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          activesupport (~> 6.0.0)
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      bundle "update activesupport"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.0.4.1", "tzinfo 1.2.9")
+      expect(lockfile).to eq(expected_lockfile)
+
+      lockfile original_lockfile
+      bundle "update"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.0.4.1", "tzinfo 1.2.9")
+      expect(lockfile).to eq(expected_lockfile)
+
+      lockfile original_lockfile
+      bundle "lock --update"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.0.4.1", "tzinfo 1.2.9")
+      expect(lockfile).to eq(expected_lockfile)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --local option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't hit repo2" do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(gem_repo2)
+
+      bundle "update --local --all"
+      expect(out).not_to include("Fetching source index")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --group option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+    end
+
+    it "should update only specified group gems" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :development
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+      bundle "update --group development"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 3.0"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+    end
+
+    context "when conservatively updating a group with non-group sub-deps" do
+      it "should update only specified group gems" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "activemerchant", :group => :development
+          gem "activesupport"
+        G
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activemerchant", "2.0"
+          build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        end
+        bundle "update --conservative --group development"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activemerchant 2.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 3.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when there is a source with the same name as a gem in a group" do
+      before do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("activesupport")
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "activesupport", :group => :development
+          gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("activesupport")}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "should not update the gems from that source" do
+        update_repo2 { build_gem "activesupport", "3.0" }
+        update_git "foo", "2.0", :path => lib_path("activesupport")
+
+        bundle "update --group development"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 3.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when bundler itself is a transitive dependency" do
+      it "executes without error" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "activesupport", :group => :development
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+            s.executables = "rackup"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        end
+        bundle "update --group development"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "in a frozen bundle" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should fail loudly", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install --deployment"
+      bundle "update", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(last_command).to be_failure
+      expect(err).to match(/You are trying to install in deployment mode after changing.your Gemfile/m)
+      expect(err).to match(/freeze \nby running `bundle config unset deployment`./m)
+    end
+
+    it "should suggest different command when frozen is set globally", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "config set --global frozen 1"
+      bundle "update", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/You are trying to install in deployment mode after changing.your Gemfile/m).
+        and match(/freeze \nby running `bundle config unset frozen`./m)
+    end
+
+    it "should suggest different command when frozen is set globally", :bundler => "3" do
+      bundle "config set --global deployment true"
+      bundle "update", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/You are trying to install in deployment mode after changing.your Gemfile/m).
+        and match(/freeze \nby running `bundle config unset deployment`./m)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --source option" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+    end
+
+    it "should not update gems not included in the source that happen to have the same name" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+      G
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "activesupport", "3.0" }
+
+      bundle "update --source activesupport"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gem "activesupport 3.0"
+    end
+
+    it "should not update gems not included in the source that happen to have the same name" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+      G
+      update_repo2 { build_gem "activesupport", "3.0" }
+
+      bundle "update --source activesupport"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 3.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when there is a child dependency that is also in the gemfile" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "fred", "1.0"
+        build_gem "harry", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "fred"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "harry"
+        gem "fred"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should not update the child dependencies of a gem that has the same name as the source" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "fred", "2.0"
+        build_gem "harry", "2.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "fred"
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "update --source harry"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "harry 1.0", "fred 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when there is a child dependency that appears elsewhere in the dependency graph" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "fred", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "george"
+        end
+        build_gem "george", "1.0"
+        build_gem "harry", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "george"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "harry"
+        gem "fred"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should not update the child dependencies of a gem that has the same name as the source" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "george", "2.0"
+        build_gem "harry", "2.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "george"
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "update --source harry"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "harry 1.0", "fred 1.0", "george 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "shows the previous version of the gem when updated from rubygems source", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_repo2
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "activesupport"
+    G
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+    expect(out).to include("Using activesupport 2.3.5")
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+    end
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+    expect(out).to include("Installing activesupport 3.0 (was 2.3.5)")
+  end
+
+  context "with suppress_install_using_messages set" do
+    before { bundle "config set suppress_install_using_messages true" }
+
+    it "only prints `Using` for versions that have changed" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "bar"
+        build_gem "foo"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "bar"
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      expect(out).to match(/Resolving dependencies\.\.\.\.*\nBundle updated!/)
+
+      update_repo4 do
+        build_gem "foo", "2.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      out.sub!("Removing foo (1.0)\n", "")
+      expect(out).to match(/Resolving dependencies\.\.\.\.*\nFetching foo 2\.0 \(was 1\.0\)\nInstalling foo 2\.0 \(was 1\.0\)\nBundle updated/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "shows error message when Gemfile.lock is not preset and gem is specified" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "activesupport"
+    G
+
+    bundle "update nonexisting", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("This Bundle hasn't been installed yet. Run `bundle install` to update and install the bundled gems.")
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(22)
+  end
+
+  context "with multiple, duplicated sources, with lockfile in old format", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "dotenv", "2.7.6"
+
+        build_gem "oj", "3.11.3"
+        build_gem "oj", "3.11.5"
+
+        build_gem "vcr", "6.0.0"
+      end
+
+      build_repo gem_repo3 do
+        build_gem "pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep", "1.0.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "oj"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+        gem "dotenv"
+
+        source "https://gem.repo3" do
+          gem 'pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep'
+        end
+
+        gem "vcr",source: "https://gem.repo2"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: https://gem.repo2/
+          remote: https://gem.repo3/
+          specs:
+            dotenv (2.7.6)
+            oj (3.11.3)
+            pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep (1.0.0)
+              oj
+            vcr (6.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          dotenv
+          pkg-gem-flowbyte-with-dep!
+          vcr!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "works" do
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+      bundle "update oj", :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle updated!")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "oj 3.11.5"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update in more complicated situations" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2
+  end
+
+  it "will eagerly unlock dependencies of a specified gem" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+        s.executables = "rackup"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "thin", "2.0" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack"
+      end
+    end
+
+    bundle "update thin"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 2.0", "rack 1.2", "rack-obama 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "will warn when some explicitly updated gems are not updated" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem("thin", "2.0") {|s| s.add_dependency "rack" }
+      build_gem "rack", "10.0"
+    end
+
+    bundle "update thin rack-obama"
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).to include "Bundler attempted to update rack-obama but its version stayed the same"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 2.0", "rack 10.0", "rack-obama 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "will not warn when an explicitly updated git gem changes sha but not version" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    update_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo2.rb", "puts :foo2"
+    end
+
+    bundle "update foo"
+
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include "attempted to update"
+  end
+
+  it "will not warn when changing gem sources but not versions" do
+    build_git "rack"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack", :git => '#{lib_path("rack-1.0")}'
+    G
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "update rack"
+
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include "attempted to update"
+  end
+
+  it "will update only from pinned source" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}" do
+        gem "thin"
+      end
+    G
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "thin", "2.0"
+    end
+
+    bundle "update"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+  end
+
+  context "when the lockfile is for a different platform" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem("a", "0.9")
+        build_gem("a", "0.9") {|s| s.platform = "java" }
+        build_gem("a", "1.1")
+        build_gem("a", "1.1") {|s| s.platform = "java" }
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "a"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}
+          specs:
+            a (0.9-java)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          java
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          a
+      L
+
+      simulate_platform linux
+    end
+
+    it "allows updating" do
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "a 1.1"
+    end
+
+    it "allows updating a specific gem" do
+      bundle "update a"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "a 1.1"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the dependency is for a different platform" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem("a", "0.9") {|s| s.platform = "java" }
+        build_gem("a", "1.1") {|s| s.platform = "java" }
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "a", platform: :jruby
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}
+          specs:
+            a (0.9-java)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          java
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          a
+      L
+
+      simulate_platform linux
+    end
+
+    it "is not updated because it is not actually included in the bundle" do
+      bundle "update a"
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).to include "Bundler attempted to update a but it was not considered because it is for a different platform from the current one"
+      expect(the_bundle).to_not include_gem "a"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update without a Gemfile.lock" do
+  it "should not explode" do
+    build_repo2
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0"
+    G
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update when a gem depends on a newer version of bundler" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "rails", "3.0.1" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bundler", Bundler::VERSION.succ
+      end
+
+      build_gem "bundler", Bundler::VERSION.succ
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rails", "3.0.1"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "should explain that bundler conflicted and how to resolve the conflict" do
+    bundle "update", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to match(/in snapshot/i)
+    expect(err).to match(/current Bundler version/i).
+      and match(/Install the necessary version with `gem install bundler:#{Bundler::VERSION.succ}`/i)
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update --ruby" do
+  before do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+        ::RUBY_VERSION = '2.1.3'
+        ::RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = 100
+        ruby '~> 2.1.0'
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+    G
+  end
+
+  context "when the Gemfile removes the ruby" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+          ::RUBY_VERSION = '2.1.4'
+          ::RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = 222
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+    it "removes the Ruby from the Gemfile.lock" do
+      bundle "update --ruby"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+       GEM
+         remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+         specs:
+
+       PLATFORMS
+         #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+       DEPENDENCIES
+
+       BUNDLED WITH
+          #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the Gemfile specified an updated Ruby version" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+          ::RUBY_VERSION = '2.1.4'
+          ::RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = 222
+          ruby '~> 2.1.0'
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+    it "updates the Gemfile.lock with the latest version" do
+      bundle "update --ruby"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+       GEM
+         remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+         specs:
+
+       PLATFORMS
+         #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+       DEPENDENCIES
+
+       RUBY VERSION
+          ruby 2.1.4p222
+
+       BUNDLED WITH
+          #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a different Ruby is being used than has been versioned" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+          ::RUBY_VERSION = '2.2.2'
+          ::RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = 505
+          ruby '~> 2.1.0'
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+    it "shows a helpful error message" do
+      bundle "update --ruby", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("Your Ruby version is 2.2.2, but your Gemfile specified ~> 2.1.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when updating Ruby version and Gemfile `ruby`" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+          ::RUBY_VERSION = '1.8.3'
+          ::RUBY_PATCHLEVEL = 55
+          ruby '~> 1.8.0'
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+    it "updates the Gemfile.lock with the latest version" do
+      bundle "update --ruby"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+       GEM
+         remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+         specs:
+
+       PLATFORMS
+         #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+       DEPENDENCIES
+
+       RUBY VERSION
+          ruby 1.8.3p55
+
+       BUNDLED WITH
+          #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update --bundler" do
+  it "updates the bundler version in the lockfile without re-resolving" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    lockfile lockfile.sub(/(^\s*)#{Bundler::VERSION}($)/, '\11.0.0\2')
+
+    FileUtils.rm_r gem_repo4
+
+    bundle :update, :bundler => true, :verbose => true
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "rack 1.0"
+
+    expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.bundler_version).to eq v(Bundler::VERSION)
+  end
+end
+
+# these specs are slow and focus on integration and therefore are not exhaustive. unit specs elsewhere handle that.
+RSpec.describe "bundle update conservative" do
+  context "patch and minor options" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "foo", %w[1.4.3 1.4.4] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "foo", %w[1.4.5 1.5.0] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 2.1"
+        end
+        build_gem "foo", %w[1.5.1] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar", "~> 3.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "bar", %w[2.0.3 2.0.4 2.0.5 2.1.0 2.1.1 3.0.0]
+        build_gem "qux", %w[1.0.0 1.0.1 1.1.0 2.0.0]
+      end
+
+      # establish a lockfile set to 1.4.3
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'foo', '1.4.3'
+        gem 'bar', '2.0.3'
+        gem 'qux', '1.0.0'
+      G
+
+      # remove 1.4.3 requirement and bar altogether
+      # to setup update specs below
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'foo'
+        gem 'qux'
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "with patch set as default update level in config" do
+      it "should do a patch level update" do
+        bundle "config set --local prefer_patch true"
+        bundle "update foo"
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.4.5", "bar 2.1.1", "qux 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "patch preferred" do
+      it "single gem updates dependent gem to minor" do
+        bundle "update --patch foo"
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.4.5", "bar 2.1.1", "qux 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "update all" do
+        bundle "update --patch", :all => true
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.4.5", "bar 2.1.1", "qux 1.0.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "minor preferred" do
+      it "single gem updates dependent gem to major" do
+        bundle "update --minor foo"
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.5.1", "bar 3.0.0", "qux 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "strict" do
+      it "patch preferred" do
+        bundle "update --patch foo bar --strict"
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.4.4", "bar 2.0.5", "qux 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "minor preferred" do
+        bundle "update --minor --strict", :all => true
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.5.0", "bar 2.1.1", "qux 1.1.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "eager unlocking" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "isolated_owner", %w[1.0.1 1.0.2] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "isolated_dep", "~> 2.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "isolated_dep", %w[2.0.1 2.0.2]
+
+        build_gem "shared_owner_a", %w[3.0.1 3.0.2] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "shared_dep", "~> 5.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "shared_owner_b", %w[4.0.1 4.0.2] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "shared_dep", "~> 5.0"
+        end
+        build_gem "shared_dep", %w[5.0.1 5.0.2]
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'isolated_owner'
+
+        gem 'shared_owner_a'
+        gem 'shared_owner_b'
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            isolated_dep (2.0.1)
+            isolated_owner (1.0.1)
+              isolated_dep (~> 2.0)
+            shared_dep (5.0.1)
+            shared_owner_a (3.0.1)
+              shared_dep (~> 5.0)
+            shared_owner_b (4.0.1)
+              shared_dep (~> 5.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          isolated_owner
+          shared_owner_a
+          shared_owner_b
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "should eagerly unlock isolated dependency" do
+      bundle "update isolated_owner"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "isolated_owner 1.0.2", "isolated_dep 2.0.2", "shared_dep 5.0.1", "shared_owner_a 3.0.1", "shared_owner_b 4.0.1"
+    end
+
+    it "should eagerly unlock shared dependency" do
+      bundle "update shared_owner_a"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "isolated_owner 1.0.1", "isolated_dep 2.0.1", "shared_dep 5.0.2", "shared_owner_a 3.0.2", "shared_owner_b 4.0.1"
+    end
+
+    it "should not eagerly unlock with --conservative" do
+      bundle "update --conservative shared_owner_a isolated_owner"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "isolated_owner 1.0.2", "isolated_dep 2.0.1", "shared_dep 5.0.1", "shared_owner_a 3.0.2", "shared_owner_b 4.0.1"
+    end
+
+    it "should only update direct dependencies when fully updating with --conservative" do
+      bundle "update --conservative"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "isolated_owner 1.0.2", "isolated_dep 2.0.1", "shared_dep 5.0.1", "shared_owner_a 3.0.2", "shared_owner_b 4.0.2"
+    end
+
+    it "should only change direct dependencies when updating the lockfile with --conservative" do
+      bundle "lock --update --conservative"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            isolated_dep (2.0.1)
+            isolated_owner (1.0.2)
+              isolated_dep (~> 2.0)
+            shared_dep (5.0.1)
+            shared_owner_a (3.0.2)
+              shared_dep (~> 5.0)
+            shared_owner_b (4.0.2)
+              shared_dep (~> 5.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          isolated_owner
+          shared_owner_a
+          shared_owner_b
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "should match bundle install conservative update behavior when not eagerly unlocking" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem 'isolated_owner', '1.0.2'
+
+        gem 'shared_owner_a', '3.0.2'
+        gem 'shared_owner_b'
+      G
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "isolated_owner 1.0.2", "isolated_dep 2.0.2", "shared_dep 5.0.1", "shared_owner_a 3.0.2", "shared_owner_b 4.0.1"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "error handling" do
+    before do
+      gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+    end
+
+    it "raises if too many flags are provided" do
+      bundle "update --patch --minor", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to eq "Provide only one of the following options: minor, patch"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/version_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/version_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53d545f5fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/version_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../support/path"
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle version" do
+  if Spec::Path.ruby_core?
+    COMMIT_HASH = /unknown|[a-fA-F0-9]{7,}/.freeze
+  else
+    COMMIT_HASH = /[a-fA-F0-9]{7,}/.freeze
+  end
+
+  context "with -v" do
+    it "outputs the version", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "-v"
+      expect(out).to eq("Bundler version #{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+
+    it "outputs the version", :bundler => "3" do
+      bundle "-v"
+      expect(out).to eq(Bundler::VERSION)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --version" do
+    it "outputs the version", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "--version"
+      expect(out).to eq("Bundler version #{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+
+    it "outputs the version", :bundler => "3" do
+      bundle "--version"
+      expect(out).to eq(Bundler::VERSION)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with version" do
+    it "outputs the version with build metadata", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "version"
+      expect(out).to match(/\ABundler version #{Regexp.escape(Bundler::VERSION)} \(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} commit #{COMMIT_HASH}\)\z/)
+    end
+
+    it "outputs the version with build metadata", :bundler => "3" do
+      bundle "version"
+      expect(out).to match(/\A#{Regexp.escape(Bundler::VERSION)} \(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} commit #{COMMIT_HASH}\)\z/)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/commands/viz_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/commands/viz_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0efb24b504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/commands/viz_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle viz", :bundler => "< 3", :if => Bundler.which("dot") do
+  before do
+    graphviz_version = RUBY_VERSION >= "2.4" ? "1.2.5" : "1.2.4"
+
+    realworld_system_gems "ruby-graphviz --version #{graphviz_version}"
+  end
+
+  it "graphs gems from the Gemfile" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    bundle "viz"
+    expect(out).to include("gem_graph.png")
+
+    bundle "viz", :format => "debug"
+    expect(out).to eq(strip_whitespace(<<-DOT).strip)
+      digraph Gemfile {
+      concentrate = "true";
+      normalize = "true";
+      nodesep = "0.55";
+      edge[ weight  =  "2"];
+      node[ fontname  =  "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif"];
+      edge[ fontname  =  "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif" , fontsize  =  "12"];
+      default [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", shape = "box3d", fontsize = "16", label = "default"];
+      rack [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", label = "rack"];
+        default -> rack [constraint = "false"];
+      "rack-obama" [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", label = "rack-obama"];
+        default -> "rack-obama" [constraint = "false"];
+        "rack-obama" -> rack;
+      }
+      debugging bundle viz...
+    DOT
+  end
+
+  it "graphs gems that are prereleases" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.3.pre"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack", "= 1.3.pre"
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    bundle "viz"
+    expect(out).to include("gem_graph.png")
+
+    bundle "viz", :format => :debug, :version => true
+    expect(out).to eq(strip_whitespace(<<-EOS).strip)
+      digraph Gemfile {
+      concentrate = "true";
+      normalize = "true";
+      nodesep = "0.55";
+      edge[ weight  =  "2"];
+      node[ fontname  =  "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif"];
+      edge[ fontname  =  "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif" , fontsize  =  "12"];
+      default [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", shape = "box3d", fontsize = "16", label = "default"];
+      rack [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", label = "rack\\n1.3.pre"];
+        default -> rack [constraint = "false"];
+      "rack-obama" [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", label = "rack-obama\\n1.0"];
+        default -> "rack-obama" [constraint = "false"];
+        "rack-obama" -> rack;
+      }
+      debugging bundle viz...
+    EOS
+  end
+
+  context "with another gem that has a graphviz file" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "graphviz", "999" do |s|
+          s.write("lib/graphviz.rb", "abort 'wrong graphviz gem loaded'")
+        end
+      end
+
+      system_gems "graphviz-999", :gem_repo => gem_repo4
+    end
+
+    it "loads the correct ruby-graphviz gem" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      bundle "viz", :format => "debug"
+      expect(out).to eq(strip_whitespace(<<-DOT).strip)
+        digraph Gemfile {
+        concentrate = "true";
+        normalize = "true";
+        nodesep = "0.55";
+        edge[ weight  =  "2"];
+        node[ fontname  =  "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif"];
+        edge[ fontname  =  "Arial, Helvetica, SansSerif" , fontsize  =  "12"];
+        default [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", shape = "box3d", fontsize = "16", label = "default"];
+        rack [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", label = "rack"];
+          default -> rack [constraint = "false"];
+        "rack-obama" [style = "filled", fillcolor = "#B9B9D5", label = "rack-obama"];
+          default -> "rack-obama" [constraint = "false"];
+          "rack-obama" -> rack;
+        }
+        debugging bundle viz...
+      DOT
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "--without option" do
+    it "one group" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+
+        group :rails do
+          gem "rails"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle "viz --without=rails"
+      expect(out).to include("gem_graph.png")
+    end
+
+    it "two groups" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+
+        group :rack do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+
+        group :rails do
+          gem "rails"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle "viz --without=rails:rack"
+      expect(out).to include("gem_graph.png")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/allow_offline_install_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/allow_offline_install_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..524363fde5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/allow_offline_install_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with :allow_offline_install" do
+  before do
+    bundle "config set allow_offline_install true"
+  end
+
+  context "with no cached data locally" do
+    it "still installs" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source "http://testgemserver.local"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("rack 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "still fails when the network is down" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "fail", :raise_on_error => false
+        source "http://testgemserver.local"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+      expect(err).to include("Could not reach host testgemserver.local.")
+      expect(the_bundle).to_not be_locked
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with cached data locally" do
+    it "will install from the compact index" do
+      system_gems ["rack-1.0.0"], :path => default_bundle_path
+
+      bundle "config set clean false"
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source "http://testgemserver.local"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "rack", "< 1.0"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack-obama 1.0", "rack 0.9.1")
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "http://testgemserver.local"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      bundle :update, :artifice => "fail", :all => true
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).to include "Using the cached data for the new index because of a network error"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack-obama 1.0", "rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    def break_git_remote_ops!
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(tmp("broken_path"))
+      File.open(tmp("broken_path/git"), "w", 0o755) do |f|
+        f.puts strip_whitespace(<<-RUBY)
+          #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+          if %w(fetch --force --quiet --tags refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*).-(ARGV).empty? || %w(clone --bare --no-hardlinks --quiet).-(ARGV).empty?
+            warn "git remote ops have been disabled"
+            exit 1
+          end
+          ENV["PATH"] = ENV["PATH"].sub(/^.*?:/, "")
+          exec("git", *ARGV)
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      old_path = ENV["PATH"]
+      ENV["PATH"] = "#{tmp("broken_path")}:#{ENV["PATH"]}"
+      yield if block_given?
+    ensure
+      ENV["PATH"] = old_path if block_given?
+    end
+
+    it "will install from a cached git repo" do
+      skip "doesn't print errors" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      git = build_git "a", "1.0.0", :path => lib_path("a")
+      update_git("a", :path => git.path, :branch => "new_branch")
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "a", :git => #{git.path.to_s.dump}
+      G
+
+      break_git_remote_ops! { bundle :update, :all => true }
+      expect(err).to include("Using cached git data because of network errors")
+      expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+
+      break_git_remote_ops! do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "a", :git => #{git.path.to_s.dump}, :branch => "new_branch"
+        G
+      end
+      expect(err).to include("Using cached git data because of network errors")
+      expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/binstubs_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/binstubs_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6961171f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/binstubs_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  describe "when system_bindir is set" do
+    # On OS X, Gem.bindir defaults to /usr/bin, so system_bindir is useful if
+    # you want to avoid sudo installs for system gems with OS X's default ruby
+    it "overrides Gem.bindir" do
+      expect(Pathname.new("/usr/bin")).not_to be_writable unless Process.euid == 0
+      gemfile <<-G
+        def Gem.bindir; "/usr/bin"; end
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      config "BUNDLE_SYSTEM_BINDIR" => system_gem_path("altbin").to_s
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      expect(system_gem_path("altbin/rackup")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when multiple gems contain the same exe" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "fake", "14" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "fake"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "warns about the situation" do
+      bundle "exec rackup"
+
+      expect(last_command.stderr).to include(
+        "The `rackup` executable in the `fake` gem is being loaded, but it's also present in other gems (rack).\n" \
+        "If you meant to run the executable for another gem, make sure you use a project specific binstub (`bundle binstub <gem_name>`).\n" \
+        "If you plan to use multiple conflicting executables, generate binstubs for them and disambiguate their names."
+      ).or include(
+        "The `rackup` executable in the `rack` gem is being loaded, but it's also present in other gems (fake).\n" \
+        "If you meant to run the executable for another gem, make sure you use a project specific binstub (`bundle binstub <gem_name>`).\n" \
+        "If you plan to use multiple conflicting executables, generate binstubs for them and disambiguate their names."
+      )
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/bundler_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/bundler_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..963ce82db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/bundler_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  describe "with bundler dependencies" do
+    before(:each) do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rails", "3.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bundler", ">= 0.9.0.pre"
+        end
+        build_gem "bundler", "0.9.1"
+        build_gem "bundler", Bundler::VERSION
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "are forced to the current bundler version" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}"
+    end
+
+    it "are forced to the current bundler version even if not already present" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bundler #{Bundler::VERSION}"
+    end
+
+    it "causes a conflict if explicitly requesting a different version of bundler" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0"
+        gem "bundler", "0.9.1"
+      G
+
+      nice_error = <<-E.strip.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
+        Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem "bundler":
+          In Gemfile:
+            bundler (= 0.9.1)
+
+          Current Bundler version:
+            bundler (#{Bundler::VERSION})
+
+        Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running.
+        Install the necessary version with `gem install bundler:0.9.1` and rerun bundler using `bundle _0.9.1_ install`
+        E
+      expect(err).to include(nice_error)
+    end
+
+    it "causes a conflict if explicitly requesting a non matching requirement on bundler" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0"
+        gem "bundler", "~> 0.8"
+      G
+
+      nice_error = <<-E.strip.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
+        Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem "bundler":
+          In Gemfile:
+            bundler (~> 0.8)
+
+          Current Bundler version:
+            bundler (#{Bundler::VERSION})
+
+        Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running.
+        Install the necessary version with `gem install bundler:0.9.1` and rerun bundler using `bundle _0.9.1_ install`
+        E
+      expect(err).to include(nice_error)
+    end
+
+    it "causes a conflict if explicitly requesting a version of bundler that doesn't exist" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0"
+        gem "bundler", "0.9.2"
+      G
+
+      nice_error = <<-E.strip.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
+        Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem "bundler":
+          In Gemfile:
+            bundler (= 0.9.2)
+
+          Current Bundler version:
+            bundler (#{Bundler::VERSION})
+
+        Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running, and that version could not be found.
+        E
+      expect(err).to include(nice_error)
+    end
+
+    it "works for gems with multiple versions in its dependencies" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "multiple_versioned_deps" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "weakling", ">= 0.0.1", "< 0.1"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "multiple_versioned_deps"
+      G
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "multiple_versioned_deps"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "multiple_versioned_deps 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "includes bundler in the bundle when it's a child dependency" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0"
+      G
+
+      run "begin; gem 'bundler'; puts 'WIN'; rescue Gem::LoadError; puts 'FAIL'; end"
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "allows gem 'bundler' when Bundler is not in the Gemfile or its dependencies" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      run "begin; gem 'bundler'; puts 'WIN'; rescue Gem::LoadError => e; puts e.backtrace; end"
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "causes a conflict if child dependencies conflict" do
+      bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "= 1.2.3"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activemerchant"
+        gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport"
+      G
+
+      nice_error = <<-E.strip.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
+        Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem "activesupport":
+          In Gemfile:
+            activemerchant was resolved to 1.0, which depends on
+              activesupport (>= 2.0.0)
+
+            rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport was resolved to 1.0, which depends on
+              activesupport (= 1.2.3)
+      E
+      expect(err).to include(nice_error)
+    end
+
+    it "causes a conflict if a child dependency conflicts with the Gemfile" do
+      bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "= 1.2.3"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+      G
+
+      nice_error = <<-E.strip.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
+        Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem "activesupport":
+          In Gemfile:
+            activesupport (= 2.3.5)
+
+            rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport was resolved to 1.0, which depends on
+              activesupport (= 1.2.3)
+      E
+      expect(err).to include(nice_error)
+    end
+
+    it "does not cause a conflict if new dependencies in the Gemfile require older dependencies than the lockfile" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "= 1.2.3"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rails', "2.3.2"
+      G
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails_pinned_to_old_activesupport"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installing activesupport 1.2.3 (was 2.3.2)")
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "can install dependencies with newer bundler version with system gems" do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+      system_gems "bundler-99999999.99.1"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "check"
+      expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+    end
+
+    it "can install dependencies with newer bundler version with a local path" do
+      bundle "config set path .bundle"
+
+      system_gems "bundler-99999999.99.1"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "check"
+      expect(out).to include("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/deploy_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/deploy_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54fc6371cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/deploy_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "install in deployment or frozen mode" do
+  before do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  context "with CLI flags", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    it "fails without a lockfile and says that --deployment requires a lock" do
+      bundle "install --deployment", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("The --deployment flag requires a Gemfile.lock")
+    end
+
+    it "fails without a lockfile and says that --frozen requires a lock" do
+      bundle "install --frozen", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("The --frozen flag requires a Gemfile.lock")
+    end
+
+    it "disallows --deployment --system" do
+      bundle "install --deployment --system", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("You have specified both --deployment")
+      expect(err).to include("Please choose only one option")
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(15)
+    end
+
+    it "disallows --deployment --path --system" do
+      bundle "install --deployment --path . --system", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("You have specified both --path")
+      expect(err).to include("as well as --system")
+      expect(err).to include("Please choose only one option")
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(15)
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't mess up a subsequent `bundle install` after you try to deploy without a lock" do
+      bundle "install --deployment", :raise_on_error => false
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "still works if you are not in the app directory and specify --gemfile" do
+    bundle "install"
+    simulate_new_machine
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle "install --gemfile #{tmp}/bundled_app/Gemfile", :dir => tmp
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "works if you exclude a group with a git gem" do
+    build_git "foo"
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      group :test do
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      end
+    G
+    bundle :install
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle "config set --local without test"
+    bundle :install
+  end
+
+  it "works when you bundle exec bundle" do
+    skip "doesn't find bundle" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    bundle :install
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install
+    bundle "exec bundle check", :env => { "PATH" => path }
+  end
+
+  it "works when using path gems from the same path and the version is specified" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => lib_path("nested/foo")
+    build_lib "bar", :path => lib_path("nested/bar")
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", "1.0", :path => "#{lib_path("nested")}"
+      gem "bar", :path => "#{lib_path("nested")}"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install
+  end
+
+  it "works when path gems are specified twice" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => lib_path("nested/foo")
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("nested/foo")}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("nested/foo")}"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install
+  end
+
+  it "works when there are credentials in the source URL" do
+    install_gemfile(<<-G, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication", :quiet => true)
+      source "http://user:pass@localgemserver.test/"
+
+      gem "rack-obama", ">= 1.0"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication"
+  end
+
+  it "works with sources given by a block" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}" do
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+  end
+
+  context "when replacing a host with the same host with credentials" do
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "http://user_name:password@localgemserver.test/"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-G
+        GEM
+          remote: http://localgemserver.test/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{local}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    end
+
+    it "prevents the replace by default" do
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to match(/The list of sources changed/)
+    end
+
+    context "when allow_deployment_source_credential_changes is true" do
+      before { bundle "config set allow_deployment_source_credential_changes true" }
+
+      it "allows the replace" do
+        bundle :install
+
+        expect(out).to match(/Bundle complete!/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when allow_deployment_source_credential_changes is false" do
+      before { bundle "config set allow_deployment_source_credential_changes false" }
+
+      it "prevents the replace" do
+        bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to match(/The list of sources changed/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when BUNDLE_ALLOW_DEPLOYMENT_SOURCE_CREDENTIAL_CHANGES env var is true" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_ALLOW_DEPLOYMENT_SOURCE_CREDENTIAL_CHANGES"] = "true" }
+
+      it "allows the replace" do
+        bundle :install
+
+        expect(out).to match(/Bundle complete!/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when BUNDLE_ALLOW_DEPLOYMENT_SOURCE_CREDENTIAL_CHANGES env var is false" do
+      before { ENV["BUNDLE_ALLOW_DEPLOYMENT_SOURCE_CREDENTIAL_CHANGES"] = "false" }
+
+      it "prevents the replace" do
+        bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to match(/The list of sources changed/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with an existing lockfile" do
+    before do
+      bundle "install"
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems by default to vendor/bundle", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install --deployment"
+      expect(out).to include("vendor/bundle")
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems to custom path if specified", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install --path vendor/bundle2 --deployment"
+      expect(out).to include("vendor/bundle2")
+    end
+
+    it "works with the --deployment flag if you didn't change anything", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install --deployment"
+    end
+
+    it "works with the --frozen flag if you didn't change anything", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install --frozen"
+    end
+
+    it "works with BUNDLE_FROZEN if you didn't change anything" do
+      bundle :install, :env => { "BUNDLE_FROZEN" => "true" }
+    end
+
+    it "explodes with the --deployment flag if you make a change and don't check in the lockfile" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).to include("* rack-obama")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have deleted from the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have changed in the Gemfile")
+    end
+
+    it "works if a path gem is missing but is in a without group" do
+      build_lib "path_gem"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rake"
+        gem "path_gem", :path => "#{lib_path("path_gem-1.0")}", :group => :development
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "path_gem 1.0"
+      FileUtils.rm_r lib_path("path_gem-1.0")
+
+      bundle "config set --local path .bundle"
+      bundle "config set --local without development"
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+      run "puts :WIN"
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "explodes if a path gem is missing" do
+      build_lib "path_gem"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rake"
+        gem "path_gem", :path => "#{lib_path("path_gem-1.0")}", :group => :development
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "path_gem 1.0"
+      FileUtils.rm_r lib_path("path_gem-1.0")
+
+      bundle "config set --local path .bundle"
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("The path `#{lib_path("path_gem-1.0")}` does not exist.")
+    end
+
+    it "can have --frozen set via an environment variable", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FROZEN"] = "1"
+      bundle "install", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).to include("* rack-obama")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have deleted from the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have changed in the Gemfile")
+    end
+
+    it "can have --deployment set via an environment variable" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT"] = "true"
+      bundle "install", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).to include("* rack-obama")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have deleted from the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have changed in the Gemfile")
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems by default to vendor/bundle when deployment mode is set via an environment variable", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT"] = "true"
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(out).to include("vendor/bundle")
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems to custom path when deployment mode is set via an environment variable ", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      ENV["BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT"] = "true"
+      ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = "vendor/bundle2"
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(out).to include("vendor/bundle2")
+    end
+
+    it "can have --frozen set to false via an environment variable" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_FROZEN"] = "false"
+      ENV["BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT"] = "false"
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(out).not_to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(out).not_to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(out).not_to include("* rack-obama")
+    end
+
+    it "explodes if you remove a gem and don't check in the lockfile" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).to include("You have added to the Gemfile:\n* activesupport\n\n")
+      expect(err).to include("You have deleted from the Gemfile:\n* rack")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have changed in the Gemfile")
+    end
+
+    it "explodes if you add a source" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "git://hubz.com"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).to include("You have changed in the Gemfile:\n* rack from `no specified source` to `git://hubz.com`")
+    end
+
+    it "explodes if you change a source" do
+      build_git "rack"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have deleted from the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).to include("You have changed in the Gemfile:\n* rack from `#{lib_path("rack-1.0")}` to `no specified source`")
+    end
+
+    it "explodes if you change a source" do
+      build_lib "foo", :path => lib_path("rack/foo")
+      build_git "rack", :path => lib_path("rack")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack")}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("rack")}"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("rack")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("deployment mode")
+      expect(err).to include("You have changed in the Gemfile:\n* rack from `#{lib_path("rack")}` to `no specified source`")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(err).not_to include("You have deleted from the Gemfile")
+    end
+
+    it "remembers that the bundle is frozen at runtime" do
+      bundle :lock
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      run "require 'rack'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include strip_whitespace(<<-E).strip
+The dependencies in your gemfile changed
+
+You have added to the Gemfile:
+* rack (= 1.0.0)
+* rack-obama
+
+You have deleted from the Gemfile:
+* rack
+      E
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with path in Gemfile and packed" do
+    it "works fine after bundle package and bundle install --local" do
+      build_lib "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+
+      bundle "config set cache_all true"
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo")).to be_directory
+
+      bundle "install --local"
+      expect(out).to include("Updating files in vendor/cache")
+
+      simulate_new_machine
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle "install --verbose"
+      expect(out).not_to include("You are trying to install in deployment mode after changing your Gemfile")
+      expect(out).not_to include("You have added to the Gemfile")
+      expect(out).not_to include("You have deleted from the Gemfile")
+      expect(out).to include("vendor/cache/foo")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/failure_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/failure_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a9c33754f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/failure_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  context "installing a gem fails" do
+    it "prints out why that gem was being installed and the underlying error" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "2.3.2" do |s|
+          s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+          s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+            task :default do
+              abort "make installing activesupport-2.3.2 fail"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+      expect(err).to start_with("Gem::Ext::BuildError: ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.")
+      expect(err).to end_with(<<-M.strip)
+An error occurred while installing activesupport (2.3.2), and Bundler cannot continue.
+
+In Gemfile:
+  rails was resolved to 2.3.2, which depends on
+    actionmailer was resolved to 2.3.2, which depends on
+      activesupport
+                     M
+    end
+
+    context "because the downloaded .gem was invalid" do
+      before do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "a"
+        end
+
+        gem_repo4("gems", "a-1.0.gem").open("w") {|f| f << "<html></html>" }
+      end
+
+      it "removes the downloaded .gem" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          gem "a"
+        G
+
+        expect(default_bundle_path("cache", "a-1.0.gem")).not_to exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/eval_gemfile_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/eval_gemfile_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02283291b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/eval_gemfile_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with gemfile that uses eval_gemfile" do
+  before do
+    build_lib("gunks", :path => bundled_app.join("gems/gunks")) do |s|
+      s.name    = "gunks"
+      s.version = "0.0.1"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "eval-ed Gemfile points to an internal gemspec" do
+    before do
+      create_file "Gemfile-other", <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec :path => 'gems/gunks'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "installs the gemspec specified gem" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        eval_gemfile 'Gemfile-other'
+      G
+      expect(out).to include("Resolving dependencies")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete")
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "gunks 0.0.1", :source => "path@#{bundled_app("gems", "gunks")}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "eval-ed Gemfile points to an internal gemspec and uses a scoped source that duplicates the main Gemfile global source" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rails", "6.1.3.2"
+
+        build_gem "zip-zip", "0.3"
+      end
+
+      create_file bundled_app("gems/Gemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gemspec :path => "\#{__dir__}/gunks"
+
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}" do
+          gem "zip-zip"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "installs and finds gems correctly" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "rails"
+
+        eval_gemfile File.join(__dir__, "gems/Gemfile")
+      G
+      expect(out).to include("Resolving dependencies")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete")
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "rails 6.1.3.2"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "eval-ed Gemfile has relative-path gems" do
+    before do
+      build_lib("a", :path => bundled_app("gems/a"))
+      create_file bundled_app("nested/Gemfile-nested"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "a", :path => "../gems/a"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        eval_gemfile "nested/Gemfile-nested"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "installs the path gem" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("a 1.0")
+    end
+
+    # Make sure that we are properly comparing path based gems between the
+    # parsed lockfile and the evaluated gemfile.
+    it "bundles with deployment mode configured" do
+      bundle :install
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "Gemfile uses gemspec paths after eval-ing a Gemfile" do
+    before { create_file "other/Gemfile-other" }
+
+    it "installs the gemspec specified gem" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        eval_gemfile 'other/Gemfile-other'
+        gemspec :path => 'gems/gunks'
+      G
+      expect(out).to include("Resolving dependencies")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete")
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "gunks 0.0.1", :source => "path@#{bundled_app("gems", "gunks")}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "eval-ed Gemfile references other gemfiles" do
+    it "works with relative paths" do
+      create_file "other/Gemfile-other", "gem 'rack'"
+      create_file "other/Gemfile", "eval_gemfile 'Gemfile-other'"
+      create_file "Gemfile-alt", <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        eval_gemfile "other/Gemfile"
+      G
+      install_gemfile "eval_gemfile File.expand_path('Gemfile-alt')"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/gemspec_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/gemspec_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d9cd2daff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/gemspec_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install from an existing gemspec" do
+  before(:each) do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "bar"
+      build_gem "bar-dev"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "should install runtime and development dependencies" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.write("Gemfile", "source :rubygems\ngemspec")
+      s.add_dependency "bar", "=1.0.0"
+      s.add_development_dependency "bar-dev", "=1.0.0"
+    end
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar-dev 1.0.0", :groups => :development
+  end
+
+  it "that is hidden should install runtime and development dependencies" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.write("Gemfile", "source :rubygems\ngemspec")
+      s.add_dependency "bar", "=1.0.0"
+      s.add_development_dependency "bar-dev", "=1.0.0"
+    end
+    FileUtils.mv tmp.join("foo", "foo.gemspec"), tmp.join("foo", ".gemspec")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar-dev 1.0.0", :groups => :development
+  end
+
+  it "should handle a list of requirements" do
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "baz", "1.0"
+      build_gem "baz", "1.1"
+    end
+
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.write("Gemfile", "source :rubygems\ngemspec")
+      s.add_dependency "baz", ">= 1.0", "< 1.1"
+    end
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "baz 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "should raise if there are no gemspecs available" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo"), :gemspec => false)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+    expect(err).to match(/There are no gemspecs at #{tmp.join('foo')}/)
+  end
+
+  it "should raise if there are too many gemspecs available" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.write("foo2.gemspec", build_spec("foo", "4.0").first.to_ruby)
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+    expect(err).to match(/There are multiple gemspecs at #{tmp.join('foo')}/)
+  end
+
+  it "should pick a specific gemspec" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.write("foo2.gemspec", "")
+      s.add_dependency "bar", "=1.0.0"
+      s.add_development_dependency "bar-dev", "=1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile(<<-G)
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}', :name => 'foo'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar-dev 1.0.0", :groups => :development
+  end
+
+  it "should use a specific group for development dependencies" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.write("foo2.gemspec", "")
+      s.add_dependency "bar", "=1.0.0"
+      s.add_development_dependency "bar-dev", "=1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile(<<-G)
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}', :name => 'foo', :development_group => :dev
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "bar-dev 1.0.0", :groups => :development
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar-dev 1.0.0", :groups => :dev
+  end
+
+  it "should match a lockfile even if the gemspec defines development dependencies" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.write("Gemfile", "source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}'\ngemspec")
+      s.add_dependency "actionpack", "=2.3.2"
+      s.add_development_dependency "rake", "=13.0.1"
+    end
+
+    bundle "install", :dir => tmp.join("foo")
+    # This should really be able to rely on $stderr, but, it's not written
+    # right, so we can't. In fact, this is a bug negation test, and so it'll
+    # ghost pass in future, and will only catch a regression if the message
+    # doesn't change. Exit codes should be used correctly (they can be more
+    # than just 0 and 1).
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    output = bundle("install", :dir => tmp.join("foo"))
+    expect(output).not_to match(/You have added to the Gemfile/)
+    expect(output).not_to match(/You have deleted from the Gemfile/)
+    expect(output).not_to match(/install in deployment mode after changing/)
+  end
+
+  it "should match a lockfile without needing to re-resolve" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "install", :verbose => true
+
+    message = "Found no changes, using resolution from the lockfile"
+    expect(out.scan(message).size).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "should match a lockfile without needing to re-resolve with development dependencies" do
+    simulate_platform java
+
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack"
+      s.add_development_dependency "thin"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "install", :verbose => true
+
+    message = "Found no changes, using resolution from the lockfile"
+    expect(out.scan(message).size).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it "should match a lockfile on non-ruby platforms with a transitive platform dependency", :jruby do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "platform_specific"
+    end
+
+    system_gems "platform_specific-1.0-java", :path => default_bundle_path
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+
+    bundle "update --bundler", :verbose => true
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", "platform_specific 1.0 JAVA"
+  end
+
+  it "should evaluate the gemspec in its directory" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo"))
+    File.open(tmp.join("foo/foo.gemspec"), "w") do |s|
+      s.write "raise 'ahh' unless Dir.pwd == '#{tmp.join("foo")}'"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}'
+    G
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include("ahh")
+  end
+
+  it "allows the gemspec to activate other gems" do
+    ENV["BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM"] = "true"
+    # see https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/5409
+    #
+    # issue was caused by rubygems having an unresolved gem during a require,
+    # so emulate that
+    system_gems %w[rack-1.0.0 rack-0.9.1 rack-obama-1.0]
+
+    build_lib("foo", :path => bundled_app)
+    gemspec = bundled_app("foo.gemspec").read
+    bundled_app("foo.gemspec").open("w") do |f|
+      f.write "#{gemspec.strip}.tap { gem 'rack-obama'; require 'rack/obama' }"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "allows conflicts" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.version = "1.0.0"
+      s.add_dependency "bar", "= 1.0.0"
+    end
+    build_gem "deps", :to_bundle => true do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "foo", "= 0.0.1"
+    end
+    build_gem "foo", "0.0.1", :to_bundle => true
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "deps"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}', :name => 'foo'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not break Gem.finish_resolve with conflicts" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+      s.version = "1.0.0"
+      s.add_dependency "bar", "= 1.0.0"
+    end
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo", "= 0.0.1"
+      end
+      build_gem "foo", "0.0.1"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "deps"
+      gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}', :name => 'foo'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.0"
+
+    run "Gem.finish_resolve; puts 'WIN'"
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "handles downgrades" do
+    build_lib "omg", "2.0", :path => lib_path("omg")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec :path => "#{lib_path("omg")}"
+    G
+
+    build_lib "omg", "1.0", :path => lib_path("omg")
+
+    bundle :install
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "omg 1.0"
+  end
+
+  context "in deployment mode" do
+    context "when the lockfile was not updated after a change to the gemspec's dependencies" do
+      it "reports that installation failed" do
+        build_lib "cocoapods", :path => bundled_app do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", ">= 1"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gemspec
+        G
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("cocoapods 1.0", "activesupport 2.3.5")
+
+        build_lib "cocoapods", :path => bundled_app do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", ">= 1.0.1"
+        end
+
+        bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+        bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("changed")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when child gemspecs conflict with a released gemspec" do
+    before do
+      # build the "parent" gem that depends on another gem in the same repo
+      build_lib "source_conflict", :path => bundled_app do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack_middleware"
+      end
+
+      # build the "child" gem that is the same version as a released gem, but
+      # has completely different and conflicting dependency requirements
+      build_lib "rack_middleware", "1.0", :path => bundled_app("rack_middleware") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack", "1.0" # anything other than 0.9.1
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "should install the child gemspec's deps" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a lockfile and some missing dependencies" do
+    let(:source_uri) { "http://localgemserver.test" }
+
+    context "previously bundled for Ruby" do
+      let(:platform) { "ruby" }
+
+      before do
+        skip "not installing for some reason" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", "=1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source_uri}"
+          gemspec :path => "../foo"
+        G
+
+        lockfile <<-L
+          PATH
+            remote: ../foo
+            specs:
+              foo (1.0)
+                rack (= 1.0.0)
+
+          GEM
+            remote: #{source_uri}
+            specs:
+              rack (1.0.0)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{generic_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            foo!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      context "using JRuby with explicit platform", :jruby do
+        before do
+          create_file(
+            tmp.join("foo", "foo-java.gemspec"),
+            build_spec("foo", "1.0", "java") do
+              dep "rack", "=1.0.0"
+              @spec.authors = "authors"
+              @spec.summary = "summary"
+            end.first.to_ruby
+          )
+        end
+
+        it "should install" do
+          results = bundle "install", :artifice => "endpoint"
+          expect(results).to include("Installing rack 1.0.0")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "using JRuby", :jruby do
+        it "should install" do
+          results = bundle "install", :artifice => "endpoint"
+          expect(results).to include("Installing rack 1.0.0")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "using Windows" do
+        it "should install" do
+          simulate_windows do
+            results = bundle "install", :artifice => "endpoint"
+            expect(results).to include("Installing rack 1.0.0")
+            expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "bundled for ruby and jruby" do
+      let(:platform_specific_type) { :runtime }
+      let(:dependency) { "platform_specific" }
+      before do
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "indirect_platform_specific" do |s|
+            s.add_runtime_dependency "platform_specific"
+          end
+        end
+
+        build_lib "foo", :path => bundled_app do |s|
+          if platform_specific_type == :runtime
+            s.add_runtime_dependency dependency
+          elsif platform_specific_type == :development
+            s.add_development_dependency dependency
+          else
+            raise "wrong dependency type #{platform_specific_type}, can only be :development or :runtime"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gemspec
+        G
+
+        simulate_platform("ruby") { bundle "install" }
+        simulate_platform("jruby") { bundle "install" }
+      end
+
+      context "on ruby" do
+        before do
+          simulate_platform("ruby")
+          bundle :install
+        end
+
+        context "as a runtime dependency" do
+          it "keeps java dependencies in the lockfile" do
+            expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+            expect(lockfile).to eq strip_whitespace(<<-L)
+              PATH
+                remote: .
+                specs:
+                  foo (1.0)
+                    platform_specific
+
+              GEM
+                remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+                specs:
+                  platform_specific (1.0)
+                  platform_specific (1.0-java)
+
+              PLATFORMS
+                java
+                ruby
+
+              DEPENDENCIES
+                foo!
+
+              BUNDLED WITH
+                 #{Bundler::VERSION}
+            L
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "as a development dependency" do
+          let(:platform_specific_type) { :development }
+
+          it "keeps java dependencies in the lockfile" do
+            expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+            expect(lockfile).to eq strip_whitespace(<<-L)
+              PATH
+                remote: .
+                specs:
+                  foo (1.0)
+
+              GEM
+                remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+                specs:
+                  platform_specific (1.0)
+                  platform_specific (1.0-java)
+
+              PLATFORMS
+                java
+                ruby
+
+              DEPENDENCIES
+                foo!
+                platform_specific
+
+              BUNDLED WITH
+                 #{Bundler::VERSION}
+            L
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "with an indirect platform-specific development dependency" do
+          let(:platform_specific_type) { :development }
+          let(:dependency) { "indirect_platform_specific" }
+
+          it "keeps java dependencies in the lockfile" do
+            expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", "indirect_platform_specific 1.0", "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+            expect(lockfile).to eq strip_whitespace(<<-L)
+              PATH
+                remote: .
+                specs:
+                  foo (1.0)
+
+              GEM
+                remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+                specs:
+                  indirect_platform_specific (1.0)
+                    platform_specific
+                  platform_specific (1.0)
+                  platform_specific (1.0-java)
+
+              PLATFORMS
+                java
+                ruby
+
+              DEPENDENCIES
+                foo!
+                indirect_platform_specific
+
+              BUNDLED WITH
+                 #{Bundler::VERSION}
+            L
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with multiple platforms" do
+    before do
+      build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo")) do |s|
+        s.version = "1.0.0"
+        s.add_development_dependency "rack"
+        s.write "foo-universal-java.gemspec", build_spec("foo", "1.0.0", "universal-java") {|sj| sj.runtime "rack", "1.0.0" }.first.to_ruby
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "installs the ruby platform gemspec" do
+      simulate_platform "ruby"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}', :name => 'foo'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.0", "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs the ruby platform gemspec and skips dev deps with `without development` configured" do
+      simulate_platform "ruby"
+
+      bundle "config set --local without development"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec :path => '#{tmp.join("foo")}', :name => 'foo'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "foo 1.0.0"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gem "rack"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with multiple platforms and resolving for more specific platforms" do
+    before do
+      build_lib("chef", :path => tmp.join("chef")) do |s|
+        s.version = "17.1.17"
+        s.write "chef-universal-mingw32.gemspec", build_spec("chef", "17.1.17", "universal-mingw32") {|sw| sw.runtime "win32-api", "~> 1.5.3" }.first.to_ruby
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "does not remove the platform specific specs from the lockfile when updating" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "win32-api", "1.5.3" do |s|
+          s.platform = "universal-mingw32"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gemspec :path => "../chef"
+      G
+
+      initial_lockfile = <<~L
+        PATH
+          remote: ../chef
+          specs:
+            chef (17.1.17)
+            chef (17.1.17-universal-mingw32)
+              win32-api (~> 1.5.3)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+          specs:
+            win32-api (1.5.3-universal-mingw32)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+          x64-mingw32
+          x86-mingw32
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          chef!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      lockfile initial_lockfile
+
+      bundle "update"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq initial_lockfile
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/git_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/git_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..150fcf2c42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/git_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1570 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with git sources" do
+  describe "when floating on master" do
+    before :each do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.executables = "foobar"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "fetches gems" do
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+
+      run <<-RUBY
+        require 'foo'
+        puts "WIN" unless defined?(FOO_PREV_REF)
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "caches the git repo", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(Dir["#{default_bundle_path}/cache/bundler/git/foo-1.0-*"]).to have_attributes :size => 1
+    end
+
+    it "caches the git repo globally and properly uses the cached repo on the next invocation" do
+      simulate_new_machine
+      bundle "config set global_gem_cache true"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(Dir["#{home}/.bundle/cache/git/foo-1.0-*"]).to have_attributes :size => 1
+
+      bundle "install --verbose"
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to include("Using foo 1.0 from #{lib_path("foo")}")
+    end
+
+    it "caches the evaluated gemspec" do
+      git = update_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.executables = ["foobar"] # we added this the first time, so keep it now
+        s.files = ["bin/foobar"] # updating git nukes the files list
+        foospec = s.to_ruby.gsub(/s\.files.*/, 's.files = `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0")')
+        s.write "foo.gemspec", foospec
+      end
+
+      bundle "update foo"
+
+      sha = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+      spec_file = default_bundle_path.join("bundler/gems/foo-1.0-#{sha}/foo.gemspec").to_s
+      ruby_code = Gem::Specification.load(spec_file).to_ruby
+      file_code = File.read(spec_file)
+      expect(file_code).to eq(ruby_code)
+    end
+
+    it "does not update the git source implicitly" do
+      update_git "foo"
+
+      install_gemfile bundled_app2("Gemfile"), <<-G, :dir => bundled_app2
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+      G
+
+      run <<-RUBY
+        require 'foo'
+        puts "fail" if defined?(FOO_PREV_REF)
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "sets up git gem executables on the path" do
+      bundle "exec foobar"
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "complains if pinned specs don't exist in the git repo" do
+      build_git "foo"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", "1.1", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("The source contains the following versions of 'foo': 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "complains with version and platform if pinned specs don't exist in the git repo" do
+      simulate_platform "java"
+
+      build_git "only_java" do |s|
+        s.platform = "java"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        platforms :jruby do
+          gem "only_java", "1.2", :git => "#{lib_path("only_java-1.0-java")}"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("The source contains the following versions of 'only_java': 1.0 java")
+    end
+
+    it "complains with multiple versions and platforms if pinned specs don't exist in the git repo" do
+      simulate_platform "java"
+
+      build_git "only_java", "1.0" do |s|
+        s.platform = "java"
+      end
+
+      build_git "only_java", "1.1" do |s|
+        s.platform = "java"
+        s.write "only_java1-0.gemspec", File.read("#{lib_path("only_java-1.0-java")}/only_java.gemspec")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        platforms :jruby do
+          gem "only_java", "1.2", :git => "#{lib_path("only_java-1.1-java")}"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("The source contains the following versions of 'only_java': 1.0 java, 1.1 java")
+    end
+
+    it "still works after moving the application directory" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install"
+
+      FileUtils.mv bundled_app, tmp("bundled_app.bck")
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", :dir => tmp("bundled_app.bck")
+    end
+
+    it "can still install after moving the application directory" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "install"
+
+      FileUtils.mv bundled_app, tmp("bundled_app.bck")
+
+      update_git "foo", "1.1", :path => lib_path("foo-1.0")
+
+      gemfile tmp("bundled_app.bck/Gemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+
+        gem "rack", "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update foo", :dir => tmp("bundled_app.bck")
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.1", "rack 1.0", :dir => tmp("bundled_app.bck")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with an empty git block" do
+    before do
+      build_git "foo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          # this page left intentionally blank
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "does not explode" do
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when specifying a revision" do
+    before(:each) do
+      build_git "foo"
+      @revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+      update_git "foo"
+    end
+
+    it "works" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "#{@revision}" do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+
+      run <<-RUBY
+        require 'foo'
+        puts "WIN" unless defined?(FOO_PREV_REF)
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "works when the revision is a symbol" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => #{@revision.to_sym.inspect} do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+
+      run <<-RUBY
+        require 'foo'
+        puts "WIN" unless defined?(FOO_PREV_REF)
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "works when the revision is a non-head ref" do
+      # want to ensure we don't fallback to master
+      update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo-1.0") do |s|
+        s.write("lib/foo.rb", "raise 'FAIL'")
+      end
+
+      sys_exec("git update-ref -m \"Bundler Spec!\" refs/bundler/1 master~1", :dir => lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+
+      # want to ensure we don't fallback to HEAD
+      update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo-1.0"), :branch => "rando" do |s|
+        s.write("lib/foo.rb", "raise 'FAIL_FROM_RANDO'")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "refs/bundler/1" do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+
+      run <<-RUBY
+        require 'foo'
+        puts "WIN" if defined?(FOO)
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "works when the revision is a non-head ref and it was previously downloaded" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+
+      # want to ensure we don't fallback to master
+      update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo-1.0") do |s|
+        s.write("lib/foo.rb", "raise 'FAIL'")
+      end
+
+      sys_exec("git update-ref -m \"Bundler Spec!\" refs/bundler/1 master~1", :dir => lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+
+      # want to ensure we don't fallback to HEAD
+      update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo-1.0"), :branch => "rando" do |s|
+        s.write("lib/foo.rb", "raise 'FAIL_FROM_RANDO'")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "refs/bundler/1" do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+
+      run <<-RUBY
+        require 'foo'
+        puts "WIN" if defined?(FOO)
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "does not download random non-head refs" do
+      sys_exec("git update-ref -m \"Bundler Spec!\" refs/bundler/1 master~1", :dir => lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+
+      bundle "config set global_gem_cache true"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+
+      # ensure we also git fetch after cloning
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+
+      sys_exec("git ls-remote .", :dir => Dir[home(".bundle/cache/git/foo-*")].first)
+
+      expect(out).not_to include("refs/bundler/1")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when specifying a branch" do
+    let(:branch) { "branch" }
+    let(:repo) { build_git("foo").path }
+
+    it "works" do
+      update_git("foo", :path => repo, :branch => branch)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{repo}", :branch => #{branch.dump} do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+    end
+
+    context "when the branch starts with a `#`" do
+      let(:branch) { "#149/redirect-url-fragment" }
+      it "works" do
+        skip "git does not accept this" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        update_git("foo", :path => repo, :branch => branch)
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          git "#{repo}", :branch => #{branch.dump} do
+            gem "foo"
+          end
+        G
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the branch includes quotes" do
+      let(:branch) { %('") }
+      it "works" do
+        skip "git does not accept this" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        update_git("foo", :path => repo, :branch => branch)
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          git "#{repo}", :branch => #{branch.dump} do
+            gem "foo"
+          end
+        G
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when specifying a tag" do
+    let(:tag) { "tag" }
+    let(:repo) { build_git("foo").path }
+
+    it "works" do
+      update_git("foo", :path => repo, :tag => tag)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{repo}", :tag => #{tag.dump} do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+    end
+
+    context "when the tag starts with a `#`" do
+      let(:tag) { "#149/redirect-url-fragment" }
+      it "works" do
+        skip "git does not accept this" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        update_git("foo", :path => repo, :tag => tag)
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+         source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          git "#{repo}", :tag => #{tag.dump} do
+            gem "foo"
+          end
+        G
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the tag includes quotes" do
+      let(:tag) { %('") }
+      it "works" do
+        skip "git does not accept this" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        update_git("foo", :path => repo, :tag => tag)
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          git "#{repo}", :tag => #{tag.dump} do
+            gem "foo"
+          end
+        G
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when specifying local override" do
+    it "uses the local repository instead of checking a new one out" do
+      # We don't generate it because we actually don't need it
+      # build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      build_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install
+
+      run "require 'rack'"
+      expect(out).to eq("LOCAL")
+    end
+
+    it "chooses the local repository on runtime" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      update_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      run "require 'rack'"
+      expect(out).to eq("LOCAL")
+    end
+
+    it "unlocks the source when the dependencies have changed while switching to the local" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      update_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack") do |s|
+        s.write "rack.gemspec", build_spec("rack", "0.8") { runtime "rspec", "> 0" }.first.to_ruby
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install
+      run "require 'rack'"
+      expect(out).to eq("LOCAL")
+    end
+
+    it "updates specs on runtime" do
+      system_gems "nokogiri-1.4.2"
+
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      lockfile0 = File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+      update_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "nokogiri", "1.4.2"
+      end
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      run "require 'rack'"
+
+      lockfile1 = File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+      expect(lockfile1).not_to eq(lockfile0)
+    end
+
+    it "updates ref on install" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      lockfile0 = File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+      update_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack")
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install
+
+      lockfile1 = File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+      expect(lockfile1).not_to eq(lockfile0)
+    end
+
+    it "explodes and gives correct solution if given path does not exist on install" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/Cannot use local override for rack-0.8 because #{Regexp.escape(lib_path('local-rack').to_s)} does not exist/)
+
+      solution = "config unset local.rack"
+      expect(err).to match(/Run `bundle #{solution}` to remove the local override/)
+
+      bundle solution
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "explodes and gives correct solution if branch is not given on install" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/Cannot use local override for rack-0.8 at #{Regexp.escape(lib_path('local-rack').to_s)} because :branch is not specified in Gemfile/)
+
+      solution = "config unset local.rack"
+      expect(err).to match(/Specify a branch or run `bundle #{solution}` to remove the local override/)
+
+      bundle solution
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "does not explode if disable_local_branch_check is given" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle %(config set disable_local_branch_check true)
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to match(/Bundle complete!/)
+    end
+
+    it "explodes on different branches on install" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      update_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack"), :branch => "another" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/is using branch another but Gemfile specifies master/)
+    end
+
+    it "explodes on invalid revision on install" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      build_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/The Gemfile lock is pointing to revision \w+/)
+    end
+
+    it "does not explode on invalid revision on install" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      build_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle %(config set disable_local_revision_check true)
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to match(/Bundle complete!/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "specified inline" do
+    # TODO: Figure out how to write this test so that it is not flaky depending
+    #       on the current network situation.
+    # it "supports private git URLs" do
+    #   gemfile <<-G
+    #     gem "thingy", :git => "git@notthere.fallingsnow.net:somebody/thingy.git"
+    #   G
+    #
+    #   bundle :install
+    #
+    #   # p out
+    #   # p err
+    #   puts err unless err.empty? # This spec fails randomly every so often
+    #   err.should include("notthere.fallingsnow.net")
+    #   err.should include("ssh")
+    # end
+
+    it "installs from git even if a newer gem is available elsewhere" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.8"
+    end
+
+    it "installs dependencies from git even if a newer gem is available elsewhere" do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      build_lib "rack", "1.0", :path => lib_path("nested/bar") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts 'WIN OVERRIDE'"
+      end
+
+      build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("nested") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack", "= 1.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("nested")}"
+      G
+
+      run "require 'rack'"
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN OVERRIDE")
+    end
+
+    it "correctly unlocks when changing to a git source" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      G
+
+      build_git "rack", :path => lib_path("rack")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0", :git => "#{lib_path("rack")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "correctly unlocks when changing to a git source without versions" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      build_git "rack", "1.2", :path => lib_path("rack")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "block syntax" do
+    it "pulls all gems from a git block" do
+      build_lib "omg", :path => lib_path("hi2u/omg")
+      build_lib "hi2u", :path => lib_path("hi2u")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path("hi2u")}" do
+          gem "omg"
+          gem "hi2u"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "omg 1.0", "hi2u 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "uses a ref if specified" do
+    build_git "foo"
+    @revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+    update_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "#{@revision}"
+    G
+
+    run <<-RUBY
+      require 'foo'
+      puts "WIN" unless defined?(FOO_PREV_REF)
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "correctly handles cases with invalid gemspecs" do
+    build_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.summary = nil
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      gem "rails", "2.3.2"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rails 2.3.2"
+  end
+
+  it "runs the gemspec in the context of its parent directory" do
+    build_lib "bar", :path => lib_path("foo/bar"), :gemspec => false do |s|
+      s.write lib_path("foo/bar/lib/version.rb"), %(BAR_VERSION = '1.0')
+      s.write "bar.gemspec", <<-G
+        $:.unshift Dir.pwd
+        require 'lib/version'
+        Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+          s.name        = 'bar'
+          s.author      = 'no one'
+          s.version     = BAR_VERSION
+          s.summary     = 'Bar'
+          s.files       = Dir["lib/**/*.rb"]
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+      s.write "bin/foo", ""
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      gem "rails", "2.3.2"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar 1.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rails 2.3.2"
+  end
+
+  it "installs from git even if a rubygems gem is present" do
+    build_gem "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("fake_foo"), :to_system => true do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", "raise 'FAIL'"
+    end
+
+    build_git "foo", "1.0"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", "1.0", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fakes the gem out if there is no gemspec" do
+    build_git "foo", :gemspec => false
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", "1.0", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      gem "rails", "2.3.2"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rails 2.3.2")
+  end
+
+  it "catches git errors and spits out useful output" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", "1.0", :git => "omgomg"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(err).to include("Git error:")
+    expect(err).to include("fatal")
+    expect(err).to include("omgomg")
+  end
+
+  it "works when the gem path has spaces in it" do
+    build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo space-1.0")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo space-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles repos that have been force-pushed" do
+    build_git "forced", "1.0"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("forced-1.0")}" do
+        gem 'forced'
+      end
+    G
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "forced 1.0"
+
+    update_git "forced" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/forced.rb", "FORCED = '1.1'"
+    end
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "forced 1.1"
+
+    sys_exec("git reset --hard HEAD^", :dir => lib_path("forced-1.0"))
+
+    bundle "update", :all => true
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "forced 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "ignores submodules if :submodule is not passed" do
+    build_git "submodule", "1.0"
+    build_git "has_submodule", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "submodule"
+    end
+    sys_exec "git submodule add #{lib_path("submodule-1.0")} submodule-1.0", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+    sys_exec "git commit -m \"submodulator\"", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}" do
+        gem "has_submodule"
+      end
+    G
+    expect(err).to match(/could not find gem 'submodule/i)
+
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "has_submodule 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles repos with submodules" do
+    build_git "submodule", "1.0"
+    build_git "has_submodule", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "submodule"
+    end
+    sys_exec "git submodule add #{lib_path("submodule-1.0")} submodule-1.0", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+    sys_exec "git commit -m \"submodulator\"", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}", :submodules => true do
+        gem "has_submodule"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "has_submodule 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not warn when deiniting submodules" do
+    build_git "submodule", "1.0"
+    build_git "has_submodule", "1.0"
+
+    sys_exec "git submodule add #{lib_path("submodule-1.0")} submodule-1.0", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+    sys_exec "git commit -m \"submodulator\"", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}" do
+        gem "has_submodule"
+      end
+    G
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "has_submodule 1.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to_not include_gems "submodule 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles implicit updates when modifying the source info" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    update_git "foo"
+    update_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "#{git.ref_for("HEAD^")}" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    run <<-RUBY
+      require 'foo'
+      puts "WIN" if FOO_PREV_REF == '#{git.ref_for("HEAD^^")}'
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "does not to a remote fetch if the revision is cached locally" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+
+    bundle "install"
+    expect(out).not_to match(/updating/i)
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't blow up if bundle install is run twice in a row" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle "install"
+  end
+
+  it "prints a friendly error if a file blocks the git repo" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(default_bundle_path)
+    FileUtils.touch(default_bundle_path("bundler"))
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(exitstatus).to_not eq(0)
+    expect(err).to include("Bundler could not install a gem because it " \
+                           "needs to create a directory, but a file exists " \
+                           "- #{default_bundle_path("bundler")}")
+  end
+
+  it "does not duplicate git gem sources" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => lib_path("nested/foo")
+    build_lib "bar", :path => lib_path("nested/bar")
+
+    build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("nested")
+    build_git "bar", :path => lib_path("nested")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("nested")}"
+      gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("nested")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(File.read(bundled_app_lock).scan("GIT").size).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  describe "switching sources" do
+    it "doesn't explode when switching Path to Git sources" do
+      build_gem "foo", "1.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+        s.write "lib/foo.rb", "raise 'fail'"
+      end
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("bar/foo")
+      build_git "bar", "1.0", :path => lib_path("bar") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar", :path => "#{lib_path("bar")}"
+      G
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("bar")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", "bar 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't explode when switching Gem to Git source" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+      G
+
+      build_git "rack", "1.0" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/new_file.rb", "puts 'USING GIT'"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      run "require 'new_file'"
+      expect(out).to eq("USING GIT")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "bundle install after the remote has been updated" do
+    it "installs" do
+      build_git "valim"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "valim", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("valim-1.0"))}"
+      G
+
+      old_revision = revision_for(lib_path("valim-1.0"))
+      update_git "valim"
+      new_revision = revision_for(lib_path("valim-1.0"))
+
+      old_lockfile = File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+      lockfile(bundled_app_lock, old_lockfile.gsub(/revision: #{old_revision}/, "revision: #{new_revision}"))
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      run <<-R
+        require "valim"
+        puts VALIM_PREV_REF
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to eq(old_revision)
+    end
+
+    it "gives a helpful error message when the remote ref no longer exists" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      revision = revision_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}", :ref => "#{revision}"
+      G
+      expect(out).to_not match(/Revision.*does not exist/)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}", :ref => "deadbeef"
+      G
+      expect(err).to include("Revision deadbeef does not exist in the repository")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "bundle install with deployment mode configured and git sources" do
+    it "works" do
+      build_git "valim", :path => lib_path("valim")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "valim", "= 1.0", :git => "#{lib_path("valim")}"
+      G
+
+      simulate_new_machine
+
+      bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+      bundle :install
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "gem install hooks" do
+    it "runs pre-install hooks" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      File.open(lib_path("install_hooks.rb"), "w") do |h|
+        h.write <<-H
+          Gem.pre_install_hooks << lambda do |inst|
+            STDERR.puts "Ran pre-install hook: \#{inst.spec.full_name}"
+          end
+        H
+      end
+
+      bundle :install,
+        :requires => [lib_path("install_hooks.rb")]
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("Ran pre-install hook: foo-1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "runs post-install hooks" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      File.open(lib_path("install_hooks.rb"), "w") do |h|
+        h.write <<-H
+          Gem.post_install_hooks << lambda do |inst|
+            STDERR.puts "Ran post-install hook: \#{inst.spec.full_name}"
+          end
+        H
+      end
+
+      bundle :install,
+        :requires => [lib_path("install_hooks.rb")]
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("Ran post-install hook: foo-1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "complains if the install hook fails" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      File.open(lib_path("install_hooks.rb"), "w") do |h|
+        h.write <<-H
+          Gem.pre_install_hooks << lambda do |inst|
+            false
+          end
+        H
+      end
+
+      bundle :install, :requires => [lib_path("install_hooks.rb")], :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("failed for foo-1.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with an extension" do
+    it "installs the extension" do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rake"
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            File.open("\#{path}/foo.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "FOO = 'YES'"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+      expect(out).to eq("YES")
+
+      run <<-R
+        puts $:.grep(/ext/)
+      R
+      expect(out).to include(Pathname.glob(default_bundle_path("bundler/gems/extensions/**/foo-1.0-*")).first.to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "does not use old extension after ref changes", :ruby_repo do
+      git_reader = build_git "foo", :no_default => true do |s|
+        s.extensions = ["ext/extconf.rb"]
+        s.write "ext/extconf.rb", <<-RUBY
+          require "mkmf"
+          create_makefile("foo")
+        RUBY
+        s.write "ext/foo.c", "void Init_foo() {}"
+      end
+
+      2.times do |i|
+        File.open(git_reader.path.join("ext/foo.c"), "w") do |file|
+          file.write <<-C
+            #include "ruby.h"
+            VALUE foo() { return INT2FIX(#{i}); }
+            void Init_foo() { rb_define_global_function("foo", &foo, 0); }
+          C
+        end
+        sys_exec("git commit -m \"commit for iteration #{i}\" ext/foo.c", :dir => git_reader.path)
+
+        git_commit_sha = git_reader.ref_for("HEAD")
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :ref => "#{git_commit_sha}"
+        G
+
+        run <<-R
+          require 'foo'
+          puts foo
+        R
+
+        expect(out).to eq(i.to_s)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "does not prompt to gem install if extension fails" do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rake"
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            raise
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to end_with(<<-M.strip)
+An error occurred while installing foo (1.0), and Bundler cannot continue.
+
+In Gemfile:
+  foo
+      M
+      expect(out).not_to include("gem install foo")
+    end
+
+    it "does not reinstall the extension" do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rake"
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            cur_time = Time.now.to_f.to_s
+            File.open("\#{path}/foo.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "FOO = \#{cur_time}"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+
+      installed_time = out
+      expect(installed_time).to match(/\A\d+\.\d+\z/)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+      expect(out).to eq(installed_time)
+    end
+
+    it "does not reinstall the extension when changing another gem" do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rake"
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            cur_time = Time.now.to_f.to_s
+            File.open("\#{path}/foo.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "FOO = \#{cur_time}"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+
+      installed_time = out
+      expect(installed_time).to match(/\A\d+\.\d+\z/)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+      expect(out).to eq(installed_time)
+    end
+
+    it "does reinstall the extension when changing refs" do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rake"
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            cur_time = Time.now.to_f.to_s
+            File.open("\#{path}/foo.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "FOO = \#{cur_time}"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+
+      installed_time = out
+
+      update_git("foo", :branch => "branch2")
+
+      expect(installed_time).to match(/\A\d+\.\d+\z/)
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :branch => "branch2"
+      G
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+      expect(out).not_to eq(installed_time)
+
+      installed_time = out
+
+      update_git("foo")
+      bundle "update foo"
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'foo'
+        puts FOO
+      R
+      expect(out).not_to eq(installed_time)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "ignores git environment variables" do
+    build_git "xxxxxx" do |s|
+      s.executables = "xxxxxxbar"
+    end
+
+    Bundler::SharedHelpers.with_clean_git_env do
+      ENV["GIT_DIR"]       = "bar"
+      ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"] = "bar"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("xxxxxx-1.0")}" do
+          gem 'xxxxxx'
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(ENV["GIT_DIR"]).to eq("bar")
+      expect(ENV["GIT_WORK_TREE"]).to eq("bar")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "without git installed" do
+    it "prints a better error message when installing" do
+      build_git "foo"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rake", git: "https://github.com/ruby/rake"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GIT
+          remote: https://github.com/ruby/rake
+          revision: 5c60da8644a9e4f655e819252e3b6ca77f42b7af
+          specs:
+            rake (13.0.6)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: https://rubygems.org/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rake!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      with_path_as("") do
+        bundle "install", :raise_on_error => false
+      end
+      expect(err).
+        to include("You need to install git to be able to use gems from git repositories. For help installing git, please refer to GitHub's tutorial at https://help.github.com/articles/set-up-git")
+    end
+
+    it "prints a better error message when updating" do
+      build_git "foo"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+      G
+
+      with_path_as("") do
+        bundle "update", :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      end
+      expect(err).
+        to include("You need to install git to be able to use gems from git repositories. For help installing git, please refer to GitHub's tutorial at https://help.github.com/articles/set-up-git")
+    end
+
+    it "installs a packaged git gem successfully" do
+      build_git "foo"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+      G
+      bundle "config set cache_all true"
+      bundle :cache
+      simulate_new_machine
+
+      bundle "install", :env => { "PATH" => "" }
+      expect(out).to_not include("You need to install git to be able to use gems from git repositories.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when the git source is overridden with a local git repo" do
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --global local.foo #{lib_path("foo")}"
+    end
+
+    describe "and git output is colorized" do
+      before do
+        File.open("#{ENV["HOME"]}/.gitconfig", "w") do |f|
+          f.write("[color]\n\tui = always\n")
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "installs successfully" do
+        build_git "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}", :branch => "master"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "git sources that include credentials" do
+    context "that are username and password" do
+      let(:credentials) { "user1:password1" }
+
+      it "does not display the password" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          git "https://#{credentials}@github.com/company/private-repo" do
+            gem "foo"
+          end
+        G
+
+        expect(last_command.stdboth).to_not include("password1")
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching https://user1@github.com/company/private-repo")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "that is an oauth token" do
+      let(:credentials) { "oauth_token" }
+
+      it "displays the oauth scheme but not the oauth token" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          git "https://#{credentials}:x-oauth-basic@github.com/company/private-repo" do
+            gem "foo"
+          end
+        G
+
+        expect(last_command.stdboth).to_not include("oauth_token")
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching https://x-oauth-basic@github.com/company/private-repo")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/groups_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/groups_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c92b5dcc57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/groups_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with groups" do
+  describe "installing with no options" do
+    before :each do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        group :emo do
+          gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        end
+        gem "thin", :groups => [:emo]
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems in the default group" do
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems in a group block into that group" do
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+
+      load_error_run <<-R, "activesupport", :default
+        require 'activesupport'
+        puts ACTIVESUPPORT
+      R
+
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems with inline :groups into those groups" do
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+
+      load_error_run <<-R, "thin", :default
+        require 'thin'
+        puts THIN
+      R
+
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+
+    it "sets up everything if Bundler.setup is used with no groups" do
+      output = run("require 'rack'; puts RACK")
+      expect(output).to eq("1.0.0")
+
+      output = run("require 'activesupport'; puts ACTIVESUPPORT")
+      expect(output).to eq("2.3.5")
+
+      output = run("require 'thin'; puts THIN")
+      expect(output).to eq("1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "removes old groups when new groups are set up" do
+      load_error_run <<-RUBY, "thin", :emo
+        Bundler.setup(:default)
+        require 'thin'
+        puts THIN
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+
+    it "sets up old groups when they have previously been removed" do
+      output = run <<-RUBY, :emo
+        Bundler.setup(:default)
+        Bundler.setup(:default, :emo)
+        require 'thin'; puts THIN
+      RUBY
+      expect(output).to eq("1.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "without option" do
+    describe "with gems assigned to a single group" do
+      before :each do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+          group :emo do
+            gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+          end
+          group :debugging, :optional => true do
+            gem "thin"
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems in the default group" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :groups => [:default]
+      end
+
+      it "respects global `without` configuration, and saves it locally", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "config set without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :groups => [:default]
+        bundle "config list"
+        expect(out).to include("Set for your local app (#{bundled_app(".bundle/config")}): [:emo]")
+        expect(out).to include("Set for the current user (#{home(".bundle/config")}): [:emo]")
+      end
+
+      it "respects global `without` configuration, but does not save it locally", :bundler => "3" do
+        bundle "config set without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :groups => [:default]
+        bundle "config list"
+        expect(out).not_to include("Set for your local app (#{bundled_app(".bundle/config")}): [:emo]")
+        expect(out).to include("Set for the current user (#{home(".bundle/config")}): [:emo]")
+      end
+
+      it "allows running application where groups where configured by a different user", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "config set without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        bundle "exec ruby -e 'puts 42'", :env => { "BUNDLE_USER_HOME" => tmp("new_home").to_s }
+        expect(out).to include("42")
+      end
+
+      it "does not install gems from the excluded group" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5", :groups => [:default]
+      end
+
+      it "remembers previous exclusion with `--without`", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --without emo"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      it "does not say it installed gems from the excluded group" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).not_to include("activesupport")
+      end
+
+      it "allows Bundler.setup for specific groups" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        run("require 'rack'; puts RACK", :default)
+        expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+      end
+
+      it "does not effect the resolve" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "activesupport"
+          group :emo do
+            gem "rails", "2.3.2"
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.2", :groups => [:default]
+      end
+
+      it "still works when BUNDLE_WITHOUT is set" do
+        ENV["BUNDLE_WITHOUT"] = "emo"
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).not_to include("activesupport")
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :groups => [:default]
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5", :groups => [:default]
+
+        ENV["BUNDLE_WITHOUT"] = nil
+      end
+
+      it "clears --without when passed an empty list", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --without emo"
+
+        bundle "install --without ''"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      it "doesn't clear without when nothing is passed", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --without emo"
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      it "does not install gems from the optional group" do
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems from the optional group when requested" do
+        bundle "config set --local with debugging"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems from the previously requested group", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --with debugging"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems from the optional groups requested with BUNDLE_WITH" do
+        ENV["BUNDLE_WITH"] = "debugging"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+        ENV["BUNDLE_WITH"] = nil
+      end
+
+      it "clears --with when passed an empty list", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --with debugging"
+        bundle "install --with ''"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "removes groups from without when passed at --with", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle "install --with emo"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      it "removes groups from with when passed at --without", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "config set --local with debugging"
+        bundle "install --without debugging", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gem "thin 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "errors out when passing a group to with and without via CLI flags", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --with emo debugging --without emo", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(last_command).to be_failure
+        expect(err).to include("The offending groups are: emo")
+      end
+
+      it "allows the BUNDLE_WITH setting to override BUNDLE_WITHOUT" do
+        ENV["BUNDLE_WITH"] = "debugging"
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "thin 1.0"
+
+        ENV["BUNDLE_WITHOUT"] = "debugging"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "thin 1.0"
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "thin 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "can add and remove a group at the same time", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --with debugging --without emo"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      it "has no effect when listing a not optional group in with" do
+        bundle "config set --local with emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      it "has no effect when listing an optional group in without" do
+        bundle "config set --local without debugging"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "thin 1.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with gems assigned to multiple groups" do
+      before :each do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+          group :emo, :lolercoaster do
+            gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems in the default group" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo lolercoaster"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "installs the gem if any of its groups are installed" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+
+      describe "with a gem defined multiple times in different groups" do
+        before :each do
+          gemfile <<-G
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+            gem "rack"
+
+            group :emo do
+              gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+            end
+
+            group :lolercoaster do
+              gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+            end
+          G
+        end
+
+        it "installs the gem unless all groups are excluded" do
+          bundle "config set --local without emo"
+          bundle :install
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+
+          bundle "config set --local without lolercoaster"
+          bundle :install
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+
+          bundle "config set --local without emo lolercoaster"
+          bundle :install
+          expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+
+          bundle "config set --local without 'emo lolercoaster'"
+          bundle :install
+          expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "nesting groups" do
+      before :each do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+          group :emo do
+            group :lolercoaster do
+              gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+            end
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs gems in the default group" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo lolercoaster"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "installs the gem if any of its groups are installed" do
+        bundle "config set --local without emo"
+        bundle :install
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when loading only the default group" do
+    it "should not load all groups" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :groups => :development
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-R
+        require "#{entrypoint}"
+        Bundler.setup :default
+        Bundler.require :default
+        puts RACK
+        begin
+          require "activesupport"
+        rescue LoadError
+          puts "no activesupport"
+        end
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to include("1.0")
+      expect(out).to include("no activesupport")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when locked and installed with `without` option" do
+    before(:each) do
+      build_repo2
+
+      system_gems "rack-0.9.1"
+
+      bundle "config set --local without rack"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        group :rack do
+          gem "rack_middleware"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "uses the correct versions even if --without was used on the original" do
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack_middleware 1.0"
+      simulate_new_machine
+
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack_middleware 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not hit the remote a second time" do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf gem_repo2
+      bundle "config set --local without rack"
+      bundle :install, :verbose => true
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to match(/fetching/i)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/install_if_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/install_if_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d2d15a698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/install_if_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with install_if conditionals" do
+  it "follows the install_if DSL" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      install_if(lambda { true }) do
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+      end
+      gem "thin", :install_if => false
+      install_if(lambda { false }) do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0", "activesupport 2.3.5")
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("thin")
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("foo")
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          activesupport (2.3.5)
+          foo (1.0)
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          thin (1.0)
+            rack
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        activesupport (= 2.3.5)
+        foo
+        rack
+        thin
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/lockfile_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/lockfile_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..313e99d0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/lockfile_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with a lockfile present" do
+  let(:gf) { <<-G }
+    source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+    gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+  G
+
+  subject do
+    install_gemfile(gf)
+  end
+
+  context "gemfile evaluation" do
+    let(:gf) { super() + "\n\n File.open('evals', 'a') {|f| f << %(1\n) } unless ENV['BUNDLER_SPEC_NO_APPEND']" }
+
+    context "with plugins disabled" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config set plugins false"
+        subject
+      end
+
+      it "does not evaluate the gemfile twice" do
+        bundle :install
+
+        with_env_vars("BUNDLER_SPEC_NO_APPEND" => "1") { expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "rack 1.0.0" }
+
+        # The first eval is from the initial install, we're testing that the
+        # second install doesn't double-eval
+        expect(bundled_app("evals").read.lines.to_a.size).to eq(2)
+      end
+
+      context "when the gem is not installed" do
+        before { FileUtils.rm_rf bundled_app(".bundle") }
+
+        it "does not evaluate the gemfile twice" do
+          bundle :install
+
+          with_env_vars("BUNDLER_SPEC_NO_APPEND" => "1") { expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "rack 1.0.0" }
+
+          # The first eval is from the initial install, we're testing that the
+          # second install doesn't double-eval
+          expect(bundled_app("evals").read.lines.to_a.size).to eq(2)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/path_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bea7c11dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,893 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with explicit source paths" do
+  it "fetches gems with a global path source", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      path "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      gem 'foo'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "fetches gems" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+        gem 'foo'
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "supports pinned paths" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "supports relative paths" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    relative_path = lib_path("foo-1.0").relative_path_from(bundled_app)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :path => "#{relative_path}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "expands paths" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    relative_path = lib_path("foo-1.0").relative_path_from(Pathname.new("~").expand_path)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :path => "~/#{relative_path}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "expands paths raise error with not existing user's home dir" do
+    skip "problems with ~ expansion" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    build_lib "foo"
+    username = "some_unexisting_user"
+    relative_path = lib_path("foo-1.0").relative_path_from(Pathname.new("/home/#{username}").expand_path)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :path => "~#{username}/#{relative_path}"
+    G
+    expect(err).to match("There was an error while trying to use the path `~#{username}/#{relative_path}`.")
+    expect(err).to match("user #{username} doesn't exist")
+  end
+
+  it "expands paths relative to Bundler.root" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => bundled_app("foo-1.0")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :path => "./foo-1.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0", :dir => bundled_app("subdir").mkpath)
+  end
+
+  it "sorts paths consistently on install and update when they start with ./" do
+    build_lib "demo", :path => lib_path("demo")
+    build_lib "aaa", :path => lib_path("demo/aaa")
+
+    gemfile = <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+      gem "aaa", :path => "./aaa"
+    G
+
+    File.open(lib_path("demo/Gemfile"), "w") {|f| f.puts gemfile }
+
+    lockfile = <<~L
+      PATH
+        remote: .
+        specs:
+          demo (1.0)
+
+      PATH
+        remote: aaa
+        specs:
+          aaa (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        aaa!
+        demo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle :install, :dir => lib_path("demo")
+    expect(lib_path("demo/Gemfile.lock")).to read_as(lockfile)
+    bundle :update, :all => true, :dir => lib_path("demo")
+    expect(lib_path("demo/Gemfile.lock")).to read_as(lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "expands paths when comparing locked paths to Gemfile paths" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => bundled_app("foo-1.0")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :path => File.expand_path("../foo-1.0", __FILE__)
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+    bundle :install
+  end
+
+  it "installs dependencies from the path even if a newer gem is available elsewhere" do
+    system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+    build_lib "rack", "1.0", :path => lib_path("nested/bar") do |s|
+      s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts 'WIN OVERRIDE'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "foo", :path => lib_path("nested") do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack", "= 1.0"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("nested")}"
+    G
+
+    run "require 'rack'"
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN OVERRIDE")
+  end
+
+  it "works" do
+    build_gem "foo", "1.0.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", "puts 'FAIL'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "omg", "1.0", :path => lib_path("omg") do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "foo"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0.0", :path => lib_path("omg/foo")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "omg", :path => "#{lib_path("omg")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "works when using prereleases of 0.0.0" do
+    build_lib "foo", "0.0.0.dev", :path => lib_path("foo")
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<~L
+      PATH
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+        specs:
+          foo (0.0.0.dev)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+        #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle :install
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 0.0.0.dev"
+  end
+
+  it "works when using uppercase prereleases of 0.0.0" do
+    build_lib "foo", "0.0.0.SNAPSHOT", :path => lib_path("foo")
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<~L
+      PATH
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+        specs:
+          foo (0.0.0.SNAPSHOT)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+        #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle :install
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 0.0.0.SNAPSHOT"
+  end
+
+  it "handles downgrades" do
+    build_lib "omg", "2.0", :path => lib_path("omg")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "omg", :path => "#{lib_path("omg")}"
+    G
+
+    build_lib "omg", "1.0", :path => lib_path("omg")
+
+    bundle :install
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "omg 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "prefers gemspecs closer to the path root" do
+    build_lib "premailer", "1.0.0", :path => lib_path("premailer") do |s|
+      s.write "gemfiles/ruby187.gemspec", <<-G
+        Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+          s.name    = 'premailer'
+          s.version = '1.0.0'
+          s.summary = 'Hi'
+          s.authors = 'Me'
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "premailer", :path => "#{lib_path("premailer")}"
+    G
+
+    # Installation of the 'gemfiles' gemspec would fail since it will be unable
+    # to require 'premailer.rb'
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "premailer 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "warns on invalid specs" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    gemspec = lib_path("foo-1.0").join("foo.gemspec").to_s
+    File.open(gemspec, "w") do |f|
+      f.write <<-G
+        Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+          s.name = "foo"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to_not include("Your Gemfile has no gem server sources.")
+    expect(err).to match(/is not valid. Please fix this gemspec./)
+    expect(err).to match(/The validation error was 'missing value for attribute version'/)
+    expect(err).to match(/You have one or more invalid gemspecs that need to be fixed/)
+  end
+
+  it "supports gemspec syntax" do
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack", "1.0"
+    end
+
+    gemfile = <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+    G
+
+    File.open(lib_path("foo/Gemfile"), "w") {|f| f.puts gemfile }
+
+    bundle "install", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+  end
+
+  it "supports gemspec syntax with an alternative path" do
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack", "1.0"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't automatically unlock dependencies when using the gemspec syntax" do
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack", ">= 1.0"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile lib_path("foo/Gemfile"), <<-G, :dir => lib_path("foo")
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+    G
+
+    build_gem "rack", "1.0.1", :to_system => true
+
+    bundle "install", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't automatically unlock dependencies when using the gemspec syntax and the gem has development dependencies" do
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack", ">= 1.0"
+      s.add_development_dependency "activesupport"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile lib_path("foo/Gemfile"), <<-G, :dir => lib_path("foo")
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+    G
+
+    build_gem "rack", "1.0.1", :to_system => true
+
+    bundle "install", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0", :dir => lib_path("foo")
+  end
+
+  it "raises if there are multiple gemspecs" do
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+      s.write "bar.gemspec", build_spec("bar", "1.0").first.to_ruby
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(15)
+    expect(err).to match(/There are multiple gemspecs/)
+  end
+
+  it "allows :name to be specified to resolve ambiguity" do
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+      s.write "bar.gemspec"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}", :name => "foo"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "sets up executables" do
+    build_lib "foo" do |s|
+      s.executables = "foobar"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :verbose => true
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+        gem 'foo'
+      end
+    G
+    expect(out).to include("Using foo 1.0 from source at `#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}` and installing its executables")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+
+    bundle "exec foobar"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "handles directories in bin/" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+    lib_path("foo-1.0").join("foo.gemspec").rmtree
+    lib_path("foo-1.0").join("bin/performance").mkpath
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', '1.0', :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "removes the .gem file after installing" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(lib_path("foo-1.0").join("foo-1.0.gem")).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  describe "block syntax" do
+    it "pulls all gems from a path block" do
+      build_lib "omg"
+      build_lib "hi2u"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "omg"
+          gem "hi2u"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "omg 1.0", "hi2u 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "keeps source pinning" do
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+    build_lib "omg", "1.0", :path => lib_path("omg")
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("omg/foo") do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", "puts 'FAIL'"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      gem "omg", :path => "#{lib_path("omg")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "works when the path does not have a gemspec" do
+    build_lib "foo", :gemspec => false
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", "1.0", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "works when the path does not have a gemspec but there is a lockfile" do
+    lockfile <<~L
+      PATH
+        remote: vendor/bar
+        specs:
+
+      GEM
+        remote: http://rubygems.org/
+    L
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(bundled_app("vendor/bar"))
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "http://rubygems.org"
+      gem "bar", "1.0.0", path: "vendor/bar", require: "bar/nyard"
+    G
+  end
+
+  context "existing lockfile" do
+    it "rubygems gems don't re-resolve without changes" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack-obama', '1.0'
+        gem 'net-ssh', '1.0'
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+      expect(out).to match(/using resolution from the lockfile/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack-obama 1.0", "net-ssh 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "source path gems w/deps don't re-resolve without changes" do
+      build_lib "rack-obama", "1.0", :path => lib_path("omg") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "yard"
+      end
+
+      build_lib "net-ssh", "1.0", :path => lib_path("omg") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "yard"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack-obama', :path => "#{lib_path("omg")}"
+        gem 'net-ssh', :path => "#{lib_path("omg")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+      expect(out).to match(/using resolution from the lockfile/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack-obama 1.0", "net-ssh 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "installs executable stubs" do
+    build_lib "foo" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["foo"]
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec foo"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+  end
+
+  describe "when the gem version in the path is updated" do
+    before :each do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bar"
+      end
+      build_lib "bar", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo/bar")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "unlocks all gems when the top level gem is updated" do
+      build_lib "foo", "2.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bar"
+      end
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0", "bar 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "unlocks all gems when a child dependency gem is updated" do
+      build_lib "bar", "2.0", :path => lib_path("foo/bar")
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", "bar 2.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when dependencies in the path are updated" do
+    before :each do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "gets dependencies that are updated in the path" do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack"
+      end
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "keeps using the same version if it's compatible" do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack", "0.9.1"
+      end
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PATH
+          remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+              rack (= 0.9.1)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (0.9.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack"
+      end
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PATH
+          remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+              rack
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (0.9.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+    end
+
+    it "keeps using the same version even when another dependency is added" do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack", "0.9.1"
+      end
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PATH
+          remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+              rack (= 0.9.1)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (0.9.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rack"
+        s.add_dependency "rake", "13.0.1"
+      end
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PATH
+          remote: #{lib_path("foo")}
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+              rack
+              rake (= 13.0.1)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (0.9.1)
+            rake (13.0.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "switching sources" do
+    it "doesn't switch pinned git sources to rubygems when pinning the parent gem to a path source" do
+      build_gem "foo", "1.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+        s.write "lib/foo.rb", "raise 'fail'"
+      end
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("bar/foo")
+      build_git "bar", "1.0", :path => lib_path("bar") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("bar")}"
+      G
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar", :path => "#{lib_path("bar")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", "bar 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "switches the source when the gem existed in rubygems and the path was already being used for another gem" do
+      build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      build_gem "bar", "1.0", :to_bundle => true do |s|
+        s.write "lib/bar.rb", "raise 'fail'"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar"
+        path "#{lib_path("foo")}" do
+          gem "foo"
+        end
+      G
+
+      build_lib "bar", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo/bar")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path("foo")}" do
+          gem "foo"
+          gem "bar"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "bar 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when there are both a gemspec and remote gems" do
+    it "doesn't query rubygems for local gemspec name" do
+      build_lib "private_lib", "2.2", :path => lib_path("private_lib")
+      gemfile = <<-G
+        source "http://localgemserver.test"
+        gemspec
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+      File.open(lib_path("private_lib/Gemfile"), "w") {|f| f.puts gemfile }
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }, :artifice => "endpoint", :dir => lib_path("private_lib")
+      expect(out).to match(%r{^HTTP GET http://localgemserver\.test/api/v1/dependencies\?gems=rack$})
+      expect(out).not_to match(/^HTTP GET.*private_lib/)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "private_lib 2.2", :dir => lib_path("private_lib")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0", :dir => lib_path("private_lib")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "gem install hooks" do
+    it "runs pre-install hooks" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      File.open(lib_path("install_hooks.rb"), "w") do |h|
+        h.write <<-H
+          Gem.pre_install_hooks << lambda do |inst|
+            STDERR.puts "Ran pre-install hook: \#{inst.spec.full_name}"
+          end
+        H
+      end
+
+      bundle :install,
+        :requires => [lib_path("install_hooks.rb")]
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("Ran pre-install hook: foo-1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "runs post-install hooks" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      File.open(lib_path("install_hooks.rb"), "w") do |h|
+        h.write <<-H
+          Gem.post_install_hooks << lambda do |inst|
+            STDERR.puts "Ran post-install hook: \#{inst.spec.full_name}"
+          end
+        H
+      end
+
+      bundle :install,
+        :requires => [lib_path("install_hooks.rb")]
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("Ran post-install hook: foo-1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "complains if the install hook fails" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      File.open(lib_path("install_hooks.rb"), "w") do |h|
+        h.write <<-H
+          Gem.pre_install_hooks << lambda do |inst|
+            false
+          end
+        H
+      end
+
+      bundle :install, :requires => [lib_path("install_hooks.rb")], :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("failed for foo-1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "loads plugins from the path gem" do
+      foo_file = home("foo_plugin_loaded")
+      bar_file = home("bar_plugin_loaded")
+      expect(foo_file).not_to be_file
+      expect(bar_file).not_to be_file
+
+      build_lib "foo" do |s|
+        s.write("lib/rubygems_plugin.rb", "require 'fileutils'; FileUtils.touch('#{foo_file}')")
+      end
+
+      build_git "bar" do |s|
+        s.write("lib/rubygems_plugin.rb", "require 'fileutils'; FileUtils.touch('#{bar_file}')")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+        gem "bar", :path => "#{lib_path("bar-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(foo_file).to be_file
+      expect(bar_file).to be_file
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/platform_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/platform_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35a3872c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/platform_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install across platforms" do
+  it "maintains the same lockfile if all gems are compatible across platforms" do
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (0.9.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{not_local}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+  end
+
+  it "pulls in the correct platform specific gem" do
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}
+        specs:
+          platform_specific (1.0)
+          platform_specific (1.0-java)
+          platform_specific (1.0-x86-mswin32)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        platform_specific
+    G
+
+    simulate_platform "java"
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "platform_specific 1.0 JAVA"
+  end
+
+  it "pulls the pure ruby version on jruby if the java platform is not present in the lockfile and bundler is run in frozen mode", :jruby do
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}
+        specs:
+          platform_specific (1.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        platform_specific
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+  end
+
+  it "works with gems that have different dependencies" do
+    simulate_platform "java"
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "nokogiri"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2 JAVA", "weakling 0.0.3"
+
+    simulate_new_machine
+
+    simulate_platform "ruby"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "weakling"
+
+    simulate_platform "java"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2 JAVA", "weakling 0.0.3"
+  end
+
+  it "does not keep unneeded platforms for gems that are used" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+      build_gem "coderay", "1.1.2"
+      build_gem "method_source", "0.9.0"
+      build_gem("spoon", "0.0.6") {|s| s.add_runtime_dependency "ffi" }
+      build_gem "pry", "0.11.3" do |s|
+        s.platform = "java"
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "spoon", "~> 0.0"
+      end
+      build_gem "pry", "0.11.3" do |s|
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+      end
+      build_gem("ffi", "1.9.23") {|s| s.platform = "java" }
+      build_gem("ffi", "1.9.23")
+    end
+
+    simulate_platform java
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+      gem "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+      gem "pry"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          coderay (1.1.2)
+          empyrean (0.1.0)
+          ffi (1.9.23-java)
+          method_source (0.9.0)
+          pry (0.11.3-java)
+            coderay (~> 1.1.0)
+            method_source (~> 0.9.0)
+            spoon (~> 0.0)
+          spoon (0.0.6)
+            ffi
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        empyrean (= 0.1.0)
+        pry
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle "lock --add-platform ruby"
+
+    good_lockfile = <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          coderay (1.1.2)
+          empyrean (0.1.0)
+          ffi (1.9.23-java)
+          method_source (0.9.0)
+          pry (0.11.3)
+            coderay (~> 1.1.0)
+            method_source (~> 0.9.0)
+          pry (0.11.3-java)
+            coderay (~> 1.1.0)
+            method_source (~> 0.9.0)
+            spoon (~> 0.0)
+          spoon (0.0.6)
+            ffi
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        empyrean (= 0.1.0)
+        pry
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq good_lockfile
+
+    bad_lockfile = <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          coderay (1.1.2)
+          empyrean (0.1.0)
+          ffi (1.9.23)
+          ffi (1.9.23-java)
+          method_source (0.9.0)
+          pry (0.11.3)
+            coderay (~> 1.1.0)
+            method_source (~> 0.9.0)
+          pry (0.11.3-java)
+            coderay (~> 1.1.0)
+            method_source (~> 0.9.0)
+            spoon (~> 0.0)
+          spoon (0.0.6)
+            ffi
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        empyrean (= 0.1.0)
+        pry
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+        #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    aggregate_failures do
+      lockfile bad_lockfile
+      bundle :install
+      expect(lockfile).to eq good_lockfile
+
+      lockfile bad_lockfile
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+      expect(lockfile).to eq good_lockfile
+
+      lockfile bad_lockfile
+      bundle "update ffi"
+      expect(lockfile).to eq good_lockfile
+
+      lockfile bad_lockfile
+      bundle "update empyrean"
+      expect(lockfile).to eq good_lockfile
+
+      lockfile bad_lockfile
+      bundle :lock
+      expect(lockfile).to eq good_lockfile
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "works with gems with platform-specific dependency having different requirements order" do
+    simulate_platform x64_mac
+
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem "fspath", "3"
+      build_gem "image_optim_pack", "1.2.3" do |s|
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "fspath", ">= 2.1", "< 4"
+      end
+      build_gem "image_optim_pack", "1.2.3" do |s|
+        s.platform = "universal-darwin"
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "fspath", "< 4", ">= 2.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "image_optim_pack"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).not_to include "Unable to use the platform-specific"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "image_optim_pack 1.2.3 universal-darwin"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches gems again after changing the version of Ruby" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle :install
+
+    FileUtils.mv(vendored_gems, bundled_app("vendor/bundle", Gem.ruby_engine, "1.8"))
+
+    bundle :install
+    expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "keeps existing platforms when installing with force_ruby_platform" do
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          platform_specific (1.0-java)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        platform_specific
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set --local force_ruby_platform true"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          platform_specific (1.0)
+          platform_specific (1.0-java)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        platform_specific
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with platform conditionals" do
+  it "installs gems tagged w/ the current platforms" do
+    skip "platform issues" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      platforms :#{local_tag} do
+        gem "nokogiri"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "does not install gems tagged w/ another platforms" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      platforms :#{not_local_tag} do
+        gem "nokogiri"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "installs gems tagged w/ another platform but also dependent on the current one transitively" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "activesupport", "6.1.4.1" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "tzinfo", "~> 2.0"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "tzinfo", "2.0.4"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+
+      gem "activesupport"
+
+      platforms :#{not_local_tag} do
+        gem "tzinfo", "~> 1.2"
+      end
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          activesupport (6.1.4.1)
+            tzinfo (~> 2.0)
+          tzinfo (2.0.4)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{specific_local_platform}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        activesupport
+        tzinfo (~> 1.2)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle "install --verbose"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "tzinfo 2.0.4"
+  end
+
+  it "installs gems tagged w/ the current platforms inline" do
+    skip "platform issues" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri", :platforms => :#{local_tag}
+    G
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "does not install gems tagged w/ another platforms inline" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "nokogiri", :platforms => :#{not_local_tag}
+    G
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "installs gems tagged w/ the current platform inline" do
+    skip "platform issues" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri", :platform => :#{local_tag}
+    G
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't install gems tagged w/ another platform inline" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri", :platform => :#{not_local_tag}
+    G
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "does not blow up on sources with all platform-excluded specs" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      platform :#{not_local_tag} do
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :list
+  end
+
+  it "does not attempt to install gems from :rbx when using --local" do
+    simulate_platform "ruby"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "some_gem", :platform => :rbx
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --local"
+    expect(out).not_to match(/Could not find gem 'some_gem/)
+  end
+
+  it "does not attempt to install gems from other rubies when using --local" do
+    simulate_platform "ruby"
+    other_ruby_version_tag = RUBY_VERSION =~ /^1\.8/ ? :ruby_19 : :ruby_18
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "some_gem", platform: :#{other_ruby_version_tag}
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --local"
+    expect(out).not_to match(/Could not find gem 'some_gem/)
+  end
+
+  it "does not print a warning when a dependency is unused on a platform different from the current one" do
+    simulate_platform "ruby"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack", :platform => [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
+    G
+
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "when a gem has no architecture" do
+  it "still installs correctly" do
+    simulate_platform mswin
+
+    build_repo2 do
+      # The rcov gem is platform mswin32, but has no arch
+      build_gem "rcov" do |s|
+        s.platform = Gem::Platform.new([nil, "mswin32", nil])
+        s.write "lib/rcov.rb", "RCOV = '1.0.0'"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      # Try to install gem with nil arch
+      source "http://localgemserver.test/"
+      gem "rcov"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "windows", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rcov 1.0.0"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/ruby_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/ruby_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd4300c042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/ruby_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "ruby requirement" do
+  def locked_ruby_version
+    Bundler::RubyVersion.from_string(Bundler::LockfileParser.new(File.read(bundled_app_lock)).ruby_version)
+  end
+
+  # As discovered by https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/4147, there is
+  # no test coverage to ensure that adding a gem is possible with a ruby
+  # requirement. This test verifies the fix, committed in bfbad5c5.
+  it "allows adding gems" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack-obama 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "allows removing the ruby version requirement" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby "~> #{RUBY_VERSION}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to include("RUBY VERSION")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    expect(lockfile).not_to include("RUBY VERSION")
+  end
+
+  it "allows changing the ruby version requirement to something compatible" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby ">= 1.0.0"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    expect(locked_ruby_version).to eq(Bundler::RubyVersion.system)
+
+    simulate_ruby_version "5100"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby ">= 1.0.1"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    expect(locked_ruby_version).to eq(Bundler::RubyVersion.system)
+  end
+
+  it "allows changing the ruby version requirement to something incompatible" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby ">= 1.0.0"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    expect(locked_ruby_version).to eq(Bundler::RubyVersion.system)
+
+    simulate_ruby_version "5100"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby ">= 5000.0"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    expect(locked_ruby_version.versions).to eq(["5100"])
+  end
+
+  it "allows requirements with trailing whitespace" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}\\n \t\\n"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fails gracefully with malformed requirements" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      ruby ">= 0", "-.\\0"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to include("There was an error parsing") # i.e. DSL error, not error template
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/sources_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/sources_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5456e95f33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/sources_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1446 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with gems on multiple sources" do
+  # repo1 is built automatically before all of the specs run
+  # it contains rack-obama 1.0.0 and rack 0.9.1 & 1.0.0 amongst other gems
+
+  context "without source affinity" do
+    before do
+      # Oh no! Someone evil is trying to hijack rack :(
+      # need this to be broken to check for correct source ordering
+      build_repo gem_repo3 do
+        build_gem "rack", repo3_rack_version do |s|
+          s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with multiple toplevel sources" do
+      let(:repo3_rack_version) { "1.0.0" }
+
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo3"
+          source "https://gem.repo1"
+          gem "rack-obama"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "warns about ambiguous gems, but installs anyway, prioritizing sources last to first", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+        expect(err).to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+        expect(err).to include("Installed from: https://gem.repo1")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack-obama 1.0.0", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote1")
+      end
+
+      it "fails", :bundler => "3" do
+        bundle :instal, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Each source after the first must include a block")
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(4)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when different versions of the same gem are in multiple sources" do
+      let(:repo3_rack_version) { "1.2" }
+
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo3"
+          source "https://gem.repo1"
+          gem "rack-obama"
+          gem "rack", "1.0.0" # force it to install the working version in repo1
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "warns about ambiguous gems, but installs anyway", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+        expect(err).to include("Installed from: https://gem.repo1")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack-obama 1.0.0", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote1")
+      end
+
+      it "fails", :bundler => "3" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Each source after the first must include a block")
+        expect(exitstatus).to eq(4)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with source affinity" do
+    context "with sources given by a block" do
+      before do
+        # Oh no! Someone evil is trying to hijack rack :(
+        # need this to be broken to check for correct source ordering
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+            s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "rack-obama" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "rack"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo3"
+          source "https://gem.repo1" do
+            gem "thin" # comes first to test name sorting
+            gem "rack"
+          end
+          gem "rack-obama" # should come from repo3!
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs the gems without any warning" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack-obama 1.0.0")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote1")
+      end
+
+      it "can cache and deploy" do
+        bundle :cache, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-obama-1.0.gem")).to exist
+
+        bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack-obama 1.0.0", "rack 1.0.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with sources set by an option" do
+      before do
+        # Oh no! Someone evil is trying to hijack rack :(
+        # need this to be broken to check for correct source ordering
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+            s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "rack-obama" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "rack"
+          end
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          source "https://gem.repo3"
+          gem "rack-obama" # should come from repo3!
+          gem "rack", :source => "https://gem.repo1"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs the gems without any warning" do
+        expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack-obama 1.0.0", "rack 1.0.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a pinned gem has an indirect dependency in the pinned source" do
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "depends_on_rack", "1.0.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "rack"
+          end
+        end
+
+        # we need a working rack gem in repo3
+        update_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem "depends_on_rack"
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      context "and not in any other sources" do
+        before do
+          build_repo(gem_repo2) {}
+        end
+
+        it "installs from the same source without any warning" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote3")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and in another source" do
+        before do
+          # need this to be broken to check for correct source ordering
+          build_repo gem_repo2 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+              s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "installs from the same source without any warning" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote3")
+
+          # In https://github.com/bundler/bundler/issues/3585 this failed
+          # when there is already a lock file, and the gems are missing, so try again
+          system_gems []
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote3")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a pinned gem has an indirect dependency in a different source" do
+      before do
+        # In these tests, we need a working rack gem in repo2 and not repo3
+
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "depends_on_rack", "1.0.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "rack"
+          end
+        end
+
+        build_repo gem_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and not in any other sources" do
+        before do
+          install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+            source "https://gem.repo2"
+            source "https://gem.repo3" do
+              gem "depends_on_rack"
+            end
+          G
+        end
+
+        it "installs from the other source without any warning" do
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and in yet another source" do
+        before do
+          gemfile <<-G
+            source "https://gem.repo1"
+            source "https://gem.repo2"
+            source "https://gem.repo3" do
+              gem "depends_on_rack"
+            end
+          G
+        end
+
+        it "installs from the other source and warns about ambiguous gems", :bundler => "< 3" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          expect(err).to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+          expect(err).to include("Installed from: https://gem.repo2")
+
+          expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+            GEM
+              remote: https://gem.repo1/
+              remote: https://gem.repo2/
+              specs:
+                rack (1.0.0)
+
+            GEM
+              remote: https://gem.repo3/
+              specs:
+                depends_on_rack (1.0.1)
+                  rack
+
+            PLATFORMS
+              #{specific_local_platform}
+
+            DEPENDENCIES
+              depends_on_rack!
+
+            BUNDLED WITH
+               #{Bundler::VERSION}
+          L
+
+          previous_lockfile = lockfile
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0")
+          expect(lockfile).to eq(previous_lockfile)
+        end
+
+        it "fails", :bundler => "3" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(err).to include("Each source after the first must include a block")
+          expect(exitstatus).to eq(4)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and only the dependency is pinned" do
+        before do
+          # need this to be broken to check for correct source ordering
+          build_repo gem_repo2 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+              s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+            end
+          end
+
+          gemfile <<-G
+            source "https://gem.repo3" # contains depends_on_rack
+            source "https://gem.repo2" # contains broken rack
+
+            gem "depends_on_rack" # installed from gem_repo3
+            gem "rack", :source => "https://gem.repo1"
+          G
+        end
+
+        it "installs the dependency from the pinned source without warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0")
+
+          # In https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/3585 this failed
+          # when there is already a lock file, and the gems are missing, so try again
+          system_gems []
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0")
+        end
+
+        it "fails", :bundler => "3" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(err).to include("Each source after the first must include a block")
+          expect(exitstatus).to eq(4)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a top-level gem can only be found in an scoped source" do
+      before do
+        build_repo2
+
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "private_gem_1", "1.0.0"
+          build_gem "private_gem_2", "1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+          gem "private_gem_1"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem "private_gem_2"
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "fails" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'private_gem_1' in rubygems repository https://gem.repo2/ or installed locally.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when an indirect dependency can't be found in the aggregate rubygems source", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      before do
+        build_repo2
+
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "depends_on_missing", "1.0.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "missing"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo3"
+
+          gem "depends_on_missing"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "fails" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'missing', which is required by gem 'depends_on_missing', in any of the sources.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a top-level gem has an indirect dependency" do
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo2 do
+          build_gem "depends_on_rack", "1.0.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "rack"
+          end
+        end
+
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "unrelated_gem", "1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+          gem "depends_on_rack"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem "unrelated_gem"
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      context "and the dependency is only in the top-level source" do
+        before do
+          update_repo gem_repo2 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "installs the dependency from the top-level source without warning" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", "unrelated_gem 1.0.0")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote2")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("unrelated_gem 1.0.0", :source => "remote3")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and the dependency is only in a pinned source" do
+        before do
+          update_repo gem_repo3 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+              s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "does not find the dependency" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+          expect(err).to include(
+            "Could not find gem 'rack', which is required by gem 'depends_on_rack', in rubygems repository https://gem.repo2/ or installed locally."
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and the dependency is in both the top-level and a pinned source" do
+        before do
+          update_repo gem_repo2 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+          end
+
+          update_repo gem_repo3 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+              s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "installs the dependency from the top-level source without warning" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+          expect(run("require 'rack'; puts RACK")).to eq("1.0.0")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", "unrelated_gem 1.0.0")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote2")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("unrelated_gem 1.0.0", :source => "remote3")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a scoped gem has a deeply nested indirect dependency" do
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "depends_on_depends_on_rack", "1.0.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "depends_on_rack"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "depends_on_rack", "1.0.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "rack"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem "depends_on_depends_on_rack"
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      context "and the dependency is only in the top-level source" do
+        before do
+          update_repo gem_repo2 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "installs the dependency from the top-level source" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote2")
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "depends_on_rack 1.0.1", :source => "remote3")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and the dependency is only in a pinned source" do
+        before do
+          build_repo2
+
+          update_repo gem_repo3 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "installs the dependency from the pinned source" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote3")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "and the dependency is in both the top-level and a pinned source" do
+        before do
+          update_repo gem_repo2 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+              s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+            end
+          end
+
+          update_repo gem_repo3 do
+            build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "installs the dependency from the pinned source without warning" do
+          bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("depends_on_depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "depends_on_rack 1.0.1", "rack 1.0.0", :source => "remote3")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when the lockfile has aggregated rubygems sources and newer versions of dependencies are available" do
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", "6.0.3.4" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "concurrent-ruby", "~> 1.0", ">= 1.0.2"
+            s.add_dependency "i18n", ">= 0.7", "< 2"
+            s.add_dependency "minitest", "~> 5.1"
+            s.add_dependency "tzinfo", "~> 1.1"
+            s.add_dependency "zeitwerk", "~> 2.2", ">= 2.2.2"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "activesupport", "6.1.2.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "concurrent-ruby", "~> 1.0", ">= 1.0.2"
+            s.add_dependency "i18n", ">= 1.6", "< 2"
+            s.add_dependency "minitest", ">= 5.1"
+            s.add_dependency "tzinfo", "~> 2.0"
+            s.add_dependency "zeitwerk", "~> 2.3"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "concurrent-ruby", "1.1.8"
+          build_gem "concurrent-ruby", "1.1.9"
+          build_gem "connection_pool", "2.2.3"
+
+          build_gem "i18n", "1.8.9" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "concurrent-ruby", "~> 1.0"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "minitest", "5.14.3"
+          build_gem "rack", "2.2.3"
+          build_gem "redis", "4.2.5"
+
+          build_gem "sidekiq", "6.1.3" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "connection_pool", ">= 2.2.2"
+            s.add_dependency "rack", "~> 2.0"
+            s.add_dependency "redis", ">= 4.2.0"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "thread_safe", "0.3.6"
+
+          build_gem "tzinfo", "1.2.9" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "thread_safe", "~> 0.1"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "tzinfo", "2.0.4" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "concurrent-ruby", "~> 1.0"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "zeitwerk", "2.4.2"
+        end
+
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "sidekiq-pro", "5.2.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "connection_pool", ">= 2.2.3"
+            s.add_dependency "sidekiq", ">= 6.1.0"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+          gem "activesupport"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem "sidekiq-pro"
+          end
+        G
+
+        lockfile <<~L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo2/
+            remote: https://gem.repo3/
+            specs:
+              activesupport (6.0.3.4)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+                i18n (>= 0.7, < 2)
+                minitest (~> 5.1)
+                tzinfo (~> 1.1)
+                zeitwerk (~> 2.2, >= 2.2.2)
+              concurrent-ruby (1.1.8)
+              connection_pool (2.2.3)
+              i18n (1.8.9)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+              minitest (5.14.3)
+              rack (2.2.3)
+              redis (4.2.5)
+              sidekiq (6.1.3)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.2)
+                rack (~> 2.0)
+                redis (>= 4.2.0)
+              sidekiq-pro (5.2.1)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.3)
+                sidekiq (>= 6.1.0)
+              thread_safe (0.3.6)
+              tzinfo (1.2.9)
+                thread_safe (~> 0.1)
+              zeitwerk (2.4.2)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            activesupport
+            sidekiq-pro!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      it "does not install newer versions but updates the lockfile format when running bundle install in non frozen mode, and doesn't warn" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.0.3.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("activesupport 6.1.2.1")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("tzinfo 1.2.9")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("tzinfo 2.0.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.8")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.9")
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo2/
+            specs:
+              activesupport (6.0.3.4)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+                i18n (>= 0.7, < 2)
+                minitest (~> 5.1)
+                tzinfo (~> 1.1)
+                zeitwerk (~> 2.2, >= 2.2.2)
+              concurrent-ruby (1.1.8)
+              connection_pool (2.2.3)
+              i18n (1.8.9)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+              minitest (5.14.3)
+              rack (2.2.3)
+              redis (4.2.5)
+              sidekiq (6.1.3)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.2)
+                rack (~> 2.0)
+                redis (>= 4.2.0)
+              thread_safe (0.3.6)
+              tzinfo (1.2.9)
+                thread_safe (~> 0.1)
+              zeitwerk (2.4.2)
+
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo3/
+            specs:
+              sidekiq-pro (5.2.1)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.3)
+                sidekiq (>= 6.1.0)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            activesupport
+            sidekiq-pro!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      it "does not install newer versions or generate lockfile changes when running bundle install in frozen mode, and warns", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        initial_lockfile = lockfile
+
+        bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+        expect(err).to include("Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure.")
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.0.3.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("activesupport 6.1.2.1")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("tzinfo 1.2.9")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("tzinfo 2.0.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.8")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.9")
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq(initial_lockfile)
+      end
+
+      it "fails when running bundle install in frozen mode", :bundler => "3" do
+        initial_lockfile = lockfile
+
+        bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+
+        expect(err).to include("Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure.")
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq(initial_lockfile)
+      end
+
+      it "splits sections and upgrades gems when running bundle update, and doesn't warn" do
+        bundle "update --all", :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("activesupport 6.0.3.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.1.2.1")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("tzinfo 1.2.9")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("tzinfo 2.0.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.8")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.9")
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo2/
+            specs:
+              activesupport (6.1.2.1)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+                i18n (>= 1.6, < 2)
+                minitest (>= 5.1)
+                tzinfo (~> 2.0)
+                zeitwerk (~> 2.3)
+              concurrent-ruby (1.1.9)
+              connection_pool (2.2.3)
+              i18n (1.8.9)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+              minitest (5.14.3)
+              rack (2.2.3)
+              redis (4.2.5)
+              sidekiq (6.1.3)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.2)
+                rack (~> 2.0)
+                redis (>= 4.2.0)
+              tzinfo (2.0.4)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+              zeitwerk (2.4.2)
+
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo3/
+            specs:
+              sidekiq-pro (5.2.1)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.3)
+                sidekiq (>= 6.1.0)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            activesupport
+            sidekiq-pro!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      it "upgrades the lockfile format and upgrades the requested gem when running bundle update with an argument" do
+        bundle "update concurrent-ruby", :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 6.0.3.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("activesupport 6.1.2.1")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("tzinfo 1.2.9")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("tzinfo 2.0.4")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.9")
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems("concurrent-ruby 1.1.8")
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo2/
+            specs:
+              activesupport (6.0.3.4)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+                i18n (>= 0.7, < 2)
+                minitest (~> 5.1)
+                tzinfo (~> 1.1)
+                zeitwerk (~> 2.2, >= 2.2.2)
+              concurrent-ruby (1.1.9)
+              connection_pool (2.2.3)
+              i18n (1.8.9)
+                concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+              minitest (5.14.3)
+              rack (2.2.3)
+              redis (4.2.5)
+              sidekiq (6.1.3)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.2)
+                rack (~> 2.0)
+                redis (>= 4.2.0)
+              thread_safe (0.3.6)
+              tzinfo (1.2.9)
+                thread_safe (~> 0.1)
+              zeitwerk (2.4.2)
+
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo3/
+            specs:
+              sidekiq-pro (5.2.1)
+                connection_pool (>= 2.2.3)
+                sidekiq (>= 6.1.0)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            activesupport
+            sidekiq-pro!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a top-level gem has an indirect dependency present in the default source, but with a different version from the one resolved" do
+      before do
+        build_lib "activesupport", "7.0.0.alpha", :path => lib_path("rails/activesupport")
+        build_lib "rails", "7.0.0.alpha", :path => lib_path("rails") do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "= 7.0.0.alpha"
+        end
+
+        build_repo gem_repo2 do
+          build_gem "activesupport", "6.1.2"
+
+          build_gem "webpacker", "5.2.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "activesupport", ">= 5.2"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+          gemspec :path => "#{lib_path("rails")}"
+
+          gem "webpacker", "~> 5.0"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs all gems without warning" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 7.0.0.alpha", "rails 7.0.0.alpha")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("activesupport 7.0.0.alpha", :source => "path@#{lib_path("rails/activesupport")}")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rails 7.0.0.alpha", :source => "path@#{lib_path("rails")}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a pinned gem has an indirect dependency with more than one level of indirection in the default source " do
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "handsoap", "0.2.5.5" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "nokogiri", ">= 1.2.3"
+          end
+        end
+
+        update_repo gem_repo2 do
+          build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.1" do |s|
+            s.add_dependency "racca", "~> 1.4"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "racca", "1.5.2"
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem "handsoap"
+          end
+
+          gem "nokogiri"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs from the default source without any warnings or errors and generates a proper lockfile" do
+        expected_lockfile = <<~L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo2/
+            specs:
+              nokogiri (1.11.1)
+                racca (~> 1.4)
+              racca (1.5.2)
+
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo3/
+            specs:
+              handsoap (0.2.5.5)
+                nokogiri (>= 1.2.3)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            handsoap!
+            nokogiri
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+
+        bundle "install --verbose", :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("handsoap 0.2.5.5", "nokogiri 1.11.1", "racca 1.5.2")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("handsoap 0.2.5.5", :source => "remote3")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("nokogiri 1.11.1", "racca 1.5.2", :source => "remote2")
+        expect(lockfile).to eq(expected_lockfile)
+
+        # Even if the gems are already installed
+        FileUtils.rm bundled_app_lock
+        bundle "install --verbose", :artifice => "compact_index"
+        expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("handsoap 0.2.5.5", "nokogiri 1.11.1", "racca 1.5.2")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("handsoap 0.2.5.5", :source => "remote3")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("nokogiri 1.11.1", "racca 1.5.2", :source => "remote2")
+        expect(lockfile).to eq(expected_lockfile)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a gem that is only found in the wrong source" do
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "not_in_repo1", "1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+          source "https://gem.repo3"
+          gem "not_in_repo1", :source => "https://gem.repo1"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "does not install the gem" do
+        expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'not_in_repo1'")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with an existing lockfile" do
+      before do
+        system_gems "rack-0.9.1", "rack-1.0.0", :path => default_bundle_path
+
+        lockfile <<-L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo1
+            specs:
+
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo3
+            specs:
+              rack (0.9.1)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            rack!
+        L
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo1"
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem 'rack'
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      # Reproduction of https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/3298
+      it "does not unlock the installed gem on exec" do
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 0.9.1")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a lockfile with aggregated rubygems sources" do
+      let(:aggregate_gem_section_lockfile) do
+        <<~L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo1/
+            remote: https://gem.repo3/
+            specs:
+              rack (0.9.1)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            rack!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      let(:split_gem_section_lockfile) do
+        <<~L
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo1/
+            specs:
+
+          GEM
+            remote: https://gem.repo3/
+            specs:
+              rack (0.9.1)
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{specific_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            rack!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        L
+      end
+
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        end
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo1"
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem 'rack'
+          end
+        G
+
+        lockfile aggregate_gem_section_lockfile
+      end
+
+      it "installs the existing lockfile but prints a warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+
+        bundle "install", :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq(aggregate_gem_section_lockfile)
+        expect(err).to include("Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure.")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 0.9.1", :source => "remote3")
+      end
+
+      it "refuses to install the existing lockfile and prints an error", :bundler => "3" do
+        bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+
+        bundle "install", :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error =>false
+
+        expect(lockfile).to eq(aggregate_gem_section_lockfile)
+        expect(err).to include("Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure.")
+        expect(out).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with a path gem in the same Gemfile" do
+      before do
+        build_lib "foo"
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack", :source => "https://gem.repo1"
+          gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "does not unlock the non-path gem after install" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+        bundle %(exec ruby -e 'puts "OK"')
+
+        expect(out).to include("OK")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when an older version of the same gem also ships with Ruby" do
+    before do
+      system_gems "rack-0.9.1"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source "https://gem.repo1"
+        gem "rack" # should come from repo1!
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "installs the gems without any warning" do
+      expect(err).not_to include("Warning")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a single source contains multiple locked gems" do
+    before do
+      # With these gems,
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "foo", "0.1"
+        build_gem "bar", "0.1"
+      end
+
+      # Installing this gemfile...
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source 'https://gem.repo1'
+        gem 'rack'
+        gem 'foo', '~> 0.1', :source => 'https://gem.repo4'
+        gem 'bar', '~> 0.1', :source => 'https://gem.repo4'
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local path ../gems/system"
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+      # And then we add some new versions...
+      update_repo4 do
+        build_gem "foo", "0.2"
+        build_gem "bar", "0.3"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "allows them to be unlocked separately" do
+      # And install this gemfile, updating only foo.
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source 'https://gem.repo1'
+        gem 'rack'
+        gem 'foo', '~> 0.2', :source => 'https://gem.repo4'
+        gem 'bar', '~> 0.1', :source => 'https://gem.repo4'
+      G
+
+      # It should update foo to 0.2, but not the (locked) bar 0.1
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 0.2", "bar 0.1")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "re-resolving" do
+    context "when there is a mix of sources in the gemfile" do
+      before do
+        build_repo gem_repo3 do
+          build_gem "rack"
+        end
+
+        build_lib "path1"
+        build_lib "path2"
+        build_git "git1"
+        build_git "git2"
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          source "https://gem.repo1"
+          gem "rails"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo3" do
+            gem "rack"
+          end
+
+          gem "path1", :path => "#{lib_path("path1-1.0")}"
+          gem "path2", :path => "#{lib_path("path2-1.0")}"
+          gem "git1",  :git  => "#{lib_path("git1-1.0")}"
+          gem "git2",  :git  => "#{lib_path("git2-1.0")}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "does not re-resolve" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :verbose => true
+        expect(out).to include("using resolution from the lockfile")
+        expect(out).not_to include("re-resolving dependencies")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when a gem is installed to system gems" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source "https://gem.repo1"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "and the gemfile changes" do
+      it "is still able to find that gem from remote sources" do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "rack", "2.0.1.1.forked"
+          build_gem "thor", "0.19.1.1.forked"
+        end
+
+        # When this gemfile is installed...
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          source "https://gem.repo1"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo4" do
+            gem "rack", "2.0.1.1.forked"
+            gem "thor"
+          end
+          gem "rack-obama"
+        G
+
+        # Then we change the Gemfile by adding a version to thor
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "https://gem.repo1"
+
+          source "https://gem.repo4" do
+            gem "rack", "2.0.1.1.forked"
+            gem "thor", "0.19.1.1.forked"
+          end
+          gem "rack-obama"
+        G
+
+        # But we should still be able to find rack 2.0.1.1.forked and install it
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "source changed to one containing a higher version of a dependency" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source "https://gem.repo1"
+
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "bar"
+      end
+
+      build_lib("gemspec_test", :path => tmp.join("gemspec_test")) do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bar", "=1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source "https://gem.repo2"
+        gem "rack"
+        gemspec :path => "#{tmp.join("gemspec_test")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "conservatively installs the existing locked version" do
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't update version when a gem uses a source block but a higher version from another source is already installed locally" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "example", "0.1.0"
+    end
+
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "example", "1.0.2"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+      source "https://gem.repo4"
+
+      gem "example", :source => "https://gem.repo2"
+    G
+
+    bundle "info example"
+    expect(out).to include("example (0.1.0)")
+
+    system_gems "example-1.0.2", :path => default_bundle_path, :gem_repo => gem_repo4
+
+    bundle "update example --verbose", :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(out).not_to include("Using example 1.0.2")
+    expect(out).to include("Using example 0.1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "fails inmmediately with a helpful error when a rubygems source does not exist and bundler/setup is required" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://gem.repo1"
+
+      source "https://gem.repo4" do
+        gem "example"
+      end
+    G
+
+    simulate_bundler_version_when_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation do
+      ruby <<~R, :raise_on_error => false
+        require 'bundler/setup'
+      R
+    end
+
+    expect(last_command).to be_failure
+    expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'example' in locally installed gems.")
+  end
+
+  it "fails inmmediately with a helpful error when a non retriable network error happens while resolving sources" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://gem.repo1"
+
+      source "https://gem.repo4" do
+        gem "example"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle "install", :artifice => nil, :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(last_command).to be_failure
+    expect(err).to include("Could not reach host gem.repo4. Check your network connection and try again.")
+  end
+
+  context "when an indirect dependency is available from multiple ambiguous sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    it "succeeds but warns, suggesting a source block" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "depends_on_rack" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack"
+        end
+        build_gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        source "https://gem.repo4" do
+          gem "depends_on_rack"
+        end
+
+        source "https://gem.repo1" do
+          gem "thin"
+        end
+      G
+      expect(err).to eq strip_whitespace(<<-EOS).strip
+        Warning: The gem 'rack' was found in multiple relevant sources.
+          * rubygems repository https://gem.repo1/
+          * rubygems repository https://gem.repo4/
+        You should add this gem to the source block for the source you wish it to be installed from.
+      EOS
+      expect(last_command).to be_success
+      expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when an indirect dependency is available from multiple ambiguous sources", :bundler => "3" do
+    it "raises, suggesting a source block" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "depends_on_rack" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack"
+        end
+        build_gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        source "https://gem.repo4" do
+          gem "depends_on_rack"
+        end
+        source "https://gem.repo1" do
+          gem "thin"
+        end
+      G
+      expect(last_command).to be_failure
+      expect(err).to eq strip_whitespace(<<-EOS).strip
+        The gem 'rack' was found in multiple relevant sources.
+          * rubygems repository https://gem.repo1/
+          * rubygems repository https://gem.repo4/
+        You must add this gem to the source block for the source you wish it to be installed from.
+      EOS
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to be_locked
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when upgrading a lockfile suffering from dependency confusion" do
+    before do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "mime-types", "3.0.0"
+      end
+
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "capybara", "2.5.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "mime-types", ">= 1.16"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "mime-types", "3.3.1"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<~G
+        source "https://gem.repo2"
+
+        gem "capybara", "~> 2.5.0"
+
+        source "https://gem.repo4" do
+          gem "mime-types", "~> 3.0"
+        end
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: https://gem.repo2/
+          remote: https://gem.repo4/
+          specs:
+            capybara (2.5.0)
+              mime-types (>= 1.16)
+            mime-types (3.3.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          capybara (~> 2.5.0)
+          mime-types (~> 3.0)!
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "upgrades the lockfile correctly" do
+      bundle "lock --update", :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: https://gem.repo2/
+          specs:
+            capybara (2.5.0)
+              mime-types (>= 1.16)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: https://gem.repo4/
+          specs:
+            mime-types (3.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{specific_local_platform}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          capybara (~> 2.5.0)
+          mime-types (~> 3.0)!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/specific_platform_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/specific_platform_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce2823ce9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile/specific_platform_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with specific platforms" do
+  let(:google_protobuf) { <<-G }
+    source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    gem "google-protobuf"
+  G
+
+  context "when on a darwin machine" do
+    before { simulate_platform "x86_64-darwin-15" }
+
+    it "locks to the specific darwin platform" do
+      setup_multiplatform_gem
+      install_gemfile(google_protobuf)
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.platforms).to eq([pl("x86_64-darwin-15")])
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("google-protobuf 3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1 universal-darwin")
+      expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.specs.map(&:full_name)).to eq(%w[
+        google-protobuf-3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1-universal-darwin
+      ])
+    end
+
+    it "understands that a non-platform specific gem in a old lockfile doesn't necessarily mean installing the non-specific variant" do
+      setup_multiplatform_gem
+
+      system_gems "bundler-2.1.4"
+
+      # Consistent location to install and look for gems
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "2.1.4" }
+
+      install_gemfile(google_protobuf, :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "2.1.4" })
+
+      # simulate lockfile created with old bundler, which only locks for ruby platform
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+            google-protobuf (3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          google-protobuf
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           2.1.4
+      L
+
+      # force strict usage of the lock file by setting frozen mode
+      bundle "config set --local frozen true", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "2.1.4" }
+
+      # make sure the platform that got actually installed with the old bundler is used
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("google-protobuf 3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1 universal-darwin")
+    end
+
+    it "understands that a non-platform specific gem in a new lockfile locked only to RUBY doesn't necessarily mean installing the non-specific variant" do
+      setup_multiplatform_gem
+
+      system_gems "bundler-2.1.4"
+
+      # Consistent location to install and look for gems
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "2.1.4" }
+
+      gemfile google_protobuf
+
+      # simulate lockfile created with old bundler, which only locks for ruby platform
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+            google-protobuf (3.0.0.alpha.4.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          google-protobuf
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           2.1.4
+      L
+
+      bundle "update", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }
+
+      # make sure the platform that the platform specific dependency is used, since we're only locked to ruby
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("google-protobuf 3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1 universal-darwin")
+
+      # make sure we're still only locked to ruby
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+            google-protobuf (3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          google-protobuf
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't discard previously installed platform specific gem and fall back to ruby on subsequent bundles" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem("libv8", "8.4.255.0")
+        build_gem("libv8", "8.4.255.0") {|s| s.platform = "universal-darwin" }
+
+        build_gem("mini_racer", "1.0.0") do |s|
+          s.add_runtime_dependency "libv8"
+        end
+      end
+
+      system_gems "bundler-2.1.4"
+
+      # Consistent location to install and look for gems
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "2.1.4" }
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "https://localgemserver.test"
+        gem "libv8"
+      G
+
+      # simulate lockfile created with old bundler, which only locks for ruby platform
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: https://localgemserver.test/
+          specs:
+            libv8 (8.4.255.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          libv8
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           2.1.4
+      L
+
+      bundle "install --verbose", :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "2.1.4", "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+      expect(out).to include("Installing libv8 8.4.255.0 (universal-darwin)")
+
+      bundle "add mini_racer --verbose", :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+      expect(out).to include("Using libv8 8.4.255.0 (universal-darwin)")
+    end
+
+    it "caches the universal-darwin gem when --all-platforms is passed and properly picks it up on further bundler invocations" do
+      setup_multiplatform_gem
+      gemfile(google_protobuf)
+      bundle "cache --all-platforms"
+      expect(cached_gem("google-protobuf-3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1-universal-darwin")).to exist
+
+      bundle "install --verbose"
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "caches the universal-darwin gem when cache_all_platforms is configured and properly picks it up on further bundler invocations" do
+      setup_multiplatform_gem
+      gemfile(google_protobuf)
+      bundle "config set --local cache_all_platforms true"
+      bundle "cache"
+      expect(cached_gem("google-protobuf-3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1-universal-darwin")).to exist
+
+      bundle "install --verbose"
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "caches multiplatform git gems with a single gemspec when --all-platforms is passed" do
+      git = build_git "pg_array_parser", "1.0"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "pg_array_parser", :git => "#{lib_path("pg_array_parser-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GIT
+          remote: #{lib_path("pg_array_parser-1.0")}
+          revision: #{git.ref_for("master")}
+          specs:
+            pg_array_parser (1.0-java)
+            pg_array_parser (1.0)
+
+        GEM
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          java
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          pg_array_parser!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      bundle "config set --local cache_all true"
+      bundle "cache --all-platforms"
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "uses the platform-specific gem with extra dependencies" do
+      setup_multiplatform_gem_with_different_dependencies_per_platform
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "facter"
+      G
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+
+      expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.platforms).to eq([pl("x86_64-darwin-15")])
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("facter 2.4.6 universal-darwin", "CFPropertyList 1.0")
+      expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.specs.map(&:full_name)).to eq(["CFPropertyList-1.0",
+                                                                   "facter-2.4.6-universal-darwin"])
+    end
+
+    context "when adding a platform via lock --add_platform" do
+      before do
+        allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      end
+
+      it "adds the foreign platform" do
+        setup_multiplatform_gem
+        install_gemfile(google_protobuf)
+        bundle "lock --add-platform=#{x64_mingw}"
+
+        expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.platforms).to eq([x64_mingw, pl("x86_64-darwin-15")])
+        expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.specs.map(&:full_name)).to eq(%w[
+          google-protobuf-3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1-universal-darwin
+          google-protobuf-3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1-x64-mingw32
+        ])
+      end
+
+      it "falls back on plain ruby when that version doesnt have a platform-specific gem" do
+        setup_multiplatform_gem
+        install_gemfile(google_protobuf)
+        bundle "lock --add-platform=#{java}"
+
+        expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.platforms).to eq([java, pl("x86_64-darwin-15")])
+        expect(the_bundle.locked_gems.specs.map(&:full_name)).to eq(%w[
+          google-protobuf-3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1
+          google-protobuf-3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1-universal-darwin
+        ])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "installs sorbet-static, which does not provide a pure ruby variant, just fine on truffleruby", :truffleruby do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem("sorbet-static", "0.5.6403") {|s| s.platform = "x86_64-linux" }
+      build_gem("sorbet-static", "0.5.6403") {|s| s.platform = "universal-darwin-20" }
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "sorbet-static", "0.5.6403"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          sorbet-static (0.5.6403-universal-darwin-20)
+          sorbet-static (0.5.6403-x86_64-linux)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        sorbet-static (= 0.5.6403)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle "install --verbose"
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def setup_multiplatform_gem
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1")
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1") {|s| s.platform = "x86_64-linux" }
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1") {|s| s.platform = "x64-mingw32" }
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5.1") {|s| s.platform = "universal-darwin" }
+
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5") {|s| s.platform = "x86_64-linux" }
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5") {|s| s.platform = "x64-mingw32" }
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.5")
+
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.5.0.4") {|s| s.platform = "universal-darwin" }
+
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.4.0")
+      build_gem("google-protobuf", "3.0.0.alpha.3.1.pre")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup_multiplatform_gem_with_different_dependencies_per_platform
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem("facter", "2.4.6")
+      build_gem("facter", "2.4.6") do |s|
+        s.platform = "universal-darwin"
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "CFPropertyList"
+      end
+      build_gem("CFPropertyList")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemfile_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f8f1ecfa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemfile_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  context "with duplicated gems" do
+    it "will display a warning" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem 'rails', '~> 4.0.0'
+        gem 'rails', '~> 4.0.0'
+      G
+      expect(err).to include("more than once")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with --gemfile" do
+    it "finds the gemfile" do
+      gemfile bundled_app("NotGemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :gemfile => bundled_app("NotGemfile")
+
+      # Specify BUNDLE_GEMFILE for `the_bundle`
+      # to retrieve the proper Gemfile
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "NotGemfile"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with gemfile set via config" do
+    before do
+      gemfile bundled_app("NotGemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local gemfile #{bundled_app("NotGemfile")}"
+    end
+    it "uses the gemfile to install" do
+      bundle "install"
+      bundle "list"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack (1.0.0)")
+    end
+    it "uses the gemfile while in a subdirectory" do
+      bundled_app("subdir").mkpath
+      bundle "install", :dir => bundled_app("subdir")
+      bundle "list", :dir => bundled_app("subdir")
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack (1.0.0)")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with deprecated features" do
+    it "reports that lib is an invalid option" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack", :lib => "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/You passed :lib as an option for gem 'rack', but it is invalid/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with engine specified in symbol", :jruby do
+    it "does not raise any error parsing Gemfile" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}", :engine => :jruby, :engine_version => "#{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION}"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to match(/Bundle complete!/)
+    end
+
+    it "installation succeeds" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}", :engine => :jruby, :engine_version => "#{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a Gemfile containing non-US-ASCII characters" do
+    it "reads the Gemfile with the UTF-8 encoding by default" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        str = "Il était une fois ..."
+        puts "The source encoding is: " + str.encoding.name
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("The source encoding is: UTF-8")
+      expect(out).not_to include("The source encoding is: ASCII-8BIT")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+    end
+
+    it "respects the magic encoding comment" do
+      # NOTE: This works thanks to #eval interpreting the magic encoding comment
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        # encoding: iso-8859-1
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        str = "Il #{"\xE9".dup.force_encoding("binary")}tait une fois ..."
+        puts "The source encoding is: " + str.encoding.name
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("The source encoding is: ISO-8859-1")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/compact_index_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/compact_index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cee69f702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/compact_index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,943 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "compact index api" do
+  let(:source_hostname) { "localgemserver.test" }
+  let(:source_uri) { "http://#{source_hostname}" }
+
+  it "should use the API" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "should URI encode gem names" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem " sinatra"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("' sinatra' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace.")
+  end
+
+  it "should handle nested dependencies" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems(
+      "rails 2.3.2",
+      "actionpack 2.3.2",
+      "activerecord 2.3.2",
+      "actionmailer 2.3.2",
+      "activeresource 2.3.2",
+      "activesupport 2.3.2"
+    )
+  end
+
+  it "should handle case sensitivity conflicts" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0" do |s|
+        s.add_runtime_dependency("Rack", "0.1")
+      end
+      build_gem "Rack", "0.1"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo4.to_s }
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack", "1.0"
+      gem "Rack", "0.1"
+    G
+
+    # can't use `include_gems` here since the `require` will conflict on a
+    # case-insensitive FS
+    run "Bundler.require; puts Gem.loaded_specs.values_at('rack', 'Rack').map(&:full_name)"
+    expect(out).to eq("rack-1.0\nRack-0.1")
+  end
+
+  it "should handle multiple gem dependencies on the same gem" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "net-sftp"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "net-sftp 1.1.1"
+  end
+
+  it "should use the endpoint when using deployment mode" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles git dependencies that are in rubygems" do
+    build_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.executables = "foobar"
+      s.add_dependency "rails", "2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      git "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}" do
+        gem 'foo'
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rails 2.3.2")
+  end
+
+  it "handles git dependencies that are in rubygems using deployment mode" do
+    build_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.executables = "foobar"
+      s.add_dependency "rails", "2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'foo', :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rails 2.3.2")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't fail if you only have a git gem with no deps when using deployment mode" do
+    build_git "foo"
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'foo', :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install", :artifice => "compact_index"
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "falls back when the API URL returns 403 Forbidden" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :verbose => true, :artifice => "compact_index_forbidden"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "falls back when the versions endpoint has a checksum mismatch" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :verbose => true, :artifice => "compact_index_checksum_mismatch"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(out).to include <<-'WARN'
+The checksum of /versions does not match the checksum provided by the server! Something is wrong (local checksum is "\"d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e\"", was expecting "\"123\"").
+    WARN
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "falls back when the user's home directory does not exist or is not writable" do
+    ENV["HOME"] = tmp("missing_home").to_s
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles host redirects" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_host_redirect"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles host redirects without Net::HTTP::Persistent" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p lib_path
+    File.open(lib_path("disable_net_http_persistent.rb"), "w") do |h|
+      h.write <<-H
+        module Kernel
+          alias require_without_disabled_net_http require
+          def require(*args)
+            raise LoadError, 'simulated' if args.first == 'openssl' && !caller.grep(/vendored_persistent/).empty?
+            require_without_disabled_net_http(*args)
+          end
+        end
+      H
+    end
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_host_redirect", :requires => [lib_path("disable_net_http_persistent.rb")]
+    expect(out).to_not match(/Too many redirects/)
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "times out when Bundler::Fetcher redirects too much" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_redirects", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to match(/Too many redirects/)
+  end
+
+  context "when --full-index is specified" do
+    it "should use the modern index for install" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install --full-index", :artifice => "compact_index"
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{source_uri}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "should use the modern index for update" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update --full-index", :artifice => "compact_index", :all => true
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{source_uri}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "does not double check for gems that are only installed locally" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "net_a" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "net_b"
+        s.add_dependency "net_build_extensions"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "net_b"
+
+      build_gem "net_build_extensions" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rake"
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            File.open("\#{path}/net_build_extensions.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "NET_BUILD_EXTENSIONS = 'YES'"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    system_gems %w[rack-1.0.0 thin-1.0 net_a-1.0], :gem_repo => gem_repo2
+    bundle "config set --local path.system true"
+    ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_ALL_REQUESTS"] = strip_whitespace(<<-EOS).strip
+      #{source_uri}/versions
+      #{source_uri}/info/rack
+    EOS
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :verbose => true, :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include "Double checking"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem "back_deps"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0", "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources with source blocks" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_extra", :verbose => true
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0", "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches gem versions even when those gems are already installed" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra_api"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+        s.executables = "rackup"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}" do; end
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem "rack", "1.2"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra_api"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+  end
+
+  it "considers all possible versions of dependencies from all api gem sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    # In this scenario, the gem "somegem" only exists in repo4.  It depends on specific version of activesupport that
+    # exists only in repo1.  There happens also be a version of activesupport in repo4, but not the one that version 1.0.0
+    # of somegem wants. This test makes sure that bundler actually finds version 1.2.3 of active support in the other
+    # repo and installs it.
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "activesupport", "1.2.0"
+      build_gem "somegem", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "activesupport", "1.2.3" # This version exists only in repo1
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem 'somegem', '1.0.0'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra_api"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "somegem 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 1.2.3"
+  end
+
+  it "prints API output properly with back deps" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from http://localgemserver.test/")
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from http://localgemserver.test/extra")
+  end
+
+  it "does not fetch every spec if the index of gems is large when doing back deps" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      build_gem "missing"
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    api_request_limit = low_api_request_limit_for(gem_repo2)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_extra_missing", :requires => [api_request_limit_hack_file], :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_API_REQUEST_LIMIT" => api_request_limit.to_s }.merge(env_for_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation)
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not fetch every spec if the index of gems is large when doing back deps & everything is the compact index" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      build_gem "missing"
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo4("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    api_request_limit = low_api_request_limit_for(gem_repo4)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_extra_api_missing", :requires => [api_request_limit_hack_file], :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_API_REQUEST_LIMIT" => api_request_limit.to_s }.merge(env_for_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation)
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "uses the endpoint if all sources support it" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+
+      gem 'foo'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_api_missing"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources using deployment mode", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem "back_deps"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra"
+    bundle "config --set local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources using deployment mode with blocks" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra"
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_extra"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not refetch if the only unmet dependency is bundler" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "bundler_dep" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bundler"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+
+      gem "bundler_dep"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+  end
+
+  it "should install when EndpointSpecification has a bin dir owned by root", :sudo => true do
+    sudo "mkdir -p #{system_gem_path("bin")}"
+    sudo "chown -R root #{system_gem_path("bin")}"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rails 2.3.2"
+  end
+
+  it "installs the binstubs", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --binstubs", :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    gembin "rackup"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "installs the bins when using --path and uses autoclean", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --path vendor/bundle", :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "installs the bins when using --path and uses bundle clean", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --path vendor/bundle --no-clean", :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "prints post_install_messages" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack-obama'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack:")
+  end
+
+  it "should display the post install message for a dependency" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack_middleware'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack:")
+    expect(out).to include("Rack's post install message")
+  end
+
+  context "when using basic authentication" do
+    let(:user)     { "user" }
+    let(:password) { "pass" }
+    let(:basic_auth_source_uri) do
+      uri          = Bundler::URI.parse(source_uri)
+      uri.user     = user
+      uri.password = password
+
+      uri
+    end
+
+    it "passes basic authentication details and strips out creds" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_basic_authentication"
+      expect(out).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "passes basic authentication details and strips out creds also in verbose mode" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :verbose => true, :artifice => "compact_index_basic_authentication"
+      expect(out).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "strips http basic auth creds when warning about ambiguous sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_basic_authentication"
+      expect(err).to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+      expect(err).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not pass the user / password to different hosts on redirect" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_creds_diff_host"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    describe "with authentication details in bundle config" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source_uri}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "reads authentication details by host name from bundle config" do
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} #{user}:#{password}"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_strict_basic_authentication"
+
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "reads authentication details by full url from bundle config" do
+        # The trailing slash is necessary here; Fetcher canonicalizes the URI.
+        bundle "config set #{source_uri}/ #{user}:#{password}"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_strict_basic_authentication"
+
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "should use the API" do
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} #{user}:#{password}"
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_strict_basic_authentication"
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "prefers auth supplied in the source uri" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} otheruser:wrong"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_strict_basic_authentication"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "shows instructions if auth is not provided for the source" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_strict_basic_authentication", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("bundle config set --global #{source_hostname} username:password")
+      end
+
+      it "fails if authentication has already been provided, but failed" do
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} #{user}:wrong"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_strict_basic_authentication", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Bad username or password")
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with no password" do
+      let(:password) { nil }
+
+      it "passes basic authentication details" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_basic_authentication"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when ruby is compiled without openssl" do
+    before do
+      # Install a monkeypatch that reproduces the effects of openssl being
+      # missing when the fetcher runs, as happens in real life. The reason
+      # we can't just overwrite openssl.rb is that Artifice uses it.
+      bundled_app("broken_ssl").mkpath
+      bundled_app("broken_ssl/openssl.rb").open("w") do |f|
+        f.write <<-RUBY
+          raise LoadError, "cannot load such file -- openssl"
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "explains what to do to get it" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{source_uri.gsub(/http/, "https")}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "RUBYOPT" => opt_add("-I#{bundled_app("broken_ssl")}", ENV["RUBYOPT"]) }, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("OpenSSL")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when SSL certificate verification fails" do
+    it "explains what happened" do
+      # Install a monkeypatch that reproduces the effects of openssl raising
+      # a certificate validation error when RubyGems tries to connect.
+      gemfile <<-G
+        class Net::HTTP
+          def start
+            raise OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, "certificate verify failed"
+          end
+        end
+
+        source "#{source_uri.gsub(/http/, "https")}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/could not verify the SSL certificate/i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context ".gemrc with sources is present" do
+    it "uses other sources declared in the Gemfile" do
+      File.open(home(".gemrc"), "w") do |file|
+        file.puts({ :sources => ["https://rubygems.org"] }.to_yaml)
+      end
+
+      begin
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source_uri}"
+          gem 'rack'
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_forbidden"
+      ensure
+        home(".gemrc").rmtree
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "performs partial update with a non-empty range" do
+    skip "HTTP_RANGE not set" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack', '0.9.1'
+    G
+
+    # Initial install creates the cached versions file
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    # Update the Gemfile so we can check subsequent install was successful
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack', '1.0.0'
+    G
+
+    # Second install should make only a partial request to /versions
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_partial_update"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "performs partial update while local cache is updated by another process" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack'
+    G
+
+    # Create an empty file to trigger a partial download
+    versions = File.join(Bundler.rubygems.user_home, ".bundle", "cache", "compact_index",
+      "localgemserver.test.80.dd34752a738ee965a2a4298dc16db6c5", "versions")
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(versions))
+    FileUtils.touch(versions)
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_concurrent_download"
+
+    expect(File.read(versions)).to start_with("created_at")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "performs full update if server endpoints serve partial content responses but don't have incremental content and provide no Etag" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo4.to_s }
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack', '0.9.1'
+    G
+
+    update_repo4 do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_partial_update_no_etag_not_incremental", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo4.to_s }
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack', '1.0.0'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "performs full update of compact index info cache if range is not satisfiable" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack', '0.9.1'
+    G
+
+    rake_info_path = File.join(Bundler.rubygems.user_home, ".bundle", "cache", "compact_index",
+      "localgemserver.test.80.dd34752a738ee965a2a4298dc16db6c5", "info", "rack")
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+
+    expected_rack_info_content = File.read(rake_info_path)
+
+    # Modify the cache files. We expect them to be reset to the normal ones when we re-run :install
+    File.open(rake_info_path, "w") {|f| f << (expected_rack_info_content + "this is different") }
+
+    # Update the Gemfile so the next install does its normal things
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack', '1.0.0'
+    G
+
+    # The cache files now being longer means the requested range is going to be not satisfiable
+    # Bundler must end up requesting the whole file to fix things up.
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_range_not_satisfiable"
+
+    resulting_rack_info_content = File.read(rake_info_path)
+
+    expect(resulting_rack_info_content).to eq(expected_rack_info_content)
+  end
+
+  it "fails gracefully when the source URI has an invalid scheme" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "htps://rubygems.org"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(15)
+    expect(err).to end_with(<<-E.strip)
+      The request uri `htps://index.rubygems.org/versions` has an invalid scheme (`htps`). Did you mean `http` or `https`?
+    E
+  end
+
+  describe "checksum validation" do
+    it "raises when the checksum does not match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_wrong_gem_checksum", :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(19)
+      expect(err).
+        to  include("Bundler cannot continue installing rack (1.0.0).").
+        and include("The checksum for the downloaded `rack-1.0.0.gem` does not match the checksum given by the server.").
+        and include("This means the contents of the downloaded gem is different from what was uploaded to the server, and could be a potential security issue.").
+        and include("To resolve this issue:").
+        and include("1. delete the downloaded gem located at: `#{default_bundle_path}/gems/rack-1.0.0/rack-1.0.0.gem`").
+        and include("2. run `bundle install`").
+        and include("If you wish to continue installing the downloaded gem, and are certain it does not pose a security issue despite the mismatching checksum, do the following:").
+        and include("1. run `bundle config set --local disable_checksum_validation true` to turn off checksum verification").
+        and include("2. run `bundle install`").
+        and match(/\(More info: The expected SHA256 checksum was "#{"ab" * 22}", but the checksum for the downloaded gem was ".+?"\.\)/)
+    end
+
+    it "raises when the checksum is the wrong length" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_wrong_gem_checksum", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_RACK_CHECKSUM" => "checksum!", "DEBUG" => "1" }, :verbose => true, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(5)
+      expect(err).to include("The given checksum for rack-1.0.0 (\"checksum!\") is not a valid SHA256 hexdigest nor base64digest")
+    end
+
+    it "does not raise when disable_checksum_validation is set" do
+      bundle "config set disable_checksum_validation true"
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_wrong_gem_checksum"
+        source "#{source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "works when cache dir is world-writable" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+      File.umask(0000)
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't explode when the API dependencies are wrong" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_wrong_dependencies", :env => { "DEBUG" => "true" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+    deps = [Gem::Dependency.new("rake", "= 13.0.1"),
+            Gem::Dependency.new("actionpack", "= 2.3.2"),
+            Gem::Dependency.new("activerecord", "= 2.3.2"),
+            Gem::Dependency.new("actionmailer", "= 2.3.2"),
+            Gem::Dependency.new("activeresource", "= 2.3.2")]
+    expect(out).to include(<<-E.strip).and include("rails-2.3.2 from rubygems remote at #{source_uri}/ has either corrupted API or lockfile dependencies")
+Bundler::APIResponseMismatchError: Downloading rails-2.3.2 revealed dependencies not in the API or the lockfile (#{deps.map(&:to_s).join(", ")}).
+Either installing with `--full-index` or running `bundle update rails` should fix the problem.
+    E
+  end
+
+  it "does not duplicate specs in the lockfile when updating and a dependency is not installed" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      source "#{source_uri}" do
+        gem "rails"
+        gem "activemerchant"
+      end
+    G
+    gem_command "uninstall activemerchant"
+    bundle "update rails", :artifice => "compact_index"
+    expect(lockfile.scan(/activemerchant \(/).size).to eq(1)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/dependency_api_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/dependency_api_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9738a75474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/dependency_api_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,770 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "gemcutter's dependency API" do
+  let(:source_hostname) { "localgemserver.test" }
+  let(:source_uri) { "http://#{source_hostname}" }
+
+  it "should use the API" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "should URI encode gem names" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem " sinatra"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("' sinatra' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace.")
+  end
+
+  it "should handle nested dependencies" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}/...")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems(
+      "rails 2.3.2",
+      "actionpack 2.3.2",
+      "activerecord 2.3.2",
+      "actionmailer 2.3.2",
+      "activeresource 2.3.2",
+      "activesupport 2.3.2"
+    )
+  end
+
+  it "should handle multiple gem dependencies on the same gem" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "net-sftp"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "net-sftp 1.1.1"
+  end
+
+  it "should use the endpoint when using deployment mode" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles git dependencies that are in rubygems" do
+    build_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.executables = "foobar"
+      s.add_dependency "rails", "2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      git "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}" do
+        gem 'foo'
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rails 2.3.2")
+  end
+
+  it "handles git dependencies that are in rubygems using deployment mode" do
+    build_git "foo" do |s|
+      s.executables = "foobar"
+      s.add_dependency "rails", "2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'foo', :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rails 2.3.2")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't fail if you only have a git gem with no deps when using deployment mode" do
+    build_git "foo"
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'foo', :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install", :artifice => "endpoint"
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("foo 1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "falls back when the API errors out" do
+    simulate_platform mswin
+
+    build_repo2 do
+      # The rcov gem is platform mswin32, but has no arch
+      build_gem "rcov" do |s|
+        s.platform = Gem::Platform.new([nil, "mswin32", nil])
+        s.write "lib/rcov.rb", "RCOV = '1.0.0'"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rcov"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "windows", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rcov 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "falls back when hitting the Gemcutter Dependency Limit" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "activesupport"
+      gem "actionpack"
+      gem "actionmailer"
+      gem "activeresource"
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_fallback"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{source_uri}")
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems(
+      "activesupport 2.3.2",
+      "actionpack 2.3.2",
+      "actionmailer 2.3.2",
+      "activeresource 2.3.2",
+      "activesupport 2.3.2",
+      "thin 1.0.0",
+      "rack 1.0.0",
+      "rails 2.3.2"
+    )
+  end
+
+  it "falls back when Gemcutter API doesn't return proper Marshal format" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :verbose => true, :artifice => "endpoint_marshal_fail"
+    expect(out).to include("could not fetch from the dependency API, trying the full index")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "falls back when the API URL returns 403 Forbidden" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :verbose => true, :artifice => "endpoint_api_forbidden"
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{source_uri}")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles host redirects" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_host_redirect"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "handles host redirects without Net::HTTP::Persistent" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p lib_path
+    File.open(lib_path("disable_net_http_persistent.rb"), "w") do |h|
+      h.write <<-H
+        module Kernel
+          alias require_without_disabled_net_http require
+          def require(*args)
+            raise LoadError, 'simulated' if args.first == 'openssl' && !caller.grep(/vendored_persistent/).empty?
+            require_without_disabled_net_http(*args)
+          end
+        end
+      H
+    end
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_host_redirect", :requires => [lib_path("disable_net_http_persistent.rb")]
+    expect(out).to_not match(/Too many redirects/)
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "timeouts when Bundler::Fetcher redirects too much" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_redirect", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to match(/Too many redirects/)
+  end
+
+  context "when --full-index is specified" do
+    it "should use the modern index for install" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install --full-index", :artifice => "endpoint"
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{source_uri}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "should use the modern index for update" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update --full-index", :artifice => "endpoint", :all => true
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{source_uri}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem "back_deps"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0", "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources using blocks" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0", "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches gem versions even when those gems are already installed" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra_api"
+
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+        s.executables = "rackup"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}" do; end
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem "rack", "1.2"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra_api"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+  end
+
+  it "considers all possible versions of dependencies from all api gem sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    # In this scenario, the gem "somegem" only exists in repo4.  It depends on specific version of activesupport that
+    # exists only in repo1.  There happens also be a version of activesupport in repo4, but not the one that version 1.0.0
+    # of somegem wants. This test makes sure that bundler actually finds version 1.2.3 of active support in the other
+    # repo and installs it.
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "activesupport", "1.2.0"
+      build_gem "somegem", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "activesupport", "1.2.3" # This version exists only in repo1
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem 'somegem', '1.0.0'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra_api"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "somegem 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 1.2.3"
+  end
+
+  it "prints API output properly with back deps" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from http://localgemserver.test/.")
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from http://localgemserver.test/extra")
+  end
+
+  it "does not fetch every spec if the index of gems is large when doing back deps", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      build_gem "missing"
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    api_request_limit = low_api_request_limit_for(gem_repo2)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "endpoint_extra_missing", :requires => [api_request_limit_hack_file], :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_API_REQUEST_LIMIT" => api_request_limit.to_s }.merge(env_for_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation)
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem "back_deps"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not fetch every spec if the index of gems is large when doing back deps using blocks" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      build_gem "missing"
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    api_request_limit = low_api_request_limit_for(gem_repo2)
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "endpoint_extra_missing", :requires => [api_request_limit_hack_file], :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_API_REQUEST_LIMIT" => api_request_limit.to_s }.merge(env_for_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation)
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "uses the endpoint if all sources support it" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+
+      gem 'foo'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_api_missing"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources using deployment mode", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra"
+      gem "back_deps"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra"
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "fetches again when more dependencies are found in subsequent sources using deployment mode with blocks" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "back_deps" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo2("gems/foo-*.gem")]
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      source "#{source_uri}/extra" do
+        gem "back_deps"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_extra"
+    bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+    bundle "install", :artifice => "endpoint_extra"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "back_deps 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "does not refetch if the only unmet dependency is bundler" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "bundler_dep" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bundler"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+
+      gem "bundler_dep"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+  end
+
+  it "should install when EndpointSpecification has a bin dir owned by root", :sudo => true do
+    sudo "mkdir -p #{system_gem_path("bin")}"
+    sudo "chown -R root #{system_gem_path("bin")}"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rails 2.3.2"
+  end
+
+  it "installs the binstubs", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --binstubs", :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    gembin "rackup"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "installs the bins when using --path and uses autoclean", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --path vendor/bundle", :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "installs the bins when using --path and uses bundle clean", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install --path vendor/bundle --no-clean", :artifice => "endpoint"
+
+    expect(vendored_gems("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "prints post_install_messages" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack-obama'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+    expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack:")
+  end
+
+  it "should display the post install message for a dependency" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{source_uri}"
+      gem 'rack_middleware'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint"
+    expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack:")
+    expect(out).to include("Rack's post install message")
+  end
+
+  context "when using basic authentication" do
+    let(:user)     { "user" }
+    let(:password) { "pass" }
+    let(:basic_auth_source_uri) do
+      uri          = Bundler::URI.parse(source_uri)
+      uri.user     = user
+      uri.password = password
+
+      uri
+    end
+
+    it "passes basic authentication details and strips out creds" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_basic_authentication"
+      expect(out).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "passes basic authentication details and strips out creds also in verbose mode" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :verbose => true, :artifice => "endpoint_basic_authentication"
+      expect(out).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "strips http basic authentication creds for modern index" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_marshal_fail_basic_authentication"
+      expect(out).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "strips http basic auth creds when it can't reach the server" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_500", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(out).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+    end
+
+    it "strips http basic auth creds when warning about ambiguous sources", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_basic_authentication"
+      expect(err).to include("Warning: the gem 'rack' was found in multiple sources.")
+      expect(err).not_to include("#{user}:#{password}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not pass the user / password to different hosts on redirect" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_creds_diff_host"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    describe "with host including dashes" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "http://local-gemserver.test"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "reads authentication details from a valid ENV variable" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication", :env => { "BUNDLE_LOCAL___GEMSERVER__TEST" => "#{user}:#{password}" }
+
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from http://local-gemserver.test")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with authentication details in bundle config" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source_uri}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "reads authentication details by host name from bundle config" do
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} #{user}:#{password}"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication"
+
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "reads authentication details by full url from bundle config" do
+        # The trailing slash is necessary here; Fetcher canonicalizes the URI.
+        bundle "config set #{source_uri}/ #{user}:#{password}"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication"
+
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "should use the API" do
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} #{user}:#{password}"
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication"
+        expect(out).to include("Fetching gem metadata from #{source_uri}")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "prefers auth supplied in the source uri" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} otheruser:wrong"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "shows instructions if auth is not provided for the source" do
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("bundle config set --global #{source_hostname} username:password")
+      end
+
+      it "fails if authentication has already been provided, but failed" do
+        bundle "config set #{source_hostname} #{user}:wrong"
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Bad username or password")
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "with no password" do
+      let(:password) { nil }
+
+      it "passes basic authentication details" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{basic_auth_source_uri}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_basic_authentication"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when ruby is compiled without openssl" do
+    before do
+      # Install a monkeypatch that reproduces the effects of openssl being
+      # missing when the fetcher runs, as happens in real life. The reason
+      # we can't just overwrite openssl.rb is that Artifice uses it.
+      bundled_app("broken_ssl").mkpath
+      bundled_app("broken_ssl/openssl.rb").open("w") do |f|
+        f.write <<-RUBY
+          raise LoadError, "cannot load such file -- openssl"
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "explains what to do to get it" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{source_uri.gsub(/http/, "https")}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "RUBYOPT" => opt_add("-I#{bundled_app("broken_ssl")}", ENV["RUBYOPT"]) }, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("OpenSSL")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when SSL certificate verification fails" do
+    it "explains what happened" do
+      # Install a monkeypatch that reproduces the effects of openssl raising
+      # a certificate validation error when RubyGems tries to connect.
+      gemfile <<-G
+        class Net::HTTP
+          def start
+            raise OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, "certificate verify failed"
+          end
+        end
+
+        source "#{source_uri.gsub(/http/, "https")}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/could not verify the SSL certificate/i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context ".gemrc with sources is present" do
+    it "uses other sources declared in the Gemfile" do
+      File.open(home(".gemrc"), "w") do |file|
+        file.puts({ :sources => ["https://rubygems.org"] }.to_yaml)
+      end
+
+      begin
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source_uri}"
+          gem 'rack'
+        G
+
+        bundle "install", :artifice => "endpoint_marshal_fail"
+      ensure
+        home(".gemrc").rmtree
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/env_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/env_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6dfadcfc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/env_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with ENV conditionals" do
+  describe "when just setting an ENV key as a string" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        env "BUNDLER_TEST" do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "excludes the gems when the ENV variable is not set" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack"
+    end
+
+    it "includes the gems when the ENV variable is set" do
+      ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "1"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when just setting an ENV key as a symbol" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        env :BUNDLER_TEST do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "excludes the gems when the ENV variable is not set" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack"
+    end
+
+    it "includes the gems when the ENV variable is set" do
+      ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "1"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when setting a string to match the env" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        env "BUNDLER_TEST" => "foo" do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "excludes the gems when the ENV variable is not set" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack"
+    end
+
+    it "excludes the gems when the ENV variable is set but does not match the condition" do
+      ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "1"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack"
+    end
+
+    it "includes the gems when the ENV variable is set and matches the condition" do
+      ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "foo"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when setting a regex to match the env" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        env "BUNDLER_TEST" => /foo/ do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "excludes the gems when the ENV variable is not set" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack"
+    end
+
+    it "excludes the gems when the ENV variable is set but does not match the condition" do
+      ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "fo"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack"
+    end
+
+    it "includes the gems when the ENV variable is set and matches the condition" do
+      ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "foobar"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/flex_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/flex_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9b374cf01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/flex_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle flex_install" do
+  it "installs the gems as expected" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'rack'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+  end
+
+  it "installs even when the lockfile is invalid" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'rack'
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'rack', '1.0'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    expect(the_bundle).to be_locked
+  end
+
+  it "keeps child dependencies at the same version" do
+    build_repo2
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "rack-obama 1.0.0"
+
+    update_repo2
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack-obama", "1.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "rack-obama 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  describe "adding new gems" do
+    it "installs added gems without updating previously installed gems" do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+        gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "activesupport 2.3.5"
+    end
+
+    it "keeps child dependencies pinned" do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      update_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+        gem "thin"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "rack-obama 1.0", "thin 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "removing gems" do
+    it "removes gems without changing the versions of remaining gems" do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+        gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+        gem 'activesupport', '2.3.2'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "activesupport 2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    it "removes top level dependencies when removed from the Gemfile while leaving other dependencies intact" do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+        gem 'activesupport', '2.3.5'
+      G
+
+      update_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+    end
+
+    it "removes child dependencies" do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'rack-obama'
+        gem 'activesupport'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "rack-obama 1.0.0", "activesupport 2.3.5"
+
+      update_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'activesupport'
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack-obama", "rack"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when Gemfile conflicts with lockfile" do
+    before(:each) do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack_middleware"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack_middleware 1.0", "rack 0.9.1"
+
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack-obama", "2.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", "=1.2"
+        end
+        build_gem "rack_middleware", "2.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", ">=1.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack-obama", "2.0"
+        gem "rack_middleware"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "does not install gems whose dependencies are not met" do
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      ruby <<-RUBY, :raise_on_error => false
+        require 'bundler/setup'
+      RUBY
+      expect(err).to match(/could not find gem 'rack-obama/i)
+    end
+
+    it "suggests bundle update when the Gemfile requires different versions than the lock" do
+      bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+      nice_error = <<-E.strip.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
+        Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem "rack":
+          In snapshot (Gemfile.lock):
+            rack (= 0.9.1)
+
+          In Gemfile:
+            rack-obama (= 2.0) was resolved to 2.0, which depends on
+              rack (= 1.2)
+
+            rack_middleware was resolved to 1.0, which depends on
+              rack (= 0.9.1)
+
+        Running `bundle update` will rebuild your snapshot from scratch, using only
+        the gems in your Gemfile, which may resolve the conflict.
+      E
+
+      bundle :install, :retry => 0, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to end_with(nice_error)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "subtler cases" do
+    before :each do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should work when you install" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (0.9.1)
+            rack-obama (1.0)
+              rack
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack (= 0.9.1)
+          rack-obama
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+
+    it "should work when you update" do
+      bundle "update rack"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when adding a new source" do
+    it "updates the lockfile" do
+      build_repo2
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}" do
+        end
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This was written to test github issue #636
+  describe "when a locked child dependency conflicts" do
+    before(:each) do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "capybara", "0.3.9" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", ">= 1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rack", "1.1.0"
+        build_gem "rails", "3.0.0.rc4" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", "~> 1.1.0"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2.1"
+        build_gem "rails", "3.0.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", "~> 1.2.1"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "prints the correct error message" do
+      # install Rails 3.0.0.rc
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0.0.rc4"
+        gem "capybara", "0.3.9"
+      G
+
+      # upgrade Rails to 3.0.0 and then install again
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rails", "3.0.0"
+        gem "capybara", "0.3.9"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("Gemfile.lock")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/fund_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/fund_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f521b0296f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/fund_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  context "with gem sources" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "has_funding_and_other_metadata" do |s|
+          s.metadata = {
+            "bug_tracker_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/issues",
+            "changelog_uri"     => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/CHANGELOG.md",
+            "documentation_uri" => "https://www.example.info/gems/bestgemever/0.0.1",
+            "homepage_uri"      => "https://bestgemever.example.io",
+            "mailing_list_uri"  => "https://groups.example.com/bestgemever",
+            "funding_uri"       => "https://example.com/has_funding_and_other_metadata/funding",
+            "source_code_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever",
+            "wiki_uri"          => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/wiki",
+          }
+        end
+
+        build_gem "has_funding", "1.2.3" do |s|
+          s.metadata = {
+            "funding_uri"       => "https://example.com/has_funding/funding",
+          }
+        end
+
+        build_gem "gem_with_dependent_funding", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "has_funding"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems include a fund URI" do
+      it "displays the plural fund message after installing" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem 'has_funding_and_other_metadata'
+          gem 'has_funding'
+          gem 'rack-obama'
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to include("2 installed gems you directly depend on are looking for funding.")
+      end
+
+      it "displays the singular fund message after installing" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem 'has_funding'
+          gem 'rack-obama'
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to include("1 installed gem you directly depend on is looking for funding.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems do not include fund messages" do
+      it "does not display any fund messages" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "activesupport"
+        G
+
+        expect(out).not_to include("gem you depend on")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a dependency includes a fund message" do
+      it "does not display the fund message" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem 'gem_with_dependent_funding'
+        G
+
+        expect(out).not_to include("gem you depend on")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with git sources" do
+    context "when gems include fund URI" do
+      it "displays the fund message after installing" do
+        build_git "also_has_funding" do |s|
+          s.metadata = {
+            "funding_uri" => "https://example.com/also_has_funding/funding",
+          }
+        end
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'also_has_funding', :git => '#{lib_path("also_has_funding-1.0")}'
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to include("1 installed gem you directly depend on is looking for funding.")
+      end
+
+      it "displays the fund message if repo is updated" do
+        build_git "also_has_funding" do |s|
+          s.metadata = {
+            "funding_uri" => "https://example.com/also_has_funding/funding",
+          }
+        end
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'also_has_funding', :git => '#{lib_path("also_has_funding-1.0")}'
+        G
+
+        build_git "also_has_funding", "1.1" do |s|
+          s.metadata = {
+            "funding_uri" => "https://example.com/also_has_funding/funding",
+          }
+        end
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'also_has_funding', :git => '#{lib_path("also_has_funding-1.1")}'
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to include("1 installed gem you directly depend on is looking for funding.")
+      end
+
+      it "displays the fund message if repo is not updated" do
+        build_git "also_has_funding" do |s|
+          s.metadata = {
+            "funding_uri" => "https://example.com/also_has_funding/funding",
+          }
+        end
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'also_has_funding', :git => '#{lib_path("also_has_funding-1.0")}'
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("1 installed gem you directly depend on is looking for funding.")
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("1 installed gem you directly depend on is looking for funding.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/mirror_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/mirror_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9611973701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/mirror_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with a mirror configured" do
+  describe "when the mirror does not match the gem source" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local mirror.http://gems.example.org http://gem-mirror.example.org"
+    end
+
+    it "installs from the normal location" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when the gem source matches a configured mirror" do
+    before :each do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        # This source is bogus and doesn't have the gem we're looking for
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local mirror.#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)} #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+    end
+
+    it "installs the gem from the mirror" do
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}")
+      expect(out).not_to include("Fetching source index from #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/native_extensions_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/native_extensions_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5cafcfc2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/native_extensions_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "installing a gem with native extensions", :ruby_repo do
+  it "installs" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "c_extension" do |s|
+        s.extensions = ["ext/extconf.rb"]
+        s.write "ext/extconf.rb", <<-E
+          require "mkmf"
+          name = "c_extension_bundle"
+          dir_config(name)
+          raise "OMG" unless with_config("c_extension") == "hello"
+          create_makefile(name)
+        E
+
+        s.write "ext/c_extension.c", <<-C
+          #include "ruby.h"
+
+          VALUE c_extension_true(VALUE self) {
+            return Qtrue;
+          }
+
+          void Init_c_extension_bundle() {
+            VALUE c_Extension = rb_define_class("CExtension", rb_cObject);
+            rb_define_method(c_Extension, "its_true", c_extension_true, 0);
+          }
+        C
+
+        s.write "lib/c_extension.rb", <<-C
+          require "c_extension_bundle"
+        C
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "c_extension"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set build.c_extension --with-c_extension=hello"
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Installing c_extension 1.0 with native extensions")
+
+    run "Bundler.require; puts CExtension.new.its_true"
+    expect(out).to eq("true")
+  end
+
+  it "installs from git" do
+    build_git "c_extension" do |s|
+      s.extensions = ["ext/extconf.rb"]
+      s.write "ext/extconf.rb", <<-E
+        require "mkmf"
+        name = "c_extension_bundle"
+        dir_config(name)
+        raise "OMG" unless with_config("c_extension") == "hello"
+        create_makefile(name)
+      E
+
+      s.write "ext/c_extension.c", <<-C
+        #include "ruby.h"
+
+        VALUE c_extension_true(VALUE self) {
+          return Qtrue;
+        }
+
+        void Init_c_extension_bundle() {
+          VALUE c_Extension = rb_define_class("CExtension", rb_cObject);
+          rb_define_method(c_Extension, "its_true", c_extension_true, 0);
+        }
+      C
+
+      s.write "lib/c_extension.rb", <<-C
+        require "c_extension_bundle"
+      C
+    end
+
+    bundle "config set build.c_extension --with-c_extension=hello"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "c_extension", :git => #{lib_path("c_extension-1.0").to_s.dump}
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to_not include("warning: conflicting chdir during another chdir block")
+
+    run "Bundler.require; puts CExtension.new.its_true"
+    expect(out).to eq("true")
+  end
+
+  it "installs correctly from git when multiple gems with extensions share one repository" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      ["one", "two"].each do |n|
+        build_lib "c_extension_#{n}", "1.0", :path => lib_path("gems/c_extension_#{n}") do |s|
+          s.extensions = ["ext/extconf.rb"]
+          s.write "ext/extconf.rb", <<-E
+            require "mkmf"
+            name = "c_extension_bundle_#{n}"
+            dir_config(name)
+            raise "OMG" unless with_config("c_extension_#{n}") == "#{n}"
+            create_makefile(name)
+          E
+
+          s.write "ext/c_extension_#{n}.c", <<-C
+            #include "ruby.h"
+
+            VALUE c_extension_#{n}_value(VALUE self) {
+              return rb_str_new_cstr("#{n}");
+            }
+
+            void Init_c_extension_bundle_#{n}() {
+              VALUE c_Extension = rb_define_class("CExtension_#{n}", rb_cObject);
+              rb_define_method(c_Extension, "value", c_extension_#{n}_value, 0);
+            }
+          C
+
+          s.write "lib/c_extension_#{n}.rb", <<-C
+            require "c_extension_bundle_#{n}"
+          C
+        end
+      end
+      build_git "gems", :path => lib_path("gems"), :gemspec => false
+    end
+
+    bundle "config set build.c_extension_one --with-c_extension_one=one"
+    bundle "config set build.c_extension_two --with-c_extension_two=two"
+
+    # 1st time, require only one gem -- only one of the extensions gets built.
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "c_extension_one", :git => #{lib_path("gems").to_s.dump}
+    G
+
+    # 2nd time, require both gems -- we need both extensions to be built now.
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "c_extension_one", :git => #{lib_path("gems").to_s.dump}
+      gem "c_extension_two", :git => #{lib_path("gems").to_s.dump}
+    G
+
+    run "Bundler.require; puts CExtension_one.new.value; puts CExtension_two.new.value"
+    expect(out).to eq("one\ntwo")
+  end
+
+  it "install with multiple build flags" do
+    build_git "c_extension" do |s|
+      s.extensions = ["ext/extconf.rb"]
+      s.write "ext/extconf.rb", <<-E
+        require "mkmf"
+        name = "c_extension_bundle"
+        dir_config(name)
+        raise "OMG" unless with_config("c_extension") == "hello" && with_config("c_extension_bundle-dir") == "hola"
+        create_makefile(name)
+      E
+
+      s.write "ext/c_extension.c", <<-C
+        #include "ruby.h"
+
+        VALUE c_extension_true(VALUE self) {
+          return Qtrue;
+        }
+
+        void Init_c_extension_bundle() {
+          VALUE c_Extension = rb_define_class("CExtension", rb_cObject);
+          rb_define_method(c_Extension, "its_true", c_extension_true, 0);
+        }
+      C
+
+      s.write "lib/c_extension.rb", <<-C
+        require "c_extension_bundle"
+      C
+    end
+
+    bundle "config set build.c_extension --with-c_extension=hello --with-c_extension_bundle-dir=hola"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "c_extension", :git => #{lib_path("c_extension-1.0").to_s.dump}
+    G
+
+    run "Bundler.require; puts CExtension.new.its_true"
+    expect(out).to eq("true")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/post_install_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/post_install_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7426f54877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/post_install_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  context "with gem sources" do
+    context "when gems include post install messages" do
+      it "should display the post-install messages after installing" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'rack'
+          gem 'thin'
+          gem 'rack-obama'
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack:")
+        expect(out).to include("Rack's post install message")
+        expect(out).to include("Post-install message from thin:")
+        expect(out).to include("Thin's post install message")
+        expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack-obama:")
+        expect(out).to include("Rack-obama's post install message")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems do not include post install messages" do
+      it "should not display any post-install messages" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "activesupport"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).not_to include("Post-install message")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when a dependency includes a post install message" do
+      it "should display the post install message" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'rack_middleware'
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack:")
+        expect(out).to include("Rack's post install message")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with git sources" do
+    context "when gems include post install messages" do
+      it "should display the post-install messages after installing" do
+        build_git "foo" do |s|
+          s.post_install_message = "Foo's post install message"
+        end
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'foo', :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("Post-install message from foo:")
+        expect(out).to include("Foo's post install message")
+      end
+
+      it "should display the post-install messages if repo is updated" do
+        build_git "foo" do |s|
+          s.post_install_message = "Foo's post install message"
+        end
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'foo', :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+        G
+        bundle :install
+
+        build_git "foo", "1.1" do |s|
+          s.post_install_message = "Foo's 1.1 post install message"
+        end
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'foo', :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.1")}'
+        G
+        bundle :install
+
+        expect(out).to include("Post-install message from foo:")
+        expect(out).to include("Foo's 1.1 post install message")
+      end
+
+      it "should not display the post-install messages if repo is not updated" do
+        build_git "foo" do |s|
+          s.post_install_message = "Foo's post install message"
+        end
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'foo', :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).to include("Post-install message from foo:")
+        expect(out).to include("Foo's post install message")
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).not_to include("Post-install message")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when gems do not include post install messages" do
+      it "should not display any post-install messages" do
+        build_git "foo" do |s|
+          s.post_install_message = nil
+        end
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem 'foo', :git => '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}'
+        G
+
+        bundle :install
+        expect(out).not_to include("Post-install message")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when ignore post-install messages for gem is set" do
+    it "doesn't display any post-install messages" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set ignore_messages.rack true"
+
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).not_to include("Post-install message")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when ignore post-install messages for all gems" do
+    it "doesn't display any post-install messages" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set ignore_messages true"
+
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).not_to include("Post-install message")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/resolving_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/resolving_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..94fac0052c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/resolving_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with install-time dependencies" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "with_implicit_rake_dep" do |s|
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            File.open("\#{path}/implicit_rake_dep.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "IMPLICIT_RAKE_DEP = 'YES'"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      build_gem "another_implicit_rake_dep" do |s|
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            File.open("\#{path}/another_implicit_rake_dep.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "ANOTHER_IMPLICIT_RAKE_DEP = 'YES'"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      # Test complicated gem dependencies for install
+      build_gem "net_a" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "net_b"
+        s.add_dependency "net_build_extensions"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "net_b"
+
+      build_gem "net_build_extensions" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "rake"
+        s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+        s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+          task :default do
+            path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+            File.open("\#{path}/net_build_extensions.rb", "w") do |f|
+              f.puts "NET_BUILD_EXTENSIONS = 'YES'"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      build_gem "net_c" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "net_a"
+        s.add_dependency "net_d"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "net_d"
+
+      build_gem "net_e" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "net_d"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "installs gems with implicit rake dependencies" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "with_implicit_rake_dep"
+      gem "another_implicit_rake_dep"
+      gem "rake"
+    G
+
+    run <<-R
+      require 'implicit_rake_dep'
+      require 'another_implicit_rake_dep'
+      puts IMPLICIT_RAKE_DEP
+      puts ANOTHER_IMPLICIT_RAKE_DEP
+    R
+    expect(out).to eq("YES\nYES")
+  end
+
+  it "installs gems with implicit rake dependencies without rake previously installed" do
+    with_path_as("") do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "with_implicit_rake_dep"
+        gem "another_implicit_rake_dep"
+        gem "rake"
+      G
+    end
+
+    run <<-R
+      require 'implicit_rake_dep'
+      require 'another_implicit_rake_dep'
+      puts IMPLICIT_RAKE_DEP
+      puts ANOTHER_IMPLICIT_RAKE_DEP
+    R
+    expect(out).to eq("YES\nYES")
+  end
+
+  it "installs gems with a dependency with no type" do
+    skip "incorrect data check error" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    build_repo2
+
+    path = "#{gem_repo2}/#{Gem::MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR}/actionpack-2.3.2.gemspec.rz"
+    spec = Marshal.load(Bundler.rubygems.inflate(File.binread(path)))
+    spec.dependencies.each do |d|
+      d.instance_variable_set(:@type, :fail)
+    end
+    File.open(path, "w") do |f|
+      f.write Gem.deflate(Marshal.dump(spec))
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "actionpack", "2.3.2"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "actionpack 2.3.2", "activesupport 2.3.2"
+  end
+
+  describe "with crazy rubygem plugin stuff" do
+    it "installs plugins" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "net_b"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "net_b 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs plugins depended on by other plugins" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "net_a"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "net_a 1.0", "net_b 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs multiple levels of dependencies" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "net_c"
+        gem "net_e"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "net_a 1.0", "net_b 1.0", "net_c 1.0", "net_d 1.0", "net_e 1.0"
+    end
+
+    context "with ENV['BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER'] set" do
+      it "produces debug output" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "net_c"
+          gem "net_e"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :env => { "BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER" => "1", "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+        expect(out).to include("BUNDLER: Starting resolution")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with ENV['DEBUG_RESOLVER'] set" do
+      it "produces debug output" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "net_c"
+          gem "net_e"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :env => { "DEBUG_RESOLVER" => "1", "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+        expect(out).to include("BUNDLER: Starting resolution")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with ENV['DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE'] set" do
+      it "produces debug output" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "net_c"
+          gem "net_e"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :env => { "DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE" => "1", "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+        activated_groups = if local_platforms.any?
+          "net_b (1.0) (ruby), net_b (1.0) (#{local_platforms.join(", ")})"
+        else
+          "net_b (1.0) (ruby)"
+        end
+
+        expect(out).to include(" net_b").
+          and include("BUNDLER: Starting resolution").
+          and include("BUNDLER: Finished resolution").
+          and include("Attempting to activate [#{activated_groups}]")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when a required ruby version" do
+    context "allows only an older version" do
+      it "installs the older version" do
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+            s.executables = "rackup"
+          end
+
+          build_gem "rack", "9001.0.0" do |s|
+            s.required_ruby_version = "> 9000"
+          end
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }
+          ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}"
+          source "http://localgemserver.test/"
+          gem 'rack'
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to_not include("rack-9001.0.0 requires ruby version > 9000")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.2")
+      end
+
+      it "installs the older version under rate limiting conditions" do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "rack", "9001.0.0" do |s|
+            s.required_ruby_version = "> 9000"
+          end
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2"
+          build_gem "foo1", "1.0"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_rate_limited", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo4.to_s }
+          ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}"
+          source "http://localgemserver.test/"
+          gem 'rack'
+          gem 'foo1'
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to_not include("rack-9001.0.0 requires ruby version > 9000")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.2")
+      end
+
+      it "installs the older not platform specific version" do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "rack", "9001.0.0" do |s|
+            s.required_ruby_version = "> 9000"
+          end
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+            s.platform = mingw
+            s.required_ruby_version = "> 9000"
+          end
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2"
+        end
+
+        simulate_platform mingw do
+          install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo4.to_s }
+            ruby "#{RUBY_VERSION}"
+            source "http://localgemserver.test/"
+            gem 'rack'
+          G
+        end
+
+        expect(out).to_not include("rack-9001.0.0 requires ruby version > 9000")
+        expect(out).to_not include("rack-1.2-#{Bundler.local_platform} requires ruby version > 9000")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.2")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "allows no gems" do
+      before do
+        build_repo2 do
+          build_gem "require_ruby" do |s|
+            s.required_ruby_version = "> 9000"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      let(:ruby_requirement) { %("#{RUBY_VERSION}") }
+      let(:error_message_requirement) { "~> #{RUBY_VERSION}.0" }
+
+      shared_examples_for "ruby version conflicts" do
+        it "raises an error during resolution" do
+          skip "ruby requirement includes platform and it shouldn't" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+          install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo2.to_s }, :raise_on_error => false
+            source "http://localgemserver.test/"
+            ruby #{ruby_requirement}
+            gem 'require_ruby'
+          G
+
+          expect(out).to_not include("Gem::InstallError: require_ruby requires Ruby version > 9000")
+
+          nice_error = strip_whitespace(<<-E).strip
+            Bundler found conflicting requirements for the Ruby\0 version:
+              In Gemfile:
+                Ruby\0 (#{error_message_requirement})
+
+                require_ruby was resolved to 1.0, which depends on
+                  Ruby\0 (> 9000)
+
+            Ruby\0 (> 9000), which is required by gem 'require_ruby', is not available in the local ruby installation
+          E
+          expect(err).to end_with(nice_error)
+        end
+      end
+
+      it_behaves_like "ruby version conflicts"
+
+      describe "with a < requirement" do
+        let(:ruby_requirement) { %("< 5000") }
+        let(:error_message_requirement) { "< 5000" }
+
+        it_behaves_like "ruby version conflicts"
+      end
+
+      describe "with a compound requirement" do
+        let(:reqs) { ["> 0.1", "< 5000"] }
+        let(:ruby_requirement) { reqs.map(&:dump).join(", ") }
+        let(:error_message_requirement) { Gem::Requirement.new(reqs).to_s }
+
+        it_behaves_like "ruby version conflicts"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when a required rubygems version disallows a gem" do
+    it "does not try to install those gems" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "require_rubygems" do |s|
+          s.required_rubygems_version = "> 9000"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'require_rubygems'
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to_not include("Gem::InstallError: require_rubygems requires RubyGems version > 9000")
+      expect(err).to include("require_rubygems-1.0 requires rubygems version > 9000, which is incompatible with the current version, #{Gem::VERSION}")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/standalone_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/standalone_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db16a1b0e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/standalone_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.shared_examples "bundle install --standalone" do
+  shared_examples "common functionality" do
+    it "still makes the gems available to normal bundler" do
+      args = expected_gems.map {|k, v| "#{k} #{v}" }
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems(*args)
+    end
+
+    it "still makes system gems unavailable to normal bundler" do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to_not include_gems("rack")
+    end
+
+    it "generates a bundle/bundler/setup.rb" do
+      expect(bundled_app("bundle/bundler/setup.rb")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "makes the gems available without bundler" do
+      testrb = String.new <<-RUBY
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+      RUBY
+      expected_gems.each do |k, _|
+        testrb << "\nrequire \"#{k}\""
+        testrb << "\nputs #{k.upcase}"
+      end
+      ruby testrb
+
+      expect(out).to eq(expected_gems.values.join("\n"))
+    end
+
+    it "makes the gems available without bundler via Kernel.require" do
+      testrb = String.new <<-RUBY
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+      RUBY
+      expected_gems.each do |k, _|
+        testrb << "\nKernel.require \"#{k}\""
+        testrb << "\nputs #{k.upcase}"
+      end
+      ruby testrb
+
+      expect(out).to eq(expected_gems.values.join("\n"))
+    end
+
+    it "makes system gems unavailable without bundler" do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      testrb = String.new <<-RUBY
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+        begin
+          require "rack"
+        rescue LoadError
+          puts "LoadError"
+        end
+      RUBY
+      ruby testrb
+
+      expect(out).to eq("LoadError")
+    end
+
+    it "works on a different system" do
+      begin
+        FileUtils.mv(bundled_app, "#{bundled_app}2")
+      rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY
+        puts "Couldn't rename test app since the target folder has these files: #{Dir.glob("#{bundled_app}2/*")}"
+        raise
+      end
+
+      testrb = String.new <<-RUBY
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+      RUBY
+      expected_gems.each do |k, _|
+        testrb << "\nrequire \"#{k}\""
+        testrb << "\nputs #{k.upcase}"
+      end
+      ruby testrb, :dir => "#{bundled_app}2"
+
+      expect(out).to eq(expected_gems.values.join("\n"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with simple gems" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd
+    end
+
+    let(:expected_gems) do
+      {
+        "actionpack" => "2.3.2",
+        "rails" => "2.3.2",
+      }
+    end
+
+    include_examples "common functionality"
+  end
+
+  describe "with default gems and a lockfile", :ruby_repo do
+    before do
+      skip "does not work on rubygems versions where `--install_dir` doesn't respect --default" unless Gem::Installer.for_spec(loaded_gemspec, :install_dir => "/foo").default_spec_file == "/foo/specifications/default/bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}.gemspec" # Since rubygems 3.2.0.rc.2
+      skip "does not work on old rubies because the realworld gems that need to be installed don't support them" if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7.0"
+
+      realworld_system_gems "fiddle --version 1.0.6", "tsort --version 0.1.0"
+
+      necessary_system_gems = ["optparse --version 0.1.1", "psych --version 3.3.2", "yaml --version 0.1.1", "logger --version 1.4.3", "etc --version 1.2.0", "stringio --version 3.0.0"]
+      necessary_system_gems += ["shellwords --version 0.1.0", "base64 --version 0.1.0", "resolv --version 0.2.1"] if Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("3.3.3.a")
+      realworld_system_gems(*necessary_system_gems, :path => scoped_gem_path(bundled_app("bundle")))
+
+      build_gem "foo", "1.0.0", :to_system => true, :default => true do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "bar"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "bar", "1.0.0", :to_system => true, :default => true
+
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "foo", "1.0.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bar"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "bar", "1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "https://gem.repo4"
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "lock", :dir => cwd, :artifice => "compact_index"
+    end
+
+    it "works" do
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd, :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_GEM_DEFAULT_DIR" => system_gem_path.to_s }
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with Gemfiles using path sources and resulting bundle moved to a folder hierarchy with different nesting" do
+    before do
+      build_lib "minitest", "1.0.0", :path => lib_path("minitest")
+
+      Dir.mkdir bundled_app("app")
+
+      gemfile bundled_app("app/Gemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "minitest", :path => "#{lib_path("minitest")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install", :standalone => true, :dir => bundled_app("app")
+
+      Dir.mkdir tmp("one_more_level")
+      FileUtils.mv bundled_app, tmp("one_more_level")
+    end
+
+    it "also works" do
+      ruby <<-RUBY, :dir => tmp("one_more_level/bundled_app/app")
+        require "./bundle/bundler/setup"
+
+        require "minitest"
+        puts MINITEST
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with gems with native extension", :ruby_repo do
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "very_simple_binary"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "generates a bundle/bundler/setup.rb with the proper paths" do
+      expected_path = bundled_app("bundle/bundler/setup.rb")
+      extension_line = File.read(expected_path).each_line.find {|line| line.include? "/extensions/" }.strip
+      expect(extension_line).to start_with '$:.unshift File.expand_path("#{__dir__}/../#{RUBY_ENGINE}/#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]}/extensions/'
+      expect(extension_line).to end_with '/very_simple_binary-1.0")'
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with gem that has an invalid gemspec" do
+    before do
+      build_git "bar", :gemspec => false do |s|
+        s.write "lib/bar/version.rb", %(BAR_VERSION = '1.0')
+        s.write "bar.gemspec", <<-G
+          lib = File.expand_path('../lib/', __FILE__)
+          $:.unshift lib unless $:.include?(lib)
+          require 'bar/version'
+
+          Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+            s.name        = 'bar'
+            s.version     = BAR_VERSION
+            s.summary     = 'Bar'
+            s.files       = Dir["lib/**/*.rb"]
+            s.author      = 'Anonymous'
+            s.require_path = [1,2]
+          end
+        G
+      end
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("bar-1.0")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "outputs a helpful error message" do
+      expect(err).to include("You have one or more invalid gemspecs that need to be fixed.")
+      expect(err).to include("bar 1.0 has an invalid gemspec")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with a combination of gems and git repos" do
+    before do
+      build_git "devise", "1.0"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+        gem "devise", :git => "#{lib_path("devise-1.0")}"
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd
+    end
+
+    let(:expected_gems) do
+      {
+        "actionpack" => "2.3.2",
+        "devise" => "1.0",
+        "rails" => "2.3.2",
+      }
+    end
+
+    include_examples "common functionality"
+  end
+
+  describe "with groups" do
+    before do
+      build_git "devise", "1.0"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+
+        group :test do
+          gem "rspec"
+          gem "rack-test"
+        end
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd
+    end
+
+    let(:expected_gems) do
+      {
+        "actionpack" => "2.3.2",
+        "rails" => "2.3.2",
+      }
+    end
+
+    include_examples "common functionality"
+
+    it "allows creating a standalone file with limited groups" do
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => "default", :dir => cwd
+
+      load_error_ruby <<-RUBY, "spec"
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+        require "actionpack"
+        puts ACTIONPACK
+        require "spec"
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.2")
+      expect(err).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+
+    it "allows `without` configuration to limit the groups used in a standalone" do
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle "config set --local without test"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd
+
+      load_error_ruby <<-RUBY, "spec"
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+        require "actionpack"
+        puts ACTIONPACK
+        require "spec"
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.2")
+      expect(err).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+
+    it "allows `path` configuration to change the location of the standalone bundle" do
+      bundle "config set --local path path/to/bundle"
+      bundle "install", :standalone => true, :dir => cwd
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("path/to/bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+        require "actionpack"
+        puts ACTIONPACK
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.2")
+    end
+
+    it "allows `without` to limit the groups used in a standalone" do
+      bundle "config set --local without test"
+      bundle :install, :dir => cwd
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => true, :dir => cwd
+
+      load_error_ruby <<-RUBY, "spec"
+        $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+        require "bundler/setup"
+
+        require "actionpack"
+        puts ACTIONPACK
+        require "spec"
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.2")
+      expect(err).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with gemcutter's dependency API" do
+    let(:source_uri) { "http://localgemserver.test" }
+
+    describe "simple gems" do
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source_uri}"
+          gem "rails"
+        G
+        bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+        bundle :install, :standalone => true, :artifice => "endpoint", :dir => cwd
+      end
+
+      let(:expected_gems) do
+        {
+          "actionpack" => "2.3.2",
+          "rails" => "2.3.2",
+        }
+      end
+
+      include_examples "common functionality"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --binstubs", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+      bundle "config set --local path #{bundled_app("bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :standalone => true, :binstubs => true, :dir => cwd
+    end
+
+    let(:expected_gems) do
+      {
+        "actionpack" => "2.3.2",
+        "rails" => "2.3.2",
+      }
+    end
+
+    include_examples "common functionality"
+
+    it "creates stubs that use the standalone load path" do
+      expect(sys_exec("bin/rails -v").chomp).to eql "2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    it "creates stubs that can be executed from anywhere" do
+      require "tmpdir"
+      sys_exec(%(#{bundled_app("bin/rails")} -v), :dir => Dir.tmpdir)
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.2")
+    end
+
+    it "creates stubs that can be symlinked" do
+      skip "symlinks unsupported" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      symlink_dir = tmp("symlink")
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(symlink_dir)
+      symlink = File.join(symlink_dir, "rails")
+
+      File.symlink(bundled_app("bin/rails"), symlink)
+      sys_exec("#{symlink} -v")
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.2")
+    end
+
+    it "creates stubs with the correct load path" do
+      extension_line = File.read(bundled_app("bin/rails")).each_line.find {|line| line.include? "$:.unshift" }.strip
+      expect(extension_line).to eq %($:.unshift File.expand_path "../../bundle", path.realpath)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install --standalone" do
+  let(:cwd) { bundled_app }
+
+  include_examples("bundle install --standalone")
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install --standalone run in a subdirectory" do
+  let(:cwd) { bundled_app("bob").tap(&:mkpath) }
+
+  include_examples("bundle install --standalone")
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/sudo_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/sudo_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e5d38ea4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/sudo_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "when using sudo", :sudo => true do
+  describe "and BUNDLE_PATH is writable" do
+    context "but BUNDLE_PATH/build_info is not writable" do
+      let(:subdir) do
+        system_gem_path("cache")
+      end
+
+      before do
+        bundle "config set path.system true"
+        subdir.mkpath
+        sudo "chmod u-w #{subdir}"
+      end
+
+      after do
+        sudo "chmod u+w #{subdir}"
+      end
+
+      it "installs" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to_not match(/an error occurred/i)
+        expect(system_gem_path("cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "and GEM_HOME is owned by root" do
+    before :each do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+      chown_system_gems_to_root
+    end
+
+    it "installs" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", '1.0'
+        gem "thin"
+      G
+
+      expect(system_gem_path("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(system_gem_path("gems/rack-1.0.0").stat.uid).to eq(0)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs rake and a gem dependent on rake in the same session" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "another_implicit_rake_dep" do |s|
+          s.extensions << "Rakefile"
+          s.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+            task :default do
+              path = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+              FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
+              File.open("\#{path}/another_implicit_rake_dep.rb", "w") do |f|
+                f.puts "ANOTHER_IMPLICIT_RAKE_DEP = 'YES'"
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+          gem "rake"
+          gem "another_implicit_rake_dep"
+      G
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(system_gem_path("gems/another_implicit_rake_dep-1.0")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "installs when BUNDLE_PATH is owned by root" do
+      bundle_path = tmp("owned_by_root")
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p bundle_path
+      sudo "chown -R root #{bundle_path}"
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = bundle_path.to_s
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", '1.0'
+      G
+
+      expect(bundle_path.join(Bundler.ruby_scope, "gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(bundle_path.join(Bundler.ruby_scope, "gems/rack-1.0.0").stat.uid).to eq(0)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs when BUNDLE_PATH does not exist" do
+      root_path = tmp("owned_by_root")
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p root_path
+      sudo "chown -R root #{root_path}"
+      bundle_path = root_path.join("does_not_exist")
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = bundle_path.to_s
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", '1.0'
+      G
+
+      expect(bundle_path.join(Bundler.ruby_scope, "gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(bundle_path.join(Bundler.ruby_scope, "gems/rack-1.0.0").stat.uid).to eq(0)
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs extensions/" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "very_simple_binary"
+      G
+
+      expect(system_gem_path("gems/very_simple_binary-1.0")).to exist
+      binary_glob = system_gem_path("extensions/*/*/very_simple_binary-1.0")
+      expect(Dir.glob(binary_glob).first).to be
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "and BUNDLE_PATH is not writable" do
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --local path .bundle"
+      sudo "chmod ugo-w .bundle"
+    end
+
+    after do
+      sudo "chmod ugo+w .bundle"
+    end
+
+    it "installs" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", '1.0'
+      G
+
+      expect(local_gem_path("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "cleans up the tmpdirs generated" do
+      require "tmpdir"
+      Dir.glob("#{Dir.tmpdir}/bundler*").each do |tmpdir|
+        FileUtils.remove_entry_secure(tmpdir)
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      tmpdirs = Dir.glob("#{Dir.tmpdir}/bundler*")
+
+      expect(tmpdirs).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "and GEM_HOME is not writable" do
+    it "installs" do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+      gem_home = tmp("sudo_gem_home")
+      sudo "mkdir -p #{gem_home}"
+      sudo "chmod ugo-w #{gem_home}"
+
+      system_gems :bundler, :path => gem_home
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", '1.0'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :env => { "GEM_HOME" => gem_home.to_s, "GEM_PATH" => nil }
+      expect(gem_home.join("bin/rackup")).to exist
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0", :env => { "GEM_HOME" => gem_home.to_s, "GEM_PATH" => nil }
+
+      sudo "rm -rf #{tmp("sudo_gem_home")}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "and root runs install" do
+    let(:warning) { "Don't run Bundler as root." }
+
+    before do
+      gemfile %(source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}")
+    end
+
+    it "warns against that" do
+      bundle :install, :sudo => :preserve_env
+      expect(err).to include(warning)
+    end
+
+    context "when ENV['BUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING'] is set" do
+      it "skips the warning" do
+        bundle :install, :sudo => :preserve_env, :env => { "BUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING" => "true" }
+        expect(err).to_not include(warning)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when silence_root_warning = false" do
+      it "warns against that" do
+        bundle :install, :sudo => :preserve_env, :env => { "BUNDLE_SILENCE_ROOT_WARNING" => "false" }
+        expect(err).to include(warning)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gems/win32_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gems/win32_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..419b14ff0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gems/win32_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with win32-generated lockfile" do
+  it "should read lockfile" do
+    File.open(bundled_app_lock, "wb") do |f|
+      f << "GEM\r\n"
+      f << "  remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/\r\n"
+      f << "  specs:\r\n"
+      f << "\r\n"
+      f << "    rack (1.0.0)\r\n"
+      f << "\r\n"
+      f << "PLATFORMS\r\n"
+      f << "  ruby\r\n"
+      f << "\r\n"
+      f << "DEPENDENCIES\r\n"
+      f << "  rack\r\n"
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/gemspecs_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/gemspecs_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3684d8749d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/gemspecs_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  describe "when a gem has a YAML gemspec" do
+    before :each do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "yaml_spec", :gemspec => :yaml
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "still installs correctly" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "yaml_spec"
+      G
+      bundle :install
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "still installs correctly when using path" do
+      build_lib "yaml_spec", :gemspec => :yaml
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'yaml_spec', :path => "#{lib_path("yaml_spec-1.0")}"
+      G
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "should use gemspecs in the system cache when available" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "http://localtestserver.gem"
+      gem 'rack'
+    G
+
+    system_gems "rack-1.0.0", :path => default_bundle_path
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p "#{default_bundle_path}/specifications"
+    File.open("#{default_bundle_path}/specifications/rack-1.0.0.gemspec", "w+") do |f|
+      spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+        s.name = "rack"
+        s.version = "1.0.0"
+        s.add_runtime_dependency "activesupport", "2.3.2"
+      end
+      f.write spec.to_ruby
+    end
+    bundle :install, :artifice => "endpoint_marshal_fail" # force gemspec load
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", "activesupport 2.3.2"
+  end
+
+  it "does not hang when gemspec has incompatible encoding" do
+    create_file("foo.gemspec", <<-G)
+      Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
+        gem.name = "pry-byebug"
+        gem.version = "3.4.2"
+        gem.author = "David Rodríguez"
+        gem.summary = "Good stuff"
+      end
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "LANG" => "C" }
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+    G
+
+    expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+  end
+
+  it "reads gemspecs respecting their encoding" do
+    create_file "version.rb", <<-RUBY
+      module Persistent💎
+        VERSION = "0.0.1"
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    create_file "persistent-dmnd.gemspec", <<-G
+      require_relative "version"
+
+      Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
+        gem.name = "persistent-dmnd"
+        gem.version = Persistent💎::VERSION
+        gem.author = "Ivo Anjo"
+        gem.summary = "Unscratchable stuff"
+      end
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+    G
+
+    expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+  end
+
+  context "when ruby version is specified in gemspec and gemfile" do
+    it "installs when patch level is not specified and the version matches" do
+      build_lib("foo", :path => bundled_app) do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = "~> #{RUBY_VERSION}.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        ruby '#{RUBY_VERSION}', :engine_version => '#{RUBY_VERSION}', :engine => 'ruby'
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "installs when patch level is specified and the version still matches the current version",
+      :if => RUBY_PATCHLEVEL >= 0 do
+      build_lib("foo", :path => bundled_app) do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = "#{RUBY_VERSION}.#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        ruby '#{RUBY_VERSION}', :engine_version => '#{RUBY_VERSION}', :engine => 'ruby', :patchlevel => '#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}'
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "fails and complains about patchlevel on patchlevel mismatch",
+      :if => RUBY_PATCHLEVEL >= 0 do
+      patchlevel = RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.to_i + 1
+      build_lib("foo", :path => bundled_app) do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = "#{RUBY_VERSION}.#{patchlevel}"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        ruby '#{RUBY_VERSION}', :engine_version => '#{RUBY_VERSION}', :engine => 'ruby', :patchlevel => '#{patchlevel}'
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("Ruby patchlevel")
+      expect(err).to include("but your Gemfile specified")
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(18)
+    end
+
+    it "fails and complains about version on version mismatch" do
+      version = Gem::Requirement.create(RUBY_VERSION).requirements.first.last.bump.version
+
+      build_lib("foo", :path => bundled_app) do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = version
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        ruby '#{version}', :engine_version => '#{version}', :engine => 'ruby'
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gemspec
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("Ruby version")
+      expect(err).to include("but your Gemfile specified")
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(18)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/git_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/git_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d43aacee7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/git_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  context "git sources" do
+    it "displays the revision hash of the gem repository" do
+      build_git "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :verbose => true
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))}"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Using foo 1.0 from #{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))} (at master@#{revision_for(lib_path("foo"))[0..6]})")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", :source => "git@#{lib_path("foo")}"
+    end
+
+    it "displays the correct default branch", :git => ">= 2.28.0" do
+      build_git "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo"), :default_branch => "main"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :verbose => true
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))}"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Using foo 1.0 from #{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))} (at main@#{revision_for(lib_path("foo"))[0..6]})")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", :source => "git@#{lib_path("foo")}"
+    end
+
+    it "displays the ref of the gem repository when using branch~num as a ref" do
+      skip "maybe branch~num notation doesn't work on Windows' git" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      build_git "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      rev = revision_for(lib_path("foo"))[0..6]
+      update_git "foo", "2.0", :path => lib_path("foo"), :gemspec => true
+      rev2 = revision_for(lib_path("foo"))[0..6]
+      update_git "foo", "3.0", :path => lib_path("foo"), :gemspec => true
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :verbose => true
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))}", :ref => "master~2"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Using foo 1.0 from #{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))} (at master~2@#{rev})")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0", :source => "git@#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+      update_git "foo", "4.0", :path => lib_path("foo"), :gemspec => true
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true, :verbose => true
+      expect(out).to include("Using foo 2.0 (was 1.0) from #{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))} (at master~2@#{rev2})")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0", :source => "git@#{lib_path("foo")}"
+    end
+
+    it "should allows git repos that are missing but not being installed" do
+      revision = build_git("foo").ref_for("HEAD")
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}", :group => :development
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GIT
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}
+          revision: #{revision}
+          specs:
+            foo (1.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+      L
+
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle "config set --local without development"
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+    end
+
+    it "allows multiple gems from the same git source" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_lib "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("gems/foo")
+        build_lib "zebra", "2.0", :path => lib_path("gems/zebra")
+        build_git "gems", :path => lib_path("gems"), :gemspec => false
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("gems"))}", :glob => "foo/*.gemspec"
+        gem "zebra", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("gems"))}", :glob => "zebra/*.gemspec"
+      G
+
+      bundle "info foo"
+      expect(out).to include("* foo (1.0 #{revision_for(lib_path("gems"))[0..6]})")
+
+      bundle "info zebra"
+      expect(out).to include("* zebra (2.0 #{revision_for(lib_path("gems"))[0..6]})")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/global_cache_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/global_cache_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afa0ff76c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/global_cache_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "global gem caching" do
+  before { bundle "config set global_gem_cache true" }
+
+  describe "using the cross-application user cache" do
+    let(:source)  { "http://localgemserver.test" }
+    let(:source2) { "http://gemserver.example.org" }
+
+    def source_global_cache(*segments)
+      home(".bundle", "cache", "gems", "localgemserver.test.80.dd34752a738ee965a2a4298dc16db6c5", *segments)
+    end
+
+    def source2_global_cache(*segments)
+      home(".bundle", "cache", "gems", "gemserver.example.org.80.1ae1663619ffe0a3c9d97712f44c705b", *segments)
+    end
+
+    it "caches gems into the global cache on download" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        source "#{source}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "uses globally cached gems if they exist" do
+      source_global_cache.mkpath
+      FileUtils.cp(gem_repo1("gems/rack-1.0.0.gem"), source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem"))
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem"
+        source "#{source}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "shows a proper error message if a cached gem is corrupted" do
+      source_global_cache.mkpath
+      FileUtils.touch(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem"))
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem", :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{source}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to include("Gem::Package::FormatError: package metadata is missing in #{source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")}")
+    end
+
+    describe "when the same gem from different sources is installed" do
+      it "should use the appropriate one from the global cache" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          source "#{source}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        simulate_new_machine
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        # rack 1.0.0 is not installed and it is in the global cache
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          source "#{source2}"
+          gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        G
+
+        simulate_new_machine
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+        expect(source2_global_cache("rack-0.9.1.gem")).to exist
+        # rack 0.9.1 is not installed and it is in the global cache
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source}"
+          gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem"
+        # rack 1.0.0 is installed and rack 0.9.1 is not
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+        simulate_new_machine
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source2}"
+          gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem"
+        # rack 0.9.1 is installed and rack 1.0.0 is not
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "should not install if the wrong source is provided" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        simulate_new_machine
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        # rack 1.0.0 is not installed and it is in the global cache
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source2}"
+          gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        G
+
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index"
+        simulate_new_machine
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+        expect(source2_global_cache("rack-0.9.1.gem")).to exist
+        # rack 0.9.1 is not installed and it is in the global cache
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source2}"
+          gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+        G
+
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(source2_global_cache("rack-0.9.1.gem")).to exist
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Internal Server Error 500")
+        expect(err).not_to include("ERROR REPORT TEMPLATE")
+
+        # rack 1.0.0 is not installed and rack 0.9.1 is not
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{source}"
+          gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        G
+
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(source2_global_cache("rack-0.9.1.gem")).to exist
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem", :raise_on_error => false
+        expect(err).to include("Internal Server Error 500")
+        expect(err).not_to include("ERROR REPORT TEMPLATE")
+
+        # rack 0.9.1 is not installed and rack 1.0.0 is not
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 0.9.1"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "when installing gems from a different directory" do
+      it "uses the global cache as a source" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index"
+          source "#{source}"
+          gem "rack"
+          gem "activesupport"
+        G
+
+        # Both gems are installed and in the global cache
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(source_global_cache("activesupport-2.3.5.gem")).to exist
+        simulate_new_machine
+        # Both gems are now only in the global cache
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem"
+          source "#{source}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        # rack is installed and both are in the global cache
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(source_global_cache("activesupport-2.3.5.gem")).to exist
+
+        create_file bundled_app2("gems.rb"), <<-G
+          source "#{source}"
+          gem "activesupport"
+        G
+
+        # Neither gem is installed and both are in the global cache
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :dir => bundled_app2
+        expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5", :dir => bundled_app2
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(source_global_cache("activesupport-2.3.5.gem")).to exist
+
+        # Install using the global cache instead of by downloading the .gem
+        # from the server
+        bundle :install, :artifice => "compact_index_no_gem", :dir => bundled_app2
+
+        # activesupport is installed and both are in the global cache
+        simulate_bundler_version_when_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation do
+          expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :dir => bundled_app2
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5", :dir => bundled_app2
+        end
+
+        expect(source_global_cache("rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+        expect(source_global_cache("activesupport-2.3.5.gem")).to exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "extension caching" do
+    it "works", :ruby_repo do
+      skip "gets incorrect ref in path" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      build_git "very_simple_git_binary", &:add_c_extension
+      build_lib "very_simple_path_binary", &:add_c_extension
+      revision = revision_for(lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0"))[0, 12]
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "very_simple_binary"
+        gem "very_simple_git_binary", :git => "#{lib_path("very_simple_git_binary-1.0")}"
+        gem "very_simple_path_binary", :path => "#{lib_path("very_simple_path_binary-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      gem_binary_cache = home(".bundle", "cache", "extensions", specific_local_platform.to_s, Bundler.ruby_scope,
+        Digest(:MD5).hexdigest("#{gem_repo1}/"), "very_simple_binary-1.0")
+      git_binary_cache = home(".bundle", "cache", "extensions", specific_local_platform.to_s, Bundler.ruby_scope,
+        "very_simple_git_binary-1.0-#{revision}", "very_simple_git_binary-1.0")
+
+      cached_extensions = Pathname.glob(home(".bundle", "cache", "extensions", "*", "*", "*", "*", "*")).sort
+      expect(cached_extensions).to eq [gem_binary_cache, git_binary_cache].sort
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'very_simple_binary_c'; puts ::VERY_SIMPLE_BINARY_IN_C
+        require 'very_simple_git_binary_c'; puts ::VERY_SIMPLE_GIT_BINARY_IN_C
+      R
+      expect(out).to eq "VERY_SIMPLE_BINARY_IN_C\nVERY_SIMPLE_GIT_BINARY_IN_C"
+
+      FileUtils.rm Dir[home(".bundle", "cache", "extensions", "**", "*binary_c*")]
+
+      gem_binary_cache.join("very_simple_binary_c.rb").open("w") {|f| f << "puts File.basename(__FILE__)" }
+      git_binary_cache.join("very_simple_git_binary_c.rb").open("w") {|f| f << "puts File.basename(__FILE__)" }
+
+      bundle "config set --local path different_path"
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(Dir[home(".bundle", "cache", "extensions", "**", "*binary_c*")]).to all(end_with(".rb"))
+
+      run <<-R
+        require 'very_simple_binary_c'
+        require 'very_simple_git_binary_c'
+      R
+      expect(out).to eq "very_simple_binary_c.rb\nvery_simple_git_binary_c.rb"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/path_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0392c4ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  describe "with path configured" do
+    before :each do
+      build_gem "rack", "1.0.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts 'FAIL'"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "does not use available system gems with `vendor/bundle" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "uses system gems with `path.system` configured with more priority than `path`" do
+      bundle "config set --local path.system true"
+      bundle "config set --global path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+      run "require 'rack'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(out).to include("FAIL")
+    end
+
+    it "handles paths with regex characters in them" do
+      dir = bundled_app("bun++dle")
+      dir.mkpath
+
+      bundle "config set --local path #{dir.join("vendor/bundle")}"
+      bundle :install, :dir => dir
+      expect(out).to include("installed into `./vendor/bundle`")
+
+      dir.rmtree
+    end
+
+    it "prints a message to let the user know where gems where installed" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+      expect(out).to include("gems are installed into `./vendor/bundle`")
+    end
+
+    it "disallows --path vendor/bundle --system", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install --path vendor/bundle --system", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Please choose only one option.")
+      expect(exitstatus).to eq(15)
+    end
+
+    it "remembers to disable system gems after the first time with bundle --path vendor/bundle", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install --path vendor/bundle"
+      FileUtils.rm_rf bundled_app("vendor")
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to be_directory
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    context "with path_relative_to_cwd set to true" do
+      before { bundle "config set path_relative_to_cwd true" }
+
+      it "installs the bundle relatively to current working directory", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "install --gemfile='#{bundled_app}/Gemfile' --path vendor/bundle", :dir => bundled_app.parent
+        expect(out).to include("installed into `./vendor/bundle`")
+        expect(bundled_app("../vendor/bundle")).to be_directory
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+
+      it "installs the standalone bundle relative to the cwd" do
+        bundle :install, :gemfile => bundled_app_gemfile, :standalone => true, :dir => bundled_app.parent
+        expect(out).to include("installed into `./bundled_app/bundle`")
+        expect(bundled_app("bundle")).to be_directory
+        expect(bundled_app("bundle/ruby")).to be_directory
+
+        bundle "config unset path"
+
+        bundle :install, :gemfile => bundled_app_gemfile, :standalone => true, :dir => bundled_app("subdir").tap(&:mkpath)
+        expect(out).to include("installed into `../bundle`")
+        expect(bundled_app("bundle")).to be_directory
+        expect(bundled_app("bundle/ruby")).to be_directory
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when BUNDLE_PATH or the global path config is set" do
+    before :each do
+      build_lib "rack", "1.0.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "raise 'FAIL'"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    def set_bundle_path(type, location)
+      if type == :env
+        ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = location
+      elsif type == :global
+        bundle "config set path #{location}", "no-color" => nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    [:env, :global].each do |type|
+      context "when set via #{type}" do
+        it "installs gems to a path if one is specified" do
+          set_bundle_path(type, bundled_app("vendor2").to_s)
+          bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+          bundle :install
+
+          expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to be_directory
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor2")).not_to be_directory
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        it "installs gems to ." do
+          set_bundle_path(type, ".")
+          bundle "config set --global disable_shared_gems true"
+
+          bundle :install
+
+          paths_to_exist = %w[cache/rack-1.0.0.gem gems/rack-1.0.0 specifications/rack-1.0.0.gemspec].map {|path| bundled_app(Bundler.ruby_scope, path) }
+          expect(paths_to_exist).to all exist
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        it "installs gems to the path" do
+          set_bundle_path(type, bundled_app("vendor").to_s)
+
+          bundle :install
+
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor", Bundler.ruby_scope, "gems/rack-1.0.0")).to be_directory
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        it "installs gems to the path relative to root when relative" do
+          set_bundle_path(type, "vendor")
+
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p bundled_app("lol")
+          bundle :install, :dir => bundled_app("lol")
+
+          expect(bundled_app("vendor", Bundler.ruby_scope, "gems/rack-1.0.0")).to be_directory
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "installs gems to BUNDLE_PATH from .bundle/config" do
+      config "BUNDLE_PATH" => bundled_app("vendor/bundle").to_s
+
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to be_directory
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "sets BUNDLE_PATH as the first argument to bundle install" do
+      bundle "config set --local path ./vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to be_directory
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "disables system gems when passing a path to install" do
+      # This is so that vendored gems can be distributed to others
+      build_gem "rack", "1.1.0", :to_system => true
+      bundle "config set --local path ./vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to be_directory
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "re-installs gems whose extensions have been deleted", :ruby_repo do
+      build_lib "very_simple_binary", "1.0.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+        s.write "lib/very_simple_binary.rb", "raise 'FAIL'"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "very_simple_binary"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local path ./vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/very_simple_binary-1.0")).to be_directory
+      expect(vendored_gems("extensions")).to be_directory
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "very_simple_binary 1.0", :source => "remote1"
+
+      vendored_gems("extensions").rmtree
+
+      run "require 'very_simple_binary_c'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("Bundler::GemNotFound")
+
+      bundle "config set --local path ./vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+
+      expect(vendored_gems("gems/very_simple_binary-1.0")).to be_directory
+      expect(vendored_gems("extensions")).to be_directory
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "very_simple_binary 1.0", :source => "remote1"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "to a file" do
+    before do
+      FileUtils.touch bundled_app("bundle")
+    end
+
+    it "reports the file exists" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local path bundle"
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include("file already exists")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/prereleases_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/prereleases_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..629eb89dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/prereleases_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "not_released", "1.0.pre"
+
+      build_gem "has_prerelease", "1.0"
+      build_gem "has_prerelease", "1.1.pre"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when prerelease gems are available" do
+    it "finds prereleases" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "not_released"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "not_released 1.0.pre"
+    end
+
+    it "uses regular releases if available" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "has_prerelease"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "has_prerelease 1.0"
+    end
+
+    it "uses prereleases if requested" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "has_prerelease", "1.1.pre"
+      G
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "has_prerelease 1.1.pre"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when prerelease gems are not available" do
+    it "still works" do
+      build_repo gem_repo3 do
+        build_gem "rack"
+      end
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Dir[gem_repo3("prerelease*")]
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo3)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/process_lock_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/process_lock_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dac0d34bc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/process_lock_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "process lock spec" do
+  describe "when an install operation is already holding a process lock" do
+    before { FileUtils.mkdir_p(default_bundle_path) }
+
+    it "will not run a second concurrent bundle install until the lock is released" do
+      thread = Thread.new do
+        Bundler::ProcessLock.lock(default_bundle_path) do
+          sleep 1 # ignore quality_spec
+          expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      thread.join
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+
+    context "when creating a lock raises Errno::ENOTSUP" do
+      before { allow(File).to receive(:open).and_raise(Errno::ENOTSUP) }
+
+      it "skips creating the lock file and yields" do
+        processed = false
+        Bundler::ProcessLock.lock(default_bundle_path) { processed = true }
+
+        expect(processed).to eq true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/redownload_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/redownload_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a936b2b536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/redownload_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install" do
+  before :each do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "an option to force redownloading gems" do
+    it "re-installs installed gems" do
+      rack_lib = default_bundle_path("gems/rack-1.0.0/lib/rack.rb")
+
+      bundle :install
+      rack_lib.open("w") {|f| f.write("blah blah blah") }
+      bundle :install, flag => true
+
+      expect(out).to include "Installing rack 1.0.0"
+      expect(rack_lib.open(&:read)).to eq("RACK = '1.0.0'\n")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "works on first bundle install" do
+      bundle :install, flag => true
+
+      expect(out).to include "Installing rack 1.0.0"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    context "with a git gem" do
+      let!(:ref) { build_git("foo", "1.0").ref_for("HEAD", 11) }
+
+      before do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "re-installs installed gems" do
+        foo_lib = default_bundle_path("bundler/gems/foo-1.0-#{ref}/lib/foo.rb")
+
+        bundle :install
+        foo_lib.open("w") {|f| f.write("blah blah blah") }
+        bundle :install, flag => true
+
+        expect(foo_lib.open(&:read)).to eq("FOO = '1.0'\n")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+      end
+
+      it "works on first bundle install" do
+        bundle :install, flag => true
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --force", :bundler => 2 do
+    it_behaves_like "an option to force redownloading gems" do
+      let(:flag) { "force" }
+    end
+
+    it "shows a deprecation when single flag passed" do
+      bundle "install --force"
+      expect(err).to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+
+    it "shows a deprecation when multiple flags passed" do
+      bundle "install --no-color --force"
+      expect(err).to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --redownload" do
+    it_behaves_like "an option to force redownloading gems" do
+      let(:flag) { "redownload" }
+    end
+
+    it "does not show a deprecation when single flag passed" do
+      bundle "install --redownload"
+      expect(err).not_to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+
+    it "does not show a deprecation when single multiple flags passed" do
+      bundle "install --no-color --redownload"
+      expect(err).not_to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/security_policy_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/security_policy_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43c3069c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/security_policy_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rubygems/security"
+
+# unfortunately, testing signed gems with a provided CA is extremely difficult
+# as 'gem cert' is currently the only way to add CAs to the system.
+
+RSpec.describe "policies with unsigned gems" do
+  before do
+    build_security_repo
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(security_repo)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "signed_gem"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "will work after you try to deploy without a lock" do
+    bundle "install --deployment", :raise_on_error => false
+    bundle :install
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0", "signed_gem 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "will fail when given invalid security policy" do
+    bundle "install --trust-policy=InvalidPolicyName", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("RubyGems doesn't know about trust policy")
+  end
+
+  it "will fail with High Security setting due to presence of unsigned gem" do
+    bundle "install --trust-policy=HighSecurity", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("security policy didn't allow")
+  end
+
+  it "will fail with Medium Security setting due to presence of unsigned gem" do
+    bundle "install --trust-policy=MediumSecurity", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("security policy didn't allow")
+  end
+
+  it "will succeed with no policy" do
+    bundle "install"
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "policies with signed gems and no CA" do
+  before do
+    build_security_repo
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(security_repo)}"
+      gem "signed_gem"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "will fail with High Security setting, gem is self-signed" do
+    bundle "install --trust-policy=HighSecurity", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("security policy didn't allow")
+  end
+
+  it "will fail with Medium Security setting, gem is self-signed" do
+    bundle "install --trust-policy=MediumSecurity", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to include("security policy didn't allow")
+  end
+
+  it "will succeed with Low Security setting, low security accepts self signed gem" do
+    bundle "install --trust-policy=LowSecurity"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "signed_gem 1.0"
+  end
+
+  it "will succeed with no policy" do
+    bundle "install"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "signed_gem 1.0"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/yanked_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/yanked_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5f3d788ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/yanked_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.context "when installing a bundle that includes yanked gems" do
+  before(:each) do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "foo", "9.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "throws an error when the original gem version is yanked" do
+    lockfile <<-L
+       GEM
+         remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}
+         specs:
+           foo (10.0.0)
+
+       PLATFORMS
+         ruby
+
+       DEPENDENCIES
+         foo (= 10.0.0)
+
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+      gem "foo", "10.0.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to include("Your bundle is locked to foo (10.0.0)")
+  end
+
+  it "throws the original error when only the Gemfile specifies a gem version that doesn't exist" do
+    bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+      gem "foo", "10.0.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).not_to include("Your bundle is locked to foo (10.0.0)")
+    expect(err).to include("Could not find gem 'foo (= 10.0.0)' in")
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.context "when using gem before installing" do
+  it "does not suggest the author has yanked the gem" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}
+        specs:
+          rack (0.9.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (= 0.9.1)
+    L
+
+    bundle :list, :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(err).to include("Could not find rack-0.9.1 in any of the sources")
+    expect(err).to_not include("Your bundle is locked to rack (0.9.1), but that version could not be found in any of the sources listed in your Gemfile.")
+    expect(err).to_not include("If you haven't changed sources, that means the author of rack (0.9.1) has removed it.")
+    expect(err).to_not include("You'll need to update your bundle to a different version of rack (0.9.1) that hasn't been removed in order to install.")
+  end
+
+  it "does not suggest the author has yanked the gem when using more than one gem, but shows all gems that couldn't be found in the source" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      gem "rack_middleware", "1.0"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}
+        specs:
+          rack (0.9.1)
+          rack_middleware (1.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (= 0.9.1)
+        rack_middleware (1.0)
+    L
+
+    bundle :list, :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(err).to include("Could not find rack-0.9.1, rack_middleware-1.0 in any of the sources")
+    expect(err).to include("Install missing gems with `bundle install`.")
+    expect(err).to_not include("Your bundle is locked to rack (0.9.1), but that version could not be found in any of the sources listed in your Gemfile.")
+    expect(err).to_not include("If you haven't changed sources, that means the author of rack (0.9.1) has removed it.")
+    expect(err).to_not include("You'll need to update your bundle to a different version of rack (0.9.1) that hasn't been removed in order to install.")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/lock/git_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/lock/git_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56db5d8305
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/lock/git_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle lock with git gems" do
+  before :each do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'foo', :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't break right after running lock" do
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "locks a git source to the current ref" do
+    update_git "foo"
+    bundle :install
+
+    run <<-RUBY
+      require 'foo'
+      puts "WIN" unless defined?(FOO_PREV_REF)
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "provides correct #full_gem_path" do
+    run <<-RUBY
+      puts Bundler.rubygems.find_name('foo').first.full_gem_path
+    RUBY
+    expect(out).to eq(bundle("info foo --path"))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/lock/lockfile_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/lock/lockfile_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8befb0d400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/lock/lockfile_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1449 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "the lockfile format" do
+  include Bundler::GemHelpers
+
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      # Capistrano did this (at least until version 2.5.10)
+      # RubyGems 2.2 doesn't allow the specifying of a dependency twice
+      # See https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/commit/03dbac93a3396a80db258d9bc63500333c25bd2f
+      build_gem "double_deps", "1.0", :skip_validation => true do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "net-ssh", ">= 1.0.0"
+        s.add_dependency "net-ssh"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "generates a simple lockfile for a single source, gem" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "updates the lockfile's bundler version if current ver. is newer" do
+    system_gems "bundler-1.8.2"
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GIT
+        remote: git://github.com/nex3/haml.git
+        revision: 8a2271f
+        specs:
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        omg!
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         1.8.2
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not update the lockfile's bundler version if nothing changed during bundle install" do
+    version = "#{Bundler::VERSION.split(".").first}.0.0.a"
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{version}
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{version}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "updates the lockfile's bundler version if not present" do
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack", "> 0"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (> 0)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "warns if the current version is older than lockfile's bundler version, and locked version is a final release" do
+    current_version = "999.998.999"
+    system_gems "bundler-#{current_version}"
+    newer_minor = "999.999.0"
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{newer_minor}
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => current_version }
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    warning_message = "the running version of Bundler (#{current_version}) is older " \
+                      "than the version that created the lockfile (#{newer_minor}). " \
+                      "We suggest you to upgrade to the version that created the " \
+                      "lockfile by running `gem install bundler:#{newer_minor}`."
+    expect(err).to include warning_message
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{newer_minor}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "warns if the current version is older than lockfile's bundler version, and locked version is a prerelease" do
+    current_version = "999.998.999"
+    system_gems "bundler-#{current_version}"
+    newer_minor = "999.999.0.pre1"
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{newer_minor}
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => current_version }
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    warning_message = "the running version of Bundler (#{current_version}) is older " \
+                      "than the version that created the lockfile (#{newer_minor}). " \
+                      "We suggest you to upgrade to the version that created the " \
+                      "lockfile by running `gem install bundler:#{newer_minor} --pre`."
+    expect(err).to include warning_message
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{newer_minor}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't warn if the current version is older than lockfile's bundler version, and locked version is a dev version" do
+    current_version = "999.998.999"
+    system_gems "bundler-#{current_version}"
+    newer_minor = "999.999.0.dev"
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{newer_minor}
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => current_version }
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{newer_minor}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "warns when updating bundler major version" do
+    current_version = Bundler::VERSION
+    older_major = previous_major(current_version)
+
+    system_gems "bundler-#{older_major}"
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{older_major}
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to include(
+      "Warning: the lockfile is being updated to Bundler " \
+      "#{current_version.split(".").first}, after which you will be unable to return to Bundler #{older_major.split(".").first}."
+    )
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{current_version}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "generates a simple lockfile for a single source, gem with dependencies" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          rack-obama (1.0)
+            rack
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack-obama
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "generates a simple lockfile for a single source, gem with a version requirement" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack-obama", ">= 1.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          rack-obama (1.0)
+            rack
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack-obama (>= 1.0)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "generates a lockfile without credentials for a configured source" do
+    bundle "config set http://localgemserver.test/ user:pass"
+
+    install_gemfile(<<-G, :artifice => "endpoint_strict_basic_authentication", :quiet => true)
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      source "http://localgemserver.test/" do
+
+      end
+
+      source "http://user:pass@othergemserver.test/" do
+        gem "rack-obama", ">= 1.0"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      GEM
+        remote: http://localgemserver.test/
+        specs:
+
+      GEM
+        remote: http://user:pass@othergemserver.test/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          rack-obama (1.0)
+            rack
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack-obama (>= 1.0)!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "generates lockfiles with multiple requirements" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "net-sftp"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          net-sftp (1.1.1)
+            net-ssh (>= 1.0.0, < 1.99.0)
+          net-ssh (1.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        net-sftp
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "net-sftp 1.1.1", "net-ssh 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "generates a simple lockfile for a single pinned source, gem with a version requirement" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GIT
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}
+        revision: #{git.ref_for("master")}
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not asplode when a platform specific dependency is present and the Gemfile has not been resolved on that platform" do
+    build_lib "omg", :path => lib_path("omg")
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      platforms :#{not_local_tag} do
+        gem "omg", :path => "#{lib_path("omg")}"
+      end
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GIT
+        remote: git://github.com/nex3/haml.git
+        revision: 8a2271f
+        specs:
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}//
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{not_local}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        omg!
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle "install"
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  it "serializes global git sources" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GIT
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}
+        revision: #{git.ref_for("master")}
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "generates a lockfile with a ref for a single pinned source, git gem with a branch requirement" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+    update_git "foo", :branch => "omg"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :branch => "omg"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GIT
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}
+        revision: #{git.ref_for("omg")}
+        branch: omg
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "generates a lockfile with a ref for a single pinned source, git gem with a tag requirement" do
+    git = build_git "foo"
+    update_git "foo", :tag => "omg"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :tag => "omg"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GIT
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}
+        revision: #{git.ref_for("omg")}
+        tag: omg
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "serializes pinned path sources to the lockfile" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      PATH
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "serializes pinned path sources to the lockfile even when packaging" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set cache_all true"
+    bundle :cache
+    bundle :install, :local => true
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      PATH
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "sorts serialized sources by type" do
+    build_lib "foo"
+    bar = build_git "bar"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "foo", :path => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("bar-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GIT
+        remote: #{lib_path("bar-1.0")}
+        revision: #{bar.ref_for("master")}
+        specs:
+          bar (1.0)
+
+      PATH
+        remote: #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        bar!
+        foo!
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "removes redundant sources" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack", :source => "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "lists gems alphabetically" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "thin"
+      gem "actionpack"
+      gem "rack-obama"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          actionpack (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          activesupport (2.3.2)
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          rack-obama (1.0)
+            rack
+          thin (1.0)
+            rack
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        actionpack
+        rack-obama
+        thin
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "orders dependencies' dependencies in alphabetical order" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rails"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          actionmailer (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          actionpack (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          activerecord (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          activeresource (2.3.2)
+            activesupport (= 2.3.2)
+          activesupport (2.3.2)
+          rails (2.3.2)
+            actionmailer (= 2.3.2)
+            actionpack (= 2.3.2)
+            activerecord (= 2.3.2)
+            activeresource (= 2.3.2)
+            rake (= 13.0.1)
+          rake (13.0.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rails
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "orders dependencies by version" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem 'double_deps'
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          double_deps (1.0)
+            net-ssh
+            net-ssh (>= 1.0.0)
+          net-ssh (1.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        double_deps
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not add the :require option to the lockfile" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack-obama", ">= 1.0", :require => "rack/obama"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          rack-obama (1.0)
+            rack
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack-obama (>= 1.0)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not add the :group option to the lockfile" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack-obama", ">= 1.0", :group => :test
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+          rack-obama (1.0)
+            rack
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack-obama (>= 1.0)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "stores relative paths when the path is provided in a relative fashion and in Gemfile dir" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => bundled_app("foo")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "foo" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      PATH
+        remote: foo
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "stores relative paths when the path is provided in a relative fashion and is above Gemfile dir" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => bundled_app(File.join("..", "foo"))
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "../foo" do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      PATH
+        remote: ../foo
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "stores relative paths when the path is provided in an absolute fashion but is relative" do
+    build_lib "foo", :path => bundled_app("foo")
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path File.expand_path("../foo", __FILE__) do
+        gem "foo"
+      end
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      PATH
+        remote: foo
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "stores relative paths when the path is provided for gemspec" do
+    build_lib("foo", :path => tmp.join("foo"))
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec :path => "../foo"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      PATH
+        remote: ../foo
+        specs:
+          foo (1.0)
+
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        foo!
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "keeps existing platforms in the lockfile" do
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms_for(["java"] + local_platforms)}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "persists the spec's specific platform to the lockfile" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "platform_specific", "1.0" do |s|
+        s.platform = Gem::Platform.new("universal-java-16")
+      end
+    end
+
+    simulate_platform "universal-java-16"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          platform_specific (1.0-universal-java-16)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        universal-java-16
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        platform_specific
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not add duplicate gems" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "activesupport"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          activesupport (2.3.5)
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        activesupport
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not add duplicate dependencies" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not add duplicate dependencies with versions" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack", "1.0"
+      gem "rack", "1.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (= 1.0)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not add duplicate dependencies in different groups" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack", "1.0", :group => :one
+      gem "rack", "1.0", :group => :two
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (= 1.0)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "raises if two different versions are used" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack", "1.0"
+      gem "rack", "1.1"
+    G
+
+    expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+    expect(err).to include "rack (= 1.0) and rack (= 1.1)"
+  end
+
+  it "raises if two different sources are used" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "rack", :git => "git://hubz.com"
+    G
+
+    expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+    expect(err).to include "rack (>= 0) should come from an unspecified source and git://hubz.com"
+  end
+
+  it "works correctly with multiple version dependencies" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack", "> 0.9", "< 1.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (0.9.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (> 0.9, < 1.0)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "captures the Ruby version in the lockfile" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      ruby '#{RUBY_VERSION}'
+      gem "rack", "> 0.9", "< 1.0"
+    G
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (0.9.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack (> 0.9, < 1.0)
+
+      RUBY VERSION
+         ruby #{RUBY_VERSION}p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "raises a helpful error message when the lockfile is missing deps" do
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+        specs:
+          rack_middleware (1.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack_middleware
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "rack_middleware"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to include("Downloading rack_middleware-1.0 revealed dependencies not in the API or the lockfile (#{Gem::Dependency.new("rack", "= 0.9.1")}).").
+      and include("Either installing with `--full-index` or running `bundle update rack_middleware` should fix the problem.")
+  end
+
+  describe "a line ending" do
+    def set_lockfile_mtime_to_known_value
+      time = Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
+      File.utime(time, time, bundled_app_lock)
+    end
+    before(:each) do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      set_lockfile_mtime_to_known_value
+    end
+
+    it "generates Gemfile.lock with \\n line endings" do
+      expect(File.read(bundled_app_lock)).not_to match("\r\n")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+
+    context "during updates" do
+      it "preserves Gemfile.lock \\n line endings" do
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+            s.executables = "rackup"
+          end
+        end
+
+        expect { bundle "update", :all => true }.to change { File.mtime(bundled_app_lock) }
+        expect(File.read(bundled_app_lock)).not_to match("\r\n")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+      end
+
+      it "preserves Gemfile.lock \\n\\r line endings" do
+        skip "needs to be adapted" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+            s.executables = "rackup"
+          end
+        end
+
+        win_lock = File.read(bundled_app_lock).gsub(/\n/, "\r\n")
+        File.open(bundled_app_lock, "wb") {|f| f.puts(win_lock) }
+        set_lockfile_mtime_to_known_value
+
+        expect { bundle "update", :all => true }.to change { File.mtime(bundled_app_lock) }
+        expect(File.read(bundled_app_lock)).to match("\r\n")
+
+        simulate_bundler_version_when_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation do
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when nothing changes" do
+      it "preserves Gemfile.lock \\n line endings" do
+        expect do
+          ruby <<-RUBY
+                   require 'bundler'
+                   Bundler.setup
+                 RUBY
+        end.not_to change { File.mtime(bundled_app_lock) }
+      end
+
+      it "preserves Gemfile.lock \\n\\r line endings" do
+        win_lock = File.read(bundled_app_lock).gsub(/\n/, "\r\n")
+        File.open(bundled_app_lock, "wb") {|f| f.puts(win_lock) }
+        set_lockfile_mtime_to_known_value
+
+        expect do
+          ruby <<-RUBY
+                   require '#{entrypoint}'
+                   Bundler.setup
+                 RUBY
+        end.not_to change { File.mtime(bundled_app_lock) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "refuses to install if Gemfile.lock contains conflict markers" do
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}//
+        specs:
+      <<<<<<<
+          rack (1.0.0)
+      =======
+          rack (1.0.1)
+      >>>>>>>
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    expect(err).to match(/your Gemfile.lock contains merge conflicts/i)
+    expect(err).to match(/git checkout HEAD -- Gemfile.lock/i)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def prerelease?(version)
+    Gem::Version.new(version).prerelease?
+  end
+
+  def previous_major(version)
+    version.split(".").map.with_index {|v, i| i == 0 ? v.to_i - 1 : v }.join(".")
+  end
+
+  def bump_minor(version)
+    bump(version, 1)
+  end
+
+  def bump(version, segment)
+    version.split(".").map.with_index {|v, i| i == segment ? v.to_i + 1 : v }.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/other/cli_dispatch_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/other/cli_dispatch_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d6080296f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/other/cli_dispatch_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle command names" do
+  it "work when given fully" do
+    bundle "install", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to eq("Could not locate Gemfile")
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include("Ambiguous command")
+  end
+
+  it "work when not ambiguous" do
+    bundle "ins", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to eq("Could not locate Gemfile")
+    expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include("Ambiguous command")
+  end
+
+  it "print a friendly error when ambiguous" do
+    bundle "in", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to eq("Ambiguous command in matches [info, init, inject, install]")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/other/ext_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/other/ext_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e13f62a856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/other/ext_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Gem::Specification#match_platform" do
+  it "does not match platforms other than the gem platform" do
+    darwin = gem "lol", "1.0", "platform_specific-1.0-x86-darwin-10"
+    expect(darwin.match_platform(pl("java"))).to eq(false)
+  end
+
+  context "when platform is a string" do
+    it "matches when platform is a string" do
+      lazy_spec = Bundler::LazySpecification.new("lol", "1.0", "universal-mingw32")
+      expect(lazy_spec.match_platform(pl("x86-mingw32"))).to eq(true)
+      expect(lazy_spec.match_platform(pl("x64-mingw32"))).to eq(true)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler::GemHelpers#generic" do
+  include Bundler::GemHelpers
+
+  it "converts non-windows platforms into ruby" do
+    expect(generic(pl("x86-darwin-10"))).to eq(pl("ruby"))
+    expect(generic(pl("ruby"))).to eq(pl("ruby"))
+  end
+
+  it "converts java platform variants into java" do
+    expect(generic(pl("universal-java-17"))).to eq(pl("java"))
+    expect(generic(pl("java"))).to eq(pl("java"))
+  end
+
+  it "converts mswin platform variants into x86-mswin32" do
+    expect(generic(pl("mswin32"))).to eq(pl("x86-mswin32"))
+    expect(generic(pl("i386-mswin32"))).to eq(pl("x86-mswin32"))
+    expect(generic(pl("x86-mswin32"))).to eq(pl("x86-mswin32"))
+  end
+
+  it "converts 32-bit mingw platform variants into x86-mingw32" do
+    expect(generic(pl("mingw32"))).to eq(pl("x86-mingw32"))
+    expect(generic(pl("i386-mingw32"))).to eq(pl("x86-mingw32"))
+    expect(generic(pl("x86-mingw32"))).to eq(pl("x86-mingw32"))
+  end
+
+  it "converts 64-bit mingw platform variants into x64-mingw32" do
+    expect(generic(pl("x64-mingw32"))).to eq(pl("x64-mingw32"))
+    expect(generic(pl("x86_64-mingw32"))).to eq(pl("x64-mingw32"))
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "Gem::SourceIndex#refresh!" do
+  before do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "does not explode when called" do
+    run "Gem.source_index.refresh!", :raise_on_error => false
+    run "Gem::SourceIndex.new([]).refresh!", :raise_on_error => false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/other/major_deprecation_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/other/major_deprecation_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b228027c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/other/major_deprecation_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "major deprecations" do
+  let(:warnings) { err }
+
+  describe "Bundler" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    describe ".clean_env" do
+      before do
+        source = "Bundler.clean_env"
+        bundle "exec ruby -e #{source.dump}"
+      end
+
+      it "is deprecated in favor of .unbundled_env", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include \
+          "`Bundler.clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_env`. " \
+          "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_env` " \
+          "(called at -e:1)"
+      end
+
+      pending "is removed and shows a helpful error message about it", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe ".with_clean_env" do
+      before do
+        source = "Bundler.with_clean_env {}"
+        bundle "exec ruby -e #{source.dump}"
+      end
+
+      it "is deprecated in favor of .unbundled_env", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include(
+          "`Bundler.with_clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.with_unbundled_env`. " \
+          "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.with_original_env` " \
+          "(called at -e:1)"
+        )
+      end
+
+      pending "is removed and shows a helpful error message about it", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe ".clean_system" do
+      before do
+        source = "Bundler.clean_system('ls')"
+        bundle "exec ruby -e #{source.dump}"
+      end
+
+      it "is deprecated in favor of .unbundled_system", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include(
+          "`Bundler.clean_system` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_system`. " \
+          "If you instead want to run the command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_system` " \
+          "(called at -e:1)"
+        )
+      end
+
+      pending "is removed and shows a helpful error message about it", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe ".clean_exec" do
+      before do
+        source = "Bundler.clean_exec('ls')"
+        bundle "exec ruby -e #{source.dump}"
+      end
+
+      it "is deprecated in favor of .unbundled_exec", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include(
+          "`Bundler.clean_exec` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_exec`. " \
+          "If you instead want to exec to a command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_exec` " \
+          "(called at -e:1)"
+        )
+      end
+
+      pending "is removed and shows a helpful error message about it", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe ".environment" do
+      before do
+        source = "Bundler.environment"
+        bundle "exec ruby -e #{source.dump}"
+      end
+
+      it "is deprecated in favor of .load", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include "Bundler.environment has been removed in favor of Bundler.load (called at -e:1)"
+      end
+
+      pending "is removed and shows a helpful error message about it", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "bundle exec --no-keep-file-descriptors" do
+    before do
+      bundle "exec --no-keep-file-descriptors -e 1", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "is deprecated", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include "The `--no-keep-file-descriptors` has been deprecated. `bundle exec` no longer mess with your file descriptors. Close them in the exec'd script if you need to"
+    end
+
+    pending "is removed and shows a helpful error message about it", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  describe "bundle update --quiet" do
+    it "does not print any deprecations" do
+      bundle :update, :quiet => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(deprecations).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle check --path" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "check --path vendor/bundle", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "should print a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include(
+        "The `--path` flag is deprecated because it relies on being " \
+        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler will no " \
+        "longer do in future versions. Instead please use `bundle config set --local " \
+        "path 'vendor/bundle'`, and stop using this flag"
+      )
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  context "bundle check --path=" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "check --path=vendor/bundle", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "should print a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include(
+        "The `--path` flag is deprecated because it relies on being " \
+        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler will no " \
+        "longer do in future versions. Instead please use `bundle config set --local " \
+        "path 'vendor/bundle'`, and stop using this flag"
+      )
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  context "bundle cache --all" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "cache --all", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "should print a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include(
+        "The `--all` flag is deprecated because it relies on being " \
+        "remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler will no " \
+        "longer do in future versions. Instead please use `bundle config set " \
+        "cache_all true`, and stop using this flag"
+      )
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  context "bundle cache --path" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle "cache --path foo", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "should print a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include(
+        "The `--path` flag is deprecated because its semantics are unclear. " \
+        "Use `bundle config cache_path` to configure the path of your cache of gems, " \
+        "and `bundle config path` to configure the path where your gems are installed, " \
+        "and stop using this flag"
+      )
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  describe "bundle config" do
+    describe "old list interface" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config list` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe "old get interface" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config waka"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config get waka` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe "old set interface" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config waka wakapun"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config set waka wakapun` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe "old set interface with --local" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config --local waka wakapun"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config set --local waka wakapun` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe "old set interface with --global" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config --global waka wakapun"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config set --global waka wakapun` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe "old unset interface" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config --delete waka"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config unset waka` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe "old unset interface with --local" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config --delete --local waka"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config unset --local waka` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+
+    describe "old unset interface with --global" do
+      before do
+        bundle "config --delete --global waka"
+      end
+
+      it "warns", :bundler => "3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("Using the `config` command without a subcommand [list, get, set, unset] is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `bundle config unset --global waka` instead.")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "bundle update" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "warns when no options are given", :bundler => "3" do
+      bundle "update"
+      expect(deprecations).to include("Pass --all to `bundle update` to update everything")
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error when no options are given", :bundler => "3"
+
+    it "does not warn when --all is passed" do
+      bundle "update --all"
+      expect(deprecations).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "bundle install --binstubs" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :binstubs => true
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "should output a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include("The --binstubs option will be removed in favor of `bundle binstubs --all`")
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  context "bundle install with both gems.rb and Gemfile present" do
+    it "should not warn about gems.rb" do
+      create_file "gems.rb", <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install
+      expect(deprecations).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "should print a proper warning, and use gems.rb" do
+      create_file "gems.rb", "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(warnings).to include(
+        "Multiple gemfiles (gems.rb and Gemfile) detected. Make sure you remove Gemfile and Gemfile.lock since bundler is ignoring them in favor of gems.rb and gems.rb.locked."
+      )
+
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gem "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle install with flags" do
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    {
+      "clean" => ["clean", true],
+      "deployment" => ["deployment", true],
+      "frozen" => ["frozen", true],
+      "no-deployment" => ["deployment", false],
+      "no-prune" => ["no_prune", true],
+      "path" => ["path", "vendor/bundle"],
+      "shebang" => ["shebang", "ruby27"],
+      "system" => ["system", true],
+      "without" => ["without", "development"],
+      "with" => ["with", "development"],
+    }.each do |name, expectations|
+      option_name, value = *expectations
+      flag_name = "--#{name}"
+
+      context "with the #{flag_name} flag" do
+        before do
+          bundle "install" # to create a lockfile, which deployment or frozen need
+          bundle "install #{flag_name} #{value}"
+        end
+
+        it "should print a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+          expect(deprecations).to include(
+            "The `#{flag_name}` flag is deprecated because it relies on " \
+            "being remembered across bundler invocations, which bundler " \
+            "will no longer do in future versions. Instead please use " \
+            "`bundle config set --local #{option_name} '#{value}'`, and stop using this flag"
+          )
+        end
+
+        pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle install with multiple sources" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo3)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "shows a deprecation", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include(
+        "Your Gemfile contains multiple primary sources. " \
+        "Using `source` more than once without a block is a security risk, and " \
+        "may result in installing unexpected gems. To resolve this warning, use " \
+        "a block to indicate which gems should come from the secondary source."
+      )
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't show lockfile deprecations if there's a lockfile", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(deprecations).to include(
+        "Your Gemfile contains multiple primary sources. " \
+        "Using `source` more than once without a block is a security risk, and " \
+        "may result in installing unexpected gems. To resolve this warning, use " \
+        "a block to indicate which gems should come from the secondary source."
+      )
+      expect(deprecations).not_to include(
+        "Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure. " \
+        "Make sure you run `bundle install` in non frozen mode and commit the result to make your lockfile secure."
+      )
+      bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(deprecations).to include(
+        "Your Gemfile contains multiple primary sources. " \
+        "Using `source` more than once without a block is a security risk, and " \
+        "may result in installing unexpected gems. To resolve this warning, use " \
+        "a block to indicate which gems should come from the secondary source."
+      )
+      expect(deprecations).not_to include(
+        "Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure. " \
+        "Make sure you run `bundle install` in non frozen mode and commit the result to make your lockfile secure."
+      )
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  context "bundle install in frozen mode with a lockfile with a single rubygems section with multiple remotes" do
+    before do
+      build_repo gem_repo3 do
+        build_gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo3)}" do
+          gem 'rack'
+        end
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo3)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (0.9.1)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      bundle "config set --local frozen true"
+    end
+
+    it "shows a deprecation", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(deprecations).to include("Your lockfile contains a single rubygems source section with multiple remotes, which is insecure. Make sure you run `bundle install` in non frozen mode and commit the result to make your lockfile secure.")
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  context "when Bundler.setup is run in a ruby script" do
+    before do
+      create_file "gems.rb", "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :group => :test
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require '#{entrypoint}'
+
+        Bundler.setup
+        Bundler.setup
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "should print a single deprecation warning" do
+      expect(warnings).to include(
+        "Multiple gemfiles (gems.rb and Gemfile) detected. Make sure you remove Gemfile and Gemfile.lock since bundler is ignoring them in favor of gems.rb and gems.rb.locked."
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when `bundler/deployment` is required in a ruby script" do
+    before do
+      ruby(<<-RUBY, :env => env_for_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation)
+        require 'bundler/deployment'
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "should print a capistrano deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include("Bundler no longer integrates " \
+                             "with Capistrano, but Capistrano provides " \
+                             "its own integration with Bundler via the " \
+                             "capistrano-bundler gem. Use it instead.")
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful error", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  describe Bundler::Dsl do
+    before do
+      @rubygems = double("rubygems")
+      allow(Bundler::Source::Rubygems).to receive(:new) { @rubygems }
+    end
+
+    context "with github gems" do
+      it "does not warn about removal", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).not_to receive(:warn)
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "indirect/sparks")
+        github_uri = "https://github.com/indirect/sparks.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(github_uri)
+      end
+
+      it "warns about removal", :bundler => "3" do
+        msg = <<-EOS
+The :github git source is deprecated, and will be removed in the future. Change any "reponame" :github sources to "username/reponame". Add this code to the top of your Gemfile to ensure it continues to work:
+
+    git_source(:github) {|repo_name| "https://github.com/\#{repo_name}.git" }
+
+        EOS
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("[DEPRECATED] #{msg}")
+        subject.gem("sparks", :github => "indirect/sparks")
+        github_uri = "https://github.com/indirect/sparks.git"
+        expect(subject.dependencies.first.source.uri).to eq(github_uri)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with bitbucket gems" do
+      it "does not warn about removal", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).not_to receive(:warn)
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :bitbucket => "mcorp/flatlab-rails")
+      end
+
+      it "warns about removal", :bundler => "3" do
+        msg = <<-EOS
+The :bitbucket git source is deprecated, and will be removed in the future. Add this code to the top of your Gemfile to ensure it continues to work:
+
+    git_source(:bitbucket) do |repo_name|
+      user_name, repo_name = repo_name.split("/")
+      repo_name ||= user_name
+      "https://\#{user_name}@bitbucket.org/\#{user_name}/\#{repo_name}.git"
+    end
+
+        EOS
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("[DEPRECATED] #{msg}")
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :bitbucket => "mcorp/flatlab-rails")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with gist gems" do
+      it "does not warn about removal", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(Bundler.ui).not_to receive(:warn)
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :gist => "1234")
+      end
+
+      it "warns about removal", :bundler => "3" do
+        msg = <<-EOS
+The :gist git source is deprecated, and will be removed in the future. Add this code to the top of your Gemfile to ensure it continues to work:
+
+    git_source(:gist) {|repo_name| "https://gist.github.com/\#{repo_name}.git" }
+
+        EOS
+        expect(Bundler.ui).to receive(:warn).with("[DEPRECATED] #{msg}")
+        subject.gem("not-really-a-gem", :gist => "1234")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle show" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "with --outdated flag" do
+      before do
+        bundle "show --outdated"
+      end
+
+      it "prints a deprecation warning informing about its removal", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include("the `--outdated` flag to `bundle show` was undocumented and will be removed without replacement")
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful message", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle remove" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "with --install" do
+      it "shows a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        bundle "remove rack --install"
+
+        expect(err).to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--install` flag has been deprecated. `bundle install` is triggered by default."
+      end
+
+      pending "fails with a helpful message", :bundler => "3"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle console" do
+    before do
+      bundle "console", :raise_on_error => false
+    end
+
+    it "prints a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include \
+        "bundle console will be replaced by `bin/console` generated by `bundle gem <name>`"
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful message", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  context "bundle viz" do
+    before do
+      graphviz_version = RUBY_VERSION >= "2.4" ? "1.2.5" : "1.2.4"
+      realworld_system_gems "ruby-graphviz --version #{graphviz_version}"
+      create_file "gems.rb", "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      bundle "viz"
+    end
+
+    it "prints a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      expect(deprecations).to include "The `viz` command has been renamed to `graph` and moved to a plugin. See https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph"
+    end
+
+    pending "fails with a helpful message", :bundler => "3"
+  end
+
+  describe "deprecating rubocop", :readline do
+    context "bundle gem --rubocop" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem my_new_gem --rubocop", :raise_on_error => false
+      end
+
+      it "prints a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include \
+          "--rubocop is deprecated, use --linter=rubocop"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "bundle gem --no-rubocop" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem my_new_gem --no-rubocop", :raise_on_error => false
+      end
+
+      it "prints a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include \
+          "--no-rubocop is deprecated, use --linter"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "bundle gem with gem.rubocop set to true" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem my_new_gem", :env => { "BUNDLE_GEM__RUBOCOP" => "true" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      end
+
+      it "prints a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include \
+          "config gem.rubocop is deprecated; we've updated your config to use gem.linter instead"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "bundle gem with gem.rubocop set to false" do
+      before do
+        bundle "gem my_new_gem", :env => { "BUNDLE_GEM__RUBOCOP" => "false" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      end
+
+      it "prints a deprecation warning", :bundler => "< 3" do
+        expect(deprecations).to include \
+          "config gem.rubocop is deprecated; we've updated your config to use gem.linter instead"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/other/platform_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/other/platform_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5693d6bce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/other/platform_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1288 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle platform" do
+  context "without flags" do
+    let(:bundle_platform_platforms_string) do
+      local_platforms.reverse.map {|pl| "* #{pl}" }.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    it "returns all the output" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform"
+      expect(out).to eq(<<-G.chomp)
+Your platform is: #{RUBY_PLATFORM}
+
+Your app has gems that work on these platforms:
+#{bundle_platform_platforms_string}
+
+Your Gemfile specifies a Ruby version requirement:
+* ruby #{RUBY_VERSION}
+
+Your current platform satisfies the Ruby version requirement.
+G
+    end
+
+    it "returns all the output including the patchlevel" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_patchlevel}
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform"
+      expect(out).to eq(<<-G.chomp)
+Your platform is: #{RUBY_PLATFORM}
+
+Your app has gems that work on these platforms:
+#{bundle_platform_platforms_string}
+
+Your Gemfile specifies a Ruby version requirement:
+* ruby #{RUBY_VERSION}p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}
+
+Your current platform satisfies the Ruby version requirement.
+G
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't print ruby version requirement if it isn't specified" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform"
+      expect(out).to eq(<<-G.chomp)
+Your platform is: #{RUBY_PLATFORM}
+
+Your app has gems that work on these platforms:
+#{bundle_platform_platforms_string}
+
+Your Gemfile does not specify a Ruby version requirement.
+G
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't match the ruby version requirement" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform"
+      expect(out).to eq(<<-G.chomp)
+Your platform is: #{RUBY_PLATFORM}
+
+Your app has gems that work on these platforms:
+#{bundle_platform_platforms_string}
+
+Your Gemfile specifies a Ruby version requirement:
+* ruby #{not_local_ruby_version}
+
+Your Ruby version is #{RUBY_VERSION}, but your Gemfile specified #{not_local_ruby_version}
+G
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "--ruby" do
+    it "returns ruby version when explicit" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "1.9.3", :engine => 'ruby', :engine_version => '1.9.3'
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 1.9.3")
+    end
+
+    it "defaults to MRI" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "1.9.3"
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 1.9.3")
+    end
+
+    it "handles jruby" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "1.8.7", :engine => 'jruby', :engine_version => '1.6.5'
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 1.8.7 (jruby 1.6.5)")
+    end
+
+    it "handles rbx" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "1.8.7", :engine => 'rbx', :engine_version => '1.2.4'
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 1.8.7 (rbx 1.2.4)")
+    end
+
+    it "handles truffleruby" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "2.5.1", :engine => 'truffleruby', :engine_version => '1.0.0-rc6'
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 2.5.1 (truffleruby 1.0.0-rc6)")
+    end
+
+    it "raises an error if engine is used but engine version is not" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "1.8.7", :engine => 'rbx'
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(exitstatus).not_to eq(0)
+    end
+
+    it "raises an error if engine_version is used but engine is not" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "1.8.7", :engine_version => '1.2.4'
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(exitstatus).not_to eq(0)
+    end
+
+    it "raises an error if engine version doesn't match ruby version for MRI" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "1.8.7", :engine => 'ruby', :engine_version => '1.2.4'
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(exitstatus).not_to eq(0)
+    end
+
+    it "should print if no ruby version is specified" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "foo"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+
+      expect(out).to eq("No ruby version specified")
+    end
+
+    it "handles when there is a locked requirement" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby "< 1.8.7"
+      G
+
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+
+        RUBY VERSION
+           ruby 1.0.0p127
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 1.0.0p127")
+    end
+
+    it "handles when there is a requirement in the gemfile" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby ">= 1.8.7"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 1.8.7")
+    end
+
+    it "handles when there are multiple requirements in the gemfile" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        ruby ">= 1.8.7", "< 2.0.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "platform --ruby"
+      expect(out).to eq("ruby 1.8.7")
+    end
+  end
+
+  let(:ruby_version_correct) { "ruby \"#{RUBY_VERSION}\", :engine => \"#{local_ruby_engine}\", :engine_version => \"#{local_engine_version}\"" }
+  let(:ruby_version_correct_engineless) { "ruby \"#{RUBY_VERSION}\"" }
+  let(:ruby_version_correct_patchlevel) { "#{ruby_version_correct}, :patchlevel => '#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}'" }
+  let(:ruby_version_incorrect) { "ruby \"#{not_local_ruby_version}\", :engine => \"#{local_ruby_engine}\", :engine_version => \"#{not_local_ruby_version}\"" }
+  let(:engine_incorrect) { "ruby \"#{RUBY_VERSION}\", :engine => \"#{not_local_tag}\", :engine_version => \"#{RUBY_VERSION}\"" }
+  let(:engine_version_incorrect) { "ruby \"#{RUBY_VERSION}\", :engine => \"#{local_ruby_engine}\", :engine_version => \"#{not_local_engine_version}\"" }
+  let(:patchlevel_incorrect) { "#{ruby_version_correct}, :patchlevel => '#{not_local_patchlevel}'" }
+  let(:patchlevel_fixnum) { "#{ruby_version_correct}, :patchlevel => #{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}1" }
+
+  def should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(18)
+    expect(err).to be_include("Your Ruby version is #{RUBY_VERSION}, but your Gemfile specified #{not_local_ruby_version}")
+  end
+
+  def should_be_engine_incorrect
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(18)
+    expect(err).to be_include("Your Ruby engine is #{local_ruby_engine}, but your Gemfile specified #{not_local_tag}")
+  end
+
+  def should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(18)
+    expect(err).to be_include("Your #{local_ruby_engine} version is #{local_engine_version}, but your Gemfile specified #{local_ruby_engine} #{not_local_engine_version}")
+  end
+
+  def should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(18)
+    expect(err).to be_include("Your Ruby patchlevel is #{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}, but your Gemfile specified #{not_local_patchlevel}")
+  end
+
+  def should_be_patchlevel_fixnum
+    expect(exitstatus).to eq(18)
+    expect(err).to be_include("The Ruby patchlevel in your Gemfile must be a string")
+  end
+
+  context "bundle install" do
+    it "installs fine when the ruby version matches" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "installs fine with any engine", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "installs fine when the patchlevel matches" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_patchlevel}
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't install when the ruby version doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't install when engine doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't install when engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't install when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle check" do
+    it "checks fine when the ruby version matches" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      bundle :check
+      expect(out).to match(/\AResolving dependencies\.\.\.\.*\nThe Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied\z/)
+    end
+
+    it "checks fine with any engine", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      bundle :check
+      expect(out).to match(/\AResolving dependencies\.\.\.\.*\nThe Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied\z/)
+    end
+
+    it "fails when ruby version doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when engine doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :check, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle update" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "updates successfully when the ruby version matches" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2", "rack-obama 1.0", "activesupport 3.0"
+    end
+
+    it "updates fine with any engine", :jruby do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "rack", "1.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.2", "rack-obama 1.0", "activesupport 3.0"
+    end
+
+    it "fails when ruby version doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when ruby engine doesn't match", :jruby do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when ruby engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+        gem "rack-obama"
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle info" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "prints path if ruby version is correct" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      bundle "info rails --path"
+      expect(out).to eq(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "prints path if ruby version is correct for any engine", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      bundle "info rails --path"
+      expect(out).to eq(default_bundle_path("gems", "rails-2.3.2").to_s)
+    end
+
+    it "fails if ruby version doesn't match", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "show rails", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails if engine doesn't match", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "show rails", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails if engine version doesn't match", :bundler => "< 3", :jruby => true do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "show rails", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+      end
+
+      bundle "show rails", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle cache" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "copies the .gem file to vendor/cache when ruby version matches" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "copies the .gem file to vendor/cache when ruby version matches for any engine", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "fails if the ruby version doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails if the engine doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails if the engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle pack" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "copies the .gem file to vendor/cache when ruby version matches" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "copies the .gem file to vendor/cache when ruby version matches any engine", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache
+      expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/rack-1.0.0.gem")).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "fails if the ruby version doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails if the engine doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails if the engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle :cache, :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle exec" do
+    before do
+      ENV["BUNDLER_FORCE_TTY"] = "true"
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0", "rack-0.9.1", :path => default_bundle_path
+    end
+
+    it "activates the correct gem when ruby version matches" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec rackup"
+      expect(out).to include("0.9.1")
+    end
+
+    it "activates the correct gem when ruby version matches any engine", :jruby do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0", "rack-0.9.1", :path => default_bundle_path
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec rackup"
+      expect(out).to include("0.9.1")
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the ruby version doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec rackup", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the engine doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec rackup", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    # it "fails when the engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+    #   gemfile <<-G
+    #     gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+    #
+    #     #{engine_version_incorrect}
+    #   G
+    #
+    #   bundle "exec rackup"
+    #   should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    # end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec rackup", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle console", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+        gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "starts IRB with the default group loaded when ruby version matches", :readline do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+        gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      bundle "console" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts("puts RACK")
+        input.puts("exit")
+      end
+      expect(out).to include("0.9.1")
+    end
+
+    it "starts IRB with the default group loaded when ruby version matches", :readline, :jruby do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+        gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      bundle "console" do |input, _, _|
+        input.puts("puts RACK")
+        input.puts("exit")
+      end
+      expect(out).to include("0.9.1")
+    end
+
+    it "fails when ruby version doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+        gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "console", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when engine doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+        gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "console", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+        gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "console", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+        gem "rack_middleware", :group => :development
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "console", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "Bundler.setup" do
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack", :group => :test
+      G
+
+      ENV["BUNDLER_FORCE_TTY"] = "true"
+    end
+
+    it "makes a Gemfile.lock if setup succeeds" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      run "1"
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "makes a Gemfile.lock if setup succeeds for any engine", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      run "1"
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+    end
+
+    it "fails when ruby version doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      ruby "require 'bundler/setup'", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when engine doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      ruby "require 'bundler/setup'", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      ruby "require 'bundler/setup'", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when patchlevel doesn't match" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :raise_on_error => false
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      ruby "require 'bundler/setup'", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle outdated" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "returns list of outdated gems when the ruby version matches" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct}
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.gsub("x", "\\\h").tr(".", "\.").strip
+        Gem            Current      Latest       Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.5        3.0          = 2.3.5    default
+        foo            1.0 xxxxxxx  1.0 xxxxxxx  >= 0       default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to match(Regexp.new(expected_output))
+    end
+
+    it "returns list of outdated gems when the ruby version matches for any engine", :jruby do
+      bundle :install
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+        #{ruby_version_correct_engineless}
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expected_output = <<~TABLE.gsub("x", "\\\h").tr(".", "\.").strip
+        Gem            Current      Latest       Requested  Groups
+        activesupport  2.3.5        3.0          = 2.3.5    default
+        foo            1.0 xxxxxxx  1.0 xxxxxxx  >= 0       default
+      TABLE
+
+      expect(out).to match(Regexp.new(expected_output))
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the ruby version doesn't match" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+        #{ruby_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_ruby_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the engine doesn't match" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+        #{engine_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the engine version doesn't match", :jruby do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+        #{engine_version_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_engine_version_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the patchlevel doesn't match", :jruby do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+        #{patchlevel_incorrect}
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_incorrect
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the patchlevel is a fixnum", :jruby do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_gem "activesupport", "3.0"
+        update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo")}"
+
+        #{patchlevel_fixnum}
+      G
+
+      bundle "outdated", :raise_on_error => false
+      should_be_patchlevel_fixnum
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/plugins/command_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/plugins/command_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a7adf4b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/plugins/command_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "command plugins" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "command-mah" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Mah
+            class Plugin < Bundler::Plugin::API
+              command "mahcommand" # declares the command
+
+              def exec(command, args)
+                puts "MahHello"
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    bundle "plugin install command-mah --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+  end
+
+  it "executes without arguments" do
+    expect(out).to include("Installed plugin command-mah")
+
+    bundle "mahcommand"
+    expect(out).to eq("MahHello")
+  end
+
+  it "accepts the arguments" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "the-echoer" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Resonance
+            class Echoer
+              # Another method to declare the command
+              Bundler::Plugin::API.command "echo", self
+
+              def exec(command, args)
+                puts "You gave me \#{args.join(", ")}"
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    bundle "plugin install the-echoer --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    expect(out).to include("Installed plugin the-echoer")
+
+    bundle "echo tacos tofu lasange"
+    expect(out).to eq("You gave me tacos, tofu, lasange")
+  end
+
+  it "raises error on redeclaration of command" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "copycat" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module CopyCat
+            class Cheater < Bundler::Plugin::API
+              command "mahcommand", self
+
+              def exec(command, args)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    bundle "plugin install copycat --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}", :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(out).not_to include("Installed plugin copycat")
+
+    expect(err).to include("Failed to install plugin `copycat`, due to Bundler::Plugin::Index::CommandConflict (Command(s) `mahcommand` declared by copycat are already registered.)")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/plugins/hook_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/plugins/hook_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72feb14d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/plugins/hook_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "hook plugins" do
+  context "before-install-all hook" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "before-install-all-plugin" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            Bundler::Plugin::API.hook Bundler::Plugin::Events::GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL_ALL do |deps|
+              puts "gems to be installed \#{deps.map(&:name).join(", ")}"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install before-install-all-plugin --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    end
+
+    it "runs before all rubygems are installed" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rake"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include "gems to be installed rake, rack"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "before-install hook" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "before-install-plugin" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            Bundler::Plugin::API.hook Bundler::Plugin::Events::GEM_BEFORE_INSTALL do |spec_install|
+              puts "installing gem \#{spec_install.name}"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install before-install-plugin --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    end
+
+    it "runs before each rubygem is installed" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rake"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include "installing gem rake"
+      expect(out).to include "installing gem rack"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "after-install-all hook" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "after-install-all-plugin" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            Bundler::Plugin::API.hook Bundler::Plugin::Events::GEM_AFTER_INSTALL_ALL do |deps|
+              puts "installed gems \#{deps.map(&:name).join(", ")}"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install after-install-all-plugin --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    end
+
+    it "runs after each rubygem is installed" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rake"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include "installed gems rake, rack"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "after-install hook" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "after-install-plugin" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            Bundler::Plugin::API.hook Bundler::Plugin::Events::GEM_AFTER_INSTALL do |spec_install|
+              puts "installed gem \#{spec_install.name} : \#{spec_install.state}"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install after-install-plugin --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    end
+
+    it "runs after each rubygem is installed" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rake"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include "installed gem rake : installed"
+      expect(out).to include "installed gem rack : installed"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/plugins/install_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/plugins/install_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..009516260a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/plugins/install_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundler plugin install" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "foo"
+      build_plugin "kung-foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "shows proper message when gem in not found in the source" do
+    bundle "plugin install no-foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}", :raise_on_error => false
+
+    expect(err).to include("Could not find")
+    plugin_should_not_be_installed("no-foo")
+  end
+
+  it "installs from rubygems source" do
+    bundle "plugin install foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Installed plugin foo")
+    plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+  end
+
+  it "installs from sources configured as Gem.sources without any flags" do
+    bundle "plugin install foo", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_SOURCES" => file_uri_for(gem_repo2).to_s }
+
+    expect(out).to include("Installed plugin foo")
+    plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+  end
+
+  it "shows help when --help flag is given" do
+    bundle "plugin install --help"
+
+    expect(out).to include("bundle plugin install PLUGINS    # Install the plugin from the source")
+  end
+
+  context "plugin is already installed" do
+    before do
+      bundle "plugin install foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't install plugin again" do
+      bundle "plugin install foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      expect(out).not_to include("Installing plugin foo")
+      expect(out).not_to include("Installed plugin foo")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "installs multiple plugins" do
+    bundle "plugin install foo kung-foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Installed plugin foo")
+    expect(out).to include("Installed plugin kung-foo")
+
+    plugin_should_be_installed("foo", "kung-foo")
+  end
+
+  it "uses the same version for multiple plugins" do
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "foo", "1.1"
+      build_plugin "kung-foo", "1.1"
+    end
+
+    bundle "plugin install foo kung-foo --version '1.0' --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+    expect(out).to include("Installing kung-foo 1.0")
+    plugin_should_be_installed("foo", "kung-foo")
+  end
+
+  it "installs the latest version if not installed" do
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "foo", "1.1"
+    end
+
+    bundle "plugin install foo --version 1.0 --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)} --verbose"
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+
+    bundle "plugin install foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)} --verbose"
+    expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.1")
+
+    bundle "plugin install foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)} --verbose"
+    expect(out).to include("Using foo 1.1")
+  end
+
+  it "works with different load paths" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "testing" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+          require "fubar"
+          class Test < Bundler::Plugin::API
+            command "check2"
+
+            def exec(command, args)
+              puts "mate"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+        s.require_paths = %w[lib src]
+        s.write("src/fubar.rb")
+      end
+    end
+    bundle "plugin install testing --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+    bundle "check2", "no-color" => false
+    expect(out).to eq("mate")
+  end
+
+  context "malformatted plugin" do
+    it "fails when plugins.rb is missing" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "foo", "1.1"
+        build_plugin "kung-foo", "1.1"
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install foo kung-foo --version '1.0' --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+      expect(out).to include("Installing kung-foo 1.0")
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo", "kung-foo")
+
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "charlie"
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install charlie --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).to include("Failed to install plugin `charlie`, due to Bundler::Plugin::MalformattedPlugin (plugins.rb was not found in the plugin.)")
+
+      expect(global_plugin_gem("charlie-1.0")).not_to be_directory
+
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo", "kung-foo")
+      plugin_should_not_be_installed("charlie")
+    end
+
+    it "fails when plugins.rb throws exception on load" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "chaplin" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            raise "I got you man"
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install chaplin --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(global_plugin_gem("chaplin-1.0")).not_to be_directory
+
+      plugin_should_not_be_installed("chaplin")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "git plugins" do
+    it "installs form a git source" do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb"
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install foo --git #{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installed plugin foo")
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+    end
+
+    it "installs form a local git source" do
+      build_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb"
+      end
+
+      bundle "plugin install foo --local_git #{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installed plugin foo")
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+    end
+
+    it "raises an error when both git and local git sources are specified" do
+      bundle "plugin install foo --local_git /phony/path/project --git git@gitphony.com:/repo/project", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(exitstatus).not_to eq(0)
+      expect(err).to eq("Remote and local plugin git sources can't be both specified")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "Gemfile eval" do
+    before do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+    end
+
+    it "installs plugins listed in gemfile" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'
+        plugin 'foo'
+        gem 'rack', "1.0.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installed plugin foo")
+
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+    end
+
+    it "accepts plugin version" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "foo", "1.1.0"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'
+        plugin 'foo', "1.0"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installing foo 1.0")
+
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+    end
+
+    it "accepts git sources" do
+      build_git "ga-plugin" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        plugin 'ga-plugin', :git => "#{lib_path("ga-plugin-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installed plugin ga-plugin")
+      plugin_should_be_installed("ga-plugin")
+    end
+
+    it "accepts path sources" do
+      build_lib "ga-plugin" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        plugin 'ga-plugin', :path => "#{lib_path("ga-plugin-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installed plugin ga-plugin")
+      plugin_should_be_installed("ga-plugin")
+    end
+
+    context "in deployment mode" do
+      it "installs plugins" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'
+          gem 'rack', "1.0.0"
+        G
+
+        bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'
+          plugin 'foo'
+          gem 'rack', "1.0.0"
+        G
+
+        expect(out).to include("Installed plugin foo")
+
+        expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("rack 1.0.0")
+        plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "inline gemfiles" do
+    it "installs the listed plugins" do
+      code = <<-RUBY
+        require "bundler/inline"
+
+        gemfile do
+          source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'
+          plugin 'foo'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      ruby code, :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }
+      expect(local_plugin_gem("foo-1.0", "plugins.rb")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "local plugin" do
+    it "is installed when inside an app" do
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      gemfile ""
+      bundle "plugin install foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+      expect(local_plugin_gem("foo-1.0")).to be_directory
+    end
+
+    context "conflict with global plugin" do
+      before do
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_plugin "fubar" do |s|
+            s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+              class Fubar < Bundler::Plugin::API
+                command "shout"
+
+                def exec(command, args)
+                  puts "local_one"
+                end
+              end
+            RUBY
+          end
+        end
+
+        # inside the app
+        gemfile "source '#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}'\nplugin 'fubar'"
+        bundle "install"
+
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_plugin "fubar", "1.1" do |s|
+            s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+              class Fubar < Bundler::Plugin::API
+                command "shout"
+
+                def exec(command, args)
+                  puts "global_one"
+                end
+              end
+            RUBY
+          end
+        end
+
+        # outside the app
+        bundle "plugin install fubar --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}", :dir => tmp
+      end
+
+      it "inside the app takes precedence over global plugin" do
+        bundle "shout"
+        expect(out).to eq("local_one")
+      end
+
+      it "outside the app global plugin is used" do
+        bundle "shout", :dir => tmp
+        expect(out).to eq("global_one")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/plugins/list_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/plugins/list_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a686415ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/plugins/list_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundler plugin list" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "foo" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+          class Foo < Bundler::Plugin::API
+            command "shout"
+
+            def exec(command, args)
+              puts "Foo shout"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+      build_plugin "bar" do |s|
+        s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+          class Bar < Bundler::Plugin::API
+            command "scream"
+
+            def exec(command, args)
+              puts "Bar scream"
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "no plugins installed" do
+    it "shows proper no plugins installed message" do
+      bundle "plugin list"
+
+      expect(out).to include("No plugins installed")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "single plugin installed" do
+    it "shows plugin name with commands list" do
+      bundle "plugin install foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+      bundle "plugin list"
+
+      expected_output = "foo\n-----\n  shout"
+      expect(out).to include(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "multiple plugins installed" do
+    it "shows plugin names with commands list" do
+      bundle "plugin install foo bar --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo", "bar")
+      bundle "plugin list"
+
+      expected_output = "foo\n-----\n  shout\n\nbar\n-----\n  scream"
+      expect(out).to include(expected_output)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/plugins/source/example_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/plugins/source/example_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d098997ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/plugins/source/example_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "real source plugins" do
+  context "with a minimal source plugin" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "bundler-source-mpath" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            require "bundler-source-mpath"
+
+            class MPath < Bundler::Plugin::API
+              source "mpath"
+
+              attr_reader :path
+
+              def initialize(opts)
+                super
+
+                @path = Pathname.new options["uri"]
+              end
+
+              def fetch_gemspec_files
+                @spec_files ||= begin
+                  glob = "{,*,*/*}.gemspec"
+                  if installed?
+                    search_path = install_path
+                  else
+                    search_path = path
+                  end
+                  Dir["\#{search_path.to_s}/\#{glob}"]
+                end
+              end
+
+              def install(spec, opts)
+                mkdir_p(install_path.parent)
+                require 'fileutils'
+                FileUtils.cp_r(path, install_path)
+
+                spec_path = install_path.join("\#{spec.full_name}.gemspec")
+                spec_path.open("wb") {|f| f.write spec.to_ruby }
+                spec.loaded_from = spec_path.to_s
+
+                post_install(spec)
+
+                nil
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end # build_plugin
+      end
+
+      build_lib "a-path-gem"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}" # plugin source
+        source "#{lib_path("a-path-gem-1.0")}", :type => :mpath do
+          gem "a-path-gem"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "installs" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a-path-gem 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "writes to lock file" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PLUGIN SOURCE
+          remote: #{lib_path("a-path-gem-1.0")}
+          type: mpath
+          specs:
+            a-path-gem (1.0)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          a-path-gem!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "provides correct #full_gem_path" do
+      bundle "install"
+      run <<-RUBY
+        puts Bundler.rubygems.find_name('a-path-gem').first.full_gem_path
+      RUBY
+      expect(out).to eq(bundle("info a-path-gem --path"))
+    end
+
+    it "installs the gem executables" do
+      build_lib "gem_with_bin" do |s|
+        s.executables = ["foo"]
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}" # plugin source
+        source "#{lib_path("gem_with_bin-1.0")}", :type => :mpath do
+          gem "gem_with_bin"
+        end
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec foo"
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+    end
+
+    describe "bundle cache/package" do
+      let(:uri_hash) { Digest(:SHA1).hexdigest(lib_path("a-path-gem-1.0").to_s) }
+      it "copies repository to vendor cache and uses it" do
+        bundle "install"
+        bundle "config set cache_all true"
+        bundle :cache
+
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/a-path-gem-1.0-#{uri_hash}")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/a-path-gem-1.0-#{uri_hash}/.git")).not_to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/a-path-gem-1.0-#{uri_hash}/.bundlecache")).to be_file
+
+        FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("a-path-gem-1.0")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a-path-gem 1.0")
+      end
+
+      it "copies repository to vendor cache and uses it even when installed with `path` configured" do
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+        bundle :install
+        bundle "config set cache_all true"
+        bundle :cache
+
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/a-path-gem-1.0-#{uri_hash}")).to exist
+
+        FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("a-path-gem-1.0")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a-path-gem 1.0")
+      end
+
+      it "bundler package copies repository to vendor cache" do
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+        bundle :install
+        bundle "config set cache_all true"
+        bundle :cache
+
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/a-path-gem-1.0-#{uri_hash}")).to exist
+
+        FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("a-path-gem-1.0")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a-path-gem 1.0")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "with lockfile" do
+      before do
+        lockfile <<-G
+          PLUGIN SOURCE
+            remote: #{lib_path("a-path-gem-1.0")}
+            type: mpath
+            specs:
+              a-path-gem (1.0)
+
+          GEM
+            remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+            specs:
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{generic_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            a-path-gem!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs" do
+        bundle "install"
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("a-path-gem 1.0")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a more elaborate source plugin" do
+    before do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "bundler-source-gitp" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            require "open3"
+
+            class SPlugin < Bundler::Plugin::API
+              source "gitp"
+
+              attr_reader :ref
+
+              def initialize(opts)
+                super
+
+                @ref = options["ref"] || options["branch"] || options["tag"] || "master"
+                @unlocked = false
+              end
+
+              def eql?(other)
+                other.is_a?(self.class) && uri == other.uri && ref == other.ref
+              end
+
+              alias_method :==, :eql?
+
+              def fetch_gemspec_files
+                @spec_files ||= begin
+                  glob = "{,*,*/*}.gemspec"
+                  if !cached?
+                    cache_repo
+                  end
+
+                  if installed? && !@unlocked
+                    path = install_path
+                  else
+                    path = cache_path
+                  end
+
+                  Dir["\#{path}/\#{glob}"]
+                end
+              end
+
+              def install(spec, opts)
+                mkdir_p(install_path.dirname)
+                rm_rf(install_path)
+                `git clone --no-checkout --quiet "\#{cache_path}" "\#{install_path}"`
+                Open3.capture2e("git reset --hard \#{revision}", :chdir => install_path)
+
+                spec_path = install_path.join("\#{spec.full_name}.gemspec")
+                spec_path.open("wb") {|f| f.write spec.to_ruby }
+                spec.loaded_from = spec_path.to_s
+
+                post_install(spec)
+
+                nil
+              end
+
+              def options_to_lock
+                opts = {"revision" => revision}
+                opts["ref"] = ref if ref != "master"
+                opts
+              end
+
+              def unlock!
+                @unlocked = true
+                @revision = latest_revision
+              end
+
+              def app_cache_dirname
+                "\#{base_name}-\#{shortref_for_path(revision)}"
+              end
+
+            private
+
+              def cache_path
+                @cache_path ||= cache_dir.join("gitp", base_name)
+              end
+
+              def cache_repo
+                `git clone --quiet \#{@options["uri"]} \#{cache_path}`
+              end
+
+              def cached?
+                File.directory?(cache_path)
+              end
+
+              def locked_revision
+                options["revision"]
+              end
+
+              def revision
+                @revision ||= locked_revision || latest_revision
+              end
+
+              def latest_revision
+                if !cached? || @unlocked
+                  rm_rf(cache_path)
+                  cache_repo
+                end
+
+                output, _status = Open3.capture2e("git rev-parse --verify \#{@ref}", :chdir => cache_path)
+                output.strip
+              end
+
+              def base_name
+                File.basename(uri.sub(%r{^(\w+://)?([^/:]+:)?(//\w*/)?(\w*/)*}, ""), ".git")
+              end
+
+              def shortref_for_path(ref)
+                ref[0..11]
+              end
+
+              def install_path
+                @install_path ||= begin
+                  git_scope = "\#{base_name}-\#{shortref_for_path(revision)}"
+
+                  path = gem_install_dir.join(git_scope)
+
+                  if !path.exist? && requires_sudo?
+                    user_bundle_path.join(ruby_scope).join(git_scope)
+                  else
+                    path
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+
+              def installed?
+                File.directory?(install_path)
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      build_git "ma-gitp-gem"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}" # plugin source
+        source "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("ma-gitp-gem-1.0"))}", :type => :gitp do
+          gem "ma-gitp-gem"
+        end
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "handles the source option" do
+      bundle "install"
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("ma-gitp-gem 1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "writes to lock file" do
+      revision = revision_for(lib_path("ma-gitp-gem-1.0"))
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        PLUGIN SOURCE
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(lib_path("ma-gitp-gem-1.0"))}
+          type: gitp
+          revision: #{revision}
+          specs:
+            ma-gitp-gem (1.0)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          ma-gitp-gem!
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "with lockfile" do
+      before do
+        revision = revision_for(lib_path("ma-gitp-gem-1.0"))
+        lockfile <<-G
+          PLUGIN SOURCE
+            remote: #{file_uri_for(lib_path("ma-gitp-gem-1.0"))}
+            type: gitp
+            revision: #{revision}
+            specs:
+              ma-gitp-gem (1.0)
+
+          GEM
+            remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+            specs:
+
+          PLATFORMS
+            #{generic_local_platform}
+
+          DEPENDENCIES
+            ma-gitp-gem!
+
+          BUNDLED WITH
+             #{Bundler::VERSION}
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "installs" do
+        bundle "install"
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("ma-gitp-gem 1.0")
+      end
+
+      it "uses the locked ref" do
+        update_git "ma-gitp-gem"
+        bundle "install"
+
+        run <<-RUBY
+          require 'ma/gitp/gem'
+          puts "WIN" unless defined?(MAGITPGEM_PREV_REF)
+        RUBY
+        expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+      end
+
+      it "updates the deps on bundler update" do
+        update_git "ma-gitp-gem"
+        bundle "update ma-gitp-gem"
+
+        run <<-RUBY
+          require 'ma/gitp/gem'
+          puts "WIN" if defined?(MAGITPGEM_PREV_REF)
+        RUBY
+        expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+      end
+
+      it "updates the deps on change in gemfile" do
+        update_git "ma-gitp-gem", "1.1", :path => lib_path("ma-gitp-gem-1.0"), :gemspec => true
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}" # plugin source
+          source "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("ma-gitp-gem-1.0"))}", :type => :gitp do
+            gem "ma-gitp-gem", "1.1"
+          end
+        G
+        bundle "install"
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("ma-gitp-gem 1.1")
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "bundle cache with gitp" do
+      it "copies repository to vendor cache and uses it" do
+        git = build_git "foo"
+        ref = git.ref_for("master", 11)
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}" # plugin source
+          source  '#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}', :type => :gitp do
+            gem "foo"
+          end
+        G
+
+        bundle "config set cache_all true"
+        bundle :cache
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}")).to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}/.git")).not_to exist
+        expect(bundled_app("vendor/cache/foo-1.0-#{ref}/.bundlecache")).to be_file
+
+        FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("foo-1.0")
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/plugins/source_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/plugins/source_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14643e5c81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/plugins/source_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundler source plugin" do
+  describe "plugins dsl eval for #source with :type option" do
+    before do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "bundler-source-psource" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+              class OPSource < Bundler::Plugin::API
+                source "psource"
+              end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "installs bundler-source-* gem when no handler for source is present" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("gitp"))}", :type => :psource do
+        end
+      G
+
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      plugin_should_be_installed("bundler-source-psource")
+    end
+
+    it "enables the plugin to require a lib path" do
+      update_repo2 do
+        build_plugin "bundler-source-psource" do |s|
+          s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+            require "bundler-source-psource"
+            class PSource < Bundler::Plugin::API
+              source "psource"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("gitp"))}", :type => :psource do
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+    end
+
+    context "with an explicit handler" do
+      before do
+        update_repo2 do
+          build_plugin "another-psource" do |s|
+            s.write "plugins.rb", <<-RUBY
+                class Cheater < Bundler::Plugin::API
+                  source "psource"
+                end
+            RUBY
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "explicit presence in gemfile" do
+        before do
+          install_gemfile <<-G
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+            plugin "another-psource"
+
+            source "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("gitp"))}", :type => :psource do
+            end
+          G
+        end
+
+        it "completes successfully" do
+          expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+        end
+
+        it "installs the explicit one" do
+          allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+          plugin_should_be_installed("another-psource")
+        end
+
+        it "doesn't install the default one" do
+          plugin_should_not_be_installed("bundler-source-psource")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "explicit default source" do
+        before do
+          install_gemfile <<-G
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+
+            plugin "bundler-source-psource"
+
+            source "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("gitp"))}", :type => :psource do
+            end
+          G
+        end
+
+        it "completes successfully" do
+          expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+        end
+
+        it "installs the default one" do
+          allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+          plugin_should_be_installed("bundler-source-psource")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/plugins/uninstall_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/plugins/uninstall_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8180241911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/plugins/uninstall_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundler plugin uninstall" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_plugin "foo"
+      build_plugin "kung-foo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "shows proper error message when plugins are not specified" do
+    bundle "plugin uninstall"
+    expect(err).to include("No plugins to uninstall")
+  end
+
+  it "uninstalls specified plugins" do
+    bundle "plugin install foo kung-foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+    plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+    plugin_should_be_installed("kung-foo")
+
+    bundle "plugin uninstall foo"
+    expect(out).to include("Uninstalled plugin foo")
+    plugin_should_not_be_installed("foo")
+    plugin_should_be_installed("kung-foo")
+  end
+
+  it "shows proper message when plugin is not installed" do
+    bundle "plugin uninstall foo"
+    expect(err).to include("Plugin foo is not installed")
+    plugin_should_not_be_installed("foo")
+  end
+
+  describe "with --all" do
+    it "uninstalls all installed plugins" do
+      bundle "plugin install foo kung-foo --source #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      plugin_should_be_installed("foo")
+      plugin_should_be_installed("kung-foo")
+
+      bundle "plugin uninstall --all"
+      plugin_should_not_be_installed("foo")
+      plugin_should_not_be_installed("kung-foo")
+    end
+
+    it "shows proper no plugins installed message when no plugins installed" do
+      bundle "plugin uninstall --all"
+      expect(out).to include("No plugins installed")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/quality_es_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/quality_es_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90968e6270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/quality_es_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "La biblioteca si misma" do
+  def check_for_expendable_words(filename)
+    failing_line_message = []
+    useless_words = %w[
+      básicamente
+      claramente
+      sólo
+      solamente
+      obvio
+      obviamente
+      fácil
+      fácilmente
+      sencillamente
+      simplemente
+    ]
+    pattern = /\b#{Regexp.union(useless_words)}\b/i
+
+    File.readlines(filename).each_with_index do |line, number|
+      next unless word_found = pattern.match(line)
+      failing_line_message << "#{filename}:#{number.succ} contiene '#{word_found}'. Esta palabra tiene un significado subjetivo y es mejor obviarla en textos técnicos."
+    end
+
+    failing_line_message unless failing_line_message.empty?
+  end
+
+  def check_for_specific_pronouns(filename)
+    failing_line_message = []
+    specific_pronouns = /\b(él|ella|ellos|ellas)\b/i
+
+    File.readlines(filename).each_with_index do |line, number|
+      next unless word_found = specific_pronouns.match(line)
+      failing_line_message << "#{filename}:#{number.succ} contiene '#{word_found}'. Use pronombres más genéricos en la documentación."
+    end
+
+    failing_line_message unless failing_line_message.empty?
+  end
+
+  it "mantiene la calidad de lenguaje de la documentación" do
+    included = /ronn/
+    error_messages = []
+    man_tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next unless filename =~ included
+      error_messages << check_for_expendable_words(filename)
+      error_messages << check_for_specific_pronouns(filename)
+    end
+    expect(error_messages.compact).to be_well_formed
+  end
+
+  it "mantiene la calidad de lenguaje de oraciones usadas en el código fuente" do
+    error_messages = []
+    exempt = /vendor/
+    lib_tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next if filename =~ exempt
+      error_messages << check_for_expendable_words(filename)
+      error_messages << check_for_specific_pronouns(filename)
+    end
+    expect(error_messages.compact).to be_well_formed
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/quality_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/quality_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62f3722a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/quality_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "set"
+
+RSpec.describe "The library itself" do
+  def check_for_git_merge_conflicts(filename)
+    merge_conflicts_regex = /
+      <<<<<<<|
+      =======|
+      >>>>>>>
+    /x
+
+    failing_lines = []
+    each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+      failing_lines << number + 1 if line =~ merge_conflicts_regex
+    end
+
+    return if failing_lines.empty?
+    "#{filename} has unresolved git merge conflicts on lines #{failing_lines.join(", ")}"
+  end
+
+  def check_for_tab_characters(filename)
+    failing_lines = []
+    each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+      failing_lines << number + 1 if line =~ /\t/
+    end
+
+    return if failing_lines.empty?
+    "#{filename} has tab characters on lines #{failing_lines.join(", ")}"
+  end
+
+  def check_for_extra_spaces(filename)
+    failing_lines = []
+    each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+      next if line =~ /^\s+#.*\s+\n$/
+      failing_lines << number + 1 if line =~ /\s+\n$/
+    end
+
+    return if failing_lines.empty?
+    "#{filename} has spaces on the EOL on lines #{failing_lines.join(", ")}"
+  end
+
+  def check_for_straneous_quotes(filename)
+    return if File.expand_path(filename) == __FILE__
+
+    failing_lines = []
+    each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+      failing_lines << number + 1 if line =~ /’/
+    end
+
+    return if failing_lines.empty?
+    "#{filename} has an straneous quote on lines #{failing_lines.join(", ")}"
+  end
+
+  def check_for_expendable_words(filename)
+    failing_line_message = []
+    useless_words = %w[
+      actually
+      basically
+      clearly
+      just
+      obviously
+      really
+      simply
+    ]
+    pattern = /\b#{Regexp.union(useless_words)}\b/i
+
+    each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+      next unless word_found = pattern.match(line)
+      failing_line_message << "#{filename}:#{number.succ} has '#{word_found}'. Avoid using these kinds of weak modifiers."
+    end
+
+    failing_line_message unless failing_line_message.empty?
+  end
+
+  def check_for_specific_pronouns(filename)
+    failing_line_message = []
+    specific_pronouns = /\b(he|she|his|hers|him|her|himself|herself)\b/i
+
+    each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+      next unless word_found = specific_pronouns.match(line)
+      failing_line_message << "#{filename}:#{number.succ} has '#{word_found}'. Use more generic pronouns in documentation."
+    end
+
+    failing_line_message unless failing_line_message.empty?
+  end
+
+  it "has no malformed whitespace" do
+    exempt = /\.gitmodules|fixtures|vendor|LICENSE|vcr_cassettes|rbreadline\.diff|index\.txt$/
+    error_messages = []
+    tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next if filename =~ exempt
+      error_messages << check_for_tab_characters(filename)
+      error_messages << check_for_extra_spaces(filename)
+    end
+    expect(error_messages.compact).to be_well_formed
+  end
+
+  it "has no estraneous quotes" do
+    exempt = /vendor|vcr_cassettes|LICENSE|rbreadline\.diff/
+    error_messages = []
+    tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next if filename =~ exempt
+      error_messages << check_for_straneous_quotes(filename)
+    end
+    expect(error_messages.compact).to be_well_formed
+  end
+
+  it "does not include any unresolved merge conflicts" do
+    error_messages = []
+    exempt = %r{lock/lockfile_spec|quality_spec|vcr_cassettes|\.ronn|lockfile_parser\.rb}
+    tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next if filename =~ exempt
+      error_messages << check_for_git_merge_conflicts(filename)
+    end
+    expect(error_messages.compact).to be_well_formed
+  end
+
+  it "maintains language quality of the documentation" do
+    included = /ronn/
+    error_messages = []
+    man_tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next unless filename =~ included
+      error_messages << check_for_expendable_words(filename)
+      error_messages << check_for_specific_pronouns(filename)
+    end
+    expect(error_messages.compact).to be_well_formed
+  end
+
+  it "maintains language quality of sentences used in source code" do
+    error_messages = []
+    exempt = /vendor|vcr_cassettes|CODE_OF_CONDUCT/
+    lib_tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next if filename =~ exempt
+      error_messages << check_for_expendable_words(filename)
+      error_messages << check_for_specific_pronouns(filename)
+    end
+    expect(error_messages.compact).to be_well_formed
+  end
+
+  it "documents all used settings" do
+    exemptions = %w[
+      forget_cli_options
+      gem.changelog
+      gem.ci
+      gem.coc
+      gem.linter
+      gem.mit
+      gem.rubocop
+      gem.test
+      git.allow_insecure
+      inline
+      trust-policy
+      use_gem_version_promoter_for_major_updates
+    ]
+
+    all_settings = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
+    documented_settings = []
+
+    Bundler::Settings::BOOL_KEYS.each {|k| all_settings[k] << "in Bundler::Settings::BOOL_KEYS" }
+    Bundler::Settings::NUMBER_KEYS.each {|k| all_settings[k] << "in Bundler::Settings::NUMBER_KEYS" }
+    Bundler::Settings::ARRAY_KEYS.each {|k| all_settings[k] << "in Bundler::Settings::ARRAY_KEYS" }
+    Bundler::Settings::STRING_KEYS.each {|k| all_settings[k] << "in Bundler::Settings::STRING_KEYS" }
+
+    key_pattern = /([a-z\._-]+)/i
+    lib_tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+        line.scan(/Bundler\.settings\[:#{key_pattern}\]/).flatten.each {|s| all_settings[s] << "referenced at `#{filename}:#{number.succ}`" }
+      end
+    end
+    documented_settings = File.read("lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn")[/LIST OF AVAILABLE KEYS.*/m].scan(/^\* `#{key_pattern}`/).flatten
+
+    documented_settings.each do |s|
+      all_settings.delete(s)
+      expect(exemptions.delete(s)).to be_nil, "setting #{s} was exempted but was actually documented"
+    end
+
+    exemptions.each do |s|
+      expect(all_settings.delete(s)).to be_truthy, "setting #{s} was exempted but unused"
+    end
+    error_messages = all_settings.map do |setting, refs|
+      "The `#{setting}` setting is undocumented\n\t- #{refs.join("\n\t- ")}\n"
+    end
+
+    expect(error_messages.sort).to be_well_formed
+
+    expect(documented_settings).to be_sorted
+  end
+
+  it "can still be built" do
+    with_built_bundler do |_gem_path|
+      expect(err).to be_empty, "bundler should build as a gem without warnings, but\n#{err}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "ships the correct set of files" do
+    git_list = git_ls_files(ruby_core? ? "lib/bundler lib/bundler.rb libexec/bundle*" : "lib exe CHANGELOG.md LICENSE.md README.md bundler.gemspec")
+
+    gem_list = loaded_gemspec.files
+
+    expect(git_list.sort).to eq(gem_list.sort)
+  end
+
+  it "does not contain any warnings" do
+    exclusions = %w[
+      lib/bundler/capistrano.rb
+      lib/bundler/deployment.rb
+      lib/bundler/gem_tasks.rb
+      lib/bundler/vlad.rb
+      lib/bundler/templates/gems.rb
+    ]
+    files_to_require = lib_tracked_files.grep(/\.rb$/) - exclusions
+    files_to_require.reject! {|f| f.start_with?("lib/bundler/vendor") }
+    files_to_require.map! {|f| File.expand_path(f, source_root) }
+    files_to_require.sort!
+    sys_exec("ruby -w") do |input, _, _|
+      files_to_require.each do |f|
+        input.puts "require '#{f}'"
+      end
+    end
+
+    warnings = last_command.stdboth.split("\n")
+    # ignore warnings around deprecated Object#=~ method in RubyGems
+    warnings.reject! {|w| w =~ %r{rubygems\/version.rb.*deprecated\ Object#=~} }
+
+    expect(warnings).to be_well_formed
+  end
+
+  it "does not use require internally, but require_relative" do
+    exempt = %r{templates/|\.5|\.1|vendor/}
+    all_bad_requires = []
+    lib_tracked_files.each do |filename|
+      next if filename =~ exempt
+      each_line(filename) do |line, number|
+        line.scan(/^ *require "bundler/).each { all_bad_requires << "#{filename}:#{number.succ}" }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expect(all_bad_requires).to be_empty, "#{all_bad_requires.size} internal requires that should use `require_relative`: #{all_bad_requires}"
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def each_line(filename, &block)
+    File.readlines(filename, :encoding => "UTF-8").each_with_index(&block)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/dependency_api_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/dependency_api_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08c6acf190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/dependency_api_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../support/silent_logger"
+
+RSpec.describe "gemcutter's dependency API", :realworld => true do
+  context "when Gemcutter API takes too long to respond" do
+    before do
+      require_rack
+
+      port = find_unused_port
+      @server_uri = "http://127.0.0.1:#{port}"
+
+      require_relative "../support/artifice/endpoint_timeout"
+
+      @t = Thread.new do
+        server = Rack::Server.start(:app       => EndpointTimeout,
+                                    :Host      => "0.0.0.0",
+                                    :Port      => port,
+                                    :server    => "webrick",
+                                    :AccessLog => [],
+                                    :Logger    => Spec::SilentLogger.new)
+        server.start
+      end
+      @t.run
+
+      wait_for_server("127.0.0.1", port)
+      bundle "config set timeout 1"
+    end
+
+    after do
+      Artifice.deactivate
+      @t.kill
+      @t.join
+    end
+
+    it "times out and falls back on the modern index" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :artifice => nil
+        source "#{@server_uri}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{@server_uri}/")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/double_check_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/double_check_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7f28d10bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/double_check_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "double checking sources", :realworld => true do
+  it "finds already-installed gems" do
+    create_file("rails.gemspec", <<-RUBY)
+      Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+        s.name        = "rails"
+        s.version     = "5.1.4"
+        s.summary     = ""
+        s.description = ""
+        s.author      = ""
+        s.add_dependency "actionpack", "5.1.4"
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    create_file("actionpack.gemspec", <<-RUBY)
+      Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+        s.name        = "actionpack"
+        s.version     = "5.1.4"
+        s.summary     = ""
+        s.description = ""
+        s.author      = ""
+        s.add_dependency "rack", "~> 2.0.0"
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    cmd = <<-RUBY
+      require "#{entrypoint}"
+      require "#{spec_dir}/support/artifice/vcr"
+      require "#{entrypoint}/inline"
+      gemfile(true) do
+        source "https://rubygems.org"
+        gem "rails", path: "."
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    ruby cmd
+    ruby cmd
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/edgecases_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/edgecases_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df5eeda9fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/edgecases_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "real world edgecases", :realworld => true do
+  def rubygems_version(name, requirement)
+    ruby <<-RUBY
+      require "#{spec_dir}/support/artifice/vcr"
+      require "#{entrypoint}"
+      require "#{entrypoint}/source/rubygems/remote"
+      require "#{entrypoint}/fetcher"
+      rubygem = Bundler.ui.silence do
+        source = Bundler::Source::Rubygems::Remote.new(Bundler::URI("https://rubygems.org"))
+        fetcher = Bundler::Fetcher.new(source)
+        index = fetcher.specs([#{name.dump}], nil)
+        index.search(Gem::Dependency.new(#{name.dump}, #{requirement.dump})).last
+      end
+      if rubygem.nil?
+        raise "Could not find #{name} (#{requirement}) on rubygems.org!\n" \
+          "Found specs:\n\#{index.send(:specs).inspect}"
+      end
+      puts "#{name} (\#{rubygem.version})"
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it "resolves dependencies correctly" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+      gem 'rails', '~> 5.0'
+      gem 'capybara', '~> 2.2.0'
+      gem 'rack-cache', '1.2.0' # last version that works on Ruby 1.9
+    G
+    bundle :lock
+    expect(lockfile).to include(rubygems_version("rails", "~> 5.0"))
+    expect(lockfile).to include("capybara (2.2.1)")
+  end
+
+  it "installs the latest version of gxapi_rails" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+      gem "sass-rails"
+      gem "rails", "~> 5"
+      gem "gxapi_rails", "< 0.1.0" # 0.1.0 was released way after the test was written
+      gem 'rack-cache', '1.2.0' # last version that works on Ruby 1.9
+    G
+    bundle :lock
+    expect(lockfile).to include("gxapi_rails (0.0.6)")
+  end
+
+  it "installs the latest version of i18n" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+      gem "i18n", "~> 0.6.0"
+      gem "activesupport", "~> 3.0"
+      gem "activerecord", "~> 3.0"
+      gem "builder", "~> 2.1.2"
+    G
+    bundle :lock
+    expect(lockfile).to include(rubygems_version("i18n", "~> 0.6.0"))
+    expect(lockfile).to include(rubygems_version("activesupport", "~> 3.0"))
+  end
+
+  it "is able to update a top-level dependency when there is a conflict on a shared transitive child" do
+    # from https://github.com/rubygems/bundler/issues/5031
+
+    system_gems "bundler-2.99.0"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+      gem 'rails', '~> 4.2.7.1'
+      gem 'paperclip', '~> 5.1.0'
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-L
+      GEM
+        remote: https://rubygems.org/
+        specs:
+          actionmailer (4.2.7.1)
+            actionpack (= 4.2.7.1)
+            actionview (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activejob (= 4.2.7.1)
+            mail (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.4)
+            rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5)
+          actionpack (4.2.7.1)
+            actionview (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activesupport (= 4.2.7.1)
+            rack (~> 1.6)
+            rack-test (~> 0.6.2)
+            rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5)
+            rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+          actionview (4.2.7.1)
+            activesupport (= 4.2.7.1)
+            builder (~> 3.1)
+            erubis (~> 2.7.0)
+            rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5)
+            rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+          activejob (4.2.7.1)
+            activesupport (= 4.2.7.1)
+            globalid (>= 0.3.0)
+          activemodel (4.2.7.1)
+            activesupport (= 4.2.7.1)
+            builder (~> 3.1)
+          activerecord (4.2.7.1)
+            activemodel (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activesupport (= 4.2.7.1)
+            arel (~> 6.0)
+          activesupport (4.2.7.1)
+            i18n (~> 0.7)
+            json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7)
+            minitest (~> 5.1)
+            thread_safe (~> 0.3, >= 0.3.4)
+            tzinfo (~> 1.1)
+          arel (6.0.3)
+          builder (3.2.2)
+          climate_control (0.0.3)
+            activesupport (>= 3.0)
+          cocaine (0.5.8)
+            climate_control (>= 0.0.3, < 1.0)
+          concurrent-ruby (1.0.2)
+          erubis (2.7.0)
+          globalid (0.3.7)
+            activesupport (>= 4.1.0)
+          i18n (0.7.0)
+          json (1.8.3)
+          loofah (2.0.3)
+            nokogiri (>= 1.5.9)
+          mail (2.6.4)
+            mime-types (>= 1.16, < 4)
+          mime-types (3.1)
+            mime-types-data (~> 3.2015)
+          mime-types-data (3.2016.0521)
+          mimemagic (0.3.2)
+          mini_portile2 (2.1.0)
+          minitest (5.9.1)
+          nokogiri (1.6.8)
+            mini_portile2 (~> 2.1.0)
+            pkg-config (~> 1.1.7)
+          paperclip (5.1.0)
+            activemodel (>= 4.2.0)
+            activesupport (>= 4.2.0)
+            cocaine (~> 0.5.5)
+            mime-types
+            mimemagic (~> 0.3.0)
+          pkg-config (1.1.7)
+          rack (1.6.4)
+          rack-test (0.6.3)
+            rack (>= 1.0)
+          rails (4.2.7.1)
+            actionmailer (= 4.2.7.1)
+            actionpack (= 4.2.7.1)
+            actionview (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activejob (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activemodel (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activerecord (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activesupport (= 4.2.7.1)
+            bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 3.0)
+            railties (= 4.2.7.1)
+            sprockets-rails
+          rails-deprecated_sanitizer (1.0.3)
+            activesupport (>= 4.2.0.alpha)
+          rails-dom-testing (1.0.7)
+            activesupport (>= 4.2.0.beta, < 5.0)
+            nokogiri (~> 1.6.0)
+            rails-deprecated_sanitizer (>= 1.0.1)
+          rails-html-sanitizer (1.0.3)
+            loofah (~> 2.0)
+          railties (4.2.7.1)
+            actionpack (= 4.2.7.1)
+            activesupport (= 4.2.7.1)
+            rake (>= 0.8.7)
+            thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0)
+          rake (11.3.0)
+          sprockets (3.7.0)
+            concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+            rack (> 1, < 3)
+          sprockets-rails (3.2.0)
+            actionpack (>= 4.0)
+            activesupport (>= 4.0)
+            sprockets (>= 3.0.0)
+          thor (0.19.1)
+          thread_safe (0.3.5)
+          tzinfo (1.2.2)
+            thread_safe (~> 0.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        paperclip (~> 5.1.0)
+        rails (~> 4.2.7.1)
+    L
+
+    bundle "lock --update paperclip", :env => { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => "2.99.0" }
+
+    expect(lockfile).to include(rubygems_version("paperclip", "~> 5.1.0"))
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a helpful error message when gems have invalid gemspecs" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G, :standalone => true, :raise_on_error => false, :env => { "BUNDLE_FORCE_RUBY_PLATFORM" => "1" }
+      source 'https://rubygems.org'
+      gem "resque-scheduler", "2.2.0"
+      gem "redis-namespace", "1.6.0" # for a consistent resolution including ruby 2.3.0
+      gem "ruby2_keywords", "0.0.5"
+    G
+    expect(err).to include("You have one or more invalid gemspecs that need to be fixed.")
+    expect(err).to include("resque-scheduler 2.2.0 has an invalid gemspec")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't hang on big gemfile" do
+    skip "Only for ruby 2.7.3" if RUBY_VERSION != "2.7.3" || RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+      ruby "2.7.3"
+
+      gem "rails"
+      gem "pg", ">= 0.18", "< 2.0"
+      gem "goldiloader"
+      gem "awesome_nested_set"
+      gem "circuitbox"
+      gem "passenger"
+      gem "globalid"
+      gem "rack-cors"
+      gem "rails-pg-extras"
+      gem "linear_regression_trend"
+      gem "rack-protection"
+      gem "pundit"
+      gem "remote_ip_proxy_scrubber"
+      gem "bcrypt"
+      gem "searchkick"
+      gem "excon"
+      gem "faraday_middleware-aws-sigv4"
+      gem "typhoeus"
+      gem "sidekiq"
+      gem "sidekiq-undertaker"
+      gem "sidekiq-cron"
+      gem "storext"
+      gem "appsignal"
+      gem "fcm"
+      gem "business_time"
+      gem "tzinfo"
+      gem "holidays"
+      gem "bigdecimal"
+      gem "progress_bar"
+      gem "redis"
+      gem "hiredis"
+      gem "state_machines"
+      gem "state_machines-audit_trail"
+      gem "state_machines-activerecord"
+      gem "interactor"
+      gem "ar_transaction_changes"
+      gem "redis-rails"
+      gem "seed_migration"
+      gem "lograge"
+      gem "graphiql-rails", group: :development
+      gem "graphql"
+      gem "pusher"
+      gem "rbnacl"
+      gem "jwt"
+      gem "json-schema"
+      gem "discard"
+      gem "money"
+      gem "strip_attributes"
+      gem "validates_email_format_of"
+      gem "audited"
+      gem "concurrent-ruby"
+      gem "with_advisory_lock"
+
+      group :test do
+        gem "rspec-sidekiq"
+        gem "simplecov", require: false
+      end
+
+      group :development, :test do
+        gem "byebug", platform: :mri
+        gem "guard"
+        gem "guard-bundler"
+        gem "guard-rspec"
+        gem "rb-fsevent"
+        gem "rspec_junit_formatter"
+        gem "rspec-collection_matchers"
+        gem "rspec-rails"
+        gem "rspec-retry"
+        gem "state_machines-rspec"
+        gem "dotenv-rails"
+        gem "database_cleaner-active_record"
+        gem "database_cleaner-redis"
+        gem "timecop"
+      end
+
+      gem "factory_bot_rails"
+      gem "faker"
+
+      group :development do
+        gem "listen"
+        gem "sql_queries_count"
+        gem "rubocop"
+        gem "rubocop-performance"
+        gem "rubocop-rspec"
+        gem "rubocop-rails"
+        gem "brakeman"
+        gem "bundler-audit"
+        gem "solargraph"
+        gem "annotate"
+      end
+    G
+
+    if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+      # Conflicts on bundler version, so fails earlier
+      bundle :lock, :env => { "DEBUG_RESOLVER" => "1" }, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(out).to display_total_steps_of(435)
+    else
+      bundle :lock, :env => { "DEBUG_RESOLVER" => "1" }
+      expect(out).to display_total_steps_of(1025)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't hang on tricky gemfile" do
+    skip "Only for ruby 2.7.3" if RUBY_VERSION != "2.7.3" || RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+      group :development do
+        gem "puppet-module-posix-default-r2.7", '~> 0.3'
+        gem "puppet-module-posix-dev-r2.7", '~> 0.3'
+        gem "beaker-rspec"
+        gem "beaker-puppet"
+        gem "beaker-docker"
+        gem "beaker-puppet_install_helper"
+        gem "beaker-module_install_helper"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :lock, :env => { "DEBUG_RESOLVER" => "1" }
+
+    if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+      expect(out).to display_total_steps_of(890)
+    else
+      expect(out).to display_total_steps_of(891)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't hang on nix gemfile" do
+    skip "Only for ruby 3.0.1" if RUBY_VERSION != "3.0.1" || RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/
+
+    gemfile <<~G
+      source "https://rubygems.org" do
+        gem "addressable"
+        gem "atk"
+        gem "awesome_print"
+        gem "bacon"
+        gem "byebug"
+        gem "cairo"
+        gem "cairo-gobject"
+        gem "camping"
+        gem "charlock_holmes"
+        gem "cld3"
+        gem "cocoapods"
+        gem "cocoapods-acknowledgements"
+        gem "cocoapods-art"
+        gem "cocoapods-bin"
+        gem "cocoapods-browser"
+        gem "cocoapods-bugsnag"
+        gem "cocoapods-check"
+        gem "cocoapods-clean"
+        gem "cocoapods-clean_build_phases_scripts"
+        gem "cocoapods-core"
+        gem "cocoapods-coverage"
+        gem "cocoapods-deintegrate"
+        gem "cocoapods-dependencies"
+        gem "cocoapods-deploy"
+        gem "cocoapods-downloader"
+        gem "cocoapods-expert-difficulty"
+        gem "cocoapods-fix-react-native"
+        gem "cocoapods-generate"
+        gem "cocoapods-git_url_rewriter"
+        gem "cocoapods-keys"
+        gem "cocoapods-no-dev-schemes"
+        gem "cocoapods-open"
+        gem "cocoapods-packager"
+        gem "cocoapods-playgrounds"
+        gem "cocoapods-plugins"
+        gem "cocoapods-prune-localizations"
+        gem "cocoapods-rome"
+        gem "cocoapods-search"
+        gem "cocoapods-sorted-search"
+        gem "cocoapods-static-swift-framework"
+        gem "cocoapods-stats"
+        gem "cocoapods-tdfire-binary"
+        gem "cocoapods-testing"
+        gem "cocoapods-trunk"
+        gem "cocoapods-try"
+        gem "cocoapods-try-release-fix"
+        gem "cocoapods-update-if-you-dare"
+        gem "cocoapods-whitelist"
+        gem "cocoapods-wholemodule"
+        gem "coderay"
+        gem "concurrent-ruby"
+        gem "curb"
+        gem "curses"
+        gem "daemons"
+        gem "dep-selector-libgecode"
+        gem "digest-sha3"
+        gem "domain_name"
+        gem "do_sqlite3"
+        gem "ethon"
+        gem "eventmachine"
+        gem "excon"
+        gem "faraday"
+        gem "ffi"
+        gem "ffi-rzmq-core"
+        gem "fog-dnsimple"
+        gem "gdk_pixbuf2"
+        gem "gio2"
+        gem "gitlab-markup"
+        gem "glib2"
+        gem "gpgme"
+        gem "gtk2"
+        gem "hashie"
+        gem "highline"
+        gem "hike"
+        gem "hitimes"
+        gem "hpricot"
+        gem "httpclient"
+        gem "http-cookie"
+        gem "iconv"
+        gem "idn-ruby"
+        gem "jbuilder"
+        gem "jekyll"
+        gem "jmespath"
+        gem "jwt"
+        gem "libv8"
+        gem "libxml-ruby"
+        gem "magic"
+        gem "markaby"
+        gem "method_source"
+        gem "mini_magick"
+        gem "msgpack"
+        gem "mysql2"
+        gem "ncursesw"
+        gem "netrc"
+        gem "net-scp"
+        gem "net-ssh"
+        gem "nokogiri"
+        gem "opus-ruby"
+        gem "ovirt-engine-sdk"
+        gem "pango"
+        gem "patron"
+        gem "pcaprub"
+        gem "pg"
+        gem "pry"
+        gem "pry-byebug"
+        gem "pry-doc"
+        gem "public_suffix"
+        gem "puma"
+        gem "rails"
+        gem "rainbow"
+        gem "rbnacl"
+        gem "rb-readline"
+        gem "re2"
+        gem "redis"
+        gem "redis-rack"
+        gem "rest-client"
+        gem "rmagick"
+        gem "rpam2"
+        gem "rspec"
+        gem "rubocop"
+        gem "rubocop-performance"
+        gem "ruby-libvirt"
+        gem "ruby-lxc"
+        gem "ruby-progressbar"
+        gem "ruby-terminfo"
+        gem "ruby-vips"
+        gem "rubyzip"
+        gem "rugged"
+        gem "sassc"
+        gem "scrypt"
+        gem "semian"
+        gem "sequel"
+        gem "sequel_pg"
+        gem "simplecov"
+        gem "sinatra"
+        gem "slop"
+        gem "snappy"
+        gem "sqlite3"
+        gem "taglib-ruby"
+        gem "thrift"
+        gem "tilt"
+        gem "tiny_tds"
+        gem "treetop"
+        gem "typhoeus"
+        gem "tzinfo"
+        gem "unf_ext"
+        gem "uuid4r"
+        gem "whois"
+        gem "zookeeper"
+      end
+    G
+
+    bundle :lock, :env => { "DEBUG_RESOLVER" => "1" }
+
+    if Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode?
+      expect(out).to display_total_steps_of(1874)
+    else
+      expect(out).to display_total_steps_of(1922)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  RSpec::Matchers.define :display_total_steps_of do |expected_steps|
+    match do |out|
+      out.include?("BUNDLER: Finished resolution (#{expected_steps} steps)")
+    end
+
+    failure_message do |out|
+      actual_steps = out.scan(/BUNDLER: Finished resolution \((\d+) steps\)/).first.first
+
+      "Expected resolution to finish in #{expected_steps} steps, but took #{actual_steps}"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/ffi_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/ffi_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..083ea38901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/ffi_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "loading dinamically linked library on a bundle exec context", :realworld => true do
+  it "passes ENV right after argv in memory" do
+    create_file "foo.rb", <<~RUBY
+      require 'ffi'
+
+      module FOO
+        extend FFI::Library
+        ffi_lib './libfoo.so'
+
+        attach_function :Hello, [], :void
+      end
+
+      FOO.Hello()
+    RUBY
+
+    create_file "libfoo.c", <<~'C'
+      #include <stdio.h>
+
+      static int foo_init(int argc, char** argv, char** envp) {
+        if (argv[argc+1] == NULL) {
+          printf("FAIL\n");
+        } else {
+          printf("OK\n");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+      }
+
+      #if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+      __attribute__((section("__DATA,__mod_init_func"), used, aligned(sizeof(void*))))
+      #else
+      __attribute__((section(".init_array")))
+      #endif
+      static void *ctr = &foo_init;
+
+      extern char** environ;
+
+      void Hello() {
+        return;
+      }
+    C
+
+    sys_exec "gcc -g -o libfoo.so -shared -fpic libfoo.c"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+      gem 'ffi'
+    G
+
+    bundle "exec ruby foo.rb"
+
+    expect(out).to eq("OK")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/.gitignore b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d392f0e82c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.jar
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/Gemfile b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/Gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fbf2d05a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/Gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+gem "demo", :path => "./demo"
+gem "jruby-jars", "~> 9.2"
+gem "warbler", "~> 2.0"
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/Gemfile.lock b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/Gemfile.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05bcb877db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/Gemfile.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+PATH
+  remote: demo
+  specs:
+    demo (1.0)
+
+GEM
+  remote: https://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    jruby-jars (9.2.16.0)
+    jruby-rack (1.1.21)
+    rake (13.0.1)
+    rubyzip (1.3.0)
+    warbler (2.0.5)
+      jruby-jars (>= 9.0.0.0)
+      jruby-rack (>= 1.1.1, < 1.3)
+      rake (>= 10.1.0)
+      rubyzip (~> 1.0, < 1.4)
+
+PLATFORMS
+  java
+  ruby
+  universal-java-11
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  demo!
+  jruby-jars (~> 9.2)
+  warbler (~> 2.0)
+
+BUNDLED WITH
+   2.3.0.dev
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/bin/warbler-example.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/bin/warbler-example.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25f614ecc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/bin/warbler-example.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+puts require "bundler/setup"
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/demo/demo.gemspec b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/demo/demo.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed5a0dc080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/fixtures/warbler/demo/demo.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name = "demo"
+  spec.version = "1.0"
+  spec.author = "Somebody"
+  spec.summary = "A demo gem"
+  spec.license = "MIT"
+  spec.homepage = "https://example.org"
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/gemfile_source_header_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/gemfile_source_header_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ada2fc92ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/gemfile_source_header_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../support/silent_logger"
+
+RSpec.describe "fetching dependencies with a mirrored source", :realworld => true do
+  let(:mirror) { "https://server.example.org" }
+  let(:original) { "http://127.0.0.1:#{@port}" }
+
+  before do
+    setup_server
+    bundle "config set --local mirror.#{mirror} #{original}"
+  end
+
+  after do
+    Artifice.deactivate
+    @t.kill
+    @t.join
+  end
+
+  it "sets the 'X-Gemfile-Source' header and bundles successfully" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{mirror}"
+      gem 'weakling'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :artifice => nil
+
+    expect(out).to include("Installing weakling")
+    expect(out).to include("Bundle complete")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "weakling 0.0.3"
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def setup_server
+    require_rack
+    @port = find_unused_port
+    @server_uri = "http://127.0.0.1:#{@port}"
+
+    require_relative "../support/artifice/endpoint_mirror_source"
+
+    @t = Thread.new do
+      Rack::Server.start(:app       => EndpointMirrorSource,
+                         :Host      => "0.0.0.0",
+                         :Port      => @port,
+                         :server    => "webrick",
+                         :AccessLog => [],
+                         :Logger    => Spec::SilentLogger.new)
+    end.run
+
+    wait_for_server("127.0.0.1", @port)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/mirror_probe_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/mirror_probe_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84d6a9c782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/mirror_probe_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../support/silent_logger"
+
+RSpec.describe "fetching dependencies with a not available mirror", :realworld => true do
+  let(:mirror) { @mirror_uri }
+  let(:original) { @server_uri }
+  let(:server_port) { @server_port }
+  let(:host) { "127.0.0.1" }
+
+  before do
+    require_rack
+    setup_server
+    setup_mirror
+  end
+
+  after do
+    Artifice.deactivate
+    @server_thread.kill
+    @server_thread.join
+  end
+
+  context "with a specific fallback timeout" do
+    before do
+      global_config("BUNDLE_MIRROR__HTTP://127__0__0__1:#{server_port}/__FALLBACK_TIMEOUT/" => "true",
+                    "BUNDLE_MIRROR__HTTP://127__0__0__1:#{server_port}/" => mirror)
+    end
+
+    it "install a gem using the original uri when the mirror is not responding" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{original}"
+        gem 'weakling'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => nil
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installing weakling")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "weakling 0.0.3"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a global fallback timeout" do
+    before do
+      global_config("BUNDLE_MIRROR__ALL__FALLBACK_TIMEOUT/" => "1",
+                    "BUNDLE_MIRROR__ALL" => mirror)
+    end
+
+    it "install a gem using the original uri when the mirror is not responding" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{original}"
+        gem 'weakling'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => nil
+
+      expect(out).to include("Installing weakling")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "weakling 0.0.3"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a specific mirror without a fallback timeout" do
+    before do
+      global_config("BUNDLE_MIRROR__HTTP://127__0__0__1:#{server_port}/" => mirror)
+    end
+
+    it "fails to install the gem with a timeout error" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{original}"
+        gem 'weakling'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => nil, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{mirror}")
+      expect(err).to include("Retrying fetcher due to error (2/4): Bundler::HTTPError Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+      expect(err).to include("Retrying fetcher due to error (3/4): Bundler::HTTPError Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+      expect(err).to include("Retrying fetcher due to error (4/4): Bundler::HTTPError Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+      expect(err).to include("Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+    end
+
+    it "prints each error and warning on a new line" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{original}"
+        gem 'weakling'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => nil, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(out).to include "Fetching source index from #{mirror}/"
+      expect(err.split("\n").count).to eq(4)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a global mirror without a fallback timeout" do
+    before do
+      global_config("BUNDLE_MIRROR__ALL" => mirror)
+    end
+
+    it "fails to install the gem with a timeout error" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{original}"
+        gem 'weakling'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :artifice => nil, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching source index from #{mirror}")
+      expect(err).to include("Retrying fetcher due to error (2/4): Bundler::HTTPError Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+      expect(err).to include("Retrying fetcher due to error (3/4): Bundler::HTTPError Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+      expect(err).to include("Retrying fetcher due to error (4/4): Bundler::HTTPError Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+      expect(err).to include("Could not fetch specs from #{mirror}/ due to underlying error <Errno::ECONNREFUSED: Failed to open TCP connection to #{host}:#{@mirror_port} (Connection refused - connect(2)")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup_server
+    @server_port = find_unused_port
+    @server_uri = "http://#{host}:#{@server_port}"
+
+    require_relative "../support/artifice/endpoint"
+
+    @server_thread = Thread.new do
+      Rack::Server.start(:app       => Endpoint,
+                         :Host      => host,
+                         :Port      => @server_port,
+                         :server    => "webrick",
+                         :AccessLog => [],
+                         :Logger    => Spec::SilentLogger.new)
+    end.run
+
+    wait_for_server(host, @server_port)
+  end
+
+  def setup_mirror
+    @mirror_port = find_unused_port
+    @mirror_uri = "http://#{host}:#{@mirror_port}"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/parallel_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/parallel_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97c0e0cab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/parallel_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "parallel", :realworld => true do
+  it "installs" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+      gem 'activesupport', '~> 3.2.13'
+      gem 'faker', '~> 1.1.2'
+      gem 'i18n', '~> 0.6.0' # Because 0.7+ requires Ruby 1.9.3+
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :jobs => 4, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+
+    expect(out).to match(/[1-3]: /)
+
+    bundle "info activesupport --path"
+    expect(out).to match(/activesupport/)
+
+    bundle "info faker --path"
+    expect(out).to match(/faker/)
+  end
+
+  it "updates" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+      gem 'activesupport', '3.2.12'
+      gem 'faker', '~> 1.1.2'
+    G
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+      gem 'activesupport', '~> 3.2.12'
+      gem 'faker', '~> 1.1.2'
+      gem 'i18n', '~> 0.6.0' # Because 0.7+ requires Ruby 1.9.3+
+    G
+
+    bundle :update, :jobs => 4, :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }, :all => true
+
+    expect(out).to match(/[1-3]: /)
+
+    bundle "info activesupport --path"
+    expect(out).to match(/activesupport-3\.2\.\d+/)
+
+    bundle "info faker --path"
+    expect(out).to match(/faker/)
+  end
+
+  it "works with --standalone" do
+    gemfile <<-G, :standalone => true
+      source "https://rubygems.org"
+      gem "diff-lcs"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :standalone => true, :jobs => 4
+
+    ruby <<-RUBY
+      $:.unshift File.expand_path("bundle")
+      require "bundler/setup"
+
+      require "diff/lcs"
+      puts Diff::LCS
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("Diff::LCS")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/realworld/slow_perf_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/realworld/slow_perf_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aced5a1641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/realworld/slow_perf_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "spec_helper"
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle install with complex dependencies", :realworld => true do
+  it "resolves quickly" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+      gem "actionmailer"
+      gem "mongoid", ">= 0.10.2"
+    G
+
+    start_time = Time.now
+
+    bundle "lock"
+
+    duration = Time.now - start_time
+
+    expect(duration.to_f).to be < 12 # seconds
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/resolver/basic_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/resolver/basic_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee62dc3577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/resolver/basic_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Resolving" do
+  before :each do
+    @index = an_awesome_index
+  end
+
+  it "resolves a single gem" do
+    dep "rack"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[rack-1.1]
+  end
+
+  it "resolves a gem with dependencies" do
+    dep "actionpack"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[actionpack-2.3.5 activesupport-2.3.5 rack-1.0]
+  end
+
+  it "resolves a conflicting index" do
+    @index = a_conflict_index
+    dep "my_app"
+    should_resolve_as %w[activemodel-3.2.11 builder-3.0.4 grape-0.2.6 my_app-1.0.0]
+  end
+
+  it "resolves a complex conflicting index" do
+    @index = a_complex_conflict_index
+    dep "my_app"
+    should_resolve_as %w[a-1.4.0 b-0.3.5 c-3.2 d-0.9.8 my_app-1.1.0]
+  end
+
+  it "resolves a index with conflict on child" do
+    @index = index_with_conflict_on_child
+    dep "chef_app"
+    should_resolve_as %w[berkshelf-2.0.7 chef-10.26 chef_app-1.0.0 json-1.7.7]
+  end
+
+  it "prefers explicitly requested dependencies when resolving an index which would otherwise be ambiguous" do
+    @index = an_ambiguous_index
+    dep "a"
+    dep "b"
+    should_resolve_as %w[a-1.0.0 b-2.0.0 c-1.0.0 d-1.0.0]
+  end
+
+  it "prefers non-prerelease resolutions in sort order" do
+    @index = optional_prereleases_index
+    dep "a"
+    dep "b"
+    should_resolve_as %w[a-1.0.0 b-1.5.0]
+  end
+
+  it "resolves a index with root level conflict on child" do
+    @index = a_index_with_root_conflict_on_child
+    dep "i18n", "~> 0.4"
+    dep "activesupport", "~> 3.0"
+    dep "activerecord", "~> 3.0"
+    dep "builder", "~> 2.1.2"
+    should_resolve_as %w[activesupport-3.0.5 i18n-0.4.2 builder-2.1.2 activerecord-3.0.5 activemodel-3.0.5]
+  end
+
+  it "resolves a gem specified with a pre-release version" do
+    dep "activesupport", "~> 3.0.0.beta"
+    dep "activemerchant"
+    should_resolve_as %w[activemerchant-2.3.5 activesupport-3.0.0.beta1]
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't select a pre-release if not specified in the Gemfile" do
+    dep "activesupport"
+    dep "reform"
+    should_resolve_as %w[reform-1.0.0 activesupport-2.3.5]
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't select a pre-release for sub-dependencies" do
+    dep "reform"
+    should_resolve_as %w[reform-1.0.0 activesupport-2.3.5]
+  end
+
+  it "selects a pre-release for sub-dependencies if it's the only option" do
+    dep "need-pre"
+    should_resolve_as %w[need-pre-1.0.0 activesupport-3.0.0.beta1]
+  end
+
+  it "selects a pre-release if it's specified in the Gemfile" do
+    dep "activesupport", "= 3.0.0.beta"
+    dep "actionpack"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[activesupport-3.0.0.beta actionpack-3.0.0.beta rack-1.1 rack-mount-0.6]
+  end
+
+  it "prefers non-pre-releases when doing conservative updates" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "mail", "2.7.0"
+      gem "mail", "2.7.1.rc1"
+      gem "RubyGems\0", Gem::VERSION
+    end
+    dep "mail"
+    @locked = locked ["mail", "2.7.0"]
+    @base = locked
+    should_conservative_resolve_and_include [:patch], [], ["mail-2.7.0"]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception if a child dependency is not resolved" do
+    @index = a_unresovable_child_index
+    dep "chef_app_error"
+    expect do
+      resolve
+    end.to raise_error(Bundler::VersionConflict)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception with the minimal set of conflicting dependencies" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      %w[0.9 1.0 2.0].each {|v| gem("a", v) }
+      gem("b", "1.0") { dep "a", ">= 2" }
+      gem("c", "1.0") { dep "a", "< 1" }
+    end
+    dep "a"
+    dep "b"
+    dep "c"
+    expect do
+      resolve
+    end.to raise_error(Bundler::VersionConflict, <<-E.strip)
+Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem "a":
+  In Gemfile:
+    b was resolved to 1.0, which depends on
+      a (>= 2)
+
+    c was resolved to 1.0, which depends on
+      a (< 1)
+    E
+  end
+
+  it "should throw error in case of circular dependencies" do
+    @index = a_circular_index
+    dep "circular_app"
+
+    expect do
+      resolve
+    end.to raise_error(Bundler::CyclicDependencyError, /please remove either gem 'bar' or gem 'foo'/i)
+  end
+
+  # Issue #3459
+  it "should install the latest possible version of a direct requirement with no constraints given" do
+    @index = a_complicated_index
+    dep "foo"
+    should_resolve_and_include %w[foo-3.0.5]
+  end
+
+  # Issue #3459
+  it "should install the latest possible version of a direct requirement with constraints given" do
+    @index = a_complicated_index
+    dep "foo", ">= 3.0.0"
+    should_resolve_and_include %w[foo-3.0.5]
+  end
+
+  it "takes into account required_ruby_version" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0" do
+        dep "bar", ">= 0"
+      end
+
+      gem "foo", "2.0.0" do |s|
+        dep "bar", ">= 0"
+        s.required_ruby_version = "~> 2.0.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "bar", "1.0.0"
+
+      gem "bar", "2.0.0" do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = "~> 2.0.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "Ruby\0", "1.8.7"
+    end
+    dep "foo"
+    dep "Ruby\0", "1.8.7"
+
+    deps = []
+    @deps.each do |d|
+      deps << Bundler::DepProxy.get_proxy(d, "ruby")
+    end
+
+    should_resolve_and_include %w[foo-1.0.0 bar-1.0.0], [[]]
+  end
+
+  context "conservative" do
+    before :each do
+      @index = build_index do
+        gem("foo", "1.3.7") { dep "bar", "~> 2.0" }
+        gem("foo", "1.3.8") { dep "bar", "~> 2.0" }
+        gem("foo", "1.4.3") { dep "bar", "~> 2.0" }
+        gem("foo", "1.4.4") { dep "bar", "~> 2.0" }
+        gem("foo", "1.4.5") { dep "bar", "~> 2.1" }
+        gem("foo", "1.5.0") { dep "bar", "~> 2.1" }
+        gem("foo", "1.5.1") { dep "bar", "~> 3.0" }
+        gem("foo", "2.0.0") { dep "bar", "~> 3.0" }
+        gem "bar", %w[2.0.3 2.0.4 2.0.5 2.1.0 2.1.1 3.0.0]
+      end
+      dep "foo"
+
+      # base represents declared dependencies in the Gemfile that are still satisfied by the lockfile
+      @base = Bundler::SpecSet.new([])
+
+      # locked represents versions in lockfile
+      @locked = locked(%w[foo 1.4.3], %w[bar 2.0.3])
+    end
+
+    it "resolves all gems to latest patch" do
+      # strict is not set, so bar goes up a minor version due to dependency from foo 1.4.5
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include :patch, [], %w[foo-1.4.5 bar-2.1.1]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves all gems to latest patch strict" do
+      # strict is set, so foo can only go up to 1.4.4 to avoid bar going up a minor version, and bar can go up to 2.0.5
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include [:patch, :strict], [], %w[foo-1.4.4 bar-2.0.5]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves foo only to latest patch - same dependency case" do
+      @locked = locked(%w[foo 1.3.7], %w[bar 2.0.3])
+      # bar is locked, and the lock holds here because the dependency on bar doesn't change on the matching foo version.
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include :patch, ["foo"], %w[foo-1.3.8 bar-2.0.3]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves foo only to latest patch - changing dependency not declared case" do
+      # foo is the only gem being requested for update, therefore bar is locked, but bar is NOT
+      # declared as a dependency in the Gemfile. In this case, locks don't apply to _changing_
+      # dependencies and since the dependency of the selected foo gem changes, the latest matching
+      # dependency of "bar", "~> 2.1" -- bar-2.1.1 -- is selected. This is not a bug and follows
+      # the long-standing documented Conservative Updating behavior of bundle install.
+      # https://bundler.io/v1.12/man/bundle-install.1.html#CONSERVATIVE-UPDATING
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include :patch, ["foo"], %w[foo-1.4.5 bar-2.1.1]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves foo only to latest patch - changing dependency declared case" do
+      # bar is locked AND a declared dependency in the Gemfile, so it will not move, and therefore
+      # foo can only move up to 1.4.4.
+      @base << build_spec("bar", "2.0.3").first
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include :patch, ["foo"], %w[foo-1.4.4 bar-2.0.3]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves foo only to latest patch strict" do
+      # adding strict helps solve the possibly unexpected behavior of bar changing in the prior test case,
+      # because no versions will be returned for bar ~> 2.1, so the engine falls back to ~> 2.0 (turn on
+      # debugging to see this happen).
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include [:patch, :strict], ["foo"], %w[foo-1.4.4 bar-2.0.3]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves bar only to latest patch" do
+      # bar is locked, so foo can only go up to 1.4.4
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include :patch, ["bar"], %w[foo-1.4.3 bar-2.0.5]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves all gems to latest minor" do
+      # strict is not set, so bar goes up a major version due to dependency from foo 1.4.5
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include :minor, [], %w[foo-1.5.1 bar-3.0.0]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves all gems to latest minor strict" do
+      # strict is set, so foo can only go up to 1.5.0 to avoid bar going up a major version
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include [:minor, :strict], [], %w[foo-1.5.0 bar-2.1.1]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves all gems to latest major" do
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include :major, [], %w[foo-2.0.0 bar-3.0.0]
+    end
+
+    it "resolves all gems to latest major strict" do
+      should_conservative_resolve_and_include [:major, :strict], [], %w[foo-2.0.0 bar-3.0.0]
+    end
+
+    # Why would this happen in real life? If bar 2.2 has a bug that the author of foo wants to bypass
+    # by reverting the dependency, the author of foo could release a new gem with an older requirement.
+    context "revert to previous" do
+      before :each do
+        @index = build_index do
+          gem("foo", "1.4.3") { dep "bar", "~> 2.2" }
+          gem("foo", "1.4.4") { dep "bar", "~> 2.1.0" }
+          gem("foo", "1.5.0") { dep "bar", "~> 2.0.0" }
+          gem "bar", %w[2.0.5 2.1.1 2.2.3]
+        end
+        dep "foo"
+
+        # base represents declared dependencies in the Gemfile that are still satisfied by the lockfile
+        @base = Bundler::SpecSet.new([])
+
+        # locked represents versions in lockfile
+        @locked = locked(%w[foo 1.4.3], %w[bar 2.2.3])
+      end
+
+      it "could revert to a previous version level patch" do
+        should_conservative_resolve_and_include :patch, [], %w[foo-1.4.4 bar-2.1.1]
+      end
+
+      it "cannot revert to a previous version in strict mode level patch" do
+        # fall back to the locked resolution since strict means we can't regress either version
+        should_conservative_resolve_and_include [:patch, :strict], [], %w[foo-1.4.3 bar-2.2.3]
+      end
+
+      it "could revert to a previous version level minor" do
+        should_conservative_resolve_and_include :minor, [], %w[foo-1.5.0 bar-2.0.5]
+      end
+
+      it "cannot revert to a previous version in strict mode level minor" do
+        # fall back to the locked resolution since strict means we can't regress either version
+        should_conservative_resolve_and_include [:minor, :strict], [], %w[foo-1.4.3 bar-2.2.3]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/resolver/platform_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/resolver/platform_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc4081f8b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/resolver/platform_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Resolving platform craziness" do
+  describe "with cross-platform gems" do
+    before :each do
+      @index = an_awesome_index
+    end
+
+    it "resolves a simple multi platform gem" do
+      dep "nokogiri"
+      platforms "ruby", "java"
+
+      should_resolve_as %w[nokogiri-1.4.2 nokogiri-1.4.2-java weakling-0.0.3]
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't pull gems that don't exist for the current platform" do
+      dep "nokogiri"
+      platforms "ruby"
+
+      should_resolve_as %w[nokogiri-1.4.2]
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't pull gems when the version is available for all requested platforms" do
+      dep "nokogiri"
+      platforms "mswin32"
+
+      should_resolve_as %w[nokogiri-1.4.2.1-x86-mswin32]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "resolves multiplatform gems with redundant platforms correctly" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "zookeeper", "1.4.11"
+      gem "zookeeper", "1.4.11", "java" do
+        dep "slyphon-log4j", "= 1.2.15"
+        dep "slyphon-zookeeper_jar", "= 3.3.5"
+      end
+      gem "slyphon-log4j", "1.2.15"
+      gem "slyphon-zookeeper_jar", "3.3.5", "java"
+    end
+
+    dep "zookeeper"
+    platforms "java", "ruby", "universal-java-11"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[zookeeper-1.4.11 zookeeper-1.4.11-java slyphon-log4j-1.2.15 slyphon-zookeeper_jar-3.3.5-java]
+  end
+
+  it "takes the latest ruby gem, even if an older platform specific version is available" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0", "x64-mingw32"
+      gem "foo", "1.1.0"
+    end
+    dep "foo"
+    platforms "x64-mingw32"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[foo-1.1.0]
+  end
+
+  it "takes the ruby version if the platform version is incompatible" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "bar", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0", "x64-mingw32" do
+        dep "bar", "< 1"
+      end
+    end
+    dep "foo"
+    platforms "x64-mingw32"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[foo-1.0.0]
+  end
+
+  it "prefers the platform specific gem to the ruby version" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0", "x64-mingw32"
+    end
+    dep "foo"
+    platforms "x64-mingw32"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[foo-1.0.0-x64-mingw32]
+  end
+
+  it "takes the latest ruby gem if the platform specific gem doesn't match the required_ruby_version" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0", "x64-mingw32"
+      gem "foo", "1.1.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.1.0", "x64-mingw32" do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = [">= 2.0", "< 2.4"]
+      end
+      gem "Ruby\0", "2.5.1"
+    end
+    dep "foo"
+    dep "Ruby\0", "2.5.1"
+    platforms "x64-mingw32"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[foo-1.1.0]
+  end
+
+  it "takes the latest ruby gem with required_ruby_version if the platform specific gem doesn't match the required_ruby_version" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0", "x64-mingw32"
+      gem "foo", "1.1.0" do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = [">= 2.0"]
+      end
+      gem "foo", "1.1.0", "x64-mingw32" do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = [">= 2.0", "< 2.4"]
+      end
+      gem "Ruby\0", "2.5.1"
+    end
+    dep "foo"
+    dep "Ruby\0", "2.5.1"
+    platforms "x64-mingw32"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[foo-1.1.0]
+  end
+
+  it "takes the latest ruby gem if the platform specific gem doesn't match the required_ruby_version with multiple platforms" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0"
+      gem "foo", "1.0.0", "x64-mingw32"
+      gem "foo", "1.1.0" do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = [">= 2.0"]
+      end
+      gem "foo", "1.1.0", "x64-mingw32" do |s|
+        s.required_ruby_version = [">= 2.0", "< 2.4"]
+      end
+      gem "Ruby\0", "2.5.1"
+    end
+    dep "foo"
+    dep "Ruby\0", "2.5.1"
+    platforms "x86_64-linux", "x64-mingw32"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[foo-1.1.0]
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't include gems not needed for none of the platforms" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+      gem "coderay", "1.1.2"
+      gem "method_source", "0.9.0"
+
+      gem "spoon", "0.0.6" do
+        dep "ffi", ">= 0"
+      end
+
+      gem "pry", "0.11.3", "java" do
+        dep "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        dep "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+        dep "spoon", "~> 0.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "pry", "0.11.3" do
+        dep "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        dep "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.23", "java"
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.23"
+    end
+
+    dep "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+    dep "pry"
+
+    platforms "ruby", "java"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[coderay-1.1.2 empyrean-0.1.0 ffi-1.9.23-java method_source-0.9.0 pry-0.11.3 pry-0.11.3-java spoon-0.0.6]
+  end
+
+  it "includes gems needed for at least one platform" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+      gem "coderay", "1.1.2"
+      gem "method_source", "0.9.0"
+
+      gem "spoon", "0.0.6" do
+        dep "ffi", ">= 0"
+      end
+
+      gem "pry", "0.11.3", "java" do
+        dep "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        dep "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+        dep "spoon", "~> 0.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "pry", "0.11.3" do
+        dep "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        dep "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.23", "java"
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.23"
+
+      gem "extra", "1.0.0" do
+        dep "ffi", ">= 0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    dep "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+    dep "pry"
+    dep "extra"
+
+    platforms "ruby", "java"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[coderay-1.1.2 empyrean-0.1.0 extra-1.0.0 ffi-1.9.23 ffi-1.9.23-java method_source-0.9.0 pry-0.11.3 pry-0.11.3-java spoon-0.0.6]
+  end
+
+  it "includes gems needed for at least one platform even when the platform specific requirement is processed earlier than the generic requirement" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+      gem "coderay", "1.1.2"
+      gem "method_source", "0.9.0"
+
+      gem "spoon", "0.0.6" do
+        dep "ffi", ">= 0"
+      end
+
+      gem "pry", "0.11.3", "java" do
+        dep "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        dep "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+        dep "spoon", "~> 0.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "pry", "0.11.3" do
+        dep "coderay", "~> 1.1.0"
+        dep "method_source", "~> 0.9.0"
+      end
+
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.23", "java"
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.23"
+
+      gem "extra", "1.0.0" do
+        dep "extra2", ">= 0"
+      end
+
+      gem "extra2", "1.0.0" do
+        dep "extra3", ">= 0"
+      end
+
+      gem "extra3", "1.0.0" do
+        dep "ffi", ">= 0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    dep "empyrean", "0.1.0"
+    dep "pry"
+    dep "extra"
+
+    platforms "ruby", "java"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[coderay-1.1.2 empyrean-0.1.0 extra-1.0.0 extra2-1.0.0 extra3-1.0.0 ffi-1.9.23 ffi-1.9.23-java method_source-0.9.0 pry-0.11.3 pry-0.11.3-java spoon-0.0.6]
+  end
+
+  it "properly adds platforms when platform requirements come from different dependencies" do
+    @index = build_index do
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.14"
+      gem "ffi", "1.9.14", "universal-mingw32"
+
+      gem "gssapi", "0.1"
+      gem "gssapi", "0.2"
+      gem "gssapi", "0.3"
+      gem "gssapi", "1.2.0" do
+        dep "ffi", ">= 1.0.1"
+      end
+
+      gem "mixlib-shellout", "2.2.6"
+      gem "mixlib-shellout", "2.2.6", "universal-mingw32" do
+        dep "win32-process", "~> 0.8.2"
+      end
+
+      # we need all these versions to get the sorting the same as it would be
+      # pulling from rubygems.org
+      %w[0.8.3 0.8.2 0.8.1 0.8.0].each do |v|
+        gem "win32-process", v do
+          dep "ffi", ">= 1.0.0"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    dep "mixlib-shellout"
+    dep "gssapi"
+
+    platforms "universal-mingw32", "ruby"
+
+    should_resolve_as %w[ffi-1.9.14 ffi-1.9.14-universal-mingw32 gssapi-1.2.0 mixlib-shellout-2.2.6 mixlib-shellout-2.2.6-universal-mingw32 win32-process-0.8.3]
+  end
+
+  describe "with mingw32" do
+    before :each do
+      @index = build_index do
+        platforms "mingw32 mswin32 x64-mingw32" do |platform|
+          gem "thin", "1.2.7", platform
+        end
+        gem "win32-api", "1.5.1", "universal-mingw32"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "finds mswin gems" do
+      # win32 is hardcoded to get CPU x86 in rubygems
+      platforms "mswin32"
+      dep "thin"
+      should_resolve_as %w[thin-1.2.7-x86-mswin32]
+    end
+
+    it "finds mingw gems" do
+      # mingw is _not_ hardcoded to add CPU x86 in rubygems
+      platforms "x86-mingw32"
+      dep "thin"
+      should_resolve_as %w[thin-1.2.7-mingw32]
+    end
+
+    it "finds x64-mingw gems" do
+      platforms "x64-mingw32"
+      dep "thin"
+      should_resolve_as %w[thin-1.2.7-x64-mingw32]
+    end
+
+    it "finds universal-mingw gems on x86-mingw" do
+      platform "x86-mingw32"
+      dep "win32-api"
+      should_resolve_as %w[win32-api-1.5.1-universal-mingw32]
+    end
+
+    it "finds universal-mingw gems on x64-mingw" do
+      platform "x64-mingw32"
+      dep "win32-api"
+      should_resolve_as %w[win32-api-1.5.1-universal-mingw32]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with conflicting cases" do
+    before :each do
+      @index = build_index do
+        gem "foo", "1.0.0" do
+          dep "bar", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        gem "bar", "1.0.0" do
+          dep "baz", "~> 1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gem "bar", "1.0.0", "java" do
+          dep "baz", " ~> 1.1.0"
+        end
+
+        gem "baz", %w[1.0.0 1.1.0 1.2.0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "takes the ruby version as fallback" do
+      platforms "ruby", "java"
+      dep "foo"
+
+      should_resolve_as %w[bar-1.0.0 baz-1.0.0 foo-1.0.0]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/executable_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/executable_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a11f547648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/executable_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Running bin/* commands" do
+  before :each do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "runs the bundled command when in the bundle" do
+    bundle "binstubs rack"
+
+    build_gem "rack", "2.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+      s.executables = "rackup"
+    end
+
+    gembin "rackup"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "allows the location of the gem stubs to be specified" do
+    bundle "binstubs rack", :path => "gbin"
+
+    expect(bundled_app("bin")).not_to exist
+    expect(bundled_app("gbin/rackup")).to exist
+
+    gembin bundled_app("gbin/rackup")
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "allows absolute paths as a specification of where to install bin stubs" do
+    bundle "binstubs rack", :path => tmp("bin")
+
+    gembin tmp("bin/rackup")
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "uses the default ruby install name when shebang is not specified" do
+    bundle "binstubs rack"
+    expect(File.readlines(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).first).to eq("#!/usr/bin/env #{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"]}\n")
+  end
+
+  it "allows the name of the shebang executable to be specified" do
+    bundle "binstubs rack", :shebang => "ruby-foo"
+    expect(File.readlines(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).first).to eq("#!/usr/bin/env ruby-foo\n")
+  end
+
+  it "runs the bundled command when out of the bundle" do
+    bundle "binstubs rack"
+
+    build_gem "rack", "2.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+      s.executables = "rackup"
+    end
+
+    gembin "rackup", :dir => tmp
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+  end
+
+  it "works with gems in path" do
+    build_lib "rack", :path => lib_path("rack") do |s|
+      s.executables = "rackup"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", :path => "#{lib_path("rack")}"
+    G
+
+    bundle "binstubs rack"
+
+    build_gem "rack", "2.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+      s.executables = "rackup"
+    end
+
+    gembin "rackup"
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+  end
+
+  it "creates a bundle binstub" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "bundler"
+    G
+
+    bundle "binstubs bundler"
+
+    expect(bundled_app("bin/bundle")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "does not generate bin stubs if the option was not specified" do
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  it "allows you to stop installing binstubs", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    skip "delete permission error" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    bundle "install --binstubs bin/"
+    bundled_app("bin/rackup").rmtree
+    bundle "install --binstubs \"\""
+
+    expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).not_to exist
+
+    bundle "config bin"
+    expect(out).to include("You have not configured a value for `bin`")
+  end
+
+  it "remembers that the option was specified", :bundler => "< 3" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "activesupport"
+    G
+
+    bundle :install, :binstubs => "bin"
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "activesupport"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup")).to exist
+  end
+
+  it "rewrites bins on binstubs (to maintain backwards compatibility)" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    create_file("bin/rackup", "OMG")
+
+    bundle "binstubs rack"
+
+    expect(bundled_app("bin/rackup").read).to_not eq("OMG")
+  end
+
+  it "use BUNDLE_GEMFILE gemfile for binstub" do
+    # context with bin/bundler w/ default Gemfile
+    bundle "binstubs bundler"
+
+    # generate other Gemfile with executable gem
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem("bindir") {|s| s.executables = "foo" }
+    end
+
+    create_file("OtherGemfile", <<-G)
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem 'bindir'
+    G
+
+    # generate binstub for executable from non default Gemfile (other then bin/bundler version)
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "OtherGemfile"
+    bundle "install"
+    bundle "binstubs bindir"
+
+    # remove user settings
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = nil
+
+    # run binstub for non default Gemfile
+    gembin "foo"
+
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/gem_tasks_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/gem_tasks_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0ef0cc144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/gem_tasks_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "require 'bundler/gem_tasks'" do
+  before :each do
+    bundled_app("foo.gemspec").open("w") do |f|
+      f.write <<-GEMSPEC
+        Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+          s.name = "foo"
+          s.version = "1.0"
+          s.summary = "dummy"
+          s.author = "Perry Mason"
+        end
+      GEMSPEC
+    end
+
+    bundled_app("Rakefile").open("w") do |f|
+      f.write <<-RAKEFILE
+        require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+      RAKEFILE
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      gem "rake"
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "includes the relevant tasks" do
+    with_gem_path_as(base_system_gems.to_s) do
+      sys_exec "#{rake} -T", :env => { "GEM_HOME" => system_gem_path.to_s }
+    end
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+    expected_tasks = [
+      "rake build",
+      "rake clean",
+      "rake clobber",
+      "rake install",
+      "rake release[remote]",
+    ]
+    tasks = out.lines.to_a.map {|s| s.split("#").first.strip }
+    expect(tasks & expected_tasks).to eq(expected_tasks)
+  end
+
+  it "defines a working `rake install` task", :ruby_repo do
+    with_gem_path_as(base_system_gems.to_s) do
+      sys_exec "#{rake} install", :env => { "GEM_HOME" => system_gem_path.to_s }
+    end
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+
+    bundle "exec rake install"
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  context "rake build when path has spaces", :ruby_repo do
+    before do
+      spaced_bundled_app = tmp.join("bundled app")
+      FileUtils.cp_r bundled_app, spaced_bundled_app
+      bundle "exec rake build", :dir => spaced_bundled_app
+    end
+
+    it "still runs successfully" do
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "rake build when path has brackets", :ruby_repo do
+    before do
+      bracketed_bundled_app = tmp.join("bundled[app")
+      FileUtils.cp_r bundled_app, bracketed_bundled_app
+      bundle "exec rake build", :dir => bracketed_bundled_app
+    end
+
+    it "still runs successfully" do
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "bundle path configured locally" do
+    before do
+      bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    end
+
+    it "works", :ruby_repo do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "rake"
+      G
+
+      bundle "exec rake -T"
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "adds 'pkg' to rake/clean's CLOBBER" do
+    with_gem_path_as(base_system_gems.to_s) do
+      sys_exec %(#{rake} -e 'load "Rakefile"; puts CLOBBER.inspect'), :env => { "GEM_HOME" => system_gem_path.to_s }
+    end
+    expect(out).to eq '["pkg"]'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/inline_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/inline_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b5ede41ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/inline_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundler/inline#gemfile" do
+  def script(code, options = {})
+    requires = ["#{entrypoint}/inline"]
+    requires.unshift "#{spec_dir}/support/artifice/" + options.delete(:artifice) if options.key?(:artifice)
+    requires = requires.map {|r| "require '#{r}'" }.join("\n")
+    ruby("#{requires}\n\n" + code, options)
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    build_lib "one", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/baz.rb", "puts 'baz'"
+      s.write "lib/qux.rb", "puts 'qux'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "two", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/two.rb", "puts 'two'"
+      s.add_dependency "three", "= 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "three", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/three.rb", "puts 'three'"
+      s.add_dependency "seven", "= 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "four", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/four.rb", "puts 'four'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "five", "1.0.0", :no_default => true do |s|
+      s.write "lib/mofive.rb", "puts 'five'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "six", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/six.rb", "puts 'six'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "seven", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/seven.rb", "puts 'seven'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "eight", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/eight.rb", "puts 'eight'"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "requires the gems" do
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "two"
+        end
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("two")
+
+    script <<-RUBY, :raise_on_error => false
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "eleven"
+        end
+      end
+
+      puts "success"
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(err).to include "Could not find gem 'eleven'"
+    expect(out).not_to include "success"
+
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile(true) do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to include("Rack's post install message")
+
+    script <<-RUBY, :artifice => "endpoint"
+      gemfile(true) do
+        source "https://notaserver.com"
+        gem "activesupport", :require => true
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to include("Installing activesupport")
+    err_lines = err.split("\n")
+    err_lines.reject!{|line| line =~ /\.rb:\d+: warning: / } unless RUBY_VERSION < "2.7"
+    expect(err_lines).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "lets me use my own ui object" do
+    script <<-RUBY, :artifice => "endpoint"
+      require '#{entrypoint}'
+      class MyBundlerUI < Bundler::UI::Silent
+        def confirm(msg, newline = nil)
+          puts "CONFIRMED!"
+        end
+      end
+      gemfile(true, :ui => MyBundlerUI.new) do
+        source "https://notaserver.com"
+        gem "activesupport", :require => true
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("CONFIRMED!\nCONFIRMED!")
+  end
+
+  it "has an option for quiet installation" do
+    script <<-RUBY, :artifice => "endpoint"
+      require '#{entrypoint}/inline'
+
+      gemfile(true, :quiet => true) do
+        source "https://notaserver.com"
+        gem "activesupport", :require => true
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception if passed unknown arguments" do
+    script <<-RUBY, :raise_on_error => false
+      gemfile(true, :arglebargle => true) do
+        path "#{lib_path}"
+        gem "two"
+      end
+
+      puts "success"
+    RUBY
+    expect(err).to include "Unknown options: arglebargle"
+    expect(out).not_to include "success"
+  end
+
+  it "does not mutate the option argument" do
+    script <<-RUBY
+      require '#{entrypoint}'
+      options = { :ui => Bundler::UI::Shell.new }
+      gemfile(false, options) do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "two"
+        end
+      end
+      puts "OKAY" if options.key?(:ui)
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to match("OKAY")
+  end
+
+  it "installs quietly if necessary when the install option is not set" do
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      puts RACK
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "installs quietly from git if necessary when the install option is not set" do
+    build_git "foo", "1.0.0"
+    baz_ref = build_git("baz", "2.0.0").ref_for("HEAD")
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => #{lib_path("foo-1.0.0").to_s.dump}
+        gem "baz", :git => #{lib_path("baz-2.0.0").to_s.dump}, :ref => #{baz_ref.dump}
+      end
+
+      puts FOO
+      puts BAZ
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0\n2.0.0")
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "allows calling gemfile twice" do
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "two"
+        end
+      end
+
+      gemfile do
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "four"
+        end
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("two\nfour")
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "installs inline gems when a Gemfile.lock is present" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://notaserver.com"
+      gem "rake"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: https://rubygems.org/
+        specs:
+          rake (11.3.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rake
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    G
+
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      puts RACK
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "installs inline gems when frozen is set" do
+    script <<-RUBY, :env => { "BUNDLE_FROZEN" => "true" }
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      puts RACK
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(last_command.stderr).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "installs inline gems when deployment is set" do
+    script <<-RUBY, :env => { "BUNDLE_DEPLOYMENT" => "true" }
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      puts RACK
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(last_command.stderr).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "installs inline gems when BUNDLE_GEMFILE is set to an empty string" do
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = ""
+
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      puts RACK
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "installs inline gems when BUNDLE_BIN is set" do
+    ENV["BUNDLE_BIN"] = "/usr/local/bundle/bin"
+
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack" # has the rackup executable
+      end
+
+      puts RACK
+    RUBY
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+    expect(out).to eq "1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  context "when BUNDLE_PATH is set" do
+    it "installs inline gems to the system path regardless" do
+      script <<-RUBY, :env => { "BUNDLE_PATH" => "./vendor/inline" }
+        gemfile(true) do
+          source "file://#{gem_repo1}"
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      RUBY
+      expect(last_command).to be_success
+      expect(system_gem_path("gems/rack-1.0.0")).to exist
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "skips platform warnings" do
+    simulate_platform "ruby"
+
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile(true) do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", platform: :jruby
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "preserves previous BUNDLE_GEMFILE value" do
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = ""
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      puts "BUNDLE_GEMFILE is empty" if ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"].empty?
+      system("#{Gem.ruby} -w -e '42'") # this should see original value of BUNDLE_GEMFILE
+      exit $?.exitstatus
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+    expect(out).to include("BUNDLE_GEMFILE is empty")
+  end
+
+  it "resets BUNDLE_GEMFILE to the empty string if it wasn't set previously" do
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = nil
+    script <<-RUBY
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      end
+
+      puts "BUNDLE_GEMFILE is empty" if ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"].empty?
+      system("#{Gem.ruby} -w -e '42'") # this should see original value of BUNDLE_GEMFILE
+      exit $?.exitstatus
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(last_command).to be_success
+    expect(out).to include("BUNDLE_GEMFILE is empty")
+  end
+
+  it "does not error out if library requires optional dependencies" do
+    Dir.mkdir tmp("path_without_gemfile")
+
+    foo_code = <<~RUBY
+      begin
+        gem "bar"
+      rescue LoadError
+      end
+
+      puts "WIN"
+    RUBY
+
+    build_lib "foo", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/foo.rb", foo_code
+    end
+
+    script <<-RUBY, :dir => tmp("path_without_gemfile")
+      gemfile do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "foo", require: false
+        end
+      end
+
+      require "foo"
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "when requiring fileutils after does not show redefinition warnings" do
+    dependency_installer_loads_fileutils = ruby "require 'rubygems/dependency_installer'; puts $LOADED_FEATURES.grep(/fileutils/)", :raise_on_error => false
+    skip "does not work if rubygems/dependency_installer loads fileutils, which happens until rubygems 3.2.0" unless dependency_installer_loads_fileutils.empty?
+
+    skip "pathname does not install cleanly on this ruby" if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7.0"
+
+    Dir.mkdir tmp("path_without_gemfile")
+
+    default_fileutils_version = ruby "gem 'fileutils', '< 999999'; require 'fileutils'; puts FileUtils::VERSION", :raise_on_error => false
+    skip "fileutils isn't a default gem" if default_fileutils_version.empty?
+
+    realworld_system_gems "fileutils --version 1.4.1"
+
+    realworld_system_gems "pathname --version 0.2.0"
+
+    realworld_system_gems "fiddle" # not sure why, but this is needed on Windows to boot rubygems successfully
+
+    realworld_system_gems "timeout uri" # this spec uses net/http which requires these default gems
+
+    script <<-RUBY, :dir => tmp("path_without_gemfile"), :env => { "BUNDLER_GEM_DEFAULT_DIR" => system_gem_path.to_s }
+      require "bundler/inline"
+
+      gemfile(true) do
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      end
+
+      require "fileutils"
+    RUBY
+
+    expect(err).to eq("The Gemfile specifies no dependencies")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/load_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/load_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96a22a46cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/load_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler.load" do
+  describe "with a gemfile" do
+    before(:each) do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:pwd).and_return(bundled_app)
+    end
+
+    it "provides a list of the env dependencies" do
+      expect(Bundler.load.dependencies).to have_dep("rack", ">= 0")
+    end
+
+    it "provides a list of the resolved gems" do
+      expect(Bundler.load.gems).to have_gem("rack-1.0.0", "bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+
+    it "ignores blank BUNDLE_GEMFILEs" do
+      expect do
+        ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = ""
+        Bundler.load
+      end.not_to raise_error
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with a gems.rb file" do
+    before(:each) do
+      create_file "gems.rb", <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      bundle :install
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:pwd).and_return(bundled_app)
+    end
+
+    it "provides a list of the env dependencies" do
+      expect(Bundler.load.dependencies).to have_dep("rack", ">= 0")
+    end
+
+    it "provides a list of the resolved gems" do
+      expect(Bundler.load.gems).to have_gem("rack-1.0.0", "bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "without a gemfile" do
+    it "raises an exception if the default gemfile is not found" do
+      expect do
+        Bundler.load
+      end.to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileNotFound, /could not locate gemfile/i)
+    end
+
+    it "raises an exception if a specified gemfile is not found" do
+      expect do
+        ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "omg.rb"
+        Bundler.load
+      end.to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileNotFound, /omg\.rb/)
+    end
+
+    it "does not find a Gemfile above the testing directory" do
+      bundler_gemfile = Pathname.new(__dir__).join("../../Gemfile")
+      unless File.exist?(bundler_gemfile)
+        FileUtils.touch(bundler_gemfile)
+        @remove_bundler_gemfile = true
+      end
+      begin
+        expect { Bundler.load }.to raise_error(Bundler::GemfileNotFound)
+      ensure
+        bundler_gemfile.rmtree if @remove_bundler_gemfile
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when called twice" do
+    it "doesn't try to load the runtime twice" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+        gem "activesupport", :group => :test
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require "#{entrypoint}"
+        Bundler.setup :default
+        Bundler.require :default
+        puts RACK
+        begin
+          require "activesupport"
+        rescue LoadError
+          puts "no activesupport"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out.split("\n")).to eq(["1.0.0", "no activesupport"])
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "not hurting brittle rubygems" do
+    it "does not inject #source into the generated YAML of the gem specs" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activerecord"
+      G
+      allow(Bundler::SharedHelpers).to receive(:find_gemfile).and_return(bundled_app_gemfile)
+      Bundler.load.specs.each do |spec|
+        expect(spec.to_yaml).not_to match(/^\s+source:/)
+        expect(spec.to_yaml).not_to match(/^\s+groups:/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/platform_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/platform_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..433396d106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/platform_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler.setup with multi platform stuff" do
+  it "raises a friendly error when gems are missing locally" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          rack (1.0)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{local_tag}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        rack
+    G
+
+    ruby <<-R
+      begin
+        require '#{entrypoint}'
+        Bundler.ui.silence { Bundler.setup }
+      rescue Bundler::GemNotFound => e
+        puts "WIN"
+      end
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "will resolve correctly on the current platform when the lockfile was targeted for a different one" do
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          nokogiri (1.4.2-java)
+            weakling (= 0.0.3)
+          weakling (0.0.3)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        nokogiri
+    G
+
+    simulate_platform "x86-darwin-10"
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "will keep both platforms when both ruby and a specific ruby platform are locked and the bundle is unlocked" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.1" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "mini_portile2", "~> 2.5.0"
+        s.add_dependency "racc", "~> 1.5.2"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.1" do |s|
+        s.platform = Bundler.local_platform
+        s.add_dependency "racc", "~> 1.4"
+      end
+
+      build_gem "mini_portile2", "2.5.0"
+      build_gem "racc", "1.5.2"
+    end
+
+    good_lockfile = <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}/
+        specs:
+          mini_portile2 (2.5.0)
+          nokogiri (1.11.1)
+            mini_portile2 (~> 2.5.0)
+            racc (~> 1.5.2)
+          nokogiri (1.11.1-#{Bundler.local_platform})
+            racc (~> 1.4)
+          racc (1.5.2)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        #{lockfile_platforms_for(["ruby"] + local_platforms)}
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        nokogiri (~> 1.11)
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+      gem "nokogiri", "~> 1.11"
+    G
+
+    lockfile good_lockfile
+
+    bundle "update nokogiri"
+
+    expect(lockfile).to eq(good_lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "will not try to install platform specific gems when they don't match the current ruby if locked only to ruby" do
+    build_repo4 do
+      build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.1"
+
+      build_gem "nokogiri", "1.11.1" do |s|
+        s.platform = Bundler.local_platform
+        s.required_ruby_version = "< #{Gem.ruby_version}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "https://gems.repo4"
+      gem "nokogiri"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<~L
+      GEM
+        remote: https://gems.repo4/
+        specs:
+          nokogiri (1.11.1)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        nokogiri
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+         #{Bundler::VERSION}
+    L
+
+    bundle "install", :artifice => "compact_index", :env => { "BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO" => gem_repo4.to_s }
+
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching nokogiri 1.11.1")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.11.1"
+    expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "nokogiri 1.11.1 #{Bundler.local_platform}"
+  end
+
+  it "will use the java platform if both generic java and generic ruby platforms are locked", :jruby do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri"
+    G
+
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          nokogiri (1.4.2)
+          nokogiri (1.4.2-java)
+            weakling (>= 0.0.3)
+          weakling (0.0.3)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+        ruby
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        nokogiri
+
+      BUNDLED WITH
+        2.1.4
+    G
+
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(out).to include("Fetching nokogiri 1.4.2 (java)")
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2 JAVA"
+  end
+
+  it "will add the resolve for the current platform" do
+    lockfile <<-G
+      GEM
+        remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+        specs:
+          nokogiri (1.4.2-java)
+            weakling (= 0.0.3)
+          weakling (0.0.3)
+
+      PLATFORMS
+        java
+
+      DEPENDENCIES
+        nokogiri
+    G
+
+    simulate_platform "x86-darwin-100"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri"
+      gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2", "platform_specific 1.0 x86-darwin-100"
+  end
+
+  it "allows specifying only-ruby-platform on jruby", :jruby do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri"
+      gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2", "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+  end
+
+  it "allows specifying only-ruby-platform" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "nokogiri"
+      gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+    bundle "install"
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "nokogiri 1.4.2", "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't pull platform specific gems on truffleruby", :truffleruby do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+     source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+     gem "platform_specific"
+    G
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+  end
+
+  it "allows specifying only-ruby-platform on windows with dependency platforms" do
+    simulate_windows do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "nokogiri", :platforms => [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
+        gem "platform_specific"
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "platform_specific 1.0 RUBY"
+      expect(the_bundle).to not_include_gems "nokogiri"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "allows specifying only-ruby-platform on windows with gemspec dependency" do
+    build_lib("foo", "1.0", :path => bundled_app) do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "rack"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gemspec
+    G
+    bundle :lock
+
+    simulate_windows do
+      bundle "config set force_ruby_platform true"
+      bundle "install"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "recovers when the lockfile is missing a platform-specific gem" do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "requires_platform_specific" do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "platform_specific"
+      end
+    end
+    simulate_windows x64_mingw do
+      lockfile <<-L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+            platform_specific (1.0-x86-mingw32)
+            requires_platform_specific (1.0)
+              platform_specific
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          x64-mingw32
+          x86-mingw32
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          requires_platform_specific
+      L
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G, :verbose => true
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem "requires_platform_specific"
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gem "platform_specific 1.0 x64-mingw32"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/require_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/require_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d91b5f8666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/require_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler.require" do
+  before :each do
+    build_lib "one", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/baz.rb", "puts 'baz'"
+      s.write "lib/qux.rb", "puts 'qux'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "two", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/two.rb", "puts 'two'"
+      s.add_dependency "three", "= 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "three", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/three.rb", "puts 'three'"
+      s.add_dependency "seven", "= 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "four", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/four.rb", "puts 'four'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "five", "1.0.0", :no_default => true do |s|
+      s.write "lib/mofive.rb", "puts 'five'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "six", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/six.rb", "puts 'six'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "seven", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/seven.rb", "puts 'seven'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "eight", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/eight.rb", "puts 'eight'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "nine", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/nine.rb", "puts 'nine'"
+    end
+
+    build_lib "ten", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/ten.rb", "puts 'ten'"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "#{lib_path}" do
+        gem "one", :group => :bar, :require => %w[baz qux]
+        gem "two"
+        gem "three", :group => :not
+        gem "four", :require => false
+        gem "five"
+        gem "six", :group => "string"
+        gem "seven", :group => :not
+        gem "eight", :require => true, :group => :require_true
+        env "BUNDLER_TEST" => "nine" do
+          gem "nine", :require => true
+        end
+        gem "ten", :install_if => lambda { ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] == "ten" }
+      end
+    G
+  end
+
+  it "requires the gems" do
+    # default group
+    run "Bundler.require"
+    expect(out).to eq("two")
+
+    # specific group
+    run "Bundler.require(:bar)"
+    expect(out).to eq("baz\nqux")
+
+    # default and specific group
+    run "Bundler.require(:default, :bar)"
+    expect(out).to eq("baz\nqux\ntwo")
+
+    # specific group given as a string
+    run "Bundler.require('bar')"
+    expect(out).to eq("baz\nqux")
+
+    # specific group declared as a string
+    run "Bundler.require(:string)"
+    expect(out).to eq("six")
+
+    # required in resolver order instead of gemfile order
+    run("Bundler.require(:not)")
+    expect(out.split("\n").sort).to eq(%w[seven three])
+
+    # test require: true
+    run "Bundler.require(:require_true)"
+    expect(out).to eq("eight")
+  end
+
+  it "allows requiring gems with non standard names explicitly" do
+    run "Bundler.require ; require 'mofive'"
+    expect(out).to eq("two\nfive")
+  end
+
+  it "allows requiring gems which are scoped by env" do
+    ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "nine"
+    run "Bundler.require"
+    expect(out).to eq("two\nnine")
+  end
+
+  it "allows requiring gems which are scoped by install_if" do
+    ENV["BUNDLER_TEST"] = "ten"
+    run "Bundler.require"
+    expect(out).to eq("two\nten")
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception if a require is specified but the file does not exist" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "#{lib_path}" do
+        gem "two", :require => 'fail'
+      end
+    G
+
+    load_error_run <<-R, "fail"
+      Bundler.require
+    R
+
+    expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+  end
+
+  it "displays a helpful message if the required gem throws an error" do
+    build_lib "faulty", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/faulty.rb", "raise RuntimeError.new(\"Gem Internal Error Message\")"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "#{lib_path}" do
+        gem "faulty"
+      end
+    G
+
+    run "Bundler.require", :raise_on_error => false
+    expect(err).to match("error while trying to load the gem 'faulty'")
+    expect(err).to match("Gem Internal Error Message")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't swallow the error when the library has an unrelated error" do
+    build_lib "loadfuuu", "1.0.0" do |s|
+      s.write "lib/loadfuuu.rb", "raise LoadError.new(\"cannot load such file -- load-bar\")"
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      path "#{lib_path}" do
+        gem "loadfuuu"
+      end
+    G
+
+    cmd = <<-RUBY
+      begin
+        Bundler.require
+      rescue LoadError => e
+        warn "ZOMG LOAD ERROR: \#{e.message}"
+      end
+    RUBY
+    run(cmd)
+
+    expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR: cannot load such file -- load-bar")
+  end
+
+  describe "with namespaced gems" do
+    before :each do
+      build_lib "jquery-rails", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/jquery/rails.rb", "puts 'jquery/rails'"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "requires gem names that are namespaced" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path '#{lib_path}' do
+          gem 'jquery-rails'
+        end
+      G
+
+      run "Bundler.require"
+      expect(out).to eq("jquery/rails")
+    end
+
+    it "silently passes if the require fails" do
+      build_lib "bcrypt-ruby", "1.0.0", :no_default => true do |s|
+        s.write "lib/brcrypt.rb", "BCrypt = '1.0.0'"
+      end
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "bcrypt-ruby"
+        end
+      G
+
+      cmd = <<-RUBY
+        require '#{entrypoint}'
+        Bundler.require
+      RUBY
+      ruby(cmd)
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "does not mangle explicitly given requires" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem 'jquery-rails', :require => 'jquery-rails'
+        end
+      G
+
+      load_error_run <<-R, "jquery-rails"
+        Bundler.require
+      R
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+
+    it "handles the case where regex fails" do
+      build_lib "load-fuuu", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/load-fuuu.rb", "raise LoadError.new(\"Could not open library 'libfuuu-1.0': libfuuu-1.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory.\")"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "load-fuuu"
+        end
+      G
+
+      cmd = <<-RUBY
+        begin
+          Bundler.require
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          warn "ZOMG LOAD ERROR" if e.message.include?("Could not open library 'libfuuu-1.0'")
+        end
+      RUBY
+      run(cmd)
+
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't swallow the error when the library has an unrelated error" do
+      build_lib "load-fuuu", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/load/fuuu.rb", "raise LoadError.new(\"cannot load such file -- load-bar\")"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "load-fuuu"
+        end
+      G
+
+      cmd = <<-RUBY
+        begin
+          Bundler.require
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          warn "ZOMG LOAD ERROR: \#{e.message}"
+        end
+      RUBY
+      run(cmd)
+
+      expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR: cannot load such file -- load-bar")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "using bundle exec" do
+    it "requires the locked gems" do
+      bundle "exec ruby -e 'Bundler.require'"
+      expect(out).to eq("two")
+
+      bundle "exec ruby -e 'Bundler.require(:bar)'"
+      expect(out).to eq("baz\nqux")
+
+      bundle "exec ruby -e 'Bundler.require(:default, :bar)'"
+      expect(out).to eq("baz\nqux\ntwo")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "order" do
+    before(:each) do
+      build_lib "one", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/one.rb", <<-ONE
+          if defined?(Two)
+            Two.two
+          else
+            puts "two_not_loaded"
+          end
+          puts 'one'
+        ONE
+      end
+
+      build_lib "two", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/two.rb", <<-TWO
+          module Two
+            def self.two
+              puts 'module_two'
+            end
+          end
+          puts 'two'
+        TWO
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "works when the gems are in the Gemfile in the correct order" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "two"
+          gem "one"
+        end
+      G
+
+      run "Bundler.require"
+      expect(out).to eq("two\nmodule_two\none")
+    end
+
+    describe "a gem with different requires for different envs" do
+      before(:each) do
+        build_gem "multi_gem", :to_bundle => true do |s|
+          s.write "lib/one.rb", "puts 'ONE'"
+          s.write "lib/two.rb", "puts 'TWO'"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "multi_gem", :require => "one", :group => :one
+          gem "multi_gem", :require => "two", :group => :two
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "requires both with Bundler.require(both)" do
+        run "Bundler.require(:one, :two)"
+        expect(out).to eq("ONE\nTWO")
+      end
+
+      it "requires one with Bundler.require(:one)" do
+        run "Bundler.require(:one)"
+        expect(out).to eq("ONE")
+      end
+
+      it "requires :two with Bundler.require(:two)" do
+        run "Bundler.require(:two)"
+        expect(out).to eq("TWO")
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "fails when the gems are in the Gemfile in the wrong order" do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path}" do
+          gem "one"
+          gem "two"
+        end
+      G
+
+      run "Bundler.require"
+      expect(out).to eq("two_not_loaded\none\ntwo")
+    end
+
+    describe "with busted gems" do
+      it "should be busted" do
+        build_gem "busted_require", :to_bundle => true do |s|
+          s.write "lib/busted_require.rb", "require 'no_such_file_omg'"
+        end
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "busted_require"
+        G
+
+        load_error_run <<-R, "no_such_file_omg"
+          Bundler.require
+        R
+        expect(err_without_deprecations).to eq("ZOMG LOAD ERROR")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "does not load rubygems gemspecs that are used" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    run <<-R
+      path = File.join(Gem.dir, "specifications", "rack-1.0.0.gemspec")
+      contents = File.read(path)
+      contents = contents.lines.to_a.insert(-2, "\n  raise 'broken gemspec'\n").join
+      File.open(path, "w") do |f|
+        f.write contents
+      end
+    R
+
+    run <<-R
+      Bundler.require
+      puts "WIN"
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "does not load git gemspecs that are used" do
+    build_git "foo"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    run <<-R
+      path = Gem.loaded_specs["foo"].loaded_from
+      contents = File.read(path)
+      contents = contents.lines.to_a.insert(-2, "\n  raise 'broken gemspec'\n").join
+      File.open(path, "w") do |f|
+        f.write contents
+      end
+    R
+
+    run <<-R
+      Bundler.require
+      puts "WIN"
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler.require with platform specific dependencies" do
+  it "does not require the gems that are pinned to other platforms" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      platforms :#{not_local_tag} do
+        gem "platform_specific", :require => "omgomg"
+      end
+
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+
+    run "Bundler.require"
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "requires gems pinned to multiple platforms, including the current one" do
+    skip "platform issues" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+      platforms :#{not_local_tag}, :#{local_tag} do
+        gem "rack", :require => "rack"
+      end
+    G
+
+    run "Bundler.require; puts RACK"
+
+    expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/setup_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/setup_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35873dcaa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/setup_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1538 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "tmpdir"
+require "tempfile"
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler.setup" do
+  describe "with no arguments" do
+    it "makes all groups available" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :group => :test
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup
+
+        require 'rack'
+        puts RACK
+      RUBY
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when called with groups" do
+    before(:each) do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack", :group => :test
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't make all groups available" do
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup(:default)
+
+        begin
+          require 'rack'
+        rescue LoadError
+          puts "WIN"
+        end
+      RUBY
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "accepts string for group name" do
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup(:default, 'test')
+
+        require 'rack'
+        puts RACK
+      RUBY
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "leaves all groups available if they were already" do
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup
+        Bundler.setup(:default)
+
+        require 'rack'
+        puts RACK
+      RUBY
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "leaves :default available if setup is called twice" do
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup(:default)
+        Bundler.setup(:default, :test)
+
+        begin
+          require 'yard'
+          puts "WIN"
+        rescue LoadError
+          puts "FAIL"
+        end
+      RUBY
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to match("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "handles multiple non-additive invocations" do
+      ruby <<-RUBY, :raise_on_error => false
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup(:default, :test)
+        Bundler.setup(:default)
+        require 'rack'
+
+        puts "FAIL"
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(err).to match("rack")
+      expect(err).to match("LoadError")
+      expect(out).not_to match("FAIL")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "load order" do
+    def clean_load_path(lp)
+      without_bundler_load_path = ruby("puts $LOAD_PATH").split("\n")
+      lp -= [*without_bundler_load_path, lib_dir.to_s]
+      lp.map! {|p| p.sub(system_gem_path.to_s, "") }
+    end
+
+    it "puts loaded gems after -I and RUBYLIB", :ruby_repo do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      ENV["RUBYOPT"] = "#{ENV["RUBYOPT"]} -Idash_i_dir"
+      ENV["RUBYLIB"] = "rubylib_dir"
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup
+        puts $LOAD_PATH
+      RUBY
+
+      load_path = out.split("\n")
+      rack_load_order = load_path.index {|path| path.include?("rack") }
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(load_path).to include(a_string_ending_with("dash_i_dir"), "rubylib_dir")
+      expect(rack_load_order).to be > 0
+    end
+
+    it "orders the load path correctly when there are dependencies" do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails"
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        Bundler.setup
+        puts $LOAD_PATH
+      RUBY
+
+      load_path = clean_load_path(out.split("\n"))
+
+      expect(load_path).to start_with(
+        "/gems/rails-2.3.2/lib",
+        "/gems/activeresource-2.3.2/lib",
+        "/gems/activerecord-2.3.2/lib",
+        "/gems/actionpack-2.3.2/lib",
+        "/gems/actionmailer-2.3.2/lib",
+        "/gems/activesupport-2.3.2/lib",
+        "/gems/rake-13.0.1/lib"
+      )
+    end
+
+    it "falls back to order the load path alphabetically for backwards compatibility" do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "weakling"
+        gem "duradura"
+        gem "terranova"
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler/setup'
+        puts $LOAD_PATH
+      RUBY
+
+      load_path = clean_load_path(out.split("\n"))
+
+      expect(load_path).to start_with(
+        "/gems/weakling-0.0.3/lib",
+        "/gems/terranova-8/lib",
+        "/gems/duradura-7.0/lib"
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises if the Gemfile was not yet installed" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    ruby <<-R
+      require '#{entrypoint}'
+
+      begin
+        Bundler.setup
+        puts "FAIL"
+      rescue Bundler::GemNotFound
+        puts "WIN"
+      end
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't create a Gemfile.lock if the setup fails" do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    ruby <<-R, :raise_on_error => false
+      require 'bundler'
+
+      Bundler.setup
+    R
+
+    expect(bundled_app_lock).not_to exist
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't change the Gemfile.lock if the setup fails" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    lockfile = File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "nosuchgem", "10.0"
+    G
+
+    ruby <<-R, :raise_on_error => false
+      require 'bundler'
+
+      Bundler.setup
+    R
+
+    expect(File.read(bundled_app_lock)).to eq(lockfile)
+  end
+
+  it "makes a Gemfile.lock if setup succeeds" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    File.read(bundled_app_lock)
+
+    FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+    run "1"
+    expect(bundled_app_lock).to exist
+  end
+
+  describe "$BUNDLE_GEMFILE" do
+    context "user provides an absolute path" do
+      it "uses BUNDLE_GEMFILE to locate the gemfile if present" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack"
+        G
+
+        gemfile bundled_app("4realz"), <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+        G
+
+        ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = bundled_app("4realz").to_s
+        bundle :install
+
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.5"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "an absolute path is not provided" do
+      it "uses BUNDLE_GEMFILE to locate the gemfile if present and doesn't fail in deployment mode" do
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        G
+
+        bundle "install"
+        bundle "config set --local deployment true"
+
+        ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "Gemfile"
+        ruby <<-R
+          require 'bundler'
+
+          begin
+            Bundler.setup
+            puts "WIN"
+          rescue ArgumentError => e
+            puts "FAIL"
+          end
+        R
+
+        expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "prioritizes gems in BUNDLE_PATH over gems in GEM_HOME" do
+    ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = bundled_app(".bundle").to_s
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+    G
+
+    build_gem "rack", "1.0", :to_system => true do |s|
+      s.write "lib/rack.rb", "RACK = 'FAIL'"
+    end
+
+    expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+  end
+
+  describe "integrate with rubygems" do
+    describe "by replacing #gem" do
+      before :each do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "rack", "0.9.1"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "replaces #gem but raises when the gem is missing" do
+        run <<-R
+          begin
+            gem "activesupport"
+            puts "FAIL"
+          rescue LoadError
+            puts "WIN"
+          end
+        R
+
+        expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+      end
+
+      it "version_requirement is now deprecated in rubygems 1.4.0+ when gem is missing" do
+        run <<-R
+          begin
+            gem "activesupport"
+            puts "FAIL"
+          rescue LoadError
+            puts "WIN"
+          end
+        R
+
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+      end
+
+      it "replaces #gem but raises when the version is wrong" do
+        run <<-R
+          begin
+            gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+            puts "FAIL"
+          rescue LoadError
+            puts "WIN"
+          end
+        R
+
+        expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+      end
+
+      it "version_requirement is now deprecated in rubygems 1.4.0+ when the version is wrong" do
+        run <<-R
+          begin
+            gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+            puts "FAIL"
+          rescue LoadError
+            puts "WIN"
+          end
+        R
+
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "by hiding system gems" do
+      before :each do
+        system_gems "activesupport-2.3.5"
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+          gem "yard"
+        G
+      end
+
+      it "removes system gems from Gem.source_index" do
+        run "require 'yard'"
+        expect(out).to eq("bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}\nyard-1.0")
+      end
+
+      context "when the ruby stdlib is a substring of Gem.path" do
+        it "does not reject the stdlib from $LOAD_PATH" do
+          substring = "/" + $LOAD_PATH.find {|p| p =~ /vendor_ruby/ }.split("/")[2]
+          run "puts 'worked!'", :env => { "GEM_PATH" => substring }
+          expect(out).to eq("worked!")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with paths" do
+    it "activates the gems in the path source" do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      build_lib "rack", "1.0.0" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts 'WIN'"
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        path "#{lib_path("rack-1.0.0")}" do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+      G
+
+      run "require 'rack'"
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with git" do
+    before do
+      build_git "rack", "1.0.0"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-1.0.0")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "provides a useful exception when the git repo is not checked out yet" do
+      run "1", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/the git source #{lib_path('rack-1.0.0')} is not yet checked out. Please run `bundle install`/i)
+    end
+
+    it "does not hit the git binary if the lockfile is available and up to date" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      break_git!
+
+      ruby <<-R
+        require 'bundler'
+
+        begin
+          Bundler.setup
+          puts "WIN"
+        rescue Exception => e
+          puts "FAIL"
+        end
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "provides a good exception if the lockfile is unavailable" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      FileUtils.rm(bundled_app_lock)
+
+      break_git!
+
+      ruby <<-R
+        require "#{entrypoint}"
+
+        begin
+          Bundler.setup
+          puts "FAIL"
+        rescue Bundler::GitError => e
+          puts e.message
+        end
+      R
+
+      run "puts 'FAIL'", :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err).not_to include "This is not the git you are looking for"
+    end
+
+    it "works even when the cache directory has been deleted" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+      FileUtils.rm_rf vendored_gems("cache")
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+
+    it "does not randomly change the path when specifying --path and the bundle directory becomes read only" do
+      bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+      bundle :install
+
+      with_read_only("#{bundled_app}/**/*") do
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "finds git gem when default bundle path becomes read only" do
+      bundle "config set --local path .bundle"
+      bundle "install"
+
+      with_read_only("#{bundled_app(".bundle")}/**/*") do
+        expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when specifying local override" do
+    it "explodes if given path does not exist on runtime" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(lib_path("local-rack"))
+      run "require 'rack'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/Cannot use local override for rack-0.8 because #{Regexp.escape(lib_path('local-rack').to_s)} does not exist/)
+    end
+
+    it "explodes if branch is not given on runtime" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}"
+      G
+
+      run "require 'rack'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/because :branch is not specified in Gemfile/)
+    end
+
+    it "explodes on different branches on runtime" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle :install
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :branch => "changed"
+      G
+
+      run "require 'rack'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/is using branch master but Gemfile specifies changed/)
+    end
+
+    it "explodes on refs with different branches on runtime" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      FileUtils.cp_r("#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}/.", lib_path("local-rack"))
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :ref => "master", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{lib_path("rack-0.8")}", :ref => "master", :branch => "nonexistant"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      run "require 'rack'", :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to match(/is using branch master but Gemfile specifies nonexistant/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when excluding groups" do
+    it "doesn't change the resolve if --without is used" do
+      bundle "config set --local without rails"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+
+        group :rails do
+          gem "rails", "2.3.2"
+        end
+      G
+
+      system_gems "activesupport-2.3.5"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.2", :groups => :default
+    end
+
+    it "remembers --without and does not bail on bare Bundler.setup" do
+      bundle "config set --local without rails"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+
+        group :rails do
+          gem "rails", "2.3.2"
+        end
+      G
+
+      system_gems "activesupport-2.3.5"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.2"
+    end
+
+    it "remembers --without and does not bail on bare Bundler.setup, even in the case of path gems no longer available" do
+      bundle "config set --local without development"
+
+      path = bundled_app(File.join("vendor", "foo"))
+      build_lib "foo", :path => path
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.2"
+        gem 'foo', :path => 'vendor/foo', :group => :development
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(path)
+
+      ruby "require 'bundler'; Bundler.setup", :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+      expect(out).to include("Assuming that source at `vendor/foo` has not changed since fetching its specs errored")
+      expect(out).to include("Found no changes, using resolution from the lockfile")
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "doesn't re-resolve when a pre-release bundler is used and a dependency includes a dependency on bundler" do
+      system_gems "bundler-9.99.9.beta1"
+
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "depends_on_bundler", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "bundler", ">= 1.5.0"
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "depends_on_bundler"
+      G
+
+      ruby "require '#{system_gem_path("gems/bundler-9.99.9.beta1/lib/bundler.rb")}'; Bundler.setup", :env => { "DEBUG" => "1" }
+      expect(out).to include("Found no changes, using resolution from the lockfile")
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "remembers --without and does not include groups passed to Bundler.setup" do
+      bundle "config set --local without rails"
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "activesupport"
+
+        group :rack do
+          gem "rack"
+        end
+
+        group :rails do
+          gem "rails", "2.3.2"
+        end
+      G
+
+      expect(the_bundle).not_to include_gems "activesupport 2.3.2", :groups => :rack
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0", :groups => :rack
+    end
+  end
+
+  # RubyGems returns loaded_from as a string
+  it "has loaded_from as a string on all specs" do
+    build_git "foo"
+    build_git "no-gemspec", :gemspec => false
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+      gem "foo", :git => "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}"
+      gem "no-gemspec", "1.0", :git => "#{lib_path("no-gemspec-1.0")}"
+    G
+
+    run <<-R
+      Gem.loaded_specs.each do |n, s|
+        puts "FAIL" unless s.loaded_from.is_a?(String)
+      end
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "does not load all gemspecs" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    run <<-R
+      File.open(File.join(Gem.dir, "specifications", "broken.gemspec"), "w") do |f|
+        f.write <<-RUBY
+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+# stub: broken 1.0.0 ruby lib
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = "broken"
+  s.version = "1.0.0"
+  raise "BROKEN GEMSPEC"
+end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    R
+
+    run <<-R
+      puts "WIN"
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+  end
+
+  it "ignores empty gem paths" do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+
+    ENV["GEM_HOME"] = ""
+    bundle %(exec ruby -e "require 'set'")
+
+    expect(err).to be_empty
+  end
+
+  context "when the user has `MANPATH` set", :man do
+    before { ENV["MANPATH"] = "/foo#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}" }
+
+    it "adds the gem's man dir to the MANPATH" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "with_man" do |s|
+          s.write("man/man1/page.1", "MANPAGE")
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "with_man"
+      G
+
+      run "puts ENV['MANPATH']"
+      expect(out).to eq("#{default_bundle_path("gems/with_man-1.0/man")}#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}/foo")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the user does not have `MANPATH` set", :man do
+    before { ENV.delete("MANPATH") }
+
+    it "adds the gem's man dir to the MANPATH, leaving : in the end so that system man pages still work" do
+      build_repo4 do
+        build_gem "with_man" do |s|
+          s.write("man/man1/page.1", "MANPAGE")
+        end
+
+        build_gem "with_man_overriding_system_man" do |s|
+          s.write("man/man1/ls.1", "LS MANPAGE")
+        end
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "with_man"
+      G
+
+      run <<~RUBY
+        puts ENV['MANPATH']
+        require "open3"
+        puts Open3.capture2e("man", "ls")[1].success?
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("#{default_bundle_path("gems/with_man-1.0/man")}#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}\ntrue")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+        gem "with_man_overriding_system_man"
+      G
+
+      run <<~RUBY
+        puts ENV['MANPATH']
+        require "open3"
+        puts Open3.capture2e("man", "ls")[0]
+      RUBY
+
+      lines = out.split("\n")
+
+      expect(lines).to include("#{default_bundle_path("gems/with_man_overriding_system_man-1.0/man")}#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}")
+      expect(lines).to include("LS MANPAGE")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "should prepend gemspec require paths to $LOAD_PATH in order" do
+    update_repo2 do
+      build_gem("requirepaths") do |s|
+        s.write("lib/rq.rb", "puts 'yay'")
+        s.write("src/rq.rb", "puts 'nooo'")
+        s.require_paths = %w[lib src]
+      end
+    end
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem "requirepaths", :require => nil
+    G
+
+    run "require 'rq'"
+    expect(out).to eq("yay")
+  end
+
+  it "should clean $LOAD_PATH properly", :ruby_repo do
+    gem_name = "very_simple_binary"
+    full_gem_name = gem_name + "-1.0"
+    ext_dir = File.join(tmp("extensions", full_gem_name))
+
+    system_gems full_gem_name
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+    G
+
+    ruby <<-R
+      s = Gem::Specification.find_by_name '#{gem_name}'
+      s.extension_dir = '#{ext_dir}'
+
+      # Don't build extensions.
+      s.class.send(:define_method, :build_extensions) { nil }
+
+      require 'bundler'
+      gem '#{gem_name}'
+
+      puts $LOAD_PATH.count {|path| path =~ /#{gem_name}/} >= 2
+
+      Bundler.setup
+
+      puts $LOAD_PATH.count {|path| path =~ /#{gem_name}/} == 0
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to eq("true\ntrue")
+  end
+
+  context "with bundler is located in symlinked GEM_HOME" do
+    let(:gem_home) { Dir.mktmpdir }
+    let(:symlinked_gem_home) { Tempfile.new("gem_home").path }
+    let(:full_name) { "bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}" }
+
+    before do
+      skip "symlink destination exists" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      FileUtils.ln_sf(gem_home, symlinked_gem_home)
+      gems_dir = File.join(gem_home, "gems")
+      specifications_dir = File.join(gem_home, "specifications")
+      Dir.mkdir(gems_dir)
+      Dir.mkdir(specifications_dir)
+
+      FileUtils.ln_s(source_root, File.join(gems_dir, full_name))
+
+      gemspec_content = File.binread(gemspec).
+                sub("Bundler::VERSION", %("#{Bundler::VERSION}")).
+                lines.reject {|line| line =~ %r{lib/bundler/version} }.join
+
+      File.open(File.join(specifications_dir, "#{full_name}.gemspec"), "wb") do |f|
+        f.write(gemspec_content)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "should not remove itself from the LOAD_PATH and require a different copy of 'bundler/setup'" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+
+      ruby <<-R, :env => { "GEM_PATH" => symlinked_gem_home }
+        TracePoint.trace(:class) do |tp|
+          if tp.path.include?("bundler") && !tp.path.start_with?("#{source_root}")
+            puts "OMG. Defining a class from another bundler at \#{tp.path}:\#{tp.lineno}"
+          end
+        end
+        gem 'bundler', '#{Bundler::VERSION}'
+        require 'bundler/setup'
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "does not reveal system gems even when Gem.refresh is called" do
+    system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "activesupport"
+    G
+
+    run <<-R
+      puts Bundler.rubygems.all_specs.map(&:name)
+      Gem.refresh
+      puts Bundler.rubygems.all_specs.map(&:name)
+    R
+
+    expect(out).to eq("activesupport\nbundler\nactivesupport\nbundler")
+  end
+
+  describe "when a vendored gem specification uses the :path option" do
+    let(:filesystem_root) do
+      current = Pathname.new(Dir.pwd)
+      current = current.parent until current == current.parent
+      current
+    end
+
+    it "should resolve paths relative to the Gemfile" do
+      path = bundled_app(File.join("vendor", "foo"))
+      build_lib "foo", :path => path
+
+      # If the .gemspec exists, then Bundler handles the path differently.
+      # See Source::Path.load_spec_files for details.
+      FileUtils.rm(File.join(path, "foo.gemspec"))
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'foo', '1.2.3', :path => 'vendor/foo'
+      G
+
+      run <<-R, :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMFILE" => bundled_app_gemfile.to_s }, :dir => bundled_app.parent
+        require 'foo'
+      R
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+
+    it "should make sure the Bundler.root is really included in the path relative to the Gemfile" do
+      relative_path = File.join("vendor", Dir.pwd.gsub(/^#{filesystem_root}/, ""))
+      absolute_path = bundled_app(relative_path)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(absolute_path)
+      build_lib "foo", :path => absolute_path
+
+      # If the .gemspec exists, then Bundler handles the path differently.
+      # See Source::Path.load_spec_files for details.
+      FileUtils.rm(File.join(absolute_path, "foo.gemspec"))
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'foo', '1.2.3', :path => '#{relative_path}'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install
+
+      run <<-R, :env => { "BUNDLE_GEMFILE" => bundled_app_gemfile.to_s }, :dir => bundled_app.parent
+        require 'foo'
+      R
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with git gems that don't have gemspecs" do
+    before :each do
+      build_git "no_gemspec", :gemspec => false
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "no_gemspec", "1.0", :git => "#{lib_path("no_gemspec-1.0")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "loads the library via a virtual spec" do
+      run <<-R
+        require 'no_gemspec'
+        puts NO_GEMSPEC
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with bundled and system gems" do
+    before :each do
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "does not pull in system gems" do
+      run <<-R
+        begin;
+          require 'rack'
+        rescue LoadError
+          puts 'WIN'
+        end
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "provides a gem method" do
+      run <<-R
+        gem 'activesupport'
+        require 'activesupport'
+        puts ACTIVESUPPORT
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to eq("2.3.5")
+    end
+
+    it "raises an exception if gem is used to invoke a system gem not in the bundle" do
+      run <<-R
+        begin
+          gem 'rack'
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          puts e.message
+        end
+      R
+
+      expect(out).to eq("rack is not part of the bundle. Add it to your Gemfile.")
+    end
+
+    it "sets GEM_HOME appropriately" do
+      run "puts ENV['GEM_HOME']"
+      expect(out).to eq(default_bundle_path.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with system gems in the bundle" do
+    before :each do
+      bundle "config set path.system true"
+      system_gems "rack-1.0.0"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", "1.0.0"
+        gem "activesupport", "2.3.5"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "sets GEM_PATH appropriately" do
+      run "puts Gem.path"
+      paths = out.split("\n")
+      expect(paths).to include(system_gem_path.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with a gemspec that requires other files" do
+    before :each do
+      build_git "bar", :gemspec => false do |s|
+        s.write "lib/bar/version.rb", %(BAR_VERSION = '1.0')
+        s.write "bar.gemspec", <<-G
+          require_relative 'lib/bar/version'
+
+          Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+            s.name        = 'bar'
+            s.version     = BAR_VERSION
+            s.summary     = 'Bar'
+            s.files       = Dir["lib/**/*.rb"]
+            s.author      = 'no one'
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("bar-1.0")}"
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "evals each gemspec in the context of its parent directory" do
+      bundle :install
+      run "require 'bar'; puts BAR"
+      expect(out).to eq("1.0")
+    end
+
+    it "error intelligently if the gemspec has a LoadError" do
+      skip "whitespace issue?" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      ref = update_git "bar", :gemspec => false do |s|
+        s.write "bar.gemspec", "require 'foobarbaz'"
+      end.ref_for("HEAD")
+      bundle :install, :raise_on_error => false
+
+      expect(err.lines.map(&:chomp)).to include(
+        a_string_starting_with("[!] There was an error while loading `bar.gemspec`:"),
+        " #  from #{default_bundle_path "bundler", "gems", "bar-1.0-#{ref[0, 12]}", "bar.gemspec"}:1",
+        " >  require 'foobarbaz'"
+      )
+    end
+
+    it "evals each gemspec with a binding from the top level" do
+      bundle "install"
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require 'bundler'
+        bundler_module = class << Bundler; self; end
+        bundler_module.send(:remove_method, :require)
+        def Bundler.require(path)
+          raise "LOSE"
+        end
+        Bundler.load
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when Bundler is bundled" do
+    it "doesn't blow up" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bundler", :path => "#{root}"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(exec ruby -e "require 'bundler'; Bundler.setup")
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when BUNDLED WITH" do
+    def lock_with(bundler_version = nil)
+      lock = <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack
+      L
+
+      if bundler_version
+        lock += "\nBUNDLED WITH\n   #{bundler_version}\n"
+      end
+
+      lock
+    end
+
+    before do
+      bundle "config set --local path.system true"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+    end
+
+    context "is not present" do
+      it "does not change the lock" do
+        lockfile lock_with(nil)
+        ruby "require '#{entrypoint}/setup'"
+        expect(lockfile).to eq lock_with(nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "is newer" do
+      it "does not change the lock or warn" do
+        lockfile lock_with(Bundler::VERSION.succ)
+        ruby "require 'bundler/setup'"
+        expect(out).to be_empty
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+        expect(lockfile).to eq lock_with(Bundler::VERSION.succ)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "is older" do
+      it "does not change the lock" do
+        system_gems "bundler-1.10.1"
+        lockfile lock_with("1.10.1")
+        ruby "require '#{entrypoint}/setup'"
+        expect(lockfile).to eq lock_with("1.10.1")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when RUBY VERSION" do
+    let(:ruby_version) { nil }
+
+    def lock_with(ruby_version = nil)
+      lock = <<~L
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          rack
+      L
+
+      if ruby_version
+        lock += "\nRUBY VERSION\n   ruby #{ruby_version}\n"
+      end
+
+      lock += <<~L
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      L
+
+      lock
+    end
+
+    before do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        ruby ">= 0"
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+      lockfile lock_with(ruby_version)
+    end
+
+    context "is not present" do
+      it "does not change the lock" do
+        expect { ruby "require 'bundler/setup'" }.not_to change { lockfile }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "is newer" do
+      let(:ruby_version) { "5.5.5" }
+      it "does not change the lock or warn" do
+        expect { ruby "require 'bundler/setup'" }.not_to change { lockfile }
+        expect(out).to be_empty
+        expect(err).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "is older" do
+      let(:ruby_version) { "1.0.0" }
+      it "does not change the lock" do
+        expect { ruby "require 'bundler/setup'" }.not_to change { lockfile }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with gemified standard libraries" do
+    it "does not load Digest", :ruby_repo do
+      skip "Only for Ruby 3.0+" unless RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0"
+
+      build_git "bar", :gemspec => false do |s|
+        s.write "lib/bar/version.rb", %(BAR_VERSION = '1.0')
+        s.write "bar.gemspec", <<-G
+          require_relative 'lib/bar/version'
+
+          Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+            s.name        = 'bar'
+            s.version     = BAR_VERSION
+            s.summary     = 'Bar'
+            s.files       = Dir["lib/**/*.rb"]
+            s.author      = 'no one'
+
+            s.add_runtime_dependency 'digest'
+          end
+        G
+      end
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "bar", :git => "#{lib_path("bar-1.0")}"
+      G
+
+      bundle :install
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require '#{entrypoint}/setup'
+        puts defined?(::Digest) ? "Digest defined" : "Digest undefined"
+        require 'digest'
+      RUBY
+      expect(out).to eq("Digest undefined")
+    end
+
+    it "does not load Psych" do
+      gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require '#{entrypoint}/setup'
+        puts defined?(Psych::VERSION) ? Psych::VERSION : "undefined"
+        require 'psych'
+        puts Psych::VERSION
+      RUBY
+      pre_bundler, post_bundler = out.split("\n")
+      expect(pre_bundler).to eq("undefined")
+      expect(post_bundler).to match(/\d+\.\d+\.\d+/)
+    end
+
+    it "does not load openssl" do
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require "bundler/setup"
+        puts defined?(OpenSSL) || "undefined"
+        require "openssl"
+        puts defined?(OpenSSL) || "undefined"
+      RUBY
+      expect(out).to eq("undefined\nconstant")
+    end
+
+    describe "default gem activation" do
+      let(:exemptions) do
+        exempts = if Gem.rubygems_version >= Gem::Version.new("2.7")
+          %w[did_you_mean]
+        else
+          %w[io-console openssl]
+        end << "bundler"
+        exempts << "fiddle" if Gem.win_platform? && Gem.rubygems_version >= Gem::Version.new("2.7")
+        exempts << "uri" if Gem.ruby_version >= Gem::Version.new("2.7")
+        exempts << "pathname" if Gem.ruby_version >= Gem::Version.new("3.0")
+        exempts << "set" unless Gem.rubygems_version >= Gem::Version.new("3.2.6")
+        exempts << "tsort" unless Gem.rubygems_version >= Gem::Version.new("3.2.31")
+        exempts << "error_highlight" # added in Ruby 3.1 as a default gem
+        exempts << "ruby2_keywords" # added in Ruby 3.1 as a default gem
+        exempts
+      end
+
+      let(:activation_warning_hack) { strip_whitespace(<<-RUBY) }
+        require #{spec_dir.join("support/hax").to_s.dump}
+
+        Gem::Specification.send(:alias_method, :bundler_spec_activate, :activate)
+        Gem::Specification.send(:define_method, :activate) do
+          unless #{exemptions.inspect}.include?(name)
+            warn '-' * 80
+            warn "activating \#{full_name}"
+            warn(*caller)
+            warn '*' * 80
+          end
+          bundler_spec_activate
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      let(:activation_warning_hack_rubyopt) do
+        create_file("activation_warning_hack.rb", activation_warning_hack)
+        "-r#{bundled_app("activation_warning_hack.rb")} #{ENV["RUBYOPT"]}"
+      end
+
+      let(:code) { strip_whitespace(<<-RUBY) }
+        require "pp"
+        loaded_specs = Gem.loaded_specs.dup
+        #{exemptions.inspect}.each {|s| loaded_specs.delete(s) }
+        pp loaded_specs
+
+        # not a default gem, but harmful to have loaded
+        open_uri = $LOADED_FEATURES.grep(/open.uri/)
+        unless open_uri.empty?
+          warn "open_uri: \#{open_uri}"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      it "activates no gems with -rbundler/setup" do
+        install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+        ruby code, :env => { "RUBYOPT" => activation_warning_hack_rubyopt + " -rbundler/setup" }
+        expect(out).to eq("{}")
+      end
+
+      it "activates no gems with bundle exec" do
+        install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+        create_file("script.rb", code)
+        bundle "exec ruby ./script.rb", :env => { "RUBYOPT" => activation_warning_hack_rubyopt }
+        expect(out).to eq("{}")
+      end
+
+      it "activates no gems with bundle exec that is loaded" do
+        skip "not executable" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+        install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+        create_file("script.rb", "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\n\n#{code}")
+        FileUtils.chmod(0o777, bundled_app("script.rb"))
+        bundle "exec ./script.rb", :artifice => nil, :env => { "RUBYOPT" => activation_warning_hack_rubyopt }
+        expect(out).to eq("{}")
+      end
+
+      it "does not load net-http-pipeline too early" do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "net-http-pipeline", "1.0.1"
+        end
+
+        system_gems "net-http-pipeline-1.0.1", :gem_repo => gem_repo4
+
+        gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          gem "net-http-pipeline", "1.0.1"
+        G
+
+        bundle "config set --local path vendor/bundle"
+
+        bundle :install
+
+        bundle :check
+
+        expect(out).to eq("The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied")
+      end
+
+      Gem::Specification.select(&:default_gem?).map(&:name).each do |g|
+        it "activates newer versions of #{g}", :ruby_repo do
+          skip if exemptions.include?(g)
+
+          build_repo4 do
+            build_gem g, "999999"
+          end
+
+          install_gemfile <<-G
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+            gem "#{g}", "999999"
+          G
+
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("#{g} 999999", :env => { "RUBYOPT" => activation_warning_hack_rubyopt })
+        end
+
+        it "activates older versions of #{g}", :ruby_repo do
+          skip if exemptions.include?(g)
+
+          build_repo4 do
+            build_gem g, "0.0.0.a"
+          end
+
+          install_gemfile <<-G
+            source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+            gem "#{g}", "0.0.0.a"
+          G
+
+          expect(the_bundle).to include_gem("#{g} 0.0.0.a", :env => { "RUBYOPT" => activation_warning_hack_rubyopt })
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "after setup" do
+    it "allows calling #gem on random objects", :bundler => "< 3" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require "bundler/setup"
+        Object.new.gem "rack"
+        puts Gem.loaded_specs["rack"].full_name
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("rack-1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "keeps Kernel#gem private", :bundler => "3" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY, :raise_on_error => false
+        require "bundler/setup"
+        Object.new.gem "rack"
+        puts "FAIL"
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include "FAIL"
+      expect(err).to include "private method `gem'"
+    end
+
+    it "keeps Kernel#require private" do
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack"
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY, :raise_on_error => false
+        require "bundler/setup"
+        Object.new.require "rack"
+        puts "FAIL"
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include "FAIL"
+      expect(err).to include "private method `require'"
+    end
+
+    it "takes care of requiring rubygems" do
+      sys_exec("#{Gem.ruby} -I#{lib_dir} -rbundler/setup -e'puts true'", :env => { "RUBYOPT" => opt_add("--disable=gems", ENV["RUBYOPT"]) })
+
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).to eq("true")
+    end
+
+    it "memoizes initial set of specs when requiring bundler/setup, so that even if further code mutates dependencies, Bundler.definition.specs is not affected" do
+      install_gemfile <<~G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "yard"
+        gem "rack", :group => :test
+      G
+
+      ruby <<-RUBY, :raise_on_error => false
+        require "bundler/setup"
+        Bundler.require(:test).select! {|d| (d.groups & [:test]).any? }
+        puts Bundler.definition.specs.map(&:name).join(", ")
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack, yard")
+    end
+
+    it "does not cause double loads when higher versions of default gems are activated before bundler" do
+      build_repo2 do
+        build_gem "json", "999.999.999" do |s|
+          s.write "lib/json.rb", <<~RUBY
+            module JSON
+              VERSION = "999.999.999"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
+      system_gems "json-999.999.999", :gem_repo => gem_repo2
+
+      install_gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+      ruby <<-RUBY
+        require "json"
+        require "bundler/setup"
+        require "json"
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/runtime/with_unbundled_env_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/runtime/with_unbundled_env_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..731a9921a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/runtime/with_unbundled_env_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "Bundler.with_env helpers" do
+  def bundle_exec_ruby(args, options = {})
+    build_bundler_context options
+    bundle "exec '#{Gem.ruby}' #{args}", options
+  end
+
+  def build_bundler_context(options = {})
+    bundle "config set path vendor/bundle"
+    gemfile "source \"#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}\""
+    bundle "install", options
+  end
+
+  def run_bundler_script(env, script)
+    system(env, "ruby", "-I#{lib_dir}", "-rbundler", script.to_s)
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.original_env" do
+    it "should return the PATH present before bundle was activated" do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        print Bundler.original_env["PATH"]
+      RUBY
+      path = `getconf PATH`.strip + "#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}/foo"
+      with_path_as(path) do
+        bundle_exec_ruby(bundled_app("source.rb").to_s)
+        expect(last_command.stdboth).to eq(path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "should return the GEM_PATH present before bundle was activated" do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        print Bundler.original_env['GEM_PATH']
+      RUBY
+      gem_path = ENV["GEM_PATH"] + "#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}/foo"
+      with_gem_path_as(gem_path) do
+        bundle_exec_ruby(bundled_app("source.rb").to_s)
+        expect(last_command.stdboth).to eq(gem_path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "works with nested bundle exec invocations", :ruby_repo do
+      create_file("exe.rb", <<-'RUBY')
+        count = ARGV.first.to_i
+        exit if count < 0
+        STDERR.puts "#{count} #{ENV["PATH"].end_with?("#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}/foo")}"
+        if count == 2
+          ENV["PATH"] = "#{ENV["PATH"]}#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}/foo"
+        end
+        exec(Gem.ruby, __FILE__, (count - 1).to_s)
+      RUBY
+      path = `getconf PATH`.strip + File::PATH_SEPARATOR + File.dirname(Gem.ruby)
+      with_path_as(path) do
+        build_bundler_context
+        bundle_exec_ruby("#{bundled_app("exe.rb")} 2")
+      end
+      expect(err).to eq <<-EOS.strip
+2 false
+1 true
+0 true
+      EOS
+    end
+
+    it "removes variables that bundler added", :ruby_repo do
+      # Simulate bundler has not yet been loaded
+      ENV.replace(ENV.to_hash.delete_if {|k, _v| k.start_with?(Bundler::EnvironmentPreserver::BUNDLER_PREFIX) })
+
+      original = ruby('puts ENV.to_a.map {|e| e.join("=") }.sort.join("\n")')
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        puts Bundler.original_env.to_a.map {|e| e.join("=") }.sort.join("\n")
+      RUBY
+      bundle_exec_ruby bundled_app("source.rb")
+      expect(out).to eq original
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples_for "an unbundling helper" do
+    it "should delete BUNDLE_PATH" do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        print #{modified_env}.has_key?('BUNDLE_PATH')
+      RUBY
+      ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = "./foo"
+      bundle_exec_ruby bundled_app("source.rb")
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).to include "false"
+    end
+
+    it "should remove absolute path to 'bundler/setup' from RUBYOPT even if it was present in original env" do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        print #{modified_env}['RUBYOPT']
+      RUBY
+      setup_require = "-r#{lib_dir}/bundler/setup"
+      ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_RUBYOPT"] = "-W2 #{setup_require} #{ENV["RUBYOPT"]}"
+      simulate_bundler_version_when_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation do
+        bundle_exec_ruby bundled_app("source.rb")
+      end
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include(setup_require)
+    end
+
+    it "should remove relative path to 'bundler/setup' from RUBYOPT even if it was present in original env" do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        print #{modified_env}['RUBYOPT']
+      RUBY
+      ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_RUBYOPT"] = "-W2 -rbundler/setup #{ENV["RUBYOPT"]}"
+      simulate_bundler_version_when_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation do
+        bundle_exec_ruby bundled_app("source.rb")
+      end
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).not_to include("-rbundler/setup")
+    end
+
+    it "should restore RUBYLIB", :ruby_repo do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        print #{modified_env}['RUBYLIB']
+      RUBY
+      ENV["RUBYLIB"] = lib_dir.to_s + File::PATH_SEPARATOR + "/foo"
+      ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_RUBYLIB"] = lib_dir.to_s + File::PATH_SEPARATOR + "/foo-original"
+      bundle_exec_ruby bundled_app("source.rb")
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).to include("/foo-original")
+    end
+
+    it "should restore the original MANPATH" do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        print #{modified_env}['MANPATH']
+      RUBY
+      ENV["MANPATH"] = "/foo"
+      ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH"] = "/foo-original"
+      bundle_exec_ruby bundled_app("source.rb")
+      expect(last_command.stdboth).to include("/foo-original")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.unbundled_env" do
+    let(:modified_env) { "Bundler.unbundled_env" }
+
+    it_behaves_like "an unbundling helper"
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.clean_env", :bundler => 2 do
+    let(:modified_env) { "Bundler.clean_env" }
+
+    it_behaves_like "an unbundling helper"
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.with_original_env" do
+    it "should set ENV to original_env in the block" do
+      expected = Bundler.original_env
+      actual = Bundler.with_original_env { Bundler::EnvironmentPreserver.env_to_hash(ENV) }
+      expect(actual).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    it "should restore the environment after execution" do
+      Bundler.with_original_env do
+        ENV["FOO"] = "hello"
+      end
+
+      expect(ENV).not_to have_key("FOO")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.with_clean_env", :bundler => 2 do
+    it "should set ENV to unbundled_env in the block" do
+      expected = Bundler.unbundled_env
+
+      actual = Bundler.ui.silence do
+        Bundler.with_clean_env { Bundler::EnvironmentPreserver.env_to_hash(ENV) }
+      end
+
+      expect(actual).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    it "should restore the environment after execution" do
+      Bundler.ui.silence do
+        Bundler.with_clean_env { ENV["FOO"] = "hello" }
+      end
+
+      expect(ENV).not_to have_key("FOO")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.with_unbundled_env" do
+    it "should set ENV to unbundled_env in the block" do
+      expected = Bundler.unbundled_env
+      actual = Bundler.with_unbundled_env { Bundler::EnvironmentPreserver.env_to_hash(ENV) }
+      expect(actual).to eq(expected)
+    end
+
+    it "should restore the environment after execution" do
+      Bundler.with_unbundled_env do
+        ENV["FOO"] = "hello"
+      end
+
+      expect(ENV).not_to have_key("FOO")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.original_system" do
+    before do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-'RUBY')
+        Bundler.original_system("ruby", "-e", "exit(42) if ENV['BUNDLE_FOO'] == 'bar'")
+
+        exit $?.exitstatus
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "runs system inside with_original_env" do
+      run_bundler_script({ "BUNDLE_FOO" => "bar" }, bundled_app("source.rb"))
+      expect($?.exitstatus).to eq(42)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.clean_system", :bundler => 2 do
+    before do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-'RUBY')
+        Bundler.ui.silence { Bundler.clean_system("ruby", "-e", "exit(42) unless ENV['BUNDLE_FOO'] == 'bar'") }
+
+        exit $?.exitstatus
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "runs system inside with_clean_env" do
+      run_bundler_script({ "BUNDLE_FOO" => "bar" }, bundled_app("source.rb"))
+      expect($?.exitstatus).to eq(42)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.unbundled_system" do
+    before do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-'RUBY')
+        Bundler.unbundled_system("ruby", "-e", "exit(42) unless ENV['BUNDLE_FOO'] == 'bar'")
+
+        exit $?.exitstatus
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "runs system inside with_unbundled_env" do
+      run_bundler_script({ "BUNDLE_FOO" => "bar" }, bundled_app("source.rb"))
+      expect($?.exitstatus).to eq(42)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.original_exec" do
+    before do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-'RUBY')
+        Process.fork do
+          exit Bundler.original_exec(%(test "\$BUNDLE_FOO" = "bar"))
+        end
+
+        _, status = Process.wait2
+
+        exit(status.exitstatus)
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "runs exec inside with_original_env" do
+      skip "Fork not implemented" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      run_bundler_script({ "BUNDLE_FOO" => "bar" }, bundled_app("source.rb"))
+      expect($?.exitstatus).to eq(0)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.clean_exec", :bundler => 2 do
+    before do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-'RUBY')
+        Process.fork do
+          exit Bundler.ui.silence { Bundler.clean_exec(%(test "\$BUNDLE_FOO" = "bar")) }
+        end
+
+        _, status = Process.wait2
+
+        exit(status.exitstatus)
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "runs exec inside with_clean_env" do
+      skip "Fork not implemented" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      run_bundler_script({ "BUNDLE_FOO" => "bar" }, bundled_app("source.rb"))
+      expect($?.exitstatus).to eq(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Bundler.unbundled_exec" do
+    before do
+      create_file("source.rb", <<-'RUBY')
+        Process.fork do
+          exit Bundler.unbundled_exec(%(test "\$BUNDLE_FOO" = "bar"))
+        end
+
+        _, status = Process.wait2
+
+        exit(status.exitstatus)
+      RUBY
+    end
+
+    it "runs exec inside with_clean_env" do
+      skip "Fork not implemented" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      run_bundler_script({ "BUNDLE_FOO" => "bar" }, bundled_app("source.rb"))
+      expect($?.exitstatus).to eq(1)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/spec_helper.rb b/spec/bundler/spec_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d558b9907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/spec_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/psyched_yaml"
+require "bundler/vendored_fileutils"
+require "bundler/vendored_uri"
+require "digest"
+
+if File.expand_path(__FILE__) =~ %r{([^\w/\.:\-])}
+  abort "The bundler specs cannot be run from a path that contains special characters (particularly #{$1.inspect})"
+end
+
+require "bundler"
+require "rspec/core"
+require "rspec/expectations"
+require "rspec/mocks"
+require "rspec/support/differ"
+
+require_relative "support/builders"
+require_relative "support/build_metadata"
+require_relative "support/filters"
+require_relative "support/helpers"
+require_relative "support/indexes"
+require_relative "support/matchers"
+require_relative "support/permissions"
+require_relative "support/platforms"
+require_relative "support/sudo"
+
+$debug = false
+
+module Gem
+  def self.ruby=(ruby)
+    @ruby = ruby
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.configure do |config|
+  config.include Spec::Builders
+  config.include Spec::Helpers
+  config.include Spec::Indexes
+  config.include Spec::Matchers
+  config.include Spec::Path
+  config.include Spec::Platforms
+  config.include Spec::Sudo
+  config.include Spec::Permissions
+
+  # Enable flags like --only-failures and --next-failure
+  config.example_status_persistence_file_path = ".rspec_status"
+
+  config.silence_filter_announcements = !ENV["TEST_ENV_NUMBER"].nil?
+
+  config.disable_monkey_patching!
+
+  # Since failures cause us to keep a bunch of long strings in memory, stop
+  # once we have a large number of failures (indicative of core pieces of
+  # bundler being broken) so that running the full test suite doesn't take
+  # forever due to memory constraints
+  config.fail_fast ||= 25 if ENV["CI"]
+
+  config.bisect_runner = :shell
+
+  config.expect_with :rspec do |c|
+    c.syntax = :expect
+  end
+
+  config.mock_with :rspec do |mocks|
+    mocks.allow_message_expectations_on_nil = false
+  end
+
+  config.before :suite do
+    Gem.ruby = ENV["RUBY"] if ENV["RUBY"]
+
+    require_relative "support/rubygems_ext"
+    Spec::Rubygems.test_setup
+    ENV["BUNDLE_SPEC_RUN"] = "true"
+    ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG"] = ENV["BUNDLE_USER_CACHE"] = ENV["BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN"] = nil
+    ENV["RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS"] = nil
+    ENV["XDG_CONFIG_HOME"] = nil
+    ENV["GEMRC"] = nil
+
+    # Don't wrap output in tests
+    ENV["THOR_COLUMNS"] = "10000"
+
+    extend(Spec::Helpers)
+    system_gems :bundler, :path => pristine_system_gem_path
+  end
+
+  config.before :all do
+    check_test_gems!
+
+    build_repo1
+
+    reset_paths!
+  end
+
+  config.around :each do |example|
+    begin
+      FileUtils.cp_r pristine_system_gem_path, system_gem_path
+
+      with_gem_path_as(system_gem_path) do
+        Bundler.ui.silence { example.run }
+
+        all_output = all_commands_output
+        if example.exception && !all_output.empty?
+          message = all_output + "\n" + example.exception.message
+          (class << example.exception; self; end).send(:define_method, :message) do
+            message
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    ensure
+      reset!
+    end
+  end
+
+  config.after :suite do
+    FileUtils.rm_r Spec::Path.pristine_system_gem_path
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/api_request_limit_hax.rb b/spec/bundler/support/api_request_limit_hax.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37ff0203b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/api_request_limit_hax.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+if ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_API_REQUEST_LIMIT"]
+  require_relative "path"
+  require "bundler/source"
+  require "bundler/source/rubygems"
+
+  module Bundler
+    class Source
+      class Rubygems < Source
+        remove_const :API_REQUEST_LIMIT
+        API_REQUEST_LIMIT = ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_API_REQUEST_LIMIT"].to_i
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b314e89ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift Dir[Spec::Path.base_system_gems.join("gems/compact_index*/lib")].first.to_s
+require "compact_index"
+
+class CompactIndexAPI < Endpoint
+  helpers do
+    include Spec::Path
+
+    def load_spec(name, version, platform, gem_repo)
+      full_name = "#{name}-#{version}"
+      full_name += "-#{platform}" if platform != "ruby"
+      Marshal.load(Bundler.rubygems.inflate(File.binread(gem_repo.join("quick/Marshal.4.8/#{full_name}.gemspec.rz"))))
+    end
+
+    def etag_response
+      response_body = yield
+      checksum = Digest(:MD5).hexdigest(response_body)
+      return if not_modified?(checksum)
+      headers "ETag" => quote(checksum)
+      headers "Surrogate-Control" => "max-age=2592000, stale-while-revalidate=60"
+      content_type "text/plain"
+      requested_range_for(response_body)
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      puts e
+      puts e.backtrace
+      raise
+    end
+
+    def not_modified?(checksum)
+      etags = parse_etags(request.env["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"])
+
+      return unless etags.include?(checksum)
+      headers "ETag" => quote(checksum)
+      status 304
+      body ""
+    end
+
+    def requested_range_for(response_body)
+      ranges = Rack::Utils.byte_ranges(env, response_body.bytesize)
+
+      if ranges
+        status 206
+        body ranges.map! {|range| slice_body(response_body, range) }.join
+      else
+        status 200
+        body response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    def quote(string)
+      %("#{string}")
+    end
+
+    def parse_etags(value)
+      value ? value.split(/, ?/).select {|s| s.sub!(/"(.*)"/, '\1') } : []
+    end
+
+    def slice_body(body, range)
+      body.byteslice(range)
+    end
+
+    def gems(gem_repo = default_gem_repo)
+      @gems ||= {}
+      @gems[gem_repo] ||= begin
+        specs = Bundler::Deprecate.skip_during do
+          %w[specs.4.8 prerelease_specs.4.8].map do |filename|
+            Marshal.load(File.open(gem_repo.join(filename)).read).map do |name, version, platform|
+              load_spec(name, version, platform, gem_repo)
+            end
+          end.flatten
+        end
+
+        specs.group_by(&:name).map do |name, versions|
+          gem_versions = versions.map do |spec|
+            deps = spec.dependencies.select {|d| d.type == :runtime }.map do |d|
+              reqs = d.requirement.requirements.map {|r| r.join(" ") }.join(", ")
+              CompactIndex::Dependency.new(d.name, reqs)
+            end
+            checksum = begin
+                         Digest(:SHA256).file("#{gem_repo}/gems/#{spec.original_name}.gem").base64digest
+                       rescue StandardError
+                         nil
+                       end
+            CompactIndex::GemVersion.new(spec.version.version, spec.platform.to_s, checksum, nil,
+              deps, spec.required_ruby_version.to_s, spec.required_rubygems_version.to_s)
+          end
+          CompactIndex::Gem.new(name, gem_versions)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/names" do
+    etag_response do
+      CompactIndex.names(gems.map(&:name))
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/versions" do
+    etag_response do
+      file = tmp("versions.list")
+      FileUtils.rm_f(file)
+      file = CompactIndex::VersionsFile.new(file.to_s)
+      file.create(gems)
+      file.contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/info/:name" do
+    etag_response do
+      gem = gems.find {|g| g.name == params[:name] }
+      CompactIndex.info(gem ? gem.versions : [])
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexAPI)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_api_missing.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_api_missing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6514fde01e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_api_missing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexApiMissing < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    warn params[:id]
+    if params[:id] == "rack-1.0.gemspec.rz"
+      halt 404
+    else
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexApiMissing)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_basic_authentication.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_basic_authentication.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..775f1a3977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_basic_authentication.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexBasicAuthentication < CompactIndexAPI
+  before do
+    unless env["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"]
+      halt 401, "Authentication info not supplied"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexBasicAuthentication)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_checksum_mismatch.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_checksum_mismatch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1abe64236c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_checksum_mismatch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexChecksumMismatch < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/versions" do
+    headers "ETag" => quote("123")
+    headers "Surrogate-Control" => "max-age=2592000, stale-while-revalidate=60"
+    content_type "text/plain"
+    body ""
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexChecksumMismatch)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_concurrent_download.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_concurrent_download.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14c31f35a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_concurrent_download.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexConcurrentDownload < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/versions" do
+    versions = File.join(Bundler.rubygems.user_home, ".bundle", "cache", "compact_index",
+      "localgemserver.test.80.dd34752a738ee965a2a4298dc16db6c5", "versions")
+
+    # Verify the original (empty) content hasn't been deleted, e.g. on a retry
+    File.binread(versions) == "" || raise("Original file should be present and empty")
+
+    # Verify this is only requested once for a partial download
+    env["HTTP_RANGE"] || raise("Missing Range header for expected partial download")
+
+    # Overwrite the file in parallel, which should be then overwritten
+    # after a successful download to prevent corruption
+    File.open(versions, "w") {|f| f.puts "another process" }
+
+    etag_response do
+      file = tmp("versions.list")
+      FileUtils.rm_f(file)
+      file = CompactIndex::VersionsFile.new(file.to_s)
+      file.create(gems)
+      file.contents
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexConcurrentDownload)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_creds_diff_host.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_creds_diff_host.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfe22c7f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_creds_diff_host.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexCredsDiffHost < CompactIndexAPI
+  helpers do
+    def auth
+      @auth ||= Rack::Auth::Basic::Request.new(request.env)
+    end
+
+    def authorized?
+      auth.provided? && auth.basic? && auth.credentials && auth.credentials == %w[user pass]
+    end
+
+    def protected!
+      return if authorized?
+      response["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="Testing HTTP Auth")
+      throw(:halt, [401, "Not authorized\n"])
+    end
+  end
+
+  before do
+    protected! unless request.path_info.include?("/no/creds/")
+  end
+
+  get "/gems/:id" do
+    redirect "http://diffhost.com/no/creds/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/no/creds/:id" do
+    if request.host.include?("diffhost") && !auth.provided?
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo1}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexCredsDiffHost)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cec368276a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexExtra < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/extra/versions" do
+    halt 404
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    halt 404
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/quick/Marshal.4.8/:id" do
+    redirect "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/gems/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexExtra)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_api.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_api.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5cc13421a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_api.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexExtraApi < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/extra/names" do
+    etag_response do
+      CompactIndex.names(gems(gem_repo4).map(&:name))
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/versions" do
+    etag_response do
+      file = tmp("versions.list")
+      FileUtils.rm_f(file)
+      file = CompactIndex::VersionsFile.new(file.to_s)
+      file.create(gems(gem_repo4))
+      file.contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/info/:name" do
+    etag_response do
+      gem = gems(gem_repo4).find {|g| g.name == params[:name] }
+      CompactIndex.info(gem ? gem.versions : [])
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/quick/Marshal.4.8/:id" do
+    redirect "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/gems/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexExtraApi)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_api_missing.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_api_missing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9d757c266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_api_missing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index_extra_api"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexExtraAPIMissing < CompactIndexExtraApi
+  get "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    if params[:id] == "missing-1.0.gemspec.rz"
+      halt 404
+    else
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexExtraAPIMissing)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_missing.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_missing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff1e47a1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_extra_missing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index_extra"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexExtraMissing < CompactIndexExtra
+  get "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    if params[:id] == "missing-1.0.gemspec.rz"
+      halt 404
+    else
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexExtraMissing)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_forbidden.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_forbidden.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3eebe0fbd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_forbidden.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexForbidden < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/versions" do
+    halt 403
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexForbidden)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_host_redirect.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_host_redirect.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..304c897d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_host_redirect.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexHostRedirect < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/fetch/actual/gem/:id", :host_name => "localgemserver.test" do
+    redirect "http://bundler.localgemserver.test#{request.path_info}"
+  end
+
+  get "/versions" do
+    status 404
+  end
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    status 404
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexHostRedirect)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_no_gem.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_no_gem.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a4be08a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_no_gem.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexNoGem < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/gems/:id" do
+    halt 500
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexNoGem)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_partial_update.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_partial_update.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb1c7b9481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_partial_update.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexPartialUpdate < CompactIndexAPI
+  # Stub the server to never return 304s. This simulates the behaviour of
+  # Fastly / Rubygems ignoring ETag headers.
+  def not_modified?(_checksum)
+    false
+  end
+
+  get "/versions" do
+    cached_versions_path = File.join(
+      Bundler.rubygems.user_home, ".bundle", "cache", "compact_index",
+      "localgemserver.test.80.dd34752a738ee965a2a4298dc16db6c5", "versions"
+    )
+
+    # Verify a cached copy of the versions file exists
+    unless File.binread(cached_versions_path).start_with?("created_at: ")
+      raise("Cached versions file should be present and have content")
+    end
+
+    # Verify that a partial request is made, starting from the index of the
+    # final byte of the cached file.
+    unless env["HTTP_RANGE"] == "bytes=#{File.binread(cached_versions_path).bytesize - 1}-"
+      raise("Range header should be present, and start from the index of the final byte of the cache.")
+    end
+
+    etag_response do
+      # Return the exact contents of the cache.
+      File.binread(cached_versions_path)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexPartialUpdate)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_partial_update_no_etag_not_incremental.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_partial_update_no_etag_not_incremental.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acf76dfbf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_partial_update_no_etag_not_incremental.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexPartialUpdateNoEtagNotIncremental < CompactIndexAPI
+  def partial_update_no_etag
+    response_body = yield
+    headers "Surrogate-Control" => "max-age=2592000, stale-while-revalidate=60"
+    content_type "text/plain"
+    requested_range_for(response_body)
+  end
+
+  get "/versions" do
+    partial_update_no_etag do
+      file = tmp("versions.list")
+      FileUtils.rm_f(file)
+      file = CompactIndex::VersionsFile.new(file.to_s)
+      file.create(gems)
+      lines = file.contents([], :calculate_info_checksums => true).split("\n")
+      name, versions, checksum = lines.last.split(" ")
+
+      # shuffle versions so new versions are not appended to the end
+      [*lines[0..-2], [name, versions.split(",").reverse.join(","), checksum].join(" ")].join("\n")
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/info/:name" do
+    partial_update_no_etag do
+      gem = gems.find {|g| g.name == params[:name] }
+      lines = CompactIndex.info(gem ? gem.versions : []).split("\n")
+
+      # shuffle versions so new versions are not appended to the end
+      [lines.first, lines.last, *lines[1..-2]].join("\n")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexPartialUpdateNoEtagNotIncremental)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_range_not_satisfiable.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_range_not_satisfiable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb616125bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_range_not_satisfiable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexRangeNotSatisfiable < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/versions" do
+    if env["HTTP_RANGE"]
+      status 416
+    else
+      etag_response do
+        file = tmp("versions.list")
+        FileUtils.rm_f(file)
+        file = CompactIndex::VersionsFile.new(file.to_s)
+        file.create(gems)
+        file.contents
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/info/:name" do
+    if env["HTTP_RANGE"]
+      status 416
+    else
+      etag_response do
+        gem = gems.find {|g| g.name == params[:name] }
+        CompactIndex.info(gem ? gem.versions : [])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexRangeNotSatisfiable)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_rate_limited.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_rate_limited.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..570105e2a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_rate_limited.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexRateLimited < CompactIndexAPI
+  class RequestCounter
+    def self.queue
+      @queue ||= Thread::Queue.new
+    end
+
+    def self.size
+      @queue.size
+    end
+
+    def self.enq(name)
+      @queue.enq(name)
+    end
+
+    def self.deq
+      @queue.deq
+    end
+  end
+
+  configure do
+    RequestCounter.queue
+  end
+
+  get "/info/:name" do
+    RequestCounter.enq(params[:name])
+
+    begin
+      if RequestCounter.size == 1
+        etag_response do
+          gem = gems.find {|g| g.name == params[:name] }
+          CompactIndex.info(gem ? gem.versions : [])
+        end
+      else
+        status 429
+      end
+    ensure
+      RequestCounter.deq
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexRateLimited)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_redirects.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_redirects.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99adc797bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_redirects.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexRedirect < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    redirect "/fetch/actual/gem/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/versions" do
+    status 404
+  end
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    status 404
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexRedirect)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_strict_basic_authentication.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_strict_basic_authentication.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d427b5382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_strict_basic_authentication.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexStrictBasicAuthentication < CompactIndexAPI
+  before do
+    unless env["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"]
+      halt 401, "Authentication info not supplied"
+    end
+
+    # Only accepts password == "password"
+    unless env["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"] == "Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz"
+      halt 403, "Authentication failed"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexStrictBasicAuthentication)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_wrong_dependencies.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_wrong_dependencies.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..036fac70b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_wrong_dependencies.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexWrongDependencies < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/info/:name" do
+    etag_response do
+      gem = gems.find {|g| g.name == params[:name] }
+      gem.versions.each {|gv| gv.dependencies.clear } if gem
+      CompactIndex.info(gem ? gem.versions : [])
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexWrongDependencies)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_wrong_gem_checksum.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_wrong_gem_checksum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8add32b88f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/compact_index_wrong_gem_checksum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "compact_index"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class CompactIndexWrongGemChecksum < CompactIndexAPI
+  get "/info/:name" do
+    etag_response do
+      name = params[:name]
+      gem = gems.find {|g| g.name == name }
+      checksum = ENV.fetch("BUNDLER_SPEC_#{name.upcase}_CHECKSUM") { "ab" * 22 }
+      versions = gem ? gem.versions : []
+      versions.each {|v| v.checksum = checksum }
+      CompactIndex.info(versions)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(CompactIndexWrongGemChecksum)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a820e5a3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../path"
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(*Dir[Spec::Path.base_system_gems.join("gems/{artifice,mustermann,rack,tilt,sinatra,ruby2_keywords}-*/lib")].map(&:to_s))
+
+require "artifice"
+require "sinatra/base"
+
+ALL_REQUESTS = [] # rubocop:disable Style/MutableConstant
+ALL_REQUESTS_MUTEX = Thread::Mutex.new
+
+at_exit do
+  if expected = ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_ALL_REQUESTS"]
+    expected = expected.split("\n").sort
+    actual = ALL_REQUESTS.sort
+
+    unless expected == actual
+      raise "Unexpected requests!\nExpected:\n\t#{expected.join("\n\t")}\n\nActual:\n\t#{actual.join("\n\t")}"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Endpoint < Sinatra::Base
+  def self.all_requests
+    @all_requests ||= []
+  end
+
+  set :raise_errors, true
+  set :show_exceptions, false
+
+  def call!(*)
+    super.tap do
+      ALL_REQUESTS_MUTEX.synchronize do
+        ALL_REQUESTS << @request.url
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  helpers do
+    include Spec::Path
+
+    def default_gem_repo
+      if ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO"]
+        Pathname.new(ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO"])
+      else
+        case request.host
+        when "gem.repo1"
+          Spec::Path.gem_repo1
+        when "gem.repo2"
+          Spec::Path.gem_repo2
+        when "gem.repo3"
+          Spec::Path.gem_repo3
+        when "gem.repo4"
+          Spec::Path.gem_repo4
+        else
+          Spec::Path.gem_repo1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_for(gem_names, gem_repo = default_gem_repo)
+      return [] if gem_names.nil? || gem_names.empty?
+
+      all_specs = %w[specs.4.8 prerelease_specs.4.8].map do |filename|
+        Marshal.load(File.open(gem_repo.join(filename)).read)
+      end.inject(:+)
+
+      all_specs.map do |name, version, platform|
+        spec = load_spec(name, version, platform, gem_repo)
+        next unless gem_names.include?(spec.name)
+        {
+          :name         => spec.name,
+          :number       => spec.version.version,
+          :platform     => spec.platform.to_s,
+          :dependencies => spec.dependencies.select {|dep| dep.type == :runtime }.map do |dep|
+            [dep.name, dep.requirement.requirements.map {|a| a.join(" ") }.join(", ")]
+          end,
+        }
+      end.compact
+    end
+
+    def load_spec(name, version, platform, gem_repo)
+      full_name = "#{name}-#{version}"
+      full_name += "-#{platform}" if platform != "ruby"
+      Marshal.load(Bundler.rubygems.inflate(File.binread(gem_repo.join("quick/Marshal.4.8/#{full_name}.gemspec.rz"))))
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/quick/Marshal.4.8/:id" do
+    redirect "/fetch/actual/gem/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{default_gem_repo}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+
+  get "/gems/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{default_gem_repo}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    Marshal.dump(dependencies_for(params[:gems]))
+  end
+
+  get "/specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{default_gem_repo}/specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{default_gem_repo}/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(Endpoint)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_500.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_500.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ce8dfeaad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_500.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../path"
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(*Dir[Spec::Path.base_system_gems.join("gems/{artifice,mustermann,rack,tilt,sinatra,ruby2_keywords}-*/lib")].map(&:to_s))
+
+require "artifice"
+require "sinatra/base"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class Endpoint500 < Sinatra::Base
+  before do
+    halt 500
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(Endpoint500)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_api_forbidden.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_api_forbidden.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edc2463424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_api_forbidden.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointApiForbidden < Endpoint
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    halt 403
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointApiForbidden)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_api_missing.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_api_missing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..755c42e836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_api_missing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointApiMissing < Endpoint
+  get "/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    warn params[:id]
+    if params[:id] == "rack-1.0.gemspec.rz"
+      halt 404
+    else
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointApiMissing)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_basic_authentication.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_basic_authentication.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff3d1493d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_basic_authentication.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointBasicAuthentication < Endpoint
+  before do
+    unless env["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"]
+      halt 401, "Authentication info not supplied"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointBasicAuthentication)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_creds_diff_host.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_creds_diff_host.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b8972cedd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_creds_diff_host.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointCredsDiffHost < Endpoint
+  helpers do
+    def auth
+      @auth ||= Rack::Auth::Basic::Request.new(request.env)
+    end
+
+    def authorized?
+      auth.provided? && auth.basic? && auth.credentials && auth.credentials == %w[user pass]
+    end
+
+    def protected!
+      return if authorized?
+      response["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="Testing HTTP Auth")
+      throw(:halt, [401, "Not authorized\n"])
+    end
+  end
+
+  before do
+    protected! unless request.path_info.include?("/no/creds/")
+  end
+
+  get "/gems/:id" do
+    redirect "http://diffhost.com/no/creds/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/no/creds/:id" do
+    if request.host.include?("diffhost") && !auth.provided?
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo1}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointCredsDiffHost)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..942c4352b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointExtra < Endpoint
+  get "/extra/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    halt 404
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/quick/Marshal.4.8/:id" do
+    redirect "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/gems/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointExtra)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra_api.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra_api.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cfef7a7fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra_api.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointExtraApi < Endpoint
+  get "/extra/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    deps = dependencies_for(params[:gems], gem_repo4)
+    Marshal.dump(deps)
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/prerelease_specs.4.8.gz")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/quick/Marshal.4.8/:id" do
+    redirect "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+
+  get "/extra/gems/:id" do
+    File.binread("#{gem_repo4}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointExtraApi)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra_missing.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra_missing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fd9238207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_extra_missing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint_extra"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointExtraMissing < EndpointExtra
+  get "/extra/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    if params[:id] == "missing-1.0.gemspec.rz"
+      halt 404
+    else
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo2}/quick/Marshal.4.8/#{params[:id]}")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointExtraMissing)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_fallback.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_fallback.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08edf232e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_fallback.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointFallback < Endpoint
+  DEPENDENCY_LIMIT = 60
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    if params[:gems] && params[:gems].size <= DEPENDENCY_LIMIT
+      Marshal.dump(dependencies_for(params[:gems]))
+    else
+      halt 413, "Too many gems to resolve, please request less than #{DEPENDENCY_LIMIT} gems"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointFallback)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_host_redirect.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_host_redirect.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..338cbcad00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_host_redirect.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointHostRedirect < Endpoint
+  get "/fetch/actual/gem/:id", :host_name => "localgemserver.test" do
+    redirect "http://bundler.localgemserver.test#{request.path_info}"
+  end
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    status 404
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointHostRedirect)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_marshal_fail.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_marshal_fail.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22c13e3e17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_marshal_fail.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint_fallback"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointMarshalFail < EndpointFallback
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    "f0283y01hasf"
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointMarshalFail)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_marshal_fail_basic_authentication.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_marshal_fail_basic_authentication.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c341c3993f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_marshal_fail_basic_authentication.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint_marshal_fail"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointMarshalFailBasicAuthentication < EndpointMarshalFail
+  before do
+    unless env["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"]
+      halt 401, "Authentication info not supplied"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointMarshalFailBasicAuthentication)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_mirror_source.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_mirror_source.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..788a9027f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_mirror_source.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+class EndpointMirrorSource < Endpoint
+  get "/gems/:id" do
+    if request.env["HTTP_X_GEMFILE_SOURCE"] == "https://server.example.org/"
+      File.binread("#{gem_repo1}/gems/#{params[:id]}")
+    else
+      halt 500
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointMirrorSource)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_redirect.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_redirect.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee97fccf64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_redirect.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointRedirect < Endpoint
+  get "/fetch/actual/gem/:id" do
+    redirect "/fetch/actual/gem/#{params[:id]}"
+  end
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    status 404
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointRedirect)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_strict_basic_authentication.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_strict_basic_authentication.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d4da08770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_strict_basic_authentication.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointStrictBasicAuthentication < Endpoint
+  before do
+    unless env["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"]
+      halt 401, "Authentication info not supplied"
+    end
+
+    # Only accepts password == "password"
+    unless env["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"] == "Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz"
+      halt 403, "Authentication failed"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointStrictBasicAuthentication)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_timeout.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_timeout.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c118da1893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/endpoint_timeout.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "endpoint_fallback"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class EndpointTimeout < EndpointFallback
+  SLEEP_TIMEOUT = 3
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    sleep(SLEEP_TIMEOUT)
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(EndpointTimeout)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/fail.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/fail.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f69f2eccc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/fail.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "net/http"
+
+# We can't use artifice here because it uses rack
+
+module Artifice; end # for < 2.0, Net::HTTP::Persistent::SSLReuse
+
+class Fail < Net::HTTP
+  # Net::HTTP uses a @newimpl instance variable to decide whether
+  # to use a legacy implementation. Since we are subclassing
+  # Net::HTTP, we must set it
+  @newimpl = true
+
+  def request(req, body = nil, &block)
+    raise(exception(req))
+  end
+
+  # Ensure we don't start a connect here
+  def connect
+  end
+
+  def exception(req)
+    name = ENV.fetch("BUNDLER_SPEC_EXCEPTION") { "Errno::ENETUNREACH" }
+    const = name.split("::").reduce(Object) {|mod, sym| mod.const_get(sym) }
+    const.new("host down: Bundler spec artifice fail! #{req["PATH_INFO"]}")
+  end
+end
+
+# Replace Net::HTTP with our failing subclass
+::Net.class_eval do
+  remove_const(:HTTP)
+  const_set(:HTTP, ::Fail)
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/vcr.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/vcr.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d51201bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/vcr.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "net/http"
+require_relative "../path"
+
+CASSETTE_PATH = "#{Spec::Path.spec_dir}/support/artifice/vcr_cassettes"
+CASSETTE_NAME = ENV.fetch("BUNDLER_SPEC_VCR_CASSETTE_NAME") { "realworld" }
+
+class BundlerVCRHTTP < Net::HTTP
+  class RequestHandler
+    attr_reader :http, :request, :body, :response_block
+    def initialize(http, request, body = nil, &response_block)
+      @http = http
+      @request = request
+      @body = body
+      @response_block = response_block
+    end
+
+    def handle_request
+      handler = self
+      request.instance_eval do
+        @__vcr_request_handler = handler
+      end
+
+      if recorded_response?
+        recorded_response
+      else
+        record_response
+      end
+    end
+
+    def recorded_response?
+      return true if ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PRE_RECORDED"]
+      request_pair_paths.all? {|f| File.exist?(f) }
+    end
+
+    def recorded_response
+      File.open(request_pair_paths.last, "rb:ASCII-8BIT") do |response_file|
+        response_io = ::Net::BufferedIO.new(response_file)
+        ::Net::HTTPResponse.read_new(response_io).tap do |response|
+          response.decode_content = request.decode_content if request.respond_to?(:decode_content)
+          response.uri = request.uri
+
+          response.reading_body(response_io, request.response_body_permitted?) do
+            response_block.call(response) if response_block
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def record_response
+      request_path, response_path = *request_pair_paths
+
+      @recording = true
+
+      response = http.request_without_vcr(request, body, &response_block)
+      @recording = false
+      unless @recording
+        require "fileutils"
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(request_path))
+        binwrite(request_path, request_to_string(request))
+        binwrite(response_path, response_to_string(response))
+      end
+      response
+    end
+
+    def key
+      [request["host"] || http.address, request.path, request.method].compact
+    end
+
+    def file_name_for_key(key)
+      key.join("/").gsub(/[\:*?"<>|]/, "-")
+    end
+
+    def request_pair_paths
+      %w[request response].map do |kind|
+        File.join(CASSETTE_PATH, CASSETTE_NAME, file_name_for_key(key + [kind]))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def read_stored_request(path)
+      contents = File.binread(path)
+      headers = {}
+      method = nil
+      path = nil
+      contents.lines.grep(/^> /).each do |line|
+        if line =~ /^> (GET|HEAD|POST|PATCH|PUT|DELETE) (.*)/
+          method = $1
+          path = $2.strip
+        elsif line =~ /^> (.*?): (.*)/
+          headers[$1] = $2
+        end
+      end
+      body = contents =~ /^([^>].*)/m && $1
+      Net::HTTP.const_get(method.capitalize).new(path, headers).tap {|r| r.body = body if body }
+    end
+
+    def request_to_string(request)
+      request_string = []
+      request_string << "> #{request.method.upcase} #{request.path}"
+      request.to_hash.each do |key, value|
+        request_string << "> #{key}: #{Array(value).first}"
+      end
+      request << "" << request.body if request.body
+      request_string.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    def response_to_string(response)
+      headers = response.to_hash
+      body = response.body
+
+      response_string = []
+      response_string << "HTTP/1.1 #{response.code} #{response.message}"
+
+      headers["content-length"] = [body.bytesize.to_s] if body
+
+      headers.each do |header, value|
+        response_string << "#{header}: #{value.join(", ")}"
+      end
+
+      response_string << "" << body
+
+      response_string = response_string.join("\n")
+      if response_string.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
+        response_string.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+      else
+        response_string
+      end
+    end
+
+    def binwrite(path, contents)
+      File.open(path, "wb:ASCII-8BIT") {|f| f.write(contents) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def start_with_vcr
+    if ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PRE_RECORDED"]
+      raise IOError, "HTTP session already opened" if @started
+      @socket = nil
+      @started = true
+    else
+      start_without_vcr
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias_method :start_without_vcr, :start
+  alias_method :start, :start_with_vcr
+
+  def request_with_vcr(request, *args, &block)
+    handler = request.instance_eval do
+      remove_instance_variable(:@__vcr_request_handler) if defined?(@__vcr_request_handler)
+    end || RequestHandler.new(self, request, *args, &block)
+
+    handler.handle_request
+  end
+
+  alias_method :request_without_vcr, :request
+  alias_method :request, :request_with_vcr
+end
+
+# Replace Net::HTTP with our VCR subclass
+::Net.class_eval do
+  remove_const(:HTTP)
+  const_set(:HTTP, BundlerVCRHTTP)
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/artifice/windows.rb b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/windows.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddbbd62b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/artifice/windows.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../path"
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(*Dir[Spec::Path.base_system_gems.join("gems/{artifice,mustermann,rack,tilt,sinatra,ruby2_keywords}-*/lib")].map(&:to_s))
+
+require "artifice"
+require "sinatra/base"
+
+Artifice.deactivate
+
+class Windows < Sinatra::Base
+  set :raise_errors, true
+  set :show_exceptions, false
+
+  helpers do
+    def default_gem_repo
+      Pathname.new(ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_REPO"] || Spec::Path.gem_repo1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  files = ["specs.4.8.gz",
+           "prerelease_specs.4.8.gz",
+           "quick/Marshal.4.8/rcov-1.0-mswin32.gemspec.rz",
+           "gems/rcov-1.0-mswin32.gem"]
+
+  files.each do |file|
+    get "/#{file}" do
+      File.binread default_gem_repo.join(file)
+    end
+  end
+
+  get "/gems/rcov-1.0-x86-mswin32.gem" do
+    halt 404
+  end
+
+  get "/api/v1/dependencies" do
+    halt 404
+  end
+
+  get "/versions" do
+    halt 500
+  end
+end
+
+Artifice.activate_with(Windows)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/build_metadata.rb b/spec/bundler/support/build_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98d8ac23c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/build_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "path"
+require_relative "helpers"
+
+module Spec
+  module BuildMetadata
+    include Spec::Path
+    include Spec::Helpers
+
+    def write_build_metadata(dir: source_root)
+      build_metadata = {
+        :git_commit_sha => git_commit_sha,
+        :built_at => loaded_gemspec.date.utc.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+        :release => true,
+      }
+
+      replace_build_metadata(build_metadata, dir: dir) # rubocop:disable Style/HashSyntax
+    end
+
+    def reset_build_metadata(dir: source_root)
+      build_metadata = {
+        :release => false,
+      }
+
+      replace_build_metadata(build_metadata, dir: dir) # rubocop:disable Style/HashSyntax
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def replace_build_metadata(build_metadata, dir:)
+      build_metadata_file = File.expand_path("lib/bundler/build_metadata.rb", dir)
+
+      ivars = build_metadata.sort.map do |k, v|
+        "    @#{k} = #{loaded_gemspec.send(:ruby_code, v)}"
+      end.join("\n")
+
+      contents = File.read(build_metadata_file)
+      contents.sub!(/^(\s+# begin ivars).+(^\s+# end ivars)/m, "\\1\n#{ivars}\n\\2")
+      File.open(build_metadata_file, "w") {|f| f << contents }
+    end
+
+    def git_commit_sha
+      ruby_core_tarball? ? "unknown" : sys_exec("git rev-parse --short HEAD", :dir => source_root).strip
+    end
+
+    extend self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/builders.rb b/spec/bundler/support/builders.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90e9cbb242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/builders.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/shared_helpers"
+require "shellwords"
+
+module Spec
+  module Builders
+    def self.constantize(name)
+      name.delete("-").upcase
+    end
+
+    def v(version)
+      Gem::Version.new(version)
+    end
+
+    def pl(platform)
+      Gem::Platform.new(platform)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a number smaller than the size of the index. Useful for specs that
+    # need the API request limit to be reached for some reason.
+    def low_api_request_limit_for(gem_repo)
+      all_gems = Dir[gem_repo.join("gems/*.gem")]
+
+      all_gem_names = all_gems.map do |file|
+        File.basename(file, ".gem").match(/\A(?<gem_name>[^-]+)-.*\z/)[:gem_name]
+      end.uniq
+
+      (all_gem_names - ["bundler"]).size
+    end
+
+    def build_repo1
+      rake_path = Dir["#{Path.base_system_gems}/**/rake*.gem"].first
+
+      build_repo gem_repo1 do
+        FileUtils.cp rake_path, "#{gem_repo1}/gems/"
+
+        build_gem "coffee-script-source"
+        build_gem "git"
+        build_gem "puma"
+        build_gem "minitest"
+
+        build_gem "rack", %w[0.9.1 1.0.0] do |s|
+          s.executables = "rackup"
+          s.post_install_message = "Rack's post install message"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "thin" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack"
+          s.post_install_message = "Thin's post install message"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rack-obama" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack"
+          s.post_install_message = "Rack-obama's post install message"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rack_middleware", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "rack", "0.9.1"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rails", "2.3.2" do |s|
+          s.executables = "rails"
+          s.add_dependency "rake",           "13.0.1"
+          s.add_dependency "actionpack",     "2.3.2"
+          s.add_dependency "activerecord",   "2.3.2"
+          s.add_dependency "actionmailer",   "2.3.2"
+          s.add_dependency "activeresource", "2.3.2"
+        end
+        build_gem "actionpack", "2.3.2" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "2.3.2"
+        end
+        build_gem "activerecord", ["2.3.1", "2.3.2"] do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "2.3.2"
+        end
+        build_gem "actionmailer", "2.3.2" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "2.3.2"
+        end
+        build_gem "activeresource", "2.3.2" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", "2.3.2"
+        end
+        build_gem "activesupport", %w[1.2.3 2.3.2 2.3.5]
+
+        build_gem "activemerchant" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "activesupport", ">= 2.0.0"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rspec", "1.2.7", :no_default => true do |s|
+          s.write "lib/spec.rb", "SPEC = '1.2.7'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "rack-test", :no_default => true do |s|
+          s.write "lib/rack/test.rb", "RACK_TEST = '1.0'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "platform_specific" do |s|
+          s.platform = Bundler.local_platform
+          s.write "lib/platform_specific.rb", "PLATFORM_SPECIFIC = '1.0.0 #{Bundler.local_platform}'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "platform_specific" do |s|
+          s.platform = "java"
+          s.write "lib/platform_specific.rb", "PLATFORM_SPECIFIC = '1.0.0 JAVA'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "platform_specific" do |s|
+          s.platform = "ruby"
+          s.write "lib/platform_specific.rb", "PLATFORM_SPECIFIC = '1.0.0 RUBY'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "platform_specific" do |s|
+          s.platform = "x86-mswin32"
+          s.write "lib/platform_specific.rb", "PLATFORM_SPECIFIC = '1.0.0 MSWIN'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "platform_specific" do |s|
+          s.platform = "x86-mingw32"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "platform_specific" do |s|
+          s.platform = "x64-mingw32"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "platform_specific" do |s|
+          s.platform = "x86-darwin-100"
+          s.write "lib/platform_specific.rb", "PLATFORM_SPECIFIC = '1.0.0 x86-darwin-100'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "only_java", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.platform = "java"
+          s.write "lib/only_java.rb", "ONLY_JAVA = '1.0.0 JAVA'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "only_java", "1.1" do |s|
+          s.platform = "java"
+          s.write "lib/only_java.rb", "ONLY_JAVA = '1.1.0 JAVA'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.4.2"
+        build_gem "nokogiri", "1.4.2" do |s|
+          s.platform = "java"
+          s.write "lib/nokogiri.rb", "NOKOGIRI = '1.4.2 JAVA'"
+          s.add_dependency "weakling", ">= 0.0.3"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "laduradura", "5.15.2"
+        build_gem "laduradura", "5.15.2" do |s|
+          s.platform = "java"
+          s.write "lib/laduradura.rb", "LADURADURA = '5.15.2 JAVA'"
+        end
+        build_gem "laduradura", "5.15.3" do |s|
+          s.platform = "java"
+          s.write "lib/laduradura.rb", "LADURADURA = '5.15.2 JAVA'"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "weakling", "0.0.3"
+
+        build_gem "terranova", "8"
+
+        build_gem "duradura", "7.0"
+
+        build_gem "very_simple_binary", &:add_c_extension
+        build_gem "simple_binary", &:add_c_extension
+
+        build_gem "bundler", "0.9" do |s|
+          s.executables = "bundle"
+          s.write "bin/bundle", "puts 'FAIL'"
+        end
+
+        # The bundler 0.8 gem has a rubygems plugin that always loads :(
+        build_gem "bundler", "0.8.1" do |s|
+          s.write "lib/bundler/omg.rb", ""
+          s.write "lib/rubygems_plugin.rb", "require 'bundler/omg' ; puts 'FAIL'"
+        end
+
+        # The yard gem iterates over Gem.source_index looking for plugins
+        build_gem "yard" do |s|
+          s.write "lib/yard.rb", <<-Y
+            Gem::Specification.sort_by(&:name).each do |gem|
+              puts gem.full_name
+            end
+          Y
+        end
+
+        build_gem "net-ssh"
+        build_gem "net-sftp", "1.1.1" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "net-ssh", ">= 1.0.0", "< 1.99.0"
+        end
+
+        build_gem "foo"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_repo2(&blk)
+      FileUtils.rm_rf gem_repo2
+      FileUtils.cp_r gem_repo1, gem_repo2
+      update_repo2(&blk) if block_given?
+    end
+
+    # A repo that has no pre-installed gems included. (The caller completely
+    # determines the contents with the block.)
+    def build_repo4(&blk)
+      FileUtils.rm_rf gem_repo4
+      build_repo(gem_repo4, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def update_repo4(&blk)
+      update_repo(gem_repo4, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def update_repo2
+      update_repo gem_repo2 do
+        yield if block_given?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_security_repo
+      build_repo security_repo do
+        build_gem "rack"
+
+        build_gem "signed_gem" do |s|
+          cert = "signing-cert.pem"
+          pkey = "signing-pkey.pem"
+          s.write cert, TEST_CERT
+          s.write pkey, TEST_PKEY
+          s.signing_key = pkey
+          s.cert_chain = [cert]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_repo(path, &blk)
+      return if File.directory?(path)
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{path}/gems")
+
+      update_repo(path, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def check_test_gems!
+      rake_path = Dir["#{Path.base_system_gems}/**/rake*.gem"].first
+
+      if rake_path.nil?
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(Path.base_system_gems)
+        Spec::Rubygems.install_test_deps
+        rake_path = Dir["#{Path.base_system_gems}/**/rake*.gem"].first
+      end
+
+      if rake_path.nil?
+        abort "Your test gems are missing! Run `rm -rf #{tmp}` and try again."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def update_repo(path)
+      if path == gem_repo1 && caller.first.split(" ").last == "`build_repo`"
+        raise "Updating gem_repo1 is unsupported -- use gem_repo2 instead"
+      end
+      return unless block_given?
+      @_build_path = "#{path}/gems"
+      @_build_repo = File.basename(path)
+      yield
+      with_gem_path_as Path.base_system_gems do
+        gem_command :generate_index, :dir => path
+      end
+    ensure
+      @_build_path = nil
+      @_build_repo = nil
+    end
+
+    def build_index(&block)
+      index = Bundler::Index.new
+      IndexBuilder.run(index, &block) if block_given?
+      index
+    end
+
+    def build_spec(name, version = "0.0.1", platform = nil, &block)
+      Array(version).map do |v|
+        Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+          s.name     = name
+          s.version  = Gem::Version.new(v)
+          s.platform = platform
+          s.authors  = ["no one in particular"]
+          s.summary  = "a gemspec used only for testing"
+          DepBuilder.run(s, &block) if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_dep(name, requirements = Gem::Requirement.default, type = :runtime)
+      Bundler::Dependency.new(name, :version => requirements)
+    end
+
+    def build_lib(name, *args, &blk)
+      build_with(LibBuilder, name, args, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def build_gem(name, *args, &blk)
+      build_with(GemBuilder, name, args, &blk)
+    end
+
+    def build_git(name, *args, &block)
+      opts = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.last : {}
+      builder = opts[:bare] ? GitBareBuilder : GitBuilder
+      spec = build_with(builder, name, args, &block)
+      GitReader.new(self, opts[:path] || lib_path(spec.full_name))
+    end
+
+    def update_git(name, *args, &block)
+      opts = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.last : {}
+      spec = build_with(GitUpdater, name, args, &block)
+      GitReader.new(self, opts[:path] || lib_path(spec.full_name))
+    end
+
+    def build_plugin(name, *args, &blk)
+      build_with(PluginBuilder, name, args, &blk)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def build_with(builder, name, args, &blk)
+      @_build_path ||= nil
+      @_build_repo ||= nil
+      options  = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      versions = args.last || "1.0"
+      spec     = nil
+
+      options[:path] ||= @_build_path
+      options[:source] ||= @_build_repo
+
+      Array(versions).each do |version|
+        spec = builder.new(self, name, version)
+        yield spec if block_given?
+        spec._build(options)
+      end
+
+      spec
+    end
+
+    class IndexBuilder
+      include Builders
+
+      def self.run(index, &block)
+        new(index).run(&block)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(index)
+        @index = index
+      end
+
+      def run(&block)
+        instance_eval(&block)
+      end
+
+      def gem(*args, &block)
+        build_spec(*args, &block).each do |s|
+          @index << s
+        end
+      end
+
+      def platforms(platforms)
+        platforms.split(/\s+/).each do |platform|
+          platform.gsub!(/^(mswin32)$/, 'x86-\1')
+          yield Gem::Platform.new(platform)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def versions(versions)
+        versions.split(/\s+/).each {|version| yield v(version) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DepBuilder
+      include Builders
+
+      def self.run(spec, &block)
+        new(spec).run(&block)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(spec)
+        @spec = spec
+      end
+
+      def run(&block)
+        instance_eval(&block)
+      end
+
+      def runtime(name, requirements)
+        @spec.add_runtime_dependency(name, requirements)
+      end
+
+      def development(name, requirements)
+        @spec.add_development_dependency(name, requirements)
+      end
+
+      def required_ruby_version=(*reqs)
+        @spec.required_ruby_version = *reqs
+      end
+
+      alias_method :dep, :runtime
+    end
+
+    class LibBuilder
+      def initialize(context, name, version)
+        @context = context
+        @name    = name
+        @spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+          s.name        = name
+          s.version     = version
+          s.summary     = "This is just a fake gem for testing"
+          s.description = "This is a completely fake gem, for testing purposes."
+          s.author      = "no one"
+          s.email       = "foo@bar.baz"
+          s.homepage    = "http://example.com"
+          s.license     = "MIT"
+        end
+        @files = {}
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(*args, &blk)
+        @spec.send(*args, &blk)
+      end
+
+      def write(file, source = "")
+        @files[file] = source
+      end
+
+      def executables=(val)
+        @spec.executables = Array(val)
+        @spec.executables.each do |file|
+          executable = "#{@spec.bindir}/#{file}"
+          shebang = if Bundler.current_ruby.jruby?
+            "#!/usr/bin/env jruby\n"
+          else
+            "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\n"
+          end
+          @spec.files << executable
+          write executable, "#{shebang}require_relative '../lib/#{@name}' ; puts #{Builders.constantize(@name)}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_c_extension
+        require_paths << "ext"
+        extensions << "ext/extconf.rb"
+        write "ext/extconf.rb", <<-RUBY
+          require "mkmf"
+
+
+          # exit 1 unless with_config("simple")
+
+          extension_name = "#{name}_c"
+          if extra_lib_dir = with_config("ext-lib")
+            # add extra libpath if --with-ext-lib is
+            # passed in as a build_arg
+            dir_config extension_name, nil, extra_lib_dir
+          else
+            dir_config extension_name
+          end
+          create_makefile extension_name
+        RUBY
+        write "ext/#{name}.c", <<-C
+          #include "ruby.h"
+
+          void Init_#{name}_c() {
+            rb_define_module("#{Builders.constantize(name)}_IN_C");
+          }
+        C
+      end
+
+      def _build(options)
+        path = options[:path] || _default_path
+
+        if options[:rubygems_version]
+          @spec.rubygems_version = options[:rubygems_version]
+          def @spec.mark_version; end
+
+          def @spec.validate(*); end
+        end
+
+        unless options[:no_default]
+          gem_source = options[:source] || "path@#{path}"
+          @files = _default_files.
+                   merge("lib/#{entrypoint}/source.rb" => "#{Builders.constantize(name)}_SOURCE = #{gem_source.to_s.dump}").
+                   merge(@files)
+        end
+
+        @spec.authors = ["no one"]
+        @spec.files = @files.keys
+
+        case options[:gemspec]
+        when false
+          # do nothing
+        when :yaml
+          @spec.files << "#{name}.gemspec"
+          @files["#{name}.gemspec"] = @spec.to_yaml
+        else
+          @spec.files << "#{name}.gemspec"
+          @files["#{name}.gemspec"] = @spec.to_ruby
+        end
+
+        @files.each do |file, source|
+          file = Pathname.new(path).join(file)
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(file.dirname)
+          File.open(file, "w") {|f| f.puts source }
+          File.chmod("+x", file) if @spec.executables.map {|exe| "#{@spec.bindir}/#{exe}" }.include?(file)
+        end
+        path
+      end
+
+      def _default_files
+        @_default_files ||= { "lib/#{entrypoint}.rb" => "#{Builders.constantize(name)} = '#{version}#{platform_string}'" }
+      end
+
+      def entrypoint
+        name.tr("-", "/")
+      end
+
+      def _default_path
+        @context.tmp("libs", @spec.full_name)
+      end
+
+      def platform_string
+        " #{@spec.platform}" unless @spec.platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    class GitBuilder < LibBuilder
+      def _build(options)
+        default_branch = options[:default_branch] || "master"
+        path = options[:path] || _default_path
+        source = options[:source] || "git@#{path}"
+        super(options.merge(:path => path, :source => source))
+        @context.git("config --global init.defaultBranch #{default_branch}", path)
+        @context.git("init", path)
+        @context.git("add *", path)
+        @context.git("config user.email lol@wut.com", path)
+        @context.git("config user.name lolwut", path)
+        @context.git("config commit.gpgsign false", path)
+        @context.git("commit -m OMG_INITIAL_COMMIT", path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class GitBareBuilder < LibBuilder
+      def _build(options)
+        path = options[:path] || _default_path
+        super(options.merge(:path => path))
+        @context.git("init --bare", path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class GitUpdater < LibBuilder
+      def _build(options)
+        libpath = options[:path] || _default_path
+        update_gemspec = options[:gemspec] || false
+        source = options[:source] || "git@#{libpath}"
+
+        if branch = options[:branch]
+          @context.git("checkout -b #{Shellwords.shellescape(branch)}", libpath)
+        elsif tag = options[:tag]
+          @context.git("tag #{Shellwords.shellescape(tag)}", libpath)
+        elsif options[:remote]
+          @context.git("remote add origin #{options[:remote]}", libpath)
+        elsif options[:push]
+          @context.git("push origin #{options[:push]}", libpath)
+        end
+
+        current_ref = @context.git("rev-parse HEAD", libpath).strip
+        _default_files.keys.each do |path|
+          _default_files[path] += "\n#{Builders.constantize(name)}_PREV_REF = '#{current_ref}'"
+        end
+        super(options.merge(:path => libpath, :gemspec => update_gemspec, :source => source))
+        @context.git("commit -am BUMP", libpath)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class GitReader
+      attr_reader :context, :path
+
+      def initialize(context, path)
+        @context = context
+        @path = path
+      end
+
+      def ref_for(ref, len = nil)
+        ref = context.git "rev-parse #{ref}", path
+        ref = ref[0..len] if len
+        ref
+      end
+    end
+
+    class GemBuilder < LibBuilder
+      def _build(opts)
+        lib_path = super(opts.merge(:path => @context.tmp(".tmp/#{@spec.full_name}"), :no_default => opts[:no_default]))
+        destination = opts[:path] || _default_path
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(lib_path.join(destination))
+
+        if opts[:gemspec] == :yaml || opts[:gemspec] == false
+          Dir.chdir(lib_path) do
+            Bundler.rubygems.build(@spec, opts[:skip_validation])
+          end
+        elsif opts[:skip_validation]
+          @context.gem_command "build --force #{@spec.name}", :dir => lib_path
+        else
+          @context.gem_command "build #{@spec.name}", :dir => lib_path
+        end
+
+        gem_path = File.expand_path("#{@spec.full_name}.gem", lib_path)
+        if opts[:to_system]
+          @context.system_gems gem_path, :default => opts[:default]
+        elsif opts[:to_bundle]
+          @context.system_gems gem_path, :path => @context.default_bundle_path
+        else
+          FileUtils.mv(gem_path, destination)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _default_path
+        @context.gem_repo1("gems")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class PluginBuilder < GemBuilder
+      def _default_files
+        @_default_files ||= {
+          "lib/#{name}.rb" => "#{Builders.constantize(name)} = '#{version}#{platform_string}'",
+          "plugins.rb" => "",
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    TEST_CERT = <<-CERT.gsub(/^\s*/, "")
+      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+      MIIDMjCCAhqgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADAnMQwwCgYDVQQDDAN5b3Ux
+      FzAVBgoJkiaJk/IsZAEZFgdleGFtcGxlMB4XDTE1MDIwODAwMTIyM1oXDTQyMDYy
+      NTAwMTIyM1owJzEMMAoGA1UEAwwDeW91MRcwFQYKCZImiZPyLGQBGRYHZXhhbXBs
+      ZTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBANlvFdpN43c4DMS9Jo06
+      m0a7k3bQ3HWQ1yrYhZMi77F1F73NpBknYHIzDktQpGn6hs/4QFJT4m4zNEBF47UL
+      jHU5nTK5rjkS3niGYUjvh3ZEzVeo9zHUlD/UwflDo4ALl3TSo2KY/KdPS/UTdLXL
+      ajkQvaVJtEDgBPE3DPhlj5whp+Ik3mDHej7qpV6F502leAwYaFyOtlEG/ZGNG+nZ
+      L0clH0j77HpP42AylHDi+vakEM3xcjo9BeWQ6Vkboic93c9RTt6CWBWxMQP7Nol1
+      MOebz9XOSQclxpxWteXNfPRtMdAhmRl76SMI8ywzThNPpa4EH/yz34ftebVOgKyM
+      nd0CAwEAAaNpMGcwCQYDVR0TBAIwADALBgNVHQ8EBAMCBLAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFA7D
+      n9qo0np23qi3aOYuAAPn/5IdMBYGA1UdEQQPMA2BC3lvdUBleGFtcGxlMBYGA1Ud
+      EgQPMA2BC3lvdUBleGFtcGxlMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4IBAQA7Gyk62sWOUX/N
+      vk4tJrgKESph6Ns8+E36A7n3jt8zCep8ldzMvwTWquf9iqhsC68FilEoaDnUlWw7
+      d6oNuaFkv7zfrWGLlvqQJC+cu2X5EpcCksg5oRp8VNbwJysJ6JgwosxzROII8eXc
+      R+j1j6mDvQYqig2QOnzf480pjaqbP+tspfDFZbhKPrgM3Blrb3ZYuFpv4zkqI7aB
+      6fuk2DUhNO1CuwrJA84TqC+jGo73bDKaT5hrIDiaJRrN5+zcWja2uEWrj5jSbep4
+      oXdEdyH73hOHMBP40uds3PqnUsxEJhzjB2sCCe1geV24kw9J4m7EQXPVkUKDgKrt
+      LlpDmOoo
+      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
+    CERT
+
+    TEST_PKEY = <<-PKEY.gsub(/^\s*/, "")
+      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+      MIIEowIBAAKCAQEA2W8V2k3jdzgMxL0mjTqbRruTdtDcdZDXKtiFkyLvsXUXvc2k
+      GSdgcjMOS1CkafqGz/hAUlPibjM0QEXjtQuMdTmdMrmuORLeeIZhSO+HdkTNV6j3
+      MdSUP9TB+UOjgAuXdNKjYpj8p09L9RN0tctqORC9pUm0QOAE8TcM+GWPnCGn4iTe
+      YMd6PuqlXoXnTaV4DBhoXI62UQb9kY0b6dkvRyUfSPvsek/jYDKUcOL69qQQzfFy
+      Oj0F5ZDpWRuiJz3dz1FO3oJYFbExA/s2iXUw55vP1c5JByXGnFa15c189G0x0CGZ
+      GXvpIwjzLDNOE0+lrgQf/LPfh+15tU6ArIyd3QIDAQABAoIBACbDqz20TS1gDMa2
+      gj0DidNedbflHKjJHdNBru7Ad8NHgOgR1YO2hXdWquG6itVqGMbTF4SV9/R1pIcg
+      7qvEV1I+50u31tvOBWOvcYCzU48+TO2n7gowQA3xPHPYHzog1uu48fAOHl0lwgD7
+      av9OOK3b0jO5pC08wyTOD73pPWU0NrkTh2+N364leIi1pNuI1z4V+nEuIIm7XpVd
+      5V4sXidMTiEMJwE6baEDfTjHKaoRndXrrPo3ryIXmcX7Ag1SwAQwF5fBCRToCgIx
+      dszEZB1bJD5gA6r+eGnJLB/F60nK607az5o3EdguoB2LKa6q6krpaRCmZU5svvoF
+      J7xgBPECgYEA8RIzHAQ3zbaibKdnllBLIgsqGdSzebTLKheFuigRotEV3Or/z5Lg
+      k/nVnThWVkTOSRqXTNpJAME6a4KTdcVSxYP+SdZVO1esazHrGb7xPVb7MWSE1cqp
+      WEk3Yy8OUOPoPQMc4dyGzd30Mi8IBB6gnFIYOTrpUo0XtkBv8rGGhfsCgYEA5uYn
+      6QgL4NqNT84IXylmMb5ia3iBt6lhxI/A28CDtQvfScl4eYK0IjBwdfG6E1vJgyzg
+      nJzv3xEVo9bz+Kq7CcThWpK5JQaPnsV0Q74Wjk0ShHet15txOdJuKImnh5F6lylC
+      GTLR9gnptytfMH/uuw4ws0Q2kcg4l5NHKOWOnAcCgYEAvAwIVkhsB0n59Wu4gCZu
+      FUZENxYWUk/XUyQ6KnZrG2ih90xQ8+iMyqFOIm/52R2fFKNrdoWoALC6E3ct8+ZS
+      pMRLrelFXx8K3it4SwMJR2H8XBEfFW4bH0UtsW7Zafv+AunUs9LETP5gKG1LgXsq
+      qgXX43yy2LQ61O365YPZfdUCgYBVbTvA3MhARbvYldrFEnUL3GtfZbNgdxuD9Mee
+      xig0eJMBIrgfBLuOlqtVB70XYnM4xAbKCso4loKSHnofO1N99siFkRlM2JOUY2tz
+      kMWZmmxKdFjuF0WZ5f/5oYxI/QsFGC+rUQEbbWl56mMKd5qkvEhKWudxoklF0yiV
+      ufC8SwKBgDWb8iWqWN5a/kfvKoxFcDM74UHk/SeKMGAL+ujKLf58F+CbweM5pX9C
+      EUsxeoUEraVWTiyFVNqD81rCdceus9TdBj0ZIK1vUttaRZyrMAwF0uQSfjtxsOpd
+      l69BkyvzjgDPkmOHVGiSZDLi3YDvypbUpo6LOy4v5rVg5U2F/A0v
+      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+    PKEY
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/bundle.rb b/spec/bundler/support/bundle.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb21526d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/bundle.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rubygems"
+require_relative "path"
+bundler_gemspec = Spec::Path.loaded_gemspec
+bundler_gemspec.instance_variable_set(:@full_gem_path, Spec::Path.source_root)
+bundler_gemspec.activate if bundler_gemspec.respond_to?(:activate)
+load File.expand_path("bundle", Spec::Path.bindir)
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/command_execution.rb b/spec/bundler/support/command_execution.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68e5c56c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/command_execution.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Spec
+  CommandExecution = Struct.new(:command, :working_directory, :exitstatus, :stdout, :stderr) do
+    def to_s
+      "$ #{command}"
+    end
+    alias_method :inspect, :to_s
+
+    def stdboth
+      @stdboth ||= [stderr, stdout].join("\n").strip
+    end
+
+    def to_s_verbose
+      [
+        to_s,
+        stdout,
+        stderr,
+        exitstatus ? "# $? => #{exitstatus}" : "",
+      ].reject(&:empty?).join("\n")
+    end
+
+    def success?
+      return true unless exitstatus
+      exitstatus == 0
+    end
+
+    def failure?
+      return true unless exitstatus
+      exitstatus > 0
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/filters.rb b/spec/bundler/support/filters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b91897a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/filters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "sudo"
+
+class RequirementChecker < Proc
+  def self.against(present)
+    provided = Gem::Version.new(present)
+
+    new do |required|
+      !Gem::Requirement.new(required).satisfied_by?(provided)
+    end.tap do |checker|
+      checker.provided = provided
+    end
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :provided
+
+  def inspect
+    "\"!= #{provided}\""
+  end
+end
+
+RSpec.configure do |config|
+  config.filter_run_excluding :sudo => true
+  config.filter_run_excluding :realworld => true
+
+  git_version = Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy.new(nil, nil, nil).version
+
+  config.filter_run_excluding :git => RequirementChecker.against(git_version)
+  config.filter_run_excluding :bundler => RequirementChecker.against(Bundler::VERSION.split(".")[0])
+  config.filter_run_excluding :ruby_repo => !ENV["GEM_COMMAND"].nil?
+  config.filter_run_excluding :no_color_tty => Gem.win_platform? || !ENV["GITHUB_ACTION"].nil?
+  config.filter_run_excluding :permissions => Gem.win_platform?
+  config.filter_run_excluding :readline => Gem.win_platform?
+  config.filter_run_excluding :jruby => RUBY_ENGINE != "jruby"
+  config.filter_run_excluding :truffleruby => RUBY_ENGINE != "truffleruby"
+  config.filter_run_excluding :man => Gem.win_platform?
+
+  config.filter_run_when_matching :focus unless ENV["CI"]
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/hax.rb b/spec/bundler/support/hax.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ad5239128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/hax.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Gem
+  def self.ruby=(ruby)
+    @ruby = ruby
+  end
+
+  if ENV["RUBY"]
+    Gem.ruby = ENV["RUBY"]
+  end
+
+  if ENV["BUNDLER_GEM_DEFAULT_DIR"]
+    @default_dir = ENV["BUNDLER_GEM_DEFAULT_DIR"]
+    @default_specifications_dir = nil
+  end
+
+  if ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PLATFORM"]
+    class Platform
+      @local = new(ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PLATFORM"])
+    end
+    @platforms = [Gem::Platform::RUBY, Gem::Platform.local]
+
+    if ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PLATFORM"] == "ruby"
+      class << self
+        remove_method :finish_resolve
+
+        def finish_resolve
+          []
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_SOURCES"]
+    @sources = [ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_GEM_SOURCES"]]
+  end
+
+  # We only need this hack for rubygems versions without the BundlerVersionFinder
+  if Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("2.7.0")
+    @path_to_default_spec_map.delete_if do |_path, spec|
+      spec.name == "bundler"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/helpers.rb b/spec/bundler/support/helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e44c67835f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "command_execution"
+require_relative "the_bundle"
+require_relative "path"
+
+module Spec
+  module Helpers
+    include Spec::Path
+
+    def reset!
+      Dir.glob("#{tmp}/{gems/*,*}", File::FNM_DOTMATCH).each do |dir|
+        next if %w[base base_system remote1 rubocop standard gems rubygems . ..].include?(File.basename(dir))
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(dir)
+      end
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(home)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(tmpdir)
+      reset_paths!
+    end
+
+    def reset_paths!
+      Bundler.reset!
+      Gem.clear_paths
+    end
+
+    def the_bundle(*args)
+      TheBundle.new(*args)
+    end
+
+    def command_executions
+      @command_executions ||= []
+    end
+
+    def last_command
+      command_executions.last || raise("There is no last command")
+    end
+
+    def out
+      last_command.stdout
+    end
+
+    def err
+      last_command.stderr
+    end
+
+    MAJOR_DEPRECATION = /^\[DEPRECATED\]\s*/.freeze
+
+    def err_without_deprecations
+      err.gsub(/#{MAJOR_DEPRECATION}.+[\n]?/, "")
+    end
+
+    def deprecations
+      err.split("\n").select {|l| l =~ MAJOR_DEPRECATION }.join("\n").split(MAJOR_DEPRECATION)
+    end
+
+    def exitstatus
+      last_command.exitstatus
+    end
+
+    def run(cmd, *args)
+      opts = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      groups = args.map(&:inspect).join(", ")
+      setup = "require '#{entrypoint}' ; Bundler.ui.silence { Bundler.setup(#{groups}) }"
+      ruby([setup, cmd].join(" ; "), opts)
+    end
+
+    def load_error_run(ruby, name, *args)
+      cmd = <<-RUBY
+        begin
+          #{ruby}
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          warn "ZOMG LOAD ERROR" if e.message.include?("-- #{name}")
+        end
+      RUBY
+      opts = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+      args += [opts]
+      run(cmd, *args)
+    end
+
+    def bundle(cmd, options = {}, &block)
+      with_sudo = options.delete(:sudo)
+      sudo = with_sudo == :preserve_env ? "sudo -E --preserve-env=RUBYOPT" : "sudo" if with_sudo
+
+      bundle_bin = options.delete(:bundle_bin)
+      bundle_bin ||= installed_bindir.join("bundle")
+
+      env = options.delete(:env) || {}
+
+      requires = options.delete(:requires) || []
+
+      artifice = options.delete(:artifice) do
+        if RSpec.current_example.metadata[:realworld]
+          "vcr"
+        else
+          "fail"
+        end
+      end
+      if artifice
+        requires << "#{Path.spec_dir}/support/artifice/#{artifice}.rb"
+      end
+
+      load_path = []
+      load_path << spec_dir
+
+      dir = options.delete(:dir) || bundled_app
+      raise_on_error = options.delete(:raise_on_error)
+
+      args = options.map do |k, v|
+        case v
+        when nil
+          next
+        when true
+          " --#{k}"
+        when false
+          " --no-#{k}"
+        else
+          " --#{k} #{v}"
+        end
+      end.join
+
+      ruby_cmd = build_ruby_cmd({ :sudo => sudo, :load_path => load_path, :requires => requires })
+      cmd = "#{ruby_cmd} #{bundle_bin} #{cmd}#{args}"
+      sys_exec(cmd, { :env => env, :dir => dir, :raise_on_error => raise_on_error }, &block)
+    end
+
+    def bundler(cmd, options = {})
+      options[:bundle_bin] = system_gem_path.join("bin/bundler")
+      bundle(cmd, options)
+    end
+
+    def ruby(ruby, options = {})
+      ruby_cmd = build_ruby_cmd
+      escaped_ruby = ruby.shellescape
+      sys_exec(%(#{ruby_cmd} -w -e #{escaped_ruby}), options)
+    end
+
+    def load_error_ruby(ruby, name, opts = {})
+      ruby(<<-R)
+        begin
+          #{ruby}
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          warn "ZOMG LOAD ERROR" if e.message.include?("-- #{name}")
+        end
+      R
+    end
+
+    def build_ruby_cmd(options = {})
+      sudo = options.delete(:sudo)
+
+      libs = options.delete(:load_path)
+      lib_option = libs ? "-I#{libs.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)}" : []
+
+      requires = options.delete(:requires) || []
+      requires << "#{Path.spec_dir}/support/hax.rb"
+      require_option = requires.map {|r| "-r#{r}" }
+
+      [sudo, Gem.ruby, *lib_option, *require_option].compact.join(" ")
+    end
+
+    def gembin(cmd, options = {})
+      cmd = bundled_app("bin/#{cmd}") unless cmd.to_s.include?("/")
+      sys_exec(cmd.to_s, options)
+    end
+
+    def gem_command(command, options = {})
+      env = options[:env] || {}
+      env["RUBYOPT"] = opt_add("-r#{spec_dir}/support/hax.rb", env["RUBYOPT"] || ENV["RUBYOPT"])
+      options[:env] = env
+      sys_exec("#{Path.gem_bin} #{command}", options)
+    end
+
+    def rake
+      "#{Gem.ruby} -S #{ENV["GEM_PATH"]}/bin/rake"
+    end
+
+    def git(cmd, path, options = {})
+      sys_exec("git #{cmd}", options.merge(:dir => path))
+    end
+
+    def sys_exec(cmd, options = {})
+      env = options[:env] || {}
+      env["RUBYOPT"] = opt_add("-r#{spec_dir}/support/switch_rubygems.rb", env["RUBYOPT"] || ENV["RUBYOPT"])
+      dir = options[:dir] || bundled_app
+      command_execution = CommandExecution.new(cmd.to_s, dir)
+
+      require "open3"
+      require "shellwords"
+      Open3.popen3(env, *cmd.shellsplit, :chdir => dir) do |stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thr|
+        yield stdin, stdout, wait_thr if block_given?
+        stdin.close
+
+        stdout_read_thread = Thread.new { stdout.read }
+        stderr_read_thread = Thread.new { stderr.read }
+        command_execution.stdout = stdout_read_thread.value.strip
+        command_execution.stderr = stderr_read_thread.value.strip
+
+        status = wait_thr.value
+        command_execution.exitstatus = if status.exited?
+          status.exitstatus
+        elsif status.signaled?
+          128 + status.termsig
+        end
+      end
+
+      unless options[:raise_on_error] == false || command_execution.success?
+        raise <<~ERROR
+
+          Invoking `#{cmd}` failed with output:
+          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+          #{command_execution.stdboth}
+          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+        ERROR
+      end
+
+      command_executions << command_execution
+
+      command_execution.stdout
+    end
+
+    def all_commands_output
+      return "" if command_executions.empty?
+
+      "\n\nCommands:\n#{command_executions.map(&:to_s_verbose).join("\n\n")}"
+    end
+
+    def config(config = nil, path = bundled_app(".bundle/config"))
+      return YAML.load_file(path) unless config
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(path))
+      File.open(path, "w") do |f|
+        f.puts config.to_yaml
+      end
+      config
+    end
+
+    def global_config(config = nil)
+      config(config, home(".bundle/config"))
+    end
+
+    def create_file(*args)
+      path = bundled_app(args.shift)
+      path = args.shift if args.first.is_a?(Pathname)
+      str  = args.shift || ""
+      path.dirname.mkpath
+      File.open(path.to_s, "w") do |f|
+        f.puts strip_whitespace(str)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def gemfile(*args)
+      contents = args.shift
+
+      if contents.nil?
+        File.open(bundled_app_gemfile, "r", &:read)
+      else
+        create_file("Gemfile", contents, *args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def lockfile(*args)
+      contents = args.shift
+
+      if contents.nil?
+        File.open(bundled_app_lock, "r", &:read)
+      else
+        create_file("Gemfile.lock", contents, *args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def strip_whitespace(str)
+      # Trim the leading spaces
+      spaces = str[/\A\s+/, 0] || ""
+      str.gsub(/^#{spaces}/, "")
+    end
+
+    def install_gemfile(*args)
+      gemfile(*args)
+      opts = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.last : {}
+      bundle :install, opts
+    end
+
+    def lock_gemfile(*args)
+      gemfile(*args)
+      opts = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.last : {}
+      bundle :lock, opts
+    end
+
+    def system_gems(*gems)
+      gems = gems.flatten
+      options = gems.last.is_a?(Hash) ? gems.pop : {}
+      path = options.fetch(:path, system_gem_path)
+      default = options.fetch(:default, false)
+      with_gem_path_as(path) do
+        gem_repo = options.fetch(:gem_repo, gem_repo1)
+        gems.each do |g|
+          gem_name = g.to_s
+          if gem_name.start_with?("bundler")
+            version = gem_name.match(/\Abundler-(?<version>.*)\z/)[:version] if gem_name != "bundler"
+            with_built_bundler(version) {|gem_path| install_gem(gem_path, default) }
+          elsif gem_name =~ %r{\A(?:[a-zA-Z]:)?/.*\.gem\z}
+            install_gem(gem_name, default)
+          else
+            install_gem("#{gem_repo}/gems/#{gem_name}.gem", default)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def install_gem(path, default = false)
+      raise "OMG `#{path}` does not exist!" unless File.exist?(path)
+
+      args = "--no-document --ignore-dependencies"
+      args += " --default --install-dir #{system_gem_path}" if default
+
+      gem_command "install #{args} '#{path}'"
+    end
+
+    def with_built_bundler(version = nil)
+      version ||= Bundler::VERSION
+      full_name = "bundler-#{version}"
+      build_path = tmp + full_name
+      bundler_path = build_path + "#{full_name}.gem"
+
+      Dir.mkdir build_path
+
+      begin
+        shipped_files.each do |shipped_file|
+          target_shipped_file = build_path + shipped_file
+          target_shipped_dir = File.dirname(target_shipped_file)
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p target_shipped_dir unless File.directory?(target_shipped_dir)
+          FileUtils.cp shipped_file, target_shipped_file, :preserve => true
+        end
+
+        replace_version_file(version, dir: build_path) # rubocop:disable Style/HashSyntax
+
+        Spec::BuildMetadata.write_build_metadata(dir: build_path) # rubocop:disable Style/HashSyntax
+
+        gem_command "build #{relative_gemspec}", :dir => build_path
+
+        yield(bundler_path)
+      ensure
+        build_path.rmtree
+      end
+    end
+
+    def with_gem_path_as(path)
+      without_env_side_effects do
+        ENV["GEM_HOME"] = path.to_s
+        ENV["GEM_PATH"] = path.to_s
+        ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_GEM_PATH"] = nil
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    def with_path_as(path)
+      without_env_side_effects do
+        ENV["PATH"] = path.to_s
+        ENV["BUNDLER_ORIG_PATH"] = nil
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    def without_env_side_effects
+      backup = ENV.to_hash
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ENV.replace(backup)
+    end
+
+    def with_path_added(path)
+      with_path_as([path.to_s, ENV["PATH"]].join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)) do
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    def opt_add(option, options)
+      [option.strip, options].compact.reject(&:empty?).join(" ")
+    end
+
+    def opt_remove(option, options)
+      return unless options
+
+      options.split(" ").reject {|opt| opt.strip == option.strip }.join(" ")
+    end
+
+    def break_git!
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(tmp("broken_path"))
+      File.open(tmp("broken_path/git"), "w", 0o755) do |f|
+        f.puts "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\nSTDERR.puts 'This is not the git you are looking for'\nexit 1"
+      end
+
+      ENV["PATH"] = "#{tmp("broken_path")}:#{ENV["PATH"]}"
+    end
+
+    def with_fake_man
+      skip "fake_man is not a Windows friendly binstub" if Gem.win_platform?
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(tmp("fake_man"))
+      File.open(tmp("fake_man/man"), "w", 0o755) do |f|
+        f.puts "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\nputs ARGV.inspect\n"
+      end
+      with_path_added(tmp("fake_man")) { yield }
+    end
+
+    def pristine_system_gems(*gems)
+      FileUtils.rm_rf(system_gem_path)
+
+      system_gems(*gems)
+    end
+
+    def realworld_system_gems(*gems)
+      gems = gems.flatten
+      opts = gems.last.is_a?(Hash) ? gems.pop : {}
+      path = opts.fetch(:path, system_gem_path)
+
+      with_gem_path_as(path) do
+        gems.each do |gem|
+          gem_command "install --no-document #{gem}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def cache_gems(*gems)
+      gems = gems.flatten
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf("#{bundled_app}/vendor/cache")
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{bundled_app}/vendor/cache")
+
+      gems.each do |g|
+        path = "#{gem_repo1}/gems/#{g}.gem"
+        raise "OMG `#{path}` does not exist!" unless File.exist?(path)
+        FileUtils.cp(path, "#{bundled_app}/vendor/cache")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def simulate_new_machine
+      FileUtils.rm_rf bundled_app(".bundle")
+      pristine_system_gems :bundler
+    end
+
+    def simulate_platform(platform)
+      old = ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PLATFORM"]
+      ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PLATFORM"] = platform.to_s
+      yield if block_given?
+    ensure
+      ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_PLATFORM"] = old if block_given?
+    end
+
+    def simulate_ruby_version(version)
+      return if version == RUBY_VERSION
+      old = ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_RUBY_VERSION"]
+      ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_RUBY_VERSION"] = version
+      yield if block_given?
+    ensure
+      ENV["BUNDLER_SPEC_RUBY_VERSION"] = old if block_given?
+    end
+
+    def simulate_windows(platform = mswin)
+      simulate_platform platform do
+        simulate_bundler_version_when_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation do
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def simulate_bundler_version_when_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation
+      return yield unless rubygems_version_failing_to_activate_bundler_prereleases
+
+      old = ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"]
+      ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"] = Bundler::VERSION
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ENV["BUNDLER_VERSION"] = old
+    end
+
+    def env_for_missing_prerelease_default_gem_activation
+      if rubygems_version_failing_to_activate_bundler_prereleases
+        { "BUNDLER_VERSION" => Bundler::VERSION }
+      else
+        {}
+      end
+    end
+
+    # versions providing a bundler version finder but not including
+    # https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/commit/929e92d752baad3a08f3ac92eaec162cb96aedd1
+    def rubygems_version_failing_to_activate_bundler_prereleases
+      Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("3.1.0.pre.1") && Gem.rubygems_version >= Gem::Version.new("2.7.0")
+    end
+
+    def revision_for(path)
+      sys_exec("git rev-parse HEAD", :dir => path).strip
+    end
+
+    def with_read_only(pattern)
+      chmod = lambda do |dirmode, filemode|
+        lambda do |f|
+          mode = File.directory?(f) ? dirmode : filemode
+          File.chmod(mode, f)
+        end
+      end
+
+      Dir[pattern].each(&chmod[0o555, 0o444])
+      yield
+    ensure
+      Dir[pattern].each(&chmod[0o755, 0o644])
+    end
+
+    # Simulate replacing TODOs with real values
+    def prepare_gemspec(pathname)
+      process_file(pathname) do |line|
+        case line
+        when /spec\.metadata\["(?:allowed_push_host|homepage_uri|source_code_uri|changelog_uri)"\]/, /spec\.homepage/
+          line.gsub(/\=.*$/, '= "http://example.org"')
+        when /spec\.summary/
+          line.gsub(/\=.*$/, '= "A short summary of my new gem."')
+        when /spec\.description/
+          line.gsub(/\=.*$/, '= "A longer description of my new gem."')
+        else
+          line
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def process_file(pathname)
+      changed_lines = pathname.readlines.map do |line|
+        yield line
+      end
+      File.open(pathname, "w") {|file| file.puts(changed_lines.join) }
+    end
+
+    def with_env_vars(env_hash, &block)
+      current_values = {}
+      env_hash.each do |k, v|
+        current_values[k] = ENV[k]
+        ENV[k] = v
+      end
+      block.call if block_given?
+      env_hash.each do |k, _|
+        ENV[k] = current_values[k]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def require_rack
+      # need to hack, so we can require rack
+      old_gem_home = ENV["GEM_HOME"]
+      ENV["GEM_HOME"] = Spec::Path.base_system_gems.to_s
+      require "rack"
+      ENV["GEM_HOME"] = old_gem_home
+    end
+
+    def wait_for_server(host, port, seconds = 15)
+      tries = 0
+      sleep 0.5
+      TCPSocket.new(host, port)
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      raise(e) if tries > (seconds * 2)
+      tries += 1
+      retry
+    end
+
+    def find_unused_port
+      port = 21_453
+      begin
+        port += 1 while TCPSocket.new("127.0.0.1", port)
+      rescue StandardError
+        false
+      end
+      port
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def git_root_dir?
+      root.to_s == `git rev-parse --show-toplevel`.chomp
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/indexes.rb b/spec/bundler/support/indexes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..638f394e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/indexes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Spec
+  module Indexes
+    def dep(name, reqs = nil)
+      @deps ||= []
+      @deps << Bundler::Dependency.new(name, reqs)
+    end
+
+    def platform(*args)
+      @platforms ||= []
+      @platforms.concat args.map {|p| Gem::Platform.new(p) }
+    end
+
+    alias_method :platforms, :platform
+
+    def resolve(args = [])
+      @platforms ||= ["ruby"]
+      deps = []
+      default_source = instance_double("Bundler::Source::Rubygems", :specs => @index, :to_s => "locally install gems")
+      source_requirements = { :default => default_source }
+      @deps.each do |d|
+        source_requirements[d.name] = d.source = default_source
+        @platforms.each do |p|
+          deps << Bundler::DepProxy.get_proxy(d, p)
+        end
+      end
+      args[0] ||= [] # base
+      args[1] ||= Bundler::GemVersionPromoter.new # gem_version_promoter
+      args[2] ||= [] # additional_base_requirements
+      args[3] ||= @platforms # platforms
+      Bundler::Resolver.resolve(deps, source_requirements, *args)
+    end
+
+    def should_resolve_as(specs)
+      got = resolve
+      got = got.map(&:full_name).sort
+      expect(got).to eq(specs.sort)
+    end
+
+    def should_resolve_and_include(specs, args = [])
+      got = resolve(args)
+      got = got.map(&:full_name).sort
+      specs.each do |s|
+        expect(got).to include(s)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def should_conflict_on(names)
+      got = resolve
+      raise "The resolve succeeded with: #{got.map(&:full_name).sort.inspect}"
+    rescue Bundler::VersionConflict => e
+      expect(Array(names).sort).to eq(e.conflicts.sort)
+    end
+
+    def gem(*args, &blk)
+      build_spec(*args, &blk).first
+    end
+
+    def locked(*args)
+      Bundler::SpecSet.new(args.map do |name, version|
+        gem(name, version)
+      end)
+    end
+
+    def should_conservative_resolve_and_include(opts, unlock, specs)
+      # empty unlock means unlock all
+      opts = Array(opts)
+      search = Bundler::GemVersionPromoter.new(@locked, unlock).tap do |s|
+        s.level = opts.first
+        s.strict = opts.include?(:strict)
+        s.prerelease_specified = Hash[@deps.map {|d| [d.name, d.requirement.prerelease?] }]
+      end
+      should_resolve_and_include specs, [@base, search]
+    end
+
+    def an_awesome_index
+      build_index do
+        gem "rack", %w[0.8 0.9 0.9.1 0.9.2 1.0 1.1]
+        gem "rack-mount", %w[0.4 0.5 0.5.1 0.5.2 0.6]
+
+        # --- Pre-release support
+        gem "RubyGems\0", ["1.3.2"]
+
+        # --- Rails
+        versions "1.2.3 2.2.3 2.3.5 3.0.0.beta 3.0.0.beta1" do |version|
+          gem "activesupport", version
+          gem "actionpack", version do
+            dep "activesupport", version
+            if version >= v("3.0.0.beta")
+              dep "rack", "~> 1.1"
+              dep "rack-mount", ">= 0.5"
+            elsif version > v("2.3")   then dep "rack", "~> 1.0.0"
+            elsif version > v("2.0.0") then dep "rack", "~> 0.9.0"
+            end
+          end
+          gem "activerecord", version do
+            dep "activesupport", version
+            dep "arel", ">= 0.2" if version >= v("3.0.0.beta")
+          end
+          gem "actionmailer", version do
+            dep "activesupport", version
+            dep "actionmailer",  version
+          end
+          if version < v("3.0.0.beta")
+            gem "railties", version do
+              dep "activerecord",  version
+              dep "actionpack",    version
+              dep "actionmailer",  version
+              dep "activesupport", version
+            end
+          else
+            gem "railties", version
+            gem "rails", version do
+              dep "activerecord",  version
+              dep "actionpack",    version
+              dep "actionmailer",  version
+              dep "activesupport", version
+              dep "railties",      version
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        versions "1.0 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 1.3.0.1 1.3.5 1.4.0 1.4.2 1.4.2.1" do |version|
+          platforms "ruby java mswin32 mingw32 x64-mingw32" do |platform|
+            next if version == v("1.4.2.1") && platform != pl("x86-mswin32")
+            next if version == v("1.4.2") && platform == pl("x86-mswin32")
+            gem "nokogiri", version, platform do
+              dep "weakling", ">= 0.0.3" if platform =~ pl("java")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        versions "0.0.1 0.0.2 0.0.3" do |version|
+          gem "weakling", version
+        end
+
+        # --- Rails related
+        versions "1.2.3 2.2.3 2.3.5" do |version|
+          gem "activemerchant", version do
+            dep "activesupport", ">= #{version}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gem "reform", ["1.0.0"] do
+          dep "activesupport", ">= 1.0.0.beta1"
+        end
+
+        gem "need-pre", ["1.0.0"] do
+          dep "activesupport", "~> 3.0.0.beta1"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Builder 3.1.4 will activate first, but if all
+    # goes well, it should resolve to 3.0.4
+    def a_conflict_index
+      build_index do
+        gem "builder", %w[3.0.4 3.1.4]
+        gem("grape", "0.2.6") do
+          dep "builder", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        versions "3.2.8 3.2.9 3.2.10 3.2.11" do |version|
+          gem("activemodel", version) do
+            dep "builder", "~> 3.0.0"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gem("my_app", "1.0.0") do
+          dep "activemodel", ">= 0"
+          dep "grape", ">= 0"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def a_complex_conflict_index
+      build_index do
+        gem("a", %w[1.0.2 1.1.4 1.2.0 1.4.0]) do
+          dep "d", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        gem("d", %w[1.3.0 1.4.1]) do
+          dep "x", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        gem "d", "0.9.8"
+
+        gem("b", "0.3.4") do
+          dep "a", ">= 1.5.0"
+        end
+
+        gem("b", "0.3.5") do
+          dep "a", ">= 1.2"
+        end
+
+        gem("b", "0.3.3") do
+          dep "a", "> 1.0"
+        end
+
+        versions "3.2 3.3" do |version|
+          gem("c", version) do
+            dep "a", "~> 1.0"
+          end
+        end
+
+        gem("my_app", "1.3.0") do
+          dep "c", ">= 4.0"
+          dep "b", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        gem("my_app", "1.2.0") do
+          dep "c", "~> 3.3.0"
+          dep "b", "0.3.4"
+        end
+
+        gem("my_app", "1.1.0") do
+          dep "c", "~> 3.2.0"
+          dep "b", "0.3.5"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def index_with_conflict_on_child
+      build_index do
+        gem "json", %w[1.6.5 1.7.7 1.8.0]
+
+        gem("chef", "10.26") do
+          dep "json", [">= 1.4.4", "<= 1.7.7"]
+        end
+
+        gem("berkshelf", "2.0.7") do
+          dep "json", ">= 1.7.7"
+        end
+
+        gem("chef_app", "1.0.0") do
+          dep "berkshelf", "~> 2.0"
+          dep "chef", "~> 10.26"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Issue #3459
+    def a_complicated_index
+      build_index do
+        gem "foo", %w[3.0.0 3.0.5] do
+          dep "qux", ["~> 3.1"]
+          dep "baz", ["< 9.0", ">= 5.0"]
+          dep "bar", ["~> 1.0"]
+          dep "grault", ["~> 3.1"]
+        end
+
+        gem "foo", "1.2.1" do
+          dep "baz", ["~> 4.2"]
+          dep "bar", ["~> 1.0"]
+          dep "qux", ["~> 3.1"]
+          dep "grault", ["~> 2.0"]
+        end
+
+        gem "bar", "1.0.5" do
+          dep "grault", ["~> 3.1"]
+          dep "baz", ["< 9", ">= 4.2"]
+        end
+
+        gem "bar", "1.0.3" do
+          dep "baz", ["< 9", ">= 4.2"]
+          dep "grault", ["~> 2.0"]
+        end
+
+        gem "baz", "8.2.10" do
+          dep "grault", ["~> 3.0"]
+          dep "garply", [">= 0.5.1", "~> 0.5"]
+        end
+
+        gem "baz", "5.0.2" do
+          dep "grault", ["~> 2.0"]
+          dep "garply", [">= 0.3.1"]
+        end
+
+        gem "baz", "4.2.0" do
+          dep "grault", ["~> 2.0"]
+          dep "garply", [">= 0.3.1"]
+        end
+
+        gem "grault", %w[2.6.3 3.1.1]
+
+        gem "garply", "0.5.1" do
+          dep "waldo", ["~> 0.1.3"]
+        end
+
+        gem "waldo", "0.1.5" do
+          dep "plugh", ["~> 0.6.0"]
+        end
+
+        gem "plugh", %w[0.6.3 0.6.11 0.7.0]
+
+        gem "qux", "3.2.21" do
+          dep "plugh", [">= 0.6.4", "~> 0.6"]
+          dep "corge", ["~> 1.0"]
+        end
+
+        gem "corge", "1.10.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def a_unresovable_child_index
+      build_index do
+        gem "json", %w[1.8.0]
+
+        gem("chef", "10.26") do
+          dep "json", [">= 1.4.4", "<= 1.7.7"]
+        end
+
+        gem("berkshelf", "2.0.7") do
+          dep "json", ">= 1.7.7"
+        end
+
+        gem("chef_app_error", "1.0.0") do
+          dep "berkshelf", "~> 2.0"
+          dep "chef", "~> 10.26"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def a_index_with_root_conflict_on_child
+      build_index do
+        gem "builder", %w[2.1.2 3.0.1 3.1.3]
+        gem "i18n", %w[0.4.1 0.4.2]
+
+        gem "activesupport", %w[3.0.0 3.0.1 3.0.5 3.1.7]
+
+        gem("activemodel", "3.0.5") do
+          dep "activesupport", "= 3.0.5"
+          dep "builder", "~> 2.1.2"
+          dep "i18n", "~> 0.4"
+        end
+
+        gem("activemodel", "3.0.0") do
+          dep "activesupport", "= 3.0.0"
+          dep "builder", "~> 2.1.2"
+          dep "i18n", "~> 0.4.1"
+        end
+
+        gem("activemodel", "3.1.3") do
+          dep "activesupport", "= 3.1.3"
+          dep "builder", "~> 2.1.2"
+          dep "i18n", "~> 0.5"
+        end
+
+        gem("activerecord", "3.0.0") do
+          dep "activesupport", "= 3.0.0"
+          dep "activemodel", "= 3.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gem("activerecord", "3.0.5") do
+          dep "activesupport", "= 3.0.5"
+          dep "activemodel", "= 3.0.5"
+        end
+
+        gem("activerecord", "3.0.9") do
+          dep "activesupport", "= 3.1.5"
+          dep "activemodel", "= 3.1.5"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def a_circular_index
+      build_index do
+        gem "rack", "1.0.1"
+        gem("foo", "0.2.6") do
+          dep "bar", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        gem("bar", "1.0.0") do
+          dep "foo", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        gem("circular_app", "1.0.0") do
+          dep "foo", ">= 0"
+          dep "bar", ">= 0"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def an_ambiguous_index
+      build_index do
+        gem("a", "1.0.0") do
+          dep "c", ">= 0"
+        end
+
+        gem("b", %w[0.5.0 1.0.0])
+
+        gem("b", "2.0.0") do
+          dep "c", "< 2.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gem("c", "1.0.0") do
+          dep "d", "1.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gem("c", "2.0.0") do
+          dep "d", "2.0.0"
+        end
+
+        gem("d", %w[1.0.0 2.0.0])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def optional_prereleases_index
+      build_index do
+        gem("a", %w[1.0.0])
+
+        gem("a", "2.0.0") do
+          dep "b", ">= 2.0.0.pre"
+        end
+
+        gem("b", %w[0.9.0 1.5.0 2.0.0.pre])
+
+        # --- Pre-release support
+        gem "RubyGems\0", ["1.3.2"]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/matchers.rb b/spec/bundler/support/matchers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c2a7f9f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/matchers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "forwardable"
+require_relative "the_bundle"
+
+module Spec
+  module Matchers
+    extend RSpec::Matchers
+
+    class Precondition
+      include RSpec::Matchers::Composable
+      extend Forwardable
+      def_delegators :failing_matcher,
+        :failure_message,
+        :actual,
+        :description,
+        :diffable?,
+        :expected,
+        :failure_message_when_negated
+
+      def initialize(matcher, preconditions)
+        @matcher = with_matchers_cloned(matcher)
+        @preconditions = with_matchers_cloned(preconditions)
+        @failure_index = nil
+      end
+
+      def matches?(target, &blk)
+        return false if @failure_index = @preconditions.index {|pc| !pc.matches?(target, &blk) }
+        @matcher.matches?(target, &blk)
+      end
+
+      def does_not_match?(target, &blk)
+        return false if @failure_index = @preconditions.index {|pc| !pc.matches?(target, &blk) }
+        if @matcher.respond_to?(:does_not_match?)
+          @matcher.does_not_match?(target, &blk)
+        else
+          !@matcher.matches?(target, &blk)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def expects_call_stack_jump?
+        @matcher.expects_call_stack_jump? || @preconditions.any?(&:expects_call_stack_jump)
+      end
+
+      def supports_block_expectations?
+        @matcher.supports_block_expectations? || @preconditions.any?(&:supports_block_expectations)
+      end
+
+      def failing_matcher
+        @failure_index ? @preconditions[@failure_index] : @matcher
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.define_compound_matcher(matcher, preconditions, &declarations)
+      raise "Must have preconditions to define a compound matcher" if preconditions.empty?
+      define_method(matcher) do |*expected, &block_arg|
+        Precondition.new(
+          RSpec::Matchers::DSL::Matcher.new(matcher, declarations, self, *expected, &block_arg),
+          preconditions
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    RSpec::Matchers.define :have_dep do |*args|
+      dep = Bundler::Dependency.new(*args)
+
+      match do |actual|
+        actual.length == 1 && actual.all? {|d| d == dep }
+      end
+    end
+
+    RSpec::Matchers.define :have_gem do |*args|
+      match do |actual|
+        actual.length == args.length && actual.all? {|a| args.include?(a.full_name) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    RSpec::Matchers.define :be_sorted do
+      diffable
+      attr_reader :expected
+      match do |actual|
+        expected = block_arg ? actual.sort_by(&block_arg) : actual.sort
+        actual.==(expected).tap do
+          # HACK: since rspec won't show a diff when everything is a string
+          differ = RSpec::Support::Differ.new
+          @actual = differ.send(:object_to_string, actual)
+          @expected = differ.send(:object_to_string, expected)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    RSpec::Matchers.define :be_well_formed do
+      match(&:empty?)
+
+      failure_message do |actual|
+        actual.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+
+    define_compound_matcher :read_as, [exist] do |file_contents|
+      diffable
+
+      match do |actual|
+        @actual = Bundler.read_file(actual)
+        values_match?(file_contents, @actual)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def indent(string, padding = 4, indent_character = " ")
+      string.to_s.gsub(/^/, indent_character * padding).gsub("\t", "    ")
+    end
+
+    define_compound_matcher :include_gems, [be_an_instance_of(Spec::TheBundle)] do |*names|
+      match do
+        opts = names.last.is_a?(Hash) ? names.pop : {}
+        source = opts.delete(:source)
+        groups = Array(opts.delete(:groups)).map(&:inspect).join(", ")
+        opts[:raise_on_error] = false
+        @errors = names.map do |full_name|
+          name, version, platform = full_name.split(/\s+/)
+          require_path = name.tr("-", "/")
+          version_const = name == "bundler" ? "Bundler::VERSION" : Spec::Builders.constantize(name)
+          source_const = "#{Spec::Builders.constantize(name)}_SOURCE"
+          ruby <<~R, opts
+            require 'bundler'
+            Bundler.setup(#{groups})
+
+            require '#{require_path}'
+            actual_version, actual_platform = #{version_const}.split(/\s+/, 2)
+            unless Gem::Version.new(actual_version) == Gem::Version.new('#{version}')
+              puts actual_version
+              exit 64
+            end
+            unless actual_platform.to_s == '#{platform}'
+              puts actual_platform
+              exit 65
+            end
+            require '#{require_path}/source'
+            exit 0 if #{source.nil?}
+            actual_source = #{source_const}
+            unless actual_source == '#{source}'
+              puts actual_source
+              exit 66
+            end
+          R
+          next if exitstatus == 0
+          if exitstatus == 64
+            actual_version = out.split("\n").last
+            next "#{name} was expected to be at version #{version} but was #{actual_version}"
+          end
+          if exitstatus == 65
+            actual_platform = out.split("\n").last
+            next "#{name} was expected to be of platform #{platform} but was #{actual_platform}"
+          end
+          if exitstatus == 66
+            actual_source = out.split("\n").last
+            next "Expected #{name} (#{version}) to be installed from `#{source}`, was actually from `#{actual_source}`"
+          end
+          next "Command to check for inclusion of gem #{full_name} failed"
+        end.compact
+
+        @errors.empty?
+      end
+
+      match_when_negated do
+        opts = names.last.is_a?(Hash) ? names.pop : {}
+        groups = Array(opts.delete(:groups)).map(&:inspect).join(", ")
+        opts[:raise_on_error] = false
+        @errors = names.map do |name|
+          name, version = name.split(/\s+/, 2)
+          ruby <<-R, opts
+            begin
+              require 'bundler'
+              Bundler.setup(#{groups})
+            rescue Bundler::GemNotFound, Bundler::GitError
+              exit 0
+            end
+
+            begin
+              require '#{name}'
+              name_constant = '#{Spec::Builders.constantize(name)}'
+              if #{version.nil?} || name_constant == '#{version}'
+                exit 64
+              else
+                exit 0
+              end
+            rescue LoadError, NameError
+              exit 0
+            end
+          R
+          next if exitstatus == 0
+          next "command to check version of #{name} installed failed" unless exitstatus == 64
+          next "expected #{name} to not be installed, but it was" if version.nil?
+          next "expected #{name} (#{version}) not to be installed, but it was"
+        end.compact
+
+        @errors.empty?
+      end
+
+      failure_message do
+        super() + " but:\n" + @errors.map {|e| indent(e) }.join("\n")
+      end
+
+      failure_message_when_negated do
+        super() + " but:\n" + @errors.map {|e| indent(e) }.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+    RSpec::Matchers.define_negated_matcher :not_include_gems, :include_gems
+    RSpec::Matchers.alias_matcher :include_gem, :include_gems
+
+    def plugin_should_be_installed(*names)
+      names.each do |name|
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin).to be_installed(name)
+        path = Pathname.new(Bundler::Plugin.installed?(name))
+        expect(path + "plugins.rb").to exist
+      end
+    end
+
+    def plugin_should_not_be_installed(*names)
+      names.each do |name|
+        expect(Bundler::Plugin).not_to be_installed(name)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/path.rb b/spec/bundler/support/path.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a73b3e699e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/path.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+require "rbconfig"
+
+module Spec
+  module Path
+    def source_root
+      @source_root ||= Pathname.new(ruby_core? ? "../../.." : "../..").expand_path(__dir__)
+    end
+
+    def root
+      @root ||= system_gem_path("gems/bundler-#{Bundler::VERSION}")
+    end
+
+    def gemspec
+      @gemspec ||= source_root.join(relative_gemspec)
+    end
+
+    def relative_gemspec
+      @relative_gemspec ||= ruby_core? ? "lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec" : "bundler.gemspec"
+    end
+
+    def gemspec_dir
+      @gemspec_dir ||= gemspec.parent
+    end
+
+    def loaded_gemspec
+      @loaded_gemspec ||= Gem::Specification.load(gemspec.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def test_gemfile
+      @test_gemfile ||= source_root.join("tool/bundler/test_gems.rb")
+    end
+
+    def rubocop_gemfile
+      @rubocop_gemfile ||= source_root.join(rubocop_gemfile_basename)
+    end
+
+    def standard_gemfile
+      @standard_gemfile ||= source_root.join(standard_gemfile_basename)
+    end
+
+    def dev_gemfile
+      @dev_gemfile ||= git_root.join("dev_gems.rb")
+    end
+
+    def bindir
+      @bindir ||= source_root.join(ruby_core? ? "libexec" : "exe")
+    end
+
+    def installed_bindir
+      @installed_bindir ||= system_gem_path("bin")
+    end
+
+    def gem_cmd
+      @gem_cmd ||= ruby_core? ? source_root.join("bin/gem") : "gem"
+    end
+
+    def gem_bin
+      @gem_bin ||= ruby_core? ? ENV["GEM_COMMAND"] : "gem"
+    end
+
+    def path
+      env_path = ENV["PATH"]
+      env_path = env_path.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).reject {|path| path == bindir.to_s }.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) if ruby_core?
+      env_path
+    end
+
+    def spec_dir
+      @spec_dir ||= source_root.join(ruby_core? ? "spec/bundler" : "spec")
+    end
+
+    def api_request_limit_hack_file
+      spec_dir.join("support/api_request_limit_hax.rb")
+    end
+
+    def man_dir
+      @man_dir ||= lib_dir.join("bundler/man")
+    end
+
+    def tracked_files
+      @tracked_files ||= git_ls_files(tracked_files_glob)
+    end
+
+    def shipped_files
+      @shipped_files ||= loaded_gemspec.files
+    end
+
+    def lib_tracked_files
+      @lib_tracked_files ||= git_ls_files(lib_tracked_files_glob)
+    end
+
+    def man_tracked_files
+      @man_tracked_files ||= git_ls_files(man_tracked_files_glob)
+    end
+
+    def tmp(*path)
+      source_root.join("tmp", scope, *path)
+    end
+
+    def scope
+      test_number = ENV["TEST_ENV_NUMBER"]
+      return "1" if test_number.nil?
+
+      test_number.empty? ? "1" : test_number
+    end
+
+    def home(*path)
+      tmp.join("home", *path)
+    end
+
+    def default_bundle_path(*path)
+      if Bundler.feature_flag.default_install_uses_path?
+        local_gem_path(*path)
+      else
+        system_gem_path(*path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bundled_app(*path)
+      root = tmp.join("bundled_app")
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(root)
+      root.join(*path)
+    end
+
+    def bundled_app2(*path)
+      root = tmp.join("bundled_app2")
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(root)
+      root.join(*path)
+    end
+
+    def vendored_gems(path = nil)
+      scoped_gem_path(bundled_app("vendor/bundle")).join(*[path].compact)
+    end
+
+    def cached_gem(path)
+      bundled_app("vendor/cache/#{path}.gem")
+    end
+
+    def bundled_app_gemfile
+      bundled_app("Gemfile")
+    end
+
+    def bundled_app_lock
+      bundled_app("Gemfile.lock")
+    end
+
+    def base_system_gems
+      tmp.join("gems/base")
+    end
+
+    def rubocop_gems
+      tmp.join("gems/rubocop")
+    end
+
+    def standard_gems
+      tmp.join("gems/standard")
+    end
+
+    def file_uri_for(path)
+      protocol = "file://"
+      root = Gem.win_platform? ? "/" : ""
+
+      protocol + root + path.to_s
+    end
+
+    def gem_repo1(*args)
+      tmp("gems/remote1", *args)
+    end
+
+    def gem_repo_missing(*args)
+      tmp("gems/missing", *args)
+    end
+
+    def gem_repo2(*args)
+      tmp("gems/remote2", *args)
+    end
+
+    def gem_repo3(*args)
+      tmp("gems/remote3", *args)
+    end
+
+    def gem_repo4(*args)
+      tmp("gems/remote4", *args)
+    end
+
+    def security_repo(*args)
+      tmp("gems/security_repo", *args)
+    end
+
+    def system_gem_path(*path)
+      tmp("gems/system", *path)
+    end
+
+    def pristine_system_gem_path
+      tmp("gems/base_system")
+    end
+
+    def local_gem_path(*path, base: bundled_app)
+      scoped_gem_path(base.join(".bundle")).join(*path)
+    end
+
+    def scoped_gem_path(base)
+      base.join(Gem.ruby_engine, RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"])
+    end
+
+    def lib_path(*args)
+      tmp("libs", *args)
+    end
+
+    def source_lib_dir
+      source_root.join("lib")
+    end
+
+    def lib_dir
+      root.join("lib")
+    end
+
+    # Sometimes rubygems version under test does not include
+    # https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/2728 and will not always end up
+    # activating the current bundler. In that case, require bundler absolutely.
+    def entrypoint
+      Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("3.1.a") ? "#{lib_dir}/bundler" : "bundler"
+    end
+
+    def global_plugin_gem(*args)
+      home ".bundle", "plugin", "gems", *args
+    end
+
+    def local_plugin_gem(*args)
+      bundled_app ".bundle", "plugin", "gems", *args
+    end
+
+    def tmpdir(*args)
+      tmp "tmpdir", *args
+    end
+
+    def replace_version_file(version, dir: source_root)
+      version_file = File.expand_path("lib/bundler/version.rb", dir)
+      contents = File.read(version_file)
+      contents.sub!(/(^\s+VERSION\s*=\s*)"#{Gem::Version::VERSION_PATTERN}"/, %(\\1"#{version}"))
+      File.open(version_file, "w") {|f| f << contents }
+    end
+
+    def ruby_core?
+      # avoid to warnings
+      @ruby_core ||= nil
+
+      if @ruby_core.nil?
+        @ruby_core = true & ENV["GEM_COMMAND"]
+      else
+        @ruby_core
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def git_ls_files(glob)
+      skip "Not running on a git context, since running tests from a tarball" if ruby_core_tarball?
+
+      sys_exec("git ls-files -z -- #{glob}", :dir => source_root).split("\x0")
+    end
+
+    def tracked_files_glob
+      ruby_core? ? "lib/bundler lib/bundler.rb spec/bundler man/bundle*" : ""
+    end
+
+    def lib_tracked_files_glob
+      ruby_core? ? "lib/bundler lib/bundler.rb" : "lib"
+    end
+
+    def man_tracked_files_glob
+      ruby_core? ? "man/bundle* man/gemfile*" : "lib/bundler/man/bundle*.1 lib/bundler/man/gemfile*.5"
+    end
+
+    def git_root
+      ruby_core? ? source_root : source_root.parent
+    end
+
+    def ruby_core_tarball?
+      !git_root.join(".git").directory?
+    end
+
+    def rubocop_gemfile_basename
+      filename = if RUBY_VERSION.start_with?("2.3")
+        "rubocop23_gems"
+      elsif RUBY_VERSION.start_with?("2.4")
+        "rubocop24_gems"
+      else
+        "rubocop_gems"
+      end
+      source_root.join("tool/bundler/#{filename}.rb")
+    end
+
+    def standard_gemfile_basename
+      filename = if RUBY_VERSION.start_with?("2.3")
+        "standard23_gems"
+      elsif RUBY_VERSION.start_with?("2.4")
+        "standard24_gems"
+      else
+        "standard_gems"
+      end
+      source_root.join("tool/bundler/#{filename}.rb")
+    end
+
+    extend self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/permissions.rb b/spec/bundler/support/permissions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b21ce3848d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/permissions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Spec
+  module Permissions
+    def with_umask(new_umask)
+      old_umask = File.umask(new_umask)
+      yield if block_given?
+    ensure
+      File.umask(old_umask)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/platforms.rb b/spec/bundler/support/platforms.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07973fd727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/platforms.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Spec
+  module Platforms
+    include Bundler::GemHelpers
+
+    def rb
+      Gem::Platform::RUBY
+    end
+
+    def mac
+      Gem::Platform.new("x86-darwin-10")
+    end
+
+    def x64_mac
+      Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-darwin-15")
+    end
+
+    def java
+      Gem::Platform.new([nil, "java", nil])
+    end
+
+    def linux
+      Gem::Platform.new(["x86", "linux", nil])
+    end
+
+    def mswin
+      Gem::Platform.new(["x86", "mswin32", nil])
+    end
+
+    def mingw
+      Gem::Platform.new(["x86", "mingw32", nil])
+    end
+
+    def x64_mingw
+      Gem::Platform.new(["x64", "mingw32", nil])
+    end
+
+    def all_platforms
+      [rb, java, linux, mswin, mingw, x64_mingw]
+    end
+
+    def local
+      generic_local_platform
+    end
+
+    def specific_local_platform
+      Bundler.local_platform
+    end
+
+    def not_local
+      all_platforms.find {|p| p != generic_local_platform }
+    end
+
+    def local_tag
+      if RUBY_PLATFORM == "java"
+        :jruby
+      else
+        :ruby
+      end
+    end
+
+    def not_local_tag
+      [:ruby, :jruby].find {|tag| tag != local_tag }
+    end
+
+    def local_ruby_engine
+      RUBY_ENGINE
+    end
+
+    def local_engine_version
+      RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION
+    end
+
+    def not_local_engine_version
+      case not_local_tag
+      when :ruby
+        not_local_ruby_version
+      when :jruby
+        "1.6.1"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def not_local_ruby_version
+      "1.12"
+    end
+
+    def not_local_patchlevel
+      9999
+    end
+
+    def lockfile_platforms
+      lockfile_platforms_for(local_platforms)
+    end
+
+    def lockfile_platforms_for(platforms)
+      platforms.map(&:to_s).sort.join("\n  ")
+    end
+
+    def local_platforms
+      [specific_local_platform]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/rubygems_ext.rb b/spec/bundler/support/rubygems_ext.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f957440ab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/rubygems_ext.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "path"
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(Spec::Path.source_lib_dir.to_s)
+
+module Spec
+  module Rubygems
+    extend self
+
+    def dev_setup
+      install_gems(dev_gemfile)
+    end
+
+    def gem_load(gem_name, bin_container)
+      require_relative "switch_rubygems"
+
+      gem_load_and_activate(gem_name, bin_container)
+    end
+
+    def gem_require(gem_name)
+      gem_activate(gem_name)
+      require gem_name
+    end
+
+    def test_setup
+      setup_test_paths
+
+      require "fileutils"
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(Path.home)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(Path.tmpdir)
+
+      ENV["HOME"] = Path.home.to_s
+      ENV["TMPDIR"] = Path.tmpdir.to_s
+
+      require "rubygems/user_interaction"
+      Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui = Gem::SilentUI.new
+    end
+
+    def install_parallel_test_deps
+      Gem.clear_paths
+
+      require "parallel"
+      require "fileutils"
+
+      install_test_deps
+
+      (2..Parallel.processor_count).each do |n|
+        source = Path.source_root.join("tmp", "1")
+        destination = Path.source_root.join("tmp", n.to_s)
+
+        FileUtils.rm_rf destination
+        FileUtils.cp_r source, destination
+      end
+    end
+
+    def setup_test_paths
+      Gem.clear_paths
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = nil
+      ENV["GEM_HOME"] = ENV["GEM_PATH"] = Path.base_system_gems.to_s
+      ENV["PATH"] = [Path.system_gem_path.join("bin"), ENV["PATH"]].join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+      ENV["PATH"] = [Path.bindir, ENV["PATH"]].join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) if Path.ruby_core?
+    end
+
+    def install_test_deps
+      setup_test_paths
+
+      install_gems(test_gemfile)
+      install_gems(rubocop_gemfile, Path.rubocop_gems.to_s)
+      install_gems(standard_gemfile, Path.standard_gems.to_s)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def gem_load_and_activate(gem_name, bin_container)
+      gem_activate(gem_name)
+      load Gem.bin_path(gem_name, bin_container)
+    rescue Gem::LoadError => e
+      abort "We couldn't activate #{gem_name} (#{e.requirement}). Run `gem install #{gem_name}:'#{e.requirement}'`"
+    end
+
+    def gem_activate(gem_name)
+      require "bundler"
+      gem_requirement = Bundler::LockfileParser.new(File.read(dev_lockfile)).dependencies[gem_name]&.requirement
+      gem gem_name, gem_requirement
+    end
+
+    def install_gems(gemfile, path = nil)
+      old_gemfile = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = gemfile.to_s
+
+      if path
+        old_path = ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"]
+        ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = path
+      else
+        old_path__system = ENV["BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM"]
+        ENV["BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM"] = "true"
+      end
+
+      output = `#{Gem.ruby} #{File.expand_path("support/bundle.rb", Path.spec_dir)} install`
+      raise "Error when installing gems in #{gemfile}: #{output}" unless $?.success?
+    ensure
+      if path
+        ENV["BUNDLE_PATH"] = old_path
+      else
+        ENV["BUNDLE_PATH__SYSTEM"] = old_path__system
+      end
+
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = old_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def test_gemfile
+      Path.test_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def rubocop_gemfile
+      Path.rubocop_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def standard_gemfile
+      Path.standard_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def dev_gemfile
+      Path.dev_gemfile
+    end
+
+    def dev_lockfile
+      lockfile_for(dev_gemfile)
+    end
+
+    def lockfile_for(gemfile)
+      Pathname.new("#{gemfile.expand_path}.lock")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/rubygems_version_manager.rb b/spec/bundler/support/rubygems_version_manager.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1b1f8dd03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/rubygems_version_manager.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+require_relative "helpers"
+require_relative "path"
+
+class RubygemsVersionManager
+  include Spec::Helpers
+  include Spec::Path
+
+  def initialize(source)
+    @source = source
+  end
+
+  def switch
+    return if use_system?
+
+    assert_system_features_not_loaded!
+
+    switch_local_copy_if_needed
+
+    reexec_if_needed
+  end
+
+  def assert_system_features_not_loaded!
+    at_exit do
+      rubylibdir = RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibdir"]
+
+      rubygems_path = rubylibdir + "/rubygems"
+      rubygems_default_path = rubygems_path + "/defaults"
+
+      bundler_path = rubylibdir + "/bundler"
+      bundler_exemptions = Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("3.2.0") ? [bundler_path + "/errors.rb"] : []
+
+      bad_loaded_features = $LOADED_FEATURES.select do |loaded_feature|
+        (loaded_feature.start_with?(rubygems_path) && !loaded_feature.start_with?(rubygems_default_path)) ||
+          (loaded_feature.start_with?(bundler_path) && !bundler_exemptions.any? {|bundler_exemption| loaded_feature.start_with?(bundler_exemption) })
+      end
+
+      errors = if bad_loaded_features.any?
+        all_commands_output + "the following features were incorrectly loaded:\n#{bad_loaded_features.join("\n")}"
+      end
+
+      raise errors if errors
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def use_system?
+    @source.nil?
+  end
+
+  def reexec_if_needed
+    return unless rubygems_unrequire_needed?
+
+    require "rbconfig"
+
+    cmd = [RbConfig.ruby, $0, *ARGV].compact
+
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = opt_add("-I#{local_copy_path.join("lib")}", opt_remove("--disable-gems", ENV["RUBYOPT"]))
+
+    exec(ENV, *cmd)
+  end
+
+  def switch_local_copy_if_needed
+    return unless local_copy_switch_needed?
+
+    sys_exec("git checkout #{target_tag}", :dir => local_copy_path)
+
+    ENV["RGV"] = local_copy_path.to_s
+  end
+
+  def rubygems_unrequire_needed?
+    require "rubygems"
+    !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(local_copy_path.join("lib/rubygems.rb").to_s)
+  end
+
+  def local_copy_switch_needed?
+    !source_is_path? && target_tag != local_copy_tag
+  end
+
+  def target_tag
+    @target_tag ||= resolve_target_tag
+  end
+
+  def local_copy_tag
+    sys_exec("git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", :dir => local_copy_path)
+  end
+
+  def local_copy_path
+    @local_copy_path ||= resolve_local_copy_path
+  end
+
+  def resolve_local_copy_path
+    return expanded_source if source_is_path?
+
+    rubygems_path = source_root.join("tmp/rubygems")
+
+    unless rubygems_path.directory?
+      sys_exec("git clone .. #{rubygems_path}", :dir => source_root)
+    end
+
+    rubygems_path
+  end
+
+  def source_is_path?
+    expanded_source.directory?
+  end
+
+  def expanded_source
+    @expanded_source ||= Pathname.new(@source).expand_path(source_root)
+  end
+
+  def resolve_target_tag
+    return "v#{@source}" if @source.match(/^\d/)
+
+    @source
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/silent_logger.rb b/spec/bundler/support/silent_logger.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8665beb2c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/silent_logger.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "logger"
+module Spec
+  class SilentLogger
+    (::Logger.instance_methods - Object.instance_methods).each do |logger_instance_method|
+      define_method(logger_instance_method) {|*args, &blk| }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/streams.rb b/spec/bundler/support/streams.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a947eebf6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/streams.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "stringio"
+
+def capture(*args)
+  opts = args.pop if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+  opts ||= {}
+
+  args.map!(&:to_s)
+  begin
+    result = StringIO.new
+    result.close if opts[:closed]
+    args.each {|stream| eval "$#{stream} = result" }
+    yield
+  ensure
+    args.each {|stream| eval("$#{stream} = #{stream.upcase}") }
+  end
+  result.string
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/sudo.rb b/spec/bundler/support/sudo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04e9443945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/sudo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Spec
+  module Sudo
+    def self.present?
+      @which_sudo ||= Bundler.which("sudo")
+    end
+
+    def sudo(cmd)
+      raise "sudo not present" unless Sudo.present?
+      sys_exec("sudo #{cmd}")
+    end
+
+    def chown_system_gems_to_root
+      sudo "chown -R root #{system_gem_path}"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/switch_rubygems.rb b/spec/bundler/support/switch_rubygems.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a138d22333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/switch_rubygems.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "rubygems_version_manager"
+RubygemsVersionManager.new(ENV["RGV"]).switch
diff --git a/spec/bundler/support/the_bundle.rb b/spec/bundler/support/the_bundle.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f252a4515b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/support/the_bundle.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "path"
+
+module Spec
+  class TheBundle
+    include Spec::Path
+
+    attr_accessor :bundle_dir
+
+    def initialize(opts = {})
+      opts = opts.dup
+      @bundle_dir = Pathname.new(opts.delete(:bundle_dir) { bundled_app })
+      raise "Too many options! #{opts}" unless opts.empty?
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "the bundle"
+    end
+    alias_method :inspect, :to_s
+
+    def locked?
+      lockfile.file?
+    end
+
+    def lockfile
+      bundle_dir.join("Gemfile.lock")
+    end
+
+    def locked_gems
+      raise "Cannot read lockfile if it doesn't exist" unless locked?
+      Bundler::LockfileParser.new(lockfile.read)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/update/gemfile_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/update/gemfile_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c5294101e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/update/gemfile_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update" do
+  context "with --gemfile" do
+    it "finds the gemfile" do
+      gemfile bundled_app("NotGemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle :install, :gemfile => bundled_app("NotGemfile")
+      bundle :update, :gemfile => bundled_app("NotGemfile"), :all => true
+
+      # Specify BUNDLE_GEMFILE for `the_bundle`
+      # to retrieve the proper Gemfile
+      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = "NotGemfile"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with gemfile set via config" do
+    before do
+      gemfile bundled_app("NotGemfile"), <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+
+      bundle "config set --local gemfile #{bundled_app("NotGemfile")}"
+      bundle :install
+    end
+
+    it "uses the gemfile to update" do
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      bundle "list"
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack (1.0.0)")
+    end
+
+    it "uses the gemfile while in a subdirectory" do
+      bundled_app("subdir").mkpath
+      bundle "update", :all => true, :dir => bundled_app("subdir")
+      bundle "list", :dir => bundled_app("subdir")
+
+      expect(out).to include("rack (1.0.0)")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/update/gems/fund_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/update/gems/fund_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0dfe63d36d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/update/gems/fund_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update" do
+  before do
+    build_repo2 do
+      build_gem "has_funding_and_other_metadata" do |s|
+        s.metadata = {
+          "bug_tracker_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/issues",
+          "changelog_uri"     => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/CHANGELOG.md",
+          "documentation_uri" => "https://www.example.info/gems/bestgemever/0.0.1",
+          "homepage_uri"      => "https://bestgemever.example.io",
+          "mailing_list_uri"  => "https://groups.example.com/bestgemever",
+          "funding_uri"       => "https://example.com/has_funding_and_other_metadata/funding",
+          "source_code_uri"   => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever",
+          "wiki_uri"          => "https://example.com/user/bestgemever/wiki",
+        }
+      end
+
+      build_gem "has_funding", "1.2.3" do |s|
+        s.metadata = {
+          "funding_uri"       => "https://example.com/has_funding/funding",
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+      gem 'has_funding_and_other_metadata'
+      gem 'has_funding', '< 2.0'
+    G
+
+    bundle :install
+  end
+
+  context "when listed gems are updated" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        gem 'has_funding_and_other_metadata'
+        gem 'has_funding'
+      G
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+    end
+
+    it "displays fund message" do
+      expect(out).to include("2 installed gems you directly depend on are looking for funding.")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/update/gems/post_install_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/update/gems/post_install_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3aaa659d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/update/gems/post_install_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update" do
+  let(:config) {}
+
+  before do
+    gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem 'rack', "< 1.0"
+      gem 'thin'
+    G
+
+    bundle "config set #{config}" if config
+
+    bundle :install
+  end
+
+  shared_examples "a config observer" do
+    context "when ignore post-install messages for gem is set" do
+      let(:config) { "ignore_messages.rack true" }
+
+      it "doesn't display gem's post-install message" do
+        expect(out).not_to include("Rack's post install message")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "when ignore post-install messages for all gems" do
+      let(:config) { "ignore_messages true" }
+
+      it "doesn't display any post-install messages" do
+        expect(out).not_to include("Post-install message")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  shared_examples "a post-install message outputter" do
+    it "should display post-install messages for updated gems" do
+      expect(out).to include("Post-install message from rack:")
+      expect(out).to include("Rack's post install message")
+    end
+
+    it "should not display the post-install message for non-updated gems" do
+      expect(out).not_to include("Thin's post install message")
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when listed gem is updated" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack'
+        gem 'thin'
+      G
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "a post-install message outputter"
+    it_behaves_like "a config observer"
+  end
+
+  context "when dependency triggers update" do
+    before do
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'rack-obama'
+        gem 'thin'
+      G
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like "a post-install message outputter"
+    it_behaves_like "a config observer"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/update/git_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/update/git_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0787ee41a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/update/git_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update" do
+  describe "git sources" do
+    it "floats on a branch when :branch is used" do
+      build_git "foo", "1.0"
+      update_git "foo", :branch => "omg"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo-1.0")}", :branch => "omg" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+      G
+
+      update_git "foo" do |s|
+        s.write "lib/foo.rb", "FOO = '1.1'"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.1"
+    end
+
+    it "updates correctly when you have like craziness" do
+      build_lib "activesupport", "3.0", :path => lib_path("rails/activesupport")
+      build_git "rails", "3.0", :path => lib_path("rails") do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "activesupport", "= 3.0"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("rails"))}"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update rails"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rails 3.0", "activesupport 3.0"
+    end
+
+    it "floats on a branch when :branch is used and the source is specified in the update" do
+      build_git "foo", "1.0", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      update_git "foo", :branch => "omg", :path => lib_path("foo")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo")}", :branch => "omg" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+      G
+
+      update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/foo.rb", "FOO = '1.1'"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update --source foo"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.1"
+    end
+
+    it "floats on master when updating all gems that are pinned to the source even if you have child dependencies" do
+      build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo")
+      build_gem "bar", :to_bundle => true do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "foo"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo"))}"
+        gem "bar"
+      G
+
+      update_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/foo.rb", "FOO = '1.1'"
+      end
+
+      bundle "update foo"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 1.1"
+    end
+
+    it "notices when you change the repo url in the Gemfile" do
+      build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo_one")
+      build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo_two")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", "1.0", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo_one"))}"
+      G
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf lib_path("foo_one")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", "1.0", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo_two"))}"
+      G
+
+      expect(err).to be_empty
+      expect(out).to include("Fetching #{file_uri_for(lib_path)}/foo_two")
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle complete!")
+    end
+
+    it "fetches tags from the remote" do
+      build_git "foo"
+      @remote = build_git("bar", :bare => true)
+      update_git "foo", :remote => file_uri_for(@remote.path)
+      update_git "foo", :push => "master"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'foo', :git => "#{@remote.path}"
+      G
+
+      # Create a new tag on the remote that needs fetching
+      update_git "foo", :tag => "fubar"
+      update_git "foo", :push => "fubar"
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem 'foo', :git => "#{@remote.path}", :tag => "fubar"
+      G
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+    end
+
+    describe "with submodules" do
+      before :each do
+        build_repo4 do
+          build_gem "submodule" do |s|
+            s.write "lib/submodule.rb", "puts 'GEM'"
+          end
+        end
+
+        build_git "submodule", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.write "lib/submodule.rb", "puts 'GIT'"
+        end
+
+        build_git "has_submodule", "1.0" do |s|
+          s.add_dependency "submodule"
+        end
+
+        sys_exec "git submodule add #{lib_path("submodule-1.0")} submodule-1.0", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+        sys_exec "git commit -m \"submodulator\"", :dir => lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")
+      end
+
+      it "it unlocks the source when submodules are added to a git source" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}" do
+            gem "has_submodule"
+          end
+        G
+
+        run "require 'submodule'"
+        expect(out).to eq("GEM")
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}", :submodules => true do
+            gem "has_submodule"
+          end
+        G
+
+        run "require 'submodule'"
+        expect(out).to eq("GIT")
+      end
+
+      it "unlocks the source when submodules are removed from git source", :git => ">= 2.9.0" do
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}", :submodules => true do
+            gem "has_submodule"
+          end
+        G
+
+        run "require 'submodule'"
+        expect(out).to eq("GIT")
+
+        install_gemfile <<-G
+          source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo4)}"
+          git "#{lib_path("has_submodule-1.0")}" do
+            gem "has_submodule"
+          end
+        G
+
+        run "require 'submodule'"
+        expect(out).to eq("GEM")
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "errors with a message when the .git repo is gone" do
+      build_git "foo", "1.0"
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "foo", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("foo-1.0"))}"
+      G
+
+      lib_path("foo-1.0").join(".git").rmtree
+
+      bundle :update, :all => true, :raise_on_error => false
+      expect(err).to include(lib_path("foo-1.0").to_s).
+        and match(/Git error: command `git fetch.+has failed/)
+    end
+
+    it "should not explode on invalid revision on update of gem by name" do
+      build_git "rack", "0.8"
+
+      build_git "rack", "0.8", :path => lib_path("local-rack") do |s|
+        s.write "lib/rack.rb", "puts :LOCAL"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rack", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("rack-0.8"))}", :branch => "master"
+      G
+
+      bundle %(config set local.rack #{lib_path("local-rack")})
+      bundle "update rack"
+      expect(out).to include("Bundle updated!")
+    end
+
+    it "shows the previous version of the gem" do
+      build_git "rails", "2.3.2", :path => lib_path("rails")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+        gem "rails", :git => "#{file_uri_for(lib_path("rails"))}"
+      G
+
+      update_git "rails", "3.0", :path => lib_path("rails"), :gemspec => true
+
+      bundle "update", :all => true
+      expect(out).to include("Using rails 3.0 (was 2.3.2) from #{file_uri_for(lib_path("rails"))} (at master@#{revision_for(lib_path("rails"))[0..6]})")
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --source flag" do
+    before :each do
+      build_repo2
+      @git = build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("foo") do |s|
+        s.executables = "foobar"
+      end
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("foo")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "updates the source" do
+      update_git "foo", :path => @git.path
+
+      bundle "update --source foo"
+
+      run <<-RUBY
+        require 'foo'
+        puts "WIN" if defined?(FOO_PREV_REF)
+      RUBY
+
+      expect(out).to eq("WIN")
+    end
+
+    it "unlocks gems that were originally pulled in by the source" do
+      update_git "foo", "2.0", :path => @git.path
+
+      bundle "update --source foo"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "foo 2.0"
+    end
+
+    it "leaves all other gems frozen" do
+      update_repo2
+      update_git "foo", :path => @git.path
+
+      bundle "update --source foo"
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems "rack 1.0"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when the gem and the repository have different names" do
+    before :each do
+      build_repo2
+      @git = build_git "foo", :path => lib_path("bar")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+        source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}"
+        git "#{lib_path("bar")}" do
+          gem 'foo'
+        end
+        gem 'rack'
+      G
+    end
+
+    it "the --source flag updates version of gems that were originally pulled in by the source" do
+      spec_lines = lib_path("bar/foo.gemspec").read.split("\n")
+      spec_lines[5] = "s.version = '2.0'"
+
+      update_git "foo", "2.0", :path => @git.path do |s|
+        s.write "foo.gemspec", spec_lines.join("\n")
+      end
+
+      ref = @git.ref_for "master"
+
+      bundle "update --source bar"
+
+      expect(lockfile).to eq <<~G
+        GIT
+          remote: #{@git.path}
+          revision: #{ref}
+          specs:
+            foo (2.0)
+
+        GEM
+          remote: #{file_uri_for(gem_repo2)}/
+          specs:
+            rack (1.0.0)
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          #{lockfile_platforms}
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+          foo!
+          rack
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+           #{Bundler::VERSION}
+      G
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/update/path_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/update/path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..756770313b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/update/path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "path sources" do
+  describe "bundle update --source" do
+    it "shows the previous version of the gem when updated from path source" do
+      build_lib "activesupport", "2.3.5", :path => lib_path("rails/activesupport")
+
+      install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "activesupport", :path => "#{lib_path("rails/activesupport")}"
+      G
+
+      build_lib "activesupport", "3.0", :path => lib_path("rails/activesupport")
+
+      bundle "update --source activesupport"
+      expect(out).to include("Using activesupport 3.0 (was 2.3.5) from source at `#{lib_path("rails/activesupport")}`")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/update/redownload_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/update/redownload_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..147be823f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/bundler/update/redownload_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe "bundle update" do
+  before :each do
+    install_gemfile <<-G
+      source "#{file_uri_for(gem_repo1)}"
+      gem "rack"
+    G
+  end
+
+  describe "with --force" do
+    it "shows a deprecation when single flag passed", :bundler => 2 do
+      bundle "update rack --force"
+      expect(err).to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+
+    it "shows a deprecation when multiple flags passed", :bundler => 2 do
+      bundle "update rack --no-color --force"
+      expect(err).to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with --redownload" do
+    it "does not show a deprecation when single flag passed" do
+      bundle "update rack --redownload"
+      expect(err).not_to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+
+    it "does not show a deprecation when single multiple flags passed" do
+      bundle "update rack --no-color --redownload"
+      expect(err).not_to include "[DEPRECATED] The `--force` option has been renamed to `--redownload`"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/default.mspec b/spec/default.mspec
index 4f2c062386..8791058f95 100644
--- a/spec/default.mspec
+++ b/spec/default.mspec
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 # -*- ruby -*-
-load "./rbconfig.rb"
-load File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/rubyspec/default.mspec'
-OBJDIR = File.expand_path("spec/rubyspec/optional/capi/ext")
+$VERBOSE = false
+if (opt = ENV["RUBYOPT"]) and (opt = opt.dup).sub!(/(?:\A|\s)-w(?=\z|\s)/, '')
+  ENV["RUBYOPT"] = opt
+end
+require "./rbconfig" unless defined?(RbConfig)
+load File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/ruby/default.mspec'
+OBJDIR = File.expand_path("spec/ruby/optional/capi/ext")
 class MSpecScript
   builddir = Dir.pwd
   srcdir = ENV['SRCDIR']
@@ -15,12 +19,49 @@ class MSpecScript
 
   # The default implementation to run the specs.
   set :target, File.join(builddir, "miniruby#{config['exeext']}")
-  set :prefix, File.expand_path('rubyspec', File.dirname(__FILE__))
+  set :prefix, File.expand_path('ruby', File.dirname(__FILE__))
   set :flags, %W[
     -I#{srcdir}/lib
-    -I#{srcdir}
-    -I#{srcdir}/#{config['EXTOUT']}/common
     #{srcdir}/tool/runruby.rb --archdir=#{Dir.pwd} --extout=#{config['EXTOUT']}
     --
   ]
 end
+
+module MSpecScript::JobServer
+  def cores(max = 1)
+    if max > 1 and /(?:\A|\s)--jobserver-(?:auth|fds)=(\d+),(\d+)/ =~ ENV["MAKEFLAGS"]
+      cores = 1
+      begin
+        r = IO.for_fd($1.to_i(10), "rb", autoclose: false)
+        w = IO.for_fd($2.to_i(10), "wb", autoclose: false)
+        jobtokens = r.read_nonblock(max - 1)
+        cores = jobtokens.size
+        if cores > 0
+          cores += 1
+          jobserver = w
+          w = nil
+          at_exit {
+            jobserver.print(jobtokens)
+            jobserver.close
+          }
+          MSpecScript::JobServer.module_eval do
+            remove_method :cores
+            define_method(:cores) do
+              cores
+            end
+          end
+          return cores
+        end
+      rescue Errno::EBADF
+      ensure
+        r&.close
+        w&.close
+      end
+    end
+    super
+  end
+end
+
+class MSpecScript
+  prepend JobServer
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/Gemfile b/spec/mspec/Gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e463cd71d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/Gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+gem "rake", "~> 12.3"
+gem "rspec", "~> 2.14.1"
diff --git a/spec/mspec/Gemfile.lock b/spec/mspec/Gemfile.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74489c5aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/Gemfile.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+GEM
+  remote: https://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    diff-lcs (1.3)
+    rake (12.3.3)
+    rspec (2.14.1)
+      rspec-core (~> 2.14.0)
+      rspec-expectations (~> 2.14.0)
+      rspec-mocks (~> 2.14.0)
+    rspec-core (2.14.8)
+    rspec-expectations (2.14.5)
+      diff-lcs (>= 1.1.3, < 2.0)
+    rspec-mocks (2.14.6)
+
+PLATFORMS
+  java
+  ruby
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  rake (~> 12.3)
+  rspec (~> 2.14.1)
diff --git a/spec/mspec/LICENSE b/spec/mspec/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d581dd1c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (c) 2008 Engine Yard, Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/spec/mspec/README.md b/spec/mspec/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4054bcf0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+## Overview
+
+MSpec is a specialized framework that is syntax-compatible with RSpec 2 for
+basic things like `describe`, `it` blocks and `before`, `after` actions.
+MSpec contains additional features that assist in writing specs for
+Ruby implementations in [ruby/spec](https://github.com/ruby/spec).
+
+MSpec attempts to use the simplest Ruby language features so that beginning
+Ruby implementations can run the Ruby specs. For example, no file from the
+standard library or RubyGems is necessary to run MSpec.
+
+MSpec is not intended as a replacement for RSpec. MSpec attempts to provide a
+subset of RSpec's features in some cases and a superset in others. It does not
+provide all the matchers, for instance.
+
+However, MSpec provides several extensions to facilitate writing the Ruby
+specs in a manner compatible with multiple Ruby implementations.
+
+  1. MSpec offers a set of guards to control execution of the specs. These
+     guards not only enable or disable execution but also annotate the specs
+     with additional information about why they are run or not run.
+
+  2. MSpec provides a different shared spec implementation specifically
+     designed to ease writing specs for the numerous aliased methods in Ruby.
+
+  3. MSpec provides various helper methods to simplify some specs, for
+     example, creating temporary file names.
+
+  4. MSpec has several specialized runner scripts that includes a
+     configuration facility with a default project file and user-specific
+     overrides.
+
+  5. MSpec support "tagging", that is excluding specs known as failing on
+     a particular Ruby implementation, and automatically adding and removing tags
+     while running the specs.
+
+## Requirements
+
+MSpec requires Ruby 2.5 or more recent.
+
+## Bundler
+
+A Gemfile is provided. Use Bundler to install gem dependencies. To install
+Bundler, run the following:
+
+```bash
+gem install bundler
+```
+
+To install the gem dependencies with Bundler, run the following:
+
+```bash
+ruby -S bundle install
+```
+
+## Running Specs
+
+Use RSpec to run the MSpec specs. There are no plans currently to make the
+MSpec specs runnable by MSpec: https://github.com/ruby/mspec/issues/19.
+
+After installing the gem dependencies, the specs can be run as follows:
+
+```bash
+ruby -S bundle exec rspec
+```
+
+To run an individual spec file, use the following example:
+
+```bash
+ruby -S bundle exec rspec spec/helpers/ruby_exe_spec.rb
+```
+
+## Documentation
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/ruby/spec/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) in ruby/spec
+for a list of matchers and how to use `mspec`.
+
+## Source Code
+
+See https://github.com/ruby/mspec
+
+## License
+
+See the LICENSE in the source code.
diff --git a/spec/mspec/Rakefile b/spec/mspec/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a9de7a95e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require 'bundler/setup'
+require 'rspec/core/rake_task'
+
+RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
+
+task :default => :spec
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mkspec b/spec/mspec/bin/mkspec
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..00f1fdff47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mkspec
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+$:.unshift File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
+
+require 'mspec/commands/mkspec'
+
+MkSpec.main
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mkspec.bat b/spec/mspec/bin/mkspec.bat
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1073d20a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mkspec.bat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@"ruby.exe" "%~dpn0" %*
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..f833257bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+$:.unshift File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
+
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec'
+
+MSpecMain.main
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-ci b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-ci
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..d7cd50a827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-ci
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+$:.unshift File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
+
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec-ci'
+
+MSpecCI.main
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-ci.bat b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-ci.bat
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1073d20a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-ci.bat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@"ruby.exe" "%~dpn0" %*
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..010ecefe35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+$:.unshift File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
+
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec-run'
+
+MSpecRun.main
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run.bat b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run.bat
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1073d20a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-run.bat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@"ruby.exe" "%~dpn0" %*
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-tag b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-tag
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..a5f9fffaaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-tag
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+$:.unshift File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
+
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec-tag'
+
+MSpecTag.main
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-tag.bat b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-tag.bat
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1073d20a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec-tag.bat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@"ruby.exe" "%~dpn0" %*
diff --git a/spec/mspec/bin/mspec.bat b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec.bat
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1073d20a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/bin/mspec.bat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@"ruby.exe" "%~dpn0" %*
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d24abd96f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'mspec/utils/format'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+require 'mspec/expectations'
+require 'mspec/mocks'
+require 'mspec/runner'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+require 'mspec/version'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mkspec.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mkspec.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..d10cc35d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mkspec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'rbconfig'
+require 'mspec/version'
+require 'mspec/utils/options'
+require 'mspec/utils/name_map'
+require 'mspec/helpers/fs'
+
+class MkSpec
+  attr_reader :config
+
+  def initialize
+    @config = {
+      :constants => [],
+      :requires  => [],
+      :base      => "core",
+      :version   => nil
+    }
+    @map = NameMap.new true
+  end
+
+  def options(argv = ARGV)
+    options = MSpecOptions.new "mkspec [options]", 32
+
+    options.on("-c", "--constant", "CONSTANT",
+               "Class or Module to generate spec stubs for") do |name|
+      config[:constants] << name
+    end
+    options.on("-b", "--base", "DIR",
+               "Directory to generate specs into") do |directory|
+      config[:base] = File.expand_path directory
+    end
+    options.on("-r", "--require", "LIBRARY",
+               "A library to require") do |file|
+      config[:requires] << file
+    end
+    options.on("-V", "--version-guard", "VERSION",
+               "Specify version for ruby_version_is guards") do |version|
+      config[:version] = version
+    end
+    options.version MSpec::VERSION
+    options.help
+
+    options.doc "\n How might this work in the real world?\n"
+    options.doc "   1. To create spec stubs for every class or module in Object\n"
+    options.doc "     $ mkspec\n"
+    options.doc "   2. To create spec stubs for Fixnum\n"
+    options.doc "     $ mkspec -c Fixnum\n"
+    options.doc "   3. To create spec stubs for Complex in 'superspec/complex'\n"
+    options.doc "     $ mkspec -c Complex -r complex -b superspec"
+    options.doc ""
+
+    options.parse argv
+  end
+
+  def create_directory(mod)
+    subdir = @map.dir_name mod, config[:base]
+
+    if File.exist? subdir
+      unless File.directory? subdir
+        puts "#{subdir} already exists and is not a directory."
+        return nil
+      end
+    else
+      mkdir_p subdir
+    end
+
+    subdir
+  end
+
+  def write_requires(dir, file)
+    prefix = config[:base] + '/'
+    raise dir unless dir.start_with? prefix
+    sub = dir[prefix.size..-1]
+    parents = '../' * (sub.split('/').length + 1)
+
+    File.open(file, 'w') do |f|
+      f.puts "require_relative '#{parents}spec_helper'"
+      config[:requires].each do |lib|
+        f.puts "require '#{lib}'"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def write_version(f)
+    f.puts ""
+    if version = config[:version]
+      f.puts "ruby_version_is #{version} do"
+      yield "  "
+      f.puts "end"
+    else
+      yield ""
+    end
+  end
+
+  def write_spec(file, meth, exists)
+    if exists
+      out = `#{ruby} #{MSPEC_HOME}/bin/mspec-run --dry-run --unguarded -fs -e '#{meth}' #{file}`
+      return if out.include?(meth)
+    end
+
+    File.open file, 'a' do |f|
+      write_version(f) do |indent|
+        f.puts <<-EOS
+#{indent}describe "#{meth}" do
+#{indent}  it "needs to be reviewed for spec completeness"
+#{indent}end
+EOS
+      end
+    end
+
+    puts file
+  end
+
+  def create_file(dir, mod, meth, name)
+    file = File.join dir, @map.file_name(meth, mod)
+    exists = File.exist? file
+
+    write_requires dir, file unless exists
+    write_spec file, name, exists
+  end
+
+  def run
+    config[:requires].each { |lib| require lib }
+    constants = config[:constants]
+    constants = Object.constants if constants.empty?
+
+    @map.map({}, constants).each do |mod, methods|
+      name = mod.chop
+      next unless dir = create_directory(name)
+
+      methods.each { |method| create_file dir, name, method, mod + method }
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Determine and return the path of the ruby executable.
+
+  def ruby
+    ruby = File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'],
+                     RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'])
+
+    ruby.gsub! File::SEPARATOR, File::ALT_SEPARATOR if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+
+    return ruby
+  end
+
+  def self.main
+    ENV['MSPEC_RUNNER'] = '1'
+
+    script = new
+    script.options
+    script.run
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-ci.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-ci.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a31db1d7dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-ci.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+$:.unshift File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../lib')
+
+require 'mspec/version'
+require 'mspec/utils/options'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+
+class MSpecCI < MSpecScript
+  def options(argv = ARGV)
+    options = MSpecOptions.new "mspec ci [options] (FILE|DIRECTORY|GLOB)+", 30, config
+
+    options.doc " Ask yourself:"
+    options.doc "  1. How to run the specs?"
+    options.doc "  2. How to modify the guard behavior?"
+    options.doc "  2. How to display the output?"
+    options.doc "  3. What action to perform?"
+    options.doc "  4. When to perform it?"
+
+    options.doc "\n How to run the specs"
+    options.chdir
+    options.prefix
+    options.configure { |f| load f }
+    options.pretend
+    options.interrupt
+    options.timeout
+
+    options.doc "\n How to modify the guard behavior"
+    options.unguarded
+    options.verify
+
+    options.doc "\n How to display their output"
+    options.formatters
+    options.verbose
+
+    options.doc "\n What action to perform"
+    options.actions
+
+    options.doc "\n When to perform it"
+    options.action_filters
+
+    options.doc "\n Help!"
+    options.debug
+    options.version MSpec::VERSION
+    options.help
+
+    options.doc "\n Custom options"
+    custom_options options
+
+    options.doc "\n How might this work in the real world?"
+    options.doc "\n   1. To simply run the known good specs"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec ci"
+    options.doc "\n   2. To run a subset of the known good specs"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec ci path/to/specs"
+    options.doc "\n   3. To start the debugger before the spec matching 'this crashes'"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec ci --spec-debug -S 'this crashes'"
+    options.doc ""
+
+    patterns = options.parse argv
+    patterns = config[:ci_files] if patterns.empty?
+    @files = files patterns
+  end
+
+  def run
+    MSpec.register_tags_patterns config[:tags_patterns]
+    MSpec.register_files @files
+
+    tags = ["fails", "critical", "unstable", "incomplete", "unsupported"]
+    tags += Array(config[:ci_xtags])
+
+    require 'mspec/runner/filters/tag'
+    filter = TagFilter.new(:exclude, *tags)
+    filter.register
+
+    MSpec.process
+    exit MSpec.exit_code
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-run.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-run.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d8f4d9984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-run.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+$:.unshift File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../lib')
+
+require 'mspec/version'
+require 'mspec/utils/options'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+
+class MSpecRun < MSpecScript
+  def initialize
+    super
+
+    config[:files] = []
+  end
+
+  def options(argv = ARGV)
+    options = MSpecOptions.new "mspec run [options] (FILE|DIRECTORY|GLOB)+", 30, config
+
+    options.doc " Ask yourself:"
+    options.doc "  1. What specs to run?"
+    options.doc "  2. How to modify the execution?"
+    options.doc "  3. How to modify the guard behavior?"
+    options.doc "  4. How to display the output?"
+    options.doc "  5. What action to perform?"
+    options.doc "  6. When to perform it?"
+
+    options.doc "\n What specs to run"
+    options.filters
+
+    options.doc "\n How to modify the execution"
+    options.chdir
+    options.prefix
+    options.configure { |f| load f }
+    options.randomize
+    options.repeat
+    options.pretend
+    options.interrupt
+    options.timeout
+
+    options.doc "\n How to modify the guard behavior"
+    options.unguarded
+    options.verify
+
+    options.doc "\n How to display their output"
+    options.formatters
+    options.verbose
+
+    options.doc "\n What action to perform"
+    options.actions
+
+    options.doc "\n When to perform it"
+    options.action_filters
+
+    options.doc "\n Help!"
+    options.debug
+    options.version MSpec::VERSION
+    options.help
+
+    options.doc "\n Custom options"
+    custom_options options
+
+    options.doc "\n How might this work in the real world?"
+    options.doc "\n   1. To simply run some specs"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec path/to/the/specs"
+    options.doc "     mspec path/to/the_file_spec.rb"
+    options.doc "\n   2. To run specs tagged with 'fails'"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec -g fails path/to/the_file_spec.rb"
+    options.doc "\n   3. To start the debugger before the spec matching 'this crashes'"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec --spec-debug -S 'this crashes' path/to/the_file_spec.rb"
+    options.doc "\n   4. To run some specs matching 'this crashes'"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec -e 'this crashes' path/to/the_file_spec.rb"
+
+    options.doc ""
+
+    patterns = options.parse argv
+    @files = files_from_patterns(patterns)
+  end
+
+  def run
+    MSpec.register_tags_patterns config[:tags_patterns]
+    MSpec.register_files @files
+
+    MSpec.process
+    exit MSpec.exit_code
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-tag.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-tag.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1d04d1446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec-tag.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'mspec/version'
+require 'mspec/utils/options'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+
+class MSpecTag < MSpecScript
+  def initialize
+    super
+
+    config[:tagger]  = :add
+    config[:tag]     = 'fails:'
+    config[:outcome] = :fail
+    config[:ltags]   = []
+  end
+
+  def options(argv = ARGV)
+    options = MSpecOptions.new "mspec tag [options] (FILE|DIRECTORY|GLOB)+", 30, config
+
+    options.doc " Ask yourself:"
+    options.doc "  1. What specs to run?"
+    options.doc "  2. How to modify the execution?"
+    options.doc "  3. How to display the output?"
+    options.doc "  4. What tag action to perform?"
+    options.doc "  5. When to perform it?"
+
+    options.doc "\n What specs to run"
+    options.filters
+
+    options.doc "\n How to modify the execution"
+    options.configure { |f| load f }
+    options.pretend
+    options.unguarded
+    options.interrupt
+    options.timeout
+
+    options.doc "\n How to display their output"
+    options.formatters
+    options.verbose
+
+    options.doc "\n What action to perform and when to perform it"
+    options.on("-N", "--add", "TAG",
+       "Add TAG with format 'tag' or 'tag(comment)' (see -Q, -F, -L)") do |o|
+      config[:tagger] = :add
+      config[:tag] = "#{o}:"
+    end
+    options.on("-R", "--del", "TAG",
+       "Delete TAG (see -Q, -F, -L)") do |o|
+      config[:tagger] = :del
+      config[:tag] = "#{o}:"
+      config[:outcome] = :pass
+    end
+    options.on("-Q", "--pass", "Apply action to specs that pass (default for --del)") do
+      config[:outcome] = :pass
+    end
+    options.on("-F", "--fail", "Apply action to specs that fail (default for --add)") do
+      config[:outcome] = :fail
+    end
+    options.on("-L", "--all", "Apply action to all specs") do
+      config[:outcome] = :all
+    end
+    options.on("--list", "TAG", "Display descriptions of any specs tagged with TAG") do |t|
+      config[:tagger] = :list
+      config[:ltags] << t
+    end
+    options.on("--list-all", "Display descriptions of any tagged specs") do
+      config[:tagger] = :list_all
+    end
+    options.on("--purge", "Remove all tags not matching any specs") do
+      config[:tagger] = :purge
+    end
+
+    options.doc "\n Help!"
+    options.debug
+    options.version MSpec::VERSION
+    options.help
+
+    options.doc "\n Custom options"
+    custom_options options
+
+    options.doc "\n How might this work in the real world?"
+    options.doc "\n   1. To add the 'fails' tag to failing specs"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec tag path/to/the_file_spec.rb"
+    options.doc "\n   2. To remove the 'fails' tag from passing specs"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec tag --del fails path/to/the_file_spec.rb"
+    options.doc "\n   3. To display the descriptions for all specs tagged with 'fails'"
+    options.doc "\n     $ mspec tag --list fails path/to/the/specs"
+    options.doc ""
+
+    patterns = options.parse argv
+    if patterns.empty?
+      puts options
+      puts "No files specified."
+      exit 1
+    end
+    @files = files patterns
+  end
+
+  def register
+    require 'mspec/runner/actions'
+
+    case config[:tagger]
+    when :add, :del
+      tag = SpecTag.new config[:tag]
+      tagger = TagAction.new(config[:tagger], config[:outcome], tag.tag, tag.comment,
+                             config[:atags], config[:astrings])
+    when :list, :list_all
+      tagger = TagListAction.new config[:tagger] == :list_all ? nil : config[:ltags]
+      MSpec.register_mode :pretend
+      config[:formatter] = false
+    when :purge
+      tagger = TagPurgeAction.new
+      MSpec.register_mode :pretend
+      MSpec.register_mode :unguarded
+      config[:formatter] = false
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "No recognized action given"
+    end
+    tagger.register
+
+    super
+  end
+
+  def run
+    MSpec.register_tags_patterns config[:tags_patterns]
+    MSpec.register_files @files
+
+    MSpec.process
+    exit MSpec.exit_code
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..9d82949ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/commands/mspec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'mspec/version'
+require 'mspec/utils/options'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+require 'mspec/helpers/tmp'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/filter'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/timer'
+
+
+class MSpecMain < MSpecScript
+  def initialize
+    super
+
+    config[:loadpath] = []
+    config[:requires] = []
+    config[:target]   = ENV['RUBY'] || 'ruby'
+    config[:flags]    = []
+    config[:command]  = nil
+    config[:options]  = []
+    config[:launch]   = []
+  end
+
+  def options(argv = ARGV)
+    config[:command] = argv.shift if ["ci", "run", "tag"].include?(argv[0])
+
+    options = MSpecOptions.new "mspec [COMMAND] [options] (FILE|DIRECTORY|GLOB)+", 30, config
+
+    options.doc " The mspec command sets up and invokes the sub-commands"
+    options.doc " (see below) to enable, for instance, running the specs"
+    options.doc " with different implementations like ruby, jruby, rbx, etc.\n"
+
+    options.configure do |f|
+      load f
+      config[:options] << '-B' << f
+    end
+
+    options.targets
+
+    options.on("--warnings", "Don't suppress warnings") do
+      config[:flags] << '-w'
+      ENV['OUTPUT_WARNINGS'] = '1'
+    end
+
+    options.on("-j", "--multi", "Run multiple (possibly parallel) subprocesses") do
+      config[:multi] = true
+    end
+
+    options.version MSpec::VERSION do
+      if config[:command]
+        config[:options] << "-v"
+      else
+        puts "#{File.basename $0} #{MSpec::VERSION}"
+        exit
+      end
+    end
+
+    options.help do
+      if config[:command]
+        config[:options] << "-h"
+      else
+        puts options
+        exit 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    options.doc "\n Custom options"
+    custom_options options
+
+    # The rest of the help output
+    options.doc "\n where COMMAND is one of:\n"
+    options.doc "   run - Run the specified specs (default)"
+    options.doc "   ci  - Run the known good specs"
+    options.doc "   tag - Add or remove tags\n"
+    options.doc " mspec COMMAND -h for more options\n"
+    options.doc "   example: $ mspec run -h\n"
+
+    options.on_extra { |o| config[:options] << o }
+    options.parse(argv)
+
+    if config[:multi]
+      options = MSpecOptions.new "mspec", 30, config
+      options.all
+      patterns = options.parse(config[:options])
+      @files = files_from_patterns(patterns)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def register; end
+
+  def multi_exec(argv)
+    require 'mspec/runner/formatters/multi'
+    formatter = config_formatter.extend(MultiFormatter)
+
+    require 'mspec/runner/parallel'
+    processes = cores(@files.size)
+    ParallelRunner.new(@files, processes, formatter, argv).run
+  end
+
+  def run
+    argv = config[:target].split(/\s+/)
+
+    argv.concat config[:launch]
+    argv.concat config[:flags]
+    argv.concat config[:loadpath]
+    argv.concat config[:requires]
+    argv << "#{MSPEC_HOME}/bin/mspec-#{config[:command] || 'run'}"
+    argv.concat config[:options]
+
+    if config[:multi]
+      exit multi_exec(argv)
+    else
+      $stderr.puts "$ #{argv.join(' ')}"
+      $stderr.flush
+      exec(*argv, close_others: false)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d07f959b27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/expectations/should'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations/expectations.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations/expectations.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d01dc22ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations/expectations.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+class SpecExpectationNotMetError < StandardError
+end
+
+class SpecExpectationNotFoundError < StandardError
+  def message
+    "No behavior expectation was found in the example"
+  end
+end
+
+class SkippedSpecError < StandardError
+end
+
+class SpecExpectation
+  def self.fail_with(expected, actual)
+    expected_to_s = expected.to_s
+    actual_to_s = actual.to_s
+    if expected_to_s.size + actual_to_s.size > 80
+      message = "#{expected_to_s}\n#{actual_to_s}"
+    else
+      message = "#{expected_to_s} #{actual_to_s}"
+    end
+    raise SpecExpectationNotMetError, message
+  end
+
+  def self.fail_predicate(receiver, predicate, args, block, result, expectation)
+    receiver_to_s = MSpec.format(receiver)
+    before_method = predicate.to_s =~ /^[a-z]/ ? "." : " "
+    predicate_to_s = "#{before_method}#{predicate}"
+    predicate_to_s += " " unless args.empty?
+    args_to_s = args.map { |arg| MSpec.format(arg) }.join(', ')
+    args_to_s += " { ... }" if block
+    result_to_s = MSpec.format(result)
+    raise SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected #{receiver_to_s}#{predicate_to_s}#{args_to_s}\n#{expectation} but was #{result_to_s}"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations/should.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations/should.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca0617484c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/expectations/should.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+class Object
+  NO_MATCHER_GIVEN = Object.new
+
+  def should(matcher = NO_MATCHER_GIVEN)
+    MSpec.expectation
+    state = MSpec.current.state
+    raise "should outside example" unless state
+    MSpec.actions :expectation, state
+
+    if NO_MATCHER_GIVEN.equal?(matcher)
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(self)
+    else
+      unless matcher.matches? self
+        expected, actual = matcher.failure_message
+        SpecExpectation.fail_with(expected, actual)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def should_not(matcher = NO_MATCHER_GIVEN)
+    MSpec.expectation
+    state = MSpec.current.state
+    raise "should_not outside example" unless state
+    MSpec.actions :expectation, state
+
+    if NO_MATCHER_GIVEN.equal?(matcher)
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(self)
+    else
+      if matcher.matches? self
+        expected, actual = matcher.negative_failure_message
+        SpecExpectation.fail_with(expected, actual)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..454ac0c776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/block_device'
+require 'mspec/guards/bug'
+require 'mspec/guards/conflict'
+require 'mspec/guards/endian'
+require 'mspec/guards/feature'
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+require 'mspec/guards/platform'
+require 'mspec/guards/quarantine'
+require 'mspec/guards/support'
+require 'mspec/guards/superuser'
+require 'mspec/guards/version'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/block_device.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/block_device.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae736a2d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/block_device.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+
+class BlockDeviceGuard < SpecGuard
+  def match?
+    platform_is_not :freebsd, :windows, :opal do
+      block = `find /dev /devices -type b 2> /dev/null`
+      return !(block.nil? || block.empty?)
+    end
+
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+def with_block_device(&block)
+  BlockDeviceGuard.new.run_if(:with_block_device, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/bug.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/bug.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6af0ef964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/bug.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/version'
+
+class BugGuard < VersionGuard
+  def initialize(bug, requirement)
+    @bug = bug
+    if String === requirement
+      MSpec.deprecate "ruby_bug with a single version", 'an exclusive range ("2.1"..."2.3")'
+      super(FULL_RUBY_VERSION, requirement)
+      @requirement = SpecVersion.new requirement, true
+    else
+      super(FULL_RUBY_VERSION, requirement)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def match?
+    return false if MSpec.mode? :no_ruby_bug
+    return false unless PlatformGuard.standard?
+
+    if Range === @requirement
+      super
+    else
+      FULL_RUBY_VERSION <= @requirement
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def ruby_bug(bug, requirement, &block)
+  BugGuard.new(bug, requirement).run_unless(:ruby_bug, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/conflict.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/conflict.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4930e5734d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/conflict.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+require 'mspec/utils/deprecate'
+
+class ConflictsGuard < SpecGuard
+  def initialize(*args)
+    MSpec.deprecate 'conflicts_with', 'guard -> { condition } do'
+    super(*args)
+  end
+
+  def match?
+    # Always convert constants to symbols regardless of version.
+    constants = Object.constants.map { |x| x.to_sym }
+    @parameters.any? { |mod| constants.include? mod }
+  end
+end
+
+# In some cases, libraries will modify another Ruby method's
+# behavior. The specs for the method's behavior will then fail
+# if that library is loaded. This guard will not run if any of
+# the specified constants exist in Object.constants.
+def conflicts_with(*modules, &block)
+  ConflictsGuard.new(*modules).run_unless(:conflicts_with, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/endian.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/endian.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79335a8933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/endian.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+
+# Despite that these are inverses, the two classes are
+# used to simplify MSpec guard reporting modes
+
+class EndianGuard < SpecGuard
+  def pattern
+    @pattern ||= [1].pack('L')
+  end
+  private :pattern
+end
+
+class BigEndianGuard < EndianGuard
+  def match?
+    pattern[-1] == ?\001
+  end
+end
+
+def big_endian(&block)
+  BigEndianGuard.new.run_if(:big_endian, &block)
+end
+
+def little_endian(&block)
+  BigEndianGuard.new.run_unless(:little_endian, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/feature.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/feature.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4c6dd1cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/feature.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+
+class FeatureGuard < SpecGuard
+  def self.enabled?(*features)
+    new(*features).match?
+  end
+
+  def match?
+    @parameters.all? { |f| MSpec.feature_enabled? f }
+  end
+end
+
+# Provides better documentation in the specs by
+# naming sets of features that work together as
+# a whole. Examples include :encoding, :fiber,
+# :continuation, :fork.
+#
+# Usage example:
+#
+#   with_feature :encoding do
+#     # specs for a method that provides aspects
+#     # of the encoding feature
+#   end
+#
+# Multiple features must all be enabled for the
+# guard to run:
+#
+#   with_feature :one, :two do
+#     # these specs will run if features :one AND
+#     # :two are enabled.
+#   end
+#
+# The implementation must explicitly enable a feature
+# by adding code like the following to the .mspec
+# configuration file:
+#
+#   MSpec.enable_feature :encoding
+#
+def with_feature(*features, &block)
+  FeatureGuard.new(*features).run_if(:with_feature, &block)
+end
+
+def without_feature(*features, &block)
+  FeatureGuard.new(*features).run_unless(:without_feature, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/guard.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/guard.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a6372a660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/guard.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tally'
+
+class SpecGuard
+  def self.report
+    @report ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+  end
+
+  def self.clear
+    @report = nil
+  end
+
+  def self.finish
+    report.keys.sort.each do |key|
+      desc = report[key]
+      size = desc.size
+      spec = size == 1 ? "spec" : "specs"
+      print "\n\n#{size} #{spec} omitted by guard: #{key}:\n"
+      desc.each { |description| print "\n", description; }
+    end
+
+    print "\n\n"
+  end
+
+  def self.guards
+    @guards ||= []
+  end
+
+  def self.clear_guards
+    @guards = []
+  end
+
+  # Returns a partial Ruby version string based on +which+.
+  # For example, if RUBY_VERSION = 8.2.3:
+  #
+  #  :major  => "8"
+  #  :minor  => "8.2"
+  #  :tiny   => "8.2.3"
+  #  :teeny  => "8.2.3"
+  #  :full   => "8.2.3"
+  def self.ruby_version(which = :minor)
+    case which
+    when :major
+      n = 1
+    when :minor
+      n = 2
+    when :tiny, :teeny, :full
+      n = 3
+    end
+
+    RUBY_VERSION.split('.')[0,n].join('.')
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def initialize(*args)
+    @parameters = args
+  end
+
+  def yield?(invert = false)
+    return true if MSpec.mode? :unguarded
+
+    allow = match? ^ invert
+
+    if !allow and reporting?
+      MSpec.guard
+      MSpec.register :finish, SpecGuard
+      MSpec.register :add,    self
+      return true
+    elsif MSpec.mode? :verify
+      return true
+    end
+
+    allow
+  end
+
+  def run_if(name, &block)
+    @name = name
+    if block
+      yield if yield?(false)
+    else
+      yield?(false)
+    end
+  ensure
+    unregister
+  end
+
+  def run_unless(name, &block)
+    @name = name
+    if block
+      yield if yield?(true)
+    else
+      yield?(true)
+    end
+  ensure
+    unregister
+  end
+
+  def reporting?
+    MSpec.mode?(:report) or
+      (MSpec.mode?(:report_on) and SpecGuard.guards.include?(name))
+  end
+
+  def report_key
+    "#{name} #{@parameters.join(", ")}"
+  end
+
+  def record(description)
+    SpecGuard.report[report_key] << description
+  end
+
+  def add(example)
+    record example.description
+    MSpec.formatter.tally.counter.guards!
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unguard
+    MSpec.unregister :add, self
+  end
+
+  def match?
+    raise "must be implemented by the subclass"
+  end
+end
+
+# Combined guards
+
+def guard(condition, &block)
+  raise "condition must be a Proc" unless condition.is_a?(Proc)
+  raise LocalJumpError, "no block given" unless block
+  return yield if MSpec.mode? :unguarded or MSpec.mode? :verify or MSpec.mode? :report
+  yield if condition.call
+end
+
+def guard_not(condition, &block)
+  raise "condition must be a Proc" unless condition.is_a?(Proc)
+  raise LocalJumpError, "no block given" unless block
+  return yield if MSpec.mode? :unguarded or MSpec.mode? :verify or MSpec.mode? :report
+  yield unless condition.call
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/platform.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/platform.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d5c2de6b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/platform.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+
+class PlatformGuard < SpecGuard
+  def self.implementation?(*args)
+    args.any? do |name|
+      case name
+      when :rubinius
+        RUBY_ENGINE.start_with?('rbx')
+      else
+        RUBY_ENGINE.start_with?(name.to_s)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.standard?
+    implementation? :ruby
+  end
+
+  PLATFORM = if RUBY_ENGINE == "jruby"
+    require 'rbconfig'
+    "#{RbConfig::CONFIG['host_cpu']}-#{RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os']}"
+  else
+    RUBY_PLATFORM
+  end
+
+  def self.os?(*oses)
+    oses.any? do |os|
+      raise ":java is not a valid OS" if os == :java
+      case os
+      when :windows
+        PLATFORM =~ /(mswin|mingw)/
+      when :wsl
+        wsl?
+      else
+        PLATFORM.include?(os.to_s)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.windows?
+    os?(:windows)
+  end
+
+  def self.wsl?
+    if defined?(@wsl_p)
+      @wsl_p
+    else
+      @wsl_p = `uname -r`.match?(/microsoft/i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  WORD_SIZE = 1.size * 8
+
+  POINTER_SIZE = begin
+    require 'rbconfig/sizeof'
+    RbConfig::SIZEOF["void*"] * 8
+  rescue LoadError
+    WORD_SIZE
+  end
+
+  def self.wordsize?(size)
+    size == WORD_SIZE
+  end
+
+  def self.pointer_size?(size)
+    size == POINTER_SIZE
+  end
+
+  def initialize(*args)
+    if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+      @options, @platforms = args.last, args[0..-2]
+    else
+      @options, @platforms = {}, args
+    end
+    @parameters = args
+  end
+
+  def match?
+    match = @platforms.empty? ? true : PlatformGuard.os?(*@platforms)
+    @options.each do |key, value|
+      case key
+      when :os
+        match &&= PlatformGuard.os?(*value)
+      when :wordsize
+        match &&= PlatformGuard.wordsize? value
+      when :pointer_size
+        match &&= PlatformGuard.pointer_size? value
+      end
+    end
+    match
+  end
+end
+
+def platform_is(*args, &block)
+  PlatformGuard.new(*args).run_if(:platform_is, &block)
+end
+
+def platform_is_not(*args, &block)
+  PlatformGuard.new(*args).run_unless(:platform_is_not, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/quarantine.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/quarantine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec4d01f9ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/quarantine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+
+class QuarantineGuard < SpecGuard
+  def match?
+    true
+  end
+end
+
+def quarantine!(&block)
+  QuarantineGuard.new.run_unless(:quarantine!, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/superuser.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/superuser.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e92ea7e862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/superuser.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+
+class SuperUserGuard < SpecGuard
+  def match?
+    Process.euid == 0
+  end
+end
+
+def as_superuser(&block)
+  SuperUserGuard.new.run_if(:as_superuser, &block)
+end
+
+def as_user(&block)
+  SuperUserGuard.new.run_unless(:as_user, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/support.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/support.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..790bea1077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/support.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/platform'
+
+class SupportedGuard < SpecGuard
+  def match?
+    if @parameters.include? :ruby
+      raise Exception, "improper use of not_supported_on guard"
+    end
+    !PlatformGuard.standard? and PlatformGuard.implementation?(*@parameters)
+  end
+end
+
+def not_supported_on(*args, &block)
+  SupportedGuard.new(*args).run_unless(:not_supported_on, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/version.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20f8c06d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/guards/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'mspec/utils/deprecate'
+require 'mspec/utils/version'
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+
+class VersionGuard < SpecGuard
+  FULL_RUBY_VERSION = SpecVersion.new SpecGuard.ruby_version(:full)
+
+  def initialize(version, requirement)
+    version = SpecVersion.new(version) unless SpecVersion === version
+    @version = version
+
+    case requirement
+    when String
+      @requirement = SpecVersion.new requirement
+    when Range
+      MSpec.deprecate "an empty version range end", 'a specific version' if requirement.end.empty?
+      a = SpecVersion.new requirement.begin
+      b = SpecVersion.new requirement.end
+      unless requirement.exclude_end?
+        MSpec.deprecate "ruby_version_is with an inclusive range", 'an exclusive range ("2.1"..."2.3")'
+      end
+      @requirement = requirement.exclude_end? ? a...b : a..b
+    else
+      raise "version must be a String or Range but was a #{requirement.class}"
+    end
+    super(@version, @requirement)
+  end
+
+  def match?
+    if Range === @requirement
+      @requirement.include? @version
+    else
+      @version >= @requirement
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def version_is(base_version, requirement, &block)
+  VersionGuard.new(base_version, requirement).run_if(:version_is, &block)
+end
+
+def ruby_version_is(requirement, &block)
+  VersionGuard.new(VersionGuard::FULL_RUBY_VERSION, requirement).run_if(:ruby_version_is, &block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90f9fd3fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'mspec/helpers/argf'
+require 'mspec/helpers/argv'
+require 'mspec/helpers/datetime'
+require 'mspec/helpers/fixture'
+require 'mspec/helpers/flunk'
+require 'mspec/helpers/fs'
+require 'mspec/helpers/io'
+require 'mspec/helpers/mock_to_path'
+require 'mspec/helpers/numeric'
+require 'mspec/helpers/ruby_exe'
+require 'mspec/helpers/scratch'
+require 'mspec/helpers/tmp'
+require 'mspec/helpers/warning'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/argf.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/argf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d3e0f46b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/argf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Convenience helper for specs using ARGF.
+# Set @argf to an instance of ARGF.class with the given +argv+.
+# That instance must be used instead of ARGF as ARGF is global
+# and it is not always possible to reset its state correctly.
+#
+# The helper yields to the block and then close
+# the files open by the instance. Example:
+#
+#   describe "That" do
+#     it "does something" do
+#       argf ['a', 'b'] do
+#         # do something
+#       end
+#     end
+#   end
+def argf(argv)
+  if argv.empty? or argv.length > 2
+    raise "Only 1 or 2 filenames are allowed for the argf helper so files can be properly closed: #{argv.inspect}"
+  end
+  @argf ||= nil
+  raise "Cannot nest calls to the argf helper" if @argf
+
+  @argf = ARGF.class.new(*argv)
+  @__mspec_saved_argf_file__ = @argf.file
+  begin
+    yield
+  ensure
+    file1 = @__mspec_saved_argf_file__
+    file2 = @argf.file # Either the first file or the second
+    file1.close if !file1.closed? and file1 != STDIN
+    file2.close if !file2.closed? and file2 != STDIN
+    @argf = nil
+    @__mspec_saved_argf_file__ = nil
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/argv.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/argv.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9dac384dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/argv.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Convenience helper for altering ARGV. Saves the
+# value of ARGV and sets it to +args+. If a block
+# is given, yields to the block and then restores
+# the value of ARGV. The previously saved value of
+# ARGV can be restored by passing +:restore+. The
+# former is useful in a single spec. The latter is
+# useful in before/after actions. For example:
+#
+#   describe "This" do
+#     before do
+#       argv ['a', 'b']
+#     end
+#
+#     after do
+#       argv :restore
+#     end
+#
+#     it "does something" do
+#       # do something
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+#   describe "That" do
+#     it "does something" do
+#       argv ['a', 'b'] do
+#         # do something
+#       end
+#     end
+#   end
+def argv(args)
+  if args == :restore
+    ARGV.replace(@__mspec_saved_argv__ || [])
+  else
+    @__mspec_saved_argv__ = ARGV.dup
+    ARGV.replace args
+    if block_given?
+      begin
+        yield
+      ensure
+        argv :restore
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/datetime.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/datetime.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a40cc0902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/datetime.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# The new_datetime helper makes writing DateTime specs more simple by
+# providing default constructor values and accepting a Hash of only the
+# constructor values needed for the particular spec. For example:
+#
+#   new_datetime :hour => 1, :minute => 20
+#
+# Possible keys are:
+#   :year, :month, :day, :hour, :minute, :second, :offset and :sg.
+def new_datetime(opts = {})
+  require 'date'
+
+  value = {
+    :year   => -4712,
+    :month  => 1,
+    :day    => 1,
+    :hour   => 0,
+    :minute => 0,
+    :second => 0,
+    :offset => 0,
+    :sg     => Date::ITALY
+  }.merge opts
+
+  DateTime.new value[:year], value[:month], value[:day], value[:hour],
+    value[:minute], value[:second], value[:offset], value[:sg]
+end
+
+def with_timezone(name, offset = nil, daylight_saving_zone = "")
+  zone = name.dup
+
+  if offset
+    # TZ convention is backwards
+    offset = -offset
+
+    zone += offset.to_s
+    zone += ":00:00"
+  end
+  zone += daylight_saving_zone
+
+  old = ENV["TZ"]
+  ENV["TZ"] = zone
+
+  begin
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ENV["TZ"] = old
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/fixture.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/fixture.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3bbe423bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/fixture.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Returns the name of a fixture file by adjoining the directory
+# of the +file+ argument with "fixtures" and the contents of the
+# +args+ array. For example,
+#
+#   +file+ == "some/example_spec.rb"
+#
+# and
+#
+#   +args+ == ["subdir", "file.txt"]
+#
+# then the result is the expanded path of
+#
+#   "some/fixtures/subdir/file.txt".
+def fixture(file, *args)
+  path = File.dirname(file)
+  path = path[0..-7] if path[-7..-1] == "/shared"
+  fixtures = path[-9..-1] == "/fixtures" ? "" : "fixtures"
+  if File.respond_to?(:realpath)
+    path = File.realpath(path)
+  else
+    path = File.expand_path(path)
+  end
+  File.join(path, fixtures, args)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/flunk.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/flunk.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84fb3ab39c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/flunk.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+def flunk(msg = "This example is a failure")
+  SpecExpectation.fail_with "Failed:", msg
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/fs.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/fs.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67453eb302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/fs.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Copies a file
+def cp(source, dest)
+  IO.copy_stream source, dest
+end
+
+# Creates each directory in path that does not exist.
+def mkdir_p(path)
+  parts = File.expand_path(path).split %r[/|\\]
+  name = parts.shift
+  parts.each do |part|
+    name = File.join name, part
+
+    if File.file? name
+      raise ArgumentError, "path component of #{path} is a file"
+    end
+
+    unless File.directory? name
+      begin
+        Dir.mkdir name
+      rescue Errno::EEXIST => e
+        if File.directory? name
+          # OK, another process/thread created the same directory
+        else
+          raise e
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Recursively removes all files and directories in +path+
+# if +path+ is a directory. Removes the file if +path+ is
+# a file.
+def rm_r(*paths)
+  paths.each do |path|
+    path = File.expand_path path
+
+    prefix = SPEC_TEMP_DIR
+    unless path[0, prefix.size] == prefix
+      raise ArgumentError, "#{path} is not prefixed by #{prefix}"
+    end
+
+    # File.symlink? needs to be checked first as
+    # File.exist? returns false for dangling symlinks
+    if File.symlink? path
+      File.unlink path
+    elsif File.directory? path
+      Dir.entries(path).each { |x| rm_r "#{path}/#{x}" unless x =~ /^\.\.?$/ }
+      Dir.rmdir path
+    elsif File.exist? path
+      File.delete path
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Creates a file +name+. Creates the directory for +name+
+# if it does not exist.
+def touch(name, mode = "w")
+  mkdir_p File.dirname(name)
+
+  File.open(name, mode) do |f|
+    yield f if block_given?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/io.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/io.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29c6c37a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/io.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/feature'
+
+class IOStub
+  def initialize
+    @buffer = []
+    @output = ''
+  end
+
+  def write(*str)
+    self << str.join
+  end
+
+  def << str
+    @buffer << str
+    self
+  end
+
+  def print(*str)
+    write(str.join + $\.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+    to_s.send(name, *args, &block)
+  end
+
+  def == other
+    to_s == other
+  end
+
+  def =~ other
+    to_s =~ other
+  end
+
+  def puts(*str)
+    if str.empty?
+      write "\n"
+    else
+      write(str.collect { |s| s.to_s.chomp }.concat([nil]).join("\n"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def printf(format, *args)
+    self << sprintf(format, *args)
+  end
+
+  def flush
+    @output += @buffer.join('')
+    @buffer.clear
+    self
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    flush
+    @output
+  end
+
+  alias_method :to_str, :to_s
+
+  def inspect
+    to_s.inspect
+  end
+end
+
+# Creates a "bare" file descriptor (i.e. one that is not associated
+# with any Ruby object). The file descriptor can safely be passed
+# to IO.new without creating a Ruby object alias to the fd.
+def new_fd(name, mode = "w:utf-8")
+  if mode.kind_of? Hash
+    if mode.key? :mode
+      mode = mode[:mode]
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "new_fd options Hash must include :mode"
+    end
+  end
+
+  IO.sysopen name, mode
+end
+
+# Creates an IO instance for a temporary file name. The file
+# must be deleted.
+def new_io(name, mode = "w:utf-8")
+  if Hash === mode # Avoid kwargs warnings on Ruby 2.7+
+    File.new(name, **mode)
+  else
+    File.new(name, mode)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/mock_to_path.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/mock_to_path.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2780afc54a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/mock_to_path.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+def mock_to_path(path)
+  # Cannot use our Object#mock here since it conflicts with RSpec
+  obj = MockObject.new('path')
+  obj.should_receive(:to_path).and_return(path)
+  obj
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/numeric.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/numeric.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db1fde64d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/numeric.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/platform'
+
+def nan_value
+  0/0.0
+end
+
+def infinity_value
+  1/0.0
+end
+
+def bignum_value(plus = 0)
+  0x8000_0000_0000_0000 + plus
+end
+
+def max_long
+  2**(0.size * 8 - 1) - 1
+end
+
+def min_long
+  -(2**(0.size * 8 - 1))
+end
+
+# This is a bit hairy, but we need to be able to write specs that cover the
+# boundary between Fixnum and Bignum for operations like Fixnum#<<. Since
+# this boundary is implementation-dependent, we use these helpers to write
+# specs based on the relationship between values rather than specific
+# values.
+if PlatformGuard.standard? or PlatformGuard.implementation? :topaz
+  if PlatformGuard.wordsize? 32
+    def fixnum_max
+      (2**30) - 1
+    end
+
+    def fixnum_min
+      -(2**30)
+    end
+  elsif PlatformGuard.wordsize? 64
+    def fixnum_max
+      (2**62) - 1
+    end
+
+    def fixnum_min
+      -(2**62)
+    end
+  end
+elsif PlatformGuard.implementation? :opal
+  def fixnum_max
+    Integer::MAX
+  end
+
+  def fixnum_min
+    Integer::MIN
+  end
+elsif PlatformGuard.implementation? :rubinius
+  def fixnum_max
+    Fixnum::MAX
+  end
+
+  def fixnum_min
+    Fixnum::MIN
+  end
+elsif PlatformGuard.implementation?(:jruby) || PlatformGuard.implementation?(:truffleruby)
+  def fixnum_max
+    9223372036854775807
+  end
+
+  def fixnum_min
+    -9223372036854775808
+  end
+else
+  def fixnum_max
+    raise "unknown implementation for fixnum_max() helper"
+  end
+
+  def fixnum_min
+    raise "unknown implementation for fixnum_min() helper"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/ruby_exe.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/ruby_exe.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..075a8aaef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/ruby_exe.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/platform'
+require 'mspec/helpers/tmp'
+
+# The ruby_exe helper provides a wrapper for invoking the
+# same Ruby interpreter with the same flags as the one running
+# the specs and getting the output from running the code.
+#
+# If +code+ is a file that exists, it will be run.
+# Otherwise, +code+ will be written to a temporary file and be run.
+# For example:
+#
+#   ruby_exe('path/to/some/file.rb')
+#
+# will be executed as
+#
+#   `#{RUBY_EXE} 'path/to/some/file.rb'`
+#
+# The ruby_exe helper also accepts an options hash with three
+# keys: :options, :args and :env. For example:
+#
+#   ruby_exe('file.rb', :options => "-w",
+#                       :args => "arg1 arg2",
+#                       :env => { :FOO => "bar" })
+#
+# will be executed as
+#
+#   `#{RUBY_EXE} -w file.rb arg1 arg2`
+#
+# with access to ENV["FOO"] with value "bar".
+#
+# If +nil+ is passed for the first argument, the command line
+# will be built only from the options hash.
+#
+# If no arguments are passed to ruby_exe, it returns an Array
+# containing the interpreter executable and the flags:
+#
+#    spawn(*ruby_exe, "-e", "puts :hello")
+#
+# This avoids spawning an extra shell, and ensure the pid returned by spawn
+# corresponds to the ruby process and not the shell.
+#
+# The RUBY_EXE constant is setup by mspec automatically
+# and is used by ruby_exe and ruby_cmd. The mspec runner script
+# will set ENV['RUBY_EXE'] to the name of the executable used
+# to invoke the mspec-run script.
+#
+# The value will only be used if the file exists and is executable.
+# The flags will then be appended to the resulting value, such that
+# the RUBY_EXE constant contains both the executable and the flags.
+#
+# Additionally, the flags passed to mspec
+# (with -T on the command line or in the config with set :flags)
+# will be appended to RUBY_EXE so that the interpreter
+# is always called with those flags.
+
+def ruby_exe_options(option)
+  case option
+  when :env
+    ENV['RUBY_EXE']
+  when :engine
+    case RUBY_ENGINE
+    when 'rbx'
+      "bin/rbx"
+    when 'jruby'
+      "bin/jruby"
+    when 'maglev'
+      "maglev-ruby"
+    when 'topaz'
+      "topaz"
+    when 'ironruby'
+      "ir"
+    end
+  when :name
+    require 'rbconfig'
+    bin = RUBY_ENGINE + (RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] || '')
+    File.join(".", bin)
+  when :install_name
+    require 'rbconfig'
+    bin = RbConfig::CONFIG["RUBY_INSTALL_NAME"] || RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"]
+    bin << (RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] || '')
+    File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'], bin)
+  end
+end
+
+def resolve_ruby_exe
+  [:env, :engine, :name, :install_name].each do |option|
+    next unless exe = ruby_exe_options(option)
+
+    if File.file?(exe) and File.executable?(exe)
+      exe = File.expand_path(exe)
+      exe = exe.tr('/', '\\') if PlatformGuard.windows?
+      flags = ENV['RUBY_FLAGS']
+      if flags and !flags.empty?
+        return exe + ' ' + flags
+      else
+        return exe
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  raise Exception, "Unable to find a suitable ruby executable."
+end
+
+unless Object.const_defined?(:RUBY_EXE) and RUBY_EXE
+  RUBY_EXE = resolve_ruby_exe
+end
+
+def ruby_exe(code = :not_given, opts = {})
+  if opts[:dir]
+    raise "ruby_exe(..., dir: dir) is no longer supported, use Dir.chdir"
+  end
+
+  if code == :not_given
+    return RUBY_EXE.split(' ')
+  end
+
+  env = opts[:env] || {}
+  saved_env = {}
+  env.each do |key, value|
+    key = key.to_s
+    saved_env[key] = ENV[key] if ENV.key? key
+    ENV[key] = value
+  end
+
+  escape = opts.delete(:escape)
+  if code and !File.exist?(code) and escape != false
+    tmpfile = tmp("rubyexe.rb")
+    File.open(tmpfile, "w") { |f| f.write(code) }
+    code = tmpfile
+  end
+
+  begin
+    platform_is_not :opal do
+      `#{ruby_cmd(code, opts)}`
+    end
+  ensure
+    saved_env.each { |key, value| ENV[key] = value }
+    env.keys.each do |key|
+      key = key.to_s
+      ENV.delete key unless saved_env.key? key
+    end
+    File.delete tmpfile if tmpfile
+  end
+end
+
+def ruby_cmd(code, opts = {})
+  body = code
+
+  if opts[:escape]
+    raise "escape: true is no longer supported in ruby_cmd, use ruby_exe or a fixture"
+  end
+
+  if code and !File.exist?(code)
+    body = "-e #{code.inspect}"
+  end
+
+  command = [RUBY_EXE, opts[:options], body, opts[:args]].compact.join(' ')
+  STDERR.puts "\nruby_cmd: #{command}" if ENV["DEBUG_MSPEC_RUBY_CMD"] == "true"
+  command
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/scratch.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/scratch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0da3315cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/scratch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ScratchPad
+  def self.clear
+    @record = nil
+  end
+
+  def self.record(arg)
+    @record = arg
+  end
+
+  def self.<<(arg)
+    @record << arg
+  end
+
+  def self.recorded
+    @record
+  end
+
+  def self.inspect
+    "<ScratchPad @record=#{@record.inspect}>"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/tmp.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/tmp.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2a38ee983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/tmp.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Creates a temporary directory in the current working directory
+# for temporary files created while running the specs. All specs
+# should clean up any temporary files created so that the temp
+# directory is empty when the process exits.
+
+SPEC_TEMP_DIR_PID = Process.pid
+
+if spec_temp_dir = ENV["SPEC_TEMP_DIR"]
+  spec_temp_dir = File.realdirpath(spec_temp_dir)
+else
+  spec_temp_dir = "#{File.realpath(Dir.pwd)}/rubyspec_temp/#{SPEC_TEMP_DIR_PID}"
+end
+SPEC_TEMP_DIR = spec_temp_dir
+
+SPEC_TEMP_UNIQUIFIER = "0"
+
+at_exit do
+  begin
+    if SPEC_TEMP_DIR_PID == Process.pid
+      Dir.delete SPEC_TEMP_DIR if File.directory? SPEC_TEMP_DIR
+    end
+  rescue SystemCallError
+    STDERR.puts <<-EOM
+
+-----------------------------------------------------
+The rubyspec temp directory is not empty. Ensure that
+all specs are cleaning up temporary files:
+  #{SPEC_TEMP_DIR}
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+    EOM
+  rescue Object => e
+    STDERR.puts "failed to remove spec temp directory"
+    STDERR.puts e.message
+  end
+end
+
+def tmp(name, uniquify = true)
+  mkdir_p SPEC_TEMP_DIR unless Dir.exist? SPEC_TEMP_DIR
+
+  if uniquify and !name.empty?
+    slash = name.rindex "/"
+    index = slash ? slash + 1 : 0
+    name.insert index, "#{SPEC_TEMP_UNIQUIFIER.succ!}-"
+  end
+
+  File.join SPEC_TEMP_DIR, name
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/warning.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/warning.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f94551c185
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/helpers/warning.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/version'
+
+def suppress_warning
+  verbose = $VERBOSE
+  $VERBOSE = nil
+  yield
+ensure
+  $VERBOSE = verbose
+end
+
+if ruby_version_is("2.7")
+  def suppress_keyword_warning(&block)
+    suppress_warning(&block)
+  end
+else
+  def suppress_keyword_warning
+    yield
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..356e4a9f32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/base'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_an_instance_of'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_ancestor_of'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_close'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_computed_by'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_empty'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_false'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_kind_of'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_nan'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_nil'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_true'
+require 'mspec/matchers/be_true_or_false'
+require 'mspec/matchers/complain'
+require 'mspec/matchers/eql'
+require 'mspec/matchers/equal'
+require 'mspec/matchers/equal_element'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_constant'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_class_variable'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_instance_method'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_instance_variable'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_method'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_private_instance_method'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_private_method'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_protected_instance_method'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_public_instance_method'
+require 'mspec/matchers/have_singleton_method'
+require 'mspec/matchers/include'
+require 'mspec/matchers/include_any_of'
+require 'mspec/matchers/infinity'
+require 'mspec/matchers/match_yaml'
+require 'mspec/matchers/raise_error'
+require 'mspec/matchers/output'
+require 'mspec/matchers/output_to_fd'
+require 'mspec/matchers/respond_to'
+require 'mspec/matchers/signed_zero'
+require 'mspec/matchers/block_caller'
+require 'mspec/matchers/skip'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/base.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..94d3b71e55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+module MSpecMatchers
+end
+
+class MSpecEnv
+  include MSpecMatchers
+end
+
+# Expectations are sometimes used in a module body
+class Module
+  include MSpecMatchers
+end
+
+class SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher < BasicObject
+  def initialize(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+  end
+
+  def ==(expected)
+    method_missing(:==, expected)
+  end
+
+  def !=(expected)
+    method_missing(:!=, expected)
+  end
+
+  def equal?(expected)
+    method_missing(:equal?, expected)
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+    result = @actual.__send__(name, *args, &block)
+    unless result
+      ::SpecExpectation.fail_predicate(@actual, name, args, block, result, "to be truthy")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher < BasicObject
+  def initialize(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+  end
+
+  def ==(expected)
+    method_missing(:==, expected)
+  end
+
+  def !=(expected)
+    method_missing(:!=, expected)
+  end
+
+  def equal?(expected)
+    method_missing(:equal?, expected)
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+    result = @actual.__send__(name, *args, &block)
+    if result
+      ::SpecExpectation.fail_predicate(@actual, name, args, block, result, "to be falsy")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_an_instance_of.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_an_instance_of.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdf3736ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_an_instance_of.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+class BeAnInstanceOfMatcher
+  def initialize(expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.instance_of?(@expected)
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect} (#{@actual.class})",
+     "to be an instance of #{@expected}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect} (#{@actual.class})",
+     "not to be an instance of #{@expected}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_an_instance_of(expected)
+    BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_ancestor_of.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_ancestor_of.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05f72099e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_ancestor_of.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+class BeAncestorOfMatcher
+  def initialize(expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @expected.ancestors.include? @actual
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "to be an ancestor of #{@expected}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "not to be an ancestor of #{@expected}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_ancestor_of(expected)
+    BeAncestorOfMatcher.new(expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_close.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_close.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6a6626f31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_close.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+TOLERANCE = 0.00003 unless Object.const_defined?(:TOLERANCE)
+# To account for GC, context switches, other processes, load, etc.
+TIME_TOLERANCE = 20.0 unless Object.const_defined?(:TIME_TOLERANCE)
+
+class BeCloseMatcher
+  def initialize(expected, tolerance)
+    @expected = expected
+    @tolerance = tolerance
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    (@actual - @expected).abs <= @tolerance
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "to be within #{@expected} +/- #{@tolerance}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "not to be within #{@expected} +/- #{@tolerance}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_close(expected, tolerance)
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(expected, tolerance)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_computed_by.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_computed_by.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e31bc93af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_computed_by.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+class BeComputedByMatcher
+  def initialize(sym, *args)
+    @method = sym
+    @args = args
+  end
+
+  def matches?(array)
+    array.each do |line|
+      @receiver = line.shift
+      @value = line.pop
+      @arguments = line
+      @arguments += @args
+      @actual = @receiver.send(@method, *@arguments)
+      return false unless @actual == @value
+    end
+
+    return true
+  end
+
+  def method_call
+    method_call = "#{@receiver.inspect}.#{@method}"
+    unless @arguments.empty?
+      method_call = "#{method_call} from #{@arguments.map { |x| x.inspect }.join(", ")}"
+    end
+    method_call
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@value.inspect}", "to be computed by #{method_call} (computed #{@actual.inspect} instead)"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_computed_by(sym, *args)
+    BeComputedByMatcher.new(sym, *args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_empty.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_empty.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5abd5c9485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_empty.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class BeEmptyMatcher
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.empty?
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "to be empty"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "not to be empty"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_empty
+    BeEmptyMatcher.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_false.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_false.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e9a2608e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_false.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class BeFalseMatcher
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual == false
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "to be false"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "not to be false"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_false
+    BeFalseMatcher.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_kind_of.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_kind_of.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a69906f210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_kind_of.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+class BeKindOfMatcher
+  def initialize(expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.is_a?(@expected)
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect} (#{@actual.class})", "to be kind of #{@expected}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect} (#{@actual.class})", "not to be kind of #{@expected}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_kind_of(expected)
+    BeKindOfMatcher.new(expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_nan.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_nan.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b279d8f1cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_nan.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class BeNaNMatcher
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.kind_of?(Float) && @actual.nan?
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "to be NaN"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "not to be NaN"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_nan
+    BeNaNMatcher.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_nil.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_nil.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..049b1e3a53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_nil.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class BeNilMatcher
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.nil?
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "to be nil"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "not to be nil"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_nil
+    BeNilMatcher.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_true.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_true.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52f5013752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_true.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class BeTrueMatcher
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual == true
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "to be true"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "not to be true"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_true
+    BeTrueMatcher.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_true_or_false.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_true_or_false.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4294b08d1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/be_true_or_false.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class BeTrueOrFalseMatcher
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual == true || @actual == false
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "to be true or false"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "not to be true or false"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_true_or_false
+    BeTrueOrFalseMatcher.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/block_caller.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/block_caller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30fab4fc68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/block_caller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+class BlockingMatcher
+  def matches?(block)
+    t = Thread.new do
+      block.call
+    end
+
+    loop do
+      case t.status
+      when "sleep"    # blocked
+        t.kill
+        t.join
+        return true
+      when false      # terminated normally, so never blocked
+        t.join
+        return false
+      when nil        # terminated exceptionally
+        t.value
+      else
+        Thread.pass
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ['Expected the given Proc', 'to block the caller']
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ['Expected the given Proc', 'to not block the caller']
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def block_caller
+    BlockingMatcher.new
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/complain.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/complain.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..887e72b4b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/complain.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+require 'mspec/helpers/io'
+
+class ComplainMatcher
+  def initialize(complaint = nil, options = nil)
+    # the proper solution is to use double splat operator e.g.
+    #   def initialize(complaint = nil, **options)
+    # but we are trying to minimize language features required to run MSpec
+    if complaint.is_a?(Hash)
+      @complaint = nil
+      @options = complaint
+    else
+      @complaint = complaint
+      @options = options || {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def matches?(proc)
+    @saved_err = $stderr
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    err = IOStub.new
+
+    Thread.current[:in_mspec_complain_matcher] = true
+    $stderr = err
+    $VERBOSE = @options.key?(:verbose) ? @options[:verbose] : false
+    begin
+      proc.call
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = @verbose
+      $stderr = @saved_err
+      Thread.current[:in_mspec_complain_matcher] = false
+    end
+
+    @warning = err.to_s
+    unless @complaint.nil?
+      case @complaint
+      when Regexp
+        return false unless @warning =~ @complaint
+      else
+        return false unless @warning == @complaint
+      end
+    end
+
+    return @warning.empty? ? false : true
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    if @complaint.nil?
+      ["Expected a warning", "but received none"]
+    elsif @complaint.kind_of? Regexp
+      ["Expected warning to match: #{@complaint.inspect}", "but got: #{@warning.chomp.inspect}"]
+    else
+      ["Expected warning: #{@complaint.inspect}", "but got: #{@warning.chomp.inspect}"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    if @complaint.nil?
+      ["Unexpected warning: ", @warning.chomp.inspect]
+    elsif @complaint.kind_of? Regexp
+      ["Expected warning not to match: #{@complaint.inspect}", "but got: #{@warning.chomp.inspect}"]
+    else
+      ["Expected warning: #{@complaint.inspect}", "but got: #{@warning.chomp.inspect}"]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def complain(complaint = nil, options = nil)
+    ComplainMatcher.new(complaint, options)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/eql.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/eql.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bcab88ebee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/eql.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+class EqlMatcher
+  def initialize(expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.eql?(@expected)
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}",
+     "to have same value and type as #{MSpec.format(@expected)}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}",
+     "not to have same value or type as #{MSpec.format(@expected)}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def eql(expected)
+    EqlMatcher.new(expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/equal.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/equal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ba4856d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/equal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+class EqualMatcher
+  def initialize(expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.equal?(@expected)
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}",
+     "to be identical to #{MSpec.format(@expected)}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}",
+     "not to be identical to #{MSpec.format(@expected)}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def equal(expected)
+    EqualMatcher.new(expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/equal_element.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/equal_element.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8da2567fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/equal_element.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+class EqualElementMatcher
+  def initialize(element, attributes = nil, content = nil, options = {})
+    @element = element
+    @attributes = attributes
+    @content = content
+    @options = options
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+
+    matched = true
+
+    if @options[:not_closed]
+      matched &&= actual =~ /^#{Regexp.quote("<" + @element)}.*#{Regexp.quote(">" + (@content || ''))}$/
+    else
+      matched &&= actual =~ /^#{Regexp.quote("<" + @element)}/
+      matched &&= actual =~ /#{Regexp.quote("</" + @element + ">")}$/
+      matched &&= actual =~ /#{Regexp.quote(">" + @content + "</")}/ if @content
+    end
+
+    if @attributes
+      if @attributes.empty?
+        matched &&= actual.scan(/\w+\=\"(.*)\"/).size == 0
+      else
+        @attributes.each do |key, value|
+          if value == true
+            matched &&= (actual.scan(/#{Regexp.quote(key)}(\s|>)/).size == 1)
+          else
+            matched &&= (actual.scan(%Q{ #{key}="#{value}"}).size == 1)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    !!matched
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}",
+     "to be a '#{@element}' element with #{attributes_for_failure_message} and #{content_for_failure_message}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}",
+      "not to be a '#{@element}' element with #{attributes_for_failure_message} and #{content_for_failure_message}"]
+  end
+
+  def attributes_for_failure_message
+    if @attributes
+      if @attributes.empty?
+        "no attributes"
+      else
+        @attributes.inject([]) { |memo, n| memo << %Q{#{n[0]}="#{n[1]}"} }.join(" ")
+      end
+    else
+      "any attributes"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def content_for_failure_message
+    if @content
+      if @content.empty?
+        "no content"
+      else
+        "#{@content.inspect} as content"
+      end
+    else
+      "any content"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def equal_element(*args)
+    EqualElementMatcher.new(*args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_class_variable.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_class_variable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd43ced621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_class_variable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/variable'
+
+class HaveClassVariableMatcher < VariableMatcher
+  self.variables_method = :class_variables
+  self.description      = 'class variable'
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_class_variable(variable)
+    HaveClassVariableMatcher.new(variable)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_constant.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_constant.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ec7c75b85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_constant.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/variable'
+
+class HaveConstantMatcher < VariableMatcher
+  self.variables_method = :constants
+  self.description      = 'constant'
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_constant(variable)
+    HaveConstantMatcher.new(variable)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_instance_method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_instance_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a5a31aa0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_instance_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/method'
+
+class HaveInstanceMethodMatcher < MethodMatcher
+  def matches?(mod)
+    @mod = mod
+    mod.instance_methods(@include_super).include? @method
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} to have instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} NOT to have instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_instance_method(method, include_super = true)
+    HaveInstanceMethodMatcher.new method, include_super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_instance_variable.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_instance_variable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de51b3209d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_instance_variable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/variable'
+
+class HaveInstanceVariableMatcher < VariableMatcher
+  self.variables_method = :instance_variables
+  self.description      = 'instance variable'
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_instance_variable(variable)
+    HaveInstanceVariableMatcher.new(variable)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e962e69e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/method'
+
+class HaveMethodMatcher < MethodMatcher
+  def matches?(mod)
+    @mod = mod
+    @mod.methods(@include_super).include? @method
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} to have method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} NOT to have method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_method(method, include_super = true)
+    HaveMethodMatcher.new method, include_super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_private_instance_method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_private_instance_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d32db76c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_private_instance_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/method'
+
+class HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher < MethodMatcher
+  def matches?(mod)
+    @mod = mod
+    mod.private_instance_methods(@include_super).include? @method
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} to have private instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} NOT to have private instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_private_instance_method(method, include_super = true)
+    HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher.new method, include_super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_private_method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_private_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c74165cfc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_private_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/method'
+
+class HavePrivateMethodMatcher < MethodMatcher
+  def matches?(mod)
+    @mod = mod
+    mod.private_methods(@include_super).include? @method
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} to have private method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} NOT to have private method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_private_method(method, include_super = true)
+    HavePrivateMethodMatcher.new method, include_super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_protected_instance_method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_protected_instance_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1deb2f995d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_protected_instance_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/method'
+
+class HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher < MethodMatcher
+  def matches?(mod)
+    @mod = mod
+    mod.protected_instance_methods(@include_super).include? @method
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} to have protected instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} NOT to have protected instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_protected_instance_method(method, include_super = true)
+    HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher.new method, include_super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_public_instance_method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_public_instance_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e620532c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_public_instance_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/method'
+
+class HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher < MethodMatcher
+  def matches?(mod)
+    @mod = mod
+    mod.public_instance_methods(@include_super).include? @method
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} to have public instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@mod} NOT to have public instance method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_public_instance_method(method, include_super = true)
+    HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher.new method, include_super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_singleton_method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_singleton_method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b60dd2536b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/have_singleton_method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/matchers/method'
+
+class HaveSingletonMethodMatcher < MethodMatcher
+  def matches?(obj)
+    @obj = obj
+    obj.singleton_methods(@include_super).include? @method
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@obj} to have singleton method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@obj} NOT to have singleton method '#{@method.to_s}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def have_singleton_method(method, include_super = true)
+    HaveSingletonMethodMatcher.new method, include_super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/include.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/include.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f07f35548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/include.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+class IncludeMatcher
+  def initialize(*expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @expected.each do |e|
+      @element = e
+      unless @actual.include?(e)
+        return false
+      end
+    end
+    return true
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}", "to include #{MSpec.format(@element)}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{MSpec.format(@actual)}", "not to include #{MSpec.format(@element)}"]
+  end
+end
+
+# Cannot override #include at the toplevel in MRI
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def include(*expected)
+    IncludeMatcher.new(*expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/include_any_of.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/include_any_of.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce097ccf0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/include_any_of.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+class IncludeAnyOfMatcher
+  def initialize(*expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @expected.each do |e|
+      if @actual.include?(e)
+        return true
+      end
+    end
+    return false
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "to include any of #{@expected.inspect}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", "not to include any of #{@expected.inspect}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def include_any_of(*expected)
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(*expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/infinity.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/infinity.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bfa6dbd10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/infinity.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+class InfinityMatcher
+  def initialize(expected_sign)
+    @expected_sign = expected_sign
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.kind_of?(Float) && @actual.infinite? == @expected_sign
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "to be #{"-" if @expected_sign == -1}Infinity"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "not to be #{"-" if @expected_sign == -1}Infinity"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_positive_infinity
+    InfinityMatcher.new(1)
+  end
+
+  private def be_negative_infinity
+    InfinityMatcher.new(-1)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/match_yaml.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/match_yaml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..920d85a14f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/match_yaml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+class MatchYAMLMatcher
+
+  def initialize(expected)
+    if valid_yaml?(expected)
+      @expected = expected
+    else
+      @expected = expected.to_yaml
+    end
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    clean_yaml(@actual) == clean_yaml(@expected)
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", " to match #{@expected.inspect}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect}", " to match #{@expected.inspect}"]
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def clean_yaml(yaml)
+    yaml.gsub(/([^-]|^---)\s+\n/, "\\1\n").sub(/\n\.\.\.\n$/, "\n")
+  end
+
+  def valid_yaml?(obj)
+    require 'yaml'
+    begin
+      YAML.load(obj)
+    rescue
+      false
+    else
+      true
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def match_yaml(expected)
+    MatchYAMLMatcher.new(expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b54419faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class MethodMatcher
+  def initialize(method, include_super = true)
+    @include_super = include_super
+    @method = method.to_sym
+  end
+
+  def matches?(mod)
+    raise Exception, "define #matches? in the subclass"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/output.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/output.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20721df743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/output.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+require 'mspec/helpers/io'
+
+class OutputMatcher
+  def initialize(stdout, stderr)
+    @out = stdout
+    @err = stderr
+  end
+
+  def matches?(proc)
+    @saved_out = $stdout
+    @saved_err = $stderr
+    @stdout = $stdout = IOStub.new
+    @stderr = $stderr = IOStub.new
+
+    proc.call
+
+    unless @out.nil?
+      case @out
+      when Regexp
+        return false unless $stdout =~ @out
+      else
+        return false unless $stdout == @out
+      end
+    end
+
+    unless @err.nil?
+      case @err
+      when Regexp
+        return false unless $stderr =~ @err
+      else
+        return false unless $stderr == @err
+      end
+    end
+
+    return true
+  ensure
+    $stdout = @saved_out
+    $stderr = @saved_err
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    expected_out = "\n"
+    actual_out = "\n"
+    unless @out.nil?
+      expected_out += "  $stdout: #{@out.inspect}\n"
+      actual_out += "  $stdout: #{@stdout.inspect}\n"
+    end
+    unless @err.nil?
+      expected_out += "  $stderr: #{@err.inspect}\n"
+      actual_out += "  $stderr: #{@stderr.inspect}\n"
+    end
+    ["Expected:#{expected_out}", "     got:#{actual_out}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    out = ""
+    out += "  $stdout: #{@stdout.chomp.dump}\n" unless @out.nil?
+    out += "  $stderr: #{@stderr.chomp.dump}\n" unless @err.nil?
+    ["Expected output not to be:\n", out]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def output(stdout = nil, stderr = nil)
+    OutputMatcher.new(stdout, stderr)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/output_to_fd.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/output_to_fd.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4d7b4ea1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/output_to_fd.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+require 'mspec/helpers/tmp'
+
+# Lower-level output speccing mechanism for a single
+# output stream. Unlike OutputMatcher which provides
+# methods to capture the output, we actually replace
+# the FD itself so that there is no reliance on a
+# certain method being used.
+class OutputToFDMatcher
+  def initialize(expected, to)
+    @to, @expected = to, expected
+
+    case @to
+    when STDOUT
+      @to_name = "STDOUT"
+    when STDERR
+      @to_name = "STDERR"
+    when IO
+      @to_name = @to.object_id.to_s
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "#{@to.inspect} is not a supported output target"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_tmp
+    path = tmp("mspec_output_to_#{$$}_#{Time.now.to_i}")
+    File.open(path, 'w+') { |io|
+      yield(io)
+    }
+  ensure
+    File.delete path if path
+  end
+
+  def matches?(block)
+    old_to = @to.dup
+    with_tmp do |out|
+      # Replacing with a file handle so that Readline etc. work
+      @to.reopen out
+      begin
+        block.call
+      ensure
+        @to.reopen old_to
+        old_to.close
+      end
+
+      out.rewind
+      @actual = out.read
+
+      case @expected
+      when Regexp
+        !(@actual =~ @expected).nil?
+      else
+        @actual == @expected
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def failure_message()
+    ["Expected (#{@to_name}): #{@expected.inspect}\n",
+     "#{'but got'.rjust(@to_name.length + 10)}: #{@actual.inspect}\nBacktrace"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message()
+    ["Expected output (#{@to_name}) to NOT be:\n", @actual.inspect]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def output_to_fd(what, where = STDOUT)
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new what, where
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/raise_error.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/raise_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..878428d43a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/raise_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+class RaiseErrorMatcher
+  def initialize(exception, message, &block)
+    @exception = exception
+    @message = message
+    @block = block
+    @actual = nil
+  end
+
+  # This #matches? method is unusual because it doesn't always return a boolean but instead
+  # re-raises the original exception if proc.call raises an exception and #matching_exception? is false.
+  # The reasoning is the original exception class matters and we don't want to change it by raising another exception,
+  # so instead we attach the #failure_message and extract it in ExceptionState#message.
+  def matches?(proc)
+    @result = proc.call
+    return false
+  rescue Exception => actual
+    @actual = actual
+
+    if matching_exception?(actual)
+      # The block has its own expectations and will throw an exception if it fails
+      @block[actual] if @block
+      return true
+    else
+      actual.instance_variable_set(:@mspec_raise_error_message, failure_message)
+      raise actual
+    end
+  end
+
+  def matching_class?(exc)
+    @exception === exc
+  end
+
+  def matching_message?(exc)
+    case @message
+    when String
+      @message == exc.message
+    when Regexp
+      @message =~ exc.message
+    else
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def matching_exception?(exc)
+    matching_class?(exc) and matching_message?(exc)
+  end
+
+  def exception_class_and_message(exception_class, message)
+    if message
+      "#{exception_class} (#{message})"
+    else
+      "#{exception_class}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def format_expected_exception
+    exception_class_and_message(@exception, @message)
+  end
+
+  def format_exception(exception)
+    exception_class_and_message(exception.class, exception.message)
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    message = ["Expected #{format_expected_exception}"]
+
+    if @actual
+      message << "but got: #{format_exception(@actual)}"
+    else
+      message << "but no exception was raised (#{MSpec.format(@result)} was returned)"
+    end
+
+    message
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    message = ["Expected to not get #{format_expected_exception}", ""]
+    unless @actual.class == @exception
+      message[1] = "but got: #{format_exception(@actual)}"
+    end
+    message
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def raise_error(exception = Exception, message = nil, &block)
+    RaiseErrorMatcher.new(exception, message, &block)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/respond_to.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/respond_to.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b35ae2d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/respond_to.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+class RespondToMatcher
+  def initialize(expected)
+    @expected = expected
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    @actual.respond_to?(@expected)
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect} (#{@actual.class})", "to respond to #{@expected}"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual.inspect} (#{@actual.class})", "not to respond to #{@expected}"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def respond_to(expected)
+    RespondToMatcher.new(expected)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/signed_zero.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/signed_zero.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ff90f4994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/signed_zero.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+class SignedZeroMatcher
+  def initialize(expected_sign)
+    @expected_sign = expected_sign
+  end
+
+  def matches?(actual)
+    @actual = actual
+    (1.0/actual).infinite? == @expected_sign
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "to be #{"-" if @expected_sign == -1}0.0"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@actual}", "not to be #{"-" if @expected_sign == -1}0.0"]
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def be_positive_zero
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(1)
+  end
+
+  private def be_negative_zero
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(-1)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/skip.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/skip.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c175d358d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/skip.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module MSpecMatchers
+  private def skip(reason = 'no reason')
+    raise SkippedSpecError, reason
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/variable.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/variable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d801ea337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/matchers/variable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+class VariableMatcher
+  class << self
+    attr_accessor :variables_method, :description
+  end
+
+  def initialize(variable)
+    @variable = variable.to_sym
+  end
+
+  def matches?(object)
+    @object = object
+    @object.send(self.class.variables_method).include? @variable
+  end
+
+  def failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@object} to have #{self.class.description} '#{@variable}'",
+     "but it does not"]
+  end
+
+  def negative_failure_message
+    ["Expected #{@object} NOT to have #{self.class.description} '#{@variable}'",
+     "but it does"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a029c7b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'mspec/mocks/mock'
+require 'mspec/mocks/proxy'
+require 'mspec/mocks/object'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/mock.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/mock.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28a083cc15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/mock.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/helpers/warning'
+
+module Mock
+  def self.reset
+    @mocks = @stubs = @objects = nil
+  end
+
+  def self.objects
+    @objects ||= {}
+  end
+
+  def self.mocks
+    @mocks ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+  end
+
+  def self.stubs
+    @stubs ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+  end
+
+  def self.replaced_name(obj, sym)
+    :"__mspec_#{obj.__id__}_#{sym}__"
+  end
+
+  def self.replaced_key(obj, sym)
+    [replaced_name(obj, sym), sym]
+  end
+
+  def self.has_key?(keys, sym)
+    !!keys.find { |k| k.first == sym }
+  end
+
+  def self.replaced?(sym)
+    has_key?(mocks.keys, sym) or has_key?(stubs.keys, sym)
+  end
+
+  def self.clear_replaced(key)
+    mocks.delete key
+    stubs.delete key
+  end
+
+  def self.mock_respond_to?(obj, sym, include_private = false)
+    name = replaced_name(obj, :respond_to?)
+    if replaced? name
+      obj.__send__ name, sym, include_private
+    else
+      obj.respond_to? sym, include_private
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.install_method(obj, sym, type = nil)
+    meta = obj.singleton_class
+
+    key = replaced_key obj, sym
+    sym = sym.to_sym
+
+    if type == :stub and mocks.key?(key)
+      # Defining a stub and there is already a mock, ignore the stub
+      return
+    end
+
+    if (sym == :respond_to? or mock_respond_to?(obj, sym, true)) and !replaced?(key.first)
+      meta.__send__ :alias_method, key.first, sym
+    end
+
+    suppress_warning {
+      meta.class_eval {
+        define_method(sym) do |*args, &block|
+          Mock.verify_call self, sym, *args, &block
+        end
+      }
+    }
+
+    proxy = MockProxy.new type
+
+    if proxy.mock?
+      MSpec.expectation
+      MSpec.actions :expectation, MSpec.current.state
+    end
+
+    if proxy.mock? and stubs.key?(key)
+      # Defining a mock and there is already a stub, remove the stub
+      stubs.delete key
+    end
+
+    if proxy.stub?
+      stubs[key].unshift proxy
+    else
+      mocks[key] << proxy
+    end
+    objects[key] = obj
+
+    proxy
+  end
+
+  def self.name_or_inspect(obj)
+    obj.instance_variable_get(:@name) || obj.inspect
+  end
+
+  def self.inspect_args(args)
+    "(#{Array(args).map(&:inspect).join(', ')})"
+  end
+
+  def self.verify_count
+    mocks.each do |key, proxies|
+      obj = objects[key]
+      proxies.each do |proxy|
+        qualifier, count = proxy.count
+        pass = case qualifier
+        when :at_least
+          proxy.calls >= count
+        when :at_most
+          proxy.calls <= count
+        when :exactly
+          proxy.calls == count
+        when :any_number_of_times
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
+        unless pass
+          SpecExpectation.fail_with(
+            "Mock '#{name_or_inspect obj}' expected to receive #{key.last}#{inspect_args proxy.arguments} " + \
+            "#{qualifier.to_s.sub('_', ' ')} #{count} times",
+            "but received it #{proxy.calls} times")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.verify_call(obj, sym, *args, &block)
+    compare = *args
+    compare = compare.first if compare.length <= 1
+
+    key = replaced_key obj, sym
+    [mocks, stubs].each do |proxies|
+      proxies.fetch(key, []).each do |proxy|
+        pass = case proxy.arguments
+        when :any_args
+          true
+        when :no_args
+          compare.nil?
+        else
+          proxy.arguments == compare
+        end
+
+        if proxy.yielding?
+          if block
+            proxy.yielding.each do |args_to_yield|
+              if block.arity == -1 || block.arity == args_to_yield.size
+                block.call(*args_to_yield)
+              else
+                SpecExpectation.fail_with(
+                  "Mock '#{name_or_inspect obj}' asked to yield " + \
+                  "|#{proxy.yielding.join(', ')}| on #{sym}\n",
+                  "but a block with arity #{block.arity} was passed")
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            SpecExpectation.fail_with(
+              "Mock '#{name_or_inspect obj}' asked to yield " + \
+              "|[#{proxy.yielding.join('], [')}]| on #{sym}\n",
+              "but no block was passed")
+          end
+        end
+
+        if pass
+          proxy.called
+
+          if proxy.raising?
+            raise proxy.raising
+          else
+            return proxy.returning
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    if sym.to_sym == :respond_to?
+      mock_respond_to? obj, *args
+    else
+      SpecExpectation.fail_with("Mock '#{name_or_inspect obj}': method #{sym}\n",
+                            "called with unexpected arguments #{inspect_args args}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.cleanup
+    objects.each do |key, obj|
+      if obj.kind_of? MockIntObject
+        clear_replaced key
+        next
+      end
+
+      replaced = key.first
+      sym = key.last
+      meta = obj.singleton_class
+
+      if mock_respond_to? obj, replaced, true
+        suppress_warning do
+          meta.__send__ :alias_method, sym, replaced
+        end
+        meta.__send__ :remove_method, replaced
+      else
+        meta.__send__ :remove_method, sym
+      end
+
+      clear_replaced key
+    end
+  ensure
+    reset
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/object.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/object.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fcaa1caef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/object.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'mspec/mocks/proxy'
+
+class Object
+  def should_receive(sym)
+    Mock.install_method self, sym
+  end
+
+  def should_not_receive(sym)
+    proxy = Mock.install_method self, sym
+    proxy.exactly(0).times
+  end
+
+  def stub!(sym)
+    Mock.install_method self, sym, :stub
+  end
+end
+
+def mock(name, options = {})
+  MockObject.new name, options
+end
+
+def mock_int(val)
+  MockIntObject.new(val)
+end
+
+def mock_numeric(name, options = {})
+  NumericMockObject.new name, options
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/proxy.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/proxy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8473132b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/mocks/proxy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+class MockObject
+  def initialize(name, options = {})
+    @name = name
+    @null = options[:null_object]
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(sym, *args, &block)
+    @null ? self : super
+  end
+  private :method_missing
+end
+
+class NumericMockObject < Numeric
+  def initialize(name, options = {})
+    @name = name
+    @null = options[:null_object]
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(sym, *args, &block)
+    @null ? self : super
+  end
+
+  def singleton_method_added(val)
+  end
+end
+
+class MockIntObject
+  def initialize(val)
+    @value = val
+    @calls = 0
+
+    key = [self, :to_int]
+
+    Mock.objects[key] = self
+    Mock.mocks[key] << self
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :calls
+
+  def to_int
+    @calls += 1
+    @value.to_int
+  end
+
+  def count
+    [:at_least, 1]
+  end
+end
+
+class MockProxy
+  attr_reader :raising, :yielding
+
+  def initialize(type = nil)
+    @multiple_returns = nil
+    @returning = nil
+    @raising   = nil
+    @yielding  = []
+    @arguments = :any_args
+    @type      = type || :mock
+  end
+
+  def mock?
+    @type == :mock
+  end
+
+  def stub?
+    @type == :stub
+  end
+
+  def count
+    @count ||= mock? ? [:exactly, 1] : [:any_number_of_times, 0]
+  end
+
+  def arguments
+    @arguments
+  end
+
+  def returning
+    if @multiple_returns
+      if @returning.size == 1
+        @multiple_returns = false
+        return @returning = @returning.shift
+      end
+      return @returning.shift
+    end
+    @returning
+  end
+
+  def times
+    self
+  end
+
+  def calls
+    @calls ||= 0
+  end
+
+  def called
+    @calls = calls + 1
+  end
+
+  def exactly(n)
+    @count = [:exactly, n_times(n)]
+    self
+  end
+
+  def at_least(n)
+    @count = [:at_least, n_times(n)]
+    self
+  end
+
+  def at_most(n)
+    @count = [:at_most, n_times(n)]
+    self
+  end
+
+  def once
+    exactly 1
+  end
+
+  def twice
+    exactly 2
+  end
+
+  def any_number_of_times
+    @count = [:any_number_of_times, 0]
+    self
+  end
+
+  def with(*args)
+    raise ArgumentError, "you must specify the expected arguments" if args.empty?
+    if args.length == 1
+      @arguments = args.first
+    else
+      @arguments = args
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
+  def and_return(*args)
+    case args.size
+    when 0
+      @returning = nil
+    when 1
+      @returning = args[0]
+    else
+      @multiple_returns = true
+      @returning = args
+      count[1] = args.size if count[1] < args.size
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
+  def and_raise(exception)
+    if exception.kind_of? String
+      @raising = RuntimeError.new exception
+    else
+      @raising = exception
+    end
+  end
+
+  def raising?
+    @raising != nil
+  end
+
+  def and_yield(*args)
+    @yielding << args
+    self
+  end
+
+  def yielding?
+    !@yielding.empty?
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def n_times(n)
+    case n
+    when :once
+      1
+    when :twice
+      2
+    else
+      Integer n
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df57b9f69b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'mspec/mocks'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/context'
+require 'mspec/runner/evaluate'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/runner/exception'
+require 'mspec/runner/object'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters'
+require 'mspec/runner/shared'
+require 'mspec/runner/tag'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a5a05fbd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tally'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/timer'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/filter'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tag'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/taglist'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tagpurge'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/constants_leak_checker.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/constants_leak_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..abfb6dd0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/constants_leak_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+class ConstantsLockFile
+  LOCK_FILE_NAME = '.mspec.constants'
+
+  def self.lock_file
+    @prefix ||= File.expand_path(MSpecScript.get(:prefix) || '.')
+    "#{@prefix}/#{LOCK_FILE_NAME}"
+  end
+
+  def self.load
+    if File.exist?(lock_file)
+      File.readlines(lock_file).map(&:chomp)
+    else
+      []
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.dump(ary)
+    contents = ary.map(&:to_s).uniq.sort.join("\n") + "\n"
+    File.write(lock_file, contents)
+  end
+end
+
+class ConstantLeakError < StandardError
+end
+
+class ConstantsLeakCheckerAction
+  def initialize(save)
+    @save = save
+    @check = !save
+    @constants_locked = ConstantsLockFile.load
+    @exclude_patterns = MSpecScript.get(:toplevel_constants_excludes) || []
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :before, self
+    MSpec.register :after, self
+    MSpec.register :finish, self
+  end
+
+  def start
+    @constants_start = constants_now
+  end
+
+  def before(state)
+    @constants_before = constants_now
+  end
+
+  def after(state)
+    constants = remove_excludes(constants_now - @constants_before - @constants_locked)
+
+    if @check && !constants.empty?
+      MSpec.protect 'Constants leak check' do
+        raise ConstantLeakError, "Top level constants leaked: #{constants.join(', ')}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    constants = remove_excludes(constants_now - @constants_start - @constants_locked)
+
+    if @save
+      ConstantsLockFile.dump(@constants_locked + constants)
+    end
+
+    if @check && !constants.empty?
+      MSpec.protect 'Global constants leak check' do
+        raise ConstantLeakError, "Top level constants leaked in the whole test suite: #{constants.join(', ')}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def constants_now
+    Object.constants.map(&:to_s)
+  end
+
+  def remove_excludes(constants)
+    constants.reject { |name|
+      @exclude_patterns.any? { |pattern| pattern === name }
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/filter.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/filter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0ad7080da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/filter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/match'
+
+# ActionFilter is a base class for actions that are triggered by
+# specs that match the filter. The filter may be specified by
+# strings that match spec descriptions or by tags for strings
+# that match spec descriptions.
+#
+# Unlike TagFilter and RegexpFilter, ActionFilter instances do
+# not affect the specs that are run. The filter is only used to
+# trigger the action.
+
+class ActionFilter
+  def initialize(tags = nil, descs = nil)
+    @tags = Array(tags)
+    descs = Array(descs)
+    @sfilter = descs.empty? ? nil : MatchFilter.new(nil, *descs)
+    @tfilter = nil
+  end
+
+  def ===(string)
+    @sfilter === string or @tfilter === string
+  end
+
+  def load
+    return if @tags.empty?
+
+    desc = MSpec.read_tags(@tags).map { |t| t.description }
+    return if desc.empty?
+
+    @tfilter = MatchFilter.new(nil, *desc)
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :load, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unregister :load, self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/leakchecker.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/leakchecker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..596b120d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/leakchecker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+# Adapted from ruby's test/lib/leakchecker.rb.
+# Ruby's 2-clause BSDL follows.
+
+# Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Yukihiro Matsumoto. All rights reserved.
+
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+class LeakError < StandardError
+end
+
+class LeakChecker
+  attr_reader :leaks
+
+  def initialize
+    @fd_info = find_fds
+    @tempfile_info = find_tempfiles
+    @thread_info = find_threads
+    @env_info = find_env
+    @argv_info = find_argv
+    @globals_info = find_globals
+    @encoding_info = find_encodings
+  end
+
+  def check(state)
+    @state = state
+    @leaks = []
+    check_fd_leak
+    check_tempfile_leak
+    check_thread_leak
+    check_process_leak
+    check_env
+    check_argv
+    check_globals
+    check_encodings
+    check_tracepoints
+    GC.start unless @leaks.empty?
+    @leaks.empty?
+  end
+
+  private
+  def find_fds
+    fd_dir = "/proc/self/fd"
+    if File.directory?(fd_dir)
+      fds = Dir.open(fd_dir) {|d|
+        a = d.grep(/\A\d+\z/, &:to_i)
+        if d.respond_to? :fileno
+          a -= [d.fileno]
+        end
+        a
+      }
+      fds.sort
+    else
+      []
+    end
+  end
+
+  def check_fd_leak
+    live1 = @fd_info
+    if IO.respond_to?(:console) and (m = IO.method(:console)).arity.nonzero?
+      m[:close]
+    end
+    live2 = find_fds
+    fd_closed = live1 - live2
+    if !fd_closed.empty?
+      fd_closed.each {|fd|
+        leak "Closed file descriptor: #{fd}"
+      }
+    end
+    fd_leaked = live2 - live1
+    if !fd_leaked.empty?
+      h = {}
+      ObjectSpace.each_object(IO) {|io|
+        inspect = io.inspect
+        begin
+          autoclose = io.autoclose?
+          fd = io.fileno
+        rescue IOError # closed IO object
+          next
+        end
+        (h[fd] ||= []) << [io, autoclose, inspect]
+      }
+      fd_leaked.each {|fd|
+        str = ''
+        if h[fd]
+          str << ' :'
+          h[fd].map {|io, autoclose, inspect|
+            s = ' ' + inspect
+            s << "(not-autoclose)" if !autoclose
+            s
+          }.sort.each {|s|
+            str << s
+          }
+        end
+        leak "Leaked file descriptor: #{fd}#{str}"
+      }
+      #system("lsof -p #$$") if !fd_leaked.empty?
+      h.each {|fd, list|
+        next if list.length <= 1
+        if 1 < list.count {|io, autoclose, inspect| autoclose }
+          str = list.map {|io, autoclose, inspect| " #{inspect}" + (autoclose ? "(autoclose)" : "") }.sort.join
+          leak "Multiple autoclose IO object for a file descriptor:#{str}"
+        end
+      }
+    end
+    @fd_info = live2
+  end
+
+  def extend_tempfile_counter
+    return if defined? LeakChecker::TempfileCounter
+    m = Module.new {
+      @count = 0
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :count
+      end
+
+      def new(data)
+        LeakChecker::TempfileCounter.count += 1
+        super(data)
+      end
+    }
+    LeakChecker.const_set(:TempfileCounter, m)
+
+    class << Tempfile::Remover
+      prepend LeakChecker::TempfileCounter
+    end
+  end
+
+  def find_tempfiles(prev_count = -1)
+    return [prev_count, []] unless defined? Tempfile
+    extend_tempfile_counter
+    count = TempfileCounter.count
+    if prev_count == count
+      [prev_count, []]
+    else
+      tempfiles = ObjectSpace.each_object(Tempfile).find_all {|t| t.path }
+      [count, tempfiles]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def check_tempfile_leak
+    return false unless defined? Tempfile
+    count1, initial_tempfiles = @tempfile_info
+    count2, current_tempfiles = find_tempfiles(count1)
+    tempfiles_leaked = current_tempfiles - initial_tempfiles
+    if !tempfiles_leaked.empty?
+      list = tempfiles_leaked.map {|t| t.inspect }.sort
+      list.each {|str|
+        leak "Leaked tempfile: #{str}"
+      }
+      tempfiles_leaked.each {|t| t.close! }
+    end
+    @tempfile_info = [count2, initial_tempfiles]
+  end
+
+  def find_threads
+    Thread.list.find_all {|t|
+      t != Thread.current && t.alive?
+    }
+  end
+
+  def check_thread_leak
+    live1 = @thread_info
+    live2 = find_threads
+    thread_finished = live1 - live2
+    if !thread_finished.empty?
+      list = thread_finished.map {|t| t.inspect }.sort
+      list.each {|str|
+        leak "Finished thread: #{str}"
+      }
+    end
+    thread_leaked = live2 - live1
+    if !thread_leaked.empty?
+      list = thread_leaked.map {|t| t.inspect }.sort
+      list.each {|str|
+        leak "Leaked thread: #{str}"
+      }
+    end
+    @thread_info = live2
+  end
+
+  def check_process_leak
+    subprocesses_leaked = Process.waitall
+    subprocesses_leaked.each { |pid, status|
+      leak "Leaked subprocess: #{pid}: #{status}"
+    }
+  end
+
+  def find_env
+    ENV.to_h
+  end
+
+  def check_env
+    old_env = @env_info
+    new_env = find_env
+    return if old_env == new_env
+
+    (old_env.keys | new_env.keys).sort.each {|k|
+      if old_env.has_key?(k)
+        if new_env.has_key?(k)
+          if old_env[k] != new_env[k]
+            leak "Environment variable changed : #{k.inspect} changed : #{old_env[k].inspect} -> #{new_env[k].inspect}"
+          end
+        else
+          leak "Environment variable changed: #{k.inspect} deleted"
+        end
+      else
+        if new_env.has_key?(k)
+          leak "Environment variable changed: #{k.inspect} added"
+        else
+          flunk "unreachable"
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    @env_info = new_env
+  end
+
+  def find_argv
+    ARGV.map { |e| e.dup }
+  end
+
+  def check_argv
+    old_argv = @argv_info
+    new_argv = find_argv
+    if new_argv != old_argv
+      leak "ARGV changed: #{old_argv.inspect} to #{new_argv.inspect}"
+      @argv_info = new_argv
+    end
+  end
+
+  def find_globals
+    { verbose: $VERBOSE, debug: $DEBUG }
+  end
+
+  def check_globals
+    old_globals = @globals_info
+    new_globals = find_globals
+    if new_globals != old_globals
+      leak "Globals changed: #{old_globals.inspect} to #{new_globals.inspect}"
+      @globals_info = new_globals
+    end
+  end
+
+  def find_encodings
+    [Encoding.default_internal, Encoding.default_external]
+  end
+
+  def check_encodings
+    old_internal, old_external = @encoding_info
+    new_internal, new_external = find_encodings
+    if new_internal != old_internal
+      leak "Encoding.default_internal changed: #{old_internal.inspect} to #{new_internal.inspect}"
+    end
+    if new_external != old_external
+      leak "Encoding.default_external changed: #{old_external.inspect} to #{new_external.inspect}"
+    end
+    @encoding_info = [new_internal, new_external]
+  end
+
+  def check_tracepoints
+    ObjectSpace.each_object(TracePoint) do |tp|
+      if tp.enabled?
+        leak "TracePoint is still enabled: #{tp.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def leak(message)
+    if @leaks.empty?
+      $stderr.puts "\n"
+      $stderr.puts @state.description
+    end
+    @leaks << message
+    $stderr.puts message
+  end
+end
+
+class LeakCheckerAction
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :after, self
+  end
+
+  def start
+    @checker = LeakChecker.new
+  end
+
+  def after(state)
+    unless @checker.check(state)
+      leak_messages = @checker.leaks
+      location = state.description
+      if state.example
+        location = "#{location}\n#{state.example.source_location.join(':')}"
+      end
+      MSpec.protect(location) do
+        raise LeakError, leak_messages.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/profile.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/profile.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c743d6e3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/profile.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+class ProfileAction
+  def initialize
+    @describe_name = nil
+    @describe_time = nil
+    @describes = []
+    @its = []
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :enter, self
+    MSpec.register :before,self
+    MSpec.register :after, self
+    MSpec.register :finish,self
+  end
+
+  def enter(describe)
+    if @describe_time
+      @describes << [@describe_name, now - @describe_time]
+    end
+
+    @describe_name = describe
+    @describe_time = now
+  end
+
+  def before(state)
+    @it_name = state.it
+    @it_time = now
+  end
+
+  def after(state = nil)
+    @its << [@describe_name, @it_name, now - @it_time]
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    puts "\nProfiling info:"
+
+    desc = @describes.sort { |a,b| b.last <=> a.last }
+    desc.delete_if { |a| a.last <= 0.001 }
+    show = desc[0, 100]
+
+    puts "Top #{show.size} describes:"
+
+    show.each do |des, time|
+      printf "%3.3f - %s\n", time, des
+    end
+
+    its = @its.sort { |a,b| b.last <=> a.last }
+    its.delete_if { |a| a.last <= 0.001 }
+    show = its[0, 100]
+
+    puts "\nTop #{show.size} its:"
+    show.each do |des, it, time|
+      printf "%3.3f - %s %s\n", time, des, it
+    end
+  end
+
+  def now
+    Time.now.to_f
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tag.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tag.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d40d562451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tag.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/filter'
+
+# TagAction - Write tagged spec description string to a
+# tag file associated with each spec file.
+#
+# The action is triggered by specs whose descriptions
+# match the filter created with 'tags' and/or 'desc'
+#
+# The action fires in the :after event, after the spec
+# had been run. The action fires if the outcome of
+# running the spec matches 'outcome'.
+#
+# The arguments are:
+#
+#   action:  :add, :del
+#   outcome: :pass, :fail, :all
+#   tag:     the tag to create/delete
+#   comment: the comment to create
+#   tags:    zero or more tags to get matching
+#            spec description strings from
+#   desc:    zero or more strings to match the
+#            spec description strings
+
+class TagAction < ActionFilter
+  def initialize(action, outcome, tag, comment, tags = nil, descs = nil)
+    super tags, descs
+    @action = action
+    @outcome = outcome
+    @tag = tag
+    @comment = comment
+    @report = []
+    @exception = false
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if there are no _tag_ or _description_ filters. This
+  # means that a TagAction matches any example by default. Otherwise,
+  # returns true if either the _tag_ or the _description_ filter
+  # matches +string+.
+  def ===(string)
+    return true unless @sfilter or @tfilter
+    @sfilter === string or @tfilter === string
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :before event. Resets the +#exception?+
+  # flag to false.
+  def before(state)
+    @exception = false
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :exception event. Sets the +#exception?+
+  # flag to true.
+  def exception(exception)
+    @exception = true
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :after event. Performs the tag action
+  # depending on the type of action and the outcome of evaluating
+  # the example. See +TagAction+ for a description of the actions.
+  def after(state)
+    if self === state.description and outcome?
+      tag = SpecTag.new
+      tag.tag = @tag
+      tag.comment = @comment
+      tag.description = state.description
+
+      case @action
+      when :add
+        changed = MSpec.write_tag tag
+      when :del
+        changed = MSpec.delete_tag tag
+      end
+
+      @report << state.description if changed
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if the result of evaluating the example matches
+  # the _outcome_ registered for this tag action. See +TagAction+
+  # for a description of the _outcome_ types.
+  def outcome?
+    @outcome == :all or
+        (@outcome == :pass and not exception?) or
+        (@outcome == :fail and exception?)
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if an exception was raised while evaluating the
+  # current example.
+  def exception?
+    @exception
+  end
+
+  def report
+    @report.join("\n") + "\n"
+  end
+  private :report
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :finish event. Prints the actions
+  # performed while evaluating the examples.
+  def finish
+    case @action
+    when :add
+      if @report.empty?
+        print "\nTagAction: no specs were tagged with '#{@tag}'\n"
+      else
+        print "\nTagAction: specs tagged with '#{@tag}':\n\n"
+        print report
+      end
+    when :del
+      if @report.empty?
+        print "\nTagAction: no tags '#{@tag}' were deleted\n"
+      else
+        print "\nTagAction: tag '#{@tag}' deleted for specs:\n\n"
+        print report
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def register
+    super
+    MSpec.register :before,    self
+    MSpec.register :exception, self
+    MSpec.register :after,     self
+    MSpec.register :finish,    self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    super
+    MSpec.unregister :before,    self
+    MSpec.unregister :exception, self
+    MSpec.unregister :after,     self
+    MSpec.unregister :finish,    self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/taglist.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/taglist.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3097e655d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/taglist.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/filter'
+
+# TagListAction - prints out the descriptions for any specs
+# tagged with +tags+. If +tags+ is an empty list, prints out
+# descriptions for any specs that are tagged.
+class TagListAction
+  def initialize(tags = nil)
+    @tags = tags.nil? || tags.empty? ? nil : Array(tags)
+    @filter = nil
+  end
+
+  # Returns true. This enables us to match any tag when loading
+  # tags from the file.
+  def include?(arg)
+    true
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if any tagged descriptions matches +string+.
+  def ===(string)
+    @filter === string
+  end
+
+  # Prints a banner about matching tagged specs.
+  def start
+    if @tags
+      print "\nListing specs tagged with #{@tags.map { |t| "'#{t}'" }.join(", ") }\n\n"
+    else
+      print "\nListing all tagged specs\n\n"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Creates a MatchFilter for specific tags or for all tags.
+  def load
+    @filter = nil
+    desc = MSpec.read_tags(@tags || self).map { |t| t.description }
+    @filter = MatchFilter.new(nil, *desc) unless desc.empty?
+  end
+
+  # Prints the spec description if it matches the filter.
+  def after(state)
+    return unless self === state.description
+    print state.description, "\n"
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :load,  self
+    MSpec.register :after, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unregister :start, self
+    MSpec.unregister :load,  self
+    MSpec.unregister :after, self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tagpurge.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tagpurge.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4587de6bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tagpurge.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/filter'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/taglist'
+
+# TagPurgeAction - removes all tags not matching any spec
+# descriptions.
+class TagPurgeAction < TagListAction
+  attr_reader :matching
+
+  def initialize
+    @matching = []
+    @filter   = nil
+    @tags     = nil
+  end
+
+  # Prints a banner about purging tags.
+  def start
+    print "\nRemoving tags not matching any specs\n\n"
+  end
+
+  # Creates a MatchFilter for all tags.
+  def load
+    @filter = nil
+    @tags = MSpec.read_tags self
+    desc = @tags.map { |t| t.description }
+    @filter = MatchFilter.new(nil, *desc) unless desc.empty?
+  end
+
+  # Saves any matching tags
+  def after(state)
+    @matching << state.description if self === state.description
+  end
+
+  # Rewrites any matching tags. Prints non-matching tags.
+  # Deletes the tag file if there were no tags (this cleans
+  # up empty or malformed tag files).
+  def unload
+    if @filter
+      matched = @tags.select { |t| @matching.any? { |s| s == t.description } }
+      MSpec.write_tags matched
+
+      (@tags - matched).each { |t| print t.description, "\n" }
+    else
+      MSpec.delete_tags
+    end
+  end
+
+  def register
+    super
+    MSpec.register :unload, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    super
+    MSpec.unregister :unload, self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tally.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tally.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6ada53bab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/tally.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+class Tally
+  attr_accessor :files, :examples, :expectations, :failures, :errors, :guards, :tagged
+
+  def initialize
+    @files = @examples = @expectations = @failures = @errors = @guards = @tagged = 0
+  end
+
+  def files!(add = 1)
+    @files += add
+  end
+
+  def examples!(add = 1)
+    @examples += add
+  end
+
+  def expectations!(add = 1)
+    @expectations += add
+  end
+
+  def failures!(add = 1)
+    @failures += add
+  end
+
+  def errors!(add = 1)
+    @errors += add
+  end
+
+  def guards!(add = 1)
+    @guards += add
+  end
+
+  def tagged!(add = 1)
+    @tagged += add
+  end
+
+  def file
+    pluralize files, "file"
+  end
+
+  def example
+    pluralize examples, "example"
+  end
+
+  def expectation
+    pluralize expectations, "expectation"
+  end
+
+  def failure
+    pluralize failures, "failure"
+  end
+
+  def error
+    pluralize errors, "error"
+  end
+
+  def guard
+    pluralize guards, "guard"
+  end
+
+  def tag
+    "#{tagged} tagged"
+  end
+
+  def format
+    results = [ file, example, expectation, failure, error, tag ]
+    if [:report, :report_on, :verify].any? { |m| MSpec.mode? m }
+      results << guard
+    end
+    results.join(", ")
+  end
+
+  alias_method :to_s, :format
+
+  def pluralize(count, singular)
+    "#{count} #{singular}#{'s' unless count == 1}"
+  end
+  private :pluralize
+end
+
+class TallyAction
+  attr_reader :counter
+
+  def initialize
+    @counter = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :load,        self
+    MSpec.register :exception,   self
+    MSpec.register :example,     self
+    MSpec.register :tagged,      self
+    MSpec.register :expectation, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unregister :load,        self
+    MSpec.unregister :exception,   self
+    MSpec.unregister :example,     self
+    MSpec.unregister :tagged,      self
+    MSpec.unregister :expectation, self
+  end
+
+  def load
+    @counter.files!
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :expectation event. Increments the
+  # tally of expectations (e.g. #should, #should_receive, etc.).
+  def expectation(state)
+    @counter.expectations!
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :exception event. Increments the
+  # tally of errors and failures.
+  def exception(exception)
+    exception.failure? ? @counter.failures! : @counter.errors!
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :example event. Increments the tally
+  # of examples.
+  def example(state, block)
+    @counter.examples!
+  end
+
+  def tagged(state)
+    @counter.examples!
+    @counter.tagged!
+  end
+
+  def format
+    @counter.format
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/timeout.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/timeout.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c85bf49ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/timeout.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+class TimeoutAction
+  def initialize(timeout)
+    @timeout = timeout
+    @queue = Queue.new
+    @started = now
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :before, self
+    MSpec.register :finish, self
+  end
+
+  private def now
+    Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+  end
+
+  private def fetch_item
+    @queue.pop(true)
+  rescue ThreadError
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def start
+    @thread = Thread.new do
+      loop do
+        if action = fetch_item
+          action.call
+        else
+          wakeup_at = @started + @timeout
+          left = wakeup_at - now
+          sleep left if left > 0
+          Thread.pass # Let the main thread run
+
+          if @queue.empty?
+            elapsed = now - @started
+            if elapsed > @timeout
+              STDERR.puts "\n#{@current_state.description}"
+              STDERR.flush
+              abort "Example took longer than the configured timeout of #{@timeout}s"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def before(state = nil)
+    time = now
+    @queue << -> do
+      @current_state = state
+      @started = time
+    end
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    @thread.kill
+    @thread.join
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/timer.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/timer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7ebfebe0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/actions/timer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+class TimerAction
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :finish, self
+  end
+
+  def start
+    @start = Time.now
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    @stop = Time.now
+  end
+
+  def elapsed
+    @stop - @start
+  end
+
+  def format
+    "Finished in %f seconds" % elapsed
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/context.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/context.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62483590bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/context.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+# Holds the state of the +describe+ block that is being
+# evaluated. Every example (i.e. +it+ block) is evaluated
+# in a context, which may include state set up in <tt>before
+# :each</tt> or <tt>before :all</tt> blocks.
+#
+#--
+# A note on naming: this is named _ContextState_ rather
+# than _DescribeState_ because +describe+ is the keyword
+# in the DSL for referring to the context in which an example
+# is evaluated, just as +it+ refers to the example itself.
+#++
+class ContextState
+  attr_reader :state, :parent, :parents, :children, :examples, :to_s
+
+  MOCK_VERIFY = -> { Mock.verify_count }
+  MOCK_CLEANUP = -> { Mock.cleanup }
+  EXPECTATION_MISSING = -> { raise SpecExpectationNotFoundError }
+
+  def initialize(description, options = nil)
+    raise "#describe options should be a Hash or nil" unless Hash === options or options.nil?
+    @to_s = description.to_s
+    @shared = options && options[:shared]
+
+    @parsed   = false
+    @before   = { :all => [], :each => [] }
+    @after    = { :all => [], :each => [] }
+    @pre      = {}
+    @post     = {}
+    @examples = []
+    @state    = nil
+    @parent   = nil
+    @parents  = [self]
+    @children = []
+  end
+
+  # Remove caching when a ContextState is dup'd for shared specs.
+  def initialize_copy(other)
+    @pre  = {}
+    @post = {}
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if this is a shared +ContextState+. Essentially, when
+  # created with: describe "Something", :shared => true { ... }
+  def shared?
+    @shared
+  end
+
+  # Set the parent (enclosing) +ContextState+ for this state. Creates
+  # the +parents+ list.
+  def parent=(parent)
+    @description = nil
+
+    if shared?
+      @parent = nil
+    else
+      @parent = parent
+      parent.child self if parent
+
+      @parents = [self]
+      state = parent
+      while state
+        @parents.unshift state
+        state = state.parent
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Add the ContextState instance +child+ to the list of nested
+  # describe blocks.
+  def child(child)
+    @children << child
+  end
+
+  # Adds a nested ContextState in a shared ContextState to a containing
+  # ContextState.
+  #
+  # Normal adoption is from the parent's perspective. But adopt is a good
+  # verb and it's reasonable for the child to adopt the parent as well. In
+  # this case, manipulating state from inside the child avoids needlessly
+  # exposing the state to manipulate it externally in the dup. (See
+  # #it_should_behave_like)
+  def adopt(parent)
+    self.parent = parent
+
+    @examples = @examples.map do |example|
+      example = example.dup
+      example.context = self
+      example
+    end
+
+    children = @children
+    @children = []
+
+    children.each { |child| child.dup.adopt self }
+  end
+
+  # Returns a list of all before(+what+) blocks from self and any parents.
+  def pre(what)
+    @pre[what] ||= parents.inject([]) { |l, s| l.push(*s.before(what)) }
+  end
+
+  # Returns a list of all after(+what+) blocks from self and any parents.
+  # The list is in reverse order. In other words, the blocks defined in
+  # inner describes are in the list before those defined in outer describes,
+  # and in a particular describe block those defined later are in the list
+  # before those defined earlier.
+  def post(what)
+    @post[what] ||= parents.inject([]) { |l, s| l.unshift(*s.after(what)) }
+  end
+
+  # Records before(:each) and before(:all) blocks.
+  def before(what, &block)
+    return if MSpec.guarded?
+    block ? @before[what].push(block) : @before[what]
+  end
+
+  # Records after(:each) and after(:all) blocks.
+  def after(what, &block)
+    return if MSpec.guarded?
+    block ? @after[what].unshift(block) : @after[what]
+  end
+
+  # Creates an ExampleState instance for the block and stores it
+  # in a list of examples to evaluate unless the example is filtered.
+  def it(desc, &block)
+    raise "nested #it" if @state
+    example = ExampleState.new(self, desc, block)
+    MSpec.actions :add, example
+    return if MSpec.guarded?
+    @examples << example
+  end
+
+  # Evaluates the block and resets the toplevel +ContextState+ to #parent.
+  def describe(&block)
+    @parsed = protect @to_s, block, false
+    MSpec.register_current parent
+    MSpec.register_shared self if shared?
+  end
+
+  # Returns a description string generated from self and all parents
+  def description
+    @description ||= parents.map { |p| p.to_s }.compact.join(" ")
+  end
+
+  # Injects the before/after blocks and examples from the shared
+  # describe block into this +ContextState+ instance.
+  def it_should_behave_like(desc)
+    return if MSpec.guarded?
+
+    unless state = MSpec.retrieve_shared(desc)
+      raise Exception, "Unable to find shared 'describe' for #{desc}"
+    end
+
+    state.before(:all).each { |b| before :all, &b }
+    state.before(:each).each { |b| before :each, &b }
+    state.after(:each).each { |b| after :each, &b }
+    state.after(:all).each { |b| after :all, &b }
+
+    state.examples.each do |example|
+      example = example.dup
+      example.context = self
+      @examples << example
+    end
+
+    state.children.each do |child|
+      child.dup.adopt self
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Evaluates each block in +blocks+ using the +MSpec.protect+ method
+  # so that exceptions are handled and tallied. Returns true and does
+  # NOT evaluate any blocks if +check+ is true and
+  # <tt>MSpec.mode?(:pretend)</tt> is true.
+  def protect(what, blocks, check = true)
+    return true if check and MSpec.mode? :pretend
+    Array(blocks).all? { |block| MSpec.protect what, &block }
+  end
+
+  # Removes filtered examples. Returns true if there are examples
+  # left to evaluate.
+  def filter_examples
+    filtered, @examples = @examples.partition do |ex|
+      ex.filtered?
+    end
+
+    filtered.each do |ex|
+      MSpec.actions :tagged, ex
+    end
+
+    !@examples.empty?
+  end
+
+  # Evaluates the examples in a +ContextState+. Invokes the MSpec events
+  # for :enter, :before, :after, :leave.
+  def process
+    MSpec.register_current self
+
+    if @parsed and filter_examples
+      MSpec.shuffle @examples if MSpec.randomize?
+      MSpec.actions :enter, description
+
+      if protect "before :all", pre(:all)
+        @examples.each do |state|
+          MSpec.repeat do
+            @state = state
+            example = state.example
+            MSpec.actions :before, state
+
+            if protect "before :each", pre(:each)
+              MSpec.clear_expectations
+              if example
+                passed = protect nil, example
+                MSpec.actions :example, state, example
+                protect nil, EXPECTATION_MISSING if !MSpec.expectation? and passed
+              end
+            end
+            protect "after :each", post(:each)
+            protect "Mock.verify_count", MOCK_VERIFY
+
+            protect "Mock.cleanup", MOCK_CLEANUP
+            MSpec.actions :after, state
+            @state = nil
+          end
+        end
+        protect "after :all", post(:all)
+      else
+        protect "Mock.cleanup", MOCK_CLEANUP
+      end
+
+      MSpec.actions :leave
+    end
+
+    MSpec.register_current nil
+    children.each { |child| child.process }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/evaluate.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/evaluate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..396a84c118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/evaluate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+class SpecEvaluate
+  include MSpecMatchers
+
+  def self.desc=(desc)
+    @desc = desc
+  end
+
+  def self.desc
+    @desc ||= "evaluates "
+  end
+
+  def initialize(ruby, desc)
+    @ruby = ruby.rstrip
+    @desc = desc || self.class.desc
+  end
+
+  # Formats the Ruby source code for reabable output in the -fs formatter
+  # option. If the source contains no newline characters, wraps the source in
+  # single quotes to set if off from the rest of the description string. If
+  # the source does contain newline characters, sets the indent level to four
+  # characters.
+  def format(ruby, newline = true)
+    if ruby.include?("\n")
+      lines = ruby.each_line.to_a
+      if /( *)/ =~ lines.first
+        if $1.size > 4
+          dedent = $1.size - 4
+          ruby = lines.map { |l| l[dedent..-1] }.join
+        else
+          indent = " " * (4 - $1.size)
+          ruby = lines.map { |l| "#{indent}#{l}" }.join
+        end
+      end
+      "\n#{ruby}"
+    else
+      "'#{ruby.lstrip}'"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def define(&block)
+    ruby = @ruby
+    desc = @desc
+    evaluator = self
+
+    specify "#{desc} #{format ruby}" do
+      evaluator.instance_eval(ruby)
+      evaluator.instance_eval(&block)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def evaluate(str, desc = nil, &block)
+  SpecEvaluate.new(str, desc).define(&block)
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/example.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/example.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d9f0d618c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/example.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+
+# Holds some of the state of the example (i.e. +it+ block) that is
+# being evaluated. See also +ContextState+.
+class ExampleState
+  attr_reader :context, :it, :example
+
+  def initialize(context, it, example = nil)
+    @context = context
+    @it = it
+    @example = example
+  end
+
+  def context=(context)
+    @description = nil
+    @context = context
+  end
+
+  def describe
+    @context.description
+  end
+
+  def description
+    @description ||= "#{describe} #{@it}"
+  end
+
+  def filtered?
+    incl = MSpec.include
+    excl = MSpec.exclude
+    included   = incl.empty? || incl.any? { |f| f === description }
+    included &&= excl.empty? || !excl.any? { |f| f === description }
+    !included
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/exception.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/exception.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e07f02f684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/exception.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Initialize $MSPEC_DEBUG
+$MSPEC_DEBUG ||= false
+
+class ExceptionState
+  attr_reader :description, :describe, :it, :exception
+
+  def initialize(state, location, exception)
+    @exception = exception
+    @failure = exception.class == SpecExpectationNotMetError || exception.class == SpecExpectationNotFoundError
+
+    @description = location ? "An exception occurred during: #{location}" : ""
+    if state
+      @description += "\n" unless @description.empty?
+      @description += state.description
+      @describe = state.describe
+      @it = state.it
+    else
+      @describe = @it = ""
+    end
+  end
+
+  def failure?
+    @failure
+  end
+
+  def message
+    message = @exception.message
+    message = "<No message>" if message.empty?
+
+    if @failure
+      message
+    elsif raise_error_message = @exception.instance_variable_get(:@mspec_raise_error_message)
+      raise_error_message.join("\n")
+    else
+      "#{@exception.class}: #{message}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def backtrace
+    @backtrace_filter ||= MSpecScript.config[:backtrace_filter] || %r{(?:/bin/mspec|/lib/mspec/)}
+
+    bt = @exception.backtrace || []
+    unless $MSPEC_DEBUG
+      # Exclude <internal: entries inside MSpec code, so only after the first ignored entry
+      first_excluded_line = bt.index { |line| @backtrace_filter =~ line }
+      if first_excluded_line
+        bt = bt[0...first_excluded_line] + bt[first_excluded_line..-1].reject { |line|
+          @backtrace_filter =~ line || /^<internal:/ =~ line
+        }
+      end
+    end
+    bt.join("\n")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0420faca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/match'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/regexp'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/tag'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/profile'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/match.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/match.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..539fd02d01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/match.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+class MatchFilter
+  def initialize(what, *strings)
+    @what = what
+    @strings = strings
+  end
+
+  def ===(string)
+    @strings.any? { |s| string.include?(s) }
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register @what, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unregister @what, self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/profile.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/profile.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a59722c451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/profile.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+class ProfileFilter
+  def initialize(what, *files)
+    @what = what
+    @methods = load(*files)
+    @pattern = /([^ .#]+[.#])([^ ]+)/
+  end
+
+  def find(name)
+    return name if File.exist?(File.expand_path(name))
+
+    ["spec/profiles", "spec", "profiles", "."].each do |dir|
+      file = File.join dir, name
+      return file if File.exist? file
+    end
+  end
+
+  def parse(file)
+    pattern = /(\S+):\s*/
+    key = ""
+    file.inject(Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }) do |hash, line|
+      line.chomp!
+      if line[0,2] == "- "
+        hash[key] << line[2..-1].gsub(/[ '"]/, "")
+      elsif m = pattern.match(line)
+        key = m[1]
+      end
+      hash
+    end
+  end
+
+  def load(*files)
+    files.inject({}) do |hash, file|
+      next hash unless name = find(file)
+
+      File.open name, "r" do |f|
+        hash.merge parse(f)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def ===(string)
+    return false unless m = @pattern.match(string)
+    return false unless l = @methods[m[1]]
+    l.include? m[2]
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register @what, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unregister @what, self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/regexp.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/regexp.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..097ec6a755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/regexp.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+class RegexpFilter
+  def initialize(what, *regexps)
+    @what = what
+    @regexps = to_regexp(*regexps)
+  end
+
+  def ===(string)
+    @regexps.any? { |regexp| regexp === string }
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register @what, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unregister @what, self
+  end
+
+  def to_regexp(*regexps)
+    regexps.map { |str| Regexp.new str }
+  end
+  private :to_regexp
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/tag.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/tag.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c641c01606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/filters/tag.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+class TagFilter
+  def initialize(what, *tags)
+    @what = what
+    @tags = tags
+  end
+
+  def load
+    @descriptions = MSpec.read_tags(@tags).map { |t| t.description }
+    MSpec.register @what, self
+  end
+
+  def unload
+    MSpec.unregister @what, self
+  end
+
+  def ===(string)
+    @descriptions.include?(string)
+  end
+
+  def register
+    MSpec.register :load, self
+    MSpec.register :unload, self
+  end
+
+  def unregister
+    MSpec.unregister :load, self
+    MSpec.unregister :unload, self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66f515ddff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/describe'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/file'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/specdoc'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/html'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/summary'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/unit'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/spinner'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/method'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/stats'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/yaml'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/profile'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/junit'
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/base.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c075c4d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/timer'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tally'
+
+if ENV['CHECK_LEAKS']
+  require 'mspec/runner/actions/leakchecker'
+  require 'mspec/runner/actions/constants_leak_checker'
+end
+
+class BaseFormatter
+  attr_reader :exceptions, :timer, :tally
+
+  def initialize(out = nil)
+    @current_state = nil
+    @exception = false
+    @failure = false
+    @exceptions = []
+
+    @count = 0 # For subclasses
+
+    if out.nil?
+      @out = $stdout
+    else
+      @out = File.open out, "w"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Creates the +TimerAction+ and +TallyAction+ instances and registers them.
+  def register
+    (@timer = TimerAction.new).register
+    (@tally = TallyAction.new).register
+    @counter = @tally.counter
+
+    if ENV['CHECK_LEAKS']
+      save = ENV['CHECK_LEAKS'] == 'save'
+      LeakCheckerAction.new.register
+      ConstantsLeakCheckerAction.new(save).register
+    end
+
+    MSpec.register :abort,     self
+    MSpec.register :before,    self
+    MSpec.register :after,     self
+    MSpec.register :exception, self
+    MSpec.register :finish,    self
+  end
+
+  def abort
+    if @current_state
+      puts "\naborting example: #{@current_state.description}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if any exception is raised while running
+  # an example. This flag is reset before each example
+  # is evaluated.
+  def exception?
+    @exception
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if all exceptions during the evaluation
+  # of an example are failures rather than errors. See
+  # <tt>ExceptionState#failure</tt>. This flag is reset
+  # before each example is evaluated.
+  def failure?
+    @failure
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :before event. Resets the
+  # +#exception?+ and +#failure+ flags.
+  def before(state = nil)
+    @current_state = state
+    @failure = @exception = false
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :exception event. Stores the
+  # +ExceptionState+ object to generate the list of backtraces
+  # after all the specs are run. Also updates the internal
+  # +#exception?+ and +#failure?+ flags.
+  def exception(exception)
+    @count += 1
+    @failure = @exception ? @failure && exception.failure? : exception.failure?
+    @exception = true
+    @exceptions << exception
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :after event.
+  def after(state = nil)
+    @current_state = nil
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :start event. Calls :after event.
+  # Defined here, in the base class, and used by MultiFormatter.
+  def start
+    after
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :unload event. Calls :after event.
+  # Defined here, in the base class, and used by MultiFormatter.
+  def unload
+    after
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :finish event. Prints a description
+  # and backtrace for every exception that occurred while
+  # evaluating the examples.
+  def finish
+    print "\n"
+    count = 0
+    @exceptions.each do |exc|
+      count += 1
+      print_exception(exc, count)
+    end
+    print "\n#{@timer.format}\n\n#{@tally.format}\n"
+  end
+
+  def print_exception(exc, count)
+    outcome = exc.failure? ? "FAILED" : "ERROR"
+    print "\n#{count})\n#{exc.description} #{outcome}\n"
+    print exc.message, "\n"
+    print exc.backtrace, "\n"
+  end
+
+  # A convenience method to allow printing to different outputs.
+  def print(*args)
+    @out.print(*args)
+    @out.flush
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/describe.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/describe.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc4122d13b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/describe.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+
+class DescribeFormatter < DottedFormatter
+  # Callback for the MSpec :finish event. Prints a summary of
+  # the number of errors and failures for each +describe+ block.
+  def finish
+    describes = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = Tally.new }
+
+    @exceptions.each do |exc|
+      desc = describes[exc.describe]
+      exc.failure? ? desc.failures! : desc.errors!
+    end
+
+    print "\n"
+    describes.each do |d, t|
+      text = d.size > 40 ? "#{d[0,37]}..." : d.ljust(40)
+      print "\n#{text} #{t.failure}, #{t.error}"
+    end
+    print "\n" unless describes.empty?
+
+    print "\n#{@timer.format}\n\n#{@tally.format}\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/dotted.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/dotted.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..672cdf81dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/dotted.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class DottedFormatter < BaseFormatter
+  def register
+    super
+    MSpec.register :after, self
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :after event. Prints an indicator
+  # for the result of evaluating this example as follows:
+  #   . = No failure or error
+  #   F = An SpecExpectationNotMetError was raised
+  #   E = Any exception other than SpecExpectationNotMetError
+  def after(state = nil)
+    super(state)
+
+    if exception?
+      print failure? ? "F" : "E"
+    else
+      print "."
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/file.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65cfb1f75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+
+class FileFormatter < DottedFormatter
+  # Unregisters DottedFormatter#before, #after methods and
+  # registers #load, #unload, which perform the same duties
+  # as #before, #after in DottedFormatter.
+  def register
+    super
+
+    MSpec.unregister :before,    self
+    MSpec.unregister :after,     self
+
+    MSpec.register   :load,      self
+    MSpec.register   :unload,    self
+  end
+
+  def load(state = nil)
+    before(state)
+  end
+
+  def unload(state = nil)
+    after(state)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/html.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/html.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e37e89a088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/html.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class HtmlFormatter < BaseFormatter
+  def register
+    super
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :enter, self
+    MSpec.register :leave, self
+  end
+
+  def start
+    print <<-EOH
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Spec Output For #{RUBY_ENGINE} (#{RUBY_VERSION})</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ul {
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.fail {
+  color: red;
+}
+.pass {
+  color: green;
+}
+#details :target {
+  background-color: #ffffe0;
+}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+EOH
+  end
+
+  def enter(describe)
+    print "<div><p>#{describe}</p>\n<ul>\n"
+  end
+
+  def leave
+    print "</ul>\n</div>\n"
+  end
+
+  def exception(exception)
+    super(exception)
+    outcome = exception.failure? ? "FAILED" : "ERROR"
+    print %[<li class="fail">- #{exception.it} (<a href="#details-#{@count}">]
+    print %[#{outcome} - #{@count}</a>)</li>\n]
+  end
+
+  def after(state = nil)
+    super(state)
+    print %[<li class="pass">- #{state.it}</li>\n] unless exception?
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    success = @exceptions.empty?
+    unless success
+      print "<hr>\n"
+      print %[<ol id="details">]
+      count = 0
+      @exceptions.each do |exc|
+        outcome = exc.failure? ? "FAILED" : "ERROR"
+        print %[\n<li id="details-#{count += 1}"><p>#{escape(exc.description)} #{outcome}</p>\n<p>]
+        print escape(exc.message)
+        print "</p>\n<pre>\n"
+        print escape(exc.backtrace)
+        print "</pre>\n</li>\n"
+      end
+      print "</ol>\n"
+    end
+    print %[<p>#{@timer.format}</p>\n]
+    print %[<p class="#{success ? "pass" : "fail"}">#{@tally.format}</p>\n]
+    print "</body>\n</html>\n"
+  end
+
+  def escape(string)
+    string.gsub("&", "&nbsp;").gsub("<", "&lt;").gsub(">", "&gt;")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/junit.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/junit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12e43a3263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/junit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/yaml'
+
+class JUnitFormatter < YamlFormatter
+  def initialize(out = nil)
+    super(out)
+    @tests = []
+  end
+
+  def after(state = nil)
+    super(state)
+    @tests << {:test => state, :exception => false} unless exception?
+  end
+
+  def exception(exception)
+    super(exception)
+    @tests << {:test => exception, :exception => true}
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    switch
+
+    time = @timer.elapsed
+    tests = @tally.counter.examples
+    errors = @tally.counter.errors
+    failures = @tally.counter.failures
+
+    printf <<-XML
+
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
+    <testsuites
+        testCount="#{tests}"
+        errorCount="#{errors}"
+        failureCount="#{failures}"
+        timeCount="#{time}" time="#{time}">
+      <testsuite
+          tests="#{tests}"
+          errors="#{errors}"
+          failures="#{failures}"
+          time="#{time}"
+          name="Spec Output For #{::RUBY_ENGINE} (#{::RUBY_VERSION})">
+    XML
+    @tests.each do |h|
+      description = encode_for_xml h[:test].description
+
+      printf <<-XML, "Spec", description, 0.0
+        <testcase classname="%s" name="%s" time="%f">
+      XML
+      if h[:exception]
+        outcome = h[:test].failure? ? "failure" : "error"
+        message = encode_for_xml h[:test].message
+        backtrace = encode_for_xml h[:test].backtrace
+        print <<-XML
+          <#{outcome} message="error in #{description}" type="#{outcome}">
+            #{message}
+            #{backtrace}
+          </#{outcome}>
+        XML
+      end
+      print <<-XML
+        </testcase>
+      XML
+    end
+
+    print <<-XML
+      </testsuite>
+    </testsuites>
+    XML
+  end
+
+  private
+  LT = "&lt;"
+  GT = "&gt;"
+  QU = "&quot;"
+  AP = "&apos;"
+  AM = "&amp;"
+  TARGET_ENCODING = "ISO-8859-1"
+
+  def encode_for_xml(str)
+    encode_as_latin1(str).gsub("<", LT).gsub(">", GT).
+      gsub('"', QU).gsub("'", AP).gsub("&", AM).
+      tr("\x00-\x08", "?")
+  end
+
+  def encode_as_latin1(str)
+    str.encode(TARGET_ENCODING, :undef => :replace, :invalid => :replace)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/method.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/method.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..925858c845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/method.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class MethodFormatter < BaseFormatter
+  attr_accessor :methods
+
+  def initialize(out = nil)
+    super(out)
+    @methods = Hash.new do |h, k|
+      h[k] = {
+        examples: 0,
+        expectations: 0,
+        failures: 0,
+        errors: 0,
+        exceptions: []
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns the type of method as a "class", "instance",
+  # or "unknown".
+  def method_type(sep)
+    case sep
+    when '.', '::'
+      "class"
+    when '#'
+      "instance"
+    else
+      "unknown"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :before event. Parses the
+  # describe string into class and method if possible.
+  # Resets the tallies so the counts are only for this
+  # example.
+  def before(state)
+    super(state)
+
+    # The pattern for a method name is not correctly
+    # restrictive but it is simplistic and useful
+    # for our purpose.
+    /^([A-Za-z_]+\w*)(\.|#|::)([^ ]+)/ =~ state.describe
+    @key = $1 && $2 && $3 ? "#{$1}#{$2}#{$3}" : state.describe
+
+    unless methods.key? @key
+      h = methods[@key]
+      h[:class]       = "#{$1}"
+      h[:method]      = "#{$3}"
+      h[:type]        = method_type $2
+      h[:description] = state.description
+    end
+
+    tally.counter.examples     = 0
+    tally.counter.expectations = 0
+    tally.counter.failures     = 0
+    tally.counter.errors       = 0
+
+    @exceptions = []
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :after event. Sets or adds to
+  # tallies for the example block.
+  def after(state = nil)
+    super(state)
+
+    h = methods[@key]
+    h[:examples]     += tally.counter.examples
+    h[:expectations] += tally.counter.expectations
+    h[:failures]     += tally.counter.failures
+    h[:errors]       += tally.counter.errors
+    @exceptions.each do |exc|
+      h[:exceptions] << "#{exc.message}\n#{exc.backtrace}\n"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :finish event. Prints out the
+  # summary information in YAML format for all the methods.
+  def finish
+    print "---\n"
+
+    methods.each do |key, hash|
+      print key.inspect, ":\n"
+      print "  class: ",        hash[:class].inspect,        "\n"
+      print "  method: ",       hash[:method].inspect,       "\n"
+      print "  type: ",         hash[:type],                 "\n"
+      print "  description: ",  hash[:description].inspect,  "\n"
+      print "  examples: ",     hash[:examples],             "\n"
+      print "  expectations: ", hash[:expectations],         "\n"
+      print "  failures: ",     hash[:failures],             "\n"
+      print "  errors: ",       hash[:errors],               "\n"
+      print "  exceptions:\n"
+      hash[:exceptions].each { |exc| print "  - ", exc.inspect, "\n" }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/multi.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/multi.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a723ae8eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/multi.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+module MultiFormatter
+  def self.extend_object(obj)
+    super
+    obj.multi_initialize
+  end
+
+  def multi_initialize
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @counter = @tally.counter
+    @timer = TimerAction.new
+    @timer.start
+  end
+
+  def register
+    super
+
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :unload, self
+    MSpec.unregister :before, self
+  end
+
+  def aggregate_results(files)
+    require 'yaml'
+
+    @timer.finish
+    @exceptions = []
+
+    files.each do |file|
+      contents = File.read(file)
+      d = YAML.load(contents)
+      File.delete file
+
+      if d # The file might be empty if the child process died
+        @exceptions += Array(d['exceptions'])
+        @counter.files!        d['files']
+        @counter.examples!     d['examples']
+        @counter.expectations! d['expectations']
+        @counter.errors!       d['errors']
+        @counter.failures!     d['failures']
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def print_exception(exc, count)
+    print "\n#{count})\n#{exc}\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/profile.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/profile.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38ef5b12ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/profile.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/profile'
+
+class ProfileFormatter < DottedFormatter
+  def initialize(out = nil)
+    super(out)
+
+    @describe_name = nil
+    @describe_time = nil
+    @describes = []
+    @its = []
+  end
+
+  def register
+    (@profile = ProfileAction.new).register
+    super
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/specdoc.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/specdoc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3a5c3d729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/specdoc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class SpecdocFormatter < BaseFormatter
+  def register
+    super
+    MSpec.register :enter, self
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :enter event. Prints the
+  # +describe+ block string.
+  def enter(describe)
+    print "\n#{describe}\n"
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :before event. Prints the
+  # +it+ block string.
+  def before(state)
+    super(state)
+    print "- #{state.it}"
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :exception event. Prints
+  # either 'ERROR - X' or 'FAILED - X' where _X_ is
+  # the sequential number of the exception raised. If
+  # there has already been an exception raised while
+  # evaluating this example, it prints another +it+
+  # block description string so that each description
+  # string has an associated 'ERROR' or 'FAILED'
+  def exception(exception)
+    print "\n- #{exception.it}" if exception?
+    super(exception)
+    print " (#{exception.failure? ? 'FAILED' : 'ERROR'} - #{@count})"
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :after event. Prints a
+  # newline to finish the description string output.
+  def after(state = nil)
+    super(state)
+    print "\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/spinner.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/spinner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..817d8c02be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/spinner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class SpinnerFormatter < BaseFormatter
+  attr_reader :length
+
+  Spins = %w!| / - \\!
+  HOUR = 3600
+  MIN = 60
+
+  def initialize(out = nil)
+    super(nil)
+
+    @which = 0
+    @loaded = 0
+    self.length = 40
+    @percent = 0
+    @start = Time.now
+
+    term = ENV['TERM']
+    @color = (term != "dumb")
+    @fail_color  = "32"
+    @error_color = "32"
+  end
+
+  def register
+    super
+
+    MSpec.register :start, self
+    MSpec.register :unload, self
+  end
+
+  def length=(length)
+    @length = length
+    @ratio = 100.0 / length
+    @position = length / 2 - 2
+  end
+
+  def compute_etr
+    return @etr = "00:00:00" if @percent == 0
+    elapsed = Time.now - @start
+    remain = (100 * elapsed / @percent) - elapsed
+
+    hour = remain >= HOUR ? (remain / HOUR).to_i : 0
+    remain -= hour * HOUR
+    min = remain >= MIN ? (remain / MIN).to_i : 0
+    sec = remain - min * MIN
+
+    @etr = "%02d:%02d:%02d" % [hour, min, sec]
+  end
+
+  def compute_percentage
+    @percent = @loaded * 100 / @total
+    bar = ("=" * (@percent / @ratio)).ljust @length
+    label = "%d%%" % @percent
+    bar[@position, label.size] = label
+    @bar = bar
+  end
+
+  def compute_progress
+    compute_percentage
+    compute_etr
+  end
+
+  def progress_line
+    @which = (@which + 1) % Spins.size
+    data = [Spins[@which], @bar, @etr, @counter.failures, @counter.errors]
+    if @color
+      "\r[%s | %s | %s] \e[0;#{@fail_color}m%6dF \e[0;#{@error_color}m%6dE\e[0m " % data
+    else
+      "\r[%s | %s | %s] %6dF %6dE " % data
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_progress_line
+    print "\r#{' '*progress_line.length}"
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :start event. Stores the total
+  # number of files that will be processed.
+  def start
+    @total = MSpec.files_array.size
+    compute_progress
+    print progress_line
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :unload event. Increments the number
+  # of files that have been run.
+  def unload
+    @loaded += 1
+    compute_progress
+    print progress_line
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :exception event. Changes the color
+  # used to display the tally of errors and failures
+  def exception(exception)
+    super
+    @fail_color =  "31" if exception.failure?
+    @error_color = "33" unless exception.failure?
+
+    clear_progress_line
+    print_exception(exception, @count)
+    exceptions.clear
+  end
+
+  # Callback for the MSpec :after event. Updates the spinner.
+  def after(state = nil)
+    super(state)
+    print progress_line
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/stats.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/stats.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8cff96d145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/stats.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class StatsPerFileFormatter < BaseFormatter
+  def initialize(out = nil)
+    super(out)
+    @data = {}
+    @root = File.expand_path(MSpecScript.get(:prefix) || '.')
+  end
+
+  def register
+    super
+    MSpec.register :load, self
+    MSpec.register :unload, self
+  end
+
+  # Resets the tallies so the counts are only for this file.
+  def load
+    tally.counter.examples = 0
+    tally.counter.errors = 0
+    tally.counter.failures = 0
+    tally.counter.tagged = 0
+  end
+
+  def unload
+    file = format_file MSpec.file
+
+    raise if @data.key?(file)
+    @data[file] = {
+      examples: tally.counter.examples,
+      errors: tally.counter.errors,
+      failures: tally.counter.failures,
+      tagged: tally.counter.tagged,
+    }
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    width = @data.keys.max_by(&:size).size
+    f = "%3d"
+    @data.each_pair do |file, data|
+      total = data[:examples]
+      passing = total - data[:errors] - data[:failures] - data[:tagged]
+      puts "#{file.ljust(width)}  #{f % passing}/#{f % total}"
+    end
+
+    require 'yaml'
+    yaml = YAML.dump(@data)
+    File.write "results-#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION}.yml", yaml
+  end
+
+  private def format_file(file)
+    if file.start_with?(@root)
+      file[@root.size+1..-1]
+    else
+      raise file
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/summary.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/summary.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41819d2158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/summary.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class SummaryFormatter < BaseFormatter
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/unit.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/unit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d03ae79e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/unit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+
+class UnitdiffFormatter < DottedFormatter
+  def finish
+    print "\n\n#{@timer.format}\n"
+    count = 0
+    @exceptions.each do |exc|
+      outcome = exc.failure? ? "FAILED" : "ERROR"
+      print "\n#{count += 1})\n#{exc.description} #{outcome}\n"
+      print exc.message, ":\n"
+      print exc.backtrace, "\n"
+    end
+    print "\n#{@tally.format}\n"
+  end
+
+  def backtrace(exc)
+    exc.backtrace && exc.backtrace.join("\n")
+  end
+  private :backtrace
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/yaml.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/yaml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c05cc902f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/formatters/yaml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/base'
+
+class YamlFormatter < BaseFormatter
+  def initialize(out = nil)
+    super(nil)
+
+    if out.nil?
+      @finish = $stdout
+    else
+      @finish = File.open out, "w"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def switch
+    @out = @finish
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    switch
+
+    print "---\n"
+    print "exceptions:\n"
+    @exceptions.each do |exc|
+      outcome = exc.failure? ? "FAILED" : "ERROR"
+      str =  "#{exc.description} #{outcome}\n"
+      str << exc.message << "\n" << exc.backtrace
+      print "- ", str.inspect, "\n"
+    end
+
+    print "time: ",         @timer.elapsed,              "\n"
+    print "files: ",        @tally.counter.files,        "\n"
+    print "examples: ",     @tally.counter.examples,     "\n"
+    print "expectations: ", @tally.counter.expectations, "\n"
+    print "failures: ",     @tally.counter.failures,     "\n"
+    print "errors: ",       @tally.counter.errors,       "\n"
+    print "tagged: ",       @tally.counter.tagged,       "\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/mspec.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/mspec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8331086196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/mspec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/context'
+require 'mspec/runner/exception'
+require 'mspec/runner/tag'
+
+module MSpec
+end
+
+class MSpecEnv
+  include MSpec
+end
+
+module MSpec
+  @exit    = nil
+  @abort   = nil
+  @start   = nil
+  @enter   = nil
+  @before  = nil
+  @add     = nil
+  @after   = nil
+  @leave   = nil
+  @finish  = nil
+  @exclude = []
+  @include = []
+  @leave   = nil
+  @load    = nil
+  @unload  = nil
+  @tagged  = nil
+  @current = nil
+  @example = nil
+  @modes   = []
+  @shared  = {}
+  @guarded = []
+  @features     = {}
+  @exception    = nil
+  @randomize    = false
+  @repeat       = 1
+  @expectation  = nil
+  @expectations = false
+
+  class << self
+    attr_reader :file, :include, :exclude
+    attr_writer :repeat, :randomize
+    attr_accessor :formatter
+  end
+
+  def self.describe(description, options = nil, &block)
+    state = ContextState.new description, options
+    state.parent = current
+
+    MSpec.register_current state
+    state.describe(&block)
+
+    state.process unless state.shared? or current
+  end
+
+  def self.process
+    STDOUT.puts RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+    STDOUT.flush
+
+    actions :start
+    files
+    actions :finish
+  end
+
+  def self.files_array
+    @files
+  end
+
+  def self.each_file(&block)
+    if ENV["MSPEC_MULTI"]
+      while file = STDIN.gets
+        file = file.chomp
+        return if file == "QUIT"
+        yield file
+        begin
+          STDOUT.print "."
+          STDOUT.flush
+        rescue Errno::EPIPE
+          # The parent died
+          exit 1
+        end
+      end
+      # The parent closed the connection without QUIT
+      abort "the parent did not send QUIT"
+    else
+      return unless files = @files
+      shuffle files if randomize?
+      files.each(&block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.files
+    each_file do |file|
+      setup_env
+      @file = file
+      actions :load
+      protect("loading #{file}") { Kernel.load file }
+      actions :unload
+      raise "#{file} was executed but did not reset the current example: #{@current}" if @current
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.setup_env
+    @env = MSpecEnv.new
+  end
+
+  def self.actions(action, *args)
+    actions = retrieve(action)
+    actions.each { |obj| obj.send action, *args } if actions
+  end
+
+  def self.protect(location, &block)
+    begin
+      @env.instance_exec(&block)
+      return true
+    rescue SystemExit => e
+      raise e
+    rescue SkippedSpecError => e
+      return false
+    rescue Exception => exc
+      register_exit 1
+      actions :exception, ExceptionState.new(current && current.state, location, exc)
+      return false
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Guards can be nested, so a stack is necessary to know when we have
+  # exited the toplevel guard.
+  def self.guard
+    @guarded << true
+  end
+
+  def self.unguard
+    @guarded.pop
+  end
+
+  def self.guarded?
+    !@guarded.empty?
+  end
+
+  # Sets the toplevel ContextState to +state+.
+  def self.register_current(state)
+    @current = state
+  end
+
+  # Sets the toplevel ContextState to +nil+.
+  def self.clear_current
+    @current = nil
+  end
+
+  # Returns the toplevel ContextState.
+  def self.current
+    @current
+  end
+
+  # Stores the shared ContextState keyed by description.
+  def self.register_shared(state)
+    name = state.to_s
+    raise "duplicated shared #describe: #{name}" if @shared.key?(name)
+    @shared[name] = state
+  end
+
+  # Returns the shared ContextState matching description.
+  def self.retrieve_shared(desc)
+    @shared[desc.to_s]
+  end
+
+  # Stores the exit code used by the runner scripts.
+  def self.register_exit(code)
+    @exit = code
+  end
+
+  # Retrieves the stored exit code.
+  def self.exit_code
+    @exit.to_i
+  end
+
+  # Stores the list of files to be evaluated.
+  def self.register_files(files)
+    @files = files
+  end
+
+  # Stores one or more substitution patterns for transforming
+  # a spec filename into a tags filename, where each pattern
+  # has the form:
+  #
+  #   [Regexp, String]
+  #
+  # See also +tags_file+.
+  def self.register_tags_patterns(patterns)
+    @tags_patterns = patterns
+  end
+
+  # Registers an operating mode. Modes recognized by MSpec:
+  #
+  #   :pretend - actions execute but specs are not run
+  #   :verify - specs are run despite guards and the result is
+  #             verified to match the expectation of the guard
+  #   :report - specs that are guarded are reported
+  #   :unguarded - all guards are forced off
+  def self.register_mode(mode)
+    modes = @modes
+    modes << mode unless modes.include? mode
+  end
+
+  # Clears all registered modes.
+  def self.clear_modes
+    @modes = []
+  end
+
+  # Returns +true+ if +mode+ is registered.
+  def self.mode?(mode)
+    @modes.include? mode
+  end
+
+  def self.enable_feature(feature)
+    @features[feature] = true
+  end
+
+  def self.disable_feature(feature)
+    @features[feature] = false
+  end
+
+  def self.feature_enabled?(feature)
+    @features[feature] || false
+  end
+
+  def self.retrieve(symbol)
+    instance_variable_get :"@#{symbol}"
+  end
+
+  def self.store(symbol, value)
+    instance_variable_set :"@#{symbol}", value
+  end
+
+  # This method is used for registering actions that are
+  # run at particular points in the spec cycle:
+  #   :start        before any specs are run
+  #   :load         before a spec file is loaded
+  #   :enter        before a describe block is run
+  #   :before       before a single spec is run
+  #   :add          while a describe block is adding examples to run later
+  #   :expectation  before a 'should', 'should_receive', etc.
+  #   :example      after an example block is run, passed the block
+  #   :exception    after an exception is rescued
+  #   :after        after a single spec is run
+  #   :leave        after a describe block is run
+  #   :unload       after a spec file is run
+  #   :finish       after all specs are run
+  #
+  # Objects registered as actions above should respond to
+  # a method of the same name. For example, if an object
+  # is registered as a :start action, it should respond to
+  # a #start method call.
+  #
+  # Additionally, there are two "action" lists for
+  # filtering specs:
+  #   :include  return true if the spec should be run
+  #   :exclude  return true if the spec should NOT be run
+  #
+  def self.register(symbol, action)
+    unless value = retrieve(symbol)
+      value = store symbol, []
+    end
+    value << action unless value.include? action
+  end
+
+  def self.unregister(symbol, action)
+    if value = retrieve(symbol)
+      value.delete action
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.randomize?
+    @randomize
+  end
+
+  def self.repeat
+    if @repeat == 1
+      yield
+    else
+      @repeat.times do
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.shuffle(ary)
+    return if ary.empty?
+
+    size = ary.size
+    size.times do |i|
+      r = rand(size - i - 1)
+      ary[i], ary[r] = ary[r], ary[i]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Records that an expectation has been encountered in an example.
+  def self.expectation
+    @expectations = true
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if an expectation has been encountered
+  def self.expectation?
+    @expectations
+  end
+
+  # Resets the flag that an expectation has been encountered in an example.
+  def self.clear_expectations
+    @expectations = false
+  end
+
+  # Transforms a spec filename into a tags filename by applying each
+  # substitution pattern in :tags_pattern. The default patterns are:
+  #
+  #   [%r(/spec/), '/spec/tags/'], [/_spec.rb$/, '_tags.txt']
+  #
+  # which will perform the following transformation:
+  #
+  #   path/to/spec/class/method_spec.rb => path/to/spec/tags/class/method_tags.txt
+  #
+  # See also +register_tags_patterns+.
+  def self.tags_file
+    patterns = @tags_patterns ||
+               [[%r(spec/), 'spec/tags/'], [/_spec.rb$/, '_tags.txt']]
+    patterns.inject(@file.dup) do |file, pattern|
+      file.gsub(*pattern)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns a list of tags matching any tag string in +keys+ based
+  # on the return value of <tt>keys.include?("tag_name")</tt>
+  def self.read_tags(keys)
+    tags = []
+    file = tags_file
+    if File.exist? file
+      File.open(file, "r:utf-8") do |f|
+        f.each_line do |line|
+          line.chomp!
+          next if line.empty?
+          tag = SpecTag.new line
+          tags << tag if keys.include? tag.tag
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    tags
+  end
+
+  def self.make_tag_dir(path)
+    parent = File.dirname(path)
+    return if File.exist? parent
+    begin
+      Dir.mkdir(parent)
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      make_tag_dir(parent)
+      Dir.mkdir(parent)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Writes each tag in +tags+ to the tag file. Overwrites the
+  # tag file if it exists.
+  def self.write_tags(tags)
+    file = tags_file
+    make_tag_dir(file)
+    File.open(file, "w:utf-8") do |f|
+      tags.each { |t| f.puts t }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Writes +tag+ to the tag file if it does not already exist.
+  # Returns +true+ if the tag is written, +false+ otherwise.
+  def self.write_tag(tag)
+    tags = read_tags([tag.tag])
+    tags.each do |t|
+      if t.tag == tag.tag and t.description == tag.description
+        return false
+      end
+    end
+
+    file = tags_file
+    make_tag_dir(file)
+    File.open(file, "a:utf-8") { |f| f.puts tag.to_s }
+    return true
+  end
+
+  # Deletes +tag+ from the tag file if it exists. Returns +true+
+  # if the tag is deleted, +false+ otherwise. Deletes the tag
+  # file if it is empty.
+  def self.delete_tag(tag)
+    deleted = false
+    desc = tag.escape(tag.description)
+    file = tags_file
+    if File.exist? file
+      lines = IO.readlines(file)
+      File.open(file, "w:utf-8") do |f|
+        lines.each do |line|
+          line = line.chomp
+          if line.start_with?(tag.tag) and line.end_with?(desc)
+            deleted = true
+          else
+            f.puts line unless line.empty?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      File.delete file unless File.size? file
+    end
+    return deleted
+  end
+
+  # Removes the tag file associated with a spec file.
+  def self.delete_tags
+    file = tags_file
+    File.delete file if File.exist? file
+  end
+
+  # Initialize @env
+  setup_env
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/object.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/object.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58d98cc4df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/object.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+class Object
+  private def before(at = :each, &block)
+    MSpec.current.before at, &block
+  end
+
+  private def after(at = :each, &block)
+    MSpec.current.after at, &block
+  end
+
+  private def describe(description, options = nil, &block)
+    MSpec.describe description, options, &block
+  end
+
+  private def it(desc, &block)
+    MSpec.current.it desc, &block
+  end
+
+  private def it_should_behave_like(desc)
+    MSpec.current.it_should_behave_like desc
+  end
+
+  alias_method :context, :describe
+  private :context
+  alias_method :specify, :it
+  private :specify
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/parallel.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/parallel.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a9ecd155d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/parallel.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+class ParallelRunner
+  def initialize(files, processes, formatter, argv)
+    @files = files
+    @processes = processes
+    @formatter = formatter
+    @argv = argv
+    @last_files = {}
+    @output_files = []
+    @success = true
+  end
+
+  def launch_children
+    @children = @processes.times.map { |i|
+      name = tmp "mspec-multi-#{i}"
+      @output_files << name
+
+      env = {
+        "SPEC_TEMP_DIR" => "#{SPEC_TEMP_DIR}_#{i}",
+        "MSPEC_MULTI" => i.to_s
+      }
+      command = @argv + ["-fy", "-o", name]
+      $stderr.puts "$ #{command.join(' ')}" if $MSPEC_DEBUG
+      IO.popen([env, *command, close_others: false], "rb+")
+    }
+  end
+
+  def handle(child, message)
+    case message
+    when '.'
+      @formatter.unload
+      send_new_file_or_quit(child)
+    else
+      if message == nil
+        msg = "A child mspec-run process died unexpectedly"
+      else
+        msg = "A child mspec-run process printed unexpected output on STDOUT"
+        while chunk = (child.read_nonblock(4096) rescue nil)
+          message += chunk
+        end
+        message.chomp!('.')
+        msg += ": #{message.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      if last_file = @last_files[child]
+        msg += " while running #{last_file}"
+      end
+
+      @success = false
+      quit(child)
+      abort "\n#{msg}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def quit(child)
+    begin
+      child.puts "QUIT"
+    rescue Errno::EPIPE
+      # The child process already died
+    end
+    _pid, status = Process.wait2(child.pid)
+    @success &&= status.success?
+    child.close
+    @children.delete(child)
+  end
+
+  def send_new_file_or_quit(child)
+    if @files.empty?
+      quit(child)
+    else
+      file = @files.shift
+      @last_files[child] = file
+      child.puts file
+    end
+  end
+
+  def run
+    MSpec.register_files @files
+    launch_children
+
+    puts @children.map { |child| child.gets }.uniq
+    @formatter.start
+    begin
+      @children.each { |child| send_new_file_or_quit(child) }
+
+      until @children.empty?
+        IO.select(@children)[0].each { |child|
+          handle(child, child.read(1))
+        }
+      end
+    ensure
+      @children.dup.each { |child| quit(child) }
+      @formatter.aggregate_results(@output_files)
+      @formatter.finish
+    end
+
+    @success
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/shared.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/shared.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d68365474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/shared.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+
+def it_behaves_like(desc, meth, obj = nil)
+  send :before, :all do
+    @method = meth
+    @object = obj
+  end
+
+  send :it_should_behave_like, desc.to_s
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/tag.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/tag.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..820df9159e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/runner/tag.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+class SpecTag
+  attr_accessor :tag, :comment, :description
+
+  def initialize(string = nil)
+    parse(string) if string
+  end
+
+  def parse(string)
+    m = /^([^()#:]+)(\(([^)]+)?\))?:(.*)$/.match string
+    @tag, @comment, description = m.values_at(1, 3, 4) if m
+    @description = unescape description
+  end
+
+  def unescape(str)
+    return unless str
+    if str[0] == ?" and str[-1] == ?"
+      str[1..-2].gsub('\n', "\n")
+    else
+      str
+    end
+  end
+
+  def escape(str)
+    if str.include? "\n"
+      %["#{str.gsub("\n", '\n')}"]
+    else
+      str
+    end
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    "#{@tag}#{ "(#{@comment})" if @comment }:#{escape @description}"
+  end
+
+  def ==(o)
+    @tag == o.tag and @comment == o.comment and @description == o.description
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/deprecate.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/deprecate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1db843b329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/deprecate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module MSpec
+  def self.deprecate(what, replacement)
+    user_caller = caller.find { |line| !line.include?('lib/mspec') }
+    $stderr.puts "\n#{what} is deprecated, use #{replacement} instead.\nfrom #{user_caller}"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/format.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/format.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..425dd4d11c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/format.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# If the implementation on which the specs are run cannot
+# load pp from the standard library, add a pp.rb file that
+# defines the #pretty_inspect method on Object or Kernel.
+begin
+  require 'pp'
+rescue LoadError
+  module Kernel
+    def pretty_inspect
+      inspect
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module MSpec
+  def self.format(obj)
+    if String === obj and obj.include?("\n")
+      "\n#{obj.inspect.gsub('\n', "\n")}"
+    else
+      obj.pretty_inspect.chomp
+    end
+  rescue => e
+    "#<#{obj.class}>(#pretty_inspect raised #{e.inspect})"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/name_map.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/name_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a389b9d1de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/name_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+class NameMap
+  MAP = {
+    '`'   => 'backtick',
+    '+'   => 'plus',
+    '-'   => 'minus',
+    '+@'  => 'uplus',
+    '-@'  => 'uminus',
+    '*'   => 'multiply',
+    '/'   => 'divide',
+    '%'   => 'modulo',
+    '<<'  => {'Integer' => 'left_shift',
+              'IO'      => 'output',
+              :default  => 'append' },
+    '>>'  => 'right_shift',
+    '<'   => 'lt',
+    '<='  => 'lte',
+    '>'   => 'gt',
+    '>='  => 'gte',
+    '='   => 'assignment',
+    '=='  => 'equal_value',
+    '===' => 'case_compare',
+    '<=>' => 'comparison',
+    '[]'  => 'element_reference',
+    '[]=' => 'element_set',
+    '**'  => 'exponent',
+    '!'   => 'not',
+    '~'   => {'Integer' => 'complement',
+              :default  => 'match' },
+    '!='  => 'not_equal',
+    '!~'  => 'not_match',
+    '=~'  => 'match',
+    '&'   => {'Integer'    => 'bit_and',
+              'Array'      => 'intersection',
+              'Set'        => 'intersection',
+              :default     => 'and' },
+    '|'   => {'Integer'    => 'bit_or',
+              'Array'      => 'union',
+              'Set'        => 'union',
+              :default     => 'or' },
+    '^'   => {'Integer'    => 'bit_xor',
+              'Set'        => 'exclusion',
+              :default     => 'xor' },
+  }
+
+  EXCLUDED = %w[
+    MSpecScript
+    MkSpec
+    MSpecOption
+    MSpecOptions
+    NameMap
+    SpecVersion
+  ]
+
+  def initialize(filter = false)
+    @seen = {}
+    @filter = filter
+  end
+
+  def exception?(name)
+    return false unless c = class_or_module(name)
+    c == Errno or c.ancestors.include? Exception
+  end
+
+  def class_or_module(c)
+    const = Object.const_get(c, false)
+    filtered = @filter && EXCLUDED.include?(const.name)
+    return const if Module === const and !filtered
+  rescue NameError
+  end
+
+  def namespace(mod, const)
+    return const.to_s if mod.nil? or %w[Object Class Module].include? mod
+    "#{mod}::#{const}"
+  end
+
+  def map(hash, constants, mod = nil)
+    @seen = {} unless mod
+
+    constants.each do |const|
+      name = namespace mod, const
+      m = class_or_module name
+      next unless m and !@seen[m]
+      @seen[m] = true
+
+      ms = m.methods(false).map { |x| x.to_s }
+      hash["#{name}."] = ms.sort unless ms.empty?
+
+      ms = m.public_instance_methods(false) +
+           m.protected_instance_methods(false)
+      ms.map! { |x| x.to_s }
+      hash["#{name}#"] = ms.sort unless ms.empty?
+
+      map hash, m.constants(false), name
+    end
+
+    hash
+  end
+
+  def dir_name(c, base)
+    return File.join(base, 'exception') if exception? c
+
+    c.split('::').inject(base) do |dir, name|
+      name.gsub!(/Class/, '') unless name == 'Class'
+      File.join dir, name.downcase
+    end
+  end
+
+  def file_name(m, c)
+    if MAP.key?(m)
+      mapping = MAP[m]
+      if mapping.is_a?(Hash)
+        name = mapping[c.split('::').last] || mapping.fetch(:default)
+      else
+        name = mapping
+      end
+    else
+      name = m.gsub(/[?!=]/, '')
+    end
+    "#{name}_spec.rb"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/options.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/options.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bef1dbdd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/options.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+require 'mspec/version'
+
+MSPEC_HOME = File.expand_path('../../../..', __FILE__)
+
+class MSpecOption
+  attr_reader :short, :long, :arg, :description, :block
+
+  def initialize(short, long, arg, description, block)
+    @short       = short
+    @long        = long
+    @arg         = arg
+    @description = description
+    @block       = block
+  end
+
+  def arg?
+    @arg != nil
+  end
+
+  def match?(opt)
+    opt == @short or opt == @long
+  end
+end
+
+# MSpecOptions provides a parser for command line options. It also
+# provides a composable set of options from which the runner scripts
+# can select for their particular functionality.
+class MSpecOptions
+  # Raised if incorrect or incomplete formats are passed to #on.
+  class OptionError < Exception; end
+
+  # Raised if an unrecognized option is encountered.
+  class ParseError < Exception; end
+
+  attr_accessor :config, :banner, :width, :options
+
+  def initialize(banner = "", width = 30, config = nil)
+    @banner   = banner
+    @config   = config
+    @width    = width
+    @options  = []
+    @doc      = []
+    @extra    = []
+    @on_extra = lambda { |x|
+      raise ParseError, "Unrecognized option: #{x}" if x[0] == ?-
+      @extra << x
+    }
+
+    yield self if block_given?
+  end
+
+  # Registers an option. Acceptable formats for arguments are:
+  #
+  #  on "-a", "description"
+  #  on "-a", "--abdc", "description"
+  #  on "-a", "ARG", "description"
+  #  on "--abdc", "ARG", "description"
+  #  on "-a", "--abdc", "ARG", "description"
+  #
+  # If an block is passed, it will be invoked when the option is
+  # matched. Not passing a block is permitted, but nonsensical.
+  def on(*args, &block)
+    raise OptionError, "option and description are required" if args.size < 2
+
+    description = args.pop
+    short, long, argument = nil
+    args.each do |arg|
+      if arg[0] == ?-
+        if arg[1] == ?-
+          long = arg
+        else
+          short = arg
+        end
+      else
+        argument = arg
+      end
+    end
+
+    add short, long, argument, description, block
+  end
+
+  # Adds documentation text for an option and adds an +MSpecOption+
+  # instance to the list of registered options.
+  def add(short, long, arg, description, block)
+    s = short ? short.dup : "  "
+    s += (short ? ", " : "  ") if long
+    doc "   #{s}#{long} #{arg}".ljust(@width-1) + " #{description}"
+    @options << MSpecOption.new(short, long, arg, description, block)
+  end
+
+  # Searches all registered options to find a match for +opt+. Returns
+  # +nil+ if no registered options match.
+  def match?(opt)
+    @options.find { |o| o.match? opt }
+  end
+
+  # Processes an option. Calls the #on_extra block (or default) for
+  # unrecognized options. For registered options, possibly fetches an
+  # argument and invokes the option's block if it is not nil.
+  def process(argv, entry, opt, arg)
+    unless option = match?(opt)
+      @on_extra[entry]
+    else
+      if option.arg?
+        arg = argv.shift if arg.nil?
+        raise ParseError, "No argument provided for #{opt}" unless arg
+        option.block[arg] if option.block
+      else
+        option.block[] if option.block
+      end
+    end
+    option
+  end
+
+  # Splits a string at +n+ characters into the +opt+ and the +rest+.
+  # The +arg+ is set to +nil+ if +rest+ is an empty string.
+  def split(str, n)
+    opt  = str[0, n]
+    rest = str[n, str.size]
+    arg  = rest == "" ? nil : rest
+    return opt, arg, rest
+  end
+
+  # Parses an array of command line entries, calling blocks for
+  # registered options.
+  def parse(argv = ARGV)
+    argv = Array(argv).dup
+
+    while entry = argv.shift
+      # collect everything that is not an option
+      if entry[0] != ?- or entry.size < 2
+        @on_extra[entry]
+        next
+      end
+
+      # this is a long option
+      if entry[1] == ?-
+        opt, arg = entry.split "="
+        process argv, entry, opt, arg
+        next
+      end
+
+      # disambiguate short option group from short option with argument
+      opt, arg, rest = split entry, 2
+
+      # process first option
+      option = process argv, entry, opt, arg
+      next unless option and !option.arg?
+
+      # process the rest of the options
+      while rest.size > 0
+        opt, arg, rest = split rest, 1
+        opt = "-" + opt
+        option = process argv, opt, opt, arg
+        break if !option or option.arg?
+      end
+    end
+
+    @extra
+  rescue ParseError => e
+    puts self
+    puts e
+    exit 1
+  end
+
+  # Adds a string of documentation text inline in the text generated
+  # from the options. See #on and #add.
+  def doc(str)
+    @doc << str
+  end
+
+  # Convenience method for providing -v, --version options.
+  def version(version, &block)
+    show = block || lambda { puts "#{File.basename $0} #{version}"; exit }
+    on "-v", "--version", "Show version", &show
+  end
+
+  # Convenience method for providing -h, --help options.
+  def help(&block)
+    help = block || lambda { puts self; exit 1 }
+    on "-h", "--help", "Show this message", &help
+  end
+
+  # Stores a block that will be called with unrecognized options
+  def on_extra(&block)
+    @on_extra = block
+  end
+
+  # Returns a string representation of the options and doc strings.
+  def to_s
+    @banner + "\n\n" + @doc.join("\n") + "\n"
+  end
+
+  # The methods below provide groups of options that
+  # are composed by the particular runners to provide
+  # their functionality
+
+  def configure(&block)
+    on("-B", "--config", "FILE",
+       "Load FILE containing configuration options", &block)
+  end
+
+  def targets
+    on("-t", "--target", "TARGET",
+       "Implementation to run the specs, where TARGET is:") do |t|
+      case t
+      when 'r', 'ruby'
+        config[:target] = 'ruby'
+      when 'x', 'rubinius'
+        config[:target] = './bin/rbx'
+      when 'X', 'rbx'
+        config[:target] = 'rbx'
+      when 'j', 'jruby'
+        config[:target] = 'jruby'
+      when 'i','ironruby'
+        config[:target] = 'ir'
+      when 'm','maglev'
+        config[:target] = 'maglev-ruby'
+      when 't','topaz'
+        config[:target] = 'topaz'
+      when 'o','opal'
+        mspec_lib = File.expand_path('../../../', __FILE__)
+        config[:target] = "./bin/opal -syaml -sfileutils -rnodejs -rnodejs/require -rnodejs/yaml -rprocess -Derror -I#{mspec_lib} -I./lib/ -I. "
+      else
+        config[:target] = t
+      end
+    end
+
+    doc ""
+    doc "     r or ruby         invokes ruby in PATH"
+    doc "     x or rubinius     invokes ./bin/rbx"
+    doc "     X or rbx          invokes rbx in PATH"
+    doc "     j or jruby        invokes jruby in PATH"
+    doc "     i or ironruby     invokes ir in PATH"
+    doc "     m or maglev       invokes maglev-ruby in PATH"
+    doc "     t or topaz        invokes topaz in PATH"
+    doc "     o or opal         invokes ./bin/opal with options"
+    doc "     full path to EXE  invokes EXE directly\n"
+
+    on("-T", "--target-opt", "OPT",
+       "Pass OPT as a flag to the target implementation") do |t|
+      config[:flags] << t
+    end
+    on("-I", "--include", "DIR",
+       "Pass DIR through as the -I option to the target") do |d|
+      config[:loadpath] << "-I#{d}"
+    end
+    on("-r", "--require", "LIBRARY",
+       "Pass LIBRARY through as the -r option to the target") do |f|
+      config[:requires] << "-r#{f}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def formatters
+    on("-f", "--format", "FORMAT",
+       "Formatter for reporting, where FORMAT is one of:") do |o|
+      require 'mspec/runner/formatters'
+      case o
+      when 's', 'spec', 'specdoc'
+        config[:formatter] = SpecdocFormatter
+      when 'h', 'html'
+        config[:formatter] = HtmlFormatter
+      when 'd', 'dot', 'dotted'
+        config[:formatter] = DottedFormatter
+      when 'b', 'describe'
+        config[:formatter] = DescribeFormatter
+      when 'f', 'file'
+        config[:formatter] = FileFormatter
+      when 'u', 'unit', 'unitdiff'
+        config[:formatter] = UnitdiffFormatter
+      when 'm', 'summary'
+        config[:formatter] = SummaryFormatter
+      when 'a', '*', 'spin'
+        config[:formatter] = SpinnerFormatter
+      when 't', 'method'
+        config[:formatter] = MethodFormatter
+      when 'e', 'stats'
+        config[:formatter] = StatsPerFileFormatter
+      when 'y', 'yaml'
+        config[:formatter] = YamlFormatter
+      when 'p', 'profile'
+        config[:formatter] = ProfileFormatter
+      when 'j', 'junit'
+        config[:formatter] = JUnitFormatter
+      else
+        abort "Unknown format: #{o}" unless File.exist?(o)
+        require File.expand_path(o)
+        if Object.const_defined?(:CUSTOM_MSPEC_FORMATTER)
+          config[:formatter] = CUSTOM_MSPEC_FORMATTER
+        else
+          abort "You must define CUSTOM_MSPEC_FORMATTER in your custom formatter file"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    doc ""
+    doc "       s, spec, specdoc         SpecdocFormatter"
+    doc "       h, html,                 HtmlFormatter"
+    doc "       d, dot, dotted           DottedFormatter"
+    doc "       f, file                  FileFormatter"
+    doc "       u, unit, unitdiff        UnitdiffFormatter"
+    doc "       m, summary               SummaryFormatter"
+    doc "       a, *, spin               SpinnerFormatter"
+    doc "       t, method                MethodFormatter"
+    doc "       e, stats                 StatsPerFileFormatter"
+    doc "       y, yaml                  YamlFormatter"
+    doc "       p, profile               ProfileFormatter"
+    doc "       j, junit                 JUnitFormatter\n"
+
+    on("-o", "--output", "FILE",
+       "Write formatter output to FILE") do |f|
+      config[:output] = f
+    end
+  end
+
+  def filters
+    on("-e", "--example", "STR",
+       "Run examples with descriptions matching STR") do |o|
+      config[:includes] << o
+    end
+    on("-E", "--exclude", "STR",
+       "Exclude examples with descriptions matching STR") do |o|
+      config[:excludes] << o
+    end
+    on("-p", "--pattern", "PATTERN",
+       "Run examples with descriptions matching PATTERN") do |o|
+      config[:patterns] << Regexp.new(o)
+    end
+    on("-P", "--excl-pattern", "PATTERN",
+       "Exclude examples with descriptions matching PATTERN") do |o|
+      config[:xpatterns] << Regexp.new(o)
+    end
+    on("-g", "--tag", "TAG",
+       "Run examples with descriptions matching ones tagged with TAG") do |o|
+      config[:tags] << o
+    end
+    on("-G", "--excl-tag", "TAG",
+       "Exclude examples with descriptions matching ones tagged with TAG") do |o|
+      config[:xtags] << o
+    end
+    on("-w", "--profile", "FILE",
+       "Run examples for methods listed in the profile FILE") do |f|
+      config[:profiles] << f
+    end
+    on("-W", "--excl-profile", "FILE",
+       "Exclude examples for methods listed in the profile FILE") do |f|
+      config[:xprofiles] << f
+    end
+  end
+
+  def chdir
+    on("-C", "--chdir", "DIR",
+       "Change the working directory to DIR before running specs") do |d|
+      Dir.chdir d
+    end
+  end
+
+  def prefix
+    on("--prefix", "STR", "Prepend STR when resolving spec file names") do |p|
+      config[:prefix] = p
+    end
+  end
+
+  def pretend
+    on("-Z", "--dry-run",
+       "Invoke formatters and other actions, but don't execute the specs") do
+      MSpec.register_mode :pretend
+    end
+  end
+
+  def unguarded
+    on("--unguarded", "Turn off all guards") do
+      MSpec.register_mode :unguarded
+    end
+    on("--no-ruby_bug", "Turn off the ruby_bug guard") do
+      MSpec.register_mode :no_ruby_bug
+    end
+  end
+
+  def randomize
+    on("-H", "--random",
+       "Randomize the list of spec files") do
+      MSpec.randomize = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def repeat
+    on("-R", "--repeat", "NUMBER",
+       "Repeatedly run an example NUMBER times") do |o|
+      MSpec.repeat = Integer(o)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def verbose
+    on("-V", "--verbose", "Output the name of each file processed") do
+      obj = Object.new
+      def obj.start
+        @width = MSpec.files_array.inject(0) { |max, f| f.size > max ? f.size : max }
+      end
+      def obj.load
+        file = MSpec.file
+        STDERR.print "\n#{file.ljust(@width)}\n"
+      end
+      MSpec.register :start, obj
+      MSpec.register :load, obj
+    end
+
+    on("-m", "--marker", "MARKER",
+       "Output MARKER for each file processed") do |o|
+      obj = Object.new
+      obj.instance_variable_set :@marker, o
+      def obj.load
+        STDERR.print @marker
+      end
+      MSpec.register :load, obj
+    end
+  end
+
+  def interrupt
+    on("--int-spec", "Control-C interrupts the current spec only") do
+      config[:abort] = false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def timeout
+    on("--timeout", "TIMEOUT", "Abort if a spec takes longer than TIMEOUT seconds") do |timeout|
+      require 'mspec/runner/actions/timeout'
+      timeout = Float(timeout)
+      TimeoutAction.new(timeout).register
+    end
+  end
+
+  def verify
+    on("--report-on", "GUARD", "Report specs guarded by GUARD") do |g|
+      MSpec.register_mode :report_on
+      SpecGuard.guards << g.to_sym
+    end
+    on("-O", "--report", "Report guarded specs") do
+      MSpec.register_mode :report
+    end
+    on("-Y", "--verify",
+       "Verify that guarded specs pass and fail as expected") do
+      MSpec.register_mode :verify
+    end
+  end
+
+  def action_filters
+    on("-K", "--action-tag", "TAG",
+       "Spec descriptions marked with TAG will trigger the specified action") do |o|
+      config[:atags] << o
+    end
+    on("-S", "--action-string", "STR",
+       "Spec descriptions matching STR will trigger the specified action") do |o|
+      config[:astrings] << o
+    end
+  end
+
+  def actions
+    on("--spec-debug",
+       "Invoke the debugger when a spec description matches (see -K, -S)") do
+      config[:debugger] = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def debug
+    on("-d", "--debug",
+       "Set MSpec debugging flag for more verbose output") do
+      $MSPEC_DEBUG = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def all
+    configure {}
+    targets
+    formatters
+    filters
+    chdir
+    prefix
+    pretend
+    unguarded
+    randomize
+    repeat
+    verbose
+    interrupt
+    timeout
+    verify
+    action_filters
+    actions
+    debug
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/script.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/script.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e3478ef7b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/script.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+require 'mspec/guards/version'
+require 'mspec/utils/warnings'
+
+# MSpecScript provides a skeleton for all the MSpec runner scripts.
+class MSpecScript
+  # Returns the config object. Maintained at the class
+  # level to easily enable simple config files. See the
+  # class method +set+.
+  def self.config
+    @config ||= {
+      :path => ['.', 'spec'],
+      :config_ext => '.mspec'
+    }
+  end
+
+  # Associates +value+ with +key+ in the config object. Enables
+  # simple config files of the form:
+  #
+  #   class MSpecScript
+  #     set :target, "ruby"
+  #     set :files, ["one_spec.rb", "two_spec.rb"]
+  #   end
+  def self.set(key, value)
+    config[key] = value
+  end
+
+  # Gets the value of +key+ from the config object. Simplifies
+  # getting values in a config file:
+  #
+  #   class MSpecScript
+  #     set :a, 1
+  #     set :b, 2
+  #     set :c, get(:a) + get(:b)
+  #   end
+  def self.get(key)
+    config[key]
+  end
+
+  def initialize
+    ruby_version_is ""..."2.5" do
+      abort "MSpec needs Ruby 2.5 or more recent"
+    end
+
+    config[:formatter] = nil
+    config[:includes]  = []
+    config[:excludes]  = []
+    config[:patterns]  = []
+    config[:xpatterns] = []
+    config[:tags]      = []
+    config[:xtags]     = []
+    config[:profiles]  = []
+    config[:xprofiles] = []
+    config[:atags]     = []
+    config[:astrings]  = []
+    config[:ltags]     = []
+    config[:abort]     = true
+    @loaded = []
+  end
+
+  # Returns the config object maintained by the instance's class.
+  # See the class methods +set+ and +config+.
+  def config
+    MSpecScript.config
+  end
+
+  # Returns +true+ if the file was located in +config[:path]+,
+  # possibly appending +config[:config_ext]. Returns +false+
+  # otherwise.
+  def try_load(target)
+    names = [target]
+    unless target[-6..-1] == config[:config_ext]
+      names << target + config[:config_ext]
+    end
+
+    names.each do |name|
+      config[:path].each do |dir|
+        file = File.expand_path name, dir
+        if @loaded.include?(file)
+          return true
+        elsif File.exist? file
+          value = Kernel.load(file)
+          @loaded << file
+          return value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    false
+  end
+
+  def load(target)
+    try_load(target) or abort "Could not load config file #{target}"
+  end
+
+  # Attempts to load a default config file. First tries to load
+  # 'default.mspec'. If that fails, attempts to load a config
+  # file name constructed from the value of RUBY_ENGINE and the
+  # first two numbers in RUBY_VERSION. For example, on MRI 1.8.6,
+  # the file name would be 'ruby.1.8.mspec'.
+  def load_default
+    try_load 'default.mspec'
+
+    if Object.const_defined?(:RUBY_ENGINE)
+      engine = RUBY_ENGINE
+    else
+      engine = 'ruby'
+    end
+    try_load "#{engine}.#{SpecGuard.ruby_version}.mspec"
+    try_load "#{engine}.mspec"
+  end
+
+  # Callback for enabling custom options. This version is a no-op.
+  # Provide an implementation specific version in a config file.
+  # Called by #options after the MSpec-provided options are added.
+  def custom_options(options)
+    options.doc "   No custom options registered"
+  end
+
+  # Registers all filters and actions.
+  def register
+    require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+    require 'mspec/runner/formatters/spinner'
+    require 'mspec/runner/formatters/file'
+    require 'mspec/runner/filters'
+
+    if formatter = config_formatter
+      formatter.register
+      MSpec.formatter = formatter
+    end
+
+    MatchFilter.new(:include, *config[:includes]).register    unless config[:includes].empty?
+    MatchFilter.new(:exclude, *config[:excludes]).register    unless config[:excludes].empty?
+    RegexpFilter.new(:include, *config[:patterns]).register   unless config[:patterns].empty?
+    RegexpFilter.new(:exclude, *config[:xpatterns]).register  unless config[:xpatterns].empty?
+    TagFilter.new(:include, *config[:tags]).register          unless config[:tags].empty?
+    TagFilter.new(:exclude, *config[:xtags]).register         unless config[:xtags].empty?
+    ProfileFilter.new(:include, *config[:profiles]).register  unless config[:profiles].empty?
+    ProfileFilter.new(:exclude, *config[:xprofiles]).register unless config[:xprofiles].empty?
+
+    DebugAction.new(config[:atags], config[:astrings]).register if config[:debugger]
+
+    custom_register
+  end
+
+  # Makes a formatter specified by :formatter option.
+  def config_formatter
+    if config[:formatter].nil?
+      config[:formatter] = STDOUT.tty? ? SpinnerFormatter : @files.size < 50 ? DottedFormatter : FileFormatter
+    end
+
+    if config[:formatter]
+      config[:formatter].new(config[:output])
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Callback for enabling custom actions, etc. This version is a
+  # no-op. Provide an implementation specific version in a config
+  # file. Called by #register.
+  def custom_register
+  end
+
+  # Sets up signal handlers. Only a handler for SIGINT is
+  # registered currently.
+  def signals
+    if config[:abort]
+      Signal.trap "INT" do
+        MSpec.actions :abort
+        puts "\nProcess aborted!"
+        exit! 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Attempts to resolve +partial+ as a file or directory name in the
+  # following order:
+  #
+  #   1. +partial+
+  #   2. +partial+ + "_spec.rb"
+  #   3. <tt>File.join(config[:prefix], partial)</tt>
+  #   4. <tt>File.join(config[:prefix], partial + "_spec.rb")</tt>
+  #
+  # If it is a file name, returns the name as an entry in an array.
+  # If it is a directory, returns all *_spec.rb files in the
+  # directory and subdirectories.
+  #
+  # If unable to resolve +partial+, +Kernel.abort+ is called.
+  def entries(partial)
+    file = partial + "_spec.rb"
+    patterns = [partial, file]
+    if config[:prefix]
+      patterns << File.join(config[:prefix], partial)
+      patterns << File.join(config[:prefix], file)
+    end
+
+    patterns.each do |pattern|
+      begin
+        expanded = File.realpath(pattern)
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::ENOTDIR
+        next
+      end
+      if File.file?(expanded) && expanded.end_with?('.rb')
+        return [expanded]
+      elsif File.directory?(expanded)
+        specs = Dir["#{expanded}/**/*_spec.rb"].sort
+        return specs unless specs.empty?
+      end
+    end
+
+    abort "Could not find spec file #{partial}"
+  end
+
+  # Resolves each entry in +patterns+ to a set of files.
+  #
+  # If the pattern has a leading '^' character, the list of files
+  # is subtracted from the list of files accumulated to that point.
+  #
+  # If the entry has a leading ':' character, the corresponding
+  # key is looked up in the config object and the entries in the
+  # value retrieved are processed through #entries.
+  def files(patterns)
+    list = []
+    patterns.each do |pattern|
+      case pattern[0]
+      when ?^
+        list -= entries(pattern[1..-1])
+      when ?:
+        key = pattern[1..-1].to_sym
+        value = config[key]
+        abort "Key #{pattern} not found in mspec config." unless value
+        list += files(Array(value))
+      else
+        list += entries(pattern)
+      end
+    end
+    list
+  end
+
+  def files_from_patterns(patterns)
+    unless $0.end_with?("_spec.rb")
+      if patterns.empty?
+        patterns = config[:files]
+      end
+      if patterns.empty? and File.directory? "./spec"
+        patterns = ["spec/"]
+      end
+    end
+    list = files(patterns)
+    abort "No files specified." if list.empty?
+    list
+  end
+
+  def cores(max)
+    require 'etc'
+    [Etc.nprocessors, max].min
+  end
+
+  def setup_env
+    ENV['MSPEC_RUNNER'] = '1'
+
+    unless ENV['RUBY_EXE']
+      ENV['RUBY_EXE'] = config[:target] if config[:target]
+    end
+
+    unless ENV['RUBY_FLAGS']
+      ENV['RUBY_FLAGS'] = config[:flags].join(" ") if config[:flags]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Instantiates an instance and calls the series of methods to
+  # invoke the script.
+  def self.main
+    script = new
+    script.load_default
+    script.try_load '~/.mspecrc'
+    script.options
+    script.signals
+    script.register
+    script.setup_env
+    require 'mspec'
+    script.run
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/version.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c1c58b8df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+class SpecVersion
+  # If beginning implementations have a problem with this include, we can
+  # manually implement the relational operators that are needed.
+  include Comparable
+
+  # SpecVersion handles comparison correctly for the context by filling in
+  # missing version parts according to the value of +ceil+. If +ceil+ is
+  # +false+, 0 digits fill in missing version parts. If +ceil+ is +true+, 9
+  # digits fill in missing parts. (See e.g. VersionGuard and BugGuard.)
+  def initialize(version, ceil = false)
+    @version = version
+    @ceil    = ceil
+    @integer = nil
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    @version
+  end
+
+  def to_str
+    to_s
+  end
+
+  # Converts a string representation of a version major.minor.tiny
+  # to an integer representation so that comparisons can be made. For example,
+  # "2.2.10" < "2.2.2" would be false if compared as strings.
+  def to_i
+    unless @integer
+      major, minor, tiny = @version.split "."
+      if @ceil
+        tiny = 99 unless tiny
+      end
+      parts = [major, minor, tiny].map { |x| x.to_i }
+      @integer = ("1%02d%02d%02d" % parts).to_i
+    end
+    @integer
+  end
+
+  def to_int
+    to_i
+  end
+
+  def <=>(other)
+    if other.respond_to? :to_int
+      other = Integer(other.to_int)
+    else
+      other = SpecVersion.new(String(other)).to_i
+    end
+
+    self.to_i <=> other
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/warnings.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/warnings.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..288dbe71aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/utils/warnings.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+require 'mspec/guards/version'
+
+# Always enable deprecation warnings when running MSpec, as ruby/spec tests for them,
+# and like in most test frameworks, all warnings should be enabled by default (same as -w).
+if Object.const_defined?(:Warning) and Warning.respond_to?(:[]=)
+  Warning[:deprecated] = true
+end
+
+if Object.const_defined?(:Warning) and Warning.respond_to?(:warn)
+  def Warning.warn(message)
+    # Suppress any warning inside the method to prevent recursion
+    verbose = $VERBOSE
+    $VERBOSE = nil
+
+    if Thread.current[:in_mspec_complain_matcher]
+      return $stderr.write(message)
+    end
+
+    case message
+    # $VERBOSE = true warnings
+    when /(.+\.rb):(\d+):.+possibly useless use of (<|<=|==|>=|>) in void context/
+      # Make sure there is a .should otherwise it is missing
+      line_nb = Integer($2)
+      unless File.exist?($1) and /\.should(_not)? (<|<=|==|>=|>)/ === File.readlines($1)[line_nb-1]
+        $stderr.write message
+      end
+    when /possibly useless use of (\+|-) in void context/
+    when /assigned but unused variable/
+    when /method redefined/
+    when /previous definition of/
+    when /instance variable @.+ not initialized/
+    when /statement not reached/
+    when /shadowing outer local variable/
+    when /setting Encoding.default_(in|ex)ternal/
+    when /unknown (un)?pack directive/
+    when /(un)?trust(ed\?)? is deprecated/
+    when /\.exists\? is a deprecated name/
+    when /Float .+ out of range/
+    when /passing a block to String#(bytes|chars|codepoints|lines) is deprecated/
+    when /core\/string\/modulo_spec\.rb:\d+: warning: too many arguments for format string/
+    when /regexp\/shared\/new_ascii(_8bit)?\.rb:\d+: warning: Unknown escape .+ is ignored/
+
+    # $VERBOSE = false warnings
+    when /constant ::(Fixnum|Bignum) is deprecated/
+    when /\/(argf|io|stringio)\/.+(ARGF|IO)#(lines|chars|bytes|codepoints) is deprecated/
+    when /Thread\.exclusive is deprecated.+\n.+thread\/exclusive_spec\.rb/
+    when /hash\/shared\/index\.rb:\d+: warning: Hash#index is deprecated; use Hash#key/
+    when /exponent(_spec)?\.rb:\d+: warning: in a\*\*b, b may be too big/
+    when /enumerator\/(new_spec|initialize_spec)\.rb:\d+: warning: Enumerator\.new without a block is deprecated/
+    when /Pattern matching is experimental, and the behavior may change in future versions of Ruby!/
+    else
+      $stderr.write message
+    end
+  ensure
+    $VERBOSE = verbose
+  end
+else
+  $VERBOSE = nil unless ENV['OUTPUT_WARNINGS']
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/version.rb b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9126f5366e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/lib/mspec/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require 'mspec/utils/version'
+
+module MSpec
+  VERSION = SpecVersion.new "1.8.0"
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/four.txt b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/four.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/four.txt
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/level2/three_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/level2/three_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b13789179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/level2/three_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/one_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/one_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b13789179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/one_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/three.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/three.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b13789179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/three.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/two_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/two_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b13789179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/fixtures/two_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mkspec_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mkspec_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b959dcb78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mkspec_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/commands/mkspec'
+
+
+describe "The -c, --constant CONSTANT option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options = MSpecOptions.new
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @config = @script.config
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-c", "--constant", "CONSTANT",
+      an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "adds CONSTANT to the list of constants" do
+    ["-c", "--constant"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:constants] = []
+      @script.options [opt, "Object"]
+      @config[:constants].should include("Object")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -b, --base DIR option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options = MSpecOptions.new
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @config = @script.config
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-b", "--base", "DIR",
+      an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "sets the base directory relative to which the spec directories are created" do
+    ["-b", "--base"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:base] = nil
+      @script.options [opt, "superspec"]
+      @config[:base].should == File.expand_path("superspec")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -r, --require LIBRARY option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options = MSpecOptions.new
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @config = @script.config
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-r", "--require", "LIBRARY",
+      an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "adds CONSTANT to the list of constants" do
+    ["-r", "--require"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:requires] = []
+      @script.options [opt, "libspec"]
+      @config[:requires].should include("libspec")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -V, --version-guard VERSION option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options = MSpecOptions.new
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @config = @script.config
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-V", "--version-guard", "VERSION",
+      an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "sets the version for the ruby_version_is guards to VERSION" do
+    ["-r", "--require"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:requires] = []
+      @script.options [opt, "libspec"]
+      @config[:requires].should include("libspec")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe MkSpec, "#options" do
+  before :each do
+    @options = MSpecOptions.new
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+  end
+
+  it "parses the command line options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:parse).with(["--this", "and", "--that"])
+    @script.options ["--this", "and", "--that"]
+  end
+
+  it "parses ARGV unless passed other options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:parse).with(ARGV)
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "prints help and exits if passed an unrecognized option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:raise).with(MSpecOptions::ParseError, an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.stub(:puts)
+    @options.stub(:exit)
+    @script.options ["--iunknown"]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MkSpec, "#create_directory" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @script.config[:base] = "spec"
+  end
+
+  it "prints a warning if a file with the directory name exists" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:directory?).and_return(false)
+    FileUtils.should_not_receive(:mkdir_p)
+    @script.should_receive(:puts).with("spec/class already exists and is not a directory.")
+    @script.create_directory("Class").should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "does nothing if the directory already exists" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:directory?).and_return(true)
+    FileUtils.should_not_receive(:mkdir_p)
+    @script.create_directory("Class").should == "spec/class"
+  end
+
+  it "creates the directory if it does not exist" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).and_return(false)
+    @script.should_receive(:mkdir_p).with("spec/class")
+    @script.create_directory("Class").should == "spec/class"
+  end
+
+  it "creates the directory for a namespaced module if it does not exist" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).and_return(false)
+    @script.should_receive(:mkdir_p).with("spec/struct/tms")
+    @script.create_directory("Struct::Tms").should == "spec/struct/tms"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MkSpec, "#write_requires" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @script.config[:base] = "spec"
+
+    @file = double("file")
+    File.stub(:open).and_yield(@file)
+  end
+
+  it "writes the spec_helper require line" do
+    @file.should_receive(:puts).with("require_relative '../../../spec_helper'")
+    @script.write_requires("spec/core/tcejbo", "spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+  end
+
+  it "writes require lines for each library specified on the command line" do
+    @file.stub(:puts)
+    @file.should_receive(:puts).with("require_relative '../../../spec_helper'")
+    @file.should_receive(:puts).with("require 'complex'")
+    @script.config[:requires] << 'complex'
+    @script.write_requires("spec/core/tcejbo", "spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+  end
+end
+
+describe MkSpec, "#write_spec" do
+  before :each do
+    @file = IOStub.new
+    File.stub(:open).and_yield(@file)
+
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @script.stub(:puts)
+
+    @response = double("system command response")
+    @response.stub(:include?).and_return(false)
+    @script.stub(:`).and_return(@response)
+  end
+
+  it "checks if specs exist for the method if the spec file exists" do
+    name = Regexp.escape(@script.ruby)
+    @script.should_receive(:`).with(
+        %r"#{name} #{MSPEC_HOME}/bin/mspec-run --dry-run --unguarded -fs -e 'Object#inspect' spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", true)
+  end
+
+  it "checks for the method name in the spec file output" do
+    @response.should_receive(:include?).with("Array#[]=")
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/yarra/element_set_spec.rb", "Array#[]=", true)
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the spec file exists and contains a spec for the method" do
+    @response.stub(:include?).and_return(true)
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", true).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "does not print the spec file name if it exists and contains a spec for the method" do
+    @response.stub(:include?).and_return(true)
+    @script.should_not_receive(:puts)
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", true)
+  end
+
+  it "prints the spec file name if a template spec is written" do
+    @script.should_receive(:puts).with("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", true)
+  end
+
+  it "writes a template spec to the file if the spec file does not exist" do
+    @file.should_receive(:puts).twice
+    @script.should_receive(:puts).with("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", false)
+  end
+
+  it "writes a template spec to the file if it exists but contains no spec for the method" do
+    @response.should_receive(:include?).and_return(false)
+    @file.should_receive(:puts).twice
+    @script.should_receive(:puts).with("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", true)
+  end
+
+  it "writes a template spec" do
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", true)
+    @file.should == <<EOS
+
+describe "Object#inspect" do
+  it "needs to be reviewed for spec completeness"
+end
+EOS
+  end
+
+  it "writes a template spec with version guard" do
+    @script.config[:version] = '""..."1.9"'
+    @script.write_spec("spec/core/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", true)
+    @file.should == <<EOS
+
+ruby_version_is ""..."1.9" do
+  describe "Object#inspect" do
+    it "needs to be reviewed for spec completeness"
+  end
+end
+EOS
+
+  end
+end
+
+describe MkSpec, "#create_file" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @script.stub(:write_requires)
+    @script.stub(:write_spec)
+
+    File.stub(:exist?).and_return(false)
+  end
+
+  it "generates a file name based on the directory, class/module, and method" do
+    File.should_receive(:join).with("spec/tcejbo", "inspect_spec.rb"
+        ).and_return("spec/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+    @script.create_file("spec/tcejbo", "Object", "inspect", "Object#inspect")
+  end
+
+  it "does not call #write_requires if the spec file already exists" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).and_return(true)
+    @script.should_not_receive(:write_requires)
+    @script.create_file("spec/tcejbo", "Object", "inspect", "Object#inspect")
+  end
+
+  it "calls #write_requires if the spec file does not exist" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).and_return(false)
+    @script.should_receive(:write_requires).with(
+        "spec/tcejbo", "spec/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb")
+    @script.create_file("spec/tcejbo", "Object", "inspect", "Object#inspect")
+  end
+
+  it "calls #write_spec with the file, method name" do
+    @script.should_receive(:write_spec).with(
+        "spec/tcejbo/inspect_spec.rb", "Object#inspect", false)
+    @script.create_file("spec/tcejbo", "Object", "inspect", "Object#inspect")
+  end
+end
+
+describe MkSpec, "#run" do
+  before :each do
+    @options = MSpecOptions.new
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+
+    @map = NameMap.new
+    NameMap.stub(:new).and_return(@map)
+
+    @script = MkSpec.new
+    @script.stub(:create_directory).and_return("spec/mkspec")
+    @script.stub(:create_file)
+    @script.config[:constants] = [MkSpec]
+  end
+
+  it "loads files in the requires list" do
+    @script.stub(:require)
+    @script.should_receive(:require).with("alib")
+    @script.should_receive(:require).with("blib")
+    @script.config[:requires] = ["alib", "blib"]
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "creates a map of constants to methods" do
+    @map.should_receive(:map).with({}, @script.config[:constants]).and_return({})
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "calls #create_directory for each class/module in the map" do
+    @script.should_receive(:create_directory).with("MkSpec").twice
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "calls #create_file for each method on each class/module in the map" do
+    @map.should_receive(:map).with({}, @script.config[:constants]
+                                  ).and_return({"MkSpec#" => ["run"]})
+    @script.should_receive(:create_file).with("spec/mkspec", "MkSpec", "run", "MkSpec#run")
+    @script.run
+  end
+end
+
+describe MkSpec, ".main" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = double("MkSpec").as_null_object
+    MkSpec.stub(:new).and_return(@script)
+  end
+
+  it "sets MSPEC_RUNNER = '1' in the environment" do
+    ENV["MSPEC_RUNNER"] = "0"
+    MkSpec.main
+    ENV["MSPEC_RUNNER"].should == "1"
+  end
+
+  it "creates an instance of MSpecScript" do
+    MkSpec.should_receive(:new).and_return(@script)
+    MkSpec.main
+  end
+
+  it "calls the #options method on the script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:options)
+    MkSpec.main
+  end
+
+  it "calls the #run method on the script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:run)
+    MkSpec.main
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_ci_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_ci_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a90cbd8d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_ci_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/tag'
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec-ci'
+
+describe MSpecCI, "#options" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+
+    @script = MSpecCI.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+    @script.stub(:files).and_return([])
+  end
+
+  it "enables the chdir option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:chdir)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the prefix option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:prefix)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the config option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:configure)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "provides a custom action (block) to the config option" do
+    @script.should_receive(:load).with("cfg.mspec")
+    @script.options ["-B", "cfg.mspec"]
+  end
+
+  it "enables the dry run option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:pretend)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the unguarded option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:unguarded)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the interrupt single specs option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:interrupt)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the formatter options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:formatters)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the verbose option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:verbose)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the action options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:actions)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the action filter options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:action_filters)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the version option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:version)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "enables the help option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:help)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "calls #custom_options" do
+    @script.should_receive(:custom_options).with(@options)
+    @script.options []
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecCI, "#run" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:process)
+
+    @filter = double("TagFilter")
+    TagFilter.stub(:new).and_return(@filter)
+    @filter.stub(:register)
+
+    @tags = ["fails", "critical", "unstable", "incomplete", "unsupported"]
+
+    @config = { :ci_files => ["one", "two"] }
+    @script = MSpecCI.new
+    @script.stub(:exit)
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+    @script.stub(:files).and_return(["one", "two"])
+    @script.options []
+  end
+
+  it "registers the tags patterns" do
+    @config[:tags_patterns] = [/spec/, "tags"]
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_tags_patterns).with([/spec/, "tags"])
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "registers the files to process" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_files).with(["one", "two"])
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "registers a tag filter for 'fails', 'unstable', 'incomplete', 'critical', 'unsupported'" do
+    filter = double("fails filter")
+    TagFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:exclude, *@tags).and_return(filter)
+    filter.should_receive(:register)
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "registers an additional exclude tag specified by :ci_xtags" do
+    @config[:ci_xtags] = "windows"
+    filter = double("fails filter")
+    TagFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:exclude, *(@tags + ["windows"])).and_return(filter)
+    filter.should_receive(:register)
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "registers additional exclude tags specified by a :ci_xtags array" do
+    @config[:ci_xtags] = ["windows", "windoze"]
+    filter = double("fails filter")
+    TagFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:exclude,
+        *(@tags + ["windows", "windoze"])).and_return(filter)
+    filter.should_receive(:register)
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "processes the files" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:process)
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "exits with the exit code registered with MSpec" do
+    MSpec.stub(:exit_code).and_return(7)
+    @script.should_receive(:exit).with(7)
+    @script.run
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_run_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_run_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fcb44ad5a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_run_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec-run'
+
+one_spec = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/fixtures/one_spec.rb'
+two_spec = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/fixtures/two_spec.rb'
+
+describe MSpecRun, ".new" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecRun.new
+  end
+
+  it "sets config[:files] to an empty list" do
+    @script.config[:files].should == []
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecRun, "#options" do
+  before :each do
+    @argv = [one_spec, two_spec]
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+
+    @script = MSpecRun.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  it "enables the filter options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:filters)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the chdir option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:chdir)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the prefix option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:prefix)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the configure option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:configure)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "provides a custom action (block) to the config option" do
+    @script.should_receive(:load).with("cfg.mspec")
+    @script.options ["-B", "cfg.mspec", one_spec]
+  end
+
+  it "enables the randomize option to runs specs in random order" do
+    @options.should_receive(:randomize)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the dry run option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:pretend)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the unguarded option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:unguarded)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the interrupt single specs option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:interrupt)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the formatter options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:formatters)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the verbose option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:verbose)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the verify options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:verify)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the action options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:actions)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the action filter options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:action_filters)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the version option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:version)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the help option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:help)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "exits if there are no files to process and './spec' is not a directory" do
+    File.should_receive(:directory?).with("./spec").and_return(false)
+    @options.should_receive(:parse).and_return([])
+    @script.should_receive(:abort).with("No files specified.")
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "process 'spec/' if it is a directory and no files were specified" do
+    File.should_receive(:directory?).with("./spec").and_return(true)
+    @options.should_receive(:parse).and_return([])
+    @script.should_receive(:files).with(["spec/"]).and_return(["spec/a_spec.rb"])
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "calls #custom_options" do
+    @script.should_receive(:custom_options).with(@options)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecRun, "#run" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecRun.new
+    @script.stub(:exit)
+    @spec_dir = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)+"/fixtures")
+    @file_patterns = [
+      @spec_dir+"/level2",
+      @spec_dir+"/one_spec.rb",
+      @spec_dir+"/two_spec.rb"]
+    @files = [
+      @spec_dir+"/level2/three_spec.rb",
+      @spec_dir+"/one_spec.rb",
+      @spec_dir+"/two_spec.rb"]
+    @script.options @file_patterns
+    MSpec.stub :process
+  end
+
+  it "registers the tags patterns" do
+    @script.config[:tags_patterns] = [/spec/, "tags"]
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_tags_patterns).with([/spec/, "tags"])
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "registers the files to process" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_files).with(@files)
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "uses config[:files] if no files are given on the command line" do
+    @script.config[:files] = @file_patterns
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_files).with(@files)
+    @script.options []
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "processes the files" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:process)
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "exits with the exit code registered with MSpec" do
+    MSpec.stub(:exit_code).and_return(7)
+    @script.should_receive(:exit).with(7)
+    @script.run
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b01af6b41b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'yaml'
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec'
+
+describe MSpecMain, "#options" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+
+    @script = MSpecMain.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+    @script.stub(:load)
+  end
+
+  it "enables the configure option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:configure)
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "provides a custom action (block) to the config option" do
+    @script.options ["-B", "config"]
+    @config[:options].should include("-B", "config")
+  end
+
+  it "loads the file specified by the config option" do
+    @script.should_receive(:load).with("config")
+    @script.options ["-B", "config"]
+  end
+
+  it "enables the target options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:targets)
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "sets config[:options] to all argv entries that are not registered options" do
+    @options.on "-X", "--exclude", "ARG", "description"
+    @script.options [".", "-G", "fail", "-X", "ARG", "--list", "unstable", "some/file.rb"]
+    @config[:options].should == [".", "-G", "fail", "--list", "unstable", "some/file.rb"]
+  end
+
+  it "calls #custom_options" do
+    @script.should_receive(:custom_options).with(@options)
+    @script.options
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecMain, "#run" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MSpecMain.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+    @script.stub(:exec)
+    @err = $stderr
+    $stderr = IOStub.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stderr = @err
+  end
+
+  it "uses exec to invoke the runner script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:exec).with("ruby", "#{MSPEC_HOME}/bin/mspec-run", close_others: false)
+    @script.options []
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "shows the command line on stderr" do
+    @script.should_receive(:exec).with("ruby", "#{MSPEC_HOME}/bin/mspec-run", close_others: false)
+    @script.options []
+    @script.run
+    $stderr.to_s.should == "$ ruby #{Dir.pwd}/bin/mspec-run\n"
+  end
+
+  it "adds config[:launch] to the exec options" do
+    @script.should_receive(:exec).with("ruby",
+        "-Xlaunch.option", "#{MSPEC_HOME}/bin/mspec-run", close_others: false)
+    @config[:launch] << "-Xlaunch.option"
+    @script.options []
+    @script.run
+    $stderr.to_s.should == "$ ruby -Xlaunch.option #{Dir.pwd}/bin/mspec-run\n"
+  end
+
+  it "calls #multi_exec if the command is 'ci' and the multi option is passed" do
+    @script.should_receive(:multi_exec).and_return do |argv|
+      argv.should == ["ruby", "#{MSPEC_HOME}/bin/mspec-ci"]
+    end
+    @script.options ["ci", "-j"]
+    lambda do
+      @script.run
+    end.should raise_error(SystemExit)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The --warnings option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MSpecMain.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("--warnings", an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "sets flags to -w" do
+    @config[:flags] = []
+    @script.options ["--warnings"]
+    @config[:flags].should include("-w")
+  end
+
+  it "set OUTPUT_WARNINGS = '1' in the environment" do
+    ENV['OUTPUT_WARNINGS'] = '0'
+    @script.options ["--warnings"]
+    ENV['OUTPUT_WARNINGS'].should == '1'
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -j, --multi option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MSpecMain.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-j", "--multi", an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "sets the multiple process option" do
+    ["-j", "--multi"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:multi] = nil
+      @script.options [opt]
+      @config[:multi].should == true
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -h, --help option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MSpecMain.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-h", "--help", an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "passes the option to the subscript" do
+    ["-h", "--help"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:options] = []
+      @script.options ["ci", opt]
+      @config[:options].sort.should == ["-h"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "prints help and exits" do
+    @script.should_receive(:puts).twice
+    @script.should_receive(:exit).twice
+    ["-h", "--help"].each do |opt|
+      @script.options [opt]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -v, --version option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MSpecMain.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled by #options" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-v", "--version", an_instance_of(String))
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "passes the option to the subscripts" do
+    ["-v", "--version"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:options] = []
+      @script.options ["ci", opt]
+      @config[:options].sort.should == ["-v"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "prints the version and exits if no subscript is invoked" do
+    @config[:command] = nil
+    File.stub(:basename).and_return("mspec")
+    @script.should_receive(:puts).twice.with("mspec #{MSpec::VERSION}")
+    @script.should_receive(:exit).twice
+    ["-v", "--version"].each do |opt|
+      @script.options [opt]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_tag_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_tag_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdb3ac1a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/commands/mspec_tag_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/commands/mspec-tag'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tag'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/taglist'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tagpurge'
+
+one_spec = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/fixtures/one_spec.rb'
+two_spec = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/fixtures/two_spec.rb'
+
+describe MSpecTag, ".new" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecTag.new
+  end
+
+  it "sets config[:ltags] to an empty list" do
+    @script.config[:ltags].should == []
+  end
+
+  it "sets config[:tagger] to :add" do
+    @script.config[:tagger] = :add
+  end
+
+  it "sets config[:tag] to 'fails:'" do
+    @script.config[:tag] = 'fails:'
+  end
+
+  it "sets config[:outcome] to :fail" do
+    @script.config[:outcome] = :fail
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecTag, "#options" do
+  before :each do
+    @stdout, $stdout = $stdout, IOStub.new
+
+    @argv = [one_spec, two_spec]
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+
+    @script = MSpecTag.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = @stdout
+  end
+
+  it "enables the filter options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:filters)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the configure option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:configure)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "provides a custom action (block) to the config option" do
+    @script.should_receive(:load).with("cfg.mspec")
+    @script.options ["-B", "cfg.mspec", one_spec]
+  end
+
+  it "enables the dry run option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:pretend)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the unguarded option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:unguarded)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the interrupt single specs option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:interrupt)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the formatter options" do
+    @options.should_receive(:formatters)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the verbose option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:verbose)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the version option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:version)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "enables the help option" do
+    @options.should_receive(:help)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "calls #custom_options" do
+    @script.should_receive(:custom_options).with(@options)
+    @script.options @argv
+  end
+
+  it "exits if there are no files to process" do
+    @options.should_receive(:parse).and_return([])
+    @script.should_receive(:exit)
+    @script.options
+    $stdout.should include "No files specified"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecTag, "options" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(@options)
+    @script = MSpecTag.new
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  describe "-N, --add TAG" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("-N", "--add", "TAG", an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "sets the mode to :add and sets the tag to TAG" do
+      ["-N", "--add"].each do |opt|
+        @config[:tagger] = nil
+        @config[:tag] = nil
+        @script.options [opt, "taggit", one_spec]
+        @config[:tagger].should == :add
+        @config[:tag].should == "taggit:"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "-R, --del TAG" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("-R", "--del", "TAG",
+          an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "it sets the mode to :del, the tag to TAG, and the outcome to :pass" do
+      ["-R", "--del"].each do |opt|
+        @config[:tagger] = nil
+        @config[:tag] = nil
+        @config[:outcome] = nil
+        @script.options [opt, "taggit", one_spec]
+        @config[:tagger].should == :del
+        @config[:tag].should == "taggit:"
+        @config[:outcome].should == :pass
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "-Q, --pass" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("-Q", "--pass", an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "sets the outcome to :pass" do
+      ["-Q", "--pass"].each do |opt|
+        @config[:outcome] = nil
+        @script.options [opt, one_spec]
+        @config[:outcome].should == :pass
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "-F, --fail" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("-F", "--fail", an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "sets the outcome to :fail" do
+      ["-F", "--fail"].each do |opt|
+        @config[:outcome] = nil
+        @script.options [opt, one_spec]
+        @config[:outcome].should == :fail
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "-L, --all" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("-L", "--all", an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "sets the outcome to :all" do
+      ["-L", "--all"].each do |opt|
+        @config[:outcome] = nil
+        @script.options [opt, one_spec]
+        @config[:outcome].should == :all
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "--list TAG" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("--list", "TAG", an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "sets the mode to :list" do
+      @config[:tagger] = nil
+      @script.options ["--list", "TAG", one_spec]
+      @config[:tagger].should == :list
+    end
+
+    it "sets ltags to include TAG" do
+      @config[:tag] = nil
+      @script.options ["--list", "TAG", one_spec]
+      @config[:ltags].should == ["TAG"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "--list-all" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("--list-all", an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "sets the mode to :list_all" do
+      @config[:tagger] = nil
+      @script.options ["--list-all", one_spec]
+      @config[:tagger].should == :list_all
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "--purge" do
+    it "is enabled with #options" do
+      @options.stub(:on)
+      @options.should_receive(:on).with("--purge", an_instance_of(String))
+      @script.options [one_spec]
+    end
+
+    it "sets the mode to :purge" do
+      @config[:tagger] = nil
+      @script.options ["--purge", one_spec]
+      @config[:tagger].should == :purge
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecTag, "#run" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:process)
+
+    options = double("MSpecOptions").as_null_object
+    options.stub(:parse).and_return(["one", "two"])
+    MSpecOptions.stub(:new).and_return(options)
+
+    @config = { }
+    @script = MSpecTag.new
+    @script.stub(:exit)
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+    @script.stub(:files).and_return(["one", "two"])
+    @script.options
+  end
+
+  it "registers the tags patterns" do
+    @config[:tags_patterns] = [/spec/, "tags"]
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_tags_patterns).with([/spec/, "tags"])
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "registers the files to process" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_files).with(["one", "two"])
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "processes the files" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:process)
+    @script.run
+  end
+
+  it "exits with the exit code registered with MSpec" do
+    MSpec.stub(:exit_code).and_return(7)
+    @script.should_receive(:exit).with(7)
+    @script.run
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecTag, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecTag.new
+    @config = @script.config
+    @config[:tag] = "fake:"
+    @config[:atags] = []
+    @config[:astrings] = []
+    @config[:ltags] = ["fails", "unstable"]
+
+    @script.stub(:files).and_return([])
+    @script.options "fake"
+
+    @t = double("TagAction")
+    @t.stub(:register)
+
+    @tl = double("TagListAction")
+    @tl.stub(:register)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if no recognized action is given" do
+    @config[:tagger] = :totally_whack
+    lambda { @script.register }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  describe "when config[:tagger] is the default (:add)" do
+    before :each do
+      @config[:formatter] = false
+    end
+
+    it "creates a TagAction" do
+      TagAction.should_receive(:new).and_return(@t)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "creates a TagAction if config[:tagger] is :del" do
+      @config[:tagger] = :del
+      @config[:outcome] = :pass
+      TagAction.should_receive(:new).with(:del, :pass, "fake", nil, [], []).and_return(@t)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "calls #register on the TagAction instance" do
+      TagAction.should_receive(:new).and_return(@t)
+      @t.should_receive(:register)
+      @script.register
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when config[:tagger] is :list" do
+    before :each do
+      TagListAction.should_receive(:new).with(@config[:ltags]).and_return(@tl)
+      @config[:tagger] = :list
+    end
+
+    it "creates a TagListAction" do
+      @tl.should_receive(:register)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "registers MSpec pretend mode" do
+      MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:pretend)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "sets config[:formatter] to false" do
+      @script.register
+      @config[:formatter].should be_false
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when config[:tagger] is :list_all" do
+    before :each do
+      TagListAction.should_receive(:new).with(nil).and_return(@tl)
+      @config[:tagger] = :list_all
+    end
+
+    it "creates a TagListAction" do
+      @tl.should_receive(:register)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "registers MSpec pretend mode" do
+      MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:pretend)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "sets config[:formatter] to false" do
+      @script.register
+      @config[:formatter].should be_false
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when config[:tagger] is :purge" do
+    before :each do
+      TagPurgeAction.should_receive(:new).and_return(@tl)
+      MSpec.stub(:register_mode)
+      @config[:tagger] = :purge
+    end
+
+    it "creates a TagPurgeAction" do
+      @tl.should_receive(:register)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "registers MSpec in pretend mode" do
+      MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:pretend)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "registers MSpec in unguarded mode" do
+      MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:unguarded)
+      @script.register
+    end
+
+    it "sets config[:formatter] to false" do
+      @script.register
+      @config[:formatter].should be_false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/expectations_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/expectations_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fea692f3e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/expectations_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+
+describe SpecExpectationNotMetError do
+  it "is a subclass of StandardError" do
+    SpecExpectationNotMetError.ancestors.should include(StandardError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecExpectationNotFoundError do
+  it "is a subclass of StandardError" do
+    SpecExpectationNotFoundError.ancestors.should include(StandardError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecExpectationNotFoundError, "#message" do
+  it "returns 'No behavior expectation was found in the example'" do
+    m = SpecExpectationNotFoundError.new.message
+    m.should == "No behavior expectation was found in the example"
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecExpectation, "#fail_with" do
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecExpectation.fail_with "expected this", "to equal that"
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "expected this to equal that")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/should.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/should.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48503b1631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/should.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+$: << File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../lib'
+require 'mspec'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+# The purpose of these specs is to confirm that the #should
+# and #should_not methods are functioning appropriately. We
+# use a separate spec file that is invoked from the MSpec
+# specs but is run by MSpec. This avoids conflicting with
+# RSpec's #should and #should_not methods.
+
+class ShouldSpecsMonitor
+  def initialize
+    @called = 0
+  end
+
+  def expectation(state)
+    @called += 1
+  end
+
+  def finish
+    puts "I was called #{@called} times"
+  end
+end
+
+# Simplistic runner
+formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+formatter.register
+
+monitor = ShouldSpecsMonitor.new
+MSpec.register :expectation, monitor
+MSpec.register :finish, monitor
+
+at_exit { MSpec.actions :finish }
+
+MSpec.actions :start
+MSpec.setup_env
+
+# Specs
+describe "MSpec expectation method #should" do
+  it "accepts a matcher" do
+    :sym.should be_kind_of(Symbol)
+  end
+
+  it "causes a failure to be recorded" do
+    1.should == 2
+  end
+
+  it "registers that an expectation has been encountered" do
+    # an empty example block causes an exception because
+    # no expectation was encountered
+  end
+
+  it "invokes the MSpec :expectation actions" do
+    1.should == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe "MSpec expectation method #should_not" do
+  it "accepts a matcher" do
+    "sym".should_not be_kind_of(Symbol)
+  end
+
+  it "causes a failure to be recorded" do
+    1.should_not == 1
+  end
+
+  it "registers that an expectation has been encountered" do
+  end
+
+  it "invokes the MSpec :expectation actions" do
+    1.should_not == 2
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/should_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/should_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8bda8f86f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/expectations/should_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+describe "MSpec" do
+  before :all do
+    path = RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir']
+    exe  = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']
+    file = File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/should.rb'
+    @out = `#{path}/#{exe} #{file}`
+  end
+
+  describe "#should" do
+    it "records failures" do
+      @out.should include <<-EOS
+1)
+MSpec expectation method #should causes a failure to be recorded FAILED
+Expected 1 == 2
+to be truthy but was false
+EOS
+    end
+
+    it "raises exceptions for examples with no expectations" do
+      @out.should include <<-EOS
+2)
+MSpec expectation method #should registers that an expectation has been encountered FAILED
+No behavior expectation was found in the example
+EOS
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "#should_not" do
+    it "records failures" do
+      @out.should include <<-EOS
+3)
+MSpec expectation method #should_not causes a failure to be recorded FAILED
+Expected 1 == 1
+to be falsy but was true
+EOS
+    end
+
+    it "raises exceptions for examples with no expectations" do
+      @out.should include <<-EOS
+4)
+MSpec expectation method #should_not registers that an expectation has been encountered FAILED
+No behavior expectation was found in the example
+EOS
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "prints status information" do
+    @out.should include ".FF..FF."
+  end
+
+  it "prints out a summary" do
+    @out.should include "0 files, 8 examples, 6 expectations, 4 failures, 0 errors"
+  end
+
+  it "records expectations" do
+    @out.should include "I was called 6 times"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/a_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/a_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17a7e8b664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/a_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+unless defined?(RSpec)
+  describe "Foo#bar" do
+    it "passes" do
+      1.should == 1
+    end
+
+    it "errors" do
+      1.should == 2
+    end
+
+    it "fails" do
+      raise "failure"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/b_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/b_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1f63317cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/b_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+unless defined?(RSpec)
+  describe "Bar#baz" do
+    it "works" do
+      1.should == 1
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/chatty_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/chatty_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d110d8ce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/chatty_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+unless defined?(RSpec)
+  describe "Chatty#spec" do
+    it "prints too much" do
+      STDOUT.puts "Hello\nIt's me!"
+      1.should == 1
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/config.mspec b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/config.mspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01654c5094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/config.mspec
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class MSpecScript
+  set :target, 'ruby'
+
+  set :tags_patterns, [
+                        [%r(spec/fixtures/), 'spec/fixtures/tags/'],
+                        [/_spec.rb$/, '_tags.txt']
+                      ]
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/die_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/die_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f66793274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/die_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+unless defined?(RSpec)
+  describe "Deadly#spec" do
+    it "dies" do
+      abort "DEAD"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/my_ruby b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/my_ruby
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..eeda3eeeec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/my_ruby
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+echo $RUBY_EXE
+exec ruby "$@"
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/object_methods_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/object_methods_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b7c1523e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/object_methods_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+unless defined?(RSpec)
+  describe "Object" do
+    it ".public_instance_methods(false) is empty" do
+      Object.public_instance_methods(false).sort.should ==
+        [:should, :should_not, :should_not_receive, :should_receive, :stub!]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/print_interpreter_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/print_interpreter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a662346d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/print_interpreter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+unless defined?(RSpec)
+  puts ENV["RUBY_EXE"]
+  puts ruby_cmd(nil).split.first
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/tagging_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/tagging_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0097fd1808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/fixtures/tagging_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+unless defined?(RSpec)
+  describe "Tag#me" do
+    it "passes" do
+      1.should == 1
+    end
+
+    it "errors" do
+      1.should == 2
+    end
+
+    it "érròrs in unicode" do
+      1.should == 2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/block_device_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/block_device_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b437b6d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/block_device_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe Object, "#with_block_device" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+
+    @guard = BlockDeviceGuard.new
+    BlockDeviceGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+  end
+
+  platform_is_not :freebsd, :windows do
+    it "yields if block device is available" do
+      @guard.should_receive(:`).and_return("block devices")
+      with_block_device { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+    end
+
+    it "does not yield if block device is not available" do
+      @guard.should_receive(:`).and_return(nil)
+      with_block_device { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  platform_is :freebsd, :windows do
+    it "does not yield, since platform does not support block devices" do
+      @guard.should_not_receive(:`)
+      with_block_device { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :with_block_device" do
+    with_block_device { }
+    @guard.name.should == :with_block_device
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      with_block_device { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/bug_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/bug_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c8529a49f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/bug_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe BugGuard, "#match? when #implementation? is 'ruby'" do
+  before :all do
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    $VERBOSE = nil
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    hide_deprecation_warnings
+    stub_const "VersionGuard::FULL_RUBY_VERSION", SpecVersion.new('1.8.6')
+    @ruby_engine = Object.const_get :RUBY_ENGINE
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, 'ruby'
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, @ruby_engine
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when version argument is less than RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.5").match?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when version argument is equal to RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.6").match?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when version argument is greater than RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.7").match?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when version argument implicitly includes RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8").match?.should == true
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.6").match?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when the argument range includes RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.5'..'1.8.7').match?.should == true
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8'..'1.9').match?.should == true
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8'...'1.9').match?.should == true
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8'..'1.8.6').match?.should == true
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.5'..'1.8.6').match?.should == true
+    BugGuard.new("#1", ''...'1.8.7').match?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when the argument range does not include RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.7'..'1.8.9').match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.4'..'1.8.5').match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.4'...'1.8.6').match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.5'...'1.8.6').match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", ''...'1.8.6').match?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when MSpec.mode?(:no_ruby_bug) is true" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:mode?).with(:no_ruby_bug).twice.and_return(:true)
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.5").match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8").match?.should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe BugGuard, "#match? when #implementation? is not 'ruby'" do
+  before :all do
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    $VERBOSE = nil
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    hide_deprecation_warnings
+    @ruby_version = Object.const_get :RUBY_VERSION
+    @ruby_engine = Object.const_get :RUBY_ENGINE
+
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_VERSION, '1.8.6'
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, 'jruby'
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_VERSION, @ruby_version
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, @ruby_engine
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when version argument is less than RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8").match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.6").match?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when version argument is equal to RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.6").match?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when version argument is greater than RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.7").match?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false no matter if the argument range includes RUBY_VERSION" do
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8'...'1.9').match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.5'...'1.8.7').match?.should == false
+    BugGuard.new("#1", '1.8.4'...'1.8.6').match?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when MSpec.mode?(:no_ruby_bug) is true" do
+    MSpec.stub(:mode?).and_return(:true)
+    BugGuard.new("#1", "1.8.6").match?.should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#ruby_bug" do
+  before :each do
+    hide_deprecation_warnings
+    @guard = BugGuard.new "#1234", "x.x.x"
+    BugGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #match? returns false" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    ruby_bug("#1234", "1.8.6") { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when #match? returns true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    ruby_bug("#1234", "1.8.6") { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "requires a bug tracker number and a version number" do
+    lambda { ruby_bug { }          }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    lambda { ruby_bug("#1234") { } }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :ruby_bug" do
+    ruby_bug("#1234", "1.8.6") { }
+    @guard.name.should == :ruby_bug
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      ruby_bug("", "") { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/conflict_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/conflict_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..deada96821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/conflict_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe Object, "#conflicts_with" do
+  before :each do
+    hide_deprecation_warnings
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield if Object.constants includes any of the arguments" do
+    Object.stub(:constants).and_return(["SomeClass", "OtherClass"])
+    conflicts_with(:SomeClass, :AClass, :BClass) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield if Object.constants (as Symbols) includes any of the arguments" do
+    Object.stub(:constants).and_return([:SomeClass, :OtherClass])
+    conflicts_with(:SomeClass, :AClass, :BClass) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields if Object.constants does not include any of the arguments" do
+    Object.stub(:constants).and_return(["SomeClass", "OtherClass"])
+    conflicts_with(:AClass, :BClass) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields if Object.constants (as Symbols) does not include any of the arguments" do
+    Object.stub(:constants).and_return([:SomeClass, :OtherClass])
+    conflicts_with(:AClass, :BClass) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#conflicts_with" do
+  before :each do
+    hide_deprecation_warnings
+    @guard = ConflictsGuard.new
+    ConflictsGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :conflicts_with" do
+    conflicts_with(:AClass, :BClass) { }
+    @guard.name.should == :conflicts_with
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      conflicts_with(:AClass, :BClass) { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/endian_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/endian_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b40c203ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/endian_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe Object, "#big_endian" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = BigEndianGuard.new
+    BigEndianGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields on big-endian platforms" do
+    @guard.stub(:pattern).and_return([?\001])
+    big_endian { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield on little-endian platforms" do
+    @guard.stub(:pattern).and_return([?\000])
+    big_endian { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :big_endian" do
+    big_endian { }
+    @guard.name.should == :big_endian
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.stub(:pattern).and_return([?\001])
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      big_endian { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#little_endian" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = BigEndianGuard.new
+    BigEndianGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields on little-endian platforms" do
+    @guard.stub(:pattern).and_return([?\000])
+    little_endian { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield on big-endian platforms" do
+    @guard.stub(:pattern).and_return([?\001])
+    little_endian { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/feature_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/feature_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8761cb2fbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/feature_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe FeatureGuard, ".enabled?" do
+  it "returns true if the feature is enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:encoding).and_return(true)
+    FeatureGuard.enabled?(:encoding).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the feature is not enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:encoding).and_return(false)
+    FeatureGuard.enabled?(:encoding).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if all the features are enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:one).and_return(true)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:two).and_return(true)
+    FeatureGuard.enabled?(:one, :two).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if any of the features are not enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:one).and_return(true)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:two).and_return(false)
+    FeatureGuard.enabled?(:one, :two).should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#with_feature" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+
+    @guard = FeatureGuard.new :encoding
+    FeatureGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :with_feature" do
+    with_feature(:encoding) { }
+    @guard.name.should == :with_feature
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      with_feature { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#with_feature" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields if the feature is enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:encoding).and_return(true)
+    with_feature(:encoding) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields if all the features are enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:one).and_return(true)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:two).and_return(true)
+    with_feature(:one, :two) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield if the feature is not enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:encoding).and_return(false)
+    with_feature(:encoding) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield if any of the features are not enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:one).and_return(true)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:two).and_return(false)
+    with_feature(:one, :two) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#without_feature" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+
+    @guard = FeatureGuard.new :encoding
+    FeatureGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :without_feature" do
+    without_feature(:encoding) { }
+    @guard.name.should == :without_feature
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      without_feature { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#without_feature" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield if the feature is enabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:encoding).and_return(true)
+    without_feature(:encoding) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "yields if the feature is disabled" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:feature_enabled?).with(:encoding).and_return(false)
+    without_feature(:encoding) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/guard_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/guard_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c3317afe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/guard_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+describe SpecGuard, ".ruby_version" do
+  before :each do
+    stub_const "RUBY_VERSION", "8.2.3"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the full version for :full" do
+    SpecGuard.ruby_version(:full).should == "8.2.3"
+  end
+
+  it "returns major.minor.tiny for :tiny" do
+    SpecGuard.ruby_version(:tiny).should == "8.2.3"
+  end
+
+  it "returns major.minor.tiny for :teeny" do
+    SpecGuard.ruby_version(:tiny).should == "8.2.3"
+  end
+
+  it "returns major.minor for :minor" do
+    SpecGuard.ruby_version(:minor).should == "8.2"
+  end
+
+  it "defaults to :minor" do
+    SpecGuard.ruby_version.should == "8.2"
+  end
+
+  it "returns major for :major" do
+    SpecGuard.ruby_version(:major).should == "8"
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, "#yield?" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+    @guard = SpecGuard.new
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.unregister :add, @guard
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+    SpecGuard.clear_guards
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec.mode?(:unguarded) is true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :unguarded
+    @guard.yield?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec.mode?(:verify) is true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :verify
+    @guard.yield?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec.mode?(:verify) is true regardless of invert being true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :verify
+    @guard.yield?(true).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec.mode?(:report) is true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :report
+    @guard.yield?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec.mode?(:report) is true regardless of invert being true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :report
+    @guard.yield?(true).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec.mode?(:report_on) is true and SpecGuards.guards contains the named guard" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :report_on
+    SpecGuard.guards << :guard_name
+    @guard.yield?.should == false
+    @guard.name = :guard_name
+    @guard.yield?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns #match? if neither report nor verify mode are true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.yield?.should == false
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.yield?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns #match? if invert is true and neither report nor verify mode are true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.yield?(true).should == true
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.yield?(true).should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, "#match?" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = SpecGuard.new
+  end
+
+  it "must be implemented in subclasses" do
+    lambda {
+      @guard.match?
+    }.should raise_error("must be implemented by the subclass")
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, "#unregister" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:unregister)
+    @guard = SpecGuard.new
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters from MSpec :add actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:add, @guard)
+    @guard.unregister
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, "#record" do
+  after :each do
+    SpecGuard.clear
+  end
+
+  it "saves the name of the guarded spec under the name of the guard" do
+    guard = SpecGuard.new "a", "1.8"..."1.9"
+    guard.name = :named_guard
+    guard.record "SomeClass#action returns true"
+    SpecGuard.report.should == {
+      'named_guard a, 1.8...1.9' => ["SomeClass#action returns true"]
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, ".guards" do
+  it "returns an Array" do
+    SpecGuard.guards.should be_kind_of(Array)
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, ".clear_guards" do
+  it "resets the array to empty" do
+    SpecGuard.guards << :guard
+    SpecGuard.guards.should == [:guard]
+    SpecGuard.clear_guards
+    SpecGuard.guards.should == []
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, ".finish" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+    SpecGuard.clear
+  end
+
+  it "prints the descriptions of the guarded specs" do
+    guard = SpecGuard.new "a", "1.8"..."1.9"
+    guard.name = :named_guard
+    guard.record "SomeClass#action returns true"
+    guard.record "SomeClass#reverse returns false"
+    SpecGuard.finish
+    $stdout.should == %[
+
+2 specs omitted by guard: named_guard a, 1.8...1.9:
+
+SomeClass#action returns true
+SomeClass#reverse returns false
+
+]
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, ".run_if" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = SpecGuard.new
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields if match? returns true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.run_if(:name) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield if match? returns false" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.run_if(:name) { fail }
+  end
+
+  it "returns the result of the block if match? is true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.run_if(:name) { 42 }.should == 42
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if given a block and match? is false" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.run_if(:name) { 42 }.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns what #match? returns when no block is given" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.run_if(:name).should == true
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.run_if(:name).should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecGuard, ".run_unless" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = SpecGuard.new
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields if match? returns false" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.run_unless(:name) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield if match? returns true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.run_unless(:name) { fail }
+  end
+
+  it "returns the result of the block if match? is false" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.run_unless(:name) { 42 }.should == 42
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if given a block and match? is true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.run_unless(:name) { 42 }.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the opposite of what #match? returns when no block is given" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.run_unless(:name).should == false
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.run_unless(:name).should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#guard" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+  end
+
+  it "allows to combine guards" do
+    guard1 = VersionGuard.new '1.2.3', 'x.x.x'
+    VersionGuard.stub(:new).and_return(guard1)
+    guard2 = PlatformGuard.new :dummy
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:new).and_return(guard2)
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      fail
+    end
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      fail
+    end
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      fail
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "yields when the Proc returns true" do
+    guard -> { true } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when the Proc returns false" do
+    guard -> { false } do
+      fail
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "yields if MSpec.mode?(:unguarded) is true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :unguarded
+
+    guard -> { false } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield1
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield1
+
+    guard -> { true } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield2
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield2
+  end
+
+  it "yields if MSpec.mode?(:verify) is true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :verify
+
+    guard -> { false } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield1
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield1
+
+    guard -> { true } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield2
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield2
+  end
+
+  it "yields if MSpec.mode?(:report) is true" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :report
+
+    guard -> { false } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield1
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield1
+
+    guard -> { true } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield2
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield2
+  end
+
+  it "raises an error if no Proc is given" do
+    -> { guard :foo }.should raise_error(RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+  it "requires a block" do
+    -> {
+      guard(-> { true })
+    }.should raise_error(LocalJumpError)
+    -> {
+      guard(-> { false })
+    }.should raise_error(LocalJumpError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#guard_not" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "allows to combine guards" do
+    guard1 = VersionGuard.new '1.2.3', 'x.x.x'
+    VersionGuard.stub(:new).and_return(guard1)
+    guard2 = PlatformGuard.new :dummy
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:new).and_return(guard2)
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard_not -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      fail
+    end
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard_not -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield1
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield1
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard_not -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield2
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield2
+
+    guard1.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard2.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    guard_not -> { ruby_version_is "2.4" and platform_is :linux } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield3
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield3
+  end
+
+  it "yields when the Proc returns false" do
+    guard_not -> { false } do
+      ScratchPad.record :yield
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when the Proc returns true" do
+    guard_not -> { true } do
+      fail
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises an error if no Proc is given" do
+    -> { guard_not :foo }.should raise_error(RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+  it "requires a block" do
+    -> {
+      guard_not(-> { true })
+    }.should raise_error(LocalJumpError)
+    -> {
+      guard_not(-> { false })
+    }.should raise_error(LocalJumpError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/platform_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/platform_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6088fb2ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/platform_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe Object, "#platform_is" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = PlatformGuard.new :dummy
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when #os? returns false" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(false)
+    platform_is(:ruby) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #os? returns true" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(true)
+    platform_is(:solarce) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "returns what #os? returns when no block is given" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(true)
+    platform_is(:solarce).should == true
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(false)
+    platform_is(:solarce).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :platform_is" do
+    platform_is(:solarce) { }
+    @guard.name.should == :platform_is
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      platform_is(:solarce) { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#platform_is_not" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = PlatformGuard.new :dummy
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when #os? returns true" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(true)
+    platform_is_not(:ruby) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #os? returns false" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(false)
+    platform_is_not(:solarce) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "returns the opposite of what #os? returns when no block is given" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(true)
+    platform_is_not(:solarce).should == false
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(false)
+    platform_is_not(:solarce).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :platform_is_not" do
+    platform_is_not(:solarce) { }
+    @guard.name.should == :platform_is_not
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      platform_is_not(:solarce) { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#platform_is :wordsize => SIZE_SPEC" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = PlatformGuard.new :darwin, :wordsize => 32
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(true)
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #wordsize? returns true" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:wordsize?).and_return(true)
+    platform_is(:wordsize => 32) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "doesn not yield when #wordsize? returns false" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:wordsize?).and_return(false)
+    platform_is(:wordsize => 32) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#platform_is_not :wordsize => SIZE_SPEC" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = PlatformGuard.new :darwin, :wordsize => 32
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:os?).and_return(true)
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #wordsize? returns false" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:wordsize?).and_return(false)
+    platform_is_not(:wordsize => 32) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "doesn not yield when #wordsize? returns true" do
+    PlatformGuard.stub(:wordsize?).and_return(true)
+    platform_is_not(:wordsize => 32) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".implementation?" do
+  it "returns true if passed :ruby and RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'ruby'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:ruby).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if passed :rubinius and RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'rbx'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:rubinius).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if passed :jruby and RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'jruby'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:jruby).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if passed :ironruby and RUBY_ENGINE == 'ironruby'" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'ironruby'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:ironruby).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if passed :maglev and RUBY_ENGINE == 'maglev'" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'maglev'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:maglev).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if passed :topaz and RUBY_ENGINE == 'topaz'" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'topaz'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:topaz).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if passed :ruby and RUBY_ENGINE matches /^ruby/" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'ruby'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:ruby).should == true
+
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'ruby1.8'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:ruby).should == true
+
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'ruby1.9'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:ruby).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "works for an unrecognized name" do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_ENGINE', 'myrubyimplementation'
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:myrubyimplementation).should == true
+    PlatformGuard.implementation?(:other).should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".standard?" do
+  it "returns true if implementation? returns true" do
+    PlatformGuard.should_receive(:implementation?).with(:ruby).and_return(true)
+    PlatformGuard.standard?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if implementation? returns false" do
+    PlatformGuard.should_receive(:implementation?).with(:ruby).and_return(false)
+    PlatformGuard.standard?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".wordsize?" do
+  it "returns true when arg is 32 and 1.size is 4" do
+    PlatformGuard.wordsize?(32).should == (1.size == 4)
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when arg is 64 and 1.size is 8" do
+    PlatformGuard.wordsize?(64).should == (1.size == 8)
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".os?" do
+  before :each do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'solarce'
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when arg does not match the platform" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:ruby).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when no arg matches the platform" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:ruby, :jruby, :rubinius, :maglev).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when arg matches the platform" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:solarce).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when any arg matches the platform" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:ruby, :jruby, :solarce, :rubinius, :maglev).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when arg is :windows and the platform contains 'mswin'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'mswin32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:windows).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when arg is :windows and the platform contains 'mingw'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mingw32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:windows).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when arg is not :windows and RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] contains 'mswin'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mswin32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:linux).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when arg is not :windows and RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] contains 'mingw'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mingw32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:linux).should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".os?" do
+  it "returns true if called with the current OS or architecture" do
+    os = RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"].sub("-gnu", "")
+    arch = RbConfig::CONFIG["host_arch"]
+    PlatformGuard.os?(os).should == true
+    PlatformGuard.os?(arch).should == true
+    PlatformGuard.os?("#{arch}-#{os}").should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".os? on JRuby" do
+  before :all do
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    $VERBOSE = nil
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    @ruby_platform = Object.const_get :RUBY_PLATFORM
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_PLATFORM, 'java'
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_PLATFORM, @ruby_platform
+  end
+
+  it "raises an error when testing for a :java platform" do
+    lambda {
+      PlatformGuard.os?(:java)
+    }.should raise_error(":java is not a valid OS")
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when arg is :windows and RUBY_PLATFORM contains 'java' and os?(:windows) is true" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'mswin32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:windows).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when RUBY_PLATFORM contains 'java' and os?(argument) is true" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'amiga'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:amiga).should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".os?" do
+  before :each do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'unreal'
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if argument matches RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os']" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:unreal).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if any argument matches RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os']" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:bsd, :unreal, :amiga).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if no argument matches RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os']" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:bsd, :netbsd, :amiga, :msdos).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if argument does not match RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os']" do
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:amiga).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when arg is :windows and RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] contains 'mswin'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mswin32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:windows).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when arg is :windows and RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] contains 'mingw'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mingw32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:windows).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when arg is not :windows and RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] contains 'mswin'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mingw32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:linux).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when arg is not :windows and RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] contains 'mingw'" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mingw32'
+    PlatformGuard.os?(:linux).should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe PlatformGuard, ".windows?" do
+  it "returns true on windows" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i386-mingw32'
+    PlatformGuard.windows?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false on non-windows" do
+    stub_const 'PlatformGuard::PLATFORM', 'i586-linux'
+    PlatformGuard.windows?.should == false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/quarantine_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/quarantine_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5c7da7939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/quarantine_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe QuarantineGuard, "#match?" do
+  it "returns true" do
+    QuarantineGuard.new.match?.should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#quarantine!" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+
+    @guard = QuarantineGuard.new
+    QuarantineGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield" do
+    quarantine! { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :quarantine!" do
+    quarantine! { }
+    @guard.name.should == :quarantine!
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      quarantine! { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/superuser_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/superuser_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8815057e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/superuser_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe Object, "#as_superuser" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = SuperUserGuard.new
+    SuperUserGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when Process.euid is not 0" do
+    Process.stub(:euid).and_return(501)
+    as_superuser { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields when Process.euid is 0" do
+    Process.stub(:euid).and_return(0)
+    as_superuser { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :as_superuser" do
+    as_superuser { }
+    @guard.name.should == :as_superuser
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      as_superuser { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/support_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/support_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38414abebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/support_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe Object, "#not_supported_on" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "raises an Exception when passed :ruby" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", "jruby"
+    lambda {
+      not_supported_on(:ruby) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    }.should raise_error(Exception)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when #implementation? returns true" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", "jruby"
+    not_supported_on(:jruby) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #standard? returns true" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", "ruby"
+    not_supported_on(:rubinius) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #implementation? returns false" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", "jruby"
+    not_supported_on(:rubinius) { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#not_supported_on" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = SupportedGuard.new
+    SupportedGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :not_supported_on" do
+    not_supported_on(:rubinius) { }
+    @guard.name.should == :not_supported_on
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(false)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      not_supported_on(:rubinius) { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/user_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/user_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2de4db7390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/user_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+describe Object, "#as_user" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields when the Process.euid is not 0" do
+    Process.stub(:euid).and_return(501)
+    as_user { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when the Process.euid is 0" do
+    Process.stub(:euid).and_return(0)
+    as_user { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/guards/version_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/version_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0025efcfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/guards/version_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+
+# The VersionGuard specifies a version of Ruby with a String of
+# the form: v = 'major.minor.tiny'.
+#
+# A VersionGuard instance can be created with a single String,
+# which means any version >= each component of v.
+# Or, the guard can be created with a Range, a..b, or a...b,
+# where a, b are of the same form as v. The meaning of the Range
+# is as typically understood: a..b means v >= a and v <= b;
+# a...b means v >= a and v < b.
+
+describe VersionGuard, "#match?" do
+  before :each do
+    hide_deprecation_warnings
+    @current = '1.8.6'
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when the argument is equal to RUBY_VERSION" do
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.6').match?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when the argument is less than RUBY_VERSION" do
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8').match?.should == true
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.5').match?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when the argument is greater than RUBY_VERSION" do
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.7').match?.should == false
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.9.2').match?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when the argument range includes RUBY_VERSION" do
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.5'..'1.8.7').match?.should == true
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8'..'1.9').match?.should == true
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8'...'1.9').match?.should == true
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8'..'1.8.6').match?.should == true
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.5'..'1.8.6').match?.should == true
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, ''...'1.8.7').match?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false when the argument range does not include RUBY_VERSION" do
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.7'..'1.8.9').match?.should == false
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.4'..'1.8.5').match?.should == false
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.4'...'1.8.6').match?.should == false
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, '1.8.5'...'1.8.6').match?.should == false
+    VersionGuard.new(@current, ''...'1.8.6').match?.should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#ruby_version_is" do
+  before :each do
+    @guard = VersionGuard.new '1.2.3', 'x.x.x'
+    VersionGuard.stub(:new).and_return(@guard)
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "yields when #match? returns true" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    ruby_version_is('x.x.x') { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield when #match? returns false" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    ruby_version_is('x.x.x') { ScratchPad.record :yield }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should_not == :yield
+  end
+
+  it "returns what #match? returns when no block is given" do
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(true)
+    ruby_version_is('x.x.x').should == true
+    @guard.stub(:match?).and_return(false)
+    ruby_version_is('x.x.x').should == false
+  end
+
+  it "sets the name of the guard to :ruby_version_is" do
+    ruby_version_is("") { }
+    @guard.name.should == :ruby_version_is
+  end
+
+  it "calls #unregister even when an exception is raised in the guard block" do
+    @guard.should_receive(:match?).and_return(true)
+    @guard.should_receive(:unregister)
+    lambda do
+      ruby_version_is("") { raise Exception }
+    end.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#version_is" do
+  before :each do
+    hide_deprecation_warnings
+  end
+
+  it "returns the expected values" do
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.2.2').should == true
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.2.3').should == true
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.2.4').should == false
+
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1').should == true
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.0').should == true
+    version_is('1.2.3', '2').should == false
+    version_is('1.2.3', '2.0').should == false
+
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.2.2'..'1.2.4').should == true
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.2.2'..'1.2.3').should == true
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.2.2'...'1.2.3').should == false
+    version_is('1.2.3', '1.2.3'..'1.2.4').should == true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/argf_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/argf_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf5eb0fe88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/argf_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#argf" do
+  before :each do
+    @saved_argv = ARGV.dup
+    @argv = [__FILE__]
+  end
+
+  it "sets @argf to an instance of ARGF.class with the given argv" do
+    argf @argv do
+      @argf.should be_an_instance_of ARGF.class
+      @argf.filename.should == @argv.first
+    end
+    @argf.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "does not alter ARGV nor ARGF" do
+    argf @argv do
+    end
+    ARGV.should == @saved_argv
+    ARGF.argv.should == @saved_argv
+  end
+
+  it "does not close STDIN" do
+    argf ['-'] do
+    end
+    STDIN.should_not be_closed
+  end
+
+  it "disallows nested calls" do
+    argf @argv do
+      lambda { argf @argv }.should raise_error
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/argv_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/argv_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3b21c7639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/argv_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#argv" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+
+    @saved_argv = ARGV.dup
+    @argv = ["a", "b"]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces and restores the value of ARGV" do
+    argv @argv
+    ARGV.should == @argv
+    argv :restore
+    ARGV.should == @saved_argv
+  end
+
+  it "yields to the block after setting ARGV" do
+    argv @argv do
+      ScratchPad.record ARGV.dup
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == @argv
+    ARGV.should == @saved_argv
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/datetime_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/datetime_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8696c0c9c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/datetime_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#new_datetime" do
+  it "returns a default DateTime instance" do
+    new_datetime.should == DateTime.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a DateTime instance with the specified year value" do
+    d = new_datetime :year => 1970
+    d.year.should == 1970
+  end
+
+  it "returns a DateTime instance with the specified month value" do
+    d = new_datetime :month => 11
+    d.mon.should == 11
+  end
+
+  it "returns a DateTime instance with the specified day value" do
+    d = new_datetime :day => 23
+    d.day.should == 23
+  end
+
+  it "returns a DateTime instance with the specified hour value" do
+    d = new_datetime :hour => 10
+    d.hour.should == 10
+  end
+
+  it "returns a DateTime instance with the specified minute value" do
+    d = new_datetime :minute => 10
+    d.min.should == 10
+  end
+
+  it "returns a DateTime instance with the specified second value" do
+    d = new_datetime :second => 2
+    d.sec.should == 2
+  end
+
+  it "returns a DateTime instance with the specified offset value" do
+    d = new_datetime :offset => Rational(3,24)
+    d.offset.should == Rational(3,24)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/fixture_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/fixture_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dbdd092f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/fixture_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#fixture" do
+  before :each do
+    @dir = File.realpath("..", __FILE__)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the expanded path to a fixture file" do
+    name = fixture(__FILE__, "subdir", "file.txt")
+    name.should == "#{@dir}/fixtures/subdir/file.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "omits '/shared' if it is the suffix of the directory string" do
+    name = fixture("#{@dir}/shared/file.rb", "subdir", "file.txt")
+    name.should == "#{@dir}/fixtures/subdir/file.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "does not append '/fixtures' if it is the suffix of the directory string" do
+    commands_dir = "#{File.dirname(@dir)}/commands"
+    name = fixture("#{commands_dir}/fixtures/file.rb", "subdir", "file.txt")
+    name.should == "#{commands_dir}/fixtures/subdir/file.txt"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/flunk_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/flunk_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b1216d3f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/flunk_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#flunk" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError unconditionally" do
+    lambda { flunk }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "accepts on argument for an optional message" do
+    lambda {flunk "test"}.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/fs_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/fs_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e40c6c5607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/fs_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#cp" do
+  before :each do
+    @source = tmp("source.txt")
+    @copy = tmp("copied.txt")
+
+    @contents = "This is a copy."
+    File.open(@source, "w") { |f| f.write @contents }
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    File.delete @source if File.exist? @source
+    File.delete @copy if File.exist? @copy
+  end
+
+  it "copies a file" do
+    cp @source, @copy
+    data = IO.read(@copy)
+    data.should == @contents
+    data.should == IO.read(@source)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#touch" do
+  before :all do
+    @name = tmp("touched.txt")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    File.delete @name if File.exist? @name
+  end
+
+  it "creates a file" do
+    touch @name
+    File.exist?(@name).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "accepts an optional mode argument" do
+    touch @name, "wb"
+    File.exist?(@name).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "overwrites an existing file" do
+    File.open(@name, "w") { |f| f.puts "used" }
+    File.size(@name).should > 0
+
+    touch @name
+    File.size(@name).should == 0
+  end
+
+  it "yields the open file if passed a block" do
+    touch(@name) { |f| f.write "touching" }
+    IO.read(@name).should == "touching"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#touch" do
+  before :all do
+    @name = tmp("subdir/touched.txt")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    rm_r File.dirname(@name)
+  end
+
+  it "creates all the directories in the path to the file" do
+    touch @name
+    File.exist?(@name).should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#mkdir_p" do
+  before :all do
+    @dir1 = tmp("/nested")
+    @dir2 = @dir1 + "/directory"
+    @paths = [ @dir2, @dir1 ]
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    File.delete @dir1 if File.file? @dir1
+    @paths.each { |path| Dir.rmdir path if File.directory? path }
+  end
+
+  it "creates all the directories in a path" do
+    mkdir_p @dir2
+    File.directory?(@dir2).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if a path component is a file" do
+    File.open(@dir1, "w") { |f| }
+    lambda { mkdir_p @dir2 }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "works if multiple processes try to create the same directory concurrently" do
+    original = File.method(:directory?)
+    File.should_receive(:directory?).at_least(:once) { |dir|
+      ret = original.call(dir)
+      if !ret and dir == @dir1
+        Dir.mkdir(dir) # Simulate race
+      end
+      ret
+    }
+    mkdir_p @dir1
+    original.call(@dir1).should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#rm_r" do
+  before :all do
+    @topdir  = tmp("rm_r_tree")
+    @topfile = @topdir + "/file.txt"
+    @link    = @topdir + "/file.lnk"
+    @socket  = @topdir + "/socket.sck"
+    @subdir1 = @topdir + "/subdir1"
+    @subdir2 = @subdir1 + "/subdir2"
+    @subfile = @subdir1 + "/subfile.txt"
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    mkdir_p @subdir2
+    touch @topfile
+    touch @subfile
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    File.delete @link if File.exist? @link or File.symlink? @link
+    File.delete @socket if File.exist? @socket
+    File.delete @subfile if File.exist? @subfile
+    File.delete @topfile if File.exist? @topfile
+
+    Dir.rmdir @subdir2 if File.directory? @subdir2
+    Dir.rmdir @subdir1 if File.directory? @subdir1
+    Dir.rmdir @topdir if File.directory? @topdir
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if the path is not prefixed by MSPEC_RM_PREFIX" do
+    lambda { rm_r "some_file.txt" }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "removes a single file" do
+    rm_r @subfile
+    File.exist?(@subfile).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "removes multiple files" do
+    rm_r @topfile, @subfile
+    File.exist?(@topfile).should be_false
+    File.exist?(@subfile).should be_false
+  end
+
+  platform_is_not :windows do
+    it "removes a symlink to a file" do
+      File.symlink @topfile, @link
+      rm_r @link
+      File.exist?(@link).should be_false
+    end
+
+    it "removes a symlink to a directory" do
+      File.symlink @subdir1, @link
+      rm_r @link
+      lambda do
+        File.lstat(@link)
+      end.should raise_error(Errno::ENOENT)
+      File.exist?(@subdir1).should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "removes a dangling symlink" do
+      File.symlink "non_existent_file", @link
+      rm_r @link
+      lambda do
+        File.lstat(@link)
+      end.should raise_error(Errno::ENOENT)
+    end
+
+    it "removes a socket" do
+      require 'socket'
+      UNIXServer.new(@socket).close
+      rm_r @socket
+      File.exist?(@socket).should be_false
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "removes a single directory" do
+    rm_r @subdir2
+    File.directory?(@subdir2).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "recursively removes a directory tree" do
+    rm_r @topdir
+    File.directory?(@topdir).should be_false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/io_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/io_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fa1f97d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/io_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe IOStub do
+  before :each do
+    @out = IOStub.new
+    @sep = $\
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $\ = @sep
+  end
+
+  it "provides a write method" do
+    @out.write "this"
+    @out.should == "this"
+  end
+
+  it "concatenates the arguments sent to write" do
+    @out.write "flim ", "flam"
+    @out.should == "flim flam"
+  end
+
+  it "provides a print method that appends the default separator" do
+    $\ = " [newline] "
+    @out.print "hello"
+    @out.print "world"
+    @out.should == "hello [newline] world [newline] "
+  end
+
+  it "provides a puts method that appends the default separator" do
+    @out.puts "hello", 1, 2, 3
+    @out.should == "hello\n1\n2\n3\n"
+  end
+
+  it "provides a puts method that appends separator if argument not given" do
+    @out.puts
+    @out.should == "\n"
+  end
+
+  it "provides a printf method" do
+    @out.printf "%-10s, %03d, %2.1f", "test", 42, 4.2
+    @out.should == "test      , 042, 4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "provides a flush method that does nothing and returns self" do
+    @out.flush.should == @out
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#new_fd" do
+  before :each do
+    @name = tmp("io_specs")
+    @io = nil
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    @io.close if @io and not @io.closed?
+    rm_r @name
+  end
+
+  it "returns an Integer that can be used to create an IO instance" do
+    fd = new_fd @name
+    fd.should be_kind_of(Integer)
+
+    @io = IO.new fd, 'w:utf-8'
+    @io.sync = true
+    @io.print "io data"
+
+    IO.read(@name).should == "io data"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts an options Hash" do
+    FeatureGuard.stub(:enabled?).and_return(true)
+    fd = new_fd @name, { :mode => 'w:utf-8' }
+    fd.should be_kind_of(Integer)
+
+    @io = IO.new fd, 'w:utf-8'
+    @io.sync = true
+    @io.print "io data"
+
+    IO.read(@name).should == "io data"
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if the options Hash does not include :mode" do
+    FeatureGuard.stub(:enabled?).and_return(true)
+    lambda { new_fd @name, { :encoding => "utf-8" } }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#new_io" do
+  before :each do
+    @name = tmp("io_specs.txt")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    @io.close if @io and !@io.closed?
+    rm_r @name
+  end
+
+  it "returns a File instance" do
+    @io = new_io @name
+    @io.should be_an_instance_of(File)
+  end
+
+  it "opens the IO for reading if passed 'r'" do
+    touch(@name) { |f| f.print "io data" }
+    @io = new_io @name, "r"
+    @io.read.should == "io data"
+    lambda { @io.puts "more data" }.should raise_error(IOError)
+  end
+
+  it "opens the IO for writing if passed 'w'" do
+    @io = new_io @name, "w"
+    @io.sync = true
+
+    @io.print "io data"
+    IO.read(@name).should == "io data"
+  end
+
+  it "opens the IO for reading if passed { :mode => 'r' }" do
+    touch(@name) { |f| f.print "io data" }
+    @io = new_io @name, { :mode => "r" }
+    @io.read.should == "io data"
+    lambda { @io.puts "more data" }.should raise_error(IOError)
+  end
+
+  it "opens the IO for writing if passed { :mode => 'w' }" do
+    @io = new_io @name, { :mode => "w" }
+    @io.sync = true
+
+    @io.print "io data"
+    IO.read(@name).should == "io data"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/mock_to_path_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/mock_to_path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..464e7e5440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/mock_to_path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#mock_to_path" do
+  it "returns an object that responds to #to_path" do
+    obj = mock_to_path("foo")
+    obj.should be_a(MockObject)
+    obj.should respond_to(:to_path)
+    obj.to_path
+  end
+
+  it "returns the provided path when #to_path is called" do
+    obj = mock_to_path("/tmp/foo")
+    obj.to_path.should == "/tmp/foo"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/numeric_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/numeric_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ea56e5961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/numeric_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#bignum_value" do
+  it "returns a value that is an instance of Bignum on any platform" do
+    bignum_value.should ==  0x8000_0000_0000_0000
+  end
+
+  it "returns the default value incremented by the argument" do
+    bignum_value(42).should == 0x8000_0000_0000_002a
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#nan_value" do
+  it "returns NaN" do
+    nan_value.nan?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#infinity_value" do
+  it "returns Infinity" do
+    infinity_value.infinite?.should == 1
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/ruby_exe_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/ruby_exe_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8036043578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/ruby_exe_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+class RubyExeSpecs
+  public :ruby_exe_options
+  public :resolve_ruby_exe
+  public :ruby_cmd
+  public :ruby_exe
+end
+
+describe "#ruby_exe_options" do
+  before :each do
+    @ruby_exe_env = ENV['RUBY_EXE']
+    @script = RubyExeSpecs.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    ENV['RUBY_EXE'] = @ruby_exe_env
+  end
+
+  it "returns ENV['RUBY_EXE'] when passed :env" do
+    ENV['RUBY_EXE'] = "kowabunga"
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:env).should == "kowabunga"
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'bin/jruby' when passed :engine and RUBY_ENGINE is 'jruby'" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", 'jruby'
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:engine).should == 'bin/jruby'
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'bin/rbx' when passed :engine, RUBY_ENGINE is 'rbx'" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", 'rbx'
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:engine).should == 'bin/rbx'
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'ir' when passed :engine and RUBY_ENGINE is 'ironruby'" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", 'ironruby'
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:engine).should == 'ir'
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'maglev-ruby' when passed :engine and RUBY_ENGINE is 'maglev'" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", 'maglev'
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:engine).should == 'maglev-ruby'
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'topaz' when passed :engine and RUBY_ENGINE is 'topaz'" do
+    stub_const "RUBY_ENGINE", 'topaz'
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:engine).should == 'topaz'
+  end
+
+  it "returns RUBY_ENGINE + $(EXEEXT) when passed :name" do
+    bin = RUBY_ENGINE + (RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] || RbConfig::CONFIG['exeext'] || '')
+    name = File.join ".", bin
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:name).should == name
+  end
+
+  it "returns $(bindir)/$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) + $(EXEEXT) when passed :install_name" do
+    bin = RbConfig::CONFIG['RUBY_INSTALL_NAME'] + (RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] || RbConfig::CONFIG['exeext'] || '')
+    name = File.join RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'], bin
+    @script.ruby_exe_options(:install_name).should == name
+  end
+end
+
+describe "#resolve_ruby_exe" do
+  before :each do
+    @name = "ruby_spec_exe"
+    @script = RubyExeSpecs.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns the value returned by #ruby_exe_options if it exists and is executable" do
+    @script.should_receive(:ruby_exe_options).and_return(@name)
+    File.should_receive(:file?).with(@name).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:executable?).with(@name).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@name).and_return(@name)
+    @script.resolve_ruby_exe.should == @name
+  end
+
+  it "expands the path portion of the result of #ruby_exe_options" do
+    @script.should_receive(:ruby_exe_options).and_return("#{@name}")
+    File.should_receive(:file?).with(@name).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:executable?).with(@name).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@name).and_return("/usr/bin/#{@name}")
+    @script.resolve_ruby_exe.should == "/usr/bin/#{@name}"
+  end
+
+  it "adds the flags after the executable" do
+    @name = 'bin/rbx'
+    @script.should_receive(:ruby_exe_options).and_return(@name)
+    File.should_receive(:file?).with(@name).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:executable?).with(@name).and_return(true)
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@name).and_return(@name)
+
+    ENV.should_receive(:[]).with("RUBY_FLAGS").and_return('-X19')
+    @script.resolve_ruby_exe.should == 'bin/rbx -X19'
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception if no exe is found" do
+    File.should_receive(:file?).at_least(:once).and_return(false)
+    lambda {
+      @script.resolve_ruby_exe
+    }.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#ruby_cmd" do
+  before :each do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_EXE', 'ruby_spec_exe -w -Q'
+
+    @file = "some/ruby/file.rb"
+    @code = %(some "real" 'ruby' code)
+
+    @script = RubyExeSpecs.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a command that runs the given file if it is a file that exists" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(@file).and_return(true)
+    @script.ruby_cmd(@file).should == "ruby_spec_exe -w -Q some/ruby/file.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "includes the given options and arguments with a file" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(@file).and_return(true)
+    @script.ruby_cmd(@file, :options => "-w -Cdir", :args => "< file.txt").should ==
+      "ruby_spec_exe -w -Q -w -Cdir some/ruby/file.rb < file.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "includes the given options and arguments with -e" do
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(@code).and_return(false)
+    @script.ruby_cmd(@code, :options => "-W0 -Cdir", :args => "< file.txt").should ==
+      %(ruby_spec_exe -w -Q -W0 -Cdir -e "some \\"real\\" 'ruby' code" < file.txt)
+  end
+
+  it "returns a command with options and arguments but without code or file" do
+    @script.ruby_cmd(nil, :options => "-c", :args => "> file.txt").should ==
+      "ruby_spec_exe -w -Q -c > file.txt"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Object, "#ruby_exe" do
+  before :each do
+    stub_const 'RUBY_EXE', 'ruby_spec_exe -w -Q'
+
+    @script = RubyExeSpecs.new
+    @script.stub(:`)
+  end
+
+  it "returns an Array containing the interpreter executable and flags when given no arguments" do
+    @script.ruby_exe.should == ['ruby_spec_exe', '-w', '-Q']
+  end
+
+  it "executes (using `) the result of calling #ruby_cmd with the given arguments" do
+    code = "code"
+    options = {}
+    @script.should_receive(:ruby_cmd).and_return("ruby_cmd")
+    @script.should_receive(:`).with("ruby_cmd")
+    @script.ruby_exe(code, options)
+  end
+
+  describe "with :dir option" do
+    it "is deprecated" do
+      lambda {
+        @script.ruby_exe nil, :dir => "tmp"
+      }.should raise_error(/no longer supported, use Dir\.chdir/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with :env option" do
+    it "preserves the values of existing ENV keys" do
+      ENV["ABC"] = "123"
+      ENV.stub(:[])
+      ENV.should_receive(:[]).with("ABC")
+      @script.ruby_exe nil, :env => { :ABC => "xyz" }
+    end
+
+    it "adds the :env entries to ENV" do
+      ENV.should_receive(:[]=).with("ABC", "xyz")
+      @script.ruby_exe nil, :env => { :ABC => "xyz" }
+    end
+
+    it "deletes the :env entries in ENV when an exception is raised" do
+      ENV.should_receive(:delete).with("XYZ")
+      @script.ruby_exe nil, :env => { :XYZ => "xyz" }
+    end
+
+    it "resets the values of existing ENV keys when an exception is raised" do
+      ENV["ABC"] = "123"
+      ENV.should_receive(:[]=).with("ABC", "xyz")
+      ENV.should_receive(:[]=).with("ABC", "123")
+
+      @script.should_receive(:`).and_raise(Exception)
+      lambda do
+        @script.ruby_exe nil, :env => { :ABC => "xyz" }
+      end.should raise_error(Exception)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/scratch_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/scratch_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a9eb2cf73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/scratch_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe ScratchPad do
+  it "records an object and returns a previously recorded object" do
+    ScratchPad.record :this
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :this
+  end
+
+  it "clears the recorded object" do
+    ScratchPad.record :that
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :that
+    ScratchPad.clear
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "provides a convenience shortcut to append to a previously recorded object" do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    ScratchPad << :new
+    ScratchPad << :another
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:new, :another]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/suppress_warning_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/suppress_warning_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d16361fa55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/suppress_warning_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#suppress_warning" do
+  it "hides warnings" do
+    suppress_warning do
+      warn "should not be shown"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "yields the block" do
+    a = 0
+    suppress_warning do
+      a = 1
+    end
+    a.should == 1
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/tmp_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/tmp_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dcf629d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/helpers/tmp_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+
+describe Object, "#tmp" do
+  before :all do
+    @dir = SPEC_TEMP_DIR
+  end
+
+  it "returns a name relative to the current working directory" do
+    tmp("test.txt").should == "#{@dir}/#{SPEC_TEMP_UNIQUIFIER}-test.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns a 'unique' name on repeated calls" do
+    a = tmp("text.txt")
+    b = tmp("text.txt")
+    a.should_not == b
+  end
+
+  it "does not 'uniquify' the name if requested not to" do
+    tmp("test.txt", false).should == "#{@dir}/test.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the name of the temporary directory when passed an empty string" do
+    tmp("").should == "#{@dir}/"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/integration/interpreter_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/interpreter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6fa6859d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/interpreter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+
+describe "The interpreter passed with -t" do
+  it "is used in subprocess" do
+    fixtures = "spec/fixtures"
+    interpreter = "#{fixtures}/my_ruby"
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "#{fixtures}/print_interpreter_spec.rb -t #{interpreter}")
+    out = out.lines.map(&:chomp).reject { |line|
+      line == 'RUBY_DESCRIPTION'
+    }.take(3)
+    out.should == [
+      interpreter,
+      interpreter,
+      "CWD/#{interpreter}"
+    ]
+    ret.success?.should == true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/integration/object_methods_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/object_methods_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3be704beb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/object_methods_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+
+expected_output = <<EOS
+RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+.
+
+Finished in D.DDDDDD seconds
+
+1 file, 1 example, 1 expectation, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged
+EOS
+
+describe "MSpec" do
+  it "does not define public methods on Object" do
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "spec/fixtures/object_methods_spec.rb")
+    out.should == expected_output
+    ret.success?.should == true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/integration/run_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/run_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99a5416cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/run_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+
+describe "Running mspec" do
+  a_spec_output = <<EOS
+
+1)
+Foo#bar errors FAILED
+Expected 1 == 2
+to be truthy but was false
+CWD/spec/fixtures/a_spec.rb:8:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
+CWD/spec/fixtures/a_spec.rb:2:in `<top (required)>'
+
+2)
+Foo#bar fails ERROR
+RuntimeError: failure
+CWD/spec/fixtures/a_spec.rb:12:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
+CWD/spec/fixtures/a_spec.rb:2:in `<top (required)>'
+
+Finished in D.DDDDDD seconds
+EOS
+
+  a_stats = "1 file, 3 examples, 2 expectations, 1 failure, 1 error, 0 tagged\n"
+  ab_stats = "2 files, 4 examples, 3 expectations, 1 failure, 1 error, 0 tagged\n"
+  fixtures = "spec/fixtures"
+
+  it "runs the specs" do
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "#{fixtures}/a_spec.rb")
+    out.should == "RUBY_DESCRIPTION\n.FE\n#{a_spec_output}\n#{a_stats}"
+    ret.success?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "directly with mspec-run runs the specs" do
+    out, ret = run_mspec("-run", "#{fixtures}/a_spec.rb")
+    out.should == "RUBY_DESCRIPTION\n.FE\n#{a_spec_output}\n#{a_stats}"
+    ret.success?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "runs the specs in parallel with -j using the dotted formatter" do
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "-j #{fixtures}/a_spec.rb #{fixtures}/b_spec.rb")
+    out.should == "RUBY_DESCRIPTION\n...\n#{a_spec_output}\n#{ab_stats}"
+    ret.success?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "runs the specs in parallel with -j -fa" do
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "-j -fa #{fixtures}/a_spec.rb #{fixtures}/b_spec.rb")
+    progress_bar =
+      "\r[/ |                   0%                     | 00:00:00] \e[0;32m     0F \e[0;32m     0E\e[0m " +
+      "\r[- | ==================50%                    | 00:00:00] \e[0;32m     0F \e[0;32m     0E\e[0m " +
+      "\r[\\ | ==================100%================== | 00:00:00] \e[0;32m     0F \e[0;32m     0E\e[0m "
+    out.should == "RUBY_DESCRIPTION\n#{progress_bar}\n#{a_spec_output}\n#{ab_stats}"
+    ret.success?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "gives a useful error message when a subprocess dies in parallel mode" do
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "-j #{fixtures}/b_spec.rb #{fixtures}/die_spec.rb")
+    lines = out.lines
+    lines.should include "A child mspec-run process died unexpectedly while running CWD/spec/fixtures/die_spec.rb\n"
+    lines.should include "Finished in D.DDDDDD seconds\n"
+    lines.last.should =~ /^\d files?, \d examples?, \d expectations?, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged$/
+    ret.success?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "gives a useful error message when a subprocess prints unexpected output on STDOUT in parallel mode" do
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "-j #{fixtures}/b_spec.rb #{fixtures}/chatty_spec.rb")
+    lines = out.lines
+    lines.should include "A child mspec-run process printed unexpected output on STDOUT: #{'"Hello\nIt\'s me!\n"'} while running CWD/spec/fixtures/chatty_spec.rb\n"
+    lines.should include "Finished in D.DDDDDD seconds\n"
+    lines.last.should == "2 files, 2 examples, 2 expectations, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged\n"
+    ret.success?.should == false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/integration/tag_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/tag_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4df2f0dc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/integration/tag_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'spec_helper'
+
+describe "Running mspec tag" do
+  before :all do
+    FileUtils.rm_rf 'spec/fixtures/tags'
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    FileUtils.rm_rf 'spec/fixtures/tags'
+  end
+
+  it "tags the failing specs" do
+    fixtures = "spec/fixtures"
+    out, ret = run_mspec("tag", "--add fails --fail #{fixtures}/tagging_spec.rb")
+    out.should == <<EOS
+RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+.FF
+TagAction: specs tagged with 'fails':
+
+Tag#me errors
+Tag#me érròrs in unicode
+
+
+1)
+Tag#me errors FAILED
+Expected 1 == 2
+to be truthy but was false
+CWD/spec/fixtures/tagging_spec.rb:9:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
+CWD/spec/fixtures/tagging_spec.rb:3:in `<top (required)>'
+
+2)
+Tag#me érròrs in unicode FAILED
+Expected 1 == 2
+to be truthy but was false
+CWD/spec/fixtures/tagging_spec.rb:13:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
+CWD/spec/fixtures/tagging_spec.rb:3:in `<top (required)>'
+
+Finished in D.DDDDDD seconds
+
+1 file, 3 examples, 3 expectations, 2 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged
+EOS
+    ret.success?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "does not run already tagged specs" do
+    fixtures = "spec/fixtures"
+    out, ret = run_mspec("run", "--excl-tag fails #{fixtures}/tagging_spec.rb")
+    out.should == <<EOS
+RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+.
+
+Finished in D.DDDDDD seconds
+
+1 file, 3 examples, 1 expectation, 0 failures, 0 errors, 2 tagged
+EOS
+    ret.success?.should == true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/base_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/base_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..762822bf09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/base_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+require 'time'
+
+describe SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher, "== operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x to equal y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(1) == 2
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 1 == 2\nto be truthy but was false")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when == returns true" do
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(1) == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher, "=~ operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected \"x\" to match y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new('real') =~ /fake/
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected \"real\" =~ /fake/\nto be truthy but was nil")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when =~ returns true" do
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new('real') =~ /real/
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher, "> operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x to be greater than y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(4) > 5
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 4 > 5\nto be truthy but was false")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when > returns true" do
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(5) > 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher, ">= operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x to be greater than or equal to y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(4) >= 5
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 4 >= 5\nto be truthy but was false")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when > returns true" do
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(5) >= 4
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(5) >= 5
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher, "< operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x to be less than y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(5) < 4
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 5 < 4\nto be truthy but was false")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when < returns true" do
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(4) < 5
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher, "<= operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x to be less than or equal to y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(5) <= 4
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 5 <= 4\nto be truthy but was false")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when < returns true" do
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(4) <= 5
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(4) <= 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher, "arbitrary predicates" do
+  it "do not raise an exception when the predicate is truthy" do
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(2).eql?(2)
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(2).equal?(2)
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new([1, 2, 3]).include?(2)
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("ab")
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("d", "a")
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(3).odd?
+    SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new([1, 2]).any? { |e| e.even? }
+  end
+
+  it "provide a failure message when the predicate returns a falsy value" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(2).eql?(3)
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 2.eql? 3\nto be truthy but was false")
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(2).equal?(3)
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 2.equal? 3\nto be truthy but was false")
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new([1, 2, 3]).include?(4)
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected [1, 2, 3].include? 4\nto be truthy but was false")
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("de")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected \"abc\".start_with? \"de\"\nto be truthy but was false")
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("d", "e")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected \"abc\".start_with? \"d\", \"e\"\nto be truthy but was false")
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new(2).odd?
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 2.odd?\nto be truthy but was false")
+    lambda {
+      SpecPositiveOperatorMatcher.new([1, 3]).any? { |e| e.even? }
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected [1, 3].any? { ... }\nto be truthy but was false")
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher, "arbitrary predicates" do
+  it "do not raise an exception when the predicate returns a falsy value" do
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(2).eql?(3)
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(2).equal?(3)
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new([1, 2, 3]).include?(4)
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("de")
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("d", "e")
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(2).odd?
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new([1, 3]).any? { |e| e.even? }
+  end
+
+  it "provide a failure message when the predicate returns a truthy value" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(2).eql?(2)
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 2.eql? 2\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(2).equal?(2)
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 2.equal? 2\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new([1, 2, 3]).include?(2)
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected [1, 2, 3].include? 2\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("ab")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected \"abc\".start_with? \"ab\"\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new("abc").start_with?("d", "a")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected \"abc\".start_with? \"d\", \"a\"\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(3).odd?
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 3.odd?\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new([1, 2]).any? { |e| e.even? }
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected [1, 2].any? { ... }\nto be falsy but was true")
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher, "== operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x not to equal y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(1) == 1
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 1 == 1\nto be falsy but was true")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when == returns false" do
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(1) == 2
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher, "=~ operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected \"x\" not to match /y/'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new('real') =~ /real/
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected \"real\" =~ /real/\nto be falsy but was 0")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when =~ returns false" do
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new('real') =~ /fake/
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher, "< operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x not to be less than y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(4) < 5
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 4 < 5\nto be falsy but was true")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when < returns false" do
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(5) < 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher, "<= operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x not to be less than or equal to y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(4) <= 5
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 4 <= 5\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(5) <= 5
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 5 <= 5\nto be falsy but was true")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when <= returns false" do
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(5) <= 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher, "> operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x not to be greater than y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(5) > 4
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 5 > 4\nto be falsy but was true")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when > returns false" do
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(4) > 5
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher, ">= operator" do
+  it "provides a failure message that 'Expected x not to be greater than or equal to y'" do
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(5) >= 4
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 5 >= 4\nto be falsy but was true")
+    lambda {
+      SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(5) >= 5
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, "Expected 5 >= 5\nto be falsy but was true")
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when >= returns false" do
+    SpecNegativeOperatorMatcher.new(4) >= 5
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_an_instance_of_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_an_instance_of_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f2126df7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_an_instance_of_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+module BeAnInOfSpecs
+  class A
+  end
+
+  class B < A
+  end
+
+  class C < B
+  end
+end
+
+describe BeAnInstanceOfMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is an instance_of? expected" do
+    a = BeAnInOfSpecs::A.new
+    BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(BeAnInOfSpecs::A).matches?(a).should be_true
+
+    b = BeAnInOfSpecs::B.new
+    BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(BeAnInOfSpecs::B).matches?(b).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not an instance_of? expected" do
+    a = BeAnInOfSpecs::A.new
+    BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(BeAnInOfSpecs::B).matches?(a).should be_false
+
+    b = BeAnInOfSpecs::B.new
+    BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(BeAnInOfSpecs::A).matches?(b).should be_false
+
+    c = BeAnInOfSpecs::C.new
+    BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(BeAnInOfSpecs::A).matches?(c).should be_false
+    BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(BeAnInOfSpecs::B).matches?(c).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(Numeric)
+    matcher.matches?("string")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected \"string\" (String)", "to be an instance of Numeric"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeAnInstanceOfMatcher.new(Numeric)
+    matcher.matches?(4.0)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected 4.0 (Float)", "not to be an instance of Numeric"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_ancestor_of_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_ancestor_of_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6bd1a26c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_ancestor_of_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class Parent; end
+class Child < Parent; end
+
+describe BeAncestorOfMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is an ancestor of expected" do
+    BeAncestorOfMatcher.new(Child).matches?(Parent).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not an ancestor of expected" do
+    BeAncestorOfMatcher.new(Parent).matches?(Child).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeAncestorOfMatcher.new(Parent)
+    matcher.matches?(Child)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected Child", "to be an ancestor of Parent"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeAncestorOfMatcher.new(Child)
+    matcher.matches?(Parent)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected Parent", "not to be an ancestor of Child"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_close_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_close_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6edff98e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_close_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+# Adapted from RSpec 1.0.8
+describe BeCloseMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual == expected" do
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5).matches?(5.0).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual < (expected + tolerance)" do
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5).matches?(5.49).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual > (expected - tolerance)" do
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5).matches?(4.51).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual == (expected + tolerance)" do
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5).matches?(5.5).should == true
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(3, 2).matches?(5).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual == (expected - tolerance)" do
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5).matches?(4.5).should == true
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(3, 2).matches?(1).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual < (expected - tolerance)" do
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5).matches?(4.49).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual > (expected + tolerance)" do
+    BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5).matches?(5.51).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5)
+    matcher.matches?(6.5)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected 6.5", "to be within 5.0 +/- 0.5"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeCloseMatcher.new(5.0, 0.5)
+    matcher.matches?(4.9)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected 4.9", "not to be within 5.0 +/- 0.5"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_computed_by_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_computed_by_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9833e211a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_computed_by_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeComputedByMatcher do
+  it "matches when all entries in the Array compute" do
+    array = [ [65, "A"],
+              [90, "Z"] ]
+    BeComputedByMatcher.new(:chr).matches?(array).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when all entries in the Array with arguments compute" do
+    array = [ [1, 2, 3],
+              [2, 4, 6] ]
+    BeComputedByMatcher.new(:+).matches?(array).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when any entry in the Array does not compute" do
+    array = [ [65, "A" ],
+              [91, "Z" ] ]
+    BeComputedByMatcher.new(:chr).matches?(array).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "accepts an argument list to apply to each method call" do
+    array = [ [65, "1000001" ],
+              [90, "1011010" ] ]
+    BeComputedByMatcher.new(:to_s, 2).matches?(array).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when any entry in the Array with arguments does not compute" do
+    array = [ [1, 2, 3],
+              [2, 4, 7] ]
+    BeComputedByMatcher.new(:+).matches?(array).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    array = [ [65, "A" ],
+              [91, "Z" ] ]
+    matcher = BeComputedByMatcher.new(:chr)
+    matcher.matches?(array)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"Z\"", "to be computed by 91.chr (computed \"[\" instead)"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_empty_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_empty_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb8663f5ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_empty_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeEmptyMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is empty" do
+    BeEmptyMatcher.new.matches?("").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not empty" do
+    BeEmptyMatcher.new.matches?([10]).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeEmptyMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?("not empty string")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"not empty string\"", "to be empty"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeEmptyMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?("")
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected \"\"", "not to be empty"]
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_false_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_false_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31afd24ebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_false_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeFalseMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is false" do
+    BeFalseMatcher.new.matches?(false).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not false" do
+    BeFalseMatcher.new.matches?("").should == false
+    BeFalseMatcher.new.matches?(true).should == false
+    BeFalseMatcher.new.matches?(nil).should == false
+    BeFalseMatcher.new.matches?(0).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeFalseMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?("some string")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"some string\"", "to be false"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeFalseMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?(false)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected false", "not to be false"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_kind_of_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_kind_of_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c4a59f7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_kind_of_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeKindOfMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is a kind_of? expected" do
+    BeKindOfMatcher.new(Numeric).matches?(1).should == true
+    BeKindOfMatcher.new(Integer).matches?(2).should == true
+    BeKindOfMatcher.new(Regexp).matches?(/m/).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not a kind_of? expected" do
+    BeKindOfMatcher.new(Integer).matches?(1.5).should == false
+    BeKindOfMatcher.new(String).matches?(:a).should == false
+    BeKindOfMatcher.new(Hash).matches?([]).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeKindOfMatcher.new(Numeric)
+    matcher.matches?('string')
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected \"string\" (String)", "to be kind of Numeric"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeKindOfMatcher.new(Numeric)
+    matcher.matches?(4.0)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected 4.0 (Float)", "not to be kind of Numeric"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_nan_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_nan_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2062763a92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_nan_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeNaNMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is NaN" do
+    BeNaNMatcher.new.matches?(nan_value).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not NaN" do
+    BeNaNMatcher.new.matches?(1.0).should == false
+    BeNaNMatcher.new.matches?(0).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeNaNMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?(0)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected 0", "to be NaN"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeNaNMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?(nan_value)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected NaN", "not to be NaN"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_nil_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_nil_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6551feb5de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_nil_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeNilMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is nil" do
+    BeNilMatcher.new.matches?(nil).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not nil" do
+    BeNilMatcher.new.matches?("").should == false
+    BeNilMatcher.new.matches?(false).should == false
+    BeNilMatcher.new.matches?(0).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeNilMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?("some string")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"some string\"", "to be nil"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeNilMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?(nil)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected nil", "not to be nil"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_true_or_false_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_true_or_false_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3edffcb1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_true_or_false_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeTrueOrFalseMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is true" do
+    BeTrueOrFalseMatcher.new.matches?(true).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual is false" do
+    BeTrueOrFalseMatcher.new.matches?(false).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeTrueOrFalseMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?("some string")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"some string\"", "to be true or false"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_true_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_true_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90c89b3911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/be_true_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BeTrueMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is true" do
+    BeTrueMatcher.new.matches?(true).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not true" do
+    BeTrueMatcher.new.matches?("").should == false
+    BeTrueMatcher.new.matches?(false).should == false
+    BeTrueMatcher.new.matches?(nil).should == false
+    BeTrueMatcher.new.matches?(0).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = BeTrueMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?("some string")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"some string\"", "to be true"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = BeTrueMatcher.new
+    matcher.matches?(true)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected true", "not to be true"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/block_caller_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/block_caller_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6793b9779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/block_caller_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe BlockingMatcher do
+  it 'matches when a Proc blocks the caller' do
+    BlockingMatcher.new.matches?(proc { sleep }).should == true
+  end
+
+  it 'does not match when a Proc does not block the caller' do
+    BlockingMatcher.new.matches?(proc { 1 }).should == false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/complain_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/complain_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90f94c3684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/complain_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe ComplainMatcher do
+  it "matches when executing the proc results in output to $stderr" do
+    proc = lambda { warn "I'm gonna tell yo mama" }
+    ComplainMatcher.new(nil).matches?(proc).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when executing the proc results in the expected output to $stderr" do
+    proc = lambda { warn "Que haces?" }
+    ComplainMatcher.new("Que haces?\n").matches?(proc).should == true
+    ComplainMatcher.new("Que pasa?\n").matches?(proc).should == false
+    ComplainMatcher.new(/Que/).matches?(proc).should == true
+    ComplainMatcher.new(/Quoi/).matches?(proc).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when there is no output to $stderr" do
+    ComplainMatcher.new(nil).matches?(lambda {}).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = ComplainMatcher.new(nil)
+    matcher.matches?(lambda { })
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected a warning", "but received none"]
+    matcher = ComplainMatcher.new("listen here")
+    matcher.matches?(lambda { warn "look out" })
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected warning: \"listen here\"", "but got: \"look out\""]
+    matcher = ComplainMatcher.new(/talk/)
+    matcher.matches?(lambda { warn "listen up" })
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected warning to match: /talk/", "but got: \"listen up\""]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    proc = lambda { warn "ouch" }
+    matcher = ComplainMatcher.new(nil)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Unexpected warning: ", "\"ouch\""]
+    matcher = ComplainMatcher.new("ouchy")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected warning: \"ouchy\"", "but got: \"ouch\""]
+    matcher = ComplainMatcher.new(/ou/)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected warning not to match: /ou/", "but got: \"ouch\""]
+  end
+
+  context "`verbose` option specified" do
+    before do
+      $VERBOSE, @verbose = nil, $VERBOSE
+    end
+
+    after do
+      $VERBOSE = @verbose
+    end
+
+    it "sets $VERBOSE with specified second optional parameter" do
+      verbose = nil
+      proc = lambda { verbose = $VERBOSE }
+
+      ComplainMatcher.new(nil, verbose: true).matches?(proc)
+      verbose.should == true
+
+      ComplainMatcher.new(nil, verbose: false).matches?(proc)
+      verbose.should == false
+    end
+
+    it "sets $VERBOSE with false by default" do
+      verbose = nil
+      proc = lambda { verbose = $VERBOSE }
+
+      ComplainMatcher.new(nil).matches?(proc)
+      verbose.should == false
+    end
+
+    it "does not have side effect" do
+      proc = lambda { safe_value = $VERBOSE }
+
+      lambda do
+        ComplainMatcher.new(nil, verbose: true).matches?(proc)
+      end.should_not change { $VERBOSE }
+    end
+
+    it "accepts a verbose level as single argument" do
+      verbose = nil
+      proc = lambda { verbose = $VERBOSE }
+
+      ComplainMatcher.new(verbose: true).matches?(proc)
+      verbose.should == true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/eql_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/eql_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f29e6976da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/eql_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe EqlMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is eql? to expected" do
+    EqlMatcher.new(1).matches?(1).should == true
+    EqlMatcher.new(1.5).matches?(1.5).should == true
+    EqlMatcher.new("red").matches?("red").should == true
+    EqlMatcher.new(:blue).matches?(:blue).should == true
+    EqlMatcher.new(Object).matches?(Object).should == true
+
+    o = Object.new
+    EqlMatcher.new(o).matches?(o).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not eql? to expected" do
+    EqlMatcher.new(1).matches?(1.0).should == false
+    EqlMatcher.new(Hash).matches?(Object).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = EqlMatcher.new("red")
+    matcher.matches?("red")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"red\"", "to have same value and type as \"red\""]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = EqlMatcher.new(1)
+    matcher.matches?(1.0)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected 1.0", "not to have same value or type as 1"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/equal_element_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/equal_element_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06fae762c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/equal_element_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe EqualElementMatcher do
+  it "matches if it finds an element with the passed name, no matter what attributes/content" do
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A").matches?('<A></A>').should be_true
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_true
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_true
+
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE").matches?('<BASE></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE").matches?('<A></BASE>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE").matches?('<A></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "matches if it finds an element with the passed name and the passed attributes" do
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}).matches?('<A></A>').should be_true
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", nil).matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_true
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", "HREF" => "http://example.com").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_true
+
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}).matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", "HREF" => "http://example.com").matches?('<A></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", "HREF" => "http://example.com").matches?('<A HREF="http://test.com"></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", "HREF" => "http://example.com").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com" HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "matches if it finds an element with the passed name, the passed attributes and the passed content" do
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}, "").matches?('<A></A>').should be_true
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {"HREF" => "http://example.com"}, "Example").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com">Example</A>').should be_true
+
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}, "Test").matches?('<A></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {"HREF" => "http://example.com"}, "Example").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com"></A>').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {"HREF" => "http://example.com"}, "Example").matches?('<A HREF="http://example.com">Test</A>').should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "can match unclosed elements" do
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE", nil, nil, :not_closed => true).matches?('<BASE>').should be_true
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE", {"HREF" => "http://example.com"}, nil, :not_closed => true).matches?('<BASE HREF="http://example.com">').should be_true
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE", {"HREF" => "http://example.com"}, "Example", :not_closed => true).matches?('<BASE HREF="http://example.com">Example').should be_true
+
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE", {}, nil, :not_closed => true).matches?('<BASE HREF="http://example.com">').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE", {"HREF" => "http://example.com"}, "", :not_closed => true).matches?('<BASE HREF="http://example.com">Example').should be_false
+    EqualElementMatcher.new("BASE", {"HREF" => "http://example.com"}, "Test", :not_closed => true).matches?('<BASE HREF="http://example.com">Example').should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    equal_element = EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}, "Test")
+    equal_element.matches?('<A></A>').should be_false
+    equal_element.failure_message.should == [%{Expected "<A></A>"}, %{to be a 'A' element with no attributes and "Test" as content}]
+
+    equal_element = EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}, "")
+    equal_element.matches?('<A>Test</A>').should be_false
+    equal_element.failure_message.should == [%{Expected "<A>Test</A>"}, %{to be a 'A' element with no attributes and no content}]
+
+    equal_element = EqualElementMatcher.new("A", "HREF" => "http://www.example.com")
+    equal_element.matches?('<A>Test</A>').should be_false
+    equal_element.failure_message.should == [%{Expected "<A>Test</A>"}, %{to be a 'A' element with HREF="http://www.example.com" and any content}]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    equal_element = EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}, "Test")
+    equal_element.matches?('<A></A>').should be_false
+    equal_element.negative_failure_message.should == [%{Expected "<A></A>"}, %{not to be a 'A' element with no attributes and "Test" as content}]
+
+    equal_element = EqualElementMatcher.new("A", {}, "")
+    equal_element.matches?('<A>Test</A>').should be_false
+    equal_element.negative_failure_message.should == [%{Expected "<A>Test</A>"}, %{not to be a 'A' element with no attributes and no content}]
+
+    equal_element = EqualElementMatcher.new("A", "HREF" => "http://www.example.com")
+    equal_element.matches?('<A>Test</A>').should be_false
+    equal_element.negative_failure_message.should == [%{Expected "<A>Test</A>"}, %{not to be a 'A' element with HREF="http://www.example.com" and any content}]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/equal_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/equal_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a61432b750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/equal_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe EqualMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is equal? to expected" do
+    EqualMatcher.new(1).matches?(1).should == true
+    EqualMatcher.new(:blue).matches?(:blue).should == true
+    EqualMatcher.new(Object).matches?(Object).should == true
+
+    o = Object.new
+    EqualMatcher.new(o).matches?(o).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not a equal? to expected" do
+    EqualMatcher.new(1).matches?(1.0).should == false
+    EqualMatcher.new("blue").matches?("blue").should == false
+    EqualMatcher.new(Hash).matches?(Object).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = EqualMatcher.new("red")
+    matcher.matches?("red")
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"red\"", "to be identical to \"red\""]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = EqualMatcher.new(1)
+    matcher.matches?(1)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected 1", "not to be identical to 1"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_class_variable_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_class_variable_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01ba9d0f57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_class_variable_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class IVarModMock
+  def self.class_variables
+    [:@foo]
+  end
+end
+
+describe HaveClassVariableMatcher, "on RUBY_VERSION >= 1.9" do
+  it "matches when mod has the class variable, given as string" do
+    matcher = HaveClassVariableMatcher.new('@foo')
+    matcher.matches?(IVarModMock).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when mod has the class variable, given as symbol" do
+    matcher = HaveClassVariableMatcher.new(:@foo)
+    matcher.matches?(IVarModMock).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod hasn't got the class variable, given as string" do
+    matcher = HaveClassVariableMatcher.new('@bar')
+    matcher.matches?(IVarModMock).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod hasn't got the class variable, given as symbol" do
+    matcher = HaveClassVariableMatcher.new(:@bar)
+    matcher.matches?(IVarModMock).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HaveClassVariableMatcher.new(:@bar)
+    matcher.matches?(IVarModMock)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected IVarModMock to have class variable '@bar'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure messoge for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HaveClassVariableMatcher.new(:@bar)
+    matcher.matches?(IVarModMock)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected IVarModMock NOT to have class variable '@bar'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_constant_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_constant_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20c5f161d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_constant_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HCMSpecs
+  X = :x
+end
+
+describe HaveConstantMatcher do
+  it "matches when mod has the constant" do
+    matcher = HaveConstantMatcher.new :X
+    matcher.matches?(HCMSpecs).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod does not have the constant" do
+    matcher = HaveConstantMatcher.new :A
+    matcher.matches?(HCMSpecs).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HaveConstantMatcher.new :A
+    matcher.matches?(HCMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HCMSpecs to have constant 'A'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure messoge for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HaveConstantMatcher.new :X
+    matcher.matches?(HCMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HCMSpecs NOT to have constant 'X'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_instance_method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_instance_method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..738f5f875d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_instance_method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HIMMSpecs
+  def instance_method
+  end
+
+  class Subclass < HIMMSpecs
+    def instance_sub_method
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe HaveInstanceMethodMatcher do
+  it "inherits from MethodMatcher" do
+    HaveInstanceMethodMatcher.new(:m).should be_kind_of(MethodMatcher)
+  end
+
+  it "matches when mod has the instance method" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceMethodMatcher.new :instance_method
+    matcher.matches?(HIMMSpecs).should be_true
+    matcher.matches?(HIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod does not have the instance method" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceMethodMatcher.new :another_method
+    matcher.matches?(HIMMSpecs).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match if the method is in a superclass and include_super is false" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceMethodMatcher.new :instance_method, false
+    matcher.matches?(HIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HIMMSpecs to have instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure messoge for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HIMMSpecs NOT to have instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_instance_variable_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_instance_variable_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4122c6551b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_instance_variable_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe HaveInstanceVariableMatcher do
+  before :each do
+    @object = Object.new
+    def @object.instance_variables
+      [:@foo]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "matches when object has the instance variable, given as string" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceVariableMatcher.new('@foo')
+    matcher.matches?(@object).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when object has the instance variable, given as symbol" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceVariableMatcher.new(:@foo)
+    matcher.matches?(@object).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when object hasn't got the instance variable, given as string" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceVariableMatcher.new('@bar')
+    matcher.matches?(@object).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when object hasn't got the instance variable, given as symbol" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceVariableMatcher.new(:@bar)
+    matcher.matches?(@object).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceVariableMatcher.new(:@bar)
+    matcher.matches?(@object)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected #{@object.inspect} to have instance variable '@bar'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure messoge for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HaveInstanceVariableMatcher.new(:@bar)
+    matcher.matches?(@object)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected #{@object.inspect} NOT to have instance variable '@bar'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41bd485119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HMMSpecs
+  def instance_method
+  end
+
+  class Subclass < HMMSpecs
+    def instance_sub_method
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe HaveMethodMatcher do
+  it "inherits from MethodMatcher" do
+    HaveMethodMatcher.new(:m).should be_kind_of(MethodMatcher)
+  end
+
+  it "matches when mod has the method" do
+    matcher = HaveMethodMatcher.new :instance_method
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs).should be_true
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs.new).should be_true
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_true
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs::Subclass.new).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod does not have the method" do
+    matcher = HaveMethodMatcher.new :another_method
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match if the method is in a superclass and include_super is false" do
+    matcher = HaveMethodMatcher.new :instance_method, false
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HaveMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HMMSpecs to have method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure messoge for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HaveMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HMMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HMMSpecs NOT to have method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_private_instance_method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_private_instance_method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..827c6b6034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_private_instance_method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HPIMMSpecs
+  private
+
+  def private_method
+  end
+
+  class Subclass < HPIMMSpecs
+    private
+
+    def private_sub_method
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher do
+  it "inherits from MethodMatcher" do
+    HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher.new(:m).should be_kind_of(MethodMatcher)
+  end
+
+  it "matches when mod has the private instance method" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher.new :private_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs).should be_true
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod does not have the private instance method" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher.new :another_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match if the method is in a superclass and include_super is false" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher.new :private_method, false
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPIMMSpecs to have private instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPIMMSpecs NOT to have private instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_private_method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_private_method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e63a9a3c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_private_method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HPMMSpecs
+  def self.private_method
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :private_method
+end
+
+describe HavePrivateMethodMatcher do
+  it "inherits from MethodMatcher" do
+    HavePrivateMethodMatcher.new(:m).should be_kind_of(MethodMatcher)
+  end
+
+  it "matches when mod has the private method" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateMethodMatcher.new :private_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPMMSpecs).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod does not have the private method" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateMethodMatcher.new :another_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPMMSpecs).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPMMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPMMSpecs to have private method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HavePrivateMethodMatcher.new :private_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPMMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPMMSpecs NOT to have private method 'private_method'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_protected_instance_method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_protected_instance_method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..460d0368fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_protected_instance_method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HPIMMSpecs
+  protected
+
+  def protected_method
+  end
+
+  class Subclass < HPIMMSpecs
+    protected
+
+    def protected_sub_method
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher do
+  it "inherits from MethodMatcher" do
+    HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher.new(:m).should be_kind_of(MethodMatcher)
+  end
+
+  it "matches when mod has the protected instance method" do
+    matcher = HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher.new :protected_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs).should be_true
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod does not have the protected instance method" do
+    matcher = HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher.new :another_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match if the method is in a superclass and include_super is false" do
+    matcher = HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher.new :protected_method, false
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPIMMSpecs to have protected instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure messoge for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HaveProtectedInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPIMMSpecs NOT to have protected instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_public_instance_method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_public_instance_method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bff1046f04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_public_instance_method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HPIMMSpecs
+  def public_method
+  end
+
+  class Subclass < HPIMMSpecs
+    def public_sub_method
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher do
+  it "inherits from MethodMatcher" do
+    HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher.new(:m).should be_kind_of(MethodMatcher)
+  end
+
+  it "matches when mod has the public instance method" do
+    matcher = HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher.new :public_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs).should be_true
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when mod does not have the public instance method" do
+    matcher = HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher.new :another_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match if the method is in a superclass and include_super is false" do
+    matcher = HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher.new :public_method, false
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs::Subclass).should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPIMMSpecs to have public instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure messoge for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HavePublicInstanceMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HPIMMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HPIMMSpecs NOT to have public instance method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_singleton_method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_singleton_method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57c37e01d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/have_singleton_method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class HSMMSpecs
+  def self.singleton_method
+  end
+end
+
+describe HaveSingletonMethodMatcher do
+  it "inherits from MethodMatcher" do
+    HaveSingletonMethodMatcher.new(:m).should be_kind_of(MethodMatcher)
+  end
+
+  it "matches when the class has a singleton method" do
+    matcher = HaveSingletonMethodMatcher.new :singleton_method
+    matcher.matches?(HSMMSpecs).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when the object has a singleton method" do
+    obj = double("HSMMSpecs")
+    def obj.singleton_method; end
+
+    matcher = HaveSingletonMethodMatcher.new :singleton_method
+    matcher.matches?(obj).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should" do
+    matcher = HaveSingletonMethodMatcher.new :some_method
+    matcher.matches?(HSMMSpecs)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HSMMSpecs to have singleton method 'some_method'",
+      "but it does not"
+    ]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a failure message for #should_not" do
+    matcher = HaveSingletonMethodMatcher.new :singleton_method
+    matcher.matches?(HSMMSpecs)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected HSMMSpecs NOT to have singleton method 'singleton_method'",
+      "but it does"
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/include_any_of_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/include_any_of_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..697c8d8886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/include_any_of_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe IncludeAnyOfMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual includes expected" do
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(2).matches?([1,2,3]).should == true
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new("b").matches?("abc").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual does not include expected" do
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(4).matches?([1,2,3]).should == false
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new("d").matches?("abc").should == false
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual includes all expected" do
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(3, 2, 1).matches?([1,2,3]).should == true
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new("a", "b", "c").matches?("abc").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual includes any expected" do
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(3, 4, 5).matches?([1,2,3]).should == true
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new("c", "d", "e").matches?("abc").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual does not include any expected" do
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(4, 5).matches?([1,2,3]).should == false
+    IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new("de").matches?("abc").should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(5, 6)
+    matcher.matches?([1,2,3])
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected [1, 2, 3]", "to include any of [5, 6]"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = IncludeAnyOfMatcher.new(1, 2, 3)
+    matcher.matches?([1,2])
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected [1, 2]", "not to include any of [1, 2, 3]"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/include_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/include_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f045c5e0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/include_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe IncludeMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual includes expected" do
+    IncludeMatcher.new(2).matches?([1,2,3]).should == true
+    IncludeMatcher.new("b").matches?("abc").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual does not include expected" do
+    IncludeMatcher.new(4).matches?([1,2,3]).should == false
+    IncludeMatcher.new("d").matches?("abc").should == false
+  end
+
+  it "matches when actual includes all expected" do
+    IncludeMatcher.new(3, 2, 1).matches?([1,2,3]).should == true
+    IncludeMatcher.new("a", "b", "c").matches?("abc").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual does not include all expected" do
+    IncludeMatcher.new(3, 2, 4).matches?([1,2,3]).should == false
+    IncludeMatcher.new("a", "b", "c", "d").matches?("abc").should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = IncludeMatcher.new(5, 2)
+    matcher.matches?([1,2,3])
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected [1, 2, 3]", "to include 5"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = IncludeMatcher.new(1, 2, 3)
+    matcher.matches?([1,2,3])
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected [1, 2, 3]", "not to include 3"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/infinity_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/infinity_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6eb8ac2940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/infinity_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/guards'
+require 'mspec/helpers'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe InfinityMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is infinite and has the correct sign" do
+    InfinityMatcher.new(1).matches?(infinity_value).should == true
+    InfinityMatcher.new(-1).matches?(-infinity_value).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is not infinite" do
+    InfinityMatcher.new(1).matches?(1.0).should == false
+    InfinityMatcher.new(-1).matches?(-1.0).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is infinite but has the incorrect sign" do
+    InfinityMatcher.new(1).matches?(-infinity_value).should == false
+    InfinityMatcher.new(-1).matches?(infinity_value).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = InfinityMatcher.new(-1)
+    matcher.matches?(0)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected 0", "to be -Infinity"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = InfinityMatcher.new(1)
+    matcher.matches?(infinity_value)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected Infinity", "not to be Infinity"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/match_yaml_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/match_yaml_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f16aee0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/match_yaml_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe MatchYAMLMatcher do
+  before :each do
+    @matcher = MatchYAMLMatcher.new("--- \nfoo: bar\n")
+  end
+
+  it "compares YAML documents and matches if they're equivalent" do
+      @matcher.matches?("--- \nfoo: bar\n").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "compares YAML documents and does not match if they're not equivalent" do
+      @matcher.matches?("--- \nbar: foo\n").should == false
+      @matcher.matches?("--- \nfoo: \nbar\n").should == false
+  end
+
+  it "also receives objects that respond_to to_yaml" do
+    matcher = MatchYAMLMatcher.new("some string")
+    matcher.matches?("some string").should == true
+
+    matcher = MatchYAMLMatcher.new(['a', 'b'])
+    matcher.matches?("--- \n- a\n- b\n").should == true
+
+    matcher = MatchYAMLMatcher.new("foo" => "bar")
+    matcher.matches?("--- \nfoo: bar\n").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches documents with trailing whitespace" do
+    @matcher.matches?("--- \nfoo: bar   \n").should == true
+    @matcher.matches?("---       \nfoo: bar   \n").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "fails with a descriptive error message" do
+    @matcher.matches?("foo").should == false
+    @matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected \"foo\"", " to match \"--- \\nfoo: bar\\n\""]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/output_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/output_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..264da3b569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/output_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe OutputMatcher do
+  it "matches when executing the proc results in the expected output to $stdout" do
+    proc = Proc.new { puts "bang!" }
+    OutputMatcher.new("bang!\n", nil).matches?(proc).should == true
+    OutputMatcher.new("pop", nil).matches?(proc).should == false
+    OutputMatcher.new(/bang/, nil).matches?(proc).should == true
+    OutputMatcher.new(/po/, nil).matches?(proc).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "matches when executing the proc results in the expected output to $stderr" do
+    proc = Proc.new { $stderr.write "boom!" }
+    OutputMatcher.new(nil, "boom!").matches?(proc).should == true
+    OutputMatcher.new(nil, "fizzle").matches?(proc).should == false
+    OutputMatcher.new(nil, /boom/).matches?(proc).should == true
+    OutputMatcher.new(nil, /fizzl/).matches?(proc).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    proc = Proc.new { print "unexpected"; $stderr.print "unerror" }
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new("expected", "error")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected:\n  $stdout: \"expected\"\n  $stderr: \"error\"\n",
+       "     got:\n  $stdout: \"unexpected\"\n  $stderr: \"unerror\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new("expected", nil)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected:\n  $stdout: \"expected\"\n",
+       "     got:\n  $stdout: \"unexpected\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new(nil, "error")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected:\n  $stderr: \"error\"\n",
+       "     got:\n  $stderr: \"unerror\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new(/base/, nil)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected:\n  $stdout: /base/\n",
+       "     got:\n  $stdout: \"unexpected\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new(nil, /octave/)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected:\n  $stderr: /octave/\n",
+       "     got:\n  $stderr: \"unerror\"\n"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    proc = Proc.new { puts "expected"; $stderr.puts "error" }
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new("expected", "error")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected output not to be:\n", "  $stdout: \"expected\"\n  $stderr: \"error\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new("expected", nil)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected output not to be:\n", "  $stdout: \"expected\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new(nil, "error")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected output not to be:\n", "  $stderr: \"error\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new(/expect/, nil)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected output not to be:\n", "  $stdout: \"expected\"\n"]
+    matcher = OutputMatcher.new(nil, /err/)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected output not to be:\n", "  $stderr: \"error\"\n"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/output_to_fd_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/output_to_fd_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e584c4e003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/output_to_fd_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe OutputToFDMatcher do
+  # Figure out how in the hell to achieve this
+  it "matches when running the block produces the expected output to the given FD" do
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new("Hi\n", STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.print "Hi\n" }).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match if running the block does not produce the expected output to the FD" do
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new("Hi\n", STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.puts("Hello\n") }).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "propagate the exception if one is thrown while matching" do
+    exc = RuntimeError.new("propagates")
+    lambda {
+      OutputToFDMatcher.new("Hi\n", STDERR).matches?(lambda {
+        raise exc
+      }).should == false
+    }.should raise_error(exc)
+  end
+
+  it "defaults to matching against STDOUT" do
+    object = Object.new
+    object.extend MSpecMatchers
+    object.send(:output_to_fd, "Hi\n").matches?(lambda { $stdout.print "Hi\n" }).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "accepts any IO instance" do
+    io = IO.new STDOUT.fileno
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new("Hi\n", io).matches?(lambda { io.print "Hi\n" }).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "allows matching with a Regexp" do
+    s = "Hi there\n"
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new(/Hi/, STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.print s }).should == true
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new(/Hi?/, STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.print s }).should == true
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new(/[hH]i?/, STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.print s }).should == true
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new(/.*/, STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.print s }).should == true
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new(/H.*?here/, STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.print s }).should == true
+    OutputToFDMatcher.new(/Ahoy/, STDERR).matches?(lambda { $stderr.print s }).should == false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/raise_error_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/raise_error_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a40acc0ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/raise_error_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+class ExpectedException < Exception; end
+class UnexpectedException < Exception; end
+
+describe RaiseErrorMatcher do
+  it "matches when the proc raises the expected exception" do
+    proc = Proc.new { raise ExpectedException }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, nil)
+    matcher.matches?(proc).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "executes its optional block if matched" do
+    run = false
+    proc = Proc.new { raise ExpectedException }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, nil) { |error|
+      run = true
+      error.class.should == ExpectedException
+    }
+
+    matcher.matches?(proc).should == true
+    run.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when the proc raises the expected exception with the expected message" do
+    proc = Proc.new { raise ExpectedException, "message" }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "message")
+    matcher.matches?(proc).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "matches when the proc raises the expected exception with a matching message" do
+    proc = Proc.new { raise ExpectedException, "some message" }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, /some/)
+    matcher.matches?(proc).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when the proc does not raise the expected exception" do
+    exc = UnexpectedException.new
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, nil)
+
+    matcher.matching_exception?(exc).should == false
+    lambda {
+      matcher.matches?(Proc.new { raise exc })
+    }.should raise_error(UnexpectedException)
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when the proc raises the expected exception with an unexpected message" do
+    exc = ExpectedException.new("unexpected")
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+
+    matcher.matching_exception?(exc).should == false
+    lambda {
+      matcher.matches?(Proc.new { raise exc })
+    }.should raise_error(ExpectedException)
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when the proc does not raise an exception" do
+    proc = Proc.new {}
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+    matcher.matches?(proc).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message when the exception class differs" do
+    exc = UnexpectedException.new("message")
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "message")
+
+    matcher.matching_exception?(exc).should == false
+    begin
+      matcher.matches?(Proc.new { raise exc })
+    rescue UnexpectedException => e
+      matcher.failure_message.should ==
+        ["Expected ExpectedException (message)", "but got: UnexpectedException (message)"]
+      ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, e).message.should ==
+        "Expected ExpectedException (message)\nbut got: UnexpectedException (message)"
+    else
+      raise "no exception"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message when the proc raises the expected exception with an unexpected message" do
+    exc = ExpectedException.new("unexpected")
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+
+    matcher.matching_exception?(exc).should == false
+    begin
+      matcher.matches?(Proc.new { raise exc })
+    rescue ExpectedException => e
+      matcher.failure_message.should ==
+        ["Expected ExpectedException (expected)", "but got: ExpectedException (unexpected)"]
+      ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, e).message.should ==
+        "Expected ExpectedException (expected)\nbut got: ExpectedException (unexpected)"
+    else
+      raise "no exception"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message when both the exception class and message differ" do
+    exc = UnexpectedException.new("unexpected")
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+
+    matcher.matching_exception?(exc).should == false
+    begin
+      matcher.matches?(Proc.new { raise exc })
+    rescue UnexpectedException => e
+      matcher.failure_message.should ==
+          ["Expected ExpectedException (expected)", "but got: UnexpectedException (unexpected)"]
+      ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, e).message.should ==
+          "Expected ExpectedException (expected)\nbut got: UnexpectedException (unexpected)"
+    else
+      raise "no exception"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message when no exception is raised" do
+    proc = Proc.new { 120 }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected ExpectedException (expected)", "but no exception was raised (120 was returned)"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message when no exception is raised and nil is returned" do
+    proc = Proc.new { nil }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected ExpectedException (expected)", "but no exception was raised (nil was returned)"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message when no exception is raised and the result raises in #pretty_inspect" do
+    result = Object.new
+    def result.pretty_inspect
+      raise ArgumentError, "bad"
+    end
+    proc = Proc.new { result }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected ExpectedException (expected)", "but no exception was raised (#<Object>(#pretty_inspect raised #<ArgumentError: bad>) was returned)"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    proc = Proc.new { raise ExpectedException, "expected" }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(ExpectedException, "expected")
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected to not get ExpectedException (expected)", ""]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message for strict subclasses of the matched exception class" do
+    proc = Proc.new { raise UnexpectedException, "unexpected" }
+    matcher = RaiseErrorMatcher.new(Exception, nil)
+    matcher.matches?(proc)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should ==
+      ["Expected to not get Exception", "but got: UnexpectedException (unexpected)"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/respond_to_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/respond_to_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..988caf4dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/respond_to_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe RespondToMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual does respond_to? expected" do
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:to_s).matches?(Object.new).should == true
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:inject).matches?([]).should == true
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:[]).matches?(1).should == true
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:[]=).matches?("string").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual does not respond_to? expected" do
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:to_i).matches?(Object.new).should == false
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:inject).matches?(1).should == false
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:non_existent_method).matches?([]).should == false
+    RespondToMatcher.new(:[]=).matches?(1).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = RespondToMatcher.new(:non_existent_method)
+    matcher.matches?('string')
+    matcher.failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected \"string\" (String)", "to respond to non_existent_method"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = RespondToMatcher.new(:to_i)
+    matcher.matches?(4.0)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == [
+      "Expected 4.0 (Float)", "not to respond to to_i"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/signed_zero_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/signed_zero_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c5c50c602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/matchers/signed_zero_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers'
+
+describe SignedZeroMatcher do
+  it "matches when actual is zero and has the correct sign" do
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(1).matches?(0.0).should == true
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(-1).matches?(-0.0).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is non-zero" do
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(1).matches?(1.0).should == false
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(-1).matches?(-1.0).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "does not match when actual is zero but has the incorrect sign" do
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(1).matches?(-0.0).should == false
+    SignedZeroMatcher.new(-1).matches?(0.0).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful failure message" do
+    matcher = SignedZeroMatcher.new(-1)
+    matcher.matches?(0.0)
+    matcher.failure_message.should == ["Expected 0.0", "to be -0.0"]
+  end
+
+  it "provides a useful negative failure message" do
+    matcher = SignedZeroMatcher.new(-1)
+    matcher.matches?(-0.0)
+    matcher.negative_failure_message.should == ["Expected -0.0", "not to be -0.0"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/mocks/mock_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/mocks/mock_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8cf04cf462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/mocks/mock_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+# This is a bit awkward. Currently the way to verify that the
+# opposites are true (for example a failure when the specified
+# arguments are NOT provided) is to simply alter the particular
+# spec to a failure condition.
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/mocks/mock'
+require 'mspec/mocks/proxy'
+
+describe Mock, ".mocks" do
+  it "returns a Hash" do
+    Mock.mocks.should be_kind_of(Hash)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".stubs" do
+  it "returns a Hash" do
+    Mock.stubs.should be_kind_of(Hash)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".replaced_name" do
+  it "returns the name for a method that is being replaced by a mock method" do
+    m = double('a fake id')
+    Mock.replaced_name(m, :method_call).should == :"__mspec_#{m.object_id}_method_call__"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".replaced_key" do
+  it "returns a key used internally by Mock" do
+    m = double('a fake id')
+    Mock.replaced_key(m, :method_call).should == [:"__mspec_#{m.object_id}_method_call__", :method_call]
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".replaced?" do
+  before :each do
+    @mock = double('install_method')
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if a method has been stubbed on an object" do
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call
+    Mock.replaced?(Mock.replaced_name(@mock, :method_call)).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if a method has been mocked on an object" do
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+    Mock.replaced?(Mock.replaced_name(@mock, :method_call)).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if a method has not been stubbed or mocked" do
+    Mock.replaced?(Mock.replaced_name(@mock, :method_call)).should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".name_or_inspect" do
+  before :each do
+    @mock = double("I have a #name")
+  end
+
+  it "returns the value of @name if set" do
+    @mock.instance_variable_set(:@name, "Myself")
+    Mock.name_or_inspect(@mock).should == "Myself"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".install_method for mocks" do
+  before :each do
+    @mock = double('install_method')
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "returns a MockProxy instance" do
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call).should be_an_instance_of(MockProxy)
+  end
+
+  it "does not override a previously mocked method with the same name" do
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call).with(:a, :b).and_return(1)
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call).with(:c).and_return(2)
+    @mock.method_call(:a, :b)
+    @mock.method_call(:c)
+    lambda { @mock.method_call(:d) }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  # This illustrates RSpec's behavior. This spec fails in mock call count verification
+  # on RSpec (i.e. Mock 'foo' expected :foo with (any args) once, but received it 0 times)
+  # and we mimic the behavior of RSpec.
+  #
+  # describe "A mock receiving multiple calls to #should_receive" do
+  #   it "returns the first value mocked" do
+  #     m = mock 'multiple #should_receive'
+  #     m.should_receive(:foo).and_return(true)
+  #     m.foo.should == true
+  #     m.should_receive(:foo).and_return(false)
+  #     m.foo.should == true
+  #   end
+  # end
+  #
+  it "does not override a previously mocked method having the same arguments" do
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call).with(:a).and_return(true)
+    @mock.method_call(:a).should == true
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call).with(:a).and_return(false)
+    @mock.method_call(:a).should == true
+    lambda { Mock.verify_count }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "properly sends #respond_to? calls to the aliased respond_to? method when not matching mock expectations" do
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :respond_to?).with(:to_str).and_return('mock to_str')
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :respond_to?).with(:to_int).and_return('mock to_int')
+    @mock.respond_to?(:to_str).should == 'mock to_str'
+    @mock.respond_to?(:to_int).should == 'mock to_int'
+    @mock.respond_to?(:to_s).should == true
+    @mock.respond_to?(:not_really_a_real_method_seriously).should == false
+  end
+
+  it "adds to the expectation tally" do
+    state = double("run state").as_null_object
+    state.stub(:state).and_return(double("spec state"))
+    MSpec.should_receive(:current).and_return(state)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:actions).with(:expectation, state.state)
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call).and_return(1)
+    @mock.method_call.should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "registers that an expectation has been encountered" do
+    state = double("run state").as_null_object
+    state.stub(:state).and_return(double("spec state"))
+    MSpec.should_receive(:expectation)
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call).and_return(1)
+    @mock.method_call.should == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".install_method for stubs" do
+  before :each do
+    @mock = double('install_method')
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "returns a MockProxy instance" do
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call, :stub).should be_an_instance_of(MockProxy)
+  end
+
+  # This illustrates RSpec's behavior. This spec passes on RSpec and we mimic it
+  #
+  # describe "A mock receiving multiple calls to #stub" do
+  #   it "returns the last value stubbed" do
+  #     m = mock 'multiple #stub'
+  #     m.stub(:foo).and_return(true)
+  #     m.foo.should == true
+  #     m.stub(:foo).and_return(false)
+  #     m.foo.should == false
+  #   end
+  # end
+  it "inserts new stubs before old stubs" do
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call, :stub).with(:a).and_return(true)
+    @mock.method_call(:a).should == true
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call, :stub).with(:a).and_return(false)
+    @mock.method_call(:a).should == false
+    Mock.verify_count
+  end
+
+  it "does not add to the expectation tally" do
+    state = double("run state").as_null_object
+    state.stub(:state).and_return(double("spec state"))
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:actions)
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call, :stub).and_return(1)
+    @mock.method_call.should == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".install_method" do
+  before :each do
+    @mock = double('install_method')
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "does not alias a mocked or stubbed method when installing a new mock or stub" do
+    @mock.should_not respond_to(:method_call)
+
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call
+    @mock.should respond_to(:method_call)
+    @mock.should_not respond_to(Mock.replaced_name(@mock, :method_call))
+
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+    @mock.should respond_to(:method_call)
+    @mock.should_not respond_to(Mock.replaced_name(@mock, :method_call))
+  end
+end
+
+class MockAndRaiseError < Exception; end
+
+describe Mock, ".verify_call" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+
+    @mock = double('verify_call')
+    @proxy = Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when the mock method receives the expected arguments" do
+    @proxy.with(1, 'two', :three)
+    Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call, 1, 'two', :three
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError when the mock method does not receive the expected arguments" do
+    @proxy.with(4, 2)
+    lambda {
+      Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call, 42
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError when the mock method is called with arguments but expects none" do
+    lambda {
+      @proxy.with(:no_args)
+      Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call, "hello"
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError when the mock method is called with no arguments but expects some" do
+    @proxy.with("hello", "beautiful", "world")
+    lambda {
+      Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when the mock method is called with arguments and is expecting :any_args" do
+    @proxy.with(:any_args)
+    Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call, 1, 2, 3
+  end
+
+  it "yields a passed block when it is expected to" do
+    @proxy.and_yield()
+    Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call do
+      ScratchPad.record true
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield a passed block when it is not expected to" do
+    Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call do
+      ScratchPad.record true
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "can yield subsequently" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1).and_yield(2).and_yield(3)
+
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call do |arg|
+      ScratchPad << arg
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "can yield and return an expected value" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1).and_return(3)
+
+    Mock.verify_call(@mock, :method_call) { |arg| ScratchPad.record arg }.should == 3
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception when it is expected to yield but no block is given" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1, 2, 3)
+    lambda {
+      Mock.verify_call(@mock, :method_call)
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception when it is expected to yield more arguments than the block can take" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1, 2, 3)
+    lambda {
+      Mock.verify_call(@mock, :method_call) {|a, b|}
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when it is expected to yield to a block that can take any number of arguments" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1, 2, 3)
+    expect {
+      Mock.verify_call(@mock, :method_call) {|*a|}
+    }.not_to raise_error
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception when expected to" do
+    @proxy.and_raise(MockAndRaiseError)
+    lambda {
+      Mock.verify_call @mock, :method_call
+    }.should raise_error(MockAndRaiseError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".verify_call mixing mocks and stubs" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+
+    @mock = double('verify_call')
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "checks the mock arguments when a mock is defined after a stub" do
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call, :mock).with("arg")
+
+    -> {
+      @mock.method_call
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /called with unexpected arguments \(\)/)
+
+    -> {
+      @mock.method_call("a", "b")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /called with unexpected arguments \("a", "b"\)/)
+
+    -> {
+      @mock.method_call("foo")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /called with unexpected arguments \("foo"\)/)
+
+    @mock.method_call("arg")
+  end
+
+  it "checks the mock arguments when a stub is defined after a mock" do
+    Mock.install_method(@mock, :method_call, :mock).with("arg")
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+
+    -> {
+      @mock.method_call
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /called with unexpected arguments \(\)/)
+
+    -> {
+      @mock.method_call("a", "b")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /called with unexpected arguments \("a", "b"\)/)
+
+    -> {
+      @mock.method_call("foo")
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /called with unexpected arguments \("foo"\)/)
+
+    @mock.method_call("arg")
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".verify_count" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+
+    @mock = double('verify_count')
+    @proxy = Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when the mock receives at least the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.at_least(2)
+    @mock.method_call
+    @mock.method_call
+    Mock.verify_count
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError when the mock receives less than at least the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.at_least(2)
+    @mock.method_call
+    lambda { Mock.verify_count }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when the mock receives at most the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.at_most(2)
+    @mock.method_call
+    @mock.method_call
+    Mock.verify_count
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError when the mock receives more than at most the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.at_most(2)
+    @mock.method_call
+    @mock.method_call
+    @mock.method_call
+    lambda { Mock.verify_count }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception when the mock receives exactly the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.exactly(2)
+    @mock.method_call
+    @mock.method_call
+    Mock.verify_count
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError when the mock receives less than exactly the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.exactly(2)
+    @mock.method_call
+    lambda { Mock.verify_count }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotMetError when the mock receives more than exactly the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.exactly(2)
+    @mock.method_call
+    @mock.method_call
+    @mock.method_call
+    lambda { Mock.verify_count }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".verify_count mixing mocks and stubs" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+
+    @mock = double('verify_count')
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception for a stubbed method that is never called" do
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+    Mock.verify_count
+  end
+
+  it "verifies the calls to the mocked method when a mock is defined after a stub" do
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :mock
+
+    -> {
+      Mock.verify_count
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /received it 0 times/)
+
+    @mock.method_call
+    Mock.verify_count
+  end
+
+  it "verifies the calls to the mocked method when a mock is defined before a stub" do
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :mock
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+
+    -> {
+      Mock.verify_count
+    }.should raise_error(SpecExpectationNotMetError, /received it 0 times/)
+
+    @mock.method_call
+    Mock.verify_count
+  end
+end
+
+describe Mock, ".cleanup" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:actions)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(double("spec state").as_null_object)
+
+    @mock = double('cleanup')
+    @proxy = Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Mock.cleanup
+  end
+
+  it "removes the mock method call if it did not override an existing method" do
+    @mock.should respond_to(:method_call)
+
+    Mock.cleanup
+    @mock.should_not respond_to(:method_call)
+  end
+
+  it "removes the replaced method if the mock method overrides an existing method" do
+    def @mock.already_here() :hey end
+    @mock.should respond_to(:already_here)
+    replaced_name = Mock.replaced_name(@mock, :already_here)
+    Mock.install_method @mock, :already_here
+    @mock.should respond_to(replaced_name)
+
+    Mock.cleanup
+    @mock.should_not respond_to(replaced_name)
+    @mock.should respond_to(:already_here)
+    @mock.already_here.should == :hey
+  end
+
+  it "removes all mock expectations" do
+    Mock.mocks.should == { Mock.replaced_key(@mock, :method_call) => [@proxy] }
+    Mock.cleanup
+    Mock.mocks.should == {}
+  end
+
+  it "removes all stubs" do
+    Mock.cleanup # remove @proxy
+    @stub = Mock.install_method @mock, :method_call, :stub
+    Mock.stubs.should == { Mock.replaced_key(@mock, :method_call) => [@stub] }
+    Mock.cleanup
+    Mock.stubs.should == {}
+  end
+
+  it "removes the replaced name for mocks" do
+    replaced_key = Mock.replaced_key(@mock, :method_call)
+    Mock.should_receive(:clear_replaced).with(replaced_key)
+
+    replaced_name = Mock.replaced_name(@mock, :method_call)
+    Mock.replaced?(replaced_name).should be_true
+
+    Mock.cleanup
+    Mock.replaced?(replaced_name).should be_false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/mocks/proxy_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/mocks/proxy_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9e754b972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/mocks/proxy_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/mocks/proxy'
+
+describe MockObject, ".new" do
+  it "creates a new mock object" do
+    m = MockObject.new('not a null object')
+    lambda { m.not_a_method }.should raise_error(NoMethodError)
+  end
+
+  it "creates a new mock object that follows the NullObject pattern" do
+    m = MockObject.new('null object', :null_object => true)
+    m.not_really_a_method.should equal(m)
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, ".new" do
+  it "creates a mock proxy by default" do
+    MockProxy.new.mock?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "creates a stub proxy by request" do
+    MockProxy.new(:stub).stub?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "sets the call expectation to 1 call for a mock" do
+    MockProxy.new.count.should == [:exactly, 1]
+  end
+
+  it "sets the call expectation to any number of times for a stub" do
+    MockProxy.new(:stub).count.should == [:any_number_of_times, 0]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#count" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns the expected number of calls the mock should receive" do
+    @proxy.count.should == [:exactly, 1]
+    @proxy.at_least(3).count.should == [:at_least, 3]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#arguments" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns the expected arguments" do
+    @proxy.arguments.should == :any_args
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#with" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.with(:a).should be_equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if no arguments are given" do
+    lambda { @proxy.with }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "accepts any number of arguments" do
+    @proxy.with(1, 2, 3).should be_an_instance_of(MockProxy)
+    @proxy.arguments.should == [1,2,3]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#once" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.once.should be_equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected calls to 1" do
+    @proxy.once
+    @proxy.count.should == [:exactly, 1]
+  end
+
+  it "accepts no arguments" do
+    lambda { @proxy.once(:a) }.should raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#twice" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.twice.should be_equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected calls to 2" do
+    @proxy.twice
+    @proxy.count.should == [:exactly, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "accepts no arguments" do
+    lambda { @proxy.twice(:b) }.should raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#exactly" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.exactly(2).should be_equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected calls to exactly n" do
+    @proxy.exactly(5)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:exactly, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "does not accept an argument that Integer() cannot convert" do
+    lambda { @proxy.exactly('x') }.should raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#at_least" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.at_least(3).should be_equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected calls to at least n" do
+    @proxy.at_least(3)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_least, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "accepts :once :twice" do
+    @proxy.at_least(:once)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_least, 1]
+    @proxy.at_least(:twice)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_least, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "does not accept an argument that Integer() cannot convert" do
+    lambda { @proxy.at_least('x') }.should raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#at_most" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.at_most(2).should be_equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected calls to at most n" do
+    @proxy.at_most(2)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_most, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "accepts :once, :twice" do
+    @proxy.at_most(:once)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_most, 1]
+    @proxy.at_most(:twice)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_most, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "does not accept an argument that Integer() cannot convert" do
+    lambda { @proxy.at_most('x') }.should raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#any_number_of_times" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.any_number_of_times.should be_equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected calls to any number of times" do
+    @proxy.any_number_of_times
+    @proxy.count.should == [:any_number_of_times, 0]
+  end
+
+  it "does not accept an argument" do
+    lambda { @proxy.any_number_of_times(2) }.should raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#and_return" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.and_return(false).should equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected return value" do
+    @proxy.and_return(false)
+    @proxy.returning.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "accepts any number of return values" do
+    @proxy.and_return(1, 2, 3)
+    @proxy.returning.should == 1
+    @proxy.returning.should == 2
+    @proxy.returning.should == 3
+  end
+
+  it "implicitly sets the expected number of calls" do
+    @proxy.and_return(1, 2, 3)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:exactly, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "only sets the expected number of calls if it is higher than what is already set" do
+    @proxy.at_least(5).times.and_return(1, 2, 3)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_least, 5]
+
+    @proxy.at_least(2).times.and_return(1, 2, 3)
+    @proxy.count.should == [:at_least, 3]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#returning" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil by default" do
+    @proxy.returning.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the value set by #and_return" do
+    @proxy.and_return(2)
+    @proxy.returning.should == 2
+    @proxy.returning.should == 2
+  end
+
+  it "returns a sequence of values set by #and_return" do
+    @proxy.and_return(1,2,3,4)
+    @proxy.returning.should == 1
+    @proxy.returning.should == 2
+    @proxy.returning.should == 3
+    @proxy.returning.should == 4
+    @proxy.returning.should == 4
+    @proxy.returning.should == 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#calls" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns the number of times the proxy is called" do
+    @proxy.calls.should == 0
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#called" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "increments the number of times the proxy is called" do
+    @proxy.called
+    @proxy.called
+    @proxy.calls.should == 2
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#times" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "is a no-op" do
+    @proxy.times.should == @proxy
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#stub?" do
+  it "returns true if the proxy is created as a stub" do
+    MockProxy.new(:stub).stub?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the proxy is created as a mock" do
+    MockProxy.new(:mock).stub?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#mock?" do
+  it "returns true if the proxy is created as a mock" do
+    MockProxy.new(:mock).mock?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the proxy is created as a stub" do
+    MockProxy.new(:stub).mock?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#and_yield" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(false).should equal(@proxy)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the expected values to yield" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1).yielding.should == [[1]]
+  end
+
+  it "accepts multiple values to yield" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1, 2, 3).yielding.should == [[1, 2, 3]]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#raising" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil by default" do
+    @proxy.raising.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the exception object passed to #and_raise" do
+    exc = double("exception")
+    @proxy.and_raise(exc)
+    @proxy.raising.should equal(exc)
+  end
+
+  it "returns an instance of RuntimeError when a String is passed to #and_raise" do
+    @proxy.and_raise("an error")
+    exc = @proxy.raising
+    exc.should be_an_instance_of(RuntimeError)
+    exc.message.should == "an error"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#yielding" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty array by default" do
+    @proxy.yielding.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "returns an array of arrays of values the proxy should yield" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(3)
+    @proxy.yielding.should == [[3]]
+  end
+
+  it "returns an accumulation of arrays of values the proxy should yield" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1).and_yield(2, 3)
+    @proxy.yielding.should == [[1], [2, 3]]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockProxy, "#yielding?" do
+  before :each do
+    @proxy = MockProxy.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the proxy is not yielding" do
+    @proxy.yielding?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the proxy is yielding" do
+    @proxy.and_yield(1)
+    @proxy.yielding?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe MockIntObject, "#to_int" do
+  before :each do
+    @int = MockIntObject.new(10)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the number if to_int is called" do
+    @int.to_int.should == 10
+    @int.count.should == [:at_least, 1]
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the target to int if to_int is called" do
+    MockIntObject.new(@int).to_int.should == 10
+    @int.count.should == [:at_least, 1]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/filter_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/filter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d185781757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/filter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/filter'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/tag'
+
+describe ActionFilter do
+  it "creates a filter when not passed a description" do
+    MatchFilter.should_not_receive(:new)
+    ActionFilter.new(nil, nil)
+  end
+
+  it "creates a filter from a single description" do
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "match me")
+    ActionFilter.new(nil, "match me")
+  end
+
+  it "creates a filter from an array of descriptions" do
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "match me", "again")
+    ActionFilter.new(nil, ["match me", "again"])
+  end
+end
+
+describe ActionFilter, "#===" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return(["match"])
+    @action = ActionFilter.new(nil, ["catch", "if you"])
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if there are no filters" do
+    action = ActionFilter.new
+    action.===("anything").should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the argument matches any of the descriptions" do
+    @action.===("catch").should == true
+    @action.===("if you can").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the argument does not match any of the descriptions" do
+    @action.===("patch me").should == false
+    @action.===("if I can").should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe ActionFilter, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "tag(comment):description"
+  end
+
+  it "creates a filter from a single tag" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).with(["tag"]).and_return([@tag])
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "description")
+    ActionFilter.new("tag", nil).load
+  end
+
+  it "creates a filter from an array of tags" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).with(["tag", "key"]).and_return([@tag])
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "description")
+    ActionFilter.new(["tag", "key"], nil).load
+  end
+
+  it "creates a filter from both tags and descriptions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).and_return([@tag])
+    filter = ActionFilter.new("tag", ["match me", "again"])
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "description")
+    filter.load
+  end
+end
+
+describe ActionFilter, "#register" do
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :load actions" do
+    filter = ActionFilter.new
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:load, filter)
+    filter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe ActionFilter, "#unregister" do
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :load actions" do
+    filter = ActionFilter.new
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:load, filter)
+    filter.unregister
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tag_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tag_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92df362d02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tag_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tag'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/runner/tag'
+
+describe TagAction, ".new" do
+  it "creates an MatchFilter with its tag and desc arguments" do
+    filter = double('action filter').as_null_object
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "some", "thing").and_return(filter)
+    TagAction.new :add, :all, nil, nil, ["tag", "key"], ["some", "thing"]
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#===" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return(["match"])
+    @action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, nil, nil, nil, ["catch", "if you"]
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if there are no filters" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :all, nil, nil
+    action.===("anything").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the argument matches any of the descriptions" do
+    @action.===("catch").should == true
+    @action.===("if you can").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the argument does not match any of the descriptions" do
+    @action.===("patch me").should == false
+    @action.===("if I can").should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#exception?" do
+  before :each do
+    @action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, nil, nil, nil, nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if no exception has been raised while evaluating an example" do
+    @action.exception?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if an exception was raised while evaluating an example" do
+    @action.exception ExceptionState.new nil, nil, Exception.new("failed")
+    @action.exception?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#outcome?" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([])
+    @exception = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, Exception.new("failed")
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if outcome is :fail and the spec fails" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, nil, nil, nil, nil
+    action.exception @exception
+    action.outcome?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the outcome is :fail and the spec passes" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, nil, nil, nil, nil
+    action.outcome?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the outcome is :pass and the spec passes" do
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :pass, nil, nil, nil, nil
+    action.outcome?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the outcome is :pass and the spec fails" do
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :pass, nil, nil, nil, nil
+    action.exception @exception
+    action.outcome?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the outcome is :all" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :all, nil, nil, nil, nil
+    action.exception @exception
+    action.outcome?.should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#before" do
+  it "resets the #exception? flag to false" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, nil, nil, nil, nil
+    action.exception?.should be_false
+    action.exception ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, Exception.new("Fail!"))
+    action.exception?.should be_true
+    action.before(ExampleState.new(ContextState.new("describe"), "it"))
+    action.exception?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#exception" do
+  it "sets the #exception? flag" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, nil, nil, nil, nil
+    action.exception?.should be_false
+    action.exception ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, Exception.new("Fail!"))
+    action.exception?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#after when action is :add" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([])
+    context = ContextState.new "Catch#me"
+    @state = ExampleState.new context, "if you can"
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "tag(comment):Catch#me if you can"
+    SpecTag.stub(:new).and_return(@tag)
+    @exception = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, Exception.new("failed")
+  end
+
+  it "does not write a tag if the description does not match" do
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:write_tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :all, "tag", "comment", nil, "match"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "does not write a tag if outcome is :fail and the spec passed" do
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:write_tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "writes a tag if the outcome is :fail and the spec failed" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:write_tag).with(@tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.exception @exception
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "does not write a tag if outcome is :pass and the spec failed" do
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:write_tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :pass, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.exception @exception
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "writes a tag if the outcome is :pass and the spec passed" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:write_tag).with(@tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :pass, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "writes a tag if the outcome is :all" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:write_tag).with(@tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :all, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#after when action is :del" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([])
+    context = ContextState.new "Catch#me"
+    @state = ExampleState.new context, "if you can"
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "tag(comment):Catch#me if you can"
+    SpecTag.stub(:new).and_return(@tag)
+    @exception = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, Exception.new("failed")
+  end
+
+  it "does not delete a tag if the description does not match" do
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:delete_tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :all, "tag", "comment", nil, "match"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "does not delete a tag if outcome is :fail and the spec passed" do
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:delete_tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "deletes a tag if the outcome is :fail and the spec failed" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:delete_tag).with(@tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.exception @exception
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "does not delete a tag if outcome is :pass and the spec failed" do
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:delete_tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :pass, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.exception @exception
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "deletes a tag if the outcome is :pass and the spec passed" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:delete_tag).with(@tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :pass, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+
+  it "deletes a tag if the outcome is :all" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:delete_tag).with(@tag)
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :all, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.after @state
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#finish" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "Catch#me"
+    @state = ExampleState.new context, "if you can"
+    MSpec.stub(:write_tag).and_return(true)
+    MSpec.stub(:delete_tag).and_return(true)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "reports no specs tagged if none where tagged" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.stub(:outcome?).and_return(false)
+    action.after @state
+    action.finish
+    @out.should == "\nTagAction: no specs were tagged with 'tag'\n"
+  end
+
+  it "reports no specs tagged if none where tagged" do
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.stub(:outcome?).and_return(false)
+    action.after @state
+    action.finish
+    @out.should == "\nTagAction: no tags 'tag' were deleted\n"
+  end
+
+  it "reports the spec descriptions that were tagged" do
+    action = TagAction.new :add, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.stub(:outcome?).and_return(true)
+    action.after @state
+    action.finish
+    @out.should ==
+%[
+TagAction: specs tagged with 'tag':
+
+Catch#me if you can
+]
+  end
+
+  it "reports the spec descriptions for the tags that were deleted" do
+    action = TagAction.new :del, :fail, "tag", "comment", nil, "can"
+    action.stub(:outcome?).and_return(true)
+    action.after @state
+    action.finish
+    @out.should ==
+%[
+TagAction: tag 'tag' deleted for specs:
+
+Catch#me if you can
+]
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([])
+    @action = TagAction.new :add, :all, nil, nil, nil, nil
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :before event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:before, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :after event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:after, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :exception event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:exception, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :finish event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:finish, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagAction, "#unregister" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:unregister)
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([])
+    @action = TagAction.new :add, :all, nil, nil, nil, nil
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :before event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:before, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :after event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:after, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :exception event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:exception, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :finish event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:finish, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/taglist_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/taglist_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..418c761c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/taglist_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/taglist'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/runner/tag'
+
+describe TagListAction, "#include?" do
+  it "returns true" do
+    TagListAction.new.include?(:anything).should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagListAction, "#===" do
+  before :each do
+    tag = SpecTag.new "fails:description"
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([tag])
+    @filter = double("MatchFilter").as_null_object
+    MatchFilter.stub(:new).and_return(@filter)
+    @action = TagListAction.new
+    @action.load
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if filter === string returns true" do
+    @filter.should_receive(:===).with("str").and_return(true)
+    @action.===("str").should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if filter === string returns false" do
+    @filter.should_receive(:===).with("str").and_return(false)
+    @action.===("str").should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagListAction, "#start" do
+  before :each do
+    @stdout = $stdout
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = @stdout
+  end
+
+  it "prints a banner for specific tags" do
+    action = TagListAction.new ["fails", "unstable"]
+    action.start
+    $stdout.should == "\nListing specs tagged with 'fails', 'unstable'\n\n"
+  end
+
+  it "prints a banner for all tags" do
+    action = TagListAction.new
+    action.start
+    $stdout.should == "\nListing all tagged specs\n\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagListAction, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    @t1 = SpecTag.new "fails:I fail"
+    @t2 = SpecTag.new "unstable:I'm unstable"
+  end
+
+  it "creates a MatchFilter for matching tags" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).with(["fails"]).and_return([@t1])
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "I fail")
+    TagListAction.new(["fails"]).load
+  end
+
+  it "creates a MatchFilter for all tags" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).and_return([@t1, @t2])
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "I fail", "I'm unstable")
+    TagListAction.new.load
+  end
+
+  it "does not create a MatchFilter if there are no matching tags" do
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([])
+    MatchFilter.should_not_receive(:new)
+    TagListAction.new(["fails"]).load
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagListAction, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    @stdout = $stdout
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+
+    @state = double("ExampleState")
+    @state.stub(:description).and_return("str")
+
+    @action = TagListAction.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = @stdout
+  end
+
+  it "prints nothing if the filter does not match" do
+    @action.should_receive(:===).with("str").and_return(false)
+    @action.after(@state)
+    $stdout.should == ""
+  end
+
+  it "prints the example description if the filter matches" do
+    @action.should_receive(:===).with("str").and_return(true)
+    @action.after(@state)
+    $stdout.should == "str\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagListAction, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @action = TagListAction.new
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :start event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:start, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :load event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:load, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :after event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:after, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagListAction, "#unregister" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:unregister)
+    @action = TagListAction.new
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :start event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:start, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :load event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:load, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :after event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:after, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tagpurge_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tagpurge_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27ad2a1470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tagpurge_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tagpurge'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/runner/tag'
+
+describe TagPurgeAction, "#start" do
+  before :each do
+    @stdout = $stdout
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = @stdout
+  end
+
+  it "prints a banner" do
+    action = TagPurgeAction.new
+    action.start
+    $stdout.should == "\nRemoving tags not matching any specs\n\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagPurgeAction, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    @t1 = SpecTag.new "fails:I fail"
+    @t2 = SpecTag.new "unstable:I'm unstable"
+  end
+
+  it "creates a MatchFilter for all tags" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).and_return([@t1, @t2])
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(nil, "I fail", "I'm unstable")
+    TagPurgeAction.new.load
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagPurgeAction, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = double("ExampleState")
+    @state.stub(:description).and_return("str")
+
+    @action = TagPurgeAction.new
+  end
+
+  it "does not save the description if the filter does not match" do
+    @action.should_receive(:===).with("str").and_return(false)
+    @action.after @state
+    @action.matching.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "saves the description if the filter matches" do
+    @action.should_receive(:===).with("str").and_return(true)
+    @action.after @state
+    @action.matching.should == ["str"]
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagPurgeAction, "#unload" do
+  before :each do
+    @stdout = $stdout
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+
+    @t1 = SpecTag.new "fails:I fail"
+    @t2 = SpecTag.new "unstable:I'm unstable"
+    @t3 = SpecTag.new "fails:I'm unstable"
+
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([@t1, @t2, @t3])
+    MSpec.stub(:write_tags)
+
+    @state = double("ExampleState")
+    @state.stub(:description).and_return("I'm unstable")
+
+    @action = TagPurgeAction.new
+    @action.load
+    @action.after @state
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = @stdout
+  end
+
+  it "does not rewrite any tags if there were no tags for the specs" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).and_return([])
+    MSpec.should_receive(:delete_tags)
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:write_tags)
+
+    @action.load
+    @action.after @state
+    @action.unload
+
+    $stdout.should == ""
+  end
+
+  it "rewrites tags that were matched" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:write_tags).with([@t2, @t3])
+    @action.unload
+  end
+
+  it "prints tags that were not matched" do
+    @action.unload
+    $stdout.should == "I fail\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagPurgeAction, "#unload" do
+  before :each do
+    @stdout = $stdout
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([])
+
+    @state = double("ExampleState")
+    @state.stub(:description).and_return("I'm unstable")
+
+    @action = TagPurgeAction.new
+    @action.load
+    @action.after @state
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = @stdout
+  end
+
+  it "deletes the tag file if no tags were found" do
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:write_tags)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:delete_tags)
+    @action.unload
+    $stdout.should == ""
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagPurgeAction, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @action = TagPurgeAction.new
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :unload event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:unload, @action)
+    @action.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagPurgeAction, "#unregister" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:unregister)
+    @action = TagPurgeAction.new
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :unload event" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:unload, @action)
+    @action.unregister
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tally_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tally_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be4635ffeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/tally_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/tally'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe Tally, "#files!" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by #files" do
+    @tally.files! 3
+    @tally.files.should == 3
+    @tally.files!
+    @tally.files.should == 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#examples!" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by #examples" do
+    @tally.examples! 2
+    @tally.examples.should == 2
+    @tally.examples! 2
+    @tally.examples.should == 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#expectations!" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by #expectations" do
+    @tally.expectations!
+    @tally.expectations.should == 1
+    @tally.expectations! 3
+    @tally.expectations.should == 4
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#failures!" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by #failures" do
+    @tally.failures! 1
+    @tally.failures.should == 1
+    @tally.failures!
+    @tally.failures.should == 2
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#errors!" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by #errors" do
+    @tally.errors!
+    @tally.errors.should == 1
+    @tally.errors! 2
+    @tally.errors.should == 3
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#guards!" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by #guards" do
+    @tally.guards!
+    @tally.guards.should == 1
+    @tally.guards! 2
+    @tally.guards.should == 3
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#file" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a formatted string of the number of #files" do
+    @tally.file.should == "0 files"
+    @tally.files!
+    @tally.file.should == "1 file"
+    @tally.files!
+    @tally.file.should == "2 files"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#example" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a formatted string of the number of #examples" do
+    @tally.example.should == "0 examples"
+    @tally.examples!
+    @tally.example.should == "1 example"
+    @tally.examples!
+    @tally.example.should == "2 examples"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#expectation" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a formatted string of the number of #expectations" do
+    @tally.expectation.should == "0 expectations"
+    @tally.expectations!
+    @tally.expectation.should == "1 expectation"
+    @tally.expectations!
+    @tally.expectation.should == "2 expectations"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#failure" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a formatted string of the number of #failures" do
+    @tally.failure.should == "0 failures"
+    @tally.failures!
+    @tally.failure.should == "1 failure"
+    @tally.failures!
+    @tally.failure.should == "2 failures"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#error" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a formatted string of the number of #errors" do
+    @tally.error.should == "0 errors"
+    @tally.errors!
+    @tally.error.should == "1 error"
+    @tally.errors!
+    @tally.error.should == "2 errors"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#guard" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a formatted string of the number of #guards" do
+    @tally.guard.should == "0 guards"
+    @tally.guards!
+    @tally.guard.should == "1 guard"
+    @tally.guards!
+    @tally.guard.should == "2 guards"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Tally, "#format" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = Tally.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+  end
+
+  it "returns a formatted string of counts" do
+    @tally.files!
+    @tally.examples! 2
+    @tally.expectations! 4
+    @tally.errors!
+    @tally.tagged!
+    @tally.format.should == "1 file, 2 examples, 4 expectations, 0 failures, 1 error, 1 tagged"
+  end
+
+  it "includes guards if MSpec is in verify mode" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :verify
+    @tally.files!
+    @tally.examples! 2
+    @tally.expectations! 4
+    @tally.errors!
+    @tally.tagged!
+    @tally.guards!
+    @tally.format.should ==
+      "1 file, 2 examples, 4 expectations, 0 failures, 1 error, 1 tagged, 1 guard"
+  end
+
+  it "includes guards if MSpec is in report mode" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :report
+    @tally.files!
+    @tally.examples! 2
+    @tally.expectations! 4
+    @tally.errors!
+    @tally.tagged!
+    @tally.guards! 2
+    @tally.format.should ==
+      "1 file, 2 examples, 4 expectations, 0 failures, 1 error, 1 tagged, 2 guards"
+  end
+
+  it "includes guards if MSpec is in report_on mode" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :report_on
+    @tally.files!
+    @tally.examples! 2
+    @tally.expectations! 4
+    @tally.errors!
+    @tally.guards! 2
+    @tally.format.should ==
+      "1 file, 2 examples, 4 expectations, 0 failures, 1 error, 0 tagged, 2 guards"
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#counter" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "returns the Tally object" do
+    @tally.counter.should be_kind_of(Tally)
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by Tally#files" do
+    @tally.load
+    @tally.counter.files.should == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#expectation" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "increments the count returned by Tally#expectations" do
+    @tally.expectation @state
+    @tally.counter.expectations.should == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#example" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "increments counts returned by Tally#examples" do
+    @tally.example @state, nil
+    @tally.counter.examples.should == 1
+    @tally.counter.expectations.should == 0
+    @tally.counter.failures.should == 0
+    @tally.counter.errors.should == 0
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#exception" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "increments counts returned by Tally#failures" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("Failed!")
+    @tally.exception exc
+    @tally.counter.examples.should == 0
+    @tally.counter.expectations.should == 0
+    @tally.counter.failures.should == 1
+    @tally.counter.errors.should == 0
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#exception" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "increments counts returned by Tally#errors" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, Exception.new("Error!")
+    @tally.exception exc
+    @tally.counter.examples.should == 0
+    @tally.counter.expectations.should == 0
+    @tally.counter.failures.should == 0
+    @tally.counter.errors.should == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#format" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "returns a readable string of counts" do
+    @tally.load
+    @tally.example @state, nil
+    @tally.expectation @state
+    @tally.expectation @state
+    exc = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("Failed!")
+    @tally.exception exc
+    @tally.format.should == "1 file, 1 example, 2 expectations, 1 failure, 0 errors, 0 tagged"
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for appropriate actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:load, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:exception, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:example, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:tagged, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:expectation, @tally)
+    @tally.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe TallyAction, "#unregister" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = TallyAction.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for appropriate actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:load, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:exception, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:example, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:tagged, @tally)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:expectation, @tally)
+    @tally.unregister
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/timer_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/timer_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..417367d5a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/actions/timer_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/timer'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'time'
+
+describe TimerAction do
+  before :each do
+    @timer = TimerAction.new
+    @start_time = Time.utc(2009, 3, 30, 14, 5, 19)
+    @stop_time  = Time.utc(2009, 3, 30, 14, 5, 52)
+  end
+
+  it "responds to #start by recording the current time" do
+    Time.should_receive(:now)
+    @timer.start
+  end
+
+  it "responds to #finish by recording the current time" do
+    Time.should_receive(:now)
+    @timer.finish
+  end
+
+  it "responds to #elapsed by returning the difference between stop and start" do
+    Time.stub(:now).and_return(@start_time)
+    @timer.start
+    Time.stub(:now).and_return(@stop_time)
+    @timer.finish
+    @timer.elapsed.should == 33
+  end
+
+  it "responds to #format by returning a readable string of elapsed time" do
+    Time.stub(:now).and_return(@start_time)
+    @timer.start
+    Time.stub(:now).and_return(@stop_time)
+    @timer.finish
+    @timer.format.should == "Finished in 33.000000 seconds"
+  end
+
+  it "responds to #register by registering itself with MSpec for appropriate actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:start, @timer)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:finish, @timer)
+    @timer.register
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/context_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/context_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5aa691323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/context_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1028 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/matchers/base'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/mocks/mock'
+require 'mspec/runner/context'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe ContextState, "#describe" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new "C#m"
+    @proc = proc { ScratchPad.record :a }
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "evaluates the passed block" do
+    @state.describe(&@proc)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :a
+  end
+
+  it "evaluates the passed block via #protect" do
+    @state.should_receive(:protect).with("C#m", @proc, false)
+    @state.describe(&@proc)
+  end
+
+  it "registers #parent as the current MSpec ContextState" do
+    parent = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.parent = parent
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_current).with(parent)
+    @state.describe { }
+  end
+
+  it "registers self with MSpec when #shared? is true" do
+    state = ContextState.new "something shared", :shared => true
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_shared).with(state)
+    state.describe { }
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#shared?" do
+  it "returns false when the ContextState is not shared" do
+    ContextState.new("").shared?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true when the ContextState is shared" do
+    ContextState.new("", {:shared => true}).shared?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#to_s" do
+  it "returns a description string for self when passed a Module" do
+    ContextState.new(Object).to_s.should == "Object"
+  end
+
+  it "returns a description string for self when passed a String" do
+    ContextState.new("SomeClass").to_s.should == "SomeClass"
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#description" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new "when empty"
+    @parent = ContextState.new "Toplevel"
+  end
+
+  it "returns a composite description string from self and all parents" do
+    @parent.description.should == "Toplevel"
+    @state.description.should == "when empty"
+    @state.parent = @parent
+    @state.description.should == "Toplevel when empty"
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#it" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @proc = lambda {|*| }
+
+    @ex = ExampleState.new("", "", &@proc)
+  end
+
+  it "creates an ExampleState instance for the block" do
+    ExampleState.should_receive(:new).with(@state, "it", @proc).and_return(@ex)
+    @state.describe(&@proc)
+    @state.it("it", &@proc)
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :add actions" do
+    ExampleState.should_receive(:new).with(@state, "it", @proc).and_return(@ex)
+
+    add_action = double("add")
+    add_action.should_receive(:add).with(@ex).and_return { ScratchPad.record :add }
+    MSpec.register :add, add_action
+
+    @state.it("it", &@proc)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :add
+    MSpec.unregister :add, add_action
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#examples" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+  end
+
+  it "returns a list of all examples in this ContextState" do
+    @state.it("first") { }
+    @state.it("second") { }
+    @state.examples.size.should == 2
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#before" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @proc = lambda {|*| }
+  end
+
+  it "records the block for :each" do
+    @state.before(:each, &@proc)
+    @state.before(:each).should == [@proc]
+  end
+
+  it "records the block for :all" do
+    @state.before(:all, &@proc)
+    @state.before(:all).should == [@proc]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @proc = lambda {|*| }
+  end
+
+  it "records the block for :each" do
+    @state.after(:each, &@proc)
+    @state.after(:each).should == [@proc]
+  end
+
+  it "records the block for :all" do
+    @state.after(:all, &@proc)
+    @state.after(:all).should == [@proc]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#pre" do
+  before :each do
+    @a = lambda {|*| }
+    @b = lambda {|*| }
+    @c = lambda {|*| }
+
+    parent = ContextState.new ""
+    parent.before(:each, &@c)
+    parent.before(:all, &@c)
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.parent = parent
+  end
+
+  it "returns before(:each) actions in the order they were defined" do
+    @state.before(:each, &@a)
+    @state.before(:each, &@b)
+    @state.pre(:each).should == [@c, @a, @b]
+  end
+
+  it "returns before(:all) actions in the order they were defined" do
+    @state.before(:all, &@a)
+    @state.before(:all, &@b)
+    @state.pre(:all).should == [@c, @a, @b]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#post" do
+  before :each do
+    @a = lambda {|*| }
+    @b = lambda {|*| }
+    @c = lambda {|*| }
+
+    parent = ContextState.new ""
+    parent.after(:each, &@c)
+    parent.after(:all, &@c)
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.parent = parent
+  end
+
+  it "returns after(:each) actions in the reverse order they were defined" do
+    @state.after(:each, &@a)
+    @state.after(:each, &@b)
+    @state.post(:each).should == [@b, @a, @c]
+  end
+
+  it "returns after(:all) actions in the reverse order they were defined" do
+    @state.after(:all, &@a)
+    @state.after(:all, &@b)
+    @state.post(:all).should == [@b, @a, @c]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#protect" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    @a = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :a }
+    @b = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :b }
+    @c = lambda {|*| raise Exception, "Fail!" }
+  end
+
+  it "returns true and does execute any blocks if check and MSpec.mode?(:pretend) are true" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:mode?).with(:pretend).and_return(true)
+    ContextState.new("").protect("message", [@a, @b]).should be_true
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "executes the blocks if MSpec.mode?(:pretend) is false" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:mode?).with(:pretend).and_return(false)
+    ContextState.new("").protect("message", [@a, @b])
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a, :b]
+  end
+
+  it "executes the blocks if check is false" do
+    ContextState.new("").protect("message", [@a, @b], false)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a, :b]
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if none of the blocks raise an exception" do
+    ContextState.new("").protect("message", [@a, @b]).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if any of the blocks raise an exception" do
+    ContextState.new("").protect("message", [@a, @c, @b]).should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#parent=" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @parent = double("describe")
+    @parent.stub(:parent).and_return(nil)
+    @parent.stub(:child)
+  end
+
+  it "does not set self as a child of parent if shared" do
+    @parent.should_not_receive(:child)
+    state = ContextState.new "", :shared => true
+    state.parent = @parent
+  end
+
+  it "does not set parents if shared" do
+    state = ContextState.new "", :shared => true
+    state.parent = @parent
+    state.parents.should == [state]
+  end
+
+  it "sets self as a child of parent" do
+    @parent.should_receive(:child).with(@state)
+    @state.parent = @parent
+  end
+
+  it "creates the list of parents" do
+    @state.parent = @parent
+    @state.parents.should == [@parent, @state]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#parent" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @parent = double("describe")
+    @parent.stub(:parent).and_return(nil)
+    @parent.stub(:child)
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if parent has not been set" do
+    @state.parent.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the parent" do
+    @state.parent = @parent
+    @state.parent.should == @parent
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#parents" do
+  before :each do
+    @first = ContextState.new ""
+    @second = ContextState.new ""
+    @parent = double("describe")
+    @parent.stub(:parent).and_return(nil)
+    @parent.stub(:child)
+  end
+
+  it "returns a list of all enclosing ContextState instances" do
+    @first.parent = @parent
+    @second.parent = @first
+    @second.parents.should == [@parent, @first, @second]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#child" do
+  before :each do
+    @first = ContextState.new ""
+    @second = ContextState.new ""
+    @parent = double("describe")
+    @parent.stub(:parent).and_return(nil)
+    @parent.stub(:child)
+  end
+
+  it "adds the ContextState to the list of contained ContextStates" do
+    @first.child @second
+    @first.children.should == [@second]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#children" do
+  before :each do
+    @parent = ContextState.new ""
+    @first = ContextState.new ""
+    @second = ContextState.new ""
+  end
+
+  it "returns the list of directly contained ContextStates" do
+    @first.parent = @parent
+    @second.parent = @first
+    @parent.children.should == [@first]
+    @first.children.should == [@second]
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#state" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, []
+    MSpec.store :after, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if no spec is being executed" do
+    @state.state.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns a ExampleState instance if an example is being executed" do
+    ScratchPad.record @state
+    @state.describe { }
+    @state.it("") { ScratchPad.record ScratchPad.recorded.state }
+    @state.process
+    @state.state.should == nil
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, []
+    MSpec.store :after, []
+    MSpec.stub(:register_current)
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+
+    @a = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :a }
+    @b = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :b }
+    ScratchPad.record []
+  end
+
+  it "calls each before(:all) block" do
+    @state.before(:all, &@a)
+    @state.before(:all, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a, :b]
+  end
+
+  it "calls each after(:all) block" do
+    @state.after(:all, &@a)
+    @state.after(:all, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:b, :a]
+  end
+
+  it "calls each it block" do
+    @state.it("one", &@a)
+    @state.it("two", &@b)
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a, :b]
+  end
+
+  it "does not call the #it block if #filtered? returns true" do
+    @state.it("one", &@a)
+    @state.it("two", &@b)
+    @state.examples.first.stub(:filtered?).and_return(true)
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:b]
+  end
+
+  it "calls each before(:each) block" do
+    @state.before(:each, &@a)
+    @state.before(:each, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a, :b]
+  end
+
+  it "calls each after(:each) block" do
+    @state.after(:each, &@a)
+    @state.after(:each, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:b, :a]
+  end
+
+  it "calls Mock.cleanup for each it block" do
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.it("") { }
+    Mock.should_receive(:cleanup).twice
+    @state.process
+  end
+
+  it "calls Mock.verify_count for each it block" do
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.it("") { }
+    Mock.should_receive(:verify_count).twice
+    @state.process
+  end
+
+  it "calls the describe block" do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    @state.describe { ScratchPad << :a }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a]
+  end
+
+  it "creates a new ExampleState instance for each example" do
+    ScratchPad.record @state
+    @state.describe { }
+    @state.it("it") { ScratchPad.record ScratchPad.recorded.state }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+  end
+
+  it "clears the expectations flag before evaluating the #it block" do
+    MSpec.clear_expectations
+    MSpec.should_receive(:clear_expectations)
+    @state.it("it") { ScratchPad.record MSpec.expectation? }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "shuffles the spec list if MSpec.randomize? is true" do
+    MSpec.randomize = true
+    begin
+      MSpec.should_receive(:shuffle)
+      @state.it("") { }
+      @state.process
+    ensure
+      MSpec.randomize = false
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the current MSpec ContextState" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_current).with(@state)
+    @state.process
+  end
+
+  it "resets the current MSpec ContextState to nil when there are examples" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_current).with(nil)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+  end
+
+  it "resets the current MSpec ContextState to nil when there are no examples" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_current).with(nil)
+    @state.process
+  end
+
+  it "call #process on children when there are examples" do
+    child = ContextState.new ""
+    child.should_receive(:process)
+    @state.child child
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+  end
+
+  it "call #process on children when there are no examples" do
+    child = ContextState.new ""
+    child.should_receive(:process)
+    @state.child child
+    @state.process
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :exception, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+
+    action = double("action")
+    def action.exception(exc)
+      ScratchPad.record :exception if exc.exception.is_a? SpecExpectationNotFoundError
+    end
+    MSpec.register :exception, action
+
+    MSpec.clear_expectations
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :exception, nil
+  end
+
+  it "raises an SpecExpectationNotFoundError if an #it block does not contain an expectation" do
+    @state.it("it") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :exception
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an SpecExpectationNotFoundError if an #it block does contain an expectation" do
+    @state.it("it") { MSpec.expectation }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an SpecExpectationNotFoundError if the #it block causes a failure" do
+    @state.it("it") { raise Exception, "Failed!" }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should be_nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :example, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+
+    example = double("example")
+    def example.example(state, spec)
+      ScratchPad << state << spec
+    end
+    MSpec.register :example, example
+
+    ScratchPad.record []
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :example, nil
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :example actions with the current ExampleState and block" do
+    @state.it("") { MSpec.expectation }
+    @state.process
+
+    ScratchPad.recorded.first.should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.last.should be_kind_of(Proc)
+  end
+
+  it "does not call registered example actions if the example has no block" do
+    @state.it("empty example")
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, []
+    MSpec.store :after, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+    @state.it("") { MSpec.expectation }
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, nil
+    MSpec.store :after, nil
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :before actions with the current ExampleState instance" do
+    before = double("before")
+    before.should_receive(:before).and_return {
+      ScratchPad.record :before
+      @spec_state = @state.state
+    }
+    MSpec.register :before, before
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :before
+    @spec_state.should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :after actions with the current ExampleState instance" do
+    after = double("after")
+    after.should_receive(:after).and_return {
+      ScratchPad.record :after
+      @spec_state = @state.state
+    }
+    MSpec.register :after, after
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :after
+    @spec_state.should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :enter, []
+    MSpec.store :leave, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new "C#m"
+    @state.describe { }
+    @state.it("") { MSpec.expectation }
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :enter, nil
+    MSpec.store :leave, nil
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :enter actions with the current #describe string" do
+    enter = double("enter")
+    enter.should_receive(:enter).with("C#m").and_return { ScratchPad.record :enter }
+    MSpec.register :enter, enter
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :enter
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :leave actions" do
+    leave = double("leave")
+    leave.should_receive(:leave).and_return { ScratchPad.record :leave }
+    MSpec.register :leave, leave
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :leave
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process when an exception is raised in before(:all)" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, []
+    MSpec.store :after, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+
+    @a = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :a }
+    @b = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :b }
+    ScratchPad.record []
+
+    @state.before(:all) { raise Exception, "Fail!" }
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, nil
+    MSpec.store :after, nil
+  end
+
+  it "does not call before(:each)" do
+    @state.before(:each, &@a)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call the it block" do
+    @state.it("one", &@a)
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call after(:each)" do
+    @state.after(:each, &@a)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call after(:each)" do
+    @state.after(:all, &@a)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call Mock.verify_count" do
+    @state.it("") { }
+    Mock.should_not_receive(:verify_count)
+    @state.process
+  end
+
+  it "calls Mock.cleanup" do
+    @state.it("") { }
+    Mock.should_receive(:cleanup)
+    @state.process
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process when an exception is raised in before(:each)" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, []
+    MSpec.store :after, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+
+    @a = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :a }
+    @b = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :b }
+    ScratchPad.record []
+
+    @state.before(:each) { raise Exception, "Fail!" }
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, nil
+    MSpec.store :after, nil
+  end
+
+  it "does not call the it block" do
+    @state.it("one", &@a)
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does call after(:each)" do
+    @state.after(:each, &@a)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a]
+  end
+
+  it "does not call Mock.verify_count" do
+    @state.it("") { }
+    Mock.should_not_receive(:verify_count)
+    @state.process
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process in pretend mode" do
+  before :all do
+    MSpec.register_mode :pretend
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+    MSpec.store :before, []
+    MSpec.store :after, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+    @state.it("") { }
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, nil
+    MSpec.store :after, nil
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :before actions with the current ExampleState instance" do
+    before = double("before")
+    before.should_receive(:before).and_return {
+      ScratchPad.record :before
+      @spec_state = @state.state
+    }
+    MSpec.register :before, before
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :before
+    @spec_state.should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :after actions with the current ExampleState instance" do
+    after = double("after")
+    after.should_receive(:after).and_return {
+      ScratchPad.record :after
+      @spec_state = @state.state
+    }
+    MSpec.register :after, after
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :after
+    @spec_state.should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process in pretend mode" do
+  before :all do
+    MSpec.register_mode :pretend
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :before, []
+    MSpec.store :after, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+
+    @a = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :a }
+    @b = lambda {|*| ScratchPad << :b }
+    ScratchPad.record []
+  end
+
+  it "calls the describe block" do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    @state.describe { ScratchPad << :a }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a]
+  end
+
+  it "does not call any before(:all) block" do
+    @state.before(:all, &@a)
+    @state.before(:all, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call any after(:all) block" do
+    @state.after(:all, &@a)
+    @state.after(:all, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call any it block" do
+    @state.it("one", &@a)
+    @state.it("two", &@b)
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call any before(:each) block" do
+    @state.before(:each, &@a)
+    @state.before(:each, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call any after(:each) block" do
+    @state.after(:each, &@a)
+    @state.after(:each, &@b)
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not call Mock.cleanup" do
+    @state.it("") { }
+    @state.it("") { }
+    Mock.should_not_receive(:cleanup)
+    @state.process
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#process in pretend mode" do
+  before :all do
+    MSpec.register_mode :pretend
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :enter, []
+    MSpec.store :leave, []
+
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.describe { }
+    @state.it("") { }
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :enter, nil
+    MSpec.store :leave, nil
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :enter actions with the current #describe string" do
+    enter = double("enter")
+    enter.should_receive(:enter).and_return { ScratchPad.record :enter }
+    MSpec.register :enter, enter
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :enter
+  end
+
+  it "calls registered :leave actions" do
+    leave = double("leave")
+    leave.should_receive(:leave).and_return { ScratchPad.record :leave }
+    MSpec.register :leave, leave
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :leave
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#it_should_behave_like" do
+  before :each do
+    @shared_desc = :shared_context
+    @shared = ContextState.new(@shared_desc, :shared => true)
+    MSpec.stub(:retrieve_shared).and_return(@shared)
+
+    @state = ContextState.new "Top level"
+    @a = lambda {|*| }
+    @b = lambda {|*| }
+  end
+
+  it "raises an Exception if unable to find the shared ContextState" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:retrieve_shared).and_return(nil)
+    lambda { @state.it_should_behave_like "this" }.should raise_error(Exception)
+  end
+
+  describe "for nested ContextState instances" do
+    before :each do
+      @nested = ContextState.new "nested context"
+      @nested.parents.unshift @shared
+
+      @shared.children << @nested
+
+      @nested_dup = @nested.dup
+      @nested.stub(:dup).and_return(@nested_dup)
+    end
+
+    it "duplicates the nested ContextState" do
+      @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+      @state.children.first.should equal(@nested_dup)
+    end
+
+    it "sets the parent of the nested ContextState to the containing ContextState" do
+      @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+      @nested_dup.parent.should equal(@state)
+    end
+
+    it "sets the context for nested examples to the nested ContextState's dup" do
+      @shared.it "an example", &@a
+      @shared.it "another example", &@b
+      @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+      @nested_dup.examples.each { |x| x.context.should equal(@nested_dup) }
+    end
+
+    it "omits the shored ContextState's description" do
+      @nested.it "an example", &@a
+      @nested.it "another example", &@b
+      @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+
+      @nested_dup.description.should == "Top level nested context"
+      @nested_dup.examples.first.description.should == "Top level nested context an example"
+      @nested_dup.examples.last.description.should == "Top level nested context another example"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "adds duped examples from the shared ContextState" do
+    @shared.it "some method", &@a
+    ex_dup = @shared.examples.first.dup
+    @shared.examples.first.stub(:dup).and_return(ex_dup)
+
+    @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+    @state.examples.should == [ex_dup]
+  end
+
+  it "sets the context for examples to the containing ContextState" do
+    @shared.it "an example", &@a
+    @shared.it "another example", &@b
+    @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+    @state.examples.each { |x| x.context.should equal(@state) }
+  end
+
+  it "adds before(:all) blocks from the shared ContextState" do
+    @shared.before :all, &@a
+    @shared.before :all, &@b
+    @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+    @state.before(:all).should include(*@shared.before(:all))
+  end
+
+  it "adds before(:each) blocks from the shared ContextState" do
+    @shared.before :each, &@a
+    @shared.before :each, &@b
+    @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+    @state.before(:each).should include(*@shared.before(:each))
+  end
+
+  it "adds after(:each) blocks from the shared ContextState" do
+    @shared.after :each, &@a
+    @shared.after :each, &@b
+    @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+    @state.after(:each).should include(*@shared.after(:each))
+  end
+
+  it "adds after(:all) blocks from the shared ContextState" do
+    @shared.after :all, &@a
+    @shared.after :all, &@b
+    @state.it_should_behave_like @shared_desc
+    @state.after(:all).should include(*@shared.after(:all))
+  end
+end
+
+describe ContextState, "#filter_examples" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ContextState.new ""
+    @state.it("one") { }
+    @state.it("two") { }
+  end
+
+  it "removes examples that are filtered" do
+    @state.examples.first.stub(:filtered?).and_return(true)
+    @state.examples.size.should == 2
+    @state.filter_examples
+    @state.examples.size.should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if there are remaining examples to evaluate" do
+    @state.examples.first.stub(:filtered?).and_return(true)
+    @state.filter_examples.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if there are no remaining examples to evaluate" do
+    @state.examples.first.stub(:filtered?).and_return(true)
+    @state.examples.last.stub(:filtered?).and_return(true)
+    @state.filter_examples.should be_false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/example_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/example_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d3ad6be30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/example_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/matchers/base'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/mocks/mock'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe ExampleState do
+  it "is initialized with the ContextState, #it string, and #it block" do
+    prc = lambda { }
+    context = ContextState.new ""
+    ExampleState.new(context, "does", prc).should be_kind_of(ExampleState)
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExampleState, "#describe" do
+  before :each do
+    @context = ContextState.new "Object#to_s"
+    @state = ExampleState.new @context, "it"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the ContextState#description" do
+    @state.describe.should == @context.description
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExampleState, "#it" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the argument to the #it block" do
+    @state.it.should == "it"
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExampleState, "#context=" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+    @context = ContextState.new "New#context"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the containing ContextState" do
+    @state.context = @context
+    @state.context.should == @context
+  end
+
+  it "resets the description" do
+    @state.description.should == "describe it"
+    @state.context = @context
+    @state.description.should == "New#context it"
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExampleState, "#example" do
+  before :each do
+    @proc = lambda { }
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it", @proc
+  end
+
+  it "returns the #it block" do
+    @state.example.should == @proc
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExampleState, "#filtered?" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :include, []
+    MSpec.store :exclude, []
+
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+    @filter = double("filter")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpec.store :include, []
+    MSpec.store :exclude, []
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if MSpec include filters list is empty" do
+    @state.filtered?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if MSpec include filters match this spec" do
+    @filter.should_receive(:===).and_return(true)
+    MSpec.register :include, @filter
+    @state.filtered?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec include filters do not match this spec" do
+    @filter.should_receive(:===).and_return(false)
+    MSpec.register :include, @filter
+    @state.filtered?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if MSpec exclude filters list is empty" do
+    @state.filtered?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if MSpec exclude filters do not match this spec" do
+    @filter.should_receive(:===).and_return(false)
+    MSpec.register :exclude, @filter
+    @state.filtered?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec exclude filters match this spec" do
+    @filter.should_receive(:===).and_return(true)
+    MSpec.register :exclude, @filter
+    @state.filtered?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if MSpec include and exclude filters match this spec" do
+    @filter.should_receive(:===).twice.and_return(true)
+    MSpec.register :include, @filter
+    MSpec.register :exclude, @filter
+    @state.filtered?.should == true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/exception_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/exception_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e0a819992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/exception_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/runner/exception'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+describe ExceptionState, "#initialize" do
+  it "takes a state, location (e.g. before :each), and exception" do
+    context = ContextState.new "Class#method"
+    state = ExampleState.new context, "does something"
+    exc = Exception.new "Fail!"
+    ExceptionState.new(state, "location", exc).should be_kind_of(ExceptionState)
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExceptionState, "#description" do
+  before :each do
+    context = ContextState.new "Class#method"
+    @state = ExampleState.new context, "does something"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the state description if state was not nil" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, nil)
+    exc.description.should == "Class#method does something"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the location if it is not nil and description is nil" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new(nil, "location", nil)
+    exc.description.should == "An exception occurred during: location"
+  end
+
+  it "returns both description and location if neither are nil" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new(@state, "location", nil)
+    exc.description.should == "An exception occurred during: location\nClass#method does something"
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExceptionState, "#describe" do
+  before :each do
+    context = ContextState.new "Class#method"
+    @state = ExampleState.new context, "does something"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the ExampleState#describe string if created with a non-nil state" do
+    ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, nil).describe.should == @state.describe
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty string if created with a nil state" do
+    ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, nil).describe.should == ""
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExceptionState, "#it" do
+  before :each do
+    context = ContextState.new "Class#method"
+    @state = ExampleState.new context, "does something"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the ExampleState#it string if created with a non-nil state" do
+    ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, nil).it.should == @state.it
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty string if created with a nil state" do
+    ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, nil).it.should == ""
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExceptionState, "#failure?" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("C#m"), "works"
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the exception is an SpecExpectationNotMetError" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("Fail!")
+    exc.failure?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the exception is an SpecExpectationNotFoundError" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", SpecExpectationNotFoundError.new("Fail!")
+    exc.failure?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the exception is not an SpecExpectationNotMetError or an SpecExpectationNotFoundError" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", Exception.new("Fail!")
+    exc.failure?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExceptionState, "#message" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("C#m"), "works"
+  end
+
+  it "returns <No message> if the exception message is empty" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", Exception.new("")
+    exc.message.should == "Exception: <No message>"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the message without exception class when the exception is an SpecExpectationNotMetError" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("Fail!")
+    exc.message.should == "Fail!"
+  end
+
+  it "returns SpecExpectationNotFoundError#message when the exception is an SpecExpectationNotFoundError" do
+    e = SpecExpectationNotFoundError.new
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", e
+    exc.message.should == e.message
+  end
+
+  it "returns the message with exception class when the exception is not an SpecExpectationNotMetError or an SpecExpectationNotFoundError" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", Exception.new("Fail!")
+    exc.message.should == "Exception: Fail!"
+  end
+end
+
+describe ExceptionState, "#backtrace" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("C#m"), "works"
+    begin
+      raise Exception
+    rescue Exception => @exception
+      @exc = ExceptionState.new @state, "", @exception
+    end
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $MSPEC_DEBUG = nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns a string representation of the exception backtrace" do
+    @exc.backtrace.should be_kind_of(String)
+  end
+
+  it "does not filter files from the backtrace if $MSPEC_DEBUG is true" do
+    $MSPEC_DEBUG = true
+    @exc.backtrace.should == @exception.backtrace.join("\n")
+  end
+
+  it "filters files matching config[:backtrace_filter]" do
+    MSpecScript.set :backtrace_filter, %r[mspec/lib]
+    $MSPEC_DEBUG = nil
+    @exc.backtrace.split("\n").each do |line|
+      line.should_not =~ %r[mspec/lib]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/a.yaml b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/a.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1940e3cba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/a.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+---
+A#: 
+- a
+- aa
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/b.yaml b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/b.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a24bdb2f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/b.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+B.: 
+- b
+- bb
+B::C#:
+- b!
+- b=
+- b?
+- "-"
+- "[]"
+- "[]="
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/match_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/match_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2c665c495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/match_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/match'
+
+describe MatchFilter, "#===" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = MatchFilter.new nil, 'a', 'b', 'c'
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the argument matches any of the #initialize strings" do
+    @filter.===('aaa').should == true
+    @filter.===('bccb').should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the argument matches none of the #initialize strings" do
+    @filter.===('d').should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MatchFilter, "#register" do
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the designated action list" do
+    filter = MatchFilter.new :include
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:include, filter)
+    filter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe MatchFilter, "#unregister" do
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the designated action list" do
+    filter = MatchFilter.new :exclude
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:exclude, filter)
+    filter.unregister
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/profile_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/profile_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89d0ad1911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/profile_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/profile'
+
+describe ProfileFilter, "#find" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = ProfileFilter.new nil
+    File.stub(:exist?).and_return(false)
+    @file = "rails.yaml"
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file through the expanded path name" do
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@file).and_return(@file)
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(@file).and_return(true)
+    @filter.find(@file).should == @file
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file in 'spec/profiles'" do
+    path = File.join "spec/profiles", @file
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    @filter.find(@file).should == path
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file in 'spec'" do
+    path = File.join "spec", @file
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    @filter.find(@file).should == path
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file in 'profiles'" do
+    path = File.join "profiles", @file
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    @filter.find(@file).should == path
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file in '.'" do
+    path = File.join ".", @file
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    @filter.find(@file).should == path
+  end
+end
+
+describe ProfileFilter, "#parse" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = ProfileFilter.new nil
+    @file = File.open(File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/b.yaml", "r")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    @file.close
+  end
+
+  it "creates a Hash of the contents of the YAML file" do
+    @filter.parse(@file).should == {
+      "B." => ["b", "bb"],
+      "B::C#" => ["b!", "b=", "b?", "-", "[]", "[]="]
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+describe ProfileFilter, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = ProfileFilter.new nil
+    @files = [
+      File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/a.yaml",
+      File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/b.yaml"
+      ]
+  end
+
+  it "generates a composite hash from multiple YAML files" do
+    @filter.load(*@files).should == {
+      "A#"    => ["a", "aa"],
+      "B."    => ["b", "bb"],
+      "B::C#" => ["b!", "b=", "b?", "-", "[]", "[]="]
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+describe ProfileFilter, "#===" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = ProfileFilter.new nil
+    @filter.stub(:load).and_return({ "A#" => ["[]=", "a", "a!", "a?", "aa="]})
+    @filter.send :initialize, nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the spec description is for a method in the profile" do
+    @filter.===("The A#[]= method").should == true
+    @filter.===("A#a returns").should == true
+    @filter.===("A#a! replaces").should == true
+    @filter.===("A#a? returns").should == true
+    @filter.===("A#aa= raises").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the spec description is for a method not in the profile" do
+    @filter.===("The A#[] method").should == false
+    @filter.===("B#a returns").should == false
+    @filter.===("A.a! replaces").should == false
+    @filter.===("AA#a? returns").should == false
+    @filter.===("A#aa raises").should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe ProfileFilter, "#register" do
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the designated action list" do
+    filter = ProfileFilter.new :include
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:include, filter)
+    filter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe ProfileFilter, "#unregister" do
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the designated action list" do
+    filter = ProfileFilter.new :exclude
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:exclude, filter)
+    filter.unregister
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/regexp_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/regexp_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e9b0ec7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/regexp_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/regexp'
+
+describe MatchFilter, "#===" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = RegexpFilter.new nil, 'a(b|c)', 'b[^ab]', 'cc?'
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the argument matches any of the #initialize strings" do
+    @filter.===('ab').should == true
+    @filter.===('bc suffix').should == true
+    @filter.===('prefix cc').should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the argument matches none of the #initialize strings" do
+    @filter.===('aa').should == false
+    @filter.===('ba').should == false
+    @filter.===('prefix d suffix').should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe RegexpFilter, "#to_regexp" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = RegexpFilter.new nil
+  end
+
+  it "converts its arguments to Regexp instances" do
+    @filter.send(:to_regexp, 'a(b|c)', 'b[^ab]', 'cc?').should == [/a(b|c)/, /b[^ab]/, /cc?/]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/tag_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/tag_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe1f3df039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/filters/tag_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/match'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters/tag'
+
+describe TagFilter, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    @match = double("match filter").as_null_object
+    @filter = TagFilter.new :include, "tag", "key"
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "tag(comment):description"
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([@tag])
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+  end
+
+  it "loads tags from the tag file" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:read_tags).with(["tag", "key"]).and_return([])
+    @filter.load
+  end
+
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :include action" do
+    filter = TagFilter.new(:include)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:include, filter)
+    filter.load
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :exclude action" do
+    filter = TagFilter.new(:exclude)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:exclude, filter)
+    filter.load
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagFilter, "#unload" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = TagFilter.new :include, "tag", "key"
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "tag(comment):description"
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([@tag])
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself" do
+    @filter.load
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:include, @filter)
+    @filter.unload
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagFilter, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+  end
+
+  it "registers itself with MSpec for the :load, :unload actions" do
+    filter = TagFilter.new(nil)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:load, filter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:unload, filter)
+    filter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagFilter, "#unregister" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:unregister)
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters itself with MSpec for the :load, :unload actions" do
+    filter = TagFilter.new(nil)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:load, filter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:unload, filter)
+    filter.unregister
+  end
+end
+
+describe TagFilter, "#===" do
+  before :each do
+    @filter = TagFilter.new nil, "tag", "key"
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "tag(comment):description"
+    MSpec.stub(:read_tags).and_return([@tag])
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @filter.load
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the argument matches any of the descriptions" do
+    @filter.===('description').should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the argument matches none of the descriptions" do
+    @filter.===('descriptionA').should == false
+    @filter.===('adescription').should == false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/describe_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/describe_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..415ced71fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/describe_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/describe'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe DescribeFormatter, "#finish" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    MSpec.stub(:unregister)
+
+    @timer = double("timer").as_null_object
+    TimerAction.stub(:new).and_return(@timer)
+    @timer.stub(:format).and_return("Finished in 2.0 seconds")
+
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "Class#method"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "runs")
+
+    @formatter = DescribeFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+
+    @tally = @formatter.tally
+    @counter = @tally.counter
+
+    @counter.files!
+    @counter.examples!
+    @counter.expectations! 2
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a summary of elapsed time" do
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^Finished in 2.0 seconds$/
+  end
+
+  it "prints a tally of counts" do
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^1 file, 1 example, 2 expectations, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged$/
+  end
+
+  it "does not print exceptions" do
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should == %[
+
+Finished in 2.0 seconds
+
+1 file, 1 example, 2 expectations, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged
+]
+  end
+
+  it "prints a summary of failures and errors for each describe block" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should == %[
+
+Class#method                             0 failures, 1 error
+
+Finished in 2.0 seconds
+
+1 file, 1 example, 2 expectations, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged
+]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/dotted_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/dotted_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5af2ff55f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/dotted_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#initialize" do
+  it "permits zero arguments" do
+    DottedFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  it "accepts one argument" do
+    DottedFormatter.new nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+  end
+
+  it "registers self with MSpec for appropriate actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:exception, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:before, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:after, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:finish, @formatter)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates TimerAction and TallyAction" do
+    timer = double("timer")
+    tally = double("tally")
+    timer.should_receive(:register)
+    tally.should_receive(:register)
+    tally.should_receive(:counter)
+    TimerAction.should_receive(:new).and_return(timer)
+    TallyAction.should_receive(:new).and_return(tally)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#print" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "writes to $stdout by default" do
+    formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == "begonias"
+  end
+
+  it "writes to the file specified when the formatter was created" do
+    out = IOStub.new
+    File.should_receive(:open).with("some/file", "w").and_return(out)
+    formatter = DottedFormatter.new "some/file"
+    formatter.print "begonias"
+    out.should == "begonias"
+  end
+
+  it "flushes the IO output" do
+    $stdout.should_receive(:flush)
+    formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    formatter.print "begonias"
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#exception" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    @failure = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("failed")
+    @error = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("boom!")
+  end
+
+  it "sets the #failure? flag" do
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_true
+    @formatter.exception @error
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "sets the #exception? flag" do
+    @formatter.exception @error
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "adds the exception to the list of exceptions" do
+    @formatter.exceptions.should == []
+    @formatter.exception @error
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.exceptions.should == [@error, @failure]
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#exception?" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    @failure = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("failed")
+    @error = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("boom!")
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if there have been no exceptions" do
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if any exceptions are errors" do
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.exception @error
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if all exceptions are failures" do
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if all exceptions are errors" do
+    @formatter.exception @error
+    @formatter.exception @error
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#failure?" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    @failure = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("failed")
+    @error = ExceptionState.new nil, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("boom!")
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if there have been no exceptions" do
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if any exceptions are errors" do
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.exception @error
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if all exceptions are failures" do
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.exception @failure
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#before" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("Failed!"))
+  end
+
+  it "resets the #failure? flag to false" do
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_true
+    @formatter.before @state
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "resets the #exception? flag to false" do
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+    @formatter.before @state
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a '.' if there was no exception raised" do
+    @formatter.after(@state)
+    @out.should == "."
+  end
+
+  it "prints an 'F' if there was an expectation failure" do
+    exc = SpecExpectationNotMetError.new "failed"
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.after(@state)
+    @out.should == "F"
+  end
+
+  it "prints an 'E' if there was an exception other than expectation failure" do
+    exc = MSpecExampleError.new("boom!")
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.after(@state)
+    @out.should == "E"
+  end
+
+  it "prints an 'E' if there are mixed exceptions and exepctation failures" do
+    exc = SpecExpectationNotMetError.new "failed"
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    exc = MSpecExampleError.new("boom!")
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.after(@state)
+    @out.should == "E"
+  end
+end
+
+describe DottedFormatter, "#finish" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = double("tally").as_null_object
+    TallyAction.stub(:new).and_return(@tally)
+    @timer = double("timer").as_null_object
+    TimerAction.stub(:new).and_return(@timer)
+
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "Class#method"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "runs")
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a failure message for an exception" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^1\)\nClass#method runs ERROR$/
+  end
+
+  it "prints a backtrace for an exception" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ %r[path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method$]
+  end
+
+  it "prints a summary of elapsed time" do
+    @timer.should_receive(:format).and_return("Finished in 2.0 seconds")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^Finished in 2.0 seconds$/
+  end
+
+  it "prints a tally of counts" do
+    @tally.should_receive(:format).and_return("1 example, 0 failures")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^1 example, 0 failures$/
+  end
+
+  it "prints errors, backtraces, elapsed time, and tallies" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @timer.should_receive(:format).and_return("Finished in 2.0 seconds")
+    @tally.should_receive(:format).and_return("1 example, 1 failure")
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should ==
+%[E
+
+1)
+Class#method runs ERROR
+MSpecExampleError: broken
+path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method
+
+Finished in 2.0 seconds
+
+1 example, 1 failure
+]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/file_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/file_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..946683ad58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/file_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/file'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe FileFormatter, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = FileFormatter.new
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    MSpec.stub(:unregister)
+  end
+
+  it "registers self with MSpec for :load, :unload actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:load, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:unload, @formatter)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  it "unregisters self with MSpec for :before, :after actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:before, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:unregister).with(:after, @formatter)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe FileFormatter, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+    @formatter = FileFormatter.new
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(nil, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("Failed!"))
+  end
+
+  it "resets the #failure? flag to false" do
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_true
+    @formatter.load @state
+    @formatter.failure?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "resets the #exception? flag to false" do
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+    @formatter.load @state
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe FileFormatter, "#unload" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = FileFormatter.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a '.' if there was no exception raised" do
+    @formatter.unload(@state)
+    @out.should == "."
+  end
+
+  it "prints an 'F' if there was an expectation failure" do
+    exc = SpecExpectationNotMetError.new "failed"
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.unload(@state)
+    @out.should == "F"
+  end
+
+  it "prints an 'E' if there was an exception other than expectation failure" do
+    exc = MSpecExampleError.new("boom!")
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.unload(@state)
+    @out.should == "E"
+  end
+
+  it "prints an 'E' if there are mixed exceptions and exepctation failures" do
+    exc = SpecExpectationNotMetError.new "failed"
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    exc = MSpecExampleError.new("boom!")
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.unload(@state)
+    @out.should == "E"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/html_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/html_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3783ab6a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/html_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/html'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+describe HtmlFormatter do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = HtmlFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  it "responds to #register by registering itself with MSpec for appropriate actions" do
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:start, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:enter, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:leave, @formatter)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe HtmlFormatter, "#start" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = HtmlFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints the HTML head" do
+    @formatter.start
+    ruby_engine = RUBY_ENGINE
+    ruby_engine.should =~ /^#{ruby_engine}/
+    @out.should ==
+%[<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Spec Output For #{ruby_engine} (#{RUBY_VERSION})</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ul {
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.fail {
+  color: red;
+}
+.pass {
+  color: green;
+}
+#details :target {
+  background-color: #ffffe0;
+}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+]
+  end
+end
+
+describe HtmlFormatter, "#enter" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = HtmlFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints the #describe string" do
+    @formatter.enter "describe"
+    @out.should == "<div><p>describe</p>\n<ul>\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe HtmlFormatter, "#leave" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = HtmlFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints the closing tags for the #describe string" do
+    @formatter.leave
+    @out.should == "</ul>\n</div>\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe HtmlFormatter, "#exception" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = HtmlFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints the #it string once for each exception raised" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("disappointing")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("painful")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @out.should ==
+%[<li class="fail">- it (<a href="#details-1">FAILED - 1</a>)</li>
+<li class="fail">- it (<a href="#details-2">ERROR - 2</a>)</li>
+]
+  end
+end
+
+describe HtmlFormatter, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = HtmlFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints the #it once when there are no exceptions raised" do
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @out.should == %[<li class="pass">- it</li>\n]
+  end
+
+  it "does not print any output if an exception is raised" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("disappointing")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    out = @out.dup
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @out.should == out
+  end
+end
+
+describe HtmlFormatter, "#finish" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = double("tally").as_null_object
+    TallyAction.stub(:new).and_return(@tally)
+    @timer = double("timer").as_null_object
+    TimerAction.stub(:new).and_return(@timer)
+
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "describe"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "it")
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter = HtmlFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+    @exception = MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    @exception.stub(:backtrace).and_return(["file.rb:1", "file.rb:2"])
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a failure message for an exception" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, @exception
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should include "<p>describe it ERROR</p>"
+  end
+
+  it "prints a backtrace for an exception" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, @exception
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ %r[<pre>.*path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method.*</pre>]m
+  end
+
+  it "prints a summary of elapsed time" do
+    @timer.should_receive(:format).and_return("Finished in 2.0 seconds")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should include "<p>Finished in 2.0 seconds</p>\n"
+  end
+
+  it "prints a tally of counts" do
+    @tally.should_receive(:format).and_return("1 example, 0 failures")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should include '<p class="pass">1 example, 0 failures</p>'
+  end
+
+  it "prints errors, backtraces, elapsed time, and tallies" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, @exception
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+
+    @timer.should_receive(:format).and_return("Finished in 2.0 seconds")
+    @tally.should_receive(:format).and_return("1 example, 1 failures")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should ==
+%[<li class=\"fail\">- it (<a href=\"#details-1\">ERROR - 1</a>)</li>
+<hr>
+<ol id="details">
+<li id="details-1"><p>describe it ERROR</p>
+<p>MSpecExampleError: broken</p>
+<pre>
+path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method</pre>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Finished in 2.0 seconds</p>
+<p class="fail">1 example, 1 failures</p>
+</body>
+</html>
+]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/junit_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/junit_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66e7d70e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/junit_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/junit'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe JUnitFormatter, "#initialize" do
+  it "permits zero arguments" do
+    lambda { JUnitFormatter.new }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+
+  it "accepts one argument" do
+    lambda { JUnitFormatter.new nil }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe JUnitFormatter, "#print" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+    @out = IOStub.new
+    File.stub(:open).and_return(@out)
+    @formatter = JUnitFormatter.new "some/file"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "writes to $stdout if #switch has not been called" do
+    @formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == "begonias"
+    @out.should == ""
+  end
+
+  it "writes to the file passed to #initialize once #switch has been called" do
+    @formatter.switch
+    @formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == ""
+    @out.should == "begonias"
+  end
+
+  it "writes to $stdout once #switch is called if no file was passed to #initialize" do
+    formatter = JUnitFormatter.new
+    formatter.switch
+    formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == "begonias"
+    @out.should == ""
+  end
+end
+
+describe JUnitFormatter, "#finish" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = double("tally").as_null_object
+    @counter = double("counter").as_null_object
+    @tally.stub(:counter).and_return(@counter)
+    TallyAction.stub(:new).and_return(@tally)
+
+    @timer = double("timer").as_null_object
+    TimerAction.stub(:new).and_return(@timer)
+
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "describe"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "it")
+
+    @formatter = JUnitFormatter.new
+    @formatter.stub(:backtrace).and_return("")
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter.register
+
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.after @state
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "calls #switch" do
+    @formatter.should_receive(:switch)
+    @formatter.finish
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a failure message and backtrace" do
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'message="error in describe it" type="error"'
+    $stdout.should include "MSpecExampleError: broken\n"
+    $stdout.should include "path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method"
+  end
+
+  it "encodes message and backtrace in latin1 for jenkins" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken…")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in methød")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should =~ /MSpecExampleError: broken((\.\.\.)|\?)\n/
+    $stdout.should =~ /path\/to\/some\/file\.rb:35:in meth(\?|o)d/
+  end
+
+  it "outputs an elapsed time" do
+    @timer.should_receive(:elapsed).and_return(4.2)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'time="4.2"'
+  end
+
+  it "outputs overall elapsed time" do
+    @timer.should_receive(:elapsed).and_return(4.2)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'timeCount="4.2"'
+  end
+
+  it "outputs the number of examples as test count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:examples).and_return(9)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'tests="9"'
+  end
+
+  it "outputs overall number of examples as test count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:examples).and_return(9)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'testCount="9"'
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a failure count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:failures).and_return(2)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'failureCount="2"'
+  end
+
+  it "outputs overall failure count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:failures).and_return(2)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'failures="2"'
+  end
+
+  it "outputs an error count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:errors).and_return(1)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'errors="1"'
+  end
+
+  it "outputs overall error count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:errors).and_return(1)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include 'errorCount="1"'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/method_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/method_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77204f74c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/method_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/method'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+describe MethodFormatter, "#method_type" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = MethodFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'class' if the separator is '.' or '::'" do
+    @formatter.method_type('.').should == "class"
+    @formatter.method_type('::').should == "class"
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'instance' if the separator is '#'" do
+    @formatter.method_type('#').should == "instance"
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'unknown' for all other cases" do
+    @formatter.method_type(nil).should == "unknown"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MethodFormatter, "#before" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = MethodFormatter.new
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  it "resets the tally counters to 0" do
+    @formatter.tally.counter.examples = 3
+    @formatter.tally.counter.expectations = 4
+    @formatter.tally.counter.failures = 2
+    @formatter.tally.counter.errors = 1
+
+    state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+    @formatter.before state
+    @formatter.tally.counter.examples.should == 0
+    @formatter.tally.counter.expectations.should == 0
+    @formatter.tally.counter.failures.should == 0
+    @formatter.tally.counter.errors.should == 0
+  end
+
+  it "records the class, method if available" do
+    state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("Some#method"), "it"
+    @formatter.before state
+    key = "Some#method"
+    @formatter.methods.keys.should include(key)
+    h = @formatter.methods[key]
+    h[:class].should == "Some"
+    h[:method].should == "method"
+    h[:description].should == "Some#method it"
+  end
+
+  it "does not record class, method unless both are available" do
+    state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("Some method"), "it"
+    @formatter.before state
+    key = "Some method"
+    @formatter.methods.keys.should include(key)
+    h = @formatter.methods[key]
+    h[:class].should == ""
+    h[:method].should == ""
+    h[:description].should == "Some method it"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the method type to unknown if class and method are not available" do
+    state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("Some method"), "it"
+    @formatter.before state
+    key = "Some method"
+    h = @formatter.methods[key]
+    h[:type].should == "unknown"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the method type based on the class, method separator" do
+    [["C#m", "instance"], ["C.m", "class"], ["C::m", "class"]].each do |k, t|
+      state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new(k), "it"
+      @formatter.before state
+      h = @formatter.methods[k]
+      h[:type].should == t
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "clears the list of exceptions" do
+    state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+    @formatter.exceptions << "stuff"
+    @formatter.before state
+    @formatter.exceptions.should be_empty
+  end
+end
+
+describe MethodFormatter, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = MethodFormatter.new
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  it "sets the tally counts" do
+    state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("Some#method"), "it"
+    @formatter.before state
+
+    @formatter.tally.counter.examples = 3
+    @formatter.tally.counter.expectations = 4
+    @formatter.tally.counter.failures = 2
+    @formatter.tally.counter.errors = 1
+
+    @formatter.after state
+    h = @formatter.methods["Some#method"]
+    h[:examples].should == 3
+    h[:expectations].should == 4
+    h[:failures].should == 2
+    h[:errors].should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "renders the list of exceptions" do
+    state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("Some#method"), "it"
+    @formatter.before state
+
+    exc = SpecExpectationNotMetError.new "failed"
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(state, nil, exc)
+
+    @formatter.after state
+    h = @formatter.methods["Some#method"]
+    h[:exceptions].should == [
+      %[failed\n\n],
+      %[failed\n\n]
+    ]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MethodFormatter, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "Class#method"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "runs")
+    @formatter = MethodFormatter.new
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a summary of the results of an example in YAML format" do
+    @formatter.before @state
+    @formatter.tally.counter.examples = 3
+    @formatter.tally.counter.expectations = 4
+    @formatter.tally.counter.failures = 2
+    @formatter.tally.counter.errors = 1
+
+    exc = SpecExpectationNotMetError.new "failed"
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+    @formatter.exception ExceptionState.new(@state, nil, exc)
+
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should ==
+%[---
+"Class#method":
+  class: "Class"
+  method: "method"
+  type: instance
+  description: "Class#method runs"
+  examples: 3
+  expectations: 4
+  failures: 2
+  errors: 1
+  exceptions:
+  - "failed\\n\\n"
+  - "failed\\n\\n"
+]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/multi_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/multi_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0ed8edc93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/multi_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/dotted'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/multi'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'yaml'
+
+describe MultiFormatter, "#aggregate_results" do
+  before :each do
+    @stdout, $stdout = $stdout, IOStub.new
+
+    @file = double("file").as_null_object
+
+    File.stub(:delete)
+    File.stub(:read)
+
+    @hash = { "files"=>1, "examples"=>1, "expectations"=>2, "failures"=>0, "errors"=>0 }
+    YAML.stub(:load).and_return(@hash)
+
+    @formatter = DottedFormatter.new.extend(MultiFormatter)
+    @formatter.timer.stub(:format).and_return("Finished in 42 seconds")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = @stdout
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a summary without errors" do
+    @formatter.aggregate_results(["a", "b"])
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should ==
+%[
+
+Finished in 42 seconds
+
+2 files, 2 examples, 4 expectations, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged
+]
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a summary with errors" do
+    @hash["exceptions"] = [
+      "Some#method works real good FAILED\nExpected real good\n to equal fail\n\nfoo.rb:1\nfoo.rb:2",
+      "Some#method never fails ERROR\nExpected 5\n to equal 3\n\nfoo.rb:1\nfoo.rb:2"
+    ]
+    @formatter.aggregate_results(["a"])
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should ==
+%[
+
+1)
+Some#method works real good FAILED
+Expected real good
+ to equal fail
+
+foo.rb:1
+foo.rb:2
+
+2)
+Some#method never fails ERROR
+Expected 5
+ to equal 3
+
+foo.rb:1
+foo.rb:2
+
+Finished in 42 seconds
+
+1 file, 1 example, 2 expectations, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 tagged
+]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/specdoc_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/specdoc_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edb439fc11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/specdoc_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/specdoc'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe SpecdocFormatter do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = SpecdocFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  it "responds to #register by registering itself with MSpec for appropriate actions" do
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:enter, @formatter)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecdocFormatter, "#enter" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = SpecdocFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints the #describe string" do
+    @formatter.enter("describe")
+    @out.should == "\ndescribe\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecdocFormatter, "#before" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = SpecdocFormatter.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new ContextState.new("describe"), "it"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints the #it string" do
+    @formatter.before @state
+    @out.should == "- it"
+  end
+
+  it "resets the #exception? flag" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("disappointing")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_true
+    @formatter.before @state
+    @formatter.exception?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecdocFormatter, "#exception" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = SpecdocFormatter.new
+    context = ContextState.new "describe"
+    @state = ExampleState.new context, "it"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints 'ERROR' if an exception is not an SpecExpectationNotMetError" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("painful")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @out.should == " (ERROR - 1)"
+  end
+
+  it "prints 'FAILED' if an exception is an SpecExpectationNotMetError" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("disappointing")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @out.should == " (FAILED - 1)"
+  end
+
+  it "prints the #it string if an exception has already been raised" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("disappointing")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("painful")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @out.should == " (FAILED - 1)\n- it (ERROR - 2)"
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecdocFormatter, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = SpecdocFormatter.new
+    @state = ExampleState.new "describe", "it"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a newline character" do
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @out.should == "\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/spinner_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/spinner_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a122620e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/spinner_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/spinner'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe SpinnerFormatter, "#initialize" do
+  it "permits zero arguments" do
+    SpinnerFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  it "accepts one argument" do
+    SpinnerFormatter.new nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpinnerFormatter, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    @formatter = SpinnerFormatter.new
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+  end
+
+  it "registers self with MSpec for appropriate actions" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:start, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:unload, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:after, @formatter)
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:finish, @formatter)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates TimerAction and TallyAction" do
+    timer = double("timer")
+    tally = double("tally")
+    timer.should_receive(:register)
+    tally.should_receive(:register)
+    tally.should_receive(:counter)
+    TimerAction.should_receive(:new).and_return(timer)
+    TallyAction.should_receive(:new).and_return(tally)
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpinnerFormatter, "#print" do
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "ignores the argument to #initialize and writes to $stdout" do
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+    formatter = SpinnerFormatter.new "some/file"
+    formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == "begonias"
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpinnerFormatter, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+    MSpec.store(:files, ["a", "b", "c", "d"])
+    @formatter = SpinnerFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+    @state = ExampleState.new("describe", "it")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "updates the spinner" do
+    @formatter.start
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @formatter.unload
+
+    if ENV["TERM"] != "dumb"
+      green = "\e[0;32m"
+      reset = "\e[0m"
+    end
+
+    output = "\r[/ |                   0%                     | 00:00:00] #{green}     0F #{green}     0E#{reset} " \
+             "\r[- |                   0%                     | 00:00:00] #{green}     0F #{green}     0E#{reset} " \
+            "\r[\\ | ==========        25%                    | 00:00:00] #{green}     0F #{green}     0E#{reset} "
+    $stdout.should == output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/summary_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/summary_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16a156b695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/summary_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/summary'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe SummaryFormatter, "#after" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    @formatter = SummaryFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+    context = ContextState.new "describe"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "it")
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "does not print anything" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, SpecExpectationNotMetError.new("disappointing")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("painful")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.after(@state)
+    @out.should == ""
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/unit_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/unit_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18167a32b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/unit_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/unit'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+
+describe UnitdiffFormatter, "#finish" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = double("tally").as_null_object
+    TallyAction.stub(:new).and_return(@tally)
+    @timer = double("timer").as_null_object
+    TimerAction.stub(:new).and_return(@timer)
+
+    $stdout = @out = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "describe"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "it")
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter = UnitdiffFormatter.new
+    @formatter.register
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "prints a failure message for an exception" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^1\)\ndescribe it ERROR$/
+  end
+
+  it "prints a backtrace for an exception" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, Exception.new("broken")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ %r[path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method$]
+  end
+
+  it "prints a summary of elapsed time" do
+    @timer.should_receive(:format).and_return("Finished in 2.0 seconds")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^Finished in 2.0 seconds$/
+  end
+
+  it "prints a tally of counts" do
+    @tally.should_receive(:format).and_return("1 example, 0 failures")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should =~ /^1 example, 0 failures$/
+  end
+
+  it "prints errors, backtraces, elapsed time, and tallies" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, Exception.new("broken")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.after @state
+    @timer.should_receive(:format).and_return("Finished in 2.0 seconds")
+    @tally.should_receive(:format).and_return("1 example, 0 failures")
+    @formatter.finish
+    @out.should ==
+%[E
+
+Finished in 2.0 seconds
+
+1)
+describe it ERROR
+Exception: broken:
+path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method
+
+1 example, 0 failures
+]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/yaml_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/yaml_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb4d99f74c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/formatters/yaml_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters/yaml'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe YamlFormatter, "#initialize" do
+  it "permits zero arguments" do
+    YamlFormatter.new
+  end
+
+  it "accepts one argument" do
+    YamlFormatter.new nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe YamlFormatter, "#print" do
+  before :each do
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+    @out = IOStub.new
+    File.stub(:open).and_return(@out)
+    @formatter = YamlFormatter.new "some/file"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "writes to $stdout if #switch has not been called" do
+    @formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == "begonias"
+    @out.should == ""
+  end
+
+  it "writes to the file passed to #initialize once #switch has been called" do
+    @formatter.switch
+    @formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == ""
+    @out.should == "begonias"
+  end
+
+  it "writes to $stdout once #switch is called if no file was passed to #initialize" do
+    formatter = YamlFormatter.new
+    formatter.switch
+    formatter.print "begonias"
+    $stdout.should == "begonias"
+    @out.should == ""
+  end
+end
+
+describe YamlFormatter, "#finish" do
+  before :each do
+    @tally = double("tally").as_null_object
+    @counter = double("counter").as_null_object
+    @tally.stub(:counter).and_return(@counter)
+    TallyAction.stub(:new).and_return(@tally)
+
+    @timer = double("timer").as_null_object
+    TimerAction.stub(:new).and_return(@timer)
+
+    $stdout = IOStub.new
+    context = ContextState.new "describe"
+    @state = ExampleState.new(context, "it")
+
+    @formatter = YamlFormatter.new
+    @formatter.stub(:backtrace).and_return("")
+    MSpec.stub(:register)
+    @formatter.register
+
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @state, nil, MSpecExampleError.new("broken")
+    exc.stub(:backtrace).and_return("path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method")
+    @formatter.exception exc
+    @formatter.after @state
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end
+
+  it "calls #switch" do
+    @formatter.should_receive(:switch)
+    @formatter.finish
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a failure message and backtrace" do
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include "describe it ERROR"
+    $stdout.should include "MSpecExampleError: broken\\n"
+    $stdout.should include "path/to/some/file.rb:35:in method"
+  end
+
+  it "outputs an elapsed time" do
+    @timer.should_receive(:elapsed).and_return(4.2)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include "time: 4.2"
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a file count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:files).and_return(3)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include "files: 3"
+  end
+
+  it "outputs an example count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:examples).and_return(3)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include "examples: 3"
+  end
+
+  it "outputs an expectation count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:expectations).and_return(9)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include "expectations: 9"
+  end
+
+  it "outputs a failure count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:failures).and_return(2)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include "failures: 2"
+  end
+
+  it "outputs an error count" do
+    @counter.should_receive(:errors).and_return(1)
+    @formatter.finish
+    $stdout.should include "errors: 1"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/mspec_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/mspec_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7dad4458d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/mspec_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/expectations/expectations'
+require 'mspec/helpers/tmp'
+require 'mspec/helpers/fs'
+require 'mspec/matchers/base'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe MSpec, ".register_files" do
+  it "records which spec files to run" do
+    MSpec.register_files [:one, :two, :three]
+    MSpec.files_array.should == [:one, :two, :three]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".register_mode" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+  end
+
+  it "sets execution mode flags" do
+    MSpec.register_mode :verify
+    MSpec.retrieve(:modes).should == [:verify]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".register_tags_patterns" do
+  it "records the patterns for generating a tag file from a spec file" do
+    MSpec.register_tags_patterns [[/spec\/ruby/, "spec/tags"], [/frozen/, "ruby"]]
+    MSpec.retrieve(:tags_patterns).should == [[/spec\/ruby/, "spec/tags"], [/frozen/, "ruby"]]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".register_exit" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :exit, 0
+  end
+
+  it "records the exit code" do
+    MSpec.exit_code.should == 0
+    MSpec.register_exit 1
+    MSpec.exit_code.should == 1
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".exit_code" do
+  it "retrieves the code set with .register_exit" do
+    MSpec.register_exit 99
+    MSpec.exit_code.should == 99
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".store" do
+  it "records data for MSpec settings" do
+    MSpec.store :anything, :value
+    MSpec.retrieve(:anything).should == :value
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".retrieve" do
+  it "accesses .store'd data" do
+    MSpec.register :retrieve, :first
+    MSpec.retrieve(:retrieve).should == [:first]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".randomize" do
+  it "sets the flag to randomize spec execution order" do
+    MSpec.randomize?.should == false
+    MSpec.randomize = true
+    MSpec.randomize?.should == true
+    MSpec.randomize = false
+    MSpec.randomize?.should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".register" do
+  it "is the gateway behind the register(symbol, action) facility" do
+    MSpec.register :bonus, :first
+    MSpec.register :bonus, :second
+    MSpec.register :bonus, :second
+    MSpec.retrieve(:bonus).should == [:first, :second]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".unregister" do
+  it "is the gateway behind the unregister(symbol, actions) facility" do
+    MSpec.register :unregister, :first
+    MSpec.register :unregister, :second
+    MSpec.unregister :unregister, :second
+    MSpec.retrieve(:unregister).should == [:first]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".protect" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.clear_current
+    @cs = ContextState.new "C#m"
+    @cs.parent = MSpec.current
+
+    @es = ExampleState.new @cs, "runs"
+    ScratchPad.record Exception.new("Sharp!")
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if no exception is raised" do
+    MSpec.protect("passed") { 1 }.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if an exception is raised" do
+    MSpec.protect("testing") { raise ScratchPad.recorded }.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "rescues any exceptions raised when evaluating the block argument" do
+    MSpec.protect("") { raise Exception, "Now you see me..." }
+  end
+
+  it "does not rescue SystemExit" do
+    begin
+      MSpec.protect("") { exit 1 }
+    rescue SystemExit
+      ScratchPad.record :system_exit
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :system_exit
+  end
+
+  it "calls all the exception actions" do
+    exc = ExceptionState.new @es, "testing", ScratchPad.recorded
+    ExceptionState.stub(:new).and_return(exc)
+    action = double("exception")
+    action.should_receive(:exception).with(exc)
+    MSpec.register :exception, action
+    MSpec.protect("testing") { raise ScratchPad.recorded }
+    MSpec.unregister :exception, action
+  end
+
+  it "registers a non-zero exit code when an exception is raised" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_exit).with(1)
+    MSpec.protect("testing") { raise ScratchPad.recorded }
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".register_current" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.clear_current
+  end
+
+  it "sets the value returned by MSpec.current" do
+    MSpec.current.should be_nil
+    MSpec.register_current :a
+    MSpec.current.should == :a
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".clear_current" do
+  it "sets the value returned by MSpec.current to nil" do
+    MSpec.register_current :a
+    MSpec.current.should_not be_nil
+    MSpec.clear_current
+    MSpec.current.should be_nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".current" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.clear_current
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if no ContextState has been registered" do
+    MSpec.current.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the most recently registered ContextState" do
+    first = ContextState.new ""
+    second = ContextState.new ""
+    MSpec.register_current first
+    MSpec.current.should == first
+    MSpec.register_current second
+    MSpec.current.should == second
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".actions" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :start, []
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    start_one = double("one")
+    start_one.stub(:start).and_return { ScratchPad << :one }
+    start_two = double("two")
+    start_two.stub(:start).and_return { ScratchPad << :two }
+    MSpec.register :start, start_one
+    MSpec.register :start, start_two
+  end
+
+  it "does not attempt to run any actions if none have been registered" do
+    MSpec.store :finish, nil
+    lambda { MSpec.actions :finish }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+
+  it "runs each action registered as a start action" do
+    MSpec.actions :start
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:one, :two]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".mode?" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the mode has been set" do
+    MSpec.mode?(:verify).should == false
+    MSpec.register_mode :verify
+    MSpec.mode?(:verify).should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".clear_modes" do
+  it "clears all registered modes" do
+    MSpec.register_mode(:pretend)
+    MSpec.register_mode(:verify)
+
+    MSpec.mode?(:pretend).should == true
+    MSpec.mode?(:verify).should == true
+
+    MSpec.clear_modes
+
+    MSpec.mode?(:pretend).should == false
+    MSpec.mode?(:verify).should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".guarded?" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.instance_variable_set :@guarded, []
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if no guard has run" do
+    MSpec.guarded?.should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if a single guard has run" do
+    MSpec.guard
+    MSpec.guarded?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if more than one guard has run" do
+    MSpec.guard
+    MSpec.guard
+    MSpec.guarded?.should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true until all guards have finished" do
+    MSpec.guard
+    MSpec.guard
+    MSpec.guarded?.should == true
+    MSpec.unguard
+    MSpec.guarded?.should == true
+    MSpec.unguard
+    MSpec.guarded?.should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".describe" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.clear_current
+    @cs = ContextState.new ""
+    ContextState.stub(:new).and_return(@cs)
+    MSpec.stub(:current).and_return(nil)
+    MSpec.stub(:register_current)
+  end
+
+  it "creates a new ContextState for the block" do
+    ContextState.should_receive(:new).and_return(@cs)
+    MSpec.describe(Object) { }
+  end
+
+  it "accepts an optional second argument" do
+    ContextState.should_receive(:new).and_return(@cs)
+    MSpec.describe(Object, "msg") { }
+  end
+
+  it "registers the newly created ContextState" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_current).with(@cs).twice
+    MSpec.describe(Object) { }
+  end
+
+  it "invokes the ContextState#describe method" do
+    prc = lambda { }
+    @cs.should_receive(:describe).with(&prc)
+    MSpec.describe(Object, "msg", &prc)
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".process" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:files)
+    MSpec.store :start, []
+    MSpec.store :finish, []
+    STDOUT.stub(:puts)
+  end
+
+  it "prints the RUBY_DESCRIPTION" do
+    STDOUT.should_receive(:puts).with(RUBY_DESCRIPTION)
+    MSpec.process
+  end
+
+  it "calls all start actions" do
+    start = double("start")
+    start.stub(:start).and_return { ScratchPad.record :start }
+    MSpec.register :start, start
+    MSpec.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :start
+  end
+
+  it "calls all finish actions" do
+    finish = double("finish")
+    finish.stub(:finish).and_return { ScratchPad.record :finish }
+    MSpec.register :finish, finish
+    MSpec.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :finish
+  end
+
+  it "calls the files method" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:files)
+    MSpec.process
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".files" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :load, []
+    MSpec.store :unload, []
+    MSpec.register_files [:one, :two, :three]
+    Kernel.stub(:load)
+  end
+
+  it "calls load actions before each file" do
+    load = double("load")
+    load.stub(:load).and_return { ScratchPad.record :load }
+    MSpec.register :load, load
+    MSpec.files
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :load
+  end
+
+  it "shuffles the file list if .randomize? is true" do
+    MSpec.randomize = true
+    MSpec.should_receive(:shuffle)
+    MSpec.files
+    MSpec.randomize = false
+  end
+
+  it "registers the current file" do
+    load = double("load")
+    files = []
+    load.stub(:load).and_return { files << MSpec.file }
+    MSpec.register :load, load
+    MSpec.files
+    files.should == [:one, :two, :three]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".shuffle" do
+  before :each do
+    @base = (0..100).to_a
+    @list = @base.clone
+    MSpec.shuffle @list
+  end
+
+  it "does not alter the elements in the list" do
+    @base.each do |elt|
+      @list.should include(elt)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "changes the order of the list" do
+    # obviously, this spec has a certain probability
+    # of failing. If it fails, run it again.
+    @list.should_not == @base
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".tags_file" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.store :file, "path/to/spec/something/some_spec.rb"
+    MSpec.store :tags_patterns, nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the default tags file for the current spec file" do
+    MSpec.tags_file.should == "path/to/spec/tags/something/some_tags.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the tags file for the current spec file with custom tags_patterns" do
+    MSpec.register_tags_patterns [[/^(.*)\/spec/, '\1/tags'], [/_spec.rb/, "_tags.txt"]]
+    MSpec.tags_file.should == "path/to/tags/something/some_tags.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "performs multiple substitutions" do
+    MSpec.register_tags_patterns [
+      [%r(/spec/something/), "/spec/other/"],
+      [%r(/spec/), "/spec/tags/"],
+      [/_spec.rb/, "_tags.txt"]
+    ]
+    MSpec.tags_file.should == "path/to/spec/tags/other/some_tags.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "handles cases where no substitution is performed" do
+    MSpec.register_tags_patterns [[/nothing/, "something"]]
+    MSpec.tags_file.should == "path/to/spec/something/some_spec.rb"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".read_tags" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpec.stub(:tags_file).and_return(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/tags.txt')
+  end
+
+  it "returns a list of tag instances for matching tag names found" do
+    one = SpecTag.new "fail(broken):Some#method? works"
+    MSpec.read_tags(["fail", "pass"]).should == [one]
+  end
+
+  it "returns [] if no tags names match" do
+    MSpec.read_tags("super").should == []
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".read_tags" do
+  before :each do
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "fails:Some#method"
+    File.open(tmp("tags.txt", false), "w") do |f|
+      f.puts ""
+      f.puts @tag
+      f.puts ""
+    end
+    MSpec.stub(:tags_file).and_return(tmp("tags.txt", false))
+  end
+
+  it "does not return a tag object for empty lines" do
+    MSpec.read_tags(["fails"]).should == [@tag]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".write_tags" do
+  before :each do
+    FileUtils.cp File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/tags.txt", tmp("tags.txt", false)
+    MSpec.stub(:tags_file).and_return(tmp("tags.txt", false))
+    @tag1 = SpecTag.new "check(broken):Tag#rewrite works"
+    @tag2 = SpecTag.new "broken:Tag#write_tags fails"
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    rm_r tmp("tags.txt", false)
+  end
+
+  it "overwrites the tags in the tag file" do
+    IO.read(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == %[fail(broken):Some#method? works
+incomplete(20%):The#best method ever
+benchmark(0.01825):The#fastest method today
+extended():\"Multi-line\\ntext\\ntag\"
+]
+    MSpec.write_tags [@tag1, @tag2]
+    IO.read(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == %[check(broken):Tag#rewrite works
+broken:Tag#write_tags fails
+]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".write_tag" do
+  before :each do
+    FileUtils.stub(:mkdir_p)
+    MSpec.stub(:tags_file).and_return(tmp("tags.txt", false))
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "fail(broken):Some#method works"
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    rm_r tmp("tags.txt", false)
+  end
+
+  it "writes a tag to the tags file for the current spec file" do
+    MSpec.write_tag @tag
+    IO.read(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == "fail(broken):Some#method works\n"
+  end
+
+  it "does not write a duplicate tag" do
+    File.open(tmp("tags.txt", false), "w") { |f| f.puts @tag }
+    MSpec.write_tag @tag
+    IO.read(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == "fail(broken):Some#method works\n"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".delete_tag" do
+  before :each do
+    FileUtils.cp File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/tags.txt", tmp("tags.txt", false)
+    MSpec.stub(:tags_file).and_return(tmp("tags.txt", false))
+    @tag = SpecTag.new "fail(Comments don't matter):Some#method? works"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    rm_r tmp("tags.txt", false)
+  end
+
+  it "deletes the tag if it exists" do
+    MSpec.delete_tag(@tag).should == true
+    IO.read(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == %[incomplete(20%):The#best method ever
+benchmark(0.01825):The#fastest method today
+extended():\"Multi-line\\ntext\\ntag\"
+]
+  end
+
+  it "deletes a tag with escaped newlines" do
+    MSpec.delete_tag(SpecTag.new('extended:"Multi-line\ntext\ntag"')).should == true
+    IO.read(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == %[fail(broken):Some#method? works
+incomplete(20%):The#best method ever
+benchmark(0.01825):The#fastest method today
+]
+  end
+
+  it "does not change the tags file contents if the tag doesn't exist" do
+    @tag.tag = "failed"
+    MSpec.delete_tag(@tag).should == false
+    IO.read(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == %[fail(broken):Some#method? works
+incomplete(20%):The#best method ever
+benchmark(0.01825):The#fastest method today
+extended():\"Multi-line\\ntext\\ntag\"
+]
+  end
+
+  it "deletes the tag file if it is empty" do
+    MSpec.delete_tag(@tag).should == true
+    MSpec.delete_tag(SpecTag.new("incomplete:The#best method ever")).should == true
+    MSpec.delete_tag(SpecTag.new("benchmark:The#fastest method today")).should == true
+    MSpec.delete_tag(SpecTag.new('extended:"Multi-line\ntext\ntag"')).should == true
+    File.exist?(tmp("tags.txt", false)).should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".delete_tags" do
+  before :each do
+    @tags = tmp("tags.txt", false)
+    FileUtils.cp File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/tags.txt", @tags
+    MSpec.stub(:tags_file).and_return(@tags)
+  end
+
+  it "deletes the tag file" do
+    MSpec.delete_tags
+    File.exist?(@tags).should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".expectation" do
+  it "sets the flag that an expectation has been reported" do
+    MSpec.clear_expectations
+    MSpec.expectation?.should be_false
+    MSpec.expectation
+    MSpec.expectation?.should be_true
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".expectation?" do
+  it "returns true if an expectation has been reported" do
+    MSpec.expectation
+    MSpec.expectation?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if an expectation has not been reported" do
+    MSpec.clear_expectations
+    MSpec.expectation?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".clear_expectations" do
+  it "clears the flag that an expectation has been reported" do
+    MSpec.expectation
+    MSpec.expectation?.should be_true
+    MSpec.clear_expectations
+    MSpec.expectation?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".register_shared" do
+  it "stores a shared ContextState by description" do
+    parent = ContextState.new "container"
+    state = ContextState.new "shared"
+    state.parent = parent
+    prc = lambda { }
+    state.describe(&prc)
+    MSpec.register_shared(state)
+    MSpec.retrieve(:shared)["shared"].should == state
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpec, ".retrieve_shared" do
+  it "retrieves the shared ContextState matching description" do
+    state = ContextState.new ""
+    MSpec.retrieve(:shared)["shared"] = state
+    MSpec.retrieve_shared(:shared).should == state
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/shared_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/shared_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b91800b7db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/shared_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/shared'
+require 'mspec/runner/context'
+require 'mspec/runner/example'
+
+describe Object, "#it_behaves_like" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+
+    MSpec.setup_env
+
+    @state = ContextState.new "Top level"
+    @state.instance_variable_set :@parsed, true
+    @state.singleton_class.send(:public, :it_behaves_like)
+
+    @shared = ContextState.new :shared_spec, :shared => true
+    MSpec.stub(:retrieve_shared).and_return(@shared)
+  end
+
+  it "creates @method set to the name of the aliased method" do
+    @shared.it("an example") { ScratchPad.record @method }
+    @state.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :some_method
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :some_method
+  end
+
+  it "creates @object if the passed object" do
+    object = Object.new
+    @shared.it("an example") { ScratchPad.record @object }
+    @state.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :some_method, object
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == object
+  end
+
+  it "creates @object if the passed false" do
+    object = false
+    @shared.it("an example") { ScratchPad.record @object }
+    @state.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :some_method, object
+    @state.process
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == object
+  end
+
+  it "sends :it_should_behave_like" do
+    @state.should_receive(:it_should_behave_like)
+    @state.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :some_method
+  end
+
+  describe "with multiple shared contexts" do
+    before :each do
+      @obj = Object.new
+      @obj2 = Object.new
+
+      @state2 = ContextState.new "Second top level"
+      @state2.instance_variable_set :@parsed, true
+      @state2.singleton_class.send(:public, :it_behaves_like)
+    end
+
+    it "ensures the shared spec state is distinct" do
+      @shared.it("an example") { ScratchPad.record [@method, @object] }
+
+      @state.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :some_method, @obj
+
+      @state.process
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:some_method, @obj]
+
+      @state2.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :another_method, @obj2
+
+      @state2.process
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:another_method, @obj2]
+    end
+
+    it "ensures the shared spec state is distinct for nested shared specs" do
+      nested = ContextState.new "nested context"
+      nested.instance_variable_set :@parsed, true
+      nested.parent = @shared
+
+      nested.it("another example") { ScratchPad.record [:shared, @method, @object] }
+
+      @state.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :some_method, @obj
+
+      @state.process
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:shared, :some_method, @obj]
+
+      @state2.it_behaves_like :shared_spec, :another_method, @obj2
+
+      @state2.process
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:shared, :another_method, @obj2]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/tag_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/tag_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db55a1b186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/tag_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/runner/tag'
+
+describe SpecTag do
+  it "accepts an optional string to parse into fields" do
+    tag = SpecTag.new "tag(comment):description"
+    tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    tag.comment.should == "comment"
+    tag.description.should == "description"
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecTag, "#parse" do
+  before :each do
+    @tag = SpecTag.new
+  end
+
+  it "accepts 'tag(comment):description'" do
+    @tag.parse "tag(I'm real):Some#method returns a value"
+    @tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    @tag.comment.should == "I'm real"
+    @tag.description.should == "Some#method returns a value"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts 'tag:description'" do
+    @tag.parse "tag:Another#method"
+    @tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    @tag.comment.should == nil
+    @tag.description.should == "Another#method"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts 'tag():description'" do
+    @tag.parse "tag():Another#method"
+    @tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    @tag.comment.should == nil
+    @tag.description.should == "Another#method"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts 'tag:'" do
+    @tag.parse "tag:"
+    @tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    @tag.comment.should == nil
+    @tag.description.should == ""
+  end
+
+  it "accepts 'tag(bug:555):Another#method'" do
+    @tag.parse "tag(bug:555):Another#method"
+    @tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    @tag.comment.should == "bug:555"
+    @tag.description.should == "Another#method"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts 'tag(http://someplace.com/neato):Another#method'" do
+    @tag.parse "tag(http://someplace.com/neato):Another#method"
+    @tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    @tag.comment.should == "http://someplace.com/neato"
+    @tag.description.should == "Another#method"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts 'tag(comment):\"Multi-line\\ntext\"'" do
+    @tag.parse 'tag(comment):"Multi-line\ntext"'
+    @tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    @tag.comment.should == "comment"
+    @tag.description.should == "Multi-line\ntext"
+  end
+
+  it "ignores '#anything'" do
+    @tag.parse "# this could be a comment"
+    @tag.tag.should == nil
+    @tag.comment.should == nil
+    @tag.description.should == nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecTag, "#to_s" do
+  it "formats itself as 'tag(comment):description'" do
+    txt = "tag(comment):description"
+    tag = SpecTag.new txt
+    tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    tag.comment.should == "comment"
+    tag.description.should == "description"
+    tag.to_s.should == txt
+  end
+
+  it "formats itself as 'tag:description" do
+    txt = "tag:description"
+    tag = SpecTag.new txt
+    tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    tag.comment.should == nil
+    tag.description.should == "description"
+    tag.to_s.should == txt
+  end
+
+  it "formats itself as 'tag(comment):\"multi-line\\ntext\\ntag\"'" do
+    txt = 'tag(comment):"multi-line\ntext\ntag"'
+    tag = SpecTag.new txt
+    tag.tag.should == "tag"
+    tag.comment.should == "comment"
+    tag.description.should == "multi-line\ntext\ntag"
+    tag.to_s.should == txt
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecTag, "#==" do
+  it "returns true if the tags have the same fields" do
+    one = SpecTag.new "tag(this):unicorn"
+    two = SpecTag.new "tag(this):unicorn"
+    one.==(two).should == true
+    [one].==([two]).should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecTag, "#unescape" do
+  it "replaces \\n by LF when the description is quoted" do
+    tag = SpecTag.new 'tag:"desc with\nnew line"'
+    tag.description.should == "desc with\nnew line"
+  end
+
+  it "does not replaces \\n by LF when the description is not quoted " do
+    tag = SpecTag.new 'tag:desc with\nnew line'
+    tag.description.should == "desc with\\nnew line"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/runner/tags.txt b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/tags.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4eb6ad034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/runner/tags.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+fail(broken):Some#method? works
+incomplete(20%):The#best method ever
+benchmark(0.01825):The#fastest method today
+extended():"Multi-line\ntext\ntag"
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/spec_helper.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/spec_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a307eaf460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/spec_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+require 'mspec/utils/format'
+require 'mspec/helpers/io'
+require 'mspec/helpers/scratch'
+
+# Remove this when MRI has intelligent warnings
+$VERBOSE = nil unless $VERBOSE
+
+class MOSConfig < Hash
+  def initialize
+    self[:loadpath]  = []
+    self[:requires]  = []
+    self[:flags]     = []
+    self[:options]   = []
+    self[:includes]  = []
+    self[:excludes]  = []
+    self[:patterns]  = []
+    self[:xpatterns] = []
+    self[:tags]      = []
+    self[:xtags]     = []
+    self[:atags]     = []
+    self[:astrings]  = []
+    self[:target]    = 'ruby'
+    self[:command]   = nil
+    self[:ltags]     = []
+    self[:files]     = []
+    self[:launch]    = []
+  end
+end
+
+def new_option
+  config = MOSConfig.new
+  return MSpecOptions.new("spec", 20, config), config
+end
+
+# Just to have an exception name output not be "Exception"
+class MSpecExampleError < Exception
+end
+
+def hide_deprecation_warnings
+  MSpec.stub(:deprecate)
+end
+
+def run_mspec(command, args)
+  cwd = Dir.pwd
+  command = " #{command}" unless command.start_with?('-')
+  cmd = "#{cwd}/bin/mspec#{command} -B spec/fixtures/config.mspec #{args}"
+  out = `#{cmd} 2>&1`
+  ret = $?
+  out = out.sub(/\A\$.+\n/, '') # Remove printed command line
+  out = out.sub(RUBY_DESCRIPTION, "RUBY_DESCRIPTION")
+  out = out.gsub(/\d+\.\d{6}/, "D.DDDDDD") # Specs total time
+  out = out.gsub(/\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}/, "00:00:00") # Progress bar time
+  out = out.gsub(cwd, "CWD")
+  return out, ret
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/utils/deprecate_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/deprecate_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fa60df26a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/deprecate_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/utils/deprecate'
+
+describe MSpec, "#deprecate" do
+  it "warns when using a deprecated method" do
+    warning = nil
+    $stderr.stub(:puts) { |str| warning = str }
+    MSpec.deprecate(:some_method, :other_method)
+    warning.should start_with(<<-EOS.chomp)
+
+some_method is deprecated, use other_method instead.
+from
+EOS
+    warning.should include(__FILE__)
+    warning.should include('8')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/utils/name_map_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/name_map_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5d2cca84a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/name_map_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/utils/name_map'
+
+module NameMapSpecs
+  class A
+    A = self
+
+    def self.a; end
+    def a; end
+    def c; end
+
+    class B
+      def b; end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Error
+  end
+
+  class Fixnum
+    def f; end
+  end
+
+  def self.n; end
+  def n; end
+end
+
+describe NameMap, "#exception?" do
+  before :each do
+    @map = NameMap.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the constant is Errno" do
+    @map.exception?("Errno").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the constant is a kind of Exception" do
+    @map.exception?("Errno::EBADF").should == true
+    @map.exception?("LoadError").should == true
+    @map.exception?("SystemExit").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the constant is not a kind of Exception" do
+    @map.exception?("NameMapSpecs::Error").should == false
+    @map.exception?("NameMapSpecs").should == false
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the constant does not exist" do
+    @map.exception?("Nonexistent").should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe NameMap, "#class_or_module" do
+  before :each do
+    @map = NameMap.new true
+  end
+
+  it "returns the constant specified by the string" do
+    @map.class_or_module("NameMapSpecs").should == NameMapSpecs
+  end
+
+  it "returns the constant specified by the 'A::B' string" do
+    @map.class_or_module("NameMapSpecs::A").should == NameMapSpecs::A
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the constant is not a class or module" do
+    @map.class_or_module("Float::MAX").should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the constant is in the set of excluded constants" do
+    excluded = %w[
+      MSpecScript
+      MkSpec
+      NameMap
+    ]
+
+    excluded.each do |const|
+      @map.class_or_module(const).should == nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the constant does not exist" do
+    @map.class_or_module("Heaven").should == nil
+    @map.class_or_module("Hell").should == nil
+    @map.class_or_module("Bush::Brain").should == nil
+  end
+end
+
+describe NameMap, "#dir_name" do
+  before :each do
+    @map = NameMap.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns a directory name from the base name and constant" do
+    @map.dir_name("NameMapSpecs", 'spec/core').should == 'spec/core/namemapspecs'
+  end
+
+  it "returns a directory name from the components in the constants name" do
+    @map.dir_name("NameMapSpecs::A", 'spec').should == 'spec/namemapspecs/a'
+    @map.dir_name("NameMapSpecs::A::B", 'spec').should == 'spec/namemapspecs/a/b'
+  end
+
+  it "returns a directory name without 'class' for constants like TrueClass" do
+    @map.dir_name("TrueClass", 'spec').should == 'spec/true'
+    @map.dir_name("FalseClass", 'spec').should == 'spec/false'
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'exception' for the directory name of any Exception subclass" do
+    @map.dir_name("SystemExit", 'spec').should == 'spec/exception'
+    @map.dir_name("Errno::EBADF", 'spec').should == 'spec/exception'
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'class' for Class" do
+    @map.dir_name("Class", 'spec').should == 'spec/class'
+  end
+end
+
+# These specs do not cover all the mappings, but only describe how the
+# name is derived when the hash item maps to a single value, a hash with
+# a specific item, or a hash with a :default item.
+describe NameMap, "#file_name" do
+  before :each do
+    @map = NameMap.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns the name of the spec file based on the constant and method" do
+    @map.file_name("[]=", "Array").should == "element_set_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the name of the spec file based on the special entry for the method" do
+    @map.file_name("~", "Regexp").should == "match_spec.rb"
+    @map.file_name("~", "Integer").should == "complement_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the name of the spec file based on the default entry for the method" do
+    @map.file_name("<<", "NameMapSpecs").should == "append_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "uses the last component of the constant to look up the method name" do
+    @map.file_name("^", "NameMapSpecs::Integer").should == "bit_xor_spec.rb"
+  end
+end
+
+describe NameMap, "#namespace" do
+  before :each do
+    @map = NameMap.new
+  end
+
+  it "prepends the module to the constant name" do
+    @map.namespace("SubModule", Integer).should == "SubModule::Integer"
+  end
+
+  it "does not prepend Object, Class, or Module to the constant name" do
+    @map.namespace("Object", String).should == "String"
+    @map.namespace("Module", Integer).should == "Integer"
+    @map.namespace("Class", Float).should == "Float"
+  end
+end
+
+describe NameMap, "#map" do
+  before :each do
+    @map = NameMap.new
+  end
+
+  it "flattens an object hierarchy into a single Hash" do
+    @map.map({}, [NameMapSpecs]).should == {
+      "NameMapSpecs."         => ["n"],
+      "NameMapSpecs#"         => ["n"],
+      "NameMapSpecs::A."      => ["a"],
+      "NameMapSpecs::A#"      => ["a", "c"],
+      "NameMapSpecs::A::B#"   => ["b"],
+      "NameMapSpecs::Fixnum#" => ["f"]
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/utils/options_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/options_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3a7046526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/options_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1304 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/utils/options'
+require 'mspec/version'
+require 'mspec/guards/guard'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/formatters'
+
+describe MSpecOption, ".new" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOption.new("-a", "--bdc", "ARG", "desc", :block)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the short attribute" do
+    @opt.short.should == "-a"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the long attribute" do
+    @opt.long.should == "--bdc"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the arg attribute" do
+    @opt.arg.should == "ARG"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the description attribute" do
+    @opt.description.should == "desc"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the block attribute" do
+    @opt.block.should == :block
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOption, "#arg?" do
+  it "returns true if arg attribute is not nil" do
+    MSpecOption.new(nil, nil, "ARG", nil, nil).arg?.should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if arg attribute is nil" do
+    MSpecOption.new(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil).arg?.should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOption, "#match?" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOption.new("-a", "--bdc", "ARG", "desc", :block)
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the argument matches the short option" do
+    @opt.match?("-a").should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the argument matches the long option" do
+    @opt.match?("--bdc").should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if the argument matches neither the short nor long option" do
+    @opt.match?("-b").should be_false
+    @opt.match?("-abdc").should be_false
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, ".new" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new("cmd", 20, :config)
+  end
+
+  it "sets the banner attribute" do
+    @opt.banner.should == "cmd"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the config attribute" do
+    @opt.config.should == :config
+  end
+
+  it "sets the width attribute" do
+    @opt.width.should == 20
+  end
+
+  it "sets the default width attribute" do
+    MSpecOptions.new.width.should == 30
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#on" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+  end
+
+  it "adds a short option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:add).with("-a", nil, nil, "desc", nil)
+    @opt.on("-a", "desc")
+  end
+
+  it "adds a short option taking an argument" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:add).with("-a", nil, "ARG", "desc", nil)
+    @opt.on("-a", "ARG", "desc")
+  end
+
+  it "adds a long option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:add).with("-a", nil, nil, "desc", nil)
+    @opt.on("-a", "desc")
+  end
+
+  it "adds a long option taking an argument" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:add).with("-a", nil, nil, "desc", nil)
+    @opt.on("-a", "desc")
+  end
+
+  it "adds a short and long option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:add).with("-a", nil, nil, "desc", nil)
+    @opt.on("-a", "desc")
+  end
+
+  it "adds a short and long option taking an argument" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:add).with("-a", nil, nil, "desc", nil)
+    @opt.on("-a", "desc")
+  end
+
+  it "raises MSpecOptions::OptionError if pass less than 2 arguments" do
+    lambda { @opt.on    }.should raise_error(MSpecOptions::OptionError)
+    lambda { @opt.on "" }.should raise_error(MSpecOptions::OptionError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#add" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new "cmd", 20
+    @prc = lambda { }
+  end
+
+  it "adds documentation for an option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:doc).with("   -t, --typo ARG   Correct typo ARG")
+    @opt.add("-t", "--typo", "ARG", "Correct typo ARG", @prc)
+  end
+
+  it "leaves spaces in the documentation for a missing short option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:doc).with("       --typo ARG   Correct typo ARG")
+    @opt.add(nil, "--typo", "ARG", "Correct typo ARG", @prc)
+  end
+
+  it "handles a short option with argument but no long argument" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:doc).with("   -t ARG           Correct typo ARG")
+    @opt.add("-t", nil, "ARG", "Correct typo ARG", @prc)
+  end
+
+  it "registers an option" do
+    option = MSpecOption.new "-t", "--typo", "ARG", "Correct typo ARG", @prc
+    MSpecOption.should_receive(:new).with(
+        "-t", "--typo", "ARG", "Correct typo ARG", @prc).and_return(option)
+    @opt.add("-t", "--typo", "ARG", "Correct typo ARG", @prc)
+    @opt.options.should == [option]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#match?" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+  end
+
+  it "returns the MSpecOption instance matching the argument" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "--abdc", "desc"
+    option = @opt.match? "-a"
+    @opt.match?("--abdc").should be(option)
+    option.should be_kind_of(MSpecOption)
+    option.short.should == "-a"
+    option.long.should == "--abdc"
+    option.description.should == "desc"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#process" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "calls the on_extra block if the argument does not match any option" do
+    @opt.on_extra { ScratchPad.record :extra }
+    @opt.process ["-a"], "-a", "-a", nil
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :extra
+  end
+
+  it "returns the matching option" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc"
+    option = @opt.process [], "-a", "-a", "ARG"
+    option.should be_kind_of(MSpecOption)
+    option.short.should == "-a"
+    option.arg.should == "ARG"
+    option.description.should == "desc"
+  end
+
+  it "raises an MSpecOptions::ParseError if arg is nil and there are no more entries in argv" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc"
+    lambda { @opt.process [], "-a", "-a", nil }.should raise_error(MSpecOptions::ParseError)
+  end
+
+  it "fetches the argument for the option from argv if arg is nil" do
+    @opt.on("-a", "ARG", "desc") { |o| ScratchPad.record o }
+    @opt.process ["ARG"], "-a", "-a", nil
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == "ARG"
+  end
+
+  it "calls the option's block" do
+    @opt.on("-a", "ARG", "desc") { ScratchPad.record :option }
+    @opt.process [], "-a", "-a", "ARG"
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :option
+  end
+
+  it "does not call the option's block if it is nil" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc"
+    lambda { @opt.process [], "-a", "-a", "ARG" }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#split" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+  end
+
+  it "breaks a string at the nth character" do
+    opt, arg, rest = @opt.split "-bdc", 2
+    opt.should == "-b"
+    arg.should == "dc"
+    rest.should == "dc"
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil for arg if there are no characters left" do
+    opt, arg, rest = @opt.split "-b", 2
+    opt.should == "-b"
+    arg.should == nil
+    rest.should == ""
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#parse" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+    @prc = lambda { ScratchPad.record :parsed }
+    @arg_prc = lambda { |o| ScratchPad.record [:parsed, o] }
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "parses a short option" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "desc", &@prc
+    @opt.parse ["-a"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :parsed
+  end
+
+  it "parse a long option" do
+    @opt.on "--abdc", "desc", &@prc
+    @opt.parse ["--abdc"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :parsed
+  end
+
+  it "parses a short option group" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc", &@arg_prc
+    @opt.parse ["-a", "ARG"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:parsed, "ARG"]
+  end
+
+  it "parses a short option with an argument" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc", &@arg_prc
+    @opt.parse ["-a", "ARG"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:parsed, "ARG"]
+  end
+
+  it "parses a short option with connected argument" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc", &@arg_prc
+    @opt.parse ["-aARG"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:parsed, "ARG"]
+  end
+
+  it "parses a long option with an argument" do
+    @opt.on "--abdc", "ARG", "desc", &@arg_prc
+    @opt.parse ["--abdc", "ARG"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:parsed, "ARG"]
+  end
+
+  it "parses a long option with an '=' argument" do
+    @opt.on "--abdc", "ARG", "desc", &@arg_prc
+    @opt.parse ["--abdc=ARG"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:parsed, "ARG"]
+  end
+
+  it "parses a short option group with the final option taking an argument" do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    @opt.on("-a", "desc") { |o| ScratchPad << :a }
+    @opt.on("-b", "ARG", "desc") { |o| ScratchPad << [:b, o] }
+    @opt.parse ["-ab", "ARG"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a, [:b, "ARG"]]
+  end
+
+  it "parses a short option group with a connected argument" do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    @opt.on("-a", "desc") { |o| ScratchPad << :a }
+    @opt.on("-b", "ARG", "desc") { |o| ScratchPad << [:b, o] }
+    @opt.on("-c", "desc") { |o| ScratchPad << :c }
+    @opt.parse ["-acbARG"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:a, :c, [:b, "ARG"]]
+  end
+
+  it "returns the unprocessed entries" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc", &@arg_prc
+    @opt.parse(["abdc", "-a", "ilny"]).should == ["abdc"]
+  end
+
+  it "calls the on_extra handler with unrecognized options" do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    @opt.on_extra { |o| ScratchPad << o }
+    @opt.on "-a", "desc"
+    @opt.parse ["-a", "-b"]
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == ["-b"]
+  end
+
+  it "does not attempt to call the block if it is nil" do
+    @opt.on "-a", "ARG", "desc"
+    @opt.parse(["-a", "ARG"]).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "raises MSpecOptions::ParseError if passed an unrecognized option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:raise).with(MSpecOptions::ParseError, an_instance_of(String))
+    @opt.stub(:puts)
+    @opt.stub(:exit)
+    @opt.parse "-u"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#banner=" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+  end
+
+  it "sets the banner attribute" do
+    @opt.banner.should == ""
+    @opt.banner = "banner"
+    @opt.banner.should == "banner"
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#width=" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+  end
+
+  it "sets the width attribute" do
+    @opt.width.should == 30
+    @opt.width = 20
+    @opt.width.should == 20
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#config=" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+  end
+
+  it "sets the config attribute" do
+    @opt.config.should be_nil
+    @opt.config = :config
+    @opt.config.should == :config
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#doc" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new "command"
+  end
+
+  it "adds text to be displayed with #to_s" do
+    @opt.doc "Some message"
+    @opt.doc "Another message"
+    @opt.to_s.should == <<-EOD
+command
+
+Some message
+Another message
+EOD
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#version" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "installs a basic -v, --version option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:puts)
+    @opt.should_receive(:exit)
+    @opt.version "1.0.0"
+    @opt.parse "-v"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts a block instead of using the default block" do
+    @opt.version("1.0.0") { |o| ScratchPad.record :version }
+    @opt.parse "-v"
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :version
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#help" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "installs a basic -h, --help option" do
+    @opt.should_receive(:puts)
+    @opt.should_receive(:exit).with(1)
+    @opt.help
+    @opt.parse "-h"
+  end
+
+  it "accepts a block instead of using the default block" do
+    @opt.help { |o| ScratchPad.record :help }
+    @opt.parse "-h"
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :help
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#on_extra" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "registers a block to be called when an option is not recognized" do
+    @opt.on_extra { ScratchPad.record :extra }
+    @opt.parse "-g"
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == :extra
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecOptions, "#to_s" do
+  before :each do
+    @opt = MSpecOptions.new "command"
+  end
+
+  it "returns the banner and descriptive strings for all registered options" do
+    @opt.on "-t", "--this ARG", "Adds this ARG to the list"
+    @opt.to_s.should == <<-EOD
+command
+
+   -t, --this ARG             Adds this ARG to the list
+EOD
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -B, --config FILE option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #configure { }" do
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-B", "--config", "FILE",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.configure {}
+  end
+
+  it "calls the passed block" do
+    ["-B", "--config"].each do |opt|
+      ScratchPad.clear
+
+      @options.configure { |x| ScratchPad.record x }
+      @options.parse [opt, "file"]
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == "file"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -C, --chdir DIR option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.chdir
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #chdir" do
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-C", "--chdir", "DIR",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.chdir
+  end
+
+  it "changes the working directory to DIR" do
+    Dir.should_receive(:chdir).with("dir").twice
+    ["-C", "--chdir"].each do |opt|
+      @options.parse [opt, "dir"]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The --prefix STR option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #prefix" do
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("--prefix", "STR",
+       an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.prefix
+  end
+
+  it "sets the prefix config value" do
+    @options.prefix
+    @options.parse ["--prefix", "some/dir"]
+    @config[:prefix].should == "some/dir"
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -t, --target TARGET option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #targets" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-t", "--target", "TARGET",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "sets the target to 'ruby' and flags to verbose with TARGET 'r' or 'ruby'" do
+    ["-t", "--target"].each do |opt|
+      ["r", "ruby"].each do |t|
+        @config[:target] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, t]
+        @config[:target].should == "ruby"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the target to 'jruby' with TARGET 'j' or 'jruby'" do
+    ["-t", "--target"].each do |opt|
+      ["j", "jruby"].each do |t|
+        @config[:target] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, t]
+        @config[:target].should == "jruby"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the target to 'shotgun/rubinius' with TARGET 'x' or 'rubinius'" do
+    ["-t", "--target"].each do |opt|
+      ["x", "rubinius"].each do |t|
+        @config[:target] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, t]
+        @config[:target].should == "./bin/rbx"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "set the target to 'rbx' with TARGET 'rbx'" do
+    ["-t", "--target"].each do |opt|
+      ["X", "rbx"].each do |t|
+        @config[:target] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, t]
+        @config[:target].should == "rbx"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the target to 'maglev' with TARGET 'm' or 'maglev'" do
+    ["-t", "--target"].each do |opt|
+      ["m", "maglev"].each do |t|
+        @config[:target] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, t]
+        @config[:target].should == "maglev-ruby"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the target to 'topaz' with TARGET 't' or 'topaz'" do
+    ["-t", "--target"].each do |opt|
+      ["t", "topaz"].each do |t|
+        @config[:target] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, t]
+        @config[:target].should == "topaz"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the target to TARGET" do
+    ["-t", "--target"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:target] = nil
+      @options.parse [opt, "whateva"]
+      @config[:target].should == "whateva"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -T, --target-opt OPT option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #targets" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-T", "--target-opt", "OPT",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "adds OPT to flags" do
+    ["-T", "--target-opt"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:flags].delete "--whateva"
+      @options.parse [opt, "--whateva"]
+      @config[:flags].should include("--whateva")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -I, --include DIR option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #targets" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-I", "--include", "DIR",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "add DIR to the load path" do
+    ["-I", "--include"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:loadpath].delete "-Ipackage"
+      @options.parse [opt, "package"]
+      @config[:loadpath].should include("-Ipackage")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -r, --require LIBRARY option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #targets" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-r", "--require", "LIBRARY",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.targets
+  end
+
+  it "adds LIBRARY to the requires list" do
+    ["-r", "--require"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:requires].delete "-rlibrick"
+      @options.parse [opt, "librick"]
+      @config[:requires].should include("-rlibrick")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -f, --format FORMAT option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.formatters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #formatters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-f", "--format", "FORMAT",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.formatters
+  end
+
+  it "sets the SpecdocFormatter with FORMAT 's' or 'specdoc'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["s", "specdoc"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == SpecdocFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the HtmlFormatter with FORMAT 'h' or 'html'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["h", "html"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == HtmlFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the DottedFormatter with FORMAT 'd', 'dot' or 'dotted'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["d", "dot", "dotted"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == DottedFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the DescribeFormatter with FORMAT 'b' or 'describe'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["b", "describe"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == DescribeFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the FileFormatter with FORMAT 'f', 'file'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["f", "file"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == FileFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the UnitdiffFormatter with FORMAT 'u', 'unit', or 'unitdiff'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["u", "unit", "unitdiff"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == UnitdiffFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the SummaryFormatter with FORMAT 'm' or 'summary'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["m", "summary"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == SummaryFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the SpinnerFormatter with FORMAT 'a', '*', or 'spin'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["a", "*", "spin"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == SpinnerFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the MethodFormatter with FORMAT 't' or 'method'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["t", "method"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == MethodFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the YamlFormatter with FORMAT 'y' or 'yaml'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["y", "yaml"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == YamlFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the JUnitFormatter with FORMAT 'j' or 'junit'" do
+    ["-f", "--format"].each do |opt|
+      ["j", "junit"].each do |f|
+        @config[:formatter] = nil
+        @options.parse [opt, f]
+        @config[:formatter].should == JUnitFormatter
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -o, --output FILE option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.formatters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #formatters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-o", "--output", "FILE",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.formatters
+  end
+
+  it "sets the output to FILE" do
+    ["-o", "--output"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:output] = nil
+      @options.parse [opt, "some/file"]
+      @config[:output].should == "some/file"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -e, --example STR" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-e", "--example", "STR",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds STR to the includes list" do
+    ["-e", "--example"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:includes] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "this spec"]
+      @config[:includes].should include("this spec")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -E, --exclude STR" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-E", "--exclude", "STR",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds STR to the excludes list" do
+    ["-E", "--exclude"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:excludes] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "this spec"]
+      @config[:excludes].should include("this spec")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -p, --pattern PATTERN" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-p", "--pattern", "PATTERN",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds PATTERN to the included patterns list" do
+    ["-p", "--pattern"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:patterns] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "this spec"]
+      @config[:patterns].should include(/this spec/)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -P, --excl-pattern PATTERN" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-P", "--excl-pattern", "PATTERN",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds PATTERN to the excluded patterns list" do
+    ["-P", "--excl-pattern"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:xpatterns] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "this spec"]
+      @config[:xpatterns].should include(/this spec/)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -g, --tag TAG" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-g", "--tag", "TAG",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds TAG to the included tags list" do
+    ["-g", "--tag"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:tags] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "this spec"]
+      @config[:tags].should include("this spec")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -G, --excl-tag TAG" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-G", "--excl-tag", "TAG",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds TAG to the excluded tags list" do
+    ["-G", "--excl-tag"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:xtags] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "this spec"]
+      @config[:xtags].should include("this spec")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -w, --profile FILE option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-w", "--profile", "FILE",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds FILE to the included profiles list" do
+    ["-w", "--profile"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:profiles] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "spec/profiles/rails.yaml"]
+      @config[:profiles].should include("spec/profiles/rails.yaml")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -W, --excl-profile FILE option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-W", "--excl-profile", "FILE",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds FILE to the excluded profiles list" do
+    ["-W", "--excl-profile"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:xprofiles] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "spec/profiles/rails.yaml"]
+      @config[:xprofiles].should include("spec/profiles/rails.yaml")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -Z, --dry-run option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.pretend
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #pretend" do
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-Z", "--dry-run", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.pretend
+  end
+
+  it "registers the MSpec pretend mode" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:pretend).twice
+    ["-Z", "--dry-run"].each do |opt|
+      @options.parse opt
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The --unguarded option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.unguarded
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #unguarded" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("--unguarded", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.unguarded
+  end
+
+  it "registers the MSpec unguarded mode" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:unguarded)
+    @options.parse "--unguarded"
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The --no-ruby_guard option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.unguarded
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #unguarded" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("--no-ruby_bug", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.unguarded
+  end
+
+  it "registers the MSpec no_ruby_bug mode" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:no_ruby_bug)
+    @options.parse "--no-ruby_bug"
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -H, --random option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.randomize
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #randomize" do
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-H", "--random", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.randomize
+  end
+
+  it "registers the MSpec randomize mode" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:randomize=).twice
+    ["-H", "--random"].each do |opt|
+      @options.parse opt
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -R, --repeat option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.repeat
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #repeat" do
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-R", "--repeat", "NUMBER", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.repeat
+  end
+
+  it "registers the MSpec repeat mode" do
+    ["-R", "--repeat"].each do |opt|
+      MSpec.repeat = 1
+      @options.parse [opt, "10"]
+      repeat_count = 0
+      MSpec.repeat do
+        repeat_count += 1
+      end
+      repeat_count.should == 10
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -V, --verbose option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.verbose
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #verbose" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-V", "--verbose", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.verbose
+  end
+
+  it "registers a verbose output object with MSpec" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:start, anything()).twice
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:load, anything()).twice
+    ["-V", "--verbose"].each do |opt|
+      @options.parse opt
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -m, --marker MARKER option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.verbose
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #verbose" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-m", "--marker", "MARKER",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.verbose
+  end
+
+  it "registers a marker output object with MSpec" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register).with(:load, anything()).twice
+    ["-m", "--marker"].each do |opt|
+      @options.parse [opt, ","]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The --int-spec option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.interrupt
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #interrupt" do
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("--int-spec", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.interrupt
+  end
+
+  it "sets the abort config option to false to only abort the running spec with ^C" do
+    @config[:abort] = true
+    @options.parse "--int-spec"
+    @config[:abort].should == false
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -Y, --verify option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.verify
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #interrupt" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-Y", "--verify", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.verify
+  end
+
+  it "sets the MSpec mode to :verify" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:verify).twice
+    ["-Y", "--verify"].each do |m|
+      @options.parse m
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -O, --report option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.verify
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #interrupt" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-O", "--report", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.verify
+  end
+
+  it "sets the MSpec mode to :report" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:report).twice
+    ["-O", "--report"].each do |m|
+      @options.parse m
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The --report-on GUARD option" do
+  before :all do
+    MSpec.stub(:register_mode)
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.verify
+
+    SpecGuard.clear_guards
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    SpecGuard.clear_guards
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #interrupt" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("--report-on", "GUARD", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.verify
+  end
+
+  it "sets the MSpec mode to :report_on" do
+    MSpec.should_receive(:register_mode).with(:report_on)
+    @options.parse ["--report-on", "ruby_bug"]
+  end
+
+  it "converts the guard name to a symbol" do
+    name = double("ruby_bug")
+    name.should_receive(:to_sym)
+    @options.parse ["--report-on", name]
+  end
+
+  it "saves the name of the guard" do
+    @options.parse ["--report-on", "ruby_bug"]
+    SpecGuard.guards.should == [:ruby_bug]
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -K, --action-tag TAG option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.action_filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #action_filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-K", "--action-tag", "TAG",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.action_filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds TAG to the list of tags that trigger actions" do
+    ["-K", "--action-tag"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:atags] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "action-tag"]
+      @config[:atags].should include("action-tag")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -S, --action-string STR option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.action_filters
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #action_filters" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-S", "--action-string", "STR",
+        an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.action_filters
+  end
+
+  it "adds STR to the list of spec descriptions that trigger actions" do
+    ["-S", "--action-string"].each do |opt|
+      @config[:astrings] = []
+      @options.parse [opt, "action-str"]
+      @config[:astrings].should include("action-str")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -d, --debug option" do
+  before :each do
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @options.debug
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    $MSPEC_DEBUG = nil
+  end
+
+  it "is enabled with #debug" do
+    @options.stub(:on)
+    @options.should_receive(:on).with("-d", "--debug", an_instance_of(String))
+    @options.debug
+  end
+
+  it "sets $MSPEC_DEBUG to true" do
+    ["-d", "--debug"].each do |opt|
+      $MSPEC_DEBUG.should_not be_true
+      @options.parse opt
+      $MSPEC_DEBUG.should be_true
+      $MSPEC_DEBUG = nil
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "MSpecOptions#all" do
+  it "includes all options" do
+    meth = MSpecOptions.instance_method(:all)
+    file, line = meth.source_location
+    contents = File.read(file)
+    lines = contents.lines
+
+    from = line
+    to = from
+    to += 1 until /^\s*end\s*$/ =~ lines[to]
+    calls = lines[from...to].map(&:strip)
+
+    option_methods = contents.scan(/def (\w+).*\n\s*on\(/).map(&:first)
+    option_methods[0].sub!("configure", "configure {}")
+
+    calls.should == option_methods
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/utils/script_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/script_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7fa3eb354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/script_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/utils/script'
+require 'mspec/runner/mspec'
+require 'mspec/runner/filters'
+require 'mspec/runner/actions/filter'
+
+describe MSpecScript, ".config" do
+  it "returns a Hash" do
+    MSpecScript.config.should be_kind_of(Hash)
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, ".set" do
+  it "sets the config hash key, value" do
+    MSpecScript.set :a, 10
+    MSpecScript.config[:a].should == 10
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, ".get" do
+  it "gets the config hash value for a key" do
+    MSpecScript.set :a, 10
+    MSpecScript.get(:a).should == 10
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#config" do
+  it "returns the MSpecScript config hash" do
+    MSpecScript.set :b, 5
+    MSpecScript.new.config[:b].should == 5
+  end
+
+  it "returns the MSpecScript config hash from subclasses" do
+    class MSSClass < MSpecScript; end
+    MSpecScript.set :b, 5
+    MSSClass.new.config[:b].should == 5
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#load_default" do
+  before :all do
+    @verbose = $VERBOSE
+    $VERBOSE = nil
+  end
+
+  after :all do
+    $VERBOSE = @verbose
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    @version = RUBY_VERSION
+    if Object.const_defined? :RUBY_ENGINE
+      @engine = Object.const_get :RUBY_ENGINE
+    end
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+    MSpecScript.stub(:new).and_return(@script)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_VERSION, @version
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, @engine if @engine
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to load 'default.mspec'" do
+    @script.stub(:try_load)
+    @script.should_receive(:try_load).with('default.mspec').and_return(true)
+    @script.load_default
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to load a config file based on RUBY_ENGINE and RUBY_VERSION" do
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, "ybur"
+    Object.const_set :RUBY_VERSION, "1.8.9"
+    default = "ybur.1.8.mspec"
+    @script.should_receive(:try_load).with('default.mspec').and_return(false)
+    @script.should_receive(:try_load).with(default)
+    @script.should_receive(:try_load).with('ybur.mspec')
+    @script.load_default
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, ".main" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = double("MSpecScript").as_null_object
+    MSpecScript.stub(:new).and_return(@script)
+    # Do not require full mspec as it would conflict with RSpec
+    MSpecScript.should_receive(:require).with('mspec')
+  end
+
+  it "creates an instance of MSpecScript" do
+    MSpecScript.should_receive(:new).and_return(@script)
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to load the default config" do
+    @script.should_receive(:load_default)
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to load the '~/.mspecrc' script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:try_load).with('~/.mspecrc')
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+
+  it "calls the #options method on the script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:options)
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+
+  it "calls the #signals method on the script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:signals)
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+
+  it "calls the #register method on the script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:register)
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+
+  it "calls the #setup_env method on the script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:setup_env)
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+
+  it "calls the #run method on the script" do
+    @script.should_receive(:run)
+    MSpecScript.main
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#initialize" do
+  before :each do
+    @config = MSpecScript.new.config
+  end
+
+  it "sets the default config values" do
+    @config[:formatter].should  == nil
+    @config[:includes].should   == []
+    @config[:excludes].should   == []
+    @config[:patterns].should   == []
+    @config[:xpatterns].should  == []
+    @config[:tags].should       == []
+    @config[:xtags].should      == []
+    @config[:atags].should      == []
+    @config[:astrings].should   == []
+    @config[:abort].should      == true
+    @config[:config_ext].should == '.mspec'
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#load" do
+  before :each do
+    File.stub(:exist?).and_return(false)
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+    @file = "default.mspec"
+    @base = "default"
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file through the expanded path name" do
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@file, ".").and_return(@file)
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(@file).and_return(true)
+    Kernel.should_receive(:load).with(@file).and_return(:loaded)
+    @script.load(@file).should == :loaded
+  end
+
+  it "appends config[:config_ext] to the name and attempts to locate the file through the expanded path name" do
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@base, ".").and_return(@base)
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@base, "spec").and_return(@base)
+    File.should_receive(:expand_path).with(@file, ".").and_return(@file)
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(@base).and_return(false)
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(@file).and_return(true)
+    Kernel.should_receive(:load).with(@file).and_return(:loaded)
+    @script.load(@base).should == :loaded
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file in '.'" do
+    path = File.expand_path @file, "."
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    Kernel.should_receive(:load).with(path).and_return(:loaded)
+    @script.load(@file).should == :loaded
+  end
+
+  it "appends config[:config_ext] to the name and attempts to locate the file in '.'" do
+    path = File.expand_path @file, "."
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    Kernel.should_receive(:load).with(path).and_return(:loaded)
+    @script.load(@base).should == :loaded
+  end
+
+  it "attempts to locate the file in 'spec'" do
+    path = File.expand_path @file, "spec"
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    Kernel.should_receive(:load).with(path).and_return(:loaded)
+    @script.load(@file).should == :loaded
+  end
+
+  it "appends config[:config_ext] to the name and attempts to locate the file in 'spec'" do
+    path = File.expand_path @file, "spec"
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    Kernel.should_receive(:load).with(path).and_return(:loaded)
+    @script.load(@base).should == :loaded
+  end
+
+  it "loads a given file only once" do
+    path = File.expand_path @file, "spec"
+    File.should_receive(:exist?).with(path).and_return(true)
+    Kernel.should_receive(:load).once.with(path).and_return(:loaded)
+    @script.load(@base).should == :loaded
+    @script.load(@base).should == true
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#custom_options" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+  end
+
+  it "prints 'None'" do
+    options = double("options")
+    options.should_receive(:doc).with("   No custom options registered")
+    @script.custom_options options
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+
+    @formatter = double("formatter").as_null_object
+    @script.config[:formatter] = @formatter
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers the formatter" do
+    @formatter.should_receive(:new).and_return(@formatter)
+    @formatter.should_receive(:register)
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "does not register the formatter if config[:formatter] is false" do
+    @script.config[:formatter] = false
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "calls #custom_register" do
+    @script.should_receive(:custom_register)
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "registers :formatter with the formatter instance" do
+    @formatter.stub(:new).and_return(@formatter)
+    @script.register
+    MSpec.formatter.should be(@formatter)
+  end
+
+  it "does not register :formatter if config[:formatter] is false" do
+    @script.config[:formatter] = false
+    MSpec.should_not_receive(:store)
+    @script.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#register" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+
+    @formatter = double("formatter").as_null_object
+    @script.config[:formatter] = @formatter
+
+    @filter = double("filter")
+    @filter.should_receive(:register)
+
+    @ary = ["some", "spec"]
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a MatchFilter for include specs" do
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:include, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:includes] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a MatchFilter for excluded specs" do
+    MatchFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:exclude, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:excludes] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a RegexpFilter for include specs" do
+    RegexpFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:include, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:patterns] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a RegexpFilter for excluded specs" do
+    RegexpFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:exclude, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:xpatterns] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a TagFilter for include specs" do
+    TagFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:include, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:tags] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a TagFilter for excluded specs" do
+    TagFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:exclude, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:xtags] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a ProfileFilter for include specs" do
+    ProfileFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:include, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:profiles] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+
+  it "creates and registers a ProfileFilter for excluded specs" do
+    ProfileFilter.should_receive(:new).with(:exclude, *@ary).and_return(@filter)
+    @script.config[:xprofiles] = @ary
+    @script.register
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#signals" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+    @abort = @script.config[:abort]
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    @script.config[:abort] = @abort
+  end
+
+  it "traps the INT signal if config[:abort] is true" do
+    Signal.should_receive(:trap).with("INT")
+    @script.config[:abort] = true
+    @script.signals
+  end
+
+  it "does not trap the INT signal if config[:abort] is not true" do
+    Signal.should_not_receive(:trap).with("INT")
+    @script.config[:abort] = false
+    @script.signals
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#entries" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+
+    File.stub(:realpath).and_return("name")
+    File.stub(:file?).and_return(false)
+    File.stub(:directory?).and_return(false)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the pattern in an array if it is a file" do
+    File.should_receive(:realpath).with("file").and_return("file/expanded.rb")
+    File.should_receive(:file?).with("file/expanded.rb").and_return(true)
+    @script.entries("file").should == ["file/expanded.rb"]
+  end
+
+  it "returns Dir['pattern/**/*_spec.rb'] if pattern is a directory" do
+    File.should_receive(:directory?).with("name").and_return(true)
+    File.stub(:realpath).and_return("name", "name/**/*_spec.rb")
+    Dir.should_receive(:[]).with("name/**/*_spec.rb").and_return(["dir1", "dir2"])
+    @script.entries("name").should == ["dir1", "dir2"]
+  end
+
+  it "aborts if pattern cannot be resolved to a file nor a directory" do
+    @script.should_receive(:abort)
+    @script.entries("pattern")
+  end
+
+  describe "with config[:prefix] set" do
+    before :each do
+      prefix = "prefix/dir"
+      @script.config[:prefix] = prefix
+      @name = prefix + "/name"
+    end
+
+    it "returns the pattern in an array if it is a file" do
+      name = "#{@name}.rb"
+      File.should_receive(:realpath).with(name).and_return(name)
+      File.should_receive(:file?).with(name).and_return(true)
+      @script.entries("name.rb").should == [name]
+    end
+
+    it "returns Dir['pattern/**/*_spec.rb'] if pattern is a directory" do
+      File.stub(:realpath).and_return(@name, @name+"/**/*_spec.rb")
+      File.should_receive(:directory?).with(@name).and_return(true)
+      Dir.should_receive(:[]).with(@name + "/**/*_spec.rb").and_return(["dir1", "dir2"])
+      @script.entries("name").should == ["dir1", "dir2"]
+    end
+
+    it "aborts if pattern cannot be resolved to a file nor a directory" do
+      @script.should_receive(:abort)
+      @script.entries("pattern")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#files" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+  end
+
+  it "accumulates the values returned by #entries" do
+    @script.should_receive(:entries).and_return(["file1"], ["file2"])
+    @script.files(["a", "b"]).should == ["file1", "file2"]
+  end
+
+  it "strips a leading '^' and removes the values returned by #entries" do
+    @script.should_receive(:entries).and_return(["file1"], ["file2"], ["file1"])
+    @script.files(["a", "b", "^a"]).should == ["file2"]
+  end
+
+  it "processes the array elements in order" do
+    @script.should_receive(:entries).and_return(["file1"], ["file1"], ["file2"])
+    @script.files(["^a", "a", "b"]).should == ["file1", "file2"]
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#files" do
+  before :each do
+    MSpecScript.set :files, ["file1", "file2"]
+
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    MSpecScript.config.delete :files
+  end
+
+  it "looks up items with leading ':' in the config object" do
+    @script.should_receive(:entries).and_return(["file1"], ["file2"])
+    @script.files([":files"]).should == ["file1", "file2"]
+  end
+
+  it "aborts if the config key is not set" do
+    @script.should_receive(:abort).with("Key :all_files not found in mspec config.")
+    @script.files([":all_files"])
+  end
+end
+
+describe MSpecScript, "#setup_env" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = MSpecScript.new
+    @options, @config = new_option
+    @script.stub(:config).and_return(@config)
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+  end
+
+  it "sets MSPEC_RUNNER = '1' in the environment" do
+    ENV["MSPEC_RUNNER"] = "0"
+    @script.setup_env
+    ENV["MSPEC_RUNNER"].should == "1"
+  end
+
+  it "sets RUBY_EXE = config[:target] in the environment" do
+    ENV["RUBY_EXE"] = nil
+    @script.setup_env
+    ENV["RUBY_EXE"].should == @config[:target]
+  end
+
+  it "sets RUBY_FLAGS = config[:flags] in the environment" do
+    ENV["RUBY_FLAGS"] = nil
+    @config[:flags] = ["-w", "-Q"]
+    @script.setup_env
+    ENV["RUBY_FLAGS"].should == "-w -Q"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/spec/utils/version_spec.rb b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/version_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b2d383c6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/spec/utils/version_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'mspec/utils/version'
+
+describe SpecVersion, "#to_s" do
+  it "returns the string with which it was initialized" do
+    SpecVersion.new("1.8").to_s.should == "1.8"
+    SpecVersion.new("2.118.9").to_s.should == "2.118.9"
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecVersion, "#to_str" do
+  it "returns the same string as #to_s" do
+    version = SpecVersion.new("2.118.9")
+    version.to_str.should == version.to_s
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecVersion, "#to_i with ceil = false" do
+  it "returns an integer representation of the version string" do
+    SpecVersion.new("2.23.10").to_i.should == 1022310
+  end
+
+  it "replaces missing version parts with zeros" do
+    SpecVersion.new("1.8").to_i.should == 1010800
+    SpecVersion.new("1.8.6").to_i.should == 1010806
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecVersion, "#to_i with ceil = true" do
+  it "returns an integer representation of the version string" do
+    SpecVersion.new("1.8.6", true).to_i.should == 1010806
+  end
+
+  it "fills in 9s for missing tiny values" do
+    SpecVersion.new("1.8", true).to_i.should == 1010899
+    SpecVersion.new("1.8.6", true).to_i.should == 1010806
+  end
+end
+
+describe SpecVersion, "#to_int" do
+  it "returns the same value as #to_i" do
+    version = SpecVersion.new("4.16.87")
+    version.to_int.should == version.to_i
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/tool/find.rb b/spec/mspec/tool/find.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..322b023f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/tool/find.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+Dir.chdir('../rubyspec') do
+  regexp = Regexp.new(ARGV[0])
+  Dir.glob('**/*.rb') do |file|
+    contents = File.read(file)
+    if regexp =~ contents
+      puts file
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/mspec/tool/pull-latest-mspec-spec b/spec/mspec/tool/pull-latest-mspec-spec
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..154a353e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/tool/pull-latest-mspec-spec
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Assumes all commits have been synchronized to https://github.com/ruby/spec
+# See spec/mspec/tool/sync/sync-rubyspec.rb
+
+function sync {
+  dir="$1"
+  repo="$2"
+  short_repo_name="ruby/$(basename "$repo" .git)"
+
+  rm -rf "$dir"
+  git clone --depth 1 "$repo" "$dir"
+  commit=$(git -C "$dir" log -n 1 --format='%h')
+  rm -rf "$dir/.git"
+
+  # Remove CI files to avoid confusion
+  rm -f "$dir/appveyor.yml"
+  rm -f "$dir/.travis.yml"
+  rm -rf "$dir/.github"
+
+  git add "$dir"
+  git commit -m "Update to ${short_repo_name}@${commit}"
+}
+
+sync spec/mspec https://github.com/ruby/mspec.git
+sync spec/ruby https://github.com/ruby/spec.git
diff --git a/spec/mspec/tool/remove_old_guards.rb b/spec/mspec/tool/remove_old_guards.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..718e351e11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/tool/remove_old_guards.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Removes old version guards in ruby/spec.
+# Run it from the ruby/spec repository root.
+# The argument is the new minimum supported version.
+
+def dedent(line)
+  if line.start_with?("  ")
+    line[2..-1]
+  else
+    line
+  end
+end
+
+def each_spec_file(&block)
+  Dir["*/**/*.rb"].each(&block)
+end
+
+def remove_guards(guard, keep)
+  each_spec_file do |file|
+    contents = File.binread(file)
+    if contents =~ guard
+      puts file
+      lines = contents.lines.to_a
+      while first = lines.find_index { |line| line =~ guard }
+        indent = lines[first][/^(\s*)/, 1].length
+        last = (first+1...lines.size).find { |i|
+          space = lines[i][/^(\s*)end$/, 1] and space.length == indent
+        }
+        raise file unless last
+        if keep
+          lines[first..last] = lines[first+1..last-1].map { |l| dedent(l) }
+        else
+          if first > 0 and lines[first-1] == "\n"
+            first -= 1
+          elsif lines[last+1] == "\n"
+            last += 1
+          end
+          lines[first..last] = []
+        end
+      end
+      File.binwrite file, lines.join
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def search(regexp)
+  each_spec_file do |file|
+    contents = File.binread(file)
+    if contents =~ regexp
+      puts file
+      contents.each_line do |line|
+        if line =~ regexp
+          puts line
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+version = Regexp.escape(ARGV.fetch(0))
+version += "(?:\\.0)?" if version.count(".") < 2
+remove_guards(/ruby_version_is (["'])#{version}\1 do/, true)
+remove_guards(/ruby_version_is (["'])[0-9.]*\1 *... *(["'])#{version}\2 do/, false)
+remove_guards(/ruby_bug "#\d+", (["'])[0-9.]*\1 *... *(["'])#{version}\2 do/, true)
+
+search(/(["'])#{version}\1/)
+search(/^\s*#.+#{version}/)
diff --git a/spec/mspec/tool/sync/.gitignore b/spec/mspec/tool/sync/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e64f1e8542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/tool/sync/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/jruby
+/rubinius
+/ruby
+/truffleruby
diff --git a/spec/mspec/tool/sync/sync-rubyspec.rb b/spec/mspec/tool/sync/sync-rubyspec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93e0f538ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/tool/sync/sync-rubyspec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+IMPLS = {
+  truffleruby: {
+    git: "https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby.git",
+    from_commit: "f10ab6988d",
+  },
+  jruby: {
+    git: "https://github.com/jruby/jruby.git",
+    from_commit: "f10ab6988d",
+  },
+  rbx: {
+    git: "https://github.com/rubinius/rubinius.git",
+  },
+  mri: {
+    git: "https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git",
+  },
+}
+
+MSPEC = ARGV.delete('--mspec')
+
+CHECK_LAST_MERGE = ENV['CHECK_LAST_MERGE'] != 'false'
+TEST_MASTER = ENV['TEST_MASTER'] != 'false'
+
+MSPEC_REPO = File.expand_path("../../..", __FILE__)
+raise MSPEC_REPO if !Dir.exist?(MSPEC_REPO) or !Dir.exist?("#{MSPEC_REPO}/.git")
+
+# Assuming the rubyspec repo is a sibling of the mspec repo
+RUBYSPEC_REPO = File.expand_path("../rubyspec", MSPEC_REPO)
+raise RUBYSPEC_REPO unless Dir.exist?(RUBYSPEC_REPO)
+
+SOURCE_REPO = MSPEC ? MSPEC_REPO : RUBYSPEC_REPO
+
+NOW = Time.now
+
+BRIGHT_RED = "\e[31;1m"
+BRIGHT_YELLOW = "\e[33;1m"
+RESET = "\e[0m"
+
+# git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter works fine for our use case
+ENV['FILTER_BRANCH_SQUELCH_WARNING'] = '1'
+
+class RubyImplementation
+  attr_reader :name
+
+  def initialize(name, data)
+    @name = name.to_s
+    @data = data
+  end
+
+  def git_url
+    @data[:git]
+  end
+
+  def repo_name
+    File.basename(git_url, ".git")
+  end
+
+  def repo_org
+    File.basename(File.dirname(git_url))
+  end
+
+  def from_commit
+    from = @data[:from_commit]
+    "#{from}..." if from
+  end
+
+  def last_merge_message
+    message = @data[:merge_message] || "Update to ruby/spec@"
+    message.gsub!("ruby/spec", "ruby/mspec") if MSPEC
+    message
+  end
+
+  def prefix
+    MSPEC ? "spec/mspec" : "spec/ruby"
+  end
+
+  def rebased_branch
+    "#{@name}-rebased"
+  end
+end
+
+def sh(*args)
+  puts args.join(' ')
+  system(*args)
+  raise unless $?.success?
+end
+
+def branch?(name)
+  branches = `git branch`.sub('*', '').lines.map(&:strip)
+  branches.include?(name)
+end
+
+def update_repo(impl)
+  unless File.directory? impl.repo_name
+    sh "git", "clone", impl.git_url
+  end
+
+  Dir.chdir(impl.repo_name) do
+    puts Dir.pwd
+
+    sh "git", "checkout", "master"
+    sh "git", "pull"
+  end
+end
+
+def filter_commits(impl)
+  Dir.chdir(impl.repo_name) do
+    date = NOW.strftime("%F")
+    branch = "#{MSPEC ? :mspec : :specs}-#{date}"
+
+    unless branch?(branch)
+      sh "git", "checkout", "-b", branch
+      sh "git", "filter-branch", "-f", "--subdirectory-filter", impl.prefix, *impl.from_commit
+      sh "git", "push", "-f", SOURCE_REPO, "#{branch}:#{impl.name}"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def rebase_commits(impl)
+  Dir.chdir(SOURCE_REPO) do
+    sh "git", "checkout", "master"
+    sh "git", "pull"
+
+    rebased = impl.rebased_branch
+    if branch?(rebased)
+      last_commit = Time.at(Integer(`git log -n 1 --format='%ct' #{rebased}`))
+      days_since_last_commit = (NOW-last_commit) / 86400
+      if days_since_last_commit > 7
+        abort "#{BRIGHT_RED}#{rebased} exists but last commit is old (#{last_commit}), delete the branch if it was merged#{RESET}"
+      else
+        puts "#{BRIGHT_YELLOW}#{rebased} already exists, last commit on #{last_commit}, assuming it correct#{RESET}"
+        sh "git", "checkout", rebased
+      end
+    else
+      sh "git", "checkout", impl.name
+
+      if ENV["LAST_MERGE"]
+        last_merge = `git log -n 1 --format='%H %ct' #{ENV["LAST_MERGE"]}`
+      else
+        last_merge = `git log --grep='^#{impl.last_merge_message}' -n 1 --format='%H %ct'`
+      end
+      last_merge, commit_timestamp = last_merge.split(' ')
+
+      raise "Could not find last merge" unless last_merge
+      puts "Last merge is #{last_merge}"
+
+      commit_date = Time.at(Integer(commit_timestamp))
+      days_since_last_merge = (NOW-commit_date) / 86400
+      if CHECK_LAST_MERGE and days_since_last_merge > 60
+        raise "#{days_since_last_merge.floor} days since last merge, probably wrong commit"
+      end
+
+      puts "Rebasing..."
+      sh "git", "branch", "-D", rebased if branch?(rebased)
+      sh "git", "checkout", "-b", rebased, impl.name
+      sh "git", "rebase", "--onto", "master", last_merge
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def new_commits?(impl)
+  Dir.chdir(SOURCE_REPO) do
+    diff = `git diff master #{impl.rebased_branch}`
+    !diff.empty?
+  end
+end
+
+def test_new_specs
+  require "yaml"
+  Dir.chdir(SOURCE_REPO) do
+    workflow = YAML.load_file(".github/workflows/ci.yml")
+    job_name = MSPEC ? "test" : "specs"
+    versions = workflow.dig("jobs", job_name, "strategy", "matrix", "ruby")
+    versions = versions.grep(/^\d+\./) # Test on MRI
+    min_version, max_version = versions.minmax
+
+    test_command = MSPEC ? "bundle exec rspec" : "../mspec/bin/mspec -j"
+
+    run_test = -> version {
+      command = "chruby #{version} && #{test_command}"
+      sh ENV["SHELL"], "-c", command
+    }
+
+    run_test[min_version]
+    run_test[max_version]
+    run_test["ruby-master"] if TEST_MASTER
+  end
+end
+
+def verify_commits(impl)
+  puts
+  Dir.chdir(SOURCE_REPO) do
+    puts "Manually check commit messages:"
+    print "Press enter >"
+    STDIN.gets
+    system "git", "log", "master..."
+  end
+end
+
+def fast_forward_master(impl)
+  Dir.chdir(SOURCE_REPO) do
+    sh "git", "checkout", "master"
+    sh "git", "merge", "--ff-only", impl.rebased_branch
+    sh "git", "branch", "--delete", impl.rebased_branch
+  end
+end
+
+def check_ci
+  puts
+  puts <<-EOS
+  Push to master, and check that the CI passes:
+    https://github.com/ruby/#{:m if MSPEC}spec/commits/master
+
+  EOS
+end
+
+def main(impls)
+  impls.each_pair do |impl, data|
+    impl = RubyImplementation.new(impl, data)
+    update_repo(impl)
+    filter_commits(impl)
+    rebase_commits(impl)
+    if new_commits?(impl)
+      test_new_specs
+      verify_commits(impl)
+      fast_forward_master(impl)
+      check_ci
+    else
+      STDERR.puts "#{BRIGHT_YELLOW}No new commits#{RESET}"
+      fast_forward_master(impl)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+if ARGV == ["all"]
+  impls = IMPLS
+else
+  args = ARGV.map { |arg| arg.to_sym }
+  raise ARGV.to_s unless (args - IMPLS.keys).empty?
+  impls = IMPLS.select { |impl| args.include?(impl) }
+end
+
+main(impls)
diff --git a/spec/mspec/tool/tag_from_output.rb b/spec/mspec/tool/tag_from_output.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..fba52ec26c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/tool/tag_from_output.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+# Adds tags based on error and failures output (e.g., from a CI log),
+# without running any spec code.
+
+tags_dir = %w[
+  spec/tags
+  spec/tags/ruby
+].find { |dir| Dir.exist?("#{dir}/language") }
+abort 'Could not find tags directory' unless tags_dir
+
+output = ARGF.readlines
+
+NUMBER = /^\d+\)$/
+ERROR_OR_FAILED = / (ERROR|FAILED)$/
+SPEC_FILE = /^(\/.+_spec\.rb)\:\d+/
+
+output.slice_before(NUMBER).select { |number, error_line, *rest|
+  number =~ NUMBER and error_line =~ ERROR_OR_FAILED
+}.each { |number, error_line, *rest|
+  description = error_line.match(ERROR_OR_FAILED).pre_match
+
+  spec_file = rest.find { |line| line =~ SPEC_FILE }
+  unless spec_file
+    warn "Could not find file for:\n#{error_line}"
+    next
+  end
+  spec_file = spec_file[SPEC_FILE, 1]
+  prefix = spec_file.index('spec/ruby/') || spec_file.index('spec/truffle/')
+  spec_file = spec_file[prefix..-1]
+
+  tags_file = spec_file.sub('spec/ruby/', "#{tags_dir}/").sub('spec/truffle/', "#{tags_dir}/truffle/")
+  tags_file = tags_file.sub(/_spec\.rb$/, '_tags.txt')
+
+  dir = File.dirname(tags_file)
+  Dir.mkdir(dir) unless Dir.exist?(dir)
+
+  tag_line = "fails:#{description}"
+  lines = File.exist?(tags_file) ? File.readlines(tags_file, chomp: true) : []
+  unless lines.include?(tag_line)
+    puts tags_file
+    File.write(tags_file, (lines + [tag_line]).join("\n") + "\n")
+  end
+}
diff --git a/spec/mspec/tool/wrap_with_guard.rb b/spec/mspec/tool/wrap_with_guard.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..5b1bf4d7f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/mspec/tool/wrap_with_guard.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# Wrap the passed the files with a guard (e.g., `ruby_version_is ""..."3.0"`).
+# Notably if some methods are removed, this is a convenient way to skip such file from a given version.
+# Example usage:
+# $ spec/mspec/tool/wrap_with_guard.rb 'ruby_version_is ""..."3.0"' spec/ruby/library/set/sortedset/**/*_spec.rb
+
+guard, *files = ARGV
+abort "Usage: #{$0} GUARD FILES..." if files.empty?
+
+files.each do |file|
+  contents = File.binread(file)
+  lines = contents.lines.to_a
+
+  lines = lines.map { |line| line.chomp.empty? ? line : "  #{line}" }
+
+  version_line = "#{guard} do\n"
+  if lines[0] =~ /^\s*require.+spec_helper/
+    lines[0] = lines[0].sub(/^  /, '')
+    lines.insert 1, "\n", version_line
+  else
+    warn "Could not find 'require spec_helper' line in #{file}"
+    lines.insert 0, version_line
+  end
+
+  lines << "end\n"
+
+  File.binwrite file, lines.join
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/.gitignore b/spec/ruby/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f1206a16e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/Gemfile.lock
+/rubyspec_temp
+/ext
+/.ruby-version
+/.ruby-gemset
diff --git a/spec/ruby/.mspec.constants b/spec/ruby/.mspec.constants
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b70274c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/.mspec.constants
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+Abbrev
+Addrinfo
+AliasObject
+AliasObject2
+AnonWithConstant
+ArbitraryException
+ArraySub
+ArraySubPush
+AryChild
+Base64
+BaseClass
+BasicSocket
+BeCloseToMatrixMatcher
+BigDecimal
+BigMath
+BitwiseAndTest
+BreakTest
+BreakTest2
+CAPI_SIZEOF_LONG
+CApiModuleSpecsAutoload
+CApiModuleSpecsModuleA
+CGI
+CMath
+CODE_LOADING_DIR
+CSAutoloadA
+CSAutoloadB
+CSAutoloadC
+CSAutoloadD
+CSV
+ChainedNextTest
+ChildClass
+ClassIdUnderAutoload
+ClassSpecDefineClass
+ClassSpecsKeywordWithSemicolon
+ClassSpecsKeywordWithoutSemicolon
+ClassSpecsNumber
+ClassUnderAutoload
+CodingUS_ASCII
+CodingUTF_8
+ComparisonTest
+ConstantSpecsIncludedModule
+ConstantVisibility
+Coverage
+CoverageSpecs
+CustomArgumentError
+DRb
+DRbIdConv
+DRbObject
+DRbUndumped
+Date
+DateTime
+DefSpecNested
+DefSpecNestedB
+DefSpecSingleton
+DefSpecsLambdaVisibility
+DefineMethodByProcClass
+DefineMethodSpecClass
+DefineSingletonMethodSpecClass
+Delegator
+DescArray
+DescObjectTest
+Digest
+DumpableDir
+ERB
+EnsureInClassExample
+EnumerableSpecGrep
+EnumerableSpecGrep2
+EnumerableSpecIncludeP
+EnumerableSpecIncludeP11
+Etc
+EvalBindingA
+EvalBindingProcA
+Exception2MessageMapper
+ExceptionForMatrix
+Fcntl
+FileStat
+FileUtils
+Find
+Forwardable
+GetoptLong
+HMACConstants
+HashStringsBinary
+HashStringsUSASCII
+HashStringsUTF8
+IPAddr
+IPSocket
+Importer
+IncludeSpecsClass
+IncludeSpecsMiddle
+IncludeSpecsTop
+IncludesMath
+JSON
+KSAutoloadA
+KSAutoloadB
+KSAutoloadBB
+KSAutoloadCallsRequire
+KSAutoloadD
+Logger
+MD5Constants
+MY_INPUT4_FOR_ERB
+Matrix
+MatrixSub
+MethodArity
+Meths
+MethsMore
+Mixin
+ModuleSpecsKeywordWithoutSemicolon
+ModuleSpecsToplevel
+ModuleSpecs_CS1
+ModuleSpecs_CS2
+ModuleSpecs_CS3
+MyClass
+MyClass0ForErb
+MyClass1ForErb
+MyClass1ForErb_
+MyClass2ForErb
+MyClass4ForErb
+MyFiber
+MyModule2ForErb
+MyString
+NamespaceTest
+Net
+OBJDIR
+OBJECT_SPACE_TOP_LEVEL_CONSTANT
+OFor
+ObjectSpaceFixtures
+ObjectSpecDup
+ObjectSpecDupInitCopy
+ObjectTest
+Observable
+Open3
+OpenSSL
+OpenStruct
+OperatorImplementor
+OptParse
+OptionParser
+OrAndXorTest
+OtherCustomException
+ParentClass
+Pathname
+Person
+Prime
+Private
+ProcFromMethod
+Psych
+REXML
+RUBY_SIGNALS
+RbReadline
+Readline
+ReceiverClass
+RegexpSpecsSubclass
+RegexpSpecsSubclassTwo
+Reline
+RescueInClassExample
+Resolv
+Ripper
+SHA1Constants
+SHA256Constants
+SHA384Constants
+SHA512Constants
+SameName
+ScanError
+Scanf
+SecondClass
+SecureRandom
+Set
+Shellwords
+SimpleDelegator
+SingleForwardable
+Singleton
+Socket
+SocketError
+SomeClass
+SortedSet
+SpecificExampleException
+Specs
+StrChild
+StrangeEach
+StringIO
+StringRefinement
+StringScanner
+StringSubclass
+StructClasses
+Syck
+Syslog
+TCPServer
+TCPSocket
+TSort
+Tempfile
+TestServer
+Timeout
+TimeoutError
+UDPSocket
+UNIXServer
+UNIXSocket
+URI
+UnaryMinusTest
+UnicodeNormalize
+UnloadableDumpableDir
+UserArray
+UserCustomConstructorString
+UserDefined
+UserDefinedImmediate
+UserDefinedWithIvar
+UserHash
+UserHashInitParams
+UserMarshal
+UserMarshalWithClassName
+UserMarshalWithIvar
+UserObject
+UserPreviouslyDefinedWithInitializedIvar
+UserRegexp
+UserString
+Vector
+WEBrick
+WIN32OLE
+WIN32OLEQueryInterfaceError
+WIN32OLERuntimeError
+WIN32OLE_EVENT
+WIN32OLE_METHOD
+WIN32OLE_PARAM
+WIN32OLE_RECORD
+WIN32OLE_RUBYSPEC
+WIN32OLE_TYPE
+WIN32OLE_TYPELIB
+WIN32OLE_VARIABLE
+WIN32OLE_VARIANT
+WeakRef
+Win32
+YAML
+Zlib
diff --git a/spec/ruby/.rubocop.yml b/spec/ruby/.rubocop.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a26b525b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/.rubocop.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+inherit_from: .rubocop_todo.yml
+
+AllCops:
+  TargetRubyVersion: 2.5
+  DisplayCopNames: true
+  Exclude:
+    - command_line/fixtures/bad_syntax.rb
+  DisabledByDefault: true
+
+Layout/TrailingWhitespace:
+  Enabled: true
+
+Layout/TrailingEmptyLines:
+  Enabled: true
+  Exclude:
+    - library/coverage/fixtures/some_class.rb
+
+Layout/SpaceInLambdaLiteral:
+  Enabled: true
+  EnforcedStyle: require_space
+
+Lint:
+  Enabled: true
+
+# {...} has higher precedence than do ... end, on purpose
+Lint/AmbiguousBlockAssociation:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/AssignmentInCondition:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/BooleanSymbol:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/InterpolationCheck:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/LiteralAsCondition:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/RedundantRequireStatement:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/RedundantSplatExpansion:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/UnifiedInteger:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/UnusedBlockArgument:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/UnusedMethodArgument:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/UselessAssignment:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/UselessComparison:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/Void:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Lint/EmptyExpression:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/**/*.rb'
+
+Lint/EmptyWhen:
+  Exclude:
+    - language/case_spec.rb
+    - optional/capi/spec_helper.rb
+
+Lint/FormatParameterMismatch:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/kernel/shared/sprintf.rb'
+    - 'core/string/modulo_spec.rb'
+
+Lint/NestedMethodDefinition:
+  Exclude:
+    - language/def_spec.rb
+    - language/fixtures/def.rb
+
+Lint/ShadowingOuterLocalVariable:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/binding/local_variables_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/kernel/local_variables_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/block_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/proc_spec.rb'
+
+Lint/UnreachableCode:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/enumerator/lazy/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'core/kernel/catch_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/kernel/raise_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/kernel/throw_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/break_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/break.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/break_lambda_toplevel.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/break_lambda_toplevel_block.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/break_lambda_toplevel_method.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/return.rb'
+    - 'language/next_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/return_spec.rb'
+    - 'optional/capi/kernel_spec.rb'
+    - 'shared/kernel/raise.rb'
+
+Lint/UriRegexp:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'library/uri/regexp_spec.rb'
+
+Lint/Debugger:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/binding/fixtures/irb.rb'
+
+Lint/Loop:
+  Enabled: false
+
+Style/Lambda:
+  Enabled: true
+  EnforcedStyle: literal
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/lambda_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/proc_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/numbered_parameters_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/kernel/lambda_spec.rb'
+
+Style/EmptyLambdaParameter:
+  Enabled: true
+
+Style/StabbyLambdaParentheses:
+  Enabled: true
+  EnforcedStyle: require_no_parentheses
diff --git a/spec/ruby/.rubocop_todo.yml b/spec/ruby/.rubocop_todo.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a469213841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/.rubocop_todo.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# This configuration was generated by
+# `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
+# on 2019-12-12 22:16:26 +0900 using RuboCop version 0.77.0.
+# The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
+# one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
+# Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
+# versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.
+
+# Offense count: 2
+Lint/DuplicateCaseCondition:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/case_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 6
+Lint/DuplicateMethods:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/array/fixtures/encoded_strings.rb'
+    - 'core/method/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'core/module/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'core/unboundmethod/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'fixtures/class.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 8
+Lint/EnsureReturn:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/fixtures/ensure.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/return.rb'
+    - 'language/return_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 10
+Lint/FlipFlop:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/if_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/precedence_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 10
+Lint/FloatOutOfRange:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/string/modulo_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 2
+Lint/ImplicitStringConcatenation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/string_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 4
+Lint/IneffectiveAccessModifier:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/kernel/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'core/module/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/private.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 6
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
+# SupportedStyles: runtime_error, standard_error
+Lint/InheritException:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/enumerator/lazy/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'core/exception/fixtures/common.rb'
+    - 'core/module/fixtures/autoload_ex1.rb'
+    - 'shared/kernel/raise.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 72
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+Lint/LiteralInInterpolation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/module/refine_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/regexp/shared/new.rb'
+    - 'core/string/shared/to_sym.rb'
+    - 'language/alias_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/defined_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/squiggly_heredoc.rb'
+    - 'language/string_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/symbol_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/undef_spec.rb'
+    - 'library/net/ftp/connect_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 8
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+Lint/MultipleComparison:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/precedence_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 9
+Lint/ParenthesesAsGroupedExpression:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/string/fixtures/freeze_magic_comment.rb'
+    - 'language/block_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/send.rb'
+    - 'language/method_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 2
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+Lint/RedundantStringCoercion:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/io/print_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 1
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+Lint/RedundantWithIndex:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/enumerator/with_index_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 22
+Lint/RescueException:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'command_line/fixtures/debug_info.rb'
+    - 'core/dir/fileno_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/exception/cause_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/exception/no_method_error_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/kernel/fixtures/autoload_frozen.rb'
+    - 'core/kernel/raise_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/module/autoload_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/mutex/sleep_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/thread/abort_on_exception_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/thread/shared/exit.rb'
+    - 'language/rescue_spec.rb'
+    - 'library/erb/filename_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 4
+# Configuration parameters: IgnoreImplicitReferences.
+Lint/ShadowedArgument:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'language/fixtures/super.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 39
+# Configuration parameters: AllowComments.
+Lint/SuppressedException:
+  Enabled: false
+
+# Offense count: 9
+# Configuration parameters: AllowKeywordBlockArguments.
+Lint/UnderscorePrefixedVariableName:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/io/pipe_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/io/popen_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/block_spec.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 7
+# Configuration parameters: ContextCreatingMethods, MethodCreatingMethods.
+Lint/UselessAccessModifier:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'core/module/define_method_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/module/fixtures/classes.rb'
+    - 'core/module/module_function_spec.rb'
+    - 'core/module/private_class_method_spec.rb'
+    - 'language/fixtures/send.rb'
diff --git a/spec/ruby/CONTRIBUTING.md b/spec/ruby/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56e12736fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+Contributions are much appreciated.
+Please open a pull request or add an issue to discuss what you intend to work on.
+If the pull requests passes the CI and conforms to the existing style of specs, it will be merged.
+
+### File organization
+
+Spec are grouped in 5 separate top-level groups:
+
+* `command_line`: for the ruby executable command-line flags (`-v`, `-e`, etc)
+* `language`: for the language keywords and syntax constructs (`if`, `def`, `A::B`, etc)
+* `core`: for the core methods (`Integer#+`, `String#upcase`, no need to require anything)
+* `library`: for the standard libraries methods (`CSV.new`, `YAML.parse`, need to require the stdlib)
+* `optional/capi`: for functions available to the Ruby C-extension API
+
+The exact file for methods is decided by the `#owner` of a method, for instance for `#group_by`:
+```ruby
+> [].method(:group_by)
+=> #<Method: Array(Enumerable)#group_by>
+> [].method(:group_by).owner
+=> Enumerable
+```
+Which should therefore be specified in `core/enumerable/group_by_spec.rb`.
+
+### MkSpec - a tool to generate the spec structure
+
+If you want to create new specs, you should use `mkspec`, part of [MSpec](http://github.com/ruby/mspec).
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mkspec -h
+
+#### Creating files for unspecified modules or classes
+
+For instance, to create specs for `forwardable`:
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mkspec -b library -rforwardable -c Forwardable
+
+Specify `core` or `library` as the `base`.
+
+#### Finding unspecified core methods
+
+This is very easy, just run the command below in your `spec` directory.
+`ruby` must be a recent version of MRI.
+
+    $ ruby --disable-gem ../mspec/bin/mkspec
+
+You might also want to search for:
+
+    it "needs to be reviewed for spec completeness"
+
+which indicates the file was generated but the method unspecified.
+
+### Matchers and expectations
+
+Here is a list of frequently-used matchers, which should be enough for most specs.
+There are a few extra specific matchers used in the couple specs that need it.
+
+#### Comparison matchers
+
+```ruby
+(1 + 2).should == 3 # Calls #==
+(1 + 2).should_not == 5
+
+File.should.equal?(File) # Calls #equal? (tests identity)
+(1 + 2).should.eql?(3) # Calls #eql? (Hash equality)
+
+1.should < 2
+2.should <= 2
+3.should >= 3
+4.should > 3
+
+"Hello".should =~ /l{2}/ # Calls #=~ (Regexp match)
+```
+
+#### Predicate matchers
+
+```ruby
+[].should.empty?
+[1,2,3].should.include?(2)
+
+"hello".should.start_with?("h")
+"hello".should.end_with?("o")
+
+(0.1 + 0.2).should be_close(0.3, TOLERANCE) # (0.2-0.1).abs < TOLERANCE
+(0.0/0.0).should.nan?
+(1.0/0.0).should be_positive_infinity
+(-1.0/0.0).should be_negative_infinity
+
+3.14.should be_an_instance_of(Float) # Calls #instance_of?
+3.14.should be_kind_of(Numeric) # Calls #is_a?
+Numeric.should be_ancestor_of(Float) # Float.ancestors.include?(Numeric)
+
+3.14.should.respond_to?(:to_i)
+Integer.should have_instance_method(:+)
+Array.should have_method(:new)
+```
+
+Also `have_constant`, `have_private_instance_method`, `have_singleton_method`, etc.
+
+#### Exception matchers
+
+```ruby
+-> {
+  raise "oops"
+}.should raise_error(RuntimeError, /oops/)
+
+-> {
+  raise "oops"
+}.should raise_error(RuntimeError) { |e|
+  # Custom checks on the Exception object
+  e.message.should.include?("oops")
+  e.cause.should == nil
+}
+```
+
+##### should_not raise_error
+
+**To avoid!** Instead, use an expectation testing what the code in the lambda does.
+If an exception is raised, it will fail the example anyway.
+
+```ruby
+-> { ... }.should_not raise_error
+```
+
+#### Warning matcher
+
+```ruby
+-> {
+  Integer
+}.should complain(/constant ::Integer is deprecated/) # Expect a warning
+```
+
+### Guards
+
+Different guards are available as defined by mspec.
+Here is a list of the most commonly-used guards:
+
+#### Version guards
+
+```ruby
+ruby_version_is ""..."2.6" do
+  # Specs for RUBY_VERSION < 2.6
+end
+
+ruby_version_is "2.6" do
+  # Specs for RUBY_VERSION >= 2.6
+end
+```
+
+#### Platform guards
+
+```ruby
+platform_is :windows do
+  # Specs only valid on Windows
+end
+
+platform_is_not :windows do
+  # Specs valid on platforms other than Windows
+end
+
+platform_is :linux, :darwin do # OR
+end
+
+platform_is_not :linux, :darwin do # Not Linux and not Darwin
+end
+
+platform_is wordsize: 64 do
+  # 64-bit platform
+end
+
+big_endian do
+  # Big-endian platform
+end
+```
+
+#### Guard for bug
+
+In case there is a bug in MRI but the expected behavior is obvious.
+First, file a bug at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/.
+It is better to use a `ruby_version_is` guard if there was a release with the fix.
+
+```ruby
+ruby_bug '#13669', ''...'2.5' do
+  it "works like this" do
+    # Specify the expected behavior here, not the bug
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Combining guards
+
+```ruby
+guard -> { platform_is :windows and ruby_version_is ""..."2.6" } do
+  # Windows and RUBY_VERSION < 2.6
+end
+
+guard_not -> { platform_is :windows and ruby_version_is ""..."2.6" } do
+  # The opposite
+end
+```
+
+#### Custom guard
+
+```ruby
+max_uint = (1 << 32) - 1
+guard -> { max_uint <= fixnum_max } do
+end
+```
+
+Custom guards are better than a simple `if` as they allow [mspec commands](https://github.com/ruby/mspec/issues/30#issuecomment-312487779) to work properly.
+
+#### Implementation-specific behaviors
+
+In general, the usage of guards should be minimized as possible.
+
+There are no guards to define implementation-specific behavior because
+the Ruby Spec Suite defines common behavior and not implementation details.
+Use the implementation test suite for these.
+
+If an implementation does not support some feature, simply tag the related specs as failing instead.
+
+### Shared Specs
+
+Often throughout Ruby, identical functionality is used by different methods and modules. In order
+to avoid duplication of specs, we have shared specs that are re-used in other specs.  The use is a
+bit tricky however, so let's go over it.
+
+Commonly, if a shared spec is only reused within its own module, the shared spec will live within a
+shared directory inside that module's directory. For example, the `core/hash/shared/key.rb` spec is
+only used by `Hash` specs, and so it lives inside `core/hash/shared/`.
+
+When a shared spec is used across multiple modules or classes, it lives within the `shared/` directory.
+An example of this is the `shared/file/socket.rb` which is used by `core/file/socket_spec.rb`,
+`core/filetest/socket_spec.rb`, and `core/file/state/socket_spec.rb` and so it lives in the root `shared/`.
+
+Defining a shared spec involves adding a `shared: true` option to the top-level `describe` block. This
+will signal not to run the specs directly by the runner.  Shared specs have access to two instance
+variables from the implementor spec: `@method` and `@object`, which the implementor spec will pass in.
+
+Here's an example of a snippet of a shared spec and two specs which integrates it:
+
+```ruby
+# core/hash/shared/key.rb
+describe :hash_key_p, shared: true do
+  it "returns true if the key's matching value was false" do
+    { xyz: false }.send(@method, :xyz).should == true
+  end
+end
+
+# core/hash/key_spec.rb
+describe "Hash#key?" do
+  it_behaves_like :hash_key_p, :key?
+end
+
+# core/hash/include_spec.rb
+describe "Hash#include?" do
+  it_behaves_like :hash_key_p, :include?
+end
+```
+
+In the example, the first `describe` defines the shared spec `:hash_key_p`, which defines a spec that
+calls the `@method` method with an expectation.  In the implementor spec, we use `it_behaves_like` to
+integrate the shared spec.  `it_behaves_like` takes 3 parameters: the key of the shared spec, a method,
+and an object.  These last two parameters are accessible via `@method` and `@object` in the shared spec.
+
+Sometimes, shared specs require more context from the implementor class than a simple object. We can address
+this by passing a lambda as the method, which will have the scope of the implementor.  Here's an example of
+how this is used currently:
+
+```ruby
+describe :kernel_sprintf, shared: true do
+  it "raises TypeError exception if cannot convert to Integer" do
+    -> { @method.call("%b", Object.new) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Kernel#sprintf" do
+  it_behaves_like :kernel_sprintf, -> (format, *args) {
+    sprintf(format, *args)
+  }
+end
+
+describe "Kernel.sprintf" do
+  it_behaves_like :kernel_sprintf, -> (format, *args) {
+    Kernel.sprintf(format, *args)
+  }
+end
+```
+
+In the above example, the method being passed is a lambda that triggers the specific conditions of the shared spec.
+
+### Style
+
+Do not leave any trailing space and follow the existing style.
diff --git a/spec/ruby/LICENSE b/spec/ruby/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d581dd1c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (c) 2008 Engine Yard, Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/spec/ruby/README.md b/spec/ruby/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..932cd83061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# The Ruby Spec Suite
+
+[![Actions Build Status](https://github.com/ruby/spec/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/spec/actions)
+[![Gitter](https://badges.gitter.im/ruby/spec.svg)](https://gitter.im/ruby/spec)
+
+The Ruby Spec Suite, abbreviated `ruby/spec`, is a test suite for the behavior of the Ruby programming language.
+
+### Description and Motivation
+
+It is not a standardized specification like the ISO one, and does not aim to become one.
+Instead, it is a practical tool to describe and test the behavior of Ruby with code.
+
+Every example code has a textual description, which presents several advantages:
+
+* It is easier to understand the intent of the author
+* It documents how recent versions of Ruby should behave
+* It helps Ruby implementations to agree on a common behavior
+
+The specs are written with syntax similar to RSpec 2.
+They are run with MSpec, the purpose-built framework for running the Ruby Spec Suite.
+For more information, see the [MSpec](http://github.com/ruby/mspec) project.
+
+The specs describe the [language syntax](language/), the [core library](core/), the [standard library](library/), the [C API for extensions](optional/capi) and the [command line flags](command_line/).
+The language specs are grouped by keyword while the core and standard library specs are grouped by class and method.
+
+ruby/spec is known to be tested in these implementations for every commit:
+* [MRI](http://rubyci.org/) on 30 platforms and 4 versions
+* [JRuby](https://github.com/jruby/jruby/tree/master/spec/ruby) for both 1.7 and 9.x
+* [TruffleRuby](https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby/tree/master/spec/ruby)
+* [Opal](https://github.com/opal/opal/tree/master/spec)
+
+ruby/spec describes the behavior of Ruby 2.5 and more recent Ruby versions.
+More precisely, every latest stable MRI release should [pass](https://travis-ci.org/ruby/spec) all specs of ruby/spec (2.5.x, 2.6.x, 2.7.x, etc), and those are tested in TravisCI.
+
+### Synchronization with Ruby Implementations
+
+The specs are synchronized both ways around once a month by @eregon between ruby/spec, MRI, JRuby and TruffleRuby.
+Each of these repositories has a full copy of the specs under `spec/ruby` to ease editing specs.
+Any of these repositories can be used to add or edit specs, use what is most convenient for you.
+
+For *testing* the development version of a Ruby implementation, one should always test against that implementation's copy of the specs under `spec/ruby`, as that's what the Ruby implementation tests against in their CI.
+Also, this repository doesn't always contain the latest spec changes from MRI (it's synchronized monthly), and does not contain tags (specs marked as failing on that Ruby implementation).
+Running specs on a Ruby implementation can be done with:
+
+```
+$ cd ruby_implementation/spec/ruby
+# Add ../ruby_implementation/bin in PATH, or pass -t /path/to/bin/ruby
+$ ../mspec/bin/mspec
+```
+
+### Specs for old Ruby versions
+
+For older specs try these commits:
+* Ruby 2.0.0-p647 - [Suite](https://github.com/ruby/spec/commit/245862558761d5abc676843ef74f86c9bcc8ea8d) using [MSpec](https://github.com/ruby/mspec/commit/f90efa068791064f955de7a843e96e2d7d3041c2) (may encounter 2 failures)
+* Ruby 2.1.9 - [Suite](https://github.com/ruby/spec/commit/f029e65241374386077ac500add557ae65069b55) using [MSpec](https://github.com/ruby/mspec/commit/55568ea3918c6380e64db8c567d732fa5781efed)
+* Ruby 2.2.10 - [Suite](https://github.com/ruby/spec/commit/cbaa0e412270c944df0c2532fc500c920dba0e92) using [MSpec](https://github.com/ruby/mspec/commit/d84d7668449e96856c5f6bac8cb1526b6d357ce3)
+* Ruby 2.3.8 - [Suite](https://github.com/ruby/spec/commit/dc733114d8ae66a3368ba3a98422c50147a76ba5) using [MSpec](https://github.com/ruby/mspec/commit/4599bc195fb109f2a482a01c32a7d659518369ea)
+* Ruby 2.4.10 - [Suite](https://github.com/ruby/spec/commit/bce4f2b81d6c31db67cf4d023a0625ceadde59bd) using [MSpec](https://github.com/ruby/mspec/commit/e7eb8aa4c26495b7b461e687d950b96eb08b3ff2)
+
+### Running the specs
+
+First, clone this repository:
+
+    $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/spec.git
+
+Then move to it:
+
+    $ cd spec
+
+Clone [MSpec](http://github.com/ruby/mspec):
+
+    $ git clone https://github.com/ruby/mspec.git ../mspec
+
+And run the spec suite:
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec
+
+This will execute all the specs using the executable named `ruby` on your current PATH.
+
+### Running Specs with a Specific Ruby Implementation
+
+Use the `-t` option to specify the Ruby implementation with which to run the specs.
+The argument is either a full path to the Ruby binary, or an executable in `$PATH`.
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec -t /path/to/some/bin/ruby
+
+### Running Selected Specs
+
+To run a single spec file, pass the filename to `mspec`:
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec core/kernel/kind_of_spec.rb
+
+You can also pass a directory, in which case all specs in that directories will be run:
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec core/kernel
+
+Finally, you can also run them per group as defined in `default.mspec`.
+The following command will run all language specs:
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec :language
+
+In similar fashion, the following commands run the respective specs:
+
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec :core
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec :library
+    $ ../mspec/bin/mspec :capi
+
+### Sanity Checks When Running Specs
+
+A number of checks for various kind of "leaks" (file descriptors, temporary files,
+threads, subprocesses, `ENV`, `ARGV`, global encodings, top-level constants) can be
+enabled with `CHECK_LEAKS=true`:
+
+    $ CHECK_LEAKS=true ../mspec/bin/mspec
+
+New top-level constants should only be introduced when needed or follow the
+pattern `<ClassBeingTested>Specs` such as `module StringSpecs`.
+Other constants used for testing should be nested under such a module.
+
+Exceptions to these rules are contained in the file `.mspec.constants`.
+MSpec can automatically add new top-level constants in this file with:
+
+    $ CHECK_LEAKS=save mspec ../mspec/bin/mspec file
+
+### Contributing and Writing Specs
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/ruby/spec/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) for documentation about contributing and writing specs (guards, matchers, etc).
+
+### Dependencies
+
+These command-line executables are needed to run the specs.
+
+* `echo`
+* `stat` for `core/file/*time_spec.rb`
+* `find` for `core/file/fixtures/file_types.rb` (package `findutils`, not needed on Windows)
+
+The file `/etc/services` is required for socket specs (package `netbase` on Debian, not needed on Windows).
+
+### Socket specs from rubysl-socket
+
+Most specs under `library/socket` were imported from [the rubysl-socket project](https://github.com/rubysl/rubysl-socket).
+The 3 copyright holders of rubysl-socket, Yorick Peterse, Chuck Remes and
+Brian Shirai, [agreed to relicense those specs](https://github.com/rubysl/rubysl-socket/issues/15)
+under the MIT license in ruby/spec.
+
+### History and RubySpec
+
+This project was originally born from [Rubinius](https://github.com/rubinius/rubinius) tests being converted to the spec style.
+The revision history of these specs is available [here](https://github.com/ruby/spec/blob/2b886623/CHANGES.before-2008-05-10).
+These specs were later extracted to their own project, RubySpec, with a specific vision and principles.
+At the end of 2014, Brian Shirai, the creator of RubySpec, decided to [end RubySpec](http://rubinius.com/2014/12/31/matz-s-ruby-developers-don-t-use-rubyspec/).
+A couple months later, the different repositories were merged and [the project was revived](http://eregon.github.io/rubyspec/2015/07/29/rubyspec-is-reborn.html).
+On 12 January 2016, the name was changed to "The Ruby Spec Suite" for clarity and to let the RubySpec ideology rest in peace.
diff --git a/spec/ruby/TODO b/spec/ruby/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f81f070d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+* Decide a way to test methods that are only visible given a specific
+  command-line option. For example, Kernel#gsub with -n/-p on 1.9.
+* Look at automating discovery of guarded bugs which have been fixed.
+* Use mocks for all Math functions that coerce with #to_f; currently a fixture
+  is used.
+* investigate slow specs (run with -fp) and make them faster.
+* restore some caller specs from 642bf529
+* restore refinements specs and update. See 56c5528f and f20a62e8.
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_a_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_a_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ea135dc76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_a_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -a command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @names  = fixture __FILE__, "full_names.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "runs the code in loop conditional on Kernel.gets()" do
+    ruby_exe("puts $F.last", options: "-n -a", escape: true,
+                             args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "jones\nfield\ngrey\n"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $-a" do
+    ruby_exe("puts $-a", options: "-n -a", escape: true,
+                         args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "true\ntrue\ntrue\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_c_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_c_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b3a5de685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_c_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -c command line option" do
+  it "checks syntax in given file" do
+    ruby_exe(nil, args: "-c #{__FILE__}").chomp.should == "Syntax OK"
+  end
+
+  it "checks syntax in -e strings" do
+    ruby_exe(nil, args: "-c -e 'puts 1' -e 'hello world'").chomp.should == "Syntax OK"
+  end
+
+  #Also needs spec for reading from STDIN
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_d_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_d_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26891b4791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_d_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -d command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = fixture __FILE__, "debug.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $DEBUG to true" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-d",
+                      args: "0 2> #{File::NULL}").chomp.should == "$DEBUG true"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $VERBOSE to true" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-d",
+                      args: "1 2> #{File::NULL}").chomp.should == "$VERBOSE true"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $-d to true" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-d",
+                      args: "2 2> #{File::NULL}").chomp.should == "$-d true"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_e_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_e_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24ed34376d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_e_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -e command line option" do
+  it "evaluates the given string" do
+    ruby_exe("puts 'foo'").chomp.should == "foo"
+  end
+
+  it "joins multiple strings with newlines" do
+    ruby_exe(nil, args: %Q{-e "puts 'hello" -e "world'" 2>&1}).chomp.should == "hello\nworld"
+  end
+
+  it "uses 'main' as self" do
+    ruby_exe("puts self", escape: false).chomp.should == "main"
+  end
+
+  it "uses '-e' as file" do
+    ruby_exe("puts __FILE__", escape: false).chomp.should == "-e"
+  end
+
+  it "uses '-e' in $0" do
+    system(*ruby_exe, '-e', 'exit $0 == "-e"').should == true
+  end
+
+  #needs to test return => LocalJumpError
+
+  describe "with -n and an Integer range" do
+    before :each do
+      @script = "-ne 'print if %s' #{fixture(__FILE__, "conditional_range.txt")}"
+    end
+
+    it "mimics an awk conditional by comparing an inclusive-end range with $." do
+      ruby_exe(nil, args: (@script % "2..3")).should == "2\n3\n"
+      ruby_exe(nil, args: (@script % "2..2")).should == "2\n"
+    end
+
+    it "mimics a sed conditional by comparing an exclusive-end range with $." do
+      ruby_exe(nil, args: (@script % "2...3")).should == "2\n3\n"
+      ruby_exe(nil, args: (@script % "2...2")).should == "2\n3\n4\n5\n"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_encoding_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_encoding_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36ce55af5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_encoding_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The --encoding command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @test_string = "print [Encoding.default_external.name, Encoding.default_internal&.name].inspect"
+    @enc2 = Encoding::ISO_8859_1
+  end
+
+  describe "sets Encoding.default_external and optionally Encoding.default_internal" do
+    it "if given a single encoding with an =" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: "--disable-gems --encoding=big5").should == [Encoding::Big5.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "if given a single encoding as a separate argument" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: "--disable-gems --encoding big5").should == [Encoding::Big5.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "if given two encodings with an =" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: "--disable-gems --encoding=big5:#{@enc2}").should == [Encoding::Big5.name, @enc2.name].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "if given two encodings as a separate argument" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: "--disable-gems --encoding big5:#{@enc2}").should == [Encoding::Big5.name, @enc2.name].inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "does not accept a third encoding" do
+    ruby_exe(@test_string, options: "--disable-gems --encoding big5:#{@enc2}:utf-32le", args: "2>&1").should =~ /extra argument for --encoding: utf-32le/
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_external_encoding_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_external_encoding_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f052674dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_external_encoding_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe 'The --external-encoding command line option sets Encoding.default_external' do
+  before :each do
+    @test_string = "print Encoding.default_external.name"
+  end
+
+  it "if given an encoding with an =" do
+    ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '--external-encoding=big5').should == Encoding::Big5.name
+  end
+
+  it "if given an encoding as a separate argument" do
+    ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '--external-encoding big5').should == Encoding::Big5.name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_internal_encoding_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_internal_encoding_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3049040bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_internal_encoding_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe 'The --internal-encoding command line option sets Encoding.default_internal' do
+  before :each do
+    @test_string = "print Encoding.default_internal.name"
+  end
+
+  it "if given an encoding with an =" do
+    ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '--internal-encoding=big5').should == Encoding::Big5.name
+  end
+
+  it "if given an encoding as a separate argument" do
+    ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '--internal-encoding big5').should == Encoding::Big5.name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_l_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_l_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c1d3cf4cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_l_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -l command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @names  = fixture __FILE__, "full_names.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "chomps lines with default separator" do
+    ruby_exe('puts $_.end_with?("\n")', options: "-n -l", escape: true,
+             args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+        "false\nfalse\nfalse\n"
+  end
+
+  it "chomps last line based on $/" do
+    ruby_exe('BEGIN { $/ = "ones\n" }; puts $_', options: "-W0 -n -l", escape: true,
+             args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+        "alice j\nbob field\njames grey\n"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $\\ to the value of $/" do
+    ruby_exe("puts $\\ == $/", options: "-W0 -n -l", escape: true,
+             args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+        "true\ntrue\ntrue\n"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $-l" do
+    ruby_exe("puts $-l", options: "-n -l", escape: true,
+                         args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "true\ntrue\ntrue\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_n_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_n_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d331d6065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_n_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -n command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @names  = fixture __FILE__, "names.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "runs the code in loop conditional on Kernel.gets()" do
+    ruby_exe("puts $_", options: "-n", escape: true,
+                        args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "alice\nbob\njames\n"
+  end
+
+  it "only evaluates BEGIN blocks once" do
+    ruby_exe("BEGIN { puts \"hi\" }; puts $_", options: "-n", escape: true,
+                                               args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "hi\nalice\nbob\njames\n"
+  end
+
+  it "only evaluates END blocks once" do
+    ruby_exe("puts $_; END {puts \"bye\"}", options: "-n", escape: true,
+                                            args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "alice\nbob\njames\nbye\n"
+  end
+
+  it "allows summing over a whole file" do
+    script = <<-script
+    BEGIN { $total = 0 }
+    $total += 1
+    END { puts $total }
+    script
+    ruby_exe(script, options: "-n", escape: true,
+                     args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "3\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_p_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_p_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39827c3868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_p_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -p command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @names  = fixture __FILE__, "names.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "runs the code in loop conditional on Kernel.gets() and prints $_" do
+    ruby_exe("$_ = $_.upcase", options: "-p", escape: true,
+                               args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "ALICE\nBOB\nJAMES\n"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $-p" do
+    ruby_exe("$_ = $-p", options: "-p", escape: true,
+                         args: " < #{@names}").should ==
+      "truetruetrue"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_r_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_r_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46c000b9e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_r_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -r command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = fixture __FILE__, "require.rb"
+    @test_file = fixture __FILE__, "test_file"
+  end
+
+  it "requires the specified file" do
+    out = ruby_exe(@script, options: "-r #{@test_file}")
+    out.should include("REQUIRED")
+    out.should include(@test_file + ".rb")
+  end
+
+  it "requires the file before parsing the main script" do
+    out = ruby_exe(fixture(__FILE__, "bad_syntax.rb"), options: "-r #{@test_file}", args: "2>&1")
+    $?.should_not.success?
+    out.should include("REQUIRED")
+    out.should include("syntax error")
+  end
+
+  it "does not require the file if the main script file does not exist" do
+    out = `#{ruby_exe.to_a.join(' ')} -r #{@test_file} #{fixture(__FILE__, "does_not_exist.rb")} 2>&1`
+    $?.should_not.success?
+    out.should_not.include?("REQUIRED")
+    out.should.include?("No such file or directory")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_s_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_s_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eaaeea7c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_s_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -s command line option" do
+  describe "when using -- to stop parsing" do
+    it "sets the value to true without an explicit value" do
+      ruby_exe(nil, options: "-s -e 'p $n'",
+                    args: "-- -n").chomp.should == "true"
+    end
+
+    it "parses single letter args into globals" do
+      ruby_exe(nil, options: "-s -e 'puts $n'",
+                    args: "-- -n=blah").chomp.should == "blah"
+    end
+
+    it "parses long args into globals" do
+      ruby_exe(nil, options: "-s -e 'puts $_name'",
+                    args: "-- --name=blah").chomp.should == "blah"
+    end
+
+    it "converts extra dashes into underscores" do
+      ruby_exe(nil, options: "-s -e 'puts $___name__test__'",
+                    args: "-- ----name--test--=blah").chomp.should == "blah"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when running a script" do
+    before :all do
+      @script = fixture __FILE__, "dash_s_script.rb"
+    end
+
+    it "sets the value to true without an explicit value" do
+      ruby_exe(@script, options: "-s",
+                        args: "-n 0").chomp.should == "true"
+    end
+
+    it "parses single letter args into globals" do
+      ruby_exe(@script, options: "-s",
+                        args: "-n=blah 1").chomp.should == "blah"
+    end
+
+    it "parses long args into globals" do
+      ruby_exe(@script, options: "-s",
+                        args: "--name=blah 2").chomp.should == "blah"
+    end
+
+    it "converts extra dashes into underscores" do
+      ruby_exe(@script, options: "-s",
+                        args: "----name--test--=blah 3").chomp.should == "blah"
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_c_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_c_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ece1b32105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_c_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/change_directory'
+
+describe "The -C command line option" do
+  it_behaves_like :command_line_change_directory, "-C"
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_e_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_e_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3c6ce262b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_e_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ruby -E" do
+  it "sets the external encoding with '-E external'" do
+    result = ruby_exe("print Encoding.default_external", options: '-E euc-jp')
+    result.should == "EUC-JP"
+  end
+
+  platform_is_not :windows do
+    it "also sets the filesystem encoding with '-E external'" do
+      result = ruby_exe("print Encoding.find('filesystem')", options: '-E euc-jp')
+      result.should == "EUC-JP"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the external encoding with '-E external:'" do
+    result = ruby_exe("print Encoding.default_external", options: '-E Shift_JIS:')
+    result.should == "Shift_JIS"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the internal encoding with '-E :internal'" do
+    ruby_exe("print Encoding.default_internal", options: '-E :SHIFT_JIS').
+      should == 'Shift_JIS'
+  end
+
+  it "sets the external and internal encodings with '-E external:internal'" do
+    ruby_exe("puts Encoding.default_external, Encoding.default_internal", options: '-E euc-jp:SHIFT_JIS').
+      should == "EUC-JP\nShift_JIS\n"
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError if used with -U" do
+    ruby_exe("p 1",
+             options: '-Eascii:ascii -U',
+             args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_f_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_f_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..967acc2ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_f_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "the -F command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @passwd  = fixture __FILE__, "passwd_file.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "specifies the field separator pattern for -a" do
+    ruby_exe("puts $F[0]", options: "-naF:", escape: true,
+                           args: " < #{@passwd}").should ==
+      "nobody\nroot\ndaemon\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_i_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_i_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cafb724e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_i_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -I command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = fixture __FILE__, "loadpath.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "adds the path to the load path ($:)" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-I fixtures").should include("fixtures")
+  end
+
+  it "adds the path at the front of $LOAD_PATH" do
+    lines = ruby_exe(@script, options: "-I fixtures").lines
+    if PlatformGuard.implementation? :ruby
+      # In a MRI checkout, $PWD ends up as the first entry in $LOAD_PATH.
+      # So just assert that it's at the beginning.
+      idx = lines.index { |l| l.include?("fixtures") }
+      idx.should < 2
+      idx.should < lines.size-1
+    else
+      lines[0].should include("fixtures")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "adds the path expanded from CWD to $LOAD_PATH" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-I fixtures").lines.should include "#{Dir.pwd}/fixtures\n"
+  end
+
+  it "expands a path from CWD even if it does not exist" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-I not_exist/not_exist").lines.should include "#{Dir.pwd}/not_exist/not_exist\n"
+  end
+end
+
+platform_is_not :windows do
+  describe "The -I command line option" do
+    before :each do
+      @script = fixture __FILE__, "loadpath.rb"
+      @fixtures = File.dirname(@script)
+      @symlink = tmp("loadpath_symlink")
+      File.symlink(@fixtures, @symlink)
+    end
+
+    after :each do
+      rm_r @symlink
+    end
+
+    it "does not expand symlinks" do
+      ruby_exe(@script, options: "-I #{@symlink}").lines.should include "#{@symlink}\n"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_k_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_k_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e71532295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_k_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe 'The -K command line option' do
+  before :each do
+    @test_string = "print [__ENCODING__&.name, Encoding.default_external&.name, Encoding.default_internal&.name].inspect"
+  end
+
+  describe 'sets __ENCODING__ and Encoding.default_external' do
+    it "to Encoding::BINARY with -Ka" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-Ka').should ==
+        [Encoding::BINARY.name, Encoding::BINARY.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::BINARY with -KA" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-KA').should ==
+        [Encoding::BINARY.name, Encoding::BINARY.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::BINARY with -Kn" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-Kn').should ==
+        [Encoding::BINARY.name, Encoding::BINARY.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::BINARY with -KN" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-KN').should ==
+        [Encoding::BINARY.name, Encoding::BINARY.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::EUC_JP with -Ke" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-Ke').should ==
+        [Encoding::EUC_JP.name, Encoding::EUC_JP.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::EUC_JP with -KE" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-KE').should ==
+        [Encoding::EUC_JP.name, Encoding::EUC_JP.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::UTF_8 with -Ku" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-Ku').should ==
+        [Encoding::UTF_8.name, Encoding::UTF_8.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::UTF_8 with -KU" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-KU').should ==
+        [Encoding::UTF_8.name, Encoding::UTF_8.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::Windows_31J with -Ks" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-Ks').should ==
+        [Encoding::Windows_31J.name, Encoding::Windows_31J.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+
+    it "to Encoding::Windows_31J with -KS" do
+      ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-KS').should ==
+        [Encoding::Windows_31J.name, Encoding::Windows_31J.name, nil].inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "ignores unknown codes" do
+    external = Encoding.find('external')
+    ruby_exe(@test_string, options: '-KZ').should ==
+      [Encoding::UTF_8.name, external.name, nil].inspect
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_s_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_s_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a28fa2ad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_s_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe 'The -S command line option' do
+  before :each do
+    @path = [ENV['PATH'], fixture(__FILE__, "bin")].join(':')
+  end
+
+  platform_is_not :windows do
+    # On VirtualBox shared directory (vboxsf) all files are world writable
+    # and MRI shows warning when including world writable path in ENV['PATH'].
+    # This is why we are using /success$/ matching in the following cases.
+
+    it "runs launcher found in PATH, but only code after the first /\#!.*ruby.*/-ish line in target file" do
+      result = ruby_exe(nil, options: '-S hybrid_launcher.sh', env: { 'PATH' => @path }, args: '2>&1')
+      result.should =~ /success$/
+    end
+
+    it "runs launcher found in PATH" do
+      result = ruby_exe(nil, options: '-S launcher.rb', env: { 'PATH' => @path }, args: '2>&1')
+      result.should =~ /success$/
+    end
+
+    it "runs launcher found in PATH and sets the exit status to 1 if it fails" do
+      result = ruby_exe(nil, options: '-S dash_s_fail', env: { 'PATH' => @path }, args: '2>&1')
+      result.should =~ /\bdie\b/
+      $?.exitstatus.should == 1
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_u_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_u_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2546b5b9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_u_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ruby -U" do
+  it "sets Encoding.default_internal to UTF-8" do
+     ruby_exe('print Encoding.default_internal.name',
+              options: '-U').should == 'UTF-8'
+  end
+
+  it "does nothing different if specified multiple times" do
+     ruby_exe('print Encoding.default_internal.name',
+              options: '-U -U').should == 'UTF-8'
+  end
+
+  it "is overruled by Encoding.default_internal=" do
+     ruby_exe('Encoding.default_internal="ascii"; print Encoding.default_internal.name',
+              options: '-U').should == 'US-ASCII'
+  end
+
+  it "does not affect the default external encoding" do
+     ruby_exe('Encoding.default_external="ascii"; print Encoding.default_external.name',
+              options: '-U').should == 'US-ASCII'
+  end
+
+  it "does not affect the source encoding" do
+     ruby_exe("print __ENCODING__.name",
+              options: '-U -KE').should == 'EUC-JP'
+     ruby_exe("print __ENCODING__.name",
+              options: '-KE -U').should == 'EUC-JP'
+  end
+
+  # I assume IO redirection will break on Windows...
+  it "raises a RuntimeError if used with -Eext:int" do
+    ruby_exe("p 1",
+             options: '-U -Eascii:ascii',
+             args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError if used with -E:int" do
+    ruby_exe("p 1",
+             options: '-U -E:ascii',
+             args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_w_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_w_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b705638606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_w_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/verbose'
+
+describe "The -W command line option" do
+  before :each do
+    @script = fixture __FILE__, "verbose.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "with 0 sets $VERBOSE to nil" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-W0").chomp.should == "nil"
+  end
+
+  it "with 1 sets $VERBOSE to false" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: "-W1").chomp.should == "false"
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The -W command line option with 2" do
+  it_behaves_like :command_line_verbose, "-W2"
+end
+
+ruby_version_is "2.7" do
+  describe "The -W command line option with :no-deprecated" do
+    it "suppresses deprecation warnings" do
+      result = ruby_exe('$; = ""', options: '-w', args: '2>&1')
+      result.should =~ /is deprecated/
+
+      result = ruby_exe('$; = ""', options: '-w -W:no-deprecated', args: '2>&1')
+      result.should == ""
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "The -W command line option with :no-experimental" do
+    before do
+      ruby_version_is ""..."3.0" do
+        @src = 'case [0, 1]; in [a, b]; end'
+      end
+
+      ruby_version_is "3.0" do
+        @src = '[0, 1] => [a, b]'
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "suppresses experimental warnings" do
+      result = ruby_exe(@src, args: '2>&1')
+      result.should =~ /is experimental/
+
+      result = ruby_exe(@src, options: '-W:no-experimental', args: '2>&1')
+      result.should == ""
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_x_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_x_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ef9aae4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_upper_x_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/change_directory'
+
+describe "The -X command line option" do
+  it_behaves_like :command_line_change_directory, "-X"
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_v_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_v_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04d684fdad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_v_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/verbose'
+
+describe "The -v command line option" do
+  it_behaves_like :command_line_verbose, "-v"
+
+  describe "when used alone" do
+    it "prints version and ends" do
+      ruby_exe(nil, args: '-v').should include(RUBY_DESCRIPTION)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_w_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_w_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d93e0347b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_w_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/verbose'
+
+describe "The -w command line option" do
+  it_behaves_like :command_line_verbose, "-w"
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_x_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_x_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb89db0144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/dash_x_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The -x command line option" do
+  it "runs code after the first /\#!.*ruby.*/-ish line in target file" do
+    embedded_ruby = fixture __FILE__, "bin/embedded_ruby.txt"
+    result = ruby_exe(embedded_ruby, options: '-x')
+    result.should == "success\n"
+  end
+
+  it "fails when /\#!.*ruby.*/-ish line in target file is not found" do
+    bad_embedded_ruby = fixture __FILE__, "bin/bad_embedded_ruby.txt"
+    result = ruby_exe(bad_embedded_ruby, options: '-x', args: '2>&1')
+    result.should include "no Ruby script found in input"
+  end
+
+  it "behaves as -x was set when non-ruby shebang is encountered on first line" do
+    embedded_ruby = fixture __FILE__, "bin/hybrid_launcher.sh"
+    result = ruby_exe(embedded_ruby)
+    result.should == "success\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/error_message_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/error_message_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3f7de4fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/error_message_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The error message caused by an exception" do
+  it "is not printed to stdout" do
+    out = ruby_exe("this_does_not_exist", args: "2> #{File::NULL}")
+    out.chomp.should.empty?
+
+    out = ruby_exe("end #syntax error", args: "2> #{File::NULL}")
+    out.chomp.should.empty?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/feature_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/feature_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16e106b37d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/feature_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The --enable and --disable flags" do
+
+  it "can be used with gems" do
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--enable=gems").chomp.should == "\"constant\""
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--disable=gems").chomp.should == "nil"
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--enable-gems").chomp.should == "\"constant\""
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--disable-gems").chomp.should == "nil"
+  end
+
+  it "can be used with gem" do
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--enable=gem").chomp.should == "\"constant\""
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--disable=gem").chomp.should == "nil"
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--enable-gem").chomp.should == "\"constant\""
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(Gem)", options: "--disable-gem").chomp.should == "nil"
+  end
+
+  it "can be used with did_you_mean" do
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(DidYouMean)", options: "--enable=did_you_mean").chomp.should == "\"constant\""
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(DidYouMean)", options: "--disable=did_you_mean").chomp.should == "nil"
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(DidYouMean)", options: "--enable-did_you_mean").chomp.should == "\"constant\""
+    ruby_exe("p defined?(DidYouMean)", options: "--disable-did_you_mean").chomp.should == "nil"
+  end
+
+  it "can be used with rubyopt" do
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", options: "--enable=rubyopt", env: {'RUBYOPT' => '-w'}).chomp.should == "true"
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", options: "--disable=rubyopt", env: {'RUBYOPT' => '-w'}).chomp.should == "false"
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", options: "--enable-rubyopt", env: {'RUBYOPT' => '-w'}).chomp.should == "true"
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", options: "--disable-rubyopt", env: {'RUBYOPT' => '-w'}).chomp.should == "false"
+  end
+
+  it "can be used with frozen-string-literal" do
+    ruby_exe("p 'foo'.frozen?", options: "--enable=frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "true"
+    ruby_exe("p 'foo'.frozen?", options: "--disable=frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "false"
+    ruby_exe("p 'foo'.frozen?", options: "--enable-frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "true"
+    ruby_exe("p 'foo'.frozen?", options: "--disable-frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "false"
+  end
+
+  platform_is_not :darwin do # frequently hangs for >60s on GitHub Actions macos-latest
+    it "can be used with all for enable" do
+      e = "p [defined?(Gem), defined?(DidYouMean), $VERBOSE, 'foo'.frozen?]"
+      env = {'RUBYOPT' => '-w'}
+      # Use a single variant here because it can be quite slow as it might enable jit, etc
+      ruby_exe(e, options: "--enable-all", env: env).chomp.should == "[\"constant\", \"constant\", true, true]"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "can be used with all for disable" do
+    e = "p [defined?(Gem), defined?(DidYouMean), $VERBOSE, 'foo'.frozen?]"
+    env = {'RUBYOPT' => '-w'}
+    ruby_exe(e, options: "--disable=all", env: env).chomp.should == "[nil, nil, false, false]"
+    ruby_exe(e, options: "--disable-all", env: env).chomp.should == "[nil, nil, false, false]"
+  end
+
+  it "prints a warning for unknown features" do
+    ruby_exe("p 14", options: "--enable=ruby-spec-feature-does-not-exist 2>&1").chomp.should include('warning: unknown argument for --enable')
+    ruby_exe("p 14", options: "--disable=ruby-spec-feature-does-not-exist 2>&1").chomp.should include('warning: unknown argument for --disable')
+    ruby_exe("p 14", options: "--enable-ruby-spec-feature-does-not-exist 2>&1").chomp.should include('warning: unknown argument for --enable')
+    ruby_exe("p 14", options: "--disable-ruby-spec-feature-does-not-exist 2>&1").chomp.should include('warning: unknown argument for --disable')
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bad_syntax.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bad_syntax.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7b8c7a357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bad_syntax.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+f {
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/bad_embedded_ruby.txt b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/bad_embedded_ruby.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2b7ad085f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/bad_embedded_ruby.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+@@@This line is not value Ruby
+#!rub_y
+puts 'success'
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/dash_s_fail b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/dash_s_fail
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70c1b8759c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/dash_s_fail
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+raise 'die'
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/embedded_ruby.txt b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/embedded_ruby.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c556bf0b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/embedded_ruby.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+@@@This line is not value Ruby
+#!ruby
+puts 'success'
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/hybrid_launcher.sh b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/hybrid_launcher.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd3249f0e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/hybrid_launcher.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+echo 'error' && exit 1
+#!ruby
+puts 'success'
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/launcher.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/launcher.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..92a0ee2b49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/bin/launcher.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!ruby
+puts 'success'
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/change_directory_script.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/change_directory_script.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..abe244705f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/change_directory_script.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+print Dir.pwd
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/conditional_range.txt b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/conditional_range.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a1218a102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/conditional_range.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/dash_s_script.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/dash_s_script.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..500eccbb84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/dash_s_script.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+which = ARGV.shift.to_i
+
+case which
+when 0
+  p $n
+when 1
+  puts $n
+when 2
+  puts $_name
+when 3
+  puts $___name__test__
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/debug.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/debug.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d84c5faf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/debug.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+which = ARGV.first.to_i
+
+case which
+when 0
+  puts "$DEBUG #{$DEBUG}"
+when 1
+  puts "$VERBOSE #{$VERBOSE}"
+when 2
+  puts "$-d #{$-d}"
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/debug_info.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/debug_info.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee607910c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/debug_info.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+a = 'string'
+b = a
+c = b
+d = c
+e = d
+begin
+  a << 'new part'
+rescue Exception => e
+  print e.message
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_across_files.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_across_files.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b258249f3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_across_files.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require_relative 'freeze_flag_required'
+
+p "abc".object_id == $second_literal_id
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_across_files_diff_enc.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_across_files_diff_enc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e9f045e9ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_across_files_diff_enc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require_relative 'freeze_flag_required_diff_enc'
+
+p "abc".object_id != $second_literal_id
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_one_literal.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_one_literal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3718899d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_one_literal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ids = Array.new(2) { "abc".object_id }
+p ids.first == ids.last
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_required.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_required.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e09232a5f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_required.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+$second_literal_id = "abc".object_id
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_required_diff_enc.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_required_diff_enc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa348d59e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_required_diff_enc.rb
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_two_literals.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_two_literals.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..074092c9d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/freeze_flag_two_literals.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+p "abc".object_id == "abc".object_id
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/full_names.txt b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/full_names.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..602a20b9dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/full_names.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+alice jones
+bob field
+james grey
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/loadpath.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/loadpath.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7fdf45d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/loadpath.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+puts $:
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/names.txt b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/names.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae4bf4c8ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/names.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+alice
+bob
+james
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/passwd_file.txt b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/passwd_file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08a4b23bbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/passwd_file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+nobody:*:-2:-2:Unprivileged User:/var/empty:/usr/bin/false
+root:*:0:0:System Administrator:/var/root:/bin/sh
+daemon:*:1:1:System Services:/var/root:/usr/bin/false
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/require.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/require.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0be7049c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/require.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+puts $"
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/rubyopt.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/rubyopt.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48d81e1bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/rubyopt.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+puts "rubyopt.rb required"
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/test_file.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/test_file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30a832299e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/test_file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+puts "REQUIRED"
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/verbose.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/verbose.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aa99ed44d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/fixtures/verbose.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+puts $VERBOSE.inspect
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/frozen_strings_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/frozen_strings_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..647b69daed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/frozen_strings_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The --enable-frozen-string-literal flag causes string literals to" do
+
+  it "produce the same object each time" do
+    ruby_exe(fixture(__FILE__, "freeze_flag_one_literal.rb"), options: "--enable-frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "true"
+  end
+
+  it "produce the same object for literals with the same content" do
+    ruby_exe(fixture(__FILE__, "freeze_flag_two_literals.rb"), options: "--enable-frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "true"
+  end
+
+  it "produce the same object for literals with the same content in different files" do
+    ruby_exe(fixture(__FILE__, "freeze_flag_across_files.rb"), options: "--enable-frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "true"
+  end
+
+  it "produce different objects for literals with the same content in different files if they have different encodings" do
+    ruby_exe(fixture(__FILE__, "freeze_flag_across_files_diff_enc.rb"), options: "--enable-frozen-string-literal").chomp.should == "true"
+  end
+end
+
+describe "The --debug flag produces" do
+  it "debugging info on attempted frozen string modification" do
+    error_str = ruby_exe(fixture(__FILE__, 'debug_info.rb'), options: '--debug',  args: "2>&1")
+    error_str.should include("can't modify frozen String")
+    error_str.should include("created at")
+    error_str.should include("command_line/fixtures/debug_info.rb:2")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/rubylib_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/rubylib_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b45919b997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/rubylib_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The RUBYLIB environment variable" do
+  before :each do
+    @rubylib, ENV["RUBYLIB"] = ENV["RUBYLIB"], nil
+    @pre  = @rubylib.nil? ? '' : @rubylib + File::PATH_SEPARATOR
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    ENV["RUBYLIB"] = @rubylib
+  end
+
+  it "adds a directory to $LOAD_PATH" do
+    dir = tmp("rubylib/incl")
+    ENV["RUBYLIB"] = @pre + dir
+    paths = ruby_exe("puts $LOAD_PATH").lines.map(&:chomp)
+    paths.should include(dir)
+  end
+
+  it "adds a File::PATH_SEPARATOR-separated list of directories to $LOAD_PATH" do
+    dir1, dir2 = tmp("rubylib/incl1"), tmp("rubylib/incl2")
+    ENV["RUBYLIB"] = @pre + "#{dir1}#{File::PATH_SEPARATOR}#{dir2}"
+    paths = ruby_exe("puts $LOAD_PATH").lines.map(&:chomp)
+    paths.should include(dir1)
+    paths.should include(dir2)
+    paths.index(dir1).should < paths.index(dir2)
+  end
+
+  it "adds the directory at the front of $LOAD_PATH" do
+    dir = tmp("rubylib/incl_front")
+    ENV["RUBYLIB"] = @pre + dir
+    paths = ruby_exe("puts $LOAD_PATH").lines.map(&:chomp)
+    paths.shift if paths.first.end_with?('/gem-rehash')
+    if PlatformGuard.implementation? :ruby
+      # In a MRI checkout, $PWD and some extra -I entries end up as
+      # the first entries in $LOAD_PATH. So just assert that it's not last.
+      idx = paths.index(dir)
+      idx.should < paths.size-1
+    else
+      paths[0].should == dir
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "adds the directory after directories added by -I" do
+    dash_i_dir = tmp("dash_I_include")
+    rubylib_dir = tmp("rubylib_include")
+    ENV["RUBYLIB"] = @pre + rubylib_dir
+    paths = ruby_exe("puts $LOAD_PATH", options: "-I #{dash_i_dir}").lines.map(&:chomp)
+    paths.should include(dash_i_dir)
+    paths.should include(rubylib_dir)
+    paths.index(dash_i_dir).should < paths.index(rubylib_dir)
+  end
+
+  it "adds the directory after directories added by -I within RUBYOPT" do
+    rubyopt_dir = tmp("rubyopt_include")
+    rubylib_dir = tmp("rubylib_include")
+    ENV["RUBYLIB"] = @pre + rubylib_dir
+    paths = ruby_exe("puts $LOAD_PATH", env: { "RUBYOPT" => "-I#{rubyopt_dir}" }).lines.map(&:chomp)
+    paths.should include(rubyopt_dir)
+    paths.should include(rubylib_dir)
+    paths.index(rubyopt_dir).should < paths.index(rubylib_dir)
+  end
+
+  it "keeps spaces in the value" do
+    ENV["RUBYLIB"] = @pre + " rubylib/incl "
+    out = ruby_exe("puts $LOAD_PATH")
+    out.should include(" rubylib/incl ")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/rubyopt_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/rubyopt_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a739f23eb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/rubyopt_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Processing RUBYOPT" do
+  before :each do
+    @rubyopt, ENV["RUBYOPT"] = ENV["RUBYOPT"], nil
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = @rubyopt
+  end
+
+  it "adds the -I path to $LOAD_PATH" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = "-Ioptrubyspecincl"
+    result = ruby_exe("puts $LOAD_PATH.grep(/byspecin/)", escape: true)
+    result.chomp[-15..-1].should == "optrubyspecincl"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $DEBUG to true for '-d'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-d'
+    command = %[puts "value of $DEBUG is \#{$DEBUG}"]
+    result = ruby_exe(command, escape: true, args: "2>&1")
+    result.should =~ /value of \$DEBUG is true/
+  end
+
+  guard -> { not CROSS_COMPILING } do
+    it "prints the version number for '-v'" do
+      ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-v'
+      ruby_exe("")[/\A.*/].should == RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+    end
+
+    it "ignores whitespace around the option" do
+      ENV["RUBYOPT"] = ' -v '
+      ruby_exe("")[/\A.*/].should == RUBY_DESCRIPTION
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets $VERBOSE to true for '-w'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-w'
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", escape: true).chomp.should == "true"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $VERBOSE to true for '-W'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-W'
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", escape: true).chomp.should == "true"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $VERBOSE to nil for '-W0'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-W0'
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", escape: true).chomp.should == "nil"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $VERBOSE to false for '-W1'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-W1'
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", escape: true).chomp.should == "false"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $VERBOSE to true for '-W2'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-W2'
+    ruby_exe("p $VERBOSE", escape: true).chomp.should == "true"
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is "2.7" do
+    it "suppresses deprecation warnings for '-W:no-deprecated'" do
+      ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-W:no-deprecated'
+      result = ruby_exe('$; = ""', args: '2>&1')
+      result.should == ""
+    end
+
+    it "suppresses experimental warnings for '-W:no-experimental'" do
+      ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-W:no-experimental'
+      result = ruby_exe('case 0; in a; end', args: '2>&1')
+      result.should == ""
+    end
+
+    it "suppresses deprecation and experimental warnings for '-W:no-deprecated -W:no-experimental'" do
+      ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-W:no-deprecated -W:no-experimental'
+      result = ruby_exe('case ($; = ""); in a; end', args: '2>&1')
+      result.should == ""
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "requires the file for '-r'" do
+    f = fixture __FILE__, "rubyopt"
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = "-r#{f}"
+    ruby_exe("0", args: '2>&1').should =~ /^rubyopt.rb required/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-a'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-a'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-p'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-p'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-n'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-n'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-y'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-y'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-c'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-c'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-s'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-s'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-h'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-h'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '--help'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '--help'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-l'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-l'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-S'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-S irb'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-e'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-e0'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-i'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-i.bak'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-x'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-x'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-C'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-C'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-X'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-X.'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-F'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-F'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '-0'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '-0'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '--copyright'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '--copyright'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '--version'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '--version'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RuntimeError for '--yydebug'" do
+    ENV["RUBYOPT"] = '--yydebug'
+    ruby_exe("", args: '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/shared/change_directory.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/shared/change_directory.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cb6e90ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/shared/change_directory.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+describe :command_line_change_directory, shared: true do
+  before :all do
+    @script  = fixture(__FILE__, 'change_directory_script.rb')
+    @tempdir = File.dirname(@script)
+  end
+
+  it 'changes the PWD when using a file' do
+    output = ruby_exe(@script, options: "#{@method} #{@tempdir}")
+    output.should == @tempdir
+  end
+
+  it 'does not need a space after -C for the argument' do
+    output = ruby_exe(@script, options: "#{@method}#{@tempdir}")
+    output.should == @tempdir
+  end
+
+  it 'changes the PWD when using -e' do
+    output = ruby_exe(nil, options: "#{@method} #{@tempdir} -e 'print Dir.pwd'")
+    output.should == @tempdir
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/shared/verbose.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/shared/verbose.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5c44c269e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/shared/verbose.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+describe :command_line_verbose, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @script = fixture __FILE__, "verbose.rb"
+  end
+
+  it "sets $VERBOSE to true" do
+    ruby_exe(@script, options: @method).chomp.b.split.last.should == "true"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/command_line/syntax_error_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/command_line/syntax_error_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f61cfe928d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/command_line/syntax_error_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require_relative '../spec_helper'
+
+describe "The interpreter" do
+  it "prints an error when given a file with invalid syntax" do
+    out = ruby_exe(fixture(__FILE__, "bad_syntax.rb"), args: "2>&1")
+    out.should include "syntax error"
+  end
+
+  it "prints an error when given code via -e with invalid syntax" do
+    out = ruby_exe(nil, args: "-e 'a{' 2>&1")
+    out.should include "syntax error"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/argf_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/argf_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af67170b98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/argf_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF" do
+  it "is extended by the Enumerable module" do
+    ARGF.should be_kind_of(Enumerable)
+  end
+
+  it "is an instance of ARGF.class" do
+    ARGF.should be_an_instance_of(ARGF.class)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/argv_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/argv_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eab03c450f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/argv_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.argv" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1    = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2    = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns ARGV for the initial ARGF" do
+    ARGF.argv.should equal ARGV
+  end
+
+  it "returns the remaining arguments to treat" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      # @file1 is stored in current file
+      @argf.argv.should == [@file2]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/binmode_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/binmode_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e083a30a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/binmode_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.binmode" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1    = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2    = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+    @bin_file = fixture __FILE__, "bin_file.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    argf [@bin_file] do
+      @argf.binmode.should equal @argf
+    end
+  end
+
+  platform_is :windows do
+    it "puts reading into binmode" do
+      argf [@bin_file, @bin_file] do
+        @argf.gets.should == "test\n"
+        @argf.binmode
+        @argf.gets.should == "test\r\n"
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "puts all subsequent streams reading through ARGF into binmode" do
+      argf [@bin_file, @bin_file] do
+        @argf.binmode
+        @argf.gets.should == "test\r\n"
+        @argf.gets.should == "test\r\n"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the file's encoding to BINARY" do
+    argf [@bin_file, @file1] do
+      @argf.binmode
+      @argf.should.binmode?
+      @argf.gets.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+      @argf.skip
+      @argf.read.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/bytes_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/bytes_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e11a4f5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/bytes_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_byte'
+
+ruby_version_is ''...'3.0' do
+  describe "ARGF.bytes" do
+    it_behaves_like :argf_each_byte, :bytes
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/chars_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/chars_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a864ce6d52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/chars_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_char'
+
+ruby_version_is ''...'3.0' do
+  describe "ARGF.chars" do
+    it_behaves_like :argf_each_char, :chars
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/close_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/close_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4d6a51e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/close_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.close" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "closes the current open stream" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      io = @argf.to_io
+      @argf.close
+      io.closed?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.close.should equal(@argf)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "doesn't raise an IOError if called on a closed stream" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      -> { @argf.close }.should_not raise_error
+      -> { @argf.close }.should_not raise_error
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.close" do
+  it "does not close STDIN" do
+    ruby_exe("ARGV.replace(['-']); ARGF.close; print ARGF.closed?").should == "false"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/closed_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/closed_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2dd6134e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/closed_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.closed?" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if the current stream has been closed" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      stream = @argf.to_io
+      stream.close
+
+      @argf.closed?.should be_true
+      stream.reopen(@argf.filename, 'r')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/codepoints_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/codepoints_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3007c4c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/codepoints_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_codepoint'
+
+ruby_version_is ''...'3.0' do
+  describe "ARGF.codepoints" do
+    it_behaves_like :argf_each_codepoint, :codepoints
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_byte_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_byte_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5cce9f250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_byte_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_byte'
+
+describe "ARGF.each_byte" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_each_byte, :each_byte
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_char_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_char_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..724e5e6e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_char_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_char'
+
+describe "ARGF.each_char" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_each_char, :each_char
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_codepoint_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_codepoint_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0bf8bf9764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_codepoint_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_codepoint'
+
+describe "ARGF.each_codepoint" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_each_codepoint, :each_codepoint
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_line_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_line_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52a7e5c411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_line_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_line'
+
+describe "ARGF.each_line" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_each_line, :each_line
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5742ba43bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/each_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_line'
+
+describe "ARGF.each" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_each_line, :each
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/eof_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/eof_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..518f6e566e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/eof_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/eof'
+
+describe "ARGF.eof" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_eof, :eof
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.eof?" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_eof, :eof?
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/file_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/file_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df8552d457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/file_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.file" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "returns the current file object on each file" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      result = []
+      # returns first current file even when not yet open
+      result << @argf.file.path
+      result << @argf.file.path while @argf.gets
+      # returns last current file even when closed
+      result << @argf.file.path
+      result.should == [@file1, @file1, @file1, @file2, @file2, @file2]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/filename_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/filename_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c0446269d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/filename_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/filename'
+
+describe "ARGF.filename" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_filename, :filename
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fileno_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fileno_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29d50c3582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fileno_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/fileno'
+
+describe "ARGF.fileno" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_fileno, :fileno
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/bin_file.txt b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/bin_file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2545e9037e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/bin_file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+test
+test
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/file1.txt b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/file1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c89bfbd82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/file1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+file1.1
+file1.2
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/file2.txt b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/file2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62e8dba00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/file2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+line2.1
+line2.2
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/filename.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/filename.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..599c97dd57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/filename.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+puts $FILENAME while ARGF.gets
+# returns last current file even when closed
+puts $FILENAME
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/lineno.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/lineno.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..079cc92e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/lineno.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+puts $.
+ARGF.gets
+puts $.
+ARGF.gets
+puts $.
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/rewind.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/rewind.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90a334cd89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/rewind.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+puts ARGF.lineno
+ARGF.gets
+puts ARGF.lineno
+ARGF.rewind
+puts ARGF.lineno
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/stdin.txt b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/stdin.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..063cdcb1d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/fixtures/stdin.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+stdin.1
+stdin.2
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/getc_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/getc_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc5de9b7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/getc_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/getc'
+
+describe "ARGF.getc" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_getc, :getc
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.getc" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil when end of stream reached" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      @argf.read
+      @argf.getc.should == nil
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/gets_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/gets_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc7673b190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/gets_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/gets'
+
+describe "ARGF.gets" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_gets, :gets
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.gets" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_gets_inplace_edit, :gets
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.gets" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.readlines @file1_name
+    @file2 = File.readlines @file2_name
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil when reaching end of files" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      total = @file1.size + @file2.size
+      total.times { @argf.gets }
+      @argf.gets.should == nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  before :each do
+    @external = Encoding.default_external
+    @internal = Encoding.default_internal
+
+    Encoding.default_external = Encoding::UTF_8
+    Encoding.default_internal = nil
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Encoding.default_external = @external
+    Encoding.default_internal = @internal
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of the file with default encoding" do
+    Encoding.default_external = Encoding::US_ASCII
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.gets.encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/lineno_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/lineno_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72a108c187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/lineno_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.lineno" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  # TODO: break this into four specs
+  it "returns the current line number on each file" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      @argf.lineno = 0
+      @argf.gets
+      @argf.lineno.should == 1
+      @argf.gets
+      @argf.lineno.should == 2
+      @argf.gets
+      @argf.lineno.should == 3
+      @argf.gets
+      @argf.lineno.should == 4
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "aliases to $." do
+    script = fixture __FILE__, "lineno.rb"
+    out = ruby_exe(script, args: [@file1, @file2])
+    out.should == "0\n1\n2\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/lines_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/lines_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0bf5bb0d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/lines_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/each_line'
+
+ruby_version_is ''...'3.0' do
+  describe "ARGF.lines" do
+    it_behaves_like :argf_each_line, :lines
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/path_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/path_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7120f7d0e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/path_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/filename'
+
+describe "ARGF.path" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_filename, :path
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/pos_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/pos_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb3f25b945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/pos_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/pos'
+
+describe "ARGF.pos" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_pos, :pos
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.pos=" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.readlines @file1_name
+    @file2 = File.readlines @file2_name
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "sets the correct position in files" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.pos = @file1.first.size
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.last
+      @argf.pos = 0
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.first
+
+      # finish reading file1
+      @argf.gets
+
+      @argf.gets
+      @argf.pos = 1
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.first[1..-1]
+
+      @argf.pos = @file2.first.size + @file2.last.size - 1
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.last[-1,1]
+      @argf.pos = 1000
+      @argf.read.should == ""
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/read_nonblock_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/read_nonblock_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..804a459a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/read_nonblock_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/read'
+
+platform_is_not :windows do
+  describe 'ARGF.read_nonblock' do
+    it_behaves_like :argf_read, :read_nonblock
+
+    before do
+      @file1_name = fixture(__FILE__, 'file1.txt')
+      @file2_name = fixture(__FILE__, 'file2.txt')
+
+      @file1 = File.read(@file1_name)
+      @file2 = File.read(@file2_name)
+
+      @chunk1 = File.read(@file1_name, 4)
+      @chunk2 = File.read(@file2_name, 4)
+    end
+
+    it 'reads up to the given amount of bytes' do
+      argf [@file1_name] do
+        @argf.read_nonblock(4).should == @chunk1
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe 'when using multiple files' do
+      it 'reads up to the given amount of bytes from the first file' do
+        argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+          @argf.read_nonblock(4).should == @chunk1
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'returns an empty String when reading after having read the first file in its entirety' do
+        argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+          @argf.read_nonblock(File.size(@file1_name)).should == @file1
+          @argf.read_nonblock(4).should == ''
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'reads up to the given bytes from STDIN' do
+      stdin = ruby_exe('print ARGF.read_nonblock(4)', :args => "< #{@file1_name}")
+
+      stdin.should == @chunk1
+    end
+
+    it 'reads up to the given bytes from a file when a file and STDIN are present' do
+      stdin = ruby_exe("print ARGF.read_nonblock(4)", :args => "#{@file1_name} - < #{@file2_name}")
+
+      stdin.should == @chunk1
+    end
+
+    context "with STDIN" do
+      before do
+        @r, @w = IO.pipe
+        @stdin = $stdin
+        $stdin = @r
+      end
+
+      after do
+        $stdin = @stdin
+        @w.close
+        @r.close unless @r.closed?
+      end
+
+      it 'raises IO::EAGAINWaitReadable when empty' do
+        argf ['-'] do
+          -> {
+            @argf.read_nonblock(4)
+          }.should raise_error(IO::EAGAINWaitReadable)
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'returns :wait_readable when the :exception is set to false' do
+        argf ['-'] do
+          @argf.read_nonblock(4, nil, exception: false).should == :wait_readable
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/read_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/read_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbeef95456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/read_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/read'
+
+describe "ARGF.read" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_read, :read
+
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+    @stdin_name = fixture __FILE__, "stdin.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.read @file1_name
+    @file2 = File.read @file2_name
+    @stdin = File.read @stdin_name
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of a file" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      @argf.read().should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "treats first nil argument as no length limit" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      @argf.read(nil).should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of two files" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.read.should ==  @file1 + @file2
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of one file and some characters from the second" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      len = @file1.size + (@file2.size / 2)
+      @argf.read(len).should ==  (@file1 + @file2)[0,len]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads across two files consecutively" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.read(@file1.size - 2).should == @file1[0..-3]
+      @argf.read(2+5).should == @file1[-2..-1] + @file2[0,5]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of stdin" do
+    stdin = ruby_exe("print ARGF.read", args: "< #{@stdin_name}")
+    stdin.should == @stdin
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of one file and stdin" do
+    stdin = ruby_exe("print ARGF.read", args: "#{@file1_name} - < #{@stdin_name}")
+    stdin.should == @file1 + @stdin
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of the same file twice" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file1_name] do
+      @argf.read.should == @file1 + @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  before :each do
+    @external = Encoding.default_external
+    @internal = Encoding.default_internal
+
+    Encoding.default_external = Encoding::UTF_8
+    Encoding.default_internal = nil
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    Encoding.default_external = @external
+    Encoding.default_internal = @internal
+  end
+
+  it "reads the contents of the file with default encoding" do
+    Encoding.default_external = Encoding::US_ASCII
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.read.encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/readchar_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readchar_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4eca2efcf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readchar_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/getc'
+
+describe "ARGF.getc" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_getc, :readchar
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.readchar" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "raises EOFError when end of stream reached" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      -> { while @argf.readchar; end }.should raise_error(EOFError)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/readline_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readline_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db53c499e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readline_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/gets'
+
+describe "ARGF.readline" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_gets, :readline
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.readline" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_gets_inplace_edit, :readline
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.readline" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "raises an EOFError when reaching end of files" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      -> { while @argf.readline; end }.should raise_error(EOFError)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/readlines_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readlines_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30be936dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readlines_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/readlines'
+
+describe "ARGF.readlines" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_readlines, :readlines
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/readpartial_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readpartial_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e284b3423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/readpartial_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/read'
+
+describe "ARGF.readpartial" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_read, :readpartial
+
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+    @stdin_name = fixture __FILE__, "stdin.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.read @file1_name
+    @file2 = File.read @file2_name
+    @stdin = File.read @stdin_name
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if called without a maximum read length" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      -> { @argf.readpartial }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads maximum number of bytes from one file at a time" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      len = @file1.size + @file2.size
+      @argf.readpartial(len).should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "clears output buffer even if EOFError is raised because @argf is at end" do
+    begin
+      output = "to be cleared"
+
+      argf [@file1_name] do
+        @argf.read
+        @argf.readpartial(1, output)
+      end
+    rescue EOFError
+      output.should == ""
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads maximum number of bytes from one file at a time" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      len = @file1.size + @file2.size
+      @argf.readpartial(len).should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty string if EOFError is raised while reading any but the last file" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.readpartial(@file1.size)
+      @argf.readpartial(1).should == ""
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises an EOFError if the exception was raised while reading the last file" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.readpartial(@file1.size)
+      @argf.readpartial(1)
+      @argf.readpartial(@file2.size)
+      -> { @argf.readpartial(1) }.should raise_error(EOFError)
+      -> { @argf.readpartial(1) }.should raise_error(EOFError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises an EOFError if the exception was raised while reading STDIN" do
+    ruby_str = <<-STR
+      print ARGF.readpartial(#{@stdin.size})
+      ARGF.readpartial(1) rescue print $!.class
+    STR
+    stdin = ruby_exe(ruby_str, args: "< #{@stdin_name}", escape: true)
+    stdin.should == @stdin + "EOFError"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/rewind_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/rewind_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b29f0b75b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/rewind_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.rewind" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.readlines @file1_name
+    @file2 = File.readlines @file2_name
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "goes back to beginning of current file" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.gets
+      @argf.rewind
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.first
+
+      @argf.gets # finish reading file1
+
+      @argf.gets
+      @argf.rewind
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "resets ARGF.lineno to 0" do
+    script = fixture __FILE__, "rewind.rb"
+    out = ruby_exe(script, args: [@file1_name, @file2_name])
+    out.should == "0\n1\n0\n"
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError when end of stream reached" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.read
+      -> { @argf.rewind }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/seek_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/seek_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b73bd46fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/seek_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.seek" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.readlines @file1_name
+    @file2 = File.readlines @file2_name
+  end
+
+  it "sets the absolute position relative to beginning of file" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.seek 2
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.first[2..-1]
+      @argf.seek @file1.first.size
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.last
+      @argf.seek 0, IO::SEEK_END
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the position relative to current position in file" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.seek(0, IO::SEEK_CUR)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.first
+      @argf.seek(-@file1.first.size+2, IO::SEEK_CUR)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.first[2..-1]
+      @argf.seek(1, IO::SEEK_CUR)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.last[1..-1]
+      @argf.seek(3, IO::SEEK_CUR)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.first
+      @argf.seek(@file1.last.size, IO::SEEK_CUR)
+      @argf.gets.should == nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the absolute position relative to end of file" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.seek(-@file1.first.size-@file1.last.size, IO::SEEK_END)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.first
+      @argf.seek(-6, IO::SEEK_END)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.last[-6..-1]
+      @argf.seek(-4, IO::SEEK_END)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file1.last[4..-1]
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.first
+      @argf.seek(-6, IO::SEEK_END)
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.last[-6..-1]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "ARGF.seek" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "takes at least one argument (offset)" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      -> { @argf.seek }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/set_encoding_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/set_encoding_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a871e084b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/set_encoding_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.set_encoding" do
+  before :each do
+    @file = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "sets the external encoding when passed an encoding instance" do
+    argf [@file] do
+      @argf.set_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
+      @argf.external_encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      @argf.gets.encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the external encoding when passed an encoding name" do
+    argf [@file] do
+      @argf.set_encoding("us-ascii")
+      @argf.external_encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      @argf.gets.encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the external, internal encoding when passed two encoding instances" do
+    argf [@file] do
+      @argf.set_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII, Encoding::EUC_JP)
+      @argf.external_encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      @argf.internal_encoding.should == Encoding::EUC_JP
+      @argf.gets.encoding.should == Encoding::EUC_JP
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets the external, internal encoding when passed 'ext:int' String" do
+    argf [@file] do
+      @argf.set_encoding("us-ascii:euc-jp")
+      @argf.external_encoding.should == Encoding::US_ASCII
+      @argf.internal_encoding.should == Encoding::EUC_JP
+      @argf.gets.encoding.should == Encoding::EUC_JP
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_byte.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_byte.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b1dc1dae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_byte.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+describe :argf_each_byte, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @bytes = []
+    File.read(@file1_name).each_byte { |b| @bytes << b }
+    File.read(@file2_name).each_byte { |b| @bytes << b }
+  end
+
+  it "yields each byte of all streams to the passed block" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      bytes = []
+      @argf.send(@method) { |b| bytes << b }
+      bytes.should == @bytes
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns self when passed a block" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.send(@method) {}.should equal(@argf)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns an Enumerator when passed no block" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      enum = @argf.send(@method)
+      enum.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+
+      bytes = []
+      enum.each { |b| bytes << b }
+      bytes.should == @bytes
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when no block is given" do
+    it "returns an Enumerator" do
+      argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+        enum = @argf.send(@method)
+        enum.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+
+        bytes = []
+        enum.each { |b| bytes << b }
+        bytes.should == @bytes
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "returned Enumerator" do
+      describe "size" do
+        it "should return nil" do
+          argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+            @argf.send(@method).size.should == nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_char.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_char.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e333ecc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_char.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+describe :argf_each_char, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @chars = []
+    File.read(@file1_name).each_char { |c| @chars << c }
+    File.read(@file2_name).each_char { |c| @chars << c }
+  end
+
+  it "yields each char of all streams to the passed block" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      chars = []
+      @argf.send(@method) { |c| chars << c }
+      chars.should == @chars
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns self when passed a block" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.send(@method) {}.should equal(@argf)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns an Enumerator when passed no block" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      enum = @argf.send(@method)
+      enum.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+
+      chars = []
+      enum.each { |c| chars << c }
+      chars.should == @chars
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when no block is given" do
+    it "returns an Enumerator" do
+      argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+        enum = @argf.send(@method)
+        enum.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+
+        chars = []
+        enum.each { |c| chars << c }
+        chars.should == @chars
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "returned Enumerator" do
+      describe "size" do
+        it "should return nil" do
+          argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+            @argf.send(@method).size.should == nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_codepoint.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_codepoint.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2a2dfff46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_codepoint.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+describe :argf_each_codepoint, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+    @filenames = [file1_name, file2_name]
+
+    @codepoints = File.read(file1_name).codepoints
+    @codepoints.concat File.read(file2_name).codepoints
+  end
+
+  it "is a public method" do
+    argf @filenames do
+      @argf.public_methods(false).should include(@method)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "does not require arguments" do
+    argf @filenames do
+      @argf.method(@method).arity.should == 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns self when passed a block" do
+    argf @filenames do
+      @argf.send(@method) {}.should equal(@argf)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns an Enumerator when passed no block" do
+    argf @filenames do
+      @argf.send(@method).should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "yields each codepoint of all streams" do
+    argf @filenames do
+      @argf.send(@method).to_a.should == @codepoints
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when no block is given" do
+    it "returns an Enumerator" do
+      argf @filenames do
+        @argf.send(@method).should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "returned Enumerator" do
+      describe "size" do
+        it "should return nil" do
+          argf @filenames do
+            @argf.send(@method).size.should == nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_line.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_line.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0ef77dc54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/each_line.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+describe :argf_each_line, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @lines  = File.readlines @file1_name
+    @lines += File.readlines @file2_name
+  end
+
+  it "is a public method" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.public_methods(false).should include(@method)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "requires multiple arguments" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.method(@method).arity.should < 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads each line of files" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      lines = []
+      @argf.send(@method) { |b| lines << b }
+      lines.should == @lines
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns self when passed a block" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.send(@method) {}.should equal(@argf)
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "with a separator" do
+    it "yields each separated section of all streams" do
+      argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+        @argf.send(@method, '.').to_a.should ==
+          (File.readlines(@file1_name, '.') + File.readlines(@file2_name, '.'))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "when no block is given" do
+    it "returns an Enumerator" do
+      argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+        @argf.send(@method).should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "returned Enumerator" do
+      describe "size" do
+        it "should return nil" do
+          argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+            @argf.send(@method).size.should == nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/eof.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/eof.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e684f943f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/eof.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+describe :argf_eof, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "returns true when reaching the end of a file" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      result = []
+      while @argf.gets
+        result << @argf.send(@method)
+      end
+      result.should == [false, true, false, true]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises IOError when called on a closed stream" do
+    argf [@file1] do
+      @argf.read
+      -> { @argf.send(@method) }.should raise_error(IOError)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/filename.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/filename.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f47c673dc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/filename.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+describe :argf_filename, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "returns the current file name on each file" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      result = []
+      # returns first current file even when not yet open
+      result << @argf.send(@method)
+      result << @argf.send(@method) while @argf.gets
+      # returns last current file even when closed
+      result << @argf.send(@method)
+
+      result.map! { |f| File.expand_path(f) }
+      result.should == [@file1, @file1, @file1, @file2, @file2, @file2]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "sets the $FILENAME global variable with the current file name on each file" do
+    script = fixture __FILE__, "filename.rb"
+    out = ruby_exe(script, args: [@file1, @file2])
+    out.should == "#{@file1}\n#{@file1}\n#{@file2}\n#{@file2}\n#{@file2}\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/fileno.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/fileno.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4350d43747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/fileno.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+describe :argf_fileno, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "returns the current file number on each file" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      result = []
+      # returns first current file even when not yet open
+      result << @argf.send(@method) while @argf.gets
+      # returns last current file even when closed
+      result.map { |d| d.class }.should == [Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError when called on a closed stream" do
+    argf [@file1] do
+      @argf.read
+      -> { @argf.send(@method) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/getc.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/getc.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8be39c60b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/getc.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+describe :argf_getc, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @chars  = File.read @file1
+    @chars += File.read @file2
+  end
+
+  it "reads each char of files" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      chars = ""
+      @chars.size.times { chars << @argf.send(@method) }
+      chars.should == @chars
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/gets.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/gets.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..160d24c27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/gets.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+describe :argf_gets, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+    @stdin_name = fixture __FILE__, "stdin.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.readlines @file1_name
+    @file2 = File.readlines @file2_name
+    @stdin = File.read @stdin_name
+  end
+
+  it "reads one line of a file" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      @argf.send(@method).should == @file1.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads all lines of a file" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      lines = []
+      @file1.size.times { lines << @argf.send(@method) }
+      lines.should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads all lines of stdin" do
+    total = @stdin.count $/
+    stdin = ruby_exe(
+      "#{total}.times { print ARGF.send(#{@method.inspect}) }",
+      args: "< #{@stdin_name}")
+    stdin.should == @stdin
+  end
+
+  it "reads all lines of two files" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      total = @file1.size + @file2.size
+      lines = []
+      total.times { lines << @argf.send(@method) }
+      lines.should == @file1 + @file2
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets $_ global variable with each line read" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      total = @file1.size + @file2.size
+      total.times do
+        line = @argf.send(@method)
+        $_.should == line
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe :argf_gets_inplace_edit, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @tmp1_name  = tmp "file1.txt"
+    @tmp2_name  = tmp "file2.txt"
+
+    @tmp1_name_bak = @tmp1_name + ".bak"
+    @tmp2_name_bak = @tmp2_name + ".bak"
+
+    cp @file1_name, @tmp1_name
+    cp @file2_name, @tmp2_name
+
+    method = "ARGF.send(#{@method.inspect})"
+    @code = "begin while line = #{method} do puts 'x' end rescue EOFError; end"
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    rm_r @tmp1_name, @tmp2_name, @tmp1_name_bak, @tmp2_name_bak
+  end
+
+  # -i with no backup extension is not supported on Windows
+  platform_is_not :windows do
+    it "modifies the files when in place edit mode is on" do
+      ruby_exe(@code,
+               options: "-i",
+               args: "#{@tmp1_name} #{@tmp2_name}")
+
+      File.read(@tmp1_name).should == "x\nx\n"
+      File.read(@tmp2_name).should == "x\nx\n"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "modifies and backups two files when in place edit mode is on" do
+    ruby_exe(@code,
+             options: "-i.bak",
+             args: "#{@tmp1_name} #{@tmp2_name}")
+
+    File.read(@tmp1_name).should == "x\nx\n"
+    File.read(@tmp2_name).should == "x\nx\n"
+
+    File.read(@tmp1_name_bak).should == "file1.1\nfile1.2\n"
+    File.read(@tmp2_name_bak).should == "line2.1\nline2.2\n"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/pos.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/pos.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9836d5f1e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/pos.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+describe :argf_pos, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "gives the correct position for each read operation" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      size1 = File.size(@file1)
+      size2 = File.size(@file2)
+
+      @argf.read(2)
+      @argf.send(@method).should == 2
+      @argf.read(size1-2)
+      @argf.send(@method).should == size1
+      @argf.read(6)
+      @argf.send(@method).should == 6
+      @argf.rewind
+      @argf.send(@method).should == 0
+      @argf.read(size2)
+      @argf.send(@method).should == size2
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError when called on a closed stream" do
+    argf [@file1] do
+      @argf.read
+      -> { @argf.send(@method) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/read.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/read.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe903983c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/read.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+describe :argf_read, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @stdin_name = fixture __FILE__, "stdin.txt"
+
+    @file1 = File.read @file1_name
+    @stdin = File.read @stdin_name
+  end
+
+  it "treats second nil argument as no output buffer" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      @argf.send(@method, @file1.size, nil).should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "treats second argument as an output buffer" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      buffer = ""
+      @argf.send(@method, @file1.size, buffer)
+      buffer.should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "clears output buffer before appending to it" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      buffer = "to be cleared"
+      @argf.send(@method, @file1.size, buffer)
+      buffer.should == @file1
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads a number of bytes from the first file" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      @argf.send(@method, 5).should == @file1[0, 5]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads from a single file consecutively" do
+    argf [@file1_name] do
+      @argf.send(@method, 1).should == @file1[0, 1]
+      @argf.send(@method, 2).should == @file1[1, 2]
+      @argf.send(@method, 3).should == @file1[3, 3]
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "reads a number of bytes from stdin" do
+    stdin = ruby_exe("print ARGF.#{@method}(10)", :args => "< #{@stdin_name}")
+    stdin.should == @stdin[0, 10]
+  end
+
+  platform_is_not :windows do
+    it "reads the contents of a special device file" do
+      argf ['/dev/zero'] do
+        @argf.send(@method, 100).should == "\000" * 100
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/readlines.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/readlines.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..505fa94acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/shared/readlines.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+describe :argf_readlines, shared: true do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @lines  = File.readlines(@file1)
+    @lines += File.readlines(@file2)
+  end
+
+  it "reads all lines of all files" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      @argf.send(@method).should == @lines
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty Array when end of stream reached" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      @argf.read
+      @argf.send(@method).should == []
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/skip_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/skip_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0181801c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/skip_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.skip" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1_name = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2_name = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+
+    @file2 = File.readlines @file2_name
+  end
+
+  it "skips the current file" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.read(1)
+      @argf.skip
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "has no effect when called twice in a row" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.read(1)
+      @argf.skip
+      @argf.skip
+      @argf.gets.should == @file2.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "has no effect at end of stream" do
+    argf [@file1_name, @file2_name] do
+      @argf.read
+      @argf.skip
+      @argf.gets.should == nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This bypasses argf helper because the helper will call argf.file
+  # which as a side-effect calls argf.file which will initialize
+  # internals of ARGF enough for this to work.
+  it "has no effect when nothing has been processed yet" do
+    -> { ARGF.class.new(@file1_name).skip }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/tell_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/tell_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16d9f29920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/tell_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/pos'
+
+describe "ARGF.tell" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_pos, :tell
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_a_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_a_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b17a93db33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_a_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/readlines'
+
+describe "ARGF.to_a" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_readlines, :to_a
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_i_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_i_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2183de6cd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_i_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/fileno'
+
+describe "ARGF.to_i" do
+  it_behaves_like :argf_fileno, :to_i
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_io_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_io_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..062383d291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_io_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.to_io" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  # NOTE: this test assumes that fixtures files have two lines each
+  it "returns the IO of the current file" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      result = []
+      4.times do
+        @argf.gets
+        result << @argf.to_io
+      end
+
+      result.each { |io| io.should be_kind_of(IO) }
+      result[0].should == result[1]
+      result[2].should == result[3]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_s_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_s_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f505898f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/argf/to_s_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "ARGF.to_s" do
+  before :each do
+    @file1 = fixture __FILE__, "file1.txt"
+    @file2 = fixture __FILE__, "file2.txt"
+  end
+
+  it "returns 'ARGF'" do
+    argf [@file1, @file2] do
+      @argf.to_s.should == "ARGF"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/allocate_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/allocate_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04f7c0d0ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/allocate_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array.allocate" do
+  it "returns an instance of Array" do
+    ary = Array.allocate
+    ary.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+  end
+
+  it "returns a fully-formed instance of Array" do
+    ary = Array.allocate
+    ary.size.should == 0
+    ary << 1
+    ary.should == [1]
+  end
+
+  it "does not accept any arguments" do
+    -> { Array.allocate(1) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/any_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/any_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09d949fe6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/any_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#any?" do
+  describe 'with no block given (a default block of { |x| x } is implicit)' do
+    it "is false if the array is empty" do
+      empty_array = []
+      empty_array.should_not.any?
+    end
+
+    it "is false if the array is not empty, but all the members of the array are falsy" do
+      falsy_array = [false, nil, false]
+      falsy_array.should_not.any?
+    end
+
+    it "is true if the array has any truthy members" do
+      not_empty_array = ['anything', nil]
+      not_empty_array.should.any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe 'with a block given' do
+    it 'is false if the array is empty' do
+      empty_array = []
+      empty_array.any? {|v| 1 == 1 }.should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'is true if the block returns true for any member of the array' do
+      array_with_members = [false, false, true, false]
+      array_with_members.any? {|v| v == true }.should == true
+    end
+
+    it 'is false if the block returns false for all members of the array' do
+      array_with_members = [false, false, true, false]
+      array_with_members.any? {|v| v == 42 }.should == false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/append_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/append_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c12473dc07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/append_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/push'
+
+describe "Array#<<" do
+  it "pushes the object onto the end of the array" do
+    ([ 1, 2 ] << "c" << "d" << [ 3, 4 ]).should == [1, 2, "c", "d", [3, 4]]
+  end
+
+  it "returns self to allow chaining" do
+    a = []
+    b = a
+    (a << 1).should equal(b)
+    (a << 2 << 3).should equal(b)
+  end
+
+  it "correctly resizes the Array" do
+    a = []
+    a.size.should == 0
+    a << :foo
+    a.size.should == 1
+    a << :bar << :baz
+    a.size.should == 3
+
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.shift
+    a.shift
+    a.shift
+    a << :foo
+    a.should == [:foo]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array << 5 }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#append" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_push, :append
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/array_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/array_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..855f17348f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/array_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array" do
+  it "includes Enumerable" do
+    Array.include?(Enumerable).should == true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/assoc_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/assoc_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8479d763c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/assoc_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#assoc" do
+  it "returns the first array whose 1st item is == obj or nil" do
+    s1 = ["colors", "red", "blue", "green"]
+    s2 = [:letters, "a", "b", "c"]
+    s3 = [4]
+    s4 = ["colors", "cyan", "yellow", "magenda"]
+    s5 = [:letters, "a", "i", "u"]
+    s_nil = [nil, nil]
+    a = [s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s_nil]
+    a.assoc(s1.first).should equal(s1)
+    a.assoc(s2.first).should equal(s2)
+    a.assoc(s3.first).should equal(s3)
+    a.assoc(s4.first).should equal(s1)
+    a.assoc(s5.first).should equal(s2)
+    a.assoc(s_nil.first).should equal(s_nil)
+    a.assoc(4).should equal(s3)
+    a.assoc("key not in array").should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "calls == on first element of each array" do
+    key1 = 'it'
+    key2 = mock('key2')
+    items = [['not it', 1], [ArraySpecs::AssocKey.new, 2], ['na', 3]]
+
+    items.assoc(key1).should equal(items[1])
+    items.assoc(key2).should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "ignores any non-Array elements" do
+    [1, 2, 3].assoc(2).should be_nil
+    s1 = [4]
+    s2 = [5, 4, 3]
+    a = ["foo", [], s1, s2, nil, []]
+    a.assoc(s1.first).should equal(s1)
+    a.assoc(s2.first).should equal(s2)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/at_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/at_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bc789fef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/at_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#at" do
+  it "returns the (n+1)'th element for the passed index n" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a.at(0).should == 1
+    a.at(1).should == 2
+    a.at(5).should == 6
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the given index is greater than or equal to the array's length" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a.at(6).should == nil
+    a.at(7).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the (-n)'th element from the last, for the given negative index n" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a.at(-1).should == 6
+    a.at(-2).should == 5
+    a.at(-6).should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the given index is less than -len, where len is length of the array"  do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a.at(-7).should == nil
+    a.at(-8).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "does not extend the array unless the given index is out of range" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a.length.should == 6
+    a.at(100)
+    a.length.should == 6
+    a.at(-100)
+    a.length.should == 6
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Integer using #to_int" do
+    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    a.at(0.5).should == "a"
+
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2)
+    a.at(obj).should == "c"
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError when the passed argument can't be coerced to Integer" do
+    -> { [].at("cat") }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError when 2 or more arguments are passed" do
+    -> { [:a, :b].at(0,1) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/bsearch_index_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/bsearch_index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df2c7c098e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/bsearch_index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative '../enumerable/shared/enumeratorized'
+
+describe "Array#bsearch_index" do
+  context "when not passed a block" do
+    before :each do
+      @enum = [1, 2, 42, 100, 666].bsearch_index
+    end
+
+    it "returns an Enumerator" do
+      @enum.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+    end
+
+    it "returns an Enumerator with unknown size" do
+      @enum.size.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns index of element when block condition is satisfied" do
+      @enum.each { |x| x >= 33 }.should == 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError when block returns a String" do
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].bsearch_index { "not ok" } }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil when block is empty" do
+    [1, 2, 3].bsearch_index {}.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  context "minimum mode" do
+    before :each do
+      @array = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+    end
+
+    it "returns index of first element which satisfies the block" do
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| x >= 4 }.should == 1
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| x >= 6 }.should == 2
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| x >= -1 }.should == 0
+    end
+
+    it "returns nil when block condition is never satisfied" do
+      @array.bsearch_index { false }.should be_nil
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| x >= 100 }.should be_nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "find any mode" do
+    before :each do
+      @array = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
+    end
+
+    it "returns the index of any matched elements where element is between 4 <= x < 8" do
+      [1, 2].should include(@array.bsearch_index { |x| 1 - x / 4 })
+    end
+
+    it "returns the index of any matched elements where element is between 8 <= x < 10" do
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| 4 - x / 2 }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns nil when block never returns 0" do
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| 1 }.should be_nil
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| -1 }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns the middle element when block always returns zero" do
+      @array.bsearch_index { |x| 0 }.should == 2
+    end
+
+    context "magnitude does not effect the result" do
+      it "returns the index of any matched elements where element is between 4n <= xn < 8n" do
+        [1, 2].should include(@array.bsearch_index { |x| (1 - x / 4) * (2**100) })
+      end
+
+      it "returns nil when block never returns 0" do
+        @array.bsearch_index { |x| 1 * (2**100) }.should be_nil
+        @array.bsearch_index { |x| (-1) * (2**100) }.should be_nil
+      end
+
+      it "handles values from Integer#coerce" do
+        [1, 2].should include(@array.bsearch_index { |x| (2**100).coerce((1 - x / 4) * (2**100)).first })
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/bsearch_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/bsearch_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fa6245dbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/bsearch_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative '../enumerable/shared/enumeratorized'
+
+describe "Array#bsearch" do
+  it "returns an Enumerator when not passed a block" do
+    [1].bsearch.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+  end
+
+  it_behaves_like :enumeratorized_with_unknown_size, :bsearch, [1,2,3]
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the block returns an Object" do
+    -> { [1].bsearch { Object.new } }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the block returns a String" do
+    -> { [1].bsearch { "1" } }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  context "with a block returning true or false" do
+    it "returns nil if the block returns false for every element" do
+      [0, 1, 2, 3].bsearch { |x| x > 3 }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns nil if the block returns nil for every element" do
+      [0, 1, 2, 3].bsearch { |x| nil }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns element at zero if the block returns true for every element" do
+      [0, 1, 2, 3].bsearch { |x| x < 4 }.should == 0
+
+    end
+
+    it "returns the element at the smallest index for which block returns true" do
+      [0, 1, 3, 4].bsearch { |x| x >= 2 }.should == 3
+      [0, 1, 3, 4].bsearch { |x| x >= 1 }.should == 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a block returning negative, zero, positive numbers" do
+    it "returns nil if the block returns less than zero for every element" do
+      [0, 1, 2, 3].bsearch { |x| x <=> 5 }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns nil if the block returns greater than zero for every element" do
+      [0, 1, 2, 3].bsearch { |x| x <=> -1 }.should be_nil
+
+    end
+
+    it "returns nil if the block never returns zero" do
+      [0, 1, 3, 4].bsearch { |x| x <=> 2 }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "accepts (+/-)Float::INFINITY from the block" do
+      [0, 1, 3, 4].bsearch { |x| Float::INFINITY }.should be_nil
+      [0, 1, 3, 4].bsearch { |x| -Float::INFINITY }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns an element at an index for which block returns 0.0" do
+      result = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].bsearch { |x| x < 2 ? 1.0 : x > 2 ? -1.0 : 0.0 }
+      result.should == 2
+    end
+
+    it "returns an element at an index for which block returns 0" do
+      result = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].bsearch { |x| x < 1 ? 1 : x > 3 ? -1 : 0 }
+      [1, 2].should include(result)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "with a block that calls break" do
+    it "returns nil if break is called without a value" do
+      ['a', 'b', 'c'].bsearch { |v| break }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns nil if break is called with a nil value" do
+      ['a', 'b', 'c'].bsearch { |v| break nil }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "returns object if break is called with an object" do
+      ['a', 'b', 'c'].bsearch { |v| break 1234 }.should == 1234
+      ['a', 'b', 'c'].bsearch { |v| break 'hi' }.should == 'hi'
+      ['a', 'b', 'c'].bsearch { |v| break [42] }.should == [42]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/clear_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/clear_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bddc672d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/clear_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#clear" do
+  it "removes all elements" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a.clear.should equal(a)
+    a.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    a = [1]
+    a.should equal a.clear
+  end
+
+  it "leaves the Array empty" do
+    a = [1]
+    a.clear
+    a.should.empty?
+    a.size.should == 0
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "keeps tainted status" do
+      a = [1]
+      a.taint
+      a.tainted?.should be_true
+      a.clear
+      a.tainted?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "does not accept any arguments" do
+    -> { [1].clear(true) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "keeps untrusted status" do
+      a = [1]
+      a.untrust
+      a.untrusted?.should be_true
+      a.clear
+      a.untrusted?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    a = [1]
+    a.freeze
+    -> { a.clear }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/clone_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/clone_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e22a6c6d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/clone_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/clone'
+
+describe "Array#clone" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_clone, :clone
+
+  it "copies frozen status from the original" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    b = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a.freeze
+    aa = a.clone
+    bb = b.clone
+
+    aa.should.frozen?
+    bb.should_not.frozen?
+  end
+
+  it "copies singleton methods" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    b = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    def a.a_singleton_method; end
+    aa = a.clone
+    bb = b.clone
+
+    a.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_true
+    b.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_false
+    aa.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_true
+    bb.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/collect_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/collect_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ad4c283b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/collect_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/collect'
+
+describe "Array#collect" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_collect, :collect
+end
+
+describe "Array#collect!" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_collect_b, :collect!
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/combination_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/combination_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f16d6f98fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/combination_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#combination" do
+  before :each do
+    @array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "returns an enumerator when no block is provided" do
+    @array.combination(2).should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+  end
+
+  it "returns self when a block is given" do
+    @array.combination(2){}.should equal(@array)
+  end
+
+  it "yields nothing for out of bounds length and return self" do
+    @array.combination(5).to_a.should == []
+    @array.combination(-1).to_a.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "yields the expected combinations" do
+    @array.combination(3).to_a.sort.should == [[1,2,3],[1,2,4],[1,3,4],[2,3,4]]
+  end
+
+  it "yields nothing if the argument is out of bounds" do
+    @array.combination(-1).to_a.should == []
+    @array.combination(5).to_a.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "yields a copy of self if the argument is the size of the receiver" do
+    r = @array.combination(4).to_a
+    r.should == [@array]
+    r[0].should_not equal(@array)
+  end
+
+  it "yields [] when length is 0" do
+    @array.combination(0).to_a.should == [[]] # one combination of length 0
+    [].combination(0).to_a.should == [[]] # one combination of length 0
+  end
+
+  it "yields a partition consisting of only singletons" do
+    @array.combination(1).to_a.sort.should == [[1],[2],[3],[4]]
+  end
+
+  it "generates from a defensive copy, ignoring mutations" do
+    accum = []
+    @array.combination(2) do |x|
+      accum << x
+      @array[0] = 1
+    end
+    accum.should == [[1, 2], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4], [3, 4]]
+  end
+
+  describe "when no block is given" do
+    describe "returned Enumerator" do
+      describe "size" do
+        it "returns 0 when the number of combinations is < 0" do
+          @array.combination(-1).size.should == 0
+          [].combination(-2).size.should == 0
+        end
+        it "returns the binomial coefficient between the array size the number of combinations" do
+          @array.combination(5).size.should == 0
+          @array.combination(4).size.should == 1
+          @array.combination(3).size.should == 4
+          @array.combination(2).size.should == 6
+          @array.combination(1).size.should == 4
+          @array.combination(0).size.should == 1
+          [].combination(0).size.should == 1
+          [].combination(1).size.should == 0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/compact_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/compact_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa3c1c0446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/compact_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#compact" do
+  it "returns a copy of array with all nil elements removed" do
+    a = [1, 2, 4]
+    a.compact.should == [1, 2, 4]
+    a = [1, nil, 2, 4]
+    a.compact.should == [1, 2, 4]
+    a = [1, 2, 4, nil]
+    a.compact.should == [1, 2, 4]
+    a = [nil, 1, 2, 4]
+    a.compact.should == [1, 2, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "does not return self" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.compact.should_not equal(a)
+  end
+
+  it "does not return subclass instance for Array subclasses" do
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3, nil].compact.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "does not keep tainted status even if all elements are removed" do
+      a = [nil, nil]
+      a.taint
+      a.compact.tainted?.should be_false
+    end
+
+    it "does not keep untrusted status even if all elements are removed" do
+      a = [nil, nil]
+      a.untrust
+      a.compact.untrusted?.should be_false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#compact!" do
+  it "removes all nil elements" do
+    a = ['a', nil, 'b', false, 'c']
+    a.compact!.should equal(a)
+    a.should == ["a", "b", false, "c"]
+    a = [nil, 'a', 'b', false, 'c']
+    a.compact!.should equal(a)
+    a.should == ["a", "b", false, "c"]
+    a = ['a', 'b', false, 'c', nil]
+    a.compact!.should equal(a)
+    a.should == ["a", "b", false, "c"]
+  end
+
+  it "returns self if some nil elements are removed" do
+    a = ['a', nil, 'b', false, 'c']
+    a.compact!.should equal a
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if there are no nil elements to remove" do
+    [1, 2, false, 3].compact!.should == nil
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "keeps tainted status even if all elements are removed" do
+      a = [nil, nil]
+      a.taint
+      a.compact!
+      a.tainted?.should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "keeps untrusted status even if all elements are removed" do
+      a = [nil, nil]
+      a.untrust
+      a.compact!
+      a.untrusted?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.compact! }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/comparison_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/comparison_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d1c3265f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/comparison_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#<=>" do
+  it "calls <=> left to right and return first non-0 result" do
+    [-1, +1, nil, "foobar"].each do |result|
+      lhs = Array.new(3) { mock("#{result}") }
+      rhs = Array.new(3) { mock("#{result}") }
+
+      lhs[0].should_receive(:<=>).with(rhs[0]).and_return(0)
+      lhs[1].should_receive(:<=>).with(rhs[1]).and_return(result)
+      lhs[2].should_not_receive(:<=>)
+
+      (lhs <=> rhs).should == result
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns 0 if the arrays are equal" do
+    ([] <=> []).should == 0
+    ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] <=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0]).should == 0
+  end
+
+  it "returns -1 if the array is shorter than the other array" do
+    ([] <=> [1]).should == -1
+    ([1, 1] <=> [1, 1, 1]).should == -1
+  end
+
+  it "returns +1 if the array is longer than the other array" do
+    ([1] <=> []).should == +1
+    ([1, 1, 1] <=> [1, 1]).should == +1
+  end
+
+  it "returns -1 if the arrays have same length and a pair of corresponding elements returns -1 for <=>" do
+    eq_l = mock('an object equal to the other')
+    eq_r = mock('an object equal to the other')
+    eq_l.should_receive(:<=>).with(eq_r).any_number_of_times.and_return(0)
+
+    less = mock('less than the other')
+    greater = mock('greater then the other')
+    less.should_receive(:<=>).with(greater).any_number_of_times.and_return(-1)
+
+    rest = mock('an rest element of the arrays')
+    rest.should_receive(:<=>).with(rest).any_number_of_times.and_return(0)
+    lhs = [eq_l, eq_l, less, rest]
+    rhs = [eq_r, eq_r, greater, rest]
+
+    (lhs <=> rhs).should == -1
+  end
+
+  it "returns +1 if the arrays have same length and a pair of corresponding elements returns +1 for <=>" do
+    eq_l = mock('an object equal to the other')
+    eq_r = mock('an object equal to the other')
+    eq_l.should_receive(:<=>).with(eq_r).any_number_of_times.and_return(0)
+
+    greater = mock('greater then the other')
+    less = mock('less than the other')
+    greater.should_receive(:<=>).with(less).any_number_of_times.and_return(+1)
+
+    rest = mock('an rest element of the arrays')
+    rest.should_receive(:<=>).with(rest).any_number_of_times.and_return(0)
+    lhs = [eq_l, eq_l, greater, rest]
+    rhs = [eq_r, eq_r, less, rest]
+
+    (lhs <=> rhs).should == +1
+  end
+
+  it "properly handles recursive arrays" do
+    empty = ArraySpecs.empty_recursive_array
+    (empty <=> empty).should == 0
+    (empty <=> []).should == 1
+    ([] <=> empty).should == -1
+
+    (ArraySpecs.recursive_array <=> []).should == 1
+    ([] <=> ArraySpecs.recursive_array).should == -1
+
+    (ArraySpecs.recursive_array <=> ArraySpecs.empty_recursive_array).should == nil
+
+    array = ArraySpecs.recursive_array
+    (array <=> array).should == 0
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Array using #to_ary" do
+    obj = mock('to_ary')
+    obj.stub!(:to_ary).and_return([1, 2, 3])
+    ([4, 5] <=> obj).should == ([4, 5] <=> obj.to_ary)
+  end
+
+  it "does not call #to_ary on Array subclasses" do
+    obj = ArraySpecs::ToAryArray[5, 6, 7]
+    obj.should_not_receive(:to_ary)
+    ([5, 6, 7] <=> obj).should == 0
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil when the argument is not array-like" do
+    ([] <=> false).should be_nil
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/concat_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/concat_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da6763bfd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/concat_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#concat" do
+  it "returns the array itself" do
+    ary = [1,2,3]
+    ary.concat([4,5,6]).equal?(ary).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "appends the elements in the other array" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary.concat([9, 10, 11]).should equal(ary)
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11]
+    ary.concat([])
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11]
+  end
+
+  it "does not loop endlessly when argument is self" do
+    ary = ["x", "y"]
+    ary.concat(ary).should == ["x", "y", "x", "y"]
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Array using #to_ary" do
+    obj = mock('to_ary')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_ary).and_return(["x", "y"])
+    [4, 5, 6].concat(obj).should == [4, 5, 6, "x", "y"]
+  end
+
+  it "does not call #to_ary on Array subclasses" do
+    obj = ArraySpecs::ToAryArray[5, 6, 7]
+    obj.should_not_receive(:to_ary)
+    [].concat(obj).should == [5, 6, 7]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError when Array is frozen and modification occurs" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.concat [1] }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  # see [ruby-core:23666]
+  it "raises a FrozenError when Array is frozen and no modification occurs" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.concat([]) }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "keeps tainted status" do
+      ary = [1, 2]
+      ary.taint
+      ary.concat([3])
+      ary.tainted?.should be_true
+      ary.concat([])
+      ary.tainted?.should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "is not infected by the other" do
+      ary = [1,2]
+      other = [3]; other.taint
+      ary.tainted?.should be_false
+      ary.concat(other)
+      ary.tainted?.should be_false
+    end
+
+    it "keeps the tainted status of elements" do
+      ary = [ Object.new, Object.new, Object.new ]
+      ary.each {|x| x.taint }
+
+      ary.concat([ Object.new ])
+      ary[0].tainted?.should be_true
+      ary[1].tainted?.should be_true
+      ary[2].tainted?.should be_true
+      ary[3].tainted?.should be_false
+    end
+
+    it "keeps untrusted status" do
+      ary = [1, 2]
+      ary.untrust
+      ary.concat([3])
+      ary.untrusted?.should be_true
+      ary.concat([])
+      ary.untrusted?.should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "is not infected untrustedness by the other" do
+      ary = [1,2]
+      other = [3]; other.untrust
+      ary.untrusted?.should be_false
+      ary.concat(other)
+      ary.untrusted?.should be_false
+    end
+
+    it "keeps the untrusted status of elements" do
+      ary = [ Object.new, Object.new, Object.new ]
+      ary.each {|x| x.untrust }
+
+      ary.concat([ Object.new ])
+      ary[0].untrusted?.should be_true
+      ary[1].untrusted?.should be_true
+      ary[2].untrusted?.should be_true
+      ary[3].untrusted?.should be_false
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "appends elements to an Array with enough capacity that has been shifted" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    2.times { ary.shift }
+    2.times { ary.pop }
+    ary.concat([5, 6]).should == [3, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "appends elements to an Array without enough capacity that has been shifted" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    3.times { ary.shift }
+    ary.concat([5, 6]).should == [4, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "takes multiple arguments" do
+    ary = [1, 2]
+    ary.concat [3, 4]
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "concatenates the initial value when given arguments contain 2 self" do
+    ary = [1, 2]
+    ary.concat ary, ary
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "returns self when given no arguments" do
+    ary = [1, 2]
+    ary.concat.should equal(ary)
+    ary.should == [1, 2]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/constructor_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/constructor_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f36074c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/constructor_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array.[]" do
+  it "returns a new array populated with the given elements" do
+    obj = Object.new
+    Array.[](5, true, nil, 'a', "Ruby", obj).should == [5, true, nil, "a", "Ruby", obj]
+
+    a = ArraySpecs::MyArray.[](5, true, nil, 'a', "Ruby", obj)
+    a.should be_an_instance_of(ArraySpecs::MyArray)
+    a.inspect.should == [5, true, nil, "a", "Ruby", obj].inspect
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array[]" do
+  it "is a synonym for .[]" do
+    obj = Object.new
+    Array[5, true, nil, 'a', "Ruby", obj].should == Array.[](5, true, nil, "a", "Ruby", obj)
+
+    a = ArraySpecs::MyArray[5, true, nil, 'a', "Ruby", obj]
+    a.should be_an_instance_of(ArraySpecs::MyArray)
+    a.inspect.should == [5, true, nil, "a", "Ruby", obj].inspect
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/count_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/count_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eaf275aeb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/count_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#count" do
+  it "returns the number of elements" do
+    [:a, :b, :c].count.should == 3
+  end
+
+  it "returns the number of elements that equal the argument" do
+    [:a, :b, :b, :c].count(:b).should == 2
+  end
+
+  it "returns the number of element for which the block evaluates to true" do
+    [:a, :b, :c].count { |s| s != :b }.should == 2
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/cycle_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/cycle_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7219b49883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/cycle_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative '../enumerable/shared/enumeratorized'
+
+describe "Array#cycle" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+
+    @array = [1, 2, 3]
+    @prc = -> x { ScratchPad << x }
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield and returns nil when the array is empty and passed value is an integer" do
+    [].cycle(6, &@prc).should be_nil
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield and returns nil when the array is empty and passed value is nil" do
+    [].cycle(nil, &@prc).should be_nil
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield and returns nil when passed 0" do
+    @array.cycle(0, &@prc).should be_nil
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == []
+  end
+
+  it "iterates the array 'count' times yielding each item to the block" do
+    @array.cycle(2, &@prc)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "iterates indefinitely when not passed a count" do
+    @array.cycle do |x|
+      ScratchPad << x
+      break if ScratchPad.recorded.size > 7
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "iterates indefinitely when passed nil" do
+    @array.cycle(nil) do |x|
+      ScratchPad << x
+      break if ScratchPad.recorded.size > 7
+    end
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "does not rescue StopIteration when not passed a count" do
+    -> do
+      @array.cycle { raise StopIteration }
+    end.should raise_error(StopIteration)
+  end
+
+  it "does not rescue StopIteration when passed a count" do
+    -> do
+      @array.cycle(3) { raise StopIteration }
+    end.should raise_error(StopIteration)
+  end
+
+  it "iterates the array Integer(count) times when passed a Float count" do
+    @array.cycle(2.7, &@prc)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "calls #to_int to convert count to an Integer" do
+    count = mock("cycle count 2")
+    count.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2)
+
+    @array.cycle(count, &@prc)
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if #to_int does not return an Integer" do
+    count = mock("cycle count 2")
+    count.should_receive(:to_int).and_return("2")
+
+    -> { @array.cycle(count, &@prc) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if passed a String" do
+    -> { @array.cycle("4") { } }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if passed an Object" do
+    -> { @array.cycle(mock("cycle count")) { } }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if passed true" do
+    -> { @array.cycle(true) { } }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if passed false" do
+    -> { @array.cycle(false) { } }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  before :all do
+    @object = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    @empty_object = []
+  end
+  it_should_behave_like :enumeratorized_with_cycle_size
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/deconstruct_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/deconstruct_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b07152dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/deconstruct_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+ruby_version_is "2.7" do
+  describe "Array#deconstruct" do
+    it "returns self" do
+      array = [1]
+
+      array.deconstruct.should equal array
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_at_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_at_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc225a03f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_at_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#delete_at" do
+  it "removes the element at the specified index" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a.delete_at(2)
+    a.should == [1, 2, 4]
+    a.delete_at(-1)
+    a.should == [1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "returns the removed element at the specified index" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a.delete_at(2).should == 3
+    a.delete_at(-1).should == 4
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil and makes no modification if the index is out of range" do
+    a = [1, 2]
+    a.delete_at(3).should == nil
+    a.should == [1, 2]
+    a.delete_at(-3).should == nil
+    a.should == [1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Integer using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(-1)
+    [1, 2].delete_at(obj).should == 2
+  end
+
+  it "accepts negative indices" do
+    a = [1, 2]
+    a.delete_at(-2).should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    -> { [1,2,3].freeze.delete_at(0) }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "keeps tainted status" do
+      ary = [1, 2]
+      ary.taint
+      ary.tainted?.should be_true
+      ary.delete_at(0)
+      ary.tainted?.should be_true
+      ary.delete_at(0) # now empty
+      ary.tainted?.should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "keeps untrusted status" do
+      ary = [1, 2]
+      ary.untrust
+      ary.untrusted?.should be_true
+      ary.delete_at(0)
+      ary.untrusted?.should be_true
+      ary.delete_at(0) # now empty
+      ary.untrusted?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_if_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_if_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1931220f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_if_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/enumeratorize'
+require_relative 'shared/delete_if'
+require_relative '../enumerable/shared/enumeratorized'
+
+describe "Array#delete_if" do
+  before do
+    @a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+  end
+
+  it "removes each element for which block returns true" do
+    @a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
+    @a.delete_if { |x| x >= "b" }
+    @a.should == ["a"]
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    @a.delete_if{ true }.equal?(@a).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it_behaves_like :enumeratorize, :delete_if
+
+  it "returns self when called on an Array emptied with #shift" do
+    array = [1]
+    array.shift
+    array.delete_if { |x| true }.should equal(array)
+  end
+
+  it "returns an Enumerator if no block given, and the enumerator can modify the original array" do
+    enum = @a.delete_if
+    enum.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+    @a.should_not be_empty
+    enum.each { true }
+    @a.should be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "returns an Enumerator if no block given, and the array is frozen" do
+    @a.freeze.delete_if.should be_an_instance_of(Enumerator)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.delete_if {} }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on an empty frozen array" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.empty_frozen_array.delete_if {} }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "keeps tainted status" do
+      @a.taint
+      @a.tainted?.should be_true
+      @a.delete_if{ true }
+      @a.tainted?.should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "keeps untrusted status" do
+      @a.untrust
+      @a.untrusted?.should be_true
+      @a.delete_if{ true }
+      @a.untrusted?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+
+  it_behaves_like :enumeratorized_with_origin_size, :delete_if, [1,2,3]
+  it_behaves_like :delete_if, :delete_if
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d53c74e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/delete_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#delete" do
+  it "removes elements that are #== to object" do
+    x = mock('delete')
+    def x.==(other) 3 == other end
+
+    a = [1, 2, 3, x, 4, 3, 5, x]
+    a.delete mock('not contained')
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, x, 4, 3, 5, x]
+
+    a.delete 3
+    a.should == [1, 2, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "calculates equality correctly for reference values" do
+    a = ["foo", "bar", "foo", "quux", "foo"]
+    a.delete "foo"
+    a.should == ["bar","quux"]
+  end
+
+  it "returns object or nil if no elements match object" do
+    [1, 2, 4, 5].delete(1).should == 1
+    [1, 2, 4, 5].delete(3).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "may be given a block that is executed if no element matches object" do
+    [1].delete(1) {:not_found}.should == 1
+    [].delete('a') {:not_found}.should == :not_found
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the array is empty due to a shift" do
+    a = [1]
+    a.shift
+    a.delete(nil).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil on a frozen array if a modification does not take place" do
+    [1, 2, 3].freeze.delete(0).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].freeze.delete(1) }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "keeps tainted status" do
+      a = [1, 2]
+      a.taint
+      a.tainted?.should be_true
+      a.delete(2)
+      a.tainted?.should be_true
+      a.delete(1) # now empty
+      a.tainted?.should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "keeps untrusted status" do
+      a = [1, 2]
+      a.untrust
+      a.untrusted?.should be_true
+      a.delete(2)
+      a.untrusted?.should be_true
+      a.delete(1) # now empty
+      a.untrusted?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/difference_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/difference_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a357657967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/difference_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/difference'
+
+ruby_version_is "2.6" do
+  describe "Array#difference" do
+    it_behaves_like :array_binary_difference, :difference
+
+    it "returns a copy when called without any parameter" do
+      x = [1, 2, 3, 2]
+      x.difference.should == x
+      x.difference.should_not equal x
+    end
+
+    it "does not return subclass instances for Array subclasses" do
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].difference.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    end
+
+    it "accepts multiple arguments" do
+      x = [1, 2, 3, 1]
+      x.difference([], [0, 1], [3, 4], [3]).should == [2]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/dig_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/dig_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2d8ff47fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/dig_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#dig" do
+
+  it "returns #at with one arg" do
+    ['a'].dig(0).should == 'a'
+    ['a'].dig(1).should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "recurses array elements" do
+    a = [ [ 1, [2, '3'] ] ]
+    a.dig(0, 0).should == 1
+    a.dig(0, 1, 1).should == '3'
+    a.dig(0, -1, 0).should == 2
+  end
+
+  it "returns the nested value specified if the sequence includes a key" do
+    a = [42, { foo: :bar }]
+    a.dig(1, :foo).should == :bar
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError for a non-numeric index" do
+    -> {
+      ['a'].dig(:first)
+    }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if any intermediate step does not respond to #dig" do
+    a = [1, 2]
+    -> {
+      a.dig(0, 1)
+    }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if no arguments provided" do
+    -> {
+      [10].dig()
+    }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if any intermediate step is nil" do
+    a = [[1, [2, 3]]]
+    a.dig(1, 2, 3).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "calls #dig on the result of #at with the remaining arguments" do
+    h = [[nil, [nil, nil, 42]]]
+    h[0].should_receive(:dig).with(1, 2).and_return(42)
+    h.dig(0, 1, 2).should == 42
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/drop_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/drop_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84ea86b04c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/drop_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#drop" do
+  it "removes the specified number of elements from the start of the array" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].drop(2).should == [3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if the number of elements specified is negative" do
+   -> { [1, 2].drop(-3) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty Array if all elements are dropped" do
+    [1, 2].drop(2).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty Array when called on an empty Array" do
+    [].drop(0).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "does not remove any elements when passed zero" do
+    [1, 2].drop(0).should == [1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty Array if more elements than exist are dropped" do
+    [1, 2].drop(3).should == []
+  end
+
+  it 'acts correctly after a shift' do
+    ary = [nil, 1, 2]
+    ary.shift
+    ary.drop(1).should == [2]
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Integer using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock("to_int")
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2)
+
+    [1, 2, 3].drop(obj).should == [3]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError when the passed argument can't be coerced to Integer" do
+    -> { [1, 2].drop("cat") }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError when the passed argument isn't an integer and #to_int returns non-Integer" do
+    obj = mock("to_int")
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return("cat")
+
+    -> { [1, 2].drop(obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/drop_while_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/drop_while_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfb6b1e267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/drop_while_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#drop_while" do
+  it "removes elements from the start of the array while the block evaluates to true" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4].drop_while { |n| n < 4 }.should == [4]
+  end
+
+  it "removes elements from the start of the array until the block returns nil" do
+    [1, 2, 3, nil, 5].drop_while { |n| n }.should == [nil, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "removes elements from the start of the array until the block returns false" do
+    [1, 2, 3, false, 5].drop_while { |n| n }.should == [false, 5]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/dup_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/dup_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17f467d5fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/dup_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/clone'
+
+describe "Array#dup" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_clone, :dup # FIX: no, clone and dup are not alike
+
+  it "does not copy frozen status from the original" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    b = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a.freeze
+    aa = a.dup
+    bb = b.dup
+
+    aa.frozen?.should be_false
+    bb.frozen?.should be_false
+  end
+
+  it "does not copy singleton methods" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    b = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    def a.a_singleton_method; end
+    aa = a.dup
+    bb = b.dup
+
+    a.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_true
+    b.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_false
+    aa.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_false
+    bb.respond_to?(:a_singleton_method).should be_false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/each_index_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/each_index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51af5842c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/each_index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/enumeratorize'
+require_relative '../enumerable/shared/enumeratorized'
+
+# Modifying a collection while the contents are being iterated
+# gives undefined behavior. See
+# http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-core/23633
+
+describe "Array#each_index" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.record []
+  end
+
+  it "passes the index of each element to the block" do
+    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+    a.each_index { |i| ScratchPad << i }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [0, 1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    a = [:a, :b, :c]
+    a.each_index { |i| }.should equal(a)
+  end
+
+  it "is not confused by removing elements from the front" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+
+    a.shift
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    a.each_index { |i| ScratchPad << i }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [0, 1]
+
+    a.shift
+    ScratchPad.record []
+    a.each_index { |i| ScratchPad << i }
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [0]
+  end
+
+  it_behaves_like :enumeratorize, :each_index
+  it_behaves_like :enumeratorized_with_origin_size, :each_index, [1,2,3]
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/each_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/each_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..256647d61e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/each_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/enumeratorize'
+require_relative '../enumerable/shared/enumeratorized'
+
+# Modifying a collection while the contents are being iterated
+# gives undefined behavior. See
+# http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-core/23633
+
+describe "Array#each" do
+  it "yields each element to the block" do
+    a = []
+    x = [1, 2, 3]
+    x.each { |item| a << item }.should equal(x)
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "yields each element to a block that takes multiple arguments" do
+    a = [[1, 2], :a, [3, 4]]
+    b = []
+
+    a.each { |x, y| b << x }
+    b.should == [1, :a, 3]
+
+    b = []
+    a.each { |x, y| b << y }
+    b.should == [2, nil, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "yields elements added to the end of the array by the block" do
+    a = [2]
+    iterated = []
+    a.each { |x| iterated << x; x.times { a << 0 } }
+
+    iterated.should == [2, 0, 0]
+  end
+
+  it "does not yield elements deleted from the end of the array" do
+    a = [2, 3, 1]
+    iterated = []
+    a.each { |x| iterated << x; a.delete_at(2) if x == 3 }
+
+    iterated.should == [2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it_behaves_like :enumeratorize, :each
+  it_behaves_like :enumeratorized_with_origin_size, :each, [1,2,3]
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/element_reference_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/element_reference_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31e5578a09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/element_reference_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/slice'
+
+describe "Array#[]" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_slice, :[]
+end
+
+describe "Array.[]" do
+  it "[] should return a new array populated with the given elements" do
+    array = Array[1, 'a', nil]
+    array[0].should == 1
+    array[1].should == 'a'
+    array[2].should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "when applied to a literal nested array, unpacks its elements into the containing array" do
+    Array[1, 2, *[3, 4, 5]].should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "when applied to a nested referenced array, unpacks its elements into the containing array" do
+    splatted_array = Array[3, 4, 5]
+    Array[1, 2, *splatted_array].should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "can unpack 2 or more nested referenced array" do
+    splatted_array = Array[3, 4, 5]
+    splatted_array2 = Array[6, 7, 8]
+    Array[1, 2, *splatted_array, *splatted_array2].should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+  end
+
+  it "constructs a nested Hash for tailing key-value pairs" do
+    Array[1, 2, 3 => 4, 5 => 6].should == [1, 2, { 3 => 4, 5 => 6 }]
+  end
+
+  describe "with a subclass of Array" do
+    before :each do
+      ScratchPad.clear
+    end
+
+    it "returns an instance of the subclass" do
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].should be_an_instance_of(ArraySpecs::MyArray)
+    end
+
+    it "does not call #initialize on the subclass instance" do
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].should == [1, 2, 3]
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should be_nil
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/element_set_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/element_set_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e01e838e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/element_set_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#[]=" do
+  it "sets the value of the element at index" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a[2] = 5
+    a[-1] = 6
+    a[5] = 3
+    a.should == [1, 2, 5, 6, nil, 3]
+
+    a = []
+    a[4] = "e"
+    a.should == [nil, nil, nil, nil, "e"]
+    a[3] = "d"
+    a.should == [nil, nil, nil, "d", "e"]
+    a[0] = "a"
+    a.should == ["a", nil, nil, "d", "e"]
+    a[-3] = "C"
+    a.should == ["a", nil, "C", "d", "e"]
+    a[-1] = "E"
+    a.should == ["a", nil, "C", "d", "E"]
+    a[-5] = "A"
+    a.should == ["A", nil, "C", "d", "E"]
+    a[5] = "f"
+    a.should == ["A", nil, "C", "d", "E", "f"]
+    a[1] = []
+    a.should == ["A", [], "C", "d", "E", "f"]
+    a[-1] = nil
+    a.should == ["A", [], "C", "d", "E", nil]
+  end
+
+  it "sets the section defined by [start,length] to other" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a[0, 1] = 2
+    a[3, 2] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+    a.should == [2, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c", "d", 6]
+  end
+  it "replaces the section defined by [start,length] with the given values" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a[3, 2] = 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c", "d", 6]
+  end
+
+  it "just sets the section defined by [start,length] to other even if other is nil" do
+    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
+    a[1, 3] = nil
+    a.should == ["a", nil, "e"]
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if the rhs is nil" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    (a[1, 3] = nil).should == nil
+    (a[1..3] = nil).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "sets the section defined by range to other" do
+    a = [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+    a[1...2] = 9
+    a[3..6] = [6, 6, 6]
+    a.should == [6, 9, 4, 6, 6, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the section defined by range with the given values" do
+    a = [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+    a[3..6] = :a, :b, :c
+    a.should == [6, 5, 4, :a, :b, :c]
+  end
+
+  it "just sets the section defined by range to other even if other is nil" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[0..1] = nil
+    a.should == [nil, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it 'expands and nil-pads the array if section assigned by range is outside array boundaries' do
+    a = ['a']
+    a[3..4] = ['b', 'c']
+    a.should == ['a', nil, nil, 'b', 'c']
+  end
+
+  it "calls to_int on its start and length arguments" do
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    obj.stub!(:to_int).and_return(2)
+
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a[obj, 0] = [9]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 9, 3, 4]
+    a[obj, obj] = []
+    a.should == [1, 2, 4]
+    a[obj] = -1
+    a.should == [1, 2, -1]
+  end
+
+  it "checks frozen before attempting to coerce arguments" do
+    a = [1,2,3,4].freeze
+    -> {a[:foo] = 1}.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+    -> {a[:foo, :bar] = 1}.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  it "sets elements in the range arguments when passed ranges" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    rhs = [nil, [], ["x"], ["x", "y"]]
+    (0 .. ary.size + 2).each do |a|
+      (a .. ary.size + 3).each do |b|
+        rhs.each do |c|
+          ary1 = ary.dup
+          ary1[a .. b] = c
+          ary2 = ary.dup
+          ary2[a, 1 + b-a] = c
+          ary1.should == ary2
+
+          ary1 = ary.dup
+          ary1[a ... b] = c
+          ary2 = ary.dup
+          ary2[a, b-a] = c
+          ary1.should == ary2
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "inserts the given elements with [range] which the range is zero-width" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary[1...1] = 0
+    ary.should == [1, 0, 2, 3]
+    ary[1...1] = [5]
+    ary.should == [1, 5, 0, 2, 3]
+    ary[1...1] = :a, :b, :c
+    ary.should == [1, :a, :b, :c, 5, 0, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "inserts the given elements with [start, length] which length is zero" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary[1, 0] = 0
+    ary.should == [1, 0, 2, 3]
+    ary[1, 0] = [5]
+    ary.should == [1, 5, 0, 2, 3]
+    ary[1, 0] = :a, :b, :c
+    ary.should == [1, :a, :b, :c, 5, 0, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  # Now we only have to test cases where the start, length interface would
+  # have raise an exception because of negative size
+  it "inserts the given elements with [range] which the range has negative width" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary[1..0] = 0
+    ary.should == [1, 0, 2, 3]
+    ary[1..0] = [4, 3]
+    ary.should == [1, 4, 3, 0, 2, 3]
+    ary[1..0] = :a, :b, :c
+    ary.should == [1, :a, :b, :c, 4, 3, 0, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "just inserts nil if the section defined by range is zero-width and the rhs is nil" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary[1...1] = nil
+    ary.should == [1, nil, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "just inserts nil if the section defined by range has negative width and the rhs is nil" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary[1..0] = nil
+    ary.should == [1, nil, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "does nothing if the section defined by range is zero-width and the rhs is an empty array" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary[1...1] = []
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+  it "does nothing if the section defined by range has negative width and the rhs is an empty array" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary[1...0] = []
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary[-2..2] = []
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert Range elements to Integers using #to_int with [m..n] and [m...n]" do
+    from = mock('from')
+    to = mock('to')
+
+    # So we can construct a range out of them...
+    def from.<=>(o) 0 end
+    def to.<=>(o) 0 end
+
+    def from.to_int() 1 end
+    def to.to_int() -2 end
+
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    a[from .. to] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    a.should == [1, "a", "b", "c", 4]
+
+    a[to .. from] = ["x"]
+    a.should == [1, "a", "b", "x", "c", 4]
+    -> { a["a" .. "b"] = []  }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+    -> { a[from .. "b"] = [] }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an IndexError when passed indexes out of bounds" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    -> { a[-5] = ""      }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[-5, -1] = ""  }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[-5, 0] = ""   }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[-5, 1] = ""   }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[-5, 2] = ""   }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[-5, 10] = ""  }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+
+    -> { a[-5..-5] = ""  }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { a[-5...-5] = "" }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { a[-5..-4] = ""  }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { a[-5...-4] = "" }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { a[-5..10] = ""  }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { a[-5...10] = "" }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+
+    # ok
+    a[0..-9] = [1]
+    a.should == [1, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "calls to_ary on its rhs argument for multi-element sets" do
+    obj = mock('to_ary')
+    def obj.to_ary() [1, 2, 3] end
+    ary = [1, 2]
+    ary[0, 0] = obj
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
+    ary[1, 10] = obj
+    ary.should == [1, 1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "does not call to_ary on rhs array subclasses for multi-element sets" do
+    ary = []
+    ary[0, 0] = ArraySpecs::ToAryArray[5, 6, 7]
+    ary.should == [5, 6, 7]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array[0, 0] = [] }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#[]= with [index]" do
+  it "returns value assigned if idx is inside array" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    (a[3] = 6).should == 6
+  end
+
+  it "returns value assigned if idx is right beyond right array boundary" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    (a[5] = 6).should == 6
+  end
+
+  it "returns value assigned if idx far beyond right array boundary" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    (a[10] = 6).should == 6
+  end
+
+  it "sets the value of the element at index" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a[2] = 5
+    a[-1] = 6
+    a[5] = 3
+    a.should == [1, 2, 5, 6, nil, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "sets the value of the element if it is right beyond the array boundary" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a[4] = 8
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 8]
+  end
+
+end
+
+describe "Array#[]= with [index, count]" do
+  it "returns non-array value if non-array value assigned" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    (a[2, 3] = 10).should == 10
+  end
+
+  it "returns array if array assigned" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    (a[2, 3] = [4, 5]).should == [4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "just sets the section defined by [start,length] to nil even if the rhs is nil" do
+    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
+    a[1, 3] = nil
+    a.should == ["a", nil, "e"]
+  end
+
+  it "just sets the section defined by [start,length] to nil if negative index within bounds, cnt > 0 and the rhs is nil" do
+    a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
+    a[-3, 2] = nil
+    a.should == ["a", "b", nil, "e"]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the section defined by [start,length] to other" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a[0, 1] = 2
+    a[3, 2] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+    a.should == [2, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c", "d", 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the section to other if idx < 0 and cnt > 0" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    a[-3, 2] = ["x", "y", "z"]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, "x", "y", "z", 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the section to other even if cnt spanning beyond the array boundary" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[-1, 3] = [7, 8]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8]
+  end
+
+  it "pads the Array with nils if the span is past the end" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[10, 1] = [1]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, 1]
+
+    b = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    b[10, 0] = [1]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, 1]
+
+    c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    c[10, 0] = []
+    c.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil]
+  end
+
+  it "inserts other section in place defined by idx" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[3, 0] = [7, 8]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 4, 5]
+
+    b = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    b[1, 0] = b
+    b.should == [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an IndexError when passed start and negative length" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    -> { a[-2, -1] = "" }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[0, -1] = ""  }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[2, -1] = ""  }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[4, -1] = ""  }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { a[10, -1] = "" }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4,  5][2, -1] = [7, 8] }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#[]= with [m..n]" do
+  it "returns non-array value if non-array value assigned" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    (a[2..4] = 10).should == 10
+    (a.[]=(2..4, 10)).should == 10
+  end
+
+  it "returns array if array assigned" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    (a[2..4] = [7, 8]).should == [7, 8]
+    (a.[]=(2..4, [7, 8])).should == [7, 8]
+  end
+
+  it "just sets the section defined by range to nil even if the rhs is nil" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[0..1] = nil
+    a.should == [nil, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "just sets the section defined by range to nil if m and n < 0 and the rhs is nil" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[-3..-2] = nil
+    a.should == [1, 2, nil, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the section defined by range" do
+    a = [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+    a[1...2] = 9
+    a[3..6] = [6, 6, 6]
+    a.should == [6, 9, 4, 6, 6, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the section if m and n < 0" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[-3..-2] = [7, 8, 9]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the section if m < 0 and n > 0" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[-4..3] = [8]
+    a.should == [1, 8, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "inserts the other section at m if m > n" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a[3..1] = [8]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 8, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "inserts at the end if m > the array size" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a[3..3] = [4]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a[5..7] = [6]
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, nil, 6]
+  end
+
+  describe "Range subclasses" do
+    before :each do
+      @range_incl = ArraySpecs::MyRange.new(1, 2)
+      @range_excl = ArraySpecs::MyRange.new(-3, -1, true)
+    end
+
+    it "accepts Range subclasses" do
+      a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+      a[@range_incl] = ["a", "b"]
+      a.should == [1, "a", "b", 4]
+      a[@range_excl] = ["A", "B"]
+      a.should == [1, "A", "B", 4]
+    end
+
+    it "returns non-array value if non-array value assigned" do
+      a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      (a[@range_incl] = 10).should == 10
+      (a.[]=(@range_incl, 10)).should == 10
+    end
+
+    it "returns array if array assigned" do
+      a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      (a[@range_incl] = [7, 8]).should == [7, 8]
+      a.[]=(@range_incl, [7, 8]).should == [7, 8]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ruby_version_is "2.6" do
+  describe "Array#[]= with [m..]" do
+
+    it "just sets the section defined by range to nil even if the rhs is nil" do
+      a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      a[eval("(2..)")] = nil
+      a.should == [1, 2, nil]
+    end
+
+    it "just sets the section defined by range to nil if m and n < 0 and the rhs is nil" do
+      a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      a[eval("(-3..)")] = nil
+      a.should == [1, 2, nil]
+    end
+
+    it "replaces the section defined by range" do
+      a = [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+      a[eval("(3...)")] = 9
+      a.should == [6, 5, 4, 9]
+      a[eval("(2..)")] = [7, 7, 7]
+      a.should == [6, 5, 7, 7, 7]
+    end
+
+    it "replaces the section if m and n < 0" do
+      a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      a[eval("(-3..)")] = [7, 8, 9]
+      a.should == [1, 2, 7, 8, 9]
+    end
+
+    it "inserts at the end if m > the array size" do
+      a = [1, 2, 3]
+      a[eval("(3..)")] = [4]
+      a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+      a[eval("(5..)")] = [6]
+      a.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, nil, 6]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#[] after a shift" do
+  it "works for insertion" do
+    a = [1,2]
+    a.shift
+    a.shift
+    a[0,0] = [3,4]
+    a.should == [3,4]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/empty_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/empty_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f70b1b6ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/empty_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#empty?" do
+  it "returns true if the array has no elements" do
+    [].should.empty?
+    [1].should_not.empty?
+    [1, 2].should_not.empty?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/eql_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/eql_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8565b94c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/eql_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/eql'
+
+describe "Array#eql?" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_eql, :eql?
+
+  it "returns false if any corresponding elements are not #eql?" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4].should_not eql([1, 2, 3, 4.0])
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if other is not a kind of Array" do
+    obj = mock("array eql?")
+    obj.should_not_receive(:to_ary)
+    obj.should_not_receive(:eql?)
+
+    [1, 2, 3].should_not eql(obj)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/equal_value_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/equal_value_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a82e07b218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/equal_value_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/eql'
+
+describe "Array#==" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_eql, :==
+
+  it "compares with an equivalent Array-like object using #to_ary" do
+    obj = mock('array-like')
+    obj.should_receive(:respond_to?).at_least(1).with(:to_ary).and_return(true)
+    obj.should_receive(:==).with([1]).at_least(1).and_return(true)
+
+    ([1] == obj).should be_true
+    ([[1]] == [obj]).should be_true
+    ([[[1], 3], 2] == [[obj, 3], 2]).should be_true
+
+    # recursive arrays
+    arr1 = [[1]]
+    arr1 << arr1
+    arr2 = [obj]
+    arr2 << arr2
+    (arr1 == arr2).should be_true
+    (arr2 == arr1).should be_true
+  end
+
+  it "returns false if any corresponding elements are not #==" do
+    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    b = ["a", "b", "not equal value"]
+    a.should_not == b
+
+    c = mock("c")
+    c.should_receive(:==).and_return(false)
+    ["a", "b", c].should_not == a
+  end
+
+  it "returns true if corresponding elements are #==" do
+    [].should == []
+    ["a", "c", 7].should == ["a", "c", 7]
+
+    [1, 2, 3].should == [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
+
+    obj = mock('5')
+    obj.should_receive(:==).and_return(true)
+    [obj].should == [5]
+  end
+
+  # See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/1720
+  it "returns true for [NaN] == [NaN] because Array#== first checks with #equal? and NaN.equal?(NaN) is true" do
+    [Float::NAN].should == [Float::NAN]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/fetch_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/fetch_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b81c0b48d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/fetch_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#fetch" do
+  it "returns the element at the passed index" do
+    [1, 2, 3].fetch(1).should == 2
+    [nil].fetch(0).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "counts negative indices backwards from end" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4].fetch(-1).should == 4
+  end
+
+  it "raises an IndexError if there is no element at index" do
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fetch(3) }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fetch(-4) }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { [].fetch(0) }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns default if there is no element at index if passed a default value" do
+    [1, 2, 3].fetch(5, :not_found).should == :not_found
+    [1, 2, 3].fetch(5, nil).should == nil
+    [1, 2, 3].fetch(-4, :not_found).should == :not_found
+    [nil].fetch(0, :not_found).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the value of block if there is no element at index if passed a block" do
+    [1, 2, 3].fetch(9) { |i| i * i }.should == 81
+    [1, 2, 3].fetch(-9) { |i| i * i }.should == 81
+  end
+
+  it "passes the original index argument object to the block, not the converted Integer" do
+    o = mock('5')
+    def o.to_int(); 5; end
+
+    [1, 2, 3].fetch(o) { |i| i }.should equal(o)
+  end
+
+  it "gives precedence to the default block over the default argument" do
+    -> {
+      @result = [1, 2, 3].fetch(9, :foo) { |i| i * i }
+    }.should complain(/block supersedes default value argument/)
+    @result.should == 81
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Integer using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2)
+    ["a", "b", "c"].fetch(obj).should == "c"
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError when the passed argument can't be coerced to Integer" do
+    -> { [].fetch("cat") }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/fill_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/fill_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6745bc8d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/fill_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#fill" do
+  before :all do
+    @never_passed = -> i do
+      raise ExpectationNotMetError, "the control path should not pass here"
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "returns self" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary.fill(:a).should equal(ary)
+  end
+
+  it "is destructive" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary.fill(:a)
+    ary.should == [:a, :a, :a]
+  end
+
+  it "does not replicate the filler" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    str = "x"
+    ary.fill(str).should == [str, str, str, str]
+    str << "y"
+    ary.should == [str, str, str, str]
+    ary[0].should equal(str)
+    ary[1].should equal(str)
+    ary[2].should equal(str)
+    ary[3].should equal(str)
+  end
+
+  it "replaces all elements in the array with the filler if not given a index nor a length" do
+    ary = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'duh']
+    ary.fill(8).should == [8, 8, 8, 8]
+
+    str = "x"
+    ary.fill(str).should == [str, str, str, str]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces all elements with the value of block (index given to block)" do
+    [nil, nil, nil, nil].fill { |i| i * 2 }.should == [0, 2, 4, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on a frozen array" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.fill('x') }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on an empty frozen array" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.empty_frozen_array.fill('x') }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if 4 or more arguments are passed when no block given" do
+    -> { [].fill('a') }.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    -> { [].fill('a', 1) }.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    -> { [].fill('a', 1, 2) }.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [].fill('a', 1, 2, true) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if no argument passed and no block given" do
+    -> { [].fill }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if 3 or more arguments are passed when a block given" do
+    -> { [].fill() {|i|} }.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    -> { [].fill(1) {|i|} }.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    -> { [].fill(1, 2) {|i|} }.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [].fill(1, 2, true) {|i|} }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#fill with (filler, index, length)" do
+  it "replaces length elements beginning with the index with the filler if given an index and a length" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    ary.fill('x', 2, 3).should == [1, 2, 'x', 'x', 'x', 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces length elements beginning with the index with the value of block" do
+    [true, false, true, false, true, false, true].fill(1, 4) { |i| i + 3 }.should == [true, 4, 5, 6, 7, false, true]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces all elements after the index if given an index and no length" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+    ary.fill('x', 1).should == [1, 'x', 'x']
+    ary.fill(1){|i| i*2}.should == [1, 2, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces all elements after the index if given an index and nil as a length" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.fill('x', 1, nil).should == [1, 'x', 'x']
+    a.fill(1, nil){|i| i*2}.should == [1, 2, 4]
+    a.fill('y', nil).should == ['y', 'y', 'y']
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the last (-n) elements if given an index n which is negative and no length" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a.fill('x', -2).should == [1, 2, 3, 'x', 'x']
+    a.fill(-2){|i| i.to_s}.should == [1, 2, 3, '3', '4']
+  end
+
+  it "replaces the last (-n) elements if given an index n which is negative and nil as a length" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    a.fill('x', -2, nil).should == [1, 2, 3, 'x', 'x']
+    a.fill(-2, nil){|i| i.to_s}.should == [1, 2, 3, '3', '4']
+  end
+
+  it "makes no modifications if given an index greater than end and no length" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', 5).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(5, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "makes no modifications if given an index greater than end and nil as a length" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', 5, nil).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(5, nil, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces length elements beginning with start index if given an index >= 0 and a length >= 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', 2, 0).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', 2, 2).should == [1, 2, "a", "a", 5]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(2, 0, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(2, 2){|i| i*2}.should == [1, 2, 4, 6, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "increases the Array size when necessary" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.size.should == 3
+    a.fill 'a', 0, 10
+    a.size.should == 10
+  end
+
+  it "pads between the last element and the index with nil if given an index which is greater than size of the array" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', 8, 5).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil, nil, nil, 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a']
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(8, 5){|i| 'a'}.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nil, nil, nil, 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a']
+  end
+
+  it "replaces length elements beginning with the (-n)th if given an index n < 0 and a length > 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', -2, 2).should == [1, 2, 3, "a", "a"]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', -2, 4).should == [1, 2, 3, "a", "a", "a", "a"]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-2, 2){|i| 'a'}.should == [1, 2, 3, "a", "a"]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-2, 4){|i| 'a'}.should == [1, 2, 3, "a", "a", "a", "a"]
+  end
+
+  it "starts at 0 if the negative index is before the start of the array" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', -25, 3).should == ['a', 'a', 'a', 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', -10, 10).should == %w|a a a a a a a a a a|
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-25, 3){|i| 'a'}.should == ['a', 'a', 'a', 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-10, 10){|i| 'a'}.should == %w|a a a a a a a a a a|
+  end
+
+  it "makes no modifications if the given length <= 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', 2, 0).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', -2, 0).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', 2, -2).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill('a', -2, -2).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(2, 0, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-2, 0, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(2, -2, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(-2, -2, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  # See: http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-core/17481
+  it "does not raise an exception if the given length is negative and its absolute value does not exceed the index" do
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('a', 3, -1)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('a', 3, -2)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('a', 3, -3)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(3, -1, &@never_passed)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(3, -2, &@never_passed)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(3, -3, &@never_passed)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not raise an exception even if the given length is negative and its absolute value exceeds the index" do
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('a', 3, -4)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('a', 3, -5)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('a', 3, -10000)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(3, -4, &@never_passed)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(3, -5, &@never_passed)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(3, -10000, &@never_passed)}.should_not raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the second and third arguments to Integers using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2, 2)
+    filler = mock('filler')
+    filler.should_not_receive(:to_int)
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(filler, obj, obj).should == [1, 2, filler, filler, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the index is not numeric" do
+    -> { [].fill 'a', true }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+
+    obj = mock('nonnumeric')
+    -> { [].fill('a', obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  not_supported_on :opal do
+    it "raises an ArgumentError or RangeError for too-large sizes" do
+      error_types = [RangeError, ArgumentError]
+      arr = [1, 2, 3]
+      -> { arr.fill(10, 1, fixnum_max) }.should raise_error { |err| error_types.should include(err.class) }
+      -> { arr.fill(10, 1, bignum_value) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#fill with (filler, range)" do
+  it "replaces elements in range with object" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(8, 0..3).should == [8, 8, 8, 8, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(8, 0...3).should == [8, 8, 8, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 4..6).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'x', 'x', 'x']
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 4...6).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'x', 'x']
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -2..-1).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'x', 'x']
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -2...-1).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'x', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -2...-2).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -2..-2).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'x', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -2..0).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 0...0).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 1..1).should == [1, 'x', 3, 4, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces all elements in range with the value of block" do
+    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1].fill(1..6) { |i| i + 1 }.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+  end
+
+  it "increases the Array size when necessary" do
+    [1, 2, 3].fill('x', 1..6).should == [1, 'x', 'x', 'x', 'x', 'x', 'x']
+    [1, 2, 3].fill(1..6){|i| i+1}.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError with range and length argument" do
+    -> { [].fill('x', 0 .. 2, 5) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "replaces elements between the (-m)th to the last and the (n+1)th from the first if given an range m..n where m < 0 and n >= 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -4..4).should == [1, 2, 'x', 'x', 'x', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -4...4).should == [1, 2, 'x', 'x', 5, 6]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-4..4){|i| (i+1).to_s}.should == [1, 2, '3', '4', '5', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-4...4){|i| (i+1).to_s}.should == [1, 2, '3', '4', 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces elements between the (-m)th and (-n)th to the last if given an range m..n where m < 0 and n < 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -4..-2).should == [1, 2, 'x', 'x', 'x', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -4...-2).should == [1, 2, 'x', 'x', 5, 6]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-4..-2){|i| (i+1).to_s}.should == [1, 2, '3', '4', '5', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-4...-2){|i| (i+1).to_s}.should == [1, 2, '3', '4', 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "replaces elements between the (m+1)th from the first and (-n)th to the last if given an range m..n where m >= 0 and n < 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 2..-2).should == [1, 2, 'x', 'x', 'x', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 2...-2).should == [1, 2, 'x', 'x', 5, 6]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(2..-2){|i| (i+1).to_s}.should == [1, 2, '3', '4', '5', 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(2...-2){|i| (i+1).to_s}.should == [1, 2, '3', '4', 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "makes no modifications if given an range which implies a section of zero width" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 2...2).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -4...2).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -4...-4).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 2...-4).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(2...2, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-4...2, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-4...-4, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(2...-4, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "makes no modifications if given an range which implies a section of negative width" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 2..1).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -4..1).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', -2..-4).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill('x', 2..-5).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(2..1, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-4..1, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(-2..-4, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].fill(2..-5, &@never_passed).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an exception if some of the given range lies before the first of the array" do
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fill('x', -5..-3) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fill('x', -5...-3) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fill('x', -5..-4) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fill(-5..-3, &@never_passed) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fill(-5...-3, &@never_passed) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+    -> { [1, 2, 3].fill(-5..-4, &@never_passed) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the start and end of the passed range to Integers using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    def obj.<=>(rhs); rhs == self ? 0 : nil end
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).twice.and_return(2)
+    filler = mock('filler')
+    filler.should_not_receive(:to_int)
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].fill(filler, obj..obj).should == [1, 2, filler, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the start or end of the passed range is not numeric" do
+    obj = mock('nonnumeric')
+    def obj.<=>(rhs); rhs == self ? 0 : nil end
+    -> { [].fill('a', obj..obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is "2.6" do
+    it "works with endless ranges" do
+      [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('x', eval("(1..)")).should == [1, 'x', 'x', 'x']
+      [1, 2, 3, 4].fill('x', eval("(3...)")).should == [1, 2, 3, 'x']
+      [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(eval("(1..)")) { |x| x + 2 }.should == [1, 3, 4, 5]
+      [1, 2, 3, 4].fill(eval("(3...)")) { |x| x + 2 }.should == [1, 2, 3, 5]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/filter_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/filter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee4f71ca28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/filter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/select'
+
+ruby_version_is "2.6" do
+  describe "Array#filter" do
+    it_behaves_like :array_select, :filter
+  end
+
+  describe "Array#filter!" do
+    it "returns nil if no changes were made in the array" do
+      [1, 2, 3].filter! { true }.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it_behaves_like :keep_if, :filter!
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/find_index_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/find_index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..759472024a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/find_index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/index'
+
+describe "Array#find_index" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_index, :find_index
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/first_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/first_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..463da829a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/first_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#first" do
+  it "returns the first element" do
+    %w{a b c}.first.should == 'a'
+    [nil].first.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if self is empty" do
+    [].first.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the first count elements if given a count" do
+    [true, false, true, nil, false].first(2).should == [true, false]
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty array when passed count on an empty array" do
+    [].first(0).should == []
+    [].first(1).should == []
+    [].first(2).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty array when passed count == 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].first(0).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "returns an array containing the first element when passed count == 1" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].first(1).should == [1]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError when count is negative" do
+    -> { [1, 2].first(-1) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a RangeError when count is an Integer" do
+    -> { [].first(bignum_value) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the entire array when count > length" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9].first(10).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]
+  end
+
+  it "returns an array which is independent to the original when passed count" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary.first(0).replace([1,2])
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary.first(1).replace([1,2])
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary.first(6).replace([1,2])
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "properly handles recursive arrays" do
+    empty = ArraySpecs.empty_recursive_array
+    empty.first.should equal(empty)
+
+    ary = ArraySpecs.head_recursive_array
+    ary.first.should equal(ary)
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Integer using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2)
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].first(obj).should == [1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the passed argument is not numeric" do
+    -> { [1,2].first(nil) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+    -> { [1,2].first("a") }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+
+    obj = mock("nonnumeric")
+    -> { [1,2].first(obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not return subclass instance when passed count on Array subclasses" do
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[].first(0).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[].first(2).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].first(0).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].first(1).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].first(2).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+  end
+
+  it "is not destructive" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.first
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+    a.first(2)
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+    a.first(3)
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/fixtures/classes.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/fixtures/classes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..affb3b49e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/fixtures/classes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+class Object
+  # This helper is defined here rather than in MSpec because
+  # it is only used in #pack specs.
+  def pack_format(count=nil, repeat=nil)
+    format = instance_variable_get(:@method)
+    format += count.to_s unless format == 'P' || format == 'p'
+    format *= repeat if repeat
+    format.dup # because it may then become tainted
+  end
+end
+
+module ArraySpecs
+  SampleRange = 0..1000
+  SampleCount = 1000
+
+  def self.frozen_array
+    [1,2,3].freeze
+  end
+
+  def self.empty_frozen_array
+    [].freeze
+  end
+
+  def self.recursive_array
+    a = [1, 'two', 3.0]
+    5.times { a << a }
+    a
+  end
+
+  def self.head_recursive_array
+    a =  []
+    5.times { a << a }
+    a << 1 << 'two' << 3.0
+    a
+  end
+
+  def self.empty_recursive_array
+    a = []
+    a << a
+    a
+  end
+
+  class MyArray < Array
+    # The #initialize method has a different signature than Array to help
+    # catch places in the specs that do not assert the #initialize is not
+    # called when Array methods make new instances.
+    def initialize(a, b)
+      self << a << b
+      ScratchPad.record :my_array_initialize
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Sexp < Array
+    def initialize(*args)
+      super(args)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # TODO: replace specs that use this with #should_not_receive(:to_ary)
+  # expectations on regular objects (e.g. Array instances).
+  class ToAryArray < Array
+    def to_ary() ["to_ary", "was", "called!"] end
+  end
+
+  class MyRange < Range; end
+
+  class AssocKey
+    def ==(other); other == 'it'; end
+  end
+
+  class D
+    def <=>(obj)
+      return 4 <=> obj unless obj.class == D
+      0
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SubArray < Array
+    def initialize(*args)
+      ScratchPad.record args
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ArrayConvertible
+    attr_accessor :called
+    def initialize(*values, &block)
+      @values = values;
+    end
+
+    def to_a
+      self.called = :to_a
+      @values
+    end
+
+    def to_ary
+      self.called = :to_ary
+      @values
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SortSame
+    def <=>(other); 0; end
+    def ==(other); true; end
+  end
+
+  class UFOSceptic
+    def <=>(other); raise "N-uh, UFO:s do not exist!"; end
+  end
+
+  class MockForCompared
+    @@count = 0
+    @@compared = false
+    def initialize
+      @@compared = false
+      @order = (@@count += 1)
+    end
+    def <=>(rhs)
+      @@compared = true
+      return rhs.order <=> self.order
+    end
+    def self.compared?
+      @@compared
+    end
+
+    protected
+    attr_accessor :order
+  end
+
+  class ComparableWithInteger
+    include Comparable
+    def initialize(num)
+      @num = num
+    end
+
+    def <=>(fixnum)
+      @num <=> fixnum
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Uncomparable
+    def <=>(obj)
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.universal_pack_object
+    obj = mock("string float int".freeze)
+    obj.stub!(:to_int).and_return(1)
+    obj.stub!(:to_str).and_return("1")
+    obj.stub!(:to_f).and_return(1.0)
+    obj
+  end
+
+  LargeArray = ["test_create_table_with_force_true_does_not_drop_nonexisting_table",
+ "test_add_table",
+ "assert_difference",
+ "assert_operator",
+ "instance_variables",
+ "class",
+ "instance_variable_get",
+ "__class__",
+ "expects",
+ "assert_no_difference",
+ "name",
+ "assert_blank",
+ "assert_not_same",
+ "is_a?",
+ "test_add_table_with_decimals",
+ "test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns",
+ "assert_present",
+ "assert_no_match",
+ "__instance_of__",
+ "assert_deprecated",
+ "assert",
+ "assert_throws",
+ "kind_of?",
+ "try",
+ "__instance_variable_get__",
+ "object_id",
+ "timeout",
+ "instance_variable_set",
+ "assert_nothing_thrown",
+ "__instance_variable_set__",
+ "copy_object",
+ "test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns_with_options",
+ "assert_not_deprecated",
+ "assert_in_delta",
+ "id",
+ "copy_metaclass",
+ "test_create_table_without_a_block",
+ "dup",
+ "assert_not_nil",
+ "send",
+ "__instance_variables__",
+ "to_sql",
+ "mock",
+ "assert_send",
+ "instance_variable_defined?",
+ "clone",
+ "require",
+ "test_migrator",
+ "__instance_variable_defined_eh__",
+ "frozen?",
+ "test_add_column_not_null_with_default",
+ "freeze",
+ "test_migrator_one_up",
+ "test_migrator_one_down",
+ "singleton_methods",
+ "method_exists?",
+ "create_fixtures",
+ "test_migrator_one_up_one_down",
+ "test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic",
+ "instance_exec",
+ "__is_a__",
+ "test_migrator_double_up",
+ "stub",
+ "private_methods",
+ "stubs",
+ "test_migrator_double_down",
+ "fixture_path",
+ "private_singleton_methods",
+ "stub_everything",
+ "test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback",
+ "sequence",
+ "protected_methods",
+ "enum_for",
+ "test_finds_migrations",
+ "run_before_mocha",
+ "states",
+ "protected_singleton_methods",
+ "to_json",
+ "instance_values",
+ "==",
+ "mocha_setup",
+ "public_methods",
+ "test_finds_pending_migrations",
+ "mocha_verify",
+ "assert_kind_of",
+ "===",
+ "=~",
+ "test_relative_migrations",
+ "mocha_teardown",
+ "gem",
+ "mocha",
+ "test_only_loads_pending_migrations",
+ "test_add_column_with_precision_and_scale",
+ "require_or_load",
+ "eql?",
+ "require_dependency",
+ "test_native_types",
+ "test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once",
+ "extend",
+ "to_matcher",
+ "unloadable",
+ "require_association",
+ "hash",
+ "__id__",
+ "load_dependency",
+ "equals",
+ "test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table",
+ "test_migrator_verbosity",
+ "kind_of",
+ "to_yaml",
+ "to_bool",
+ "test_migrator_verbosity_off",
+ "taint",
+ "test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target",
+ "tainted?",
+ "mocha_inspect",
+ "test_migrator_rollback",
+ "vim",
+ "untaint",
+ "taguri=",
+ "test_migrator_forward",
+ "test_schema_migrations_table_name",
+ "test_proper_table_name",
+ "all_of",
+ "test_add_drop_table_with_prefix_and_suffix",
+ "_setup_callbacks",
+ "setup",
+ "Not",
+ "test_create_table_with_binary_column",
+ "assert_not_equal",
+ "enable_warnings",
+ "acts_like?",
+ "Rational",
+ "_removed_setup_callbacks",
+ "Table",
+ "bind",
+ "any_of",
+ "__method__",
+ "test_migrator_with_duplicates",
+ "_teardown_callbacks",
+ "method",
+ "test_migrator_with_duplicate_names",
+ "_removed_teardown_callbacks",
+ "any_parameters",
+ "test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers",
+ "test_add_remove_single_field_using_string_arguments",
+ "test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name",
+ "test_add_remove_single_field_using_symbol_arguments",
+ "_one_time_conditions_valid_14?",
+ "_one_time_conditions_valid_16?",
+ "run_callbacks",
+ "anything",
+ "silence_warnings",
+ "instance_variable_names",
+ "_fixture_path",
+ "copy_instance_variables_from",
+ "fixture_path?",
+ "has_entry",
+ "__marshal__",
+ "_fixture_table_names",
+ "__kind_of__",
+ "fixture_table_names?",
+ "test_add_rename",
+ "assert_equal",
+ "_fixture_class_names",
+ "fixture_class_names?",
+ "has_entries",
+ "_use_transactional_fixtures",
+ "people",
+ "test_rename_column_using_symbol_arguments",
+ "use_transactional_fixtures?",
+ "instance_eval",
+ "blank?",
+ "with_warnings",
+ "__nil__",
+ "load",
+ "metaclass",
+ "_use_instantiated_fixtures",
+ "has_key",
+ "class_eval",
+ "present?",
+ "test_rename_column",
+ "teardown",
+ "use_instantiated_fixtures?",
+ "method_name",
+ "silence_stderr",
+ "presence",
+ "test_rename_column_preserves_default_value_not_null",
+ "silence_stream",
+ "_pre_loaded_fixtures",
+ "__metaclass__",
+ "__fixnum__",
+ "pre_loaded_fixtures?",
+ "has_value",
+ "suppress",
+ "to_yaml_properties",
+ "test_rename_nonexistent_column",
+ "test_add_index",
+ "includes",
+ "find_correlate_in",
+ "equality_predicate_sql",
+ "assert_nothing_raised",
+ "let",
+ "not_predicate_sql",
+ "test_rename_column_with_sql_reserved_word",
+ "singleton_class",
+ "test_rename_column_with_an_index",
+ "display",
+ "taguri",
+ "to_yaml_style",
+ "test_remove_column_with_index",
+ "size",
+ "current_adapter?",
+ "test_remove_column_with_multi_column_index",
+ "respond_to?",
+ "test_change_type_of_not_null_column",
+ "is_a",
+ "to_a",
+ "test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words",
+ "require_library_or_gem",
+ "setup_fixtures",
+ "equal?",
+ "teardown_fixtures",
+ "nil?",
+ "fixture_table_names",
+ "fixture_class_names",
+ "test_create_table_without_id",
+ "use_transactional_fixtures",
+ "test_add_column_with_primary_key_attribute",
+ "repair_validations",
+ "use_instantiated_fixtures",
+ "instance_of?",
+ "test_create_table_adds_id",
+ "test_rename_table",
+ "pre_loaded_fixtures",
+ "to_enum",
+ "test_create_table_with_not_null_column",
+ "instance_of",
+ "test_change_column_nullability",
+ "optionally",
+ "test_rename_table_with_an_index",
+ "run",
+ "test_change_column",
+ "default_test",
+ "assert_raise",
+ "test_create_table_with_defaults",
+ "assert_nil",
+ "flunk",
+ "regexp_matches",
+ "duplicable?",
+ "reset_mocha",
+ "stubba_method",
+ "filter_backtrace",
+ "test_create_table_with_limits",
+ "responds_with",
+ "stubba_object",
+ "test_change_column_with_nil_default",
+ "assert_block",
+ "__show__",
+ "assert_date_from_db",
+ "__respond_to_eh__",
+ "run_in_transaction?",
+ "inspect",
+ "assert_sql",
+ "test_change_column_with_new_default",
+ "yaml_equivalent",
+ "build_message",
+ "to_s",
+ "test_change_column_default",
+ "assert_queries",
+ "pending",
+ "as_json",
+ "assert_no_queries",
+ "test_change_column_quotes_column_names",
+ "assert_match",
+ "test_keeping_default_and_notnull_constraint_on_change",
+ "methods",
+ "connection_allow_concurrency_setup",
+ "connection_allow_concurrency_teardown",
+ "test_create_table_with_primary_key_prefix_as_table_name_with_underscore",
+ "__send__",
+ "make_connection",
+ "assert_raises",
+ "tap",
+ "with_kcode",
+ "assert_instance_of",
+ "test_create_table_with_primary_key_prefix_as_table_name",
+ "assert_respond_to",
+ "test_change_column_default_to_null",
+ "assert_same",
+ "__extend__"]
+
+  LargeTestArraySorted = ["test_add_column_not_null_with_default",
+ "test_add_column_with_precision_and_scale",
+ "test_add_column_with_primary_key_attribute",
+ "test_add_drop_table_with_prefix_and_suffix",
+ "test_add_index",
+ "test_add_remove_single_field_using_string_arguments",
+ "test_add_remove_single_field_using_symbol_arguments",
+ "test_add_rename",
+ "test_add_table",
+ "test_add_table_with_decimals",
+ "test_change_column",
+ "test_change_column_default",
+ "test_change_column_default_to_null",
+ "test_change_column_nullability",
+ "test_change_column_quotes_column_names",
+ "test_change_column_with_new_default",
+ "test_change_column_with_nil_default",
+ "test_change_type_of_not_null_column",
+ "test_create_table_adds_id",
+ "test_create_table_with_binary_column",
+ "test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name",
+ "test_create_table_with_defaults",
+ "test_create_table_with_force_true_does_not_drop_nonexisting_table",
+ "test_create_table_with_limits",
+ "test_create_table_with_not_null_column",
+ "test_create_table_with_primary_key_prefix_as_table_name",
+ "test_create_table_with_primary_key_prefix_as_table_name_with_underscore",
+ "test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns",
+ "test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns_with_options",
+ "test_create_table_without_a_block",
+ "test_create_table_without_id",
+ "test_finds_migrations",
+ "test_finds_pending_migrations",
+ "test_keeping_default_and_notnull_constraint_on_change",
+ "test_migrator",
+ "test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table",
+ "test_migrator_double_down",
+ "test_migrator_double_up",
+ "test_migrator_forward",
+ "test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target",
+ "test_migrator_one_down",
+ "test_migrator_one_up",
+ "test_migrator_one_up_one_down",
+ "test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback",
+ "test_migrator_rollback",
+ "test_migrator_verbosity",
+ "test_migrator_verbosity_off",
+ "test_migrator_with_duplicate_names",
+ "test_migrator_with_duplicates",
+ "test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers",
+ "test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic",
+ "test_native_types",
+ "test_only_loads_pending_migrations",
+ "test_proper_table_name",
+ "test_relative_migrations",
+ "test_remove_column_with_index",
+ "test_remove_column_with_multi_column_index",
+ "test_rename_column",
+ "test_rename_column_preserves_default_value_not_null",
+ "test_rename_column_using_symbol_arguments",
+ "test_rename_column_with_an_index",
+ "test_rename_column_with_sql_reserved_word",
+ "test_rename_nonexistent_column",
+ "test_rename_table",
+ "test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words",
+ "test_rename_table_with_an_index",
+ "test_schema_migrations_table_name",
+ "test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once"]
+
+  class PrivateToAry
+    private
+
+    def to_ary
+      [1, 2, 3]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/fixtures/encoded_strings.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/fixtures/encoded_strings.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b85bd0e06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/fixtures/encoded_strings.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+module ArraySpecs
+  def self.array_with_usascii_and_7bit_utf8_strings
+    [
+      'foo'.force_encoding('US-ASCII'),
+      'bar'
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_usascii_and_utf8_strings
+    [
+      'foo'.force_encoding('US-ASCII'),
+      'báz'
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_7bit_utf8_and_usascii_strings
+    [
+      'bar',
+      'foo'.force_encoding('US-ASCII')
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_utf8_and_usascii_strings
+    [
+      'báz',
+      'bar',
+      'foo'.force_encoding('US-ASCII')
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_usascii_and_utf8_strings
+    [
+      'foo'.force_encoding('US-ASCII'),
+      'bar',
+      'báz'
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_utf8_and_7bit_binary_strings
+    [
+      'bar',
+      'báz',
+      'foo'.force_encoding('BINARY')
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_utf8_and_binary_strings
+    [
+      'bar',
+      'báz',
+      [255].pack('C').force_encoding('BINARY')
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_usascii_and_7bit_binary_strings
+    [
+      'bar'.force_encoding('US-ASCII'),
+      'foo'.force_encoding('BINARY')
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.array_with_usascii_and_binary_strings
+    [
+      'bar'.force_encoding('US-ASCII'),
+      [255].pack('C').force_encoding('BINARY')
+    ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/flatten_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/flatten_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f9fb8a3ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/flatten_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#flatten" do
+  it "returns a one-dimensional flattening recursively" do
+    [[[1, [2, 3]],[2, 3, [4, [4, [5, 5]], [1, 2, 3]]], [4]], []].flatten.should == [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "takes an optional argument that determines the level of recursion" do
+    [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ].flatten(1).should == [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+  end
+
+  it "returns dup when the level of recursion is 0" do
+    a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
+    a.flatten(0).should == a
+    a.flatten(0).should_not equal(a)
+  end
+
+  it "ignores negative levels" do
+    [ 1, 2, [ 3, 4, [5, 6] ] ].flatten(-1).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [ 1, 2, [ 3, 4, [5, 6] ] ].flatten(-10).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert passed Objects to Integers using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock("Converted to Integer")
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(1)
+
+    [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ].flatten(obj).should == [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError when the passed Object can't be converted to an Integer" do
+    obj = mock("Not converted")
+    -> { [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ].flatten(obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not call flatten on elements" do
+    obj = mock('[1,2]')
+    obj.should_not_receive(:flatten)
+    [obj, obj].flatten.should == [obj, obj]
+
+    obj = [5, 4]
+    obj.should_not_receive(:flatten)
+    [obj, obj].flatten.should == [5, 4, 5, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError on recursive arrays" do
+    x = []
+    x << x
+    -> { x.flatten }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    x = []
+    y = []
+    x << y
+    y << x
+    -> { x.flatten }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "flattens any element which responds to #to_ary, using the return value of said method" do
+    x = mock("[3,4]")
+    x.should_receive(:to_ary).at_least(:once).and_return([3, 4])
+    [1, 2, x, 5].flatten.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    y = mock("MyArray[]")
+    y.should_receive(:to_ary).at_least(:once).and_return(ArraySpecs::MyArray[])
+    [y].flatten.should == []
+
+    z = mock("[2,x,y,5]")
+    z.should_receive(:to_ary).and_return([2, x, y, 5])
+    [1, z, 6].flatten.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "does not call #to_ary on elements beyond the given level" do
+    obj = mock("1")
+    obj.should_not_receive(:to_ary)
+    [[obj]].flatten(1)
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'3.0' do
+    it "returns subclass instance for Array subclasses" do
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(ArraySpecs::MyArray)
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(ArraySpecs::MyArray)
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, [2], 3].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(ArraySpecs::MyArray)
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, [2, 3], 4].flatten.should == ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3, 4]
+      [ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3]].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    end
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is '3.0' do
+    it "returns Array instance for Array subclasses" do
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, [2], 3].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+      ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, [2, 3], 4].flatten.should == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+      [ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3]].flatten.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "is not destructive" do
+    ary = [1, [2, 3]]
+    ary.flatten
+    ary.should == [1, [2, 3]]
+  end
+
+  describe "with a non-Array object in the Array" do
+    before :each do
+      @obj = mock("Array#flatten")
+      ScratchPad.record []
+    end
+
+    it "does not call #to_ary if the method is not defined" do
+      [@obj].flatten.should == [@obj]
+    end
+
+    it "does not raise an exception if #to_ary returns nil" do
+      @obj.should_receive(:to_ary).and_return(nil)
+      [@obj].flatten.should == [@obj]
+    end
+
+    it "raises a TypeError if #to_ary does not return an Array" do
+      @obj.should_receive(:to_ary).and_return(1)
+      -> { [@obj].flatten }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+    end
+
+    it "calls respond_to_missing?(:to_ary, true) to try coercing" do
+      def @obj.respond_to_missing?(*args) ScratchPad << args; false end
+      [@obj].flatten.should == [@obj]
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == [[:to_ary, true]]
+    end
+
+    it "does not call #to_ary if not defined when #respond_to_missing? returns false" do
+      def @obj.respond_to_missing?(name, priv) ScratchPad << name; false end
+
+      [@obj].flatten.should == [@obj]
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:to_ary]
+    end
+
+    it "calls #to_ary if not defined when #respond_to_missing? returns true" do
+      def @obj.respond_to_missing?(name, priv) ScratchPad << name; true end
+
+      -> { [@obj].flatten }.should raise_error(NoMethodError)
+      ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:to_ary]
+    end
+
+    it "calls #method_missing if defined" do
+      @obj.should_receive(:method_missing).with(:to_ary).and_return([1, 2, 3])
+      [@obj].flatten.should == [1, 2, 3]
+    end
+  end
+
+  ruby_version_is ''...'2.7' do
+    it "returns a tainted array if self is tainted" do
+      [].taint.flatten.tainted?.should be_true
+    end
+
+    it "returns an untrusted array if self is untrusted" do
+      [].untrust.flatten.untrusted?.should be_true
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "performs respond_to? and method_missing-aware checks when coercing elements to array" do
+    bo = BasicObject.new
+    [bo].flatten.should == [bo]
+
+    def bo.method_missing(name, *)
+      [1,2]
+    end
+
+    [bo].flatten.should == [1,2]
+
+    def bo.respond_to?(name, *)
+      false
+    end
+
+    [bo].flatten.should == [bo]
+
+    def bo.respond_to?(name, *)
+      true
+    end
+
+    [bo].flatten.should == [1,2]
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#flatten!" do
+  it "modifies array to produce a one-dimensional flattening recursively" do
+    a = [[[1, [2, 3]],[2, 3, [4, [4, [5, 5]], [1, 2, 3]]], [4]], []]
+    a.flatten!
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "returns self if made some modifications" do
+    a = [[[1, [2, 3]],[2, 3, [4, [4, [5, 5]], [1, 2, 3]]], [4]], []]
+    a.flatten!.should equal(a)
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if no modifications took place" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.flatten!.should == nil
+    a = [1, [2, 3]]
+    a.flatten!.should_not == nil
+  end
+
+  it "should not check modification by size" do
+    a = [1, 2, [3]]
+    a.flatten!.should_not == nil
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "takes an optional argument that determines the level of recursion" do
+    [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ].flatten!(1).should == [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+  end
+
+  # redmine #1440
+  it "returns nil when the level of recursion is 0" do
+    a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
+    a.flatten!(0).should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "treats negative levels as no arguments" do
+    [ 1, 2, [ 3, 4, [5, 6] ] ].flatten!(-1).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    [ 1, 2, [ 3, 4, [5, 6] ] ].flatten!(-10).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert passed Objects to Integers using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock("Converted to Integer")
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(1)
+
+    [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ].flatten!(obj).should == [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError when the passed Object can't be converted to an Integer" do
+    obj = mock("Not converted")
+    -> { [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ].flatten!(obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not call flatten! on elements" do
+    obj = mock('[1,2]')
+    obj.should_not_receive(:flatten!)
+    [obj, obj].flatten!.should == nil
+
+    obj = [5, 4]
+    obj.should_not_receive(:flatten!)
+    [obj, obj].flatten!.should == [5, 4, 5, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError on recursive arrays" do
+    x = []
+    x << x
+    -> { x.flatten! }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+
+    x = []
+    y = []
+    x << y
+    y << x
+    -> { x.flatten! }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "flattens any elements which responds to #to_ary, using the return value of said method" do
+    x = mock("[3,4]")
+    x.should_receive(:to_ary).at_least(:once).and_return([3, 4])
+    [1, 2, x, 5].flatten!.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    y = mock("MyArray[]")
+    y.should_receive(:to_ary).at_least(:once).and_return(ArraySpecs::MyArray[])
+    [y].flatten!.should == []
+
+    z = mock("[2,x,y,5]")
+    z.should_receive(:to_ary).and_return([2, x, y, 5])
+    [1, z, 6].flatten!.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+    ary = [ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3]]
+    ary.flatten!
+    ary.should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on frozen arrays when the array is modified" do
+    nested_ary = [1, 2, []]
+    nested_ary.freeze
+    -> { nested_ary.flatten! }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  # see [ruby-core:23663]
+  it "raises a FrozenError on frozen arrays when the array would not be modified" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.flatten! }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+    -> { ArraySpecs.empty_frozen_array.flatten! }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/frozen_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/frozen_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ba54be46b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/frozen_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#frozen?" do
+  it "returns true if array is frozen" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.should_not.frozen?
+    a.freeze
+    a.should.frozen?
+  end
+
+  it "returns false for an array being sorted by #sort" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.sort { |x,y| a.should_not.frozen?; x <=> y }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/hash_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/hash_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3bcc83fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/hash_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#hash" do
+  it "returns the same fixnum for arrays with the same content" do
+    [].respond_to?(:hash).should == true
+
+    [[], [1, 2, 3]].each do |ary|
+      ary.hash.should == ary.dup.hash
+      ary.hash.should be_an_instance_of(Integer)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "properly handles recursive arrays" do
+    empty = ArraySpecs.empty_recursive_array
+    -> { empty.hash }.should_not raise_error
+
+    array = ArraySpecs.recursive_array
+    -> { array.hash }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+
+  it "returns the same hash for equal recursive arrays" do
+    rec = []; rec << rec
+    rec.hash.should == [rec].hash
+    rec.hash.should == [[rec]].hash
+    # This is because rec.eql?([[rec]])
+    # Remember that if two objects are eql?
+    # then the need to have the same hash
+    # Check the Array#eql? specs!
+  end
+
+  it "returns the same hash for equal recursive arrays through hashes" do
+    h = {} ; rec = [h] ; h[:x] = rec
+    rec.hash.should == [h].hash
+    rec.hash.should == [{x: rec}].hash
+    # Like above, this is because rec.eql?([{x: rec}])
+  end
+
+  it "calls to_int on result of calling hash on each element" do
+    ary = Array.new(5) do
+      obj = mock('0')
+      obj.should_receive(:hash).and_return(obj)
+      obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(0)
+      obj
+    end
+
+    ary.hash
+
+
+    hash = mock('1')
+    hash.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(1.hash)
+
+    obj = mock('@hash')
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:@hash, hash)
+    def obj.hash() @hash end
+
+    [obj].hash.should == [1].hash
+  end
+
+  it "ignores array class differences" do
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[].hash.should == [].hash
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2].hash.should == [1, 2].hash
+  end
+
+  it "returns same hash code for arrays with the same content" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a.fill 'a', 0..3
+    b = %w|a a a a|
+    a.hash.should == b.hash
+  end
+
+  it "returns the same value if arrays are #eql?" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    a.fill 'a', 0..3
+    b = %w|a a a a|
+    a.hash.should == b.hash
+    a.should eql(b)
+  end
+
+  it "produces different hashes for nested arrays with different values and empty terminator" do
+    [1, [1, []]].hash.should_not == [2, [2, []]].hash
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/include_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/include_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..227173218f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/include_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#include?" do
+  it "returns true if object is present, false otherwise" do
+    [1, 2, "a", "b"].include?("c").should == false
+    [1, 2, "a", "b"].include?("a").should == true
+  end
+
+  it "determines presence by using element == obj" do
+    o = mock('')
+
+    [1, 2, "a", "b"].include?(o).should == false
+
+    def o.==(other); other == 'a'; end
+
+    [1, 2, o, "b"].include?('a').should == true
+
+    [1, 2.0, 3].include?(2).should == true
+  end
+
+  it "calls == on elements from left to right until success" do
+    key = "x"
+    one = mock('one')
+    two = mock('two')
+    three = mock('three')
+    one.should_receive(:==).any_number_of_times.and_return(false)
+    two.should_receive(:==).any_number_of_times.and_return(true)
+    three.should_not_receive(:==)
+    ary = [one, two, three]
+    ary.include?(key).should == true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/index_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/index_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3acb7d0ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/index_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'shared/index'
+
+describe "Array#index" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_index, :index
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/initialize_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/initialize_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8deed2b84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/initialize_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#initialize" do
+  before :each do
+    ScratchPad.clear
+  end
+
+  it "is private" do
+    Array.should have_private_instance_method("initialize")
+  end
+
+  it "is called on subclasses" do
+    b = ArraySpecs::SubArray.new :size_or_array, :obj
+
+    b.should == []
+    ScratchPad.recorded.should == [:size_or_array, :obj]
+  end
+
+  it "preserves the object's identity even when changing its value" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.send(:initialize).should equal(a)
+    a.should_not == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if passed 3 or more arguments" do
+    -> do
+      [1, 2].send :initialize, 1, 'x', true
+    end.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> do
+      [1, 2].send(:initialize, 1, 'x', true) {}
+    end.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on frozen arrays" do
+    -> do
+      ArraySpecs.frozen_array.send :initialize
+    end.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+    -> do
+      ArraySpecs.frozen_array.send :initialize, ArraySpecs.frozen_array
+    end.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  it "calls #to_ary to convert the value to an array, even if it's private" do
+    a = ArraySpecs::PrivateToAry.new
+    [].send(:initialize, a).should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#initialize with no arguments" do
+  it "makes the array empty" do
+    [1, 2, 3].send(:initialize).should be_empty
+  end
+
+  it "does not use the given block" do
+    ->{ [1, 2, 3].send(:initialize) { raise } }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#initialize with (array)" do
+  it "replaces self with the other array" do
+    b = [4, 5, 6]
+    [1, 2, 3].send(:initialize, b).should == b
+  end
+
+  it "does not use the given block" do
+    ->{ [1, 2, 3].send(:initialize) { raise } }.should_not raise_error
+  end
+
+  it "calls #to_ary to convert the value to an array" do
+    a = mock("array")
+    a.should_receive(:to_ary).and_return([1, 2])
+    a.should_not_receive(:to_int)
+    [].send(:initialize, a).should == [1, 2]
+  end
+
+  it "does not call #to_ary on instances of Array or subclasses of Array" do
+    a = [1, 2]
+    a.should_not_receive(:to_ary)
+    [].send(:initialize, a).should == a
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if an Array type argument and a default object" do
+    -> { [].send(:initialize, [1, 2], 1) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#initialize with (size, object=nil)" do
+  it "sets the array to size and fills with the object" do
+    a = []
+    obj = [3]
+    a.send(:initialize, 2, obj).should == [obj, obj]
+    a[0].should equal(obj)
+    a[1].should equal(obj)
+
+    b = []
+    b.send(:initialize, 3, 14).should == [14, 14, 14]
+    b.should == [14, 14, 14]
+  end
+
+  it "sets the array to size and fills with nil when object is omitted" do
+    [].send(:initialize, 3).should == [nil, nil, nil]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if size is negative" do
+    -> { [].send(:initialize, -1, :a) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> { [].send(:initialize, -1) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if size is too large" do
+    -> { [].send(:initialize, fixnum_max+1) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "calls #to_int to convert the size argument to an Integer when object is given" do
+    obj = mock('1')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(1)
+    [].send(:initialize, obj, :a).should == [:a]
+  end
+
+  it "calls #to_int to convert the size argument to an Integer when object is not given" do
+    obj = mock('1')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(1)
+    [].send(:initialize, obj).should == [nil]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the size argument is not an Integer type" do
+    obj = mock('nonnumeric')
+    obj.stub!(:to_ary).and_return([1, 2])
+    ->{ [].send(:initialize, obj, :a) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "yields the index of the element and sets the element to the value of the block" do
+    [].send(:initialize, 3) { |i| i.to_s }.should == ['0', '1', '2']
+  end
+
+  it "uses the block value instead of using the default value" do
+    -> {
+      @result = [].send(:initialize, 3, :obj) { |i| i.to_s }
+    }.should complain(/block supersedes default value argument/)
+    @result.should == ['0', '1', '2']
+  end
+
+  it "returns the value passed to break" do
+    [].send(:initialize, 3) { break :a }.should == :a
+  end
+
+  it "sets the array to the values returned by the block before break is executed" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.send(:initialize, 3) do |i|
+      break if i == 2
+      i.to_s
+    end
+
+    a.should == ['0', '1']
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/insert_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/insert_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e1757f68b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/insert_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#insert" do
+  it "returns self" do
+    ary = []
+    ary.insert(0).should equal(ary)
+    ary.insert(0, :a).should equal(ary)
+  end
+
+  it "inserts objects before the element at index for non-negative index" do
+    ary = []
+    ary.insert(0, 3).should == [3]
+    ary.insert(0, 1, 2).should == [1, 2, 3]
+    ary.insert(0).should == [1, 2, 3]
+
+    # Let's just assume insert() always modifies the array from now on.
+    ary.insert(1, 'a').should == [1, 'a', 2, 3]
+    ary.insert(0, 'b').should == ['b', 1, 'a', 2, 3]
+    ary.insert(5, 'c').should == ['b', 1, 'a', 2, 3, 'c']
+    ary.insert(7, 'd').should == ['b', 1, 'a', 2, 3, 'c', nil, 'd']
+    ary.insert(10, 5, 4).should == ['b', 1, 'a', 2, 3, 'c', nil, 'd', nil, nil, 5, 4]
+  end
+
+  it "appends objects to the end of the array for index == -1" do
+    [1, 3, 3].insert(-1, 2, 'x', 0.5).should == [1, 3, 3, 2, 'x', 0.5]
+  end
+
+  it "inserts objects after the element at index with negative index" do
+    ary = []
+    ary.insert(-1, 3).should == [3]
+    ary.insert(-2, 2).should == [2, 3]
+    ary.insert(-3, 1).should == [1, 2, 3]
+    ary.insert(-2, -3).should == [1, 2, -3, 3]
+    ary.insert(-1, []).should == [1, 2, -3, 3, []]
+    ary.insert(-2, 'x', 'y').should == [1, 2, -3, 3, 'x', 'y', []]
+    ary = [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "pads with nils if the index to be inserted to is past the end" do
+    [].insert(5, 5).should == [nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "can insert before the first element with a negative index" do
+    [1, 2, 3].insert(-4, -3).should == [-3, 1, 2, 3]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an IndexError if the negative index is out of bounds" do
+    -> { [].insert(-2, 1)  }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+    -> { [1].insert(-3, 2) }.should raise_error(IndexError)
+  end
+
+  it "does nothing of no object is passed" do
+    [].insert(0).should == []
+    [].insert(-1).should == []
+    [].insert(10).should == []
+    [].insert(-2).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed position argument to an Integer using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock('2')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2)
+    [].insert(obj, 'x').should == [nil, nil, 'x']
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError if no argument passed" do
+    -> { [].insert() }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a FrozenError on frozen arrays when the array is modified" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.insert(0, 'x') }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+
+  # see [ruby-core:23666]
+  it "raises a FrozenError on frozen arrays when the array would not be modified" do
+    -> { ArraySpecs.frozen_array.insert(0) }.should raise_error(FrozenError)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/inspect_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/inspect_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0832224f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/inspect_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/inspect'
+
+describe "Array#inspect" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_inspect, :inspect
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/intersection_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/intersection_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27d90f1e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/intersection_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/intersection'
+
+describe "Array#&" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_intersection, :&
+end
+
+ruby_version_is "2.7" do
+  describe "Array#intersection" do
+    it_behaves_like :array_intersection, :intersection
+
+    it "accepts multiple arguments" do
+      [1, 2, 3, 4].intersection([1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]).should == [2, 3]
+    end
+
+    it "preserves elements order from original array" do
+      [1, 2, 3, 4].intersection([3, 2, 1]).should == [1, 2, 3]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/join_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/join_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e78ea6f9e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/join_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/join'
+
+describe "Array#join" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_join_with_string_separator,  :join
+  it_behaves_like :array_join_with_default_separator, :join
+
+  it "does not separate elements when the passed separator is nil" do
+    [1, 2, 3].join(nil).should == '123'
+  end
+
+  it "calls #to_str to convert the separator to a String" do
+    sep = mock("separator")
+    sep.should_receive(:to_str).and_return(", ")
+    [1, 2].join(sep).should == "1, 2"
+  end
+
+  it "does not call #to_str on the separator if the array is empty" do
+    sep = mock("separator")
+    sep.should_not_receive(:to_str)
+    [].join(sep).should == ""
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the separator cannot be coerced to a String by calling #to_str" do
+    obj = mock("not a string")
+    -> { [1, 2].join(obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if passed false as the separator" do
+    -> { [1, 2].join(false) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+end
+
+describe "Array#join with $," do
+  before :each do
+    @before_separator = $,
+  end
+
+  after :each do
+    suppress_warning {$, = @before_separator}
+  end
+
+  it "separates elements with default separator when the passed separator is nil" do
+    suppress_warning {
+      $, = "_"
+      [1, 2, 3].join(nil).should == '1_2_3'
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/keep_if_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/keep_if_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf2bdeaf91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/keep_if_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require_relative 'shared/keep_if'
+
+describe "Array#keep_if" do
+  it "returns the same array if no changes were made" do
+    array = [1, 2, 3]
+    array.keep_if { true }.should equal(array)
+  end
+
+  it_behaves_like :keep_if, :keep_if
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/last_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/last_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6fefada09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/last_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+
+describe "Array#last" do
+  it "returns the last element" do
+    [1, 1, 1, 1, 2].last.should == 2
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil if self is empty" do
+    [].last.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns the last count elements if given a count" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9].last(3).should == [4, 5, 9]
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty array when passed a count on an empty array" do
+    [].last(0).should == []
+    [].last(1).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "returns an empty array when count == 0" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].last(0).should == []
+  end
+
+  it "returns an array containing the last element when passed count == 1" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].last(1).should == [5]
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError when count is negative" do
+    -> { [1, 2].last(-1) }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the entire array when count > length" do
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9].last(10).should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]
+  end
+
+  it "returns an array which is independent to the original when passed count" do
+    ary = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary.last(0).replace([1,2])
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary.last(1).replace([1,2])
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ary.last(6).replace([1,2])
+    ary.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "properly handles recursive arrays" do
+    empty = ArraySpecs.empty_recursive_array
+    empty.last.should equal(empty)
+
+    array = ArraySpecs.recursive_array
+    array.last.should equal(array)
+  end
+
+  it "tries to convert the passed argument to an Integer using #to_int" do
+    obj = mock('to_int')
+    obj.should_receive(:to_int).and_return(2)
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].last(obj).should == [4, 5]
+  end
+
+  it "raises a TypeError if the passed argument is not numeric" do
+    -> { [1,2].last(nil) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+    -> { [1,2].last("a") }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+
+    obj = mock("nonnumeric")
+    -> { [1,2].last(obj) }.should raise_error(TypeError)
+  end
+
+  it "does not return subclass instance on Array subclasses" do
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[].last(0).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[].last(2).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].last(0).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].last(1).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+    ArraySpecs::MyArray[1, 2, 3].last(2).should be_an_instance_of(Array)
+  end
+
+  it "is not destructive" do
+    a = [1, 2, 3]
+    a.last
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+    a.last(2)
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+    a.last(3)
+    a.should == [1, 2, 3]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/length_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/length_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a90c001300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/length_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/length'
+
+describe "Array#length" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_length, :length
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/map_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/map_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c7f3afa8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/map_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+require_relative 'fixtures/classes'
+require_relative 'shared/collect'
+
+describe "Array#map" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_collect, :map
+end
+
+describe "Array#map!" do
+  it_behaves_like :array_collect_b, :map!
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/max_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/max_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1c64519d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/max_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#max" do
+  it "is defined on Array" do
+    [1].method(:max).owner.should equal Array
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil with no values" do
+    [].max.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns only element in one element array" do
+    [1].max.should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "returns largest value with multiple elements" do
+    [1,2].max.should == 2
+    [2,1].max.should == 2
+  end
+
+  describe "given a block with one argument" do
+    it "yields in turn the last length-1 values from the array" do
+      ary = []
+      result = [1,2,3,4,5].max {|x| ary << x; x}
+
+      ary.should == [2,3,4,5]
+      result.should == 5
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# From Enumerable#max, copied for better readability
+describe "Array#max" do
+  before :each do
+    @a = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
+
+    @e_strs = ["333", "22", "666666", "1", "55555", "1010101010"]
+    @e_ints = [333,   22,   666666,   55555, 1010101010]
+  end
+
+  it "max should return the maximum element" do
+    [18, 42].max.should == 42
+    [2, 5, 3, 6, 1, 4].max.should == 6
+  end
+
+  it "returns the maximum element (basics cases)" do
+    [55].max.should == 55
+
+    [11,99].max.should == 99
+    [99,11].max.should == 99
+    [2, 33, 4, 11].max.should == 33
+
+    [1,2,3,4,5].max.should == 5
+    [5,4,3,2,1].max.should == 5
+    [1,4,3,5,2].max.should == 5
+    [5,5,5,5,5].max.should == 5
+
+    ["aa","tt"].max.should == "tt"
+    ["tt","aa"].max.should == "tt"
+    ["2","33","4","11"].max.should == "4"
+
+    @e_strs.max.should == "666666"
+    @e_ints.max.should == 1010101010
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil for an empty Enumerable" do
+    [].max.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "raises a NoMethodError for elements without #<=>" do
+    -> do
+      [BasicObject.new, BasicObject.new].max
+    end.should raise_error(NoMethodError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError for incomparable elements" do
+    -> do
+      [11,"22"].max
+    end.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> do
+      [11,12,22,33].max{|a, b| nil}
+    end.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the maximum element (with block)" do
+    # with a block
+    ["2","33","4","11"].max {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == "4"
+    [ 2 , 33 , 4 , 11 ].max {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == 33
+
+    ["2","33","4","11"].max {|a,b| b <=> a }.should == "11"
+    [ 2 , 33 , 4 , 11 ].max {|a,b| b <=> a }.should == 2
+
+    @e_strs.max {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length }.should == "1010101010"
+
+    @e_strs.max {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == "666666"
+    @e_strs.max {|a,b| a.to_i <=> b.to_i }.should == "1010101010"
+
+    @e_ints.max {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == 1010101010
+    @e_ints.max {|a,b| a.to_s <=> b.to_s }.should == 666666
+  end
+
+  it "returns the minimum for enumerables that contain nils" do
+    arr = [nil, nil, true]
+    arr.max { |a, b|
+      x = a.nil? ? 1 : a ? 0 : -1
+      y = b.nil? ? 1 : b ? 0 : -1
+      x <=> y
+    }.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "gathers whole arrays as elements when each yields multiple" do
+    multi = [[1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8,9]]
+    multi.max.should == [6, 7, 8, 9]
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/min_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/min_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bdef0dd00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/min_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+require_relative '../../spec_helper'
+
+describe "Array#min" do
+  it "is defined on Array" do
+    [1].method(:max).owner.should equal Array
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil with no values" do
+    [].min.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "returns only element in one element array" do
+    [1].min.should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "returns smallest value with multiple elements" do
+    [1,2].min.should == 1
+    [2,1].min.should == 1
+  end
+
+  describe "given a block with one argument" do
+    it "yields in turn the last length-1 values from the array" do
+      ary = []
+      result = [1,2,3,4,5].min {|x| ary << x; x}
+
+      ary.should == [2,3,4,5]
+      result.should == 1
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# From Enumerable#min, copied for better readability
+describe "Array#min" do
+  before :each do
+    @a = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
+
+    @e_strs = ["333", "22", "666666", "1", "55555", "1010101010"]
+    @e_ints = [ 333,   22,   666666,        55555,   1010101010]
+  end
+
+  it "min should return the minimum element" do
+    [18, 42].min.should == 18
+    [2, 5, 3, 6, 1, 4].min.should == 1
+  end
+
+  it "returns the minimum (basic cases)" do
+    [55].min.should == 55
+
+    [11,99].min.should ==  11
+    [99,11].min.should == 11
+    [2, 33, 4, 11].min.should == 2
+
+    [1,2,3,4,5].min.should == 1
+    [5,4,3,2,1].min.should == 1
+    [4,1,3,5,2].min.should == 1
+    [5,5,5,5,5].min.should == 5
+
+    ["aa","tt"].min.should == "aa"
+    ["tt","aa"].min.should == "aa"
+    ["2","33","4","11"].min.should == "11"
+
+    @e_strs.min.should == "1"
+    @e_ints.min.should == 22
+  end
+
+  it "returns nil for an empty Enumerable" do
+    [].min.should be_nil
+  end
+
+  it "raises a NoMethodError for elements without #<=>" do
+    -> do
+      [BasicObject.new, BasicObject.new].min
+    end.should raise_error(NoMethodError)
+  end
+
+  it "raises an ArgumentError for incomparable elements" do
+    -> do
+      [11,"22"].min
+    end.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+    -> do
+      [11,12,22,33].min{|a, b| nil}
+    end.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
+  end
+
+  it "returns the minimum when using a block rule" do
+    ["2","33","4","11"].min {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == "11"
+    [ 2 , 33 , 4 , 11 ].min {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == 2
+
+    ["2","33","4","11"].min {|a,b| b <=> a }.should == "4"
+    [ 2 , 33 , 4 , 11 ].min {|a,b| b <=> a }.should == 33
+
+    [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ].min {|a,b| 15 }.should == 1
+
+    [11,12,22,33].min{|a, b| 2 }.should == 11
+    @i = -2
+    [11,12,22,33].min{|a, b| @i += 1 }.should == 12
+
+    @e_strs.min {|a,b| a.length <=> b.length }.should == "1"
+
+    @e_strs.min {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == "1"
+    @e_strs.min {|a,b| a.to_i <=> b.to_i }.should == "1"
+
+    @e_ints.min {|a,b| a <=> b }.should == 22
+    @e_ints.min {|a,b| a.to_s <=> b.to_s }.should == 1010101010
+  end
+
+  it "returns the minimum for enumerables that contain nils" do
+    arr = [nil, nil, true]
+    arr.min { |a, b|
+      x = a.nil? ? -1 : a ? 0 : 1
+      y = b.nil? ? -1 : b ? 0 : 1
+      x <=> y
+    }.should == nil
+  end
+
+  it "gathers whole arrays as elements when each yields multiple" do
+    multi = [[1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8,9]]
+    multi.min.should == [1, 2]
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/array/minmax_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/array/minmax_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e11fe63347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/array/minmax_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@